title: Matthias McDonnell Bodkin

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<mask> (8 October 1850 – 7 June 1933) was an Irish nationalist politician and MP. in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Anti-Parnellite representative for North Roscommon, 1892–95, a noted author, journalist and newspaper editor, barrister (King's Counsel (K.C. )), and County Court Judge for County Clare, 1907–24. Early life
<mask> was the second son of a doctor, <mask>, MD FRCSI, of Tuam, County Galway (a descendant of Tribes of Galway). His mother was <mask> of Westport, County Mayo, a cousin of Antony MacDonnell, 1st Baron MacDonnell (1844–1925). <mask> was educated at the Christian Brothers' school, Tuam and at Tullabeg Jesuit College. He had wanted to go to the Anglican Trinity College, Dublin but his family objected on religious grounds and he attended the Catholic University of Ireland, which had a strong Roman Catholic ethos, instead.He was scathing about this experience:"It is true I entered the so-called Catholic University, which had neither charter or endowment, and even obtained an exhibition on matriculation, but the business was so wholly futile that I abandoned it before six months was over, sacrificing my exhibition. A smattering of Terence was the only asset derived from that wasted six months." Career

Early legal career
<mask> was called to the Irish Law Bar in 1877 and entered practice as a barrister on the Connaught circuit. Journalistic career

<mask>'s journalistic career began with reporting work for the  Freeman's Journal  while he was still a law student. He became politically active at the time of the Coercion Act of 1887, and defended a number of Irish Nationalists in court. He first came to political prominence at the time of the split in the Irish Parliamentary Party over the leadership of Charles Stewart Parnell, when <mask> was a major protagonist on the anti-Parnellite Irish National Federation side. As deputy to William O'Brien, editor of the newspaper United Ireland, he

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Thomas Bodkin
Maria McDonnell
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title: Matthias McDonnell Bodkin

type: original

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 was in charge of the paper in O'Brien's absence in the USA at the time of the split in December 1890, and brought it firmly out against Parnell.He was ousted from the editor's office by force when Parnell and his supporters reclaimed the paper. He published an alternative Suppressed United Ireland and then The Insuppressible, which appeared up to 24 January 1891. Thereafter <mask> was a leader writer on the Insuppressible's anti-Parnellite successor, the National Press. Political career
At Timothy Healy's urging, <mask> stood for Parliament against the veteran Parnellite J.J. O'Kelly at North Roscommon in 1892, winning by 3,251 votes to 3,199, a margin of only 52 votes. He later wrote an account of the election campaign (and of his legal experiences) in White Magic (1897). He stood down at the end of his first term in 1895, saying that he could not afford to continue losing earnings from the Bar: "my poverty, and not my will, refused". O'Kelly regained the seat.Thereafter <mask> was chief leader writer on the Freeman's Journal. Jointly with Thomas Sexton he founded The Irish Packet in 1903. Later legal career
<mask>'s appointment as a County Court judge in 1907 was controversial among Nationalists who thought that offices should not be accepted from the British regime. The appointment was subjected to an unsuccessful legal challenge on the ground that <mask> had retired from the Bar at the time; when asked in Parliament what had induced the (illiterate) complainant to lodge his affidavit against <mask>, the then Chief Secretary for Ireland, Augustine Birrell, replied, apparently with complete truth:  ‘A pint of porter’. Maume (1999, p. 92) says <mask> had ‘dubious legal qualifications’, but there is no doubt that he had wide experience as a barrister and on his own account had defended some twenty people on capital charges. While a judge in 1921, <mask> published accounts of abuses by the Black and Tans in County Clare, which received wide

masks: Bodkin Bodkin Bodkin Bodkin Bodkin Bodkin Bodkin Bodkin


title: Matthias McDonnell Bodkin

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 publicity. Writings

<mask> was a prolific author, in a wide range of genres, including history, novels (contemporary and historical), plays, and political campaigning texts.The catalogues of the British Library and National Library of Ireland list some 39 publications between them. Some books were published under the nom de plume Crom a Boo. <mask> earned a place in the history of the detective novel by virtue of his invention of the first detective family. His character Paul Beck, a private detective with comfortable lodgings in Chester, was an Irish Sherlock Holmes with a very original yet logical method for detecting crime. Beck first appeared in Paul Beck, the rule of thumb detective in 1899. In the following year <mask>'s creation Dora Myrl, the lady detective, made her first appearance. In The Capture of Paul Beck (1909), <mask> had them marry each other and in 1911 their son appeared, in Paul Beck, a chip off the old block.Other titles in this series were The Quests of Paul Beck (1908), Pigeon Blood Rubies (1915) and Paul Beck, detective (1929). <mask>'s historical novel Lord Edward Fitzgerald (1896) was dedicated to William Gladstone with the latter's permission. It was one of three novels set at the time of the Irish Rebellion of 1798. <mask>'s autobiography Recollections of an Irish Judge is a valuable historical source, particularly on the Parnellite split, although being published when he was only 64 it does not cover the last 20 years of his life. Its title is misleading since it contains little on <mask>'s life as a judge, but a great deal on his experiences in politics and journalism. Selected publications
“The Devil's Work" on the Clanricarde Estate, London, Irish Press Agency, 1890
Poteen Punch: strong, hot and sweet, made and mixed by “Crom a Boo”, being a succession of Irish after-dinner stories, etc., Dublin, M. H. Gill & Son, 1890
Lord Edward Fitzgerald, An historical romance, Dublin, Talbot Press, 1896
White Magic: a novel,

masks: Bodkin Bodkin Bodkin Bodkin Bodkin Bodkin Bodkin


title: Matthias McDonnell Bodkin

texts:
 London, Chapman & Hall, 1897
In the days of Goldsmith, London, J. Long, 1903
Patsey the Omadaun, London, Chatto & Windus, 1904
The quests of Paul Beck, London, T. Fisher Unwin, 1908
Grattan’s Parliament, before and after, London, T. Fisher Unwin, 1912
Recollections of an Irish Judge: Press, Bar and Parliament, London, Hurst & Blackett, 1914
Ulster’s Opportunity: a united Ireland, by an Irish K.C., Dublin, Duffy, 1917
 Famous Irish Trials, Dublin & London, Maunsel, 1918
When Youth Meets Youth, Dublin, Talbot Press; London, T. Fisher Unwin, 1920
A Judicial Report on the devastation of County Clare, Dublin, Talbot Press, 1921
Guilty or Not Guilty?, Dublin, Talbot Press, 1929

Personal life
In 1885 he married Arabella, daughter of Francis Norman of Dublin.They had several children including Matthew, Jr. (b. 1896), who became a Jesuit priest and in his turn a well-known author mainly of religious works, and <mask>, who was the Director of the National Gallery of Ireland and the Barber Institute of Fine Arts. Two of <mask> and Arabella's daughters became nuns. Footnotes

Sources
Irish Independent, 8 June 1933
F. S. L. Lyons, The Fall of Parnell 1890–91, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1960
Patrick Maume, The Long Gestation:  Irish Nationalist Life 1891–1918, Dublin, Gill & MacMillan, 1999
Brian M. Walker (ed. ), Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922, Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, 1978
Who Was Who, 1929–1940

External links
  Catalogue of the Bodkin papers, National Archives of Ireland

 "The Capture of Paul Beck" at manybooks.net

1850 births
1933 deaths
Anti-Parnellite MPs
Irish Parliamentary Party MPs
Irish journalists
Irish barristers
Irish writers
Irish newspaper editors
Irish mystery writers
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Roscommon constituencies (1801–1922)
People educated at St Stanislaus College
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
Politicians from County Galway
UK MPs 1892–1895
Alumni of

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Matthias


title: Gan Ning

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<mask> () (died c. 220), courtesy name Xingba, was a Chinese military general serving under the warlord Sun Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty. Originally a notorious pirate, he gave up the life of a marauder in the late 190s and became a subordinate of Huang Zu, the Administrator of a commandery in present-day east-central Hubei. Disheartened by Huang Zu's indifferent attitude towards him, <mask>ng eventually left Huang and made his way into Wu territory (present-day eastern and southeastern China), where he found his calling and became a military officer under the warlord Sun Quan. Throughout his years of service under Sun Quan until his death, <mask>ng fought in numerous battles for his lord, including the battles of Jiangxia (208), Red Cliffs (208–209), Xiaoyao Ford (214–215) and Ruxu (217). Early Life
<mask>ng was from Linjiang County (臨江縣), Ba Commandery (巴郡), which is in present-day Zhong County, Chongqing. His ancestral home was actually in Nanyang, Henan; his ancestors migrated to Ba Commandery and settled there. When he was still a youth, he accepted an offer to serve as an accounting assistant in the local commandery office.He resigned and went home after serving for a short period of time. In his younger days, <mask> Ning was known to be very energetic and eager to behave like a youxia or vigilante. He gathered a group of wayward young men under his leadership to rob and plunder for a living. They armed themselves with bows and crossbows, wore feathers in their hats and tied bells on their bodies. The ringing of the bells alerted people to the presence of <mask> Ning and his gang. <mask> Ning's plundering and murderous ways made him infamous throughout Ba Commandery. On land, he and his gang travelled by riding on horses or in chariots in a certain formation; on water, they sailed on light vessels linked together.They also wore elaborate and flamboyant garments to

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 attract attention. When they stopped at a certain location, they used silk to tie their boats to the jetties; when they were departing, they cut the silk and abandoned it as a display of their extravagance. Among those who had dealings with <mask> Ning were some local officials. They treated <mask> Ning generously. In return, he befriended them and showed genuine feelings towards them. On the other hand, those who treated him badly suffered the fate of being robbed of their possessions by him and his gang. Even government officials were not spared.<mask> Ning led the life of a marauder until when he's over 20 years old. After Liu Yan, the governor of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing), died in 194, <mask> Ning rebelled against his son and successor, Liu Zhang. He received support from Liu He (劉闔), an official from the neighbouring Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan), and Liu Zhang's subordinates Shen Mi (沈彌) and Lou Fa (婁發). However, they failed and were forced to flee to Jing Province. Service under Liu Biao and Huang Zu
Gan Ning eventually decided to stop plundering and pillaging. He read some books and picked up ideas from the Hundred Schools of Thought. Later, he brought along 800 men to join Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan), and was stationed in Nanyang Commandery.Liu Biao had a scholarly background and was not proficient in military affairs. Around the time, chaos had broken out all around China as contending warlords fought each other for territorial gains and hegemony over the empire. <mask> Ning observed that Liu Biao was doomed to failure and was worried that he would be affected, so he and his followers planned to head east towards the Wu (or Jiangdong) region, which was under the control of the warlord Sun Ce and later Sun Quan. When they reached Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡; present-day

masks: Gan Gan Gan Gan Gan


title: Gan Ning

texts: eastern Hubei) in eastern Jing Province, they could not cross the border into Wu territory as Sun Quan was at war with Liu Biao at the time. <mask> Ning thus remained at Jiangxia and became a subordinate of the commandery administrator, Huang Zu, who did not recognise his talent and treated him coldly for three years. In 203, Sun Quan led his forces to attack Huang Zu and defeated him at the Battle of Xiakou. <mask> <mask>, a skilled archer, led a detachment of troops as backup and came to Huang Zu's rescue.He fired an arrow which killed Ling Cao, a colonel under Sun Quan, thus saving Huang Zu's life. Huang Zu did not change his attitude towards <mask> Ning after the incident. Su Fei (蘇飛), an area commander under Huang Zu, recommended <mask> Ning as a talent but Huang Zu ignored him. Huang Zu even attempted to induce <mask> Ning's followers to abandon their leader and join him instead; some of them agreed. <mask> Ning was very unhappy with Huang Zu and wanted to leave him, but was worried that Huang Zu would not allow it so he felt very frustrated. Su Fei understood <mask> Ning's frustration so he invited him for drinks and said: "I recommended you to Huang Zu many times, but he doesn't want to make good use of your talents. As days pass, people grow older.You should make plans for your future and find someone who truly appreciates your talents." <mask> Ning paused for a moment before replying: "That's what I have in mind, but I can't find an excuse to leave." Su Fei then said: "I will suggest to Huang Zu to appoint you as the chief of Zhu County (邾縣; northwest of present-day Huanggang, Hubei). Although it may be a difficult start, it will eventually become easier for you to decide where to go from there." After Huang Zu approved Su Fei's suggestion, <mask> Ning gathered a few hundred men who were willing to follow him and headed towards Zhu County. From there, they crossed the

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 border into the Jiangdong territories. Battle of Jiangxia

When <mask> Ning brought his followers to Jiangdong, Zhou Yu and Lü Meng recommended him as a talent to their lord, Sun Quan.Sun Quan felt that <mask> Ning was an extraordinary man and treated him like an old friend. <mask> Ning proposed:

Sun Quan wanted to follow <mask> Ning's plan, but his adviser Zhang Zhao strongly objected: "The territories in Wu have not been completely pacified yet. If we proceed with this campaign, I am afraid there will be chaos." <mask> Ning rebuked Zhang Zhao: "Our lord has entrusted responsibilities to you as if you were Xiao He. If you can't even be confident that there won't be chaos under your watch, how can you expect to be like Xiao He?" Sun Quan then raised his glass to <mask> Ning and said: "Xingba, I have decided to put you in charge of the campaign this year just as I offer this drink to you. You should strive your best to come up with a strategy to defeat Huang Zu.Once you have proven yourself, you won't need to take Zhang Zhao's words to heart." In the spring of 208, Sun Quan led his forces west to attack Huang Zu at Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡; around present-day Xinzhou District, Wuhan, Hubei) and succeeded in defeating and capturing Huang Zu alive, as well as taking control over his troops. <mask> Ning was placed in command of some soldiers and ordered to garrison at Dangkou (當口). Sometime in the late 200s to early 210s, <mask> Ning were involved in a revolt orchestrased by some officials against the newly ascended Liú Zhāng, who replacing his father who has just passed away. Liú Zhāng sent Zhào Wěi (趙韙), a key ally of his late father, to march on the rebels and managed to suppress the rebels and forced them to flee into Jīngzhōu (荊州) in the east. Saving Su Fei
Before the campaign, Sun Quan had prepared two boxes for containing the heads of Huang Zu and Su Fei (蘇飛). After the

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 battle, Su Fei, who had become a prisoner-of-war, immediately asked someone to inform <mask> Ning.<mask> Ning said: "If Su Fei didn't say anything, I would have forgotten about him." Later, when Sun Quan and his officers were celebrating the victory, <mask> Ning left his seat and knelt down before Sun Quan. He kowtowed until his face was covered in blood and, with tears in his eyes, he pleaded with Sun Quan: "I owe Su Fei a favour. If not for him, I'd have been dead and my body abandoned in a ravine. I'd not have been able to serve under you. Now, even though Su Fei's actions warrant death, I still hope you can spare him." Sun Quan was moved and he asked: "What if he leaves after I spare his life?"<mask> Ning replied: "Su Fei will be grateful if he is spared from death. He won't leave even if you try to chase him away. Why would he still court his own doom? If he really does that, I am willing to use my head to replace his in the box." Sun Quan then pardoned Su Fei. Red Cliffs campaign

In the winter of 208–209, <mask> Ning fought in the Battle of Red Cliffs under Zhou Yu's command against the forces of Cao Cao, and defeated the enemy at Wulin (烏林). He also participated in the subsequent Battle of Jiangling.Sun Quan's forces, led by Zhou Yu, attacked Cao Cao's general Cao Ren at Nan Commandery (南郡; around present-day Jiangling County, Hubei) but were unable to conquer the city. <mask> Ning suggested that he lead a separate force to capture Yiling (夷陵; around present-day Yichang, Hubei). He had only a few hundred soldiers with him when he reached Yiling but the strength of his army increased to around 1,000 after he recruited some men in the area. Cao Ren sent 5,000 to 6,000 troops to besiege <mask> Ning at Yiling. Cao Ren's men built high towers, from which they rained arrows upon Yiling. <mask> Ning's men were terrified but their commander remained calm. He sent a messenger to


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 request aid from Zhou Yu, who heeded Lü Meng's plan and led reinforcements to help <mask> Ning while leaving behind Ling Tong to defend their position.Zhou Yu, Lü Meng and the others succeeded in lifting the siege at Yiling, while Ling Tong managed to hold his ground well for that period of time. Eventually, Cao Ren was ordered to abandon Nan Commandery because the prolonged war had drained much manpower and resources on Cao Cao's side, and this resulted in the capture of the commandery by Sun Quan's forces. Guan Yu's shallows

In 215, Sun Quan had disputes with his ally Liu Bei over the division of southern Jing Province between their respective domains. Sun Quan sent Lü Meng and Ling Tong to seize the three commanderies of Changsha (長沙), Lingling (零陵; around present-day Yongzhou, Hunan) and Guiyang (桂陽; around present-day Chenzhou, Hunan) from Liu Bei, and then ordered Lu Su to station at Yiyang as a precaution against any retaliation by Liu Bei's general Guan Yu, who was in charge of his lord's territories in southern Jing Province. <mask> Ning joined Lu Su at Yiyang. Guan Yu claimed he had 30,000 troops as he selected 5,000 elite troopers to the upstream shallows located some 10 li away from Yiyang, and planned to cross the shallows at night. Lu Su held a discussion with his subordinates on how to deal with Guan Yu.At the time, <mask> Ning had only 300 men under him and he told Lu Su,

"If you give me another 500 troops, I will go to confront Guan Yu. I assure you that Guan Yu won't dare to cross the waters when he hears of my approach. But if he does, I will capture him." Lu Su then chose 1,000 troops and put them under <mask> Ning's command. <mask> Ning headed towards Guan Yu's position at night. As <mask> Ning expected, Guan Yu did not cross the shallows and instead set up camps there. That place was thus named 'Guan Yu's Shallows' (關羽瀨).Sun Quan was so pleased with

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 <mask> <mask>'s achievement that he appointed him as the Administrator (太守) of Xiling Commandery (西陵郡) and let him oversee the counties of Yangxin (陽新) and Xiazhi (下雉; east of present-day Yangxin County, Hubei). Battle of Xiaoyao Ford

In early 215, <mask> Ning was involved in an attack on Cao Cao's garrison at Wan County (皖縣; in present-day Qianshan County, Anhui) and was in charge of the unit assigned to scale the fortress's walls. Armed with a chain, he was the first to climb up the walls and his men captured Wan County's defending commander, Zhu Guang (朱光). Lü Meng earned the top credit while <mask> Ning received the second highest credit for the victory. <mask> Ning was promoted to General Who Breaks and Charges (折衝將軍). Later that year, <mask> Ning participated in Sun Quan's campaign to seize control of Hefei, which was defended by Cao Cao's general Zhang Liao. Sun Quan was unable to capture Hefei after besieging the city for days and suffering defeats in the initial skirmishes, and he eventually withdrew his forces when a plague broke out in his army.Sun Quan's other units retreated first, while Sun Quan himself remained behind at Xiaoyao Ford (逍遙津) with only about 1,000 men and a few officers (including Lü Meng, Jiang Qin, Ling Tong and <mask> Ning). When Zhang Liao saw that, he seized the opportunity to launch a devastating counterattack and throw the enemy into confusion. <mask> Ning led a group of archers to fire arrows at the enemy while Ling Tong and the others fought fiercely to protect their lord. <mask> Ning shouted at the men to beat the war drums and blow the horns loudly to raise the army's morale. Sun Quan eventually succeeded in escaping but his forces sustained heavy losses. He praised <mask> Ning for his acts of courage after the battle. Battle of Ruxu

Two years later in 217, Cao Cao personally led an army, said to be 400,000 strong, to attack Sun Quan's

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 garrison at Ruxu (濡須).Sun Quan led about 70,000 troops to counter the enemy. <mask> Ning commanded the 3,000 strong vanguard. Sun Quan gave a secret order for <mask> Ning to attack the enemy under the cover of nightfall, so <mask> Ning selected 100 elite soldiers. Before the battle, Sun Quan sent food and wine to <mask> Ning and his men. After the feast, <mask> Ning poured wine into a silver bowl and drank two bowls before offering it to an officer. The officer knelt down and did not dare to take the bowl, so <mask> Ning drew his sword, placed it on his lap and said: "You respect our lord but not me? I don't fear death.Why do you fear death?" The officer saw that <mask> Ning was very stern so he obliged and drank from it and then ordered each soldier to drink one bowl of wine." When it was nearing midnight, <mask> <mask> and his 100 men raided Cao Cao's camp and destroyed some defensive structures and killed dozens of enemy soldiers. Cao Cao's troops were shocked so they sounded the alarm and lit up the entire camp with torches. By then, <mask> Ning and his men had already returned safely to their own camp, where they beat their drums, blew their horns, and shouted "wansui!" Later that night, <mask> Ning went to see a delighted Sun Quan, who told him: "Were your actions enough to frighten the old man (Cao Cao)? I had the opportunity of witnessing your valour."Sun Quan then rewarded <mask> Ning with 1,000 rolls of silk and 100 swords. He also remarked, "Mengde (Cao Cao) has Zhang Liao while I have Xingba. I can match him." Cao Cao withdrew his armies from Ruxu after slightly more than a month. <mask> Ning commanded even greater respect among Sun Quan's forces and the number of troops under his command increased by 2,000. Death
When <mask> Ning died, Sun Quan deeply lamented his death. No further details about <mask> Ning's death were provided in his biography in the

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 Sanguozhi.However, the Jiankang Shilu recorded that <mask> Ning died in the winter of 215–216, while the Australian sinologist Rafe de Crespigny estimated that <mask> Ning died around 220. Family
Gan Ning's ancestor was <mask> Mao (甘茂), a chancellor of the Qin state in the Warring States period. <mask> <mask>'s son, <mask> Gui (甘瓌), was exiled to Kuaiji Commandery (around present-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang) for committing an offence and died not long later. <mask> Shu (甘述), another son of <mask> Ning, served as a Master of Writing (尚書) in the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. <mask> Shu's son, <mask> Chang (甘昌), served as the Crown Prince's Tutor (太子太傅) in Wu. <mask> Chang had a son – <mask> Zhuo (甘卓), whose courtesy name was Jisi (季思). <mask> Zhuo served as Senior General Who Guards the South (鎮南大將軍) and Governor of Jing Province (荊州牧) during the Jin dynasty.Evaluation
Although <mask> <mask> was rough and murderous in his ways, he was also jovial, gregarious, and capable of using strategy. He respected virtuous persons and had little regard for monetary wealth. He treated his men well and they were also willing to fight for him with their lives. Conflict with Ling Tong
Ling Tong (Ling Cao's son) never forgave <mask> <mask> for killing his father at the Battle of Xiakou in 203. <mask> Ning was always on the defensive against Ling Tong and deliberately avoided meeting him. Sun Quan also ordered Ling Tong to not seek vengeance on <mask> Ning. There was one incident during a banquet held in Lü Meng's house, where both <mask> Ning and Ling Tong were present.When Ling Tong was performing a sword dance to entertain the guests, <mask> Ning stood up and said, "I can also perform with my pair of jis." Lü Meng told <mask> Ning: "You may be good in performing, but you're not as good as me." He then drew his sword and carried a shield and stood between Ling Tong and <mask>

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 Ning to separate the two of them. When Sun Quan heard about the incident, he relocated <mask> Ning to a garrison at Banzhou (半州). Dispute with Lü Meng
One of <mask> Ning's servants committed an offence and was afraid of being punished so he sought shelter under Lü Meng. Lü Meng feared that <mask> Ning would kill the servant so he did not send the servant away. Later, when <mask> Ning visited Lü Meng's house and brought along gifts for the latter's mother, Lü brought the servant out to meet <mask>, and Gan promised to spare the servant.However, <mask> Ning reneged on his word later as he tied the servant to a tree and personally killed him by firing arrows at him. After that, he went back to his boat and ordered his men to lengthen the hawsers while he undressed and rested inside the cabin. Lü Meng was furious when he heard that <mask> Ning had killed the servant so he gathered his own men and prepared to confront <mask>. <mask> Ning continued resting when he heard Lü Meng approaching. Lü Meng's mother came out of the house barefooted and chided her son: "The lord (Sun Quan) treats you like his family and entrusts you with important responsibilities. How can you kill <mask> Ning just because you have a private feud with him? If <mask> Ning dies, even if the lord does not inquire into the incident, you have already overstepped your role as a subject."Lü Meng was a filial son so his anger subsided after listening to his mother. He then went to <mask> <mask>'s boat, laughed and said: "Xingba, my mother is treating you to a meal. Come up quickly!" <mask> Ning wept and replied: "I have let you down." He followed Lü Meng to meet his mother and they feasted for the whole day. In popular culture

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
<mask> Ning appears as a character in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which romanticises the historical events before and

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 during the Three Kingdoms period. Some of the actual events in his life are exaggerated or dramatised in the novel.The description of <mask> <mask>'s night raid on Cao Cao's camp at the Battle of Ruxu in the novel is more vivid as compared to that mentioned in his biography. Before the raid, Ling Tong leads 3,000 troops to engage the enemy and duels with Zhang Liao before he receives orders to retreat. When <mask> Ning sees that, he tells Sun Quan: "Tonight I'll bring only 100 men to raid Cao Cao's camp. If I lose a single soldier, this won't count as a contribution." That night, he leads 100 horsemen to attack Cao Cao's camp and all of them return alive after inflicting heavy damage and casualties on the enemy. <mask> Ning kills Ling Tong's father, Ling Cao, at the Battle of Xiakou in 203. Since then, even after <mask> Ning comes to serve Sun Quan, Ling Tong still holds a grudge against him.Their conflict is dramatised in chapters 67–68 of the novel, and is eventually resolved after <mask> Ning saves Ling Tong's life. <mask> <mask>'s death is described in Chapter 83. He is killed at the Battle of Xiaoting by the tribal king Shamoke, an ally of Liu Bei. Modern era depictions

<mask> Ning is featured as a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series. See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

Appendix

Notes

References

Chen Shou

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi). Pei Songzhi

 Pei, Songzhi (5th century).Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu). Others

Bibliography
 Fang, Xuanling (ed.) (648). Book of Jin (Jin Shu). Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi). Xu, Song ( 8th century).Jiankang Shilu (建康實錄). Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Chinese pirates
Deified Chinese people
Liu Biao and associates
Generals under Sun Quan
Han

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title: Jacob Hite

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<mask> (1719-1776) was one of the wealthiest men in what is now Berkeley County, West Virginia. Hite had come to the Valley with his father in the early 1730s. A prominent family, Hite had served as sheriff twice for Frederick County and also as justice of the peace for that county as well as Berkeley. His son, Thomas, was a member of the House of Burgesses. Hite is most famous for his assault on the Martinsburg county jail in April 1774 and his rivalry with Adam Stephen. Early life
He was the son of a highly successful Shenandoah Valley land speculator, <mask>, a German immigrant, and Anna Maria (Merkle) <mask>, both of Bonfeld, Duchy of Wurttemberg. His sister, Magdalena (<mask>) Chrisman, is an ancestor to Major League Baseball pitcher Tug McGraw and country music star Tim McGraw.Business scheme
In the late 1760s, <mask> and his business partner, Richard Pearis, created a scheme to obtain a large tract of land from Cherokee Indians, using Pearis' son, George, who was half-Cherokee, as a pawn. Cherokee headmen viewed men like George Pearis as useful diplomatic bridges to the British. George obtained a  tract of land just west of South Carolina from the headmen. He then sold it to his father and Hite. Though the scheme was clever, a British official feared it may provoke the Cherokees to join an anti-British confederation Indian diplomats were forming at the time. The official persuaded a South Carolina court to void the deal. Financial troubles
The voided deed to the Cherokee land left Hite in serious financial trauma.He had no means of paying a large debt that he owed to James Hunter, a Scottish trader. Hunter was feeling pressure from his own creditors in England and demanded Berkeley County sheriff Adam Stephen to auction

masks:
Jacob Hite
Jost Hite
Hite
Hite
Hite


title: Jacob Hite

texts:
 off enough of Hite's estate to pay the debt. Stephen and several deputies went to Hite's plantation and seized fifteen of Hite's slaves and twenty-one of his horses, and brought them to the county jail in Martinsburg-the county seat-to be put up for auction. Pennsylvania Chronicle, Sep 26—Oct 3, 1772:152, advertisement: On Thursday, the 15th of October next, will be sold by Public Vendue, on the premises {pursuant to a decree of the County Court of Frederick, in the colony of Virginia, for satisfying a debt due from <mask>e to Richard and Peter Footman, Francis Richardson, Clement Biddle, and Daniel Wisser} A valuable tract of land, containing 3118 Acres {more or less} with the dwelling-house, stores, and buildings thereon erected, situate in Berkeley County, {formerly part of Frederick County} within  of Winchester, on the great road leading thence from Shweringan's Ferry. The said tract is well watered and improved, being the plantation whereon the said <mask>e now lives, and from its situation, and other great improvements and advantages, is esteemed equal to any place in Frederick County.--Also, twenty-seven valuable Negro Slaves [Sep 17, 1772]. Assault on the Martinsburg Jail
Hite vigorously resented his property being taken in this manner. He wrote to his neighbor and friend Horatio Gates that the sale was to take place and threatened to stop it or sue any man who bought his property.The threat was accompanied by the more peaceful, though contradictory, suggestion that Gates and other friends of Hite's buy the property at the sale and Hite would pay them back. Gates, however, used a more direct way to aid Hite. Acting in his authority as a magistrate, Gates allowed Hite to proceed against those persons who were "active

masks:
Jacob Hit
Jacob Hit


title: Jacob Hite

texts:
 was extremely bitter, it was never resolved.Stephen headed off to fight in the American Revolutionary War and shortly after the printing of Stephen's rebuttal of Hite's accusations, Hite was killed by a band of Cherokee Indians upon returning to his new home in South Carolina. Dateline, Williamsburg, Aug 30, 1776, passing along news from Mr. William Harrison, that "Captain John Hingston, with a number of settlers, arrived at Licking creed, near the Kentucky...Mr. Harrison likewise informs, that Mr. <mask>, who lately removed from Berkeley county to the neighbourhood of the Cherokee country, with his family and a large parcel of negroes, were murdered at his own house by those savages, with most of his slaves, and his wife and children carried off prisoners; his son, who was in the Cherokee country, was likewise murdered. The Shawnee, Delawares, and Mingoes, had not met our commissioners, although two expresses had been sent to them for that purpose...". References

Resources
Hart, Freeman H. The Valley of Virginia in the American Revolution: 1763-1789. New York: Russell and Russell, 1942. Holton, Woody. Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, & the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia.Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999. Ward, Harry M. Major General Adam Stephen and the Cause of American Liberty. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1989. 1717 births
1776 deaths
18th-century American landowners
American people of German descent
American planters
American slave owners
Colonial American justices of the peace
People from Berkeley County, West Virginia
People of pre-statehood West Virginia
Virginia colonial people
Virginia sheriffs
West Virginia colonial people
Deaths by violence in the


title: Nigel Evans

texts:
<mask>   (born 10 November 1957) is a British politician serving as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Ribble Valley constituency in Lancashire since 1992. A member of the Conservative Party, he was Joint Executive Secretary of the 1922 Committee from 2017 to 2019. He served as First Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means, one of the Speaker's three deputies, from 2010 to 2013. He was elected as Second Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means in 2020. He is a strong critic of the European Union and supported Brexit in the 2016 EU Referendum. He has since been supportive of Leave Means Leave, a Eurosceptic campaign group and backed Boris Johnson for Prime Minister. He has however since refrained from campaigning on issues such as Brexit in order to fulfill his role as one of the deputy speakers.Early life
<mask> was born on 10 November 1957 in Swansea. He was educated locally at the Dynevor School, and at University College of Swansea, where he gained a Bachelor of Arts degree in politics in 1979. He was involved in the management of his family's newsagent's and convenience store in Swansea. Political career
In 1985, <mask> was elected as a councillor to the West Glamorgan County Council. In 1990, he became the deputy Conservative group leader, before standing down as a councillor in 1991. He contested Swansea West at the general election of 1987, but was defeated by former minister Alan Williams by 7,062 votes. He was selected to contest the 1989 Pontypridd by-election in Pontypridd, following the death of Brynmor John, the seat's Labour MP.<mask> was defeated by Kim Howells by 10,794 votes. He fought his third election in the same parliament when he was selected to contest the normally "safe" Conservative seat of Ribble Valley, in the by-election

masks:
Nigel Martin Evans
Evans
Evans
Evans


title: Nigel Evans

texts: caused by the resignation of David Waddington to become the Leader of the House of Lords in 1990. <mask> was again defeated on 7 March 1991, when Mike Carr gained the seat for the Liberal Democrats by 4,601 votes. <mask> won Ribble Valley from the Liberal Democrats at the general election of 1992, defeating Carr by 6,542 votes, and has remained the constituency's MP since then. He made his maiden speech on 20 May 1992. He was appointed as the Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to the Secretary of State for Employment David Hunt in 1993, and remained Hunt's PPS when he was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in 1994. In 1995, <mask> became the PPS to Tony Baldry the Minister of State at the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in 1995, and in 1996, he became the PPS to the new Secretary of State for Wales William Hague.With the Conservative Party not winning a single seat in Wales at the general election of 1997, <mask> was drafted onto the frontbench by former prime minister John Major as a spokesman on Welsh Affairs. He became a member of the Shadow Cabinet under Iain Duncan Smith as the Shadow Secretary of State for Wales from 2001 to 2003. He had publicly criticised the government for not having a dedicated Secretary of State for Wales in a cabinet post, so when the new Conservative leader Michael Howard decided to take the role outside of the Shadow Cabinet, <mask> chose to return to the backbenches. He became a member of both the Trade and Industry and the Welsh Affairs Select committees in 2003. In November 2004, <mask> was appointed a Vice-Chairman of the Conservative Party, with specific responsibility for overseeing Conservatives Abroad and mobilising the Conservative vote overseas. He returned to the back

masks: Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans


title: Nigel Evans

texts:
 benches on the election of David Cameron as party leader in 2005, deciding to dedicate more time to his work on the Council of Europe and Western European Union. He has been a member of the Culture Media and Sport Select Committee since the general election of 2005.In November 2009, <mask> was ranked as the 570th most expensive MP out of the 646 MPs in the UK Parliament, based on his expenses claims. Criticism was drawn over his £375 a month expense on phone bills, and his purchase of four digital cameras in 18 months. <mask> later attracted criticism for saying that he struggled to live on his salary of over £64,000 per year. He responded by saying that the comments were made in jest. On 8 June 2010, <mask> was elected First Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means, and a Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons. This was the first time the three Deputy Speakers had been elected by secret ballot of all MPs. <mask> supported Brexit in the 2016 European Union referendum.On 8 January 2020, he was elected as Second Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means by the MPs. Political views
<mask> is a supporter of the proposal to make 23 June a public holiday in the United Kingdom, to be known as British Independence Day. Following a Parliamentary debate on the topic, the announcement from the government of the United Kingdom to not proceed with the holiday at present, he said it was "a shame the government has made this decision, this is an absolute belter of an idea." On the issue of climate change, in 2008 <mask> expressed his belief in the solar variation theory, the causes of warming on the earth and on other planets being sunspots. He praised the television documentary The Great Global Warming Swindle as "one of the best and most controversial programmes


title: Nigel Evans

texts:
 I've ever seen on television, particularly for those who don't like being spoonfed by Al Gore". Arrest and trial
On 4 May 2013, <mask> was arrested on suspicion of rape and sexual assault. His trial began on 10 March 2014.He was acquitted of all charges on 10 April 2014. In 2012, he had supported large cuts to legal aid which became part of the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO); in 2018, after losing his life savings defending himself in 2014, <mask> said that the experience had shown him that "It's wrong, completely wrong, to remove people's right to have expert legal representation ... We're definitely talking about justice being denied as a result of LASPO." Hannah Quirk, a criminal law lecturer at King's College London, referred to him as a victim of the so-called 'innocence tax'. Personal life
On 18 December 2010, following the death of his 86-year-old mother, <mask> revealed to The Mail on Sunday that he was gay. He lives in Pendleton, Lancashire, a village in his constituency. References

External links
<mask> MP official site

ePolitix.com – <mask> MP
Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: <mask> MP

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1957 births
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Gay politicians
Independent members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Independent politicians in the United Kingdom
LGBT members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
LGBT politicians from Wales
Living people
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People acquitted of sex crimes
People educated at Dynevor School, Swansea
Politicians from Swansea
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Welsh

masks:
Evans
Evans
Evans
Nigel Evans
Nigel Evans
Nigel Evans


title: Washington Goode

texts:
<mask> (1820 – May 25, 1849) was an African-American sailor who was hanged for murder in Boston in May 1849. His case was the subject of considerable attention by those opposed to the death penalty, resulting in over 24,000 signatures on petitions for clemency to Massachusetts governor George N. Briggs. His trial was presided over by Justice Lemuel Shaw who the following year would sentence Professor John White Webster to death for the murder of Harvard Medical School benefactor, George Parkman, another trial that would capture Boston's imagination and blur the lines of distinction between opponents and advocates of capital punishment. <mask>'s trial was reported widely in the newspapers, including The Tioga Eagle of June 13, 1849, published in Wellsboro, Pennsylvania, which carried a brief notice of his hanging:

<mask>,a colored man, was hung
at Boston on Friday, for the murder of Thomas
Harding. He made a desperate attempt the
night previous to commit suicide by cutting the
veins of his arm with glass, and swallowing tobacco
and tarred rope. Goode was only 20 [sic]
years of age, and was with General Taylor
through all the Florida War. He protested
his innocence to the last.Life

<mask> was born in 1820 in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania. He lived for a time in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. <mask> reportedly fought for General Zachary Taylor who would eventually become the twelfth president of the United States in the Florida war. There is some discrepancy to the date and place of <mask>'s birth. While <mask> claimed to have been born in Pennsylvania, his uncle George Myres claimed that <mask> was born in Baltimore, Maryland and was 28 years of age in 1849 which would have made his birth year 1821. His uncle also claimed that 15-year-old <mask> accompanied him to Boston in 1836 and after settling among the city's small black population, began working as a servant on

masks:
Washington Goode
Goode
Washington Goode
Washington Goode
Goode
Goode
Goode
Goode
Washington


title: Washington Goode

texts:
 board ships that sailed from Boston. Myers rarely saw his nephew while he was in port in Boston as Goode preferred to hang out in the North End section of Boston known as the "Black Sea."By 1848, Goode was a seaman who had reportedly served as second cook on board the steamer William J. Pease and also as a cook aboard the barque Nancoockee. While in port in Boston, it was known that Goode was friends with Mary Ann Williams, whom he considered to be his girlfriend although she was married. At the same time, another black seaman, Thomas Harding was friends with Williams and also considered her to be his girlfriend. On the night of Wednesday, June 28, 1848, an argument broke out between Thomas Harding and <mask> regarding a handkerchief that Harding had given to Williams. Sometime thereafter, Thomas Harding was dead of a blow to the head and a knife wound between the ribs. Goode was promptly arrested for the murder of his fellow seaman. Trial

Goode's trial began on January 1, 1849.As it was a capital case, it was tried before the Supreme Judicial Court presided over by Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw, one of the most influential jurists in nineteenth-century America. The evidence used by District Attorney Samuel D. Parker to build his case against <mask> was largely circumstantial. Although no one saw Goode crack Harding's skull or stab him between the ribs, several witnesses at the trial testified that they saw a person fitting <mask>'s description in the area of the crime. Also, when he was arrested Goode had in his possession a knife whose blade measured ten or eleven inches. Harding's stab wound was measured at nine inches deep. Goode was defended by two young distinguished attorneys, William Aspinwall (who had not previously defended a capital case), while Edward Fuller Hodges (his name is erroneously given as E.F. or Edgar F.) assisted Aspinwall. The two

masks:
Washington Goode
Goode
Goode


title: Washington Goode

texts:
 attorneys argued that their client was innocent, denouncing the testimony of the prosecution's witnesses and casting doubt on the circumstantial evidence presented by Samuel Parker.In his closing argument, Hodges began to discuss the inappropriateness of capital punishment in Massachusetts when Parker objected and was told by Chief Justice Shaw that he was out of order to discuss the appropriateness of justice of the death penalty. The jury deliberated for only thirty-five minutes before finding <mask> guilty of murder and on January 15, 1849 he was sentenced to death by Chief Justice Shaw. He was to be hanged on May 25, 1849. Debate over capital punishment and petitions for clemency

<mask>'s case came about in the midst of a national debate over capital punishment and served as a rallying point for Boston's opponents of the death penalty who hoped to save Goode from the gallows. By most accounts, the community's opposition to the death penalty was solid and widespread. Meetings were held in several Massachusetts cities and towns in support of <mask> with a committee being appointed by the Massachusetts Society for the Abolition of Capital Punishment to advocate on his behalf. Those volunteering to serve on the committee included his attorneys Aspinwall and Hodges, as well as Wendell Phillips, Walter Channing, Samuel May, Robert Rantoul, Jr.,  James Freeman Clarke and Frederick Douglass, among other politicians, ministers and reformers.One such meeting was chaired by Amasa Walker and took place on Good Friday, April 6, 1849 at the Tremont Temple. Attendees of the meeting were addressed by several prominent figures of the time including Reverend William H. Channing, Wendell Phillips and Reverend James Freeman Clarke. Each speaker implored attendees of the meeting to sign a petition to have Goode's death sentence commuted on the grounds that society, by its

masks:
Goode
Goode
Washington Goode


title: Washington Goode

texts: neglect, prejudice, and injustice, had in fact made Goode into a murderer and was now using him as an example. While others who had been given the same sentence had already been pardoned, Goode's sentence was still scheduled to be carried out even though the evidence presented against him was not clear and conclusive. Committee meetings were held in all the principal towns throughout the state to collect signatures from those who opposed Goode's impending execution. More than twenty four thousand signatures were obtained. In all, 130 petitions from Massachusetts communities were compiled.A document entitled "Protest of 400 inhabitants of Concord against the execution of <mask>" is preserved at the Institute at Walden Woods as a document of vital historical interest in the history of human rights. In the effort to save <mask> from execution, 400 citizens of Concord, Massachusetts, including Henry David Thoreau, two of his sisters, Sophia Thoreau and Helen D. Thoreau, and his mother, Cynthia D. Thoreau, as well as Ralph Waldo Emerson, signed the petition now known as the "Protest of 400...against the execution of <mask>." William Lloyd Garrison, editor of The Liberator, became involved in the debate over the commutation of <mask>'s death sentence. In The Liberator Garrison argued that the verdict relied on "circumstantial evidence of the most flimsy character..." and feared that the determination of the government to uphold its decision to execute Goode was based on race. As all other death sentences since 1836 in Boston had been commuted, Garrison concluded that Goode would be the last person executed in Boston for a capital offense writing, "Let it not be said that the last man Massachusetts bore to hang was a colored man!" Parker Pillsbury also used the pages of a prominent newspaper, the Semi-Weekly Republican as well as The Liberator to plead for

masks:
Washington Goode
Washington Goode
Washington Goode
Goode


title: Washington Goode

texts:
 commutation of <mask>'s sentence. The activists involved in the protest relied heavily on the question of race to play a large role in saving Goode from the gallows.Through his case, reformers not only sought to express their opposition to the death penalty but also to racism. Despite the powerful and numerous appeals to spare <mask>'s life including an application by his counsel to commute his sentence, Governor George N. Briggs adamantly refused to commute Goode's death sentence. Goode's execution marked a turning point in the early 19th-century campaign to abolish the death penalty in Massachusetts. As no person had been hanged in Boston since 1836, those opposed to the death penalty thought this showed a shift in the public's attitude away from capital punishment. However, Goode was to be hanged as scheduled on May 25. Hanging

In the days before the scheduled hanging, Goode repeatedly professed his innocence to the clergymen who entered his prison cell. On the night before the hanging, Goode attempted suicide by swallowing large pieces of tobacco and paper and slashing the veins in his arms with a piece of glass.When the prison guards entered his cell, he had already lost a considerable amount of blood. However, the prison doctor stopped the bleeding thus saving his life so that he could be put to death the next day. Exhausted and weakened by the loss of blood, Goode was carried to the gallows at 9:30am on May 25, by prison guards who had strapped him to a chair. A large crowd had gathered in the rain to watch the event that took place inside the walls of the Leverett Street Jail. At 9:45am Goode was placed still strapped to the chair on the platform over the drop, the sheriff placed a white hood over his head and the rope was adjusted around his neck. The sheriff then read the warrant signed by the Governor after which the trap door sprang open and Goode

masks: Goode Goode


title: Washington Goode

texts:
 plunged several feet. Twenty-five minutes later, doctors examined the body and pronounced him dead.His body was then turned over to his uncle George Myres who took his body back to his house to prepare for the funeral. Perhaps as a testament to their continued opposition to the death penalty, over one thousand people paraded through the tenement where <mask>'s body laid, escorting it to the South Burying Ground where it was laid to rest in one of the city's tombs. General references

 Masur, Louis. "Ritual and Reform in Antebellum America," Rites of Execution Capital Punishment and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776-1865 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991, ©1989). Rogers, Alan. "Under Sentence of Death": The First Effort to Abolish the Death Penalty, Murder and the Death Penalty in Massachusetts. (Amherst & Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2008).Profile of case, walden.org; accessed March 30, 2017. The Inquirer. Vol. 29, Issue 65. June 1, 1849. Page 2. Levesque, George."Black Crime and Crime Statistics in Antebellum Boston." Australian Journal of Politics and History. Vol. 25, Issue 2. Pages 216-227. Barre Gazette. Vol.XVI, Issue 3. June 1, 1849. "The Execution of <mask>e, at Boston." The Weekly Herald. Vol. XV, Issue 23. June 2, 1849.Page 175. "Enthusiastic Meeting at the Tremont Temple." The Liberator. Vol. XIX. No. 15.April 13, 1849. Pages 58–59. "Shall He Be Hung?". The LiberatorVol. XIX. No. 13.March 30, 1849. Page 52. 1820 births
1849 deaths
Murder in 1848
Executed African-American people
People executed by Massachusetts by hanging
People convicted of murder by Massachusetts
American people convicted of murder
19th-century executions by the United States
Executed people from Pennsylvania
People executed for murder
19th century in Boston
People from Mercersburg, Pennsylvania
19th-century executions of American people
1840s

masks:
Goode
Washington Good


title: Wilhelmine of Prussia, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth

texts:
Princess <mask> of Prussia (3 July 170914 October 1758) was a princess of the German Kingdom of Prussia (the older sister of Frederick the Great) and composer. She was the eldest daughter of Frederick William I of Prussia and Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, and granddaughter of George I of Great Britain. In 1731, she married Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth. The baroque buildings and parks built during her reign shape much of the present appearance of the town of Bayreuth, Germany. Early life

Born in Berlin, Wilhelmine shared the unhappy childhood of her brother, Frederick the Great, whose friend and confidante she remained all her life, with the exception of one short interval. She was fiercely beaten and abused by her governess during her childhood. Wilhelmine later wrote: "Not a day passed that she [the governess] did not prove upon me the fearful power of her fists."The mistreatment continued until the prince's governess finally said to their mother, who had been oblivious to the abuse, that she would not be surprised if Wilhelmine was eventually beaten until she was crippled. After this, the governess was promptly replaced. Being the eldest daughter in her family, she was early the target of discussions about political marriages. Her mother, Queen Sophia Dorothea, wished her to marry her nephew Frederick, Prince of Wales, but on the British side there was no inclination to make an offer of marriage except in exchange for substantial concessions that Wilhelmine's father would not accept. The fruitless intrigues carried on by Sophia Dorothea to bring about this match played a large part in Wilhelmine's early life. Her father, on the other hand, preferred a match with the House of Habsburg. Marriage
After much talk of other matches came to


texts:
 Sonata: flute & keyboard, c. 1730. Some chamber music still survives. Issue

Wilhelmine's only child was Elisabeth Fredericka Sophie of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, born on August 30, 1732. Described by Casanova as the most beautiful princess in Germany, she was married to Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg, in 1748. She died on 6 April 1780 without surviving children. Memoirs
An earlier English translation from the French of her memoirs was published in a two volume edition in 1828 by Hunt and Clarke, York St., Covent Garden.Scribner and Welford published Princess Helena of the United Kingdom's German-to-English translation of Wilhelmine's memoirs in 1887. In fiction
Princess <mask> is the main character of the 1909  historical novel A Gentle Knight of Old Brandenburg by Charles Major. Ancestry

Notes

References
 G.P. Gooch, Frederick the Great. The Ruler, the Writer, the Man (Alfred A. Knopf, 1947). pp 217–247. Thea Leitner: Skandal bei Hof.Frauenschicksale an europäischen Königshöfen, Piper, München 2003,
 Uwe A. Oster: Wilhelmine von Bayreuth. Das Leben der Schwester Friedrichs des Großen, Piper,  München, 2005,

 Attribution

 Some of the information in this article is based on a translation of its German equivalent. External links

 Argenore (opera) from the Hamburg Opera House

1709 births
1758 deaths
Margravines of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
Musicians from Berlin
People from the Margraviate of Brandenburg
People from Bayreuth
House of Hohenzollern
German Baroque composers
Women classical composers
German memoirists
18th-century German people
Prussian princesses
German lutenists
Women memoirists
18th-century classical composers
18th-century German women
18th-century German women writers
18th-century German composers
18th-century German


title: Pravin Gordhan

texts:
<mask> (born 12 April 1949) is a politician and anti-apartheid activist who has held various ministerial posts in the Cabinet of South Africa. He served as Minister of Finance from 2009 until 2014 and again from 2015 until 2017, as Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs from 2014 until 2015, and as Minister of Public Enterprises since February 2018. Early years
<mask> was born in Durban, and matriculated from Sastri College in 1967. In 1973 he graduated from the University of Durban-Westville with a Bachelor of Pharmacy degree. Gordhan became associated with members of the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) In 1971 and was elected to its executive council in 1974. During the 1970s, <mask> helped establish grassroots organisations that became involved in underground activities and associated with the African National Congress (ANC) and later the South African Communist Party (SACP). He completed his pharmacy internship at King Edward VIII Hospital in 1974 and worked there until 1981 when the Natal Provincial Administration dismissed him for his political activities while he was in detention.He was released from jail in 1982 and received banning orders effective until June 1983. <mask> attended the launch of the United Democratic Front (UDF) in Cape Town 1983 where the also NIC became an affiliated organisation. <mask> attended the preparatory meeting for the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) in 1991 as a joint NIC/Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) representative, and was appointed NIC/TIC delegate to the steering committee responsible for organising Codesa 1. In 1993 he was appointed to the panel of chairpersons on the planning committee of the multi-party negotiation process. Career
<mask> was previously the Commissioner of the South African Revenue Service from 1999 to 2009. From 1991 and 1994, he chaired the Convention for a Democratic

masks:
Pravin Jamnadas Gordhan
Pravin Gordhan
Gordhan
Gordhan
Gordhan
Gordhan


title: Pravin Gordhan

texts:
 South Africa, and he was the co-Chairman of the Transitional Executive Council, which prepared South Africa for the country's first non-racial election in April 1994. As a member of parliament from 1994 to 1998, <mask> chaired the parliamentary committee that focused on the implementation of the new Constitution and the transformation of local government in the post-apartheid.<mask> was chairman of the World Customs Organization in from 2000 to 2006. On 10 May 2009, President Jacob Zuma appointed <mask> as Minister of Finance, succeeding Trevor Manuel. On 25 May 2014, he was replaced by Nhlanhla Nene as Minister of Finance. In 2014, <mask> was appointed as the Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs, succeeding Lechesa Tsenoli who became Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa. On 14 December 2015, <mask> was re-appointed as Minister of Finance, replacing David van Rooyen who had been minister for 4 days. In 2018, <mask> was re-appointed to the Cabinet of President Cyril Ramaphosa as Minister of Public Enterprises, taking over from former Minister Lynne Brown. He would oversee state-owned enterprises including the likes of Eskom, SAA, Denel, and others.Controversies and court cases

South African journalist Pieter du Toit has written that <mask> has become target of a smear campaign by people involved in state capture related corrupt activities due to Gordhan's efforts to fight corruption; du Toit names people associated with the Gupta family, Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), and factions within the ANC as being amongst Gordhan's harshest critics whilst also being implicated themselves in possible corrupt activities. Other people and organisations, including the Kathrada Foundation, author Pieter-Louis Myburgh, and journalist Ferial Haffajee. have also stated that <mask> is the target of smear campaigns. Since becoming Minister of

masks: Gordhan Gordhan Gordhan Gordhan Gordhan Gordhan Gordhan Gordhan


title: Pravin Gordhan

texts:
 Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs, <mask>'s middle name, Jamnadas, has been used extensively by critics, most notably on Twitter, as a pejorative term and dog whistle to highlight his Indian ethnicity in a racially prejudicial way. Rogue unit
On the eve of the 2016 Budget Speech that was to be tabled on 24 February 2016, a list of questions from the Hawks was sent to Gordhan. In total there were 27 questions around the alleged "rogue unit" at South African Revenue Service (SARS). <mask> Mantashe, the Secretary General of the African National Congress (ANC). <mask> himself was baffled by the questions, having the following to say "Once again, the Hawks and those who instruct them, have no regard for the economic and social welfare of millions". He then sent a letter to the Hawks through his department that he would be unable to meet the deadline imposed. The letter from his office stated that "He will respond in due course, once he has properly examined the questions and ascertained what information, of the information you request, he is able to provide". He also wanted to know from what authority the Hawks asked these questions of him. On 30 March 2016, he replied to the questions put to him by the Hawks.<mask> was quoted, "I believe this was meant to intimidate and distract us from the work we had to do in preparing the 2016 Budget". In September 2017, international auditing firm KPMG abruptly withdrew all of its findings‚ recommendations, and conclusions around its report into the SARS "rogue spy unit" which had implicated <mask>. SARS Commissioner Tom Moyane disputed KPMG's withdrawal of the report withdrawal, calling it "unethical conduct", and claimed that the report is not flawed. Hiring practices
In October 2016, South Africa's state prosecutor levied fraud charges against Gordhan for allowing a former colleague at SARS to take early retirement

masks: Gordhan Gordhane Gordhan Gordhan Gordhan


title: Pravin Gordhan

texts:
 and then re-hiring them as a consultant. Charges were dropped a few days later. In October 2016, <mask> lodged an application in the North Gauteng High Court to rule that he may not interfere with the major banks' decision to close the Oakbay Investments accounts. In August 2017, the court ruled against his application deeming it unnecessary.Public Protector
In May 2019 Public Protector Busisiwe Mkhwebane released a controversial report recommending that the presidency take disciplinary action against <mask> for past allegations of fraud at SARS. Gordhan's legal team challenged Mkhwanbane's findings as being "totally wrong both in fact and in law". Mkhwabane publicly denied that it was part of a larger political struggle to target and discredit <mask>. In July 2019 the Gauteng Division of the High Court of South Africa ruled that Mkhwebane's action as Public Protector against Gordhan be suspended, pending a judicial review of Mkhwabane's report on the SARS "rogue unit". The judge stated that a number of Mkhwebane's assertions were "vague, contradictory and/or nonsensical". Awards

Honorary degrees
University of South Africa, Honorary Doctor of Commerce, May 2007
University of Cape Town, Doctor of Law (honoris causa), June 2007
Central University of Technology, Doctor of Technology (honoris causa), March 2009
Sunday Times Business Leader of the Year, November 2016
Henley Business School (University of Reading, UK), Doctor of Business Administration (honoris causa), November 2018

References

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1949 births
African National Congress politicians
Finance ministers of South Africa
Living people
Members of the National Assembly of South Africa
People from Durban
University of Durban-Westville alumni
South African politicians of Indian descent
South African people of Gujarati descent
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in public affairs
Recipients of Pravasi Bharatiya

masks: Gordhan Gordhan Gordhan


title: Ken Salazar

texts:
<mask> (born March 2, 1955) is an American lawyer, politician, and diplomat who is the United States ambassador to Mexico. He previously served as the 50th United States Secretary of the Interior in the administration of President Barack Obama from 2009 to 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously was a United States Senator from Colorado from 2005 to 2009. He and Mel Martinez (R-Florida) were the first Hispanic U.S. Senators since 1977; they were joined by Bob Menendez (D-New Jersey) in 2006. Prior to his election to the U.S. Senate, he served as Attorney General of Colorado from 1999 to 2005. On December 17, 2008, President-elect Obama announced he would nominate <mask> as U.S. secretary of the interior.The environmentalist movement's reaction to this nomination was mixed. Previously, <mask> supported the nomination of Gale Norton to Secretary of the Interior, President George W. Bush's first appointee who preceded <mask> as Colorado Attorney General. On January 20, 2009, <mask> was confirmed by unanimous consent in the Senate. On January 16, 2013, it was reported that <mask> planned to resign his post as Secretary of the Interior in March 2013, but his resignation was delayed pending Senate confirmation of his successor, Sally Jewell. On June 10, 2013, he became a partner in the major international law firm of WilmerHale, and was tasked with opening a Denver office for the firm. On August 16, 2016, <mask> was appointed to head presidential candidate Hillary Clinton's transition team. In May 2021, President Joe Biden nominated <mask> as the United States ambassador to Mexico.His nomination was confirmed by a voice vote in the United States Senate on August 11, 2021. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Alamosa, Colorado, the son of Emma Montoya and <mask>. His

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Ken Salazar
Enrique Salazar


title: Ken Salazar

texts:
 elder brother is former Congressman <mask>. He grew up near Manassa, in the community of Los Rincones in the San Luis Valley area of south-central Colorado. <mask> attended St. Francis Seminary and Centauri High School in La Jara, graduating in 1973. He later attended Colorado College, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science in 1977, and received his Juris Doctor from the University of Michigan Law School in 1981. Later <mask> was awarded honorary degrees (Doctor of Laws) from Colorado College (1993) and the University of Denver (1999).After graduating, <mask> started private law practice. <mask>'s Hispanic traces back to the Hispanos of the Southwestern United States. He has been identified as a Mexican American saying, "I've been taunted, called names—from 'dirty Mexican' to lots of other names—as I was growing up, and even now as a United States Senator." Career

Colorado cabinet
In 1986, <mask> became chief legal counsel to then Governor Roy Romer. In 1990, Romer appointed him to his Cabinet as director of the Colorado Department of Natural Resources. In this position, he authored the Great Outdoors Colorado Amendment, which created a massive land conservation program of which he became chairman. <mask> also created the Youth in Natural Resources program, giving thousands of Colorado's youth an opportunity to work and learn about Colorado's natural resources in public schools.The Great Outdoors Colorado program's success was a model for President Obama's America's Great Outdoors Initiative to create a 21st-century agenda for conservation and outdoor recreation. In his cabinet role, he established reforms that forced mining and petroleum operations to better protect the surrounding environment and helped plan and promote Denver's South Platte River Valley

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 redevelopment, transforming the area from an abandoned wasteland to a vibrant economic center. Colorado attorney general
In 1994, <mask> returned to private practice. In 1998, he was elected state attorney general; he was reelected to this position in 2002. Police operations were streamlined under <mask>, and several new branches of law enforcement were created: the Gang Prosecution Unit, the Environmental Crimes Unit, and the General Fugitive Prosecutive Unit, which targeted murderers. He also worked to strengthen consumer protection and anti-fraud laws, as well as to protect children through new policy designed to crack down on sex offenders. As Colorado Attorney General, he also led numerous investigations, including into the 1999 Columbine High School massacre.<mask> was awarded the Conference of Western Attorneys General Profile in Courage award for his work. During <mask>'s tenure, his office pursued several environmental cleanup cases around the state. In a water contamination case involving the Summitville mine in Rio Grande County, Colorado, <mask> helped broker a joint settlement in which the federal and state government shared the $5 million settlement proceeds. U.S. Senate
In 2004, <mask> declared his candidacy for the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by retiring Republican Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell. <mask> considers himself a moderate and has at times taken positions that are in disagreement with the base of his party. He opposed gay adoption for a number of years, although by 2004 he had reversed his position. <mask> fell behind to candidate Mike Miles early in the state's caucus process.The national Democratic Party backed <mask> with contributions from the DSCC, and <mask> came back to defeat Miles in the Democratic primary, going on to defeat beer executive

masks: Salazar Salazar Salazar Salazar Salazar Salazar Salazar Salazar Salazar Salazar


title: Ken Salazar

texts: Pete Coors of the Coors Brewing Company and win the general election for the Senate seat. He assumed office on January 4, 2005. <mask> was a leading member of a bipartisan group of Senators that developed the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007, which would have provided a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants and increased funding for border security, though the bill ultimately failed in the Senate. During negotiations, <mask> was quoted by The New York Times saying he wanted the new point system to be equitable: "We do not want to create a system that is just for the wealthiest and most educated immigrants." On May 23, 2005, <mask> was among the Gang of 14 moderate senators to forge a compromise on the Democrats' use of the filibuster against judicial appointments, thus blocking the Republican leadership's attempt to implement the so-called "nuclear option". Under the agreement, the Democrats would retain the power to filibuster a Bush judicial nominee only in an "extraordinary circumstance", and the three most conservative Bush appellate court nominees (Janice Rogers Brown, Priscilla Owen and William Pryor) would receive a vote by the full Senate. <mask> has skirmished with Focus on the Family, a Colorado-based conservative Christian group of national stature, over his stance on judicial nominees.In 2005, <mask> voted against increasing fuel-efficiency standards (CAFE) for cars and trucks, a vote that the League of Conservation Voters believes is anti-environment. In the same year, <mask> voted against an amendment to repeal tax breaks for ExxonMobil and other major petroleum companies. In August 2006, <mask> supported fellow Democratic Senator Joe Lieberman in his primary race against Ned Lamont in Connecticut. Lamont, running primarily as an anti-war

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title: Ken Salazar

texts: candidate, won the primary. <mask>'s continued support of Lieberman, who successfully ran as an independent against Lamont, has rankled the anti-war wing of the Democratic Party. In 2006, <mask> voted to end protections that limit offshore oil drilling in Florida's Gulf Coast. <mask> introduced legislation, co-sponsored by Colorado Reps. <mask> and Mark Udall to limit natural gas drilling on the environmentally-rich Roan Plateau in western Colorado.The bill increased the amount of acreage on the Plateau designated too environmentally sensitive to drill for gas. <mask> worked in the Senate to give benefits to Rocky Flats workers who became ill after working at the former nuclear weapons plant in Colorado. The legislation would grant workers immediate access to medical coverage and compensation without the need to file individual health claims. In 2007, <mask> was one of only a handful of Democrats to vote against a bill that would require the United States Army Corps of Engineers to consider global warming when planning water projects. <mask> received a 25 percent vote rating for 2007 by the Humane Society of the United States, a zero percent vote rating for 2005–2006 by Fund for Animals, a 60 percent vote rating for 2007 by Defenders of Wildlife, and a zero percent vote rating on the Animal Welfare Institute Compassion Index. He also supported the Bush administration's release of lands in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) for emergency haying in Colorado's Yuma and Phillips Counties. <mask> has an 81 percent lifetime rating from the League of Conservation Voters, including a 100 percent rating for the year 2008.<mask> resigned his Senate seat on January 20, 2009, upon his confirmation by the Senate to become Secretary of the Interior under President Barack Obama. Secretary of

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 the Interior

<mask> accepted Obama's offer to join his cabinet as the Secretary of the Interior. His appointment triggered a Saxbe fix by Congress. On January 7, 2009, Congress approved a bill, , and President George W. Bush signed it into law, providing such a fix by reducing the Secretary of Interior's salary to the level it was prior to the time <mask> took office in January 2009. The Senate confirmed <mask>'s nomination by voice vote on January 20, 2009, shortly after Obama was sworn in as president. As Secretary of the Interior, <mask> was in charge of the National Park Service, the Bureau of Land Management, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, the United States Geological Survey, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and other federal agencies overseen by the Interior Department. <mask> was one of two Hispanics serving in Obama's Cabinet, along with Secretary of Labor Hilda Solis of California.<mask> is the second Hispanic Interior Secretary after Manuel Lujan, Jr., who held the post from 1989 to 1993 under President George H. W. Bush. As Secretary of the Department, <mask> began a large-scale effort within the Department to ensure that the country's national parks and national monuments were inclusive of America's tribal and minority communities. <mask> worked to create new monuments to honor Cesar Chavez, the Buffalo Soldiers, Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad, Fort Monroe and sacred Native American sites like Chimney Rock in Colorado. Several prominent environmentalist groups were wary of <mask>, noting his strong ties with the coal and mining industries. Kieran Suckling, executive director of Center for Biological Diversity, which tracks endangered species and habitat issues stated, "He [<mask>] is a right-of-center Democrat who often favors industry and big

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texts: agriculture in battles over global warming, fuel efficiency and endangered species." The nomination was praised, however, by Gene Karpinski, President of the League of Conservation Voters. Upon the nomination, Karpinski said, "Throughout his career, Senator <mask> has campaigned on a pledge of support for 'our land, our water, our people.'With a perfect 100% score on the 2008 LCV Scorecard, he has lived up to that pledge. As a westerner, Senator <mask> has hands on experience with land and water issues, and will restore the Department of the Interior's role as the steward of America's public resources. We look forward to working with him to protect the health of America's land, water, and people in the coming years." Although Senate Republicans were expected to raise questions concerning <mask>'s stances on oil shale development and drilling in environmentally sensitive areas, <mask> was one of several Obama Cabinet appointees confirmed in the Senate by voice vote on January 20, 2009, shortly after Obama's inauguration. <mask> became the 50th Secretary of the Interior succeeding Dirk Kempthorne, who praised <mask>'s appointment. Colorado Governor Bill Ritter appointed Denver Superintendent of Schools Michael Bennet to finish <mask>'s term in the Senate, which expired in January 2011. On January 23, 2009, <mask> stated that he was considering reopening the Statue of Liberty's crown to tourists.The crown has been closed to the public since the September 11, 2001 attacks. "I hope we can find a way", <mask> said in a statement. "It would proclaim to the world—both figuratively and literally—that the path to the light of liberty is open to all." On March 6, 2009, <mask> agreed to move forward with the Fish and Wildlife Service's decision to remove the Rocky Mountain gray wolf from the


title: Ken Salazar

texts: Endangered Species List in Montana and Idaho, but not Wyoming. Minimum recovery goal for wolves in the northern Rocky Mountains is at least 30 breeding pairs and at least 300 wolves for at least three consecutive years, a goal that was attained in 2002 and has been exceeded every year since. (There are currently about 95 breeding pairs and 1,600 wolves in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming.) <mask>, a former rancher has come under criticism of groups like the Defenders of Wildlife for this decision, and lack of protection of wolves.On May 9, 2009, <mask> announced the upholding of a Bush-era policy that prevents the regulation of greenhouse gas emissions via the Endangered Species Act (ESA), a policy he pledged to reevaluate when he took office in January. The policy states that, despite the apparent negative impact global warming has on polar bears, an endangered species, greenhouse gasses cannot be regulated with the ESA. <mask> stated in a conference call announcing the decision that "The single greatest threat to the polar bear is the melting of Arctic Sea ice due to climate change," but the Endangered Species Act "is not the appropriate tool for us to deal with what is a global issue." The decision was met with criticism from environmental groups and praise from energy groups including the American Petroleum Institute, some Democrats and many Republicans. <mask> contended in the same conference call that the ESA was never intended to be used for the regulation of climate change, while sidestepping questions of how this situation is different from that of the Clean Air Act, which is being used by the Environmental Protection Agency to regulate emissions. With Governor Bill Ritter's announcement on January 6, 2010, that he would not seek re-election as governor, speculation began to

masks: Salazar Salazar Salazar Salazar


title: Ken Salazar

texts: swirl about a possible <mask> candidacy that year. Congressman <mask>, <mask>'s brother, told local media that he thought his brother would likely run for governor.Denver Mayor John Hickenlooper indicated that while he was considering a run himself, he would "do everything [he could] to help him get elected." Both the Secretary's brother, John, and the Obama Administration urged him to run for Governor, but he ultimately declined and endorsed Hickenlooper's campaign. On April 28, 2010, <mask> approved Cape Wind, the first-ever commercial wind operation in public water, leading to initiation of the approval process for the first-of-its-kind Atlantic wind energy transmission line. During his time as secretary, <mask> successfully developed and implemented numerous renewable energy initiatives on public lands and helped lead the Obama Administration's "all of the above" energy strategy. Secretary <mask> prioritized the rapid, responsible development of renewable energy on America's public lands, greenlighting the development of over 11,000 megawatts of renewable energy on public lands, including approval of the first-ever solar energy projects on public lands, and creation of the first-ever roadmap for future solar energy development in the West. During <mask>'s tenure, the department also undertook new surveys to evaluate and identify innovative capacity and efficiency increases to help enhance hydropower generation at facilities of the Bureau of Reclamation, the nation's second-largest hydropower producer. He has dealt with criticism after pushing to impose tougher leasing rules and cancel a series of planned drilling operations in Alaska and elsewhere.<mask> has dealt with criticism over his handling of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, both because of the way his agency handled

masks:
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texts: the permitting process for underwater drilling, and also because of the way the aftermath of the spill has been handled by the government. But <mask> also ushered in the most comprehensive offshore oil and gas safety initiatives and reforms ever in the United States, overhauling the government's antiquated and conflicted offshore oil and gas management program while approving millions of acres for oil and gas development offshore. <mask> also implemented a new five-year plan for responsible oil and gas exploration and development in America's offshore waters. In May 2010 <mask> testified to Congress that he had issued a "hit the pause button" order and that no new permits had been issued since the Deepwater Horizon explosion in the Gulf of Mexico. However, a new deepwater well had been started in the Gulf since April 20, and the Department of the Interior under <mask> had "issued permits for at least seventeen other new offshore oil projects." As Secretary of the Interior, <mask> was the designated survivor for the 2011 State of the Union Address. <mask> created new partnerships between the Department of the Interior and American mayors and governors to create and revitalize a new generation of urban parks in cities such as New York City, Denver, Chicago and St. Louis.As secretary, the department also created seven new national parks, including Pinnacles National Park in California, and 10 new national monuments. In May 2012, <mask> spoke at the commencement ceremony for the 2012 class at the University of Massachusetts Lowell. In November 2012, asked a question he did not like by a reporter for The Gazette regarding <mask>'s association with hauler who shipped wild horses to slaughter plants, <mask> told the reporter, "If you do that to me again, I'll punch you out". <mask> later


title: Ken Salazar

texts:
 apologized. In January 2013 <mask> announced that he would be resigning as Secretary of the Interior. His replacement, Sally Jewell, was nominated on February 6, 2013, approved by the Senate on April 10, 2013, and sworn in on April 12, 2013. Clinton transition team
On August 16, 2016, Hillary for America chairman John Podesta announced that Secretary Clinton had chosen <mask> to head her transition team in order to prepare for an orderly transition should she be elected as the 45th President of the United States.On November 8, 2016, Donald Trump defeated Hillary Clinton in the election for President of the United States, and thus <mask> was not granted the opportunity to head the White House transition team. Biden administration

On June 15, 2021, President Joe Biden nominated <mask> to be the next US Ambassador to Mexico. The Senate Foreign Relations Committee held hearings for his nomination on July 28, 2021. <mask>'s nomination was then reported favorably by the committee on August 4, 2021. His nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 11, 2021. He was ceremoniously sworn in by Vice President Kamala Harris on September 2, 2021. On September 14, 2021, <mask> presented his credentials to President Andrés Manuel López Obrador.Electoral history

See also
 Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates
 List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress

References

External links

 Biography at the United States Department of the Interior

 Profile at SourceWatch

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1955 births
Living people
21st-century American politicians
Ambassadors of the United States to Mexico
American people of Basque descent
American politicians of Mexican descent
Colorado Attorneys General
Colorado College alumni
Colorado Democrats
Colorado lawyers
Democratic

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title: Russell Hantz

texts:
<mask> (born October 10, 1972) is a television personality, best known for his appearances on the U.S. reality show, Survivor. He was the runner-up on Survivor: Samoa, and the second runner-up on Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains. He also competed on Survivor: Redemption Island and Australian Survivor: Champions vs. Contenders, where he was the second player to be eliminated both times. <mask>'s performance on Survivor was very polarising. This controversy has resulted in ongoing media attention and appearances, along with acknowledgement that his particular brand of ruthless gameplay can result in wins for those who employ it. Most have strongly criticized his strategy, naming him one of the biggest villains in Survivor history.Nevertheless, on both Survivor: Samoa and Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains, <mask> was voted by viewers the "Sprint Player of the Season", which came with a $100,000 cash prize. He is one of only eight contestants to ever make it to the finals in more than one season (the others are Rob Mariano, Amanda Kimmel, Parvati Shallow, Sandra Diaz-Twine, Tony Vlachos, Natalie Anderson, and Michele Fitzgerald). <mask> was nominated in the 2010 Teen Choice Awards for his performance on Heroes vs. Villains. In the CBS Watch "Greatest Castaways" viewers poll, <mask> came in second for "being willing to do anything to win. His villianous nature always made for great TV." After Survivor, <mask> starred alongside his older brother, Shawn, on the A&E reality documentary, Flipped Off. Survivor

Samoa
After applying to compete on Pirate Master, <mask> was called by casting two years later to appear on Survivor: Samoa.Assigned to the Foa Foa tribe, he began playing the game through lies and deceit, which included telling a false story about being a firefighter who survived Hurricane Katrina, and later burning his tribemates' socks and emptying their canteen

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title: Russell Hantz

texts: water. In an interview with Andy Dehnart, Hantz explained that the idea behind this strategy was to psychologically weaken the other players in order to manipulate them. Early on, Hantz executed a successful plan to locate the hidden immunity idol before any clues were found. When the Foa Foa and Galu tribes merged, he attempted to use his idol as a bargaining chip with his new tribe mates in hopes of forming a coalition against Laura Morett. When she won the immunity challenge, the plan collapsed and word spread that <mask> possessed an idol. Unaware of anyone's real intentions, <mask> played the idol at Tribal Council, but no votes were cast against him. He later located a new idol, again without clues, and played it at the next Tribal Council, where he received seven votes, eliminating Kelly Sharbaugh (who received the other four votes).Later, Shannon "Shambo" Waters and John Fincher joined <mask>'s alliance and eliminated Morett. <mask> then arranged Fincher's elimination in the next vote. Due to the large number of Galu members on the jury, it was almost certain that Brett Clouser, Galu's last remaining member, would win the game if he won the final immunity challenge. <mask> narrowly won immunity and Clouser was eliminated by a 3-1 vote at the next Tribal Council. Ultimately, <mask> beat out fellow finalist Mick Trimming, but lost the title of Sole Survivor to his close ally, Natalie White, by a jury vote of 7–2–0, despite being "heavily favored" to win. Host Jeff Probst believed his loss resulted from bitter feelings towards him by the jurors, rather than a positive attitude towards White. <mask> complained that Natalie did not deserve the win, and insisted he did.During the results show, <mask> offered White $10,000 for the Sole Survivor title, and then increased the offer to $100,000, but she declined both times. Despite the loss, <mask> won the

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title: Russell Hantz

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 "Sprint Player of the Season" award, which included a cash prize of $100,000. Nine days prior to the Samoa live finale, Hantz registered russellgotscrewed.com where he thanked his supporters and asked them to purchase T-shirts and/or donate money to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. Heroes vs. Villains
<mask> was invited back for Survivors 20th season, Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains, as a last-minute substitute for Survivor: Panama'''s Shane Powers, and was assigned to the Villains tribe. Since Survivor: Samoa and this season were filmed back-to-back, no other player had had an opportunity to watch <mask>’ game, although they were told by the production crew that he was considered "one of the five most notorious male villains of all time". During this season, an infamous rivalry developed between <mask> and "Boston Rob" Mariano. Early on, Mariano organized his alliance to split the vote 3–3 between <mask> and Parvati Shallow.The former then told Tyson Apostol that he also intended to eliminate her, which influenced Apostol to change his vote from <mask> to her. At Tribal Council, Hantz revealed an immunity idol and gave it to Shallow. The result was four votes for her, two votes for <mask>, and three votes for Apostol. Since Shallow's votes were negated, Apostol was eliminated. Later on, Jerri Manthey joined <mask>'s alliance with Shallow and Danielle DiLorenzo and aided in Mariano's elimination. The Heroes tribe began to blindly believe that there was an all-female alliance, headed up by Shallow, controlling the Villains tribe. James "J.T."Thomas, Jr., of the Heroes tribe, had found an immunity idol earlier, and gave it to <mask> during an immunity challenge with instructions to eliminate Shallow, but <mask> chose instead to vote out Courtney Yates. When the two tribes merged, <mask> gave his idol to Shallow, not knowing she already had an idol of her

masks: Hantz Hantz Hantz Hantz Hantz Hantz Hantz Hantz Hantz Hantz


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texts:
 own. She gave the idols to Manthey and Sandra Diaz-Twine at Tribal Council. Manthey and Thomas received five votes each, but since Manthey's votes were negated, Thomas was eliminated. Later, DiLorenzo found a clue to an immunity idol on a reward and shared it with <mask> and his allies, but he ultimately discovered the idol for himself. He later showed it to Candice Woodcock in attempt to pull her into his alliance with the intention of eventually eliminating Diaz-Twine. At Tribal Council, he played the idol, but received no votes.Later, he arranged DiLorenzo's elimination in order to break up her strong alliance with Shallow. At the final immunity challenge, <mask> edged out Shallow and Manthey by a few inches. He then chose to vote out Manthey, assuming he would get her vote for the Survivor title. His game, however, was panned by the jurors, all of whom refused to vote for <mask> in the end. Diaz-Twine ultimately triumphed over him and Shallow in a 6–3–0 vote, thus winning her second Sole Survivor title. Despite his shutout loss, <mask>'s Reunion experience was similar to his last one in that he won the “Sprint Player of the Season” award and $100,000 for the second time. Redemption Island
<mask> returned for Survivor: Redemption Island, the show's 22nd season, to face off with his old rival, "Boston Rob."By a random draw, <mask> joined the Zapatera tribe, which later threw the third immunity challenge and immediately targeted him and his ally, Stephanie Valencia. Suspecting that something was up, <mask> devised a counter-strategy, but was ultimately voted out at the next Tribal Council and sent to Redemption Island. His elimination from the game was finalized upon losing the Redemption Island duel to Matt Elrod. Deeply saddened by the loss, <mask> stated that this season would be his last on Survivor, although at the reunion show he indirectly stated that

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title: Russell Hantz

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 he had changed his mind. In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, <mask> threatened legal action against his tribemates for forfeiting the immunity challenge, claiming that they had breached their Survivor contracts by doing so. He also criticized Mariano, referring to him as a "Survivor whore". Australian Survivor: Champions vs Contenders
Competing at an international level, <mask> joined the cast of Australian Survivor: Champions vs.Contenders as a member of the Champions tribe, the first season to be filmed since CBS acquired Network Ten in 2017. Enjoying initial success in the first few days, <mask> grew frustrated of the laid-back mentality from his fellow tribe-mates and began actively searching for, and locating, a Hidden Immunity Idol. Wanting to cause paranoia, <mask> announced his intention to play the hidden immunity idol at their first Tribal Council. During this time he formed allegiances with Samuel Hinton, Monika Radulovic and Damien Thomlinson. After losing the second Immunity Challenge, <mask> attempted to orchestrate a split vote between Jackie Glazier and Shane Gould but a counter-alliance led by Moana Hope forced a tie in the event <mask>' hidden immunity idol was played. At Tribal Council, <mask> did not play his hidden immunity idol leading to a revote between himself and Glazier. At the revote, Thomlinson stayed loyal to <mask> with the rest of the vote eliminating him in a unanimous decision.He finished in 23rd place. Information leaks
In 2011, <mask> was accused of violating his Survivor contract by leaking information regarding the show's results. Late in the previous year, a man named Jim Early was sued by executive producer and Survivor creator Mark Burnett's DJB Inc., for successfully spoiling Survivor: Samoa and Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains on a Survivor fansite known as Survivor Sucks. The lawsuit accused Early of


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 "misappropriation of trade secrets” and "tortious interference with contract." The charges were dropped on January 13, 2011, after Early provided to an attorney an email, which allegedly confirmed <mask> as source of the spoilers. Early claims that he had originally made contact with <mask> via telephone to warn him that someone had posted his private information online, but that Hantz had recontacted him later and begun revealing accurate information about the show's outcome, which Early posted to the fansite. Thus far, no legal action has been taken against <mask>, although contestants who reveal information regarding a season's results may face liquidated damages of $5 million.In an interview with USA Today, <mask> denied the accusations, commenting, "See, that's another thing. I am the villain, and its unfair that people perceive me that way, and they throw out things that's not fair to me or my family, and I guess I got to deal with it. I'm not sure if I'm supposed to comment on this or not, but it is 100% false." Other television appearances
On February 10, 2010, <mask> and ten other contestants from Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains made a special appearance on The Late Show with David Letterman to present the show's Top Ten List. As a promotion for Redemption Island, <mask> appeared on the cover of TV Guide Magazine for the week of February 14, 2011, alongside Rob Mariano. In 2012, <mask> was featured on Flipped Off, an A&E reality series about house flipping. The series followed <mask> and his older brother, Shawn, as they worked with a local real estate agent to flip houses in the Houston area in pursuit of profit.Taking place in the aftermath of the subprime mortgage crisis, <mask> stated that he expected "to be one of the biggest house flippers in Houston," and that he was "here to bring Houston's economy back on its feet." He later told Rob Cesternino