title: David Stern

texts:
 injury during a New York Lawyers League game. After graduating from Teaneck High School in 1959, <mask> went to Rutgers University, where he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Mu fraternity and graduated in 1963 with a B.A. in history. He then attended law school at Columbia University, receiving a J.D. in 1966. National Basketball Association

Early work
After graduating from law school, <mask> joined the law firm of Proskauer, Rose, Goetz & Mendelsohn (now Proskauer Rose), which has long represented the NBA.He was the lead attorney representing the firm in the case of Robertson vs National Basketball Association, the landmark lawsuit brought against the NBA by star player Oscar Robertson. <mask> helped the league negotiate a settlement that allowed the NBA/ABA merger to proceed in return for the NBA abolishing the "option" clause in its uniform player contract and allowing players to become free agents for the first time. In 1978, <mask> left Proskauer Rose to become the NBA's General Counsel under Commissioner Larry O'Brien. By 1980, O'Brien promoted <mask> to be the NBA's executive vice president for business and legal affairs, which made <mask> de facto in charge of marketing, television, and public relations for the league. During this time, <mask> largely drove two landmark agreements with the NBA Players' Association: drug testing and team salary cap. An August 1980 report by the Los Angeles Times had estimated that 40 to 75 percent of NBA players used cocaine. The drug testing policy dealt with the perception that the NBA had a drug problem, which it admitted, and it was cleaning it up.The NBA was the first of the major sports leagues in North America to implement a drug testing policy. The salary cap created a revenue-sharing system where owner and player were effectively partners, with players receiving 53 percent of all revenues. Both of these agreements solidified <mask>'s standing inside NBA circles. NBA Commissioner
On February 1, 1984, <mask> became the Commissioner of the NBA, succeeding O'Brien during the league's recovery from its darkest period. Instead of

masks: Stern Stern Stern Stern Stern Stern Stern Stern Stern


title: David Stern

type: original

texts: marketing the league's teams, he changed the focus to its star players, such as Magic Johnson and Larry Bird, and Michael Jordan and Charles Barkley from the 1984 NBA draft, which was held soon after <mask> took office. Jordan's arrival, in particular, ushered in a new era of commercial bounty for the NBA. With him came his flair and talent for the game, and that brought in shoe contracts from Nike which helped to give the league even more national attention.<mask> guided the league through dwindling viewership en route to global growth. In his first year as commissioner, <mask> offered Adrian Paenza, a South American basketball and soccer analyst, and the Argentina Channel 9 the rights to air weekly NBA highlights for $2,000 a year. In 1987, he started the shipping of VHS tapes from his New York office to China's state-run television station to expand the league's reach beyond North America. <mask> pushed to allow professionals to participate in the Olympics, helping spawn the 1992 U.S. Olympic team of NBA players, dubbed the "Dream Team", which begat the first wave of international NBA stars. One of the Dream Team members was Johnson. A year earlier, he announced that he was HIV-positive and retiring from basketball in a press conference with <mask> sitting by his side. At the time, the public was afraid of HIV and the disease was demonized.Some people feared it could be transmitted by sweat or a handshake. Despite backlash, <mask> allowed Johnson to play in the 1992 NBA All-Star Game and later for the Dream Team. Having read medical literature and consulted experts, <mask> helped inform league owners, players, sponsors and the public about the virus. The NBA put infection-control procedures in place; previously, players were allowed to play while bleeding. In 1995, the NBA expanded into Canada, introducing the Toronto Raptors and the Vancouver Grizzlies to the league. During <mask>'s tenure, a total of seven new franchises (the Hornets, Timberwolves, Heat, Magic, Grizzlies, Raptors, and Bobcats) were admitted to the NBA, bringing the number of teams in the league to 30 by 2004.

masks: Stern Stern Stern Stern Stern Stern Stern Stern


title: David Stern

texts: In 2000, it was revealed that the Minnesota Timberwolves had tampered with Joe Smith two years earlier by promising him a more lucrative contract in future years in exchange for signing him below market value so they could sign more players in the short-term.The NBA voided the last year of Smith's contract, fined the franchise $3.5 million and took away the Timberwolves' next three 1st-round NBA Draft picks. Although many believed that tampering is a common practice, <mask> abided by arbitrator Kenneth Dam's ruling that the Timberwolves had signed the secret agreement, and denied that the league was making an example of the Timberwolves. Before the 2005–06 season, the NBA announced a new dress code, which banned players from wearing headphones, chains, shorts, sleeveless shirts, indoor sunglasses, T-shirts, jerseys and headgear such as baseball caps during NBA-related public appearances. Allen Iverson criticized the policy: "They're targeting guys who dress like me, guys who dress hip-hop ... I think they went way overboard." A decade later, <mask>'s edict was credited with spawning a style trend among NBA stars toward high fashion. <mask> advocated a minimum age limit for NBA players.Starting with the 2006 NBA draft, players could no longer be selected straight out of high school and needed to be at least 19 years old, creating the one-and-done rule. In 2001, <mask> had stated, "If these kids have the ability to get a little more maturity, a little more coaching, a little bit more life experience overall, that's good." He was criticized for his reference to the 18-year-old adults, most of whom were African American, as "these kids", when other professional sports and occupations allowed 18-year-olds. For the 2006–07 season the NBA introduced a new "microfiber" basketball for use in NBA games, replacing the previous style ball used since 1970. Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban agreed with the need for a new ball, claiming the old style ball was inconsistent. Many of the league's most prominent players openly expressed their dislike for the new ball, such as Shaquille O'Neal who

masks: Stern Stern Stern Stern


title: David Stern

texts: said, "Feels like one of those cheap balls that you buy at the toy store." A study, financed by Cuban, claimed that the new ball "bounces 5 to 8% lower than typical leather balls when dropped from 4 feet...[and] the new ball bounces 30% more erratically."However, <mask> initially refused to go back to the original ball despite many complaints by players about the new ball. Two months into the season, the National Basketball Players Association filed a grievance related to the quality of the ball and the cuts it had caused on players' fingers. <mask> acknowledged that the NBA "could have done a better job" with the decision and implementation, and that it would have been better to get the players' input in advance. On December 11, 2006, the NBA announced that it would in fact switch back to the leather ball starting on January 1, 2007. In 2007, <mask> injected himself in the controversy surrounding the purchase and subsequent relocation of the Seattle SuperSonics by Oklahoman Clay Bennett and his ownership group. His support for the surprising move from the nation's 14th-largest market to the 45th was questioned by many both in the public and media. <mask>'s tenure saw the relocation of six NBA franchises.In the summer of 2011, the NBA lockout cost the league regular-season games for the second time in league history; the first occurred during the 1998–99 lockout. Those were the only times the league has lost games as a result of work stoppages. <mask> was known as a relentless negotiator. During the 2011 lockout, he was accused by HBO commentator Bryant Gumbel of being "some kind of modern-day plantation overseer", a reference to the division between the NBA's primarily white owners and its predominantly black players. On December 8, 2011, <mask> vetoed a three-team trade that would have sent Chris Paul to the Lakers, Lamar Odom to the league-owned Hornets, and Pau Gasol to the Rockets for what a spokesman would only say were "basketball reasons". Early reactions from around the league, fanbase, and media were all largely negative, with players taking to Twitter to express their

masks: Stern Stern Stern Stern Stern Stern


title: David Stern

texts:
 concerns, and several noted sports journalists criticizing the decision. The deal was maligned especially because of the conflict of interest posed by the league's ownership of one of its teams.On October 25, 2012, <mask> announced that he would step down as NBA commissioner on February 1, 2014, after 30 years in the role, longer than each of his three predecessors. He was succeeded by his deputy Adam Silver, but remained affiliated with the league with the title of commissioner emeritus. <mask> received the Olympic Order in 2012. In 2014, <mask> was inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. In 2016, he became a member of the FIBA Hall of Fame. Personal life and death

<mask> was married to Dianne Bock <mask>, and they had two sons: Eric and Andrew. They resided in Scarsdale, New York.By the later years of his commissionership, <mask> was earning a $9 million salary. He stood at . On December 12, 2019, <mask> suffered a brain hemorrhage and underwent emergency surgery. He died in Manhattan on January 1, 2020, at age 77. In remembrance of <mask>, all NBA teams wore black bands on their jerseys for the remainder of the 2019–20 season. Several basketball legends and players mourned his death, including LeBron James, Michael Jordan, Magic Johnson, and Kobe Bryant (who also died twenty-five days after <mask>'s death). References

External links

 NBA profile
 International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame profile

1942 births
2020 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
American sports businesspeople
Businesspeople from New Jersey
Businesspeople from New York City
Columbia Law School alumni
Deaths by intracerebral hemorrhage
FIBA Hall of Fame inductees
Jewish American sportspeople
Lawyers from New York City
Members of the Council on Foreign Relations
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
National Basketball Association commissioners
New York (state) lawyers
People from Manhattan
People from Scarsdale, New York
Proskauer Rose people
Rutgers University alumni
Teaneck High School alumni
20th-century American


title: Duke Carlisle

texts:
Emmet Augustus "<mask><mask> is a former American football player who started as a quarterback and defensive back for the Texas Longhorns in the early 1960s. He was the starting quarterback on Texas' first National Championship team in 1963. In his final game, he set the NCAA record for most yards per pass completion in a bowl game and three Cotton Bowl records on his way to being named the game's Offensive MVP. He still holds the Cotton Bowl record for most yards per pass completion. Early life

<mask> was born in Kaufman, Texas, but moved to Athens, Texas, in November, 1955. He was called <mask> to differentiate himself from his father and grandfather, both also named Emmett. At Athens, he played quarterback and led his high school to three consecutive district titles, as well as the state quarterfinals in his junior year.Football
Arriving at Texas in 1960, <mask> played on an undefeated freshman team. During his sophomore season in 1961, <mask> was the starting safety and also saw some playing time as the third-string quarterback behind Mike Cotten and Tommy Wade. In 1962, after Wade was injured in the preseason, Johnny Genung was named the starting quarterback, but a close call against Oklahoma led to head coach Darrell Royal naming <mask> as the starter against #6 Arkansas in Little Rock. Down by 3 in the 4th quarter, Texas took over on their own 10 with <mask> leading the Longhorns to midfield. He was then replaced by Genung who led the Longhorns down to the 3 yard line before handing the ball to running back Tommy Ford for the win. Carlisle sealed the game by intercepting Arkansas on

masks:
Duke
" Carlisle III
Carlisle
Duke
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle


title: Duke Carlisle

texts: the subsequent possession, but Genung was the hero and <mask> wouldn't start at quarterback again until the next season. He did start every game on defense though.By 1963 though, <mask> had taken the starting quarterback role from Wade and started every game. He led the team to an 11-0 record and to Texas' first ever national title in football. Texas started the season ranked #5, but by the time the Red River Rivalry rolled around they were #2 and Oklahoma was #1. The game became the first #1 vs. #2 that Texas has ever played in, and after they won, <mask> appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated. Texas won the following six games to win both the Southwest Conference and National Championships. Perhaps <mask>'s most important contribution towards the national title came not behind center, but on defense. Against Baylor, in the only game (and only series) in which he played safety during his senior year, he had a game-saving end-zone interception to preserve a 7-0 win.Two weeks later against Texas A&M, Texas fell behind and <mask> was pulled in favor of Wade. After Wade drove Texas to the 2-yard line and nearly threw the ball away, <mask> came back in and scored the game-winning touchdown with a little more than a minute left. For the season, <mask> was named he team's MVP. <mask> saved his best game for last against #2 Navy in the 1964 Cotton Bowl, played only six weeks after John F. Kennedy's assassination a few miles away. This would be the 2nd #1 vs. #2 game in Texas history and the only season in which Texas ever played in two such games. Though overshadowed by Heisman trophy winner

masks: Carlisle Carlisle Carlisle Carlisle Carlisle Carlisle Carlisle Carlisle


title: Duke Carlisle

texts:
 Roger Staubach, <mask> was the star of the day. On the 6th play of the game, <mask> threw a 58-yard TD pass to Phil Harris.In the 2nd quarter, on an identical play, he threw a 63-yard touchdown pass, again to Harris. He passed for 213 yards and 2 touchdowns and rushed for another 54 yards and a touchdown, for 267 all purpose yards and 3 touchdowns - and he sat out much of the 2nd half. For comparison, in the previous 10 games that season he had amassed only 415 yards and 4 touchdowns. He was named Outstanding Back in the game averaging a then NCAA-record 30.4 yards per completion. He still holds the Cotton Bowl Record for yards per completion. <mask>'s final record as a Texas starting quarterback was a perfect 12-0. After the season was over, he was selected as a quarterback in the annual College All-Star Football Game in Chicago.Records
 UT - Most net yards passing in a bowl game (219), surpassed by Bret Stafford in 1986
 UT - Most yards per pass completion in a bowl game (7 completions minimum) (30.4)
 UT - Most wins without a loss, career (12-0), surpassed by James Street in 1969
 UT - Lowest Percentage of Passes Had Intercepted, season (5.1%) (50 attempts minimum), surpassed by Eddie Phillips in 1970
 UT - Lowest Percentage of Passes Had Intercepted, career (3.4%) (100 attempts minimum), surpassed by Richard Walton in 1998
 Cotton Bowl - Most yards per pass completion (10 attempts minimum) (30.4)
 Cotton Bowl - Most yards on touchdown passes (121), surpassed by Street in 1969
 Cotton Bowl - Most net yards passing 1st half (164), surpassed by Kevin Murray in 1986
 NCAA - Most yards per

masks: Carlisle Carlisle Carlisle


title: Duke Carlisle

texts:
 pass completion in a bowl game (7 completions minimum) (30.4), tied by Tony Rice of Notre Dame in 1989; surpassed by Chris McCoy of Navy in 1996 Aloha Bowl

Bold means still active

Later life
The Green Bay Packers drafted <mask> in the fifth round of the 1964 NFL Draft, but he was cut in training camp. The Dallas Cowboys picked him up, but he spent the entire 1964 season on the taxi squad and never played a down of professional football. In 1965, after an injury ended his chance at pro football, <mask> returned to UT and earned an M.B.A. He then applied to the Army's Medical Service Corps, rather than waiting to be drafted, and was sent to Germany for three years. He assumed he would be shipped to Vietnam, but the call never came. After a stint from 1969 to 1973 as an investment banker with Merrill Lynch in New York City and then Dallas, Carlisle joined his father-in-law in the oil business in McComb, Mississippi. His brother Todd played football at Mississippi and his nephew, Cooper Carlisle, was a standout football player at Florida who played in the NFL.In 1974 <mask> was inducted into the University of Texas Athletic Hall of fame; in 2000, he was inducted into the Cotton Bowl Hall of Fame; and in 2008, the field house at Athens High School was named for him. References

External links
"Duke's Day". Time. January 10, 1964. National Championship Memories: Duke Carlisle
  Texas Stats

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Kaufman, Texas
People from Athens, Texas
Players of American football from Texas
American football quarterbacks
Texas Longhorns football

masks: Carlisle Carlisle Duke


title: Lynda La Plante

texts:
<mask>, CBE (born <mask>; 15 March 1943) is an English author, screenwriter and former actress, best known for writing the Prime Suspect television crime series. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> on 15 March 1943. <mask>e's older sister Dail was killed in a road accident, at the age of six, before she was born. Born and brought up in Liverpool, Lancashire, <mask>e trained for the stage at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. After finishing her studies, using the stage name Lynda Marchal, she appeared with the Royal Shakespeare Company in a variety of productions, as well as popular television series including Z-Cars, Educating Marmalade, The Sweeney, The Professionals, and Bergerac. As an actress she is perhaps best remembered as the hay-fever suffering ghost Tamara Novek in the BBC children's series Rentaghost. In 1974, <mask>e took her first scriptwriting job on the ITV children's series The Kids from 47A.Widows and career breakthrough
Her breakthrough came in 1983 when she created and wrote the six-part robbery series Widows for Thames Television. The plot concerned the widows of four armed robbers carrying out a heist planned by their deceased husbands. A second series of Widows followed in 1985, while a sequel She's Out took up the story ten years later. Her debut novel, The Legacy, was published in 1987 and received both critical and best-seller success. Her second, third and fourth novels came soon after – The Talisman (1987), Bella Mafia (1990) and Entwined (1993) – all of which became international best sellers. In 1990 <mask> started working on her next television project, Prime Suspect, which was released by Granada in 1991. Prime Suspect starred Helen Mirren as DCI Jane Tennison, airing in the UK as

masks:
Lynda La Plante
Lynda Titchmarsh
Lynda La Plante
Lynda Titchmarsh
La Plant
La Plant
La Plant
La Plante


title: Lynda La Plante

texts: well as on PBS in the United States as part of the anthology program Mystery!.In 1993 <mask>e won an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for her work on the series. In 1992 she wrote a TV film called Seekers, starring Brenda Fricker and Josette Simon, produced by <mask>. In 1993 <mask>e formed her own television production company, La Plante Productions and through her new company she wrote and produced high-rating series The Governor (ITV 1995–96), Supply & Demand (ITV 1997–98), Killer Net (Channel 4 1998), acclaimed series Trial & Retribution (ITV 1997–2009), Mind Games (ITV 2001) and The Commander (ITV 2003–08). During this period <mask>e also released the Cold series of books; Cold Shoulder, Cold Blood and Cold Heart, followed by Sleeping Cruelty (2000) – adding to her list of best sellers. In 1996 <mask>e co-wrote and executive produced The Prosecutors (NBC) with Tom Fontana (starring Stockard Channing), wrote and executive produced Bella Mafia (1998 CBS) (starring Vanessa Redgrave), which <mask>e adapted from her novel of the same name. In 2001 she co-produced The Warden (2001 TNT), starring Ally Sheedy, a variation of <mask>e's series The Governor. <mask>e also co-produced her adaptation of the UK hit Widows (2002 ABC) and produced the pilot of Cold Shoulder (2006 New Regency / CBS) starring Kelly McGillis, which was based on her Cold series.<mask>e was also executive producer on Daniel Petrie Jnr's adaptation of her show Framed (2002 TNT) which starred Sam Neill and Rob Lowe. <mask>e released Royal Flush (2002), and then began working on her Anna Travis series, which includes Above Suspicion (2004), The Red Dahlia (2005), Clean Cut (2007), Deadly Intent (2008), Silent Scream (2009), Blind Fury

masks:
La Plant
Sarah Lawson
La Plant
La Plant
La Plant
La Plant
La Plant
La Plant
La Plant
La Plant


title: Lynda La Plante

texts:
 (2010), Blood Line (2011), Backlash (2012), and Wrongful Death (2013). So successful were the books that a UK television series was written and produced by <mask>e starring Kelly Reilly and Ciarán Hinds. Widows was remade as a US-set film in 2018, directed by Steve McQueen. Prime Suspect was also remade as an American series, starring Maria Bello. It ran for 13 episodes in 2011-2012. Awards

<mask>e has received many awards over the course of her career.For her work on Prime Suspect she received two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Mini Series (1993, 1994), as well as the Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Mystery TV Episode. In 2001, the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) gave her the Dennis Potter Award for television writing. In 2008 <mask>e was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the Queen's Birthday Honours List for services to Literature, Drama and to Charity. In the same year she received the TV Spielfilm Award at the International Film and Television Festival Conference in Cologne, Germany, for her television adaptation of her novel Above Suspicion. In 2009 <mask>e was inducted into the Crime Thriller Awards Hall of Fame and most recently, in 2013, <mask>e was awarded an Honorary Fellowship with the Forensic Science Society (FSSoc), the first non-scientist to be inducted into the professional body; receiving the award for the accuracy with which she portrays forensic science in her work. She has also been made an honorary member of the British Film Institute, and an Honorary Fellow from Liverpool John Moores University. Works

Dolly Rawlins/Widows
Widows (1983/2018)
Widows II (1985) / Widows' Revenge (2019)
She's Out (1995)
Buried (2020)
Judas Horse

masks:
La Plant
La Plant
La Plant
La Plant
La Plant


title: Lynda La Plante

texts:
 (2021)

Legacy
The Legacy (1987)
The Talisman (1987)

Jane Tennison
Prime Suspect (1991)
Prime Suspect 2 (1992)
Prime Suspect 3 (1993)
Tennison (2015) (basis of British TV series Prime Suspect 1973)
Hidden Killers (2016)
Good Friday (2017)
Murder Mile (2018)
The Dirty Dozen (2019)
Blunt Force (2020)
Unholy Murder (2021)

Lorraine Page
Cold Shoulder (1994)
Cold Blood (1996)
Cold Heart (1998)

Trial And Retribution
Trial and Retribution (1997)
Trial and Retribution II (1998)
Trial and Retribution III (1999)
Trial and Retribution IV (2000)
Trial and Retribution V (2002)
Trial and Retribution VI (2002)

Anna Travis
Above Suspicion (2004)
The Red Dahlia (2006)
Clean Cut (2007)
Deadly Intent (2008)
Silent Scream (2009)
Blind Fury (2010)
Bloodline (2011)
Backlash (2012)
 Wrongful Death (2013)

Novels
Bella Mafia (1991)
Civvies (1992)
Entwined (1992)
Framed (1992)
Seekers (1993)
Comics (1993)
The Governor (1995)
The Governor 2  (1996)
Sleeping Cruelty (2000)
Royal Flush (2002)
Twisted (2014)

Short stories
The Little One (2012)

Personal life
She was married to musician Richard La Plante for 17 years, until their divorce in 1996.At the age of 57 she adopted a baby son whose name is Lorcan. References

External links

<mask> <mask> at the MBC Encyclopedia of Television
 <mask> <mask> biography and credits at the BFI's Screenonline

La Plante Productions

1943 births
Living people
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Edgar Award winners
English crime fiction writers
English dramatists and playwrights
<mask> Marchal
Lynda Marchal
English television writers
English women dramatists and playwrights
English women novelists
Novelists from Liverpool
Women mystery

masks:
Lynda
La Plante
Lynda
La Plante
Lynda


title: Edward J. Fraughton

texts:
<mask><mask> (born March 22, 1939, Park City, Utah) is an American artist, sculptor, and inventor. He is primarily known for his epic monumental works and individual collector editions that often relate to the history of the American West. Fraughton's stylistic goals follow the American Neo-classic/Beaux-Arts, impressionistic realism traditions of J. Q. A. Ward, Henry Merwin Shrady, <mask>, Hermon Atkins MacNeil, Daniel Chester French, Augustus Saint Gaudens, Cyrus Dallin, Gutzon and Solon Borglum, and American animaliers Arthur Putnam, <mask>, Phimister Proctor. A literal sculptor with an academic background in design and human anatomy, Fraughton's versatility covers a broad spectrum of human and animal subjects. Education

Fraughton attended Marsac Elementary School and in 1957 graduated from Park City High School.Entering the University of Utah as a civil engineering student, Fraughton later changed his major to sculpture and graduated in 1962 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) degree. While there, he studied, served as a student teaching assistant, assisted in the gross anatomy lab and did his post graduate work under the legendary Dr. Avard T. Fairbanks and his son, <mask>. He also played baritone horn in the university marching and concert bands. Professional career

Following his formal education, which he largely financed by working night shifts at local steel fabrication plant, Fraughton struggled to make ends meet by working in sales, serving as a substitute high school teacher, driving truck as a delivery boy and laboring as a foundry worker in a local bronze casting facility. In 1966, he was hired by Thiokol Chemical Corporation to apply his artistic training at

masks:
Edward J
. Fraughton
James Earle Fraser
Edward Kemeys
Justin


title: Edward J. Fraughton

texts:
 the newly opened Job Corps Center in Clearfield, Utah. Managed by the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), Job Corps was an initiative launched by the Lyndon B<mask> administration to fight the "War on Poverty". After the first year of operations, on August 22, 1967, Fraughton received a letter from W. C. Hearnton, assistant director of avocational training, stating in part:

Resigning from the Job Corps in 1967 to launch his full-time career as a professional sculptor, Fraughton's first sculpture commission involved creating a series of historical portraits for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.In 1968 he was commissioned by the Sons of Utah Pioneers and Mormon Battalion associations to create a heroic monument commemorating the historic Mormon Battalion trek from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, to San Diego during the 1846–1847 Mexican–American War. His heroic 12-foot monumental Mormon Battalion Soldier stands at the highest point in San Diego's Presidio Park. National recognition began to mount in 1973 when <mask> was awarded his first gold medal at the National Academy of Western Art for his sculpture entitled, Where Trails End. Awards from the National Sculpture Society, National Academy of Design and other prestigious art organizations soon followed. In 1980, <mask> was selected to create the inaugural medal for President Ronald Reagan. During his eight years in office, a copy of Where Trails End was exhibited in President Reagan's private office in the White House. The same piece is now on permanent display at the Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California.Recent sculpture projects

One of <mask>'s most recent works involves a ten-year

masks:
. Johnson
Fraughton
Fraughton
Fraughton


title: Edward J. Fraughton

texts:
 collaborative effort with fellow sculptors, Kent Ullberg and Blair Buswell. Commissioned by the First National Bank of Omaha, the heroic bronze installation titled, Nebraska Wilderness and Pioneer Courage, depicts a historic pioneer wagon train moving west through Nebraska's wilderness during the mid-19th century. Encountering a herd of wild American bison, the animals quickly turn and run through the city streets toward the bank's new 40-story office building. As the buffalo approach an elevated pond and fountain facing the building's front entrance, a flock of Canada geese explode from the water, fly around the surrounding air space and through the windows of a glassed-in atrium housing the building's historic facade. The geese slowly morph from traditional bronze into modern polished stainless steel as they enter the building. The artistic effect and integration of all elements create a unique and startling effect in the world of contemporary realist sculpture. This project is the largest single installation of monumental sculpture in North America, the linear space covering an area of approximately five city blocks.Another more recently completed monument depicts an ancient ancestral rock-climbing Puebloan Indian descending a sheer narrow column of sandstone with a basket of corn. Indicative of the ancient cliff-dweller culture of the American Southwest, the twenty-foot high monument graces the new visitor's center and museum entrance of Mesa Verde National Park near Cortez, Colorado. Inventor

Following a mid-air collision over the Salt Lake Valley in 1987 that destroyed two airplanes and claimed ten lives, <mask>, a pilot, invented and patented a new technology for


title: Edward J. Fraughton

texts:
 tracking aircraft. This technology, now most popularly known as ADS-B, uses GPS satellite tracking to find and report aircraft positions. <mask>'s U.S. patent, (number 5,153,836) and foreign patents were issued in 1992. Subsequently, he served on several committees associated with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), most notably the original ADS committee and Special Committee 186 of the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics. ADS-B has recently been announced as the FAA's system of choice to upgrade and replace the outdated radar based air traffic control technology.In the field of sculpture, <mask> has developed an improved method for enlarging his sculpture into monumental scale. Using digital imaging and CNC cutting, his technique allows positive clay components to be produced to any scale with greater integrity, thus improving efficiency during the direct modeling stage. Public service

 Park City, Utah, Planning Commission, 1962–1963
 South Jordan Planning Commission, 1977–1985
 Jordan River Advisory Counsel, 1980
 National Sculpture Society Board of Directors, 2002
 White House Fellows Presidents Commission on White House Fellows, Rocky Mountain Region Panel 1981–1988
 Moscow Conference on Law and Bilateral Economic Development, 1991

Monuments

 Cliff-Climber monument representing the ancient Anasazi Indian culture, National Park Service, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado
 Pioneer Courage Monument, First National Bank of Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
 <mask>, National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
 Finding the Way, Salt Lake City, Utah
 <mask>dell portrait, Boston, Massachusetts
 Gandy Dancer, Union Station Museum, Ogden, Utah

masks:
Fraughton
Fraughton
John Wayne
Jason Ren


title: Lewis Wetzel

texts:
<mask> (February 24, 1752 – 1808) was a scout, frontiersman and Indian fighter. Raised in what is now the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia, his exploits once hailed as similar to those of Daniel Boone. Early and family life

Possibly born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania in 1752, or on the South Branch of the Potomac River where his parents had moved before 1770, <mask> was the son of Mary Bonnet (1735-1805; daughter of Jean Jacques Bonnet, Flemish Huguenot) and <mask> (1733–1786; indentured servant emigrant from Germany's Palatine region or Friedrichstal, Baden, Germany). The <mask> and Bonnet families moved to the Wheeling Creek area in what is now the northern panhandle of West Virginia by 1770, as had the Zane, McColloch, Eberly, Rosencranz and other pioneer families. Such settlement had been illegal according to a treaty made by the British ending the French and Indian War, but the disputed Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768) (made with the Iroquois, traditional enemies of the Shawnee and other tribes of the areas being ceded) led many pioneers to again try westward settlement. The <mask> family settled in a fairly isolated location near the Ohio River about 14 miles from Fort Henry (which had been built at the confluence of Wheeling Creek to protect settlers from Indian raids). Despite the hardships of frontier living, several Wetzel children survived to adulthood: Martin (1757–1829), Jacob (1765–1827), John and George (d. 1786), as well as daughters <mask> (1767–1828) and <mask> (1759–1786).As discussed below, the Wetzels suffered many raids by Native Americans. Raids became particularly severe following the murder of Chief Logan's family near Fort Henry in 1774 (which led to Lord Dunmore's War). The execution of Chief Cornstalk in 1777 at Fort Randolph

masks:
Lewis Wetzel
Lewis
John Wetzel
Wetzel
Wetzel
Susannah Wetzel Goodrich
Christina Wetzel Wolfe


title: Lewis Wetzel

texts:
 (at the confluence of the Ohio and Kanawha Rivers, modern Point Pleasant, West Virginia) also led to attacks at Fort Henry. The elder <mask>, his son George and daughter Christina all died in raids in 1786, before <mask> reached age 25, and led to his Indian-fighting career. <mask>'s older brother, Martin (1757–1829), a friend of Daniel Boone and Simon Kenton, helped his father fight Native Americans in the Battle of Point Pleasant in 1774, and defended Fort Henry in 1777 and 1782, although one of his favorite frontier weapons was a tomahawk. His younger brother <mask>el), helped construct a wagon road into central Indiana after fighting Indian wars in western Pennsylvania and the Northwest Territory with Kenton and under Generals Arthur St. Clair and William Henry Harrison. Indian fighter
In 1778, <mask>, then 13, and his brother Jacob, 11, were tending the family's corn field during a raid by Wyandot Native Americans, and taken prisoner but managed to escape two days later.A bullet grazed <mask>'s breastbone before his capture, but his captors were able to staunch the bleeding and lead the boys away. The boys managed to return to Fort Henry (modern Wheeling, West Virginia), which the Wetzel men also helped defend in September 1782. <mask> grew to some six feet tall, and became striking and very athletic, but some considered him socially inept, in part because he never cut his hair, which grew extremely long and was held in a ponytail as often also done by Native Americans. He rationalizing it as expecting he would be scalped as he had scalped many. His varied skills in what is now known as guerrilla warfare became famous. In 1781, Col. Daniel Brodhead reached the main Turtle clan village of Gekelmukpechunk, now known as Newcomerstown, Ohio. He requested a

masks:
John Wetzel
Lewis Wetzel
Lewis Wetzel
Jacob Wetzelhetz
Lewis
Lewis
Wetzel


title: Lewis Wetzel

texts: peaceful discussion between the main chiefs of the village and three were sent to meet him.He hoped to secure the villagers' allegiance and enlist new warriors into his campaign. However, <mask>’s younger brother Martin attacked one of the peaceful chiefs with a tomahawk from behind, killing him just as they had crossed the river. Fearing massive losses and an unplanned battle, Brodhead retreated and instead refocused his troops on their initial goal of reaching Coshocton. In June 1786, four of the Wetzel men were returning by canoe from a hunting trip when they were attacked by tribesmen. Although <mask> managed to canoe beyond musket range (and was not wounded), his father John and brother George died before reaching Baker's Station, though his brother Martin survived his wound. At some point, the young man vowed to avenge his family. Wetzel later participated in several military campaigns against Native American tribes in the Ohio region, and claimed to have taken 27 or 37 Native American scalps.He preferred to operate alone; military procedure did not suit him even while serving with the militia. He became renowned for an ability to load his rifle while sprinting (perhaps by using smaller shot than other frontiersman as well as for always holding a few bullets in his mouth), and which probably saved his life several times during raids although lead poisoning would have ongoing mental and physical effects. <mask> was implicated in the deaths of several friendly Native Americans, and he may have knived others to death as they slept. The most famous incident turning public opinion against him involved the Seneca Chief Tegunteh (whom American soldiers called "George Washington" for his upright character), who had traveled to Fort Harmar, near present-day

masks:
Lewis Wetzel
Lewis Wetzel
Lewis Wetzel


title: Lewis Wetzel

texts:
 Marietta, Ohio in 1788. Wetzel ambushed, shot and scalped Tegunteh on an isolated path; the dying chief survived long enough to identify his attacker. Wetzel readily admitted the deed on November 6 to Colonel Josiah Harmar, bragging “I´ll shoot ‘em down like the worthless dogs they are long as I live,” but escaped by sprinting away through the woods, and when recaptured two weeks later, clubbed his jailer with his chains and escaped again before trial; when captured in mid-December near Maysville, Kentucky and taken to Fort Washington (now Cincinnati), a 200-man mob led by Kenton threatened the peace and Harmar released <mask>. The future President James Madison's brother John Madison died in an attack near the Kanawha River while on a seven-month expedition with <mask> as his scout, and the same account claims <mask> and Clark asked <mask> to join their expedition (although mentioned in neither their letters or diaries).Either following a suspended death sentence for killing a Native American in 1791 or as many Native Americans left the Ohio Valley following the 1795 Treaty of Greenville, <mask> relocated to the Louisiana Territory and eventually to New Orleans, where he spent several years in prison for counterfeiting. Death and legacy

Accounts about his final years vary. He had no known children, although several of his siblings had children, and some were named in his honor. Most likely <mask> died in 1808 in Natchez, Mississippi, at the residence of his cousin Philip Sykes, since a skeleton matching <mask>'s description including the long hair was exhumed along with a rifle and other equipment at Sykes' former farm. The remains were reinterred in the McCreary Cemetery in Marshall County, West Virginia. Some believe <mask> married a Spanish woman,

masks:
Wetzel
Wetzel
Lewis
Wetzel
Wetzel
Lewis Wetzel
Wetzel
Wetzel


title: Lewis Wetzel

texts:
 settled along the Brazos River and died in 1839. Another <mask> (1825–1862) of Point Pleasant, West Virginia (judge and newspaper editor) was one of the founders of the state of West Virginia, but murdered by another pro-Union founder, John Hall.<mask>'s direct descendant, <mask> <mask> (his middle name reflecting this scout), of Clarksburg, West Virginia, was a veteran of the Korean and Vietnam wars, and rose to the rank of Lieutenant General and Corps commander during the Cold War. Among places in West Virginia, Wetzel County, West Virginia, is named for him or his family, as is the <mask>zel Wildlife Management Area. West Virginia has erected historical markers commemorating the <mask> family near Limestone in Marshall County and specifically mentions <mask> on the markers for Fort Beeler and Terra Alta in Preston County. An Ohio historical marker notes <mask>'s involvement in the Broadhead Massacre of peaceful Indians at the Moravian mission. The Western novelist Zane Grey wrote about <mask> in his books Betty Zane, The Spirit of the Border, and The Last Trail. More recently, Allan W. Eckert recounts <mask>'s exploits in That Dark and Bloody River. References

External links
List of books and articles about <mask>, from the West Virginia Division of Culture and History
"Wetzel: The Scout and Indian Fighter, Being the Life and Adventure" by Robert Cornelius V. Meyers (1890)
"Warfare Tactics on the Frontier"  by George Carroll
<mask>: Separating the Man from the Myth by Joe Roxby (1998)
Wetzel's Rock in Morgan County, Ohio by Rick Shriver

1763 births
1808 deaths
West Virginia pioneers
American people of German descent
People of Virginia in the American Revolution
West Virginia colonial people
Wetzel County, West Virginia
People of pre-statehood West

masks:
Lewis Wetzel
Martin Wetzel
Robert Lewis
Wetzel
Lewis Wet
Wetzel
Lewis Wetzel
Lewis Wetzel
Wetzel
Wetzel
Wetzel
Lewis Wetzel


title: David Lockton

texts:
<mask> is an American serial entrepreneur. Several of his consumer-focused companies have pioneered or significantly expanded billion dollar markets, including:
 the Ontario Motor Speedway in Los Angeles, the largest sporting facility ever constructed at one time;
 California Business, the first weekly regional business tabloid;
 Data Broadcasting, which invented the $100 billion wireless data industry with “push” or multicast, real time wireless data services; and
 Interactive Network, the first company to use a synchronized second-screen to enable television viewers to interact in real time with live sports and game shows, television commercials in real time utilizing wireless technology. WinView, Inc., The only platform for two-screen games of skill in the U.S. with 76 foundational patents protecting multiple business segments including live and mobile sports betting in the US. Biography
<mask> was born in Indianapolis, Indiana on March 28, 1937 to Richard Curtis and <mask>. His father was also a serial entrepreneur. Lockton attended Broad Ripple High School, The Lawrenceville School, and Yale University. <mask>, a two time Interscholastic All American swimmer, learned the butterfly from one of the stroke's developers and demonstrated it in exhibitions two years before it became legal.Leveraging his head start, as a relay swimmer on dominant and undefeated swimming teams; he swam the butterfly on teams which held state, National Junior, Freshman, and American records. After graduating from Yale in 1959, he attained his J.D. from the University of Virginia Law School in 1962. Two years out of law school, working for Ice Miller, a large law firm in Indianapolis, Indiana, he represented an indigent defendant in a federal criminal narcotic case (United States v Ewell) The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law and won a series of motions which were ultimately appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. Not realizing <mask> did not meet the length of practice requirements, Justice Hugo Black appointed <mask> to represent the defendant In Forma Pauperis, making him the

masks:
David Ballard Lockton
Lockton
Violet Ballard Lockton
Lockton
Lockton
Lockton


title: David Lockton

texts:
 youngest lawyer ever so appointed to argue before the U.S. Supreme Court. Sports Headliners, Inc. In 1965, <mask> started his own law firm and six months later formed Sports Headliners, Inc. in partnership with Chuck Barnes, former Director of Public Relations for Firestone.Sports Headliners became the second sports management firm in the country after Mark McCormack, (www.imgworld.com), with the big three golfers, Arnold Palmer, Gary Player and Jack Nicklaus as clients. Sports Headliners initially represented race drivers including the winners of twenty Indy  races and six Formula One world championships. Clients included A. J. Foyt, Parnelli Jones, Mario Andretti, Al and Bobby Unser, Johnny Rutherford, Jimmy Clark and Graham Hill. Sports Headliners expanded its focus in 1968 to represent football champions, O. J. Simpson, Calvin Hill, Johnny Unitas and motorcycle daredevil, Evel Knievel. Ontario Motor Speedway
Lockton leveraged his position as the drivers representative on the Board of United States Auto Club (USAC), then the largest automobile sanctioning body in the United States, to develop in the Los Angeles area the first modern multi track super speedway. In 1967 on behalf of a small group of private equity investors which included Donaldson, Lufkin and Jenrette; <mask> optioned 14 parcels of land constituting  in Ontario, California. In 1968, he raised $25 million in tax-free municipal bonds and $5 million in equity.As President and CEO he oversaw the construction of the Ontario Motor Speedway (OMS), the marketing campaign and launched the first year of racing. OMS opened on Labor Day 1970 with the Inaugural California 500 Mile Race, an Indianapolis 500-type open wheel oval track race. Ontario was the first and only automobile racing facility designed to accommodate major races sanctioned by all of the four dominant and independent racing sanctioning bodies:  USAC, for an Indy 500 open wheel oval car race (The California 500); NASCAR (National Association of Stock Car Auto Racing), for a stock car  oval race, (The Miller 500); National Hot Rod Association (NHRA), for

masks: Lockton Lockton


title: David Lockton

texts:
 a drag race, (The Super Nationals); and a FIA (Federation Internationale de l'Automobile) Formula One race, (The Questor Grand Prix). Each of these races drew attendance second only to their counterparts, the Indianapolis 500, the Daytona 500, the NHRA Indy Nationals and the Watkins Glen Formula One race. It is estimated that the  facility with 155,000 permanent seats and an air-conditioned private stadium club would have a replacement cost today of over $500 million. It remains the largest stadium built and one time. The 155,000 permanent seats were sold out almost 90 days before the Inaugural California 500.The race drew 178,000 in paid attendance, second only to the Indianapolis 500 and until 2004, was the largest crowd ever to attend a single day sporting event. In addition to the award-winning marketing and PR campaign, <mask> introduced many innovations to the sport of automobile racing, including a private stadium club with annual subscription members, corporate suites, crash absorbent retaining walls and safety fences, the first Pro-Am celebrity race, and a computerized, wireless real-time timing and scoring system. In 1971, <mask> sold his interest in OMS and was honored by the Society of Automotive Engineers for his contributions to safety in Automobile Racing. He was also voted by the American Auto Racing Writers and Broadcasters Association as one of three individuals who had most contributed to the advancement of the sport. International Race of Champions
Upon leaving the Ontario Motor Speedway, <mask> created and developed the format for International Race of Champions (IROC), airing on ABC from 1973 to 2006, and the longest running made for television series that aired on ABC from 1973 to 2006. IROC was an auto racing competition. Series Champion drivers from the Indianapolis, NASCAR, F1, and road racing series were invited to race identically-prepared cars set up by a single team of mechanics in an effort to make the race purely a test of driver ability.California Business
In 1972 <mask> purchased California Business, a controlled circulation tabloid format

masks: Lockton Lockton Lockton Lockton


title: David Lockton

texts:
 business publication based in Los Angeles and converted it to a paid weekly. Using direct mail to acquire paid subscribers, he increased advertising revenues and brought the publication to break-even in two years. California Business was the first regional business weekly in the country. Regional business publications subsequently became a multibillion-dollar publishing segment. The publication pioneered the concept of “Annual Reports,” “Corporate Update” and “Corporate Listing” sections, in which companies paid to distribute their annual reports, ran “advertorials” and brief corporate descriptions. These features have subsequently been used by many business publications including Fortune, Barron's, and Forbes. California Business won a Gerald Loeb Award in 1972.Data Broadcasting (formerly Dataspeed, now IDC)
In 1981 <mask> moved from Los Angeles to Silicon Valley to apply his experience at California Business with subscription based financial information and at the Ontario Motor Speedway with the wireless technology behind the real-time timing and scoring system, to stock market trading information. He purchased a controlling interest in Data Broadcasting (originally Dataspeed, a company that had developed a pc version of the Ontario wireless real time scoring system) where he invented the hand held wireless QuoTrek, the first product to utilize “push” technology  and wireless data, to deliver real time stock and commodity trading information to paying subscribers in a mobile environment. He successfully petitioned United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to deregulate and permit the use of the analog sub-carrier (FCC Docket 82-536) for the real time broadcast of digital data. He successfully negotiated with the Boards of Governors of the New York Stock Exchange, the NASDAQ, and Amex exchanges as well as the Chicago Board of Trade and Commodities Exchange Center to create a low cost “non professional” fee structure for their real time trading information, thereby pioneering a consumer market for real time stock and futures trading. The first nationwide real time


title: David Lockton

texts:
 many of the games pioneered at Interactive Network, playable with televised baseball, basketball and football games as well as game shows such as Jeopardy, Deal or No Deal and Big Brother.<mask> served on the board of directors and consulted part-time to the company concentrating on intellectual property and special projects, including negotiations with Sony (owner of Jeopardy). AirPlay was the first and only company to utilize the cellular networks to allow TV viewers to play along with television programming and win prizes in real-time games of skill on their cell phones. AirPlay established broadcast distribution agreements with all the major carriers. The Company launched Jeopardy with Sony Pictures Entertainment on 220 syndicated TV stations using patent pending technology to precisely synchronize the fast-paced game with the unfolding telecast for each separate syndicated station. In August 2009, after AirPlay failed to raise the marketing capital required to launch the service on a nationwide basis in the recession, all of the AirPlay intellectual property, including pending patents and software was acquired by WinView, Inc.

WinView, Inc.
WinView, Inc. is a Silicon Valley and New York based company that provides the nation's leading live In-Play sports prediction mobile platform. The platform is focused on paid entry, mobile two-screen synchronized televised sports games of skill in the U.S. The Company is leveraging its extensive experience in pioneering real-time interactive television games played on the mobile second screen, its foundational patents and unique business model.The WinView Games app is an end-to-end two-screen TV synchronization platform for both television programming and commercials. The paid entry, skill-based WinView Games app uniquely enhances TV viewing enjoyment and rewards sports fans with prizes as they answer in-game questions while competing with friends in real-time during live televised sports. These free games of skill are legal in all 50 states, and paid entry games are legal in 36 states. The Company launched its Alpha test in 2015,


title: Sadamichi Hirasawa

texts:
was a Japanese tempera painter. He was convicted of mass poisoning and sentenced to death, though he is believed to have been falsely charged. Due to strong suspicions that he was innocent, no justice minister ever signed his death warrant. Teigin case

On January 26, 1948, a man calling himself an epidemiologist arrived in a branch of the Imperial Bank (Teikoku Ginkō, aka Teigin) at Shiinamachi, a suburb of Toshima, Tokyo, before closing time. He explained that he was a public health official sent by US occupation authorities who had orders to inoculate the staff against a sudden outbreak of dysentery. He gave all sixteen people present a pill and a few drops of liquid. Those present drank the liquid he gave, which was later thought to be "nitrile hydrocyanide" (青酸ニトリール), an assassination toxicant originally developed at the Noborito Laboratory.When all were incapacitated, the robber took some money lying on the desks, which amounted to 160,000 yen (about $2,000 US at the time), but left the majority behind, leaving his motive unknown. Ten of the victims died at the scene (one was a child of an employee) and two others died while hospitalized. Arrest and trial
<mask> was caught by the police due to the Japanese habit of exchanging business cards with personal details. There had been two other extremely similar cases of attempted and actual theft at banks via the use of poison in the weeks and months before the robbery. In all cases the poisoner, a lone male, left a business card. The poisoner used a card which was marked "Jirō Yamaguchi" in one of the two incidents, but it was later found that said Yamaguchi did not exist: the card was a fake. The


title: Sadamichi Hirasawa

texts:
 poisoner also used a real card which was marked "Shigeru Matsui" (of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Department of Disease Prevention) in another of the two incidents.The original owner of the card was found to have an alibi. Matsui told the police that he had exchanged cards with 593 people, but of these, 100 were of the type used in the poisoning incidents, of which eight remained in his possession. Matsui recorded the time and place of the business card exchange on the back of cards he received so the police set out to trace the remaining 92 cards. 62 cards were retrieved and their receivers cleared; a further 22 were deemed to have been irrelevant to the case. One of the remaining 8 cards was received by Hirasawa. The police were led to arrest <mask> because:
He could not produce the card he had received from Matsui. <mask> claimed to have lost the business card, together with his wallet, due to his having been the victim of pickpocketing.A similar amount of money to that stolen from the bank was found in <mask>'s possession, the origin of which he refused to divulge. The origin of the money is unknown to this day (though some, such as the crime fiction novelist Seichō Matsumoto, suggested Hirasawa received it by drawing pornographic pictures, a side business that would have been detrimental to <mask>'s reputation as an artist). <mask>'s alibi of having been taking a stroll in the vicinity of the crime scene could be neither verified nor substantiated. <mask> was identified as the poisoner by several witnesses (but only by two survivors, and see picture below). He confessed to having been involved in four previous cases of bank fraud

masks: Hirasawa Hirasawa Hirasawa Hirasawa Hirasawa Hirasawa


title: Sadamichi Hirasawa

texts:
 (recanted together with his subsequent confession). He was arrested on August 21, 1948. After police interrogation, which allegedly involved torture, <mask> confessed, but then recanted soon after.His later defence against his confession was based on partial insanity, alleging that he had been troubled with Korsakoff's syndrome (as a result of rabies inoculation) and so his confession was not reliable. The court, however, disagreed and <mask> was sentenced to death in 1950. Until 1949, a confession was solid evidence under the law, even if the police tortured a person to extract said confession. The Supreme Court of Japan upheld the death sentence in 1955. His attorneys tried to have the sentence revoked, submitting 18 pleas for retrial over the following years. Doubt over guilty verdict

He was sentenced to death, but there was originally no conclusive evidence. In addition, although 40 employees saw the crimes, there were only two people who identified him as the criminal.Seichō Matsumoto presumed that the true culprit was a former member of Unit 731 in his books A story of the Teikoku Bank Incident in 1959 and The Black Fog of Japan in 1960. Matsumoto also suspected that "the money of unknown origin" came from selling pornographic drawings. Kei Kumai protested <mask>'s conviction with his film Teigin jiken: Shikeishû (Teijin Incident: Condemned / The Long Death) in 1964. Successive Ministers of Justice in Japan did not sign his death warrant, so the death sentence was never carried out. Even Isaji Tanaka, who on 13 October 1967 announced in front of the press that he had signed the death warrants of 23 prisoners in one go, did not sign <mask>'s

masks: Hirasawa Hirasawa Hirasawa Hirasawa


title: Sadamichi Hirasawa

texts:
 death warrant, stating that he doubted Hirasawa's guilt. The poison was regarded as the readily obtainable potassium cyanide in <mask>'s trial. One of the reasons given to doubt <mask>'s guilt is because the victims' symptoms were clearly different from potassium cyanide poisoning, which is rapid.Keio University's contemporary investigation claimed that the true poison may have been acetone cyanohydrin, a military poison deliberately designed to be slow-acting, which <mask> could not have obtained. Death in jail
<mask> remained in prison as a condemned criminal for the next 32 years. He spent his time painting and writing his autobiography . In 1981, Makoto Endo became the leader of <mask>'s lawyers. Besides the case, he took part in controversial trials such as that of Norio Nagayama. The defense claimed that statute of limitations for his death penalty ran out in 1985. The death penalty has a 30-year statute of limitations under the Criminal Code of Japan, and so Endo appealed for his release.However, the Japanese court refused this argument, pointing out that the statute only applies in the case if a death row inmate escapes from prison and evades capture for 30 years. Japanese courts judge that the punishment begins when the minister signs the death warrant, which had never been done. His health deteriorated in 1987. On April 30, 1987, Amnesty International petitioned the Japanese government to release him, but <mask> died of pneumonia in a prison hospital on May 10. Bids for a posthumous retrial
Even after <mask>'s death, his son by adoption, Takehiko <mask>, tried to clear his name. Takehiko was the son of one of Sadamichi's supporters; he

masks: Hirasawa Hirasawa Hirasawa Hirasawa Hirasawa Hirasawa Hirasawa Hirasawa


title: Sadamichi Hirasawa

texts:
 became the painter's adopted son while in university to take up the task of getting a retrial for Sadamichi, as his relatives were reluctant to pursue the case due to social prejudice. Takehiko also worked to recover several of Sadamichi's lost paintings and held exhibitions of his work.He and his lawyers submitted a 19th plea for retrial; <mask>'s brain damage was also proved. , his lawyers had submitted new evidence to attempt to prove Hirasawa's innocence. In September 2013, Takehiko <mask> died alone at his home in Suginami Ward, Tokyo, aged 54; he had lived there with his natural mother until her death at age 83 the previous December. His body was only found on 16 October by several retrial supporters who had worried about not hearing from him in some time. According to supporters, the pressures and uncertainties  surrounding the reopening of the case, together with his mother's death, had caused Takehiko to periodically display signs of instability and doubts about whether he could continue. He continued to persist with his objective of getting a posthumous retrial, though, writing after his mother's death on a website about the "Teigin Incident":

It was her wish and mine and my late father’s to mark in history that <mask> <mask> is innocent. I will continue this struggle for years to come.At the time of Takehiko's death, he and his lawyers had assembled a team of psychologists to reexamine the witness accounts and investigation process from the trial, to determine if the evidence was credible by present standards. They had been scheduled to submit their position papers to the Tokyo High Court by the end of 2013, ahead of the court verdict on

masks: Sadamichi Hirasawa Sadamichi Hirasawa


title: Sadamichi Hirasawa

texts:
 the retrial petition. On 4 December 2013, the Tokyo High Court announced it would drop the plea for a posthumous retrial for <mask> <mask> following his adopted son's death. As a result, the court effectively declared the case closed, unless other members of the <mask> family wish to pursue a retrial. In popular culture
A 2009 novel, Occupied City by English author David Peace, who was long a resident in Japan, is based on the Hirasawa case. The case is also referenced in Ian Fleming's 11th James Bond novel, You Only Live Twice (1964), though embellished and exaggerated. In 1964, Nikkatsu released Teigin jiken: Shikeishû (Teijin Incident: Condemned / The Long Death), a docudrama-style recounting of the case.Directed by Kei Kumai, the film provided actor Kinzô Shin with a rare starring role as Hirasawa. See also

Iwao Hakamada
Matsuo Fujimoto
Sakae Menda
Mitaka incident
Sayama Incident

References

Further reading
Seichō Matsumoto, A story of the Teikoku Bank Incident, 1959
Seichō Matsumoto, The Black Fog of Japan, 1960
J. H. H. Gaute and Robin Odell, The New Murderer's Who's Who, 1996, Harrap Books, London

External links

Noose or Pneumonia? Time February 15, 1963
<mask> <mask> Is Dead; Was on Death Row 32 Years New York Times May 11, 1987
19th bid to clear late murderer's name Sydney Morning Herald, July 12, 2003
Psychiatrist, 100, fights to clear late convict's name Japan Times May 10, 2006
Art of 'Teigin Incident' convict to be exhibited Japan Times November 23, 2006
Experts doubt Teigin Incident verdict Japan Times November 26, 2006
Art exhibition launched to clear <mask>'s name Japan Times April 4, 2007
Teigin Incident artist exhibition tour

masks: Sadamichi Hirasawa Hirasawa Sadamichi Hirasawa Hirasawa


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

texts:
<mask> bin Sultan bin <mask> (; born 1975 in Riyadh) is a member of House of Saud and the Saudi Arabian ambassador to the United States. She took office as ambassador on 23 February 2019—becoming the first female envoy in the country's history. She has advocated for female empowerment and has worked to expand opportunities for Saudi women within the Kingdom. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia to <mask> bin Sultan and Haifa bint Faisal. <mask> is the great-granddaughter of <mask>, the founder of modern Saudi Arabia, on her maternal and paternal sides. Her maternal grandparents are King Faisal, the son of <mask>, and Queen Iffat who was born to a Turkish family. She is one of eight children.Two of her siblings also work in government: Khalid bin <mask> bin Sultan <mask> is the Saudi Arabian ambassador to the United Kingdom and Faisal bin <mask> bin <mask> <mask> is the chairman of the Saudi Arabian Federation for Electronic and Intellectual Sports (SAFEIS). <mask> spent many years in the United States where her father, <mask>, was the ambassador from 1983–2005. She graduated from George Washington University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in museum studies. While <mask> was earning her degree in museum studies, she interned at L'Institut du Monde Arabe in Paris and at the Sackler Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. She also collaborated from a distance with a curator at the Field Museum in Chicago, while her mother's "Haifa Faisal Collection" of art was displayed there. After graduation, she returned to Riyadh. She joined THNK School of Creative Leadership in 2014 as a participant of Class 5 2015. Career

Private sector
<mask> returned to Saudi Arabia in 2005.She co-founded Yibreen, a women's day gym and spa. She later assumed the role of CEO at Al Hama LLC, a luxury retail corporation. She served for several years as the CEO of Alfa International, a leading luxury retail corporation

masks:
Reema bint Bandar
Abdulaziz Al Saud
Reema bint Bandar
Bandar
Reema
Ibn Saud
Ibn Saud
Bandar
Al Saud
Bandar
Sultan Al
Saud
Reema
Bandar
Reema
Reema


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

texts:
 that, among other pursuits, operates the Harvey Nichols store in Riyadh. As the CEO of Harvey Nichols in Riyadh, <mask> led the inclusion of women into the retail sector, working closely with the Ministry of Labor to craft a smooth labor market entry. She set the example of workforce integration by creating the Kingdom's first workplace nursery, enabling more women to work. <mask> is the founder and creative director of Baraboux, a luxury handbag brand that she launched in 2013. In 2013, <mask> also founded Alf Khair, a social enterprise aimed at elevating the professional capital of Saudi women.One of its keystone initiatives, 10KSA, introduced the concept of holistic health awareness for a healthier Saudi community. The year-long campaign culminated into the World's Largest Human Awareness Ribbon, entering into the Guinness World Records. <mask> is a member of The World Bank's advisory council for the Women Entrepreneurs Finance Initiative. Public sector
As president of the Mass Participation Federation, <mask> is the first woman to lead a multi-sports federation in the Kingdom, driving communities towards a more active lifestyle. In 2016 <mask> served as the Saudi General Sports Authority's (GSA) Deputy of Planning and Development, where she has led diversity and inclusion, the development of the Kingdom's sports economy, and strategic partnerships. In the very same year, she was appointed as vice president of women's affairs at the General Sports Authority (GSA). In 2017, she held the position of the president of the Saudi Federation for Community Sports.Among the first achievements under <mask>'s mandate, is the inclusion of physical education for girls in schools. In 2017 <mask> was awarded Sheikh Mohammed bin <mask> Maktoum Creative Sport Award in its ninth edition for her role played in the empowerment of women in the region through her spirit of entrepreneurship and philanthropy. <mask> is a member of

masks:
Reema
Reema
Reema
Reema
Reema
Reema
Reema
Reema
Rashid Al
Reema


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

texts:
 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Women in Sports Commission and a member of the Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee. She is also a permanent representative to the (UNESCO). Princess <mask> has also been nominated to become a full member of the International Olympic Committee. In October 2019, <mask> sent Rosh Hashanah greetings to Jews in the United States wishing them a happy and sweet Jewish new year. This is the first time, according to NBC news, the Saudi embassy in Washington sent such a greeting to American Jews.Leadership in business innovation and inclusive employment advocacy
<mask> has gained attention on the international stage as a leader in business innovation, specifically as a champion for women in the workplace. She was recognized as the Most Creative Person of the year in 2014 by Fast Company for "Inviting Women into the Workforce," and was featured on the Forbes lists of the 200 Most Powerful Arab Women and Most Powerful Arab Women in Saudi Arabia lists for 2014. She was also recognized by Foreign Policy Magazine as a Leading Global Thinker of 2014 in their "Moguls" category for her work helping women to "integrate their personal and professional lives" by creating hospitable opportunities for women to participate in the economy. Sheikha <mask> was listed in the 'Top 100 most powerful Arabs' from 2018 to 2021 by Gulf Business. <mask> has noted publicly that engaging women as active participants in the working economy is "evolution, not revolution," and empowering a woman with financial responsibility will encourage her to "explore more of the world for herself and become less dependent." She has also stated that Saudi Arabia "cannot have half of [the] population not working." At Harvey Nichols Riyadh, <mask> <mask>f Khair, a corporate social responsibility initiative, whose work included an active and vocal community of creative talent in Saudi Arabia and promoted their work

masks: Reema Reema Reema Reema Reema Reemaema Al


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

texts:
 internationally. <mask> Khair also developed a retail academy, which provided training for Saudi women joining the workforce. Her work in this realm also included her role as an Advisory Board Member of the Saudi National Creative Initiative. Breast cancer advocacy
<mask> is a founding member of the Zahra Breast Cancer Awareness Association, based in Riyadh. The mission of the organization is to "increase and spread awareness among women across the country for early detection, prevention, and treatment of the disease, and cooperate with women diagnosed with breast cancer on a step-by-step basis for treatment and ultimate recovery."<mask>'s work with Zahra also includes organizing the world's largest human pink ribbon in 2010. This effort was recognized as the winner of the Holmes Report Golden Sabre Award for the Best Publicity Stunt Category and the Platinum Sabre Award for Best PR Programme. In May 2012, in conjunction with the Zahra Breast Cancer Association, <mask> led a group of Saudi women to the Base Camp of Mount Everest, in a bid to raise breast cancer awareness. The cancer awareness campaign has been entitled ‘A Woman’s Journey: Destination Mount Everest.’ The 11 climbers began their trek to Base Camp located 5,364 meters above sea level on 7 May, completing their trek in 12 days. Personal life
<mask> married Faisal bin Turki bin Nasser and had two children (a son, Turki; and a daughter, Sarah). They divorced in 2012. Ancestry

Recognition and Awards
 In 2015, <mask> <mask> <mask> was selected by the World Economic Forum at Davos as a Young Global Leader.In 2014, she was named as Foreign Policy Magazine Global Thinker Mogul. In 2014, she was a Leadership and Innovation Delegate to the Academy of Achievement’s 51st International Achievement Summit. References

1975 births
Reema
Columbian College of Arts and Sciences alumni
<mask>
Reema
Living people
Saudi Arabian people of Turkish descent
Reema
Women

masks: Alf Reema Reema Reema Reema Reema bint Bandar Reema


title: Billy Hayes (writer)

texts: <mask> (born April 3, 1947) is an American writer, actor, and film director. He is best known for his autobiographical book Midnight Express about his experiences in and escape from a Turkish prison, after being convicted of smuggling hashish. He was one of hundreds of US citizens in foreign jails serving drug charge sentences, following a drug-smuggling crackdown by foreign governments. <mask>, an American student, was caught trying to smuggle four pounds of hashish out of Turkey on October 7, 1970. He was originally sentenced to four years and two months in a Turkish prison; with his release date weeks away, he learned that the authorities had chosen to penalize him with a life sentence for smuggling, instead of possession. <mask> was imprisoned at Sağmalcılar prison in Istanbul after having spent one night in Sultanahmet Jail. Following an incident in prison, he was transferred in 1972 to Bakırköy Psychiatric Hospital, described as a 'lunatic asylum'.On several occasions, the United States Department of State pressured Turkey to transfer sentencing to the United States; however, Turkish foreign minister Melih Esenbel stated that the US was not in a position to dispute a sentence issued by a Turkish court. He stated privately to officials that a release might be possible on humanitarian grounds, if <mask>' physical or mental health was deteriorating, but in a private consultation, <mask> stated to US diplomats that his experience at Bakırköy was highly traumatic, and he did not have confidence that the hospital would certify him for early release; <mask> also stated that he felt attempts to win early release would jeopardize his prospects of being transferred to a more desirable half-open prison. On May 12, 1975, the Turkish Constitutional Court declared amnesty for all drug offenses, which shortened <mask>' sentence from life to 30 years; he was transferred to İmralı prison on July 11, 1975. Declassified telegrams from the State Department indicated that in discussions between the US embassy and Vahap Aşıroğlu, Turkish Director of Consular Affairs, the latter believed <mask> would probably be released from prison on parole in October 1978,

masks:
Billy Hayes
Background Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes


title: Billy Hayes (writer)

texts:
 which in practice meant that a local prosecutor would declare him persona non grata and expel him from the country. <mask> escaped from İmralı on October 2, 1975, taking a rowboat at night to Bandirma, blending in with locals, and then heading westbound across the border to Greece. After over two weeks of detention and interrogation to determine whether he possessed any useful intelligence about Turkey's military, he was deported from Thessaloniki to Frankfurt on October 20; after interrogation by US authorities in Frankfurt, <mask> spent several days in Amsterdam, and then returned to the United States. <mask> wrote a book on his experiences, Midnight Express, which was later adapted into the 1978 film of the same name starring Brad Davis as <mask>.The film was directed by Alan Parker, with a screenplay by Oliver Stone. The movie differs from <mask>' account in his book. Among the differences is a scene invented by Stone in which <mask> kills the prison guard Hamidou 'the Bear' (portrayed by Paul L. Smith), the main antagonist of the story. In fact, the prison guard was killed in 1973 by another person entirely, a recently released prisoner, whose family Hamidou had insulted while beating the prisoner; this took place years before <mask>' actual escape. In 2010, in an episode of National Geographic Channel's Locked Up Abroad, titled "The Real Midnight Express", <mask> finally told his fully accurate version of being sent to the infamous Turkish prison in Sağmalcilar, eventually escaping from the Marmara Sea prison on İmralı island. <mask> has since written the sequels Midnight Return (Escaping Midnight Express) and The Midnight Express Letters - from a Turkish Prison, 1970-1975, the latter a collection of the original letters written home to family and friends during his imprisonment. Acting and writing
<mask> is still active in the entertainment industry, specifically acting and writing.He appeared in the Charles Bronson 1987 film Assassination, as a hired killer. One of <mask>' successes was writing and directing 2003's Southside (later released in the US as A Cock and Bull Story) which won numerous awards, including the 2002 L.A. Drama

masks:
Hayes
Hayes
Book Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes


title: Billy Hayes (writer)

texts:
 Critics' Circle award. On June 30, 2010, the National Geographic television channel aired Locked Up Abroad: The Real Midnight Express. <mask> has been traveling the world with his one-man show, Riding the Midnight Express with <mask>, since it premiered at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in August 2013. Interview on Midnight Express film
During the 1999 Cannes Film Festival, Alinur Velidedeoğlu, a Turkish advertiser, met <mask> by chance and interviewed him on the film Midnight Express. <mask> expressed his disappointment with parts of the film adaptation, especially its portrayal of all Turks as bad, and his regret that Turkey's image was negatively affected by the film.<mask> also displayed affection for Turkey and the city of Istanbul. Although the Interpol warrant for him had by then been lifted, <mask> explained that while he wanted to return, he hesitated to do so, out of concern that many Turks might blame him for the negative publicity the movie had generated. The video was made available on YouTube. The Turkish order banning him from the country was finally suspended and <mask> was allowed to return to Turkey on June 14, 2007, to attend the 2nd Istanbul Conference on Democracy and Global Security, organized by the Turkish National Police (TNP) and the Turkish Institute for Police Studies (TIPS). <mask> said it was important to him to return, in order to "apologize and 'make amends' – not for the book he wrote, but for the movie, scripted by Oliver Stone, on which it was based. 'The film wasn't what Turkish people deserved,' <mask> told reporters at a jammed June 15 press conference, explaining that it painted an unfairly bleak portrait of the country." See also
List of fugitives from justice who disappeared

References

External links

 "Riding the Midnight Express with <mask>" website

1947 births
Living people
20th-century American criminals
American cannabis traffickers
American escapees
American memoirists
American people imprisoned abroad
Cannabis in Turkey
Criminals from New York City
Escapees from Turkish detention
People convicted of cannabis offenses
Turkey–United States relations
Writers from New York City
Marquette University

masks:
Hayes
Billy Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Billy Hayes


title: Kay Mills (writer)

texts:
<mask> (February 4, 1941 in Washington, D.C. – January 13, 2011) was an American journalist and author. When she joined the Los Angeles Times in 1978 she became one of the first women (and often the only one) on its editorial board. <mask> also revived the nearly-lost stories of women journalists and civil rights icons. Her most famous book is This Little Light of Mine: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer, a 1993 biography of the civil rights leader. Her other books are A Place in the News: From the Women’s Pages to the Front Page (1988), From Pocahontas to Power Suits: Everything You Need to Know About Women's History in America (1995), Something Better for My Children: The History and People of Head Start (1998), and Changing Channels: The Civil Rights Case That Transformed Television (2004). Early life and education
<mask> was born in Washington, D.C. She recalled that although she was shy as a child, when she saw May Craig, the Maine newspaper correspondent, on Meet The Press, she figured that asking questions of newsmakers would be a good line of work for her. She was unaware of how rare Craig was, as a woman working in what was then a male-dominated profession.She graduated from Bethesda-Chevy Chase High School, a top school in the east at that time, in 1959. She graduated from Pennsylvania State University in 1963 and got a master's degree in African history from Northwestern University in 1965. When she applied for a job at Newsweek'''s Chicago bureau in 1966, the bureau chief told her, "I need someone I can send anywhere, like to riots. And besides, what would you do if someone you were covering ducked into the men's room?" Career
Other employers were not so short-sighted. She became a broadcast news writer for United Press International in Chicago, then covered education and child welfare for the Baltimore Evening Sun. In 1970–71, she was assistant press secretary for U.S.Senator Edmund S. Muskie, then returned to journalism with the Washington bureau of the Newhouse

masks:
Kay Mills
Mills
Mills


title: Kay Mills (writer)

texts: newspapers. After a Professional Journalism Fellowship at Stanford University, she joined the Los Angeles Times in 1978 and became one of the first women (and often the only one) on its editorial board. She later was assistant editor of its Sunday Opinion section. She left the Times in 1991 to write books and freelance full-time. In addition to her newspaper jobs, <mask> taught journalism and writing courses at George Mason University, the University of Southern California, the University of Minnesota and Princeton University, where she was a Ferris Professor. She has also lectured as an Alumni Fellow at Penn State, as a Woodrow Wilson Visiting Fellow at Berry College, Columbia College, and Illinois College, and as a Hearst Visiting Professional at the University of Missouri School of Journalism. She has chaired biography juries for both the Pulitzer Prize and the Los Angeles Times Book Prize.<mask> served on the founding board of the Journalism and Women Symposium. Her first book, A Place in the News: From the Women’s Pages to the Front Page, a 1988 history of women in journalism, is still used in college journalism and women's studies courses. Parade magazine called it "a seminal new book on women in journalism." Feminist scholar Carolyn G. Heilbrun said "Reading A Place in the News was like seeing my life as a professional woman pass before my eyes." Her best-known book, This Little Light of Mine: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer, a 1993 biography of the civil rights leader, was described by The New York Times as "a riveting biography...In making sure we see Fannie Lou Hamer in full, <mask> has done more than render a biography that is true to its subject. She has provided a history that helps us to understand the choices made by so many black men and women of Hamer's generation, who, unwilling to leave the South they grew up in, somehow found the courage to join a movement in which they risked everything." It received the Christopher Award in 1993 and the Julia Spruill

masks:
Mills
Mills
Kay Mills


title: Kay Mills (writer)

texts:
 Book Prize from the Southern Association of Women Historians for the best book on southern women's history published in 1993 and 1994.(University Press of Kentucky published a revised version of the book, with a foreword by Marian Wright Edelman, in 2007.) She left the Los Angeles Times in 1991 to become a full-time author. Something Better for My Children: The History and People of Head Start (1998) was researched while on an Alicia Patterson Fellowship in 1995. Marian Wright Edelman, president of the Children's Defense Fund, called it "must reading for people who care about America’s children." Her other books included From Pocahontas to Power Suits: Everything You Need to Know About Women's History in America (1995) and Changing Channels: The Civil Rights Case That Transformed Television, (2004), the story of the successful challenge of the Jackson, Mississippi, TV station that failed to cover the civil rights movement. She died at age 69 after a sudden heart attack in Santa Monica, California, where she lived. At the time, <mask> was working on a mystery novel set in Paris.Books
 A Place in the News: From the Women’s Pages to the Front Page, 1988
 This Little Light of Mine: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer, 1993From Pocahontas to Power Suits: Everything You Need to Know About Women's History in America, 1995
 Something Better for My Children: The History and People of Head Start, 1998
 Changing Channels: The Civil Rights Case That Transformed Television'', 2004

References

External links

 HuffPost article
 Journalism & Women Symposium
 Remembering '77 Stanford journalism fellow <mask>
 <mask> Papers and Biography, National Women & Media Collection at the State Historical Society of Missouri

1941 births
2011 deaths
American feminists
American historians
American women journalists
American women historians
Pennsylvania State University alumni
20th-century American historians
21st-century American historians
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women

masks:
Mills
Kay Mills
Kay Mills


title: Adam Dollard des Ormeaux

texts:
<mask> (July 23, 1635 – May 21, 1660) is an iconic figure in the history of New France. Arriving in the colony in 1658, Dollard was appointed the position of garrison commander of the fort of Ville-Marie (now Montreal). In the spring of 1660, Dollard led an expedition up the Ottawa River to wage war on the Iroquois. Accompanied by seventeen Frenchmen, Dollard arrived at the foot of Long Sault (near present-day Carillon, Quebec) on May 1 and settled his troops at an abandoned Algonquin fort. He was then joined by forty Huron and four Algonquin allies. Vastly outnumbered by the Iroquois, Dollard and his companions died at the Battle of Long Sault somewhere between May 9 and May 12, 1660. The exact nature or purpose of Dollard's 1660 expedition is uncertain; however, most historians agree that Dollard set out to conduct a "petite guerre" (ambush) against the Iroquois, in order to delay (or prevent altogether) their imminent attack on Ville-Marie.For these reasons, Dollard is regarded as one of the saviors of New France. Dollard in New France
Dollard was born in Lumigny-Nesles-Ormeaux, France in 1635. At the age of 23, he settled in Montreal and took up a career in the military. Aside from some military experience, nothing is known of his activities prior to his arrival in Canada. In Ville-Marie, Dollard had attained a rather positive reputation. In Histoire de Montréal, François Dollier de Casson portrays Dollard as "a youth of courage and of good family" and in the Jesuit Relations, Dollard is described as a "man of accomplishment and


title: Adam Dollard des Ormeaux

texts:
 generalship". Most importantly, Dollard had gained the trust of Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, who authorized Dollard's expedition to Long Sault.There is little verifiable evidence regarding Dollard's reason for being in Canada, but it is possible he was contemplating life as a settler in the colony. Tellingly, by the end of 1659, Maisonneuve gave him a piece of land comprising 30 arpents (10 hectares). Upon Dollard's death, Pierre Picoté de Belestre inherited his land. Expedition west and the Battle of Long Sault

Against the advice of seasoned Aboriginal fighters, Dollard got the support of the governor of Montreal, Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve, to organize an expedition west. The group comprised about 16 volunteers who had little or no experience in Aboriginal warfare. After a 10-day canoe trip up the Ottawa River, they set up camp not far from Carillon, Quebec, in a former stockade. They were soon surrounded by about 700 Iroquois and after a siege lasting several days, they were all killed or captured in what became known as the Battle of Long Sault.For reasons unknown, the Iroquois did not continue east to capture Ville-Marie. The events were witnessed by about 40 Huron allies who at times had joined the colonists in the stockade and at other times had harried the Iroquois from outside. According to some scholars, the battle so weakened the Iroquois they canceled their planned attack on Ville-Marie (Montreal) and returned home. For over a century <mask> <mask>aux became a heroic figure in New France, and Quebec, as he

masks:
Dollard
des Orme


title: Adam Dollard des Ormeaux

texts:
 which Dollard and his comrades fought in) and considerations of topography coincide with the testimonies of the Huron survivors along with other oral and written traditions. Cultural legacy

Representations of Dollard as a Cultural Figure in French Canadian History

The first sources written concerning the Battle of Long Sault are a series of letters composed by Marie Guyart, founder of the Ursuline institute of New France, and a collection of compiled documents from various Jesuit missionaries entitled Relations. These sources, written immediately after Dollard's death in 1660, give descriptive accounts of the battle and emphasize the dualism between Christianity and the Barbarism of the Natives. Although he is singled out as the leader in these earliest recorded stories, Dollard <mask>meaux is not the main focus of the battle.In 1672, François Dollier de Casson wrote Histoire de Montréal. His book included a chapter dedicated solely to Dollard des Ormeaux and the Battle of Long Sault. This work marked a shift in Dollard's personal role in the battle. In Dollier's account, Dollard becomes a central heroic figure. He is characterized by an air of mystery and strong leadership abilities. He also occupies a more active role in the proceedings. Similar to Guyart's account, Dollard is aligned with Christianity in opposition to the barbarism of the Natives.These accounts of Dollard provided a basis that allowed him to develop into and be upheld as a heroic figure in French-Canadian culture, post-British conquest. These sources also set a


title: Adam Dollard des Ormeaux

texts:
 throughout the early 1900s. The writing of Lionel Groulx, for instance, portrays Dollard as a figure of French Canadian nationalism and Catholicism. Groulx's writing, in particular, emphasizes the youth of Dollard and upholds him as a model for French Canadian children. Since controversy has come to light surrounding the circumstances of the Battle of Long Sault, modern historians have challenged traditional visions of Dollard as a hero in Quebec culture. Notable historians on this subject include E. R. Adair and Gustave Lanctot. English history

Dollard not only occupies a prominent position in French Canadian culture but also appears as a figure in English Canadian history. In the 1860s, Francis Parkman wrote an English account of the Battle of Long Sault.His version focuses less on Catholicism and instead uses the story as a model of continuity of European settlements in the Canadas. The arts

There have been tributes to Dollard <mask>meaux in Canadian poetry, theatre, and literature. As a response to French marginalization throughout Canada, a lot of this work generally focuses on themes of heroism and the strength of French Canadian ancestors. The art also often explores Dollard's martyrdom for the growth of a nation. Natives are largely absent in these bodies of work and when represented, often depicted as negative figures. Public statues

 A monument to Dollard <mask>meaux, created by sculptor Alfred Laliberté and the architect Alphonse Venne, was inaugurated in Parc Lafontaine on June 24, 1920. A bas-relief on the

masks:
des Or
des Or


title: Adam Dollard des Ormeaux

texts:
 Maisonneuve Monument at Place d'Armes, Montreal, sculpted by Louis-Philippe Hébert, portrays Dollard <mask>meaux in the Battle of Long Sault.Holiday

In Quebec, starting during the time of the Quiet Revolution, Victoria Day became unofficially known as Fête de Dollard. In 2003, provincial legislation officially declared the date to be National Patriots' Day. Toponymy
In Quebec, as well as the Montreal suburb Dollard-des-Ormeaux, there are dozens of places, including streets, squares, and parks, which commemorate the name. References

1635 births
1660 deaths
1660s in Canada
French emigrants to pre-Confederation Quebec
Military history of Canada
People of New France
17th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
Dollard-des-Ormeaux
French military personnel killed in action
Immigrants to New


title: Philip I. Marcus

texts:
<mask><mask> (June 3, 1927 in Springfield, Massachusetts – September 1, 2013 in Farmington, Connecticut) was an American virologist and a leader in interferon research. From 2003 he was a Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor of Molecular and Cell Biology at the University of Connecticut. Early life and education
<mask> was born June 3, 1927, in Springfield, Massachusetts, the son of <mask> and Marley Spier (Sheffield, England), and the brother of Maxine Altshuler, and <mask>. In 1945 he graduated Springfield Technical High School (which would later merge with Springfield Classical High School to form Springfield Central High School) the STEM system of its time. During World War II, while in high school, he worked at the great forges in the Springfield Armory immortalized by Longfellow's poem "The Arsenal at Springfield." He enlisted in the Army Specialized Training Reserve Program and was assigned in 1945 to attend the University of Connecticut in Storrs, Connecticut. <mask> received his education directly as a result of the G.I.Bill. After six months each at the University of Connecticut and the University of Maine (in Orono) he had earned two years of college credit. Assigned to active duty in the US Air Force and stationed in Istres, France, he rose to the level of staff sergeant within a year. The GI Bill enabled him to attend college, the first in his family to do so. He took some courses in general education and engineering while serving in the United States Army Air Force in 1945–46 then, after a year abroad as part of the US occupation forces in Europe, left the USAAF and studied for his BS in Bacteriology in 1950 at the University of Southern California, his MS in microbiology in 1953 at the University of Chicago (where he first met Leó Szilárd) and earned his PhD microbiology/biophysics in 1957 from the University of Colorado Medical Center, where he also was an associate professor and worked with Theodore Puck. Career
While at the University of Chicago, he worked

masks:
Philip I
. Marcus
Marcus
Julius Marcus
Emil Marcus
Marcus


title: Philip I. Marcus

texts: with Aaron Novick and Leó Szilárd and later with Paul Talalay. In Colorado, he became codiscoverer of the clonogenic assay and the feeder cell system, making it possible to grow clones from single mammalian cells as in stem cells.He was the first to clone the immortalized HeLa cells. That procedure led to the first determination of human cell sensitivity to X-rays. Over fifty years later he documented that a luncheon conversation with Leó Szilárd, the nuclear physicist, led to the concept and physical setup for the first clonogenic assay. Dr. <mask> then spent nine years on the faculty of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in NY supported by a ten-year U.S. Public Health Service Research Career Development Award. While there he showed the dynamic movement of virus molecules on the surface of infected cells, and with a pediatrician colleague, Dr. David Carver, developed a new test to detect rubella virus. During this time in New York, he was director for nine years of the post-doctoral course on quantitative animal virology and cell culture that was taught in the summer at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (NY). In 1969 <mask> returned to the University of Connecticut, where he was appointed head of the Microbiology Section.He spent the remainder of his career at the University of Connecticut, where he administered the first Program Project on campus supported by the National Institute of Health, chaired the first Biosafety Committee, created a Virus and Interferon Research Laboratory recognized internationally for its innovative studies, published over 130 scientific papers, and was awarded five U.S. patents. As an early director of the Biotechnology Center, he helped attract companies with a focus on biotechnology to Connecticut. Then, for twelve years as director of the Biotechnology/ Services Center, he expanded the acquisition of state-of-the art instruments, which drew scientists to the facility. He continued to advance biotechnology in Connecticut as a charter member of the

masks: Marcus Marcus


title: Philip I. Marcus

texts: Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering and was pleased to know that the Research Park planned for Storrs, Connectucut, will be realized. In 1987 he received the University of Connecticut Alumni Association Award for Excellence in Research, and in 2003 was recognized as a board of trustees distinguished professor. His annual course in virology, taught for thirty-six years, was both sought after, and evaded, the former by students looking to be challenged. These students were a source of great pride.Decades later he continued to receive accolades from students expressing appreciation for the opportunity to experience that challenge. <mask> was a member and active participant in a number of professional scientific societies, including the American Society for Virology and the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research, which in 2005 named him as an honorary member. Serving eighteen years as editor-in-chief of the Journal of Interferon Research (later renamed the Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research (JICR)), he went on to serve as senior consulting editor of the JICR for ten years until the present day. For twenty-five years he was an editor for the Journal of Cellular Physiology. He typically mentored two Ph.D. candidates and two undergraduate honors students doing research in the lab. The bulk of his research at the University of Connecticut was in collaboration with long-time associate and faculty member, Dr. Margaret J. Sekellick. Three highlights included: the discovery of the world's most efficient inducer of interferon –a single molecule of double-stranded RNA; the molecular cloning of the first non-human interferon (avian); and the discovery that influenza virus populations contained previously unknown large subpopulations of noninfectious viruses that were nonetheless biologically active.He was an avid reader who, while developing ways to win the war between viruses and cells, imagined how humankind would lose if we destroyed ourselves first. He