title: Shmuel Rodensky

texts:
 <mask> traveled to Hamburg to join the German-language production of Fiddler on the Roof, titled Anatevka, which premiered on February 1. <mask> became popular throughout West Germany for his portrayal of Tevye, performing the role more than 1,400 times. He also toured with a production in Switzerland. He appeared on the German-language recording of the Hamburg premiere. On September 4, 1972, the evening before a Palestinian terrorist group infiltrated the Israeli Olympic athletes' quarters during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, the Israeli team attended a German-language performance of Fiddler on the Roof at the Deutsches Theater in Munich as guests of <mask>, the lead actor. The Israelis received glasses of wine during the intermission and posed for pictures with <mask>. The last play in which <mask> acted was "The Spine", which premiered on January 10, 1988 at the Habima Theatre.He played the role of Dr. Willy. The production ran for only seven performances and then was closed in deference to <mask>'s illness. <mask> died the following year. Film and television
<mask> first appeared on screen in the 1935 Israeli film Zot Hi Ha'aretz (This is the Land). He was cast as Reb Pinchas in the Israeli film Shnei Kuni Lemel (The Flying Matchmaker), which was the Israeli entry for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1966. Other notable roles included Tevye in the 1968 Israeli film Tevye and His Seven Daughters, Simon Wiesenthal in the 1974 Anglo-German film The Odessa File, and Jethro in the BBC television miniseries Moses the Lawgiver. <mask> appeared in other film and television roles in West Germany and Switzerland.Honors and awards
<mask> received numerous honors and awards in Israel and West Germany. In 1983 he received the Federal Service Cross from the

masks: Rodensky Rodensky Rodensky Rodensky Rodensky Rodensky Rodensky Rodensky Rodensky Rodensky


title: Shmuel Rodensky

type: original

texts:
 Federal Republic of Germany, and the Rudolf Küstermeier Prize in Tel Aviv, the latter recognizing his contribution to "the interpretation of Israeli culture in West Germany". <mask> was named a Worthy Citizen of Tel Aviv in 1982. He received the Israel Prize for lifetime achievement in 1983 and the Meyer Margalit Prize in 1984. President of Germany Gustav Heinemann praised <mask> as "Israel's greatest ambassador of reconciliation". Personal life

<mask> met his wife, stage actress Raya Nura Shein, when both were studying at the Eretz Israel Theatre. They married in 1928.<mask> died of a heart attack in Tel Aviv on 16 July 1989. Notwithstanding his fame, he died impoverished. In 2001-2002 the Tel Aviv Municipality affixed a memorial plaque to <mask>'s home at 1 Rachel Street as part of its effort to honor artists and intellectuals who had resided in the city. Filmography

Sources:

Discography
<mask>'s recordings include:

Albums
<mask> <mask> Singt Lieder Seiner Heimat In Deutscher Sprache [<mask> <mask> Sings Songs of His Homeland in German Language] (1968)
Anatevka (Deutsche Originalaufnahme) (Anatevka original German-language recording) (1968)
 <mask> Rodensky Liest Satiren Von Ephraim Kishon (Shmuel Rodensky Reads Satires by Ephraim Kishon) (1974)

Singles
Wenn Ich Einmal Reich Wär / Zum Wohl ["If I Were a Rich Man"] (1968)

Notes

References

Sources

External links

 <mask> <mask> and <mask> Segal on the Lack of Human Logic" Hebrew-language comedy routine, 1984

1902 births
1989 deaths
People from Smarhon’
People from Oshmyansky Uyezd
Belarusian Jews
Jews of the Russian Empire
Polish emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Ashkenazi Jews in Mandatory Palestine
Israeli people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
Israeli male stage actors
Israeli male film actors
Burials at Kiryat

masks: Rodensky Rodensky Rodensky Rodensky Rodensky Rodensky Shmuel Rodensky Shmuel Rodensky Shmuel Shmuel Rodensky Shmuel


title: Felix of Burgundy

texts:
<mask> of Burgundy, also known as <mask> of Dunwich (died 8 March 647 or 648), was a saint and the first bishop of the East Angles. He is widely credited as the man who introduced Christianity to the kingdom of East Anglia. Almost all that is known about the saint originates from The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, completed by Bede in about 731, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Bede praised <mask> for delivering "all the province of East Anglia from long-standing unrighteousness and unhappiness". <mask>, who originated from the Frankish kingdom of Burgundy, may have been a priest at one of the monasteries in Francia founded by the Irish missionary Columbanus: the existence of a Bishop of Châlons with the same name may not be a coincidence. <mask> travelled from his homeland of Burgundy to Canterbury before being sent by Honorius to Sigeberht of East Anglia's kingdom in about 630, (by sea to Babingley in Norfolk, according to local legend). On arrival in East Anglia, Sigeberht gave him a see at Dommoc (possibly Walton,  Suffolk near Felixstowe or Dunwich in Suffolk).According to Bede, <mask> helped Sigeberht to establish a school in his kingdom "where boys could be taught letters". He died on 8 March 647 or 648, having been bishop for seventeen years. His relics were translated from Dommoc to Soham Abbey and then to the abbey at Ramsey. After his death, <mask> was venerated as a saint: several English churches are dedicated to him. <mask>'s feast date is 8 March. Background and early life

<mask> came from the Frankish kingdom of Burgundy, although his name prevents historians from conclusively identifying his nationality. According to Bede, he was ordained in Burgundy.It is possible that <mask> was associated with Irish missionary activity in Francia, which was centred in Burgundy and was particularly associated with Columbanus and Luxeuil

masks: Felix Felix Felix Felix Felix Felix Felix Felix Felix Felix


title: Felix of Burgundy

texts:
 Abbey. Columbanus had arrived in Francia in about 590, after leaving Bangor along with twelve companions and going into voluntary exile. Upon Columbanus's arrival, he was encouraged to stay, and in about 592 settled at Annegay, but was then forced to find an alternative site for a monastery at Luxeuil, when lay people and the sick continually sought the counsel of himself and his fellow monks. The connection between the Wuffingas ruling dynasty and the abbess Burgundofara at Faremoutiers Abbey was an example of the associations that existed at the time between the Church in East Anglia and religious establishments in Francia. Such associations were partly due to the work of Columbanus and his disciples at Luxeuil: together with Eustasius, his successor, Columbanus inspired Burgundofara to found the abbey at Faremoutiers. It has been suggested that a connection between the disciples of Columbanus, (who strongly influenced the Christians of Northern Burgundy) and <mask>, helps to explain how the Wuffingas dynasty established its links with Faremoutiers. Higham notes various suggestions for where <mask> may have originated, including Luxeuil, Châlons or the area around Autun.Other historians have made connections between <mask> and Dagobert I, who had contact with both King Sigeberht of East Anglia and Amandus, a disciple of Columbanus. McLure and Collins note that there was a bishop named <mask> who held the see of Châlons in 626 or 627. They suggest the possibility that <mask> may have become a political fugitive as a result of losing his see at Châlons after the death of Chlothar II in 629. Arrival in the kingdom of the East Angles

<mask> is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a collection of annals that was compiled in the late ninth century. The annal for 633 in 'Manuscript A' of the Chronicle, states that <mask> "preached the faith of Christ to the

masks: Felix Felix Felix Felix Felix Felix Felix


title: Felix of Burgundy

texts:
 East Angles". Another version of the Chronicle, 'Manuscript F', written in the eleventh century in both Old English and Latin, elaborates  upon the short statement contained in the Manuscript A annal:
"Here there came from the region of Burgundy a bishop who was called <mask>, who preached the faith to the people of East Anglia; called here by King Sigeberht; he received a bishopric in Dommoc, in which he remained for seventeen years." Bede describes how the exertions of King Sigeberht of East Anglia "were nobly promoted by Bishop <mask>, who, coming to Honorius, the archbishop, from the parts of Burgundy, where he had been born and, ordained, and having told him what he desired, was sent by him to preach the Word of life to the aforesaid nation of the Angles".Later sources tend to differ from the version of events described by Bede and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The Liber Eliensis, an English chronicle and history written at Ely Abbey in the 12th century, states that <mask> came with Sigeberht from Francia and was then made Bishop of East Anglia. According to another version of the story, <mask> travelled from Gaul and reached the hamlet of Babingley, via the River Babingley. He then made his way to Canterbury. He was ordained as a bishop in about 630 or 631 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Honorius. <mask>'s arrival in East Anglia seems to have coincided with the start of a new period of order established by Sigeberht, that had followed the assassination of Eorpwald and the three years of apostasy that followed Eorpwald's murder. Sigeberht had become a devout Christian before returning from exile in Francia to become king.His accession may have been decisive in bringing <mask> to East Anglia. Peter Hunter challenges the assertion by mediaeval sources that spoke of <mask> and Sigeberht travelling together  from Francia to England, as in his view Bede's


title: Felix of Burgundy

texts:
 Ecclesiastical History of the English People implied that <mask> went to East Anglia because of Honorius at Canterbury. Bishop of the East Angles
Soon after his arrival at Sigeberht's court, <mask> established a church at Dommoc, his episcopal see, which is widely taken to mean Dunwich, on the Suffolk coast. Dunwich has since been almost totally destroyed by the effects of coastal erosion. Other historians have suggested as an alternative site for <mask>'s see the coastal Walton, Suffolk near Felixstowe, where there was once a Roman fort, Walton Castle, since washed away by the sea. A church and priory were dedicated to him there by Roger Bigod in 1105. Bede related that <mask> started a school, "where boys could be taught letters", to provide Sigeberht with teachers.There is no evidence that <mask>'s school was at Soham, as is maintained by later sources. Bede is unclear as to the origin of the teachers at the school that was established, who may have been from Kent itself or similar to those who were to be found in Kent. The Liber Eliensis mentioned that he also founded the abbey at Soham, in Cambridgeshire and a church at Reedham in Norfolk: "Indeed, one reads in an English source that St <mask> was the original founder of the old monastery of Sehem and of the church at Redham". According to Margaret Gallyon, the large size of the East Anglian diocese would have made the foundation of a second religious establishment at Soham "appear very probable". During his years as bishop, the East Anglian Church was made still stronger when Fursey arrived from Ireland and founded a monastery, at Cnobheresburg, probably located at Burgh Castle, in Norfolk. Death and veneration
<mask> died in 647 or 648, after he had been bishop for seventeen years. After his death, which probably occurred during the reign of Anna of East Anglia,  Thomas, a Fenman, became the second


title: Felix of Burgundy

texts:
 Bishop of the East Angles.<mask> was buried at Dommoc, but his relics were at a later date removed to Soham, according to the twelfth-century English historian William of Malmesbury. His shrine was desecrated by the Vikings when the church was destroyed. Some time later,  "the body of the saint was looked for and found, and buried at Ramsey Abbey". Ramsey was noted for its enthusiasm for collecting saints' relics, and in an apparent attempt to out-compete their rivals from the abbey at Ely, the Ramsey monks escaped by rowing their boats through thick Fenland fog, carrying with them the bishop's precious remains. <mask>'s feast day is celebrated on 8 March. There are six churches dedicated to the saint, located in North Yorkshire and East Anglia. According to the mediaeval Custumal of Bury St Edmunds, known as the Liber Albus, <mask> is said to have visited Babingley, in the northwest of Norfolk, and  'maden... ... the halige kirke'  – "built the holy church".<mask> is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 8 March. The village of Felixkirk (in Yorkshire) and the town of Felixstowe may both have been named after the saint, though an alternative meaning for Felixstowe, "the stow of Filica", has been suggested. Additional information

<mask> as a patron saint of the St. Felix Orthodox Educational Center. Under the blessing of the Rector of the Ss. Cyril and Methodius Theological Institute of Postgraduate Studies Metropolitan Hilarion (Alfeyev) of Volokolamsk, an Eastern Orthodox Educational Center, dedicated to St. <mask>, has been operating in Russia since 2014. Numerous academic disciplines are taught there free of charge. References

Sources

Fiction

External links

Bishops of the East Angles
647 deaths
East Anglian saints
7th-century English bishops
7th-century Christian saints
Year of birth unknown
Burials in

masks: Felix Felix Felix Felix Felix Felix


title: Nancy H. Adsit

texts:
<mask><mask> (, Warren; pen name, Probus; May 21, 1825 – April 27, 1902) was a 19th-century American art lecturer, art educator, and writer. A graduate of Ingham University, she contributed for half a century to art literature. Adsit was the first woman to enter the insurance field in the United States, and, as far as is known, in the world. She was possessed of an unusual combination: great literary ability and excellent business sense. At the age of 13, she assumed charge of her own affairs and her future education. Some of her early writings aroused great antagonism, and her identity was withheld by her editor. It was not until many years later that she acknowledged their authorship.On the death of her husband, Charles Davenport <mask>, of Buffalo, New York in 1873, she assumed the entire charge of his business and general insurance agency. After a very successful career in this line, she sold the business and resumed her writing. She contributed to the London Art Journal, writing an interesting series of articles for them on "The Black and White in Art" or "Etching and Engraving". This brought demands for lectures and parlor talks on art, and she began a course of classes for study. For many years, she delivered these lectures in the principal cities of the U.S., and her name was prominently connected with art education both in the U.S. and abroad. <mask> died in 1902. Early life and education
<mask>. Warren was born in Palermo, New York, May 21, 1825.She was of New England Puritan lineage, and was descended from the Mayflower Robinsons on her mother's side, and from the patriotic Warrens of Massachusetts on her father's side, her father being a clergyman and missionary. Her early life was a discipline in self-dependence, which aided and stimulated the development of an inherited force of character, enabling her to combat and conquer adverse conditions, overcome obstacles and from childhood mark out for herself and pursue steadily a career that achieved success. At the age of 13, she assumed entire charge of herself and her

masks:
Nancy H
. Adsit
Adsit
Adsit
Nancy H


title: Nancy H. Adsit

texts:
 fortunes. The expenses of her collegiate study at Ingham University were met by teaching and journalism. Career
Adsit was a regular contributor to the columns of the New York City Baptist Register, the Boston Recorder, the New-York Tribune and the Western Literary Messenger. Her earlier work was mostly in the line of poetic effusions and several series of "lay sermons" under the signature of "Probus." These sermons aroused intense antagonism in clerical circles, on account of their latitudinarianism on theologic questions.Heated and prolonged discussions followed each publication. "Probus," the unknown, was adjudged by a general council "guilty of heresy," and the sermons were denounced and condemned. The series was completed, however, and her identity was held between herself and the editor, and not until many years later, by her own voluntary confession, was the writer identified. Meanwhile, the thought of the clergy, along with the world at large, had broadened, and the sermons were no longer under proscription. She married Charles Davenport <mask>, of Buffalo, December 13, 1862. Her home during the next three years was at 11 North Division Street, in that city. Alternating literary, charitable and church work with her domestic duties, she developed an ideal home.They moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1865, where her husband died in 1873, leaving his widow charged with large responsibilities. Adsit immediately assumed the entire charge and management of a general insurance agency. Protests from family friends and jealous antagonisms on the part of business competitors met her at the threshold of the work, but she won public favor as she gave assurance of ability until the work was crowned with such success as to leave no cause for its further prosecution. Accordingly, Adsit sold the business, with her good will, and resumed writing. Her range of work reached from the political questions of the day to science and art. Her contributions to the London Art Journal for many years brought a request for a series of articles on the


title: Nancy H. Adsit

texts:
 "White and Black in Art," or "Etching and Engraving". Finding no satisfactory data for thorough investigation in books, she visited the studios of artists, as well as the workshops of engravers, gathering firsthand the necessary information, even to the practical use of the tools of each craft.An entire year was consumed in this preparatory work. Months before the articles were completed the demand for parlor conversation on the topics which so absorbed her induced Adsit to open her home to groups of ladies and gentlemen, who cared to take up the study in earnest. The field of her labor gradually broadened, and from 1880, she gave lecture courses in nearly all the principal cities of the U.S.. Her name became prominently identified with art education, both in the U.S. and abroad. While Adsit disclaimed being an artist, she was a competent and thorough critic and elucidator of art. Her criticisms of prints, especially, were sought by connoisseurs and collectors. The secret of her success lay in the fact that her work was simply the expression of her own personality, including an abounding enthusiasm which carried her audiences.In a report of its Wisconsin secretary to the Association for the Advancement of Women, of which Adsit is one of the vice-presidents, the writer said: "To Mrs. C. D<mask>'s work is due, directly or indirectly, most of the art interest in our State as well as the entire West." Her own adverse experiences quickened and enlarged her sympathies toward all working women, to whom she gave not only wholesome advice, but also substantial aid. Her home in Milwaukee was a center of art and of social interchange. She died April 27, 1902, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and was buried at Forest Home Cemetery, Milwaukee. References

Bibliography

External links

1825 births
1902 deaths
19th-century American writers
19th-century American women writers
19th-century pseudonymous writers
American art educators
People from Oswego County, New York
Pseudonymous women writers
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from A Woman of the


title: Michael Thonet

texts:
<mask> (2 July 1796, Boppard – 3 March 1871, Vienna) was a German-Austrian cabinet maker, known for the invention of bentwood furniture. Career
Thonet was the son of the master tanner <mask> of Boppard. Following a carpenter's apprenticeship, Thonet set himself up as an independent cabinetmaker in 1819. A year later, he married Anna Grahs, with whom he had seven sons and six daughters. Only five of the sons, however, survived early childhood. In the 1830s, Thonet began trying to make furniture out of glued and bent wooden slats. His first success was the Bopparder Schichtholzstuhl (Boppard layerwood chair) in 1836.Thonet gained substantial independence by acquiring the Michelsmühle, the glue factory that made the glue for this process, in 1837. However, his attempts to patent the technology failed in Germany (1840) as well as in Great Britain, France and Russia (1841). Thonet's essential breakthrough was his success in having light, strong wood bent into curved, graceful shapes by forming the wood in hot steam. This enabled him to design entirely novel, elegant, lightweight, durable and comfortable furniture, which appealed strongly to fashion – a complete departure from the heavy, carved designs of the past – and whose aesthetic and functional appeal remains to this day. At the Koblenz trade fair of 1841, Thonet met Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, who was enthusiastic about Thonet's furniture and invited him to the Vienna court. In the next year, Thonet was able to present his furniture, and his chairs in particular, to the Imperial Family. As the Boppard establishment got into financial difficulties, Thonet sold it and emigrated to Vienna

masks:
Michael Thonet
Franz Anton Thonet


title: Michael Thonet

texts:
 no. 18 and no. 56, around 1900 the elegant no. 209 with its curved armrests, which Le Corbusier adored, and in 1904 the art nouveau armchair 247 by Otto Wagner, the so-called postal savings bank chair, to name but a few. Thonet production peaked in 1912: two million different products were manufactured and sold worldwide. In 1857, <mask>'s sons as Gebrüder Thonet commissioned the first Thonet furniture factory to be built in the Moravian town of Koryčany using their father's plans.In the coming years, five more production sites were established in Central Europe. In 1861, Thonet and his sons established a bentwood furniture factory in Bystřice pod Hostýnem, which is today the oldest still operating factory of its kind in the world. In 1889 the seventh and last production site was added in the town of Frankenberg, Hesse, Germany. After World War I and World War II, this one was the only one to remain owned by the family. It is Thonet's head office until today. As <mask>t died 1871 in Vienna, the Fa. Gebrüder Thonet had sales locations across Europe as well as Chicago and New York City.Today, a museum in the factory in Frankenberg showcases the firm's history and the Thonet design. In 1976 Thonet was divided into a German and an Austrian company (Thonet Vienna). The two companies are independent of each other. In 2006 Gebrüder Thonet became Thonet GmbH. Thonet today
The success of the company Thonet GmbH in Frankenberg, Germany, began with the work of master joiner <mask> (1796–1871). Since he founded his first woodworking shop in 1819 in Boppard, the name Thonet has stood for high-quality, innovative and elegant furniture. Today, Thorsten Muck runs

masks:
Michael Thonet
Michael Thone
Michael Thonet


title: Michael Thonet

texts:
 the company with its head offices and production facilities in Frankenberg.<mask>'s direct descendants in the fifth and sixth generation remain involved in the company's business as associates and sales partners. The collection comprises famous bentwood furniture, tubular steel classics from the Bauhaus era, and current designs by famous contemporary architects and designers. Often mispronounced "tho-nay" the name is pronounced "toe-net" with a hard beginning and ending t.

The Museum of Applied Arts, MAK Vienna hosts the largest collection of original Thonet chairs in Austria. References
 Üner, Stefan: Gebrüder Thonet, in: Wagner, Hoffmann, Loos und das Möbeldesign der Wiener Moderne. Künstler, Auftraggeber, Produzenten, ed. by Eva B. Ottillinger, Exhib. Cat.Hofmobiliendepot, Vienna, March 20 – October 7, 2018, pp. 149–152, . Albrecht Bangert: Thonet Möbel. Bugholz-Klassiker von 1830–1930. Heyne, München 1997,
 Hans H. Buchwald: Form from Process. The Thonet chair. Carpenter Center for the Visual arts, Cambridge Mass.1967
 Danko, Peter. Thoughts on Thonet – "Fine Woodworking" January/February 1985: 112–114. Del Ducca, Giuseppe. <mask>. 9 November 1999. (11/9/99)
 "Galerie Thonet." Galerie Thonet.8 November 1999. (11/8/99)
 Gatsura, Genrih (Henry). THONET FURNITURE. "Brothers Thonet" on the furniture market of Imperial Russia. Moscow, 2001, 2013;
 Andrea Gleininger: Der Kaffeehausstuhl Nr. 14 von <mask>t. Birkhäuser, Frankfurt/M.1998,
 Heinz Kähne: Möbel aus gebogenem Holz. Ein Blick in die Sammlung der Stadt Boppard. Boppard 2000
 Heinz Kähne: Thonet Bugholz-Klassiker. Eine Einführung in die Schönheit und Vielfalt der Thonet-Möbel. Rhein-Mosel

masks:
Michael Thonet
Michael Thonet
Michael Thone


title: Michael Thonet

texts:
 Verlag, Briedel 1999,
 Labelart WebPage design. Thonet Vienna-Chair No. 14.9 November 1999. Brigitte Schmutzler: Eine unglaubliche Geschichte. <mask> und seine Stühle. Landesmuseum, Koblenz 1996,
Reider, William. Antiques: Bentwood Furniture. Architectural Digest August 1996: 106–111. Thonet.American Craft December 1990: 42–45. Thonet. Gebrüder Thonet GmbH. (11/9/99)
 Alexander von Vegesack: Thonet: Classic Furniture in Bent Wood and Tubular Steel. Rizzoli, New York, 1997,
 RENZI/THILLMANN, sedie a dondolo Thonet – Thonet rocking chairs, Silvana Editoriale, Milano 2006,
 LARA, NATASCHA/THILLMANN, WOLFGANG, Bugholzmöbel in Südamerika – Bentwood furniture in South America – Muebles de madera curvada, La Paz 2008
 THILLMANN, WOLFGANG / WILLSCHEID, BERND, MöbelDesign – Roentgen, Thonet und die Moderne, Roentgen Museum Neuwied, Neuwied 2011,
 Alexander von Vegesack, "Mass Production Chair Man", 1 December 1996, The Independent. Notes

External links

 http://www.thonet.de

 Thonet chairs at the Museum of Applied Arts, MAK Vienna
 Dieter Staedeli Viennese chairs
 bugholzmoebel.at, site displaying photographs, documents of bentwood furniture and blog
 Museum Boppard, site displaying the complete Thonet collection of the Museum Boppard
 thillmann-collection Wolfgang Thillmann, the world's largest private collection of Thonet and bentwood furniture
 Genrih Gatsura | Thonet on the furniture market of Imperial Russia

1796 births
1871 deaths
People from Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis
Furniture makers
Austrian furniture designers
German furniture designers
Purveyors to the Imperial and Royal Court
Austrian people of German descent
Burials at the Vienna Central


title: Kushibiki Yumindo

texts:
, also given as Yumeto, Yumito, and Yumeno, was a Japanese impresario responsible for organizing many international exhibitions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Japanese Exhibition King
<mask>o was born in the town of Gonohe, Aomori, either in 1859, as most Japanese sources claim, or 1865, as he stated on several occasions while in the United States. Little is known of his early life. A brief Japanese biography from the Aomori Prefectural Library states that he went to Tokyo with the intention of entering Keio Gijuku but was unsuccessful. According to a 1916 profile in California's Magazine, he "came first to America in 1884." The beginnings of his entrepreneurial career are similarly undocumented. According to the 1916 profile, "At the Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893 he presented his first conception of an exploitation of Japan on the Midway, which proved highly successful, both as an instructive and popular exhibition and as a financial venture."<mask>'s name does not, in fact, appear among the main organizers of that exposition, but within a few years he would become known as the "Japanese Exposition King." <mask>'s success owed much to his collaboration with another Japanese organizer at the Columbian Expo, Arai Saburō (1867-1951). In subsequent years, "Kushibiki and Arai organized Japanese villages and tea gardens at the Atlanta Cotton States Exposition (1895), Atlantic City (1896-1900), the Buffalo Pan-American Exposition (1901), the South Carolina Inter-State and West Indian Exposition at Charleston (1902), Coney Island’s Luna Park (opened May 1903), the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis (1904), the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition in Seattle (1909) and the Panama–California Exposition at San Diego’s Balboa Park (1915)," along with the San Francisco Panama–Pacific International Exposition (1915) and Japan–British Exhibition (1910). Chicago, Atlanta, Nashville,

masks:
Kushibiki Yumind
Kushibiki
Kushibiki


title: Kushibiki Yumindo

texts:
 period, Kushibiki and Arai also ran a Japanese tea garden and nursery in Atlantic City. And they took on private landscaping commissions.In 1899 they were hired to construct a fernery (now part of the Morris Arboretum) for wealthy Philadelphia siblings John and Lydia Morris. "To create the distinctive subterranean grotto ambiance, Morris hired Japanese garden makers Kushibiki and Arai to arrange one hundred tons of local Wissahickon schist into rockery formations resembling a cave or mountain cliff accented by delicate waterfalls, a flowing stream bed, and a goldfish pond. Once the plants took hold on the rocky surfaces, entering the fernery felt like a journey through a personal terrarium." The garden contained "about one thousand ferns, representing 523 different varieties," and was considered "one of the finest displays of filmy ferns  (Hymenophyllaceae) in cultivation." Arai's films and the Kawakami tour

In 1896 Kushibiki and Arai returned to Japan, to recruit talent for current and future projects, and bringing along two of what would be Japan's first motion picture projectors. Arai had "bought two Vitascopes and a dozen films" from the Edison Company and began screening in early February in Asakusa. In March Arai arranged screenings at the Kawakami-za in Kanda, a modern Western-style theater opened the previous year by actor-playwright Kawakami Otojirō.Kawakami's meeting with <mask> at the event would have far-reaching effects. "<mask>," according to Joseph Anderson, "had been looking for his next Japanese novelty. He proposed a tour to Kawakami that would 'introduce the New Theatre to American ladies and gentlemen.'" Kawakami hoped to travel to Paris to perform with his troupe at the 1900 Paris Exposition. "At the very least, such a trip could help pay Kawakami's expenses for getting to the exhibition in Paris." In February 1899, Kushibiki visited the Kobe hospital where Kawakami was

masks: Kushibiki Kushibiki


title: Kushibiki Yumindo

texts:
 convalescing after an illness. On March 1, the Miyako Shimbun, a Kyoto newspaper, reported that Kawakami planned to leave in 20 days with his wife Sadayakko, niece Tsuru, and an 18-member troupe.Before their departure, <mask> "left suddenly for San Francisco ahead of the Kawakami company with the explanation that he was called back early because his Atlantic City enterprise was in trouble and he was not feeling well." The Kawakami troupe arrived in San Francisco on May 21 to find that "Kushibiki was not there to take care of them as he promised. He had had a major loss in his business and could no longer afford to sponsor them. So he handed them over to a Japanese lawyer named Kosaku Mitsuse, who became their manager." They were also surprised to find that Kushibiki had featured Sadayakko as the troupe's main attraction. "There was no getting out of it, concluded Yakko. She was going to have to be an actress."Kushibiki's choice of manager proved disastrous: within weeks Mitsuse had driven the troupe into bankruptcy through mismanagement and outright theft. But their eventual success was largely the result of <mask>'s promotion of Sadayakko as actress. By the time they returned to Japan she was recognized as a major international star. New York

In 1901, Kushibiki organized "Fair Japan" at the Buffalo, New York Pan-American Exposition that ran from May to November. On the morning of July 27, running to catch a moving trolley car to the Exposition grounds, he had a tragic mishap. Slipping, his left leg caught under the wheels, and had to be amputated just below the knee. The Buffalo Evening News, reporting the story, described <mask> as "one of the best known among the Pan-American concessionaires."When gangrene set in, a second operation was performed. "At first it was thought he stood but small chance of recovery," but "a strong constitution pulled him through." At the end of August he was still

masks: Kushibiki Kushibiki Kushibiki


title: Kushibiki Yumindo

texts:
 hospitalized; "his partner, Mr. Arai, has had charge of the Japanese village, and a monster benefit has been prepared in behalf of Kushibiki." Finally, on September 26, <mask>, making his first appearance at the Exposition since the accident, "hobbled through the Midway on crutches. In spite of his misfortune he was as philosophic and debonnaire as ever." Kushibiki had little time to lose in organizing his next "Fair Japan" in Charleston for the South Carolina Inter-State and West Indian Exposition, set to open on December 1, 1901. "A Japanese rock garden, complete with Bonsai trees, waterfalls, and bridges, was recreated inside the Fair Japan concession.A typical tea house with quaint booths was attended by geisha girls. There was also a theatre where actors, jugglers, and tumblers entertained fairgoers. Price of admission was 15¢; admission to the theatre was 15¢ extra." The exposition continued until June 20, 1902. Kushibiki had at least three New York projects underway in the summer of 1903. The first was a Japanese Village and Japanese Gardens for Luna Park, an amusement park on Coney Island whose feature attraction was A Trip to the Moon, a popular ride debuted at the Buffalo Exposition two years earlier. The second was a "Japan by Night" installation and concession for the rooftop garden at Madison Square Garden, created to accompany a Japanese-themed play, Otoyo.Japanese writer Yone Noguchi worked as a curio-seller, “doing a pretty good business, selling things between 7 and 12 dollars a night,” and stayed through the summer, as it was “awfully jolly to do such a thing upon the roof full of fresh air and music.” Kushibiki's third New York project was a set of Japanese-style buildings for railroad millionaire Frederick William Vanderbilt's summer camp in the Adirondacks at Upper St. Regis Lake. St. Louis and Portland

Kushibiki's major project for 1904 was the Louisiana Purchase Exposition held


title: Kushibiki Yumindo

texts: in St. Louis from April 30 to December 1, 1904. The St. Louis Exposition received unprecedented support from the Japanese government: $400,000, plus $50,000 from the Japanese colonial government of Formosa, and over $250,000 in Japanese commercial and regional government investments. A large garden featured a replica of Kyoto's famous Kinkakuji. In another part of the grounds was "Fair Japan on the 'Pike' ... a private concession controlled by the Fair Japan Company, which was organized by Y<mask>, S. Arai, and several prominent business men of St. Louis." Visitors passed through a large Niōmon-style gate, said to be a "reproduction of the famous portal at Nikko," built at a cost of $25,000.The exposition would prove to be especially important because the Russo-Japanese War, which began on February 8, 1904, remained in progress through the whole of the exposition. In April, <mask> announced that thirty geisha had embarked from Yokohama and were expected to arrive about April 25. Kushibiki's popularity in St. Louis was mentioned in the local press both before and during the exposition. The St. Louis Republic described him as "an interesting personality," and called him "the Japanese Barnum." "His shrewdness is a tincture of Japanese acumen and very modern business methods of the big Western Republic, which the Japanese as a nation love to emulate." The World's Fair Bulletin described him as "an exceedingly intellectual Japanese, and highly popular among all his brethren of the amusement world.  " <mask> generally received little official credit for his exposition organizing role.Twenty-six members of the Japan Commission at the St. Louis exposition—a president, vice-president, eleven commissioners, six experts, three secretaries, and four attaches (for the most part, government officials, diplomats, and experts with academic credentials)—are named in the exposition's Official Directory, but <mask> and

masks:
. Kushibiki
Kushibiki
Kushibiki
Kushibiki


title: Kushibiki Yumindo

texts:
 Arai are not among them. But at his next exposition—the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition held in Portland, Oregon the following year—<mask> was appointed as one of Japan's three Commissioners. In an unusual honor, he was also appointed Second Vice-President of the Executive Commissioners' Association, making him the only non-American member of the exposition's executive committee. By the time the exposition opened on June 1, just days after the Japanese navy destroyed the remains of the Russian fleet in the Tsushima Straits, Japan was celebrating imminent victory in the Russo-Japanese War. Jamestown, Jacksonville, and Seattle

Arai Saburo was not among the Portland commissioners. In 1904, he had become interested in Texas rice production after the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Houston Chamber of Commerce invited Japanese farmers to the region. During the St. Louis Expo, he visited Houston, the center of the rice industry."His report was favorable, and there was divided among the Japanese colony at St. Louis a rice plantation in Matagorda county, Tex., covering 8,000 acres." Arai moved to El Campo, grew oranges and figs, and moved again to Alvin and Genoa. His Genoa nursery proved successful, and he remained in the business for decades. In January 1906 Kushibiki could be found in Venice, California organizing fireworks and "installing an extensive exhibit of the art goods of Japan." The following year, he was in Virginia, serving as Commissioner General of the Japanese exhibit at the Jamestown Exposition. By January of 1908 he had moved the Jamestown Japanese exhibits to Jacksonville for the Florida International Exposition, where he held the prestigious position of Director General. The 1909 Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition in Seattle had been originally planned for 1907 but postponed to avoid conflicting with the Jamestown Exposition.The exposition ran from June 1 to October 16. The extensive


title: Kushibiki Yumindo

texts:
 expositions they organized. Parts of some of the buildings and gardens organized by <mask> and Arai are still in existence, though most have been lost due to age, fire, war, vandalism, and changing tastes. The gardens and tea-houses at Jackson Park, Chicago, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco still bear traces of their work. Last years in Japan

The California expositions marked the end of <mask>'s American exposition organizing efforts. Returning to Japan, he reversed his usual strategy and sought to bring exotic American attractions such as aviators and famous baseball players to Japan. His success was limited. He served as manager for air shows by aviators Art Smith and Katherine Stinson in 1916-17.But a plan to bring Babe Ruth and the New York Giants to Japan in 1920 did not happen. Nor did a planned American tour for popular naniwabushi singer Yoshida Naramaru in 1917. In 1920, the Japan Chronicle reported that "a man giving his name as Kushibiki Yumindo" was in talks with the city of Osaka about "a grand pleasure ground to be called the 'American Park.'" The editor concluded that "the report seems rather doubtful so far as its plans are concerned." On July 28, 1924, the Nippu Jiji reported that "K. [sic] <mask>, a show man, well known among Americans and Japanese, died at Kamakura today." According to his obituary in the Japanese American Commercial Weekly, Kushibiki "was known in the United States, France, Italy and England as the 'Japanese Exposition King,' and was one of the first Japanese in America and Europe to introduce Japanese tea gardens and gardens." He was also "the first Japanese to introduce the Curtis aeroplane and the Edison moving picture machine in Japan."Notes

External links

American entertainment industry businesspeople
People from Aomori Prefecture
Japanese theatre managers and producers
Impresarios
Japanese amputees
19th-century births
Year of


title: Gamaliel Onosode

texts:
<mask> (22 May 1933 – 29 September 2015) was a foremost Nigerian technocrat, administrator and a former presidential candidate of the All Nigeria People's Party of Nigeria. Educated at the Government College, Ughelli and the University of Ibadan, he emerged in the 1970s as one of Nigeria's leading educated chief executives, when he was at the helm of NAL merchant bank of Nigeria. Over the years, he rose to become a leading boardroom player in Nigeria's corporate environment. He was also a former presidential adviser to President Shehu Shagari and a former president of the Nigerian Institute of Management. In 2013, he founded the Gamaliel & Susan Onosode Foundation (GAMSU), to help improve education in Nigeria, and provide support for educational and societal development causes in Nigeria. Life and career
An Urhobo man, born and raised in Sapele, a suburban city in the current Delta State by a disciplined father, he sometimes credited the strict family background and practice as being a complementary factor in his success as a disciplined civil servant and corporate administrator. Throughout his career, Onosode has chaired several private and public sector businesses and initiatives.He was the Chairman of Dunlop Nigeria Plc (1984–2007), a former chairman of Cadbury Nigeria Plc (1977–93), the Presidential Commission on Parastatals (1981), Nigeria LNG Working Committee and Nigeria LNG Limited (1985–90) and the Niger Delta Environmental Survey (since 1995). He was also the Chairman of Zain Nigeria, a GSM telecommunications company, the oldest GSM operator in Nigeria. Onosode was Presidential Adviser on Budget Affairs and Director of Budget (1983). He was a Fellow of the Economic Development Institute of the World Bank, the Nigerian Institute of Management, of which he was President (1979–82). He was also a Fellow of The Chartered


title: Gamaliel Onosode

texts:
 Institute of Bankers of Nigeria, having been elected to membership of its Board of Fellows in 1998. In addition, Onosode was the inaugural President of the Chartered Institute of Stockbrokers, past Pro-Chancellor and Chairman of the Governing Council of the University of Uyo and past and inaugural President & Chairman of Council of the Association of Pension Funds of Nigeria. He was an Honorary Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Letters and held Honorary D.Sc.degrees of Obafemi Awolowo University (1990), the University of Benin (1995), the Rivers State University of Science and Technology (2003) and University of Lagos (2014) as well as Honorary D.D. degree of The Nigerian Baptist Theological Seminary, Ogbomoso (2002). Public service
Primarily a business personality, he saw his career wade through different sectors of the Nigerian economic environment. Though, he was a part of a profligate democratic experiment which was the Nigerian Second Republic, <mask> Onosode tried to bring a disciplined approach to public finance. Towards the end of 1983, when public confidence in the economic direction of the country was eroded and accountability was lacking in government subsidies to public enterprises, he was brought in to find solutions to the lackluster performance of public enterprises, as the head of a Nigerian Commission on public parastatals and to bring in a disciplined approach to government subsidies. The offshoot of his honest and disciplined approach earned him respect from subsequent administrations. A report which was later tagged the Onosode report, an outgrowth of his role as the chairman of the commission to review Nigerian parastatals was the first in the nation to tackle comprehensively, the industrialisation drive and capital spending which dominated the oil boom of the 1970s and the early 1980s.The report


title: Gamaliel Onosode

texts:
 identified five major defects in planning which it believed had become evident by the end of 1983:
 Public capital expenditure rose during the oil boom at a much faster rate than Nigeria's physical, technical or financial abilities. Huge expenditure on particular industrial projects did not yield expected returns because of "inappropriate choices in their selection, size, design, location and management." Government policies laid too much emphasis on industrialisation, without regard to Nigeria's resource base and comparative advantage. Frequent changes in fiscal and monetary policies created planning problems for the private sector. The exchange rate of the naira was not managed "to reflect the basic strength of the economy and the need to encourage domestic production. In 1995, he became the Chairman of the Niger Delta Environmental Survey, a non-governmental organisation that conducted scientific studies on environmental and social impact assessment of oil exploration in the Niger delta. The survey was partly financed by Shell.The survey reports which apportioned responsibilities and blame for much of the environmental degradation in the region on oil operators, the federal government and communities has not been made public. Deacon <mask> was an alumnus of the University of Ibadan, and contributed immense time to see through philanthropic and governing matters concerning the university. He was the former Pro-Chancellor of the University and Chairman of its Governing Council. He was also a devout Christian and started Good News Baptist Church in his Sitting Room on 1 Feb.1984. Good News Baptist Church is now a large church of over 2,000 people and ranks high in the Nigerian Baptist Convention in terms of missions and evangelism. <mask> <mask> was the inaugural Chairman of the Global Missions Board of the Nigerian Baptist

masks: Onosode Gamaliel Onosode


title: Gamaliel Onosode

texts:
 Convention. In addition, Onosode is Chairman of the Governing Council of the Nigerian Baptist Theological Seminary, Ogbomoso, Nigeria's oldest degree awarding theological institution, which in 2008 marked 110 years of its existence while the University of Ibadan was 60 years old.On 29 September 2015, he died at the age of 82 after losing a battle with bone cancer. Legacy

<mask> <mask> was well known in Nigeria as a disciplined technocrat. In his private and public dealings, his character earned him nicknames like "Mr. Integrity" and "Nigeria's Incorruptible Man". Gamaliel & Susan Onosode Foundation

His philanthropy was one to be reckoned with in his life time, a legacy he transferred into corporate existence with the founding of GAMSU. The organisation exists today to give support to Nigeria's education system, and to provide seamless and flexible solutions to the problems associated with learning in Nigeria. GAMSU gives awards to excellent students in secondary schools and offers scholarships to university students.In recent times, the organisation made a donation to the Lagos Business School for the building of a research facility in memory of <mask> Onosode. A partnership with General Electric Healthcare Institute allowed GAMSU train 45 nurses in Lagos as part of a drive to improve the maternal mortality rate in Nigeria. The organisation also pursues school rehabilitation projects and provide facilities to help create a better teaching and learning experience. The Foundation has its office at 44, Adelabu Street, Surulere, the old residence of the legendary <mask> Onosode. References

Nigerian bankers
Nigerian chief executives
2015 deaths
1933 births
University of Ibadan alumni
Urhobo people
People from Delta State
20th-century Nigerian businesspeople
21st-century Nigerian businesspeople
Deaths from cancer in

masks: Gamaliel Onosode Gamaliel Gamaliel


title: Jay Leno

texts:
<mask> (; born April 28, 1950) is an American television host, comedian, and writer. After doing stand-up comedy for years, he became the host of NBC's The Tonight Show with <mask> from 1992 to 2009. Beginning in September 2009, he started a primetime talk show, The Jay Leno Show, which aired weeknights at 10:00pm ET, also on NBC. When it was canceled in January 2010 amid a timeslot and host controversy, <mask> returned to hosting The Tonight Show with <mask> on March 1, 2010. He hosted his last episode of this second tenure on February 6, 2014. That year, he was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame. Since 2014, he has hosted <mask>o's Garage, and the 2021 revival of You Bet Your Life.Leno writes a regular column in Popular Mechanics showcasing his car collection and giving automotive advice. He also writes occasional "Motormouth" articles for The Sunday Times. Early life
<mask> was born April 28, 1950 in New Rochelle, New York. His homemaker mother, Catherine (née Muir; 1911–1993), was born in Greenock, Scotland, and came to the United States at age 11. His father, Angelo (1910–1994), was an insurance salesman born in New York to immigrants from Flumeri, Italy. <mask> grew up in Andover, Massachusetts and graduated from Andover High School. He obtained a bachelor's degree in speech therapy from Emerson College, where he started a comedy club in 1973.His older brother, Patrick (May 12, 1940 – October 6, 2002), was a Vietnam War veteran who became an attorney. Career

Early career
<mask> made his first appearance on The Tonight Show on March 2,

masks:
James Douglas Muir Leno
Jay Leno
Leno
Jay Leno
Jay Len
Leno
Leno
Leno


title: Jay Leno

texts:
 1977, performing a comedy routine. During the 1970s, he had minor roles in several television series and films, first in the 1976 episode "J.J. in Trouble" of Good Times, and the same year in the pilot of Holmes & Yo-Yo. After an uncredited appearance in the 1977 film Fun with Dick and Jane, he played more prominent roles in 1978 in American Hot Wax and Silver Bears. His other film and television appearances from that period include Almost Heaven (1978), "Going Nowhere" (1979) on One Day at a Time, Americathon (1979), Polyester (1981), "The Wild One" (1981) on Alice, and both "Feminine Mistake" (1979) and "Do the Carmine" (1983) on Laverne & Shirley. His only starring film role was the 1989 direct-to-video Collision Course, with Pat Morita. He also appeared numerous times on Late Night with David Letterman.He also appeared on three weeks of the short-lived NBC game show Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour in 1983 and 1984. The Tonight Show

Starting in 1986, <mask> was a regular substitute host for Johnny Carson on The Tonight Show. In 1992, he replaced Carson as host amid controversy with David Letterman, who had been hosting Late Night with David Letterman since 1982 (aired after The Tonight Show), and whom many—including Carson himself—expected to be Carson's successor. The story of this turbulent transition became the basis of a book and a movie. <mask> continued to perform as a stand-up comedian throughout his Tonight Show tenure. In 1988, he received a contract extension with NBC itself. In 2004, <mask> signed a contract extension with NBC to

masks: Leno Leno Leno


title: Jay Leno

texts:
 retain him as host of The Tonight Show until 2009.Later in 2004, Conan O'Brien signed a contract with NBC to become the show's host in 2009, replacing <mask> at that time. During the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike, <mask> was accused of violating WGA guidelines by writing his own monologue for The Tonight Show. NBC and Leno claimed there were private meetings with the WGA where a secret agreement was reached allowing this, the WGA denied such meetings. Leno answered questions in front of the Writers Guild of America, West trial committee in February 2009 and June 2009, and when the WGAW published its list of strikebreakers on August 11, 2009, Leno was not on it. On April 23, 2009, Leno checked himself into a hospital with an undisclosed illness. He was released the following day and returned to work on Monday, April 27. The two subsequently canceled Tonight Show episodes for April 23 and 24 were his first in 17 years as host.The illness was not initially disclosed, but <mask> later told People magazine that it was for exhaustion. Michael Jackson trial
During the 2005 trial of Michael Jackson over allegations of child molestation, <mask> was one of a few celebrities who appeared as defense witnesses. In his testimony regarding a phone conversation with the accuser, Leno testified that he was not asked for any money and there did not appear to be any coaching—but the calls seemed unusual and scripted. As a result, Leno was initially not allowed to tell jokes about Jackson or the case, which had been a fixture of The Tonight Shows opening

masks: Leno Leno Leno Leno


title: Jay Leno

texts:
 monologue in particular. But he and his show's writers used a legal loophole by having Leno briefly step aside while stand-in comedians took the stage and told jokes about the trial. These stand-ins included Roseanne Barr, Drew Carey, Brad Garrett, and Dennis Miller. The gag order was challenged, and the court ruled that Leno could continue telling jokes about the trial as long as he did not discuss his testimony.<mask> celebrated by devoting an entire monologue to Michael Jackson jokes. Succession by Conan O'Brien; The <mask>o Show

Because <mask>'s show continued to lead all late-night programming in the Nielsen ratings, the pending expiration of his contract led to speculation about whether he would become a late-night host for another network when his commitment to NBC expired. He left The Tonight Show on Friday, May 29, 2009, and Conan O'Brien took over on June 1, 2009. On December 8, 2008, it was reported that Leno would remain on NBC and move to a new hour-long show at 10 p.m. Eastern Time (9 p.m. Central Time) five nights a week. It would follow a similar format to The Tonight Show, be filmed in the same studio, and retain many of Leno's most popular segments, while O'Brien continued to host The Tonight Show. <mask>'s new show, The Jay Leno Show, debuted on September 14, 2009. It was announced at the Television Critics Association summer press tour that it would feature one or two celebrities, occasional musical guests, and keep the popular "Headlines" segments, which would be near the end of the show.First guests included Jerry Seinfeld,

masks:
Leno
Jay Len
Leno
Leno


title: Jay Leno

texts:
 Oprah Winfrey (via satellite), and a short sit-down with Kanye West discussing his controversy at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, which had occurred the night before. Timeslot conflict and return to The Tonight Show

In their new roles, neither O'Brien nor Leno succeeded in delivering the viewing audiences the network anticipated. On January 7, 2010, multiple media outlets reported that beginning March 1, 2010, <mask> would move from his 10 p.m. weeknight time slot to 11:35 p.m., due to a combination of pressure from local affiliates, whose newscasts were suffering, and both <mask>'s and O'Brien's poor ratings. Leno's show would be shortened from an hour to 30 minutes. All NBC late night programming would also be preempted by the 2010 Winter Olympics between February 15 and 26, moving The Tonight Show to 12:05  a.m., the first post-midnight timeslot in its history. O'Brien's contract stipulated that NBC could move the show ahead to 12:05 a.m. without penalty (a clause included primarily to accommodate sports preemptions). On January 10, NBC confirmed that they would move Leno out of primetime as of February 12 and move him to late-night as soon as possible.TMZ reported that O'Brien was given no advance notice of this change, and that NBC offered him two choices: an hour-long 12:05 am time slot, or the option to leave the network. On January 12, O'Brien issued a press release that he would not continue with Tonight if it moved to a 12:05 a.m. time slot, saying, "I believe that delaying The Tonight Show into the next day to accommodate another comedy

masks: Leno Leno


title: Jay Leno

texts:
 program will seriously damage what I consider to be the greatest franchise in the history of broadcasting. The Tonight Show at 12:05 simply isn't The Tonight Show." On January 21, it was announced that NBC had struck a deal with O'Brien: He would leave The Tonight Show, receive a $33 million payout, and his staff of almost 200 would receive $12 million in the departure. His final episode aired on Friday, January 22, 2010. <mask> returned as host of The Tonight Show following the 2010 Winter Olympics on March 1, 2010. On July 1, 2010, Variety reported that total viewership for <mask>'s Tonight Show had dropped from 5 million to 4 million for the second quarter of 2010, compared to the same period in 2009.Although it represented the show's lowest second-quarter ratings since 1992, Tonight was still the most-watched late night program, ahead of ABC's Nightline (3.7 million) and Late Show with David Letterman (3.3 million). Announcement of successor
On April 3, 2013, NBC announced that <mask> would leave The Tonight Show in spring 2014, with Jimmy Fallon as his designated successor. <mask>'s final show as the host of The Tonight Show was on February 6, 2014, with guests Billy Crystal (who was the first guest on the first version of <mask>'s show), musical guest Garth Brooks, and surprise guests Jack Black, Kim Kardashian, Jim Parsons, Sheryl Crow, Chris Paul, Carol Burnett and Oprah Winfrey. After The Tonight Show

<mask> has maintained an active schedule as a touring stand-up comedian, doing an average of 200 live performances a year in venues across

masks: Leno Leno Leno Leno Leno Leno


title: Jay Leno

texts:
 the United States and Canada and at charity events and USO tours. He has also appeared on the Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon and Late Night with Seth Meyers, and was a guest on the finale of The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson. He appeared in a cameo role drilling and tormenting James Corden in a facetious boot camp for talk-show hosts on the premiere of The Late Late Show with James Corden. He declined an invitation to appear on Late Show with David Letterman despite speculation he would appear on the show's finale.<mask> hosted a one-hour <mask>'s Garage special on CNBC, and the show has aired as a primetime series on the cable channel since 2015. <mask> also had a recurring role in the Tim Allen comedy series Last Man Standing since season 5, playing a mechanic, Joe Leonard, in a store operated by Allen's character, Mike Baxter. Leno has hosted the third revival of the game show You Bet Your Life  since its premiere in fall 2021. It has been renewed for a second season. Leno also does voice acting, such as The Crimson Chin on The Fairly Odd Parents from 2001 to 2016 and Billy Beagle of Mickey and the Roadster Racers. Public image

Criticism

<mask> has faced heated criticism and some negative publicity for his perceived role in the 2010 Tonight Show conflict. Critics have cited a 2004 Tonight Show clip where Leno said he would allow O'Brien to take over without incident.At the time, <mask> said he did not want O'Brien to leave for a competing network, adding, "I'll be 59 when [the switch occurs]. That's five years from now. There's really only

masks:
Leno
Jay Leno
Leno
Leno
Leno


title: Jay Leno

texts:
 openly voiced disappointment with Leno, saying, "Comedians who don't like <mask>o now, and I'm one of them, we're not like, '<mask>o sucks'; it's that we're so hurt and disappointed that one of the best comedians of our generation ... willfully has shut the switch off." In August 2020, Leno faced criticism for expressing support for Ellen DeGeneres despite a workplace investigation into toxic behavior and sexual misconduct and harassment claims against producers of The Ellen DeGeneres Show. Support for Leno
NBC Sports chairman and former Saturday Night Live producer Dick Ebersol spoke out against all who had criticized Leno, calling them "chicken-hearted and gutless". Jeff Gaspin, then chairman of NBC Universal Television Entertainment, also defended Leno, saying, "This has definitely crossed the line. <mask>o is the consummate professional and one of the hardest-working people in television.It's a shame that he's being pulled into this." Fellow comedians Paul Reiser, Jerry Seinfeld and Jim Norton (a frequent contributor to The Tonight Show) also voiced support for Leno. Responding to the mounting criticism, <mask> said NBC had assured him that O'Brien was willing to accept the proposed arrangement and that they would not let either host out of his contract. He also said that the situation was "all business", and that all of the decisions were made by NBC. He appeared on the January 28, 2010 episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show in an attempt to repair some of the damage done to his public image. Influences
Leno's comedic influences include Johnny

masks:
Jay Len
Jay Len
Jay Len
Leno


title: Jay Leno

texts:
 Carson, Robert Klein, Alan King, David Brenner, Mort Sahl, George Carlin, Don Rickles, Bob Newhart, and Rodney Dangerfield. Dennis Miller and Jerry Seinfeld have credited Leno as their inspiration.Personal life

<mask> has been married to Mavis <mask> since 1980; they have no children. In 1993, during his first season as host of The Tonight Show, Leno's mother died at the age of 82; and the next year, his father died at 84. <mask>'s older brother, Patrick, a Vietnam veteran and graduate of Yale Law School, died of cancer in 2002 at the age of 62. Leno is known for his prominent jaw, which has been described as mandibular prognathism. In the book Leading with My Chin, he says he was aware of surgery that could reset his mandible, but that he did not wish to endure a prolonged healing period with his jaws wired shut. Leno is dyslexic. He claims to need only four or five hours of sleep each night.He does not consume alcohol, smoke, or gamble. He spends much of his free time visiting car collections and working in his private garage. <mask> has claimed that he has not spent any of the money he earned from The Tonight Show, but lives off of his money from his stand-up routines. He reportedly earned $32 million in 2005. In 2014, he received an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Emerson College, where he also delivered the commencement speech. Charity
In 2001, he and his wife donated $100,000 to the Feminist Majority Foundation's campaign to stop gender apartheid in Afghanistan, to educate the public regarding the plight of women in Afghanistan


title: Jay Leno

texts:
 under Taliban rule. Mavis <mask> is on the board of the Feminist Majority.In 2009, he donated $100,000 to a scholarship fund at Salem State College (now Salem State University) in honor of Lennie Sogoloff, who gave Leno his start at his jazz club, Lennie's-on-the-Turnpike. In August 2012, Leno auctioned his Fiat 500, which was sold for $385,000 with all the proceeds going to a charity that helps wounded war veterans recover by providing them with temporary housing. Love Ride
Since 1985, Leno has been the Grand Marshal for the Love Ride, a motorcycle charity event which since its founding in 1984 has raised nearly $14 million for charities benefiting muscular dystrophy research, Autism Speaks, and in 2001, the September 11 attacks recovery. Vehicle collection

Leno owns approximately 286 vehicles (169 cars and 117 motorbikes). He also has a website and a TV program called <mask>'s Garage, which contains video clips and photos of his car collection in detail, as well as other vehicles of interest to him. Leno's Garage Manager is Bernard Juchli. Among his collection are two Doble steam cars, a sedan and a roadster that were owned by Howard Hughes, the fifth Duesenberg Model X known to survive, and one of nine remaining 1963 Chrysler Turbine Cars.The collection also includes three antique electric cars — the 1925 Baker Motor Vehicle is his wife Mavis' favorite car. He has a regular column in Popular Mechanics which showcases his car collection and gives advice about various automotive topics, including restoration and unique models, such as his

masks:
Leno
Jay Leno


title: Jay Leno

texts:
 jet-powered motorcycle and solar-powered hybrid. Leno also writes occasional "Motormouth" articles for The Sunday Times, reviewing high-end sports cars and giving his humorous take on motoring matters. Leno opened his garage to Team Bondi, the company that developed the 2011 video game L.A. Noire, which is set in Los Angeles in the late-1940s. Leno's collection contains almost one hundred cars from this period, and allowed the team to recreate their images as accurately as possible. Politics
Hosting the 2014 Genesis Prize award ceremony in Jerusalem, Leno made jokes mocking then-President Barack Obama and then-Secretary of State John Kerry, accusing Obama of "trying to break" the U.S.'s relationship with Israel. In a 2015 interview with The Jerusalem Post, Leno said, "I always considered Israel as not only the only democracy in the Middle East, I think it’s the purest, because every Israeli voter seems to have his own political party."He also added about Israel's relations with other Middle East countries: "Israel is so efficient in defending itself and so good at it, that to the rest of the world it looks like bullying." Filmography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 Tonight Show with <mask>o episodes
 <mask>o's Garage (NBC)
 An interview with <mask>, Totalcar magazine
 The New York Times on Leno's affiliation with McPherson College
 Live performance videos from the Tonight Show

1950 births
Living people
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American comedians
21st-century

masks:
Jay Len
Jay Len
Jay Leno


title: Robert C. Richardson Jr.

texts: <mask>. (October 27, 1882 – March 2, 1954) was born in Charleston, South Carolina, on October 27, 1882, and was admitted as a cadet at the United States Military Academy on June 19, 1900. His military career spanned the first half of the 20th century. He was a veteran of the 1904 Philippine insurrection, World War I, and World War II. He commanded the U.S. Army, Pacific (Hawaiian Department) during the height of World War II in 1943 until his retirement in 1946. During that time he was also the military governor of Hawaii (which was at that time still a US Territory) and Commanding General of U.S. Army Forces in the Pacific Ocean Areas. Commissioned from the United States Military Academy in 1904, <mask> also attended the University of Grenoble, France, as well as the Army War College. During World War I he was a liaison officer in the American Expeditionary Force.Afterward he was a military attaché with the U.S. Embassy in Rome. He was the author of " West Point-An Intimate Picture of the National Military Academy". Prior to World War II, <mask> commanded the 1st Cavalry Division from 1940-1941. He then directed the War Department Bureau of Public Relations before becoming Commanding General of the VII Corps in Alabama, moving it to set up the defense of California immediately following the bombing of Pearl Harbor. In 1943 he was made Commanding General of the Hawaiian Department, Military Governor of Hawaii, and all Army personnel in the Pacific Ocean and Mid-Pacific Areas. As Commander of all Pacific Army personnel, he had administrative or what is called UCMJ authority of all Army units, while tactical or what is called today operational Joint control fell to Fleet Admiral <mask>. Nimitz. He was responsible for all Army disciplinary, training, and tactical unit preparations.He was the first senior Army general officer to ever serve as Joint forces

masks:
Robert Charlwood Richardson Jr
Richardson
Richardson
Chester W


title: Robert C. Richardson Jr.

texts:
 subordinate commander under a non-Army flag officer, Fleet Admiral Nimitz. Early career
Upon graduation from the United States Military Academy (West Point), then 2nd Lt <mask> of the U.S. Cavalry was ordered to the Philippine Islands to join the 14th Cavalry. He served in the field against the hostile Moros tribesmen, at Jolo during the Philippine War guerrilla insurrection. He was wounded in action at Cotta Usap, on January 7, 1905, and subsequently awarded the Purple Heart and the Silver Star award for gallantry in action against hostile Moros tribesmen. He subsequently participated in various other engagements against the insurgents until he left his regiment on October 21, 1905. Returning to the United States, he was with the 14th Cavalry at the Presidio of San Francisco, California for the 1906 earthquake where led his cavalry troop from the Presidio as part of the Government’s response to the earthquake and subsequent firestorm. On October 25, 1906, he returned to West Point as an Assistant Instructor of Modern Languages until August 13, 1911.Then 1st Lt <mask> returned to San Francisco, California until October 4, 1911, when he sailed for his second Philippines tour with the 14th Cavalry at Camp Stotsenburg. On March 4, 1912, he returned to the United States to join the 23d Infantry at Texas City and Fort Clark, Texas. In August 1914 he returned for his second tour at West Point as Assistant Professor of English until June 1917. World War One and post-Great War Europe
In June 1917, then Captain <mask> was assigned to the 2nd Cavalry at Fort Ethan Allen, Vermont and on July 9, 1917, he was appointed Aide to Major General T. H. Barry who commanded the Central Department, Chicago, Illinois. He helped in the rapid buildup and training of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) that was preparing to go to France. Then (temporary) Major <mask> sailed with

masks: Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson


title: Robert C. Richardson Jr.

texts:
 General Barry to France from New York December 1, 1917. Fluent in French, <mask> served as Aide and observer with foreign armies until January 9, 1918.On June 14, 1918, he was assigned to the Operations Division, General Staff, AEF as Liaison Officer for G.H.Q Allied Headquarters and with American Armies, Corps, and Divisions during the combat operations of 1918. He escorted Allied missions in St. Mihiel Offensive. By now a temporary Lt Colonel, <mask> was Liaison Officer with Headquarters, 1st Army for the opening of Meuse-Argonne Offensive and the Operations Officer Representative at Advance G.H.Q. With the end of hostilities, now a temporary colonel, <mask> joined the Reparations Board, Peace Commission, Paris from January 28 to February 28, 1919. As part of the Army occupation forces Colonel <mask> served on temporary duty at Headquarters, Third Army in Coblenz, Germany, and was attached to Headquarters, 10th French Army, Mayence, Germany until June 1, 1919. Interwar Period

<mask> returned to the United States on July 6, 1919, to join the Morale Division, War Plans Division, War Department General Staff, Washington, D.C. In March 1920, <mask> returned to his permanent regular grade of Captain.On August 9, 1920 Captain <mask> joined the Office of the Chief of Cavalry until January 28, 1921, when he returned for his third Philippine tour of duty. In the Philippines, soon to be Major <mask> served as Assistant to the Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations, Headquarters, Philippine Department, Manila until April 6, 1923, when he returned to the United States to attend the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Upon graduation in June 1924, Major <mask> sailed for France to attend the Ecole Superieure de Guerre, Paris, and upon graduation on September 2, 1926, he was ordered to Rome, Italy to serve as Military Attaché. In March 1928,

masks: Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson


title: Robert C. Richardson Jr.

texts:
 newly promoted Lt. Colonel <mask> returned to the United States to join the 13th Cavalry at Fort Riley, Kansas. On August 20, 1928, he was again assigned to West Point as Commanding Officer, Provisional Battalion and Executive Officer until March 2, 1929, when he became Commandant of Cadets and Head of Department of Tactics. On June 30, 1933, he attended the Army War College, Washington, D.C., and upon graduation he served in the Military Intelligence Division, War Department General Staff until December 7, 1935.Soon to be promoted to Colonel, he was given command of 5th Cavalry at Fort Clark, Texas. In June 1938, Colonel <mask> assumed command of the 2nd Cavalry Brigade at Fort Bliss, Texas. On October 10, 1940, he assumed command of the 1st Cavalry Division, Fort Bliss, Texas. On February 11, 1941, he became the Director of Public Relations, Washington, D.C.

World War II
At the start of World War II and the Pearl Harbor bombing, then Major General <mask> commanded Seventh Corps Area where he oversaw the buildup of US California defenses following the Pearl Harbor bombing. Several months after Pearl Harbor, General Marshall sent him out on a personal reconnaissance of the whole Pacific theater to assess the extent of the allied situation. While in Australia, General MacArthur, his USMA classmate, requested of General Marshall that Gen <mask> return to command the Army Corps being stood up in Australia. Upon his return to Washington, Gen <mask> frankly reported to Gen Marshall the inappropriateness of US forces being placed under the command of foreign officers.This was based on his World War I experience from Gen Pershing insisting that US Forces fight under US command. This led to the unconfirmed rumor that his report cost him the Corps command under Gen MacArthur. In June 1943 he was promoted to lieutenant general and assigned as Commanding General of the

masks: Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson


title: Robert C. Richardson Jr.

texts: Hawaiian Department, Military Governor of Hawaii, and all Army personnel in the Pacific Ocean Areas and Mid-Pacific. By mid-1944 he had become commander of U.S. Army Forces, Central Pacific Area. As the administrative commander he oversaw all the Army’s planning, logistical preparation, training, and force deployment efforts as part of the overall U.S. Joint forces island hopping campaign that led to surrender of Japan. His Army ground and air forces fought in all the major central and mid-Pacific battle under the operational command of Admiral Nimitz. Lt Gen <mask> stood in the front row of senior leaders who witnessed Japan’s formal surrender on the deck of the USS Missouri.During his Hawaiian command, General <mask> built up an extensive training operation on the Hawaiian Islands to training all military personnel in amphibious operations, jungle fighting, and other command and support operation. He oversaw the construction of Fort Shafter's headquarters buildings in a scant 49 days. The "Pineapple Pentagon," has remained the planning and operational support centers for soldiers of the U.S. Army, Pacific since 1944 and was memorialized for General <mask> after his death. General Walter Short, in collaboration with the Territorial Governor of Hawaii proclaimed martial law in Hawaii on 7 December 1941. The Army commanders who succeeded Short maintained martial law, along with suspending the right of habeas corpus, and in late 1943 a test case challenging this suspension was brought to court. Federal Judge Delbert Metzger ordered the Military Governor to allow two German Americans then being held in military custody to appear in court, and when <mask> refused to comply, Metzger charged him with contempt and issued a $5,000 fine. He was later pardoned by President Roosevelt.During this period another controversy arose. In June 1944 General <mask> disputed Marine


title: Robert C. Richardson Jr.

texts:
 General Holland Smith's removal of Army General Ralph C. Smith from command of the Army 27th Division during the Saipan campaign. General <mask>, as the administrative commander of all Pacific Army personnel, questioned whether Marine General Smith, as the operational commander, had the authority to relieve Army General Smith and whether the relief was justified by the facts. This minor inter-service controversy was fanned by the media into controversy over Pacific war strategy and led to a bitter inter-service relationship in the Pacific Theater. At the core, this was a difference of opinion between U.S. Navy/USMC and U.S. Army over command authority, pre-campaign planning, and operational tactics. Also fueling this was Gen Holland Smith's low opinion and poor treatment of the Army personnel under his control. He retired in October 1946, having reached the mandatory retirement age of 64.Retirement
General Richarson died on March 2, 1954, while on vacation in Italy. He was posthumously promoted to full general on July 19, 1954, by special act of U.S. Congress, Public Law 83-508. Orders, decorations and medals

Dates of Rank

References

February 20, 1941 Official War Department Biography, Major General <mask><mask> Jr.

1882 births
1954 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army generals of World War II
Burials at West Point Cemetery
Commandants of the Corps of Cadets of the United States Military Academy
Military personnel from Charleston, South Carolina
United States Army generals
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army War College alumni

Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Silver Star

Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Officers of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
Recipients of the Navy

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Richardson
Robert C
. Richardson


title: Thorstein Veblen

texts:
<mask> (July 30, 1857 – August 3, 1929) was a Norwegian-American economist and sociologist who, during his lifetime, emerged as a well-known critic of capitalism. In his best-known book, The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899), Veblen coined the concepts of conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure. Historians of economics regard Veblen as the founding father of the institutional economics school. Contemporary economists still theorize Veblen's distinction between "institutions" and "technology", known as the Veblenian dichotomy. As a leading intellectual of the Progressive Era in the US, Veblen attacked production for profit. His emphasis on conspicuous consumption greatly influenced economists who engaged in non-Marxist critiques of fascism, capitalism, and of technological determinism. Biography

Early life and family background

Veblen was born on July 30, 1857, in Cato, Wisconsin, to Norwegian-American immigrant parents, <mask> and Kari Bunde.He was the sixth of twelve children. His parents had emigrated from Norway to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on September 16, 1847, with few funds and no knowledge of English. Despite their limited circumstances as immigrants, <mask>'s knowledge in carpentry and construction, paired with his wife's supportive perseverance, allowed them to establish a family farm in Rice County, Minnesota, where they moved in 1864. (The Veblen farmstead, located near the town of Nerstrand, became a National Historic Landmark in 1981.) <mask> began his schooling at age 5. Although Norwegian was his first language, he learned English from neighbors and at school. His parents also learned to

masks:
Thorstein Bunde Veblen
Thomas Veblen
Thomas Veblen
Veblen


title: Thorstein Veblen

texts:
 speak English fluently, though they continued to read predominantly Norwegian literature with and around their family on the farmstead.The family farm eventually grew more prosperous, allowing Veblen's parents to provide their children with formal education. Unlike most immigrant families of the time, Veblen and all of his siblings received training in lower schools and went on to receive higher education at the nearby Carleton College. Veblen's sister, Emily, was reputedly the first daughter of Norwegian immigrants to graduate from an American college. The eldest Veblen child, <mask>, ultimately became a professor of physics at Iowa State University and the father of one of America's leading mathematicians, <mask> of Princeton University. Several commentators have seen Veblen's Norwegian background and his relative isolation from American society as essential to the understanding of his writings. Sociologist and educator David Riesman maintains that his background as a child of immigrants meant that Veblen was alienated from his parents' previous culture, but that his living in a Norwegian society within America made him unable to completely "assimilate and accept the available forms of Americanism." According to George M. Fredrickson, the Norwegian society that Veblen lived in was so isolated that when he left it "he was, in a sense, emigrating to America."Education
At age 17, in 1874, Veblen was sent to attend nearby Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota. Early in his schooling he demonstrated both the bitterness and the sense of humor that would characterize his later works. Veblen studied economics and

masks:
Andrew Veblen
Oswald Veblen


title: Thorstein Veblen

texts:
 his time at Carleton College, Veblen met his first wife, Ellen Rolfe, the niece of the college president. They married in 1888. While some scholars have blamed alleged womanizing tendencies for the couple's numerous separations and eventual divorce in 1911, others have speculated that the relationship's demise was rooted in Ellen's inability to bear children. Following her death in 1926, it was revealed that she had asked for her autopsy to be sent to Veblen, her ex-husband. The autopsy showed that Ellen's reproductive organs had not developed normally, and she had been unable to bear children. A book written by Veblen's stepdaughter asserted that "this explained her disinterest in a normal wifely relationship with <mask>" and that he "treated her more like a sister, a loving sister, than a wife". Veblen married Ann Bradley Bevans, a former student, in 1914 and became stepfather to her two girls, Becky and Ann.For the most part, it appears that they had a happy marriage. Ann was described by her daughter as a suffragette, a socialist, and a staunch advocate of unions and workers' rights. A year after he married Ann, they were expecting a child together, but the pregnancy ended in a miscarriage. Veblen never had any children of his own. Later life
After his wife Ann's premature death in 1920, Veblen became active in the care of his stepdaughters. Becky went with him when he moved to California, looked after him there, and was with him at his death in August 1929. Prior to his death, Veblen had earned a comparatively high salary from the New School.Since he lived frugally, Veblen invested his money in California


title: Thorstein Veblen

texts: returned to his family farm, a stay during which he had claimed to be recovering from malaria. He spent those years recovering and reading voraciously.It is suspected that these difficulties in beginning his academic career later inspired portions of his book The Higher Learning in America (1918), in which he claimed that true academic values were sacrificed by universities in favor of their own self-interest and profitability. In 1891, Veblen left the farm to return to graduate school to study economics at Cornell University under the guidance of economics professor James Laurence Laughlin. With the help of Professor Laughlin, who was moving to the University of Chicago, Veblen became a fellow at that university in 1892. Throughout his stay, he did much of the editorial work associated with the Journal of Political Economy, one of the many academic journals created during this time at the University of Chicago. Veblen used the journal as an outlet for his writings. His writings also began to appear in other journals, such as the American Journal of Sociology, another journal at the university. While he was mostly a marginal figure at the University of Chicago, Veblen taught a number of classes there.In 1899, <mask> published his first and best-known book, titled The Theory of the Leisure Class. This did not immediately improve <mask>'s position at the University of Chicago. He requested a raise after the completion of his first book, but this was denied. <mask>'s students at Chicago considered his teaching "dreadful". Stanford students considered his teaching style "boring". But this was more excusable than some

masks: Veblen Veblen Veblen


title: Thorstein Veblen

texts: to work with a group that had been commissioned by President Woodrow Wilson to analyze possible peace settlements for World War I, culminating in his book An Inquiry into the Nature of Peace and the Terms of Its Perpetuation (1917). This marked a series of distinct changes in his career path. Following that, Veblen worked for the United States Food Administration for a period of time.Shortly thereafter, <mask> moved to New York City to work as an editor for a magazine, The Dial. Within the next year, the magazine shifted its orientation and he lost his editorial position. In the meantime, <mask> had made contacts with several other academics, such as Charles A. Beard, James Harvey Robinson, and John Dewey. The group of university professors and intellectuals eventually founded The New School for Social Research. Known today as The New School, in 1919 it emerged from American modernism, progressivism, the democratic education. The group was open to students and aimed for a "an unbiased understanding of the existing order, its genesis, growth, and present working".From 1919 to 1926, <mask> continued to write and maintain a role in The New School's development. It was during this time that he wrote The Engineers and the Price System. In it, Veblen proposed a soviet of engineers. According to Yngve Ramstad, the view that engineers, not workers, would overthrow capitalism was a "novel view". Veblen invited Guido Marx to the New School to teach and to help organize a movement of engineers with others such as Morris Cooke; Henry Gantt, who had died shortly before; and Howard Scott. Cooke and Gantt were followers of


title: Thorstein Veblen

texts:
 Frederick Winslow Taylor's scientific management theory. Scott, who listed Veblen as being on the temporary organizing committee of the Technical Alliance, perhaps without consulting Veblen or other listed members, later helped found the technocracy movement.Influences on Veblen
American pragmatism distrusted the notion of the absolute, and instead recognized the notion of free will. Rather than God's divine intervention taking control of the happenings of the universe, pragmatism believed that people, using their free will, shape the institutions of society. Veblen also recognized this as an element of causes and effects, upon which he based many of his theories. This pragmatist belief was pertinent to the shaping of Veblen's critique of natural law and the establishment of his evolutionary economics, which recognized the purpose of man throughout. The skepticism of the German Historical School regarding laissez-faire economics was also adopted by Veblen. From 1896 to 1926, he spent summers at his study cabin on Washington Island in Wisconsin. On the island he learned Icelandic, which allowed him to write articles accepted by an Icelandic newspaper and translate the Laxdæla saga into English.Contributions to social theory

Institutional economics
<mask> <mask> laid the foundation for the perspective of institutional economics with his criticism of traditional static economic theory. As much as Veblen was an economist, he was also a sociologist who rejected his contemporaries who looked at the economy as an autonomous, stable, and static entity. Veblen disagreed with his peers, as he strongly believed that the

masks: Thorstein Veblen


title: Thorstein Veblen

texts:
 society at large.Trained incapacity
In sociology, trained incapacity is "that state of affairs in which one's abilities function as inadequacies or blind spots." It means that people's past experiences can lead to wrong decisions when circumstances change. <mask> coined this phrase in 1914, in his work The Instinct of Workmanship and the Industrial Arts. Essayist Kenneth Burke expanded upon the theory of trained incapacity later on, first in his book Permanence and Change (1935) and again in two later works. Veblen's economics and politics
Veblen and other American institutionalists were indebted to the German Historical School, especially Gustav von Schmoller, for the emphasis on historical fact, their empiricism and especially a broad, evolutionary framework of study. Veblen admired Schmoller, but criticized some other leaders of the German school because of their over-reliance on descriptions, long displays of numerical data, and narratives of industrial development that rested on no underlying economic theory. Veblen tried to use the same approach with his own theory added.Veblen developed a 20th-century evolutionary economics based upon Darwinian principles and new ideas emerging from anthropology, sociology, and psychology. Unlike the neoclassical economics that emerged at the same time, Veblen described economic behavior as socially determined and saw economic organization as a process of ongoing evolution. Veblen rejected any theory based on individual action or any theory highlighting any factor of an inner personal motivation. According to him, such theories were "unscientific". This evolution was driven


title: Thorstein Veblen

texts:
 attitudes and conduct; while the "instrumental" orients itself toward the technological imperative, judging value by the ability to control future consequences. The theory suggests that, although every society depends on tools and skills to support the life process, every society also appears to have a "ceremonial" stratified structure of status that runs contrary to the needs of the "instrumental" (technological) aspects of group life. The Veblen Dichotomy is still very relevant today and can be applied to thinking around digital transformation. Legacy
Veblen is regarded as one of the co-founders of the American school of institutional economics, alongside John R. Commons and Wesley Clair Mitchell.Economists who adhere to this school organize themselves in the Association for Institutional Economics (AFIT). The Association for Evolutionary Economics (AFEE) gives an annual Veblen-Commons award for work in Institutional Economics and publishes the Journal of Economic Issues. Some unaligned practitioners include theorists of the concept of "differential accumulation". <mask>'s work has remained relevant, and not simply for the phrase "conspicuous consumption". His evolutionary approach to the study of economic systems is again gaining traction and his model of recurring conflict between the existing order and new ways can be of value in understanding the new global economy. In this sense some authors have recently compared the Gilded Age, studied by Veblen, with the New Gilded Age and the contemporary processes of refeudalization, arguing for a new global leisure class and distinctive luxury consumption. Veblen has


title: Thorstein Veblen

texts:
 been cited in the writings of feminist economists.Veblen believed that women had no endowments, believing instead that the behavior of women reflects the social norms of their time and place. Veblen theorized that women in the industrial age remained victims of their "barbarian status". This has, in hindsight, made Veblen a forerunner of modern feminism. <mask>'s work has also often been cited in American literary works. He is featured in The Big Money by John Dos Passos, and mentioned in Carson McCullers' The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter and Sinclair Lewis's Main Street. One of Veblen's PhD students was George W. Stocking, Sr., a pioneer in the emerging field of industrial organization economics. Another was Canadian academic and author Stephen Leacock, who went on to become the head of Department of Economics and Political Science at McGill University.The influence of Theory of the Leisure Class can be seen in Leacock's 1914 satire, Arcadian Adventures with the Idle Rich. To this day, Veblen is little known in Norway. President Clinton honored Veblen as a great American thinker when addressing King Harald V of Norway. Selected bibliography

Published books
 1899. The Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: MacMillan. Available at the Internet Archive and Project Gutenberg.1904. The Theory of Business Enterprise. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1914. The Instinct of Workmanship and the State of the Industrial Arts. New York: MacMillan. 1915.Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution. New York: MacMillan. 1917. An Inquiry into the Nature of Peace and the Terms of Its Perpetuation. New York: MacMillan. Also


title: Thorstein Veblen

texts:
 Quarterly. in JSTOR
 1919. "On the Nature and Uses of Sabotage", Dial. 1919. "Bolshevism is a Menace to the Vested Interests", Dial. 1919."Peace", Dial. 1919. "The Captains of Finance and the Engineers", Dial. 1919. "The Industrial System and the Captains of Industry", Dial. 1920. "Review of J.M.Keynes' Economic Consequences of the Peace, Political Science Quarterly.1925. "Economic theory in the Calculable Future", AER. 1925. "Introduction" in The Laxdæla saga. See also
 Affluenza
 Anti-consumerism
 Mottainai
 Simple living
 Veblen good

Notes

References

External links

 The Veblenite – site dedicated to <mask> Veblen, collecting biography, works, and some analysis. IHC Veblen Project – Washington Island Heritage Conservancy site detailing restoration efforts. Guide to the Thorstein Veblen Papers 1895–1930 – at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

1857 births
1929 deaths
19th-century American male writers
19th-century American non-fiction writers
19th-century economists
20th-century American economists
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American agnostics
American anti-fascists
American anti-capitalists
American democratic socialists
American male non-fiction writers
American people of Norwegian descent
American sociologists
Anti-consumerists
Carleton College alumni
Economic sociologists
Economists from Minnesota
Economists from Wisconsin
Institutional economists
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Left-wing politics in the United States
The New School faculty
People from Cato, Wisconsin
Stanford University faculty
University of Chicago


title: Ernest Hawkins (coach)

texts:
<mask> (January 23, 1927 – January 28, 2018) was an American football coach, basketball coach, and athletic director. He served as head football coach at East Texas State University—now known as Texas A&M University–Commerce—from 1964 to 1985, compiling a 132–92–6 record. He is the winningest head coach in Texas A&M–Commerce Lions football history and led the program to the NAIA Football National Championship in 1972. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in the West Texas town of Lamesa, Texas and was a standout in football, basketball, and track and field at Lamesa High School. Texas Tech
After graduating High School in 1944 he enrolled at Texas Tech University. After enrolling, <mask> joined the military and did not participate in athletics due to World War II. When the war ended, <mask> returned to school in Lubbock where wartime rules allowed him to compete.A multi-sport athlete, he was a standout on the Tech basketball and track teams, and was the quarterback for the Texas Tech football team from 1947 to 1949. In three seasons as the Red Raiders starting quarterback, he led the Red Raiders to three Border Conference championships and appearances in the Raisin Bowl and Sun Bowl, and was all-conference in the 1948 season. <mask> graduated from Texas Tech in 1950 at the top of his graduating class. Paris Junior College
<mask> and his wife Margaret moved from West Texas to Northeast Texas after he was given the job of head football coach and head basketball coach at Paris Junior College (PJC ) in Paris, Texas. <mask> compiled a 32–20–1 record as the head football coach and a 39–49 record in basketball. He was also named to the office of athletic director for PJC due to his success on the court and on the field and administrative abilities. While at PJC, <mask> attended graduate school at East Texas State University (ETSU) in Commerce, Texas, 40 miles southwest of Paris where he graduated from ETSU with a master's degree in 1956.East Texas State
In 1957 <mask> was hired by Jules V. Sikes as assistant head football coach at East Texas State University (now

masks:
Ernest Ray Hawkins
Hawkins
Hawkins
Hawkins
Hawkins
Hawkins
Hawkins
Hawkins
Hawkins


title: Ernest Hawkins (coach)

texts:
 Texas A&M-Commerce). <mask> was part of an assistant staff that helped Sikes lead the Lions to six winning seasons, three Lone Star Conference championships, two LSC second-place finishes, and the Tangerine Bowl victories in 1957 and 1958. <mask> worked with Sikes to make the Lion offense incredibly potent by mixing in Sikes' T formation power running with <mask>'s penchant for throwing the Football. The combination gave the Lions great success during that time, winning conference and bowl championships and sending numerous players to the National Football League. In the Spring of 1964, Sikes died suddenly, and <mask> was named successor shortly thereafter. The first two seasons saw the Lions go 2–7 and 4–5, but in only his third year <mask> and Lions won the 1966 Lone Star Conference championship, his first of four. The Lions repeated as conference champions in 1969 and finished second place in 1968.At the end of the 1971 season, <mask> had notched a record of 40–37–1 with two conference titles, one second-place finish, and four winning seasons. 1972 season
Heading into the 1972 season, the Lions were picked to finish fourth in the conference, and started out the season with 14–12 loss to rival Abilene Christian University, but then racked up six straight wins to climb into the national polls in the top 5, but then The Lions were upset by Sul Ross State University by a 15–14 score, dropping them out of the top five ranking. The Lions finished the season with wins over Angelo State and Tarleton State. When the final national rankings came out, the Lions were ranked fourth in the nation and invited to the NAIA National Playoffs. In the first round the Lions faced the top-ranked team in the nation, the University of Central Oklahoma Bronchos. The Lions shocked the nation and routed UCO 54–0 in the national semi-finalists, earning them a spot in the National Championship game against the second ranked Carson-Newman College Eagles. The Championship game was determined to be played in Commerce.On a bitterly cold December day in front of a packed Memorial

masks: Hawkins Hawkins Hawkins Hawkins Hawkins Hawkins