title: David Friedland

texts: then-First United States Attorney Michael Chertoff told judge John F. Gerry that, while he was in the Maldives, Friedland had contacted Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi as part of an effort to arrange "asylum in Libya or any anti-American country". In September 1988, four days after testimony began in his racketeering trial, Friedland entered a guilty plea to a count of conspiracy under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) as part of deal with authorities under which mail fraud and wire fraud charges would be dropped. On December 2, 1988, he was sentenced on the RICO count to a 15-year sentence to be served concurrently with the 7-year term applied for his original conviction. A probation officer estimated and the court indicated at that time that Friedland's parole guideline range was between 40 and 52 months. After Friedland's attorney passed on an offer under which his client would pass on details of illegal drug activity based on information he obtained from other inmates, then-United States Attorney Samuel Alito responded on April 3, 1989, that his office would accept any information offered but would not make any promise to assist <mask> based on the use of any information <mask> might provide. Bypassing Alito's successor Michael Chertoff, Friedland made a deal with Drug Enforcement Administration special agent Anthony Longarzo, under which Friedland provided information that led to several arrests and the seizure of drugs in 1990.The information related to recovery of Stinger missiles from Afghanistan as the drugs were used to purchase weapons for terrorists. In exchange, Longarzo was supposed to recommend to the court and the United

masks: Friedland Friedland


title: David Friedland

type: original

texts:
 States Parole Commission that <mask>'s incarceration be shortened. <mask> was released after eight years at the Federal Correctional Complex, Coleman in Coleman, Florida, and was to spend several months in a halfway house run by the Salvation Army in West Palm Beach, Florida. He was released from the halfway house in July 1997, after serving a total of nine years of his 15-year sentence. He found work with an advertising firm. References

1937 births
Living people
American people convicted of tax crimes
American politicians convicted of bribery
People convicted of obstruction of justice
Politicians convicted of racketeering
Tufts University alumni
Rutgers School of Law–Newark alumni
Members of the New Jersey General Assembly
New Jersey lawyers
New Jersey state senators
New Jersey Democrats
People who faked their own death
Politicians from Jersey City, New


title: Eric Martin (musician)

texts:
<mask> (born October 10, 1960 in Long Island, New York) is an American rock singer and musician who was active throughout the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, both as a solo artist and as a member of various bands. He earned his most prominent success as the frontman for the hard rock band Mr. Big, which scored a big hit in the early 1990s with "To Be with You", a song that <mask> wrote during his teen years. A native of the San Francisco Bay Area, <mask> first started his career in the music industry in 1978. Early years
<mask> is the son of Frederick Lee "Pepper" <mask> and <mask>. He has three younger siblings Dan, Joan and Laurie; and is half-Irish, half-Italian. Musically, <mask> was first influenced by his father, who had a gig as drummer for the band "The Buzz". This first gig would actually be an opener for Sérgio Mendes, a renowned jazz/bossa nova artist.<mask> was a drummer for a short while. Realizing it fit his personality better, he opted for front man/lead vocalist in the next bands he joined. He played in a handful of teen rock groups such as S.F. Bloodshy and Backhome while attending Foothill High School in Sacramento, California. He performed in a punk band in the mid-1970s called The Innocents with Connie Champagne and Ric Walz-Smith. Also in 1974 and 1975, he played college clubs with Jim Preston in The J.C. Michaels Band. He started to make it big when he joined Stark Raving Mad (which also included future Winger guitarist/keyboardist Paul Taylor) in Santa Rosa, California.Stark Raving Mad, which also included Donavan Stark and Brian Stark, cut a demo with Bearsville Records that was produced by Chris Nicks, brother of Stevie Nicks. During the summer break in 1974, <mask> joined a musical comedy workshop held at Mira Loma High School in Sacramento. He auditioned for the part of Judas; although he ultimately did not get the role, he did become the understudy. <mask> credits the honing of

masks:
Eric Lee Martin
Martin
Martin
Eric
Martin
Iris Martin
Eric Martin
Eric Martin
Martin
Martin


title: Eric Martin (musician)

texts:
 his voice to his teacher, Judy Davis. She taught him diction, stamina, and breath-control. The <mask> family finally settled in the San Francisco Bay Area in about 1976. <mask> attended Galileo High School and met up with some of the band members who would join him in his first successful venture: Kid Courage.Kid Courage opened for AC/DC for two shows in the Bay Area, which were AC/DC's first shows in America. <mask> was invited to audition for various iconic bands in the 1970s and 1980s, namely, Van Halen, Toto, and Rainbow. Musical influences
<mask> has always been able to sing either rock, soul, or even country music. He grew up listening to both soul and rock icons in the 1970s, such as Otis Redding, Paul Rodgers, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Edgar Winter, Free, and Humble Pie. When he was about 13 to 15 years old, while living in Italy, he was introduced musically to different artists under Motown Records and Stax/Volt Records. He often collaborates and performs with fellow songwriter and friend Andre Pessis. Music career

415 / <mask> Band, 1978–1985
<mask> had decided to live independently by the age of 18.His first job was selling ice-cream. The big break he needed came when John Nymann, guitarist for the band Mile Hi, gave him a call and asked if he would want to form a new band together. The two had known each other since their former bands (Mile Hi and Kid Courage) had played together at the Mabuhay Gardens on Broadway in San Francisco. In agreement, Nymann and <mask> got people together from both their previous bands, and formed a new group named 415 – which was the telephone area code for the San Francisco Bay Area, since every person in the band was from there. 415 was formed in late 1979. It marked the start of <mask>'s career as lead vocalist. He stated, "415 played hundreds of shows at area nightclubs, beer parties, even high school and college dances, before

masks:
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Eric Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin


title: Eric Martin (musician)

texts:
 eventually headlining San Francisco's premiere night club – the Old Waldorf.Selling out in advance, word quickly spread about our dynamic live shows and soon we were opening for established acts like Billy Squier, Hall & Oates, Rick Springfield, Molly Hatchet, the Marshall Tucker Band, and Foreigner, to name a few. Eventually, without yet being signed to a recording contract, we played in front of 60,000 fans at Oakland Stadium at Bill Graham's Days on the Green Concert." The band became a popular local draw, all the while still being an unsigned act. 415 was later signed on to Elektra/Asylum Records under the management of Walter "Herbie" Herbert, Ron Chiarottino, and Sandy Einstein. These three persons managed and worked for the band Journey. The management decided to change the name of the band to the Eric Martin Band (EMB), as singer-named bands were popular during that time. EMB debuted their first album in 1983, entitled Sucker for a Pretty Face.The LP received a gold disc (certification? ), and consequently led to the band's appearance on American Bandstand and in various arena tours as the opening act for ZZ Top, Night Ranger, and Journey. In one interview, <mask> mentions that they "worked thousands of shows, from clubs, to frat house parties, Bill Graham concerts, opening for anybody and everybody." One of the most acclaimed performances of the band was a solo tour in 1983 held at Honolulu, Hawaii. But despite continuing to land high-profile gigs as support for some of the most popular acts at the time, the band decided to split up in 1985 after returning from the ZZ Top tour. Solo career after <mask> Band, 1985–1988
After the break-up, <mask> continued involving himself in several recordings and gigs. He contributed to the track "I Can't Stop the Fire" from the movie soundtrack Teachers, as well as "These Are the Good Times" and "Eyes of the World" from the movie Iron Eagle.In 1985, <mask>

masks:
Eric
Eric Martin
Martin
Eric Martin


title: Eric Martin (musician)

texts:
 released a self-titled album <mask>, featuring the minor hit "The Information" which peaked at No. 87 mid-year. It was followed later on in 1987 by I'm Only Fooling Myself, which was re-issued in 2008 by Rock Candy Records. The album is a compilation of songs written by such people as Myles Hunter, John Waite, and a whole host of other established songwriters. It also included top West Coast session musicians such as drummers Mike Baird (who worked with Rick Springfield and Journey) and Mickey Curry (with Bryan Adams and Hall and Oates), guitarists Richie Zito, Tim Pierce, Michael Landau, and Rick Nowells. A compilation of the two solo albums are available on Soul Sessions – The Capitol Years CD. Mr. Big, 1988–2002; 2009–present
In 1988, <mask> teamed up with Billy Sheehan, Pat Torpey, and Paul Gilbert to form Los Angeles supergroup Mr. Big.The band combined "shredding" musicianship with melodic vocal harmonies. The reputations of the players generated immediate interest in fellow musicians, and the band was signed to Atlantic Records in 1989. That year, the band released their eponymous debut, which received critical and commercial success in the US and Japan. In June 1990, the group toured America with the Canadian band Rush. The group's 1991 release, Lean into It, featured two ballads that established them as a commercial success: "To Be with You" (number one song in 15 countries) and "Just Take My Heart". The album was followed by a British tour in April and May of the same year, supported by bands The Throbs and Heartland. After another British tour, the band released the Mr. Big Live album in 1992.Mr. Big continued work on a third album as they headlined shows across the U.K. in 1993. In December, the band notably broke away from this run to play as support act for Aerosmith's three-night, sold-out stand at London's Wembley Arena. In 1993, another ballad from Mr. Big's new album Bump Ahead rose

masks:
Eric Martin
Martin


title: Eric Martin (musician)

texts: to the top 10 of the charts – a cover of Cat Stevens' "Wild World". Although the band was unable to sustain commercial success in the US, their popularity in Japan continued to soar, leading to several Japan-only live albums as Raw Like Sushi I, Raw Like Sushi II, Japandemonium, and Mr. Big in Japan In 1996, Mr. Big released Hey Man, which sold strongly in the Far East. In 1997, the band released the album Live At Budokan before taking a break from recording and touring. While recording their fifth studio album, Paul Gilbert announced his decision to leave the band, and new guitarist Richie Kotzen was added to the lineup. The new line-up of Mr. Big released Get Over It on September 1999 in Japan.Get Over It yielded "Superfantastic", a number one hit in Japan that went multi-platinum. It proved to be Atlantic's biggest selling release in that territory. Mr. Big put in a 20-date tour of Japan followed by a rousing New Year's Eve 1999 show with Aerosmith at the Osaka Dome in Osaka. Get Over It was released in the U.S. on March 21, 2000, followed by a short club stint at The Roxy Theater in West Hollywood. In the summer of 2001, <mask> and the rest of Mr. Big released Actual Size in Japan and the rest of Asia. The CD stayed on the charts in the number three spot and "Shine" the first single off the album was number one. The song was also used as the ending theme for the animation series, Hellsing.Though headed for a breakup, the members of Mr. Big performed a farewell tour of Japan and Asia in 2002 as part of a contract they were obliged to comply with. A near Mr. Big "one-off" reunion took place on May 13, 2008, in Los Angeles, at the House of Blues, when Paul Gilbert was joined onstage by Pat Torpey, Richie Kotzen and Billy Sheehan for renditions of Humble Pie's "30 Days in the Hole" and original Mr. Big composition "Daddy, Brother, Lover, Little Boy". Reportedly, the three had such an amazing time


title: Eric Martin (musician)

texts: that they decided to contact <mask> a few days later, and a reunion of the four original members (Paul, <mask>, Pat, and Billy) was put into motion. The reunion was first officially announced on February 1, 2009, in a Japanese radio program called "Heavy Metal Syndicate by Koh Sakai". The interviews and press conferences that followed shortly within the first two weeks of February revealed plans of the band to tour Japan in June 2009 and to release new albums. A world tour followed suit, with dates all across Europe, and several gigs in South East Asia, particularly in India, Thailand, Philippines, Singapore, Indonesia, and South Korea. In 2010, Mr. Big recorded a new album titled What If... produced by Kevin Shirley and released in early 2011.On May 10, 2011, after almost two decades, Mr. Big played the Araneta Coliseum in Manila, the Philippines. The band performed most of the songs from "Lean into It", and also introduced new songs from What If.... The band embarked on a very successful South American tour that ended with two dates in Brazil, at the last of which in the city of Porto Alegre on July 10, according to <mask>, Mr. Big had an "end of the tour party" live in front of over 2,000 fans at the local rock venue Bar Opinião. In October 2014, Mr. Big released ...The Stories We Could Tell with 13 new songs and a bonus live track of "Addicted to That Rush." They embarked on a world tour to support the record and an unofficial fifth member of the band joined them on the tour:  drummer Matt Starr. Starr (most notably from Ace Frehley's band,) is a talented drummer and singer, and Mr. Big recruited him to sit in for Pat Torpey, who had recently been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. While Torpey did tour with the band, he played drums on only a few songs, and typically sat on a stool and sang with the band while Starr handled the rest of the drum duties.Additional dates are planned for rock

masks:
Eric Martin
Eric
Eric Martin


title: Eric Martin (musician)

texts:
 cruises and West coast dates in early 2016. On July 7, 2017, Mr. Big released Defying Gravity, its ninth studio album. The record was recorded in a matter of six days to accommodate the schedules of the band members and the producer, and was released on the Frontiers Music SRL label. It featured 11 new songs and was produced by Kevin Elson, who also produced Mr. Big’s debut record in 1989. They embarked on a tour of the United States, followed by tours of Europe and southeast Asia, including a return to the Philippines on October 12, 2017. On February 7, 2018, drummer Pat Torpey died from complications of Parkinson's disease at the age of 64. His last show was at the Wulfrun Hall in Wolverhampton on 23 November 2017.A memorial show took place on 23 May 2018 at The Canyon in Agoura Hills, California, with former member Richie Kotzen as a special guest. The all-star finale of "To Be With You" included, among others, Matt Sorum, Dave Amato, Ricky Phillips, Keith St John, Prescott Niles, Kelly Keagy, Jeff Scott Soto, Ace Von Johnson and Gregg Bissonette. In October 2018, <mask> said in interview with Friday NI Rocks that the band is in the process of planning their next album. According to him, once the band is done with its 2019 touring commitments, they will subsequently disband: "Yeah, that's the last hurrah – that's it. It feels a little uncomfortable to keep going without Pat Torpey." Solo projects: 1998–present

Solo albums
While in Mr. Big, <mask> was also involved in other projects on the side. In 1995, <mask> was the vocalist in The Power Rangers Orchestra, which also featured Guns N' Roses member Matt Sorum.Their version of "Go Go Power Rangers" was featured in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie. <mask>'s third solo album, Somewhere in the Middle, was written during the two-year hiatus from Mr. Big. The CD was completed in 1998 and released in Japan, Southeast Asia, and Europe. Strong

masks:
Eric Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin


title: Eric Martin (musician)

texts:
 Japanese sales prompted a 1998 tour. In between promoting and preparing for Mr. Big's 2002 "Farewell Tour", <mask> continued to record songs for his fourth solo album. He promised a return to his "rawk roots" and he definitely did so with "I'm Goin' Sane" which was released in Asia, Europe, and the US in late 2002. After the success of a Japan tour, an appearance at the European "Gods Festival", and a 23-city US tour, <mask> decided to go back to the studio to record Pure, an EP that covers his hits in an unplugged and stripped-down acoustic form.In 2003, <mask> contributed his version of "Cheer Up" to the Japanese release Sincerely 2 – Mariya Takeuchi Song Book album. He also came to attention outside of his priority solo activities, portraying the character "Mr. Niko" for a 2004 "Genius" outing In Search of The Little Prince. Later on, <mask> would record another album entitled Destroy All Monsters, which would then be released in Japan, Europe, the US, and South America in 2004. The album's sound is something <mask> calls "distorted pop" with a focus on his rock roots. That same year <mask> was unable to promote the album as much as he wanted, due to a call from the biggest guitar star in Japan, Tak Matsumoto. Tak Matsumoto Group
Tak's band, B'z, has sold over 80 million records and held onto success for over 20 years in Japan. Tak decided to put together a rock band called Tak Matsumoto Group, or TMG, with his favorite players; this would include <mask> on vocals, Jack Blades (Night Ranger/Damn Yankees) on bass, and Chris Frasier (Steve Vai/Edgar Winter/Eddie Money) on drums, and, of course, Tak on guitar.They spent four months writing and recording an album in Los Angeles, did a 10-day promotional tour in Japan, quickly followed by a Platinum album, and a 20-city sold-out tour from July to September, ending in Japan's famous 15,000-seat arena, Budokan. The Japanese tour for TMG saw the inclusion

masks: Martin Martin Martin Martin Eric Eric Eric


title: Eric Martin (musician)

texts:
 of Mr. Big's "To Be With You" in the set list. TMG was among the top five bands on melodicrock.com during that time, but the band no longer pursued tours beyond Japan. During the same year TMG was in the works, <mask> and Denise were also expecting twin boys by December. In light of this, <mask> decided to lie low for the next couple of years. Work on different projects
From 2004 to 2007, <mask> was involved in numerous projects while remaining near home. A more comprehensive collection of his works are available on <mask>'s Official Site.His projects included singing tracks on albums of different composers/artists, singing for karaoke games, video games, and TV commercials, and joining benefit concerts all year round. <mask> wrote and recorded the theme song for the Pride Fighting Championships, which was a major mixed martial arts organization. The song "The Last Man Standing" debuted New Year's Eve 2006 on pay-per-view to millions of viewers. <mask> also wrote and recorded a song for guitar legend Ronnie Montrose's CD, 10x10. He sings along with nine other singers including Sammy Hagar, Edgar Winter, Davey Pattison, and Mark Farner. The 10x10 album sparked interest in <mask>'s vocal performance and he was asked to sing the classic song "Guitar Man" with Ronnie Montrose, Denny Carmasi, and Ricky Phillips to take to the Sundance Film Festival. <mask> also composed and performed a song called "Fly" for the commercial of Asahi Super Dry Beer in Japan.It is accompanied by a music video which is available at Youtube.com

While taking his family on a stroll along the Marin County Fair, <mask> was able to watch a performance by the Nelson Brothers and was later introduced to them by a common friend. The Nelson Brothers, Matthew and Gunnar, invited <mask> to join them in the new 80s all-star band they were forming called "Scrap Metal". Generally, Scrap Metal would be a band dedicated to performing classic

masks:
Eric
Eric
Martin
Eric Martin
Martin
Martin
Eric
Martin
Eric
Eric


title: Eric Martin (musician)

texts:
 heavy metal and rock 'n' roll hits from the 80s and 90s. On February 3, 2007, <mask>, together with Matthew and Gunnar Nelson of "Nelson", Mark Slaughter of "Slaughter", Jani Lane of "Warrant", and Kelly Keagy of "Night Ranger", performed under the "Scrap Metal" banner for an MTV filmed concert at the Mohegan Sun Hotel & Casino in Uncasville, Connecticut. They would compose the core of the band. A few months later, he made an appearance as a Guest Vocalist of Japanese Jazz Fusion Band T-Square on their album, 33. The song he was featured in is called "Tell the Truth", which is based on T-Square's hit from 1987, "Truth".Scrap Metal would tour around the US all year round. In most performances, they would often have different guests who were likewise players from other 80's bands. In 2010, <mask> participated in a tribute album titled Mister Bolin's Late Night Revival, a compilation of 17 previously-unreleased tracks written by guitar legend Tommy Bolin, prior to his death in 1976. The CD includes other artists such as HiFi Superstar, Doogie White, Troy Luccketta, Jeff Pilson, Randy Jackson, Rachel Barton, Rex Carroll, Derek St. Holmes, Kimberley Dahme, and The 77's. A percentage of the proceeds from this project will benefit the Jackson Recovery Centers. In 2013, <mask> was invited to be part of the metal opera project Avantasia, by Tobias Sammet. <mask> played the role of a beggar on the album The Mystery of Time, performing What's Left of Me, with Sammet.<mask> was also part of their 2013 world tour in support of the album as one of the guest vocalists. He is also part of their 2016 world tour in support of the album Ghostlights, notably performing the guest vocal role in the songs "Dying for an Angel", "The Wicked Symphony" and "Twisted Mind". Mr. Vocalist 1 and 2, solo touring
In early 2008, <mask> was approached, again, by Sony Japan to do a project wherein he would cover (translated) famous

masks:
Eric Martin
Eric
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin


title: Eric Martin (musician)

texts: Japanese Ballads sung by women. The album, entitled Mr. Vocalist, was released in November 2008 and topped the charts of several cities in Japan; it was also the number-one seller in several online record stores. The album would include ballads such as "I Believe" by Ayaka, "Yuki no Hana" by Mika Nakashima, and "M" by Princess Princess. Seeing the success of Mr. Vocalist, Sony Japan opted to follow it up with another one. Mr. Vocalist 2 was unique from the first because all the songs included in it were famous international ballads, and were voted in by fans either through the Internet or through mobile phone.<mask> and Sony Japan lined up about 30 international ballads sung by women, such as "Hero" by Mariah Carey, "My Heart Will Go On" by Celine Dion and "Eternal Flame" by The Bangles. The top 12 songs were taken from the list and were covered by <mask> and Sony Japan's team of top musicians. The resulting album was released on March 4, 2009, and topped the charts all over Japan at its debut. For months, it continued to move along the top five albums in Japan. From 2007 to 2009, <mask> toured all over Europe, South America, and India, with different local bands backing him up at each tour. It all started as an idea a few years before; <mask> and Denise were figuring out how to make tours overseas cost effective and fresh per performance. They would call promoters all around the world and book shows 5 months in advance, find the best rock musicians or the most popular bands in the big cities and have them learn 18 to 20 of <mask>'s tunes, send mp3's back and forth (and pray for the best).<mask> performed all over the world with bands such as The Road Vultures from Argentina, Hayseed from Norway, Raw Like Sushi (a Mr. Big tribute band) from Italy, and John McNamara's band from Australia. <mask> was invited by the King of Tripura, Kirit Pradyot Deb Burman, to perform Mr. Big songs during the Rock

masks: Martin Eric Martin Eric Eric Eric Martin


title: Eric Martin (musician)

texts:
 Festival at Shillong. Shillong is well known in India as a place for avid music-lovers, especially rock. <mask> and the band members (the Road Vultures) were graciously treated as state guests and were escorted upon arrival in India and during the concert. Amit Paul, a popular singer from the show "Indian Idol", together with other Indian celebrities, joined the show and sang part of "To Be With You" with <mask>. The gig in India was meant to be only a seven-to-ten thousand seat show; but, as people started to break into the barricades, the crowd got larger (to about 20,800 people). The situation was handled, nevertheless, and the show was an amazing success.The whole festival in general was phenomenal. <mask> also toured with Richie Kotzen in South America, a former bandmate from Mr. Big. The two found themselves performing 15,000-seat shows and playing the songs of Mr. Big together again. On October 10, 2012, <mask> released the cover album Mr. Rock Vocalist. It features covers of Japanese songs such as "Alone" by B'z, "Honey" by L'Arc~en~Ciel and "Forever Love" by X Japan, and guest musicians such as Steve Stevens, Marty Friedman and John 5. Discography

Solo albums
 <mask> (1985)
 I'm Only Fooling Myself (1987)
 Somewhere in the Middle (1998)
 I'm Goin' Sane (2002)
 Destroy All Monsters (2004)
 Mr. Vocalist (2008)
 Mr. Vocalist 2 / Timeless (2009)
 Mr. Vocalist X'Mas (2009)
 Mr. Vocalist 3 (2010)
 Mr. Rock Vocalist (2012)

Compilation albums
 Soul Sessions: The Capitol Years (1986)
 Love Is Alive: Works of 1985–2010 (2010)
 Mr. Vocalist Best (2011)

Extended plays
 Pure (2003)

<mask> Band
 Sucker for a Pretty Face (1983)

Mr. Big

Tak Matsumoto Group
 Oh Japan ~Our Time Is Now~ (2004)
 TMG I (2004)

Guest appearances
 Big Trouble – Big Trouble (1987; duet on the track "What About You And Me)
 Michael Bolton – The Hunger (1987)
 Signal – Loud & Clear (1989)
 Todd Rundgren – Nearly Human (1989)

masks:
Eric
Eric
Martin
Martin
Eric Martin
Eric Martin


title: Montéhus

texts:
Gaston Mardochée Brunswick, better known by his pseudonym <mask> (9 July 1872 – December 1952), was a French singer-songwriter. He was the writer of such notable songs as "Gloire au 17ème" and "La Butte Rouge". Biography
Montéhus was the eldest child of 22 in an improverished working-class family of Jewish descent. A Child of the Commune
<mask> was born in Paris after the Paris Commune of 1871. According to him, his father Abraham Brunschwig had been among the rebels, but there is no source to verify this claim. Nevertheless, Montéhus was raised in a post-Commune context, which accounts for his commitment to left-wing politics. "Revolutionary jingoist" as he liked to present himself, he was close to the "wretched of the Earth" spoken of by Eugène Pottier in L'Internationale.He began to sing in public at the age of 12, in 1884, a decade before the beginning of the Dreyfus Affair. He published his first song (Au camarade du 153ème) in 1897. It was then that he adopted his pseudonym, easier to bear than his name in the context of strong antisemitism. In 1907, he published Gloire au 17ème in honour of the regiment of soldiers who refused to fire on a demonstration of wine growers in Béziers. A Committed Singer
In the second half of the 19th century, the song was central to the popular culture. Books, expensive as they were, were not accessible to the working classes. When it contained a strong political element, the song could be a powerful tool of propaganda.Montéhus was one of the singers of the red revolt, along with Jean-Baptiste Clément (1836–1903), writer of the song Le

masks: Montéhus Montéhus


title: Montéhus

texts:
 Temps des cerises, Eugène Pottier (1816–1887), writer of L'Internationale, Jules Jouy (1855–1897), writer of V'là l'choléra qu'arrive, Les Anarchistes de Chicago, Pierre Dupont (1821–1870), Le chant des ouvriers, Le chant du vote, Gaston Couté (1880–1911) Le gars qu'a mal tourné, etc. In his lively, driven songs, Montéhus opposed war, capitalist exploitation, prostitution, poverty, religious hypocrisy, but also the income tax:
Au lieu d'imposer l'travailleur qui enrichit l'gouvernement
Imposez plutôt les noceurs [les capitalistes] qui gaspillent tant d'argent. He also defended the cause of women in a remarkable way. La grève des Mères (The Mothers' Strike) was legally banned on 5 October and Montéhus condemned for "incitement to abortion". On march 5th 1902, he is initiated into Freemasonry at ″l'Union de Belleville″ lodge in Paris. And when he considered joining the Communist Party in 1922, as the French Communist Party did not accept Freemasons, he preferred to remain faithful to his lodge. A Friend of <mask> maintained relations with Vladimir Lenin; moreover, the latter made reference to this in his correspondence.In a letter to Lev Kamenev, Lenin wrote: "Ah! If I could listen to Montéhus again!". At the time of his exile in France (between 1909 and 1912), Lenin gave a series of conferences in a room of either the Rive Gauche or Bobino (the places is uncertain). At Lenin's request, Montéhus sang in the first part to attract a sizable audience. The people who came to listen to the "humanitarian singer" were also invited to listen to the Bolshevik activist after the


title: Montéhus

texts:
 peur, as pas peur, Sidi
Si Pruscots venir, moi coupe kiki.During these four years of war, he did not cease to compose warlike songs (La Dernière victime, La Voix des mourants,  La Vision sanglante, Debout les Morts !, etc. ), he would never be mobilised and thus never know the horrors of the front. On the other hand, on the stage of the Olympia, he was wounded in the head singing warlike songs. At the end of the war in 1918, for his good and loyal services, he received the Croix de Guerre. Disgrace
After the war, Montéhus faced a rather long period of disgrace. He ceased to enroll in the Popular Front. He would attempt to redeem himself in 1923 by composing La Butte Rouge (The Red Mound), which makes reference to the Mound of Bapeaume, theatre of violent battles at the Somme during the offensive of the summer of 1916 (and not, contrary to a common error, the Paris Commune of 1871, strongly evoked in the work of de Montéhus).In this song, he takes on those responsible for the carnage: [...] car les bandits qui sont cause des guerres  n'en meurent jamais, on ne tue qu'les innocents. Support for the Popular Front
During the 1930s, he was a member of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO). At the advent of the Popular Front, at the age of 64, <mask> was again at the forefront with Le décor va changer, Vas-Y Léon ! ", Le Cri des grévistes, L'Espoir d'un gueux, songs in which he supported the Popular Front and Léon Blum. Under the Vichy Regime
<mask> was not sent to a concentration camp, but he was forced to wear the yellow star from 1942 until the Liberation


title: Charles Goodell

texts:
<mask>. (March 16, 1926January 21, 1987) was an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives and then a United States Senator from New York. In both cases he came into office following the deaths of his predecessors, first in a special election and second as a temporary appointee succeeding Robert F. Kennedy. He was elected to four full terms in Congress after winning his first race in 1959. He resigned on September 9, 1968, to accept an appointment by Governor Nelson Rockefeller to fill the vacancy caused by the assassination of United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy on June 5, 1968. Having earned the support of both the Republican and Liberal parties in 1970, he lost in a three-way race to Conservative Party candidate James L. Buckley, having split the liberal vote with Democratic Party candidate Richard Ottinger. Goodell was the father of National Football League Commissioner <mask>. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Jamestown, New York, the son of Francesca (née Bartlett) and <mask>.He attended the public schools of Jamestown and graduated from Williams College as a member of Phi Beta Kappa in 1948. He served in the United States Navy during the World War II era as a seaman second class (1944–46) and in the United States Air Force as a first lieutenant (1952–53) during the Korean War. <mask> received an LL.B. from Yale Law School in 1951 and an M.A. in government from Yale in 1952. He briefly taught at Quinnipiac College in 1952. Following his admission to the Connecticut bar (1951) and the New York bar (1954), he began his law practice in Jamestown.He was a great-grandson of <mask>, an abolitionist. Congressional career
<mask> was a congressional liaison assistant for the Department of Justice in

masks:
Charles Ellsworth Goodell Jr
Roger Goodell
Goodell
Charles Ellsworth Goodell
Goodell
William Goodell
Goodell


title: Charles Goodell

texts: 1954–1955. He won a special election on May 26, 1959, as a Republican to the 86th United States Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Daniel A. Reed. In NY District 43, <mask> polled 27,454 votes (65 percent) to the Democrat Robert E. McCaffery's 14,250 ballots (33.8 percent). <mask> was re-elected in November 1960 to the 87th Congress, and re-elected three times thereafter. During his tenure in the House, <mask> voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1960, 1964, and 1968, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, but voted against the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. He resigned on September 9, 1968, to accept Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller's appointment to the United States Senate, filling the vacancy caused by the assassination of United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy on June 5, 1968.Because a special election to fill the vacancy would not be held for over two years, public objection to the length of <mask>'s appointment led to a failed legal challenge to the Governor's power to appoint Senators in the event of a vacancy, Valenti v. Rockefeller. Although he had been a moderate to conservative member in the House, as a Senator he was nearly as liberal as New York's other Republican Senator, Jacob K. Javits. In the Senate, <mask> authored and sponsored a large number of bills, including several to provide conservation and development aid to small towns and rural areas. Many small upstate New York communities without municipal sewage systems built them with the aid of federal matching funds provided by <mask>'s legislation. He "joined the quasi-pacifist Oregon senator Mark Hatfield as the loudest anti-Vietnam War voices in the Republican Party." Anti-war protesters and activists praised his advocacy of a withdrawal from Vietnam. In

masks: Goodell Goodell Goodell Goodell Goodell Goodell


title: Charles Goodell

texts: 1970, the New York Republican Party was split deeply over the issue of the Second New Right conservatism of much of the grassroots support for the party versus the perceived liberalism of the party organization, leadership, and Governor Rockefeller himself.While Rockefeller's supporters were strong enough within the party and its regular organization to assure <mask>'s receiving the party's nomination for what would be his first full term, conservative activists left the party en masse to support someone farther to the right. Additionally, then Vice-President Spiro T. Agnew, alluding to <mask>'s shift from moderate-conservative Republican to liberal Republican, went so far as to call him the "Christine Jorgensen of the Republican Party," analogizing his ideological shift to Jorgensen's highly publicized gender reassignment. <mask> was not discouraged. Running under the slogan "Senator <mask> — He's too good to lose", he received the nomination of the Liberal Party as well as that of the regular Republican organization, an electoral fusion allowed under New York law. One television ad aired by <mask>'s campaign just before election day in 1970 contrasted his record with his two opponents. A voice over the graphics said "New York voters face real choices in this year's Senate election: Congressman Richard Ottinger, the Democratic candidate, who has sponsored two pieces of legislation in six years in the House. Republican Senator <mask>, who has sponsored forty-four major pieces of legislation in twenty-two months in the Senate.Conservative nominee James L. Buckley, who has an economic plan for the nineteenth century. Those are your choices on election day: the light weight; the heavy weight; and the dead weight." In the November 1970 election, despite

masks:
Goodell
Goodell
Goodell
Goodell
Goodell
Charles Goodell


title: Charles Goodell

texts:
 Rockefeller's support and that of the Republican and Liberal parties, <mask> split the liberal vote with Ottinger, and was defeated by  Conservative Party candidate Buckley. <mask> finished third, with 24.3 percent of the vote. <mask> would be the last appointed U.S. Senator from New York until 2009, when Kirsten Gillibrand was selected to replace Hillary Clinton, who had been appointed Secretary of State by President Barack Obama. Life after leaving Congress
After leaving Congress, <mask> resumed the practice of law.In the mid-1970s, <mask> served as Vice-Chairman, with former Pennsylvania Governor William Scranton as Chairman, of President Gerald Ford's committee to draft rules for granting amnesty to Vietnam War-era draft evaders and deserters. <mask> was a resident of Washington, D.C. and Bronxville, New York, until his death on January 21, 1987. He was buried at Lakeview Cemetery in Jamestown. Books
 <mask>, <mask>. Political Prisoners in America. New York: Random House, 1973. References

External links

1926 births
1987 deaths
Politicians from Jamestown, New York
Military personnel from New York (state)
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
United States senators from New York (state)
Williams College alumni
Yale Law School alumni
New York (state) Republicans
Quinnipiac University faculty
Connecticut lawyers
New York (state) lawyers
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Republican Party United States senators
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Writers from New York (state)
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
United States Navy sailors
United States Air Force personnel of the Korean War
United States Air Force

masks:
Goodell
Goodell
Goodell
Goodell
Goodell
Goodell
Goodell
Charles E


title: David Morrison (astrophysicist)

texts:
<mask> (born 26 June 1940) is an American astronomer, a senior scientist at the Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute, at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. <mask> is the former director of the Carl Sagan Center for Study of Life in the Universe at the SETI Institute and of the NASA Lunar Science Institute. He is the past Director of Space at NASA Ames. <mask> is credited as a founder of the multi-disciplinary field of astrobiology. <mask> is best known for his work in risk assessment of near Earth objects such as asteroids and comets. Asteroid 2410 <mask> was named in his honor. <mask> is also known for his "Ask an Astrobiologist" series on NASA's website where he provides answers to questions submitted by the public.He has published 12 books and over 150 papers primarily on planetary science, astrobiology and near earth objects. Biography
<mask> was born in Danville, Illinois on June 26, 1940. He attended elementary and high school in Danville and graduated from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in 1962 with high distinction in physics. He studied astronomy at Harvard University and received his Ph.D in 1969, with Carl Sagan as his thesis advisor. Astronomical career

<mask> was Professor of Astronomy at Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawaii-Manoa from 1969 until 1988. He also directed the 3-meter NASA Infrared Telescope Facility of Mauna Kea Observatory and served for two years as University Vice Chancellor for Research. His research accomplishments include demonstration of the uniform high surface temperature of Venus, the discovery that Neptune has a large internal heat source while its “twin” planet Uranus does not, determination of the surface composition of Pluto, first ground-based measurements of the heat flow from Jupiter’s

masks:
David Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
David Morrison
Morrison


title: David Morrison (astrophysicist)

texts:
 volcanic moon Io, discovery of the fundamental division of the asteroids into dark (primitive) and light (stony) classes, and the first quantitative estimate of the cosmic impact hazard.<mask> was also co-chair of the first NASAAstrobiology Roadmap workshop and report. He served as a science investigator on Mariner, Voyager and Galileo space science missions. He was on the faculty of the Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawaii-Manoa from 1969 until 1988, when he joined the senior management staff of NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. While on the faculty of the University of Hawaii, <mask> spent two sabbaticals at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory of the University of Arizona in Tucson, and two assignments in space science management at NASA Headquarters in Washington DC. <mask> has held a variety of senior science management positions at NASA Headquarters in Washington and at Ames Research Center in California. In Washington he was the first Program Scientist for the Galileo mission to Jupiter, where he was responsible for defining the mission objectives and recommending the instruments and science investigations that were selected for this mission. He also served as Deputy Associate Administrator for what is now called the NASA Science Mission Directorate.At NASA Ames, he has been Chief of the Space Science Division, Director Space, and most recently the founding Director of the NASA Lunar Science Institute. His responsibilities included the major NASA missions Lunar Pathfinder, Kepler and SOFIA. Professional activities
<mask> is author of leading college undergraduate texts in astronomy and planetary science. He is a popular public writer and lecturer, promoting a scientific and fact-based perspective about such topics as Emmanuel Velikovsky’s pseudocosmology,  the

masks:
Morrison
Morrison
David Morrison
Morrison


title: David Morrison (astrophysicist)

texts:
 evolution-creationist conflict, climate change denialism, and the 2012 doomsday hoax. As a science communicator, he frequently debunks myths of mystery planets. In interviews in 2011 and 2017, <mask> explained that he receives five emails a day about the Nibiru cataclysm, an apocalyptic hoax, which he initially expected to be a short-lived phenomenon but which "keeps popping up" and is the subject of an estimated two million websites. He launched a YouTube video about the 2012 hoax telling the public that they have nothing to worry about.The video was briefly featured in the opening credits of the movie World War Z', based on the novel  World War Z. Honors
<mask> is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, of the California Academy of Sciences, and of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry; also a supporter (and member of the Advisory Council, since 2013) of the National Center for Science Education. He is also a Scientist Trustee of the California Academy of Science. He has served as Councilor of the American Astronomical Society, Chair of the Division for Planetary Science of the American Astronomical Society, President of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Chair of the Astronomy Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and both President of Commission 16 (Planets and Satellites) and of the Working Group on Near Earth Objects of the International Astronomical Union. <mask> received the Dryden Medal for research of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the Carl Sagan Medal of the American Astronomical Society for public Communication, and the Klumpke-Roberts Award of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific for his contributions to science education. NASA has also awarded him Outstanding Leadership medals twice as well as

masks: Morrison Morrison Morrison


title: David Morrison (astrophysicist)

texts:
 the Presidential Meritorious Rank. In 2015, <mask> received the American Astronomical Society's (AAS) Education Prize in recognition for his outstanding contributions to the education of the public, students and future astronomers.Personal
<mask> is married to Janet Lee <mask>, retired medical information specialist, and lives near San Jose, CA. <mask> has visited and photographed in some 60 countries on all the continents, ranging from the Arctic to the Antarctic, all across North America, Europe, and North Africa, and extensively in South and South-East Asia. References

External links
 Ask an Astrobiologist (Questions and Answers)
  (March 2012)
 <mask>'s outreach video debunking 2012 doomsday claims (2010 vimeo)
 author page at Skeptical Inquirer, example article Disinformation about Global Warming Volume 34.2, March/April 2010, on climate change denial. <mask> (03.27.07)
 <mask> (Director, Carl Sagan Center @ SETI)
 Debunker of Doomsday: NASA scientist tries to talk some sense into the world (Mercury News 12/17/2012)
 , part of the Silicon Valley Astronomy Lectures
 Free open-source astronomy textbook co-authored by <mask>

Living people
American astronomers
American astrophysicists
Astrobiologists
1940 births
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Planetary scientists
University of Illinois College of Liberal Arts and Sciences

masks:
David Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
David Morrison
David Morrison
David Morrison


title: Arghun

texts:
<mask> (Mongolian Cyrillic: Аргун хан; Traditional Mongolian: ; c. 1258 – 10 March 1291) was the fourth ruler of the Mongol empire's Ilkhanate, from 1284 to 1291. He was the son of Abaqa Khan, and like his father, was a devout Buddhist (although pro-Christian). He was known for sending several embassies to Europe in an unsuccessful attempt to form a Franco–Mongol alliance against the Muslims in the Holy Land. It was also <mask> who requested a new bride from his great-uncle Kublai Khan. The mission to escort the young Kököchin across Asia to Arghun was reportedly taken by Marco Polo. <mask> died before Kököchin arrived, so she instead married Arghun's son, Ghazan. Early life
<mask> was born to Abaqa Khan and his Öngüd, possibly Christian concubine Qaitmish egechi in 8 March 1259 (although Rashid al-Din states it was in 1262, which is unlikely) near Baylaqan.He grew up in Khorasan under care of Sartaq Noyan (from Jalair tribe) who was his military commander of encampment and Jochigan Noyan (from Bargut tribe) who was his atabeg. He commanded an army at the age of 20 against Negudaris. He left his father's encampment on 14 July 1279 for Seistan where he captured Öljai Buqa (son of Mubarakshah). After Abaqa's death in 1282, he was talked out of running against his uncle Ahmad Tekuder in the kurultai. Tekuder was duly chosen as sultan. He is also known as Sultan Ahmad. Bid for the throne

Tekuder's election brought Juvayni brothers to power, who were accused of charges of embezzlement before.However <mask> believed Juvayni brothers were responsible for his father's death by poisoning. He came to Baghdad to spend winter of 1282-1283 and restarted the investigation on embezzlement accusation which may

masks:
Arghun Khan
Arghun
Arghun
Arghun
Arghun


title: Arghun

texts: have caused Ata Malik's stroke on 5 March 1283. His hatred grew upon hearing rumors that Shams al-Din Juvayni sent someone to poison him. Another cause of friction was Tekuder's order of arrest of Malik Fakhr ud-Din, governor of Ray, whom Arghun appointed. Tekuder on the other hand began to be suspicious of his half-brother Qonqurtai and Arghun's potential alliance. He sent military contingents commanded by Prince Jushkab, Uruq and Qurumushi (son of Hinduqur) to station in Diyar Bakr, so Qonqurtai and <mask> wouldn't be connected. Qonqurtai was accused of conspiracy and was arrested by Tegüder's son-in-law, Alinaq - the viceroy of Georgia on 17 January 1284 and was executed next day.Another contingent of army was sent to Jazira, from where Gaykhatu and Baydu fled to Khorasan, to Arghun's encampment while several emirs such as Taghachar and Doladai were arrested. <mask> started an open rebellion upon his return from Baghdad to Khorasan in 1283 to gain allegiance of minor nobles and amirs. Tekuder's next step was to send Alinaq with 15.000 men against Arghun on 29 January, while ilkhan himself followed Alinaq on 26 April from his main army composed of Armenians and Georgians in addition to Mongols stationed in Mughan plain near Bilasuvar. Arghun prevailed on Alinaq in battle on 4 May south to Qazvin but nevertheless retreated to his lands in Khorasan. Ala ud-Daula Simnani, future Sufi saint of Kubrawiya order also fought in Arghun's army during this battle. <mask> tried to make truce on halfway, which Ahmad against advices of his councillors, refused it. Another embassy sent by Arghun, this time led by his son Ghazan arrived at Tekuder's camp near Semnan on 31 May.Embassy was a success, as Ahmad

masks: Arghun Arghun Arghun


title: Arghun

texts:
 accepted truce on condition if Arghun sends his brother Gaykhatu as a hostage. <mask> agreed to terms and sent his brother accompanied by two amirs, including Nawruz to custody of Buqa, then most senior of Tekuder's commanders on 13 or 28 June. Buqa in turn handed over him to Ahmad who put Gaykhatu in Tödai Khatun's encampment. Despite this, Tekuder continued hostilities and kept advancing on Arghun. This made Buqa to harbor resentment towards Tekuder and grow more sympathetic to Arghun. On the other hand, he lost Tekuder's favor who started to invest his trust in Aq Buqa, another Jalair general. Seeing developments, Arghun sook refuge in Kalat-e Naderi, a strong fortress on 7 July with 100 men.But he was forced to surrender to Alinaq four days later. Victorious Tekuder left Arghun at Alinaq's captivity while himself left for Kalpush, where his main army was stationed. This was an opportunity Buqa was seeking - he broke into Alinaq's camp and set Arghun free, while killing Alinaq. Tekuder fled west and looted Buqa's encampment near Sultaniya in revenge. He continued on to his own pasturelands near Takht-i Suleyman on 17 July planning to escape to Golden Horde via Derbent. However, Qaraunas sent by Buqa soon caught up with him and arrested Tekuder. He was turned over to Arghun on 26 July on Ab-i Shur pasturelands, near Maragha.Reign
<mask> was informally enthroned on 11 August 1284 following Tekuder's execution. A series of appointments came after coronation, as was custom - His cousins Jushkab (son of Jumghur) and Baydu were assigned to viceroyalty of Baghdad, Buqa's brother Aruq as his emir; while his brother Gaykhatu and uncle Hulachu were assigned to viceroyalty of Anatolia, Khorasan being

masks: Arghun Arghun


title: Arghun

texts:
 Perceiving that he had lost the khan's favour, Buqa organized a conspiracy in Prince Jushkab and Arghun's vassal king Demetre II of Georgia (whose daughter Rusudan was married to Buqa's son) were implicated. Buqa promised Jushkab the throne on condition of appointment as naib of the empire upon success. However Jushkab sent news to Arghun about the treachery. <mask> in his turn sent his new emir Qoncuqbal to arrest Buqa.It's unknown how Rusudan escaped the purge by Arghun but Demetre II was summoned to capital and imprisoned as well. Buqa was put to death on January 16, 1289. He was succeeded as vizier by a Jewish physician, Sa’ad al-Daula of Abhar. Sa'ad was effective in restoring order to the Ilkhanate's government, in part by aggressively denouncing the abuses of the Mongol military leaders. Reforms and purges
After dealing with Buqa, Arghun went for Hulaguid princes, whose loyalties were questionable - Jushkab was arrested and executed on 10 June 1289 while trying to raise an army. Hulachu and Yoshmut's son Qara Noqai were arrested on 30 May 1289, in connection with Nawruz's revolt in Khorasan. After a trial, they were sent to be executed in Damghan on 7 October 1290.After his relatives, Arghun authorizes Sa'd al-Dawla to execute children of Shams al-Din Juvayni and rest of his proteges. End of reign
According to Rashid al-Din, Arghun started to use opium after his visit to Maragha Observatory on 21 September 1289. After his second son Yesü Temür's death on 18 May 1290, he became rather disassociated from daily affairs of government. He founded the city of Arghuniyya in a suburb of Tabriz later in 1290 and a Buddhist temple in which he put statues resembling himself. Another city founded by


title: Arghun

texts:
 him was Sharuyaz, which was completed during reign of his son Öljaitü. Foreign relations

Relations with Golden Horde
As his predecessor, <mask> often clashed with Golden Horde. He repulsed a raiding party near Shamakhi on 5 May 1288.Another attack on Derbent occurred on 26 March 1289. Headed by Taghachar and other commanders, this attack too was prevented. War officially ended when Arghun returned to Bilasuvar on 2 May 1290. Relations with Mamlukes
During <mask>'s reign, the Egyptian Mamluks were continuously reinforcing their power in Syria. The Mamluk Sultan Qalawun recaptured Crusader territories, some of which, such as Tripoli, had been vassal states of the Il Khans. The Mamluks had captured the northern fortress of Margat in 1285, Lattakia in 1287, and completed the Fall of Tripoli in 1289. Relations with Christian powers

Arghun was one of a long line of Genghis-Khanite rulers who had endeavored to establish a Franco-Mongol alliance with the Europeans, against their common foes the Mamluks of Egypt.Arghun had promised his potential allies that if Jerusalem were to be conquered, he would have himself baptized. Yet by the late 13th century, Western Europe was no longer as interested in the crusading effort, and Arghun's missions were ultimately fruitless. First mission to the Pope
In 1285, Arghun sent an embassy and a letter to Pope Honorius IV, a Latin translation of which is preserved in the Vatican. <mask>'s letter mentioned the links that <mask>'s family had to Christianity, and proposed a combined military conquest of Muslim lands:

Second mission, to Kings Philip and Edward

Apparently left without an answer, Arghun sent another embassy to European rulers in 1287, headed by the Ongut

masks: Arghun Arghun Arghun Arghun


title: Arghun

texts:
 Turk Nestorian monk from China Rabban Bar Sauma, with the objective of contracting a military alliance to fight the Muslims in the Middle East, and take the city of Jerusalem. The responses were positive but vague. Sauma returned in 1288 with positive letters from Pope Nicholas IV, Edward I of England, and Philip IV the Fair of France. Third mission
In 1289, Arghun sent a third mission to Europe, in the person of Buscarel of Gisolfe, a Genoese who had settled in Persia.The objective of the mission was to determine at what date concerted Christian and Mongol efforts could start. <mask> committed to march his troops as soon as the Crusaders had disembarked at Saint-Jean-d'Acre. Buscarel was in Rome between July 15 and September 30, 1289, and in Paris in November–December 1289. He remitted a letter from Arghun to Philippe le Bel, answering to Philippe's own letter and promises, offering the city of Jerusalem as a potential prize, and attempting to fix the date of the offensive from the winter of 1290 to spring of 1291:

Buscarello was also bearing a memorandum explaining that the Mongol ruler would prepare all necessary supplies for the Crusaders, as well as 30,000 horses. Buscarel then went to England to bring Arghun's message to King Edward I. He arrived in London January 5, 1290. Edward, whose answer has been preserved, answered enthusiastically to the project but remained evasive about its actual implementation, for which he deferred to the Pope.Assembly of a raiding naval force
In 1290, Arghun launched a shipbuilding program in Baghdad, with the intent of having war galleys which would harass the Mamluk commerce in the Red Sea. The Genoese sent a contingent of 800 carpenters and sailors, to


title: Arghun

texts:
 help with the shipbuilding. A force of arbaletiers was also sent, but the enterprise apparently foundered when the Genoese government ultimately disowned the project, and an internal fight erupted at the Persian Gulf port of Basra among the Genoese (between the Guelph and Ghibelline factions). Fourth mission
Arghun sent a fourth mission to European courts in 1290, led by Andrew Zagan (or Chagan), who was accompanied by Buscarel of Gisolfe and a Christian named Sahadin. In 1291, Pope Nicholas IV proclaimed a new Crusade and negotiated agreements with <mask>, Hetoum II of Armenia, the Jacobites, the Ethiopians and the Georgians. On January 5, 1291, Nicholas addressed a vibrant prayer to all the Christians to save the Holy Land, and predicators started to rally Christians to follow Edward I in a Crusade. However, the efforts were too little and too late.On May 18, 1291, Saint-Jean-d'Acre was conquered by the Mamluks in the Siege of Acre. In August 1291, Pope Nicholas wrote a letter to Arghun informing him of the plans of Edward I to go on a Crusade to recapture the Holy Land, stating that the Crusade could only be successful with the help of the "powerful arm" of the Mongols. Nicolas repeated an oft-told theme of the Crusader communications to the Mongols, asking Arghun to receive baptism and to march against the Mamluks. However <mask> himself had died on March 10, 1291, and Pope Nicholas IV would die in March 1292, putting an end to their attempts at combined action. Edward I sent an ambassador to Arghun's successor Gaikhatu in 1292 in the person of Geoffrey de Langley, but extensive contacts would only resume under <mask>'s son Ghazan. According to the 20th-century historian Runciman, "Had the


title: Arghun

texts:
 Mongol alliance been achieved and honestly implemented by the West, the existence of Outremer would almost certainly have been prolonged. The Mamluks would have been crippled if not destroyed; and the Ilkhanate of Persia would have survived as a power friendly to the Christians and the West"

Death
<mask> had developed a great interest in alchemy towards end of his reign.He gave shelters to Buddhist lamas who would advice him on religious matters. He also befriended a yogi who claimed to have lived longer than anyone and could offer Arghun the same. The way Rashid al-Din described this alchemist who gave a concoction of sulphur and mercury to Arghun was the same substance that Marco Polo described as Indian yogis' experience. After 8 months of taking the substance, <mask> fell ill. Tengriist shamans accused Toghachaq Khatun, Tekuder's widow among other women of witchcraft, who were executed on 19 January 1291 by being thrown into a river. <mask>'s health deteriorated on 27 January and was paralyzed. Using opportunity, Taghachar and his allies made another purge with killing Sa'd al-Dawla and his proteges on 2 April. <mask> finally died on morning of March 7 or March 10, 1291 in Arran.He was buried on a secret location in mountains of Sojas on 12 March. Legacy
In the West, the 13th century saw such a vogue of Mongol things that many new-born children in Italy were named after Genghisid rulers, including Arghun: names such as Can Grande ("Great Khan"), Alaone (Hulagu), Argone (Arghun) or Cassano (Ghazan) are recorded with a high frequency. According to the Dominican missionary Ricoldo of Montecroce, Arghun was "a man given to the worst of villainy, but for all that a friend of the Christians". Arghun


title: Abdullah Rimawi

texts:
<mask> (; also spelled <mask>, 1920 – 5 March 1980) was the head of the Ba'ath Party in Jordan in the 1950s. He served as Foreign Affairs Minister in Suleiman Nabulsi's government in 1957. A staunch pan-Arabist, <mask> became one of the most vocal opponents of the Hashemite ruling family in Jordan and favored union with Syria. He fled Jordan in 1957 as the result of a crisis between the leftist government he was a part of and the royal family. He based himself in the United Arab Republic (UAR; result of union between Egypt and Syria in 1958) where he drew closer to UAR President Gamal Abdel Nasser provoking his expulsion from the Ba'ath Party—which was at odds with Nasser—in 1959. Soon after he founded a splinter party called the Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party. During his exile, he allegedly made a number of attempts to attack or undermine the Jordanian monarchy.Early life
<mask> was born in 1920 in the town of Beit Rima, near Ramallah, during the period of British Mandatory rule in Palestine. He attended primary school in his hometown and secondary school at the Arab College in Jerusalem, graduating in 1937. He then enrolled at the American University of Beirut where he studied Western political theory and the rise of nationalism in the Asian continent. He graduated with a BA in mathematics and natural science in 1940. Afterward, <mask> returned to Palestine and got a job as a professor in the Nablus school authority. He would later work in various high schools in Jaffa, Tulkarm, and Ramla until 1945. Palestine War and founding of the Ba'ath in Jordan
In 1945, the Arab Higher Committee (AHC; the principal political organ of Palestinian Arabs under the British Mandate) was reestablished and <mask> was appointed head of its Public Instruction Department.He was a vocal opponent of the Palestine Partition Plan devised in 1947 which proposed the division of Palestine into two separate Arab

masks:
Abdullah Rimawi
Abdullah ar Rimawi
Rimawi
Rimawi
Rimawi
Rimawi


title: Abdullah Rimawi

texts:
 and Jewish states. In January 1948, during the Palestine War, <mask> issued a broadcast from AHC radio dismissing claims by the Haganah (the Jewish paramilitary force) that "wealthy Arabs" were fleeing their homes. He stated many Palestinians were simply leaving to join Arab fighters' camps to train themselves for war. That same year, <mask> had joined the Holy War Army of Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni in 1948. <mask> and <mask>'was founded the social, cultural and political al-Baath newspaper in 1948, although at that time neither officially joined the Ba'ath Party. However, with assistance from Cairo-based exiled Jordanian Army general <mask>-Tell, both set up the party's branch in Jordan the following year, in 1949. By the end of the war, much of what was the British Mandate of Palestine fell into Israeli hands, but the Arab Legion of Transjordan captured a large swathe of territory called the West Bank.<mask>, who was popular in the Ramallah-Jerusalem area of the West Bank, publicly opposed the 1949 Armistice Agreements between Israel and Transjordan. On the orders of then-Transjordanian Prime Minister Tawfik Abu al-Huda, he was arrested and imprisoned in the Bayir Jail located in the country's southern desert. On October 18, he went on a hunger strike and was soon released with the aid of Raghib al-Nashashibi who had close relations with Abu al-Huda. Political career

Member of Parliament
<mask> initiated his political career in 1950 when he was elected to the Jordanian Parliament as an independent representative (the Ba'ath Party was officially banned in Jordan at the time) of the District of Ramallah. Along with the rest of the parliament, he voted to officially recognize the new union between the West Bank (which the Arab Legion captured in the 1948 War) and Transjordan to form the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan under <mask>. Prior to his election, he studied law in Jerusalem, gaining a law

masks:
Rimawi
Rimawi
Rimawi
Abdullah Na
Abdullah el
Rimawi
Rimawi
Abdullah I


title: Abdullah Rimawi

texts:
 certificate in 1951. In the spring of 1951, <mask> hosted the Ba'ath Party's first organizational conference at his Ramallah home.The party's regional command conference, in which <mask> was selected as the party's secretary-general, was held in 1952. King Hussein had since succeeded his father Talal who had briefly become king following the assassination of <mask> I. Using his influential relationship among Palestinian circles, <mask> assisted the Egyptian military attaché in Jordan in setting up the country's first Palestinian fedayeen units whose purpose was to perform armed raids on Israeli territory. <mask> was effective in recruiting party members across Jordan and increasing popular support for the Ba'ath Party's Arab nationalist ideas in cities on both sides of the Jordan River, as well as in parliament. He was able to retain his parliamentary seat until 1956. During their service in parliament, <mask> and Abu Na'was formed the core of the political opposition to the Hashemite ruling-family. The Ba'ath Party was legalized in Jordan in 1955 after a High Court decision was won by party members.During this time period, <mask> like many of his Arab nationalist colleagues in Jordan, became a fervent supporter of pan-Arabist Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser who, in that year in particular, clinched an arms deal with the Soviet bloc, strongly advocated pan-Arab unity, and adopted "positive neutralism" as the political path of the Arab world during the Cold War era. Foreign Affairs Minister and 1957 crisis

On October 21, 1956, the Ba'ath Party won only two seats of the 40 Lower House seats being contested. However, its ally, the National Socialist Party headed by Sulayman al-Nabulsi, won 12 seats, the most won by any party in the election. The National Communist Party also won three seats and the three parties formed a left-wing Arab nationalist coalition. Following the defeat of his

masks: Rimawi Rimawi Abdullah Rimawi Rimawi Rimawi Rimawi


title: Abdullah Rimawi

texts: loyalists, King Hussein allowed al-Nabulsi, the new Prime Minister, to form a cabinet of his own choosing. Al-Nabulsi appointed <mask> to the posts of Minister of State of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Premier. <mask> became the most outspoken critic of the royal family and managed to exercise extra power by making alliances with other radical anti-royalists in the cabinet and parliament as well as with dissenting officers in the Jordanian Army who called themselves the "Free Officers."He openly declared his opposition to the independence of Jordan, favoring a union with its northern neighbor, Syria. As criticism of the king mounted, the royal family censored the press, parliamentary debates and shut down five news publications. <mask> condemned the censorship which he claimed was intended to protect the position of Glubb Pasha, the British commander of the Jordanian Army whose role in the 1948 War was constantly put under scrutiny by the government. <mask> was the main force behind al-Nabulsi's efforts to replace the annual British subsidy to Jordan with aid from Arab states. In 1956, the United Kingdom intended to cease its aid due to financial difficulties and the United States turned down King Hussein's aid request, prompting him to agree to <mask> and al-Nabulsi's proposal. <mask> became increasingly polarized with regards to the royalists, later being described by a member of the cabinet as "not being an asset to the government because he was always throwing the government against the king." An internal conflict ensued between al-Nabulsi and Rimawi, with the latter advocating a swifter route to pan-Arab unity and the former calling for a more moderate approach.By 1957, al-Nabulsi had seemingly abandoned his centrist position as the middleman between the king and the anti-royalists and drew closer to Rimawi, adopting most of his policies. <mask>, meanwhile, was developing a close relationship

masks: Rimawi Rimawi Rimawi Rimawi Rimawi Rimawi Rimawi


title: Abdullah Rimawi

texts:
 with the influential Arab nationalist army chief-of-staff and an ally of the king, Ali Abu Nuwar. The general mood in the Jordanian political scene was that a coup against the royal family was becoming ever more probable. King Hussein suggested the dismissal of <mask> to al-Nabulsi in January 1957 citing concerns of a conspiracy against the monarchy. During his speech to the Jordanian Parliament in February, <mask> implicitly stated that the chief policy maker in the country was not the king, but rather the parliament and its government. Later, he relayed privately to fellow cabinet member Isa Madanat his advocacy of a coup against the king. The growing divisions between the royal family and the leftist government reached its peak on April 8, 1957; Jordanian Army units led by the Free Officers clashed with troops loyal to King Hussein during a military exercise in az-Zarqa by the former.As a part of the exercise, army units approached the palace of the king's mother and other key royal institutions in az-Zarqa and the outskirts of Amman. This was interpreted as a threat by the royal family. King Hussein reacted forcefully to the incident. After receiving assurances of loyalty from his traditional support base—the Bedouin core of the army, Bedouin tribal chiefs in Transjordan, and the Islamists represented by the Muslim Brotherhood—he declared martial law. As a result, Hussein dismissed the cabinet, dissolved parliament, and banned political parties. Dozens of cabinet members (including al-Nabulsi), army officers, and other leftist politicians were soon arrested, but <mask> and a number of his allies evaded capture by fleeing to Syria at the height of the crisis. He, Abu Nuwar, and <mask>'was were all sentenced to 15 years in absentia.Split with Ba'ath, formation of splinter party
After his arrest warrant, <mask> lived as a civilian exile in Syria, taking up residence in Damascus. In 1958, Syria

masks:
Rimawi
Rimawi
Rimawi
Abdullah Na
Rimawi


title: Abdullah Rimawi

texts: and Egypt united under Abdel Nasser's leadership to form the United Arab Republic. With the aid of Abdel Hamid Sarraj, governor-general of the Northern Region (Syria), <mask> and his fellow exiles, Abu Nuwar chief among them, founded the Revolutionary Council. The organization's chief objective was to topple King Hussein and the Hashemite ruling family of Jordan. With help from the UAR, they attempted to stage a military coup in Jordan coinciding with the overthrow of the Hashemite regime of Iraq in July. The plot was foiled, however, when in that same month, <mask>'s plans were discovered by Jordanian authorities. <mask> was a strong supporter of Sarraj and President Nasser while the majority of the party's leadership was becoming increasingly opposed to their policies.In September 1959, during a general convention of the Ba'ath Party (whose Syrian branch had been dissolved as a result of the UAR's formation) in Beirut, Lebanon, <mask> was dismissed from his post in the party's National Command (BNC). The stated aim of the convention, which <mask> did not attend, was to "purge opportunistic elements" in the party administration. The BNC accused <mask> of "disrupting" the party and committing other "grave violations," while not reporting for questioning regarding those acts by the BNC. A few days later, on September 6, <mask> denied the allegations against him and declared the convention null and void. In January 1960, he announced  his congratulations to Nasser on the anniversary of the union, whereas the Syrian Ba'ath leadership only celebrated the union but did not acknowledge Nasser's role in forming it. In May, <mask> and his colleagues set up a rival Ba'ath Party in Syria named the Revolutionary Ba'ath Party (RBP). Since political parties were banned in the UAR, the RBP's activities were restricted to the Arab world outside of the UAR although it would be based in Damascus.During the party

masks: Rimawi Rimawi Rimawi Rimawi Rimawi Rimawi Rimawi Rimawi


title: Abdullah Rimawi

texts:
 convention on May 19, none of the Syrian Ba'ath Party members were included while representatives from various countries in the Arab world appointed <mask> and four other Jordanian exiles to the temporary party command. On August 28, 1959, <mask> declared the UAR was the "fortress of Arab nationalism" and denounced King Hussein, Abdel Karim Qasim of Iraq and Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia as enemies of Arab nationalism. <mask> was accused of by Jordanian authorities of personal involvement in an assassination attempt against then-Jordanian Prime Minister Hazza' al-Majali in January 1960. Al-Majali requested the UAR extradite <mask> to face trial in Jordan, but was refused. Syria seceded from the UAR in 1961 following an anti-Nasser coup and <mask> moved to Cairo as a result. He strongly condemned the Ba'athist national command for supporting the secession and together with numerous Syrian and Palestinian party members who defected in protest of the regional command's position and the head of the Iraqi branch Fuad al-Rikabi, they formed a new pro-Nasser gathering called the Socialist Unionists Movement. Return to Jordan
In 1971, a year after Nasser's death, <mask> was pardoned by King Hussein and returned to Jordan.<mask> was one of the last of several former staunch opponents of the monarchy to return from exile between 1961 and 1971. References

Bibliography

External links
Palestinian Personalities - N. Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA). 1920 births
1980 deaths
American University of Beirut alumni
Anti-monarchists
Foreign ministers of Jordan
Government ministers of Jordan
Members of the House of Representatives (Jordan)
Members of the Jordanian Regional Branch of the Ba'ath Party
Members of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party
Nasserists
Palestinian Arab nationalists
Palestinian people of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
Palestinian politicians
People from


title: Irina Tchachina

texts:
<mask>na <mask> (also Chashchina or Tchashchina, ; born 24 April 1982) is  a retired Russian individual rhythmic gymnast. She is the 2004 Olympic silver medalist in all-around, a two-time (2003, 2005) World all-around bronze medalist, the 2004 European all-around bronze medalist and 2000 Grand Prix Final all-around silver medalist. Personal life
Tchachina was born to a Russian family as the eldest of three children. She has a younger brother and sister. In late 2011, Tchachina married Russian businessman Evgeny Arkhipov. Skills in rhythmic gymnastics
Tchachina was a technical gymnast, known for her expressive hands, high and big leaps, her switch leap with changing legs (almost similar to a Butterfly twist leap) was her signature leap. She has also executed reverse illusion turns.Competitive career

Tchachina began training at the age of six in her hometown of Omsk (also the hometown of Galima Shugurova, Evgenia Kanaeva, Tatiana Druchinina, Ksenia Dudkina, Sofya Skomorokh). After she became impressed watching the World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships on television, her grandfather, a devoted amateur sportsman, took her to a sports school. Her early days were filled with music lessons, swimming and rhythmic gymnastics. Faced with a choice at age 11, she chose gymnastics. She was coached by Vera Shtelbaums and her daughter Elena Arais since the age of five. Her favourite gymnasts are Olena Vitrychenko and Yanina Batyrchina. Tchachina's first victory was at age eight at the Omskaya oblast championship.By age 12 she was a member of Russia's national team and routinely travelled to Moscow to take part in training camps. As a junior, she placed first at the

masks:
Irina Viktorov
Tchachina


title: Irina Tchachina

texts: CIS Spatakiada, and won the Russian women's championships twice in a row. In August 1999, <mask> began training at the Olympic Preparatory School under the guidance of <mask> Viner, and around the same time she won the World Championships in Osaka, Japan. In 2001, she won the gold in the hoop and silver in the individual all-around, ball, clubs and rope at the 2001 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships in Madrid, Spain, but <mask> and her teammate Alina Kabaeva tested positive for a banned diuretic and were stripped of their medals. <mask> Viner, the Russian head coach, who also served as the Vice President of the FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics Technical Committee at the time, said her gymnasts had been taking a food supplement called "Hyper" containing mild diuretics, which, according to Viner, the gymnasts were taking for pre-menstrual syndrome. When the supply ran out shortly before the Goodwill Games, the team physiotherapist restocked at a local pharmacy. According to Viner, the supplement sold there was fake and contained furosemide.The commission requested the Goodwill Games organizing committee nullify Kabaeva and <mask>'s results. In 2003, Tchachina sustained an ankle injury, and dealt with it for two years. The same year she and Kabaeva made their return to competitive gymnastics following their ban. <mask> won the all-around bronze medal at the 2003 World Championships, silver in clubs and bronze in hoop event finals. In 2004, <mask> won the all-around bronze medal at the 2004 European Championships behind Ukraine's Anna Bessonova. At the 2004 Athens Olympics, <mask> won the silver medal in the all-around competition, scoring 107.325 points (Hoop

masks: Tchachina Irina Tchachina Irina Tchachina Tchachina Tchachina Tchachina


title: Irina Tchachina

texts:
 27.100, Ball 27.100, Clubs 26.825, Ribbon 26.300) – her teammate Alina Kabaeva took the gold with a score of 108.400. After the Olympic season, Tchachina experienced a recurring ankle injury.Although no longer in top form, she was still able to win the bronze medal in all-around at the 2005 World Championships and a pair of bronze medals in clubs and rope finals. She retired from rhythmic gymnastics in early 2006. Later career
After her retirement, Tchachina was invited to the Russian television project "Dances on Ice", partnering with Olympic bronze medalist ice dancer Ruslan Goncharov. She also appeared on the project "Circus with stars" along with other athletes, including Svetlana Khorkina. Tchachina then starred as the lead heroine in the Russian film "The Way" (2009 film) with Artem Mikhalkov. Tchachina wrote an autobiography titled <mask> <mask>: Being Yourself. Commenting on her sport, she said: "Besides your body, you should train your mind too.Intelligence is crucial to rhythmic gymnastics." On 4 December 2012, at the conference of the Russian Federation of Rhythmic Gymnastics in Novogorsk, <mask> was elected vice-president of The Russian Rhythmic Gymnastics Federation (RRGF) along with 2008 and 2012 Olympic champion Evgenia Kanaeva. Tchachina was recommended by <mask> Viner for the position of President of the Russian Rhythmic Gymnastics Federation (RRGF) but she declined. In May 2013, Tchachina opened up her rhythmic gymnastics school named after her in Barnaul, Altai Krai. The Opening Ceremony was attended by other rhythmic gymnasts Liubov Charkashyna, Natalia Godunko and Olga Kapranova. On 15 February 2015, a star-studded gala was held in

masks: Irina Tchachina Tchachina Irina


title: Irina Tchachina

texts:
 Russia for the 80th founding anniversary of Rhythmic Gymnastics. The venue was held in the historical Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg.Among those who performed at the gala were Russian former Olympic champions, Olympic medalists and World champions including: <mask>, Evgenia Kanaeva, Yulia Barsukova, Daria Dmitrieva, and Yana Batyrshina. Routine music information

Detailed Olympic results

References

External links

 <mask> <mask> Profile
 Rhythmic Gymnastics Results

 Official website

1982 births
Living people
Russian rhythmic gymnasts
Olympic gymnasts of Russia
Olympic silver medalists for Russia
Gymnasts at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Doping cases in gymnastics
Russian sportspeople in doping cases
Sportspeople from Omsk
Olympic medalists in gymnastics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships
Medalists at the Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships
World Games gold medalists
Universiade medalists in gymnastics
Competitors at the 2001 World Games
Universiade gold medalists for Russia
Universiade silver medalists for Russia
Universiade bronze medalists for Russia
Medalists at the 2003 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 2005 Summer Universiade
Competitors at the 2001 Goodwill

masks: Tchachina Irina Tchachina


title: Françoise Adret

texts:
<mask> (7 August 1920 – 1 April 2018) was a French ballet dancer, teacher, choreographer, and company director. Her professional career, international in scope, albeit centered in France, spanned more than sixty years. She was recognized as one of the most innovative creators of contemporary dance in western Europe. Biography and career

Born in Versailles, <mask> began her dance training at an early age. In the 1930s she studied with the leading Franco-Russian teachers in Paris, including Victor Gsovsky and Serge Lifar. In the late 1940s, following World War II, she had a modest career with the Paris Opera Ballet, making a notable appearance at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in 1948 in a principal role in Lifar's production of Le Pas d'Acier ("The Steel Step"), a modern ballet about Soviet factory workers set to a score in le style mécanique by Prokofiev. From Lifar, director of the Paris Opera Ballet from 1930–44, and from 1947–58, she learned much about company administration and direction.Under his guidance, she made her first choreography, entitled La Conjuration ("The Conspiracy"), in 1948. Based on a poem by René Char, it was set to music by Jacques Porte and had décor by Georges Braque. Later that year, <mask> left the Paris Opera Ballet and became ballet mistress of Roland Petit's Ballets de Paris, touring with the company in western Europe. In 1951 she succeeded Darja Collin as director of the Ballet of the Netherlands Opera in Amsterdam while continuing to work with Petit's company, raising the technical level of the dancers in both companies. Working in Amsterdam until 1958, she also expanded the

masks:
Françoise Adret
Adret
Adret


title: Françoise Adret

texts: repertory of the Dutch company with classical ballets and a number of original choreographic works. In 1960, she became ballet mistress of the Ballet de l'Opéra de Nice and remained with that company until 1963, staging opera divertissements and modern ballets. She then spent a few years as an international guest choreographer, staging works for Le Grand Ballet du Marquis de Cuevas in Paris, PACT/TRUK Ballet in Johannesburg, the Warsaw Opera Ballet, the Zagreb Opera Ballet, and the Harkness Ballet in New York City.While residing in Panama, she created the Ballet Nacional de Panamá. Returning to France, <mask> joined Jean-Albert Cartier in 1968 in the creation of the Ballet Théâtre Contemporain, the first national choreographic center, established in Amiens. She was choreographic director of the repertory, and for it she created some of her most notable works, including Aquathémes and Requiem. In 1972, the company moved from Amiens to Angers and   embarked on its first tour of North America. <mask> remained with Ballet Théâtre Contemporain for ten years, until 1978, when it was subsumed by the activities of the newly established Centre National de Danse Contemporaine. She was then appointed inspector general for dance projects in the Ministry of Culture, a post she retained until 1985, when she was invited by Louis Erlo, director of the Lyon Opera, to create a new ballet company committed to contemporary choreographers. During her seven years there, until 1992, <mask> put the company in the forefront of contemporary dance in France.<mask> next became artistic director and chief choreographer of the Ballet du Nord in

masks: Adret Adret Adret Adret


title: Françoise Adret

texts:
 Roubaix, where in 1994 she mounted two new versions of Symphonie de Psaumes and Le Tricorne. From 1995 to 1998 the Association Française d'Action Artistique sent her on three overseas missions, during which she taught dance classes and choreographed works in Seoul, South Korea, in Montevideo, Uruguay, and in Asunción, Paraguay. She then returned to France, working again with Roland Petit, serving as ballet mistress of his Ballet National de Marseille in 1997 and 1998. On 1 July 1999  she accepted a temporary appointment as artistic director of the Ballet de Lorraine, replacing Pierre Lacotte, who had returned to the Paris Opera Ballet. Nearing her eightieth birthday, she served in that post for an interim period of one year. Awards and honors
For her work as inspector general of dance projects in the Ministry of Culture, <mask> was made a commandeur in the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 1983. In recognition of her role in developing contemporary dance in France, she received the Grand Prix National de la Danse in 1987, and in 1994 she was named as a chevalier in the Ordre National de la Légion d'Honneur.Legacy
A small, energetic woman with a sparkling wit, <mask> was generally acknowledged as a figure incontournable ("indispensable person") in twentieth-century French dance. She was praised for her work as a pedagogue and greatly admired for her unique artistic vision, which allowed her to reconcile her dance works on the cutting edge of modernity with the classic ballet repertory of yesteryear. Selected works
Apollon Musagéte (1951); music, Igor Stravinsky; décor, Guillot de Rode
Orphée (1951? ); music, Claudio

masks: Adret Adret


title: Billy Mann

texts:
William H<mask> (born William Isaiah Erlichman; December 20, 1968) is a Grammy-nominated American songwriter, record producer and founder of independent music publishing company Green & Bloom/Topline, as well as chairman of management firm Manncom. In 2021, alongside partner Benton James, he launched Proof Of Concept, a talent development and creative media services firm. Later that same year, in partnership with Warner Music Group’s ADA Worldwide, <mask> and James announced the launch of joint venture label, icons+giants. Over a 25-year period, <mask> has written songs and/or produced records for an array of artists, including P!nk, John Legend, Celine Dion, Take That, Backstreet Boys, Cher, David Guetta, Kelly Rowland, Jessica Simpson, Sheryl Crow, Burt Bacharach, Bebe Rexha, Ty Dolla $ign, Ricky Martin, Anastacia, Art Garfunkel, Sting, Joss Stone, Robyn, Grover Washington Jr., Chaka Khan, Boyzone, Paula Abdul, Helene Fischer, Cher Lloyd, Paul Van Dyk, Hilary Duff, Jennifer Brown and Carole King. Since writinghis first top 10 hit in the UK for EMI in 1995 with "3 Is Family" by Dana Dawson, <mask> has achieved several Top 40 hits around the world (including several Top 10s and number 1s), with cumulative album sales of over 110 million. Early life and education
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania as the youngest of three children. Born to middle class parents, <mask> lived with his mother in Philadelphia’s inner city after his parents’ divorce.From early childhood, he began experimenting with songwriting and taught himself guitar, piano, bass, harmonica, baritone horn and flute. By age 12, <mask> had put together several bands with other young local musicians, including musicians such as Steven Wolf, Clayton Sears and Adam Dorn (a.k.a. Mocean Worker). <mask> attended the Philadelphia High School for the Creative & Performing Arts (CAPA) for Vocal Music, alongside members of Boyz II Men, The Roots, Christian

masks:
. Mann
Mann
Mann
Mann
Mann
Mann
Mann


title: Billy Mann

texts:
 McBride and Joey DeFrancesco, receiving his diploma in three years. Three years after high school, in 1989 he received his bachelor’s degree from Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts. Career

Artist
<mask> began his professional career by living in a car for nearly two years as a traveling musician. After stops in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Miami and London, <mask> landed in New York, where a chance encounter with producer Ric Wake, put together by songwriter/performer Gregg Wattenberg,  saw Wake introduce <mask> to then A&M Records label head, Al Cafaro; <mask> was ultimately signed to Wake for publishing, to Wake’s production company, and to Wake’s imprint DV8 Records, distributed by A&M.The deal led to two solo releases: 1996’s <mask> and 1998’s Earthbound. Inspired by the loss of his first wife Rema Hort <mask>, to stomach cancer nine months after they were married, Earthbound was co-produced by <mask> and David Kershenbaum and featured co-writes with and an appearance by early mentor Carole King. Songwriter
<mask> has written songs for artists across a number of genres including pop, rock, dance, R&B, reggae, house and country. Self-publishing his own catalog, he also has publishing credits with Sony/ATV, Warner/Chappell, Verse and BMG Chrysalis. <mask>’s songwriting collaborators have included artists such as Carole King, Rudy Perez, Burt Bacharach, Desmond Child, Graham Lyle and Walter Afanasieff, as well as new producer/songwriters like Christian Medice, David Spencer and Supah Mario. Of particular note is <mask>'s long-standing collaboration with P!nk, another Philadelphia native, who was introduced to <mask> in 2002 by her then co-manager Craig Logan. They since have co-written such songs as "God Is a DJ", "Stupid Girls", "Dear Mr. President", "Nobody Knows", "I’m Not Dead", "Crystal Ball", "Glitter in the Air", "Bridge of Light", "The Truth About Love" and "Beam Me Up".They have twice been

masks:
Mann
Mann
Mann
Mann
Billy Mann
Mann
Mann
Mann
Mann
Mann
Mann


title: Billy Mann

texts:
 nominated for Grammys, for "Stupid Girls" and "The Truth About Love". In 2017, <mask> co-wrote and produced "I Am Here" on P!nk's million selling album entitled "Beautiful Trauma". Variety Magazine profiled the long-standing partnership between the artist and <mask> just after the album's release. P!nk and <mask> continued their catalog of songs in 2019 on the #1 platinum HURTS 2B HUMAN with "The Last Song Of Your Life." Record producer
About.com named <mask> one of the Top 10 Producers of 2006. In addition to some of the artists listed above, he has worked in a production capacity with such Grammy-winning producer legends as Peter Asher, Walter Afanasieff, David Foster and James Stroud. Production and writing credits include
P!nk: Try This, I'm Not Dead, Funhouse, Greatest Hits … So Far, The Truth About Love, Beautiful Trauma, Hurts 2B Human, All I Know So Far
Cher: Closer to the Truth
Celine Dion: Let’s Talk About Love
Josh Groban: Closer (Website Exclusive version)
Backstreet Boys: Never Gone, Unbreakable
Michael Bolton: Only a Woman Like You
Teddy Geiger: Step Ladder, Underage Thinking, Snow Blankets the Night
Ricky Martin: Life
Martina McBride: Emotions
Robyn: My Truth
Kelly Rowland: Simply Deep, Ms. Kelly
Jonas Bros: It’s About Time
Hall & Oates: Do It for Love
Jessica Simpson: Irresistible, In This Skin
Joss Stone: Introducing Joss Stone
Take That: Beautiful World
Paul van Dyk: Out There and Back
Amanda Marshall: Everybody’s Got a Story
Seeed: Seeed
Frida Gold: Liebe Ist Meine Religion
Natalie Imbruglia: Male
Jennifer Brown Vera
Grover Washington Jr., Soulful Strut
Boyzone, A Different Beat
Helene Fischer, Helene Fischer
Draco Rosa, Mad Love
Jacob Whitesides, A Piece Of Me, Faces On Film, Why?Art Garfunkel, Everything Waits To Be Noticed
Brian Litrell, Welcome Home You
Oh Honey, Sincerely Yours
John Legend, Love In The Future
Tiziano Ferro, El Amore Es Una Cosa Simpl, Breathe Gentle
Dixie D’Amelio, Be

masks: Mann Mann Mann Mann


title: Billy Mann

texts:
 Happy
Alex Aiono, Unloving You, The Gospel At 23

Show Producer
In the summer of 2021, <mask> collaborated with Benton James along with Rainmaker Holding Group’s Clay Pecorin, Russell Geyser, Jason Halio, and Zak Tanjeloff to create Song House Live, a reality show that brought musical influencers/social media creators together in a luxury house in upstate New York for eight weeks as they create content and record music in a bid to win a record deal with Capitol Music Group. The experience was livestreamed on multiple cameras throughout the property. At the end of the competition, Tyler Brash was announced as the winner. In addition to Song House Live, <mask> is a Consulting Producer of The D'Amelio Show which was released on HULU in September 2021. Entrepreneur
In 2001, <mask> founded Stealth Entertainment in New York City's garment district. The one-man studio grew into a team of a half dozen executives who went on to develop multi-platinum, award-winning and chart-topping artists, songwriters, producers and mixing engineers like Andy Zulla, Christopher Rojas, Teddy Geiger, Esmee Denters and Pete Wallace. <mask> is widely known for discovering Oscar-winning actor Emma Stone, Teddy Geiger, Jacob Whitesides and Charli D'Amelio as well as sister Dixie D'Amelio, among others.In addition to developing talent, Stealth built partnerships with organizations like Seventeen Magazine, Columbia Records, SonyBMG Special Projects, Target, Levi's and other brands on behalf of the company and its roster. Stealth was acquired as part of <mask>'s later move to EMI. As a consultant, <mask> has worked with Zomba Group, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Pictures Television, Warner-Chappell, Red Bull Media House, BMG Chrysalis, Bliss Legal and BMG International. He has also been featured as a guest music commentator on The Today Show

He is an advisor on Scenebot Stage and sits on the investor board of Angel Ventures, Mexico.

masks: Mann Mann Mann Mann Mann Mann


title: Billy Mann

texts:
 Executive
In November 2007, <mask> joined EMI Music as creative advisor and a member of the operating board. Soon after, he was appointed chief creative officer. His years with the company saw the development of some of EMI’s most successful international artists and partnerships, including David Guetta, Pablo Alboran, Helene Fischer, Bebe, Juan Luis Guerra, Tiziano Ferro, Robyn, Panda, Paty Cantu, Belinda, Wind Up and Movic.Additionally, he helped develop artist management initiatives in several countries (including Spain, Germany, Italy and the United States) in order to expand the way EMI developed talent. Throughout his EMI tenure, <mask> also acted as the non-executive chairman for Stealth Entertainment, which in its latter years focused primarily on songwriter/producer management. During EMI’s most turbulent period, <mask> worked under four CEOs in a mere three years, and carried on through each regime change. EMI’s final CEO Roger Faxon announced <mask>’s departure from the company. In January 2011, <mask> was named president of creative, BMG North America, overseeing the creative staff in New York, Los Angeles, and Nashville in managing the roster integration of recently acquired companies, and leading efforts to attract, develop, and sign new content. At the end of 2011, <mask> founded Manncom Creative Partners, a talent and services company alongside a publishing venture with BMG, Green & Bloom/Topline. In 2013, BMG extended its investment in Green & Bloom.In 2019, Green & Bloom/Topline has celebrated a series of successes with lovelytheband, Supah Mario, Flawless, Dani Poppitt and others. References

External links

1968 births
Living people
American country songwriters
American male songwriters
American rock songwriters
Record producers from New York (state)
Record producers from Pennsylvania
Musicians from New York (state)
Sony Music Publishing artists
Songwriters from New York


title: Simon Favre

texts: <mask> (May 31, 1760 – July 3, 1813) was an interpreter of the Muskogean languages, particularly Choctaw and Chickasaw, for the French, British, Spanish and Americans in the part of West Florida that became part of the states of Mississippi and Alabama. The son of another prominent interpreter, Favre spent the late 18th century in the vicinity of Mobile and the Tombigbee River, which changed hands from French to British, and then Spanish control. He became well versed in the language and culture of the Choctaws, and was involved with several treaties between the Europeans and natives. As a young man he had a Choctaw mistress with whom he had six known children, then at the age of 41 he was legally married in Mobile to a woman of European descent. Within a few years of his marriage, he moved with his new family from the Tombigbee area to a plantation on the Pearl River. As the power of the Choctaws diminished, Favre became less important as an interpreter, and more important as a facilitator of the political changes occurring along the Gulf Coast. Once the Louisiana Purchase was concluded between France and the United States, American settlers from both inside and outside Spanish West Florida increased pressure on Spain for American control of the territory.While the transfer did not officially take place until 1821, the Spanish essentially put Florida under the trust of the United States in 1810, and Favre played a major role in facilitating the transfer, and keeping the Indians informed of the events. Favre was considered the top interpreter in the region by men of prominence, including Governor William C. C. Claiborne of Louisiana who made Favre a justice of the peace, and recommended him for the position of United States agent to the Choctaws. A "talk" that Favre gave to the Choctaws on the eve of the War of 1812 was touted by historian Russell Guerin as a masterpiece of diplomacy, and displayed Favre's deep