title: Fenella Fielding

texts:
 Windermere's Fan the same year. In 2011, <mask> appeared at the Jermyn Street Theatre, London in an English Chamber Theatre presentation of Jane McCulloch's Dearest Nancy, Darling Evelyn, the dramatised letters of Nancy Mitford and Evelyn Waugh. From 2012, <mask> performed readings of English translations of Greek classics by David Stuttard. Her partners for this were Simon Russell Beale and later Stephen Greif. Her autobiography was published in both audio and book form in 2017 and led to a number of appearances on stage reading extracts from it in places all over the UK. <mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2018 Birthday Honours for services to drama and charity. Voice work
<mask> voiced “The Blue Voice” in the 1972 English adaptation of the 1970 French film ‘Dougal And The Blue Cat’, 'MOOD', the quirky supercomputer in the video game Martian Gothic in a script written by science fiction author Stephen Marley.After 2000 she recorded with Savoy, a book publishing and recording company. Her work with them includes readings of Colette, J.G. Ballard's Crash and T. S. Eliot's Four Quartets. She made an album of cover songs including Robbie Williams's "Angels", Kylie Minogue's "Can't Get You Out of My Head", New Order's "Blue Monday" and the White Stripes' "Passive Manipulation". In 2006, she toured Ireland in The Vagina Monologues. She provided the voice to two tracks on the Graham Roos album Quest. In the following years, <mask> was a regular guest contributor on BBC Radio 4's PM and Broadcasting House.Critical reception
A 2007 article

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title: Fenella Fielding

type: original

texts:
 in The Independent remarked that it was "one of the mysteries of British life that <mask> <mask>, whose wit and distinctive stage presence captivated figures such as Kenneth Tynan, Noël Coward and Federico Fellini, should have drifted into obscurity rather than being celebrated", and the same article quotes The Times as saying that <mask>'s performance as Hedda Gabler was "one of the experiences of a lifetime". A 2017 article in The Guardian highlighted a career "renaissance in recent years" and describes <mask> as a phenomenal storyteller. "She reminds me of the great raconteur Quentin Crisp – the same love of language, mastery of its rhythms, perfectly formed sentences, and a joie de vivre even when relating her profound despair." <mask> is the subject of MetaFenella, a 2014 online artwork by artist Martin Firrell. Death
<mask> suffered a stroke on 25 August 2018 and died two weeks later at Charing Cross Hospital in Hammersmith, on 11 September 2018, aged 90. She never married or had children. Filmography

Film

References

External links

<mask> <mask>'s official website
Metafenella, interactive video portrait
<mask> <mask> at the British Film Institute

Savoy website
Independent article, 2008

1927 births
2018 deaths
Actresses from London
English film actresses
Jewish English actresses
English people of Romanian-Jewish descent
English people of Russian-Jewish descent
English stage actresses
English television actresses
People educated at North London Collegiate School
People from the London Borough of Hackney
People from Lower Clapton
Officers of the Order of the

masks: Fenella Fielding Fielding Fielding Fielding Fielding Fenella Fielding Fenella Fielding


title: Wang Tingcou

texts:
<mask>u (王廷湊 or 王庭湊; died 834), formally the Duke of Taiyuan (), was a general of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty who, in 821, during the reign of Emperor Muzong, took over control of Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) and thereafter ruled it in a de facto independent manner from the imperial government. He was said to be particularly cruel even for a warlord. After his death, his family held onto control of the circuit, even after the end of Tang Dynasty, until his great-great-grandson <mask> was overthrown in 921 – 100 years after <mask>u had initially taken over the circuit. Background
It is not known when <mask>u was born. His ancestors were of the Huigu Abusi () tribe, which had been submissive to the Tang Dynasty Protectorate General to Pacify the East. His great-grandfather Wugezhi () came to serve under Li Baochen the military governor (Jiedushi) of Chengde and Li Baochen's son Li Weiyue. After Li Weiyue's death, Li Weiyue's successor <mask>, because of Wugezhi's bravery in battle, adopted Wugezhi as a son, and thus Wugezhi took on the surname of <mask>.Both <mask>u's grandfather <mask>uo () and father <mask> () continued to serve under <mask>'s family as cavalry officers. <mask>u himself was said to be brave and quiet, but decisive. During Emperor Muzong's reign
When <mask>'s grandson <mask> died in 820, <mask>'s brother <mask> temporarily took over command of the circuit but requested to be transferred, fearing to be targeted as a warlord. At that time, <mask>u served as the commander of <mask>'s guards. Then-reigning Emperor

masks:
Wang Tingco
Wang Rong
Wang Tingco
Wang Tingco
Wang Wujun
Wang
Wang Tingco
Wang Modah
Wang Shengchao
Wang Wujun
Wang Tingco
Wang Wujun
Wang Chengzong
Wang Chengzong
Wang Chengyuan
Wang Tingco
Wang Chengyuan


title: Wang Tingcou

texts: Muzong transferred Tian Hongzheng the military governor of Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei) to Chengde and transferred <mask> to Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern Anyang, Henan). <mask> subsequently left Chengde and headed for Yicheng despite the attempts by some soldiers to detain him at Chengde. However, Tian, while at Weibo, had engaged in many campaigns against Chengde, and therefore was hated by the Chengde soldiers.He therefore took 2,000 Weibo soldiers to Chengde with him to protect him. He requested the imperial government to pay these soldiers' salaries. The director of finances, Cui Ling (), however, did not realize the seriousness of the situation and rejected Tian's request. Tian was forced to send the Weibo soldiers back to Weibo. Meanwhile, <mask>u had been inciting the soldiers against Tian, and as soon as Weibo soldiers left, in fall 821, he gathered the troops at Chengde's capital Zhen Prefecture () and attacked Tian's headquarters, killing Tian, his staff members, and their families — some 300 people. He forced the eunuch monitor of the army, Song Weicheng (), to submit a request on his behalf to be made military governor. Meanwhile, he had <mask> (), the prefect of another of Chengde's prefectures, Ji Prefecture (冀州, in modern Hengshui, Hebei) assassinated and took over Ji Prefecture.The prefect of another of Chengde's prefectures, Shen Prefecture (深州, in modern Hengshui), Niu Yuanyi (), refused to follow <mask> and followed orders from the imperial general Li Su, who had succeeded Tian as the military governor of

masks:
Wang Chengyuan
Wang Chengyuan
Wang Tingco
Wang Jinji
Wang


title: Wang Tingcou

texts: Weibo. Emperor Muzong named Niu the new military governor of Chengde. However, Li Su soon grew ill, and his command was instead given to Tian's son Tian Bu. When five Chengde officers, led by <mask> (), tried to assassinate <mask>u, <mask>u not only killed them but also the 3,000 soldiers under their command. He subsequently took his own soldiers and those of his ally Zhu Kerong (who had seized Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing)) and put Shen Prefecture under siege. The imperial troops soon tried to attack <mask>u from three directions — Pei Du the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) from the west, Tian Bu from the south, and Wu Chongyin the military governor of Henghai Circuit (橫海, headquartered in modern Cangzhou, Hebei) from the east. (Wu was soon succeeded by Li Guangyan.)After the key outpost Gonggao (弓高, in modern Cangzhou) fell to Zhu's troops in spring 822, however, the imperial army's own supply routes, as well as the supply routes for Shen Prefecture, were cut off. With Shen Prefecture in dire straits, Emperor Muzong was forced to commission <mask>u the military governor of Chengde. <mask> accepted the commission, but refused to lift the siege on Shen Prefecture, even when the imperial official Han Yu was sent to urge him. Eventually, Niu fought his way out of the siege, and his subordinate Zang Ping () surrendered. <mask> rebuked Zang for defending the city for too long and executed Zang and 180 other officials in the city. When Emperor Muzong subsequently sent the eunuch messenger Yang Zaichang ()

masks:
Wang Jian
Wang Tingco
Wang Tingco
Wang Tingco
Wang Tingco
Wang
Wang


title: Wang Tingcou

texts:
 to <mask> to order him to turn over Tian Hongzheng's body and Niu's family, <mask> responded that Tian's body could no longer be located and that he would soon release Niu's family — but he never actually did so, despite Niu's repeatedly sending <mask> gifts and requests to release his family, while Niu served as the military governor of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan, Hubei), until Niu's death in 823. During Emperor Jingzong's and Emperor Wenzong's reigns
Shortly after Emperor Muzong died in 824 and was succeeded by his son Emperor Jingzong, <mask>u heard of Niu Yuanyi's death and slaughtered Niu's family — leading the new emperor to lament that the chancellors were incompetent.As of 826, Emperor Jingzong was originally intent on visiting the eastern capital Luoyang and restoring the early Tang customs of the emperor spending time in both the main capital Chang'an and Luoyang. Both <mask> and Zhu Kerong sent arrogantly-worded offers to contribute troops to repair the long-ruined palaces and governmental offices at Luoyang, offers that Emperor Jingzong declined, and Emperor Jingzong subsequently abandoned the plan to visit Luoyang, at the urging of the senior chancellor Pei Du. Also in 826, after Li Quanlüe () the military governor of Henghai Circuit died, his son Li Tongjie took over the circuit without imperial sanction. The imperial government initially took no reaction against Li Tongjie. After Emperor Jingzong was assassinated in late 826 and was succeeded by his brother Emperor Wenzong, Li Tongjie hoped that the new regime would be

masks:
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang Tingco
Wang


title: Wang Tingcou

texts: willing to let him inherit the circuit, and in early 827 sent his secretary Cui Congzhang () and his brothers Li Tongzhi () and Li Tongsun () to Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Wenzong. Emperor Wenzong, however, did not intend to let Li Tongjie take over the circuit, subsequently issued an edict transferring Wu Chongyin from Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong) to Henghai and Li Tongjie to Yanhai Circuit (兗海, headquartered in modern Jining, Shandong). As the imperial government was concerned that the other circuit governors would encourage Li Tongjie to resist, Emperor Wenzong bestowed various honorific titles on the military governors, including <mask>, around Henghai.<mask>, however, requested commission for Li Tongjie, and when his request was denied, mobilized his own troops to interfere with the operations by Weibo's military governor Shi Xiancheng against Henghai. He also tried to bribe the Shatuo chieftain Zhuxie Zhiyi (), trying to get Zhuxie to ally with him, but Zhuxie refused. Emperor Wenzong subsequently declared a general campaign against Li Tongjie, but with <mask> assisting Li Tongjie and supplying him with both troops and supplies in the other circuits' campaign against Li Tongjie, in fall 828, Emperor Wenzong declared <mask> a renegade but did not order a campaign against him, merely ordering the other circuits to treat him as a renegade and await for his repentance. Soon thereafter, however, he stripped <mask> and his sons of their titles and ordered a general campaign against him. Meanwhile, with the other circuits' armies

masks: Wang Wang Wang Wang Wang


title: Wang Tingcou

texts:
 making headway against Li Tongjie and <mask> unable to relieve him, in winter 828, <mask> persuaded the Weibo officer Qi Zhishao () to rebel and turn against Shi, attacking Weibo's capital Wei Prefecture (). Emperor Wenzong was forced to order the troops from Yicheng and Heyang (河陽, headquartered in modern Luoyang, Henan) to aid Weibo. In spring 829, after Shi Xiancheng's son Shi Tang () and the military governor of Yicheng, Li Ting (), defeated Qi, Qi fled to Chengde.After Li Tongjie soon surrendered but was killed by the imperial official Bo Qi () after he surrendered, Emperor Wenzong thereafter resumed the posture of declaring <mask> a renegade but not waging a campaign against him. <mask> soon sent a letter to Li Cheng the military governor of Hedong Circuit, offering to resubmit and surrender Henghai's Jing Prefecture (景州, in modern Cangzhou), which <mask> had seized during the campaign, and reporting that Qi had committed suicide. In fall 829, Emperor Wenzong pardoned <mask> and his subordinates and restored their titles. <mask>u was subsequently created the Duke of Taiyuan. In 834, he died. The soldiers supported his son <mask>i to succeed him, and Emperor Wenzong subsequently approved. <mask>u was given posthumous honors.<mask>u's biography in the Old Book of Tang commented:

Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 142. New Book of Tang, vol. 211. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 241, 242, 243, 244, 245. 8th-century births
834 deaths
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Chengde Circuit
Uyghur people
Politicians from Shijiazhuang
Tang dynasty generals from Hebei
Tang dynasty

masks:
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang Tingco
Wang Yuanku
Wang Tingco
Wang Tingco


title: William Trousdale

texts:
<mask> (September 23, 1790March 27, 1872) was an American soldier and politician. He served as the 13th governor of Tennessee from 1849 to 1851, and was United States Minister to Brazil from 1853 to 1857. He fought under Andrew Jackson in the Creek War, the War of 1812 and the Second Seminole War, and commanded the U.S. Fourteenth Infantry in the Mexican–American War. His military exploits earned him the nickname, "War Horse of Sumner County." Early life
<mask> was born in Orange County, North Carolina, the son of James and <mask>. His father was of Scots-Irish descent, and had served in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. His father was given a land grant as payment for services in the Revolution, and used this grant to acquire several hundred acres in Sumner County, Tennessee.The family moved to this plot in 1796. In 1801, the family donated part of their land for the establishment of a new county seat for Sumner County, which was named Gallatin. <mask> attended public schools and studied under a tutor, the Reverend Gideon Blackburn. Military service and early political endeavors
<mask> joined Captain <mask>'s Mounted Riflemen in 1812. When this company was called into service during the Creek War the following year, <mask> was elected Lieutenant. The company saw action at the Battle of Tallushatchee and the Battle of Talladega before returning home. In the Summer of 1814, after <mask> had been at home for just a few months, he joined a militia company formed by Lieutenant-Colonel George Elliott.This company joined Jackson's invasion of Florida later that year. At the Battle of Pensacola in November 1814, <mask> took part in a charge that captured several cannons on the first day of fighting. He volunteered to be among the first wave of soldiers to

masks:
William Trousdale
Trousdale
Elizabeth Dobbins Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
William Edwards
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale


title: William Trousdale

texts: assault Fort San Miguel, but the fort surrendered before the assault took place. Following the capture of Pensacola, <mask>'s unit hurried westward with Jackson's forces to defend New Orleans from an impending British invasion. They arrived in the city in December 1814, and <mask> took part in a series of firefights and night skirmishes against the British on December 23, December 27, and January 1. He fought in the decisive Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815. After the war, <mask> returned home and studied law.He was admitted to the bar in 1820, and commenced practice in Sumner County. He ran unsuccessfully for Congress in 1827 and 1829, and served on Gallatin's Board of Aldermen from 1831 to 1835. He was elected to the Tennessee Senate in 1835, and served until the following year. At the outbreak of the Second Seminole War in 1836, <mask> formed his own company, and was elected colonel of the Second Regiment, First Brigade. His regiment took part in several skirmishes, and helped defeat Seminole forces at the Battle of Wahoo Swamp in November 1836. In 1837, <mask> once again ran for Congress for the 6th District congressional seat, but lost to <mask>. Campbell, his former subordinate in the Seminole War and his future gubernatorial opponent. He ran again in 1839 and 1845, but being a Democrat in a primarily Whig district, he was never successful.<mask> campaigned for the unsuccessful Democratic presidential candidate, Martin Van Buren, in 1840. During the Mexican–American War, <mask> joined the Army with the rank of Colonel, and commanded the 14th U.S. Infantry. This regiment landed at Veracruz on June 13, 1847, and was placed under General Gideon Pillow's 3rd Division. <mask>'s forces linked up with Winfield Scott's forces on July 8, and began the march inland

masks:
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
William B
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale


title: William Trousdale

texts:
 to Mexico City. <mask> took part in the Battle of Contreras and the Battle of Churubusco on August 20, and was grazed in the shoulder while fighting in the Battle of Molino del Rey on September 8. <mask> commanded two regiments (the 14th and 11th) and an artillery battery at the Battle of Chapultepec on September 13. During this battle, his right arm was shattered by enemy fire, though he continued fighting, and managed to lead a charge that captured an enemy cannon.For his actions at Chapultepec, <mask> was brevetted to brigadier general by President James K. Polk on August 23, 1848. Governor and later political endeavors
In 1849, <mask> received the Democratic nomination for governor. His Whig opponent, Neill S. Brown, had been opposed to the Mexican–American War, and was struggling with divisions over the issue of slavery in the national Whig Party. <mask>, on the other hand, was riding a wave of popularity for his service in the war. As a result, <mask> edged Brown by 1,400 votes in the general election. In <mask>'s reelection campaign in 1851, his opponent was <mask>. Campbell, a fellow Mexican–American War hero who had served under <mask> in the Second Seminole War, and had defeated <mask> for the 6th District congressional seat in 1837 and 1839. Like Brown in 1849, <mask>'s campaign was damaged by the actions of his own party.At the Nashville Convention in 1850, which <mask> had endorsed, southern Democrats called for secession should the United States implement the Wilmot Proviso, banning slavery in territory acquired as a result of the Mexican–American War. Secession was unpopular in Tennessee at the time, and following a relatively dignified campaign, Campbell defeated <mask> by 1,500 votes. In 1853, <mask> was appointed "Envoy Extraordinary and Minister

masks:
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
William B
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale
Trousdale


title: William Trousdale

texts:
 Plenipotentiary" to Brazil by President Franklin Pierce. He arrived in Rio de Janeiro in July 1853, and served until 1857. He spent much of his term advocating the opening of the Amazon River to international commerce. After returning to Sumner County, <mask> spent the remainder of his life practicing law. He was consistently stricken with rheumatism, creating physical difficulties that prevented him from taking part in public life, as well as from serving in the Civil War in the 1860s.He nevertheless supported the Confederacy, and refused to take the Oath of Allegiance to the United States, even when Union soldiers occupied his home. <mask> was married to Mary Ann Bugg in 1827. The couple had seven children. Death
<mask> died on March 27, 1872, and is interred at Gallatin City Cemetery in Gallatin, Tennessee. Legacy
Trousdale County, Tennessee is named in his honor. His family home, the Federal-style "Trousdale Place" located near the town square of Gallatin, has been a preserved historical site since 1900. See also
 List of governors of Tennessee

References

External links
 National Governors Association
 The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture

Governor <mask> Papers, 1849 - 1851, Tennessee State Library and Archives.1790 births
1872 deaths
Governors of Tennessee
Ambassadors of the United States to Brazil
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
People from Gallatin, Tennessee
People from Orange County, North Carolina
Tennessee Democrats
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
People of the Creek War
American militiamen in the War of 1812
American people of the Seminole Wars
United States Army generals
19th-century American diplomats
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
Trousdale County, Tennessee
19th-century American

masks:
Trousdale
Family Trousdale
Trousdale
William Trousdale


title: Hèctor Parra

texts:
<mask> (born 17 April 1976 in Barcelona) is a Spanish-Catalan composer. Since 2002 he lives in Paris. Life
<mask> completed his studies with Carles Guivoart, David Padrós and Maria Jesús Crespo at the Municipal Conservatory of Barcelona with an award in composition and a distinction in piano. After also graduating in choral conducting, he studied orchestra conducting with Arturo Tamayo at the University of Alcalá de Henares. He continued his composition studies with Michael Jarrell at the Geneva University of Music in 2005-2006, and with Jonathan Harvey, Brian Ferneyhough, Beat Furrer and Philippe Manoury at IRCAM, Royaumont fundation academy, Centre Acanthes (France) and Takefu (Japan). He was selected for studying composition and computer music at IRCAM (2002-2003) with Mikhail Malt and Philippe Leroux. He earned a master's degree in Sciences and Technology of Art from the University of Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis under the supervision of Horacio Vaggione in 2005.Beside music, he studied painting and drawing at Francesco Miñarro's studio in Barcelona. Between 2005 and 2012 he was a professor of Electroacoustic composition at the Conservatory of Music of Aragon between 2013 and 2017 he was composition professor at IRCAM. He has also been member of several juries in international competitions such as Concours international de piano d'Orléans 2017 and Geneva International Music Competition 2019. His works have been performed internationally by ensembles like Ensemble Intercontemporain, the Arditti Quartet, ensemble

masks:
Hèctor Parra i Esteve
Hèctor Parra


title: Hèctor Parra

texts:
 ISCM-World Music Days 2015, Wittener Tage für neue Kammermusik, Festival Présences de Radio France, Manifesto of IRCAM-Center Pompidou, Musikprotokoll / Steirischer Herbst, KLANG (Helsinki), Traiettorie Parma, Ars Musica (Brussels), Festival Archipel (Geneva), Granada International Festival, Quincena Musical de San Sebastián or the Rainy Days Festival. His pieces were part of programs in concert halls such as the Philharmonie de Paris, the Konzerthaus, Vienna, the Suntory Hall Tokyo, the Auditorio Nacional de Música Madrid, the L'Auditori Barcelona, Wigmore Hall, Palau de la Música Catalana (invited composer in 2015 and 2016), Nouveau Siècle Lille (where he was resident composer in 2017 and 2018) and opera houses such as Opera Vlaanderen, Berlin State Opera, the Theater Freiburg, Staatsoper Stuttgart and the Gran Teatre del Liceu.<mask>'s works are published by Durand/Universal Music Publishing Classical (Paris) and by Tritó Edicions S.L. (Barcelona) (works until 2010). Major influences and style
Three major fields of inspiration can be observed in Parra's work:
 Fine art, especially painting. Natural sciences, especially particle physics, astronomy, astrophysics and evolutionary biology. Literature, especially novels and plays from contemporary European writers with a critical and political view on society and history. Fine art
<mask> is a trained painter himself. His opulent handwritten scores show his graphic skills.His fascination for texture and color gradient, especially in the works of El Greco, Diego Velázquez and

masks: Parra Parra


title: Hèctor Parra

texts:
 Paul Cézanne, led him to compositional strategies of transforming visual textures and their proportional relations into dynamic musical forms. Exemplary pieces for such transitions are Lumières Abyssales – Chroma I and Aracne – String Quartet Nº 3. Also Joan Miró was a major inspiration (Constellations, L’Étoile matinale and Chiffres et constellations amoureux d’une femme). But his interest also includes more contemporary artists such as sculptor Jaume Plensa (who contributed in the making of the choir piece Breathing with a piece of poetry), Matthew Ritchie (who Parra worked with for Hypermusic Prologue and Hypermusic Ascension, exhibited in New York's Guggenheim Museum), Antoni Tàpies (Cos de matèria), Gordon Matta-Clark or Gregor Schneider (Haus u r / Office Baroque, Wilde). Natural sciences
In 2006, <mask> <mask> theoretical physics, astronomy and evolutionary biology became a source of inspiration. He transferred theories from theoretical physicist Lisa Randall, astrophysicist Jean-Pierre Luminet or organic chemist and molecular biologist Graham Cairns-Smith into musical processes, leading him to small chamber pieces, orchestra pieces and eventually also to his opera Hypermusic Prologue based on a libretto by Lisa Randall. Further exemplary pieces referring to such theories are: Inscape, Early life, Stress Tensor, Mineral Life, Caressant l'horizon, InFALL, or ...limite les rêves au-delà.Literature
Around 2013 literature become a new major source of inspiration and material for <mask>. Several operas, adapting novels or

masks: Hèctor Parra Parra


title: Hèctor Parra

texts:
 plays into libretti, have been created since. The opera Das geopferte Leben with a libretto by Marie Ndiaye was premiered by the Freiburger Barockorchester and the ensemble recherche at the Munich Biennale in 2014. In the succeeding year the opera Wilde was premiered at the Schwetzingen Festival, with Calixto Bieito as director and a libretto by Händl Klaus. <mask>'s hitherto most ambitious project is the opera Les Bienveillantes, based on Jonathan Littell’s homonymous novel. Again with Calixto Bieito as director and a libretto by Händl Klaus. The opera was commissioned by the Vlaanderen Opera and premiered in Antwerpen and Gent in April and May 2019 and was extensively applauded by the public and praised by the international press.Works

Stage works
 Les Bienveillantes (2018/2019). Opera for soloist vocals, quartet vocal, choir and large orchestra. Libretto by Händl Klaus based on Jonathan Littell’s homonymous novel. Wilde (2014/2015). Opera for six soloist vocals and orchestra. Libretto by Händl Klaus. Das geopferte Leben (2013).Opera for four soloist vocals, baroque ensemble and live electronics. Libretto by Marie NDiaye. Te craindre en ton absence (2012/2013). Monodrama for a single actress, ensemble and live electronics. Libretto by Marie NDiaye. Hypermusic Prologue – A projective opera in seven planes. (2008/2009).Opera for two soloist vocals, ensemble and live electronics. Libretto by Lisa Randall. Zangezi (2007). Musical theatre for soprano, actors and pre-recorded electronics. Based on Velimir Khlébnikov’s homonymous


title: Hèctor Parra

texts:
 Santacreu, Laura Capsir, Amandine Lefèvre and Hèctor <mask>. Producers : REMA 12 / Albert Mestres, 1 CD Ars Harmonica, Sabadell, 2006. Writings
 <mask>, Hèctor (2019).“From Creative Energy to the Conformation of a Sculptural Space-time: Musical Tension in the Work of Jaume Plensa.” Catalogue Jaume Plensa. Barcelona: MACBA 2019. <mask>, <mask> (2019). “Compondre avui. Reflexions des de la praxi.” Revista Segell, nº 33, Barcelona. <mask>, <mask> (2019). “Das geopferte Leben: ein Zwiegenspräch zwischen Barock und gegenwärtigem Schaffen.” The Freiburger Barockorchester GbR's 30th anniversary book.Translated into German by Judith Blank. <mask>, <mask> (2019). “David padrós, in memoriam.” Núvol. Barcelona, 2016. <mask>, <mask> (2019). “Hypermusic Prologue – Òpera Projectiva en 7 plans.” En ressonància, 2008. <mask>, <mask> (2019).Encontre noves fronteres de la ciencia, l’art i el pensament, KRTU, Catalonia's Ministry of Culture. Article published in English in Sonograma (2013). <mask>, <mask> (2019). “Cap a una nova expressivitat”. Nexus, vol. 37. Barcelona: Caixa Catalunya, 2007.<mask>, <mask> (2019). “Strette”. In: Bresson, Jean, Carlos Agon and Gérard Assayag (Eds.). The OM Composer's book 1. Paris: IRCAM-Centre Pompidou, 2006. <mask>, <mask> (2019). Pour une approche créatrice des interrelations structurelles entre les espaces acoustiques et visuels.(Master's Thesis). Lead Supervisor: Horacio Vaggione. Université de Paris VIII. Inedit. References

Further reading
 Besada, José-Luis (2015). Composición y modelos exógenos:

masks: Parra Parra Parra Hèctor Parra Hèctor Parra Hèctor Parra Hèctor Parra Hèctor Parra Hèctor Parra Hèctor Parra Hèctor


title: Hèctor Parra

texts: aplicación en la música contemporanea española / Composition et modèles exogènes : application à la musique contemporaine espagnole. La métamodélisation chez Alberto Posadas (1967) et chez <mask> <mask> (1976).PhD Thesis. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis. Besada, José-Luis (2016). ‘Musique, science et crise : quel rapport?’ In: Luna, Antonia-Maria M. and Pedro Ordóñez-Eslava (Eds.). Les arts en (temps de) crise. Paris: L'Harmattan, pp. 113-129.Besada, José-Luis (2018). “INSCAPE d’<mask> <mask>. Extraits du journal de bord (d’un passager clandestin).” L’étincelle: Journal de la création à l’Ircam, vol 18, pp. 24-25. Besada, José-Luis (2018). ‘Enjeux cognitifs des métaphores physiques dans le processus créatif d’<mask> <mask>.’ In: Garric, Jean-Philippe. Les dimensions relationnelles de l’art: Processus créatifs, mise en valeur, action politique.Paris : Éditions de la Sorbonne, pp. 11-44. Besada, José-Luis (2019). “Different Trails: On the Multiple Genetic Roots Determining a Distributed Compositional Project.” Tempo, vol. 73, nº 290, pp. 56-72. Besada, José-Luis (2019).‘Corps et morphogenèse dans la musique contemporaine espagnole.’ In: Olive, Jean-Paul and Joseph Delaplace (Eds.). Le corps dans l’écriture musicale. Arras: Artois Presses Université, pp. 197-210. Luminet, Jean-Pierre (2019). “Gravitational Music. On my Collaboration with <mask> <mask>.” Contemporary Music Review, vol.38, no. 1-2, pp. 193–205. Makward, Christiane (2017). “Espaces Musicaux pour Marie NDiaye.” Critical

masks: Hèctor Parra Hèctor Parra Hèctor Parra Hèctor Parra


title: Hèctor Parra

texts:
 Stages/Scènes Critiques,  nº 16. (https://www.critical-stages.org/16/espaces-musicaux-pour-marie-ndiaye/)

External links
 <mask> <mask> official website
 <mask> <mask> at IRCAM
 <mask> <mask> at Durand (publisher)
 <mask> <mask> at Tritó (publisher)
 SoundCloud of Hèctor Parra
 Contemporary Music Online
 CDMC

1976 births
Living people
Composers from Catalonia
Ernst von Siemens Composers' Prize


title: Jim Karygiannis

texts:
<mask>,  () (; born May 2, 1955) is a Canadian former politician. He formerly served in the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal MP from 1988 to 2014, and as member of the Toronto City Council from 2014 until 2020, when his seat was vacated due to campaign spending violations. Karygiannis served concurrently as the parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Human Resources and Skills Development and Minister responsible for Democratic Renewal (2005) and was previously parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Transport (2003–2005). In opposition, Karygiannis attracted substantive attention from the media and various ethnic community groups as he took polemical stances on foreign policy issues and as part of his role as multiculturalism critic. On April 1, 2014, he resigned his seat as a Member of Parliament in order to stand in the Toronto municipal election for Toronto City Councillor in Ward 39, and subsequently was elected to that seat. In November 2019, Karygiannis was removed from office for exceeding election expenses in the 2018 municipal election. He was then reinstated and removed twice during the ensuing legal saga that resulted in his final removal from office on September 24, 2020.Personal life
Karygiannis was born in Athens, Greece. Before entering politics, Karygiannis was a businessman and industrial engineer. He immigrated to Canada in 1966, and has a Bachelor of Applied Science degree in Industrial Engineering from the University of Toronto. He also holds a degree of Fellowship of Business Administration from the Canadian School of Management. He is married with four daughters. Politics
Karygiannis has been involved with politics as a Liberal since the late 1980s, first in provincial politics and later as


title: Jim Karygiannis

texts: Mary Dawson, to investigate whether Kenney was abusing his position. During his term of services in the 40th Parliament between November 2008 and December 2010, Karygiannis voted 171 times out of a possible 311 possible votes. The Globe and Mail ranked him third in the list of politicians that missed votes. On February 22, 2011, <mask>is joined a protest rally of the Armenian Youth Federation by the Embassy of Azerbaijan in Ottawa timed to the anniversary of the Nagorno-Karabakh separatist movement in Azerbaijan.During his four-minute speech, he called for the Azerbaijani ambassador Farid Shafiyev to be stripped of his diplomatic privileges and leave Canada. Shafiyev reacted by saying Karygiannis had "crossed the line of civility and decency and used the language of the level of street hooliganism." Later another Liberal multiculturalism critic Rob Oliphant in a telephone call to Shafiyev expressed his regret about his colleague's statement and added that Karygiannis's words did not represent the attitudes of the Liberal Party. In August 2011, Citizenship and Immigration Committee officers complained of <mask>nnis using abusive language and an aggressive tone while speaking to them. Karygiannis stated that the accusations were false and part of a "smear campaign against him." As a multiculturalism critic, Karygiannis attempted to unite 19 cultural groups in Ottawa on August 27, 2011, to discuss issues they faced. The event was boycotted by the Jewish, Chinese, Turkish, and Macedonian communities.A spokesperson for B'nai Brith Canada said the Liberal Party should consider putting forth a better representative of the party to deal with multiculturalism matters, due to Karygiannis's being "divisive on some issues", instead of

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Jim Karygia


title: Jim Karygiannis

texts:
 filed an appeal of the decision. On June 24, 2020, the Court of Appeal overturned the Superior Court's ruling stating that Karygiannis had "not clearly demonstrated to this court that this was a mere 'clerical error'" and he was removed from office for a second time. On August 5, 2020, a stay on the decision was granted by the Ontario Court of Appeal while Karygiannis appealed the decision to the Supreme Court of Canada, thereby reinstating him as councillor.The Supreme Court declined to give Karygiannis leave to appeal on September 24, 2020; therefore the Court of Appeal decision was upheld and he was removed from office. Controversies
On February 22, 2011, <mask>is joined a protest rally of the Armenian Youth Federation by the Embassy of Azerbaijan in Ottawa timed to the anniversary of the Nagorno-Karabakh separatist movement in Azerbaijan. During his four-minute speech, he called for the Azerbaijani ambassador Farid Shafiyev to be stripped of his diplomatic privileges and leave Canada. Shafiyev reacted by saying Karygiannis had "crossed the line of civility and decency and used the language of the level of street hooliganism." Later another Liberal multiculturalism critic Rob Oliphant in a telephone call to Shafiyev expressed his regret about his colleague's statement and added that Karygiannis's words did not represent the attitudes of the Liberal Party. In August 2011, Citizenship and Immigration Committee officers complained of <mask>is using abusive language and an aggressive tone while speaking to them. Karygiannis stated that the accusations were false and part of a "smear campaign against him."As a multiculturalism critic, Karygiannis attempted to unite 19 cultural groups in Ottawa on August 27, 2011, to discuss

masks:
Jim Karygiann
Jim Karygiann


title: Nicholas Treadwell

texts:
<mask> (born 1937) owns the Nicholas Treadwell Gallery, which started in 1963 in touring vehicles, after which it was run in buildings in London, Bradford and finally Austria. <mask> has promoted the Superhumanism art movement, which is defined as an art of urban living, conveyed in a vivid and accessible way. At times, his shows have evoked strong reactions for their provocative content. Since 2016 <mask> has lived and worked as a gallerist in Vienna's Wieden district. Life and career
<mask> was born in the United Kingdom. In 1963, he toured England with a double-decker bus and two furniture vans as mobile galleries, as "<mask> Treadwell's Mobile Art Gallery", based in Croydon. In 1968, he established the Nicholas Treadwell Gallery at 36 Chiltern Street, in the West End of London, and lived in one of the rooms in the basement.Against the contemporary trend of Hard-edge abstraction and Minimalism, the gallery focused on "the basic nature of the human condition", and quickly gained a controversial reputation. In 1971, Art and Artist magazine said of one show: "The place blisters with work of searing eroticism, high camp, coarse belly laughs and hideous vulgarity". In 1975, <mask> asked 29 artists to submit a new approach to what he termed the normal "academic and dull" portraits of Queen Elizabeth. The results showed her hand-in-hand with Henry VIII, rowing a boat and drinking from a Union Jack mug. <mask> said that business with tourists had been good, but he did not invite the Queen to the show, because "I see them as very affectionate portraits, but I don't know how she would see them". In 1978, he acquired Denne Hill, a mansion with 52 rooms, designed by George Devey and built in 1871–75, in Womenswold between Canterbury and Dover; restoration took

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title: Nicholas Treadwell

texts:
 two years but it was opened to the public in July 1980. Denne Hill provided studios for artists and accommodation for visitors; Treadwell ran it alongside the London gallery until 1984.The Chiltern Street gallery was key to the launch of the Superhumanism (or Super Humanism) movement, which is defined as "art about people, people living the life of an urban society", and about which <mask> wrote the first book in 1979. He published a second book on Superhumanism and promoted the movement through exhibitions in the United Kingdom and on the continent. Ben Moss, in his book Four Funerals and a Wedding, wrote:
The actual imagery of the superhumanists, while striking, and sometimes shocking, reflected the contemporary feelings of the Western experience. It was preoccupied with daily life, with the characters of the street, or characters of an obtuse nature, and with scenes depicting the emotions, stresses or potential perversions lying within each of us. The artists, while portraying their ideas in aesthetically different ways, shared a desire to convey the moving nature of their subject matter in an understandably vivid manner. A philosophical acceptance of human weakness was an important characteristic of superhumanist art, but humour, cynicism, pessimism and anger were also present, along with an almost sad observation of the human condition, emotions which were the driving forces behind some of the movement's most striking imagery. In 1981, <mask>'s stand at the FIAC (Foire Internationale d'Art Contemporain) at the Grand Palais in Paris was deemed "deplorable and very popular" by Richard Shone in The Burlington Magazine.In 1984, <mask> left Chiltern Street, and in 1987 opened Treadwell's Art Mill for Superhumanist work in a three-storey former wool

masks: Treadwell Treadwell Treadwell


title: Nicholas Treadwell

texts: mill in Little Germany, Bradford. The Art Mill provided residency space for 14 artists, as well as a theatre, a cinema and a vegetarian cafe. Treadwell was particularly interested in supporting artists in their first few years out of college and did so with many now successful artists such as Tim Noble and Sue Webster who had a two-year residency at his 3000m2 Art Mill, when he felt it was important to encourage them not to compromise with their work. Treadwell opposed the "posh shop—where a few rich people help a few artists get rich." The Art Mill, erected in 1847, was visited by 25,000 people, but increasing debts forced Treadwell to put it up for sale by 1991. In the early 1990s Treadwell discovered a new wave of young talent emerging from British art schools, most notably two graduates working with extraordinarily disturbed figuration. Alun Jury hailed from Cheltenham College of Art.Paul Rosenbloom, his tutor at Cheltenham, phoned <mask> directly to advise him that he had a student who was perfect for the Treadwell Gallery. He was followed by a precocious and somewhat provocative young British painter Duncan Mosley from Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art, who Treadwell went on to describe in the book  Kiss My Art  as  "a truly rare talent". By 1996, the Nicholas Treadwell Gallery was at 326 Old Street, London. His own home was described as "littered" with paintings and sculptures, some by an anorexic artist who had died the previous year—one of these showed a small body huddled inside a wardrobe, in the bottom drawer of which the artist had placed her adoption papers. Treadwell said her sculptures were "very depressing but they do give you insight into the illness." In 1998, John Windsor in The Independent said that the work of the Young


title: Nicholas Treadwell

texts:
 British Artists seemed tame compared with that of the "shock art" of the 1970s, including "kinky outrages" at the Nicholas Treadwell Gallery, amongst which were a "hanging, anatomically detailed leather straitjacket, complete with genitals", titled Pink Crucifixion, by Mandy Havers. In January 2000, the Treadwell Gallery moved to Die Station, a set of buildings fronting a river near to the Bohemian Woods in Upper Austria.In 2004, The Guardian'''s art critic Adrian Searle reviewed Mike Kelley—The Uncanny at Tate Liverpool. In the show were "super-realist" sculptures from the 1960s and 70s, many of which were by artists represented by what Searle called "the peculiar <mask> Treadwell Gallery" and which he "had hoped never to see the first time, let alone again." Treadwell wrote a letter to The Guardian saying that Searle's "dismissive language in relation to major works by the visionary artists Robert Knight and Malcolm Poynter, for instance, is inexplicable". This was followed by a letter from John Keane, who said that galleries such as Treadwell's, outside an establishment coterie, were inevitably met with "a dismissive sneer" by critics who acted as a herd. In January 2005, Treadwell moved to the courthouse and prison buildings in the Mühlviertel village of Aigen, near the borders with Germany and the Czech Republic. After ten years in Aigen, Treadwell moved and reopened his gallery in September 2016 in an abandoned workshop at Große Neugasse 18 in Wieden, Vienna's 4th district. The inaugural exhibition at Treadwell's new gallery is dedicated to art of Hieronymus Bosch and features mostly recent works of 28 international artists.Work has been bought from Treadwell by John Entwistle, Paul McCartney and Malcolm Forbes. Notes

References

Further


title: Nicholas Treadwell

texts:
 reading
<mask>, <mask>. (1980). Super Humanism: A British Art Movement. London: Nicholas Treadwell Books. Introduction by Michael Shepherd, edited by Paul Foster. The artists introduced are Roy Abernethy, Albert Alexander, Jane Anderson, Saskia de Boer, Jo Bondy, Chris Brown, John Buckley, Nick Cudworth, Graham Dean, Rod Dudley, Ian English, Mike Francis, David Giles, Guy Gladwell, Mike Gorman, Mandy Havers, Steve Hodges, Harry Holland, Graham Ibbeson, Robert Knight, Neil Moore, Mike Mycock, Malcolm Poynter, Paul Roberts, David Roft, Eric Scott, Ludmil Siskov, Nigel Thompson, Celestino Valenti, Andre Wallace.Treadwell, <mask>. (n.d., c.1981/1982) Superhumanism ... A Feeling for Our Times. London: Nicholas Treadwell Publications. (hard),  (paper). On the front cover: Superhumanism 2 (S-oohpaahhumanismmm): A Survey of a Current Art Movement.The artists introduced are Roy Abernethy, Jane Anderson, Saskia de Boer, Jo Bondy, Chris Brown, Jon Buck, John Buckley, Barry Burman, Nick Cudworth, Graham Dean, Ian English, Mike Francis, David Giles, Guy Gladwell, Mike Gorman, Gordon Govier, Mandy Havers, Harry Holland, Graham Ibbeson, Robert Knight, Neil Moore, Mike Mycock, Howard Pemberton, Malcolm Poynter, Paul Roberts, David Roft, Eric Scott, Ludmil Siskov, Celestino Valenti, Andre Wallace. Treadwell, <mask>, ed. (1984) Sex: Female, Occupation: Artist.Womenswold, Kent: Nicholas Treadwell Publications. .
<mask>, <mask>, ed. (1984) Malcolm Poynter: Sculpture and Theatre. Womenswold, Kent: Nicholas Treadwell Publications. .
<mask>, <mask> (2013): Kiss my Art.'' Aigen: Nicholas Treadwell Publications. . External links
Official website

British art dealers
Living people
Art galleries established in 1963
Contemporary art galleries in England
Year of birth

masks: Treadwell Nicholas Nicholas Nicholas Treadwell Nicholas Treadwell Nicholas


title: Fritz Weaver

texts:
<mask> (January 19, 1926 − November 26, 2016) was an American actor in television, stage, and motion pictures. He portrayed Dr. Josef Weiss in the 1978 epic television drama, Holocaust for which he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award. In cinema, he made his debut in the film Fail Safe (1964) and also appeared in Marathon Man (1976), Creepshow (1982) and The Thomas Crown Affair (1999). Among many television roles, he performed in the movie The Legend of Lizzie Borden (1975). He also worked in science fiction and fantasy, especially in television series and movies like The Twilight Zone, 'Way Out, Night Gallery, The X-Files, The Martian Chronicles and Demon Seed. <mask> also narrated educational TV programs. Early life
<mask> was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on January 19, 1926, the son of Elsa W. (née Stringaro) <mask> and <mask>.His mother was of Italian descent and his father was a social worker from Pittsburgh with deep American roots. His younger sister was art director Mary Dodson. <mask> attended the Fanny Edel Falk Laboratory School at the University of Pittsburgh as a child, followed by Peabody High School. He served in the Civilian Public Service as a conscientious objector during World War II. Career

Following the war, <mask> worked at various jobs before turning to acting in the early 1950s. His first acting role for television came in 1956 for an episode of The United States Steel Hour. <mask> continued to act in television during the next four decades.In 1969 he appeared as Hebron Grant, a Mormon married to two women, on The Big Valley in

masks:
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title: Fritz Weaver

texts: the episode "A Passage of Saints." He also appeared in several episodes of Mission Impossible. He also appeared in the made-for-TV movies The Legend of Lizzie Borden (1975) in which he played Andrew Borden; and Holocaust (1978). He earned an Emmy nomination for the latter; the award went to his co-star Michael Moriarty. <mask> won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Performance for the Broadway play Child's Play (1970). His other Broadway credits included The Chalk Garden (Tony nomination and Theatre World Award win), All American, Baker Street, Absurd Person Singular, Love Letters, and The Crucible. He appeared in the off-Broadway play Burnt Piano for the HB Playwrights Theatre, and with Uta Hagen in a television adaptation of Norman Corwin's play The World of Carl Sandburg.<mask> also acted in motion pictures, generally as a supporting player. He appeared in such movies as Fail-Safe (1964; as a jingoist and increasingly unstable U.S. Air Force colonel, ashamed of his foreign-born and alcoholic parents, whom he refers to as "those people"), Marathon Man (1976; as a professor advising the protagonist, a graduate student), Black Sunday (1977; as the lead FBI agent in an anti-terrorism effort), Creepshow (1982; as a scientist who discovers a monster in a crate), and John McTiernan's remake of The Thomas Crown Affair (1999). He also had roles in The Day of the Dolphin (1973), Demon Seed (1977), The Big Fix (1978), and Sidney Lumet's Power (1986). Beginning in 1995, <mask> worked primarily as a voice actor, providing

masks: Weaver Weaver Weaver


title: Fritz Weaver

texts:
 narration for programs on the History Channel. After making his third guest appearance on Law & Order in 2005, <mask> made a "secret decision to retire". In 2010, <mask> was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. Shortly thereafter, he came out of retirement to make an uncredited cameo in This Must Be the Place (2011), voicing the deceased father of Sean Penn's protagonist.He went on to give prominent supporting performances in the Emmy-nominated television film Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight (2013) and the theatrically-released We'll Never Have Paris (2014), The Cobbler (2014) and The Congressman (2016). Personal life and death
<mask>'s second marriage was to actress Rochelle Oliver in 1997. His first marriage ended in divorce. He died at his home in Manhattan on November 26, 2016, at the age of 90. Select filmography

Film

To Trap a Spy (1964) – Andrew Vulcan (archive footage)
Fail Safe (1964) – Colonel Cascio
The Borgia Stick (1967) – Anderson
The Maltese Bippy (1969) – Mischa Ravenswood
A Walk in the Spring Rain (1970) – Roger Meredith
The Day of the Dolphin (1973) – Harold DeMilo
The Legend of Lizzie Borden (1975) – Andrew Borden
Marathon Man (1976) – Professor Biesenthal
Black Sunday (1977) – Corley
Demon Seed (1977) – Alex Harris
Captains Courageous (1977) – Harvey Cheyne Sr. The Big Fix (1978) – Oscar Procari Sr.
Martian Chronicles (1980) – Father Peregrine
Nightkill (1980) – Herbert Childs
Jaws of Satan (1981) – Father Tom Farrow
Creepshow (1982) – Dexter Stanley (segment "The Crate")
Power (1986) – Wallace Furman
The Thomas Crown Affair (1999)


title: Edward Epstein (meteorologist)

texts:
<mask> (29 April 1931, in The Bronx, New York City – 14 October 2008, in Potomac, Maryland) was an American meteorologist who pioneered the use of statistical methods in weather forecasting and the development of ensemble forecasting techniques. Education and early career
According to his obituary in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (BAMS), <mask>'s years in middle school and high school were marked by “illustrious academic achievements.” Graduating from the Bronx High School of Science in 1947, he applied at the age of 15 to Harvard, the University of Chicago, and the University of California, and was accepted to all three. He entered Harvard on a full scholarship at age 16. He graduated from Harvard in 1951 with a Bachelor of Science in Astronomy. He studied statistics at the Graduate School of Business Administration at Columbia University, and received an M.B.A. in 1953. During this period he participated in Columbia's Conservation of Human Resources Project. Career
BAMS describes <mask> as having been “assisted in his career choice by the U.S. government, which offered him the options of being drafted, entering Officer's Candidate School and becoming a naval supply officer, or attending Penn State as an air force officer and studying meteorology.” Until then, he had never heard of meteorology, but chose the latter because of his keen interest in science.He was in the Air Force from 1953 to 1957, and received a Master of Science degree from Pennsylvania State University in 1954. After attending the Officer's Basic Military Course at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas in 1954, he was assigned to do research under the auspices of the Air Force Cambridge Research Center. He then went to Flagstaff, Arizona, to determine the vertical distribution of atmospheric ozone. According to BAMS, the paper that resulted, “A New Method for Determining the Vertical Distribution of Ozone from a Ground Station,” “established his reputation as a research scientist” and “led to his being invited by Penn State to pursue a doctorate in meteorology.” He received a Ph.D. in meteorology from that institution in 1960. In the late 1950s <mask> worked at Arizona State University and then

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title: Edward Epstein (meteorologist)

texts:
 at Penn State. During this time he published two papers in 1959 about the power spectrum analysis of ozone and about vertical velocities in the lower stratosphere. University of Michigan
From 1960 to 1973, <mask> was at the University of Michigan, first as a lecturer and research associate in meteorology; then as an assistant professor (1961–63), associate professor (1963–68), and full professor (1968–73).During his years at Michigan, the meteorology program, which was originally part of the Civil Engineering Department of the College of Engineering, grew by stages into the Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences. <mask> played a critical role in this development, and was named chairman of the department in 1971. As head of the department, <mask> broadened its scope to include studies of aeronomy and planetary atmospheres. He was also a member of the College Standing Committee and the University Research Policies Committee. From 1962 to 1964, <mask> was also a scientific consultant to the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Science and Technology, focusing on international meteorological programs. During his years at Michigan, <mask> published many papers on probability forecasting, quality control, and forecast utility, some of them written with Allan Murphy. In 1962 Epstein published a paper in the Journal of Applied Meteorology entitled “A Bayesian Approach to Decision Making in Applied Meteorology.” This was “the first formal treatment of Bayes's theorem in meteorology,” according to BAMS.Another paper that involved Bayes's theorem was “Quality Control for Probability Forecasts,” in which, as <mask> explained in the abstract, he used Bayes' theorem to develop “a method of quality control for probability forecasts.”

<mask>'s and Murphy's paper “A Note on Probability Forecasts and 'Hedging,'” published in the Journal of Applied Meteorology in 1967, “introduced the term 'proper' in connection with forecasts and scoring systems,” according to BAMS, which noted that new scoring systems “are almost always subjected to this 'properness' test.”

University of Stockholm
<mask> spent the 1968–69 academic year at the University of Stockholm as a visiting scientist. While

masks: Epstein Epstein Epstein Epstein Epstein Epstein Epstein Epstein


title: Edward Epstein (meteorologist)

texts:
 there, he wrote a pathbreaking paper, “Stochastic Dynamic Prediction,” which appeared in the journal Tellus in 1969. The paper demonstrated, as he wrote in the abstract, “how the stochastic method can be used to assess the value of new or improved data by considering their influence on the decrease in the uncertainty of the forecast.” BAMS said that this paper was perhaps <mask>'s “most profound scientific achievement,” adding that <mask>'s “concept was so visionary that human and computer resources have not yet been able to capitalize fully on it.”

He continued to work on this topic after returning to Michigan, where he published several related papers in collaboration with two of his students, Rex Fleming and Eric Pitcher. During his time in Stockholm, he also developed a ranked probability score that came to be widely used in forecast verification. Another important 1969 paper was “The Role of Initial Uncertainties in Predictions,” published in the Journal of Applied Meteorology. In this paper, according to BAMS, Epstein “studied the ensemble of forecasts made from a set of predictive equations with slightly differing initial conditions. While not the first to study this problem and use the term 'ensemble' in regard to weather prediction,” Epstein “was instrumental in setting the course for the many ensemble systems operational today.” “A Scoring System for Probability Forecasts,” published in the same journal in the same year, is described by BAMS as “one of the cornerstones in evaluating probability forecasts of ordered variables.”

NOAA
In 1973 Epstein was appointed Associate Administrator for Environmental Monitoring and Prediction at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, an agency of the Department of Commerce, in Washington, D.C.In announcing <mask>'s appointment, Secretary of Commerce Frederick B. Dent said, “Dr. <mask>'s record of achievement in several major areas of science and administration is an impressive one, and I am pleased indeed at his acceptance of this position, one of considerable importance to the Department's environmental programs.” <mask> later served as the NOAA's Acting Assistant Administrator for Research and Development. During his

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title: Edward Epstein (meteorologist)

texts:
 years at the NOAA, according to BAMS, <mask> “was extremely supportive of the planning and execution of the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) and the Global Weather Experiment, including the development of numerical models and global observing systems.”

On November 3, 1978, in the wake of the passage of the National Climate Program Act of 1978, NOAA administrator Richard A. Frank announced the establishment of a National Climate Program, its purpose being “to assist the nation and the world to understand and respond to natural and man-induced climate processes and their implications.<mask>, who had “helped nurture the preparation” of the 1978 law, was named director of the National Climate Program Office. In that position, “he ensured that the fledgling Climate Analysis Center (CAC) in the National Weather Service would be given both research and operations missions, thus greatly enhancing its viability.”

On May 5, 1981, it was announced that <mask> had been appointed director of the NOAA's Climate and Earth Sciences Laboratory. Climate Analysis Center
In 1983 <mask> joined the National Weather Service's National Meteorological Center as chief scientist of the Climate Analysis Center, and it was there that he published his influential meteorological monograph "Statistical Inference and Prediction in Climatology: A Bayesian Approach." Another important work published during this period was a 162-page NOAA Technical Report entitled “A Precipitation Climatology of 5-Day Periods” (1988). Epstein's paper “A Spectral Climatology” appeared in the first issue of The Journal of Climate, which began to be published by the American Meteorological Society (AMS) in 1988.In October1988, The Journal of Climate published a paper written by <mask> and A.G. Barnston, “A Precipitation Climatology of Five-Day Periods,” in which the authors, according to the abstract, develop a “precipitation climatology...for the relative frequencies of zero, one, or two or mere days with measurable precipitation within 5-day periods. The purpose of the climatology is to provide background for the development and introduction of extended-range (6- to 10-day forecast period) precipitation forecasts in terms

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title: Edward Epstein (meteorologist)

texts:
 of the probabilities of the three categories.”

<mask> went on to publish several other papers in The Journal of Climate, including one about the optimum number of harmonics to represent normals and another about obtaining climatological values from monthly means. In 1988, <mask> also wrote a paper on long-range weather prediction for Weather and Forecasting. In 1989, <mask> and Murphy published an important paper in Monthly Weather Review entitled “Skill Scores and Correlation Coefficients in Model Verification.”

An article in the Christian Science Monitor on January 25, 1985, reported on the possibility that climate was changing, and cited <mask> along with two NOAA colleagues, Thomas R. Karl and Robert E. Livezey, as having determined “that the past decade has had an abnormally high frequency of extreme winters -- six years out of eight between 1975 and 1983.”

<mask> went on to publish a number of informal research papers which “appeared as NMC office notes, in proceedings of climate diagnostic workshops, and in preprints of AMS conferences.” The papers “focused on removing systematic errors in numerical models, making objective 6- to 10-day forecasts of temperature and precipitation in probability form, and developing new statistical techniques such as the imperfect prog method and the Kalman filter (which he discussed yesterday at 5IMSC).”

Retirement
After retiring from the NOAA in 1993, he joined Murphy in forming a company, Prediction and Evaluation Systems. In his later years, Epstein suffered from Parkinson's disease. Although it eventually became debilitating, he remained active despite the disease for several years. He died on October 14, 2008, Potomac, Maryland.Affiliations
<mask> was a Certified Consulting Meteorologist, a Fellow of the American Meteorological Society, Editor of the Journal of Applied Meteorology (1971–73), Associate Editor of the Journal of Geophysical Research, Associate Editor of The Journal of Climate (1988–94), a trustee of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, and Chairman of its Budget and Program Committee. He served on committees of the National Science Foundation and the National Academy of Sciences/National Academy of

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title: Edward Epstein (meteorologist)

texts:
 Engineering. He was also a member of the American Geophysical Union, the American Statistical Association, and the Royal Meteorological Society. He was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1978. He was chair of the Meteorological Statistics Committee of the AMS from 1967 to 1969, and was an AMS councilor from 1974 to 1977. Honors and awards
Epstein won an award for outstanding achievement at the 1992 International Meeting on Statistical Climatology

Personal life and attributes
On presenting <mask> with the 1992 award, colleague William H. Klein called him “one of the world's leading experts on statistical meteorology and climatology...an original thinker and a man of few words.” He added that <mask> was “also a great human being – helpful, generous, honest, and unselfish.”

BAMS's obituary of <mask> noted that at CAC, he “treated his assistants as equals, wrote FORTRAN codes of startling economy and sophistication, applied them to projects of great practical value to CAC, and offered statistical advice and dryly humorous comments to all who asked. His combination of keenness and kindness are remembered affectionately by those who encountered him at CAC.”

<mask> and his wife, Alice, had four children, Debra, Harry, Nancy, and Bill, and eight grandchildren.Epstein Symposium
The American Meteorological Society held an Edward S. Epstein Symposium at its 2014 annual meeting. It was devoted to the “Contributions of Dr. <mask><mask> to Scientific Endeavor.” The theme of the annual meeting was “Extreme Weather—Climate and the Build Environment:  New Perspectives Opportunities, and Tools,” a topic that the AMS describes as being “most relevant to the NOAA goal and the National Weather Service vision for 'A Weather-Ready Nation – a society that is prepared for and responds to weather related events,' and to Dr. <mask>’s work as he was continually searching for better scientific understanding and better ways to harness science to improve our service to the nation.”

References

American meteorologists
1931 births
2008 deaths
Harvard College alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Columbia Business School alumni
Fellows of the American Meteorological

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title: Arthur Morris

texts: <mask>  (19 January 1922 – 22 August 2015) was an Australian cricketer who played 46 Test matches between 1946 and 1955. An opener, <mask> is regarded as one of Australia's greatest left-handed batsmen. He is best known for his key role in Don Bradman's Invincibles side, which made an undefeated tour of England in 1948. He was the leading scorer in the Tests on the tour, with three centuries. His efforts in the Fourth Test at Headingley helped Australia to reach a world record victory target of 404 on the final day. <mask> was named in the Australian Cricket Board's Team of the Century in 2000 and was inducted into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame in 2001. In his youth, <mask> excelled at rugby union as well as cricket, being selected for the state schoolboys' team in both sports.Originally trained in spin bowling, <mask> developed as a batsman during his teens and during the 1940–41 season became the first player in the world to score two centuries on his first-class debut. His career was interrupted by the Second World War, during which he served in the Australian Army and gained selection in its rugby union team. Upon the resumption of cricket in 1946, <mask> made his Test debut against England and quickly made himself a core member of the team. He made a century in his third match and scored twin centuries in the following Test, becoming only the second Australian to do so in an Ashes Test. His rise was such that he was made a selector during the Invincibles tour after only 18 months in the team. After the 4–0 series win over England, which was Bradman's farewell series, <mask> became Australia's

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texts:
 vice-captain and was expected to be its leading batsman. He started well, scoring two centuries during Australia's first series in the post-Bradman era, a tour to South Africa that saw Australia win the Test series 4–0.By the end of the South African tour, <mask> had amassed nine Test centuries and his batting average was over 65, but thereafter his form declined. Australia increasingly fell on hard times as the core of Bradman's team aged and retired. <mask> was overlooked for the captaincy and then briefly dropped as his cricketing prowess waned. His career ended after his first wife became terminally ill. Later in his life, <mask> served as a trustee of the Sydney Cricket Ground for over twenty years. In 2017, <mask> was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame. Early years
The son of a schoolteacher who played for Waverley Cricket Club in Sydney as a fast bowler, <mask> was born in 1922 in the Sydney seaside suburb of Bondi and spent his early years in the city. His family moved when he was five to Dungog, then to Newcastle before returning to Sydney in the suburb of Beverly Hills.By this time, <mask>' parents had separated. His father encouraged him to play sport and he showed promise in a variety of ball sports, particularly cricket, rugby and tennis. Aged 12, he gained a place as a slow bowler for Newcastle Boys' High School's cricket team. On Saturday afternoons he played for Blackwall, a team in the local C-grade competition. <mask> attended Canterbury Boys' High School from 1936 to 1939 where he represented the school at cricket and rugby union, and was appointed school captain (head boy) in Year

masks: Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris


title: Arthur Morris

texts: 11. In his last two years of high school, he was selected for Combined High Schools teams in both cricket—as captain in both years—and rugby. At the age of 14, he made his debut for St George, and in 1937–38 he was elevated to the second XI.In a club under-16 competition, the A W Green Shield, <mask> took 55 wickets at 5.23, which remains a record. The following year he was selected for the team as a batsman, after captain Bill O'Reilly decided that his left-arm unorthodox spin had less potential. O'Reilly described him as "moderately skilled" in bowling and noted that he would not have many opportunities with the ball as future Test bowling world record holder Ray Lindwall was also in the team. O'Reilly quickly moved <mask> up to the No. 6 position in the batting order. After scoring a century against Sydney University, O'Reilly moved him into the opening position without prior notice, where he remained. While still at high school, <mask> was selected to play for the New South Wales Second XI against Victoria in January 1939, his first taste of representative cricket.However, <mask> made only six and three and did not gain further honours. After finishing his secondary education at the end of 1939, <mask> became a clerk in the Prosecutions Branch at Sydney Town Hall. He was chosen to make his debut, aged 18, for New South Wales against Queensland at the Sydney Cricket Ground in the 1940–41 season, a season in which there was no Sheffield Shield cricket due to the Second World War. He scored centuries in both innings, becoming the first player in the world to achieve the feat on debut. <mask> made 148 in the

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 first innings and participated in a second wicket partnership of 261 with Sid Barnes; he added 111 in the second innings, completing his feat on 28 December. He gave chances that were dropped early in both innings, but impressed observers with his ability to remain settled. New South Wales went on to win by 404 runs.He was unable to maintain the standard of his debut in later performances, but finished the war-shortened season with 385 runs at a strong average of 55.14 in four matches. Second World War and Test debut

<mask>' first-class cricket career was interrupted by the Second World War, when domestic matches were cancelled at the end of the season. On 5 January 1943, he enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force, and served in the South West Pacific, mostly in New Guinea with the 8th Movement Control Group, part of the Royal Australian Corps of Transport. During his time in the army, <mask> spent more time playing rugby union than cricket. The coach of the Army and Combined Services rugby team, Johnny Wallace, regarded him as the "best five eighth in Australia". He remained a Private throughout his military service and was demobbed on 18 June 1946. Despite his eligibility, <mask> was not selected for the Australian Services XI in 1945, something that baffled commentators, although he did play a one-off military match in 1943.He returned to his pre-war clerical job at the Sydney Town Hall, but soon switched to a job with motor parts distributor Stack & Company, which allowed him more time for cricket commitments. <mask> was automatically restored to the Sheffield Shield team in 1946–47 upon the resumption

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texts: of competition. He made 27 and 98 in his first match against Queensland, and was selected for an Australian XI match against Wally Hammond's touring MCC team when first-choice opener Bill Brown was injured. In what was effectively a trial for the Test team, <mask> scored 115 and featured in a 196-run partnership with Test captain Don Bradman, who scored 106. It was the beginnings of a productive cricketing relationship. <mask> said of Bradman: "He was marvellous. If you had a problem, you could go to him and sort it out.I found him relaxed and straightforward". After scoring 81 for New South Wales in his next match, against the MCC, <mask> was selected to make his Test debut in the First Test against England in Brisbane. He failed in his first two Tests, managing just two and five, although Australia won both matches by an innings. Despite being criticised for having a "loose technique" by Neville Cardus, Bradman advised <mask> to stick to his approach. <mask> responded by scoring 83 and 110 in the traditional pre-Christmas match between New South Wales and Victoria at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, the top score in both innings. However, he was unable to prevent an innings defeat. He was retained for the Third Test in Melbourne, but made only 21 in the first innings.If he had failed a fourth time, it could have allowed another player to claim his position, but <mask> secured his place with his maiden Test century, scoring 155 in the second innings, and making the most of an ideal batting surface. After defending stoutly at the beginning of the innings, <mask> accelerated his scoring, employing a wide range of


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 strokes to reach 150 in six hours. <mask> managed a century in each innings of the Fourth Test at Adelaide, making 122 and 124 not out in extremely hot weather. This made him the second Australian after Warren Bardsley to score two centuries in one Ashes Test. With Australia having fallen to 2/24 at the end of play on the second day in response to England's first innings score of 460, <mask> combined with Lindsay Hassett, who scored 78, to lead a recovery. After England's Denis Compton scored his second century of the match in the second innings, <mask> put in another determined effort to ensure a draw. With the match secure, <mask> played more aggressively towards the end in an unbeaten 99-run partnership with Bradman.Ahead of the final Test, <mask> made 44 and 47 for New South Wales in a drawn match against Hammond's men. He made 57 in the Fifth Test in Sydney to end the series with an aggregate of 503 runs, at an average of 71.85, second only to Bradman. He ended his first full first-class season with 1234 runs at 68.55, partnering Sid Barnes at the top of the order at both state and international level. E. W. Swanton wrote "<mask> set himself up as a No. 1 for Australia for a while to come ... <mask> at his best looked out of the top draw, a left-hander with all the strokes ... and what the figures do not say is that few more charming men have played for Australia , and I cannot name one who was more popular with his opponents". Invincibles tour

<mask> started the 1947–48 Australian season strongly, scoring 162 in his second match as New South Wales crushed the touring Indians by an innings ahead of the

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texts: Tests. He played in the first four Tests, scoring 45 and an unbeaten 100 in the Third Test victory in Melbourne.In that match, he dropped down the order as Bradman used the tail-enders to protect the batsmen from a sticky wicket. <mask> then came in and combined with Bradman in a double century stand. The selectors wished to trial other possible choices for the 1948 tour of England, including Brown in the opening position, so wither Barnes or <mask> had to sit out. This was decided by a coin toss. <mask> lost and did not play; he was given 10 pounds as compensation. <mask> thus ended the series with 209 runs at an average of 52.25. Australia won the final Test to seal the series 4–0, and <mask> ended the season with 772 runs at 55.14.He scored four consecutive half-centuries for his state as they reclaimed the Sheffield Shield from Victoria. For the first two Tests, <mask> was paired with the recovered Brown, before the latter was replaced by Barnes. <mask>, the recently appointed co-captain of New South Wales, had greatly impressed Australia captain Don Bradman, to the extent that Bradman made <mask> one of the three selectors for the 1948 tour of England. <mask> was a key part of Bradman's inner circle in planning for the tour. Bradman had long harboured the ambition of touring England without losing a match. <mask> marked his first-class debut on English soil with a fluent 138 against Worcestershire, which was scored in only four hours and made him the first Australian centurion on tour. <mask> found batting difficult for the first few weeks as he adapted to the alien batting conditions, reaching 50 only

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texts: twice in his next nine innings with a total of 223 runs at 24.77; <mask> sometimes attempted to drive balls pitched just short of a good length, and if they reared suddenly he was liable to be caught.<mask> was worried about edging the ball to the slips cordon and had become fidgety and shuffled across the crease. He rectified this, and success followed with 184 against Sussex in the final match before the First Test. Five more centuries before the end of the season. <mask>' Test form peaked in the series, heading the Test averages with 696 runs at 87.00, and he was the only player to compile three Test centuries. After scoring 31 and 9 in the First Test victory at Trent Bridge, he was criticised by former Australian Test opener Jack Fingleton, who believed <mask> was shuffling across the crease too much instead of playing from the back foot. <mask> scored 60 against Northamptonshire, before scoring 105 and 62 in the Second Test at Lord's to help Australia take a 2–0 series lead. Fingleton called the innings "a pretty Test century in the grandest of all cricket settings"; the knock was noted for powerful, well-placed cover drives.<mask> featured in century partnerships with Bradman in the first innings and Barnes in the second innings, laying the foundation of a lead of 595 runs. After being rested against Surrey, the following match was against Gloucestershire at Bristol, where in only five hours, <mask> scored his career best of 290. Having lost the opening two games of the series, England were contemplating changes to their team: Tom Goddard was tipped to replace Jim Laker as the off spinner, having been in


title: Arthur Morris

texts: prolific form in county cricket. The English hoped that he would be the weapon to cut through Australia's strong batting line-up. <mask>' assault ended Goddard's hopes of Test selection. His innings was highlighted by his quick assessment of the pitch of the ball, followed by decisive footwork. <mask> confidently went out of his crease when the ball was of a full length and rocked onto the back foot to drive and cut if it was short.On many occasions, he hit Goddard on the full. Unable to contain <mask>, Goddard packed the leg side field and bowled outside leg stump. <mask> stepped down the wicket, repeatedly lofting the ball over the off side. <mask> reached his century by lunch and was 231 by the tea interval. By the time he was dismissed, he had struck 40 fours and a six. Fingleton said that "<mask> flayed it [the home team's bowling] in all directions", while former English Test paceman Maurice Tate said "Tom [Goddard] is not used to batsmen using their feet to him ... the county batsmen diddle and diddle [shuffle about indecisively instead of quickly moving into position and attacking] to him and that gets him many wickets." Australia promptly crushed the locals by an innings.<mask> followed his effort in Bristol with two half centuries, 51 and 54 not out in the drawn Third Test. He then struck 108 against Middlesex in a tour match. <mask>' century meant that he had amassed 504 runs in just over a week of cricket. The Fourth Test at Headingley in Leeds saw <mask> at his finest; England started well with 496 in the first innings and took a 38-run lead as Australia replied with 458, <mask> contributing only

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texts: six. England declared at 8/365, leaving Australia to chase 404 runs for victory. At the time, this would have been the highest ever fourth innings score to result in a Test victory for the batting side. Australia had only 345 minutes to reach the target, and the local press wrote them off, predicting that they would be dismissed by lunchtime on a deteriorating wicket expected to favor the spin bowlers.<mask> and Hassett started slowly, with only six runs in the first six overs. When Laker was introduced to exploit the spin, 13 runs were taken from his first over, but only 44 runs came in the first hour, leaving 360 runs needed in 285 minutes. Just 13 runs were added in the next 28 minutes before Hassett was dismissed. Bradman joined <mask> with 347 runs needed in 257 minutes. Bradman signalled his intentions on his first ball by driving Laker against the spin for a boundary. <mask> promptly joined Bradman in the counter-attack, hitting three consecutive fours off Len Hutton's bowling as Australia reached lunch at 1/121. Upon resumption, <mask> severely attacked Denis Compton's bowling.<mask> struck seven fours in two overs of what Fingleton called "indescribably bad bowling". He reached the 90s just 14 minutes after the interval and hit another boundary to reach his century in just over two hours. <mask> had added 37 runs in the 15 minutes since lunch. He had become the first Australian to hit 20 boundaries in his reaching his century in a Test in England. This forced English captain Norman Yardley to replace Compton, and Australia reached 202—halfway to the required total—with 165 minutes left. When Bradman


title: Arthur Morris

texts: suffered a fibrositis attack, <mask> had to shield him from the strike until it subsided. <mask> passed his century and Australia reached tea at 1/288 with <mask> on 150.The pair had added 167 during the session. <mask> was eventually dismissed for 182, having survived multiple chances and partnered Bradman in a partnership of 301 in 217 minutes. He struck 33 fours in 290 minutes of batting. Australia proceeded to accumulate the remaining 46 runs to secure the victory by seven wickets. <mask> was the batsman at the other end of the pitch in the Fifth Test at The Oval when Bradman was famously bowled by Eric Hollies for a duck in his final Test innings. <mask> went on to score 196 in an innings noted for his hooking and off-driving before finally being removed by a run out as Australia reached 389. He scored more than half the runs as the rest of the team struggled against the leg spin of Hollies, who took five wickets.With England having been bowled out for 52 in their first innings, Australia sealed the series 4–0 with an innings victory. <mask> took four catches, including a famous dismissal of Compton, who hooked the ball. <mask> ran from his position at short square leg to take a difficult catch, described by Fingleton as "one of the catches of the season". In recognition of his performances, <mask> was named as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1949, described as "one of the world's best left-hand batsmen". Neville Cardus, his former critic, praised <mask>' performance during the Invincibles tour as "masterful, stylish, imperturbable, sure in defence, quick and handsome in stroke play. His batting


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 is true to himself, charming and good mannered but reliant and thoughtful." <mask> ended the first-class tour with 1,922 runs at 71.18, despite being troubled by a split between the first and second fingers of his left hand caused by constant jarring from the bat as he played the ball.The wound often opened while he was batting, forcing him to undergo a minor operation, which sidelined him from some matches in the latter part of the tour. Vice-captain of Australia

With the retirement of Bradman following the 1948 tour, <mask> was regarded by commentators as Australia's leading batsman. In the 1948–49 season, he scored 1,049 runs at 66.81 in nine matches with six centuries and two fifties, taking his tally for the previous twelve months to 2,991 runs at 69.56, with 13 centuries. He scored a century in each of his first three matches for the season, making 120 against Queensland, 108 in Bradman's Testimonial and 163 against Western Australia. After a match without triple figures, he added 177 against Victoria. In a low-scoring match against Queensland, New South Wales started the final day needing 142 to win. <mask> scored 108 in only 80 balls, steering his team to victory before lunch.Previously, only Bradman had scored a century before lunch in a Shield match. The innings took only 82 minutes and <mask> promptly returned to his work as a salesman. <mask> rounded off his Shield campaign with 110 against South Australia. The Western Australian Cricket Association attempted to lure <mask> to switch states, but he declined. <mask> was appointed Australian vice-captain under Lindsay Hassett for a five-Test tour of


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texts: South Africa in 1949–50, narrowly missing out on the captaincy after a 7–6 vote by the board. He scored two centuries in six tour matches before the Tests. In his first Test in his new leadership role, <mask> was out for a duck in Australia's only innings as the team won by an innings.He made starts in the next two Tests, passing twenty but failing to reach a half-century on all four occasions. In the second innings of the Third Test, <mask> played fluently to reach 42 on a sticky wicket before stepping on his stumps. Australia looked set for their first Test defeat to South Africa, but an unbeaten Neil Harvey century salvaged a win. <mask> returned to form by making 111 and 19 in the drawn Fourth Test in Johannesburg. In between, <mask> struck two further centuries in the tour matches, against Border and Transvaal. He finished with a score of 157 in the Fifth Test in Port Elizabeth, laying the foundation for an innings victory and a 4–0 series result. He ended the series with 422 runs at 52.75.On either side of the final Test, <mask> added centuries against Griqualand West and Western Province, and for the entire tour had amassed eight centuries, equal to Neil Harvey. At this stage of his career, he had amassed 1,830 runs in 19 Tests at an average of 67.77, with nine centuries. Following the tour, <mask> received an invitation from the New South Wales branch of the ruling Liberal Party asking him to stand as a candidate in the forthcoming state elections, an offer that he declined. England toured Australia for the 1950–51 Ashes series and <mask> started the season strongly. He scored 74, 101 and 78 not out as


title: Arthur Morris

texts: New South Wales won consecutive matches against Queensland. <mask> then warmed up the Tests by amassing 168 for New South Wales against England. However, he made a poor start to the Test series by aggregating only 45 runs in the first three Tests, which included two ducks.Four of his five dismissals came at the hands of Alec Bedser, leading commentators to claim that Bedser had a "hoodoo" on <mask> and he was called "Bedser's Bunny". In contrast to his struggles in the Tests, <mask> played for an Australian XI and New South Wales in two matches against England during this period, and scored 100 and 105. In a match against arch-rivals Victoria, <mask> hammered 182 and targeted Test teammate Jack Iverson, who responded poorly to being attacked. The match ended in a draw but stopped Victoria's challenge for interstate supremacy. The attack effectively ended Iverson's run at the top of cricket. However, on his 29th birthday, <mask> again fell cheaply to Bedser in a tour match and he found himself eating at table 13 ahead of the next Test. Facing omission from the side, <mask> recovered in the Fourth Test at the Adelaide Oval, where Hassett shielded him from Bedser.This helped <mask> to settle in before batting for a day and a half to score 206, his highest Test score and only double century at the highest level. It constituted the majority of Australia's total of 371, which set up 274-run victory and a 4–0 series lead, and was his seventh Ashes century, ranking him second only to Bradman at the time for Ashes centuries. Bradman described the innings as "faultless – a terrific Test double hundred", comparing it to


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texts:
 <mask>'s 182 and 196 at Headingley and The Oval during the 1948 Invincibles tour. <mask> ended the series with a half-century in Melbourne in Australia's only loss, to give him a series aggregate of 321 runs at 35.66. It was the first Test loss he had played in after 24 matches for Australia. In contrast to his below par Test series, <mask> was in strong form during the first-class season; he scored three centuries against England in the tour matches and compiled six in all to finish with 1,221 runs at 58.14. Despite these performances, the press continued to emphasise his perceived difficulties against Bedser.Difficulties against the West Indies

The 1951–52 season saw the second tour to Australia by the West Indies. <mask> experimented with his stance during the winter in response to criticism about his footwork when facing Bedser. <mask> felt that his problems had arisen because he attempted to play excessively on the leg side. He opened his season by punishing the Queenslanders with a score of 253 in a Shield match and then scored 210 against Victoria. In the first of these innings, <mask> had been ill but he struck 253 of his team's 400, with the last 50 coming in only 17 minutes of batting. His Test form was unimpressive though; he started steadily, with 122 runs in the first two Tests, which were won by Australia. The Third Test in Adelaide was <mask>'s first Test as captain, after Hassett withdrew on match eve due to a strained hip muscle.Australia were already one batsman short after the Australian Board of Control had earlier vetoed the selection of Barnes "for grounds other than cricketing ability",


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texts: which was widely believed to be a result of Barnes' previous clashes with authority. Under board's regulations at the time, a replacement player needed the approval of the entire board. Since it was the weekend, some of the members could not be contacted by phone, and as a result Hassett could not be replaced by another specialist batsman from outside the twelve man squad. Instead, his place was taken by a specialist bowler already in the squad. This left <mask> leading an extremely unbalanced team with four specialist batsmen and Miller as the all-rounder. <mask> had a long tail with wicketkeeper Gil Langley and five specialist bowlers all with batting averages less than 23, and was reportedly "in a state of shock". <mask> won the toss and elected to bat on a sticky wicket.Because of a leak in the covers, one end of the pitch was dry and the other was wet. Australia were bowled out for a low score of 82 but managed to restrict the West Indies to 105. In all 22 wickets fell on the first day, the most in a Test on Australian soil in 50 years. <mask> proceeded to reverse the batting order in the second innings, with bowler Ian Johnson and Langley opening the batting. They were followed by bowlers Geff Noblet and Doug Ring, in order to protect the batsmen from a wicket that was still wet. Ring made an unexpected 67 and <mask> scored 45 as Australia compiled 255, but it was not enough; the West Indies reached the target with six wickets in hand. After scores of 6 and 12 in the Fourth Test, he missed the final Test due to injury, ending an unproductive Test summer in which he managed only 186 runs at 23.25.The series

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 was noted for <mask>' difficulties against the spin duo of Alf Valentine and Sonny Ramadhin, who bowled left-arm orthodox and leg spin respectively. The pair was responsible for five of his eight dismissals on the tour. <mask> did not play a match after the new year and ended the season with 698 runs at 53.69. He topped his state's Shield batting averages, leading from the front as New South Wales regained the title. Australia's decline

The 1952–53 season started poorly for <mask>. He was replaced by Keith Miller as state captain, despite having scored almost 700 runs at a fast rate in the previous Shield season at an average above 50, and leading his state to another title. As was the norm for the era, <mask> was not informed personally and learned of his demotion second-hand.No official reason was given by the New South Wales Cricket Association, but it was speculated among the media that his penchant for wearing brightly-coloured rubber-soled shoes could have upset the conservative administrators, and that <mask> was too genial to be captain. The media made <mask> a scapegoat for dwindling public attendances following the retirement of Bradman and lobbied for Miller, who they deemed to be more appealing to the public. <mask> had led his state to two Shield triumphs, but remained national vice-captain ahead of Miller. Richie Benaud said that <mask> "led the side just as well as Miller but in a less flamboyant manner". In spite of this, <mask> started the new season consistently, scoring four fifties in his first five innings, including 55 and 39 in his state's victory over the touring South Africans ahead of

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texts: the Tests. The on-field action against the South Africans brought no immediate upturn in <mask>' Test fortunes. He made only one half-century and a total of 149 runs in the first three Tests as Australia took the series lead 2–1.In the Second Test, he had progressed to 42 when he drove Hugh Tayfield into a close fielder. The ball ballooned to mid-off and Tayfield ran back and dived parallel to the ball's trajectory and caught it. By the standards of the era, the catch was regarded as miraculous. He ended the series strongly, with 77 in the second innings of the Fourth Test in Adelaide, before making his best performances of 99 and 44 in Melbourne in the Fifth Test, which Australia lost by six wickets. <mask>' 99 occurred when he was involved in a mix-up while batting with debutant Ian Craig, Australia's youngest ever Test cricketer. <mask> decided to sacrifice his wicket for Craig's in a run out. His action meant that he had not scored a Test century for two years, and would have to wait another two years to reach the milestone again.<mask> was widely praised for his unselfishness and his sacrifice for his new teammate. He ended the series with 370 runs at 41.11 and took his maiden Test wicket in Adelaide, that of John Watkins. The series ended 2–2, the first Test series in <mask>' career that Australia had not won. <mask> ended the season with 105 in a warm-up match before the tour of England and totalled 913 runs at 45.65 for the summer. In 1953, <mask> returned to England, the setting for his three Test centuries five years earlier, for another Ashes series. In a tour opening festival match against East


title: Arthur Morris

texts: Molesey, <mask> made 103 in eighty minutes. After the modest run scoring of the previous three Test seasons, <mask> warmed up in 10 lead-in matches that yielded a moderate return of 347 runs at 34.70.However, his performances in the first two drawn Tests, in which he struck three half centuries, indicated that might be returning to his earlier form. He was unable to maintain his form however, and did not pass 40 in the last three Tests, ending the series with 337 runs at a modest average of 33.70. The teams were locked at 0–0 heading into the Fifth Test, and Hassett and <mask> thought that the pitch at The Oval would favour fast bowling. However, they were mistaken, and <mask> could manage only 16 and 26 as the hosts' spinners cut down the tourists, while their Australian counterparts watched from the stands. Denis Compton pulled <mask>' spin for four to seal an English win by eight wickets. This meant that the hosts regained the Ashes for the first time in two decades with a 1–0 triumph, and <mask> thus tasted a series defeat for the first time in his career. It was a low-scoring series, and <mask> placed third in the Australian Test averages and aggregates, behind Hassett with 365 at 36.50.<mask>' batting was regarded by commentators as being more carefree than during the Invincibles tour. He took his second and final wicket in Test cricket, that of Alec Bedser, in the Third Test at Old Trafford. <mask> also struggled in the first-class matches, making 1,302 runs at 38.09 with only one century, which did not come until almost four months had elapsed on tour, against the Gentlemen of England. <mask> placed


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 third in the aggregates but only ranked sixth in the averages. He made many starts, with 11 fifties, but was only able to capitalise and reached triple figures only once. Speculation linked his difficulties on the field to his personal relationships: during the tour <mask> had fallen in love with English showgirl Valerie Hudson; he spotted her when she was performing in the Crazy Gang vaudeville show at London's Victoria Palace. The team was also hindered by tension brought on by a generational divide.The senior players, <mask> among them, were retired servicemen who were drinkers, while the younger players tended to abstain from alcohol. The seniors frequently stopped the team bus to drink at pubs, leaving their younger colleagues disgruntled at the fact that the squad travelled at around . Career twilight

With the retirement of Hassett following the 1953 England tour, the Australian captaincy was open for competition. No international cricket was scheduled until 1954–55, so there was a full domestic season in 1953–54 for players to stake their claims. <mask> started strongly with consecutive centuries against Queensland and South Australia, but was unable to maintain his form, passing fifty only twice in his remaining eight innings. He ended with 487 runs at 54.11 as New South Wales won the Sheffield Shield under Miller's leadership. Nevertheless, the Australian selectors indicated that they were considering <mask> as a captaincy option by making him captain of <mask>' XI, which played Hassett's XI in a testimonial match.<mask>' XI won by 121 runs. 1954–55 Ashes
At the start of the next season, <mask> was