title: Henry Adams

texts: <mask> was elected president of the American Historical Association. His address, entitled "The Tendency of History", was delivered in absentia.The essay predicted the development of a scientific approach to history, but was somewhat ambiguous as to what this achievement might mean. During the 1890s, <mask> exercised a profound and fruitful influence over the thought and writings of his younger brother Brooks. His own essay, The Degradation of the Democratic Dogma, an offshoot of their decades long conversations and correspondence, was published years later. <mask> was an accomplished poet and in later life a friend of young poets—notably George Cabot Lodge  and Trumbull Stickney—but published nothing in his lifetime. His important poems "Buddha and Brahma" and "Prayers to the Virgin and the Dynamo" are included (respectively) in the Library of America's Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Anthologies and a half dozen sonnets, a Troubadour translation and one lyric are scattered through the letters. It is an open and intriguing question whether the Massachusetts Historical Society or other archives preserve more. In 1904, <mask> privately published a copy of his "Mont Saint Michel and Chartres", a pastiche of history, travel, and poetry that celebrated the unity of medieval society, especially as represented in the great cathedrals of France.Originally meant as a diversion for his nieces and "nieces-in-wish", it was publicly released in 1913 at the request of <mask> Cram, an important American architect, and published with support of the American Institute of Architects. He published The Education of <mask> in 1907, in a small private edition for

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 selected friends. Only following <mask>'s death was The Education made available to the general public, in an edition issued by the Massachusetts Historical Society. It ranked first on the Modern Library's 1998 list of 100 Best Nonfiction Books and was named the best book of the 20th century by the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, a conservative organization that promotes classical education. It was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1919. Some center-right intellectuals view the book critically. Conservative journalist Fred Siegel considered the worldview expressed therein to be rooted in resentment of America's middle class."<mask>," wrote Siegel, "grounded the intellectual's alienation from American life in the resentment that superior men feel when they are insufficiently appreciated in America's common-man culture." Others view  <mask>'s critique of the commercialism, corruption and pecuniolatry of American mercantile culture as central. Personal life

Relations

Siblings
John Quincy <mask> (1833–1894) was a graduate of Harvard (1853), practiced law, and was a Democratic member for several terms of the Massachusetts general court. In 1872, he was nominated for vice president by the Democratic faction that refused to support the nomination of Horace Greeley. Charles Francis <mask>. (1835–1915) fought with the Union in the Civil War, receiving in 1865 the brevet of brigadier general in the regular army. He became an authority on railway management as the author of Railroads, Their Origin and Problems (1878), and as president of the Union Pacific Railroad from 1884 to 1890. He collaborated with <mask> on the editing of The North Atlantic Review

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 and other projects.<mask> (1848–1927) practiced law and became a writer. His books include The Gold Standard (1894), The Law of Civilization and Decay (1895), America's Economic Supremacy (1900), The New Empire (1902),  The Theory of Social Revolutions (1914), and The Emancipation of Massachusetts (1919). <mask>'s influence on and involvement with his youngest brother's thought and writing was profound and enduring. Louisa Catherine <mask>hn Her brother describes her death in 1870 from tetanus following a carriage accident in Bagni di Lucca in his Chaos Chapter of The Education of <mask>. She is buried in Florence's 'English' Cemetery. Social life and friendships
<mask> was a member of an exclusive circle, a group of friends called the "Five of Hearts" that consisted of <mask>, his wife Clover, geologist and mountaineer Clarence King, John Hay (assistant to Lincoln and later Secretary of State), and Hay's wife Clara. One of <mask>'s frequent travel companions was the artist John La Farge, with whom he journeyed to Japan and the South Seas.From 1885 until 1888, Theodore Frelinghuysen Dwight (1846–1917), the State Department's chief librarian, lived with <mask> at his home at 1603 H Street in Washington, D.C., where he served as <mask>'s literary assistant, personal secretary, and household manager. Dwight would go on to serve as archivist of the <mask> family archives in Quincy, Massachusetts; director of the Boston Public Library; and U.S. Consul at Vevey, Switzerland. Marriage to Marian "Clover" Hooper
On June 27, 1872, <mask> married Clover Hooper in Beverly, Massachusetts. They spent their honeymoon in Europe, much of it with Charles Milnes

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 Gaskell at Wenlock Abbey, Shropshire. While there, exemplifying the New England civic conscience she and <mask> shared, Clover wrote "England is charming for a few families but hopeless for most ... Thank the Lord that the American eagle flaps and screams over us." Upon their return, <mask> went back to his position at Harvard, and their home at 91 Marlborough Street, Boston, became a gathering place for a lively circle of intellectuals.In 1877, his wife and he moved to Washington, DC, where their home on Lafayette Square, across from the White House, again became a dazzling and witty center of social life. He worked as a journalist and continued working as a historian. Her suicide
On Sunday morning, December 6, 1885, after a late breakfast at their home, 1607 H Street on Lafayette Square, Clover <mask> went to her room. <mask>, troubled by a toothache, had planned to see his dentist. While departing his home, he was met by a woman calling to see his wife. <mask> went upstairs to her room to ask if she would receive the visitor and found his wife lying on a rug before the fire; an opened vial of potassium cyanide, which Clover had frequently used in processing photographs, lay nearby. <mask> carried his wife to a sofa, then ran for a doctor.Shortly thereafter, Dr. Charles E. Hagner pronounced Clover dead. Much speculation and numerous theories have been given concerning the causes of Clover <mask>'s suicide. Her death has been attributed to depression over her father's death. Her suicide was also related to a family history of mental depression and suicide, a sense of frustration and lack of fulfillment as a cultured person and as a woman, and a

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 feeling of intellectual inferiority over her husband's interest in and attention to another woman. The possibility of determining the validity of any or all of these causes was made more difficult by <mask>'s destruction of most of Clover's letters and photos following her death. His autobiography maintains a profound silence about his wife after her suicide. <mask>'s grief was profound and enduring.The event was life-shattering for <mask> and profoundly altered the course of his life. <mask>, his brother, Charles Francis <mask>, Clover's brother Edward, and her sister Ellen, with her husband Ephraim Gurney, were the attendees at a brief funeral service held on December 9, 1885, at the house on Lafayette Square. Interment services followed at Rock Creek Cemetery, but the actual burial was postponed until December 11, 1885, because of the inclement weather. A few weeks later, <mask> ordered a modest headstone as a temporary marker. Later he commissioned a monument for her tomb from his friend, the sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens, who created a masterpiece for her memorial. Relationship with Elizabeth Sherman Cameron
<mask> first met Elizabeth Cameron in January 1881 at a reception in the drawing room of the house of John and Clara Hay. Elizabeth was considered to be one of the most beautiful and intelligent women in the Washington area.Elizabeth had grown up as Lizzie Sherman, the daughter of Judge Charles Sherman of Ohio, the niece of Secretary of the Treasury John Sherman in Hayes's cabinet, and the niece of General William Tecumseh Sherman. Her family had pressured Lizzie into a loveless marriage with Senator J. Donald Cameron, brokering a

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texts: prenuptial agreement that provided her with the income from $160,000 worth of securities, a very large amount in 1878, equivalent to about $ million in . The arranged marriage on May 9, 1878, united the reluctant 20-year-old beauty with a 44-year-old widower with six children. Eliza, his eldest, who had served as her father's hostess, was now displaced by a stepmother the same age. The children never accepted her. The marriage was further strained by the Senator's coarseness and indifference and his fondness for bourbon and the world of political corruption he inhabited, which is reflected in <mask>'s novel Democracy. <mask> initiated a correspondence with Lizzie on May 19, 1883, when she and her husband departed for Europe.That letter reflected his unhappiness with her departure and his longing for her return. It was the first of hundreds to follow for the next 35 years, recording a passionate yet unconsummated relationship. On December 7, 1884, one year before Clover's suicide, <mask> wrote to Lizzie, "I shall dedicate my next poem to you. I shall have you carved over the arch of my stone doorway. I shall publish your volume of extracts with your portrait on the title page. None of these methods can fully express the extent to which I am yours." <mask>'s wife, Clover, who had written a weekly letter to her father throughout her marriage except for the brief hiatus during her breakdown along the Nile, never mentioned concerns or suspicions about <mask>'s relationship with Lizzie.Nothing in the letters of her family or circle of friends indicates her distrust or unhappiness with her husband in this matter. Indeed, after her death, <mask> found a

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 letter from Clover to her sister Ellen which had not been posted. The survival of this letter was assured by its contents which read, "If I had one single point of character or goodness, I would stand on that and grow back to life. <mask> is more patient and loving than words can express—God might envy him—he bears and hopes and despairs hour after hour—<mask> is beyond all words tenderer and better than all of you even." On Christmas Day 1885, <mask> sent one of Clover's favorite pieces of jewelry to Cameron, requesting that she "sometimes wear it, to remind you of her." Later life and travels
Just before the end of 1885, <mask> moved into his newly completed mansion next door at 1603 H Street designed by his old friend, <mask> Richardson, one of the most prominent architects of his day. Following his wife's death, <mask> took up a restless life as a globetrotter, traveling extensively, spending summers in Paris and winters in Washington, where he commissioned the Adams Memorial, designed by sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens and architect Stanford White for her grave site in Rock Creek Cemetery.Death and burial
In 1912, <mask> suffered a stroke, perhaps brought on by news of the sinking of the , for which he had return tickets to Europe. After the stroke, his scholarly output diminished, but he continued to travel, write letters, and host dignitaries and friends at his Washington, DC, home. In the first volume of her autobiography Eleanor Roosevelt offers this vignette of <mask> in old age: "Occasionally we received one of the much-coveted invitations to lunch or dine at his house...  My first picture of this supposedly stern, rather biting Mr.

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 <mask> is of an old gentleman in a victoria outside of our house on N Street. [His secretary] Aileen Tone and I were having tea inside, but Mr. <mask> never paid calls. He did, however, request that the children of the house come out and join him in the victoria; ... and they brought their Scottie dog and sat and chatted and played all over the vehicle. No one was ever able thereafter to persuade me that Mr. <mask> was quite the cynic he was supposed to be. One day after lunch with him, my husband [the future President] mentioned something which at the time was causing him deep concern in the Government, and Mr. <mask> looked at him rather fiercely and said:  'Young man, I have lived in this house many years and seen the occupants of that White House across the square come and go, and nothing that you minor officials or the occupant of that house can do will affect the history of the world for long!'...  <mask> loved to shock his hearers, and I think he knew that those who were worth their salt would understand him and pick out of the knowledge which flowed from his lips the things which might be useful, and discard the cynicism as an old man's defense against his own urge to be [still] an active factor in the work of the world." <mask> died at age 80 in Washington, DC. on March 27, 1918. He is interred beside his wife in Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, DC. Views

Anglo-Saxonism
Considered a prominent Anglo-Saxonist of particularly the nineteenth-century, <mask> has been portrayed by modern historians as anxious about the immigration of the era into the United States, particularly from Eastern Europe. More starkly put, <mask> also wrote of his

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 belief that "the dark races are gaining on us". He considered the U.S. Constitution itself as belonging to the Anglo-Saxon "race", and as an expression of "Germanic freedom".He went so far as to criticize fellow scholars for not being absolute enough in their Anglo-Saxonism, such as William Stubbs, whom he criticized for downplaying the significance, as he saw it, of "Germanic law" or hundred law in its contribution to English common law. <mask> was nevertheless highly critical of the English. He referred to them as a "besotted race" from whom nothing good could come and "wanted nothing so much as to wipe England off the earth." Antisemitism
<mask>'s attitude towards Jews has been described as one of loathing. John Hay said that when <mask> "saw Vesuvius reddening ... [he] searched for a Jew stoking the fire." <mask> wrote: "I detest [the Jews], and everything connected with them, and I live only and solely with the hope of seeing their demise, with all their accursed Judaism. I want to see all the lenders at interest taken out and executed."To one friend, he wrote: "Bombard New York. I know no place that would be more improved by it. The chief population is Jew, and the rest is German Jew." His letters were "peppered with a variety of antisemitic remarks", according to historian Robert Michael, as in the following citations from historian Edward Saveth:

"We are in the hands of the Jews", <mask> lamented. "They can do what they please with our values." He advised against investment except in the form of gold locked in a safe deposit box. "There you have no risk but the burglar.In any other form you have the burglar, the Jew, the Czar, the

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 socialist, and, above all, the total irremediable, radical rottenness of our whole social, industrial, financial and political system." Edward Chalfant's definitive three-volume biography of <mask> includes an exhaustive, well-documented examination of <mask>'s "antisemitism" in its second volume, Improvement of the World. He shows that most of the time when <mask> says "Jews" he means "financiers." This accords with the historical English usage referenced by the second definition under the Oxford English Dictionary entry, a usage that was common in <mask>'s time and social milieu. It also accords with <mask>'s frequent laments that "the eighteenth-century fabric of a priori, or moral, principles" had been replaced with "a bankers' world" and that the "banking mind was obnoxious". <mask> esteemed individual Jewish personages. In the "Dilettantism" chapter of The Education of <mask> he wrote of historian Francis Palgrave that "the reason of his superiority lay in his name, which was Cohen, and his mind which was Cohen also".(Palgrave, the son of a Jewish stockbroker, had changed his name from Cohen upon marriage.) In the "Political Morality" chapter of the same volume he praises the Jewish statesman Benjamin Disraeli over the Gentiles Palmerston, Russell and Gladstone, writing: "Complex these gentlemen were not. Disraeli alone might, by contrast, be called complex." Historical entropy

In 1910, <mask> printed and distributed to university libraries and history professors the small volume A Letter to American Teachers of History proposing a "theory of history" based on the second law of thermodynamics and the principle of entropy. This,

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 essentially, states that all energy dissipates, order becomes disorder, and the earth will eventually become uninhabitable. In short, he applied the physics of dynamical systems of Rudolf Clausius, Hermann von Helmholtz, and William Thomson to the modeling of human history. In his 1909 manuscript The Rule of Phase Applied to History, <mask> attempted to use Maxwell's demon as a historical metaphor, though he seems to have misunderstood and misapplied the principle.<mask> interpreted history as a process moving towards "equilibrium", but he saw militaristic nations (he felt Germany pre-eminent in this class) as tending to reverse this process, a "Maxwell's Demon of history." <mask> made many attempts to respond to the criticism of his formulation from his scientific colleagues, but the work remained incomplete at <mask>'s death in 1918. It was published posthumously. Robert E. Lee
<mask> said, "I think that Lee should have been hanged. It was all the worse that he was a good man and a fine character and acted conscientiously. It's always the good men who do the most harm in the world." The Virgin Mary
In Mont Saint-Michel and Chartres, <mask> argues that the previous nineteen hundred years of civilization dating from the birth of Christ had been dominated by the feminine, fertile image of the Blessed Virgin, and that the industrial "dynamo" was a masculine, destructive force which would upend history.Writings by <mask>
 1876. Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law (with <mask> Lodge, Ernest Young and J.L. Laughlin). 1879. Life of Albert Gallatin. 1879. The Writings of Albert Gallatin (as editor, three volumes).1880. Democracy: An American Novel. 1882. John

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 Randolph. 1884. Esther: A Novel (facsimile ed., 1938, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, ). 1889–1891.History of the United States During the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison (9 volumes). 1891. Historical Essays. 1893. Tahiti: Memoirs of Arii Taimai e Marama of Eimee ... Last Queen of Tahiti (facsimile of the 1901 Paris ed., 1947 Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, ). 1904. Mont Saint Michel and Chartres.1911. The Life of George Cabot Lodge (facsimile ed. 1978, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, ). 1918. The Education of <mask>. 1919. The Degradation of the Democratic Dogma.1930–1938. Letters (Edited by W.C. Ford, two volumes). 1982. The Letters of <mask>, Volumes 1–3: 1858–1892 (Edited by J.C. Levenson, Ernest Samuels and Charles Vandersee). 1988. The Letters of <mask>, Volumes 4–6: 1892–1918 (Edited by J.C. Levenson, Ernest Samuels and Charles Vandersee). Reprinted
Democracy: An American Novel, Esther, Mont Saint Michel and Chartres, The Education of <mask> (Ernest Samuels, ed.)(Library of America, 1983)
History of the United States During the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison (Earl N. Harbert, ed.) (Library of America, 1986) Vol I (Jefferson) . Vol II (Madison) . See also
Maxwell's demon
The Education of <mask>

References

Further reading

 <mask>, James Truslow (1933). <mask>. New York: Albert & Charles Boni, Inc.
 <mask>, Marian Hooper (1936). The Letters of Mrs. <mask>, 1865–1883.Boston: Little, Brown, and Co. (Edited by W. Thoron). Baym, Max Isaac (1951). The French Education of <mask>. Columbia University Press. Boyd, Kelly, ed. Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writers (Rutledge, 1999) 1:2–4

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 Brookhiser, Richard (2002). America's First Dynasty: The <mask>es, 1735–1918.New York: Free Press. Brown, David S. (2020). The Last American Aristocrat: The Brilliant Life and Improbable Education of <mask>. Scribner. Cater, H.D., ed., (1947). <mask> and His Friends: A Collection of His Unpublished Letters. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.Chalfant, Edward (1982). Both Sides of the Ocean: A biography of <mask>, His First Life, 1838–1862. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books
 Chalfant, Edward (1994). Better in Darkness: A Biography of <mask>, His Second Life, 1862–1891. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books
 Chalfant, Edward (2001). Improvement of the World: A Biography of <mask>, His Third Life, 1891–1918. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books .Decker, William Merrill (1990). The Literary Vocation of <mask>. University of North Carolina Press. Donovan, Timothy Paul (1961). <mask> and <mask>: The Education of Two American Historians. University of Oklahoma Press. Dusinberre, William (1980).<mask>: The Myth of Failure. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. Egerton, Douglas R. (2019). Heirs of an Honored Name: The Decline of the <mask> Family and the Rise of Modern America. New York: Basic Books. Harbert, Earl N. (1977). The Force So Much Closer Home: <mask> and the Adams Family.New York University Press. Harbert, Earl N., ed. (1981). Critical Essays on <mask>. Boston: G.K. Hall. Contributors include <mask> Commager, Ernest Samuels, Howard M. Munford, and Margaret J. Brown.Hochfield, George (1962). <mask>: An Introduction and Interpretation. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Hume, Robert A. (1951). Runaway Star: An Appreciation of <mask>.

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 Cornell University Press.Jacobson, Joanne (1992). Authority and Alliance in the Letters of <mask>. University of Wisconsin Press. Jordy, William H. (1952). <mask>: Scientific Historian. New Haven: Yale University Press. OCLC 427157
 Kaplan, Harold (1981).Power and Order: <mask> and the Naturalist Tradition in American Fiction. University of Chicago Press. Le Clair, Robert Charles (1978). Three American Travellers in England: James Russell Lowell, <mask>, <mask>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. Levenson, J.C. (1957). The Mind and Art of <mask>.Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Lyon, Melvin (1970). Symbol and Idea in <mask>. University of Nebraska Press. O'Toole, Patricia (1990). The Five of Hearts: An Intimate Portrait of <mask> and His Friends, 1880–1918. New York: Clarkson.N. Potter. Rowe, John Carlos, ed., (1996). New Essays on the Education of <mask>. Cambridge University Press. Samuels, Ernest (1948). The Young Henry <mask>. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Samuels, Ernest (1958). <mask>: The Middle Years. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Samuels, Ernest (1964). <mask>: The Major Phase. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Samuels, Ernest (1989).<mask>. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. (Abridgement of the three above volumes.) Sayre, Robert F. (1964). Examined Self: Benjamin Franklin, <mask>, <mask>. Princeton University Press. Scheyer, Ernst (1970).The Circle of Henry Adams: Art & Artists. Wayne State University Press. Simpson, Brooks D. (1996). The Political Education of <mask> Adams. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. Stegmaier, Mark J.

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title: Henry Adams

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 (2012).<mask> in the Secession Crisis. Louisiana State University Press. Wagner, Vern (1969). The Suspension of <mask>: A Study of Manner and Matter. Wayne State University Press. Wasserstrom, William (1984). The Ironies of Progress: <mask> and the American Dream.Southern Illinois University Press. Wills, Garry (2005). <mask> and the Making of America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
 Young, James P. (2001). <mask>: The Historian as Political Theorist. University Press of Kansas. Zencey, Eric (1995).Panama. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux

External links

 Works by <mask>, at Hathi Trust
 Works by <mask>, at The University of Virginia American Studies Hypertext Project
 The Letters of <mask>
 <mask>, Globe Trotter in Space and Time

 Index entry for <mask> <mask> at Poets' Corner
 The Broken Arch, an unpublished work by Lorrie Tussman exploring the theme of unity in Western civilization based on the writings of <mask>
"Writings of <mask>" from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History

1838 births
1918 deaths
19th-century American historians
19th-century American male writers
19th-century American novelists
<mask> political family
American expatriates in France
American male novelists
Burials at Rock Creek Cemetery
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Harvard University faculty
Harvard University alumni
Historians of the United States
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
Novelists from Massachusetts
Presidents of the American Historical Association
Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography winners
Writers from

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title: Helen Lemmens-Sherrington

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<mask> (4 October 1834 – 9 May 1906) was an English concert and operatic soprano prominent from the 1850s to the 1880s. Born in northern England, she spent much of her childhood and later life in Belgium, where she studied at the Brussels Conservatory. After engagements in mainland Europe she made her London debut in 1856. Her singing career was mostly in concert, but in the first half of the 1860s she appeared in opera at Covent Garden and other leading London theatres. After she retired from performing, Lemmens-Sherrington became a teacher, at her old music college in Brussels, and at the Royal Academy of Music in London and the Royal Manchester College of Music. Early life
<mask> was born in Preston, England, in 1834. When she was a child her family moved first to the Netherlands and then to Belgium.She studied singing at Rotterdam and at the Brussels Conservatory. She began her London career on the concert platform, building a reputation as a concert singer in the second half of the 1850s. After successes in the Netherlands and France she sang in London for the first time in 1856, and was invited to return in successive years. In 1859 The Illustrated London News said of her:

In 1857 she married the Belgian organist and composer Jacques-Nicolas Lemmens, who founded the School of Church Music at Mechelen in 1878. They had two sons, who became engineers, and two daughters. One of them, Maggy Lemmens born in London on 7 September 1874 and died in Brussels on 29 March 1962, married a nephew of the architect Joseph Poelaert, René Poelaert, (1874–1946), stockbroker, director of the Central Mutual Fund and Public Funds, 5, Place de la Liberté, born 16 July 1874 in Brussels

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title: Marina Raskova

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<mask>va (; née Malinina; 28 March 1912 – 4 January 1943) was the first woman in the Soviet Union to achieve the diploma of professional air navigator. Raskova went from a young woman with aspirations of becoming an opera singer to a military instructor to the Soviet's first female navigator. She was the navigator to many record-setting as well as record-breaking flights and the founding and commanding officer of the 587th Bomber Aviation Regiment, which was renamed the 125th M.M. Raskova Borisov Guards Dive Bomber Regiment in her honor. Raskova became one of over 800,000 women in the military service, founding three female air regiments, one of which eventually flew over 30,000 sorties in World War II and produced at least 30 Heroes of the Soviet Union. Early life
<mask> was born to middle-class parents. Her father was operatic singer and singing instructor Mikhail Malinin () and her mother a teacher.Anna Lyubatovich, her mother's sister, was a known Russian singer as Tatyana Lyubatovich (). Her half-brother (through her father) was shipbuilding scientist Boris Malinin. Unlike the majority of Soviet airwomen, <mask> did not show any early interest in aviation. Becoming a pilot-navigator was her second choice. Raskova had originally wanted to become a musician, and her goal was to become an opera singer. In 1919, when she was seven, her father died from the injuries inflicted when he was struck by a motorcycle. She continued her drama and singing studies, but later she fell victim to a middle ear infection that left her unable to continue singing.She decided to quit music and to devote herself to studying chemistry and engineering in high school. After graduation in 1929, to help her family, she started work in a dye factory as a chemist. She married an engineer, Sergey Raskov, whom she met at the dye factory, so changing her name to <mask>. She had a

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title: Marina Raskova

texts: child, Tanya, in 1930. The following year she started to work in the Aero Navigation Laboratory of the Air Force Academy as a draftswoman. Raskova became a famous aviator as both a pilot and a navigator for the Soviet Union in the 1930s. She was the first woman to become a navigator in the Soviet Air Force in 1933.A year later, she started teaching at the Zhukovsky Air Academy, also a first for a woman. She taught male and later, female students military navigation. She was the subject of skepticism by many of her male students but was able to prove herself capable. Later, the Academy sent <mask> to Tushino for the Central Flying Club in order to receive flying lessons, which she completed in August 1935. When Raskova's training ended, she was able to become an instrument flying instructor and was allowed to teach command personnel advanced navigation. In 1935, she divorced. She set a number of long-distance records, a significant achievement in the eyes of the Soviet Union, which gave its aviators celebrity status.Most of these record flights occurred in 1937 and 1938, while she was still teaching at the air academy. The most famous of these records was the flight of the Rodina (Russian for "Motherland"), Ant-37 – a converted DB-2 long range bomber – on 24–25 September 1938. She was the navigator of the crew that also included Polina Osipenko and Valentina Grizodubova. From the start, the goal was to set an international women's record for a straight-line distance flight. The plan was to fly from Moscow to Komsomolsk (in  the Far East). When finally completed, the flight took 26 hours and 29 minutes, over a straight-line distance of  (total distance of ). However, the ordeal took 10 days when the plane was unable to find an airfield due to poor visibility.Because the navigator's cockpit had no entrance to the rest of the plane and was vulnerable in a


title: Marina Raskova

texts:
 crash landing, Raskova parachuted out before they touched down. She had forgotten her emergency kit and was unable to find the plane for 10 days, with no water and almost no food. The rescue crew had found the aircraft eight days after the landing, and was waiting when she found her way to it, after which all three women were taken to safety. On 2 November 1938, all three women were decorated with the Hero of the Soviet Union award, the first females ever to receive it and the only ones before World War II. World War II
When World War II broke out, there were numerous women who had training as pilots and many immediately volunteered. While there were no formal restrictions on women serving in combat roles, their applications tended to be blocked, run into red tape, etc. for as long as possible in order to discourage the applicants.<mask> is credited with having used her personal connections with Joseph Stalin to convince the military to form three combat regiments of women. Following a speech by <mask> on 8 September 1941 calling for women pilots to be allowed to fight, Stalin on 8 October 1941 ordered the formation of the all-female 122nd Aviation Corps. Not only would the women be pilots, but also support staff and engineers. After their training, the Group's three regiments received their formal designations as follows:

The 586th Fighter Aviation Regiment (586 IAP/PVO): This unit was the first to take part in combat (16 April 1942) of the  three female regiments. Equipped with Yakovlev Yak-1, Yak-7B and Yak-9, it flew 4,419 flights. destroying 38 enemy aircraft in 125 air battles. Commanders were Tamara Kazarinova and later Aleksandr Gridnev.The 587th Bomber Aviation Regiment, (later renamed the 125th Guards Bomber Aviation Regiment): Raskova commanded this unit until her death in a flying accident, while leading two other Petlyakovs to their first

masks: Raskova Raskova


title: Marina Raskova

texts:
 operative airfield, near Stalingrad, whereupon the unit was given to Valentin Markov. It started service as the 587th Bomber Aviation Regiment until it was given the Guards designation in September 1943. The unit was given the very best of the Soviet bombers, the Petlyakov Pe-2, while many male units used obsolete aircraft, which resulted in much resentment. The unit flew 1,134 missions, dropping over 980 tons of bombs. It produced five Heroes of the Soviet Union. The 588th Night Bomber Aviation Regiment (later renamed the 46th Taman Guards Night Bomber Aviation Regiment, nicknamed the "Night Witches" (die Nachthexen) by the Germans): This was the best known of the regiments and was commanded by Yevdokia Bershanskaya. It originally began service as the 588th Night Bomber Regiment (588 NBAP), but was redesignated in February 1943 as recognition for service which tallied 24,000+ combat missions by the end of the war.The regiment produced 24 Heroes of the Soviet Union. Their aircraft was the Polikarpov Po-2, a very outdated biplane. They were the only one of the three regiments to remain solely female throughout the war, a distinction they went to some lengths to maintain. <mask> died on 4 January 1943, when her aircraft crashed attempting to make a forced landing on the Volga bank, while leading two other Pe-2s to the first operative airfield near Stalingrad. The entire crew perished. She received the first state funeral of the war. Legacy
Her ashes were buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis, beside Polina Osipenko's, on Red Square.She was posthumously awarded the Order of the Patriotic War I Class. An American ship, Ironclad (launched as Mystic in April 1919), that had taken part in Convoy PQ 17 was transferred to Russian ownership and renamed  in June 1943. A street was named after her in Moscow and Kazan respectively, as well as a square in Moscow, some


title: Alex Allan

texts:
Sir <mask>  (born 9 February 1951) is a British civil servant who served as chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee and Head of Intelligence Assessment for Her Majesty's Government between 2007 and 2011. He resigned as the Prime Minister's Independent advisor on ministerial standards in November 2020. Early life

<mask> is the son of <mask>, <mask> of Kilmahew. Between 1964 and 1969 <mask> was educated at Harrow School, followed by obtaining a BA (Hon) degree in Mathematics from Clare College, Cambridge in 1972. In 1973 he also received an MSc degree in Statistics from University College London. Civil Service career
 1973 to 1992 – <mask> had various appointments in Customs & Excise and HM Treasury, aside from two years as a freelance computer consultant in Australia (1983–1985). 1992 to 1997 – he was the principal private secretary to the Prime Minister (John Major to April 1997, and Tony Blair to Aug 1997).1997 to 1999 – he was the British High Commissioner to Australia. 1999 to 2000 – he was e-Envoy for the British Government (succeeded by Andrew Pinder). 2001 to 2004 – he moved to Western Australia, where he worked on a range of IT, government and international issues. This included chairing of the inaugural iVEC board. Permanent Secretary of the Department for Constitutional Affairs

<mask> was the first Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Justice, having been the last Permanent Secretary of the Department for Constitutional Affairs from which it was created, together with the addition of HM Prison Service and the Office for Criminal Justice Reform, which were taken from the Home Office. <mask> served in both of these roles from 1 August 2004 to 15 November 2007. An historical attribute of the role of Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Justice and its predecessor departments (which included the Lord Chancellor's Department)

masks:
Alexander Claud Stuart Allan
Allan
Robert Allan
Baron Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan
Allan


title: Alex Allan

texts: is that it carries with it the role of Clerk of the Crown in Chancery, an ancient Office, which entails responsibility for overseeing the creation of Letters Patent under the Great Seal, discharged by the Crown Office, itself based in the House of Lords.The Clerk of the Crown in Chancery also has various other responsibilities, including the State Opening of Parliament, and the Prorogation of Parliament. Until the role of the Lord Speaker was carved out of that of the Lord Chancellor, the Clerk of the Crown in Chancery occupied one of Parliament's most prestigious rooms, adjacent to those of the Lord Chancellor. <mask> was the last Permanent Secretary and Clerk of the Crown in Chancery to enjoy this splendid room, which he agreed to surrender to the House Authorities so that they could provide suitable accommodation for the newly created Lord Speaker. The only alternative would have been for his political master, the Lord Chancellor, to have given up his room. On 17 October 2006, <mask> submitted oral evidence to the Constitutional Affairs Committee. He was questioned on the 're-organisation of the centre of the Department' (for constitutional affairs) which he stated in his annual report. <mask> was asked what he thought were the key changes he had made to the department since his two years in the post.He stated that the key changes to the Department for Constitutional affairs were structural. <mask> admitted the department faced big challenges and that there was a lot still to be done. <mask> was also questioned over the 'chaos' of the Oracle system (a computer system used by the department). On 6 February 2007 <mask> attended a meeting with the management board for the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO). His duty was to brief the board about the Department for Constitutional Affairs' approach to information rights and the ICO itself.

masks: Allan Allan Allan Allan Allan Allan


title: Alex Allan

texts:
 In this meeting <mask> recognised inadequate pay as being a key issue in the ICO and across the Department for Constitutional Affairs. On 4 July 2007, before the Constitutional Affairs Committee, <mask> was asked whether he had written an article for MP Vera Baird in The Times.He denied the accusation. Chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)

On 15 November 2007 he was appointed Chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee and Head of Intelligence Assessment. <mask>'s role was to collect intelligence from the Security Service, MI5, the Secret Intelligence Service, MI6, GCHQ and other sources of intelligence, and present them to ministers as threats developed. He had access to the Prime Minister at all times and also top secret US and UK intelligence reports. <mask> was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the 2012 New Year Honours. Independent advisor on ministerial standards

In November 2011 he was appointed by David Cameron as the Prime Minister's independent advisor on ministerial standards. In 2012 he said to a public administration committee of MPs that if ever he were "bypassed", he would step down.He resigned from the post on 20 November 2020 after PM Boris Johnson backed Priti Patel following a report <mask> had compiled that concluded that Patel's approach "amounted to behaviour that can be described as bullying" and that she had "not consistently met the high standards expected of her". Personal life

<mask> is responsible for a Grateful Dead lyric and song finder website. <mask> windsurfed to work in a suit and bowler hat down the River Thames during a train strike. He published his personal details on his own website, including his address, telephone number and details of family and friends, which was described by a security official as "a serious breach". <mask> lists bridge and computers as

masks: Allan Allan Allan Allan Allan Allan Allan Allan


title: Alex Allan

texts:
 his interests. Illness

On 3 July 2008 it was reported that <mask> was unconscious and seriously ill in hospital after he collapsed at his home earlier in the week. Government sources said that there was no sign of foul play.It has been suggested by the media that <mask> was poisoned by one of several organisations, including Al Qaeda, or the Russian Government, but this was dismissed by New Scotland Yard. On 10 July 2008 a Cabinet Office spokesman said <mask> had regained consciousness but for now would remain in hospital to regain his strength. David Miliband MP briefly mentioned <mask> and his illness in Parliament (17 July 2008):

Very briefly, I would like to put it on record that I have known <mask> for 11 years now, and a couple of hon. Members referred to his recent illness and passed on their best wishes to him. I am delighted to say that he will be able to recognise the warmth and strength of that feeling when it is passed on to him in hospital. I am sure that we all wish him a speedy and full recovery from his illness. On 13 October 2008 he reportedly responded to an enquiry concerning a personal bookplate (designed by Anne Jope).The unusual bookplate depicts a skeletal figure operating a computer. References

External links
 Whitegum.com– personal website

1951 births
Living people
People educated at Harrow School
Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
Civil servants in HM Customs and Excise
Civil servants in HM Treasury
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Private secretaries in the British Civil Service
Permanent Under-Secretaries of State for Constitutional Affairs
Permanent Under-Secretaries of State for Justice
Chairs of the Joint Intelligence Committee (United Kingdom)
High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Australia
Principal Private Secretaries to the Prime Minister
Sons of life peers
Alumni of University College

masks:
Allan
Allan
Allan
Alex Allan
Alex Allan


title: Alvin York

texts: <mask> (December 13, 1887 – September 2, 1964), also known as <mask>,  was one of the most decorated  United States Army soldiers of World War I. He received the Medal of Honor for leading an attack on a German machine gun nest, gathered 35 machine guns, killing at least 25 enemy soldiers and capturing 132 prisoners. <mask>'s Medal of Honor action occurred during the United States-led portion of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in France, which was intended to breach the Hindenburg line and force the Germans to surrender. He earned decorations from several allied countries during WWI, including France, Italy and Montenegro. <mask> was born in rural Tennessee, in what is now the community of Pall Mall in Fentress County. His parents farmed, and his father worked as a blacksmith. The eleven <mask> children had minimal schooling because they helped provide for the family, including hunting, fishing, and working as laborers.After the death of his father, <mask> assisted in caring for his younger siblings and found work as a blacksmith. Despite being a regular churchgoer, <mask> also drank heavily and was prone to fistfights. After a 1914 conversion experience, he vowed to improve and became even more devoted to the Church of Christ in Christian Union. <mask> was drafted during World War I; he initially claimed conscientious objector status on the grounds that his religious denomination forbade violence. Persuaded that his religion was not incompatible with military service, <mask> joined the 82nd Division as an infantry private and went to France in 1918. In October 1918, Private First Class (Acting Corporal) <mask> was one of a group of seventeen soldiers assigned to infiltrate German lines and

masks:
Alvin Cullum York
Sergeant York
York
York
York
York
York
York
York
York


title: Alvin York

texts: silence a machine gun position. After the American patrol had captured a large group of enemy soldiers, German small arms fire killed six Americans and wounded three.Several of the Americans returned fire while others guarded the prisoners. <mask> and the other Americans attacked the machine gun position, killing several German soldiers. The German officer responsible for the machine gun position had emptied his pistol while firing at <mask> but failed to hit him. This officer then offered to surrender and <mask> accepted. <mask> and his men marched back to their unit's command post with more than 130 prisoners. <mask> was later promoted to sergeant and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. An investigation resulted in the upgrading of the award to the Medal of Honor.<mask>'s feat made him a national hero and international celebrity among allied nations. After Armistice Day, a group of Tennessee businessmen purchased a farm for <mask>, his new wife, and their growing family. He later formed a charitable foundation to improve educational opportunities for children in rural Tennessee. In the 1930s and 1940s, <mask> worked as a project superintendent for the Civilian Conservation Corps and managed construction of the Byrd Lake reservoir at Cumberland Mountain State Park, after which he served for several years as park superintendent. A 1941 film about his World War I exploits, <mask>, was that year's highest-grossing film; Gary Cooper won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of <mask>, and the film was credited with enhancing American morale as the US mobilized for action in World War II. In his later years, <mask> was confined to bed by health problems. He died in

masks:
York
York
York
York
York
York
York
York
Sergeant York
York
York


title: Alvin York

texts:
 Nashville, Tennessee, in 1964 and was buried at Wolf River Cemetery in his hometown of Pall Mall, Tennessee.Early life and ancestry
<mask> <mask> was born in a two-room log cabin in Fentress County, Tennessee. He was the third child born to William Uriah <mask> and Mary Elizabeth (Brooks<mask>. William Uriah <mask> was born in Jamestown, Tennessee, to Uriah <mask> and Eliza Jane Livingston, who had moved to Tennessee from Buncombe County, North Carolina. Mary Elizabeth <mask> was born in Pall Mall to William Brooks, who took his mother's maiden name as an alias of William H. Harrington after deserting from Company A of the 11th Michigan Cavalry Regiment during the American Civil War, and Nancy Pyle, and was the great-granddaughter of Conrad "Coonrod" Pyle, an English settler who settled Pall Mall, Tennessee. <mask> and Mary Brooks married on December 25, 1881, and had eleven children: Henry Singleton, Joseph Marion, <mask>, Samuel John, Albert, Hattie, George Alexander, James Preston, Lillian Mae, Robert Daniel, and Lucy Erma. The <mask> family is mainly of English ancestry, with Scots-Irish ancestry as well. The family resided in the Indian Creek area of Fentress County.The family was impoverished, with <mask> working as a blacksmith to supplement the family's income. The men of the <mask> family farmed and harvested their own food, while the mother made all of the family's clothing. The <mask> sons attended school for only nine months and withdrew from education because <mask> needed them to help work on the family farm, hunt, and fish to help feed the family. When <mask> died in November 1911, his son <mask> helped his mother raise his younger siblings. <mask> was the oldest sibling

masks:
Alvin Cullum
York
York
) York
York
York
York
William York
Alvin Cullum
York
William York
York
York
William York
William York
Alvin
Alvin


title: Alvin York

texts:
 still residing in the county, since his two older brothers had married and relocated. To supplement the family's income, <mask> worked in Harriman, Tennessee, first in railroad construction and then as a logger. By all accounts, he was a skilled laborer who was devoted to the welfare of his family, and a crack shot.<mask> was also a violent alcoholic prone to fighting in saloons. In one of the saloon fights his best friend was killed. <mask> also accumulated several arrests within the area. His mother, a member of a pacifist Protestant denomination, tried to persuade <mask> to change his ways. World War I

Despite his history of drinking and fighting, <mask> attended church regularly and often led the hymn singing. A revival meeting at the end of 1914 led him to a conversion experience on January 1, 1915. His congregation was the Church of Christ in Christian Union, a Protestant denomination that shunned secular politics and disputes between Christian denominations.This church had no specific doctrine of pacifism but it had been formed in reaction to the Methodist Episcopal Church, South's support of slavery, including armed conflict during the American Civil War, and it opposed all forms of violence. In a lecture later in life, <mask> reported his reaction to the outbreak of World War I: "I was worried clean through. I didn't want to go and kill. I believed in my Bible." On June 5, 1917, at the age of 29, <mask> registered for the draft as all men between 21 and 30 years of age were required to do as a result of the Selective Service Act. When he registered for the draft, he answered the question "Do you claim exemption from draft (specify grounds)?" by writing "Yes.Don't Want To

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York
York
York
York
York
York
Alvin York


title: Alvin York

texts:
 Fight." When his initial claim for conscientious objector status was denied, he appealed. During World War I, conscientious objector status did not exempt the objector from military duty. Such individuals could still be drafted and were given assignments that did not conflict with their anti-war principles. In November 1917, while <mask>'s application was considered, he was drafted and began his army service at Camp Gordon, Georgia. From the day he registered for the draft until he returned from the war on May 29, 1919, <mask> kept a diary of his activities. In his diary, <mask> wrote that he refused to sign documents provided by his pastor seeking a discharge from the Army on religious grounds and similar documents provided by his mother asserting a claim of exemption as the sole support of his mother and siblings.Despite his initial, signed request for an exemption, he later disclaimed ever having been a conscientious objector. Entry into service
<mask> served in Company G, 328th Infantry, 82nd Division. Deeply troubled by the conflict between his pacifism and his training for war, he spoke at length with his company commander, Captain Edward Courtney Bullock Danforth Jr. (1894–1974) of Augusta, Georgia, and his battalion commander, Major G. Edward Buxton of Providence, Rhode Island, a devout Christian himself. Biblical passages about violence ("He that hath no sword, let him sell his cloak and buy one." "Render unto Caesar ..." "... if my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight.") cited by Danforth persuaded York to reconsider the morality of his participation in the war. Granted a 10-day leave to visit home, he returned convinced that God meant for him to fight and

masks: York York York York


title: Alvin York

texts:
 would keep him safe, as committed to his new mission as he had been to pacifism.He served with his division in the St. Mihiel Offensive. Medal of Honor action

In an October 8, 1918, attack that occurred during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, York's battalion aimed to capture German positions near Hill 223 () along the Decauville railroad north of Chatel-Chéhéry, France. His actions that day earned him the Medal of Honor. He later recalled:
The Germans got us, and they got us right smart. They just stopped us dead in our tracks. Their machine guns were up there on the heights overlooking us and well hidden, and we couldn't tell for certain where the terrible heavy fire was coming from ... And I'm telling you they were shooting straight. Our boys just went down like the long grass before the mowing machine at home.Our attack just faded out ... And there we were, lying down, about halfway across [the valley] and those German machine guns and big shells getting us hard. Under the command of Cpl. (Acting Sergeant) Bernard Early, four non-commissioned officers, including Acting Corporal <mask>, and thirteen privates were ordered to infiltrate the German lines to take out the machine guns. The group worked their way behind the Germans and overran the headquarters of a German unit, capturing a large group of German soldiers who were preparing a counter-attack against the U.S. troops. Early's men were contending with the prisoners when German machine gun fire suddenly peppered the area, killing six Americans and wounding three others. Several of the Americans returned fire while others guarded the prisoners. From his advantageous position, <mask> fought the Germans.York recalled:
And those machine

masks: York York


title: Alvin York

texts:
 guns were spitting fire and cutting down the undergrowth all around me something awful. And the Germans were yelling orders. You never heard such a racket in all of your life. I didn't have time to dodge behind a tree or dive into the brush ... As soon as the machine guns opened fire on me, I began to exchange shots with them. There were over thirty of them in continuous action, and all I could do was touch the Germans off just as fast as I could. I was sharp shooting ... All the time I kept yelling at them to come down. I didn't want to kill any more than I had to.But it was they or I. And I was giving them the best I had. During the assault, a German officer led several Germans to the scene of the fighting and ran into <mask> who shot several of them with his pistol. Imperial German Army First Lieutenant Paul Jürgen Vollmer, commanding the 120th Reserve Infantry Regiment's 1st Battalion, emptied his pistol trying to kill York while he was contending with the machine guns. Failing to injure <mask>, and seeing his mounting losses, he offered in English to surrender the unit to <mask> who accepted. At the end of the engagement, <mask> and his seven men marched their German prisoners back to the American lines. Upon returning to his unit, York reported to his brigade commander, Brigadier General Julian Robert Lindsey, who remarked: "Well <mask>, I hear you have captured the whole German army."<mask> replied: "No sir. I got only 132." <mask>'s actions silenced the German machine guns and were responsible for enabling the 328th Infantry to renew its attack to capture the Decauville Railroad. Post-battle

<mask> was promptly promoted to sergeant and received the Distinguished Service Cross. A

masks: York York York York York York York York


title: Alvin York

texts:
 few months later, an investigation by <mask>'s chain of command resulted in an upgrade of his Distinguished Service Cross to the Medal of Honor, which was presented by the commanding general of the American Expeditionary Forces, General John J. Pershing. The French Republic awarded him the Croix de Guerre, Medaille Militaire and Legion of Honor. In addition to his French medals, Italy awarded <mask> the Croce al Merito di Guerra and Montenegro decorated him with its War Medal.He eventually received nearly 50 decorations. York's Medal of Honor citation reads:

In attempting to explain his actions during the 1919 investigation that resulted in the Medal of Honor, <mask> told General Lindsey "A higher power than man guided and watched over me and told me what to do." Lindsey replied "<mask>, you are right." Biographer David D. Lee (2000) wrote:

Homecoming and fame
Before leaving France, <mask> was his division's noncommissioned officer delegate to the caucus which created the American Legion, of which <mask> was a charter member. <mask>'s heroism went unnoticed in the United States press, even in Tennessee, until the publication of the April 26, 1919, issue of the Saturday Evening Post, which had a circulation in excess of 2 million. In an article titled "The Second Elder Gives Battle", journalist George Pattullo, who had learned of <mask>'s story while touring battlefields earlier in the year, laid out the themes that have dominated York's story ever since: the mountaineer, his religious faith and skill with firearms, patriotic, plainspoken and unsophisticated, an uneducated man who "seems to do everything correctly by intuition." In response, the Tennessee Society, a group of Tennesseans


title: Alvin York

texts: living in New York City, arranged celebrations to greet <mask> upon his return to the United States, including a 5-day furlough to allow for visits to New York City and Washington, D.C. York arrived in Hoboken, New Jersey, on May 22, stayed at the Waldorf Astoria, and attended a formal banquet in his honor.He toured the subway system in a special car before continuing to Washington, where the House of Representatives gave him a standing ovation and he met Secretary of War Newton D. Baker and the President's secretary Joe Tumulty, as President Wilson was still in Paris. <mask> proceeded to Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, where he was discharged from the service, and then to Tennessee for more celebrations. He had been home for barely a week when, on June 7, 1919, <mask> and Gracie Loretta Williams were married by Tennessee Governor Albert H. Roberts in Pall Mall. More celebrations followed the wedding, including a week-long trip to Nashville where York accepted a special medal awarded by the state. <mask> refused many offers to profit from his fame, including thousands of dollars offered for appearances, product endorsements, newspaper articles, and movie rights to his life story. Instead, he lent his name to various charitable and civic causes. To support economic development, he campaigned for the Tennessee government to build a road to service his native region, succeeding when a highway through the mountains was completed in the mid-1920s and named Alvin C. York Highway.The Nashville Rotary organized the purchase, by public subscription, of a  farm, the one gift that York accepted. However, it was not the fully equipped farm he was promised, requiring York to borrow money to stock it. He


title: Alvin York

texts:
 subsequently lost money in the farming depression that followed the war. Then the Rotary was unable to continue the installment payments on the property, leaving York to pay them himself. In 1921, he had no option but to seek public help, resulting in an extended discussion of his finances in the press, some of it sharply critical. Debt in itself was a trial: "I could get used to most any kind of hardship, but I'm not fitted for the hardship of owing money." Only an appeal to Rotary Clubs nationwide and an account of York's plight in the New York World brought in the required contributions by Christmas 1921.After the war
In the 1920s, <mask> formed the Alvin C. York Foundation with the mission of increasing educational opportunities in his region of Tennessee. Board members included the area's congressman, Cordell Hull, who later became Secretary of State under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Secretary of the Treasury William G. McAdoo, who was President Wilson's son-in-law, and Tennessee Governor Albert Roberts. Plans called for a non-sectarian institution providing vocational training to be called the York Agricultural Institute. York concentrated on fund-raising, though he disappointed audiences who wanted to hear about the Argonne when he instead explained that "I occupied one space in a fifty mile front. I saw so little it hardly seems worthwhile discussing it. I'm trying to forget the war in the interest of the mountain boys and girls that I grew up among." He fought first to win financial support from the state and county, then battled local leaders about the school's location.Refusing to compromise, he resigned and developed plans for a rival York Industrial School. After a


title: Alvin York

texts:
 series of lawsuits he gained control of the original institution and was its president when it opened in December 1929. As the Great Depression deepened, the state government failed to provide promised funds, and <mask> mortgaged his farm to fund bus transportation for students. Even after he was ousted as president in 1936 by political and bureaucratic rivals, he continued to donate money. In 1935 <mask>, sensing the end of his time with the institute, began to work as a project superintendent with the Civilian Conservation Corps overseeing the creation of Cumberland Mountain State Park's Byrd Lake, one of the largest masonry projects the program ever undertook. <mask> served as the park's superintendent until 1940. In the second half of 1930s and early 1940s, in the run-up to the America's entry in World War II, <mask> was a forceful and public advocate for interventionism, calling for U.S. involvement in the war against Germany, Italy and Japan.At the time, U.S. public opinion was overwhelmingly in favor of the isolationist and non-interventionist approach, and <mask>'s unpopular views led to accusations that he was engaged in war-mongering. York became a relatively rare high-profile public voice for intervention. In a speech at  the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in May 1941, York said: "We must fight again! The time is not now ripe, nor will it ever be, to compromise with Hitler, or the things he stands for." <mask>'s speeches attracted the attention of President Roosevelt, who frequently quoted York, particularly a passage from York's Tomb of the Unknown Soldier speech:

By our victory in the last war, we won a lease on liberty, not a deed to it. Now after 23 years, Adolf Hitler tells

masks: York York York York York York


title: Alvin York

texts:
 us that lease is expiring, and after the manner of all leases, we have the privilege of renewing it, or letting it go by default ... . We are standing at the crossroads of history. The important capitals of the world in a few years will either be Berlin and Moscow, or Washington and London.I, for one, prefer Congress and Parliament to Hitler's Reichstag and Stalin's Kremlin. And because we were for a time, side by side, I know this Unknown Soldier does too. We owe it to him to renew that lease of liberty he helped us to get. During World War II, <mask> attempted to re-enlist in the Army. However, at fifty-four years of age, overweight, near-diabetic, and with evidence of arthritis, he was denied enlistment as a combat soldier. Instead, he was commissioned as a major in the Army Signal Corps and he toured training camps and participated in bond drives in support of the war effort, usually paying his own travel expenses. Gen. Matthew Ridgway later recalled that York "created in the minds of farm boys and clerks ... the conviction that an aggressive soldier, well-trained and well-armed, can fight his way out of any situation."He also raised funds for war-related charities, including the Red Cross. He served on his county draft board and, when literacy requirements forced the rejection of large numbers of Fentress County men, he offered to lead a battalion of illiterates himself, saying they were "crack shots". Although <mask> served during the war as a Signal Corps major and as a colonel with the 7th Regiment of the Tennessee State Guard, newspapers continued to refer to him as "Sergeant <mask>". Legacy and film story
Biographer David Lee explored the reason Americans responded so favorably

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title: Alvin York

texts:
 to his story:

<mask> cooperated with journalists in telling his life story twice in the 1920s. He allowed Nashville-born freelance journalist Sam Cowan to see his diary and submitted to interviews. The resulting 1922 biography focused on <mask>'s Appalachian background, describing his upbringing among the "purest Anglo-Saxons to be found today", emphasizing popular stereotypes without bringing the man to life. A few years later, <mask> contacted a publisher about an edition of his war diary, but the publisher wanted additional material to flesh out the story.Then Tom Skeyhill, an Australian-born veteran of the Gallipoli campaign, visited York in Tennessee and the two became friends. On York's behalf, Skeyhill wrote an "autobiography" in the first person and was credited as the editor of <mask>: His Own Life Story and War Diary. With a preface by Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War in World War I, it presented a one-dimensional York supplemented with tales of life in the Tennessee mountains. Reviews noted that York only promoted his life story in the interest of funding educational programs: "Perhaps <mask>'s bearing after his famous exploit in the Argonne best reveals his native greatness. ... He will not exploit himself except for his own people. All of which gives his book an appeal beyond its contents."The mountaineer persona Cowan and Skeyhill promoted reflected <mask>'s own beliefs. In a speech at the 1939 New York World's Fair, he said:

We, the descendants of the pioneer long hunters of the mountains, have been called Scotch-Irish and pure Anglo-Saxon, and that is complimentary, I reckon. But we want the world to know that we are Americans. The spiritual environment and our

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York
York
York
Sergeant York
York
York


title: Alvin York

texts: religious life in the mountains have made our spirit wholly American, and that true pioneer American spirit still exists in the Tennessee mountains. Even today, I want you all to know, with all the clamor of the world and its evil attractions, you still find in the little humble log cabins in the Tennessee mountains that old-fashioned family altar of prayer—the same that they used to have in grandma's and grandpa's day—which is the true spirit of the long hunters. We in the Tennessee mountains are not transplanted Europeans; every fiber in our body and every emotion in our hearts is American. For many years, York employed a secretary, Arthur S. Bushing, who wrote the lectures and speeches York delivered.Bushing prepared <mask>'s correspondence as well. Like the works of Cowan and Skeyhill, words commonly ascribed to <mask>, though doubtless representing his thinking, were often composed by professional writers. <mask> had refused several times to authorize a film version of his life story. Finally, in 1940, as <mask> was looking to finance an interdenominational Bible school, he yielded to a persistent Hollywood producer and negotiated the contract himself. In 1941 the movie <mask>, directed by Howard Hawks with Gary Cooper in the title role, told about his life and Medal of Honor action. The screenplay included much fictitious material though it was based on <mask>'s Diary. The marketing of the film included a visit by York to the White House where FDR praised the film.Some of the response to the film divided along political lines, with advocates of preparedness and aid to Great Britain enthusiastic ("Hollywood's first solid contribution to the national defense", said Time) and

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York
York
York
York
Sergeant York
York


title: Alvin York

texts:
 isolationists calling it "propaganda" for the administration. It received 11 Oscar nominations and won two, including the Academy Award for Best Actor for Cooper. It was the highest-grossing picture of 1941. <mask>'s earnings from the film, about $150,000 in the first two years as well as later royalties, resulted in a decade-long battle with the Internal Revenue Service. <mask> eventually built part of his planned Bible school, which hosted 100 students until the late 1950s. Political views
<mask> originally believed in the morality of America's intervention in World War I. By the mid-1930s, he looked back more critically: "I can't see that we did any good.There's as much trouble now as there was when we were over there. I think the slogan 'A war to end war' is all wrong." He fully endorsed American preparedness, but showed sympathy for isolationism by saying that he would fight only if war came to America. A consistent Democrat – "I'm a Democrat first, last, and all the time", he said – in January 1941 he praised FDR's support for Great Britain and in an address at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier on Memorial Day of that year he attacked isolationists and said that veterans understood that "liberty and freedom are so very precious that you do not fight and win them once and stop." They are "prizes awarded only to those peoples who fight to win them and then keep fighting eternally to hold them!" At times he was blunt: "I think any man who talks against the interests of his own country ought to be arrested and put in jail, not excepting senators and colonels." Everyone knew that the colonel in question was Charles Lindbergh.In the late 1940s he called for toughness in dealing with the


title: Alvin York

texts:
 Soviet Union and did not hesitate to recommend using the atomic bomb in a first strike: "If they can't find anyone else to push the button, I will." He questioned the failure of United Nations forces to use the atomic bomb in Korea. In the 1960s he criticized Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara's plans to reduce the ranks of the National Guard and reserves: "Nothing would please Khrushchev better." Personal life and death

<mask> and his wife Grace had ten children, seven sons and three daughters, most named after American historical figures: Infant son (1920, died at 4 days), <mask>, Jr. (1921–1983), George Edward Buxton (1923–2018), Woodrow Wilson (1925–1998), Samuel Huston (1928–1929), Andrew Jackson (born 1930), Betsy Ross (born 1933), Mary Alice (1935–1991), Thomas Jefferson (1938–1972), and Infant daughter (1940, died same day). His son, Thomas Jefferson was killed in the line of duty on May 7, 1972, while serving as a Constable in Fentress County, Tennessee. <mask> suffered from health problems throughout his life. He had gallbladder surgery in the late 1920s and suffered from pneumonia in 1942.Described in 1919 as a "red-haired giant with the ruddy complexion of the outdoors" and "standing more than 6 feet ... and tipping the scale at more than 200 pounds", by 1945 he weighed 250 pounds and in 1948 he had a stroke. More strokes and another case of pneumonia followed, and he was confined to bed from 1954, further handicapped by failing eyesight. He was hospitalized several times during his last two years. <mask> died at the Veterans Hospital in Nashville, Tennessee, on September 2, 1964, of a cerebral hemorrhage at age 76. After a funeral service in his Jamestown church, with

masks:
York
Alvin Cullum
York
York


title: Alvin York

texts:
 Gen. Matthew Ridgway representing President Lyndon Johnson, <mask> was buried at the Wolf River Cemetery in Pall Mall. His funeral sermon was delivered by Richard G. Humble, General Superintendent of the Churches of Christ in Christian Union. Humble also preached Mrs. <mask>'s funeral sermon in 1984.Awards and decorations

Legacy

Controversy
Beginning soon after York's return to the United States at the end of the war, doubt and controversy periodically surfaced over whether the events detailed in his Medal of Honor documents had taken place as officially described, and whether other soldiers in York's unit should also have been recognized for their heroism. Otis Merrithew (William Cutting) and Bernard Early were among those who argued against the official version. Of the 17 American soldiers who were involved in York's Medal of Honor action, six were killed. <mask> received the Medal of Honor, and over the years, three of the others who lived through that day's fighting also received valor awards, including the Distinguished Service Cross for Early in 1929, and the Silver Star for Merrithew in 1965. Discovery of 'lost' battlefield

In October 2006, United States Army Colonel Douglas Mastriano, head of the Sergeant York Discovery Expedition (SYDE), conducted research to locate the York battle site. Among the Mastriano expedition's finds were 46 American rifle rounds. In addition, his research located pieces of German ammunition and weaponry.Without the official support of the French government, Mastriano excavated the site and bulldozed the area in order to build two monuments and a historic trail. However, another team lead by Dr. Tom Nolan, head of the Sergeant York Project and a


title: Alvin York

texts:
 geographer at the R.O. Fullerton Laboratory for Spatial Technology at Middle Tennessee State University, placed the site 600 meters south of the location identified by Mastriano. Nolan's research relied on contemporary army graves registration Forms, the 82nd Division's wartime history, and maps drawn by G.E. Buxton and Captain E.C.B. Danforth, both of whom walked the ground with <mask> during the Medal of Honor investigation. Monuments and memorials
Many places and monuments throughout the world have been named in honor of <mask>, most notably his farm in Pall Mall, which is now open to visitors as the Sgt.Alvin C. York State Historic Park. Several government buildings have been named for York, including the Alvin C. York Veterans Hospital located in Murfreesboro. The Alvin C. York Institute was founded in 1926 as a agricultural high school by York and residents of Fentress County and continues to serve as Jamestown's high school. York Avenue on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City was named for York in 1928. Pulitzer Prize-winning author Robert Penn Warren used York as the model for characters in two of his novels, both explorations of the burden of fame faced by battlefield heroes in peacetime. In At Heaven's Gate (1943), a Tennessee mountaineer who was awarded the Medal of Honor in World War I returns from combat, becomes a state legislator, and then a bank president. Others exploit his decency and fame for their own selfish ends as the novel explores the real-life experience of an old-fashioned hero in a cynical world.In The Cave (1959), a similar hero from a similar background has aged and become an invalid. He struggles to maintain his identity as his real self diverges


title: Alvin York

texts: from the robust legend of his youth. A monumental statue of <mask> by sculptor Felix de Weldon was placed on the grounds of the Tennessee State Capitol in 1968. In the 1980s, the United States Army named its DIVAD weapon system "Sergeant York"; the project was cancelled because of technical problems and cost overruns. In 1993, <mask> was among 35 Medal of Honor recipients whose portraits were painted and biographies included in a boxed set of "Congressional Medal of Honor Trading Cards," issued by Eclipse Enterprises under license from the Medal of Honor Society. The text is by Kent DeLong, the paintings by Tom Simonton, and the set edited by Catherine Yronwode. On May 5, 2000, the United States Postal Service issued the "Distinguished Soldiers" stamps, one of which honored <mask>.The riderless horse in the 2004 funeral procession of President Ronald Reagan was named Sergeant <mask>. Laura Cantrell's 2005 song "Old Downtown" talks about York in depth. In 2007, the 82nd Airborne Division's movie theater at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, was named York Theater. The traveling American football trophy between UT Martin, Austin Peay, Tennessee State, and Tennessee Tech is called the Alvin C. <mask> trophy. The U.S. Army ROTC's Sergeant <mask> Award is presented to cadets who excel in the program and devote additional time and effort to maintaining and expanding it. A memorial to graduates of the East Tennessee State University ROTC program who have given their lives for their country carries a quotation from York. The Third Regiment of the Tennessee State Guard is named for York.The Association of the United States Army published a digital graphic novel about <mask> in 2018. Swedish power metal

masks: York York York York York York York


title: Alvin York

texts:
 band Sabaton's 2019 album The Great War contained a track titled "82nd All the Way", a tribute to York's Medal of Honor action. See also
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War I
 List of members of the American Legion
 List of people from Tennessee
 List of people on stamps of the United States

Notes

References

 Lee, David D. (2000)( "<mask>, <mask>ullum" American National Biography (online 2000) online

Further reading
  online free

 Skeyhill, Thomas. <mask>: Last of the Long Hunters (1930);
 Yockelson, Mitchell. Forty-Seven Days: How Pershing's Warriors Came of Age to Defeat at the German Army in World War I. New York: NAL, Caliber, 2016. . External links

 Official

 Alvin C. <mask> Institute
 Sgt.Alvin C. York State Historic Park
Find A Grave

 General information

 <mask> <mask> (1887–1964) at Medal of Honor Recipients Portrayed On Film (lylefrancispadilla.com)

 Sergeant York Project
 The Sergeant York Discovery Expedition (SYDE)

1887 births
1964 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army personnel of World War II
American community activists
American conscientious objectors
American diarists
American people of English descent
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
American Protestants
Burials in Tennessee
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Civilian Conservation Corps
Military personnel from Tennessee
Organization founders
People from Harriman, Tennessee
People from Pall Mall, Tennessee
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)

Recipients of the War Merit Cross (Italy)
Tennessee Democrats
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
United States Army soldiers
World War I recipients of the Medal of Honor
Deaths by

masks:
York
Alvin C
Sergeant York
York
Alvin Cullum
York


title: Aaron Pryor

texts:
<mask> (October 20, 1955 – October 9, 2016) was an American professional boxer who competed from 1976 to 1990. He was a two-time light welterweight world champion, having held the WBA title from 1980 to 1983, and the IBF title from 1984 to 1985. Additionally, he held the  Ring magazine title from 1980 to 1983, and the lineal title from 1983 to 1986. In 1982, the Boxing Writers Association of America named Pryor as their Fighter of the Year. Pryor was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1996, and in 1999 was voted by the Associated Press as the world's best light welterweight of the 20th century. In 2002, he was ranked as the 35th greatest boxer of the past 80 years by The Ring. Amateur career
Pryor, nicknamed The Hawk, had a record of 204 wins and 16 losses as an amateur.He won the National Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) Lightweight Championship in 1973. In 1975, Pryor again won the National AAU Lightweight Championship and a silver medal at the Pan American Games, losing in the final to Canadian Chris Clarke. Pryor beat future champion Thomas Hearns in the lightweight finals of the 1976 National Golden Gloves, but lost to Howard Davis Jr. controversially at the 1976 Olympic Trials. Pryor participated as an alternate in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. Pryor finished his amateur career having 220 fights under his belt, with a record of 204 wins, 16 losses. Professional career
Pryor turned professional on November 11, 1976, with a second-round knockout of Larry Smith, for which he made $400. A few days later, Pryor signed a managerial contract with Buddy LaRosa, owner of LaRosa's Pizzeria.He was also trained by Raymond Cartier. Pryor fought eight times in 1977, winning all but two by knockout. The only two fighters who lasted the entire fight with Pryor that year were Jose Resto and Johnny Summerhayes, each losing by an eight-round unanimous decision.


title: Aaron Pryor

texts:
 champion Ray Mancini fell through when Mancini was knocked out by Livingstone Bramble on June 1, 1984. "<mask>r actually cried," Said Bob Arum."I saw the tears." On June 22, 1984, Pryor defended his IBF title against Nick Furlano in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Pryor knocked down Furlano twice in the first round but was unable to finish him. Pryor won by a lopsided fifteen-round unanimous decision. Furlano became the first boxer in 27 fights to last the entire fight with Pryor. Pryor defended his title against future IBF light-welterweight champion Gary Hinton on March 2, 1985. Pryor won by a fifteen-round split decision.He got off to a sluggish start but came on strong in the second half, winning five of the last seven rounds on the cards of judges Frank Cairo (who voted for Hinton) and Phil Newman and all seven on the card of judge Lawrence Wallace. Pryor dropped Hinton early in the 14th round with a right to the chin. Drug abuse and comeback
By the mid-1980s, Pryor's life had become consumed by drugs. In December 1985, Pryor was stripped of the IBF title for failure to defend. " After 29 months out of the ring, Pryor, insisting he was now clean from drugs, attempted a comeback. He fought welterweight journeyman Bobby Joe Young in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, on August 8, 1987. Pryor was a shell of his former self and was knocked out in the seventh round.On December 15, 1988, Pryor scored a third-round knockout of club fighter Hermino Morales in Rochester, New York. In April 1990, Pryor was ordered to undergo two years of treatment for drug abuse. Pryor entered a no-contest plea to a charge of possessing illegal drug paraphernalia, a pipe used for smoking cocaine, which was found in his car after he was stopped by the police in Cincinnati in September 1989. Pryor next fought Darryl Jones on May 16, 1990, in Madison, Wisconsin. Jones, who had a record of 13-13, was knocked out


title: Aaron Pryor

texts:
 in the third round. Before the Jones fight, Pryor had surgery to remove a cataract and repair a detached retina. After the surgery, Pryor was denied a license to fight by the states of California, New York and Nevada.The Nevada state medical report declared Pryor to be legally blind in his left eye. His vision in his left eye was 20/400. With corrective lenses, the vision improved to 20/70. The State of Wisconsin gave him a license after he agreed to sign a waiver releasing the state from liability for any damage he may suffer in the fight. Pryor's last fight was on December 4, 1990, in Norman, Oklahoma. He knocked out unheralded Roger Choate in the seventh round. Pryor's career ended with a record of 39–1 with 35 knockouts.Pryor finally kicked his drug habit in 1993 and remained drug free until his death in 2016. Pryor was inducted into the International Boxing Hall Of Fame in 1996. <mask> "The Hawk" Pryor was voted as the Greatest Light Welterweight in boxing history by the Houston Boxing Hall Of Fame in 2014. The HBHOF is a voting body composed entirely of current and former fighters. Professional boxing record

Death
Pryor died on October 9, 2016, after suffering from heart disease. References

External links

findagrave.com

1955 births
2016 deaths
Boxers from Cincinnati
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
Light-welterweight boxers
World boxing champions
World Boxing Association champions
International Boxing Federation champions
Winners of the United States Championship for amateur boxers
Boxers at the 1975 Pan American Games
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
American male boxers
African-American boxers
The Ring (magazine) champions
Pan American Games medalists in boxing
Lightweight boxers
National Golden Gloves champions
Medalists at the 1975 Pan American Games
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American


title: Cao Ren

texts:
<mask> () (168 – 6 May 223), courtesy name Zixiao, was a military general serving during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China under the warlord <mask>, who was also his older second cousin. He continued serving in the state of Cao Wei – founded by <mask>'s son and successor, <mask> – during the Three Kingdoms period. He played a significant part in assisting <mask> in the civil wars leading to the end of the Han dynasty. He was appointed as the Grand Marshal (大司馬) when <mask> ascended the throne, and was also credited by the latter for the establishment of Wei. However, <mask> was also once derided as a mediocre commander by Zhu Huan, a general from Wei's rival state Eastern Wu. Early life
<mask> was a younger second cousin of <mask>. His grandfather <mask> (曹襃) and father <mask> (曹熾) served in the government of the Eastern Han dynasty.He had a younger full brother, <mask>. As their father died when they were still young, <mask> and <mask> lived with another family. They inherited their family fortune when they became older. They were known for being wealthy and having hundreds of servants and retainers. As a youth, <mask> was fond of horse-riding, archery and hunting. When chaos broke out in China towards the end of the Han dynasty, <mask> rallied a militia of over 1,000 men and they wandered around the region near the Huai and Si rivers. <mask> and his followers eventually joined <mask> around 190 when the latter was raising an army to join the campaign against Dong Zhuo.<mask> held the rank of a Major of Separate Command (別部司馬) under <mask> but he was actually an acting Sharp Edge Colonel (厲鋒校尉). Campaigns in central China

Throughout the 190s, <mask> followed <mask> on various campaigns against rival warlords in

masks:
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Cao
Cao Pi
Cao Cao
Cao Pi
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Bao
Cao Chi
Cao Chun
Cao Ren
Cao Chun
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Cao


title: Cao Ren

texts: central China. He made great contributions in the campaign against Yuan Shu between 197 and 199. When <mask> invaded Xu Province from 193–194 to attack the provincial governor Tao Qian, <mask> was in charge of the cavalry and he led the vanguard. He defeated Tao Qian's general Lü You (呂由) and led his force to rendezvous with <mask>'s main army at Pengcheng (彭城; present-day Xuzhou, Jiangsu), where they scored a major victory over Tao Qian's forces. <mask> and his cavalry later defeated Tao Qian's subordinates in various battles at the counties in Xu Province. During the conflict between <mask> Bu, <mask> attacked Lü Bu's subordinate Liu He (劉何) at Gouyang (勾陽) and captured the enemy commander alive.After <mask> had defeated the Yellow Turban rebels, he received Emperor Xian (who had escaped from the clutches of Li Jue and Guo Si) and set up the new capital at Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan) in 196. <mask> was appointed as the Administrator (太守) of Guangyang Commandery (廣陽郡) for his achievements. However, <mask> never exercised governorship over his jurisdiction because <mask> appreciated his military skills and kept him by his side in Xu. <mask> was still in charge of the cavalry even though he held the position of a civil official as a Consultant (議郎). The following year, <mask> followed <mask> on a campaign against the warlord Zhang Xiu, and was authorised to lead a separate force to raid the counties around Zhang Xiu's base in Wan (宛; or Wancheng, present-day Wancheng District, Nanyang, Henan) and he captured over 3,000 civilians. Zhang Xiu surrendered to <mask> initially, but rebelled later and launched a surprise attack, which led to the Battle of Wancheng. <mask> was defeated and he retreated after his forces

masks:
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Caoü
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Cao
Cao Cao


title: Cao Ren

texts:
 succeeded in repelling further attacks by Zhang Xiu.However, as they were withdrawing, Zhang Xiu attacked again and <mask>'s men were unable to drive the enemy away. The morale of <mask>'s army started falling but <mask> helped to raise the soldiers' spirits by encouraging and inspiring them. <mask> was very impressed with <mask>, and he managed to defeat Zhang Xiu later in a counterattack. Campaign against Yuan Shao

In 200, when the forces of <mask> and Yuan Shao were locked in a stalemate at the Battle of Guandu, Yuan sent Liu Bei with an army to support the rebellions against <mask> in Yinjiang (氵隱疆; southwest of present-day Xuchang, Henan), roughly 8.3 km south of the capital. <mask> became worried about such developments in the territories under his control, so he sent <mask> to suppress the uprisings. <mask> observed that the rebels dared to create trouble because they had Liu Bei's support, but the men under Liu were newly recruited and inexperienced, so it was not difficult to defeat them. <mask> targeted the rebel chief Liu Pi and killed him in battle, and subsequently defeated Liu Bei as well.Yuan Shao attempted to cut off <mask>'s route to the west by sending Han Meng (韓猛) southwest. <mask> responded to the threat by defeating Han Meng at Jiluo Hill (雞洛山; located 50 li northeast of present-day Xinmi, Henan). Yuan Shao became afraid and did not dare to send out his troops. <mask> and Shi Huan (史渙) later led a force to attack a convoy transporting supplies to Yuan Shao's camp and destroyed the food supplies. After <mask>'s victory at Guandu, <mask> continued to join <mask> in his campaigns against Yuan Shao's heirs in the early 3rd century. During one battle near Hu Pass (壺關; present-day Huguan County,

masks:
Cao Cao
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Cao
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Cao


title: Cao Ren

texts:
 Shanxi), <mask> gave orders that all the enemy troops would be buried alive after the city fell. However, after several days of siege, <mask>'s forces were unable to capture the city.<mask> then told <mask>, "When we besiege a city, we must leave the defenders with a final option of surrendering. Now, as you've already said that the defenders would be slaughtered after the city is taken, all of them would definitely put up fierce resistance. Besides, the city's fortifications are strong and the defenders have much supplies, so our forces would suffer heavy casualties if we attack, and we will be held up here if we switch to a defensive stance. It's not a wise choice to besiege a city whose defenders are willing to fight to the death." <mask> heeded <mask>'s advice, and the enemy surrendered later. After the campaign, <mask> received the title of a "Marquis of a Chief Village" (都亭侯) for his contributions. Battle of Jiangling, and campaigns in northwest China

In 208, after losing to Sun Quan and Liu Bei at the Battle of Red Cliffs, <mask> retreated north and left <mask> and Xu Huang to defend the strategic Jiangling Commandery (江陵郡; in present-day Jingzhou, Hubei) from the advances of Sun Quan's forces, which were led by Zhou Yu.<mask> was serving as acting General Who Attacks the South (征南將軍) then. Zhou Yu despatched a several thousand-strong vanguard to challenge <mask>'s forces at Jiangling. <mask> was aware that his army's morale was low, since they were recently defeated at Red Cliffs, so he ordered his subordinate Niu Jin to lead 300 volunteer soldiers into battle, in the hope that they would display bravery and boost his men's morale. Niu Jin and his men were heavily outnumbered and surrounded by the enemy. <mask>

masks:
Cao Cao
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao


title: Cao Ren

texts:
 Ren's Chief Clerk (長史), Chen Jiao (陳矯), turned pale when he saw the situation from the top of the city walls. However, unlike what everyone thought, Niu Jin managed to create havoc around the Wu's army with just 100 men left by then. <mask> experienced a surge of fury and courage after watching how Niu Jin with so little men could make the entire Wu army three times the strength get so tired battling just 300 of his own men, so he ordered every troop in the city to be prepared to go into battle.Chen Jiao and the others attempted to dissuade him from braving danger, but <mask> ignored them and every soldiers in his command was ordered to charged into the enemy formation. <mask> successfully rescued Niu Jin and his surviving men and even turned back to save his remaining soldiers who were still trapped in the enemy formation. Sun Quan's forces retreated. When <mask> returned, his subordinates exclaimed, "General, you're truly a man from Heaven!" The troops were awed by <mask>'s bravery, and <mask> was very impressed when he heard about this incident. <mask>'s marquis title was changed to "Marquis of Anping Village" (安平亭侯). Around 211, <mask> participated in <mask>'s campaigns against a coalition of northwestern warlords led by Ma Chao and Han Sui, which led to the Battle of Tong Pass.<mask> held the appointment of acting General Who Stabilises the West (安西將軍) and commanded the defence at Tong Pass (潼關; present-day Tongguan County, Weinan, Shaanxi) before <mask> reached the frontline. When Su Bo (蘇伯) and Tian Yin (田銀) rebelled in 212, <mask> was appointed acting General of Valiant Cavalry (驍騎將軍) and he led seven armies to attack the rebels and defeated them. Battle of Fancheng

<mask> was reappointed acting General Who

masks:
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Ren


title: Cao Ren

texts:
 Attacks the South (征南將軍) was ordered to garrison at Fan (樊; also called Fancheng, in present-day Fancheng District, Xiangfan, Hubei) and oversee <mask>'s forces in Jing Province. After suppressing a rebellion by Hou Yin (侯音) in Wan (宛; present-day Wancheng District, Nanyang, Henan) between late 218 and early 219, <mask> was officially commissioned as General Who Attacks the South and he continued to garrison at Fan. In the autumn of 219, Liu Bei's general Guan Yu, who was in charge of Liu's territories in southern Jing Province, led an army north to attack Fan. <mask> sent the general Yu Jin to lead seven armies to resist Guan Yu, but the armies were destroyed in a flood when the Han River overflowed due to heavy rains. Yu Jin surrendered to Guan Yu while his subordinate Pang De refused and was executed by Guan.<mask> was left with a few thousand troops to defend Fan. Guan Yu and his forces sailed towards Fan on boats and besieged the fortress. By then, <mask> and his troops had been completely isolated inside Fan as they had lost contact with outside, while their supplies were running out and there were no reinforcements in sight. <mask> encouraged his men to fight to the death and they were very inspired by his words. By the time reinforcements led by Xu Huang arrived, the water level had subsided slightly. While Xu Huang was attacking Guan Yu, <mask> seized the opportunity to counterattack and break the siege. Guan Yu failed to conquer Fan so he retreated.Service under <mask>

Although <mask> behaved brashly and had no regard for laws when he was young, after he joined the military when he grew up, he started following rules and regulations strictly and he went by the book in everything he did. Once, when <mask>'s

masks:
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Pi
Cao Ren
Cao Cao


title: Cao Ren

texts: son <mask> was on away on a campaign against the Wuhuan, his brother <mask> wrote to him, "Shouldn't you follow rules and regulations in the same way <mask> does?" <mask> died in 220 and was succeeded by <mask>. Later that year, <mask> forced Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne to him, ended the Han dynasty, and established the state of Cao Wei. <mask> was appointed as General of Chariots and Cavalry (車騎將軍) and was placed in charge of military affairs in Jing, Yang and Yi provinces. He also received the title "Marquis of Chen" (陳侯) and was given 2,000 more taxable households in his marquisate, making it a total of 3,500 households. <mask> moved to Wan (宛; present-day Wancheng District, Nanyang, Henan) in northern Jing Province and garrisoned there.Later, when Sun Quan sent Chen Shao (陳邵) to attack Xiangyang, <mask> ordered <mask> to lead an army to Xiangyang to resist Sun Quan's forces. <mask> and Xu Huang defeated Chen Shao and their forces entered Xiangyang. <mask> had the general Gao Qian (高遷) oversee the relocation of civilians from the southern bank of the Han River to the north. <mask> appointed <mask> as General-in-Chief (大將軍). Later, <mask> ordered <mask> to move to Linying (臨潁) and promoted him to Grand Marshal (大司馬). <mask> was placed in charge of the armies along the Wu River (烏江) and he garrisoned at Hefei. In 222, <mask> led several tens of thousands men to assail Sun Quan's garrison at Ruxu (濡須; north of present-day Wuwei County, Anhui), where the defending general, Zhu Huan, had only 5,000 troops remaining inside the city walls.However, <mask> was deemed only as an inferior commander by Zhu Huan and his colleagues, so the defenders put up a staunch defence. Even though <mask> had a complete numerical

masks:
Cao Zhang
Cao Pi
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Pi
Cao Pi
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Pi
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Pi
Cao Ren
Cao Pi
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Ren