title: Victor Horta

texts:
 Viollet-le-Duc are a sharp, precise and constructive analysis of each element in architecture, bringing the whole of architecture to its absolute origin – a construction out of which any form of art can emerge.}} The Town Houses and the beginning of Art Nouveau

Hôtel Tassel (1892–1893)
The major breakthrough for <mask> came in 1892, when he was commissioned to design a home for the scientist and professor Émile Tassel. The Hôtel Tassel was completed in 1893. The stone facade, designed to harmonize with the neighboring buildings, was fairly traditional, but the interior was strikingly new. <mask> used the technologies of glass and iron, which he had practiced on the Royal Greenhouses of Laeken, to create an interior filled with light and space.The house was built around an open central stairway. The decoration of the interior featured curling lines, modeled after vines and flowers, which were repeated in the ironwork railings of the stairway, in the tiles of the floor, in the glass of the doors and skylights, and painted on the walls. The building is widely recognized as the first appearance of Art Nouveau in architecture.Space Time and Architecture, Sigfreid Giedion, 1941 In 2000, it was designated, along with three other town houses designed soon afterwards, as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In designating these sites, UNESCO explained: "The stylistic revolution represented by these works is characterised by their open plan, the diffusion of light, and the brilliant joining of the curved lines of decoration with the structure of the building." Hôtel Solvay (1898–1900)
The Hôtel Solvay, on the Avenue Louise/Louizalaan in Brussels, was constructed for Armand Solvay, the son of the chemist and industrialist Ernest Solvay. Horta had a virtually unlimited budget, and used the most exotic materials in unusual combinations, such as marble, bronze and rare tropical woods in the stairway decoration. The stairway walls were decorated by the pointillist painter Théo van

masks: Horta Horta


title: Victor Horta

type: original

texts:
 Rysselberghe.<mask> designed every detail including the bronze doorbell and the house number, to match the overall style. Hôtel Van Eetvelde (1898–1900)
The Hôtel van Eetvelde is considered one of Horta's most accomplished and innovative buildings, because of highly original Winter Garden interior and the imaginative details throughout. The open floor plan of the Hôtel Van Eetvelde was particularly original, and offered an abundance of light, both horizontally and vertically, and a great sensation of space. A central court went up the height of the building, bringing light from the skylight above. On the main floor, the oval-shaped salons were open to the courtyard, and also received light from large bay windows. It was possible to look from one side of the building to other from any of the salons on the main floor. Horta House and Studio (1898–1901)
The Horta House and Studio, now the Horta Museum, was Horta's residence and office, and was certainly more modest than the other houses, but it had its own original features and equally fine craftsmanship and mastery of details.He made unusual combinations of materials, such as wood, iron and marble in the staircase decoration. The novel element in <mask>'s houses and then his larger buildings was his search for maximum transparency and light, something often difficult to achieve with the narrow building sites in Brussels. He achieved this by use of large windows, skylights, mirrors, and especially by his open floor plans, which brought in light from all sides and from above. Hôtel Aubecq (1899–1902)
The Hôtel Aubecq in Brussels was one of his late houses, made for the industrialist Octave Aubecq. As with his other houses, it featured a skylight over the central staircase, filling the house with light. Its peculiarity was the octagonal shape of the rooms, and the three facades with windows, designed to give maximum light. The owner originally wished to keep his original family furniture, but because of the odd shape of


title: Victor Horta

texts:
 the rooms, <mask> was commissioned to create new furniture.By 1948, Art Nouveau was out of style, the house was sold to a new owner, who wished to demolish it. A movement began to preserve the house, but in the end only the facade and the furnishings were saved by the City of Brussels. The facade was disassembled and put into storage, and many proposals were made for its reconstruction, but none were carried out. Some of the furnishings are now on display at the Musée d'Orsay in Paris. Maison du Peuple (1895–1899)
While <mask> was building luxurious town houses for the wealthy, he also applied his ideas to more functional buildings. From 1895 to 1899, he designed and built the Maison du Peuple/Volkshuis ("House of the People"), the headquarters for the Belgian Workers' Party (POB/BWP). This was a large structure including offices, meeting rooms, a café and a conference and concert hall seating over 2,000 people.It was a purely functional building, constructed of steel columns with curtain walls. Unlike his houses, there was virtually no decoration. The only recognizable Art Nouveau feature was a slight curving of the steel pillars supporting the roof. As with his houses, the building was designed to make a maximum use of light, with large skylights over the main meeting room. It was demolished in 1965, despite an international petition of protest by over 700 architects. The materials of the building were saved for possible reconstruction, but were eventually scattered around Brussels. Some parts were used for the construction of the Brussels Metro system.Beginning in about 1900, <mask>'s buildings gradually became more simplified in form, but always made with great attention to functionality and to craftsmanship. Beginning in 1903, he constructed the Grand Bazar Anspach, a large department store, with his characteristic use of large windows, open floors, and wrought iron decoration. In 1907, <mask> designed the Museum for Fine Arts in Tournai, although it did not

masks: Horta Horta Horta Horta


title: Victor Horta

texts:
 open until 1928 due to the war. Magasins Waucquez (1905)
The Magasins Waucquez (now the Belgian Comic Strip Center) was originally a department store specializing in textiles. In its design, <mask> used all his skill with steel and glass to create dramatic open spaces and to give them an abundance of light from above. The steel and glass skylight is combined with decorative touches, such as neoclassical columns. After Waucquez's death in 1920, the building began to languish away, and in 1970, the firm closed its doors.Jean Delhaye, a former aid of <mask>, saved the building from demolition, and by 16 October 1975, because of its connection to Horta, it was declared a protected historical site. Now a museum of a particular Belgian speciality, the comic strip, it also has a room devoted to <mask>. Brugmann University Hospital (1906)
In 1906, <mask> accepted the commission for the new Brugmann University Hospital (now the Victor Horta Site of the Brugmann University Hospital). Developed to take into account the views of the clinicians and hospital managers, <mask>'s design separated the functions of the hospital into a number of low-rise pavilions spread over the  park based campus, and work began in 1911. Although used during World War I, the official opening was delayed until 1923. Its unusual design and layout attracted great interest from the European medical community, and his buildings continue in use to this day. The First World War – travel to the United States
In February 1915, as World War I was underway and Belgium was occupied, <mask> moved to London and attended the Town Planning Conference on the Reconstruction of Belgium, organised by the International Garden Cities and Town Planning Association.Unable to return to Belgium, at the end of 1915, he traveled to the United States, where he gave a series of lectures at American universities, including Cornell, Harvard, MIT, Smith College, Wellesley College and Yale. In 1917, he was named Charles Eliot Norton

masks: Horta Horta Horta Horta Horta Horta


title: Victor Horta

texts:
 Memorial Lecturer and Professor of Architecture at George Washington University. Later Projects – debut of modernism (1919–1939)
On <mask>'s return to Brussels in January 1919, he sold his home and workshop on the /, and also became a full member of the Belgian Royal Academy. The post-war austerity meant that Art Nouveau was no longer affordable or fashionable. From this point on, <mask>, who had gradually been simplifying his style over the previous decade, no longer used organic forms, and instead based his designs on the geometrical. He continued to use rational floor plans, and to apply the latest developments in building technology and building services engineering. The Centre for Fine Arts in Brussels, a multi-purpose cultural centre designed in a more geometric style similar to Art Deco.Centre for Fine Arts (1923–1929)
<mask> developed the plans for the Centre for Fine Arts beginning in 1919, with construction starting in 1923. It was completed in 1929. It was originally intended to be built of stone, but <mask> made a new plan of reinforced concrete with a steel frame. He had intended the concrete to be left exposed in the interior, but the final appearance did not meet his expectations, and he had it covered. The concert hall itself is in an unusual ovoid, or egg shape, and is accompanied by art galleries, meeting rooms, and other functional rooms. The building is placed on a complex hillside site, and occupies eight levels, much of it underground. It also had to be designed to avoid blocking the view from the Royal Palace, on the hill just above it.In 1927, <mask> became the Director of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Brussels, a post he held for four years until 1931. In recognition of his work, <mask> was awarded the title of Baron by King Albert I in 1932. Brussels Central Station (1913–1952)
In 1910, <mask> began working on drawings on his most ambitious and longest running project: Brussels Central Station. He was formally commissioned as the

masks: Horta Horta Horta Horta Horta Horta Horta


title: Victor Horta

texts:
 architect in 1913, but work did not actually begin until after World War II, in 1952. It was originally planned that the station would just part of a much larger redevelopment project, which <mask> had conceived in the 1920s, but this was never realized. The start of construction was seriously delayed due to the lengthy process of purchasing and demolishing over thousand buildings along the route of the new railway between Brussels' main stations, and then because of World War I. Construction finally began in 1937 as part of the plans to boost the economy during the Great Depression, before being delayed again by the outbreak of World War II.<mask> was still working on the station when he died in 1947. The station was finally completed, to his plans, by his colleagues led by Maxime Brunfaut. It opened on 4 October 1952.La rénovation de la gare de Bruxelles-Central – Passion-Trains

Furniture
<mask> typically designed not only the building, but also the furniture, to match his particular style. His furniture became as well known as his houses; a displays of his furniture were shown at the 1900 Universal Exposition in Paris, and the 1902 Turin Exposition of Modern Decorative Arts. It was typically hand-made, and the furniture for each house was different. In many cases the furniture lasted longer than the house. Its drawback was that, since it matched the house, it could not be changed to any other style, without disrupting the harmony of the room.Later work and personal life
<mask> and his first wife divorced in 1906. He married his second wife, Julia Carlsson, in 1908. In 1925, he was an architect of honor for the Belgian Pavilion at the International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts in Paris, the exposition which gave its name to Art Deco. In the same year, he became director of the Fine Arts section of the Belgian Royal Academy of Fine Arts. In 1937, he completed the design of his final work, Brussels Central Station. In 1939, he began editing


title: Victor Horta

texts:
 his memoirs. He died on 8 September 1947 and was interred in Ixelles Cemetery in Brussels.Heritage
After Art Nouveau lost favor, many of <mask>'s buildings were destroyed, most notably the Maison du Peuple/Volkshuis, demolished in 1965, as mentioned above. However, several of <mask>'s buildings are still standing in Brussels up to this day and some are available to tour. Most notable are the Magasins Waucquez, formerly a department store, now the Belgian Comic Strip Center and four of his private houses (hôtels), which were designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site:
 Hôtel Tassel, designed and built for Prof. Émile Tassel in 1892–93
 Hôtel Solvay, designed and built 1895–1900
 Hôtel van Eetvelde, designed and built 1895–1898
 House and Studio Horta, designed in 1898, now the Horta Museum, dedicated to his work

Honors
 1919
 Officer of the Order of the Crown. Member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium
 1920: Officer of the Order of Leopold
 1925: Director of the Classe des Beaux-Arts of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium
 1932: Created Baron <mask> by Royal Decree and given a coat of arms

On 6 January 2015, Google Doodle commemorated his 154th birthday. 1979: Inventaris van het cultuurbezit in België, Architectuur, Stad Gent, Bouwen door de eeuwen heen in Vlaanderen 4NB Z-W, Brussel – Gent

External links

 UNESCO Word Heritage List entry
 <mask>rta
 Horta Museum
 Cupola's Art Nouveau Architecture Gallery One at www.cupola.com
 art-nouveau-around-the-world.org <mask>
 <mask> on BALaT - Belgian Art Links and Tools (KIK-IRPA, Brussels)

1861 births
1947 deaths
Architects from Ghent
Barons of Belgium
Art Nouveau architects
Flemish designers
Burials at Ixelles Cemetery
Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium
Victor Horta buildings
Belgian Freemasons
Flemish architects
Officers of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts alumni
Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Ghent) alumni
Académie Royale

masks:
Horta
Horta
Horta
Victor Ho
Victor Horta
Victor Horta


title: Patrick Brazeau

texts:
<mask> (born November 11, 1974) is a Canadian senator from Quebec. At the age of 34, he was and is the youngest member of the Senate during his appointment. From February 2006 until January 2009 he held the position of national chief of the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples. <mask> was expelled from the Conservative caucus following his February 7, 2013 arrest for domestic assault and sexual assault. On September 15, 2015, <mask> pleaded guilty to simple assault and cocaine possession as part of a plea deal in which other assault charges were dropped, and he was acquitted of sexual assault. On October 28, 2015, he was granted an absolute discharge by a Quebec court; he was thus not incarcerated and avoided having a criminal record. However, Brazeau remained suspended until September 2016, when separate charges of fraud and breach of trust related to his disallowed expense claims were withdrawn by the Crown.Life and career
Brazeau is an Algonquin from the Kitigan Zibi reserve near Maniwaki. He worked at , a Royal Canadian Naval Reserve unit based in Ottawa that operates under the Canadian Forces Maritime Command. Brazeau earned a Quebec Diploma of College Studies in social sciences from CEGEP Heritage College (Gatineau) and studied, but dropped out of, civil law at the University of Ottawa. Fluent in both official Canadian languages, English and French, Brazeau's language preference is French. Brazeau joined the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples (CAP) in 2001 and was elected vice-chief in April 2005. He acted as national chief from February 2006 until his election later in November of the same year. He is a member of CAP's affiliate, Alliance Autochtone du Quebec Inc. also known as the Native Alliance of Quebec, or the AAQ or

masks:
Patrick Brazeau
Brazeau
Brazeau


title: Patrick Brazeau

texts:
 NAQ.Brazeau pursued a very vocal strategy to obtain repeal of Section 67 of the Canadian Human Rights Act as his CAP vision. His position was that Section 67 impeded the individual human rights of aboriginals by its insistence that communal Indian Act rights superseded the CHRA. In this position he was supported by editorials of the National Post and the Globe and Mail. Brazeau endorsed passage of Bill C-21 as a step toward reform of Aboriginal governance, suggesting on 20 June 2008 that the extension of human rights protection “will ultimately lead to the dismantling of the Indian Act.”

On December 22, 2008, <mask> was appointed to the Senate on the advice of Prime Minister Stephen Harper. He was sworn in as a senator on January 8, 2009. On March 31, 2012, Brazeau lost in a celebrity boxing match to Liberal MP (and future Prime Minister) Justin Trudeau. Brazeau has stated that he would like a rematch with Trudeau but Trudeau declined to participate in another boxing match.On May 30, 2015, Brazeau acted as a guest referee at a Great North Wrestling event at the Earl Armstrong Arena in Ottawa. Brazeau ended up getting bodyslammed through a table during the course of the match. In the early hours of January 19, 2016, Brazeau was admitted to hospital in critical but stable condition after he was found seriously injured in his home. The Quebec provincial police issued a statement indicating Brazeau's injuries did not appear related to criminal activity, and the Hull hospital released a statement saying his injuries were treated by successful surgery and were not considered life-threatening. On February 24, 2016, reports came out that Brazeau was hospitalized because of a suicide attempt in his house. Controversy

Two


title: Patrick Brazeau

texts:
 salaries
Brazeau was criticized for stating his intention to accept a seat in the Senate and concurrently remain national chief of the CAP thus collecting two publicly funded six-figure salaries; a decision from which he subsequently retreated by resigning as CAP chief. He has also come under fire over a sexual harassment complaint made against him to the Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario and for allegedly condoning heavy drinking during business hours.<mask> resigned from his position of national chief of the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples on January 9, 2009, issuing the following statement on the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples' website:

Use of CAP funds
In addition, he has faced allegations regarding the spending of funds received by the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples for aboriginal health programs. The Globe and Mail reported on January 19, 2009, that Health Canada auditors rejected almost $260,000 in congress expenses out of a budget of $472,900 allocated to the congress by the ministry, alleging that much of the money had been spent on board meetings where health issues were not discussed. Conservative Party spokesman Kory Teneycke indicated that the alleged misspending occurred before Brazeau became chief of the organization, and that Brazeau took steps to address the problem once he took over the leadership. Senate attendance record
On June 26, 2012, Brazeau came under fire after attacking Canadian Press journalist Jennifer Ditchburn via his official Twitter account. Brazeau publicly called Ditchburn a "bitch" after she reported on his poor Senate attendance record. Brazeau did in fact have poor attendance on the Senate floor: the Senate attendance register showed that he was absent for 25% of the Senate's 72


title: Patrick Brazeau

texts: residence. In addition, the term registered residence is not defined. 2.1.3. The regulations and guidelines applicable during the period of our examination do not include criteria for determining “primary residence”.As such, we are not able to assess the status of the primary residence declared by Senator Brazeau against existing regulations and guidelines. Undeterred by the conclusions of Deloitte, the Senate's Subcommittee on Living Allowances, chaired by Senator Elizabeth Marshall with Senators Comeau and Campbell, then ignored selected parts of the Deloitte audit and wrote their own conclusions for the Internal Economy committee, who then recommended on 9 May to the entire Senate, after several secret sessions, that he be ordered to reimburse a minimum of $51,482 in expense money. "Liberal Senator Mac Harb and Independent Senator <mask>au must immediately repay inappropriately claimed expenses or the Senate will seize the funds," said Marjory LeBreton, the then-current Leader of the Government in the Senate. A spokeswoman from LeBreton's office said Brazeau's pay may be withheld as a means of recovering the funds. Brazeau challenged the internal economy committee's order. On August 1, 2013, in an affidavit filed in an Ottawa court, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police alleged that Brazeau inappropriately claimed his father’s home in Maniwaki as his primary residence in order to claim a $22,000 a year taxpayer funded housing allowance. The affidavit said that Brazeau actually resided in a rented Gatineau home right across the Ottawa river from his workplace, while claiming the housing allowance for living in Maniwaki.CTV news employee Robert Fife reported that the RCMP investigation revealed that Brazeau was being


title: Patrick Brazeau

texts:
 investigated for breach of trust. Brazeau later singled out Fife in his Senate farewell speech on 4 November 2013. Chief Theresa Spence
Brazeau was criticized for mocking Attawapiskat Chief Theresa Spence at a Conservative fundraiser in an Ottawa suburb on 29 January 2013. In an audio recording from the event provided to CTV News by Metroland Media, Brazeau is heard stating publicly "Oh, poor Theresa Spence. Oh, poor her," in regards to the six-week-long hunger strike that the aboriginal leader had recently ended. The hunger strike was aimed to force a meeting with Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Governor General of Canada David Johnston to discuss aboriginal treaty rights and socioeconomic issues. Brazeau was also critical of the Idle No More movement, saying that he felt many Canadian aboriginals simply expected to be supported by taxpayers.The recording also revealed <mask> stating "To sit back, wait for the government to give me handouts. Maybe be on welfare, maybe drink, maybe take up drugs", in regards to aboriginal Canadians. He later returned to the subject of dismantling the Indian Act when he added "The best way to get our land back is to buy it back. Just like every other Canadian." Brazeau also insinuated in the recording that Spence had actually gained weight during her "so-called hunger strike". Legal troubles and suspension from Senate
On February 7, 2013, scarcely nine days after the Spence incident, Brazeau was arrested for an incident relating to domestic violence. He was charged with assault and sexual assault in Gatineau court house the next day.After a short court appearance Brazeau was released on $1000 bail on the condition he not go within 150 metres of the victim's work or home. Government


title: Patrick Brazeau

texts:
 breach of trust charges were withdrawn by the Crown as there was no reasonable possibility of conviction, and as a result, his leave of absence from the Senate was ended. Suspension from and return to Senate
Since Brazeau was facing charges of assault and sexual assault, the Senate voted to suspend him on 12 February 2013. The motion stated that "in order to protect the dignity and reputation of the Senate and public trust and confidence in Parliament, the Senate order a leave of absence for the Honourable Senator Brazeau to last until this order is rescinded". On 5 November 2013, the Senate voted to suspend Brazeau, along with fellow Senators Mike Duffy and Pamela Wallin, for the remainder of the session, likely until the next federal election in 2015. The Senate also cut their salaries and use of office resources. The specific motion to suspend Brazeau without pay was voted on as follows: 50 yeas, 29 nays, and 13 abstentions.It marked the first time in Senate history that a senator had been sanctioned over expenses without being convicted of a criminal offence. With the early election call by Prime Minister Harper on August 2, 2015, Senators <mask>, Duffy and Wallen recommenced receiving their salaries and benefits. <mask> returned to his seat in the Senate in September 2016 after charges of fraud and breach of trust related to his expense claims were withdrawn by the Crown. Reflecting on his suspension two years later, Brazeau admitted to making "bad decisions" in the past, but felt vindicated by the courts, saying that the controversy surrounding his expenses was politically motivated. Work outside the Senate
Denied his salary as a Senator and without other means of support, Brazeau embarked on a very public search

masks: Brazeau Brazeau


title: Patrick Brazeau

texts:
 for employment following his suspension, resorting to soliciting work via Twitter. In December 2013, <mask> was hired as a freelance reporter for the Halifax edition of the satirical magazine Frank but was fired after writing one column. In January 2014, Brazeau wrote a column for the political website Loonie Politics where he outlines his argument why Prime Minister Stephen Harper is not serious about senate reform.<mask> was hired as day manager of an Ottawa strip club known as the Bare Fax in February 2014. "A job is a job", he was quoted by an Ottawa reporter as saying in regards to his new occupation. As day manager he was in charge of 25-30 staff members, including everything from hiring and firing to scheduling. Brazeau later described the move as an act of desperation, after being unable to find a job. He had also expressed interest in writing a book or starring in a reality show as means of earning an income, prior to his suspension being lifted. References

External links

Algonquin people
University of Ottawa alumni
Living people
Conservative Party of Canada senators
Canadian senators from Quebec
1974 births
Indigenous leaders in Quebec
People acquitted of sex crimes
People from Outaouais
Independent Canadian senators
21st-century Canadian politicians
Independent Senators Group
Indigenous Canadian


title: Mani (prophet)

texts:
<mask> (in Middle Persian: 𐭌𐭀𐭍𐭉/𐭬𐭠𐭭𐭩/𐮋𐮀𐮌𐮈/𐬨𐬁𐬥𐬌/𐫖𐫀𐫗𐫏 Māni, New Persian:  Māni, Chinese:  Móní, Syriac Mānī, Greek , Latin ; also ,  Latin , from Syriac  Mānī ḥayyā "Living Mani", –2 March AD 274 or 26 February AD 277), of Iranian origin, was the prophet and the founder of Manichaeism, a religion of late antiquity strongly influenced by Gnosticism which was once widespread but is no longer prevalent by name. <mask> was born in or near Seleucia-Ctesiphon in Babylonia, at the time still part of the Parthian Empire. Seven of his major works were written in Syriac, and the eighth, dedicated to the Sasanian emperor Shapur I, was written in Middle Persian. He died in Gundeshapur. Etymology
The exact meaning of the name is a question still unsolved. It may have derived from Babylonian-Aramaic Mânâ [luminescence]. Mandaeans used the term, mânâ rabba meaning the "Enlightened Lord/King.".Ancient Greek interpretations were skeuos (σκεῦος, vessel, instrument) and homilia (ὁμιλία, intercourse, company, communion, instruction). The same slightly contemptuous "a certain" (Manes quidam) also appears in Hegemonius' Acta Archelai (4th century), however, Hegemonius contributes a detailed description of Mani's looks. Mani’s names became the object of uplifting transformation (Greek, Coptic Mannichaios, Latin Mannichaeus, i.e., Mannam fundens "pouring out Manna". Sources
In 1969 in Upper Egypt a Greek parchment codex dating to  was discovered. It is now designated Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis because it is conserved at the University of Cologne. Combining a hagiographic account of <mask>'s career and spiritual development with information about <mask>'s religious teachings, and containing fragments of his writings, it is now considered the most reliable source

masks: Mani Mani Mani Mani


title: Mani (prophet)

texts:
 of information about the historical <mask>. All other medieval and pre-medieval accounts of his life are either legendary or hagiographical, such as the account in Fihrist by Ibn al-Nadim, purportedly by al-Biruni, or were anti-Manichaean polemics, such as the 4th-century Acta Archelai.Among these medieval accounts, Ibn al-Nadim's account of Mani's life and teachings is generally speaking the most reliable and exhaustive. Notably, the (in other accounts prominent) image of the "Third Ambassador" is only represented through a brief mention of the name bašīr, "messenger of good news", and the topos of "Mani the Painter" (which in other Islamic accounts almost completely replaces that of "the founder of a religion") is completely absent. Life

This work and other evidence discovered in the 20th century establishes Mani as a historical individual. Early life
<mask> was born near Seleucia-Ctesiphon, perhaps in the town Mardinu in the Babylonian district of Nahr Kutha; according to other accounts in the town Abrumya. Mani's father Pātik (Middle Persian Pattūg; , ), a native of Ecbatana (now Hamadan, Iran), was a member of the Jewish Christian sect of the Elcesaites. His mother was of Parthian descent (from "the Armenian Arsacid family of Kamsarakan"); her name is reported variously, among others Maryam. Mani was raised in a heterodox environment in Babylon.The Elcesaite community was ostensibly Jewish Christian, though with some Gnostic features due to their Ebionite heritage, such as the belief in recurring incarnations of heavenly apostles, one of whom was a docetic Christ. At ages 12 and 24 Mani had visionary experiences of a "heavenly twin" of his (syzygos), calling him to leave his father's sect and preach the true message of Jesus in a

masks: Mani Mani


title: Mani (prophet)

texts:
 new gospel. Travelling to India
<mask> then travelled to India (Sakas in present day Afghanistan), where he studied Hinduism and its various extant philosophies, including Buddhism. Al-Biruni says Mani only traveled to India after being banished from Persia, but this might be an error or a second journey. It is believed that his Christian roots might have been influenced by Marcion and Bardaisan. Return from India
Returning in 242, <mask> presented himself to Shapur I, to whom he dedicated his only work written in Persian, known as the Shabuhragan. Shapur was not converted to Manichaeism and remained Zoroastrian, but he favored Mani's teachings, which mixed Christianity, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism, and took him into his court.<mask> is said to have performed miracles, including levitation, teleporting and healing, which helped him to gain converts in the Iranian elite. He was also famed as a painter. Imprisonment and martyrdom
Shapur's successor Hormizd I, who reigned only for one year, continued to patronize <mask>, but his successor Bahram I, a follower of the intolerant Zoroastrian reformer Kartir, began to persecute the Manichaeans. He incarcerated <mask>, who died in prison within a month, in 274. According to sources, he passed his last days comforting his visiting disciples, teaching that his death would have no other consequence than the return of his soul to the realm of light. <mask>'s followers depicted <mask>'s death as a crucifixion in a conscious analogy to the crucifixion of Jesus; al-Biruni says that Bahram ordered the execution of Mani. There is a story which claims that he was flayed, and his corpse suspended over the main gate of the great city of Gundeshapur; however, there is no historical basis for this

masks: Mani Mani Mani Mani Mani Mani Mani


title: Mani (prophet)

texts:
 account.It is more plausible that his body was mutilated via post-mortem decapitation, and his head put on display, which may be the original source of the embellishment. Works
The canon of Mani included six works originally written in Syriac, and one in Persian, the Shapuragan. While none of his books have survived in complete form, there are numerous fragments and quotations of them, including a long Syriac quotation from one of his works, as well as a large amount of material in Middle Persian, Coptic, and numerous other languages. Examples of surviving portions of his works include:  the Shabuhragan (Middle Persian), the Book of Giants (numerous fragments in many languages), the Fundamental Epistle (quoted in length by Saint Augustine), a number of fragments of his Living Gospel (or Great Gospel), a Syriac excerpt quoted by Theodore Bar Konai, and his Letter to Edessa  contained in the  Cologne Mani-Codex. Mani also wrote the book Arzhang, a holy book of Manichaeism unique in that it contained many drawings and paintings to express and explain the Manichaeist creation and history of the world. Teaching

Mani's teaching was intended to succeed and surpass the teachings of Christianity, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. It is based on a rigid dualism of good and evil, locked in eternal struggle.In his mid-twenties, Mani decided that salvation was possible through education, self-denial, fasting and chastity. According to Al-Biruni, a 10th-century Iranian scholar, <mask> claimed to be the Paraclete promised in the New Testament, and the Last Prophet. However according to Lodewijk J. R. Ort, the term last prophet may "in all probability derived from the Quran by Al-Buruni in order to formulate Mani's pretensions and religious claims".


title: Mani (prophet)

texts:
 Therefore Lodewijk J. R. Ort concludes that a definitive pronouncement about the final character of <mask>'s appearance is not mentioned in Manichaeistic scriptures.While his religion was not strictly a movement of Christian Gnosticism in the earlier mode, Mani did declare himself to be an "apostle of Jesus Christ", and extant Manichaean poetry frequently extols Jesus and his mother, Mary, with the highest reverence. Manichaean tradition is also noted to have claimed that Mani was the reincarnation of different religious figures including Jesus, Zoroaster, and the historical Buddha. Mani's followers were organized in a church structure, divided into a class of "elects" (electi) and "auditors" (auditores). Only the electi are required to follow the laws strictly, while the auditores care for them, hoping to become electi in their turn after reincarnation.Christian and Islamic tradition
Late Antique Christian accounts in the West
The Western Christian tradition of Mani is based on Socrates of Constantinople, a historian writing in the 5th century. According to this account, one Scythianos, a Saracen, husband of an Egyptian woman, "introduced the doctrine of Empedocles and Pythagoras into Christianity"; that he had a disciple, "Buddas, formerly named Terebinthus," who travelled in Persia, where he alleged that he had been born of a virgin, and afterwards wrote four books, one of Mysteries, a second The Gospel, a third The Treasure, and a fourth Heads. While performing some mystic rites, he was hurled down a precipice by a daimon, and killed. A woman at whose house he lodged buried him, took over his property, and bought a boy of seven, named Cubricus. This boy she freed and educated, leaving him the property and books of Buddas-Terebinthus.


title: Mani (prophet)

texts:
 given up to the Persians by the Christians, he returned to Arabion. At this stage Archelaus introduces in a discourse to the people his history of "this Manes," very much to the effect of the recapitulation in Socrates. Among the further details are these: that Scythianus lived "in the time of the Apostles",  that Terebinthus said the name of Buddas had been imposed on him, that in the mountains he had been brought up by an angel, that he had been convicted of imposture by a Persian prophet named Parcus, and by Labdacus, son of Mithra. Furthermore, that in the disputation he taught concerning the sphere, the two luminaries, the transmigration of souls, and the war of the Principia against God, that "Corbicius" or Corbicus, about the age of sixty, translated the books of Terebinthus. He made three chief disciples, Thomas, Addas, and Hermas, of whom he sent the first to Egypt, and the second to Scythia, keeping the third with him. The two former returned when he was in prison, and that he sent them to procure for him the books of the Christians, which he then studied.According to the Latin narrative, finally, Manes on his return to Arabion was seized and taken to the Persian king, by whose orders he was flayed, his body being left to the birds, and his skin, filled with air, hung at the city gate. Medieval Islamic accounts

<mask> is described as a painter who set up a sectarian movement in opposition to Zoroastrianism. He was persecuted by Shapur I and fled to Central Asia, where he made disciples and embellished with paintings a Tchighil (or picturarum domus Chinensis) and another temple called Ghalbita. Provisioning in advance a cave which had a spring, he told his disciples he was going to heaven, and would not return for a year, after


title: Mani (prophet)

texts:
 which time they were to seek him in the cave in question. They then came back there after a year and found him, whereupon he showed them an illustrated book, called Ergenk, or Estenk Arzhang, which he said he had brought from heaven. Whereafter he had many followers, with whom he returned to Persia at the death of Shapur. The new king, Hormisdas, joined and protected the sect, and built Mani a castle.The next king, Bahram or Varanes, at first favoured <mask>. After getting him to debate with certain Zoroastrian teachers, caused him to be flayed alive, and his skin to be stuffed and hung up. Thereupon most of his followers fled to India and China. See also
 Mar Ammo
 Arzhang
 Cologne Mani-Codex The Gardens of Light Gospel of Mani
 Mandaeism

References

Sources

 Asmussen, Jes Peter, comp., Manichaean Literature: Representative Texts, Chiefly from Middle Persian and Parthian Writings, 1975, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, . Alexander Böhlig, 'Manichäismus' in: Theologische Realenzyklopädie 22 (1992),  25–45. Amin Maalouf, The Gardens of Light'' [Les Jardins de Lumière], translated from French by Dorothy S. Blair, 242 p. (Interlink Publishing Group, New York, 2007). External links
 Manichaeist art - University of Washington
 "Mani and Manichaeism in the J.R.Ritman Library"
 The Book of the Giants by W.B.Henning, 1943
 Acta Archelai

Manichaeism
216 births
274 deaths
3rd-century Iranian people
3rd-century writers
Ancient occultists
Anti-natalists
Creators of writing systems
Founders of religions
Iranian painters
Iranian poets
Iranian prophets
Iranian religious leaders
People executed by crucifixion
People executed by flaying
People executed by the Sasanian Empire
Writers of lost works
Year of birth uncertain
3rd-century religious


title: Tom Watson (footballer, born 1900)

texts:
<mask> (4 October 1900 – 13 May 1978) was an Irish professional	footballer. He began his career with Irish Intermediate League side Crusaders as a half back before joining Cardiff City in 1925 where he converted to defence. He became a regular first team player during his debut season in the Football League and later played in the 1927 FA Cup Final, helping the side become the only team from outside England to win the competition. He made more than 100 appearances for Cardiff in all competitions until a cartilage injury cost him his place in the side. He returned to Ireland with Linfield, winning a league and cup double in his first season. He later returned to play for Crusaders before managing amateur side Whiteabbey, where he won the Irish Football Alliance in his first season. He later became a referee.<mask> also won a single cap for Ireland, in a match against Scotland in 1926, and played for representative sides of both the Irish Intermediate League and Welsh League during his career. Early life
<mask> was born in Belfast on 4 October 1900 to Janet and William James <mask>. His father worked as a caulker. Club career

Early years
<mask> began his football career as a youth player with Glenarm before joining Irish Intermediate League side Crusaders. His performances for the side led to him being selected to represent an Intermediate League XI in matches against their counterparts from other leagues, including captaining the side against a Yorkshire League XI in February 1925. Crusaders had previously sold Jimmy Nelson, a childhood friend of <mask>, to Cardiff City in 1921 where the Scotsman had impressed. Cardiff subsequently approached Crusaders to enquire "Have you any more players like Jimmy?".This correspondence ultimately led to <mask> and <mask> joining Cardiff. Cardiff City
<mask> signed for

masks:
Thomas Houston Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Tom Sloan
Watson


title: Tom Watson (footballer, born 1900)

texts: the Welsh side in August 1925 on a free transfer. During his time with Crusaders, he had played as a half back but on arrival at Cardiff, the club's coaching staff believed he would be more suited to a defensive role. He was trialled in the new position for several reserve matches and impressed the club enough for the change to be made permanent. He began the 1925–26 season as cover for club captain Jimmy Blair from the side. He made his debut for the club in a 1–0 victory over West Ham United on 7 September 1925 in place of Blair. Starting alongside Nelson, the Belfast Telegraph noted that the pair were "sorely tried".His second appearance came more than a month later in a 5–0 defeat to Arsenal again in place of the injured Blair. Despite the heavy defeat, <mask> earned praise in match reports and maintained his place in the side. Despite only appearing in one further match, <mask> was selected for a Welsh League XI to play their counterparts from the Irish League in Swansea on 31 October. He missed only three further games during the remainder of the campaign for Cardiff, making a total of 33 appearances in all competitions during the year as he formed a defensive partnership with Nelson. His form led the club to transfer list Blair in the first half of the season before selling him towards the end of the year. In his second season with Cardiff, <mask> made a further 45 appearances in all competitions, including playing in all seven matches of their successful FA Cup run. Ahead  of the final, <mask> was described as "one of the best tacklers playing this season" in the Daily Herald.The newspaper also noted that his partnership with Nelson formed one of the "best pairs of backs in the country." Cardiff defeated Arsenal 1–0 to become the only team from outside England to win the competition. He remained

masks: Watson Watson Watson Watson


title: Tom Watson (footballer, born 1900)

texts:
 prominent during the first half of the 1927–28 season, missing only 2 of the first 20 league matches of the campaign. However, from late December, his season was blighted by injuries; he made only two appearances in the second half of the campaign, the second in a heavy 7–1 defeat against Derby County on 31 March 1928. He underwent knee surgery in October 1928 in attempt to rectify his cartilage injury problems, having not made an appearance during the new season. As such, he appeared only once during the 1928–29 campaign, returning in a 3–1 defeat to Manchester City in the final month of the campaign. His injury problems and the form of his replacement William Roberts led to his departure from the club as he was unable to regain his place.At the end of the season <mask> was placed on the transfer list, along with Sloan. <mask> received interest from Fulham and Derry City who both made approaches, with Cardiff seeking around £500 for the transfer. However, <mask> was instead transferred to Linfield along with Sloan. Return to Ireland
In his first year with Linfield, he helped the side to a double by winning both the Irish League and Irish Cup. In the final of the cup, on 29 March 1930, Linfield secured a 4–3 victory over Ballymena United. <mask> was involved in a clash of heads with Ballymena player Kilpatrick with the score tied at 3–3 which left the opposition player unable to continue. The Belfast News Letter reported that the incident had likely turned the game in Linfield's favour, writing "Had that accident not happened, Ballymena would, in all probability, have got the winning goal."The Irish Cup victory completed an unusual treble of winning the major cup competition in three countries after already having won the FA Cup and the Welsh Cup. He remained with Linfield until August 1932 when he


title: Tom Watson (footballer, born 1900)

texts:
 returned to his first club Crusaders. International career
<mask> represented Ireland at youth level before receiving his first call-up to the senior side in February 1926, following a number of withdrawals due to injury, for a match against Scotland. Ireland lost the match 4–0. Later life
After retiring from playing, <mask> managed amateur side Whiteabbey and also served on the club's committee. In his first season in charge, he led the club to the Irish Football Alliance title. His success saw  him named on a three-man shortlist for the vacant managerial role at Bangor.He later became a referee in the Irish Junior League, officiating his first match in September 1938. <mask> married his partner Daisy and the couple had four children. He died at his home in Newtownabbey in May 1978 at the age of 77. Career statistics

Honours

Player
Cardiff City
 FA Cup winner: 1927
 Welsh Cup winner: 1927

Linfield
 Irish League winner: 1929–30
 Irish Cup winner: 1930

Manager
Whiteabbey
 Irish Football Alliance winner: 1934–35

References

Bibliography

Pre-1950 IFA international footballers
Association footballers from Northern Ireland
Cardiff City F.C. players
Linfield F.C. players
1900 births
1978 deaths
Association football fullbacks
Crusaders F.C. players
Association footballers from Belfast
NIFL Premiership players
English Football League players
FA Cup Final

masks: Watson Watson Watson


title: James Purnell

texts:
<mask> (born 2 March 1970) is a British broadcasting executive and former Labour Party politician who served as Work and Pensions Secretary and Culture Secretary in the Brown Government from 2007 to 2009. In October 2016, he became BBC's Director of Radio, in addition to his other role as the BBC's Director of Strategy and Digital, a job he had held since March 2013. In 2020 he left the BBC to become vice-chancellor of University of the Arts London. <mask> was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Stalybridge and Hyde from the 2001 until the 2010 General Election. He served as Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport from 2007 to 2008 and Secretary of State for Work and Pensions from 2008 to 2009. He resigned from the Government on 4 June 2009, criticising the leadership of Gordon Brown. He became the director of the Open Left project for Demos in 2009.<mask> chaired the Institute for Public Policy Research until 2010, and was a senior advisor in the Public Sector practice of the Boston Consulting Group. He is also a film producer, and a former Senior Producer at Rare Day, who produced the film One Mile Away. Early life
<mask> was born in the City of London; he received most of his education in France before returning to study for his A Levels at the Royal Grammar School, Guildford, and then read Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Balliol College, Oxford. While a student, he worked during summer vacations as a researcher for Tony Blair between 1989 and 1992. After graduating from Oxford University with a first class degree, he worked as a research fellow at the Institute for Public Policy Research before moving to the BBC to become its Head of Corporate Planning. Between May 1994 and October 1995, he was a Labour councillor in Islington, representing Canonbury East ward. In

masks:
James Mark Dakin Purnell
Purnell
Purnell
Purnell


title: James Purnell

texts:
 1997, <mask> returned to work as a special adviser at Number 10, remaining in the post until 2001.He has also served as a consultant at Hydra Associates, a board member of the Young Vic theatre as well as of the Royal National Theatre and the British Film Institute, and as a senior advisor to Boston Consulting Group. Member of Parliament
<mask> was selected as the Labour candidate for the seat of Stalybridge and Hyde in 2001, and won the seat in that year's general election with a majority of 8,859. While a Labour MP, he was a member of the Work and Pensions Select Committee in the House of Commons from 2001 to 2003, the Chair of the All-Party Group on Private Equity and Venture Capital between 2002 and 2003, and the Chair of Labour Friends of Israel from 2002 to 2004. In government

In 2003, <mask> became Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to Ruth Kelly in the Cabinet Office, and in December 2004 he joined the Government as a Whip in the government reshuffle following the resignation of David Blunkett. After Labour was returned to power in the 2005 general election, he was appointed to the position of Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Creative Industries and Tourism in the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, where he was in charge of preparing the legislation that liberalised the alcohol licensing laws of England and Wales and created tax breaks for the film industry. In May 2006, he was promoted to be Minister of State for Pensions in the Department for Work and Pensions, replacing Stephen Timms. In 2007, he was named Consumer Champion of the Year by Which?magazine for his work on pensions. Which? cited his "commitment to consumers in the development of the national pensions saving scheme", particularly for listening to stakeholders and for his contributions to

masks: Purnell Purnell Purnell


title: James Purnell

texts:
 the personal accounts for low and middle earners. In June 2007, <mask> entered the Cabinet as the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport; he was its youngest member. He was promoted to Work and Pensions Secretary after the resignation of Peter Hain on 24 January 2008. Faked photograph
In September 2007 Tameside General Hospital inserted Purnell into a photograph, as part of a press release for a Private Finance Initiative (PFI) deal. Tameside Trust claimed that he agreed to the insertion being late for the original photo call, <mask> denied this.Tom Levitt, a Labour MP who was present for the photoshoot, stated that he and other MPs left a gap for <mask> when the photograph was taken, knowing that <mask>'s image would be added. Interest on crisis loans proposal
In December 2008, <mask> proposed charging interest on crisis loans to the unemployed and pensioners made by the Department for Work and Pensions, which were interest-free, at a rate of up to 26.8% per annum. This was met with great hostility and was blocked by the intervention of the prime minister, Gordon Brown. Expenses scandal
<mask> was one of many MPs involved in political difficulties following the revelations of the 2009 expenses scandal. He told the parliamentary authorities that his main home was in Manchester and claimed the "second home" allowance for his flat in London. In October 2004, he sold his London flat but told HM Revenue and Customs it was his "principal home", not his "second home". A spokesman on behalf of <mask> said that "Any allegation that <mask> avoided capital gains tax is completely untrue.When he bought his constituency home, the sale of his London flat fell through, but it was sold within the period that HMRC continue to treat it as not being liable for CGT ... This would have been

masks: Purnell Purnell Purnell Purnell Purnell Purnell Purnell James


title: James Purnell

texts:
 true for any taxpayer – there was no special treatment". Also in 2004, <mask> claimed £395 for an accountant's bill which included "tax advice provided in October 2004 regarding sale of flat". Whilst renting a flat between 2004 and 2006, <mask> claimed £100 a month for cleaning expenses and £586 for repairs. At the end of the lease, the landlord kept the £2,520 deposit, claiming the flat to have been in a poor state. A spokesman for <mask> stated: "<mask> felt frustrated that the landlord refused to return the deposit. He initially pursued the matter through legal channels but let it rest as the costs of fighting it further would far outweigh recouping the deposit".Allegation were made by a Sunday newspaper that <mask> claimed more than £1,500 a month rent for the flat although he was responsible for paying half of the £1,820 a month rent and his fiancée was paying the rest. A spokesman for <mask> said "Despite being entitled to claim in full for the whole rental cost incurred by him and his partner, <mask> claimed less than the amount he himself spent. The rules of the House of Commons make it clear that an MP is entitled to be reimbursed for the rent or mortgage paid by the MP and their partner. Nevertheless, <mask> went out of his way to ensure overall he claimed less for accommodation than he himself paid". <mask> also claimed £247 for 3,000 fridge magnets. Resignation from the Cabinet
On 4 June 2009, <mask> announced his resignation from the Cabinet, and called upon Gordon Brown to resign as Prime Minister. His resignation came only days after the resignations of Home Secretary Jacqui Smith, whose expenses had been the subject of negative comments, and Communities Secretary Hazel Blears, who had also avoided paying capital gains tax on her property.The news came just minutes

masks: Purnell Purnell Purnell James Purnell Purnell James James Purnell Purnell


title: James Purnell

texts:
 after polls closed in the local and European elections, in which Labour performed badly. His letter to the Prime Minister, which was also sent to The Sun and The Times, read:

Post-parliamentary career
On 19 February 2010, <mask> announced he would be standing down as an MP later that year, saying "I have decided that I no longer wish to be an MP. I have spent all my working life in or about Westminster. And while this has been a huge privilege, I've realised I don't want to have spent all my life in frontline politics." He pointed to his work with Demos as occupying him in the immediate future. After leaving parliament, <mask> became the chair of the Institute for Public Policy Research. It was touted that he would stand for the Labour candidacy to become Mayor of London, but he decided against this option.He supported David Miliband in the 2010 Labour leadership election and worked for his campaign, although he was subsequently offered the job of chief of staff to the new leader of the Labour Party, Ed Miliband, a job he turned down. <mask> became linked with the Blue Labour movement within the Labour Party and in April 2011 he was appointed by the Boston Consulting Group as a Special Advisor to their Public Sector Group. In July 2011, he appeared on Newsnight with proposals for welfare reforms, as part of his involvement in Blue Labour. He called for a National Salary Insurance, a job guarantee and free universal childcare, but also said that "freebies" such as Winter Fuel Allowance and free bus passes should not become sacred. He did not rule out returning to Parliament in 2015, but declared his support for Ed Miliband and his leadership. BBC career
In February 2013 <mask> left the IPPR in order to rejoin the BBC as its Director of Strategy, on a salary of £295,000; he assumed

masks: Purnell Purnell Purnell Purnell


title: James Purnell

texts:
 this position on 20 March. As a senior BBC employee he had to resign his membership of the Labour Party.An Employment Tribunal for unfair dismissal was brought by the BBC's former Chief Technology Officer, John Linwood, when he lost his job in 2013 after the Corporation's £100m Digital Media Initiative failed. During the case an email from <mask> was cited in evidence, which read: "We need a clear line on [John Linwood] on whether he is resigning or being fired and why". The tribunal's response to this was: "It was notable that there was no third option in <mask>'s mind, such as a different disciplinary outcome." The tribunal found the BBC's processes to have given an "apparently cavalier disregard for any of the accepted norms of a fair disciplinary process", and that there was a "deeply ingrained cultural expectation within the organisation of sacrificial accountability". Linwood was awarded £80,000 in damages, and it was later revealed that the BBC had spent £498,000 defending the claim. In late September 2016, <mask> was appointed as the BBC's Director of Radio and Education, in succession to Helen Boaden. He took up his new position in late October 2016.The Daily Telegraph described a key facet of his role as attracting younger listeners and viewers to the BBC. In September 2020 the new director-general Tim Davie removed <mask> from his new smaller executive board. <mask> left the BBC that year to become president and vice-chancellor of University of the Arts London in spring 2021. References

External links
The Guardian: Purnell's progress
Guardian Unlimited Politics - Ask Aristotle: <mask> MP
TheyWorkForYou.com - <mask> MP

|-

|-

1970 births
Living people
British atheists
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Labour Party (UK) officials
British special advisers
Councillors

masks:
Purnell
Purnell
Purnell
Purnell
Purnell
James Purnell
James Purnell


title: Evered Poole

texts:
Major General <mask>,  (8 October 1902 – 9 March 1969) was a senior South African Army commander during the Second World War and later a diplomat. Early life
<mask> was born in Caledon, Cape Colony on 8 October 1902. He was the son of Major <mask>, previously of the 60th King's Royal Rifle Corps, and Constance van Breda, a member of one of the best-known Cape Colony families, who had married in October the previous year. As the first-born son, he was given Evered as his last name in accordance with age-old <mask> tradition. <mask> attended an Anglican private boys' school, St Andrew's College in Grahamstown, from 1911 to 1917 and the Diocesan College, informally known as "Bishops", Rondebosch in 1918. In 1927, <mask> married Elsie Irene van Boeschoten and had one daughter. After the dissolution of the marriage in 1951, he married Maureen Naish-Gray on 22 October 1951.Military career

Regimental service and peacetime commands
In 1920, while a public servant, <mask> joined the 9th Infantry Regiment (Cape Peninsula Rifles) of the Active Citizen Force as a private. <mask> transferred to the Permanent Force in 1922. He was placed first on the course for promotion to commissioned rank on 11 September 1923. He was next posted as a lieutenant to the 3rd Battery, South African Field Artillery and transferred to the South African Permanent Garrison Artillery at Cape Town in March 1925, when he again qualified in the first place on a garrison gunnery course. In 1927, he attended a staff duties course at the South African Military College at Roberts Heights and was attached to the South African staff Corps at the college in 1929, again passing out in the first place on a staff

masks:
William Henry Evered Poole
William Henry Evered Poole
William John Evered Poole
Poole
Poole
Poole
Poole
Poole


title: Evered Poole

texts:
 duties course of the Permanent Force in 1931. Appointed officer instructor to the Transvaal Horse Artillery for 1931–32, he qualified as a captain in the Field Artillery at the end of 1931. In June 1932, he was granted the temporary rank of captain as staff officer, 'A' and 'G', in Cape Town and transferred to the staff corps.<mask> was subsequently posted to the Special Service Battalion as second-in-command with the rank of major. He became the Officer Commanding of the battalion in February 1934. In June 1935, he was granted the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel and was attached to the British Brigade of Guards at Aldershot, in London, and at Pirbright until September 1935. For the rest of the year, he attended the Senior Officers' School at Sheerness. He returned to South Africa to resume command of the Special Service Battalion in 1936. In October 1937, <mask> was transferred to the South African Military College and became Commandant of the college on 16 March 1938. Following the Union's entry into the Second World War in September 1939, <mask> organised the greatly expanded facilities at the college, including the huge 'B' Mess dining halls seating 500 officer cadets.Second World War
<mask> was appointed General Service Officer Grade 1 (GSO1) of 1st Infantry Division, with the rank of colonel, on its formation in August 1940. However, when the 2nd Infantry Division was formed he became its GSO1 on 1 October 1940. In April 1941, <mask> was promoted to the temporary rank of brigadier. In June, he was transferred back to the 1st Division as brigadier to take command of the 2nd Infantry Brigade in Egypt. He saw active service with the brigade at Mersa Matruh,

masks: Poole Poole Poole Poole Poole


title: Evered Poole

texts:
 commanding 'Braforce' under the 2nd Division on the Egyptian frontier later in 1941, and then with the 1st Division on the Gazala Line from February to May 1942. He returned temporarily to South Africa as officer commanding Cape Fortress until rejoining his brigade at El Alamein in August 1942. There he commanded the brigade in the Second Battle of El Alamein in October–November 1942.He returned to South Africa as second-in-command of the 1st Division. <mask> assumed command, with the rank of major general, of the 6th Armoured Division on its formation in February 1943. He retained command throughout its training in the Middle East and subsequent service in Italy as part of the British Eighth Army. After the liberation of Florence, the division became part of the Fifth United States Army. At the end of the war, he became General Officer Administration of all South African troops in the Allied Central Mediterranean Force until their repatriation on 2 March 1946. During the Second World War, <mask> was twice mentioned in despatches, received the Distinguished Service Order, and was invested as a Companion of the Order of the Bath and as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. He was among the very few South Africans to be invested as a Commander of the United States Legion of Merit, and was invested as a Commander of the French Legion of Honour.He also received the French Croix de Guerre. Post-war and diplomatic career
In 1948, <mask> was passed over as Chief of Staff by the newly elected National Party government of Dr D. F. Malan and posted to Berlin to head the South African military mission there. After this he switched to a diplomatic career. He was

masks: Poole Poole Poole


title: Evered Poole

texts:
 subsequently appointed envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Italy, Greece and Egypt, and in 1954 was transferred to Argentina and Chile. In 1960, he became ambassador to Greece. As a diplomat, <mask> was invested as a Knight of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem. Whilst ambassador to Greece, he was decorated with the Order of King George I in 1964.St Andrew's College, Grahamstown, annually award the General <mask> <mask> Cadet Cup to the winning house in the inter-house cadet competition. In his last years, <mask> suffered from a lung ailment which forced his retirement in 1966. In retirement, he spent half the year at his home in Hermanus, Cape Province, and the other half in Greece, aboard the <mask>'s yacht Estrellita. He died on 9 March 1969. Awards and decorations

  War Medal 1939–1945 with Mention in Despatches

  Légion d'honneur (Commander – France)
   Order of King George I (Greece)
   Croix de guerre 1939-1945 (France)

References

External links
Personal Retrospects of Major AB Theunissen, MBE (formerly SA Staff Corps)
Tribute by Lt-Genl Geo. E. Brink, CB, CBE, DSO
The Generals of WWII

1902 births
1969 deaths
Alumni of St. Andrew's College, Grahamstown
Ambassadors of South Africa to Chile
Ambassadors of South Africa to Greece
Commanders of the Legion of Merit
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Recipients of the Order of George I
South African military personnel of World War II
South African people of British descent
Western Desert campaign
White South

masks: Poole Evered Poole Poole Poole


title: David O. McKay

texts:
<mask> (September 8, 1873 – January 18, 1970) was an American religious leader and educator who served as the ninth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1951 until his death in 1970. Ordained an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1906, <mask> was a general authority for nearly 64 years, longer than anyone else in LDS Church history, except Eldred G. Smith (although Smith was in office for 66 years, he was not active therein for the final 34 years). Early life
The third child of <mask> and <mask>, <mask> was born on his father’s farm in Huntsville, Utah Territory, about  east of Ogden. <mask>'s mother was a Welsh immigrant from Merthyr Tydfil, and his father was a Scottish immigrant from Caithness. In 1880, after the death of <mask>’s two older sisters, Margaret and Ellena, his father was called on an LDS mission to his native Scotland, where he proselytized for two years. In his father's absence, seven-year-old <mask> had additional family responsibilities and helped his mother. <mask>'s grandmother bequeathed $5,000 to <mask>'s mother upon her death and directed that "every cent ... be used for the education of the children."This money allowed <mask>, his brother Thomas, and his younger sisters Jeanette and Annie to attend the University of Utah. <mask> graduated in 1897 as valedictorian and class president. Immediately afterward, he was called on a mission to Great Britain. Like his father, he presided over the Scottish district of the church. Early in his mission, he was impressed by a motto that he saw inscribed on a building in Stirling, "What E'er Thou Art, Act Well Thy Part". This message became a source of inspiration throughout his life. Career in education

Upon his return from Scotland in late 1899, <mask> taught at the high school level at LDS Weber Stake Academy

masks:
David Oman McKay
McKay
David McKay
Jennette Eveline Evans McKay
McKay
McKay
McKay
McKay
McKay
McKay
McKay
McKay
McKay


title: David O. McKay

texts: (predecessor of Weber State University).He married Emma Ray Riggs in the Salt Lake Temple on January 2, 1901. They eventually had seven children, one dying as a young child.For his first three years at Weber, <mask> taught mainly religion and literature classes. On April 17, 1902, <mask> was appointed principal of Weber, succeeding the founding principal, Louis F. Moench, who had resigned after nine years in the position. One of his first actions as principal was to organize a school paper. He oversaw the inauguration of sports programs at Weber, with men's and women's basketball teams organized during <mask>'s tenure. In 1905, they won their baseball game against the University of Utah. In 1905, church apostles John W. Taylor and Matthias F. Cowley resigned from the Quorum of the Twelve due to disagreement over the manifesto forbidding polygamy, and apostle Marriner W. Merrill died in early 1906.With three vacancies, George F. Richards, <mask> F. Whitney, and <mask> were called as apostles in the LDS Church's April 1906 general conference. <mask> was 32 years of age at the time. Prior to this appointment to full-time service, <mask> had planned on a career in education and educational administration. He stayed active in education even after his appointment, continuing as principal of the Weber Stake Academy until 1908 (replaced by Wilford M. McKendrick). <mask> stayed at Weber Stake Academy to see the completion of new building projects that he had begun. He also served on the Weber school's board of trustees until 1922, and on the University of Utah's board of regents from 1921 to 1922. <mask> enjoyed a long, personal friendship with John F. Fitzpatrick, who published the Salt Lake Tribune from 1924 until 1960.They met weekly for breakfast to discuss the betterment of Utah. Fitzpatrick organized the Newspaper Agency Corporation, a joint

masks: McKay McKay McKay Orson McKay McKay McKay McKay McKay


title: David O. McKay

texts:
 operating agreement between the Salt Lake Tribune (represented as the Kearns Corporation) and the church-owned Deseret News, and consulted extensively with <mask> to form this mutually beneficial business in 1952. Member of the Quorum of the Twelve

In October 1906, <mask> became an assistant to the superintendent of the Deseret Sunday School Union. At the time, Joseph F. Smith was both President of the Church and Superintendent of the Sunday School, so many of the actual duties of the Sunday School were performed by <mask>. After Smith's death in November 1918, <mask> became the Sunday School superintendent. In 1920, the First Presidency assigned <mask> to make a worldwide tour of the missions of the LDS Church with Hugh J. Cannon, who recorded the journey of some 61,646 miles. They opened a new mission to China, traveled to Hawaii (where <mask> had a vision, promising to build a school near the temple), and visited Samoa, Tonga, New Zealand, and Palestine.In Palestine they met Wilford Booth and visited Armenian Latter-day Saints. <mask> returned to Utah on Christmas Eve 1921. From 1923 until 1925, <mask> served as president of the church's European Mission, headquartered in London, with the responsibility of all LDS Church functions in the British Isles and supervision of mission presidents. In this position, <mask> first used the slogan "every member a missionary" for outreach promotion. The philosophy has since been taught as a general theme throughout the church. In 1934, <mask> became Second Counselor in the First Presidency under Heber J. Grant.He served in that capacity until Grant's death in May 1945, and when Grant was succeeded by George Albert Smith, <mask> was called to continue as Second Counselor in the new Presidency. Influence on education
Within the leadership of the LDS Church, <mask> focused on education. As General

masks: McKay McKay McKay McKay McKay McKay McKay McKay McKay McKay McKay McKay


title: David O. McKay

texts:
 Superintendent of the church's Sunday School organization from 1918 to 1934, <mask> built LDS seminaries near public high schools throughout Utah, allowing students to take LDS religious courses along with their secular high school education. <mask> also transferred three LDS colleges to the state of Utah in the 1920s: Snow College, Weber State University and Dixie College. Utah underfunded the institutions and in 1953 the governor, J. Bracken Lee, offered to give them back to the LDS Church. <mask>, then president of the church, said he would accept them and the proposal was placed on the 1954 election ballot. Since it failed to pass, the three institutions remained property of the state.<mask> guided the remaining LDS school in Utah, Brigham Young University (BYU) into a full four-year university. <mask> was the fourth Commissioner of Church Education in 1920 and 1921. In honor of his service, the BYU School of Education was named the McKay School of Education. Weber State University's school of education also carries his name. President of the LDS Church
President Heber J. Grant chose <mask> to serve as Second Counselor in the First Presidency in 1934. He served in the presidency under church president Grant, and then under George Albert Smith Smith until 1951.In 1950 he also became President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles when his predecessor George F. Richards passed, making <mask> the second most senior apostle after the church's president. He was set apart as president of the church on April 9, 1951 upon Smith's death. He was 77 years old upon assuming the presidency, and served for 19 years until his death. During this time, the number of members and stakes in the LDS Church nearly tripled, from 1.1 million to 2.8 million, and 184 to 500 respectively. <mask> was an outspoken critic of communism, opposing its perceived atheist

masks: McKay McKay McKay McKay McKay McKay McKay McKay


title: David O. McKay

texts: underpinnings and denial of freedom of choice. Similarly, communist nations generally forbid proselytizing by the LDS Church and most other religions. In 1951, <mask> began plans for what eventually became BYU-Hawaii.In 1954 he made another trip around the world, visiting Brazil, South Africa, Fiji, Tonga, and other countries. Under <mask>'s administration, the LDS Church's stance on Africans holding the priesthood was softened. Beginning in the mid-1950s, members of suspected African descent no longer needed to prove their lineage was not African, allowing dark-skinned members to receive the priesthood unless it was proved that they were of African descent. This policy improved proselytizing in racially mixed areas, such as South America and South Africa. Blacks of verifiable African descent (including most in the United States) were not permitted to hold the priesthood until eight years after <mask>'s death. Beginning in 1961, the LDS Church spearheaded the Priesthood Correlation Program. By the 1970s, all church organizations were placed under direct priesthood leadership.These organizations became known as auxiliary organizations, which continue to the present. Film director Cecil B. DeMille consulted with <mask> during the production of his 1956 epic film The Ten Commandments, forming a friendship until DeMille's death. <mask> invited DeMille to BYU, where he delivered a commencement address in 1957. <mask> regularly traveled until his 90s. His deteriorating health in the mid-1960s ultimately led to the appointment of three additional counselors in the First Presidency, as existing members were increasingly infirm and often unable to preside at meetings. By 1968, the First Presidency was composed of six members, larger than it had been at the death of Brigham Young in 1877. <mask>'s counselors in the First Presidency were Stephen L Richards

masks: McKay McKay McKay McKay McKay McKay McKay


title: David O. McKay

texts:
 (First Counselor, 1951–59); J. Reuben Clark, Jr. (Second Counselor (1951–59, First Counselor 1959–61); Henry D. Moyle (Second Counselor 1959–61, First Counselor 1961–63); Hugh B.Brown (Third Counselor 1961, Second Counselor 1961–63, First Counselor 1963–70); N. Eldon Tanner (Second Counselor, 1963–70); Thorpe B. Isaacson (Counselor, 1965–70); Joseph Fielding Smith (Counselor, 1965–70); Alvin R. Dyer (Counselor, 1968–70). Death
<mask> died on January 18, 1970 at age 96, surrounded by most of his family. Cause of death was acute congestion. He had lived longer than any previous leader of the Church. Funeral services were held in the Salt Lake Tabernacle. <mask> was buried in the Salt Lake City Cemetery. Family ties
His younger brother, Thomas Evans <mask> (1875–1958), was a prominent missionary and mission leader for the LDS Church in Switzerland and Germany; he also served as an Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles from 1941 to 1958.<mask>'s niece, Fawn <mask>, was the author of the controversial book No Man Knows My History, a highly critical biography of Joseph Smith, the publication of which led to her eventual excommunication from the LDS Church. <mask>'s oldest son, <mask> <mask>, was the eighth general superintendent of the LDS Church's Sunday School organization. When his father was ill, his son <mask> often read his father's sermons during general conference. One of <mask>'s granddaughters is <mask> Bennett, wife of former United States Senator Bob Bennett. Another grandchild, Alan Ashton, was the co-founder and co-owner of computer program WordPerfect. The Events Center at Utah Valley University in Orem, the <mask> O. <mask> Events Center, carried <mask>'s name between 1996 and 2010, after an anonymous donation was given in his honor. In 2010 the name was changed (to "Utah Community Credit Center") due to a fund-raising need at

masks:
McKay
McKay
McKay
McKay
McKay Brodie
McKay
David Lawrence
McKay
David
McKay
Joyce McKay
David
McKay
McKay


title: David O. McKay

texts:
 the university, and <mask>'s name was affixed to the university's Education Center instead.Teachings
<mask> was concerned with missionary work, and coined the phrase "Every member a missionary" in order to encourage church members to become more engaged in that work, and not just leave it to the full-time missionaries. <mask>'s statement that "[n]o other success can compensate for failure in the home" is taught to LDS Church members as an important principle. <mask>'s teachings as an apostle were the 2005 course of study in the LDS Church's Sunday Relief Society and Melchizedek priesthood classes. Works

  LDS Church publication number 36492. Notes

References
 . .
 .

Further reading

External links

 Grampa Bill's G.A. Pages: <mask>. <mask>
David O. <mask> School of Education at Brigham Young University
David O. McKay Champion of Freedom - patriotic quotes of <mask>. <mask>.<mask><mask> and the Rise of Modern Mormonism - Review of major <mask><mask> biography
 <mask> <mask> papers, 1897-1983, held by the University of Utah Special Collections

1873 births
1970 deaths
19th-century Mormon missionaries
American general authorities (LDS Church)
American Latter Day Saint writers
American Mormon missionaries in Scotland
American people of Scottish descent
Apostles (LDS Church)
Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery
Commissioners of Church Education (LDS Church)
Counselors in the First Presidency (LDS Church)
Counselors in the General Presidency of the Sunday School (LDS Church)
General Presidents of the Sunday School (LDS Church)
McKay family
Mission presidents (LDS Church)
People from Huntsville, Utah
Presidents of the Church (LDS Church)
Presidents of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)
Presidents of Weber State University
University of Utah alumni
Weber State University people
American people of Welsh

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McKay
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David O
. McKay
David Oman
McKay


title: Tony Hwang

texts:
<mask> (born September 17, 1964) is an American real estate agent and politician. A Republican, he is a member of the Connecticut State Senate, for the 28th District, which covers parts of Fairfield County. Previously, Hwang as a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives for the 134th District in the Connecticut General Assembly. <mask> became a state representative in 2008 and won re-election in 2010 and 2012. He was elected to the state Senate in 2014 and subsequently reelected. He is the assistant Senate Minority Leader. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, after his parents fled the communist government in mainland China as teenagers and re-settled in Taiwan.The family emigrated to the U.S. when <mask> was approximately nine years old and settled in Syracuse, New York. <mask> received a bachelor's degree in Labor Relations and Organizational Behavior from Cornell University. Political career

Elections
<mask> worked for United Technologies before becoming a licensed realtor in Fairfield. He was a member of the Town of Fairfield representative town meeting from 2003 to 2009 before being elected to the Connecticut House of Representatives from the 134th District. In 2014, <mask> won election to the Connecticut Senate from the 28th State Senate District, defeating the Democratic nominee, state Representative Kim Fawcett of the 133rd State House District. The district includes parts of Fairfield, Easton, Newtown, Weston, and Westport. <mask> was endorsed by State Senator John McKinney.McKinney vacated the Senate seat to run for governor, but subsequently lost in the Republican primary to Thomas C. Foley. In 2016, <mask> received re-election endorsements from Robert H. Steele, John Kasich, the Connecticut League of

masks:
Tony Hwang
Hwang
Hwang
Hwang
Hwang
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Hwang
Hwang
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title: Tony Hwang

texts:
 Conservation Voters, and the National Federation of Independent Business. <mask> ran for re-election in 2016 to retain his seat as state senator for the 28th district, winning with 58% of the vote; he defeated Democratic nominee Philip Dwyer. In 2018, <mask> defeated Democratic nominee Michelle McCabe; in a rematch in 2020, <mask> again defeated McCabe. At various points since 2013, <mask> has publicly considered running for statewide office, and in 2017 had an exploratory committee for governor. Thus far, <mask> has opted not to run for statewide office. Campaign spending and advertisement controversies
In 2014, the Connecticut State Elections Enforcement Commission investigated <mask> over an allegation of failure to disclose campaign purchases.The Commission authorized the investigation after reviewing complaints and submitted materials from Town of Fairfield's Democratic Town Committee. <mask> denied wrongdoing, and accused the Fairfield Democratic Town Committee as trying to distract the electorate. In 2016, the State Elections Enforcement Commission fined <mask> $400 for violation of rules on campaign contribution limits. <mask> spent $15,020 on advertising on place mats at a Connecticut restaurant chain. He purchased the ads with personal funds and was later reimbursed the cost by his political committee. <mask> initially did not disclose the reimbursement on his campaign disclosure filings. A local Democratic committee chairman filed an elections complaint against <mask> for the lapse in 2016.In December 2017, the state Elections Enforcement Commission ruled that the failure to disclosure was unintentional, and directed him to correct his filings. In January 2017, <mask> also reported spending $2,850 on "Wikipedia information management"

masks: Hwang Hwang Hwang Hwang Hwang Hwang Hwang Hwang Hwang Hwang Hwang Hwang


title: Tony Hwang

texts:
 services. In 2018, some of <mask>'s campaign signs included copyrighted art from the nonprofit, nonpartisan organizations Hate Has No Home Here and Ben's Bells, without permission from the groups. After the use of the art was reported, <mask> issued an apology, said that the use was unintentional, and removed the signs and text at issue. Tenure and political positions
In 2019, the Connecticut League of Conservation Voters gave <mask> a "lifetime score" of 88% and called him "a thoughtful voice on the environment and conservation," citing his advocacy for the Long Island Sound Blue Plan and State Water Plan. The group endorsed <mask>'s campaign for the state Senate in 2014. In 2019, he supported a plastic bag ban.The Hartford Courant described <mask> in 2019 as a moderate Republican. During the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries, <mask> supported John Kasich, and was named Connecticut state chairman of Kasich's campaign. He hosted campaign events with Kasich in the state. Hwang opposed Donald Trump and condemned Trump's insults targeting women, minorities, immigrants, and persons with disabilities; Hwang said in October 2016: "Trump's comments are unacceptable under any circumstances. It perpetuates the potential cycle of violence. I can't say it strong enough that I condemn them. I have never supported him because of those comments."As of 2020, <mask> is the ranking member of the state Senate committees on housing, higher education, public safety and security, and transportation. <mask> was a member of the Legislative Environment Committee in 2011 and 2012. <mask> voted against a pro-net neutrality bill in 2018, arguing that the matter is a federal issue. Like most Connecticut Republican legislators, Hwang opposes the legalization of

masks: Hwang Hwang Hwang Hwang Hwang Hwang Hwang Hwang Hwang


title: Tony Hwang

texts:
 marijuana; he opposed proposals in 2019 to legalize, tax, and regulate recreational marijuana in Connecticut. He is an outspoken opponent of legalized gambling in Connecticut, and has opposed moves to allow additional casinos and other gambling businesses to operate in the state. He has supported stronger gun control legislation. Public Argument With High School Girl

On Election Day in 2019, a high school student volunteer argued with Hwang at Fairfield's District 1 polling place about socialism; this led to Hwang educating and informing the student on the history of socialism, along with tell her his personal experiences with the ideology.The exchange brought the student to tears and prompting a Facebook post from her mother that circulated on social media. <mask> later apologized to the student, citing he did not intend to hurt the students feelings, rather educate her on the topic. References

External links

1964 births
Living people
American people of Chinese descent
American politicians of Taiwanese descent
Connecticut Republicans
Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations alumni
Members of the Connecticut House of Representatives
Politicians from Kaohsiung
Politicians from Syracuse, New York
Taiwanese emigrants to the United States
21st-century American politicians
Asian-American people in Connecticut


title: Elsa Morante

texts:
<mask> (; 18 August 191225 November 1985) was an Italian novelist, poet, translator and children's books author. Her novel La storia (History) is included in the Bokklubben World Library List of 100 Best Books of All Time. Life and career
<mask> was born in Rome in 1912, the daughter of Irma (née Poggibonsi), a schoolteacher, and <mask>. Her mother came from a Jewish family in Modena. When she was a teenager Morante discovered that Francesco Lo Monaco, a family neighbor, was her biological father. Except for a brief period during World War II, she resided in Rome until her death in 1985. Morante started writing at an early age.Without having much support from her parents, she relied mostly on self-education. She began writing short stories in the mid-1930s. Some were published in various publications and journals, including periodicals for children. Her first book, a collection of short stories called Il Gioco Segreto (The Secret Game), was published in 1941. In the same year she married fellow novelist and film critic Alberto Moravia. In 1942 she wrote her first children's book, Le Bellissime avventure di Caterì dalla Trecciolina (republished in 1959 as Le straordinarie avventure di Caterina). During the German occupation of Italy at the end of World War II, <mask> and Moravia, fearful because of their Jewish heritage, fled Rome to repair in Southern Lazio, in a village near Fondi and where there were several poor families of shepherds, called in the past, with an offensive term, "ciociari" in the modern Roman dialect.The experience would inspire Morante's La storia (1974) and Moravia's La Ciociara (translated in English in 1957 as "Two Women" and later made into a film by Vittorio De Sica). During her time in the territory of Fondi, she began translating the work of Katherine Mansfield. Morante decided to briefly return

masks:
Elsa Morante
Elsa Morante
Augusto Morante
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title: Elsa Morante

texts: to war-torn Rome at great personal risk to retrieve the manuscript of what would be her first published Menzogna e sortilegio and get winter clothes. At the end of the war, <mask> and Moravia met American translator William Weaver, who helped them to break into the English-speaking market. Her first novel, 1948's Menzogna e sortilegio, won the Viareggio Prize, and was published in the United States in 1951 as House of Liars. Despite her international success, Morante found the English translation quite disappointing. Morante's next novel, L'isola di Arturo, was published in 1957 and won the Strega Prize.In 1961 Morante and Moravia separated, without divorcing, and Morante's writing became more sporadic. She destroyed much of the work written during that period, although she did publish a novel, The Andalusian Shawl (1963), and a poem, The Adventure. Her next work, Il mondo salvato dai ragazzini (The World Saved by Children), a mix of poetry and songs mostly addressed to her new lover, artist Bill Morrow, was published in 1968. In 1963 Pier Paolo Pasolini invited Morante to select the music for his film The Gospel According to St. Matthew. She also collaborated in casting the actors. In 1974 Morante published La storia, a book chronicling the events surrounding Rome during World War II. It became a national bestseller in Italy, partially due to Morante's insistence that publisher Einaudi would put it out in an economical paperback edition.Despite its commercial success, the book provoked furious and at times negative reactions from left-wing literary critics, who disliked its anti-ideological tone. After Pier Paolo Pasolini wrote a negative review of the book, Morante broke off their friendship. La storia was adapted into a Rai television series in 1986. Morante's final novel, Aracoeli (1982), has been perceived as a


title: Lynsey Addario

texts:
<mask> (born November 13, 1973) is an American photojournalist. Her work often focuses on conflicts and human rights issues, especially the role of women in traditional societies. Life and work

<mask> was born and raised in Westport, Connecticut to parents Camille and <mask>, both Italian-American hairdressers. She graduated from Staples High School, in Westport, Connecticut in 1991 and from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1995. [4] She also holds two Honorary Doctorate Degrees, one from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in Humanities, and another from Bates College in Maine. <mask> began photographing professionally with Buenos Aires Herald in Argentina in 1996 with, as she says, "no previous photographic training”. In the late 1990s, she moved back to the United States and freelanced for the Associated Press in New York City, only to move back to South America less than one year later.Focusing on Cuba and the effect of communism on the public, Addario made a name for herself. She moved to India a few years later to photograph under the Associated Press, leaving the United States. While living in India, Addario traveled through Nepal, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, focusing on humanitarian and women's issues. After the attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001, Addario resolved to photograph Afghanistan and Pakistan under the Taliban. While in Pakistan, <mask> was given her big break and put on rotation for The New York Times. During this time, she “used her gender to get inside the women’s Madrases to interview and photograph the most devout Pakistani women.” <mask> spoke at length with her subjects, inspiring her to use photography to “dispel stereotypes or misconceptions; of presenting the counterintuitive.”

In 2003 and 2004, Addario photographed the Iraq war in Baghdad for The New York Times. She has since covered conflicts in Afghanistan, Iraq, Darfur, Republic of the Congo, and Haiti.She has covered stories throughout the Middle East and Africa. In August 2004 she turned her attention to Africa, focusing on Chad and Sudan. She has photographed for The

masks:
Lynsey Addario
Lynsey Addario
Phillip Addario
Addario
Addario
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title: Lynsey Addario

texts: New York Times, The New York Times Magazine, Time, Newsweek, and National Geographic. In Pakistan on May 9, 2009, <mask> was involved in an automobile accident while returning to Islamabad from an assignment at a refugee camp. Her collar bone was broken, another journalist was injured, and the driver was killed. <mask> was one of four New York Times journalists who were missing in Libya from March 16–21, 2011. The New York Times reported on March 18, 2011 that Libya had agreed to free her and three colleagues: Anthony Shadid, Stephen Farrell and Tyler Hicks.The Libyan government released the four journalists on March 21, 2011. She reports that she was threatened with death and repeatedly groped during her captivity by the Libyan Army. In November 2011, The New York Times wrote a letter of complaint on behalf of <mask> to the Israeli government, after allegations that Israeli soldiers at the Erez Crossing had strip-searched and mocked her and forced her to go through an X-ray scanner three times despite knowing that she was pregnant. Addario reported that she had "never, ever been treated with such blatant cruelty." The Israeli Defence ministry subsequently issued an apology to both Addario and The New York Times. The extensive exhibition In Afghanistan at the Nobel Peace Center in Oslo, Norway has her photos of Afghan women juxtaposed with Tim Hetherington's photographs from American soldiers in the Korangal Valley. <mask>'s recent bodies of work include "Finding Home" a year-long documentary following three Syrian refugee families and their stateless newborns over the course of one year as they await asylum in Europe for Time, The Changing Face of Saudi Women for National Geographic and "The Displaced" for The New York Times Magazine, a reportage documenting the lives of three children displaced from war in Syria, Ukraine, and South Sudan.<mask> has spent the last four years documenting the plight of Syrian refugees in Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, and Iraq for The New York Times, and she has covered the civil war in South Sudan, and Maternal Mortality in Assam,

masks: Addario Addario Addario Addario Addario


title: Lynsey Addario

texts:
 India, and Sierra Leone for Time. In 2015, Addario published her memoir It's What I Do: A Photographer's Life of Love and War and Warner Bros bought the rights to a movie based on the memoir, to be directed by Steven Spielberg and to star Jennifer Lawrence as <mask>. She also released a photography book in October 2018 titled “Of Love and War”. <mask> is married to Paul de Bendern, a journalist with Reuters. They married in July 2009. They have one son, Lukas (born in 2011). Publications by Addario
It's What I Do: A Photographer's Life of Love and War.New York: Penguin, 2015. .
Of Love & War. New York: Penguin, 2018. . Awards
2002: Infinity Award from the International Center of Photography. 2008: Getty Images Grant for Editorial photography for her work in Darfur. 2009: MacArthur Fellowship from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. 2009: Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting, part of which was for her work in Waziristan. 2015: American Photo Magazine named Addario one of the five most influential photographers of the past 25 years, writing that "Addario changed the way we saw the world’s conflicts."2017: Golden Plate Award from the American Academy of Achievement. 2018: Emmy Award for 'Finding Home' with Time. 2019: Honorary Doctorate from the University of York

References

External links

 Peter Hossli: "It's a Calling" Interview with <mask> <mask> from June 15, 2015
 "Inside the Mind of a Genius: <mask> <mask>", The Root

American photojournalists
21st-century American memoirists
1973 births
Living people
American women journalists
American women photographers
MacArthur Fellows
National Geographic photographers
American women memoirists
People from Norwalk, Connecticut
American expatriates in India
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
American writers of Italian descent
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
21st-century American photographers
21st-century American women artists
21st-century American women writers
Staples High School alumni
The New York Times visual journalists
21st-century women photographers
Photographers from

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Addario


title: Merlin Hanbury-Tracy, 7th Baron Sudeley

texts:
<mask>, 7th Baron <mask>  (born 17 June 1939) is a British peer, author, and veteran monarchist. In 1941, at the age of two, he succeeded his first cousin once removed, Richard Hanbury-Tracy, 6th Baron Sudeley, to the Barony of Sudeley and until the House of Lords Act 1999 sat as a hereditary peer. A member of the Conservative Party all his adult life, he was sometime President and also Chairman of the Conservative Monday Club for seventeen years. He is Vice-Chancellor of the International Monarchist League, and President of the Traditional Britain Group. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 17 June 1939 to Captain Michael Hanbury-Tracy, a Scots Guards officer, who died from wounds received at Dunkirk, and Colline Annabel, only daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Collis George Herbert St. Hill, the Royal North Devon Hussars, then commanding the 2/5 battalion of Sherwood Foresters, who was also killed by a sniper at Villers-Plouich, France, on 8 July 1917. <mask>'s paternal grandfather, Lieutenant Felix Hanbury-Tracy, also an officer in the Scots Guards, was killed attacking German positions near Fromelles on 19 December 1914. <mask> was educated at Eton, and later graduated in History from Worcester College, Oxford.<mask> has also lectured at the University of Bristol. He served his National Service obligations in the ranks of the Scots Guards. Political activity
<mask> served as an active member of the House of Lords for 39 years (from the age of 21, the minimum age one can take one's seat), introducing several

masks:
Merlin Charles Sainthill Hanbury Tracy
Sudeley
Merlin Hanbury Tracy
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title: Merlin Hanbury-Tracy, 7th Baron Sudeley

texts: measures, most notably the debate to prevent the unlicensed export of historical manuscripts and, in 1981, a Bill to uphold the Book of Common Prayer, which was cleared on Second Reading. He was one of the hereditary peers expelled from the Upper House by the House of Lords Act 1999. He spoke out against the reform of the Lords, asking, "If it isn't broken why mend it?" He also said that since he believed inherited titles were "inextricably" tied to the monarchy that it was "odd that they just want to touch one institution and not the other". He also cited the wealth of experience that the Lords had built up.In 1985 he was elected a Vice-Chancellor of the International Monarchist League. Since the early 1970s, <mask> has been active in the Conservative Monday Club of which he became president in February 1991. He wrote for them a leading essay on "The Role of Heredity in Politics", produced a Club Policy Paper against Lords Reform in December 1979, and in 1991 they published his booklet entitled, and arguing for, The Preservation of the House of Lords, with a Foreword by parliamentarian John Stokes. In September 2001, the Conservative Party leadership candidate Iain Duncan Smith  said the Monday Club was a "viable organisation… in a sense what the party is about". However, six weeks later, after becoming leader, he publicly distanced the party from the Monday Club until it ceased to "promulgate or discuss policies relating to race"; he also indicated that no Conservative MPs should contribute to Right Now!, a