title: David Livingstone

texts:
 Barnes greets him with the famous, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" The story was at least partially drawn by Ernie Hart, but the writer is unknown--Otto Binder had written the preceding issue and Stan Lee the following one.The 1949 comedy film Africa Screams is the story of a dimwitted clerk named Stanley Livington (played by Lou Costello), who is mistaken for a famous African explorer and recruited to lead a treasure hunt. The character's name appears to be a play on Stanley and Livingstone. Stanley Livingston, played by Mort Marshall, whose name invokes both Stanley and <mask>, was the zoo director on Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales, a 1963-66 animated series. Out of Darkness, Shining Light (2019) by Petina Gappah is a fictionalized account of how Dr. Livingstone's body, papers, and maps traveled 1,500 miles across the continent of Africa, so his remains could be returned to England and his work preserved there. In popular culture

The Moody Blues 1968 single "Dr. Livingstone, I Presume" paints the adventures of Livingstone, Captain Scott, and Columbus with the refrain "What did you find there? Did you stand awhile and stare? Did you meet anyone?", followed by a repeated chorus of "We're all looking for someone". The ABBA song "What about Livingstone?" mentions Livingstone "traveling up the Nile". Livingstone made 4 great journeys into Africa, three of them starting in Cape Town, South Africa and the last at Zanzibar. None of the routes traveled on the Nile which lay far to the north. He may have crossed sections of the headwaters of Nile on his final expedition but he would not have known so as these areas were not considered in


title: David Livingstone

type: original

texts:
 the Nile watershed until much later. Stanley's search for and discovery of Livingstone is the subject of the Hugh Masekela song "Witch Doctor" that appears on his 1976 album, Colonial Man.See also
Thomas Baines
John Kirk
Livingstone Inland Mission
History of Christianity in Zambia

References

Notes

Citations

Sources and further reading

 Austin, Alvyn. "Discovering Livingstone" Christian History (1997) 16#4 pp. 10–19. Holmes, Timothy (1993). Journey to Livingstone: Exploration of an Imperial Myth. Edinburgh: Canongate Press. ; scholarly biography
, scholarly biography
 , first American edition

 <mask>, <mask> and James I. Macnair (eds) (1954).<mask>'s Travels. London: J.M. Dent. <mask>, <mask> (1999) [1875]. Dernier Journal. Paris: Arléa;
 Maclachlan, T. Banks. <mask>, Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier, 1901, ("Famous Scots Series").Martelli, George (1970). Livingstone's River: A History of the Zambezi Expedition, 1858–1864. London: Chatto & Windus. scholarly biography
 Mathews, Basil Joseph, Livingstone, the Pathfinder, illustrated by Ernest Prater (Oxford and London: Henry Frowde Oxford University Press, 1913)
 Morrill, Leslie, and Madge Haines (1959). <mask>, Trail Blazer for God. Mountain View: Pacific Press Publication Association. Philip, M. NourbeSe (1991).Looking for Livingstone: An Odyssey of Silence. Stratford: The Mercury Press;
 Rea, W. F. "Livingstone's Rhodesian Legacy." History Today (Sept 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 9, pp. 633–639 online. Seaver, George. <mask>: His Life and Letters (1957), a standard biography
 Shepperson, George."<mask>e 1813–1873: a centenary assessment." Geographical Journal (1973):

masks:
Livingstone
David
Livingstone
Livingstone
David
David Livingstone
Livingstone
David Livingston
David Livingston


title: David Livingstone

texts:
 205–219. Stuart, John. "<mask>, British Protestant missions, memory and empire." in Dominik Geppert, ed., Sites of imperial memory (Manchester University Press, 2016). Waters, John (1996). <mask>: Trail Blazer.Leicester: Inter-Varsity;
 Wisnicki, Adrian S. (2009). "Interstitial Cartographer: <mask> and the Invention of South Central Africa". Victorian Literature and Culture 37.1 (Mar. ): 255–71. External links

Livingstone Online
Livingstone Spectral Imaging Project. Many of Livingstone's original papers spectrally imaged. Livingstone Online – Explore the manuscripts of <mask>e Images of original documents alongside transcribed, critically edited versions
<mask> (c. 1956).Archive film from the National Library of Scotland: Scottish Screen Archive

Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa
A Popular Account of Dr <mask>'s Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries
The Personal Life of <mask>

 The Lost Diary of Dr<mask> Documentary produced by the PBS Series Secrets of the Dead
 How Livingstone discovered the Falls. by J. Desmond Clark M.A. PH.D. F.S.A. Curator of the Rhodes-Livingstone Museum. 1955
 Interactive map of Dr<mask>'s Zambezi expedition

1813 births
1873 deaths
Alumni of Charing Cross Medical School
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Big cat attack victims
Burials at Westminster Abbey
Congregationalist missionaries in Africa
Deaths from dysentery
Deaths from malaria
Explorers of Africa
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
Fellows of the Royal Society
Infectious disease deaths in Zambia
Medical missionaries
People from Blantyre, South Lanarkshire
Scottish clergy
Scottish Congregationalist

masks:
David Livingstone
David Livingstone
David Livingstone
David Livingston
David Livingstone
Livingstone
David Livingstone
. Livingstone
. Livingstone


title: Peter Coogan

texts:
<mask><mask> () is the director of the Institute for Comics Studies and co-founder and co-chair of the Comics Arts Conference, which runs during the San Diego Comic-Con International and San Francisco WonderCon. Biography
<mask> gained a doctorate in American Studies from Michigan State University, with his dissertation “The Secret Origin of the Superhero: The Emergence of the Superhero Genre in America from Daniel Boone to Batman” (2002), which he revised for wider publication in 2006 (see below). He coined the term Wold-Newtonry in a paper titled "Wold-Newtonry: Theory and Methodology for the Literary Archeology of the Wold Newton Universe." In it, he talks about literary archaeology, a term which he says was inspired (for him) by Warren Ellis's term mystery archeologists in Ellis and Cassaday's Planetary comics. The paper is available online at Philip José Farmer's Wold Newton pages, and as a chapter in Win Scott Eckert's (ed.) Myths for the Modern Age book, published by MonkeyBrain Books. <mask> co-edited (with Randall William Scott) the Comic Art Studies newsletter and also set up the Comics Studies Email service to "coordinate communication about comic scholarship."The newsletter's motto was Comica Amica Nobicum ("Comics Are Our Friends!") and originated from the Russel B. Nye Popular Culture Collection, to "facilitate communication about the Comic Art Collection at Michigan State University, and communication about public comics collecting and scholarship in general." In 2005, <mask> presented a paper titled "The Definition of the Superhero" at the interdisciplinary Holy Men in Tights Superheroes

masks:
Peter M
. Coogan
Peter Coogan
Coogan
Coogan


title: Peter Coogan

texts:
 Conference at the School of Art History, Cinema, Classics & Archaeology (AHCCA), University of Melbourne in Melbourne, Australia. In 2012, <mask> was award the Inkpot Award. Institute for Comics Studies
<mask> is the founder of the Institute for Comics Studies. The mission of the Institute for Comics Studies is to promote the study, understanding, recognition, and cultural legitimacy of comics. Comics Arts Conference

<mask> is co-founder (with Randy Duncan), co-chair, and co-organizer of the Comics Arts Conference which is held annually at the San Diego Comic-Con International and at WonderCon.The purpose of the conference is to "bring together comics scholars, practitioners, critics, and historians who want to be involved in the dynamic process of evolving an aesthetic and a criticism of the comics art form." Superhero: The Secret Origin of a Genre
In 2006, MonkeyBrain Books published a much revised and expanded form of his dissertation as Superhero: The Secret Origin of a Genre (MonkeyBrain Press, 2006), with a foreword by Batman-legend Dennis O'Neil. The book's main purpose is to define the superhero genre, and produce a standard definition for the term itself. <mask> writes:
“The term superhero is often applied to all sorts of characters and people from Beowulf and Luke Skywalker to Tiger Woods and Michael Jordan. These applications come out of a metaphoric use of the term to describe characters and people who seem a step above others in their class, whether epic, science fiction, or sports.”
He draws a distinction between terms used as metaphors and terms used literally, concluding that - at least

masks: Coogan Coogan Coogan Coogan


title: Peter Coogan

texts:
 part of - the problem is a lack of scholarly definition of the superhero genre. Comics writer and critic <mask>, in his "Comics in Context" columns dealing with <mask>'s Superhero, summarizes the contention over the term "superhero" by noting that some fictional characters not "explicitly portrayed as superhuman... nonetheless perform feats that real people would be unlikely to duplicate," citing Luke Skywalker and Jack Bauer as two examples. <mask>'s remit, therefore, is to clarify these issues and:
“provide a basis for the study of superheroes and help to make more studies possible in the future.”
Sanderson also notes that <mask> - and his publisher, MonkeyBrain, who also publish Jess Nevins' annotations on Alan Moore's The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen - are not following the common trend in academic circles to largely ignore the superhero genre when comics are discussed.<mask> seeks to define not merely the superhero as a character, but also the genre itself, thereby discussing not just individual attributes, but types of story, noting that the superhero:
“is generically distinct, i.e., can be distinguished from characters of related genres (fantasy, science fiction, detective, etc.) by a preponderance of genre conventions.”

<mask>'s definition makes reference to DC's lawsuit against Victor Fox, who published Wonder Man in 1939 (not to be confused with the similarly named Marvel hero), in imitation of Superman. The presiding Judge Learned Hand identified three defining characteristics in his ruling(see: here), which form a key part of <mask>'s argument:
 “These three elements–mission, powers, and

masks:
Peter Sanderson
Coogan
Coogan
Coogan
Coogan
Coogan
Coogan


title: Peter Coogan

texts:
 identity, establish the core of the genre.”

<mask>, noted Marvel Comics historian and author of the Comics in Context blog at QuickStopEntertainment, while not agreeing completely with <mask>'s points, nevertheless states that the book "should become a basic text for study of the superhero genre," recommending it to all fans of the genre. (For more on <mask>'s in-depth critique, commentary and analysis of <mask>'s work, see Comics in Context #162, #163, #164, #165 and #166.) Bibliography
 The 'Zine #1-5 (Kent, OH 1986–1987) 'zine, a publication of the Young Adults Breakfast Club
 Comic Art Studies #47 - ? (newsletter) edited by <mask> and Randall William Scott (May 2, 1992 - ?) "Science Fiction Comics" in Anatomy of Wonder 4 by Neil Barron (ed.)(pp. 673–689)  (New Providence, N.J. : R.R. Bowker, 1995)
 "Reading Comics : Language, Culture, and the Concept of the Superhero in Comic Books" in International Journal of Comic Art, v. 3, no. 1 (pp. 278–280) (Spring 2001)
 "Wold-Newtonry: Theory and Methodology for the Literary Archeology of the Wold Newton Universe" in Myths for the Modern Age: Philip Jose Farmer's Wold Newton Universe by Win Scott Eckert (ed.) (MonkeyBrain (November 25, 2005))
 Superhero: The Secret Origin of a Genre by <mask> (Introduction by Denny O'Neil) (MonkeyBrain (July 25, 2006))

References

External links
Institute for Comics Studies
Some of Coogan's Comics-related writings, at Michigan State's Comic Art Collection

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American male writers
Comics critics
Comics scholars
Inkpot Award winners
Michigan State University alumni
Wold Newton

masks:
Peter Sanderson
Coogan
Peter Sanderson
Coogan
Coogan
Peter Coogan


title: Paul Bourget

texts:
<mask> (; 2 September 185225 December 1935) was a French novelist and critic. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature five times. Life
<mask> was born in Amiens in the Somme département of Picardy, France. His father, a professor of mathematics, was later appointed to a post in the college at Clermont-Ferrand, where Bourget received his early education. He afterwards studied at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand and at the École des Hautes Études. Between 1872 and 1873, he produced a volume of verse, Au Bord de la Mer, which was followed by others, the last, Les Aveux, appearing in 1882. Meanwhile, he was making a name in literary journalism and in 1883 he published Essais de Psychologie Contemporaine, studies of eminent writers first printed in the Nouvelle Revue, and now brought together.In 1884 <mask> paid a long visit to Britain, where he wrote his first published story (L'Irréparable). Cruelle Enigme followed in 1885; then André Cornelis (1886) and Mensonges (1887) - inspired by Octave Mirbeau's life - were received with much favour. <mask>, who had abandoned Catholicism in 1867, began a gradual return to it in 1889, fully converting only in 1901. In 1893, in an interview he gave in America, he spoke about his changed views: "For many years I, like most young men in modern cities, was

masks:
Paul Charles Joseph Bourget
Paul Bourget
Bourget
Bourget


title: Paul Bourget

texts: contains impressions of <mask>'s stay in England and Ireland—especially reminiscences of the months which he spent at Oxford and in 1891 Sensations d'Italie, notes of a tour in that country, revealed a fresh phase of his powers; and Outre-Mer (1895), a book in two volumes, is his critical journal of a visit to the United States in 1893. Also in 1891 appeared the novel Coeur de Femme, and Nouveaux Pastels, "types" of the characters of men, the sequel to a similar gallery of female types (Pastels, 1890). His later novels include La Terre Promise (1892); Cosmopolis (1892), a psychological novel, with Rome as a background; Une Idylle tragique (1896); La Duchesse bleue (1897); Le Fantôme (1901); Les Deux Sœurs (1905); and some volumes of shorter stories—Complications Sentimentales (1896), the powerful Drames de famille (1898), and Un Homme d'Affaires (1900). L'Etape (1902) was a study of the inability of a family raised too rapidly from the peasant class to adapt itself to new conditions.This powerful study of contemporary manners was followed by Un Divorce (1904), a defence of the Roman Catholic position that divorce is a violation of natural laws. He was admitted to the Académie française in 1894, and in 1895 was promoted to be an officer of the Légion d'honneur, having received the decoration of


title: Paul Bourget

texts:
 the order ten years before. Several new novels were to follow, including La Vie Passe (1910), Le Sens de la Mort (1915), Lazarine (1917), Némésis (1918), and Laurence Albani (1920), as well as three volumes of short stories and plays, La Barricade (1910) and Le Tribun (1912). Two other plays, Un Cas de Conscience (1910) and La Crise (1912) were written by him in collaboration with others. A volume of critical studies appeared in 1912, and another set of travel sketches, Le Démon du Midi, in 1914. On 16 March 1914, he was present in the offices of the newspaper, Le Figaro when the newspaper's editor, his friend Gaston Calmette was shot and killed by Henriette Caillaux the wife of a former Prime Minister of France. Her subsequent trial caused an enormous scandal at the time.He was a contributor to Le Visage de l'Italie, a 1929 book about Italy prefaced by Benito Mussolini. <mask> died on Christmas Day 1935, aged 83, in Paris. Literary significance and criticism

As a writer of verse Bourget's poems, which were collected in two volumes (1885–1887), throw light upon his mature method and the later products of his art. It was in criticism that he excelled. Notable are the Sensations d'Italie (1891), and the various psychological studies. <mask>'s reputation as a novelist is assured in some academic

masks: Bourget Bourget


title: Paul Bourget

texts:
 Outre-Mer: American Impressions (1895). A Living Lie (1896). A Tragic Idyl (1896). Antigone, and Other Portraits of Women (1898). The Blue Duchess (1898).Domestic Dramas (1899). The Disciple (1901). (T. Fisher Unwin)
 Days in the Isle of Wight (1901). The Screen (1901). Some Impressions of Oxford (1901). Monica, and Other Stories (1902). A Divorce (1904).The Weight of the Name (1908). The Night Cometh (1916). The Gaol (1924). Selected articles
 "The New Moral Drift in French Literature," The Forum (1893). "My Favorite Novelist and His Best Book," Munsey's Magazine (1897). "Gustave Flaubert," The Living Age (1897). "The Evolution of Modern French Novel," Appleton's Magazine (1903)."For Intellectual France," The Living Age (1919). "The Decline of the Diary," The Living Age (1921). "Pascal and Renan," The Living Age (1923). References

Further reading

 Austin, Lloyd J. (1940). <mask>t. Sa vie et son œuvre jusqu'en 1889 Paris: Librairie E. Droz.Beaufort, M. Pearde (1915). "<mask> and Ireland," The Irish Monthly, Vol. 43, No. 509, pp. 695–703. Blaze de Bury, Yetta (1897). "<mask>," The Forum, Vol.23, pp. 497–514 (Rep. in French Literature of To-day. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Company, 1898, pp. 107–132.) Bowman, Edgar Milton (1925). The Early Novels of <mask>t. New York: Carranza &

masks:
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourge


title: Paul Bourget

texts:
 Co.
 Crawford, Virginia M. (1935)."<mask> and Some Successors," Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, Vol. 24, No. 95, pp. 433–441. Dimnet, Ernest (1913). <mask>t. London: Constable & Company, Ltd.
 Doumic, René (1899)."<mask>t." In: Contemporary French Novelists. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Company, pp. 177–211. Dworski, Sylvia (1941). <mask>, Novelist and Short Story Writer. Ph.D.Diss., Yale University. Fewster, J.C. (1992). "Au Service de l'Ordre: <mask>t and the Critical Response to Decadence in Austria and Germany," Comparative Literature Studies, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 259–275. France, Anatole (1922)."Science and Morals: M. <mask>t". In: On Life and Letters. London: John Lane, The Bodley Head, Ltd., pp. 53–74. Goetz, T.H. (1978). "<mask>'s Le Disciple and the Text-Reader Relationship," The French Review, Vol.52, No. 1, pp. 56–61. Gosse, Edmund (1905). "Some Recent Books of <mask>t." In: French Profiles. New York : Dodd, Mead and company, pp.239–265. Guérard, Albert Léon (1916). "<mask>t." In: Five Masters of French Romance. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 177–211. Lynch, Hannah (1902)."<mask>, Preacher," Contemporary Review, Vol. 82, pp. 305–340. Jones, Edward A. (1940). "<mask>t and French Traditionalism," Phylon, Vol. 1, No.2, pp. 165–174. Keating, L. Clark (1957). "Mark Twain and

masks:
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourge


title: Paul Bourget

texts: <mask>t," The French Review, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 342–349.Keeler, M. Jerome (1936). "<mask>," The Catholic World, Vol. 142, pp. 554–561. Klerkx, Henri (1946). <mask> et ses Idées Littéraires. Nimègue: Van de Vegt.Lemaître, Jules (1886). "<mask>t." In: Les Contemporains: Études et Portraits Littéraires. Paris: Boivin & Cie., pp. 337–364 (tr. by A.W. Evans, "<mask>t."In: Literary Impressions. London: Daniel O'Connor, 1921, pp. 43–79). Marsile, M.J. (1893). "<mask>t and French Literature," The Globe, Vol. IV, No. 13, pp.650–655. Mathias, Yehoshua (1995). "<mask>, Écrivain Engagé," Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'Histoire, No. 45, pp. 14–29. Maurras, Charles (1923)."Les Idées Politiques de M. <mask>t," Revue Hebdomadaire, Vol. 12, pp. 296–313. O'Rell, Max (1898). "Mark Twain and <mask>," The North American Review, Vol. 160, No. 460, pp.302–310. Secor, Walter Todd (1948). <mask> and the Nouvelle. New York: King's Crown Press. Singer, Armand E. (1976). <mask>. Boston: Twayne Publishers.Smith, Garnet (1892). "<mask>t," The Gentleman's Magazine, Vol. 272, pp. 370–385. Turquet-Milnes, G. (1921). "<mask>t." In: Some Modern French Writers: A Study in Bergsonism.New York: Robert M. McBride & Company, pp. 107–130. Twain, Mark (1895). "What <mask>t Thinks of Us," The North American Review, Vol. 160, No. 458, pp.

masks:
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourge


title: Paul Bourget

texts:
 48–62 (Rep. in How to Tell a Story, and Other Essays.New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1898, pp. 181–212.) Vickers, Jackie (1992). "Women and Wealth: F. Scott Fitzgerald, Edith Wharton and <mask>," Journal of American Studies, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 261–263.External links

 Works by <mask>, at Hathi Trust

1852 births
1935 deaths
People from Amiens
Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
École pratique des hautes études alumni
French literary critics
French psychological fiction writers
19th-century French novelists
French travel writers
20th-century French non-fiction writers
20th-century French male writers
French monarchists
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism
French Roman Catholics
Roman Catholic writers
Members of the Académie Française
People affiliated with Action Française
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery
French male novelists
Members of the Ligue de la patrie française
19th-century French male writers
French male non-fiction

masks:
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourget


title: Emile Waxweiler

texts: <mask> (1867–1916) was a Belgian engineer and sociologist. He was a member of the Royal Academy of Belgium as well as the International Institute of Statistics (Sarton 1917: 168). <mask> was born in Mechelen, Belgium, 22 May 1867, and died in a street accident in London, where he was attached to the London School of Economics, in late June 1916 (Sarton 1917: 168). <mask>'s education included taking the “highest degree” in engineering from the University of Ghent, and then spending a year in the United States, where he studied labor questions and industrial organization (Sarton 1917: 168). In 1895, he was appointed head of the statistics section of the Belgian Office of Labor, and from 1897 on, <mask> taught courses in political and financial economics, statistics and demographics, as well as descriptive sociology, at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (Sauveur 1924: 395–396). These teaching obligations did not prevent him, however, from serving, beginning in 1901–1902, as director of the Solvay Institute of Sociology (Sarton 1917: 168; Sauveur 1924: 395). In addition to his career-long emphasis on the importance of statistics as an analytical tool for all of the life sciences (Sauveur 1924: 397; Waxweiler 1909a), <mask>'s major scientific contribution was his conception of sociology as a subfield of biology, in particular, ethology (Waxweiler 1906).In his Esquisse d’une sociologie of 1906, Waxweiler defined

masks:
Emile Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler


title: Emile Waxweiler

texts:
 remaining thousands in the vocabulary?Whether a syllable of human speech suggests a sociological reaction to our mind does not depend upon the syllable, but upon our knowledge of its history. As phenomena of human association words are of one common origin, and if they do not suggest sociological relations it is our fault. Such a list would be absolutely useless, except as a measure of the sociological suggestibility of a given individual (Small 1906: 425). On the other hand, Joseph Schumpeter, writing in the pages of the Economic Journal, called Waxweiler's Sketch one “of the few which really advance the science” (Schumpeter 1907: 109), as well as “a book which ought not to be overlooked by anyone interested in sociology, or even in social science in general” (Schumpeter 1907: 111). Notes and references

Notes

Waxweiler bibliography
McLean, F. H., and <mask>, E. (1906). Child labor in Belgium. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol.28, pp. 105–113. Slosse, A., and <mask>, E. (1910). Enquête sur le régime alimentaire de 1065 ouvriers belges. Bruxelles: Misch et Thron. <mask>, E. (1895). Les hauts salaires aux Etats-Unis.Paris: Bibliothèque Gilon. <mask>, E. (1896a). Les lois protectrices du travail. Notes de Suisse. Bruxelles: Christophe Bruylant. <mask>, E. (1896b). La réglementation du travail du dimanche en Suisse.Rapport à M. le Ministre de l’Industrie et du Travail sur une

masks: Waxweiler Waxweiler Waxweiler Waxweiler Waxweiler


title: Emile Waxweiler

texts: mission d’études faite en août, 1895. Bruxelles: Lebègue. <mask>, E. (1897). L’organisation internationale de la statistique du travail. Congrès de la législation du travail, Bruxelles. [Cited in Sauveur (1924).] <mask>, E. (1898).La participation aux bénéfices: Contribution à l'étude des modes de rémunération du travail. Paris: Arthur Rousseau. <mask>, E. (1900). Du rôle d'une union internationale pour la protection légale des travailleurs. Paris. [Cited in Sauveur (1924).] <mask>, E. (1901).Die belgische Lohnstatistik und die Lohngestaltung der Kohlenarbeiter 1896–1900. Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Dritte Folge Bd. XXII (LXXVII), pp. 161–187. <mask>, E. (1905). Recherches statistiques sur l’alimentation ouvrière. Bulletin de l’Institut International de Statistique, tome XIV, pp.206–213. <mask>, E. (1906a). Esquisse d’une sociologie. Bruxelles & Leipzig: Misch & Thron. <mask>, E. (1906b). Sur l’interprétation sociologique de la distribution des salaires. Remarque additionnelle to C. Henry (1906), Mesure des capacités intellectuelle et énergétique.Notes d’analyse statistique. Bruxelles & Leipzig: Misch & Thron. <mask>, E. (1909a). La statistique et les sciences de la vie. Bulletin de l’Institut International de Statistique, tome XVIII, pp. 211–219. <mask>, E. (1909b).L’enquête de l’Institut Solvay sur l'alimentation de la classe ouvrière en Belgique. Bulletin de l’Institut International de

masks: Waxweiler Waxweiler Waxweiler Waxweiler Waxweiler Waxweiler Waxweiler Waxweiler Waxweiler


title: Emile Waxweiler

texts:
 Statistique, tome XVIII, pp. 462–473. <mask>, E. (1912). Sur les conditions sociales de la formation et de la diffusion d’une doctrine scientifique dans ses rapports avec la religion et la magie. Bulletin de l’Institut Solvay, no. 21, pp.916–936. <mask>, E. (1915). La Belgique neutre et loyale. Paris: Payot. <mask>, E. (1916). Le procès de la neutralité belge, réplique aux accusations. Paris: Payot.<mask>, E. (1974). Recueil de textes sociologiques d’<mask> <mask>, 1906–1914. Introduction par F. Vanlangenhove. Bruxelles: Palais des Académies. Other references
Bie, P. de. (1974). La sociologie d’<mask> <mask>.Bruxelles: Palais des Académies. Chamberlain, A. F. (1907). Instituts Solvay. Travaux de Sociologie. Notes et Mémoires. Misch et Thron, Éditeurs. Bruxelles et Leipzig, 1906.[Review of Fascicules 1–6 of Notes et Mémoires.] The American Journal of Psychology, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 261–264. Frost, H. H. (1960). The functional sociology of <mask> <mask> and the Institut de Sociologie Solvay.Bruxelles: Académie Royale de Belgique. Gide, C. (1899). [Review of: La Participation aux Bénéfices, by <mask> <mask>.] The Economic Journal, vol. 9, no. 34, pp. 238–240.Small, A. W. (1906). [Review of: Esquisse d’une sociologie, by <mask> <mask>.] The American Journal of Sociology, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 424–426. Sarton, G. (1917).<mask> <mask> (1867–1916). The Nation, vol. 104, no. 2693, pp. 168–169. Sauveur, M. (1924). <mask>,

masks: Waxweiler Waxweiler Waxweiler Waxweiler Emile Waxweiler Emile Waxweiler Emile Waxweiler Emile Waxweiler Emile Waxweiler Emile Waxweiler Waxweiler


title: Emile Waxweiler

texts:
 <mask>.Bulletin de l’Institut International de Statistique, tome XXI, pp. 394–398. Schumpeter, J. (1907). [Review of: Esquisse d’une Sociologie, by E<mask>.] The Economic Journal, vol.17, no. 65, pp. 109–111. Vatin, F. (1996). [Review of: L’univers de la sociologie en Belgique de 1900 à 1940, by Jean-François Crombois.] Revue Française de Sociologie, vol. 37, no.3, pp. 485–487. Willoughby, W. F. (1899). [Review of: La participation aux bénéfices: Contribution à l'étude des modes de rémunération du travail, by <mask> <mask>.] Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 13, pp. 120–121.See also
Sociophysiology
Solvay Institute of Sociology
G. P. Zeliony

Belgian sociologists
Ghent University alumni
1916 deaths
1867

masks:
Emile
. Waxweiler
Emile
Waxweiler


title: Hillel Slovak

texts:
<mask> (; April 13, 1962 – June 25, 1988)  was an Israeli-American musician best known as the founding guitarist of the Los Angeles rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers, with whom he recorded two albums. His guitar work was rooted in funk and hard rock, and he often experimented with other genres including reggae and speed metal. He is considered to have been a major influence on the Red Hot Chili Peppers' early sound. Born in Haifa, Israel, he moved to Nahariya and later to a Kibbutz before emigrating to the United States with his family in 1967. Slovak met future bandmates Anthony Kiedis, Flea, and Jack Irons while attending Fairfax High School in Los Angeles. There, he formed the group What Is This? with Irons, Alain Johannes and Todd Strassman; Flea later replaced Strassman.Slovak, Flea, Kiedis, and Irons founded Red Hot Chili Peppers in 1983, gaining popularity in Los Angeles through their energetic stage presence and spirited performances. Slovak eventually quit to focus on What is This?, which had been signed to a record deal, leaving the Red Hot Chili Peppers to record their 1984 debut album without him, including five songs co-written by him. He rejoined the Chili Peppers in 1985, and recorded the albums Freaky Styley (1985) and The Uplift Mofo Party Plan (1987) with them. During his career, Slovak developed a serious heroin addiction. He attempted to quit many times, but died of an overdose on June 25, 1988 at age 26. Several Red Hot Chili Peppers songs have been written as tributes to Slovak, including "Otherside", "Knock Me Down", "My Lovely Man", "This Is the Place", "Dosed" and "Feasting on the Flowers". In 1999, his brother <mask> published a book, Behind the Sun: The Diary and Art of <mask> <mask>, which features Slovak's diaries and paintings.Slovak was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Red Hot Chili Peppers on April 14, 2012, with his brother accepting the award on his behalf. Life and career

1962-80: Early

masks:
Hillel Slovak
James Slovak
Hillel
Slovak


title: Hillel Slovak

texts:
 life and Anthym
<mask> <mask> was born in Haifa, Israel, to Jewish parents who were survivors of the Holocaust. They settled in the Queens borough of New York City, then in 1967 relocated to Southern California. As a child, Slovak developed an interest in art, and often spent time painting with his mother, Esther. He attended Laurel Elementary School in West Hollywood and Bancroft Jr. High School in Hollywood, where he met future bandmates Jack Irons and Michael "Flea" Balzary. Slovak received his first guitar at age 13 as a bar mitzvah present, and regularly played the instrument into the late hours of the night. During this time, he was highly influenced by hard rock music such as Jimi Hendrix, Led Zeppelin, and Kiss.As a freshman at Fairfax High School, Slovak formed a band with Irons on drums and two other high school friends, Alain Johannes and Todd Strassman. They called their band Chain Reaction, then changed the name to Anthem after their first gig. After one of the group's shows, Slovak met audience member Anthony Kiedis, and invited him to his house for a snack. Kiedis later described the experience in his autobiography Scar Tissue: "Within a few minutes of hanging out with <mask>, I sensed that he was absolutely different from most of the people I'd spent time with ... He understood a lot about music, he was a great visual artist, and he had a sense of self and a calm about him that were just riveting." Slovak, Kiedis and Flea became best friends and often used LSD, heroin, cocaine and methamphetamine recreationally. The original bassist for Anthem, which renamed to Anthym, was deemed unsatisfactory, so Slovak began teaching Flea to play bass.Following several months of commitment to the instrument, Flea developed proficiency and a strong musical chemistry with Slovak. When Strassman saw Flea playing Anthym songs on his equipment he quit the band, with Flea quickly replacing him. Shortly afterwards Anthym entered a local Battle of the Bands contest and

masks: Hillel Slovak Hillel


title: Hillel Slovak

texts:
 Slovak indulged in heavy cocaine use. When Slovak was under the influence, he would often wear brightly colored clothing and dance in a "shuffling" fashion, which became the inspiration for the song "Skinny Sweaty Man" from the band's next album.After Kiedis completed a stint in rehab, he rejoined the Red Hot Chili Peppers in Los Angeles to record their third album The Uplift Mofo Party Plan. Slovak felt a deep connection to the album; he reflected in his diary "It was so fun. I'm so extremely proud of everybody's work—it is at times genius." Slovak was the subject of the songs "Skinny Sweaty Man", "Me and My Friends", & "No Chump Love Sucker". He was nicknamed "Slim Bob Billy", "Slim", or "Huckleberry", and throughout the albums Kiedis calls him by these nicknames before he starts a guitar solo. On The Uplift Mofo Party Plan, Slovak experimented with different musical styles, playing the sitar on the song "Behind the Sun". Health decline

Heroin addiction
Slovak and Kiedis became addicted to heroin early in their careers, and Slovak often attempted to conceal his addiction from his friends and family.The band was generally more worried about Kiedis' addiction, which was much more open and noticeable to the other members, while Slovak according to Kiedis was "much more subtle and much more cunning in his disguise." During the tour in support of Freaky Styley, Slovak's health began to deteriorate. Slovak and Flea would wrestle regularly on tour, but Slovak became too weak to participate. Kiedis commented on the situation: "I could tell that <mask> had no inner core of strength; he had been robbed by his addiction of the life force that allows you to at least defend yourself. It was a sad moment." A roadie of the band who was concerned for Slovak's health contacted his brother, James, who had been unaware that Slovak had ever used heroin. Deciding to give sobriety a chance, both Kiedis and Slovak stopped using drugs prior to their European tour in support of The


title: Hillel Slovak

texts:
 heroin.However, a few weeks later his friend convinced him both to check into rehab and visit <mask>'s grave, which inspired him to get clean. Irons was unable to cope with his death and subsequently left the band, saying that he did not want to be part of something that resulted in the death of his friend. Irons has suffered from severe depression since his death. This did not end Irons' musical career however, as he would work with Johannes on several projects including the band Eleven, and would join Pearl Jam for a period in the 1990s after initially declining to join the band upon its founding. Kiedis and Flea decided to continue making music, hoping to continue what he "helped build". They hired DeWayne McKnight and D.H. Peligro as replacements shortly, who were later replaced by Chad Smith and John Frusciante. Musical style and legacy

Slovak was primarily influenced by hard rock artists such as Jimi Hendrix, Santana, and Led Zeppelin.His playing method was markedly based on improvisation, a style commonly used in funk music. He was also noted he would often play with such force that his fingers would "come apart." Kiedis observed that his playing evolved during his time away from the group in What Is This?, with Slovak adopting a more fluid style featuring "sultry" elements as opposed to his original hard rock techniques. On Uplift, Slovak experimented with genres outside of traditional funk music including reggae and speed metal. His guitar riffs would often serve as the basis of the group's songs, with the other members writing their parts to complement his guitar work. His melodic riff featured in the song "Behind the Sun" inspired the group to create "pretty" songs with an emphasis on melody. Kiedis describes the song as "pure Hillel inspiration".Slovak also used a talk box on songs such as "Green Heaven" and "Funky Crime", in which the sounds of his amplified guitar would be played through a tube into his mouth and then back into a microphone, creating


title: Hillel Slovak

texts: psychedelic, voice-like effects. Slovak helped to incorporate new sounds in the group's work, including adding occasional drum machines. Despite the fact that the group billed itself as "The Organic Anti-Beat Box Band", Kiedis states that Slovak showed the group that drum machines could be used as artistic instruments. Slovak's work was one of the major contributing factors to Red Hot Chili Peppers' early sound. When Kiedis and Flea were searching for a new guitarist to replace Slovak, Kiedis likened the experience to "shopping for a new Mom and Dad" because of his influence over the band. Flea, who originally listened exclusively to jazz, added that Slovak introduced him to a new genre of music, saying that "it was <mask> who first got me into hard rockin. He was also a huge influence on a young John Frusciante, who would later replace him as guitarist in the band.Frusciante based a lot of his playing style on Slovak's work, and explained, "I learned everything I needed to know about how to sound good with Flea by studying <mask>'s playing and I just took it sideways from there." Just like Slovak before him, Frusciante developed a heroin addiction. Unlike Slovak, Frusciante eventually managed to break and defeat the habit. The songs "Knock Me Down" (from Mother's Milk), "My Lovely Man" (from Blood Sugar Sex Magik), "This is the Place" (from By the Way), and "Feasting on the Flowers" (from The Getaway) were written about or as tributes to Slovak. The band's 1987 cover version of Jimi Hendrix's song "Fire", recorded with Slovak and previously only released on the "Fight Like a Brave" single and The Abbey Road EP, was included on 1989's Mother's Milk along with an image of one of Slovak's paintings inside the album's booklet. In 1999, a book titled Behind the Sun: The Diary and Art of <mask> <mask> was published. The book was authored by Slovak's brother, <mask>, and features writings from his brother's diaries, paintings, photos and hand-written notes from Kiedis and

masks:
Hillel
Hillel
Hillel
Slovak
James Slovak


title: Hillel Slovak

texts:
 Flea.On December 7, 2011, Red Hot Chili Peppers were announced as 2012 inductees to the Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame. <mask>'s brother James accepted the award on his behalf and gave a speech honoring his brother. In an interview with Rolling Stone, Kiedis expressed his excitement with <mask>'s induction, explaining "He's a beautiful person that picked up a guitar in the 1970s and didn't make it out of the 1980s, and he is getting honored for his beauty". Flea echoed those comments on the same day: "<mask> grew up loving rock and roll so much, he hasn't been here for some time, but I know how much it would mean to him. It's a powerful thing." Discography
With Addie Brik
Wattsland - EP – (1984)

With What Is This? Squeezed - EP – (1984)
What Is This – (1985)
3 Out Of 5 Live - EP – (1985)

With Red Hot Chili Peppers
The Red Hot Chili Peppers – (1984)
Co-wrote "Baby Appeal", "Get Up and Jump", "Green Heaven", "Out in L.A.", and "Police Helicopter"
Freaky Styley – (1985)
The Uplift Mofo Party Plan – (1987)
The Abbey Road E.P.– (1988)
Mother's Milk – (1989)
Performs on only one track, "Fire"
What Hits!? – (1992)
Out in L.A. – (1994)
Under the Covers: Essential Red Hot Chili Peppers – (1998)
The Best of Red Hot Chili Peppers – (1994)

References

Notes

Sources

1962 births
1988 deaths
20th-century American musicians
American funk guitarists
American male guitarists
American people of Croatian-Jewish descent
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American rock guitarists
Israeli musicians
Israeli guitarists
Fairfax High School (Los Angeles) alumni
Israeli emigrants to the United States
Israeli people of Croatian-Jewish descent
Israeli people of Polish-Jewish descent
Jewish American musicians
Lead guitarists
Musicians from Haifa
Red Hot Chili Peppers members
Sitar players
What Is This? members
Deaths by heroin overdose in California
Burials at Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery
Jews in punk rock
Jewish heavy metal musicians
20th-century American

masks: Slovak Slovak Hillel


title: Cornelis Musch

texts:
<mask> (Rotterdam, 1592 or 1593 – The Hague, 15 December 1650) was Griffier (Chief Clerk) of the States-General of the Netherlands, the governing body of the Dutch Republic, from 1628 till the start of the First Stadtholderless Period. He was a byword for corruption in his lifetime. Biography

Family life
<mask> was the son of Jan Jacobsz. <mask>, a rich Rotterdam herring merchant, and Maritge <mask>. Matelieff, a merchant of fishing tackle, and so rich in her own right that she was able to buy the Heerlijkheid of Waalsdorp. Lord of Waalsdorp was therefore the first aristocratic title <mask> was able to use (1635). He later also acquired other lordships: Nieuwveen (1648), Carnisse (1649) and Opvelt and Muylstede (1650).He married Elisabeth Cats, a daughter of Grand Pensionary Jacob Cats on 9 June 1636 when he was 44 and she 17. They had several daughters who married well. One was Elisabeth Maria who married the unlucky Henri de Fleury de Coulan, better known as "captain Buat", who would lose his head in a treason affair, which bears his name. Her sister Maria Elisabeth married Matthijs Pompe, lord of Slingelandt, a prominent Dordrecht Regent. A third daughter, Anna Catharina, married Carel van den Boetzelaer, also a prominent Regent. Career
After studying at the Rotterdam Latin school and Leiden University (1612), he rounded off his studies with a law degree from the University of Orléans in 1617. In the sequel of the coup d'état by stadtholder Maurice, Prince of Orange in 1618, which brought about the fall of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, he enjoyed the patronage of Francis van

masks:
Cornelis Musch
Cornelis Musch
Musch
Cornelisd
Musch


title: Cornelis Musch

texts: Aarssens (one of the main enemies of Oldenbarnevelt).He became Advocat of the States-General, to fill a vacancy after the purge of the Oldenbarnevelt adherents. Equally, after the purge of the Rotterdam vroedschap, he was appointed griffier (secretary) of that city in 1619. In 1628 he was appointed griffier of the States-General in the same resolution which appointed his predecessor Johan van Goch thesaurier-generaal (treasurer) of the Union (April 27). Later historians complain about his longhand, which is far less legible than that of Van Goch. This makes the study of the registers of the States-General unduly onerous for the years in which <mask> was chief clerk. Besides this important office on the federal level, he also acquired offices on the local level, like hoogheemraad (a member of the governing body) of the polder Delfland (1643) and groot baljuw of Het Vrije van Staats Vlaanderen (an area in present-day Zeelandic Flanders; 1645). As the salaried official of the States-General <mask> was soon able to build an informal position of power.The presidency of the States-General rotated weekly, so that presidents hardly had time to get acquainted with affairs before they were already replaced. They tended to lean heavily on the Griffier. Also, in this period the Grand Pensionaries of Holland (who would normally perform a leading role in the affairs of the States-General) were selected for their incompetence and weakness, to protect the power position of the Stadtholder Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange. On the other hand, <mask> became a favorite of Frederick Henry, and helped

masks: Musch Musch Musch


title: Cornelis Musch

texts: him manage the States-General. Musch also made himself useful to foreign diplomats. King Louis XIII of France acknowledged this when he created Musch an écuyer (squire) in September 1632, on the recommendation of Cardinal Richelieu, for services rendered to French diplomacy (i.e. the Dutch government had no secrets for the French one, thanks to Musch).When the Franco-Dutch alliance was renewed in 1636 all members of the commission of the States-General who negotiated the treaty received liberal gratuities from the French Crown, but <mask> received the largest: 20,000 livres. Besides state secrets, almost anything was for sale, as far as <mask> was concerned. He was accused of altering the resolutions of the States-General that he was supposed to enter in the register, presumably for a consideration. He also played a central role in the patronage system of the Republic. Offices and other favors could be obtained from the stadtholder and the States-General if <mask> received the required consideration. Such practices would be considered "corrupt" nowadays. In those days, however, they might be considered reasonable perks of the office, as long as they remained within certain bounds.By common consent, <mask> went beyond those bounds, but because he was such an important part of the Orangist regime under Frederick Henry and his son and successor William II, Prince of Orange, <mask> managed to get away with it to almost the end of his life. However, he was known to have played an important role during the coup d'état of William II against the Holland Regents in August 1650. When

masks: Musch Musch Musch Musch Musch


title: Cornelis Musch

texts:
 William suddenly died in October, <mask> was exposed to the wrath of the newly resurgent Regents, who decided to make an example of him. He was made the subject of an investigation into the coup, and of his corrupt practices. This may have convinced him to take his own life on 15 December (though the exact circumstances of his death are unclear). His motivation would have been that a conviction would have brought confiscation of his fortune, which amounted to an estimated 2,000,000 guilders at his death. Thus, he protected his heirs.After his death Joost van den Vondel wrote the following satirical epitaph:

which amounts to an elaborate play on <mask>' name () and how sparrows spoil food and dump on people's heads, while alluding to the fact that important Orangists like Van Aarsens profited from his corrupt practices. References

Sources
   (1907) "<mask> Musch en de corruptie van zijn tijd", in: De Gids, vol. 71, p. 501
   (2001) Het Haagse bureau; zeventiende-eeuwse ambtenaren tussen staatsbelang en eigenbelang, Prometheus/Bakker , pp. 123–144

External links
  Biographical details

1590s births
1650 deaths
17th-century Dutch politicians
Politicians from

masks: Musch Musch Cornelis


title: Pierre Eugene du Simitiere

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>, ; 18 September 1737, Geneva – October 1784, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was a Genevan American member of the American Philosophical Society, naturalist, American patriot, and portrait painter. Du Simitiere served as the artistic consultant for the committees that designed the Great Seal of the United States, and submitted the first proposed design to include the Eye of Providence and suggested the adoption of the U.S. motto E pluribus unum ("Out of Many, One"). Biography
Born in Geneva, <mask>'s original name was <mask>-Eugène Ducimetière or <mask>-<mask>tière. After leaving the Republic of Geneva, he spent more than a decade in the West Indies before moving to New York and then Philadelphia. He spelled his name <mask>-<mask>, <mask>  or <mask>ere after settling in Philadelphia. Elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1768, he further became one of its curators (1777–1781). Du Simitiere served as the artistic consultant for the committees that designed the Great Seal of the United States, and in 1776 he submitted the first proposed design to include the Eye of Providence, which element was eventually adopted.Moreover, he suggested the adoption of the U.S. motto E pluribus unum ("Out of Many, One"). He also designed the Seal of New Jersey, of Delaware, and of Georgia. In 1779, <mask>iere painted the first known portrait of George Washington, later used for the 1791 one-cent coin. In 1781, he was conferred an honorary degree from Princeton University (which was still called College of New Jersey until 1896). Thomas Jefferson's daughter Martha took drawing lessons with <mask>iere. Du Simitiere was the translator into French for the Letters to the inhabitants of Canada from the Continental Congress designed to draw the new British subjects of Quebec into the American Revolutionary War. "His early interest in natural history had expanded to embrace geography, geology, mineralogy, archeology,

masks:
Pierre Eugene du Simitiere
Pierre Eugène Ducimetière
du Simitiere
Pierre
Pierre
Eugène du Cime
Pierre
Eugène du Simitière
Pierre Eugene du Simite
du Symiti
du Simit
du Simit


title: Pierre Eugene du Simitiere

texts:
 from his personal collections constituted during his travels and through his purchases. He opened it to the public in 1782, over forty years before the Charleston Museum, which is generally considered the first American museum. First coin auction sale in America
His coin collection was the first record in Early American history to serve as collateral on a loan granted to him by William Dilwyn. This collection later on was sold at public auction by Matthew Clarkson and Ebenezer Hazard, on March 19, 1785 at Philadelphia. Included in the sale as Lot #19 was "A Mahogany cabinet containing ancient and modern Gold, Silver, and Copper Coins and Medals." This sale precedes all sales in Atinelli's Numisgraphics  by 43 years and is considered to be the first known coin auction sale in America.An advertisement for this sale reposes in the Archives of the Library Company of Philadelphia. Du Simitiere has living descendants throughout Switzerland, France, and the US. In a letter to his wife on August 14, 1776, John Adams wrote
"This Mr. <mask> is a very curious Man. He has begun a Collection of Materials for an History of this Revolution. He begins with the first Advices of the Tea Ships. He cuts out of the Newspapers, every Scrap of Intelligence, and every Piece of Speculation, and pastes it upon clean Paper, arranging them under the Head of the State to which they belong and intends to bind them up in Volumes. He has a List of every Speculation and Pamphlet concerning Independence, and another of those concerning Forms of Government."Notes

References
 Orosz, Joel J., The Eagle That is Forgotten (Wolfenboro, 1988)
 Van Horne, John C., <mask> DuSimitiere: His American Museum 200 Years after (Philadelphia, 1985)

1736 births
1784 deaths
Artists from the Republic of Geneva
Scientists from the Republic of Geneva
American philosophers
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Natural history collectors
Museum founders
18th-century

masks:
du Simitière
Pierre Eugene


title: Charles White (physician)

texts:
<mask> FRS (4 October 1728 – 20 February 1813) was an English physician and a co-founder of the Manchester Royal Infirmary along with local industrialist Joseph Bancroft as well as the St Mary's Hospital for Lying in Women in 1790. <mask> made significant contributions in the field of orthopaedics, surgery and obstetrics. He was a founding member of the Portico Library and of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, where he was also Vice President for 23 years. Early life
<mask> was born in Manchester, England, on 4 October 1728, the only son of <mask>, a surgeon and midwife, and Rosamond Bower. After being educated by the Reverend Radcliffe Russell, <mask> joined his father's practice as an apprentice in about 1742. He was able to assist in surgery and deliveries from the young age of 14. He subsequently studied medicine in London under the anatomist and obstetrician William Hunter in 1748, being one of a small select group of students that included in his year John Hunter.The two young men became lifelong friends. After finishing his training with Dr Hunter he went to Edinburgh to further his studies before returning to Manchester in 1751. He joined his father in practice at their home in King street. After his father's death he continued his practice there until he retired to his father's country house at Sale Priory. Career

 General Surgical techniques. From the 1750s onward, <mask> became increasingly recognised as an able and innovative surgeon. He presented a paper to the Royal Society in 1760 describing his successful treatment of a fractured arm by reuniting the ends of the broken bone.In 1762, the year he became a fellow of the society, he presented another paper, on the use of sponges to stop bleeding. Most people were using a ligature which was extremely painful. the sponge was less painful and more effective than a ligature in lacerated areas and when there was much contusion. In his report to the Royal Society he recorded 13 cases which were entirely

masks:
Charles White
White
White
Thomas White
White
White


title: Charles White (physician)

texts:
 successful where all others methods had failed. he also noted that the wounds were cleaner and so later this persuaded him to use dry sponges to foul abscesses and ulcers with success. He became a member of the Company of Surgeons same year. He devised a method for reducing dislocations of the shoulder .He reported that in twenty years he had yet to fail to reduce the joint. It was even successful in a number of chronic dislocations. The method entailed the use of an iron ring in the ceiling and a pulley fixed into it, the other end fastened by bandages the forearm above the wrist. By drawing up the patient. supported by staff, he could then relocate the humerus. In 1770 he donated to his friend John Hunter an interesting specimen from a lady who had recently died in a lunatic asylum. She had had an operation for an arteriovenous aneurysm following an injury to the brachial artery during venesection some 14 years earlier.The specimen showed three inches of the artery obliterated as a result of ligation and below the aneurysm but that a perfect collateral circulation had developed. In 1768 a boy of 14 who presented with an infected osteomyelitis of the humeral head. The abscess was drained. The treatment would have routinely been an amputation of the arm. <mask> exposed the humeral head and excised it sawing off 2 inches of bone. the patient recovered and had full use of his arm and movement at the shoulder. Although he was not as has been claimed the first to excise the humeral head for disease, none the less was the pioneer in the operation of partial diaphysectomy for acute osteomyelitis.He was one of the most eminent of lithotomists of his day. Anatomy Lecturer. He and his son Thomas delivered possibly the first ever series of Lectures in the provinces at the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society in 1783. They also started instructional Anatomy lectures from his house in King Street from 1787. Obstetrics, Childbirth and the Puerperium
White will be forever remembered


title: Charles White (physician)

texts: in Manchester as the founder of the hospital and a formidable surgeon and often acclaimed as the "father of conservative surgery" None the less it is as a man midwife that he like Dr William Hunter in London really made his mark. In this field however <mask> was unique. During much of this time he was in charge of Midwifery for the Poor of Manchester and surrounding districts.His major work a Treatise on the Management of Pregnant and Lying-in Women, was published in 1773 and went through some five editions. It was published not only in the United Kingdom but also in the USA and then translated and printed in Germany and France. In it he suggested significant changes in the care of women in pregnancy, during childbirth and in the puerperium. Medical students today will learn of the apparently seminal work of Ignazz Semmelweis in changing the course of maternity care from 1845-1860. However almost all of the suggestions that Semmelweis was to make had been encouraged and practiced by <mask> of Manchester starting a century before and detailed in this remarkable book. In it he describes the prevailing practice. The room for a woman to deliver in was often crowded.A fire was lit, the windows were all shut, the curtains stitched. The woman was encouraged to lie flat and be completely covered by blankets. After delivery she was confined in a horizontal position for days so that the lochia tended to remain in the vagina stagnating and festering. He made a point of having the room cooled, the windows to be opened to encourage a flow of fresh air. He insisted on hygienic conditions, regular hand washing, changes of bed linen, towels and sponges and instruments. Although unaware specifically of bacteria he urged not only scrupulous cleaning but also separate bed chambers for women in labour. Where this was not possible then if any woman developed fever she should be isolated for a week or ten days to prevent spread of the fever.In such a case, after the woman had left the hospital, the

masks:
White
Charles White


title: Charles White (physician)

texts: room should be scrubbed including the woodwork, the curtains and floor. He even advocated where possible stoving with brimstone. He also encouraged rapid mobilisation of women after delivery in the first or second days. The normal was for them to be bed bound for days. This again was farsighted and although we would agree today even a hundred years later his advocates could not quite believe this. Puerpural Fever was a common cause of illness and mortality in women. <mask>'s practices practically eliminated this terror.He was sure that free flow of noxious fluids by gravitational drainage. For this he designed a chair to encourage such flow. Such an innovation is also often called a Fowler Chair after the American Surgeon who designed something similar a hundred years later for treatment of Peritonitis. Again <mask> is credited in being the originator by Curtis. <mask> was so successful in this that he practically eliminated Puerpural Fever from his wards. In 1789 in Vienna they appointed Professor Boer who had studied <mask>'s methods at the Lying in Hospital there. He had learned <mask>'s methods whilst in England and used them in Vienna.During his time there 65,000 women passed through the Vienna Lying In Hospital with a death rate of 1.3%. He was deposed by Professor Klein who discarded <mask>'s methods and also at the same time he brought in the practice of teaching on the cadaver to his juniors. His mortality rate increased to 7.8% in the first year and as high as 29% one year. It was into this situation that Semmelweis came and slowly brought forward his insights into the causes and prevention of Puerpural fever. He stopped the students attending cadavers in 1846 but it took him until 1861 to emphasise the importance of foul bed clothes, general cleanliness and the washing of hands of midwives etc. In almost all areas <mask>'s writings advise the same precautions as Semmelweis 75 years later. The only omission was in avoiding cadavers which was not a factor in

masks: White White White White White White White


title: Charles White (physician)

texts:
 Manchester.<mask> was first to pronounce on good care to avoid infection. His work saved thousands of lives. He was also ahead of his time in the decisions about delivery and clamping of the cord. The habit was to hurry the delivery of shoulders after the head had delivered to prevent retention of the placenta . <mask> was certain that it was better to allow a pause and restitution of the baby's body before the woman pushed to deliver the shoulders. He stated that nature knew best and insisted that it was safer to wait. Again he has been proven right.Even more impressively is his advice that in delivery the desire to cut the cord early should be resisted. Dr <mask> insisted in waiting until the cord had stopped pulsating. Even in our time there have been advocates of early clamping but it would appear that he was right as made clear by Dr Peter Dunn in his article on the safe delivery of preterm infants where he cites in detail the work of <mask> over two hundred years earlier. Early clamping has been associated not only with increased Respiratory Distress but also with Haemodynamic circulatory problems. Manchester Royal Infirmary

When he returned to Manchester in 1751, he agitated so actively for the establishment of an infirmary that the prominent local merchant Joseph Bancroft was persuaded to defray all expenses, provided Dr <mask> would give the institution his medical services. In 1752 a house was taken at No 10 Garden Street providing a hospital with 12 beds. Three years later, on 9 April 1755, the Manchester Public Infirmary was opened at new premises.He was to remain as Surgeon to the hospital for 38 years. St Mary's Hospital Manchester
After a dispute with the board of management Dr <mask>, Dr <mask> and the Drs Hall left the hospital and founded the Lying in Hospital at St Mary's in 1790. Dr <mask>, his son, died in a riding accident but he continued to serve there until after the turn of the century. Family and later life

In 1757 <mask> married Ann Bradshaw, whose

masks:
White
White
White
White
White
Charles White
Thomas White
Thomas White
White


title: Charles White (physician)

texts:
 father had been a high sheriff for the county of Lancaster. They had eight children, four sons and four daughters. Two of his sons had become doctors but they and his two other sons died before him. In 1803, <mask> suffered an attack of ophthalmia, which initially only affected his left eye and with difficulty he continued to work.In 1811 it affected the right eye and he soon became blind. He died at his home in Sale on 20 February 1813. He was survived by his daughters, one of whom, <mask>, married Sir Richard Clayton, to whom <mask>'s thesis on Regular Gradation of man was dedicated. Manchester Mummy

One story is that <mask> was the family physician present at the burial of John Beswick, at which a mourner noticed that John's eyelids were flickering, just as his coffin lid was about to be closed; <mask> confirmed that John was still alive. The supposed corpse regained consciousness a few days later, and lived for many more years. The incident made John's sister, Hannah Beswick, fearful that she might accidentally be buried alive. Hannah requested in her will that <mask> keep her above Ground for 100 years after her death.Following Hannah's death in 1758 <mask> had her embalmed, <mask> kept Hannah's mummified body in his museum where he had 300 other pathological specimines in this museum. When the museum was made over to the St Mary's hospital the mummy was moved to the attic at Sale Priory. Following his death in 1813 he gave the mummy to Dr Ollier, his personal physician ,who donated it on his death to the Museum of the Manchester Natural History Society, There she became known as the Manchester Mummy, or the Mummy of Birchin Bower. Her body was put on display in the museum's entrance hall, described by one visitor in 1844 as "one of the most remarkable objects in the museum". Following the museum's transfer to Manchester University in 1867, and with the permission of the Bishop of Manchester, Hannah was buried in an unmarked grave in Harpurhey Cemetery on 22 July 1868.

masks:
White
Anne White
White
White
White
White
White
White


title: Charles White (physician)

texts:
 Although this sounds odd to modern ears, Dr <mask> was following practices that were not uncommon at the time. Others physicians doing likewise included Dr John Hunter, Dr William Hunter, Dr Cruickshank and DrSheldon.Polygenism
<mask> spent much his spare time studying Anthropemetry. He examined people including sailors of a variety of ethnicities to study anatomical differences. He was influenced by work done by John Hunter which he had seen in London. Like Hunter, he described differences in skull and facial shapes and also the length of forearm and humerus and came to the incorrect conclusion that different 'races' were of separate origins. <mask>'s Account of the Regular Gradation in Man, and in Different Animals and Vegetables (1799) attempted to provide empirical science for the theory of polygenism. <mask> proposed the theory of polygeny, refuting French naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon's interfertility argument – the theory that only the same species can interbreed – pointing to species hybrids such as foxes, wolves and jackals, separate groups that were still able to interbreed. For <mask>, 'races' were separate species, divinely created for their own geographical regions.He concentrated on Africans' and African Americans' differences from Europeans, which led him to believe that people from these areas had derived from separate origins. Though these theories were clearly incorrect and reflected—and contributed to—the racist ideologies of the time, <mask> said that his work must never be "construed so as to give the smallest countenance to the pernicious practice of enslaving mankind, which [he wished] to see abolished throughout the world" and that he was opposed to "assigning to any one a superiority over another". References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

1728 births
1813 deaths
18th-century English medical doctors
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Physicians of the Manchester Royal Infirmary
Physicians of

masks: White White White White White White


title: Kerry Armstrong

texts:
<mask> (born 12 September 1958) is an Australian film, television and stage actress. She is one of only two actresses to win two Australian Film Institute Awards in the same year, winning Best Actress in a Leading Role for Lantana and Best Actress in a Leading Role in a Television Drama for SeaChange in 2001. After early television roles in Australia including Prisoner (1979) and Skyways (1980), <mask> moved to the United States in 1981, where she played Ophelia in Hamlet and Isabella in Measure for Measure at the Arena Stage in Washington, D.C., and had a role in the soap opera Dynasty (1985–86). She returned to Australia in 1987. Her other television roles include MDA (2002–03) and Bed of Roses (2008–11). Career

Early years
<mask> appeared in both acting and presenting roles on Australian television in the 1970s and early 1980. One of her first acting roles was on television series Marion, released in March 1974.She appeared as a GTV-9 weather girl, and then in a dramatic acting role, appearing as Lynn 'Wonky' Warner, an original character in Network Ten women's prison drama Prisoner. Initially planned to last 16 episodes, the series was continued and <mask> appeared in the first 44 episodes. She then switched to another ongoing role in drama series Skyways for 49 episodes. In 1981 she co-hosted the Network Ten series Together Tonight with Greg Evans. In 1981 <mask> married rock band Australian Crawl's rhythm guitarist Brad Robinson. <mask> and Robinson co-wrote "Easy on Your Own", a track on Australian Crawl's second album Sirocco and B-side to the single "Errol". United States and Dynasty
<mask> moved to the United States in 1981, where she studied under Herbert Berghof

masks:
Kerry Michelle Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong


title: Kerry Armstrong

texts:
 and Uta Hagen at the HB Studio in New York City on an acting scholarship.With the studio's Playwrights Foundation, she played Juliet in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Ophelia in Hamlet, and Isabella in Measure for Measure at the Arena Stage in Washington, DC. In order to obtain residency, <mask> and Robinson agreed she would have to marry a US citizen, so they separated and she married her friend Alexander Bernstein. <mask> only had a professional arrangement with Bernstein, but her long distance from Robinson dissolved their relationship. In the US, she starred as Christine in Tom Stoppard's Dalliance at the Long Wharf Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut, had an ongoing role in daytime serial One Life to Live, and became part of The Actors' Gang along with John Cusack and Tim Robbins. After working in the group's plays, <mask> appeared in seven episodes of Dynasty as Elena, Duchess of Branagh. Robbins and <mask> became romantically involved. Cusack, Robbins and <mask> auditioned for Saturday Night Live but only <mask> was offered a part, which she declined.She also guest starred in the 1984 Murder, She Wrote episode "Death Takes a Curtain Call". Australian return
In 1987, <mask> returned to Australia upon the death of her grandmother. In the early 1990s, she resumed acting in Australian television series, including Police Rescue, Ocean Girl, Come In Spinner, All Together Now and Halfway Across the Galaxy and Turn Left. In 1991 <mask> was nominated for an AFI award for Best Actress for her role in the film Hunting which was released by Paramount in the U.S. In 1998, <mask> was offered the role of Heather Jelly in the television series SeaChange, the ever-devoted but

masks: Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong


title: Kerry Armstrong

texts:
 long-suffering wife of corrupt local mayor Bob (John Howard). The role won her critical acclaim and garnered several awards. When SeaChange ended in 2000, <mask> continued on with her theatre work and also appeared in Lantana, the award-winning Ray Lawrence film also starring Anthony LaPaglia, Barbara Hershey, Geoffrey Rush, Glenn Robbins and Vince Colosimo.<mask> won the Inside Film (IF) Award, Film Critics Circle of Australia Award and the AFI Award for her Lantana performance. In the same year she won another AFI award, for the final season of SeaChange, making her the second actress to win two AFI awards in one year. The first had been Sacha Horler for her 1998 Lead Role in Praise and 1999 Supporting Role in Soft Fruit awarded in 1999. In 2002, <mask> joined the cast of medico-legal drama MDA on ABC alongside Jason Donovan and Shane Bourne. However, she left the series at the end of its second season. In the series her character, Dr Ella Davis, left the firm that was the focus of the show. After MDA, <mask> appeared in films One Perfect Day, Oyster Farmer, Virus, Car Pool and Razzle Dazzle.On 10 May 2008 ABC-TV started screening a six-part series Bed of Roses with <mask> in the lead role as Louisa Atherton. In 2008 she appeared in the film Reservations. In 2010, Bed of Roses returned for a second season on the ABC followed by a third and final season in 2011. In the same year she starred in the short film, The Forgotten Men, alongside Jack Thompson and Gyton Grantley. 2016 sees <mask> return to Australian screens in the series The Wrong Girl for Network Ten. Author
<mask> wrote a self-help book, The Circles, released on 1 November 2003. She described the book as a

masks: Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong


title: Kerry Armstrong

texts:
 practical exercise in empowering people.In May 2008, <mask> told the Herald Sun the book's US publisher, Beyond Words, had received a call from a large book club in the US which wanted 21,000 copies of the book. Her second book, Fool on the Hill, released in March 2006, is about the nature of personality. A travel guide, Newcomer's Handbook for New York City was co-edited with Belden Merims in 1996. Public profile
<mask> has worked with several charitable organisations including Childwise, Big hART, and Cure for Life Foundation which sponsors research into brain tumour treatments. In 2006, she represented Cure for Life in season five of Dancing with the Stars. <mask> and dance partner, Christopher Ryan, were the third couple eliminated from the show. <mask> has publicly opposed the War in Iraq, and in protest, sat on the steps of the Victorian Parliament in a purple bra to draw attention to her cause.In October 2008 <mask> appeared as the face of a "myth-busting" advertising campaign for Coca-Cola, created by the agency Singleton Ogilvy & Mather. Titled "<mask> on Motherhood and Myth Busting", the print advertisement purported to correct "myths and conjecture" about Coca-Cola drink products. Claiming her three boys called her "Mum, the myth buster", <mask> rejected suggestions that Coca-Cola "rots your teeth", "makes you fat" and is "packed with caffeine". In April 2009, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commissioner ruled that the Coca-Cola advertisements in which <mask> appeared were misleading. The ACCC's chairman, Graeme Samuel, said, "Coke's messages were totally unacceptable, creating an impression which is likely to mislead that Coca-Cola cannot contribute to

masks:
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Kerry Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong


title: Kerry Armstrong

texts:
 weight gain, obesity and tooth decay". Personal life
<mask> was born in Melbourne in 1958. In 1981, <mask> was briefly married to Australian Crawl's rhythm guitarist Brad Robinson.Under the advice of her US agent and with Robinson's consent, she married friend, Alexander Bernstein, in order to resolve visa issues and allow her to work in the United States. In 1990, when their son was three months old, she married writer-producer Mac Gudgeon. The marriage to Gudgeon ended and in 1996 she married builder Mark Croft and they have twin sons. <mask> and Croft separated in 2001. As of 2008, she lived with her three sons in the Yarra Valley. Awards
 1991 – Nominated – Australian Film Institute (AFI) Award – Best Actress – Hunting
 2000 – Nominated – Logie Award – Outstanding Actress in TV Series – SeaChange
 2001 – Winner – Logie Award – Outstanding Actress in TV Series – SeaChange
 2001 – Winner – AFI Award – Best Actress (Television) – SeaChange
 2001 – Winner – IF Award – Best Actress – Lantana (shared with co-stars Barbara Hershey, Leah Purcell, Rachael Blake and Daniela Farinacci)
 2001 – Winner – AFI Award – Best Actress – Lantana
 2001 – Winner – Film Critics Circle of Australia Award – Best Actress – Lantana
 2002 – Nominated – AFI Award – Best Actress (Television) – MDA

Filmography

Film
2020
The Very Excellent Mr Dundee
Ella

Television

References

External links

 Profile, Marquee Management

1958 births
20th-century Australian actresses
21st-century Australian actresses
Actresses from Melbourne
Australian film actresses
Australian soap opera actresses
Best Actress AACTA Award winners
Living people
Logie Award winners
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian

masks: Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong


title: Henry Perrine Baldwin

texts: <mask> (August 29, 1842 – July 8, 1911) was a businessman and politician on Maui in the Hawaiian Islands. He supervised the construction of the East Maui Irrigation System and co-founded Alexander & Baldwin, one of the "Big Five" corporations that dominated the economy of the Territory of Hawaii. <mask> was born on August 29, 1842 in Lahaina, Hawaii. His father was American Christian missionary <mask> (1798–1886), and his mother was <mask>. He was named after <mask> (1777-1836), professor at Auburn Theological Seminary, from which his father had graduated shortly before his departure to the Hawaiian Islands. He attended Punahou School in Honolulu and returned to Maui to become a farmer. First he tried to manage William DeWitt Alexander's rice plantation, but that failed.Instead by 1863 he went to work for his brother David (also called <mask>, Jr) who had started a small sugarcane farm. He hoped to earn enough money to go to medical school, but never left the sugar industry. He took a job as foreman (called luna) of the Waihee plantation, owned by Christopher H. Lewers, under the management of Samuel Thomas Alexander. In 1867, he traveled to the West Coast of the United States. In 1869, <mask> and Alexander became business partners and bought  in the eastern Maui ahupuaa (ancient land division) called Hāmākua Poko. (This is not to be confused with the Hāmākua district of Hawaii island.) In 1870, they bought another  and planted sugarcane.<mask> had gone into debt to buy the land. They lived in an area called "Sunnyside" near the small Paliuli Sugar Mill, which had been built on the edge of Rainbow Gulch  by Robert Hind. Alexander managed the larger Haiku Mill which had been constructed in 1861 by Castle & Cooke, formed by two former missionaries. Alexander had married Martha Eliza Cooke, daughter of Amos Starr Cooke, a co-founder of Castle & Cooke. On March 28,

masks:
Henry Perrine Baldwin
Life Baldwin
Dwight Baldwin
Charlotte Fowler Baldwin
Matthew LaRue Perrine
Dwight Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin


title: Henry Perrine Baldwin

texts:
 1876, <mask> lost his right arm in an industrial accident at the Paliuli Mill. Trying to adjust the rollers, his fingers got stuck in the cane grinder, pulling in his right arm, and he almost died before it could be turned off and reversed to free him. A worker was sent to get the nearest doctor  away to do the amputation.Within weeks, he learned to write with his left hand, and continued to play organ in his church with one hand. In a month, he was riding horseback in his fields. Hamakua ditch
The Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 gave freer access to market for sugar exported to the United States. Although the Hawaiian Islands have a 12-month growing season, a major problem with farming former dry forests was their wide extremes in precipitation. After a quick tropical downpour the intense sun can cause enormous growth. But there are often years with little or no rain at all in some places. <mask> said one day during a drought he knelt down in the field and prayed for rain.It came, and he promised that if he ever became successful, he would make sure he would build a suitable monument. Alexander was more practical: his father had taught at Lahainaluna School where irrigation ditches had been used for small private gardens since the times of ancient Hawaii. Alexander noticed the rainforests on the eastern (windward) side of the island and upper slopes of Haleakalā received much more rainfall. The terrain in that area was too rough to plant, but they reasoned an aqueduct could bring water to the lower, flatter area of their fields. William Harrison Rice had irrigated a small sugarcane plantation in 1856, but this system would supply . Alexander arranged a survey, worked out financing from other planters to create the Hamakua Ditch Company and negotiated a two-year lease with the government of King David Kalākaua to build the project starting September 30, 1876. With no

masks: Baldwin Baldwin


title: Henry Perrine Baldwin

texts:
 engineering training, <mask> supervised what became known as the  Hamakua ditch while recovering from his injury.Sugar competitor Claus Spreckels had obtained another lease from the Kingdom government, so unless <mask> completed his system by September 30, 1878, the water would go to Spreckels. Besides actual ditches lined with clay, sluices and siphons were used to cross several steep canyons. <mask> would lower himself down into the gulches daily with his one remaining arm. Workers doubted that water would go down through a pipe and then go uphill on the other side. Water started to flow to the Castle & Cooke plantation in July 1877. Crossing Maliko Gulch with the pipeline was the last major milestone, since they could then irrigate their own fields. Alexander left for a trip to Europe on July 9, 1878, and left day-to-day management of Hawaiian operations to <mask>.The project was over budget, but on-time and worked. Several other projects were added through 1923 to the system. The idea was copied over the years in projects on Maui and other islands. Irish civil engineer Michael O'Shaughnessy designed the Koolau Ditch in 1904–1905 and some similar projects using technology developed for railroad tunnels. He then returned to San Francisco and applied the idea to the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct. Alexander and Baldwin consolidated these projects into their East Maui Irrigation Company. The East Maui irrigation system was declared a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 2002.Growing the business

The irrigation projects became so profitable that the Alexander and Baldwin partnership was able to buy out other planters and enlarge their holdings. By 1877 <mask> had the Hamakuapoko Mill built on the southwestern side of Maliko Gulch near the irrigated fields, . The Haiku mill shut down in 1879. The Paia Mill opened in 1880,

In 1881 the Kahului Railroad allowed the sugar to

masks: Baldwin Baldwin Baldwin Baldwin Baldwin


title: Henry Perrine Baldwin

texts: travel by train to the growing port of Kahului. In 1882 Alexander moved to Oakland, California and enrolled his children in the schools there. <mask> and his family also visited California but returned in 1883 and he became manager of the Haiku plantation. He built another house near the former Haiku mill and started buying shares of the business.Spreckels used his vast financial resources to bring German Engineer Hermann Schussler to build his own irrigation system from 1878 to 1880, forming the Hawaii Commercial and Sugar Company. Spreckels also controlled the sugar refinery in California used for most Hawaiian sugar. Eventually Spreckels would sell out in 1898 and <mask> would become a partner, and merge Haiku and Paia sugar companies into it. <mask> managed HC&S personally from 1902 to 1906. In 1887 he traveled to England with brother-in-law Samuel Mills Damon to see the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. In 1888 he offered the foundation of the old Paliuli mill to his church, and a wooden frame building was built on the site where he lost his arm — his monument for answering his prayers. He also helped fund restoration of the Wainee Church of his father.In 1888, <mask> and a few businessmen from Honolulu formed the Haleakala Ranch, consisting of  on the slopes of the dormant volcano Haleakalā. Piiholo Ranch is part of that acreage, now used for tourism. <mask> hired Louis von Tempsky to manage Haleakala ranch in 1899, and Louis' daughter Armine von Tempski (1892–1943) wrote several novels and an autobiography about life on the <mask> ranch. In 1889 the McKinley Tariff act raised tariffs on sugar exported to the U.S. market, and its price dropped to two cents a pound. <mask> took advantage of the lower land prices and built an irrigation project on Kauai island called the Hanapepe ditch for the Hawaiian Sugar Company. He moved his family to Kauai for a few

masks:
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Henry Baldwin
Henry Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin


title: Henry Perrine Baldwin

texts:
 months before moving back to Maui in 1893. In 1894 a partnership with Alexander became agent to sell the sugar in California.In 1900, the partnership became officially incorporated as Alexander & Baldwin (A&B). With offices in both Honolulu and San Francisco, it acted as an agent for other plantations as well. Eventually A&B would evolve into a holding company for many other ventures, including shipping line Matson Navigation Company. In 1899 he supervised another irrigation project at Kihei. In 1903 he built another house called Maluhia at a higher elevation near Olinda, Hawaii surrounded by fruit trees. Keahua Ranch Company in 1909 became the Maui Pineapple Company. In 1905, he became an owner of The Maui News.His descendants continued to own the paper until 2000. Politics
After the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii raised the property-owning requirements of voters, <mask> <mask> was elected to the Kingdom House of Nobles from 1887 to 1892, and the Senate of the Republic of Hawaii and Territory of Hawaii 1895–1904. He was a member of the foreign affairs committee, and inherited his father's concern for public health, using his own money to fund better homes in the Kalaupapa Leprosy Settlement. He introduced a bill proposing to outlaw employment of children under 13, but it was defeated. He was a member of the controlling Reform Party, which evolved into the Hawaii Republican Party. He generally opposed the ruling King Kalākaua, but never expressed support for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893. He gave the speech nominating Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaole for Congressional delegate in 1902.Family and legacy
He married Emily Whitney Alexander (1846–1943), sister of his business partner Samuel Alexander, on April 5, 1870. His sister Abigail Charlette <mask> had married Samuel's brother William DeWitt Alexander (1847–1912) in 1861. Their first

masks:
Henry Perrine
Baldwin
Baldwin


title: Henry Perrine Baldwin

texts: son <mask> <mask> (1871–1946), known as "Harry", became manager of the Haiku Sugar Company, which was merged with other plantations to become the Maui Agricultural Company in 1921. Harry was very active in politics, including serving as delegate to the United States House of Representatives from the Territory of Hawaii. Son William Dwight <mask> was born October 25, 1873, graduated from Yale in 1897, and then Johns Hopkins Medical School in 1901. He returned in 1905 to practice medicine in Honolulu until 1914 when he became a rancher on Maui. He died October 30, 1943.Arthur Douglas <mask> was born April 8, 1876, graduated from Yale and then Harvard Law School 1898–1891 He moved to Cleveland, Ohio and practised law in his firm Garfield McGregor & Baldwin. His law partner James Rudolph Garfield was son of President James A. Garfield. He married Reba Louise Williams in 1902 and had five children. He wrote a biography of his father. He became a lieutenant of field artillery in World War I and died in 1954. Son Frank Fowler <mask> was born March 30, 1878, attended Yale but left in 1898. He started work as a field worker and eventually became President of Kahului Railroad in 1910, and of the Hawaiian Commercial Company (HC&S) when <mask> died.In 1948 Frank combined HC&S with Maui Agricultural Company for a combined . He died February 6, 1960. Daughters Maud Mansfield (<mask>) Cooke (1872–1961) and Charlotte (<mask>) Rice (1884–1938) married descendants of other missionaries, Joseph Platt Cooke (1870–1918), and Harold Waterhouse Rice, who also were in the sugar business. Cooke was grandson of Amos Starr Cooke and nephew of businessman Samuel Gardner Wilder. Youngest son Samuel Alexander <mask> was born August 30, 1885. He attended Punahou School, Oakland High School in California, and Yale in 1908. He married Katherine Smith in Honolulu, May 10, 1909.He became a champion

masks:
Henry Alexander
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Henry Perrine
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin


title: Henry Perrine Baldwin

texts:
 polo player and managed Haleakala Ranch when von Tempsky retired. Samuel died July 21, 1950. In 1910 the <mask>s founded the <mask> memorial foundation in honor of their son Fred Chambers <mask> (1881–1905) who died October 11, 1905 in New York City. From 1910 through World War II it supported an elderly housing facility. Since then it has made grants to the Maui community. <mask> <mask> had an operation for appendicitis in January 1909 and traveled to California in the summer of 1911. He died a few days after returning on July 8, 1911.David Thomas Fleming (1881–1955) was manager of Baldwin's Honolua Ranch where he planted pineapple in 1912. Fleming converted the cattle ranch to a pineapple plantation. This was the beginning of Maui Land & Pineapple Company, an industry that continued until 2009. In 1913 the Old Maui High School was built on the Mahakuapoka plantation land. <mask> <mask> High School was named for him in Wailuku, Hawaii in 1934. The former superintendent's residence of a Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Company sugar mill in Puunēnē is now the Alexander & Baldwin Sugar Museum. A Baldwin park is near the mill.In 1916 another new Makawao Union Church was built of concrete with stone veneer and is called the "Henry Perrine Baldwin Memorial Church". Many <mask> family members are buried in the Makawao Cemetery near him. William Hyde Rice (son of William Harrison Rice and father of Harold W. Rice who married <mask>) and <mask> <mask> were among the notable speakers. See also
 Sugar plantations in Hawaii
Alexander & Baldwin Sugar Museum

Family tree

References

Further reading

Hawaii state senators
Hawaiian Kingdom politicians
Members of the Hawaiian Kingdom House of Nobles
Businesspeople from Hawaii
1911 deaths
1842 births
People from Lahaina, Hawaii
American amputees
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American businesspeople
Hawaiian Kingdom

masks:
Baldwin
Fred Baldwin
Baldwin
Henry Perrine
Baldwin
Henry Perrine
Baldwin
Baldwin
Charlotte Baldwin
Henry Alexander
Baldwin


title: H. Vinson Synan

texts:
<mask>, (December 1, 1934 - March 15, 2020), was a historian, author, and alliance leader within the Pentecostal movement. Synan published a total of 25 books, a majority related to Holiness, Pentecostal, and Charismatic movements. He served as General Secretary of the International Pentecostal Holiness Church and later as Chair of the North American Renewal Service Committee from 1985 to 2001. From 1994 - 2006 he served as Dean of the School of Divinity at Regent University in Virginia Beach, Virginia. In 2016, Synan moved back to Tulsa, Oklahoma to re-join the faculty of Oral Roberts University as Interim Dean of the College of Theology and Ministry, where he served for two years. Following that he served as Scholar in Residence at Oral Roberts University where he worked closely with Dr. William M. Wilson, the president of ORU, the World Pentecostal Fellowship, and Empowered21. Biography
Synan, along with his twin brother Vernon, was born on December 1, 1934 in Hopewell, Virginia to Joseph Alexander and Minnis (Purdue) Synan.He was one of seven siblings. Education and career
His father, a sixteen-year-old Methodist was converted at a Pentecostal Holiness tent meeting near Fredericksburg, Virginia. He later planted five Pentecostal Holiness congregations in the Tidewater area of Virginia before serving as a bishop of the Pentecostal Holiness Church, a position he held for 24 years. Synan's formative years revolved around his Pentecostal Holiness church. His call to ministry came shortly after his conversion in 1951, while living in Memphis, Tennessee, during the time he was seeking his experience of the "second blessing" of entire


title: H. Vinson Synan

texts: sanctification. Nine months later, at the age of seventeen, he received the baptism in the <mask> Spirit. He began his preaching ministry the same year, and in 1954 was ordained in the Pentecostal Holiness Church.Synan then completed a two-year liberal arts degree from Emmanuel College in Franklin Springs, Georgia. In 1955 and after a one-year pastoral apprenticeship, he became an evangelist in the Eastern Virginia PHC Conference. Synan graduated from the University of Richmond with a B.A. in American history in 1958, and in the fall of the same year began his teaching career. From 1956 to 1962, he helped plant three churches in Virginia and from 1967 to 1974 he planted one in Georgia. From 1963 to 1975, he also taught history at his alma mater, Emmanuel College. As Synan was making preparation for his academic career, Oral Roberts, a friend of the family, offered him a full scholarship to earn a Ph.D. in theology at Harvard, Yale, or Princeton if he would return and teach at Oral Roberts University.Synan, however, declined the offer since he had already received a full scholarship with a stipend from the State of Georgia to prepare for his calling as a historian. In 1965, he completed his M.A. and in 1967 his Ph.D. from the University of Georgia in American Social and Intellectual History. In order to prepare his dissertation for publication, Synan spent the summer of 1968 reading through major Pentecostal journals. His travels took him to the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) where he met with several leaders. Significant among them was <mask> who was serving as the dean of students at Lee University. Together they discussed the

masks:
Holy
Horace Ward


title: H. Vinson Synan

texts:
 at Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, Oklahoma. For twelve years, from 1994 to 2006, he served as the Dean of the Regent University School of Divinity. Under his leadership the School of Divinity implemented both a Doctorate of Ministry and a non-residential and on-line Ph.D. program in Renewal Studies, which was the first of its kind in the world. In 2006, Synan stepped down as Dean to serve part-time as Professor of Pentecostal and Charismatic History and Dean Emeritus of Regent University. In 2016, Synan moved back to Oklahoma to re-join the faculty at Oral Roberts University as a Scholar in Residence at Oral Roberts University where he worked closely with Dr. William M. Wilson, the president of ORU and global co-chair of Empowered21.Personal life
On August 13, 1960, he married Carol Lee Fuqua from Richmond, Virginia. Reflecting on the day he met her as a young evangelist preaching at a summer youth camp, he described her as "a dark-haired beauty whose smile seemed to light up the entire room." Together they had four children: Mary Carol (1961), Virginia Lee (1963), <mask> Jr. (1966), and Joseph Alexander III (1968). Synan died March 15, 2020. Writing
In 1963, Synan began his teaching career in history at Emmanuel College. It was at this time the school also asked him to write the school's official history. Synan had known G. F. Taylor, the widow of the founder of the college, when he was a student in the 1950s, and since he was a faculty member, research of the school's history was readily accessible.In 1969, the school published his research as a fundraiser for the school's 50th anniversary under the title Emmanuel College: The First


title: H. Vinson Synan

texts: recognized as the fulfillment of the Joel 2 prophecy for early and latter rain. In this book, Synan depicts the antecedents of the Pentecostal outpouring of the 20th century as the "Gathering Clouds." The chapter on the early history with Charles Parham and the Azusa Street Revival the author titles "The Rain Falls in America." The chapter "The Rain Falls Around the World" is a description of the movement's growth into Europe, Chile, Latin America, Russia, and Brazil. The two chapters "The Rain Rejected" and "The Rain Reconsidered" discusses the troubled years when Pentecostalism came under harsh criticism and then with the rise of the healing Evangelists and the Charismatic movement which began with Dennis Bennett, a more positive attitude evolved. The history of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal and the Jesus People was described as "Rain Fall" and "Cloudburst."The book closed with the three streams of Renewal coming together into one "River". He gives this opening statement in the book: "There is only one outpouring of the <mask> Spirit in the latter days, although the streams flow through channels known as 'classical Pentecostalism,' Protestant 'neo-Pentecostalism,' and the 'Catholic charismatic renewal.' In the end, it adds up to one great historical phenomenon which has had a profound effect on Christianity around the world." According to Synan, In the Latter Days has been published in more languages than any of his other books. In 1985, Synan was the founder and chairman of the North American Renewal Service Committee which resulted in the New Orleans Leaders Conference that hosted over 7,500 leaders from Pentecostal denominations and


title: H. Vinson Synan

texts: Said "Grow" was the fourth in a series of books published by MARC Innovations on mission. The material for this book was originally presented as a series of lectures on "Evangelization and the Charismatic Renewal" in 1990 at the Church Growth Lectureship at the School of World Mission, Fuller Theological Seminary under the leadership of C. Peter Wagner. In this sixty-two page book, Synan cites David Barrett's statistics to provide a historical sketch of the explosive growth of Pentecostal-Charismatic Renewal around the world, employing the "Third Wave" analogy first expressed by Wagner in 1983. In a book review by <mask>, Synan's book The Century of the Holy Spirit: 100 Years of Pentecostal and Charismatic Renewal was described as "a lasting contribution to the recording of Pentecostalism," and a book that is "poised to become the standard work of reference for the historical development of the various Pentecostal and Charismatic awakenings of the twentieth century." This book, which Lederle calls Synan's "magnum opus," contains 15 chapters, seven of which were written by Synan and the remaining eight chapters by contributing authors. While the primary focus of the book is the 21st century, it also provides a brief history of the Wesleyan Holiness antecedents which begin in the early 18th century.Written at the invitation of Bert Ghezzi, a Catholic Charismatic and editor of Servant Publications, Voices of Pentecost: Testimonies of Lives Touched by the Holy Spirit is a devotional book, presenting short personal testimonies of 61 individuals throughout history, especially Pentecostals and Charismatics who, as the title suggests, have been


title: H. Vinson Synan

texts:
 touched and transformed by the power of the Holy Spirit. In 2003, Synan, along with three of his family members, produced The Synans of Virginia: The Story of an Irish Family in America. This two hundred forty-four page book traces the Synan bloodline back through William Synan, the Immigrant, from County Cork in southern Ireland to Virginia. Synan's 2007 publication, A Seminary to Change the World Regent University School of Divinity at 25 Years was written in honor of the 25th Anniversary of the Regent University School of Divinity. Filled with pictures, this text provides the history of a school, founded by Dr. M. G. 'Pat' Robertson, which began with 23 students on September 8, 1982 as CBN University School of Biblical Studies and has grown to become a fully accredited university recognized around the world. Throughout 2019, Synan worked on the history of the contemporary Spirit-Empowered movement, represented by Empowered21, for the Jerusalem 2020 Congress. Bibliography
Bartleman, Frank.Azusa Street: An Eyewitness Account, ed. <mask> Synan. Gainesville, FL: Bridge-Logos, 1980. Synan, Vinson. Emmanuel College: The First Fifty Years 1919-1969. Franklin Springs, GA: North Washington Press, 1968. Synan, <mask>.The Holiness-Pentecostal Movement in the United States. Grand Rapids, MI:
Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1971. Synan, <mask>. The Old Time Power: A History of the Pentecostal Holiness Church. Franklin Springs, GA: Advocate Press, 1973. Synan, <mask>.Charismatic Bridges. Ann Arbor, MI: Word of Life, 1974. Synan, Vinson. ed., Aspects of Pentecostal-Charismatic Origins. Plainfield, NJ: Logos International, 1975. Synan, <mask>. In the Latter Days: The

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