title: Zaidee Jackson

texts: terribly repressive policies of the new Prime Minister, Octavian Goga, who issued numerous anti-Semitic and other xenophobic laws. During Bucharest's Expoziție Naționale, anti-Semitic and even pro-Fascist-themed displays were on exhibit.Thankfully, it was over by the spring of 1938, after Goga was dismissed as prime minister and a majority of the laws were reversed. In March 1938, Barbu traveled to New York (his divorce must've been finalized) and moved into the Dewey Hotel with <mask>. It's possible to couple soon became engaged and traveled to Boston to meet with <mask>'s relatives. The couple returned to Romania in September, where they possibly wed at "Conacul Neamtu", the Neamtu family estate, located in the village of , an hour outside of Craiova. On September 27, Zaidee received her new passport and registered at Craiova's police station. As expected, the marriage marred by jealousy and racial prejudice of her husband's numerous family (and the neighbors) who felt that Barbu had married beneath himself. He was accused of renouncing his family for a Negro.<mask>, the 41-year old (although she claimed to be four years younger) Black cabaret star who could hardly speak Romanian and performed naked in Paris wasn't considered an equal to 34-year old extremely well educated and privileged Barbu. To make matters worse, the Romanian government made it difficult for Zaidee to renew her work visa, demanding that she had be an "Ethnic Romanian". In November, she returned to Paris, appearing at Jimmy Monroe's Swing Club. The following month she appeared in the revue, "Harlem au Coliseum" at the Paris-Coliseum, alongside Myrtle Watkins and the Three Dukes with music provided by Willie Lewis' Orchestra. Early 1939, despite warnings from the American Embassy of impending war, <mask> remained in Paris, performing at Fred Payne's Bar. However, in February, she had returned home to Craiova, registering with the National


title: Zaidee Jackson

type: original

texts:
 Liberal Party (a party her husband's family was involved with). Barbu and <mask> packed up and purchased an comfortable house in Bucharest beside the Liceul Militar.These were halcyon days for the newlyweds. Barbu was frequently away at his office in Craiova, leaving <mask> alone in their new home and a chauffeur to drive her wherever she needed to go in one of Barbu's many luxurious British-made automobiles. <mask> also returned to her place as the star of the Restaurant Zissu, alongside Jean Moscopol (Romania's version of Maurice Chevalier). Occasionally, she also appeared at the Maxim Zig-Zag Cabaret at 5 Strada Otelelisianu. World War II (1940–1945)

After the outbreak of WWII, <mask>'s ties with the Western world was completely severed. Despite the progression of the war, <mask> was able to continue working and her popularity amongst Romanian audiences grew. Across Romania, soldiers were every corner, young men standing in long lines answering the draft.Thousands of men were boarding trucks heading for their local regiment bases. In Bucharest, the swastika flew beside the Romanian flag as King Carol made it no secret that he supported the Nazis. In July 1940, King Carol handed over Bessarabia and northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union, causing uproar across Romania, especially as fleeing Bessarabian refugees crowded the streets of Bucharest. Two months later, in September 1940, the king was forced into exile and General Ion Antonescu seized power for the next four years. Romania soon announced its new alliance with Nazi Germany. On October 8, German troops began crossing into Romania and soon numbered over 500,000. Although <mask> herself encountered no real trouble, she found it expedient to stay away from certain public places.The American Ford company immediately severed ties with Romania, and Barbu's SEBAR company began manufacturing military-grade vehicles for the Germans. From 1940-1944, <mask>'s

masks: Zaidee Zaidee Zaidee Zaidee Zaidee Jackson Zaidee


title: Zaidee Jackson

texts: life was hardly interrupted by the constant changes Europe was going through. As a Romanian citizen, in a country safe from Nazi invasion (as long as they upheld their alliance), her career was basically unaffected. However, she was a witness to German tourists and military personnel walking the streets and enjoying themselves in Bucharest's many hotels, restaurants and cabarets. In 1943, Romania became a regular target of Allied aerial bombardment, such as the attack on the oil fields of Ploiești on August 1, 1943. In October 1943, a frustrated Barbu was forced to close his factory temporarily after a worker's strike. By 1944, Bucharest was subjected to intense bombing on 4 and 15 April 1944, and the Luftwaffe bombed the city on August 24 and 25 after the country switched sides.Windows were shattered, buildings were gutted, and walls bore the tracks of machine-gun bullets. At night, windows were shuttered and curtains tightly drawn. There must be no visible light to guide enemy aviators. The radio echoed with news of death and destruction. Theatres, cabarets, cinemas were shut down, if they weren't damaged by the bombs. Escaping the capital, <mask> packed up everything and relocated to the village of Olari, safely 200 miles away from the destruction. On August 30, 1944, Soviet troops occupied Romania.Bucharest was heavily militarized, the streets filled with soldiers, many of them looting abandoned homes. Gypsies, Jews and many other marginalized members of the lower class quickly rose to power in high government positions. There were shortages of everything. Of course officials with big salaries could get what they wanted. Formerly well-to-do people carried their dwindling stock of goods to the immense open air market to sell for what they would bring in order to keep alive. In 1945, SEBAR was reopened, this time to manufacture vehicles for the Soviet Union. In Bucharest, the entertainment was revived as


title: Zaidee Jackson

texts:
 many establishments reopened.<mask> moved their belongings back into their house and resumed performing. Communist Romania (1946–1956)

From 1945-1947, appeared for her final years at the Restaurant Zissu. Initially she was unable to seek work as she was refused a work permit. After six months without work, the government relented and issued her permit. However, she was only allowed a meager worker's salary of 600 leis a month. But after much protest, she was finally upgraded to an artist's salary of 1,500 leis a month. Nightly taxi cabs to and from, her jobs cost 30 leis daily, which meant spending two-thirds of her salary for transportation.Often she chose to walk two miles in the dead of night from her apartment to save money to eat since meals were no longer supplied to artists. In September 1946, the Soviet government shut down SEBAR and Barbu remained in Bucharest permanently with his wife. Although engineers were in great demand, he however could get very little work as one had to be approved by the State. However, his other siblings were able to find government jobs. On December 30, 1947, the old monarchy was abolished and Romania became an republic. The director of the Zissu closed down the popular establishment and fled to Bulgaria. <mask> promptly found employment at the Circ Bucharest, appearing in a lavish revue, where in one of the scenes, the vibrant 50-year old Black vedette entered the stage riding on the back of a camel before performing an exotic number.Due to the heavy censorship of Western music and culture, <mask> surprisingly remained extremely popular amongst Romanian audiences, even with the youth, who saw her as Romania's own Ella Fitzgerald, Billie Holiday or Josephine Baker. Despite her popularity, Zaidee encountered all sorts of prejudice and discrimination from musicians and managers. The year 1948, after the Romanian Communist Party came to power, is when all of her troubles

masks: Zaidee Zaidee Zaidee


title: Zaidee Jackson

texts: began. That June, all businesses and establishments became nationalized by the government. Despite being an entertainer, she was still considered an employee of the state. This caused the American Embassy to declare her passport void, making any possibilities of visiting the United States impossible. Six months later, during Christmas, the Securitate (secret police) raided the Neamtu estate in Olari and declared it property of the state.<mask>'s in-laws were left outside in the snow, surrounded by their belongings. Later, during the summer of 1949, she began corresponding with her old friend, Lawrence Brown, who was touring the Soviet Union with Paul Robeson at the time. She described the new way of life under the new government and her growing fears of her uncertain future in Romania. On April 14, 1951, Barbu and the majority of the Neamtu family were declared "Bourgeois spies" arrested sent to Ghencea Penitentiary (a local Bucharest prison) for 18 months. <mask> was unable to write or visit. Later in September 1952, the family was divided up and sent to various camps such as Popești Leordeni Camp, Pipera Farm, Dumbrăveni Penitentiary, Jilava Penitentiary, Peninsula Camp and Aiud Penitentiary where they were ill-fed and given the most arduous physical tasks. There was never a charge or a trial.After four years they were all released, broken and impoverished. <mask> soon began petitioning the American Embassy to issue a new passport to her. Initially, the Embassy was sympathetic but later became uncooperative due to the antagonism of a Hungarian woman secretary. Meanwhile, her sister, Corinna Williams-Thomas, was working indefatigably in her behalf, although writing to President Truman produced no results. <mask> wrote to Paul Robeson and William Patterson, who were both known to be close with the Communists. Neither deigned to reply. Once Barbu was released early-1955, he received a job in the provinces and

masks: Zaidee Zaidee Zaidee Zaidee


title: Zaidee Jackson

texts:
 attempted to convince Zaidee to accompany him.Instead, she chose to remain in Bucharest, suggesting that they divorce. While in the process of divorcing, in April 1955, her sister wrote to President Eisenhower who promised prompt action. After the divorce was finalized, <mask> departed for a tour Romania's major cities. Later career

In January 1956, as the result of an appeal filed by the American Civil Liberties Union with the board of Immigration Appeals, the US State Department permitted <mask> to return to the United States. From Bucharest she flew to Amsterdam and changed planes directly for New York, where she was greeted with an American passport. She luckily missed the Red Scare movement, although there was still heavy prejudice against Communists (and those who had lived for several years in a Communist country). <mask> resumed her career on the American stage until 1959.During the summer of 1967, she gave brief interview in Harlem with Frank Driggs. <mask> <mask> died on December 15, 1970, near her sister's family in Connecticut. References

External links
 https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/40132322/
 http://www.worldcat.org/title/zaidee-jackson-interview/oclc/56098170
 http://gallica.bnf.fr/
 https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2957662/?ref_=tt_cl_t6

1898 births
1970 deaths
20th-century American actresses
20th-century Romanian actresses
20th-century French actresses
American film actresses
American burlesque performers
Cabaret singers
French vedettes
Actresses from Boston
Naturalised citizens of Romania
African-American actresses
African-American female dancers
American female dancers
American female erotic dancers
20th-century African-American women singers
Music hall performers
Harlem Renaissance
Traditional pop music singers
Vaudeville performers
American emigrants to France
American emigrants to Romania
20th-century American singers
People from Augusta, Georgia
20th-century American women

masks: Zaidee Jackson Jackson Zaidee Jackson


title: Will Campbell (Baptist minister)

texts:
<mask> (Amite County, Mississippi, July 18, 1924 – Nashville, Tennessee June 3, 2013) was a Baptist minister, lecturer, and activist. He was a Southern white supporter of African-American civil rights. <mask> was also a lecturer and author, most notably for his autobiographical work Brother to a Dragonfly, a finalist for the National Book Award in 1978. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Amite County, Mississippi, in 1924, the son of a farmer and his wife. He credited his family with having raised him to be culturally tolerant, even though his family church had Bibles emblazoned with a Ku Klux Klan symbol. He was ordained as a minister at age 17 by his local Baptist congregation. He attended Louisiana College, then enlisted in the army during World War II.He served as a medic. After the war, he attended Wake Forest College (BA, English), Tulane University, and Yale Divinity School (B.D., 1952). Though he held a pastorate in Louisiana from 1952 to 1954, <mask> spent most of his career in other settings. In 1954, he took a position as director of religious life at the University of Mississippi, only to resign in 1956. This was in part due to the hostility—including death threats—he received for supporting racial integration. He subsequently took a position as a field officer for the National Council of Churches (NCC), and joined the civil rights movement. In 1963, <mask> left the NCC to become director of the Committee of Southern Churchmen (CSC), which was his base for continuing activism.The CSC published a journal, Katallagete, its title deriving from New Testament Greek for the Pauline phrase 'be reconciled', a reference to 2 Corinthians 5:20. The journal published articles about politics and social change, as understood through the lens of the Christian faith. It expressed ideas of the neo-orthodox movement, which <mask> had become acquainted with at Yale. Edited by James Y. Holloway of Kentucky's Berea College, Katallagete was published from 1965 until the early 1990s. The CSC relinquished control of the journal to <mask> and Holloway in 1983. By 2005, <mask> described the CSC as "nothing ... a name and a tax exemption and

masks:
Will Davis Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell


title: Will Campbell (Baptist minister)

texts:
 whatever I and a few other people were doing on a given day." He continued to work on his own together with a network of acquaintances, including singers Johnny Cash and <mask>, comedian Dick Gregory, cartoonist and playwright Jules Feiffer, and writer Studs Terkel.Although remaining a Baptist, <mask> reportedly conducted house church worship services at his home in Mt. Juliet, Tennessee until late in his life. <mask> died on June 3, 2013, in Nashville, from complications of a stroke he suffered in May 2011. He was 88 and was survived by his wife of 67 years, Brenda Fisher, a son, Webb, and two daughters, Bonnie and Penny. Activism

Civil rights

In 1957, while working for the National Council of Churches, <mask> participated in two notable events of the civil rights movement: he was one of four people who escorted the black students who integrated the Little Rock, Arkansas, public schools; and he was the only white person present at the founding of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) by Martin Luther King Jr. Some black delegates opposed including him, but Bayard Rustin sponsored him. In 1961, he helped "Freedom Riders" of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to integrate interstate bus travel, despite white mob violence, in Alabama.In a 1964 interview with Robert Penn Warren for the book Who Speaks for the Negro?, <mask> discussed many of the issues of the civil rights movement, including the assassination of Medgar Evers by Byron De La Beckwith, desegregation busing, and the relationship between theology and social activism. He appealed to Southern Christian churches to end their own segregation and fight discrimination, rather than remain silent. <mask> eventually left organized religion, though he remained firmly Christian. <mask> later said, "I never considered myself ... an activist in the civil rights movement, though a lot of other people considered me an activist." His uncompromising theology led him to keep his distance from political movements. He insisted that "anyone who is not as concerned with the immortal soul of the dispossessor as he is

masks:
Willie Nelson
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell


title: Will Campbell (Baptist minister)

texts:
 with the suffering of the dispossessed is being something less than Christian"  and that "Mr. Jesus died for the bigots as well". These convictions sometimes caused friction between <mask> and other civil rights figures.<mask> was an "...unofficial chaplain to the local chapter of the Ku Klux Klan ... He refused to 'cancel' white racists out of his life. He refused to demonize them as less than human." He visited James Earl Ray in prison. He remarked in 1976, "It's been a long time since I got a hate letter from the right. Now they come from the left." In his book The Stem of Jesse, <mask> examined the experience of Sam Oni, the first black student to attend Mercer University in Macon, Georgia, as well as the moral courage of Joseph Hendricks, who shepherded Mercer through the process of desegregation.He also profiles Samaria Mitcham Bailey, a young American female of African descent, and her resolve in coping with the racial challenges she faced while matriculating at Mercer University. Other issues
<mask> participated in protests against the Vietnam War and helped draft resisters find sanctuary in Canada. In the late 1970s, he spoke out against the death penalty, particularly after forming a relationship with John Spenkelink, whom the state of Florida executed in 1979. <mask> also expressed his opposition to abortion. Like <mask> and Jacques Ellul—both contributors to Katallagete—<mask> expressed his distrust of government and his belief that people must make their own history. These views distinguish <mask>'s thought from that of most religious liberal activists. He is considered aligned with more recent postliberal theologians, who denounce the liberal (as well as conservative) esteem for civil society as a misplaced faith, a form of idolatry taking the place of God and Jesus Christ in Christian life.Works
This list contains every, or nearly every, book-length work authored primarily by <mask>, but it makes no attempt to list shorter works. Rev. Duncan M. Gray, whom <mask> calls one of his heroes
Bluebirds Always Come on Sunday (1997)
Shugah and Doops (1997)
Soul Among Lions: Musings of a Bootleg Preacher (1999)
Robert G.

masks:
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
William Stringfellow
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell


title: Will Campbell (Baptist minister)

texts:
 Clark's Journey to the House (2003): a biography of the man who, in 1967, was elected Mississippi's first black state legislator since Reconstruction
 "Writings on Reconciliation and Resistance" (2010)
 "Crashing the Idols:  The Vocation of <mask><mask>" (2010)
 "And the Criminals With Him:  Essays in Honor of <mask><mask> and the Reconciled"  Edited by <mask><mask> and Richard C. Goode. (2012)

See also
Neo-orthodoxy

References

Further reading
  "<mask> <mask>." Religious Leaders of America (Gale, 1999). Connelly, Thomas L. <mask> and the Soul of the South (New York: Continuum, 1982). Hawkins, Merrill.<mask><mask>, Radical Prophet of the South (Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 1997)
 Lippy, Charles H. Twentieth-Century Shapers of American Popular Religion (Greenwood Press, 1989)
 Mcfadden, Robert D. "<mask><mask>, 1924-2013; Maverick Activist for Equality." New York Times, 5 June 2013, p. A1. online obituary
 Wright, Lawrence. Saints and Sinners (Vintage Books, 1993). External links
Will Davis Campbell Collection (MUM00062) owned by the University of Mississippi Department of Archives and Special Collections. <mask><mask>: A Man of the Word (multimedia exhibits at University of Southern Mississippi library)
Civil Rights leader, preacher <mask> dead at 88
 LIFE MAGAZINE, Henry Groskinsky The Day MLK was Assassinated: a photographers story LIFE.COM

1924 births
2013 deaths
20th-century American novelists
20th-century Baptist ministers
Activists for African-American civil rights
American anti–death penalty activists
American anti–Vietnam War activists
Baptist ministers from the United States
Christian radicals
Louisiana Christian University alumni
National Humanities Medal recipients
People from Nashville, Tennessee
Tulane University alumni
University of Mississippi faculty
Wake Forest University alumni
Yale Divinity School alumni
United States Army personnel of World War II
American male biographers
20th-century American biographers
American male novelists
Novelists from Mississippi
Baptists from Tennessee
Military personnel from Mississippi
20th-century American male writers
United States Army soldiers
20th-century

masks:
Will D
. Campbell
Will D
. Campbell
Will D
. Campbell
Will Davis
Campbell
Will Campbell
Will D
. Campbell
Will D
. Campbell
Will D
. Campbell
Will Campbell


title: Lewis C. Hudson

texts:
<mask> (July 29, 1910 – July 24, 2001) was a highly decorated officer of the United States Marine Corps with the rank of brigadier general. <mask> received the Navy Cross, the United States military's second-highest decoration awarded for valor in combat, while leading 2nd Battalion, 25th Marines during Battle of Iwo Jima in February 1945. He later commanded Troop Training Unit, Atlantic Fleet or 3rd Marine Division and retired in 1961. Early career

<mask><mask> was born on July 29, 1910, in Memphis, Tennessee, but his family later moved to Sherard, Mississippi, where he attended grammar school. <mask>s later moved to White Haven, Tennessee, and young <mask> attended high school there. Following the graduation in 1927, <mask> received appointment to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. While at the academy, he was active in boxing, wrestling and track or captained the cross country running team.<mask> finally graduated on June 4, 1931, with bachelor's degree and was commissioned second lieutenant in the Marine Corps on the same date. Many of his classmates had distinguished careers and became general officers: John S<mask> Jr., Horacio Rivero Jr., <mask>. Booth, Lawson P. Ramage, Bernard F. Roeder, Frederick L. Wieseman, Frederick J. Becton, <mask>. Brooks Jr., Ernest B. Ellsworth, Wilmer E. Gallaher, Andrew J. Hill Jr., Harlan T. Johnson, Frederic S. Keeler, Edward J. O'Neill, Forsyth Massey, Berton A. Robbins, Jr., Kinlock C. Walpole, Nelson K. Brown, Austin R. Brunelli, Edward J. Dillon, Robert E. Fojt, Edward H. Forney, Bankson T.

masks:
Lewis Cheatham Hudson
Hudson
Lewis C
. Hudson
Hudson
Lewis
Hudson
Hudson
. McCain
Charles T
Charles B


title: Lewis C. Hudson

texts:
 Holcomb Jr., <mask>. Shuey or Samuel G. Taxis. He was ordered for his officer training to the Basic School at Philadelphia Navy Yard, and following the graduation in June 1932, as an excellent shooter, <mask> was assigned to the Marine Corps Rifle and Pistol Team Squad at Marine Barracks Quantico, Virginia. In February 1933, he was ordered to the Marine barracks at Naval Station Guam and remained there until May 1935. During his time in Pacific, he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant in December 1934. His next assignment was with Rifle and Pistol Team at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina, but returned to the Quantico Pistol Team in May 1936 and took part in the Quantico Rifle and Pistol Matches. <mask> later served with Wakefield Rifle and Pistol Team and also commanded Wakefield Marine Detachment.In November 1936, <mask> was appointed commanding officer of the Marine Corps Institute at Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C. and again was involved in the pistol matches. He captained Elliott Trophy team during that competition and his team later WON the Wirgman Trophy in 1938. <mask> received promotion to the rank of captain in January 1938. During June 1938, <mask> attended Gunnery School aboard the cruiser USS Minneapolis, and, after the finishing of the course in August of that year, he was appointed commanding officer of the Marine detachment aboard the cruiser USS Quincy. He then took part in battle practice off Hawaii with the Pacific Fleet in Fleet Problem XIX. World War II

<mask> was ordered to the staff of Marine

masks:
Clifford H
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson


title: Lewis C. Hudson

texts:
 Corps School, Quantico in September 1940 and appointed an instructor within first Officer Candidates Class. In May 1941, he was appointed Plans and Training for all Officer Candidate classes.Within this command, he was promoted to the rank of major in January 1942 and to the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel in August of that year. During the summer of 1942, Department of the Navy with the cooperation of Headquarters Marine Corps presented the concept of future Marine division and ordered the activation of 3rd Marine Division in September 1942. <mask> was transferred to Camp Lejeune, North Carolina one month later and assumed command of 2nd Battalion, 23rd Marine Regiment under Colonel Louis R. Jones. <mask> supervised the initial training of his battalion and with the plans for activation of 4th Marine Division, cadre of his battalion was detached from the 23rd Marine Regiment and used for the build-up of 25th Marine Regiment under Colonel Samuel C<mask>. Roi Namur

<mask> assumed command of 2nd Battalion, 25th Marines and coordinated the further unit's training in North Carolina. The 25th Marines were transferred to the West Coast in August 1943 and <mask> and his battalion sailed for San Diego via Panama Canal. They arrived on September 10 and marched to the newest marine base, Camp Pendleton and joined 4th Marine Division.All division's units began preparing for the first combat deployment in Pacific – Kwajalein Operation. The 25th Marines took par tin in the landing exercise on San Clemente Island at the beginning of January 1944 subsequently

masks:
Hudson
Hudson
. Cumming
Hudson
Hudson


title: Lewis C. Hudson

texts:
 left San Diego on January 13. They reached Hawaii on January 22 and then sailed to Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands. The main goal was to secure the Atoll and get that a new base for future offensives. The 25th Marine Regiment was designated a part of the Northern Landing Force, which took part in the capturing of Roi-Namur, the center of air activity in the Marshall Islands. The main objective for 25th Marines was the capturing of the small off-shore islands, which should served as artillery sites for fire support of advancing units. <mask> and his battalion were tasked the capturing of Ennubir Island, site of the main Japanese radio transmitter.<mask> landed with the battalion at the dawn of January 31 and captured the Island almost without resistance. He later secured all eight islands, but all without resistance. The Kwajalein operation ended with success on February 3, 1944, and 25th Marines sailed for Maui, Hawaii for rest and refit at the end of February of that year. Saipan and Tinian

<mask> and his battalion then took part in the landing maneuvers and preparations for the next campaign, Saipan. They finally sailed back to the war zone on May 25 and after brief stay on Eniwetok, 25th Marines reached Saipan on June 15. The main objective of 4th Marine Division was the capture of Aslito airfield in the southern end of the island and advance north along the east coast. Lieutenant Colonel <mask> landed with 2nd Battalion on left flank of Yellow Beach 1 in the morning of that day and half of the battalion successfully advanced inland almost

masks: Hudson Hudson Hudson Hudson


title: Lewis C. Hudson

texts: 500 yards while taking cover behind the moving LVTs.The second half of his battalion was pinned down on the beach by enemy mortar and machine gun fire, until allied fighter planes wiped these enemy emplacements out. The Second Battalion led the way of the regiment and took part in the attack on Aslito Airfield on June 17. After mopping-up operations in the southern part of the Island, <mask> and his battalion were attached to 2nd Battalion, 25th Marines went to the reserve on June 26 and remained there until the beginning of July. <mask> and his battalion were subsequently ordered to Mt. Petosukara, where repelled a furious assault of Japanese rifle company. The repeated attack on the morning of the next day was so intense that even personnel from the battalion aid station took part in the defense. An island was finally declared secured on July 9, 1944.For general success in Marianas, an island of Tinian had to be secured, which was located southward of Saipan. Tinian was a little bit smaller than previous island, but higher quality garrison. The landing itself was commenced on July 24 and Hudson and 2nd Battalion landed on White Beach 1 in the North of the island during the morning of that day. <mask> subsequently led his battalion in attack on enemy positions on Mt. Maga and then attacked enemy fortifications on near Mt. Lasso on July 26. On July 28, Japanese resistance on the island fell apart except some individuals, who denied to surrender.<mask> and his battalion took up in the mopping-up operations and Tinian was declared secured on August 1,


title: Lewis C. Hudson

texts:
 1944. For his service during the capturing of Saipan and Tinian, <mask> was decorated with the Legion of Merit with Combat "V". Iwo Jima

The 25th Marines were ordered back to Maui, Hawaii, on August 5 and spent the next five months with training and preparations for future combat deployment. <mask> took part in the landing exercise in Ma‘alaea Bay on January 18, 1945, and then sailed with his unit for new mission – Iwo Jima. <mask> landed with his 2nd battalion on Blue beach 2 on February 19 with the orders to seize high ground located 500 yards inland. The advance of the battalion was halted by the enemy's machine gun and mortar fire, and casualties began increasing. <mask> continuously exposed himself in the forward areas of the beachhead to encourage and direct his subordinates in the attack.By his personal example of fearlessness, he inspired his men to move forward in the attack despite heavy mortar, artillery, machine-gun and rifle fire, and to seize its sector of the initial beachhead, which consisted of the high ground adjacent to an airfield and a considerable area of a heavily fortified cliff line. On February 20, when his battalion was subsequently pinned down again, Lieutenant Colonel <mask> repeatedly exposed himself to enemy fire in order to supervise and coordinate the attack. Although suffering painful wounds, he refused medical aid until all other casualties had been given treatment, continuing to supervise the attack until replaced by a new battalion commander, Lt.Col. James Taul. His wounds were so serious that <mask> was evacuated

masks: Hudson Hudson Hudson Hudson Hudson Hudson


title: Lewis C. Hudson

texts:
 to the United States for treatment. For his bravery in action, <mask> was decorated with the Navy Cross, the United States military's second-highest decoration awarded for valor in combat. He also received the Purple Heart for his wounds received on Iwo Jima.Postwar career

<mask> returned to the States in June 1945 and attached to the Troop Training Unit, Training Command, Amphibious Forces Pacific Fleet at Coronado, California. He served under Brigadier General Harry K. Pickett as Chief of Planning section and later as Assistant Team Chief, School Team. <mask> took part in the amphibious training for Pacific Fleet units until his departure in August 1947, when he was ordered for study to Army General and Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He graduated in June 1948 and received promotion to the rank of colonel at the same time. His next assignment was Assistant Plans Officer on the staff of the commander, U.S. Naval Forces, Western Pacific under Vice Admiral Oscar C. Badger. Within this command, he participated in the actions in China during the Chinese Civil War until June 1949.<mask> was then transferred to the Middle East and appointed military observer within the U.N. Palestine Mission in Jerusalem. While in this capacity, he was appointed president of the Mixed Armistice Commission of the United Nations and took part in the monitoring of ceasefire following the Syrian-Israeli and later Jordan-Israeli conflicts. He returned stateside in March 1950 and served on the Marine Corps Military Equipment Policy Panel at Marine Corps Schools,


title: Lewis C. Hudson

texts: Quantico until August of that year. <mask> was ordered to the instruction at National War College in Washington, D.C. and also completed Special Weapons Project Orientation Course at Sandia Base, New Mexico. Upon the graduation from the War college in June 1951, he was appointed assistant to the representative of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on the Senior Staff, National Security Council. After two years in Washington, <mask> was transferred back to Quantico in July 1953 and appointed president of the Marine Corps Tactics and Techniques Board. He was appointed director of the Marine Corps Development Center later and remained at Quantico until the end of June 1956.A highlight of his career came on July 1, 1956, when he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general and appointed commanding general of Landing Force Training Unit, Amphibious Training Command, Atlantic Fleet at Little Creek, Virginia. For next two years, <mask> was responsible for the amphibious Training of units within U.S. Atlantic Fleet and other units on the East Coast. In June 1958, <mask> was ordered to Okinawa, Japan and assumed temporary command of 3rd Marine Division. He was originally ordered to Okinawa for the duties as assistant division commander, but divisional commander was ordered to the States a few weeks earlier and the chief of staff, Colonel Rathvon M. Tompkins, assumed temporary command of the division. <mask> served with the 3rd Division as the defense force of Far Eastern Area until August 1959, when he was ordered stateside. Following a brief leave with family, he was

masks: Hudson Hudson Hudson Hudson Hudson


title: Lewis C. Hudson

texts:
 ordered to Washington, D.C. and appointed assistant chief of staff for operations and training at Headquarters Marine Corps under Commandant Randolph M. Pate. His final assignment came in October 1960, when he was appointed deputy assistant chief of staff for G-3 Operations at Headquarters Marine Corps and served in this capacity until his retirement.<mask> retired from the Marine Corps on June 30, 1961, after 30 years of active service. <mask> died on July 24, 2001, and is buried at West Tennessee State Veterans Cemetery in Memphis together with his wife, Anna Marie Marking (1912–1997). They had together five children: <mask>, Robert, John, Anne and Michael. Decorations

Here is the ribbon bar of Brigadier General <mask><mask>:

See also

25th Marine Regiment
Joint Expeditionary Base–Little Creek
Naval Amphibious Base Coronado

References

1910 births
2001 deaths
People from Memphis, Tennessee
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
National War College alumni
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of

masks:
Hudson
Hudson
Lewis
Lewis C
. Hudson


title: H. P. S. Ahluwalia

texts:
Major <mask> (6 November 1936 – 14 January 2022) was an Indian mountaineer, author, social worker and retired Indian Army officer. During his career he made contributions in the fields of adventure, sports, environment, disability and social work. He is one of six Indian men and the twenty first man in the world to climb Mount Everest. On 29 May 1965, 12 years to the day from the first ascent of Mount Everest, he made the summit with the fourth and final successful attempt of the 1965 Indian Everest Expedition along with H. C. S. Rawat and <mask>a. This was the first time three climbers stood on the summit together. Following his advanced training at the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, Darjeeling, he climbed extensively in Sikkim, Nepal. The 1965 Indian Army expedition was the first successful Indian Expedition to Everest which put 9 mountaineers on top, a record which lasted 17 years, and was led by Captain <mask>.He along with Avtar <mask>, Nawang Gombu <mask>, <mask> Gyatso, <mask> Wangyal, <mask> Vohra, Ang Kami <mask>, <mask> <mask> Rawat and <mask> Dorjee <mask> summited the peak in 1965 and became the first Indians to successfully climb Mount Everest. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, he suffered a bullet injury to his spine which resulted in his confinement to a wheelchair. He was the Chairman of Indian Spinal Injuries Centre. He has written thirteen books and has also produced an award-winning serial, Beyond Himalaya, which has been telecast all over the world on Discovery and National Geographic channels. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 6 November 1936 and brought up in Shimla along with his two sisters and two younger brothers. His father was employed as a Civil

masks:
Hari Pal Singh Ahluwalia
Phu Dorjee Sherp
M S Kohli
Singh Cheema
Sherpa
Sonam
Sonam
Chandra Prakash
Sherpa
Harish
Chandra Singh
Phu
Sherpa
Hari Pal
Singh Ahluwalia


title: H. P. S. Ahluwalia

texts:
 Society

Personal life and death
Ahluwalia died in Delhi on 14 January 2022, at the age of 85.Bibliography
Higher than Everest

The Summit Within
Eternal Himalaya
Beyond the Himalayas
Everest- Where the Snow never melts
Hermit Kingdom Ladakh

Ladakh Nubra The Forbidden Valley
 Tracing <mask>'s Journey

Awards

Medal bar

National Awards
Arjuna Award-1965

Padma Shri-1965
Padma Bhushan-2002

Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award for lifetime achievement-29 August 2009

National Award for the Welfare of People with Disabilities-3 December 1998

Order of the Khalsa (Nishan-e- Khalsa) Tercentenary of the Birth of Khalsa

International Awards
FRGS – Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (United Kingdom)
Fellowship conferred for significant contribution to studies and literature written on Environment and Adventure
CONDOR-DE-ORO – A high Argentinian honour given for overall contribution to adventure writing / participation in Adventure Sports. Advisor/Consultant to the Argentina Everest Expedition
World Health Initiative for Peace Award, 29 July 2013

Gallery

See also
Indian summiters of Mount Everest - Year wise
List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit
List of Mount Everest records of India
List of Mount Everest records

References

1936 births
2022 deaths
Indian Ordnance Factories Service officers
Indian summiters of Mount Everest
Indian mountain climbers
Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work
Indian Army officers
Mountain climbers from Punjab, India
Social workers
Social workers from Punjab, India
Indian Sikhs
People from Sialkot
20th-century Indian educators
Recipients of the Tenzing


title: Janet Todd (kickboxer)

texts:
<mask> (born December 12, 1985), nicknamed "JT", is an American Muay Thai kickboxer. She is a two-time Pan-American Muay Thai Champion and trains out of Boxing Works. Currently, she competes for ONE Championship and is the reigning ONE Kickboxing Atomweight World Champion. As of January 2022, she is ranked as the ninth best pound for pound female kickboxer in the world by Combat Press. Background
<mask> was born in Hermosa Beach, California. Although born in the United States, her first spoken language was Japanese, taught by her mother. In her youth, <mask> trained and competed in gymnastics, but later gave up the pursuit due to wanting a balance with her personal life.<mask> attended California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo and completed a five-year master's program in aerospace engineering. After beginning kickboxing classes, <mask>'s then boyfriend, now husband, introduced her to a Muay Thai gym. Muay Thai career
<mask> first competed as an amateur in 2009. She won the bout by TKO but did

masks:
Janet Todd
Todd
Todd
Todd
Todd
Todd


title: Janet Todd (kickboxer)

texts:
 not return to competition until 2013. In 2017, <mask> captured the bronze medal at the IFMA World Championships and World Games, subsequently winning an IFMA Pan-American Championship. She later won gold at the 2017 IFMA Pan American Championships at 51 kg. ONE Championship
On February 22, 2019, <mask> joined ONE Championship to compete for the ONE Atomweight Muay Thai world title against Stamp Fairtex.She lost by unanimous decision. She returned to ONE Championship on May 10, 2019, under kickboxing rules, defeating Wang Chin Long by TKO in the second round. On July 12, 2019, in another kickboxing match, <mask> defeated Chuang Kai Ting by majority decision at ONE Championship: Masters of Destiny. On October 13, 2019, fighting under Muay Thai rules, she defeated Ekaterina Vandaryeva by second-round knockout at ONE Championship: Century. She faced Stamp Fairtex a second time, fighting for the ONE Kickboxing Atomweight World Championship, at ONE Championship: King of the Jungle on February 28, 2020, winning by split

masks: Todd Todd Todd


title: Janet Todd (kickboxer)

texts:
 decision. <mask> was scheduled to face former ONE Atomweight Muay Thai title challenger Alma Juniku in a non-title Muay Thai match at ONE Championship: Fists Of Fury 3 on March 19, 2021. She defeated Juniku by unanimous decision, scoring a knockdown in the second round.<mask> faced Anne Line Hogstad at ONE on TNT 2 on April 14, 2021. She won via a body kick that dropped Hogstad in the third round. style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#CCFFCC;"
| 2019-10-13|| Win ||align=left| Ekaterina Vandaryeva || ONE Championship: Century || Tokyo, Japan || KO (Head kick) || 2 ||2:20
|-
|-  style="background:#CCFFCC;"
| 2019-07-12|| Win ||align=left| Kai Ting Chuang || ONE Championship: Masters of Destiny || Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia || Decision (Majority) || 3 ||3:00
|-
|-  style="background:#CCFFCC;"
| 2019-05-10|| Win ||align=left| Wang Chin Long || ONE Championship: Warriors of Light || Bangkok, Thailand || TKO (3 Knockdown Rule) || 2 || 2:59
|-
|-  style="background:#FFBBBB;"
| 2019-02-22|| Loss

masks: Todd Todd


title: Diana Primrose

texts: <mask> (floruit 1630) was the author of a eulogy to the deceased Queen Elizabeth published as A Chaine of Pearle, Or a Memoriall of the peerles Graces, and Heroick Vertues of Queene Elizabeth of Glorious Memory. Composed by the Noble Lady, <mask> (London, 1630). It is thought that this piece was written not only as a tribute to the 45-year reign of Elizabeth but as a criticism of the sometimes hot-headed King James, as well as a social criticism. The Chaine itself is made up of ten "Pearles" or short poems detailing virtues found in Elizabeth; some of these Pearles however are not qualities directly attributed to Elizabeth and thus it is considered that they may present a criticism of the then current ruler. Some have contended that the poet used an allegorical pseudonym, the concordance between the goddess <mask> (referred to in the text) and the author <mask> presents an interesting conflict. Upon closer observation, the author's name itself is a tribute to Elizabeth Tudor. <mask> as stated above often used as a symbol of Elizabeth and her fame as the virgin queen, <mask> being the flower of England.Elizabeth was often referred to as the rose of England, and as head of state that would make her the PRIME ROSE of England. Thus the primrose became a symbol of her monarchy. The symbolic nature of the author's name calls into question its potentiality for being a nom de plume. It is possible that the author used this

masks:
Diana Primrose
Diana Primrose
Diana
Diana
Diana
Primrose


title: Diana Primrose

texts:
 name to add further emphasis on the queen, and that the real author is in fact another female writer of some renown. The <mask> family however, was well established; there is, however, no record of a "<mask>". In 1805 John Nichols identified Anne Clifford as the author, but while there is some circumstantial evidence, nothing definitive has come to light, considering a conflict with recorded publishing date (Nichols attributes the publication to 1603 rather than 1630) A Chaine of Pearle takes the first part of William Camden's Annals of Queen Elizabeth (1615) as its source, as well as Spenser's Faerie Queene and listing, as it does, the virtues of Elizabeth I—the "pearles" of the title—it is generally considered to have been a pointed criticism of James I. The entire piece is constructed as though it were a chain of pearls, each separate poem another pearl on the chain that reflects Elizabeth's own beauty of character as both a woman and a ruler, devoid of gender; the pearls representing qualities such as "Chastity", "Religion", "Prudence", and "Temperance" (Spenser).<mask> however also uses other qualities not attributed to Elizabeth such as "Patience" opening the possibility of criticisms of either Elizabeth's predecessors or more likely her successor James I (<mask>, A Chaine of Pearle). Works
A Chaine of Pearle, Or a Memoriall of the peerles Graces, and Heroick Vertues of Queene Elizabeth of Glorious Memory.

masks: Primrose Diana Primrose Primrose


title: Diana Primrose

texts: Composed by the Noble Lady, <mask> | Dat Rosa mel apibus, qua sugit Aranea virus. London: Printed for Thomas Paine, and are to be sold by Philip Waterhouse at his shop at the signe of St. Paul's-head in Canning Street neare London-stone, 1630. The following is a short edition regarding "The Induction" to "A Chaine of Pearl", including footnotes, and specific to the symbology of the piece. Wildly symbolic, this introduction to the longer A Chaine of Pearle by <mask> was written to eulogise the deceased Queen Elizabeth the first, during the reign of James the sixth of Scotland (Castelli). It is thought that this piece was not only written as a tribute to the forty five-year reign of Elizabeth but as a criticism of the sometimes hot-headed King, as well as a social criticism.The Chaine itself is made up of ten Pearles or short poems detailing virtues that were found in Elizabeth, some of these Pearles however are not qualities directly attributed to Elizabeth and thus it is considered that they may present a criticism of the then current ruler. The use of the metaphor of a pearl chain sets the tone for the eulogy and illustrates from the beginning the symbolic nature of the peace. The pearl is the oldest known gem, found in the sarcophagus of a Princess of Persia who died in 520 BC (Anonymous, Pearls in Human History). Since its discovery the pearl has been a symbol of purity and perfection and has been recognised as

masks:
Diana Primrose
Diana Primrose


title: Diana Primrose

texts: the gem of royalty due to each pearl's unique design no pearl being exactly the same; its formation also signifies strength of character (Anonymous, The Rich History of Pearls). Images of Elizabeth show that the pearl adorned many of her garments, found in the intricate embroidery of her gowns and worn in long ropes around her neck, even attached to pins worn in her hair, and it is assumed that it was her favourite gem in addition to being a symbol of her purity and virginity, they effectively became her robes of state. The entire piece is constructed as though it were a chain of pearls, each separate poem another pearl on the chain that reflects Elizabeth's own beauty of character as both a woman and a ruler, devoid of gender; the pearls representing qualities such as “Chastity”, “Religion”, “Prudence”, and “Temperance” (Spenser). <mask> however also uses other qualities not attributed to Elizabeth such as “Patience” opening the possibility of criticisms of either Elizabeth's predecessors or more likely her successor James VI (<mask>, A Chaine of Pearle).It is here that the criticisms come into play more heavily. The regard that the people of England had for their Queen, transcended her gender, a fact exploited by <mask> in her blatant disregard for gender roles within her piece; By putting emphasis on sex as opposed to gender <mask> relies on the physical distinctions between men and women as opposed to

masks: Primrose Primrose Primrose Primrose


title: Diana Primrose

texts:
 societally imposed gender roles, roles which Elizabeth as an unmarried political ruler openly flouted. This carries over into “The Induction” of the piece itself as she compares Elizabeth to both male and female characters of classical Roman literature (<mask>, A Chaine of Pearle). <mask> uses the virgin queen as a reflection of the union between masculine and feminine natures. Beginning with a comparison to the Roman God of the sun Phoebus, and then to the Goddess of the moon and chastity, <mask> (Anonymous, UNRV History). These comparisons unite in records of Elizabeth's nature, and show that she is equal in strength to men, and yet retains her feminine charms. This edition includes only the opening two short pieces by <mask>, allowing the editor to focus on the emphasis of symbology evident throughout the entire piece, but most clear in “The Induction”.A Chaine of Pearle
“To All Noble Ladies and Gentlewomen”
To you, the honour of our noble sex,
I send this chain with all my best respects,
Which if you please to wear for her  sweet sake,
For whom I did this slender poem make,
You shall erect a trophy to her name,
And crown yourselves with never-ending fame . “The Induction”
As golden Phoebus  with his radiant face
Enthroned in his triumphant chair of state,
The twinkling stars and asterisms  doth chase
With his imperial scepter, and doth hate
All consorts in his starry monarchy
As prejudicial to his

masks: Primrose Primrose Diana Primrose


title: Diana Primrose

texts:
 sovereignty,

Written for a female audience <mask> calls attention to women's ability to be involved in politics and offer criticisms similar to Elizabeth herself. <mask> uses “sex” not “gender” implying and emphasis on the physical difference instead of societal conventions. Queen Elizabeth I
  Make yourselves more noticeable and strong by being more like the Queen. The Roman God of the Sun, implying a strength and power equal to that of men. Implying a comparison to <mask>, Roman goddess of the moon. Implies equality between Phoebus and <mask> and thus equality between men and women.So great Eliza, England's brightest sun,
The world's renown and ever-lasting lamp,
Admits not here the least comparison,
Whose glories do the greatest princes damp,
That ever scepter swayed or crown did wear,
Within the verge of either hemisphere. Thou English goddess, empress  of our sex,
O thou whose name still reigns in all our hearts,
To whom are due our ever-vow’d respects,
How shall I blazon  thy most royal parts? Which in all parts did so divinely shine,
As they deserve Apollo's  quill (not mine). Yet, since the gods accept the humble vows
Of mortals, deign, O thou star-crowned queen
T’accept these ill-composed pearly rows,
Wherein thy glory chiefly shall be seen;
For by these lines so black and impolite,
Thy swan-like lustre shall appear more white . Thy imperial majesties eternal votary,
<mask>

  lessen
  Role model for all

masks: Primrose Primrose Diana Diana Diana


title: Diana Primrose

texts:
 women
  Emphasis on physical sex not conventional gender. Refers to great acts, and burning them in the memory of the world. Roman god of truth, implying the piece does not do the Queen justice.Gods accept the prayers of lesser beings, so should Elizabeth accept this praise. Hearkens back to the chain of pearls
  The poem is so much less than what she deserves that it appears blackened and ruinous beside her. The darkness of the poem in comparison to Elizabeth will make her seem even more royal and divine. The vows of a nun, implying the author is worshiping of Elizabeth. Also speaks to Elizabeth's devotion to her people, shown through her unmarried state. Shows devotion of both Author and the Goddess. References

Resources
Greer, Germaine, et al., eds."<mask>." Kissing the Rod: an anthology of seventeenth-century women's verse. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1988. 83–89. anonymous. "<mask>." Dictionary of Literary Biography 2008: 1–9.anonymous. "Given Names c.1450–1650." 2010. Ancestry.com. April 2010
Anonymous. "Pearls in Human History" 2010. American Museum of Natural History.April 2010
—. "The Rich History of Pearls" 2006. Pearl Oasis. April 2010
—. UNRV History. 2003–2010. April 2010 <>.Hopkins, Lisa. Maids and Mistresses, Cousins and Queens: Women's Alliances in Early Modern England. Shakespeare Studies (2001). Nichols, John. The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth. London: John Nichols and son,


title: Diana Primrose

texts:
 1823. <mask>, <mask>."A Chaine of Pearle". Wynne-Davies, Marion. Women Poets of the Renaissance. London: J.M. Dent, 1998. 229–238, 328–337. <mask>, <mask>."A Chaine of Pearle". Helen Ostovich, Elizabeth Sauer. Reading Early Modern Women. London: Routledge, 2004. 380–381. Spenser, Edmund. The Faerie Queen.1590. Early English Books Online. 7 April 2010

External links

 http://0-eebo.chadwyck.com.library.albion.edu/search/full_rec?SOURCE=pgimages.cfg&ACTION=ByID&ID=99837015&FILE=../session/1272436265_14332&SEARCHSCREEN=CITATIONS&SEARCHCONFIG=var_spell.cfg&ECCO=N&DISPLAY=AUTHOR

17th-century English women writers
17th-century English writers
Cultural depictions of Elizabeth I
English women poets
Year of birth unknown
Year of death

masks: Primrose Diana Primrose Diana


title: Georgi Vazov

texts:
<mask> was a Bulgarian and Russian officer and Minister of War. He was one of the main organizers of the 1921 Bulgarian coup d'état, aimed at the dethronement of Prince Alexander Battenberg. During the First Balkan War, he commanded the Eastern Sector during the Siege of Adrianople, where the offensive that led to the capture of the city took place. Biography
<mask> was born on January 5, 1860, in Sopot. He is the 5th child in the family of merchant <mask> and <mask>. He is the brother of the writer <mask>, the doctor <mask>, lieutenant general <mask>, politician <mask>. He is the father of the director <mask> and the uncle of the politician <mask>.<mask> grew up in a relatively wealthy family. His father Mincho <mask> is a major merchant and entrepreneur, owner of some of the largest shops in the center of Sopot, trading in Wallachia. In 1866, the eldest brother of the Ivan family took young <mask> to the "mutual school" in Klisura with teacher Nacho Trufchev. <mask> <mask> reflects about the school as he comments:

In 1873 he graduated from the mutual school in his hometown, but due to the health problems his father had, he had to work in his fathers shop. In the autumn of 1874 he entered the 3rd high school class of the Aprilov High School in Gabrovo, but in 1876 due to a riot that he participated in, he was expelled from the high school and returned to Sopot. Sopot did not revolt during the April Uprising of 1876, but nevertheless the people of Sopot witnessed the atrocities of the Bashi-bazouk. After the suppression of the uprising in the autumn of the same year, Mincho <mask> decided to send his son

masks:
Georgi Minchov Vazov
Georgi Vazov
Mincho Vazov
Saba Hadjinikolova Vazova
Ivan Vazov
Kiril Vazov
Vladimir Vazov
Boris Vazov
Alexander Vazov
Ivan Vazov
Vazov
Vazov
Georgi
Georgi
Vazov
Vazov


title: Georgi Vazov

texts:
 Georgi to Oltenitza, Romania, to his brother Kiril.He stayed there for a year and studied at the Bulgarian school there. Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)
During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, <mask> <mask> worked as a clerk in the Russian administration in Svishtov. After the liberation (1878-1884)
In the spring of 1878, under the leadership of the governor of Svishtov, Naiden Gerov, a competition was held, thanks to which 10 boys had the opportunity to study at the Odessa Junker School in Russia. One of the ten lucky ones is <mask> <mask>. At the beginning of May, the group was assembled and the future cadets are preparing to leave for Odessa. They arrived there in June and began their three-month preparation for the entrance exams at the Military School. His military training passed as a "volunteer" in the 55th Podolsk Regiment of the Odessa garrison.<mask> passed his exam on September 1, 1878, and after being admitted he was enlisted in the 2nd Junker Company. Shows special inclinations towards military tactics and artillery. He completed his studies on September 1, 1880, with the ranksenior cadet cadet and returned to Bulgaria. Upon his arrival in Varna, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant, which equated him with the graduation of the second class of the Vasil Levski National Military University in Sofia. On October 8, 1880, Lieutenant <mask> in the 1st Company of Alexander of Battenberg with the position of subattler officer in the 2nd Company, and on September 9, 1881, he was appointed head of the garrison warehouse. The young officer did not like the position and with the help of his brother

masks: Georgi Vazov Georgi Vazov Vazov Vazov


title: Georgi Vazov

texts:
 <mask>, who at that time resided in the capital of Eastern Rumelia, Plovdiv on November 26 of the same year he was transferred to the East Rumelia militia. In Plovdiv, <mask> <mask> was appointed on December 11, 1881, again as a subattler officer in the 1st Plovdiv Company.<mask>'s diligence and intelligence did not go unnoticed by the district 's governor-general, Aleko Bogoridi, and he was appointed his third adjutant. <mask> <mask> became part of Prince Bogoridi's retinue at his meeting with the Sultan in Constantinople in 1882. As an East Rumelia officer, on November 2, 1882, Lieutenant <mask> left for St. Petersburg, where he initially studied at the Engineering School, and on November 2, 1883, he continued his education in the junior class of the Nikolaev Military Academy, after successfully passing the exams. from the first year, on November 20, 1884, he was transferred to the senior class. As early as 1881, <mask> wrote his first monograph "On Military Gymnastics in Schools and Society", which was published in Sofia during his studies in Russia. On September 10, 1885, <mask> returned to Bulgaria to take part in the Serbo-Bulgarian War. Serbo-Bulgarian War
During the Serbo-Bulgarian War, Vazov performed various functions in the Pioneer Company and the artillery.He joined the avant-garde detachment of Major Petko Stoyanov and took part in the Battle of Tsaribrod on November 12. Conducts reconnaissance in the rear of the enemy, capturing enemy soldiers on ( November 14 * ). He was awarded the Order of Bravery, IV degree. After the war, water course fortification in the Military School in Sofia. In 1886 he

masks:
Ivan Vazov
Georgi
Vazov
Vazov
Georgi
Vazov
Vazov
Vazov
Vazov


title: Georgi Vazov

texts:
 was among the leaders of the 1886 Bulgarian coup d'état aimed at the dethronement of Prince Alexander I Battenberg, and after the counter coup he emigrated to Russia. In 1888 he graduated from the Nikolaev Military Engineering Academy, after which he remained in the service of the Russian army. Under his leadership, the Kushka fortress in Central Asia was rebuilt .After the thawing of Bulgarian-Russian relations in the late 1990s, in 1898 <mask> <mask> was returned to service in the Bulgarian Army . From 1899 to 1900 he worked in the Military Engineering Inspectorate, then he was commander of the 2nd Pioneer Company (1900-1903), chief of the engineering troops (1904-1905) and inspector of the engineering troops (1908). In 1906 he was promoted to the rank of Major General . He was later accused of corruption in the supply of explosives and in May 1908 was dismissed from the army. The Balkan Wars
At the beginning of the First Balkan War in the autumn of 1912, <mask> <mask> was mobilized and appointed chief of military communications and transport. On November 22, he became military governor of Lozengrad, and from February 1, he was chief of the Eastern Sector at Edirne, who also led during the Siege of Adrianople two months later, during which Edirne was captured. The first forts of Aivazbaba, Aijiolu and others were captured on his section .Participates in the capture of Shukri Pasha . For his participation in the war, General <mask> was awarded the Order of St. Alexander, II degree, which was awarded to him on June 25, 1913, in the Ministry of War. On March 12, 1913, at 8:30 a.m., Major General <mask> <mask>,

masks: Georgi Vazov Georgi Vazov Vazov Georgi Vazov


title: Georgi Vazov

texts:
 commander of the Bulgarian troops besieging Edirne in the eastern sector, issued his remarkable order No. 2887 to attack and capture the forts of the fortress. Point 6 of it has remained in history, it reads:

After the beginning of the Second Balkan War, <mask> <mask> was appointed Minister of War in the government of Stoyan Danev and in the government of Vasil Radoslavov and was promoted to lieutenant general. He resigned due to political differences and resigned from the army. Public and Political Activity
In September 1914 he was accepted as a member of the "Slavic Society" - a society founded in 1899 by Bulgarian citizens to celebrate Slavdom and in particular to celebrate Russia and other countries that helped the Liberation of Bulgaria.He worked together with prominent Russian intellectuals to improve Russian-Bulgarian relations. On March 15, 1915, 115 members of the People's Party, including General <mask>, sent a letter requesting that Bulgaria not interfere in the First World War. On May 12, 1915, he was elected municipal councilor in Sofia, a position he held until 1919. On September 10, 1915, in the Sofia Military Club, the reserve general <mask>, in his capacity as chairman of the Sofia bureau of the People's Party, gathered all the chairmen of the opposition parties. There is a telegram to the government, in which the importance of Bulgaria's non-interference in the First World War is emphasized, or if such intervention is necessary, Bulgaria should side with Russia. The telegram was presented by Alexander Stamboliiski at an audience with Ferdinand, but he flatly rejected this course of action.

masks: Georgi Vazov Vazov Vazov


title: Georgi Vazov

texts:
 In 1920, his health deteriorated and he was forced to go to Vienna for treatment at the end of the year.His illness necessitated a complex surgical operation, which was performed in February 1922. His rehabilitation lasted almost two years, which he spent in sanatoriums in Switzerland, Germany and Italy. In 1922 he wrote his Memoirs of the Balkan War in Geneva. <mask> <mask> returned to Bulgaria on May 24, 1924, and 4 days later the leadership of the volunteer "Edirne Society" organized a celebration in his honor, at which he was officially accepted as a member of the society. A survey conducted in 1926 by the Ministry of Defense shows that <mask> devoted himself to his work on historical and memoir works. At that time the manuscripts of the "Monograph on the Participation of the Bulgarians in the Liberation War", "Memories of the Union and the Serbo-Bulgarian War", "Strengthening the Northern Border of Bulgaria" and "The Bulgarian Flotilla" were ready. In 1919, General <mask> published his memoirs "In the Deserts of Central Asia."General <mask> is the author of dozens of articles in the field of military affairs. Lieutenant General <mask> <mask> died on August 13, 1934, in Sofia. His remains were placed on a gun carriage and he was buried in the Central Sofia Cemetery to the sounds of mourning military music. References

Bibliography

Rumenin, Rumen. The Officer Corps in Bulgaria 1878 - 1944. Vol. 1 and 2.Sofia, Publishing House of the Ministry of Defense "St. George the Victorious ”, 1996. p. 116. Mitev, T., General <mask> <mask>, Sofia, 1983, Military Publishing House
 Karastoyanov, G.,

masks: Georgi Vazov Vazov Vazov Vazov Georgi Vazov Georgi Vazov


title: Georgi Vazov

texts:
 General <mask> <mask>, Sofia, 1964, State Military Publishing House

 Memories of General <mask> <mask> from the website of the Military Publishing House
 "<mask> <mask> - the winner at Edirne", Lyudmila Gabrovska

Bulgarian generals
Bulgarian military personnel of the Balkan Wars
People of the Serbo-Bulgarian War
Bulgarian military personnel of World War I
1860 births
1934 deaths
20th-century Bulgarian

masks: Georgi Vazov Georgi Vazov Georgi Vazov


title: Ingrid Michaelson

texts:
<mask> (born December 8, 1979) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Her first album, Slow the Rain, was released in 2005, and she has since released eight more albums: Girls and Boys, Be OK, Everybody, Human Again, Lights Out, It Doesn't Have to Make Sense, Songs for the Season, and her most recent, Stranger Songs. Her two highest-charting singles are "The Way I Am" (2007) and "Girls Chase Boys" (2014), at #37 and #52 on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively. Early life
Michaelson is half Swedish and was born in 1979 in New York City to artistic parents. Her father, <mask>, was a manager of copyrights for the publishing company Carl Fischer Music and a composer on the side ("The Praise of Christmas"). Her mother, Elizabeth Egbert, was a sculptor, of Dutch ancestry. As a child, Michaelson performed in a musical theatre group called Staten Island Kids On Stage.She took up piano at age 4, and trained until age 7 at Manhattan's Third Street Music School, continuing for many more years at the Jewish Community Center of Staten Island's Dorothy Delson Kuhn Music Institute. While there she met vocal coach Elizabeth McCullough, who worked with her through high school. Michaelson is a graduate of Staten Island Technical High School and Binghamton University, where she received a degree in theater. While at Binghamton University, she was a member of the Binghamtonics, a co-ed a cappella group, as well as the Pappy Parker Players, an improv comedy group, and the theatre repertory company under Sue Peters. Her time at Binghamton is mentioned in her song "The Hat." Musical career

2006–08: Girls and Boys
In 2006, Michaelson independently released her second album, Girls and Boys. The album, like her previous music, was streamed on Myspace.A music producer from the ABC drama Grey's Anatomy found her music online. After being contacted by the music producer, Michaelson

masks:
Ingrid Ellen Michaelson
Carl Michaelson


title: Ingrid Michaelson

texts:
 Again debuted at #5 on the Billboard charts and received very positive reviews, with critics praising the album's unique sound. Michaelson's first tour leg for the album, The Human Again Tour, was sold out almost every night of the tour.After the first tour, Michaelson continued to tour on 3 other legs, two in North America, and one across the world. The first leg of <mask>'s tour was held from April to May. The second leg, The Human Again Summer Tour, was held from June to August. The Third Leg, The Human Again Fall Tour, began in September. Michaelson also played 3 shows in Australia, where Human Again was the first formally released record of hers. In September 2012, she was featured in a campaign called "30 Songs / 30 Days" to support Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide, a multi-platform media project inspired by Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn's book. 2014–2015: Lights Out
On February 4, 2014, Michaelson released the lead single, "Girls Chase Boys", from her album Lights Out.The song reached #52 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Afterlife" and "Time Machine" were released as the second and third singles with moderate commercial success. On April 25, 2014, Lights Out was released. The deluxe edition, which was released in November later that year, contains an additional six bonus tracks. 2016–2017: It Doesn't Have To Make Sense and Alter Egos

On April 29, 2016, Michaelson released the song "Hell No". It serves as the lead single from her seventh studio album, It Doesn't Have to Make Sense, which was released on August 26, 2016, through Cabin 24 Records. In July she released a second video of "Hell No," which incorporates members of the Deaf West theater company performing the lyrics in American Sign Language.In support of the album, Michaelson embarked on the "Hell No Tour" beginning October 6, 2016, in Cincinnati, OH. On 12 May


title: Ingrid Michaelson

texts:
 2017, a 5-track EP titled Alter Egos was released. It consists of re-worked songs from It Doesn't Have to Make Sense with guest vocalists on each track. 2018–present: <mask>'s Songs for the Season and Stranger Songs
On 26 October 2018, Michaelson released a Christmas album called <mask>'s Songs for the Season. In January 2019, Michaelson announced she was composing the score for a musical adaptation of The Notebook. On May 10, 2019, she released "Missing You", which serves as the lead single off of her ninth studio album, Stranger Songs. Michaelson first announced the album via her Twitter in January 2018, writing that it would be inspired by the Netflix series Stranger Things.The album was released on June 28, 2019. In July 2020, Michaelson was nominated for her first Emmy Award in the Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics category for the song "Build it Up", written specifically for the finale of Hulu's hit miniseries Little Fires Everywhere. Collaborations

In 2006, Michaelson teamed up with William Fitzsimmons on his album Goodnight, which was released that same year. Michaelson and her friend Sara Bareilles co-wrote "Winter Song" which was featured on The Hotel Café Presents Winter Songs, a compilation of both original recordings as well as classic holiday tracks sung by a lineup of female singer-songwriters. Michaelson performed "Winter Song" with Bareilles for President Obama and his family as well as many spectators at the National Christmas Tree Lighting in December 2010. In 2011, "Winter Song" reached #2 on the Irish Singles Chart. Michaelson provided back-up vocals on two songs from PlayRadioPlay!'s album Texas, including "I'm a Pirate, You're a Princess" and the title track, "Texas". She provided back-up vocals on Greg Laswell's album, Take A Bow, which was released on May 4, 2010. Collaboration was done on the songs "Take Everything", "My Fight (For

masks:
Ingrid Michaelson
Ingrid Michaelson


title: Ingrid Michaelson

texts: You)", and "Come Clean". Michaelson's bandmate, Allie Moss released a 2009 EP, Passerby. Its song "Corner" was selected by British Telecommunications in the UK for their BT Infinity television commercials. Other past and present band members include Chris Kuffner (bass), Bess Rogers (guitar), Saul Simon MacWilliams (keys), Billy Libby (guitar), Sarab Singh (drums) and Elliot Jacobson (drums). In 2010, Michaelson co-wrote the song "Parachute" with Marshall Altman which was covered by British singer Cheryl Cole on her debut solo album 3 Words; it peaked at #5 on the UK Singles Chart.Michaelson initially believed the track was "so poppy" that she could not release it herself. However, after the song was reworked by "Everybody" producer Dan Romer to make a more "interesting, funky production", Michaelson released the song as a personal single. There are two different music videos for the song. Of the release of "Parachute" and upcoming material, Michaelson explained in a 2010 interview with Billboard.com, "I just felt like I wanted to put something out. I'm not ready to put a full album out, so we thought we'd put this out and see how people take it or don't take it." She said that she expects to release her next album, "probably in the middle of next year". In 2012, <mask> and Laswell co-wrote and sang the duet "Landline", which appeared on his album of the same name.Her 2014 album, Lights Out, was a collaborative effort. "On all my previous records, I'd written all the songs myself. It was one producer and me locked in a room for months," she said. "Not that that was bad, but I think that everything has a season. I never wanted to kind of give up control. I think I'm letting go of a lot of things – embracing the idea of allowing people to help me in all facets of my life. I think that I was a bit of a control freak, and I'm just more open to letting people be part


title: George Stevens

texts:
<mask> (December 18, 1904 – March 8, 1975) was an American film director, producer, screenwriter and cinematographer. Among his most notable films are Swing Time (1936), The More the Merrier (1943; for which he was nominated for the Best Director Oscar), A Place in the Sun (1951; for which he won the Best Director Oscar), Shane (1953; nominated for the Best Director Oscar), Giant (1956; won the Best Director Oscar), and The Diary of Anne Frank (1959; nominated for the Best Director Oscar). Biography

Film career
<mask> was born on December 18, 1904, in Oakland, California, the son of <mask> and Georgie Cooper, both stage actors. Drama critic <mask> and film director James W. Horne were his uncles. He also had two brothers, Jack, a cinematographer, and writer <mask>. He learned about the stage by watching his parents, and himself acted in plays in San Francisco. At the age of 10, his mother gave him a Brownie camera, and he began photographing the city and portraits of his mother.At the age of 17, Hal Roach Studios employed him as an assistant cameraman filming Rex the Wonder Horse in Utah. <mask> helped grant Stan Laurel a film career, as the studio had trouble getting the comedian's blue eyes to register on film, but <mask> made a successful test of him using panchromatic film. He worked as director of photography and a gag writer on 35 Laurel and Hardy short films, such as Bacon Grabbers (1929) and Night Owls (1930); according to <mask> he learned from this experience that comedy could be "graceful and human". In 1928, he met Yvonne Howell in Oliver Hardy's home; they were married on January 1, 1930. In the early 1930s, <mask> began to disagree with Roach's studio, wanting to flesh out characters rather than just make slapstick comedy. This led to a suspension and his departure from the studio. In 1933, he directed his first feature

masks:
George Cooper Stevens
George Stevens
Landers Stevens
Ashton Stevens
Aston Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens


title: George Stevens

texts: film, The Cohens and Kellys in Trouble, for Universal Pictures.In 1934, <mask> was hired by RKO Pictures, and he directed the slapstick film Kentucky Kernels. His big break came when he directed Katharine Hepburn the next year in Alice Adams; according to Hepburn, <mask> felt that she got him the job. He would subsequently make seven films for the studio in five years. In the late 1930s, he went on to direct several Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire movies, both together and separately. In 1939, <mask> directed Cary Grant in the large-scale Gunga Din, costing over $1 million as RKO's most expensive film to date; though the studio feared its ballooning budget, it ended up a profitable success. In 1940, he directed Carole Lombard in Vigil in the Night. In 1942, he reunited with Hepburn at her behest to film Woman of the Year.<mask> served as president of the Screen Directors Guild (SDG) from 1941 to 1943. After seeing the Nazi propaganda film Triumph of the Will (1935), he was provoked to join the Allied forces in World War II. He joined the U.S. Army Signal Corps and headed a film unit from 1943 to 1946, under General Dwight D. Eisenhower. His unit shot footage—including the only color film of the war in Europe (which remained archived for decades)—documenting the Normandy landings (D-Day), the liberation of Paris, the meeting of American and Soviet forces at the Elbe River, and the Allied discovery of both the Duben labor camp and Dachau concentration camp. <mask> helped prepare the Duben and Dachau footage and other material for presentation during the Nuremberg Trials; this was released as the hour-long Nazi Concentration and Prison Camps (1945). In 2008, <mask>'s footage was entered into the U.S. National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as an "essential visual record" of the war. In 1946, <mask> resumed his duties as

masks: Stevens Stevens Stevens Stevens Stevens Stevens Stevens


title: George Stevens

texts:
 president of the SDG, remaining so until 1948.As a result of his experiences during the war, his films became more dramatic. The drama I Remember Mama (1948) was only partly comedic. In 1950, during the McCarthyist scare and related Hollywood blacklist, <mask> defended Joseph L. Mankiewicz from Cecil B. DeMille's attempt to recall him as president of the SDG. <mask> went on to direct such classic films as the drama A Place in the Sun (1951), the Western Shane (1953), the epic Western drama Giant (1956), the biographical Holocaust drama The Diary of Anne Frank (1959), and his biblical epic of Jesus, The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965). He ended his directing career with the 1970 romantic comedy-drama The Only Game in Town with Warren Beatty and Elizabeth Taylor. That year, he was head of the jury at the 20th Berlin International Film Festival, which ended in scandal. In 1973, he was a member of the jury at the 8th Moscow International Film Festival.Personal life
During his time filming wild horses with Hal Roach Studios in Utah, <mask> bonded with the Comanche. A number of subsequent associates would speculate that he was part Native American. <mask> was the father of television and film writer-producer-director <mask>, Jr., the founder of the American Film Institute (AFI). <mask>. produced and directed the documentary about his father <mask>: A Filmmaker's Journey in 1984 and is the father of <mask>'s grandson <mask> (1966–2015), who was also a television and film producer-director. Death
<mask> died following a heart attack on March 8, 1975, on his ranch in Lancaster, California, north of Los Angeles. He is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles. Awards
As a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army, <mask> headed the Signal Corps unit that filmed D-Day and the liberation of the Dachau concentration

masks:
Stevens
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Stevens
Stevens
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George Jr
George Stevens
Stevens
Michael Stevens
Stevens
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title: George Stevens

texts:
 camp.For these contributions, he was awarded the Legion of Merit. <mask> has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1701 Vine Street. He won the Academy Award for Best Director twice, in 1951 for A Place in the Sun and in 1956 for Giant. He was also nominated in 1943 for The More the Merrier, in 1954 for Shane, and in 1959 for The Diary of Anne Frank. Archives
The moving image collection of <mask> is held at the Academy Film Archive. The film material at AFI is complemented by material in the <mask> papers at the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library. Filmography

Other work

Academy Awards

References

Further reading
 Cronin, Paul: <mask>: Interviews.Jackson, MS, University Press of Mississippi, 2004. Moss, Marilyn Ann: Giant: <mask>, a Life on Film. Madison, WI, University of Wisconsin Press, 2004. Petri, Bruce: A Theory of American Film: The Films and Techniques of <mask>. New York, Taylor & Francis, 1987. Richie, Donald: <mask>: An American Romantic. New York, Taylor & Francis, 1984 (reprint of 1970 original).External links

 <mask>: Movie Movie
 <mask> papers, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

1904 births
1975 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
Best Directing Academy Award winners
Presidents of the Directors Guild of America
Presidents of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Writers from Oakland, California
Western (genre) film directors
American cinematographers
American male screenwriters
Film producers from California
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Film directors from California
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
Golden Globe Award-winning producers
Directors Guild of America Award winners
20th-century American businesspeople
Activists from California
Screenwriters from California
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American

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Stevens
George Stevens
George Stevens
George Stevens
George Stevens
George Stevens
George Stevens
George Stevens
George Stevens


title: Nelson W. Winbush

texts:
<mask> (born 1929) is an educator who is notable as one of a handful of African-American members of the Sons of Confederate Veterans (SCV), and for his controversial views, such as his support of the modern display of the Confederate flag. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Ripley, Tennessee, in the Mississippi Delta region, to Isaac and <mask>. His siblings included brothers Robert and Harold, and sisters Mary and Dorothy Jean. His family grew up in the house built in 1908 by his maternal grandfather <mask>. As <mask> lived until 1934, <mask> had a few years as a young boy to absorb his vivid first-person accounts of slavery and service with the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. <mask>, Grandfather
<mask> (1847-1934) was an enslaved cook and body servant during the American Civil War. In 1862, Louis was a 14-year old illiterate slave on James and Helen C. Oldham’s plantation in Lauderdale County, Tennessee.The Oldham's were a prominent Episcopalian family who owned over 40 slaves. <mask> was one of 19 enslaved children under the age of 16 on the plantation according to the United States Census (1860 Slave Schedule). James and Helen had 3 sons, E.R. (18), Sidney (16), and James (12). Experience during the Civil War
E.R. and Sidney enlisted in Company M, Tennessee 7th Cavalry (Duckworth’s) in April, 1862. At 14 years old, Louis' owner sent him to serve as a personal servant for his sons.Based on the memoir of a member of Company M, Charles Stephen Olin Rice, the Oldham sons brought along another slave named Auterick. As a Confederate slave, Louis was responsible for duties such as cooking breakfast, cleaning, brushing uniforms, taking care of

masks:
Nelson Wyman Winbush
Winbush
Ganelle Nelson Winbush
Louis Napoleon Nelson
Nelson
Winbush
Louis Napoleon Nelson
Louis Napoleon Nelson
Nelson


title: Nelson W. Winbush

texts:
 horses, foraging for food, shaving, delivering messages or any other task the owner needed. Sometimes slaves were also allowed to hire out their services if their owner permitted. Company M was one of many Confederate cavalry formations that fell under the overall command of the noted slave trader, planter and Confederate cavalry Lieutenant General, Nathan Bedford Forrest. Louis later served as a cook for Company M, but there is no record of how this service came about. It is unknown whether Louis was hired out by E.R. Oldham to the Confederate Army or ever received pay for his labor during this time.Lore about Louis' Life
In <mask>'s speeches and writing he frequently discusses <mask>. <mask> claims that <mask> was allowed to serve as a rifleman and later as chaplain to both blacks and whites; he had already memorized the King James Bible by heart. In a 2007 Florida Today interview, <mask> stated that his grandfather served as a chaplain in 1862 after the Battle of Shiloh for 4 campaigns. There are no sources which corroborate any of these claims. The September 10, 1863 issue of The Religious Herald is often used to bolster Louis' bonafides as the first black chaplain of the CSA. The story, which was reprinted in several newspapers, notes that a Confederate Tennessee regiment did not have a chaplain, but instead had services lead by an "old negro" slave named "Uncle Lewis". <mask> would have been around 15 years old at this time.Company M is not named in the article. The CSA did not allow blacks to enlist and as a policy did not arm them. Confederate Army Regulations from 1861-1865 state that soldiers must be “free white males” and cannot be “the servant of a

masks:
Winbush
Nelson
Winbush
Nelson
Winbush
Louis Nelson


title: Nelson W. Winbush

texts:
 soldier”. The first black soldiers enlisted in the CSA in March 1865 just a few weeks before the war's end. Oldham and the rest of Company M surrendered in Gainesville, Alabama on May 12, 1865. Pension Records
E.R. Oldham served as a witness for Louis' pension application.E.R. Oldham wrote that Louis was there until the very end of the war and was “my cook, while I was a soldier”. All existing records classify Louis as a cook and servant. Louis' pension application and obituary were absent of any mention of duties as a chaplain, rifleman or soldier. His widow was denied pension as the State of Tennessee only paid a pension to veterans, their widows, and ex-servants, but not to the widows of ex-servants. As a descendant of <mask>, <mask> qualified for membership in the Sons of Confederate Veterans. He notes that his grandfather received a state pension from Tennessee for Confederate veterans beginning in 1921 according to his pension records.1921 was the first year that black cooks and servants were allowed to file. Legacy
Louis was one of more than 280 men who appeared before the Tennessee pension board to receive the pension created to "provide for those colored men who served as servants and cooks in the Confederate Army.”

Not every cook or servant qualified for a pension. Eligibility requirements included an inability to support oneself and proof they stayed in the war until the end. The pension paid $10 a month. White Confederate veterans received pensions in 1891 (about 26 years after the war) and their widows first received pensions in 1905. The majority of former Confederate slaves died before the pension bill passed in 1921, which was about 56 years

masks: Nelson Winbush


title: Nelson W. Winbush

texts:
 after the war ended. The average age of black pensioners in Tennessee in 1921 was 79.9 years old.At 74, Louis was one of 195 men to receive a pension for being a cook or servant. Family
Both <mask>'s mother Ganelle and his maternal grandmother were teachers, and education was prized in their family. <mask> and his siblings all earned college degrees and some, like his sister Mary, also earned graduate degrees. She became a teacher and principal. <mask> married Naomi Daniel of Mound Bayou, Mississippi. Mrs. <mask> passed in 1999. They have two children, five grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.Career
<mask> became a teacher and later an assistant principal, having a career in education like his mother and grandmother. In 1955, he moved with his family to Florida where the public school system resisted integration and retained segregated schools for years past the US Supreme Court ruling of Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that declared them unconstitutional. <mask> earned an undergraduate degree in science and a master's degree in physics education. Opinions on Confederate history
In 1991, after the NAACP began a campaign against the Confederate flag being celebrated on public buildings, <mask> disagreed with such sentiment and efforts, and decided to join the Sons of Confederate Veterans. He is a member of the SCV's Jacob Summerlin Camp #1516 in Kissimmee, Florida. As an adult, he had learned more about his grandfather and his military service, and <mask> came to honor his support for the Confederacy. With his retirement from teaching, <mask> felt ready to speak out on public issues.For instance, unlike many other African Americans, he considers the

masks: Winbush Winbush Winbush Winbush Winbush Winbush Winbush Winbush Winbush


title: Nelson W. Winbush

texts:
 Confederate flag part of Southern heritage and appropriate for public display. He has said that the South seceded from the Union because of states' rights, not slavery. "He denies that President Lincoln freed the slaves, explaining that the Emancipation Proclamation affected only the Confederate states, which were no longer under his authority." <mask> has traveled widely, visiting various SCV camps and other organizations willing to listen and consider his views about the Civil War and his heritage. He has been known to sing a Confederate song including the line, "....Black is nothing other than a darker shade of rebel gray." In 1998, <mask> participated in making a video on Black Southern Heritage, directed by Dr. Edward Smith of American University, who is also an African-American SCV member. The video covers his grandfather's Confederate military service and qualification for a Confederate pension after the war, as well as elements of other African-American heritage.The NAACP and similar organizations have criticized <mask> for his support of what they believe are neo-Confederate causes; they think he misunderstands the history of the South. See also
Black Confederate soldiers
H. K. Edgerton, African-American activist for Southern heritage and an African-American member of the Sons of Confederate Veterans

References

External links
Aaron Jerome Martin, Behind the Dixie Stars, 7-minute video on YouTube about re-enactors and use of the Confederate flag; includes comments by <mask>

1929 births
20th-century African-American activists
African Americans in the American Civil War
Living people
People from Ripley, Tennessee
Black Confederates
21st-century

masks:
Winbush
Winbush
Winbush
Nelson Winbush


title: David Packard

texts:
<mask> ( ; September 7, 1912 – March 26, 1996) was an American electrical engineer and co-founder, with Bill Hewlett, of Hewlett-Packard (1939), serving as president (1947–64), CEO (1964–68), and Chairman of the Board (1964–68, 1972–93) of HP. He served as U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense from 1969 to 1971 during the Nixon administration. <mask> served as President of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU) from 1976 to 1981 and chairman of its Board of Regents from 1973 to 1982. He was a  member of the Trilateral Commission. <mask> was the recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1988 and is noted for many technological innovations and philanthropic endeavors. Personal life
<mask> was born in Pueblo, Colorado, the son of Ella (Graber) and <mask>, an attorney. He attended Centennial High School, where early on he showed an interest in science, engineering, sports, and leadership.<mask> earned his B.A. from Stanford University in 1934, where he earned letters in football and basketball and attained membership in the Phi Beta Kappa Society and was a Brother of the Alpha Delta Phi Literary Fraternity. Stanford is where he met two people who were important to his life, Lucile Salter and Bill Hewlett. <mask> briefly attended the University of Colorado at Boulder before taking a position with the General Electric Company in Schenectady, New York. In 1938, he returned to Stanford, where he earned a master's degree in electrical engineering later that year. In the same year, he married Lucile Salter, with whom he had four children: <mask>, Nancy, Susan, and Julie. Lucile <mask> died in 1987 (age 72).Hewlett-Packard
In 1939, Packard and Hewlett established Hewlett-Packard (HP) in Packard's garage with an initial capital investment of $538 (). Packard mentions in his book The HP Way that the name Hewlett-Packard was determined by the flip of a coin: HP, rather than PH. Their first product was an audio frequency oscillator sold to Walt

masks:
David Packard
Packard
Packard
Packard
Sperry Sidney Packard
Packard
Packard
David
Packard


title: David Packard

texts:
 Disney Studios for use on the soundtrack of Fantasia. The company grew into the world's largest producer of electronic testing and measurement devices. It also became a major producer of calculators, computers, and laser and ink jet printers. HP incorporated in 1947, with Packard becoming its first president, serving in that role until 1964. He was then elected Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, holding those positions through 1968.<mask> left HP in 1969 to serve in the Nixon administration until 1971, at which time he returned to HP and was re-elected Chairman of the Board, serving from 1972 to 1993. In 1991, <mask> oversaw a major reorganization at HP. He retired from HP in 1993. At the time of his death in 1996, Packard's stake in the company was worth more than $1 billion. <mask> was criticized for expanding into South Africa, where HP equipment was used to implement apartheid. In 1980, he presided over the groundbreaking ceremony for HP's headquarters in Johannesburg. When Nebraska became the first state government to divest from South Africa, <mask> remarked "I'd rather lose business in Nebraska than with South Africa."At Packard's instruction, the domain name "HP.com" was registered on March 3, 1986, and as such was one of the earliest to be registered. Department of Defense
Upon entering office in 1969, President Richard M. Nixon appointed Packard U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense under Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird. <mask> resigned in December 1971 and returned to Hewlett-Packard in 1972 as Chairman of the Board. While serving in the Department of Defense (DoD), he brought concepts of resource management used in business to the military, as well as establishing the Defense Systems Management College. In 1970,  <mask> issued a memorandum that contained a number of major reforms designed to address "the real mess we have on our hands." A key reform was elimination of Robert MacNamara's Total Package Procurement  except in rare

masks: Packard Packard Packard Packard Packard Packard


title: David Packard

texts:
 situations. Near the end of his time at DoD, <mask> wrote the "Packard Memo" or "Employment of Military Resources in the Event of Civil Disturbances".Enacted in February 1972, the act describes exceptions to the 1878 Posse Comitatus Act, which limited the powers of the federal government to use the U.S. military for law enforcement, except where expressly authorized by the Constitution or Act of Congress — noting that the Constitution provides an exception when needed "to prevent loss of life or wanton destruction of property and to restore governmental functioning and public order when sudden and unexpected civil disturbances, disasters, or calamities seriously endanger life and property and disrupt normal governmental functions to such an extent that duly constituted local authorities are unable to control the situations" and "to protect Federal property and Federal governmental functions when the need for protection exists and duly constituted local authorities are unable or decline to provide adequate protection". § 214.5 states that "employment of DoD military resources for assistance to civil authorities in controlling civil disturbances will normally be predicated upon the issuance of a Presidential Executive order or Presidential directive authorizing", with exceptions "limited to:
Cases of sudden and unexpected emergencies as described in §215.4(c)(1)(i), which require that immediate military action be taken. Providing military resources to civil authorities as prescribed in §215.9 of this part." According to Lindorff, these exceptions reinstate the possibility of martial law in the U.S., prohibited since 1878. In the 1970s and 1980s <mask> was a prominent advisor to the White House on defense procurement and management. He served as chairman of The Business Council in 1973 and 1974. From 1985–86, he served as chairman of The Packard Commission.Philanthropy
From the early 1980s until his death in 1996, <mask> dedicated much of his time and money

masks: Packard Packard Packard


title: David Packard

texts:
 to philanthropic projects. In 1964, <mask> and his wife had established the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. In 1986, they donated $40 million toward building what became the Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford University; the new hospital opened in June 1991. Prompted by his daughters Nancy and Julie, in 1978 <mask> and Lucile had created the Monterey Bay Aquarium Foundation. The couple eventually donated $55 million to build the new aquarium, which opened in 1984 with <mask> as its executive director. In 1987, <mask> gave $13 million to create the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. <mask> and Hewlett made a combined donation of $77 million to Stanford in 1994,  for which the university named the <mask> Electrical Engineering Building in his honor.<mask> was a member of the American Enterprise Institute's board of trustees. He died on March 26, 1996 at age 83 in Stanford, California, leaving approximately $4 billion (the bulk of his estate) to the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, including large amounts of valuable real property in Los Altos Hills. All three <mask> daughters sit on the Foundation's board of trustees. <mask> <mask>, his son, serves as president of the Packard Humanities Institute. Honors
 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1969)
 IEEE Founders Medal along with  William R. Hewlett. (1973)
 Vermilye Medal from the Franklin Institute (1975)
 Sylvanus Thayer Award from the United States Military Academy (1982)
 Francis Boyer Award from the American Enterprise Institute (1986)
 Vannevar Bush Award (1987)
 Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame (1988)
 National Medal of Technology (1988)
 Presidential Medal of Freedom (1988)
 Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences (1989)
 Lemelson-MIT Prize (1995)
 Bower Award in Business Leadership, both from the Franklin Institute (1996)
 Heinz Award Chairman's Medal along with William R. Hewlett. (1997)
 Member of the California Hall

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David
Julie Packard
Packard
Packard
David Packard
Packard
Packard
David Woodley
Packard