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 even being blood-related.Marcel Mauss, a notable social anthropologist of the prewar era, for instance, was his nephew. Education
A precocious student, <mask> entered the École Normale Supérieure (ENS) in 1879, at his third attempt. The entering class that year was one of the most brilliant of the nineteenth century, as many of his classmates, such as Jean Jaurès and Henri Bergson, went on to become major figures in France's intellectual history as well. At the ENS, <mask> studied under the direction of Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges, a classicist with a social-scientific outlook, and wrote his Latin dissertation on Montesquieu. At the same time, he read Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer, whereby Durkheim became interested in a scientific approach to society very early on in his career. This meant the first of many conflicts with the French academic system, which had no social science curriculum at the time. Durkheim found humanistic studies uninteresting, turning his attention from psychology and philosophy to ethics and, eventually, sociology.He obtained his agrégation in philosophy in 1882, though finishing next to last in his graduating class owing to serious illness the year before. The opportunity for Durkheim to receive a major academic appointment in Paris was inhibited by his approach to society. From 1882 to 1887 he taught philosophy at several provincial schools. In 1885 he decided to leave for Germany, where for two years he studied sociology at the universities of Marburg, Berlin and Leipzig. As <mask> indicated in several essays, it was in Leipzig that he learned to appreciate the value of empiricism and its language of concrete, complex things, in sharp contrast to the more abstract, clear and simple

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 ideas of the Cartesian method. By 1886, as part of his doctoral dissertation, he had completed the draft of his The Division of Labour in Society, and was working towards establishing the new science of sociology. Academic career

<mask>'s period in Germany resulted in the publication of numerous articles on German social science and philosophy; <mask> was particularly impressed by the work of Wilhelm Wundt.<mask>'s articles gained recognition in France, and he received a teaching appointment in the University of Bordeaux in 1887, where he was to teach the university's first social science course. His official title was , thus he taught both pedagogy and sociology (the latter having never been taught in France before). The appointment of the social scientist to the mostly humanistic faculty was an important sign of changing times and the growing importance and recognition of the social sciences. From this position <mask> helped reform the French school system, introducing the study of social science in its curriculum. However, his controversial beliefs that religion and morality could be explained in terms purely of social interaction earned him many critics. Also in 1887, <mask> married Louise Dreyfus. They had two children, Marie and André.The 1890s were a period of remarkable creative output for <mask>. In 1893, he published The Division of Labour in Society, his doctoral dissertation and fundamental statement of the nature of human society and its development. <mask>'s interest in social phenomena was spurred on by politics. France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War led to the fall of the regime of Napoleon III, which was then replaced by the Third Republic. This in turn resulted in a backlash against the new

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texts: secular and republican rule, as many people considered a vigorously nationalistic approach necessary to rejuvenate France's fading power. <mask>, a Jew and a staunch supporter of the Third Republic with a sympathy towards socialism, was thus in the political minority, a situation that galvanized him politically. The Dreyfus affair of 1894 only strengthened his activist stance.In 1895, he published The Rules of Sociological Method, a manifesto stating what sociology is and how it ought to be done, and founded the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux. In 1898, he founded L'Année Sociologique, the first French social science journal. Its aim was to publish and publicize the work of what was, by then, a growing number of students and collaborators (this is also the name used to refer to the group of students who developed his sociological program). In 1897, he published Suicide, a case study that provided an example of what a sociological monograph might look like. <mask> was one of the pioneers of the use of quantitative methods in criminology, which he used in his study of suicide. By 1902, <mask> had finally achieved his goal of attaining a prominent position in Paris when he became the chair of education at the Sorbonne. <mask> had aimed for the position earlier, but the Parisian faculty took longer to accept what some called "sociological imperialism" and admit social science to their curriculum.He became a full professor (specifically, Professor of the Science of Education) there in 1906, and in 1913 he was named chair in "Education and Sociology". Because French universities are technically institutions for training secondary school teachers, this position gave Durkheim considerable

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 influence—his lectures were the only ones that were mandatory for the entire student body. <mask> had much influence over the new generation of teachers; around that time he also served as an advisor to the Ministry of Education. In 1912, he published his last major work, The Elementary Forms of The Religious Life. Death

The outbreak of World War I was to have a tragic effect on <mask>'s life. His leftism was always patriotic rather than internationalist, in that he sought a secular, rational form of French life. However, the onset of the war, and the inevitable nationalist propaganda that followed, made it difficult to sustain this already nuanced position.While <mask> actively worked to support his country in the war, his reluctance to give in to simplistic nationalist fervor (combined with his Jewish background) made him a natural target of the now-ascendant French Right. Even more seriously, the generations of students that Durkheim had trained were now being drafted to serve in the army, many of them perishing in the trenches. Finally, <mask>'s own son, André, died on the war front in December 1915—a loss from which Durkheim never recovered. Emotionally devastated, <mask> collapsed of a stroke in Paris on 15 November, two years later in 1917. He was buried at the Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris. Methodology

In The Rules of Sociological Method (1895), <mask> expressed his will to establish a method that would guarantee sociology's truly scientific character. One of the questions raised concerns the objectivity of the sociologist: how may one study an object that, from the very beginning, conditions and relates to the observer?According to Durkheim, observation must be as impartial and impersonal as possible, even

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 though a "perfectly objective observation" in this sense may never be attained. A social fact must always be studied according to its relation with other social facts, never according to the individual who studies it. Sociology should therefore privilege comparison rather than the study of singular independent facts. <mask> sought to create one of the first rigorous scientific approaches to social phenomena. Along with Herbert Spencer, he was one of the first people to explain the existence and quality of different parts of a society by reference to what function they served in maintaining the quotidian (i.e. by how they make society "work"). He also agreed with Spencer's organic analogy, comparing society to a living organism.Thus his work is sometimes seen as a precursor to functionalism. Durkheim also insisted that society was more than the sum of its parts. Unlike his contemporaries Ferdinand Tönnies and Max Weber, he did not focus on what motivates the actions of individuals (an approach associated with methodological individualism), but rather on the study of social facts. Inspirations
During his university studies at the ENS, Durkheim was influenced by two neo-Kantian scholars: Charles Bernard Renouvier and <mask> Boutroux. The principles Durkheim absorbed from them included rationalism, scientific study of morality, anti-utilitarianism, and secular education. His methodology was influenced by Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges, a supporter of the scientific method. Comte
A fundamental influence on Durkheim's thought was the sociological positivism of Auguste Comte, who effectively sought to extend and apply the scientific method found in the natural sciences to the social sciences.According to Comte, a true

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 social science should stress empirical facts, as well as induce general scientific laws from the relationship among these facts. There were many points on which Durkheim agreed with the positivist thesis:

 First, he accepted that the study of society was to be founded on an examination of facts. Second, like Comte, he acknowledged that the only valid guide to objective knowledge was the scientific method. Third, he agreed with Comte that the social sciences could become scientific only when they were stripped of their metaphysical abstractions and philosophical speculation. At the same time, Durkheim believed that Comte was still too philosophical in his outlook. Realism
A second influence on <mask>'s view of society beyond Comte's positivism was the epistemological outlook called social realism. Although he never explicitly espoused it, <mask> adopted a realist perspective in order to demonstrate the existence of social realities outside the individual and to show that these realities existed in the form of the objective relations of society.As an epistemology of science, realism can be defined as a perspective that takes as its central point of departure the view that external social realities exist in the outer world and that these realities are independent of the individual's perception of them. This view opposes other predominant philosophical perspectives such as empiricism and positivism. Empiricists, like David Hume, had argued that all realities in the outside world are products of human sense perception, thus all realities are merely perceived: they do not exist independently of our perceptions, and have no causal power in themselves. Comte's positivism went a step further by claiming that scientific laws

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 could be deduced from empirical observations. Going beyond this, <mask> claimed that sociology would not only discover "apparent" laws, but would be able to discover the inherent nature of society. Judaism
Scholars also debate the exact influence of Jewish thought on <mask>'s work. The answer remains uncertain; some scholars have argued that <mask>'s thought is a form of secularized Jewish thought, while others argue that proving the existence of a direct influence of Jewish thought on Durkheim's achievements is difficult or impossible.Durkheim and theory
Throughout his career, Durkheim was concerned primarily with three goals. First, to establish sociology as a new academic discipline. Second, to analyse how societies could maintain their integrity and coherence in the modern era, when things such as shared religious and ethnic background could no longer be assumed. To that end he wrote much about the effect of laws, religion, education and similar forces on society and social integration. Lastly, Durkheim was concerned with the practical implications of scientific knowledge. The importance of social integration is expressed throughout Durkheim's work:

Establishing sociology
Durkheim authored some of the most programmatic statements on what sociology is and how it should be practiced. His concern was to establish sociology as a science.Arguing for a place for sociology among other sciences, he wrote, "sociology is, then, not an auxiliary of any other science; it is itself a distinct and autonomous science." To give sociology a place in the academic world and to ensure that it is a legitimate science, it must have an object that is clear and distinct from philosophy or psychology, and its own methodology. He argued


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 that "there is in every society a certain group of phenomena which may be differentiated from those studied by the other natural sciences." A fundamental aim of sociology is to discover structural "social facts". The establishment of sociology as an independent, recognized academic discipline is among <mask>'s largest and most lasting legacies. Within sociology, his work has significantly influenced structuralism or structural functionalism. Social facts

<mask>'s work revolved around the study of social facts, a term he coined to describe phenomena that have an existence in and of themselves, are not bound to the actions of individuals, but have a coercive influence upon them.Durkheim argued that social facts have, sui generis, an independent existence greater and more objective than the actions of the individuals that compose society. Only such social facts can explain the observed social phenomena. Being exterior to the individual person, social facts may thus also exercise coercive power on the various people composing society, as it can sometimes be observed in the case of formal laws and regulations, but also in situations implying the presence of informal rules, such as religious rituals or family norms. Unlike the facts studied in natural sciences, a social fact thus refers to a specific category of phenomena: "the determining cause of a social fact must be sought among the antecedent social facts and not among the states of the individual consciousness." Such facts are endowed with a power of coercion, by reason of which they may control individual behaviors. According to Durkheim, these phenomena cannot be reduced to biological or psychological grounds. Social facts can be material (i.e.physical objects) or


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 immaterial (i.e. meanings, sentiments, etc.). Though the latter cannot be seen or touched, they are external and coercive, thus becoming real and gaining "facticity". Physical objects, too, can represent both material and immaterial social facts. For example, a flag is a physical social fact that is often ingrained with various immaterial social facts (e.g. its meaning and importance). Many social facts, however, have no material form.Even the most "individualistic" or "subjective" phenomena, such as love, freedom, or suicide, were regarded by Durkheim as objective social facts. Individuals composing society do not directly cause suicide: suicide, as a social fact, exists independently in society, and is caused by other social facts—such as rules governing behavior and group attachment—whether an individual likes it or not. Whether a person "leaves" a society does not alter the fact that this society will still contain suicides. Suicide, like other immaterial social facts, exists independently of the will of an individual, cannot be eliminated, and is as influential—coercive—as physical laws like gravity. Sociology's task therefore consists of discovering the qualities and characteristics of such social facts, which can be discovered through a quantitative or experimental approach (Durkheim extensively relied on statistics). Society, collective consciousness, and culture
[[File:Emile <mask>, Division du travail social maitrier.jpg|thumb|right|Cover of the French edition of The Division of Labour in Society]]Regarding the society itself, like social institutions in general, Durkheim saw it as a set of social facts. Even more than "what society is," Durkheim was interested in answering "how is a society created" and


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 "what holds a society together."In The Division of Labour in Society, Durkheim attempts to answer the latter question. Collective consciousness
Durkheim assumes that humans are inherently egoistic, while "collective consciousness" (i.e. norms, beliefs, and values) forms the moral basis of the society, resulting in social integration. Collective consciousness is therefore of key importance to the society; its requisite function without which the society cannot survive. This consciousness produces the society and holds it together, while, at the same time, individuals produce collective consciousness through their interactions. Through collective consciousness human beings become aware of one another as social beings, not just animals.The totality of beliefs and sentiments common to the average members of a society forms a determinate system with a life of its own. It can be termed the collective or common consciousness.In particular, the emotional part of the collective consciousness overrides our egoism: as we are emotionally bound to culture, we act socially because we recognize it is the responsible, moral way to act.A key to forming society is social interaction, and Durkheim believes that human beings, when in a group, will inevitably act in such a way that a society is formed. Culture
Groups, when interacting, create their own culture and attach powerful emotions to it, thus making culture another key social fact. <mask> was one of the first scholars to consider the question of culture so intensely. Durkheim was interested in cultural diversity, and how the existence of diversity nonetheless fails to destroy a society. To that, Durkheim answered that any apparent cultural diversity is overridden by a larger,


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 importance, sacredness even, given to the concept—social fact—of the individual.The individual, rather than the collective, becomes the focus of rights and responsibilities, the center of public and private rituals holding the society together—a function once performed by the religion. To stress the importance of this concept, Durkheim talked of the "cult of the individual":Thus very far from there being the antagonism between the individual and society which is often claimed, moral individualism, the cult of the individual, is in fact the product of society itself. It is society that instituted it and made of man the god whose servant it is.Durkheim saw the population density and growth as key factors in the evolution of the societies and advent of modernity. As the number of people in a given area increase, so does the number of interactions, and the society becomes more complex. Growing competition between the more numerous people also leads to further division of labour. In time, the importance of the state, the law and the individual increases, while that of the religion and moral solidarity decreases. In another example of evolution of culture, <mask> pointed to fashion, although in this case he noted a more cyclical phenomenon.According to Durkheim, fashion serves to differentiate between lower classes and upper classes, but because lower classes want to look like the upper classes, they will eventually adapt the upper class fashion, depreciating it, and forcing the upper class to adopt a new fashion. Social pathology and crime
As the society, Durkheim noted there are several possible pathologies that could lead to a breakdown of social integration and disintegration of the society: the two most important ones


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 are anomie and forced division of labour; lesser ones include the lack of coordination and suicide. To Durkheim, anomie refers to a lack of social norms; where too rapid of population growth reduces the amount of interaction between various groups, which in turn leads to a breakdown of understanding (i.e. norms, values, etc.). Forced division of labour, on the other hand, refers to a situation in which those who hold power, driven by their desire for profit (greed), results in people doing work that they are unsuited for. Such people are unhappy, and their desire to change the system can destabilize the society. Durkheim's views on crime were a departure from conventional notions.He believed that crime is "bound up with the fundamental conditions of all social life" and serves a social function. He states that crime implies "not only that the way remains open to necessary changes but that in certain cases it directly prepares these changes." Examining the trial of Socrates, he argues that "his crime, namely, the independence of his thought, rendered a service not only to humanity but to his country" as "it served to prepare a new morality and faith that the Athenians needed." As such, his crime "was a useful prelude to reforms." In this sense, he saw crime as being able to release certain social tensions and so have a cleansing or purging effect in society. The authority which the moral conscience enjoys must not be excessive; otherwise, no-one would dare to criticize it, and it would too easily congeal into an immutable form. To make progress, individual originality must be able to express itself…[even] the originality of the criminal…shall also be possible.Deviance
<mask> thought deviance to be an essential


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 component of a functional society. He believed that deviance had three possible effects on society:"7.2 Explaining Deviance." Sociology: Understanding and Changing the Social World. University of Minnesota Libraries (2016). .

 Deviance challenges the perspective and thoughts of the general population, leading to social change by pointing out a flaw in society. Deviant acts may support existing social norms and beliefs by evoking the population to discipline the actors. Reactions to deviant activity could increase camaraderie and social support among the population affected by the activity. <mask>'s thoughts on deviance contributed to Robert Merton's Strain Theory.Suicide

In Suicide (1897), Durkheim explores the differing suicide rates among Protestants and Catholics, arguing that stronger social control among Catholics results in lower suicide rates. According to Durkheim, Catholic society has normal levels of integration while Protestant society has low levels. Overall, Durkheim treated suicide as a social fact, explaining variations in its rate on a macro level, considering society-scale phenomena such as lack of connections between people (group attachment) and lack of regulations of behavior, rather than individuals' feelings and motivations. Durkheim believed there was more to suicide than extremely personal individual life circumstances: for example, a loss of a job, divorce, or bankruptcy. Instead, he took suicide and explained it as a social fact instead of a result of one's circumstances. Durkheim believed that suicide was an instance of social deviance. Social deviance being any transgression of socially established norms.He created a normative theory of suicide focusing on the conditions of group life.


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 Proposing four different types of suicide, which include egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic, <mask> began his theory by plotting social regulation on the x-axis of his chart, and social integration on the y-axis:

 Egoistic suicide corresponds to a low level of social integration. When one is not well integrated into a social group it can lead to a feeling that they have not made a difference in anyone's lives. Altruistic suicide corresponds to too much social integration. This occurs when a group dominates the life of an individual to a degree where they feel meaningless to society. Anomic suicide occurs when one has an insufficient amount of social regulation. This stems from the sociological term anomie, meaning a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises from the inability to reasonably expect life to be predictable.Fatalistic suicide results from too much social regulation. An example of this would be when one follows the same routine day after day. This leads to a belief that there is nothing good to look forward to. <mask> suggested this was the most popular form of suicide for prisoners. This study has been extensively discussed by later scholars and several major criticisms have emerged. First, <mask> took most of his data from earlier researchers, notably Adolph Wagner and Henry Morselli, who were much more careful in generalizing from their own data. Second, later researchers found that the Protestant–Catholic differences in suicide seemed to be limited to German-speaking Europe and thus may have always been the spurious reflection of other factors.<mask>'s study of suicide has been criticized as an example of the logical error termed the ecological fallacy. However, diverging views have


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 contested whether <mask>'s work really contained an ecological fallacy. More recent authors such as Berk (2006) have also questioned the micro–macro relations underlying <mask>'s work. Some, such as Inkeles (1959), Johnson (1965), and Gibbs (1968), have claimed that <mask>'s only intent was to explain suicide sociologically within a holistic perspective, emphasizing that "he intended his theory to explain variation among social environments in the incidence of suicide, not the suicides of particular individuals." Despite its limitations, <mask>'s work on suicide has influenced proponents of control theory, and is often mentioned as a classic sociological study. The book pioneered modern social research and served to distinguish social science from psychology and political philosophy. Religion
In The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (1912), <mask>'s first purpose was to identify the social origin and function of religion as he felt that religion was a source of camaraderie and solidarity.His second purpose was to identify links between certain religions in different cultures, finding a common denominator. He wanted to understand the empirical, social aspect of religion that is common to all religions and goes beyond the concepts of spirituality and God. Durkheim defined religion as: "a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, i.e., things set apart and forbidden—beliefs and practices which unite in one single moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to them. "In this definition, Durkheim avoids references to supernatural or God. Durkheim argued that the concept of supernatural is relatively new, tied to the development of science and separation of supernatural—that which

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 'school' or field of specialization." Sociology of knowledge

While <mask>'s work deals with a number of subjects, including suicide, the family, social structures, and social institutions, a large part of his work deals with the sociology of knowledge. While publishing short articles on the subject earlier in his career, <mask>'s definitive statement concerning the sociology of knowledge comes in his 1912 magnum opus, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. This book has as its goal not only the elucidation of the social origins and function of religion, but also the social origins and impact of society on language and logical thought.<mask> worked largely out of a Kantian framework and sought to understand how the concepts and categories of logical thought could arise out of social life. He argued, for example, that the categories of space and time were not a priori. Rather, the category of space depends on a society's social grouping and geographical use of space, and a group's social rhythm that determines our understanding of time. In this <mask> sought to combine elements of rationalism and empiricism, arguing that certain aspects of logical thought common to all humans did exist, but that they were products of collective life (thus contradicting the tabula rasa empiricist understanding whereby categories are acquired by individual experience alone), and that they were not universal a prioris (as Kant argued) since the content of the categories differed from society to society. Collective representations
Another key elements to <mask>'s theory of knowledge outlined in Elementary Forms is the concept of  ("collective representations"). are the symbols and images that come to represent the ideas, beliefs, and


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 Michel Foucault.Morality

<mask> defines morality as "a system of rules for conduct." His analysis of morality is strongly marked by Immanuel Kant and his notion of duty. While <mask> was influenced by Kant, he was highly critical of aspects of the latter's moral theory and developed his own positions. <mask> agrees with Kant that within morality, there is an element of obligation, "a moral authority which, by manifesting itself in certain precepts particularly important to it, confers upon [moral rules] an obligatory character." Morality tells us how to act from a position of superiority. There exists a certain, pre-established moral norm to which we must conform. It is through this view that <mask> makes a first critique of Kant in saying that moral duties originate in society, and are not to be found in some universal moral concept such as the categorical imperative.Durkheim also argues that morality is characterized not just by this obligation, but is also something that is desired by the individual. The individual believes that by adhering to morality, they are serving the common Good, and for this reason, the individual submits voluntarily to the moral commandment. However, in order to accomplish its aims, morality must be legitimate in the eyes of those to whom it speaks. As Durkheim argues, this moral authority is primarily to be located in religion, which is why in any religion one finds a code of morality. For Durkheim, it is only society that has the resources, the respect, and the power to cultivate within an individual both the obligatory and the desirous aspects of morality. Influence and legacy

Durkheim has had an important impact on the development of anthropology and sociology as disciplines. The


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 establishment of sociology as an independent, recognized academic discipline, in particular, is among Durkheim's largest and most lasting legacies.Within sociology, his work has significantly influenced structuralism, or structural functionalism. Scholars inspired by Durkheim include Marcel Mauss, Maurice Halbwachs, Célestin Bouglé, Gustave Belot, Alfred Radcliffe-Brown, Talcott Parsons, Robert K. Merton, Jean Piaget, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Ferdinand de Saussure, Michel Foucault, Clifford Geertz, Peter Berger, social reformer Patrick Hunout, and others. More recently, Durkheim has influenced sociologists such as Steven Lukes, Robert N. Bellah, and Pierre Bourdieu. His description of collective consciousness also deeply influenced the Turkish nationalism of Ziya Gökalp, the founding father of Turkish sociology. Randall Collins has developed a theory of what he calls interaction ritual chains, a synthesis of Durkheim's work on religion with that of Erving Goffman's micro-sociology. Goffman himself was also deeply influenced by Durkheim in his development of the interaction order. Outside of sociology, Durkheim has influenced philosophers, including Henri Bergson and Emmanuel Levinas, and his ideas can be identified, inexplicitly, in the work of certain structuralist theorists of the 1960s, such as Alain Badiou, Louis Althusser, and Michel Foucault.<mask> contra Searle
Much of <mask>'s work remains unacknowledged in philosophy, despite its direct relevance. As proof, one can look to John Searle, whose book, The Construction of Social Reality, elaborates a theory of social facts and collective representations that Searle believed to be a landmark work that would bridge the gap between analytic and continental philosophy.


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 Neil Gross, however, demonstrates how Searle's views on society are more or less a reconstitution of <mask>'s theories of social facts, social institutions, collective representations, and the like. Searle's ideas are thus open to the same criticisms as <mask>'s. Searle responded by arguing that Durkheim's work was worse than he had originally believed, and, admitting that he had not read much of Durkheim's work: "Because Durkheim’s account seemed so impoverished I did not read any further in his work." Stephen Lukes, however, responded to Searle's reply to Gross, refuting, point by point, the allegations that Searle makes against Durkheim, essentially upholding the argument of Gross, that Searle's work bears great resemblance to that of Durkheim's. Lukes attributes Searle's miscomprehension of Durkheim's work to the fact that Searle, quite simply, never read Durkheim.Gilbert pro Durkheim
Margaret Gilbert, a contemporary British philosopher of social phenomena, has offered a close, sympathetic reading of <mask>'s discussion of social facts in chapter 1 and the prefaces of The Rules of Sociological Method. In her 1989 book, On Social Facts—the title of which may represent an homage to Durkheim, alluding to his ""—Gilbert argues that some of his statements that may seem to be philosophically untenable are important and fruitful. Selected works
 "Montesquieu's contributions to the formation of social science" (1892)
 The Division of Labour in Society (1893)
 The Rules of Sociological Method (1895)
 On the Normality of Crime (1895)
 Suicide (1897)
 The Prohibition of Incest and its Origins (1897), in L'Année Sociologique 1:1–70
 Sociology and its Scientific Domain (1900), translation of an Italian text entitled "La


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 sociologia e il suo dominio scientifico"
 Primitive Classification (1903), in collaboration with Marcel Mauss
 The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912)Durkheim, Emile. 1964 [1912]. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. London: Allen & Unwin. Who Wanted War?(1914), in collaboration with Ernest Denis
 Germany Above All (1915)

Published posthumously
 Education and Sociology (1922)
 Sociology and Philosophy (1924)
 Moral Education (1925)
 Socialism (1928)
 Pragmatism and Sociology (1955)

See also
 Normlessness

References

 Notes

 Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

 Bellah, Robert N. (ed.) (1973). Emile <mask>: On Morality and Society, Selected Writings. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press (). Cotterrell, Roger (1999). Emile <mask>: Law in a Moral Domain.Edinburgh University Press / Stanford University Press (, ). Cotterrell, Roger (ed.) (2010). Emile <mask>: Justice, Morality and Politics. Ashgate (). Douglas, Jack D. (1973). The Social Meanings of Suicide.Princeton University Press (). Eitzen, Stanley D. and Maxine Baca Zinn (1997). Social Problems (11th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon (). Giddens, Anthony (ed.) (1972). Emile <mask>: Selected Writings.London: Cambridge University Press (, ). Giddens, Anthony (ed.) (1986). Durkheim on Politics and the State. Cambridge: Polity Press (). Henslin, James M. (1996). Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach.Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon (, ). Jones, Susan Stedman (2001). Durkheim Reconsidered. Polity (, ). Lemert, Charles (2006). Durkheim's Ghosts: Cultural Logics and Social Things. Cambridge University Press (, ).Leroux, Robert, Histoire et sociologie en France. De l'histoire-science à la sociologie durkheimienne, Paris,


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 Presses Universitaires de France, 1998. Lockwood, David (1992). Solidarity and Schism: "The Problem of Disorder" in Durkheimian and Marxist Sociology. Oxford: Clarendon Press (, ). Macionis, John J. (1991).Sociology (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. .

 Pickering, W. S. F. (2000). Durkheim and Representations, Routledge (). Pickering, W. S. F. (ed.) (1979). Durkheim: Essays on Morals and Education, Routledge & Kegan Paul ().Pickering, W. S. F. (ed.) (1975). Durkheim on Religion, Routledge & Kegan Paul (). Siegel, Larry J (2007). Criminology: Theories, Patterns, and Typologies (7th ed.) Wadsworth/Thomson Learning (, ).Tekiner, Deniz (2002). "German Idealist Foundations of Durkheim's Sociology and Teleology of Knowledge", Theory and Science'', III, 1, Online publication. External links

 Resources related to research : BEROSE - International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology. "<mask>, <mask> (1858-1917)", Paris,


title: Charles Coleman (murderer)

texts:
<mask> (March 15, 1947 – September 10, 1990) was an American convicted murderer and suspected serial killer who was executed in 1990 by the state of Oklahoma. He was convicted in 1979 of the murder of John Seward, who, along with his wife, was killed by a shotgun blast in rural Muskogee County, when they interrupted a robbery at a relative's house. He also murdered Russell E. Lewis in a fatal carjacking in 1979 and is suspected of murdering the father of his former girlfriend in 1975. Despite killing at least three people, he was never convicted of the murder of Seward's wife and his sentence for Lewis's murder was overturned. <mask> was sentenced to death for the murder of John Seward and was executed after almost twelve years on death row at the Oklahoma State Penitentiary. He was executed via lethal injection at the age of 43 after exhausting all appeals. He became the first person to be executed in Oklahoma since the 1966 electrocution of James Donald French after the United States Supreme Court reinstated the death penalty in 1976, and the first person in Oklahoma to be executed by lethal injection.Early life
<mask> was born on March 15, 1947, in Muskogee, Oklahoma. He was one of eight siblings born into a low-income family that moved states frequently. His parents spent most of their money on alcohol. <mask> was described as a career criminal who had a lengthy criminal history on record. His criminal career began as early as age 11 when he stabbed a mule while gigging frogs with his brother. He then escaped from jail by slipping through the bars of his cell. His father later punished him for the offense by whipping him.At age 13, <mask> ran

masks:
Charles Troy Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman


title: Charles Coleman (murderer)

texts:
 away from home. At age 15, he committed a burglary, and one month later, he escaped from a juvenile court after pulling a gun on an officer. At age 16, he got married, and the couple moved around all over the country, estimating to live in at least twenty states. <mask> continued to commit crimes and built up a lengthy rap sheet of offenses in multiple states. His offenses included: burglary, grand theft, auto larceny, carrying a concealed weapon, assault with a deadly weapon, and receiving stolen property. Murders
On August 24, 1975, 44-year-old Will Stidham was found dead inside his pickup truck in Bakersfield, California. He had been beaten to death with a tire iron, and his wallet had been stolen.Stidham was the father of <mask>'s girlfriend, 17-year-old Shirley Stidham. Authorities suspected <mask> was involved in the murder because Will Stidham had supposedly told <mask> not to date his daughter. <mask>'s fingerprints were also found on the pickup truck Will's body had been found in. One of <mask>'s brothers, <mask>, had allegedly bragged to a woman about being involved in the killing. However, he later denied this and said he had nothing to do with it. He passed a lie detector test, and Shirley Stidham provided <mask> with an alibi, claiming he had been with her when her father had been murdered. However, according to media accounts, several months after the murder, Shirley Stidham had told police that her father had slapped her in front of <mask>.<mask> had then promised her that if she gave him a little more time, her father would not be around any longer. <mask> was prosecuted for the murder but was acquitted in July 1976. Attorneys who

masks:
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
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Coleman
Abraham Coleman
Charles Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman


title: Charles Coleman (murderer)

texts: prosecuted him claim his charisma and charm helped him gain an acquittal, but they remained convinced he was guilty of the murder. In January 1979, while serving time in prison in California for a parole violation, <mask> was released and given a thirty-day travel permit to explore job possibilities in Muskogee County, Oklahoma, his native home county. <mask> returned to his home state but remained there longer than the thirty days he had been given. One day after the travel permit expired, on February 9, 1979, <mask> broke into the home of Dale and Delthea Warren in Muskogee County. While burglarizing the home, he was interrupted by 68-year-old John Seward and his wife, 62-year-old Roxie Seward.John Seward was the brother of Delthea Warren. Armed with a .28 gauge shotgun, <mask> took the Seward's hostage and led them into the home's basement at gunpoint. He then fatally shot each of the victims with the shotgun, killing John via a single gunshot wound to the back of the head and killing Roxie via four gunshot wounds inflicted from only a few inches away. <mask> then fled the home. The bodies of the Seward's were found later that day at around 4:15 p.m. in the basement of the Warren's home. Several items from the house were also determined to be missing, including watches, wallets, and packets of frozen meat. Several hours after the murders had occurred, at around 6:00 p.m., <mask> was stopped by police for a traffic violation.The pickup truck he was driving was searched, and several incriminating items were found. Roxie Seward's wallet was found on <mask>, and the stolen packets of frozen meat were found in his truck. A watch belonging to Delthea

masks: Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman


title: Charles Coleman (murderer)

texts: Warren was also discovered. In addition, it was determined that the shotgun used to carry out the murders was very rare, and <mask> was found to own one. Testimony also placed <mask>'s pickup truck at the Warren's home at around the time the murders were committed. None of the evidence was refuted. Because of the overwhelming amount of evidence against him, <mask> was charged with first-degree murder in the deaths of John and Roxie Seward.On April 23, 1979, while awaiting trial for the murder of the Seward's, <mask> escaped from the Muskogee County jail through its tarpaper roof. He broke into a home which he burglarized, and then stole the homeowners' car. The following day, Officer Tom Dotson pulled over <mask> for a speeding violation in Luther. An altercation followed, and <mask> slit the throat of Dotson before stealing his revolver and forcing him into the backseat of his patrol car. <mask> left Dotson for dead and handcuffed him inside his locked patrol car. Two days later, <mask> carjacked Russell E. Lewis, Jr. in Tulsa, and fatally shot him in the head with the revolver he had stolen from Dotson. He then dumped Lewis' body down an embankment near Tulsa Park.The body was found two days later. On April 28, five days after he escaped from jail, <mask> was pulled over in Tucson, Arizona by Pima County deputy Terry Parrish for driving erratically. After the two exchanged words, <mask> took out his gun and kidnapped Parrish. He stole Parrish's gun, handcuffed him, and drove him out into the desert in his patrol car. <mask> prepared to execute him but changed his mind and left him locked in the car out in the desert. Law enforcement had watched

masks: Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman


title: Charles Coleman (murderer)

texts:
 the confrontation from a helicopter and were able to direct units to <mask>'s location. <mask> was arrested by Arizona law enforcement and taken into custody.The revolver, however, that had been used to murder Lewis, was nowhere to be found. Authorities found the weapon in the desert near where Parrish had been left for dead three months later. Trial
Following his capture, <mask> was held at the Pima County Jail under maximum security. Mike Turpen, a Muskogee County District Attorney, then began extradition proceedings to bring <mask> back to Oklahoma to face trial for the murder of the Seward's. <mask> was to be tried in Muskogee County for the murder of John Seward, however, in July 1979, a Muskogee County judge granted a change of venue due to the level of publicity surrounding the case. As such, <mask> was tried in Tahlequah instead. <mask>'s trial began on September 26, 1979, with a six-man, six-woman jury selected.The prosecution rested their case on September 29. On October 1, the jury found him guilty of first-degree murder in the killing of John Seward. The following day, they recommended a death sentence. On October 12, <mask> was formally sentenced to death by District Judge Hardy Summers. Turpen, who prosecuted <mask>, held evidence against him in the murder of Roxie Seward in reserve in case another trial was ever needed. Turpen chose not to try <mask> for the murder of Roxie Seward because he felt there was no point, as <mask> had already been sentenced to death for John Seward's murder, and another trial would cost time and money. <mask> was also tried for the murder of Russell Lewis.He was found guilty, convicted, and sentenced to

masks: Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman


title: Charles Coleman (murderer)

texts:
 death again. However, in 1983, the sentence was overturned, following the discovery that a potential juror had been excluded from the trial after expressing doubts about the death penalty. The charge was not refiled. Execution
In 1987, <mask> was nearly executed, but won a stay of execution from the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. He was rescheduled for execution for September 10, 1990. In the month prior to his scheduled execution, his attorney asked the Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board to recommend his sentence be commuted to life in prison. However, the board chairman denied <mask> a clemency hearing.A federal appeals court also denied him a stay of execution. On September 10, 1990, <mask> was executed at the Oklahoma State Penitentiary via lethal injection. He was pronounced dead at 12:35 a.m. <mask> was the first person to be executed in Oklahoma by lethal injection. The lethal injection process consisted of three drugs; the first to be injected was sodium thiopental, followed by pancuronium bromide, and then potassium chloride. <mask> declined a last meal. His last words were, "Just tell everybody I love them. I have peace and a quiet heart."When a minister read from Matthew 7, <mask> said, "Praise God, praise God." <mask> was the first person to be executed in Oklahoma in over twenty-four years, since the execution of James Donald French in 1966. Since the reinstatement of capital punishment in 1976, <mask> was the first person to be executed in Oklahoma, and the 138th in the United States. Daisy Doe
In May 1988, the body of a woman was found in the Grand Neosho River beneath Fort Gibson Dam in Cherokee County,

masks: Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman


title: Charles Coleman (murderer)

texts:
 Oklahoma. The woman had been murdered and had been attached to a concrete block that had been tied around her waist. Investigators were unable to identify her. Because a daisy tattoo was found on her shoulder, she was referred to as Daisy Doe.Her identity remained a mystery for nearly three decades until March 2015. The Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation had prepared a presentation to cold case detectives in regards to the Daisy Doe case. They discovered that her hands had been preserved in cold storage when gathering evidence. New technology allowed the investigators to take fingerprints of Daisy Doe. The fingerprints matched those of a woman who had been arrested in connection with the 1979 murders of John and Roxie Seward. The woman had never been charged in the murders but was identified as Jeanette <mask>. Jeanette <mask> had been the wife of <mask> and the daughter of Will Stidham, who <mask> was suspected of murdering back in 1975.The discovery led investigators to suspect <mask> could have been involved in her murder. However, it was determined that <mask> had been in jail when Jeanette had been murdered, ruling him out as a suspect. Three men were believed to be responsible, who investigators believe she met at a Muskogee bar before engaging in sexual intercourse near the dam. She then had a concrete block tied to her and was thrown into the river while still alive. One of the suspects was charged with first-degree murder in 2017. A District Attorney said he believes the other two men are since deceased. In popular culture
<mask> is mentioned in the 2006 true crime nonfiction book, The Innocent Man: Murder and Injustice in a Small Town

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Ellen Coleman
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title: Charles Coleman (murderer)

texts:
 by John Grisham.The book tells the story of Ron Williamson, who was wrongly convicted and sentenced to death in 1988 in Oklahoma for rape and murder, who was later released when DNA evidence proved his innocence. According to the book, Williamson was not fond of <mask>, and many prisoners on death row at Oklahoma State Penitentiary were not too bothered about his execution, with some even celebrating the news. See also
 Capital punishment in Oklahoma
 Capital punishment in the United States
 List of people executed in Oklahoma

References

1947 births
1990 deaths
20th-century executions by Oklahoma
20th-century executions of American people
American people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by Oklahoma
People executed by Oklahoma by lethal injection
People executed for murder
People from Muskogee, Oklahoma
Suspected serial


title: Ben Slade

texts:
<mask> (born 22 April 1976) is a British educator. Early days as a BBC Children's TV presenter

Whilst at school in Cardiff in the 80s and 90s, <mask> became the longest serving presenter of the cult BBC 1 network children's TV magazine programme, Why Don't You? He joined the series in 1988 as a member of the Cardiff presenting team (known as "the gang") wearing his trademark flat cap. These Cardiff programmes were the first written by the celebrated TV writer Russell T. Davies. Davies used this early opportunity to weave a dramatic storyline into the various activities, games and 'makes' to make the programme more interesting and appealing and to improve its audience ratings. During the Davies and <mask> era the show's audience grew from 0.9 million to 2.9 million on Children's BBC. <mask>'s 'character' quickly became synonymous with "Why Don't You...?"and with Davies' scripts. As such, he was asked to join the Newcastle presenting team which also featured a very young Ant McPartlin in his first television role. He subsequently appeared as a lead character/presenter in two further series with two different Liverpool "gangs" which also featured Hollyoaks star Alexandra Fletcher. These episodes were written and studio directed by Russell T. Davies who went on to write and produce Doctor Who, Torchwood, Queer as Folk and Years and Years. Davies' scripts featuring <mask> as a crazy young inventor were acknowledged as his first forays into writing television drama and helped launch his impressive writing career. <mask> last appeared as a guest presenter on the final series directed by Trevor Stephenson-Long before pursuing a career in arts education and school leadership. <mask> is credited as the longest serving presenter in the cult television show's near 21-year run on network BBC 1.<mask> is adopted and hails from Cardiff where he attended Whitchurch High School. He is featured in Russell T Davies' biography: T is for Television: The Small Screen Adventures of Russell T Davies (2008). In the book Davies reveals that he had great plans for <mask> and

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Benjamin Rory Slade
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title: Ben Slade

texts:
 some other characters from the series in a new TV Drama. However, the casting was overruled by the then head of Children's Television, Anna Home. <mask> is a keen musician with ABRSM grade 8s in both piano and violin. He was also a member of the HTV (now ITV1 Wales) Drama Workshop where he studied acting and performance with director Peter Wooldridge alongside contemporaries Jan Anderson and Hollywood star, Ioan Gruffudd. Education career

Following graduation with a first class honours degree and the Aneurin Davies Memorial Award for outstanding academic achievement from Cardiff Metropolitan University (a joint course with Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama) in 1998, <mask> embarked on a successful career in teaching culminating in him becoming the youngest state secondary school Headteacher in the United Kingdom in 2007.On appointment he was just 30 and had only been in teaching for 8 years. In 2012 <mask> was appointed by Sir Chris Woodhead to the role of Executive Headteacher with Cognita the largest independent school group in the UK now owned by Jacobs Holding. <mask> was responsible for 8 all through schools in the UK. During this time he was also Headmaster of Quinton House School in Northampton. During his tenure GCSE results improved and the pupil roll increased significantly. <mask> has made regular contributions to both print and broadcast media on a wide range of educational issues. Furthermore, he has been involved in several pilots for Twofour and Maverick Television including "The Headmaster's Office", "The Drugs Education Show" and he narrowly missed out on being the featured headteacher and school for the original "Educating Essex" series directed by David Clews and featuring Vic Goddard and the students and staff of Passmore's Academy.He also contributed to Channel 5's "50 Greatest Kids TV Shows" (2013) and to a number of other media productions, most recently a radio documentary for BBC Radio Wales with Russell T. Davies and Tim Vincent. Charity Chief Executive

In 2015, <mask> was appointed Chief Executive Officer of the

masks: Slade Slade Slade Slade Slade Slade


title: Ben Slade

texts:
 military ethos education charity SkillForce. Their strap-line, "heroes in schools transforming lives", encapsulated their dual mission, namely to recruit veterans from the British Army, the Royal Navy and the RAF to work as mentors and instructors in schools to inspire young people – particularly the hardest to reach - to develop their confidence, resilience and essential skills for life. The Duke of Cambridge was Royal Patron of SkillForce. Comedian and writer David Walliams OBE, BBC Breakfast's Steph McGovern, Former Chief of the Defence Staff; General The Lord Ramsbotham; Lord Selkirk, Earl Howe and veteran BBC Chief Correspondent Kate Adie OBE were Patrons. Ambassadors included Game of Thrones child star Bella Ramsey and Virgin Radio presenter Vassos Alexander. Sir Iain McMillan CBE was Chairman.<mask> is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, the Institute of Directors, the Institute of Leadership and Management. He also holds the Institute of Directors Certificate in Company Direction and is a Chartered Fellow of the Chartered Management Institute

In 2019, the level of funding the charity received from corporate donations dropped significantly as a result of the negative impact of Brexit. As this made up more than 50% of its income, the charity sought a merger or acquisition. It closed later in 2019 when this was unsuccessful. The Prince William Award

On 1 March 2017, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, launched The Prince William Award, <mask>'s brainchild developed in partnership with colleagues, Headteachers, Transforming Education and the University of Birmingham. It was designed to be delivered by education charity SkillForce in schools across England, Scotland and Wales from September 2017, and was the first character and resilience award programme for 6- to 14-year-olds. SkillForce closed in 2019 as a result of the impact of Brexit uncertainties on corporate giving.References

Living people
1976 births
British television presenters
Welsh schoolteachers
People educated at Whitchurch High School
People from Newport, Wales
Welsh

masks: Slade Slade


title: Armando Iannucci

texts:
<mask>  (; born 28 November 1963) is a Scottish satirist, writer,  director, producer, performer, and panellist. Born in Glasgow to Italian parents, <mask> studied at the University of Glasgow followed by the University of Oxford. Starting on BBC Scotland and BBC Radio 4, his early work with Chris Morris on the radio series On the Hour transferred to television as The Day Today. A character from this series, Alan Partridge, co-created by Iannucci, went on to feature in a number of <mask>'s television and radio programmes, including Knowing Me Knowing You with Alan Partridge and I'm Alan Partridge. <mask> also fronted the satirical Armistice review shows and in 2001 created his most personal work, The <mask> Shows, for Channel 4. Moving back to the BBC in 2005, Iannucci created the political sitcom The Thick of It and the spoof documentary Time Trumpet in 2006. Winning funding from the UK Film Council, in 2009 he directed a critically acclaimed feature film, In the Loop, featuring characters from The Thick of It.As a result of these works, he has been described by The Daily Telegraph as "the hardman of political satire". Other works during this period include an operetta libretto, Skin Deep, and his radio series Charm Offensive. <mask> created the HBO political satire Veep, and was its showrunner for four seasons from 2012 to 2015. For his work on Veep he won two Emmys in 2015, Outstanding Comedy Series and Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series. He followed this with the feature films The Death of Stalin in 2017 and The Personal History of David Copperfield, a 2019 adaptation of the novel David Copperfield. In 2020, he created the comedy series Avenue 5 on HBO. Early life
<mask> was born in Glasgow.His father, also called <mask>, was from Naples, while his mother was born in Glasgow to an Italian family. Before emigrating, <mask>'s father wrote for an anti-fascist newspaper as a

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Armando Giovanni Iannucci
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title: Armando Iannucci

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 teenager and joined the Italian partisans at 17. He came to Scotland in 1950 and ran a pizza factory in Springburn in Glasgow. <mask> has two brothers and a sister. His childhood home was near that of actor Peter Capaldi, who went on to play Malcolm Tucker in The Thick of It, a TV show created by Iannucci; although their parents knew each other well, he and Capaldi did not know each other in childhood. <mask> was educated at St Peter's Primary School, St. Aloysius' College, Glasgow, the University of Glasgow and University College, Oxford, where he studied English literature. He was conducting a DPhil about John Milton, which he abandoned to follow a comedy career.In his teens, Iannucci thought seriously about becoming a Roman Catholic priest. He abandoned graduate work on 17th-century religious language, with particular reference to Milton's Paradise Lost, to pursue a career in comedy. He was particularly inspired by the American comedian Woody Allen, later calling him his "all-time comedy hero". Career

1990s
After making several programmes at BBC Scotland in the early 1990s such as the No' The Archie McPherson Show, he moved to BBC Radio in London, making radio shows including <mask> <mask> for BBC Radio 1, which featured a number of comedians he was to collaborate with for many years, including David Schneider, Peter Baynham, Steve Coogan and Rebecca Front. <mask> first received widespread fame as the producer for On the Hour on Radio 4, which transferred to television as The Day Today. He received critical acclaim for both his own talents as a writer and a producer, and for first bringing together such comics as Chris Morris, Richard Herring, Stewart Lee, Baynham and Coogan. The members of this group went on to work on separate projects and create a new comedy "wave" pre-New Labour: Morris went on to create Brass Eye, Blue Jam and the Chris Morris Music Show; Stewart Lee and

masks: Iannucci Iannucci Armando Iannucci Iannucci


title: Armando Iannucci

texts:
 Richard Herring created Fist of Fun and This Morning with Richard Not Judy.Baynham was closely involved with both Morris's and Lee & Herring's work. Lee would go on to co-write Jerry Springer: The Opera, and wrote early material for Coogan's character Alan Partridge, who first appeared in On the Hour, and has featured in multiple spin-off series. Between 1995 and 1999, Iannucci produced and hosted The Saturday Night Armistice. 2000s
In 2000, he created two pilot episodes for Channel 4, which became The Armando Iannucci Shows. This was an eight-part series for Channel 4 broadcast in 2001, written with Andy Riley and Kevin Cecil. The series consisted of Iannucci pondering pseudo-philosophical and jocular ideas and fantasies in between surreal sketches. <mask> has been quoted as saying it is the comedy series he is most proud of making.He told Metro in April 2007: "The <mask> Iannucci Show on Channel 4 came out around 9/11, so it was overlooked for good reasons. People had other things on their minds. But that was the closest to me expressing my comic outlook on life." After championing Yes Minister on the BBC's Britain's Best Sitcom, <mask> devised, directed and was chief writer of The Thick of It, a political satire-cum-farce for BBC Four. It starred Chris Langham as an incompetent cabinet minister being manipulated by a cynical Press Officer, Malcolm Tucker. It was first broadcast for two short series on BBC Four in 2005, initially with a small cast focusing on a government minister, his advisers and their party's spin-doctor. The cast was significantly expanded for two hour-long specials to coincide with Christmas and Gordon Brown's appointment as Prime Minister in 2007, which saw new characters forming the opposition party added to the cast.These characters continued when the show switched channels to BBC Two for its third series in 2009. A fourth series about a coalition

masks: Iannucci Armando Iannucci


title: Armando Iannucci

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 government was broadcast in 2012. In a 2012 interview, <mask> said the fourth series of the programme would probably be its last. Based on a format he had used in Clinton: His Struggle with Dirt in 1996 and 2004: The Stupid Version, in mid-2006, his spoof documentary series Time Trumpet was shown on BBC 2. The series looked back on past events through highly edited clips and "celebrity" interviews, looking back on the present and near-future from the year 2031. One episode, featuring fictional terrorist attacks on London and the assassination of Tony Blair, was postponed and edited in August 2006 amid the terrorism scares in British airports at that time. Jane Thynne, writing in The Independent, accused the BBC of lacking backbone.He created the American HBO political satire television series Veep, starring Julia Louis-Dreyfus, set in the office of Selina Meyer, a fictional Vice-President of the United States. Veep uses a similar cinéma-vérité filming style to The Thick of It. Debuting in 2012, the show has aired seven seasons, winning multiple awards including  seventeen Primetime Emmy Awards. However, beginning with season five, <mask> stepped down as showrunner due to "personal reasons". In 2019, he began work on a new science fiction sitcom for HBO called Avenue 5, which premiered in 2020 He subsequently became the series executive producer and directed the pilot. Other work
Ianucci's non-television works include Smokehammer, a web-based project with Chris Morris, and the 1997 book Facts and Fancies, composed of his newspaper columns, which was turned into a BBC Radio 4 series. The radio series Scraps With Iannucci, which followed late in 1998, featured <mask> using his tape-fiddling skills to present a review of the year.In 2007, he directed a series of Post Office television adverts, featuring the actors John Henshaw, Rory Jennings and Di Botcher alongside guest stars Joan

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title: Armando Iannucci

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 Collins, Bill Oddie and Westlife. He has appeared on Radio 3 talking about classical music, one of his passions, and collaborated with composer David Sawer on Skin Deep, an operetta, which was premiered by Opera North on 16 January 2009. He has also presented three programmes for BBC Radio 3, including Mobiles Off!, a 20-minute segment on classical concert-going etiquette. He was a regular columnist for the classical music magazine Gramophone. A book of his writings about classical music Hear Me Out was published in 2017. In 2012 it was announced that he was writing his first novel, Tongue International, a satirical fantasy about the promotion of a "for-profit language". Film directing
In January 2009, his first feature film In the Loop, in the style of The Thick of It, was premiered at the Sundance Film Festival.It was the first cinema film to be directed by <mask>, after his contribution to Tube Tales in 1999. The film was applauded by critics, both in Britain and the US, and was nominated for the Best Adapted Screenplay Oscar in 2009. The film secured the eighth highest placing in the UK box office in its opening week – despite its relatively insignificant screening numbers. His second feature film was The Death of Stalin, about the power struggle which followed the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953. It was released in October 2017 in the United Kingdom. The film was banned in Russia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan for allegedly mocking the countries' pasts and making fun of their leaders. However, it received a Magritte Award nomination in the category of Best Foreign Film and was a critical success.His third feature film was an adaptation of Charles Dickens's David Copperfield entitled The Personal History of David Copperfield. It was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on 24 January 2020 and received critical acclaim. Recognition
<mask> has won two Sony Radio Awards and three

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 British Comedy Awards. In 2003, he was listed in The Observer as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy. He was also subject of a 2006 edition of The South Bank Show. In January 2006 he was named News International Visiting Professor of Broadcast Media at the University of Oxford, where he has delivered a series of four lectures under the title "British Comedy – Dead Or Alive?". In June 2011, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters by the University of Glasgow to recognise his contribution to film and television.At the 2011 British Comedy Awards, Iannucci received the Writers' Guild of Britain Award. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for services to broadcasting. Alastair Campbell's response to his appointment was "Three little letters can have more impact than you realise", to which <mask> replied, via Twitter, "WMD" (a reference to Campbell's role in preparing the "September Dossier" prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq). In July 2012 <mask> received an honorary Doctorate (DLitt) from the University of Exeter. Politics
In the 2010 general election Iannucci supported the Liberal Democrats, stating: "I'll be voting Lib Dem this election because they represent the best chance in a lifetime to make lasting and fair change to how the UK is governed." After the Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition of 2010 was established, however, he expressed doubts over his continued support for the party, saying he was 'wavering' on many issues and has admitted to 'queasiness' over the Coalition's economic measures. He also seemed to contemplate targeting the Liberal Democrats in the fourth series of The Thick of It, rather as the first three had targeted what he perceived as the failings within the Labour governments of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown.In July 2018, Iannucci announced his support on Twitter for People's Vote, a


title: Armando Iannucci

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 campaign group calling for a public vote on the final Brexit deal between the UK and the European Union. He also expressed these views the following month in an editorial in the Daily Mirror, and they went on to be reported in other British newspapers. Personal life
In 1990, he married Rachel Jones, whom he met when she designed the lighting for his one-man show at Oxford. They have two sons and one daughter and currently live in Hertfordshire. He is a patron of the Silver Star Society, a charity supporting women through difficult pregnancies. In April 2012 he abseiled from the top of the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford to raise money for the hospital's specialist pregnancy unit. Filmography

Film

Television

Radio
 Down Your Ear (BBC Radio4 - creator, writer, producer)
On the Hour (BBC Radio 4 – creator, co-writer, producer)
 No' The Archie McPherson Show (BBC Radio Scotland – presenter, comedy sketch writer)
 Bite The Wax (BBC Radio Scotland – presenter, comedy sketch writer)
 <mask> <mask> (BBC Radio 1 – writer, presenter, producer)
 The News Quiz (BBC Radio 4 – producer, also appeared as guest)
 Quote... Unquote (BBC Radio 4 – producer)
 Loose Talk (producer)
 The Mary Whitehouse Experience (producer)
 Knowing Me Knowing You with Alan Partridge (producer)
 The 99p Challenge on BBC Radio 4.<mask> <mask>'s Charm Offensive on BBC Radio 4
 Lionel Nimrod's Inexplicable World as various characters. Desert Island Discs – BBC Radio 4 as a guest. <mask> reveals how as a youngster he rebelled against his parents' "Classical Music listening ways" by playing Wagner. Scraps With Iannucci a BBC Radio 4 series from 1998. Week Ending (BBC Radio 4 – producer)
 Richard Herring's Leicester Square Theatre Podcast (guest, with Graham Linehan)
 The Unbelievable Truth (BBC Radio 4- guest)

Bibliography

Books
 Facts and Fancies (Michael Joseph, 1997)
 Alan Partridge: Every Ruddy Word All the

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title: Arthur Raymond Brooks

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<mask> (1 November 1895 – 17 July 1991) was an American World War I flying ace of the United States Army Air Service credited with shooting down multiple enemy aircraft. Among his most prominent achievements was when he single-handedly took on a squadron of German-flown Fokker (Dutch make) planes officially downing 2 of them in one aerial battle piloting his Smith IV Spad XIII. He was a pioneer in the development of radio navigational aids (NAVAIDs) used by pilots for location and navigation as well as air-to-ground communications. <mask> also participated in early endeavors to commercialize aviation as a passenger-carrying business and was one of the earliest commercial pilots involved with carrying mail (air mail) for the US Post Office Department. Early life and World War I
<mask> was born in Framingham, Massachusetts. He graduated as valedictorian from Framingham Academy and High School in Massachusetts in 1913 and from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1917. He enlisted in the U.S. Army Signal Officer Reserve Corps and attended the School of Military Aeronautics with the Royal Flying Corps in Canada from September to November 1917.<mask> then trained with the Texas 139th Aero Squadron from November 1917 to February 1918. In March 1918, <mask> was transferred to France with the 139th Aero Squadron, where he flew the SPAD S.VII and shot down his first enemy aircraft on 29 July 1918. Afterwards he was transferred to the newly formed 22nd Aero Squadron to help lead the unit's new pilots into combat. After his third victory he became a flight commander of the 22nd Aero Squadron flying the SPAD XIII C.1. His combat actions earned him a recommendation for the Medal of Honor. The U.S. Army, upon review of the action awarded him the Distinguished Service Cross. <mask>'

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 final SPAD, Smith IV, resides in the aircraft collection of the National Air and Space Museum

<mask> was one of the pilots featured in the series Dogfights presented by The History Channel.Season 2, Episode 7 titled "The First Dogfighters" depicts <mask>' solo dogfight against eight German Fokker D.VII aircraft on September 14, 1918. During the aerial mêlée he shot down four Fokkers, though U.S. Army records only credited him with two. During this combat his wingman 1Lt. Philip Edward Hassinger was attacked and to this day is still listed as Missing In Action (MIA). Hassinger was credited with shooting down two German Fokkers before he went missing. <mask> was finally able to escape the last four pursuing enemy aircraft by using his superior diving speed. <mask> is the subject of a 1963 book entitled  Capt.<mask> <mask>: America's quiet ace of W.W.I  by Walter A Musciano. He is also the subject of the painting Last Victory by noted aviation artist Roy Grinnell. <mask> returned to the United States in July 1919 and was stationed at Kelly Field, Texas, where he was promoted to captain and assigned as the commander of the 1st Pursuit Group. He was subsequently assigned to the Air Service Field Officer's School, Langley Field, Virginia. He resigned from the army and received an Honorable Discharge in December 1922. After World War I
As a civilian, <mask> established Florida Airways Corporation, which eventually became Eastern Airlines. He was also involved in the Contract Air Mail Route No.10, and worked for the U.S. Department of Commerce, Aeronautics Branch where he was responsible for surveying what would become the nation's first air routes. He also supervised the first installations of radiobeacons to aid airmail pilots navigating between New York and Washington, D.C. He

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texts: joined Bell Telephone Laboratories (1928), where he supervised air operations and the testing of electronic aids for air navigation and communications. He was responsible for the development of air-to-ground communications systems. He retired from Bell Labs as its Chief Pilot in 1960. He was also involved in numerous early flying clubs which were forming to encourage participation in aviation for both personal/pleasure and commercial purposes. Circa 1985, Mr. <mask> (age 90 at the time), was visiting the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum's restoration facility in Silver Hill, Maryland, with a family member.Upon entering a storage hangar as part of the tour, he spotted a tattered World War I vintage SPAD XIII airplane, the type he flew during the war. As he drew nearer the aircraft, he was astonished to discover it was his very aircraft. He climbed into the cockpit and was immediately approached by a restoration technician who advised him in a very stern manner that these aircraft are delicate pieces of American history and visitors are not permitted to touch, much less sit in them. When Mr. <mask> explained that this was his airplane, the technician's first thought was of a doddering old veteran, longing for the real or imagined glory days of yesteryear. While Mr. <mask>' speech and external mannerisms were befitting of a nonagenarian, his mind was as sharp as it was 30 or 40 years past. He spoke to the technician as if reading from a history book about the last time this aircraft was in action over France. Included in the lesson was the name and serial number of the plane, which was not readily visible.The technician was aware of the aircraft's history and asked the old gentleman to stay right where he was while he summoned the NASM curator emeritus,

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title: Arthur Raymond Brooks

texts: Paul E. Garber. Less than two years after this meeting, <mask>' fully restored SPAD Smith IV was unveiled with great fanfare at the National Air and Space Museum's 'Great War in the Air' exhibit (Gallery 206). Mr. <mask> was in attendance as a guest of honor at the ribbon cutting ceremony and treated those present to a first-person history of several World War I missions in which he participated. <mask> remained involved with aviation for the remainder of his life. Even in his nineties, he enjoyed flying all sorts of aircraft, including ultralights, gliders and hot-air balloons. He belonged to many aviation-related and professional associations and organizations including the American Legion, Military Order of the World Wars, Combat Pilots Association, Order of Daedalians, Air Force Association, OX-5 Aviation Pioneers Association, Telephone Pioneers of America, Cross and Cockade, Associate Fellow of the American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics, Quiet Birdmen, World War I Overseas Flyers and the American Fighter Aces Association. <mask> also remained involved with the alumni affairs of his alma mater—MIT.He attended numerous air shows and reunions, including the sixty-fifth, and final reunion, held for the Lafayette Flying Corps at Peterson AFB, Colorado in 1983. In 1980, he was inducted into the Aviation Hall of Fame of New Jersey. An extensive collection of his diaries, correspondence and other papers is maintained by the National Aviation and Space Museum. These papers relate to his military career with the U.S. Army Air Service (1917–22), his years in both civilian government service and the private sector (1923–60), as well as a lifetime's involvement in numerous military, academic, aeronautical and professional associations and organizations. Additionally,

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 there are examples of correspondence and autographed photographs from such aerospace notables as Eddie Rickenbacker, Jimmy Doolittle, Billy Mitchell, Clayton Bissell, Reed Chambers and Michael Collins. <mask> died at age 95 on July 17, 1991, at his home in Summit, New Jersey. At the time of his death, he was the last surviving American World War I ace who served in a U.S. Squadron.He is buried in a family plot in North Framingham, Massachusetts. Text of citations

Distinguished Service Cross
The Distinguished Service Cross is presented to <mask> <mask>, Second Lieutenant (Air Service), U.S. Army, for extraordinary heroism in action over Mars-la-Tour, France, September 14, 1918. When his patrol was attacked by 12 enemy Fokkers over Mars-la-Tour, 8 miles within the enemy lines, Second Lieutenant <mask> alone fought bravely and relentlessly with eight of them, pursuing the fight from 5, 000 meters to within a few meters of the ground, and though his right rudder control was out and his plane riddled with bullets, he destroyed two Fokkers, one falling out of control and the other bursting into flames." DSC citation, General Orders No. 123, W.D., 1918

See also

 List of World War I flying aces from the United States

References

Bibliography
Capt. <mask> <mask>: America's Quiet Ace of W.W.I Walter A. Musciano. Hobby Helper, 1963.External links

 History of the US 22nd Aero Squadron by <mask><mask> (.pdf)
 http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/arch/findaids/brooks/arb_print.html

Air Corps Tactical School alumni
Aviators from Massachusetts
American World War I flying aces
People from Framingham, Massachusetts
People from Summit, New Jersey
Military personnel from Massachusetts
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
1895 births
1991 deaths
Framingham High School

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title: Jaime Lerner

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<mask> (December 17, 1937 – May 27, 2021) was a Brazilian politician. He was the governor of the state of Paraná, in southern Brazil. He is renowned as an architect and urban planner, having been mayor of Curitiba, capital of Paraná, three times (1971–75, 1979–84 and 1989–92). In 1994, <mask> was elected governor of Paraná, and was re-elected in 1998. As an urban planner and architect, he was renowned in Brazil as he helped design most of the city walkways, roads, and public transportation of Curitiba such as the Rede Integrada de Transporte. In 1965, he helped create the Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbano de Curitiba and designed the Curitiba Master Plan. Early life
<mask> was born into a Jewish family, originally from Łódź, Poland, who emigrated to Curitiba.He graduated from the Escola de Arquitetura da Universidade Federal do Paraná; (Architecture School of the Federal University of Paraná) in 1964. In 1965, he helped create the Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbano de Curitiba (Institute of Urban Planning and Research of Curitiba, also known as IPPUC) and participated in the design of the Curitiba Master Plan. Mayor of Curitiba
In 1988, <mask> announced his candidacy for mayor of Curitiba with only 12 days remaining before the election. During his first term, <mask> implemented the Rede Integrada de Transporte (also called bus rapid transit), and continued to implement a host of social, ecological, and urban reforms during his ensuing terms as mayor. As mayor, <mask> employed unorthodox solutions to Curitiba's geographic challenges. Like many cities, Curitiba is bordered by floodplain. Wealthier cities in the United States, such as New Orleans and Sacramento, have built expensive and expensive-to-maintain levee systems on floodplain.In contrast, Curitiba purchased the floodplain and made parks. The city now ranks among the world leaders in per-capita park area. Curitiba had the problem of its status

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 as a third-world city, unable to afford the tractors and petroleum to mow these parks. The innovative response was "municipal sheep" who keep the parks' vegetation under control and whose wool funds children's programs. When <mask> became mayor, Curitiba had some bairros impossible to service by municipal waste removal. The "streets" were too narrow. Rather than abandon these people or raze these slums, <mask> began a program that traded bags of groceries and transit passes for bags of trash.The slums got much cleaner. Similarly, Curitiba has a nearby bay that was a dumping ground that would be extremely costly to clean up. <mask> began a program that paid fishermen for any garbage they retrieved (by the pound). That way, they can make money even outside fishing season, supplementing their income. The savings to Curitiba are in the millions. <mask> instituted many innovative social and educational programs. Bairro kids can be apprenticed to city employees if they want to avoid going to school.Although his term as mayor is not without controversy, Curitiba does not have the gangs of much more populous cities such as Rio de Janeiro. Bus Rapid Transit

Perhaps the crown jewel of Curitiba's achievements is its Rede Integrada de Transporte Bus Rapid Transit system (called "Speedybus"). Originally, the city was given federal money to build a subway (Curitiba is not a small town), but <mask> discovered that "heavy rail" like a subway costs ten times the amount of "light rail" (trolleys), which, in turn, costs ten times a bus system, even with dedicated bus ways. The "light rail" savings usually touted to sway municipal decision makers occur because even trolleys can have relatively fewer drivers than a 40-60 passenger bus. He got Volvo to make 270 person Swedish articulated buses (300 Brazilians, said <mask>), so that the problem of a lower passenger-number-to-driver ratio was no longer an issue. The city built attractive

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 transit stops with the look and feel of train stations, and all with handicapped access equipment, inducing private firms to purchase and operate the buses. A hierarchy of buses of six sizes feed one other.The city controls the routes and fares, while the private companies hire drivers and maintain equipment. Natural land-use patterns within the city of Curitiba support public transit systems. Buildings along the dedicated busways are up to six stories tall, gradually giving way, within a few blocks, to single story homes. This mix of densities ensures sufficient user population within walking distance of bus stops. As Governor of Paraná
As governor of Paraná, <mask> used a policy of attracting investment to turn the state into one of Brazil's industrial hubs, generating investments of over US$20 billion between 1995 and 2001. Following upon his experience in Curitiba, <mask> focused on issues like transport, education, health, sanitation, leisure, and industrialization. UNICEF awarded <mask> the Child and Peace Prize in 1996 for his programs "'Da Rua para a Escola'" (From the Street to School), "'Protegendo a Vida'" (Protecting Life), and "'Universidade do Professor'" (Professor's University).In 2011, <mask> was sentenced to three-and-a-half years in prison for the illegal layoff of a public tender during his mandate as governor. He wasn't arrested due to his age. Later life
At the General Assembly of the International Union of Architects in July 2002, <mask> was elected president for a period of three years. <mask> was also a professor of Urban and Regional Planning at the Universidade Federal do Paraná, his alma mater, and has been a guest professor at the University of California, Berkeley. In April 2005, <mask> participated in the Symposium of China Bus Rapid Transit Initiative (Shanghai) to promote the BRT project in some larger cities. He was specially interviewed  which made an impact on mayors and urban

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 planners across China. <mask> was a member of the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute.<mask> died of kidney disease on May 27, 2021, at the age of 83. Selected bibliography
 Acupuntura urbana (Editora Record, , 2003)
 Urban Acupuncture. (Washington, DC: Island Press. , 2014)
 O vizinho: parente por parte de rua (Editora Record, , 2005)

Awards
<mask> has won a variety of Brazilian and international prizes:
 1990: United Nations Environmental Award, awarded by the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP)
 1990: Annual Prize of the International Institute for Energy Conservation (IIEC)
 1991: Scroll of Honor, United Nations Human Settlements Programme
 1991: Tree of Learning, IUCN
 1994: Neutra Award: for contributions to Environmental Design. 1996: Child and Peace Award, UNICEF
 1997: Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medal in Architecture, University of Virginia
 2000: Prince Claus Award, the Netherlands (2000)
 2001: Pioneer 2001, International Council for Caring Communities (ICCC-USA)
 2001: 2001 World Technology Award for Transportation, National Museum of Science and Industry, UK
 2011: Leadership in Transport Award of the International Transport Forum at the OECD
 2012: Honorary Doctorate of Arts, Plymouth University

Notes

External links

 https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2640077

 "A song of the city" (TED2007)
 The Sustainable City, <mask> - Royal Institute of British Architects 2009 International Dialogues Talk
  How a Brazilian City Has Revolutionized Urban Planning
 04.14.2010 Sustainable City, <mask> - Columbia University
 <mask>- IaaC Lecture Series 2015

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1937 births
2021 deaths
20th-century Brazilian architects
Brazilian environmentalists
Brazilian Jews
Brazilian people of Polish-Jewish descent
Brazilian urban planners
Federal University of Paraná alumni
Governors of Paraná (state)
Jewish architects
Jewish Brazilian politicians
Mayors of Curitiba
People from Curitiba
21st-century

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title: Edda Göring

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<mask> (2 June 1938 – 21 December 2018) was the only child of German politician, military leader, and leading member of the Nazi Party <mask>, by his second marriage to the German actress Emmy Sonnemann. Born the year before the outbreak of the Second World War, <mask> spent most of her early childhood years with her mother at the <mask> family estate at Carinhall. As a child she received many historical works of art as gifts, including a painting of the Madonna and Child by Lucas Cranach the Elder. In the final stages of the war, she and her mother moved to their mountain home at Obersalzberg, near Berchtesgaden. After the war, she went to a girls-only school, studied at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, and became a law clerk. In the 1950s and 1960s many of the valuable gifts she received as a child, including the Madonna and Child painting, became the subject of long legal battles, most of which she eventually lost in 1968. Unlike the children of other high-ranking Nazis, such as Gudrun Himmler and Albert Speer Jr., Göring did not speak in public about her father's career.However, in 1986 she was interviewed for Swedish television and spoke lovingly of both her parents. Biography

Birth
The only child of <mask>, <mask> was born on 2 June 1938. Her father received approximately 628,000 messages of congratulations on his daughter's birth; tributes came in from all over the world, including telegrams from British Lords Halifax and Londonderry. The historian Giles MacDonogh later described the German reaction to the birth:

It has often been suggested that the name Edda was given in honour of the daughter of Benito Mussolini, but her mother stated that this was not so. On 4 November 1938, she was baptised at Carinhall, and Adolf Hitler became her godfather. The occasion was reported by Life, with many photographs of <mask>, her parents and Hitler, who greatly enjoyed the event. Her baptism presents included two paintings by Lucas Cranach the Elder.To the displeasure of Heinrich Himmler, it was

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 discovered that neither Emmy nor <mask>'s nanny was a Nazi Party member, but this was soon corrected when <mask> arranged for Emmy to join the party. On Hitler's instructions, she received the Golden Party Badge, a rare award originally reserved for founding members, long-term supporters, or people who had shown outstanding service to the party. Early years
<mask> grew up at Carinhall and like other daughters of high-ranking Nazi leaders and officials she was called Kleine Prinzessin ("Little Princess"). When she was one year old, the journalist Douglas Reed wrote in Life that she was "a sort of Nazi Crown Princess." In 1940, the Luftwaffe paid for a small-scale replica of Frederick the Great's palace of Sanssouci to be built in an orchard at Carinhall for her to play in. Some 50 metres long, 7 metres wide, and 3½ metres high, this had within it a miniature theatre, complete with stage and curtains, and was known as Edda-Schlösschen ("Edda's little palace"). In 1940, Der Stürmer magazine printed a story alleging that Edda had been conceived by artificial insemination.A furious <mask>, who already despised Streicher, demanded action by Walter Buch, the supreme Nazi Party regulator, against the editor, Julius Streicher. Buch declared he was ready to "stop that sick mind once and for all," but Hitler intervened to save Streicher and the outcome was that he was stripped of some honors, but was allowed to go on publishing Der Stürmer from his farm near Nuremberg. 1945 and after
During the closing stages of the Second World War in Europe, <mask> retreated to his mountain home at Obersalzberg, near Berchtesgaden, taking Emmy and <mask> with him. On 8 May 1945, Armistice in Europe Day, the German Wehrmacht surrendered unconditionally, and on 21 May, a few days before her seventh birthday, <mask> was interned with her mother in the U.S.-controlled Palace Hotel, code-named Camp Ashcan at Mondorf in Luxembourg. By 1946, the two had been freed and were living at one of their own houses, Burg Veldenstein, in

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 Neuhaus, near Nuremberg. There they were visited by the American officer John E. Dolibois, who described Edda as "a beautiful child, the image of her father. Bright and perky, polite and well-trained."During the Nuremberg trials, <mask> was allowed to visit her father in prison. He was found guilty of war crimes and was sentenced to death, but on 15 October 1946, the night before his scheduled execution, <mask> committed suicide by swallowing a cyanide pill. By April 1946, Emmy and <mask> <mask> were living in a small house at Sackdilling. In 1948, while living near Hersbruck with her mother and her aunt Else Sonnemann, <mask> entered the St Anna-Mädchenoberrealschule ("Saint Anne's High School for Girls") at Sulzbach-Rosenberg in Bavaria where she remained until gaining her Abitur. In November 1948, the family moved to Etzelwang to be nearer the school. In 1949, Emmy faced legal problems regarding some valuable possessions and explained many of them as the property of <mask>, now aged ten. After leaving school, <mask> studied law at the University of Munich and became a law clerk; she later worked for a doctor.A private letter from an unknown relative in 1959 stated that "the baby is now a young lady, slim, fair-haired and pretty. She lives with her mother on the 5th floor of a modern apartment block in the Munich city centre." Later life

In her later years, <mask> worked in a hospital laboratory and was hoping to become a medical technician. She was a regular guest of Hitler's patron Winifred Wagner whose grandson, Gottfried Wagner, later recalled:

Edda worked in a rehabilitation clinic in Wiesbaden and devoted herself to taking care of her mother, remaining with her until she died on 8 June 1973. After that, for five years in the 1970s, <mask> was the companion of the Stern magazine journalist Gerd Heidemann. Heidemann had bought the yacht Carin II, which had been Hermann Göring's, and according to Peter Wyden "He charmed Edda, pretty, not married, and devoted to the memory of her father, the

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 Reichsmarschall, and started an affair with her. Together, they ran social events aboard the boat.Much of the talk was of Hitler and the Nazis, and the guests of honor were weathered eyewitnesses of the hallowed time, two generals, Karl Wolff and Wilhelm Mohnke." For some years <mask> made public appearances, attending memorials for Nazis and taking part in political events, but she later became more withdrawn. Unlike the children of other high-ranking Nazis, such as Gudrun Himmler and Albert Speer, Jr., she never commented publicly on her father's role in the Third Reich or the Holocaust. In the 1990s, she said of her father in an interview:

In 2010, <mask> said of her uncle <mask> for an article in The Guardian, "He could certainly help people in need himself financially and with his personal influence, but, as soon as it was necessary to involve higher authority or officials, then he had to have the support of my father, which he did get." The governments of West Germany and the reunited Germany denied <mask> <mask> the pension normally given to the children of government ministers of the old German Reich. As of 2015, she was reported to be still living in Munich. In that year, she unsuccessfully petitioned the Landtag of Bavaria for compensation with respect to the expropriation of her father's legacy.A committee unanimously denied her request. She died on 21 December 2018 and was buried at an undisclosed location in the Munich Waldfriedhof. Legal dispute over Cranach Madonna
At the time of her baptism in November 1938, Edda received several works of art as gifts, including a painting of the Madonna and Child by Lucas Cranach the Elder, a present from the City of Cologne. Part of an official collection entrusted to the office of the Oberbürgermeister (or Lord Mayor), the painting had been previously on display in the Wallraf-Richartz Museum in Cologne. The mayor at the time, Karl Georg Schmidt (de) had been a member of the Nazi party since 1923 and was a political ally of <mask>. After the war, the

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