title: Tamar of Georgia

texts:
<mask> the Great (, lit. "King <mask>i dynasty, her position as the first woman to rule Georgia in her own right was emphasized by the title mepe ("king"), afforded to Tamar in the medieval Georgian sources. Tamar was proclaimed heir and co-ruler by her reigning father George III in 1178, but she faced significant opposition from the aristocracy upon her ascension to full ruling powers after George's death. Tamar was successful in neutralizing this opposition and embarked on an energetic foreign policy aided by the decline of the hostile Seljuq Turks. Relying on a powerful military élite, Tamar was able to build on the successes of her predecessors to consolidate an empire which dominated the Caucasus until its collapse under the Mongol attacks within two decades after <mask>'s death. Tamar was married twice, her first union being, from 1185 to 1187, to the Rus' prince Yuri, whom she divorced and expelled from the country, defeating his subsequent coup attempts.For her second husband Tamar chose, in 1191, the Alan prince David Soslan, by whom she had two children, George and Rusudan, the two successive monarchs on the throne of Georgia. Tamar's reign is associated with a period of marked political and military successes and cultural achievements. This, combined with her role as a female ruler, has contributed to her status as an idealized and romanticized figure in Georgian arts and historical memory. She remains an important symbol in Georgian popular culture. Early life and ascent to the throne
<mask> was born in circa 1160 to George III, King of Georgia, and his

masks: Tamar Tamargration Tamar Tamar


title: Tamar of Georgia

type: original

texts: struggle to limit the royal authority by creating a new council, karavi, whose members would alone deliberate and decide policy. This attempt at "feudal constitutionalism" was rendered abortive when Tamar had Qutlu Arslan arrested and his supporters were inveigled into submission. Yet, Tamar's first moves to reduce the power of the aristocratic élite were unsuccessful. She failed in her attempt to use a church synod to dismiss the Catholicos-Patriarch Michael, and the noble council, Darbazi, asserted the right to approve royal decrees. Queen <mask>'s marriage was a question of state-importance. Pursuant to dynastic imperatives and the ethos of the time, the nobles required Tamar to marry in order to have a leader for the army and to provide an heir to the throne.Every group strove to select and secure the acceptance of its candidate in order to strengthen its position and influence at court. Two main factions fought for the influence in Tamar's court: clan of Mkhargrdzeli and Abulasan. The faction of the Abulasan won, the choice was approved by Tamar's aunt Rusudan and council of feudal lords. Their choice fell on Yuri, son of the murdered prince Andrei I Bogolyubsky of Vladimir-Suzdal, who later lived as a refugee among the Kipchaks of the North Caucasus. They called an influential person in the kingdom, the great merchant Zankan Zorababeli. He was given the mission of bringing the bridegroom to Tbilisi. He fulfilled his mission with zeal, the prince was brought to Georgia to marry the queen in 1185.The young man – valiant, perfect of body and pleasant to behold –


title: Tamar of Georgia

texts: Shirvan to a tributary state.The Eldiguzid atabeg Abu Bakr attempted to stem the Georgian advance, but suffered a defeat at the hands of David Soslan at the Battle of Shamkor and lost his capital to a Georgian protégé in 1195. Although Abu Bakr was able to resume his reign a year later, the Eldiguzids were only barely able to contain further Georgian forays. The question of liberation of Armenia remained of prime importance in Georgia's foreign policy. <mask>'s armies led by two Christianised Kurdish generals, Zakare and Ivane Mkhargrdzeli (Zakarian) overran fortresses and cities towards the Ararat Plain, reclaiming one after another fortresses and districts from local Muslim rulers. Alarmed by the Georgian successes, Süleymanshah II, the resurgent Seljuqid sultan of Rûm, rallied his vassal emirs and marched against Georgia, but his camp was attacked and destroyed by David Soslan at the Battle of Basian in 1203 or 1204. The chronicler of <mask> describes how the army was assembled at the rock-hewn town of Vardzia before marching on to Basian and how the queen addressed the troops from the balcony of the church. Exploiting her success in this battle, between 1203–1205 Georgians seized the town of Dvin and entered Ahlatshah possessions twice and subdued the emir of Kars (vassal of the Saltukids in Erzurum), Ahlatshahs, the emirs of Erzurum and Erzincan.In 1206 the Georgian army, under the command of David Soslan, captured Kars and other fortresses and strongholds along the Araxes.This campaign was evidently started because the ruler of Erzerum refused to submit to

masks: Tamar Tamar


title: Tamar of Georgia

texts:
 chronicle praises her universal protection of Christianity and her support of churches and monasteries from Egypt to Bulgaria and Cyprus.The Georgian court was primarily concerned with the protection of the Georgian monastic centers in the Holy Land. By the 12th century, eight Georgian monasteries were listed in Jerusalem.Saladin's biographer, Bahā' ad-Dīn ibn Šaddād, reports that after the Ayyubid conquest of Jerusalem in 1187, Tamar sent envoys to the sultan to request that the confiscated possessions of the Georgian monasteries in Jerusalem be returned. Saladin's response is not recorded, but the queen's efforts seem to have been successful: Jacques de Vitry, who attained to the bishopric of Acre shortly after <mask>'s death, gives further evidence of the Georgians’ presence in Jerusalem. He writes that the Georgians were – in contrast to the other Christian pilgrims – allowed a free passage into the city, with their banners unfurled. Ibn Šaddād furthermore claims that Tamar outbid the Byzantine emperor in her efforts to obtain the relics of the True Cross, offering 200,000 gold pieces to Saladin who had taken the relics as booty at the Battle of Hattin – to no avail, however. Golden age

Feudal monarchy

Georgia's political and cultural exploits of Tamar's epoch were rooted in a long and complex past. Tamar owed her accomplishments most immediately to the reforms of her great-grandfather David IV (r. 1089–1125) and, more remotely, to the unifying efforts of David III and Bagrat III who became architects of a political unity of Georgian kingdoms and principalities


title: Tamar of Georgia

texts:
 Tamar was buried in a secret niche at the Gelati monastery so as to prevent the grave from being profaned by her enemies. Another version suggests that Tamar's remains were reburied in a remote location, possibly in the Holy Land.The French knight Guillaume de Bois, in a letter dated from the early 13th century, written in Palestine and addressed to the bishop of Besançon, claimed that he had heard that the king of the Georgians was heading towards Jerusalem with a huge army and had already conquered many cities of the Saracens. He was carrying, the report said, the remains of his mother, the "powerful queen <mask>" (regina potentissima Thamar), who had been unable to make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in her lifetime and had bequeathed her body to be buried near the Holy Sepulchre. In the 20th century, the quest for Tamar's grave became a subject of scholarly research, as well as the focus of broader public interest. The Georgian writer Grigol Robakidze wrote in his 1918 essay on Tamar: "Thus far, nobody knows where Tamar's grave is. She belongs to everyone and to no one: her grave is in the heart of the Georgian. And in the Georgians' perception, this is not a grave, but a beautiful vase in which an unfading flower, the great Tamar, flourishes." An orthodox academic view still places <mask>'s grave at Gelati, but a series of archaeological studies, beginning with Taqaishvili in 1920, has failed to locate it at the monastery.Legacy and popular culture

Medieval

Over the centuries, Queen <mask> has emerged as a dominant figure in the Georgian historical pantheon. The

masks: Tamar Tamar Tamar


title: Tamar of Georgia

texts: construction of her reign as a "Golden age" began in the reign itself and Tamar became the focus of the era. Several medieval Georgian poets, including Shota Rustaveli, claimed Tamar as the inspiration for their works. A legend has it that Rustaveli was even consumed with love for the queen and ended his days in a monastery. A dramatic scene from Rustaveli's poem where the seasoned King Rostevan crowns his daughter Tinatin is an allegory to George III's co-option of Tamar. Rustaveli comments on this: "A lion cub is just as good, be it female or male". The queen became a subject of several contemporary panegyrics, such as Chakhrukhadze's <mask>i and Ioane Shavteli's Abdul-Mesia.She was eulogized in the chronicles, most notably in the two accounts centered on her reign – The Life of <mask>, Queen of Queens and The Histories and Eulogies of the Sovereigns – which became the primary sources of Tamar's sanctification in Georgian literature. The chroniclers exalt her as a "protector of the widowed" and "the thrice blessed", and place a particular emphasis on Tamar's virtues as a woman: beauty, humility, love of mercy, fidelity, and purity. Although Tamar was canonized by the Georgian church much later, she was even named as a saint in her lifetime in a bilingual Greco-Georgian colophon attached to the manuscript of the Vani Gospels. The idealization of Tamar was further accentuated by the events that took place under her immediate successors; within two decades of Tamar's death, the Khwarezmian and Mongol invasions brought Georgian ascendancy to an abrupt end. Later periods

masks: Tamarian Tamar


title: Tamar of Georgia

texts:
 of national revival were too ephemeral to match the achievements of Tamar's reign. All of these contributed to the cult of Tamar which blurred the distinction between the idealized queen and the real personality. In popular memory, Tamar's image has acquired a legendary and romantic façade.A diverse set of folk songs, poems and tales illustrate her as an ideal ruler, a holy woman onto whom certain attributes of pagan deities and Christian saints were sometimes projected. For example, in an old Ossetian legend, Queen <mask> conceives her son of a sunbeam which shines through the window. Another myth, from the Georgian mountains, equates Tamar with the pagan deity of weather, Pirimze, who controls winter. Similarly, in the highland district of Pshavi, Tamar's image fused with a pagan goddess of healing and female fertility. While Tamar occasionally accompanied her army and is described as planning some campaigns, she was never directly involved in the fighting. Yet, the memory of the military victories of her reign contributed to Tamar's other popular image, that of a model warrior-queen. It also echoed in the Tale of Queen Dinara, a popular 16th-century Russian story about a fictional Georgian queen fighting against the Persians.Tsar of All the Russias Ivan the Terrible before the seizure of Kazan encouraged his army by the examples of Tamar's battles by describing her as "the most wise Queen of Iberia, endowed with the intelligence and courage of a man". Modern

Much of the modern perception of Queen Tamar was shaped under the influence of 19th-century Romanticism and


title: Tamar of Georgia

texts: growing nationalism among Georgian intellectuals of that time. In the Russian and Western literatures of the 19th century, the image of Queen Tamar reflected the European conceptions of the Orient – of which Georgia was perceived as a part – and the position and characteristics of women in it. The Tyrolean writer Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer described Tamar as a "Caucasian Semiramis". Fascinated by the "exotic" Caucasus, the Russian poet Mikhail Lermontov wrote the romantic poem <mask> (; 1841) in which he utilized the old Georgian legend about a siren-like mountainous princess whom the poet gave the name of Queen Tamar. Although Lermontov's depiction of the Georgian queen as a destructive seductress had no apparent historical background, it has been influential enough to raise the issue of Tamar's sexuality, a question that was given some prominence by the 19th-century European authors. Knut Hamsun's 1903 play <mask> was less successful; the theatre critics saw in it "a modern woman dressed in a medieval costume" and read the play as "a commentary on the new woman of the 1890s."Russian conductor Mily Balakirev composed a symphonic poem named "<mask>". In Georgian literature, Tamar was also romanticized, but very differently from the Russian and Western European view. The Georgian romanticists followed a medieval tradition in Tamar's portrayal as a gentle, saintly woman who ruled a country permanently at war. This sentiment was further inspired by the rediscovery of a contemporary, 13th-century wall painting of Tamar in the then-ruined Betania monastery, which was

masks:
Tamara
Queen Tamara
Tamara


title: Tamar of Georgia

texts:
 uncovered and restored by Prince Grigory Gagarin in the 1840s. The fresco became a source of numerous engravings circulating in Georgia at that time and inspired the poet Grigol Orbeliani to dedicate a romantic poem to it. Furthermore, the Georgian literati, reacting to Russian rule in Georgia and the suppression of national institutions, contrasted Tamar's era to their contemporary situation, lamenting the irretrievably lost past in their writings. Hence, Tamar became a personification of the heyday of Georgia, a perception that has persisted down to the present time.<mask>'s marriage to the Rus' prince Yuri has become a subject of two resonant prose works in modern Georgia. Shalva Dadiani's play, originally entitled The Unfortunate Russian (უბედური რუსი; 1916–1926), was attacked by Soviet critics for distorting the "centuries-long friendship of the Russian and Georgian peoples." Under Communist Party pressure, Dadiani had to revise both the title and plot in accordance with the official ideology of the Soviet state. In 2002, a satirical short-story The First Russian (პირველი რუსი) penned by the young Georgian writer Lasha Bughadze and focused on a frustrated wedding night of <mask> and Yuri outraged many conservatives and triggered a nationwide controversy, including heated discussions in the media, the Parliament of Georgia and the Patriarchate of the Georgian Orthodox Church. She is a playable leader of Georgia in the 4X video game Civilization VI. Veneration

<mask> been canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church as the Holy Righteous Queen <mask> (წმიდა

masks: Tamar Tamar Tamar Tamar


title: Tamar of Georgia

texts:
 კეთილმსახური მეფე თამარი, ts'mida k'etilmsakhuri mepe tamari; also venerated as "Right-believing <mask>"), with her feast day commemorated on 1 May (of the Julian Calendar , which equates to 14 May on the Gregorian Calendar). The Antiochian Orthodox observe the feast of <mask> on 22 April.Genealogy
The chart below shows the abbreviated genealogy of <mask> and her family, tracing it from Tamar's grandfather to her grandchildren. See also
 Order of Queen Tamara (disambiguation)

References

Citations

Sources

  (English Summary)

External links

Queen Tamar: The myth of a perfect ruler The Forum, BBC Sounds
 Georgian coins minted in <mask>'s reign, Zeno – Oriental Coins Database. Irakli Paghava, THE FIRST ARABIC COINAGE OF GEORGIAN MONARCHS: REDISCOVERING THE SPECIE OF DAVIT IV THE BUILDER (1089–1125), KING OF KINGS AND SWORD OF MESSIAH

1160s births
1213 deaths
12th-century women rulers
13th-century women rulers
13th-century Christian saints
Bagrationi dynasty of the Kingdom of Georgia
Eastern Orthodox royal saints
History of Trabzon
Kings of Georgia
Queens regnant
Saints of Georgia (country)
Women from Georgia (country) in politics
12th-century people from Georgia (country)
13th-century people from Georgia

masks:
Tamara
St Tamara
Tamar
Tamar


title: Irene Tsu

texts:
<mask> (; born November 4, 1944) is a Chinese American actress who made her debut in the film adaptation of Flower Drum Song in 1961, and has had many subsequent roles in TV and films. She was featured playing the wiki wiki girl in the Wiki wiki dollar advertising campaign for Chevron Corporation in the 1960s. She speaks English and three different varieties of Chinese. Early life and career
Tsu was born in Shanghai, China to Z.M. and <mask>. Her father was a banker and her mother a painter. After political changes in China in the 1940s, the family left for Taiwan, then Hong Kong.Her father remained behind in Taiwan while in 1957 she and the rest of her immediate family (sister and mother) emigrated to Larchmont, New York, a suburb of New York City, where her aunt lived. <mask> attended Mamaroneck Elementary School in Mamaroneck, New York and studied ballet. In the late 1950s. she auditioned for a dancing job in Broadway's Flower Drum Song. A staff member of the producer David Merrick's office saw the performance and auditioned her for the Broadway musical "The World of Suzie Wong" and <mask> got a part. Later <mask> auditioned for choreographer Hermes Pan  in the upcoming film adaptation of the musical Flower Drum Song. The choreographer brought <mask> to Hollywood and she was a teenage dancer in the film Flower Drum Song (1961), directed by Henry Koster.He gave her her first speaking role as a teenage prostitute in his next film, Take Her, She's Mine (1963) starring James Stewart and Sandra Dee, which started her acting career. She studied acting with Ned Maderino, Lee Strasberg and Peggy Feury and

masks:
Irene Tsu
Dulcie Lynn Tsu
Irene
Tsu
Irene
Irene


title: Irene Tsu

texts:
 attended Los Angeles City College, UCLA Film School, and California State University, Los Angeles. In 1961, Tsu entered the Miss Chinatown USA beauty pageant on behalf of New York and won first place. On November 21, 1963, the evening before President John F. Kennedy was assassinated, Tsu's only appearance on Perry Mason was aired on CBS, as she played the role of defendant Juli Eng in "The Case of the Floating Stones." She made guest appearances on most of the other popular '60s-70s television shows such as I Spy, The Man From U.N.C.L.E., Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, Family Affair, Mission: Impossible, and The Wild Wild West. She was tested for, but didn't get the female lead of The Sand Pebbles. In the 1960s, Tsu met Frank Sinatra in Miami, Florida where she was filming the "Chevron Island" commercials and Sinatra was filming Tony Rome.They dated for over two years. <mask> later married director Ivan Nagy in 1971. Later career
From 1978 until 1989, <mask> was Chief Operating Officer and head designer for her own leisure apparel company, The IT Company/Irene Tsu Designs. Since 1990 <mask> has been a realtor for Coldwell Banker in Beverly Hills, California. She is a single mother to her daughter, Yasmine, and a yoga practitioner for more than 25 years. <mask> studied for many years directly with yoga master Bikram Choudhury and is featured in both of his books Bikram's Beginning Yoga Class. She taught at Bikram Yoga College in Encinitas, California.She teaches weekly yoga classes at the Bikram HQ in Los Angeles and for the Beverly Hills Department of Parks. In addition to these new ventures, <mask>

masks: Tsu Tsu Irene Irene Tsu


title: Irene Tsu

texts:
 TV series, Season 2 Episode 9 - Double Trouble (1964) as Leilani
The Man from U.N.C.L.E. TV series, episode: The Hong Kong Shilling Affair (15 March 1965) as Jasmine
I Spy TV series, episode: A Cup of Kindness (22 September 1965)
Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea TV series, episode: The Peacemaker (November 21, 1965) as Su Yin
My Three Sons, TV series, episode: Robbie and the Slave Girl (20 January 1966) as Terry
The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Cf.pp.158-169 for entry on <mask>su. Lisanti, Tom; Paul, Louis, Film fatales: women in espionage films and television, 1962-1973, McFarland Publishing, 2002. See pp.293-295 for the entry on <mask>su. Further reading
 "My life: <mask>su", Post magazine, South China Morning Post, interview with Kate Whitehead, January 26, 2014

External links

1944 births
Living people
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Actresses from San Francisco
American television actresses
Los Angeles City College alumni
American film actresses
20th-century American actresses
People from Mamaroneck, New York
Actresses from New York (state)
Actresses from Shanghai
Chinese Civil War refugees
Chinese film actresses
Chinese television actresses
20th-century Chinese actresses
21st-century American

masks:
Irene T
Irene T
Irene T


title: Isaac Babel

texts:
<mask> (;  – 27 January 1940) was a Russian writer, journalist, playwright, and literary translator. He is best known as the author of Red Cavalry and Odessa Stories, and has been acclaimed as "the greatest prose writer of Russian Jewry." <mask> was arrested by the NKVD on 15 May 1939 on fabricated charges of terrorism and espionage, and executed on 27 January 1940. Early years

<mask> was born in the Moldavanka section of Odessa to Manus and <mask>. Soon after his birth, the <mask> family moved to the port city of Mykolaiv. They later returned to live in a more fashionable part of Odessa in 1906. Babel used Moldavanka as the setting for Odessa Stories and the play Sunset.Although <mask>'s short stories present his family as "destitute and muddle-headed", they were relatively well-off. According to his autobiographical statements, Babel's father, Manus, was an impoverished shopkeeper. Babel's daughter, Nathalie <mask> Brown, stated that her father fabricated this and other biographical details in order to "present an appropriate past for a young Soviet writer who was not a member of the Communist Party." In fact, <mask>'s father was a dealer in farm implements and owned a large warehouse. In his teens, Babel hoped to get into the preparatory class of the Nicolas I Odessa Commercial School. However, he first had to overcome the Jewish quota. Despite the fact that Babel received passing grades, his place was given to another boy, whose parents had bribed school officials.As a result, he was schooled at home by private tutors. In

masks:
Isaac Emmanuilovich Babel
Babel
Isaac Babel
Feyga Babel
Babel
Babel
Babel
Babel


title: Isaac Babel

texts:
 addition to regular school subjects, <mask> studied the Talmud and music. According to Cynthia Ozick, "Though he was at home in Yiddish and Hebrew, and was familiar with the traditional texts and their demanding commentaries, he added to these a lifelong fascination with Maupassant and Flaubert. His first stories were composed in fluent literary French. The breadth and scope of his social compass enabled him to see through the eyes of peasants, soldiers, priests, rabbis, children, artists, actors, women of all classes. He befriended whores, cabdrivers, jockeys; he knew what it was like to be penniless, to live on the edge and off the beaten track." His attempt to enroll at Odessa University was blocked for ethnic reasons.Babel then entered the Kyiv Institute of Finance and Business. There he met Yevgenia Borisovna Gronfein, daughter of a wealthy industrialist, whom he eventually married. Work

Early writings

In 1915, Babel graduated and moved to Petrograd, in defiance of laws restricting Jews to living within the Pale of Settlement. <mask> was fluent in French, besides Russian, Ukrainian and Yiddish, and his earliest works were written in French. However, none of his stories in that language have survived. In St. Petersburg, <mask> met Maxim Gorky, who published some of <mask>'s stories in his literary magazine Letopis (Летопись, "Chronicle"). Gorky advised the aspiring writer to gain more life experience; Babel wrote in his autobiography, "I owe everything to that meeting and still pronounce the name of Alexey Maksimovich Gorky

masks: Babel Babel Babel Babel


title: Isaac Babel

texts:
 with love and admiration."One of his most famous semi-autobiographical short stories, "The Story of My Dovecote" (История моей голубятни, Istoriya moey golubyatni), was dedicated to Gorky. There is very little information about <mask>'s whereabouts during and after the October Revolution. According to one of his stories, "The Road" ("Дорога", "Doroga"), he served on the Romanian front until early December 1917. In his autobiography, <mask> says he worked as a translator for the Petrograd Cheka, likely in 1917. In March 1918 he worked in Petrograd as a reporter for Gorky's Menshevik newspaper, Novaya zhizn (Новая жизнь, "New Life"). Babel continued publishing there until Novaya zhizn was forcibly closed on Lenin's orders in July 1918. Babel later recalled, "My journalistic work gave me a lot, especially in the sense of material.I managed to amass an incredible number of facts, which proved to be an invaluable creative tool. I struck up friendships with morgue attendants, criminal investigators, and government clerks. Later, when I began writing fiction, I found myself always returning to these 'subjects', which were so close to me, in order to put character types, situations, and everyday life into perspective. Journalistic work is full of adventure." October's Withered Leaves
During the Russian Civil War, which led to the Party's monopoly on the printed word, <mask> worked for the publishing house of the Odessa Gubkom (regional CPSU Committee), in the food procurement unit (see his story "Ivan-and-Maria"), in the Narkompros

masks: Babel Babel Babel


title: Isaac Babel

texts: (Commissariat of Education), and in a typographic printing office. After the end of the Civil War, <mask> worked as a reporter for The Dawn of the Orient (Заря Востока) a Russian-language newspaper published in Tbilisi. In one of his articles, he expressed regret that Lenin's controversial New Economic Policy had not been more widely implemented.Babel married Yevgenia Gronfein on August 9, 1919, in Odessa. In 1929, their marriage produced a daughter, Nathalie <mask> Brown, who grew up to become a scholar and editor of her father's life and work. By 1925, the Babels' marriage was souring. Yevgenia <mask>, feeling betrayed by her husband's infidelities and motivated by her increasing hatred of communism, emigrated to France. <mask> saw her several times during his visits to Paris. During this period, he also entered into a long-term romantic relationship with Tamara Kashirina. Together, they had a son, Emmanuil <mask>, who was later adopted by his stepfather Vsevolod Ivanov.Emmanuil's name was changed to Mikhail Ivanov, and he later became a noted artist. After the final break with Tamara, <mask> briefly attempted to reconcile with Yevgenia and they had their daughter Natalie in 1929. In 1932, Babel met a Siberian-born Gentile named Antonina Pirozhkova (1909–2010). In 1934, after Babel failed to convince his wife to return to Moscow, he and Antonina began living together. In 1939, their common law marriage produced a daughter, <mask>. According to Pirozhkova, "Before I met Babel, I used to read a great deal, though without any

masks:
Babel
Babel
Babel
Babel
Babel
Babel
Lydia Babel


title: Isaac Babel

texts:
 particular direction. I read whatever I could get my hands on.Babel noticed this and told me, 'Reading that way will get you nowhere. You won't have time to read the books that are truly worthwhile. There are about a hundred books that every educated person needs to read. Sometime I'll try to make you a list of them.' And a few days later he brought me a list. There were ancient writers on it, Greek and Roman—Homer, Herodotus, Lucretius, Suetonius—and also all the classics of later European literature, starting with Erasmus, Rabelais, Cervantes, Swift, and Coster, and going on to 19th century writers such as Stendhal, Mérimée, and Flaubert." Red Cavalry
In 1920, Babel was assigned to Komandarm (Army Commander) Semyon Budyonny's 1st Cavalry Army, witnessing a military campaign of the Polish-Soviet War of 1920.He documented the horrors of the war he witnessed in the 1920 Diary (Конармейский Дневник 1920 года, Konarmeyskiy Dnevnik 1920 Goda), which he later used to write Red Cavalry (Конармия, Konarmiya), a collection of short stories such as "Crossing the River Zbrucz" and "My First Goose". The horrific violence of Red Cavalry seemed to harshly contrast the gentle nature of <mask> himself. Babel wrote: "Only by 1923 I have learned how to express my thoughts in a clear and not very lengthy way. Then I returned to writing." Several stories that were later included in Red Cavalry were published in Vladimir Mayakovsky's LEF ("ЛЕФ") magazine in 1924. Babel's honest description of the brutal realities of war, far from revolutionary


title: Isaac Babel

texts:
 propaganda, earned him some powerful enemies. According to recent research, Marshal Budyonny was infuriated by Babel's unvarnished descriptions of marauding Red Cossacks and demanded Babel's execution without success.However, Gorky's influence not only protected <mask> but also helped to guarantee publication. In 1929 Red Cavalry was translated into English by J. Harland and later was translated into a number of other languages. Argentine author and essayist Jorge Luis Borges once wrote of Red Cavalry, The music of its style contrasts with the almost ineffable brutality of certain scenes. One of the stories—"Salt"—enjoys a glory seemingly reserved for poems and rarely attained by prose: many people know it by heart. Odessa Stories

Back in Odessa, <mask> started to write Odessa Stories, a series of short stories set in the Odessan ghetto of Moldavanka. Published individually between 1921 and 1924 and collected into a book in 1931, the stories describe the life of Jewish gangsters, both before and after the October Revolution. Many of them directly feature the fictional mob boss Benya Krik, loosely based on the historical figure Mishka Yaponchik.Benya Krik is one of the great anti-heroes of Russian literature. These stories were later used as the basis for the stage play Sunset, which centers on Benya Krik's self-appointed mission to right the wrongs of Moldavanka. First on his list is to rein in his alcoholic, womanizing father, Mendel. According to Nathalie <mask> Brown, "Sunset premiered at the Baku Worker's Theatre on October


title: Isaac Babel

texts:
 23, 1927 and played in Odessa, Kyiv, and the celebrated Moscow Art Theatre. The reviews, however, were mixed. Some critics praised the play's 'powerful anti-bourgeois stance and its interesting 'fathers and sons' theme. But in Moscow, particularly, critics felt that the play's attitude toward the bourgeoisie was contradictory and weak.Sunset closed, and was dropped from the repertoire of the Moscow Art Theatre. However, Sunset continued to have admirers. In a 1928 letter to his White emigre father, Boris Pasternak wrote, "Yesterday, I read Sunset, a play by Babel, and almost for the first time in my life I found that Jewry, as an ethnic fact, was a phenomenon of positive, unproblematic importance and power. ... I should like you to read this remarkable play..."

According to Pirozhkova, filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein was also an admirer of Sunset and often compared it to the writings of Émile Zola for, "illuminating capitalist relationships through the experience of a single family." Eisenstein was also quite critical of the Moscow Art Theatre, "for its weak staging of the play, particularly for failing to convey to the audience every single word of its unusually terse text." <mask>'s play Maria candidly depicts both political corruption, prosecution of the innocent, and black marketeering within Soviet society.Noting the play's implicit rejection of socialist realism, Maxim Gorky accused his friend of having a "Baudelairean predilection for rotting meat." Gorky further warned his friend that "political inferences" would be made


title: Isaac Babel

texts:
 "that will be personally harmful to you." According to Pirozhkova, "Once <mask> went to the Moscow Art Theater when his play Mariya was being given its first reading, and when he returned home he told me that all the actresses had been impatient to find out what the leading female role was like and who would be cast in it. It turned out that there was no leading female character present on the stage in this play. Babel thought that the play had not come off well, but ... he was always critical of his own work." Although intended to be performed in 1935, the Maria'''s performance was cancelled by the NKVD during rehearsals. Despite its popularity in the West, Maria was not performed in Russia until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.Carl Weber, a former disciple of Bertolt Brecht, directed Maria at Stanford University in 2004. According to Weber, "The play is very controversial. [It] shows the stories of both sides clashing with each other during the Russian Civil War—the Bolsheviks and the old society members—without making a judgment one way or another. <mask>’s opinion on either side is very ambiguous, but he does make the statement that what happened after the Bolshevik Revolution may not have been the best thing for Russia." His life in 1930s
In 1930, <mask> travelled in Ukraine and witnessed the brutality of forced collectivisation and dekulakisation. Although he never made a public statement about this, he privately confided in Antonina, "The bounty of the past is gone—it is due to the famine in Ukraine and the


title: Isaac Babel

texts: destruction of the village across our land." As Stalin tightened his grip on the Soviet intelligentsia and decreed that all writers and artists must conform to socialist realism, <mask> increasingly withdrew from public life.During the campaign against "Formalism", <mask> was publicly denounced for low productivity. At the time, many other Soviet writers were terrified and frantically rewrote their past work to conform to Stalin's wishes. However, <mask> was unimpressed and confided in his protégé, the writer Ilya Ehrenburg, "In six months time, they'll leave the formalists in peace and start some other campaign." At the first congress of the Union of Soviet Writers (1934), <mask> noted ironically, that he was becoming "the master of a new literary genre, the genre of silence." American Max Eastman describes <mask>'s increasing reticence as an artist in a chapter called "The Silence of Isaac Babyel" in his 1934 book Artists in Uniform. However, according to Nathalie <mask> Brown, his life was tolerable: "The young writer burst upon the literary scene and instantly became the rage in Moscow. The tradition in Russia being to worship poets and writers, Babel soon became one of the happy few, a group that included Soviet writers who enjoyed exceptional status and privileges in an otherwise impoverished and despotic country.In the late 1930s, he was given a villa in the writer's colony of Peredelkino, outside Moscow. No secret was ever made of his having a wife and daughter in Paris. At the same time, hardly anyone outside of Moscow

masks: Babel Babel Babel Babel Babel Babel


title: Isaac Babel

texts: knew of two other children he had fathered. As a matter of fact, Babel had many secrets, lived with many ambiguities and contradictions, and left many unanswered questions behind him." In 1932, after numerous requests, he was permitted to visit his estranged wife Yevgenia in Paris. While visiting his wife and their daughter Nathalie, Babel agonized over whether or not to return to Soviet Russia. In conversations and letters to friends, he expressed a longing of being "a free man," while also expressing fear at no longer being able to make a living solely through writing.On July 27, 1933, <mask> wrote a letter to Yuri Annenkov, stating that he had been summoned to Moscow and was leaving immediately. <mask>'s common-law wife, Antonina Pirozhkova, recalled this era, "<mask> remained in France for so long that it was rumored in Moscow that he was never returning. When I wrote to him about this, he wrote back saying, 'What can people, who do not know anything, possibly say to you, who knows everything?' Babel wrote from France almost daily. I accumulated many letters from him during his 11-month absence. When <mask> was arrested in 1939, all of these letters were confiscated and never returned to me." After his return to the Soviet Union, <mask> decided to move in with Pirozhkova, beginning a common law marriage which would ultimately produce a daughter, Lidya <mask>.He also collaborated with Sergei Eisenstein on the film Bezhin Meadow, about Pavlik Morozov, a child informant for the Soviet secret police. Babel also worked on the


title: Isaac Babel

texts:
 screenplays for several other Stalinist propaganda films. According to Nathalie <mask> Brown, "Babel came to Paris in the summer of 1935, as part of the delegation of Soviet writers to the International Congress of Writers for the Defense of Culture and Peace. He probably knew this would have been his last chance to remain in Europe. As he had done numerous times during the last ten years, he asked my mother to return with him to Moscow. Although he knew the general situation was bad, he nevertheless described to her the comfortable life that the family could have there together. It was the last opportunity my mother had to give a negative answer, and she never forgot it.Perhaps it helped her later on to be proven completely right in her fears and her total lack of confidence in the Soviet Union. My mother described to me these last conversations with my father many times." Arrest and execution

On May 15, 1939, Antonina Pirozhkova was awakened by four NKVD agents pounding upon the door of their Moscow apartment. Although surprised, she agreed to accompany them to <mask>'s dacha in Peredelkino. <mask> was then placed under arrest. According to Pirozhkova: "In the car, one of the men sat in back with <mask> and me while the other one sat in front with the driver. 'The worst part of this is that my mother won't be getting my letters', and then he was silent for a long time.I could not say a single word. Babel asked the secret policeman sitting next to him, 'So I guess you don't get too much sleep, do you?' And he even laughed. As


title: Isaac Babel

texts: we approached Moscow, I said to Babel, 'I'll be waiting for you, it will be as if you've gone to Odessa... only there won't be any letters....' He answered, 'I ask you to see that the child not be made miserable.' "But I don't know what my destiny will be." At this point, the man sitting beside Babel said to me, "We have no claims whatsoever against you." We drove to the Lubyanka Prison and through the gates.The car stopped before the massive, closed door where two sentries stood guard. Babel kissed me hard and said, "Someday we'll see each other..." And without looking back, he got out of the car and went through that door. According to Nadezhda Mandelstam, Babel's arrest became the subject of an urban legend within the NKVD. NKVD agents, she explains, were fond of "telling stories about the risks they ran" in arresting "enemies of the people". Babel had, according to NKVD lore, "seriously wounded one of our men" while "resisting arrest". Mrs. Mandelstam contemptuously declared, "Whenever I hear such tales I think of the tiny hole in the skull of <mask>, a cautious, clever man with a high forehead, who probably never once in his life held a pistol in his hands." According to Peter Constantine, from the day of his arrest, <mask> "became a nonperson in the Soviet Union.His name was blotted out, removed from literary dictionaries and encyclopedias, and taken off school and university syllabi. He became unmentionable in any public venue. When the film director Mark Donskoi's famous Gorky trilogy premiered the following year, <mask>,

masks:
Isaac Babel
Isaac Babel
Babel


title: Isaac Babel

texts: who had worked on the screenplay, had been removed from the credits." According to his file, "Case #419, <mask>, I.E. ", the writer was held at the Lubyanka and Butyrka Prisons for a total of eight months as a case was built against him for Trotskyism, terrorism, and spying for Austria and France. At his initial interrogations, "Babel began by adamantly denying any wrongdoing, but then after three days he suddenly 'confessed' to what his interrogator was suggesting and named many people as co-conspirators. In all likelihood, he was tortured, almost certainly beaten."His interrogators included Boris Rodos, who had a reputation as a particularly brutal torturer, even by the standards of the time, and Lev Schwartzmann, who tortured the renowned theatre director, Vsevolod Meyerhold. Among those he accused of conspiring with him were his close friends Sergei Eisenstein, Solomon Mikhoels, and Ilya Ehrenburg. Despite months of pleading and letters sent directly to Beria, <mask> was denied access to his unpublished manuscripts. In October 1939, <mask> was again summoned for interrogation and denied all his previous testimony. A statement was recorded, "I ask the inquiry to take into account that, though in prison, I committed a crime. I slandered several people." This led to further delays as the NKVD frantically attempted to salvage their cases against Mikhoels, Ehrenburg, and Eisenstein.On 16 January 1940, Beria presented Stalin with a list of 457 'enemies of the party and the soviet regime' who were in custody, with a recommendation


title: Isaac Babel

texts:
 that 346, including <mask> should be shot. According to Babel's daughter, Nathalie <mask> Brown, his trial took place on January 26, 1940, in one of Lavrenti Beria's private chambers. It lasted about twenty minutes. The sentence had been prepared in advance and without ambiguity: death by firing squad, to be carried out immediately. He was shot at 1.30 am on 27 January 1940. Babel's last recorded words in the proceedings were, 'I am innocent. I have never been a spy.I never allowed any action against the Soviet Union. I accused myself falsely. I was forced to make false accusations against myself and others... I am asking for only one thing—let me finish my work.' He was shot the next day and his body was thrown into a communal grave. All of this information was revealed in the early 1990s. According to Simon Sebag Montefiore, <mask>'s ashes were buried with those of Nikolai Yezhov and several other victims of the Great Purge in a common grave at the Donskoy Cemetery.After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, a plaque was placed there which reads, "Here lie buried the remains of the innocent, tortured, and executed victims of political repressions. May they never be forgotten." According to the early official Soviet version, <mask> died in the Gulag on March 17, 1941. Peter Constantine, who translated <mask>'s complete writings into English, has described the writer's execution as "one of the great tragedies of 20th century literature." Rehabilitation
On December 23, 1954, during the Khrushchev thaw, a typed half sheet of paper

masks:
Isaac Babel
Babel
Babel
Isaac Babel
Babel


title: Isaac Babel

texts:
 ended the official silence. It read, "The sentence of the military collegium dated 26 January 1940 concerning <mask>, I.E., is revoked on the basis of newly discovered circumstances and the case against him is terminated in the absence of elements of a crime." <mask>'s works were once again widely published and praised.His public rehabilitation as a writer was initiated with the help of his friend and admirer Konstantin Paustovsky, and a volume of <mask>'s selected works was published in 1957 with a laudatory preface by Ilya Ehrenburg. New collections of selected works by <mask> were published in 1966, 1989 and 1990. Still, certain "taboo" parts such as mentions of Trotsky were censored until the glasnost period shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The first collections of the complete works of <mask> were prepared and published in Russia in 2002 and 2006. Lost writings

After his rehabilitation, Antonina Pirozhkova spent almost five decades campaigning for the return of Babel's manuscripts. These included <mask>'s translations of Sholem Aleichem's writings from Yiddish into Russian, as well as several unpublished short stories and novellas. According to Pirozhkova, As Babel put it, he worked on Sholem Aleichem to "feed his soul."Other "food for the soul" came from writing new stories and the novella "Kolya Topuz." He told me, "I'm writing a novella in which the main character is a former Odessa gangster like Benia Krik. His name is Kolya Topuz and so far, at least, that's also the name of the novella. I want to


title: Isaac Babel

texts:
 show how this sort of man adapts to Soviet reality. Kolya Topuz works on a collective farm during collectivization, and then he goes to work in a Donbass coal mine. But since he has the mentality of a gangster, he's constantly breaking out of the limits of normal life, which leads to numerous funny situations." <mask> spent a great deal of time writing, and he finished many works.Only his arrest prevented his new works from coming out." However, even requests by Ilya Ehrenburg and the Union of Soviet Writers produced no answers from the Soviet State. The truth was not revealed until the advent of Perestroika. According to Pirozhkova, "In 1987, when so much was changing in our country, I again made an official request that the KGB search for Babel's manuscripts in its underground storage areas. In response to my request, I was visited by two KGB agents who informed me that the manuscripts had been burned. 'And so you've come in person to avoid giving me a written response to my request, am I correct?' 'How could you think such a thing?We came here to commiserate. We understand how precious <mask>'s manuscripts would be.'" Legacy

After her husband's return to Moscow in 1935, Yevgenia Gronfein <mask> remained unaware of his other family with Antonina Pirozhkova. Based upon statements made by Ilya Ehrenburg, Yevgenia further believed that her husband was still alive and living in exile. In 1956, however, Ehrenburg told her of her husband's execution while visiting Paris. After also informing Mrs. <mask> of her husband's daughter


title: Isaac Babel

texts: with Antonina Pirozhkova, Ehrenburg asked Yevgenia to sign a false statement attesting to a pre-war divorce from her husband. Enraged, Yevgenia <mask> spat in Ehrenberg's face and then fainted.Her daughter, Nathalie <mask> Brown, believes that Ehrenburg did this under orders from the KGB. With two potential contenders for the role of Babel's widow, the Soviet State clearly preferred <mask>'s common-law wife Antonina to his legal wife Yevgenia, who had emigrated to the West. Although she was too young to have many memories of her father, Nathalie <mask> Brown went on to become one of the world's foremost scholars of his life and work. When W.W. Norton published <mask>'s Complete Works in 2002, Nathalie edited the volume and provided a foreword. She died in Washington, D.C. in 2005. <mask>, the daughter of <mask> and Antonina Pirozhkova, also emigrated to the United States and currently resides in Silver Spring, Maryland. Although Babel's play Maria was very popular at Western European colleges during the 1960s, it was not performed in Babel's homeland until 1994.The first English translation appeared in 1966 in a translation by Michael Glenny in Three Soviet Plays (Penguin) under the title "Marya". Marias American premiere, directed by Carl Weber, took place at Stanford University in 2004. Several American writers have valued Babel's writings. Hubert Selby has called Babel "the closest thing I have to a literary influence." James Salter has named Babel his favorite short-story writer. "He has the three essentials of greatness:

masks:
Babel
Babel
Babel
Babel
Babel
Lydia Babel
Isaac Babel


title: Isaac Babel

texts:
 style, structure, and authority." George Saunders, when asked for a literary influence said "There's a Russian writer named <mask> that I love.I can drop in anywhere in his works, read a few pages, and go, Oh yeah, language. It's almost like if you were tuning a guitar and you heard a beautifully tuned one and you say, Yeah, that's what we want. We want something that perfect. When I read him, it recalibrates my ear. It reminds me of the difference between an OK sentence and a really masterful sentence. Babel does it for me." Memorial in Odessa

A memorial to <mask> was unveiled on the north-west corner of the intersection of (V)ulitsa Rishelyevskaya and (V)ulitsa Zhukovskogo in Odessa in early September 2011, and, in conjunction with the inauguration of the memorial, a commemorative reading of three of his stories held, with musical interludes from the works of <mask>, in the Philharmonic Hall in (V)ulitsa Pushkinskaya on September 6, 2011.The city also has an already existing (V)ulitsa Babelya ("Babel Street") in the Moldavanka. BibliographyBooks Конармейский дневник 1920 года (written 1920, published 1990). 1920 Diary, trans. H. T. Willetts (1995, Yale University Press; )
 Конармия (1926). Red Cavalry
Закат (written 1926, performed 1927, published 1928). Sunset
 Benya Krik (1926, screenplay). Filmed in Ukraine and available on DVD from National Center for Jewish Film.Одесские рассказы (published individually 1921–1924, collected in 1931). Odessa Stories
 Мария, Maria, play (published 1935, not performed in USSR)Posthumous

masks:
Isaac Babel
Isaac Babel
Isaac Schwartz


title: Isaac Babel

texts:
 compilations Benya Krik, the Gangster and Other Stories, ed. Avrahm Yarmolinsky, with translations by Walter Morison, Bernard Guilbert Guerney and the editor (Schocken, 1948)
The Collected Stories, trans. Walter Morison (1955)
Lyubka the Cossack and Other Stories, trans. Andrew R. MacAndrew (1963)
You Must Know Everything, Stories 1915-1937, trans. Max Hayward, ed. with notes by Nathalie <mask> (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1966)
The Forgotten Prose, ed.and trans. Nicholas Stroud (Ardis, 1978)
Collected Stories, trans. David McDuff (Penguin, 1994)
 The Complete Works of <mask> Babel, trans. Peter Constantine, ed. Nathalie <mask>, intro. Cynthia Ozick (Norton, 2002)
Odessa Stories, trans. Boris Dralyuk (Pushkin Press, 2016)
 The Essential Fictions, trans.Val Vinokur (Northwestern University Press, 2017)Short stories' "Story of My Dovecote" (1925)
"Crossing the Zbruch" (as "I. Babiel") (1926)

 In popular culture
British writer Bernard Kops wrote a poem, and later a play, about Babel: "Whatever Happened to <mask> Babel?" Brazilian writer Rubem Fonseca wrote a novel about the search for a lost manuscript from Babel: "Vastas emoções e pensamentos imperfeitos" (1988). American author Travis Holland wrote his debut novel "The Archivist's Story” about an archivist, Pavel Dubrov, in Lubyanka Prison who has to authenticate a Babel manuscript. In the novel his meeting with Babel prompts him to save the story at great risk to himself. References

Further reading
 <mask> and Nathalie <mask> Brown, <mask> Babel: The Lonely Years 1925-1939 :

masks:
Babel
Isaac
Babel
Isaac
Isaac Babel
Babel
Isaac


title: Isaac Babel

texts:
 Unpublished Stories and Private Correspondence, David R Godine, 1995. Jerome Charyn, Savage Shorthand: The Life and Death of <mask> Babel, Random House, 2005. Antonina N. Pirozhkova, At His Side: The Last Years of Issac Babel, Steerforth Press, 1998.Vitaly Shentalinsky, The KGB's Literary Files, Harvill, 1995
 Gregory Freidin, ed. The Enigma of <mask> Babel: Life, History, Context. Stanford University Press, 2009
 Konstantin Paustovsky, "Reminiscences of Babel", 1962
 Adrien Le Bihan, "Isaac Babel, l'écrivain condamné par Staline", 346 p., Perrin, Paris, 2015. Sam Sacks, "A Masterpiece Worth Revisiting" (review of <mask>, Red Cavalry, translated from the Russian by Boris Dralyuk, London, Pushkin Press, 219 pp. ), The Wall Street Journal, 30 April 2015. Nicholas Lezard, “Criminally Good” (review of <mask>, Odessa Stories, translated from the Russian by Boris Dralyuk, London, Pushkin Press, 221 pp. ), The Guardian, 1 November 2016.Charles King, “You Want Him to Keep Talking” (review of <mask>, Odessa Stories, translated from the Russian by Boris Dralyuk, London, Pushkin Press, 221 pp. ), Times Literary Supplement, 29 March 2017. Gary Saul Morson, "The Horror, the Horror" (review of <mask>, The Essential Fictions, edited and translated from the Russian by Val Vinokur, Northwestern University Press, 404 pp. ; <mask>, Red Cavalry, translated from the Russian by Boris Dralyuk, London, Pushkin Press, 219 pp; and <mask>, Odessa Stories, translated from the Russian by Boris Dralyuk, London, Pushkin Press, 221 pp. ), The New York Review of

masks:
Isaac
Isaac
Isaac Babel
Isaac Babel
Isaac Babel
Isaac Babel
Isaac Babel
Isaac Babel


title: Judith Ann Mayotte

texts:
<mask> (born January 25, 1937) is an American humanitarian, author, theologian, producer, former Catholic religious sister, ethicist, and university professor. Early life

She was born <mask> in Wichita, Kansas, where she grew up in the typical midwest household. During her first year in college she was stricken with polio. She then had to literally learn how to walk all over again. She soon turned to Catholicism and, against her father's wishes, became a religious sister. Sister of Charity
For 10 years Moberly lived as a member of the Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, during which time she was known as Sister Mary Vivia, B.V.M. This being a teaching order, she worked in the inner cities of Los Angeles, Phoenix, Arizona, Milwaukee and Kansas City, Missouri."That was my introduction to people on the margins of society," she says. The changes in the way of life of members of Catholic religious orders mandated by Second Vatican Council held by the Catholic Church during the mid-1960s led Moberly to reassess her life, and she eventually left her religious congregation. She then taught juvenile delinquents for a while, and in 1976 earned a doctorate in theology at Marquette University. Moberly soon married <mask> who was International Vice President for Square D.  They were together only three years before he died of cancer in 1975. Television producer

Mayotte then spent time as a television producer. In 1978 she joined WTTW, Chicago's public broadcasting station, as the Director of Research for the News and Current Affairs Division. In 1982 she joined Turner Broadcasting as Senior Researcher and a producer for the Emmy and Peabody Award winning documentary series Portrait of America.In 1985 she won an Emmy

masks:
Judith Ann Mayotte
Judith Ann Moberly
Jack Mayotte


title: Judith Ann Mayotte

texts:
 for writing and producing the "Washington" segment of the series. In 1986 she joined the William Benton Fellowships in Broadcast Journalism at the University of Chicago as associate director and in 1988 became acting director. It was during this time that Mayotte found herself drawn, inexplicably, she says, to refugee work. She simply realized one day that she wanted to venture overseas and work with the displaced: "It's something I can't really explain. It was just in my heart and my gut. I just didn't question it." Finding her passion

Mayotte applied for and received a grant from the MacArthur Foundation to write a book about refugees.In 1989, at age 51, she embarked on two years of living alone in Eritrea, Sudan, Pakistan, Thailand, and Cambodia. Her book, Disposable People? The Plight of Refugees, was published in 1992. According to an article in the April 1997 issue of Johns Hopkins Magazine, in September 1993 Mayotte traveled to southern Sudan (now the independent nation of South Sudan) on behalf of Refugees International. She was gathering information on Operation Lifeline Sudan, whose 27 organizations, including UNICEF, were trying to feed 1.5 million people a day, all of them refugees created by Sudan's three-decade civil war. In tow was a film crew from a public television series, Visionaries. While in a village named Ayod, the crew decided to film an aerial supply drop.The article describes the event:

State Department career

In 1994 <mask> was appointed by the first Clinton Administration to the U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration as a Special Adviser on refugee issues and policy. Before joining the State Department, she was Chairwoman of the Women's Refugee


title: Paul van Buitenen

texts:
<mask> (; born 28 May 1957) is a retired Dutch politician of the Europe Transparent Party who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2009. He was an assistant-auditor in the European Commission's Financial Control Directorate becoming the whistleblower who first drew the attention of a Member of the European Parliament to the irregularities, fraud and mismanagement within the Commission in 1998. In May 2005, he also asked the European Commission to create an investigation, after learning that Frits Bolkestein (author of the Directive on services in the internal market) was a member of the Russian Bank Menatep's international consultative council (owned by Mikhail Khodorkovsky) and that he had worked for the Shell British-Dutch petrol company, two firms "detaining secret accounts in Clearstream". 1998 whistleblowing
His whistleblowing on 9 December 1998 indirectly led to the resignation of the Commission presided by Jacques Santer (who has also been prime minister of Luxembourg) and the fall of Édith Cresson. For this, he was suspended, had his salary halved and ordered to face disciplinary action. He fought on and the combination of his exposures with the public indignation of his treatment by the Commission triggered the collapse of Jacques Santer's Commission, of which Édith Cresson was particularly criticised. Eventually he was – at least partially – forgiven and returned to the organisation, albeit in a different capacity.Nevertheless, he would later leave on 'unpaid leave' in order to pursue a political career. He has been named 'European of the Year' by Reader's Digest magazine
and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. He donated his prize money to a fund in the Netherlands for helping other whistleblowers


title: Paul van Buitenen

texts:
 and in 1999 he wrote a book which reveals the whole story – followed by a sequel in 2004. The second book only came out in Dutch and German. An English version risked causing trouble with Commissioner Neil Kinnock. 2006 whistleblowing
On 26 April 2006, daily 20 Minutes revealed that "in May 2005, MEP <mask> Buitenen was shocked by Frits Bolkestein's presence to Menatep's international consultative council, a sulfurous Russian banking establishment, and by his work for Shell, British-Dutch petrol company. Two firms 'detaining secret accounts in Clearstream' ... <mask>n, also Dutch, then asked for 'clarification' to the European Commission and the opening of a parliamentary investigation.The Commission's president, José Manuel Barroso, answered that these facts "don't bring up any new question" and that it is not known "if Menatep took contact with Bolkestein while he was in his functions". No investigation thereby took place." The free daily underlines that "in 2001, it was Bolkestein himself that announced the Commission's refusal to open up a parliamentary investigation on Clearstream", following Harlem Désir's requests and accusations that Menatep had an "undeclared account" at Clearstream. Bolkestein refused to answer any questions by the newspaper. 2008 whistleblowing
On 5 March 2008, <mask> Buitenen published  on his website a summary of a confidential internal report dealing with abuse of the EU expenses and staff allowance system. Transparency and current functions

Pledging to continue the fight against fraud and bureaucratic inefficiency on the European level, <mask> founded a party named Europe Transparent, ran with it for the European Parliament in the 2004 elections (in the Netherlands) and won two seats for his party.

masks:
Paul van
van Buitene
Paul van
Van Buitenen


title: Paul van Buitenen

texts:
 <mask> joined the Greens-EFA group in the European Parliament as an independent member.His functions in the European Parliament were
Member of the Committee on Budgetary Control,
Substitute for the Committee on Petitions and
Substitute for the Delegation for relations with Switzerland, Iceland and Norway and to the European Economic Area (EEA) Joint Parliamentary Committee. In 2007, he submitted a parliamentary question, along with Hannu Takkula (ALDE) and <mask> (PSE), accusing Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad of incitement to genocide (based on statements that the "Regime [Israel] that is occupying Qods [Jerusalem] must be eliminated from the pages of history") and urging the European Commission  to take action. On 29 January 2008 <mask> announced that his party Europe Transparent was to be dissolved and that he personally intended to join the ChristianUnion. After the European elections of June 2009 <mask> returned to the European Commission, this time in DG RTD, at a stone's throw from the European Parliament. He checked for possible irregularities in Framework 7 contracts, under acting Head of Unit Peter Baader, a former OLAF official. Van Buitenen has retired as an EU official in mid-2011. Quotes
 "The European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) has had success in combating external corruption in the member states, but it is in the internal cases where it has found problems.Working with the EU authorities makes it very difficult to proceed in an investigation ... OLAF's independence exists only on paper ... Every time the committee is approached about corruption, it promises to improve the situation. But then a new case arises.... We must decide if we are to continue with the European arrangement. If we do, then we must also create

masks:
Van Buitenen
Paulo Casaca
Van Buitenen
Van Buitenen


title: Paul van Buitenen

texts:
 these democratic structures at European level. Otherwise we should revert to allowing the national authorities and parliaments to take over the controlling functions again. But at the moment, as it stands, everything goes wrong.... Things have got even worse. There is now a regulation which supposedly protects so-called whistleblowers which makes officials believe that they can uncover scandals.But in reality, if one does this, they are destroyed. So the regulation does not work. "(Deutsche Welle, 2 April 2007)

Books

By <mask>n
 <mask> Buitenen: In de loopgraven van Brussel: de slag om een transparant Europa, Ten Have, 2004, pp. 128–153. .
 <mask> Buitenen: Blowing the Whistle: Fraud in the European Commission, Politicos Pub, 2000, ,

Related
 Andreas Oldag, Hans-Martin Tillack: Raumschiff Brüssel – Wie die Demokratie in Europa scheitert (in German, Spaceship Brussels – How Democracy in Europe fails), Argon Verlag, 2003 (1st ed., hardcover), ,  / Fischer, Frankfurt 2004 (2nd ed.) ,

See also
 Accountability in the European Union
 Clearstream scandal
 List of books on the European Union
 Marta Andreasen

References

External links

  Parlement.com biography
 Article about <mask>enen's whistle-blowing
 Articles mentioning <mask>enen
 "Brussels whistleblower quits in despair," BBC (Tuesday, 27 August 2002, 13:20 GMT 14:20 UK). The Story of <mask> Buitenen
 Website of <mask> Buitenen (also in English)

1957 births
Living people
Dutch accountants
Dutch civil servants
Dutch whistleblowers
Europe Transparent MEPs
Europe Transparent politicians
Knights of the Order of Orange-Nassau
MEPs for the Netherlands 2004–2009
People from Breda
United Pentecostal and Evangelical Churches members
European Union whistleblowers
Dutch officials of the

masks:
van Buitene
Paul van
Paul van
van Buit
van Buit
Paul van
Paul van


title: Roger A. Caras

texts:
<mask> (May 24, 1928 – February 18, 2001) was an American wildlife photographer, writer, wildlife preservationist and television personality. Known as the host of the annual Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show, <mask> was the author of more than 70 books, a veteran of network television programs including Nightline, ABC World News Tonight and 20/20 before devoting himself to work as president of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. "Animals are not our whole life, but they make our lives whole" -<mask>

Biography

Early life and education

Born May 24, 1928, in the rural town of Methuen, Massachusetts, Caras was raised in a family that encouraged love of animals. His parents allowed him to foster a menagerie of pets, and during the Depression he went to work at the age of 10 to help pay for his pets' upkeep. His first job, working in the stables of an SPCA shelter, was his first experience with animal rescue in the shelter's haven for abused horses. He completed his education at Boston's Huntington Preparatory School and immediately enlisted in the U.S. Army near the end of World War II. Caras returned to Boston after his tour of duty and then enrolled as a zoology major at Northwestern University.In 1950, he transferred to Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, but interrupted his education for military service again, this time in the Korean War from 1950 to 1952. Career

Caras returned to civilian life as a West Coast resident, attending the University of Southern California, where he earned a degree, not in zoology but in cinema, and stepped from academic life to executive-level work in the motion

masks:
Roger Andrew Caras
Caras
Roger Caras


title: Roger A. Caras

texts: picture industry. During 15 years in the film world, Caras held a number of assignments, including serving as press secretary for actress Joan Crawford, and from 1965 to 1969 as vice president of Stanley Kubrick's production company, Hawk Films, working with Kubrick and <mask>. Clarke on the science fiction epic 2001: A Space Odyssey. During his Hollywood years, <mask> also launched his writing career, contributing articles on animal and environmental issues to such periodicals as "Audubon" and publishing his first book, "Antarctica: Land of Frozen Time,” in 1962. In 1964, <mask> made his broadcasting debut on the NBC News program The Today Show, spending nearly a decade as the program's "house naturalist." His skills in broadcasting, research, biology, and zoology led to his acceptance as one of the media's best-regarded animal authorities. He was sought out by the Walt Disney conglomerate as a consultant on their Florida Animal Kingdom park.Acting as a special correspondent, Caras reported from around the globe on a variety of animal and environmental issues that ranged from exposes on laboratory animals to the plight of the endangered Giant Panda in China and to investigation of the black market commerce in exotic animals and poaching. Caras spent from 1975 to 1992 as a regularly featured reporter on ABC Evening News (later World News Tonight with Peter Jennings,) as well as contributing to Nightline, 20/20, and Good Morning America. He also hosted radio programs, including Pets and Wildlife on CBS, Report from the World of Animals on NBC, and the ABC series The Living World. <mask> won an Emmy Award for his reporting. His books

masks:
Arthur C
Caras
Caras
Caras


title: Roger A. Caras

texts:
 include The Bond and his last book, Going for the Blue: Inside the World of Show Dogs and Dog Shows, which was published in time for the 2001 Westminster competition. <mask>’s work with and on behalf of animals led to his 1991 election as the 14th president of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the oldest humane-treatment-of-animals organization in the United States. During his tenure, the ASPCA expanded its care, protection and education programs, and adopted a number of internal practices to improve its work.Caras retired in 1999 and became president emeritus, acting as a consultant and public speaker for the organization. Death and afterward

Caras made his home in Freeland, Baltimore County, Maryland, where he and his wife, Jill Langdon Barclay, maintained a farm that became home for a variety of animals. In 2001, in the last year of his life, Caras shared his farm with 12 dogs (7 Greyhounds, 3 retrievers and 2 hounds), nine cats, all of mixed origin, five horses, two cows, a pair of alpacas and a llama. After his death, his wife, his son, Dr. <mask>, and daughter, <mask>, requested that people wishing to honor his memory donate memorial contributions to the ASPCA in his name. Selected works

Books

 Antarctica; land of frozen time. With special charts by A. Peter Ianuzzi. 1962
 Dangerous to man; wild animals: a definitive study of their reputed dangers to man, by <mask>. <mask>.1964
 Wings of gold: the story of United States naval aviation, by <mask>. <mask>. 1965
 Last Chance on Earth: A Requiem for Wildlife, by <mask><mask>. Illustrated by Charles Fracé. 1966
 Custer Wolf; biography of

masks:
Caras
Barclay Caras
Pamela Caras
Roger A
Caras
Roger A
Caras
Roger A
. Caras


title: Roger A. Caras

texts:
 an American renegade, by <mask><mask>. Illustrated by Charles Fracé. 1966
 Loup blanc de Custer, roman [par] <mask>. [Traduit de l'américain par Yves Braínville.]1967
 North American Mammals: Fur-Bearing Animals of the United States and Canada, by <mask><mask>. 1967
 Sarang: the story of a Bengal tiger and of two children in search of a miracle, a novel, by <mask><mask>. 1968
 Monarch of Deadman Bay; the life and death of a Kodiak bear, by <mask><mask>. 1969
 Animal children, edited by <mask>. Foreword by <mask> Peterson. 1970
 Panther! Illus.by Charles Fracé. 1970
 Source of the thunder; the biography of a California condor. Illus. by Charles Fracé. Foreword by Roland C. Clement. 1970
 Vanishing wildlife, edited by <mask>. Foreword by <mask> Peterson.1970
 Animal architecture. Edited by <mask>. Foreword by <mask> Peterson. 1971
 Birds in flight. Edited by <mask>. Foreword by <mask> Peterson. 1971
 Death as a way of life [by] <mask><mask>.1971
 Animal courtships. Edited by <mask>. Foreword by <mask> Peterson. 1972
 Boundary: land and sea. Edited by <mask>. Foreword by <mask> Peterson. 1972
 Creatures of the night.Edited by <mask>. Foreword by <mask> Peterson. 1972
 Last chance on earth; a requiem for wildlife, by <mask><mask>. Illustrated by Charles Fracé. New pref. by the author. 1972
 Protective coloration and mimicry; nature's camouflage.Edited by <mask>. Foreword by <mask> Peterson. 1972
 Going to the zoo with <mask>, by <mask>. Illustrated by Cyrille R. Gentry. Foreword by William G. Conway. 1973
 Wonderful world of mammals; adventuring with stamps, by <mask>. 1973

masks:
Roger A
. Caras
Roger Caras
Roger A
. Caras
Roger A
. Caras
Roger A
. Caras
Roger Caras
Roger Tory
Roger Caras
Roger Tory
Roger Caras
Roger Tory
Roger Caras
Roger Tory
Roger A
. Caras
Roger Caras
Roger Tory
Roger Caras
Roger Tory
Roger Caras
Roger Tory
Roger A
. Caras
Roger Caras
Roger Tory
Roger Caras
Roger Caras
Roger Caras


title: Roger A. Caras

texts:
 Bizarre animals / by <mask>; foreword by <mask> Peterson.1974
 North American mammals: fur-bearing animals of the United States and Canada / by <mask><mask>. 1974
 Private lives of animals. Commentary by <mask>. Design and coordination by Massimo Vignelli and Gudrun Buettner. Assembled and edited by Milton Rugoff and <mask>. 1974
 Venomous animals / by <mask>; foreword by <mask> Peterson. 1974
 Venomous animals of the world [by] <mask>.1974
 Dangerous to man: the definitive story of wildlife's reputed dangers / <mask>. Caras. 1975
 Sockeye: the life of a Pacific salmon / by <mask>. 1975
 Zoo in your room / <mask>; ill. by Pamela Johnson. 1975
 <mask>s pet book / <mask>. Caras. 1976
 Skunk for a day / <mask>; pictures by Diane Paterson. 1976
 Pet medicine: health care and first aid for all household pets / by <mask> ... [et al. ]; with ill. by Suzanne Clee; designed by Barbara Bell Pitnof.1977
 Coyote for a day / <mask>; illustrated by Diane Paterson. 1977
 Monarch of Deadman Bay: the life and death of a Kodiak bear / by <mask>; ill. by Charles Fracé. 1977
 Panther! / by <mask>; ill. by Charles Fracé. 1977
 Source of the thunder: the biography of a California condor / by <mask>; ill. by Charles Fracé; foreword by Roland C. Clement. 1977
 Dog owner's Bible / editor, <mask>. <mask>; special assistant editor, Donald L. Wall ... [et al.]. 1978
 Custer Wolf: biography of an American renegade / by <mask><mask>; introd.by Gerald Durrell; illustrated by Charles Fracé. 1979
 Dogs: records, stars, feats, and facts / <mask> and Pamela C. Graham. 1979
 Forest / <mask>; ill.

masks:
Roger Caras
Roger Tory
Roger A
. Caras
Roger Caras
Ann Guilfoyle
Roger Caras
Roger Tory
Roger Caras
Roger A
Roger Caras
Roger Caras
Roger Cara
Roger A
Roger Caras
Roger Caras
Roger Caras
Roger Caras
Roger Caras
Roger Caras
Roger A
Caras
Roger A
. Caras
Roger Caras
Roger Caras


title: Roger A. Caras

texts:
 by <mask>. 1979
 Mysteries of nature, explained and unexplained / by <mask>. 1979
 Yankee: the inside story of a champion bloodhound / <mask>. Caras. 1979
 Amiable little beasts: investigating the lives of young animals / conceived and edited by <mask>; text by <mask>. <mask> and Steve Graham. 1980
 Forest / <mask>; ill. by <mask>.1980
 <mask>s dog book / photos. by <mask> <mask>. 1980
 Celebration of dogs / <mask>. 1982
 Celebration of dogs / <mask>. 1984
 Harper's illustrated handbook of cats / health care section by Robert W. Kirk; edited by <mask>; with photographs by Richard J. Katris and Nancy Katris. 1985
 Harper's illustrated handbook of dogs / health care section by Robert W. Kirk; edited by <mask>; with photographs by John L<mask>. 1985
 Endless migrations / <mask>s; illustrations by Kimio Honda.1985
 Mara Simba: the African lion / <mask>s. 1985
 Celebration of cats / <mask>. <mask>. 1986
 <mask>' treasury of great cat stories. 1987
 <mask>' treasury of great dog stories. 1987
 Animals in their places: tales from the natural world / <mask>. Caras. 1987
 Private lives of animals / commentary by <mask>. 1987
 Cat is watching: a look at the way cats see us / <mask>. <mask>.1989
 Animal families of the wild: animal stories / by <mask> ... [et al. ]; edited by William F. Russell; with art by John Butler. 1990
 <mask>' treasury of great horse stories. 1990
 Custer wolf: biography of an American renegade / by <mask>. <mask>; illustrated by Charles Fracé. 1990
 Monarch of Deadman Bay: the life and death of a Kodiak bear / by <mask>. <mask>;

masks:
Norman Arlott
Roger Caras
Roger A
Ann Guilfoyle
Roger A
Caras
Roger Caras
Norman Arlott
Roger Cara
Alton
Anderson
Roger Caras
Roger Caras
Roger Caras
Roger Caras
. Ashby
Roger Cara
Roger Cara
Roger A
Caras
Roger Caras
Roger Caras
Roger A
Roger Caras
Roger A
Caras
Roger Caras
Roger Caras
Roger A
Caras
Roger A
Caras


title: Roger A. Caras

texts:
 illustrations by Charles Fracé. 1990
 Panther! / by <mask>. <mask>; illustrations by Charles Fracé.1990
 Forest / <mask>; illustrations by <mask>. 1991
 Sarang: the story of a Bengal tiger and of two children in search of a miracle: a novel / by <mask>. <mask>. 1991
 Source of the thunder: the biography of a California condor / by <mask>. <mask>; illustrations by Charles Fracé; foreword by Roland C. Clement. 1991
 Cats at work / Rhonda Gray and Stephen T. Robinson; commentary by <mask>; commissioned photography by Guy Powers. 1991
 Custer wolf [sound recording] / by <mask>. <mask>. 1992
 Dog is listening: the way some of our closest friends view us / <mask>. <mask>. 1992
 <mask>s dog book / <mask>; photographs by <mask> <mask>.1992
 <mask>' treasury of classic nature tales. 1992
 Cats of Thistle Hill: a mostly peaceable kingdom / <mask>. Caras; photographs by Dave and Jennifer McMichael, additional photographs by Mimi Vang Olsen; back cover portrait of <mask> by Ian Hornak. 1994
 World full of animals: the <mask> story / by <mask>. 1994
 Field guide to venomous animals and poisonous plants, North America, north of Mexico / Steven Foster and <mask>. <mask>. 1994
 Most dangerous journey: the life of an African elephant / <mask>. <mask>, with photographs by the author. 1995
 Perfect harmony: the intertwining lives of animals and humans throughout history / <mask>. Caras. 1996    *<mask>s dog book / <mask>s; principal photography by <mask> <mask>.1996
 New <mask>s treasury of great cat stories. 1997
 Bond: people and their animals / essays by <mask>; photographs by Shel

masks:
Roger A
Caras
Roger Caras
Norman Arlott
Roger A
Caras
Roger A
Caras
Roger Caras
Roger A
Caras
Roger A
Caras
Roger Cara
Roger Caras
Alton
Anderson
Roger Caras
Roger A
Roger Caras
Roger Caras
Roger Caras
Roger A
Caras
Roger A
Caras
Roger A
Roger Cara
Roger Cara
Alton
Anderson
Roger Cara
Roger Caras


title: Roger A. Caras

texts:
 Secunda. 1997
 Cat is watching: a look at the way cats see us / <mask>. Cars. 1997
 Dog is listening: the way some of our closest friends view us / <mask>. Caras. 1998
 New <mask>s treasury of great dog stories. 1999
 New <mask>s treasury of great horse stories.1999
 <mask>' treasury of great fishing stories. 1999
 Going for the blue: inside the world of show dogs and dog shows / by <mask>. <mask>. 2001

See also
 Dogs in the United States

Notes

References
 "<mask>, 72, Animal Welfare Advocate," New York Times, Sherri Day, Feb 20, 2001. Library of Congress

External links

1928 births
2001 deaths
American naturalists
American nature writers
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American photographers
American television personalities
Animal welfare workers
Nature photographers
20th-century

masks:
Roger A
Roger A
Roger Cara
Roger Cara
Roger Caras
Roger A
Caras
Roger Caras


title: William Scoresby

texts:
<mask>  (5 October 178921 March 1857), was an English whaler, Arctic explorer, scientist and clergyman. Early years
<mask> was born in the village of Cropton near Pickering  south-west of Whitby in Yorkshire. His father, <mask> (1760–1829), made a fortune in the Arctic whale fishery and was also the inventor of the barrel crow's nest. The son made his first voyage with his father at the age of eleven, but then returned to school, where he remained until 1803. After this he became his father's constant companion, and accompanied him as chief officer of the whaler Resolution when on 25 May 1806, he succeeded in reaching 81°30' N. lat. (19° E. long), for twenty-one years the highest northern latitude attained in the eastern hemisphere. During the following winter, Scoresby attended the natural philosophy and chemistry classes at Edinburgh University, and again in 1809.Scientist
In his voyage of 1807, <mask> began the study of the meteorology and natural history of the polar regions. Earlier results included his original observations on snow and crystals; and in 1809 Robert Jameson brought certain Arctic papers of his before the Wernerian Society of Edinburgh, which at once elected him to its membership. In 1811, <mask>by shipbroker. In his voyage of 1813, he established for the first time the fact that the polar ocean has a warmer temperature at considerable depths than it has on the surface, and each subsequent voyage in search of whales found him no less eager of fresh additions to scientific knowledge. His letters of this period to Sir Joseph Banks, whose acquaintance he had made a few years earlier, no doubt gave the first impulse to the search for the North-West Passage which followed. On 29 June 1816, commanding the Esk on his fifteenth whaling voyage

masks:
William Scoresby
Scoresby
William Scoresby
Scoresby
Scoresbyhit


title: William Scoresby

texts: from Whitby, <mask> encountered grave problems when ice damaged his ship.With the aid of his brother-in-law's crew on board the John, and after agreeing to surrendering much of their catch, the Esk was repaired, of which <mask> recounted in his 1820 book The Northern Whale-Fishery. In 1819, <mask> was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Robert Jameson, John Playfair and Sir G S Mackenzie. About the same time he communicated a paper to the Royal Society of London: "On the Anomaly in the Variation of the Magnetic Needle". In 1820, he published An Account of the Arctic Regions and Northern Whale Fishery, in which he gathers up the results of his own observations, as well as those of previous navigators. In 1820 and 1821 he commanded  on whale hunting voyages to the Greenland whale fishery. In 1821 he was accompanied on the Baffin (1820) of Liverpool to Greenland by George Manby, who wished to test a new type of harpoon for whaling, based on the same principles as his Manby mortar.Manby published his account in 1822 as Journal of a Voyage to Greenland, containing observations on the flora and fauna of the Arctic regions as well as the practice of whale hunting. In his voyage of 1822 to Greenland, <mask> surveyed and charted with remarkable accuracy 400 miles of the east coast, between 69° 30' and 72° 30', thus contributing to the first real and important geographic knowledge of East Greenland. This, however, proved to be the last of his Arctic voyages. On his return, he learnt of his wife's death, and this event, with other influences acting upon his naturally pious spirit, decided him to enter the church. <mask>'s Journal of a Voyage to the Northern Whale Fishery, including Researches and Discoveries on the Eastern Coast

masks: Scoresby Scoresby Scoresby Scoresby Scoresby


title: William Scoresby

texts:
 of Greenland (1823), appeared at Edinburgh. In 1824, the Royal Society elected him a fellow, and in 1827, he became an honorary corresponding member of the Paris Academy of Sciences. From the first, <mask> worked as an active member and official of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and he contributed especially to the knowledge of terrestrial magnetism.Of his sixty papers in the Royal Society list, many relate to this department of research. However, his observations extended into many other departments, including researches on optics and, with James Joule, comparing electromagnetic (chemical), thermal (coal/steam), and organic (horse) power sources. To obtain additional data for his theories on magnetism, he made a voyage to Australia in 1856 on board the ill-fated iron-hulled Royal Charter, the results of which appeared in a posthumous publication: Journal of a Voyage to Australia for Magnetical Research, edited by Archibald Smith (1859). He made two visits to America, in 1844 and 1848; on his return home from the latter visit he made observations on the height of Atlantic waves, the results of which were given to the British Association. He interested himself much in social questions, especially the improvement of the condition of factory operatives. In 1850, <mask> published a work urging the prosecution of the search for the Franklin expedition and giving the results of his own experience in Arctic navigation. Clerical career
<mask> began divinity studies at Queens' College, Cambridge,
enrolling under the ten-year divinity statute and thus becoming a ten-year man, and also became the curate of Bessingby, Yorkshire.In 1834 he received his bachelor's degree in Divinity (BD) from Cambridge University, and in 1839, was awarded an

masks: Scoresby Scoresby Scoresby


title: William Scoresby

texts: honorary doctorate, Doctor of Divinity (DD). Clerical duties at Bessingby, and later at Liverpool, Exeter and Bradford, co-existed with his interest in science. He published numerous works and papers of a religious character. From 1839 to 1846 <mask> was vicar of Bradford, Yorkshire, a "large, industrial, dissenting parish", also described as an "ever-expanding, raucous, restless industrial conurbation",  across. The appointment to Bradford had been in the hands of the Simeon Trust, since Charles Simeon's death in 1836. His predecessor Henry Heap (died 1839), had let the administration slide. There were 13 Bradford curates, counting incumbent perpetual curates, who included Patrick Brontë and <mask> (1782–1858).There were new churches, such as St James's built by John Wood, and one at Wibsey under construction by the Hardy family, ironmasters. <mask> addressed matters in hand, but succeeded only in generating contentious issues. On finance, he took on Wood in 1840, over surplice fees in his new church, and was opposed by Wood's "factory movement" allies and others. St James's was closed for a period, and Wood moved away to the south. <mask> believed in smaller catchment districts for churches; he clashed with Morgan over this issue. He tried unsuccessfully to divide the parish in 1843. Suffering a breakdown in health, <mask> resigned as vicar in 1846, after a tour in the US to look at industrial conditions.He took no further permanent clerical posts. <mask> married three times. After his third marriage (1849), he built a villa at Torquay, where he was appointed honorary lecturer at the Parish church of St Mary Magdalene, Upton. He died in Torquay on 21 March 1857. He is buried in the churchyard at Upton and commemorated by a memorial which is decorated

masks:
Scoresby
William Morgan
Scoresby
Scoresby
Scoresby
Personal Scoresby


title: William Scoresby

texts:
 with mariner's compass and dividers, and a Bible. He is also memorialised on the family grave in Whitby. His sister Arabella <mask> was mother to the physician Robert Edmund <mask>-Jackson FRSE.Legacy
A number of places have been named after him, including:
 the Lunar crater Scoresby
 Scoresbysund, now Ittoqqortoormiit on the east coast of Greenland
 the Scoresby Sund fjord system
 the Melbourne suburb of Scoresby, Victoria in Australia, which is 25 km southeast of the CBD
 RRS William Scoresby, an early-twentieth-century research vessel in the employ of the British scientific organisation, Discovery Investigations
 Scoresby Land in Greenland
 Cape Scoresby (66°34′S 162°45′E / 66.567°S 162.75°E / -66.567; 162.75), bluff marking the north end of Borradaile Island. Scoresbyøya, which means Scoresby Island in English. A small island of 6 km2, north of Nordaustlandet, Svalbard, Norway. References in literature
Herman Melville's main character Ishmael quotes <mask> in the Cetology chapter of Moby-Dick: "'No branch of Zoology is so much involved as that which is entitled Cetology,' says <mask>, A.D. 1820." Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials trilogy features a character named <mask>, an intrepid explorer, old Arctic hand, and balloon aeronaut. Pullman has stated that the character was named after <mask> and Lee Van Cleef.<mask> is named in H. P. Lovecraft's science fiction-horror novella At the Mountains of Madness. References

Further reading
Life by his nephew, Robert Edmund <mask>-Jackson (1861). External links

1789 births
1857 deaths
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
Doctors of Divinity
English polar explorers
Explorers of the Arctic
Fellows of the Royal Society
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
People from Whitby
British people in

masks:
Scoresby
Scoresby
Scoresby
Captain Scoresby
Lee Scoresby
William Scoresby
Scoresby
Scoresby


title: Charles Walton (murder victim)

texts:
<mask> (12 May 1870 – 14 February 1945) was an English man who was found murdered on the evening of 14 February 1945 (St. Valentine's Day), at The Firs farm on the slopes of Meon Hill, Lower Quinton in Warwickshire, England. The case is notable as the foremost police detective of the era, Chief Inspector Robert Fabian, led the investigation into <mask>'s death. The chief suspect for the murder was the manager of The Firs, Alfred John Potter, for whom <mask> was working on the day he died. However, there was insufficient evidence to convict Potter and the case is currently the oldest unsolved murder in the Warwickshire Constabulary records. The case has earned some notoriety in popular culture due to its supposed connection with the local belief in witchcraft. Background
<mask> was born 12 May 1870 to <mask> and  <mask>. An agricultural worker, he had lived in Lower Quinton all his life.He was a widower who shared a small cottage, 15 Lower Quinton, with his 33-year-old niece, Edith Isabel <mask>, whom he had adopted thirty years previously upon the death of her mother. <mask> was described as something of a loner who had earned a reputation as a trainer of horses in his youth. It is said that he did not socialise with his neighbours but that he was not disliked. <mask> walked with a stick because of his rheumatic joints. However, he sought casual farm work wherever he could find it and, for the previous nine months, had been working for a local farmer, Alfred Potter, whose farm was known as The Firs. <mask> had lived with <mask> since she was three years old, although her father was still alive and lived at 30 Henley Street, Stratford. <mask> had occupied his cottage since World War I and his wife had died on 9 December 1927.<mask> had given Edith £1 per week housekeeping, but also paid the 3s. per week rent on the cottage, as well as buying their coal and meat. In addition to his casual earnings, <mask> received 10s. a week old-age pension. Day of the murder
On 14 February 1945

masks:
Charles Walton
Walton
Walton
Charles Walton
Charles
Emma Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Edith Walton
Charles Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton


title: Charles Walton (murder victim)

texts: <mask> left home with a pitchfork and a slash hook – a double-edged pruning implement with a sharpened straight edge on one side and concave cutting edge on the other. Edith stated that <mask> had left his purse at home on 14 February. He was witnessed to have passed through the churchyard between 9 am and 9.30 am.On this particular day, he was slashing hedges in a field known as Hillground on the slopes of Meon Hill. That day <mask> was working as a Printer's Assembler at the Royal Society of Arts which had relocated to Lower Quinton for the duration of the War. <mask> was expected to be home by 4 pm. Edith returned home around 6 pm and found that <mask> was not there. His solitary nature and regular habits gave her no solace that he might be in the local pub or visiting a friend. Edith went to see her neighbour, an agricultural worker by the name of Harry Beasley who lived at 16 Lower Quinton. Together they made their way to The Firs to alert Alfred Potter.Potter claimed to have last seen <mask> earlier in the day, slashing hedges in Hillground. The three of them set out in the direction of the spot where <mask> had last been seen and eventually found his body near a hedgerow. The murderer had beaten <mask> over the head with his own stick, had cut his neck open with the slash hook, and driven the prongs of the pitchfork into either side of his neck, pinning him to the ground. The handle of the pitchfork had then been wedged under a cross member of the hedge and the slash hook had been buried in his neck. Edith was overcome with grief and began to scream loudly: Beasley tried to pacify her and to make sure that she did not venture too close to the scene. At that moment Harry Peachey was walking along the other side of the hedge. Potter called to him, directed his attention to the body and told Peachey to go and alert the police.Potter stood guard over the murder scene until the police arrived, while Beasley took Edith back down the hill. The first policeman on the scene was PC

masks:
Walton
Walton
Edith Walton
Walton
Walton
Charles
Charles
Walton


title: Charles Walton (murder victim)

texts:
 Michael James Lomasney who arrived at 7.05 pm. Members of Stratford-upon-Avon CID arrived later in the evening, while Professor James M. Webster, of the West Midlands Forensic Laboratory, arrived at 11.30 pm. The body was removed at 1.30 am. Initial investigation
At 11 pm on 14 February, Detective Inspector Tombs took a statement from Alfred Potter. Potter stated that he had been at the farm for about five years and had known <mask> for all that time. He had employed <mask> casually for the last nine months and said that <mask> had worked when the weather permitted.<mask> had been engaged on hedging for the previous few months and Hillground was the last field needing attention. Potter stated that he had been in the College Arms with Joseph Stanley, a farmer of White Cross Farm, until noon that day. He had gone straight across to a small field adjoining Hillground and saw <mask> working about 500–600 yards away. He said he noticed that <mask> had about 6–10 yards of hedge left to cut and that, when he found his body later that day, about four additional yards of hedge had been cut, which would be about half-an-hour's work. Potter stated that he knew that it was <mask>'s habit to stop for lunch at around 11 am and that he would then work continuously until about 4 pm. He described <mask> as an "inoffensive type of man but one who would speak his mind if necessary". The decision to request assistance from the Metropolitan Police (colloquially, "Scotland Yard") was made at an early stage.The Deputy Chief Constable of Warwickshire sent a message on 15 February which stated:

The Chief Constable has asked me to get the assistance of Scotland Yard to assist in a brutal case of murder that took place yesterday. The deceased is a man named CHARLES WALTON, age 75, and he was killed with an instrument known as a slash hook. The murder was either committed by a madman or one of the Italian prisoners who are in a camp nearby. The assistance of an Italian interpreter would be necessary, I

masks: Walton Walton Walton Walton Walton Walton Walton Walton


title: Charles Walton (murder victim)

texts:
 think. Dr Webster states deceased was killed between 1 and 2 pm yesterday. A metal watch is missing from the body. It is being circulated.The details of the watch that were passed to pawnbrokers and jewellers described it as:
Gents plain white metal pocket watch, snap case at back, white enamel face, with "Edgar Jones, Stratford on Avon" thereon. Second hand. English numerals. Valued at 25/- about ten years ago. On 16 February Chief Inspector Robert Fabian and his partner, Detective Sergeant Albert Webb arrived to assist the investigation. Later that day, Detective Sergeant Saunders of Special Branch, who was a fluent Italian speaker, also arrived. Alfred Potter quickly came under suspicion.PC Lomasney, the local policeman who knew Alfred and his wife, Lillian Elizabeth Potter, was asked to stay close to them to see what they might unwittingly reveal. Detective Sergeant Saunders began interviewing the Italian World War II prisoners of war held at Long Marston. Prisoners were apparently able to roam the area at will and although there was a schedule for work days and free days no record was kept of these movements. On the afternoon of the day of the murder some prisoners had gone into Stratford to see a play, while others had visited the cinema. However, it does not appear that any of the Italians was ever seriously considered to have killed <mask>. Post-mortem
Professor Webster's post-mortem on <mask> found that <mask>'s trachea had been cut and that he had bruising to his chest and several broken ribs. <mask> also had defensive wounds: a cut on his left hand and bruises on the back of his right hand and forearm.Webster concluded that <mask>'s wounds had been caused by two weapons; a stabbing weapon and a cutting weapon, presumably the pitchfork and the slash hook. <mask> had also been hit over the head with his own walking stick which was found three-and-a-half yards from his body with blood and hair adhering to it. It was determined that <mask> died between 1 and 2 pm. <mask>'s


title: Charles Walton (murder victim)

texts:
 shirt had been opened, his trousers had been unfastened at the top and his fly was unbuttoned. Webster's report makes no specific mention of the cross supposedly carved on <mask>'s chest mentioned in some later accounts. Alfred Potter's account of events
On 17 February, Potter was interviewed for a second time, on this occasion by Detective Sergeant Webb. Potter stated that <mask> had usually worked about four days each week, but never in wet weather.Potter stated that he paid him eighteen pence per hour and usually at the end of each fortnight, although sometimes by the week. He said that he left it to <mask> to say how many hours he had completed and implied that <mask> was sometimes paid for hours he had not actually worked. He had last paid <mask> for the fortnight ending 10 February when he had given him £2.15s.0. Potter stated that on the day of the murder he had left the College Arms and gone across to a field known as Cacks Leys to see to some sheep and to feed some calves. When he reached the field it was 12.20pm and he then saw <mask>, working in his shirtsleeves. He was sure of this because it was the first time he had seen him so dressed and had said to himself, 'He's getting on with it today'. Potter added that he would have gone over to see <mask> were it not for the fact that he had a heifer in a ditch nearby that needed attention.He went straight home and arrived there at about 12.40pm. He then went to attend to the heifer. On 20 February, PC Lomasney was at The Firs and mentioned the fact that the police were still hoping to take fingerprints from the murder weapons. At this, Alfred Potter said that he had touched the handle of the slash hook, and possibly the pitchfork, when he first came across the body, although he claimed he had already mentioned this to the police. He said he had handled the weapons in response to a comment from Harry Beasley that "You'd better have a look to make sure he is gone". Mrs Potter had displayed considerable annoyance at this

masks: Walton Walton Walton Walton Walton Walton Walton