title: Olympia Paus

texts:
<mask> (born 11 November 1976), known as just <mask> (), is a Norwegian shipping magnate and equestrienne, who lives in the United Kingdom. She is married to Alexander Nix, former CEO of Cambridge Analytica. Born in Greece to Norwegian parents who moved to London when she was three, she was raised in Holland Park and has been a permanent resident of the United Kingdom since 1979. On her mother's side she is a member of the billionaire Wilhelmsen family, Norway's wealthiest family during most of the 20th century. She is one of the largest shareholders of Wilh. Wilhelmsen, one of the world's largest shipping companies with 21,000 employees, and is a director of Taurus, one of the principal holding companies that control the Wilhelmsen company. She also has substantial interests in other companies.A competitive equestrian since her youth, she is an active polo player, who competes in the Royal County of Berkshire Polo Club and the Guards Polo Club, both of which are considered to be among the world's leading polo clubs. In 2020 she and six female relatives who combined own around 60% of the family's stake in the Wilhelmsen company launched a battle for control over the company, and offered their cousin, Wilhelmsen CEO Thomas Wilhelmsen, $353 million for his shares in a bid to oust him from the company and assume control of it themselves; they argued that the company has a patriarchal ownership structure that denies women influence. Her cousin has rejected their offer and disputed the claim that the company has a patriarchal structure. The family fortune is estimated at nearly $2 billion. Biography

Childhood and family

She was born in the port town of Piraeus in the Athens urban area in Greece to Norwegian parents <mask> (b. 1943) and Cecilie <mask> (née Wilhelmsen; b. 1943).Her parents moved to Greece immediately after their wedding in 1972 when her father became an executive with Citibank's shipping division in Greece; in 1979 the family moved to London where <mask> was a vice

masks:
Caroline Victoria Olympia Paus
Olympia Paus
Christopher Paus
Paus
Christopher Paus


title: Olympia Paus

type: original

texts:
 president with Citibank before becoming an independent investor in the shipping and petroleum industry through his company Pausco with offices in London and Oslo. Her father was reported in 2007 to own shares in Scorpion Offshore worth 80 million euro, and the family also owns shares in other companies and in real estate. Her mother Cecilie <mask> is a member of one of Norway's wealthiest families, the billionaire Wilhelmsen family, and became one of the main owners of Wilh. Wilhelmsen together with her siblings on the death of their father, shipping magnate Tom Wilhelmsen, in 1978. Through her great-grandfather Peder Anker Wedel-Jarlsberg, the Lord Chamberlain (head of the royal court) and close confidant of King Haakon VII, <mask> descends from the statesman and viceroy Herman Wedel Jarlsberg. Her family had close ties to the royal family during the reign of Haakon VII. Among her other ancestors are industrialists Einar Westye Egeberg and Halvor Schou.<mask> spent her first three years in Greece and has lived in London ever since; she grew up in the Holland Park area of Kensington where she still lives. She attended Marlborough College, a boarding school in Wiltshire. Although she is a Norwegian citizen born to two Norwegian parents she has never lived in Norway; as a permanent resident of the United Kingdom since 1979 she has the right to apply for British citizenship, but has not done so. Horseriding
She has been involved in competitive horseriding since her youth. She is an active polo player, who competes in the Royal County of Berkshire Polo Club and the Guards Polo Club, both of which are considered to be among the world's leading polo clubs. Wilh. Wilhelmsen and ownership feud
She is one of the largest shareholders of Wilh.Wilhelmsen, Norway's largest shipping company; her family combined owns over 60% of the company's shares and additionally several hundred million USD in other companies. The total family fortune is estimated at nearly $2 billion. She is a director of AS

masks:
Paus
Olympia Paus
Olympia Paus


title: Olympia Paus

texts:
 Taurus, one of the principal holding companies that control Wilh. Wilhelmsen. Her mother Cecilie <mask> née Wilhelmsen, one of the Wilhelmsen company's main shareholders since 1978, transferred all her shares to <mask> and her sister Pontine <mask>, who thus became two of the company's largest shareholders alongside their cousin Thomas Wilhelmsen. Together with other family members she was also a major shareholder of Scorpion Offshore, where her father <mask> was the largest shareholder, until it was bought by John Fredriksen's Seadrill in 2010. In 2020 she, her sister and five other female relatives (four cousins and an aunt) who combined own around 60% of the Wilhelmsen family's stake in the family's companies launched a battle for control over the Wilhelmsen family's main holding company, due to the fact that her cousin, Wilhelmsen CEO Thomas Wilhelmsen, holds the only vote in the company although the female family members own the majority of the shares; they said that the company has a patriarchal ownership structure that deprives women of control, and questioned its legitimacy.In September 2020 <mask>, on behalf of the female relatives, offered their cousin and nephew Thomas Wilhelmsen $353 million for his shares in the family company in a bid to buy him out, on the condition that he leaves the company entirely and resigns as CEO. Thomas Wilhelmsen has disputed that the company has a patriarchal ownership structure and rejected the buyout offer from the female relatives. Personal life
<mask>' engagement to Alexander Nix was announced in 2010. They bought a home in central London for £4.5 million in 2012. Her sister is the designer Pontine <mask>. References

1976 births
Living people
People from Piraeus
Businesspeople from London
Norwegian businesspeople in shipping
Norwegian female equestrians
British female equestrians
Norwegian socialites
British socialites
<mask> family
Wedel-Jarlsberg family
Norwegian expatriates in the United Kingdom
People educated at Marlborough

masks:
Paus
Olympia
Paus
Christopher Paus
Olympia Paus
Olympia Paus
Paus
Olympia Wilhelmsen


title: Andrew Glover (composer)

texts:
<mask> (born 1962) is an English composer. His music has been played by many national and international performers and ensembles including the BBC Symphony Orchestra under Martyn Brabbins and Grant Llewellyn and the English Northern Philharmonia under Paul Daniel, and is mainly performed abroad from Mexico to Russia among other places and artists. He was a visiting Composition Lecturer at the Birmingham Conservatoire (BCU) until early 2014. Biography
<mask> was born in Birmingham, UK. He studied in Nottingham and gained his Doctorate in 1994 from Keele University after studying with George Nicholson . His composition is influenced by world music and rock. He has won several competitions.His best-known work is the aggressive work for orchestra "Fractured Vistas" from 1995. Played and broadcast in various countries and shortlisted in the Lutoslawski Prize in 1997. In 2000 he began working on his concerto The Death of Angels: A Concerto for Violin and Orchestra, based on John Milton's Paradise Lost. This work was premiered and broadcast by the BBC in February 2003. His 45-minute Piano Concerto took four years to compose between 2002 and 2006 but remains unperformed to date but he has always stated that he feels it is his best work. After three years research, experimentation with Sound Files and electronic principles and historic research into the Eastern Roman Empire he completed his "Symphony No.2: Byzantium" in 2009 which was released on the CDP label in Britain. Further research and experimentation produced the "Anglo Saxon Trilogy" based on Anglo Saxon culture and language.Both works are for fixed media (CD). In April 2013 a 50th birthday concert at the Birmingham Conservatoire of Music showcased

masks:
Andrew Glover
Glover


title: Andrew Glover (composer)

texts:
 some of his more recent chamber music to great critical praise. Musical style
<mask> worked as a semi-professional flautist as a student and much of his output features the flute, with several commissioned compositions for the Japanese/Mexican flutist Asako Arai. Much of <mask>'s early work dealt with the manipulation of pulse and time. He said in an interview on BBC Radio in 2004 that his fascination in this area came from watching nature's natural rhythms of life change and move at different rates of change, and "the sound of the great earth cracking…". This informed the works in his PhD thesis and culminated in works such as Fractured Vistas and The Fickle Virgin of Seventeen Summers. This research work lead to his study of the polyrhythmic, micro-macro aleatory works of György Ligeti and Witold Lutosławski.His own work is something of a development of these ideas into a more modern idiom, this is particularly evident in the slow movements of his Violin and Flute Concertos. Alleged political stance
In November 2008 a database with names of British National Party members was made public by Wikileaks, with Dr <mask>'s name, address, phone number, email address and a short biography appearing on the list. Subsequently, in the Daily Mirror, Alun Palmer quoted <mask> as saying "I am not particularly open about my involvement in the BNP because people choose to presume we are racists." The then Deputy Chairman of the BNP, Simon Darby, said the source of the leak could be a disgruntled ex-member. Thereupon, in March 2009, a petition launched by Rose Mitchell (a second-year student), Love Music Hate Racism and Unite Against Fascism sought to have <mask> removed from his post as visiting lecturer at

masks:
Glover
Glover
Andrew Glover
Glover
Glover


title: Andrew Glover (composer)

texts:
 Birmingham City University due to his alleged membership. Mitchell said she had been shocked by allegations that <mask> was a BNP member. "He teaches students from all over the world.I don't have any evidence that he has behaved in a racist way towards students," she said, adding that the allegation that he was involved in a far-Right party was "very worrying". The effort failed. Simon Darby said "He [<mask>] is merely a member, or an alleged member, of the BNP and is being driven from his job as a result". The BNP advised those named on the list to deny their membership and said that they would confirm that in writing if required. In a Times Higher Education Supplement interview <mask> denied being a current member of the BNP and accused the left wing of a "1950s McCarthy witch-hunt" against him. Selected compositions
 The Stones Speak Czech (1994) Soprano & Microtonal Ensemble. "<mask>, An Unheard Original", New Music Magazine, May 2006.UK.Green, D (2003). " An Unusual Man Speaks of His Music", Village Magazine, June 2003.USA. Gaudeamus Foundation, Amsterdam Nederlands. Article in Libre, "New Music Hits the Mark" Mexican Newspaper 1997. Article in Libre, "Meet the New Voices Being Heard this Week" Mexican Newspaper 2003. Program notes from "The 23rd 'Manuel Enriques' Festival of New Music", Mexico, 2001. Program notes from "The 25th 'Manuel Enriques' Festival of New Music", Mexico, 2003.Article in Leeds "Echo", 1997. <mask>, A (1994). "<mask>: Composition by Research". (PhD Thesis), Keele University 1994. Birmingham Central Music Library, Birmingham (Scores). English composers
1962 births
Living people
Musicians from Birmingham, West Midlands
Alumni of Keele University
Academics of Birmingham City

masks:
Glover
Glover
Glover
Glover
Glover
Andrew Glover


title: Lars Schmidt (producer)

texts:
<mask> (11 June 1917 – 18 October 2009) was a Swedish theatrical producer, director and publisher. He owned theaters in Paris, France, and Sweden. <mask> was instrumental in bringing American theater to the European stage. He produced and translated numerous post-war American plays in Europe; including A Street Car Named Desire, Cat On A Hot Tin Roof, Oklahoma! and Anne Frank. He is considered one of the most important cultural personalities of the 20th century evolution and commercialization of European theatre. In a 1964 Life magazine article, he was called "Europe's most important theatrical producer."<mask> married three-time Academy Award-winning film star Ingrid Bergman in December 1958. Early life
He was born in Uddevalla, Sweden. After working in coal mines in Swansea, Wales, he attended the City of London College in 1939. <mask> returned to Sweden to serve in the army with the Bohuslan regiment, and the following year he founded Lars Schmidt & Company to procure plays for the Gothenburg City Theatre. In 1941 aged 24, <mask> moved to New York with the dream to become a writer for theater. His first Atlantic crossing during World War II to the United States, was eventful. His vessel M/S Carolina Thorden, was torpedoed and sunk by German war planes, after departing from Finland.A British trawler rescued the survivors from the incident, and left them on the Faroe Islands. <mask> lost his passport, letters of introduction and only had the clothes on his back when he finally arrived in New York, via Havana and Miami. He spent six months in New York, and during that time forged relationships with theater heavyweights such as Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II

masks:
Lars Reinhold Schmidt
Schmidt
Lars Schmidt
Schmidt
Lars Schmidt
Schmidt


title: Lars Schmidt (producer)

texts:
 and Russel Crouse. He returned to Europe as a Swedish diplomatic courier. On the return leg of his journey he had to travel through Germany by train, surviving through bombing raids and hiding in ditches, while carrying both the Swedish diplomatic bag and the Scandinavian rights to Arsenic and Old Lace. Career

Bringing American Theater to Scandinavia
In 1942, he founded the publishing company Lars Schmidt Teaterforlaget as a holding vehicle for the Scandinavian rights to American plays, and held the European premier of Arsenic and Old Lace in Gothenburg, Sweden. He returned to New York in 1945, and during a three-month trip bought the rights to over 100 plays; including The Little Foxes, A Bell for Adano, and Life with Father.Upon returning from America, <mask> held the European premier of Tennessee Williams's The Glass Menagerie in Stockholm, Sweden on February 8, 1946. In 1947, he set up Schmidt and Bratt Advertising Agency and produced Peter Ustinov's Frenzy on the stage in London, and adaptation of Ingmar Bergman's Swedish film script Hets. After acquiring the rights of 50 titles by Rodgers and Hammerstein, <mask> produced the European premier of Oklahoma! in Malmo, Sweden in 1947, and Annie Get Your Gun in Gothenburg in 1949. In 1951, <mask> produced the European premier of Tennessee Williams's The Rose Tattoo in Gothenburg. In 1959, he produced the European premier of My Fair Lady in Oslo, Norway. <mask> had acquired the Scandinavian rights to the musical before it premiered in New York, from his friend the librettist Alan Jay Lerner.Over 820,000 people saw the play after it opened in Stockholm, Sweden, the city at the time had a population of 810,000. <mask>

masks: Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt


title: Lars Schmidt (producer)

texts:
 bought further rights for other European territories. By 1964, the production had grossed over $12 million ($100 million inflation adjusted in 2020), in over 4,000 performances in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Italy, Germany, Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg. Producing in Paris and London
In 1956 he produced his first play in Paris, France; Tennessee Williams's Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, directed by Peter Brook. In 1958 he became co-producer at the Théâtre de l'Athénée in Paris. During this period he produced numerous American stage plays across various theaters in Paris, including Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf, 12 Angry Men, How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, and Diary of Anne Frank. In 1957 he had founded International Playwrights Theatre, along with Toby Rowland and Peter Hall; producing Camino Real at the Phoenix Theater, and Brouhaha starring Peter Sellers at the Aldwych Theater on the West End.In 1962 he produced Ibsen's Hedda Gabler starring his wife Ingrid Bergman at the Théâtre Montparnasse. <mask> recalled the contract of casting his wife in the Ibsen play, in her presence:"Ingrid is very expensive, when I asked her to play Hedda Gabler, she told me for Tea and Sympathy she got 25% of the gross. So I paid her that, and she got really quite rich. Then one day I saw the Tea and Sympathy books and found out that she had actually got only 20% of the net. It was too late. I had already paid her. "In 1965, he bought the Théâtre Montparnasse in Paris.In 1977, he opened Petit Montparnasse for avant garde and experimental theater. In 1983, he produced K2 at Theatre de la Porte Saint Martin in Paris, and in 1986 'Night Mother at Theatre Actuel in Paris. In


title: Lars Schmidt (producer)

texts:
 1988, he staged La Metamorphose with Roman Polanski at Theatre Gymnase-Marie Bell in Paris. Theater Director
He directed A. R. Gurney's Love Letters at the Petit Marigny in Paris in 1990, and Sylvia at Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens in 1995. New York
In 1989 he produced Metamorphosis with Mikhail Baryshnikov at Barrymore Theater in New York City, and in 1994 was nominated for a Tony Award as a member of the production team of Arthur Miller's Broken Glass on Broadway. Television Producer
In 1961, he produced the TV movie Twenty-Four Hours in a Woman's Life, in 1962 Hedda Gabler, and in 1966 The Human Voice all starring his wife Ingrid Bergman. Personal life
<mask> married Ingrid Bergman in 1958, at Caxton Hall in London, England, and they divorced in 1975.He married the Hungarian model Kristina Belfrage in 1977, with whom he had one son, Kristian <mask>. In 1998, he married Danish Art Nouveau dealer Yanne Norup. Awards
1980 Chevalier of French Legion of Honor

1994 Tony Award Nomination for Best Pay; Broken Glass

1997 Officer of French Legion of Honor

2005 Commander of French Legion of Honor

References

External links

<mask> collection, a digital collection at the Library of Congress

Swedish theatre managers and producers
1917 births
2009

masks:
Lars Schmidt
Schmidt
Lars Schmidt


title: Jonathan Granoff

texts: <mask> is an American lawyer, screenwriter and lecturer, widely known as President of the Global Security Institute. <mask> is a Senior Advisor of the American Bar Association's Committee on Arms Control and National Security and has served as Vice President of the NGO Committee on Disarmament at the United Nations. He serves on numerous governing and advisory boards including the Lawyers Committee on Nuclear Policy, the Lawyers Alliance for World Security, the Jane Goodall Institute, the Bipartisan Security Group, and the Middle Powers Initiative. <mask> has lectured worldwide on the legal, ethical and spiritual dimensions of human development and security, with a specific focus on the threats posed by nuclear weapons. As a screenwriter, <mask> has been featured in more than 30 publications. He has practiced law in Philadelphia as an individual practitioner, in several medium-sized firms, and as in-house counsel in a public company. He chaired the special session on Terrorism and Threats to Humanity at the Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates in Rome in 2004, where he represented the International Peace Bureau, a Nobel Peace Laureate organization.<mask> has represented the International Peace Bureau at the Nobel Peace Laureate Summits in Rome every year since 2002. <mask> is the son of singer Kitty Kallen — widely known for her

masks:
Jonathan Granoff
Granoff
Granoff
Granoff
Granoff
Background Granoff


title: Jonathan Granoff

texts:
 1954 chart-topping solo recording '"Little Things Mean a Lot" — and pioneering television syndicator Bernard "Budd<mask> (1920-1996). <mask> received his Baccalaureate degree, Cum Laude, from Vassar College and Juris Doctorate from Rutgers School of Law - Camden. Speeches and writings
Selected speeches and writings by Mr. <mask>:

May 5, 2010, New York City:  presented at "Principles, Values and Global Security," seminar organized by Religions for Peace. April 19, 2010, Tehran, Iran:  presentation delivered at the International Conference on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament, sponsored by the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. December 5, 2009, Hiroshima, Japan:  presented at the symposium, "Hiroshima Strives for Nuclear Abolition: Pursuing measures to energize the 2010 NPT Review Conference," organized by the Hiroshima Peace Institute and Chugoku Shimbun. (Ed.), Reverence for Life: Albert Schweitzer's Relevance Today''. Cambridge Scholars Press. References

External links
Global Security Institute
Lawyers Committee on Nuclear Policy
Lawyers Alliance for World Security
Bipartisan Security Group
Middle Powers Initiative
Disarmament and Peace Education- Writings

American lawyers
Living people
American anti–nuclear weapons activists
Vassar College alumni
Rutgers University alumni
Year of birth missing (living

masks:
" Granoff
Granoff
Jonathan Granoff


title: Kenneth MacAlpin

texts:
<mask> (, ; 810 – 13 February 858) or <mask> was King of Dál Riada (841–850), King of the Picts (843–858), and the King of Alba (843–858). He inherited the throne of Dál Riada from his father Alpín mac Echdach, founder of the Alpínid dynasty. <mask> conquered the kingdom of the Picts in 843–850 and began a campaign to seize all of Scotland and assimilate the Picts, for which he was posthumously nicknamed An Ferbasach ("The Conqueror"). Forteviot became the capital of his kingdom, and he also fought the Britons of the Kingdom of Strathclyde and the invading Vikings from Scandinavia. <mask> also relocated relics including the Stone of Scone from an abandoned abbey on Iona to his new domain. <mask> is traditionally considered the founder of Scotland, which was then known as Alba, although like his immediate successors, he bore the title of King of the Picts. One chronicle calls <mask> the first Scottish lawgiver but there is no information about the laws he passed.Origin

According to the genealogy of the Scottish kings, <mask>'s father was Alpín mac Echdach, the King of Dál Riada, which existed in what is now western Scotland. Alpín is considered to be the grandson of Áed Find, a descendant of Cenél nGabráin, who ruled in Dál Riada. The Synchronism of the Irish Kings lists Alpín among the kings of Scotland. Modern historians are sceptical about the reign of Alpín in Dál Riada and his relationship with Áed, and believe this misconception is the result of negligence on the part of the scribes in some texts. The genealogy of the kings of Scotland and Dál Riada dates back to an original manuscript that was written during the reign of Malcolm III in the mid-to-late 11th century. The Rawlinson B 502 manuscript provides the following ancestry for <mask>:

There is very limited information about Alpín, the father of <mask>. Some of Dál Riada's royal lists,

masks:
Kenneth MacAlpin
Kenneth I
Kenneth I
Kenneth
Kenneth I
Kenneth
Kenneth
Kenneth
Kenneth


title: Kenneth MacAlpin

texts:
 which contain many scribal errors, say he ruled from 841 to 843.The Chronicle of Huntingdon, which was written in the late 13th century, states Alpín defeated the Picts at Galloway but the Picts then defeated him in a battle that took place in the same year, during which Alpín was killed. According to the chronicle, Alpín died on 20 July 834. This date is given in other sources but several researchers claim the date was probably copied from another source and the year of his death was obtained by recalculating the dates in the erroneous royal lists so they attribute Alpín's date of death to 840, or 841. Alpín's mother is likely to have been a Pictish princess, the sister of Constantine I and Óengus II. According to the Pictish tradition, a female representative of the royal dynasty could inherit the crown. This origin gave <mask> a legitimate claim to the Pictish throne. <mask> I had at least one brother, Donald I, who succeeded him as king.Life and reign

Early years
<mask> is believed to have been born around 810 on the island of Iona, which is part of modern-day Scotland. After his father's death, <mask> succeeded him as the King of Dál Riada. His coronation took place in 840 or 841. One of the main sources on the life of <mask> is the 10th-century Chronicle of the Kings of Alba and describes the reigns of Scottish kings from <mask> I to <mask> II (). Conquest of Pictavia

According to the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, <mask> came to a region that was inhabited by the Picts, during the second year of his reign in Dál Riada. Having defeated the Picts, <mask> ruled there for 16 years. According to the Annals of Ulster, compiled in the 15th century, he became the King of the Picts in 842 or 843, and died in 858.Although some sources state <mask> ruled the Picts from 841 to 856, according to the Chronicle of Melrose, he became king in 843, a

masks:
Kenneth
Kenneth
Kenneth MacAlpin
Kenneth
Kenneth
Kenneth
Kenneth
Kenneth
Kenneth
Kenneth


title: Kenneth MacAlpin

texts: date that is generally accepted by most modern-day historians. In the first half of the 9th century, the geopolitical situation in Dál Riada deteriorated. Almost the entire territory of the kingdom was mountainous, and was filled with uneasy terrain. <mask>'s realm lay between the powerful Kingdom of Strathclyde in the south and the Druim Alban mountain ridge in the east. It was difficult to pass through the provinces of Dál Riada, most of the land was infertile, and the kingdom had lost its western territories in the Hebrides to the Vikings, who had settled in the area and were raiding the borders of Dál Riada. These conditions may have forced <mask> to attack the Picts. After the death of Eóganan mac Óengusa in 839, Uurad, and then Bridei VI succeeded him as the King of the Picts.According to List One, Uurad's reign lasted three years, while Brude VI reigned for a year. According to List Two, Uurad reigned for two years, while Bridei VI's reign lasted a month. The reigns of Uurad's three sons were also present in List Two. Based on these accounts, the Pictish kingdom fell in 849 or 850. Many sources dating to the following periods state that the historical kingdom of the Picts and the Scots unified in 850. List Two states that the last Pictish King was killed in Forteviot or Scone. This is probably a reference to <mask>'s treason, a medieval legend first recorded in the 12th century by Giraldus Cambrensis.According to the legend, a Pictish nobleman is invited by the Scots to a meeting or a feast in Scone and is treacherously killed there. At the same time, List One gives the year 843 as the date when <mask> received the title of King of the Picts. Sources do not detail <mask>'s conquest of Pictavia. No chronicle mentions either <mask>'s continuing his father's campaign against the Picts or his supposed claim to the Pictish crown. Modern-day

masks: Kenneth Kenneth MacAlpin Kenneth Kenneth Kenneth


title: Kenneth MacAlpin

texts:
 historians suggest <mask> was a descendant of Pictish kings through his mother or had ties with them through his wife. It is likely the death of Eóganan, and the heavy losses sustained on the Picts in a battle against the Viking invaders, had weakened the Picts' military might. It is also possible <mask>us had occupied Dál Riada and made it its vassal in 741.The Chronicle of Huntingdon gives the following interpretation of the events that took place after Eóganan's death:

It is likely <mask> killed the Pictish leaders and destroyed their armies during his conquest of Pictavia, after which he devastated the whole country. The Annals of the Four Masters record a single battle during <mask>'s campaign, which according to Isabel Henderson, proves the Picts did not show any significant resistance to <mask>'s forces. King of Alba
According to historical tradition, a new kingdom was formed after <mask> annexed the kingdom of the Picts. This kingdom's Gaelic name was Alba, which was later replaced with Scotia and Scotland. The rulers of the kingdom initially held the title of King of Alba. <mask> is listed in the royal lists dating to later periods as the first King of Scotland; modern historians, however, believe the final unification of the kingdom took place half a century later and that <mask>'s main political achievement should be considered the creation of a new dynasty. This dynasty sought to dominate all of Scotland, under which the Scots assimilated the Picts, resulting in their quick disappearance of the Picts' language and institutions.After the conquest of Pictavia, the Scots from Dál Riada began to migrate en masse to the territories populated by the Picts. The list of Pictish kings concludes in 850 and the list of kings of Dál Riada also ends around the same time, meaning the title ceased to exist. <mask> and his administration moved to

masks:
Kenneth
Kennetheng
Kenneth
Kenneth
Kenneth
Kenneth
Kenneth
Kenneth
Kenneth I


title: Kenneth MacAlpin

texts: Pictavia; it is possible the Scots moved to the region before the war and that such settlements played a major role in the selection of Scone as the kingdom's capital. <mask> moved relics from an abandoned abbey on Iona, where Viking raids made life untenable, to Dunkeld, which was the centre of the Church of Scotland, in 848 or 849, according to The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba. The coronation stone was also moved from the island to Scone, for which it is referred to as the Stone of Scone. According to archaeological excavations, Forteviot was probably originally a royal residence but the place is not mentioned in the chronicles after the death of Donald I. The mass migration of Scots to the east most likely led to the assimilation of the Picts.Although the Irish annals, which dates to the late 9th century, mentions the title King of the Picts, the Picts may not have remained independent. The Pictish civil system and clerical laws were completely replaced with the Scottish legal system, and it is likely similar changes occurred in other spheres of the Pictish society. The Picts did not revolt against this assimilation process. The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba describes the events that occurred during <mask>'s reign without specifying their dates. He invaded Lothian in the Kingdom of Northumbria six times, and captured the towns of Melrose and Dunbar, and razed them. The Celtic Britons from the Kingdom of Strathclyde attacked <mask>'s kingdom and burnt Dunblane. Furthermore, Viking invaders raided Pictavia, ravaging the territories "from Clunie to Dunkeld".<mask> strengthened his power by arranging royal marriages with neighbouring states, marrying his daughters to the kings of Strathclyde and Ireland. According to the Chronicle of Melrose, <mask> was one of the first Scottish lawgivers but his laws have not survived to the 21st century.

masks: Kenneth Kenneth Kenneth Kenneth Kenneth


title: Kenneth MacAlpin

texts:
 Death and succession
According to the Annals of Ulster, <mask> died in 858. The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba states he died in February in Forteviot due to a tumour. Historians suggest this date might be 13 February. <mask> was buried in Iona Abbey. Succession in the kingdom was carried out in the form of tanistry so <mask>'s successor was his brother Donald rather than his eldest son.After the death of Donald I, the sons of <mask>, Causantín mac Cináeda and Áed mac Cináeda, inherited the crown. The Alpínid dynasty, which ruled Scotland until the beginning of the 11th century, was formed during this period. Contemporaneous Irish annals give <mask> and his immediate successors the title King of the Picts but do not call him the King of Fortriu, a title that was only given to four Pictish kings who reigned in the 7th to 9th centuries. It is possible the use of the title of King of the Picts was in reference to <mask> and his immediate successors' claim to all of Pictavia, though there is very little evidence of the extent of their domain. Family
The name of <mask>'s wife is unknown. There is a hypothesis she may have been a Pictish princess. <mask>'s children were:

 Causantín mac Cináeda (), King of Alba
 Áed of the White Flowers (), King of Alba
 Unknown daughter.She married Rhun ab Arthgal (), the King of Strathclyde, and had a son, Eochaid (), who may have ruled as King of Strathclyde and/or King of the Picts
 Máel Muire ingen Cináeda. She married Áed Findliath (), the High King of Ireland. There is also a theory the wife of Amlaíb Conung (), the King of Dublin, was a daughter of <mask>. Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

  ()
  ()
  ()

  (digital version: )

810 births
858 deaths
9th-century births
9th-century Scottish monarchs
Pictish monarchs
Kings of Dál Riata
Burials at Iona Abbey
Founding

masks: Kenneth Kenneth Kenneth Kenneth Kenneth Kenneth Kenneth Kenneth Kenneth


title: Dina Bonnevie

texts: <mask> (born <mask> , formerly Sotto and Penson; January 27, 1961), known by her stage name <mask>, is an actress in the Philippines. Before joining Philippine showbiz, Bonnevie was first runner-up in the Miss Magnolia 1979 Beauty Contest. She landed her first acting assignment in the campy Temptation Island in 1980 with Joey Gosiengfiao at the helm. However, the following year, Regal Films launched her to lead star status via Joey Gosingfiao's Katorse opposite then boyfriend, Alfie Anido. The same film introduced a young Gabby Concepcion who essayed the role of a naughty brat of a man. In 1981, while doing Age Doesn't Matter with fellow Regal babies, Maricel Soriano and Snooky Serna and the wacky Tito, Vic & Joey, she fell in love with Vic Sotto. The following years, she went into semi-retirement by focusing on her domestic life, but seen on television via the sitcom 2 + 2 = Gulo with then husband, Vic Sotto and supported by Maricel Soriano and William Martinez, plus a young Herbert Bautista.In 1985, Viva Films assigned her the role of a young disturbed woman via Tinik sa Dibdib with Nora Aunor in the lead. She took home the FAMAS and FAP best-supporting actress statuettes. In 1986 she snagged her string of best actress trophies from the CMMA, FAMAS and FAP for Magdusa Ka!. In the said movie, she essayed the role of Christine, a young woman disowned by her mother, Toyang (Nida Blanca) after getting impregnated by boyfriend, Rod (Christopher de Leon). She ran away from Rod after frequent misunderstandings with her drunkard mother-in-law, Metring (Perla Bautista). She sought refuge from her rich but lameduck father, Bernardo (Dindo Fernando) but is sent away by her aristocratic grandmother Doña Perla (Armida Siguion Reyna). She asked the help of her best friend Violy (Jobelle Salvador) but was mistreated by the latter's mother (Angie Ferro).Christine after all the tribulations managed to stand up and healing followed. Her Viva

masks:
Geraldine Bonnevie Savellano
Geraldine Schaer Bonnevie
Dina Bonnevie


title: Dina Bonnevie

texts:
 Films assignments were  Sana'y Wala ng Wakas (1986), Alabok sa Ulap (1987), Ang Lahat ng Ito, Pati ang Langit (1989), Ang Babaing Nawawala sa Sarili (1990); Kung Kasalanan Man (1990), Gumapang Ka sa Lusak (1990) among others. Her acting nominations followed in 1987 for Maging Akin Ka Lamang, 1988 for Huwag Mong Itanong Kung Bakit, 1990 for Gumapang Ka sa Lusak and 2004 for Bridal Shower. Early life and background

Bonnevie was born January 27, 1961 to Swiss mother Jeannette Schäer and French-Italian-Filipino father Honesto Bonnevie. Her paternal grandfather was Pedro José <mask>, a significant landowner in the Bicol region, who hails from Évian-les-Bains, France and was part French and Italian. Her grandmother was pre-World War II actress Rosita Rivera, also from Bicol. She is a cousin of singer Lou Bonnevie.She has two children from her previous marriage with comedian Vic Sotto, Oyo Boy Sotto and Danica, both of whom are now in the entertainment industry as well. She was educated at St. Theresa's College, Manila and finished her elementary and secondary education at St. Agnes' Academy in Legazpi City, where she was very active in drama guilds. In 1979, she was first runner-up in Miss Magnolia contest, where Joanna Paras took home the title. In 1980 she enrolled in Communication Arts at the Ateneo de Manila University and, later, the University of the Philippines, unfortunately, she did not graduate and finish her degree. Introduced by young actor Alfie Anido to director Joey Gosiengfiao, she first appeared in teen dramas Underage (1980) and Temptation Island (1980), but her breakout movie was Katorse (1980) with Anido and Gabby Concepcion. This film established her as one of the "Regal Babies" (named after the studio, Regal Films). She then appeared in a longer slew of teenage love or growing-pains dramas.Bakit Ba Ganyan? (1981) was a film whose theme song she sang and popularized. In 1981, she starred in Age Doesn't Matter and


title: Rio Reiser

texts:
Ralph Christian Möbius (9 January 1950 – 20 August 1996), known professionally as <mask>, was a German musician and the singer of rock group Ton Steine Scherben. He supported squatting in the early 1970s and later the green political party Die Grünen. After the German reunification, he joined the Party of Democratic Socialism. Life
His father was an engineer for Siemens AG, and the family moved several times because of his father's work; they lived in West Berlin, Upper Bavaria, Nuremberg, Mannheim, and Fellbach. <mask> was never really able to feel at home in any of these places. Many of his friends said, when they were asked in an interview which was broadcast on the TV channel Arte in 1998, two years after his death, that he started playing music to create a place where he felt at home. Reiser was known by his friends as someone who had a very special mind of his own.For example, he managed to persuade his mother Erika Möbius that he was allowed to stop attending school and start an apprenticeship in a studio for photography, which he then quit in order to join a music conservatory and later to follow his two older brothers to West Berlin at the early age of 17 in order to put the world's first "Rock Opera" onto stage. His mother supported his musical and artistic ambitions since she had soon realized that he was an autodidact; he never learned things when he was taught by someone else. Thus he taught himself how to play cello, guitar, piano and other instruments, wrote lyrics and poetry and later also assumed jobs as actor in some movies and TV shows or at the theatre. He was awarded his nickname <mask> as teenager from an eccentric artist friend of the family who invented the name "<mask> de Galaxis" for him in an "intergalactic youth ordination". He kept the nickname and later decided to completely change his name from Ralph Möbius to <mask> because he played a leading role in the movie "Johnny West" and needed a catchy artist name. He took the idea for the name Reiser from his older

masks:
Rio Reiser
Reiser
Rio
Rio
Rio Reiser


title: Rio Reiser

texts: brother Gert who had occasionally used it as artist name before. The name makes reference to the main character of the autobiographical novel  by Karl Philipp Moritz.As an adult, <mask> soon discovered his musical talents which opened a way for him to express himself, thus enabling him to overcome restraints he otherwise felt due to a certain, intrinsic insecurity or shyness towards other people. The ability to reach out to others—even to the unknown masses in a concert audience—through his musical performance was later often referred to as being the core of his special talent to touch his listeners, or even to "build a relationship" with each of them for the period of a concert. During his teenage years, <mask> first discovered—and immediately became a big fan of—The Beatles at age 13 who represented the sound—and way of life—of the future for him and also inspired him to learn to play guitar, to compose his own songs and to form his first band. Later he preferred the rough, direct sound of The Rolling Stones. In reference to John Lennon and Paul McCartney, who were usually credited as "Lennon/McCartney" with respect of the songs they wrote, <mask> and his band colleague and best friend R.P.S. Lanrue (real name Ralph Peter Steitz) as composers of most of the Ton Steine Scherben-songs were often credited as "Möbius/Steitz". Besides contemporary rock bands which became the soundtrack of the social changes beginning in the Sixties, <mask> was also influenced by other music styles including orchestral film soundtracks, German "folk songs" and traditional music and German singers such as Marlene Dietrich.The avant-garde director Rosa von Praunheim repeatedly gave Reiser artistic suggestions. <mask> was unique among German rock stars of his time in being openly gay, although he did not come out publicly until the 1980s. At the beginning of his career, <mask> sometimes felt misfit among the political groups and various movements which, in the early Seventies, did not strongly approve of homosexuality,

masks:
Rio
Rio Reiser
Rio
Rio Reiser
Reiser
Reiser


title: Rio Reiser

texts:
 but later gained more confidence while working with artists who were engaged in the newly forming gay movement of Berlin, including the gay performance group "Brühwarm" which recorded two LPs with music composed by Ton Steine Scherben. Musical career

While he still went to school, <mask> became singer in his first rock band The Beat Kings. The band had been founded by R.P.S. Lanrue (real name Ralph Peter Steitz), a boy living in the neighbourhood, who had heard of <mask>'s singing talents and had asked him to join the band after letting <mask> perform a few songs to give a sample (as R.P.S. Lanrue later claimed in an interview, the Rolling Stones song "Play with fire" tipped the balance).Lanrue, who was of the same age as <mask>, soon became <mask>'s closest friend and musical counterpart who went on to support <mask> as musician and lived with him most of the time until his death. After having quit school, <mask> left his then hometown, as well as The Beat Kings, to follow his two older brothers' call to Berlin in order to compose the music for their common project, the first Beat-Opera, which turned out to be, in the words of <mask>, an "absolute flop". Nevertheless, <mask> stayed in Berlin, where he was later joined by Lanrue. After occasionally having toured the countryside with the theatre group "Hoffmans Comic Theater" (consisting in <mask>, his brothers and a group of friends), <mask> went on to continue theatrical projects in Berlin where he joined an improvisation theatre group which played scenes from the everyday life of pupils and trainees, thus adopting and reflecting the social problems among young people in West Berlin in the Sixties, as well as its tense and sense of imminent social change. The theatre was very successful with young people and toured through Germany until 1969. The involvement in the context of the student and youth movement—not only as musician and actor, but often in the political debates which were to follow the theatre performance as well, played an

masks: Reiser Reiser Reiser Reiser Reiser Reiser Reiser Rio Reiser Reiser Reiser


title: Rio Reiser

texts: important role for <mask>'s development of political awareness and for his lifelong commitment—both privately and as musician—to liberation movements of various kinds, including, in particular, the left-wing political movement characteristic for the Sixties and Seventies (while he liked to put an emphasis on supporting the workers' and "simple people's" interests rather than the students' intellectual approach), the Gay liberation movement and later, the German ecological movement. His musical work to a large extent reflects these political influences and convictions and thus can hardly be detached from his political positions.In 1970, <mask> recorded his first single with the band Ton Steine Scherben. The band name was chosen in a lengthy democratic decision procedure among the members, friends and supporters of the band. The original name idea was actually "VEB Ton Steine Scherben", but the "VEB" was soon dropped. The band name can be translated both as "clay stones shards" and as "sound stones shards", thus offering different approaches to interpretation (sometimes also understood as a political program) and, last not least, making reference to <mask>'s favorites The Rolling Stones. In that same year the group performed their first public concert and recorded their first full-length record. The band soon became very popular with the squatter scene, left-wing student and workers' movement and was invited to numerous political events to provide the soundtrack to demonstrations, parties and rallies across Germany which often inspired the audience to translate the message into action afterwards. Thus, many buildings were seized after the end of a concert, and the band often ended up sitting in some commune discussing the political agenda with their hosts.<mask> later revealed in his autobiography that he sometimes would have preferred to just get away with some nice person. 15 years of touring, four more LPs and various film projects and collaborations with other musicians followed, including the

masks:
Rio Reiser
Reiser
Reiser
Reiser


title: Rio Reiser

texts: recording of two children's records. <mask> lived together with the band and a large group of friends and supporters most of that time, first sharing a commune in Berlin. In 1975—after the band was tiring of the numerous demands and expectations by all kinds of political groups—the group settled down on a farm in Fresenhagen, in North Germany which continued to be <mask>'s refuge and place of inspiration even after moving back to Berlin a couple of years later. One of the band's most important and ambitious albums, the "Black Album", was recorded there. Ton Steine Scherben were musically very successful and, being one of the first rock bands in Germany which actually wrote and performed German rock songs, opened the door for countless successful German rock and pop bands to follow. Due to their refusal to adapt to the demands of the mainstream music business, as well as to financial mismanagement, a certain "outlawish" image in the eyes of the large radio and TV stations and a fan community which often forgot that the band had to make a living out of the music and would have despised any commercial ambitions, they were not able to translate their musical success and widespread popularity into financial stability.In 1985, <mask> and the band finally split, partly due to a feeling that it was time to move on, but to a large extent because of a disastrous financial situation. <mask> had a large debt with the group, but his early solo career went so well that he was free from debt in a short time. His first solo record-album was called "Rio I" and included the popular song König von Deutschland ("King of Germany"). The album was produced by Annette Humpe, a renowned German music producer who had already produced <mask>'s very first solo single, "Dr. Sommer", some time ago when he was in need of cash and had asked her for support. The song "König von Deutschland" became one of the few real hits of Reiser, has been covered and cited by many artists ever since and is still known among most people in

masks: Reiser Reiser Reiser Reiser Reiser


title: Rio Reiser

texts: Germany. Other hit singles of the first album included the love song "Für immer und dich" and the melancholic "Junimond". Reiser could not repeat the commercial success of the first album, nevertheless he released five further studio albums until his death, most of them highly praised by the critics.Many of his fans from the Ton Steine Scherben-days thought that he was selling out to mainstream, capitalist music business, and blamed him for becoming—at least for a period of time—a commercially successful musician. However, when listening closely to the lyrics, it can be noted that Reiser never abandoned his personal approach to music, politics, life and love, although the message was delivered in a more subtle way now. Reiser sometimes admitted that the objections to his solo music, even hatred by some old-time fans was a serious problem for him. Wandering on the edge of commercial adaptability, while trying to conform with the expectations of old friends, fans and political movements which he supported meant a difficult struggle for Reiser which sometimes drove him to despair and depression. At the same time, he continued to be a very creative, productive musician and songwriter who collaborated with other musicians and friends and underwent strenuous concert tours which often brought him close to physical exhaustion. One of the highlights of his career were two concerts performed in East Berlin in 1988 where he faced a sold-out concert hall filled with young people on the verge of the revolution which one year later led to the collapse of the political system of the German Democratic Republic and the opening of the Berlin wall. Recordings of the concerts prove that the east German audience knew the lyrics of his solo songs, and in particular all of the "Ton Steine Scherben" songs which they performed by heart, even though the albums were hard to come by in East Germany.<mask> wrote and performed most of his songs entirely by himself, although he was often accompanied by his longtime friend


title: Rio Reiser

texts:
 R.P.S. Lanrue who continued to support him as lead guitar player and also delivered many musical ideas, while a few of his song lyrics were also written by or together with his long-term partner Misha Schoeneberg. <mask>'s sixth and last solo album, which was recorded in 1995, was called Himmel und Hölle (Heaven and Hell). The album was the last one which he was contractually obliged to deliver to his major music company, and both the musical approach as well as the lyrics imply that <mask> was about to return to a state of inner independence from the major business not only personally, but also in artistic terms, including a sound and concept which is often seen as more authentic than the previous studio albums. After the release of the last album, which was not strongly marketed by his company, even though praised by the critics, <mask> was preparing new songs which he would have produced independently again, the completion of which was interrupted by his sudden and unexpected death. Some critics say that <mask> created a new image of a German folk singer; he was even called a "Schlager" artist and a "Volksmusik" musician (sometimes translated as "folk music", but in a literary sense it means music of the people). To other critics, <mask> was simply a singer in a rock band.However, <mask> sometimes approved of being referred to a Volksmusik musician, because he thought that this would simply mean he sang music for the people. Death

<mask> died on 20 August 1996 from a circulatory collapse after internal bleeding at his home in Fresenhagen, where he was buried on his own property under an apple tree. His grave was moved to Berlin in March 2011, because <mask>'s heirs sold the Fresenhagen property. References

External links
 Official website
 Lyrics, articles, etc., mostly in German
 Tributes

1950 births
1996 deaths
Gay musicians
Singers from Berlin
20th-century German male singers
German rock singers
LGBT singers from Germany
LGBT songwriters
Protopunk musicians
Squatters
20th-century LGBT

masks:
Reiser
Reiser
Reiser
Rio Reiser
Reiser
Reiser
Reiser
Reiser


title: Barry Cohen (attorney)

texts:
<mask> (August 3, 1939 – September 22, 2018) was an American criminal defense, personal injury, civil and qui tam  attorney in Florida's Tampa Bay Area. <mask> was hired by the Council on American–Islamic Relations (CAIR) to represent the family of Ibragim Todashev, an unarmed Chechen shot to death while being questioned by the FBI in relation to the Boston Marathon bombing. He was known for his aggressive legal tactics. He died of leukemia in 2018. Legal methods
<mask> was quoted as saying that "defenders have to try to balance an inherent media advantage enjoyed by prosecutors." His history of winning cases and the large legal fees he commanded put <mask> in the position of being able to choose the cases he wants to handle, including accepting clients that cannot afford his fees. Notable cases

William A. LaTorre, a Clearwater, Florida, chiropractor at the wheel of his 35-foot (11 m) cigarette boat on Memorial Day weekend in 1989, collided with a 17-foot (5 m) boat full of teenagers.Four teenagers were killed and several more injured. LaTorre was charged with four counts of vessel homicide. <mask> painted a picture in the media as an unavoidable tragic event for everyone concerned. He portrayed LaTorre's arrest as politically motivated, and managed press conferences with LaTorre's tearful wife. LaTorre was eventually acquitted of all four deaths. In 1992, former Chief Judge Dennis Alverez of Hillsborough County hired <mask> to represent him in an FBI inquiry into his handling of a legal dispute over the disposition of former Tampa Bay Buccaneers owner Hugh Culverhouse's multimillion-dollar estate. In 1994, <mask> represented Sheriff Everett Rice and the Pinellas County Sheriff's Office when it was threatened with a lawsuit by former U.S. Attorney Robert

masks:
Barry Cohen
Cohen
Cohen
Cohen
Cohen
Cohen
Cohen


title: Barry Cohen (attorney)

texts: Merkle for damages stemming from a false arrest charge after Merkle was acquitted of battery in a traffic confrontation.The Pinellas County Commission voted to hire <mask> as a special counsel at Rice's request. In 2005, <mask> represented Pinellas County Judge George Greer when Greer was threatened with impeachment for his rulings in the Terri Schiavo case. Jennifer Porter hired <mask> before she announced she was the driver of the Toyota Echo involved in a hit and run accident that killed two children and put two in the hospital in March 2004. When she drove away after the collision with the four siblings, she retained <mask> before she stepped forward in a press conference along with press releases. She was charged with leaving the scene of an accident. She eventually pleaded guilty to a felony, but did not receive a prison sentence. Her sentence was reduced to two years house arrest through a judge's ruling engineered by <mask>.After she had completed all but six months of her sentence, Porter requested that her teaching certificate be restored. <mask> said her excellent character references plus the expert testimony provided through <mask>'s efforts, explaining how she suffered psychological trauma, testimony that convinced the judge to give her house arrest, should also persuade the state panel to let Porter maintain her teaching certification. In September 2007, <mask> was hired to represent Nick Bollea, son of professional wrestler Hulk Hogan. Bollea, age 17, was driving a yellow Toyota Supra at high speed when he lost control, according to police. His passenger was severely injured. "A lawyer can drop a client, just as a client can drop an attorney", <mask> is reported to have said, making a general statement when announcing his withdrawal from

masks:
Cohen
Barry Cohen
Cohen
Cohen
Cohen
Cohen
Cohen
Cohen
Cohen


title: Barry Cohen (attorney)

texts:
 the case. Aisenberg case
In 1997, Steven and Marlene Aisenberg hired <mask> after their five-month-old baby, Sabrina Aisenberg, disappeared from her crib in the Aisenberg home, near Valrico, Florida.Baby Sabrina was never found and the reason for her disappearance remains a mystery. From the beginning the parents were the only suspects the prosecution investigators pursued. <mask>, as the Aisenbergs' attorney, appeared with the couple on Larry King Live in 2001 along with several other guests to discuss the still unsolved case. <mask> said the police have a right to investigate the parents of a missing child, but it was law enforcement's continued and relentless focus solely on the parents to the exclusion of other possibilities and leads that was problematic and abusive in this case. For example, prosecution investigators received an illegally obtained warrant to record over 255 private conversations in the Aisenberg home. The tapes were inaudible for the most part and none provided any evidence to prosecute the Aisenbergs. The tapes were transcribed as best they could be into transcripts for the judge and for presentation to a grand jury.Hyde Amendment fees
Eventually in 2007, the charges against the Aisenbergs were dropped for lack of evidence. In U.S. v. Aisenberg, <mask> sued the federal government for malicious prosecution on behalf of the Aisenbergs for reimbursement of legal fees under the Hyde Amendment, a federal statute enacted in 1997 to pay the legal fees of defendants who were victims of prosecutorial abuse. On February 1, 2003, the Aisenbergs were awarded $2.9 million to pay the legal fees for the then five-year-old case, the largest award in the ten years since the Hyde Amendment was enacted. In fact, very rarely is suing for reimbursement

masks: Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen


title: Barry Cohen (attorney)

texts:
 of legal fees under the Hyde Amendment successful. As of 2007, the award remains the largest to date. Although <mask> did not receive the $7 million requested in the suit, the amount awarded was far more than the $250,000 the prosecution was originally willing to pay. Judge Merryday of the Middle District of Florida reviewed the case and explained why he ordered the federal government to pay the $2.9 million in legal fees and expenses under the Hyde Amendment.The judge called the prosecution's case "vexatious, frivolous, or in bad faith". The judge's decision is highly critical of the prosecutor's tactics. The judge ordered the government to release to the public the grand jury transcripts as “the public is entitled to know” about the “misdirected and overzealous prosecutorial exertions” in this case. The controversy surrounding the Aisenberg case has been covered on numerous media outlets, including the CBS program 48 Hours as well as The Oprah Winfrey Show, Dateline NBC, Good Morning America, and the Today Show. Community activism
On May 15, 2008, <mask> underwrote a special screening of The Great Debaters for 250 underprivileged Tampa children, along with special guests Doug Williams (the first African-American quarterback to win the Super Bowl) and actress Jurnee Smollett, who won the 2008 NAACP Image Award for her performance as the female lead in the film. References

External links
Tampa lawyer argues for launching urban debate league
Hit and Run—links to Jennifer Porter articles
Merkle for the Defense
The Law Firm of Cohen, Jayson & Foster, P.A. 1939 births
2018 deaths
Florida lawyers
Florida State University alumni
Mercer University alumni
Deaths from leukemia
Deaths from cancer in Florida
21st-century American lawyers
20th-century American

masks: Cohen Cohen


title: Jan Łukasiewicz

texts:
<mask> (; 21 December 1878 – 13 February 1956) was a Polish logician and philosopher who is best known for Polish notation and Łukasiewicz logic. He was born in Lemberg, a city in the Galician Kingdom of Austria-Hungary (now Lviv, Ukraine). His work centred on philosophical logic, mathematical logic and history of logic. He thought innovatively about traditional propositional logic, the principle of non-contradiction and the law of excluded middle, offering one of the earliest systems of many-valued logic. Contemporary research on Aristotelian logic also builds on innovative works by Łukasiewicz, which applied methods from modern logic to the formalization of Aristotle's syllogistic. The Łukasiewicz approach was reinvigorated in the early 1970s in a series of papers by John Corcoran and Timothy Smiley that inform modern translations of Prior Analytics by Robin Smith in 1989 and Gisela Striker in 2009. <mask> is regarded as one of the most important historians of logic.Life
He grew up in Lwów and was the only child of Paweł <mask>, a captain in the Austrian army, and Leopoldina, née Holtzer, the daughter of a civil servant. His family was Roman Catholic. He finished his gymnasium studies in philology and in 1897 went on to Lwów University (which until the Partitions of Poland had been in Poland), where he studied philosophy and mathematics. He was a pupil of the philosopher Kazimierz Twardowski. In 1902, he received a Doctor of Philosophy degree under the patronage of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria, who gave him a special doctoral ring with diamonds. He spent three years as a private teacher, and in 1905, he received a scholarship to complete his philosophy studies at the University of Berlin and the University of Louvain in Belgium. Łukasiewicz continued studying for his habilitation

masks:
Jan Łukasiewicz
Łukasiewicz
Łukasiewicz


title: Jan Łukasiewicz

texts: qualification and in 1906 submitted his thesis to the University of Lwów.That year, he was appointed a lecturer at the University of Lwów, where he was eventually appointed Extraordinary Professor by Emperor Franz Joseph I. He taught there until the First World War. In 1915, he was invited to lecture as a full professor at the University of Warsaw, which the German occupation authorities had reopened after it had been closed down by the Tsarist government in the 19th century. In 1919, <mask> left the university to serve as Polish Minister of Religious Denominations and Public Education in Paderewski's government until 1920. Łukasiewicz led the development of a Polish curriculum replacing the Russian, German and Austrian curricula that had been used in partitioned Poland. The Łukasiewicz curriculum emphasized the early acquisition of logical and mathematical concepts. In 1928, he married Regina Barwińska.He remained a professor at the University of Warsaw from 1920 until 1939, when the family house was destroyed by German bombs, and the university was closed by the German occupation. He had been a rector of the university twice during which <mask> and Stanisław Leśniewski had founded the Lwów–Warsaw school of logic, which was later made famous internationally by Alfred Tarski, who had been a student of Leśniewski. During the start of the Second World War, he worked at the Warsaw Underground University. After the Nazi occupation authorities had closed the university, he earned a meager living in the Warsaw city archive. His friendship with Heinrich Scholz (German professor of mathematical logic) helped him, too, and it was Scholz who arranged for the Łukasiewicz family's passage to Germany in 1944 (Łukasiewicz was fearful of the Red Army advance). <mask> and his wife wanted to move to Switzerland

masks:
Łukasiewicz
Łukasiewicz
Jan Łukasiewicz


title: Jan Łukasiewicz

texts:
 but were unable to get permission from the German authorities. They thus spent the last months of the war in Münster, Germany.After the end of the war, unwilling to return to a Soviet-controlled Poland, they moved first to Belgium, where Łukasiewicz taught logic at a provisional Polish Scientific Institute, and thereafter to Ireland. In Ireland he worked at University College Dublin (UCD) until his death. <mask>'s papers after 1945 are held by the University of Manchester Library. Work
A number of axiomatizations of classical propositional logic are due to Łukasiewicz. A particularly elegant axiomatization features a mere three axioms and is still invoked to the present day. He was a pioneer investigator of multi-valued logics; his three-valued propositional calculus, introduced in 1917, was the first explicitly axiomatized non-classical logical calculus. He wrote on the philosophy of science, and his approach to the making of scientific theories was similar to the thinking of Karl Popper.<mask> invented the Polish notation (named after his nationality) for the logical connectives around 1920. There is a quotation from his paper, Remarks on Nicod's Axiom and on "Generalizing Deduction", page 180;

The reference cited by Łukasiewicz above is apparently a lithographed report in Polish. The referring paper by Łukasiewicz Remarks on Nicod's Axiom and on "Generalizing Deduction", originally published in Polish in 1931, was later reviewed by H. A. Pogorzelski in the Journal of Symbolic Logic in 1965. In <mask>'s 1951 book, Aristotle's Syllogistic from the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic, he mentions that the principle of his notation was to write the functors before the arguments to avoid brackets and that he had employed his notation in his logical papers since 1929. He then goes on to cite, as an

masks: Łukasiewicz Łukasiewicz Łukasiewicz


title: Jan Łukasiewicz

texts:
 example, a 1930 paper he wrote with Alfred Tarski on the sentential calculus. This notation is the root of the idea of the recursive stack, a last-in, first-out computer memory store proposed by several researchers including Turing, Bauer and Hamblin, and first implemented in 1957. In 1960, Łukasiewicz's notation concepts and stacks were used as the basis of the Burroughs B5000 computer designed by Robert S. Barton and his team at Burroughs Corporation in Pasadena, California.The concepts also led to the design of the English Electric multi-programmed KDF9 computer system of 1963, which had two such hardware register stacks. A similar concept underlies the reverse Polish notation (RPN, a postfix notation) of the Friden EC-130 calculator and its successors, many Hewlett Packard calculators, the Lisp and Forth programming languages, and the PostScript page description language. Recognition

In 2008 the Polish Information Processing Society established the <mask>wicz Award, to be presented to the most innovative Polish IT companies. From 1999 to 2004, the Department of Computer Science building at UCD was called the Łukasiewicz Building, until all campus buildings were renamed after the disciplines they  housed. His model of 3-valued logic allowed for formulating Kleene's ternary logic and a meta-model of empiricism, mathematics and logic, i.e. senary logic. Chronology
1878 born in Lemberg
1890–1902 studies with Kazimierz Twardowski in Lemberg (Lwów, L'viv)
1902 doctorate (mathematics and philosophy), University of Lemberg with the highest distinction possible
1906 habilitation thesis completed, University of Lemberg
1906 becomes a lecturer
1910 essays on the principle of non-contradiction and the excluded middle
1911 extraordinary professor at Lemberg
1915 invited to the newly reopened University


title: Jan Łukasiewicz

texts:
 of Warsaw
1916 new Kingdom of Poland declared
1917 develops three-valued propositional calculus
1919 Polish Minister of Education
1920–1939 professor at Warsaw University founds with Stanisław Leśniewski the Lwów–Warsaw school of logic (see also Alfred Tarski, Stefan Banach, Hugo Steinhaus, Zygmunt <mask>wski, Stefan Mazurkiewicz)
1928 marries Regina Barwińska
1944 flees to Germany and settles in Hembsen, in the Nethegau, where he was brought for his own safety.1946 exile in Belgium
1946 offered a chair by the Royal Irish Academy, held at University College Dublin
1953 writes autobiography
1956 dies in Dublin

Selected works

Books

 2nd Edition, enlarged, 1957. Reprinted by Garland Publishing in 1987. Craig, Edward (general editor), "Article: <mask>", Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 1998, Volume 5, pp. 860–863. Further reading
 Borkowski, L.; Słupecki, J., "The logical works of J<mask>", Studia Logica 8 (1958), 7–56. Kotarbiński, T., "<mask>wicz's works on the history of logic", Studia Logica 8 (1958), 57–62. Kwiatkowski, T., "<mask>wicz – A historian of logic", Organon 16–17 (1980–1981), 169–188.Marshall, D., "Łukasiewicz, Leibniz and the arithmetization of the syllogism", Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 18 (2) (1977), 235–242. Woleński, <mask>, "<mask>wicz on the Liar Paradox, Logical Consequence, Truth and Induction", Modern Logic 4 (1994), 394–400. External links

 Łukasiewicz entry at Polish Philosophy Page, ed. by F. Coniglione (University of Catania)

20th-century mathematicians
Polish mathematicians
Polish logicians
Philosophy of logic
University of Warsaw alumni
University of Warsaw faculty
Academics of University College Dublin
Polish Roman Catholics
Scientists from Lviv
1878 births
1956 deaths
Education ministers of Poland
University of Lviv faculty
20th-century Polish

masks:
Janisze
Jan Łukasiewicz
. Łukasiewicz
Jan Łukasie
Jan Łukasie
Jan
Jan Łukasie


title: Ram Chandra Poudel

texts:
<mask> (Nepali:राम चन्द्र पौडेल) is a Nepalese politician who served as Deputy Prime Minister and Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nepal. He is the senior leader of the Nepali Congress. He is popularly called as ‘<mask>’ by fellow Nepali Congress Cadets. Political life
In the 2008 Constituent Assembly election he was elected from the Tanahu-2 constituency, winning 18,970 votes. He was elected as the Leader of the Parliamentary Party of the Nepali Congress on June 20, 2009, securing 61 votes against Sher Bahadur Deuba, a former Prime Minister who received 48 votes. <mask> is a senior leader and central committee member of the Nepali Congress who served as Acting President of the Nepali Congress after the death of party president Susil Koirala. He was actively involved in party organization for many years as a central committee member and vice-president.Personal life
<mask> was born in September 1944  into a higher class farmer's family in the remote village of Satiswara, located in the Tanahun district of western Nepal. He is married and has five children: four daughters one son. Education
M.A. (1970) in Nepali literature from Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, appeared in the examination while being detained the jail as an anti-panchayat leader. SASTRI  (1967) in Sanskrit literature from Tribhuvan University. Publications
Poudel received numerous literary awards on various debates and essay competitions. He writes frequently political and theoretical affairs which are being published in national vernaculars.He received Mahendra Bikram Shah Prize in 1987 on an article entitled "Human Rights Condition in Nepal". He has published the following books:

 What Nepali Congress Says (1976)
 Satyagraha – Why and How (1984)
 Democratic Socialism – A study (1990)
 Journey of Faith (1996)
 Abhisapta Etihas (2004)
 Socialism – In New Context (2012)
 Agricultural Revolution and Socialism (2013)

Political career
(a) Greatly affected by the unconstitutional dissolution of parliament and the

masks:
Ram Chandra Paudel
Ram Chandra Dai
Poudel
Poudel


title: Ram Chandra Poudel

texts:
 communist oriented chauvinistic politics in the country. The Nepali Congress, as a harbinger of democracy and as a champion of freedom of the country has to realize its crucial role at this juncture. It has to keep itself a bit left to the centre on order to check ultra left chauvinism. Economic development is the only way left to make people realize the fruits of democracy and freedom.But without hindering private sectors enghusiasms, government has to work vigorously on basic education, infrastructure, environmental protection, population control and the relief of poverty. Such market- friendly interventions of the government would only bolster the private sector. Decentralization is the only way through which the government would be able to exert its usefulness in an egalitarian manner. It is only through decentralization that political, economic and social power can be delegated to a common man. The common man should be able to participate in the development process actively through local self-government. It is through the approach of decentralization that people's power can be geared up gradually. As we are in the process of democratization of the whole society, induction of true decentralization approach from the very beginning or groom the grass root level of politico-economic and administrative structures would be of utmost importance for the strengthening of democracy.The experiences earned by developed democratic countries in this context would prove vivid inspirations for us. Honors
<mask> received the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun from Japan for his contributions in enhancing Nepal-Japan ties in 2020. References

External links
 Facebook page

1944 births
Living people
People from Tanahun District
Members of the Nepalese Constituent Assembly
Nepali Congress politicians from Gandaki Province
Speakers of the House of Representatives (Nepal)
Government ministers of Nepal
Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun
Nepal MPs 1991–1994
Nepal MPs 1994–1999
Nepal MPs


title: Charles Marie de La Condamine

texts:
<mask> (28 January 1701 – 4 February 1774) was a French explorer, geographer, and mathematician. He spent ten years in territory which is now Ecuador, measuring the length of a degree of latitude at the equator and preparing the first map of the Amazon region based on astro-geodetic observations. Furthermore he was a contributor to the Encyclopédie.Biography
<mask> was born in Paris as a son of well-to-do parents, <mask> and Louise Marguerite Chourses. He studied at the Collège Louis-le-Grand where he was trained in humanities as well as in mathematics. After finishing his studies, he enlisted in the army and fought in the war against Spain (1719). After returning from the war, he became acquainted with scientific circles in Paris. On 12 December 1730 he became a member of the Académie des Sciences and was appointed Assistant Chemist at the Academy.In 1729 <mask> and his friend Voltaire exploited a loophole in the French government’s lottery, which brought them large profits. In May 1731 <mask>ine sailed with the Levant Company to Constantinople (now Istanbul), where he stayed five months. After returning to Paris, <mask>ine submitted in November 1732 a paper to the Academy entitled Mathematical and Physical Observations made during a Visit of the Levant in 1731 and 1732. In South America

Three years later he joined the French Geodesic Mission to territory which is now Ecuador which had the aim of testing a hypothesis of Isaac Newton. Newton had posited that the Earth is not a perfect sphere, but

masks:
Charles Marie de La Condamine
Charles Marie de La Condamine
Charles de La Condamine
La Condamine
La Condam
La Condam


title: Charles Marie de La Condamine

texts: bulges around the equator and is flattened  at the poles. Newton's opinion had raised a huge controversy among French scientists. Pierre Louis Maupertuis, <mask> Clairaut, and <mask> Le Monnier traveled to Lapland, where they were to measure the length of several degrees of latitude orthogonal to the arctic circle, while Louis Godin, Pierre Bouguer, and <mask>ine were sent to South America to perform similar measurements around the equator.On 16 May 1735, <mask>ine sailed from La Rochelle accompanied by Godin, Bouguer and a botanist, <mask> Jussieu. After stopovers in Martinique, Saint-Domingue, and Cartagena, they sailed southward through Panama, arriving at the Pacific port of Manta on 10 March 1736. <mask>ine's associations with his colleagues were unhappy. The expedition was beset by many difficulties, and finally <mask> split from the rest and made his way to Quito, Ecuador separately, following the Esmeraldas River, becoming the first European to encounter rubber in the process. <mask> is credited with introducing samples of rubber to the Académie Royale des Sciences of France in 1736. In 1751, he presented a paper by François Fresneau to the Académie (eventually published in 1755) which described many of the properties of rubber. This has been referred to as the first scientific paper on rubber.He joined the group again on 4 June 1736 in the city of Quito. The meridian arc whose length <mask> and his colleagues chose to measure passed through a high valley perpendicular to the equator,

masks:
Alexis Claude
Pierre Charles
La Condam
La Condam
Joseph de
La Condam
La Condamine
La Condamine
La Condamine


title: Charles Marie de La Condamine

texts:
 stretching from Quito (now the capital of Ecuador) in the north to Cuenca in the south. The scientists spent a month performing triangulation measurements in the Yaruqui plains—from 3 October to 3 November 1736—and then returned to Quito. After they had come back to Quito, they found that subsidies expected from Paris had not arrived. <mask>, who had taken precautions and had made a deposit on a bank in Lima, traveled in early 1737 to Lima to collect money. He prolonged this journey somewhat to study the cinchona tree with its medicinally active bark (containing the anti-malarial drug quinine), the tree being hardly known in Europe. Because cinchona only grows at high altitudes the plants did not survive.He described how the plants were brought to France:

On June 3rd I spent the whole day on one of these mountains [near Loja in present-dat Ecuador]. Though assisted by two Americans of the region whom I took with me as guides, I was able to collect no more than eight or nine young plants of Quinquina [cinchona] in a proper state for transportation. These I had placed in earth taken from the spot in a case of suitable size and had them carried on the shoulders of a man whom I kept constantly in my sight, and then by canoe. I hoped to leave some of the plants at Cayenne [in Guiana] for cultivation and to transport the others to the King's garden in France. He collected valuable seeds, sarsparilla, guaiacum, ipecacuanha, cacao, vanilla and simarouba. After returning to Quito on 20 June 1737, he found


title: Charles Marie de La Condamine

texts:
 that Godin refused to disclose his results, whereupon <mask>ine joined forces with Bouguer. The two men continued with their length measurements in the mountainous and inaccessible region close to Quito.When in December 1741 Bouguer detected an error in a calculation of <mask>ine's, the two explorers got into a quarrel and stopped speaking to each other. However, working separately, the two completed their project in May 1743. Return to Europe
Insufficient funds prevented La Condamine from returning to France directly. Thus <mask>damine chose to return by way of the Amazon River, a route which is longer and more dangerous. His was the first scientific exploration of the Amazon. He reached the Atlantic Ocean on 19 September 1743, having made observations of astronomic and topographic interest on the way. He also made some botanical studies, notably of cinchona and rubber trees.In February 1744 he arrived in Cayenne, the capital of French Guiana. He did not dare to travel back to France on a French merchant ship because France was at war (the Austrian Succession War of 1740–1748), and he had to wait for five months for a Dutch ship, but made good use of his waiting time by observing and recording physical, biological and ethnological phenomena. Finally leaving Cayenne in August 1744, he arrived in Amsterdam on 30 November 1744, where he stayed for a while, and arrived in Paris in February 1745. He brought with him many notes, natural history specimens, and art objects that he donated to the naturalist

masks:
La Condam
La Condam
La Con


title: Charles Marie de La Condamine

texts: Buffon (1707–1788). La Condamine published the results of his measurements and travels with a map of the Amazon in Mém. de l'Académie des Sciences, 1745 (English translation 1745–1747). This included the first descriptions by a European of the Casiquiare canal and the curare arrow poison prepared by the Amerindians.He also noted the correct use of quinine to fight malaria. The journal of his ten-year-long voyage to South America was published in Paris in 1751. The scientific results of the expedition were unambiguous: the Earth is indeed a spheroid flattened at the poles as was believed by Newton. <mask> Condamine and Bouguer failed to write a joint publication, and Bouguer's death in 1758 put an end to their relationship. The other expedition member, Godin, died in 1760. Being the only surviving member, he received most of the credit for the expedition which drew a great deal of attention in France, as he was a gifted writer and popularizer. On a visit to Rome La Condamine made careful measurements of the ancient buildings with a view to a precise determination of the length of the Roman foot.He also wrote in favour of inoculation, and on various other subjects, mainly connected with his work in South America. <mask>ine had contracted smallpox in his youth. This led him to take part in the debate on vaccination against the disease and to propagate inoculation against smallpox. Assisted by the clarity and elegance of his writing, he presented several papers at the Academy of Sciences in which he

masks:
La
La Condam


title: Charles Marie de La Condamine

texts:
 defended his ideas with passion. He became a corresponding member of the academies of London, Berlin, Saint Petersburg and Bologna, and was elected to the l'Académie française on 29 November 1760. In August 1756, he married, with papal dispensation, his young niece Charlotte Bouzier of Estouilly. <mask>ine had many friends, the closest one being Maupertuis, to whom he bequeathed his papers.<mask>ine died in Paris on 4 February 1774, following a hernia operation. Works

South AmericaJournal du voyage fait par ordre du roi à l'équateur (Paris 1751, Supplement 1752)Relation abrégée d'un voyage fait dans l'intérieur del'Amérique méridionale (Paris 1759)
"Mémoire sur quelques anciens monumens du Perou [sic], du tems des Incas", in: Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles Lettres II (1746), Berlin 1748, S. 435–456 (PDF). OthersLa figure de la terre déterminée (Paris 1749)Mesure des trois premiers degrés du méridien dans l'hémisphère australe (Paris 1751)Histoire de l'inoculation de la petite vérole (Amsterdam 1773)

References

Victor Wolfgang von Hagen: South America called them; explorations of the great naturalists: <mask>ine, Humboldt, Darwin, Spruce. New York: Knopf, 1945
Robert Whitaker: The Mapmaker's Wife. London: Doubleday, 2004. (The full story of the expedition to South America, drawn from the original documents.) Neil Safier, Measuring the New World: Enlightenment Science and South America'', Univ.of Chicago Press, 2008. External links

French Academy of Sciences biography

masks:
La Condam
La Condam
La Condam


title: Charles Marie de La Condamine

texts:
 Voyages of Discovery : The Figure of Earth (BBC documentary) / https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKulxEp2aqk

Scientists from Paris
1701 births
1774 deaths
18th-century French astronomers
French geographers
Explorers of South America
<mask>ine, <mask> de
Members of the Académie Française
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society
Contributors to the Encyclopédie

masks:
La Condam
Charles Marie


title: B. N. Rau

texts:
Sir <mask>IE (26 February 1887 – 30 November 1953) was an Indian civil servant, jurist, diplomat and statesman known for his key role in drafting the Constitution of India. He was the Constitutional Advisor to Constituent Assembly. He was also India's representative to the United Nations Security Council from 1950 to 1952. His brothers were Governor of the Reserve Bank of India <mask> and journalist and politician B. Shiva Rao. One of the foremost Indian jurists of his time, Rau helped draft the constitutions of Burma in 1947 and India in 1950. He was the architect of Indian constitution. As India's representative on the United Nations Security Council (1950–52), he was serving as president of the council when it recommended armed assistance to South Korea (June 1950).Later he was a member of the Korean War post Armistice United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission (UNCMAC). A graduate of the Universities of Madras and Cambridge, <mask> entered the Indian civil service in 1910. After revising the entire Indian statutory code (1935–37), he was knighted (1938) and made judge (1939) of the Bengal High Court at Calcutta (Kolkata). His writings on Indian law include a noted study on constitutional precedents as well as articles on human rights in India. He served briefly (1944–45) as Minister of Jammu and Kashmir state. From February 1952 until his death, he was a judge of the International Court of Justice at The Hague. Before his election to the court, he was regarded as a candidate for secretary-general of the United Nations.Early life and education

<mask> was born on 26 February 1887 in a Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin family. His father <mask> Raghavendra <mask> was an eminent doctor. <mask> graduated from the Canara High School, Mangalore, topping the list of students of the entire Madras Presidency. He graduated in 1905 with a triple first degree in English, Physics, and Sanskrit, and gained an additional first in Mathematics in 1906. On a scholarship, he proceeded to Trinity College, Cambridge, and took his Tripos in 1909, just missing the Wranglership coming out ninth. He died of intestinal

masks:
Benegal Narsing Rau C
Benegal Rama Rau
Rau
Rau
Benegal
Rau
Rau


title: B. N. Rau

texts:
 cancer at Zurich on 30 November 1953 and at that time he was a Judge of International court of Justice, Hague. Bureaucratic and judicial career
B. N<mask> passed the Indian Civil Service Examination in 1909 and returned to India, posted to Bengal.Doing well on the executive side, in 1909 he moved to the judiciary thereafter, and served as a judge in several districts in East Bengal. In 1925, he was offered a dual position by the Assam government, as Secretary to the provincial council as well as Legal Remembrancer to the government. He served in this position for about eight years. In addition to these duties, he occasionally fulfilled additional functions for the Assam government, such as drafting memoranda for financial support for the Simon Commission's tour of India in 1928–29, and presenting their case before the Joint Select Committee of Parliament in London after the third Round Table Conference in 1933. He also worked with Sir John Kerr to prepare a note on how provincial legislatures in India might be designed to work better. On his return to India in 1935, <mask> worked with the Reforms Office of the Government of India, on drafting the Government of India Act, 1935. At the end of this project, Sir Maurice Gwyer, the first Chief Justice of India's Federal Court, suggested that he gain the necessary five years' experience that would qualify him to serve as a judge on the Federal Court as well.He served thereafter as a judge on the Calcutta High Court, but his tenure was interrupted by two additional projects that he was assigned to by the Government of India – he first presided over a court of inquiry concerning wages and working conditions on railways in India, and thereafter with a commission working on reforms concerning Hindu law. He also was reassigned to chair the Indus Waters Commission, which submitted a report on riparian rights on in 1942. His distinguished work brought him a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in the 1934 New Year Honours list and a knighthood in 1938. <mask> retired from service in 1944, and was then appointed as the Prime Minister of the princely state

masks:
. Rau
Rau
Rau


title: B. N. Rau

texts:
 of Jammu and Kashmir. He resigned from this position in 1945, following differences with the then-Maharaja of Kashmir, writing in his resignation letter that "...I have been conscious for some time that we do not see eye to eye on certain fundamental matters of external and internal policy. And that leads, as it must lead, to disagreement in many a detail. I have never questioned and I do not now question, the position that in all these matters Your Highness' decision must be final.The Prime Minister must either accept it or resign." Following his resignation as Chief Minister of Kashmir, <mask> was asked to serve in a temporary capacity in the Reforms Office of the Government of India, which he did so. He was also offered, and declined, the position of a permanent judge on the Calcutta High Court, preferring to stay in the Reforms office and work on constitutional and federal issues. He was consequently appointed as a Secretary in the Governor-General's office, working on constitutional reforms, until he became the Constitutional Advisor to the Constituent Assembly in 1946. While the Constituent Assembly was engaged in discussing the draft Constitution, <mask> also worked on preparing a brief on the question of whether the United Nations Security Council could intervene in a dispute between the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Indian government, and was part of a delegation that represented India at the United Nations General Assembly, concerning this question as well as issued relating to the peaceful uses of atomic energy. Role in drafting the Constitution of India
B. N<mask> was appointed as the Constitutional Adviser to the Constituent Assembly in formulating the Indian Constitution in 1946. He was responsible for the general structure of its democratic framework of the Constitution and prepared its initial draft in February 1948.This draft was debated, revised and finally adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949. As part of his research in drafting the Constitution of India, in 1946, Rau travelled to the US, Canada, Ireland, and the United Kingdom, where he had personal

masks:
Rau
Rau
. Rau


title: B. N. Rau

texts:
 consultations with judges, scholars, and authorities on constitutional law. Amongst others, he met Justice Felix Frankfurter of the American Supreme Court, who famously advised him against the inclusion of a clause for 'due process' in the Indian Constitution as it would impose an 'undue burden' on the judiciary. The Constituent Assembly's resolution setting up the Drafting Committee on 29 August 1947, under the chairmanship of B. R. Ambedkar, declared that it was being set up to "Scrutinise the Draft of the text of the Constitution prepared by the Constitutional Adviser, give into effect the decisions taken already in the Assembly and include all matters ancillary thereto or which have to be provided in such a Constitution, and to submit to the Assembly for consideration the text of the Draft Constitution as revised by the Committee." The draft prepared by the constitutional advisor was submitted in October 1947. Along with this draft, the proposals offered by the various other committees set up by the Constituent Assembly were considered and the first draft by the Drafting Committee was published in February, 1948. The people of India were given eight months to discuss the draft and propose amendments.In the light of the public comments, criticisms and suggestions, the Drafting Committee prepared a second draft, which was published in October 1948. The final draft of the Constitution was introduced by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar on 4 November 1948 (first reading). The second reading was clause by clause consideration and took over a year. After three drafts and three readings, the constitution was declared as passed on 26 November 1949. Dr B. R. Ambedkar in his concluding speech in constituent assembly on 25 November 1949 stated that:

Role in drafting the Constitution of Burma
<mask> also assisted in drafting the early Constitution of Myanmar, or Burma, as it was then known. He met with U Aung San, Burma's Prime Minister, in New Delhi in December 1946, who invited him to assist in drafting Burma's Constitution. Burma's Constitutional Advisor was deputed to New Delhi in April 1947 where they worked together to


title: B. N. Rau

texts:
 collect research materials, and prepared a first draft that was taken back to Rangoon for modifications by a Drafting Committee.The Constitution was adopted on 24 September 1947. <mask> went to Rangoon (now Yangon) to witness the final draft of the Constitution being passed by the legislature. Diplomatic career
<mask> served India as a representing delegate in the United Nations. From 1949 to 1952 he was India's Permanent Representative to the UN, till he was appointed as a Judge of the International Court in The Hague. He also served as the President of the United Nations Security Council in June 1950. Tenure on the Court of International Justice
Rau was invited by the Ministry of External Affairs to stand for election to the International Court of Justice towards the end of 1951, and began service towards 1952. He served for about a year, before succumbing to ill health while being treated in Zurich in 1953.In 1988, On the occasion of his birth centenary, the Govt. of India issued a postage stamp in honor of B.N. Rau. Indian parliament condolence message
https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/55593/1/lsd_01_05_30-11-1953.pdf  Page no. 43

Publications
 B.N. Rau (1947) Constitutional Precedents (New Delhi: Government of India Press)
 <mask>. Rau (1948) The Constitution of the Union of Burma, 23 Wash. L. Rev.& St. B. J. 288
 B. N. Rau (1949) The Parliamentary System of Government in India 24 Wash. L. Rev. & St. B. J. 91
 <mask>. Rau (1949) The Indian Constitution (Manchester: Manchester Guardian)
 <mask>. Rau (1951) India and the Far East: Burwash Memorial Lectures (Toronto: Victoria University)

References

1887 births
1953 deaths
People from Dakshina Kannada district
Mangaloreans
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Indian Civil Service (British India) officers
Indian diplomats
20th-century Indian judges
Indian knights
Knights Bachelor
Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
Scholars from Mangalore
Permanent Representatives of India to the United Nations
International Court of Justice judges
Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir
Politicians from Mangalore
Indian judges of United Nations

masks:
Rau
Rau
B N
B N
B N


title: Rocky Colavito

texts:
Rocco Domenico "<mask>" <mask>. (born August 10, 1933) is a former Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder, who is best known playing for the Cleveland Indians in right field. In , he hit four consecutive home runs in one game. In , he became the first American League (AL) outfielder to play a complete season with a perfect 1.000 fielding percentage. Colavito was an All-Star for six seasons (9 All-Star Games). He is the fifth player in the history of the AL to have eleven consecutive 20-home run seasons (1956–1966). During that span, he exceeded 40 home runs three times and 100 runs batted in, six times. He also led the AL in home runs, RBI, and slugging average once each.Colavito ranked third among AL right-handed hitters for home runs (371) and eighth for AL games played at right field (1272), at the end of his MLB playing career in 1968. Early years
Colavito was born and raised in The Bronx. He soon became a devoted New York Yankees fan, particularly of Joe DiMaggio. By age nine, he was playing semipro baseball, and at age sixteen, he dropped out of Theodore Roosevelt High School after his sophomore year to pursue a baseball career. Major League rules called for a player to wait until his school class graduated before signing, and only a special appeal allowed him to go pro after a one-year wait. The Yankees expressed little interest in him, and the Philadelphia Athletics had to bow out due to financial problems. The Cleveland Indians did take interest in his strong throwing arm (Indians scout Mike McNally had watched him try out in Yankee Stadium) and signed him at age 17 as an undrafted amateur free agent on January 1, 1951, with two-thirds of his signing bonus deferred until he progressed in their system.In 1954, Colavito hit 38 home runs and accumulated 116 RBIs for the minor league baseball

masks:
Rocky
Colavito Jr


title: Rocky Colavito

texts:
 team,Indianapolis Indians. Cleveland Indians sensation
<mask> made his MLB debut on September 10,  for the Cleveland Indians wearing number 38. In , he started the season playing in the Pacific Coast League, once showing off his throwing arm by hurling a ball over the center-field wall,  from home plate. In July, he returned to the Indians. He finished the season batting .276 with 21 home runs, and was tied for runner-up in the AL Rookie of the Year voting. In , he batted .252 with 25 home runs. In , Colavito, now wearing number 6, batted a career-high .303 with 41 home runs (one behind league leader Mickey Mantle) and 113 runs batted in.He led the AL that season in slugging with a .620 average (the highest by an Indians right-handed hitter until Albert Belle in ), and finished third in the MVP balloting. Colavito also pitched three hitless innings for Cleveland against the Detroit Tigers on August 13 that season. In , Colavito hit 42 home runs and became the first Indians player to have two consecutive 40-HR seasons; he tied Harmon Killebrew for the AL lead that season (was one short of Al Rosen's club record) and was the AL leader in extra-base hits (66) and total bases (301). On June 10, at Baltimore Orioles' cavernous Memorial Stadium, he became the second player in AL history to hit four consecutive home runs in a nine-inning game; Lou Gehrig hit four in . He was selected for both of the All-Star Games held for the first time that season and homered in Game 2 (two All-Star games were held annually in 1959 through ). In the AL pennant race that year, the Indians finished second, five games behind the Chicago White Sox. This was the closest he would come to a title until 1967.He also finished fourth in the MVP vote. Colavito would hit 30-plus home runs for seven seasons, establishing himself as a