title: Ernestine Eckstein

texts:
 subverted discrimination within Black communities based on color, physical appearance, or class by welcoming all Black women into the organization. The organization focused on activism, rather than social constructions of beauty or social class. ... BWOA’s avoidance of the label ‘feminism’ while practicing feminism was indicative of future developments in Black feminist organizing". The BWOA lasted from 1973 to 1980 with a 400-person membership at its height. There was no one factor that caused the group to stop meeting actively, but the rise in conservatism with the election of Ronald Reagan as President in 1980 caused members to “determine that 1960s strategies would not be effective". One unusual factor in <mask>'s involvement in BWOA is that it “did not interrogate heterosexism as an oppressive force in Black women’s lives".Political views

<mask> was one of the most progressive thinkers of her time in the gay and lesbian political movement as well as in the Black Feminist movement. Her understanding of the successes of the Civil Rights Movement influenced her beliefs about political organizing. She saw demonstrations as, “one of the very first steps towards changing society". In 1966, three years before the  Stonewall Rebellion in 1969 that sparked annual Gay Pride marches beginning in 1970, while many white gay and lesbian activists were still struggling with direct action as a feasible tactic <mask> said, “Picketing I regard as almost a conservative act now. The homosexual has to call attention to the fact that he’s been unjustly acted upon. This is what the Negro did". At a time when much of the activism regarding lesbian and gay rights was done for, by, and about white people, <mask> was leading an extremely active, majority white, DOB chapter and advocating for coalition-based politics.She understood that her views were coming from what might be described as a more inclusive analysis than many White gay or lesbian activists who often only did work around gay or lesbian issues. She said, “I think

masks: Eckstein Eckstein Eckstein Eckstein


title: Ernestine Eckstein

type: original

texts:
 if we meet on the common ground of our unjust position in society, then we can go from there. This is a new frame of reference, a new way of thinking almost, for some". <mask>'s beliefs toward political coalition work and organizing differed than that of many other separatist leaning gay and lesbian people in the 1960s. <mask> said:
“I think Negroes need white people, and I think homosexuals need heterosexuals. If you foster cooperation right from the start, then everyone is involved and it’s not a movement over there". “I would like to see in the homophile movement more people who can think.And I don’t believe we ought to look at their titles or at their sexual orientation. Movements should be intended, I feel, to erase labels, whether ‘black’ or ‘white’ or ‘homosexual’ or ‘heterosexual". “I’d like to find a way of getting all classes of homosexuals involved together in the movement”. June 1966 interview in The Ladder

Much of what is known about <mask>'s beliefs and life is taken from an interview in The Ladder in June 1966. <mask> was one of two women of color to be featured on the cover of this landmark lesbian political publication. The importance of <mask>'s issue of The Ladder should not be underestimated: “Her image on the cover, and her ideas throughout the pages of The Ladder, helped greatly to complicate notions of the kinds of women who were involved in DOB and expanded definitions of lesbian identity". Her coverage in  The Ladder is the only known published piece that substantially features <mask>.Later life

At this time virtually nothing is known of <mask>'s life after she became a part of BWOA. According to the Social Security Death Index, <mask> <mask> (<mask> D. Eppenger) died in San Pablo, California in 1992. Other
Season 4 episode 9 of the podcast Making Gay History is about <mask>. References

1941 births
1992 deaths
LGBT rights activists from the United States
LGBT people from Indiana
LGBT African Americans
Daughters of Bilitis members
Activists from Indiana
Indiana University

masks: Eckstein Eckstein Eckstein Eckstein Eckstein Eckstein Eckstein Ernestine Eckstein Ernestine Eckstein


title: Mike W. Barr

texts:
<mask><mask> (born May 30, 1952) is an American writer of comic books, mystery novels, and science fiction novels. <mask> has written for every one of the first four incarnations of Star Trek: Star Trek, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: Voyager, in either comic book or other media. Career

Comics
<mask>'s debut as a comics professional came in DC Comics' Detective Comics #444 (Dec. 1974–Jan. 1975), for which he wrote an eight-page back-up mystery feature starring the Elongated Man. Another Elongated Man story followed in Detective Comics #453 (Nov. 1975). He wrote text articles and editorial replies in letter columns for the next few years. By mid-1980 he was writing regularly for both DC and Marvel, including stories for Mystery in Space, Green Lantern, The Brave and the Bold, Marvel Team-Up, and a Spider-Man/Scarlet Witch team-up in Marvel Fanfare #6.Legion of Super-Heroes #277 (July 1981) saw him take on editorial duties at DC, a position he would hold until 1987. In December 1982, he and artist Brian Bolland began Camelot 3000, a 12 issue limited series that was one of DC Comics' first direct market projects. <mask> and artist Trevor Von Eeden produced the first Green Arrow limited series in 1983. When the long running The Brave and the Bold series came to its conclusion with issue #200 (July 1983), it featured a preview of a new Batman series, Batman

masks:
Mike W
. Barr
Barr
Barr
Barr


title: Mike W. Barr

texts: and the Outsiders by <mask> and artist Jim Aparo, which would be described by DC Comics writer and executive Paul Levitz as being "a team series more fashionable to 1980s audiences." The Masters of Disaster were among the supervillains created by <mask> and Aparo for the series. <mask> wrote every issue of the original series, and its Baxter paper spinoff, The Outsiders that did not include Batman and introduced Looker. After the series' cancellation in February 1988, it was revived in November 1993 by <mask> and artist Paul Pelletier.He was one of the contributors to the DC Challenge limited series in 1986 and wrote the "Batman: Year Two" storyline in Detective Comics #575–578 (June–Sept. 1987) which followed up on Frank Miller's "Batman: Year One". <mask> introduced the Reaper in Detective Comics #575 (June 1987) and returned to the character in the Batman: Full Circle one-shot in 1991. Another project from 1987 was the Batman: Son of the Demon graphic novel which was drawn by Jerry Bingham, proceeds from which reputedly "restored DC Comics to first place in sales after fifteen years." This title, and <mask>'s work on Batman with artist Alan Davis have been cited by Grant Morrison as key inspirations for his own run on the Batman title. <mask>'s sequel, Batman: Bride of The Demon, was published in 1991. <mask>'s Batman stories and scripts have been adapted into several mediums, including for

masks: Barr Barr Barr Barr Barr Barr Barr Barr


title: Mike W. Barr

texts:
 episodes of Batman: The Animated Series.From 1989 to 1990, he took over DC's Doc Savage series from Dennis O'Neil, which saw the 1930s super-scientist taken to the present day. It was also notable as featuring Doc Savage's first-ever team-up with The Shadow, another popular hero of the pulp magazine era and inspiration for Batman. The two characters appeared together in a four-issue story, The Conflagration Man, that crossed back and forth between each character's DC comic book series. In 2007, he wrote a two-part story for the pages of DC's JLA: Classified (#47–48, Jan–Feb 2008), returned to the Outsiders with Outsiders: Five of a Kind — Katana/Shazam #1 (Oct. 2007), contributed to Tokyopop's Star Trek: The Manga, and relaunched Maze Agency at IDW Publishing. He has scripted many of Bongo Comics' The Simpsons titles, including a Christmas story for 2010. His other comics work includes Mantra for Malibu Comics and Maze Agency for Comico Comics and Innovation Publishing. Prose
In May 2010, the Invisible College Press published <mask>'s science fiction/fantasy novel, Majician/51, about the discoveries of a scientist working at Area 51.<mask> contributed to the Silver Age Sentinels short story anthologies from Guardians of Order. 2 #27 (2014)
 Doc Savage #7–24, Annual #1 (1989–1990)
 Elvira's House of Mystery #7 (1986)
 The Flash #313 (1982)
 Green Arrow #1–4 (1983)
 Green Lantern #131, 154–165

masks: Barr Barr


title: Mike W. Barr

texts:
 Spear of Destiny #1–2 (1995)
 Sludge #4, 12 (1994)
 Ultraverse Zero: The Death of the Squad #1 (1995)
 Wrath #1–6, 8–9, Giant-Size #1 (1994)

Marvel Comics
 The Amazing Spider-Man #220 (1981)
 Captain America #241, 257 (1980–1981)
 Mandrake the Magician #1–2 (1995)
 Mantra vol. 2 #∞, 1, 3 (1995)
 Marvel Fanfare #6 (Spider-Man/Scarlet Witch); #46 (Fantastic Four); #49 (Two-Gun Kid) (1983–1990)
 Marvel Preview #23 (1980)
 Marvel Spotlight vol. 2 #8 (Captain Marvel) (1980)
 Marvel Team-Up #101–102, 105 (1981)
 Power Man and Iron Fist #76 (1981)
 Shroud #1–4 (1994)
 Solo Avengers #8 (Henry Pym) (1988)
 Spider-Man Unlimited #1 (1993)
 Star Trek #5–6, 17 (1980–1981)
 Star Wars #49 (1981)
 What If...?#26 (Captain America); #28 (Daredevil) (1981)

Television
Batman: The Animated Series (1993)
"Paging the Crime Doctor" (ep.53 story with Laren Bright,teleplay by Randy Rogel and Martin Pasko)

References

External links

 "DC Profiles #33: <mask><mask>" at the Grand Comics Database
 <mask><mask> at <mask>'s Amazing World of Comics
 <mask><mask> at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators

1952 births
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American novelists
American comics writers
American male novelists
American male short story writers
American science fiction writers
Comic book editors
Inkpot Award winners
Living people
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American

masks:
Mike W
. Barr
Mike W
. Barr
Mike
Mike W
. Barr


title: Dan Whitehouse

texts:
<mask> (born 9 March 1979) is an English folk musician. He is known for his distinctive voice and understated songwriting, and uses specially adapted instruments for people with disabilities. His 2012 album Reaching for a State of Mind was made with percussionist Chip Bailey, a collaborator of Duke Special, and won critical acclaim as having lyrical vulnerability and imaginative musical settings. Music Republic Magazine described <mask> as "A triple threat, a fine songwriter, a unique vocal talent and a talented multi-instrumentalist/performer". Career
The son of a Wolverhampton community radio pioneer, <mask> was inspired by his father's record collection, gaining a "deep respect for song-writing technique". After stints performing with Naomi (1998–2000) and fronting rock band Sonara, who performed at Reading Festival, <mask> went solo in 2007. He has since supported such acts as Maria McKee, Julian Cope, Peter Green, Josh Ritter, Caitlin Rose, 10cc, World Party, Joseph Arthur, Willy Mason and Simone Felice, as well as Eddi Reader, The Little Unsaid, Kris Drever and Joan As Policewoman.<mask> released his debut record, the seven-track The Balloon EP, in 2009. This was followed by The Bubble EP later that year. Lead track, You Can't Give Me Anymore, was described as being reminiscent "of waves crashing on a beach." The track also featured <mask>'s first collaboration with pedal steel guitar player B. J. Cole. His final release of 2009 was The Box EP. Collectively, the three 2009 EPs form a trilogy exploring themes of "life, love, loss and happiness." <mask>'s self-titled debut album was released in 2012, and was partially recorded in the songwriter's

masks:
Dan Whitehouse
Whitehouse
Whitehouse
Whitehouse
Whitehouse
Dan
Whitehouse


title: Dan Whitehouse

texts:
 flat over a period of time with acoustic instrumentation.The album also included Theremin, an electric screwdriver, and, on the song "My Stupid Face", ambient sounds recorded at Birmingham shopping centre the Bullring. ."

In 2013, <mask> released his more ambitious second full album, Reaching for a State of Mind. Recorded in a professional studio with producer Michael Clarke and a full band, notable guests included Ezio guitarist Booga, Helen Lancaster from folk act The Old Dance School, Fairport Convention's PJ Wright, and Duke Special's percussionist Chip Bailey. The album's 11 tracks were culled from an initial long-list of 35 home-recorded demos". Despite the inclusion of two notable folk musicians, the album is described as sitting "within a fairly wide spectrum of pop-rock-folk-Americana-roots influences." Artree described the album as "more intricately crafted and refined" than previous work, and a "musical evolution." The album was launched at The Crescent Theatre, Birmingham, in September 2013, with a special guest appearance from Duke Special. The show was a sell-out.After an opening solo set, Duke later joined <mask> on stage for a version of Neil Young's Helpless. Four previously unreleased tracks recording during the Reaching for a State Of Mind sessions were later released as Reaching for a Further State of Mind EP. In 2014, <mask> toured North America for the first time with accordion-playing German-American singer-songwriter Anja McCloskey, and released a joint-EP, Still, which was recorded in Birmingham. The two met while at university together in London, and Anja has described their collaboration as "alternative folk." During August

masks: Whitehouse Whitehouse Whitehouse


title: Dan Whitehouse

texts:
 2014, <mask> performed at Moseley Folk Festival between The Felice Brothers and Richard Thompson where he performed material from his third album Raw State. The album features both new tracks and reimagined versions of previously released songs, and was produced by <mask> Wilson and Chris Clarke of Danny and the Champions of the World. The album continues <mask>'s collaboration with B. J. Cole.<mask> signed to Reveal Records for his fourth album, 2016's Introducing. He also released a series of EPs, the fourth of which, EP 4: Sings Boo, saw <mask> tackle songs either written wholly by, or co-written by Boo Hewerdine. During 2016/2017, <mask> began working with Birmingham-based singer-songwriter and pianist <mask> on her debut recording. The album, Silence Set Me Free was released in February 2018 with <mask> acting as producer and co-writer, as well as playing on the tracks. Dreamland Tomorrow
After four years, <mask>'s third album for Reveal was released in May 2020. Entitled Dreamland Tomorrow the 22 track collection was produced by Boo Hewerdine and Reveal record label boss Tom Rose, and featured contributions from John Elliott (The Little Unsaid), Eric Lane (Joan As Police Woman) minimalist composer Richard J. Birkin, Emily Barker, and BBC Jazz Award winning Saxophonist Xhosa Cole. The album was pulled together from a collection of around 70 demos.Disc 1 is described as "experimental" while disc 2 is "rawer, more live setting". FolkRadio stated that Dreamland Tomorrow unveiled "a strikingly new maturity and willingness to push the envelope," which saw <mask> "adopting an experimental approach and more expansive sound palette." NorthernSky observed

masks:
Whitehouse
Danny George
Dan
Whitehouse
Dan
Whitehouse
Danielle Cawdell
Whitehouse
Whitehouse
Whitehouse


title: Dan Whitehouse

texts:
 the experimental material was "reminiscent of Scott Walker’s more adventurous exploits" while England On Sunday asked "is <mask> the David Bowie of folk?" The release was complemented by the 6-track Dreamland Live EP, featuring live versions of selected album tracks, alongside several remixes, including Tomorrow by Gustaf Ljunggren. <mask> extended the textural approach featured on the first part of the album for his soundtrack to Charlie Chaplin's The Vagabond - a commission for Birmingham Comedy Festival 2020. Sound
<mask>'s music has been described as "romanticist folk" and "alternative folk rock on a grand imposing scale". South Wales Evening Post described <mask> as a "reflective songwriter ... a sensitive singer, with blues and folk leanings.".He has also been compared to Nick Drake and Richard Hawley, "an artist to whom he should both be justly compared and share the same sort of critical acclaim." Reviewing Reaching For A State Of Mind, Folking praised the album's "searing honesty"

Reviewing 2020's Dreamland Tomorrow, FRUK described <mask> as "a master craftsman and wordsmith." <mask> cites artists such as The Beatles, Neil Young, Bob Dylan, Elton John, Bob Dylan, Otis Redding, eels and John Grant as among his influences. Discography

EPs

Albums

Additional appearances
2018: Silence Set Me Free – <mask> (10-track album released via The Heantun Recording Co; co-writer, producer and musician)

References

External links
 Official Website
 Bandcamp Page on Bandcamp
 Official <mask>house channel on YouTube
 Official <mask>house channel on SoundCloud

1979 births
Living people
English folk singers
English songwriters
English

masks:
Dan Whitehouse
Dan
Dan Whitehouse
Whitehouse
Whitehouse
Whitehouse
Danielle Cawdell
Dan White
Dan White


title: Zikrullah Khadem

texts:
<mask> (, or Dhikru'lláh Khádim; 1904–1986) was an Iranian follower of the Baháʼí Faith, appointed for life by the head of the Faith to a select leadership role as a Hand of the Cause in February 1952. The 27 Hands played a key role in the transition of power in the religion during the leadership crisis after the death of Shoghi Effendi in 1957. After his appointment in 1952, he dedicated himself full-time to serve the Baháʼí Faith and travelled extensively throughout Iran, Africa, Europe, the USA, and at least 50 countries around the world. In the 1960s <mask> and fellow Hand William Sears were the two most prominent Baháʼí figures in the Western hemisphere, and were responsible for both spreading the religion and maintaining its unity. Before 1952, he worked for a British oil company in southern Iran and the Iraqi Embassy in Tehran. He had proficiency in Persian, Arabic, English, and French that he used to translate works and communicate with diverse audiences. He authored several articles in Persian and English, a book about Shoghi Effendi in Persian, and 134 volumes documenting all Baháʼí holy places, submitted in 1977 at the request of the Universal House of Justice.Background
<mask> was born in Tehran in 1904, the second child of Nasru'lláh and Rádiyyih. His father served ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in ʻAkká in the 1890s and received the title ʻKhádim (servant) from him, which was adopted as the family's surname. <mask> taught briefly at the Tarbiyat Baháʼí school in Tehran, then worked for the Anglo-Persian Oil Company as chief interpreter and director of education, teaching Persian to the English-speaking employees. He was then selected to be the personal assistant to the British general manager of the company. <mask> first went on pilgrimage to the Baháʼí World Centre in 1925, where he met Shoghi Effendi – a meeting that he said transformed his life. While there he assisted with some of the layout of

masks:
Zikrullah Khadem
Khadem
Khadem
Zikrullah
Khadem


title: Zikrullah Khadem

texts:
 the Shrine of the Báb. In 1930 he left the oil company and began work as a secretary of the Iraqi embassy in Tehran, which benefitted from his multilingual fluency.He married Javidukht Javid on 3 October 1933, and later had five children: Mozhan, Jena, Riaz, Ramin and May. Unusually for Iranians in those days, he encouraged his wife to pursue academic aspirations, and she received a bachelor's degree from the University of Tehran. Along with his wife, throughout the 1930s and 40s he travelled around Iran visiting nearly every city on assignments from Shoghi Effendi, visiting new believers and photographing sites of historical significance. While visiting Nayriz, he was temporarily jailed. He also made several more trips to Haifa in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, and 1951. <mask> served on the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Iran from 1938 to 1960 (though his memorial in the Baháʼí News Service gives the dates as 1949-1960) and served as its treasurer in the 1950s. Between 1940 and 1957, <mask> was the main conduit for communications from Shoghi Effendi to Baháʼí institutions and individuals in Iran.During WWII, as there was no postal service, he personally arranged message delivery, even chartering private planes to move mail. <mask> was responsible for securing and transporting several artifacts related to the early development of the religion, such as an original Kitáb-i-Íqán in ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's handwriting (with notations by Baha'u'llah) and the sword of Mullá Husayn, which is currently held at the Baháʼí World Centre archives. As a Hand of the Cause
<mask> was still attached to the embassy in Tehran when in February of 1952 he received a notice from Shoghi Effendi appointing him as a Hand of the Cause, the highest appointed role in the religion. Only 50 were ever appointed, and the title is no longer given out. Having prospered as a real estate developer, he determined to carry out all

masks: Khadem Khadem Khadem Khadem


title: Zikrullah Khadem

texts:
 his services at his own expense. He subsequently worked full-time for Shoghi Effendi, travelling initially to a Baháʼí conference in Rome in March, and then to all the Baháʼí centers in Europe. Bessie Neill, writing for The Press Democrat, wrote of his travels in 1963:

He travelled to over 50 countries from 1953 to 1963, and over 1,000 Baháʼí communities, becoming one of the most widely-travelled and respected Baháʼís in the world.For example, Hugh Adamson wrote of his travels,

Leadership crisis
The religion went through a crisis from 1957 to 1963. Shoghi Effendi died on 4 November 1957 without having appointed a successor, and the 27 living Hands gathered in a series of 6 confidential conclaves (or signed agreements if they were absent) to decide how to navigate the uncharted situation. <mask> and the rest made an announcement on 25 November 1957 to assume control of the Faith, certified that Shoghi Effendi had left no will or appointment of successor, said that no appointment could have been made, and elected 9 of their members to reside at the Baháʼí World Centre in Haifa to represent the body of the Hands and to exercise the executive functions of the Guardian (these were known as the Custodians). From October to December in 1958 <mask> <mask> substituted as a member of the nine custodial Hands in Haifa, then continued travelling. In late 1959 <mask> dedicated himself to moving to the western hemisphere, but it took him almost a year to resolve affairs in Iran before he moved to the United States in 1960. He was the first Hand of the Cause to reside in the western hemisphere, and for some time he was the only Hand serving throughout north and south America. In the United States
<mask> and his wife initially resided in Champaign, Illinois, then in Urbana, Illinois.He made particular effort to visit the native peoples of America. In 1962, he played a key role in bringing the Baháʼí Faith to

masks: Khadem Zikrullah Khadem Khadem Khadem


title: Zikrullah Khadem

texts:
 the Navajo Indian Reservation in Arizona, and his wife post humously established a scholarship in his name for health education among the native population. In 1963 the Hands called for the election of the Universal House of Justice and exempted themselves from eligibility. <mask> attended the election, after which the custodial Hands of the Cause closed their office. <mask> encouraged Baháʼís to be obedient to the new institution. The family spent two years in Staten Island, New York from 1965-1967, then in 1967 they moved to Evanston, Illinois, and finally Skokie, Illinois. By 1971 he was one of only 17 Hands of the Cause still living.In 1972 the Universal House of Justice asked <mask> to research and document places and people of historical significance to Baháʼís, which he concluded in 1977 with a 134-volume work that was submitted to the Universal House of Justice. Burial

<mask> passed away on the morning of 13 November 1986. His funeral service was held Saturday, 15 November 1986, and he was interred the same day at Memorial Park Cemetery in Skokie, Illinois, a few miles west of the Baháʼí House of Worship. In the afternoon of the 15th there was a large memorial gathering at the House of Worship. After he died there were 8 remaining Hands of the Cause still alive. Four years after his passing, his wife, Javadukht <mask>, published the biography <mask> <mask>, With Love (1990), which she later expanded and published in Persian and Spanish. Notes

References

External links
Zikrullah and Javidukht Khadem Foundation, a non-profit organization founded in 2004 and inspired by the work of Zikhrullah <mask>.<mask> <mask> - interview by the Baha'i periodicals office, 19 September 1981. <mask> <mask> - biographical video
Jena <mask> - interview about Mr. <mask> with his daughter
 Zikhrullah <mask> at Find-a-Grave.com

<mask>, Dhikru'llah
Hands of the Cause
1904 births
1986 deaths
20th-century

masks: Khadem Khadem Khadem Khadem Khadem Zikrullah Khadem Khadem Zikrullah Khadem Zikrullah Khadem Khadem Khadem Khadem Khadem


title: Eugène Frot

texts:
<mask> (2 October 1893 – 10 April 1983)  was a French politician who was Minister of Merchant Marine (twice), Minister of Labor and Social Assurance (twice) and Minister of the Interior in various short-lived cabinets between December 1932 and February 1934. While he was Minister of Interior, right-wing groups organized street demonstrations in Paris on 6 February 1934 in which the police shot dead fourteen people. In the aftermath the cabinet was forced to resign. <mask> supported Republican institutions, but by the late 1930s was a committed pacifist. In July 1940 he voted for the constitutional change that established the collaborationist Vichy government. As a result, he was barred from politics after the war. Early years (1883–1924)

<mask> was born on 2 October 1893 in Montargis, Loiret.He became an attorney at the Paris court of appeal, and a publicist. In the general election of 1919 he ran for Loiret at the head of the Republican Concentration and Renovation list, but was not elected. Political career (1924–41)

Deputy (1924–32)
On 11 May 1924 <mask> ran again as candidate of the Left Union, and was elected. He joined the Socialist group in the chamber. He was reelected in the first round for the Montargis constituency on the list of the Union of Radical Lefts and Socialists. He joined the committees on Foreign Affairs and on Public Works & Communications. He was reelected in the first round in 1932.Cabinet positions (1932–34)

<mask> was under secretary of state for the president of the council from 18 December 1932 to 28 January 1933 in the cabinet of Joseph Paul-Boncour. He was Minister of Merchant Marine from 31 January 1933 to 24 October 1933 in the cabinet of Édouard Daladier. He was Minister of Labor and Social Assurance from 26 October 1933 to 23 November

masks:
Eugène Frot
Frot
Eugène Frot
Frot
Frot


title: Eugène Frot

texts:
 1933 in the cabinet of Albert Sarraut. He was Minister of Merchant Marine from 26 November 1933 to 9 January 1934. He was Minister of Labor and Social Assurance from 9 January 1934 to 27 January 1934. Minister of interior (30 January 1934 – 7 February 1934)

On 30 January 1934 <mask> was appointed Minister of the Interior in Daladier's new cabinet. Right wing groups began rumors that <mask> was the leader of a group of Daladier's ministers who aimed to establish a "dictatorship of the left".These groups organized a street demonstration on 6 February 1934 in Paris that turned into a riot. The police opened fire on the demonstrators. Fourteen were killed, 57 received bullet wounds and 655 were injured. One policeman was killed. <mask> remained at the Ministry of the Interior that evening trying to track what was happening, but was handicapped by wildly inaccurate reports that did not mention civilian casualties but stressed violence against the police. Daladier, several ministers and senior officials gathered at the Ministry of the Interior, where <mask> recommended declaration of a state of siege, preventative arrests and a ban on arms sales. He was opposed by Charles Donat-Guigue, the attorney general, on various legal and constitutional grounds.After Donat-Guigue left <mask> gave Perrier, the head of police intelligence, authority to arrest extreme right and extreme left leaders other than municipal councilors, members of parliament, journalists and ancien combattants. After the others had left, <mask> requisitioned army units, launched investigations against the right-wing leaders Charles Maurras and Maurice Pujo, called for an interim ban on all public demonstrations and informed the press and radio of the measures taken. He said "Tomorrow we may have to defend order

masks: Frot Frot Frot Frot Frot Frot


title: Eugène Frot

texts:
 again; we will do so for France and the Republic." The police were not effective in their preventative arrests. They could not find Pujo. Maurras, who was soundly sleeping, did not open his door. The Garde Républicaine and the police were demoralized, blaming the authorities for the trouble as much as the crowds.The next morning <mask> received reports that the demonstrations would resume, with the protesters now carrying guns and grenades. He was told the Croix-de-Feu and Action Française were coordinating their actions, and the latter had condemned <mask> to death. <mask> sent a message to Daladier recommending that he resign to avoid civil war. <mask> resigned, and at 1:30 pm Daladier also resigned. Deputy (1934–41)

In the aftermath the Action Française journal accused Daladier, <mask>, Pierre Cot and Léon Blum of having attempted a coup d'état, and called for them to be punished for the massacre of innocents. <mask> was accused of having ordered his armed agents to fire on unarmed people. He was called the "minister with bloody hands" and "Frot the executioner" (Frot-le-fusilleur).He was ostracized by his colleagues. A group called the "Avocats du 6 Février", members of the Camelots du Roi, tried to prevent <mask> working as an attorney, and started fights whenever <mask> entered the Palais de Justice. When <mask> campaigned in 1935 for the Popular Front he was harassed by Camelots wherever he spoke in France. Nevertheless, <mask> was reelected in the first round on 26 April 1936. He sat with the Socialist and Republican Union, but was less active in the chamber. <mask> vacillated in his political positions. The pacifist Léon Emery stated at the 1935 congress of the Ligue des droits de l'homme, "Parliament has, in the last twenty years, done nothing for democracy ...

masks: Frot Frot Frot Frot Frot Frot Frot Frot Frot Frot Frot


title: Eugène Frot

texts:
 the distrinction between fascist states and democratic ones is merely a question of degree and not a fundamental one."<mask> spoke out against this position, saying "parliament is, after all ... the reflection of the wishes of universal suffrage." This drew boos that forced him to leave the podium. By the late 1930s he had joined the extreme pacifists. During World War II (1939–45) he voted on 10 July 1940 in favor of the constitutional law that gave full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain. Later career (1941–83)

<mask> published articles in René Château's collaborationist paper France Socialiste. He agreed to sit in the Vichy National Council, but soon resigned, and in 1941 refused to enter the government of Admiral François Darlan. In 1941–42 he wrote a number of articles that defended the Republic.He helped the Nord movement but did not actively participate in the French Resistance. After the Liberation of France the jury of honor declared he was ineligible for elective office due to his vote on 10 July 1940. He resumed his career as an attorney for a short period, then became involved in company management. <mask> died on 10 April 1983 in Château-Landon, Seine-et-Marne. Notes

Sources

Further reading

1893 births
1983 deaths
People from Montargis
Politicians from Centre-Val de Loire
French Section of the Workers' International politicians
Socialist Republican Union politicians
French Ministers of Merchant Marine
French Ministers of Labour and Social Affairs
French interior ministers
Members of the 13th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 14th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 15th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 16th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
People of Vichy

masks:
Frot
Frot
Eugène Frot


title: Bessie Blount Griffin

texts:
<mask>, also known as <mask>, (November 24, 1914 – December 30, 2009) was a writer, nurse, physical therapist, inventor and forensic scientist. Early life
<mask> was born on November 24, 1914. A native of Virginia, Blount was born in the Hickory, Virginia community, in Princess Anne County (now known as the city of Chesapeake). Education
Blount attended Diggs Chapel Elementary School in Hickory, Virginia, a school built after the Civil War for the education of African American children. In an interview with the Virginian, <mask> recalled that her school “didn’t have textbooks. [They] later got them from the white schools.” While attending Diggs Chapel, Blount's teacher reprimanded her for writing with her left hand by rapping her knuckles, a form of discipline used at the time to teach students proper writing etiquette. Blount took this as a challenge to be ambidextrous.Even though her right hand became her primary writing hand, she maintained her ability to write with her left hand as well. She also taught herself to write without the use of her hands by holding a pencil with her teeth and feet. This skill was useful in her career later on, helping her teach others to operate without one or more limbs. After the sixth grade, there were no more educational resources for African American children in her community, forcing Blount to stop her education. The family then relocated north to New Jersey, where Blount remained self-taught and obtained her GED. She attended Community Kennedy Memorial Hospital's nurse's program, in Newark, New Jersey. After obtaining her Nursing degree, she continued her education at Panzer College of Physical Education and Hygiene in East Orange, New Jersey and became a  physical therapist.In 2008, <mask> <mask> returned home to Hickory to memorialize the significance of her primary school, which had been burned to the ground

masks:
Bessie Virginia Bnt
Bessie Bnt Griffin
Bessie Bnt Griffin
Griffin
Bessie
Griffin


title: Bessie Blount Griffin

texts:
 in 1932. No records of the school system were found before 1913. She intended to build a museum and library on the grounds in memory of those who had studied there in the decades past. Unfortunately, her project was never completed as <mask> died the following year. Physical therapist career
During her career as a physical therapist, after World War II, many soldiers returned as amputees after being wounded in combat. As a part of Blount's physical therapy exercises, she taught veterans who had lost the ability to use their hands, new ways to perform everyday tasks by substituting the use of their teeth and feet. Her ambidexterity and ability to perform tasks with her mouth and feet helped her relate to her patients out of surgery.As she worked each day, Blount observed that one of the biggest challenges for amputees was eating without assistance from other people. A crucial task for many was to relearn the ability to feed themselves. Regaining this skill would restore a degree of independence and increase their self-esteem. As a nurse and physical therapist, she also cared for and worked closely with Theodore Edison, son of famed inventor Thomas Edison. Inventions - assistive devices
While working at the Bronx Hospital in New York, Blount invented an electric self-feeding apparatus for amputees. The device had a tube to transport individual bites of food to the patient's mouth. The patients would bite down on the tube and then the next portion of food would dispense to the mouthpiece from the attached machine.A part of the device was patented in 1948. The American Veterans Administration (VA) declined Blount's invention, so in 1952 she licensed it freely to the French government. She remarked in an interview with the Afro-American that her accomplishment showed that "a colored woman can invent something for the benefit of humankind"  She also


title: Bessie Blount Griffin

texts:
 using her forensic experience to examine documents and slave papers from the pre-civil war. Blount operated that business until the age of 83.Her verification of authenticity was also used on Native American treaties with the United States. Media appearances
Blount made numerous attempts to interest the VA in her inventions but they declined, despite the devices' evident beneficial impact. To promote the inventions, she appeared on the WCAU Philadelphia television show The Big Idea in 1953. Blount was the first African-American woman to be on the show. No transcript is available, but it is reported she repeated that she had proved "A black woman can invent something for the benefit of humankind." Blount wrote a featured column for the African-American newspapers, the N.J. Herald News and the Philadelphia Independent. In 2008 she undertook but was unable to complete one more project: founding a museum on the grounds of her old Virginia schoolhouse which had burned down, to commemorate the contributions of those who had studied there.Honors and awards
Blount was honored in 1992 by The American Academy of Physical Therapy, an African American focused physical therapy organization. Virginia Women in History in 2005. Personal life
In 1951, Blount married <mask>. They had one son, Philip. Death
Blount died at the age of 95 on December 30, 2009, at her home in Newfield, New Jersey. References

1914 births
2009 deaths
African-American inventors
African-American scientists
American forensic scientists
Women forensic scientists
American nurses
American women nurses
Women inventors
Academics from Virginia
People from Gloucester County, New Jersey
20th-century American inventors
Panzer College alumni
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century American people
21st-century African-American people
21st-century


title: Myroslav Irchan

texts:
<mask> (14 July 1897 – 3 November 1937) was born Andriy Babiuk on July 14, 1897 to a poor peasant family in the village of P'yadyky, Kolomyia in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. In 1914, he graduated from the Teacher's Seminary in Lviv. He was a Ukrainian storywriter and playwright who moved for a time from Europe to North America, and continued to write about his European experiences while in the new world. He was also editor of a number of publications in Europe and Canada. Ukrainian Civil War
The first story he wrote was at the age of 17 entitled Meeting (Зустріч) using the penname Irchan. His first collection of sketches and short stories was titled Nirvana’s Laughter (Сміх Нірвани), a condemnation of war. He became a soldier in the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen and the Ukrainian Galician Army shortly after the outbreak of World War I.He fought in three different armies:Austro-Hungarian, Galician, and the Red Army of Ukraine. When he ended up in the ranks of the Red Ukrainian Galician Army,  he edited its periodical Red Archer (Червоний Стрелец). He wrote two plays about the Ukrainian Civil War in the middle of the war. The first of these plays was The Rebel (Бунтар), begun in the Polish–Soviet War in April 1920, and completed January 12, 1921 in Uman. It received 26 performances in eight months throughout Kyiv Oblast and Podolia. Printed by Kultura publishers in 1922, 3,000 of its 10,000 copies were distributed in North America. It is set in a Galician city early in 1920, as the Red Army offensive against Poland was stalling, and tells of a failed insurrection organized by pro-Soviet Ukrainian activists in the workers movement.Married Life
Following the end of the civil war, <mask> settled in Kyiv where he met and married his wife Zdenka. She

masks:
Myroslav Irchan
Irchan


title: Myroslav Irchan

texts:
 was the daughter of a Czech doctor, and when her parents returned to Prague in 1922, the young couple followed them. In Prague, <mask> enrolled at Charles University and participated in Ukrainian student activities. He was well known as a writer by this time, and continued to publish articles and stories, some of which were printed in North America. Canada
In 1923, <mask> was invited to come to Canada through ULTA (Ukrainian Labour Temple Association)  to edit their journal Working Woman (Робітниця), to which he had already contributed articles. At this time Canadian Immigration only accepted immigrants as labourers, so he and his wife were invited to come to Canada by a Canadian farmer, in Gonor, Manitoba, where they lived for a time and he continued his literary activities. Drama
In Canada, he was to experience the most creative literary period of his life, as editor, poet, storywriter, and playwright.The first play he wrote in Canada was The Family of Brushmakers (Родина щіткарів). In all cases where the drama of the doubting and confused mind is Irchan's interest, his work takes on a rich texture and offers many possible readings and many complex interpretations. The Family of Brushmakers, in four acts, written between 1923–24, tells the story of a family of four people – three of whom at the outset of the play are blind. Only the son can see. In Irchan's own words, “In 1915, while I was lying ill in a German hospital in the Austrian capital Vienna, I read in a German newspaper a story in a small corner of its last page that a blind brushmaker and musician living in Germany had a blind wife and daughter. His only son, who had vision, was conscripted into the German army. In time, the son returned home, but to the glory of the

masks: Irchan Irchan


title: Myroslav Irchan

texts:
 Kaiser and the great German Empire, he had given up his eyesight.He had lost it during a poisonous attack at the front. So the only member of the family with sight, the son, was now blind in a blind family.”   The play was a great success, staged 74 times from Montreal to Vancouver, and even the English Press had something to say about this “dangerous production”. Departure
The reasons for his departure from Canada are manifold. First, his wife Zdenka who was in poor health, with their daughter, Maya, returned to her parents in Prague. Secondly, the organizational activities which entangled him more and more with ULTA in Winnipeg left him little opportunity to develop as a writer. Finally, some of the membership of ULTA may have encountered problems with his work, possibly finding it too much that of the expression of an individual rather than of their organization. Whatever the reasons, on May 22, 1929, he left Winnipeg on his journey back to Europe.Tragic <mask> returned to Ukraine at a time when Stalin’s repression of artists, academics, and gifted individuals in all fields was intensifying. <mask> moved to Kharkiv, at that time the capital of Soviet Ukraine. The city had writers’ organizations and publishers, and he had friends here in the writing community. In 1934, he was one of many writers arrested by the State Political Administration. His wife and daughter joined him in Omsk, Siberia, though it is unclear whether Zdenka did this voluntarily. In a letter she wrote to a friend in Winnipeg, she says, “Please do not send me anymore newspapers, and notify New York to do the same thing, because they are causing me unpleasantness. Some day I will write more.Greetings to all. Zdenka.”    But nothing more was heard. Thirty-four years

masks:
Fate Irchan
Irchan


title: Myroslav Irchan

texts:
 after <mask>'s official rehabilitation in the Soviet Union, which was the result of Khrushchev's report revealing the criminal activity under Stalin's direction, the detail of <mask>'s fate was made public. <mask> was interrogated by Pavel Postyshev who is considered to be one of the principal architects of the famine of 1932–1933, known in Ukraine as Holodomor. <mask> was accused of “belonging” to the nationalist Ukrainian counter-revolutionary organization, which worked to overthrow Soviet rule in Ukraine by military means. It now seems he was shot with so many other Ukrainian intellectuals on 3 November 1937 at Sandarmokh in Karelia. References

Bibliography
 Balan, Jars.The Ukrainian Canadian stage, in Slavic Drama. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada 1991. <mask>, <mask>. Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Krawchuk, Peter. The Unforgettable <mask> Irchan. Translated by Mary Skrypnyk.Kobzar Publishing Company Ltd. , Edmonton, Alberta 1998. Shkandrii, <mask>. The Rape of Civilization: Recurrent Structure in <mask> <mask>'s Prose. Journal of Ukrainian Studies 25 (2000). External links
Shkandrii, <mask>. The Rape of Civilization. <mask>, <mask> – Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine

1897 births
1937 deaths
Ukrainian dramatists and playwrights
Journalists from Lviv
20th-century Ukrainian poets
Ukrainian translators
Writers from Kharkiv
Writers from Kyiv
People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Ukrainian Austro-Hungarians
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Ukrainian people of World War I
Ukrainian emigrants to Canada
Gulag detainees
People executed by the Soviet Union
Executed writers
Soviet rehabilitations
Ukrainian male poets
Great Purge victims from Ukraine
20th-century Ukrainian journalists
20th-century

masks: Irchan Irchan Irchan Irchan Irchan Myroslav Myroslav Myroslav Myroslav Irchan Myroslav Irchan Myroslav


title: M. H. Ross

texts:
<mask> “<mask><mask> (9 November 1918 – 31 January 1987) was a union organizer, Progressive Party candidate, and public health administrator. Early life
<mask> was born in New York City in 1918 to Jewish immigrants from Poland. His father was a fabric cutter, but found difficulty getting work during the Great Depression. By the age of 12, <mask> was working two summer jobs to help support his parents and younger brother. <mask> dropped out of City College of New York at the age of 18 and traveled to Dallas, Texas where he worked a summer job for the Mayflower Doughnut Corporation as part of the Greater Texas & Pan-American Exposition. While in Dallas, he began attending meetings of the Unemployed Councils in Texas, where he was introduced to various political beliefs, including Communism and Socialism. Labor Union Work
In early 1938, <mask> got a job operating a boiler for an egg processing plant in Chickasha, Oklahoma.During this time, he was introduced to unions and organizing. After writing to a newly formed union chapter inquiring about organizing his coworkers, he received a personal visit at his boarding house from David Fowler, district president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) and the director of the Oklahoma-Arkansas chapter of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). Before having a chance to organize workers at the plant, he was fired. <mask> returned to Dallas to work on the chicken farm of a friend in exchange for room and board but soon after received a full scholarship to attend the Southern Summer School for Workers in Asheville, North Carolina, for the summer of 1938. He returned the next year as an assistant, along with his future wife Anne “Buddie” West. By 1941, while working for the Merita Bakery Plant, <mask> was a field representative for UMWA and also a member of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). His’ official duties included gaining signatures from workers for review by the National Labor

masks:
Myron Howard
Mike
” Ross
Mike Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross


title: M. H. Ross

texts: Relations Board (NLRB) for union representation, designing and printing labor leaflets, and collective bargaining on behalf of workers of various plants.In Fall of 1941, <mask> was organizing workers of the Mathieson Alkali Works in Saltville, Virginia when two representatives working in Tennessee, <mask> of Mine, Mill and Smelters Workers (MMSW) and Oscar Wiles of UMWA, were kidnapped at gunpoint, brutally beaten, stripped naked, and drenched in hot tar by anti-labor locals. <mask> was among few volunteers to go to Rockwood, Tennessee in their place. Under cover of night, armed workers protected <mask> and fellow local laborers as they met in secret locations to prepare for a labor board election for Tennessee Products Corporation. These efforts proved successful, and in January 1942, the Roane County Smelter Workers Union Local 579 won their election. A victory parade was held the following April. From 1941 through 1943, <mask> traveled throughout the South working as a labor representative. In Alabama, both <mask> and <mask> worked to gain rights for union workers and to end racial discrimination within industrial work there.<mask> sat on the War Production boards of both Tennessee and Alabama, and in Bessemer, Alabama, he taught racial and gender-integrated classes to local union members and auxiliaries on economics, parliamentary law, and the history of unions. In 1942, in accordance with local custom at the time, <mask> created a segregated ladies’ auxiliary with the purpose of distributing fliers in Birmingham, Alabama in support of the Roosevelt Administration’s Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC). Organizers of the CIO, MMSW, and UMW faced significant hostility from white supremacists in local business and government in attempting to desegregate industrial labor in Alabama, where government officials openly opposed Roosevelt’s anti-discriminatory Executive Order 8802 and the resultant Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC).

masks:
Ross
Homer Wilson
Ross
Ross
Ross
Mike
Anne Ross
Mike Ross
Anne Ross


title: M. H. Ross

texts: Because of the unions’ anti-discrimination stance and public support of the FEPC, several representatives in Alabama received threats and were physically assaulted, including <mask>, who initially received a threatening note. <mask> and his pregnant wife finally left Alabama for Tennessee after their apartment was ransacked in 1942. From 1943 through 1945, <mask> served as a rifleman in the 406th Infantry Regiment in Germany but was discharged after receiving disabling injuries in Germany. Upon his release, he returned as a field representative of MMSW and joined the Operation Dixie labor campaign.In 1946, <mask> and an African American MMSW International Representative named Frank Allen were sent to Macon, Georgia to help workers of small local plants organize NLRB elections and to end discriminatory practices among businesses and labor unions in the region. When <mask>, his wife, and child stepped off the bus in Macon, <mask> interrupted the beating of an African American teenager by a local policeman. Although this act earned him a positive reputation among the local African American community, it also drew attention from the Ku Klux Klan, which opposed much of the union recruitment in the South. During his few months in Macon, <mask> was able to recruit 1,000 workers from 18 plants into MMSW and he continued to be a vocal advocate for racial integration and equality. Immediately after the Moore’s Ford Lynching in nearby Walton County, Georgia, <mask> and the CIO reached out to the US Attorney General and President Truman requesting a federal investigation into the lynching and protection for union representatives in the area. When the <mask>es moved to Macon, they first took up residence in a motel room and then were able to secure a small cottage for rent. Knowing of <mask>’ intentions in the area, the landlord instructed the <mask>es that when—not if—the Klan arrived, they could throw their young daughter out of the window into bushes for

masks:
Mike Ross
Mike Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Mike Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Mike Ross
Ross


title: M. H. Ross

texts:
 safety.Threats were so great that fellow union members would often sleep at the <mask> home, armed for safety. One night in August 1946, a pregnant <mask> was met at the door by 25 hooded Klansmen who came to the family home with the intention of lynching <mask>. After searching the home, they warned Mrs. <mask> that they would kill her husband if he did not leave the state. <mask> was hospitalized with hysteria and the family left the state soon after for High Point, North Carolina, where <mask> began work as an arbitrator with the United Furniture Workers. Political life
In 1939, <mask> began a grant-funded position with John L. Lewis’ Labor’s Non-Partisan League in North Carolina, continuing through 1941. <mask> was Assistant Secretary of the North Carolina chapter of the League for Progressive Democracy and the Vice-Chairman of the League for Young Southerners. In 1941, when 22 years old, he ran for City Council in Charlotte, North Carolina on the “People’s Platform,” or “People’s Slate,” a progressive third party of laborers from multiple industries.Although he received enough votes for the run-off, he lost the election. In 1948, <mask> was Secretary of the North Carolina Progressive Party, was among the 74-member committee in support of Progressive Party presidential candidate <mask>. Wallace, and accompanied Wallace on his presidential election tour of 1948. That year, <mask> ran for Congress from the 6th District of North Carolina on the Progressive Party ticket but was defeated. Legal career
From 1949-1952, <mask> attended University of North Carolina School of Law. He was Associate Editor of the North Carolina Law Review and wrote several law articles pertaining to labor, including “Employer Refusals to Bargain Collectively in the Southern Textile Industry,” (1950) and “The Operation of the Wage and Hour Law in North Carolina and the South,” (1952). Despite graduating at the top of his class, receiving praise from the law school

masks:
Ross
Anne Ross
Mike Ross
Ross
Anne Ross
Mike Ross
Ross
He Ross
Ross
Henry A
Ross
Ross


title: M. H. Ross

texts:
 dean, and having a wealth of professional references, the North Carolina State Board of Bar Examiners refused to allow <mask> to take the bar exam based on his character, giving the justification that <mask> practiced law unlawfully while working as a union arbitrator. The Board refused to offer further explanation, despite public and media outcry and letters written by the North Carolina CIO director to the law school dean, university president, and North Carolina governor.<mask> himself stated that the bulk of his three-hour hearing involved questions about his labor activities, whether he was a Communist, and his religious beliefs. It was also speculated that he was refused the bar based on his vocal opposition to racial discrimination and his public support of African-American law school peers. He was never allowed to take the bar or practice law. Health Administration
<mask> dedicated the last thirty years of his life to healthcare administration and to the history, experiences, and well-being of coal miners. From 1958 through the 1970s, he was Executive Officer of the Monongahela Valley Association of Health Centers and served as administrator of the Fairmont Clinic, which began as a non-profit group practice to serve the needs of Marion County, West Virginia miners and their families in Fairmont, West Virginia. He was a member of the West Virginia Task Force on Health Maintenance Organization Legislation in 1973, a member of the Board of Directors of Group Health Associations of America, Vice Chairman of the West Virginia Planning Commission for Nursing, and Chairman of the Health Commission of the Council of Southern Mountains (1969-1973). <mask> served as a lecturer in the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and as a lecturer for Fairmont State College, where he taught a course, “Coal: The People, The Problems and the Future,” and provided a tour of a deep mine for students in 1975.He was also Associate Director

masks: Ross Ross Ross Ross Ross


title: M. H. Ross

texts:
 of the Rural Practice Project in the School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. On June 17, 1970, <mask> gave a speech at the National Conference on Medicine and the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act in Washington D.C. titled “The Life Style of the Coal Miner,” which was reprinted by Appalachia Medicine, the West Virginia University Magazine, and others. His “The Appalachian Coal Miner: his Way of Living, Working and Relating to Others,” first appeared in the December 29, 1972 issue of Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. In July 1974, <mask> gave the keynote address “Rural Health Care: The Prepayment Alternative,” for the National Conference on Rural Health Maintenance Organizations in Louisville, Kentucky, sponsored by the Group Health Association of America. <mask> was working on a manuscript about the history of coal mining when he died in 1987 in North Carolina. Publications by M. H. <mask>
“North Carolina Labor History” in (Winston-Salem) Industrial Leader, June 1945
“Employer Refusals to Bargain in Southern Textile Industry,” North Carolina Law Review Vol. 29, No.1, December 1, 1950, pp 81–89
“The Operation of the Wage and Hour Law in North Carolina and the South” North Carolina Law Review, Vol. 30, No. 3, April 1, 1952, 248-274
“A Tar Heel Labor Tradition” in North Carolina Federationist (AFL), June 1952
“Court Decisions Involving Trade Unions in North Carolina: A Bibliography,” The North Carolina Historical Review, Vol. 30, No. 4, October 1953, 467-482
“Labor in the South,” The Nation, July 7, 1956
“The Life Style of the Coal Miner,” Appalachia Medicine, March 1971
“The Appalachian Coal Miner: his Way of Living, Working and Relating to Others,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 200, No. 1, December 29, 1972, 184-196

References

American people of Polish-Jewish descent
1918 births
1987 deaths
Progressive Party (United States, 1948) politicians
People from New York City
People from

masks: Ross Ross Ross Ross


title: Ray Hanna

texts:
<mask>,  (28 August 1928 – 1 December 2005) was a New Zealand-born fighter pilot who emigrated to England to join the Royal Air Force (RAF). During his RAF career he was a founding member of its Red Arrows aerobatics display team. He also founded The Old Flying Machine Company, which commercially flies Second World War vintage fighter aircraft at air displays around the world, and for television and cinematic productions. He was a Spitfire display pilot in the latter half of the 20th century, noted for his daring and disciplined aerobatic stunt flying. Early life
<mask> was born at Takapuna, New Zealand, on 28 August 1928. He received his early formal education at Auckland Grammar School. As a teenager he joined the Air Training Corps in Auckland and learned to fly, receiving his first flying lessons on the Tiger Moth.Opportunities in the Royal New Zealand Air Force were limited, so he looked to the Royal Air Force (RAF) in the United Kingdom for a flying career. In 1949, at the age of 21, he worked his passage on a merchant ship to England, where he applied to join the RAF. Royal Air Force career
During his initial training with the RAF, <mask> flew planes such as the Percival Prentice, North American Harvard and Gloster Meteor. He went on to fly the Hawker Tempest, Hawker Sea Fury and Bristol Beaufighter. On 2 May 1951, Cadet Pilot <mask> was awarded a service commission (eight years active duty, and four in reserve) with the rank of pilot officer to date back to 9 May 1949. His first operational posting was to No. 79 Squadron flying the Meteor FR.9 as part of the NATO Second Allied Tactical Air Force.<mask> flew a number of early British jet

masks:
Raynham George Hanna
Hanna
Hanna
Hanna
Hanna


title: Ray Hanna

texts:
 aircraft in this period, including the de Havilland Vampire, de Havilland Venom, Supermarine Attacker, Hawker Sea Hawk, Supermarine Swift and Gloster Javelin. On 8 February 1955, he was awarded a direct commission (twelve years active and four in reserve) with the rank of flying officer, and was promoted to flight lieutenant on 10 November. Early in his career, <mask> had the opportunity to become involved with aerial display teams, first as the leader of a four-ship Hunter display team in 1957 and then, in 1963–64, as a member of a Meteor display team operated by the College of Air Warfare. He was awarded the Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air in the 1960 New Year Honours, and a year later received his first Air Force Cross. In 1965, <mask> became a member of the Red Arrows display team as 'Red 3'. The following year, he became the team leader, 'Red 1', a post which he held for a record four years. During this time, <mask> oversaw the enlargement of the team to nine Folland Gnat T.Mk.1 aircraft, making possible the inclusion of the diamond-nine formation which is a staple feature of Red Arrows display routines to this day.During this period, the Red Arrows became a permanent squadron as part of the Central Flying School. <mask> was awarded a permanent commission on 1 October 1966, and as an acting squadron leader was awarded a Bar to his Air Force Cross in the 1967 New Year Honours. <mask> was promoted to squadron leader on 1 January 1968, and was retired from the RAF at his own request on 14 May 1971. Post-RAF flying career

After leaving the RAF, <mask> became a commercial airline pilot flying Boeing 707s for Lloyd

masks: Hanna Hanna Hanna Hanna Hanna Hanna


title: Ray Hanna

texts:
 International, and subsequently spent seven years with Cathay Pacific, flying 707s and Lockheed Tristars. He then headed a company operating Boeing 707s. At the end of the 1970s <mask> was asked by the Chairman of Cathay Pacific, Sir Adrian Swire, to display Swire's Spitfire LFIXb, MH434. This was the beginning of a long association between <mask> and this aircraft that would last until his death.The Old Flying Machine Company
In 1981, <mask> and his son Mark (then still a serving RAF fighter pilot) established The Old Flying Machine Company, based at Duxford Aerodrome, to commercially operate and display fly a number of vintage military aircraft. In 1983 Adrian Swire put Spitfire MH434 up for commercial auction, and it was purchased by <mask> and his commercial partners for The Old Flying Machine Company's flying stock. In 1988 Mark resigned from the RAF to join the company full-time. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the company's aeroplanes performed at flying shows around the world, and opened up a spin-off service providing its aircraft for the filming of cinema and television productions, including Piece of Cake (1988), Empire of the Sun (1987), Memphis Belle (1990), Saving Private Ryan (1998) and Tomorrow Never Dies (1997). <mask> flew his Spitfire under the bridge at Winston, near Barnard Castle, for a scene in Piece of Cake. A television documentary film, entitled A Spitfire's Story (1995), detailing the history and complete refit of Spitfire MH434 was produced in the mid-1990s. It was broadcast on the Discovery Channel.On 18 July 1996, in a notorious piece of flying as part of the filming for a television series entitled The Air Show, for

masks: Hanna Hanna Hanna Hanna Hanna


title: Ray Hanna

texts:
 a programme about the history of the Spitfire, <mask> flew one across the grounds of Duxford Aerodrome at deck level to the rear of Alain de Cadenet presenting, in a prearranged stunt that was a little lower than had been anticipated. In 1998 at the first meeting of the Goodwood Revival racing car festival, <mask> confounded a trackside crowd, which had been expecting a pass overhead by a Spitfire, by flying it at full throttle on the deck past them across the Goodwood circuit's start/finish line. <mask> flew Spitfire MH434 for a final time before a crowd at the Duxford Autumn Airshow on 16 October 2005. Personal life
<mask> married Eunice Rigby in 1957, and had two children, Mark and Sarah. On 25 September 1999, Mark, at the age of 40, crashed in a Messerschmitt Bf 109 during a performance while coming in to land at an airshow in Sabadell, Spain, and died the following day in hospital from the injuries sustained. Death

<mask> died in his 78th year in Switzerland of natural causes on 1 December 2005. His body was buried on 15 December in the graveyard of St Mary's Church, to the rear of his family home in the village of Parham's Vicarage, in the County of Suffolk.His grave is next to that of his son's, each marked with headstones shaped like an aeroplane propeller blade. During the burial, the Red Arrows staged a low level fly-over salute above the graveyard in the Vic formation. References

External links

1928 births
2005 deaths
Aerobatic pilots
Commercial aviators
Red Arrows
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air
Royal Air Force officers
New Zealand emigrants to the


title: Amalric of Jerusalem

texts:
<mask> or Amaury I (; ; 113611 July 1174) was King of Jerusalem from 1163, and Count of Jaffa and Ascalon before his accession. He was the second son of Melisende and Fulk of Jerusalem, and succeeded his older brother Baldwin III. During his reign, Jerusalem became more closely allied with the Byzantine Empire, and the two states launched an unsuccessful invasion of Egypt. He was the father of three future rulers of Jerusalem, Sibylla, Baldwin IV, and Isabella I. Older scholarship mistook the two names <mask> and Aimery as variant spellings of the same name, so these historians erroneously added numbers, making <mask> to be <mask> I (1163–74) and King Aimery (1197–1205) to be "Amalric II". Now scholars recognize that the two names were not the same and no longer add the number for either king. Confusion between the two names was common even among contemporaries.Youth
<mask> was born in 1136 to King Fulk, the former count of Anjou married to the heiress of the kingdom, Queen Melisende. After the death of Fulk in a hunting accident in 1143, the throne passed jointly to Melisende and Amalric's older brother Baldwin III, who was still only 13 years old. Melisende did not step down when Baldwin came of age two years later, and by 1150 the two were becoming increasingly hostile towards each other. In 1152 Baldwin had himself crowned sole king, and civil war broke out, with Melisende retaining Jerusalem while Baldwin held territory further north. <mask>, who had been given the County of Jaffa as an apanage when he reached the age of majority in 1151, remained loyal to Melisende in Jerusalem, and when Baldwin invaded the south, Amalric was besieged in the Tower of David with his mother. Melisende was defeated in this struggle and Baldwin ruled alone thereafter. In 1153 Baldwin captured the Egyptian fortress of Ascalon, which was then added to Amalric's fief of Jaffa (see Battle of Ascalon).Amalric married Agnes of

masks: Amalric Amalric Amalric Amalric Amalric Amalric


title: Amalric of Jerusalem

texts:
 Edessa, the first crusader state established during the First Crusade, was conquered by Zengi, the Turkic emir of Aleppo. Zengi united Aleppo, Mosul, and other cities of northern Syria, and intended to impose his control on Damascus in the south. The Second Crusade in 1148 had failed to conquer Damascus, which soon fell to Zengi's son Nur ad-Din.Jerusalem also lost influence to Byzantium in northern Syria when the Empire imposed its suzerainty over the Principality of Antioch. Jerusalem thus turned its attention to Egypt, where the Fatimid dynasty was suffering from a series of young caliphs and civil wars. The crusaders had wanted to conquer Egypt since the days of Baldwin I, who died during an expedition there. The capture of Ascalon by Baldwin III made the conquest of Egypt more feasible. Invasions of Egypt

<mask> led his first expedition into Egypt in 1163, claiming that the Fatimids had not paid the yearly tribute that had begun during the reign of Baldwin III. The vizier, Dirgham, had recently overthrown the vizier Shawar, and marched out to meet Amalric at Pelusium, but was defeated and forced to retreat to Bilbeis. The Egyptians then opened up the Nile dams and let the river flood, hoping to prevent Amalric from invading any further.Amalric returned home but Shawar fled to the court of Nur ad-Din, who sent his general Shirkuh to settle the dispute in 1164. In response Dirgham sought help from Amalric, but Shirkuh and Shawar arrived before Amalric could intervene and Dirgham was killed. Shawar, however, feared that Shirkuh would seize power for himself, and he too looked to Amalric for assistance. Amalric returned to Egypt in 1164 and besieged Shirkuh in Bilbeis until Shirkuh retreated to Damascus. Amalric could not follow up on his success in Egypt because Nur ad-Din was active in Syria, having taken Bohemund III of Antioch and Raymond III of Tripoli prisoner at the Battle of Harim during


title: Amalric of Jerusalem

texts:
 Amalric's absence. Amalric rushed to take up the regency of Antioch and Tripoli and secured Bohemund's ransom in 1165 (Raymond remained in captivity until 1173). The year 1166 was relatively quiet, but Amalric sent envoys to the Byzantine Empire seeking an alliance and a Byzantine wife, and throughout the year had to deal with raids by Nur ad-Din, who captured Banias.In 1167, Nur ad-Din sent Shirkuh back to Egypt and Amalric once again followed him, establishing a camp near Cairo; Shawar again allied with Amalric and a treaty was signed with the caliph al-Adid himself. Shirkuh encamped on the opposite side of the Nile. After an indecisive battle, Amalric retreated to Cairo and Shirkuh marched north to capture Alexandria; Amalric followed and besieged Shirkuh there, aided by a Pisan fleet from Jerusalem. Shirkuh negotiated for peace and Alexandria was handed over to Amalric. However, Amalric could not remain there indefinitely, and returned to Jerusalem after exacting an enormous tribute. Byzantine alliance
After his return to Jerusalem in 1167, Amalric married Maria Comnena, a great-grandniece of Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus. The negotiations had taken two years, mostly because <mask> insisted that Manuel return Antioch to Jerusalem.Once Amalric gave up on this point he was able to marry Maria in Tyre on August 29, 1167. During this time the queen dowager, Baldwin III's widow Theodora, eloped with her cousin Andronicus to Damascus, and Acre, which had been in her possession, reverted into the royal domain of Jerusalem. It was also around this time that William of Tyre was promoted to archdeacon of Tyre, and was recruited by Amalric to write a history of the kingdom. In 1168 Amalric and Manuel negotiated an alliance against Egypt, and William of Tyre was among the ambassadors sent to Constantinople to finalize the treaty. Although Amalric still had a peace treaty with Shawar, Shawar was accused of


title: Amalric of Jerusalem

texts:
 attempting to ally with Nur ad-Din, and Amalric invaded. The Knights Hospitaller eagerly supported this invasion, while the Knights Templar refused to have any part in it. In October, without waiting for any Byzantine assistance (and in fact without even waiting for the ambassadors to return), Amalric invaded and seized Bilbeis.The inhabitants were either massacred or enslaved. Amalric then marched to Cairo, where Shawar offered Amalric two million pieces of gold. Meanwhile, Nur ad-Din sent Shirkuh back to Egypt as well, and upon his arrival <mask> retreated. Rise of Saladin
In January 1169 Shirkuh had Shawar assassinated. Shirkuh became vizier, although he himself died in March, and was succeeded by his nephew Saladin. Amalric became alarmed and sent Frederick de la Roche, Archbishop of Tyre, to seek help from the kings and nobles of Europe, but no assistance was forthcoming. Later that year however a Byzantine fleet arrived, and in October Amalric launched yet another invasion and besieged Damietta by sea and by land.The siege was long and famine broke out in the Christian camp; the Byzantines and crusaders blamed each other for the failure, and a truce was signed with Saladin. Amalric returned home. Now Jerusalem was surrounded by hostile enemies. In 1170 Saladin invaded Jerusalem and took the city of Eilat, severing Jerusalem's connection with the Red Sea. Saladin, who was set up as Vizier of Egypt, was declared Sultan in 1171 upon the death of the last Fatimid caliph. Saladin's rise to Sultan was an unexpected reprieve for Jerusalem, as Nur ad-Din was now preoccupied with reining in his powerful vassal. Nevertheless, in 1171 Amalric visited Constantinople himself, leaving Jobert of Syria as regent, and envoys were sent to the kings of Europe for a second time, but again no help was received.Over the next few years the kingdom was threatened not only by Saladin and Nur ad-Din, but also by the


title: Tim Arnold (musician)

texts:
<mask> (born 3 July 1975) is an English singer-songwriter, composer, producer musician and film maker from London. His music has been compared to David Bowie and he is the last musician to collaborate with David Bowie and Kate Bush mentor Lindsay Kemp. He is also an active campaigner for the preservation of the London district known as Soho and its role in the enhancement of the performing arts. He is the founder of Save Soho, a coalition of performers including Stephen Fry and Benedict Cumberbatch, residents and politicians that came together out of concern for the future of Soho’s historic role as a national platform for the performing arts. He has been critical of Spotify, after removing his discography from the streaming service in December 2021 in protest of the company's investment in a military defence company. <mask>a in the mid-1990s.He runs the record label TA Music, and has released twenty three albums. He is also author and composer of the musical Secrets of Soho. and is winner of BBC Radio London Album of the year 2015 for his album The Soho Hobo. Early life
<mask>'s childhood was spent travelling through Europe, as his mother, Polly Perkins, performed cabaret in theatres and nightclubs. Between the ages of eight and fourteen, he lived in France, Spain and the UK. <mask> has stated he believes in magic after meeting a Pagan "witch" at the age of nine. At fourteen years old, he enrolled as a bard in The Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids.The teachings inspired him to leave his mother's home in Spain and return alone to England to study at the Rudolf Steiner School, where he formed the band Jocasta with best friend Jack Reynolds. Career

Jocasta

In 1994, <mask> and the band moved from Hertfordshire to London. Jocasta had chart hits with "Go" and "Change Me" in 1997. The band's only album, No Coincidence was released

masks:
Tim Arnold
Arnoldggy Popcast
Tim Arnold
Arnold
Arnold


title: Tim Arnold (musician)

texts:
 in June 1997, but they disbanded soon after its release. Solo career
In 1999 he signed a publishing deal with V2 Music, and also became Master of Music at Shakespeare's Globe Theatre, composing original music for Peter Oswald's 'Augustine's Oak', a new verse play written especially for the Globe. In 2000 his new band called Spearshaker recorded several songs at Rockfield Studios in Monmouth, Wales, which would later be released on <mask>'s solo album 'En Route'. In 2001, <mask> left V2 and signed to Universal Music Publishing.For two years, he wrote and produced music for newly signed artists at Universal, mostly pop, R&B, garage and hip hop. In 2003 <mask> travelled to the Wat Tham Krabok Buddhist monastery in Thailand, where he was successfully treated for drug addiction. Life at the monastery had a profound effect on <mask> who subsequently left London and moved to Thailand to live in the monastery, where the monks built him a recording studio. He recorded his debut solo album Lokutara with the monks who cured him, in which the music was created by following cracks in the earth, which metamorphosed into pop rock melodies. A Tham Krabok success story, <mask> returned to the UK in 2004. Over the following 18 months, he recorded and released 6 solo albums, including Secrets of Soho recorded in Francis Bacon's spiritual home (The Colony Room). <mask> embarked on his 11th solo album Sonnet 155 by writing over 30 letters to Shakespearean actors, including Ian McKellen, Derek Jacobi, Pete Postlethwaite, Richard Briers, Janet Suzman and Emma Thompson in the hope that they would provide further inspiration and help turn ideas into songs.The responses he received became the basis for many of <mask>'s songs. The album is a rock/classical crossover all driven by Shakespearean themes. Sonnet 155 previewed to standing ovations at the

masks: Arnold Arnold Arnold Arnold Arnold Arnold Arnold


title: Tim Arnold (musician)

texts:
 Almeida Theatre, London (2 & 9 May 2010), a cross-media performance, including contributions from actors Richard Briers, Paul McGann, Benedict Cumberbatch and Lisa Dillon. The album also re-interprets classical pieces of music by Mozart, Rimsky-Korsakov and Michael Nyman – each song a contemporary response to a Shakespearean theme. B7 Media are currently developing the format of the stage show with a view to taking Sonnet 155 on tour. In 2012, <mask> began performing new songs under the name The Soho Hobo. He performed several shows at The Soho Theatre, The Groucho Club and The Lexington with actors Jessie Wallace, Gary Kemp and Phil Daniels throughout 2012 and 2013 as showcases for his forthcoming album about Soho.In 2015 he gave the Mayor of London, Boris Johnson a guided tour of Soho as part of <mask>'s Save Soho campaign. The pair were filmed by ITV news singing a duet of <mask>'s song "Don't Go Changing Soho". In 2015 he also appeared on The Voice and after auditioning, was selected by Ricky Wilson. By the second round, he was out of the competition losing his battle against eventual winner Stevie McCrorie. He released a single 'Hearts 4 Meat' in support of the Save Soho campaign that he leads with Stephen Fry and Benedict Cumberbatch. The song was inspired by Caitlin Moran's article in The Times 'Where is London If Soho Is Gone?'. In July 2015, <mask> released his 14th album The Soho Hobo

In 2019, he released "Don't Go Changing Soho", a Christmas tribute single to the area featuring Marc Almond, Boy George, Chrissie Hynde, Marty Wilde, Glen Matlock, Polly Perkins, Mari Wilson, Emily Capell, and Gary Kemp.Composition
<mask> composed the theme tune for the 2021 radio soap opera Greenborne. Personal life
<mask> lives in London and was listed to represent Soho in Historic England's 2016 exhibition ‘I Am London’. He is a

masks: Arnold Arnold Arnold Arnold Arnold Arnold


title: Tim Arnold (musician)

texts:
 feminist and a lifelong vegetarian. Activism

What Love Would Want
While <mask> identifies his sexual orientation as straight, he has said in interviews that he comes from an LGBT background, being brought up by two women since birth, with an extended family of gay women and men. This distinction in <mask>'s upbringing became the subject of media attention in 2017 surrounding the release of his song and video 'What Love Would Want'. Described by Fused Magazine as "A response to the divisive and for some, frightening times we are living in", <mask>'s song was inspired by Emma Watson's speech on The United Nations's He For She Campaign and Stephen Fry's speech on the Catholic Church's condemnation of gay people. The song's video was published on 17 May 2017 to mark International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia (IDAHOT).<mask> supported the event with a series of live performances in Toronto on the day, complete with a cruise boat choir performance on Lake Ontario. "What Love Would Want" is one of the first songs to premiere via Blockchain technology with Canadian company Musicoin, the world's first smart cryptocurrency for music securing exclusive release of the song before its general release. Actor Stephen Fry supported the song's message with an appearance in <mask>'s video. <mask> subsequently went on to support and work with Amnesty International at live events across the United Kingdom throughout 2017, including the petition hand-in at the Russian Embassy in London in protest of Chechnya's gay purge, where <mask> performed the song alongside campaigners Sir Ian McKellen, Peter Tatchell and Sir Michael Cashman. Appearances at the Isle of Wight Festival with Human Rights activist Shane Enright and a performance at the Isle of Wight's inaugural Pride Festival and Hastings Pride were instigated by <mask> to

masks: Arnold Arnold Arnold Arnold Arnold Arnold Arnold Arnold


title: Tim Arnold (musician)

texts:
 promote Amnesty's Love Is A Human Right campaign. <mask>'s "What Love Would Want" has since become an ongoing multi-media project to promote love and diversity. Soho
As founder and leader of the Save Soho group, <mask> succeeded in saving iconic venue Madame Jojo's and stopped Transport for London from closing Soho Square to make way for a work depot in the construction of Crossrail 2, as documented in his 2020 feature-length documentary Soho Is...

Dreaming
In 2020, <mask> embarked on his 19th solo album Constellations, conceived with independent dream researcher Kate Alderton, in an exploration of the relationship between music, dreams and art.<mask> and Alderton trained with The Centre for Social Dreaming in Amsterdam and held seven Social Dreaming matrices hosted by The Cockpit Theatre in London. Their work together featured in the 'Independent Association For The Study of Dreams' Spring edition of Dreamtime magazine. Album discography
Jocasta – No Coincidence (1997)
Seeker's Serum (1998)
Lokutara (2004)
En Route (2005)
Secrets of Soho (2006)
Soho Confidential (2006)
Hijo de la Luna (2007)
Clever Ain't Wise (2007)
Another World (2007)
Restrung (2007)
Oaky Dokey (2009)
Sonnet 155 (2010)
Augustine's Oak (2011)
The Soho Hobo (2015)
Sounds To Pictures, Volume One: Conversations (2017)
I Am For You (2017)
Sounds To Pictures, Volume Two: Inspirations (2018)
You Are For Me (2018)
Sounds To Pictures, Volume Three: Constellations (2020)
Jocasta - Ideas Are Bulletproof (2020)
When Staying Alive's The Latest Craze (2020)
Tales From The Tracks (2021)
Maybe Magic (2022)

References

External links
 <mask>'s official website

Waldorf school alumni
Living people
1975 births
English male guitarists
English composers
English male singers
English rock singers
English songwriters
Rhythm guitarists
Rock songwriters
Britpop musicians
The Voice

masks:
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Tim Arnold


title: Beck

texts: <mask> (born Bek David Campbell; July 8, 1970) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer. He rose to fame in the early 1990s with his experimental and lo-fi style, and became known for creating musical collages of wide-ranging genres. He has musically encompassed folk, funk, soul, hip hop, electronic, alternative rock, country, and psychedelia. He has released 14 studio albums (three of which were released on indie labels), as well as several non-album singles and a book of sheet music. Born and raised in Los Angeles, <mask> grew towards hip-hop and folk in his teens and began to perform locally at coffeehouses and clubs. He moved to New York City in 1989 and became involved in the city's anti-folk movement. Returning to Los Angeles in the early 1990s, he cut his breakthrough single "Loser", which became a worldwide hit in 1994, and released his first major album, Mellow Gold, the same year.Odelay, released in 1996, topped critic polls and won several awards. He released the country-influenced, twangy Mutations in 1998, and the funk-infused Midnite Vultures in 1999. The soft-acoustic Sea Change in 2002 showcased a more serious <mask>, and 2005's Guero returned to Odelays sample-based production. The Information in 2006 was inspired by electro-funk, hip hop, and psychedelia; 2008's Modern Guilt was inspired by '60s pop music; and 2014's folk-infused Morning Phase won Album of the Year at the 57th Grammy Awards. His 2017 album, Colors, won awards for Best Alternative Album and Best Engineered Album at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards. His fourteenth studio album, Hyperspace, was

masks:
Beck David Hansen
Beck
Beck


title: Beck

texts:
 released on November 22, 2019. With a pop art collage of musical styles, oblique and ironic lyrics, and postmodern arrangements incorporating samples, drum machines, live instrumentation and sound effects, <mask> has been hailed by critics and the public throughout his musical career as being among the most idiosyncratically creative musicians of 1990s and 2000s alternative rock.Two of <mask>'s most popular and acclaimed recordings are Odelay and Sea Change, both of which were ranked on Rolling Stone list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. The four-time platinum artist has collaborated with several artists and has made several contributions to soundtracks. Early life
<mask> was born Bek David Campbell in Los Angeles, California, on July 8, 1970, the son of American visual artist Bibbe Hansen and Canadian arranger, composer, and conductor David Campbell. Hansen grew up amid Andy Warhol's The Factory art scene of the 1960s in New York City and was a Warhol superstar. She moved to California at age 17 and met Campbell there. <mask>'s maternal grandmother was Jewish, while his maternal grandfather, artist Al Hansen, was of Norwegian descent and was a pioneer in the avant-garde Fluxus movement. <mask> has said that he was "raised celebrating Jewish holidays" and that he considers himself Jewish.<mask> was born in a rooming house near downtown Los Angeles. As a child, he lived in a declining neighborhood near Hollywood Boulevard. He later recalled, "By the time we left there, they were ripping out miles of houses en masse and building low-rent, giant apartment blocks." The lower-class family

masks: Beck Beck Beck Beck Beck Beck


title: Beck

texts: struggled financially, moving to Hoover and Ninth Street, a neighborhood populated primarily by Koreans and Salvadorian refugees. He was sent for a time to live with his paternal grandparents in Kansas, later remarking that he thought "they were kind of concerned" about his "weird" home life. Since his paternal grandfather was a Presbyterian minister, <mask> grew up influenced by church music and hymns. He also spent time in Europe with his maternal grandfather.After his parents separated when he was 10, <mask> stayed with his mother and brother Channing in Los Angeles, where he was influenced by the city's diverse musical offerings—everything from hip hop to Latin music and his mother's art scene—all of which would later reappear in his work. <mask> obtained his first guitar at 16 and became a street musician, often playing Lead Belly covers at Lafayette Park. During his teens, <mask> discovered the music of Sonic Youth, Pussy Galore, and X, but remained uninterested in most music outside the folk genre until many years into his career. The first contemporary music that made a direct connection with <mask> was hip hop, which he first heard on Grandmaster Flash records in the early 1980s. Growing up in a predominantly Latin district, he found himself the only white child at his school, and quickly learned how to breakdance. When he was 17, <mask> grew fascinated after hearing a Mississippi John Hurt record at a friend's house, and spent hours in his room trying to emulate Hurt's finger-picking techniques. Shortly thereafter, <mask> explored blues and folk music further, discovering Woody Guthrie

masks: Beck Beck Beck Beck Beck Beck Beck


title: Beck

texts:
 and Blind Willie Johnson.Feeling like "a total outcast", <mask> dropped out of school after junior high. He later said that although he felt school was important, he felt unsafe there. When he applied to the new performing arts high school downtown, he was rejected. His brother took him to post-Beat jazz places in Echo Park and Silver Lake. He hung out at the Los Angeles City College, perusing records, books and old sheet music in its library. He used a fake ID to sit in on classes there, and he also befriended a literature instructor and his poet wife. He worked at a string of menial jobs, including loading trucks and operating a leaf blower.Career

Early performances and first releases (1988–1993)
<mask> began as a folk musician, switching between country blues, Delta blues, and more traditional rural folk music in his teenage years. He began performing on city buses, often covering Mississippi John Hurt alongside original, sometimes improvisational compositions. "I'd get on the bus and start playing Mississippi John Hurt with totally improvised lyrics. Some drunk would start yelling at me, calling me Axl Rose. So I'd start singing about Axl Rose and the levee and bus passes and strychnine, mixing the whole thing up," he later recalled. He was also in a band called Youthless that hosted Dadaist-inspired freeform events at city coffee shops. "We had Radio Shack mics and this homemade speaker and we'd draft people in the audience to recite comic books or do a beatbox thing, or we'd tie the whole audience up in masking tape," <mask> recalled.In 1989, <mask> caught a bus to New York City with

masks: Beck Beck Beck Beck


title: Beck

texts: little more than $8.00 and a guitar. He spent the summer attempting to find a job and a place to live with little success. <mask> eventually began to frequent Manhattan's Lower East Side and stumbled upon the tail end of the East Village's anti-folk scene's first wave. <mask> became involved in a loose posse of acoustic musicians—including Cindy Lee Berryhill, Kirk Kelly, Paleface, and Lach, headed by Roger Manning—whose raggedness and eccentricity placed them well outside the acoustic mainstream. "The whole mission was to destroy all the clichés and make up some new ones," said <mask> of his New York years. "Everybody knew each other. You could go up onstage and say anything, and you wouldn't feel weird or feel any pressure."Inspired by that freedom and by the local spoken-word performers, <mask> began to write free-associative, surrealistic songs about pizza, MTV, and working at McDonald's, turning mundane thoughts into songs. <mask> was roommates with Paleface, sleeping on his couch and attending open mic nights together. Daunted by the prospect of another homeless New York winter, <mask> returned to his home of Los Angeles in early 1991. "I was tired of being cold, tired of getting beat up," he later remarked. "It was hard to be in New York with no money, no place [...] I kinda used up all the friends I had. Everyone on the scene got sick of me." Back in Los Angeles, <mask> began to work at a video store in the Silver Lake neighborhood, "doing things like alphabetizing the pornography section".He began performing in arthouse clubs and coffeehouses such as Al's Bar and Raji's. In order to keep


title: Beck

texts:
 indifferent audiences engaged in his music, <mask> would play in a spontaneous, joking manner. "I'd be banging away on a Son House tune and the whole audience would be talking. So maybe out of desperation or boredom, or the audience's boredom, I'd make up these ridiculous songs just to see if people were listening," he later remarked. Virtually an unknown to the public and an enigma to those who met him, <mask> would hop onstage between acts in local clubs and play "strange folk songs", accompanied by "what could best be described as performance art" while sometimes wearing a Star Wars stormtrooper mask. <mask> met someone who offered to help record demos in his living room, and he began to pass cassette tapes around. Eventually, <mask> gained key boosters in Margaret Mittleman, the West Coast's director of talent acquisitions for BMG Music Publishing, and the partners behind independent record label Bong Load Custom Records: Tom Rothrock, Rob Schnapf and Brad Lambert.Schnapf saw <mask> perform at Jabberjaw and felt he would suit their small venture. <mask> expressed a loose interest in hip hop, and Rothrock introduced him to Carl Stephenson, a record producer for Rap-A-Lot Records. In 1992, <mask> visited Stephenson's home to collaborate. The result—the slide-sampling hip hop track "Loser"—was a one-off experiment that <mask> set aside, going back to his folk songs, making his home tapes such as Golden Feelings, and releasing several independent singles. Mellow Gold, and independent albums (1993–1994)
By 1993, <mask> was living in a rat-infested shed near a Los Angeles alleyway with little

masks: Beck Beck Beck Beck Beck Beck Beck Beck Beck


title: Beck

texts: money. Bong Load issued "Loser" as a single in March 1993 on 12" vinyl with only 500 copies pressed. <mask> felt that "Loser" was mediocre, and only agreed to its release at Rothrock's insistence."Loser" unexpectedly received radio airplay, starting in Los Angeles, where college radio station KXLU was the first to play it, and later on Santa Monica College radio station KCRW, where radio host Chris Douridas played the song on Morning Becomes Eclectic, the station's flagship music program. "I called the record label that day and asked to have <mask> play live on the air," Douridas said. "He came in that Friday, rapped to a tape of "Loser" and did his song 'MTV Makes Me Want to Smoke Crack.'" That night, <mask> performed at the Los Angeles club Cafe Troy to a packed audience and talent scouts from major labels. The song then spread to Seattle through KNDD The End, and KROQ-FM began playing the song on an almost hourly basis. As Bong Load struggled to press more copies of "Loser", <mask> was beset with offers to sign with major labels. During the bidding war in November, <mask> spent several days in Olympia, Washington, recording material with Calvin Johnson of Beat Happening, which would later see release the following year on Johnson's K Records as One Foot in the Grave.A fierce bidding war ensued, with Geffen Records A&R director Mark Kates signing <mask> in December 1993 amid intense competition from Warner Bros. and Capitol. <mask>'s non-exclusive contract with Geffen allowed him an unusual amount of creative freedom, with <mask> remaining free to release material through such small,

masks: Beck Beck Beck Beck Beck Beck Beck Beck


title: Beck

texts:
 independent labels as Flipside, which issued the sprawling, 25-track collection of pre-"Loser" recordings titled Stereopathetic Soulmanure on February 22 the following year. By the time <mask> released his first album for Geffen, the low-budget, genre-blending Mellow Gold on March 1, "Loser" was already in the top 40 and its video in MTV's Buzz Bin. "Loser" quickly ascended the charts in the U.S., reaching a peak of number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and topping the Modern Rock Tracks chart. The song also charted in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and throughout Europe. <mask>'s newfound position of attention led to his characterization as the "King of Slackers", as the media dubbed him the center of the new so-called "slacker" movement. Critics, feeling it the essential follow-up to Radiohead's "Creep", found vacantness in the lyrics of "Loser" strongly associated with Generation X, although <mask> himself strongly contested his position as the face of the "slacker" generation: "Slacker my ass.I mean, I never had any slack. I was working a $4-an-hour job trying to stay alive. That slacker stuff is for people who have the time to be depressed about everything." Backlash and Odelay (1994–1997)
Feeling as though he was "constantly trying to prove myself", <mask> suffered a backlash, with skeptics denouncing him as a self-indulgent fake and the latest marketing opportunity. In the summer of 1994, <mask> was struggling and many of his fellow musicians thought he had lost his way. Combined with the song's wildly popular music video and the world tour, <mask> reacted believing the


title: Beck

texts: attention could not last, resulting in a status as a "one-hit wonder". At other concerts, crowds were treated to twenty minutes of reggae or Miles Davis or jazz-punk iterations of "Loser".At one-day festivals in California, he surrounded himself with an artnoise combo. The drummer set fire to his cymbals; the lead guitarist "played" his guitar with the strings faced towards his body; and <mask> changed the words to "Loser" so that nobody could sing along. "I can't tell you how many times I was looking at faces that were looking back at me with complete bewilderment—or just pointing and shaking their heads and laughing—while performing during that period," he later recalled. Despite this, <mask> gained the respect of his peers, such as Tom Petty and Johnny Cash, and created an entire wave of bands determined to recapture the Mellow Gold sound. Feeling his previous releases were just collections of demos recorded over the course of several years, <mask> desired to enter the studio and record an album in a continuous linear fashion, which became Odelay. <mask> blends country, blues, rap, jazz and rock on Odelay, the result of a year and half of feverish "cutting, pasting, layering, dubbing, and, of course, sampling". Each day, the musicians started from scratch, often working on songs for 16 hours straight.Odelays conception lies in an unfinished studio album <mask> first embarked on following the success of "Loser", chronicling the difficult time he experienced: "There was a cycle of everyone dying around me," he recalled later. He was constantly recording, and eventually put together an album of

masks: Beck Beck Beck Beck Beck