title: José María de Echeandía

texts:
 many raids against Mexican settlers. Echeandía send troops led by Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo to battle him in the San Joaquin Valley but did not win.In 1833, malaria was introduced into the San Joaquin Valley by Canadian beaver trappers from the Hudson's Bay Company. More than 20,000 California natives died from malaria in 1833 including many Yokuts, Chumash, Miwok and others, thus ending the revolts. Governor <mask> arrived from Mexico in 1833, resolving the north–south political struggle and replaced Echeandía on January 14, 1833. Figueroa continued the secularization of missions and giving out of Mexican land grants. Proclamation of Emancipation

Echeandía as the first native Mexican elected Governor of Alta California issued a "Proclamation of Emancipation"  (or "Prevenciónes de Emancipacion") on July 25, 1826. All Indians within the military districts of San Diego Mission, Santa Barbara, and Monterey who were found qualified were freed from missionary rule and made eligible to become Mexican citizens. Those who wished to remain under mission tutelage (guardianship) were exempted from most forms of corporal punishment.By 1830 even those new to California appeared confident in their own abilities to operate the mission ranches and farms independently; the padres, however, doubted the capabilities of their charges in this regard. In 1831, the number of Indians under missionary control in all of Upper-Alta California was about 18,683 and about 4,342 of garrison soldiers, free settlers, and "other classes" totaled 4,342. New immigration of both Mexican and foreigners, increased pressure on the Alta California government to seize the mission properties and dispossess the natives in accordance with <mask>'s directive. Despite the fact that <mask>'s emancipation plan was met with little encouragement from the newcomers who populated the southern missions, he was nonetheless determined to test the scheme on a large scale at

masks:
José Figueroa
Echeandía
Echeandía


title: José María de Echeandía

type: original

texts:
 Mission San Juan Capistrano. To that end, he appointed a number of comisionados (commissioners) to oversee the emancipation of the Indians. The Mexican government passed legislation on December 20, 1827 that mandated the expulsion of all Spaniards younger than sixty years of age from Mexican territories; Governor <mask> nevertheless intervened on behalf of some of the Spanish-born Franciscans missionaries in order to prevent their deportation once the law took effect in California. he knew this would leave most missions without missionaries priests.In 1830 as Governor he had Father Martinez arrested on charge of treason, and banished the Father from the Mexican territories. Mission secularization

Echeandía supported the Mexican secularization act of 1833 put on the Alta California missions. The act started the redistribution of the land holdings of the church to land grant ranchos. <mask> did not take any Ranchos for himself. While the secularization act was passed after <mask> departed office. In 1827, one of his sub lieutenant <mask> Sánchez, who was stationed at the Presidio of San Francisco, was granted permission by Echeandía to occupy the a rancho, Rancho Buri Buri, for "grazing and agricultural purposes" on the Mission San Francisco de Asís's Mission Dolores lands. The land later was granted to him in 1835, by Governor <mask> Pico, land of

In 1827 he made a land grant of Rancho El Rosario on Baja California, to Don <mask> Machado, one of the first soldiers stationed at the Presidio of San Diego. In 1828 he granted Rancho La Brea land of   in present-day Los Angeles County, California. The land was given to Antonio Jose Rocha and Nemisio Dominguez by <mask> Carrillo, the Alcalde of Los Angeles. Rancho La Brea consisted of one square league of land of what is now Wilshire's Miracle Mile, Hollywood, and parts of West Hollywood. The grant included the famous La Brea Tar Pits. In 1829 Echeandía made a land grant of

masks:
Echeandía
Echeandía
Echeandía
José Antonio
José Castroío
José Manuel
José Antonio


title: José María de Echeandía

texts:
 Rancho Tía Juana to Santiago Arguello, paymaster at the Presidio of San Diego and part of the revolt against Governor Manuel Victoria. It covered 26,019.53 acres in what is now Tijuana and parts of San Ysidro in San Diego.In 1829 Echeandía gave a land grant to Rancho Janal of  in present-day San Diego County. The grant was to <mask> Estudillo a lieutenant at the Presidio of San Diego. The grant was located near present-day Otay Mesa. Even though <mask> had already been replaced as governor, he still appointed  Alvarado to oversee the secularization of Mission San Miguel. The new governor, Manuel Victoria rescinded the order and wanted Alvarado and Castro arrested. The pair fled and were hidden by their old friend Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, who was now adjutant at the Presidio of San Francisco. However, Victoria's rule proved to be unpopular and he was overthrown by <mask>, then replaced by Pío Pico at the end of 1831.In 1829 he grants land of Rancho Tecate to Juan Bandini. The  grant was for 4,439 acres (18 km2) of land in the valley of Tecate in  Baja California, near San Diego. A grant to Juan Bandini is recorded as being completed for Rancho Cañada de Tecate on July 12, 1834 under governor <mask>roa. He granted Rancho Temescal in present-day Riverside County, California to Leandro Serrano. The actor Ben Wright played Governor Echeandia in the 1960 episode "Forbidden Wedding" of the syndicated television anthology series Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews. In the story line, Echeandia objects to the wedding of a young woman who once spurned his affections. See also
List of pre-statehood governors of California
List of Ranchos of California
Rancho Suey
Henry D. Fitch
William Edward Petty Hartnell
Agustín V. Zamorano - Secretary of State to Governor <mask> <mask>.References

Californios
American politicians of Mexican descent
Politicians from San Francisco
Year of birth missing
1871 deaths
Governors of Mexican

masks:
José Antonio
Echeandía
Echeandía
José Figue
José María
Echeandía


title: G. S. Venkataraman

texts:
<mask> Prakash Bhasin Award. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri in 1992. Biography
<mask> was born on 1 February 1930 to Lokanayaki and G. R<mask>, a freedom fighter, at a small hamlet in Tirunelveli district by name, Tenkasi, in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu. His early education was at the local village school after which he did his intermediate (higher secondary) from St. Xavier's College, Palayamkottai. At Alagappa Chettiar College, Karaikudi, where he joined for his graduate studies, he had the opportunity to learn under S. Doraisamy, an algologist and a protégé of M. O. P. Iyengar, a renowned phycologist. His master's degree came from Banaras Hindu University and, on getting a Government of India fellowship, he pursued doctoral studies under the guidance of Y. Bharadwaja and secured a PhD and DSc from the same university.His career started as an Assistant Botanist at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in 1956. With the guidance of M. S. Randhawa, then Vice-President of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, he established an algal research centre at the institute which is known to have conducted research on Algae and published several research papers and books on the subject. Through his researches, he established the role of algae in agriculture as a nitrogen fixing agent which was accepted by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), among others. He also initiated master's and doctoral courses in Agricultural Phycology at the institute to foster research and for training manpower. Supported by a grant from the Department of Biotechnology, he also established a national facility for the collection and distribution of Blue-green algae (BGA) cultures. When the Department of Science and Technology initiated a national level project on Algae for fertilizer, feed and fuel in 1976, Venkataraman was selected to head the project as its director. The project, which had state and central participation, is reported to have been successful in the dissemination knowledge on BGA bio-fertilizers among Indian farming community.His studies revealed the importance of rice strain selection as he maintained

masks:
Gopalasamudram Sitaraman Venkataramanm
Venkataraman
. Sitaraman


title: G. S. Venkataraman

texts: that different strains have differing ability and adaptability vis-à-vis soil conditions, resistance to pesticides and insensitivity to sources of nitrogen like nitrates and Ammonium. He demonstrated the transfer of fixed nitrogen from algae to rice plants using 15N. He also developed a method for the in situ production of the BGA bio-fertilizer which he later improved by growing pure cultures of BGA on solid organic substrates, an achievement during his days at the School of Biological Sciences of Madurai Kamaraj University. <mask>'s book, The Cultivation of Algae, published by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in 1969, is a monograph on the culture and cultivation of algae while the 1974 publication, Algae: form and function, and Vaucheriaceae, deal with the scientific aspects of Algae. Two other books, Algal biofertilizers and rice cultivation and Blue-green algae for rice production : a manual for its promotion detail the algal applications in agriculture and one of the books he edited, Plant protection in the year 2000 AD covers the papers and proceedings of the conference held at New Delhi in December 1984. He was the editor of another book, Cyanobacterial biotechnology, a presentation of selected papers from the International Symposium on Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, held in Tiruchirappalli in September 1996. He also published over 170 articles on the subject.Venkataraman served as the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Phycology and was a member of the editorial boards of Biological Wastes and MIRCEN Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. He was the Editor of the INSA scientific publications from 1983 to 1986 and a member of the sectional committee and the council of the Indian National Science Academy. He was associated with the International Rice Research Institute as a member of its Policy Advisory Committee on Microbiological Nitrogen Fixation and was a director of the Indo-US Science and Technology Collaborative Programme in Agriculture. He served as the visiting professor at Japan Agriculture Society and was a consultant to the Food and Agriculture Organization. Venkataraman died on 3 October 1998, at the age of 68. Awards and


title: Yannis Makriyannis

texts:
<mask> (, Giánnēs Makrygiánnīs; 1797–1864), born Ioannis Triantaphyllou (, Iōánnēs Triantafýllou), was a Greek merchant, military officer, politician and author, best known today for his Memoirs. Starting from humble origins, he joined the Greek struggle for independence, achieving the rank of general and leading his men to notable victories, most notably the successful defence of Nafplio in the Battle of the Lerna Mills. Following Greek independence, he had a tumultuous public career, playing a prominent part in the granting of the first Constitution of the Kingdom of Greece and later being sentenced to death and pardoned. Despite his important contributions to the political life of the early Greek state, general Makriyannis is mostly remembered for his Memoirs. Aside from being a source of historical and cultural information about the period, this work has also been called a "monument of Modern Greek literature", as it is written in pure Demotic Greek. Indeed, its literary quality led Nobel laureate Giorgos Seferis to call Makriyannis one of the greatest masters of Modern Greek prose. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born to a poor family at the village of Avoriti, in Phocis."Makriyannis" (Long Yannis) was a nickname he acquired because of his height. His father, Dimitris Triantaphyllou, was killed in a clash with the forces of Ali Pasha. His family was forced to flee to Levadeia, where Makriyannis spent his childhood up to 1811. At age seven, he was given as a foster son to a wealthy man from Levadeia, but the menial labour and beatings he endured were, in his own words, "his death".

masks:
Yannis Makriyannis
Yannis Makriyannis


title: Yannis Makriyannis

texts:
 that city until his death.After Athens was captured by Ibrahim Pasha in June 1826, Makriyannis helped organise the defence of the Acropolis, and became the provisional commander of the garrison after the death of the commander, <mask> Gouras. He managed to repel a fierce assault against the Odeon of Herodes Atticus on 7 October, and during the defence of the Acropolis, he sustained heavy injures three times, to the head and to the neck. These wounds troubled him for the remainder of his life, but they did not dissuade him from taking part in the last phase of the war: in the spring of 1827 he took part in the battles of Piraeus and the battle of Phaleron. Activity after Greek Independence

Governorship of Kapodistrias
Makriyannis's activity did not cease with the achievement of Greek independence. After Governor Ioannis Kapodistrias arrived in Greece, he appointed Makriyannis "General Leader of the Executive Authority of the Peloponnese", based in Argos, in 1828. It was during this period, and more specifically on 26 February 1829, that he started writing his Memoirs. After Kapodistrias restructured the military in 1830, Makriyannis was given the rank of brigadier.However, he slowly came to oppose the Governor's policies and eventually broke with him. He opposed what he considered Kapodistrias's personal authoritarianism and, on a more personal level, was concerned about whether his home region would be included or not in the liberated Greek state. Influenced by Ioannis Kolettis, he even tried to force the Governor into accepting a constitutional form of government, using the troops


title: Yannis Makriyannis

texts: couple, adding "may God enlighten them to rule us through constitutional laws, in accordance with the fatherland's sacrifices". Von Armansperg immediately dissolved the city council, fired Mayor Petrakis and had Makriyannis placed under house arrest. Sometime during this period, Makriyannis commissioned 25 engravings from the painter and veteran of the War of Independence, Panaghiotis Zographos.The profits from the sales were used to the benefit of veterans of the war. Meanwhile, the demand for constitutional liberties was becoming widespread, as was discontent with King Otto's Bavarian administration. The situation escalated in the 3 September 1843 Revolution that led to the granting of the first Constitution. <mask> was one of the three leaders of the movement. He played a crucial part in paving the way for this, having started as early as 1840. After its granting, he also played an important part in the forming of the new cabinet. He was elected as a representative of Athens to the National (Constitutional) Assembly, and headed an informal group of 63 representatives loyal to him.He personally proposed various recommendations during the course of the proceedings. Soon after the conclusion of the Assembly's work, however, he retired from politics. For his leading role in the creation of the first Greek Constitution, Makriyannis was depicted on the reverse of the Greek 50 drachmas commemorative coin issued in 1994 for the 150th anniversary of this historic document. There are three versions of the coin, each featuring one of the three leaders of the 3 September movement: one features


title: Yannis Makriyannis

texts:
 Crimean War. The blockade of Peiraeus by the French and British fleets also led to the imposition of Kallergis as Minister of War, despite his previous attempts at overthrowing the King. Thus, Kallergis used his newly acquired influence to have Makriyannis released. Makriyannis suffered greatly in prison, and after his release suffered from hallucinations.His condition did not improve with the death of one of his younger sons in the cholera epidemic that struck Athens. On 10 October 1862 a revolution broke out, which led to the eviction of King Otho I from the country. Makriyannis's son, the future general Othon Makriyannis, reportedly presented his father with the King's golden crown. Makriyannis was restored to the ranks he had been stripped of as a result of his trial, and was re-elected as a representative of Athens to the new National (Constitutional) Assembly of 1864. He was promoted to the rank of general on 20 April 1864, and died on 27 April. Literary work

Assessment and significance

Makriyannis concluded work on his Memoirs in the years before his imprisonment; the last entries seem to be from September or October 1850, as evinced by his references to the events of that period. In the text of the Memoirs, one can see not only the personal adventures and disappointments of his long public career, but, more significantly, his views on people, situations and events, phrased clearly and quite often passionately.They were first published in 1907 by <mask> Vlahogiannis, while some fragments of them had earlier been published in the newspaper Acropolis in 1904. Spyridon Lambros, in


title: Yannis Makriyannis

texts:
 an overzealous work of a deranged mind, and that is the reason he did not publish it.The work, however, is also the product of a physically and mentally tormented soul, who, being isolated at the age of 54, instead converses with God, the Panagia, and the saints. It also shows Makriyannis's deep religious feeling; he turns away from guns, instead seeking the nation's salvation through divine intervention. Furthermore, as Sphyroeras points out, the work is unique in Modern Greek literature in its subject matter, and is, as the Memoirs, a significant source of linguistic and cultural information. Works
Ἀπομνημονεύματα (Memoirs) first published: Athens: 1907
Ὁράματα καὶ Θάματα (Visions and Wonders) first published: Athens: 1983

Notes

References
Encyclopaedic Dictionary The Helios (in Greek). Général Macriyannis, Mémoires, (preface by Pierre Vidal-Naquet), Albin Michel (in French). George Seferis, Dokimes (Essays) in 3 vols. (vols 1–2, 3rd ed.(ed. G.P. Savidis) 1974; vol 3 (ed. Dimitri Daskalopoulos) 1992) (work first published 1944) (in Greek). National Book Centre of Greece's biography of Makriyannis (affiliated with Ministry of Culture; in Greek). General <mask>, Ἀπομνημονεύματα (Memoirs), Athens: 1907 (preface by <mask> Vlahogiannis; in Greek). General <mask>, Ἀπομνημονεύματα (Memoirs), Athens: 1957 (first published 1907; preface by Spyros Asdrachas; in Greek).<mask>, Ἀπομνημονεύματα (Memoirs), Athens: Papyros, 1996 (first published 1907; preface by V. Sphyroeras; in Greek). General <mask>, Makriyannis: The Memoirs of General Makriyannis 1797–1864 (ed. & trans. H.A. Lidderdale),

masks:
Makriyannis
Yannis
Makriyannis
General Makriyannis
Makriyannis


title: Yannis Makriyannis

texts:
 Oxford: OUP, 1966 (in English). <mask>, Ὁράματα καὶ Θάματα (Visions and Wonders; ed. Angelos Papakostas), Athens: 1983 (in Greek).Yorgos Theotokas, General <mask>, Nea Estia 1941 (in Greek). External links
Significant parts of the "Memoirs" (in Greek) and a painting of the general. The text of the "Memoirs" on the Greek Wikisource in monotonic. The Ἀπομνημονεύματα in polytonic. "Miracles of the Divine Providence", commonly known as "Visions and Miracles". An image of the 50 drachma coin featuring General Makriyannis. 1797 births
1864 deaths
Greeks of the Ottoman Empire
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Greece
Greek generals
Greek writers
Greek revolutionaries
Greek military leaders of the Greek War of Independence
Burials at the First Cemetery of Athens
French Party politicians
People from Phocis
Members of the Royal

masks:
General Makriyannis
Makriyannis


title: Marianne Nicolson

texts:
<mask> (‘Tayagila’ogwa; born 1969) is a Dzawada’enuxw visual artist whose work explores the margins at which public access to First Nations artifacts clashes with the preservation of indigenous cultural knowledge. Born in Comox, British Columbia, she was trained by a master carver in traditional Kwakwaka’wakw design in the early 1990s. She utilizes painting, photography, mixed-media, sculpture, and installation to create modern depictions of traditional Kwakwaka’wakw beliefs, and has exhibited in Canada and throughout the world since 1992. Personal life
<mask> was born in 1969, in Comox, British Columbia to a Kwakwaka'wakw First Nations mother of the Dzawada'enuxw descent, and a Scottish immigrant father from Stornoway. She decided to become an artist when she was five years old. <mask> is an outspoken advocate for Indigenous land rights, and integrates this in her artwork. <mask> is involved in her community, both as a Nunwakola Cultural Society board member and through artistic projects.One community project in 2019 gathered over 55 participants, young and old, connected to the Musgamakw Dzawada’enuxw (part of the Kwakwaka’wakw First Nations). As part of a fish farming protest, <mask> and the participants created a pictograph series. These pictographs were not only community building but they also played off her cliff painting from 1998. She currently lives in the Kwakwaka’wakw community of Kingcome Inlet, BC (Dzawada’enuxw people), after moving there in the 1990s. Education
In 1996, <mask> graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts from the Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design. She continued her education at the University of Victoria (UVIC) in 1999, receiving her Master of Fine Arts. In 2005, after returning to UVIC, she graduated with a Masters in Linguistics and Anthropology.Later on, she received her PhD in Anthropology and Art History, also from UVIC.

masks:
Marianne Nicolson
Marianne Nicolson
Nicolson
Nicolson
Nicolson
Nicolson


title: Marianne Nicolson

texts:
 She also studied the Kwak’wala language and directed research investigating the link between indigenous language and indigenous worldview. Awards
 Emily Award- In 2019 <mask> received Emily Carr University's Emily Award, which honours outstanding achievements by university alumni. Fulmer Award of Distinction- She also received the Fulmer Award of Distinction in 2019. An award that recognizes individuals who have made a profound contribution to their First Nations culture. Artistic career
Her practice is multi-disciplinary encompassing photography, painting, carving, video, installation, monumental public art, writing and speaking. All her work is political in nature and seeks to uphold Kwakwaka’wakw traditional philosophy and worldview through contemporary mediums and technology.<mask> has exhibited in many countries. Such galleries and exhibitions include the 17th Biennale of Sydney, The Vancouver Art Gallery, The National Museum of the American Indian, Nuit Blanche in Toronto, Museum Arnhem and many others. Major monumental public artworks are situated in Vancouver International Airport, the Canadian Embassy in Amman, Jordan and the Canadian Embassy in Paris, France. Cliff Painting
<mask>'s artistic career was established after the completion of her Cliff Painting in her traditional homeland of Kingcome Inlet in 1998. The pictograph, which covers a surface of 28 by 38 foot on 120 foot cliff makes reference to the history of the Dzawada‘enuxw tribe of the Kwakwaka’wakw First Nations. It is the first mural to be completed in sixty years, celebrating the strength of her community of Gwa’yi. A copper design represents wealth, and the Kawadilikala, the Dzawada'enuxw ancestor is also depicted while carrying a treasure box with the sun on it.Major Exhibitions

Bax'wana'tsi - The Container for Souls
This instillation was held at Artspeak, in Vancouver, BC from

masks:
Nicolson
Marianne Nicolson
Marianne Nicolson


title: Marianne Nicolson

texts:
 January 7 to February 11, 2006, and later held from October 19 to November 18, 2006, at Gallery 101, in Ottawa, ON. <mask>'s piece, a light box that casts shadows on the surrounding walls of a raven, owl and two girls — the artist's aunt and mother as young women, took up the entire gallery. Viewers become part of the work and part of the history it tells. The box holds the possibility for purification and healing for a landscape ravaged by the visitor, carrying the memories of Aboriginal life and community. The House of the Ghosts
<mask> transformed the Vancouver Art Gallery into a Northwest Coast Ceremonial House for the exhibition. This site-specific projection ran from October 4 to January 11, 2009. The gallery used to be a former Provincial courthouse, through this piece Nicolson gives hope to the survival of Pacific Northwest Coast First Nations cultures and communities, despite active efforts to suppress and eradicate them.Walking on Water (Thin Ice)
Exhibited at Equinox Gallery from April 6 to May 4, 2013, <mask>'s sculptural installation Walking on Water (Thin Ice) features a myriad of blue glass sculptures inserted into wooden supports. These glass shapes take the form of killer whale fins which, in Kwakwaka’wakw tradition, signify healing. Other Northwest Coast symbols are featured, such as owls, which carry the spirits of the deceased according to Kwakwaka’wakw principles, and also are becoming extinct as a result of habitat loss. The installation addresses issues of global warming through responding to a devastating flood that occurred in Kingcome Inlet. The title Walking on Water (Thin Ice) touches on this, inferring collective social denial and the repercussions they will inevitably face. A Precarious State
This major installation consisted of a 6'x35' lit blue glass wall, which bears the carved image of a sinking killer whale being ridden by

masks: Nicolson Nicolson Nicolson


title: Marianne Nicolson

texts:
 figures. The whale looks strained and it is not clear whether the figures are the source of the whale drowning or if they are drowning with the whale.This installation was commissioned by the Canadian Embassy in Amman, Jordan, in 2013

Foolmakers in the Setting Sun (Ni’nułamgila le’e Banistida `Tłisala)
Foolmakers in the Setting Sun (Ni’nułamgila le’e Banistida`Tłisala), exhibited in 2014 at Gallery 2 in Grand Forks, British Columbia, depicts the dan`tsikw (powerboards) that serve as spiritual powers during the , a traditional Kwakwaka’wakw ritual. Illustrations of a ghost and two nułamgila (foolmakers) are carved onto the three glass boards. Light is sent off onto the boards, simulating the sunset, producing shadows of the carved ghosts, which grow taller until they pass through an image of the Alberta Tar Sands on the wall at dusk. Foolmakers in the Setting Sun addresses how global warming and environmental contamination as a result of the pipeline project would destroy the planet, through the Kwakwaka’wakw worldview

The Rivers Monument
Her art piece titled The Rivers Monument has been installed at the A-B Connector at Vancouver International Airport, since January 2015. The Rivers Monument consists of two 8.5 m-tall blue glass poles, similar to totem poles on the Northwest Coast, enclosed by a water feature and an oval wooden bench at the base. Displaying indigenous designs inside the glass, the two poles represent the Columbia River and the Fraser River, revealing their respective histories concerning how European colonizers’ construction of dams greatly reduced the salmon population and obliterated thousands of indigenous pictographs. <mask> has expressed optimism about the YVR for selecting her "very political" artwork for the connector, "[pushing] their own boundaries slightly" and raising awareness about indigenous peoples and their


title: Marianne Nicolson

texts:
 histories.AWI'NAGWISKASU: Real Land
April 21 - July 2, 2017, The exhibit was curated by Jesse Birch and Liz Park and featured the artists' scope via paintings, installations and video. The works therein represented concerns/fears about the surrounding waters of the community. Tunics of the Changing Tide:
In her 2007 painting Tunics of the Changing Tide, exhibited at the Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery in 2017, <mask> has illustrated two garments bearing the figures of a Thunderbird, a mink, a snake, and a tree. Outlines of ravens, wolves, and people are painted in the background, and objects such as coppers and coins, representing wealth and status, are attached on the surface. As its title implies, <mask>'s painting draws attention to the experiences of the Kwikwasut’inuxw and Dzawada̱’enux̱w in terms of their economic growth and decline due to colonization, and makes reference to the swing from the flourishing economy of the 1880s to the downfall of the Northwest Coast nations in the 1920s due to potlatch ban legislation. A 1929 coin on the Thunderbird denotes the revival of cultural traditions amongst the Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw, and their resistance against assimilation. To refuse, to wait, to sleep
The exhibition To refuse, to wait, to sleep was held at the Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery in 2017.<mask>'s piece "The Sun is Setting on the British Empire" was commissioned for the exhibition. She reworks the British Columbia provincial flag by repositioning and inverting the Union Jack below a setting/rising sun that has been recreated in the Kwakwaka’wakw style. <mask> references the flag's original orientation (1895-1906); while the early version shows the sun atop the Union Jack and suggests a cooperative situation and mutually beneficial alliances between the crown and Indigenous nations, these emblems were reversed in 1906 and symbolically reveal a

masks: Nicolson Nicolson Nicolson Nicolson


title: Marianne Nicolson

texts:
 relationship of oppression, theft and genocide. By righting the symbols of the flag back to their original relationship, <mask>'s banner instills hope for and assertion of Indigenous rights over the land, which today remain largely unresolved. It was installed on the exterior of the Belkin and remains there as an outdoor art piece. Waterline
<mask>'s work Waterline, exhibited in 2018 at the  Birmingham Museum of Art, gives focus to sacred and life-sustaining waterways. The form of the sculpture is derived from traditional bentwood boxes.The images that are presented as the light moves up and down, mimicking the tidal flow of waters, show animals and symbols important to Nicolson's Kwakwaka’wakw heritage. The installation references ancient Kwakwaka’wakw cliff pictographs that are in danger of being lost because of industrial structures now control the rise and fall of river-water levels and indigenous sites, causing ancient Kwakwaka’wakw pictographs on cliffs and river rocks to disappear under rising water, and then reemerge. Hexsa'am: To Be Here Always
Exhibited at the Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery in 2019, Hexsa'am: To Be Here Always aims to foreground Dzawada'enuxw First Nation's lawsuit to extend Indigenous land title to waters in order to fight Marine Harvest Canada and Cermaq Canada fish farms in the Broughton Archipelago near Kingcome Inlet. The lawsuit and exhibition raises issues about Indigenous jurisdiction, land and water "in a way that journalism or political protest in the streets do not". Exhibits

 Hearts of Our People: Native Women Artists, (2019), Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. References

Living people
1969 births
20th-century First Nations people
21st-century First Nations people
Artists from British Columbia
Canadian women artists
First Nations artists
Kwakwaka'wakw people
20th-century

masks: Nicolson Nicolson


title: Philip Burke

texts:
<mask> (born 1956 in Buffalo, New York) is an American caricature artist and illustrator, known for his vivid portraits that appeared in the pages of Rolling Stone magazine for almost a decade. <mask>'s work extends beyond the likes of contemporary musicians; often serving as a chronicle of the political and social undercurrent on the pages of Vanity Fair, Time, Vogue or The New Yorker and others. Life

<mask> was born in Buffalo, New York in 1956. He was brought up in a strict Catholic home and was baptized by his great uncle  Buffalo Bishop <mask>  His first dabbling with caricatures date back to 1971, while a high school sophomore. <mask> left Buffalo for the University of Toronto in 1974 where he drew caricatures for the University newspaper during his time there. Although he lost interest in academics, he packed up his portfolio and headed for New York City to pursue a career as an illustrator. Living in the West Village, he began drawing pen and ink caricatures for the Village Voice and various other publications.In 1982 <mask> was shifting gears and began painting with oils. He signed an exclusive contract with the newly formed Vanity Fair magazine. A year later, <mask> returned to his hometown, Buffalo, New York where he got married and started a family. Work
Andy Warhol became a fan of <mask>'s art after seeing his illustrations inVanity Fair. <mask> bumped into Warhol on a New York street and the two became friends. After a year <mask> got up enough courage to ask Warhol if he could paint him, and he agreed. By 1989 <mask>'s paintings of contemporary musicians began being featured on the pages of Rolling Stone magazine.Every 2 weeks the table of contents would showcase a <mask> interpretation of the person behind the music. In the late 1990s, <mask>'s work would appear on the covers of Time magazine, and continues to be

masks:
Philip Burke
Burke
Burke
Burke
Philip
Burke
Burke
Burke
Burke
Burke
Burke
Philip Burke
Burke


title: Philip Burke

texts: published in The New Yorker, Vanity fair and GQ. When Tina Brown became editor of The New Yorker, she brought in <mask> to work for her. Patricia Bradbury, former Art Director of Newsweek Magazine said "He is just phenomenal, he does the best caricatures I've seen, there is nobody else like him". New York Times art director Steven Heller says "<mask> has changed the art form. He uses paint in a way that no other cartoonist I know uses it and in fact breaks from the tradition of caricature. <mask>'s work has been exhibited in a partnership with the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio.The exhibit, The Color of Rock: The Art of <mask>, was on view at the Rock Hall from November 2006 to April 2007. The exhibit now travels throughout the United States. His original works, mainly in oil, encompass canvases from 40 inches to 12 feet in length. His subject matter has included rock performers, royalty, newsworthy politicos and entertainers from all over the globe. His work can also be viewed in the traveling Rock & Roll Hall of Fame exhibit, featured galleries throughout the US and on occasion in a "live painting" where the artist himself embellishes original or limited edition reproductions of his art. <mask>'s subjects range from politicos and media personalities, to athletes and musicians. Most notably his recent work featuring prominent players in the 2008 election serve as a historical reference: Barack Obama, George W. Bush, Hillary Clinton, Ted Kennedy and John McCain.<mask> is an artist whose work has been selected for shows and exhibits by artist's organizations such as Society of Illustrators, Society of Publication Design and Society of Newspaper Design. <mask>'s artwork has been highlighted in several books, including The Savage Mirror in 1993 and Rolling Stone; The Illustrated Portraits in 2000. In 2002, <mask>'s

masks:
Burke
Burke
Burke
Philip Burke
Burke
Philip Burke
Philip
Burke


title: Philip Burke

texts:
 passion for rock and roll was displayed in an eight-foot guitar on which he depicted Pete Townshend on one side and Shirley Manson on the other. The guitar, which was Rolling Stones entry into Cleveland's Guitar Mania exhibit, was dubbed "Smash Hit" and displayed upside down, being held by steel arms about to smash it to the floor. The guitar was on display at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame until it sold at a United Way auction for $30,000.00. There's a lot of rock and roll in <mask> and a lot of <mask> in rock and roll. In 2019 a 24 x 48-foot mural depicting Goo Goo Dolls' members John Rzeznik and Robby Takac was painted by <mask>.The mural is located at 1212 Hertel Avenue, Buffalo, New York. On April 1, 2020, Niagara University announced that the Castellani Art Museum had received a donation of <mask>’s caricature portrait of Henry Kissinger from curator, educator, artist, and collector Gerald C. Mead Jr. Exhibitions
 Burchfield Penney Art Center, Buffalo, NY –  April 10 – September 13, 2015, "The Likeness of Being: Portraits by <mask>"
 Carriage Barns Arts Center, New Canaan, CT – January 31, 2013, "The Many Faces of <mask>"
 Muzeo, Anaheim, California – January 8 – April 12, 2009, "The Color of Rock"; The art of <mask>. Symbolic Gallery, New York, NY – November 14 – December 14, 2008, "Face Nation"; In association with the New York observer showcasing a variety of political work highlighting the 2008 Presidential Election. Society of Illustrators Political Show, New York, NY – September–October 2008, Six pieces were chosen for this exhibit: Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton (2) and John McCain. Society of Illustrators Advertising Show, New York, NY – 2008, Chosen for the 2008 Society of Illustrators Advertising show in NYC is <mask>'s "Rudy Giuliani" done as part of the Burke Madison Collection and "The Cougar" done for Cougar Paper

masks:
Philip Burke
Philip Burke
Burke
Burke
Philip Burke
Philip Burke
Philip Burke
Philip Burke


title: Philip Burke

texts:
 Company. Discovery World at Pier Wisconsin, Milwaukee – June 24 – September 23, 2007, "The Color of Rock"; The art of <mask>.Lee Hayden Gallery, West Lake, Ohio – June 15–30, 2007, "The Art of <mask>"; Exclusive limited edition prints
 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Cleveland,Ohio – November 15, 2006 – April 15, 2007, "Color of Rock"
 Society of Illustrators News – 2007, Tom Petty, Donald Rumsfeld and Russell Crowe for 2007's Editorial show. Rumsfeld received a Gold Medal Award. Steven Tyler was chosen by Society of Illustrators to be shown in the Advertising section of the 2007 show. Hus Var Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York – December 2004 – January 2005, The Hus Var Art Gallery showcases "Cause Celeb"; Showcasing a selection of <mask>'s Icon Collection. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame – Cleveland, Ohio- May 2002 – September 2002, "Guitar Mania" <mask>, Frank V. Coppola
 Miller Gallery Cincinnati, Ohio – May 1997, "Artistic License – 3 Styles of Caricature"
 The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland – June 1995 – January 1996, "Worth a Thousand Words: a Picture of Contemporary Satire"
 Museum of Modern Art, Rome, Italy – June 9, 1994 – June 1, 1995, "New Pop", Traveling
 Gallery 1100, Buffalo, New York – October 1994
 Artik Gallery, Beverly Hills, California,''' – September–December 1991, "Icon Iconograph Iconoclasm"

 Publications
 The New York Times, Obama: The Historic Journey, 2009. Callaway, New York, New York. Rolling Stone: The Illustrated Portraits, 2000.Rolling Stone Press. Chronicle Books, San Francisco, California. Heller, S., 1993. The Savage Mirror: The Art of Contemporary Caricature''. Watson-Guptill, NY, NY. References

External links
 <mask> Illustrations on Pinterest

Living people
1956 births
People from Greenwich Village
Artists from Buffalo, New York
Artists from New York City
American caricaturists
American magazine

masks:
Philip Burke
Philip Burke
Burke
Philip Burke
Philip Burke


title: Marco Bergamo (serial killer)

texts:
<mask> (August 6, 1966 – October 17, 2017), known as The Monster of Bolzano, was an Italian serial killer who murdered five women between 1985 and 1992. Biography
Ever since childhood, <mask> lived with complications: at the age of 4 he stuttered, and later on was obese and suffering from a skin disease, turning him into a shy introvert. He subsequently collected numerous items, including knives — and always carried a knife. After starting work as a welder and carpenter, at the age of 26, in May 1992, he underwent a surgery to remove one of his testicles. Murders
<mask> murdered five women between 1985 and 1992, including a 15-year-old student and four prostitutes, the eldest of whom was 41. On January 3, 1985, the first victim, Marcella Casagrande, a 15-year-old first year student of the nearby Magistral Institute, was found dead in her home. Casagrande had been murdered using a knife with which the killer had good knowledge of using, as well as equally good knowledge of human anatomy, as the girl had suffered several stabs of which one reached the tenth vertebra of the vertebral column.She had been held by the hair while the murderer performed the butchering. Six months later, on June 26, 41-year-old Anna Maria Cipolletti, a junior high school teacher at "Ugo Foscolo" who was also involved in prostitution, was found near a studio on 149 Brennero Street. She had been stabbed 19 times, and her underwear stolen. In addition, cigarette butts were found on her body as well as used condoms. According to the investigators, there was no sexual violence. After 7 years, three more prostitutes were murdered in 1992. On January 7, 24-year-old Renate Rauch's

masks:
Marco Bergamo
Bergamo
Bergamo


title: Marco Bergamo (serial killer)

texts:
 body was found in a deserted parking lot in the service area of Via Benon in Bolzano.Some days later, flowers were found on her tomb with a note attached: "I'm sorry but what I did, it had to be done and you knew it: bye Renate! Signed MM" The police hypothesized that the double "M" was the name for <mask>. On March 21, Bergamo murdered 19-year-old Renate Troger, a blond girl from Milan who, during the night, accepted a lift along Piazza Verdi in Bolzano. Her body was found near Ritten, mutilated and with 14 stab wounds. On August 6, he murdered 20-year-old Marika Zorzi, another prostitute from Laives, found with 28 stab wounds at the second bend of the road that leads to Monte Pozza. Capture
Bergamo was stopped by two police officers after leaving Bolzano at about 6:00a.m. — shortly after the last murder on August 6, 1992, also his 26th birthday.He claimed to be en route from Volta. The authorities immediately suspected Bergamo. The passenger seat had bloodstains and missing padding; they found a document in the trunk belonging to the last victim; and noted a missing rear-view mirror, later found at the crime scene. Trial
Bergamo initially only admitted to murdering three of the five victims; he then denied killing the second victim, Anna Maria Cipolletti as well as the fourth, Renate Troger. The court, however, on the basis of the evident affinity with which the crimes were executed, condemned him for the five murders, which were committed by a subject who was sadistic but was also fully aware of his actions. However, no connection could be made to the murder of prostitute Anne Maria Ropele on January 8, 1992, at her home in Trento, nor with


title: Marco Bergamo (serial killer)

texts:
 that of Florentian tourist Adele Barsi, killed on July 20, 1984, near Bruneck; both murders remain unsolved. Various theories about Bergamo's personality began to appear in local newspapers: that of a fetishist, an exhibitionist and a consumer of pornographic material with impotence problems.The Court of Assizes of Bolzano entrusted the investigation to four different experts, who came to different conclusions. The president of the Court of Assizes, Dr. Martinolli, then proposed to rely on an assessment carried out by three professors: Ponti, Fornari and Bruno. They came to the conclusion that: "Bergamo has reached extreme perversion: murder for enjoyment. After the first murder he discovered that killing satisfied his pleasures, and at the same time the feared and hated object: the woman. [...] For Bergamo, to kill now represented the extreme sadistic perversion, the strongest way to possess the woman." On March 8, 1994, International Women's Day, Bergamo was convicted. A journalist of the local newspaper Alto Adige, Paolo Cagnan, wrote to Bergamo, who promptly replied: "I, <mask>, committed only three murders and confessed them, the murders of Troger and Cipolletti were committed by a second person potentially more dangerous than me."RAI announced on April 18 of the same year an episode of the television program Un giorno in pretura would focus on Bergamo's trial. On the same day, Bergamo's father, 72-year-old Renato, hanged himself in his attic. Imprisonment
After spending 24 years in various institutions due to issues related to maximum security, from February 15 he was transferred to the prison of Bollate, the second prison house in Milan. In


title: Marco Bergamo (serial killer)

texts:
 May, the heads of the DAP ("Penitentiary Administration Department") had arranged for his transfer to a rehabilitative prison where each prisoner can serve his sentence not under punitive terms but according to a self-awareness recovery philosophy that evaluates the goals and expectations of the offender. In 2005, Bergamo obtained a prize permission to leave prison; this news shocked the whole of Italy. As it was only hypothesized, during the summer of 2008 he could have asked for parole to the surveilling judge Guido Rispoli, but he did not receive it. The Court of Assizes of Bolzano in 2014, again through PM Rispoli, had returned to the case concerning Bergamo, but had to reject the request to obtain a judgment by means of an abbreviated rite.In fact, Bergamo could not enjoy this right because it was not intended for life imprisonment, moreover, for the penal code there can be no penalty discounts in cases such as these, or with final and irrevocable sentences. Death
At 51, while serving his sentence at the Bollate prison near Milan, Bergamo asked the hospital's director to be urgently transferred, where he was found to have a serious lung infection. After 10 days he went into a coma, dying on October 17, 2017, without reawakening. Victims
<mask> was convicted of murdering 5 women between 1985 and 1992:
 Marcella Casagrande, 15
 Anna Maria Cipolletti, 41
 Renate Rauch, 24
 Renate Troger, 18
 Marika Zorzi, 19

See also
 Ferdinand Gamper
 List of serial killers by country

References

1966 births
2017 deaths
Italian serial killers
Male serial killers
Italian people convicted of murder
People from Bolzano
Serial killers who died in prison


title: Samuel Oughton

texts:
The Rev. <mask> (1803 – December 1881), Baptist missionary to Jamaica 1836–1866, and colleague of William Knibb, was an abolitionist who became an outspoken advocate of black labour rights in Jamaica during the gradual abolition of slavery in the late 1830s and thereafter. He was briefly imprisoned in Jamaica during 1840. Originally associated with James Sherman's Independent Congregational Surrey Chapel, and from time to time invited back by Sherman, he was closely associated with the Baptists in Jamaica, who were largely organised along Congregational lines and among the predominantly African-Caribbean population, following their founding by George Lisle, a former slave from America. Early life in Jamaica

<mask>'s work for the Baptist Missionary Society in Jamaica, soon became well known. Arriving in 1836 from the Surrey Chapel in London, his posting was initially to help Thomas Burchell, a relative by marriage. However, by 1839 he was invited by the largely African congregation in Kingston to be their pastor at the prominent East Queen Street chapel.This was a key time in the emancipation of Jamaican slaves. After "legal abolition" began in Jamaica with the home government's Emancipation Act of 1833, conditions were little better for many Africans in Jamaica for some decades; particularly under the dreaded "indentured apprenticeship" system of forced labour, which was taken to extremes by the Planters, some masters and their overseers compelling the use of treadmills. The abuses of indentured apprenticeship were finally abolished on 1 August 1838, following a campaign led by Joseph Sturge, with support from the Baptists, the Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions (Anti-Slavery Society

masks:
Samuel Oughton
Samuel Oughton


title: Samuel Oughton

texts:
 1823–1838), and longstanding abolitionists such as William Allen. Even so, emancipation was no paradise; the planters frequently harassed tenants (see Free Villages, and sought to drive down wages when they could. Oughton once famously remarked to his flock in the parish of Hanover:

{{cquote|Rather than work for less than 2s and 6d a day, let the canes rot in the fields,
and the ships go home in ballast !}} For a time (during 1840) he was imprisoned by the Jamaican authorities for his outspoken views against liberties being taken by magistrates against African women. Back in Britain, Joseph Sturge of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (Anti-Slavery Society founded 1839) passed on Oughton's descriptions of the horrendous labour practices suffered by Africans in Jamaica, which Oughton continued to communicate whilst in prison.Joseph Sturge made representations to the Colonial Office on his behalf and <mask> was eventually discharged after a period released on bail. He records "simple but ardent expressions of delight and affection" from "our poor dear people", who welcomed him back to East Queen Street chapel with renewed hope. In 1841 Oughton was able to write: "my affection for the people, and theirs for me, seems to grow stronger by the day". The Baptist returns at about this date show <mask>, assisted by George Rowse, to be responsible for three "sub stations", two "day schools", two "Sunday schools", and, besides Rowse, two further teachers - Miss Simpson, and W.Spraggs. Oughton's moral code

In the 1844 elections Oughton was active in promoting African candidates, and most of his congregation were of African origin. He stayed at East Queen Street chapel as pastor for the next twenty years, although not without incident since he


title: Samuel Oughton

texts: promoted a form of moral code that he applied to everyone, including the emancipated citizens whose status he had been invited to improve. The legal status of one Baptist chapel was often slightly different from another since they had grown up in many ways.At one time George Lisle's chapel was his personal responsibility, and he was imprisoned for an outstanding debt on its construction. The more appropriate scheme of ownership was through some form of trust deed. Whilst Oughton supported the congregation's right to appoint trustees at one Chapel where this issue arose, the wish of his own congregation to do likewise at the East Queen Street Chapel became a cause of controversy since it had a different constitution. Oughton also faced a problem because all its trustees but one had died before dutifully appointing others, and so it became inquorate. Just as he had exposed wrongdoing by the magistrates, and been prepared to suffer imprisonment for a time, he would not be party to illegal ownership arrangements at his chapel whatever the price. A number of his congregation would have been happy with this however, and put pressure on the remaining trustee to exceed his legal authority. Oughton's firm moral standards upset them; he again had to pay the price of unpopularity, just as when he had upset sections of the white population earlier.In the 1860s <mask> departed from religion and education slightly, though in his inimitable moralistic way. He wrote two books in which he tried to promote a theory, originally popular with some French and English thinkers in "The Enlightenment" period, that a population must 'want' artificial things to create drive and hard work, and therefore increasing wealth. In such a seductively warm and fertile island as


title: Samuel Oughton

texts:
 Jamaica, Oughton contended, this might not happen; people might content themselves after reaching a certain standard of living. The Jamaican Baptists and emancipation

The Baptist missions on Jamaica were closely involved in emancipation and reform. The mission was founded by the African George Lisle a former slave from America. Their churches on Jamaica promoted the slave <mask> (1801–32) to Deacon at the Burchell Baptist Church in Montego Bay, and later the African Paul Bogle (1822–1865), believed to have been born free, to Deacon in Stony Gut, north of Morant Bay. There was progress, too in encouraging political and social involvement of women.Positions of responsibility such as "assistant class leader", "class leader", and above, were open to all who had the necessary reading and writing skills; men and women. One of the Baptist's cherished principles was of church self-government in which everyone was entitled to vote in elections and petitioning, which provided the first opportunity for many in the community to have their voice heard. This was one of the earliest routes through which the labouring poor began to have political influence. Progress was sometimes painfully slow, however, particularly for those who sought immediate self-government. At <mask>'s chapel, Eleanor Vickars, an African assistant class-leader whose father is believed to have been a deacon, successfully stood for election as class-leader but did not meet the literacy requirement necessary for confirmation of her appointment. <mask> had to decide between the Baptist's cherished principles of self-government or upholding the literacy entry requirements arising from the hope that education would be "the great leveller". In the event, he avoided setting a precedent and

masks:
Samuel Sharpe
Samuel Oughton
Samuel Oughton


title: Samuel Oughton

texts:
 called for both beliefs to be upheld equally, a route that did successfully lead to self-determination by African congregations.It has been noted that female literacy was strongly encouraged by the Baptist Missionary Society. In 1841 the Baptist Herald and Friend of Africa was able to report thirty-six female teachers and over 2,000 girls in day schools. Back in Britain a training school for female teachers was also established; at Kettering. Family
<mask>'s first wife was Hannah, a niece of Hester Burchell, who was the wife of Thomas Burchell. <mask>'s second wife, Sarah (1819–1882), was sister of the wealthy British doctor and baptist, Nathaniel Rogers MD. <mask> died in London in December 1881 and is buried along with Sarah, each with a memorial plaque, in the Rogers' Family Mausoleum at Abney Park Cemetery in Stoke Newington. A daughter, Lavinia <mask>, married Nonconformist author E. Paxton Hood.His youngest son, <mask> (1842–1898) is remembered in South Australia as a bandleader and organist. His oldest son, Thomas S<mask> (1825-1894) is remembered in Jamaica as a solicitor in Kingston, Jamaica. His life's work was mentioned upon his death in the Baptist Missionary Society, "The Missionary Herald" September 1, 1894 pg. 368. References

Books
 <mask>, <mask> (1845). The Church's Lamentation over Departed Greatness: A sermon, preached at East Queen Street Chapel, Kingston, Jamaica, on occasion of the death of the Rev. William Knibb, who departed this life, Nov. 15, 1845''.See also
History of Jamaica
Slavery in the British and French Caribbean

1803 births
1881 deaths
19th-century Baptist ministers
Baptist abolitionists
Baptist missionaries in Jamaica
British abolitionists
Burials at Abney Park Cemetery
English Baptist ministers
English

masks:
Samuel
Samuel Oughton
Samuel Oughton
Oughton
George Oughton
. Oughton
Oughton
Samuel


title: Miguel Jorge

texts:
<mask> (1928-1984), also known as “Mickey<mask>, was a Cuban artist who was influential in the establishment of South Florida's early Latin American art market in the Greater Miami area from the 1960s through the 1980s. Life and career

Early life

<mask> was born in Havana, Cuba in 1928. He displayed a high degree of intellect and an interest in art and design early in life, leading <mask> to pursue extensive academic studies in fine art and architecture. He studied architecture in the University of Havana, where he also took courses in color dynamics under Josef Albers of Yale, a mentor of his. During his upbringing and studies in Cuba he became strongly influenced by the art of Amelia Peláez, one of the leaders of Cuba's Vanguardia movement. In 1953 he enrolled in the Harvard Graduate School of Design where he studied under famed Bauhaus modernist architect Walter Gropius. He gained early recognition in the arts for his exhibitions in Havana's prestigious Lyceum in the 1950s and had become close to the prominent Gómez-Mena family of Spaniard nobility and Cuban aristocracy by way of the Cuban sugar industry.They would become early supporters and patrons of his work and financed many of his trips to Europe and particularly Spain where they had property and strong ties. Among them were the Countess of Revilla de Camargo María Luisa Gómez-Mena the elder and her niece the leading Cuban art patron María Luisa Gómez-Mena the younger. The family was also tied by the marriage of José Gómez-Mena to other Cuban sugar barons such as the Fanjul family. Through the Gómez-Mena family <mask> was connected to other prominent collectors such as the Duchess of Alba. With the support of the Gómez-Mena family <mask> furthered

masks:
Miguel Jorge
” Jorge
Miguel Jorge
Jorge
Jorge
Jorge


title: Miguel Jorge

texts:
 his own personal studies in the arts with frequent visits to Paris, Madrid, Rome, and New York City. Despite this early success in the arts, architecture would be <mask>'s main career until achieving broader artistic recognition in the United States during the 1970s. Following Fidel Castro’s rise to power in the Cuban Revolution, <mask> emigrated to first to Spain where he studied art in the Madrid School of Bellas Artes.In 1963 he returned to the United States. Throughout much of the 1960s he lived in New York where he studied at the Parsons School of Design. In 1968 he joined his mother in Miami, Florida and became part of the Cuban diaspora community in exile there. <mask> would subsequently work as a senior draftsman in architecture firms based in South Florida. Architecture would be an important influence on his art and connected him to several key figures of Miami’s early Latin art community, including Jesús Permuy, Baruj Salinas, and Rafael Consuegra, each of whom shared architecture backgrounds. Miami art career

<mask> continued to paint avidly while in his architecture career in Miami, though he sought to transition into a greater focus on his art. A major challenge to Cuban exile artists in the 1960s and 1970s was the lack of institutional support for Latin American artists.During this early period, two groups of established artists would come to shape the emerging Latin American Art market of South Florida. The first was the Grupo GALA (Grupo de Artistas Latinoamericanos), the first professional association of Latin artists in South Florida, whose membership was made up of the artists Baruj Salinas, Enrique Riverón, Rosana McAllister, Rafael Soriano, José Mijares, and Osvaldo Gutiérrez. GALA was

masks: Jorge Jorge Jorge Jorge


title: Miguel Jorge

texts:
 noted for its prominent members and highly disciplined approach with regular meetings, scheduled group exhibitions, and official catalogs. The second group was the trio of <mask>, Lourdes Gomez Franca, and Dionisio (“Denis”) Perkins. Their group was considered more informal and eccentric though also a significant force in Miami's early art scene with each going on to win awards and critical recognition. The three formed a close friendship that extended back to Cuba and would influenced each of their careers as well as those of younger generations of artists that followed this period in establishing the modern Miami art market, now dominated by Cuban and Latin American art. The three would influence their respective styles, assist each other professionally, and often attend social events as a group.Recognition and death

<mask> was a neighbor of famed Cuban artist Juan González while they resided within the main business and cultural hub of Coral Gables during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Following González's pivotal move to New York City where he would go on to achieve international success, González's former apartment and art studio would be converted into the Permuy Gallery, among the first Cuban fine art galleries in the United States. The gallery would become a significant cultural nexus that contributed to the establishment of Miami's modern art market. Due to <mask>'s close proximity to the gallery, as well as his architecture background, <mask> became close to the gallery's owners, architect and community leader Jesús Permuy, and his first wife, Coral Gables art dealer and patron Marta Permuy. This led to <mask>, Gomez Franca, and Perkins quickly becoming frequent fixtures of the Permuys' popular

masks:
Miguel Jorge
Jorge
Jorge
Jorge
Jorge


title: Miguel Jorge

texts: “Fridays” event series of weekly exhibition openings followed by evening salon gatherings. The three would also be represented by Marta Permuy, the gallery's general manager, and exhibited there regularly in the 1970s. As their visibility increased, <mask> further immersed himself in the gallery's growing network and social orbit, which included business, cultural, and political figures in the greater South Florida area.One prominent member of this network that became a major collector of <mask>'s work was Cuban and Latin American art collector Marcos F. Pinedo and his wife Josefina Camacho Pinedo. To reflect <mask>'s close association with this early Latin art network, he created an original artwork to serve as a uniquely recognizable sign to be displayed whenever the gallery was closed. <mask> would go on to have a pivotal solo exhibition there in 1973 titled <mask>: One Man Show that led to a subsequent solo exhibition the following year at the Bacardi Gallery, owned by the multinational Bacardi Corporation, which exposed <mask> to a national audience. Over the ensuing decade <mask> would build on this exposure with increased media interviews, public engagements, and exhibitions in numerous locations throughout South Florida (Coral Gables, Miami, Coconut Grove), Detroit, and Spain (Madrid, Malaga) and remained close with Gomez Franca and Perkins, maintaining weekly meetings. A year after his Bacardi exhibition <mask> appeared on Enfoque, a popular Spanish-language television program, where he was interviewed to discuss his views on contemporary art. The program aired on September 28, 1975 and was covered by the Miami Herald. Through the 1970s he had also been commissioned to paint several public art murals

masks:
Jorge
Jorge
Jorge
Jorge
Miguel Jorge
Jorge
Jorge
Jorge


title: Miguel Jorge

texts:
 in South Florida and in Europe.In 1976 he painted a series of three murals for the Nova Club of Miami which were unveiled with an extensive exhibition of his work that featured over 30 paintings, including several from his Profeta (Prophet) series. Also in 1976, <mask> was commissioned to design the event logo for the inaugural Re-Encuentro Cubano exhibition series which would run annually until 1980. <mask> was also a featured artist in the exhibition, which was held that June. On February 2, 1977 he gave a high-profile lecture on the art of Amelia Peláez, a major influence of his, and the Cubist movement sponsored by the Miami-Dade Public Library System. In October of that year he also organized and led the illustrated conference "<mask> Rodriguez: A Caribbean Painter in the Middle of Castille" in Miami. In 1978 <mask> was one of the featured artists included in the Lowe Art Museum's first traveling exhibition, which included a showing in the Museum of Modern Art of Latin America in Washington D.C. In the early 1980s <mask> was one of the central figures in organizing the landmark Miami Generation exhibitions, the first to focus on the generation of Cuban exile artists that were educated in South Florida and not by Cuban art institutions such as the Academia San Alejandro.This furthered his influence and impact on younger generations of Cuban and Latin American artists such as Humberto Calzada, who <mask> mentored. Even as his artistic recognition increased, <mask> continued to struggle with his mental health and suffered from depression. He died of suicide in 1984 at the age of 56 in Miami, Florida. Style

<mask>'s artwork reflected his personality, which ranged from mercurial, sensitive, witty, acerbic,

masks:
Jorge
Jorge
Jose Miguel
Jorge
Jorge
Jorge
Jorge
Miguel Jorge


title: Miguel Jorge

texts: and self-critical. <mask>'s art utilized intricate, eccentric, and unpredictable geometric patterns informed by architecture that often incorporated ambiguous images, hidden images, angles and fragmenting effects. In addition to architecture, <mask> also drew influence from the art of Amelia Peláez as well as Cubist approaches and themes rooted in psychological introspection, spirituality, and his Cuban cultural heritage. His subjects included the Madonna and child, Cuban tropical scenes, other figurative works such as still lifes and faces, as well as other works approaching total abstraction.Like his close associates Lourdes Gomez Franca and Dionisio Perkins, <mask> - the oldest of the three - is considered part of the modernist Vieja Guardia of Cuban Art that followed the Vanguardia movement. However, in a departure from their most identifiable bodies of work, color is not typically a dominant presence in <mask>'s art. Showing another influence of architecture, <mask> instead used color to highlight and draw contrast to form, figures, and patterns in order to keep these elements at the forefront. <mask> often utilized tropical flourishes that meshed the rigidity of both organic and mechanized elements with flowing and branch-like embellishments, such leaves. When he applied this approach to subjects such as faces, as in his Profeta (“Prophet”) series of female faces, it would create surrealistic effects informed by his psychological and intellectual approach. Cuban art scholar and former Director of the Museum of Modern Art of Latin America Jose Gomez-Sicre wrote the introduction for <mask>'s work exhibited in the Lowe Museum's 1978 traveling exhibition and described <mask>' style as “gliding from melodious

masks: Jorge Jorge Jorge Jorge Jorge Jorge Jorge Jorge


title: Miguel Jorge

texts:
 curves to cutting edges [...] mixing and forming shapes to make baroque tangles with insinuations of vines or wicker.”

<mask>'s mediums included watercolor, acrylic paint, pastels, marker, and oil paintings on either canvas or sketching paper. <mask> typically signed his works with an addition sign (+) followed by <mask>, <mask>, MJ, or simply <mask>.Reputation and legacy

<mask>'s career has been discussed in published literature of Cuban, Latin American, and American art, including the books Cuban-American Art in Miami: Exile, Identity and the Neo-Baroque and The Cuban-American Experience: Culture, Images, and Perspectives, Memoria: Cuban Art of the 20th Century  as well as media and literary publications such as The Miami Herald, The Miami Times, the American Library Association’s Choice and Latin American art journal Resumen. <mask> exhibited extensively in both individual and group showings throughout Cuba, Spain, and the United States. In 1981 <mask> won the Central National Bank of Miami Award at the Metropolitan Museum of Fine Art. He is credited as founding member Miami’s Latin American art market and became closely associated with other leading participants, including the Grupo GALA, Juan González, the Permuys, and particularly Dionisio Perkins and Lourdes Gomez Franca. In his final years <mask> helped spearhead the landmark "Miami Generation" exhibitions to spotlight and support the first generation of Cuban exile artists that were educated in South Florida and the United States. His work with Gomez Franca and Perkins would also influence younger generations of Miami artists, such as the “Miami Generation” of the 1980s. Notable examples include Humberto Calzada, who <mask> mentored, and Pablo

masks:
Jorge
Jorge
Miguel Jorge
Mickey Jorge
Jorge
Miguel Jorge
Jorge
Jorge
Jorge
Jorge


title: Miguel Jorge

texts:
 Cano, who would eventually collaborate extensively with Gomez Franca beginning in the 1980s and 1990s.Gomez Franca dedicated her 1989 poetry collection The Thorns are Green My Friend to <mask> after his death. <mask>'s artwork is featured in several prominent collections of Latin American Art, including the Lowe Art Museum as well as the Permuy and Pinedo Collections. References

People from Havana
1928 births
1984 suicides
Cuban artists
American artists
20th-century American painters
American male painters
American portrait painters
American watercolorists
Flower artists
20th-century Cuban painters
20th-century male artists
Cuban contemporary artists
Cuban emigrants to the United States
People from Coral Gables, Florida
Artists from Miami
Artists from Florida
Painters who committed suicide
Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni
Male painters
Suicides in

masks: Jorge Jorge


title: Zach Hamill

texts:
<mask> (born September 23, 1988) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who is currently playing for EC Bad Nauheim of the DEL2. <mask> was drafted in the first round, eighth overall by the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Boston Bruins in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft. Prior to turning professional, <mask> spent his entire Western Hockey League (WHL) career with the Everett Silvertips. Playing career

<mask> was drafted in the first round, third overall, by the Everett Silvertips in the 2003 WHL Bantam Draft. Shortly after on October 8, 2003, he made his Western Hockey League (WHL) debut against the Seattle Thunderbirds. Although playing in only four regular season games in the early part of the 2003–04 season, <mask> finished with two assists before being reassigned to the Port Coquitlam Buckaroos of the Pacific International Junior Hockey League (PIJHL). He returned to the Silvertips for their 2004 WHL playoff run, playing in 20 games.The 2004–05 season was <mask>'s first full WHL season, playing in 57 games. He finished his rookie season with a respectable 33 points. This season also saw <mask> represent Canada Pacific at the 2005 World U-17 Hockey Challenge in Lethbridge, Alberta. During the off-season, <mask> represented Canada at the 2005 U-18 Junior World Cup in Břeclav, Czech Republic, and Piešťany, Slovakia. In his sophomore season, <mask> continued to better his play. In December, he represented Team WHL in the 2005 ADT Canada–Russia Challenge. <mask> finished the year with 59 points in 53 games, an average of over a point per game.<mask>'s play was rewarded when on June 22, 2006, he was invited to Canada's National Junior Team Development Camp. <mask>'s 2006–07 season was arguably his best. In November, <mask> once again represented Team WHL in the 2006 ADT Canada-Russia Challenge and in January, he played in the 2007 CHL Top Prospects Game. <mask> was named the WHL's player of the week for the week of January 22–28, scoring 13 points in 4 games. <mask> was also named the player of the month for January after

masks:
Zachary Robert Hamill
Hamill
Hamill
Junior Hamill
Hamill
Hamill
Hamill
Hamill
Hamill
Hamill
Hamill
Hamill
Hamill
Hamill
Hamill


title: Zach Hamill

texts:
 collecting 24 points in 12 games. With 93 points at the end of the season, <mask> won the Bob Clarke Trophy as the WHL's leading scorer and was named to the WHL West First All-Star Team. With his 61 assists and 93 points, <mask> claimed both the Silvertips' single season assists and points records.<mask> also finished the season with seven Silvertips franchise career records. Professional
On August 8, 2007, shortly over a month after being drafted by the Boston Bruins, <mask> signed his first professional contract with the organization. After attending the Bruins' training camp in 2007 and playing in one pre-season game, <mask> was returned to the Silvertips for the 2007–08 WHL season. At the completion of the Silvertips season, <mask> joined the Providence Bruins, the Boston Bruins' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate. During a recall stint with the Bruins in the 2009–10 season, <mask> was credited with his first NHL point on April 11, 2010, with an assist against the Washington Capitals. During the 2010–11 season, <mask> played in three games for the Boston Bruins, earning an assist against the Montreal Canadiens on February 9, 2011. He was recalled to Boston during the 2011 Stanley Cup playoffs, where the Bruins won the Stanley Cup.Although he did not qualify to have his name engraved on the Stanley Cup, he received a Stanley Cup ring. On February 6, 2012, the Boston Bruins placed <mask> on waivers; after he cleared waivers on February 7, he was sent down to the Providence Bruins. On May 26, 2012, he was traded to the Washington Capitals in exchange for forward Chris Bourque. With the 2012–13 NHL lockout in effect, <mask> was directly assigned to the Capitals' AHL affiliate, the Hershey Bears. In the 2012–13 season, he tallied 22 points in 40 games with the Bears before he was traded to the Florida Panthers in exchange for forward Casey Wellman on January 31, 2013. He remained in the AHL with the San Antonio Rampage and contributed with 18 points in 26 games. On April 11, 2013, he was reassigned on loan by the

masks: Hamill Hamill Hamill Hamill Hamill Hamill Hamill Hamill Hamill Hamill


title: Zach Hamill

texts:
 Panthers to the Milwaukee Admirals.In July 2013, <mask> signed a two-way contract with the Vancouver Canucks. He failed to make the team out of training camp and was assigned to the team's AHL affiliate, the Utica Comets. <mask> had difficulty being productive in Utica, contributing 9 points in 21 games. In December 2013, <mask> was put on unconditional waivers by the Canucks after they and <mask> mutually agreed to terminate his contract. On December 24, 2013, <mask> Astana of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). In 13 games, <mask> recorded one goal and two assists. He was not re-signed at the end of the season.On August 29, 2014, Finnish Liiga club HPK announced they had signed <mask> to a one-year contract. On September 4, 2015, <mask> signed an initial two-week contract with HC Fribourg-Gottéron of the Swiss National League A. In the 2015–16 season, <mask> immediately impressed in Fribourg, earning another two-week extension, collecting five goals in his nine-game stint. On October 9, 2015, he was released by Fribourg as he was signed as a temporary injury cover for one-month to play with rivals HC Ambrì-Piotta. He was subsequently signed for the remainder of the season in Ambrì on November 3. He featured in eight games with Ambrì before he was mutually released from his contract to play out the remainder of the season in Germany with the Iserlohn Roosters of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). As a free agent over the following summer and mid-way into the 2016–17 season, <mask> belatedly signed a one-year contract in the Swedish Allsvenskan, agreeing to terms with IF Björklöven on November 21, 2016.Personal life
<mask> was born on September 23, 1988, in Port Coquitlam, British Columbia, to Scott and Lonnie <mask>. He has two siblings, Carson and Paisley. His brother, Carson, played junior hockey for the Langley Hornets of the British Columbia Hockey League (BCHL) and currently plays at Lindenwood University in St. Charles, Missouri. He attended Riverside Secondary School in Port Coquitlam. Records
Everett

masks: Hamill Hamill Hamill Hamill Hamillys Hamill Hamill Hamill Hamill Hamill Hamill Hamill


title: Alfred Rosenberg

texts:
<mask> ( – 16 October 1946) was a Baltic German Nazi theorist and ideologue. <mask> was first introduced to Adolf Hitler by Dietrich Eckart and he held several important posts in the Nazi government. He was the head of the NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs during the entire rule of Nazi Germany (1933–1945), and led Amt Rosenberg ("<mask>'s bureau"), an official Nazi body for cultural policy and surveillance, between 1934 and 1945. During World War II, <mask> was the head of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories (1941–1945). After the war, he was convicted of crimes against peace; planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression; war crimes; and crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg trials in 1946. He was sentenced to death and executed on 16 October 1946. The author of a seminal work of Nazi ideology, The Myth of the Twentieth Century (1930), <mask> is considered one of the main authors of key Nazi ideological creeds, including its racial theory, persecution of the Jews, Lebensraum, abrogation of the Treaty of Versailles, and opposition to what was considered "degenerate" modern art.He is known for his rejection of and hatred for Christianity, having played an important role in the development of German nationalist Positive Christianity. Early life

Family
<mask> was born on 12 January 1893 in Reval, now Tallinn (the capital of modern Estonia), then in the Governorate of Estonia (Russian Empire). His mother Elfriede (née Siré), who had French and German ancestry, was the daughter of Louise Rosalie (née Fabricius), born near Leal (modern Lihula, Estonia) in 1842, and of the railway official Friedrich August Siré, born

masks:
Alfred Ernst Rosenberg
Rosenberg
Rosenberg
Rosenberg
Rosenberg
Rosenberg


title: Alfred Rosenberg

texts:
 in Saint-Petersburg (Russian Empire) in 1843. Born in the same city in 1868 and confirmed in Reval at 17 in 1885, Elfriede Siré married Woldemar <mask>, a wealthy merchant from Reval, in the Lutheran Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul (St-Petersburg) in 1886. His paternal grandfather, <mask>, was a master shoemaker and elder of his guild. Born in Riga in 1820, and probably partly of Latvian descent, he had moved to Reval in the 1850s, where he met Julie Elisabeth Stramm, born in Jörden (Estonia) in 1835. The two married in the German St. Nicholas parish of Reval in 1856.His mother died two months after his birth. Main difference is she dropped off the radar after <mask> was handed, Gudrun picked up her father left off Great Grandchild Tytus <mask> ( born in 1974 ) in Poland. The Hungarian-Jewish journalist Franz Szell, who was apparently residing in Tilsit, Prussia, Germany, spent a year researching in Latvian and Estonian archives before publishing an open letter in 1936, with copies to Hermann Göring, Joseph Goebbels, Foreign Minister Konstantin von Neurath and others, accusing <mask> of having "no drop of German blood" flowing in his veins. Szell wrote that among <mask>'s ancestors were only "Latvians, Jews, Mongols, and French." As a result of his open letter, Szell was deported by Lithuanian authorities on 15 September 1936. His claims were repeated in the 15 September 1937 issue of the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano. <mask> was indeed of Baltic German, French, and probably also of Estonian and Latvian descent, but no Jewish ancestry has been discovered.Education and early career
The young <mask> graduated from the

masks:
Wilhelm Rosenberg
Martin Rosenberg
Alfred
L Rosenberg
Rosenberg
Rosenberg
Alfred Rosenberg
Rosenberg


title: Alfred Rosenberg

texts: Petri-Realschule (currently  Tallinna Reaalkool) and went on to study architecture at the Riga Polytechnical Institute and engineering at  Moscow's Imperial Higher Technical School  (), completing his PhD studies in 1917. During his stays at home in Reval, he attended the art studio of the famed painter Ants Laikmaa - though he showed promise, there are no records that he ever exhibited. During the German occupation of Estonia in 1918, <mask> served as a teacher at the Gustav Adolf Gymnasium. He gave his first speech on Jewish Marxism on 30 November, at the House of the Blackheads, after the 28 November 1918 outbreak of the Estonian War of Independence. He emigrated to Germany with the retreating Imperial German army, along with Max Scheubner-Richter, who served as something of a mentor to <mask> and to his ideology. Arriving in Munich, he contributed to Dietrich Eckart's publication, the Völkischer Beobachter (Ethnic/Nationalist Observer). By this time, he was both an antisemite – influenced by Houston Stewart Chamberlain's book The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, one of the key proto-Nazi books of racial theory – and an anti-Bolshevik.<mask> became one of the earliest members of the German Workers' Party – later renamed the National Socialist German Workers' Party, better known as the Nazi Party – joining in January 1919, eight months before Adolf Hitler joined in September. According to some historians, <mask> had also been a member of the Thule Society, along with Eckart, although Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke contends that they were only guests. After the Völkischer Beobachter became the Nazi party newspaper in December 1920, <mask>

masks: Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg


title: Alfred Rosenberg

texts:
 became its editor in 1923. <mask> was a leading member of Aufbau Vereinigung, Reconstruction Organisation, a conspiratorial organisation of White Russian émigrés which had a critical influence on early Nazi policy. <mask> sympathized and identified with Talat Pasha and the Committee of Union and Progress that carried out the Armenian genocide, also claiming that there was "a deliberately Jewish policy which had always protected the Armenians" and that "during the world war, the Armenians have led the espionage against the Turks, similar to the Jews against Germany". Nazi party
In 1923, after the failed Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler, who had been imprisoned for treason, appointed <mask> as the leader of the Nazi movement. Hitler remarked privately in later years that his choice of <mask>, whom he regarded as weak and lazy, was strategic; Hitler did not want the temporary leader of the Nazis to become too popular or hungry for power, because a person with either of those two qualities might not want to cede the party leadership after Hitler's release.However, at the time of the appointment Hitler had no reason to believe that he would soon be released, and <mask> had not appeared weak, so this may have been Hitler reading back into history his dissatisfaction with <mask> for the job he did. On 1 January 1924, <mask> founded the Greater German People's Community, a Nazi front organization. Headquartered in Munich, it was largely limited to Bavaria, the birthplace of National Socialism, had no substantial presence outside that State and became a haven for Nazi Party members from that area. Prominent members included Max Amann, Phillip Bouhler,

masks: Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg


title: Alfred Rosenberg

texts: Hermann Esser, Franz Xaver Schwarz and Julius Streicher. <mask>, one of the least charismatic of the Nazi leaders and lacking in leadership qualities, was soon pushed aside by Streicher, a far more ruthless and abrasive personality, who was elected Chairman on 9 July 1924 with Esser, also a coarse, bullying sort, as his Deputy Chairman. In 1929 <mask> founded the Militant League for German Culture. He later formed the "Institute for Research on the Jewish Question", the first branch of a projected Advanced School of the NSDAP, dedicated to identifying and attacking Jewish influence in German culture and to recording the history of Judaism from a radical nationalist perspective.He was elected as a Reichstag Deputy in 1930 and would continue to serve in this capacity until the end of the Nazi regime. First elected as a representative of the electoral list, from 1933 on he represented electoral constituency 33, Hesse. In 1930, he also published his book on racial theory The Myth of the Twentieth Century (Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts) which deals with key issues in the Nazi ideology, such as the "Jewish question." <mask> intended his book as a sequel to Houston Stewart Chamberlain's above-cited book. Despite selling more than a million copies by 1945, its influence within Nazism remains doubtful. It is often said to have been a book that was officially venerated within Nazism, but one that few had actually read beyond the first chapter or even found comprehensible.Hitler called it "stuff nobody can understand" and disapproved of its pseudo-religious tone. <mask> helped convince Hitler, whose early speeches focused on revenge against France

masks: Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg


title: Alfred Rosenberg

texts:
 and Britain, that communism was a serious threat to Germany. "Jewish-Bolshevism" became an ideological target for Nazism during the early 1920s. In Rome during November 1932 <mask> participated in the Volta Conference about Europe. British historian Sir Charles Petrie met him there and regarded him with great distaste; Petrie was a Catholic and strongly objected to <mask>'s anti-Jewish and anti-Catholic sentiments. The following year, following the Nazi seizure of power, <mask> was named leader of the Nazi Party's Foreign Policy Office in April, and on 2 June 1933 he was named a Reichsleiter, the second highest political rank in the Nazi Party. In May 1933 <mask> visited Britain, to give the impression that the Nazis would not be a threat and to encourage links between the new regime and the British Empire.It was a notable failure. When <mask> laid a wreath bearing a swastika at the Cenotaph, a Labour Party candidate slashed it, later threw it in the Thames and was fined 40 shillings for willful damage at Bow Street magistrate's court. In October 1933, <mask> was named as a member of Hans Frank's Academy for German Law. Then on 27 January 1934, Hitler made <mask> the "Führer's Representative for the Supervision of Intellectual and Ideological Education of the NSDAP." This was the origin of the Amt Rosenberg. Racial theories

As the Nazi Party's chief racial theorist, <mask> oversaw the construction of a human racial "ladder" that justified Hitler's racial and ethnic policies. <mask> built on the works of Arthur de Gobineau, Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Madison Grant and the Klansman Lothrop Stoddard as well as on the beliefs of

masks: Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg


title: Alfred Rosenberg

texts: Hitler.<mask> placed Blacks and Jews at the very bottom of the ladder, while at the very top stood the "Aryan" race. <mask> promoted the Nordic theory which considered the Nordic race the "master race", superior to all others, including to other Aryans (Indo-Europeans). He was also influenced by the Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory promoted by the Catholic counter-revolutionary tradition, such as the book Le Juif, le judaïsme et la judaïsation des peuples chrétiens (1869) by Roger Gougenot des Mousseaux, which he translated into German under the title The Eternal Jew. <mask> got the racial term Untermensch from the title of Stoddard's 1922 book The Revolt Against Civilization: The Menace of the Under-man, which had been adopted by the Nazis from that book's German version Der Kulturumsturz: Die Drohung des Untermenschen (1925). <mask> reshaped the Nazi racial policy over the years, but it always consisted of Aryan supremacy, extreme German nationalism and rabid antisemitism. <mask> also outspokenly opposed homosexuality – notably in his pamphlet "Der Sumpf" ("The Swamp", 1927). He viewed homosexuality as a hindrance to the expansion of the Nordic population.<mask>'s attitude towards Slavs was flexible because it depended on the particular nation which he referred to. As a result of the ideology of "Drang nach Osten" ("Drive to the East"), <mask> saw his mission as the conquest and colonization of the Slavic East. In Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts <mask> describes Russian Slavs as being overwhelmed by Bolshevism. Regarding Ukrainians, he favoured setting up a buffer state to ease the pressure on the German eastern frontier, while agreeing

masks: Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg


title: Alfred Rosenberg

texts:
 with the notion that Russia could be exploited for the benefit of Germany. During the war, <mask> was in favour of collaboration with the East Slavs against Bolshevism and offering them national independence unlike other Nazis such as Hitler and Himmler who dismissed such ideas. Religious theories

<mask> was raised as a Protestant, but he rejected Christianity later in his life.<mask> argued for a new "religion of the blood", based on the supposed innate promptings of the Nordic soul to defend its noble character against racial and cultural degeneration. In his 1920 book Immorality in the Talmud, <mask> identified Jews with the antichrist. He rejected Christianity for its universality, for its doctrine of original sin (at least for Germans who he declared on one occasion were born noble), and for its teachings on the immortality of the soul, saying, "indeed, absorbing Christianity enfeebled a people." Publicly, <mask> affected to deplore Christianity's degeneration owing to Jewish influence. Following Houston Stewart Chamberlain's ideas, he condemned what he called "negative Christianity" (the orthodox beliefs of the Protestant and Catholic churches), arguing for a so-called "positive" Christianity based on Chamberlain's argument that Jesus was a member of an Indo-European, Nordic enclave which was resident in ancient Galilee who struggled against Judaism. Significantly, in his work explicating the Nazi intellectual belief system, The Myth of the Twentieth Century, <mask> cryptically alludes to and lauds the early Christian heretic Marcion (who rejected the Old Testament as well as the notion of Christ as the Jewish Messiah) and the

masks: Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg


title: Alfred Rosenberg

texts:
 Manichaean-inspired, "Aryo-Iranian" Cathari, as being the more authentic interpreters of Christianity versus historically dominant Judaeo-Christianity; moreover these ancient, externally Christian metaphysical forms were more "organically compatible with the Nordic sense of the spiritual and the Nordic 'blood-soul'." For <mask>, the anti-intellectual, religious doctrine was inseparable from serving the interests of the Nordic race, connecting the individual to his racial nature.<mask> stated that "The general ideas of the Roman and of the Protestant churches are negative Christianity and do not, therefore, accord with our (German) soul." His support for Luther as a great German figure was always ambivalent. In January 1934, Hitler appointed <mask> cultural and educational leader of the Reich. The Sanctum Officium in Rome recommended that <mask>'s Myth of the Twentieth Century be put on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum (list of books forbidden by the Catholic Church) for scorning and rejecting "all dogmas of the Catholic Church, indeed the very fundamentals of the Christian religion". During World War II, <mask> outlined the future envisioned by the Hitler government for religion in Germany, with a thirty-point program for the future of the German churches. Among its articles:

 the National Reich Church of Germany would claim exclusive control over all churches
 publication of the Bible would cease
 crucifixes, Bibles and saints were to be removed from altars
 Mein Kampf would be placed on altars as "to the German nation and therefore to God the most sacred book"
 the Christian Cross would be removed from all churches and replaced with the


title: Alfred Rosenberg

texts:
 swastika. <mask> has been described as an atheist by people, including Henry F. Gerecke, the Lutheran chaplain who communed with some of the Nuremberg prisoners, including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Wilhelm Keitel.However, some historians have claimed that <mask> was a neo-pagan. Wartime activities

In 1940 <mask> was made head of the Hohe Schule (literally "high school", but the German phrase refers to a college), the Centre of National Socialist Ideological and Educational Research, out of which the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce) developed for the purpose of looting art and cultural goods. The ERR were especially active in Paris in looting art stolen from famous Jewish families such as the Rothschilds and that of <mask>. Hermann Göring used the ERR to collect art for his own personal gratification. He created a "Special Task Force for Music" (Sonderstab Musik) to collect the best musical instruments and scores for use in a university to be built in Hitler's home town of Linz, Austria. The orders given to the Sonderstab Musik were to loot all forms of Jewish property in Germany and of those found in any country taken over by the German army, and any musical instruments or scores were to be immediately shipped to Berlin. Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories
Following the invasion of the USSR, <mask> was appointed head of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories (Reichsministerium für die besetzten Ostgebiete) on 17 July 1941.<mask> served as his deputy and represented him at the Wannsee Conference. Another official of the Ministry, Georg Leibbrandt, also attended the

masks:
Rosenberg
Rosenberg
Rosenberg
Paul Rosenberg
Rosenberg
Alfred Meyer


title: Alfred Rosenberg

texts:
 conference, at <mask>'s request. <mask> had presented Hitler with his plan for the organization of the conquered Eastern territories, suggesting the establishment of new administrative districts, to replace the previously Soviet-controlled territories with new Reichskommissariats. These would be:

 Ostland (Baltic countries and Belarus),
 Ukraine (Ukraine and nearest territories),
 Kaukasus (Caucasus area),
 Moskau (Moscow metropolitan area and the rest of nearest Russian European areas)

Although <mask> believed that all of the peoples of the Soviet Union were subhumans because of their communist beliefs, such suggestions were intended to encourage certain non-Russian forms of nationalism and promote German interests for the benefit of future Aryan generations, in accord with geopolitical "Lebensraum im Osten" plans. They would provide a buffer against Soviet expansion in preparation for the total eradication of Communism and Bolshevism by decisive pre-emptive military action. Following these plans, when Wehrmacht forces invaded Soviet-controlled territory, they immediately implemented the first of the proposed Reichskommissariats of Ostland and Ukraine, under the leadership of Hinrich Lohse and Erich Koch, respectively. The organization of these administrative territories led to conflict between <mask> and the SS over the treatment of Slavs under German occupation.As Nazi Germany's chief racial theorist, <mask> considered Slavs, though lesser than Germans, to be Aryan. <mask> often complained to Hitler and Himmler about the treatment of non-Jewish occupied peoples. He proposed the creation of buffer satellite states made out of Greater


title: Alfred Rosenberg

texts:
 Finland, Baltica, Ukraine, and Caucasus. During an 18 November 1941 press conference, he made the following statements about the Jewish question, he stated:

At the Nuremberg trials he said he was ignorant of the Holocaust, despite the fact that Leibbrandt and Meyer were present at the Wannsee conference. Wartime propaganda efforts

Since the invasion of the Soviet Union intended to impose the New Order, it was essentially a war of conquest. German propaganda efforts designed to win over Russian opinion were, at best, patchy and inconsistent. <mask> was one of the few in the Nazi hierarchy who advocated a policy designed to encourage anti-Communist opinion among the population of the occupied territories.His interest here was mainly in the non-Russian areas such as Ukraine and the Baltic States; however, supporters of the Russian Liberation Army were somewhat able to win him over. Amongst other things, <mask> issued a series of posters announcing the end of the Soviet collective farms (kolkhoz). He also issued an Agrarian Law in February 1942, annulling all Soviet legislation on farming and restoring family farms for those willing to collaborate with the occupiers. But decollectivisation conflicted with the wider demands of wartime food production, and Hermann Göring demanded that the collective farms be retained, save for a change of name. Hitler himself denounced the redistribution of land as "stupid". There were numerous German armed forces (Wehrmacht) posters asking for assistance in the Bandenkrieg, the war against the Soviet partisans, though, once again, German policy had the effect of adding to their problems. Posters for

masks:
Alfred Rosenberg
Rosenberg


title: Alfred Rosenberg

texts:
 "volunteer" labour, with inscriptions such as "Come work with us to shorten the war", hid the appalling realities faced by Russian workers in Germany.Many people joined the partisans rather than risk being sent to an unknown fate in the west. Another of <mask>'s initiatives, the "Free Caucasus" campaign, was rather more successful, attracting various nationalities into the so-called Eastern Legion (Ostlegionen), though in the end this made little difference in the outcome of the war on the Eastern Front. Trial and execution

<mask> was captured by Allied troops on 19 May 1945 in Flensburg-Mürwik. He was tried at Nuremberg and found guilty of all four counts: conspiracy to commit crimes against peace; planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression; war crimes; and crimes against humanity. The final judgment against him named him one of the principal planners of the invasions of Norway and the Soviet Union. It also held him directly responsible for the systematic plunder of the occupied countries of Europe, as well as the brutal conditions in Eastern Europe. During his trial he wrote his memoirs, which were published posthumously and with analytical commentary by Serge Lang and Ernst von Schenck.He was sentenced to death and executed with other condemned co-defendants at Nuremberg Prison on the morning of 16 October 1946. His body, like those of the other nine executed men and that of Hermann Göring, was cremated at Ostfriedhof (Munich) and the ashes were scattered in the river Isar. Throughout the trial, it was agreed that <mask> had a decisive role in shaping Nazi philosophy and ideology. Examples include: his book Myth of the

masks: Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg