title: Dennis Cochran

texts:
 own records. Cochran became prisoner of war No. 727 at Stalag Luft III in the province of Lower Silesia near the town of Sagan (now Żagań in Poland).He was a highly enthusiastic tunneller and spoke nearly fluent German having learned the language since a boy. While in captivity he was promoted flying officer He had experience of escaping having been on the run previously after an escape, on that occasion dressed in the uniform of a Luftwaffe private and carrying a skilfully carved wooden replica rifle. 'Great Escape'
For the Great Escape operation <mask> was one of the primary tunnellers and that factor coupled with his command of the German language gained him the favourable position No.16 in the line of the two hundred men hoping to escape through the tunnel. As such he was one of the 76 men who escaped the prison camp on the night of 24–25 March 1944, in the escape now famous as "the Great Escape". When the Germans discovered the escape they began extensive well planned manhunts. Disguised in a uniform stained to resemble those of the displaced persons on forced labour duties all across Germany Cochran was positively sighted sweeping streets in Frankfurt am Main before travelling alone to Freiburg and then south only to be recaptured at Lörrach in distant southern German right on top of the French and Swiss frontiers. Literally only needing to cross the river to Basel in neutral Switzerland he was hand-cuffed and taken to a local police station.He was not promptly returned to Luftwaffe custody to be sent back to prison camp as was the established practice but instead he was taken by his captors to Karlsruhe Kriminalpolizei prison under the control of Oberregierungsrat Josef Gmeiner head of the Karlsruhe Gestapo. Gmeiner deputised Krimminalkommissar Walter Herberg to take Cochran out into the countryside and supervise junior ranking Gestapo agents Heinrich Boschert and Otto Preiss who would execute him there with the official story that Cochran was attempting to escape again. The instruction was to take


title: Henry, Count of Montescaglioso

type: original

texts:
 the mainland, probably to keep him out of court politics. He was also given the fiefs of Noto, Sclafani and Caltanissetta on the island, territories which had been governed by <mask>, the previous Count of Montescaglioso, before his imprisonment for taking part in the rebellion of 1155–56.Henry first paid a visit to Palermo, the capital and the location of his nephew's court. There "he would spend wildly, with neither forethought nor consideration" and squander his money, creating such a poor reputation that he was forced to leave for Messina on the opposite end of the island. There too he gambled and fell in with criminals, so that the queen was forced to order him to leave the island and go to Montescaglioso. First revolt and imprisonment (1167–68)
In the summer of 1167, Henry returned to Palermo in order to obtain a part in the government of the whole kingdom. According to Falcandus, he went at the instigation of his friends, who thought that he, as a royal prince, deserved the highest secular office, the chancellorship, then occupied by Richard, Count of Molise. By the summer Stephen du Perche, his and Margaret's cousin, had replaced Richard. Stephen quickly befriended Henry, but some "Spanish knights" (milites hispanos), Henry's entourage who had travelled with him from Navarre, accused the chancellor of having an affair with the queen.Henry was not so easily persuaded, as Falcandus records:
He responded that he was ignorant of French, which was most necessary at court, and that his experience was not sufficient; that he should commit to the government of the chancellor, who was wise and prudent, as well as noble, despite his affair with the queen. Stephen and Henry appear to have been the leaders, willingly or unwillingly, of two opposed court factions seeking to


title: Adrian Hobbs

texts:
<mask>  (born January 1946, in Ilkley, West Yorkshire, UK) is a safety expert in vehicle crashworthiness with a background in accident and injury investigation, and analysis. As an engineer and later as Honorary Chief Research Scientist, <mask> has been involved in the UK Government’s programme of Crash Injury Research for nearly 30 years. A pioneer in his field, key highlights of his career include undertaking the research that helped lead to the mandatory wearing of the seat belt in the UK, the development of the Offset Deformable Frontal Barrier Crash Test and the establishment of the safety organisation Euro NCAP. <mask> was awarded a C.B.E. in 2008. <mask> has provided advice to the World Bank (1), the World Health Organization, the European Commission and Central European and North African countries on transport safety and the provision of emergency services (2-4). Safety career
<mask> joined the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) in 1972 as a Scientific Officer.For two years he was involved in investigating accident causation – when the police were called to an accident, so was <mask>. He spent time investigating the contributing factors to an accident. Was it the road user, vehicle, road or the surrounding environment? (5,6) In 1976 he reported on his analysis of brake defects and their contribution to accidents (7). In 1974, his research attention turned to the study of car occupant injuries. He analysed and reported on the direct connection between the accident, resulting injuries, their causes and the effectiveness of safety features. He gathered medical data, inspected cars and sent questionnaires.His conclusions were clear: intrusion

masks:
Charles Adrian Hobbs
Hobbs
Hobbs
Hobbs
Hobbs
Hobbs


title: Adrian Hobbs

texts:
 into the passenger compartment of the vehicle during a frontal impact accident played a very major role in causing injuries. (8-10)

As a result of this research, he realised how effective wearing a seat belt was in preventing serious injury to a vehicle’s occupant. In 1978, <mask> published a comprehensive study of the life-saving potential of seat belt wearing. (11-14) This study helped lead to the passing of the mandatory seat belt wearing legislation in the UK, which came into force on 31 January 1983. (15)

<mask> then switched his research focus to vehicle safety and, in 1985, he designed a demonstration Pedestrian Safety Car (based on a Mini Metro). (16-21) He later modified this Pedestrian Safety Car to incorporate current thinking in Frontal and Side impact protection. (22,23) For side impact, conventional wisdom held that protection came from strengthening the side of the car and providing padding protection on the inside of the door.<mask> expressed his concern that many manufacturers were simply fitting door beams, located where they could increase the risk of injury. (24-31) <mask>'s modifications did improve the car, but the car still did not provide good protection or meet the proposed side impact test requirements. Elsewhere in France, Germany, and the UK another vehicle was tested. Although much weaker than the modified Metro, this car performed better. Amazed, <mask> set out to find out why and to truly understand the side impact injury process. He discovered that a lighter door rather than a heavier door bounces off the impacting car and starts moving the occupant earlier, increasing the time the body has to absorb the impact,

masks: Adrian Hobbs Hobbs Hobbs Hobbs


title: Adrian Hobbs

texts:
 so reducing the severity of injuries. He also discovered that when the door is controlled to move in vertically, it spreads the load over the chest, abdomen and pelvis consequently avoiding its concentration on the vulnerable chest area, reducing the possibility of a fatal injury.The provision of padding, <mask> also concluded, had to be very soft to help spread the load and cushion the impact. (32-35) These conclusions and research directly contributed to the development of the European Side Impact Directive. In the early 1990s, <mask>  identified the inadequacies in the current frontal crash test procedure and his research led to the development of the Offset Deformable Barrier (ODB) Frontal Impact Crash Test. (36-52). <mask>'s frontal ODB test was adopted, in Europe and elsewhere, for both legislation and consumer test programmes. With this research under his belt, <mask> took on the study of Compatibility, the science of how cars could work together to minimise injuries to the occupants of both vehicles. (53-57) Although the research identified what needed to be changed and an assessment procedure was developed, research funding dried up and government interest in further improving car crash safety was absent.Europe
During the 1990s, <mask> was an active member of the European Experimental Vehicles Committee (EEVC) in particular of the Frontal Impact and the Compatibility Working Groups, which he initiated. He also collaborated with other working groups to develop test procedures for side impact and pedestrian protection. <mask>  was asked by the European Transport Safety Council (ETSC) to present the case for the adoption of the EEVC Frontal

masks: Hobbs Hobbs Hobbs Hobbs Hobbs Hobbs


title: Adrian Hobbs

texts:
 endeavoured to obtain good ratings in the published tests. The Department of Transport agreed to go ahead with the proposal and initiated the first phase of tests and assessments. (58-60) Following further discussions with the European Commission, in Brussels, (61,62) <mask> mentioned the proposal to Max Mosley. Mosley was inspired to help and make <mask>’s wish for a Europe wide consumer test programme a reality. Called initially the UK NCAP programme it later came to be branded, with the support of the FIA and other European players, as Euro NCAP. "No politician would put in legislative standards that a manufacturer couldn’t meet. It was necessary to create a competitive market place for safety, which ensured that carmakers exceeded basic standards.It was imperative to empower the safety engineer in the heart of carmakers so that their managements made safety a priority"

EURO NCAP
Euro NCAP (the European New Car Assessment Programme) is now an established consumer-testing programme that assesses and publishes the safety of new cars and provides valuable safety information to consumers. Thousands of crash-tested cars later and the award of thousands of stars to industry, Euro NCAP has led to the establishment of other similar consumer programmes across the world and has contributed greatly to the safety of cars available on the European market. Yet it all began with <mask>’s persistence and a group of dedicated safety pioneers. The inaugural meeting of Euro NCAP was held in December 1996 with only a few members: the UK Department of Transport, the FIA, the Swedish National Road Association (SNRA) and International Testing. The very first

masks: Hobbs Hobbs Hobbs


title: Adrian Hobbs

texts:
 results of 7 crash-tested super-minis were released publicly to the media in early 1997, much to the consternation of industry. (63-67)

<mask> was the first Chairman of the Technical Working Group and he later became Secretary General until his retirement in 2007. Euro NCAP’s team of engineers and labs now carry out a frontal, side impact and pedestrian protection test as well as assessments on child protection and on the range of technologies existing within the car.Tests are carried out on all vehicles from super-minis to SUVs to the latest hybrids and petrol engines, resulting in a star rating with a maximum award of 5 stars. Special awards are also given to car makers with innovative technologies. Safety achievements and developments in the industry, as a direct result of the work of Euro NCAP, have included the following:

For frontal impact protection: improved car structures limiting passenger compartment intrusion, so providing space for the restraints to operate without the occupants impacting the car’s interior, improved seat belts with pre-tensioners and load limiters, improved multi stage frontal airbags, removal of hazards in the knee impact area and knee protecting air bags. For side impact protection: improved car side structures with airbags to protect the head, chest, abdomen and pelvis, and pole impact protection. Additional achievements have been: car fronts with improved pedestrian protection, improved child occupant protection, provision of effective reminders to wear seat belts, promotion and greater introduction of technologies such as electronic stability controls, autonomous emergency braking and lane departure warnings.


title: Adrian Hobbs

texts:
 Personal life
<mask> continues to provide consultancy on road and vehicle safety issues and provides advice to the media. He is a motor sport enthusiast having been a rally driver in his youth.Since retirement, he has become involved in supporting a number of local and national organisations. Since 1974, he has been married to Jacqueline, a retired teacher with a keen focus on special needs. Their adopted son Philip died in 2002, aged 28. <mask> and Jackie live together in Berkshire. References

 Gerondeau, C et al, (1992) “Qualitative Analysis of the System to Campaign against Road Accidents,” World Bank - European Commission, New York and Brussels. <mask>, C A et al, (1993), “Road Traffic Accidents in Morocco,” World Health Organization, Copenhagen. Steering Committee For Statistical Indicators For Accidents, (1985), “Information and Guidelines on the Use of The Basic Data Set on Accidents,” World Health Organization, Copenhagen.Steering Committee For Statistical Indicators For Accidents, (1987), “A Basic Data Set and Guidelines for Its Use,” World Health Organization, Copenhagen. Harvey, Chris, (28 July 1974) “Crash course to cut accidents,” Sunday Times, London. Spicer, Roy, (30 November 1975) “There’s a Boffin in Your Back Seat,” Sunday Mirror, London. <mask>, C A, (1976) “Brake Defects in Cars,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Conference on “Braking of Road Vehicles,” Loughborough. <mask>, C A, (1980), “Car Occupant Injury Patterns And Mechanisms,” Proceedings of the Eighth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Wolfsburg. Mills, P J, and C A <mask>, (1984).”The Probability Of Injury To

masks: Hobbs Adrian Hobbs Hobbs Hobbs Hobbs


title: Adrian Hobbs

texts: Car Occupants In Frontal And Side Impacts,” Proceedings of the 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference, Chicago. <mask>, C A.(1991) “The Need For Improved Structural Integrity in Frontal Car Impacts,” Proceedings of Thirteenth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Paris. <mask>, C A, (1978), “The Effectiveness of Seat Belts in Reducing Injuries to Car Occupants,” TRRL Laboratory Report 811, Crowthorne. Timberlake, Lloyd, (10 July 1978), “So fasten your seatbelts,” Jerusalem Post, Israel,. “Recent British study finds seatbelts cut injuries in half,” The Windsor Star, Ontario, (15 November 1978). Timberlake, Lloyd, (14 November 1978) “Seatbelts get more backing in new, rigorous British study,” Edmonton Journal, Alberta,. “Road Traffic (Seat Belts) Bill,” Weekly Hansard, Issue No. 1135 Pg 1793, House of Commons, London, (16 – 22 March 1979).<mask>, C A et al, (1985), “PSC1 - A Demonstration Car with Improvements for Pedestrian Protection,”  Proceedings of the Tenth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Oxford. “Safety Metro unveiled,” Autocar, London, (10 July 1985). Rolfe, Allen, (October1985) “Safety Car,” Performance Car, London. “Crash,” (1989), Horizon - BBC Television, United Kingdom. “How Safe are our Children,” (1991), World in Action – Granada for Independent Television, United Kingdom. “Speed,” (2000), Panorama – BBC Television, United Kingdom. <mask>, C A et al, (1997), “Progress Towards Improving Car Occupant Protection in Frontal Impacts,” Proceedings of the Eleventh International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Washington.<mask>, C A et al, (1987) “Development of

masks: Hobbs Hobbs Hobbs Hobbs Hobbs


title: Adrian Hobbs

texts: the European Side Impact Test Procedure and Related Vehicle Improvements.” Proceedings of the Eleventh International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Washington. “Trapped: can door beams kill?,” Top Gear, London, (October 1993). “Side impact bars don’t help says Renault safety chief,” The Sunday Times, London, (16 July 1994). Carter, Matthew, (23 July 1994), “The side-effects of trying to bar accidents,” The Weekend Telegraph, London. “Experts call for door beam rethink,” Complete Car, London, (August 1994). Oxford, Bob, (14 October 1994) “Row erupts over effectiveness of side impact bars,” Fleet News, Peterborough. Johnstone, Helen, (19 October 1994), “Side impact bars facing a broadside of criticism,” The Daily Telegraph - The Motor Show, London.“Lateral Thinking,” Complete Car, London, (December 1994). Hiday, Jeffrey, (12 February 1995), “Studies question side impact door beams,” The Providence Sunday Journal, Providence, Rhode Island. <mask>, C A and M G Langdon. (1988), “Thoracic Impact and Injury in Side Impact Accidents,” Proceedings of the 1988 International Conference on The Biomechanics of Impacts, IRCOBI” Bergisch Gladbach. <mask>, C A, (1989), “The Influence of Car Structures and Padding on Side Impact Injuries,” Proceedings of the Twelfth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Gothenburg. Hamer, Mike, (22 October 1987), “Euro Sid sets the standard on car safety,” New Scientist, London. <mask>, C A, (1995), “Dispelling the Misconceptions about Side Impact Protection,” Advances in Occupant Protection Technologies for the Mid-Nineties (SP-1077) SAE International Congress and Exposition,


title: Adrian Hobbs

texts: Detroit.<mask>, C A, (1990), “Essential Requirements for an Effective Full Scale Frontal Impact Test – SAE 900410. SAE International Congress and Exposition, Detroit. <mask>, C A, (1992), “The Need for a Deformable Impact Test Surface for Frontal Impact Testing.” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers - Seminar on Frontal Impact Testing, London. <mask>, C A, And D A Williams, (1994), “The Development of the Frontal Offset Deformable Barrier Test,” Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Munich. <mask>, C A, (1995), “The Rationale and Development of the Offset Deformable Frontal Impact Test Procedure,” Issues in Automotive Safety Technology: Offset Frontal Crashes, Airbags, and Belt Restraint Effectiveness (SP-1072), SAE International Congress and Exposition, Detroit. Baker, Alan, (June/July 1990) “Vehicle Safety ’90,” Automotive Engineer, The Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London. Steven, Catherine, (18 October 1991), “It’s no accident,” The Guardian, London.Shelley, Tom, (April 1993), “Real accidents make safer cars,” Eureka, Dartford. Baker, Alan, (June/July 1993). “Softer barriers for impact testing,” Automotive Engineer, The Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London. “Are we being sold a dummy?,” Complete Car, London, (November 1994). Thomas, James, (22 March 1995), “Car makers face crash test U-turn,” Autocar, London. Wolmar, Christian, (20 March 1995), “Motorists demand stricter car tests,” The Independent, London. Bailey, Eric, (25 March 1995), “EU car crash tests ‘are too easy to pass’,” The Daily Telegraph, London.Nelson, Chris, (9 June 1995), “Desktops

masks: Hobbs Hobbs Hobbs Hobbs


title: Adrian Hobbs

texts: will do fine if it comes to the crunch,” The Daily Telegraph, London. “Safety secrets: the hidden killer,” What Car?, London, (February 1996). “Have our Cars Really Become Safer,” (1 March 1993), Watchdog – BBC Television, United Kingdom. “The Driven Man – Rowan Atkinson,” (1990), Central Independent Television, United Kingdom. “J G Ballard – Crash,” (1991), Bookmark – BBC Television, United Kingdom. <mask>, C A et al, (1996), “Compatibility of Cars in Frontal and Side Impact,” Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Melbourne. Wykes, N J et al (1998) “Compatibility Requirements for Cars in Frontal and Side Impact,” Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Windsor.Edwards, M et al, (2000), “Compatibility – The essential requirements for cars in frontal impact,” Vehicle Safety 2000 Conference, The Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London. Edwards, M et al, (2001), “The essential requirements for cars in frontal impact,” Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Amsterdam. Bradsher, Keith, (24 September 1997), “A Deadly Highway Mismatch Ignored,” The New York Times. <mask>, C A, (1996), “United Kingdom - New Car Assessment Programme (UK-NCAP),” Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Melbourne. <mask>, C A, and P J McDonough, (1998), “Development of the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP),” Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Windsor.


title: Adrian Hobbs

texts: “How Safe is Your Car,” (14 October 1997), First Edition – Carlton Television, United Kingdom. Eason, Kevin, (25 March 1995), “Safety ‘scandal’ puts hundreds of lives at risk,” The Times – Car 95, London.“Berger – Safety Campain” (sic), (25 March 1995), Eurosport News, Brussels. Murray, Bob, (8 February 1997), “The man who must carry on crashing,” The Daily Telegraph - Motoring, London. “Carmakers work to meet denounced test standard,” Professional Engineer, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London, (12 February 1997). Evans, John, (12 February 1997), “Row erupts over NCAP testing,” Autocar, London. Weir, Andrew, (November 1998), “This Crash Could Save Your Life,” Reader’s Digest, London. Foley, Vivian, (1999), “Is Your Car Safe?,” Vision Publications, Cork, . “Safety Award for TRL,” (15 November 1986), Motor, London.“Awards for Engineering Excellence”, (1998), 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Windsor. Baker, Alan, (February 1999), “King of Crashes,” Automotive Engineer, London. “2004 Bertil Aldman Award,” (2004), International Research Council on Biokinetics of Impacts, Graz. Bremner, Richard et al, (25 May 2004), “The Motor Industry’s 100 Most Influential Britons,: Autocar, London. “BusinessCar Power list 2007,” BusinessCar, Foots Cray, (5 September 2007). “Birthday Honours List – United Kingdom,” (13 June 2008), The London Gazette, London. “Honours,” (14 June 2008), The Times, London.“<mask> – Mr Euro NCAP,” (Winter 2012), Advanced Driving - The Institute of Advanced Motorists, London. “Individual Achievement – Safety Awards 2013,” (30 May 2013), Global NCAP Annual Meeting, Seoul. Other selected


title: Adrian Hobbs

texts:
 publications
 <mask>, C A et al, “Classification of Injury Severity by Length of Stay in Hospital,” (1979), TRRL Laboratory Report 871, Crowthorne. Lowne, R W et al, (1979), “The Need for a Force Measuring Dummy in Side Impact Testing,” Proceedings of the Society of Automotive Engineers Passenger Car Meeting, Dearborn. <mask>, <mask>, (2000), “Protecting People in Crashes- Making Cars Safer,” Best in Europe 2000 Road Safety Conference, European Transport Safety Council, Brussels. <mask>, <mask> et al, (2001), “Priorities for EU Motor Vehicle Safety Design,” European Transport Safety Council, Brussels. <mask>, C A, (2005), “Creating A Market For Safety – 10 Years of Euro NCAP,” The European New Car Assessment Programme, Brussels.1946 births
Living people
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
People from Ilkley
Safety

masks: Hobbs Hobbs Adrian Hobbs Adrian Hobbs


title: Héctor Andrés Negroni

texts:
Colonel <mask> (born January 30, 1938) is a United States Air Force officer, historian, senior aerospace defense executive, author, and the first Puerto Rican graduate of the United States Air Force Academy. He was commissioned by Spain's Fifth Centennial Commission to write the "Historia Militar de Puerto Rico" (A Military History of Puerto Rico). Early years
<mask> was born in the town of Yauco, Puerto Rico, which is located in the southwestern region of the island. There he received his primary education. While still young, his parents moved to Santa Rosa, California. During this period of his life, his family continued to move, and <mask> was to attend school in the Mexican city of Veracruz and finally in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1956, he graduated from Frankford High School and enrolled in Drexel University, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he completed one year of civil engineering before he received appointments for all three service academies, The United States Military Academy at West Point, The United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, and the United States Air Force Academy at Colorado Springs.He decided for the Air Force Academy, where in 1961 he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering with a major in public affairs. <mask> was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Air Force and was awarded his navigator wings. While at Drexel University, <mask> was a member of Pi Kappa Phi fraternity. Military career
In 1962, he received his pilot wings after completing pilot training at Reese Air Force Base, in Texas. In 1964, the Air Force presented him with a scholarship to pursue a  master's degree at the University of Puerto Rico. In 1967, he graduated from the University of Puerto Rico and earned a Master of Arts degree in Hispanic Studies. Negroni served as an assistant professor of

masks:
Héctor Andrés Negroni
Negroni
Negroni
Negroni
Negroni


title: Héctor Andrés Negroni

texts:
 Spanish in the Air Force Academy between the years 1967 and 1971.There he taught and directed all the Spanish courses. He also holds degrees from the Industrial College of the Armed Forces and the Air War College. <mask> participated in combat missions during the Vietnam War and accumulated over 600 combat hours. During his tour he served in the 553rd Reconnaissance Squadron stationed in Korat, Thailand and as chief of combat operation in the 7th Airborne Command and Control Squadron in Udon, Thailand. In 1973, he was assigned to the 317th Tactical Airlift Wing, Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina, serving as an aircraft commander, flight commander, assistant operations officer, and wing chief of aircrew training. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1977 and became the commander of the 3rd Mobile Aerial Port Squadron. In 1978, he was named the chief of liaison for the Joint United States Military Group in Spain.The Spanish Government presented Negroni with its highest Air Force peacetime award, the Aeronautical Merit Cross for his contributions to the successful implementation of the United States-Spain Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation. In 1980, <mask> was reassigned to the Pentagon and in 1981 promoted to colonel. Among the positions which he held in the Pentagon are the following:
Latin America Politico-Military Affairs Officer for the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Vice commander for the Air District of Washington at Bolling Air Force Base. Chief of the Policy and Management Division, Directorate of International Program, Deputate of Programs and Resources at the Headquarters United States Air Force in the Pentagon. Written works
<mask> has authored over 200 articles which have been published in various U.S. and foreign journals. His research of the Corsican-Puerto Rican connection has provided a wealth of information about the Puerto

masks: Negroni Negroni Negroni


title: Héctor Andrés Negroni

texts:
 Rico's ties with Corsica.Among <mask>'s works is "La Genealogía de Puerto Rico" (The Genealogy of Puerto Rico) which provides an indepth study of the Puerto Rican people. He is the author of Historia Militar de Puerto Rico (A Military History of Puerto Rico (the book)), commissioned by Spain's Fifth Centennial Commission, "Historia de Yauco" (The History of Yauco) and The History of the Negroni Family. Later years
In October 1985, <mask> retired from the Air Force after 24 years of service. He then joined the McDonnell Douglas Corporation. He was named manager of the International Business Development for the Harpoon anti-ship missile program in the McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company. In 1987 he was appointed manager of international program development for McDonnell Aircraft Company. In 1990 he was named general manager for McDonnell Douglas Spain Ltd., a subsidiary of McDonnell Douglas Corporation.He is currently married to Joan Leah Blanco, with whom he had two sons, Hector Emilio, a CEO for Fundamental Credit Opportunities in New York City and Xavier Andres, a managing director for Pierpont Securities in Stamford, Connecticut. <mask> and his wife resided in Vienna, Virginia where he was a commercial pilot, a navigator and a certified Spanish-English diplomatic translator-interpreter. In December 1992, <mask> became a private management consultant specializing in project, marketing, and proposal management. He was also involved with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, where he acted as eastern regional director; the Latin American Management Association as executive director and  T.E. Systems, Inc. as vice president of business development. In 1996, he joined AlliedSignal Aerospace Company (which later became Honeywell International) as the general manager for their Huntsville, Alabama office. His responsibilities include

masks: Negroni Negroni Negroni Negroni


title: Héctor Andrés Negroni

texts:
 marketing, sales and support activities with NASA's Marshall Space Center and the U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command at the Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama.He retired from the aerospace defense industry in 2000 and currently resides with his wife in  Bonita Springs, Florida. Awards and recognitions

Among Col. <mask>'s U.S. and foreign decorations and awards are the following:

Badges:
  Command pilot
  Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge

Foreign decorations
  Cruz de Mérito Aeronáutico (Aeronautical Merit Cross), Spain
  Command Pilot Wings, Bolivia
  Spanish Air Force Pilot Wings, Spain

See also

List of Puerto Ricans
List of Puerto Rican military personnel
Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico
Hispanics in the United States Air Force

References

Further reading
Puertorriquenos Who Served With Guts, Glory, and Honor. Fighting to Defend a Nation Not Completely Their Own; by : Greg Boudonck;

External links
Historia Militar de Puerto Rico (A military History of Puerto Rico)
Historia Militar de Puerto Rico
The Puerto Rican soldiers
Historical Summary of the Negroni Family "La Genealogía de Puerto Rico" (The Genealogy of Puerto Rico) by <mask> <mask>ni In Spanish*

1938 births
Living people
Air War College alumni
Drexel University alumni
Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy alumni
Puerto Rican people of Corsican descent
Puerto Rican United States Air Force personnel
Puerto Rican writers
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Air Force personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Air Force colonels
United States Air Force Academy alumni
Puerto Rican military officers
People from Yauco, Puerto Rico
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Medal (United States)
People from Vienna, Virginia
Commercial

masks:
Negroni
Héctor
Andrés Negro


title: R. Cengiz Ertekin

texts:
R<mask>  is a professor of Marine Hydrodynamics and Ocean Engineering. He currently holds a guest professor position at Harbin Engineering University of China. He is best known for his contributions to the development of nonlinear water wave theories, hydroelasticity of very large floating structures (VLFS), wave energy, and tsunami and storm impact on coastal bridges. He is also the co-developer, along with Professor H<mask> of the University of Hawaii, of the computer program HYDRAN for solving linear fluid-structure interaction problems of floating and fixed bodies. Early life and education
R<mask> was born and raised in Turkey. He received a B.Sc. degree in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering from Istanbul Technical University, the top technical university of Turkey, in 1977.Following the encouragement of his advisor, Prof. <mask> Dokmeci, he moved to the Department of Naval Architecture and Offshore Engineering of the University of California at Berkeley, United States, for higher education. He received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in 1980 and 1984, respectively. His M.Sc. advisors were Professors Marshall P. Tulin and William C. Webster. His Ph.D. advisor was Professor John V. Wehausen. <mask> was the last student of Prof. John V. Wehausen before his retirement.After graduation, Prof. Wehausen offered Cengiz a postdoctoral research assistant position for 18 months at U.C. Berkeley. Professional career
Most of <mask>'s professional career has been dedicated to academic work; however, he also has several years of experience of working in the industry. In 1985, <mask> joined the Research Center of Shell Development Company in Houston, Texas. He took a faculty position (hired at the Associate Professor level) at the Department of Ocean Engineering of the University of Hawaii at Manoa (UH) in

masks:
. Cengiz Ertekin
. Ronald Riggs
. Cengiz Ertekin
M Cengiz
Cengiz
Ertekin
Ertekin


title: R. Cengiz Ertekin

texts:
 1986, and received tenure within four years and was promoted to Professor in 1994. The Ocean Engineering Department of UH was established by Prof. Charles Bretschneider in 1966 and is one of the first of its kind in the US. At the University of Hawaii, <mask> led and contributed immensely to the success of SOEST and the Department of Ocean and Resources Engineering (ORE, formerly Ocean Engineering).In the era of PCs, for example, Prof. <mask> played a key role in transferring the department from one focusing mostly on field and experimental studies, to also a leading institute in modern and computational hydrodynamics. The department was the host of some of the internationally leading conferences, workshops and meetings (details given below), mostly organized and chaired by <mask>. After almost 30 years, he retired from the University of Hawaii in September 2015. Starting in March 2014, he became a guest professor at the College of Shipbuilding Engineering of Harbin Engineering University in China. Teaching and advising
<mask> has taught numerous courses on hydrodynamics and ocean engineering at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and at University of California Berkeley. At the Ocean Engineering Department of the University of Hawaii, <mask> developed and taught several courses including Nonlinear water wave theories (ORE 707), Hydrodynamics of Fluid-Body Interaction (ORE 609), Buoyancy and Stability (ORE 411), and Marine Renewable Energy (ORE 677), to name a few. At the University of California at Berkeley, he taught Ship Statics (NAOE 151) and Ship Resistance and Propulsion (NAOE 152A).At the University of Hawaii, <mask> advised and mentored over 50 graduate students. Research
<mask>'s research on Marine Hydrodynamics and Ocean Engineering has extended over a period of about forty years. His

masks: Ertekin Ertekin Cengiz Ertekin Ertekin Ertekin Ertekin


title: R. Cengiz Ertekin

texts:
 work cover both basic and applied research through analytical, computational and experimental approaches. Below are an examples of his pioneering contributions. Other topics of significant research contribution by <mask> include ship resistance, marine energy, and oil spills. The Green-Naghdi water wave theory
The Green-Naghdi (GN) equations are nonlinear water wave equations that were originally developed by British mathematician Albert E. Green and Iranian-American mechanical engineer Paul M. Naghdi in the 1970s (see,). The original equations, namely the Level I GN equations, are mostly applicable to the propagation of long waves in shallow waters.However, high level GN equations are also developed which are applicable to deep water waves. The equations differ from the classical water wave theories (e.g. Boussinesq equations) in that the flow need not be irrotational, and that no perturbation is used in deriving the equations. Hence, the GN equations satisfy the nonlinear boundary conditions exactly, and postulate the integrated conservation laws. Although the GN equations were developed very recently (compared to other wave theories), they are well-known and fairly understood by the research and scientific community. <mask>'s Ph.D. advisor and dissertation committee chair was Professor Wehausen. Others on his Ph.D. committee were Professor William Webster, and Professor Paul M. Naghdi.Working under close guidance of his advisors, he was one of the first to use the nonlinear equations (that were introduced just a couple of years earlier by Profs. Green and Naghdi). In his Ph.D. dissertation, <mask> was the first to give the equations in now a familiar form to the hydrodynamics community by providing closed-form relations for the pressures. He named the equations, The Green-Naghdi Equations. Upon

masks: Ertekin Ertekin Ertekin


title: R. Cengiz Ertekin

texts:
 completion of his Ph.D., <mask> continued research on the GN equations. He has patiently introduced the GN equations to his graduate students and postdoctoral researchers and has guided many of them to perform basic and applied research on or by use of the GN equations. Along with his research assistant and postdocs, they developed the Irrotational GN (IGN) equations (see e.g., and ), and high-level GN equations (see e.g., and ).They have solved some of the classical and challenging hydrodynamics problems by use of the GN equations, including nonlinear wave diffraction and refraction(see e.g. ), nonlinear wave loads on vertical cylinders (see e.g. ), wave interaction with elastic bodies and VLFS (see e.g. ), wave loads on coastal bridges (see e.g. ), and wave interaction with wave energy devices (see e.g. ), among many others. Hydroelasticity and VLFS
The Mobile Offshore Base (MOB) project of USA and the Mega-Float project of Japan are two examples of Very Large Floating Structures (VLFS).These are very large floating platforms consist of interconnected modules whose length can extend to several kilometers. Due to the unprecedented long length, displacement and associated hydroelastic response of VLFS, the state of the art analysis and design approaches that was used for smaller floating platforms was not adequate. It quickly became obvious that new approaches must be developed to tackle the complex problems associated to dynamics and response of VLFS. Starting 1990's, <mask> pioneered the research on hydroelasticity of VLFS. He and H<mask> <mask> of the Civil Engineering Department at the University of Hawaii coined the term VLFS. They have solved the hydroelasticity problem of VLFS by use of both linear and nonlinear approaches, in two and three dimensions. <mask> has also introduced new

masks:
Ertekin
Ertekin
. Ronald
Riggs
Ertekin


title: R. Cengiz Ertekin

texts:
 approaches and equations to study this topic, including the use of nonlinear water wave models to analyse the hydroelastic response of VLFS of mat type (see e.g., and ).His work and research on hydroelasticity of VLFS has opened a new era for these topics and gave more confidence in understanding the dynamics and response of the structures. Wave loads on coastal bridges
Some of the recent tsunami and hurricanes, such as Tohoku tsunami in Japan (2011) and Hurricane Katrina in the United States (2005), caused significant damage to the decks of coastal bridges and structures. Interaction of surface waves with coastal bridges is a complex problem, involving fluid-structure interaction, multi-phase fluids, wave breaking, and overtopping. These are of course in addition to the difficulties associated to the structural analysis. <mask> and his students studied bridge failure mechanisms and possible mitigating solutions. They developed models used to assess the vulnerability of coastal bridges in USA to tsunami and storm surge and waves. Publications and professional services
<mask> has over 150 peer-reviewed publications.He has been on the editorial board of more than ten internationally leading journals since early 1990s (see e.g., and ), and editor of several special issues in various journals, see e.g. Renewable Energy: Leveraging Ocean and Waterways special issue of Applied Ocean Research journal (2009). He was the co-editor-in-chief of Elsevier's Ocean Engineering journal (2006–2010), and he is the founding editor-in-chief of Springer's Journal of Ocean Engineering and Marine Energy. <mask> has been keynote speaker of several leading meetings and conferences, see e.g. and. References

University of California, Berkeley alumni
Fluid dynamicists
1954 births
UC Berkeley College of Engineering


title: Will Packer

texts:
<mask> (born April 11, 1974) is an American film producer. He is the founder of Will Packer Productions and Will Packer Media. Packer has been included in several high-profile lists, including The Hollywood Reporter's "40(ish) Most Powerful People in Comedy, GIANT magazine's "The GIANT 100", Jet magazine's "Who's Hot To Watch in 2008" and Black Enterprises "Most Powerful Players Under 40." As of 2018, Packer has produced or executive produced 28 films (including Girls Trip, Ride Along and Think Like a Man) that have grossed worldwide over $1 billion combined at the box office. Early life and education

<mask> was born and raised in St. Petersburg, Florida. He graduated from St. Petersburg High School in 1991 and began attending Florida A&M University that fall. In 1996, Packer graduated magna cum laude with a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering.On October 29, 2021, during their 134th year standing, FAMU personally honored Packer by renaming its amphitheater the Will Packer Amphitheater. Career

Rainforest Films
It was at FAMU that he started filmmaking with colleague and future business partner Rob Hardy while participating in an internship with veteran producer Warrington Hudlin. In 1994, <mask> and Hardy produced their first film, Chocolate City, for $20,000 and Packer helped broker a small distribution deal with Blockbuster video. After graduating, <mask> and Hardy moved to Atlanta, Georgia and co-founded Rainforest Films. Packer produced and oversaw the company's studio-financed and self-financed films and distribution projects. <mask> and Hardy's vision was to make films that would appeal to black audiences who hadn't seen genre films starring people

masks:
Will Packer
Packer
Packer
Packer
Packer


title: Will Packer

texts: like themselves. In 2000, Trois, Rainforest Film's first movie to be released theatrically, grossed over $1.2 million and became the fastest million-dollar grossing film independently distributed by African Americans.Trois was in the Top 50 Highest Grossing Independent Films of the year, according to Daily Variety, and Rainforest Films was at #34 on the list of Top 100 Film Distributors of 2000 listed by The Hollywood Reporter in August 2001. Due to the success of their first film, <mask> and Hardy were listed among the "New Establishment" of Black power brokers in Hollywood. In 2001, Packer helped broker a deal with Sony to produce and distribute urban films including Troiss sequel, Trois: The Escort, and Motives. The film Lockdown, released on home video under this Rainforest-Sony collaboration, was one of Columbia Tri-Star's top selling independent releases. In 2005, Rainforest Films released The Gospel. At this time, Packer started using the shortened moniker "<mask>". <mask> and Hardy wanted Rainforest's films to include established actors and actresses as well as those who are up and coming.2007's This Christmas, a film about a middle-class family that reunites at Christmas time for the first time in many years, stars veteran actresses Loretta Devine and Regina King as well as R&B superstar Chris Brown in his feature film debut. Packer produced five #1 films with Rainforest, Stomp the Yard, Obsessed, Takers, Think like a Man and Ride Along. His biggest hits with Rainforest have been Think like a Man, which grossed over $96 million worldwide after being released in April 2012, and Ride Along, which brought in box office receipts totaling nearly $150 million as of April

masks:
Packer
Will Packer
Packer


title: Will Packer

texts:
 2014. In television, <mask>, along with Andrew Young, Martin Luther King III, and Rainforest Films partner Rob Hardy, are co-founders of Bounce TV, a United States television network airing on digital terrestrial television stations. Promoted as "the first 24/7 digital multicast broadcast network created exclusively for African Americans," Bounce TV launched on September 26, 2011 and features programming geared toward blacks and African Americans in the 25–54 age range. In June 2014, <mask> and Hardy dissolved Rainforest Films. The pair were included in a lawsuit brought by former business partner Bernard Bronner in late June 2014.Will Packer Productions
In 2013, <mask> launched Will Packer Productions. In July 2013, he signed a two-year deal with Universal Television to develop new projects for the studio. Later that year, he signed a three-year deal with Universal Pictures. Packer-produced films under the Will Packer Productions banner include #1 box office openers Ride Along 2, No Good Deed and Think Like a Man Too along with The Wedding Ringer and Girls Trip. Girls Trip was the highest grossing live action comedy of 2017 and the first film written, directed, produced, and starring African-Americans to gross over $100 million. The film went on to gross $140 million on a $19 million budget. Packer also served as executive producer on NWA biopic Straight Outta Compton and on 2016 television mini-series Roots.He has produced the comedies Night School (2018), starring Kevin Hart and Tiffany Haddish, What Men Want (2019), starring Taraji P. Henson, and Little (2019), starring Marsai Martin and Issa Rae. Packer was named the Producer of the 94th Annual Academy Awards. This

masks: Packer Packer Packer


title: Will Packer

texts:
 marked his first "live" television production credit for a major show on a major television network (ABC). Will Packer Media
In 2017, Packer launched Will Packer Media, a branded content and digital production company, in partnership with Discovery Communications and Universal Pictures. As part of the launch, the company acquired digital ad firm Narrative_ to serve as the new venture's branded content arm, WP Narrative. In 2018, Will Packer Media acquired women's lifestyle site xoNecole. Will Packer Media projects include television series Ambitions and Ready to Love for OWN; Power Star Live, a 30-minute live series for Twitter; and digital series The Baxters, produced for Roma Downey's LightWorkers platform.The company's WP Narrative_ division was a 2018 Webby Award Winner and 10th Annual Shorty Award winner for its work producing video short #TakeAKnee. WP Narrative was also honored for its #BackedByAxe campaign created for Showtime's Billions, winning at the Clio Entertainment awards, 10th Annual Shorty Awards and 2018 D&AD Awards. Central Ave, an entertainment magazine series, debuted November 4, 2019 on Fox television stations. Personal life
Packer is a member of the Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity (inducted into the Beta Nu Chapter at FAMU). Packer married his first wife <mask> (general manager of Bryant Management and Dir. Of Operations for Blueprint Group, the artist management firm for Lil' Wayne and his YMCMB label from 2007-2014) in July 2001 and they have two daughters together, Nija <mask> and <mask>. They were divorced in February 2009.Packer proposed to his fiancé Heather Hayslett live on stage at the 2013 Essence Music Festival. They were married in August 2015 in

masks:
Nina Packer
Packer
Maya Packer


title: Execution of Nathaniel Woods

texts:
The execution of <mask> occurred on March 5, 2020, at Holman Correctional Facility in Alabama. The execution was controversial due to skepticism about his culpability and the fairness of his trial. <mask> had surrendered inside a drug house during a police raid that attempted to serve an arrest warrant on <mask>. Another man came downstairs and opened fire, killing three officers. <mask> ran from the scene after the gunfire erupted. Despite never pulling a trigger, <mask> was accused of being an accomplice and was convicted of capital murder. Incident
The murders for which <mask> was convicted took place on June 17, 2004, in Birmingham, Alabama.<mask> and Kerry Spencer (born June 11, 1980) were working at a drug house for a drug operation. Two police officers knocked at the door in the morning and got confirmation of <mask>' name after an argument. After officers determined that <mask> was wanted on a misdemeanor assault charge, they returned to the house, this time with four police officers: Harley Chisholm III, Charles Bennett, Carlos Owen and Michael Collins. <mask> fled inside after meeting them at the door. Spencer grabbed an SKS rifle when he heard the officers, while <mask> was in the kitchen. It is not known precisely what happened inside, but <mask> was allegedly maced by one of the officers, and surrendered. Spencer fired shots at all four police officers, killing three out of the four (Chisholm, Bennett, and Owen).The fourth officer, Michael Collins, was injured, but survived. <mask> escaped out of the house after the gun battle. Spencer and <mask> were both charged with the murders, despite <mask> never firing a weapon. Trial
Kerry Spencer was tried slightly before <mask> and was convicted of murder, with his trial finishing in September 2005.

masks:
Nathaniel Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods


title: Execution of Nathaniel Woods

texts:
 Spencer was sentenced to death, and remains on death row at Holman Correctional Facility awaiting execution as of 2022. Before <mask>' trial, he turned down a plea deal of 20 to 25 years in prison. One of his lawyers misinformed him by saying that he could not be given the death penalty as he did not commit the murders.Lauren Faraino, a lawyer and later supporter of <mask> criticized his original legal team as being weak and ineffective. At <mask>'s trial, only two black jurors were impaneled on the jury despite the city being majority black due to peremptory challenges from the prosecution of other black jurors. The prosecution conceded that it was Spencer who had opened fire on the officers, but accused <mask> of luring them to their deaths while refusing to cooperate with a valid arrest warrant. <mask> was convicted of murder. The prosecution presented a letter that <mask> had sent to Chisholm's widow, where <mask> maintained that he was innocent and that he "did not give a damn" what she and other family members thought. <mask> took the stand in his own defense, but rather than offer contrition or commiserate the sorrow of the victim's family's loss as his lawyers had advised him, he instead claimed he had "no feeling about the officers" and that if they needed to take his blood, "so be it". A juror interviewed afterward was surprised by <mask>' testimony at sentencing.The jury voted 10-2 in favor of capital punishment. Unlike most states that allow capital punishment, Alabama does not require death sentence verdicts to be unanimous, and <mask> was placed on death row. Controversy and execution
In an open letter, Spencer defended <mask>, writing, "<mask> doesn't even deserve to be incarcerated, much less executed," taking responsibility for the deaths

masks:
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Nathaniel Woods


title: Execution of Nathaniel Woods

texts: himself. Spencer also stated that "Nate is absolutely innocent. That man didn't know I was going to shoot anybody just like I didn't know I was going to shoot anybody that day, period." Bubba Cooper, an associate of Spencer and <mask> and the cousin of <mask>, later filed an affidavit in 2012 that said that two of the Birmingham police officers involved were crooked cops. According to Cooper, Kerry Spencer and him paid the officers around $1,000 a week in exchange for being allowed to deal and advance notice of buy-and-bust operations of narcotics officers.After Cooper was arrested on attempted murder charges after he was involved in a shoot-out, the deal fell apart after the officers allegedly raised the price. Later, advocates for <mask> claim that this raises questions over whether the drug bust was entirely legitimate. Days before <mask>'s execution, controversy started regarding <mask>'s sentence and whether he was genuinely guilty of the murders. Some civil rights leaders, including Martin Luther King III, urged Alabama governor Kay Ivey to commute his death sentence. Ivey told <mask>'s attorney she denied his request for clemency, arguing that he was an "integral participant in the intentional murder of these three officers", and calling him a "known drug dealer." Ivey also pointed out that over the 15 years that <mask> had spent on death row, his conviction had been reviewed "at least nine times", with no court finding any reason to overturn the jury's decision. Kimberly Chisholm Simmons, the sister of one of the murdered officers, Harley Chisholm III, called Governor Ivey to request clemency for <mask> and said, "He didn’t kill my brother, and he didn’t kill the other officers, may they rest in peace.I'm asking for mercy, and I believe my brother

masks: Woods Woods Woods Woods Woods Woods Woods Woods


title: Execution of Nathaniel Woods

texts: would want me to take a stance because of the man he was." Hours before <mask>'s death, the United States Supreme Court temporarily halted the execution, but later denied a stay. <mask> was executed at Holman Correctional Facility by lethal injection at 9:01 p.m on March 5, 2020. He did not make a final statement. Shaun King called the execution "a modern day lynching" and said that the state of Alabama "just executed an innocent man." On March 13, 2020, <mask>'s sister, <mask>, confronted Governor Kay Ivey during one of Ivey's press briefings and said, "Governor Ivey, you killed my brother." Ivey responded to critics, saying, "...he later bragged about his participation in these horrific murders.As such, the jury did not view <mask>’ acts as those of an innocent bystander; they believed that he was a fully engaged participant." <mask>'s execution made him the 67th death row prisoner to be executed in Alabama since 1978. Martin Luther King III criticized the execution, writing, "the actions of the U.S. Supreme Court and the Governor of the State of Alabama are reprehensible and have potentially contributed to an irreversible injustice". Further criticism came from Kim Kardashian, who had championed <mask>'s case, commenting after the stay of execution was lifted, "My heart and prayers are with Nate and his family." During <mask>'s trial, his state appointed appellate lawyer abandoned him and failed to file a brief on his behalf, consequently preventing the Alabama Supreme Court from reviewing his case. <mask> did not learn of this until months after the deadline to file had passed. When new counsel petitioned the Alabama Supreme Court, and later the United States Supreme Court, both courts refused.Some have argued that by denying <mask> an opportunity to file

masks:
Woods
Nathaniel Woods
Nathaniel Woods
Pamela Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods


title: Execution of Nathaniel Woods

texts:
 a brief, he was denied his constitutional rights. Steve Marshall, the Attorney General of Alabama, said <mask> was not innocent and said his punishment was just. "The only injustice in the case of <mask> is that which was inflicted on those four policemen that terrible day." Robert Dunham, executive director of the Death Penalty Information Center, has criticized Alabama's policy of allowing death sentences without a unanimous decision, saying that it, "creates a heightened risk that an innocent person will be sentenced to death". Randy Susskind, deputy director of the Equal Justice Initiative, has also criticized the policy, commenting, "Historically, unanimity has been a hallmark of our jury system", adding that in death penalty cases, the state being unable to convince the entire jury beyond a reasonable doubt "is a pretty important factor". In popular culture
On December 3, 2021, a documentary by The New York Times about the case of <mask> titled To Live and Die in Alabama was released on Hulu and FX. See also
 Brandon Bernard
 Dustin Higgs
 List of people executed in the United States in 2020
 List of people executed in Alabama

References

1976 births
21st-century executions by Alabama
21st-century executions of American people
People executed by Alabama by lethal injection
American people convicted of assault
People convicted of murder by Alabama
2020 in American law
2020 in Alabama
American people executed for murder
2020 controversies in the United States
2020 deaths
Deaths by person in the United States
Executed people from Alabama
March 2020 events in the United States
African-American men
Executed African-American people
American people convicted of murdering police officers
People executed for murdering police officers
21st-century

masks:
Woods
Nathaniel Woods
Nathaniel Woods


title: Sophie Buxhoeveden

texts:
<mask> (, tr. ; September 6, 1883 – November 26, 1956), also known as Baroness <mask> of Russia. She was the author of three memoirs about the imperial family and about her own escape from Russia. In her book Before the Storm, <mask> describes a side of old Russia seldom seen elsewhere, a family in the old-fashioned provincial country life of the gentry in the years before the revolution. As a child, <mask> shared picnics and mushroom hunts with other famous players in the story such as Anna Vyrubova, Felix Yussupov, Dmitri Pavlovich and the sons of poet Konstantin Romanov. Early life
According to her memoirs, Buxhoeveden's father, Baron Karlos Matthias Konstantin Ludwig Otto von Buxhoeveden (1856-1935), was the Russian minister in Copenhagen, Denmark during World War I. Her mother was Lyudmila Petrovna Osokina (1858–1917).Lady-in-waiting
In her youth, she was a part of the social life of St. Petersburg. Buxhoeveden was chosen as an honorary Lady in Waiting to the Tsarina in 1904, and became an official Lady in Waiting in 1913. She was nicknamed "Isa" by the Tsarina and her four daughters and, during World War I, was often chosen by the Tsarina to accompany the four grand duchesses to official duties. She had no time for Grigori Rasputin, but witnessed his miracles first-hand and was baffled by his powers. Alexandra would have liked her to accept Rasputin as a holy man, but knew Buxhoeveden's opinion was not likely to be changed. The fact she kept her negative opinion to herself was appreciated by the Empress, who knew Buxhoeveden would say nothing to discredit her. She followed the family to exile in Siberia following the Russian Revolution of 1917.She was released by the Bolsheviks, unlike many of the other people in the family's entourage, most likely because they mistook her Danish name for Swedish (She was Baltic German). The Bolsheviks did not imprison foreign

masks:
Sophie Freiin von Buxen
Sophie Buxdoina Alexandra
Sophie
Sophie


title: Sophie Buxhoeveden

texts:
 nationals in fear of reprisals from other nations. <mask> spent many months on the run across Siberia, with other members of the royal household, including Gibbes, Alexandra Tegleva, and Gilliard. She was only allowed safe passage out of Russia when she made it to Omsk, which was then under the control of the Russian White Army and the British Military. Her experiences can be read in her book "Left Behind." Exile, death and legacy

After being refused permission to join the family in the Ipatiev house, <mask>, along with the foreign tutors, Pierre Gilliard and Sydney Gibbes, and attendants Alexandra Tegleva and Elizaveta Ersberg, lodged in a fourth class railway car while they tried to find a way to help the family. Every day, the three of them persistently badgered Sir Thomas Preston, the British consul, discussing all possible options.She and her two companions even made personal representations to the Ural Soviet on behalf of the Romanovs. These attempts failed and they were forced to leave Ekaterinburg. Following many long months of fleeing across Siberia in fear for her life, Buxhoeveden was finally able to leave Russia with the help of the British military, namely General Alfred Knox, who got her safe passage on a military train. While in Omsk, she had a surprise reunion with Joy, Alexei's spaniel, who had been rescued by Colonel Paul Rodzianko. Though now almost blind, the dog seemed to recognize her. Joy had been traumatized by the loss of the family, and was heartbroken. It was a sad but bittersweet reunion for her too; seeing the dog brought back vivid memories of the Tsarevich.From Omsk, they had to travel across China to avoid unsafe parts of Siberia. Upon reaching Vladivostok, she described it as "Vladivostok, being the base of the Allied forces, was full of foreigners. There was the military element as well as representatives of the various Red Cross units,

masks: Sophie Sophie


title: Sophie Buxhoeveden

texts: motion and that didn't help; then they were finally finished off by being shot the head. Only in the forest did I discover what hampered the shooting of the daughters."According to King and Wilson, Yurovsky wrote in his 1922 memoirs about "the damn valuables and jewels we knew they had concealed in their clothes when they arrived, which caused troubles to no end." It is fact that Yurovsky explained that while the truck was stuck in the forest, "some of Yermakov's people started to pull at the girls' blouses, where they discovered the valuables.".. "Things that had been sewn into the daughters' clothing were discovered when the bodies began to be undressed..The daughters had bodices made up of diamonds and other precious stones that served not just as a receptacle for valuables but as protective armor. This is why neither bullets nor bayonets yielded results during the shooting and bayonet blows..there turned out to be eighteen pounds of such valuables." One of the large diamonds that had been carefully covered and concealed in a button was never discovered by the Bolsheviks, and was later found by the Whites after they took Ekaterinburg, trampled into the mud at the grave site. The diamond was identified by two former servants who had helped the Grand Duchesses sew the jewels into the clothing. King and Wilson allege that Buxhoeveden borrowed 1,300 rubles from the Romanov children's tutor Charles Sydney Gibbes to escape Russia.It is claimed she told him she'd return the money, but never did. "I knew she was greedy, but I never knew she'd go that far!" Gibbes allegedly wrote to the French tutor Pierre Gilliard. Others said that <mask>'s apparent poverty, as described by Gilliard and Gibbes, is proof she never had any money and certainly hadn't stolen anything from anyone. At her own admission, <mask>'s rooms had been searched, and nothing of value had been found. One source


title: Sophie Buxhoeveden

texts:
 that she is not her. I later learned that the she supposes that she is the Grand Duchess Anastasia, but she does not physically resemble her in the least. She has none of the special characteristics that would allow any one who knew the Grand Duchess Anastasia well to identify her." It was after that Anderson mentioned Buxhoevden's alleged treachery and betrayal of the family to the Bolsheviks, claiming that was why she denied her. Except among diehard supporters, this vicious counter-attack did little to cushion the blow of having been flatly rejected by someone who was very close to the Imperial family.<mask> never wavered in her view that Anderson was an impostor. Baroness Buxhoeveden was also involved in disproving another Romanov claimant, this time Eugenia Smith, who claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia. She wrote about Smith, "I found no likeness whatsoever to the Grand Duchess physically .... Although a total stranger, she is sympathetic on the whole, but seemed to be labouring under a mental delusion." Writings

The Baroness wrote three books that are considered to give one of the best accounts of the Romanov family's life and final days. They were Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Feodorovna, published in 1928; Left Behind: Fourteen Months in Siberia During the Revolution, published in 1929; and Before the Storm. References

External links
 <mask>,  The life and tragedy of Alexandra Feodorovna, empress of Russia, a biography by Baroness <mask>; with an introduction by J. C. Squire, 1928
Genealogy of the Buxhoeveden family
   Genealogy handbook  of The Oesel Noble Corporations  1935 – XX.1.1.Sophia (Isa) Buxhoeveden

1883 births
1956 deaths
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom
Nobility of the Russian Empire
Ladies-in-waiting of the Russian Empire
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Denmark
Sophie
Baltic German people of the Russian Empire
Court of

masks:
Sophie Buxhoeveden
Sophie Buxhoeveden
Sophie Buxhoeveden


title: Yoko Ono

texts: <mask> ( ; , usually spelled in katakana ; born February 18, 1933) is a Japanese multimedia artist, singer, songwriter and peace activist. Her work also encompasses performance art, which she performs in both English and Japanese, and filmmaking. <mask> grew up in Tokyo and moved to New York in 1953 with her family. She became involved in New York City's downtown artists scene, which included the Fluxus group. She became well known in 1969 when she married English singer John Lennon of the Beatles, with the couple using their honeymoon as a stage for public protests against the Vietnam War. She and Lennon remained married until he was murdered in front of the couple's apartment building in December 1980. Together they had one son, Sean, who later also became a musician.<mask> began a career in popular music in 1969, forming the Plastic Ono Band with Lennon and producing a number of avant-garde music albums in the 1970s. She achieved commercial and critical acclaim in 1980 with the chart-topping album Double Fantasy, a collaboration with Lennon that was released three weeks before his murder, winning the Grammy Award for Album of the Year. To date, she has had twelve number one singles on the US Dance charts, and in 2016 was named the 11th most successful dance club artist of all time by Billboard magazine. Many musicians have paid tribute to <mask> as an artist in her own right and as a muse and icon, including Elvis Costello, the B-52's, Sonic Youth and Meredith Monk. As Lennon's widow, <mask> works to preserve his legacy. She funded the Strawberry Fields memorial in Manhattan's Central Park, the Imagine Peace Tower in Iceland,

masks:
Yoko Ono
Ono
Ono
Ono
Ono


title: Yoko Ono

texts:
 and the John Lennon Museum in Saitama, Japan (which closed in 2010). She has made significant philanthropic contributions to the arts, peace, disaster relief in Japan and the Philippines, and other causes.In 2002, she inaugurated a biennial $50,000 LennonOno Grant for Peace. In 2012 she received the Dr. Rainer Hildebrandt Human Rights Award and co-founded the group Artists Against Fracking. Biography

Early life and family
<mask> was born on February 18, 1933, in Tokyo City, to  (1911-1999) and  (1902-1975), a wealthy banker and former classical pianist. Isoko's maternal grandfather  was an affiliate of the Yasuda clan and zaibatsu. Eisuke came from a long line of samurai warrior-scholars. The kanji translation of Yōko () means "ocean child". Two weeks before <mask>'s birth, Eisuke was transferred to San Francisco, California by his employer, the Yokohama Specie Bank.The rest of the family followed soon after, with <mask> first meeting her father when she was two years old. Her younger brother Keisuke was born in December 1936. <mask> was enrolled in piano lessons from the age of 4, until the age of 12 or 13. She attended kabuki performances with her mother, who was trained in shamisen, koto, otsuzumi, kotsuzumi, nagauta, and could read Japanese musical scores. In 1937, the family was transferred back to Japan, and <mask> enrolled at Tokyo's elite Gakushūin (also known as the Peers School), one of the most exclusive schools in Japan. The family moved to New York City in 1940. The next year, Eisuke was transferred from New York City to Hanoi, and the family returned to Japan.Ono was enrolled in Keimei Gakuen, an exclusive

masks: Ono Ono Ono Ono Ono


title: Yoko Ono

texts: Christian primary school run by the Mitsui family. She remained in Tokyo throughout World War II and the fire-bombing of March 9, 1945, during which she was sheltered with other family members in a special bunker in Tokyo's Azabu district, away from the heavy bombing. <mask> later went to the Karuizawa mountain resort with members of her family. Starvation was rampant in the destruction that followed the Tokyo bombings; the <mask> family was forced to beg for food while pulling their belongings in a wheelbarrow. <mask> said it was during this period in her life that she developed her "aggressive" attitude and understanding of "outsider" status. Other stories tell of her mother bringing a large number of goods to the countryside, where they were bartered for food. In one anecdote, her mother traded a German-made sewing machine for  of rice to feed the family.During this time, <mask>'s father, who had been in Hanoi, was believed to be in a prisoner of war camp in China. <mask> told Amy Goodman of Democracy Now! on October 16, 2007, that "He was in French Indochina, which is Vietnam actually.... in Saigon. He was in a concentration camp." After the war ended in 1945, <mask> remained in Japan when her family moved to the United States and settled in Scarsdale, New York, an affluent town  north of midtown Manhattan. By April 1946, Gakushūin was reopened and Ono re-enrolled. The school, located near the Tokyo Imperial Palace, had not been damaged by the war, and Ono found herself a classmate of Prince Akihito, the future emperor of Japan.At 14 years old, she took up vocal training in lieder-singing. College and downtown beginnings

masks: Ono Ono Ono Ono Ono Ono


title: Yoko Ono

texts: gave Ono her first solo exhibition at his AG Gallery in New York in 1961.He formally invited Ono to join Fluxus, but she declined because she wanted to remain independent. However, she did collaborate with Maciunas, Charlotte Moorman, George Brecht, and the poet Jackson Mac Low, among others associated with the group. Ono first met John Cage through his student Ichiyanagi Toshi, in Cage's experimental composition class at the New School for Social Research: She was introduced to more of Cage's unconventional neo-Dadaism first hand, and via his New York City protégés Allan Kaprow, Brecht, Mac Low, Al Hansen and the poet Dick Higgins. After Cage finished teaching at the New School in the summer of 1960, Ono was determined to rent a place to present her works along with the work of other avant-garde artists in the city. She eventually found an inexpensive loft in downtown Manhattan at 112 Chambers Street and used the apartment as a studio and living space, also allowing composer La Monte Young to organize concerts in the loft. They both held a series of events there from December 1960 through June 1961; the events were attended by people such as Marcel Duchamp and Peggy Guggenheim. <mask> and Young both claimed to have been the primary curator of these events, with Ono claiming to have been eventually pushed into a subsidiary role by Young.<mask> presented work only once during the series. In 1961, years before meeting Lennon, <mask> had her first major public performance in a concert at the 258-seat Carnegie Recital Hall (smaller than the "Main Hall"). This concert featured radical experimental music and performances. The Chambers

masks: Ono Ono Ono


title: Yoko Ono

texts:
 Street series hosted some of Ono's earliest conceptual artwork, including Painting to Be Stepped On, a scrap of canvas on the floor that became a completed artwork upon the accrual of footprints. With that work, Ono suggested that a work of art no longer needed to be mounted on a wall and inaccessible. She showed this work and other instructional work again at Macunias's AG Gallery in July 1961. After Ono set a painting on fire at one performance, Cage advised her to treat the paper with flame retardant.She is credited for the album cover art for the album Nirvana Symphony by Toshiro Mayuzumi, released by Time Records in 1962. After living apart for several years, <mask> and Ichiyanagi filed for divorce in 1962. <mask> returned home to live with her parents, and, suffering from clinical depression, was briefly placed into a Japanese mental institution. Early career and motherhood
On November 28, 1962, <mask> married Anthony Cox, an American jazz musician, film producer, and art promoter who had been instrumental in securing her release from the mental institution. <mask>'s second marriage was annulled on March 1, 1963, because she had neglected to finalize her divorce from Ichiyanagi. After finalizing that divorce, Cox and <mask> married again on June 6, 1963. She gave birth to their daughter Kyoko Chan Cox two months later, on August 8, 1963.The marriage quickly fell apart, but the Coxes stayed together for the sake of their joint careers. They performed at Tokyo's Sogetsu Hall, with <mask> lying atop a piano played by John Cage. Soon, the couple returned to New York with Kyoko. In the early years of the marriage, <mask> left

masks: Ono Ono Ono Ono Ono Ono Ono


title: Yoko Ono

texts:
 most of Kyoko's parenting to Cox while she pursued her art full-time, with Cox also managing her publicity. Ono had a second engagement at the Carnegie Recital Hall in 1965, in which she debuted Cut Piece. In September 1966, Ono visited London to meet artist and political activist Gustav Metzger's Destruction in Art Symposium in September 1966. She was the only woman artist chosen to perform her own events and only one of two invited to speak.She premiered The Fog Machine during her Concert of Music for the Mind at the Bluecoat Society of Arts in Liverpool, England in 1967. <mask> and Cox divorced on February 2, 1969, and she married John Lennon later that same year. During a 1971 custody battle, Cox disappeared with their eight-year-old daughter. He won custody after successfully claiming that <mask> was an unfit mother due to her drug use. <mask>'s ex-husband changed Kyoko's name to "Ruth Holman" and subsequently raised the girl in an organization known as the Church of the Living Word (or "the Walk"). <mask> and Lennon searched for Kyoko for years, but to no avail. She would finally see Kyoko again in 1998.Relationship with John Lennon

<mask>'s first contact with any member of the Beatles occurred when she visited Paul McCartney at his home in London to obtain a Lennon–McCartney song manuscript for a book John Cage was working on, Notations. McCartney declined to give her any of his manuscripts but suggested that Lennon might oblige. Lennon later gave Ono the original handwritten lyrics to "The Word". <mask> and Lennon first met on November 7, 1966, at the Indica Gallery in London, where she was preparing Unfinished


title: Yoko Ono

texts: Paintings, her conceptual art exhibit about interactive painting and sculpture. They were introduced by gallery owner John Dunbar. One piece, Ceiling Painting/Yes Painting, had a ladder painted white with a magnifying glass at the top. When Lennon climbed the ladder, he looked through the magnifying glass and was able to read the word YES which was written in miniature.He greatly enjoyed this experience as it was a positive message, whereas most concept art he encountered at the time was anti-everything. Lennon was also intrigued by <mask>'s Hammer a Nail where viewers were invited to hammer a nail into a wooden board painted white. Although the exhibition had not yet opened, Lennon wanted to hammer a nail into the clean board, but <mask> stopped him. Dunbar asked her, "Don't you know who this is? He's a millionaire! He might buy it." <mask> feigned not knowing of the Beatles (even as she had gone to see Paul McCartney asking for a Beatle song score), but relented on the condition that Lennon pay her five shillings, to which Lennon replied, "I'll give you an imaginary five shillings and hammer an imaginary nail in."In a 2002 interview, <mask> said, "I was very attracted to him. It was a really strange situation." <mask> started writing to Lennon, sending him her conceptual artworks, and soon the two began corresponding. In September 1967, Lennon sponsored <mask>'s solo Half-A-Wind Show, at Lisson Gallery in London. When Lennon's wife Cynthia asked for an explanation of why <mask> was telephoning them at home, he told her that Ono was only trying to obtain money for her "avant-garde bullshit". In early 1968, while the Beatles


title: Yoko Ono

texts:
 were making their visit to India, Lennon wrote the song "Julia" and included a reference to Ono: "Ocean child calls me", referring to the translation of <mask>'s Japanese spelling. In May 1968, while his wife was on holiday in Greece, Lennon invited <mask> to visit.They spent the night recording a selection of avant-garde tape loops, after which, he said, they "made love at dawn". The recordings made by the two during this session ultimately became their first collaborative album, the musique concrete work Unfinished Music No. 1: Two Virgins. When Lennon's wife returned home, she found <mask> wearing her bathrobe and drinking tea with Lennon, who simply said, "Oh, hi." On September 24 and 25, 1968, Lennon wrote and recorded "Happiness Is a Warm Gun", which contains sexual references to <mask>. <mask> became pregnant, but she suffered the miscarriage of a male child on November 21, 1968, a few weeks after Lennon's divorce from Cynthia was granted. On December 12, 1968, Lennon and <mask> participated in the BBC documentary about The Rolling Stones, The Rolling Stones Rock And Roll Circus, along with several other high-profile musicians.Lennon performed his Beatles composition "Yer Blues" towards the end, with an improvised vocal performance by <mask> rounding out the set. The film would not be released until 1996, due to the death of The Rolling Stones' founding member Brian Jones a few months after it was shot. Early collaborations, marriage and "Bed-Ins"

During the final two years of the Beatles, Lennon and <mask> created and attended public protests against the Vietnam War. They collaborated on a series of avant-garde

masks: Yoko Ono Ono Ono Ono Ono Ono Ono


title: Yoko Ono

texts: recordings, beginning in 1968 with Unfinished Music No.1: Two Virgins, which notoriously featured an untouched image of the two artists nude on the front cover. The same year, the couple contributed an experimental sound collage to The Beatles' self-titled "White Album" called "Revolution 9", with <mask> contributing additional vocals to "Birthday", and one lead vocal line on "The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill", marking the only occasion in a Beatles recording in which a woman sings lead vocals. On March 20, 1969, Lennon and <mask> were married at the registry office in Gibraltar and spent their honeymoon in Amsterdam, campaigning with a week-long Bed-In for Peace. They planned another Bed-In in the US, but were denied entry to the country.They held one instead at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, where they recorded "Give Peace a Chance". Lennon later stated his regrets about feeling "guilty enough to give McCartney credit as co-writer on my first independent single instead of giving it to <mask>, who had actually written it with me." The couple often combined advocacy with performance art, such as in "bagism", first introduced during a Vienna press conference, where they satirised prejudice and stereotyping by wearing a bag over their entire bodies. Lennon detailed this period in the Beatles' song "The Ballad of John and Yoko". During the Amsterdam Bed In press conference, <mask> also earned controversy in the Jewish community for claiming during the press conference that, "If I was a Jewish girl in Hitler’s day, I would approach him and become his girlfriend. After 10 days in bed, he would come to my way of thinking.

masks: Ono Ono Yoko Yoko


title: Yoko Ono

texts:
 This world needs communication.And making love is a great way of communicating." It was acknowledged that some Nazis, including Nazi "First Lady" Magda Goebbels, had Jewish lovers at one point in their lives. Lennon changed his name by deed poll on April 22, 1969, switching out Winston for <mask> as a middle name. Although he used the name <mask> Lennon after that, official documents referred to him as John Winston <mask> Lennon, since he was not permitted to revoke a name given at birth. The couple settled at Tittenhurst Park at Sunninghill, Berkshire, in southeast England. When <mask> was injured in a car accident, Lennon arranged for a king-sized bed to be brought to the recording studio as he worked on the Beatles' last recorded album, Abbey Road. The Plastic Ono Band

After "The Ballad of John and Yoko", Lennon and Ono decided it would be better to form their own band to release their newer, more personally representative work, rather than release the material as the Beatles.To this end they formed the Plastic Ono Band, a name coined by Lennon after <mask>'s use of "plastic stands" for recording purposes. The name had earlier been attached to a sound and light installation conceived by <mask> which had been installed in the Apple press office. The installation consisted of four perspex columns, each representing a member of the Beatles, with one holding a tape recorder and amplifier, the second a closed-circuit TV and camera, the third a record player and amplifier, and the fourth a miniature light show and loud speaker. In July 1969, Lennon's first solo single, "Give Peace a Chance" (backed by <mask>'s "Remember Love") was

masks:
Ono
John Ono
Ono
Ono
Ono
Ono
Ono


title: Yoko Ono

texts:
 the first release to be credited to the Plastic Ono Band. It was followed in October by "Cold Turkey" (backed by Ono's "Don't Worry Kyoko (Mummy's Only Looking for a Hand in the Snow)"). The singles were followed in December by the group's first album, Live Peace in Toronto 1969, which had been recorded live at the Toronto Rock and Roll Revival festival in September. This incarnation of the group also consisted of guitarist Eric Clapton, bass player Klaus Voormann, and drummer Alan White.The first half of their performance consisted of rock standards. During the second half, <mask> took to the microphone and performed two original feedback-driven compositions, "Don't Worry Kyoko" and "John John (Let's Hope For Peace)", constituting the entirety of the second half of the live album. <mask> <mask>/Plastic Ono Band and Fly

Ono released her first solo album, <mask> <mask>/Plastic Ono Band in 1970, as a companion piece to Lennon's John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band. The two albums also had companion covers: <mask>'s featured a photo of her leaning on Lennon, and Lennon's a photo of him leaning on Ono. Her album included raw, harsh vocals, which bore a similarity with sounds in nature (especially those made by animals) and free jazz techniques used by wind and brass players. Performers included Ornette Coleman, other renowned free jazz performers, and Ringo Starr. Some songs on the album consisted of wordless vocalizations, in a style that would influence Meredith Monk and other musical artists who have used screams and vocal noise instead of words.The album reached No. 182 on the US charts. When Lennon was invited to play with Frank Zappa

masks: Ono Yoko Ono Yoko Ono Ono


title: Yoko Ono

texts: at the Fillmore (then the Filmore West) on June 5, 1971, <mask> joined them. Later that year, she released Fly, a double album. In it, she explored slightly more conventional psychedelic rock with tracks including "Midsummer New York" and "Mind Train", in addition to a number of Fluxus experiments. She also received minor airplay with the ballad "Mrs. Lennon". The track "Don't Worry, Kyoko (Mummy's Only Looking for Her Hand in the Snow)" was an ode to <mask>'s missing daughter, and featured Eric Clapton on guitar.In 1971, while studying with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in Majorca, Spain, <mask>'s ex-husband Anthony Cox accused <mask> of abducting their daughter Kyoko from the kindergarten. They reached an out of court agreement and the charges were dismissed. Cox eventually moved away with Kyoko. <mask> would not see her daughter until 1998. During this time, she wrote "Don't Worry Kyoko", which also appears on Lennon and <mask>'s album Live Peace in Toronto 1969, in addition to Fly. Kyoko is also referenced in the first line of "Happy Christmas (War Is Over)" when <mask> whispers "Happy Christmas, Kyoko", followed by Lennon whispering, "Happy Christmas, Julian." The song reached No.4 in the UK, where its release was delayed until 1972, and has periodically reemerged on the UK Singles Chart. Originally a protest song about the Vietnam War, "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" has since become a Christmas standard. That August the couple appeared together at a benefit in Madison Square Garden with Roberta Flack, Stevie Wonder, and Sha Na Na for mentally disabled children organized by WABC-TV's Geraldo Rivera. In a 2018 issue of Portland

masks: Ono Ono Ono Ono Ono Ono Yoko


title: Yoko Ono

texts:
 Magazine, editor Colin W. Sargent writes of interviewing <mask> while she was visiting Portland, Maine, in 2005. She spoke of driving along the coast with Lennon and dreamed of buying a house in Maine. "We talked excitedly in the car. We were looking for a house on the water… We did examine the place!We kept driving north along the water until I don't really remember the name of the town. We went quite a ways up, actually, because it was so beautiful." Separation and reconciliation
After the Beatles disbanded in 1970, <mask> and Lennon lived together in London and then moved permanently to Manhattan to escape  tabloid racism towards <mask>. Their relationship became strained because Lennon was facing deportation due to drug charges that had been filed against him in England, and because of Ono's separation from her daughter. The couple separated in July 1973, with <mask> pursuing her career and Lennon living between Los Angeles and New York with personal assistant May Pang; <mask> had given her blessing to Lennon and Pang's relationship. By December 1974, Lennon and Pang considered buying a house together, and he refused to accept Ono's phone calls. The next month, Lennon agreed to meet with Ono, who claimed to have found a cure for smoking.After the meeting, Lennon failed to return home or call Pang. When she telephoned the next day, <mask> told her Lennon was unavailable, because he was exhausted after a hypnotherapy session. Two days later, Lennon reappeared at a joint dental appointment with Pang; he was stupefied and confused to such an extent that Pang believed he had been brainwashed. He told her his separation from

masks: Yoko Ono Ono Ono Ono Ono


title: Yoko Ono

texts:
 <mask> was now over, though <mask> would allow him to continue seeing her as his mistress. <mask> and Lennon's son, Sean, was born on October 9, 1975, Lennon's 35th birthday. Following the birth of Sean, both Lennon and <mask> took a hiatus from the music industry, with Lennon becoming a stay-at-home dad to care for his infant son. Sean has followed in his parents' footsteps with a career in music; he performs solo work, works with <mask> and formed a band, the Ghost of a Saber Tooth Tiger.Return to music and murder of Lennon

In early 1980, Lennon heard Lene Lovich and the B-52's' "Rock Lobster" while on vacation in Bermuda. The latter reminded him of Ono's musical sound and he took this as an indication that she had reached the mainstream (the band had in fact been influenced by Ono). On the evening of December 8, 1980, Lennon and <mask> were at the Record Plant Studio and working on <mask>'s song "Walking on Thin Ice". When they returned to The Dakota (their home in Manhattan), Lennon was shot dead by Mark David Chapman, a fan who had been stalking Lennon for two months. "Walking on Thin Ice (For John)" was released as a single less than a month later, and became Ono's first chart success, peaking at No. 58 and gaining significant underground airplay. In 1981, she released the album Season of Glass, which featured the striking cover photo of Lennon's bloody spectacles next to a half-filled glass of water, with a window overlooking Central Park in the background.This photograph sold at an auction in London in April 2002 for about $13,000. In the liner notes to Season of Glass, <mask> explained that the album was not dedicated

masks: Ono Ono Ono Ono Ono Ono Ono Ono


title: Yoko Ono

texts: to Lennon because "he would have been offended—he was one of us." The album received highly favorable reviews and reflected the public's mood after Lennon's assassination. In 1982, she released It's Alright. The cover featured <mask> in her wrap-around sunglasses, looking towards the sun, while on the back the ghost of Lennon looks over her and their son. The album scored minor chart success and airplay with the single "Never Say Goodbye". In 1984, a tribute album titled Every Man Has a Woman was released, featuring a selection of songs written by Ono performed by artists such as Elvis Costello, Roberta Flack, Eddie Money, Rosanne Cash, and Harry Nilsson.Later that year, <mask> and Lennon's final album, Milk and Honey, was released as a mixture of unfinished Lennon recordings from the Double Fantasy sessions, and new <mask> recordings. It peaked at No. 3 in the UK and No. 11 in the U.S., going gold in both countries as well as in Canada. Ono funded the construction and maintenance of the Strawberry Fields memorial in Manhattan's Central Park, directly across from the Dakota Apartments, which was the scene of the murder and remains <mask>'s residence to this day. It was officially dedicated on October 9, 1985, which would have been his 45th birthday. Ono's final album of the 1980s was Starpeace, a concept album that she intended as an antidote to Ronald Reagan's "Star Wars" missile defense system.On the cover, a warm, smiling <mask> holds the Earth in the palm of her hand. Starpeace became <mask>'s most successful non-Lennon effort. The single "Hell in Paradise" was a hit, reaching No. 16 on the US dance charts and No. 26 on the


title: Yoko Ono

texts:
 Billboard Hot 100, and the video, directed by Zbigniew Rybczyński received major airplay on MTV and won "Most Innovative Video" at Billboard Music Video Awards in 1986. In 1986, <mask> set out on a goodwill world tour for Starpeace, primarily visiting Eastern European countries. Resurgence and collaborations
In 1990, Ono collaborated with music consultant Jeff Pollack to honor what would have been Lennon's 50th birthday with a worldwide broadcast of "Imagine".Over 1,000 stations in over 50 countries participated in the simultaneous broadcast. Ono felt the timing was perfect, considering the escalating conflicts in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Germany. <mask> went on a musical hiatus following the release of Starpeace, until she signed with Rykodisc in 1992 and released the comprehensive six-disc box set Onobox. The box set included remastered highlights from Ono's solo albums and previously unreleased material from the 1974 "lost weekend" sessions. She also released a one-disc sampler of highlights from Onobox, simply titled Walking on Thin Ice. That year, she sat down for an extensive interview with music journalist Mark Kemp for a cover story in the alternative music magazine Option. The story took a revisionist look at Ono's music for a new generation of fans more accepting of her role as a pioneer in the merger of pop and the avant-garde.In 1994, Ono produced her own off-Broadway musical entitled New York Rock, which featured Broadway renditions of her songs. In 1995, she released Rising, a collaboration with her son Sean and his then-band, Ima. Rising spawned a world tour that traveled through Europe, Japan, and

masks: Ono Ono


title: Yoko Ono

texts:
 the United States. The following year, she collaborated with various alternative rock musicians for an EP entitled Rising Mixes. Guest remixers of Rising material included Cibo Matto, Ween, Tricky, and Thurston Moore. In 1997, Rykodisc reissued Ono's catalog of solo recordings on CD, from <mask> <mask>/Plastic Ono Band through Starpeace. Ono and her engineer Rob Stevens personally remastered the audio, and various bonus tracks were added, including outtakes, demos, and live cuts.In the same year, <mask> and the BMI Foundation established an annual music competition program for songwriters of contemporary musical genres to honor John Lennon's memory and his large creative legacy. Over $350,000 has been given through BMI Foundation's John Lennon Scholarships to talented young musicians in the United States, making it one of the most respected awards for emerging songwriters. In 2000, she founded the John Lennon Museum in Saitama, Japan, which housed over 130 pieces of Lennon and Beatles memorabilia from <mask>'s private collection. The museum closed in 2010. <mask>'s feminist concept album Blueprint for a Sunrise was released in 2001. A month after the 9/11 attacks, Ono organized the concert "Come Together: A Night for John Lennon's Words and Music" at Radio City Music Hall. Hosted by the actor Kevin Spacey and featuring Lou Reed, Cyndi Lauper and Nelly Furtado, it raised money for September 11 relief efforts and aired on TNT and the WB.Later life and dance chart hits
In 2002, <mask> joined the B-52's in New York for their 25th anniversary concerts; she came out for the encore and performed "Rock Lobster" with the band. In March


title: Yoko Ono

texts: 2002, she was present with Cherie Blair at the unveiling of a seven-foot statue of Lennon to mark the renaming of Liverpool airport to Liverpool John Lennon Airport. Beginning in 2003, some DJs remixed other Ono songs for dance clubs. For the remix project, she dropped her first name and became known simply as "ONO", in response to the "Oh, no!" jokes that dogged her throughout her career. Ono had great success with new versions of "Walking on Thin Ice", remixed by top DJs and dance artists including Pet Shop Boys, Orange Factory, Peter Rauhofer, and Danny Tenaglia. In April 2003, Ono's Walking on Thin Ice (Remixes) was rated number 1 on Billboard's Dance/Club Play chart, gaining Ono her first no.1 hit. She would have a second no. 1 hit on the same chart in November 2004 with "Everyman... Everywoman...", a reworking of her song "Every Man Has a Woman Who Loves Him". During the Liverpool Biennial in 2004, <mask> flooded the city with two images on banners, bags, stickers, postcards, flyers, posters and badges: one of a woman's naked breast, the other of the same model's vulva. During her stay in Lennon's city of birth, she said she was "astounded" by the city's renaissance. The piece, titled My Mummy Was Beautiful, was dedicated to Lennon's mother, Julia, who had died when he was a teenager. According to Ono, the work was meant to be innocent, not shocking; she was attempting to replicate the experience of a baby looking up at its mother's body, those parts of the mother's body being a child's introduction to humanity.<mask> performed at the opening ceremony for the 2006 Winter Olympic Games in Turin, Italy, Like many of the


title: Yoko Ono

texts: other performers during the ceremony, she wore white to symbolize the snow of winter. She read a free verse poem calling for world peace as an introduction to Peter Gabriel's performance of "Imagine". On December 13, 2006, one of <mask>'s bodyguards was arrested after he was allegedly taped trying to extort $2 million from her. The tapes revealed that he threatened to release private conversations and photographs. His bail was revoked, and he pleaded not guilty to two counts of attempted grand larceny. On February 16, 2007, a deal was reached where extortion charges were dropped, and he pleaded guilty to attempted grand larceny in the third degree, a felony, and was sentenced to the 60 days that he had already spent in jail. After reading an unapologetic statement, he was released to immigration officials because he had also been found guilty of overstaying his business visa.<mask> released the album Yes, I'm a Witch in February 2007, a collection of remixes and covers from her back catalog by various artists including The Flaming Lips, Cat Power, Anohni, DJ Spooky, Porcupine Tree, and Peaches, along with a special edition of Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band. Yes I'm a Witch was critically well received. A similar compilation of Ono dance remixes entitled Open Your Box was also released in April. On June 26, 2007, <mask> appeared on Larry King Live along with McCartney, Ringo Starr, and Olivia Harrison. She headlined the Pitchfork Music Festival in Chicago on July 14, 2007, performing a full set that mixed music and performance art. She sang "Mulberry", a song about her time in the countryside after the Japanese collapse in World War


title: Yoko Ono

texts: II for only the third time ever, with Thurston Moore: She had previously performed the song with John and with Sean. On October 9 of that year, the Imagine Peace Tower on Viðey Island in Iceland, dedicated to peace and to Lennon, was turned on with her, Sean, Ringo, and Olivia in attendance.Each year between October 9 and December 8, it projects a vertical beam of light into the sky. <mask> returned to Liverpool for the 2008 Liverpool Biennial, where she unveiled Sky Ladders in the ruins of Church of St Luke (which was largely destroyed during World War II and now stands roofless as a memorial to those killed in the Liverpool Blitz). Two years later, on March 31, 2009, she went to the inauguration of the exhibition "Imagine: The Peace Ballad of John & <mask>" to mark the 40th anniversary of the Lennon-Ono Bed-In at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, Canada, from May 26 to June 2, 1969. The hotel had been doing steady business with the room they stayed in for over 40 years. That year Ono became a grandmother when Emi was born to her daughter Kyoko. Ono had further Dance/Club Play chart no. 1 hits with "No No No" in January 2008, and "Give Peace a Chance" the following August.In June 2009, at the age of 76, <mask> scored her fifth no. 1 hit on the Dance/Club Play chart with "I'm Not Getting Enough". In May 2009, she designed a T-shirt for the second Fashion Against AIDS campaign and collection of HIV/AIDS awareness, NGO Designers Against AIDS, and H&M, with the statement "Imagine Peace" depicted in 21 languages. <mask> appeared onstage at Microsoft's June 1, 2009, E3 Expo press conference with Olivia Harrison, Paul McCartney,

masks: Ono Yoko Ono Ono