title: Hypatia

texts:
 now become the most iconic and widely reproduced image of her. Around the same time, Hypatia was adopted by feminists, and her life and death began to be viewed in the light of the women's rights movement. The author Carlo Pascal claimed in 1908 that her murder was an anti-feminist act and brought about a change in the treatment of women, as well as the decline of the Mediterranean civilization in general.Dora Russell, the wife of Bertrand Russell, published a book on the inadequate education of women and inequality with the title Hypatia or Woman and Knowledge in 1925. The prologue explains why she chose the title: "Hypatia was a university lecturer denounced by Church dignitaries and torn to pieces by Christians. Such will probably be the fate of this book." <mask>'s death became symbolic for some historians. For example, Kathleen Wider proposes that the murder of Hypatia marked the end of Classical antiquity, and Stephen Greenblatt writes that her murder "effectively marked the downfall of Alexandrian intellectual life". On the other hand, Christian Wildberg notes that Hellenistic philosophy continued to flourish in the 5th and 6th centuries, and perhaps until the age of Justinian I.

Falsehoods and misconceptions about Hypatia continued to proliferate throughout the late twentieth century. Although Hubbard's fictional biography was intended for children, Lynn M. Osen relied on it as her main source in her influential 1974 article on Hypatia in her 1974 book Women in Mathematics.Fordham University used Hubbard's biography as the main source of information about Hypatia in a


title: Bill Ackman

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born May 11, 1966) is a billionaire American investor and hedge fund manager. He is the founder and CEO of Pershing Square Capital Management, a hedge fund management company. His investment approach makes him an activist investor. Early life and education
<mask> was raised in Chappaqua, New York, the son of Ronnie I. (née Posner) and <mask>, the chairman of a New York real estate financing firm, Ackman-Ziff Real Estate Group. He is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. In 1988, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree magna cum laude in Social Studies from Harvard College.His thesis was "Scaling the Ivy Wall: the Jewish and Asian American Experience in Harvard Admissions." In 1992, he received an MBA from Harvard Business School. Career

Gotham Partners
In 1992, <mask> founded the investment firm Gotham Partners with fellow Harvard graduate David P. Berkowitz. The firm made small investments in public companies. In 1995, <mask> partnered with the insurance and real estate firm Leucadia National to bid for Rockefeller Center. Although they did not win the deal, the bid generated interest in Gotham from investors: three years later, Gotham had $500 million in assets under management (AUM). By 2002, Gotham had become entrenched in litigation with various external shareholders who also owned an interest in the companies in which Gotham invested.Despite an ongoing probe of his trading activities by New York state and federal authorities, in 2002 <mask> researched MBIA in order to challenge Standard & Poor's AAA rating of its bonds. He was charged fees for copying 725,000 pages of statements regarding the financial services company as part of his law firm's compliance with a subpoena. <mask> called for a division between MBIA's structured finance business and its municipal bond insurance business. He argued that MBIA was legally restricted from trading billions of dollars of credit default swap (CDS) protection that MBIA had sold against various mortgage-backed collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), and was using a second corporation, LaCrosse Financial

masks:
William Albert Ackman
Ackman
Lawrence David Ackman
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title: Bill Ackman

texts:
 Products, which MBIA described as an "orphaned transformer." <mask> bought credit default swaps against MBIA corporate debt and sold them for a large profit during the financial crisis of 2007–2008. He reported covering his short position on MBIA on January 16, 2009, according to the 13D filed with the SEC. In 2003, a feud developed between <mask> and Carl Icahn over a deal involving Hallwood Realty.They agreed to a "shmuck insurance" arrangement, under which, if Icahn were to sell the shares within 3 years and made a profit of 10% or more, he and <mask> would split the proceeds. Icahn paid $80 per share. In April 2004, HRPT Property Trust acquired Hallwood, paying $136.16 per share. Under the terms of the "contract", Icahn owed <mask> and his investors about $4.5 million. Icahn refused to pay. <mask> sued. Eight years later, Icahn was forced to pay the $4.5 million plus 9% interest per year, by court order.Pershing Square Capital Management
In 2004, with $54 million from his personal funds and from his former business partner Leucadia National, <mask> started Pershing Square Capital Management. In 2005, Pershing bought a significant share in the fast food chain Wendy's International and successfully pressured it to sell its Tim Hortons doughnut chain. Wendy's spun off Tim Hortons through an IPO in 2006 and raised $670 million for Wendy's investors. After a dispute over executive succession that led <mask> to sell his shares at a substantial profit, the stock price collapsed, raising criticism that the sale of Wendy's fastest-growing unit left the company in a weaker market position. <mask> blamed the poor performance on their new CEO. In December 2007, his fund held a 10% stake in Target Corporation, valued at $4.2 billion, through the purchase of stock and derivatives. In December 2010, his funds held a 38% stake in Borders Group and on December 6, 2010, <mask> indicated he would finance a buyout of Barnes & Noble for .At a panel meeting discussing Bernie Madoff in January 2009, <mask> defended his longtime friend Ezra Merkin, saying, "Has Ezra

masks: Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman


title: Bill Ackman

texts: committed a crime? I don't think so," and "I think [Merkin] is an honest person, an intelligent person, an interesting person, a smart investor." In April 2009, Merkin was charged with civil fraud by the State of New York for "secretly steering $2.4 billion in client money into Bernard Madoff's Ponzi fraud without their permission." A settlement was reached in June 2012 requiring Merkin to pay $405 million to victims including the Metropolitan Council on Jewish Poverty. In December 2012, Pershing Square Capital Management launched a new closed-end fund called Pershing Square Holdings, which raised $3 billion in an October 2014 IPO on Amsterdam's Euronext stock market. As a closed-end fund valued at $6.7 billion, PSH was designed as a permanent capital vehicle from which investors would not be able to directly withdraw funds. PSH reported 17.1% in returns since inception (Dec. 2012 – November 2017) under <mask>'s management, 80% below the S&P 500.<mask> started buying J. C. Penney shares in 2010, paying an average of $22 for 39 million shares or 18% of J.C. Penney's stock. In August 2013, <mask>'s two-year campaign to transform the department store came to an abrupt end after he decided to step down from the board following an argument with fellow board members. In a statement dated August 27, 2013, Pershing Square reported that it had hired Citigroup to liquidate the 39.1 million shares the firm then owned of the Plano, Texas-based department-store chain at a price of $12.90 per share, resulting in a loss of approximately $500 million. In January 2015, LCH Investments named <mask> one of the world's top 20 hedge fund managers after Pershing Square delivered $4.5 billion in net gains for investors in 2014, bringing the fund's lifetime gains to $11.6 billion since its launch in 2004 through year-end 2014. On April 27, 2016, <mask>, along with Valeant Pharmaceuticals' outgoing CEO, J. Michael Pearson, and the company's former interim CEO, Howard Schiller, testified before the United States Senate Special Committee on Aging. The testifying panel answered

masks: Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman


title: Bill Ackman

texts:
 questions related to the committee's concerns about repercussions to patients and the health care system posed by Valeant's business model and controversial pricing practices. <mask> opened his testimony saying, "As a shareholder of Valeant, I recognize my investment was an… endorsement of Valeant’s strategy."<mask> sold his remaining 27.2 million share position in Valeant to the investment bank Jefferies for about $300 million in March 2017. It has been estimated that the total cost of the position, including direct stock purchases and 9.1 million shares that were underlying stock options traded with Nomura Global Financial Products, was $4.6 billion, leading to a substantial loss. According to Forbes Magazine, <mask> has a net worth of US$1.9 billion as of July 25, 2020, ranking him No. 391 on the Forbes 400. According to Institutional Investor, <mask> made an estimated $1.4 billion in 2020. Herbalife short

In December 2012, <mask> issued a research report that was critical of Herbalife's multi-level marketing business model, calling it a pyramid scheme. <mask> disclosed that his hedge fund, Pershing Square Capital Management, sold short the company's shares directly (not with derivatives) starting in May 2012, causing Herbalife's stock price to drop.At an investor conference in January 2013, the company released results of a Nielsen Research International survey showing 73% of Herbalife distributors never intended to make money by reselling the product. Instead, they wanted to buy products at a discount for personal use. To make the distinction clearer, the company announced on its June 2013 earnings call that it would begin referring to these discount buyers as "members" rather than "distributors." A few months after <mask>'s initial comments, billionaire investor Carl Icahn challenged <mask>'s comment in a public spat on national TV. Shortly thereafter, Icahn bought shares of Herbalife International. As Icahn continued to buy up HLF shares, the stock price continued to show strength. By May 2013, Icahn owned 16.5% of the company.That number had

masks: Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman


title: Bill Ackman

texts: declined to 6.4% by November 2013. In 2014, Ackman spent $50 million on a public relations campaign against Herbalife, which was designed to hurt the company's stock price. Former Rep. Bob Barr (R-GA) called on Congress to investigate <mask>'s use of public relations and regulatory pressure in his short campaign, and Harvey L. Pitt, a former chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission, has questioned whether <mask> aims to move the price rather than spread the truth. In 2014, Senator Ed Markey wrote letters to federal regulators, including the FTC and the SEC, demanding they open an investigation into Herbalife's business practices. The day the letters were released, the company's stock dropped 14%. Markey later told the Boston Globe that his staff had not informed him that <mask> stood to benefit financially from his actions and defended the letters as a matter of consumer rights. In March 2014, the New York Times reported that Ackman had employed tactics to undermine public confidence in Herbalife to lower its stock price, including pressuring state and federal regulators to investigate the company, paying individuals to travel to and participate in rallies against it, and boosting its spending on donations to nonprofit Latino organizations.According to the article, groups such as the Hispanic Federation and the National Consumers League sent federal regulators numerous letters. "Each person contacted by The Times acknowledged in interviews that they wrote the letters after being lobbied by representatives from Pershing Square, or said they did not remember writing the letters at all. Mr. <mask>'s team also then started to make payments totaling about $130,000 to some of these groups, including the Hispanic Federation — money he said was being used to help find victims of Herbalife." By December 2, 2014, stock prices had fallen nearly 50% to $42.08 from their January 8 high of $83.48. Later that month, Pershing Square Capital released a 2005 Herbalife distributor training session, in which an employee described high turnover rates and implied

masks: Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman


title: Bill Ackman

texts: that the company's business model was not sustainable. According to an unnamed source speaking to the New York Post, the video had previously been subpoenaed by federal investigators. In an interview with Bloomberg, <mask> predicted that the company would experience an "implosion" in 2015 or early 2016, citing federal scrutiny and debt.On March 12, 2015, The Wall Street Journal reported that prosecutors in the Manhattan U.S. attorney's office and the FBI were investigating whether people hired by <mask> "made false statements about Herbalife's business model to regulators and others in order to spur investigations into the company and lower its stock price." In March 2015, U.S. District Judge Dale Fischer, in Los Angeles, California, dismissed a suit filed by Herbalife investors alleging the company is operating an illegal pyramid scheme. In response to Fischer's ruling, Herbalife stock rose approximately 13%. Herbalife and the FTC reached a settlement agreement in July 2016, ending the agency's investigation into the company. On the day of the settlement, Fortune estimated that <mask> lost $500 million. <mask>'s position on Herbalife led to a discussion on live television with Herbalife supporter Carl Icahn for nearly half an hour on CNBC on January 25, 2013. During the segment, Icahn called <mask> "a crybaby in the schoolyard" and claimed that going public with his short position would eventually force <mask> into the "mother of all short squeezes".On November 22, 2013, <mask> admitted on Bloomberg Television that Pershing Square's open short position in Herbalife was "$400 million to $500 million" in the red, but that he wouldn't be squeezed out and would hold the short "to the end of the earth." In November 2017, <mask> told Reuters that he had covered his short-sell position, but would continue to bet against Herbalife using put options with no more than 3% of Pershing Square's funds. On February 28, 2018, <mask> exited his near billion-dollar bet against Herbalife after the company's stock price continued to rise, choosing to build his position

masks: Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman


title: Bill Ackman

texts:
 in United Technologies instead. COVID-19 response
Ahead of the 2020 stock market crash, <mask> hedged Pershing Square's portfolio, risking $27 million to purchase credit protection, insuring the portfolio against steep market losses. The hedge was effective, generating $2.6 billion in less than one month. On March 18, 2020, in an emotional interview with CNBC, <mask> called upon President Trump for a "30-day shutdown" of the American economy to slow the spread of coronavirus and minimize loss of life and ensuing economic destruction resulting from the shutdown. <mask> warned that without intervention, hotel stocks were “going to zero” and said that America could “end as we know it."He also cautioned U.S. companies to stop stock buyback programs because “hell is coming.”

<mask> later received criticism for actively buying discounted equity stakes in the very companies he was warning could fail; however, <mask> already had realized roughly half of the gains before appearing during the CNBC interview. In a November 2020 interview, <mask> said that he had grown concerned about COVID-19 because he had seen the film Contagion and offered qualified praise for Trump's presidency, saying that Trump has "done a lot of good. He's done some harm as well". Pershing Square Tontine Holdings
In June 2020, <mask>'s Pershing Square Tontine Holdings, Ltd, filed $3 billion for the largest-ever blank-check company IPO. Investment style
Research published at the University of Oxford characterizes <mask>'s activities with Canadian Pacific Railway as paradigmatic of "engaged activism", which is longer-term in nature with correlated benefits to the real economy, and distinct from shorter-term "financial activism". <mask> has said that his most successful investments have always been controversial, and that his first rule of activist investing is to "make a bold call that nobody believes in". <mask>'s investing style has been praised and criticized by U.S. government officials, heads of other hedge funds, various retail investors, and the general public.His most notable


title: Bill Ackman

texts:
 market plays include shorting MBIA's bonds during the financial crisis of 2007–2008, his proxy fight with Canadian Pacific Railway, and his stakes in the Target Corporation, Valeant Pharmaceuticals, and Chipotle Mexican Grill. From 2012 to 2018, <mask> held a US$1 billion short against the nutrition company Herbalife, a company he has claimed is a pyramid scheme designed as a multi-level marketing firm. His efforts were reported in the documentary film Betting on Zero. After weak performance in 2015–2018, <mask> told investors in January 2018 that he was going to go back to basics by cutting staff, ending investor visits that were eating into his time, and hunkering down in the office to do research. As a result of these changes, his firm Pershing Square returned 58.1% in 2019, which Reuters says qualified it as "one of the world’s best performing hedge funds" for 2019. <mask> has said that he admires short sellers such as Carson Block of Muddy Waters Capital and Andrew Left of Citron Research. Philanthropy
<mask> has given to charitable causes such as the Center for Jewish History, where he spearheaded a successful effort to retire $30 million in debt, personally contributing $6.8 million.This donation and those of Bruce Berkowitz, founder of Fairholme Capital Management, and Joseph Steinberg, president of Leucadia National, were the three largest individual gifts the center has ever received. <mask>'s foundation donated $1.1 million to the Innocence Project in New York City and Centurion Ministries in Princeton, N.J. He is a signatory of The Giving Pledge, committing himself to give away at least 50% of his wealth to charitable causes. In 2006, <mask>, and then wife Karen, founded the Pershing Square Foundation to support innovation in economic development, education, healthcare, human rights, arts and urban development. The foundation is a major donor to Planned Parenthood. Since its inception, the foundation has committed more than $400 million in grants since 2006. In 2011, the <mask>s were on The Chronicle of Philanthropy'''s "Philanthropy 50"

masks: Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman Ackman


title: Bill Ackman

texts:
 list of the most generous donors.In July 2014, Challenged Athletes Foundation, which provides sports equipment to those with physical disabilities, honored <mask> at a gala fundraiser at the Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York City for helping raise a record $2.3 million. <mask> endorsed Michael Bloomberg as a prospective candidate for President of the United States in the 2016 presidential election. He is a longtime donor to Democratic candidates and organizations, including Richard Blumenthal, Chuck Schumer, Robert Menendez, the Democratic National Committee, and the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee. On March 15, 2021 he announced that he donated 26.5 million shares in South Korean e-commerce company Coupang, valued at $1.36 billion, to three entities, one of them his own foundation. Personal life
<mask> married Karen Ann Herskovitz, a landscape architect, on July 10, 1994, and they have three children:  Eloise <mask>, <mask>, and <mask>. On December 22, 2016, it was reported that the couple had separated. As of 2013, <mask> owned a Gulfstream G550 business jet.In 2018, <mask> became engaged to Neri Oxman. In January 2019, Oxman and <mask> married at the Central Synagogue in Manhattan, and they had their first child together in spring 2019. Books
 <mask>, <mask> with Pershing Square Capital Management (2014). Who Wants to be a Millionaire?References

Further reading

 Richard, Christine. Confidence Game (Wiley, 2010) with Bloomberg News.'' 1966 births
Living people
American billionaires
American chief executives of financial services companies
American financial company founders
American financiers
American hedge fund managers
American investors
American money managers
American stock traders
Businesspeople from New York (state)
Canadian Pacific Railway people
Giving Pledgers
21st-century philanthropists
Harvard Business School alumni
Jewish American philanthropists
People from Chappaqua, New York
Stock and commodity market managers
Philanthropists from New York (state)
Harvard College alumni
People from Westchester County, New

masks:
Ackman
Ackman
Ackman
Ackman
Lucy Ackman
Liza Ackman
Ackman
Ackman
Ackman
Ackman
Bill


title: John Sculley

texts: <mask> (born April 6, 1939) is an American businessman, entrepreneur and investor in high-tech startups. <mask> was vice-president (1970–1977) and president of PepsiCo (1977–1983), until he became chief executive officer (CEO) of Apple Inc. on April 8, 1983, a position he held until leaving in 1993. In May 1987, <mask> was named Silicon Valley's top-paid executive, with an annual salary of US$10.2 million. Sales at Apple increased from $800 million to $8 billion under <mask>'s management, although many attribute his success to <mask> joining the company just when Steve Jobs' visions and Steve Wozniak's creations had become highly lucrative. His stint at Apple remains controversial due to his departure from co-founder Steve Jobs's sales structure, particularly regarding <mask>'s decision to compete with IBM in selling computers to the same types of customers. Others say that the "two clashed over management styles and priorities, Jobs focusing on future innovation and <mask> more on current product lines and profitability". But <mask> ultimately was forced to step down as Apple CEO because he was opposed to licensing Macintosh software and was talking to Goldman Sachs about splitting Apple into two companies.When <mask> left in May 1993, Apple had $2 billion in cash and $200 million in debt. <mask> is recognized as an expert in marketing, in part because of his early successes at PepsiCo, notably his introduction of the Pepsi Challenge, which allowed the company to gain market share from primary rival Coca-Cola. He used similar marketing strategies throughout the 1980s and 1990s at Apple to mass-market Macintosh personal computers, and today he continues to speak

masks:
John Sculley III
Sculley
Sculley
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title: John Sculley

texts:
 and write about disruptive marketing strategies. <mask> is currently invested in and involved with a number of high-tech start-up companies, including 3CInteractive, Zeta Global, Inflexion Point, Mobeam, OpenPeak, x10 Credit, Pivot Acquisition Corp., nextSource and WorldMate. He is currently Chairman of the PeopleTicker and SkillsVillage. Jeff Daniels portrayed <mask> in the film Steve Jobs, Matthew Modine portrayed him in the 2013 film Jobs, and Allan Royal portrayed him in the 1999 TNT film Pirates of Silicon Valley. Early life
<mask> was born in New York City, the son of Margaret Blackburn (Smith), a horticulturist, and <mask>, Jr., a Wall Street lawyer.<mask> and his brothers spent much of their childhood in Bermuda before moving back to New York. He attended high school at St. Mark's School in Southborough, Massachusetts. <mask> received a bachelor's degree in Architectural Design from Brown University and an MBA from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Career
<mask> began work at Marschalk Co. in New York City in 1963. 1967–82: Pepsi-Cola
Sculley joined the Pepsi-Cola division of PepsiCo in 1967 as a trainee, where he participated in a six-month training program at a bottling plant in Pittsburgh. In 1970, at the age of 30, <mask> became the company's youngest marketing vice-president. Sculley initiated one of the company's first consumer-research studies, an extended in-home product test in which 350 families participated.As a result of the research, Pepsi decided to launch new, larger, and more varied packages of their soft drinks, including the two-liter bottle Sculley worked with DuPont to develop. In 1970, Pepsi set out to dethrone

masks:
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John Sculley
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title: John Sculley

texts: Coca-Cola as the market leader of the industry, in what eventually became known as the Cola Wars. Pepsi began spending more on marketing and advertising, typically paying between US$200,000 and $300,000 for each television spot, while most companies spent between $15,000 and $75,000. With the Pepsi Generation campaign, Pepsi aimed to overturn Coca-Cola's classic marketing. In 1974, <mask> became president of PepsiCo's International Food Operations division, shortly after he visited a failing potato-chip factory in Paris. PepsiCo's food division was their only money-losing division, with revenues of US$83 million and losses of $156.5 million. To make the food division profitable, <mask> improved product quality, enhanced accounts, and established financial controls.Within three years, the food division was making US$300 million in revenues and $40 million in profit. <mask> was best known at Pepsi for the Pepsi Challenge, an advertising campaign he started in 1975 to compete against Coca-Cola to gain market share, using heavily advertised taste tests. It claimed based on <mask>'s own research that Pepsi-Cola tasted better than Coca-Cola. The Pepsi Challenge included a series of television advertisements that first aired in the early 1970s, featuring lifelong Coca-Cola drinkers participating in blind taste tests. Pepsi's soft drink was always chosen as the preferred product by the participant; however, these tests have been criticized as being biased. The Pepsi Challenge was mostly targeted at the Texas market, where Pepsi had a significantly lower market share at the time. The campaign was successful, significantly increasing Pepsi's market share in that state.At

masks: Sculley Sculley Sculley Sculley


title: John Sculley

texts:
 the time the Pepsi Challenge was started, <mask> was senior vice-president of United States sales and marketing operations at Pepsi. <mask> himself took the taste test and picked Coke instead of Pepsi. In 1977, <mask> was named Pepsi's youngest-ever president. Although commonly called the CEO of Pepsi, this was never the case. At the time of his departure, Don Kendall was CEO of Pepsi. 1983–93: Apple Computer, Inc.

Apple lured <mask> away from Pepsi in order to apply his marketing skills to the personal computer market. Steve Jobs successfully sealed the deal after he made his legendary pitch to <mask>: "Do you want to sell sugared water for the rest of your life?Or do you want to come with me and change the world?" Apple's president, Mike Markkula, wanted to retire and believed that Jobs, who wished to be the company's president, lacked the discipline and temperament needed to run Apple on a daily basis. <mask>, with his solid business background and considerable recent success, would give Apple an image of greater reliability and stability. When <mask> started at Apple, he got a $1-million signing bonus, $1 million in annual pay and options on 350,000 shares of Apple. From the time they first met in 1982 until 1985, Jobs and <mask> had what both acknowledged as an amazing partnership. <mask> used his marketing experience to help keep the aging Apple II generating much-needed cash and helped Jobs launch the Mac with the most admired consumer marketing campaign of its time. Once Jobs took over the Macintosh project from Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak and early Apple employee Jef Raskin, he became the executive product manager and made all the product

masks: Sculley Sculley Sculley Sculley Sculley Sculley Sculley Sculley Sculley


title: John Sculley

texts: decisions.The Lisa computer, an innovative model designed by a team initially led by Jobs, became available in January 1983, and had disastrous sales. When Jobs's Macintosh, the first of a new series of models with a pioneering black-and-white graphical user interface, was shipped to stores in January 1984, Sculley raised the initial price to $2,495 from the originally planned $1,995, allocating the additional money to hypothetically higher profit margins and to expensive advertising campaigns. Macintosh sold well, and received excellent reviews, but it did not eliminate the IBM PC. Some of the privileges of Jobs's elite development groups were trimmed, and projects were subject to stricter review for usefulness, marketability, feasibility, and reasonable cost. At the peak of the Macintosh success, Apple made an attempt to move unsold inventory of Lisa computers by renaming it to "Macintosh XL" and positioning it as a top-of-the-line pro Macintosh model. At this point, a power struggle between Jobs and <mask> was becoming obvious. Jobs became "non-linear": he kept meetings running past midnight, sent out lengthy faxes, then called new meetings at 7:00 am.<mask> had little control over the Macintosh division where Jobs was the general manager. The Apple board of directors instructed <mask> to "contain" Jobs and limit his ability to launch expensive forays into untested products. Rather than submit to <mask>'s direction, Jobs attempted to oust him from his leadership role at Apple. <mask> found out about Jobs's plans and called a board meeting at which Apple's board of directors sided with <mask> and removed Jobs from his managerial duties. Jobs resigned from

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title: John Sculley

texts: Apple and founded NeXT Inc. the same year. <mask> said in 2015 that Jobs never forgave him and their friendship was never repaired. After Jobs left, <mask> was named president and the company experienced a turnaround in 1986; one journalist wrote "since <mask> joined the company … many things have changed", and that his "strategy has worked".Wozniak credited the Macintosh's initial success to <mask>, saying that he "worked to build a Macintosh market when the Apple II went away". Apple introduced a faster microprocessor and renamed "The Macintosh Office" to "Desktop Publishing." Under the direction of <mask>, who had learned several painful lessons after introducing the bulky Macintosh Portable in 1989, Apple introduced the PowerBook in 1991. The same year, Apple introduced System 7, a major upgrade to the operating system, which added color to the interface and introduced new networking capabilities. It remained the architectural basis for Mac OS until 2001, when the classic Mac OS was replaced by Mac OS X. The success of the PowerBook and other products brought increasing revenue. For some time, it appeared that Apple could do no wrong, introducing fresh new products and generating increasing profits in the process.The magazine MacAddict named the period between 1989 and 1991 as the "first golden age" of the Macintosh. Under the leadership of <mask>, Apple's sales multiplied from $982 million in 1983 to $7.9 billion in 1993. Microsoft threatened to discontinue Microsoft Office for the Macintosh if Apple did not license parts of the Macintosh graphical user interface to use in the Windows operating system. Under pressure, <mask> agreed, a decision which later

masks: Sculley Sculley Sculley Sculley Sculley Sculley Sculley


title: John Sculley

texts: affected the Apple v. Microsoft lawsuit. About that time, <mask> coined the term personal digital assistant (PDA) referring to the Apple Newton, one of the world's first PDAs. In 1987, <mask> made several predictions in a Playboy interview. He predicted that the Soviet Union would land a man on Mars within the next 20 years and claimed that optical storage media such as the CD-ROM would revolutionize the use of personal computers.Some of his ideas for the Knowledge Navigator were eventually fulfilled by the Internet and the World Wide Web during the 1990s and others by Apple itself with the introduction of Siri. On December 5, 1992, <mask>, as Chairman, CEO, and CTO of Apple Computer, Inc., gave a seminal speech regarding the future of the Internet, titled "The Dawn of a $3.5 Trillion Communications Mega-Industry: Information Access, Processing and Distribution in a Digital World." This was the keynote address to a packed house at the Harvard Business School's Burden Auditorium, as part of the inaugural student-run Harvard/MIT Communications 2000 Symposium (now known as the Harvard Business School Tech Club's annual Cyberposium). In the early 1990s, <mask> led Apple to port its operating system to run on a new microprocessor, the PowerPC. <mask> later acknowledged such an act was his greatest mistake, indicating that he should instead have targeted the dominant Intel architecture. After a bad first quarter in 1993, amid a personal-computer price war and internal tension over the company's direction, Apple's board forced <mask> out. He resigned on October 15, 1993  and was replaced by German-born Michael Spindler, who had been Chief Operating Officer.Spindler was


title: John Sculley

texts:
 ousted three years later. 1993–present: tech investment
After leaving Apple on October 23, 1993, <mask> became chairman and chief executive officer at Spectrum Information Technologies, a New York-based company that held key computer patents for wireless data transmission. Only four months later he resigned from the company and filed a lawsuit against Spectrum president Peter Caserta, seeking more than $10 million in damages. <mask> alleged that he was misled when he was hired at Spectrum by not being told of SEC inquiries and "aggressive revenue recognition accounting" for license fees. <mask> has been a founding investor in MetroPCS (formerly General Wireless) and helped guide the company's brand marketing; MetroPCS became a multibillion-dollar public company on the New York Stock Exchange until its acquisition by T-Mobile in 2013. He built NFO Research from $25 million to $550 million in revenue, and sold it to IPG for $850 million. He helped launch and advised Hotwire.com, Intralinks (which was co-founded by his brother Arthur), and InPhonic, Buy.com, and PeoplePC—each of which became billion dollar market cap public companies in the 1990s.In 1997, <mask> became the chairman of Live Picture, a California-based company, to oversee its push into high-quality, low-bandwidth imaging over the Internet. US$22M in venture capital was provided for the company. <mask> later left the company, but remained an investor. In 1999, Live Picture filed for federal bankruptcy protection as part of a plan to be acquired by MGI Software. In 1997, <mask> co-founded PopTech with Bob Metcalfe and several other dignitaries from the technology industry. In 1998, he joined the board


title: John Sculley

texts: of directors of BuyComp LLC (now Buy.com), an Internet-only computer store. Two years later, he partnered with Dennis M. Lynch to launch Signature21, providing marketing services to small to medium-sized businesses.In 2001, Sculley and Lynch transitioned the company into a learning program for rising entrepreneurs. Months later, Lynch left the company, while <mask> continued to consult and work with small businesses, including InPhonic, whose board of directors he later joined. InPhonic was an online retailer of cell phones and wireless plans. <mask>'s early leadership helped steer InPhonic towards its successful IPO in 2004. <mask> served as the vice chairman of the InPhonic board of directors. InPhonic filed for bankruptcy in 2007. In 2002, <mask> endorsed and invested in the Wine Clip, a wine accessory product, which claims to accelerate the aeration of wine by exposure to magnets.A year later he helped in the founding of Verified Person Inc., an online pre-employment screening company. As of 2012, he serves on the board of directors. In 2004, <mask> joined the board of directors at OpenPeak, a maker of software for wireless consumer electronics, digital media, computers, and home systems. In the same year, <mask> became a venture partner at Rho Ventures. In March 2006, <mask> was named Chairman of IdenTrust (formerly Digital Signature Trust Company) a San Francisco-based firm focusing on verifying identity and boosting financial security. Before speaking at the Silicon Valley 4.0 conference, <mask> was interviewed by CNET in October 2003, where he explained the mistakes he made at Apple concerning the Apple Newton and HyperCard. Sculley had cancelled Apple's

masks: Sculley Sculley Sculley Sculley Sculley Sculley Sculley Sculley


title: John Sculley

texts:
 first hand-held mobile tablet PenMac led by Paul Mercer with applications by Samir Arora and instead signed an agreement to work with Sharp Electronics on the Newton technology.Also in 2003, <mask> was interviewed by the BBC for the television documentary The World's Most Powerful episode Steve Jobs vs. Bill Gates, discussing his time at Apple during the 1980s as CEO. In 2010, he was interviewed for Cult of Mac on the topics of Steve Jobs and design. In 2007, <mask> co-founded the data company Zeta Global with business partner David A. Steinberg, and in January 2014 the data analytics firm XL Marketing, rebranded and incorporated its resources into Zeta Interactive, re-launching it as a Big Data-Driven Marketing firm. On January 30, 2014, <mask> was a panelist at a forum organized by Zeta, which featured ad executives, marketers and NFL executive to discuss the changes in the way companies market and reach consumers since <mask>'s time at Apple in 1984 when the computer company featured what became one of the first iconic Super Bowl ads—the 1984 commercial. In October 2016, Zeta Interactive was again rebranded as Zeta Global. In 2014, <mask> co-founded Obi Mobiles, a smartphone brand aimed at the emerging markets. The company was renamed Obi Worldphone.In September 2017, <mask> Worldphone and told that his name was used for PR only. He has also been working in the health care industry, focusing on RxAdvance, a cloud-based platform that helps pharmaceutical companies, hospitals and insurers manage chronically ill patients living at home. Other
Sculley went political in the early 1990s on behalf of Republican Tom Campbell, who in 1992 was running in the

masks: Sculley Sculley Sculley Sculley Sculley Sculleybi


title: John Sculley

texts:
 California Republican primary to be the party candidate for a United States Senate seat. <mask> hosted a fundraiser for Campbell at his ranch in Woodside. <mask> had become acquainted with Hillary Clinton, serving with her on a national education council. When Bill Clinton ran for president, Sculley supported him. <mask> sat next to Hillary Clinton during the President's first State of the Union address in January 1993.Personal life
<mask> married Ruth, stepdaughter of PepsiCo president Donald Kendall in 1960, with whom he had two children. The couple divorced in 1965. In 1978, he married Carol Lee Adams, ex-wife of a former PepsiCo vice president, ultimately divorcing in 2011. In 2015, Adams filed a lawsuit alleging that <mask> did not disclose over $25 million in assets during their divorce proceedings. A spokesman for Sculley denied the allegations. In 2013, <mask> married Diane Gibbs Poli, vice president and design coordinator for Wittman Building Corporation, and they live in Palm Beach, Florida. In 2016, while visiting Japan, Sculley saw Steve Jobs’ autograph in a sushi restaurant, and broke down in tears.The owner said “He told me that since they were retired from the frontlines of business, they could have enjoyed sushi at Steve’s favorite restaurant and had a good time together, but he has passed away and now he’s in heaven.”

References

Further reading
 Owen W. Linzmayer, Apple Confidential 2.0, pages 153–68,  (January 1, 2004)

External links

 PBS.org – <mask> Biography
 Rho Ventures – <mask> Venture Partner Biography
 2001 Interview with InPhonic vice chairman <mask> by Wireless Business & Technology
 <mask>'s official public speaking site, with

masks:
Sculley
Sculley
Sculley
Sculley
Sculley
Sculley
John Sculley
John Sculley
John Sculley
John Sculley


title: David Samson (lawyer)

texts:
<mask> (born August 14, 1939) is an American lawyer who served as New Jersey Attorney General under Democratic Governor Jim McGreevey from 2002 to 2003. He served as the Chairman of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) from 2011 until his resignation on March 28, 2014 in the aftermath of the Fort Lee lane closure scandal. <mask> is a partner and founding member of the law firm Wolff & Samson from which he resigned in April 2015, and had been an ally of Governor Chris Christie. On July 14, 2016, <mask> pleaded guilty to a felony for conspiring to impede an airport project to coerce United Airlines to reinstate a discontinued flight to an airport in South Carolina, near a home that he owned. <mask> was ordered to pay a $100,000 fine and sentenced to a year of home confinement at the South Carolina vacation house that was subject of the crime. Early life and education
<mask> was born to a Jewish family in Newark and was raised in Hillside, New Jersey. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Rutgers University in 1961 and a law degree from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1965.Career in New Jersey government and politics

Early in his career, he served a judicial clerkship with Associate Justice Nathan L. Jacobs of the New Jersey Supreme Court. During 2002-2003, <mask> served as New Jersey Attorney General under Democratic Governor Jim McGreevey serving as the chief law enforcement officer for New Jersey. In this role, he supervised the statewide Divisions of Criminal Justice, New Jersey State Police, Civil Rights, Consumer Affairs and Gaming Enforcement, as well as the Division of Law, which represents all executive departments in New Jersey State government. As Chairman of the New Jersey Domestic Security Preparedness Task Force, he worked hand-in-hand with federal agencies in organizing and directing counter-terrorism efforts

masks:
David Samson
Samson
Samson
Samson
Samson
Samson


title: David Samson (lawyer)

texts: throughout the New Jersey-New York area. <mask> was formerly a close associate and confidant of Chris Christie. In 2009, <mask> was counsel to the gubernatorial election campaign of Chris Christie and thereafter served as the Chairman of Christie's Transition Committee. <mask> has also acted as a court-appointed labor union trustee, a civil litigation discovery master and as a federal monitor pursuant to a United States Department of Justice deferred prosecution agreement.Among his public positions, <mask> was appointed by Governor James Florio as a member of the Governor’s Commission on Health Care Costs and by Governor Thomas Kean as the Chairman of the Governor’s Task Force on the Laws Governing the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. He also served from 1982-1990 as General Counsel to the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. <mask> was appointed by the Supreme Court of New Jersey to serve on its Ethics Committee and was a member of the Court's Committee on Reporting of Court Decisions. He was also the legal consultant to the Advisory Committee to the Attorney General on Governmental Immunity. In addition, <mask> served on the New Jersey Bar Association Committee on Judicial and Prosecutorial Appointments. Christie nominated <mask> to the Board of Commissioners of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey on September 30, 2010. He was confirmed by the New Jersey Senate on January 25, 2011, and was elected as the agency's Chairman on February 3, 2011.<mask> was presented with Essex County, New Jersey's Star of Essex award during the county’s annual Jewish Heritage Celebration on May 7, 2013. After United States Senator Frank Lautenberg died on June 3, 2013, there was speculation that Gov. Christie would appoint <mask> to fill the vacant seat in the United States Senate. Instead, Christie picked <mask>'s former law partner, New Jersey Attorney General

masks: Samson Samson Samson Samson Samson Samson Samson Samson Samson Samson


title: David Samson (lawyer)

texts:
 Jeffrey Chiesa. Controversies

Fort Lee lane closure scandal

In January 2014, it was revealed in subpoenaed e-mails that <mask> had tried to retaliate against PANYNJ Executive Director Patrick J. Foye, who allegedly leaked his own September 13, 2013, e-mail criticizing the closure of two of three local toll lanes to the George Washington Bridge without following regular protocols and without notifying Foye, and supported <mask>, who resigned from the Port Authority in December 2013, for his role in closing those dedicated toll lanes for an entrance in Fort Lee, New Jersey. This fueled speculation that <mask> was involved in the scandal. Official e-mails sent from <mask> to other Port Authority officials sharply criticized Foye's order to re-open the two closed toll lanes for the George Washington Bridge, accusing the latter of "stirring up trouble."<mask> hired Michael Chertoff from Covington & Burling and Genova Burns Giantomasi Webster as legal representation. On February 19, 2014 <mask> apologized on behalf of the commissioners "for inconvenience caused to our travelers" without directly stating that it was due to plans by some individuals to cause traffic jams with the toll lane closings at the bridge, and without acknowledging the detrimental effects on the borough of Fort Lee and its public services, mayor, and  officials The editorial board of The Star-Ledger, a New Jersey newspaper with the largest circulation in the state, assessed <mask>'s apology as "too little, too late", noted a list of his failures and conflicts of interests, and called for him to resign. According to records released by subpoena, <mask> is said to have been intimately involved with day-to-day operations at the Port Authority. Allegations of conflict of interest and resignation
Several dealings between Wolff and Samson and the Port Authority have come under media scrutiny for

masks:
Samson
David Wildstein
Samson
Samson
Samson
Samson
Samson
Samson


title: David Samson (lawyer)

texts:
 possible conflict of interest

A report by The Star-Ledger found <mask> voted at the Port Authority to award multimillion-dollar contracts to Railroad Construction Company Inc,  a company whose owner is represented by <mask>'s law firm. In March 2014, The New York Times reported in a front-page article that a "comprehensive examination" had shown the extent to which clients of <mask>'s law firm had profited from dealings with the Port Authority during <mask>'s term as chairman. The Times reported that "<mask> and his law firm benefited financially," and that Christie "benefited politically." On February 25, 2013, Patrick Foye, the Executive Director of the Port Authority, said he does not believe Chairman <mask> has moral authority to run the Port Authority.The New Jersey Working Families Alliance claimed that <mask> misused his authority as chairman of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, alleging that <mask> traded his public position to benefit the private clients of his law firm, and filed an ethics complaint with the New Jersey State Ethics Commission. The Bergen County freeholders (county legislature), which has no oversight over the PA, called for the resignation of both Chairman <mask> (since his political activity allegedly conflicted with his actions regarding the aftermath of the lane closures and other PA issues) and the other five New Jersey appointed commissioners (based on their failure to exercise oversight in the aftermath of the Bridgegate controversy). Bergen County is the most populous New Jersey county and includes Fort Lee and surrounding communities that were impacted by the lane closures. Calls for <mask>'s resignation and/or removal came from The Star-Ledger, The Record (twice),   The New York Times, Daily News (New York), and the Bergen County Board of Chosen Freeholders. In response to these matters, Christie said in late


title: David Samson (lawyer)

texts:
 February 2014 that he "strongly, firmly" stands behind <mask> as chairman of the Port Authority. However, on March 28, 2014, Christie announced <mask>'s resignation from the Port Authority, "effective immediately, at a press conference. In December 2014 <mask> and his law firm sued the New Jersey State Ethics Commission in U.S. District Court, claiming it does not have the authority to investigate Port Authority commissioners.The suit was dropped on December 24, 2014. Federal investigations into the "chairman's flight" and guilty plea
The Public Corruption Unit of the U.S. Attorney's Office in the Southern District of New York, led by U.S. Attorney Preet Bharara, opened an investigation into <mask>'s conduct as Port Authority chairman. On March 7, 2014, federal prosecutors subpoenaed the Port Authority for documents related to <mask>'s private business interests, but rescinded the request on March 10, 2014, due to an overlapping investigation into the toll lane closures by Paul J. Fishman, United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey. In January 2015, federal prosecutors subpoenaed records related to <mask>'s personal travel, and his relationship with Newark Liberty International Airport's largest carrier, United Airlines, as part of a probe into a flight route initiated by United while <mask> was chairman of the transportation agency that operates the region's airports. The route provided non-stop service between Newark and Columbia Metropolitan Airport in South Carolina, located about 50 miles from a home where <mask> often spent weekends. United halted the non-stop route on April 1, 2014, three days after <mask> resigned from the position. <mask> referred to the twice-a-week route — with a flight leaving Newark on Thursday evenings and another returning on Monday mornings — as “the chairman’s flight.” The PANYNJ is cooperating with the


title: David Samson (lawyer)

texts:
 investigation.Additional records were subpoenaed from the PANYNJ in August 2015. In September 2015 top officials at United resigned in conjunction with the investigation. In April 2015, amid reports of a "sprawling investigation", <mask> retired from Wolff & Samson. He had been at the firm for 44 years. At that time, a Wolff & Samson spokesperson announced the firm was changing its name to Chiesa Shahinian & Giantomasi P.C. On July 14, 2016, <mask> pleaded guilty in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey to one felony count of conspiracy. The indictment charged that <mask> impeded an airport hangar project to coerce the airline to reinstate the flight to Columbia.<mask> was ordered to pay a $100,000 fine and sentenced to a year of home confinement at the South Carolina vacation house that was subject of the crime. Official misconduct charges
On April 4, 2017 Bill Brennan, Democratic activist and candidate for Democratic nominee governor, filed a citizen's complaint against <mask> in Newark municipal court stating that <mask>'s confession to extortion and bribery amounted to a confession of official misconduct. Essex County Judge Marvin Adames dismissed the charges, ruling that Brennan did not have standing to bring the suit. See also
Governorship of Chris Christie
List of people involved in the Fort Lee lane closure scandal

References

External links
 Timeline of "Chairman's Flight" events, according to
 WNYC-FM/AM (New York Public Radio)
 Information (indictment) against <mask>, filed July 14, 2016

|-

1939 births
Living people
Politicians from Newark, New Jersey
New Jersey Attorneys General
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey people
Rutgers University alumni
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
Jewish American attorneys
Chairmen of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Lawyers from Newark, New Jersey
New Jersey Turnpike

masks:
Samson
Samson
Samson
Samson
Samson
Samson
David Samson


title: Jackie DeShannon

texts:
<mask> (born Sharon Lee Myers, August 21, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter with a string of hit song credits from the 1960s onwards, as both singer and composer. She was one of the first female singer-songwriters of the Rock and Roll period. She is best known as the singer of "What the World Needs Now Is Love" and "Put a Little Love in Your Heart", and as the composer of "When You Walk in the Room" and "Bette Davis Eyes", which were covered by The Searchers and Kim Carnes, whose versions have been hits for both these acts. Since 2009, <mask> has been an entertainment broadcast correspondent reporting Beatles band members' news for the radio program Breakfast with the Beatles. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Hazel, Kentucky, the daughter of musically inclined farming parents, James Erwin Myers and the former Sandra Jeanne Laporte. By age six, she was singing country tunes on a local radio show. By age 11, she was hosting her own radio program.When life on the farm became too difficult, the family moved to her mother's hometown, Aurora, Illinois, where her father resumed his other career as a barber. After a year, they moved to Batavia, Illinois, where she attended high school. In May 1955, while in 8th grade, Sharon Lee Myers, then 13 years old, was featured in the local newspaper for her vocal talents and personal appearances at community gatherings, the local hospitals, and for assorted organizations. According to the Batavia Herald, she had her own Saturday morning radio show Breakfast Melodies

masks:
Jackie DeShannon
DeShannon
DeShannon


title: Jackie DeShannon

texts:
 on radio station WMRO. Further:
Though only 13, the youngster can boast almost 11 years of voice training and experience and in the past she has toured most of the south making personal appearances. Also she has sung on radio with a rhythm band for 2 years and has appeared on television 3 times. In March 1956, "Sherry Lee Myers" made "another guest appearance on Pee Wee King's popular Country and Western Television Show" on Saturday evening, March 3, on Channel 2—the CBS network affiliate in Chicago, Illinois.According to the Batavia Herald:Sherry Lee is a busy young lady. Each Saturday morning at 9:30 she is on the WMRO radio show. She had made appearances with the Pee Wee King Show at Ottawa, Rockford and LaSalle in recent weeks. Following her television appearance this Saturday night, the young Batavia artist will appear at the West Aurora Junior High School auditorium on Sunday, March 4th for three shows, 2, 4, and 8 pm. She attended Batavia High School for two years (1955–1957), leaving school after her second year. Early career
She began to record under various names such as Sherry Lee, <mask>, and <mask>, with mixed success. Billboard noted (June 10, 1957) that Sherry Lee Myers, "16-year-old C&W singer of Batavia, Illinois," had recently signed to George Goldner's Gone label in New York as a rockabilly artist, and that her "handlers" (Irving Schacht and Paul Kallett) had changed her name to <mask>.Her only release on Gone included "I'll Be True" (A) and "How Wrong I Was" (B), which appeared in both 78 rpm

masks:
Jackie Dee
Jackie Shannon
Jackie Dee


title: Jackie DeShannon

texts: and 45 rpm versions. <mask> almost certainly sang these songs at the Uptown Theater in Philadelphia on July 3, 1957, and at the Paramount Theater in New York, two weeks later, with Alan Freed's Big Rock 'n' Roll Show. However, her interpretations of country songs "Buddy" (as <mask>) and "Trouble" (as <mask>) gained the attention of rock and roll star Eddie Cochran, who arranged for her to travel to California to meet his girlfriend, singer-songwriter Sharon Sheeley, who formed a writing partnership with DeShannon in 1960. Their partnership produced Brenda Lee's hits "Dum Dum" and "Heart in Hand". In 1960, DeShannon signed with Liberty Records, adopting the name <mask>, believed to be the name of an Irish ancestor, after executives at Liberty thought the name Sharon Myers would not help sell records. In a Fresh Air interview (June 14, 2010), DeShannon said that she chose "<mask>" as a cross-gender name. Since she had a low singing voice, she could be heard as either male or female.When she found that "<mask>" was too similar to Brenda Lee, Sandra Dee, et al., she changed it to <mask> Shannon, which people heard as <mask>. The name stuck. Armed with her new name, she made the WLS Chicago radio survey with the single "Lonely Girl" in late 1960. A string of mostly flop singles followed, although "The Prince" bubbled under at No. 108 in the United States in early 1962, and "Faded Love" became her first US Billboard Top 100 entry, squeaking in at No. 97 in February 1963. She fared better with the Sonny Bono-Jack

masks:
Jackie
Jackie Dee
Jackie Shannon
Jackie DeShannon
Jackie
Jackie Dee
Jackie Dee
DeShannon


title: Jackie DeShannon

texts:
 DeShannon formed a songwriting partnership with Jimmy Page, which resulted in the songs "Dream Boy" and "Don't Turn Your Back on Me". DeShannon also wrote material for singer Marianne Faithfull, including her Top Ten UK and US hit "Come and Stay With Me", which became Faithfull's biggest UK hit, peaking at No.4 in 1965. That same year, Cher covered the song on her solo debut album All I Really Want to Do. It would be three more years before <mask> would record the song for herself, on her 'Laurel Canyon' album in 1968. She also appeared on the television show Ready Steady Go! Hit love songs
Moving to New York City, <mask> co-wrote with Randy Newman, producing such songs as "She Don't Understand Him Like I Do" and "Did He Call Today Mama? ", as well as writing "You Have No Choice" for Delaney Bramlett. In March 1965, <mask> recorded Burt Bacharach and Hal David's "What the World Needs Now Is Love", which led to club tours and regular appearances on television and went to No.7 on the US charts and No. 1 in Canada. (<mask>'s recording of the song was subsequently used in the 1969 film Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice). She appeared in the 1967 film C'mon, Let's Live a Little, with Bobby Vee, as a folk singer. DeShannon continued writing and recording, but it was not until 1969 that she scored her next smash single and album, both entitled "Put a Little Love in Your Heart". The self-penned single (co-written with her brother, Randy Myers and Jimmy Holiday) sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. "Put a

masks:
Jackie DeShannon
DeShannon
DeShannon
DeShannon


title: Jackie DeShannon

texts:
 American Dreams. On June 17, 2010, <mask> was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.In 2012 she wrote and recorded "For Africa, In Africa", a song inspired by the urgent need for action to provide clean water for the African Continent. Using her continuing access and friendship with Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr, DeShannon has appeared as a contributing entertainment broadcast correspondent reporting historical anecdotes and current touring and personal news and publicity pertaining to the two surviving Beatles for Breakfast with the Beatles on Sirius XM Satellite Radio on the weekends since October 2009. Personal life
She had a brother, Randy James Myers, with whom she has sometimes written songs. In the mid 1960s, she was a companion of Jimmy Page and dated Love guitarist Bryan MacLean. It is likely that Page wrote the song "Tangerine" (which appeared on the third Led Zeppelin album) after the breakup of his relationship with DeShannon in early 1965. Her first husband was Liberty Records executive Irving "Bud" Dain, whom she married on January 29, 1966 (annulled in 1967). DeShannon has been married to singer-songwriter and film composer Randy Edelman since 1976.They have one son, Noah (born 1978). Discography

Albums
 <mask> (1963)
Breakin' It Up on the Beatles Tour (1964)
 Don't Turn Your Back on Me (1964)
 Surf Party (1964, soundtrack)
 This Is <mask>hannon (1965)
 Jackie: In the Wind (1965)
 You Won't Forget Me (1965, compilation)
 C'mon, Let's Live a Little (1966, soundtrack)
 Are You Ready for This?

masks:
DeShannon
Jackie DeShannon
Jackie DeS


title: Jackie DeShannon

texts:
 (1966)
 New Image (1967)
 For You (1967)
 Me About You (1968)
 What the World Needs Now Is Love (1968, compilation)
 Lonely Girl (1968, compilation)
 Great Performances (1968, compilation)
 Laurel Canyon (1969)
 Put a Little Love in Your Heart (1969)
 To Be Free (1970)
 Songs (1971)
 Jackie (1972)
 Your Baby Is a Lady (1974)
 New Arrangement (1975)
 The Very Best of <mask>non (1975, compilation)
 You're the Only Dancer (1977)
 Quick Touches (1978)
 Together (1980, soundtrack)
 Pop Princess (1981, compilation)
 <mask>non (1985, compilation)
 What the World Needs Now Is ...: The Definitive Collection (1994, compilation)
 Good as Gold! (1990, compilation)
 The Best of <mask>non (1991, compilation)
 Trouble with <mask> (1991)
 The Early Years (1998, compilation)
 Come and Get Me: Best of... 1958–1980 (2000, compilation)
 You Know Me (2000)
 High Coinage: The Songwriters Collection 1960–1984 (2007, compilation)
 You Won't Forget Me: The Complete Liberty Singles Volume 1 (2009, UK compilation)
 Come and Get Me: The Complete Liberty and Imperial Singles Volume 2 (2011, UK compilation)
 When You Walk in the Room (2011, songs newly recorded)
 Keep Me in Mind: The Complete Imperial and Liberty Singles, Volume 3 (2012, UK compilation)
 All the Love: The Lost Atlantic Recordings (2015, previously unreleased 1971 album)
 Stone Cold Soul: The Complete Capitol Recordings (2018, compilation)

Singles
Images of each record from 1956 to 1960, including additional liner notes, are found at "Sweet Sherry: The Early Recording Career

masks:
Jackie DeShan
Jackie DeShan
Jackie DeShan
Jackie Dee


title: Joann Kealiinohomoku

texts:
<mask> (also known by other orthographic variation including Keali'inohomoku) (1930–2015) was an American anthropologist and educator, co-founder of the dance research organization Cross-Cultural Dance Resources (CCDR). She has written and/or edited numerous books and articles, including contributions on dance-related subjects to multiple encyclopedias, such as writing the entry for "Music and dance in the United States" in the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Some of her best-known works are "An anthropologist looks at ballet as a form of ethnic dance" (1970) and "Theory and methods for an anthropological study of dance" (1976). An associate professor of anthropology at Northern Arizona University, she was named professor emerita in 1987. In 1997, she received the first annual award for "Outstanding Contribution to Dance Research" from  Congress on Research in Dance. In 2000, the CCDR collection was named by  President Bill Clinton's White House Millennium Council, as something that needed to be preserved under the "Save America's Treasures" program. Biography
She was born <mask> on May 20, 1930 in Kansas City, Missouri, to  George V. and Leona Lavena (Moore) Wheeler.Wheeler attended grammar school in Des Plaines, Illinois and Whitefish Bay High School in the village of Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin. She later studied at Northwestern University, receiving a Bachelor of Specialized Studies degree in 1955, an MA in 1965, and a PhD from Indiana University in 1976, with her dissertation being "Theory and methods for an anthropological study of dance." In 1953, she married Thomas Samuel <mask>, and they had one child, Halla, before divorcing in 1963. She was the dance reviewer for the Honolulu

masks:
Joann Wheeler Kealiinohomoku
Joann Marie Wheeler
Kealiinohomoku


title: Joann Kealiinohomoku

texts:
 Star-Bulletin from 1960 to 1963. In 1969, she published one of her best-known works, "An anthropologist looks at ballet as a form of ethnic dance". <mask> served on the Board of Directors of Native Americans for Community Action in Flagstaff, Arizona from 1977 to 1982. She was also a member of the Society of Ethnomusicology, where she was co-founder of their Southwestern Chapter.From 1974–1977 she was on the Board of Directors of the Congress on Research in Dance, and in 1981 was co-founder of Cross-Cultural Dance Resources, a dance research organization in Flagstaff, Arizona, where she was a permanent member of the board of directors. In 2008, it was announced that the CCDR collection was to be transferred to the Herberger College of the Arts at Arizona State University Dance Department in Tempe, Arizona for permanent curation. In 1992, <mask> was the series advisor for Dancing, an eight-part public television series on Thirteen/WNET, which first aired in 1993. Awards
 1996, "Outstanding Contribution to Dance Research", Congress on Research in Dance
 1996, Distinguished Public Scholar award, Arizona Humanities Council
 2000, CCDR collection recognized by President Clinton's White House Millennium Council's "Save America's Treasures" project

Selected works
"An anthropologist looks at ballet as a form of ethnic dance" (1970)
“An anthropologist looks at ballet as a form of ethnic dance” is one of <mask> <mask>’s most well-known works in the field of dance-anthropology. Her principal goals are to challenge the field of western dance history in its inconsistent definitions of what dance is, and its racist and ethnocentric accounts of non-Western dance practices; she does this by arguing that ballet is

masks: Kealiinohomoku Kealiinohomoku Joann Kealiinohomoku


title: Syed Ahmad Khan

texts: Sir <mask> bin <mask>SI  (; 17 October 1817 – 27 March 1898), commonly known as Sir <mask> (also <mask>), was an Indian Muslim pragmatist, Islamic reformer, philosopher, and educationist in nineteenth-century British India. Though initially espousing Hindu-Muslim unity, he became the pioneer of Muslim nationalism in India and is widely credited as the father of the two-nation theory, which formed the basis of the Pakistan movement. Born into a family with strong debts  to the Mughal court, <mask> studied the Quran and Sciences within the court. He was awarded an honorary LLD from the University of Edinburgh in 1889. In 1838, <mask> entered the service of East India Company and went on to become a judge at a Small Causes Court in 1867, retiring from 1876. During the War of Independence of 1857, he remained loyal to the British Raj and was noted for his actions in saving European lives. After the rebellion, he penned the booklet The Causes of the Indian Mutiny – a daring critique, at the time, of various British policies that he blamed for causing the revolt.Believing that the future of Muslims was threatened by the rigidity of their orthodox outlook, Sir <mask> began promoting Western–style scientific education by founding modern schools and journals and organising Islamic entrepreneurs. In 1859, <mask>

masks:
Syed Ahmad Taqvi
Syed Muhammad Muttaqi KC
Syed Ahmad Khan
Sayyid Ahmad Khan
Ahmad
Syed Ahmad
Ahmad
Syed


title: Syed Ahmad Khan

texts:
 established Gulshan School at Muradabad, Victoria School at Ghazipur in 1863, and a scientific society for Muslims in 1864. In 1875, founded the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, the first Muslim university in Southern Asia. During his career, <mask> repeatedly called upon Muslims to loyally serve the British Raj and promoted the adoption of Urdu as the lingua franca of all Indian Muslims. <mask> criticized the Indian National Congress. Sir <mask> maintains a strong legacy in Pakistan and among Indian Muslims. He strongly influenced other Muslim leaders including Allama Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.His advocacy of Islam's rationalist tradition, and at broader, radical reinterpretation of the Quran to make it compatible with science and modernity, continues to influence the global Islamic reformation. Many universities and public buildings in Pakistan bear Sir <mask>'s name. Aligarh Muslim University celebrated Sir <mask>'s 200th birth centenary with much enthusiasm on 17 October 2017. Former President of India Pranab Mukherjee was the chief guest. Early life

<mask> Taqvi '<mask>' was born on 17 October 1817 to <mask>  Muhammad Muttaqi and Aziz-un-Nisa in Delhi, which was the capital of the Mughal Empire in the ruling times of Mughal Emperor Akbar II. Many generations of his family had since been highly

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 connected with the administrative position in Mughal Empire. His maternal grandfather Khwaja Fariduddin served as Wazir (lit.Minister) in the court of Emperor Akbar Shah II. His paternal grandfather <mask> Jawwad bin Imaduddin held a mansab (lit. General)– a high-ranking administrative position and honorary name of "Mir Jawwad <mask>" in the court of Emperor Alamgir II. Sir <mask>'s father, <mask>  Muhammad Muttaqi, was personally close to Emperor Akbar Shah II and served as his personal adviser. However, <mask> was born at a time when his father was regional insurrections aided and led by the East India Company, which had replaced the power traditionally held by the Mughal state, reducing its monarch to figurehead. <mask> was the youngest of three siblings. With his elder brother <mask> bin Muttaqi <mask> and elder sister Safiyatun Nisa, Sir <mask> was raised in the house of his maternal grandfather in a wealthy area of the city.They were raised in strict accordance with Mughal noble traditions and exposed to politics. Their mother Aziz-un-Nisa played a formative role in <mask>'s early life, raising him with rigid discipline with a strong emphasis on modern education. Education
Sir <mask>'s education was initiated by Shah Ghulam Ali, his father's spiritual mentor in 1822. He was taught to read and

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 understand the Qur'an by a female tutor. He received an education traditional to Muslim nobility in Delhi. He attended a maktab run by a learned scholar, Moulvi Hamiduddin, in a house adjacent to his ancestral home and started learning Persian and Arabic. He read the works of Muslim scholars and writers such as Sahbai, Zauq and Ghalib.Other tutors instructed him in mathematics, astronomy and algebra. He also pursued the study of medicine for several years under Hakim Ghulam Haider <mask>. Sir <mask> was also adept at swimming, shooting and other sports. He took an active part in the Mughal court's cultural activities and attended parties, festivals and recitations. <mask>'s elder brother launched a weekly, “Syedul Akhbar”, from Delhi, which was one of the earliest Urdu newspaper of North India. Until the death of his father in 1838, Sir <mask> had lived a life customary for an affluent young Muslim noble. Upon his father's death, he inherited the titles of his grandfather and father and was awarded the title of Arif Jung by the emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar.Financial difficulties put an end to Sir <mask>'s formal education, although he continued to study in private, using books on a variety of subjects. Career

Having recognized the steady decline in Mughal political power, Sir <mask> decided to enter the

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texts: service of the East India Company. He could not enter the colonial civil service because it was only in the 1860s that Indians were admitted. His first appointment was as a  Serestadar (lit. Clerk) of the Criminal Department in the Sadr Amin's office in Delhi, responsible for record-keeping and managing court affairs. In February 1839, he was transferred to Agra and promoted to the title of Naib Munshi or deputy reader in the office of the Commissioner. In 1841 he was appointed as the Munsif or Sub-Judge of Fatehpur Sikri and later transferred to Delhi in 1846.He remained in Delhi until 1854 except for two short-term postings to Rohtak as officiating Sadr Amin in 1850 and 1853. In 1855 he was promoted to the post of Sadr Amin in Bijnor. Acquainted with high-ranking British officials, Sir <mask> obtained close knowledge about British colonial politics during his service at the courts. At the outbreak of the Indian rebellion, on 10 May 1857, Sir <mask> was serving as the chief assessment officer at the court in Bijnor. He stood by the British officers of Bijnor and saved the lives of many officers and their family members from the revolting soldiers. The conflict had left large numbers of civilians dead. Erstwhile centres of Muslim power such as Delhi, Agra, Lucknow and Kanpur were severely affected.He lost

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 several close relatives who died in the violence. Although he succeeded in rescuing his mother from the turmoil, she died in Meerut, owing to the privations she had experienced. In 1858, he was appointed as Sadarus Sudoor, a high-ranking post at the court in Muradabad, where he began working on his most famous literary work, The Cause of the Indian Revolt. In 1862, he was transferred to Ghazipur, and later to Aligarh in 1864. In 1864 he was sent to Banaras and elevated to the position of a Sub-Judge of Small Causes. In April 1869, he accompanied his two son <mask>, who had obtained a scholarship for study in England and <mask> to England. Sir <mask> retired from government service in 1876 and settled in Aligarh.In 1878, he was nominated as an additional member of the Imperial Legislative Council, which he served from July 1878 to July 1880. He got the second term that lasted until 1883. He served the Legislative Council of the Lieutenant Governor of the North- Western Provinces for two terms from 1887 until 1893. Influences
<mask>'s early influences were his mother Aziz-un-Nisa and maternal grandfather Khwaja Fariduddin both of whom took special interest in his education. Apart from serving as a Wazir in the Mughal court Khwaja Fariduddin was also a teacher, mathematician and astronomer. He was also

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texts: disposed towards Sufism, which left its impact on Sir <mask> since his early childhood. His maternal uncle Khwaja Zainuddin <mask>, who was an expert in music and mathematics also influenced him in his early days.<mask>bandi tradition of Shah Ghulam Ali Dahlavi, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi and his teachings, and the Mujahidin movement of <mask> Barelvi and his earliest disciple Shah Ismail Dehlvi. While <mask> shared the desire for religious forms in India with the Mujahidin movement, he was opposed to the Indian Wahhabi movement. During his formative years in Delhi he came in contact with Ghalib and Zauq whose exquisite style of prose and poetry influenced <mask>'s style of writing. He would often visit Imam Baksh Sahbai and Sadruddin <mask> Dehlawi in his learning years. Another influence on him was his teacher and friend in Agra, Nur al Hasan of Kandhala, a teacher in Arabic at Agra College in the early 1840s who encouraged and corrected his early works. He was also influenced by the works of the Tunisian reformer Hayreddin Pasha and adopted his approach of utilising freedom of expression for bringing reforms in the Muslim community. The western writers who most influenced his political thoughts were the Utilitarians such as John Stuart Mill whose works he often quoted in his own writings.He was also

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 influenced by the essays of Joseph Addison and Richard Steele and modelled his own journals after their Tatler and Spectator. Literary works
While continuing to work as a junior clerk, Sir <mask> began focusing on writing, from the age of 23 (in 1840), on various subjects (from mechanics to educational issues), mainly in Urdu, where he wrote, at least, 6000 pages. Religious works

Sir <mask> <mask>'s career as an author began when he published a series of treatises in Urdu on religious subjects in 1842. In his early religious writings his religious thoughts are inclined towards the orthodoxy which slowly becomes independent with his increasing contact with the West. His early works show the influence of Sufism and his upbringing in Delhi. The main themes of these works are popularisation of the practice of Prophet Muhammad as the one true path and the desire to reform the lives of Indian Muslims from religious innovations thus endeavouring  for the purity of Islamic belief in India. His later religious writings such as his commentary on the Torah and Gospel and his essays on Muhammad were stimulated in response to Christian missionary activities in India and the aggressive view of British historians towards Islam.Early treatises
His first treatise published in 1842 was a biographical sketch of Prophet

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 he felt was mixed with innovation and deviated from the true Sunnah. In 1852 he published Namiqa dar bayan masala tasawwur-i-Shaikh (A Letter Explaining the Teaching of tasawwur i shaikh) in which he defended tasawwur-i-Shaikh, the Sufi practice of visualizing within, the image of one's spiritual guide. In 1853 he translated some passages of al-Ghazali's Kimiya al Sa'ada (The Alchemy of Happiness). Commentary of the Torah and Gospel
In 1862 while stationed at Ghazipur, <mask> started working on a commentary on the Bible and its teaching, with the aim to explain them in terms of Islam, the final of the Abrahamic religions.It was published in Urdu and English in three parts from 1862 to 1865 under the title Tabin al-al-kalam Fi tafsir altawrat Wa ‘I-injil’ala millat al Islam (Elucidation of the World in Commentary of the Torah and Gospel According to the Religion of Islam). While the first part deals with the Islamic approach towards biblical writings, the second and third part contains commentary on the Book of Genesis and the Gospel of Matthew respectively. Essays on the Life of Prophet Muhammad
In 1869 he wrote Al-Khutbat al-Ahmadiya fi'l Arab wa'I Sirat al-Muhammadiya (A Series of Essays on the Life of Prophet Muhammad and Subjects Subsidiary Therein) as a rejoinder to William Muir's widely known


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 four-part book, The Life of Mahomet published in 1864. He was deeply distress by Muir's portrayal of Islam and the character of Prophet Mohammad. He was concerned that the book might create doubts among the younger generation of Muslims. In order to prepare for the book he accompanied his son to England as he wanted to get a first-hand impression of Western civilisation. He was also a reader of Darwin and, while not agreeing with all of his ideas, he could be described as a sort of theistic evolutionist like his contemporary Asa Gray, and one of the first in the Islamic world, finding the arguments supporting such view through his own scientific research but also quoting earlier Islamic scholars like Al-Jahiz, Ibn Khaldun and Shah Waliullah.Tafsir-ul-Quran
Sir <mask> started working on a tafsir or commentary on Quran in 1877. It was published as Tafsir ul-Quran in seven volumes; the first volume appeared in 1880 and the last volume was published six years after his death in 1904. In this work, he analysed and interpreted 16 paras and 13 surahs of the Quran. He also included a detailed article Tahrir fi Usool al-Tafsir (The Notes on the Principles of Commentary) in the first volume in which he laid down 15 principles on which he based his commentary. Historical works
History was <mask>'s preferred area of

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 study and in 1840, Sir <mask> compiled a book of chronological tables about the Timurid rulers of Delhi from Timurlane to Bahadur Shah Zafar at the behest of Robert N. C. Hamilton, his patron. It was later published under the title Jam-i-Jum (Jamshed's Cup). In Silsilat-ul-Mulk he compiled the biographical data of all the ruler of Delhi in history.During his stay in Bijnor, he wrote a history on the city of Bijnor but it was destroyed during the 1857 rebellion. He also wrote critical editions of books like Ziauddin Barani's Tarikh-e-Firoz Shahi published in 1862, and Tuzk-e-Jahangiri published in 1864. However his most important historical works that brought him fame as a scholar are the two editions of Asar-us-Sanadid and that of the Ain-e-Akbari. Asar-us-Sanadid
In 1847 he published the book Asar-us-Sanadid (The Remnants of Ancient Heroes) documenting antiquities of Delhi dating from the medieval era. The work is divided into four sections describing the buildings outside the city of Delhi, the buildings around the Delhi Fort, the monuments in Shahjahanabad and the last section presenting a brief historical account of the various settlements of Delhi and the prominent inhabitants of Delhi which included Sufis such as Shah Ghulam Ali, Saiyid <mask>, physicians, scholars, poets, calligraphers, and

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 prominent musicians of Delhi. It also contained around 130 illustrations drawn by Faiz <mask> and Mirza Shahrukh Beg which were the first lithographically produced book illustrations in India. He released the second edition of Ansar-as-sanadid in 1854.However both the editions are radically different with the second edition being abbreviated and more factual. This work brought <mask> a wider fame and earned him the reputation of a cultured scholar. In 1861, it was translated into French by Gracin de Tassy in Paris. The book was also presented to the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London which made him an honorary fellow. Ain-e-Akbari

In 1855, he finished his scholarly, and illustrated edition of Abul Fazl's Ai'n-e Akbari. The first and the third volume of the work was published in 1855. The second volume sent to the publisher in 1857 was destroyed in the rebellion that took place that year.Having finished the work to his satisfaction, and believing that Mirza Asadullah <mask>b was a person who would appreciate his labours, <mask> approached the great Ghalib to write a taqriz (in the convention of the times, a laudatory foreword) for it. Ghalib obliged, but what he did produce was a short Persian poem castigating the Ai'n-e Akbari, and by implication, the imperial, sumptuous, literate

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 and learned Mughal culture of which it was a product. The least that could be said against it was that the book had little value even as an antique document. Ghalib practically reprimanded <mask> <mask> for wasting his talents and time on dead things. Worse, he praised sky-high the "sahibs of England" who at that time held all the keys to all the a’ins in this world. Sir <mask> <mask> never again wrote a word in praise of the Ai'n-e Akbari and in fact gave up taking an active interest in history and archaeology. He did edit another two historical texts over the next few years, but neither of them was anything like the Ai'n: a vast and triumphalist document on the governance of Akbar.Political works
During the uprising of 1857, <mask> was posted as a chief assessment officer at the court in Bijnor. He recorded the history of the mutiny in Tarikh i Sarkashi-ye Bijnor (History of the Bijnor Rebellion) which was published in 1858. He was deeply worried about the consequences of the mutiny for his fellow Muslims in particular. He wrote a number of articles and pamphlets such as Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind (The Causes of the Indian Revolt), Loyal Muhammadans of India,  and Review on Dr Hunter's Indian Musalmans: Are They Bound in Conscience to Rebel Against the Queen? to defend Muslims and Islam and create a cordial

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 relations between the British authorities and the Muslim community. Causes of the Indian Revolt
Sir <mask> supported the East India Company during the 1857 uprising, a role which has been criticised by some nationalists such as Jamaluddin Afghani. In 1859 Sir <mask> published the booklet Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind (The Causes of the Indian Revolt) in Urdu in which he studied the causes of the Indian revolt.In this, his most famous work, he rejected the common notion that the conspiracy was planned by Muslim elites, who resented the diminishing influence of Muslim monarchs. He blamed the East India Company for its aggressive expansion as well as the ignorance of British politicians regarding Indian culture. Sir <mask> advised the British to appoint Muslims to assist in administration, to prevent what he called ‘haramzadgi’ (a vulgar deed) such as the mutiny. Maulana Altaf Hussain Hali wrote in the biography of Sir <mask> that: "As soon as Sir <mask> reached Muradabad, he began to write the pamphlet entitled 'The Causes of the Indian Revolt' (Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind), in which he did his best to clear the people of India, and especially the Muslims, of the charge of Mutiny. In spite of the obvious danger, he made a courageous and thorough report of the accusations people were making against the Government and

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texts: refused theory which the British had invented to explain the causes of the Mutiny." When the work was finished, without waiting for an English translation, Sir <mask> sent the Urdu version to be printed at the Mufassilat Gazette Press in Agra. Within a few weeks, he received 500 copies back from the printers.One of his friends warned him not to send the pamphlet to the British Parliament or to the Government of India. Rae Shankar Das, a great friend of Sir <mask>, begged him to burn the books rather than put his life in danger. Sir <mask> replied that he was bringing these matters to the attention of the British for the good of his own people, of his country, and of the government itself. He said that if he came to any harm while doing something that would greatly benefit the rulers and the subjects of India alike, he would gladly suffer whatever befell him. When Rae Shankar Das saw that Sir <mask>'s mind was made up and nothing could be done to change it, he wept and remained silent. After performing a supplementary prayer and asking God's blessing, Sir <mask> sent almost all the 500 copies of his pamphlet to England, one to the government, and kept the rest himself. When the government of India had the book translated and presented before the council, Lord Canning, the governor-general, and Sir Bartle


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texts: Frere accepted it as a sincere and friendly report.The foreign secretary Cecil Beadon, however, severely attacked it, calling it 'an extremely seditious pamphlet'. He wanted a proper inquiry into the matter and said that the author, unless he could give a satisfactory explanation, should be harshly dealt with. Since no other member of the Council agreed with his opinion, his attack did no harm. Later, Sir <mask> was invited to attend Lord Canning's durbar in Farrukhabad and happened to meet the foreign secretary there. He told Sir <mask> that he was displeased with the pamphlet and added that if he had really had the government's interests at heart, he would not have made his opinion known in this way throughout the country; he would have communicated it directly to the government. Sir <mask> replied that he had only had 500 copies printed, the majority of which he had sent to England, one had been given to the government of India, and the remaining copies were still in his possession. Furthermore, he had the receipt to prove it.He was aware, he added, that the view of the rulers had been distorted by the stress and anxieties of the times, which made it difficult to put even the most straightforward problem in its right perspective. It was for this reason that he had not communicated his thoughts publicly.

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 He promised that for every copy that could be found circulating in India he would personally pay 1,000 rupees. At first, Beadon was not convinced and asked <mask> over and over again if he was sure that no other copy had been distributed in India. Sir <mask> reassured him on this matter, and Beadon never mentioned it again. Later he became one of Sir <mask>'s strongest supporters. Many official translations were made of the Urdu text of The Causes of the Indian Revolt.The one undertaken by the India Office formed the subject of many discussions and debates. The pamphlet was also translated by the government of India and several members of parliament, but no version was offered to the public. A translation which had been started by Auckland Colvin, a government official was finished by Sir <mask>'s friend, Colonel G.F.I. Graham, and finally published in 1873. Loyal Muhammadans of India
In 1860 Sir <mask> wrote a series of bilingual pamphlets called the Risala Khair Khwahan-e Musalmanan-e-Hind (An Account of the Loyal Mohammedans  of India) from Meerut containing episodes in the life of those Muslims who stood by the British during the 1857 uprising. It was published in three issues, the first and second issues appeared in 1860, while the third was published in 1861. The first issue highlighted the bravery

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 of those Muslims who stood by the British while the second issue carried an article on jihad in which he makes a clear distinction between jihad and rebellion.Review on Hunter's Indian Musalmans
In August 1871 William Wilson Hunter, a Scottish historian and member of the Indian Civil Service published Indian Musalmans: Are They Bound in Conscience to Rebel Against the Queen? in which he discussed the Indian Wahabi movement, its role in the rebellion and argued that the Muslims were a threat to the Empire. Hunter links Wahhabism with rebellion and terms them as self-stylised jihadis. His accusations led to the prosecution of Muslims in India especially in the North Western Provinces and those associated with Wahhabism were severely punished. Many Muslims found his arguments one-sided and this prompted Sir <mask> to write a  rejoinder of the book. He reviewed the book in The Pioneer in a series of articles which were reprinted in Aligarh Institute Gazette from November 24, 1871, to February 23, 1872. They were later collected and published in a book in England by Hafiz <mask>, the Vakil of Tonk.Sir <mask> based his arguments upon the Prophet's own conduct during holy wars. Muslim reformer

Through the 1850s, <mask> <mask> began developing a strong passion for education. While pursuing studies of different

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 subjects including European jurisprudence, Sir <mask> began to realise the advantages of Western-style education, which was being offered at newly established colleges across India. Despite being a devout Muslim, Sir <mask> criticised the influence of traditional dogma and religious orthodoxy, which had made most Indian Muslims suspicious of British influences. Sir <mask> began feeling increasingly concerned for the future of Muslim communities. A scion of Mughal nobility, Sir <mask> had been reared in the finest traditions of Muslim elite culture and was aware of the steady decline of Muslim political power across India. The animosity between the British and Muslims before and after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 threatened to marginalise Muslim communities across India for many generations.Scientific Society
Sir <mask> intensified his work to promote co-operation with British authorities, promoting loyalty to the Empire amongst Indian Muslims. Committed to working for the upliftment of Muslims, Sir <mask> founded a modern madrassa in Muradabad in 1859; this was one of the first religious schools to impart scientific education. Sir <mask> also worked on social causes, helping to organise relief for the famine-struck people of North-West Province in 1860. While posted in Ghazipur in 1863, he established a

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texts: madrasa which later became the Victoria High school. He also formed the Scientific Society in Ghazipur to promote educational reforms across the country. He wrote an insightful tract on education titled Iltimas Ba Khidmat-e-Sakinan-e-Hind Dar Bab-e- Taraqqi Taleem in Ahl-e-Hind (Address to the natives of Hindoostan on education). Upon his transfer to Aligarh in 1864, Sir <mask> began working wholeheartedly as an educator.The Scientific Society was transferred from Ghazipur to Aligarh and rechristened as the Scientific Society of Aligarh. Modelling it after the Royal Society and the Royal Asiatic Society, Sir <mask> assembled Muslim scholars from different parts of the country. The Society held annual conferences, disbursed funds for educational causes and regularly published a journal on scientific subjects in English and Urdu. Sir <mask> felt that the socio-economic future of Muslims was threatened by their orthodox aversions to modern science and technology. He published many writings promoting liberal, rational interpretations of Islamic scriptures, struggling to find rational interpretations for jinn, angels, and miracles of the Prophets. One example was the reaction to his argument – which appeared in his tafsir (exegesis) of the Quran – that riba referred to interest charges when lending money to the


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 poor, but not to the rich, nor to borrowers "in trade or in industry", since this finance supported "trade, national welfare and prosperity". While many jurists declared all interest to be riba, (according to Sir <mask>) this was based "on their own authority and deduction" rather than the Quran.Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College
On 1 April 1869 he went, along with his sons <mask> and <mask> to England, where he was awarded the Order of the Star of India from the British government on 6 August. Travelling across England, he visited its colleges and was inspired by the culture of learning established after the Renaissance. Sir <mask> returned to India in the following year determined to build a school modelled on Cambridge and Oxford imparting modern education to Indians. Upon his return, he established the Khwastgaran-i-Taraqqi-i-Talim-i-Musalman (Committee for the Better Diffusion and Advancement of Learning among Muhammadans) on 26 December 1870. By 1872, it was converted into a Fund Committee for the establishment of a school. Sir <mask> described his vision of the institution he proposed to establish in an article written sometime in 1872 and re-printed in the Aligarh Institute Gazette of 5 April 1911:

I may appear to be dreaming and talking like Shaikh Chilli, but we aim to turn this MAO College into

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texts: awareness and knowledge on modern subjects and promote reforms in Muslim society. Sir <mask> worked to promote reinterpretation of Muslim ideology in order to reconcile tradition with Western education. He argued in several books on Islam that the Qur'an rested on an appreciation of reason and natural law, making scientific inquiry important to being a good Muslim.By 1873, the committee under <mask> issued proposals for the construction of a college in Aligarh. Maulvi Samiullah <mask> was appointed as the secretary of the sub-committee of the proposed school. Members of the committee toured the country in order to raise funds for the school which was finally  established on 24 May 1875 in Aligarh as the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Collegiate School. Two years later, in 1877, the school was converted into the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College. He retired from his career as a jurist the following year, concentrating entirely on developing the college and on religious reform. Sir <mask>'s pioneering work received support from the British. Although intensely criticised by orthodox religious leaders hostile to modern influences, Sir <mask>'s new institution attracted a large student body, mainly drawn from the Muslim gentry and middle classes.However, MAO College was open to all communities, and had a sizeable

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 number of Hindu students. The first graduate of the college was a Hindu. The curriculum at the college involved scientific and Western subjects, as well as Oriental subjects and religious education. The first chancellor was Sultan Shah Jahan Begum, a prominent Muslim noblewoman, and <mask> invited an Englishman, Theodore Beck, to serve as the first college principal. The college was originally affiliated with Calcutta University but was transferred to the Allahabad University in 1885. Near the turn of the 20th century, it began publishing its own magazine and established a law school. In 1920, the college was transformed into Aligarh Muslim University.Muhammadan Educational Conference
After founding the Anglo-Oriental College, Sir <mask> felt the need of a pan-India organisation to propagate the ideas of his movement. To this cause, he established the All India Muhammadan Educational Congress with its headquarters in Aligarh. The first session of the Congress was held at Aligarh in 1886 under the presidency of Maulvi Samiullah <mask>. The main objective of the organisation was to promote educational development among Muslims through conferences throughout India and transform the Anglo-Oriental College to the status of university. The name of the organisation was changed to All India Muhammadan Educational

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 Conference to avoid confusion with the Indian National Congress. Opposition and criticism
Sir <mask>'s Aligarh Movement and his desire to open institutions for Western education was opposed by the orthodox Indian Muslims. Imdad Ali, the then deputy collector of Kanpur condemned the foundation of Anglo-Oriental College.Several periodicals such as Noor-ul-Afaq, Noor-ul-Anwar, and Taed-ul-Islam were started by his opponents in opposition to Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq to dissuade Muslims from joining the Aligarh Movement. Many other orthodox Islamic schools condemned him as out of the fold of Islam i.e. kafir. According to J.M.S. Baljon his ideas created "a real hurricane of protests and outbursts of wrath" among the local clerics "in every town and village" in Muslim India, who issued fatawa "declaring him to be a kafir" (unbeliever). He was also accused of having converted to Christianity. Mirza Ghulam <mask>, the founder of the Ahmadiyya movement criticised some of his writings in a polemic titled Barakat al Dua.Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, the Pan-Islamic ideologue launched a vitriolic attack on him through his periodical calling him a “Naturist”. Many of his own friends, like Nawab Muhsin ul Mulk, expressed their significant reservations at his religious ideas (many of which were expounded in his commentary of

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