title: Jacques-Louis David

texts:
 and in 1948 his two-hundredth birthday was celebrated with an exhibition at the Musée de l'Orangerie in Paris and at Versailles showing his life's works.Following World War II, Jacques-<mask> was increasingly regarded as a symbol of French national pride and identity, as well as a vital force in the development of European and French art in the modern era. The birth of Romanticism is traditionally credited to the paintings of eighteenth-century French artists such as Jacques-Louis <mask>. There are streets named after <mask> in the French cities of Carcassonne and Montpellier. Filmography
Danton (Andrzej Wajda, France, 1982) – Historical drama. Many scenes include <mask> as a silent character watching and drawing. The film focuses on the period of the Terror. Gallery

See also
 Napoleon legacy and memory
 Neoclassicism in France

References

Sources

Brookner, Anita, Jacques-Louis <mask>, Chatto & Windus (1980)

Chodorow, Stanley, et al.The Mainstream of Civilization. New York: The Harcourt Press (1994) pg. 594

Delécluze, E., <mask>, son école et son temps, Paris, (1855) re-edition Macula (1983)
Dowd, <mask>, Pageant-Master of the Republic, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, (1948)

Humbert, Agnès, <mask>, peintre et conventionnel: essai de critique marxiste, Paris, Editions sociales internationales (1936)
 Humbert, Agnès, <mask>, collection des Maîtres, 60 illustrations, Paris, Braun (1940)

Johnson, Dorothy, Jacques-Louis <mask>. New Perspectives, Newark (2006)
Lajer-Burcharth, Ewa, Necklines. The art of Jacques-Louis <mask> after the Terror, ed. Yale University Press, New Haven London (1999)
Lee,

masks:
Louis David
David
David
David
David
Louis David
David
Louis David
Louis David
David
David


title: Jacques-Louis David

type: original

texts:
 Simon, <mask>, Phaidon, London (1999). Lévêque, Jean-Jacques, Jacques-Louis <mask> édition Acr Paris (1989)
Leymarie, Jean, French Painting, the 19th century, Cleveland (1962)
Lindsay, Jack, Death of the Hero, London, Studio Books (1960)
Malvone, Laura, L'Évènement politique en peinture.A propos du Marat de <mask> in Mélanges de l'École française de Rome, Italie et Méditerranée 106, 1 (1994)
Michel, R. (ed), <mask> contre <mask>, actes du colloque au Louvre du 6-10 décembre 1989, Paris (1993)
Monneret, Sophie Monneret, <mask> et le néoclassicisme, ed. Terrail, Paris (1998)
Noël, Bernard, <mask>, éd. Flammarion, Paris (1989)

Rosenberg, Pierre, Prat, Louis-Antoine, Jacques-Louis <mask> 1748-1825. Catalogue raisonné des dessins, 2 volumes, éd. Leonardo Arte, Milan (2002)
Rosenberg, Pierre, Peronnet, Benjamin, Un album inédit de David in Revue de l'art, n°142 (2003–04), pp. 45–83 (complete the previous reference)
 Sahut, Marie-Catherine & Michel, Régis, <mask>, l'art et le politique, coll. "Découvertes Gallimard" (nº 46), série Peinture.Éditions Gallimard et RMN Paris (1988)
Sainte-Fare Garnot, N., Jacques-Louis <mask> 1748-1825, Paris, Ed. Chaudun (2005)

Schnapper, Antoine, <mask> témoin de son temps, Office du Livre, Fribourg, (1980)
Thévoz, Michel, Le théâtre du crime. Essai sur la peinture de <mask>, éd. de Minuit, Paris (1989)
Vanden Berghe, Marc, Plesca, Ioana, Nouvelles perspectives sur la Mort de Marat: entre modèle jésuite et références mythologiques, Bruxelles (2004) / New Perspectives on <mask>'s Death of Marat, Brussels (2004) - online on www.art-chitecture.net/publications.php
Vanden Berghe,

masks: David David David David David David David David David David David David David


title: Jacques-Louis David

texts:
 Marc, Plesca, Ioana, Lepelletier de Saint-Fargeau sur son lit de mort par Jacques-Louis <mask>: saint Sébastien révolutionnaire, miroir multiréférencé de Rome, Brussels (2005) - online on www.art-chitecture.net/publications.php
Vaughan, William and Weston, Helen (eds),Jacques-Louis <mask>'s Marat, Cambridge (2000)
 The Death of Socrates. Retrieved 29 June 2005. New York Med. Jacques-Louis <mask>, on An Abridged History of Europe.Retrieved 29 June 2005
 J.L<mask> on CGFA. Retrieved 29 June 2005

Further reading
 (see index)

External links

A Closer Look at <mask>'s Consecration of Napoleon multimedia feature; Louvre museum official website
The Intervention of the Sabines (Louvre museum)
Web Gallery of Art
www.jacqueslouisdavid.org 101 paintings by Jacques-Louis <mask>-<mask> at Olga's Gallery
Jacques-<mask> in the "History of Art"
smARThistory: Death of Socrates
Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute 2005 exhibition, Jacques-Louis <mask>: Empire to Exile
The equestrian portrait of Stanislaw Kostka Potocki at the Wilanow Palace Museum

Jacobins
French neoclassical painters
Prix de Rome for painting
1748 births
1825 deaths
Artists from Paris
University of Paris alumni
Deputies to the French National Convention
Regicides of Louis XVI
First French Empire
French Roman Catholics
Members of the Académie des beaux-arts
Alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Road incident deaths in Belgium
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
01
Pedestrian road incident deaths
18th-century French painters
French male painters
19th-century French painters
French history painters
People of the Reign of Terror
French

masks:
David
David
David
. David
David
David Jacques
Louis David
Louis David
David


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

texts:
<mask> of Bourbon-Parma (Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaela Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese; 9 May 1892 – 14 March 1989) was the wife of Charles, the last monarch of Austria-Hungary. As such, she was the last Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, in addition to other titles. She is venerated in the Catholic Church, having been declared Servant of God by Pope Benedict XVI. Born as the seventeenth child of the dispossessed Robert I, Duke of Parma, and his second wife, Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, Zita married the then Archduke Charles of Austria in 1911. Charles became heir presumptive to the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria in 1914 after the assassination of his uncle Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, and acceded to the throne in 1916 after the elderly emperor's death. After the end of World War I in 1918, the Habsburgs were deposed and the former empire became home to the states of Austria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia whilst other parts were annexed to or joined the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Italy, Romania and a reconstituted independent Poland. Charles and Zita left for exile in Switzerland and after the failure of attempts to restore royal rule in Hungary, were subsequently removed from that country by the Allies to Madeira, where Charles died in 1922.After her husband's death, <mask> and her son Otto served as symbols of unity for the exiled dynasty. A devout Catholic, she raised a large family after being widowed at the age of 29, and never remarried. Early life
Princess <mask> of Bourbon-Parma was born at the Villa Pianore in the Italian Province of Lucca, 9 May 1892. The unusual name Zita was given to her after <mask>, a popular Italian saint who had lived in Tuscany in the 13th century. She was the third daughter and fifth child of the deposed Robert I, Duke of Parma and his second wife Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, a daughter of King Miguel of Portugal and his wife Princess

masks: Zita Zita Zita Zita


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

texts:
 Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. <mask>'s father had lost his throne as a result of the movement for Italian unification in 1859 when he was still a child. He fathered twelve children during his first marriage to Princess Maria Pia of the Two Sicilies (six of whom were mentally disabled, and three of whom died young).Duke Robert became a widower in 1882, and two years later he married Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, Zita's mother. The second marriage produced a further twelve children. <mask> was the 17th child among Duke Robert's 24 children. Robert moved his large family between Villa Pianore (a large property located between Pietrasanta and Viareggio) and his Schwarzau Castle in lower Austria. It was mainly in these two residences that Zita spent her formative years. The family spent most of the year in Austria, moving to Pianore in the winter and returning in the summer. To move between them, they took a special train with sixteen coaches to accommodate the family and their belongings.<mask> and her siblings were raised to speak Italian, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese and English. She recalled:

At the age of ten, <mask> was sent to a boarding school at Zanberg in Upper Bavaria, where there was a strict regime of study and religious instruction. She was summoned home in the autumn of 1907 at the death of her father. Her maternal grandmother sent <mask> and her sister Francesca to a convent on the Isle of Wight to complete her education. Brought up as devout Catholics, the Parma children regularly undertook good works for the poor. In Schwarzau the family turned surplus cloth into clothes. <mask> and Francesca personally distributed food, clothing, and medicines to the needy in Pianore.Three of <mask>'s sisters became nuns and, for a time, she considered following the same path. <mask> went through a patch of poor health and was sent for the traditional cure at a European spa for two years. Marriage

In the close vicinity

masks: Zita Zita Zita Zita Zita Zita Zita Zita


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

texts:
 of Schwarzau castle was the Villa Wartholz, residence of Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, <mask>'s maternal aunt. She was the stepmother of Archduke Otto, who died in 1906, and the step-grandmother of Archduke Charles of Austria-Este, at that time second-in-line to the Austrian throne. The two daughters of Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria were Zita's first cousins and Charles' half-aunts. They had met as children but did not see one another for almost ten years, as each pursued their education. In 1909, his Dragoon regiment was stationed at Brandýs nad Labem, from where he visited his aunt at Františkovy Lázně.It was during one of these visits that Charles and Zita became reacquainted. Charles was under pressure to marry (Franz Ferdinand, his uncle and first-in-line, had married morganatically, and his children were excluded from the throne) and Zita had a suitably royal genealogy. <mask> later recalled:

Archduke Charles traveled to Villa Pianore and asked for Zita's hand and, on 13 June 1911, their engagement was announced at the Austrian court. Zita in later years recalled that after her engagement she had expressed to Charles her worries about the fate of the Austrian Empire and the challenges of the monarchy. Charles and Zita were married at the Schwarzau castle on 21 October 1911. Charles's great-uncle, the 81-year-old Emperor Franz Joseph, attended the wedding. He was relieved to see an heir make a suitable marriage, and was in good spirits, even leading the toast at the wedding breakfast.Archduchess <mask> soon conceived a son, and Otto was born 20 November 1912. Seven more children followed in the next decade. Wife of the heir to Austrian throne
At this time, Archduke Charles was in his twenties and did not expect to become emperor for some time, especially while Franz Ferdinand remained in good health. This changed on 28 June 1914 when the heir and his wife Sophie were assassinated in Sarajevo by Bosnian Serb nationalists.

masks: Zita Zita Zita


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

texts:
 Charles and Zita received the news by telegram that day. She said of her husband, "Though it was a beautiful day, I saw his face go white in the sun." In the war that followed, Charles was promoted to General in the Austrian army, taking command of the 20th Corps for an offensive in Tyrol.The war was personally difficult for <mask>, as several of her brothers fought on opposing sides in the conflict (Prince Felix and Prince René had joined the Austrian army, while Prince Sixtus and Prince Xavier lived in France before the war and enlisted in the Belgian army.) Also her country of birth, Italy, joined the war against Austria in 1915, and so rumours of the 'Italian' Zita began to be muttered. Even as late as 1917, The German ambassador in Vienna, Count Botho von Wedel-Jarlsberg would write to Berlin saying "The Empress is descended from an Italian princely house... People do not entirely trust the Italian and her brood of relatives." At Franz Joseph's request, Zita and her children left their residence at Hetzendorf and moved into a suite of rooms at Schönbrunn Palace. Here, Zita spent many hours with the old Emperor on both formal and informal occasions, where Franz Joseph confided in her his fears for the future. Emperor Franz Joseph died of bronchitis and pneumonia at the age of 86 on 21 November 1916. "I remember the dear plump figure of Prince Lobkowitz going up to my husband," Zita later recounted, "and, with tears in his eyes, making the sign of the cross on Charles's forehead.As he did so he said, 'May God bless Your Majesty.' It was the first time we had heard the Imperial title used to us." Empress and queen

Charles and <mask> were crowned in Budapest on 30 December 1916. Following the coronation there was a banquet, but after that the festivities ended, as the emperor and empress thought it wrong to have prolonged celebrations during a time of war. At the beginning of the reign, Charles was more often than not away from Vienna, so he

masks: Zita Zita


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

texts:
 had a telephone line installed from Baden (where Charles's military headquarters were located) to the Hofburg. He called Zita several times a day whenever they were separated. Zita had some influence on her husband and would discreetly attend audiences with the Prime Minister or military briefings, and she had a special interest in social policy.However, military matters were the sole domain of Charles. Energetic and strong-willed, Zita accompanied her husband to the provinces and to the front, as well as occupying herself with charitable works and hospital visits to the war-wounded. Sixtus affair
By the spring of 1917, the War was dragging on towards its fourth year, and <mask>'s brother Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma, a serving officer in the Belgian Army, was a main mover behind a plan for Austria-Hungary to make a separate peace with France. Charles initiated contact with Sixtus through contacts in neutral Switzerland, and Zita wrote a letter inviting him to Vienna. <mask>'s mother Maria Antonia delivered the letter in person. Sixtus arrived with conditions for talks which had been agreed with the French – the restoration to France of Alsace-Lorraine (annexed by Germany after the Franco-Prussian War in 1870); restoration of the independence of Belgium; independence for the kingdom of Serbia; and the handover of Constantinople to Russia. Charles agreed, in principle, to the first three points and wrote a letter to Sixtus dated 25 March 1917 which sent "the secret and unofficial message" to the President of France that "I will use all means and all my personal influence".This attempt at dynastic diplomacy eventually foundered. Germany refused to negotiate over Alsace-Lorraine, and, seeing a Russian collapse on the horizon, was loath to give up the war. Sixtus continued his efforts, even meeting Lloyd George in London about Italy's territorial demands on Austria in the Treaty of London of 1915, but the Prime Minister could not persuade his generals


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

texts:
 that Britain should make peace with Austria. <mask> managed a personal achievement during this time by stopping the German plans to send airplanes to bomb the home of the King and Queen of Belgium on their name days. In April 1918, after the German-Russian Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Austrian Foreign Minister Count Ottokar Czernin made a speech attacking incoming French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau as being the main obstacle to a peace favouring the Central Powers. Clemenceau was incensed and, after seeing the Emperor Charles's letter of 24 March 1917, had it published. For a while, the life of Sixtus appeared to be in danger, and there were even fears that Germany might occupy Austria.Czernin persuaded Charles to send a 'Word of Honour' to Austria's allies saying that Sixtus had not been authorised to show the letter to the French Government, that Belgium had not been mentioned, and that Clemenceau had lied about the mentioning of Alsace. Czernin had actually been in contact with the German Embassy throughout the whole crisis and attempted to persuade the Emperor to step down because of the Affair. After failing to do so, Czernin resigned as Foreign Minister. End of Empire
By this time, the war was closing in on the embattled Emperor. A Union of Czech Deputies had already sworn an oath to a new Czechoslovak state independent of the Habsburg Empire on 13 April 1918, the prestige of the German Army had taken a severe blow at the Battle of Amiens, and, on 25 September 1918, her brother in law King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria broke away from his allies in the Central Powers and sued for peace independently. Zita was with Charles when he received the telegram of Bulgaria's collapse. She remembered it "made it even more urgent to start peace talks with the Western Powers while there was still something to talk about."On 16 October, the emperor issued a "People's Manifesto" proposing the empire be restructured on federal lines with each nationality


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

texts:
 gaining its own state. Instead, each nation broke away and the empire effectively dissolved. Leaving behind their children at Gödöllő, Charles and Zita travelled to the Schönbrunn Palace. By this time ministers had been appointed by the new state of "German-Austria", and by 11 November, together with the emperor's spokesmen, they prepared a manifesto for Charles to sign. <mask>, at first glance, mistook it for an abdication and made her famous statement:

Charles gave his permission for the document to be published, and he, his family and the remnants of his Court departed for the Royal shooting lodge at Eckartsau, close to the borders with Hungary and Slovakia. The Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed the next day. Exile

After a difficult few months at Eckartsau, the Imperial Family received aid from an unexpected source.Prince Sixtus had met King George V and appealed to him to help the Habsburgs. George was reportedly moved by the request, it being only months since his imperial relatives in Russia had been executed by revolutionaries, and promised "We will immediately do what is necessary." Several British Army officers were sent to help Charles, most notably Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Lisle Strutt, who was a grandson of Lord Belper and a former student at the University of Innsbruck. On 19 March 1919, orders were received from the War Office to "get the Emperor out of Austria without delay". With some difficulty, Strutt managed to arrange a train to Switzerland, enabling the Emperor to leave the country with dignity without having to abdicate. Charles, Zita, their children and their household left Eckartsau on 24 March escorted by a detachment of British soldiers from the Honourable Artillery Company under the command of Strutt. Hungary and exile in Madeira

The family's first home in exile was Wartegg Castle in Rorschach, Switzerland, a property owned by the Bourbon-Parmas.However, the Swiss authorities, worried about the


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

texts:
 implication of the Habsburgs living near the Austrian border, compelled them to move to the western part of the country. The next month, therefore, found them moving to Villa Prangins, near Lake Geneva, where they resumed a quiet family life. This abruptly ended in March 1920 when, after a period of instability in Hungary, Miklós Horthy was elected regent. Charles was still technically King (as Charles IV) but Horthy sent an emissary to Prangins advising him not to go to Hungary until the situation had calmed. After the Trianon Treaty Horthy's ambition soon grew. Charles became concerned and requested the help of Colonel Strutt to get him into Hungary. Charles twice attempted to regain control, once in March 1921 and again in October 1921.Both attempts failed, despite <mask>'s staunch support (she insisted on travelling with him on the final dramatic train journey to Budapest). Charles and Zita temporarily resided at Castle Tata, the home of Count Esterházy, until a suitable permanent exile could be found. Malta was mooted as a possibility, but was declined by Lord Curzon, and French territory was ruled out given the possibility of <mask>'s brothers intriguing on Charles's behalf. Eventually, the Portuguese island of Madeira was chosen. On 31 October 1921, the former Imperial couple were taken by rail from Tihany to Baja, where the Royal Navy monitor HMS Glowworm was waiting. They finally arrived at Funchal on 19 November. Their children were being looked after at Wartegg Castle in Switzerland by Charles's step-grandmother Maria Theresa, although Zita managed to see them in Zurich when her son Robert needed an operation for appendicitis.The children joined their parents in Madeira in February 1922. Death of Charles
Charles had been in poor health for some time. After going shopping on a chilly day in Funchal to buy toys for Carl Ludwig, he was struck by an attack of bronchitis. This rapidly worsened into pneumonia, not helped by the inadequate


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

texts:
 several members of their family.Zita continued her political lobbying on behalf of the Habsburg family, even sounding out links with Mussolini's Italy. There was even a possibility of a Habsburg restoration under the Austrian Chancellors Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg, with Crown Prince Otto visiting Austria numerous times. These overtures were abruptly ended by the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938. As exiles, the Habsburg family took the lead in resisting the Nazis in Austria, but this foundered because of opposition between monarchists and socialists. Flight to North America
With the Nazi invasion of Belgium on 10 May 1940, Zita and her family became war refugees. They narrowly missed being killed by a direct hit on the castle by German bombers and fled to Prince Xavier's castle at Bostz in France. The Habsburgs then fled to the Spanish border, reaching it on 18 May.They moved on to Portugal where the U.S. Government granted the family exit visas on 9 July. After a perilous journey they arrived in New York City on 27 July, having family in Long Island and Newark, New Jersey; at one point, <mask> and several of her children lived, as long-term house-guests, in Tuxedo Park, New York. The Austrian imperial refugees eventually settled in Quebec, which had the advantage of being French-speaking (the younger children were not yet fluent in English). As they were cut off from all European funds, finances were more stretched than ever. At one stage, Zita was reduced to making salad and spinach dishes from dandelion leaves. However, all her sons were active in the war effort. Otto promoted the dynasty's role in a post-war Europe and met regularly with Franklin Roosevelt; Robert was the Habsburg representative in London; Carl Ludwig and Felix joined the United States Army, serving with several American-raised relatives of the Mauerer line; Rudolf smuggled himself into Austria in the final days of the war to help organise the


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

texts:
 resistance.In 1945 Empress <mask> celebrated her birthday on the first day of peace, 9 May. She was to spend the next two years touring the United States and Canada to raise funds for war-ravaged Austria and Hungary. Post-War

After a period of rest and recovery, <mask> found herself regularly going back to Europe for the weddings of her children. She decided to move back to the continent full-time, in 1952, to Luxembourg, in order to look after her aging mother. Maria Antonia died at the age of 96 in 1959. The bishop of Chur proposed to Zita that she move into a residence that he administered (formerly a castle of the Counts de Salis) at Zizers, Graubünden in Switzerland. As the castle had enough space for visits from her large family and a nearby chapel (a necessity for the devoutly Catholic <mask>), she accepted with ease.<mask> occupied herself in her final years with her family. Although the restrictions on the Habsburgs entering Austria had been lifted, this only applied to those born after 10 April 1919. This meant <mask> could not attend the funeral of her daughter Adelheid in 1972, which was painful for her. She also involved herself in the efforts to have her deceased husband, the "Peace Emperor" canonised. In 1982, the restrictions were eased, and she returned to Austria after having been absent for six decades. Over the next few years, the Empress made several visits to her former Austrian homeland, even appearing on Austrian television. In a series of interviews with the Viennese tabloid newspaper Kronen Zeitung, Zita expressed her belief that the deaths of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria and his mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera, at Mayerling, in 1889, were not a double suicide, but rather murder by French or Austrian agents.Death
After a memorable 90th birthday, at which she was surrounded by her now vast family, Zita's habitually robust health began to fail. She developed inoperable cataracts in both eyes. Her last big family

masks: Zita Zita Zita Zita Zita


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

texts:
 gathering took place at Zizers, in 1987, when her children and grandchildren joined in celebrating Empress Zita's 95th birthday. While visiting her daughter, in summer 1988, she developed pneumonia and spent most of the autumn and winter bedridden. Finally, she called Otto, in early March 1989, and told him she was dying. He and the rest of the family travelled to her bedside and took turns keeping her company until she died in the early hours of 14 March 1989. She was 96 years old, and was the last surviving child of Robert, Duke of Parma from both his marriages.Her funeral was held in Vienna on 1 April. The government allowed it to take place on Austrian soil providing that the cost was borne by the Habsburgs themselves. <mask>'s body was carried to the Imperial Crypt  under Capuchin Church in the same funeral coach she had walked behind during the funeral of Emperor Franz Joseph in 1916. It was attended by over 200 members of the Habsburg and Bourbon-Parma families, and the service had 6,000 attendees including leading politicians, state officials and international representatives, including a representative of Pope John Paul II. Following an ancient custom, the Empress had asked that her heart, which was placed in an urn, stay behind at Muri Abbey, in Switzerland, where the Emperor's heart had rested for decades. In doing so, Zita assured herself that, in death, she and her husband would remain by each other's side. When the procession of mourners arrived at the gates of the Imperial Crypt, the herald who knocked on the door during this traditional "admission ceremony" introduced her as  Zita, Her Majesty the Empress and Queen.Cause of beatification and canonization

On 10 December 2009, Mgr Yves Le Saux, Bishop of Le Mans, France, opened the diocesan process for the beatification of Zita. Zita was in the habit of spending several months each year in the diocese of Le Mans at St. Cecilia's Abbey, Solesmes, where three of her sisters were


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

texts:
 nuns. The actor is the French Association pour la Béatification de l'Impératrice Zita. The postulator for the cause is Alexander Leonhardt. Vice postulator for Hungary is Catholic theologian Norbert Nagy. The judge of the tribunal is Bruno Bonnet. The promoter of justice is François Scrive.With the opening of her cause, the late Empress has been accorded the title Servant of God. Honours

 :
 Dame of the Order of the Starry Cross
 Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Elizabeth
  Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Bailiff Dame Grand Cross

Children
Charles and <mask> had eight children and thirty three grandchildren:

Ancestry

References

Bibliography
 Beeche, Arturo & McIntosh, David. (2005). Empress <mask> of Austria, Queen of Hungary (1892–1989) Eurohistory. ASIN: B000F1PHOI
 Bogle, James and Joanna. (1990). A Heart for Europe: The Lives of Emperor Charles and Empress <mask> of Austria-Hungary, Fowler Wright, 1990,
 Brook-Shepherd, Gordon.(1991). The Last Empress – The Life and Times of Zita of Austria-Hungary 1893–1989. Harper-Collins. Harding, Bertita. (1939). Imperial Twilight: The Story of Karl and Zita of Hungary. Bobbs-Merrill Company Publishers.ASIN: B000J0DDQO
  Bernhard A. Macek: Kaiser Karl I. Der letzte Kaiser Österreichs. Ein biografischer Bilderbogen, Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2012,
 (in French) Debris, Cyrille. (2013). Zita, Portrait intime d'une imperatrice. Cerf, Paris, 2013,

External links

Film of Zita of Bourbon-Parma's funeral

1892 births
1989 deaths
People from the Province of Lucca
Princesses of Bourbon-Parma
House of Bourbon-Parma
Italian nobility
Italian Roman Catholics
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Burials at the Imperial Crypt
Austrian empresses
Austrian Roman Catholics
Bohemian queens consort
Hungarian queens consort
Hungarian Roman Catholics
Austrian people of Italian descent
Hungarian people of Italian descent
Dames of Malta
Dames of the Order of Saint Isabel
Austrian Servants of God
Roman Catholic royal


title: William Cotton (missionary)

texts:
Rev <mask> (30 January 1813 – 22 June 1879) was an Anglican priest, a missionary and an apiarist. After education at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford he was ordained and travelled to New Zealand as chaplain to George Augustus Selwyn, its first bishop. He introduced the skills of beekeeping to North Island and wrote books on the subject. Later as vicar of Frodsham, Cheshire, England, he restored its church and vicarage but was limited in his activities by mental illness. Early life
<mask> was born in Leytonstone, Essex, England, the eldest child of <mask> and his wife Sarah. His father was a businessman who became Governor of the Bank of England. His younger brother was the jurist <mask>.He was initially educated at home by tutors, until at the age of 14 he was sent to Eton College. There he became an accomplished rower and had a fine scholastic record, winning the Newcastle Prize for excellence in divinity and the classics in his final year. In 1832 he matriculated to Christ Church, Oxford, and graduated BA in 1836, with first class honours in Classics and second class honours in Mathematics. He decided on a career in the church and was appointed as a curate at Baston, Lincolnshire. He was ordained as a deacon in 1837, in 1838 was promoted to MA by seniority, and in 1839 was ordained a priest and was appointed as curate at St Edward's Church, Romford, Essex. Even at this stage of his life, there were concerns about his mental health. He then moved to a curacy at the parish church of St John, Windsor.Here he became a good friend of George Augustus Selwyn, a fellow curate five years his senior. Missionary
In summer 1841 Selwyn was appointed to

masks:
William Charles Cotton
William Charles Cotton
William Cotton
Henry Cotton


title: William Cotton (missionary)

texts: be the first Anglican Bishop of New Zealand and <mask> offered to go with him as his chaplain. This decision met with disapproval from <mask>'s father who said "You are not missionary material". <mask> did have some of the practical skills which would be valuable; he could use various tools, including a lathe, ride a horse, and row and sail boats. The Tomatin sailed from London for Plymouth Sound without its clerical cargo who went overland to Plymouth before eventually boarding the ship there. <mask> had loaded some hives of bees aboard but had not packed them securely within a hogshead as planned in My Bee Book. Delayed in the English Channel by contrary winds the bee hives were so thrown about aboard the Tomatin that they were jettisoned overboard in Plymouth Sound in <mask>'s absence.The missionary party of 23 members set sail from Plymouth late on 26 December 1841 on board the barque Tomatin. On the ship, in addition to their luggage, were various animals and possibly, an unknown number of hives of bees. <mask>'s letter dated 30 December 1841, passed to a homeward bound brig on 21 January, stated the bees were safe. However, given the short time available from the Tomatin's arrival in Plymouth Sound on 19 December, the daily hope that contrary winds would abate so they could sail "on the morrow," and the party boarding on 23 December, there's little likelihood he had the time to organize a replacement lot of bees. Either way, the fate of the bees is unknown, they did not survive the trip to Sydney. Also on board was a Māori boy who taught many of the passengers, including <mask>, to speak the Māori language. In April 1842 the Tomatin arrived

masks: Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton


title: William Cotton (missionary)

texts: in Sydney.The boat was damaged by a rock on entering their landing place and, rather than wait for its repair, some of the party, including Selwyn and <mask>, set sail for New Zealand on the brig Bristolian on 19 May. They arrived in Auckland on 30 May. After spending some time as guests of Captain <mask>, the first Governor of New Zealand, Selwyn and <mask> set sail for the Bay of Islands on the schooner Wave on 12 June, arriving on 20 June. Amongst the party was a clerk, <mask>, who was an accomplished artist and was later to become photographer to Queen Victoria. Selwyn had decided to set up residence at the Waimate Mission Station, some  inland from Paihia where the Church Missionary Society had established a settlement 11 years earlier. On 5 July 1842 Selwyn set out on a six-month tour of his diocese leaving the Mission Station in the care of Sarah, his wife, and <mask>. While he was away <mask> was effectively the head of the mission, director of the college and minister at the church.By October 1843 more missionaries had arrived at Waimate and <mask> was able to accompany Bishop Selwyn on his second tour, this time to mission stations and native settlements in the southern part of North Island. Their journey was made partly by canoe but mainly by walking, often for large distances over difficult and dangerous terrain. Part way through the tour Selwyn decided to split the party into two sections with one section led by himself and the other by <mask>. After being away for nearly three months, <mask> arrived back at Waimate early in 1844 and Selwyn returned a few weeks later. Later in 1844 Selwyn decided to move some  south to Tamaki near

masks:
Cotton
William Hobson
Cotton
William Bambridge
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton


title: William Cotton (missionary)

texts:
 Auckland where he bought  of land, giving it the name of Bishop's Auckland. The party left on 23 October and arrived in Auckland on 17 November. During the first six months of 1845 Selwyn was away for much of the time and management of the settlement, and particularly the schools, fell to <mask>.<mask> continued to work in Bishop's Auckland particularly as headmaster of St John's College, and also with ecclesiastical duties and practical tasks. He finally left New Zealand in December 1847, together with Bambridge, arriving in England in May 1848. Apiarist
From his childhood <mask> had a passionate interest in bees and beekeeping. At Oxford University he was a founder and the first secretary of the Oxford Apiarian Society. In 1837 he published his first work about bees, A Short and Simple Letter to Cottagers from a Bee Preserver, which sold 24,000 copies. A second Letter followed three years later. In 1842 he published My Bee Book which amongst other advice suggested ways to render bees semiconscious to obtain the honey rather than by killing them.New Zealand had two native species of bees but neither was suitable for producing honey. The first honey bees in New Zealand had been introduced by Mary Bumby, the sister of a Wesleyan minister, in March 1839. While <mask> was in Sydney in April 1842 he arranged for hives of bees to be sent to him after his arrival in New Zealand. This took longer than <mask> had expected and it was not until March 1844 that he received his first colony of honey bees at Waimate. When he moved to Bishop's Auckland he successfully transferred them. He spent much time in training settlers and Māori in the practices of

masks: Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton


title: William Cotton (missionary)

texts:
 keeping bees and gathering their honey. Towards the end of 1844 he published A Few Simple Rules for New Zealand Beekeepers.He later wrote a series of articles on beekeeping in The New Zealander and these were published together in 1848 as A Manual for New Zealand Beekeepers. Another book, written in Māori, Ko nga pi (The Bees) was published the following year. There is a tradition that <mask> introduced bees to New Zealand but this is incorrect, although he was largely responsible for teaching the skills of beekeeping to the immigrants and the natives. When <mask> was later appointed vicar of Frodsham he continued his interest in beekeeping and carried out experiments on bees. On one of his trips to the Continent <mask> purchased a copy of a book called Schnurrdiburr by Wilhelm Busch which contained comical illustrated stories about a beekeeper and his bees. <mask> produced his own version of the book with his own verses attached to the illustrations entitled Buzz a Buzz or The Bees – Done freely into English. He took an active part in the discussions which led to the formation of the British Beekeepers' Association and became one of its vice presidents.He collected a library of over 200 books on bees and beekeeping which was bequeathed to the parish of Frodsham on his death. In 1932 it was deposited with the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, and in 1987 transferred to Reading University Library. Oxford
There is little information about the nine years following <mask>'s return from New Zealand. He remained a Fellow of Christ Church, Oxford, but was in residence in the college only intermittently. He spent some of this time travelling


title: William Cotton (missionary)

texts:
 on the Continent. In 1855 he was in Constantinople and in the summer of 1857 he visited Avignon and Paris. In December 1855 he was appointed as curate to St Mary Redcliffe, Bristol, a position from which he resigned in May 1857.While in Oxford he met Lewis Carroll, with whom he shared an interest in photography. Vicar of Frodsham

In the summer of 1857 <mask> was appointed vicar of Frodsham, a market town in north Cheshire. At the time there were problems in the parish, in particular there was little financial provision for the outlying townships and the fabric of the parish church of St Laurence was in a bad condition. To make matters worse, the church stood in an elevated position above the town, making access difficult. <mask> sank into a state of apathy and despondence, and in the autumn of 1865 he was admitted for several weeks to Manor House Asylum, Chiswick, an asylum, under the care of Dr Seymour Tuke. There was some improvement in his mental condition and by 1870 <mask> was making arrangements for the restoration of the parish church. At this time there was competition from other denominations, particularly the Wesleyan Methodists.Financed by Thomas Hazlehurst, a member of the family business of Hazlehurst & Sons, soap and alkali manufacturers of nearby Runcorn, one small chapel had already been built near the parish church and another chapel, larger and more splendid, was planned for the centre of town. <mask> organised the building of a temporary chapel of ease in the middle of the town. This was constructed of iron (and known as the Iron Church) and was erected in a very short time on land donated by the Marquess of Cholmondeley. In

masks: Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton


title: William Cotton (missionary)

texts:
 addition to restoring the parish church, <mask> began to organise the restoration of the vicarage, in autumn 1872 hiring John Douglas to draw up plans. He also employed Douglas to design a house for him to live in while the vicarage was being renovated. <mask> successfully improved the provision of church schools in his parish. During his ministry he took boys from his parish to various events, both locally and to Manchester and Liverpool.In the late 1870s <mask>'s mental health began to deteriorate to such a degree that he became unable to carry out his duties. In 1879 a sequestration order was obtained to allow John Ashton to take charge of the affairs of the parish; <mask> was readmitted to Manor House in the early summer and died there in June. His funeral took place at St John the Baptist's Church in Leytonstone and he was buried in the family grave in the churchyard. On the same day a memorial service was held for him in his Frodsham church. A memorial to his memory is in Frodsham Parish Church. The symbol of the honey bee appears on the chain of office of Frodsham's mayor and in various other places in the town, a Frodsham street is named Maori Drive and a Māori inscription is still present on the doorstep of <mask>'s Old Vicarage. Mental health
There is no doubt that <mask> was a talented man whose achievements were limited by his mental ill-health.Numerous references have been made to <mask>'s erratic behaviour, in particular his over-spending, and his periods of depression. There can be little doubt that he suffered from bipolar disorder; <mask>'s biographer Smith refers to his "manic depression". He did achieve much, particularly

masks:
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
William Cotton
Cotton
Cotton


title: William Cotton (missionary)

texts:
 during his years as a missionary, and in the field of apiculture. As he became older his condition deteriorated, especially during the time he was vicar of Frodsham. However, in view of his achievements in Frodsham, including the building of the Iron Church, the restoration of the parish church and vicarage, and the development of the church schools in his parish, the comment that while he was there "he had occasional periods of effectiveness" seems unfair. References
Citations

Sources

External links

1813 births
1879 deaths
19th-century English Anglican priests
British beekeepers
People with bipolar disorder
People from Frodsham
People from Leytonstone
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Fellows of Christ Church, Oxford
Anglican missionaries in New Zealand
English Anglican missionaries
<mask>


title: Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone

texts:
Major General <mask>, 1st Earl of Athlone (<mask>; born <mask> of Teck; 14 April 1874 – 16 January 1957), was a British Army commander and major-general who served as Governor-General of the Union of South Africa and as Governor General of Canada. <mask> was born in London to the Duke and Duchess of Teck and was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. In 1904, he married Princess Alice of Albany and rose in the military ranks through his service on the western front of the First World War, receiving numerous honours and decorations. A cousin and also brother-in-law of King George V, he relinquished his German titles in 1917, including that of Prince of Teck in the Kingdom of Württemberg, and was elevated to the peerage as the Earl of Athlone. He was in 1923 appointed as South Africa's governor-general by the King, on the recommendation of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Stanley Baldwin, to replace Prince Arthur of Connaught, and he occupied the viceregal post until succeeded by the Earl of Clarendon in 1930. Athlone then served as Chancellor of the University of London until, in 1940, he was appointed as Canada's governor general by King George VI, on the recommendation of Prime Minister of Canada William Lyon Mackenzie King, to replace Lord Tweedsmuir (John Buchan), and he occupied the post until succeeded by Viscount <mask> of Tunis in 1946. Athlone helped galvanise the Canadian war effort and was a host to British and American statesmen during the Second World War.After returning to the United Kingdom, <mask> sat on the organising committee for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. He died at Kensington Palace in 1957 and was interred in the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore. Early life, education, and military career

<mask> of Teck was born at Kensington Palace on 14 April 1874, the fourth child and third son of Prince Francis, Duke of Teck, and Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck. Although his mother was a

masks: Alexander Augustus Frederick William Alfred George


texts: granddaughter of King George III and first cousin to Queen Victoria, <mask>, as the son of a prince of Teck in Württemberg, was styled from birth as His Serene Highness and held the title <mask> of Teck. He was known, however, to his family and friends as Alge, derived from the first two letters of <mask> and George, and was characterised as a meticulous individual with a quick, but short-lived, temper and an ability to be cautious and tactful. When <mask> was nine years old, his parents fled the United Kingdom for continental Europe to escape their high debts. They stayed there for two years.The Prince remained at Eton College before moving on to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. In October 1894, having completed his officer's training, Prince <mask> was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 7th Queen's Own Hussars, and shortly after served in the Second Matabele War. He was mentioned in despatches during the conflict and, after its cessation, was appointed on 8 December 1898 by Queen Victoria as a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order. He received a promotion to lieutenant in June 1899 and to captain the following April. For his actions in the Second Boer War, <mask> was in April 1901 appointed by King Edward VII as a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order. The announcement came on 16 November 1903 that <mask> had become engaged to his second cousin once removed, Princess Alice of Albany, daughter of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, and thus a granddaughter of Queen Victoria and niece of the then soon-to-be Governor General of Canada, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn. The two were wed at St. George's Chapel, in Windsor Castle, on 10 February 1904 and, six days later, in celebration of the wedding, the Prince was promoted to the grade of a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order.The couple thereafter had three children: Princess May of Teck, born 1906; Prince Rupert of Teck, born 1907; and Prince

masks:
Athlone
Prince Alexander
Alexander
Prince Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Prince Alexander


texts:
 Maurice Francis George of Teck. Maurice, however, lived only for less than six months, between 29 March and 14 September 1910. In the same year <mask> was appointed Chairman of Middlesex Hospital. First World War
Prior to the outbreak of the Great War in 1914, <mask>, who had been promoted to major in January 1911 and was a brevet lieutenant-colonel commanding the 2nd Life Guards, was nominated by the British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith to serve as Governor General of Canada. However, the Prince was called up for active service with his regiment. taking him to battle in France and Flanders. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel, with the temporary rank of brigadier-general, in December 1915.For his service on the battlefields, in June 1917 Prince <mask> was appointed by his brother in law, King George V, as a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. During the war, anti-German sentiment throughout the British Empire led the King to change the name of the royal house from the Germanic House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the more English House of Windsor, while simultaneously renouncing all Germanic titles for himself and all members of the Royal Family. Through a royal warrant issued on 14 July 1917, <mask>, along with his brother, Prince Adolphus, Duke of Teck, similarly relinquished all of his German titles, styles, and honours, choosing instead the name of Cambridge, after his grandfather, Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge. <mask> was then known simply as <mask> Cambridge (being entitled to the honorific Sir through his knighthoods in the Royal Victorian Order and the Order of the Bath), until, on 7 November 1917, the King created him Earl of Athlone and Viscount Trematon. Athlone had declined a marquessate, as he thought the title did not sound British enough. Athlone's wife retained her royal style and title, while their surviving children became the Lady May Cambridge and Rupert Cambridge, Viscount Trematon. Rupert

masks:
Prince Alexander
Prince Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Sir Alexander


texts:
 Roosevelt, who all gathered to take part in what would become known as the Quebec Conferences, with the first taking place between 17 and 24 August 1943 at the viceregal residence in La Citadelle, and the second occurring from 12 to 16 September 1944 at the Château Frontenac. It was at these meetings that the four men discussed the Allied strategies that would eventually lead to victory over Nazi Germany and Japan. When Germany fell on 8 May 1945 and Japan on 15 August of the same year, Athlone led the national celebrations held on Parliament Hill and elsewhere. He thereafter spoke in speeches about Canada's future being marked not by war but by a strong role in reconstruction and reconciliation. During his time as the Canadian viceroy, Athlone also lent his status to various charitable and other social events, and mounted a number of activities of his own, such as tobogganing parties and skating lessons on the grounds of Rideau Hall, as well as skiing in Gatineau Park. When he departed Canada at the end of his time as the King's representative, Athlone left as a legacy the Athlone Fellowship, awarded by the Engineering Institute of Canada. Post-viceregal life

After Lord Athlone's replacement as governor general was appointed on 21 March 1946, he returned to the United Kingdom to retirement, taking up residence again in a grace and favour apartment at Kensington Palace and, on 1 September of that year, resigning as colonel of the 7th Queen's Own Hussars.He did not completely remove himself from public activity, however, and was, along with his Canadian viceregal successor, Lord <mask> of Tunis, appointed to the committee charged with organising the coronation in 1953 of Athlone's great-niece, Queen Elizabeth II, and continued to sit as Chancellor of the University of London until 1955. The Earl of Athlone died at Kensington on 16 January 1957, and he was interred in the Royal Burial Ground at Frogmore. He was the last surviving great-grandchild


title: Erik Wøllo

texts:
<mask> (born 1961) is a Norwegian composer and musician, guitarist and synthesist. He has a background in various genres in music. As a solo recording artist, he is most known for his electronic and ambient musical soundscapes. Music that can be classified in the genres of space, drone, new age, and electronic music. Through his many albums he has gained recognition for his unique sound and style. Using guitar as the primary instrument in a highly imaginary and emotional music, building a bridge between grand symphonic realms and gentle, minimalistic and serene atmospheres. History and Overview
Born and raised in Norway (Hemsedal).In the era when he grew up in Norway, the local folk music is very much dominated by the Hardanger fiddle, and his grandfather once offered him a fiddle as a birthday present, if he wanted to start playing. But he went for the guitar, and started to play at age 11. His first influence was the evolving heavy/progressive rock music in the seventies, although he once said his first guitar hero was John Fogerty. He soon discovered the more complicated and intricate styles of rock, like Pink Floyd, Yes and Emerson Lake and Palmer. Which led him gradually into more contemporary electronic music genres. He started his professional career in 1980, playing and touring around Norway in various jazz/rock and fusion bands. But in 1984, he decided to concentrate full-time on his own solo career, building his own studio Wintergarden, where he started to explore and create his new soundworld.His third album "Traces" (1985), was a turning point in


title: Erik Wøllo

texts: his creative musical approach, and pointed out his unique style in instrumental music. This album represented an important and seminal time for <mask>'s artistic development. <mask> says in a private interview: “I quit all the bands I played in, I wanted to work on my own using the modern electronic studio as an instrument. Like a painter with his oil canvasses. I wanted to make a music that had expansive synthesizer textures and sequencer patterns, layered together with expressive melodic electric guitars. Working with depth, time and space. In those years in the early eighties the studio technology was new and revolutionary, and I wanted to explore all the new possibilities.To be able to control the infinite variations of electronic sound, using an endless palette for creative expression. Musically this technology opened up a new possible world for me, and I have continued to further develop and refine these musical ideas on later recordings. Also for the last decades, I have been able to bring this my musical concept to the stage, performing live. I have been doing several tours, as well as releasing a double CD set live album "Silent Currents" (Projekt, CD-2011). As well as two download live albums "Silent Currents 3" (2013), and "Star’s End 2015" (Silent Currents 4). I have also done several live concerts with Ian Boddy and Steve Roach. In August 2019, I performed a main act concert with special written music for an outdoor festival in Norway, featuring Trey Gunn, Kouame Sereba and Jerry Marotta."<mask> has also written music for diverse acoustic

masks: Wøllo Erik Erik


title: Erik Wøllo

texts:
 ensembles, such as string quartets, wind quintets and sinfoniettas. As one of very few Norwegian composers, these scores were all written in the classical minimalistic tradition. He has released more than 50 solo albums and several smaller format EP's, all distributed globally and he has gained a large audience for his music. Collaborations
<mask> has also collaborated and released album works together with some of the most respected artists in the ambient music world: with Steve Roach ("Stream of Thought", CD-2009 & "The Road Eternal", CD-2011), Michael Stearns ("Convergence", CD-2020), Ian Boddy ("Frontiers", CD-2012, "EC12", Digital-2014, and "Meridian, CD-2018), Byron Metcalf ("Earth Luminous", CD-2016), Bernhard Wöstheinrich ("Arcadia Borealis", CD-2009 and "Weltenuhr, CD-2014), and several others. One of the areas Wøllo has been deeply exploring for many decades, is the connections between the various art forms. Focusing on finding mutual and parallel aspects, he has been making music for use together with other media, like film, modern ballet and theater. Also together with diverse experimental visual art forms for gallery exhibitions.(photography, fine art, literature and video art). Personal
<mask> currently lives on Hvaler, an island in the south of Norway. He is married, and has one son. Gallery
Wøllo with Fender Stratocaster at Schallwelle 2012. Re-released on Spotted Peccary Music, CD-2012)
 1990 - "IMAGES OF LIGHT" (Origo Sound, CD-1990. Re-released on Spotted Peccary Music, CD-2012)
 1986 - "SILVER BEACH" (Originally released 1986.

masks:
Erik Wøllo
Erik Wøllo


title: Erik Wøllo

texts:
 Re-release Projekt 2013) Digital Download
 1985 - "TRACES" (Cicada Rec/Badland, LP-1985/CD-1988.7" - (Echoes, CD)
 2002 - "Lights Out VIII" - (KINK fm102, CD)
 2003 - "The Echoes Living Room Concerts, vol. 9" - (Echoes, CD)
 2004 - "Michael Garrison Tribute Collection" - (Groove Unlimited, CD)
 2005 - "Lights Out IX" - (KINK fm102, CD)
 2006 - "Lights Out X" - (KINK fm102, CD)
 2007 - "Stars End 30th Anniversary Anthology CD" (CD)
 2009 - "The Projekt Sampler 2009" - (Projekt, CD)
 2010 - "Afar" - (Projekt, CD)
 2011 - "E-Day 2011" - (GROOVE Unlimited, CD)
 2011 - "The Rope 25" - (Projekt, CD)
 2011 - "The Echoes Living Room Concerts, Vol. 1998 - "Rift" (Continental Drift) -Video from Iceland (Patrick Huse/Aschehoug). Also diverse Film/Documentaries for TV and Radio in Europe, Japan and USA. Several Multimedia / Exhibitions
 "Off The Wall" - World music concert project for schools, produced by Rikskonsertene 2005. (Kouame Sereba/<mask>llo/Uriel Seri)

External links

 <mask>, official website
 Steve Roach
 Michael Stearns
 Ian Boddy
 Echoes
 Stars End
 Hearts of Space

1961 births
Living people
Norwegian composers
Norwegian male composers
Hot Club Records artists
People from

masks:
Erik Wø
Erik Wøllo


title: Roger Godsiff

texts:
<mask> (born 28 June 1946) is a British former politician who served as the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) from 1992 to 2019, for the seats of Birmingham Small Heath, Birmingham Sparkbrook and Small Heath, and Birmingham Hall Green. In October 2019, Hall Green Constituency Labour Party members overwhelmingly voted to open selections for their Parliamentary Candidate, with votes of 86 to 6 in Moseley and Kings Heath Branch and 37 to 11 in Hall Green Branch to have the option to choose a candidate other than <mask>. This followed several years of controversy about the MP's stances, including voting with the Conservative Party on key Brexit votes, and outspokenly opposing LGBT+ Inclusive Education in Birmingham schools. <mask> subsequently declared his intention to stand as an independent candidate. He lost the seat to the Labour Party candidate, Tahir Ali, coming third behind Labour and the Conservatives. Early life
<mask> was born in London and educated at Catford Comprehensive School. He was a bank clerk for five years from 1965, joining the Labour Party in 1966.He was a political officer from 1970 with the trade union APEX and then from 1990 with its successor the GMB until his election to Parliament in 1992. During his time as a trade union official, he was a member of the St Ermin's group, a secret caucus of moderate trade unionists who moved the Labour Party back towards the political centre by organising slates for elections to the party's National Executive Committee. Political career
Elected as a councillor in the London Borough of Lewisham in 1971, he became the Mayor of Lewisham for 1977–78, before quitting the council at the 1990 London Borough elections. He unsuccessfully contested Birmingham

masks:
Roger Duncan Godsiff
Roger Godsiff
Godsiff
Roger Godsiff


title: Roger Godsiff

texts: Yardley at the 1983 general election, where he finished in second place behind the sitting Conservative MP David Gilroy Bevan. He was elected to the House of Commons for Birmingham Small Heath at the 1992 general election following the retirement of Denis Howell. <mask> held Small Heath with a majority of 13,989 votes and remained an MP from that point. His constituency was abolished in 1997 and, aided by the retirement of Birmingham Sparkbrook MP Roy Hattersley, <mask> was elected for the newly combined constituency of Birmingham Sparkbrook and Small Heath at the 1997 general election.The Sparkbrook and Small Heath seat was abolished at the 2010 election, with its constituent parts moving into neighbouring seats. <mask> was selected for the redrawn Birmingham Hall Green seat in 2008, which includes some of his existing constituency and wards which were formerly in the two Birmingham constituencies of Hall Green and Selly Oak. He was re-elected at the May 2010 general election with a majority of 3,799. In Parliament he was a special adviser to the former Minister of Sport Richard Caborn on cricket and was the chairman of the All Party Japan Group. In October 2006, <mask> was one of 12 Labour MPs to back Plaid Cymru and the Scottish National Party's call for an inquiry into the Iraq War. He also rebelled against the government in November 2005 on legislation permitting the detention of terrorist suspects for 90 days without trial. In January 2005, <mask> called for economic migration to the UK to be "stopped".He said that economic migration was unnecessary and it posed a danger to race relations within the UK. In the 2009 parliamentary expenses scandal, <mask> was reported as using office expenses for extensive

masks: Godsiff Godsiff Godsiff Godsiff Godsiff Godsiff


title: Roger Godsiff

texts: roofing work, rewiring, replacement guttering and even clock repair at a property he owns. He incurred the second highest expenses of all 647 MPs' for 2008/2009 with claims for £189,338. In 2011, The Guardian declared that, based on his participation in votes, <mask> was "Britain's laziest MP", being absent from 88% of votes at the start of that year. He had attended less than 50% of parliamentary debates during his whole time in office and refused to take any part in hustings meetings. He responded to the Birmingham Mail about his participation, saying, "when you are in opposition and the government has a substantial majority, you know perfectly well that you aren't going to be able to have an effect on every vote". <mask> opposed same-sex marriage in 2013, saying that he did not want to "[redefine] the current definition of marriage."<mask> was one of seven signatories in 2014 of an open letter to Ed Miliband calling upon him to commit to restricting the ability of workers from low income EU countries to move to the UK. In the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, <mask> supported the Leave campaign, although his constituency voted by 66.4% to remain in the European Union. Unusually for a pro-Brexit MP, he abstained from the vote to invoke Article 50, which would commence the UK's process of withdrawal from the EU, on the grounds that he was respecting his constituents' pro-Remain vote. <mask> supported Owen Smith in the latter's failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour leadership election. During the 2017 election campaign, his local campaign leaflet went viral in the UK due to its slogan "unwanted, unnecessary, opportunistic", which was supposed to be about the snap

masks: Godsiff Godsiff Godsiff Godsiff Godsiff


title: Roger Godsiff

texts:
 election called by Theresa May, but appeared, due to the format, to be referring to <mask> himself. At the election he gained 42,143 votes (77.6%), giving him a majority of 33,944 (62.5%), which was the twelfth largest majority of any UK MP by percentage of constituency vote. In May 2019, in the wake of protests in Birmingham over LGBT-inclusive education in primary schools, <mask> sided with the protestors: "I have concerns about the age appropriateness of children of four and five being introduced to these ideas", he said, later admitting that he had not read the books.Anderton Park Primary School in Sparkhill, which has been at the centre of the row, is in <mask>'s former constituency. He defended his voting record on equality legislation, stating, "I am supportive of the LGBT community. I have consistently voted for all laws pertaining to equality and to defend the rights of everyone to live the lifestyle they choose." In October 2019, Labour Party members in all four branches of his Hall Green constituency opted to trigger a re-selection process to choose the Labour candidate at the next general election. As a sitting Member of Parliament, <mask> was automatically entitled to be shortlisted as a potential candidate. <mask> had indicated that he intended to stand for re-selection. However, the process was paused due to the election being called that month, resulting in the decision being made by the NEC to not endorse <mask> and select a new candidate with a local panel.He stood as an Independent at the 2019 general election and came third. He was succeeded in the seat by Tahir Ali. Controversy

Andy McSmith's book Faces of Labour (1996), contends that <mask> obtained selection for his seat in 1992 by

masks: Godsiff Godsiff Godsiff Godsiff Godsiff Godsiff Godsiff


title: Roger Godsiff

texts:
 dubious means which, although accepted by the Labour Party, were too late to act upon. In 2005, Tribune made similar allegations about his successful bid to stave off deselection, which was only thwarted by the local votes of his former employer, the GMB Union. <mask> had angered many in his local party by his calls for curbs on immigration. During the 2010 general election campaign, <mask> issued leaflets suggesting the Liberal Democrats were in favour of "convicted murderers, rapists and paedophiles to be given the vote", which the Lib Dems denied was their policy. The leaflets contained images of various high-profile criminals, including child sex offender and nursery worker Vanessa George and serial killer Steven Wright.Labour's general secretary Ray Collins said the leaflet was not approved at a national level and the local campaign was later scrapped. Personal life
<mask> has been married to Julia Brenda Morris since 1977 and they have a son and a daughter. He is a lifelong supporter of Charlton Athletic F.C. He was previously the chairman of the Charlton Athletic Community Trust, which oversees the club's community work. He resigned from this position on 26 June 2019 following the controversy surrounding his support for the anti-LGBT protesters in Birmingham. References

External links

 Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: <mask> MP

1946 births
Living people
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Councillors in the London Borough of Lewisham
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
People from Lewisham
British Eurosceptics
British republicans
Labour Party (UK) mayors
Politicians affected by a party

masks:
Godsiff
Godsiff
Godsiff
Roger Godsiff


title: Eduard Spelterini

texts:
<mask> (2 June 1852 – 16 June 1931) was a Swiss pioneer of ballooning and of aerial photography. Early life

<mask> was born in Bazenheid in the Toggenburg area in Switzerland as <mask>weizer. His father, Sigmund Schweizer, was an innkeeper. When he was eight years old, the family reportedly moved to northern Italy, to a place near the Swiss-Italian border in the province of Como. <mask> is said to have attended the schools in Lugano. At the age of eighteen, <mask> allegedly went first to Milan and then to Paris to be trained as an opera singer. During this time, he chose the name "Spelterini", because to him it sound fancier than "Schweizer".His singing career was cut short by a severe case of pneumonia. In any case, <mask> turned up in the mid-1870s in Paris, and in 1877 he was licensed by the Académie d'Aérostation météorologique de France as a ballon pilot. Ascents around the world

In the 1880s, after having successfully made 17 ascents by himself, <mask> began to offer commercial rides with passengers. In 1887, he had his first own balloon made by the Surcouf company in Paris, a gas balloon with a volume of 1,500 cubic meters, which he named "Urania". The first voyage with this ballon was on 5 October 1887, starting in Vienna. Subsequently, <mask> moved to the United Kingdom, where he performed together with an American aerial acrobat going by the name of Leona Dare who would perform acrobatic acts suspended under the basket of <mask>'s balloon during the flights. The spectacle, but also <mask>'s often taking journalists for a ride for free ensured them

masks:
Eduard Spelterini
Spelterini
Eduard Sch
Eduard
Eduard
Spelterini
Spelterini
Spelterini
Spelterini
Spelterini


title: Eduard Spelterini

texts: favourable publicity.Together, they toured eastwards through Europe until Moscow, where they parted. <mask> turned southwards, making ascents in Bucharest, Saloniki, and Athens, before moving to Cairo. After his ascents in spring 1890 over the pyramids of Giza he continued touring, first to Naples, then to Istanbul. In 1891, <mask> returned to Switzerland. By that time, he was famous for his ballooning adventures. On 26 July 1891 <mask> made his first ascent in Switzerland, starting at the Heimplatz in Zurich. The initial skepticism of the people vanished quickly, and his starts soon attracted crowds wherever he turned up: Zurich, Winterthur, St. Gall, Interlaken, Vevey, ... His endeavours also caught the attention of scientists.On various occasions, <mask> made ascents with scientists solely for the purpose of conducting experiments: with physicists to study the atmosphere, with physicians to study human blood cells at low atmospheric pressure, with geologists to study the earth from above. Geologist Albert Heim had once proposed to Spelterini to try crossing the Alps by balloon. But he needed a larger balloon for such an endeavour. With the help of sponsors, he was able to buy the "Wega", twice as large as "Urania" with a volume of 3,260 cubic meters. With it, Heim and <mask> planned to travel from Sion in the Valais across Uri into the Grisons. But the winds decided otherwise. Despite unfavourable wind conditions, they started on 3 October 1898.The winds drove the balloon across Les Diablerets and then further westwards, across Lake Neuchatel and the Jura

masks: Spelterini Spelterini Spelterini Spelterini Spelterini


title: Eduard Spelterini

texts:
 Mountains, until they descended near Besançon in France. Much of the trip was made at altitudes between 5000 and 6000 meters above sea level. In the following years, <mask> crossed the Alps numerous times with his balloons, in all directions. In 1904, he spent several months in Egypt, and in 1911, he even travelled to South Africa, yet he returned each time to Switzerland. Aerial photography

Around 1893, <mask> had begun to take a camera aboard his balloon and started to take pictures on his flights. It was certainly not easy to photograph with this equipment, weighing between 40 and 60 kilograms, and with a minimum exposure time of 1/30th of a second. But <mask> brought back stunning photographs of the landscape seen from above that won awards repeatedly at aeronautical expositions in Milan, Paris, Brussels, or Frankfurt.For Albert Heim his photos provided whole new insights about the relief of the Alps. <mask> presented his photos in slide shows wherever he went, from Stockholm to Cape Town, fascinating his audiences and winning the general acclaim of the press, who reviewed his presentations favorably. Decline of ballooning

The outbreak of World War I put an end to <mask>'s travels. Borders were closed, and <mask>'s balloons remained grounded. He retired as an independent gentleman to Coppet near Geneva with his wife Emma (née Karpf), whom he had married on 28 January 1914 in the church of St Martin-in-the-Fields in London. But although he was well off financially, his savings diminished in the war years, and what was left of it was eaten up by the post-war

masks: Spelterini Spelterini Spelterini Spelterini Spelterini Spelterini


title: Eduard Spelterini

texts:
 inflation. The airplane had surpassed ballooning, nobody cared anymore about his pre-war exploits, and <mask> was all but forgotten.In 1922, he hired out as a showman at the Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen, posing for photos and taking people for short rides in a captive balloon. He detested it. Disappointed, he retired to Zipf near Vöcklabruck in Austria, where he had bought a small house and lived from the sale of the eggs of his 300 chickens. In 1926, he tried a last time to revive his old ballooning adventures. With the financial help of some friends, he started from Zurich in a rented balloon. But he fell unconscious during the voyage; his passengers just barely managed to crash-land the balloon in Vorarlberg. <mask> returned to Zipf, where he died impoverished and largely unknown in 1931.References

Further reading

Capus, A.: "Geschenke des Himmels", p. 36-50 in Das Magazin 38/2007. In German. Degen, H.R. : "<mask> (1852–1931)", p. 39-57 in Schweizer Flugtechniker und Ballonpioniere, Verein für wirtschaftshistorische Studien, Meilen. . In German. Heim, A.: Die Fahrt der "Wega" über Alpen und Jura am 3. Oktober 1898, Verlag B. Schwabe, Basel 1899.In German. Kramer, Th., Stadler, H. (eds. ): Edurad <mask> – Fotografien des Ballonpioniers, Scheidegger & Spiess, 2007. . In German & English. <mask>, E.: Über den Wolken/Par dessus les nuages, Brunner & Co, Zürich 1928, with an introduction by A. Heim. In German & French.19th-century Swiss photographers
Aerial photographers
1852 births
1931 deaths
Aviation pioneers
People from Toggenburg
20th-century Swiss

masks:
Spelterini
Spelterini
Eduard Spelterini
Spelterini
Spelterini


title: F. Sherwood Rowland

texts:
<mask>Sherry" <mask> (June 28, 1927 – March 10, 2012) was an American Nobel laureate and a professor of chemistry at the University of California, Irvine. His research was on atmospheric chemistry and chemical kinetics. His best-known work was the discovery that chlorofluorocarbons contribute to ozone depletion. Education and early life
Born in Delaware, Ohio, <mask> received a majority of his education in public schools and, due to accelerated promotion was able to graduate high school several weeks before his 16th birthday. In the summers during his high school career, <mask> was entrusted to run the local weather service station. This was <mask>'s first exposure to systematic experimentation and data collection. After entering Ohio Wesleyan University, <mask> was about to graduate shortly before his 18th birthday.Instead, he was enlisted to the Navy to train radar operators. <mask> was discharged after 14 months as a non commissioned officer. After entering the University of Chicago, <mask> was assigned Willard F. Libby as a mentor and began to study radiochemistry. <mask>'s thesis was about the chemical state of cyclotron-produced radioactive bromine atoms. <mask> received his B.A. from Ohio Wesleyan University in 1948. He then earned his M.S.in 1951 and his Ph.D. in 1952, both from the University of Chicago. Career and research
<mask> held academic posts at Princeton University (1952–56) and at the University of Kansas (1956–64) before becoming a professor of chemistry at the University of California, Irvine, in 1964. At Irvine in the early 1970s he began working with Mario J. Molina. <mask> was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1978 and served as a president of American Association for

masks:
Frank Sherwood "
Rowland
Rowland
Frank
Rowland
Rowland
Rowland
Rowland
Rowland
Rowland
Rowland
Rowland


title: F. Sherwood Rowland

texts: the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 1993. His best-known work was the discovery that chlorofluorocarbons contribute to ozone depletion. <mask> theorized that man made organic compound gases combine with solar radiation and decompose in the stratosphere, releasing atoms of chlorine and chlorine monoxide that are individually able to destroy large numbers of ozone molecules. It was obvious that <mask> had a good idea of what was occurring at higher altitudes when he stated "...I knew that such a molecule could not remain inert in the atmosphere forever, if only because solar photochemistry at high altitudes would break it down".<mask>'s research, first published in Nature magazine in 1974, initiated a scientific investigation of the problem. In 1978, a first ban on CFC-based aerosols in spray cans was issued in the United States. The actual production did however not stop and was soon on the old levels. It took till the 1980s to allow for a global regulation policy. <mask> performed many measurements of the atmosphere. One experiment included collecting air samples at various cities and locations around the globe to determine CCl3F North-South mixing. By measuring the concentrations at different latitudes, <mask> was able to see that CCl3F was mixing between hemispheres quite rapidly.The same measurement was repeated 8 years later and the results showed a steady increase in CCl3F concentrations. <mask>'s work also showed how the density of the ozone layer varied by season increasing in November and decreasing until April where it levels out for the summer only to increase in November. Data gained throughout successive years showed that although the pattern was consistent, the overall ozone levels were

masks: Rowland Frank Rowland Rowland Rowland Rowland


title: F. Sherwood Rowland

texts:
 dropping. <mask>  and his colleagues interacted both with the public and the political side and suggested various solutions, which allowed to step wise reduce the CFC impact. CFC emissions were regulated first within Canada, the United States, Sweden and Norway. In the 1980s, the Vienna Agreement and the Montreal Protocol allowed for global regulation. Awards and honors

<mask> won numerous awards for his work:
Tolman Medal, 1976
Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Leo Szilard Lectureship Award, 1979
Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, 1983
Japan Prize, 1989
Honorary Doctor of Science (Sc.D.)degree from Whittier College, 1989
Peter Debye Award, 1993
Albert Einstein World Award of Science, 1994
Roger Revelle Medal, 1994
Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1995
Elected to the American Philosophical Society (1995)
Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, 1996
In 1998, the UC Irvine physical sciences building was named after <mask>. A bust of <mask> is visible in the lobby. Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2004
 <mask> in Antarctica was named after him in 2007
STEM Wing At Rutherford B. Hayes High School in Delaware, Ohio named in his honor

Personal life
<mask> was the father of art historian <mask>, and <mask>. He had two granddaughters. After suffering from a short bout of ill health, <mask> died on March 10, 2012, of complications from Parkinson's disease. Upon hearing the news, renowned chemist and good friend Mario J. Molina stated: "Sherry was a prime influence throughout my career and had inspired me and many others to walk in the shadow of his greatness". References

External links

Bibliography
Technical Reports:
"Radiochemistry Research:

masks:
Rowland
Rowland
Rowland
Rowland
Mount Rowland
Frank Rowland
Ingrid Rowland
Jeff Rowland
Rowland


title: F. Sherwood Rowland

texts:
 Progress Report, October 1, 1974 to September 30, 1975", University of California, Irvine, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (1975)."Research in Chemical Kinetics: Progress Report, January 1, 1978 to September 30, 1978", University of California, Irvine, United States Department of Energy, (1978). "Research in Chemical Kinetics. Annual Report, 1993", University of California, Irvine, United States Department of Energy, (1993). "Research in Chemical Kinetics. Annual Report, 1994", University of California, Irvine, United States Department of Energy, (June 1, 1994). Archival collections
F. <mask> Papers. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.Other
CFCs, Ozone Depletion and Global Warming Freeview video interview with F.<mask> provided by the Vega Science Trust. including the Nobel Lecture on December 8, 1995
UCI Nobel winner F<mask> 'Sherry' <mask> dies at 84 Orange County
Ozone layer scientist who 'saved the world' dies Guardian
Obituary in The Independent by Marcus Williamson

1927 births
2012 deaths
Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates
American chemists
American Nobel laureates
Neurological disease deaths in California
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
Ohio Wesleyan University alumni
People from Delaware, Ohio
Princeton University faculty
University of California, Irvine faculty
University of Chicago alumni
University of Kansas faculty
Atmospheric chemists
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy sailors
Members of the American Philosophical

masks:
Sherwood Rowland
Sherwood Rowland
. Sherwood
Rowland


title: J. T. Thomas (Survivor contestant)

texts:
<mask>. (born June 23, 1984) is an American television personality known for his appearances as a contestant on the American television show Survivor. He first appeared in the 18th season, Survivor: Tocantins in which he won the title of Sole Survivor and the  grand prize. <mask> later appeared as a contestant in the 20th season Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains, finishing in tenth place. He returned to play for a third time on the 34th season: Survivor: Game Changers where he placed 16th. Early life
<mask> was raised in Samson, Alabama, graduated from Troy University as a business marketing major, and currently resides in Mobile, Alabama. Survivor

Tocantins
On May 17, 2009, it was revealed that he had been voted the winner of Survivor: Tocantins, having received all seven jury votes (cast by Brendan Synnott, <mask>, Sierra Reed, Debbie Beebe, Benjamin "Coach" Wade, <mask> "<mask>" <mask>, and Erinn Lobdell), beating out corporate consultant and friend Stephen Fishbach. In addition to his million-dollar win, <mask> also won the $100,000 prize for Sprint Player of the Season, beating out fellow fan favorites <mask> and Reed.<mask> was the sixth person to win Survivor's million-dollar prize without ever having any votes cast against him at Tribal Council—preceded by <mask> (The Australian Outback), Ethan Zohn (Africa), Brian Heidik (Thailand), Sandra Diaz-<mask> (Pearl Islands), and <mask> (Palau). He was also the second person to win the million-dollar prize as a result of a unanimous vote—preceded by Earl Cole (Fiji), and the second consecutive person to win both the million dollars and the $100,000, preceded by Bob Crowley (Gabon). <mask> is the first player ever to win Sole Survivor by a unanimous vote while never receiving any votes against him during the entire game. The only other two Survivor castaways to

masks:
James Thomas Jr
Thomas
Thomas
Tyson Apostol
Tamara
Taj
Johnson George
Thomas
Johnson George
Thomas
Tina Wesson
Twine
Tom Westman
Thomas


title: J. T. Thomas (Survivor contestant)

texts:
 accomplish this feat are <mask>ran in Survivor: Caramoan and <mask> in Survivor: Cambodia. However, neither Cochran nor Collins won the $100,000 prize for Sprint Player of the Season (it had been discontinued by the time Collins won Sole Survivor), and Collins received votes against him which were nullified by a hidden immunity idol. <mask> also performed with distinction in the challenges. During the reward challenge in Episode Four, <mask> carried 220 pounds before dropping out, tying the record previously set by Pearl Islands contestant Rupert Boneham, who had also carried 220 pounds before dropping out.At the immunity challenge that followed, <mask> came close to single-handedly winning immunity for <mask>—by catching four out of the five balls needed to win, although <mask>a won the challenge in the end. (In the process, <mask> knocked out a tooth—which <mask> saved and later gave to <mask>'s mother at the reunion special.) <mask> also won more post-merge reward and immunity challenges than anyone else in his season, with three reward challenges (the first two and the last one) and three immunity challenges (the last three consecutive ones). Because <mask> won the game unanimously, without having had a single vote cast against him, was awarded the $100,000 player-of-the-season prize, and won more individual challenges than anyone else by a considerable margin, he has been said to have played the first "perfect game" in Survivor history. Heroes vs. Villains
<mask> was chosen to participate in the 20th season of Survivor as a member of the Heroes tribe. While he was part of this tribe, he made side deals with <mask> and Colby Donaldson, even though he was also in the majority alliance along with Amanda Kimmel, Candice Woodcock, Cirie Fields, <mask>, and Rupert Boneham. <mask> also switched his vote at the

masks:
John Coch
Jeremy Collins
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Jalapao
Timbir
Thomas
Jeff Probst
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Tom Westman
James Clement
Thomas


title: J. T. Thomas (Survivor contestant)

texts: Heroes' third tribal council, which resulted in the elimination of Fields, foiling his original alliance's plan to vote off Donaldson or Westman, who played his hidden immunity idol.Despite this betrayal, he maintained his place in the Heroes tribe, and stuck with the majority after voting off Westman, who was seen as a threat, and Clement, who was a liability due to his injury at the "Schmergen Brawl" challenge. After a string of losses, <mask>'s tribe of Heroes rallied and went on to win the next few challenges, thus maintaining immunity until the merge. When the Heroes tribe won a reward challenge in Episode 7, they found a clue to a hidden immunity idol and agreed to find it as a tribe. Nevertheless, <mask> decided to look for the idol by himself. He found it, but he was intending to keep it to himself to further his individual interests. However, Kimmel noticed that <mask> had found it, so <mask> was forced to reveal his find to the tribe. After several men of the Villains tribe were voted out, <mask> and other members of the Heroes tribe assumed there must be an alliance of the Villains' women, whereas in fact the alliance orchestrating these votes consisted of Russell Hantz, Parvati Shallow, and Danielle DiLorenzo.<mask> came up with a plan to give his tribe's hidden immunity idol to Hantz to keep him from being eliminated by the "female alliance", thinking that, once the tribes merged, Hantz would side with the Heroes and together they would be able to vote out Parvati, the Villain they assumed was biggest threat. When the tribes merged, Hantz feigned allegiance to the Heroes, and <mask> and his tribemates still assumed that Hantz was on their side, even though Hantz had not used the idol the Heroes had given him to eliminate Shallow, and even though Villains tribe member Sandra Diaz-<mask>, who was on

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Twine


title: J. T. Thomas (Survivor contestant)

texts:
 the outs with the Villains tribe, told Rupert Boneham there was no female alliance and explained what was really going on. Boneham relayed this information to the Heroes and warned <mask> that he shouldn't be putting all of his trust into Hantz, but <mask> did not believe what <mask>e had said. At the first post-merge tribal council, just as <mask>e had warned, the Villains all stuck together. Parvati Shallow played her own idol to protect <mask>e, and also played the idol <mask> had given to Hantz (which Hantz had given to Shallow), to protect <mask> Manthey, whom the Heroes had voted for. With the votes against Manthey negated by the immunity idol, since all five Villains had voted for <mask>, he was the one eliminated by a 5–0 vote. Thus he became the 11th person voted off, the first person to be eliminated after the merge, and the third member of the jury.As a result of his move, at the live reunion special, <mask> was awarded a trophy for the dumbest move in Survivor history. <mask> cast his jury vote for <mask> to win again along with Courtney Yates, and fellow Heroes tribemates, Amanda Kimmel, Candice Cody, Rupert Boneham and Colby Donaldson. This secured <mask> to win a second time by a 6-3-0 vote. Game Changers
On February 8, 2017, <mask> was revealed to be a contestant on the 34th season of Survivor, entitled Survivor: Game Changers. Amongst all the players that won on their first try, <mask> is the first male winner to play three times. He started on the Nuku tribe which won the first two challenges. <mask> was the only original Nuku member to remain on Nuku after the tribal split.At Nuku, he took the tribe fishing in the ocean, but at one point, he left the tribe, went back to camp and tried to find the hidden immunity idol but was unsuccessful. He later formed a bond with Malcolm Freberg, to whom

masks:
Thomas
Thomas
Diaz Twin
Diaz Twin
Diaz Twin
Thomas
Jerri
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Diaz Twine
Diaz Twine
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas


title: J. T. Thomas (Survivor contestant)

texts:
 <mask> suggested that they vote out fellow Heroes vs. Villains castaway Sandra Diaz-<mask>e. On Day 11, <mask> announced that only one tribe would win immunity and the other two tribes would go to Tribal Council. <mask>vua won immunity. Probst then said that both Mana and Nuku would go to Tribal Council together and vote out one person. At the Nuku camp, <mask> suggested that they vote out <mask> for being sneaky, but <mask> wanted Sierra Dawn <mask> out. During a chaotic Tribal Council, <mask>.went to Brad Culpepper and told him that Sierra was the target and he should vote for <mask>. However, this plan backfired as Trang played his hidden immunity idol on Sierra and Mana's votes sent Freberg out of the game. After returning from camp, <mask>. lied to his tribe about not telling Culpepper who their target was, to avoid the blame. The next day, <mask>. searched for an idol and ultimately found it. Then after Nuku won the reward challenge, <mask>., back at camp, grew annoyed with Michaela Bradshaw for eating a tablespoon of sugar with a couple drops of coffee.<mask>e then ate all the sugar in order to intensify his and Bradshaw's feud. He blamed Bradshaw for the disappearance of the sugar, then when Nuku lost immunity, he talked to Aubry Bracco, <mask>, and <mask> about getting Bradshaw out. However, <mask> and Bradshaw agreed to vote out <mask>., leaving Varner as the swing vote. <mask>. decided not to bring his idol to Tribal Council because he believed he was safe. Ultimately, Varner sided with <mask> and Bradshaw, and <mask>. was blindsided in 16th place.Filmography

Television

References

External links
 CBS official biography

1984 births
American cattlemen
Living people
Participants in American reality television series
People from Geneva County, Alabama
Survivor (American TV series) winners
Troy

masks:
Thomas
Twin
Jeff Probst
Ta
Thomas
Tai Trang
Diaz Twine
Thomas
J T
Diaz Twine
J T
J T
J T
Diaz Twin
Jeff Varner
Diaz Twine
Diaz Twine
J T
J T
Diaz Twine
J T


title: Dave Ferriss

texts:
<mask> (December 5, 1921 – November 24, 2016) was an American Major League Baseball player who pitched for the Boston Red Sox from 1945 through 1950. Ferriss was given the nickname 'Boo' as the result of a childhood inability to pronounce the word 'brother'. After <mask>'s MLB playing career was over, he returned to the Mississippi Delta for two stints as the head baseball coach at Delta State University where he retired as the school's all-time leader in wins with 639. In November 2002, he was inducted into the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame. Playing career

College and minor league baseball
Ferriss received the first full baseball scholarship to Mississippi State University, where he pitched in 1941 and 1942 and joined the Kappa Sigma fraternity. He was signed by the Red Sox in 1942, and he appeared in 21 games for the Greensboro Red Sox of the Class B Piedmont League, compiling a 7–7 record. Shortly afterward, he was called by the military for World War II service, where he served for over two years at Randolph Field in Texas, during which time he was able to continue playing baseball, in a military league.After an early discharge in February 1945 due to asthma, <mask> was assigned by the Red Sox to the Louisville Colonels, although he did not appear in a game with them. During his college years, <mask> was credited with naming the "orange". Major League Baseball
When the Red Sox started slowly in 1945, <mask> was called up and made a spectacular major league debut with a five-hit shutout against the Athletics on April 29. He went on to set a longstanding American League (AL) record for scoreless innings pitched at the start of a career with 22, which stood until 2008, when it was broken by Brad Ziegler. Ferriss compiled a 21–10 win-loss record for the Red Sox in his rookie season. <mask> then compiled a

masks:
David Meadow Ferriss
Ferriss
Ferriss
Dave
Ferriss
Ferriss


title: Dave Ferriss

texts:
 25–6 record (the best in the AL) that helped the Red Sox win the AL pennant in 1946. He was selected for the All-Star Game that season for the first and only time but did not pitch (the 1945 All-Star Game had been cancelled due to World War II).He started two games in the 1946 World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals, and pitched a complete-game shutout in the third game before getting a no-decision in the seventh and deciding game, which was won by the Cardinals. <mask>' record in 1947 was 12–11. His arm troubles and asthma restricted him to only nine starts and 31 appearances in 1948, and four appearances in 1949. His final major league appearance was on Opening Day of the 1950 season, when he pitched only one inning. Ferriss compiled a career record of 65–30, and shares the MLB record for consecutive home wins to start a season (13, in 1946). He was inducted into the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 2002. Ferriss was a very good hitting pitcher in his six-year major league career, posting a .250 batting average (93-for-372) with one home run, 52 RBIs, and 44 runs scored.He had 19 RBIs in each of the 1945 and 1947 seasons. He finished his career with a .979 fielding percentage. Coaching career
<mask> served as pitching coach for the Red Sox under manager Pinky Higgins from 1955 to 1959 before moving on to Delta State University as head coach in 1960. He held that role until early 1967, when he left Delta State to take the role of assistant athletic director at Mississippi State University. <mask> returned to Delta State in mid-1968, and he again served as head coach from 1970 until retiring after the 1988 season. His 639–387–8 record as Delta State head coach ranks him among all-time national coaching leaders at the NCAA Division II level. He guided Delta State teams to the NCAA Division II playoffs

masks: Ferriss Ferriss Ferriss


title: Dave Ferriss

texts:
 Ferriss handled the difficult task of cutting the would-be outfielder. Also in 2008, Ferriss received an honorary Doctor of Public Service degree from Delta State. Namings
 The baseball field at Delta State University is named <mask> Field in his honor. The "Boo" Ferriss Baseball Museum – located at the Robert L. Crawford Center at Delta State University – was named after him.Ferriss Trophy
In the fall of 2003, the Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame announced its sponsorship of an annual Mississippi Collegiate Baseball Player of the Year award, and that the trophy would bear Ferriss' name and likeness. The award is officially called the C Spire Ferriss Trophy, including the name of corporate cosponsor C Spire Wireless. Personal life
Ferriss lived with his wife, Miriam Izard <mask>, in Cleveland, Mississippi. They had two children, Dr. <mask> and <mask> White, and two grandchildren. He was a member of Covenant Presbyterian Church (PCA) in Cleveland. He died on November 24, 2016, in Cleveland. References

Further reading

 University of Southern Mississippi (1997).Oral history with Mr. David M. Ferriss

External links

, or Retrosheet
<mask> "Boo" Ferriss page at The Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame
<mask> "Boo" <mask> page at the Delta State University Sports Hall of Fame
<mask> "Boo" Ferriss page at the Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame

1921 births
2016 deaths
American League All-Stars
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Baseball players from Mississippi
Birmingham Barons players
Boston Red Sox coaches
Boston Red Sox players
Delta State University
Greensboro Red Sox players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball pitching coaches
Mississippi State Bulldogs baseball players
People from Shaw, Mississippi
United States Army Air Forces

masks:
Ferriss
Ferriss
David Ferriss
Margaret Ferriss
Dave
Dave
Ferriss
Dave


title: K.Will

texts:
Kim Hyung-soo (; born December 30, 1981), better known by his stage name <mask> (), is a South Korean singer. The name is a combination of the first letter 'K' of his last name 'Kim' and the English word 'Will', which means will. He debuted in 2007 and has since become known for his chart-topping ballads. He has also been dubbed the "Prince of OST" for his frequent Korean drama soundtrack appearances. <mask> has released four full-length albums: Left Heart (2007), Missing You (2009), The Third Album (2012–2013), and The Fourth Album (2017–2018). Career

Pre-debut
Prior to his debut, <mask> trained to be a singer for five years under producer Bang Si-hyuk. He also worked as a "guide vocal," singing demos of songs that would ultimately be recorded by other artists including TVXQ, g.o.d.and Rain. During this time, he was dubbed the "male Mariah Carey," after a video of him singing Carey's songs became popular on South Korean websites. 2007–2009: Debut and Starship Entertainment
<mask> released his first album, Left Heart, on March 6, 2007 via Bang's label Big Hit Entertainment. Producer J.Y. Park composed the album's title song, which reached #3 on the Melon digital chart shortly after its release. That year, <mask> also released the hit song, "Moon Setting Alone," from the War of Money soundtrack, and was voted the best new singer of 2007 in a survey of South Korean television writers. In January 2008, <mask> left Big Hit and joined his agent Kim Shi-dae's new company Starship Entertainment.On December 2, 2008, he released his first digital single under Starship, "Love 119" (a collaboration with rapper MC Mong). The single reached

masks:
K Will
K Will
K Will
K Will
K Will
K Will


title: K.Will

texts:
 #1 on various online music charts and ranked #2 on the KBS Music Bank chart without any promotions. K.Will released his first extended play, Dropping the Tears, featuring a title track of the same name, on March 31, 2009. While promoting the album, he gave voice lessons to Lee Min-ho, the lead actor in the television series Boys Over Flowers, to prepare Lee for recording the song "My Everything" for the show's soundtrack. K.Will made his acting debut in September alongside Han Hyo-joo in the web series Soul Special. On November 5, 2009, he released his second album, Missing You. The album's lead single, "Miss, Miss and Miss," was a success.However the second single, "Hypnosis" featuring rapper Outsider, was banned from airing on KBS because it contained the word “mute” (), which the network said could be degrading to people with disabilities. <mask>'s agency, Starship Entertainment, said in a statement that the lyrics were meant to be a metaphor for people who can't express their feelings. In early December, K.Will performed at the 2009 Hallyu Music Festival in Sapporo and Toyko, Japan. On December 25, he held his first solo concert in Seoul. 2010–2011: International expansion
<mask> debuted in the United States at "THE THREE ROMANTICISTS" concert along with Kim Bum Soo and Yoo Seung-Chan on March 5, 2010. His single titled "Present"  was released on March 10, 2010 and achieved #1 on many online music charts. <mask> embarked on his first solo concert in Japan, "K.WILL Live Concert with Band in Tokyo" in May 2010 and "K.WILL Live Concert with Band in Osaka" in July 2010.On the July 31, K.Will appeared on the music show "The MUZIT"

masks:
K Will
K Will
K Will