title: Ben Bernanke

texts: <mask> ( ; born December 13, 1953) is an American economist. He is a distinguished fellow at the Brookings Institution who served two terms as the 14th Chair of the Federal Reserve, from 2006 to 2014. During his tenure as chair, Bernanke oversaw the Federal Reserve's response to the late-2000s financial crisis, for which he was named the 2009 Time Person of the Year. Before becoming Federal Reserve chair, Bernanke was a tenured professor at Princeton University and chaired the department of economics there from 1996 to September 2002, when he went on public service leave. From August 5, 2002, until June 21, 2005, he was a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, proposed the Bernanke doctrine, and first discussed "the Great Moderation" — the theory that traditional business cycles have declined in volatility in recent decades through structural changes that have occurred in the international economy, particularly increases in the economic stability of developing nations, diminishing the influence of macroeconomic (monetary and fiscal) policy. Bernanke then served as chairman of President George W. Bush's Council of Economic Advisers before President Bush nominated him to succeed Alan Greenspan as chairman of the United States Federal Reserve. His first term began February 1, 2006.<mask> was confirmed for a second term as chairman on January 28, 2010, after being renominated by President Barack Obama, who later referred to him as "the epitome of calm." His second term ended January 31, 2014, when he was succeeded by Janet Yellen on February 3, 2014. Bernanke wrote about his time as chairman of the Federal

masks:
Ben Shalom Bernanke
Bernanke


title: Ben Bernanke

type: original

texts:
 Reserve in his 2015 book, The Courage to Act, in which he revealed that the world's economy came close to collapse in 2007 and 2008. Bernanke asserts that it was only the novel efforts of the Fed (cooperating with other agencies and agencies of foreign governments) that prevented an economic catastrophe greater than the Great Depression. Family and childhood
Bernanke was born in Augusta, Georgia, and was raised on East Jefferson Street in Dillon, South Carolina. His father Philip was a pharmacist and part-time theater manager. His mother Edna was an elementary school teacher.Bernanke has two younger siblings. His brother, Seth, is a lawyer in Charlotte, North Carolina. His sister, Sharon, is a longtime administrator at Berklee College of Music in Boston. The Bernankes were one of the few Jewish families in Dillon and attended Ohav Shalom, a local synagogue; Bernanke learned Hebrew as a child from his maternal grandfather, Harold Friedman, a professional hazzan (service leader), shochet, and Hebrew teacher. Bernanke's father and uncle owned and managed a drugstore they purchased from Bernanke's paternal grandfather, <mask>. <mask> was born in Boryslav, Austria-Hungary (today part of Ukraine), on January 23, 1891. He immigrated to the United States from Przemyśl, Poland, and arrived at Ellis Island, aged 30, on June 30, 1921, with his wife Pauline, aged 25.On the ship's manifest, Jonas's occupation is listed as "clerk" and Pauline's as "doctor med". The family moved to Dillon from New York in the 1940s. <mask>'s mother gave up her job as a schoolteacher when her son was born and worked at the family drugstore. <mask>ke also

masks:
Jonas Bernanke
Jonas Bernanke
Bernanke
Ben Bernan


title: Ben Bernanke

texts:
 Bernanke's thesis adviser was the future governor of the Bank of Israel, Stanley Fischer, and his readers included Irwin S. Bernstein, Rüdiger Dornbusch, Robert Solow, and Peter Diamond of MIT and Dale Jorgenson of Harvard. Personal life

Bernanke met his wife, Anna, a schoolteacher, on a blind date. She was a student at Wellesley College, and he was in graduate school at MIT. The Bernankes have two children, Joel and Alyssa.He is an ardent fan of the Washington Nationals baseball team, and frequently attends games at Nationals Park. When Bernanke left Stanford to accept a position at Princeton, he and his family moved to Montgomery Township, New Jersey, in 1985, where Bernanke's children attended the local public schools. Bernanke served for six years as a member of the board of education of the Montgomery Township School District. In 2009, The Wall Street Journal reported that Bernanke was a victim of identity theft, a spreading crime the Federal Reserve has for years issued warnings about. Academic and government career (1979–2006)

Bernanke taught at the Stanford Graduate School of Business from 1979 until 1985, was a visiting professor at New York University and went on to become a tenured professor at Princeton University in the Department of Economics. He chaired that department from 1996 until September 2002, when he went on public service leave. He resigned his position at Princeton July 1, 2005.<mask> served as a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System from 2002 to 2005. In one of his first speeches as a governor, entitled "Deflation: Making Sure It Doesn't Happen Here", he outlined what has


title: Ben Bernanke

texts:
 been referred to as the Bernanke doctrine. As a member of the board of governors of the Federal Reserve System on February 20, 2004, Bernanke gave a speech in which he postulated that we are in a new era called the Great Moderation, where modern macroeconomic policy has decreased the volatility of the business cycle to the point that it should no longer be a central issue in economics. In June 2005, <mask> was named chairman of President George W. Bush's Council of Economic Advisers, and resigned as Fed Governor. The appointment was largely viewed as a test run to ascertain if <mask> could be Bush's pick to succeed Greenspan as Fed chairman the next year. He held the post until January 2006. Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve

On February 1, 2006, Bernanke began a fourteen-year term as a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors and a four-year term as chairman (after having been nominated by President Bush in late 2005).By virtue of the chairmanship, he sat on the Financial Stability Oversight Board that oversees the Troubled Asset Relief Program. He also served as chairman of the Federal Open Market Committee, the System's principal monetary policy making body. His first months as chairman of the Federal Reserve System were marked by difficulties communicating with the media. An advocate of more transparent Fed policy and clearer statements than Greenspan had made, he had to back away from his initial idea of stating clearer inflation goals as such statements tended to affect the stock market. Maria Bartiromo disclosed on CNBC comments from their private conversation at the White House Correspondents'

masks: Bernanke Bernanke


title: Ben Bernanke

texts:
 Association Dinner. She reported that Bernanke said investors had misinterpreted his comments as indicating that he was "dovish" on inflation. He was sharply criticized for making public statements about Fed direction, which he said was a "lapse in judgment."Financial crisis of 2007–2008

As the Great Recession deepened, Bernanke oversaw some unorthodox measures. Under his guidance, the Fed lowered its funds interest rate from 5.25% to 0.0% within less than a year. When this was considered insufficient to abate the liquidity crisis, the Fed initiated quantitative easing, creating $1.3 trillion from November 2008 to June 2010 and using the created money to buy financial assets from banks and from the government. Second term

On August 25, 2009, President Obama announced he would nominate <mask> to a second term as chairman of the Federal Reserve. In a short statement on Martha's Vineyard, with <mask> standing at his side, Obama said Bernanke's background, temperament, courage and creativity helped to prevent another Great Depression in 2008. When Senate Banking Committee hearings on his nomination began on December 3, 2009, several senators from both parties indicated they would not support a second term. However, <mask> was confirmed for a second term as chairman on January 28, 2010, by a 70–30 vote of the full Senate, the narrowest margin, at the time, for any occupant of the position.(For the roll-call vote, see Obama confirmations, 2010.) The Senate first voted 77–23 to end debate, Bernanke winning more than the 60 approval votes needed to overcome the possibility of a filibuster. On a second vote to confirm, the 30

masks: Bernanke Bernanke Bernanke


title: Ben Bernanke

texts:
 dissents came from 11 Democrats, 18 Republicans and one independent. <mask> was succeeded as chair of the Federal Reserve by Janet Yellen, the first woman to hold the position. Yellen was nominated on October 9, 2013, by President Obama and confirmed by the United States Senate on January 6, 2014. Controversies as Federal Reserve Chairman
<mask> has been subjected to criticism concerning the late-2000s financial crisis. According to The New York Times, Bernanke "has been attacked for failing to foresee the financial crisis, for bailing out Wall Street, and, most recently, for injecting an additional $600 billion into the banking system to give the slow recovery a boost."Merrill Lynch merger with Bank of America
In a letter to Congress from then-New York State Attorney General Andrew Cuomo dated April 23, 2009, Bernanke was mentioned along with former Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson in allegations of fraud concerning the acquisition of Merrill Lynch by Bank of America. The letter alleged that the extent of the losses at Merrill Lynch were not disclosed to Bank of America by Bernanke and Paulson. When Bank of America CEO Ken Lewis informed Paulson that Bank of America was exiting the merger by invoking the "Materially Adverse Change" (MAC) clause, Paulson immediately called Lewis to a meeting in Washington. At the meeting, which allegedly took place on December 21, 2008, Paulson told Lewis that he and the board would be replaced if they invoked the MAC clause and additionally not to reveal the extent of the losses to shareholders. Paulson stated to Cuomo's office that he was directed by Bernanke to threaten Lewis in this


title: Ben Bernanke

texts:
 manner. Congressional hearings into these allegations were conducted on June 25, 2009, with Bernanke testifying that he did not bully Ken Lewis. Under intense questioning by members of Congress, Bernanke said, "I never said anything about firing the board and the management [of Bank of America]."In further testimony, <mask> said the Fed did nothing illegal or unethical in its efforts to convince Bank of America not to end the merger. Lewis told the panel that authorities expressed "strong views" but said he would not characterize their stance as improper. AIG bailout
According to a January 26, 2010, column in The Huffington Post, a whistleblower has disclosed documents providing troubling details' of Bernanke's role in the AIG bailout". Republican Senator Jim Bunning of Kentucky said on CNBC that he had seen documents which show that Bernanke overruled recommendations from his staff in bailing out AIG. The columnist says this raises questions as to whether or not the decision to bail out AIG was necessary. Senators from both parties who support Bernanke say his actions averted worse problems and outweighed whatever responsibility this may have created for the financial crisis. Edward Quince
The crisis in 2008 also made then-Federal Reserve Chairman <mask>ke create a pseudonym, Edward Quince.According to the Wall Street Journal, the false name was evidence in a class-action lawsuit against the government by shareholders of AIG, which had been given a Fed-backed bailout when it was near collapse. One of Mr. Quince's emails reads, "We think they are days from failure. They think it is a temporary problem. This disconnect is

masks:
Bernanke
Ben Bernan


title: Ben Bernanke

texts:
 dangerous." Upon the revelation of the Quince pseudonym during the Starr v. United States trial, The New York Times created a cocktail inspired by Mr. Bernanke's chosen alias: the "Rye & Quince." Economic views

Bernanke has given several lectures at the London School of Economics on monetary theory and policy. He has written two textbooks: an intermediate-level macroeconomics textbook coauthored with Andrew Abel (and also Dean Croushore in later editions) and an introductory textbook, covering both microeconomics and macroeconomics, coauthored with Robert H. Frank.<mask> was the Director of the Monetary Economics Program of the National Bureau of Economic Research and the editor of the American Economic Review. He is among the 50 most published economists in the world according to IDEAS/RePEc. Bernanke is particularly interested in the economic and political causes of the Great Depression, on which he has published numerous academic journal articles. Before <mask>'s work, the dominant monetarist theory of the Great Depression was Milton Friedman's view that it had been largely caused by the Federal Reserve's having reduced the money supply and has on several occasions argued that one of the biggest mistakes made during the period was to raise interest rates too early. In a speech on Milton Friedman's ninetieth birthday (November 8, 2002), Bernanke said:
"Let me end my talk by abusing slightly my status as an official representative of the Federal Reserve. I would like to say to Milton and Anna [Schwartz, Friedman's coauthor]: Regarding the Great Depression, you're right. We did it.We're very sorry. But thanks to you, we


title: Ben Bernanke

texts: U.S. dollars as it wishes at no cost." He referred to a statement made by Milton Friedman about using a "helicopter drop" of money into the economy to fight deflation.Bernanke's critics have since referred to him as "Helicopter Ben" or to his "helicopter printing press." In a footnote to his speech, Bernanke noted that "people know that inflation erodes the real value of the government's debt and, therefore, that it is in the interest of the government to create some inflation." For example, while Greenspan publicly supported President Clinton's deficit reduction plan and the Bush tax cuts, <mask>, when questioned about taxation policy, said that it was none of his business, his exclusive remit being monetary policy, and said that fiscal policy and wider society related issues were what politicians were for and got elected for. But <mask> has been identified by The Wall Street Journal and a close colleague as a "libertarian-Republican" in the mold of Alan Greenspan. In 2005 Bernanke coined the term saving glut, the idea that relatively high level of worldwide savings was holding down interest rates and financing the current account deficits of the United States. (Alternative reasons include relatively low worldwide investment coupled with low U.S. savings.)As the recession began in 2007, many economists urged Bernanke (and the rest of the Federal Open Market Committee) to lower the federal funds rate below what it had done. For example, Larry Summers, later named Director of the White House's National Economic Council under President Obama, wrote in the Financial Times on November 26, 2007—in a column in which he argued that


title: Ben Bernanke

texts:
 recession was likely—that "maintaining demand must be the  macro-economic priority. That means the Federal Reserve System has to get ahead of the curve and recognize—as the market already has—that levels of the Federal Funds rate that were neutral when the financial system was working normally are quite contractionary today." David Leonhardt of The New York Times wrote, on January 30, 2008, that "Dr. Bernanke's forecasts have been too sunny over the last six months. [On] the other hand, his forecast was a lot better than Wall Street's in mid-2006. Back then, he resisted calls for further interest rate increases because he thought the economy might be weakening." After the Federal Reserve

In a speech at the American Economics Association conference in January 2014, <mask> reflected on his tenure as chairman of the Federal Reserve.He expressed his hope that economic growth was building momentum and stated that he was confident that the central bank would be able to withdraw its support smoothly. In an October 2014 speech, Bernanke disclosed that he was unsuccessful in efforts to refinance his home. He suggested that lenders "may have gone a little bit too far on mortgage credit conditions". Since February 2014, <mask> has been employed as a Distinguished Fellow in Residence with the Economic Studies Program at the Brookings Institution. On April 16, 2015, it was announced publicly that Bernanke will work with Citadel, the $25 billion hedge fund founded by billionaire Kenneth C. Griffin, as a senior adviser. In the same month it was revealed that Bernanke would also join Pimco as a senior advisor. In his 2015 book, The Courage


title: Ben Bernanke

texts:
 in Government Award, Columbia Business School (2008)
 In 2009, the South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) Commission approved a resolution on February 21 to name Exit 190 along Interstate Highway 95 in Dillon County the Ben Bernanke Interchange. In 2009, he was named the Time magazine person of the year. In 2020 he was awarded the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the category "Economics, Finance and Management". Member of the National Academy of Sciences (2021)

Bibliography

 (Description, TOC, and preview of ch. 1, "The Macroeconomics of the Great Depression")

See also
 Causes of the Great Depression
 Great Contraction
 Greenspan put
 2008–2009 Keynesian resurgence

Footnotes

References
 Andrews, Edmund L. (November 5, 2005). "All for a more open Fed". New Straits Times, p. 21.Lowenstein, Roger (January 20, 2008). "The Education of <mask> Bernanke". The New York Times Magazine. Further reading
 Stewart, James B. (September 21, 2009). "Eight Days: the battle to save the American financial system". The New Yorker.Pages 58–81. Summarizing September 15–23, 2008 with interviews by James Stewart of Paulson, Bernanke and Geitner. <mask>, <mask>. (2020). "The New Tools of Monetary Policy". American Economic Review. 110 (4): 943–83. External links

 Statements and Speeches of <mask>. Bernanke
 Monitoring the Impact of Bernanke's 1st Press Conference on a Professional Market Terminal, video

 Bernanke Papers and Sources at UNJobs
 IDEAS/RePEc
 "A Crash Course for Central Bankers" by <mask>, Foreign Policy, September 1, 2000
 Bernanke's "printing press" speech, November 21, 2002
 "Downside

masks:
Ben
Bernanke
Ben S
Ben S
Ben Bernanke


title: Ben Bernanke

texts:
 Danger" by <mask>, Foreign Policy, November 1, 2003
 "Skills, Ownership, and Economic Security", <mask>ke, July 12, 2005, address with summary, video, and transcript
 Lectures by <mask>ke to an economics class at George Washington University March 2012
 "Chairman <mask>ke Lecture Series Part 1" Recorded live on March 20, 2012 10:35 am MST
 "Chairman <mask>ke Lecture Series Part 3" Recorded live on March 27, 2012 10:38 am MST
 <mask>ke's Blog at Brookings Institution.<mask>'s book The Courage to Act
 Chairman <mask>'s Schedule
 Works of <mask>anke

1953 births
Living people
20th-century American economists
21st-century American economists
American Economic Review editors
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Brookings Institution people
George W. Bush administration personnel
Chairs of the Federal Reserve
Chairs of the United States Council of Economic Advisers
Economists from New Jersey
Economists from South Carolina
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Harvard College alumni
Identity theft victims
Jewish American economists
Macroeconomists
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni
Monetary economists
National Bureau of Economic Research
New Jersey Republicans
New York University faculty
Obama administration personnel
People from Augusta, Georgia
People from Dillon, South Carolina
People from Montgomery Township, New Jersey
Presidents of the American Economic Association
Princeton University faculty
Stanford University Graduate School of Business

masks:
Ben Bernanke
Ben Bernan
Ben Bernan
Ben Bernan
Ben Bernan
Ben Bernan
Ben Bernanke
Bernanke
Ben Bern


title: Tyler Lockett

texts: <mask> (born September 28, 1992) is an American football wide receiver for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Seahawks in the third round of the 2015 NFL Draft. He played college football at Kansas State. In college, he set numerous Kansas State football records and was both a 2011 All-American (as a kickoff returner) and 2014 College Football All-America Team consensus All-American selection (as a punt returner). In college, he totaled 6,586 career all-purpose yards and 35 touchdowns, including 3,710 yards and 29 touchdowns as a receiver. Through the first nine games of his freshman college season for the  2011 Wildcats, Lockett led the nation in average yards per kickoff return, but he was injured and missed the rest of the season. Nonetheless, he was afterward recognized as an All-American return specialist.In 2012, he was an honorable mention All-Big 12 performer for the 2012 team. In 2013, he was a first team All-Big 12 performer for the 2013 team at both wide receiver and all-purpose receiver. That season, he established Kansas State school records for single-game receiving yards, single game all-purpose yards and career kickoff return yards. As a senior for the 2014 team, he surpassed his own father's school records for career receiving yards, career receptions and career receiving touchdowns. As a senior, he was the Big 12 Conference leader in receiving yards and the national leader in punt return average. A two-time Big 12 Special Teams Player of the Year, Lockett began his NFL career as NFC Special Teams Player of the Month for September


title: Tyler Lockett

texts:
 2015 when he scored both a punt and kickoff return touchdown in his first three games. He became the second rookie to win multiple Special Teams Player Of The Month awards and was the only rookie to be named 1st team All Pro for the 2015 NFL season.He was selected to the 2015 Pro Football Writers Association (PFWA) NFL All-Rookie Team at three positions. Early years
<mask> was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He attended Barnard Elementary, Carver Middle School, and then Booker T. Washington High School in Tulsa, where he was a three-sport star in football, basketball, and track and field. He helped lead the Booker T. Washington Hornets to Oklahoma Secondary School Activities Association (OSSAA) championships in both football and basketball. As a sophomore, he had several notable contributions to the team on its way to the school's first football OSSAA championship in 24 years. As a junior, Lockett played most of the year with a broken wrist that had at first been diagnosed as a severe sprain. He suffered the injury in the second game of the football season and did not have a screw put in his wrist until after basketball season.Booker T. Washington compiled a 13–1 record and won the 2010 OSSAA 5A championship in football his senior year. Lockett played several positions in high school, and he was voted All-State by the Oklahoma Coaches Association as a defensive back and Class 5A All-State as a wide receiver. His All-State selection got him invited to the state East–West All-Star game. In addition to football, Lockett also was a top competitor in basketball and track. In basketball, his team reached


title: Tyler Lockett

texts:
 season in which he amassed 759 all-purpose yards, he earned the NFC's Special Teams Player of the Month for December/January, making him the second rookie to win the award twice (Tamarick Vanover, 1995). He joined Gale Sayers as the only rookie to record at least 5 receiving touchdowns, a punt return touchdown, and a kickoff return touchdown. He was the only rookie to be named to the Associated Press All-Pro 1st team. He was also voted along with teammate Thomas Rawls to be in the Pro Football Writers Association NFL All-Rookie Team (2015). Lockett was selected to the team at three positions: wide receiver, punt returner, and kickoff returner.For the 2016 Pro Bowl, <mask> was selected by Team Rice in a fantasy-style draft. At the Pro Bowl, he made one catch for 10 yards and returned one punt for 24 yards. 2016 season

Lockett finished the 2016 season with 41 catches for 597 yards and a touchdown. In addition to his receiving numbers, he had 114 rushing yards including a 75-yard rushing touchdown, which was the longest Seattle run of the season. Lockett suffered a fracture to his right tibia and fibula while making a 28-yard catch in a Week 16 loss to the Arizona Cardinals. He had surgery later that night and was placed on injured reserve on December 27, 2016. Following the season, he was named to the 2016 All-Pro Second Team by the Associated Press.2017 season
In Week 11, Lockett returned five kickoffs for 197 yards, including a 57-yarder, earning him NFC Special Teams Player of the Week. Following the season, he was named second-team All-Pro by the Associated Press as a returner. He finished


title: Tyler Lockett

texts:
 statistics

Regular season

Playoffs

Personal life
<mask> was born to Nicole Edwards and <mask> who, having played at Kansas State from 1993 to 1996, was the school's all-time leading receiver before being passed by <mask>, and also played in the NFL for the Kansas City Chiefs. His uncle, Aaron, who played at Kansas State from 1998 to 2001, was their fourth all-time leading receiver as well as their second all-time leading punt returner. Aaron also holds Big 12 Conference records and set the school record in the 60 meters. His younger brother, Sterling, committed to Kansas State for their 2022 recruitment class. Kansas State head coach Bill Snyder had coached his father and uncle. His paternal grandparents are John and <mask> and his maternal grandparents are Marvin D. Hopson and Shirley Edwards.Lockett is a professed Christian and following his beliefs, he has also chosen to abstain from sex until marriage. One of <mask>'s hobbies is writing poems, and he published a book of poems called Reflection in 2019. Notes

External links
<mask>tt on Twitter
Seattle Seahawks bio
Kansas State Wildcats bio
Lockett at ESPN
Lockett at NCAA.org

1992 births
Living people
African-American Christians
African-American players of American football
All-American college football players
American football return specialists
American football wide receivers
Booker T. Washington High School (Tulsa, Oklahoma) alumni
Kansas State Wildcats football players
Players of American football from Oklahoma
Players of American football from Seattle
Seattle Seahawks players
Sportspeople from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Unconferenced Pro

masks:
Tyler
Kevin Lockett
Tyler
Beatrice Lockett
Tyler Lockett
Tyler Locke


title: Tom Ketchum

texts:
<mask> (known as Black Jack; October 31, 1863 – April 26, 1901) was an American cowboy who later became an outlaw. He was executed in 1901 for attempted train robbery. The execution by hanging was botched; he was decapitated due to the executioner using a rope that was too long. First train robberies and murders
<mask> was born in San Saba County, Texas. He left Texas in 1890, possibly after committing a crime. He worked as a cowboy in the Pecos River Valley of New Mexico, where by 1894, his older brother, <mask>, had joined him. Black Jack and a group of others were named as the robbers of an Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway train that was en route to Deming, New Mexico Territory, in 1892 with a large payroll aboard.The gang supposedly robbed the train just outside Nutt, New Mexico Territory, a water station twenty miles north of Deming. Black Jack and his gang would often visit the ranch of Herb Bassett, near Brown's Park, Colorado, who was known to have done business with several outlaws of the day, having supplied them with beef and fresh horses. Herb Bassett was the father of female outlaws Josie Bassett and Ann Bassett, who were girlfriends to several members of Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch gang. One of Ann Bassett's boyfriends and future Wild Bunch gang member, Ben Kilpatrick, began riding with Black Jack's gang about that time. Outlaw "Bronco Bill" Walters, later noted for the legend of his "hidden loot" near Solomonville, Arizona, is also believed to have begun riding with the gang at this time. The second major crime attributed to <mask> was the murder of a neighbor, John N. "Jap" Powers, in Tom Green County, Texas, on December 12, 1895. However, information at the Sutton Historical

masks:
Thomas Edward Ketchum
Tom Ketchum
Sam Ketchum
Tom


title: Tom Ketchum

texts: Society in Texas, says that Will Carver and <mask> were the ones actually accused of killing Powers in Knickerbocker.Fearing the law, they closed their joint saloon and gambling venture in San Angelo, and hit the outlaw trail. Within six months, Mrs. Powers and her lover, J. E. Wright, were arrested for the murder, but it was too late for Carver and the Ketchums. By late 1895, outlaw Harvey "Kid Curry" Logan and his brother Lonnie Curry were members of Black Jack's gang. However, in early 1896, a dispute concerning their share of robbery loot prompted the Currys to leave the gang. It is alleged that <mask> was involved with the February 1, 1896, disappearance and presumed murders of Albert Jennings Fountain and his son Henry Fountain of Las Cruces, New Mexico. In early June 1896, after working for the famed Bell Ranch in New Mexico, <mask> and <mask>, and  possibly others, robbed a combined store and post office at Liberty, New Mexico, northwest of present-day Tucumcari.According to contemporary accounts, the Ketchums rode into Liberty on June 12 and purchased supplies. That evening, a thunderstorm began, and they returned to the store, owned by Morris and Levi Herzstein, who invited them to take shelter. Returning the next morning to open his store, Levi Herzstein found that both the store and post office had been burglarized. After gathering a posse, Herzstein set out on the outlaws' trail. The posse, composed of just four men, took the two outlaws by surprise in the Plaza Largo arroyo, where a shootout immediately began. Seconds later both Levi Herzstein and Hermenejildo Gallegos lay dead. Seeing his comrades fall, Anastacio Borgue turned his horse and rode out of the arroyo.Placido Gurulé, the

masks:
Sam Ketchum
Ketchum
Tom
Sam Ketchum


title: Tom Ketchum

texts:
 fourth member of the posse, also survived to give an account. Gurulé said he had been struck by a .30-30 bullet that knocked him off his horse. He landed on the ground with a blow that knocked the wind out of him. He lay in a semiconscious state as Black Jack <mask> emptied his rifle into the bodies of Levi Herzstein and Hermenejildo Gallegos. <mask> and <mask> were never tried for the killings at the Plaza Largo arroyo, but Morris Herzstein reportedly was present in Clayton, New Mexico Territory to witness the hanging of Black Jack <mask> in 1901. Morris Herzstein moved to Clayton shortly after the killing in Liberty, and finally into the Texas Panhandle area. This is memorialized by the inscription on a shoe brush: "Herzstein's Clayton, New Mexico -- Dalhart, Texas.If it's from Herzstein's it's correct." Morris was the father of Albert Herzstein, who became one of the founders of Big 3 Industries in Houston, and is the man who helped the museum in Clayton to become a reality years later. Joining the Hole-In-The-Wall gang
Following this event, <mask> joined other outlaws of the Hole in the Wall Gang and continued a life of crime, focusing on train robberies, although when not robbing trains they worked for several ranches in New Mexico and Texas. Several other notable outlaws operated out of Hole In The Wall, which was a hideout for numerous outlaw gangs which operated separately. The famous Wild Bunch gang, led by Butch Cassidy and Elzy Lay, operated out of there. One Wild Bunch gang member, Kid Curry, along with his brother Lonny Curry, had previously ridden with Black Jack <mask> and his gang. He and Ketchum did not like each other, and Ketchum avoided Curry as much as possible.Kid Curry would

masks:
Ketchum
Tom
Sam Ketchum
Ketchum
Thomas Ketchum
Ketchum


title: Tom Ketchum

texts: kill nine lawmen over the course of the next eight years. During this time, <mask> was once identified mistakenly as "Black Jack" Christian, another outlaw, and that became his nickname as well. Three of the train robberies that the gang committed were near the same location, between Folsom and Des Moines, New Mexico Territory. This was at the point where the old Fort Union wagon road crossed the Colorado and Southern Rail Road tracks near Twin Mountain. On September 3, 1897, they committed their first robbery at Twin Mountain. Then, on July 11, 1899, the gang, without Black Jack, robbed the train again at Twin Mountain. After the robbery, Sam and several unknown gang members, in addition to Wild Bunch gang members Will Carver and William Ellsworth "Elzy" Lay, headed for the mountains southwest of Raton, New Mexico Territory.The next day, a posse consisting of Sheriff Ed Farr of Huerfano County, Colorado, Special Agent W.H. Reno of the Colorado & Southern Railroad, and five deputies found their trail and tracked them into Turkey Creek Canyon near Cimarron, New Mexico. There, the posse engaged them in a gun battle. <mask> and two deputies were wounded seriously, and the gang escaped. <mask>'s wounds slowed the intended escape, and they made it only a short distance from the initial shootout. Several members of the posse cornered the Ketchum gang a few days later, still in the same area of the Territory. Deputy W. H. Love  and Sheriff Ed Farr  engaged the outlaws in another gun battle, resulting in both Love and Farr being killed, while the posse wounded at least two unknown members of the gang.<mask> escaped, but was found a few days later by Special Agent Reno at the home of a rancher, where he was

masks:
Tom Ketchum
Sam Ketchum
Sam Ketchum
Sam Ketchum


title: Tom Ketchum

texts:
 arrested. <mask> was taken to the Santa Fe Territorial Prison, where he died from his gunshot wounds. He was buried in the Odd Fellows rest Cemetery, now the Fairview Cemetery on Cerrillos Rd. in Santa Fe. "Elzy" or "Elza" (William Ellsworth) Lay was born November 25, 1868, Mount Pleasant, Ohio. Lay had come out west to Denver, and became an outlaw after mistakenly believing he had killed a man. Jailed for life after the killing of Sheriff Farr after the Folsom robbery, he was released in 1906.He returned to Alma, New Mexico Territory and lived there for two years. He stayed with Louis and Walter Jones, who in 1904 had built a large merchandise store at Alma. Elzy died aged 65 in Los Angeles, on November 10, 1934. Capture and death

On August 16, 1899, <mask>, supposedly knowing nothing of the July 11 hold-up which ended in the death of his brother Sam, single-handedly attempted to rob the same train again at the same place and in the same way that he and Sam and others had robbed it just a few weeks earlier. The train conductor, Frank Harrington, saw <mask> approaching the moving train. He recognized him, grabbed a shotgun, and shot <mask> in the arm, knocking him off his horse. The train continued, and the next day a posse came out and found <mask> beside the tracks, badly wounded.He was transported to medical facilities at Trinidad, Colorado, and his right arm had to be amputated. He was nursed back to health and then sent to Clayton, New Mexico Territory, for trial. At the trial, <mask> was convicted and sentenced to death. He was the only person ever hanged in Union County, New Mexico Territory (now Union County, New Mexico). He was also the only person who suffered capital punishment for the

masks:
Sam Ketchum
Tom Ketchum
Tom
Tom
Tom
Ketchum


title: Tom Ketchum

texts:
 offense of "felonious assault upon a railway train" in New Mexico Territory (which did not become a state until 1912). Later, the law was found to be unconstitutional. <mask> was executed by hanging in Clayton.Nobody in Clayton had any experience in conducting hangings; the rope was too long, and since <mask> had gained a significant amount of weight during his time in jail, he was decapitated when he dropped through the trap door. His last words were reported by the San Francisco Chronicle as: "Good-bye. Please dig my grave very deep. All right; hurry up." A popular postcard was made showing the body. Afterwards his head was sewn back onto the body for viewing, and he was interred at the Clayton Cemetery. Media portrayals
Western actor Jack Elam portrayed <mask> in an episode of the 1954–55 syndicated television series Stories of the Century.Howard Duff played <mask> in the 1957 American Western film, Blackjack Ketchum, Desperado. Rhodes Reason played <mask> in a 1959 episode of the American Western television series Frontier Doctor. Martin Kove played Ketchum in the 1994 TV movie, "The Gambler V: Playing for Keeps"

See also
 List of botched executions

References

External links
 Biography
 Clayton, New Mexico
 The Spradley's Home Page at www.hal-pc.org

1863 births
1892 crimes
1901 deaths
20th-century executions by the United States federal government
20th-century executions of American people
American robbers
Cowboys
Deaths by decapitation
Executed people from Texas
Fugitives
Gunslingers of the American Old West
Outlaws of the American Old West
People executed by the United States federal government by hanging
People executed for robbery
People from San Saba County, Texas
People of the New

masks: Ketchum Ketchum Ketchum Ketchum Ketchum


title: Tomio Okamura

texts:
is a Czech far-right politician and entrepreneur of Moravian Wallachian, Japanese and Korean ethnicity. He founded the Czech political parties Dawn of Direct Democracy and Freedom and Direct Democracy (SPD). Since October 2013, he has been Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (MP), initially for Dawn of Direct Democracy and then from May 2015 for SPD (styled "SPD - <mask>"), of which he is also leader. He previously served as an independent Senator for Zlín district from October 2012 until his election to the Chamber of Deputies a year later. Early life and background
<mask> was born in Tokyo. His mother, <mask>, born Holíková, a native of Moravian Wallachia, had moved there in 1966 following her marriage to Okamura's half-Japanese, half-Korean father, <mask>. <mask> lived in Japan for the first ten years of his life before his mother returned with her sons to Czechoslovakia.He spent a part of his childhood in a children's home in Mašťov in the Usti nad Labem Region, where he was severely bullied, causing him to have a stutter until the age of 22. After leaving primary school he went on to study chemistry. During his childhood he worked as a popcorn seller at a cinema in Japan. Business career
He started his business career in 1994 mainly focused on the travel and gastronomy industries. He also started publishing a quarterly Pivní magazín ("Beer Magazine"). He is the author or co-author of several books. His book Tomio Okamura – Český sen ("Tomio Okamura - The Czech Dream") became a top 10 best-seller in the Czech Republic in 2010.In Spring 2011 his second book Umění vládnout ("The Art of Governance") was published. In 2012 he wrote a book Umění žít ("The Art of Living"). In 2013 he wrote two books – Umění přímé demokracie ("The Art of Direct Democracy") and Velká japonská kuchařka ("The Great Japanese Cookbook"). <mask> has links with a number of businesses including the Association of Czech Travel Agencies (), where he was spokesman and vice-president. Other businesses <mask>

masks:
Tomio Okamura
Okamura
Helena Okamura
Matsu Okamura
Tomio Okamura
Okamura
Okamura


title: Tomio Okamura

texts:
 has run include travel agent Miki travel and food shop Japa. <mask> was a judge on Den D, the Czech version of British television programme Dragons' Den, for three series between 2009 and 2010. Political career

Senate
In June 2012, <mask>, known previously as an advocate of direct democracy, announced his candidacy for the 2012 Czech Senate election as an independent candidate in Zlín.In the October election, <mask> led after the first round with 30% of the vote. <mask> won in a run-off against Stanislav Mišák, taking 66% of the vote and winning a seat in the Senate on 20 October 2012. In February 2013 <mask> was among a group of senators to sign a proposal to prosecute president Vaclav Klaus for high treason, regarding the amnesty announced by Klaus on finishing his term. The proposal was rejected by the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic. <mask> also supported the constitutional amendment to abolish lifelong immunity for public officials. His Senatorial term expired on his election to the Chamber of Deputies, after he had served in the Senate for one year and six days. 2013 Presidential candidacy
Immediately following his election to the Senate, <mask> announced his intention to stand in the 2013 presidential election.<mask>'s campaign submitted a list of 61,500 signatures. However, on 23 November 2012, the Ministry of Interior announced that only 35,750 signatures could be validated, and his candidacy was therefore refused. He appealed to the Supreme Administrative Court, which ruled that the Ministry of Interior had made an error while counting the signatures. <mask> appealed to the Ministry to re-calculate the signatures individually, rather than by estimation, but the appeal was denied. In reaction to this verdict, <mask> announced that it was a "political decision", and questioned the independence of the judiciary. Rejecting the verdict of the Constitutional Court, <mask> denounced the verdict as unfair and claimed that it was not possible to obtain justice in the Czech Republic.

masks: Okamura Okamura Okamura Okamura Okamura Okamura Okamura Okamura Okamura Okamura Okamura


title: Tomio Okamura

texts:
 Dawn of Direct Democracy
In the 2013 parliamentary elections his party — <mask> <mask>'s Dawn of Direct Democracy — obtained 342,339 votes (6.88%) and gained 14 seats.His previous senatorial mandate expired as a result of his election as a member of parliament. Movement of Freedom and Direct Democracy
In May 2015 <mask> founded a new political grouping in the Czech Chamber of Deputies, Freedom and Direct Democracy (SPD), a hard Eurosceptic, anti-immigration, and pro-direct democracy party. The SPD is allied to the French National Rally via the Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom European parliamentary alliance. <mask> was reelected as a deputy in the 2017 legislative elections. The party came fourth, winning 22 seats. Personal life
<mask> has two brothers; his older brother, Hayato, is an interpreter and translator, and in 2015 joined KDU-ČSL, standing for that party in Prague in the subsequent legislative elections in 2017. His younger brother Osamu is an architect and university teacher.He has a son named Ruy from his three-year marriage to a Japanese woman. In January 2012, when he was 40 years old, it was reported that Okamura was dating a 20-year-old Czech student. References

Further reading

External links

 Personal website

1972 births
Freedom and Direct Democracy presidential candidates
Living people
Members of the Senate of the Czech Republic
Japanese emigrants to Czechoslovakia
Czech eurosceptics
20th-century Czech businesspeople
21st-century Czech businesspeople
21st-century Czech politicians
Anti-Islam sentiment in Europe
Candidates in the 2013 Czech presidential election
Freedom and Direct Democracy MPs
Leaders of Freedom and Direct Democracy
Czech people of Japanese descent
Czech people of Korean descent
Politicians of Japanese descent
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (2013–2017)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (2017–2021)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (2021–2025)
Dawn – National Coalition

masks: Tomio Okamura Okamura Okamura Okamura


title: Ioannis Varvakis

texts:
<mask> (; 1745–1825), also known as Ivan Andreevich Varvatsi (), was a Greek distinguished member of the Russian and Greek communities, national hero, member of the Filiki Eteria and benefactor of the places where he lived. Origins, early life
<mask> was born on the Greek island of Psara, son to Andreas Leontis and Maria Moros. His mother later cloistered herself in a monastery on the island of Chios, where she died during the Chios Massacre in 1822. His real name was <mask> (Greek: Ιωάννης Λεοντίδης); <mask> was the nickname that he received during his childhood due to his imposing eyes, which were similar to the eyes of a bird of prey which lives on the island of Psara and is known as varvaki (βαρβάκι, "Eleonora's falcon"). Hero of the war for independence
<mask> was a Greek Orthodox Christian who became a skilful sailor at the age of 17 and built a ship, the St. Andrew, which he later offered (with his crew) to the Russian forces during the Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774. He spent his entire fortune to equip the ship and to arm it with cannons and showed extraordinary courage during the Battle of Chesma () in July 1770. His xebec was transformed into a fire ship, packed with combustibles, set on fire and steered into a large Turkish ship.But the war did not give independence to Greece, as the Ottoman sultan signed peace by the Treaty of Kuçuk Kainarji in 1774, which granted Russia the northern part of the Black Sea. On the other hand, this war created a mass exodus of Greeks to Russia. At service of Catherine the Great

Without any money in his pocket, <mask> <mask> decided to seek an audience with Catherine II of Russia ("Catherine the Great"). He went to Saint Petersburg, where he met with Grigori Alexandrovich Potemkin, Russian general-field marshal, statesman, and favorite of Catherine II the Great, who

masks:
Ioannis Varvakis
Ioannis
Ioannis Leontides
Varvakis
Varvakis
Ioannis
Varvakis


title: Ioannis Varvakis

texts:
 arranged the audience with the Empress of Russia. Catherine II the Great was particularly generous giving Varvakis 1,000 golden roubles as a gift and an authorisation for unlimited and duty-free fishery in the Caspian Sea and the right to choose a place to settle in Russia. He also received an official patent signed by Catherine the Great, proving that Ivan Andreevich Varvatsi (his new Russian name) was named first lieutenant of the Russian Navy on October 21, 1772. <mask> in Astrakhan

From Saint Petersburg, he left for Astrakhan to develop a fishery, though he had no experience.In the northern Caspian Sea his fishery enterprise made him a millionaire. The boats of Varvakis caught sturgeon, white salmon and other valuable fish. Knowing the passion of Greeks for caviar, he tried to arrange exporting caviar to Europe. He invented a solution to preserve the freshness of the caviar eggs while being transported by ship. He produced timber boxes, which did not cause alterations in the precious eggs, were absolutely waterproof and thus were maintained in very good condition. Until then the caviar had been preserved in caves. Varvakis shipped caviar from Astrakhan to Greece by camel or by boat through the Volga river.In 1788, the business of Varvakis employed more than 3,000 workers. In 1810-17, <mask> <mask> financed the delayed construction of the channel linking the Volga to its arm . The channel, which was initially built as "Astrakhansky" was renamed by the decree of December 31, 1817 as "Varvatsievski". After the Russian revolution, it was renamed to "The May 1st Channel". <mask> in Taganrog

In 1810, <mask> was granted the title of hereditary nobleman with a family coat of arms by Alexander I of Russia, who also made him Court Counsel and decorated with a diamond Order of St. Anne awarded for exceptional

masks: Varvakis Ioannis Varvakis Varvakis Varvakis


title: Ioannis Varvakis

texts:
 services and the Order of St. Vladimir. In 1812, he moved to the city of Taganrog, populated by Greek colonists who, like the Greeks of classical times, took refuge from poverty or tyranny in townships around the northern Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. In 1813, Ivan Varvatsi spent 600,000 rubles for construction of Greek Jerusalem Monastery () in Taganrog.When Alexander I died in Taganrog in 1825, the funeral service for the Russian Tsar was chanted in this monastery. Varvatsi's mansion in Taganrog suffered extensive damage during Siege of Taganrog in Crimean War. The walls were filled with cannonballs and rifle bullets, and were left in that condition. The building was nicknamed "house with bullets"(дом с пулями). Return to Greece
<mask> <mask> actively assisted the Greeks during the Greek Revolution, especially his home island of Psara. After the destruction of the island by the Turkish Fleet, he returned to Greece himself in 1824 to aid the refugees, and died on Zakynthos on January 10, 1825. <mask> desired to promote education for the new Greek state, and in his will he left 1 million rubles for the building of a high school, which was named Varvakeio (Βαρβάκειον Λύκειον) in his honor.<mask> also financed the building of Athens' closed market, the Varvakeios Agora. Descendants
The descendance of <mask>' noble name was continued through the female line. His first daughter, <mask> who was born in 1770, married Greek merchant Nikolay Ivanovich Komnino. Since he had no sons, and desirous of preserving his name for the future generations, <mask> <mask> addressed to his patron, Catherine the Great, a request to permit his daughter Maria have a double-barreled surname, that is the family name of <mask>, her father, and that of her husband, Komnino. Catherine II granted his appeal, creating the noble family of

masks:
Ioannis
Varvakis
Varvakis
Varvakis
Varvakis
Maria Varvakis
Ioannis
Varvakis
Varvakis


title: Ioannis Varvakis

texts:
 Komnino-Varvatsi (Комнино-Варваци). All sons of Maria and Nikolay Komnino-Varvatsi (Ivan, Yegor, Mark, Kozma and Andrey) were granted noble titles by the Yekaterinoslav Government decree of April 25, 1821, paying tribute to achievements and contributions made by their grandfather, <mask> <mask>. Their descendants were later married into other Greek-Russian families, including the Sarandinaki family at Taganrog.Through the Sarandinaki family, <mask>’ descendants were also related to the Motsenigo (Mocenigo or Mochenigo) Greek-Russian family. The graves of Maria and Nadezhda Komnino-Varvatsi are located at the Taganrog Old Cemetery near The All-Saints Church in Taganrog. Legacy

In the 19th century, one of the streets in Taganrog was named after Varvatsi (Варвациевский переулок). In the 1920s it was renamed after poet Mikhail Lermontov. In 2012 a monument dedicated to <mask> was inaugurated in the city of Astrakhan. Director Yannis Smaragdis directed a film (God Loves Caviar) dedicated to the life of <mask> <mask> and his invention for transportation of caviar eggs. German actor Sebastian Koch portrayed <mask> <mask>.The film, a co-production of Greece, Russia, and Spain was released in 2012. The film, however, contains significant historical inaccuracies, such as showing Emperor Paul I ruling at the time of Greek revolution in 1821. (In reality, he had been assassinated 20 years before these events). In popular Culture

Film “The Pirate” 2012

References

Sources
Энциклопедия Таганрога. Таганрог: Антон, 1998. — 624 с. — .1745 births
1825 deaths
People from Psara
Ottoman Greece
Russian nobility
Greek diaspora in Russia
Greek revolutionaries
Greek philanthropists
Greek people of the Greek War of Independence
Greek pirates
Members of the Filiki Eteria
Burials at the First Cemetery of Athens
19th-century

masks: Ioannis Varvakis Varvakis Varvakis Ioannis Varvakis Ioannis Varvakis


title: Aubrey Meyer

texts:
<mask> (born 1947) is an author, violinist, composer and climate campaigner. A former member of the UK Green Party, he co-founded the Global Commons Institute in 1990. Life
<mask> was born in Yorkshire in 1947. He was raised in Cape Town, South Africa from 1952. In 1968 he gained a Bachelor of Music from the Music College, Cape Town University. He won Southern African Music Rights Organisation (SAMRO) scholarship for two years study abroad. From 1969 to 1971 he studied at the Royal College of Music in London.There he studied composition with Phillip Cannon and viola with the late Cecil Aronowitz. He won the International Music Company Prize and the Stanton Jeffries Music Prize. After the Royal College, he earned his living playing viola in orchestras: - principal viola in Scottish Theatre Ballet (1971), Ulster (1972), Gulbenkian Orchestra, CAPAB Orchestra and as a rank-and-file player in the Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet and finally in the London Philharmonic Orchestra. He has lived in London since 1980. During this period he continued composing. His one-act ballet 'Exequy' led to the award of a Master of Music degree in composition from the University of Cape Town. In 1980, <mask> returned to London, combining composition with playing and his ballet score Choros for the Sadlers Wells Royal Ballet for the ballet by David Bintley, won an Evening Standard Award (1984); reviews for Exequy & Choros.In 1988, while looking for a theme for a new composition, he heard about the environmentalist Chico Mendez who had been assassinated for his work in trying to prevent the destruction of the Brazilian rainforest, and he abandoned music for the UK Green Party of England and Wales. He co-founded the Global Commons Institute (GCI) in 1990 to start a programme to counter the threat of climate change based on the founding premise of 'Equity

masks:
Aubrey Meyer
Aubrey Meyer
Meyer


title: Aubrey Meyer

texts:
 and Survival'. At the request of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1992, <mask> conceived and presented his analysis of 'The Unequal Use of the Global Commons' to Working Group Three of the IPCC Second Assessment Report. This was dubbed 'Expansion and Divergence' and, led to an international rejection, at the UN climate negotiations in 1995, of the global cost benefit analysis of climate change by some economists from the US and UK. Contraction and Convergence
This led to the development of GCI's framework of Contraction & Convergence (C&C). Introduced at the UNFCCC in 1996, C&C's approach to stabilizing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at 'safe' level (by shrinking and sharing the limited and finite weight of such gases that future human activity can release into the atmosphere on an equal per capita basis) raises a key issue in the climate change debate. As a musician and string player, <mask> says the world must collaborate with musical discipline to avert runaway climate change: i.e.play C&C's 'carbon reduction score' in time, in tune and together. C&C was introduced to the UNFCCC at COP-2 Geneva:

C&C became this iconic image in the months that followed. C&C was on the agenda at COP-3 Kyoto. C&C was on the agenda at COP-4 Buenos Aires when host Government published this in their conference newspaper. C&C was on the Agenda at COP-6 The Hague with Chairman Jan Pronk advocating it. C&C was on the agenda for COP-15 at Copenhagen, but was not agreed. C&C now considered by some as "the most preferable equity framework".C&C considered by others as "the best possible solution to the twin problems of climate change and inequity". <mask> has now enclosed C&C in the 'Carbon Budget Accounting Tool'
(CBAT online)
(CBAT notes)
(CBAT appreciation)

Comments by third parties
"Some proposals compensate the

masks: Meyer Meyer Meyer


title: Aubrey Meyer

texts:
 potential burden on developing nations with generous emissions allocation, whether as a simple strategy to obtain developing countries support for the regime or in a realisation of the global equity principle borrowed from social justice. A famous such proposal is 'Contraction and Convergence' developed by <mask>." Act Locally Trade Globally; Emissions Trading for Climate Policy Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development IEA

"I think <mask> is a good gentleman. He has really been on this issue for years, for donkey’s years and he’s not giving up and he has the stamina. I think if we were all of us like <mask> we would have achieved very high levels. Unfortunately not many of us have been that strong".Joshua Wairoto, Deputy Director Kenya Met Office speaking at the UN Climate Negotiations in 2007. "I think that <mask> has done an amazing job and has shown extraordinary persistence and ingenuity in working out a scheme of this kind and I very much admire him for it. Above all he has laid out a kind of intellectual and legal framework which is what we need if we are going to set global arrangements in place and these global arrangements should I believe be fully reflected in the Bill that is now before the UK Parliament to regulate climate change. This is not the time for half-measures or quarter measures or fiddling with the problem. It is important to lay out the principles and then see how they should best be interpreted to give effect to a common human problem". Sir Crispin Tickell, former British Ambassador, Director of the Policy Foresight Programme James Martin 21st Century School Oxford University. "It seems to me that Contraction and Convergence is the basic principle that should guide climate policy, and that this policy is really unchallenged in principle by any of the climate models under

masks:
Aubrey Meyer
Aubrey
Aubrey
Aubrey Meyer


title: Aubrey Meyer

texts:
 C&C is the most widely cited and arguably the most widely supported proposal for UNFCCC-compliance in play and many people believe C&C will yet prove to be the overarching principle that is adopted and that allows all nations to find common ground on how to achieve 'climate truth and reconciliation' and avert climate chaos. Awards
<mask>'s environmental efforts have led to many awards. He is the recipient of the Andrew Lees Memorial Prize, 1998; Schumacher Award, 2000; Findhorn Fellowship, 2004; Eurosolar Award 2006; City of London, Life-time's Achievement Award, 2005; Honorary Fellow of Royal Institute of British Architects, 2007; UNEP FI Global Roundtable Financial Leadership Award, 2007. and in 2008 a cross party group of British MPs nominated <mask> for the 2008 Nobel Peace Prize. He was nominated with wide support, for the Zayed Prize in 2010. He was nominated for the Blue Planet Prize, again with wide support, in 2014. See also
Global Commons Institute
Contraction and Convergence

Bibliography
 GLOBE briefing on Contraction and Convergence
 Contraction & Convergence: The Global Solution to Climate Change'
 The Kyoto Protocol & the emergence of C&C as a framework for an international political solution to GHG emissions abatement.Reinforcing Asia-Europe Co-operation on Climate Change
 The GCI Archive 1989-2004
 Towards a Sustainable EU Policy on Climate Change - GCI Evidence to the House of Lords
 Surviving Climate Change - The Case for Contraction and Convergence. The Economics of Climate Change Chevening Fellows Programme Cambridge
 Contraction and Convergence and International Conceptual Framework for Preventing Dangerous Climate Change
 Carbon Countdown - the Campaign for Contraction and Convergence. References

External links
Global Commons Institute

1947 births
Living people
British emigrants to South

masks: Meyer Meyer


title: Vetle Sjåstad Christiansen

texts:
<mask> (born 12 May 1992) is a Norwegian biathlete. Early life
Christiansen was born in Geilo, a centre in the municipality of Hol, to Randi Sjåstad and her husband <mask>. His younger sister, <mask>en, is a successful freestyle skier. Christiansen began his career by racing in biathlon and cross-country skiing as a junior on the national level. In his youth, his greatest idol was Ole Einar Bjørndalen. Christiansen learned much about how to train from literature of and about Bjørndalen, and was inspired by Bjørndalen's training mentality, and started training a lot and hard, from a very early age. On the last day of the 2004 World Championships, Christiansen set a long-term goal of qualifying for the 2014 Winter Olympics.In 2008, <mask> entered the Norwegian College of Elite Sport in Geilo. Career

Early career and World Cup debut
Before turning 17, <mask> had made a clean sweep at the Junior Norwegian Championships in his age group, winning four gold medals, and he won the Norwegian Biathlon Cup (Norgescupen) in his age category, called the Statkraft Junior Cup, overall. He had also won two golds in the Junior Norwegian Summer Biathlon Championships in September 2008, in the 17-year-olds age group. At the end of the 2008–09 season, <mask> participated in the 2009 Norwegian Biathlon Championships. He did not participate in the 20 km individual, but finished 17th in the sprint and 8th in the pursuit. This caused Christiansen to be selected for the first team of Buskerud alongside Christian Georg Bache, Frode Andresen and Ole Einar Bjørndalen. Though he incurred a penalty loop, he made up two places over his leg, and good work by Andresen and Bjørndalen secured the gold.During the off-season, <mask> participated in the Junior Norwegian Summer Championships, in the age group for 18-year-olds. He won silver in the sprint and gold in the pursuit. When the winter came, <mask> debuted at the Junior/Youth World Championships in 2010 in Torsby, competing in the youth class. The first event was the 12.5 km individual on 27 January in which

masks:
Vetle Sjåstad Christiansen
Georg William Christiansen
Tiril Sjåstad Christians
Christiansen
Christiansen
Christiansen
Christiansen
Christiansen


title: Vetle Sjåstad Christiansen

texts: he received three penalty minutes, but still won bronze. Three days later, Christiansen won another bronze, this time in the 7.5 km sprint. The next day, Christiansen fell two places and finished fifth. Two days later, Christiansen raced in the 3 × 7.5 km relay, taking the anchor leg.<mask> started his leg in third position, and kept that position until the end, and the team thus won bronze. Later in February, <mask> participated in the Junior Norwegian Championships. He won gold in the individual, came fourth in the sprint, and won silver in the relay. At the end of the season, <mask> participated in the Norwegian Championships at Simostranda. He did not race in the individual, but came 11th in the sprint and 13th in the mass start. In the relay, <mask> took the first leg for the first team of Buskerud. He changed in third, but a total of five penalty loops by his teammates, Anders Brun Hennum, Bache and Andresen, meant they finished in fifth.In September 2010, <mask> competed in the Junior Norwegian Summer Championships, in the age group for 19-year-olds. He came second in both the sprint and pursuit. In January 2011, <mask> again competed in the Junior/Youth World Championships, this time in Nové Město, competing in the youth class. The first event was the 7.5 km sprint on 29 January in which he received two penalties and won silver. The following day, <mask> started eighteen seconds behind Maxim Tsvetkov. He missed four times, but still won silver, thirty seconds behind Tsvetkov. Two days later, Christiansen raced in the 12.5 km individual in which he incurred three penalty minutes, and yet won bronze.Norway did not participate in the relay in the youth category, but <mask> was selected for team that raced in the junior category. <mask> took the anchor leg. At the exchange, the Norwegians was in third position, <mask> defended that position and the Norwegians won bronze. In March, <mask> participated Junior Norwegian Championships. He won gold in the individual, came sixth in the sprint, but returned to the top of the podium

masks: Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen


title: Vetle Sjåstad Christiansen

texts: in the relay. At the end of the season, <mask> participated in the 2011 Norwegian Championships. He again skipped the individual, but came 13th in the sprint and 8th in the pursuit.In the relay, he again took the first leg, and changed in fourth place. Fast skiing and good shooting by his teammates, Andresen, Hennum and the returning Bjørndalen, meant that the team from Buskerud again won gold, more than two minutes ahead of second place. In September 2011, <mask> once again competed in the Junior Norwegian Summer Championships, in the age group for 20- and 21-year-olds. He came eighth in the sprint, but climbed to claim gold in the pursuit. In January 2012, <mask> debuted in the Junior European Championships in Brezno-Osrblie. In the first event, the 10 km sprint on 27 January, he missed once, but still won gold, just one second ahead of Alexandr Loginov. Two days later, Christiansen won silver in the 12.5 km pursuit, 23.5 seconds behind Loginov, despite both having missed twice.The next event was the mixed relay in which <mask> took the anchor leg. The Norwegians led at the last exchange and as <mask> needed only two spare rounds to clear the targets, they won gold. He also participated in the last event, the 15 km individual. He missed twice, but still won bronze, thanks to quick ski speed. <mask> competed in the Junior/Youth World Championships in 2012 as well, this time in Kontiolahti, competing in the junior category. The first event was the 15 km individual on 21 February. He skied quickly, but missed six times and finished 16th.Two days later, <mask> raced in the relay, once again taking the anchor leg. The Norwegian team led the race at the last exchange and Christiansen defended their lead, and the Norwegians won gold. The next race, two days later, was the 10 km sprint. Christiansen missed twice and finished 13th. <mask> skied better in the pursuit the following day, where he missed twice, but climbed eleven places to win silver just ahead of Alexandr Loginov, and over one minute and forty seconds behind the sprint

masks: Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen


title: Vetle Sjåstad Christiansen

texts: winner Tsvetkov. In March, Christiansen raced in the Junior Norwegian Championships, winning silver in the individual and gold in the sprint, and finishing fourth in the relay. At the season's end, <mask> participated in the Norwegian Championships in Trondheim.He came 13th in the 20 km individual and 9th in the 10 km sprint, but skipped the mass start. He then took the anchor leg in the relay. Andresen, Tommi Luchsinger and Erlend Bjøntegaard had pulled Buskerud I into fourth position, and <mask> was the fastest in his leg, pulling them into second, winning silver. In September 2012, <mask> competed at the Norwegian Summer Biathlon Championships in Holmenkollen, for the first time in the senior group. He impressed by winning bronze, just 6.8 seconds behind Lars Berger who won silver and one minute and ten seconds behind Bjørndalen. <mask> won another bronze the next day, though the gap to Berger and Bjørndalen had grown to 18 seconds, and two minutes and 49 seconds, respectively. In the first round of the 2012–13 World Cup, on 1 December 2012, <mask> made his World Cup debut.The race was the 10 km sprint and he missed twice and finished 27th, 1 minute and 18 seconds behind the winner, the Canadian Jean-Philippe Leguellec, qualifying for the pursuit the following day. Over the rest of the season he would race in ten more races breaking three more barriers. First, in Hochfilzen in his fifth World Cup race and first relay, <mask> also won his first relay. He raced alongside fellow newcomers Lars Helge Birkeland and Henrik L'Abée-Lund, both having clocked in less than twenty World Cup races, and the veteran Ole Einar Bjørndalen, who had raced more than 460 World Cup races. Birkeland shot fast and cleanly in the first leg to hand over to Bjørndalen just 9.8 seconds behind, in fourth place. Bjørndalen would require only one spare round, which, combined with his swift shooting and skiing, brought the Norwegians the lead. At the second exchange, Bjørndalen handed over to Christiansen, 6.0 seconds ahead of the Czech

masks: Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen


title: Vetle Sjåstad Christiansen

texts: Republic.Christiansen skied fast and shot cleanly and this, combined with mistakes by other teams, increased the lead to 47.0 seconds. L'Abée-Lund took the anchor leg. Also he shot fast and cleanly, compensating in large part for his skiing speed. The Norwegians won 34.5 seconds ahead of France in second and 46.6 seconds ahead of Russia in third. Christiansen participated only briefly in the Junior/Youth World Championships in 2013 in Obertilliach. The championships started for Christiansen with the 10 km sprint event. He shot cleanly, but he finished outside the podium in fourth position.He did not start in the pursuit, nor did he enter any more events in the championships. <mask> participated in the European Championships the following month. In the first race, <mask> and his fellow Norwegians were not acclimatized. Thus, <mask> finished 18th in the 20 km individual, despite missing only once. The next race, the 10 km sprint, was postponed twice due to heavy fog, giving the Norwegians two extra days to acclimatize. This allowed Christiansen to pick up his pace and win the gold in the sprint, shooting clear. The pursuit competition crashed with the men's relay, with the result being that the relay was cancelled.<mask> won silver in the pursuit, having missed three times, the same amount as the winner, Benedikt Doll. The second barrier <mask> broke in the World Cup was finishing in the top ten in an individual race. That race was the season's last sprint, in Khanty-Mansiysk. Christiansen shot cleanly and finished tenth, one minute and four seconds behind the winner, Martin Fourcade. This result, alongside the 11th-place finish in the pursuit, qualified <mask> for his first mass start in the World Cup, breaking another barrier. The season was thus a remarkable success, with <mask> mostly finishing in the top 30 individually, and finished 43rd overall in the World Cup. The season ended with the Norwegian Championships in Dombås.<mask> came tenth in the individual, having missed five times, and fifth in the sprint despite having


title: Vetle Sjåstad Christiansen

texts:
 missed four times. <mask> then came fourth in the pursuit, having lost the bronze in a sprint finish with Lars Berger. In the relay, he took the anchor leg, lifting the team from Buskerud from sixth to third, winning bronze. Olympic season (2013–14 World Cup season)
On 3 April 2013, <mask> was selected to the elite team for the first time, being selected alongside Ole Einar Bjørndalen, Johannes Thingnes Bø, Tarjei Bø, fellow newcomer Henrik L'Abée-Lund, and Emil Hegle Svendsen. At the Norwegian Summer Championships in Mo i Rana, <mask> won silver in both the sprint and pursuit, behind Svendsen in the sprint and Bjørndalen in the pursuit. In November, Christiansen participated in the traditional qualifying races at Sjusjøen. <mask> finished a disappointing 32nd in the 10 km sprint, but secured World Cup participation by coming second in the 15 km mass start, just 4.9 seconds behind Bjørndalen.<mask> helped the Norwegians finish in second place in the opening mixed relay of the season in Östersund. In the individual and sprint, he came 16th and 29th, being the best Norwegian in the individual. In Hochfilzen, he performed badly in the sprint, missing three times, and finishing 53rd. He was nevertheless given the first leg in the relay the next day. He skied fast, but needed four spare rounds and changed 31.4 seconds behind the leader. However, Bjørndalen claimed the lead on the second leg, and Tarjei Bø and Svendsen defended that lead, meaning that <mask> got his second relay victory. The following day, <mask> climbed more than twenty places, finishing 31st.He skipped the third round of the World Cup, but competed in the fourth round, finishing 15th in the sprint, his best individual finish of the season. He faltered in the pursuit, however, and finished 35th. He was not qualified for the mass start, and his next competition was the relay in Ruhpolding. However, Johannes Thingnes Bø incurred three penalty loops on the first leg and changed to his brother in 22nd place. Tarjei Bø climbed to 14th, and <mask> raced a decent leg,


title: Vetle Sjåstad Christiansen

texts:
 climbing to 10th. Svendsen then secured the Norwegians a ninth place. In the following 20 km individual, Christiansen shot well, but skied rather slowly and finished 56th, and decided to not start in the pursuit.He was nevertheless selected for the Olympic squad, albeit as a reserve for the relay, fulfilling his long-term goal. He did not race in Antholz-Anterselva, and did not get to race in any races at the Olympics. In Pokljuka, in the first World Cup round after the Olympics, <mask> finished 64th in the 10 km sprint and thus did not qualify for the pursuit. He was not qualified for the mass start either. He did not race in the next round of the World Cup, but returned for the last round of races at Holmenkollen. There, he finished 41st in both the sprint and the pursuit. To end the season <mask> participated in the 2014 Norwegian Championships.In the 20 km individual and the 10 km sprint, <mask> came 7th, whilst he won silver in the 15 km mass start. In the relay, the Buskerud team suffered in the absence of the ill Bjørndalen and the retired Andresen, and finished sixth. Stagnation and illness (2014–15 World Cup season)
<mask> was reselected ahead of the 2014–15 season, the whole team being reselected. In September, <mask> competed at the Norwegian Summer Championships in Steinkjer. There, he came sixth in both the sprint and the pursuit. At the season start races at Sjusjøen, <mask> came third in the sprint, but came 17th in the mass start. He was selected for the mixed relay and individual in Östersund, with a chance of getting the last place in the sprint.In the mixed relay, <mask> again helped the Norwegians to a second-place finish. In the individual, he finished a disappointing 53rd, but was still given the last spot in the sprint due to Lars Helge Birkeland finishing 84th. In the sprint, <mask> finished 45th despite missing only once, but he climbed thirty places in the pursuit by being the only one to hit all twenty targets, and finished 15th. <mask>'s results in Östersund were below expectations and he was not

masks: Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen Vetle Christiansen Christiansen Christiansen


title: Vetle Sjåstad Christiansen

texts:
 selected for the second round of the World Cup. He returned in the last round before the Christmas break, and delivered better results by finishing 30th in the sprint and 39th in the pursuit. However, he was not selected for the World Cups in Oberhof and Ruhpolding, but after both Tarjei Bø and Emil Hegle Svendsen fell ill, he was needed for the relay and sprint in Oberhof. He took the first leg in the relay, changing in fourth place.The rest of the team, Alexander Os, Johannes Thingnes Bø and Ole Einar Bjørndalen, gained the lead, but victory was snatched in a sprint finish with Anton Shipulin, and so the Norwegians finished second. <mask> finished 67th in the sprint and decided to return to Norway for a medical examination, having been feeling tired for some time. It was revealed that he had been affected in some way by the Rhinovirus, but he remained unable to compete and train properly for the next six months. Leaving the national team (2015–16 World Cup season)
Due to his illness, he decided to leave the national biathlon team ahead of the 2015–16 season, and joined a private biathlon team called Team Norgesbakeriet. The team was composed of <mask> Ravnsborg Gurigard, Kristoffer Langøien Skjelvik, Håkon Svaland, Martin Eng, Tore Leren and <mask>, with Knut Tore Berland as coach. He did not participate in the 2015 Norwegian Summer Championships. Biathlon results
All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.Olympic Games
2 medal (1 gold, 1 bronze)

World Championships
4 medals (3 gold)

*During Olympic seasons competitions are only held for those events not included in the Olympic program. Junior/Youth World Championships
9 medals (1 gold, 3 silver, 5 bronze)

Biathlon World Cup

Individual victories (2)

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
People from Hol
Norwegian male biathletes
Biathlon World Championships medalists
Biathletes at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Olympic biathletes of Norway
Medalists at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in biathlon
Olympic gold medalists for

masks: Christiansen Vetle Christiansen


title: Sarah Wilkes

texts:
<mask> (born August 4, 1990 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian curler from Edmonton, Alberta. She won the 2019 Scotties Tournament of Hearts with Team Chelsea Carey and is currently the second for Team Rachel Homan. Career

Juniors
As a junior curler, <mask> played third for the 2011 Ontario Junior Women's Championship team skipped by Clancy Grandy. The team represented Ontario at the 2011 Canadian Junior Curling Championships, where they finished with a 5–7 record. In University curling, <mask> played third for the Wilfrid Laurier University women's curling team. She played in the 2010 CIS/CCA Curling Championships on a team skipped by Danielle Inglis, losing in the semi-final. Laurier would then win the 2011 and 2012 CIS/CCA Curling Championships under skip Laura Crocker.The team represented Canada at the 2013 Winter Universiade, but they finished off the podium with a 4–5 round robin record. Women's
After university, <mask> and Crocker moved to Alberta. They would play in the 2013 Alberta Scotties Tournament of Hearts, losing in the semifinal. The next season, <mask> joined the Kristie Moore rink. <mask> was invited to join the Alberta team, skipped by Val Sweeting at the 2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts. The team would lose in the final. <mask> joined the Shannon Kleibrink rink in 2015 at second position.In their first season, the team would win the Medicine Hat Charity Classic and play in the 2016 Alberta Scotties Tournament of Hearts, where they narrowly missed the playoffs when they lost the final qualification game. The next season they would go on to win the 2017 Alberta Scotties Tournament of Hearts,

masks:
Sarah Wilkes
Wilkes
Wilkes
Wilkes
Wilkes
Wilkes
Wilkes


title: Sarah Wilkes

texts: earning the right to represent Alberta at the 2017 Scotties Tournament of Hearts. At the hearts, the team finished with a 5–6 record, failing to qualify for the playoffs. In 2018 <mask> lost the Alberta Jiffy Lube Scotties final to Casey Scheidegger 7–6 in an extra end. After the season, <mask> joined the Carey team including Chelsea Carey, Dana Ferguson and Rachelle Brown, playing out of The Glencoe Club in Calgary. Leading up to Alberta provincials, the team had two playoff appearances at Grand Slam of Curling events including a semifinal finish at the Masters. Team Carey qualified for the 2019 Alberta Scotties Tournament of Hearts as the CTRS leaders from the tour season.They qualified for the playoffs as the "A Qualifier" after defeating Casey Scheidegger's rink 7–2. They defeated the Kelsey Rocque rink in the A vs. B playoff game 10–2 and would go on to beat them in the final 8–3 after Carey made a double for four in the ninth end. Representing Alberta at the 2019 Scotties Tournament of Hearts, they went 7–0 through the round robin and finished the championship pool with a 9–2 record which made them the number one seed going into the playoffs. Alberta defeated Saskatchewan's Robyn Silvernagle rink in the 1 vs. 2 game 11–7 and would face Ontario's Rachel Homan rink in the final. Team Carey made history when they came back from a 1–5 deficit to win the championship 8–6 with a total of five stolen points and two missed draws by Homan in the 10th and 11th ends. At the 2019 World Women's Curling Championship, the team struggled and were the first Canadian women's team not to make the playoffs at the championship

masks: Wilkes Wilkes


title: Sarah Wilkes

texts: in twenty years. They finished the season with a quarterfinal finish at the 2019 Players' Championship and by missing the playoffs at the 2019 Champions Cup.Team Carey did not have a strong start to the Grand Slam season, only making the playoffs at one of the first four events, the National. They had a strong week at the 2019 Canada Cup going 4–2 through the round robin, qualifying for the playoffs. In the semifinal, they lost to the Tracy Fleury rink 9–4. At the 2020 Scotties Tournament of Hearts, Team Carey led Team Canada to a 5–6 record, missing the playoffs and settling for seventh place. It would be the team's last event of the season as both the Players' Championship and the Champions Cup Grand Slam events were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On March 13, 2020, <mask> announced she would be parting ways with the team. Three days later, Ferguson and Brown announced they would be leaving and the team officially disbanded.On March 17, 2020, Team Rachel Homan announced that <mask> would be joining the team with the departure of Lisa Weagle. <mask> would play second, with Joanne Courtney moving to lead and Emma Miskew playing third. <mask> previously spared for the team at the 2017 Humpty's Champions Cup Grand Slam where they won the event. Homan's team was chosen to represent Ontario at the 2021 Scotties Tournament of Hearts in Calgary. Up to that point, they had only played in one tour game the entire season in the Okotoks Ladies Classic in November, before that event was cancelled due to a province-wide shutdown in Alberta. At the Scotties, they had a successful round robin, with a 7–1 record,

masks: Wilkes Wilkes Wilkes Wilkes


title: Sarah Wilkes

texts:
 including a win against defending champion Kerri Einarson. They entered the championship pool as the first seed, where they won three games and lost one to Manitoba's Jennifer Jones.Because of their earlier win against Einarson, Homan's team received a bye to the final. There, they lost 9–7 to Einarson after Homan missed a freeze in the last end, resulting in Einarson not needing to throw her last rock. Team Homan returned to the bubble in April 2021 to play in the two only Grand Slam events of the abbreviated season. At the first Slam, the 2021 Champions Cup, the team defeated Silvana Tirinzoni to win the event. A week later, they played in the 2021 Players' Championship, where they lost in the final to Team Einarson in a re-match of the Scotties final. <mask> played third for the Mick Lizmore-skipped Alberta team at the 2016 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship. The team would win the event.They represented Canada at the 2016 World Mixed Curling Championship, where they lost in the quarterfinal. Personal life
<mask>' hometown is Scarborough, Ontario where she attended Birchmount Park Collegiate Institute. She also played softball while attending Laurier University. She is married to Mick Lizmore and also employed as a student advisor at the University of Alberta. References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Canadian women curlers
Canadian schoolteachers
Wilfrid Laurier University alumni
Curlers from Edmonton
Sportspeople from Scarborough, Toronto
Curlers from Toronto
Canadian women's curling champions
Canadian mixed curling champions
Continental Cup of Curling participants
Canada Cup (curling)

masks:
Mixed Wilkes
Wilkes


title: Itumeleng Khune

texts:
<mask> (born 20 June 1987) is a South African soccer player who plays as goalkeeper for Kaizer Chiefs in the Premier Soccer League, and also the South African national team. He is the  captain of both. Khune shot to fame when he saved three penalties from Esrom Nyandoro and Peter Ndlovu against Mamelodi Sundowns in the Telkom Knockout final on 1 December 2007. He is also well known for saving a David Villa penalty and proceeding to make a double save in the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup group stage match against Spain a day before his 22nd birthday on 20 June 2009. On 16 June 2010 against Uruguay, Khune became the second goalkeeper in the history of the FIFA World Cup to be sent off. He is also famous for performing a René Higuita scorpion kick save in a league victory over Mpumalanga Black Aces on 28 October 2015. which made rounds in England. Khune is known for his quick reflexes and his distribution which has been hailed as "the best you will see anywhere" by former Liverpool goalkeeper Sander Westerveld.He was famously scored five goals in ten minutes by The Legendary Tshidiso "Zee" Ncheche in a friendly game. Personal life
<mask> was born in Tshing, Ventersdorp in the North West as one of six children of Elias and <mask>. He is of Tswana heritage. His father Elias, worked as a driver at a mine in Carletonville and also played amateur football as a striker. Unlike many South African players who cite kicking a football on their hometown's dusty streets as their starting point, Khune was in love with cricket idolising Nicky Boje. He eventually decided to pursue a career in football to earn a living for him and his family. He attended New Nation, Westridge, St Barnabas and RW Fick High Schools.His younger brother Lucky Khune previously played as a striker for Chiefs and currently for PSL side Chippa United. Khune is nicknamed "Spider-Man" for his reflexes and flexible goalkeeping skills. In 2019 Khune and his wife

masks:
Itumeleng Isaac Khune
Khune
Flora Khune


title: Itumeleng Khune

texts:
 Prior to that match he had 91 clean sheets in 199 games and at the beginning of the season, he had played 172 games for Chiefs. In the 2013–14 season he won the Goalkeeper of the Year award for the second time in a row with 15 goals conceded and 18 clean sheets in 25 starts  beating Moeneeb Josephs and Anssi Jakkola. Around July 2014 he was linked to a move to Bundesliga club Hannover 96. On 3 September 2014, Khune was diagnosed with a Grade 3 stress fracture which he initially suffered from since February 2014.His injury cost him his place in the 2015 African Cup of Nations. He was declared fit to play on 23 February 2015 although he did suffer a minor injury after clashing Morgan Gould's studs to his ribs which left a mark in a 4–0 win over Edu Sports in the Nedbank Cup. On 9 April 2015 in a 1–0 win over AmaZulu, <mask> was controversially sent off in the 82nd minute in a game which also produced nine yellow cards – after receiving two cautions in quick succession from referee Phillip Tinyane at Peter Mokaba Stadium. Khune was first booked for time-wasting before being given his marching orders for showing dissent at the decision. Khune took to Twitter saying: "@OfficialPSL I did nothing wrong. You guys need to take action against these poor referees. "It's about time action is taken against these referees by @OfficialPSL.They've been very poor since beginning of the season. It's unfair how we are painted bad for our actions on the field but we are provoked by these referees, [you] can call me names but I stand for what is right." The league then afforded Khune five days to explain his comments although Khune did issue a public apology. Khune initially did not renew his contract with Kaizer Chiefs when it expired in June 2015, however, after a long period of negotiations, he returned to the club on 30 July 2015, signing a new contract. International career
He was part of Bafana Bafana's 2008 African Nations Cup


title: Itumeleng Khune

texts:
 squad but was not fielded until he made his international debut against Zimbabwe on 11 March 2008. He had since become the preferred choice in goal by then coach Joel Santana. Khune was the first-choice goalkeeper in South Africa's squad at the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup.He saved a penalty against Spanish star David Villa in the group stages. <mask> was selected for the 2010 FIFA World Cup as Carlos Alberto Parreira's first-choice goalkeeper and made some good saves in the opening match against Mexico. However, on 16 June 2010, he was sent off against Uruguay when he tripped striker Luis Suárez inside the penalty area in the 77th minute. He became the second goalkeeper to be sent off in the history of the FIFA World Cup, joining Gianluca Pagliuca who saw red in 1994. This was the first red card of his career. <mask> subsequently missed South Africa's final group game against France, where Moeneeb Josephs deputised as Bafana Bafana won 2–1 to restore some pride as they became the first host nation to exit the tournament at the opening stage. After the World Cup, he regained his number one spot in the team and he has kept three consecutive clean sheets on international level.<mask> represented Bafana Bafana in the whole tournament of 2013 African Cup of Nations and he kept two clean sheets in a goalless draw against  Cape Verde and 2–0 victory against  Angola. He was assigned the captaincy in May 2013, taking over from Bongani Khumalo and captained Bafana during the 2014 CHAN in South Africa. In 2016, <mask> was selected as one of South Africa's overage players for the 2016 Summer Olympics. He arrived at the tournament as the player with the most international experience, alongside Nigeria's Mikel John Obi, with 75 national team caps to his name. He was instrumental in his nation's opening match draw against Brazil, making a number of saves from Brazil captain Neymar. Style of play
FifaPlayerRatings.com rates Khune

masks: Khune Khune Khune Khune


title: Itumeleng Khune

texts:
 in the top 10 of the goalkeepers in FIFA 15 and 525th overall. <mask> is described as a player with "higher than normal diving skills and reflexes, making him a skilled close-shot and free-kick stopper with elite kicking abilities and accurate goal kicks and punts, taking pressure off his defense and creating attacking opportunities for his offense.He is technically skilled with his weak foot as well, which will allow him to accurately clear the ball with either foot when under pressure." Outside football
He donated R150 000 to an old age home in his hometown of Ventersdorp, North West. He was accompanied by Minister of Sports and Recreation, Fikile Mbalula, George Lebese and George Maluleka. Honours

Club
Kaizer Chiefs
 Premier Soccer League (3): 2004–05, 2012–13, 2014–15
 ABSA Cup/Nedbank Cup (2): 2006, 2013, 2014
 Coca-Cola Cup/Telkom Knockout (4): 2004, 2007, 2009, 2010
 SAA Supa 8/MTN 8 (3): 2006, 2008, 2014, 2015

Individual
 PSL Footballer of the Year 2012–13
 PSL Players' Player of the Season 2007–08, 2012–13
 PSL Club Rookie of the Year 2007–08
 SA Sports Awards Sportsman of the Year 2013
 SA Sports Awards Newcomer of the Year 2008
 Telkom Knockout Player of the Tournament 2007
 Telkom Knockout Goalkeeper of the Tournament 2007
 Premier Soccer League Goalkeeper of the Season 2007–08, 2012–13,2013–14
 Kaizer Chiefs Player of the Season 2007–08, 2012–13
 Kaizer Chiefs Player's Player of the Season 2007–08, 2012–13
 Nedbank Cup Player of the Tournament '''2013

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
People from Ventersdorp
South African soccer players
Association football goalkeepers
South Africa international soccer players
2008 Africa Cup of Nations players
2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players
Kaizer Chiefs F.C. players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2013 Africa Cup of Nations players
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic soccer players of South Africa
South African Premier Division


title: Abigail Spanberger

texts:
<mask> (née Davis, August 7, 1979) is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative from  since 2019. She is a member of the Democratic Party. Her district includes most of the northern suburbs of Richmond, as well as some exurban territory around Fredericksburg. Spanberger is a former CIA officer. Spanberger defeated Republican incumbent Dave Brat in 2018, ending the Republican Party's 36-year hold on the district. She was reelected to a second term in 2020. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Red Bank, New Jersey, on August 7, 1979.When she was 13, her family relocated to the Short Pump area in Henrico County, outside Richmond. She attended John Randolph Tucker High School. Spanberger was later a page for U.S. Senator Chuck Robb. Spanberger earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Virginia and a Master of Business Administration from a joint program between the GISMA Business School in Germany and Purdue University's Krannert School of Management. Early career
In 2002 and 2003, Spanberger taught English literature as a substitute teacher at the Islamic Saudi Academy in Northern Virginia. In the early 2000s, she was a postal inspector, working on money laundering and narcotics cases.In 2006, Spanberger joined the Central Intelligence Agency as an operations officer. She said she gathered intelligence about nuclear proliferation and terrorism. In 2014, Spanberger left the CIA and entered the private sector. She was hired by Royall & Company (now EAB). In 2017, Virginia Governor Terry McAuliffe appointed her to the Virginia Fair Housing Board. U.S. House of Representatives

Elections
2018

In July 2017, Spanberger announced her candidacy for the United States House of Representatives in  in the 2018 election against incumbent Republican Dave Brat, a Tea Party movement member. She made the final decision to run after the House of Representatives voted to repeal the Affordable Care Act.On June 12, 2018, Spanberger defeated Dan Ward in the Democratic primary election with 73% of the vote,

masks:
Abigail Anne Spanberger
Abigail Spanberger


title: Abigail Spanberger

texts:
 receiving more votes than any other candidate in the Virginia primaries that day. Her campaign outraised Brat's. In August, the Congressional Leadership Fund, a super PAC closely aligned with Republican Speaker of the House Paul Ryan, conducted a smear campaign against Spanberger. The smear campaign, which attempted to tie her to terrorism, was based on an SF-86 application she completed to obtain security clearance, which was inappropriately released in breach of privacy rules. She won the November 6 general election by just over 6,600 votes. While Brat won eight of the district's ten counties, Spanberger dominated the two largest counties, Henrico and Chesterfield, by a combined margin of over 30,000 votes. In a visit to the district, former Trump adviser Steve Bannon described it as "an absolute bellwether of the entire country", adding that losing the district would mean the GOP losing control of the House.A number of sources claimed <mask> was the first Democrat to win this seat since 1970, when four-term Democrat John Marsh retired and was succeeded by Republican J. Kenneth Robinson. But until 1993, the 7th stretched from the outer Washington suburbs through the Shenandoah Valley and Charlottesville to the outer Richmond suburbs; the present 7th is geographically and demographically the successor to what was the 3rd district before 1993. 2020

Spanberger faced a close reelection contest against State Delegate Nick Freitas, who represents much of the congressional district's northern portion. She won with 51% of the vote to Freitas's 49%. Freitas carried eight of the district's ten counties, as Brat had done two years earlier. But Spanberger again prevailed by winning the district's shares of Henrico and Chesterfield counties by a combined 43,400 votes, five times her overall margin of 8,400 votes. She was also boosted by Joe Biden narrowly carrying the district; Biden is the first Democrat to win what is now the 7th since 1948.On November 5, days after winning reelection by a margin of 1.8%, Spanberger criticized the


title: Abigail Spanberger

texts:
 totalitarian dictators on the brink of losing control of their dictatorships. "As a former CIA officer, I know this playbook, and I know the president's actions are betraying the very foundation of the rule of law he purports to support, the U.S. Constitution", she said. Spanberger took issue with Trump after police used tear gas and rubber bullets on peaceful protestors and a priest during the George Floyd protests to clear a path so that he could have a photo op in front of St. John's Episcopal Church. Spanberger opposed Democrats' attempts to amend the Insurrection Act of 1807, saying that amending the rarely used law would not accomplish what Democrats intended. Joe Biden
As of December 2021, Spanberger had voted in line with Joe Biden's stated position 100% of the time.In a November 2021 interview with the New York Times, Spanberger criticized Biden after the 2021 Virginia gubernatorial election, saying, "Nobody elected him to be F.D.R., they elected him to be normal and stop the chaos." She also said the Democrats had not sufficiently recognized that "inflation is a problem". Electoral history

Personal life
Spanberger is married to <mask>, and they have three daughters. In 2014, the family moved back to Henrico County. They live in Glen Allen, Virginia. She identifies as a Protestant. See also

Women in the United States House of Representatives

References

External links

 Congresswoman <mask>er official U.S. House website
 Official campaign website

|-

1979 births
21st-century American politicians
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Female members of the United States House of Representatives
Living people
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia
People from Henrico County, Virginia
People from Red Bank, New Jersey
People of the Central Intelligence Agency
Krannert School of Management alumni
United States Postal Service people
University of Virginia alumni
Virginia Democrats
Women in Virginia politics
American gun control activists
21st-century

masks:
Adam Spanberger
Abigail Spanberg