title: Sam Hughes

texts:
 Borden himself wanted to sack <mask>, whom he regarded as a political liability, by 1913 but was afraid of his bellicose defence minister to whom he also owned some major political debts.Borden was a gentlemanly and mild-mannered lawyer from Halifax who was intimidated by <mask>, a huge blustering and combative Orangeman overtly fond of getting into brawls, who wrote "long, vituperative letters" at the slightest criticism, claimed to be "loved by millions" of voters, and often compared himself to a train and his critics to dogs. <mask> himself often said that Borden was "gentle hearted as a girl". First World War

At war
In 1839, a treaty had been signed by Prussia and Britain guaranteeing the independence and neutrality of Belgium. On 2 August 1914, Imperial Germany, which had assumed Prussia's commitment to Belgian neutrality and independence in 1871, invaded Belgium as the German chancellor Dr. Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg dismissed the guarantee as a "mere scrap of paper". The question facing British leaders was whether the United Kingdom would honor the guarantee of Belgium by declaring war on Germany or not. On the morning of 3 August 1914, <mask> arrived at the Defense Department, visibly upset and angry, and according to those present cried out: "They are going to skunk it! They seem to be looking for an excuse to get out of helping France.Oh! What a shameful state of things! By God, I don't want to be a Britisher under such conditions!" When it was pointed out that the British cabinet had called an emergency meeting to discuss the invasion of Belgium, <mask> replied: "They are curs enough to do it; I can read between the lines. I believe they will temporize and hum and haw


title: Sam Hughes

type: original

texts: too long-and by God, I don't want to be a Britisher under such conditions-it is too humiliating." <mask> asked if the Union Jack was flying in front of the Defense Department, and upon being told it was, shouted: "Then send up and have it taken down! I will not have it over Canada's military headquarters, when Britain shirks her plain duty-it is disgraceful!"The Union Jack was pulled down, and only put up again the next day, when it was announced that Britain had sent an ultimatum demanding that Germany pull out of Belgium at once, and upon its rejection, Britain had honored the guarantee of Belgium by declaring war on Germany, shortly after midnight on 4 August 1914. As Canada was part of the British Empire, the Dominion was automatically at war. In a speech (in French) to the House of Commons, Laurier, who had become the leader of the Official Opposition after losing the 1911 election, stated: "When the call comes, our answer goes at once, and it goes in the classical language of the British answer to the call of duty, 'Ready, aye, ready'." Laurier's speech captured the mood of the nation in August 1914 and most Canadians wanted to aid the "mother country" as it faced its greatest challenge yet. On 7 August 1914, Borden announced to the House of Commons that the British government had just accepted his offer of an expeditionary force to Europe. In 1911, the General Staff under Major-General Sir Willoughby Gwatkin had drawn up a plan in the event of a war in Europe for mobilizing the militia that called for Canada to send an expeditionary force of one infantry division and an independent cavalry brigade together with artillery and support units from the Permanent Force that was to be


title: Sam Hughes

texts: assembled at Camp Petawawa outside of Ottawa. Much to everyone's surprise, <mask> disregarded the General Staff's plan and refused to mobilize the militia, instead creating a brand new organization called the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) made up of numbered battalions that was separate from the militia.Instead of going to the existing Camp Petawawa, <mask> chose to build a new camp at Valcartier, outside of Quebec City, for the CEF. <mask>'s sudden decision not to call out the militia and create the CEF threw Canadian mobilization into complete chaos as a new bureaucracy had to be created at the same time that thousands of young men flocked to the colors. Morton wrote that in August–September 1914 "...a sweating, swearing, sublimely happy <mask> pulled some kind of order from the chaos he had created." In the process, <mask> managed to insult everyone from the Governor-General, the Duke of Connaught, to the French-Canadian community. When the president of the Toronto chapter of the Humane Society visited <mask> to express concern about the neglect and mistreatment of horses at Camp Valcartier, <mask> called him a liar and personally picked him up and tossed him out of his office. Likewise, when John Farthing, the Anglican bishop of Montreal, visited <mask> to complain about the shortage of Church of England chaplains at Valcartier to tend to the spiritual needs of Anglican volunteers, <mask> burst into a rage and began to loudly swear at Farthing, making liberal use of a number of four letter words not normally used to address an Anglican bishop, who was predictably shocked. Though <mask> worked hard at ensuring the construction of Camp Valcartier and trying to bring order to

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title: Sam Hughes

texts: the chaos he caused by not calling out the militia, almost everyone who knew him was convinced he was in some way insane.The Duke of Connaught wrote in a report to London that <mask> was "off his base". A Conservative MP from Toronto, Angus Claude Macdonell, told Borden "The man is insane", and that Canada needed a new defense minister at once. The deputy prime minister, Sir George Foster, wrote in his diary on 22 September 1914: "There is only one feeling about <mask>. That he is crazy." The industrialist, Sir Joseph Flavelle, wrote that <mask> was "mentally unbalanced with the low cunning and cleverness often associated with the insane." Borden in his memoirs wrote about <mask> that his behavior was "so eccentric as to justify the conclusion that his mind was unbalanced". <mask> encouraged the recruitment of volunteers following the First World War's outbreak and ordered the construction of Camp Valcartier on August 7, 1914, demanding it to be finished by the time the entire force was assembled.With the aid of 400 workmen, <mask> saw the completion of the camp. Unfortunately the camp was poorly organized. With approximately 33,000 recruits, training became a chaotic process. There was little time to train the volunteers, so the training system was rushed. Another problem was that the camp's population was constantly growing, which made planning a difficult task. <mask> was infamous for belligerently giving orders to troops and their officers and he publicly criticized officers in front of their men, telling one officer who was speaking too quietly for his liking "Pipe up, you little bugger or get out of the service!" When <mask> addressed one officer as a captain, only to be told by

masks: Hughes Sam Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes


title: Sam Hughes

texts: the man that he was a lieutenant, <mask> promoted him on the spot to captain.When it was pointed out that he did not have that power as minister of defence, <mask> shouted "Sir, I know what I'm talking about!" and said if he wanted to promote the officer to a captain, then the officer was a captain. <mask> insisted on riding around the camp surrounded by an honor guard of lancers and shouting out orders for infantry manoeuvres long since removed from the training manuals like "Form square! "; when presented with such commands, the soldiers did their best to guess what it was he wanted them to do, though <mask> seemed well satisfied. Volunteer morale was challenged by inadequate tents, shortages of greatcoats, and confusion regarding equipment and storage. However, <mask> was praised for the speed of his actions by Prime Minister Borden and members of the cabinet. All of the officers <mask> chose to command the brigades and battalions of the First Contingent were Anglo-Canadians.François-Louis Lessard, a Permanent Force officer with an outstanding record in the Boer War was denied by <mask> permission to join the First Contingent even through his record certainly merited such an appointment. Lessard was a Permanent Force man, a Catholic and a French-Canadian, and for all reasons, <mask> would not allow him to join the CEF. Recruitment of volunteers in Quebec might have yielded better results if Lessard had been given a command position. By October 1914, the troops were mobilized and ready to leave for England. As the First Contingent embarked for Europe in Quebec City on 3 October 1914, <mask> sat astride his horse to deliver a speech that caused the men of the First Contingent to boo

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 and jeer him. Borden wrote in his diary that <mask>'s speech was "flamboyant and grandiloquent" and that "Everybody laughing at <mask>'s address." Despite <mask>'s claims about the superiority of Canadians over British soldiers, two-thirds of the First Contingent were British immigrants to Canada.The majority of the 1,811 officers of the First Contingent were Canadian-born men who had previously held commissions in the Militia or Permanent Force. The Canadian historian Jack Granatstein wrote that an "extraordinary" 228,170 of the about 470,000 British male immigrants in Canada enlisted in the CEF during the war, making them easily the largest ethnic group in the CEF at 48.5%, and not until conscription was introduced in 1917 did the majority of the CEF finally become Canadian-born. Even in 1918, the Canadian-born soldiers consisted of 51.4% of the total serving, with the majority of the rest being British immigrants. From Salisbury Plain to Flanders's fields
<mask> left for London at the same time as the First Contingent did, as he heard correct reports that the British War Secretary, Lord Kitchener, was planning on breaking up the CEF when it arrived in Britain to assign its battalions to the British Army. As <mask> took an ocean liner he arrived in Southampton several days before the CEF's arrival, and upon his landing, he told the British press that if it was not for him that the convoy of 30 ships taking the CEF across the North Atlantic would have been torpedoed by U-boats, though just how <mask> had saved the 30 ships from U-boats was left unexplained. <mask> was determined that the CEF fight together and upon arriving in London, went dressed in his full ceremonial uniform as a

masks: Hughes Sam Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes


title: Sam Hughes

texts: major-general in the Canadian militia, to see Kitchener. <mask> clashed with Kitchener and insisted quite vehemently that the CEF not be broken up.In a telegram to Borden, <mask> wrote: "I determined that Canada was not be to treated as a Crown Colony and that, as we paid the bill and furnished the goods, which in nearly every instance were better than the British, I would act." <mask> won his bureaucratic battle with Kitchener and ensured the CEF stayed together, mostly by arguing that since the Dominion was paying the entire costs of maintaining the CEF, the Dominion government should have the final say over its deployment. Berton wrote that ensuring the CEF stayed together was <mask>'s greatest achievement, as without his intervention in October 1914, what ultimately became the Canadian Corps of four divisions would never have existed. In the fall of 1914, <mask> created the Shell Committee to manufacture shells and bullets for both the Canadians and the British. By Christmas 1914, the Shell Committee had orders for 2 million shells and 1.9 million brass casings. As the CEF took up its training facilities on Salisbury Plain, <mask> wanted the 1st Canadian Division to be commanded by a Canadian general. He very reluctantly accepted a British officer, Lieutenant-General Sir Edwin Alderson, as the commander of the 1st Division when it turned out that there was no qualified Canadian officer.<mask>'s insistence on supplying the CEF with Canadian-made equipment, regardless of its quality, made for difficult conditions for the men of the CEF, with many soldiers already complaining about the Ross rifle in training. Alderson replaced the Shield Shovels invented by <mask>'s secretary, Ena

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title: Sam Hughes

texts: MacAdam, with the standard British Army shovel, much to the relief of the CEF and to <mask>'s fury. <mask> constantly sought to undermine Alderson's command, regularly involving himself in divisional matters that were not the normal concern of a defense minister. The first Canadian unit to see action was Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, a regiment privately raised by a wealthy Montreal industrialist, Hamilton Gault, which arrived on the Western Front in December 1914, separately from the First Contingent. On 16 February 1915, the CEF arrived in France to head for the front lines, taking up position at the crucial Ypres Salient in Belgium. On 22 April 1915, at the Ypres salient, the German Army unleashed 160 tons of chlorine gas. From the German lines arose an ominous yellow cloud which floated across no-man's land to bring death and suffering to the Allied soldiers on the other side, killing 1,400 French and Algerian soldiers in the trenches, leaving another 2,000 blinded while the rest broke and fled in terror.Despite the dangers of the gas which blinded when it did not kill, the 1st Canadian Division stepped up to hold the line on the night of 22–23 April and prevented the Germans from marching through the 4-mile hole in the Allied lines created when the French and Algerians fled. On 23 April, the Germans unleashed the chlorine gas on the Canadian lines, leading to "desperate fighting" as the Canadians used improvised gas-masks of urine-soaked rags while complaining about the Ross rifles, which too often jammed up in combat. The Second Battle of Ypres was the first major battle for the Canadians, costing the 1st Division 6,035 men killed, wounded, or missing, while the

masks: Hughes Hughes


title: Sam Hughes

texts: Princess Patricia's battalion lost 678 dead, and gave the CEF a reputation as a "tough force" that was to last for the rest of the war. The Canadians had held the line at Ypres in spite of appalling conditions and unlike the French and Algerians, the Canadians did not flee when faced with the cloud of gas. <mask> was ecstatic at the news that the Canadians had won their first battle, which in his own mind validated everything he had done as defense minister. At the same time, <mask> attacked Alderson for the losses at Ypres, claiming that a Canadian general would have done a better job and was furious when he learned that Alderson wanted to replace the Ross rifles with Lee-Enfield rifles. In a telegram to Max Aitken, the Canadian millionaire living in London whom <mask> had appointed as his representative in Britain, <mask> wrote: "It is the general opinion that scores of our officers can teach the British officers for many moons to come."In September 1915, the Second Contingent arrived on the Western Front in the form of the 2nd Canadian Division, and the Canadian Corps was created. Alderson was appointed the corps commander, while for first time, Canadians were given divisional command with Arthur Currie of Victoria taking command of the 1st Division and Richard Turner of Quebec City taking command of the 2nd Division. <mask> himself had wanted to take command of the Canadian Corps, but Borden had prevented this. In May 1915, <mask> first learned that Currie had embezzled some $10,000 dollars from his militia regiment in Victoria in June 1914 and the police were recommending criminal charges be brought against him. One of <mask>'s agents, Harold Daly, wrote after the war he had been

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texts:
 ordered by the Defense Minister "to assure General Currie that his personal interests were being looked after and he was on no account to worry." In the spring of 1915, the Second Contingent had been raised and departed for training in England. Mismanaging the war
<mask> was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, on August 24, 1915.In 1916 he was made an honorary Lieutenant-General in the British Army. A Regimental and King's Colours display and plaque at Knox Presbyterian Church (Ottawa) is dedicated to the memory of those who served in the 207th (Ottawa-Carleton) Battalion, CEF during the First World War. The Regimental Colours were donated by the American Bank Note Company and presented by <mask> to the battalion on Parliament Hill on November 18, 1916. In spite of mounting criticism from 1915 onward at the way in which <mask> ran the Defense Department in wartime, the politically indebted Borden kept <mask> on.To Borden, events seemed to prove that many of <mask>'s opinions were right, as the prime minister visited the Western Front in the summer of 1915 and became convinced that much of what <mask> had to say about the inefficiency of the British Army was correct. <mask>'s methods were unorthodox and chaotic, but <mask> argued he was merely cutting through the red-tape to help "the boys" in the field. Finally, Borden in his dealings with British officials often found them patronising and condescending, which led him to side with his nationalist defense minister who argued that Canadians were the equals of the "mother country" in imperial affairs, and should not be talked down to. The same summer, it emerged that the Shell Committee had $170 million worth in


title: Sam Hughes

texts: orders to fulfill while it delivered only $5.5 million of its orders, with accusations being made that <mask>'s friends were engaging in war profiting.With the support of Borden, the British Minister of Munitions, David Lloyd George stopped all orders until Canada created the Imperial Munitions Board headed by the industrialist Sir Joseph Flavelle. Flavelle ended the corruption and increased efficiency in the munitions industry, reaching the point that by 1917 Canadian factories were turning out some $2 million worth of shells per day. <mask> was enraged at the way that Flavelle had taken over an important function from his department, and even more that the Imperial Munitions Board was far more efficient and honest than the Defense Department had been. Despite the scandal caused by the Shell Committee, which led Borden to face very embarrassing questions in the House of Commons and to hopes on the part of Laurier that he might become prime minister again, <mask> was not sacked. Between October 1914 – September 1915, 71 battalions had been raised for the CEF by the existing militia regiments, but the losses in the war required even more men. In August 1915, <mask> announced that any individual or group could form a "chum's battalion" (also known as a "pal's battalion") for the CEF, leading to the formation of various units such as Highland battalions for Scots-Canadians, Irish battalions for Irish-Canadians, "sports" battalions based upon men interested in common sport like hockey, American battalions for American volunteers, Orange battalions for Orangemen, "bantam" battalions for men shorter than 5'2", and so forth. The "pal's battalion" campaign was based upon the "chum's

masks: Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes


title: Sam Hughes

texts: battalion" campaign launched in Britain in 1914.Though <mask>'s "pal's battalions" campaign raised 170 new battalions by 1916, only 40 reached full strength, and many of the men who joined during the "pal's" campaign were underage, unfit, or too old, as recruiting colonels were more concerned about the quantity of volunteers than the quality. Of only those Canadians who saw combat in the war, 60% had joined by the end of 1915, and by the beginning of 1916 the number of volunteers fell off drastically with only 2,810 men volunteering between July 1916 – October 1917. In March 1916, a 3rd Division was formed by amalgamating Princess Patricia's Light Infantry, the Royal Canadian Regiment (a Permanent Force regiment, which previously guarded Bermuda against the unlikely threat of German invasion), and various mounted rifle units that had been stationed in England since the spring of 1915. The 3rd Division first saw action on 1 June 1916 in the Battle of Mount Sorrel, which was lost to the Germans and then taken back by 13 June. In September 1916, the Canadian Corps entered the Battle of the Somme, fighting on until the end of the battle in November, and suffered 24,029 casualties. The "chum's battalions" raised in 1915 were formed into the 4th Division, which first saw action on the Somme on 10 October 1916. The 4th Division was commanded by David Watson, the owner of the Quebec Chronicle newspaper, who been personally chosen by <mask>, who thought highly of him.<mask>, an Orangeman prone to anti-Catholic sentiments and not well liked among French Canadians, increased tensions by sending Anglocentrics to recruit French Canadians, and by forcing French volunteers to speak English in

masks: Hughes Hughes Hughes


title: Sam Hughes

texts: training. He reluctantly accepted Japanese-Canadians and Chinese-Canadians for the CEF and assigned black Canadians to construction units. However, some black Canadians did manage to enlist as infantrymen, as Chartrand noted that in a painting by Eric Kennington of the 16th Canadian Scottish Battalion marching through the ruins of a French village, one of the soldiers wearing kilts in the painting is a black man. In marked contrast to his attitudes towards black Canadian and Asian Canadian volunteers, <mask> encouraged the enlistment of First Nations volunteers into the CEF as it was believed that Indians would make for ferocious soldiers. The First Nations volunteers were generally assigned as snipers out of the belief that Indians were expert marksmen, and the most deadly sniper of the war with 378 kills was the Ojibwa Francis Pegahmagabow. Despite orders from the Governor-General not to, <mask> used Defense Department funds to buy newspaper ads in the neutral United States recruiting for the American Legion that he planned to form within the CEF. Borden was unaware until early 1916 that <mask> had recruited a battalion of American volunteers, which he first learned of after receiving American complaints about Canadian violations of American neutrality.Borden was even astonished to learn that an American Unitarian clergyman living in Toronto, the Reverend C.S. Bullock, whom <mask> had appointed his chief recruiter for the American Legion, had also received from <mask> a colonel's commission in the CEF despite having no military experience. Between 1914–1916, <mask> raised in total about half million volunteers for the CEF, of whom only about 13,000 were French-Canadians. <mask>'s


title: Sam Hughes

texts: outside of Quebec, as the Acadians in New Brunswick, were more likely to enlist than those in Quebec. Over the course of the war, the policies carried out by the Ministry of Defense and Militia were much marked by inefficiency and waste, largely caused by <mask> as Morton wrote: "<mask>'s perennial contempt for military professionals, shared by his overseas agent, Max Aitken, became an excuse for chaos and influence-peddling in militia administration". As scandals continued from the exposure of wasteful purchasing in 1915 to the "munitions scandal" of 1916 which exposed <mask>'s flunky J. Wesley Allison as corrupt, Borden took away various functions from Defense Ministry to be handled by an independent board or commission headed by men who were not cronies of <mask>. <mask> was widely resented and disliked by the men of the CEF and when <mask> visited Camp Borden in July 1916, "his boys" loudly booed him, blaming the minister for the shortages of water at Camp Borden. <mask>'s policy of raising new battalions instead of sending the reinforcements to the existing battalions led to much administrative waste and ultimately led to most of the new battalions being broken up to provide manpower for the older battalions.To manage the Canadian Expeditionary Force in London, <mask> created a confusing system of overlapping authorities run by three senior officers, in order to make himself the ultimate arbiter of every issue. The most important of the officers in England was Major General John Wallace Carson, a mining magnate from Montreal and a friend of <mask>, who proved himself a skillful intriguer. While the officers in London feuded for <mask>'s favor, what Morton called a "...burgeoning,


title: Sam Hughes

texts:
 wasteful, array of camps, offices, depots, hospitals, and commands spread out across England." Twice, Borden sent <mask> to England to impose order and efficiency, and twice the prime minister was gravely disappointed. In September 1916, <mask> acting on his own and without informing Borden, announced in London the formation of the "Acting Overseas Sub-Militia Council" to be chaired by Carson with <mask>'s son-in-law to serve as the chief secretary. Controversy
His historical reputation was sullied further by poor decisions on procurements for the force. Insisting on the utilization of Canadian manufactured equipment, <mask> presided over the deployment of equipment that was often inappropriate for the Western Front, or of dubious quality.Previous to 1917, this negatively affected the operational performance of the CEF. The Ross Rifle, MacAdam Shield Shovel, boots and webbing (developed for use in the South African War), and the Colt machine gun were all Canadian items which were eventually replaced or abandoned due to quality or severe functionality issues. The management of spending for supplies was eventually taken away from <mask> and assigned to the newly formed War Purchasing Commission in 1915. It was not until <mask>' resignation in November 1916 that the Ross Rifle was fully abandoned by the CEF in favour of the British standard Lee–Enfield rifle. Canadian staff officers possessed an extremely limited level of experience and competence at the start of the war, having been discouraged from passing through the British Staff College for many years prior. Compounding the issue was <mask>' regular attempts to promote and appoint officers based upon patronage and Canadian nativism


title: Sam Hughes

texts: instead of ability, an act which not only created tension and jealousy between units but ultimately negatively affected the operating performance of the CEF as well. Lieutenant General Byng, who replaced Alderson as commander of the CEF from May 1916, eventually became so incensed with the continuous interference on the part of <mask> that he threatened to resign.Byng, an aristocrat and a career British Army officer who was modest in his tastes and known for his care for his men, was very popular with the rank and file of the Canadian Corps, who called themselves "the Byng boys". This in turn sparked <mask>'s jealousy. On 17 August 1916, Byng and <mask> had dinner where <mask> announced in his typical bombastic way that he never made a mistake and would hold the power of promotion within the Canadian Corps; Byng in reply stated that as a corps commander he had the power of promotion, that he would inform <mask> before any making promotions as a courtesy, and would resign if <mask> continued his interference with his command in the same way he had with Alderson. When <mask> claimed "I am never wrong", Byng replied "What a damn dull life you must have had, Minister!" Byng wanted to give command of the 2nd Division to Henry Burstall, who had greatly distinguished himself, over the objections of <mask>, who wanted to give command of the 2nd Division to his son Garnet, whom Byng regarded as a mediocrity unfit to command anything. Byng diplomatically told <mask> he had not appointed his son because the "Canadians deserved and expected the best leaders available". Byng wrote to Borden to say that he would not tolerate political interference in his corps, and he would resign if the younger


title: Sam Hughes

texts: <mask> was given the command of the 2nd Division rather than Burstall, who did indeed receive the appointment.Criticism from Field Marshal Douglas Haig, King George V and from within his own party gradually forced Canadian Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden to tighten control over <mask>. The Toronto Globe in an editorial on 22 June 1916 attacked <mask> for his "swashbuckling" speeches that were damaging relations with Britain. Borden, becoming assertive as the war continued on, began to tire of <mask>'s tirades before the cabinet, and hinted more than once he was thinking about sacking him. However, it was not until <mask>' political isolation, with the creation of the Ministry of the Overseas Military Forces of Canada, overseen by George Halsey Perley, and subsequent forced resignation in November 1916, that the CEF was able to concentrate on the task of the spring offensive without persistent staffing interference. The creation of the Ministry of Overseas Military Forces to run the CEF was a major reduction in <mask>'s power, causing him to rage and threaten Borden. After <mask> sent Borden an extremely insulting letter on 1 November 1916, the prime minister vacillated for the next 9 days before making his decision. Borden's patience with <mask> finally broke and he dismissed him from the cabinet on 9 November 1916.In his letter dismissing him, Borden stated that he was fired because of his "strong tendency to assume powers which [he did] not possess", and because the prime minister no longer had the "time or energy" to keeping solving all of the problems he had created. <mask> later claimed in Who's Who to have served "in France, 1914–15" despite not being released from his ministry


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 and not having been given any command in the field. His presence at the Western Front was limited to his visits to troops. On the margins
<mask>'s firing from the cabinet was greeted with relief by the rest of cabinet with the deputy prime minister Forster writing in his diary "the nightmare is removed". In the CEF, both the officers and the other ranks also generally welcomed his sacking. An embittered <mask> set out to embarrass Borden in the House of Commons by making accusations that Borden was mismanaging the war effort, though <mask>'s determination to not appear unpatriotic imposed some limits on his willingness to attack the government. In his first speech to the Commons after his sacking on 20 January 1917, <mask> accused the finance minister, Sir William Thomas White, of running up the national debt irresponsibly, and his successor Albert Edward Kemp of mismanaging the defense ministry.By this time, Borden, whom many dismissed as a milquetoast at the beginning of the war, had shown himself to be tougher leader than many had expected, and for a great many people in English Canada, it was Borden rather than <mask> who emerged as the symbol of the national will to victory by 1917. With the financial support of his millionaire friend Aitken, who was now ennobled as Lord Beaverbrook, <mask> planned to start a third party, the War Party, which would allow him to become Prime Minister. The plan called for Beaverbrook and another right-wing millionaire "press baron" Lord Rothermere to buy up most of the newspapers in English Canada to build support for the War Party. However, the plan collapsed when Rothermere showed no interest in the project, and Beaverbrook refused to move unless

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title: Sam Hughes

texts: Rothermere joined the project. After <mask>'s sacking, many of his friends abandoned him, and Beaverbrook was one of the few who remained close to him, though the fact that Beaverbrook was living in London meant he rarely saw him in person. In January 1917, <mask> floated another plan for Beaverbrook to use his influence with David Lloyd George, by then British Prime Minister, to have him in turn use his influence with King George V to have <mask> appointed to the Privy Council. Lloyd George consulted with Borden, who emphatically stated that the king should be not advised to give <mask> a seat on the Privy Council.Lloyd George told Beaverbrook that <mask> could best serve the war effort by remaining a backbench Conservative MP in Canada. At the same time, <mask> remained frustrated that Garnet <mask> was only commanding the 5th Canadian Division in England, which was used for training men sent to the four front line divisions of the Canadian Corps. When Currie replaced Byng as the commander of the Canadian Corps, <mask> wrote to him, saying it was time for his son to command the 1st Division. When Currie kept the younger <mask> in command of the 5th Division, <mask> turned on him. As Currie had embezzled money from his militia regiment in June 1914, and was only being saved from criminal charges in 1915 when <mask> intervened on his behalf, the latter accused the former of ingratitude. By 1917, <mask> had become extremely paranoid, writing in a letter to his son Garnet, that his mail was being "tampered with...and they even had detectives on prominent friends of mine." In the same letter, <mask> called the war effort "hell on earth" without him to lead it, and labelled Borden a

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title: Sam Hughes

texts: "weakling".The Canadian historian Tim Cook wrote by 1917 <mask> was losing his mind as he "appeared to be suffering from some form of nascent dementia". Borden decided to break his promise against conscription because of mounting casualties, he proposed in May 1917 a coalition Union government that would bring together the Conservatives and the Liberals. Laurier refused, but many English Canadian Liberal MPs crossed the floor to join the Union government. <mask> was against the idea of the Union government, saying at a Tory caucus meeting that a Union government would "forever wipe out" the Conservative Party. <mask> saw a coalition government as being a hostile takeover of the Conservative Party by the Liberals. In the Conscription crisis of 1917, <mask> attacked Borden at first for bringing in conscription, claiming that enough volunteers to keep the Canadian Corps fighting would have been found had he continued as Defense Minister, but he changed his mind after receiving pro-conscription letters from his constituents in Victoria County. In the 1917 election <mask> did not run at first as a Union candidate, instead running as a Conservative, and his main challenger was a Union candidate endorsed by Borden.Three weeks before the election, <mask> finally declared his support for the Union government, which led the Unionist candidate to drop out in favor of <mask>. In the 1917 election, <mask> was returned with his greatest margin of victory ever. <mask> during his time as Defense Minister had used funds from the Dominion government to bring about a number of municipal improvements in Lindsay, increasing his popularity in Victoria County. One visitor from Toronto asked a local farmer


title: Sam Hughes

texts: what county he was in, and received the reply "This is <mask>'s country!" After Currie won the Battles of Hill 70, Lens, and finally Passchendaele in November 1917, <mask> requested a meeting in January 1918 with Borden to discuss "Lens and somewhat similar massacres". When Borden refused, <mask> accused Currie in another letter to Borden of "massacres" of "my boys" due to "bullheadness and incompetency". At least part of the motive for the attack on Currie was the failure of the War Party, which led <mask> to make it his life mission to "expose the whole rotten show overseas" to ruin the reputation of Borden.In a letter to Lord Beaverbrook, <mask> wrote: "Currie was a coward at St. Julien and a damned fool ever since. He was the cause of practically having murdered thousands of men at Lens and Paschendaele [Passchendaele], and it is generally supposed the motive was to prevent the possibility of Turner coming back with the Second Army Corps, and to prevent Garnet from commanding a Division." Cook described this letter as the most malicious of all <mask>'s accusations against Currie as he was claiming that Currie had deliberately caused the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Canadians to force the government to send reinforcements to the Canadian Corps, and thereby prevent the creation of a second corps to be commanded by Turner, who had been dismissed from active command in 1916. Ignoring the existence of the Imperial War Cabinet, <mask> in a speech in Toronto claimed: "A Dominion which sends to an European war an army immeasurably greater than the Allied armies sent to the Crimea cannot again have the issue of peace and war determined for her by a government in which she is not

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title: Sam Hughes

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 represented." In another speech at a Masonic Lodge in Toronto on 9 January 1918, he demanded that all males in the age group 10–16 undergo militia training. In spite of concerns about possible riots, <mask> traveled to Montreal to give a speech attacking Borden for not conscripting what he claimed were 700,000 young men all across Canada. His speeches attacking Borden in Toronto and Montreal were well received by his audiences.On 6 May 1918, <mask> in a speech before the Commons denounced the Ministry of Overseas Forces for an excessive number of bureaucrats, and for the first time indirectly attacked Currie as he spoke of officers with a "reckless disregard for life". In October 1918, <mask> had written Borden a letter accusing Currie of "useless massacres of our Canadian boys, as needlessly occurred at Cambrai." Borden ignored <mask>'s request that Currie and his "Black-hand Gang" be sacked. Feud with Currie
The news of the Armistice on 11 November 1918 was ill-received by <mask>, who felt that Currie had stolen the glory of victory was rightfully his. In December 1918, Currie learned from friends in Canada that <mask> was telling anybody who would listen that he was "a murderer, a coward, a drunkard and almost everything else that is bad and vile". In a letter to his sister, Currie wrote "<mask> is a vindictive and bitterly disappointed man, and so is his son Garnet". On 4 March 1919, in a speech before the Commons, <mask> accused Currie of "needlessly sacrificing the lives of Canadian soldiers".As part of his speech, <mask> read out several of his 1918 letters to Borden, which was thereby entered in Hansard (allowing the press to quote from them), and thus incriminated Borden in

masks:
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
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Hughes
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title: Sam Hughes

texts: his accusations against Currie. In particular, <mask> made much of the Second Battle of Mons in November 1918, claiming that Currie had only attacked Mons to have the Canadian Corps end the war for the British Empire where it began (the British Expeditionary Force fought its first battle at Mons in August 1914). <mask> always attacked Currie in speeches in the Commons, where criminal and civil law did not apply, ensuring he did not need fear a libel suit or a criminal charges for selectively quoting from official documents that were still classified as secret. <mask>'s controversial speech attracted much attention. <mask>'s speech accusing Currie of "murder" left most Canadians at the time "stunned". On 5 March 1919, The Toronto Daily Star published as a lead story on the front page a defense of Currie's leadership at the Second Battle of Cambrai, noting that Currie had the infantry supported by tanks encircle Cambrai, instead of the "mad frontal assault" claimed by <mask>. The Toronto Globe in an editorial on 6 March wrote: "The terrors of the war have been great and manifold for our gallant men in France, but Sir <mask> is a greater terror than any of them.The enemy never dealt a fouler blow than that directed by Sir <mask> against the leaders of the Canadian Army still in the field and unable to defend themselves". Cook noted the strangest aspect of the <mask> affair was that <mask> did not reveal that Currie was an embezzler, something that greatly worried Currie at the time. <mask> may have restrained himself as the fact he prevented criminal charges from being laid against Currie in 1915 would have left himself open to charges of obstruction of justice and abuse of his powers as

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 defense minister. In his last two years of his life, <mask> believed that it was Currie, whom he was relentless in attacking, as the man behind what he regarded as the plots against him. In a letter to Garnet in May 1919, he wrote: "I have the fullest evidence now that upwards of nine months or more ago, instructions have been issued in a propaganda form to certain writers and correspondents, 'On every occasion, Sir <mask> must be overshadowed by others'. And in several instances I have the definite instructions, 'Under any and every circumstances Sir <mask> must be completely overshadowed by Sir Arthur Curry [Currie]'" In September 1919, <mask> in a speech to the Commons accused Currie of cowardice at the Second Battle of Ypres, claiming he fled in abject terror from his command post when he saw the yellow cloud of chlorine gas floating across no-man's land. On 16 June 1920, <mask> in another speech before the House said that Currie's military reputation was "propaganda" and there were dozens of officers who "are regarded throughout the length and breadth of this country as infinitely superior to General Sir Arthur Currie as a general or as a gentleman".Currie never responded publicly to these attacks, out of the fear that <mask> might reveal that he had stolen $10,000 dollars from his regiment in Victoria, but he was greatly wounded and hurt. Death
In the summer of 1921, <mask> was informed by his doctors that he had only weeks to live. He returned to his home in the forests of Victoria County, which had been built to resemble a luxurious hunting lodge. On his deathbed, a Methodist minister came to offer solace, only to be told by the ever combative <mask>: "Don't you bother about

masks: Hughes Sam Sam Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes


title: Sam Hughes

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 me. Pretty soon I'll be sitting on the right hand of God and I'll be able to arrange things all right enough." <mask> died of pernicious anaemia, aged sixty-eight, in August 1921, and was survived by his son, Garnet <mask>, who served in the First World War, and his grandson, <mask>, who was a field historian in the Second World War and later a judge. On 26 August 1921, his funeral in Lindsay became the largest ever in the town, being attended by 20,000 people.To honor "Lindsay's foremost citizen", his coffin was carried by six veterans down the main street of Lindsay together with 45th Victoria Regiment, who marched to the somber tunes of drums and bagpipes. At the Riverside Cemetery, <mask>'s coffin was placed into the earth while bugler Arthur Rhodes winner of the Military Medal played The Last Post and artillery guns fired 15 salutes. He and his wife are buried together. Plaque
A memorial plaque dedicated to the memory of <mask> was erected in front of the Armouries building in Lindsay, Ontario. It reads:
Soldier, journalist, imperialist and Member of Parliament for Lindsay, Ontario from 1892 to 1921, <mask> helped to create a distinctively Canadian Army. As Minister of Militia and Defence (1911–1916) he raised the Canadian Expeditionary Force which fought in World War I, and was knighted for his services. Disagreements with his colleagues and subordinates forced his retirement from the Cabinet in 1916."Archives
There is a Sir <mask> and Family collection at Library and Archives Canada. See also

Canadian Aviation Corps
 Nickle Resolution – a policy in place since 1917 that occurred after <mask>' knighthood

Notes

References

External links

1853 births
1921 deaths
Canadian

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Samuel Hughes
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Sam Hughes
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title: René-Nicolas Dufriche Desgenettes

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René-<mask>, baron Desgenettes (23 May 1762, Alençon – 3 February 1837, Paris) was a French military doctor. He was chief doctor to the French army in Egypt and at Waterloo. Life

Early life
Son of a lawyer at the Parliament of Rouen, he first studied at the Jesuit college at Alençon. He studied classics at Collège Sainte-Barbe and the Collège du Plessis in Paris, but left off these studies to follow the course taught at the collège de France, from then on studying medicine with devotion. Trained in the hospital services of Pelletan and Vicq d’Azyr, he also studied under John Hunter in London and Desbois de Rochefort and Boyer in France. In trying to perfect his skills he made several journeys to England and Italy (spending 4 years at Florence and Siena then Rome and Naples), where his good manners brought him the acquaintance of many of the most distinguished scholars of the day. Returning to France in the course of 1789, he was made a doctor at Montpellier, in the wake of his remarkable thesis entitled : Essai physiologique sur les vaisseaux lymphatiques (Physiological essay on the lymphatic vessels).Revolution and Italy
In 1791, he went to Paris, where political unrest was at its height. He joined the Girondins and then, on their elimination by the Montagnards during the Reign of Terror, he took refuge in Rouen. The events of 1792 and early 1793 had caused the whole of Europe to take up arms against France and so, on the advice of his former teacher Vicq-d’Azyr and driven by a desire to serve the Republican fatherland, he got himself sent as a surgeon to the army gathering on the borders


title: René-Nicolas Dufriche Desgenettes

texts:
 jealousy, the directeurs kept Desgenettes in Paris, under the pretext that he could be more use to the Republic in a medical school rather than serving with the field hospitals. It was thus during this period of rest that Desgenettes edited his mémoire on the usefulness of artificial anatomical models.In this, after tracing their history and giving details of the magnificent collection of them at Florence, he called on the French government to found a similar institution in Paris. Shortly after the Revolution, he frequented the salon of Anne-Catherine Helvétius. Nevertheless, for Charles Mullié, it was painful to say that, in his roles as professor, Desgenettes the scholar's only reward for his sacrificing his fortune and his own health by indifference and ingratitude - four times in floréal year V he rendered his resignation, and four times the ministry refused to accept it. Egypt
On returning to Paris after the Treaty of Campo Formio, Bonaparte obtained his protégé <mask> an attachment to the armée d'Angleterre on 23 nivôse year VI ; it is now known that the organisation of this army on the Channel coast was only a cover for preparations for the French invasion of Egypt. Also, on 1 pluviôse, Desgenettes received the order to report to Toulon, to be attached to general Bonaparte's army as doctor in chief. In 1798, he was made chief physician of the Armée d'Orient as well as part of the natural history and physics section of the Institut d'Égypte, and Bonaparte invited him on board the admiral's flagship Orient. As physician in chief, Desgenettes instructed the health officers of the Armée


title: René-Nicolas Dufriche Desgenettes

texts:
 d'Orient (i.a.Antonio Savaresi) to study the ecology, the diseases and the remedies used by local healers. <mask> had hardly arrived in Egypt when he was assailed by the several diseases brought on the army by the burning heat, continual bivouacing and lack of drinkable water. He installed hygiene measures and rigorous preventative measures - washing (both bodies and clothes), disinfection of areas, supervision of nutrition. The many cases of smallpox, scurvy, "fièvre de Damiette", severe and contagious conjunctivitis and dysentery observed by him here gave him further experience of military medicine. During the expedition into Syria, as head doctor of the armée d’Orient, Desgenettes had to face a bubonic plague epidemic in the course of the army's march across Syria's desert. To  sustain the troops' morale, he denied the disease's existence and forbade any mention of its name. When Bonaparte found himself forced to raise the siege of the fortress at Saint-Jean-d'Acre on 21 May 1799, he demanded that the medical staff evacuate the wounded and ill and kill the plague cases with fatally strong doses of opium, but Desgenettes determinedly refused to do so, forcing Bonaparte to instead transport them as far as Jaffa.The two men's friendship then cooled again over the question of evacuating the plague cases from Jaffa. Return to France
On returning to France, around the end of Fructidor year IX, Desgenettes was designated as head doctor of the military training-hospital of Strasbourg. However, due to his new role as professor adjoined to the École de Médecine de Paris and his need for stability


title: René-Nicolas Dufriche Desgenettes

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 persecutions on the part of the military administration, he was also ejected from his chair of hygiene at the Faculté de médecine de Paris, given him by the consulate in reward for his services at Saint-Jean-d'Acre. To make up for these injustices, he was made a knight of the Légion d'honneur. On acceding to the ministry, Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult returned to Desgenettes his roles as chief-doctor and professor at the hospital of Val-de-Grâce and Napoléon, on his return, reinstated him as chief inspector of the health service and as chief doctor of the Guard, adding on 20 May an appointment as chief doctor of the armée du Nord. Hundred Days and after
During the Hundred Days, Desgenettes re-assumed his role as chief-doctor of the Imperial Guard and assisted at the Battle of Waterloo. He came back to Paris with the army, and Louis XVIII confirmed him in his role at Val-de-Grâce on 1 July and at the Faculté de Médecine in Paris, where he was charged with teaching hygiene and readmitted into the Conseil général de Santé des armées in 1819 (formerly the Inspection générale).He only gave up his roles as inspector-general in January 1816, when the title was suppressed. In 1820, he was received as a member of the Académie Royale de Médecine, though he was expelled in 1822 following student demonstrations, only to be re-admitted in 1830 and elected a member of the Académie des sciences under the July Monarchy. After the July Revolution, on 14 November, Baron <mask> was made mayor of the 10th arrondissement of Paris, a role he filled until the municipal elections of 1834. On 2 March 1832, he was made


title: Henryk Grossman

texts:
<mask> (alternative spelling: <mask>; 14 April 1881 – 24 November 1950) was a Polish economist, historian, and Marxist revolutionary active in both Poland and Germany. <mask>'s key contribution to political-economic theory was his book, The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System, a study in Marxian crisis theory. It was published in Leipzig months before the Stock Market Crash of 1929. Early life and education
<mask> was born as <mask> into a relatively prosperous Polish-Jewish family in Kraków, Poland (then part of Austrian Galicia). Although his parents were assimilated into Krakow society, they nevertheless ensured their sons were circumcised and registered as members of the Jewish community. His father died at the age of 54 when Henryk was 15. He joined the socialist movement around 1898, becoming a member of the Social Democratic Party of Galicia (GPSD), an affiliate of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria.The GPSD, led by Ignacy Daszyński, was formally Marxist, but dominated by Polish nationalists close to the Polish Socialist Party (PPS). When the Ukrainian Social Democratic Party in Galicia (USPD) was formed in 1899, the GSPD became the Polish Social Democratic Party (PPSD) and the Polish nationalist current was strengthened. <mask> led the resistance of orthodox Marxists to this current. Along with Karl Radek, he was active in the socialist student movement, particularly in Ruch (Movement), which included members of the PPSD as well as of the two socialist parties in the Kingdom of Poland, the PPS and the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL – led by Rosa Luxemburg

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Henryk Grossmann
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title: Henryk Grossman

texts:
 and Leo Jogiches). He was the main figure in the newspaper Zjednoczenie (Unification), which took a line close to the SDKPiL, against the pro-PPS politics of Ruchs main organ, Promień for which he was censured by the PPSD and its newspaper Naprzód. During this period, <mask> learned Yiddish and became involved in the Jewish workers' movement in Kraków. <mask> was the founding secretary and theoretician of the Jewish Social Democratic Party of Galicia (JSDP) in 1905.The JSDP broke with the PPSD over the latter's belief that the Jewish workers should assimilate to Polish culture. It took a position close to the Bund, and was critical of the labour Zionism of the Poale Zion as well to assimilationist forms of socialism. The JSDP sought to affiliate to the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria (the General Party), but this was refused. However, the JSDP was active alongside the General Party, for example for universal suffrage. <mask> earned his Juris Doctor in 1908 from the Jagiellonian University. At the end of 1908, he went to the University of Vienna to study with the Marxian economic historian Carl Grünberg, withdrawing from his leadership role in the JSDP (although he remained on its executive until 1911 and had contact with the small JSDP group in Vienna, the Ferdinand Lassalle Club). With the destruction of the Austro-Hungarian empire at the end of World War I, <mask> became an economist in Poland, and joined the Communist Party of Poland.Career
From 1922 to 1925, <mask> was Professor of economics at the Free Polish University in Warsaw. He emigrated in 1925 to escape political persecution. The same year he was invited to

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title: Henryk Grossman

texts:
 join the Marxian Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt by his former tutor Carl Grünberg. Hitler's accession to power in 1933 forced him first to Paris, and then via Britain to New York, where he remained in relative isolation from 1937 until 1949. In that year he took up a professorship in political economy at the University of Leipzig in East Germany. <mask>'s The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System(1929) despite being one of the first publications of the Frankfurt School was only made available in English translation in 1979 by Jairus Banaji, for an Indian Trotskyist organisation, the Platform Tendency. A recent edition is: .However, it is a condensed version and lacks the important concluding chapter of the German original. Contribution to theory
While at Frankfurt in the mid-1920s, <mask> contended that a "general tendency to cling to the results" of Karl Marx's theory in ignorance of the subtleties of "the method underlying Capital" was causing a catastrophic vulgarisation of Marxian thought, a trend which was undermining the revolutionary possibilities of the moment. The Law of Accumulation was his attempt to demonstrate that Marxian political economy had been underestimated by its critics and by extension that revolutionary critiques of capitalism were still valid. Amongst other arguments, it sets forth the following demonstration (for a complete definition of the terms employed, the whole book is recommended):

Logical and mathematical basis of the law of breakdown
Apart from the arithmetical and logical proofs that we have been given already, mathematicians may prefer the following more general

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title: Henryk Grossman

texts:
 form of presentation which avoids the purely arbitrary values of a concrete numerical example. Meaning of the symbols
 c  = constant capital. Initial value = co. Value after j years = cj
 v  = variable capital. Initial value = vo.Value after j years = vj
 s  = rate of surplus value (written as a percentage of v)
 ac  = rate of accumulation of constant capital c
 av  = rate of accumulation of variable capital v
 k  = consumption share of capitalists
 S  = mass of surplus value, being:

 Ω  = organic composition of capital, or c:v
(Correction with respect to <mask>'s text: From the formula below it follows that Grossman means by  Ω  the initial value of the organic composition of capital :)
 j  = number of years

Further, let

and let

Formula
After j years at the assumed rate of accumulation ac, the constant capital c reaches the level:

At the assumed rate of accumulation av, the variable capital  v reaches the level:

The year after (j + 1) accumulation is continued as usual according to the formula:

whence

For k to be greater than 0, it is necessary that:

k = 0 for a year n, if:

Note this line follows the German original in Das Akkumulations- und Zusammenbruchsgesetz des kapitalistischen Systems (zugleich eine Krisentheorie) because it is misspecified in the condensed English translation. The timing of the absolute crisis is given by the point at which the consumption share of the entrepreneur vanishes completely, long after it has already started to decline. This means:

whence n =

This is a real number as long as s > av

However, this is what we assume anyway throughout our investigation. Starting from time-point n, the


title: Henryk Grossman

texts:
 mass of surplus value S is not sufficient to ensure the valorisation of c and v under the conditions postulated. Discussion of the formula
The number of years n down to the absolute crisis thus depends on four conditions:
 The level of organic composition Ω. The higher this is the smaller the number of years. The crisis is accelerated.The rate of accumulation of the constant capital ac, which works in the same direction as the level of the organic composition of capital. The rate of accumulation of the variable capital av, which can work in either direction, sharpening the crisis or defusing it, and whose impact is therefore ambivalent. The level of the rate of surplus value s, which has a defusing impact; that is, the greater is s, the greater is the number of years n, so that the breakdown tendency is postponed. The accumulation process could be continued if the earlier assumptions were modified:
 The rate of accumulation of the constant capital ac is reduced and the tempo of accumulation slowed down. The constant capital is devalued which again reduces the rate of accumulation ac. Labour power is devalued, hence wages cut, so that the rate of accumulation of variable capital av is reduced and the rate of surplus value  s is enhanced. Finally, capital is exported, so that again the rate of accumulation ac is reduced.These four major cases allow us to deduce all the variations that are actually to be found in reality and which impart to the capitalist mode of production a certain elasticity ...

Much of the remainder of <mask>'s book is devoted to exploring these "elasticities" or counter-crisis tendencies, tracking both their


title: Henryk Grossman

texts:
 logical and their actual, historical development. Examples of each would include:
 Depressed interest rates, investment capital transferred to unproductive speculation, e.g. housing stock, art objects. Enlarged state sector bleeds value from the accumulation process via taxes. Wars destroy capital values. The reserve army of labour (unemployed) created to discipline wage claims. Imperialism

Personal life
<mask> lost his immediate family in the Holocaust.His wife Jana and his son Jan were murdered in Auschwitz in 1943. His return to Leipzig was considered in the newly formed German Democratic Republic to be a success for the regime, and he was nominated by the city of Leipzig in March 1950 for the National Prize 'for the totality of his scientific achievements in the area of scientific socialism', but did not win. He was plagued with ill health and died after suffering with prostate problems and Parkinson's disease. See also
 Reproduction (economics)
 Capital accumulation
 Crisis theory
 Tendency of the rate of profit to fall
 Surplus value
 Organic composition of capital

References

Further reading
 Kuhn, Rick (ed.) Henryk Grossman Works, Volume 2: Political Writings Brill, 2020
 Kuhn, Rick (ed.) Henryk Grossman Works, Volume 1: Essays and Letters on Economic Theory Brill, 2018
 Freudenthal, Gideon and Mclaughlin, Peter (editors) The Social and Economic Roots of the Scientific Revolution: Texts by Boris Hessen and <mask> Grossmann Springer 2009
 Grossman, Henryk The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System Pluto 1992
 Kuhn, Rick Henryk Grossman and the Recovery of Marxism Urbana and Chicago: University of

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title: Henryk Grossman

texts:
 Illinois Press, 2007. Grossman, Henryk [2017] Capitalism’s Contradictions: Studies in Economic Theory before and after Marx Ed.Rick Kuhn, Trans. Birchall, Kuhn, O’Callaghan. Haymarket, Chicago. Scheele, Juergen Zwischen Zusammenbruchsprognose und Positivismusverdikt. Studien zur politischen und intellektuellen Biographie <mask> <mask>s (1881–1950) Frankfurt a.M., Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Wien: Peter Lang, 1999. . External links
 <mask>, <mask>, The Henryk Grossman Internet Archive. A collection of <mask>'s writings.<mask>, Henryk Fifty years of struggle over Marxism 1883‐1932
 Harman, Chris, "Forgotten treasure: a new biography of Grossman", International Socialism, No. 114, Spring 2007. A review of Kuhn's Grossman biography. Heartfield, James, "Why Grossman still matters", Spiked Review of Books, No. 3, July 2007. Another review of Kuhn's <mask> biography. Kuhn, Rick, "Capital development", Socialist Review, No.245, October 2000. A short biography of <mask> <mask>. Kuhn, Rick, "Economic crisis and socialist revolution: <mask> <mask>'s Law of accumulation, its first critics and his responses", preprint version of an essay in Paul Zarembka and Susanne Soederberg (eds) Neoliberalism in crisis, accumulation and Rosa Luxemburg's Legacy: Research in Political Economy 21 Elsevier, Amsterdam 2004 pp. 181–22. A discussion of aspects of <mask>'s contribution to the Marxist theory of economic crisis. Kuhn, Rick, "<mask> Grossman and the recovery of Marxism", preprint version of an article in Historical Materialism 13 (3), 2005. On Grossman's contributions to and place in the history of Marxism.Kuhn, Rick, "<mask> Grossman –

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title: Henryk Grossman

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 Capitalist Expansion and Imperialism", International Socialist Review, No. 56, November 2007. On the relevance of <mask>'s analysis for understanding globalisation and the current crisis. "On <mask> <mask>, A Revolutionary Marxist: An Interview with Rick Kuhn", Radical Notes, 9 April 2007
 Mattick, Paul, "Economic Crisis and Crisis Theories", 1974. (The book places <mask>'s work in the context of other theories of economic crisis.) 1881 births
1950 deaths
Writers from Kraków
Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Polish Social Democratic Party of Galicia politicians
Jewish Social Democratic Party in Galicia politicians
Jewish socialists
Communist Party of Poland politicians
German economists
German Marxists
German communists
Polish economists
Polish Marxists
Polish communists
Marxian economists
Marxist theorists
Leipzig University

masks: Grossman Henryk Grossman Grossman


title: Bhupesh Gupta

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<mask> () (20 October 1914 – 6 August 1981) was an Indian politician and a leader of the Communist Party of India. He was a member of the Rajya Sabha for five terms from West Bengal, from 3 April 1952 till his death. He was reelected in 1958, 1964,1970 and 1976. Early life
He was born on
October 20, 1914 at Itna in Mymensingh District of Bengal Province in British India (now Bangladesh). His father, <mask> was a rich landlord. Though
born in a wealthy family, <mask> hardly cared and
plunged into national movement at the age of 16, and
never looked back. He chose to remain a life-long
bachelor with single-minded devotion to the serviceof the country and the communist cause.<mask> <mask>: Outstanding Parliamentarian,
Builder of Communist Movement Bhupesh all along was a
brilliant student, educated at renowned Scottish Church College of the University of Calcutta and University College London He passed his F.A. and B.A. examinations of Calcutta
University from Behrampur detention
camp with distinction. In
Berhampur, he was in the
same cell for four years
as Sunil Mukherjee, a
founder of CPI in Bihar. In revolutionary and communist movement

Soon Bhupesh was
drawn into the magic
circle of national revolutionaries, joining the
revolutionary group
Anushilan headed by
Surendra Mohan Ghose. He also took an active
part in Civil Disobedience Movement, and was arrested several times: in
1930, 1931 and 1933, and was kept in detention till 1937. It was then that he came in touch with the
Marxist ideology.His father wanted Bhupesh to keep off politics, and as such wrote to the government requesting Bhupesh be sent to England for higher studies. Government agreeing, <mask> went
to

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Shri Mahesh Chandra Gupta
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texts:
 England to study law and was called to the Bar from the Middle Temple, London. But in England he came in contact with the Communist Party of Great Britain and student movement, and turned a communist. He met a large
number of communists including Indian ones. <mask> returned to India in 1941 and devoted himself full-time to Communist Party of India. Initially he worked
in the underground headquarters of CPI. He was
also one of the founders
of the Friends of the Soviet Union (FSU) in
1941.As a member of Jana
Raksha Samiti, <mask>
did tremendous amount
of work during the Great
Bengal Famine of 1943. He also was a founder of
the People’s Relief Committee. He defended the
accused in Tebhaga
peasants’ movement of
1946. He also defended
the workers of Jamshedpur including of TELCO in 1946 in compulsory adjudication under the Defence of India Rules. During BTR period and in Parliament

<mask> went underground during the left sectarian adventurist period of BTR Line of 1948-50, which had done
much damage to the party. In 1947, he was elected
to the West Bengal Provincial Committee of the
CPI and was appointed
as chairman of the editorial board of party’s Bengali daily ‘Swadhinata’ in 1951. Since the CPI was declared illegal by the government, he was arrested in 1951 and detained till April, 1952.After the party decided to fight elections,
he was elected to the
Rajya Sabha in 1952. Since then he was its
member till his death, as
the longest serving
member. He was especially felicitated on June
22, 1977 on the occasion
of the 100th session of the
RS and its 25 years. He was closely associated with peace
movement and All India Peace and Solidarity Organisation (AIPSO).

masks: Bhupesh Bhupesh Bhupesh


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 Newspapers in Kingston, Jamaica,
hailed him as the hero of
the Commonwealth Parliamentary conference after his speech on racism and apartheid in 1979. Positions in the party

<mask> <mask> was
elected to CC of the CPI
at its third Congress,
Madurai, 1953-54. He
was elected to the Polit
Buro for the first time at
Palghat Congress in
1956.After organizational restructuring at
Amritsar in 1958, he was
elected to central secre-
tariat, a position he held
till his death in 1981. He was the editor of New Age from 1954 to
1957 and from 1966 till his
death in 1981. Especially
on Sundays he would be
hammering away his
editorials and articles on
a vintage Remington
typewriter of 1937
brought from England. His last article was on the
Resolution of the CC CP
China meeting of July
1981, written from Mos-
cow. In this resolution
the CC CPC had criticized the socalled ‘cultural revolution’ in
China, holding Mao re-
sponsible for the
destruction. During the days of
Maoist ideological-political assaults from the
CPC and the consequent
split in CPI in 1964,
<mask> <mask> tried his
best to seek ways to
avoid split, and after
split, to bring about a
reconciliation. But his
efforts did not succeed.World Communist movement

<mask> <mask> was a
staunch internationalist
and a tireless crusader
against apartheid and
racism. He attended the
Bucharest preparatory
meeting of the International Communist
Conference (1957). He
was a member of the CPI
delegations at the 1957,
1960 and 1969 confer-
ences of World
Communist Movement. He was also a member of
CPI delegation led by
general secretary Ajoy Ghosh to Peking in 1959 and met Mao Tse-tung
(Mao Zedong). <mask>
<mask> was active in
World Peace

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 Council. In
fact, the last conference
he attended was International Conference of
Solidarity with Syria and
Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) in
Damascus (1981). Condemning Chinese aggression

<mask>da demon-
strated that communism
is the best form of patriotism.His patriotic fervour was very much
evident when taking part in Rajya Sabha discussion on Defence of India Bill during Chinese aggression in 1962, he emphatically said: “I
declare on the floor of the
House that I do not know
of any Communist or a
trade-unionist of that sort
who is opposed to the
defence of the country or
who is in sympathy with
the aggression that has
taken place. If any-
body… went against
resolution and the patri-
otic position of the
country…, he would be putting himself outside
the pale of the Communist party and the movement. “

He was the symbol of the Marxist integration of patriotism and proletarian internationalism. Champion of rural labour and women
<mask> <mask> was a
great champion of the
weaker sections of soci-
ety: the Harijans, Adivasis, the khet mazdoors, women and
others. Both inside and
outside Parliament, he
utilised every opportunity to further their cause. He was happy when
Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union (BKMU) was formed in 1968 at Moga,
Punjab. In May, 1972, <mask> delivered inaugural address at the second conference of BKMU held at Mannargudi in Tamil Nadu.He demanded strict
implementation of minimum wages, regular employment and legislation to protect the
weaker sections and improve their living and
working· (e.g. Rajya
Sabha Debates, Decem-
ber 6, 1962) He said,
without improving the
lot of agricultural workers, all the talk about
rural development was
useless.

masks: Bhupesh Bhupesh Gupta Bhupesh


title: Bhupesh Gupta

texts:
 In 1975, when the International Women’s Year began, he made an impassioned speech in
Parliament urging the
government to take concrete measures to improve the social status
and living conditions of
the vast majority of
women and not confine
to celebrations alone.” (In
RS, May 13, 1975) In this
speech, he observed:
“Emancipation of
women is not a sectarian
problem of emancipation of a section of the people. It is essentially a
problem of emancipation of womankind…the very foundation ultimately of our social life.”

On secularism and national integration
<mask> was in-charge of the
sub-committee of CEC
CPI on National Integration. He opined that
discrimination against
Harijans was an impor-
tant factor hindering
process of national inte-
gration. <mask> used
every possible forum to
raise his powerful voice
in the defence of the secu-
lar democratic set-up of
our country and for
strengthening national
integration. He was
party’s representative
and main spokesman in
the National integration
council for nearly 15
years.He stressed that
the fight against commu-
nalism was a matter of
our survival as a
civilised and forward-
looking society. He
meticulously worked
out concrete and con-
structive proposals for
meetings of NIC to defeat
the designs of such forces
and preserve secular set
up. At NIC held in
Srinagar in June, 1968, he
made an important sug-
gestion saying that in
case of lack of confidence
on the part of minority
community in a dis-
turbed area on any
official, he should prima
facie transferred imme-
diately. For breakdown
of communal peace in
any area, conduct of all
officials should be held
responsible. A powerful writer and speaker
He had eight books

masks: Bhupesh Bhupesh


title: Bhupesh Gupta

texts:
 in
English to his credit,
namely: i) Freedom and
the Second Front; (ii)
Terror over Bengal; (iii)
Second Five Year Plan -
A critique; (iv) The Big
Loot: An Analysis of foreign exploitation in
India; (v) Why this Food
Crisis; (vi) Quit Commonwealth; (vii) India
and American aggression in Vietnam; and
(viii) Right reaction’s bid
for power. <mask>
wrote quite a few books
in Bengali also, for example: (i) Nehru Sarkarer
Swarup; (ii) Pak-Markin
Samarik Chukti 0 Markin
Samrajyabad; and (iii)
Kala Kanuner Rajatva. They reflect an eloquent
testimony to the intellectual height of <mask>
<mask>.He exhorted that the
Rajya Sabha should al-
ways be a “vibrant and
living institution” to
mirror the urges and aspirations of the people. For example, in a discussion in Rajya Sabha on
decision of the U.S. Government to resume arms
supply to Pakistan,
<mask> <mask> very
aptly remarked: “It is
quite clear that the United
States today wants to
build a new balance of
military power in our
region, and therefore
they are interested in
using Pakistan as a military base. So it should not
be taken as if only Pakistan is interested in
building up the arms race
and America is not or that
America is just a seller of
arms. .... The US imperialism knows very well
that unless India is brow-
beaten, curbed, menaced
and threatened, it would
not be possible for them
to have their domineering say in this region of
South Asia. Therefore,
they made us a special
target and that is why they
are supplying once again
arms to Pakistan. (<mask> <mask> in Rajya
Sabha, RS Debates, March
10, 1975)

He was often sarcastic
but never vulgar, brilliant in his argument but
humble, and was in his
elements when it came

masks: Bhupeshda Bhupesh Gupta Bhupesh Gupta Bhupesh Gupta


title: Bhupesh Gupta

texts:
 to
questions pertaining to
the cause of the people.He was literally a champion of the toiling
millions and the greatest
defender of the downtrodden and the
oppressed. He never countenanced any single flaw of
the treasury benches and
had complete mastery
over parliamentary
rules and procedures. Nothing mattered to him
more than the supremacy
and dignity of the two
Houses of Parliament. <mask> <mask> was a
master of parliamentary
techniques, and used all
the possible openings:
special mentions, calling
attention, short notice
questions, haIf-an-hour
discussions, and ques-
tions, etc, to put across
his point of view. Besides, on major issues like
foreign policy,
President’s address,
Finance Bill, Appropriation Bill and discussions
on working of ministries,
he used to make excellent speeches laced with solid arguments. To give an illustration, on April 22, 1954, when Prime Minister
Jawaharlal Nehru stated
in Rajya Sabha that “It has
been the policy of Government for the last six years not to allow any
foreign troops to pass
through or fly over India”, it was <mask> <mask> who brought to
the notice of the House a
newspaper report saying
that on April 24, 1954, an
American ‘Globemaster’
carrying French troops to
Indo-China landed at
Dum Dum Airport and
then left after refuelling. He quoted another report
of April 27, 1954, stating
that a ‘Skymaster’ belonging to the French Air
Force landed at Dum
Dum and left for Indo-China.A few days later,
he again referred to a report which said that on May 12, 1954, a
‘Skymaster’ belonging to
the French Air Force had
touched down at
Calcutta and “36 French
soldiers lived for a few
hours in Grand Hotel in
Room Nos. 315, 320, 466
and 490,

masks: Bhupesh Gupta Bhupesh Gupta


title: Bhupesh Gupta

texts:
 and at about 3.30
a.m. in the early hours of
morning they left.” Ev-
erybody, friend and foe
alike, admired <mask>
<mask>’s masterly and
exceptional qualities as
a parliamentarian. He
was rightly referred to as
“the stormy petrel” of the
Rajya Sabha. Death
<mask> <mask> was
admitted in the Central
Clinical Hospital in Moscow in last week of June. He was operated for
stomach cancer on July
29, 1981. He was recovering but died of severe
heart attack in Moscow
on August 6, 1981. Prime Minister Smt.Indira Gandhi had said
on his demise, “…with
the death of Comrade
<mask> <mask>, the nation loses one of its most dedicated and eloquent
sons.”

<mask> <mask> was
widely mourned.References

Sources

Communist Party of India politicians from West Bengal
1914 births
1981 deaths
Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal
Scottish Church College alumni
University of Calcutta


title: Shawn McManus

texts:
<mask> (born June 30, 1958) is an American artist who has worked extensively over three decades for DC Comics and other companies, notably for DC's Vertigo imprint including the Fables series. Comics
Born in Brookline, Massachusetts, <mask> entered the comics field in the early 1980s with work for Heavy Metal and DC Comics. For the June 1983 issue of Heavy Metal he collaborated with Bhob Stewart and John Coffey on "Zenobia". Six months later, <mask> and Stewart teamed with Jim McDermott on "Symbiosis", also in Heavy Metal (December 1983). He drew the Green Arrow backup feature in Detective Comics in 1983-1984. McManus gained wider attention when he illustrated two issues of The Saga of the Swamp Thing written by Alan Moore. McManus worked with writer Todd Klein on Omega Men, creating Zirral and other characters for that series.He has drawn issues of Doctor Fate and Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight. He collaborated with Neil Gaiman on the "Fables & Reflections" and "A Game of You" story arcs in The Sandman. McManus' other Sandman credits include The Sandman Presents: Taller Tales and a pair of limited series about the witch Thessaly written by Bill Willingham. McManus' artwork for Marvel Comics includes Peter Parker: Spider-Man Annual '97 and Daredevil #351. In an interview, John Rozum, who scripted that issue of Daredevil, recalled:
I thought <mask>'s art was great. I'd like to work with him again sometime, though we didn't really work together here. At the time I wrote it, I had no idea who'd be

masks:
Shawn McManus
McManus
McManus
Shawn McManus


title: Shawn McManus

texts:
 drawing it.<mask> and I have never even met or spoken with each other. I always write full script though, and unlike some other artists, <mask> actually pays attention to the script. I think his artwork was a nice pairing with the story. <mask> has contributed to titles from a variety of other publishers, including Atomeka Press (A1), Dark Horse Comics (Cheval Noir), Exhibit A Press (Wolff & Byrd: Counselors of the Macabre), First Comics (Grimjack), Image Comics (Supreme), Malibu Comics (The Man Called A-X), and DC Comics' Paradox Press (The Big Book Of Freaks). He worked on Leah Moore and John Reppion's Wild Girl (Wildstorm, 2004–2005) with J. H. Williams III, about 13-year-old Rosa Torez who discovers that she can communicate with animals. In 2007, he did an eight-issue run on Aquaman: Sword of Atlantis and an issue of The Creeper for DC. He illustrated Cinderella: From Fabletown with Love in 2010 and Cinderella: Fables Are Forever the following year.He was one of several artists to contribute to the Fairest in All the Land graphic novel. Children's art
Writer-illustrator and lecturer Mark McKenna, creator of the Banana Tail children's book series, described his long association with <mask> that led to their Banana Tail: The Early Years (2009) color print:
I met <mask> in the DC Comics offices back in late 1985. I was up at DC Comics to meet with an editor or show samples, I forget, the old brain is failing me here. But I do recall <mask> sitting in with the editor who I was about to have a

masks:
Shawn
Shawn
McManus
McManus
Shawn McManus
Shawn


title: Shawn McManus

texts:
 meeting with. At the time, <mask> was drawing Swamp Thing, and I was delighted to see his lively, bouncy and very refreshing art style. Little did I know that within a year we would be an art team along with writer J. M. DeMatteis on DC's Doctor Fate series... We worked together for six months on Doctor Fate until the DC editor moved me to another book. I haven't had any creative contact with <mask> since that time in 1987.We really never spoke during the time we worked together. I was still very new to the business and didn't think to call and collaborate with <mask> to get his sensibilities about direction and vision for the book. No contact with <mask> until a few brief comic con "how ya doing's? ", and an eventual reconnect through our mutual art rep, Bob Shaw... Bob had this idea that <mask> should work with me and create some ultra cool Banana Tail painting... Seeing Bob Shaw's excitement, <mask> then saw the potential in Banana Tail. Television
In 1987, <mask> worked on the animated series Dinosaucers. For the TV series Tales from the Crypt, <mask> and Mike Vosburg illustrated comic book covers designed to look like the original 1950s comics.The McManus Crypt cover is seen in the first episode ("The Man Who Was Death"). Awards
1985 Jack Kirby Award nomination with Alan Moore for Best Single Issue ("Pog" in The Saga of the Swamp Thing #32). Comics bibliography

Dark Horse Comics
 Cheval Noir #48 (1993)

DC Comics

 Aquaman: Sword of Atlantis #50–57 (2007)
 Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight

masks: Shawn Shawn Shawn Shawn Shawn Shawn McManus McManus


title: Peggy Parratt

texts:
George Watson "<mask>" <mask> (March 21, 1883 – January 3, 1959) was a professional football player who played in the "Ohio League" prior to it becoming a part of the National Football League. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, Parratt played quarterback for the Shelby Blues, Lorain Pros, Massillon Tigers, Massillon All-Stars, Franklin Athletic Club of Cleveland, Akron Indians and the Cleveland Tigers between 1905 and 1916. Parratt threw the first legal forward pass in professional football history while playing for the Massillon Tigers on October 25, 1906. College career
Parratt played college football at Case School of Applied Science, now known as Case Western Reserve University. During his time at Case, he became a 3-time All-Ohio college star. However, in 1905, he risked his amateur standing by playing professional ball on Sundays for the Shelby Blues. To hide his identity from the media and school officials, Parratt played under the name "Jimmy Murphy" and used a nose guard to conceal his face.However just weeks after his first game for Shelby, the Cleveland newspapers revealed that "Murphy" was really <mask>, in disguise. Soon afterwards <mask> was called in for questioning by the chairman of the Case University Athletic Board, Professor Arthur S. Wright. During the interview, Parratt openly admitted to breaking the amateur code. He was then barred from all further intercollegiate play at Case. At this time, Parratt was also a star basketball and baseball player for Case and was removed from those teams as well. By admitting openly to playing for Shelby, Parratt thus became the first college football star to be disciplined by his school for moonlighting as a professional football player. Several other college players had secretly played professional football, but they always denied the charges when questioned.However Case still awarded <mask> his varsity letter, citing his invaluable leadership

masks:
Peggy
Parratt
Peggy Parratt
Parratt
Peggy


title: Peggy Parratt

texts:
 on and off the field during the major part of the 1905 football season. He also made All-Ohio Honors for 1905 and was allowed to coach the college's baseball team, after being stripped of captaincy due to the scandal. After graduating from Case in 1906, <mask> was offered the head football coaching job at Marietta College, however he turned it down to continue his professional playing career. In 1909, however, <mask> was an assistant football coach at Case, while he was also playing for the Shelby Blues. Professional career

Massillon Tigers
After losing his amateur status, Parratt played football for the Lorain Pros for the remainder of the 1905 season. In 1906, <mask> was signed by the Massillon Tigers, in part because of his mastery of the forward pass. He immediately earned the role of starting quarterback.The first forward pass in a professional football game may have been thrown by <mask> on October 25, 1906 to Dan "Bullet" Riley in a victory over a combined Benwood-Moundsville team, according to Robert W. Peterson in his book Pigskin The Early Years of Pro Football. Parratt though did not receive initial recognition for the pass since Eddie Wood of the Canton Bulldogs and Latrobe Athletic Association was erroneously credited for catching the first forward pass in pro football by Harry March in his book Pro Football: Its Ups and Downs. During the second game of the 1906 Ohio League championship, which would later result in a betting scandal on November 24, 1906, Wood reportedly caught a couple of the new forward passes. March somehow stated that those catches in a championship game, at the end of the season, were very first catches in professional football. It was later discovered that Parratt threw an earlier recorded pass to Bullet Riley on October 25, for professional football's first forward pass. A second recorded pass was thrown to Clark Schrontz two days later. During the

masks: Parratt Peggy Peggy Parratt


title: Peggy Parratt

texts:
 Tigers season-ending series with the Canton Bulldogs, to determine the Ohio League champions, Parratt caught two interceptions while the Tigers won the series second, and deciding game.However rumors of a betting fix tainted the championship and turned the public off to pro football in Ohio for the next several years. Many of the top players of the day left Ohio when the scandal broke. This left only the local sandlotters to pick up the pieces and try to patch together a respectable season for 1907. Since Parratt was not a part of the scandal, he continued to play for Massillon, now renamed the "Massillon All-Stars" for 1907, however he soon learned that he could make more money playing with the Franklin Athletic Club, which was untouched by the fallout over the betting scandal the year before. Franklin Athletic Club
During his year with the Franklin A.C., Parratt played in only a few games. He spent the majority of his time, officiating professional football games in the Cleveland-area. Shelby Blues
Sometime before the 1908 season, Parratt returned to the Shelby Blues, the place where he made his professional debut in 1905.He became the owner of the franchise by helping to organize and financially back the team. He also became a player-coach for the Blues and helped the team recruit players. In his first year with the Blues, the team defeated all of their rivals and finished in a tie with the Akron Indians for state honors. However, in 1909, the Indians defeated the Blues 13-9 and claimed the championship. For the 1910 season, Parratt decided to recruit heavily to put together a contender in Shelby. As a result, <mask> signed several well-known Ohio college graduates and combined them with the best local veteran players he could find. The plan worked and Shelby upset the Indians twice, 16-6 and 8-5, and the Blues claimed the 1910 Ohio title.1911 Ohio League title forfeit
<mask> used the

masks: Peggy Parratt


title: Peggy Parratt

texts:
 same plan for the upcoming 1911 season and once again Shelby defeated Akron twice, 6-0 and 3-0. The 1911 title game was then to be between the Blues and the revived Canton Bulldogs, then referred to as the Canton Professionals. The Blues won the game when Canton forfeited the title game to Shelby, after a heated dispute over an offside ruling. According to reports, Parratt was willing to compromise with Canton over the official's call, however Canton captain Harry Turner was so upset that he called his team off the field and refused to continue the game. Immediately after the game, Turner vowed to give up football because of the call. However Turner wanted so badly to beat Parratt that he returned to play for Canton for the next three years. Akron Indians
Before the 1912 season, Parratt left Shelby for Akron.He took the move realizing that he could make more money in the larger football market that Akron could provide. When he arrived in Akron, his first move was to change the team name from the "Akron" Indians to "Parratt's" Indians. With <mask> as player, coach, and owner-manager, the Indians split their series with Shelby and twice defeated Canton, 14-7 and 19-7. However, they were defeated by the unheard of Elyria Athletics, who then took the Ohio championship. The Athletics were mostly former Blues players who formed a team in Elyria after Parratt left for Akron. The following season, <mask> brought most of Elyria's 1912 championship team to Akron, and adding them to his roster. The Indians then beat Shelby and Elyria.They also managed to tie the rapidly improving Canton Pros. During Indians championship game against Shelby, the Blues loaded their team with a collection of famous players from big Eastern schools and supported each member with a payroll of $700 for just that one game. However, the game was cancelled due to snowstorm. A week later when the Blues returned to Akron, the

masks: Peggy Peggy


title: Peggy Parratt

texts:
 Indians were prepared with newly recruited talent that was viewed as even superior to that of Shelbys. The Indians won the game 20-0 and brought the Ohio title back to Akron. The death of Harry Turner
For his 1914 recruiting efforts, Parratt signed the usual big names players, which consisted of a lineup that changed from week to week, with just enough stars on hand to guarantee a win. However, in 1914, he also employed several former Notre Dame stars, including the legendary Knute Rockne, Howard "Horse" Edwards, "Deke" Jones, and Joe Collins.As well as several Ohio collegiate stars like Ed Kagy, Dwight Wertz, Homer Davidson, Dutch Powell, Frank Nesser and Ralph "Fat" Waldsmith. By late season, the entire left side of his Akron Indian line was from Notre Dame. The team dominated the Ohio League for the season, however they managed to lose to Canton 6-0 on November 15, 1914. That game was memorable not because of Canton's win, but because Harry Turner, who had fostered a need to beat <mask> at football, died when his spine broke during a tackle on Akron's fullback, Joe Collins. Turner's death marked the first fatal accident involving a major professional football team in Ohio. According to Canton manager Jack Cusack, Turner on his deathbed whispered, "I know I must go, but I'm satisfied, for we beat <mask>!" A week later Akron defeated a mourning Canton team 21-0 to claim the 1914 title.Cleveland Tigers
To avoid an Akron title in 1915 the owners of the Massillon Tigers raided <mask>'s Akron roster and took away many of his star players. Canton manager, Jack Cusack, also picked up some former Akron players and signed Jim Thorpe to his renamed Canton Bulldogs team. By the end of the season, <mask>'s team was made up mostly of Akron sandlotters. After the disastrous 1915 season, <mask> returned to Cleveland, where he took some of his former Akron players and a few ex-collegians into a

masks:
Parratt
Peggy Parratt
Parratt
Parratt
Parratt


title: Peggy Parratt

texts:
 respectable team which he named the Cleveland Tigers. The 1916 Tigers compiled a winning record despite falling to the Bulldogs and splitting a two-game series with the Columbus Panhandles. Parratt played his last professional football game on October 22, 1916, as his Tigers lost to Columbus 9-6. Formation of the NFL
After his retirement from football, <mask>'s name was always brought up when anyone tried to establish a concrete football league.<mask> was not part of the 1920 meetings set-up by Ralph Hay which saw the birth of the National Football League. He did reappear on the football scene on August 1, 1925, in Chicago, representing Cleveland Tigers owner Samuel Deutsch. A few months later on February 6, 1926, <mask> was appointed to two of the NFL's most important committees. The first committee consisted of a seven-member panel that was charged with redrafting the NFL constitution and by-laws. The second committee was a three-man committee to meet with the Intercollegiate Committee of Athletics (ICA) in New York City. The other two members of this panel were George Halas and Dr. Harry March. Bridge player
After his football-playing days, he achieved some notability at tournaments in the later days of auction and the early days of contract bridge.Death
Parratt died on January 3, 1959, and was interred at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland. References

1959 deaths
1883 births
American football executives
Akron Indians (Ohio League) players
Akron Indians coaches
Akron Pros
All-Massillons players
Burials at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland
Canadian players of American football
Case Western Spartans football players
Case Western Spartans football coaches
Case Western Spartans baseball players
Case Western Spartans men's basketball players
Cleveland Tigers (NFL) players
Franklin Athletic Club of Cleveland players
Massillon Tigers players
Shelby Blues players
Sportspeople from Ontario
American

masks: Parratt Peggy Parratt


title: William Alden Smith

texts:
<mask> (May 12, 1859 – October 11, 1932) was a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from the state of Michigan. After the 1912 sinking of the Titanic, <mask> chaired the Senate hearings into the disaster. The audience was somewhat amused at his questions, which appeared to reveal great ignorance of the shipping world, though he claimed he was wanting simple answers for the benefit of the public. His report led to major reforms in maritime safety. Early career
<mask> was born in Dowagiac, Michigan to George Richardson and Leah Margaret (Allen) <mask> and attended the common schools. He moved with his parents to Grand Rapids in 1872, where he attended school, sold popcorn, and was a newsboy and messenger boy.He was appointed a page in the Michigan House of Representatives in 1875 (or 1879) at Lansing, Michigan. He studied law in the office of Burch & Montgomery (Marsden C. Burch was a one-time U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Michigan) and was admitted to the bar in 1882. Mr. <mask> practiced law alone for some time, but later became associated with Fredrick W. Stevens. This firm afterwards became Smiley, Smith & Stevens. He was general counsel of the Chicago and West Michigan Railway and the Detroit, Lansing and Northern Railroad. While in this practice, Mr. <mask> became an expert on railroad law and finance. He was assistant secretary of the Michigan Senate in 1883 and the State Game Warden from 1887 to 1891, reportedly the first salaried state game warden in the nation.He was a member of the Republican State Central Committee from 1888 to 1892. Service in the House
<mask> was elected as a Republican from the

masks:
William Alden Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


title: William Alden Smith

texts:
 Michigan's 5th congressional district to the 54th United States Congress and to the six succeeding Congresses, serving from March 4, 1895, until his resignation, effective February 9, 1907, having been elected to the U.S. Senate. While in the House of Representatives, <mask> was chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the State Department in the 56th Congress, the Committee on Pacific Railroads in the 57th and 58th Congresses. While Chairman of the Committee on Pacific Railroads, <mask> was a leading advocate for universal safety standards on railroads, attracting the ire of many of the country's railroad executives. Service in the Senate
<mask> was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate January 15, 1907, for the term beginning March 4, 1907. He was subsequently elected on February 6, 1907, to fill the vacancy in the term ending March 4, 1907, caused by the death of Russell A. Alger. He was reelected in 1913 and served from February 9, 1907, to March 4, 1919.He declined to run for renomination in 1918. <mask> was chairman of the Committee on Canadian Relations in the 61st Congress, the Committee on Territories in the 62nd Congress, and the Select Committee to Examine Branches of the Civil Service in the 63rd through 65th Congresses. RMS Titanic investigation
After the luxury liner RMS Titanic sank in the North Atlantic on April 15, 1912, with more than 1,500 lives lost, <mask> chaired Senate hearings that began at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City the day after the survivors landed. Senators and spectators heard dramatic testimony from the surviving passengers and crew. <mask>'s

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


title: William Alden Smith

texts:
 subcommittee issued a report on May 28 that led to significant reforms in international maritime safety. <mask> achieved some notoriety for being more colorful than knowledgeable, even being called "Watertight Smith" by the British press for asking whether watertight compartments, actually meant to keep the ship afloat, were meant to shelter passengers. In his book on the investigation, The Other Side of the Night, Daniel Allen Butler notes that <mask> had toured Titanic's sister ship, RMS Olympic, and knew full well what the watertight bulkheads did, but understood that the general public might not.Other questions were intended to force the officers and crew to answer in simple terms and not attempt to obfuscate with technical jargon. In "The Titanic Chronicles", a 1999 TV documentary about the senate hearings, he was voiced by David Garrison. Other activities
<mask> constructed the Grand Rapids, Kalkaska and Southeastern Railroad in Michigan in 1897 and became owner of the Lowell and Hastings Railroad in 1900. In 1901 he was honored with the degree of Master of Arts by Dartmouth College. He was owner and publisher of the Grand Rapids Herald in 1906 and chairman of the board of directors of the Goodrich Company, which owned the Graham and Morton Steamship Line, the largest operator of steamboats from Chicago to various Lake Michigan ports. <mask> died in Grand Rapids and is interred in Woodlawn Cemetery there. In 1909 he defended Federal employee and civil rights activist Robert Pelham Jr. who was arrested when gathering information from witnesses after a black woman was beaten by a white police officer who was

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith