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<mask> (born 13 April 1983) is a Scottish professional boxer. He is one of only three British boxers to have won world titles in three weight divisions and the first from Scotland, having held the WBO super-featherweight title from 2010 to 2011; the WBO lightweight title from 2012 to 2014; and the WBA light-welterweight title from 2016 to 2017. At regional level he held the Commonwealth super-featherweight title from 2008 to 2009, and has challenged for the British and European super-featherweight titles. Professional career

Super-featherweight

Early career
<mask> first fight as a professional was a four-round victory in October 2001 over Woody Greenaway at the Kelvin Hall in Glasgow, Scotland. On 12 December 2004, following a string of seven wins over opponents including Jeff Thomas, Ernie Smith and Daniel Thorpe he was matched against fellow unbeaten prospect Colin Bain. The fight, at the Marriott Hotel in Glasgow, resulted in a first career defeat for Bain as <mask> won over the six round distance. For <mask>, the win set him up for a journey south of the border to face the unbeaten British lightweight champion Graham Earl in a non-title fight.The fight with Earl took place at the Wembley Conference Center and <mask> produced one of the upsets of the year when he scored a points victory to beat Earl over eight rounds. Domestic title fights
The win against Earl meant he would land a shot at the big time when in February 2006, he took on reigning British, Commonwealth and European champion Alex Arthur. The fight took place in Edinburgh and ended in defeat for <mask>, as Arthur retained on points. <mask> who was still only a 12-fight novice at this stage took the fight to Arthur prompting the champion to heap praise on him; "<mask> was in superb shape and he was up for the fight" said Arthur, "He's a brilliant boxer with a great future and he could be a world champion one day." <mask> himself refused to be disappointed with the loss saying; "I don't count that as a loss. I'm just 22 and it was great experience

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 for me". <mask> next had a crack at the British title almost exactly a year later when in February 2007, he met reigning champion Carl Johanneson at the Town Hall in Leeds.The fight ended once again in defeat with <mask> losing a 12-round decision to the experienced champion. Johanneson intent on winning well before his home crowd hounded <mask> throughout the fight and managed to knock <mask> down three times. Regaining composure
After the defeat to Johanneson, <mask> took the decision to leave his old boxing club in a bid to seek a new challenge. <mask> had worked with Rab Bannan at the Barn Boxing Club for over 14 years, but the Johanneson defeat prompted a need for a change of direction. On telling his former mentor the news <mask> said; "It was a nightmare having to tell him. It was really sad because I’ve been with him for 14 years. All my boxing life really.It was really hard but we left on good terms and we shook hands and I’m sure our paths will cross again." <mask> moved to the Dalmarnock gym in Glasgow, where he could train alongside the likes of Willie Limond and Kenny Anderson. Since the fight with Johanneson, <mask> won eight fights in a row. A ten-round win over Romanian Gheorghe Ghiompirica at the Thistle Hotel in Glasgow gave him the lightly regarded British International Masters belt. <mask> also spent time sparring former opponent Alex Arthur in preparation for Arthur's WBO super-featherweight title defence against Nicky Cook. Commonwealth champion
In September 2008, <mask> was in line for a crack at the vacant Commonwealth title, a belt which had been given up by Londoner Kevin Mitchell. The challenge took place at the York Hall in Bethnal Green and saw <mask> outpoint the Ghanaian Osumana Akaba over 12 rounds.The fight, which was taken with only weeks notice after the original main event on the card was cancelled, propelled <mask> into the championship frame. Speaking of his future ambitions <mask> said; "There is only one fight I want at the moment. That fight would be the current British

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 champion Kevin Mitchell. He recently has been injured, and won't be back until December so we'll have to see what happens". <mask> defended his crown at Glasgow's Kelvin Hall soon afterwards in November 2008, against another Ghanaian, Yakubu Amidu. The African fighter had a record of 16–1–1, with all his victories coming by way of stoppage. <mask> however was too much and his superior fitness levels showed as the referee stopped the contest in the seventh round, handing victory to the Scotsman.<mask> second defence took place in March 2009, and saw <mask> halt former British champion Michael Gomez in the seventh round. On 20 June 2009, <mask> made perhaps the toughest defence of his title yet with a hard-fought 12 round win over Northern Ireland's Kevin O'Hara, with the assistance of the highly experienced trainer Billy Nelson and his Fighting Scots Gym in Stepps. <mask> became Billy's first world champion. <mask> vs. Martínez
<mask> success in the ring had elevated him to the number one ranking with the WBO's rankings. <mask>' promoter Frank Warren tried to negotiate a match with the reigning champion Roman Martínez. The bout with the Puerto Rican champion had been subject to numerous delays with the fight scheduled for both Scotland and Puerto Rico at various intervals only for the fight never to materialise and for Martinez to make a voluntary defence of his title instead. The uncertainty for <mask> meant that a proposed British title contest against Gary Sykes never happened with Sykes winning the title against <mask> replacement Andy Morris and defending against the man <mask> had defeated in his last Commonwealth title defence Kevin O'Hara.Finally after almost a year of frustration <mask> re-entered the ring on 15 May 2010, on the undercard of Kevin Mitchell's world title shot against Michael Katsidis at the Boleyn Ground. <mask> continued his winning streak and kept ticking over with an eight-round win over journeyman and former foe Youssef Al Hamidi. <mask> claimed after the fight that he hoped the fight

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 with Román Martinez would materialise around July and that it would be in Glasgow. The WBO super-featherweight title showdown between <mask> and Roman Martinez was eventually confirmed on 24 June 2010 and scheduled to take place at the Kelvin Hall, Glasgow on 4 September. Speaking at the announcement of the fight <mask> said; "this has been dragging on a bit..it is the biggest fight of my career but I'm more than confident that I can beat him". Finally on 4 September, <mask> entered the ring at Kelvin Hall to face the WBO's unbeaten reigning world champion Roman Martinez. Martinez had held the title for over a year winning it from Englishman Nicky Cook and defending twice against Colombian Feider Viloria and Argentinian Gonzalo Munguia.Despite suffering a knockdown in the first round, <mask> took the fight to the champion winning on all three judges scorecards 115–112, 115–112 and 115–113 to inflict a career first defeat on Martinez and finally winning the world title. Speaking of the fight, Burns promoter Frank Warren said; "this was the best night I've ever had in Scotland and I've had some great shows with Scott Harrison and Alex Arthur as well as bringing Nigel Benn and Frank Bruno up here." Describing the atmosphere at the Kelvin Hall as "electric" he went on to praise <mask>, who in winning the title had become Scotland's 12th world champion, saying Scotland had a new "sporting hero" and that the win would lead to a renaissance in Scottish boxing. It also transpired that before the fight the manager of Celtic, Neil Lennon had called to wish <mask> the best and sent him a Celtic strip signed by the whole of the first team as a good luck present. <mask> vs. Evensen
On 4 December 2010, <mask> defended his title for the first time against Norwegian boxer Andreas Evensen who held the WBO Inter-Continental featherweight title. The fight, at the Braehead Arena in Glasgow, resulted in another unanimous points win for <mask> with the Scotsman also scoring a knockdown in the first round. On 12 March 2011, <mask> made

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 his second defence again at the Braehead Arena.His opponent the Ghanaian boxer Joseph Laryea had won the WBO Inter-Continental title win a victory over Scotsman Paul Appleby on the same night that <mask> beat Evenson. The fight was stopped in the 7th round after Laryea withdrew citing a broken knuckle with <mask> ahead in the fight. <mask> vs. Cook
<mask>' next defence was scheduled for 16 July 2011 and against former WBO champion Nicky Cook, in Liverpool's Echo Arena. The fight resulted in a 93-second stoppage for <mask> as Cook's corner threw in the towel following an injury to his back. After only six seconds a punch from <mask> resulted in Cook receiving a count and complaining of back trouble. Cook was sent to the canvas twice more before his corner retired the boxer handing a third straight defence of the title to <mask> who said that he would like to fight the South African boxer Mzonke Fana next. <mask> was next scheduled to meet mandatory challenger, and Boxrec No.1 rated super-featherweight, Adrien Broner, but announced on 22 September 2011 that he would be relinquishing his WBO super-featherweight title and moving up to compete at lightweight. <mask> said that the move up a weight division would ease the pressure of having to control his weight saying "the last couple of fights it was getting harder and harder for me to do it." Adrien Broner commented on the situation, saying, "You vacated the title talking about you couldn't make weight no more. But you just fought four times and defended this title", Broner further said, "But everyone knows boxing is a game where you can duck fighters... and I guess he felt like running away was best for his career." Lightweight

<mask> vs. Katsidis
In his first fight at the weight it was announced that <mask> would fight Australian Michael Katsidis in London for the WBO interim lightweight title. Speaking of the fight <mask> said that it would definitely be the toughest of his career saying "I don't think they could have got me a harder fight if they tried, he's

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 been in with the best of the weight, he's proved himself, obviously he's one of the best in the division and it's a great chance to get out there and show what I can do." On 5 November 2011, <mask> took on Katsidis for the WBO interim lightweight championship and despite being the slight underdog went on to win the fight by unanimous decision.After the fight <mask> claimed to have "proved a lot of people wrong" as some people "thought Michael would walk all over me". Speaking of the fight he added "Michael didn't give me a minute, he kept coming forward but I'd prepared for that. I'm doing my job and that's the way I always look at it." <mask> vs. Moses
On 26 January 2012, <mask> was installed as WBO lightweight champion after former champion Juan Manuel Márquez moved up a division to welterweight. <mask> defended his WBO lightweight title against Namibian fighter Paulus Moses. He will have the homefield advantage with the fight being held in Braehead Arena, Glasgow. <mask> said, "It's great news about the title but it's back to reality and training hard for what will be a tough title defence against Moses in my homecoming in Scotland.For the last 10 years I’ve been grafting away in my career. But in the last couple of years it has really taken off with me beating Roman Martinez and then beating a great warrior like Katsidis to put me up there with the best in the world." <mask> would go on to successfully defend his title via a unanimous points win, with Moses outboxed by <mask>, who was awarded victory 119–110,120–110,117–111 by the three judges. <mask> vs. Mitchell
In June 2012 it was confirmed after months of negotiations that <mask>' next fight will be another defence of his WBO lightweight title, against former WBO Inter-Continental lightweight champion Kevin Mitchell on 22 September 2012. In front of a sold out Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre <mask> turned in a career best performance to defeat Mitchell via fourth-round TKO. <mask> looked the much bigger man on fight night and seemed to recognise

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 this adopting a more aggressive style, he was gaining control of the fight by the 4th round out boxing Mitchell he would go on to knock Mitchell down twice in round 4 in the last minute of round 4 and a further onslaught forced the referee to stop the fight. After such a dominant performance, <mask> was able to make a legitimate claim to being of the best at 135 pounds.Promotional changes
On 15 December 2012, <mask> was expected to defend his WBO lightweight title against Liam Walsh at the ExCeL, London. Walsh was later involved in a car crash and had to pull out. Walsh's replacement was revealed to be Jose Ocampo. Ocampo however, had to pull out due to death of his trainer. then followed an announcement from <mask> that he would not be competing in London on that date after not being able to find an opponent in time. With promoter Frank Warren unable to secure an opponent for a rescheduled date of 26 January 2013, <mask> declined the opportunity of an exhibition bout, deciding instead to take a long rest between fights. On 4 March 2013, the unification fight between <mask> and Miguel Vázquez (which was originally scheduled for 16 March 2013) was postponed to 20 April 2013 because Vazquez was suffering from a viral infection.<mask> was due to defend his WBO title while also challenging for Vazquez' IBF title. The Vazquez fight was also called off with <mask> manager Alex Morrison telling The Scotsman "I doubt very much that fight was ever going to happen – leading to an announcement on 7 March 2013 that <mask> had left Frank Warren's promotion stable. Miscellaneous defences
On 11 March 2013 it was confirmed that <mask> had joined Eddie Hearn's Matchroom promotions and fought for the first time under Matchroom on 11 May 2013, when he faced Puerto Rican Jose Gonzalez at the Emirates Arena in Glasgow, a fight broadcast on Sky Sports. <mask> won the fight in the ninth round after being outboxed in the first 6 rounds however the fight took a drastic change in round 7 where <mask> was hurt before firing back in true

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 championship style, <mask> dominated rounds 8 & 9. Gonzalez refused to come out for the tenth round citing a damaged wrist for pulling out of the fight despite being 87-84 ahead on all 3 cards. <mask> vs. Beltrán, Crawford
<mask>'s promoter Eddie Hearn announced that <mask> would fight again on 7 September 2013 against Ray Beltrán of Mexico at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre. <mask> was knocked down in the 8th round.The bout ended in a controversial split-decision draw as the vast majority of observers believed Beltran had won and the decision was seen as one of the worst decisions of 2013. The draw meant <mask> retained his WBO lightweight title. It was confirmed after the fight that <mask> had broken his jaw as early as the second round. After having surgery the following day it was unsure when, and if, <mask> would be able to fight again, but after the surgery was successful, <mask> expressed interest in a rematch with Beltran. However, the WBO installed Terence Crawford as <mask>'s mandatory challenger and the bout took place on 1 March 2014 in Scotland. Crawford defeated <mask> by unanimous decision, boxing well on the outside and picking his shots to win the WBO lightweight title. <mask> earned a career high £500,000 for the fight.<mask> vs. Zlatičanin
On 27 June 2014 <mask> fought Dejan Zlatičanin at the Braehead Arena in Glasgow. It was an eliminator fight and for the WBC International title. <mask> lost the fight to Zlaticanin on split decision points, this was his second consecutive loss. Light-welterweight
After the loss to Zlatičanin on 27 June 2014, <mask> promoter Eddie Hearn confirmed on 4 July 2014 that he would have a "Make or Break" 10 round fight in a move to the light-welterweight division. This was on 4 October 2014 at the First Direct Arena in Leeds, giving <mask> a break from fighting in Scotland, the fight was originally scheduled for 13 September 2014 in Manchester but was moved due to an elbow injury <mask>nin fight. <mask> defeated French journeyman Alexandre Lepelley

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 via points on his light-welterweight debut on 4 October 2014. <mask> vs. Figueroa Jr.In his US debut, <mask> faced off against undefeated former WBC lightweight champion Omar Figueroa Jr. on 9 May 2015 in Hidalgo, Texas. In a fight that saw both men land clean hard punches throughout was over shadowed by disgraceful refereeing as 2 points were deducted from <mask> for holding and for repeatedly moving both boxers hands whilst they were in a dominant position within the clinch. <mask> lost a controversial decision as the judges in Texas scored the fight widely to the home fighter. Two judges scored the fight 116-110 and the third had it 117-109. <mask> then went on to win two consecutive fights, firstly with a TKO victory against Prince Ofotsu on 1 August 2015 in Hull then winning via KO against Josh King on 7 November 2015 in Liverpool. <mask> vs. Di Rocco, Relikh
It was confirmed on 15 March 2016 that <mask> would fight Italian boxer Michele di Rocco for the vacant WBA light-welterweight title at the SSE Hydro in Glasgow on 28 May 2016. The title became vacant after Adrien Broner failed to make weight in his previous fight and subsequently stripped.<mask> dominated from start to finish with his jab and right cross, knocking his opponent down on the third and stopping him in the eighth in front of a packed crowd. With this win <mask> became a three-weight world champion, one of only three British fighters in history, also the first Scotsman to achieve this feat. WBA ordered <mask> to defend his world title against their Inter-Continental champion Kiryl Relikh (21-0, 19 KOs) of Belarus, who is promoted by former world champion <mask>. The official announcement was made with The SSE Hydro in Glasgow as the venue and 7 October as the date. After starting off slow in the first couple of rounds, <mask> used his experience and took the fight to 12 rounds. <mask> seemed to take some shots which seemed to shake him for split seconds as he carried on and showed that he is a master of pacing 12 round fights. <mask> needed

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 good movement as Relikh switched to and from the southpaw stance which helped cut the distance.At the end of the fight, the three judges scored the fight with scores of 116-112 twice and a rather wide 118-110. Some pundits ringside including Relikh's trainer Hatton believed the wide scoring was harsh due to the fact there was constant back and forth action. With <mask> retaining the world title paved the way for a fight in December against former champion Adrien Broner, possibly in the US. <mask> vs. Indongo
In late December, there were talks for a potential unification fight between <mask> and IBF, and IBO champion Julius Indongo (21-0, 11 KOs). Indongo acquired the two titles after knocking out then undefeated Eduard Troyanovsky in less than a minute on 3 December. In January 2017, Freddie Roach named <mask> a potential opponent for Filipino legend Manny Pacquiao for 23 April. On 9 January, <mask>' manager Tommy Morrison confirmed a deal was being put together for <mask> to fight Indongo in a unification fight in April at The SSE Hydro in Glasgow.On 11 January, Sky Sports confirmed a deal was reached for <mask> and Indongo in a unification title bout on 15 April 2017. The WBA, IBF, and IBO titles would be at stake. This was Scotland's first ever unification fight. <mask> failed to become Scotland's first unified world champion when he lost a via a one-sided unanimous decision with wide scores of 120-108, 118-110 and 116-112. In the last two rounds, <mask> hit the canvas three times, but these were ruled as a slip. Following the defeat, <mask> praised Indongo, "He was so so awkward. He was a lot better than we thought he was going to be.He can hit as well." He also said that he wouldn't retire. Return to lightweight

<mask> vs. Crolla
On 7 July 2017, STV news reported there was talks between <mask> and fellow Brit Anthony Crolla (31-6-3, 13 KOs) about a potential all-British fight towards the end of 2017. Talks suggested a fight would likely take place in Manchester or Glasgow at light-welterweight. A


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 "Although it was close, I thought I did enough. thought I landed the cleaner shots. In my eyes, I thought I just edged it." Crolla also said he would be willing to travel to Glasgow for a rematch.<mask> vs. Njegac, Cardle
On 26 May 2018, <mask>' 50th professional fight was announced to take place at the Metro Radio Arena in Newcastle on 16 June on a card co-headlined by Josh Kelly and Lewis Ritson. It was the first time <mask> fought in Newcastle. In a scheduled 6-round bout, <mask> retired his Croatian opponent Ivan Njegac after round 4. After the bout, <mask> stated he intended to carry on boxing. On 3 November, at just one weeks notice, <mask> stepped in to replace Joe Cordina and fight Scott Cardle (23-2-1, 7 KOs) on 10 November 2018 at the Manchester Arena. Cordina withdrew from the bout after picking up an injury. Prior to stepping in, <mask> was originally scheduled to appear on a Matchroom USA card in Kansas, USA on 17 November.<mask> dominated and then knocked out Cardle in round 3 to continue his comeback in 2018. It was a right hand which sent Cardle to the canvas. Cardle managed to beat the count, but referee Mark Lyson called a halt to the about at 2:06 of round 3. Although <mask> did not call anyone out in the prost-fight interview, he stated he was chasing big fights in 2019. <mask> vs. Selby
On 26 October 2019, <mask> faced former world champion Lee Selby. In a foul-filled fight, Selby managed to edge <mask> via majority decision, winning 116-112 and 116-113 on two of the scorecards, while the third judge scored the fight a draw, 115-115. Professional boxing record

See also
List of boxing triple champions

References

External links

<mask> profile at Matchroom Boxing
<mask> - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box.Live

1983 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Coatbridge
Commonwealth Boxing Council champions
World Boxing Organization champions
World Boxing Association champions
Scottish male boxers
World super-featherweight boxing champions
World lightweight boxing champions
World

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<mask> (June 11, 1741 – June 17, 1775) was an American physician who played a leading role in Patriot organizations in Boston during the early days of the American Revolution, eventually serving as President of the revolutionary Massachusetts Provincial Congress. <mask> enlisted Paul Revere and William Dawes on April 18, 1775, to leave Boston and spread the alarm that the British garrison in Boston was setting out to raid the town of Concord and arrest rebel leaders John Hancock and Samuel Adams. <mask> participated in the Battles of Lexington and Concord the following day, which are commonly considered to be the opening engagements of the American Revolutionary War. <mask> had been commissioned a major general in the colony's militia shortly before the June 17, 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill. Rather than exercising his rank, <mask> chose to serve in the battle as a private soldier, and was killed in combat when British troops stormed the redoubt atop Breed's Hill. His death, immortalized in John Trumbull's painting, The Death of General <mask> at the Battle of Bunker's Hill, June 17, 1775, galvanized the rebel forces. He has been memorialized in the naming of many towns, counties, streets, and other locations in the United States, by statues, and in numerous other ways.Biography

<mask> was born in Roxbury, Province of Massachusetts Bay, to <mask> and Mary (née Stevens) <mask>. His father was a respected farmer who died in October 1755 when he fell off a ladder while gathering fruit in his orchard. After attending the Roxbury Latin School, <mask> enrolled in Harvard College, graduating in 1759, and then taught for about a year at Roxbury Latin. He studied medicine and married 18-year-old heiress Elizabeth Hooten on September 6, 1764. She died in 1773, leaving him with four children: Elizabeth, <mask>, Mary, and Richard. Before his death in 1775, he was engaged to Mercy

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 Scollay. While practicing medicine and surgery in Boston, he became involved in politics, associating with John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and other leaders of the broad movement labeled Sons of Liberty.<mask> conducted an autopsy on the body of young Christopher Seider in February 1770, and was a member of the Boston committee that assembled a report on the following month's Boston Massacre. Earlier, in 1768, Royal officials tried to place his publishers Edes and Gill on trial for an incendiary newspaper essay <mask> wrote under the pseudonym A True Patriot, but no local jury would indict them. In 1774, he authored a song, "Free America", which was published in colonial newspapers. The poem was set to a traditional British tune, "The British Grenadiers." <mask> joined the Scottish Rite Freemasonry, being initiated in the St. Andrew's Lodge, and later became Past Provincial Grand Master of Massachusetts. Lexington and Concord

As Boston's conflict with the royal government came to a head in 1773–75, <mask> was appointed to the Boston Committee of Correspondence. He twice delivered orations in commemoration of the Massacre, the second time in March 1775 while the town was occupied by army troops.<mask> drafted the Suffolk Resolves, which were endorsed by the Continental Congress, to advocate resistance to Parliament's Coercive Acts, which were otherwise known as the Intolerable Acts. He was appointed President of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, the highest position in the revolutionary government. In mid-April 1775, <mask> and Dr. Benjamin Church were the two top members of the Committee of Correspondence left in Boston. On the afternoon of April 18, the British troops in the town mobilized for a long-planned raid on the nearby town of Concord, and already before nightfall word of mouth had spread knowledge of the mobilization widely within Boston. It had been known to

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texts: rebel leadership for weeks that General Gage in Boston had plans to destroy munitions stored in Concord by the colonials, and it was also known that they would be taking a route through Lexington. Some unsupported stories argue that <mask> received additional information from a highly placed informant (usually claiming it was from Margaret Kemble Gage, the wife of General Thomas Gage) that the troops had orders to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock. However, there is little evidence of this as the troops apparently had no such orders.Regardless, <mask> learned there was some British expedition likely to begin that night, and so sent William Dawes and Paul Revere on their famous "midnight rides" to warn Hancock and Adams in Lexington. (There is growing consensus in new scholarship that Mrs. Gage never did conspire against the British and that <mask> needed no informant to deduce that the British were mobilizing.) <mask> slipped out of Boston early on April 19, and during that day's Battle of Lexington and Concord, he coordinated and led militia into the fight alongside William Heath as the British Army returned to Boston. When the enemy were returning from Concord, he was among the foremost in hanging upon their rear and assailing their flanks. During this fighting <mask> was nearly killed, a musket ball striking part of his wig. When his mother saw him after the battle and heard of his escape, she entreated him with tears again not to risk life so precious. "Wherever danger is, dear mother," he answered, "there will your son be.Now is no time for one of America's children to shrink from the most hazardous duty; I will either set my country free, or shed my last drop of blood to make her so." He then turned to recruiting and organizing soldiers for the Siege of Boston, promulgating the Patriots' version of events, and negotiating with Gen. Gage in his role as head of

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 the Provincial Congress. Death

<mask> was commissioned as a major general by the Provincial Congress on June 14, 1775. Several days later, in the moments before the Battle of Bunker Hill, <mask> arrived where the militia was forming and asked where the heaviest fighting would be; General Israel Putnam pointed to Breed's Hill. <mask> volunteered to join the fighting as a private against the wishes of General Putnam and Colonel William Prescott, both of whom requested that he serve as their commander. <mask> declined the command in the belief that Putnam and Prescott were more experienced with war. He was among those inspiring the men to hold rank against superior numbers.<mask> was known to have repeatedly declared of the British: "These fellows say we won't fight! By Heaven, I hope I shall die up to my knees in blood!" He fought in the redoubt until out of ammunition and remained until the British made their third and final assault on the hill to give time for the militia to escape. He was killed instantly by a musket or pistol ball in the head by a British officer (possibly Lieutenant Lord Rawdon) who recognized him, or by an officer's servant. This account is supported by a 2011 forensic analysis. His body was stripped of clothing and he was bayoneted until unrecognizable, and then shoved into a shallow ditch. British Captain Walter Laurie, who had been defeated at Old North Bridge, later said he "stuffed the scoundrel with another rebel into one hole, and there he and his seditious principles may remain."In a letter to John Adams, Benjamin Hichborn describes the damage that British Lieutenant James Drew, of the sloop Scorpion, inflicted on <mask>'s body two days after the Battle of Bunker Hill: "In a day or two after, Drew went upon the Hill again opened the dirt that was thrown over Doctor: <mask>, spit in his face jumped on his stomach and at last cut off his head

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 and committed every act of violence upon his body." His body was exhumed ten months after his death by his brothers and Paul Revere, who identified the remains by the artificial tooth he had placed in the jaw. His body was placed in the Granary Burying Ground and later (in 1825) in St. Paul's Church before finally being moved in 1855 to his family's vault in Forest Hills Cemetery. Legacy

General Gage reportedly said <mask>'s death was equal to the death of 500 men. It encouraged the revolutionary cause because it was viewed by many Americans as an act of martyrdom. At the time of <mask>'s death, his children were staying with his fiancée, Mercy Scollay, in Worcester as refugees from the Siege of Boston. She continued to look after them, gathering support for their education from John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Mercy Otis <mask>, Benedict Arnold, and even the Continental Congress.<mask>'s youngest brother and apprentice in medicine, <mask>, served as a surgeon during the Battle of Bunker Hill and the rest of the war, and afterwards founded Harvard Medical School and co-founded the Massachusetts Medical Society. There are at least four statues of <mask> on public display. Three are in Boston: one in the exhibit lodge adjacent to the Bunker Hill Monument, another on the grounds of the Roxbury Latin School, and the third atop the puddingstone at his grave site at the Forest Hills Cemetery (this statue was commissioned by the 6th Masonic District, and dedicated in a ceremony by the Grand Master of Masons in Massachusetts on October 22, 2016). The fourth is in a small park on the corner of Third and Pennsylvania avenues in Warren, Pennsylvania, a city, borough, and county all named after the general. Fort Warren on George's Island in Boston harbor, started in 1833, was named in his honor. In 1840, the first Warren School was built on Salem Street in Charlestown, Massachusetts

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title: Joseph Warren

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 near Bunker Hill. It relocated to School and Summer Streets in 1868, and later merged with the Prescott School to form the Warren-Prescott School.Fourteen states have a Warren County named after him. Additionally, Warren, Pennsylvania; Warren, Michigan; Warren, New Jersey; Warrenton, Missouri; Warrenton, Virginia; Warren, Maine; Warren, Massachusetts; Warrenton, North Carolina; Warren, Connecticut and 30 Warren Townships are also named in his honor. The New York county of Warren is named after him, but the town of Warrensburg within that county is not; the town is in fact named after <mask>, a prominent early settler. The streets of Detroit, Michigan, were redesigned after the 1806 fire, based on the Pierre L'Enfant Plan for Washington, D.C.; Warren Avenue in Detroit is named after <mask>. Five ships in the Continental Navy and United States Navy were named <mask> in his honor. Warren Square in Savannah, Georgia, is also named for him. Freemasonry
<mask> was a Scottish Freemason.He was a member of Lodge St Andrews, No.81, (Boston, Massachusetts) which held a Charter from the Grand Lodge of Scotland. The Lodge continues to meet in Boston under the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts. The date he joined the Lodge is not known but was during the period after the inauguration of the Lodge on St Andrew's Day, 30 November 1756 and 15 May 1769 when he is recorded in the Grand Lodge of Scotland's membership register as being the Master of the Lodge. Paul Revere and William Palfrey are also recorded, in the same entry, with Revere being named as Secretary of the Lodge. <mask> was appointed Grand Master of all Scottish Freemasonry in the 13 colonies by the Grand Lodge of Scotland.</ref>

He was appointed Grand Master of the newly established Provincial Grand Lodge of Massachusetts in that same year. (Upon his death, <mask> became Acting Grand Master.) The Grand Lodge of Massachusetts has

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Warren
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title: Joseph Warren

texts:
 an award in his name for Masons who have served the fraternity, the country, or humanity with distinction.It is the second-highest honor conferred by the Grand Lodge, only surpassed by the Henry Price medal. The Henry Price medal is usually awarded to those who served with distinction in the Grand Lodge, while the <mask> medal may be conferred upon any Mason within the Grand jurisdiction. In popular culture
Walter Coy portrayed Dr<mask> in the 1957 film Johnny Tremain. <mask> also appeared in episodes 5 and 9 of the 2002 animated television show Liberty's Kids. Ryan Eggold was cast as <mask> in the 2015 miniseries Sons of Liberty. Dr. <mask> is featured in the song "Wildfire" by the band Mandolin Orange on their 2016 album Blindfaller. <mask> is referenced in the A. W. Burns/George W. Hewitt song "America Shall Aye Be Free".See also

 Patriot (American Revolution)
 List of Freemasons

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

 Dr. <mask> on the Web Comprehensive compendium of searchable full texts of <mask>'s writings and speeches, with weekly updates. THE BROKERAGE ROLE IN THE MAKING OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Social Network Analysis using only organizational affiliations identifying <mask> and Paul Revere as central to the events leading up to the American Revolution. The Warren Tavern: History

1741 births
1775 deaths
People from colonial Boston
People of colonial Massachusetts
18th-century American physicians
American Freemasons
United States military personnel killed in the American Revolutionary War
Political leaders of the American Revolution
Harvard College alumni
Massachusetts militiamen in the American Revolution
Militia generals in the American Revolution
Continental Army officers from Massachusetts
Physicians in the American Revolution
Physicians from Massachusetts
Burials in Boston
Deaths by firearm in Massachusetts
Roxbury Latin School alumni
People from

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Joseph Warren
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Joseph Warren


title: Stephen Jones (milliner)

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<mask> OBE (born   1957) is a leading British milliner based in London, who is considered one of the world's most radical and important milliners of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. He is also one of the most prolific, having created hats for the catwalk shows of many leading couturiers and fashion designers, such as John Galliano at Dior and Vivienne Westwood. His work is known for its inventiveness and high level of technical expertise. <mask> co-curated the 2009 exhibition Hats: An Anthology for the Victoria and Albert Museum. Early life
<mask> was born on the Wirral Peninsula in Cheshire  and educated at Liverpool College. From an early age, his mother instilled in him an appreciation of art by taking him around the Walker Art Gallery, Speke Hall, and to National Trust properties around the North West. He studied art at foundation level at the High Wycombe College of Art.In 1975 he travelled to London to see the exhibition Fashion from 1900-1939 at the V&A, which inspired him to pursue a career in the fashion industry. This led him to apply to study fashion design under Bobby Hillson, at the Saint Martin's School of Art, London, where he was the sole male student in his year. Although he enjoyed being taught by Peter Lewis Crown, the designer-owner of the London couture house Lachasse, he had little prior sewing experience, and so in order to develop his skills Crown secured <mask> a summer placement in Lachasse's tailoring workroom. <mask> soon requested a transfer to the next-door millinery department presided over by Shirley Hex, but was told he had to make a hat from scratch first. The hat he eventually submitted, his first original millinery creation, was a cardboard pillbox covered in blue crêpe de Chine and trimmed with a plastic iris, sprayed silver that his mother had received as a free gift from a petrol station in the 1960s. In his

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title: Stephen Jones (milliner)

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 innocence, <mask> had not realised that millinery flowers were traditionally made of silk, but Hex approved the hat, commenting on the flower's modernity. Between 1976 and 1979 <mask> spent his summer breaks working for Hex and learning about millinery methods and techniques.Through hats he developed a keen interest in fashion history, particularly the drama and exaggerated glamour of the 1950s. <mask> left Saint Martin's in 1979, the same year that he became a regular attendee of London's Blitz nightclub in Covent Garden for New Romantics and fans of new wave music. <mask> had been a Punk while at St Martins, but keenly embraced the New Romantic movement as its drawing of inspiration from historical dress resonated with his thinking. As one of the "Blitz Kids", he hung out with the likes of Spandau Ballet, Duran Duran, Isabella Blow, and Jean Paul Gaultier; and shared a house with Boy George and Grayson Perry, competing with them to wear the most outrageous outfits to Blitz, including a pinstripe suit with stiletto heels. Many of the Blitz Kids became his first clients, with <mask> creating outlandish hats for them to wear to the club. Millinery career
<mask>ucci in 1979. In 1980, Blitz's owner Steve Strange provided financial backing for <mask>' first millinery salon, which opened nearby in the basement of the trendy store PX, Endell Street, Covent Garden on 1 October.It was an instant success, with <mask> commenting in 2008: "Overnight, I had a business". On New Year's Eve 1980, <mask> had his head shaved by drunk friends, leading him to discover that without hair, his head was a perfect woman's stock size, and that he could become his own fit model, developing all his ideas and designs upon himself. 1982 saw <mask>' first Paris fashion show and his first televised show (for the BBC's Riverside) By this point, he was able to count Diana, Princess of Wales as

masks: Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jonesor Jones Jones Jones Jones


title: Stephen Jones (milliner)

texts:
 a regular customer, in addition to his clients from Blitz, and had a hat commissioned by the Victoria & Albert Museum for their newly refurbished Costume Court. This was the beginning of <mask>' long and fruitful relationship with the V&A, culminating in the Hats: An Anthology exhibition of 2009 that he co-curated with Oriole Cullen. One of his hats appeared on the December 1982 cover of Tatler, the first time his work had featured on a magazine cover; the hat is now in the V&A. <mask> relocated his studio to Lexington Street in 1984. That year, Jean Paul Gaultier invited him to Paris to make hats for his show, his first designs for a Paris couturier, and he also made hats for Thierry Mugler.After their second show together, Gaultier ensured that <mask> received full credit for his hats, therefore ensuring that the Paris fashion world was made aware of his work. In 1984 he also sold his first designs to a department store, Bloomingdale's in New York. <mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours. Collections
This is a list of <mask>' bi-annual hat collections since 1980. The collections from Fall 1981 to Fall 1984 were unnamed. His salon and workshop are based on Great Queen Street, Covent Garden, London as of 2013. Diffusion lines and non-millinery designs
In 1990, <mask> launched a Miss Jones diffusion line for hats, and in 1993, this was followed by Jonesgirl which is exclusive to Japan.The <mask> brand has had a strong presence in Japan since 1990, when <mask> struck a licensing deal for T-shirts, cosmetic bags, and handkerchiefs to be manufactured there under his name; this was followed by <mask> Kimonos in 1991, gloves in 1993, sunglasses in 1992, and handbags in 2002. <mask> has occasionally designed garments and accessories other than hats. In 1983 he designed dresses for Susanne Bartsch's shop in

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Stephen Jones
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title: Stephen Jones (milliner)

texts:
 SoHo, New York and furs for Sol Feldman Furs, New York, and created his first shoe line for Sergio Rossi in 1987. He has had a lasting success with his scarf range, which was launched in 1988, and continues being sold through his millinery salon as of 2009. He has also experimented with non-fashion mediums, including ceramics in 1985 and interior design in 1991. <mask> designed two mannequins for display at the Simone Handbag Museum in Seoul, South Korea. Design partnerships

In November 1996, <mask> was the only British milliner to have control of a Paris haute couture millinery studio, or atelier de la modiste, making hats for Galliano's high-profile couture shows at Dior.He has worked with Galliano since 1993. <mask> also created Vivienne Westwood's iconic Harris Tweed Crown of 1987. Since the 1980s his hats have been in great demand for multiple shows per season. For the Paris collections in early 1995 alone, he was creating human-hair hats for Nicolas Ghesquière's first collection at Balenciaga and designs for Peter O'Brien at Marcel Rochas and Claude Montana as well as Galliano. In 2008, he made hats for Marc Jacobs, L'Wren Scott, Basso & Brooke, Comme des Garçons, Giles Deacon, Loewe, Pollini and Walter van Beirendonck, in addition to multiple Galliano collections, four per season for Dior and two under Galliano's own label. Throughout his career he has designed hats for the shows of many other designers and couturiers. <mask> and popular culture
In addition to his hat collections for designers, <mask> has undertaken numerous individual high-profile commissions for pop groups, musicians, actors, and other celebrities.He has also been commissioned by a number of companies to create designs for advertisements and promotions. Music
Grace <mask>, Diana Ross, George Michael, Spandau Ballet and Culture Club were among <mask>'s first high-profile celebrity

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title: Stephen Jones (milliner)

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 clients in the 1980s. <mask> made a personal appearance in the Culture Club video Do You Really Want to Hurt Me? and went on to create headgear for Wham!, Wet Wet Wet, Madonna, Erasure, Bryan Ferry and Barbra Streisand. In the 1990s, his client list expanded to include Monie Love, Paula Abdul, U2, the Rolling Stones, Cappella, New Order, Marc Almond, Billy Ray Martin, Take That, Belinda Carlisle, Mike + The Mechanics, Skunk Anansie, Eternal, B*Witched, All Saints, Celine Dion, and Kylie Minogue. <mask>'s client list expanded through the first decade of the 21st century to include the Spice Girls, Robbie Williams, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, Hear'Say, Macy Gray, Björk, Steve Strange, Paul Simonon, Will Young, Pink, Tori Amos, Alison Goldfrapp, Christina Aguilera, Rihanna and Usher. He created the hats for three major tours starting in 2005: Kylie Minogue's Showgirl, Mick Jagger's A Bigger Bang and Marilyn Manson's Against All Gods.Films
<mask> made the hats for Faye Dunaway in Supergirl, and also provided hats to Beverly Hills Cop II and Entrapment. From the 1990s onwards his film commissions became more frequent, including designs for Glenn Close as Cruella de Vil in 101 Dalmatians, the Spice World film, Jurassic Park, Lost In Space, and the hats for Lady Penelope (Sophia Myles) and Parker in Thunderbirds. He created the hats for leading ladies such as Cate Blanchett in Elizabeth: The Golden Age, Keira Knightley in Atonement, Dita Von Teese in The Death of Salvador Dali, and Audrey Tautou in Coco avant Chanel. Tautou reportedly commented during her fitting that <mask> Chanel, the character she was playing. Promotions
<mask>' first commercial commission was for Liquifruita cough mixture in 1982, followed by the Brazilian Fruit Board in 1983. In 1985, his hats were commissioned for use in campaigns for Batiste and Schwarzkopf hair products, and <mask> has since then

masks: Jones Jones Jones Jonesco Jones Jones


title: Stephen Jones (milliner)

texts:
 provided hats for many leading brands in the beauty industry, such as Revlon Boots, Garnier (for Ambre Solaire sun lotion), Yardley of London, Lancôme, MAC Cosmetics, and the 2004 L'Oréal campaign featuring Beyoncé. His work also features in perfume advertisements such as those for Nina Ricci's L'Air Du Temps and Parfums Christian Dior.<mask> hats have been used to promote food and soft drinks, including Chiquita, Twix, St Ivel, Quaker Oats, Ryvita, Golden Wonder, Walker's Sensations, Tango, and Robinson's orange squash. Alcoholic beverages have also been advertised using his hats, beginning with Tennents lager in 1987 and including Tia Maria, Cinzano, Perrier, Boddingtons, and Martini & Rossi. A number of car companies, such as Peugeot, Ford Motor Company, Nissan Motors, Fiat, and Renault have used his hats in their ad campaigns, as have the Esso fuel company and the Pirelli tires company. <mask> has also provided hats for use in financial sector promotional material, including MasterCard, Barclays, and Legal & General; and for miscellaneous other companies including Cellnet, National Panasonic, and Ariston. Hats: An Anthology
The 2009 exhibition, Hats: An Anthology, held at the V&A from 24 February 2009, was inspired by Cecil Beaton's landmark exhibition, Fashion: An Anthology, held at the V&A in 1971. Beaton's exhibition showcased 1900-1971 garments donated by leading fashion designers of the 20th century and their clients, many of which entered the Museum collection afterwards, and firmly placed fashion within the Museum's remit. Along with Oriole Cullen, V&A Curator of Modern Fashion and Textiles, <mask> explored the collections of the V&A and other international collections such as those at the Fashion Museum, Bath and the Hollywood archives of Warner Bros.The exhibition was based predominantly upon hats from the V&A's collections and <mask>'s own archive,

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title: Stephen Jones (milliner)

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 but also included loans from museums and collections around the world. The work of up-and-coming milliners such as Noel Stewart and Nasir Mazhar was featured alongside hats by Philip Treacy, Mitza Bricard for Dior, Claude Saint-Cyr for Norman Hartnell and Vladzio d'Attainville for Cristóbal Balenciaga. The exhibition also included hats worn by famous hat-wearers such as Gloria Guinness, Isabella Blow, Anna Piaggi, and Gertrude Shilling, as well as the hats of celebrities including Dita Von Teese, Madonna, and Boy George. Film millinery was also featured, such as Beaton's own designs for the stage and screen versions of My Fair Lady and hats worn by Ava Gardner and Marlene Dietrich. The exhibition launched during London Fashion Week with a lavish party attended by famous clients and admirers of <mask>, including Piaggi, Daphne Guinness, Peter Blake, Erin O'Connor and Daisy Lowe. The exhibition and its accompanying book (also called Hats: An Anthology) were generally well received. A month after opening, record-breaking visitor attendance figures were reported.The Evening Standard gave the exhibition four stars out of five. In the Toronto Star, the exhibition and book were described as a celebration and a delight. The exhibition subsequently moved to New York City to be shown at the Bard Graduate Center of Decorative Arts, Design History and Material Culture, Bard College, until Spring 2012. For this exhibition, work by New York-based milliners such as Rod Keenan, Jennifer Ouellette, and Eugenia Kim, was incorporated into the show. See also
 Philip Treacy, Irish milliner based in London

External links

Me and Mr <mask> - <mask>cineshion

References

English fashion designers
People from the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
Milliners
People educated at Liverpool College
1957 births
Living people
Alumni of Saint Martin's School of Art
Officers of the Order of the

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title: Wally Lewis

texts:
<mask> AM (born 1 December 1959) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, and coached in the 1980s and 1990s. He became a commentator for television coverage of the sport. A highly decorated Australian national captain, <mask> is widely regarded as one of the greatest ever players of rugby league. His time as a player and coach was followed by a career as a sports presenter for the Nine Network. Nicknamed The King and also The Emperor of Lang Park, <mask> represented Queensland in thirty-one State of Origin games from 1980 to 1991, and was captain for thirty of them. He also represented Australia in thirty-three international matches from 1981 to 1991 and was national team captain from 1984 to 1989. <mask> is perhaps best known for his State of Origin performances, spearheading Queensland's dominance in that competition throughout the 1980s and winning a record 8 man of the match awards.<mask> has since been inducted into the Australian Rugby League Hall of Fame and in 1999 he became the sixth member of 'The Immortals'. In 2000, he was awarded the Australian Sports Medal for his contribution to Australia's international standing in the sport of rugby league. In February 2008, <mask> was named in the list of Australia's 100 Greatest
Players (1908–2007) which was commissioned by the NRL and ARL to celebrate the code's centenary year in Australia. <mask> went on to be named in the halves in the Kangaroos' Team of the Century. Announced on 17 April 2008, the team is the panel's majority choice for each of the thirteen starting positions and four interchange players. In June 2008, he was also chosen in the Queensland Rugby League's Team of the Century at five-eighth and captain. In October 2016, he became the 38th Legend of Australian Sport at the Sport Australia Hall of Fame awards.In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, <mask> was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for his role as a "sports legend". In 2011, <mask> was a recipient of the Queensland Greats Awards. Early

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title: Wally Lewis

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 life
<mask> was born in Hawthorne, Queensland on 1 December 1959. His father, Jimmy, played first grade rugby league at  or  for Brisbane clubs Wests and Souths, later becoming coach of the Wynnum-Manly club. His mother, June, was a Queensland representative netball player. When he was six years old, <mask> was playing rugby league with Cannon Hill Stars, usually at lock forward. He played in junior Queensland school teams, at times representing his state against New South Wales before a State or Test match at the Sydney Cricket Ground.<mask> attended Brisbane State High School during the 1970s. In 1977 while still in high school, <mask> also played representative rugby union as a Centre, touring Europe and Japan with the Australian schoolboys team alongside the likes of Tony Melrose, Michael O'Connor, and all three Ella brothers Mark, Glen and Gary, all of whom went on to represent The Wallabies, while O'Connor would become a dual international when he played alongside <mask> for the Kangaroos. The 1977 Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union tour of Great Britain would see the first of three times <mask> would make undefeated tours of Britain with Australian national teams. According to <mask>, <mask> and his brother are butchers by trade. Rugby League career

Fortitude Valley
Following his return to Australia from the 1977 Schoolboys tour, <mask> faced discrimination in the Queensland Rugby Union fraternity due to his rugby league background. After being told he would no longer be selected for any representative teams if he continues to play league, he immediately decided his future lay with rugby league, playing in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership with Valley's Diehards from 1978. His father <mask> was the coach of Valley's in 1978.Also in 1978, <mask> (and another young Brisbane based lock from Wests named Paul Vautin) turned down an offer to play in the famed Sydney premiership with the North Sydney Bears. While <mask> would remain in Brisbane in 1979, Vautin would go on to sign with 1978 Sydney premiers the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles. In 1979

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title: Wally Lewis

texts: <mask> made his senior début for Queensland from the bench in games played under the old State of Residence rules, and also played for a Brisbane representative side against the touring Great Britain Lions. With former Australian halfback Ross Strudwick now captain-coach of the Diehards, <mask> helped Valleys to premiership victory over the Wayne Bennett-coached Souths Magpies side in the BRL Grand Final at Lang Park. Playing in the centres for the Magpies that day was a 19-year-old cadet Policeman who would become a long serving Queensland and Australian teammate of <mask> in the coming decade, Mal Meninga. <mask> made the run-on side for Queensland in the inaugural State of Origin match in 1980 at lock forward alongside his hero Arthur Beetson who at the age of 35 was playing in his first ever game for his home state. There were some in the press who questioned his selection, claiming he should have started from the bench with well performed Brisbane Wests lock Norm Carr in the starting side.<mask> however had a hand in Queensland's first ever State of Origin try scored by Kerry Boustead. The following year a second State of Origin match was played, and captain-coach Arthur Beetson was a late withdrawal due to injury. In what proved to be a master stroke, Beetson coached the team from the sidelines and handed the captaincy over to 21-year-old <mask> who had moved from lock to play . His form for Queensland in both the two games played under the old residence system, and the one Origin game in which he scored one of four Qld tries, saw him selected to make his Test début for Australia in 1981, playing five-eighth in a 43–3 win over France at the SCG. At the Australian team's first training session (at Lang Park), coach Frank Stanton wasn't impressed with <mask>' fitness after he lagged behind in a set of 400 metre runs, though it was reported that <mask> wasn't alone and only lock forward Ray Price had completed the runs without too much trouble. During the game <mask> had a chance to score his first test try. Backing up a line break, <mask> received

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title: Wally Lewis

texts: the ball only 15 metres out with a clear path to the line.Hearing someone closing in from behind he passed the ball to his  partner Steve Mortimer to score before he could be tackled. After scoring Mortimer questioned <mask> as to why he passed as there was no French player near him. <mask> later saw a television replay which showed it was in fact the match referee who he could hear behind him. Ironically, the try was Mortimer's first test try in what was also his début test for Australia. In the 1982 State of Origin series <mask> got his second Origin try and his first man-of-the-match award in Origin and later that year was a member of the 1982 Kangaroo tour as tour vice-captain. The 1982 Kangaroos became the first side to go through Great Britain and France undefeated, earning themselves the nickname The Invincibles. The tour raged with selection controversy as for the opening game of the tour against Hull Kingston Rovers, Stanton chose Parramatta's Winfield Cup Grand Final winning halves Brett Kenny and Peter Sterling (though <mask> actually played from the bench), who went about cementing their selection for the first test.<mask> was left out of the first Ashes test against Great Britain at Boothferry Park in Hull and coach Frank Stanton had been less than impressed with his attitude to training and his off-field habits which had seen him actually gain weight. Stanton then challenged him to get back into shape and force his way back into the test team and <mask> did just that. He began training harder to lose the weight, including jogging back from training to the team base, the Dragonara Hotel in Leeds. His form also improved and he became a vital player from the bench in the final two tests at Central Park and Headingley. <mask>' finest moment on the tour came in the second half of the second test in Wigan. After coming on as a replacement for injured winger Eric Grothe (he come on to play 5/8 with Brett Kenny moving to the centres and Mal Meninga to the wing), <mask> fired a bullet-like 20 metre cut-out pass to Meninga who then scored in the

masks: Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis


title: Wally Lewis

texts: corner. Although the Kangaroos had soundly beaten Great Britain until that point of the series, <mask>' pass had a psychological effect on the Lions who were left wondering just how good the Australian's really were if they could afford to leave someone on the bench who could pass like that.Those long cut-out passes (something he learned playing junior rugby union and playing backyard football with his brothers) would become a feature of <mask>' game over the next 10 years. During the tour, <mask> captained his first game for Australia in an international when the Kangaroos defeated Wales in a "non-test" at Ninian Park in Cardiff. Playing in the s, <mask> was one of four try scorers in a 37–7 win for the Kangaroos, with fullback Steve Ella leading the way with four. <mask> also kicked four goals with the game played in driving rain. <mask> was selected at five-eighth for the first test against France on the French leg of the tour, but missed the second test after again dislocating his shoulder in a minor game between the tests which ended his tour as a player. In the first and third games of the 1983 State of Origin series, <mask> was named man-of-the-match. In 1983, <mask> also regained his test five-eighth spot from Brett Kenny for the two tests against New Zealand at Carlaw Park in Auckland, and at Lang Park.<mask> captained Queensland  as they toured Papua New Guinea and England part of the 1983–84 Rugby Football League season. He played in their 8-6 defeat against Hull Kingston Rovers followed up by a 40-2 victory over Wigan RLFC and a 2-58 win over Leeds Rhinos. <mask> played for English First Division side Wakefield Trinity (Heritage No. 928) for a short spell during the 1983–84 Rugby Football League season and he remains a favourite of Trinity fans, who named their fanzine <mask> is Coming. Trinity won 5 of 10 games during <mask>'s stay, including a win over St. Helens in which <mask> scored a hat-trick. After his last match on 12 February, Trinity did not win another game and were relegated to the second division. Initially, <mask> had been

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title: Wally Lewis

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 reluctant to sign with Wakefield after having played both club and representative football almost non-stop since the start of 1982, including the Kangaroo Tour and Queensland's three game tour of England at the end of 1983, when he came to the attention of Wakefield.The club asked him to name his price and, not believing that they could afford it, <mask> told them it would cost £30,000 for him to play in England (based on increases in average earnings, this would be approximately £140,100 in 2016). What he did not know was that a wealthy Wakefield businessman financially supported the club and was bankrolling their attempt to sign <mask> (who by the end of 1983 had been rated the best player in rugby league). Good to his word and despite being jaded and in need of a break, <mask> signed to play his only season of English club football and became the highest paid player in England at the time. Wynnum-Manly
Back in Australia, <mask> left Valleys and moved to the Wynnum-Manly Seagulls. In 1984 <mask> captained an Oceania team's 54–4 victory over an Anglo-French selection in an exhibition match Paris, returning to Brisbane after the match to continue playing for Wynnum-Manly. He gained the national captaincy for the first time in the 1984 Ashes series against Great Britain, winning a well publicised battle with Parramatta and NSW captain Ray Price. <mask> was also named player of the series for his performance as captain of the Brisbane Rugby League team that won the 1984 National Panasonic Cup Final against Sydney's Eastern Suburbs Roosters club.<mask> was named man-of-the match in the first two games of the 1984 State of Origin series, making it three consecutive Origin man-of-the-match awards. That year, he also won the Brisbane Rugby League premiership's grand final against Souths. The following year, <mask> was awarded the inaugural Golden Boot Award as the world's best international player in 1984. <mask> was man-of-the-match for Game II of the 1985 State of Origin series, becoming the second player, after Mal Meninga in Game 1 1982, from the losing

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title: Wally Lewis

texts: team to win the award. He then played in Wynnum-Manly's 1985 BRL grand final loss to a Souths Magpies team which included Gary Belcher, Mal Meninga and Peter Jackson. The Australian side toured New Zealand that year, winning the test series 2–1. The New Zealand tour was an unhappy one though, with coach Terry Fearnley, who had just led New South Wales to their first ever State of Origin series win, not getting along with captain <mask> or the other Queensland players and seemingly favoring NSW players, especially tour vice-captain Wayne Pearce.After winning the first two tests, Fearnley dropped four players from the team, all Queenslanders, in what Queensland Rugby League boss Senator Ron McAuliffe called a "Football Assassination". The changes to the team proved to be a disaster as the Kiwis defeated a disjointed Australia 18–0. The following year, internal problems between the Seagulls club board and its head coach Des Morris saw <mask> installed as Captain-coach of Wynnum-Manly. <mask> would lead the team, which included rep players Colin Scott, Gene Miles and Bob Lindner, to a 14–6 win over Brothers in the 1986 BRL Grand Final at Lang Park. He then became the first Queenslander since Tom Gorman in 1929–30 to be named as captain for a Kangaroo tour. Following the successful 1986 Kangaroo tour which the Australians went through undefeated to earn themselves the nickname The Unbeatables, 1985 Australian coach Terry Fearnley wrote an article for Rugby League Week that was highly critical of <mask>' captaincy based on his experiences during the 1985 New Zealand tour. Don Furner, who took over as Australian coach in 1986 before the mid-season test series against New Zealand, later told that while initially weary of working with <mask> based on Fearnley's public comments and <mask>' battles with Frank Stanton on the 1982 Kangaroo Tour, he encountered no problems with the Australian captain and the two formed a good personal and working relationship.Although Queensland lost the 1986 State of Origin series 3-0 to NSW, the first clean sweep in Origin

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 history, <mask> led the Australian's to a clean sweep of New Zealand in the mid-season test series, scoring a try in the 29-12 second test win at the SCG and the 32–12 win in the final game at Lang Park. Australia also won the opening test of the series 22–8 at Carlaw Park in Auckland. In 1987 <mask> was honoured as a Member of the Order of Australia "for service to rugby league football". Also that year King <mask>, a biography of <mask> written by Adrian McGregor was published. <mask> was also inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1987. 1987 saw <mask> lead Queensland to a 2-1 Origin series win over NSW, though NSW won a fourth exhibition game played at the Veterans Memorial Stadium in Los Angeles. The Australians only played one test in 1987, suffering a shock 13–6 loss to New Zealand at Lang Park in July.It was the second time in succession that the Kangaroos, fresh from an unbeaten Kangaroo Tour, had lost a test to the Kiwis in Brisbane. Brisbane Broncos
Several New South Wales Rugby League premiership clubs had attempted to lure <mask> south during the 1980s, including the Bob Fulton coached Manly-Warringah which came closest to contracting him in 1986. However, the QRL, fearing they were going to lose <mask> (easily their biggest star) and possibly his Wynnum-Manly, Qld and Australian teammate Gene Miles to Manly soon after losing Souths players Gary Belcher and Mal Meninga to the Canberra Raiders, blocked the move to Sydney and <mask> stayed with the Seagulls. In 1988, <mask> finally got to play in the Sydney premiership when he was signed by the Brisbane Broncos as inaugural captain of the side upon their inception in 1988, leading the new club to a 44–10 win over defending NSWRL premiers Manly at Lang Park in their first ever game. <mask> was the Broncos' top try-scorer in their first season and also later had the honor of scoring the club's first hat-trick. During the season <mask> was awarded the Harry Sunderland Medal as Australia's player of the 1988 Ashes series against Great Britain, whose 26–12 win in the dead rubber third

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 test at the Sydney Football Stadium (SFS) was their first test victory over Australia since 1978. <mask> and teammate Sam Backo also joined Ken Irvine as the only Australian players to score a try in each test of an Ashes series.On 20 July 1988 <mask> played for Australia in their record 62-point win over Papua New Guinea, scoring a try. At the end of the season he captained Australia to victory over New Zealand in the final of the 1985 - 1988 Rugby League World Cup. Australia won the game 25–12 in front of 47,363 fans at Auckland's home of rugby union Eden Park, though <mask> broke his right forearm in the 15th minute of the game while tackling Kiwi winger Tony Iro. After receiving treatment, he bravely played on for a further 20 minutes, making a number of one armed tackles despite being an obvious target in defense. Late in the first half when it became clear that with a 21–0 lead Australia would win the game, coach Don Furner replaced <mask> with Terry Lamb. <mask> won another man-of-the-match award in the second game of the 1989 State of Origin series. <mask> scored a famous try in the second half of the game played at the SFS, when he went on a 40-metre cross field run to the line where he outpaced a much younger Laurie Daley, and held off NSW fullback Garry Jack's tackle over the last 10 metres to score in the corner.From there <mask> was captain of the Australian team for their mid-season tour of New Zealand. At the end of the 1990 season, due to salary cap restrictions, <mask> was not made a large enough offer to keep him at the Broncos, with Bennett citing the need to retain younger talent. Gold Coast Seagulls and coaching
Following the souring of his relationship with the Broncos, <mask> was unwilling to move to Sydney for family reasons and in 1991, he joined the Gold Coast Seagulls and was appointed as captain by coach Malcolm Clift. He won his eighth and last man-of-the-match award in the first game of the State of Origin series that year, before playing both his last match for Queensland and Australia by the end of the season. He

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 captained and coached Gold Coast during the 1992 NSWRL season but again finished the season in last place. In their last match under <mask> as captain-coach, the Gold Coast defeated Penrith, thus denying the Panthers a place in the finals play-offs. The following year he stopped playing but continued coaching the Seagulls, but departed after a third consecutive wooden spoon.In his time coaching Seagulls, the club had won just 7 games out of 44 played, losing the last 16 in a row. <mask> played his last game for the Seagulls in a match against a South Australian 'Select' team (which included his longtime friend Paul Vautin, as well as St George Dragons players Ricky Walford and Jeff Hardy) at the Thebarton Oval in Adelaide on 7 November 1992, the night before the Australian Formula One Grand Prix. <mask> also coached the Queensland State of Origin side in 1993 and 1994 but never won a series. Legacy

<mask> is remembered for his creative, playmaking football and great on-field confrontations, most notably one in the 1991 State of Origin series with Mark Geyer. Years before that his and Brett Kenny's likenesses were put onto the State of Origin winner's shield. The <mask> Medal has been awarded to the Queensland player of the series in State of Origin from 1992 to 2003. Since 2004, it has been awarded to the player of the series from either side.A bronze statue of <mask> was raised at the entrance to Lang Park. The statue text reads:

<blockquote>
WALLY LEWIS
The Emperor of Lang Park

This honour was bestowed upon <mask> by the former Chairman of the Queensland Rugby League, Senator and acclaimed father of State of Origin, the late Ron McAullife, in recognition of the impact <mask> had on matches played at this ground across three decades.<mask> is arguably the greatest rugby league footballer of all time. He is one of only a handful of players to be named a Rugby League Immortal and was one of the six inaugural members of the Australian Rugby League Hall of Fame. He achieved the greatest honour in Rugby League: the captaincy of his country, but it was

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 his feats as Queensland skipper and playmaker in State of Origin that he achieved legendary status. He played 31 Origin games (30 as captain) and a record 8 Man of the Match awards over a 12-year period.The name <mask> is synonymous with State of Origin and Queensland Rugby League and continues to be an inspiration to future generations of footballers. </blockquote>

<mask> has also appeared in numerous advertisements during and after his football playing career. Examples include promotions for XXXX beer and Burger King.During the 2007 season at the Broncos' 20-year anniversary celebration, the club announced a list of the 20 best players to play for them to date which included <mask>. In December 2009 <mask> was inducted into the Queensland Sports Hall of Fame. Quotes
"<mask> has to be number one because he’s the only bloke who dominated the game at the highest level, in State of Origin, over a long period." Ray Warren, Australian sports commentator
"Certainly he's the best I've ever seen in the rugby codes, and my memory goes back to Raper and Gasnier, Catchpole and Hawthorne." Peter Meares, Australian sports commentator and writer. "<mask> is the greatest player at representative level I've seen – and I've seen some great players, I was there when Gas and Chook were at the end of their careers." Arthur Beetson, Australian former national team coach
"...all great players, but I haven't seen anyone step past or ahead of <mask>.You've got the right bloke in at No. 1." Steve Mortimer, former New South Wales captain. "For what it is worth, I rate him as the best footballer I ever laid eyes on." Bill Harrigan, leading referee
"I've got to say here and now <mask> is the greatest footballer I've seen, and all those great players knew that <mask> was the greatest." George Lovejoy, Queensland rugby league commentator

Personal life

<mask> was married to Jacqueline for 36 years, and together they have three children - two sons - Mitchell, Lincoln and a daughter, Jamie-Lee. Jackie began watching rugby league at the age of 5 when her grandparents would take her

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 to see her uncle play for the Cannon Hill Stars, which was the first club the young <mask> played for, though the couple didn't meet until years later when both were adults.<mask>'s son, Lincoln, was a full-time actor on the Seven Network television drama, Home and Away, winning a TV Week Logie Award for best male new talent. His other son, Mitchell is a presenter on the Nova FM radio station, Nova 106.9 in Brisbane as the station's sports reporter and assistant producer on the Ash, Kip, Luttsy & Susie breakfast show. His daughter Jamie-Lee was born profoundly deaf. The family got confirmation of this on the day of the final State of Origin game of the 1991 series, prompting <mask>'s decision to retire from Origin football following the game. Jamie-Lee is a water polo player who is currently on a scholarship to the Queensland Academy of Sport who has represented Australia, and is the first deaf person in the world to ever represent her country's national hearing team. In May 2010, <mask> was rushed to hospital and had his gallbladder removed. <mask> completed his autobiography, Out of the Shadows: A Champion's Return to the Spotlight, in 2009.<mask> is well known as a big fan of The Phantom comic series. Following his retirement from the sport, <mask> became a television sports presenter, first on Seven Nightly News Brisbane, before moving to the higher-rating Nine News Queensland'' where he remains today. Epilepsy
During the nightly news broadcast of 16 November 2006, <mask> previewed the sports segment but was not onscreen when the program returned from the commercial break, with newsreader Bruce Paige instead presenting the sports segment. A similar event occurred two weeks later, on 30 November, when <mask> appeared onscreen and began to read the autocue, saying "Good evening" before seeming distressed. A scheduled report was then played, with Paige delivering the rest of the bulletin. Following these events, <mask> was given medical leave for the rest of the year. The following night, <mask> revealed that he suffered from epilepsy.<mask> has

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 revealed in his book that his on-air disorientation was caused by the condition. On 21 February 2007, <mask> underwent brain surgery to help his epilepsy at Austin Hospital in Melbourne. The surgery was reported as a success by Gavin Fabinyi, Director of Neurosurgery. He has since made a full recovery. <mask> was not expected to make a return as a TV reporter until 29 January but delivered a flawless report alongside new sports presenter Steve Haddan. In September 2007, <mask> appeared on-air for the first time since the surgery, and by 2009 had returned to presenting on weeknights. <mask> is quoted as saying that "People come and ask me now about things (from his rugby league career) and I just don't remember them at all – that's absolutely frightening."<mask> said he wanted to work with epilepsy organisations and raise awareness about the condition. He is also the vice patron of the Hear and Say Centre, becoming involved with the charity organization after his daughter, Jamie-Lee, was born profoundly deaf. References

Further reading

External links

 <mask> profile at National Nine News
 <mask> at eraofthebiff.com
 <mask> at rl1908.com
<mask> interview at abc.net.au
Queensland Team of the Century named – article at nz.leagueunlimited.com

1959 births
Living people
Australia national rugby league team captains
Australia national rugby league team players
Australian rugby league coaches
Australian rugby league commentators
Brisbane Broncos captains
Brisbane Broncos players
Brisbane rugby league team players
Fortitude Valley Diehards players
Gold Coast Chargers coaches
Gold Coast Chargers players
Members of the Order of Australia
Nine News presenters
People from Redland City
People educated at Brisbane State High School
People with epilepsy
Queensland Greats
Queensland Rugby League State of Origin captains
Queensland Rugby League State of Origin coaches
Queensland Rugby League State of Origin players
Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
Rugby league five-eighths
Rugby league players from Brisbane
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Wakefield

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title: Fannia Cohn

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<mask> (April 5, 1885 – December 24, 1962) was a leading figure in the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) during the first half of the 20th century. She is remembered as one of the pioneers of the workers' education movement in the United States and as a prolific author on the theme of trade union education. Biography

Early years

<mask> was born on April 5, 1885 to an ethnic Jewish family in Kletsk, Belarus, then part of the Russian empire. She was the fourth of five children of a successful owner of a flour mill and his wife. Fannia received an education in private schools, with her parents encouraging their daughter to read extensively. <mask> was radicalized during her teenaged years in the Tsarist empire. At the age of 16 she joined the Socialist Revolutionary Party (PSR), the intellectual successor of the Narodnik movement of the 1870s.She was active in the Minsk section of the PSR, a secret revolutionary political party, for the next three years. Emigration to America

In 1904 her brother was nearly killed in an anti-Jewish pogrom, spurring <mask> to emigrate to the United States. Arriving in New York City, <mask> soon joined the Socialist Party of America. <mask> decided against further formal education in 1905, instead taking a job as a garment worker in order to participate directly in the Yiddish-language labor movement of New York City. In 1906 <mask> began her efforts to organize workers in the white goods trade. Organizing this particular trade was difficult because workers within it were of various nationalities and spoke different languages. During a 1908 strike of household linen makers, <mask> met Rose Schneiderman, with whom she became closely associated.Both <mask> and Schneiderman believed in the efficacy of recruiting female strike leaders from the union rank-and-file rather than relying upon a

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texts:
 male-dominated centralized union bureaucracy for the settlement of labor disputes. They employed this outlook to bridge the ethnic gaps amongst worker in the white goods trade, finding a leader amongst the women of different ethnicities who could speak to the workers in their own language and cultivating her organizing talents. This strategy was successful and by 1909 the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) recognized the white goods' worker's union. <mask> helped to organize Local 24 of the ILGWU in Brooklyn and was elected to the Executive Board of the local in 1909 at the young age of 46. She was elected Chair of the Executive Board in 1913 and remained in that position until 1914. During the years 1912 and 1913 <mask> played a prominent role as a leader of the strike movement of New York City's organized garment workers. In 1914 the National Women's Trade Union League (NWTUL), an organization established in 1903, launched a training school for women organizers, a year-long program combining academics and field work.New York ILGWU leader <mask> was one of the first three chosen to attend the program in Chicago. In 1915, she was asked by the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union to organize Chicago dressmakers and in doing so founded ILGWU Local No. 59. In connection with this activity, <mask> was a key leader of a major strike of Chicago garment workers which began late in 1915 and continued into the following year, serving as a general organizer for the ILGWU. In 1916 <mask> was elected as the first female vice president of the ILGWU. She would serve in this capacity until 1925. Workers' education

In 1918 <mask> took the leadership of the ILGWU's Education Committee, and eventually rose to become Vice President of the union.After being elected as the first female vice president of ILGWU, <mask> <mask> continued to

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 pioneer and promote an image of the labor movement that integrated education as well as personal growth. <mask>, soon after her promotion, lobbied for the establishment of an Education Department within the union and subsequently, served as secretary upon its launch. In the wake of this new educational reform, women within the union began to militantly mobilize due to their growing discontent with the ILGWU leadership and in turn, jumpstarted a rebellion that consequently crippled the union’s infrastructure. As a result, <mask> <mask> would be blamed for this rebellion as well as her failure to condemn it and would thus be castigated and ostracized from all fronts – including the militants she inspired. Cut off by union leaders, <mask> later channelled her activism into education, as she fostered some of the country's prominent scholars as allies and even teachers in her workers education courses. <mask> was instrumental in the formation of the Workers' Education Bureau of America in 1921. <mask> was a co-founder of  Brookwood Labor College in 1924, an initiative associated with labor educator A. J. Muste.She would serve as a director of Brookwood until 1933, also sitting on the board of Brookwood's Labor Publication Society, publisher of the magazine Labor Age. In 1932 <mask> was named a vice president of Brookwood Labor College, a position in which she remained until 1937. During her time at Brookwood, <mask> served as a mentor to Floria Pinkney, the first African-American labor organizer in the ILGWU. Conferences and political activity

<mask> <mask> was selected as an American delegate to the International Women's Conference held in Washington, DC in 1919. She was also a delegate to the 1st International Conference on Workers' Education, held in Brussels, Belgium in 1922. She served in a similar capacity at the 2nd International Conference

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 on Workers' Education, held in Oxford, England in 1924. In 1924 <mask> became active in the Conference for Progressive Political Action (CPPA), a group envisioned as an umbrella organization of progressive political and trade union activists leading towards the establishment of a labor party in the United States.<mask> was elected a member of the National Committee of the CPPA. Despite the failure of that organization to survive beyond 1925, <mask> remained active in left wing politics at least through the 1940s as a member of the League for Industrial Democracy. Death and legacy

<mask> <mask> retired from trade union affairs in 1961. She died in New York City on December 24, 1962. She was 77 years old at the time of her death. Footnotes

Works

 The Educational Work of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union: Report Submitted to the Conference of the Worker's Education Bureau of America, April 2, 1921. New York : Educational Dept., International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, [1921].Report of First International Conference on Workers' Education held in Brussels, Belgium, August 16th and 17th, 1922. With Spencer Miller. New York: Workers Education Bureau of America, n.d. [c. 1922]. Winning Workingmen to Unionism. New York: International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, n.d. [1920s]. Woman's Eternal Struggle: What Workers Education Will Do for Woman. New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, n.d. [c. 1932].The Uprising of the Sixty Thousand: The General Strike of the Dressmakers' Union, August 16, 1933. New York: International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, n.d. [1933]. A New Era Opens for Labor Education: Discussion at the Workers' Education Bureau Conference, October 2, 1933, Washington, DC. New York: Workers Education Bureau of America, n.d. [1933]. Social Responsibility. New York: Educational

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 International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 1947. Learn - Play - Act: A Program of Progressive Workers' Education. New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 1947. Philosophy of Workers' Education. n.c.: n.p., n.d. [c. 1948].Workers' Education: The Dream and the Reality. New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 1948. Adult Labor Education in a Troubled World: A Guide for Teachers. New York: International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 1958. Why Workers' Education? Los Angeles: n.p., n.d.

Further reading

 Ricki Carole Myers Cohen, <mask> <mask> and the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union. PhD dissertation.University of Southern California, 1976. Brian Dolber, "Sweating for Democracy: Working Class Media and the Struggle for 'Hegemonic Jewishness,' 1919-1941." PhD dissertation. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 2011. Louis Levine, The Women's Garment Workers: A History of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union. New York: B.W. Huebsch, 1924.Benjamin Stolberg, Tailor's Progress: The Story of a Famous Union and the Men Who Made It. New York: Doubleday, Doran and Co., 1944. External links
 New York Public Library Archives and Manuscripts – <mask> M<mask> Papers
Three groups of documents, including correspondence, writings (articles, speeches, plays, etc.) and ILGWU-related documents. ILGWU Education Department – <mask> <mask> Papers
Documentation of her work at the ILGWU from 1918 to 1961. 1885 births
1962 deaths
Jews of the Russian Empire
Belarusian Jews
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
Jewish socialists
Activists from New York City
Socialist Revolutionary Party politicians
Members of the Socialist Party of America
Leaders of American trade unions
International Ladies Garment

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<mask> (January 11, 1934 – September 24, 1999) was an American woman who claimed to be the mistress of U.S. president John F. Kennedy and Mafia leaders Sam Giancana and John Roselli. She was also known as <mask>, and <mask>. Early life
She was born <mask> in Fort Lee, New Jersey; Her parents were Frederick Immoor, an architect of German descent, and Katherine (née Shea), who was of Irish descent. When she was a child, her family moved to the Los Angeles area, where she grew up in Pacific Palisades. After her mother nearly died in an auto accident, <mask> withdrew from school at the age of 14 and was tutored at home. Her older sister Jacqueline later became an actress and took the professional name Susan Morrow. Marriage and family
In 1952, at the age of 18, <mask> married actor William Campbell; they divorced in 1958.Described as "stunningly beautiful," she claimed to have had an 18-month relationship with then-Senator John F. Kennedy, beginning in 1960, which continued after he was elected President of the United States. She had a son, David Bohrer, from a later relationship. In 1975, Campbell married again, to <mask>, a golfer. They separated in 1988. John F. Kennedy
According to Michael O'Brien of the Washington Monthly, on February 7, 1960, Frank Sinatra and Campbell were in Las Vegas, where Sinatra introduced her to John F. Kennedy, then a senator from Massachusetts and presidential candidate. In her 1977 memoir, she said that she became one of JFK's mistresses for a period of about two years, frequently visiting him in the White House after he was elected president. Her account was supported by phone records and other documentation, although Kennedy staff and supporters attacked her veracity when she published her memoir.A few months later in 1960,

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 Sinatra introduced Campbell to "Sam Flood," who was actually Sam Giancana, the leading figure in the Chicago Mafia. She also became involved with him and knew his associate John Roselli. Church Committee
Exner received national media attention when she testified in 1975 before the Church Committee investigating CIA assassination attempts on Fidel Castro. Roselli testified to the committee about Mafia involvement in the CIA attempt on Castro's life. When the Church Committee report was released in December 1975, it said that a "close friend" of President Kennedy had also been a close friend of mobsters John Roselli and Sam Giancana." Campbell's identity as the close friend was leaked to the Washington Post, which publicized it. William Safire in The New York Times also published it.The Committee had sent <mask> a subpoena to make her testify. By then, married to <mask>, <mask> called a press conference that month and denied any knowledge of Mafia involvement with Kennedy. Memoir
In 1977, <mask> published <mask>: My Story. In her memoir, she said that her relationship with Kennedy was entirely personal. She also said that Frank Sinatra later introduced her to Sam Giancana, with whom she also became intimate. She said that Giancana never asked her for any information related to Kennedy. She also said that John Roselli was her friend.Aside from her own alleged affair with JFK, <mask> claimed to have knowledge of other women who had affairs with Kennedy. These affairs included one with Danish journalist Inga Arvad between late 1941 and early 1942. <mask> also said that Kennedy brought prostitutes to the White House swimming pool. Journalists and some historians have also alleged that Kennedy had a number of affairs, citing a memo by FBI Director J. Edgar

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 Hoover as part of the evidence. <mask> said that President Kennedy's Special Assistant David Powers helped set up encounters with President Kennedy. Powers later stated that Kennedy never had an affair with <mask>. Later accounts
In a 1988 interview with Kitty Kelley of People magazine, <mask> told a very different story about Giancana and Kennedy.She said that she had lied to the Church Committee and in her memoir out of fear of Mafia retaliation. She said Kennedy had asked her to contact Giancana, and she helped set up a meeting between them during the 1960 presidential election. For about 18 months in 1960–61, "<mask> claimed she served as the president's link with the Mob. She crisscrossed the nation carrying envelopes between the president and Giancana, and arranged about 10 meetings between the two." She later claimed these messages concerned plans to assassinate the Cuban president Fidel Castro. In 1997, <mask> alleged more details and changed her story, in separate interviews with Liz Smith of Vanity Fair and Seymour Hersh. She said Kennedy told her of his plans related to Cuba, and used her to carry money to Giancana, as well as to arrange numerous meetings between him, Giancana and Roselli.She claimed to Smith to have terminated a pregnancy resulting from a last encounter in 1962 with Kennedy. She said that she had carried payoffs from California defense contractors to the Kennedys, including Robert F. Kennedy. A witness of Hersh's who appeared to support <mask>'s story of carrying money to Giancana later dropped his story. Both liberal and conservative critics have attacked these later accounts. They depend mostly on <mask> and are not supported by what is known of Kennedy and his staff. Her earlier accounts of her affair with Kennedy were

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 supported by FBI reports, Secret Service and White House phone logs and staff documentation. She has been described as an "unreliable witness," with a history of instability, depression and paranoia and, by then, she was suffering from cancer.Later years and death
<mask> <mask> lived in Newport Beach and was a painter. She died on September 24, 1999 in Duarte, California from breast cancer. In popular culture
<mask>'s memoir was adapted as a made-for-TV movie, Power and Beauty (2002), directed by Susan Seidelman, in which she was played by Natasha Henstridge. Material was added from accounts published after her 1977 memoir. Judy Campbell was portrayed in the 1998 HBO movie The Rat Pack by Michelle Grace. In the  2004 episode "In Camelot" of the TV series The Sopranos, the character of Fran Felstein is based on <mask>. Campbell was portrayed by Megan Vincent in the 2011 TV series The Kennedys.In 2016, she appeared as a character in the third episode of the first season of the television series Timeless, played by Elena Satine. References

Further reading

External links

1934 births
1999 deaths
Deaths from breast cancer
Writers from New York City
Writers from Los Angeles
Deaths from cancer in California
American women memoirists
20th-century American memoirists
20th-century American women writers
Mistresses of John F.

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