title: Dave Williams (wide receiver)

texts:
 community at large". As spokesman for the RPA, <mask> pointed out that half of the 120 retired players in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio, had no pension. Subsequently, the NFL Players Association asked Commissioner Pete Rozelle and the League to "give pensions to the players who pioneered the game." Since leaving professional football, <mask> has had a career of more than forty years in property management, a business he began while playing for the Chargers. <mask> has been an executive for multi-unit property management companies, including Equity Residential and Apartment Investment and Management Company, among others. He and his wife Sherry incorporated "David L. Williams Management Consultants, LLC" in 1999. Faith and memoir publication
<mask> and his wife helped found an evangelical Christian church on Kauai in 2001.They served as Deacons and Church treasurers and worshipped in a tent for years. North Shore Christian Church was built thirteen years later and opened in January 2014. In 2017, <mask> published his life story, combined with stories he had transcribed from tapes of his father's memories, entitled My Best for Him, My Memoir. Athletic records, honors and awards
<mask>' high school football kudos included all-city, all-conference, and all-state honors in both junior and senior years; the State of Washington's 1963 AA 120 hurdles champion; High School football All American in senior year; team captain senior year; and he was ultimately named to The Seattle Times High School Football Team of the Century in 1999. He won national collegiate honors both in football and in track and field events. In his junior year, <mask> was named to the Associated Press All-America football second-team for

masks: Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams


title: Dave Williams (wide receiver)

type: original

texts:
 1965. The Associated Press also honored him In 1966 with All-America honorable mention in football, and he won fourth place at the NCAA in the 440-yard hurdles, as well as sixth place in the 120-yard hurdles.He was on the 4x110-yard relay team at the 1967 NCAAs that won fifth place. <mask> completed his university career in 1967, making second-team All-America (Associated Press), first-team All-Pacific Coast and he had been invited to the 1966 East–West Shrine Game, 1967 Hula Bowl, and 1967 Chicago College All-Star Game. <mask> was also a four-time All-American in track and field. Between 1964–1967, he earned six collegiate varsity letters. The Husky Hall of Fame lists <mask>' records that have stood for more than half a century: "[He] still holds the UW records for receiving yards in a game with 257 vs. UCLA in 1965; for receptions by a tight end in a game with 10 (twice in 1965, vs. both UCLA and Stanford); receiving TDs in a season by a tight end (10, 1965); and for career receiving yards per catch by a tight end (18.3)"

See also
 Washington Huskies football statistical leaders

References

External links
 2014 Husky Hall of Fame Ceremony (video, <mask>' award and acceptance, from 1:19:08 –1:29:36)

1945 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Cedar Rapids, Iowa
American football wide receivers
Washington Huskies football players
St. Louis Cardinals (football) players
San Diego Chargers players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Southern California Sun players
Seattle Seahawks players
American business executives
American football tight ends
American male decathletes
Washington Huskies men's track and field athletes
Track and field athletes in the National Football League
Players of American football from Tacoma,

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title: Yip Kai Foon

texts:
<mask> (; 12 June 1961 – 19 April 2017, born in Haifeng, China), also known as "Teeth Dog" and "Goosehead", was an infamous Chinese illegal immigrant turned gangster who was most active in Hong Kong from the early 1980s to 1990s. He and his gang specialised in robbing jewellery stores with assault rifles. Their weapon of choice was the AK-47 assault rifle, which they acquired from black markets hosted by triads. He is also the first person to have used an AK-47 during an armed-robbery in Hong Kong. Early crimes
In October 1984, when he was 23, <mask> led a gang of five armed mainland men into Hong Kong. They robbed two jewelry stores, King Fook Jewellery Co. Ltd on 10 October 1984 and Dickson Jewellery Co. Ltd. on 27 October 1984; they managed to obtain more than  million worth of precious items as a result. In the course of both robberies, shots were fired.An undercover policeman posed as a potential buyer for the stolen goods as part of a sting operation. During the subsequent 28 December 1984 meeting, once the policeman identified himself, Yip attempted to shoot him and a violent struggle occurred. After Yip was subdued, he was found with two handguns, later linked by ballistics to the October robberies. Yip was convicted on four counts (two counts of handling stolen goods for each robbery, possession of firearms, and use of a firearm with intent to resist arrest) and sentenced to 18 years in prison. Yip contested the conviction, claiming that he was asked only to find a buyer for what he thought were sub-standard watches produced in local factories; his appeal was dismissed in 1987. But he escaped on 24 August 1989, when he faked appendicitis and was transferred to Queen Mary Hospital. In the toilet, he jumped his two officers with broken bottles and made off in a van parked at

masks:
Yip Kai Foon
Yip


title: Yip Kai Foon

texts:
 the hospital entrance.He hijacked the van with two occupants inside, a 37-year-old van driver and driver's 6-year-old son. While driving, he forced the driver to take off shoes and clothes so Yip could put them on. He got off at Wong Chuk Hang and left the scene by bus. He is presumed to have fled into mainland China. On the run

AK-47 heists
On 9 June 1991, he and his gang, armed with AK-47s and pistols, robbed five goldsmiths shops on the "Golden" Mut Wah Street in Kwun Tong. They fired 54 shots at police and escaped with gold and jewelry worth  million. Many onlookers believed the gun battle was being staged for a film.The gang was linked to a robbery of two jewelers on Tai Po Road in Sham Shui Po on 10 March 1992. During the course of that robbery, gang members fired 65 shots at police and members of the public, escaping with  million worth of jewelry. <mask> is thought to have been involved in a 6 January 1993 jewelry store robbery on Nathan Road in Mong Kok, when a gang fired 30 rounds from AK-47s, killing a woman passerby. One robber was shot by police during the chase; the others dumped his body on the street when they switched getaway cars. Macau police suspected Yip was involved in an April 1994 armed heist of  million in gambling chips from the casino at the Hyatt Regency Hotel on Taipa. In 1995, Yip moved his crime operation to Shenzhen, participating in the January abduction and murder of a Tianjin businessman and the November murder of a police informant. The total worth of his stolen goods is estimated at  million (Approximately $2,576,920 US).Yip achieved notoriety by escaping police custody multiple times. Capture and trial
His career finally came to an end on 13 May 1996 when he was arrested following a Kennedy Town gunfight with police that left him paralyzed


title: Yip Kai Foon

texts: from the waist down. At the time he had a  million reward on his head, but the two officers involved did not receive the reward. Two police officers had surprised Yip and his gang in an alley near the waterfront. Since they had just debarked from a boat, the police suspected they were illegal immigrants and asked for identification. The rest of the gang fled, but Yip pulled a gun from a bag and began shooting. During an ensuing foot pursuit, the officers testified they ordered him to drop his gun, which he refused to do, instead shooting at the officers.After his gun jammed, he was captured. He was found with a machine gun, a pistol, and 1.8 kg of explosives. He was charged with possession of firearms and ammunition without a licence and shooting with intent to do grievous bodily harm stemming from wounds one of the officers received in the course of the arrest. While <mask> was recovering from his injuries, additional charges of escaping custody and kidnapping (during the van hijack) were added stemming from his 1989 escape. During the lead-up to the trial, a fictionalized version of <mask>'s life was filmed as King of Robbery (), also known as Life Will Never Be Twice, starring Simon Yam and Roy Cheung), but its planned August 1996 release was delayed by court order. Yip's trial began on 18 February 1997, with the defence claiming the police shot Yip in the back and then stole  from him. He dismissed his defence team two days later, apparently falling asleep when given the chance to cross-examine a prosecution witness.On 10 March 1997, he was convicted of all charges and sentenced to 41 years in prison, which consists of the 11 years he had left on his original sentence and 30 years on the new charges, to be served consecutively. The earliest year in which he could have been

masks: Yip Yip


title: Yip Kai Foon

texts:
 released was   2022. Imprisonment and death
Yip's lawyers appealed his conviction, stating the publicity surrounding his arrest was prejudicial to the jury, but lost the appeal on 8 December 1998. A separate appeal to reduce his sentence, based on his injuries and subsequent care, was heard in March 1999. The Court of Appeal reduced his sentence by approximately five years. Yip subsequently went to the Court of Final Appeal seeking a reduction in his sentence based on his 'catastrophic' medical condition, but the appeal was denied. He was married to his mainland wife in August 2003.He had been previously married (to the same woman) under a false name before his imprisonment. <mask> continued to maintain his innocence over the 1996 shootout, offering a substantial reward for a witness he alleges saw the events leading up to his arrest. Yip converted to Christianity in March 2004. <mask> was sentenced on 11 January 2010 to an additional six months in jail for assaulting an officer at Stanley Prison on 30 April 2009. He had complained that he had been badly treated by prison guards. On 1 April 2017, he was hospitalized at Queen Mary Hospital for cancer treatment. He died on 19 April 2017 of lung cancer.Cultural influence
Several documentaries detail <mask>'s exploits and several fictional movies are adapted from his criminal history. The Most Dangerous Man (2010, ). Yim <mask> portrayed by Karel Wong
 King of Robbery (1996, ). Chan Sing portrayed by Simon Yam
 Hong Kong's King of Thieves (). <mask> <mask>oon portrayed by Chan Wah
 Trivisa (2016). <mask> Kwok-foon portrayed by Richie Jen

References

Notes

Bibliography

1961 births
2017 deaths
Chinese gangsters
Converts to Christianity
Deaths from lung cancer
Fugitives
Hong Kong gangsters
Jewel thieves
People from Haifeng County
Triad

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Foon
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Kai f
Yip


title: Scott Redding

texts:
<mask> (born 4 January 1993) is a British motorcycle racer. For 2022 he is contracted to ride in Superbike World Championship with BMW Motorrad WorldSBK team after the 2020 and 2021 seasons with Ducati factory WSBK team riding a Panigale V4. In 2019, he competed in the British Superbike Championship riding a Ducati Panigale V4 for Paul Bird's PBM team, winning the championship on his first attempt. He is known for competing in Grand Prix motorcycle racing, primarily in the premier MotoGP class from 2014 to 2018. He was the youngest rider in Grand Prix motorcycle racing to win a race, breaking Marco Melandri's ten-year record, until Can Öncü broke this record in 2018. Career

Early career
Born in Quedgeley, Gloucester, <mask> started racing Mini Motos in 2001, winning the 2004 FAB-Racing Metrakit 50cc British MiniGP championship and then switching to the 80cc Metrakit "Calypso Cup" in 2005 in Spain, where he won all six rounds of the series. In 2006 he tested for the Red Bull sponsored MotoGP academy cup and was immediately offered a ride.However he had a mixed season with only one podium finish at the last round in Jerez. For 2007 he signed for team BLU:sens Aprilia riding in the Spanish CEV 125cc championship finishing second overall to Stefan Bradl with a difference of eight points, taking a second place at round four and winning at the final rounds of five, six and seven. 125cc World Championship (2008–2009)
<mask> left the CEV championship in 2008, being entered by team BLU:sens Aprilia in the 125cc Grand Prix World championship. <mask> made a sensational start at the opening round of Qatar, by being the youngest ever rider in the 125cc class to qualify on the front row of the grid, in fourth place. He went on to take fifth place in the race setting the lap record for the 125cc class of 2'05.635 in the process. He was also on the front row in Spain. On 22 June 2008 <mask> became the back then youngest ever Grand Prix winner, aged 15 years and 170 days, when he won

masks:
Scott Christopher Redding
Redding
Redding
Redding
Redding


title: Scott Redding

texts:
 the 2008 British 125cc Grand Prix at Donington Park.<mask> took the lead with six laps remaining after pressuring Andrea Iannone into pushing too hard and going off at Craner Curves. <mask> held off Frenchman Mike Di Meglio and Spaniard Marc Márquez to win in only his eighth 125cc outing. He became the first British winner of a 125cc race since Chas Mortimer won the 1975 Spanish Grand Prix and the first British winner of a British motorcycle Grand Prix in the 125cc class since 1973, when Tommy Robb won at the 1973 Isle of Man TT, which was then the British round of the world championship. He is also the first British rider ever to win a British round of any Grand Prix class since the British motorcycle Grand Prix moved to Donington Park in 1987. In the first ever two-wheeled race at the famous Indianapolis Motor Speedway in America, <mask> secured 4th place, having been in that position when it started to rain due to Hurricane Ike and Red Flag brought the race to a premature end. <mask> also won Rookie of the Year for being the highest placed new rider, finishing the season in eleventh overall. For the 2009 125cc Motorcycle Grand Prix season <mask> rode a factory Aprilia machinery and remained with team BLU:sens Aprilia.<mask> had a difficult season, suffering from mechanical issues and handling difficulties. He got on the podium at the 2009 British Grand Prix, his second career podium. Moto2 World Championship (2010–2013)

Marc VDS Racing Team (2010–2013)

2010

<mask> signed with new team Marc VDS Racing Team in the Moto2 600cc class for 2010, having grown too big to continue competing in the 125cc class. He struggled in the initial pre-season tests, but was more competitive in later ones. <mask> struggled at the beginning of the season, but improved to finish fourth in the British Grand Prix at Silverstone and became the youngest rider ever to score a podium finish in the 250cc/Moto2 class by finishing third in Indianapolis. At the San Marino Grand Prix in Misano,

masks: Redding Redding Redding Redding Redding Redding Redding Redding


title: Scott Redding

texts:
 <mask> was involved in an accident which resulted in the death of Japanese rider Shoya Tomizawa. After Tomizawa fell from his bike on the twelfth lap of the race, he was immediately hit by <mask> and Alex de Angelis, who were unable to avoid him.<mask> received ten stitches for a back laceration but escaped major injury. On 29 September 2010, <mask> signed a two-year contract with Marc VDS, keeping him in Moto2 until . 2011
<mask> finished the season in 15th place with 63 points, with a best result of fifth place, obtained on three occasions: at Silverstone, Indianapolis and Misano. 2012
<mask> finished the season in fifth position, having collected 165 points, a second place in the 2012 British motorcycle Grand Prix, his home race, along with four other podiums, all third places finishes. 2013
Riding again for Marc VDS, <mask> finished a close second in the championship after a season-long battle against Pol Espargaró. During the season, <mask> obtained three victories, three second places, a third place, and three pole-positions. With three races left in the season he held a lead of 10 points over Espargaró; however, <mask> crashed during qualifying in Australia, fracturing his wrist and could not participate in the race.Pol Espargaró won the race. In the following Japanese Grand Prix, <mask> collided with the motorcycle of Esteve Rabat who had crashed in front of him in the second turn of the race. The race was red-flagged and restarted without an injured <mask>; this second incident took him out of contention for the title, which Espargaró won by winning the Japanese race too. MotoGP World Championship (2014–2018)

GO&FUN Gresini Honda (2014)

2014

<mask> switched to MotoGP with the GO & FUN Gresini team on a Honda RCV1000R production racer, his teammate was Álvaro Bautista. He was consistent over the year, finishing every race except Austin. His best results of the season were two seventh-place finishes, at the season-opening round in Qatar and at Phillip

masks: Redding Redding Redding Redding Redding Redding Redding Redding Redding Redding Redding Redding


title: Scott Redding

texts:
 Island. He finished 12th in the championship, scoring 81 points.He was also runner-up in the "open class" category, albeit 45 points behind Aleix Espargaró. EG 0,0 Marc VDS (2015)

2015
In 2015 <mask> remained in MotoGP, re-joining his former team Marc VDS. He was riding a factory-specification Honda RC213V. At the San Marino Grand Prix, <mask> achieved his maiden MotoGP podium with a third-place finish despite crashing early in the race. With Bradley Smith finishing second, the duo became the first pair of British riders to finish on a premier class podium since Barry Sheene and Tom Herron did so at the Venezuelan Grand Prix in . On 30 August 2015, the morning of his home race at Silverstone, it was announced that <mask> would join Pramac Racing for the  season, replacing Yonny Hernández alongside Danilo Petrucci. Pramac Racing (2016–2017)

2016
<mask> remained in MotoGP for his third season, this time racing for Pramac Racing, his third team in three seasons.Riding on a Ducati Desmosedici GP15,  with fellow teammate Danilo Petrucci, <mask> had a mixed season. He only finished 15th in the standings, one point behind Petrucci, but he managed to get his second, and to date his last, MotoGP podium at the 2016 Dutch TT. 2017
In 2017, <mask> stayed with Pramac Racing Ducati, together with Danilo Petrucci. However, due to last years performances, Danilo Petrucci received a GP17 Ducati Desmosedici with factory support while <mask> had to do with the GP16. During this year, Petrucci emerged as the far stronger rider with <mask> never finishing higher than seventh in both Qatar and San Marino. In turn, this would be his last year with Pramac Racing. Aprilia Racing Team Gresini (2018)

2018
After his contract at Ducati was not extended, <mask> signed with Aprilia for the 2018 season.He replaced fellow british rider Sam Lowes, who had a catastrophic 2017 season, finishing with just 5 points, compared to teammate Aleix Espargaró's 62. The 2018 season did not go as planned for

masks:
Redding
Redding
Redding
Scott Redding
Scott Redding
Redding
Redding
Redding
Redding


title: Scott Redding

texts:
 Aprilia however, Espargaró finished with 44 points, and a best result of 6th in Aragon, while <mask> finished with 20 points, and not having a top 10 finish all year. Following the season, <mask> was not re-signed by the team. After MotoGP

British Superbike Championship (2019)

2019
In 2019, he competed in the British Superbike Championship riding a Ducati Panigale V4 for Paul Bird's PBM team. He won the championship on his first attempt, after an epic showdown with his teammate Josh Brookes, <mask> edging him out by a mere 5 points, over a 27 race season. Superbike World Championship (2020-present)

2020
For 2020, <mask> competed in the Superbike World Championship, signing a two-year deal to ride a factory Ducati Panigale V4 for the Aruba.it Racing team. He had a successful first season, finishing on the podium 13 times in 24 races (5 times first, 5 times second, 3 times in third place), and finished second overall in the standings.2021
As of late season 2021, <mask> already has 6 victories, 9 second place finishes, 4 third place finishes, and is third in the standings currently. In August, he and BMW announced that <mask> would switch from Ducati to BMW for 2022, a move that surprised many people. Career statistics

Grand Prix motorcycle racing

By season

By class

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

British Superbike Championship

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Superbike World Championship

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
British motorcycle racers
English motorcycle racers
125cc World Championship riders
Moto2 World Championship riders
Pramac Racing MotoGP riders
Gresini Racing MotoGP riders
Marc VDS Racing Team MotoGP riders
People from Stroud District
MotoGP World Championship riders
Superbike World

masks: Redding Redding Redding Redding Redding Redding


title: Anne Applebaum

texts:
<mask> (born July 25, 1964) is an American journalist and historian. She has written extensively about Marxism–Leninism and the development of civil society in Central and Eastern Europe. She has worked at The Economist and The Spectator, and was a member of the editorial board of The Washington Post (2002–2006). <mask> won the Pulitzer Prize in 2004 for Gulag: A History published the previous year. She is a staff writer for The Atlantic and a senior fellow at The Agora Institute at Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Washington, D.C. Her parents are Harvey M. <mask>, a partner in the Covington and Burling law firm, and <mask>, of the Corcoran Gallery of Art.<mask> has stated that she was brought up in a "very reformed" Jewish family. Her ancestors came to America from what is now Belarus. She graduated from the Sidwell Friends School (1982). <mask> earned a Bachelor of Arts, summa cum laude, in history and literature from Yale University, where she attended the Soviet history course taught by Wolfgang Leonhard in fall 1982. As a student, <mask> spent a summer in Leningrad, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia), in 1985, which she has written helped to shape her opinions. She was also elected to Phi Beta Kappa. As a Marshall Scholar at the London School of Economics, she earned a master's degree in international relations (1987).She studied at St Antony's College, Oxford, before as becoming a correspondent for The Economist and moving to Warsaw, Poland, in 1988. Career
<mask> returned to Poland in 1998, where she continued to write for The Sunday Telegraph and other newspapers. In 2001, she did a major interview with prime minister Tony

masks:
Anne Elizabeth Applebaum
Applebaum
Applebaum
Applebaum
Elizabeth Applebaum
Applebaum
Applebaum
Applebaum
Applebaum


title: Anne Applebaum

texts: Blair. She also undertook historical research for her book Gulag: A History (2003) on the Soviet concentration camp system, which won the 2004 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction. It was also nominated for a National Book Award, for the Los Angeles Times book award and for the National Book Critics Circle Award. From 2001 to 2005, <mask> lived in Washington and was a member of The Washington Post editorial board. She wrote about a wide range of US policy issues, including healthcare, social security and education.She also wrote a column for The Washington Post which continued for seventeen years. <mask> was briefly an adjunct fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank. Returning to Europe in 2005, <mask> was a George Herbert Walker Bush/Axel Springer Fellow at the American Academy in Berlin, Germany, in 2006. Her second history book, Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944–56, was published in 2012 by Doubleday in the US and Allen Lane in the UK; it was nominated for a National Book Award, shortlisted for the 2013 PEN/John Kenneth Galbraith Award. From 2011 to 2016, she created and ran the Transitions Forum at the Legatum Institute, an international think tank and educational charity based in London. Among other projects, she ran a two-year program examining the relationship between democracy and growth in Brazil, India and South Africa, created the Future of Syria and Future of Iran projects on future institutional change in those two countries, and commissioned a series of papers on corruption in Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. She is reported to have left the institute after it took a pro hard Brexit stance after the EU referendum.Together with Foreign Policy magazine she created

masks: Applebaum Applebaum Applebaum


title: Anne Applebaum

texts:
 Democracy Lab, a website focusing on countries in transition to, or away from, democracy and which has since become Democracy Post at The Washington Post. She also ran Beyond Propaganda, a program examining 21st century propaganda and disinformation. Started in 2014, the program anticipated later debates about "fake news". In 2016, she left Legatum because of its stance on Brexit following the appointment of Euroskeptic Philippa Stroud as CEO and joined the London School of Economics as a Professor of Practice at the Institute for Global Affairs. At the LSE she ran Arena, a program on disinformation and 21st century propaganda. In the autumn of 2019 she moved the project to the Agora Institute at Johns Hopkins University. In October 2017, she published her third history book, Red Famine: Stalin's War on Ukraine, a history of the Holodomor.The book won the Lionel Gelber Prize and the Duff Cooper Prize for the second time, making her the only author to ever win twice. In November 2019, The Atlantic announced that <mask> was joining the publication as a staff writer starting in January 2020. She was included in the 2020 Prospect list of the top-50 thinkers for the COVID-19 era. In July 2020, Twilight of Democracy: The Seductive Lure of Authoritarianism was published. Partly a memoir and partly political analysis, it was a New York Times and Der Spiegel bestseller. Positions

Russia
<mask> has been writing about Russia since the early 1990s. In 2000, she described the links between the then-new president of Russia, Vladimir Putin, with the former Soviet leader Yuri Andropov and the former KGB.In 2008, she began speaking about "Putinism" as an anti-democratic ideology, though most at the time still considered the Russian

masks: Applebaum Applebaum


title: Anne Applebaum

texts: president to be a pro-Western pragmatist. <mask> has also focused on Russia's failure to come to terms with the legacy of the USSR and of Joseph Stalin, both in Gulag: A History and in other writing and speeches. <mask> has been a vocal critic of Western conduct regarding the Russian military intervention in Ukraine. In an article in The Washington Post on March 5, 2014, she maintained that the US and its allies should not continue to enable "the existence of a corrupt Russian regime that is destabilizing Europe", noting that the actions of President Vladimir Putin had violated "a series of international treaties". On March 7, in another Telegraph article, discussing an information war, <mask> argued that "a robust campaign to tell the truth about Crimea is needed to counter Moscow's lies". At the end of August, she asked whether Ukraine should prepare for "total war" with Russia and whether central Europeans should join them. In 2014, writing in The New York Review of Books she asked (in a review of Karen Dawisha's Putin's Kleptocracy) whether "the most important story of the past twenty years might not, in fact, have been the failure of democracy, but the rise of a new form of Russian authoritarianism".She has described the "myth of Russian humiliation" and argued that NATO and EU expansion have been a "phenomenal success". In July 2016, before the US election, she was one of the first American journalists to write about the significance of Russia's ties to Donald Trump and wrote that Russian support for Trump was part of a wider Russian political campaign designed to destabilize the West. In December 2019, she wrote in The Atlantic that  "in the 21st century, we must also contend with a new phenomenon: right-wing


title: Anne Applebaum

texts:
 intellectuals, now deeply critical of their own societies, who have begun paying court to right-wing dictators who dislike America." Speaking on the "BBC Today" programme on 22 January 2022 (07.10) and on February 20, 2022 at the Munich Security Conference (4.30), <mask> maintained that the concerns of the Russian Federation regarding the possible admission of the Ukraine to NATO were merely a cover for a fear of democracy developing on its frontiers. Central Europe
<mask> has written extensively about the history of central and eastern Europe, Poland in particular. In the conclusion to her book Iron Curtain, <mask> argued that the reconstruction of civil society was the most important and most difficult challenge for the post-communist states of central Europe; in another essay, she argued that the modern authoritarian obsession with civil society repression dates back to Vladimir Lenin. She has written essays on the Polish film-maker Andrzej Wajda, on the dual Nazi–Soviet occupation of central Europe, and on why it is inaccurate to define "Eastern Europe" as a single entity.<mask> has described Poland's governing party, Law and Justice (PiS), as xenophobic and nationalist. Iraq War
On October 1, 2002, <mask> wrote an article for Slate entitled, "You Can’t Assume a Nut Will Act Rationally," in which she argued that Saddam Hussein is not a rational agent in a manner comparable to Adolf Hitler. Disinformation, propaganda and fake news
In 2014, <mask> and Peter Pomerantsev launched Beyond Propaganda, a program examining disinformation and propaganda, at the Legatum Institute. <mask> wrote that a 2014 Russian smear campaign aimed at her when she was writing heavily about the Russian annexation of Crimea. Dubious material

masks: Applebaum Applebaum Applebaum Applebaum Applebaum Applebaum Applebaum


title: Anne Applebaum

texts:
 posted on the web was eventually recycled by semi-respectable American pro-Russian websites. <mask> argued in 2015 that Facebook should take responsibility for spreading false stories and help "undo the terrible damage done by Facebook and other forms of social media to democratic debate and civilized discussion all over the world". Nationalism
In March 2016, eight months before the election of President Donald Trump, <mask> wrote a Washington Post column asking, "Is this the end of the West as we know it?", which argued that "we are two or three bad elections away from the end of NATO, the end of the European Union and maybe the end of the liberal world order". <mask> endorsed Hillary Clinton's campaign for president in July 2016 on the grounds that Trump is "a man who appears bent on destroying the alliances that preserve international peace and American power". <mask>'s March 2016 Washington Post column inspired the Swiss magazine Tages-Anzeiger and the German magazine Der Spiegel to interview her, the articles appearing in December 2016 and January 2017. She argued very early on that the movement had an international dimension, that populist groups in Europe share "ideas and ideology, friends and founders", and that, unlike Burkean conservatives, they seek to "overthrow the institutions of the present to bring back things that existed in the past—or that they believe existed in the past—by force." <mask> has underlined the danger of a new "Nationalist International", a union of xenophobic, nationalist parties such as Law and Justice in Poland, the Northern League in Italy, and the Freedom Party in Austria. In January 2022, <mask> was invited to testify before the US House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee

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title: Anne Applebaum

texts:
 hearing about bolstering democracy in the age of rising authoritarianism. Affiliations
<mask> is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.She is on the board of the National Endowment for Democracy and Renew Democracy Initiative. She was a member of the Institute for War and Peace Reporting's International Board of Directors. She was a Senior Adjunct Fellow at the Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA) where she co-led a major initiative aimed at countering Russian disinformation in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). She was on the editorial board for The American Interest and the Journal of Democracy. Personal life
In 1992, <mask> married Radosław Sikorski, who later served as Poland's Defence Minister, Foreign Minister, and Marshal of the Sejm. The couple have two sons, Aleksander and Tadeusz. She became a Polish citizen in 2013.She speaks Polish and Russian in addition to English. The Atlantic. 15 November 2021. Wybór (Choice), Agora, 2021, 320 pages, ISBN 978-8326838569; hardback

References

External links

 2005 Pulitzer Prize citation for Gulag: A History
 "<mask>, Opinion Writer" The Washington Post

  – 1:20 lecture by <mask> spoken in London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), recorded on Monday 28 January 2013. 1964 births
Living people
American columnists
American women columnists
American Reform Jews
American travel writers
American women travel writers
The Economist people
The Washington Post people
Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction winners
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Alumni of St Antony's College, Oxford
American emigrants to Poland
American Enterprise Institute
Gulag in literature and arts
Historians of communism
Historians of Russia
Jewish American

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Anne Applebaum


title: Nicholas A. Peppas

texts:
<mask>Nikolaos) A<mask> (; born August 25, 1948 in Athens, Greece) is a chemical and biomedical engineer whose leadership in biomaterials science and engineering, drug delivery, bionanotechnology, pharmaceutical sciences, chemical and polymer engineering has provided seminal foundations based on the physics and mathematical theories of nanoscale, macromolecular processes and drug/protein transport and has led to numerous biomedical products or devices. Education and work
<mask> was educated in chemical engineering at the National Technical University of Athens (D. Eng., 1971) and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Sc.D., 1973) under the direction of bioengineering pioneer Edward W. Merrill. Subsequently, he was a postdoctoral fellow in the Arteriosclerosis Center of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under world biomedical leaders Clark K. Colton, Kenneth A. Smith and Robert S. Lees. He is the Cockrell Family Regents Chair #6 in Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. He has been at the University of Texas at Austin since December 2002 and is serving as the Director of the Institute of Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, and its Laboratory of Biomaterials, Drug Delivery and Bionanotechnology with appointments in the Department of Chemical Engineering, the Department of Biomedical Engineering and the College of Pharmacy at the University of Texas at Austin. Before 2002, he was the Showalter Distinguished Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Professor of Chemical Engineering at Purdue University.<mask> is a leading researcher, inventor and pacesetter in the field of drug delivery and controlled release, a field that he developed into a mature area of scholarly research. He is also a leader in biomaterials, bionanotechnology, nano materials and bionanotechnology, and has contributed seminal work in the fields of feedback controlled biomedical devices and molecular recognition. The multidisciplinary approach of his

masks:
Nicholas (
. Peppas
Peppas
Peppas


title: Nicholas A. Peppas

texts: research in bionanotechnology and biomolecular engineering blends modern molecular and cellular biology with engineering to generate the next-generation of medical systems and devices, including bioMEMS with enhanced applicability, reliability, functionality, and longevity. His contributions have been translated into more than twenty medical products. <mask> is a member of the US National Academy of Medicine, the US National Academy of Engineering (NAE), the National Academy of Inventors (NAI), the Académie Nationale of France, the Academy of Athens, the Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia of Spain and the Academy of Medicine, Engineering and Sciences of Texas (TAMEST). Very few chemical engineers are members of both NAE and IOM (including <mask>, Mark Davis, David Mooney of Harvard, and David A. Tirrell of the California Institute of Technology, Rakesh Jain of Harvard, Robert Langer of MIT, and his former students <mask> Mikos  of Rice University and Kristi <mask> of the University of Colorado). He has received honorary doctorates from the University of Ghent (Belgium, 1999), the University of Parma (Italy, 2000), the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens(Greece, 2000), the University of Ljubljana and the University of Patras (Greece, 2015)  and an Honorary Professorship from Sichuan University (China, 2012).He is President of the International Union of Societies for Biomaterials Science and Engineering (2008–2016). He has served as a Director of the Biomedical Engineering Society (2008–2011), Chair of the College of Fellows of the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE, 2006–2007), President of the Society for Biomaterials (SFB, 2003–2004), President of the Controlled Release Society (CRS, 1987–1988), Director of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE, 1999-2002), Chair of the Engineering Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS, 2014–15), Chairman of the Materials Division of AIChE

masks:
Peppas
Frances Arnold
Antonios
Anseth


title: Nicholas A. Peppas

texts: (1988–90) and Director of the Bioengineering Division of AIChE  (1994–97). <mask> was Editor of the leading biomaterials science journal Biomaterials from 1982 to 2002, an Associate Editor of the AIChE Journal, from 2009-2012, Editor-in-Chief of the Wiley/SFB Biomaterials Book Series (2006-2014), an Associate Editor of Biomedical Microdevices, a Consulting Editor of Pharmaceutical Research and an Associate Editor of the Cambridge University Press Biomedical Series. He is an inaugural Fellow of the Biomedical Engineering Society, an inaugural Fellow of the Materials Research Society (MRS), an inaugural Fellow of the CRS, a founding Fellow of AIMBE, a Fellow of the American Chemical Society, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC), Fellow of the Society for Biomaterials, a Fellow of the American Physical Society, a Fellow of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS), a Fellow of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, a Fellow of the American Society for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), a Fellow of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) and an Honorary fellow of the Italian Society of Medicine and Natural Sciences. He has been a visiting professor at the University of Geneva, University of Paris-Sud (Orsay/Chatenay-Malabry), University of Parma, University of Pavia, University of Naples Federico II, Free University of Berlin, University of Santiago de Compostela, Complutense University of Madrid, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Hacettepe University, Ankara, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, and the California Institute of Technology. Peppas is a leading scientist of modern drug delivery. He has helped to set the fundamentals and rational design of drug delivery systems and biomaterials over the past 39 years.He was the first to set the theories and equations that led to the design of a wide range of new systems. For example, using


title: Nicholas A. Peppas

texts: biomedical engineering principles and new biomedical transport theories, <mask> developed the equations that describe Fickian and non-Fickian diffusion of drugs, peptides and proteins in controlled release devices. The "Peppas equation" has become the standard method of analysis of pharmaceutical formulations or systems. His earliest work also led to the development of a number of swelling-controlled release devices for the release of small molecular weight drugs. Using the modeling similarities of phase erosion and state erosion, he developed a unified model for all drug delivery systems. Similarly, he developed the theoretical framework for the analysis of transport through crosslinked biomaterials (the Peppas-Reinhart theory), ionic hydrogels (the Brannon-Peppas theory), and gel-tissue interactions via tethers (the Huang-Peppas theory and the Sahlin-Peppas equation). For the profound impact of these theories and analyses, <mask> has been recognized as the most cited and highly published author in "drug delivery", "biomaterials and drug delivery", and "intelligent materials".He is listed as a Highly Cited ResearcherSM of Thomson Scientific and the Institute of Scientific Information. He has also ranked as the most cited chemical  and biomedical engineer  with 106,026 citations and an H-index of 152. Applications of his theories and mathematical models have had a profound effect in the field. <mask> and his students originated the novel muco- and bioadhesive systems that interact molecularly with the mucus and tissue and have been able to prolong bioavailability of proteins and peptides in the blood. As a result of his work, a number of biomedical polymers and commercial delivery devices have been launched. <mask> was the first to develop novel toxic-free poly(vinyl alcohol) gels by the freezing-thawing technique in 1975. These gels became very successful articular cartilage replacement systems.In 1978, he developed the same systems for in situ replacement of vocal

masks: Peppas Peppas Peppas Peppas


title: Nicholas A. Peppas

texts:
 cords. In 1979 his group pioneered the use of hydrogels in drug delivery applications, including epidermal bioadhesive systems and systems for the release of theophylline, proxyphylline, diltiazem, and oxprenolol. <mask>' lab has developed new technologies of oral delivery systems for insulin and other proteins. These devices release insulin orally, "protecting" the insulin throughout its transport in the stomach, upper small intestine, and, eventually, blood, and bypassing diabetics' need for several daily injections. The same technology has been used for the transmucosal (oral, buccal) delivery of calcitonin (for treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women) and interferon-alpha (for cancer therapy), and is being investigated for interferon-beta release for multiple sclerotic patients. <mask> was one of the pioneers of intelligent biomaterials, and medical devices. Using intelligent polymers as early as 1980, <mask> and his group were the first to use such pH-sensitive and temperature-sensitive systems for modulated release of streptokinase and other fibrinolytic enzymes.<mask> has founded three companies: Mimetic Solutions, Appian Labs and CoraDyn Biosystems for the commercialization of various pharmaceutical products and medical devices. He is the author of 1,450 publications, and numerous proceedings papers and abstracts, with more than 80,000 citations and an H-index of 135. He is the coauthor or coeditor of 37 books, including the three-volume Hydrogels in Medicine and Pharmacy (CRC Press, 1987), the monograph Pulsatile Drug Delivery (WSGS, Stuttgart, 1993), two books on Biopolymers (Springer, 1994), the monograph Molecular and Cellular Foundations of Biomaterials (Academic Press, 2004), the book Intelligent Therapeutics: Biomimetic Systems and Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery (Elsevier, 2004), the monograph Nanotechnology in Therapeutics (Horizon Press, 2007) and the book Chronobiology and Drug Delivery (Elsevier, 2007). Awards
He has been awarded more


title: Nicholas A. Peppas

texts:
 than 150 national and international awards. In 1991, the journal Polymer News recognized him as a polymer pioneer. Finally, in 2002, he was recognized as a biomedical pioneer by the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Researchers under his supervision
<mask> has supervised more than 875 researchers, visiting scientists and graduate students including 100 PhDs, of which 54 are now professors in other Universities.Many others have become leading biomedical scientists, engineers, physicians and medical professionals. Peppas' former students are affectionately called "peppamers". Four of the former students of Professor <mask> have been elected to the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), National Academy of Sciences (NAS), National Academy of Medicine (NAM), and National Academy of Inventors (NAI) - Kristi <mask> (NAS, NAE, NAM, NAI); John Klier (NAE); Richard Korsmeyer (NAE); <mask> (NAI); <mask> Mikos (NAE, NAM, NAI). Personal life
<mask> is married to Lisa Brannon-<mask>, whom he met at Purdue University where she was doing her Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering. They have two children, Katherine and <mask>. They reside in Austin, Texas. Peppas' extracurricular activities  include writing about the history of chemical engineering, opera, history and other subjects.He has published books and review articles on the subject. His review of the Centennial of AIChE was published by the Chemical Heritage Foundation in August 2008. <mask> is also an avid record collector and author of biographies and monographs on opera. A book on the Greek tenor Vasso <mask>: The Great Greek Tenor of the Interwar Years was published in 2008. He has also written numerous biographies on Greek opera singers including the tenor of La Scala Nicola Filacuridi (1924-2009), the soprano of the Paris Opera Elen Dosia (1913-2002), the celebrated Greek tenor Michael Theodore (1939- ) who had a radio and record career in Germany, the lyric tenor <mask> Delendas (1902-1966), the celebrated

masks:
Peppas
Peppas
Anseth
Anthony Lowman
Antonios
Nicholas Peppas
Peppas
Alexander
Peppas
Argyris
Antonios


title: Craig T. Nelson

texts:
<mask> (born April 4, 1944) is an American actor and comedian. He is known for his roles as Hayden Fox in the sitcom Coach (for which he won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series), Deputy Ward Wilson in the 1980 film Stir Crazy, Steve Freeling in the 1982 film Poltergeist, Peter Dellaplane in Action Jackson, Chief Howard Hyde in Turner & Hooch (1989), Alex Cullen in The Devil's Advocate (1997), Chief Jack Mannion in The District (2000-2004), <mask> Warden in My Name is Earl, and Mr. Incredible in the 2004 film The Incredibles and its 2018 sequel. He also starred as Zeek Braverman in the television series Parenthood. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> in Spokane, Washington, on April 4, 1944. He was the son of Vera Margaret (née Spindler; 1906–1971), a dancer, and <mask> (1900–1964), a businessman. <mask> attended Lewis and Clark High School, where he played football, baseball, and basketball.After high school, <mask> studied at Central Washington University. After flunking out, <mask> went to Yakima Valley College where he was  inspired to study acting by his drama teacher, Mr. Brady. From Yakima, he went on to study drama at the University of Arizona on a scholarship. In 1969, <mask> dropped out of school and moved to Hollywood to pursue an acting career. When he first moved to California, he took up a job as a security guard at a soap factory until finding work as a comedy writer. Career
<mask> began his show business career as a comedian. He was an early member of The Groundlings improv and sketch comedy troupe.<mask>, Barry Levinson, and Rudy De Luca formed their own comedy team and were regular performers at The Comedy Store and on the short-lived The Tim Conway Comedy Hour (1970). In 1973, <mask> left the comedy world, explaining "the standup comedy life was pretty unfulfilling for me" and he settled in Montgomery Creek, California where there was no electricity and no running water; "it was contentment, The Waltons", he said.

masks:
Craig Theodore Nelson
The
Nelson
Craig Theodore Nelson
Armand Gilbert Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson


title: Craig T. Nelson

texts:
 <mask> had different jobs during that time including janitor, plumber, carpenter, surveyor, and high school teacher in Burney, CA. He returned to acting five years later. He was featured as a prosecuting attorney who opposes Al Pacino in the 1979 film ...And Justice for All, co-written by Levinson. In 1983, <mask> appeared in Silkwood, directed by Mike Nichols and starring Meryl Streep, as the high school football coach of <mask> in the drama All the Right Moves and as one of the stars of director Sam Peckinpah's final film, The Osterman Weekend. He has appeared in many other motion pictures (most notably the Poltergeist series) and had featured roles in five television shows (Coach, Call to Glory, The District, My Name Is Earl, and Parenthood).Coach ran from 1989 to 1997, with <mask> starring as college football coach Hayden Fox. He provided the voice of Bob Parr (also known as Mr. Incredible) in the computer-animated superhero film, The Incredibles, and returned to the role for its sequel, Incredibles 2. <mask> also reprised the role again in the video games Kinect Rush: A Disney-Pixar Adventure and in the Disney Infinity video game series, except for the video game and The Incredibles: Rise of the Underminer, where he was replaced by actor Richard McGonagle. During the early 1990s, he made a guest appearance in the music video for country singer Garth Brooks's song "We Shall Be Free." <mask> made a three-episode guest appearance on CSI: NY as a "nemesis" of Gary Sinise's <mask>. His latest films include 2009's The Proposal as Ryan Reynolds' skeptical father, 2010's The Company Men as a greedy CEO, and 2018‘s Book Club.From 2010 to 2015, he starred in the television show Parenthood as Ezekiel "Zeek" Braverman, the family patriarch. His production company is Family Tree Productions. Political views
<mask> stated in an interview with Glenn Beck that he had been on welfare and collected food stamps. In that same interview, he railed at taxes, government, and the

masks:
Nelson
Nelson
Tom Cruise
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Taylor
Nelson


title: Craig T. Nelson

texts:
 lack of fiscal responsibility in society. He also stated that he was thinking about no longer paying taxes because he disapproved of using public funds to rescue those struggling. "What happened to society? I go into business, I don’t make it, I go bankrupt.I’ve been on food stamps and welfare, did anybody help me out? No. No. They gave me hope, they gave me encouragement, and they gave me a vision." On The Daily Show, Jon Stewart discussed <mask> saying “I’ve been on food stamps and welfare, did anybody help me out? No.” Stewart called it “perhaps my favorite sound bite of all time.”

Personal life
<mask> has three children from his previous marriage to Robin McCarthy. His second wife Doria <mask> is a freelance writer, president of a martial arts association, karate instructor, tai chi teacher and a former film and television actress who had a featured role in the movie musical Mame.<mask> is a motorsports fan and an avid racer. He first participated in the 1991 Toyota Celebrity Long Beach Grand Prix and finished ninth. In 1992, he founded Screaming Eagles Racing with John Christie and entered and drove a Toyota-engined Spice SE90 in the IMSA 1994 WSC, a Lexus-engined Spice SE90 in 1995 and a Ford-engined Riley & Scott MkIII in the 1996 and 1997 championships. Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Theatre

Awards and nominations

References

External links

<mask><mask> at Internet Off-Broadway Database

1944 births
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
Central Washington University alumni
Living people
Male actors from Spokane, Washington
American male comedians
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
Racing drivers from Washington (state)
Sportspeople from Spokane, Washington
University of Arizona alumni
24 Hours of Daytona

masks:
Nelson
Nelson
Cook Nelson
Nelson
Craig T
. Nelson


title: David Frederick

texts:
<mask> (born April 9, 1961) is an appellate attorney in Washington, D.C., and is a partner with Kellogg, Hansen, Todd, Figel & Frederick, P.L.L.C. Education and legal training

Born on Naval Station Great Lakes, <mask> earned a bachelor's degree in 1983 from the University of Pittsburgh. <mask> obtained a Doctor of Philosophy degree from University College, Oxford in 1987 as a Rhodes Scholar. In 1989, <mask> earned a Juris Doctor from the University of Texas School of Law in Austin, where he also served as articles editor for the Texas Law Review. Professional career

After law school, <mask> clerked for Judge Joseph T. Sneed of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and Justice Byron R. White of the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1995, he was named counselor to the Inspector General. One year later, he became the assistant to the Solicitor General, a position he held until 2001.During his time with the Solicitor General's Office he earned the Department of Justice Inspector General’s Award for Exceptional Service, the Attorney General’s Distinguished Service Award and the Coast Guard Medal for Distinguished Public Service. <mask> has argued fifty cases in the Supreme Court of the United States, across a wide range of issues and industries. <mask>'s victories often strengthen plaintiff and consumer interests. Throughout his career, he has demonstrated an ability to persuade conservative justices to take pro-consumer positions. Pharmaceutical industry

In Wyeth v. Levine (6-3), <mask> helped to convince Justices Stevens, Ginsburg, Kennedy, Souter and Thomas that federal approval of labels that provide warnings about side effects of drugs do not bar lawsuits claiming inadequate warnings of a health risk in state law. In the case, Diana

masks:
David Charles Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick


title: David Frederick

texts:
 Levine sued Wyeth for failing to warn patients that the drug Phenergan could cause gangrene when administered using direct IV injection. The 2009 verdict, which overturned a ruling by the Vermont Supreme Court, was a victory for Levine and for victims who could continue bringing their cases to state courts.In 2010, in Merck & Co. v. Reynolds, <mask> argued against the application of a statute of limitations for securities fraud cases based on mere inquiry notice of potential fraud. In this particular case, shareholders sued Merck after the value of $10 billion Vioxx tanked due to concerns about dangerous side effects arguing that Merck withheld information about the dangers of the drug. Merck asserted a statute of limitations defense, which would have ended before the shareholders had knowledge of all the requisite elements of fraud, but <mask>usano (9-0), <mask> argued that statistics involving adverse drug event reports could not negate materiality as a matter of law in a securities fraud suit if the number of adverse reports was not "statistically significant", upholding the decision of the Ninth Circuit. In 2013, <mask> successfully represented Kaiser in defending a $142 million jury verdict against Pfizer for fraudulent off-label marketing of Neurontin. Sports industry

NFL concussion settlement
In 2013, <mask> and a team of lawyers represented 4,500 retired NFL players in a high-profile case against the National Football League. <mask> represented the retired players at oral argument in the district court against the NFL’s motion to dismiss the complaints on the ground of preemption under the Labor-Management Relations Act.Among other arguments, <mask> argued that the NFL actively concealed the health risks of concussions to NFL players.

masks: Frederick Frederickac Frederick Frederick Frederick Frederick Frederick


title: David Frederick

texts:
 The case reached a $765 million settlement to fund medical exams, concussion-related compensation and medical research. MASN
<mask> also represented the Mid-Atlantic Sports Network (MASN) during negotiations with Comcast to bring the Washington Nationals and Baltimore Orioles to Comcast's programming lineup in the Washington D.C. area. <mask> also represented MASN through three successful Federal Communications Commission (FCC) arbitration rulings against Time Warner Cable. Other noteworthy cases
Other noteworthy cases argued by <mask> include:  South Carolina v. North Carolina, Idaho v. United States, New Jersey v. Delaware, United States v. Locke, Farina v. Nokia, Inc., Carter v. United States, and California v. Deep Sea Research. He has argued cases in all of the thirteen U.S. courts of appeals. In 2001, <mask> represented the United States in oral arguments before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C.Circuit in United States v. Microsoft Corporation in an appeal of the landmark antitrust trial that had held Microsoft Corporation liable for violating antitrust laws. In Bates v. Dow AgroSciences LLC, Frederick represented a group of peanut farmers from Texas whose crops had burned after the application of an herbicide produced by respondent Dow AgroSciences. The court held in 2005 that the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act’s express preemption provision does not preclude a range of claims that farmers might bring against manufacturers of agricultural pesticides and insecticides. In 2008, Altria Group, Inc. v. Good examined whether state-law fraud claims against cigarette makers for allegedly false statements made about light cigarettes are preempted under the federal statute that concerns tobacco labeling. In a 5–4

masks: Frederick Frederick Frederick Frederick


title: David Frederick

texts:
 decision, the court held that state-law claims sounding in fraud against tobacco companies are not preempted by the express preemption provision of the federal labeling statute. Additionally, in Jones v. Harris, a 9–0 decision reached in 2010, <mask> persuaded the court to a unanimous decision in favor of investors, reversing a circuit court decision by Judge Frank Easterbrook. The plaintiffs had sued over exorbitant fees charged by mutual fund investment advisers.Speculated possible federal service

<mask> was part of the Obama-Biden Legal Policy Team and was rumored to be on President Obama's short list for Solicitor General. On May 27, 2013, the New York Times reported that President Obama was considering nominating <mask> to one of three vacancies on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Publications
<mask> is the author of dozens of legal articles and three books:
Supreme Court and Appellate Advocacy (West, 2nd Edition, 2010)
The Art of Oral Advocacy (West, 2nd Edition, 2011)
Rugged Justice:  The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and the American West, 1891-1941 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994)

Philanthropy
At the University of Pittsburgh, <mask> created a scholarship to support tuition for six full-time undergraduate students who work part- or full-time jobs to pay for their education. He also established the David C. <mask> Public Service Internship Award, which supports unpaid public service summer internships, granted by the University Honors College and the Department of Political Science. References

External links

1961 births
American Rhodes Scholars
Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
Living people
University of Pittsburgh alumni
University of Texas School of Law

masks: Frederick Frederick Frederick Frederick Frederick Frederick


title: John E. Sweeney

texts:
<mask> (born August 9, 1955) is an American politician from the U.S. state of New York. A Republican, he represented New York's 20th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from January 1999 to January 2007. He was dubbed "Congressman Kick-Ass" by President George W. Bush for his take-no-prisoners style. Before being defeated for reelection in 2006 by Democrat Kirsten Gillibrand, he was considered a strong candidate for statewide office. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Troy, New York and graduated from Lansingburgh High School in 1973. He is of Irish and Armenian descent. He received an associate degree from Hudson Valley Community College in 1978 and a bachelor's degree in Political Science and Criminal Justice from the Sage College of Albany in 1981.In 1991, he received a J.D. from Western New England College School of Law. In 2000, <mask> wrote:

"<mask> ... embodies that embarrassment of the Left: the rightward drift of America's white working class males. The son of a shirt factory worker active in the Amalgamated Shirt Cutters Union, and a sometime resident of a housing project, <mask> grew up in the old, gritty industrial city of Troy, New York. He put himself through law school, and toiled as a minor county bureaucrat until, one day, he was discovered by Republican State Chairman William Powers who made him executive director of the New York state GOP in 1992." Political career

Early career and  New York Republican Party executive director
<mask> was "Rensselaer County's one-time STOP-DWI coordinator." He was the Executive Director & Chief Counsel of the New York Republican Party from 1992 to 1995, a period of tremendous success for the state GOP.During <mask>'s tenure at state Republican headquarters, Rudy Giuliani was elected mayor of New York City (the first Republican to win the mayor's office in 28 years) and George Pataki was elected governor (the first Republican to win the Governor's Mansion in 20 years) and Republicans made gains in both houses of the state

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John Edward Sweeney
Sweeney
Toby Eglund
Sweeney
Sweeney
Sweeney
Sweeney


title: John E. Sweeney

texts:
 legislature and at the local level. <mask> was Governor Pataki's first Commissioner of the State Department of Labor, from 1995 to 1997, then he moved to Governor Pataki's inner-circle staff as Deputy Secretary to the Governor, from 1997 until he resigned to run for Congress. State Secretary of Labor under Pataki administration
As Governor George Pataki's Commissioner of Labor, <mask> was the point-man on successful efforts to reform the Empire State's Workers' Compensation laws. Before the reforms, enacted in 1996, New York's workers' comp system had long been considered one of the most costly in the nation—57 percent higher than the national average, 53 percent higher than neighboring Massachusetts, 59 percent than neighboring Connecticut and 85 percent higher than neighboring New Jersey. New York's "landmark" workers' comp reforms created the Office of Workers' Compensation Fraud, an Inspector General, and a workers' compensation fraud unit at the State Insurance Department and elevated workers' comp fraud from a misdemeanor to a felony punishable by fines, restitution and incarceration. Congressional career

Election to U.S. House of Representatives in 1998
Prior to the 1998 election, <mask> moved from Cohoes to Speigletown, to run for the seat in the district of Republican Representative Gerald B. H. Solomon who was retiring. <mask> was born, raised and lived most of his life in Solomon's Congressional District.Solomon endorsed and campaigned for <mask>, as did every Republican elected official and organization in the district. <mask> was elected to the US House in 1998, winning with 55 percent of the vote over Democratic challenger Jean Bordewich, despite the fact that President Bill Clinton carried the district over U.S. Senator Bob Dole in 1996 by a 46 percent to 41 percent margin. Re-elections
In 2000, <mask> defeated Democrat Kenneth McCallion, receiving 68 percent of the vote. In 2002, he defeated Frank Stoppenbach, getting 73 percent of the vote. In 2004, he defeated Doris F. Kelly, receiving 66 percent of the

masks: Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney


title: John E. Sweeney

texts:
 vote. Tenure and political positions
<mask> generally, but not invariably, supported the positions of his fellow Republicans in the House.<mask> opposed same-sex marriage (asserting that "a handful of activist judges have decided to undermine the will of the people"), and in 2004 called for a federal constitutional amendment to ban recognition of same-sex marriage. <mask> subsequently voted against such a constitutional amendment. <mask> enjoyed a measure of support from organized labor. He received the endorsement of the Civil Service Employees Union and enjoyed good relations with the Teamsters. He opposed NAFTA, and in 2006 was one of 28 House Republicans to vote against the Oman–United States Free Trade Agreement, although he voted for CAFTA. He supported the George W. Bush administration's position on the Iraq War, which was a focus of criticism from his opponent, Kirsten Gillibrand, in the 2006 race. <mask> opposed gun control.He voted for prayer in public schools on numerous occasions and the National Education Association gives him an 18% approval rating. After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack, <mask> and U.S. Representative James T. Walsh were two Republicans who cross party-lines to vote with Democrats on an effort in the House of Representatives to send $20 billion in emergency federal aid to New York City (the measure failed in the Appropriations Committee by a 33–31 vote).<ref><mask>, David W. Chen, Charles Bagli and Raymond Hernandez, < After 9/11, Parcels of Money, and Dismay, New York Times (December 30, 2002).</ref> Although an ally of President George W. Bush, he called for the resignation of Bush's Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff over proposed cuts in New York's share in homeland security funding. In 1999 and 2001, <mask> introduced legislation (the "Anti-Drug Legalization Act") that would ban all federal funding for research pertaining to drug legalization; the legislation did not advance. He voted against the Rohrabacher–Farr amendment. Before being elected to Congress, <mask> was

masks:
Sweeney
Sweeney
Sweeney
Sweeney
Sweeney
Sweeney
Edward Wyatt
Sweeney
Sweeney


title: John E. Sweeney

texts:
 considered a moderate Republican who favored abortion rights; by 2000, he was considered a strong abortion opponent, with a 90% anti-abortion record. He voted in favor of legislation that would make it a federal crime to transport minors across state lines for an abortion and thus circumvent state "parental consent" laws. 2006 re-election campaign loss

In August 2006, <mask>'s allies filed successfully against signatures on Libertarian opponent <mask>'s ballot petitions, resulting in Sundwall's name being removed from the general election ballot.However, <mask> still lost the general election on November 7, 2006, to Democrat Kirsten Gillibrand with 47% of the vote. Political activity after leaving congress
Recently, <mask> returned to the political process both locally and nationally as an election and compliance lawyer and strategist. In 2012, <mask> worked for Newt Gingrich's unsuccessful campaign for the Republican presidential nomination. In April 2016, <mask> was hired by Donald Trump's campaign to help organize New York during the primary and do compliance work. After Trump's election day victory, <mask>, as the campaign's deputy counsel, led the effort on the ground in Wisconsin and Michigan to protect the campaign's advantage in those two key swing states during the recounts initiated by Jill Stein, the Green Party candidate, and supported by Hillary Clinton's campaign. In December 2016, <mask> joined the executive committee of Trump's transition team. <mask> was later promoted to a four-member "Tiger Team"  for Trump, tasked with conducting interviews with potential nominees for ambassadorships and other high-level positions in various federal departments and agencies.Controversies

Role in Florida recount in 2000

During the 2000 election, <mask> allegedly helped earn his nickname from President Bush, "Congressman Kick-Ass," by organizing the so-called Brooks Brothers riot that disrupted the Florida elections commissioners. He was said to have led the charge on the third recount in Miami, flying in GOP operatives

masks:
Sweeney
Eric Sundwall
Sweeney
Sweeney
Sweeney
Sweeney
Sweeney
Sweeney
Sweeney
Sweeney


title: John E. Sweeney

texts:
 and instructing them to "shut it down!" by raising a clamor and pounding on the election commission's doors. <mask> used the words "thugs" to describe the Florida officials involved in the recount. He defended his actions in connection with the incident as "completely and absolutely legitimate" and declared that his intent was only to stop the canvassing board from withdrawing its activities from public view. Former Republican National Committee Chairman <mask>, in his book Winning Right, wrote that the night before the recount began in Miami-Dade County, <mask> was one of about a dozen Bush campaign operatives who gathered at Joe's Stone Crab in South Beach, that set out the campaign's media strategy. Gillespie recalled that <mask> said, 'I know what I'm going to say tomorrow morning.'I'm going to say that Joseph Stalin said, 'It doesn't matter who casts the votes, it only matters who counts the votes.' And these people are worse than Stalin.' He ended up holding the Stalin quotation until the 5:30 pm wrap-up." Congressional ethics controversies
In September 2006, the Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW) included <mask> on its annual list of "The 20 Most Corrupt Members of Congress," citing ethical concerns arising from a "ski trip to New York, the exchange of legislative assistance for campaign contributions and the hiring of his wife as a campaign fundraiser." Wife as fundraiser
On April 11, 2003, <mask> began paying a company called Creative Consulting for fund-raising. The company had been founded a day earlier by Gaia "Gayle" Ford. Between April 2003 and December 2003, <mask>'s campaign paid $42,570 to the firm.<mask> proposed to Ford in September 2003 and married her in 2004. <mask> spokeswoman Melissa Carlson said the congressman considers his wife "his best representative in the district when he's fund-raising." She said Ford, who had no previous fund-raising experience, receives a 10 percent commission on whatever she raises. Between January 2005 and April 2006, Ford was paid $30,879. <mask>

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Ed Gillespie
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title: John E. Sweeney

texts:
 also has had a fundraising consultant on monthly retainer since June 2004, who is paid $8,583 a month. Ford also works for Powers & Company, the lobbying firm of former state GOP Chairman William Powers, <mask>'s longtime political ally and onetime boss. Publicly funded ski trips
The Winter Challenge was started in 1998 by <mask>'s House predecessor, Gerald Solomon, with the declared purpose of showcasing the Olympic facilities at Lake Placid, New York to congressmen and their staffers in hopes of getting federal funds; <mask> has hosted the annual event since 1999.In January 2006, <mask>, his wife, and about 60 other people spent a four-day weekend at the facilities, competing against each other in skating, downhill skiing and bobsledding events. The group included Representative Pete Sessions (R-TX), a close friend of <mask> and his wife; and aides to U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton (D-NY), Senator Harry Reid (D-NV), Representative Randy Kuhl (R-NY), and Representative Bart Stupak (D-MI). The weekend cost the Olympic Regional Development Authority (ORDA) $27,500, plus in-kind services it provided and the costs of operating the Olympic venues for the competition (exact figures for the latter two were unavailable). ORDA is a part of the New York State government. In the fall of 2005, the House ethics panel told <mask> in a letter that he should be careful to let the Olympics groups invite guests to avoid the appearance of an endorsement by the House. "Once the ORDA and the U.S. Olympic Committee — without your involvement — have issued an initial invitation to House members and staff to take part in the trip, you may send a follow-up to that invitation", the ethics panel, known formally as the Committee on Standards of Official Conduct, wrote to <mask>.Invitations to the event officially come from ORDA and the U.S. Olympic Committee, a nonprofit group chartered by Congress. ORDA says the impetus for the event comes from the U.S. Olympic Committee. The U.S. Olympic Committee said it's really <mask>'s event. Three committees of

masks: Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney


title: John E. Sweeney

texts:
 the NY State Assembly have launched investigations of the Challenge, focusing on whether public money was put to good use. ORDA President Ted Blazer, speaking at one such hearing, said <mask>'s office helped assemble lists of possible invitees to the event. Documents show that at least eight members of Congress, all Republicans, were also invited to attend the 2006 event but declined. The official invitation for the event read: "While this trip has proven itself to be an enjoyable one for delegation members in the past, it is, nevertheless, an official trip authorized by the House and Senate Ethics Committees .. . intended to provide an opportunity for Members of Congress and Congressional staff to inspect and evaluate the manner in which federal funds have been used to strengthen the area's tourism industry." Despite the House ethics rule requiring all travel paid by others to relate to members' official duties, and the ethics panel's letter that said that recreational activities must be "merely incidental to the trip", <mask> has said that the panel said "it's perfectly appropriate for me to promote the event." The group attending the event included at least 15 registered lobbyists, including Pete Card, a former staffer of <mask>'s and the brother of former White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card, and Lisi Kaufman, a lobbyist for United Technologies Corporation, the sister of Andrew and Pete. In his request to the House ethics committee, <mask> did not ask about lobbyists. A spokesman for ORDA said he does not know why the lobbyists were invited. Seven of the lobbyists had contributed a total of $12,400 to <mask>'s campaign in 2005. Ties to Allen Stanford
<mask> was part of a group of lawmakers known as the Caribbean Caucus, sponsored by disgraced financier Allen Stanford.The group, formed to promote relations with Caribbean nations, took 11 trips to places like St. Croix, Montego Bay and Key Biscayne. The meetings, which included receptions with lobster, caviar and wine, cost $311,307 and were paid for by the

masks: Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney


title: John E. Sweeney

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 Inter-American Economic Council, a non-profit funded by Stanford. Other members of the Caucus included convicted influence peddler Rep. Bob Ney and close <mask> friend Rep. Pete Sessions. In 2004, Stanford hosted a wedding reception for <mask> and wife at the Pavilion Restaurant, owned by Stanford. At the time, <mask> told the Antigua Sun "If it wasn't for Allen, I certainly would not be here today." Disputed domestic violence report
On October 31, 2006, the Albany Times Union reported on a 9-1-1 call made by <mask>'s wife in December 2005, in which she complained that her husband had been "'knocking her around' during a late-night argument at the couple's home." The responding officers filed a domestic incident report, which states that <mask> allegedly grabbed his wife "by the neck" and pushed her around the house.<mask> and Gaia <mask> subsequently said they would give the New York State Police permission to release a report about the incident. They said that the report was inaccurate but have not disputed its contents. On November 17, 2006, the Times Union reported that there were two versions of the domestic violence report that had been prepared by the State Police, one that was sent to them, doctored and lacking details, and the original report. On July 22, 2007, the Albany Times Union reported that Gaia <mask>, who was contesting a divorce action by her husband, said that he was often verbally abusive and at times physically abused her during their marriage. She also said that a statement she made on the eve of last fall's election, denying marital abuse, was "coerced". <mask> denied that he had been abusive; he had recently obtained a judicial order of protection against his wife. <mask>'s first wife, <mask>, of Schaghticoke, told the Times-Union that she had "never observed any kind of behavior like that towards me or anybody else."The State Police moved to demote a State Police captain weeks after the November 2006 election, alleging that he had leaked the police report on <mask>. The captain denied leaking the

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title: John E. Sweeney

texts:
 report, saying he was wrongly accused, and the captain was supported by the New York State Police Benevolent Association (PBA),Don Lehman, Union: Captain is the scapegoat in <mask> probe, Post Star (November 17, 2006). who called the captain a scapegoat. The officer was ultimately not demoted, but was transferred to a different role that resulted in lower pay. Alcohol issues
Attendance at college fraternity party
In April 2006, news outlets reported that <mask> had attended a party at Union College's Alpha Delta Phi house in Schenectady; photographs surfaced of the congressman at the party, and the student newspaper Concordiensis'' cited witnesses stating that he was visibly intoxicated. Democrats ridiculed <mask> over the embarrassing photos; <mask> said through a spokeswoman that he had briefly spoken to students and posed for photos before departing, and that he was not drinking during the event. DWI convictions in 2007 and 2009
<mask> was charged with aggravated DWI when he was arrested by New York State Police at 1:19 a.m. on November 11, 2007, on the Adirondack Northway, a stretch of Interstate 87.<mask>'s car had reportedly been swerving and a 24-year-old woman was seated partially on his lap when spotted by a state trooper. <mask>'s blood alcohol content registered at .18 percent, more than double the legal limit. <mask> issued an apology, and on November 14, 2007, <mask> pleaded guilty to drunk driving after his attorney vocally and publicly denied he had even been drinking that evening. <mask> paid a US$1,000 fine, but avoided jail time. His license was suspended for six months and had to attend a victim impact panel for drunken drivers. Early on the morning of April 5, 2009, <mask> was pulled over by state police for speeding. He refused a breathalyzer test ordered by the officer, and according to a newspaper report, "<mask> allegedly told the officers he would not pass the sobriety test, adding he was in 'big trouble.'"<mask> was charged with felony DWI (since he had a prior DWI conviction within the past 10

masks: Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney


title: John E. Sweeney

texts:
 years). in a February 2010 plea deal, <mask> admitted to driving drunk and pleaded guilty to lesser charges, specifically a misdemeanor count. The agreement allowed <mask> to avoid a felony conviction and thus avoid disbarment. He was sentenced to 30 days in county jail, and was released in April 2010 after serving 17 days. In addition to jail, <mask> was also sentenced to three years of probation, 300 hours of community service, and was ordered to pay $2,000 in fines and surcharges. His driver's license was revoked, and <mask> also had to wear an ankle bracelet to detect alcohol consumption. Recovery from alcoholism
In 2011, <mask> told a reporter that he had been sober since April 6, 2009.He stated that others had spoken to him about his drinking since the late 1990s and that he had been a "highly functional alcoholic" during his career in elected office. He described making amends with his family, describing his biggest loss from drinking as not the loss of his seat in Congress, but "the loss of myself and the loss of everything that went with it, the harm and hurt I created for people around me who I love and love me." Personal life
<mask> has three adult children from his first marriage. He lives in Clifton Park, New York. He has two young children with his wife, <mask>, and two step-children from her prior marriage. <mask>'s father was the leader of a shirt-cutter's union in Troy, NY. Notes

External links

 Voting record maintained by the Washington Post
 On the Issues record of <mask>'s votes.1955 births
American people of Armenian descent
American politicians of Armenian descent
Living people
Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
New York (state) Republicans
People associated with the 2000 United States presidential election
State cabinet secretaries of New York (state)
Sage College of Albany alumni
Western New England University alumni
Politicians from Troy, New York
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
New York (state) politicians convicted of

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title: Minkhaung I

texts:
<mask> of Ava ( ; also spelled Mingaung; 1373–1421) was king of Ava from 1400 to 1421. He is best remembered in Burmese history for his epic struggles against King Razadarit of Hanthawaddy Pegu in the Forty Years' War (1385–1424). As king, <mask> continued his father Swa Saw Ke's policy to restore the Pagan Empire. Under the military leadership of his eldest son Minye Kyawswa, Ava nearly succeeded. While he ultimately failed to conquer Hanthawaddy and Launggyet Arakan, he was able to bring in most of cis-Salween Shan states to the Ava orbit. Early life

The future king was born in a small village called Gazun-Nyeint (present-day northern Sagaing Region) on 13 September 1373. His father King Swa Saw Ke of Ava had met his commoner mother Saw Beza earlier in the year during a military campaign against Mohnyin.Chronicles say that after giving birth to the child, Beza showed up at the Ava palace to present the male son, as instructed to by the king. The child was named Min Swe ( ). The king made Beza a junior queen, and had two more children with her: Theiddat and Thupaba Dewi. Min Swe grew up in Ava (Inwa) until he was eight. His life at the palace was not all well. Their older half-brother Tarabya, who was born to a senior queen, constantly bullied both Swe and Theiddat. The bullying became a serious problem, and in 1381/82, the king had to send away Swe and Theiddat to a small monastery near Pinle to study under the chief primate (Thinga-Yaza).The two princes studied under the learned monk, and traveled around the region, including Taungdwingyi, Minbu, Ngape and Padein, with their attendants. Governor of Pyinzi
Circa April 1385, Swa appointed Tarabya his heir-apparent. The king kept Swe out of Tarabya's reach, and appointed his 11-year-old son governor of Pyinzi, a small

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title: Minkhaung I

texts:
 faltered.Minkhaung was forced to regroup. In December 1409, he again invaded with two armies (14,000 men, 1400 horses, 100 elephants). His armies again could not break through. Five months into the invasion  May 1410, Razadarit counterattacked. Near Tharrawaddy, Razadarit and Minkhaung faced in battle over elephants, and the Hanthawaddy king drove back Minkhaung. The remaining Ava army was routed; several infantry, cavalry and elephants were captured. Multi-front war (1410–1415)
After the two consecutive disastrous defeats, a dejected Minkhaung handed over the military leadership to Minye Kyawswa.His eldest son was eager to have a chance to take on Razadarit who held both his mother and sister in his harem. Over the next five years, <mask> would call on Minye Kyawswa to wage war against his enemies on multiple fronts: against Hanthawaddy in both Lower Burma and Arakan, and against Ming China and its vassal states in the north. His son proved a gifted commander, and Ava would come closest to reassembling the Pagan Empire. Lower Burma and Arakan (1410–1412)
Minye Kyawswa brought a fresh thinking to Ava's battle plan. Instead of directly attacking the well-defended Pegu capital region, he would attack what he believed were less defended regions. In late 1410, the prince invaded the Irrawaddy delta by river and land with an army (7000 men, 600 horses, and 40 elephants) and a navy that transported 7000 men. Combined Ava forces proceeded to attack the key delta cities of Myaungmya and Bassein (Pathein).But the prince found that the key delta cities were well fortified and prepared for long sieges. He pulled back his forces to Prome, and invaded Arakan in early 1411. There, he successfully drove out Pegu-installed vassals, and appointed Ava's commanders as governor-generals.


title: Minkhaung I

texts:
 forest.The Chinese army was driven back. Five Chinese commanders, 2000 troops and 1000 horses were taken prisoner. Ava wanted to finish off Hsenwi and the siege went on for one more month until  November 1412. But Pegu came to Hsenwi's aid this time by launching a massive attack on Prome after the rainy season. The attack was serious enough that <mask> himself marched with his army to relieve Prome, and ordered Minye Kyawswa to join him on the southern front. Lower Burma (1412–1413)
Over the next four months the father-son team tried to break the Hanthawaddy siege of Prome. They made no meaningful progress until when the Hanthawaddy command suddenly lost its two most senior generals: Gen. Byat Za (natural causes) and Gen. Lagun Ein (KIA).Shaken by the deaths, Razadarit hastily retreated. Minye Kyawswa proposed an immediate invasion of the south. Minkhaung was weary but allowed his son to carry out the plan. In April 1413, Minye Kyawswa took eastern delta towns of Dala–Twante and Dagon. But the Ava advance was halted at the battle of Hmawbi in which Gen. Letya Pyanchi of Prome was mortally wounded. Minkhaung ordered a pause as it was just a month away from the rainy season and the army did not have enough strength. The crown prince ignored his father's order, and resumed the march to Pegu in May 1413.But the Hanthawaddy defenses stopped Ava forces outside Dala and at Syriam. The fighting paused during the rainy season of 1413. Razadarit again sent emissaries to northern Shan states and Lan Na in search of alliances. Northern Burma and Maw (1413–1414)
Ava's northern front was never quiet after the siege of Hsenwi. According to the Ming Shilu, the Yongle Emperor ordered another attack on Ava. In 1413, while the main Ava armies were in the south, Chinese-backed Hsenwi


title: Minkhaung I

texts:
 Burmese military history. Minye Kyawswa was mortally wounded in the battle. <mask> immediately came down with an army, and exhumed his son's body from where Razadarit had given it honorable burial. The remains were solemnly dropped into the waters near Twante. After rampaging through the delta, Minkhaung called off the invasion and left.Late reign
Minkhaung was totally heartbroken by his eldest son's death. He recalled Thihathu from Prome, and appointed him heir apparent. The war went on languidly for two more campaigns. In 1416–1417, Razadarit tried to pick off Toungoo (Taungoo) but was defeated. In the following dry season, Minkhaung ordered a retaliatory invasion. Ava forces led by Thihathu took the delta, and again forced Razadarit to move to Martaban. They remained in the south for nearly a year.But they could not break through towards Pegu, and had to retreat. It was the last campaign during Minkhaung's reign. The king spent his last years in piety. He died  October 1421. His nemesis Razadarit is said to have lamented when he heard the news of Minkhaung's death. Razadarit died about two months later. Administration
Minkhaung heavily relied on the advice of his court led by Chief Minister Min Yaza.He continued to employ Pagan's administrative model of solar polities in which the high king ruled the core while semi-independent tributaries, autonomous viceroys, and governors actually controlled day-to-day administration and manpower. Family
Chronicles state that Minkhaung had five senior queens. One of his concubines, Saw Pan-Gon, gave birth to a daughter named Saw Nant-Tha, who was later married to his nephew Prince Min Nyo of Kale Kye-Taung. Historiography

Notes

References

Bibliography

Burmese monarchs
Ava dynasty
1373 births
1421


title: Rose of Viterbo

texts:
<mask> of Viterbo, T.O.S.F. (; c. 1233 – March 6, 1251), was a young woman born in Viterbo, then a contested commune of the Papal States. She spent her brief life as a recluse, who was outspoken in her support of the papacy. Otherwise leading an unremarkable life, she later became known for her mystical gifts of prophecy and having miraculous powers. She is honored as a saint by the Catholic Church. Life
The chronology of her life remains uncertain, as the acts of her canonization, the chief historical sources, record no dates. Most scholars agree she was probably born around the year 1233.Born of poor and pious parents, even as a child <mask> had a great desire to pray and to aid the poor. She prayed much for the conversion of sinners. <mask> was not yet 10 years old when the Blessed Virgin Mary is said to have instructed her to take the habit of the Third Order of St. Francis and to preach penance in Viterbo, at that time under the rule of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. <mask> was soon admitted to the Franciscan Third Order and adopted its religious habit, a simple tunic with a cord around her waist. While walking the streets with a crucifix in her hand, she would exhort others to be faithful to the Catholic Church. She lived a life of prayer, penance and solitude in her father's home. Every now and then she would emerge from her solitude to entreat the people to do penance.Her mission seems to have lasted for about two years. In January 1250, Viterbo, her native city, was then

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title: Rose of Viterbo

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 in revolt against the pope. When she was 12, she began preaching in the streets against Frederick's occupation of Viterbo. She and her family were exiled from the city and took refuge in Soriano nel Cimino. When the pope's side won in Viterbo, <mask> was allowed to return. On December 5, 1250, <mask> allegedly foretold the speedy death of the emperor, a prophecy fulfilled on December 13. Soon afterwards she went to Vitorchiano, whose inhabitants, according to surviving reports, were affected by a supposed sorceress.<mask> secured the conversion of all, even of the sorceress, reportedly by standing unscathed for three hours in the flames of a burning pyre. <mask> wished to enter the Poor Clare Monastery of St. Mary in the city, but was refused because of her poverty, as she was not able to provide the dowry required for admission. She accepted her rejection, nonetheless foretelling her admission to the monastery after her death. <mask> died on March 6, 1251, in her father's home. It was long believed that <mask> had died of tuberculosis. In 2010, however, researchers examining her remains concluded that she had died of complications due to Pentalogy of Cantrell. Veneration

The process of <mask>'s canonization was opened in the year of her death by Pope Innocent IV, but was not definitively undertaken until 1457.Originally buried at the parish church of Santa Maria in Poggio, in 1257 Pope Alexander IV ordered it moved to the monastery she had desired to enter, at which time it was

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title: Rose of Viterbo

texts: renamed in her honor. When the liturgical calendar of the Roman Catholic Church was reformed after the Second Vatican Council, her feast day was transferred to the date of her death. September 4 is the date of the translation of her relics to the Monastery of St. Damian. It is this latter date on which her feast is celebrated in Viterbo and by the Franciscans. On September 3, the eve of the feast of St. <mask>, the people of Viterbo follow the transportation of La Macchina ("the Machine of St. Rose") a massive  tower, illuminated with 3,000 tiny electric lights and 880 candles, and topped off with a statue of her, which is carried for 1,200 metres through the darkened streets of the old medieval town on the backs of around 100 volunteers called "facchini". The tradition goes all the way back to September 4, 1258, when the body of the saint was exhumed and transported to the Monastery of Saint Damian; but it was not until 1664, following seven years of plague in the city, that a "machine" first appeared. In gratitude for having survived such a terrible pestilence the citizens voted to renew the veneration of their saint every year.St. <mask> of Viterbo Convent, named for her, in La Crosse, Wisconsin, is the motherhouse of the Franciscan Sisters of Perpetual Adoration. The convent is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Viterbo University is a Catholic, Franciscan university in the liberal arts tradition, founded by these Franciscan Sisters, also located in La Crosse,

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title: Rose of Viterbo

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 Wisconsin. <mask> of Viterbo is one of the religious figures featured in the award-winning series of saint plays by Erik Ehn. The play celebrating her life premiered in October 2008 at Goshen College. See also
 <mask> of Viterbo, patron saint archive

Notes

Sources
 ANDREUCCI, Andrea Girolano. Notizie Critico-Istoriche Dell'Ammirabile S. Rosa Virgine Viterbese.Stamperie di Antorio di Rosse. Roma, 1750. (e-book). BEAUFAYS, P. Ignace (O.F.M). Sante <mask> Viterbe: Propagandiste de L’A.C.. Bruxelles, Ed, du Chant D’Oiseau, 1937. CENCI, Paolo. Rosa: Eroica, Giovanetta, Santa.Agnesotti, Viterbo, 1981. DE KERVAL, Leon. Saint Rose: sa vie et son temps. Impr. Franciscaine Missionnaire (Vanves), Paris, 1896. PELLEGRINI, P. Stefano. Santa Rosa e Suo Monastero.Grafiche Messaggero di S. Antonio. Padova, 1967. Pizzi, Storia della Città di Viterbo. (Roma, 1887). PIACENTINI, Ernesto (O.F.M). Il libro dei Miracoli di Santa Rosa da Viterbo. Union Printing S.p.A., Roma, 1991.PLENS, Frei Urbano. Santa Rosa de Viterbo. Cadernos Franciscanos: ano VI, n. 1, fascículo 29. Belo Horizonte, 1980. External links

 SAINTE ROSE of VITERBO
 ROSA da Viterbo, santa

1230s births
1251 deaths
13th-century Christian saints
Christian female saints of the Middle Ages
Deaths from genetic disorders
Franciscan saints
Incorrupt saints
Italian children
Italian Roman Catholic saints
Marian visionaries
Members of the Third Order of Saint Francis
People from Viterbo
Roman Catholic child saints
13th-century Italian

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title: Ruslan Zhiganshin

texts:
<mask> (; born 25 September 1992) is a retired Russian ice dancer. With partner Elena Ilinykh, he is the 2015 Russian national champion. With former partner Victoria Sinitsina, he is the 2012 World Junior champion and won bronze medals at the 2013 Winter Universiade, 2012 Rostelecom Cup, and 2014 Russian Championships. They placed seventh at the 2014 World Championships. Personal life
<mask> was born on 25 September 1992 in Moscow. He is the brother of <mask>a, a competitive ice dancer for Germany. Early years on the ice
<mask> became interested in skating after his mother took him along to his sister's practices.Having taken up ice dancing at age nine, he had one partner before becoming partnerless for a year. Partnership with Sinitsina
<mask> and Victoria Sinitsina met in a group led by Irina Lobacheva and Ilia Averbukh but soon joined Elena Kustarova and Svetlana Alexeeva. They trained mostly in Moscow. From 2010 to 2012, they also went to summer training camps in Ventspils, Latvia. Junior
Sinitsina/<mask> debuted on the Junior Grand Prix circuit at the 2008 Merano Cup where they finished sixth. The following JGP season, they placed fifth at both of their events. They won a pair of silver medals during the 2010–11 JGP season and qualified for the JGP Final.At the Final, they won the short dance and placed second in the free dance to take the silver behind Ksenia Monko / Kirill Khaliavin. They withdrew from the 2011 Russian Junior Championships due to Sinitsina's illness. In the 2011–12 season, Sinitsina/<mask> won gold at the Junior Grand Prix event in Poland, their first JGP title. They won another title in Austria to qualify for their second JGP Final. At the Junior Grand Prix Final, they placed first in both segments and won the title. They then took gold at the 2012 Russian Junior Championships. Sinitsina/<mask> won the 2012 World Junior title.They were first in both the short and free dance and scored their season's best, 153.81 points. Senior
In the 2012–13 season,

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