title: Janusz Zajdel

texts:
<mask> (15 August 1938 – 19 July 1985) was a Polish science fiction author, second in popularity in Poland to Stanisław Lem. His major genres were social science fiction and dystopia. His main recurring theme involved the gloomy prospects for a space environment into which mankind carried totalitarian ideas and habits: Red Space Republics, or Space Labor Camps, or both. His heroes desperately try to find meaning in the world around them. The Polish science fiction fandom award was named after him:  the Janusz A<mask> Award. He was a trustee of World SF. Life
<mask> was born 15 August 1938 in Warsaw, Poland.He studied physics at the University of Warsaw. After graduating, he worked many years as a radiological engineer and an expert on nuclear physics at the Central Laboratory of Radiological Protection in Poland. He published a number of academic works, handbooks of safety regulations, as well as educational and popular science texts. In his spare time, he popularized science by writing science fiction. With his brother, he started a column in a Polish magazine for young people interested in science and engineering,  (Young Technician), in which they proposed various futuristic gadgets. In 1961 Młody Technik published <mask>'s science-fiction debut, the short story "Tau Ceti" (). Other stories by him soon appeared in several other Polish magazines.His first book was published in 1965, a short-story anthology, Jad mantezji (The Venom of Mantesia), which included stories from Młody Technik and some others that had already appeared a year earlier in another anthology. By 1982 he had published four more collections: Przejście przez lustro (Through the Mirror, 1975); Iluzyt (1976); Feniks (The Phoenix, 1981); and Ogon diabła (The

masks:
Janusz Andrzej Zajdel
. Zajdel
Janusz Zajdel
Zajdel


title: Janusz Zajdel

type: original

texts:
 Devil's Tail, 1982). His first novel, Lalande 21185, appeared in 1966, a year after his first short-story anthology, and was geared toward young adults. His first serious science-fiction novel was a "first contact"-type SF mystery,  (Right of Return, 1975); but it was his novels of the late 1970s and early 1980s – Cylinder van Troffa (Van Troff's Cylinder, 1980); Limes inferior (The Lower Limit, 1982); Cała prawda o planecie Ksi (The Whole Truth about Planet Xi, 1983);  (Out of the Shadows, 1983); and Paradyzja (Paradise: World in Orbit, 1984) – that earned him a reputation as one of the most important Polish science-fiction writers. He was an active member of Polish and international science fiction fandom, and a Trustee of World SF. In the 1980s he was an active supporter of the Polish Solidarity movement. On 19 July 1985 he died of lung cancer, after three years' struggle against the disease.Themes
<mask>'s early works, from the 1960s and early 1970s, focuses on scientific inventions and their role in space exploration, alien contact or artificial intelligence. As his writing career continued, however, his stories evolved to focus on the social aspects and often negative consequences of those inventions. Over time, a theme became increasingly visible in his works - a concern over dangers inherent in attempts to control the human society. He is also condemning human ignorance, warning against xenophobia, and asking philosophical questions about the nature of the universe, happiness and human destiny. <mask>'s works from his second period - late 1970s and 1980s - and represent the genres of social and dystopian fiction. In his works, he envisions totalitarian states and societies living under extreme forms of mass

masks: Zajdel Zajdel


title: Janusz Zajdel

texts:
 surveillance. His works are also recognized as being a critique of the totalitarian, communist state, a reality of his life in People's Republic of Poland.Science fiction genre, with its outer-worldly, clearly fictional, and often allegorical setting and invented jargon was able to debate fundamentals of such systems with frankness that more mainstream literature would not be allowed to. Importance
<mask> has been described as the second science fiction writer in popularity in Poland after Stanisław Lem. He has also been described as the writer who replaced Lem as the "top Polish SF writer", after "Lem vacated [this position] earlier of his own volition". He is recognized as an originator of the social science fiction genre in Polish science fiction, known in Poland as the sociological speculative fiction (fantastyka socjologiczna). He has been an inspiration to a number of younger Polish science fiction authors such as Maciej Parowski and Marek Oramus. His works have been translated into Belorussian, Bulgarian, Czech, Esperanto, Finnish, German, Hungarian, Russian and Slovenian. , the only work translated into English is the short story Wyjątkowo trudny teren ("Particularly Difficult Territory") that <mask> wrote for the English language Tales from the Planet Earth anthology edited by Frederik Pohl and Elizabeth Anne Hull.Recognition
In 1973 <mask> received an honorary award Magnum Trophaeum from the Młody Technik (Young Technician) magazine for long-term cooperation. In 1980 <mask> received the Polish Ministry of Culture and Arts Best SF Book of the Year Award for Van Troff's Cylinder. <mask> also received the Golden Sepulka Award two times: for Limes Inferior (1982 novel; 1983 award) and Wyjście z cienia ("Out of the

masks: Zajdel Zajdel Zajdel Zajdel Zajdel


title: Janusz Zajdel

texts:
 Shadow") (1983 novel; 1984 award). In 1984 Polish fantasy and science fiction fandom (associated with the Polish SF convention Polcon) decided to establish an annual award, initially named Sfinks ("Sphynx"). <mask> A<mask>z A. Zajdel Award. Frederik Pohl dedicated the anthology Tales From The Planet Earth to Zajdel and A. Bertram Chandler.Bibliography
In addition to the solo-authored works listed below, <mask>'s stories have also appeared in many anthologies of science-fiction stories, together with works by other authors. Novels
 Lalande 21185, 1966
 Prawo do powrotu (Right of Return), Nasza Księgarnia, 1975
 Cylinder van Troffa (Van Troff's Cylinder), 1980
 Limes inferior (The Lower Limit), 1982
 Cała prawda o planecie Ksi (The Whole Truth about Planet Xi), 1983
 Wyjście z cienia (Coming out of the Shadow), 1983
 Paradyzja (Paradise:  World in Orbit), 1984
  (A Second Look at Planet Xi), 2014
 Posthumously completed by Marcin Kowalczyk, see Cała prawda o planecie Ksi for details

Short-story collections
 Jad mantezji (The Venom of Mantesia), Nasza Księgarnia, 1965
 Przejście przez lustro (Through the Mirror), Iskry, 1975)
 Iluzyt, Nasza Księgarnia, 1976
 Feniks (The Phoenix), Nasza Księgarnia, 1981
 Ogon diabła (The Devil's Tail), KAW, 1982
 Dokąd jedzie ten tramwaj? (Where Is This Streetcar Going? ), 1988
 Wyższe racje (Higher Considerations), Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 1988
 List pożegnalny (Farewell Letter [including outlines of unfinished novels]), Alfa, 1989
 Relacja z pierwszej ręki (First-hand Account), superNOWA, 2010

See also
 Koalang – term invented by Zajdel

References

External links

1938 births
1985 deaths
Polish science fiction writers
University of Warsaw alumni
Deaths from lung cancer
Writers from

masks:
Janusz
. Zajdelus
Zajdel


title: Bruce Seals

texts:
<mask><mask> (June 18, 1953 – December 15, 2020) was an American basketball player in the American Basketball Association (ABA) and the National Basketball Association (NBA). Seals was drafted in the first round by the Utah Stars, playing two seasons in the ABA before being selected in the second round of the 1975 NBA draft by the Seattle SuperSonics. He played three seasons in the NBA. <mask>' career spanned five seasons, two leagues, primarily at the power forward position. Due to a variety of issues, he retired from the NBA in 1978. Seals did a stint in the Italian League after leaving the NBA.In his later years, Seals worked with the Boys and Girls Clubs of America, teaching inner city youth the power of the game. He had been with the Boys and Girls Clubs of Dorchester since 1990. Biography
Born in New Orleans, Louisiana, Seals attended high school at Booker T. Washington High School in New Orleans. In 1971, Seals was named Louisiana's Most Valuable High School basketball player. Collegiate career
Seals attended Xavier University of Louisiana, where he played basketball under coach Bob Hopkins, and alongside his teammate and future NBA star Donald "Slick" Watts. For the 1972 season, Watts and Seals would lead the Gold Rush to its first NAIA District 30 Men's Basketball championship defeating Nicholls State University 85-83, but would lose to Westmont in the 1972 NAIA Men's Basketball Tournament semi-finals, 71-59. For his final season, he and Watts would lead the Xavier Gold Rush to their second consecutive NAIA District 30 Championship, defeating Dillard University 101-80.In the 1973 NAIA Men's Basketball Tournament they would upset Sam Houston State University, 67-60,

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Bruce A
. Seals
Seals


title: Bruce Seals

texts:
 in the second round. At the time, the Bearkats were ranked first in the country in all college division polls and had gone 34 games, over a two-year period, without a loss. The Xavier Gold Rush would eventually lose in the semi-finals to Maryland-Eastern Shore 87-80. For his 1972-73 season, <mask> would earn NAIA All American and Associated Press All American honors. 1973–74 season
<mask> was selected by the Utah Stars in the first round of the ABA draft. The Utah Stars had posted the best record in the ABA Western Division in the previous season (55-29 in the 1972–73 season). In his first regular season with the Utah Stars, Seals played 78 games, averaging 17.4 minutes per game, with 7.0 points per game.The Utah Stars won the Western Division (51-33). In the post-season, the Utah Stars defeated the San Diego Conquistadors to win the Western Division semifinals. Thereafter, they beat the Indiana Pacers in the Western Division finals. The Utah Stars lost the championship series, though, to the New York Nets. Seals contributed 89 points in the post-season over 15 games, playing 260 minutes for the Utah Stars, with 5.9 points per game. 1974–75 season
In his second regular season with the Utah Stars, Seals played only 35 games, averaging 10.6 minutes per game, with 4.0 points per game. He was joined by a strong high school center the Stars drafted, Moses Malone.The Utah Stars finished in fourth place in the Western Division, an upset, with a record of 38-46. In the post-season, the Utah Stars were defeated in the first round by the Denver Nuggets in a five-game series. While Seals played very little, he produced over a point per minute. He racked up 24 points in the post-season

masks: Seals Seals


title: Bruce Seals

texts:
 over 3 games, playing 41 minutes, with 8 ppg for the Utah Stars. 1975–76 season
<mask> was drafted by the Seattle SuperSonics in the second round of the 1975 NBA draft. Seals played 81 games for the Seattle SuperSonics in the 1975–76 season. He averaged 30.1 minutes per game, with 11.8 points per game.He contributed a total of 957 points to the Seattle SuperSonics this season. <mask> performed well in the post-season, playing 6 games, racking up 181 minutes on the court, and supplying 78 points, with 13 ppg for the Seattle SuperSonics. The 1975–76 season saw the Seattle SuperSonics finishing the season at second-place in the Pacific Division of the Western Conference, with a record of 43-39 (.524) behind the Golden State Warriors who led the division and conference with a record of 59-23 (.720). The SuperSonics’ record placed them in the second place spot across the entire Western Conference, which consisted of nine teams, still only being led by the Golden State Warriors. <mask> finished the season tied for the fourth highest amount of personal fouls in the league, with 314. 1976–77 season
Seals played 81 games for the Seattle SuperSonics in the 1976–77 season. He averaged 24.4 minutes per game, with 11.0 points per game.He contributed a total of 894 points to the Seattle SuperSonics this season. The 1976–77 season saw the Seattle SuperSonics finishing the season near the bottom of the division and conference with a 40-42 record (.488), among eleven teams that comprised the Western Conference. 1977–78 season
<mask> played 73 games for the Seattle SuperSonics in the 1977–78 season. He averaged 18.1 minutes per game, with 7.8 points per game. He contributed a total of 571

masks: Seals Seals Seals Seals


title: Bruce Seals

texts:
 points to the Seattle SuperSonics this season. Seals played very little in the post-season, playing in 9 games, but only racking up 92 minutes on the court. He contributed a total of 27 points for the Seattle SuperSonics in the post-season.The 1977–78 season saw the Seattle SuperSonics finishing the season fourth in the eleven-team Western Conference, third in the Pacific Division with a record of 47-35 (.573). Seattle managed to win the Western Conference, and led the Washington Bullets before losing the series in the NBA Finals. While Seattle boasted the third highest ranked defense in the NBA at the close of the season, they also represented the second worst offensive ranking among twenty-two teams. Statistics

ABA career

In his two years with the Utah Stars in the American Basketball Association, Seals played 113 games, averaging 15.3 minutes per game, with 6.1 points per game. He contributed a total of 685 points to the Utah Stars. In his two years in the post-season, he played 18 games, playing 301 minutes on the court, sinking 113 points for the Utah Stars. This is 16.7 minutes per game and 6.3 points per game in the post-season.<mask> had the forty-third highest career blocks in the American Basketball Association, with 73, but his 73 blocks occurred over only two years. Additionally, <mask> holds the ninety-fifth highest career steals record in the ABA, with 72 steals. NBA career

In his three seasons in the NBA, <mask> played in 235 games, averaging 24.4 minutes per game, and averaging 10.3 points. He contributed a total of 2422 points to the Seattle SuperSonics over his three years in the NBA. Later years
In speaking of his basketball experiences, Seals said "the

masks:
Bruce Seals
Seals
Bruce Seals


title: Bruce Seals

texts:
 game was good to me... I saw the world." After leaving the Seattle SuperSonics, Seals did just that with a stint in the Italian leagues.Years later, <mask> married and had two children. In 1990, <mask> and his family moved to Boston. Seals came to the Boys and Girls Clubs of Dorchester as Assistant Athletic Director. One year later, in 1991, Seals assumed the position of Director, which he has held ever since. At the time of his death, Seals worked for the Boys and Girls Clubs of America, teaching inner city youth that basketball is more powerful than violence. Along with his responsibilities working with the youth of inner city Boston, and being a family man, Seals was also supportive of his niece, former NCAA athlete, Joy Hollingsworth. Hollingsworth, a point guard, played women's basketball for the Division I-A Arizona Wildcats in the Pacific-10 Conference (Pac-10) through the 2006–07 season.Seals continued to be involved in basketball as an assistant coach at Emerson College in Boston, Massachusetts under head coach Hank Smith after the 1994–95 season. Seals died on December 15, 2020 at the age of 67. References

External links
Italian League Profile

1953 births
2020 deaths
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from New Orleans
Emerson Lions men's basketball coaches
Pallacanestro Varese players
Power forwards (basketball)
Reyer Venezia players
Seattle SuperSonics draft picks
Seattle SuperSonics players
Small forwards
Sportspeople from New Orleans
Utah Stars players
Xavier Gold Rush basketball players
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American

masks: Bruce Seals


title: Kenneth Grahame

texts:
<mask> ( ; 8 March 1859 – 6 July 1932) was a Scottish writer born in Edinburgh, Scotland. He is most famous for The Wind in the Willows (1908), one of the classics of children's literature, as well as The Reluctant Dragon. Both books were later adapted for stage and film, of which A. A. Milne's Toad of Toad Hall, based on part of The Wind in the Willows, was the first. Other adaptations include Cosgrove Hall Films' The Wind in the Willows (and its subsequent long-running television series), and the Walt Disney films (The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad and The Reluctant Dragon). Personal life

Early life
<mask> was born on 8 March 1859 in Edinburgh. When he was a little more than a year old, his father, an advocate, received an appointment as sheriff-substitute in Argyllshire, at Inveraray on Loch Fyne.When he was five, his mother died of scarlet fever, and his father, who had a drinking problem, assigned care of <mask>, his brother Willie, his sister Helen and the new baby Roland to Granny Ingles, the children's maternal grandmother, in Cookham Dean in the village of Cookham in Berkshire. There the children lived in a spacious, dilapidated house called The Mount, in expansive grounds, and were introduced to the riverside and boating by their uncle, David Ingles, who was a curate at Cookham Dean church. This ambience, particularly Quarry Wood and the River Thames, is believed by Grahame's biographer Peter Green to have inspired the setting for The Wind in the Willows. <mask> was an outstanding pupil at St Edward's School, Oxford. In his early years there, no sports regimen had been established and the boys were free to explore the old city and its surroundings. Career

Grahame wanted to attend Oxford University, but was not allowed to do so by his guardian on grounds of cost. Instead he was sent

masks:
Kenneth Grahame
Kenneth Grahame
Kenneth
Grahame


title: Kenneth Grahame

texts:
 to work at the Bank of England in 1879, and rose through the ranks until retiring as its Secretary in 1908 due to ill health, which may have been precipitated by a possibly political shooting incident at the bank in 1903.<mask> was shot at three times, but all the shots missed him. An alternative explanation, given in a letter on display in the Bank museum, is that he had quarrelled with Walter Cunliffe, one of the bank's directors, who would later become Governor of the Bank of England, in the course of which he was heard to say that Cunliffe was "no gentleman". His retirement was enforced ostensibly on health grounds. He was awarded an annual pension of £400, but a worked example on display indicates he was actually due to receive £710. Marriage and fatherhood
<mask> married Elspeth Thomson, the daughter of Robert William Thomson in 1899. They had one child, a boy named Alastair (nicknamed "Mouse"), who was born blind in one eye and plagued by health problems throughout a short life. On <mask>'s retirement, the family returned to Cookham, his childhood home, where they lived at Mayfield, now Herries Preparatory School.There Grahame produced bedtime stories that he told Alastair and turned into The Wind in the Willows. Alastair took his own life on a railway track while an undergraduate at Oxford University, five days before his 20th birthday on 7 May 1920. His demise was recorded as an accidental death out of respect for his father. According to Cardiff University Professor Emeritus Peter Hunt, Grahame shared a house in London with a set designer, W. Graham Robertson, while Grahame's wife and son lived in Berkshire. Death
Grahame died in Pangbourne, Berkshire, in 1932. He is buried in Holywell Cemetery, Oxford. <mask>'s cousin Anthony Hope, also a successful author, wrote him an epitaph: "To the

masks: Grahame Grahame Grahame Grahame


title: Kenneth Grahame

texts:
 beautiful memory of <mask>, husband of Elspeth and father of Alastair, who passed the river on the 6th of July, 1932, leaving childhood and literature through him the more blest for all time."He was buried side by side with his son in the same grave. Writing
While still a young man in his twenties, Grahame began to publish light stories in London periodicals such as the St. James Gazette. Some of these were collected and published as Pagan Papers in 1893, and two years later The Golden Age. These were followed by Dream Days in 1898, which contains The Reluctant Dragon. There is a ten-year gap between <mask>'s penultimate book and the publication of his triumph, The Wind in the Willows. During that decade, Grahame became a father. The wayward, headstrong nature he saw in his little son Alastair he transformed into the swaggering Mr. Toad, one of its four principal characters.The character in the book known as Ratty was inspired by his good friend, and writer, Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch. <mask> mentions this in a signed copy he gave to Quiller-Couch's daughter, Foy Felicia. Despite its success, he never attempted a sequel. The book is still widely enjoyed by adults and children. It has given rise to many film and television adaptations, while Toad remains one of the most celebrated and beloved characters in children's literature. In 1929, A. A. Milne wrote the play Toad of Toad Hall, which is based on part of The Wind in the Willows, which won the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1958.In the 1990s, William Horwood produced a series of sequels. Works
Pagan Papers (1893)
The Golden Age (1895)
Dream Days (1898), including "The Reluctant Dragon" (1898)
The Headswoman (1898)
The Wind in the Willows (1908), later illustrated by E. H. Shepard
Bertie's Escapade (1949), illustrated by E. H.

masks:
Kenneth Grahame
Grahame
Grahame


title: Kenneth Grahame

texts:
 Shepard

References

Further reading
Green, Peter, a historian of Hellenistic Greece, wrote a biography of <mask>, <mask>e 1859–1932. A Study of His Life, Work and Times in 1959, with black and white illustrations, and subsequently the introduction to the Oxford World's Classics edition of The Wind in the Willows. Several abridged versions of the biography with added colour illustrations appeared in the United States and Britain in 1982–1993 under the title Beyond the Wild Wood: The World of <mask>e Author of The Wind in the Willows  and
K. <mask>, The Annotated Wind in the Willows, edited with preface and notes by Annie Gauger and Brian Jacques, Norton, . K. <mask>, The Wind in the Willows: An Annotated Edition, edited by Seth Lerer. Belknap Press/Harvard University Press, . Alison Prince: <mask>e: An Innocent in the Wild Wood, London: Allison & Busby, 1994,

External links

www.kennethgrahamesociety.net – online literary society focusing on the life and works of <mask>e
The Killing of Mr Toad – play by David Gooderson about the moving Grahame family story and its resonances with The Wind in the Willows
Plaque to <mask> at Blewbury (Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board)
Messing About in Boats – amateur boating and boat-building magazine whose name quotes a well-known remark by Ratty to Mole in The Wind in the Willows: "Believe me, my young friend, there is nothing – absolutely nothing – half so much worth doing as simply messing about in boats."1859 births
1932 deaths
19th-century Scottish writers
20th-century British novelists
20th-century Scottish writers
British children's writers
People educated at St Edward's School, Oxford
People from Cookham
Writers from Edinburgh
People from Pangbourne
People from Blewbury
People from Winkfield
Scottish children's writers
Scottish novelists
Victorian

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Grahame
Kenneth Graham
Kenneth Graham
Grahame
Grahame
Kenneth Graham
Kenneth Graham
Kenneth Grahame


title: Ramli Ngah Talib

texts:
<mask> (born 16 March 1941) is a Malaysian politician who was active in the United Malays National Organisation. He served as the 8th Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of Perak from 1982 to 1999 and was the Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat of the Malaysian Parliament from 2004 to 2008. Early life & career
Born in the Malaysian rural heartland of Pasir Salak, Perak, he was raised in a kampong upbringing. Both his great grandfather Tok Anjang Pelita and great great grandfather Dato' Sagor, Dato Maharaja Lela and other Malay warriors were involved in the rebellion against British occupation in Malaya, resulting in the killing of the first British Resident of Perak, Mr. J. W. W. Birch on 2 November 1875. With the essential qualification he was accepted to the school of his choice, furthering his studies at the Malay College, Kuala Kangsar. Successful, he pursued his studies in Law at Queens University, Belfast where he obtained an LL.B. (Hons) before obtaining his Barrister-at-Law degree at Lincoln’s Inn, London.In the 1960s whilst in the United Kingdom, he was active in the Students Union in Belfast of Northern Ireland, the political secretary and magazine editor of Kesatuan Melayu United Kingdom(United Kingdom Malay Students Association) based in London. On returning to Malaysia, he became a Law Lecturer at the Institute Technology Mara (now known as UITM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of Malaya in the early 70’s. In 1971 he became the first inhouse legal advisor of Lembaga Letrik Negara (now known as TNB) and at the same time he became qualified as an Advocate and Solicitor of the High Court of Malaya. He started practising law in Kadir, Tan & Ramli which he co-founded in 1977. Around this time he was appointed as a member of the Board of Directors of Utusan Melayu, a Malay mainstream media and a member of the Board of Directors of Lembaga Lektrik Negara (now Tenaga


title: Ramli Ngah Talib

texts:
 Nasional Bhd), the country's biggest power utility company. Politics

Tan Sri <mask> was first elected as Perak State Assemblyman for his area Kg. Gajah Perak, in 1978, then appointed as a member of the State Executive Council, Perak.In the first year of the second term as State Assemblyman, he has reached the pinnacle of his chosen vocation by being appointed as the Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of Perak and remained as one for more than 17 years, the longest serving Chief Minister of Perak. He became a Member of Malaysian Parliament in 2004 for the Pasir Salak constituency. During the first term as a Member of Parliament, he was appointed as head of the public custodian committee as Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee. In 2004 as a Member of Parliament, he was elected by the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives) as its Speaker. On the literary front, when he was the Chief Minister of Perak, he wrote a book entitled ‘Pasir Salak: Sehamparan Sejarah Perjuangan’, a book about the Malay rebellion against British rule in Perak on 2 November 1875, and at the same time he also produced assortments of pamphlets and booklets on tourism for Pasir Salak and Perak. At the end of 2010, he completed a book written in Malay entitled ‘Meniti Zaman’ (Going Through Eras). Here he describes the beautiful, simple but tough rural life during and after the Japanese occupation.The people of his village endured a harsh rural life, right up to the time when he entered politics in the 1970s. His next acclaimed book, ‘Mr. Speaker, Sir; From Kampung Boy to the Helm of Parliament’ was published in 2012. In it he describes in vivid details the proceedings in Parliament in a manner not done before; the technicalities, the political posturings and the unanswered questions. He also contributed as a writer for the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association magazine. The Pasir Salak Historical complex,


title: Li Zongren

texts:
<mask> or <mask>en (; 13 August 1890 – 30 January 1969), courtesy name Telin (Te-lin; ), was a prominent Guangxi warlord and Kuomintang (KMT) military commander during the Northern Expedition, Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War. He served as vice-president and acting President of the Republic of China under the 1947 Constitution. Biography

Early life

<mask> was born in Xixiang Village (西鄉村), near Guilin in Guangxi Province, the second eldest in a Han family of five boys and three girls. His father, <mask> (李培英), was a village schoolmaster. After a patchy education <mask> enrolled in a provincial military school. He joined the Tongmenghui, the revolutionary party of Sun Yat-sen, in 1910 but had little understanding at that time of Sun's wider goals of reform and national reunification. <mask>'s native province of Guangxi was also the home province of Taiping Gen. <mask>ng, to whom <mask>'s family claimed to be related.Early military service
Schooled under Cai E, <mask> graduated from the Guilin Military Cadre Training School and in 1916 became a platoon commander in the army of Guangxi warlord Lu Rongting. <mask>'s direct superior was <mask>. Lu, the governor of Guangxi, was a former bandit who had ambitions to expand into neighboring provinces, especially Guangdong. For the next few years the warlords of Guangxi and Guangdong were involved in mutually destructive battles, and both occupied portions of each other's territory at various times. Lu and his closest associates were collectively known as the Old Guangxi Clique. During a battle with a rival

masks:
Li Zongren
Li Tsung j
Li Zongren
Li Peiying
Li
Li
Li Xiuche
Li
Li
Li
Lin Hu


title: Li Zongren

texts:
 warlord in Hunan in 1918, <mask>'s bravery earned him a promotion to battalion commander. In 1921 <mask> accompanied <mask> and Lu Rongting in Lu's second invasion of Guangdong, attacking forces under the command of Chen Jiongming.When Lu's invasion suffered a disastrous defeat, <mask> led the rear guard when the Old Guangxi Clique forces retreated. Most of <mask>'s officers were former bandits and militia recruited earlier by <mask> from the Zhuang areas of Guangdong. During the campaign many of <mask>'s officers defected to the Guangdong forces, taking their units with them. In the face of defeat <mask>'s battalion shrunk to about 1000 men and "sank into the grasses" in order to escape. Rise to power
After Lu's defeat, most of his army dissolved into independent bands of soldiers, many of whom resorted to banditry in order to survive. Foreign missionaries and aid workers active in Guangxi at this time reported that banditry in Guangxi was extremely common and severe, with bandits commonly looting all food and valuables from undefended villages and resorting to murder and public cannibalism in order to extort ransoms from the relatives of people they kidnapped. <mask>, intending to become more than a bandit, began building a personal military force of professional soldiers that became the equal of any group of bandits or Zhuang irregulars that Lu Rongting drew on in his war to re-establish his power in Guangxi.<mask> joined Sun Yat-sen's Kuomintang after Sun established a base in Guangdong. As chaos became the norm in Guangxi, <mask> became the independent

masks:
Li
Li Zongren
Lin Hu
Li
Lin Hu
Lin
Lin
Li Zongren
Li
Li
Li


title: Li Zongren

texts:
 commander of an area several counties large on the Guangdong border, and was joined by his old friend and colleague Huang Shaoxiong. The administration of <mask> and Huang was credited with keeping the area they controlled relatively free of the bandits and petty battles that plagued Guangxi at the time. In 1924, while Lu was besieged by rebels in Guilin, <mask> and his colleagues peacefully occupied the provincial capital, Nanning. Lu then fled and took refuge in French Indochina. The next month Sun Yat-sen, from his base of operations in Guangdong, recognized <mask> and his allies Huang Shaoxing and Bai Chongxi as the rulers of Guangxi. Together they became known as the New Guangxi Clique.Kuomintang general

<mask> reorganized his forces as the "Guangxi Pacification Army". He was named the Commander in Chief, Huang Shaohong the deputy Commander and Bai Chongxi the Chief of Staff. By August they had driven all other contenders out of the province. <mask> was military governor of Guangxi from 1924–25 and from 1925-49 Guangxi remained under his influence. In 1926 <mask> allowed his soldiers to enroll in Kuomintang armies, but kept personal control of his troops. A Soviet adviser was sent to Guangxi, and <mask>'s forces were renamed the Seventh Army Corps. <mask> went on to be a commanding general in the Northern Expedition, during which he was appointed commander of the 4th Army Group, composed of the Guangxi Army and other provincial forces amounting to 16 corps and six independent divisions.<mask>'s first victories as a Nationalist general were in Hunan, where he

masks:
Li
Li
Li Zongren
Li
Li Zongren
Li
Li
Li
Li


title: Li Zongren

texts: defeated rival warlord Wu Peifu in two successive battles and captured the provincial capital, Wuhan, in 1926. After these victories <mask> became a famous and popular general within the KMT, and his army became variously known as the "Flying Army" and the "Army of Steel". When Wang Jingwei installed a left-leaning KMT faction in Wuhan, Borodin attempted to recruit <mask> to join the Communists, but <mask> was loyal to Chiang Kai-shek and refused. Against the advice of his Soviet advisors, <mask> then marched up the north side of the Yangze to attack the forces of warlord Sun Chuanfang. Sun was the leader of the "League of Five Provinces" (Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi), and successfully halted Chiang's advance into his territory in Jiangxi. <mask> went on to defeat Sun in three successive battles, securing his territories for the KMT. By the time <mask> defeated Sun Chanfang, he had gained a reputation as being strongly opposed to communism and highly suspicious of the Comintern in China, and his army was one of the few KMT detachments free from serious Communist influence.After being assured of his support, Chiang had <mask>'s units redeployed to the new capital of Nanjing. He then used <mask>'s Guangxi armies to purge his own First Division of Communists. In the resulting White Terror, thousands of suspected Communists were summarily executed. <mask>'s close subordinate, Bai Chongxi, was notable for his important role in this purge. In April 1928 <mask>, with Bai Chongxi, led the Fourth Army group in an advance on Beijing, capturing Handan, Baoding

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title: Li Zongren

texts:
 and Shijiazhuang by June 1. Zhang Zuolin withdrew from Beijing on June 3, and <mask>'s army seized the city and Tianjin. After the fall of Wang Jingwei's government in Wuhan and the expulsion of all Soviet advisors from KMT-held territories, <mask> was put in charge of one of five KMT political councils set up to administer KMT-controlled territories, based in Wuhan.In January 1929 he dismissed Nanjing's appointee to the Hunan provincial committee and, fearing retribution, uncharacteristically fled to the foreign concessions in Shanghai. Chiang then arranged for <mask> and his two closest subordinates to be stripped of their posts within the government and expelled from the Party for life. Return to Guangxi
After his falling out with Chiang Kai-shek, <mask>ren returned to Guangxi and devoted himself to that province's internal administration, with some success. In 1929 he supported Shanxi warlord Yan Xishan in his attempt to form an alternative central government based in Beijing, leading to the Central Plains War. <mask> led troops to reconquer Hunan as far north as Yueyang, before Chiang's decisive defeat of Yan and his ally, Feng Yuxiang, forced <mask> to withdraw back to Guangxi. Following Yan's defeat in the Central Plains War, <mask> allied with Chen Jitang after Chen became the chairman of the government of Guangdong in 1931, and prepared to battle Chiang Kai-shek. Another civil war would have broken out if Japan had not invaded Manchuria, prompting <mask> and Chiang to end their hostilities and unite against the Empire of Japan.Second Sino-Japanese War

In

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title: Li Zongren

texts:
 1937 full-scale war between Japan and China broke out, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45). Chiang Kai-shek attempted to make use of <mask>'s military experience by promoting him to be the director of the KMT Fifth War Zone. <mask>'s first action against the Japanese came in the 1938 Battle of Taierzhuang, after the Communist Zhou Enlai (who was aiding the Nationalists as part of the United Front) recognized <mask> as the most capable Nationalist general available and used his influence to have <mask> appointed overall commander, despite Chiang's reservations about <mask>'s loyalty. Under <mask>'s command the defense of Tai'erzhuang was a major victory for the Chinese, killing 20,000–30,000 Japanese soldiers and capturing a large amount of supplies and equipment. The victory was principally credited to <mask>'s planning and use of tactics, luring the Japanese into a trap and then annihilating them. The battle of Taierzhuang was one of the first major Chinese victories in the war against Japan, proving that with good weapons and inspired leadership Chinese armies could hold their own. <mask> also participated in the Battle of Xuzhou, Battle of Wuhan, Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang, 1939–40 Winter Offensive, Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang, Central Hopei Operation, and Battle of South Henan.From 1943-45 <mask> was made Director of the Generalissimo's Headquarters. This was a virtual and unwanted retirement from active command after his earlier successes. <mask> spent the last years of the war grumbling about his enforced inactivity. Chinese Civil War

After the war,

masks: Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li


title: Li Zongren

texts:
 <mask> was given the post of Director of the Peiping Field Headquarters from 1945-47. This was a post without effective power, and he was sidelined from command in the early part of the Chinese Civil War. On 28 April 1948 <mask> was elected by the National Assembly as the vice-president, five days after his political opponent Chiang Kai-shek became the president (Chiang had opposed <mask>'s appointment, supporting Sun Fo's candidacy instead). Chiang resigned the next year, on 21 January 1949, as a response to several serious Chinese Communist victories in northern China, and <mask> became the acting president the next day.After the resignation of Chiang from the presidency, Mao Zedong momentarily halted attacks against Kuomintang territories, attempting to negotiate a KMT surrender. Mao's Eight Points, the conditions that he demanded for an end to the civil war, were:

 Punish all war criminals (Chiang Kai-shek was considered "number one")
 Abolish the invalid 1947 constitution;
 Abolish the KMT legal system;
 Reorganize the Nationalist armies;
 Confiscate all bureaucratic capital;
 Reform the land-tenure system;
 Abolish all treasonous treaties; and,
 Convene a full Political Consultative Conference to form a democratic coalition government. Recognizing that agreeing to these points would effectively surrender control of China to the CPC, <mask> attempted to negotiate milder conditions that might have led to an end to the civil war, but in vain. In April 1949, when the Communists recognized that <mask> was unlikely to accept their conditions, they offered <mask> an

masks: Li Li Li Li Li Li Li


title: Li Zongren

texts:
 ultimatum to accept within five days. When he refused, the Communists resumed their campaign. <mask>'s attempts to negotiate with the Communists were interpreted by some in the KMT as "pacifist attacks", and increased tensions between <mask> and Chiang (whose relationship was already strained). <mask> attempted to negotiate a settlement with the Communists based on the implementation of <mask>'s Seven Great Peace Policies.The policies that <mask> wanted to carry out were:

 "Bandit pacification commands" (剿總) to be controlled by military officers
 Overly strict orders are to be more lenient
 Eliminate anti-communist special commando units (戡亂建國總隊)
 Release political prisoners
 Allow press freedom
 Eliminate unusual cruelty in punishment
 Eliminate arrest of civilians without proper reasons

<mask>'s attempts to carry out his policies faced varying degrees of opposition from Chiang's supporters, and were generally unsuccessful. Chiang especially antagonized <mask> by taking possession of (and moving to Taiwan) US$200 million of gold and US dollars belonging to the central government that <mask> desperately needed to cover the government's soaring expenses. When the Communists captured the Nationalist capital of Nanjing in April 1949, <mask> refused to accompany the central government as it fled to Guangdong, instead expressing his dissatisfaction with Chiang by retiring to Guangxi. Former warlord Yan Xishan, who had fled to Nanking only one month before, quickly inserted himself into the rivalry, attempting to have <mask> and Chiang reconcile their differences in the


title: Li Zongren

texts: effort to resist the Communists. At Chiang's request Yan visited <mask> in order to convince <mask> not to withdraw from public life. Yan broke down in tears while talking of the loss of his home province of Shanxi to the Communists, and warned <mask> that the Nationalist cause was doomed unless <mask> went to Guangdong. <mask> agreed to return under the condition that Chiang surrender most of the gold and US dollars in his possession that belonged to the central government, and that Chiang stop overriding <mask>'s authority.After Yan communicated these demands and Chiang agreed to comply with them, <mask> departed for Guangdong. In Guangdong, <mask> attempted to create a new government composed of both Chiang supporters and those opposed to Chiang. <mask>'s first choice of premier was Chu Cheng, a veteran member of the Kuomintang who had been virtually driven into exile due to his strong opposition to Chiang. After the Legislative Yuan rejected Chu, <mask> was obliged to choose Yan Xishan instead. By this time Yan was well known for his adaptability, and Chiang welcomed his appointment. Conflict between Chiang and <mask> persisted. Although he had agreed to do so as a prerequisite of <mask>'s return, Chiang refused to surrender more than a fraction of the wealth that he had sent to Taiwan.Without being backed by gold or foreign currency, the money issued by <mask> and Yan quickly declined in value until it became virtually worthless. Although he did not hold a formal executive position in the government, Chiang continued to issue orders to the army, and many

masks: Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li


title: Li Zongren

texts:
 officers continued to obey Chiang rather than <mask>. The inability of <mask> to coordinate KMT military forces led him to put into effect a plan of defense that he had contemplated as early as 1948. Instead of attempting to defend all of southern China, <mask> ordered what remained of the Nationalist armies to withdraw to Guangxi and Guangdong, hoping that he could concentrate all available defenses on this smaller, and more easily defensible, area. The object of this strategy was to maintain a foothold on the Chinese mainland in the hope that the United States would eventually be compelled to enter the war in China on the Nationalist side. Chiang opposed <mask>'s plan of defense because it would have placed most of the troops still loyal to Chiang under the control of <mask> and Chiang's other opponents in the central government. To overcome Chiang's intransigence <mask> began ousting Chiang's supporters within the central government.Yan Xishan continued in his attempts to work with both sides, creating the impression among <mask>'s supporters that he was a "stooge" of Chiang, while those who supported Chiang began to bitterly resent Yan for his willingness to work with <mask>. Because of the rivalry between Chiang and <mask>, Chiang refused to allow Nationalist troops loyal to him to aid in the defense of Guangxi and Guangdong, with the result that Communist forces occupied Guangdong in October 1949. Exile
After Guangdong fell to the Communists, Chiang relocated the government to Chongqing, while <mask> effectively surrendered his powers and flew to New York City


title: Li Zongren

texts:
 for treatment of his chronic duodenum illness at the Hospital of Columbia University. <mask> visited the President of the United States, Harry S. Truman, and denounced Chiang as a "dictator" and an "usurper." <mask> vowed that he would "return to crush" Chiang's movements once he returned to China. The Kuomintang defenses continued to fall apart. General Hu Zongnan ignored <mask>'s orders, and the Muslim General Ma Hongkui was furious at this.Ma Hongkui sent a telegram to <mask> to submit his resignation from all positions he held, then Ma Hongkui fled to Taiwan, and his cousin Ma Hongbin took charge of his positions. In December 1949, Chongqing fell too, and Chiang relocated his government to Taipei, but he did not formally re-assume the presidency until March 1, 1950. On January 1952, Chiang commanded the Control Yuan, now in Taiwan, to impeach <mask> in the "Case of <mask>'s Failure to carry out Duties due to Illegal Conduct" (李宗仁違法失職案), and officially relieved  <mask> of the position as vice-president in the National Assembly on 10 March 1954. Return to mainland China

<mask> remained in exile until July 20, 1965, when he caused a sensation by returning to Communist-held China with the support of Zhou Enlai. <mask>'s return to China was used as propaganda by the Communist government to encourage other KMT members to return to the mainland, regardless of their politics. <mask> died of duodenal cancer in Beijing at 78, in the darkest period of the Cultural Revolution. <mask>'s residence in mainland China is viewed by some Chinese Communists as <mask>'s "patriotic

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Li
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title: Li Zongren

texts:
 return to the embrace of his Motherland with smiles", something similar to the former Qing Emperor Puyi's "reformation".Personal life
During the course of his career <mask> gained a reputation as an ardent militarist and confirmed anti-intellectual, but with a rugged sense of integrity. He was known for disliking music. Like many Chinese leaders in the 1930s, <mask> was once an admirer of European Fascism, seeing it as a solution to the problems of a once proud nation humbled by internal dissension and external weakness. His ethical attitudes were self-consciously drawn from Confucianism. After his falling out with Chiang Kai-shek in 1929, <mask> often expressed himself in terms of frustrated patriotism. <mask> was an admirer of the British historian Edward Gibbon and his monumental historical work, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. <mask> and his close staff member, the Muslim General Bai Chongxi, were powerful partners in politics and military affairs.They were once given the nickname <mask> (李白), after the famous poet. <mask> was married to <mask>wen (李秀文) at 20 in an arranged marriage, but they separated soon afterwards. <mask> and <mask>wen had a son, <mask> (李幼鄰). In 1924, <mask> married Guo Dejie (郭德潔), who died of breast cancer soon after returning with <mask> to Beijing. <mask> and Guo had one son: <mask>heng (李志聖). <mask> then remarried, to Hu Yousong (胡友松), who was 48 years younger than <mask>, and the daughter of actress Hu Die. Hu changed her name to Wang Xi (王曦) after <mask> died, and remarried.<mask>ren's nephew Alan Lee (李倫) runs a Kung Fu

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title: Li Zongren

texts:
 school in New York City since 1967. A set of Samurai swords and dagger of the Edo period given to <mask>ren as a "gift of truce between enemies who are now friends" by either Seishirō Itagaki or Rensuke Isogai were passed on to Alan Lee as part of the family legacy. <mask> co-wrote Memoirs of <mask> with historian Tong Tekong. <mask>'s memoir is notable for its vehement criticism of Chiang Kai-shek and its analysis of Japan's strategic failure to conquer China. A more detailed account of <mask>'s life is depicted in the less popular biography My Trusted Aide (Wode Gugong), written by <mask>'s distant relative Namgo Chai. See also
 Second Sino-Japanese War
 National Revolutionary Army
 Military of the Republic of China
 History of the Republic of China
 He was portrayed by Wang Xueqi in the 2009 movie The Founding of a Republic. Footnotes

Sources

 Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen.Zhou Enlai: A Political Life. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. .  Retrieved at <Zhou Enlai: A Political Life> on March 12, 2011. Bonavia, David. China's Warlords. New York: Oxford University Press. 1995. Gillin, Donald G. "Portrait of a Warlord: Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi Province, 1911-1930."The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. 19, No. 3, May, 1960. Retrieved at: <The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 19, No. 3 (May, 1960), pp.289-306> on February 23, 2011
 Gillin, Donald G.  Warlord: Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi Province 1911-1949. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1967. <mask>, <mask>-jen, Tong Te-kong. The memoirs of <mask>-jen. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. 1979.

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Li Zong
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Li Tsung
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title: Li Zongren

texts:
 .
 Spence, Jonathan D. The Search for Modern China, W.W. Norton and Company.1999. .
 "CHINA: Return of the Gimo". TIME Magazine. Monday, Mar. 13, 1950. Retrieved at <CHINA: Return of the Gimo - TIME> on May 16, 2011. Jeffrey G. Barlow,  THE ZHUANG:  ETHNOGENESIS, December 12, 2005 COPYRIGHT, JEFFREY G. BARLOW, Department of History, Pacific University, 2043 College Way, Forest Grove, Oregon, 97116, EMAIL  barlowj@pacificu.edu
 Chapter 19: The Zhuang and the 1911 Revolution
 Chapter 20: The Zhuang and the Development of the Modern Economy in Guangxi

External links

 <mask>ren papers at the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, New York, NY

1890 births
1969 deaths
Chinese military personnel of World War II
National Revolutionary Army generals from Guangxi
People from Guilin
Presidents of the Republic of China
Vice presidents of the Republic of China
Republic of China warlords from Guangxi
Chinese defectors
Tongmenghui members
Members of the Kuomintang
Chinese socialists
Chinese anti-capitalists
Chinese anti-communists
Chinese Civil War refugees
Republic of China people who surrendered to the Chinese Communist Party
People of the Northern Expedition
People of the Central Plains


title: Bernard G. Segal

texts:
<mask>Bernie" G<mask> (June 11, 1907 – June 1, 1997) was an American lawyer known for his advocacy for the poor and his work in the civil rights movement. Early life and education
<mask> was born in New York City but spent his childhood in Allentown and Philadelphia. He received both his bachelor's and law degrees at the University of Pennsylvania. Career
Upon his graduation from law school, <mask> became a deputy attorney general in the office of William A. Schnader, the Attorney General of Pennsylvania. At 24, <mask> was the youngest deputy attorney general in state history. When Schnader lost a race for governor and established his own firm in 1935, <mask> quickly became a partner, eventually serving as chairman of the firm, now known as Schnader, Harrison, Segal & Lewis. In the 1950s, <mask> became the first Jewish lawyer elected chancellor of the Philadelphia Bar Association, the nation's oldest bar association.In 1969, he became president of the American Bar Association. In fifty years as a corporate lawyer specializing in appellate work, Segal represented blue-chip clients including Bell Telephone, RCA, NBC, Hertz Corporation, Gimbel Brothers, and also United Parcel Service, where he served for many years as director and general counsel. Segal argued nearly 50 cases before the Supreme Court of the United States, but as a lawyer Segal took a broad view of his calling. Segal was known as the nation's foremost advocate of merit selection of judges. In the mid-1950s he persuaded then Attorney General Herbert Brownell and President Dwight D. Eisenhower to submit to the American Bar Association Committee on the Federal Judiciary the names of all prospective federal judicial nominees, including the Supreme Court, for a report and recommendation on their qualifications. That practice has continued ever since, with Presidents very rarely appointing a Federal Judge found "Not Qualified" by the ABA Committee. Segal chaired that Committee for six years and continued his key role in judicial selection long after he relinquished his

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Bernard "
. Segal
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title: Bernard G. Segal

texts: chairmanship.In 1963, as the civil rights revolution was heating up, Segal called Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and asked why the President was not marshaling lawyers to help the civil rights movement. President John F. Kennedy convened a meeting of 244 prominent lawyers suggested by Segal and established the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, with <mask> as co-chairman. The Committee sent lawyers to defend civil rights workers in southern states and played a critical role in advancing civil rights, not only in the south, but in many northern cities as well. <mask>'s wife, Dr. <mask> <mask>, a civil rights scholar in her own right, worked closely with Segal in their civil rights activities. Segal also played a seminal role in furthering legal services for the poor, chairing the Advisory Committee on the National Legal Services Program under President Lyndon B. Johnson and enlisting lawyers throughout the nation to provide legal services to the indigent. He was devoted to the principle that the most despised defendants also deserved a defense. In 1953, he organized the defense of nine Philadelphians denounced as Communists.In the 1970s he also defended Captain Jeffrey MacDonald, MD, who was convicted of murdering his family in February 1970. Segal received honorary degrees from the University of Pennsylvania, Temple University, Villanova University, Franklin and Marshall College, Dropsie College, Jewish Theological Seminary of America, Vermont Law School, Georgetown University, Suffolk University and Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion. He received many other awards and honors from institutions and organizations throughout the world, among them the World Peace Through Law Award as the "World's Greatest Lawyer"; the National Civil Rights Award by the Attorney General of the United States; first Lifetime Achievement Award of the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law; the National Human Relations Award by the National Conference of Christians and Jews; and the Judge William H. Hastie Award

masks: Segal Segal Geraldine Segal


title: Bernard G. Segal

texts:
 of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund. In 1981, the University of Pennsylvania Law Review devoted a unique issue to Segal, with tributes from Supreme Court Justices William J. Brennan, Jr. and Lewis F. Powell, Jr., Judges Arlin Adams and Louis H. Pollak and other legal luminaries. In that Review, former Judge A. Leon Higginbotham stated:
When the high court of history writes its judgment in praise of <mask><mask>, it will place an even higher value on his indefatigable efforts to expand and improve legal services for the poor, the powerless, and the dispossessed. I will note his mighty role in pushing the organized bar and many individual lawyers to accept the eradication of barriers of racial discrimination and religious bigotry as part of their mission. It will stress his efforts to maintain and improve the independence and excellence of the judiciary."Personal life
<mask> died on June 1, 1997, 10 days before his 90th birthday, from complications of cancer at his home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. References

External links
 The <mask><mask> Papers at the University of Pennsylvania Law School Archives
 Testimony by <mask><mask> in support of the nomination of Justice Lewis F. Powell to the United States Supreme Court
 History of the American Bar Association in the 1960s
 A Moral Issue, by <mask>. St. John, detailing Segal's work with the American Bar Association on civil rights
 The Rainmakers, by <mask>. St. John, referencing Segal's career
 A review of Rosenbloom v. Metromedia, (403 U.S. 29, June 7, 1971), a free speech case successfully argued before the United States Supreme Court by <mask>. Segal
 Full text of the United States Supreme Court decision in Rosenbloom v. Metromedia

1907 births
1997 deaths
American civil rights lawyers
20th-century American Jews
Activists for African-American civil rights
Pennsylvania lawyers
Pennsylvania political activists
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
Deaths from cancer in Pennsylvania
People from Allentown, Pennsylvania
Lawyers from Philadelphia
20th-century American

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Gerard J
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Bernard G


title: José Figueres Ferrer

texts:
<mask> (25 September 1906 – 8 June 1990) served as President of Costa Rica on three occasions: 1948–1949, 1953–1958 and 1970–1974. During his first term in office he abolished the country's army, nationalized its banking sector, and granted women and Afro-Costa Ricans the right to vote, as well as access to Costa Rican nationality to people of African descent. He was a good friend of the Governor of Puerto Rico, Luis Muñoz Marín, praising his political achievements in one of his essays. Early life
<mask> was born on 25 September 1906 in San Ramón in Alajuela province. The locations are significant, according to his best biographer, because his parents came from a world of wide ambition that most Costa Ricans envied, and he was born in a nation that put a high value on his impeccable Spanish background. <mask> was the eldest of the four children of a Catalan doctor and his wife, a teacher, who had recently immigrated from Catalonia to San Ramón in west-central Costa Rica. Figueres' first language was Catalan, as he talked to his parents in this language.Early business career
In 1924 he left for Boston, United States, on a work and study trip. There he studied hydroelectric engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Figueres returned to Costa Rica in 1928 and bought a farm in Tarrazú. He named the farm, with a certain degree of foresight, La Lucha sin Fin (the endless struggle).10

Figueres became a successful coffee grower and rope manufacturer, employing more than 1,000 sharecroppers and factory laborers. Describing himself as a "farmer-socialist", he built housing and provided medical care and recreation for his workers and established a community vegetable farm and a dairy with free milk for workers'

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title: José Figueres Ferrer

texts:
 proposals. In fact, it is believed by some historians (such as David LaWare) that Figueres' social reforms were more or less the same as Calderón's Labor Code of 1943, only Figueres had gained the power with which to enact the laws upon the whole country with the complete support of virtually all the country.Both of these leaders' programs were in many cases exactly like the ones Franklin D. Roosevelt passed during the Great Depression that helped lift the US out of its own economic slump and social decline it had faced in the 1930s. Figueres admired what president Franklin D. Roosevelt did, however he noted that "the price he had to pay to get his programs through was to leave the business community free overseas to set up dictatorships and do whatever they liked...What we need now is an international New Deal, to change the relations between North and South. "614

<mask> stepped down after 18 months, handing his power over to Otilio Ulate, and ever since Costa Ricans have settled their arguments constitutionally.1

"Your hands are not clean to fight communism when you don't fight dictatorships", Figueres told American interviewers in 1951. "It seems that the United States is not interested in honest government down here, as long as a government is not communist and pays lip service to democracy. "6

Second term as President (1953–1958)
In 1953, <mask> created the Partido Liberación Nacional (PLN), the most successful party in Costa Rican political history, and was returned to power in the 1953.4,  10 He has been considered to be the most important political figure in Costa Rica's history. During his various terms in office he nationalized the banking system and contributed to the construction of the Panamerican

masks: Figueres Figueres


title: José Figueres Ferrer

texts:
 Highway that goes across Central America. He promoted the private industry sector and stimulated the national industry sector.He succeeded in energizing the country's middle class creating a strong buffer between the upper and lower classes. What most alarmed U.S. officials was Figueres's material and moral support for the Caribbean Legion, even though Figueres had obviously lost interest in the Legion after he gained power. But Figueres still criticized U.S. support for the dictators, going so far as to boycott the 1954 inter-American meeting because it was held in Caracas, where President Marcos Pérez of Venezuela held sway.8, 9

Figueres happily cooperated with North American military plans. After the United States established the School of the Americas in the Panama Canal Zone to train Latin American officers in Anti-Communist techniques, more Costa Rican "police" graduated from the School between 1950 and 1965 than did officers of any other hemispheric nation except Nicaragua.8

The Republic of China awarded him the "Shining Star" in 1955. In 1957, an assassination plot by dictator Rafael Trujillo (Dominican Republic) was uncovered. Border war with Somoza's Nicaragua (1954–1955)
<mask>'s support for the Caribbean Legion nearly cost him his job during this second presidency. Implicated in an invasion of Nicaragua in April 1954 by anti-Somoza exiles linked to the Caribbean Legion, Anastasio Somoza García launched a counter-attack, allowing the exiled former Costa Rica president Rafael Calderón to invade Costa Rica in January 1955.<mask> had played a dangerous game, but he had also abolished the Costa Rican army, which forced him to appeal to the Organization of American States to protect his country from Somoza's


title: José Figueres Ferrer

texts:
 aggression. The OAS, with the concurrence of the U.S. representative, ordered a cease-fire and sent a delegation to Costa Rica for an on-site investigation. At that point, Somoza realized that he had to act quickly. He called in his IOU from the CIA. He had permitted the CIA to use Las Mercedes Airport, outside Managua, as a base for its P-47s during the Guatemalan intervention. Now he wanted the planes that were parked there to help him in his feud with <mask>. On 15 January, three days after the OAS action, a P-47 Thunderbolt violated Costa Rican airspace and bombed and strafed a number of Costa Rican towns.<mask>, alarmed by this escalation, pointed out that Costa Rica had no defense against "modern weapons" of this kind and again appealed to the OAS. The council of the organization immediately authorized the United States to sell four P-51 Mustang fighters to Costa Rica for a dollar apiece. The State Department, responding to pressure from certain U.S. congressmen and sensing an opportunity to improve America's image in Latin America after Guatemala, came to the rescue and preserved the Caribbean's "lone democrat." Its gesture ended the "invasion", and the State Department scored one over the CIA. The Nicaraguan dictator withdrew, but not before extracting a commitment from Figueres that he would sever links with the exiles. 4, 10, 11

1958 testimony before U.S. Congress
In 1958, during a visit to Caracas, Venezuela, U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon was spat at by anti-American protesters who also disrupted and assaulted Nixon's motorcade, pelting his limousine with rocks, shattering windows, and injuring Venezuela's foreign minister. The event prompted the US Congress to create a special committee to investigate


title: José Figueres Ferrer

texts:
 the reasons behind it.Many people were invited to speak before it, including <mask>, who testified as follows (in part) on 9 June 1958:

"As a citizen of the hemisphere, as a man who has dedicated his public life to promote inter-American comprehension, as an educated man who knows and appreciates the United States and who has never tried to hide that appreciation to anyone, no matter how hostile he was, I deplore that the people of the Latin America, represented by a fistful of overexcited Venezuelans, have spit upon a worthy public officer who represents the greatest nation of our time. But I must speak frankly and even rudely, because I am convinced that the situation demands it: the people cannot spit at a foreign policy, which was what they tried to do. But when they have exhausted all other means of trying to make themselves understood, the only thing left to do is spitting. "With all due respect to Vice-President Nixon, and with all my admiration towards his conduct, which was, during the events, heroic and later noble, I have no choice but to say that the act of spitting, however vulgar it is, lacks a substitute in our language to express certain emotions.... If you’re going to speak of human dignity in Russia, why is it so hard to speak of human dignity in the Dominican Republic? Where is intervention and where is non-intervention? Is it that a simple threat, a potential one, to your liberties, is, essentially, more serious than the kidnapping of our liberties?"Of course you have made certain investments in the (Latin) American dictatorships. The aluminum companies extract bauxite almost for free. Your generals, your admirals, your public officers and your businessmen are treated there like royalty. "Like your


title: José Figueres Ferrer

texts:
 countries in Central America and the Caribbean. In 1974, a KGB report to Leonid Brezhnev revealed that Figueres had agreed to publish materials advantageous to the KGB. For this reason, he was given $10,000 under the guise of stock purchases in his newspaper. Figueres' connection with the CIA
The CIA gave Figueres money to publish a political journal, Combate, and to sponsor the founding meeting of the Institute of Political Education in Costa Rica in November 1959.The institute was organized as a training school and a center for political collaboration for political parties of the democratic left, principally from Costa Rica, Cuba (in exile), the Dominican Republic (in exile), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua (in exile), Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. The CIA concealed its role from most of the participants except Figueres. Its funds passed first to a shell foundation, then to the Kaplan Fund of New York, next to the Institute for International Labor Research (IILR) located in New York, and finally to San José. Socialist leader Norman Thomas headed the IILR. After the CIA connection was revealed, Thomas maintained that he had been unaware of it, but the IILR's treasurer, Sacha Volman, who also became treasurer of the institute in San José, was a CIA agent. The CIA used Volman to monitor the institute, and Cord Meyer  collaborated directly with Figueres.11

Mr. <mask> himself acknowledged in 1981 that he had received help from the Central Intelligence Agency. "At the time, I was conspiring against the Latin American dictatorships and wanted help from the United States", he recalled."I was a good friend of Allen Dulles." "Anyway", Mr. <mask> went on, "the C.I.A. 's Cultural Department helped me finance a magazine and some


title: José Figueres Ferrer

texts:
 youth conferences here. But I never participated in espionage. I did beg them not to carry out the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, which was madness, but they ignored me." 4

Cord Meyer came to San José sometime in the summer of 1960. He and <mask> created the Inter-American Democratic Social Movement (INADESMO), which was nothing more than a front.A flier describing the idealistic purpose of INADESMO carried the same post office box as <mask>'s personal letterhead. The INADESMO setup enabled Meyer to disburse funds more directly, without having to bother with conduits or the accounting procedures of the institute. For example, INADESMO contributed $10,000 to help finance the First Conference of Popular Parties of Latin America in Lima, Peru, in August 1960. The following May, Meyer returned to San José for a more urgent purpose. In the wake of the Bay of Pigs failure, he provided <mask> with INADESMO funds to sponsor a meeting at his estate, 'La Lucha', (12–20 May) between the leaders of the principal Dominican exile movements, Juan Bosch and Horacio Ornes. With <mask> as sponsor, Bosch and Ornes agreed to form a coalition government in anticipation of the overthrow of dictator Rafael Trujillo. As the United States moved to rally the hemisphere against Fidel Castro, Trujillo had become expendable, because the United States needed to demonstrate that it opposed all dictators, not just those on the left.For over a year, the CIA had been in contact also with dissidents inside the Dominican Republic who argued that assassination was the only certain way to remove Trujillo. The CIA station in Ciudad Trujillo (now Santo Domingo) had encouraged the dissidents and actually delivered to them three pistols and three carbines

masks: Figueres Figueres Figueres Figueres


title: José Figueres Ferrer

texts:
 insurgents led by the young Fidel Castro, a member of Caribbean Legion. But soon after the 1959 success of the Cuban Revolution, he and Mr. Figueres had a falling out over the growth of Communist influence on the island.4 In March, 1959, <mask> was invited to Havana, and during a public speech, he warned Castro about the ideological deviations he had observed in Cuba, and immediately the microphone was taken from him. Figueres supported John F. Kennedy's Alliance for Progress but not the C.I.A. 's clandestine wars with Cuba.1

Robert Vesco, fugitive U.S. financier
Figueres was stubborn about his blunders, most notably his most controversial decision to grant asylum to Robert Vesco, the fugitive U.S. financier, accused of looting millions of dollars from the Investors Overseas Service, Ltd. (IOS) mutual funds in the 1970s.Mr. Vesco not only had a personal and business relationship with Mr. <mask> but he also made contributions to the campaign coffers of both leading political parties in the 1974 elections. <mask> made it clear, however, that he would not hesitate to extradite Vesco if the United States requested it. <mask> tried to intervene with president Jimmy Carter on Vesco's behalf. In the resulting political uproar in Costa Rica, <mask>' party lost the 1978 presidential election. Mr. Vesco fled Costa Rica after the Presidential elections of 1978 were won by Rodrigo Carazo, who had vowed to expel him. 1, 3, 4, 6

In an interview in 1981, <mask> said that Vesco had "committed many stupidities" but added:

"I have always defended asylum and would protect him again if I could because I never abandon my friends. The only thing that pains me is that some friends thought I personally benefitted from Vesco."Earlier, in a

masks: Figueres Figueres Figueres Figueres Figueres Figueres


title: José Figueres Ferrer

texts:
 1973 interview, <mask> said that he had been introduced to Vesco in Costa Rica in 1972 and that Vesco had then arranged for the investment of $2.15 million in Sociedad Agricola Industrial San Cristobal, S.A. The financially troubled company was founded by Figueres and owned by him and others. It had diverse operations in agriculture and its 3,000 employees made it the fourth largest employer in Costa Rica.4

Career after presidency
<mask> was well liked and received in many Latin American countries for his center-left ideals. He has been called one of the greatest contributors to the social democratic ideology. After the presidency, as an acknowledged elder statesman, <mask> became a roving ambassador for subsequent administrations.3

Americans were shocked by that series of hostile demonstrations during U.S. Vice-President Richard Nixon's "goodwill" tour of Latin America in 1958. They climaxed in May in Caracas, Venezuela, where a mob stoned and spat upon the vice president's motorcade and threatened his life.At the invitation of U.S. Representative Charles Porter of Oregon, Figueres (at the time, just out of office) came to Washington to explain what had caused these events. "People cannot spit on a foreign policy", Figueres told a House committee, "which is what they meant to do." Figueres insisted that Latin America supported the United States in the cold war, but he asked, "If you talk human dignity to Russia, why do you hesitate so much to talk human dignity to the Dominican Republic?" He testified that the United States must change its policy in Latin America and that it could not sacrifice human rights for "investments." Figueres backed the leftist Sandinista revolution in neighboring Nicaragua that overthrew

masks: Figueres Figueres Figueres


title: José Figueres Ferrer

texts:
 dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle in 1979. He railed against U.S. policy when the United States supported Nicaragua's Contra guerrillas.2, 3

A proposal by his supporters for a fourth presidential term in the 1980s was quickly crushed.10

"This is an exemplary little country. We are the example for Latin America", <mask> told the Los Angeles Times in a 1986 interview."In the next century, maybe everyone will be like us. "3

Private life
<mask> married Henrietta Boggs of Alabama in 1941. They had two children, Muni and <mask>, before the marriage ended in divorce in 1954. He later married Karen Olsen Beck of New York. They had four children, <mask>, Karen Christiana, Mariano and Kirsten. His wife was a member of the country's Legislative Assembly. His son, <mask> <mask>, also served as president from 1994 to 1998.His daughter, Muni <mask> Boggs, is the current Ambassador from Costa Rica to the United States. His other daughter, Christiana <mask>, is a Costa Rican diplomat who served from 2010 to 2016 as the Executive Secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and is widely considered to be the architect of the Paris Agreement. Awards
 : Order of Propitious Clouds (1973)

Tributes to <mask>
New York Times:
If Costa Rica has eluded the familiar afflictions of Central America – war, poverty and repression – much of the credit belongs to <mask> <mask>, a fighter for democracy who died recently at the age of 83. It was he who took the bold step of dissolving Costa Rica's army nearly 40 years ago. He later remarked with justifiable pride that such reforms gave Costa Rica a deeper and more human revolution than that of Cuba. That it was: Costa Rica has shown by example how a farewell to arms can make

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Figueres
Figueres
José Martí
José María
José María
Figueres
Figueres
Figueres
José Figueres
Jose Figueres
Ferrer


title: José Figueres Ferrer

texts:
 practical as well as moral sense.1

Los Angeles Times:
Former Costa Rican President <mask>, considered the father of peaceful modern democracy in his country and one of the most colorful elder statesmen of the Western Hemisphere, died Friday.3

New York Times:
Mr. <mask> was 5 feet 3 inches tall and was given to airy philosophizing. I am what you might call a farmer-philosopher, he said to an interviewer in 1973, during his last term.But repeatedly, in times of crisis, he stood out as a man of action. It has been said in Costa Rica that once while President he appeared at an airport carrying a submachine gun to put a stop to a hijacking.4

Newsday (New York):
Once there was a very tiny country, surrounded by war and killing, blessed with a good leader who decided his best legacy, after winning a civil war, would be to abolish the army, and – breaking the mold created by despots in the other small countries around him – let the people vote. In his essay, LaWare argues that both Calderón's and Figueres' policies on social development were virtually identical, and differed really only the subjects of Communism and labor parties, and proper implementation. Note 15:  , pp 67–68
Note 16:  , pp 68–69
Note 17:  , pg 69
Note 18:  Ian Holzhauer, "The Presidency of Calderón Guardia (University of Florida History Thesis, 2004)

External links
International Jose Guillermo Carrillo Foundation
Costa Rica and the 1948 Revolution
Truman Library: Oral History Interview with Jose Figueres <mask>, 8 July 1970

Further reading

  "Figueres best biographer" according to Mr. La Feber7

 Costa Rica: Child in the Wind, 1988. (Video) (58 min.) A Bold Peace: Costa Rica's Path of Demilitarization, 2016. (Documentary film) (90 min.)See also
Costa

masks:
Jose Figueres
Figueres
Ferrer


title: Norman Bettison

texts:
Sir <mask>, QPM (born 3 January 1956) is a British former police officer and the former Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police. He resigned  in October 2012 amidst controversy about his role in the Hillsborough disaster, in which he was involved in the implementation of a cover-up of police errors. He remained the subject of an Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) investigation, and was charged on the 28 June 2017 with four counts of misconduct in public office. The case was dropped on 21 August 2018. <mask>'s own book Hillsborough Untold (2016) contains his version of events. Early life

<mask> was born in Rotherham, West Riding of Yorkshire, on 3 January 1956, the son of <mask>, a steelworker, and Betty Heathcote. He married Patricia Favell in Rotherham in 1976.Bettison said that he attended football matches as a spectator from time to time, following Sheffield Wednesday. He described his experience as a 14-year-old boy watching Sheffield Wednesday vs. Manchester City on 22 April 1970 from the Leppings Lane terraces at Hillsborough stadium:

"... the terraces had become so full ... there was no room to move ... I remember, at one time, being squashed against a barrier to such an extent that I was exerting all my energies to prevent injury ... I dreaded any goals or near misses as this was followed by a surge of people which caused me to be squashed painfully against the barrier. After fighting my way through a crowd I found a more comfortable position. I had been in very large football grounds before and since but had never experienced anything quite like the pressure that was created in this crowd at Hillsborough." The experience led him to state in 1989 that "I wonder, now, whether the Leppings Lane terraces at Hillsborough is somehow susceptible to retaining the

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Bettison
Bettison
George Bettison


title: Norman Bettison

texts:
 pressure created in crowd build up".Education

Bettison attended South Grove Comprehensive School before leaving  at the age of 16 to join South Yorkshire Police as a cadet. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in philosophy and psychology from the University of Oxford, which was later upgraded to a Master of Arts (MA) – an automatic process which requires no further study or examination – and gained a Master of Business Administration (MBA) in business administration and media studies from Sheffield Hallam University. – the former Sheffield Polytechnic. He is also a graduate of the FBI Executive Programme

Career

<mask> began his police career in 1975 when, at the age of 19, he joined South Yorkshire Police as a Constable. He served through its ranks, acting as a Superintendent in the Traffic Division from October 1989 to January 1991, whilst simultaneously working in the Hillsborough disaster liaison unit; as Superintendent in the Divisional Commander's office from January 1991 to April 1992; and as Chief Superintendent in the Corporate Development unit from April 1992 to May 1993. In May 1993 he was appointed Assistant Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police, where his portfolios included Management & Information Support, Personnel, and Operations Support. Chief Constable of Merseyside Police

He left West Yorkshire in 1998 to become Chief Constable of Merseyside Police, covering the area where most of the Hillsborough victims had lived and still had relatives living.A member of Merseyside Police Authority, Councillor Steve Foulkes, said the appointment had caused outrage among the families of the victims of the 1989 Hillsborough disaster, because Bettison had been involved in the investigation, which had been controversial. Bettison offered to meet the families to


title: Norman Bettison

texts:
 defuse the controversy. As Chief Constable of Merseyside he was a pioneer of Neighbourhood Policing: a policing style which provides dedicated teams of police officers and community support officers (CSO) who work with the community and partners at a local level

Chief Executive of Centrex

He retired from the police in January 2005 to become Chief Executive of Centrex, which provided training and development to police forces in the UK and enforcement agencies throughout the world until it was abolished in March 2007. Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police

He rejoined the police service in January 2007 as Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police. He attempted to secure a package to receive both a retirement pension from Merseyside and a salary from the new post; he threatened legal action but the claim was settled out of court. Shortly after taking office as Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police, Sir <mask> ordered a review of shifts worked by officers claiming they did not provide the best service to the public as they included four rest days when officers were not at work. A new shift pattern consisting of two distinct patterns referred to as VSA 1 and VSA 2 (variable shift arrangement) was produced and commenced in March 2008.Response officers worked VSA 1 and neighbourhood policing teams worked VSA 2. The VSA 2 still included four rest days for officers. Officers posted to Communications Division were allowed to continue working the more popular previous shift pattern, FSDR (Force Standard Duty Rosta) as Communications Division had been able to successfully argue that VSA was not fit for purpose for their requirements. The VSA 1 proved deeply unpopular with many officers claiming that they were more tired than they had been working the previous shift pattern. A report


title: Norman Bettison

texts:
 leaked from the Police Federation to local media suggested that there had been an increase of 16,000 hours of sickness between April and August 2008, a 3.4% increase on the previous year. After pressure by the police federation a further review was taken and VSA 1 was re-designed and commenced in April 2009. Many officers remain unconvinced as to the need to deviate from the FSDR shift pattern which had allowed West Yorkshire Police to achieve 'very significant performance gains' and be regarded as one of the most improved forces.Media statements

In October 2008, <mask> was touted as a possible replacement for Sir Ian Blair as Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, but ruled himself out of consideration citing the politicisation of the role and the way Blair was removed. He warned of "dangerous consequences" if the independence of chief constables were lost, saying "I am not prepared to set aside my professional judgement and integrity, forged over 36 years, in order to meet short-term political expediency" and warning of "the ambition which seems to be shared by all three major political parties at the moment... to make the police service more accountable to elected representatives. What that means is bringing the police service under greater political control." On 12 April 2010 <mask> wrote an article in The Times saying "I'm not worth £213,000"; his annual cost to the tax payer when pensions and benefits are considered. He criticized the notion, in the National Health Service and other government bureaus, that public sector organisations had to offer wages for senior managers comparable to those for private industry, or that businesspeople should be brought in to conduct strategic reviews of public agencies. Instead, he wrote, "People join, and remain in, the public sector

masks: Bettison Bettison


title: Norman Bettison

texts:
 because of a sense of vocation — to make a difference to society or to the quality of people’s lives. The best leaders are those who can secure long-term public value and a vision for their staff.Not some mercenary performance manager peddling a short-term fix." Thus he suggested freezing public sector pay, without exceptions, beginning with the highest wage earners, which he felt in combination with a 50p in the pound increase in taxes for higher earners and the removal of all tax allowances would sustain public services. In an article for the Yorkshire Post, <mask> wrote that over-zealous health and safety officials were making the jobs of his front line officers increasingly more demanding, branding them "the health and safety Taliban". He described feeling that he was "pushing the boundaries" by commending a police officer who jumped into a canal to save a suicidal man, due to the officer's personal risk, and that in another case police and ambulance crews failed to save two shooting victims after being delayed 20 minutes, because it is "genuinely easier, in that kind of environment, to do nothing. We are not trained, equipped, practised or informed sufficiently for this or that particular scenario." He also described the conviction of Metropolitan Police for the death of Jean Charles de Menezes as "A triumph for health and safety, a lucrative new territory for lawyers, a disaster for common sense." Role in Hillsborough disaster

Match attendance

On 15 April 1989, as an off-duty police Chief Inspector/private citizen Bettison, attended the semi-final FA Cup football match tie between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest at the Hillsborough Stadium, Sheffield.At 15:06 the Hillsborough disaster unfolded, which resulted in 97 Liverpool fans being fatally crushed (although three of


title: Norman Bettison

texts:
 document for the Hillsborough contribution hearings, the civil court case through which the police sought to recover damages from other parties with liability such as the football club and stadium engineers. In this document, Bettison wrote:

"The fullest information on the closure of the central tunnel at the 1988 Semi-Final ... it was an informal initiative at junior level not reported to command level"

This conclusion was also drawn by the Coroner who directed the inquest jury that the senior officers had not been aware of diversions from the tunnel by police officers in 1988. Internal documents later released by South Yorkshire Police to the Hillsborough Independent Panel included the minutes of a meeting held on 17 April 1989 with senior members of South Yorkshire Police. It is not clear whether Bettison was in attendance. In the meeting, the then Chief Constable is documented to have stated:

"You were well aware that there were contingencies to deal with the filled stand.i.e the shutting off of the tunnel." Hillsborough Independent Panel report

On 12 September 2012 <mask>'s role in the Hillsborough disaster was revealed by the Hillsborough Independent Panel report. Families of the victims demanded Bettison's resignation. In response to the report, Bettison released a statement saying that his role was never to "besmirch" the fans, but said that Liverpool fans' behaviour that day made policing the event "harder than it needed to be." His comments sparked fury, and led to calls for him to resign. The IPCC later criticised <mask>'s statement saying that it was "insensitive and inappropriate to make reference to fan behaviour  at all, bearing in mind that publication of the report represented a vindication for the fans that their behaviour was not a factor," and that his


title: Norman Bettison

texts: "unwise" comments "flew in the face of the report's definitive findings". Trevor Hicks, chair of the families support group, said; "Sir <mask>, currently chief constable of West Yorkshire police and a former chief constable of Merseyside, should quit.As a South Yorkshire chief inspector and later superintendent, he was a member of the internal review group or liaison unit on Hillsborough and, as such, the families say he had a key role in presenting the police in the best light and blaming the fans for the disaster. Labour MP Maria Eagle told parliament: the "liaison unit orchestrated what can only be described as a black propaganda campaign." Hicks, who lost his two teenage daughters in the disaster, said: "If he is anything of a man, he will stand down and scurry up a drainpipe somewhere." On 13 September 2012 former Home Secretary Jack Straw said in a radio interview that Bettison was "bound to be considering his position". He added that in his experience Bettison was a fine police officer . Later that same day, Bettison was referred to the West Yorkshire Police Authority, over his role and post-disaster conduct at the Hillsborough disaster. He was quoted as saying "I really welcome the disclosure of all facts that can be known about the Hillsborough tragedy because I have absolutely nothing to hide."On 14 September, Bettison issued an apology for his statement issued on 13 September "for any upset caused by a statement he issued about his role in the Hillsborough tragedy." Bettison said he had not intended to suggest Liverpool fans had hindered police during the disaster, that Liverpool fans were "in no way to blame", and that he was sorry if he had "caused any further upset". On 28 June 2017, he was charged with offences related to alleged lies in the aftermath. The case was


title: Norman Bettison

texts:
 Commissioner Mark Burns-Williamson in relation to alleged misconduct during the Macpherson Inquiry into the murder of Stephen Lawrence, a black South London teenager who had been fatally stabbed in a racist attack 20 years earlier. Three documents were found, about which Burns-Williamson said:

"These documents raise significant concerns over the role of Sir <mask>on at the time he was Assistant Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police in 1998 in commissioning a report to be prepared in the respect of a key witness appearing before the Macpherson Inquiry.This may suggest an attempt to intervene in the course of a public inquiry and influence the manner in which the testimony of a witness, who was due to present evidence before it, was received. I have today referred this to the Independent Police Complaints Commission." Honours

<mask> was made an Honorary Fellow of Liverpool John Moores University in 2004. In the 2000 Birthday Honours, he was awarded the Queen's Police Medal, and was knighted in 2006. Liverpool John Moores University came under pressure to rescind <mask>'s fellowship, following the publication of the report of the Hillsborough Independent Panel. The University responded that the requests were being treated with the 'utmost seriousness' but that it would be 'prejudicial' to IPCC investigation to make a decision before the outcome of that investigation was known. On 9 April 2013, LJMU announced they were withdrawing the honorary fellowship granted to Bettison.He was awarded the Honorary degree of Doctor of the University by the University of Huddersfield in 2012. References

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1956 births
Living people
People from Rotherham
Chief Constables of Merseyside Police
Chief Constables of West Yorkshire Police
Knights Bachelor
Recipients of the Queen's Police

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Norman Bettis
Bettison
Bettison


title: Francis Kenrick

texts:
<mask> (December 3, 1796 or 1797 –  July 8, 1863) was an Irish-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as the third Bishop of the Diocese of Philadelphia (1842–1851) and the sixth Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Baltimore (1851–1863). Biography

Early life and education
<mask> was born in Dublin to Thomas and Jane (née Eustace) <mask>. His younger brother, Peter, would later become the first Archbishop of St. Louis. His uncle was the pastor of St. Nicholas of Myra Church in Dublin, and took an active role in his education. At the age of eighteen, he was selected to study at the Pontifical Urbaniana University in Rome, where he became a distinguished student. He was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Candido Maria Frattini on April 7, 1821. Ordination and ministry
Shortly after his ordination, <mask> accepted an invitation from Bishop Benedict Joseph Flaget, S.S., to join the Diocese of Bardstown, Kentucky, in the United States.He then held the chair of theology at St. Thomas Seminary for nine years, in addition to teaching Greek and history at St. Joseph's College. Apart from his academic duties, he also engaged in missionary work; he facilitated several conversions and publicly debated with Protestant ministers. He earned a reputation as an eloquent preacher and effective apologist, and was a recognized theologian and scripture scholar. <mask> was later made private secretary to Flaget, whom he accompanied to the First Provincial Council of Baltimore in 1829 as his personal theologian. He also served as an assistant secretary of the Council. Bishop of Philadelphia
On February 25, 1830, <mask> was appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Philadelphia, and Titular Bishop of Arath by Pope Pius VIII. He received his episcopal consecration on the following June 6 from Flaget, with Bishops Henry Conwell and John Baptist Mary David, S.S., serving as co-consecrators, in Bardstown.<mask> assumed full administrative powers from the aged Bishop Conwell, whose tenure had been plagued by a public feud with a

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Francis Patrick Kenrick
Francis Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick
Kenrick


title: Francis Kenrick

texts: schismatic priest named William Hogan. Immediately upon his arrival, he also became engaged in the long-running dispute between episcopal authority and the lay trustees of St. Mary's Church. The trustees eventually conceded their struggle for power after <mask> placed St. Mary's Cathedral under interdict. He also placed all church property in the name of the bishop instead of those of the trustees. In 1832, <mask> founded St. Charles Borromeo Seminary, which was originally located at his personal residence. That same year an outbreak of cholera took place in Philadelphia. The Committee of the Almshouse, later known as Philadelphia General Hospital, asked Bishop <mask> if he could request additional help from the Sisters of Charity to serve as nurses.Father Michael Hurley, pastor of St. Augustine's Church turned it into a makeshift hospital under the supervision of Dr. Oliver H. Taylor. <mask> led the local Catholic clergy and sisters in ministering to the sick; his efforts were publicly recognized by Mayor John Swift. <mask> successfully petitioned the Holy See to separate Western Pennsylvania into a new diocese, and the Diocese of Pittsburgh was established in 1836; <mask> was initially considered for the new diocese as well as for coadjutor bishop of New York, but withdrew his candidacy. <mask> succeeded Conwell as the third Bishop of Philadelphia upon the latter's death on April 22, 1842. As Bishop, <mask> expressed public concern over the fact that Catholics in Philadelphia were forced to participate in Protestant religious instruction in the public schools. This dispute led to 1844 riots, a series of riots resulting from increasing anti-Catholic sentiment at the growing population of Irish Catholic immigrants. Although most of the patients cared for by the Sisters at St. Augustine were listed as non-Catholic, the church was burned to the ground during the riots.Throughout the violence, <mask> encouraged Catholics "to follow peace and have charity." He closed all Catholic churches and ordered the

masks: Kenrick Kenrick Kenrick Kenrick Kenrick Kenrick Kenrick Kenrick Kenrick


title: Francis Kenrick

texts:
 suspension of all Masses until the riots were brought to a halt by military force. Following the riots, <mask> ended his advocacy for changes in the religious instruction of public schools and initiated the creation of a Parochial school system designed for Catholic students and run by the Church. Influenced by the work of his contemporary, an English priest named John Lingard, <mask> published his own translation of the four Gospels in 1849; he eventually translated the entire Bible, as a new revision of the Douay-Rheims Bible. Between 1830 and 1850, the number of churches in the diocese grew from 22 to 92; priests from 35 to 101; charitable institutions from two to six; and the Catholic population from 35,000 to 170,000. He also began construction on the Cathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul and oversaw the rebuilding of St. Michael and St. Augustine following the 1844 riots. Archbishop of Baltimore
Following the death of Archbishop Samuel Eccleston, S.S., <mask> was named the sixth Archbishop of Baltimore, Maryland, by Pope Pius IX on August 19, 1851.His installation took place on the following October 9. He presided over the First Plenary Council of Baltimore in 1852. As Archbishop of Baltimore, <mask> expanded the Parochial School System beyond Philadelphia and help to make Catholic instruction the norm for Catholic children in America. Under his tenure, parochial schools were free for all students, and were supported directly by the parishes. In 1854, he was invited by Pius IX to attend the promulgation of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception in Rome. In 1858, the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, with the approval of Pius IX, conferred a "prerogative of place" on the Archbishop of Baltimore over all archbishops and bishops in the United States, regardless of seniority in promotion or ordination. Death and legacy
In his later years, Archbishop <mask> struggled to reduce tensions between Catholics and the Protestant majority.While several anti-Catholic Riots took place in

masks: Kenrick Kenrick Kenrick Kenrick Kenrick