title: Henrik Weber

texts:
<mask> known as <mask> (24 May 1818, in Pest – 14 May 1866, in Pest) was a Hungarian portrait and history painter in the Realism movement. He is considered as one of the most important Hungarian painters of the  Biedermeier period. <mask> was as an excellent portrait painter of his time and a significant figure in Hungarian history painting. Accordingly, he was one of the members of artists working on the creation of national art in the 1830s and 1840s. His most successful paintings are the death of John Hunyadi, the King Matthias and Ilonka Szép, and the King Solomon in prison. He had a great influence on his contemporaries, and his students included Károly Lotz. In the 1860s, he made lithographs presenting Hungarian historical events for the journal “Az Ország Tükre”.The Hungarian National Gallery preserves several paintings and drawings of this master of the Biedermeier painting. Early life
<mask> was born in Pest, Kingdom of Hungary. His father, Mihaly Wéber, immigrated to Hungary from abroad and soon became a respected merchant. Wishing at all costs that his son would become a scientist, he not only did his best to train his son, but also required him to spend all his free time with books. Although the young <mask> was eager to study, he preferred painting and drawing much more and pondering on his picture books for hours. His books were filled with all sorts of magnificent figures he drew. His father once noticed this and surprised him with a master of drawing, a local artist named János Tóbiás Kaergling (1780-1845).Under whose leadership he soon made such great progress that both his teachers and

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Henrik Wéber
Henrik Weber
Henrik Weber
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Weber


title: Henrik Weber

type: original

texts:
 colleagues encouraged him to a painter career with the best of hopes. Austrian period

After graduating from high school in 1834, he enrolled at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts in 1835. Here, in addition to his studies, he taught art lessons, taught drawing and worked as lithographer to provide for his basic necessities of life. In particular, he was the student of Johann Ender and Leopold Kupelwieser, who taught the history of aesthetics. Under their influence, he rejected the prevailing Academicism and embraced Realism. But also, through his great diligence as well as his talent, he soon became one of the most outstanding students of the institute. This is best demonstrated by the Academy’s laudatory diplomas and the Gundel-Preis awarded in 1837, which rewarded him as the most deserving.In 1838 he took part in the exhibition "Der Fischerknabe" and "Toilette einer Braut" at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna in Vienna with his genre paintings "Palmsonntag" in the year of his return. German period
When he returned to Hungary in 1839, he was already recognized as an artist who had exhibited abroad. But <mask>'s ambitions were not satisfied by his orders. Not being a portrait painter, so that, displeased with the rudimentary artistic relations, he soon traveled abroad. Already in 1840, we find it in Munich, in the company of the greatest artists of his time, Kaulbach, Cornelius, Genelli, Hess and others. He became a student at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts, where he graduated in 1842. He also interrupted this stay in Munich twice, in 1841 and 1842, during which time he visited Tyrol and Switzerland for


title: Henrik Weber

texts:
 landscape studies.Italian period

Then in 1845, he went on an artistic tour again through Italy until 1847. He visited Venice, Florence, Rome and Naples where he found a great inspiration. During this trip, he spent his time in the company of Carl Rahl, Eugene de Blaas, Louis Mayer, copying the works of the greatest masters like Leonardo da Vinci. <mask> painted many Italian landscapes and female figures dressed in Italian folk costumes. It was here that he became acquainted with Michelangelo Grigoletti, among the newer Italians, who had a deeper influence on his art. Also, during this stay in Rome, the Invasion of King Matthias in Buda in 1458 was completed. An historical image published as a work sheet by the "Képzőművészeti Társulat" as a membership fee until 1855.Return to Hungary and later career

After returning home from Italy, <mask> settled permanently in Budapest, where he received orders for many portraits and other works from well-known families and personalities. So, he was no longer forced to travel abroad. In 1858 he married Anna Calderoni, his last wife. In the 1860s, he made several lithographs presenting the history of the Huns, the Árpád dynasty and the Hunyadi family for the journal “Az Ország Tükre”. In the midst of success, he became ill in the 1860s and died in Pest on May 14, 1866 at the age of 47. Legacy
The influence of Viennese Biedermeier portrait and life painting, which preserves the values of the family-centered civic mentality, on family portraits (The <mask> Family, 1846, Budapest Gallery; composer Mihály Mosonyi and his wife, Hungarian National Gallery) and on his life

masks:
Henrik Weber
Weber
Weber


title: Henrik Weber

texts:
 paintings (The Children's Room, 1840). In most of his historical compositions he worked on events related to the Hunyadi family (death of John Hunyadi, 1844; invasion of King Matthias to Buda, 1853, Hungarian National Museum).The painting depicting the gallant adventure of (King Matthias and the beautiful shepherdess in Buda, 1845, private property) is an outstanding domestic work of the historical genre painting. His Hungaria, painted in the early 1840s, symbolized the self-consciousness of a glorious past and the hope of a prosperous, peaceful future. In the 1860s, he made lithographs (Béla's answer between crown and sword, 1862) presenting the history of the Huns, the Árpád dynasty and the Hunyadi family for the journal “Az Ország tükre”. Gallery

Citations

“Istvan Ferenczy, <mask>, Karoly Marko and Miklos Izso left us emblematic representations of the 19th century image of the nation. Along with them, they conferred the task of inquiring into a deeper historical understanding of the works and their ideas. If these represent an enduring self-image, then we are also charged with the task of reinterpreting them from time to time. From a National Imagination to an Image-creating Nation: Ideas about the Origins of Hungarian Art.”

- Erzsébet Király from the book Art and Nation: Image and Self-Image (p.138).References

External links

1818 births
1866 deaths
Portrait painters
Hungarian painters
People from Pest, Hungary
Realist painters
History painters
Biedermeier painters
19th-century Hungarian painters
19th-century male artists
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich


title: Benjamin Randall

texts:
<mask> (February 7, 1749 – October 22, 1808) was an American Baptist minister the main organizer of the Freewill Baptists (Randall Line) in the northeastern United States. Biography

Early years

<mask> was born February 7, 1749, at New Castle, Province of New Hampshire to sea captain <mask>, Jr. (born 1712), and his wife, the former Margaret Mordantt. He was the oldest of 9 children born to the pair, both of whom were of ethnic English heritage. <mask> was provided with a "good commercial education" in the primitive public schools of the day, supplemented with extensive personal reading. A considerable part of <mask>'s youth was spent as a cabin boy aboard his father's ship, but he did not enjoy the experience, being a sensitive and pious youth who read the Bible daily. At the age of 17 <mask> was apprenticed to a sailmaker in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, with whom he remained until the age of 21. He parlayed the sewing skills he developed as a sailmaker to the profession of tailoring, becoming proficient at the craft, and occasionally venturing to the related craft of tent-making when such work was to be found.On September 23, 1770, Christian evangelist George Whitefield paid a visit to Portsmouth as part of his last speaking tour of the country, arriving barely a week before his death. <mask> heard Whitefield's sermons several times and was shaken and moved by news of his death. A short period of religious meditation followed with the effect that <mask>'s piety was awakened and he was himself energized as an evangelist of Christianity. Despite his religious awakening, <mask> continued to work in Marblehead and Salem, Massachusetts during 1771, returning to his native New Castle in the fall of that year to set up shop as a sailmaker in October of that year. In

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Benjamin Randall
Benjamin Randall III
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title: Benjamin Randall

texts:
 November 1771 he married Joanna Oram (born 1748) of Kittery, Maine, the daughter of another sea captain. In 1772 <mask> and his wife became members of the Congregationalist church of New Castle, but he soon came to find it unfulfilling, finding himself possessed of a zealous religious passion and determination to save souls that was not reciprocated by his fellow congregants. In the spring of 1774 <mask> pushed the idea of conducting open meetings which might be attended by a broader public, who could be drawn into the church through the reading of printed sermons, public prayer, and singing.The holding of public meetings by laymen soon drew the ire of the local church pastor, who quickly came to regard <mask> as a rival. This drama would be interrupted by the coming of the American Revolutionary War. Military interlude

<mask> was an ardent American patriot during the revolutionary crisis of 1775 to 1776, and with the outbreak of armed hostilities he briefly enlisted in the Massachusetts militia in the company of Captain John Parsons at New Castle during the first half of 1775. The immediate crisis subsided, however, and the company was soon dismissed. Following another brief scare in the fall of 1775 <mask> again enlisted for a term of two months as an assistant commissary. He would reenlist in September 1776 as a sergeant in a regiment headed by Colonel Pierce Lang, ultimately serving as a militia soldier for a year and a half. <mask> remained devout in his Christianity during his military stint, later declaring that he "never lived nearer to God than during that campaign experience."During his military tenure <mask> made a point of regularly visiting the sick and performing the duties of a chaplain in offering religious consolation. <mask> was mocked by some

masks: Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall


title: Benjamin Randall

texts:
 within the ranks for his religious exuberance but his actions were ultimately backed by the unit's commanding officer, who threatened severe punishment to any who continued to deride <mask>'s heartfelt efforts, thereby easing the situation. Religious conversion

In 1776 <mask> found himself in fundamental agreement with the evangelical teachings of the Calvinistic Baptists, and he joined this comparatively small, isolated, and unpopular sect, which believed in active evangelism and the doctrine of baptism by immersion. He soon was an active participant in the Baptist church, reading published sermons and becoming a layman preacher of original sermons in 1777. <mask> was a zealous public speaker on behalf of his faith, holding public meetings day and night and preaching an average of four times a week. Some 30 people were converted at <mask>'s revival meetings, which were non-standard in form and perceived as a threat by many in the community. <mask> later recalled that "persecution grew very hot, and such threatening language was used that I really felt my life in danger."He was nearly struck in the head with a thrown piece of a brick when walking down the street one day, narrowly escaping death or serious injury when the shard grazed his hair. <mask> spent the summer of 1777 traveling farther and farther afield on preaching tours throughout the New England region. In March 1778 <mask> and his family left New Castle for a new home in New Durham, New Hampshire, where they would settle for the rest of <mask>'s life. <mask> became the only resident preacher in the town, his predecessor having recently resigned over a salary dispute. The people of the community built a meeting house for their new religious leader, who maintained himself through the voluntary

masks: Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall


title: Benjamin Randall

texts:
 contributions of his congregation and various odd jobs in tailoring, also tending a small household farm. He would continue to travel and preach to outlying communities, making New Durham his base of operations. Break with Calvinism

<mask>'s theological orientation tended towards the idea of rapid salvation, freely available to all who repented of their sins and believed.This idea of free salvation proved to be in conflict with the fundamental doctrines of Calvinism, including predestination, which dominated the official Baptist church. Orthodox followers of the church's doctrine charged <mask> with teaching anti-Calvinist doctrines, prompting his split from the church in 1780. On April 5, 1780, <mask> was ordained in New Durham, which was at the time performed by two ordained ministers in good standing laying hands upon the candidate. Two such local ministers were found and <mask> was thereby officially qualified for the ministry, given the honorific "Elder," a title commonly given to gospel ministers in the day. In June 1780, new Articles of Faith and Church Covenant were drawn up by <mask> in New Durham and the first Free Baptist church was established — although for the first two decades after this date no prefix to the Baptist name was used. By the end of the year the church numbered seven men and thirteen women. <mask>'s doctrine was based upon the notion that human beings had minds which provided them the free will to act and that God was ready to fully forgive behavioral errors resulting from that free volition.Complete atonement for sin was available to all based upon genuine repentance, which was a requirement of God. The duty of religious exhortation to make known that free salvation was available for any to embrace were fundamental pillars of

masks: Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall


title: Benjamin Randall

texts:
 <mask>'s belief. <mask> and his followers were dismissed by many contemporaries as adherents of a fanatical sect and were pejoratively called a variety of names, including "<mask>ites," "General Provisioners," "New-Lights," and "Freewillers." Death and legacy
From the time of his lay preaching until his death of tuberculosis on October 22, 1808, <mask> was instrumental in planting many Freewill Baptist churches throughout New England. See also
 Arminianism
 Free Will Baptist Church
 American Baptist Church

Notes and references

Further reading
 Scott Bryant, The Awakening of the Freewill Baptists: <mask> and the Founding of an American Religious Tradition. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2011. John Buzzell, Life of Elder <mask>: Principally Taken from Documents Written by Himself.Limerick, ME: Hobbs, Woodman and Co., 1827. Frank S. Mead, Handbook of Denominations in the United States. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 2001. I. Daniel Rupp, An Original History of the Religious Denominations at Present Existing in the United States, Containing Authentic Accounts of their Rise, Progress, Statistics, and Doctrines... Philadelphia: J.Y. Humphreys, 1844. I.D. Stewart, The History of the Freewill Baptists for Half a Century, with an Introductory Chapter: Volume 1, from the Year 1780 to 1830.Dover, DE: Freewill Baptist Printing Establishment, 1862. Frederick Levi Wiley, Life and Influence of the Rev. <mask>: Founder of the Free Baptist Denomination. Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1915. 1749 births
1808 deaths
Free Will Baptists
Arminian ministers
Baptist ministers
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
People from New Castle, New Hampshire
People from New Durham, New Hampshire
Massachusetts militiamen in the American Revolution
Tuberculosis deaths

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Randall
Randall
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Benjamin Randall


title: Edvin Kanka Ćudić

texts:
<mask> (; born <mask>; December 31, 1988), is a Bosnian human rights activist,  martial artist, journalist and political analyst who is best known as the leader of the UDIK, an organisation campaigning for human rights and reconciliation in the former Yugoslavia. He works in subjects including human rights, cultural memory, transitional justice and democracy. Early life

Born in Brčko, Yugoslavia (now Bosnia and Herzegovina). He grew up in Gračanica and Brčko, studied in Sarajevo and Istanbul, lives in Sarajevo. He graduated in 2012 from the University of Sarajevo with a degree in journalism. In 2018 in the same university he earned a master's degree in political science. Career

2003–present: Martial Arts
At the age of 14, Ćudić joined the Academy of Martial Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, (a member of the International Martial Arts Federation - IMAF Europe), led by Boško Vidović in Brčko.In the Academy, Ćudić trained for 8 years and earned a black belt in Jūjutsu. In 2017 in the same Academy he earned a black belt in Jūdō. From 2006 to 2008 he was a Jūjutsu instructor at the martial arts schools belonging to the Academy of Martial Arts of the Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Donji Žabar and in Gornji Zovik near Brčko. 2008–present: Journalism

As a journalist, he has collaborated with many regional media outlets, including Monitor, Peščanik, Danas, Preporod, Sabah, e-novine, Republika, Slobodna Bosna, Dnevni avaz and Behar. In addition to these media, he has worked  in various radio and  television stations. He wrote more than 150 reports from proceedings of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. In order to advance peace and reconciliation processes in the former Yugoslavia, <mask> has collaborated with local and foreign experts, artists, politicians, journalists, as well as professors around the world.Some of them are: Roy Gutman, Ron Haviv, Stjepan Mesić, Florence Hartmann, Robert King, Rémy Ourdan etc. In 2015 in cooperation with Jusuf Hafizović, he

masks:
Edvin Kanka Ćudić
Edvin Ćudić
Ćudić


title: Edvin Kanka Ćudić

texts:
 published two books including his newspaper interviews: Novinari o ratu u BiH and Političari o ratu u BiH, on testimonies of war journalists and politicians about Bosnian war. In 2017, Ćudić has signed the Declaration on the Common Language of the Bosniaks, Croats, Serbs  and Montenegrins. 2013–present: Human rights

In 2013, <mask> <mask> <mask> founded and become coordinator of the UDIK. It aimed to gather facts, documents, and data on genocide, war crimes, and human rights violations in Bosnia and Herzegovina and former Yugoslavia. UDIK works across national boundaries to assist post-conflict societies within the region reestablish the rule of law and deal with past human rights abuses. As a coordinator of the UDIK, he publishes and presents to the public documents on war crimes in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but also works on mapping monuments to victims of wars in the countries of the former Yugoslavia.<mask> began his activism in UDIK with public commemorations dedicated to the victims of past war in the former Yugoslavia (1991-2001). At that time, some war crimes were marked for the first time in Sarajevo, as well as in other cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia. These commemorations traced <mask> to one of the most famous human rights activists in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 2015, started documenting war crimes in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995) and on collecting and creating the Central register of memorials of the Yugoslav wars (1991-2001). The Central register of memorials of the Yugoslav wars is still the only register of memorials to victims of the Yugoslav wars on the territory of the countries of the former Yugoslavia. Through his actions and efforts, Ćudić greatly contributed to the memorization of war crimes in Kazani. He is one of the initiators of the erection of a memorial at that place.In 2019, <mask> was elected in Regional Council of the RECOM Reconciliation Network. The RECOM Reconciliation Network is a network of civil

masks: Edvin Kanka Ćudić Ćudić Ćudić Ćudić


title: Edvin Kanka Ćudić

texts:
 society organizations from post-Yugoslav countries which advocate for the establishment of RECOM – the Regional Commission tasked with establishing the facts about all Victims of war Crimes and other serious human rights violations committed on the territory of the former Yugoslavia from 1 January 1991 to 31 December 2001. Controversies

He was often the subject of threats from homophobic people and nationalists of all ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In February 2014 he came to the public during the unrest in Bosnia and Herzegovina. As a coordinator of the protests in the Brčko District, he received over 100 threats of death. In July he was threatened by Dino Šimunjak, a volunteer in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict who publicly told him: "You will not get out of this, Ćudić". In February 2015, in front of the Sacred Heart Cathedral in Sarajevo, while UDIK commemorated the anniversary of the Štrpci massacre, the group of hooligans attacked <mask> <mask> Ćudić.On that occasion, they said that activists must go to commemorate crimes in Banja Luka, alluding to the UDIK's marking of crimes in Kravica in January 2015. In May,  near the UDIK's office in Sarajevo, he was attacked with another UDIK activist. Just a few days later, a similar attack took place on the same site. Ambassador of the United States of America to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Maureen Cormack, reacted and said that it was unacceptable to attack stones a human rights activist in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In October, in front of the Sacred Heart Cathedral in Sarajevo in Sarajevo, while UDIK commemorated the anniversary of the crimes in Kazani, one hooligan try to physically attack <mask> <mask> Ćudić. A police reacted, but did not prosecute. In February 2017 Ćudić was attacked again in Sarajevo, along with two other UDIK activists.The attack took place near the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina building. On that occasion, young men attacked him with stones and called him Chetnik (right-wing

masks: Edvin Kanka Edvin Kanka


title: Edvin Kanka Ćudić

texts:
 nationalist Serb). In March, unknown persons vandalized his car parked near the UDIK's office in Sarajevo. In April 2019 Ćudić supported Bosnia and Herzegovina’s first LGBT Pride parade in interview for internet portal Source.ba. Due to the misinterpretation of the interview, and especially in the part relating  to the women rights in the Arab world, he received a large number of threats (including death treats) from the Islamic fundamentalists from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Sandžak. Fundamentalists also claimed that he is one of the organizers of the Parade. A few days later, UDIK denied that it is organizer of the Bosnia and Herzegovina’s first LGBT pride, but UDIK supports it and shows solidarity to all whose human rights are evidently deprived.In July, Ćudić and other UDIK's activist were attacked by hooligans near the UDIK's office in Sarajevo. On that occasion, the attackers called him as The Fags' leader. Ćudić made photos of the attackers and the case was reported to Novo Sarajevo Police Department. Police did not take the photos into consideration during the investigation. The Federal Ministry of Interior of the Bosnia and Herzegovina have never prosecuted the attackers. Published works

 Taj maj '92., Brčko, 2012
 Ne u naše ime: s one strane srbijanskog režima, Sarajevo, 2019

Honours

In 2012, the Bosnian poet Adem Garić dedicated him a poem I ne treba da šutiš (And you do not need to be silent). In 2014 and 2018, in the biographical lexicon Ko je ko u BiH (Who is Who in B&H), <mask> <mask> <mask> is listed among the most significant people in Bosnia and Herzegovina today, which through their works and actions contribute to a better Bosnia and Herzegovina and who make this country a happier place.In 2019, the Bosnian-born French sculptor Mirza Morić created a memorial dedicated to the killed civilians in Brčko (1992-1995). On that occasion, Morić engraved the story  (Maybe I should hate them) on the memorial, written by <mask> <mask> <mask>. The monument was

masks: Edvin Kanka Ćudić Edvin Kanka Ćudić


title: Yutaka Take

texts: (born March 15, 1969 in  Kyoto, Kyoto) is a Japanese jockey. A legend in Japan, <mask> made his riding debut in 1987 and currently holds seven all-time records in his native country. Born in 1969, <mask> followed in his father's footsteps, as <mask> was also a famed jockey. In 1987, the younger <mask> notched his first career victory at Hanshin Racecourse aboard a horse named Dyna Bishop. He ended the season as the champion apprentice with 69 winners. Two years later, he was the overall champion jockey, and <mask> held that title continuously until 1999, with the exception of 1991. As of 27 December 2017, the Japan Racing Association credits him with 3,945 wins, of which 323 came in graded stakes, while 75 have come in Grade 1.<mask> has won at least one Grade 1 for 23 straight years and a graded stakes race for 31 consecutive years. He also has the most victories in a year: 212. Although <mask> has ridden a number of champions, he is most associated with legendary racehorse and champion sire Deep Impact. The pair won a total of seven Grade 1 races, including the 2005 Japanese Triple Crown, and Deep Impact has gone to be the premier sire in Japan. Currently, <mask> is known

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Yutaka Take
Take
Kunihiko Take
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Take


title: Yutaka Take

texts:
 for riding Kitasan Black, the reigning Japanese Horse of the Year. <mask> has also shown his abilities abroad. He has 114 wins to his credit in eight countries, including Australia, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Korea, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and the United States.A sampling of his international victories includes Group 1 wins in the Prix d'Ispahan (France) and Hong Kong Cup (Hong Kong), two races timed by Longines, the July Cup (England) and Dubai Duty Free Stakes (UAE). Family

He is the son of Kunihiko <mask>, known as a master, and his younger brother, Koshiro <mask> Sho, Tokyo Yushun, Kikuka Sho) with Deep Impact, which is the second undefeated horse that has won the classic. On March 25, 2007, <mask> <mask> won the Takamatsunomiya Kinen at Chukyo Racecourse aboard Suzuka Phoenix. The win gave <mask> a Group One victory for the 20th consecutive racing season.Also in 2007, <mask> won his fourth Japan Cup Dirt in seven years. <mask> <mask> was the recipient of the 2017 Longines and IFHA International Award of Merit, which recognizes distinguished horsemen and horsewomen for lifelong contributions to Thoroughbred racing. He was the first jockey to win that

masks: Take Take Takeki Yutaka Take Take Take Yutaka Take


title: Kelvyn Jones

texts:
<mask>,  (born ) is a British professor (Emeritus) of human quantitative geography at the University of Bristol. He focuses on the quantitative modelling of social science data with complex structure through the application of multilevel models; especially in relation to change and health outcomes. Academic controversies
He has been involved in a number of academic controversies, and these debates have been of a methodological and substantive nature. They include:

 He has disagreed with the Wilkinson inequality hypothesis that within country differences in health and mortality are driven by invidious comparison; instead arguing that there is a materialist argument based on poverty even in advanced economies. The argument is based on critique of Wilkinson's use of aggregate data and supports the ideas of Hugh Gravelle that if there is a non-linear individual relationship between income and ill-health then the aggregate relationship will necessarily involve the 'spread' (standard deviation) of country income that is inequality. He has argued against Growth in a Time of Debt thesis and (with Andy Bell) re-analyzed the Reinhart and Rogoff data to show that the evidence for many counties is that the relationship is around the other way - the lack of growth produces debt, and that the relationship between debt and growth varies significantly between countries, meaning that an average "rule", such as that suggested by Reinhart and Rogoff, has little meaning or policy relevance. With colleagues, he has argued against Trevor Phillips that the UK is 'sleep walking to segregation', finding that ethnic residential segregation in London for example is decreasing.They dispute that Muslim ghettoes are developing in British cities, and that Australian suburbs are being 'swamped' by Asians and Muslims. He has argued that quantitative analysis in the form of quantitative geography has an important role in emancipatory human geography (see critical geography). He has argued that this involves adopting a realist philosophy of science distinguished


title: Kelvyn Jones

texts:
 which could produce different results under the same circumstances. It is this underlying process that is of interest and the actual observed values give only an imprecise estimate of this. Working with Andy Bell, he has argued that the multilevel model (in the form of the hierarchical-age–period–cohort (HAPC) model) is not an automatic solution to the identification problem of the age period cohort model. This third-party site considers some earlier papers in the exchange between Bell and <mask> and Yang and Land, while this most recent paper gives in Table 1 the key papers (and arguments made).; the full list of papers that Bell and <mask> have written are available for download from Research Gate. A review of the debate is given by Barker, KM et al (2020) Cross-classified multilevel models (CCMM) in health research: A systematic review of published empirical studies and recommendations for best practices, SSM - Population Health, Volume 12. They conclude "Bell and <mask> (2018) have done much to explicate the debate, the ‘identification problem,’ and the methodological concerns. Despite this, the vast majority of researchers continue to employ CCMM for APC analysis without reference to the identification problem, the controversy itself, or any of the latest recommendations for best practices. Those that do refer to the identification problem often note this only within the limitations section of the manuscript. In light of the ongoing debate surrounding these methods, however, we urge substantial caution when conducting APC analysis and recommend a more meaningful engagement with the logic underlying the controversy. " Academic work and projects
He researches in three main areas:

 Geography of health: particularly geographical inequalities in mortality in advanced economies;
 Research design: especially to develop evidence-based research in non-experimental, observational studies;
 Realistically complex modelling: this research work focuses on the quantitative analysis of social-science data with complex structure,

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title: Kelvyn Jones

texts:
 Research Gate, where he frequently answers questions on statistical (especially multilevel) modeling. ; he has also explained his reasons for doing so in answer to a question on the site As of February 2022, he has over 1.2 million 'reads' on Research Gate and this is accruing at a rate of around 3,000 per week. There are also a ResearcherID site; an ORCID site; and a database of publications at the University of Bristol. Posts held

University of Newcastle, 1978-1979, Lecturer in Geography,;
University College Swansea, 1979-1980, Lecturer in Geography;
University of Reading, 1980-1981 SSRC Postdoctoral Fellow;
Portsmouth Polytechnic (post 1992, University of Portsmouth) 1981- 1994, Lecturer, Principal Lecturer, Reader;
Portsmouth University, 1994-2000, Professor of Geography (Personal Chair), Head of School (1997-2000);
Catholic University of Brussels, 1992-2011, Professor of Social Science Methodology;
University of Bristol, 2001-2018 Professor of Geography, (Personal Chair) (Head of School, 2005-2009 );
University of Bristol, 2018-  Emeritus Professor of Geography;
University of Leuven, 2011-   Professor at Leuven Statistics Research Centre (LStat).His and other reflections on his time at Portsmouth (Polytechnic and University) were produced on his election to the British Academy

Voluntary positions include:
RAE Panel Member for Geography 2001;
RAE Panel Member for Geography and Environmental Studies 2008;
Board Member of Bristol University Press, 2018-;
Member of Understanding Society Scientific Advisory Committee, 2018-;
Scrutiny Committee for Fellowship of the Learned Society of Wales (Economic and Social Sciences, Education and Law), 2016-. Recognition and awards
The election to a Fellowship of the British Academy was in 2016 and he was elected both to Sociology, Demography and Social Statistics (Section 4) and to Anthropology and Geography (Section 3)). The citation on election reads  ‘<mask> <mask> is an internationally leading quantitative social scientist. He has made major contributions to the analysis and

masks: Kelvyn Jones


title: Kelvyn Jones

texts:
 interpretation of large and complex data sets in a broad field of quantitative social sciences, including geography, and is extremely active in promoting training in quantitative analysis in the social sciences.” He is also a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales, having been elected in 2013, and an Academician of the Social Sciences, elected in 2008. He was awarded the Murchison Award of the Royal Geographical Society in 2013 for his contribution to quantitative geography; an account of the ceremony was published in The Geographical Journal. 2019 Market Research Society Silver Medal: he was part of the team (Ron Johnston, David Rossiter, Todd Hartman, Charles Pattie, David Manley and <mask> <mask>) that won this award for best research paper, "Exploring constituency-level estimates for the 2017 British general election", which discusses the implications of constituency-level opinion polls as their predictive ability is improved. , he was listed in the top 20 most cited human geographers of the last half century.and since then his h-index as measured by Web of Science Researcher ID (Publons) has increased from 20 to 40 in 2021; comparable figures for different social sciences can be found in the LSE impact blog. His Rgate Score as of October 2021 is over 380, and that compares to the outlying high scores of over 100 identified by E. Oduna-Malea et al., 2017 reflecting his willingness to answer questions. Postgraduate teaching and supervision
He has taught a course on multilevel modeling annually at the Essex Summer School in Social Science Data analysis since 1992 and is a long term contributor to the Masters in Statistics and the Masters in Quantitative Social Science at the Leuven Statistics Research Centre. He also two led two five-day workshops (2009 and 2011) in Pennsylvania State University and UC Santa Barbara under the aegis of GISpopsci.org. He has supervised a number of students for their PhD; they include:
 Andrew Clegg
 Craig Duncan
 Nina Bullen
 SV Subramanian
 Sarah Johns
 Katherine French
 Min-Hua Jen
 Beatriz


title: Kelvyn Jones

texts:
 Caicedo Velasquez
 Caroline Wright- Commendations for PhD thesis and viva in the academic year 2014-15
 Zhixin 'Frank' Feng -winner of the 2013 Faculty Research Prize
 Andrew Bell
 Dewi Owen
 Yingyu Feng
 Gwilym Owen-  Winner of the Faculty prize for Best Doctoral Research Thesis 2016/17
 Gareth Griffith,
 Lucy Prior

Major publications
Book length publications include:

 <mask>, Kelvyn and Moon, Graham (1987). Health, disease and society: a critical medical geography, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, London. <mask> (1991).Multi-level Models for Geographical Research, Environmental Publications, Norwich. Moon, Graham; Gould, Myles; <mask>, Kelvyn et al. (2000). Epidemiology, Open University Press, Buckingham. Mohan, John; Barnard, Steve; <mask>, Kelvyn and Twigg, Lizbeth (2004). Social capital, place and health: creating, validating and applying small-area indicators in the modelling of health outcomes, Health Development Agency. <mask>, Kelvyn and Subramanian, SV (2014).Developing multilevel models for analysing contextuality, heterogeneity and change using MLwiN, Volume 1, Centre for Multilevel Modelling, University of Bristol, United Kingdom. <mask>, Kelvyn and Subramanian, SV (2013). Developing multilevel models for analysing contextuality, heterogeneity and change using MLwiN, Volume 2, Centre for Multilevel Modelling, University of Bristol, United Kingdom. Personal life
He married Christina Thrush in 1979; Tina died of Breast Cancer in 2020. His hobbies are listening to classical music, especially opera and song; gardening and 'allotmenteering', cooking, wine tasting and watching Bristol Rugby. They have a son, Alex, born in 1987 who is a Fellow of the Royal College of Anaesthetists. References

Living people
Academics of the University of Bristol
British geographers
Welsh geographers
Fellows of the British Academy
Alumni of the University of Southampton
Academics of the University of Portsmouth
Fellows of the Learned Society of Wales
Fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences
Human geographers
Social geographers
Year of birth

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title: Ahmad Tasnim

texts:
Vice-Admiral <mask> (Urdu:احمد تسنيم; born 1935), , is a retired three-star rank admiral in the Pakistan Navy who is notable for his command of the Hangor, a submarine, that sank the INS Khukri on 8 December 1971 during the third war with India, off the Diu, Gujarat in India. This was the first submarine kill since World War II, and the only one until a Royal Navy's Conqueror sank an Argentine cruiser General Belgrano during the Falklands War fought in 1980s. In 1990s, he was appointed chairman of the Karachi Port Trust and the Pakistan National Shipping Corporation while serving in the Navy until retiring from his service in 1994. Biography

Early life and career in Navy
In an interview conducted by A.H. Amin, <mask> stated that he was born to a Punjabi Arain family in a village, Mianwal Araian, located in Jalandhar district, East Punjab in British India, in 1935. In the same interview, he stated that his ancestors "most likely came from Iran" and "took up agriculture as their livelihood" after settling in the "area". His father, Mohammad Yakob, was a civil servant with Indian Civil Service of British government. In 1940, he moved with his father who was posted to Jhang in West Punjab and permanently moved to Burewala after the independence of Pakistan on 14 August as result of the partition of India.After matriculating from a local high school in Jhang, he was admitted at the Government College University in Lahore in 1950 but left his university studies after being selected for the military service exam in 1952. In 1954, he joined the Pakistan Navy, commissioned as Midshipman and was sent to the United Kingdom to attend the Britannia Royal Naval College in Dartmouth, England. He shared his dormitory with army cadet Imranullah Khan who would also ascended into being a three-star army general. He graduated from the Britannia Royal Naval College in 1955, and was later sent to Australia for further sea training where

masks:
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Ahmad Tasnim


title: Ahmad Tasnim

texts:
 he joined the Royal Australian Navy as an exchange officer, gaining commission as Sub-Lieutenant on 1 January 1957, and served aboard HMAS Sydney, an aircraft carrier. Briefly serving as an exchange officer, S/Lt. Tasnim was again set to England where he attended the Royal Naval College in Greenwich, where he graduated in War studies with strong emphasis on nuclear war. Upon returning to Pakistan, he was promoted as lieutenant, and was posted as executive officer to  which he served until 1961.During this time, he was posted in East Pakistan but return shortly after Lt. Tasnim was appointed as ADC to President Ayub Khan. In 1963, Lt. Tasnim personally excused himself from his assignment in order to join the newly established crew that was to be trained in the United States in order to operate the submarine acquired from the United States Navy. Alongside with then-Lt.Cdr K.R. Niazi, Lt. Tasnim arrived in the New London in Connecticut where he was trained on the USS Angler for the submarine operations. In 1964, the crew of Ghazi returned to Pakistan and reported back to its base, Karachi Naval Dockyard. War appointments in Navy: 1965 and 1971 war

In 1965, Lieutenant-Commander <mask> was the executive officer and Second-in-Command of the , and participated in second war with India in 1965. Ghazi, under command of Cdr KR Niazi, escorted the combined task group under Cdre S.M.Anwar, the OTC, to successfully raid a radar facility in Dwarka, India. Ghazi later patrolled the Arabian sea and reported back safely to its base once the ceasefire was broken by the Soviet Union between India and Pakistan. Lt. Cdr. Tasnim was honoured with Sitara-e-Jurat, alongside with the Ghazi in 1966. In 1967, Lieutenant-Commander Tasnim assumed the command of Ghazi and became concerned for her refit as time passed. After refitting of its computers, Ghazi under the command of Lt. Cdr. Tasnim embarked on the notable circumnavigation of Africa


title: Ahmad Tasnim

texts: and Southern Europe in order for its mid-life update that were to be carried out in Gölcük Naval Shipyard in Turkey due to the closure of the Suez Canal because of the Six-Day War.After the refit trials, Lt. Cdr. Tasnim returned to Karachi and traveled to Paris to acquire the . There, he learned French language and took over of the command of the  in 1969 as Commander. Cdr. Tasnim arrived with Hangor submarines in 1970, and reported to its base in Karachi on 1 December 1970. On August 1971, Cdr. Tasnim volunteered to go behind the enemy lines to pick up intelligence on Indian Navy's movement, which was duly approved.On November 1971,  again sailed under his command with full wartime load of torpedoes, moving towards Bombay harbour, identifying the Indian armada but did not attack due to not being authorized. In an attempt to warn, Cdr. Tasnim broke the radio silence and dispatched a message that was immediately identified, leading the Indian Navy dispatching two ASW warships,  and INS Kirpan from 14th Squadron of the Western Naval Command of the Indian Navy. The Indian squadron under Captain M.N. Mullah identified Hangor on 2–3 December, and came forward to attack the submarine that was operating on the shallow waters. Cdr. Tasnim ordered the increase of depth of the submarine by 200 m and set their targets on approaching Indian Navy's ship that were now coming to attack the submarine.At about 20:00Hrs, Cdr. <mask> had his torpedo crew led by then-Lt. Fasih Bokhari calculate the enemy ship path and firing range, and order the crew to fire the torpedoes. The first homing torpedo did not target its ship which was aimed at Kirpan, and immediately opted a quick solution, firing second homing torpedo that hit the magazine of the Khukri. The crew of Hangor heard a loud explosion and began recording the orders being passed by Captain M.N. Mullah; a third homing torpedo was also fired but Kirpan fled the scene. Khukri sank


title: Ahmad Tasnim

texts:
 quickly before Hangor could make an attempt to save the survivors, losing 250 men in this action including Captain M.N. Mullah.For almost a week, Cdr. Tasnim had the Hangor submerged due to being aware of massive search and destroy mission to locate Hangor, making his way to report back to its base with depleted hydrogen batteries. According to his personal admission in 2001, Tasnim maintained: "An extensive air search combined with surface ships made our life miserable but with intelligent evasive action we managed to survive these attacks and arrived in Karachi safely after the ceasefire." Staff and Command appointments

Upon returning to Pakistan, Cdr. <mask> was decorated with Sitara-e-Jurat for his actions of valour in 1972. In 1973, he was posted in Navy NHQ in Islamabad, becoming director submarine operations and assuming the command of submarine command  (COMSUBS) in 1974. In 1975–76, Cdr.Tasnim went to United States to attend the Naval War College in Rhode Island, returning with MSc. in war studies, and appointed  "Directing Staff" at the Naval War College in Karachi. In 1976, he was promoted to one-star assignment, and Capt. <mask> was appointed as Director-General Naval Operations (DGNO) and then Naval Secretary at Navy NHQ in Islamabad. In 1978, Cdre. was selected by the Ministry of Defence (MoD) for a diplomatic assignment, and briefly tenured as military attaché at the Embassy of Pakistan in Paris until 1981. Upon returning, Cdre.<mask> was tactical officer commanding of the 25th Destroyer Squadron, later commandant of the Naval War College in Karachi and posted as the ACNS (Training) until promoted to two-star rank. In 1984, Rear-Admiral <mask> was directed to join the faculty of National Defence University (NDU) in Islamabad, teaching courses on military studies of which then-Brig. Pervez Musharraf was also this student. He remained Chief Instructor (CI) at the NDU until 1987. In 1987–88, Rear-Admiral

masks: Tasnim Tasnim Tasnim Tasnim


title: Ahmad Tasnim

texts:
 <mask> was appointed as DCNS (Personnel) and later became a senior fleet commander in 1989–91, with as three-star rank, Vice-Admiral. In 1991, Vice-Admiral <mask>'s name was announced  to be appointed as Chairman of the National Shipping Corporation which he stayed until 1992. In 1992, Vice-Admiral <mask> was moved as chairman of Karachi Port Trust (KPT), which he remained until his retirement from the Navy in 1994.In 1992, Vice-Admiral <mask> was moved as chairman of Karachi Port Trust (KPT), which he remained until his retirement from the Navy in 1994. Retirement and defence analyst

In 2001, Admiral Tasnim refuted the Indian Navy's claim of sinking the Ghazi, maintaining on the ground that "the sub was lost due to operational accident and Indians have never claimed it as such." In 2016, Admiral Tasnim backed the ISPR's claim of detecting the Indian Navy's submarine patrol the Karachi coast, claiming that: the Indian submarine was detected 40 nautical miles off Pakistani coast." Talking to Dawn, Tasnim was of the opinion that "the submarine had come for intelligence gathering purposes. Intelligence gathering is a common practice, but the skill is not to get caught – like we did in our times." Portrayal
In December 2021, ARY Digital release a telefilm Hangor S-131, based on real incidents from 1971 Indo-Pak war in which role of Tasnim was played by Zahid Ahmed. See also
Submarine warfare
Hangor-class submarine (1968)

References

External links

1935 births
Living people
People from Jalandhar district
Punjabi people
People from Jhang District
Military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Submarine commanders
Pakistani people of Iranian descent
Pakistani military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
Naval War College alumni
National Defence University, Pakistan alumni
Pakistan Navy admirals
People from Islamabad
Pakistani television personalities
Pakistani columnists
Defence and security analysts in


title: Akira Tamura

texts: <mask> (田村明, 1926–2010) was a city planner in postwar Japan. He is notable for two phases of his career: one as the chief city planner of the Yokohama city government and the other as an evangelist of machi-zukuri (town-making) among local movements. Under Japan's then-highly centralized government system, <mask> advocated for the importance of local awareness and initiatives; this led to the strengthening of local government as an institution to achieve a quality environment for all residents. Although he stayed in Yokohama for a relatively brief period, from 1968 to 1981, he achieved some of the most innovative results in Japan's postwar town planning history. His influence on Yokohama's city planning, as well as on local residents throughout Japan, remains visible and notable to this day. <mask> initially proposed major projects, called the "Six Spine Projects", to transform the structure of Yokohama in 1964, at the request of the newly elected socialist mayor Ichio Asukata. After becoming Yokohama's chief planner at the invitation of Asukata in 1968, <mask> introduced two additional planning measures: building and land control measures and urban design.As a new mechanism to reform the old administrative system, <mask> created the Bureau of Planning and Coordination, which linked the separate bureaus and forged a united entity of city government with a wider mandate. In 2000, the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ), the country's supreme academic institution concerned with architecture and town planning, awarded <mask> its Grand Prize for "the establishment of a theory or technique and its implementation in city planning" (AIJ, 2000), for his work in Yokohama. <mask> remains the only practical planner in the field of city planning to have won the AIJ's Grand Prize; other recipients have all been academics or architects. <mask> consistently endeavored to educate young planners by assigning them important works. Though he worked in Yokohama for only a short time, those young planners became his followers and passed on his concepts and style of work. This contributed to the success and continuation of projects, land control measures,

masks:
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title: Akira Tamura

texts:
 and urban design. It is said that <mask> was initially not a master planner but gradually learned by listening to the opinions of others.His motto was "amorphous fluidity": he never remained in one place long and was always moving, searching for solutions. Early life
<mask> was born in 1926 into a Christian middle-class family in Tokyo. As a child, he attended a primary school attached to Aoyama Teachers’ College (now a primary school attached to Tokyo Teachers’ University) and proceeded to the Municipal First Junior High School (now Hibiya High School), both of which remain prestigious schools in Tokyo. <mask> did not advance to Tokyo's First High School (the premier high school in Japan for the elite before the war). Instead, during the Second World War (1941–1945) he attended Shizuoka High School in 1944, which was several hours away by train from Tokyo. He later explained that he wanted to live outside Tokyo to "broaden his horizons." <mask> entered Tokyo University in 1945, enrolling in the Department of Architecture in the Faculty of Engineering because he thought that architecture would be a broad field, encompassing both arts and social science.His graduation thesis was titled A Study of the Change of Structure in a Big City. His dissertation adviser, a young associate professor named Kenzo Tange, went on to become a world-famous architect. During his studies, <mask> met Takashi Asada, a senior staff member in Tange's office at that time, who exerted a strong influence on <mask>. Asada was seven years older than <mask> and also intended to become a city planner. Early career
After his graduation, <mask> worked for one and a half years as an official in the Ministry of Transportation in charge of inbound travel planning. In addition, he studied in the Faculty of Law at the University of Tokyo and earned a bachelor's degree in law. After he left the Ministry of Transportation, he continued to seek a post in other ministries.After several challenging positions in various ministries, he moved to Osaka. Real estate was regarded as a good investment when the Japanese economy was recovering in the 1950s. Nissay Life Insurance Mutual

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title: Akira Tamura

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 Company, the country's biggest life insurance firm, needed a specialist in real estate development, and <mask> seemed eminently qualified for this position. <mask> spent nine years in this position. During this time, married Makiko Saito, who was from the same Christian nonchurch movement (initiated by Kanzo Uchimura) as <mask>. However, <mask> was not satisfied with his life as a salaried worker in a big company, and he wondered whether his vocation lay elsewhere. He recognized that his work in estate development only benefited his firm and was not his calling.He visited Tange to discuss his future; at that time, he again met Asada, who was now the facilitator of the "metabolism" architecture. Asada subsequently started Japan's first city-planning consulting firm in 1961. <mask> began working as a part-time employee, returning to Tokyo every weekend. In January 1963, he returned to Tokyo to join the Environmental Development Center, Asada's planning firm, as one of only three staff members. Before starting there, <mask> wrote a proposal paper entitled Positioning of Regional Planning Machinery, emphasizing the importance of expert planners and urban designers. Chief city planner in Yokohama and the Six Spine Projects
In 1964, <mask> proposed the Six Spine Projects. This endeavor reconstructed the basic urban structure of the city on its devastated urban land, just after the land was at last returned by the occupation armies.The mayor, Asukata, thought it necessary to establish a new section of the city government to oversee the Six Spine Projects, which would require a new planning approach and coordination across internal sections and external institutions. Thus, <mask> founded a new bureau, Planning and Coordinating Bureau, a kind of secretariat for the mayor in charge of planning. <mask> became the chief of this section. <mask>'s first conflict with the national bureaucracy concerned the motorway, whose structure was originally to be elevated. Thanks to <mask>'s efforts, this was successfully changed to a half-underground structure to preserve the landscape. After this success, <mask> consolidated his position in the

masks: Tamura Tamura Tamura Tamura Tamura Tamura Tamura Tamura Tamura Tamura Tamura Tamura


title: Akira Tamura

texts:
 administration. It has since become common among local government officials to become confident and independent as equal partners with the national ministries.<mask> developed a new planning policy to integrate the Six Spine Projects with building and land control measures and urban design. These measures were combined to form a strategic planning tool for local government. Fumihiko Maki, an architect and urban designer who had just returned from teaching and practicing urban design in the United States, served as an adviser to <mask>. Maki worked on several urban design projects, including the Kanazawa reclamation project and its housing development, assigned by <mask>. It soon became clear that urban design needed an in-house team, since it had to handle cumbersome coordination among the city administration and concerned parties. In 1970, Shunsuke Iwasaki returned from an urban design course at Harvard University and joined <mask>'s team. <mask> and his staff worked over these main objectives as follows:
 Minatomirai 21: Central business and commercial district redevelopment on the site of an old shipyard and freight train yard in the harbor area
 Kohoku: New town development with landscaped housing and urban agriculture districts through land readjustment as a model housing against urban sprawl
 Kanazawa seaside reclamation development: New seaside industrial and housing development accommodating the relocation of small factories moved from built-up inland areas with state-of-the-art antipollution provisions
 Local development exaction system: an innovative development control measure by the local government discretion to require developers to donate land for parks and community facilities
 Urban motorway network: Landscape-conscious motorway network planned and coordinated by the local initiative with part of its network underground
 Strategic use of the Town Planning Law of 1968: Widely zoned nonurban areas of Yokohama being used for urban agriculture
 Urban design: Pedestrian-conscious spaces designed, planned, and coordinated to maximize the natural landscape and historical buildings

Half a century has now passed since <mask>

masks: Tamura Tamura Tamura Tamura Tamura Tamura


title: Akira Tamura

texts:
 proposed the Six Spine Projects, and they have mostly been completed.It is noteworthy that the Six Spine Projects survived and were implemented by the four mayors who succeeded Asukata, none of whom were socialists. Adviser of local town-making movement
Asukata was elected to a fourth term as mayor, but his term ended abruptly when he became the new chairman of the Japan Socialist Party in 1978 and left Yokohama. Michikazu Saigo, Asukata's successor, won the mayoral election in 1978 with backing from both conservatives and socialists. He appointed <mask> to a nominal post. Although Saigo recognized the importance of the Six Spine Project, he did not believe that they should not be under the control of a single individual, even <mask>. After completing his doctoral thesis, Local Development Exaction System, After obtaining his PhD from the University of Tokyo, <mask> became a professor of the Faculty of Law of Hosei University, a private university in Tokyo. He then launched a campaign to increase public awareness among people with an interest in local community by writing three books: Town-Making in Concept (1987), Town-Making in Practice (1995), and Town-Making and Townscape (2005).These three books are still widely read. In all, he wrote 11 books during his 15 years at Hosei University. It was during this time that <mask> started using the term machi-zukuri (town-making) instead of "city planning," because the latter sounded to him like a "top-down" initiative from the national bureaucracy, whereas the former conveyed the idea of a grassroots activity by residents. <mask> died at the age of 84, on January 25, 2010, with his wife, Makiko, at his side in his bedroom in Atagawa, Izu district, Shizuoka prefecture. His life was enriched by the pleasure he derived from town-making, and his wife suggested that his Christian faith had a strong influence on him. Influence
Even though <mask> authored over 40 books, empirical research on his works would strengthen his unparalleled achievement and provide younger generations materials to learn. <mask> was not inherently a theorist of city planning, but developed his own town-making theory by

masks: Tamura Tamura Tamura Tamura Tamura Tamura Tamura


title: Akira Tamura

texts:
 addressing the needs and circumstances of Yokohama.<mask> developed his advisory activities for the public by going on a "pilgrimage" as an evangelist of town-making all over Japan, persuading citizens and local government workers to become confident in their local quality. <mask> put a higher priority on his relationship with ordinary citizens. Moreover, he was engaged in the foundation of the Japan Association of Local Government Policy Studies. <mask> also helped young people form voluntary study groups on town-making in local areas all over Japan, consisting of residents, scholars, and local government workers. These activities are continuing even today. The non-profit organization "<mask> Memorial—A Town Planning Research Initiative" was established in 2015. Although the NPO was not founded by <mask> himself, it retains the same atmosphere of the study groups as he started.To this day there are young people who, after reading <mask>'s books, gain the confidence and opportunity to work locally with a wider perspective, and go on to become local government workers or community planners. References

Sources

 City of Yokohama (1982). Yokohama: Portrait of a City from Its Port Opening to the 21th Century. Booklet prepared for the Regional Congress of Local Authorities for Development of Human Settlements in Asia and the Pacific, organized by ESCAP, HABITAT, and the City of Yokohama. Taguchi, Toshio (2017). "A Chronological Study Regarding the Planning Process of the Central District of Minatomirai 21, a Waterfront Redevelopment Project in Yokohama, at Its Inception Stage." Journal of Architectural Planning, AIJ 82 (735): 1175–1185.Taguchi, Toshio (2018). "The Adoption and Abolition of the Local Development Exaction System by the City of Yokohama." Journal of Architectural Planning, AIJ 83 (753): 2173–2183. <mask>, <mask> (1981). "Urban Development Control by Local Development Exaction System." PhD thesis, Tokyo University. <mask>, <mask> (2006).Making Yokohama City Planning Work with Tamura. Gakugei. External links
<mask> Memorial (in Japanese)

Japanese urban planners
1926 births
2010 deaths
People from Tokyo
University of Tokyo

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title: Gunilla Bielke

texts:
<mask>; Swedish: <mask>tter Bielke af Åkerö (25 June 1568 – 19 July 1597) was Queen of Sweden as the second wife of King John III. Queen <mask> is acknowledged to have acted as the political adviser to John III and to have influenced his religious policies in favor of Protestantism. Early life
<mask>ielke was the daughter of the cousin of John III, the former governor of Östergötland Johan Axelsson Bielke, and Margareta Axelsdotter Posse. Orphaned early, she was raised at the royal court since she was ten years old as a playmate of the King's daughter, Anna. In 1582, she was made maid of honour to the Queen, Catherine Jagellon. About half a year after the death of his first queen in 1583, John III chose her to be his next consort, after first having considered Sigrid Brahe. Bielke is described by her contemporaries as a beautiful blonde, though the portraits preserved by her are considered to be too stylistic to give a true image of her appearance.It was acknowledged that the reason to the marriage was that the king was attracted to her beauty, and this was also the reason John III himself stated for his reason to marry a member of his own nobility rather than a foreign princess. Asked why he did not marry a member of a princely house, he openly stated that he wished to have a beautiful consort and that portraits of foreign princess was not to be trusted. Therefore, it would be wiser: "To marry a person in this country, of which whom you have already seen". Similar to the mother and step-mother of John III, Margareta Leijonhufvud and Katarina Stenbock, <mask> was engaged when the King decided to marry her. She was engaged to the noble Per Jonsson Liljesparre, and

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title: Gunilla Bielke

texts:
 initially refused the king's proposal on her own initiative. According to tradition, the King was so enraged by her refusal that he slapped her in the face with his gloves. Her family, however, forced her to agree, retract her refusal, and consent to the marriage.Her engagement was broken, and her wedding to the king was arranged. The marriage was controversial and regarded by the king's family, who opposed it, to be a misalliance. His sisters were enraged. They considered it a misalliance because of the difference in rank, despite the fact that their own mother was also a member of the nobility, a fact he pointed out to them without effect. Queen

The wedding ceremony took place in Västerås the 21 February 1585, followed by the coronation of <mask> the following day. Because of the controversy around the marriage, the monarch was eager to make the occasion as impressing as possible, and arranged much celebrations around the event, such as a tournament, where queen <mask> officiated by handing out the price to the winners. The King's siblings, however, all refused to attend the wedding.The only exception was his sister Sophia, who was resident in Sweden and dependent upon his allowance for her income. For this, he punished his sisters economically and entered into a long going conflict with his brother Charles. <mask> was given a very large allowance and is regarded as one of the richest of the queens of Sweden. Queen <mask> had a significant influence on John III. She is credited with having influenced his policy regarding religion in favor of Protestantism, similar to the way his first spouse, Catherine Jagiellon, had influenced him in favor of Catholicism. After his

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title: Gunilla Bielke

texts:
 marriage to her, his work to introduce a counter reformation in Sweden effectively ceased, and she is known to have acted in favor of persecuted anti-liturgical priests on several occasions. <mask> accompanied John III to the council in Reval in Swedish Estonia in 1589, where the monarch came into conflict with the Councillors of the noble parliamentary estate.She acted as a mediator between the monarch and the deposed Councillors during the conflict. Eventually, in 1590, the King released the political prisoners, members of the parliament, on her request, among them her former guardian Hogenskild <mask>. The King himself openly admitted to having changed his opinion and his decisions in various subjects "for the sake of our mistress the dear Queen's wishes". During the last years of the reign of John III, a significantly large amount of documents were issued in the name of the queen, displaying her large influence upon state affairs. She successfully accepted to make recommendations for supplicants, and even the siblings of her spouse did ask her to speak to the king on their behalf. The political influence of queen <mask> was not uncontroversial. Rather, it has been regarded in a more negative light then the equally large influence of her predecessor, because Gunilla was a member of the nobility, and she was accused of using her influence to benefit her relatives.Her brother-in-law Duke Charles, the future King Charles IX, has portrayed her in a very bad light in this regard and accused her of using her illegitimate influence over the king to promote her family with a rime in his chronicle:

Med drottning Gunnel vele vi tale
hon kan oss mycket hugsvale,
hos konungen

masks: Gunilla Bielke Gunilla


title: Gunilla Bielke

texts:
 kan hon fodra bäst. ty hon är vår vän och släkten bäst

(Of Queen Gunnel we now shall say
that she can benefit us all so well,
with the king she will always be successful
because she is our friend but most of all she is her family's)

In 1590, John III left instructions for queen <mask> to serve as regent, should his son with her succeed to the throne while being still a minor. The son of <mask> and John III, however, never succeeded to the throne, being put aside first by his elder half brother and then by his uncle. When the son of Charles XI, king Gustav II Adolf of Sweden, wished to marry another member of the nobility, Ebba Brahe, in the 1610s, his mother Christina of Holstein-Gottorp opposed the match with a reference to the marriage between John III and <mask> Bielke as a bad example, and eventually prevented it. Queen dowager
King John III died in 1592. According to the chronicle of Aegidius Girs, Queen <mask> stayed by the bedside of the dying John III, holding his hand, while holding the hand of their son with the other. He was succeeded by his son in his first marriage, King Sigismund, the stepson of <mask>, who was in Poland at the time of his father's death.Queen dowager <mask> refused to leave the Royal Castle in Stockholm before the arrival of Sigismund to Sweden, eager to had the support of Sigismund in protecting the large inheritance she had been given in the will of her late spouse against her former brother-in-law Duke Charles. Duke Charles, who had been updated by constant reports of the king's health during his illness, claimed that <mask> had concealed the death of the late monarch for days while stealing from the Royal Castle's belongings. Upon

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title: Gunilla Bielke

texts:
 the arrival of Sigismund and his consort Anna of Austria to Sweden in 1593, <mask> demanded that an inventory be made to clear her of Charles's accusations and presented the will of the late king to prove that her demands were legal. Duke Charles protested that the property left to her in the will of the late king was so preposterously large that the will should be declared illegal even if it was indeed the will of the late king. Queen Anna also accused <mask> of having deprived the royal castle of most of its belongings, making it uncomfortable and bare, and the two queens also clashed on religious reasons. On 18 May 1594, however, Sigismund confirmed the inheritance of Queen Dowager <mask>. She retired to Bråborg Castle in the Duchy of her son, Östergötland, where she resided until her death.She was given an unusually generous allowance and lands in the will of her spouse, as well as sole and complete custody of her son, and thereby of his duchy. <mask> died of the fever and was interred in Uppsala Cathedral. Children
 John, Duke of Östergötland. Fiction
<mask> <mask> is the main character in the 1983 novel Stackars lilla drottning - Historisk roman om <mask> <mask>, Johan III:s unga gemål (Poor little queen - A historical novel about <mask> <mask>, the young consort of John III) by Anna Sparre. References

 <mask>, <mask> i Herman Hofberg, Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon (andra upplagan, 1906)
 <mask> Bielke, urn:sbl:13306, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Birgitta Lager), hämtad 2013-12-06. Karin Tegenborg Falkdalen (2010). Vasadöttrarna (utgåva 2).Falun: Historiska Media. Further reading

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<mask>, <mask>
Gunnilda 1585
1568 births
1597 deaths
Burials at

masks: Gunilla Gunilla Gunilla Gunilla Gunilla Bielke Gunilla Bielke Gunilla Bielke Bielke Gunilla Gunilla Bielke Gunilla


title: Ian Morrison (RNZAF officer)

texts:
Air Vice-Marshal <mask>  (16 March 1914 – 5 September 1997) was a New Zealand aviator and military leader. Born in Hanmer Springs, he briefly served in the Royal Air Force before transferring to the Royal New Zealand Air Force in 1939. During the early stages of the Second World War, he was a bomber pilot with No. 75 Squadron, which was formed mostly with New Zealand personnel and operated Vickers Wellingtons. He returned to New Zealand in 1940 for instructing duties and then was a staff officer with the RNZAF's No. 1 Islands Group, based in Vanuatu. He later commanded No.3 Squadron during the Solomons campaign. After the war, he held a series of staff posts before becoming Chief of Air Staff of the RNZAF in 1962. In this capacity he replaced much of the air force's dated equipment and sought to improve its strike capacity. Appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1965, he retired the following year. He died in 1997, aged 83. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Hanmer Springs, in the South Island of New Zealand on 16 March 1914, the only son of W. G. <mask> and his wife. The town was the site of the Queen Mary Hospital which, during the First World War, was a facility for the treatment of wounded soldiers.Seeing these wounded war veterans in his childhood, <mask> resolved to never join the army. Instead, he desired a career in the Royal Air Force (RAF). After completing his schooling, he worked in the forestry industry to earn the money for the trip to England. During this time he learnt to fly, gaining his pilot's licence at the Canterbury Aero Club. When <mask> arrived in London, his

masks:
Ian Gordon Morrison
Ian Gordon
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison


title: Ian Morrison (RNZAF officer)

texts:
 application to join the RAF was declined on the grounds of a weak heart. A subsequent attempt to join the RAF was more successful, and he was accepted for a short service commission in March 1936 on probation, and this was confirmed, along with his rank of pilot officer, on 6 January 1937. In July the following year he was promoted to flying officer and was posted to No.44 Squadron, based at RAF Waddington. In September 1938 he married Dorothy  at Winthorpe. Second World War
In January 1939, he resigned his commission in the RAF and subsequently joined the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF). Later in the year he was sent to England to join other RNZAF personnel being trained on Vickers Wellington bombers. The aircraft had been purchased by the New Zealand government for its air force and <mask> was part of the group preparing to ferry them back to New Zealand. On the outbreak of the Second World War, he became part of No. 75 Squadron, established around those RNZAF personnel.He went on fly operationally with the squadron until his return to New Zealand in 1940, take up a position as an instructor. A navigation specialist, he taught at the School of General Reconnaissance and was highly regarded for his work. He was promoted to squadron leader in February 1942 and six months later was appointed commander of No. 8 Squadron, which flew Vickers Vildebeests. Early the following year, the RNZAF established the No. 1 Islands Group to co-ordinate the administration of the increasing numbers of units being sent to the Pacific theatre of operations to participate in the Solomons campaign. Based at Santo in


title: Ian Morrison (RNZAF officer)

texts:
 Vanuatu, it was led by Air Commodore Wallingford with <mask> joining in April as his senior air staff officer.<mask> was later promoted wing commander and appointed to command of No. 3 Squadron, which operated Lockheed Ventura bombers. He served in this capacity from February 1944 to June 1945. During this time, the squadron saw service at Santo, Guadalcanal, Bougainville, and Emirau before finishing its war at Green Island. Postwar
<mask> was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1946 War Honours, in recognition of his war service in the Pacific. He served in a number of staff roles in the postwar period; from June 1946, he was an honorary aide-de-camp to the Governor-General of New Zealand for nearly a year, in 1947, he was based at the Air Department in Wellington as Director of Organisation and Staff Duties, and then served as chairman of the planning executive. In 1950 he went to the United Kingdom to attend the Joint Services Staff College followed by a two-year period of exchange duty with the RAF.He then commanded Ohakea air base for a time. From October 1954 he served on the Air Board, being responsible for supply. He was appointed an Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1957 New Year Honours. The following year he attended the Imperial Defence College. Chief of Air Staff
<mask> was appointed Chief of Air Staff (CAS) in July 1962. At the time, the RNZAF was in decline, operating dated equipment and the New Zealand government more focussed on its army co-operation role. He set about improving the strike capability of the RNZAF in response to the threat

masks: Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison


title: Ian Morrison (RNZAF officer)

texts:
 posed by communism.During his tenure he oversaw the introduction of American aircraft into service with the RNZAF, including the Lockheed P-3 Orion and the Lockheed C-130 Hercules. He prioritised equally what he saw as the three basic functions of the RNZAF; strike, maritime reconnaissance, and transport. For the latter two roles he initially believed the Hercules could fulfill these but he was convinced against this. This led to the acquisition of the Orion, an anti-submarine patrol aircraft. Helicopters also entered service with the RNZAF during his tenure, with a number of Bell UH-1 Iroquois being acquired in 1965. For offensive operations, he favoured the acquisition of the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom as a strike aircraft for the RNZAF but was unable to secure them before his term as CAS ended. Cost was a factor together with the government's preference that RNZAF assume a defensive role.In the 1965 New Year Honours, he was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath. He retired in June 1966, the morale of the RNZAF considerably improved despite his failure to modernise its strike wing. Four years later a fleet of Douglas A-4 Skyhawks entered service with the RNZAF improving its offensive capabilities. Later life
<mask> died on 5 September 1997. He was cremated and his ashes interred at North Shore Memorial Park. He was the father of Judy Bailey, a former broadcaster. Notes

References

Further reading

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1914 births
1997 deaths
New Zealand aviators
New Zealand military personnel of World War II
New Zealand Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
New Zealand Companions of the Order of


title: Manuel Fernández Silvestre

texts:
<mask> (December 16, 1871 – July 22, 1921) was a Spanish general. Silvestre was the son of the lieutenant colonel of artillery <mask> and <mask>. In 1889 he enrolled in the Toledo Infantry Academy, where he met with the future high commissioner of Spanish Morocco, Dámaso Berenguer. He served as commander of both Spanish Plazas de soberanía: Ceuta from 1919 to 1920 and of Melilla from 1920 to 1921. Afterwards he commanded all Spanish armies in Africa during the opening phase of the Rif War in which he suffered a massive and disastrous defeat at Annual. With the battle lost and in despair, <mask> committed suicide on July 22, 1921. This is considered the worst defeat ever suffered by the contemporary Spanish army.Biogaphy

Youth
Silvestre was born in El Caney in Spanish Cuba; his father was artillery lieutenant colonel Victor Fernandez y Pentiaga, who married his second wife Eleuteria <mask> Quesada. Silvestre joined the Toledo General Military Academy where he met future General and Prime Minister Damaso Berenguer y Fuste who was 2 years younger than Silvestre. Silvestre graduated on March 9, 1893 as a cavalry second lieutenant, aged 21. Career

Cuba
Silvestre first saw action in 1890 at the age of 19 in a skirmish as a cadet against the Mambises guerrillas seeking independence in Cuba. In February 1895, a full-blown rebellion broke out in Cuba, known as the Cuban War of Independence. After he attended the academy, Silvestre returned to Cuba in 1895 to fight against the Mambises until the Spanish lost the 1898 Spanish–American War in which he received 16 wounds altogether and received a severe incapacity of the left arm that he disguised very well. During his time in Cuba, the aggressive Silvestre had a marked preference for cavalry charges and fighting hand to hand against the Mambises and was widely liked and respected by the men under his command.A charismatic, charming man whose

masks:
Manuel Fernández y Silvestre
Victor Fernández
Eleuteria Silvestre
Silvestre
Silvestre


title: Manuel Fernández Silvestre

texts:
 nickname was Manolo, <mask> was a great womaniser who fathered scores of illegitimate children by the various women he seduced. In the words of the American historian David Woolman: "<mask> was a real-life character as flamboyant as any to be found in the pages of a romantic novel". <mask> was a very brave but reckless junior officer in Cuba, where he was seriously wounded during a cavalry action, but as a general, he was hopelessly inept and owned his rapid rise up the ranks to the patronage of his best friend, King Alfonso XIII, who used his position of commander-in-chief to promote his favourite officers. After the Spanish–American War, Silvestre served as a military aide to the king, who became his patron. When Alfonso ascended to the Spanish throne in 1886, Spain could at least pretence to be a world power, as Spain had colonies in the Americas, Africa, Asia and the Pacific. The great shattering event of Alfonso's childhood had been the Spanish–American War of 1898, which saw Spain defeated by the Americans and the loss of Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam, and shortly afterward, Spain sold the Carolines and Mariana islands to Germany. As a result, Spain's empire now consisted only of Spanish Guinea, in Central Africa, and some footholds on the Moroccan coast.Alfonso had taken the losses of the Spanish–American War very badly and supported the africanistas, who longed to conquer for Spain a new empire in Northern Africa to compensate for the lost empire in the Americas and Asia. As a militarist educated by army officers and an africanista, Alfonso liked swashbuckling, macho generals who might conquer for him an African empire; which explained why Silvestre became a royal favourite. Alfonso was fascinated by <mask>'s flamboyant and colourful personality, which made him popular "both with his troops and with the ladies." Spanish Morocco

In 1904, after many postings to

masks: Silvestre Silvestre Silvestre Silvestre


title: Manuel Fernández Silvestre

texts: spring. Silvestre dismissed the Moroccans as an enemy, said he had all the troops and equipment that he needed, and causally mentioned: "The only way to succeed in Morocco is to cut off the heads of all the Moors". French Marshal Hubert Lyautey, who commanded the forces in French Morocco, complained that the Spanish lacked sufficient cultural sensitivity and often gratuitously offended the Islamic traditions of the Moroccans by openly engaging the services of the ubiquitous prostitutes, who followed the Spanish Army everywhere in Morocco; by engaging in harassment of Muslims on the streets; by dishonest and bigoted treatment of Moroccan tribal chiefs; and by all too often simply assuming that an "iron fist" approach was the best way to deal with the Moroccans. Lyautey criticised the Spanish Army in Morocco in general, but Silvestre exemplified it perfectly with his arrogance that led him to dismiss the Moroccans as hopelessly inferior and his firm belief in the "iron fist". The operation was risky and dangerous since the Spanish soldiers were very poorly trained and scared of the Rifians. Silvestre's force comprised 20,000 Spanish soldiers, as well as 5,000 regulares, as Moroccans in the Spanish Army were called. Of the Spanish troops, well over half were completely illiterate conscripts from the poorest elements of Spanish society and had been sent to Morocco with minimal training.Despite <mask>'s assurances that his equipment was sufficient to defeat the Rifians, about three quarters of the rifles at the Melilla arsenal were in shoddy condition because of poor maintenance, and a report from late 1920, which Silvestre had never bothered to read, warned that many of the rifles in Melilla arsenal were unusable or more of a danger to the soldier who was firing them than to the enemy. The average Spanish soldier in Morocco in 1921 was paid the equivalent of US$0.34 per day and lived on a


title: Manuel Fernández Silvestre

texts: simple diet of coffee, bread, beans, rice and the odd piece of meat. Many soldiers bartered their rifles and ammunition at the local markets in exchange for fresh vegetables. The barracks that the soldiers lived in were unsanitary, and medical care at the few hospitals was very poor. Up in the mountains, Spanish soldiers lived in small outposts known as blocaos, which the American historian Stanley Payne observed: "Many of these lacked any sort of toilet, and the soldier who ventured out of the filthy bunker risked exposure to the fire of lurking tribesmen". Continuing a practice first began in Cuba, corruption flourished in the venal Spanish officer corps, with goods meant for the troops being sold onto the black market, and the funds intended to build road and railroads in Morocco ended up in the pockets of senior officers. A shockingly high number of Spanish officers could not read maps, which explains why Spanish units so frequently got lost in the Rif.In general, studying war was not considered to be a good use of an officer's time, and most officers devoted their time in Melilla in words of the American journalist James Perry to "gambling and whoring, sometimes molesting the native Moorish women". Morale in the army was extremely poor, and most Spanish soldiers just wanted to go home and leave Morocco forever. Because of the prostitutes from Spain, who attached themselves in great number to the Spanish bases in Morocco, venereal diseases were rampant in the Spanish Army, as it was the great dream of many Spanish soldiers to contract a venereal disease so he could invalidated out of service and sent home to Spain. Silvestre was well aware of the poor morale of his soldiers, but he did not regard it as a problem since he believed that his enemy was so inferior that the problems afflicting his troops would not be an issue. <mask> had spread out his troops in 144 forts and blockhouses


title: Manuel Fernández Silvestre

texts: (blocaos) from Sidi Dris on the Mediterranean across the Rif to Annual and Tizi Azza and on to Melilla. A typical blockhouse held about a dozen men while the larger forts had about 800 men. <mask>, known for his boldness and impetuosity, had pushed his men too deep into the mountains hoping to reach Alhucemas Bay without undertaking the necessary work to built a logistical support network capable of supplying his men out in the blocaos up in the Rif mountains.Krim had sent <mask> a letter warning him not to cross the Amekran River, or he would die. Silvestre commented to the Spanish press about the letter: "This man Abd el-Krim is crazy. I'm not going to take seriously the threats of a little Berber caid [judge] whom I had at my mercy a short time ago. His insolence merits a new punishment". Krim allowed Silvestre to advance deep into since he knew that the Spanish logistics were, in the words of the Spanish historian Jose Alvarez, "tenuous" at best. In late May 1921, Silvestre had his first inking of trouble, as he received reports that his supply columns he was sending up into the Rif were regularly being destroyed. As Silvestre had pushed his men very deep into the Rif, and his forts and blocaos held little in the way of food, the ambushes threatened to bring down the entire chain that Silvestre had built.On 29 May 1921, Silvestre wrote to Berenguer for the first time that the campaign against Krim might be more than a "mere kick in the pants" and that he needed more troops fast. However, in the words of Perry, "this stupid man" marched across the Amekran River to occupy the village Abaran on June 1, 1921. Most of the soldiers were regulares who promptly mutinied, murdered their Spanish officers and declared that they were now joining the jihad that Krim had proclaimed against the Spanish. After the debacle, Berenguer paid an emergency visit to Melilla to meet with Silvestre to

masks: Silvestre Silvestre


title: Manuel Fernández Silvestre

texts: "suggest" the latter to suspend his attempts to push over the Amekran River until Berenguer could "pacify" his zone south of Ceuta and start a supporting offensive from the west. Silvestre wanted to hear nothing of Berenguer's "suggestions" and said that unless he received a direct order to stop, he could continue his attempts to push Spanish power beyond the Amekran. Silvestre was so angry with the "suggestions" that he attempted to attack Berenguer and had to be restrained by the other officers. Though Berenguer continued to "suggest" to Silvestre caution in a steady stream of telegrams over the following days and advised no operations beyond the Amekran, he never ordered Silvestre to stop for fear of angering Silvestre's patron, Alfonso XIII, which meant that the stubborn Silvestre continued to press on.The local resistance began to believe that they were able to defeat the Spanish when, on June 1, 1921, it took the position from Abarrán, killing many Spanish soldiers in combat. On June 8, 1921, <mask> again sent his men south of the Amekran to start building a fort at Igueriben. Krim then out a proclamation to all the Berber tribes of the Rif: "The Spaniards have already lost the game. Look At Abaran! They have left their dead mutilated and unburied, their souls vaguely wandering about, tragically denied the delights of Paradise!" The Rifians now surrounded the new Spanish base at Igueriben and used captured Spanish artillery to bring down fire on the Spanish. Then, Silvestre sent a telegram to Berenguer saying that the situation had become "somewhat delicate" and that he desperately needed more troops.Silvestre now started to worry, as he had much trouble sleeping and eating. However, Silvestre's doubts were quietened when King Alfonso sent him a telegram, whose first line was "Hurrah for real men! ", and it urged his favorite general to stay the course and not to retreat. With that,


title: Manuel Fernández Silvestre

texts:
 any possibility of retreat vanished, as Silvestre would never displease the king. The Spanish garrison at Igueriben was cut off but could communicate with the fort at Annual via heliograph. From the heliograph, Silvestre learned that the men at Igueriben had no water and been reduced to drinking the juice from tomato cans, then vinegar and ink, and finally their own urine. With the dehydrated men of Igueriben in desperate condition, a relief force from Annual was sent down on July 19 but was ambushed and destroyed, with 152 Spanish killed.On July 21, Silvestre sent down another relief force of 3000 men, which was likewise ambushed and defeated. Battle of Annual

After the fall of Igueriben on July 22, the rebels attacked the Spanish military camp. <mask>, who had been acting more and more erratically since the previous setbacks, ordered Major Julio Benitez to break out, which led to Benitez and most of his men being hacked to death by the Moroccan tribesmen, who rarely gave the Spanish much mercy. Only 11 survivors of Igueriben managed to reach the fort at Annual, and 9 of them died within hours of heat exhaustion. Then, Silvestre fell to pieces, chewed obsessively at his mustache and talked gibberish to himself as he paced back and forth, wondering what he should do. Matters were decided for Silvestre as Krim decided to follow up his victory at Igueriben by besieging the Annual fortress, and a few hours later, his tribesmen had surrounded Annual. At that point, a panic-stricken Silvestre, who having previously underestimated Krim now swung to the other extreme and called a council of war to announce he was ordering a general retreat back to the coast.<mask> sent his last message on the radio to Madrid at about 4:55 a.m. that he would start a retreat to the coast later that morning. <mask> failed to organize an orderly retreat, not least because for reasons of machismo, he was unwilling

masks: Silvestre Silvestre Silvestre


title: Manuel Fernández Silvestre

texts: to admit to his men that they would be about to retreat. At about 10 am on 22 July 1921, the 5000 men of the Annual started to march out of the fort without being told why. As the Spanish marched in such a disorganised fashion with no officers to give them direction or orders that in the words of the British historian Admiral Cecil Usborne: "Units broke up and became incoherent", as men started to head off in every direction amid "the terrible heat and dust of the Moroccan summer". With Spanish having no order, the Moroccans had no trouble cutting them down with writhing fire, which, in turn, led to the Spanish taking off helter-skelter with every man for himself to the mountains. The Rif tribesmen cut them down with their swords, and others were "shot down like rabbits" with the smiling tribesmen openly standing up to shoot down the Spanish as if it was all a game to them. The Rifians used up almost all of their ammunition, but they captured so many Spanish guns and ammunition as to come out of the battle with more ammunition than they had started with.In the meantime, the Rifians had entered the perimeter of the Spanish camp at Annual, and went about killing every Spaniard they encountered. The Rifians gave no mercy and cut down not only the Spanish soldiers but also the Spanish prostitutes, who had followed the troops up into the Rif. While that was happening, <mask> stood on the parapet of the Annual fortress, watching his army being destroyed. With the exception of one cavalry unit, the Cazadores de Alcántara, the entire garrison of about 5000 men were lost. <mask> reportedly further demoralised his men by yelling at them, "Run, run, the bogeyman is coming!" as they attempted to rally following their initial defeat. Silvestre's comments about the "bogeyman" were his only contributions to the command of his army during the Annual battle.Of the 570 Spaniards who survived the "Disaster


title: Manuel Fernández Silvestre

texts:
 of Annual", the 326 who were taken prisoner were released in January 1923 after the Spanish state paid a ransom of four million pesetas. The survivors consisted of 44 officers, 236 soldiers, 10 civilians and 33 prostitutes and their children. Death
According to some witnesses, <mask>, upon seeing the disaster, went into his tent and committed suicide by shooting himself in the head. Whether dead by his own hand or like most of his staff killed in the turmoil of the retreat, the only remnant of Silvestre appears to have been his scarlet and gold general's sash. Captain Fortea, one of the few Spanish prisoners taken at Annual, reported that Abd el-Krim wore the sash during the pursuit. Abd el-Krim himself told the writer J. Roger-Mathieu that this and other insignia had been brought to him by one of his men. In addition to this, a Moroccan courier from Kaddur Nadar claimed 8 days after the battle to have seen <mask>'s dead body lying on the battlefield face down, still recognizable by his sash and epaulettes.A total of 15,000 Spanish soldiers fell in the days from July 22 to August 9; most died during the Battle of Annual (known as the Disaster of Annual to Spanish historians). Krim followed up his victory at Annual by laying siege to all of the blocaos in the Riff mountains, none of which had much food or water stored, and all of which he took. After the Annual rout, Spanish morale collapsed and there was very little attempt at organized resistance, with the commanders of every blocao making no effort at any organized retreat. On that final day, Silvestre's deputy, General Felipe Navarro y Ceballos-Escalera, surrendered with his men at the sprawling fort of Mount Arruit. References

 Next publication of Abd el-Krim's biography in base of official Spanish documents

External links

Spanish generals
Spanish military personnel killed in action
People of the Rif War
1871 births
1921


title: Wang Yaowu

texts:
<mask> (, 1904–1968) was a high-ranking KMT general and the Governor of Shandong Province who successfully fought against both the Imperial Japanese Army and the Chinese Communists. In September 1948, Communist forces launched the Battle of Jinan. <mask> was captured and held as a prisoner of war until his pardon and release in 1959. During the Cultural Revolution he came under attack by the Red Guards for being a former nationalist commander and died of a heart attack in 1968. Early life and career
<mask> was born into peasant family in Shandong province. He lost his father and elder brother when he was young, and his mother raised him into adulthood. When Sun Yat-Sen opened the Whampoa Military Academy, <mask> was working as a shop keeper.He immediately borrowed money from his employer and traveled to the South to join the national revolution. Some of his notable classmates included Du Yuming, Fan Hanjie, Hu Lien, Liu Yujian, Guan Linzheng and Lin Biao. After his graduation he joined the Northern Expedition under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek against the northern warlords. After Chiang purged the communists in Shanghai on April 12, 1927, he stayed with the Kuomintang as a regiment commander in the National Revolutionary Army. In 1930 he fought in the Central Plains War as a colonel in the central army against an anti-central government coalition under Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang and Li Zongren. In 1932, he was received by Chiang Kai-shek after successfully defend his position under communist attacks during the Fourth Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet. He was promoted to brigade commander and later as commander of the 51st division.Two years later he participated the Fifth Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet and captured Chinese communist leader Fang Zhimin and killing another red army commander in battle around September 1934. In 1935 he scored yet another victory at Jiangxi province by capturing the entire officer corps of the Red Army's 10th corps and was promoted to major general. Second Sino-Japanese War
In 1937, <mask> led his unit in the Battle of Shanghai. His regiment commander

masks:
Wang Yaowu
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang


title: Wang Yaowu

texts:
 was Zhang Lingfu, whom he had just bailed out of prison. In late November, the Chinese army lost the battle for Shanghai and the Japanese Central China Area Army under General Iwane Matsui  advanced toward Nanjing. During the Battle of Nanjing, <mask>'s 51st division suffered heavy casualties and his superior General Tang Shengzhi fled the city without even notifying him and the other senior commanders. <mask> barely escaped the city and only 3,000 troops under his command managed to breakout from the Japanese onslaught.In 1938 he took part in the Battle of Lanfeng to fight against the Japanese 14th Division (Imperial Japanese Army) led by General Kenji Doihara, one of the masterminds of the Manchurian Incident. The failure to hold off the Japanese attacks also led the nationalist government open dykes on the Yellow River, causing the 1938 Yellow River flood. During the Battle of Wanjialing, <mask>'s unit fought against the Japanese attempts to break out from the Chinese encirclement, in which the 106th Division (Imperial Japanese Army) under Lieutenant General Junrokurō Matsuura was almost wiped out. In 1939, <mask> led his unit to participate in the Battle of Nanchang, but Chinese forces failed to hold the city. <mask>, however, distinguished himself during the Battle of Changsha and was promoted to the command of the 74th corps. Under his command, the 74th corps became one of the elite units of the Chinese government forces and fought in almost every engagement in the remaining period of the War. By the war's end, General <mask> was promoted to command the 4th area army and became a member of the KMT central committee.Chinese Civil War

When the Chinese Civil War broke out again in 1946, General <mask> was named as governor of Shandong Province and commander-in-chief of the 2nd pacification zone. But he had great difficulty to establish his authority due to intense inter-service rivalry among different nationalist commanders and Communist forces stepped up their attacks on isolated nationalist garrisons in the province. In May 1947, his career suffered a serious setback when the 74th enhanced division

masks: Wang Wang Wang Wang Wang Wang Wang