title: Meenakshi Seshadri

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<mask> (born as Shashikala Sheshadri, 16 November 1963) is a former Indian actress, model and dancer who mainly appeared in Hindi, Tamil and Telugu-language films. She won the Eve's Weekly Miss India contest in 1981 at the age of 17. <mask> made her film debut in 1983. She became one of Hindi cinema's leading actresses in the 1980s and 1990s, and was acknowledged for several of her performances, her beauty, and her accomplished dancing. She was noted for her performances in films including Hero (1983), Aandhi-Toofan (1985), Meri Jung (1985), Swati (1986), Dilwaala (1986), Dacait (1987), Inaam Dus Hazaar (1987), Parivaar (1987), Shahenshah (1988), Mahaadev (1989), Awaargi (1990), Jurm (1990), Ghayal (1990), Ghar Ho To Aisa (1990), Damini (1993), Duet (1994) and Ghatak (1996). She received particular critical acclaim for Swati (1986), Dahleez (1986), Satyamev Jayate (1987), Awaargi (1990) and Damini (1993). She also performed at the Khajuraho Dance Festival in the 1990s.After the release of her film Ghatak, she left the film industry to raise her children in the United States with her husband, where she runs the Cherish Dance School. A documentary was made about her life, titled Meenakshi Accept Her Wings. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 16 November 1963 as Shashikala <mask> in a Tamil Brahmin family in Sindri, Bihar (now in Jharkhand). She trained in four Indian classical dance forms, Bharata Natyam, Kuchipudi, Kathak, and Odissi, under Vempati Chinna Satyam and Jaya Rama Rao. She won the Eve's Weekly Miss India contest in 1981 at the age of 17 and represented India at the Miss International 1981 in Tokyo, Japan. Career

Debut and early success (1983–1985)
After a forgettable debut in Painter Babu, Meenakshi acted alongside another newcomer, Jackie Shroff, in Hero. The film was a blockbuster and Meenakshi became

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 an overnight star.Immediately after the success of Hero, she got an offer to star with superstar Rajesh Khanna. She appeared with Khanna in Awara Baap in a double role, but the film underperformed. She then appeared in several commercially unsuccessful films, including Love Marriage, Paisa Ye Paisa, and Lover Boy. Her next film, Bewafai, was again with Khanna, with Rajinikanth in an antagonist role. Then Ghai again cast her alongside Anil Kapoor in his next film, Meri Jung, which was one of the highest-grossing films of the year 1985. This gave her a major foothold in the industry. Some of her films were moderately successful, namely Swati, Mera Jawab, and Aandhi Toofan.She then appeared in the film Hoshiyar alongside Jeetendra. In the same year she acted with Rajinikanth in Mahaguru (1985) as his heroine. Later Meenaakshi did a special appearance song with Rajnikant in a Telugu movie Jeevana Poratam (1986). Established actress (1986–1989)
Seshadri appeared in many critically acclaimed films in 1986. In Swati, a woman-centric art house film, she performed the title role in an ensemble cast. The film gained immense critical acclaim and critics said, "<mask> <mask> has acted in Swati the way Amitabh Bachchan acts in his films. That same year she appeared in B. R. Chopra films alongside Jackie Shroff' and Raj Babbar in the romantic drama Dahleez, which dealt with the taboo topic of infidelity but underperformed at the box office.Her other releases that year, such as Allah Rakha, was average performers at the box office. In 1987, she appeared in the hit film Inaam Dus Hazaar alongside Sanjay Dutt. She also appeared in Dacait, an action drama alongside Sunny Deol; it was critical acclaim. Dilwala (1986) and Parivaarwith Mithun Chakraborty, film did very well at box office. Main Balwan (1986) was average in India, but

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title: Meenakshi Seshadri

texts: Superhit in overseas. In 1988, she appeared in Yash Chopra's Vijay. In 1988, she appeared in Shahenshah alongside Amitabh Bachchan.The film was heavily hyped. After the great success of Shahenshah, Meenakshi teamed up with Bachchan for the films Toofan, Akayla, and Gangaa Jamunaa Saraswati, but all three were flops. In 1989, she was directed by Dev Anand in the film Sachché Ká Bol-Bálá In 1989, she made her Tamil film debut with En Rathathin Rathame, a remake of the Hindi film Mr. India, opposite K.Bhagyaraj, which bombed at the box office. In 1989, she appeared in the family drama Bade Ghar Ki Betiin the title role, and the family drama Gharana these were moderate successes. She worked with fellow dancer Mithun Chakraborthy in Aandhi Toofan, Main Balwan, Dilwaala, Parivaar, Bees Saal Baad, Pyar Ka Karz, and Shandaar Her best and most successful pairing, as well as best on-screen her chemistry, is regarded to be with Anil Kapoor. Her pairings with Shroff, Rishi Kapoor, Sunny Deol, and Vinod Khanna are often also praised by the media. Her successful films with Anil Kapoor include Aag Se Khelenge, Meri Jung, Awaargi and Ghar Ho Toh Aisa, but others, such as Love Marriage, Amba, Joshilaay, Vijay, and Humlaa were box office duds.In Vijay she has a hot kissing scene with Anil Kapoor in a Fiat car and in Inteqam she tied a Rakhi to Anil Kapoor; the scene was also filmed in a Fiat. She would have acted with Anil Kapoor in more than nine films, but some planned films were never completed. Prakash Mehra announced Dhan Dhahej, starring Anil Kapoor and <mask>, and in 1988 Sanjay Khan announced the movie Sarzameen with Anil Kapoor, <mask>, and Vinod Khanna. That same year, Ramesh Sippy announced Aalishaan with Amitabh Bachchan and <mask>. Subhash Ghai signed Bachchan for the first time in film Devaa opposite <mask> Seshadri, but

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title: Meenakshi Seshadri

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 it was shelved after a song picturised on Bachchan and Shammi Kapoor the song sung by Mohammed Aziz. Commercial success (1990–1996)
In 1990, Meenakshi appeared in two films by Mahesh Bhatt, the first being Awaargi, an art house film. Many critics call this her best performance.The second film was Jurm, released in the same year. The film was a critical and commercial success. Her role of a wife who has to face her problems after her husband gets involved with another woman gained immense critical praise. She received her first Filmfare Award nomination for best actress for her role in the film. She also appeared in the film Ghar Ho To Aisa opposite Anil Kapoor; the film was a hit and <mask> was noted for her comedic timing. She then appeared in Ghayal alongside Sunny Deol. This film started her long association with Rajkumar Santoshi.Ghayal was the highest-grossing film of the 1990s.In 1991, she appeared opposite Amitabh Bachchan in Akayla, directed by Ramesh Sippy; despite being well-promoted, the film flopped at the box office. Her on-screen pairing with Vinod Khanna was widely appreciated, and the pair starred in such successful films as Satyamev Jayate, Mahaadev, Jurm, Humshakal, and Police Aur Mujrim. She acted in the successful family drama Ghar Parivar in 1991, with Rajesh Khanna and Rishi Kapoor as her co-stars. <mask> made her Telugu film debut with Brahmarishi Vishwamitra in 1991. In 1992, she appeared in the Telugu film Aapadbandhavudu opposite Chiranjeevi. In 1992 her film Aaj Ka Goonda Raaj opposite Chiranjeevi was a hit. In 1993, she appeared in the film Damini – Lightning.Directed by filmmaker Rajkumar Santoshi, it also starred Rishi Kapoor, Sunny Deol, Amrish Puri, Tinnu Anand, and Paresh Rawal. The film depicted the sensitive subject of injustice towards a rape victim. She won many accolades for her

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title: Meenakshi Seshadri

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 performance in the film. Damini received a number of awards, including a National Film Award and a Filmfare Award nomination. Damini is regarded as <mask>'s career-defining role. She performed a Tandav dance in the film, choreographed by Ravindra Atibudhi. <mask> played the female lead in the 1996 film Ghatak: Lethal opposite Sunny Deol, directed by Rajkumar Santoshi.It was one of the highest-grossing films of 1996. This was her last film. After this film, she married and moved to the United States. In 1992, she did the Telugu film Apathbandavudu with Chiranjeevi under the direction of K. Vishwanath. In 1993, she also appeared in Aadmi Khilona Hai opposite Govinda; and Kshatriya opposite Vinod Khanna – both the films were successful at the box office. In 1994, she was in a dance show of songs from Damini: "Bin Sajan Jhula Jholu" with Aamir Khan, and in 1991 Raj Kumar Santoshi started the film Dil Hai Tumhara with Sunny Deol. Meenakshi paired for the first time with Salman Khan; they only shot once before the film was shelved.She appeared in the Tamil film Duet opposite Prabhu Ganeshan, directed by K. Balachander. Hiatus (1997–present)
After her marriage, she made a rare appearance on Shekhar Suman's talk show. After a few years of marriage, she shifted her base to Plano, Texas, in the United States. In an interview she stated: "Coming from a very Indo-centric background, life abroad shook me, I just could not relate to the US environment." However, with the passage of time she has settled there. Now she is running her own dance school in Carrollton called Cherish Institute of Dance; the school is described as "an assembly of talented dancers, a voluntary body to enhance multi-culture, revealing the best talent of people of all ages". Personal life
Meenakshi retired from cinema after marrying investment banker Harish


title: Meenakshi Seshadri

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 Mysore in 1995.They had a civil wedding and a registered marriage in New York. The couple has two children, a daughter and a son. <mask> lives in Plano, Texas. There, she teaches Bharatanatyam, Kathak, and Odissi. She performs with her students at charity events and fundraisers, including the American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin (AAPI) convention in California. Artistry

Dance
<mask> is not only known for her acting skills, but for her dancing skills as well. Often referred to as "Damini", she is famous for her dance in the song "Tu Mera Hero Hai" from the film Hero.She is also known for her dance sequences to Bollywood songs such as "Pyar Karne Wale" (from Hero), her one of great dance sequences in songs such as "Teri Payal Mere Geet" with Govinda (from Teri Payal Mere Geet), "Jaane Do Jaane Do" (from Shahenshah) opposite Amitabh Bachchan, "Badal Pe Chalke" (from Vijay) opposite Anil Kapoor and Rishi Kapoor, "Bin Saajan Jhula" (from Damini) opposite Aamir Khan, "Sajan Mera Uss Par Hai" (from Gangaa Jamunaa Saraswati), "Mujre Wali Hoon" (from Awaargi), "Jab Koi Baat Bigad Jaye" (from Jurm), and "Badan Main Chandni" (from Ghatak). She considers herself more of a dancer than an actress. Her desire to continue the art and extend this culture in a foreign land led her to found the Cherish Dance School. Singing
Meenakshi sang some poetic notes in J.P. Dutta's movie Kshatriya, in a composition by Laxmikant Pyarelal. She sang a song in another movie, Tadap, with Chunkey Pandey and Nana Patekar, but the movie was not released. She sang "Tumhare Roop ka", composed by R.D. Burman, with Amit Kumar and Suresh Wadkar.Documentaries and television appearances
She has made few appearances on talk shows and rarely gives interviews. In 1987, she appeared in an interview in London, in which she discussed her personal and


title: Alexander Tuschinski

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<mask> (born October 28, 1988, Stuttgart, West Germany) is a German film director, film producer, writer, actor and musician. Internationally, he is best known for his feature films which have won awards at various film festivals, as well as his academic writing on the early works of Tinto Brass. Notably, his research into, and interest in, Brass's work on Caligula was examined in his feature documentary Mission: Caligula. At the documentary's premiere, Penthouse announced plans to work with Tuschinski on a new cut of Caligula that aims to restore and finish Brass's original version of the film. Though 85 minutes of his original workprint will be used, it remains unclear if Brass himself will be involved in finishing the film's edit. Life
<mask> attended school in Stuttgart, Germany, and originally wanted to study physics after finishing school in 2008. However, he changed his mind shortly before enrolling at university realizing that film was his main passion, and instead started studying Audiovisual Media at Hochschule der Medien.Graduating 2011 as a Bachelor of Engineering in Audiovisual Media, he enrolled at University of Stuttgart afterwards to study history and literature, graduating in 2014 with his second degree as a Bachelor of Arts. He continues pursuing a master's degree there. He produces his works parallel to his studies. Prior to 2008, Tuschinski had already produced short videos that he published on YouTube. He is friends with Tinto Brass and Hugo Niebeling whose 1960s films influence his cinematic style. He considers them his "mentors". Works

Films

Feature films
For <mask>, his films Menschenliebe, Timeless and a planned upcoming project called Revolution!form an informal Trilogy of Rebellion: The films are independent of each other, but feature similar themes, styles and the same two main characters (Arnold and Konstantin). The scope of the topics they address increases with each instalment: While Menschenliebe deals mostly with relationships between individuals, Timeless addresses topics

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title: Alexander Tuschinski

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 from all aspects of society. Break-Up is a smaller film, independent of the trilogy, but featuring the character of Arnold and some references to the other films. As of 2015, Tuschinski considers Timeless "by far" his best film. Short films

Music videos

Writing

Academic writing/Film Restoration
<mask> has been called an "encyclopledic Brass expert" on Caligula. Tuschinski  wrote an essay on Tinto Brass' film The Key. In 2012, Tuschinski restored some of Brass' 1960s films using material from the director's private archive.They were later screened at a retrospective in Hollywood. In 2018, at the premiere for his documentary  Mission: Caligula, <mask> made a joint announcement with Penthouse regarding a new cut of Caligula. The project aims to restore and finish Tinto Brass's version of the film. Brass was dismissed by Penthouse in post-production before he could complete his cut of the film. In July 2018, <mask> released Mission: Caligula on Vimeo. Other writing
<mask>'s first novel "Das Fahrzeug" was published in Germany in 2011. Music
<mask> frequently composes and performs songs and instrumental music for his own films.He occasionally performs his songs live on stage, often combined with comedy routines. In 2014, <mask> published an album featuring classical music recorded on synthesizer and vocoder. Filmmaking style

General description

<mask>'s films have been compared to "the early works of Woody Allen". He uses an impressionistic camera- and editing-style that is considered experimental by some. His films frequently employ classical music with scenes edited to the rhythm and the structure of the music, as well as satirical songs that are often used to progress the story. Visual language

<mask> himself uses an analogy to language when describing his approach to cinematography and editing, calling different shots nouns (e.g. shots showing an object / a person without any additional intention than showing it, like establishing shots), verbs (shots used to depict an action or movement) or adjectives

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 (shots "describing" things, like quick cut-aways and details), comparing regular visual rules of filmmaking to classical literature, while his way of filming is rather like slam poetry.In almost all of <mask>'s films, him and Matthias Kirste share the cinematographer-credit. When <mask> is acting, Kirste operates the camera, and when <mask> is not seen in the frame, he often operates the camera himself. Sebastian B. is often cast as the lead actor in <mask>'s films. Awards (excerpt)

 Golden Pelican (for Gold): Mykonos Biennale 2015. Best Director (for Break-Up): Maverick Movie Awards 2014. Best Director (for Menschenliebe): California Film Awards 2011. Best New Filmmaker: Take One Awards 2012.Best Foreign Film (Break-Up): American Movie Awards 2014. Best Comedy (for Menschenliebe): Hollywood Reel Independent Film Festival 2011. Best International Film (for Break-Up): Hollywood Reel Independent Film Festival 2015. Gold Medal for Excellence (for Menschenliebe): Park City Film Music Festival 2011. Best New Director (nominated, for Menschenliebe): Action on Film International Film Festival 2011. Best Foreign Film (for Menschenliebe): Nevada International Film Festival 2011. Special Jury Award (for Menschenliebe): Honolulu Film Awards 2012.Best Comedy Film – Silver Remi Award (for Break-Up): WorldFest-Houston International Film Festival 2014. Best Editing (for Break-Up): Oregon Independent Film Festival 2014. Best Foreign Feature (for Break-Up): Oregon Independent Film Festival 2014. Best Short <5 min (for Hollow Date): Berlin Independent Film Festival 2013. Silver Ace Award (for Mutant Calculator): Las Vegas Film Festival 2011. Additionally, <mask>'s documentary Quasicrystal Research was selected to play during the Australian National Science Week in 2012, being shown in 400 venues around Australia during that week. References

External links

Take One Magazine: Interview with <mask>.German male film actors
Film people from Stuttgart
1988 births
Living people
Male actors from Stuttgart
University of Stuttgart

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title: Fred Gray (attorney)

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<mask> (born December 14, 1930) is a civil rights attorney, preacher and activist who practices law in Alabama. He litigated several major civil rights cases in Alabama, including some, such as Browder v. Gayle, that reached the United States Supreme Court for rulings. He served as the President of the National Bar Association in 1985, and in 2001 was elected as the first African-American President of the Alabama State Bar. Early life
Born in Montgomery, Alabama, <mask> attended the Loveless School, where his aunt taught, until the seventh grade. He attended the Nashville Christian Institute (NCI), a boarding school operated by the Churches of Christ, where he assisted NCI president and noted preacher Marshall Keeble in visiting other churches of the racially diverse nondenominational fellowship. After graduation, <mask> matriculated at Alabama State College for Negroes, and received a baccalaureate degree in 1951. Encouraged by a teacher to apply to law school despite his earlier plans to become a historian and preacher, <mask> moved to Cleveland, Ohio, and received a juris doctor degree from Case Western Reserve University School of Law in 1954.At the time there was no law school in Alabama that would accept African Americans. After passing the bar examination, <mask> returned to his home town and established a law office. He also began preaching at the Holt Street Church of Christ, where his parents had long been devout members. Career as a preacher
In 1957, <mask> fulfilled his mother's dream by becoming a preacher in Churches of Christ. In 1974, he helped merge white and black congregations in Tuskegee, Alabama, where he had moved. <mask> also served on the board of trustees for Southwestern Christian College, a historically black college near Dallas, Texas affiliated with the Churches of Christ. In 2012 Lipscomb University in Nashville, Tennessee, also affiliated with the Churches of Christ bestowed a doctorate of humane letters honoris causa upon <mask> in 2012.<mask> once challenged

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 Lipscomb's segregation practices. Civil Rights Movement
During the Civil Rights Movement, <mask> came to prominence working with Martin Luther King Jr. and E.D. Nixon, among others. In some of his first cases as a young Alabama attorney (and solo practitioner), <mask> defended Claudette Colvin and later Rosa Parks, who were charged with disorderly conduct for refusing to seat themselves in the rear of segregated city buses. After Alabama Attorney General John Malcolm Patterson effectively prohibited the NAACP from operating in Alabama in 1956, <mask> provided legal counsel for eight years (including three trips through the state court system and two through federal courts) until the organization was permitted to operate in the state. He also successfully defended Martin Luther King Jr. from charges of tax evasion in 1960, winning an acquittal from an all-white jury. Other notable civil rights cases brought and argued by <mask> included Dixon v. Alabama (1961, which established due process rights for students at public universities), Gomillion v. Lightfoot (1962, which overturned state redistricting of Tuskegee that excluded most of the majority-black residents; this contributed to laying a foundation for "one man, one vote") and Williams v. Wallace (1963, which protected the Selma to Montgomery marchers).In another Supreme Court case, <mask> was driven in his efforts to have the NAACP organize in Alabama after the group was forbidden in the state.Alabama resisted integration of public schools following the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that ruled segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. <mask> successfully represented Vivian Malone and James Hood, who had been denied admission to the University of Alabama, and they entered the university despite Governor George Wallace's Stand in the Schoolhouse Door incident. In 1963 <mask> successfully sued Florence State University (now University of North Alabama) on behalf of Wendell Wilkie Gunn, who had been

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title: Fred Gray (attorney)

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 denied admission based on race. <mask> also led the successful effort to desegregate Auburn University. In 1963 <mask> filed the Lee v. Macon County Board of Education case, which in 1967 led a three-judge panel of U.S. District Judges to order all Alabama public schools not already subject to court orders to desegregate. Lawsuits filed by <mask> helped desegregate more than 100 local school systems, as well as all public colleges and universities in his home state. In 1970, <mask>, along with Thomas J. Reed, became the first African Americans elected as legislators in Alabama since Reconstruction.<mask>'s district included Tuskegee and parts of Barbour, Bullock, and Macon counties. <mask>'s autobiography, Bus Ride to Justice, was published in 1994, and a revised edition in 2012. Browder v. Gayle
Browder v. Gayle was a court case heard before a three-judge panel of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama on Montgomery and Alabama state bus segregation laws. The panel consisted of Middle District of Alabama Judge Frank Minis Johnson, Northern District of Alabama Judge Seybourn Harris Lynne, and the fifth Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Richard Rives. On June 5, 1956, the District Court Ruled 2–1, with Lynne dissenting, that bus segregation is unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution to the U.S. Constitution

Later the state and city would appeal the decision, which later went to the Supreme Court on November 13, 1956. A motion of clarification and the rehearing of the case was later declined on December 17, 1956. Shortly after the beginning of the Montgomery Bus Boycott in December 1955, many black community leaders were discussing whether they would file a federal lawsuit to try to challenge the City of Montgomery and Alabama about the bus segregation laws.About two months after the bus boycott began, civil rights activists reconsidered the case of Claudette Colvin. She was a 15-year-old who had been

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title: Fred Gray (attorney)

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 the first person arrested in 1955 for refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus, nine months prior to Rosa Parks's actions. <mask>, E. D. Nixon, president of the NAACP and secretary of the new Montgomery Improvement Association: and Clifford Durr (a white lawyer who, with his wife, Virginia Foster Durr was an activist in the Civil Rights Movement) searched for the ideal case law to challenge the constitutional legitimacy of the Montgomery and Alabama bus segregation laws. <mask> later did research for the lawsuit and consulted with NAACP Legal Defense Fund attorneys Robert L. Carter and Thurgood Marshall (who would late become United States Solicitor General and the first African-American United States Supreme Court Justice). <mask> later approached Claudette Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, Mary Louise Smith (activist), and Jeanetta Reese, all women who had been discriminated against by the drivers enforcing segregation policy in the Montgomery bus system. They all agreed to become plaintiffs in the federal lawsuit (except Jeanetta Reese due to intimidation by the members of the white community), thus by passing the Alabama court system. Jeanetta Reese later falsely claimed she did not agree to the lawsuit which made the lawsuit an unsuccessful attempt to disbar <mask> for supposedly improperly representing her.Tuskegee experiment lawsuit
<mask> also represented plaintiffs in the class-action lawsuit about the controversial federal Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972). During the Great Depression, the study was changed to review untreated syphilis in rural African-American male subjects, who thought they were receiving free health care and funeral benefits. <mask> filed the case, Pollard v. U.S. Public Health Service, in 1972, after a whistleblower reported the abuses to the Washington Star and The New York Times, which investigated further and published stories. In 1975, <mask> achieved a successful settlement for $10 million and medical treatment for those 72 subjects still living

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 of the original 399. (Penicillin had become a standard treatment by 1947, although research subjects were specifically denied that treatment as well as their true diagnosis.) The 40 subsequently infected spouses and 19 congenitally infected children were compensated with medical, health and burial benefits managed by the USPHS's Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) several years later. As a result of the lawsuit and settlement, the 1979 Belmont Report was prepared and Congress passed federal laws.These were implemented by establishing Institutional Review Boards for the protection of human research subjects and the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research within the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, now the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) in the Department of Health and Human Services. In 1997 <mask> founded (and subsequently served as president and board member of) the Tuskegee History Center. This nonprofit corporation operates a museum and offers educational resources concerning the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, as well as contributions made by various ethnic groups in the fields of human and civil rights. Judicial nomination
On January 10, 1980, President Carter nominated <mask> to be a judge on the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama, to fill a vacancy created by Judge Frank Minis Johnson's elevation to what then was the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. <mask> later asked his nomination be withdrawn, as happened on September 17, 1980; President Carter instead nominated Myron Herbert Thompson to that seat. Personal life
<mask> married the former Bernice Hill, his secretary, in 1955, and they had four children. He published his autobiography the same year, Bus Ride to Justice: The Life and Works of <mask>.He is also a member of Omega Psi Phi and Sigma Pi Phi. Awards
In 1980, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference awarded <mask> its Drum Major Award. In

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title: Fred Gray (attorney)

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 1996, the American Bar Association awarded <mask> its Spirit of Excellence Award (having awarded him its Equal Justice Award in 1977). The National Bar Association awarded him its C. Frances Stradford Award. In 2002, <mask> became the first African-American president of the Alabama Bar Association. In 2006, the NAACP recognized <mask>'s accomplishments with the William Robert Ming Advocacy Award, citing the spirit of financial and personal sacrifice displayed in his legal work. In 1980 <mask> received the Drum Major Award of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.He also won the Spirit of Excellence Award from the American Bar Association (1996). <mask>'s hometown of Montgomery renamed the street he grew up on after him in 2021. The street was previously named Jefferson Davis Avenue, so the change is a potential violation of the Alabama Memorial Preservation Act. In popular culture
<mask> is portrayed by Cuba Gooding, Jr. in the 2014 film Selma, which dramatizes the Selma to Montgomery marches and <mask>'s argument before Judge Frank Johnson that the march should be allowed to go forward. Shawn Michael Howard portrays <mask> in the 2001 film Boycott, in which <mask>, himself, plays a cameo role as a supporter of Martin Luther King Jr.

<mask> was depicted in the 2016 stage play The Integration of Tuskegee High School. The production premiered at Auburn University, was written and directed by Tessa Carr, and dramatizes <mask>'s involvement in the case of Lee v. Macon County Board of Education. <mask> is portrayed by Aki Omoshaybi in a 2018 episode of Doctor Who, "Rosa".References

External links

1930 births
Living people
African-American lawyers
Activists for African-American civil rights
Alabama State University alumni
Alabama lawyers
American civil rights lawyers
American members of the Churches of Christ
Case Western Reserve University alumni
Case Western Reserve University School of Law alumni
Lipscomb University alumni
Lawyers from Montgomery, Alabama
Montgomery bus boycott
Selma to

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title: Killian Tillie

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<mask> (born March 5, 1998) is a French professional basketball player for the Memphis Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Gonzaga Bulldogs. Listed at  and , he plays the power forward and center positions. <mask> joined Gonzaga University beginning in the 2016–17 season. Youth career
<mask> played basketball and volleyball until the age of 14, before choosing to focus on basketball. He started his basketball career in the youth setup at Cagnes Basket, when he was six years of age. He then moved to Stade Laurentin Basket, before joining the youth academy of Olympique d'Antibes in 2013.Prior to the 2014–15 season, he joined the INSEP academy. Recruiting

In January 2015, <mask> was highlighted by ESPN among five of the best international players in the 2015 and 2016 classes with aspirations to play college basketball. He was drawing major interest from California at the time, and scouts were impressed with his  terrific offensive rebounding, athleticism and high motor. In August 2015, <mask> traveled to the United States and took official visits to Georgia Tech, Utah, and Gonzaga. Less than a week after his trip to Spokane, he verbally to committed to play college basketball at Gonzaga University, citing the Zags' "success with international players and because of the people that love basketball there." He signed with the Zags in the early signing period in November 2015. College career
He made his first appearance in a Gonzaga jersey on November 5, 2016, when scoring four points to go along with

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title: Killian Tillie

texts:
 four rebounds, three assists, two blocked shots and two steals in twelve minutes of play against West Georgia.As a freshman during the 2016–17 season, <mask> appeared in 33 games, averaging 4.2 points and 3.2 rebounds in 12.3 minutes. He saw 14 minutes of action in the NCAA championship game against North Carolina, pulling down nine rebounds and scoring one point. As a sophomore in 2017–18, <mask> was Gonzaga’s second leading scorer, averaging 12.9 points in 26.2 minutes per game to go along with 5.9 rebounds and 1 blocked shot per contest. Coming into his junior season, <mask> was named to the Preseason All-WCC Team. On October 30, 2018, it was announced that <mask> was to miss approximately eight weeks with a stress fracture on his ankle. <mask> missed the beginning of his senior season recovering from a knee injury. He returned to the lineup on November 19, 2019,  finishing with 15 points and eight rebounds as Gonzaga held off Texas-Arlington 72–66.On January 30, 2020, <mask> left a game against Santa Clara in the first half after suffering an ankle injury. At the conclusion of the regular season, <mask> was named to the First Team All-WCC. He averaged 13.6 points and 5.0 rebounds per game as a senior. Professional career

Memphis Grizzlies (2020–present)
After going undrafted in the 2020 NBA draft, he signed a two-way contract with the Memphis Grizzlies. On November 24, 2020, the Memphis Grizzlies officially announced the signing of <mask>. On August 12, 2021, <mask> signed a second two-way contract with the Grizzlies. On January 1, 2022, he was

masks: Tillie Tillie Tillie Tillie Tillie Tillie Tillie Tillie Tillie


title: Killian Tillie

texts:
 signed to a two-year standard contract.National team career
<mask> helped the French Under-16 National Team win the 2014 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship, averaging 14.3 points, 9.6 rebounds, 1.7 assists, 1.2 blocked shots and 1.2 steals a contest, while being recognized as the tournament's MVP. He dropped in 25 points and grabbed 18 boards, in the title game, a 78–53 win over hosting Latvia. In the summer of 2015, <mask> competed in the FIBA 3x3 Under-18 World Championships, where he teamed up with Bathiste Tchouaffe, Jules Rambaut, and Timothe Vergiat and he represented France at the 2015 World Championship, in Debrecen, Hungary, where they finished in third place, with an 8–1 record. His team defeated USA, featuring fellow Gonzaga commit Zach Collins, in the quarter-finals, before losing to Argentina in the semifinals, and thumping Spain in the third-place game. He competed for France at the 2017 FIBA Under-19 World Cup, averaging team-bests of 12.4 points and 8.7 rebounds a contest. <mask>’s brothers are also professional athletes: <mask> plays basketball, <mask> plays volleyball. References

External links

Gonzaga Bulldogs bio

1998 births
Living people
Basketball players at the 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Final Four
Basketball players from Paris
French expatriate basketball people in the United States
French men's basketball players
Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball players
Memphis Grizzlies players
Memphis Hustle players
National Basketball Association players from France
Power forwards (basketball)
Undrafted National Basketball Association

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Tillie
Tillie
Killian
Kim Tillie
Kevin Tillie


title: Andy Sheppard

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<mask> (born 20 January 1957) is a British jazz saxophonist and composer. He has been awarded several prizes at the British Jazz Awards, and has worked with some notable figures in contemporary jazz, including Gil Evans, Carla Bley, George Russell and Steve Swallow. Biography

<mask> was born in Warminster, Wiltshire, England, in 1957. At the age of 19 he emerged as a musician in the Salisbury-based contemporary quartet Sphere in the late 1970s, gigging only three weeks after picking up the saxophone. He honed his skills in the wine bars and jazz clubs of the UK and Europe in the early 1980s. He also played with world music groups and with more established improvisers such as Keith Tippett. While still with Sphere, <mask> moved to Paris, working with French bands Lumière and Urban Sax.In the mid-1980s <mask> returned to the UK, playing often on Ki Longfellow-Stanshall's and Vivian Stanshall's Bristol, England-based Old Profanity Showboat, and released his self-titled debut solo album, featuring Randy Brecker and Steve Swallow, who also produced the album.The record was well received and led to <mask> being awarded the Best Newcomer prize at the 1987 British Jazz Awards, followed by the Best Instrumentalist Award in 1988. '87 also saw <mask> join George Russell's Living Time Orchestra and tour with Gil Evans. His second solo album, Introductions in the Dark, was released in 1989. Unusually for a jazz record, the album entered the UK pop charts. Off the back of this, <mask> was awarded Best Album and Best Instrumentalist in 1989's

masks:
Andy Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard


title: Andy Sheppard

texts:
 British Jazz Awards, became the subject of television documentaries for both the BBC and HTV, and toured the world, taking the first Western jazz group to play in Outer Mongolia. <mask> formed his first big band, the Soft on the Inside Band, in 1990 for an album of the same name. The band featured many notable players, including drummer Han Bennick, trumpeter Claude Deppa and trombonist Gary Valente.This band turned into In Co-Motion, which included keyboardist Steve Lodder and bassist Sylvan Richardson, who released an eponymous album in 1991. After this <mask> signed a deal with Blue Note Records, who issued Rhythm Method in 1993. The In Co-Motion band was expanded for this release and dubbed Big Co-Motion. Big Co-Motion recorded a live album at London jazz club Ronnie Scott's, Delivery Suite, which was released by Blue Note in 1994. The TV movie The Music Practice, based on <mask>'s music, took part in the contest The Golden Prague, presented by Czech Television, in 1997 in Czech Republic. Discography

As leader
 <mask> (Antilles, 1987)
 Introductions in the Dark (Antilles, 1989)
 Soft on the Inside (Antilles, 1990)
 66 Shades of Lipstick with Keith Tippett (EG, 1990)
 In Co-Motion (Antilles, 1991)
 Inclassificable with Nana Vasconcelos & Steve Lodder (Label Bleu, 1994)
 Delivery Suite (Blue Note, 1994)
 Moving Image with Steve Lodder (Verve, 1996)
 Learning to Wave (Provocateur, 1998)
 Dancing Man & Woman (Provocateur, 2000)
 Nocturnal Tourist (Provocateur, 2001)
 Music for a New Crossing with Kathryn Tickell (Provocateur, 2001)

masks:
Sheppard
Sheppard
Andy Sheppard
Andy Sheppard


title: Emeryk August Hutten-Czapski

texts:
<mask>, coat of arms Leliwa, (born 21 August 1897 in Stankow, Minsk Governorate, died 31 January 1979 in Rome, Italy), Polish Count, politician, military officer, diplomat and Bailiff of the Polish Sovereign Military Order of Malta. <mask>, descended from a long line of nobles who contributed much to Poland's political and cultural life. His father was Count Karol Hutten-Czapski (1860-1904), President of Minsk, and his mother was Maria Leontyna Pusłowska (1870-1965). His grandfather was Count <mask>, renowned collector and numismatist, founder of The Emeryk Hutten-Czapski Museum in Kraków. Emeryk was adopted by a second cousin twice removed, Count Bogdan Hutten-Czapski, who had no issue, was very wealthy, and was a prominent and controversial figure in Polish politics. Józef Czapski, the painter, and Maria Czapska, the writer, were his first cousins. Emeryk had two sisters: Elżbieta (1895-1930) married to Count Aleksander Piotr Mohl, and Fabianna (1895-1974), married to Józef Godlewski.Life before the War

Hutten-Czapski lost his father in 1904, when he was seven years old. He was sent to boarding school at the Benedictine boarding school in Ettal, Bavaria, Germany. After graduation he studied law at the university in St Petersburg. In 1919 he worked for the Hoover Food Mission of the American Relief Administration in Warsaw, and in 1920 he was placed in charge of the religious and ethnic affairs of Minsk. After this he worked in administration at the headquarters of the Fourth Army under General Leonard Skierski. From 1921 to 1923 he was named Starosta of the town of Stowbtsy. In 1922 three bombs were thrown into his bedroom, only one exploded, and he survived the assassination

masks:
Emeryk August hrabia Hutten Czapski
Emeryk August Hutten Czaki
Emeryk Hutten Czapski


title: Emeryk August Hutten-Czapski

texts:
 For participating in this action he was awarded the Cross of Valour (Poland). He visited the Dachau, and the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camps, and informed the Cardinal Primate, <mask>, of the clergy that had survived. In Nuremberg he located the famous Veit Stoss altarpiece in Kraków, that had been stolen by the Germans from the St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków. He was named delegate to General Władysław Anders High Commission of the II Corps (Poland) in Italy, and when the war ended he settled in Rome. Rome
Hutten-Czapski helped many Polish soldiers, stranded in Italy, to get to England. In 1948, and until 1975, he served as President of the Polish Knights of Malta.He also served as Bailiff (chivalric orders), as well as Chancellor of the World Organization of the Order of Malta. Since 1968 he administered the Hospice of the Knights of Malta in Rome. He was Chairman of a foundation which granted scholarships to Polish academics in the field of science. In 1972 he created a fund, which purchased all the marble required, to help with the reconstruction the Royal Castle in Warsaw. Czapski regularly attended mass at Santo Stanislao dei Polacchi. He was very close to the Holy See and knew Pope Pius XII, Pope John XXIII, Paul VI, and was friendly with Cardinal Karol Wojtyla, who became Pope Paul II, the first Polish Pope, a year before Emeryk passed away. Like his grandfather, Hutten-Czapski was a great collector of Polonica.He constantly travelled around Europe visiting auction houses and antiquarians. He collected many items, principally related to Poland, and his passion was books, old maps and city views. He became a recognized collector, and he bequeathed to the Czpaski Museum in


title: Regis Cordic

texts:
<mask> (May 15, 1926 – April 16, 1999) was an American radio personality and actor. His career in entertainment was divided roughly in half. From 1948 to 1965, he was the dominant morning drive-time radio host in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. From the late 1950s to the mid-1980s, he was a successful voice, television, and film actor in Los Angeles, California. Radio career

Cordic was born in the Hazelwood neighborhood of Pittsburgh and attended Central Catholic High School. He started in radio as a staff announcer and substitute sportscaster at WWSW-AM. When morning host Davey Tyson left the station in 1948, Cordic was one of a number of staffers given the opportunity to replace him.At first a straightforward announcer, Cordic began introducing comedy to his program—first in subtle ways, such as reading a sports score for "East Overshoe University" along with the real scores, and later by adding a repertory company of supporting comic characters. The morning show, renamed Cordic & Company, became the most popular in Pittsburgh. In 1954, Cordic & Company moved to KDKA (AM) on Labor Day, one of the first times that an American radio station had hired a major personality directly from a local competitor. Popular Bette Smiley had decided to retire from her full-time KDKA wake-up show Radio Gift Shoppe of the Air and move to a Sunday-only condensed version on WCAE in August 1954 in order to raise her young son Robbie. Cordic's immediate predecessor in the morning slot was the Ed and Rainbow show, featuring Ed Schaughency with Elmer Waltman cast in the role of Rainbow, the janitor. Waltman was dropped, and Schaughency was moved to the afternoon with a show called Schaughency's Record Cabinet. Schaughency lasted less than two years in that role before he was replaced by Art Pallan, who also came over from WWSW.Schaughency took on a new role as a news reader and moved back to mornings, delivering the newscasts during Cordic & Company. The show's ratings continued to grow until, at


title: Regis Cordic

texts:
 his brick throwing contest from the bluff down to the B&O train yard below. It was run by "Greasy Thumb McGilligan" and the fake contest drew hundreds of viewers to the bluff to see the event. Cordic had a creative team who wrote many of the routines and provided the voices for their characters. Although the cast changed over the years, the main contributors were Sterling Yates, Karl Hardman, Bob Trow, and Charlie Sords. Advertising man Bob McCully wrote for the show, but was not a performer.Hardman's long-time partner, Marilyn Eastman, also contributed as a writer and voice actor. Personal life
He was in a relationship with voice actress Joan Gerber. Move to Los Angeles

In 1965, CBS Radio offered Cordic the morning drive-time spot at KNX (AM) in Los Angeles. The spot was being vacated by Bob Crane, who was leaving radio to star in Hogan's Heroes. <mask> accepted the offer in July 1965, but KDKA owner Westinghouse Broadcasting Corporation refused to release Cordic from his contract until it ended in November 1965. KNX's morning ratings dropped precipitously during the four months that the show had no permanent host. They improved somewhat when Cordic arrived, but not enough to offset the drop, and the station switched to an all-news format after 18 months with Cordic as the morning host.The flair for Pittsburgh-centered satire, it seems, was difficult for Cordic to import to the more sophisticated Los Angeles radio market, despite the successes of similar personalities like Jim Hawthorne. While he lived in Los Angeles, Cordic regularly flew back to Pittsburgh to tape segments for WTAE-TV's Sunday Afternoon Movie, giving detailed background information about the films presented. Cordic, still being paid for the remaining time under his KNX contract, studied acting, and began to get television roles. He first appeared on television in The Monkees in 1967 and The Flying Nun in 1968. He had small parts in a few films, but was primarily a television actor. Over the years,


title: Regis Cordic

texts:
 he appeared several times on Gunsmoke, and also had roles in Kung Fu, Nichols, Columbo, Rockford Files, Barnaby Jones, The Waltons, and McCloud, among many others. From the late 1970s until 1991, he was heard in cartoon voice roles, starting with The Scooby-Doo/Dynomutt Hour in 1976, and also including Jabberjaw, Spider-Man, The Incredible Hulk, Transformers, and a voice part in the 1977 animated film The Mouse and His Child.Cordic had an uncredited part as a featured party guest in Woody Allen's 1973 movie, Sleeper. <mask> returned to morning radio for a brief time in late 1981, taking over at oldies station KRLA/Pasadena. He signed on for a year, but left the job after just four months. He spent the rest of his career in the lucrative voice-over field, lending his voice to many national commercials. None of his four children followed him into performing, but the youngest of his three daughters, Claudia, is a well-known fashion designer who had her own line. She now works for Liz Claiborne. His only son, John, is an architect and home builder in Southern California.One daughter, Nanette Tevrow, died of bone cancer in 2009 at age 52. Cordic died in Los Angeles of brain cancer in 1999, one month short of his 73rd birthday. He was buried in Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery. Filmography

References

Sources

External links

 "The Cordic & Company Sound File Archive" (A collection of sound files from original Cordic masters or fan recordings from radio broadcasts)
Obituary: Rege Cordic: Popular Pittsburgh radio announcer in '40s, '50s, '60s Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Sunday, April 18, 1999. 1926 births
1999 deaths
American radio personalities
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American male film actors
Male actors from Pittsburgh
KDKA people
American people of Croatian descent
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
20th-century American male actors
Deaths from brain tumor
Deaths from cancer in California
Neurological disease deaths


title: Mark John Taylor

texts:
<mask>, also known as Mohammad Daniel and Abu Abdul Rahman, is a New Zealand citizen who traveled to Syria in 2014 to join the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). In early March 2019, it was reported by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation that he had been captured and imprisoned by Kurdish forces. <mask> has since sought to return to New Zealand, triggering considerable media coverage and political commentary. Background
<mask> grew up in Hamilton in the North Island. According to a relative, he suffered brain damage following a "major fit with teething." He attended a special needs school but was brought up as a normal child. During the 1990s, <mask> served in the New Zealand Army.He married a Christian woman and became a "born again" Christian. In 2009, <mask> traveled to Yemen and Pakistan, drawing the attention of New Zealand authorities. Following his arrest by Pakistani authorities while trying to reach an Al Qaeda and Taliban stronghold on the Afghanistan–Pakistan border, the New Zealand Government imposed travel restrictions on him. According to a Muslim elder from the Hamilton Muslim community, <mask> struggled with mental health issues and was influenced by the sermons of radical Yemeni-American preacher Anwar Al-Awlaki. In 2010, <mask> was deported from Australia after his visa was cancelled when he was classified as a "security risk" by the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation. <mask> had lived between Australia and New Zealand for 25 years. In 2011, <mask> was reissued with a New Zealand passport.In May 2012, he migrated to Indonesia where he worked as an English-language teacher for two years. During his time in Indonesia, <mask> reportedly married an Indonesian woman and had children with her. She reportedly expressed unease about his unstable character and addiction to violent video games. Joining ISIL
In June 2014, <mask>

masks:
Mark John Taylor
Taylor
Mark Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor


title: Mark John Taylor

texts:
 entered Syria through the Turkish border and joined the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). In late 2014, <mask> deleted 45 Twitter posts after they reportedly exposed an ISIL presence in the Kafar Roma area in Syria. In late April 2015, <mask> appeared in an ISIS YouTube propaganda video calling for terror attacks in New Zealand and Australia on Anzac Day, which falls on 25 April. In response, the United States Government designated <mask> as a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist."<mask> has claimed that he was not a fighter during the five years that he spent with ISIL and that he only served as a border guard along the border between the Islamic State and Syria. <mask> has also alleged that he was imprisoned three times by the ISIL secret police unit. In October 2015, <mask> mistakenly exposed the location of ISIL fighters on Twitter when he forgot to turn off a tracking function on his phone, earning the nickname the "bumbling Jihadist". He claims that he was imprisoned for 50 days as punishment for that incident. <mask> has also claimed that he witnessed several beheadings and executions during his time with ISIL. In May 2017, <mask> surfaced on the Islamic marriage website "islamicmarriage.com" seeking a wife willing to join him in the Islamic State's capital of Raqqa. During his time in Syria, <mask> was reportedly married to two women.His first wife was a Syrian woman from Deir ez-Zor named Umm Mohammed who wanted him to leave for Turkey. <mask> subsequently married a younger woman who was sympathetic to ISIL. However, <mask> divorced her after she wanted to move to another area in order to be closer to her family. Capture and intended return
In December 2018, <mask> fled ISIL forces and surrendered to Kurdish forces in Syria. <mask> claims that he was motivated by the lack of food and money. On 4 March 2019, <mask> was interviewed while in

masks: Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor


title: Mark John Taylor

texts:
 custody by Australian Broadcasting Corporation Middle East correspondent Adam Harvey and Suzanne Dredge. During the interview, <mask> claimed that he had not taken part in hostilities but had merely served as a border guard for ISIL.<mask> also claimed to have witnessed several beheadings and executions. In addition, <mask> expressed regret that he was too poor to buy a female Yazidi slave. <mask> has expressed a desire to return to New Zealand but has acknowledged that he would not be surprised if his country did not take him back. During an interview with journalist Campell MacDiarmid of the Abu Dhabi-based newspaper The National, <mask> claimed that he had been in contact with New Zealand intelligence officers who had encouraged him to leave ISIS and had offered him assistance to return home. <mask> has also expressed an interest in setting up a medical marijuana company after returning to New Zealand. However, Andrew Little, the Minister in charge of New Zealand's intelligence services, has asserted that no New Zealand government representatives have been in contact with <mask> since his capture. Political responses
In response to media coverage of <mask>'s capture, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern of the Labour Party has confirmed that New Zealand would not be stripping <mask> of his citizenship but that he would have to make his own travel arrangements since New Zealand lacked a diplomatic presence in Syria.She also warned that he would face an investigation in New Zealand due to his association with terrorist organisations. Similar sentiments were echoed by Justice Minister Andrew Little while the Green Party's Justice spokesperson Golriz Ghahraman has stated <mask> should cooperate with Kurdish forces and the UN to extradite to NZ. Meanwhile, Foreign Minister Winston Peters has described <mask> as a traitor to his country and Western civilization, opining

masks: Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor


title: Mark John Taylor

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 that he had forfeited his right to return to New Zealand by joining ISIS. National Party leader and Leader of the Opposition Simon Bridges has stated that New Zealand was in no hurry to take <mask> back and that he should face prison for his involvement with a terrorist group. National Party Deputy Leader Paula Bennett and New Zealand First Member of Parliament and government minister Shane Jones have described <mask> as a disgrace to New Zealand and said he should face justice. Media and public responses
Media coverage of <mask>'s capture has drawn considerable media coverage and public commentary. Several New Zealand academics including University of Waikato law professor Alexander Gillespie, University of Otago political scientist Robert Patman, and University of Auckland political scientist Chris Wilson have welcomed the New Zealand Government's decision not to strip <mask> of his citizenship and called for <mask> to face trial in New Zealand.New Zealand radio and television broadcaster Mike Hosking has criticised Ardern's decision not to strip <mask> of his citizenship. By contrast, broadcaster Andrew Dickens has rejected calls to strip <mask> of his citizenship, describing it as a policy characteristic of totalitarian regimes. Similar sentiments were echoed by the editorial of The Press newspaper. International security analyst Paul Buchanan has argued that <mask> is a prisoner of war who could provide valuable intelligence to the New Zealand authorities. Buchanan has also opined that <mask> could also face war crime charges if he is linked to war crimes such as complicity in slavery and executions. Notes and references

2019 in New Zealand
Living people
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant members
New Zealand Islamists
New Zealand people imprisoned abroad
People from Hamilton, New Zealand
Year of birth missing (living people)
Converts to Islam from

masks: Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor


title: Bill Crow

texts:
<mask> (born December 27, 1927) is an American jazz bassist. Among other work, <mask> was the long-term bassist in saxophonist Gerry Mulligan's bands in the 1950s and 1960s. Early life
<mask> was born on December 27, 1927 in Othello, Washington but spent his childhood in Kirkland, Washington. In fourth grade, he took up the trumpet and in the sixth grade he switched to baritone horn. He played drums in his high school swing band. He joined the Army in 1946, where he played the baritone horn in the 2nd Army Band and drums in a Service Club band. He remained in the army until 1949.After leaving the Army, he played drums and valve trombone while a student at the University of Washington. Later life and career
In 1950, <mask> moved to New York City, playing the valve trombone and drums. On a summer job in Tupper Lake NY at the Altamont Hotel he taught himself to play the string bass. Within two years of starting to play the bass, he played with Teddy Charles and was with Stan Getz from October 1952 to April of the following year. /> He joined the Claude Thornhill band for the summer of 1953, moved to the Terry Gibbs Quartet that fall, and in 1954 he moved to the Marian McPartland Trio at the Hickory House in NYC, with Joe Morello at the drums. He was the bassist with Gerry Mulligan's sextet and quartet during the mid to late 1950s and early 1960s. While with Mulligan, he studied the bass with Fred Zimmerman, of the New York Philharmonic.In 1956 he was with Jay and Kai (J.J. Johnson

masks:
William Orval Crow
Crow
Crow
Crow


title: Bill Crow

texts:
 and Kai Winding) for several engagements including the Newport Jazz Festival. And in 1962 he joined the Benny Goodman band for a summer tour of the Soviet Union. "<mask> joined the house band at Eddie Condon's club in 1965 and then played with Walter Norris’s small group, which was one of the house bands at the Playboy Club in New York (1965–71)." "In 1972 and 1973 he played Fender bass on society club dates with Peter Duchin's band and played occasional bookings with the Bob Brookmeyer/Clark Terry Quintet. From 1975 into the late 1990s he worked in theater orchestras for Broadway shows (where he sometimes played tuba) and during that time he also played engagements with Al Cohn and Zoot Sims." In 1983 he was elected to the Executive Board of Local 802, the musicians' union of Greater New York, where he served for twenty years. />

He wrote a book called Jazz Anecdotes that was published by Oxford University Press in 1991.A revised paperback edition of Jazz Anecdotes was published in 2005 with over 100 added stories. It is titled Jazz Anecdotes, Second Time Around. His autobiography, From Birdland to Broadway, was released by the same publisher two years later. Discography

As leader
 From Birdland to Broadway (Venus, 1995, 2002)
 Jazz Anecdotes (Venus, 1996)

As sideman
With Gerry Mulligan
 Recorded in Boston at Storyville (Pacific Jazz, 1956)
 Mainstream of Jazz (EmArcy, 1956)
 Annie Ross Sings a Song with Mulligan! (World Pacific, 1958)
 The New Gerry Mulligan Quartet (1959)


title: Dominic A. Infante

texts:
<mask><mask> (February 23, 1940 – January 12, 2014) was a communication scholar, professor, and author. In addition to shorter teaching terms at other universities, he served as a professor in The School of Communication Studies at Kent State University for 19 years. Widely known for his research on communication theory and verbal aggressiveness, he was revered as a prolific scholar in the field of communication studies and made a great impact on many of his students and colleagues. Personal life and education
On February 23, 1940, in Youngstown, Ohio, <mask> was born to Joseph J. and Maline <mask>. Infante earned his undergraduate degree in 1962 from Bowling Green State University. As a BGSU student, he involved himself on campus as a player on the Falcon football team, a member of the Falcon Forensics & Debate Team, and brother of the Zeta Lambda chapter of Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity. He later went on to gain his master's of arts and Ph.D. from Kent State University, where he was the doctoral program's first-ever graduate.While in his twenties, Infante studied and trained with Grace Straw Wilson of Youngstown and Bryce Fogle of New York City in voice as an operatic tenor singer. Besides singing, Infante also enjoyed partaking in traveling, sports, fishing, boating, and competitive shooting with the North-South Skirmish Association. Infante died on January 12, 2014, at Aultman Hospital in Canton, Ohio at the age of 73 after battling an illness. He is survived by his wife, Sandra J. (Campbell) Infante, and a daughter and son, as well as eleven grandchildren and two great-grandchildren. Teaching career
Choosing to pursue a career in higher education after his brief experience in the singing world, Infante earned his first teaching job at Austintown Fitch High

masks:
Dominic A
. Infante
Dominic
Infante


title: Dominic A. Infante

texts:
 School. There he served as an English teacher and Forensics Coach.He later went on to serve on faculty at the City University of New York at Queens College, the University of South Florida, and the State University of New York at Albany in their communication studies departments. His most notable and longest-held faculty position was at Kent State University. In 1976, he signed on as an associate professor of Communication Studies and later earned Professor Emeritus status when he retired in 1995. During his time at Kent State, he was heavily involved in teaching and research. He taught courses in multiple areas of communication studies such as public speaking, communication theory, persuasion, research methods, and statistics, in addition to directing dissertations and theses. Research
Throughout his career, Infante published multiple books and journal articles, ranking him as a leading scholar in communication during the 20th century. He is best known for researching topics that addressed issues in society such as domestic violence, conflict management through argument, and corporal punishment.<mask>e authored three books before his death: Arguing Constructively in 1987, Building Communication Theory in 1990, and Contemporary Communication Theory in 2009 with Theodore A<mask>, <mask>. Rancer, and Erica L. MacGeorge. Most notably, he defined and developed a theory of argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness that continues to be used by communication scholars today. In 1982, Infante and Rancer developed a self-reporting 20-item Argumentativeness Scale to measure trait argumentativeness to identify people who have high, moderate, and low motivation to argue. This scale contains two dimensions that measure a motivational tendency to avoid arguments and a tendency

masks:
Dominic Infant
. Avtgis
Andrew S


title: Dominic A. Infante

texts:
 recognizes achievement in argumentation and public advocacy, this award recognized their work as an outstanding study in the research concerns of the Association. In 1992, his production of research in organizational communication ranked him 1st in the nation.One year later in 1993, he was ranked 6th in the nation by a Communication Education study in research productivity among all communication scholars since the beginning of communication study. In October 2012, he was presented with two important honors by the School of Communication Studies at Kent State during their Homecoming Awards Celebration. His first honor was receiving the Centennial Award, an award established with the University's 2010 Centennial. This award recognized him for his national recognitions to the academic field of communication and the school and is the highest honor awarded by the School of Communication Studies. He was also presented with the establishment of The <mask>. Infante Communication Scholarship. Created in conjunction with his family and friends, in addition to his students and fellow faculty members, this scholarship is awarded to a student for their 2nd year in the Master of Arts Program in the School of Communication Studies at Kent State University. The student that is awarded this scholarship is determined by the graduate faculty as being on schedule for completing their degree and one who appears to be a good prospect for continuing into the doctorate program.References

1940 births
2014 deaths
Communication scholars
People from Youngstown, Ohio
Kent State University faculty
Bowling Green State University alumni
Tau Kappa Epsilon
Kent State University alumni
Queens College, City University of New York faculty
University of South Florida faculty
University at Albany,


title: Roni Horn

texts:
<mask> (born September 25, 1955) is an American visual artist and writer. The granddaughter of Eastern European immigrants, she was born in New York City, where she lives and works. She is currently represented by Xavier Hufkens in Brussels and Hauser & Wirth. She is openly gay. Early life and education
<mask> was born on September 25, 1955 in New York City. She was named for her grandmothers, both of whom were named Rose. In a 2009 interview, <mask> reflected on her gender neutral name as an advantage, stating "when I was young I decided that my sex, my gender, was nobody’s business."She grew up in Rockland County, New York. <mask> graduated from high school early and enrolled in the Rhode Island School of Design at age 16. She graduated with BFA in 1975 at age 19. Describing her "fast jaunt" in Providence, she stated "I had a studio in a bad neighborhood with very little daylight. It was dangerous and depressing." <mask> received an MFA in sculpture from Yale University. Since 1975 she has travelled often to Iceland, whose landscape and isolation have strongly influenced her practice.Work
<mask> has been intimately involved with the singular geography, geology, climate and culture of Iceland. She first travel to Iceland in the 1970s. Since her first encounter with the island as a young arts graduate visiting on a fellowship from Yale, <mask> has returned to Iceland frequently. To Place
The ongoing series of books entitled To Place (1990-) concern Iceland. Reproducing 13 watercolour and graphite drawings, Bluff Life (1990) was produced in 1982 during a two-month stay in a lighthouse off the southern coast of Iceland in a town called Dyrhólaey. The series totals

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Roni Horn
Horn
Horn
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 thirteen drawings, all made on note cards. The second book, Folds (1991), is a collection of photographs documenting extant sheepfolds.To Place: Verne's Journey (1995) is the fifth in the series. A photographic essay, the seventh volume Arctic Circles (1998) records the endless horizon of the North Sea, the feathers of an eider nest, and the rotating beacon of a lighthouse. Doubt Box (Book IX) (2006) is a collection of cards rather than a bound volume. Printed on both sides, the cards show pictures of glacial water, taxidermied birds, and a face. In 2004-2006, the books were selected as some of the most important photobooks in history. A 2009 journal article stated that the nine To Place books "together constitute one of the most important groups of artists' books since Ed Ruscha's 1960s books and Bernd and Hilla Becher's publications on industrial architecture." Other publications include Dictionary of Water, This is Me, This is You, Cabinet of, If on a Winter's Night, Her, Her, Her, & Her, Wonderwater (Alice Offshore), and Index Cixous, 2003 – 05.Installations

Weather has played an important role in  <mask>'s work. She has created several public artworks, including You Are the Weather—Munich (1996–97), a permanent installation for the Deutscher Wetterdienst bureau in Munich. You in You (1997), a rubber-tiled walkway in Basel's east train station, mimics an unusual basalt formation of Iceland. Some Thames (2000), a permanent installation at the University of Akureyri in Iceland, consists of 80 photographs of water dispersed throughout the university's public spaces. In 2007 she undertook Artangel’s first international commission, creating Vatnasafn / Library of


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 Water, a long-term installation in the town of Stykkishólmur, Iceland. The installation is made up of water collected from Icelandic glaciers. The "Library of Water" is housed in a former library building in Stykkisholmur on the west coast of Iceland.<mask> noticed the building in the 1990s. It is located at the high point of the town, overlooking the harbour and the sea. It was conceived by <mask> in 2004 as a sculpture installation and a community center. In 2004, Hauser & Wirth in London was the location of an installation by <mask> entitled Agua Viva for the exhibition Rings of Lispector. The installation consisted of interconnecting rubber tiles into which fragments of text from Hélène Cixous' English translation of Clarice Lispector's Agua Viva (The Stream of Life) were embedded into the floor in contrasting shades of tan-colored rubber. <mask> manipulated passages of the text to shape partial and overlapping rings and loops, playing with the order and coherence of Lispector's text. The rubber floor's dimensions at Hauser & Wirth London were approximately 1,500 square feet, with each rubber tile 69 inches square.It contained 25 "rubber floor drawings" with additional plain tiles so that the piece would fit wall to wall. Hélène Cixous penned the accompanying monograph for the installation. Photo series
<mask>'s first photographic installation, You Are The Weather (1994-1996), is a photographic cycle featuring 100 close-up shots of the same woman, Margret, in a variety of Icelandic geothermal pools. Notes written by <mask> about this work were included in the catalogue that accompanied <mask>'s 2009 traveling retrospective Roni <mask> aka <mask> <mask>. The

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texts: two-volume book includes a Subject Index that brought together writings and reflections on works, themes, titles and topics related to <mask>'s practice. Curator Donna De Salvo says, "You are the Weather depicts a living, rather than an inert, thing. <mask> complicated the notion of surface and skin.This treatment of the face smudges the distinction between object and subject. Just who is the 'you'? Of course all answers are completely dependent upon who chooses to inhabit the role of 'you.' It's a discovery process, which in some ways reflects the making of the work itself. The subtle and not so subtle difference in these photographs make it difficult for a viewer to dismiss any one image as being identical to the one next to it. 'You' have to look hard." Many of the images in You Are the Weather were published in one of the To Place volumes.You are the Weather, Part 2, follows the same form as You are the Weather and features the same model, 15 years later. The 45 color images of <mask>'s installation Pi (1998) were installed on all four walls of the Matthew Marks Gallery in New York. The pictures were taken over a six-year period in Iceland. Still Water (The River Thames, for Example) (1999) is a single work composed of fifteen photographic offset lithographs, each 30 1/2 x 41 1/2". It is in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art. It was commissioned around 1998, and <mask> has noted that it came about at the same time as the end of a long love relationship. Each of the 15 lithographs features a photograph of the surface of the River Thames that has been annotated with many small white numerals that correspond to a bar of footnotes that runs along the lower

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 border of each image.Sculpture

Félix González-Torres had the opportunity to view <mask>'s sculpture Forms from the Gold Field in 1990 at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. In 1993, he made Untitled (Placebo-Landscape-for Roni). In response, <mask> made a second gold field piece, Gold Mats, Paired-For Ross and Felix (1994-1995), dedicated to the late González-Torres and his partner Ross Laycock. <mask>'s 1993 series When Dickinson shut her eyes comprises eight square aluminium poles of different lengths leaning against the gallery wall, each bearing a line from Emily Dickinson's poem A Wind that rose. Pink Tons (2008) is a solid cast glass cube 1219 x 1219 x 1219 mm, weighing 4536 kg manufactured by Schott, a German glass manufacturing company with whom she has worked since her student times. They also manufactured the columns of her Library of Water in Iceland. <mask>'s 2009-2010 work Well and Truly consists of ten solid cast glass parts, each measuring 91.5 cm in diameter and 45.5 cm in height.Well and Truly is part of a private collection, but was included in an exhibition of the same title at Kunsthaus Bregenz from April 24 to July 4, 2010. The ten glass elements are cylinders in shades of blue and pale blue greens. Exhibitions
<mask>'s first solo exhibition (outside the university) was held in 1980 at the Kunstraum München. With two New York shows at the Paula Cooper and Leo Castelli galleries, <mask>'s career accelerated in the late 1980s. <mask> received the CalArts/Alpert Award in the Arts in 1998, several NEA fellowships, and a Guggenheim fellowship. She has had one-person exhibitions at the Art Institute of Chicago (2004); Centre Georges

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 Pompidou, Paris (2003); Dia Center for the Arts, New York, and Museu Serralves, Porto (2001); Whitney Museum of American Art, New York;  Kunsthalle Basel (1995); Rencontres d'Arles festival, France (2009) and Tate Modern, London (2009). Group exhibitions include the Whitney Biennial (1991, 2004); Documenta (1992); and Venice Biennale (1997), among others.In 2004 she was a visiting critic at Columbia University. In November 2009, the Whitney Museum of American Art opened a survey show of <mask>'s work. Titled "<mask> Horn aka <mask> Horn", the show travelled to the Institute of Contemporary Art in Boston (2010),the Tate Modern, London (25 February - 25 May 2009), and the Collection Lambert in Avignon (21 June - 4 October 2009). In 2016 <mask> had a solo exhibition in Tilburg, The Netherlands, at De Pont Museum of Contemporary Art. In February 2019, The Menil Collection in Houston, Texas held a two part solo exhibition, "When I Breathe, I Draw". The first part, features <mask>'s large scale works on paper, and the second, was devoted to works created from cutting, housed in the Menil Drawing Institute's main gallery. She was also commissioned to install her "Wits' End Sampler" wall drawing in the entry space of the Menil Drawing Institute.Collections
<mask>'s work is in the permanent collections of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, the Tang Teaching Museum, the Kunstmuseum Basel, the University of Michigan Museum of Art, and the Museum of Modern Art. Documentary
<mask> was one of the artists featured on PBS' Art:21 series of biographies of contemporary artists. References

1955 births
20th-century American

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<mask> (born Ann Hariett Emma Edwards; 5 November 1831 – 19 January 1915) was an Anglo-Indian or Indian-born British travel writer, educator, and social activist. She became well known with the publication of her memoirs, beginning with The English Governess at the Siamese Court (1870), which chronicled her experiences in Siam (modern Thailand), as teacher to the children of the Siamese King Mongkut. <mask>' own account was fictionalised in Margaret Landon's best-selling novel <mask> and the King of Siam (1944), as well as adaptations for other media such as Rodgers and Hammerstein's 1951 musical The King and I. During the course of her life, Leonowens also lived in Western Australia, Singapore and Penang, the United States, Canada and Germany. In later life, she was a lecturer of Indology and a suffragist. Among other achievements, she co-founded the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design. Early life and family

<mask>' mother, Mary Ann Glascott, married her father, Sergeant Thomas Edwards, a non-commissioned officer in the East India Company's Corps of Sappers and Miners, on 15 March 1829 in St James's Church, Tannah, Bombay Presidency, British India.Edwards was from London and a former cabinetmaker. <mask> was born in Ahmednagar in the Bombay Presidency of Company-ruled India, on 5 November 1831, three months after the death of her father. While she was christened Ann Hariett Emma Edwards, <mask> later changed Ann to "<mask>", Hariett to "Harriette" and ceased using her third given name (Emma). <mask>' maternal grandfather, William Vawdrey (or Vaudrey) Glascott, was an English-born commissioned officer of the 4th Regiment, Bombay Native Infantry, in the Bombay Army. Glascott arrived in India in 1810, and was apparently married in 1815, although his wife's name is not known. According to biographer Susan Morgan, the only viable explanation for the complete and deliberate lack of information regarding Glascott's wife

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texts: in official British records is that she "was not European". Morgan suggests that she was "most likely ... Anglo-Indian (of mixed race) born in India."<mask>'s mother, Mary Anne Glascott, was born in 1815 or 1816. For most of her adult life, <mask> had no contact with her family and took pains to disguise her origins by claiming that she had been born with the surname "Crawford" in Caernarfon, Wales, and giving her father's rank as captain. By doing so, she protected not only herself but her children, who would have had greater opportunities if their possibly mixed-race heritage remained unknown. Investigations uncovered no record of her birth at Caernarfon, news which came as a shock to the town that had long claimed her as one of its most famous natives. A few months after <mask>'s birth, her mother remarried. The stepfather was Patrick Donohoe, an Irish Catholic corporal of the Royal Engineers. The family relocated repeatedly within Western India, following the stepfather's regiment.In 1841, they settled in Deesa, Gujarat. <mask> attended the Bombay Education Society's girls school in Byculla (now a neighbourhood of Mumbai) that admitted "mixed-race" children whose military fathers were either dead or absent. <mask> later said she had attended a British boarding school and had arrived in India, a supposedly "strange land" to her, only at the age of 15. <mask>'s relationship with her stepfather, Donohoe, was not a happy one, and she later accused him of putting pressure on her, like her sister, to marry a much older man. In 1847, Donohoe was seconded as assistant supervisor of public works in Aden. Whether the rest of the family went with him or stayed in India is unsure. On 24 April 1845, <mask>'s 15-year-old sister, Eliza Julia Edwards, married James Millard, a sergeant-major with the 4th Troop Artillery, Indian Army in Deesa.<mask> served as a witness to this marriage. Their daughter, Eliza Sarah Millard, born in

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 1848 in India, married on 7 October 1864 in Surat, Gujarat, India. Her husband was Edward John Pratt, a 38-year-old British civil servant. One of their sons, William Henry Pratt, born 23 November 1887 upon their return to London, was better known by his stage name of Boris Karloff; <mask> was thus his great-aunt. <mask> never approved of her sister's marriage, and her self-imposed separation from the family was so complete that, a decade later, when Eliza contacted her during her stay in Siam, she replied by threatening suicide if she persisted. <mask> later said she had gone on a three-year tour through Egypt and the Middle East with the orientalist Reverend George Percy Badger and his wife. However, recent biographies consider this episode to be fictitious.<mask> may have met Badger in India and listened to or read reports about his travels. Marriage, Western Australia and widowhood
<mask>'s husband-to-be Thomas Leon Owens, an Irish Protestant from Enniscorthy, County Wexford, went to India with the 28th Regiment of Foot in 1843. From a private, he rose to the position of paymaster's clerk (rather than the army officer suggested by her memoir) in 1844, serving first in Poona, and from December 1845 until 1847 in Deesa. Biographer Alfred Habegger characterises him as "well read and articulate, strongly opinionated, historically informed, and almost a gentleman". <mask>, who was seven years his junior, fell in love with him. However, her mother and stepfather objected to the relationship, as the suitor had poor prospects for gainful employment, and had been temporarily downgraded from sergeant to private for an unspecified offense. Nevertheless, <mask> and Thomas Leon Owens married on Christmas Day 1849 in the Anglican church of Poona.In the marriage certificate, Thomas merged his second and last names to 'LeonOwens'. Patrick Donohoe signed the document as well, contradicting <mask>' account that her stepfather had

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texts: violently opposed the marriage. She gave birth to her first daughter, Selina, in December 1850. The girl died at just seventeen months. In 1852, the young couple, accompanied by <mask>'s uncle, W. V. Glasscott, sailed to Australia via Singapore, where they boarded the barque Alibi. The journey from Singapore was long and while on board <mask> gave birth to a son, also named Thomas. On 8 March 1853, nearing the Western Australian coast, the Alibi was almost wrecked on a reef.Ten days later <mask>, Thomas, their newborn son and Glasscott arrived in Perth. Glasscott and <mask> quickly found employment as clerks in the colonial administration. Later in 1853, Glasscott accepted a position as government commissariat storekeeper at Lynton, a small and remote settlement that was the site of Lynton Convict Depot. Glasscott became involved in frequent disagreements with the abrasive resident magistrate, William Burges. Within three years, Glasscott had returned to India and taken up a career in teaching, before dying suddenly in 1856. <mask> – using her middle name of Harriett – tried to establish a school for young ladies. In March 1854, the infant Thomas died at the age of 13 months, and later that year, a daughter, Avis Annie, was born.In 1855, <mask> was appointed to Glasscott's former position with the commissariat at Lynton, and the family moved there. At Lynton, <mask> gave birth to a son, Louis. During late 1856, <mask> also served briefly as magistrate's clerk under William Burges. Like Glasscott, Thomas clashed with Burges but survived until the Convict Depot was closed in 1857, and he was transferred to a more senior position with the Commissariat in Perth. The <mask> family left Australia abruptly in April 1857, sailing to Singapore, and then moving to Penang, where Thomas found work as a hotel keeper. In or before the first week of May 1859, <mask> died of "apoplexy" and was buried (7 May 1859) in the Protestant

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 Cemetery in Penang. His death left <mask> an impoverished widow.Of their four children, two had died in infancy. She returned to Singapore, where she created a new identity as a Welsh-born lady and widow of a British army major. To support her surviving daughter Avis and son Louis, <mask> again took up teaching and opened a school for the children of British officers in Singapore. While the enterprise was not a financial success, it established her reputation as an educator. Teacher at the Siamese court

In 1862, <mask> accepted an offer made by the consul in Singapore, Tan Kim Ching, to teach the wives and children of Mongkut, King of Siam. The king wished to give his 39 wives and concubines and 82 children a modern Western education on scientific secular lines, which earlier missionaries' wives had not provided. <mask> sent her daughter Avis to school in England, and took her son Louis with her to Bangkok.She succeeded Dan Beach Bradley, an American missionary, as teacher to the Siamese court. Leonowens served at court until 1867, a period of nearly six years, first as a teacher and later as language secretary for the king. Although her position carried great respect and even a degree of political influence, she did not find the terms and conditions of her employment to her satisfaction. And despite her position at the king's court she was never invited into the social circle of the British merchants and traders of the area. In 1868, Leonowens was on leave for her health in England and had been negotiating a return to the court on better terms when Mongkut fell ill and died. The king mentioned <mask> and her son in his will, though they did not receive a legacy. The new monarch, fifteen-year-old Chulalongkorn, who succeeded his father, wrote Leonowens a warm letter of thanks for her services.He did not invite her to resume her post but they corresponded amicably for many years. At the age of 27, <mask> returned to

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 Siam and was granted a commission of Captain in the Royal Cavalry. Chulalongkorn made reforms for which his former tutor claimed some of the credit, including the abolition of the practice of prostration before the royal person. However, many of those same reforms were goals established by his father. Literary career
By 1869, Leonowens was in New York City, where she briefly opened a school for girls in the West New Brighton section of Staten Island, and began contributing travel articles to a Boston journal, The Atlantic Monthly, including "The Favorite of the Harem", reviewed by The New York Times as "an Eastern love story, having apparently a strong basis of truth". She expanded her articles into two volumes of memoirs, beginning with The English Governess at the Siamese Court (1870), which earned her immediate fame but also brought charges of sensationalism. In her writing, she casts a critical eye over court life; the account is not always a flattering one, and has become the subject of controversy in Thailand, and she has also been accused of exaggerating her influence with the king.There have also been claims of fabrication: the likelihood of the argument over slavery, for example, when King Mongkut was for 27 years a Buddhist monk and later abbot, before ascending to the throne. It is thought that his religious training and vocation would never have permitted the views expressed by Leonowens' cruel, eccentric and self-indulgent monarch. Even the title of her memoir is inaccurate, as she was neither English nor did she work as a governess: Her task was to teach English, not to educate and care for the royal children comprehensively. Leonowens claimed to have spoken Thai fluently, but the examples of that language presented in her books are unintelligible, even if one allows for clumsy transcription. <mask> was a feminist and in her writings she tended to focus on what she saw as the subjugated status of


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 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book whose anti-slavery message Leonowens had brought to the attention of the royal household. She said the book influenced Chulalongkorn's reform of slavery in Siam, a process he had begun in 1868, and which would end with its total abolition in 1915. Meanwhile, Louis had accumulated debts in the U.S. by 1874 and fled the country.He became estranged from his mother and did not see her for 19 years. In the summer of 1878, she taught Sanskrit at Amherst College. Canada and Germany
In 1878, <mask>'s daughter Avis Annie Crawford Connybeare married Thomas Fyshe, a Scottish banker and the cashier (general manager) of the Bank of Nova Scotia in Halifax, where she resided for nineteen years as she continued to travel the world. This marriage ended the family's money worries. <mask> resumed her teaching career and taught daily from 9 am to 12 noon for an autumn half at the Berkeley School of New York at 252 Madison Avenue, Manhattan, beginning on 5 October 1880; this was a new preparatory school for colleges and schools of science and her presence was advertised in the press. On behalf of The Youth's Companion magazine, <mask> visited Russia in 1881, shortly after the assassination of Tsar Alexander II, and other European countries, and continued to publish travel articles and books. This established her position as an orientalist scholar.Having returned to Halifax, she again became involved in women's education, and was a suffragist. She initiated a reading circle and a Shakespeare club, was one of the founders of the Local Council of Women of Halifax and the Victoria School of Art and Design (now the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design). From 1888 to 1893, <mask> lived with her daughter Avis and her grandchildren in Kassel, Germany. On her way back to Canada, she met her son Louis again, after nineteen years of separation. He had

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 returned to Siam in 1881, had become an officer in the Siamese royal cavalry and a teak trader. From his marriage to Caroline Knox -- a daughter of Sir Thomas George Knox, the British consul-general in Bangkok, and his Thai wife, Prang Yen -- he had two children, aged two and five years. After the death of his wife, he entrusted them to his mother's care, who took them with her to Canada, while Louis returned to Siam.<mask> met Chulalongkorn again when both visited London in 1897, thirty years after she had left Siam. During this audience the king took the opportunity to express his thanks in person but he also voiced his dismay at the inaccuracies in Leonowens' books. According to Leonowens' granddaughter <mask>, who had accompanied her, the king asked: "why did you write such a wicked book about my father King Mongkut? You know that you have made him utterly ridiculous". In response, according to Fyshe, Leonowens insisted that she had written "the whole truth" and that Mongkut had indeed been "a ridiculous and a cruel, wicked man". With her granddaughter <mask>, <mask> stayed in Leipzig, Germany, until 1901. She studied Sanskrit and classical Indian literature with the renowned Indology professor Ernst Windisch of the Leipzig University, while her granddaughter studied piano at the Royal Conservatory of Music.In 1901, she moved to Montreal, Quebec, where she lectured Sanskrit at McGill University. She delivered her last lecture at the age of 78. <mask> died on 19 January 1915, at 83 years of age. She was interred in Mount Royal Cemetery in Montreal. The headstone identifies her as the "Beloved Wife of Major Thomas Lorne <mask>", despite her husband never having risen beyond the rank of paymaster sergeant. In popular culture
Margaret Landon's novel <mask> and the King of Siam (1944) provides a fictionalised look at <mask>'s years at the royal court and develops the abolitionist theme that resonated with her American

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texts: readership. In 1946, Talbot Jennings and Sally Benson adapted it into the screenplay for a dramatic film of the same name, starring Irene Dunne and Rex Harrison.In response, Thai authors Seni and Kukrit Pramoj wrote their own account in 1948 and sent it to American politician and diplomat Abbot Low Moffat (1901–1996), who drew on it for his biography Mongkut, the King of Siam (1961). Moffat donated the Pramoj brothers' manuscript to the Library of Congress in 1961. Landon had, however, created the iconic image of <mask>, and "in the mid-20th century she came to personify the eccentric Victorian female traveler". The novel was adapted as a hit musical by Rodgers and Hammerstein, The King and I (1951), starring Gertrude Lawrence and Yul Brynner, which ran 1,246 performances on Broadway and was also a hit in London and on tour. In 1956, a film version was released, with Deborah Kerr starring in the role of <mask> and Brynner reprising his role as the king. Revived many times on stage,  Brynner starred in revivals until his death in 1985. The humorous depiction of Mongkut as a polka-dancing despot, as well as the king's and <mask>'s apparent romantic feeling for each other, is condemned as disrespectful in Thailand, where the Rodgers and Hammerstein film and musical were banned by the government.The 1946 film version of <mask> and the King of Siam, starring Rex Harrison as Mongkut  and Irene Dunne as <mask>, was allowed to be shown in Thailand, although it was banned in newly independent India as an inaccurate insult by westerners to an Eastern king. In 1950, the Thai government did not permit the film to be shown for the second time in Thailand. The books Romance in the Harem and An English Governess at the Siamese Court were not banned in Thailand. There were even Thai translations of these books by the Ob Chaivasu, a  Thai humor writer. During a visit to the United States in 1960, the monarch of Thailand, King

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 Bhumibol (a great-grandson of Mongkut), and his entourage explained that from what they could gather from the reviews of the musical, the characterisation of Mongkut seemed "90 percent exaggerated. My great-grandfather was really quite a mild and nice man." Years later, during her 1985 visit to New York, Bhumibol's wife, Queen Sirikit, went to see the Broadway musical at the invitation of Yul Brynner.The then ambassador of Thailand to the US gave another reason for Thailand's disapproval of The King and I: its ethno-centric attitude and its barely hidden insult to the whole Siamese nation by portraying its people as childish and inferior to the Westerners. In 1972, Twentieth Century Fox produced a non-musical American TV series for CBS, Anna and the King, with Samantha Eggar taking the part of <mask> and Brynner reprising his role as the king. Margaret Landon charged the makers with "inaccurate and mutilated portrayals" of her literary property and sued unsuccessfully for copyright infringement. The series was not a success and was cancelled after only 13 episodes. In 1999 an animated film using the songs of the musical was released by Warner Bros. Animation. In the same year, Jodie Foster and Chow Yun-fat starred in a new feature-length cinematic adaptation of <mask>' books, also titled Anna and the King.One Thai critic complained that the filmmakers had made Mongkut "appear like a cowboy"; this version was also banned by censors in Thailand. <mask> appears as a character in Paul Marlowe's novel Knights of the Sea, in which she travels from Halifax to Baddeck in 1887 to take part in a campaign to promote women's suffrage during a by-election. See also
 Reginald Johnston — the Scottish tutor to Aisin-Gioro Puyi the last emperor of China. His story was also dramatised in films such as The Last Emperor. Joseph Caulfield James — the English tutor to King Vajiravudh of Siam
 Katharine Carl — an American painter and

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 author at the court of the Empress Dowager Cixi of China
 Maria Guyomar de Pinha —  Siamese woman of mixed Japanese-Portuguese-Bengali ancestry credited for having introduced new dessert recipes in Siamese cuisine at the Ayutthaya court, some of them influenced by Portuguese cuisine. Notes

References
Bristowe, W. S. Louis and the King of Siam, Chatto & Windus, 1976,
Dow, Leslie Smith. <mask>: A Life Beyond The King and I, Pottersfield Press, 1992,

Habegger, Alfred and Foley, Gerard.<mask> and <mask> in Western Australia, 1853–1857, State Records Office of W. Australia, Occasional Paper, March 2010
Morgan, Susan. Bombay Anna: The Real Story and Remarkable Adventures of the King and I Governess, University of California Press, 2008,
Seni Pramoj and Kukrit Pramoj. The King of Siam speaks

External links

 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

Louis T. Leonowens (Thailand) Ltd., the company founded by <mask>'s son
(Thai) "<mask>: Who says she's a compulsive liar?" - Art and Culture Magazine
(Thai)  Art and Culture Magazine, English translation here. (Thai) "King Mongkut set up 'secret mission' disguising Sir John and <mask>, hid Laos in Khmer" - Art and Culture Magazine
(Thai) "King Mongkut’s letters to <mask>: When Madame Teacher plays political negotiator" - Art and Culture Magazine

British autobiographers
British schoolteachers
British governesses
1831 births
1915 deaths
British feminists
British suffragists
British travel writers
British expatriates in Australia
British expatriates in Canada
British expatriates in Germany
British expatriates in Thailand
British expatriates in the United States
British people of Anglo-Indian descent
People from Ahmednagar
NSCAD University people
1860s in Siam
Expatriates in the Rattanakosin Kingdom
Women of the Victorian era
British women travel writers
19th-century British writers
Royal governesses
Burials at Mount Royal Cemetery
British Sanskrit

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