title: Luis Carlos Galán

texts:
 <mask> that he was going to be his Minister of Education. In 1986 as an anecdote, <mask> wrote his autobiography under the pseudonym "Cleo Tilde", but it was only until 1994 that the identity was revealed. He described detailed facts, events and encounters with prominent figures as well as an approach to his personal point of view and thoughts. Political career
In 1970 <mask> was appointed Minister of National Education during the presidency of Misael Pastrana. His time as minister was marked by his progressive and social policies, but was not considered successful. In 1972 <mask> was appointed Ambassador of Colombia to Italy and later in 1974 while still ambassador, was appointed Colombian representative to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).Under the influence of former president Lleras and after directing the Nueva Frontera Magazine for seven years, in 1976 <mask> ran for councilman in the small town of Oiba in the northeastern department of Santander. In 1977 and 1978 <mask> became very active and supportive of <mask> reelection as president of Colombia while he ran for the Senate. The reelection never occurred, however, he got elected as Senator of Colombia representing the Santander Department. On 30 November 1979 <mask> founded a party with the name Nuevo Liberalismo and within the Liberal Party. During the 1980s Colombia went under critical siege by violent drug cartels, specially the Medellín Cartel that had gained a great amount of influence by bribing or killing officials. <mask> saw this as disastrous for Colombia and its society. In 1980 <mask> was elected as councilman for the capital, Bogotá to be named the following year, in 1981 as possible candidate for the presidency of Colombia amid divisions in the Liberal Party that intended to challenge the majorities of the party led by Alfonso López Michelsen and then president Julio César Turbay, but voters leaned for the conservative candidate Belisario Betancur.For <mask> it had been a positive outcome despite losing, his party Nuevo Liberalismo had

masks:
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Carlos Lleras
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán


title: Luis Carlos Galán

type: original

texts: gained a 10% of the total votes winning 21 of the 23 Department Assemblies and getting reelected as Senator but he had been criticised by the Liberal Party for creating divisions among them and indeed losing the Presidency. In 1982 Medellin cartel boss Pablo Escobar tried to infiltrate <mask>'s Nuevo Liberalismo Party. <mask> publicly rejected him in front of thousands of his fellow men from Antioquia and Colombia. <mask> continued with his ascendant career, absenting himself from the 1986 presidential race to prevent Liberal Party divisions and running his party as an offspring he was reelected once again as a Senator. This allowed the Liberal Party to regain the Presidency with the election of Virgilio Barco but at a terrible cost for his party that lost 50% of the votes gained in the previous election. It was only until the mediation of former president Julio César Turbay that <mask> returned to the party in 1987 and intended to win the party nomination for official candidate. <mask> was growing impatient with the violence and the corruption the drug cartels led by Pablo Escobar and Gonzalo Rodríguez were imposing in Colombia, which encouraged him to try to support the weakening government by shifting the balance of power away from his dangerous enemies.The Nuevo Liberalism joined the government and was given the Ministry of Agriculture headed by Gabriel Rosas Vega and the Liberal Party gained a solid union that consolidated further when <mask> won the Liberal Party's popular nomination to be the presidential frontrunner. <mask> was becoming popular for his open criticism and denunciation of drug cartel violence, he had promised to extradite drug dealers to the United States. He announced he would run for office on 4 July 1989 in the Tequendama Hotel in Bogotá. His popularity rating skyrocketed to 60%. Meanwhile, Escobar found some support in Tolima's political chief Alberto Santofimio affiliated also with a faction of the Liberal Party led by Alfonso López Michelsen and with a movement called Movimiento de Renovación Liberal (Liberal

masks: Galán Galán Galán Galán Galán Galán Galán


title: Luis Carlos Galán

texts:
 Renovation Movement) getting himself elected to the Chamber of Representatives as second runner up for Santofimios' congress candidate Jairo Rojas. Assassination
According to accounts the first assassination threats were calls made to <mask>'s home telephone number after the Liberal Party convention to nominate an official candidate. Flyers were left in the mailbox threatening to kill or kidnap his children.An attempt to kill <mask> with an RPG was thwarted while visiting Medellín on 4 August 1989. The assassination attempt was prevented by men working for Waldemar Franklin Quintero, the commander of the Colombian National Police in Antioquia. Accompanying Quintero and <mask> was the mayor of Medellín, Pedro Pablo Paláez; both Paláez and Quintero would be killed within a few weeks of the assassination attempt. After these assassinations, <mask> and his family restricted their travels, especially at night. Later on, <mask>'s staff received information from the Colombian intelligence services advising him of the presence in Bogotá of a group of hitmen with the intention to kill him. His staff advised him not to travel to the town of Soacha and that the trip to Valledupar was more suitable since he was also scheduled to attend a football match in nearby Barranquilla for a 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification match in which the Colombian team was going to play. At the last moment, <mask> changed his mind and ordered his staff to prepare to go to Soacha.On August 18, 1989, <mask>, who was being protected by eighteen armed bodyguards, was killed as he walked onto the stage to give a speech in front of 10,000 people in Soacha. At least ten others were wounded in the gunfire. This created a war that both sides did not want, one side being the Colombian Government and the other The Extraditables. Both sides saw deaths at a record toll. The Colombian drug cartels were worried about the possible approval in congress of an extradition treaty with the United States, and political enemies feared <mask>'s increasing power would isolate many of them from the

masks: Galán Galán Galán Galán Galán Galán Galán Galán


title: Luis Carlos Galán

texts:
 voters. According to John Jairo Velásquez a.k.a. "Popeye" and <mask> Aguilar a.k.a."El Mugre", former hitmen of Pablo Escobar, the assassination was planned in a farm by Escobar, Gonzalo Rodríguez a.k.a. "El Mexicano", Liberal political leader Alberto Santofimio and others. Velásquez affirmed that Santofimio had certain influence over Escobar's decision making, and he had heard Santofimio say "kill him Pablo, kill him!". Santofimio told Escobar that if Galan became President, he would extradite Escobar to the United States. Other potential perpetrators were mentioned by a demobilized member of the AUC paramilitary group, "Ernesto Baez", who testified that the murder of <mask> was organized by the Colombian mafia with the participation of corrupt members of the military and the DAS. After death
César Gaviria, who had been Galán's debate chief ("Jefe de Debate") during the campaign, was proclaimed as his successor by <mask>'s family and his supporters inside the Liberal party. He was elected president in 1990.In 2004, new information in a letter written by one of the hitmen who had infiltrated his escort suggested that <mask>'s assassination was executed with help of corrupt Colombian policemen and some of his own bodyguards, who had been bought off by the drug cartels, including Pablo Escobar and other drug lords. Most of the arrested presumed hitmen were killed in jail or shortly after their release, allegedly to silence them. On 13 May 2005, a former Justice minister (1974) and congressman of the Colombian Liberal Party, Alberto Santofimio, known for his open connections to Pablo Escobar during the 1980s (Escobar joined Santofimio's political movement), was arrested and accused of being the intellectual author of <mask>'s murder. According to the newly extended confession of Escobar's former top hitman, John Jairo Velasquez (also known as "Popeye"), Santofimio would have openly suggested <mask>'s murder during a secret meeting, in order to eliminate a political rival and, should <mask> ever be elected president, also prevent Escobar's likely

masks:
Luis Carlos
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán


title: Luis Carlos Galán

texts:
 extradition. Santofimio had been previously questioned and mentioned during the investigation and his involvement was widely rumored, but apparently no direct testimonies of his role had been acquired until recently. Velásquez, currently serving a jail sentence, told the Colombian press that he had initially denied Santofimio's participation due to his existing political power at the time. Other new and unspecified evidences would also have contributed to building the case against Santofimio.On 11 October 2007, Alberto Santofimio was convicted to 24 years in prison. He was later released on appeal, but in August 2011 the Supreme Court reinstated the conviction and he surrendered himself. On 25 November 2010 Colombian prosecutors issued an arrest warrant for the ex-director of the Colombian security agency (DAS), Retired Gen. Miguel Maza Márquez, for involvement in <mask>'s murder. The prosecutors claimed that Maza intentionally lightened <mask>'s bodyguard contingent to enable 18 August 1989 assassination. The Supreme Court convicted Maza in 2016 and sentenced him to 30 years in prison. Family
Son of <mask> Gómez and Cecilia Sarmiento Suárez, <mask> was one of their 12 children, the others being: María Lucía, Gabriel, Cecilia, Helena, Elsa, Gloria, Antonio, Juan Daniel, Mario Augusto, Francisco Alberto and María Victoria <mask> Sarmiento. He was cousin of former Attorney General of Colombia Alfonso Valdivieso Sarmiento.In 1971 he married journalist Gloria Pachón Castro and had three children Juan Manuel, Claudio Mario and <mask>. Quotes
<mask> was largely influenced by Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's ideas and Nikos Kazantzakis's books. His father Mario described him as a person fascinated with spirituality, a man with integrity, an individual struggle for knowing one's self between good and evil and that the effort to achieve it consisted in the main objective in life, not only individually, but collectively. «La sensibilidad social del autor, el hombre integral que buscaba y la lucha interna que Kazantzakis padeció y soportó a través de su vida

masks:
Galán
Galán
Mario Galán
Galán
Galán
Carlos Fernando
Galán


title: Luis Carlos Galán

texts:
 entre el ángel y la bestia, entre la naturaleza interior y superior del hombre, entre el mundo pasional y el espíritu, lo fascinaban dice su padre- la búsqueda de esa trascendencia espiritual y el esfuerzo para realizarlo constituía para <mask> el objetivo de la vida, no solamente en lo individual sino también en lo colectivo». - <mask> <mask> – Revista Vértice, May 1964. -Galán's campaign slogan

Popular culture
 Galán is portrayed by actor Nicolás Montero in the Colombian TV series Escobar, el Patrón del Mal. Montero also portrays <mask> in TV Series Football Dreams, a world of passion.In TV series Tres Caínes, <mask> is portrayed in a minor role by the colombian actor Walter Luengas. <mask> is portrayed by actor Juan Pablo Espinosa on the 2015 Netflix drama/action series Narcos. The show is a serialized take on drug kingpin Pablo Escobar (played by Brazilian actor Wagner Moura) and the Medellín Cartel. Galan appears as a prominent figure in Ingrid Rojas Contreras's debut novel Fruit of the Drunken Tree. The protagonist, observant Chula Santiago, is seven years old when her mother Alma takes her and her sister to the fateful Galan rally. Alma was a frevent supporter of Galan, and the assasination is the first interaction Chula has with death, and it touches her deeply. See also
Jorge Eliecer Gaitán, a similar Colombian Liberal Party candidate assassinated in 1948.List of unsolved murders

References and notes

External links
 Spanish Language News Report on the hitman letter

 Another video of the assassination (Requires QuickTime)

1943 births
1989 deaths
20th-century journalists
Ambassadors of Colombia to Italy
Assassinated Colombian politicians
Burials at Central Cemetery of Bogotá
Colombian journalists
Colombian Liberal Party politicians
Colombian Ministers of National Education
Deaths by firearm in Colombia
Filmed assassinations
Male journalists
Male murder victims
Members of the Senate of Colombia
Murder in 1989
New Liberalism (Colombia) politicians
People from Bucaramanga
People murdered by Colombian organized crime
People murdered in

masks:
Luis Carlos
Luis Carlos
Galán
Galán
Galán
Galán


title: Kirill Kabanov

texts:
<mask> (born July 16, 1992) is a Russian professional ice hockey forward, who is currently playing for the Aalborg Pirates in the Metal Ligaen (DEN). He played ten games with HC Spartak Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) before moving to North America. <mask> also played for the Russian junior team at the 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships where he won a silver medal. <mask> was selected 65th overall by the New York Islanders in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. Playing career
In 2007, 15-year-old <mask> was signed to a five-year contract with HC Spartak Moscow, a deal negotiated by his father and included an escape clause that would allow him to leave the contract to play in the National Hockey League (NHL). When the Russian Super League was disbanded in favour of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) in 2008, he signed a new four-year contract to replace the original deal that also had an NHL escape clause. He joined Spartak in 2008–09 as the youngest player in the KHL and appeared in ten regular season and playoff games.During the season, the KHL unilaterally revoked his NHL escape clause. His playing rights were sold to Salavat Yulaev Ufa, which required a new contract be signed under KHL rules. Ufa refused to grant him another escape clause, and <mask> refused to sign a new contract. In the meantime, he was selected by the Moncton Wildcats of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) with the seventh overall selection in the Canadian Hockey League Import Draft. Faced with an ultimatum by Ufa to sign a contract or risk being disqualified from playing hockey in Russia for three years, <mask> instead flew to Moncton and petitioned the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) to allow him to play in Canada. He expressed a strong desire to play junior hockey, stating that it didn't matter how much money he was offered in the KHL. He missed the first ten games of the 2009–10 QMJHL season while the Moncton and Ufa battled over his rights before the IIHF ruled in favour of the Wildcats, allowing <mask> to join his new team.At one point considered a potential first overall selection for the

masks:
Kirill Kabanov
Kabanov
Kabanov
Kabanov
Kabanov
Kabanov
Kabanov


title: Kirill Kabanov

texts: 2010 NHL Entry Draft, Eventually <mask> would be selected 65th overall by the New York Islanders in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. Internationally, <mask> played with the Russian junior team at the 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships. He finished eighth in tournament scoring with eleven points, and helped the Russians win a silver medal. He was unable to participate in the 2010 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships due to a wrist injury. The injury required surgery, leaving <mask> out of the Moncton lineup until February 2010. Late in the season, <mask> would become a regular healthy scratch and fall out of favor with the Wildcats. Being a scratch for the entire first round of the playoffs, Moncton released <mask> of his obligations, allowing him to play in the 2010 U18 tournament.There, he would become the center of controversy after being rejected by the Russian squad for disciplinary reasons. "I removed him from the team because [although] we thought [he] would help us, but he brought only confusion to the team," Vasiliev told Sovietsky Sport. "Kabanov came and thought 'Here I am, a star from Canada, who will save all.' But it's the team that wins rather than an individual player." On June 6, 2010 agent JP Barry parted ways with Kabanov, stating "it just wasn't a fit." Ilya Moliver, one of the previous Kabanov's agents, says that the main problem with Kabanov is his father, who is "hard to find common language with." On October 28, 2010 <mask> was traded from the Wildcats to the Lewiston Maineiacs.On July 1, 2011 <mask> signed a three-year entry level contract with the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL) and participated in the team's training camp. However, he was soon assigned to Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) affiliate Blainville-Boisbriand Armada before the start of the season. Having played no games with the Islanders nor Armada, <mask> was loaned to the Swedish Elitserien (SEL) team Färjestads BK early in the season, on October 13, 2011. However, a day later he was traded to the Shawinigan Cataractes, and on October 15 it was confirmed that he would stay in

masks: Kabanov Kabanov Kabanov Kabanov Kabanov Kabanov Kabanov Kabanov


title: Kirill Kabanov

texts:
 North America for the 2011–12 season. After a successful 2011–12 campaign in which he scored 21 goals and notched 34 assists (both personal records), <mask> made the jump up to the professional American Hockey League (AHL) for the 2012–13 season. with Islanders affiliate, the Bridgeport Sound Tigers. In his second year of his entry level deal, unable to solidify a position within the Sound Tigers, he was reassigned to ECHL affiliate, the Stockton Thunder.He was then loaned to Modo Hockey in the Swedish Hockey League for the remainder of the season. On July 15, 2014, <mask> was placed on conditional waivers in order to mutually terminate the final year of his contract with the Islanders. On July 30, 2014, <mask> opted to continue his career in the SHL, declining Modo interest to sign with League champions Skellefteå AIK on a one-year contract. After two season in the Swedish League, <mask> returned to North America as a free agent, accepting a try-out offer to attend the New York Rangers training camp on September 17, 2015. He was released from his try-out on September 24, 2015. <mask> returned to the KHL for limited action hampered by injury through two years before spending the 2017–18 season in Denmark with the Aalborg Pirates of the Metal Ligaen. As a free agent, <mask> continued his career in Europe by signing as a free agent to a one-year contract with German club, Krefeld Pinguine of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga, on June 15, 2018.In the 2018–19 season, <mask> as a regular top nine forward, contributed with 3 goals and 19 points in 49 games. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

<mask> <mask>'s profile at RussianProspect.com

1992 births
AaB Ishockey players
Bridgeport Sound Tigers players
Krefeld Pinguine players
Lewiston Maineiacs players
Living people
HC Spartak Moscow players
Memorial Cup winners
Modo Hockey players
Moncton Wildcats players
HC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk players
New York Islanders draft picks
Russian ice hockey left wingers
Salavat Yulaev Ufa players
Shawinigan Cataractes players
Skellefteå AIK players
Stockton Thunder

masks: Kabanov Kabanov Kabanov Kabanov Kabanov Kabanov Kabanov Kirill Kabanov


title: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan

texts: <mask> (, ) (fl. 16th century) was a Malayalam devotional poet, translator and linguist from Kerala, south India. He has been called the "Father of Modern Malayalam", or, alternatively, the "Father of Malayalam Literature", or the "Primal Poet in Malayalam". He was one of the pioneers of a major shift in Kerala literary production (the domesticated religious textuality associated with the Bhakti movement). The number and circulation of his texts far outdo that of any other poet of premodern Kerala. <mask> was born in the Thunchaththu home at present-day Tirur, northern Kerala, in a traditional Hindu family. Little is known with certainty about his life.His success even in his own lifetime seems to have been great. Later he or his followers shifted to a village near Palakkad, further east into the Kerala, and established a hermitage (the "Ramananda ashrama") and a Brahmin residence there. This institution probably housed both Brahmin and Sudra literary students. The school eventually pioneered the "Ezhuthachan movement", associated with the concept of popular Bhakti, in Kerala. Ezhuthachan's ideas have been variously linked by scholars either with philosopher Ramananda, who founded the Ramanandi sect, or Ramanuja, the single most influential thinker of devotional Hinduism. For centuries before Ezhuthachan, Kerala people had been producing literary texts in Malayalam and in the Grantha script. However, he is celebrated as the "Primal Poet" or the "Father of Malayalam Proper" for his Malayalam recomposition of the Sanskrit epic Ramayana.This work rapidly circulated around

masks:
Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan
Ezhuthachan


title: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan

texts:
 Kerala middle-caste homes as a popular devotional text. It can be said that Ezhuthachan brought the then unknown Sanskrit-Puranic literature to the level of common understanding (domesticated religious textuality). His other major contribution has been in mainstreaming the current Malayalam alphabet. Sources
The first Western scholar to take an interest in Ezhuthachan was Arthur C. Burnell (1871). The following two texts are the standard sources on Ezhuthachan. "Eluttaccan and His Age" (1940) by C. Achyuta Menon (Madras: University of Madras). "Adhyatma Ramayanam" (1969) edited by A. D. Harisharma (Kottayam: Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative).Historical Ezhuthachan
There is no completely firm historical evidence for <mask> the author. Main historical sources of <mask> and his life are

 Quasi-historical verses referring to <mask> (from Chittur Madhom). An institutional line of masters or gurus, beginning with one Thunchaththu Sri Guru, is mentioned in one oral verse from Chittur Madhom. This lineage can be historically verified. An inscription giving the details of the founding of the residence (agraharam), hermitage (mathom), and temples in Chittur. This was under the direction of Suryanarayanan <mask> (with support of the local chieftain). This locale can be historically verified.Period

Ezhuthachan is generally believed to have lived around the sixteenth or seventeenth century. Arthur C. Burnell (1871) dates Ezhuthachan to seventeenth century. He discovered the date from a title deed (found in a manuscript collection preserved in Chittur). The deed relates to the

masks: Ezhuthachan Ezhuthachan Ezhuthachan Ezhuthachan


title: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan

texts:
 date of the founding of the Gurumadhom of Chittur. William Logan (1887) dates Ezuthachan to the seventeenth century (he supports the dates given by Burnell). Hermann Gundert dates Ezuthachan to the seventeenth century. Kovunni Nedungadi dates Ezuthachan to the fifteenth century.Govinda Pillai dates Ezuthachan to the fifteenth or sixteenth century. He cites the Kali chronogram 'ayurarogyaa saukhyam' that appears at end of the Narayaneeyam of Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri (a possible senior contemporary of <mask>). A. R. Kattayattu Govindra Menon cites the Kali chronogram 'pavitramparam saukhyam' as a reference to the date of Ezuthachan 's samadhi. Chittur Gurumadhom authorities also cites the chronogram 'pavitramparam saukhyam' as a reference to the date of Ezuthachan 's samadhi. The word 'surya' is sometimes suffixed to the chronogram. R. Narayana Panikkar supports Govinda Pillai's date (the fifteenth or sixteenth century). The date is based on <mask>'s contemporaneity with Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri (whom he dates to c. 1531 – c. 1637 AD).He also mentions certain Nilakantan "Nambudiri ", a possible senior contemporary of <mask> (fl. c. 1565 and c. 1601 AD). P. K. Narayana Pillai cites a Kali chronogram 'nakasyanyunasaukhyam' or 1555 AD (from a verse relating to the founding of the matham of Chittur) on the date of <mask>. He dates Nilakanthan, the possible master of <mask>, to c. 1502 AD. Poet-turned-historian Ulloor S. Parameshwara Iyer has argued that <mask> was born in 1495 AD and lived up to 1575 AD
 A time frame similar to Ulloor was proposed by scholar C.

masks: Ezhuthachan Ezhuthachan Ezhuthachan Ezhuthachan Ezhuthachan Ezhuthachan


title: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan

texts:
 Radhakrishnan. Scholar Sheldon Pollock dates Ezuthachan to the sixteenth century. Rich Freeman dates Ezhuthachan to late sixteenth-early seventeenth century.Life and career

Biography
Little is known with certainty about <mask>'s life. <mask> was born at Trikkandiyoor, near the modern-day town of Tirur, in northern Kerala. It is known that his lineage home was "Thunchaththu". His parents' names are not known, and there are disputes about his given name as well. The name <mask>, meaning Father of Letters, was a generic title for any village schoolteacher in premodern Kerala. As a boy he seems to have exhibited uncommon intelligence. He was probably educated by his elder brother (early in his life).After his early education he is believed to have travelled in the other parts of India (outside Kerala) and learned Sanskrit and some other Dravidian languages. It is believed that <mask> on his way back from Tamil Nadu had a stopover at Chittur (in Palakkad) and in due course settled down at Thekke Gramam near Anikkode with his disciples. A hermitage (the "Ramananda ashrama") and a Brahmin residence (agraharam), at a site now known as the Chittur Gurumadhom, were established by him (on a piece of land bought from the landlord of Chittur). The institution was flanked by temples of gods Rama and Siva. It probably housed both Brahmin and Sudra students. The street still has an array of agraharas (where the twelve Brahmin families migrated along with Ezhuthachan live). <mask> was eventually associated with an institutional line of masters (gurus).The locale and lineage of these

masks: Ezhuthachan Ezhuthachan Ezhuthachan Ezhuthachan Ezhuthachan


title: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan

texts:
 masters can be historically verified. He and his disciples seem to have ignited a whole new literary movement in Kerala. Its style and content nearly overshadowed the earlier Sanskrit poetry. He is believed to have attained samadhi at the Gurumadhom at Chittur. A verse chanted by the ascetics of the mathom during their daily prayers makes a reference to the following line of masters. Thunchaththu Sri Guru
 Sri Karunakaran
 Sri Suryanarayanan
 Sri Deva Guru
 Sri Gopala Guru

Myths and legends
 Legends consider Ezhuthachan as a "gandharva" (divine being) who in his previous birth was a witness to the Great War in the Mahabharata. As a young boy Ezhuthachan corrected the Brahmins at Trikkandiyoor Temple.The Brahmins grew uneasy and gave the boy some plantains to eat, and as a resulting inebriety the boy lost his speech. To counteract this <mask>'s father gave him palm beverage and the boy had his speech restored. <mask> remained addicted to intoxicants. Saraswati, the Goddess of Learning and Arts, is believed to have helped him to complete the Devi Mahatmya. <mask> is credited with endowing a monkey with the gift of speech. It is believed that the Raja of Ambalappuzha requested him to decipher a Telugu manuscript on Adhyatma Ramayanam. It is also said that <mask> had a young daughter, who copied his works for the first time.<mask> or his follower Suryanarayanan predicted the downfall of zamorin's family (the then rulers of Calicut). And the zamorin sought his help to perform a Sakteya Puja. It is said that Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri sought the advice of <mask> on how to


title: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan

texts:
 start his Narayaneeyam. Contributions

<mask>—although he lived around sixteenth century AD—has been called the "father of modern Malayalam", or, alternatively, the "father of Malayalam literature". His success even in his own lifetime seems to have been great. No original compositions are attributed to <mask>. His main works generally are based on Sanskrit compositions.Linguists are unanimous in assigning Adhyatma Ramayanam and Sri Mahabharatam to <mask>. The Ramayanam—the most popular work—depicts the hero, Rama, an ideal figure both as man and god. Sri Mahabharatam omits all episodes not strictly relevant to the story of the Pandavas and is generally considered as a work of greater literary merit than the Ramayanam. However, there is no unanimity among the scholars about the authorship of certain other works generally ascribed to him. These include the Brahmanda Puranam, Uttara Ramayanam, Devi Mahatmyam, and Harinama Kirtanam. <mask>'s other major contribution has been in mainstreaming (the current) Malayalam alphabet (derived chiefly from the Sanskrit Grantha, or the Arya Script) as the replacement for the old Vattezhuthu (the then-30-letter script of Malayalam). The Arya script permitted the free use of Sanskrit in Malayalam writing.Ezhuthachan movement

Ezhuthachan introduced a movement of domesticated religious textuality in Kerala. He was a significant voice of the Bhakti movement in south India. The Bhakti movement was a collective opposition to Brahmanical excesses and the moral and political decadence of the then-Kerala society. The shift of literary


title: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan

texts:
 production in Kerala to a largely Sanskritic, puranic religiosity is attributed this movement. <mask>'s school promoted popular and non-Brahman (Bhakti) literary production. His works were also a general opposition against the moral decadence of the 16th century Kerala society. Father of Modern Malayalam
The Middle Malayalam (Madhyakaala Malayalam) was succeeded by Modern Malayalam (Aadhunika Malayalam) by 15th century CE.The poem Krishnagatha written by Cherusseri Namboothiri, who was the court poet of the king Udaya Varman Kolathiri (1446 – 1475) of Kolathunadu, is written in modern Malayalam. The language used in Krishnagatha is the modern spoken form of Malayalam. During the 16th century CE, <mask> <mask> from the Kingdom of Tanur and Poonthanam Nambudiri from the Kingdom of Valluvanad followed the new trend initiated by Cherussery in their poems. The Adhyathmaramayanam Kilippattu and Mahabharatham Kilippattu written by <mask> and Jnanappana written by Poonthanam are also included in the earliest form of Modern Malayalam. It is <mask> <mask> who is also credited with the development of Malayalam script into the current form through the intermixing and modification of the erstwhile scripts of Vatteluttu, Kolezhuthu, and Grantha script, which were used to write the inscriptions and literary works of Old and Middle Malayalam. He further eliminated excess and unnecessary letters from the modified script. Hence, <mask> is also known as The Father of modern Malayalam.The development of modern Malayalam script was also heavily influenced by the Tigalari script, which was

masks: Ezhuthachan Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan Ezhuthachan Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan Ezhuthachan


title: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan

texts:
 Puranic traditions. Intended for recitation or singing. Lexicon and grammar
 Heavily Sanskritic lexicon with many Sanskrit nominal terminations (lexical distinctions between Manipravalam and the Pattu styles are not visible). No Sanskrit verbal forms or long compounds. Most of the grammatical structures are in Malayalam (the frame of the parrot-narrator and the constituent meters). Assembled in an array of Dravidian meters (in simple metrical couplets). "Keka" for Bala Kandha and Aranya Kandha
 "Kakali" for Ayodhya, Kishkindha and Yuddha Kandha
 "Kalakanchi" for Sundara Kandha

Caste
Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan's caste is arguable.It is only known that he belonged to a lower caste (Shudra or Shudra-grade). The two most popular opinions are Ezhuthachan and Nair, with Kaniyar being less popular. Ezhuthachan
Ezhuthachan caste is a socio-economic caste of village school teachers. According to Arthur C. Burnell, Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan belonged to the Ezhuthachan or "school master" caste. Writer K. Balakrishna Kurup also reports the same, in his book Viswasathinte Kanappurangal. E. P. Bhaskara Guptan, a writer and independent researcher of local history from Kadampazhipuram; supports Kurup's conclusion. Historian Velayudhan Panikkassery expresses the same opinion.Nair
The Chakkala Nair caste had the rights to enter brahmanical temples and to participate in worships. The Malayalam poet and historian Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer agree that <mask> belonged to this caste and conclude that he could be Vattekattu Nair because he visited brahmanical temples and engaged in worship,


title: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan

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 which is not allowed for the Ezuthacan caste. William Logan, officer of the Madras Civil Service under the English India Company Government, expresses a similar opinion in his Malabar Manual and states that <mask> Ezuthachan was "a man of Sudra (Nayar) caste". Kottarathil Shankunni wrote in his Aithihyamala that the term Ezhuthachan is nothing but a title taken up by school teachers belonging to several castes mainly by Nairs in Northern kerala indicating that <mask> was a Nair. Kaniyar
Some sources consider him to be Kaniyar. This community of traditional astrologers were well versed in Sanskrit and Malayalam. During the medieval period, when non-Brahmins were not permitted to learn Sanskrit, only the Kaniyar community had been traditionally enjoying the privilege for accessing and acquiring knowledge in Sanskrit, through their hereditary system of pedagogy.They were learned people and had knowledge in astrology, mathematics, mythology and Ayurveda. They were generally assigned as preceptors of martial art and literacy. In addition to the common title Panicker, the members of Kaniyar from the South Travancore and Malabar region were known as Aasaan, Ezhuthu Aasans, or Ezhuthachans (Father of Letters), by virtue of their traditional avocational function as village school masters to non-Brahmin pupils. Legacy

The parrot-song genre, pioneered by <mask>, inaugurated the production of many similar works in Malayalam. The highest literary honour awarded by the Government of Kerala is known as the "Ezhuthachan Puraskaram". Sooranad Kunjan Pillai was the first recipient of

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 the honour (1993). The Malayalam University, established by Kerala Government in 2012, is named after <mask>.Initiation to Letters
The sand from the compound where the house of Ezhuthachan stood once is considered as sacred. It is a tradition in north Kerala to practise the art of writing in the beginning on the sand with the first finger. Monuments

 <mask> was born at Trikkandiyoor in northern Kerala. His birthplace is now known as Thunchan Parambu. Chittur Gurumadhom is located near present-day Palakkad. The madhom is flanked by temples of gods Rama and Siva. The street has an array of agraharas (where the twelve Brahmin families who migrated along with Ezhuthachan live).<mask>'s samadhi is also situated at Chittur (in Palakkad). Relics

 Some relics of Ezhuthachan or his age were sacredly preserved at the Chittur madhom. This included the original manuscripts and the clogs used by him. These artifacts were destroyed in a fire 30 or 40 years before William Logan. Only the Bhagavatam was saved from the fire. Scholar A. C. Burnell examined this Bhagavatam (and a stool, clogs and a staff) in the late 19th century. These objects probably belongd to one of the first followers of Ezhuthachan.Stool, clog and the staff (seen by Burnell) were destroyed in a second fire. This fire destroyed the original Bhagavatam also. Copies of a sri chakra and the idols worshipped by Ezhuthachan, the stylus, the wooden slippers, and a few old manuscripts are exhibited for visitors at Chittur madhom. See also
 Cherusseri
 Kunchan Nambiar

References

External links
 "Eluttaccan and His

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title: Petr Kvíčala

texts:
<mask> (born 1960 in Svitavy) is one of the most significant personalities in Czech abstract painting. At the turn of the 1980s and 1990s he became a pioneer in discovering and promoting ornament as a unique individual phenomenon. He also significantly contributed to the acceptance of aesthetic qualities of visual art. Since 1995 he has undertaken commissions for architecture-related projects in which he has collaborated with a number of leading architects both from the Czech Republic and abroad. He has been a lecturer at the Faculty of Fine Arts of the Brno University of Technology, where he is in charge of a painting studio, since 1994. His works are represented in public and private collections. Life

<mask> was born in Svitavy in 1960.A serious interest in fine arts he developed during his studies at the Secondary Technical School of Chemistry, led to the attempt to transfer to a school with an artistic focus, that he was denied. A major impulse of Kvíčala’s artistic development came in the course of his compulsory military service in Janovice nad Úhlavou, where he met graduates of the Prague Academy of Fine Arts and began to draw portraits of other soldiers. After finishing his military service, Kvíčala started Secondary School of Arts and Crafts in Brno, where he received a number of recommendations for his further study at the Academy. However, he was not permitted to enrol for ideological reasons. At the same time in 1982 he started working as a stoker (what he did until 1990) and began to engage in the underground movement. A milestone in his artistic career was his participation in an exhibition in The Youth Gallery in 1985. There started author’s closer co-operation with <mask> Veselý and Vladimir Kokolia, which subsequently led to creation of an art group called Tovaryšstvo malířske (Society of Painting).Since the second half of the 1980s Kvíčala’s work was supported by theoreticians <mask> Nedoma and

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title: Petr Kvíčala

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 Jiří Valoch and he started to be repeatedly invited to participate in exhibitions of professional artists. In 1986 Kvíčala entered the underground music scene with his band called Květen (May), working on the basis of minimalism and musical and political irony, what are themes which correlate with author’s painterly work of that time. In 1989 he became a member of the art group Měkkohlaví, which was formed in response to the emergence of various artistic groups, lacking a common program, whose main objective was to promote commercially. In 1989 Kvíčala founded, along with Marian Palla and Milan Magni, a musically-performative group called Florián – Group of Haze and Kine. After 1989 <mask> Kvíčala started to be represented in state and public collections and his work was regularly reflected in professional journals. Since 1994 he has been working on the Faculty of Fine Arts in Brno, initially in the studios of conceptual tendencies and intermedia, and later as a head of one of the painting studios (his students were e.g. Jindřich Chalupecký prize laureate Barbora Klímová, Pavel Ryška, Matěj Smetana, Anežka Hošková, <mask> Dub, Jana Babincová or Václav Kočí).In 2001 he received a Degree of an Assistant Professor at the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague. In 1995 Kvíčala made his first painterly intervention into architecture (in the apartment of architect Ivan Koleček in Lausanne) and so started a long series of art projects in architecture, which has been one of the main themes of his work until now. Painting

<mask> Kvíčala has been dealing with ornament since the mid 1980s. Both through his work and as a creative artist he confirmed the significance and importance of painting in the era when new media were violently trying to replace other forms of visual art. He works with the simplest ornament, consisting of wavy lines, broken arches or loops. His source of inspiration- landscape – was transformed into an extremely

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title: Petr Kvíčala

texts: reduced visual vernacular, the basic elements of which are ornamental lines. His beginnings were punctuated by attempts to express nature’s principles using the medium of visual art but it the second half of the 1980s the artistic means employed became extremely unorthodox.His creative aspirations from that period were typified by the limitless merging of various disciplines: he created texts inspired by what he had experienced in the landscape and drew simple sketches of fields. At the same time, he was a member of several ensembles dabbing in minimalist music and musique concrète whose productions crossed the boundary between theatrical and performance and animated sculptural installation. At the turn of 1980s and 1990s, <mask> Kvíčala’s work seemed to display an affinity with the broad stream of post-modernist Czech painting as hinted at by the clear colours of the paintings, which enclosed colour surfaces within boundaries and used archetypal-geometric elements. Today, such a general classification is less justifiable. Obviously, rather than making post-modernist quotations and providing a symbolic content to the paintings, so characteristic for the painters from the circle of the Tvrdohlaví group, Kvíčala was more interested in probing the possibilities of the painting medium itself. The orderly inner arrangements of Kvíčala’s work is determined by employing lines approached as ornaments. Of these, the undulating line – a rhythmic painterly gesture in time – if featured most often.The lines are combined and composed according to clear pre-determined rules of algorithms which nevertheless may produce unexpected results. Attention was drawn to the similarities between his works and ornamental paintings in folk architecture (the Waves 1991) or to the affinity to the abstract cave paintings. Kvíčala indicates his inspiration from „low“ culture by using elements from artistic crafts or industrial manufacturing. In


title: Petr Kvíčala

texts:
 the Wallpapers (1987–1988) and Festive Tablecloths for Everyday (1992–1994) cycles he balanced on the hard-to-define line between ornaments on utility objects and artistic expression. He also emphasized manual, and therefore imperfect, reproduction of the ornamental rhythm. However, at the initial level, Kvíčala is not concerned with a post-modern game of aligning various languages, but rather he wishes to rehabilitate ornament as such. He values its visual effectiveness, rational order and its possibility of continuous variation.Kvíčala showed great invention and desire to experiment within his intentionally abridged vocabulary. Among his works we can find procedural paintings, where the surface of the painting can be looked upon as a relic of the time spent on the execution (60 Days of Red, Blue and Yellow, 1996, Monochromes). In Memory cycle (2001–2003) Kvíčala works with a negative definition of lines, delineating them with a surrounding red surface, a memory of lines and fragments of ornaments, their imprint in the mind. Working with broad lines led author to an opposite extreme: using white paint he reduced ornamental lines to the very extreme of technical possibilities of traditional painting (Fine Stripes – Coded Ornaments 2008). The recent works by <mask> Kvíčala implement the artist’s accustomed repertoire of line ornaments, combining waves, broken lines and loops. The special optical effect is achieved by a multiple repetition of thin parallel lines of the two basic ornaments and an intentionally limited colour palette, relying on a simple rhythm of two to three colours. Special prominence is given to minuscule deviations and “flaws” in the applied order.These serve as another, improvised, level of rhythmicizing the paintings although they can also be perceived as a generalization of the natural and human responses to environmental changes (cycles Dogon 2007, Pacific 2008, Flow 2009). Installation

Since


title: Petr Kvíčala

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 1993 <mask> <mask> has created a number of ephemeral installations – mostly on the floors of galleries and in public space. Major installations are e.g. send lines in Plasy convent (1993), the red pigment installation in Behémot gallery in Prague (1994) or contemporary Zig Zag street art in Brno (2009). Architectonic Interventions

Since the second half of 1990s painterly interventions into architecture are one of the main topics of Kvíčala’s work. He uses principles and themes from his paintings, which he strives to transfer to the specific architectural space. Kvíčala is also a coordinator of international educational and research project 2B2A, dealing with cooperation between art and architecture, its theoretical reflection and practical implementation.The very first painterly intervention into architecture Kvíčala made, was in the apartment of architect Ivan Koleček in Lausanne. „Southern part of the apartment, with windows facing the lake, contains the living space and the adjoining studies, while the northern part faces the town. I noticed that the southern exterior „pervades“ the house to such an extend that any change in weather and the continual play of light are reflected, by the great mirror of the lake surface, in the living space and becomes ts integral component. As a result, I decided to underline the opposing role of the dividing role relative to the view.“

Major international project Kvíčala worked on in 2004, was new Deutsche Bundesbank building in Chemnitz (architect Josep Luís Mateo), where he realized the ceiling painting „Watermelon Cut – Ceiling Dance“. The painting on the entrance hall ceiling (exceeding 150 m² in area) is both a counterpoint and to the overall logic of the building and its complement. The paint application technique left the brush strokes visible as a sign of a human, yet artificial intervention in stark contrast to the abstraction of the organic construction materials,

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title: Petr Kvíčala

texts: free of any trace of craftsmanship. Retaining the brushwork proved to be of importance in integrating the work within the architectural space, both as a nod to the process of making the painting and an element evoking the organic nature of the painting – a cut through the living tissue of a solid architectural form.In numerous sketches prepared for the painting I first examined the rhythm of the division relative to the format as well as the harmonization of colours with regards to the materials within the space. I continued by producing two cardboard paintings at the actual scale in order to be able to precisely determine the density of the network of lines, the magnitude of the waves and their thickness. While working on the cardboards I concluded that waves of this magnitude cannot be drawn using a standard method, as their dimensions surpass the physical capability of human being. I resorted to attaching the charcoal that I used for drawing on a long pole and, by standing on tip-toe and gyrating the whole body including carefully thought-out legwork, I negotiated smooth curves. I performed something short of a dance during which the body movement is transmitted into the lines drawn. In 2005 <mask> <mask> cooperated, with architects A. Novák and P. Valenta, on the reconstruction of the historical building of Reduta theatre in Brno. He is author of the mural „40 Days of Red“ in Reduta ballroom hall, atrium floor and ceiling arches of the theatre café.The mural consists of layers of red undulating lines laid next to one another. on a red background. In each of the superimposed layer the undulating lines have a different direction. The monochrome effect of the red paint, together with the colour of the parquet flooring arranged into historical patterns conjures up a solemn ambience nurtured by the rare occurrence of the colour red in the nature patterns, and even more so by its endorsement of the cultural and


title: Charles Davenport

texts:
<mask> (June 1, 1866 – February 18, 1944) was a prominent biologist and eugenicist. He was influential in the American eugenics movement. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Stamford, Connecticut, to <mask>, an abolitionist of Puritan ancestry, and his wife Jane Joralemon Dimon (of English, Dutch and Italian ancestry). His father had eleven children by two wives, and <mask> grew up with his family on Garden Place in Brooklyn Heights. His mother's strong beliefs tended to rub off onto <mask> and he followed the example of his mother. During the summer months, <mask> and his family spent their time on a family farm near Stamford. Due to <mask>'s father's strong belief in Protestantism, as a young boy <mask> was tutored at home.This came about in order for <mask> to learn the values of hard work and education. When he was not studying, <mask> worked as a janitor and errand boy for his father's business. His father had a significant influence on his early career, as he encouraged <mask> to become an engineer. However, this was not his primary interest, and after working for a few years to save up money, <mask> enrolled in Harvard College to pursue his genuine interest of becoming a scientist. He graduated with a Bachelor's after two years, and earned a Ph.D in biology in 1892. He married Gertrude Crotty, a zoology graduate of Harvard, in 1894. He had two daughters with Gertrude, Millia Crotty and <mask> Harris di Tomasi.Career
Later on, <mask> became a professor of zoology at Harvard. He became one of the most prominent American biologists of his time, pioneering new quantitative standards of taxonomy. <mask> had a tremendous respect for the biometric approach to evolution pioneered by Francis Galton and Karl Pearson, and was involved in Pearson's journal, Biometrika. However, after the re-discovery of Gregor Mendel's laws of heredity, he moved on to become a prominent supporter of Mendelian inheritance. From 1899 to 1904 <mask> worked in Chicago. He was curator of

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title: Charles Davenport

texts: the Zoological Museum of the University of Chicago from 1901 to 1904. In 1904, <mask> became director of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, where he founded the Eugenics Record Office in 1910.During his time at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, <mask> began a series of investigations into aspects of the inheritance of human personality and mental traits, and over the years he generated hundreds of papers and several books on the genetics of alcoholism, pellagra (later shown to be due to a vitamin deficiency), criminality, feeblemindedness, seafaringness, bad temper, intelligence, manic depression, and the biological effects of race crossing. Additionally, <mask> mentored many people while working at the Laboratory, such as Massachusetts suffragist, Claiborne Catlin Elliman. Before <mask> came across eugenics, he studied math. He came to know these subjects through Professors Karl Pearson and gentleman amateur Francis Galton. He met them in London. Upon meeting them, he fell in love with the subject matter. In 1901, Biometrika, a journal of which <mask> was a co editor, gave him the opportunity to use the skills that he had learned.<mask> became an advocate of the biometrical approach for the rest of his life. He began to study human heredity, and much of his effort was later turned to promoting eugenics. His 1911 book, Heredity in Relation to Eugenics, was used as a college textbook for many years. The year after it was published <mask> was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. <mask>'s work with eugenics caused much controversy among many other eugenicists and scientists. Although his writings were about eugenics, their findings were very simplistic and out of touch with the findings from genetics. This caused much racial and class bias.Only his most ardent admirers regarded it as truly scientific work. During <mask>'s tenure at Cold Spring Harbor, several reorganizations took place there. In 1918 the Carnegie Institution of Washington took over funding of the ERO

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title: Charles Davenport

texts: with an additional handsome endowment from Mary Harriman. <mask> was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1907. In 1921 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. <mask> founded the International Federation of Eugenics Organizations (IFEO) in 1925, with Eugen Fischer as chairman of the Commission on Bastardization and Miscegenation (1927). <mask> aspired to found a World Institute for Miscegenations, and "was working on a 'world map' of the 'mixed-race areas, which he introduced for the first time at a meeting of the IFEO in Munich in 1928."Together with his assistant Morris Steggerda, <mask> attempted to develop a comprehensive quantitative approach to human miscegenation. The results of their research was presented in the book Race Crossing in Jamaica (1929), which attempted to provide statistical evidence for biological and cultural degradation following interbreeding between white and black populations. Today it is considered a work of scientific racism, and was criticized in its time for drawing conclusions which stretched far beyond (and sometimes counter to) the data it presented. Particularly caustic was the review of the book published by Karl Pearson at Nature, where he considered that "the only thing that is apparent in the whole of this lengthy treatise is that the samples are too small and drawn from too heterogeneous a population to provide any trustworthy conclusions at all". The entire eugenics movement was criticized for being supposedly based on racist and classist assumptions set out to prove the unfitness of wide sections of the American population which <mask> and his followers considered "degenerate", using methods criticized even by British eugenicists as unscientific. In 1907 and 1910 <mask> and his wife wrote four essays that pertained to human hereditary genes. These essays included hair color, eye color, and skin pigmentation.These essays helped pave the way for eugenics to be taught in class. Many of the

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title: Charles Davenport

texts:
 topics and discussions belonged to Dr. and Mrs. <mask> but the information for one essay in particular came from friends of theirs involved in the same topic. Many problems occurred when they started to use other information. As <mask> and other eugenicist professors and experts began to and continued to study more in-depth eugenics, they had to start to come up with original ideas so as not to conflict with past ideas. Influence on immigration policy in the United States
Another way <mask>'s work manifested in the public sphere is regarding the topic of immigration. He believed that race determined behavior, and that many mental and behavioral traits were hereditary. He drew these conclusions by studying family pedigrees, and was criticized by some of his peers for making unfounded conclusions.Regardless, <mask> believed that the biological differences between the races justified a strict immigration policy, and that people of races deemed “undesirable” should not be allowed into the country. His support of Mendelian genetics fueled this belief, as he believed allowing certain groups of people to enter the country would negatively impact the nation's genetic pool. Domestically, he also supported the prevention of "negative eugenics" through sterilization and sexual segregation of people who were considered genetically inferior. Sharing the racist views of many scientists during this time, those that <mask> considered to be genetically inferior included Black people and Southeastern Europeans. In addition to supporting these beliefs through his scientific work, he was actively involved in lobbying members of Congress. <mask> spoke regularly with Congressman Albert Johnson, who was a cosponsor of the 1924 immigration bill, and encouraged him to restrict immigration in that legislation. <mask> was not alone in this effort to influence policy, as Harry Laughlin, the superintendent of the Eugenics Record Office, appeared before Congress on multiple occasions to promote

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title: Charles Davenport

texts:
 strict immigration laws and the belief that immigration was a "biological problem".In all, <mask>’s efforts served to provide scientific justification to social policies he supported, and immigration was one way this manifested in the beginning of the 20th century. End of career and impact
After Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany, <mask> maintained connections with various Nazi institutions and publications, both before and during World War II. He held editorial positions at two influential German journals, both of which were founded in 1935, and in 1939 he wrote a contribution to the Festschrift for Otto Reche, who became an important figure in the plan to "remove" those populations considered "inferior" in eastern Germany. In a 1938 Letter to the Editor of Life magazine, he included both Franklin Roosevelt and Joseph Goebbels as examples of crippled statesmen who, motivated by their physical defects, have "led revolutions and aspired to dictatorships while burdening their country with heavy taxes and reducing its finances to chaos." Although many other scientists had stopped supporting eugenics due to the rise of Nazism in Germany, <mask> remained a fervent supporter until the end of his life. Six years after he retired in 1934, <mask> held firm to these beliefs even after the Carnegie Institute pulled funding from the eugenics program at Cold Spring Harbor in 1940. While <mask> is remembered primarily for his role in the eugenics movement, he also had a significant influence in increasing funding for genetics research.His success in organizing the financial support for scientific endeavors fueled his success throughout his career, while also allowing for the study of other scientists. Indeed, Cold Spring Harbor saw many prominent geneticists go through its doors while he was its director. He died of pneumonia in 1944 at the age of 77. He is buried in Laurel Hollow, New York. Eugenics creed
As quoted in the National Academy of Sciences' "Biographical Memoir of

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texts:
 <mask> <mask>" by Oscar Riddle, <mask>'s Eugenics creed was as follows:
 "I believe in striving to raise the human race to the highest plane of social organization, of cooperative work and of effective endeavor." "I believe that I am the trustee of the germ plasm that I carry; that this has been passed on to me through thousands of generations before me; and that I betray the trust if (that germ plasm being good) I so act as to jeopardize it, with its excellent possibilities, or, from motives of personal convenience, to unduly limit offspring." "I believe that, having made our choice in marriage carefully, we, the married pair, should seek to have 4 to 6 children in order that our carefully selected germ plasm shall be reproduced in adequate degree and that this preferred stock shall not be swamped by that less carefully selected.""I believe in such a selection of immigrants as shall not tend to adulterate our national germ plasm with socially unfit traits." "I believe in repressing my instincts when to follow them would injure the next generation." References

Further reading

 Edwin Black, War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race, (New York / London: Four Walls Eight Windows, 2003)
 Elof Axel Carlson, "Times of triumph, Times of Doubt, science and the battle for the public trust", (Cold Spring Harbor; Cold Spring Harbor Press, 2006)

External links

 "Biographical Memoir of <mask> <mask>" by Oscar Riddle via this page on the website of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
 A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: <mask> at www.pbs.org
 International Eugenics

Davenport, <mask>
<mask>, Charles Benedict
Harvard College alumni
American science writers
<mask>, <mask>
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Deaths from pneumonia in New York (state)
19th-century American writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American biologists
People from Brooklyn

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title: Terrell Stoglin

texts:
<mask> (born November 10, 1991) is an American professional basketball player for Al Shorta SC of the Iraqi Basketball League. He served as the starting shooting guard for the University of Maryland, where he played college basketball for two seasons. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Tucson, Arizona. The hometown team being the Arizona Wildcats, he did not have much exposure to the Maryland basketball program while growing up. He said, "The only thing I knew about Maryland was that Steve Francis went there." The Washington Post described him as the city's best eighth grade basketball player. Stoglin attended Santa Rita High School in Tucson, where he earned a spot on the varsity basketball team as a freshman.His high school coach, Jim Ferguson, described Stoglin as confident without being arrogant. During his sophomore year, he scored 35 points during a tournament against DeMar DeRozan. As a junior, he recorded an average 27 points, seven assists, and two steals per game. During his senior year, he compiled an average of 29.4 points, 6.4 assists, and 2.6 steals per game. Stoglin helped lead Santa Rita to a 4-A state championship, and The Arizona Republic named him to its All-Arizona team. Stoglin received scholarship offers from Maryland, Texas A&M, Penn State, and San Diego, while he also received interest from Arizona, Arizona State, California, Georgetown, Loyola Marymount, UCLA, Georgia Tech, and Southern California. He chose the University of Maryland because of its great sports tradition.College career
As a college prospect, Stoglin garnered early interest from the staff of Maryland coach Gary Williams. Assistant coach Rob Ehsan first observed Stoglin during the summer of 2008 at the Nike Hoop Jamboree in St. Louis, Missouri. Maryland's recruitment progressed

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title: Terrell Stoglin

texts:
 throughout the following year. Stoglin declined to wait for the University of Arizona to hire its next basketball coach, and committed to attend Maryland in April 2009. He said, "I was weighing my options, and as a matter of fact, I was going to wait until the summer [to commit] ... my family sat down at the dinner table and discussed it. I like the D.C. area, and I like the climate. I like the way Coach Williams coaches and I like the program overall.Maryland has a great guard history and I just thought I'd pull the trigger." Williams said he expected Stoglin to contribute immediately as a freshman. 2010–11 season

During the 2010–11 season, Stoglin averaged 11.6 points per game, including at least 20 points in each of Maryland's last four games. Against Temple, Stoglin came off the bench with 16 points, 12 of which came in the second half, sparking a comeback from a 15-point halftime deficit that fell just short in the 64–61 loss. His first collegiate start came against , where he scored 12 points on 4–8 shooting. Late in the season, Stoglin emerged as a prolific scorer. In Maryland's 91–83 loss at Virginia Tech, Stoglin tallied 25 points, including 10–10 from the free-throw line, and six assists in 28 minutes of playing time.In the 87–80 victory over NC State, he recorded 25 points, 8–14 from the floor and 9–10 from the free-throw line, and a team season high of nine assists. For his effort in those two games, Stolgin was named the ACC Rookie of the Week. After the game, head coach Gary Williams compared him to the previous season's senior point guard and Bob Cousy Award winner, Greivis Vasquez: "It's the great competitor that thinks he can score against anybody." The Washington Post noted that Stoglin "put the offense on his shoulders in the second half." <mask> repeated


title: Terrell Stoglin

texts:
 the feat by earning a second consecutive ACC Rookie of the Week recognition after his performance against Florida State and No. 19 North Carolina. In the 87–76 loss to North Carolina, he recorded a season-high 28 points on 11–20 shooting.It was the most points for a Maryland freshman in a single game since Joe Smith scored 29 points against Saint Louis in the 1994 NCAA tournament. In the 78–62 win against Florida State, he tallied 17 points and five assists. The Atlantic Coast Sports Media Association named him to the ACC All-Freshman Team. 2011–12 season
<mask> emerged as one of the nation's most prolific scorers in the 2011–12 season. While not a complete surprise, his scoring, almost double the next highest scorer on the Terps' roster, has been a welcome asset to a rebuilding Maryland Terrapins squad. On February 11, 2012, Stoglin posted derogatory comments about Terps head coach Mark Turgeon, following a game against the Duke Blue Devils in which Stoglin missed 10 of 14 shots, including all six three-point shots attempted. During the game, Turgeon removed Stoglin from the lineup in light of his poor shooting performance and disruption of the game's tempo.On April 30, 2012, the University of Maryland announced that Stoglin was suspended from the school for a year due to a violation of student-athlete code of conduct. Stoglin declared for the 2012 NBA Draft and went undrafted. Professional career
In November 2012, Stoglin signed a one-year deal with the Greek Basket League club Ilysiakos. On July 22, 2013, Stoglin signed with Cholet Basket of France. On January 23, 2014, he was released by Cholet. Seven days later, he signed with Azovmash Mariupol of Ukraine. On March 3, 2014, he parted ways with Azovmash.Two days later, he signed with Stelmet Zielona Góra of Poland. The


title: Maurice Halperin

texts:
<mask> (also <mask><mask>, born <mask>) (1906–1995) was an American writer, professor, diplomat, and accused Soviet spy (NKVD code name "Hare"). Biography

<mask> was born on March 3, 1906, in Boston, Massachusetts. In 1927, he received an A.B. from Harvard College, in 1939 an MA from the University of Oklahoma, and in 1931 a doctorate from the Sorbonne. Career

Academics

In 1930, <mask> lectured at the Sorbonne while studying there. In 1935, Halperin traveled to Cuba with the League of American Writers to investigate possible human rights abuses. Sometime during this period, <mask> joined the Communist Party of the USA (CPUSA).Halperin taught at the University of Oklahoma, with summer 1941 as visiting professor at the University of Florida. Government

In late summer 1941, Halperin began working for the US federal government as a Latin American specialist. From 1941 to 1945, served as division chief (Latin America) in the Office of the Coordinator of Information, soon the Research Division of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), and served as special assistant to Duncan Chapin Lee. During this period, he may have become an espionage agent and agreed to provide intelligence for the Joseph Stalin-era Soviet intelligence service, the NKVD. Halperin's alleged NKVD codename was "Hare." He became a member of the Golos spy network (operated by the NKVD's chief of American operations Gaik Ovakimian). With access to the OSS cable room, Halperin could secure copies of secret U.S. reports from any part of the world.Through the Golos spy network, Halperin provided Soviet intelligence with a large quantity of sensitive U.S. diplomatic dispatches, including reports from Ambassador John Gilbert Winant in London on the position of the Polish government-in-exile towards negotiations with Stalin, Turkey's foreign policy toward Romania, the State Department's instructions to the U.S. Ambassador to Spain, the U.S. embassy in Morocco's reports on that country's government, reports on the U.S. government's relationship with Vichy and Free French factions and persons in

masks:
Maurice Halperin
Maurice H
. Halperin
Maurice Hyman Halperin
Maurice Hyman Halperin
Halperin
Halperin


title: Maurice Halperin

texts:
 exile, reports of peace feelers from dissident Germans passed to the Vatican, U.S. attitudes towards Josip Broz Tito's Communist Front activities in Yugoslavia, and discussions between the Greek government and the United States regarding Soviet ambitions in the Balkans. Halperin also distorted OSS reports with false information in order to reflect the views of Stalin, the Soviet Union, and the Communist Party of the United States. After the OSS was dissolved in 1945, Halperin transferred to the State Department and worked as an adviser to United States Secretary of State Dean Acheson, again on Latin American affairs. Halperin was an advisor to the United Nations at the first conference in San Francisco (with Alger Hiss serving as acting secretary general). He helped establish a Hebrew language service for the UN, beamed to Palestine. In 1946 (or 1949), <mask> resigned from the State Department to take the position of chair of Latin American studies at Boston University.HUAC investigation (1948)

On July 31, 1948, ex-Soviet spy Elizabeth Bentley testified under subpoena before the House Un-American Activities Committee and related details which she first shared with the FBI in 1945. In 1945, Bentley, who had inherited the Golos network, defected from the Soviet underground and sought out the Federal Bureau of Investigation. During questioning, Bentley told FBI agents that from 1942 to 1944, Halperin at OSS had delivered "to Mary Price and later to myself mimeographed bulletins and reports prepared by OSS on a variety of topics and also supplied excerpts from State Department cables to which he evidently had access." Bentley added that "some time early in 1945 'JACK', [Soviet agent Joseph Katz] the Russian contact at that time, told me that Halperin had been accused by General William J. Donovan, the head of OSS, of being a Soviet agent..."  The next day, the FBI notified Harry S. Truman's White House that "according to a "highly confidential source," among those "employed by the government of the United States" who "have been furnishing data and


title: Maurice Halperin

texts:
 information to persons outside the Federal government, who are in turn transmitting this information to espionage agents of the Soviet government," was "<mask>, Office of Strategic Services." Subsequent surveillance of Halperin disclosed that he was in contact with Nathan Gregory Silvermaster, Lauchlin Currie, Philip and Mary Jane Keeney, and others. SISS investigation (1953)

In 1953, after Soviet cables were secretly decrypted by U.S. counter-intelligence, <mask> was called before the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee to defend himself on charges of espionage, at which time he lost his teaching position at Boston University. Halperin denied the charges, but nevertheless fled to Mexico and taught at the National University of Mexico.To avoid extradition from Mexico, Halperin moved to the Soviet Union, where he studied and taught. Among the friends he made there was the British defector, Donald Maclean as well as Cuban revolutionary leader Che Guevara. Remaining years

Disenchanted with communism in the Soviet Union, Halperin accepted Guevara's invitation to come to Havana in 1962. There, he consulted to the Ministry of Trade in the Fidel Castro government for five years and taught at the University of Havana. Political tensions forced him to leave for Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. In Vancouver, he became a political science professor at Simon Fraser University, and wrote several books critical of Castro's government and the socio-political situation in Cuba. Personal life and death

Halperin married and had two surviving children.<mask> died age 88 on February 9, 1995, of a stroke at the Royal Columbia Hospital just outside Vancouver, Canada. Legacy

After <mask>'s death, the release of the Venona project decryptions of coded Soviet cables, as well as information gleaned from Soviet KGB archives, revealed that Halperin was involved in espionage activities on behalf of the Soviet Union while serving in an official capacity with the United States government. Works

Aside from an early literary study, Halperin published three books critical of

masks:
Maurice Halperin
Maurice Halperin
Maurice Halperin
Halperin


title: Maurice Halperin

texts:
 Castro:
 Roman de Tristan et Iseut dans la littérature anglo-américaine au XIXe et au XXe siècles (1931)
 Rise and Decline of Fidel Castro:  An Essay in Contemporary History (1972)
 The Taming of Fidel Castro (1981)
 Return to Havana (1994)

See also

NKVD
 Elizabeth Bentley
 Silvermaster Group
 Perlo Group
 Venona project

References

External links

Alexander Vassiliev's notes from KGB Archival Records
Haynes, John E. and Klehr, Harvey, In Denial: Historians, Communism, & Espionage, Encounter Press (2003)
Haynes, John Earl & Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America, Yale University Press, 2000. .
 (ed. available via books.google)
Peake, Hayden B., OSS and the Venona Decrypts. Intelligence and National Security (Great Britain) 12, no. 3 (July 1997): 14–34. CIA Publications, The Office of Strategic Services: America's First Intelligence Agency, no date.Kirschner, Don S.,Cold War Exile: The Unclosed Case of <mask>in Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1995
Schecter, Jerrold and Leona, Sacred Secrets: How Soviet Intelligence Operations Changed American History, Potomac Press, 2002
CIA Publications, The Office of Strategic Services: America's First Intelligence Agency, no date. The Peak obituary
Warner, Michael, The Office of Strategic Services: America's First Intelligence Agency Chapter: X-2. Central Intelligence Agency Publications (2000). "Research & Analysis Latin America specialist <mask>, nevertheless passed information to Moscow." Chairman's Forward, Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy (1997)
 Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy, Appendix A, 7. The Cold War (1997)
 X-2
 FBI Venona FOIA, p. 53

1906 births
1995 deaths
Members of the Communist Party USA
American spies for the Soviet Union
World War II spies for the Soviet Union
American male writers
American diplomats
Latin Americanists
Boston University faculty
Simon Fraser University faculty
American people in the Venona papers
People of the Office of Strategic Services
20th-century American writers
American expatriates in Cuba
University of Oklahoma alumni
Harvard

masks:
Maurice Halper
Maurice Halperin


title: Aleksandr Tsekalo

texts:
<mask> (, ; born 22 March 1961 in Kyiv) is a Soviet and Russian musician, actor, radio and TV host. Founder of production company Sreda, he is active in television since 1986. <mask> is a TV host in Minute of Fame and Big Difference. Biography
<mask> was born on March 22, 1961 in Kyiv, in the family of thermal engineers <mask> (March 11, 1931 - May 2007), who was Ukrainian, and Elena Leonidovna Volkova (March 24, 1933 – 2000), who was Jewish. He learned to play the piano and the guitar and already at school tried himself in stage performance activity, creating the band "ONO". He participated in amateur performances and theatrical productions. After graduating from the Kyiv School No.89 in 1978, Tsekalo entered the correspondence department of the Leningrad Technological Institute of the Pulp and Paper Industry; at the same time he worked in Kyiv as a fitter and adjuster and also played in amateur theater. In 1979 he created the quartet "Shlyapa". Later, by the invitation of the Kyiv Variety and Circus School, along with other members of the quartet entered the second year. In 1982 he graduated externally from the Leningrad Technological Institute of the Pulp and Paper Industry, worked in the chemical laboratory, as a locksmith, later at the Kyiv stage theater as a stage installer, and as a lighting technician. After graduating from college in 1985, he began working at the Odessa Philharmonic Theater, then with his first wife Alyona Shyferman at the Odessa Variety Theater "Sharzh" from Ilya Noyabryov. In 1985, together with Lolita Milyavskaya, <mask> formed the cabaret-duet "Akademiya", and in 1989 they arrived in Moscow. The duo performed on the stage, in clubs and restaurants, and by the mid-1990s, "Akademiya" became one of the most popular actor ensembles.By his own admission, in parallel with the variety career in the 1990s he was engaged in political campaign managing, in particular, in 1991 he was engaged in the elections of the mayor of the French city, as a result of which the candidate

masks:
Aleksandr Yevgenyevich Tsekalo
Tsekalo
Aleksandr Tsekalo
Yevgeny Borisovich Tsekalo
Tsekalo


title: Aleksandr Tsekalo

texts: whom Tsekalo supported won. In 1996, together with Lolita Milyavskaya began to conduct the program "Good morning, country!". After the collapse of the cabaret duet "Akademiya" in 2000, Tsekalo participated in a number of television projects, including the popular series of musical films "Old Songs on the Main" (played in the third and fourth parts, and also directed and scripted a live version of the television project), voiced the film "Private Chronicles. Monologue". In 2000, <mask> played the main role in Tigran Keosayan's film "Silver Lily of the Valley", for which he wrote and performed the song "Istoriya". In 2007, this song was performed by Filipp Kirkorov and was included in his album For You. Until February 2003 he was the executive producer of the musical Nord-Ost, and then became the general producer of the company "Russian Musical", the director of the musical "12 chairs".From September 2002 to 2005 he held the post of executive producer of entertainment programs of the department of own production of the STS channel. From 2005 to 2006 - the general producer of STS. From August 1, 2006 to June 1, 2007 - Director of the department of entertainment programs of the STS. He was fired after the conflict with the general director of the channel, Alexander Rodnyansky: the latter was dissatisfied with the fact that <mask>, as a staff member of the STS, worked as a leading music contest "Two Stars" on Channel One, while <mask> himself did not accept the financial terms proposed to him. From 2006 to 2014 and from 2017 - the presenter of the Channel One ("Two Stars", Minute of Fame, Big Difference, Prozhektorperiskhilton). From June 25, 2007 to July 30, 2008 - Deputy General Director, Director of the Directorate of Special Projects "Channel One". In 2008 he founded Sreda, which since its inception has become one of the most significant television production companies in Russia.In 2014, he made his debut as a journalist, interviewing the director of the directorate of the cinema channel

masks:
Alexander Tsekalo
Tsekalo
Tsekalo


title: Aleksandr Tsekalo

texts:
 "Channel One" Sergei Titinkov and the general producer of TNT Alexander Dulerain for the magazine GQ and with his sister-in-law Vera Brezhneva for the magazine Interview. <mask> appeared as the director of creative evenings of Igor Krutoy (also a screenwriter and presenter), the Kinotavr festival (также являлся сценаристом и ведущим (also the host), the Silver Galosh prize (also a host), solo concerts by Angelica Varum (also made a video for the song "Whistle Man") and Alsou (also took part in preparing Alsou for the Eurovision Song Contest, where the singer took the second place), in addition, he was the artistic director of the award ceremony of the TEFI 2006 award, as a model and participated in the avant-garde exhibition of artists Dmitry Vrubel and Victoria Timofeeva "Orgy of Humanism", in addition, he was the host of the concert version of the CTC "Leningrad Stand-Up Club", the award of the magazine "Sobaka.ru" "TOP 50. The most famous people of Petersburg" and the weddings of ballerina Anastasia Volochkova and businessman Igor Vdovin. Together with Ivan Urgant, Tsekalo owns the restaurant "The Sad" in Moscow on the Yakimanskaya Embankment, and also in late 2010, together with Alexei Bokov and Alexander Orlov, opened the restaurant "Chichibio". Selected filmography

Host
2006: Ty - supermodel
2008: Minuta slavy
2008–present: Prozhektorperiskhilton
2008-2014: Big Difference

Producer
2012: Cinderella''
2012: The Dark Side of the Moon
2014–present: Silver Spoon
2015: The Method
2017–present: Prozhektorperiskhilton
2017: Gogol. The Beginning
2017: Trotsky
2018: Gogol. Viy
2018: Gogol.Terrible Revenge
2020: The Last Minister
2020: Just Imagine Things We Know

References

External links

<mask> at the Forbes

1961 births
Living people
Musicians from Kyiv
Television presenters from Kyiv
Russian male actors
Russian radio personalities
Ukrainian radio presenters
Russian male voice actors
Soviet male singers
Russian male comedians
Actors from Kyiv
Jewish Russian actors
20th-century Russian male

masks:
Tsekalo
Alexander Tsekalo


title: Wei Qing

texts:
<mask> (died 106 BC), courtesy name Zhongqing, born <mask> in Linfen, Shanxi, was a Chinese military general and politician of the Western Han dynasty who was acclaimed for his campaigns against the Xiongnu, and his rags to riches life. He was a consort kin of Emperor Wu of Han as the younger half-brother of Emperor Wu's wife Empress <mask>u, and later the third husband of Emperor Wu's older sister Eldest Princess Yangxin. He was also the maternal uncle of Huo Qubing, another decorated Han general who participated in the war against the Xiongnu. Early life
<mask> was born from humble means as a bastard child from a serf family. His father Zheng Ji (鄭季) was a low-level official for Pingyang County (平陽縣, in modern Linfen, Shanxi) and was commissioned to serve at the estate of Cao Shou (曹壽), the Marquess of Pingyang (平陽侯), and his wife Princess Pingyang (平陽公主, Emperor Wu's older sister). There, Zheng met and had an extramarital affair with a lowly female servant known as <mask> (衛媪, literally means "the Wei woman"), and their relationship produced a son named <mask>. The child was initially sent to live in his father's household as his serf mother (who was already raising four other children) could not afford to raise him in poverty, but due to the illegitimacy of his birth, the young boy was detested and mistreated by his father and step-family, and was made to live as a lowly sheepherder.Unable to tolerate the abuse, <mask> eventually

masks:
Wei Qing
Zheng Qing
Wei Zif
Wei Qing
Wei Ao
Zheng Qing
Zheng Qing


title: Wei Qing

texts:
 ran away back to his mother's side during his early teenage years, and served as a stableboy in the marquess's estate of Pingyang. He then severed his paternal bond by adopting the surname "<mask>" of his mother's family. Early career

Legend says that <mask> once followed his master on a visit to Ganquan Palace (甘泉宮) and encountered a cangued prisoner, who foretold that it would be <mask>'s fate to achieve nobility and marquisate, a prediction <mask> offered the singer <mask>u to Emperor Wu as a concubine c. 139 BC, <mask> followed as an accompanying gift and served as a horseman at Jianzhang Camp (建章營, Emperor Wu's Royal Guards). However, as his sister gained the Emperor's love and fell pregnant, near-disaster would befall <mask>. The powerful Grand Princess Guantao (館陶長公主) Liu Piao (劉嫖), the mother of Empress Chen Jiao, angry that <mask> had siphoned off the imperial favor from her daughter, kidnapped <mask> and wanted to kill him privately as retaliation. However, <mask> was rescued at the last moment by his friends, a group of fellow palace guards led by Gongsun Ao (公孫敖).In response to the incident and as a sign of annoyance towards Empress Chen and her mother, Emperor Wu appointed <mask> the triple role of Chief of Jianzhang Camp (建章監, equivalent to a chief security officer), Chief of Staff (侍中) and Chief Councillor (太中大夫), effectively making him one of Emperor Wu's closest lieutenants. He also publicly made <mask>ifu a

masks:
Wei
Wei Qing
Wei Qing
Wei Qingyang
Wei Zif
Wei Qing
Wei Qing
Wei Zifu
Wei Qing
Wei
Wei Qing
Wei Z


title: Wei Qing

texts:
 consort (夫人, a concubine position lower only to the Empress), and rewarded other members of her family. This marked the beginning of the rise of one of the most influential clan in the political history of Western Han – the <mask>o family. Great wealth would not be all <mask> would have. Emperor Wu saw qualities in him – brilliant horsemanship, archery, bravery, outstanding tactical intuition as well as excellent leadership skills. Over the next several years, <mask> would be entrusted as Emperor Wu's most loyal consul, as his sister also monopolized the Emperor's love for the next decade. Military campaigns

In 129 BC, Xiongnu attacked the Shanggu Commandery (上谷郡, roughly modern-day Zhangjiakou, Hebei).Emperor Wu promoted <mask> as the General of Chariots and Cavalry (車騎將軍) and dispatched him with Gongsun Ao, Gongsun He (公孫賀), and Li Guang in four separate columns against Xiongnu, each leading 10,000 cavalry. Li Guang (the most seasoned commander out of the four) and Gongsun Ao suffered major losses at the Xiongnus' hand, while Gongsun He failed to encounter and engage any enemy. <mask>, the least experienced out of the four, distinguished himself with a successful long-distance raid of the Xiongnu's holy site Longcheng (龍城), killing over 700 Xiongnu soldiers in the process. As a reward for the victory (the first proper victory against Xiongnu in Han history), <mask> was promoted to a higher command and created an acting Marquess

masks:
Wei Hu
Wei Qing
Wei Qing
Wei Qing
Wei Qing
Wei Qing


title: Wei Qing

texts: of Guannei (關內侯), with a march of several hundred households. In 128 BC, Consort <mask>ifu gave birth to Emperor Wu's first son, Liu Ju, and was created Empress very soon after. Later that year, <mask>, who was now officially a trusted member of Emperor's extended family, led 30,000 cavalry from Shanwu (near present-day Youyuxian, Shanxi) in Yanmen Commandery, killing thousands of Xiongnu soldiers. In 127 BC, <mask> led a 40,000-strong cavalry from Yunzhong Commandery (雲中郡, modern-day Togtoh County, Inner Mongolia), then maneuver to Gaoque (高闕, modern-day Urad Rear Banner) to Longxi region (modern-day Gansu), and totally outflanking and surrounding the forces of Xiongnu's Princes of Loufan (樓煩王) and Baiyang (白羊王), killing 2,300 and capturing 3,017 Xiongnu soldiers as well as over a million cattle.According to record from Shiji and Hanshu, the battle was so swift and one-sided that the Han forces "returned with all warriors intact" (全甲兵而還), implying a near-zero casualty rate. This earned <mask> a further promotion to the Marquess of Changping (長平侯), with a march of 3,800 households. His subordinates Su Jian (蘇建, father of the great Han patriot Su Wu) and Zhang Cigong (張次公) were also created marquesses. The Han recapture of this territory forced the two Xiongnu tribes to withdraw from the fertile Hetao region (the Ordos steppe), and dealt devastating blow to their economy. The city of Shuofang (朔方城) was built, and later became a key

masks:
Wei Z
Wei Qing
Wei Qing
Wei Qing


title: Wei Qing

texts: stronghold for offensive and defensive campaigns against Xiongnu. In 124 BC, <mask> Qing would be the vital part of the greatest Han victory over Xiongnu to date. When Xiongnu's Right Worthy Prince (右賢王) made harassing raids against outskirts of Shuofang, <mask> launched a crushing long-distance night assault from Gaoque with 30,000 cavalrymen, completely surprising and surrounding the Worthy Prince's main camp.Not only did the Han forces send the Worthy Prince running for his life from his drunken slumber (with only his own concubine following), they also took about 15,000 captives, among them a dozen Xiongnu nobles, and millions of cattle. For this victory, <mask> was made the "Grand General" (大將軍) of All Armed Forces, and his march was enlarged by 8,700 households. His three young sons <mask> (衛伉), <mask> (衛不疑), and <mask> (衛登) were also made marquesses (an offer later refused by <mask>), as well as seven generals under his command. In 123 BC, <mask> set off from Dingxiang (定襄) and returned with several thousand enemy kills. A month later, <mask> again launched from Dingxiang, but would fight a relatively inconclusive battle. Although he was able to kill/capture more than 10,000 Xiongnu soldiers, part of his vanguard forces, a 3,000-strong regiment commanded by generals Su Jian and Zhao Xin (a surrendered Xiongnu prince), encountered a Xiongnu force led by Chanyu Yizhixie (伊稚斜單于), and was outnumbered and annihilated. Zhao Xin

masks:
Wei
Wei Qing
Wei Qing
Wei Kang
Wei Buyi
Wei Deng
Wei Qing
Wei Qing
Wei Qing


title: Wei Qing

texts:
 defected on the field with his 800 ethnic Xiongnu subordinates, while Su Jian escaped after losing all his men in the desperate fighting.Showing compassion on Su Jian, <mask> spared him even though some advocates advised him to execute Su on the spot after court martial to enforce his commanding authority. Due to the loss of Su's detachment, <mask> troops did not earn any promotion, even though they scored more gains than losses. At this campaign, his nephew Huo Qubing distinguished himself in battle and was given his own command. The Battle of Mobei

After Huo Qubing's successful campaigns in the Hexi Corridor, Xiongnu strategically retreated to north of the Gobi Desert, as the barren lands would serve as a natural barrier that was very difficult to overcome for the Han forces. However, in 119 BC, Emperor Wu decided to defy the odds and launched a massive expeditionary campaign across the desert. In this engagement, Emperor Wu broke the normal pattern of reaction against Xiongnu attacks by making a major excursion against Xiongnu's headquarters in the north of the Gobi Desert. This is known to history as the Mobei Campaign ("campaign of the desert's north").<mask> and Huo Qubing were in command of the two main corps, each with 50,000 cavalrymen and 100,000 infantrymen/charioteers. Under <mask>'s command were four other generals, namely Gongsun He, Zhao Yiji (趙食其), Cao Xiang (曹襄) and an elderly but very enthusiastic Li Guang.

masks:
Wei Qing
Wei Qing
Wei Qing
Wei Qing


title: Wei Qing

texts: Contrary to the arrangements promised to Li Guang by Emperor Wu (where he would command the vanguard), Emperor Wu secretly told <mask> not to assign Li Guang to crucial missions due to Li's infamous history of "bad lucks". <mask>, after the army had already departed, merged Li Guang's forces with Zhao Yiji's and ordered them to take an eastern flanking route through a barren region. According to the historian Sima Qian, <mask> had done this to give his old friend Gongsun Ao, who had recently been stripped of his title, a chance to win a major battle and be re-promoted. However, sending Generals of Front (前將軍, namely Li Guang) and Right (右將軍, namely Zhao Yiji) on flanking maneuvers was one of <mask>'s typical tactical arrangements. This was evidenced by his previous deployment of Zhao Xin and Su Jian, who were Generals of Front and Right respectively, during the less successful 123 BC campaign.After crossing the desert, <mask>'s army unexpectedly encountered Chanyu Yizhixie's main forces, who was waiting in anticipation of ambushing the Han army. Despite being significantly outnumbered as well as fatigued after the long journey, <mask> was able to counter Xiongnu's cavalry charge with archery defense created by heavy-armored chariots arranged in ring formations, which was reinforced with cavalry counteroffensives. (This defense would be evaluated as one of the most effective against cavalry by many later Chinese tacticians, including

masks:
Wei Qing
Wei Qing
Wei Qing
Wei Qing
Wei Qing
Wei Qing


title: Wei Qing

texts:
 Yue Fei.) The Han forces successfully enforced a stalemate that lasted until dusk, when a sandstorm descended upon the battlefield. Seizing the moment of poor visibility provided by the dust, <mask> broke the stalemate and launched bilateral flanking attacks with his cavalries. Already exhausted after a day of unsuccessful attacks against Han positions, the sudden sight of incoming Han soldiers in the darkness further broke the Xiongnu's morale, routing them. This decisive pincer attack shattered the Chanyu's line, nearly capturing him and completely overrunning his forces, killing over 10,000 Xiongnu soldiers in the process.The Han army pursued all the way to the modern Ulan Bator region, destroying the Xiongnu stronghold Zhao Xin Castle (趙信城) before returning in triumph with a total of about 19,000 enemy kills. Chanyu Yizhixie was forced to escape with very few men, lost communication with his tribe for days, and did not return until his clan presumed his death and installed a new Chanyu. This was a narrow but critically significant victory for the Han empire. Xiongnu was greatly weakened to the point that they would huddle up into the barren northern Gobi desert (leading to decline of their population), and unable to raid south for the next decade. The next major Xiongnu invasion did not occur until after the Han dynasty collapsed, some 400 years later during the Jin Dynasty. Li Gan incident
While <mask>'s main force was

masks:
Wei Qing
Wei Qing


title: Wei Qing

texts:
 engaging Yizhixie Chanyu, the flanking division led by Li Guang and Zhao Yiji got lost in the desert and failed to reach the battlefield in time, despite meeting little Xiongnu resistance. They only rendezvous with <mask>'s troops after the latter already returned from Zhao Xin Castle.Both men were later summoned for court martial to explain the failure to accomplish orders and thus jeopardize the whole campaign. Feeling humiliated over the charges against him and frustrated over missing his final chance at martial glory, Li Guang committed honor suicide rather than to face the court. Many people, including the historian Sima Qian, thus blamed <mask> for causing Li Guang's death. Li's youngest son Li Gan (李敢), who was a subordinate of Huo Qubing at the time, later went to <mask>'s home and assaulted him. Although <mask> decided to cool the heat and mercifully let the matter slide, Huo Qubing was greatly angered that his subordinate had the temerity to insult his uncle. He personally shot dead Li Gan during a hunting trip. Late career and death

After the 119 BC campaign, <mask> would see little combat action himself, largely remaining in the capital Chang'an to advise on military and sometimes political matters as the dual-role of Chief Defense Minister/Generalissimo (大司馬大將軍).He also assisted his nephew, Crown prince-regent Liu Ju, when Emperor Wu was away on official tours. Despite his great honor and power, <mask> remained humble


title: Wei Qing

texts:
 in many ways. Because of the great favor Emperor Wu showed him, all of the other officials at court flattered him, except for Ji An (汲黯), who treated him as an equal. <mask> was impressed by Ji's integrity in face of pressure and respected Ji greatly, often requesting Ji's opinion on important matters. Throughout his career, he refused to hire scholars to praise him and create favorable public opinions, and tried to maintain a relatively low profile. Despite his humble way of life, <mask>'s status in the Han army made him a distinguished figure in the country, attracting admiration, jealousy and hostility alike. Emperor Wu's uncle, the Prince of Huainan Liu An, who had been conspiring a military coup for a long time, saw <mask> as his prime political obstacle that must be removed.<mask> died in 106 BC and was buried in a large tomb built to the model of Mount Lu (盧山, a mountain previously in Xiongnu-occupied territory). The tomb was connected to that of his nephew Huo Qubing, who had died in 117 BC, and the future tomb for Emperor Wu. <mask> would not live to see the destruction of his clan – nobody survived except his youngest son <mask> (衛登) and his great grandnephew Liu Bingyi, as well as the tragic fate of his sister Empress <mask> and nephew Liu Ju, during the political turmoil in 91 BC. Chapters 4–6. AuthorHouse (2009)

106 BC deaths
Year of birth unknown
Han dynasty generals from Shanxi
Han dynasty politicians from

masks:
Wei
Wei
Wei Qing
Wei Qing
Wei Qing
Wei Deng
Wei


title: Henry Bell Gilkeson

texts:
<mask> (June 6, 1850 – September 29, 1921) was an American lawyer, politician, school administrator, and banker in West Virginia. Gilkeson was born in Moorefield, Virginia (now West Virginia), the eldest child of a dry goods merchant, and was raised in Romney. Following his graduation from Hampden–Sydney College, Gilkeson became a schoolteacher and served as superintendent of the Hampshire County Schools district from 1877 to 1879. Gilkeson later studied law and started a law practice in Romney. Following the death of John Collins Covell in 1887, Gilkeson served as the principal of the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind until 1888. Gilkeson served in the West Virginia Legislature as a state senator representing the 12th District in the West Virginia Senate (1890–93) and as a member of the West Virginia House of Delegates (1883–85 and 1909–11). Gilkeson served as the mayor of Romney beginning in 1885, and the first president of the Bank of Romney (1888–1913).Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born in Moorefield, Virginia (now West Virginia) on June 6, 1850. He was the eldest child of Robert B<mask> and his wife, Sarah E<mask>, both of Scottish ancestry. His father was a prominent dry goods merchant in Romney, where <mask> and his brother, Edward, were raised. <mask> graduated from Hampden–Sydney College in Hampden Sydney, Virginia, in 1872. While a student, he was inducted as a member of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity. Gilkeson completed a special course in engineering at Yale University. He also received further education in Germany.Academic career
Following his graduation from Hampden–Sydney College, Gilkeson

masks:
Henry Bell Gilkeson
Henry Bell
Gilkeson
. Gilkeson
. Gilkeson
Henry
Gilkeson