title: John T. Monroe

texts: there is not in my entire constituency, so wretched a renegade as would be willing to exchange places with you.' Bell then asked that he might be shown to the roof. <mask> referred him to the janitor whom he would find outside."Fearing that some excited person in the crowd might commit some rash action and thereby bring disaster to the many assembled, the Mayor placed himself in front of the cannon pointing down St. Charles Street. Folding his arms, he fixed his eyes upon the gunner who stood, lanyard in hand, ready for action. There the Mayor remained, without once looking up or moving, until Kautz cut the halyards with his sword pulled down the flag and he and Bell reappeared. At an order from the Federal officers, the sailors and marines retired as they had come. "The following day, Captain Farragut informed Mr. <mask> that there would be no further negotiations between them as General Benjamin Butler had arrived and would take charge. That same afternoon, two companies of Federal troops were placed around the City Hall and sentries posted at the doors. One of Butler's officers went in to invite Mayor <mask> to come to headquarters.Mr. <mask>, as usual, maintaining his dignity, refused to go to the St. Charles Hotel, except as a prisoner, insisting that the City Hall was the proper place to transact city business but up on advice from the City Council, be decided to yield and taking the Chief of Police with him, went to the Hotel. General Butler told <mask> he had come to restore the state and city to the Union and asked his co-operation in the management of the city, but the Mayor was not in a co-operative mood, and was giving as he had written to Farragut, only that submission which the conqueror is able to extort from the conquered. He replied that be must be allowed to administer the city alone or give it up entirely. "A conference was arranged in which the Mayor, the

masks:
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Mayor Monroe


title: John T. Monroe

type: original

texts:
 Council and Mr, Soulé met with General Butler and his staff. General Butler then read his first proclamation as commander of New Orleans. "On May 16, 1862, Butler issued his infamous Order No. 28.As soon as it appeared, <mask> protested to Butler in an impassioned letter. 'I had not anticipated,' he wrote, 'a war against women and children, whose only offense had been to show displeasure at the occupation of an enemy. And to give license to your officers and soldiers to commit outrages such as are indicated in your order, is in my judgment a reproach to the civilization, not to say the Christianity of the age in whose name I make this protest.' "Summoned before Butler, the mayor was told that the language of his letter could not be tolerated and if peace in the city could not be restored by him, he would be imprisoned in Fort Jackson. <mask> replied his wish was to vindicate the honor of the virtuous women of the city. Butler stated that the order was not directed at such persons. Satisfied with this explanation, <mask> signed an apology for his letter, but the next day appeared at Butler's office to withdraw his apology.Again, apparently satisfied by Butler's promise to publish the letter and apology with a statement from Butler that the order applied only to ladies who offered insult, <mask> left. Shortly after, <mask> asked for a second time to withdraw the apology and sent another letter similar to the first one. Butler then called the mayor and several others to his office and ordered the mayor, his secretary, the Chief of Police and Judge Kennedy to be sent to Fort St. Philip. <mask> was later sent to Fort Pickens." Suspended from office
Upon <mask>'s imprisonment, Butler appointed Brigadier General George F. Shepley, Military Commandant of New Orleans. Refusing to take the oath of allegiance, <mask> was at one time consigned to solitary confinement and was for six months

masks: Monroe Monroe Monroe Monroe Monroe Monroe Monroe Monroe


title: John T. Monroe

texts:
 made to wear the ball and chain. While he was at Fort St. Philip, his young son fell terminally ill.  Mrs. <mask> applied to Butler for the release of her husband, in order that he could be at the bedside of his dying child.Butler sent word that if <mask> would take the oath of allegiance he might come to the city and see his child, but the offer was declined and the child died without him. The following year, <mask> was released. He went to Mobile and then to Richmond, where he was received by President Davis. Later he fixed his residence in Mobile, where he was taken prisoner by General Edward Canby. After the close of the war <mask> was arrested a third time, with no reason given by the Provost Marshal for his extraordinary proceeding and kept under surveillance for several months. Second term
After the reorganization of Louisiana, <mask> was reelected Mayor of New Orleans. He took office in March 1866.In March 1867, he was deposed by General Philip Sheridan under the Reconstruction Act of Congress, under the accusation that he had aided in the New Orleans massacre of 1866. In April <mask> visited Washington and was sympathetically received by President <mask> and Attorney-General Henry Stanbery, who promised his restoration to office and the removal of Sheridan. However, this promise was thwarted by later and more vigorous Reconstruction efforts. Retirement
<mask> moved to Savannah, where he died on February 24, 1871, at the age of 48. He had been a 33rd degree Mason, and was buried in Savannah with Masonic honors. In 1872 his remains were brought to New Orleans, where they were placed in the family tomb in the Cypress Grove Cemetery, beside the body of his favorite son. Personal life
<mask> was married to Rebecca Isadora Shepard (born 1826 in New Orleans); they had 9 children.References

1822 births
1871 deaths
Mayors of New Orleans
19th-century American politicians
People

masks:
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Andrew Johnson
Monroe
Monroe


title: Aamir Khan

texts: <mask> (; born 14 March 1965) is an Indian actor, film director, producer who works in Hindi films. Through his career spanning over 30 years, <mask> has established himself as one of the most popular and influential actors of Indian cinema. <mask> is the recipient of numerous awards, including nine Filmfare Awards, four National Film Awards, and an AACTA Award. He was honoured by the Government of India with the Padma Shri in 2003 and the Padma Bhushan in 2010, and received an honorary title from the Government of China in 2017. <mask> first appeared on screen as a child actor in his uncle Nasir Hussain's film Yaadon Ki Baaraat (1973). As an adult, his first feature film role was in Holi (1984). He began a full-time acting career with a leading role in Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988).His performance in Raakh earned him a National Film Award in the Special Mention category. He established himself as a leading actor in the 1990s by appearing in a number of commercially successful films, including Dil, Raja Hindustani—for which he won his first Filmfare Award for Best Actor—and Sarfarosh. In 1999 he founded Aamir Khan Productions, whose first film, Lagaan (2001), was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, and earned him a National Film Award for Best Popular Film and two more Filmfare Awards (Best Actor and Best Film). After a four-year hiatus, <mask> returned to appear in leading roles, notably in Fanaa and Rang De Basanti. He made his directorial debut with Taare Zameen Par (2007), which won him the Filmfare Awards for Best Film and Best Director. <mask>'s biggest commercial successes came with Ghajini, 3 Idiots, Dhoom 3, PK, and Dangal, each

masks:
Mohammed Aamir Hussain Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan


title: Aamir Khan

texts:
 having held the record for being the highest-grossing Indian film. <mask> won his third Best Actor award at Filmfare for Dangal.He has a large global following, especially in India and China, and has been described by Newsweek as "the biggest movie star" in the world. He has been regularly listed among The 500 Most Influential Muslims of the world. <mask> is an activist and humanitarian, and has spoken out for various social causes, some of which have sparked political controversy. He also created and hosted the television talk show Satyamev Jayate. His work as a social reformer earned him an appearance on the Time 100 list of most influential people in the world in 2013. <mask> has been married twice and he has three children. Early life and background
<mask> <mask> was born on 14 March 1965 in Bombay to Tahir Hussain, a film producer, and Zeenat Hussain.Several of his relatives were members of the Hindi film industry, including his late paternal uncle, producer-director Nasir Hussain. Outside the movie industry, he is also related to Abul Kalam Azad through his grandmother. <mask> is the eldest of four siblings; he has a brother—Faisal <mask>—and two sisters, Farhat and Nikhat <mask>. His nephew, Imran <mask>, is a contemporary Hindi film actor. <mask> is also the second cousin of six-time MLA, former BJP vice president and current Governor of Manipur Najma Heptulla, who is the grand-niece of Abul Kalam Azad. As a child actor, <mask> appeared on screen in two minor roles. At the age of eight, he appeared in Yaadon Ki Baaraat (1973), which was the first masala film in Bollywood.The following year, he portrayed the younger version of Mahendra Sandhu's character in

masks:
Khan
Khan
Khan
Mohammed Aamir
Hussain Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan


title: Aamir Khan

texts: Madhosh. <mask> attended J.B. Petit School for his pre-primary education, later switching to St. Anne's High School, Bandra, until the eighth grade, and completed his ninth and tenth grades at Bombay Scottish School, Mahim. He played tennis in state level championships and became a state-level champion. He professed he was "much more into sports than studies". <mask> completed his twelfth grade at Mumbai's Narsee Monjee College, and described his childhood as "tough" due to the financial problems his father had, as his film productions were mostly unsuccessful. <mask> said, "There would be at least 30 calls a day from creditors calling for their money," and that he was always at risk of being expelled from school for non-payment of fees. At the age of sixteen, <mask> was involved in the experimental process of making a 40-minute silent film, Paranoia, which was directed by his school friend Aditya Bhattacharya.The film was funded by filmmaker Shriram Lagoo, an acquaintance of Bhattacharya, who provided them with a few thousand rupees. <mask>'s parents did not want him to make films and wished that he would instead pursue a "steady" career as an engineer or doctor; for that reason, the shooting schedule of Paranoia was kept secret. In the film, he played the lead role alongside actors Neena Gupta and Victor Banerjee while simultaneously assisting Bhattacharya. He said that the experience of working on it encouraged him to pursue a career in film. <mask> subsequently joined a theatre group called Avantar, where he worked backstage for over a year. He made his stage debut with a small role in the company's Gujarati play, Kesar Bina, at Prithvi Theatre. He went on to act

masks: Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan


title: Aamir Khan

texts:
 in two of their Hindi plays, and one English play, which was titled Clearing House.After completing high school, <mask> decided to discontinue studying, and work instead as an assistant director to Hussain on the Hindi films Manzil Manzil and Zabardast. Acting career

1984–1989: Debut and career challenges
In addition to assisting Hussain, <mask> acted in documentaries directed by the students of the Film and Television Institute of India. Director Ketan Mehta noticed <mask> in those films, and offered him a role in the low-budget experimental film Holi. Featuring an ensemble cast of newcomers, Holi was based on a play by Mahesh Elkunchwar, and dealt with the practice of ragging in India. The New York Times said that the film was "melodramatic" but "very decently and exuberantly performed by the nonprofessional actors". <mask> played a rowdy college student, an "insignificant" role that was described by CNN-IBN as "lack[ing] in finesse". Holi failed to attract a broad audience, but Hussain and his son Mansoor cast <mask> as the leading man in Mansoor's directorial debut Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988) opposite Juhi Chawla.The film is a tale of unrequited love and parental opposition, with <mask> portraying Raj, a "clean-cut, wholesome boy-next-door". It became a major commercial success, and catapulted both <mask> and Chawla to stardom. It received seven Filmfare Awards including a Best Male Debut trophy for <mask>. Raakh, a crime thriller from Bhattacharya that was filmed before the production of Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak, was released in 1989. Despite a poor reception at the box office, the film was critically acclaimed. <mask> was awarded a National Film Award –

masks: Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan


title: Aamir Khan

texts:
 Special Jury Award / Special Mention for his performances in both Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak and Raakh. Later that year, he reunited with Chawla for the romantic comedy Love Love Love, a commercial failure.1990–2001: Successful career and acting break
<mask> performed in five films released in 1990. He found no success in Awwal Number, Tum Mere Ho, Deewana Mujh Sa Nahin, or Jawani Zindabad. However, the Indra Kumar-directed romantic drama Dil —a tale of parental opposition to teenage love—(opposite Madhuri Dixit) was a major success; it was highly popular among the youth, and emerged as the highest-grossing Hindi film of the year. He followed this success with a leading role alongside Pooja Bhatt in Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin, a remake of the American film It Happened One Night, which was a box office hit. <mask> appeared in several other films in the early 1990s, including Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar (1992), Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1993) (for which he also wrote the screenplay), and Rangeela (1995). Most of these films were successful critically and commercially. Other successes include Andaz Apna Apna; at the time of its release, the movie was reviewed unfavorably by critics, but over the years has gained cult status.Less successful films included Isi Ka Naam Zindagi and Daulat Ki Jung. In 1993, <mask> also appeared in Yash Chopra’s Parampara. Despite having an ensemble cast that included Sunil Dutt, Vinod <mask>, Raveena Tandon, and Saif <mask>, the film failed to find a wide audience and became a critical and commercial failure. <mask> was also cast in Time Machine; however, due to financial constraints, the film was shelved and remained unreleased. <mask> continued to act in

masks:
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khanna
Ali Khan
Khan
Khan


title: Aamir Khan

texts: just one or two films a year, which was an unusual trait for a mainstream Hindi cinema actor. His only release in 1996 was the Dharmesh Darshan-directed commercial blockbuster Raja Hindustani, in which he was paired opposite Karisma Kapoor. The film earned him his first Filmfare Award for Best Actor after seven previous nominations, and went on to become the biggest hit of the year, as well as the third-highest grossing Indian film of the 1990s.Adjusted for inflation, Raja Hindustani is the fourth highest-grossing film in India since the 1990s. <mask>'s career seemed to hit a plateau at this point in time, and most of the films to follow for the next few years were only partially successful. In 1997, he acted in Ishq, which performed well at the box office. The following year, <mask> appeared in the moderately successful Ghulam, for which he also did playback singing. John Mathew Matthan's Sarfarosh, <mask>'s first film in 1999, was also moderately successful and was received better than usual at the box office. The film and <mask> were highly appreciated by movie critics, as was his role in Deepa Mehta's Canadian-Indian art house film Earth (1998). Earth was internationally acclaimed by critics such as Roger Ebert for <mask>'s portrayal of Dil Nawaz ("Ice Candy Man").His first release for the 2000s, Mela, in which he acted alongside his brother Faisal, was both a box office and critical bomb. In 2001, he produced and starred in Lagaan, and received a nomination for Best Foreign Language Film at the 74th Academy Awards. The film also received critical acclaim at several international film festivals, in addition to winning numerous Indian awards such as a National Film

masks: Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan


title: Aamir Khan

texts:
 Award. <mask> also won his second Filmare Award for Best Actor. Lagaan's success was followed by Dil Chahta Hai later that year. The film was written and directed by then-debutant Farhan Akhtar, and won the 2001 Filmare Critics Award for Best Film. <mask> then took a four-year break from Bollywood after his divorce from Reena Dutta.2005–2007: Acting comeback and directorial debut
<mask> made a comeback in 2005 as the lead in Ketan Mehta's Mangal Pandey: The Rising, which was screened at the Cannes Film Festival. Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra's Rang De Basanti was <mask>'s first film in 2006. His performance was critically acclaimed, earning him a Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor and various nominations for Best Actor. The film went on to become one of the highest-grossing films of the year, and was selected as India's official entry to the Oscars. Although the film was not shortlisted as a nominee for the Oscar, it received a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language at the BAFTA Awards in England. In <mask>'s next movie, Fanaa (2006), he played a Kashmiri insurgent terrorist, his second antagonistic role after Earth, the role offered him creative possibilities to try something different. His 2007 film, Taare Zameen Par, was also produced by him and marked his directorial debut.The film, which was the second release from Aamir <mask> Productions, opened to positive responses from critics and audiences. <mask>'s performance was well-received, though he was particularly applauded for his directing. <mask> received the Filmfare Awards for Best Director and Best Film of 2007, as well as the National Film Award for Best Film on Family

masks: Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan


title: Aamir Khan

texts:
 Welfare. The film won other awards, including the 2008 Zee Cine Awards and 4th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards. The film was initially acclaimed as India's official entry for the 2009 Academy Awards Best Foreign Film. 2008–present: Resurgence and global success
In 2008, <mask> appeared in the movie Ghajini. The film was a major commercial success and became the highest-grossing Bollywood movie of that year.For his performance in the film, <mask> received several Best Actor nominations at various award ceremonies as well as his fifteenth Filmfare Best Actor nomination. In 2009, <mask> appeared in 3 Idiots as Ranchodas Chanchad. The film became the highest-grossing Bollywood film ever at the time, and broke the previous record set by Ghajini. 3 Idiots was one of the few Indian films to become a success in East Asian markets such as China and Japan at the time, making it the highest-grossing Bollywood film ever in overseas markets. In May 2012, it was the first Indian film to be officially released on YouTube. The film won six Filmfare Awards (including Best Film and Best Director), ten Star Screen Awards, eight IIFA Awards, and three National Film Awards. Overseas, it won the Grand Prize at Japan's Videoyasan Awards, and was nominated for Best Outstanding Foreign Language Film at the Japan Academy Awards and Best Foreign Film at China's Beijing International Film Festival.<mask> has been credited with opening up the Chinese markets for Indian films. His father Tahir Hussain previously had success in China with Caravan, but Indian films declined in the country afterwards, until <mask> opened up the Chinese market for Indian films in the early 21st


title: Aamir Khan

texts: century. Lagaan became the first Indian film to have a nationwide release there. When 3 Idiots released in China, the country was only the 15th largest film market partly due to China's widespread pirate DVD distribution at the time, which introduced the film to most Chinese audiences, becoming a cult hit in the country. It became China's 12th favourite film of all time, according to ratings on Chinese film review site Douban, with only one domestic Chinese film (Farewell My Concubine) ranked higher. As a result, <mask> gained a large growing Chinese fanbase. After 3 Idiots went viral, several of his other films, such as Taare Zameen Par and Ghajini also gained a cult following.By 2013, China grew to become the world's second largest film market (after the United States), contributing to <mask>'s box office success with Dhoom 3 (2013), PK (2014), and Dangal (2016). <mask> appeared next in the psychological crime thriller, Talaash: The Answer Lies Within. Directed Reema Kagti and  produced by Excel Entertainment and <mask>'s own production house, it costarred two of khan's frequent co-stars; Kareena Kapoor and Rani Mukerji. <mask>, who never knew how to swim went under rigorous training for this underwater sequence. He was trained for 3 months under a specialist trainer and went well prepared for the shoot. According to Box Office India, Talaash: The Answer Lies Within has grossed 895.0 million nett in 3 weeks and was declared a "hit". <mask>'s next venture was Dhoom 3 with Yash Raj Films, which he considered to be the most difficult role of his career.The film was released worldwide on 20 December 2013. Box Office India declared Dhoom 3 "the biggest hit of 2013" after


title: Aamir Khan

texts: two days of release, with the film grossing  worldwide in three days and  worldwide in ten days, making it the highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time. In 2014, <mask> appeared as the eponymous alien in Rajkumar Hirani's comedy-drama PK. The film received critical acclaim and emerged as the highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time. <mask>'s performance was unanimously praised by critics including Tamil leading actor Vijay, who was impressed by Aamir's perfection and dedication and reportedly enjoyed the film with his family on Christmas Eve. Raja Sen called the film a "triumph" and said: "<mask> <mask> is exceptional in PK, creating an irresistibly goofy character and playing him with absolute conviction." The film won two Filmfare Awards, and in Japan received a top award at the 9th Tokyo Newspaper Film Awards event held by Tokyo Shimbun.In 2016, <mask> produced and starred in Dangal, and was cast as wrestler Mahavir Singh Phogat. He played him at different ages, from 20 to 60 years old; he weighed 98 kg to portray the older Phogat before losing weight to play the younger version. The film received positive reviews from critics and emerged as the highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time domestically, surpassing PK, making it the fifth time <mask> had achieved this feat. Dangal also became an overseas blockbuster success in China, where it was the 16th highest-grossing film of all time, the 8th highest-grossing foreign film, and the highest-grossing non-Hollywood foreign film. Worldwide, it became the fifth highest-grossing non-English language film of all time, and gave <mask> one of the highest salaries for a non-Hollywood actor at $42 million. Dangal has

masks: Khan Khan Aamir Khan Khan Khan Khan


title: Aamir Khan

texts:
 also been watched over million times on Chinese streaming platforms. The film won him two more Filmfare Awards (Best Film and his third Best Actor award)

In October 2017, <mask> starred in a supporting role in his production Secret Superstar.The film went on to become one of the most profitable films of all time, grossing   worldwide on a limited budget of   and is the highest-grossing Indian film featuring a female protagonist. In November 2018, he starred alongside Amitabh Bachchan in the action adventure film Thugs of Hindostan. The film received negative reviews from critics. Produced at an estimated budget of , it is one of the most expensive Bollywood films. the film grossed  () at the worldwide box office and was considered a box office failure. In March 2019, on his 54th birthday, <mask> confirmed that he will be seen next in Laal Singh Chaddha, an adaptation of Forrest Gump. The film features <mask> in the lead and is directed by Advait Chandan, who previously directed <mask> in Secret Superstar.The film went into production in October 2019, finished in September 2020 in Turkey, and was scheduled to release on Christmas 2020 but was postponed for release on 11 August 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Film production and direction

<mask> co-wrote the screenplay and script for Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke, where he also starred in the lead role. <mask> began working as a producer after he set up Aamir Khan Productions in 1999, with Lagaan being its first film. It was selected as India's official entry to the 74th Academy Awards in the Best Foreign Language Film category, for which it became India's third nominee ever; it eventually lost the award to Bosnian film


title: Aamir Khan

texts: No Man's Land. Lagaan won numerous awards at several Indian award functions such as Filmfare and IIFA, and won the National Film Award for Most Popular Film, an award shared between <mask> and the film's director, Ashutosh Gowariker. For producing the documentary Madness in the Desert on the making of Lagaan, <mask> and director Satyajit Bhatkal were awarded the National Film Award for Best Exploration/Adventure Film at the 51st National Film Awards ceremony. <mask> wrote the climax of Rang De Basanti (2006), which he also starred in.In 2007, he directed and produced Taare Zameen Par, which marked his directorial debut. <mask> also played a supporting role in the film. The film was conceived and developed by Amole Gupte and Deepa Bhatia. The movie was critically acclaimed and a box office success. Taare Zameen Par won the 2008 Filmfare Best Movie Award as well as a number of other Filmfare and Star Screen Awards. <mask>'s work also won him the Best Director. In 2008, his nephew Imran <mask> debuted in the film Jaane Tu...Ya Jaane Na under his production house. The film was a big hit in India, and earned <mask> another nomination for Best Film at Filmfare. He also co-wrote the blockbuster film Ghajini, which he starred in; <mask> made alterations to the original 2005 Tamil film and rewrote the climax. In 2010, he released Peepli Live, which was selected as India's official entry for the 83rd Academy Awards' Best Foreign Film category. In 2011, <mask> released his home production Dhobi Ghat, an art house film directed by Rao. In the same year, <mask> co-produced the English language black comedy film Delhi Belly with UTV Motion Pictures. The film opened to critical

masks: Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan


title: Aamir Khan

texts: acclaim and was a commercial success, with a domestic revenue of over .In 2012, <mask> starred in Reema Kagti's neo-noir mystery film Talaash, which was a joint production of Excel Entertainment and Aamir Khan Productions. The film was declared a semi-hit in India and accumulated a worldwide gross of . <mask>, who debuted as a child actor in the first masala film, Yaadon Ki Baaraat, in 1973, has been credited with redefining and modernising the masala film with his own distinct brand of cinema in the early 21st century. His films blur the distinction between commercial masala films and realistic parallel cinema, and combine the entertainment and production values of the former with the believable narratives and strong messages of the latter, earning both commercial success and critical acclaim in India and overseas. His most successful production has been Dangal, which became the highest-grossing Indian film of all time. See 2008–present: Resurgence and global success section above for further details on the film. His next production was Secret Superstar, which became one of the most profitable films ever in proportion to its limited budget.In China, Secret Superstar broke Dangals record for the highest-grossing opening weekend by an Indian film, cementing <mask>'s status as a superstar in China and as "a king of the Chinese box office". Secret Superstar is the third highest-grossing Indian film of all time and the second highest-grossing Indian film ever overseas, behind only Dangal. With his films giving serious competition to Hollywood in the Chinese market, the success of films such as Dangal and Secret Superstar drove up the buyout prices of Indian film imports

masks: Khan Khan Khan


title: Aamir Khan

texts:
 for Chinese distributors. With Secret Superstar, <mask> has become the only Indian actor with four films in the 500crore club, after Dhoom 3 (2013), PK (2014), and Dangal, as well as the only Indian actor with three $100million grossers, after PK and Dangal. Secret Superstar grossed more than  worldwide on a budget of . <mask>'s earnings for Secret Superstar from the Chinese box office is estimated to be , higher than what any other Indian actor-producer has ever earned from a film. The film has increased <mask> <mask>'s Chinese box office total to $346.5million (2,231crore).Television career

Around August 2011, <mask> started talks with Siddhartha Basu's BIG Synergy to host a talk show similar to The Oprah Winfrey Show. <mask> made his television debut with his talk show, Satyamev Jayate, which dealt with social issues, on 6 May 2012. <mask> was paid Rs. 30 million per episode to host, making him the highest paid host in Indian television industry . On the radio, <mask> said that in view of a phenomenal public response, he would come up with a second season of the show. The show went live simultaneously on StarPlus, Star World, and national broadcaster Doordarshan in the 11 am Sunday slot in eight languages, being the first to do so in India. Satyamev Jayate opened to positive reviews and feedback from social activists, media houses, doctors, and film and television personalities.<mask> was also praised for his effort. In her review, Ritu Singh of IBN Live stated: "<mask> <mask> deserves an applause for bringing up such a sensitive issue and presenting it in a hard hitting way. The amount of research Aamir and his team has put into the show was clearly visible with

masks: Khan Khan Aamir Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Aamir Khan


title: Aamir Khan

texts: the facts and figures presented. Every aspect of the issue was covered with great diligence." Parmita Uniyal from Hindustan Times praised the content and <mask> for "step[ing] in to do what journalists are supposed to do – make a difference. The show is a classic example of that." Despite the initial hype and being labelled as the channel's most ambitious project to date, the initial viewership figures were not very encouraging; the show received an average television rating of 2.9 (with a sample size of 14.4 million, it was watched by only 20% of TV viewers) in the six metros in its debut episode on 6 May.The rating was lower than those of most other celebrity-hosted shows at the time. Ratings for the show eventually picked up and it became very successful. The first season of Satyamev Jayate garnered over a billion digital impressions from 165 countries. The second season of Satyamev Jayate drew an audience of 600 million viewers in India. The issues discussed on the show caught national attention, with several being discussed in parliament and influencing politicians and lawmakers to take action. For example, Ashok Gehlot, the Rajasthan chief minister, urged public representatives and non-governmental organisations to take actions to stop the illegal practice of female foeticide after the first episode. <mask> met Gehlot over the issue, who accepted the request to expedite court processes to deal the case of the sting operation featured on the show.Following the second episode, the helpline for children received an increased number of calls from across the country, reporting child abuse. The legislation to protect children below 18 years of age from sexual abuse

masks: Khan Khan


title: Aamir Khan

texts:
 became a reality with the Lok Sabha passing the bill. After exposing medical malpractice in another episode, <mask> became the first non-MP to be invited to the Indian parliament, where he and his creative team presented research on the subject and discussed core issues related to the medical fraternity. <mask> has made a number of appearances on other TV shows. In October 2013, <mask> appeared as a guest celebrity contestant in the show Kaun Banega Crorepati for the promotion of his film Dhoom 3. In early 2016, following the intolerance controversy, he made an appearance on Aap Ki Adalat, where he clarified his remarks and views. In 2017, he was the subject of an episode of the Al Jazeera documentary series Witness entitled "The Snake Charmer", focusing on his work on Satyamev Jayate as well as Dangal.In the media

In a 2009 interview, <mask> stated that he tends to take an independent approach to the world of filmmaking, noting that he does not "do different things; I try to do it in a different manner. I think every person should follow his/her dream and try and make it possible to create an ability to achieve it backed by its practicality." He also said that he is more interested in the process of filmmaking than in the result: "For me, the process is more important, more joyful. I would like to have my entire concentration on the process right from the first step." <mask> has a reputation for avoiding award ceremonies and not accepting any popular Indian film awards. Although he has been nominated many times, <mask> has not attended any Indian film award ceremonies and has stated that "Indian film awards lack credibility". When asked about the selection


title: Aamir Khan

texts: procedure and authenticity of popular Indian film awards, he replied, "Fact is that I have no objections to film awards.I just feel that if I don't value a particular film award, then I won't attend it either. Apart from the National Film Awards, I don't see any other award ceremony that I should give value to. My personal experience about these award ceremonies is that I don't trust them. I have no faith in them so I would prefer to stay away." In 2007, <mask> was invited to have a wax imitation of himself put on display at Madame Tussauds in London. <mask> declined, saying, "It's not important to me ... people will see my films if they want to. Also, I cannot deal with so many things, I have bandwidth only for that much."<mask> also endorsed brands including Coca-Cola, Godrej, Titan Watches, Tata Sky, Toyota Innova, Samsung, Monaco Biscuits, and Snapdeal. In April 2013, he was among Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Influential People in the World. <mask> was featured on the cover of Time's Asia edition in the September 2012 issue with the title "<mask>'s Quest" – "He is breaking the Bollywood mold by tackling India's social evils. Can an actor change a nation?" In addition to being highly popular in India, he is also highly popular overseas, particularly in China, the second largest movie market. He is the most followed Indian national on Chinese social media site Sina Weibo, above Indian prime minister Narendra Modi. <mask> is also popular in Turkey, Hong Kong, and Singapore, among many other countries.In February 2015, <mask> stated his views on a popular online comedy group All India Bakchod for its celebrity roast episode. He said, "I completely believe in

masks: Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan


title: Aamir Khan

texts: freedom of speech, no issues. But we have to understand that we all have a certain responsibility. When I heard what was being described to me I felt it was a violent event." He further said violence is not just physical but it has verbal aspects to it. He called the roast a shameless act, and even called out his friends from the film industry—Karan, Ranveer, and Arjun. In Indian media, he is often referred to as "Mr. Perfectionist" for his dedication to his work.In Chinese media, he is often referred to as a "national treasure of India" or "conscience of India", due to much of his work tackling various social issues that are pervasive in Indian society, some of which are also relevant to Chinese society, in a way that domestic Chinese films often do not portray. His work is highly regarded in China, with films such as Taare Zameen Par (2007), 3 Idiots (2009) and Dangal (2016), as well as his television show Satyamev Jayate (20122014), being some of the highest-rated productions on Douban. In China, <mask> is known for being associated with quality cinema and committed to social causes, and is often seen as an activist-actor. In the past, Chinese media used to refer to him as "India's Andy Lau", but as <mask> gained more familiarity with mainstream Chinese audiences, younger fans have often referred to him by the moniker "<mask>” or "Mishu". He has become a household name in China, where he is currently the most famous Indian. His book I'll Do it My Way is commonly found in bookstores across China, while Chinese retailers sell merchandise ranging from "Uncle Aamir" smartphone cases to Dhoom 3-style black hats. His effect in China has drawn comparisons with previous

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 Indian cultural icons in the country, including the Buddha, Bengali writer Rabindranath Tagore, and actors Raj Kapoor and Nargis.Political controversies

Gujarat

In 2006, <mask> <mask> lent his support to the Narmada Bachao Andolan movement, led by activist Medha Patkar, in their actions against raising the height of the Sardar Sarovar Dam. While promoting his film Fanaa in Gujarat, he made some comments regarding the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Gujarat chief minister Narendra Modi's handling of the Narmada Dam and the necessity to rehabilitate the displaced villagers. These comments were met with outrage from the BJP, with the government of Gujarat demanding an apology from <mask>. He refused to apologise, saying "I am saying exactly what the Supreme Court has said. I only asked for rehabilitation of poor farmers. I never spoke against the construction of the dam. I will not apologise for my comments on the issue."An unofficial ban of Fanaa was put in place for the entire state of Gujarat. Protests occurred against the film and <mask>, which included burning posters of him. As a result, several multiplex owners stated that they could not provide security to customers, and all theatre owners in Gujarat refused to screen the film. Comments on intolerance (20132016)

In November 2015, <mask> expressed the feelings that he and Rao had about rising intolerance in India at an event in New Delhi hosted by The Indian Express newspaper in response to political events in India that included violent attacks against Muslims and intellectuals, and the absence of swift or strong condemnation from the country's ruling BJP Modi government. <mask> remarked that Rao, fearing for her

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texts: family, suggested to "move out of India". His remarks sparked political controversy, are referred to as the "intolerance row" in the Indian media, and started a debate on social media. <mask> faced intense backlash for his comments, with certain sections of society branding him "anti-national", while others voiced their agreement about his concerns and supported him.Much of the backlash against <mask>, an Indian Muslim with a Hindu wife, came from Hindu nationalist groups. The far-right political party Shiv Sena sharply criticised <mask>'s statement, labelling it "the language of treachery", and the BJP condemned the incident as a "Moral Offence". In the wake of the controversy, burning of posters took place in Ludhiana by Shiv Sena. Punjab's Shiv Sena chief Rajeev Tandon also made a violent threat, offering a  reward to anyone who slaps <mask>. As a result, the <mask>s were given additional police protection. <mask> responded to the backlash and threats by stating, "it saddens me to say you are only proving my point". In response to the backlash, <mask> received support from a number of celebrities and public figures, including Indian National Congress leader Rahul Gandhi, Hrithik Roshan, Shah Rukh <mask>, Mamata Banerjee, Rajkumar Hirani, Kabir <mask>, Farah <mask>, A. R. Rahman, and Priyanka Chopra.On the other hand, some criticised <mask>'s remark about intolerance, including Shatrughan Sinha, Anupam Kher, Raveena Tandon, and Vivek Oberoi. <mask> later stated that he was not leaving the country. A lawsuit was filed against <mask> and Rao at Jaunpur in ACJM II court. <mask> was dropped as brand ambassador of the government's official Incredible India tourism

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 campaign. A company that <mask> was endorsing, Snapdeal, faced backlash from <mask>'s critics for being associated with him, before the company distanced themselves from his comments. <mask> later clarified his comments in January 2016, saying that he never said India was intolerant or that he thought about leaving the country, saying he was "born in India and will die in India". He said that his comments were taken out of context and the media was responsible for it to some extent.Despite this, he continued to face backlash later in the year, with calls for protests and boycotts against Dangal. In October 2016, the Vishva Hindu Parishad called for protests against the film. Following its release in December 2016, #BoycottDangal trended on Twitter, and BJP general secretary Kailash Vijayvargiya called for protests against the film. Despite calls to boycott the film, Dangal turned out to be a massive hit, grossing more than  in India. Humanitarian, social, and political causes

In April 2006, <mask> participated in the demonstrations put up by the Narmada Bachao Andolan committee after the Gujarat government's decision to raise the height of the Narmada dam. He was quoted to support adivasis (tribes), who might be displaced from their homes. Later he faced protests and a partial ban on his film Fanaa, but the Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, supported him by saying, "Everyone has the freedom of expression.If someone says something on a particular subject, that doesn't mean you should start protesting." <mask> also lent his support to the Janlokpal Bill Movement led by Anna Hazare in August 2011. He has been supporting common causes; when asked about views on

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title: Aamir Khan

texts: the entertainment tax in the 2012 budget, <mask> said, "I don't want any reduction in that, all I expect is focus on education and nutrition." He quit the GOI's copyrights panels in February 2010 after facing sharp differences with other members. During the promotion of 3 Idiots, he journeyed to diverse parts of India, mostly to small towns, noting that "filmmakers from Mumbai don't understand small-town India". This experience of reaching out to "regional India" was extended in Satyamev Jayate. On 16 July 2012, <mask> met the prime minister and the minister for social justice and empowerment, and discussed the plight of manual scavengers and sought eradication of manual scavenging in the country.On 30 November 2011, <mask> was appointed national brand ambassador of UNICEF to promote child nutrition. He is part of the government-organised IEC campaign to raise awareness about malnutrition. He is also known for supporting causes such as feminism and improved education in India, which are themes in several of his films. His crossover success in China has been described as a form of Indian soft power, helping to improve China–India relations, despite political tensions between the two nations (such as Doklam and the Maldives), with <mask> stating he wants to help "improve India-China ties". Due to <mask> being a household name in China, he has been considered to be India's brand ambassador to China by the Indian commerce ministry, which may contribute to reducing the trade deficit with China. In 2016, <mask> came up with the Maharashtra government to make the state drought-free in the next five years. He has been doing shramdaan for the last 3 years.He asked people to


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texts:
 come to join him in this cause and become a Jal Mitra by doing shramdaan. While explaining to journalists, <mask> said, "the reason why popular TV show Satyamev Jayate did not go on air was not because of Court's verdict, but because all the producers, directors and talents working on this show were busy in this water project. For us, the water conservation project in the State is the most important initiative." <mask> is a co-founder of Paani Foundation with Rao. The foundation is a non-profit, non-governmental organisation which is active in the area of drought prevention and watershed management in the Maharashtra, India. Personal life

<mask> married Reena Dutta, who had a small part in Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak, on 18 April 1986. They have two children: a son named Junaid and a daughter, Ira.Dutta was involved briefly in <mask>'s career when she worked as a producer for Lagaan. In December 2002, <mask> filed for divorce and Dutta took custody of both children. On 28 December 2005, <mask> married Kiran Rao, who had been an assistant director to Gowariker on the set of Lagaan. On 5 December 2011, they announced the birth of their son, Azad <mask>, through a surrogate mother. In 2007, <mask> lost a custody battle for his younger brother Faisal to their father, Tahir Hussain, who died on 2 February 2010. In July 2021, the couple announced their separation and told they would raise their son Azad as co-parents. As a practising Muslim, <mask> along with his mother Zeenat, performed Hajj, an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and a mandatory religious duty for Muslims, in 2013.His wife Rao is a Hindu. In March 2015, <mask> stated that he quit non-vegetarian

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 food and adopted a vegan lifestyle after being inspired by her. Before pursuing a full-time acting career, <mask> was an avid tennis player. He played professionally in state level championships in the 1980s and became a state level tennis champion prior to entering a full-time acting career. In 2014, <mask> participated in an exhibition match for the International Premier Tennis League, playing doubles with grand slam winners Roger Federer and Novak Djokovic, as well as Sania Mirza. <mask> <mask> considers Babasaheb Ambedkar as his inspiration. "Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was fearless.He propagated love and humanity. He loved people and gave them a thought of humanity. Babasaheb never gave up he was fearless. So today I have had difficulties, problems or situation is bad I remember Babasaheb. That's why I get inspiration from him. That's why Babasaheb is my role model" said <mask> <mask>. <mask>'s children have also ventured into the entertainment industry.In September 2019, Ira announced on social media that she would be directing a theatrical production, her first, a version of Euripides' Medea. Veteran actress Sarika, ex-wife of Kamal Haasan, and her daughter Akshara Haasan produced the play, and <mask>'s sister Farhat Dutta had painted a poster for its promotion. Filmography

Awards and honours

<mask> won 9 Filmfare Awards, out of 32 nominations, including the Best Actor award for Raja Hindustani (1996), Lagaan (2001), and Dangal (2016); the Best Actor (Critics) award for Rang De Basanti (2006); the Best Film award for Lagaan, Taare Zameen Par (2007), and Dangal; and the Best Director award for Taare Zameen Par. He also won four National Film Awards: as an actor in

masks: Khan Khan Aamir Khan Aamir Khan Khan Khan Khan


title: Aamir Khan

texts: Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988) and Raakh (1989), as the producer of Lagaan and Madness in the Desert (2004), and as the director and producer of Taare Zameen Par. Overseas, Lagaan earned an Oscar nomination for Best Foreign Language Film at the 74th Academy Awards in 2002. <mask> later commented on the loss of Lagaan at the Oscars: "Certainly we were disappointed. But the thing that really kept us in our spirits was that the entire country was behind us".In addition to an Oscar nomination, Lagaan received a European Film Award nomination for Best Non-European Film, and won awards at a number of international film festivals, including the Bergen International Film Festival, Leeds International Film Festival, Locarno International Film Festival, NatFilm Festival, and Portland International Film Festival. Taare Zameen Par was also India's submission to the Oscars, but did not receive a nomination. Another <mask> production, Peepli Live (2010), was India's submission to the Oscars, while Dhobi Ghat (2011) was longlisted for the BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language, though neither were nominated. In 2017, Dangal won <mask> the inaugural Best Asian Film award at Australia's 7th AACTA Awards, as well as Movie of the Year and Top Foreign Actor from China's Douban Film Awards, and it was an award nominee for the 68th Berlin International Film Festival. <mask> has received honorary accolades, including the Government of India's Padma Shri in 2003 and Padma Bhushan in 2010, and an Honorary Doctorate by the Maulana Azad National Urdu University (MANUU) for his distinguished contributions to the Indian cinema and entertainment industry. In 2011, he accepted an

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 invitation from the Berlin Film Festival to be a member of the jury, after having previously turned down their offer three times since 2008. In 2012, he appeared on the Time 100 list of most influential people in the world.In 2017, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences invited <mask> to be a member, and he received an award for "National Treasure of India" from the Government of China. Despite having won numerous awards and honors, <mask> <mask> is known for refusing to attend, or accept awards from, Indian film award ceremonies. This has occasionally led to controversy, notably at the 2017 National Film Awards, where <mask> was snubbed from the Best Actor award for his performance in Dangal. Committee member Priyadarshan explained that they did not want to award him because of his refusal to attend the award ceremony. Despite avoiding Indian award ceremonies, he made an exception for the 2002 Academy Awards; his reasoning was that he saw it as an opportunity for his film Lagaan to reach a wider audience, but did not care much about the award itself. See also

 100 Crore Club
 1000 Crore Club
 Khans of Bollywood
 List of highest-grossing Indian films
 List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets
List of Indian film actors
List of Bollywood actors

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

External links

1965 births
Living people
Male actors from Mumbai
People from Hardoi
Indian Muslims
Indian male voice actors
Indian male film actors
Hindi film producers
Male actors in Hindi cinema
Hindi-language film directors
21st-century Indian film directors
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Indian male child

masks: Khan Aamir Khan Khan


title: George J. Dufek

texts:
<mask> (10 February 1903, Rockford, Illinois – 10 February 1977, Bethesda, Maryland) was an American naval officer, naval aviator, and polar expert. He served in World War II and the Korean War and in the 1940s and 1950s spent much of his career in the Antarctic, first with Admiral Byrd and later as supervisor of U.S. programs in the South Polar regions. Rear Admiral <mask> was the director of the Mariners' Museum  in Newport News, Virginia after his retirement from the Navy in 1959. Background and military career
Born in Rockford, Illinois, he joined the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) at his local high school and was appointed to the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland in 1921. Upon graduation in 1925 he received his ensign's commission and commenced his career aboard the battleship . He was later assigned to the submarine USS S-39 and was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) in 1928.In 1932 he entered flight training school at the Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida; after graduating as a naval aviator in 1933 he served as navigator and executive officer on three different ships. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1935 and assigned to the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga in 1938. During World War II Dufek commanded a flight training squadron, served as senior naval aviator in Algeria during the invasion of North Africa, assisted in the planning for the invasion of Sicily and Salerno and, after his promotion to captain and subsequent reassignment, the invasion of southern France. In September 1944 he assumed command of the escort carrier , which, on 24 April 1945, along with its escorts, sank the U-546, the last of 13 submarines (11 German and 2 Japanese) sunk by Bogue during World War II. During the Korean War the Navy placed <mask> in command of the aircraft carrier  from 17 January 1951 – 6 May 1952. Antietam operated off the coast of the Korean peninsula from October 1951 to April 1952 and received four battle stars. Dufek was then given command of the naval installation on Kwajalein in the Pacific and, finally, the Naval Air Station Whidbey Island in Oak

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 Harbor, Washington.<mask> retired from the Navy on 30 June 1955 and was promoted to the rank of rear admiral in recognition of his wartime accomplishments the same day. He continued to serve on active duty so he could participate in Operation Deep Freeze. Antarctic experience

With Admiral Byrd
In the spring of 1939 <mask>, at this time a lieutenant, requested and received an assignment with Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd's third expedition to Antarctica, where he served as navigator of the , the flagship of the expedition. In recognition of his many hours of exploratory flying over the South Polar continent Dufek later received the Antarctic Expedition Medal. Operation Highjump
After a brief post-war stint in Japan, <mask> was assigned as chief staff officer to a U.S. Navy-Coast Guard task force to establish weather bases in the polar regions. While there he participated in Operation Highjump, a Naval expedition to Antarctica under the command of Admiral Byrd. He served as commander of the Eastern Group (Task Group 68.3) which consisted of a seaplane tender, a destroyer and a tanker.During Operation Highjump he made the first flight over the Thurston Peninsula and later led the rescue of six survivors of a crash of another flight (named George 1) over the same area. He returned to Washington D.C. briefly, but by 1947 was back in the Antarctic, this time commanding a task force sent to supply existing weather stations and to establish new ones near the Pole. Operation Deepfreeze
 In 1954 <mask> joined a special Antarctic planning group preparing for the Navy's Operation Deep Freeze, a scientific polar research expedition. When planning was complete <mask> was given command of Task Force 43 which, with more than 80 officers and 1000 enlisted men, three ice-breakers, and three cargo ships, was charged with logistics and support for the expedition. <mask>'s first flagship for the operation was the attack cargo ship USS Arneb. He later transferred his flag to the icebreaker USS Glacier and was on board the Glacier when she completed a circumnavigation of the Antarctic continent

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title: George J. Dufek

texts:
 later in the expedition. Among other accomplishments, the task force established bases on Ross Island and in Little America, and on October 31, 1956,  Admiral <mask> and a crew of six  became the first Americans to set foot at the South Pole and to plant the American flag, and the first men to land on the pole from the air.On November 28, 1957, <mask> was present with a US congressional delegation during a change of command ceremony held at McMurdo Sound. After Admiral Byrd's death, <mask> was appointed to succeed him as supervisor of U.S. programs in the South Polar Regions. He died in 1977, on his 74th birthday. Namesakes
Antarctic features Dufek Coast, Dufek Head, Dufek Massif, and Dufek Mountain were named in his honor. Awards

Additional Awards and Honors
 Golden Plate Award, American Academy of Achievement, 1961

Dates of rank
Midshipman – 16 August 1921
Ensign – 4 June 1925
Lieutenant (junior grade) – 4 June 1928
Lieutenant – 30 June 1935
Lieutenant Commander – 1 August 1939
Commander – 1 August 1942
Captain – 20 July 1943
Rear Admiral, Retired – 30 June 1955

Bibliography
Books by <mask> Dufek:
 1957: Operation Deepfreeze. New York: Harcourt, Brace.  .
 1959: Through the Frozen Frontier: The Exploration of Antarctica. Harcourt, Brace.  .
 1969:  Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd: A Biography.Harcourt, Brace and the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William & Mary. References

External links

<mask><mask> Papers at Syracuse University Library Special Collections Research Center
Guardian angel to the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition

1903 births
1977 deaths
People from Rockford, Illinois
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Naval Aviators
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy personnel of the Korean War
Aviators from Illinois
American explorers
Explorers of Antarctica
United States Navy rear admirals
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Military personnel from

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title: Paula Jones

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<mask> (born <mask>; September 17, 1966) is an American civil servant. A former Arkansas state employee, <mask> sued U.S. President Bill Clinton for sexual harassment. The <mask> case provided the impetus for Independent Counsel Ken Starr to broaden his ongoing investigation into Clinton's pre-presidency financial dealings with the Whitewater Land Company, and resulted in Clinton's impeachment in the House of Representatives and subsequent acquittal by the Senate on February 12, 1999. Specifically, Clinton was asked under oath about Monica Lewinsky in the <mask> suit, denied having ever had sexual relations with her, and was accused of perjury after evidence of sexual contact was exposed. The <mask> lawsuit also led to a landmark legal precedent by the U.S. Supreme Court which ruled that a sitting U.S. president is not exempt from civil litigation for acts committed outside of public office. <mask>'s suit was dismissed as lacking legal merit prior to Clinton's impeachment and the exposure of the Lewinsky affair. But in August 1998, Clinton's relationship with Lewinsky, and compelling evidence that he had lied about it under oath in the <mask> suit, was brought to light.At that point <mask> appealed the ruling, and her appeal gained traction following Clinton's admission to having an affair with Lewinsky in August 1998. On appeal, Clinton agreed to an out-of-court settlement, paying <mask> and her lawyers $850,000 to drop the suit. Clinton's lawyer said that the President made the settlement only so he could end the lawsuit for good and move on with his life. <mask> and her lawyers said that the payment was evidence of Clinton's guilt. <mask> continues to maintain that Clinton sexually harassed her. Clinton continues to deny it. Early life
<mask> was born in Lonoke, Arkansas.She was the daughter of a minister in the Church of the

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Paula Rosalee Corbin
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Paula Jones
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title: Paula Jones

texts:
 Nazarene and raised within that congregation. <mask> graduated from a high school in Carlisle, Arkansas, in 1984. She briefly attended a secretarial school in Little Rock, Arkansas. Living in Little Rock, she met her husband, <mask>, in 1989. She worked a number of jobs before joining the Arkansas Industrial Development Commission (AIDC) in March 1991. <mask> v. Clinton

Background
In a declaration sworn under penalty of felony, <mask> alleged that, on May 8, 1991, while working on official business in her capacity as a state employee of the AIDC, she attended the Annual Governor's Quality Conference at the Excelsior Hotel in Little Rock. <mask> alleged she was asked by an Arkansas State Police Trooper to report to Arkansas Governor Clinton's hotel room in the Excelsior Hotel (now the Little Rock Marriott), where Clinton propositioned and exposed himself to her.She claimed she kept quiet about the incident until 1994, when a David Brock story in The American Spectator magazine printed an account. <mask> filed a sexual harassment suit against Clinton on May 6, 1994, two days before the expiration of the three-year statute of limitations, and sought $750,000 in damages. Initial lawsuit
<mask> was initially represented by Gilbert Davis and Joseph Cammarata, two Washington, D.C.–area lawyers. Susan Carpenter-McMillan, a California conservative commentator, became her press spokesperson. Carpenter-McMillan wasted no time bringing the issue to the press, calling Clinton "un-American", a "liar", and a "philanderer" on Meet the Press, Crossfire, Equal Time, Larry King Live, Today, The Geraldo Rivera Show, Burden of Proof, Hannity & Colmes, Talkback Live, and other shows. "I do not respect a man who cheats on his wife, and exposes his penis to a stranger," she said. Judge Susan Webber Wright granted President Clinton's motion for summary

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title: Paula Jones

texts: judgment, ruling that <mask> could not demonstrate that she had suffered any damages.As to the claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress, Wright ruled that <mask> failed to show that Clinton's actions constituted "outrageous conduct" as required of the tort, alongside not showing proof of damages caused by distress. <mask> appealed the dismissal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, where, at oral argument, two of the three judges on the panel appeared sympathetic to her arguments. Clinton and his defense team then challenged <mask>' right to bring a civil lawsuit against a sitting president for an incident that occurred prior to the defendant's becoming president. The Clinton defense team took the position that the trial should be delayed until the president was no longer in office, because the job of the president is unique and does not allow him to take time away from it to deal with a private civil lawsuit. The case went through the courts, eventually reaching the Supreme Court. On May 27, 1997, the Court unanimously ruled against Clinton, and allowed the lawsuit to proceed. Clinton dismissed <mask>' story and agreed to move on with the lawsuit.On August 29, 1997, <mask>' attorneys Davis and Cammarata asked to resign from the case, believing the settlement offer they had secured, which <mask> refused, was the appropriate way to end the case. <mask> had reportedly told her lawyers she wanted an apology from Clinton, in addition to a settlement. In September, Judge Wright accepted their request. <mask> was then represented by the Rutherford Institute, a conservative legal organization, and by a Dallas law firm. Carpenter-McMillan continued to serve as <mask>' spokesperson. In December 1997, <mask> reduced the damages sought in her suit against Clinton to $525,000 and agreed to remove Clinton's

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title: Paula Jones

texts:
 co-defendant and former bodyguard, Danny Ferguson, from the suit. On April 2, 1998, before the case could reach trial, Judge Wright granted Clinton's motion for dismissal, ruling that <mask> could not show that she had suffered any damages.<mask> soon appealed the dismissal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. Conclusion of case
On November 13, 1998, Clinton settled with <mask> for $850,000, the entire amount of her claim, sans apology, in exchange for her agreement to drop the appeal. Robert S. Bennett, Clinton's attorney, still maintained that <mask>'s claim was baseless and that Clinton only settled to end the lawsuit and move on. In March 1999, Judge Wright ruled that <mask> would get only $200,000 from the settlement and that the rest of the money would pay for her legal expenses. Before the end of the entire litigation, her marriage broke apart. She also appeared in the news media to show the results of a makeover and rhinoplasty paid for by a donor. In April 1999, Judge Wright found Clinton in civil contempt of court for misleading testimony in the <mask> case.She ordered Clinton to pay $1,202 to the court and an additional $90,000 to <mask>'s lawyers for expenses incurred, far less than the $496,000 that the lawyers originally requested. Wright then referred Clinton's conduct to the Arkansas Bar Association for disciplinary action, and on January 19, 2001, the day before Clinton left the office of president, he entered into an agreement with the Arkansas Bar and independent counsel Robert Ray under which Clinton's license to practice law in Arkansas was suspended for a period of five years. His fine was paid from a fund raised for his legal expenses. Penthouse magazine
In December 1994, federal judge Peter K. Leisure ordered Penthouse magazine not to distribute semi-nude photographs of <mask> that had

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title: Paula Jones

texts:
 been taken by her ex-boyfriend Mike Turner. Owner Bob Guccione argued that the photos counted under "illustrations of newsworthy articles" and called the order prohibiting distribution of the magazine an instance of prior restraint, a position reflected by several law professors; he also said the issue was already out in the hands of distributors. This temporary restraining order was lifted two days later. She later posed for photos illustrating an article, "The Perils of <mask> Jones", in the December 2000 issue, citing the pressures of a large tax bill and two young sons to support.Lewinsky scandal connection
<mask>'s lawyers decided to show to the court a pattern of behavior by Clinton that involved his allegedly repeatedly becoming sexually involved with state or government employees. <mask>'s lawyers therefore subpoenaed women they suspected Clinton had had affairs with, including Arkansas Appeal Tribunal employee Gennifer Flowers, as well as White House employee Monica Lewinsky. In his deposition for the <mask> lawsuit, Clinton denied having "sexual relations" with Monica Lewinsky. Based on testimony provided by Linda Tripp, which identified the existence of a blue dress with Clinton's semen on it, Kenneth Starr concluded that Clinton's sworn testimony was false and perjurious. During the deposition in the <mask> case, Clinton was asked, "Have you ever had sexual relations with Monica Lewinsky, as that term is defined in Deposition Exhibit 1, as modified by the Court?" The judge ordered that Clinton be given an opportunity to review the definition. It said that "a person engages in sexual relations when the person knowingly engages in or causes contact with the genitalia, anus, groin, breast, inner thigh, or buttocks of any person with an intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person".Clinton flatly denied having

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title: Paula Jones

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 sexual relations with Lewinsky. Later, at the Starr Grand Jury, Clinton stated that he believed the definition of sexual relations agreed upon for the <mask> deposition excluded his receiving oral sex. It was upon the basis of this statement that the perjury charges in his impeachment were drawn up. The House of Representatives voted to impeach Clinton on December 19, 1998, on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice and sent the case to the Senate for trial. But despite Republican control of the Senate, Republicans were unable to muster the required two-thirds supermajority to convict him or even a simple majority. Fifty Senators, all Republicans, voted guilty on the obstruction charge and 45 senators voted guilty on the perjury charge. Thus, Clinton was found not guilty of either charge.Politics
In February 2016, <mask> endorsed Donald Trump for the 2016 United States presidential election. That same week, she attended a rally for Trump held in Little Rock, Arkansas, where she asked for a selfie with him. In October 2016, <mask> joined Trump for a press conference before the second 2016 Presidential Debate to air grievances against Hillary and Bill Clinton. The conference also included Juanita Broaddrick and Kathleen Willey, who had also accused Bill Clinton of sexual misconduct. See also
 Bill Clinton sexual misconduct allegations
 Celebrity Boxing
 Gennifer Flowers

References

Further reading
 Clinton, Bill (2005). My Life. Vintage. .External links

 <mask> v. Clinton, et al. Federal District Court Docket

 <mask>' athletic prowess

1966 births
20th-century American people
21st-century American people
20th-century American women
21st-century American women
American civil servants
American members of the Church of the Nazarene
Clinton–Lewinsky scandal
Living people
People from Lonoke, Arkansas
Conservatism in the

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title: Inez Palange

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<mask> (June 13, 1889 - October 16, 1962), also written as <mask>, was an Italian-born American actress who was best known for her role as Mrs. Camonte in the 1932 film Scarface. Biography
She was born in Roccasicura, Italy on June 13, 1889. Prior to her film career she was part of Les Iris Palange, a comedy and singing duo with <mask>. At least two of their recordings on Victor records from 1917 are part of the Library of Congress catalogue (and posted to YouTube). They performed in Italian. A bit about her experience as an immigrant along with others is noted in a book on Italian immigrants. Palange performed in the first Italian language dialogue film, Sei tu l'amore?, released in 1930.Palange played the mother of a gangster in Scarface (1932). Her dialogue with the character of her American-born daughter in which she warns against her son's character has been described as portraying two conflicting character traits, her Old World wisdom in seeing through her son's facade but expressed in halting, non-standard English, underlining her status in the New World as an unassimilated and uneducated immigrant, signifying her inability to relate her insights to her daughter. Palange had a variety of supporting, minor, and bit roles in various Hollywood films. She died October 16, 1962 in Los Angeles, California. Selected filmography

 Sei tu l'amore? (1930) - The modiste
 Always Goodbye (1931) - Italian Maid (uncredited)
 Frankenstein (1931) - Villager (uncredited)
 Scarface (1932) - Mrs. Camonte, Tony's Mother
 Speak Easily (1932) - Rosa - Tony's Wife (uncredited)
 Tiger Shark (1932) - Mike's Neighbor (uncredited)
 Men of America (1932) - Mrs. Garboni (uncredited)
 Grand Slam (1933) - Woman at Wedding Party (uncredited)
 The White Sister (1933) - Italian Mother (uncredited)
 The Mind Reader (1933) - Cleaning Lady (uncredited)
 Heroes for Sale (1933) - Mrs. Bonicelli (uncredited)
 Pilgrimage (1933) - Mrs. Carlucci (uncredited)
 Mary Stevens, M.D.

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Alberto Palange


title: Simon Newcomb

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<mask> (March 12, 1835 – July 11, 1909) was a Canadian–American astronomer, applied mathematician, and autodidactic polymath. He served as Professor of Mathematics in the United States Navy and at Johns Hopkins University. Born in Nova Scotia, at the age of 19 <mask> left an apprenticeship to join his father in Massachusetts, where the latter was teaching. Though <mask> had little conventional schooling, he completed a BSc at Harvard in 1858. He later made important contributions to timekeeping, as well as to other fields in applied mathematics, such as economics and statistics. Fluent in several languages, he also wrote and published several popular science books and a science fiction novel. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in the town of Wallace, Nova Scotia.His parents were John Burton <mask> and his wife Miriam Steeves. His father was an itinerant school teacher, and frequently moved in order to teach in different parts of Canada, particularly in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Through his mother, <mask> was a distant cousin of William Henry Steeves, a Canadian Father of Confederation. Their immigrant ancestor in that line was Heinrich Stief, who immigrated from Germany and settled in New Brunswick about 1760. <mask> seems to have had little conventional schooling and was taught by his father. He also had a short apprenticeship in 1851 to Dr. Foshay, a charlatan herbalist in New Brunswick. But his father gave him an excellent foundation for the youth's future studies.<mask> was apprenticed to Dr.

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 Foshay at the age of 16. Their agreement was that <mask> would serve a five-year apprenticeship, during which time Foshay would train him in using herbs to treat illnesses. After two years <mask> had become increasingly unhappy and disillusioned, as he realized that Foshay had an unscientific approach and was a charlatan. He left Foshay and broke their agreement. He walked the  to the port of Calais, Maine. There he met a ship's captain who agreed to take him to Salem, Massachusetts, where his father had moved for a teaching job. In about 1854, <mask> joined his father in Salem, and the two journeyed together to Maryland.<mask> taught for two years in Maryland, from 1854 to 1856; for the first year in a country school in Massey's Cross Roads, Kent County, then for a year nearby in Sudlersville in Queen Anne's County. Both were located in the largely rural area of the Eastern Shore. In his spare time <mask> studied a variety of subjects, such as political economy and religion, but his deepest studies were made in mathematics and astronomy. In particular he read Isaac Newton's Principia (1687) at this time. In 1856 <mask> took a position as a private tutor close to Washington, DC. He often traveled to the city to study mathematics in its libraries. He borrowed a copy of Nathaniel Bowditch's translation of <mask> Laplace's Traité de mécanique céleste from the library of the Smithsonian Institution, but found the mathematics beyond him.<mask>e family
Newcomb studied mathematics under Benjamin Peirce, who also often

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 invited the poor scholar to his home. <mask>'s biographer Brent said in his 1993 book that the young man developed a dislike of Peirce's son, Charles Sanders Peirce and was accused of the "successful destruction" of C. S. Peirce's career. In particular, Daniel Coit Gilman, president of Johns Hopkins University, was said to have been on the point of awarding tenure to C. S. Peirce, before <mask> intervened behind the scenes to dissuade him. Brent says that about 20 years later, <mask> similarly influenced the Carnegie Institution Trustees to deny a Carnegie grant to C. S. Peirce.This prevented Peirce from publishing his life's work. The grant was supported by Andrew Carnegie, Theodore Roosevelt, William James, and others, who wrote to support it. Career in astronomy
In the prelude to the American Civil War, many US Navy staff with Southern backgrounds left the service. In 1861, <mask> took advantage of a vacancy and was hired as professor of mathematics and astronomer at the United States Naval Observatory, in Washington D.C. <mask> set to work on the measurement of the position of the planets as an aid to navigation, becoming increasingly interested in theories of planetary motion. By the time <mask> visited Paris, France, in 1870, he was aware that the table of lunar positions calculated by Peter Andreas Hansen was in error. While in Paris, he realized that, in addition to the data from 1750 to 1838 that Hansen had used, there was earlier data documented as far back as 1672. But he had little time for analysis as

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 he witnessed the defeat of French emperor Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War and the coup that ended the Second French Empire.<mask> managed to escape from the city during the ensuing rioting; it led to the formation of the Paris Commune and engulfed even the Paris Observatory. <mask> used the "new" data to revise Hansen's tables. In 1875 he was offered the post of director of the Harvard College Observatory but he declined,  having by now settled that his interests lay in mathematics rather than observation. Director of the Nautical Almanac Office
In 1877 he became director of the Nautical Almanac Office where, ably assisted by George William Hill, he embarked on a program of recalculation of all the major astronomical constants. From 1884 he also fulfilled a demanding role as professor of mathematics and astronomy at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. With A. M. W. Downing, <mask> conceived a plan to resolve much international confusion on the subject of astronomical constants. By the time he attended a standardization conference in Paris, France, in May 1896, the international consensus was that all ephemerides should be based on <mask>'s calculations: <mask>'s Tables of the Sun.As late as 1950, another conference confirmed <mask>'s constants as the international standard. Personal life

During the American Civil War, <mask> married Mary Caroline Hassler on August 4, 1863. The couple had three daughters, and a son who died in infancy. Mary Caroline Hassler's parents were US Navy Surgeon Dr. Charles

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 Augustus Hassler and his wife. Her paternal grandfather was Ferdinand Hassler, the first Superintendent of the Coast Survey. <mask> died in Washington, DC on July 11, 1909 of bladder cancer. He was buried with military honors in Arlington National Cemetery with President William Howard Taft in attendance.<mask>'s daughter <mask> McGee (1864-1940) became a medical doctor and founded the Army Nurse Corps. She received the Spanish War Service Medal for her services during the Spanish–American War. For her later work in Japan, she was awarded the Japanese Imperial Order of the Precious Crown, the Japanese Red Cross decoration, and two Russo–Japanese War medals from the Japanese government. She was buried next to her father with full military honors. <mask>'s daughter Anna Josepha studied at the Art Students' League in New York. She was active in the suffrage movement. In 1912, she organized the first Cornwall meeting in support of voting rights for women.Josepha <mask> married Edward Baldwin Whitney, who was the son of Professor William Dwight Whitney and his wife, and the grandson of US Senator and Connecticut Governor Roger Sherman Baldwin. He served as Assistant US Attorney General. Their grandson Hassler Whitney became a mathematician and professor. Work

Speed of light
In 1878, <mask> had started planning for a new and precise measurement of the speed of light. He believed it was needed to account for the exact values of many astronomical constants. He had already started developing a refinement of the method of

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 Léon Foucault when he received a letter from Albert Abraham Michelson, a young naval officer and physicist who was also planning such a measurement. Thus began a long collaboration and friendship.In 1880, Michelson assisted at <mask>'s initial measurement with instruments located at Fort Myer and the United States Naval Observatory, then situated near the Potomac River. Michelson had left to start his own project by the time <mask> arranged a second set of measurements between the observatory and the Washington Monument. Though Michelson published his first measurement in 1880, <mask>'s measurement was substantially different. In 1883, Michelson revised his measurement to a value closer to <mask>'s. Benford's law
In 1881, <mask> discovered the statistical principle now known as Benford's law. He observed that the earlier pages of logarithm books, used at that time to carry out logarithmic calculations, were far more worn than the later pages. This led him to formulate the principle that, in any list of numbers taken from an arbitrary set of data, more numbers will tend to begin with "1" than with any other digit.Chandler wobble
In 1891, within months of Seth Carlo Chandler's discovery of the 14-month variation of latitude, now referred to as the Chandler wobble, <mask> explained the apparent conflict between the observed motion and predicted period of the wobble. The theory was based on a perfectly rigid body, but Earth is slightly elastic. <mask> used the variation of latitude observations to estimate the


title: Simon Newcomb

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 elasticity of Earth, finding it to be slightly more rigid than steel. Other work
<mask> was an autodidact and polymath. He wrote on economics and his Principles of Political Economy (1885) was described by John Maynard Keynes as "one of those original works which a fresh scientific mind, not perverted by having read too much of the orthodox stuff, is able to produce from time to time in a half-formed subject like economics." <mask> was credited by Irving Fisher with the first-known enunciation of the equation of exchange between money and goods used in the quantity theory of money. He spoke French, German, Italian and Swedish; was an active mountaineer; and read widely.He also wrote a number of popular science books and a science fiction novel, His Wisdom the Defender (1900). <mask> was the first person to observe the geophysical phenomenon Airglow, in 1901

On the state of astronomy
In 1888 <mask> wrote: "We are probably nearing the limit of all we can know about astronomy." In 1900, his Elements of Astronomy was published by the American Book Company. By 1903, however, his view had changed. In an article in Science, he wrote:
"What lies before us is an illimitable field, the existence of which was scarcely suspected ten years ago, the exploration of which may well absorb the activities of our physical laboratories, and of the great mass of our astronomical observers and investigators for as many generations as were required to bring electrical science to its present state." On the impossibility of a flying

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 machine
<mask> is famously quoted as having believed it impossible to build a "flying machine". He begins an article titled "Is the Airship Possible?"with the remark, "That depends, first of all, on whether we are to make the requisite scientific discoveries." He ends with the remark "the construction of an aerial vehicle ... which could carry even a single man from place-to-place at pleasure requires the discovery of some new metal or some new force." In the October 22, 1903, issue of The Independent, <mask> made the well-known remark that "May not our mechanicians ... be ultimately forced to admit that aerial flight is one of the great class of problems with which man can never cope, and give up all attempts to grapple with it? ", He suggested that even if a man flew, he could not stop. "Once he slackens his speed, down he begins to fall. Once he stops, he falls as a dead mass." <mask> had no concept of an airfoil.His "aeroplane" was an inclined "thin flat board". He therefore concluded that it could never carry the weight of a man. <mask> was particularly critical of the work of Samuel Pierpont Langley, who claimed that he could build a flying machine powered by a steam engine, but whose initial efforts at flight were public failures. In 1903, however, <mask> was also saying,
"Quite likely the 20th century is destined to see the natural forces which will enable us to fly from continent to continent with a speed far exceeding that of a bird. But when we inquire whether aerial flight is possible in the present

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 state of our knowledge; whether, with such materials as we possess, a combination of steel, cloth and wire can be made which, moved by the power of electricity or steam, shall form a successful flying machine, the outlook may be altogether different." <mask> was not aware of the Wright Brothers' efforts, whose work was done in relative obscurity (Santos-Dumont flew his 14-bis in Paris only in 1906) and apparently unaware of the internal combustion engine's better power-to-weight ratio. When <mask> heard about the Wrights' flight in 1908, he was quick to accept it.<mask> favored the development of rotating wing (helicopters) and airships that would float in the air (blimps). Within a few decades, Zeppelins regularly transported passengers between Europe and the United States, and the Graf Zeppelin circumnavigated the Earth. Psychical research
<mask> was the first president of the American Society for Psychical Research. Although skeptical of extrasensory perception and alleged paranormal phenomena, he believed the subject was worthy of investigation. By 1889 his investigations were negative and his skepticism increased. Biographer Albert E. Moyer has noted that <mask>ia is named after him. The crater <mask> on the Moon is named after him, as is Newcomb crater on Mars. The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada has a writing award named after him. The Time Service Building at the US Naval Observatory is named The Simon Newcomb Laboratory. The U.S. Navy minesweeper <mask> (YMS 263) was launched in 1942, served in the

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 Pacific Theater during World War II, and was decommissioned in 1949. Mt.Newcomb (13,418 ft/4,090 m) appears on USGS topographic maps at coordinates 36.5399° N, 118.2934° W in the Sierra Nevada mountains. Bibliography
<mask>, S (1878) Research on the Motion of the Moon, Part I
<mask>, S (1878) Popular Astronomy
<mask>, S (1879) Astronomy for schools and colleges

<mask>, S (1885) Principles of Political Economy (Internet Archive)
<mask>, S (1887) The ABC Of Finance
<mask>, S (1890) Elements of Astronomy
<mask>, S (1900) His Wisdom the Defender—Science Fiction novel. <mask>, S (1901) The Stars
<mask>, S (1902) Astronomy for Everybody
<mask>, S (1903) The Reminiscences of an Astronomer—His autobiography. (Reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2010. ) <mask>, S (1903) The Outlook for the Flying Machine"], The Independent, October 22, 1903, pp 2508–12
<mask>, S (1906) [https://archive.org/details/cu31924004071688 Compendium of Spherical AstronomyNewcomb, S (1907) Investigation of Inequalities in the Motion of the Moon Produced by the Action of the PlanetsNewcomb, S (1912) Research on the Motion of the Moon, Part IIA number of astronomical, physical, and mathematical papers written between 1882 and 1912 are mentioned in

See also
 <mask>

References

Further reading

 Clemence, G. M. (2001) "<mask>, <mask>", Encyclopædia Britannica, Deluxe CDROM edition
 Fisher, Irving (1909). "Obituary. <mask>comb" Economic Journal, 19, pp.641–44. Friedman, Milton (1987) "<mask>, <mask>," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of

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title: Barefoot Sanders

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<mask>. (February 5, 1925 – September 21, 2008) was a longtime United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas and counsel to President Lyndon B. Johnson. He was best known for overseeing the lawsuit to desegregate the Dallas Independent School District. Early years and education

<mask> was born in Dallas, Texas to H.B<mask>, and the former May Elizabeth Forrester. "Barefoot" was the maiden name of his paternal grandmother, Dennie Barefoot. Early in his life, <mask> went by "H.B." He graduated from North Dallas High School in 1942.He served in the United States Navy during World War II between 1943 and 1946. While attending the University of Texas, <mask> was elected student body president in 1947. He was affiliated with Phi Delta Theta, Blue Key, Phi Delta Phi, Phi Delta Kappa and the Texas Cowboys. <mask> received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Texas at Austin in 1949, and a Juris Doctor in 1950 from the University of Texas School of Law. He was in private practice with the Dallas law firm of Clark, West, Keller, Sanders and Butler from 1950 through 1961 and from 1969 until 1979. Texas House of Representatives

A Democrat, <mask> served in the Texas House of Representatives from 1953 to 1959. During his tenure in the Texas Legislature, he sponsored the Texas Securities Act, the Texas Probate Code, the Texas Mental Health Code, and legislation creating the Trinity River Authority.In 1958, <mask> ran for United States Representative from the 5th District of Texas, but lost in the general election to Republican incumbent Bruce Alger. United States Attorney

In 1961, President John F. Kennedy appointed <mask> United States Attorney for the Northern District of Texas, a position he held

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 until 1965. During his time as United States Attorney, <mask> played a minor role in the transition of power between Presidents Kennedy and Johnson following Kennedy's assassination in Dallas on November 22, 1963. <mask> was, according to an interview, tasked with finding Federal District Judge Sarah T. Hughes to administer the oath of office to Johnson:

Johnson Administration

From 1965 to 1967, <mask> served as Assistant Deputy Attorney General and Assistant Attorney General in the United States Department of Justice in Washington, D.C. and was instrumental in the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In 1967, President Lyndon Johnson appointed him Legislative Counsel to the President to manage the White House legislative program. Failed nomination to the D.C. Circuit

In 1968, Johnson nominated <mask> to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.Johnson's presidency ended before the United States Senate cast a vote on <mask>' nomination, and President Richard Nixon did not renominate <mask>. Nixon appointed George MacKinnon to that seat instead. United States Senate campaign

In the 1972 Democratic primary, <mask> faced former Senator Ralph William Yarborough of Austin for the right to challenge two-term incumbent Republican John G. Tower in the general election. Yarborough had lost his seat in the primary in 1970 to Lloyd M. Bentsen of Houston. The established leader of the Texas liberal Democratic faction, Yarborough nearly won on the first ballot, but <mask> received enough votes to force him into a runoff. In the second primary, <mask> prevailed, 1,008,499 (52.1 percent) to 928,132 (47.9 percent). In the general election campaign, Tower attempted to link <mask>, also considered a liberal by Texas

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 standards, with the Democratic presidential nominee, then-U.S.Senator George McGovern of South Dakota, who was waging an uphill challenge to Richard Nixon. In his memoir, Consequences: A Personal and Political Memoir, Tower recalled: "I linked <mask> to McGovern whenever I could. I hung Attorney General Ramsey Clark around his neck. Clark was an old associate of <mask>'s and had made a $2,000 contribution to the <mask> campaign. 'I'm glad,' one of my standard zingers went, 'that Ramsey Clark is supporting my opponent, an old crony of his. . . . Frankly, I don't welcome the support of anyone who goes to Hanoi and condemns our country.'" In the campaign, Tower prevailed by 311,000 votes, the high-water mark of his electoral career.Tower received 1,822,877 votes (53.4 percent) to <mask>'s 1,511,985 (44.3 percent). Six years later in 1978, Tower edged the Democratic United States Representative (later appointed Senator) Bob Krueger by only 12,227 votes. Federal judicial service

On February 6, 1979, President Jimmy Carter nominated <mask> to a new seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas created by 92 Stat. 1629. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 24, 1979, and received his commission two days later. <mask> served as Chief Judge of the Northern District of Texas from 1989 to 1995. During his tenure as a federal district judge, <mask> held many positions on committees related to the function of the judiciary.He served as Chair of the Judicial Conference Committee on the Judicial Branch (1994–97); as a member of the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation (1992–2000); and as Chair, National Conference of Federal Trial Judges, American Bar Association (1988–89). He assumed senior status on January 1,

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 1996. <mask> took inactive senior status on July 7, 2006. His service was terminated on September 21, 2008, due to his death. Dallas ISD desegregation lawsuit

Though <mask> handled thousands of civil and criminal cases during his tenure as a Federal Judge, he is best known in Texas for his role as judge in the Tasby litigation brought against the Dallas Independent School District in the 1970s, in which plaintiff Sam Tasby charged that the Dallas ISD was still a segregated school district. The litigation began before <mask> became a federal judge, but he took over the case until its conclusion in 2003, and had oversight of many Dallas ISD activities related to racial balance until that time. Though the Tasby litigation was not the first desegregation lawsuit against Dallas ISD, it is the most famous.Until 1961, Dallas was the largest city in the South with a segregated school system. That same year, the Dallas ISD school board implemented a desegregation plan — the so-called "Stairstep Plan" — under order of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. In September of that year, eighteen black students started first grade classes in what had been whites-only institutions. In spite of tremendous dissatisfaction with Dallas ISD and continual complaints by the Dallas NAACP, Dallas ISD declared itself desegregated in 1967. Litigation that continued for three more decades proved that declaration inappropriate. Sam Tasby filed a lawsuit against Dallas ISD charging discrimination prohibited under Brown v. Board of Education on October 6, 1970. Federal Judge William M. Taylor presided over a trial of the case from July 12 to July 16, 1971, and ordered the school district to come up with a new desegregation plan, which the district published on July 23, 1971.Four years

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 later, in July 1975, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit rejected several parts of the plan and ordered a new desegregation plan implemented by January 1976. Other parties, including the NAACP, were added to the suit. On February 2, 1976, Judge Taylor presided over a second desegregation trial, and by April, a new desegregation plan was issued. The Fifth Circuit rejected most of this plan as well. The most controversial part of this plan centered around busing, and Judge Taylor held an additional hearing on the case. Taylor removed himself from the case on March 21, 1981, to "avoid any further possibility that a desegregation plan might be overturned," and the case was assigned to Judge <mask>. After additional hearings, <mask> ruled that Dallas ISD continued to show signs of racial segregation, but concluded that busing would not solve the problem.He ordered parties to submit new desegregation plans, and then issued his own, ordering:

This Judgment constitutes the Desegregation Plan for the Dallas Independent School District ("DISD" or "the District") and is rendered pursuant to, and is to be construed in the light of and consistent with, (1) the Court's Memorandum Opinion dated August 3, 1981; (2) the Stipulation dated December 1, 1981, and approved by the Court on December 2, 1981; and (3) the Court's Memorandum Opinions and Orders dated December 7, 1981; December 21, 1981; January 4, 1982; and February 1, 1982. This Judgment supersedes the final judgment rendered by this Court in 1976. All programs provided for in this Judgment must be initiated by the beginning of the DISD 1982-83 school year, or sooner if feasible, unless otherwise herein provided. The school district fought <mask> decision until August, 1983, when the Fifth


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 Circuit upheld <mask>' plan; at that time, the Dallas ISD board of trustees unanimously accepted the court's decision. On January 9, 2003, a formal hearing was held to determine the legal status of the Dallas ISD. Some members of the public said that the desegregation, while a good thing, did more harm than good and as a result of the white flight than occurred in the late 1970s and early 1980s the school district had swung from predominantly white to predominantly minority. <mask> offered no answer to any of the public questions but concluded the session by taking all comments into advisement.Decades of oversight finally came to an end in June 2003, when <mask> ruled that Dallas ISD was no longer subject to his oversight and was desegregated. The segregation prohibited by the United States Constitution, the United States Supreme Court and federal statutes no longer exists in the DISD...

<mask>'s work in the desegregation case made him the occasional target of hostile telephone calls and letters. He once said that Dallas was accustomed to segregation, and many whites were content with the status quo. During the summer of 2009, <mask> was honored by the Dallas ISD when the Board of Trustees renamed the School of Government, Law, & Law Enforcement to Judge Barefoot <mask> Law Magnet. Personal life

<mask> was married to the former Jan Scurlock. He and his wife had four children. His oldest daughter, Janet, is a Superior Court Judge in Massachusetts.See also
 Lyndon B. Johnson judicial appointment controversies

References

External links
Northern District of Texas biography

1925 births
2008 deaths
People from Dallas
Dallas Independent School District
Judges of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas
United States district

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