title: Roy Masters (rugby league)

texts:
<mask> AM (born 15 October 1941) is an Australian sports journalist and former rugby league football coach. He is a sports columnist for the Sydney Morning Herald. He was a school teacher with an interest in team psychology who enjoyed some success as a schoolboy coach before embarking on a professional coaching career in the NSWRFL Premiership. Family and early life
<mask> was the eldest of seven children to author and journalist <mask> and her school teacher husband. His siblings include current affairs journalist <mask>, <mask>, a Los Angeles radio show host, <mask>, a London-based film producer, <mask> television Producer and <mask>. Coaching
<mask> had little experience as a professional rugby league footballer having played country football as a  of, "only average ability " during his early teaching years at Tweed River High. He qualified as a teacher in 1963 and following posts at Tweed River and Armidale, <mask> taught at Tamworth High School and coached their rugby league side to victory in the prestigious University Shield schoolboys competition.In 1972 he was selected as coach of the inaugural Australian Schoolboys representative side which featured such future stars as Ian Schubert, Craig Young, Les Boyd and <mask>e. The side toured Great Britain, going undefeated on the tour and scoring 108 tries in their 11 games to their opponents one. <mask>' senior coaching career in the NSWRL commenced with a minor role with the Penrith Panthers in 1974 as one of five members of the coaching panel. At the time he was still a social science teacher at Doonside High School. In 1976 he shifted to the Western Suburbs Magpies to coach their under 23s side when Don Parish was the head

masks:
Roy Masters
Roy
Olga Masters
Chris Masters
Ian Masters
Quentin Masters
Sue Masters
Deb Masters
Masters
Masters
Royce Ayliff
Masters


title: Roy Masters (rugby league)

type: original

texts: coach. In 1978 he was appointed as head coach largely due to the support of senior players Tommy Raudonikis and Les Boyd. <mask> re-built the Magpies, who had been in decline since suffering three successive grand final losses to St George from 1961 to 1963.He coached the Magpies to a minor premiership in 1978 and they played with consistent high quality during this period. Many acclaimed players blossomed under his tutelage, including Boyd, John Dorahy and John "Dallas" Donnelly; while the tough, uncompromising halfback Tommy Raudonikis led the side on-field. <mask> was a master of psychology, famously terming the Western Suburbs the "fibros" (a type of asbestos sheeting commonly used in houses in the area) in contrast to their rivals of the period the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, whom he described as the "silvertails". This reflected both the socio-economics of the respective Sydney suburbs and the financial situations of the clubs. He created this term after an fiery exhibition match between the two sides in Melbourne when <mask> was happy to spread a false rumour that the Sea Eagles had stayed at a luxury resort while Wests had to make do with a two-star hotel. "I've been a battler all my life. I can communicate with a team like Wests.I form a close personal relationship with each of my players because I'm one of their kind." <mask> said of his time at the club. <mask> left Western Suburbs when it emerged that the Magpies' affiliated leagues club at Ashfield would no longer be able to support the incomes of his key "fibros" players. <mask> moved on to St. George Dragons in 1982, reaching the Grand Final in 1985 but losing to Canterbury-Bankstown 7-6. <mask> is regarded as one of

masks: Masters Masters Masters Masters Masters Masters Masters


title: Roy Masters (rugby league)

texts:
 the finest coaches to have never won a premiership because he was seemingly able to help financially struggling clubs to perform above their ability. He was awarded the Dally M coach of the year in 1985. In September 2004 <mask> was named as coach of the Western Suburbs Magpies team of the century.Journalism
<mask> is a columnist at The Sydney Morning Herald, and also appears on the ABC-TV sports panel show Offsiders. He was also a Rugby League Commentator for Channel Seven when the Seven network had the free to air TV rights for Australian Tests from 1990 to 1993. <mask> did not support Super League when it emerged in 1995 and is well known for his support for rugby league traditions. He is also respected for his analytical skill, and is highly regarded by current players, a rarity for a member of the media. <mask> also covers soccer, boxing and a variety of other sports, famously criticising American jingoism at the opening ceremony of the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympic Games. He is a strong supporter of John O'Neill, the Australian Rugby Union chief executive (and former Football Federation Australia CEO) who led the federation to the 2006 FIFA World Cup. However, <mask> has criticised FFA chairman Frank Lowy in a series of articles detailing Australian soccer's financial problems, in spite of the Socceroos' success at the World Cup.He questioned whether Lowy, Australia's second richest man, would repay an Australian Sports Commission loan of over A$3 million, to help develop a national league. In a letter to the Sydney Morning Herald, Lowy questioned <mask>' journalistic credibility, saying among other things that <mask> was a "Rugby League commentator". <mask> then

masks: Masters Masters Masters Masters Masters Masters Masters Masters


title: Roy Masters (rugby league)

texts:
 revealed that his great uncle James "Judy" <mask> was a former captain of the Australian national team. In 2005 <mask> gave the 7th annual Tom Brock Lecture. He also made an appearance in the 2007 rugby league drama film The Final Winter. In 2012 he was appointed as a Member of the Order of Australia for services to sport and journalism. Whilst continuing to write articles for The Sydney Morning Herald, in 2010 <mask> released a book, Higher, Richer, Sleazier: How Drugs and Money Are Changing Sport Forever.In 2011, he was awarded Australian Sports Commission Media Award for Lifetime Achievement. Published sources
 Apter, Jeff The Coaches : The Men Who Changed Rugby League (2014), The Five Mile Press Scoresby, Victoria

References

External links
<mask> at rugbyleagueproject.org
<mask> at leaguehq.com.au

1941 births
Living people
20th-century Australian journalists
20th-century Australian non-fiction writers
21st-century Australian journalists
Australian columnists
Australian rugby league coaches
Australian rugby league journalists
Australian sports journalists
Australian television journalists
Journalists from Sydney
<mask>
Members of the Order of Australia
People from Sydney
St. George Dragons coaches
Western Suburbs Magpies coaches
The Sydney Morning Herald

masks:
Masters
Masters
Masters
Roy Masters
Roy Masters
Roy


title: Deji Akinwande

texts:
<mask> is a Nigerian-American professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering with courtesy affiliation with Materials Science at the University of Texas at Austin. He was awarded the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers in 2016 from Barack Obama. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, and the IEEE. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Washington, DC and moved to Nigeria in his early years. He grew up in Ikeja with his parents. His father was the financial controller of Guardian News and his mother worked at the Ministry of Education. He attended Federal Government College, Idoani and became interested in science and engineering.He returned to America in 1994, starting at Cuyahoga community college and eventually transferring to Case Western Reserve University to study electrical engineering and applied physics. During his master's degree he pioneered the design of near-field microwave tips for non-destructive imaging. He was accepted to Stanford University as a graduate student, working on the electronic properties of carbon-based materials. He was selected as an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellow during his PhD. He was also selected as a DARE (Diversifying Academia, Recruiting Excellence) Fellow in 2008. He completed his PhD in 2009. He joined University of Texas at Austin in 2010 as an Assistant Professor in January 2010, and was awarded research grants from several agencies including the National Science Foundation (NSF), Army Research Office (ARO), the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), DARPA, and Office of Naval Research, the latter focusing on high-frequency flexible 2D electronics.Research and career
Akinwande collaborated with Aixtron on wafer-scale growth of graphene, characterization and integration  The collaboration demonstrated scalable growth of polycrystalline graphene using chemical vapour deposition, creating the first 300 mm wafers. In 2011 he published the first textbook on Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Device Physics with Prof. Philip Wong of Stanford University. He was made a senior member of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2013. He has made several advances in two

masks:
Deji Akinwande
Akinwande


title: Sue Wagner

texts:
<mask> (née Pooler; January 6, 1940) is an American politician. She was the 30th Lieutenant Governor of the U.S. State of Nevada, serving from 1991 to 1995, the first woman to be elected to the position. A moderate who was liberal on social issues, she was a member of the Republican Party until her exit in January 2014 due to the party's shift towards the Tea Party movement. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> in Portland, Maine. Her father was active in the Maine Republican Party until the family moved to Tucson, Arizona in 1950, where she grew up. She graduated with a bachelor's degree in political science from the University of Arizona in 1962 and with a master's degree in history from Northwestern University in 1963. She served as Assistant dean of women at Ohio State University from 1963 to 1964, when she married Peter B<mask> and moved back to Arizona, where she worked as a reporter for the Tucson Daily Citizen from 1964 to 1965.She then worked at Catalina High School, teaching government and history from 1965 to 1969 when she, her husband and their two children, Kirk and Kristina, moved to Reno, Nevada. Political career

Early political career
Her husband, an atmospheric physicist, worked as a scientist and associate research professor for the Desert Research Institute and she became involved in local politics, working on Pat Hardy Lewis' successful campaign for Reno City Council. She chaired Reno's Blue Ribbon Task Force on Housing and served on the Mayor's Citizen Advisory Board from 1973 to 1974. Nevada Legislature
In 1974, she was named one of the ten "Outstanding Young Women in America" and was elected to the Nevada Assembly, where she served from 1975 to 1980. The same year (1980) she was elected to

masks:
Sue Ellen Wagner
Wagner
Sue Ellen Pooler
. Wagner


title: Sue Wagner

texts:
 the Nevada Senate her husband Peter, along with three other Desert Research Institute scientists, was killed in a plane crash in the Sierra Nevada mountains. <mask> served in the state senate from 1981 to 1989, chairing the Judiciary Committee for two legislative sessions, the committee through which all gambling-related bills pass. During her legislative career, she supported women's rights, helped create a fee on marriage licenses that funded women's shelters, increased funding for public and higher education, supported environmental protections and protections for at-risk children, required tests for infants for metabolic genetic disorders and pushed for increased governmental accountability and ethics reform.She was a driving force behind the creation of the Nevada Commission on Ethics and worked to pass a referendum in 1990 that prohibits the state from amending abortion laws without first winning approval in a referendum. She is noted for introducing and passing more legislation than any other person in Nevada's history and in 1989 was named one of ten "Outstanding National Republican Legislators". Lieutenant Governor of Nevada
In 1990, <mask> ran for Lieutenant Governor of Nevada. In the Republican primary, she received 58,079 votes (75.50%), defeating pro-life activist Charles Frederick "Andy" Anderson, who received 11,965 votes (15.55%). The "None of These Candidates" option received 6,887 votes (8.95%). In the general election, <mask> faced Democrat Jeanne Ireland, the wife of University of Nevada, Las Vegas Athletic director Bill Ireland, and won with 173,262 votes (54.57%) to Ireland's 123,889 votes (39.02%). "None of These Candidates" received 20,343 votes (6.41%).She thus became the first woman to

masks: Wagner Wagner Wagner


title: Sue Wagner

texts: be elected to the position, though not the first woman to serve as lieutenant governor. Maude Frazier, who had been appointed lieutenant governor in 1962 to fill the remaining 6 months of the late Rex Bell's term, was the first woman to hold that distinction. The ticket elected in 1990 was a bipartisan one as incumbent Democratic governor Bob Miller had been easily re-elected. <mask> had previously been urged by Republican leaders to run for Congress or governor and had been named as a potential Vice Presidential candidate for George H. W. Bush in 1988 by the National Women's Political Caucus. With Governor Miller eligible to run for re-election for a second and final term in 1994, <mask> was widely speculated to run in 1998 and was considered to be the frontrunner. However, on Labor Day, September 3, 1990, <mask> was seriously injured in a plane crash just outside the city of Fallon. She and Bob Seale, a Republican candidate for state treasurer, were on their way to Carson City from a Labor Day parade and annual Cantaloupe Festival in Fallon when the twin-engined Cessna 411 crashed shortly after takeoff.Seale had been flying the plane, which lost power in the right engine and he was trying to return to the airport when it came down. <mask> and Seale were seriously injured and Seale's wife Judy was killed. <mask>'s aide Stephanie Tyler (who served the rest of <mask>'s term in the state senate) and Seale's campaign manager Brian Krolicki (a future lieutenant governor of Nevada), who were also in the plane, were not seriously injured. The crash essentially ended <mask>'s elective political career. She broke her neck and back, suffered a punctured lung and several broken ribs and had to be placed in a body cast.

masks: Wagner Wagner Wagner Wagner Wagner Wagner Wagner


title: Sue Wagner

texts:
 Regardless, she won the primary and general elections but was still paralyzed when she was sworn in. She went through months of surgery and rehabilitation, suffering from a fusing of several vertebrae and a disease associated with her paralysis.Despite this, she was able to effectively serve as lieutenant governor, though she did not run for re-election in 1994. That year she was named to the Nevada Women's Fund's Hall of Fame, received a lifetime achievement award from The Capital Women's Political Caucus and was named "Politician of the Year" by the Truckee Meadows Human Services Association. Upon leaving office in 1995, she received the Women Executives in State Government's "Breaking the Glass Ceiling" Award and became an associate director of the University of Nevada's Great Basin Policy Research Center. Also that year she began teaching political science at the University of Nevada, Reno, mentored girls who were interested in politics and oversaw the Nevada Legislature's intern program. Member of the Nevada Gaming Commission
In 1997, <mask> was appointed to the board of Wells Fargo bank and in April was named by Governor Miller to the Nevada Gaming Commission. Still suffering from her injuries, <mask> was provided with a special chair and would need to take breaks during some of the 12- and 14-hour-long meetings. She saw her role as different from how she had worked as a legislator: "A legislator seeks compromise, whereas a regulator sees it one way or another.I don't see [being a regulator] as consensus-building. Although, by placing a condition on a license or limit on a license, you could compromise by doing that." She frequently agreed with the committee's only other female member, Deborah Griffin,

masks: Wagner Wagner


title: Sue Wagner

texts:
 and the two were often the dissenting voices in 3–2 decisions to give applicants licenses. Interested in compulsive gambling, Nevada Gaming Control Board Chairman Bill Bible appointed her to a statewide committee that considered the problem in 1998. Retirement
<mask> retired from the Gaming Commission in 2009 and was awarded the Professional Achievement Award by the University of Arizona Alumni Association. She publicly opposed Sharron Angle, the Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2010, though she did not endorse Democratic incumbent Harry Reid. In 2013 she was inducted into the Nevada State Senate Hall of Fame.In January 2014 she left the Republican Party, saying: "I did it as a symbol, I guess, that I do not like the Republican Party and what they stand for today... It's grown so conservative and tea-party orientated and I just can't buy into that. I've left the Republican Party and it's left me, at the same time." She currently lives in south-west Reno, supported financially by a settlement from the plane crash. See also
List of female lieutenant governors in the United States

References

External links
 Through the Glass Ceiling: A Life in Nevada Politics - The oral history of <mask>
A Guide to the <mask> papers, 94-58. Special Collections, University Libraries, University of Nevada, Reno. 1940 births
Living people
Lieutenant Governors of Nevada
Members of the Nevada Assembly
Nevada Republicans
Nevada state senators
Northwestern University alumni
Politicians from Portland, Maine
Politicians from Reno, Nevada
Politicians from Tucson, Arizona
Survivors of aviation accidents or incidents
University of Arizona alumni
Women in Nevada politics
Members of American gaming commissions
21st-century American

masks:
Wagner
Sue Wagner
Sue Wagner


title: Muhieddine Itani

texts:
<mask> (;  6 September 1929 – 5 August 2015), also known as Tabello (), was a Lebanese footballer who played as a full-back. In the early 1950s, <mask> began his senior club career at Nejmeh, helping the team gain promotion to the Lebanese Premier League. In 1959, he moved to Racing Beirut, who won the league in the 1964–65 season, before playing for Tadamon Beirut. He then returned to Nejmeh, where he was the top goalscorer in the Lebanese Premier League in the 1968–69 season. <mask> also played for Lebanon at international level, representing the country in the Arab Cup in the 1960s. <mask> was known for his technique and agility, as well as for his skill in controlling the ball in unconventional ways. He was an ambidextrous, offensive full-back who was capable of playing on both flanks.Despite being only  tall, <mask> could jump to reach high balls. He was also known for his off-field antics; he would play practical jokes, especially on trips abroad with his teams. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Ras Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, on 6 September 1929. In the winters, he spent time fishing with his father Abdul Razzak and in the summers he went swimming. His father would send him to Sheikh <mask> to learn to read, write, and memorize the Quran. <mask>, however, often ran away from school to spend time playing football in the Nejmeh Stadium. <mask> was expelled from school multiple times, remaining illiterate throughout his life.Every afternoon while training at Nejmeh, Itani would see an Englishman called Chance watching him and his teammates train. One day, Chance asked Itani to train in private with him; Itani did "not hesitate to accept his offer". Itani trained at least four hours a day

masks:
Muhieddine Abdul Razzak Itani
Itani
Itani
Itani
Itani
Muhieddine
Itani
Mohammed Itani
Itani
Itani


title: Muhieddine Itani

texts:
 with Chance. Itani said that his training sessions with Chance developed him as a footballer and he learned the fundamentals of the sport. Club career
Itani began his senior club career in the early 1950s with Nejmeh under coach Salah <mask>. He helped Nejmeh gain promotion to the 1953–54 Lebanese Premier League for the first time after winning the Lebanese Second Division in 1952. Itani's first game in the Premier League ended in a 3–0 win against Racing Beirut in which he scored a penalty kick.In 1959, Racing Beirut purchased <mask>, who was paid LBP 20,000, an Audi car, and a Vespa scooter, and secured a job at the Regie Company. He was part of the team that won the 1964–65 Lebanese Premier League. In the 1960s, <mask> moved to Tadamon Beirut, before rejoining Nejmeh. He was the Lebanese Premier League's top goalscorer of the 1968–69 season, scoring 15 goals. International career

Despite playing in the Lebanese Second Division with Nejmeh in the early 1950s, <mask> attracted the attention of the Lebanese national team coach and was called up. On 17 May 1961, he represented Lebanon in an unofficial friendly against Brazil. <mask> was part of the team that played in the 1963 Arab Cup, which was held in Lebanon; he played in the opening game of the tournament, a 6–0 win over Kuwait, and scored an own goal for Tunisia in a game that ended in a 1–0 defeat.<mask>'s most memorable game was a 1–0 win against Libya on 8 March 1964, at the 1964 Tripoli Fair Tournament. He scored the game's only goal through a penalty kick in the final minute. <mask> stated he deceived the goalkeeper by "looking at the referee as if [he] was talking to him"; the goalkeeper was "busy looking at the goalposts" and

masks: Itani Itani Itani Itani Itani Itani Muhieddine


title: Muhieddine Itani

texts:
 "only noticed that the goal was scored when the crowd started cheering". Style of play
Due to his ambidexterity, <mask> played both as a left-back and a right-back. He was a penalty-kick specialist who was noted for his technique and his movements. He controlled the ball in unique ways, stopping it with both feet or with his lower back. Despite his short stature of , <mask> had a high elevation, which enabled him to reach higher balls.Although he played in a more defensive role, often <mask> used fast offensive breaks. Once he had already dribbled an opponent, he would often go back to dribble him again because "the spectators enjoyed it". He was also known for his shooting skills. After football
After retiring from football, <mask> was a long-distance swimmer who was considered to be the only swimmer in Lebanon to participate in every national race, competing symbolically during his old age. In the 2008 annual Christmas race held by the Al Jazeera Sporting Club, at the age of 80, he was the eldest of the 112 participants. Personal life
<mask> was nicknamed Tabello () and was known for his humility and eagerness to help. He was also famous for his pranks, which he especially perpetrated on trips abroad with his football teams.During the 1961 Pan Arab Games, held in Morocco, the national team manager Joseph Nalbandian promised each player he would receive US$3 for every day spent in the tournament. Following the tournament, because the players had not received their tournament bonus, <mask> and his teammates came up with a plan. <mask> stripped naked in front of a balcony on the third floor of the University of Casablanca, where the national team was residing during the tournament.

masks: Itani Itani Itani Itani Itani Itani Itani


title: Muhieddine Itani

texts:
 Passers-by who overlooked the balcony would complain about Itani's nakedness to the hotel manager. The manager spoke to Nalbandian, who asked Itani to "wear his clothes", giving him the money. <mask> traveled with the Lebanese national team to Tunis, Tunisia, to play a friendly game on 9 June 1963 against the Tunisian national team. The Lebanese team was well-received by the local Tunisians; among whom was a mizmar player wearing a skirt.The Lebanese players were annoyed by the mizmar player and asked <mask> to ask him to leave. <mask> started dancing next to him and put his hand below the musician's skirt. The mizmar player continued to play while jumping up and down; the players were overwhelmed with laughter. In 1959, as part of his transfer to Racing Beirut, <mask> was hired by the Regie Company. In 1970, <mask> established a fish shop in the Commodore area of Hamra, Beirut; in the 1990s he moved to the city's Karakas neighborhood and opened a fish shop called "Al Kalaa Fishery" (). <mask>'s favourite players were Mahmoud Berjawi and Mardek Chabarian in Lebanon, and Pelé globally. His favourite coach was Ion Bogdan during his time at Racing Beirut.<mask>, who had eight children, died on 5 August 2015 aged 85. Honours
Nejmeh
 Lebanese Second Division: 1950–51

Racing Beirut
 Lebanese Premier League: 1964–65

Lebanon
 Arab Cup third place: 1963

Individual
 Lebanese Premier League top goalscorer: 1968–69

References

External links

1929 births
2015 deaths
Footballers from Beirut
Association football fullbacks
Lebanese footballers
Lebanese Premier League players
Nejmeh SC players
Racing Club Beirut players
Tadamon Beirut SC players
Lebanon international footballers
Lebanese Premier


title: Marcus Vulson de la Colombière

texts:
<mask> (†1658) or <mask> was a French heraldist, historian, poet, minion of the royal court. His name is sometimes spelt as Wulson and also as Volson. He published several highly successful books on symbols, prophecies, heraldry, dreams etc. He put together all the available knowledge and traditions associated with chivalry. In the 17th century chivalry was practically rediscovered by two genealogists in the French court: <mask> and <mask> after its golden age (1100–1400) and the decline of chivalry, developing its idealized image. Some authors named <mask> as the inventor of hatching system of tinctures. Biography

We have only some fragmented data about his life.Even the 19th century big biographies deliver only incomplete information about him. He was born in a Protestant noble family at the end of the 16th century in Dauphiné. He was a son of François, advocat and <mask> <mask>. In his youth, he fought for Henry IV. According to a curious anecdote, in 1618 he went to Paris to request grace, after he killed his treacherous wife and her lover. According to the title pages of his books, (see for example Le Vray Théâtre d´honneur et de Chevalerie, Paris, 1648), he was a member of the parliament in Paris and the member of the Order of Saint Michael (gentilhomme de la Chambre du Roi et Décoré de l’Ordre de Saint-Michel). By all probability, until 1635 he was staying in Grenoble as he was a royal counselor in the Dauphiné parliament (conseiller du roi en la cour de parlement de Dauphiné).He also published a book in the spirit of the Gallicanism in Geneva that year. (It can be noted that

masks:
Marc Vulson de la Colombière
Sieur de la Colombière
Vulson de la Colombière
Claude François Ménestrier
Vulson de la de la Colombière
Michelle Odde
de Bonniot


title: Marcus Vulson de la Colombière

texts:
 several of the Protestant priests and students at the Geneva University were his kinsmen.) Gallicanism served as a proper means to express his Protestant views in opposition to Catholicism, and he presented them in such a way that it was even appreciated by the state establishment too. <mask> <mask> <mask>’s ideas suited the king’s taste too, as a result he left Grenoble and settled down in Paris, where he devoted his entire energy to study heraldry. According to the catalogues of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, his next book was published in Paris in 1638. The Dispute of Vulson <mask> <mask> and Petra Sancta

He had wide-ranging correspondence with the most renowned heraldists of his time. For this reason, it could perhaps be concluded that <mask> <mask> <mask> was right in claiming the title of the inventor of the hatching system, and accusing Silvester Petra Sancta of copying his method and incorrectly publishing it in his 1638 work, one year before the same hatching system was published by Vulson <mask> <mask>.On page 37 of his title La Science Heroïque (1644), <mask> <mask> <mask> maintains that Petra Sancta simply copied his system without any changes. <mask> <mask> <mask> also maintains that he showed to Petra Sancta his hatching system in the past. In his citation, <mask> <mask> <mask> also mentions the book publishers and copperplate engravers as the users of the hatching system, thus emphasizing that by using this method on the illustrations, engravers can always designate the tinctures of the copperplates in the same coherent manner. In the title of his 1639 book he

masks:
Vulson
de la
Colombière
de la
Colombière
Vulson
de la
Colombière
de la
Colombière
Vulson
de la
Colombière
Vulson
de la
Colombière
Vulson
de la
Colombière


title: Marcus Vulson de la Colombière

texts:
 directly mentions that hatching is a new method used by copperplate engravings ("suivant l'art des anciens roys d'armes... et une nouvelle méthode de cognoistre les métaux et couleurs sur la taille-douce"). The book was published by Melchior Tavernier, and the engraved fontoispiece was made by Abraham Bosse. Maybe he was also the author of the remaining engravings inside the book. However, <mask> <mask> <mask> contributed to the drawing and engraving of illustrations too, as we can see from his signature under the armorial genealogical table of his supporter, Denys <mask>ing.In his 1639 title, Vulson de la Colombière published a hatching table, but did not mention Petra Sancta. The reason probably was that in 1638 the publication of his book was already in progress and/or he did not know nothing about the same hatching method published by Petra Sancta in 1638. He had also described the way of hatchings by words, and published another hatching table in 1644. Ottfried Neubecker maintains  that the hatching system in heraldry was invented by <mask> <mask> <mask> and not Petra Sancta who only popularized the system through his second treatise titled Tesserae gentilitia, published in 1638. Works
De la Puissance du pape et des libertés de l'Église gallicane. Par <mask> <mask>, conseiller du roi en la cour de parlement de Dauphiné. Genève: Iean de Tournes & Iaques de la Pierre, 1635
Recueil de plusieurs pièces et figures d'armoiries obmises par les autheurs qui ont escrit jusques icy de cette science, blasonnées par le sieur Vulson de La Colombière,... suivant l'art des anciens roys

masks:
Vulson
de la
Colombière
de Salva
Vulson
de la
Colombière
Marc de
Vulson


title: Marcus Vulson de la Colombière

texts:
 d'armes, avec un discours des principes et fondemens du blason, et une nouvelle méthode de cognoistre les métaux et couleurs sur la taille-douce.– Paris : M. Tavernier, 1639. – In-4°, pièces, limin., 14 p., armoiries, 75 pl. d'armoiries, la plupart coloriées, frontisp. gr. par Abraham Bosse. (New edition Paris, 1689)
La Science heroique, traitant de la noblesse, de l'origine des armes de leurs blasons, & symboles, des tymbres, bourlets, couronnes, cimiers, lambrequins, supports, & tenans, & autres ornements de l'escu ; de la deuise, & du cry de guerre, de l'escu pendant & des pas & emprises des anciens cheualiers, des formes differentes de leurs tombeaux ; et des marques exterieures de l'escu de nos roys, des reynes, & enfans de France, & des officiers de la couronne, et de la maison du roy. Paris 1639 and 1644
Le vrai Théâtre d'honneur et de chevalerie, ou le miroir héroïque de la noblesse... par <mask> <mask>, sieur de La Colombière... Paris : chez A. Courbé, 1638.– 2 vol. in-fol. Carte métodique et introduction succinte à la cognoissance des premières regles du blazon et des principales pieces qu'on employe pour la construction des armoiries, avec les termes dont on se sert pour parler pertinemment de ceste heroïque science... Par <mask> <mask>, sieur de La Colombiere. Paris: M. Van Lochom, 1645
Le palais des curieux, ou l'algebre et le sort donnent la decision des questions les plus douteuses, et ou les songes et les visions nocturnes sont expliquez selon la doctrine des anciens. Donné au public par le Sieur VV. D. L. C. Paris, 1646
De l'Office des rois d'armes, des hérauts et

masks:
Marc de
Vulson
Marc de
Vulson


title: Marcus Vulson de la Colombière

texts:
 des poursuivants ; de leur antiquité, de leurs priviléges, et des principales cérémonies où ils sont employés par les rois et par les princes.Avec le nom et les armes de tous les rois et princes souverains de la chrétienté et de la plupart des provinces qui relèvent d'eux. Par <mask> <mask>, Sr de La Colombiere. Paris: P. Lamy, 1645
Les Oracles divertissans, où l'on trouve la decision des questions les plus curieuses pour se rejouïr dans les compagnies, avec un Traité tres recreatif des couleurs, aux armoiries, aux livrées et aux faveurs, et la signification des plantes, fleurs et fruits, le tout accommodé à la diction française. Par M. W. D. L. C. Paris: A. Courbé, 1647
Le Palais des curieux, où l'algebre et le sort donnent la décision des questions les plus douteuses, et ou les songes et les visions nocturnes sont expliquez selon la doctrine des Anciens. Seconde édition. Corrigé & augmenté d’un Traité de la physiognomie. Paris: chez Pierre Lamy, 1660
The court of curiositie wherein by the algebra and lot, the most intricate questions are resolved, and nocturnal dreams and visions explained according to the doctrine of the antients : to which is also added A treatise of physiognomy published in French by Marck <mask> ; translated into English by J.G., Gent.London : Printed by J.C. for William Crooke, 1669. The third edition. London: Printed for William Crook, 1681

See also
Jan Baptist Zangrius

References

Year of birth unknown
1658 deaths
French courtiers
French poets
French historians
French heraldists
17th-century French people
17th-century French male writers
17th-century

masks:
Marc de
Vulson
de Vulson


title: Dejan Kulusevski

texts:
<mask>  (; born 25 April 2000) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a winger or midfielder for  club Tottenham Hotspur, on loan from  club Juventus, and the Sweden national team. Coming through from the youth system, <mask> made his senior debut for Atalanta in 2019, before joining Parma on loan at the beginning of the 2019–20 season. He joined Juventus during the winter transfer window for €35 million, and was sent back to Parma on loan for the rest of the season. In January 2022, Kulusevski was sent on loan to Tottenham Hotspur in England. <mask> was born in Sweden to Macedonian parents; he represented both Macedonia and Sweden internationally at youth level, before opting to play for his birth country at senior level, making his full debut in 2019. Club career

Early career
<mask> was born in Stockholm and joined the youth academy of IF Brommapojkarna at the age of six. Atalanta

2018–19 season
He joined the Atalanta youth system on 7 July 2016 from Brommapojkarna, before making any senior appearance for the club.He made his Serie A debut on 20 January 2019, coming on as a substitute for Marten de Roon in a 5–0 away win against Frosinone. He made a total of three appearances for the club throughout the 2018–19 season, each as a substitute. Loan to Parma (2019–20)
On 18 July 2019, Kulusevski signed to Serie A club Parma on loan until 30 June 2020. He scored his first Serie A goal in a 3–2 home win against Torino, on 30 September. Juventus

Return to Parma (2019–20)
Following his form while on loan with Parma during the first part of the 2019–20 Serie A season, during which he scored four goals and provided seven assists in 17 league appearances, on 2 January 2020, <mask> joined fellow Serie A club Juventus on a four-and-a-half year

masks:
Dejan Kulusevski
Kulusevski
Kulusevski
Kulusevski
Kulusevski


title: Dejan Kulusevski

texts:
 deal, for €35 million, which could possibly rise to €44 million with variables. <mask> was sent back on loan to Parma for the remainder of the season. He finished the season with 10 goals and nine assists, and was awarded the Serie A Best Young Player for the season.Experience at Juventus

<mask> scored on his Juventus debut on 20 September 2020 in a 3–0 league win at home against Sampdoria. On 19 May 2021, he scored the opening goal and later set-up Federico Chiesa's match-winning goal in a 2–1 victory over Atalanta in the 2021 Coppa Italia Final. In the next season, Kulusevski scored the winning goal in the Champions League match against Zenit Saint Petersburg with a header in the 86th minute on 20 October. <mask>'s playing time was reduced under Massimiliano Allegri, making 20 appearances and scoring two goals. Loan to Tottenham Hotspur
On 31 January 2022, <mask> was sent on an 18-month loan to Premier League side Tottenham Hotspur; the loan deal was worth €10 million, and included an option for purchase, which would become an obligation under certain conditions for an additional fee of €35 million. He made his first appearance for Spurs on 5 February in the FA Cup match against Brighton & Hove Albion, coming on a substitute in a 3–1 win. On 19 February, <mask> scored his first goal for Tottenham in the fourth minute of the match which Tottenham eventually won 3–2 against Manchester City.International career
Born in Sweden to Macedonian parents from Ohrid, Kulusevski played for all Swedish youth national teams, as well as the Macedonia under-16 national team. He was called up to the Sweden national team for the first time in November 2019 for the UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying games against Romania and the Faroe Islands. For the senior national team,

masks: Kulusevski Kulusevski Kulusevski Kulusevski Kulusevski


title: Frank Luther Mott

texts:
<mask> (April 4, 1886 – October 23, 1964) was an American historian and journalist, who won the 1939 Pulitzer Prize for History for Volumes II and III of his series, A History of American Magazines. Early years
Mott was born in Rose Hill, Iowa. His parents were Mary E. (Tipton) and <mask>, publishers of the weekly What Cheer, Iowa Patriot. The <mask> family owned a print shop in Keokuk County. He was a practicing Quaker. When he was 10 his father began publishing the Audubon, Iowa Republican and he assisted in the typesetting. Education
He did the first three years of his college education at Simpson College and then completed his bachelor's degree at the University of Chicago.<mask> attended Columbia University starting in 1917, earning his M.A. in 1919. Carl Van Doren, mentioned in the Franklin section below, was teaching at Columbia during this time, and the two may have met then. <mask> earned his Ph.D. in 1928 from the University of Iowa while a professor there. Academic career
<mask> became professor of English at the University of Iowa in 1921, rising to associate professor and of journalism and director of the school of journalism in 1925. He continued at UI until he was appointed Dean of the University of Missouri (MU)'s School of Journalism in 1942. Mott may have coined the term photojournalism in 1924.He was influential in the development of photojournalism education: the first photojournalism class was taught at UI during his tenure, and the first photojournalism program, directed by Clifton C. Edom, started at MU in 1943 upon his request. His textbook on American Journalism: A History of

masks:
Frank Luther Mott
David Charles Mott
Mott
Mott
Mott
Mott


title: Frank Luther Mott

texts:
 Newspapers in the United States through 250 years 1690 to 1940 (1941 and later revised editions covering through 1960) was the standard resource in courses on the history of journalism. <mask> was a lifelong lover of magazines, his father having hoarded them in the house. His monumental series, A History of American Magazines, started as PhD work at Columbia in the late 1920s. It was projected as six volumes. However, other projects, such as American Journalism, derailed his progress. Four volumes of American Magazines carried the history up to 1905.<mask> died after starting work on Volume V: 1905–1930. Volume V does not extend the history past 1905; it includes 21 of a projected 36 sketches of individual magazines, intended as the supplementary material to the 1905-1930 history. It also includes an index for all five volumes. Presumably, Volume VI would have covered the history from 1931 to <mask>'s present-day, plus additional supplementary materials. Volumes II and III of A History of American Magazines (1938) won the 1939 Pulitzer Prize for History, and Volume 4 won the Bancroft Prize in 1958. <mask> served as president of Kappa Tau Alpha in 1937–1939. He died in Columbia, Missouri on October 23, 1954.Writings on <mask>
In 1936, <mask> collaborated with Chester E. Jorgenson, Instructor in English at the University of Iowa to publish Benjamin Franklin: Representative Selections, With Introduction, Bibliography, and Notes for the American Book Company as part of the American Writers Series. On April 1, 1937, Carl Van Doren wrote to Mr. Mott:
18 West 13 Street, New York

Dear Mr. Mott:
It has just

masks:
Mott
Mott
Mott
Mott
Benjamin Franklin
Mott


title: Frank Luther Mott

texts:
 occurred to me that I have never written to you to tell you what an admirable book I think you and Mr. Jorgenson have done in your Franklin. A volume of selections seldom manages to be also a quintessence of scholarship on its subject. Yours does. I am particularly under obligation to you because I am doing a large-scale biography of <mask>, a narrative which will be as dramatic, I hope, as he deserves, and yet will truly embody the recent riches of monographic matters which his earlier biographers have not had to help them. Your volume is my constant handbook, and many of my notes are written in the margins of my copy. Gratefully, Carl Van Doren
The work in progress became Van Doren's landmark Benjamin Franklin, published in 1938, which won the Pulitzer Prize in 1939.Other Writings
In 1962, <mask> published Time Enough, a collection of autobiographical essays. The manuscript and galley proofs for this work are at the State Historical Society of Missouri. Select bibliography
Editor, Interpretations of Journalism: A Book of Readings with Ralph D. Casey, 1937. 1938: A History of American Magazines, 1741-1850;  A History of American Magazines, 1850-1865 (1938): 1865-1885., link from  American Council of Learned Societies Humanities E-book. "Trends in newspaper content." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (1942): 60–65. in JSTOR
  "Facetious News Writing, 1833-1883."Mississippi Valley Historical Review (1942): 35–54. in JSTOR
 Jefferson and the Press (Louisiana State University Press, 1943)
  "The Newspaper Coverage of Lexington and Concord." New England Quarterly (1944):

masks: Franklin Mott


title: Frank Luther Mott

texts:
 489–505. in JSTOR
  "Newspapers in presidential campaigns." Public Opinion Quarterly 8.3 (1944): 348–367. Online
Golden Multitudes: the Story of Best Sellers in the United States, 1947. The news in America Harvard Univ Press, 1952.A History of American Magazines: 1885-1905 Vol. 4. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1957. The Old Printing Office with John DePol, 1962. American Journalism, a History, 1690-1960, 1962. References
<mask> <mask> Collection of American Best Sellers, 1662-1945
<mask>, <mask> (1886-1964) and Vera I. (1885- 1964), Papers, 1775-1965, (C2344)
Papers of <mask> <mask>, 1918-1963 at University of Iowa
<mask> <mask> Papers, 1824-1962 at State Historical Society of Missouri
Review and bibliography of “The Old Printing Office” by <mask> <mask>
 Long, Howard Rusk.<mask> <mask>: Scholar, Teacher, Human Being. [Carbondale, Ill., Hornstone Press, ©1968.] Marshall, Max Lawrence. <mask> <mask>, Journalism Educator. Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri, 1968. Stroebel, Leslie D. and Richard D. Zakia. The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography.Boston: Focal Press, 1993. Notes

External links

1886 births
1964 deaths
20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
American male journalists
Columbia University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
American Quakers
Historians of American media
Historians from Missouri
Pulitzer Prize for History winners
Bancroft Prize winners
University of Iowa faculty
University of Missouri faculty
Journalists from Missouri
People from Mahaska County, Iowa
Simpson College alumni
Journalists from Iowa
Historians from Iowa
American male

masks:
Frank Luther
Mott
Mott
Frank Luther
Frank Luther
Mott
Frank Luther
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Frank Luther
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Frank Luther
Mott
Frank Luther
Mott


title: Fredrik Elfving

texts:
<mask> (9 December 1854 – 21 June 1942) was a Swedish-speaking Finnish botanist, plant physiologist, and university administrator. During his university training, he frequently traveled abroad to learn new scientific methods and techniques from other prominent European scientists. Although his earliest publications dealt with phytogeography and phycology (particularly the green alga known as the desmids), his most notable research was in plant physiology. Early in his career, he published seminal work on the flow of water through the stems of woody plants, and investigated the phenomenon of transversely geotropic plant organs. In contrast to his works on plant physiology, his later experiments and views on lichens, which he himself considered his most important work, was far less favourably received. Elfving became a Professor of botany at the University of Helsinki in 1892, a position he held until his retirement in 1926. A lively and enthusiastic teacher, Elfving revolutionized the teaching of botany at the university by introducing laboratory courses that emphasized the study of plant physiology, rather than taxonomy, as had been the tradition.During his time as professor, Elfving wrote many historical papers about scientific societies, and biographies of Scandinavian scientists. He wrote the books Tärkeimmät viljelyskasvit ("The Most Important Crops") and the Kasvitieteen oppikirja ("Botanical Textbook"), which were widely used as textbooks. Elfving has had several taxa named after him. Early life and education
Elfving was born on 9 December 1854 in Ekenäs, Southern Finland, to parents <mask> and Wendla <mask>. His

masks:
Fredrik Emil Volmar Elfving
Johan Fredrik
Elfving


title: Fredrik Elfving

texts: father, who was originally the son of a blacksmith, rose exceptionally high in the order of estates  (a system of social hierarchy prevalent in Christian Europe), becoming a professor and . His mother, Wendla <mask> (née Sucksdorff), belonged to a Loviisa bourgeois family. Fredrik was the youngest of nine children.His eldest sister,  (1837–1923), became an author of popular historical novels in Finland. Elfving developed an interest in natural history as a child, and became familiar with the local cryptogam flora – mosses, lichens, and algae. Access to a microscope, given to him by his parents on his 15th birthday, enhanced his interest in this field. Elfving graduated with honours from Turku High School in 1870. He intended to enter medical school, but first had to obtain a Candidate of Philosophy degree, with a specialization in botany. His instructor, Sextus Otto Lindberg, found Elfving to be a talented student, and assisted and encouraged him with his botanical studies. With the support of the university, Elfving stayed in Stockholm and Uppsala in Sweden for six weeks in the autumn of 1873 to study phycology.Elfving obtained his Candidate of Philosophy degree on , at age 20, having performed exceptionally in his final exams. This allowed him to enrol in medical school, but he still continued with his botanical activities. In 1875 he took a trip to Russian Karelia to investigate the plant life around the river Svir. After a couple of years in medical school, Elfving gave up his plan to become a doctor. Elfving obtained a Master's degree in philosophy on , and officially began training in botany in 1878 after moving to


title: Fredrik Elfving

texts:
 received, he assembled the work Anteckningar om kulturväxterna i Finland ("Notes on the culture of plants in Finland"), which was considered an important summary of the cultivated and decorative plants in late nineteenth-century Finland. In the work Atlas de Finlande (1899, 1910) Elfving and Arvi Grotenfelt contributed short surveys of economically important cultivated plants in Finland. In the early decades of the twentieth century, the language issue in Finland stirred up debate in academia. At the time, although both the Finnish and Swedish were commonly used in Finland, the latter language was associated with descendants of Swedish colonisation, which led to class tensions among the speakers of the different languages.Swedish was largely used in academic settings, and was the predominant language of the upper class. <mask>, although himself a Swedish speaker, strongly supported the use of Finnish in academia. This led to the establishment in 1925, alongside his position of Chair of Botany, of a new professorship in Finnish. Kaarlo Linkola was appointed to this position. After Elfving's retirement, the duties of the head of the department were transferred to the holder of the new Finnish-language chair. Eventually, in 1928, Alvar Palmgren was elected as the new Swedish-speaking professor of botany, filling Elfving's old position. Research

Plant physiology
Elfving's doctoral dissertation studied the reason why the rhizomes of many plants take up a horizontal position in the soil.His research determined that the tips invariably turned in such a direction as to bring the longitudinal axis back into a horizontal position


title: Fredrik Elfving

texts:
 thermotropism in plants; Harry Warén (later Waris) (1920) on pure cultures of lichen gonidia; and  (1920) on trace element requirements and starch formation in Aspergillus.Elfving's students who specialized in phycology include the following: Karl Engelbrecht Hirn, who specialized in the family Oedogoniaceae; Alexander Luther, who proposed the existence of the Heterokontae; Rolf Grönblad; ; and . Personal

Elfving married Thyra Ingman (1870–1939), with whom he had four children, two girls and two boys: Rabbe <mask> <mask> (1899–1966), Brita <mask> (1900–1917), Astrid <mask> (later Kyreniua) (1902–1982), and Erik Gustav <mask> (1908–1984). His youngest son Erik Gustav became a well-known mathematician and statistician. Regarding his personality, his former student Runar Collander noted: "Elfving stood in a class by himself, combining a strict sense of duty with an exceptional charm. He was renown for his skill in repartee, and his witty, lapidary remarks were widely quoted." Early in his career he would often engage in polemics on general cultural subjects, often on the pages of the journal Finsk Tidskrift. He was at one time on the editorial board of this journal, starting in 1877, and later became one of its publishers, from October 1883 to December 1885.He also frequently wrote for , a Swedish-language newspaper published from 1861 to 1889. Collander writes of the "curious duality" of Elfving's nature:

<mask> <mask> died in Helsinki on 21 June 1942, at the age of 87. Legacy
Elfving was one of the first researchers in plant physiology in the Nordic countries. In the 1880s, Elfving published a number of plant

masks: Fredrik Elfving Elfving Elfving Elfving Fredrik Elfving


title: Preston Watson

texts: <mask> (17 October 1880 – 30 June 1915) was a Scottish aviation pioneer, who conceived his own original method of controlling an aeroplane in flight. This was his rocking wing method of lateral control, which consisted of a secondary smaller wing mounted above the main wing on an A-frame that could pivot about its longitudinal axis. <mask>'s method of lateral control was applied by him in three different aeroplanes; the first was built in late 1909, the second in July 1910 and his third in 1913. On 16 March 1915, <mask> gained his Royal Aero Club Certificate No. 1,117 (equivalent of a pilot's licence) with the London and Provincial School at the London Aerodrome, Hendon, having sought a commission with the Royal Naval Air Service with the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. On 30 June 1915 he was killed when the Caudron G.3 aeroplane he was flying disintegrated in flight and crashed in Dunlye Field, a few miles from the Cross-in-Hand Hotel near Heathfield, Sussex. <mask> is buried in Dundee's Western Cemetery.<mask>'s achievements have been clouded by erroneous claims of powered flight before the Wright brothers. This originated from his younger brother <mask>, who brought it to the public's greater attention in an article published in the Manchester Guardian newspaper in December 1953. There was an article in The Scots magazine in October 1953 released by one J.D. Leslie, but it is dismissed owing to inaccuracies. Since then, <mask>'s name has been associated with this false claim and his actual work in promoting aviation is often overlooked. This claim has been repeatedly proven to be false, but

masks:
Preston Albert Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Preston Watson
James Watson
Preston


title: Preston Watson

texts:
 the myth frequently reappears in Scottish newspaper articles and most recently in a book published in 2014 with the support of the Dundee Museum of Transport titled The Pioneer Flying Achievements of <mask> by Alistair W. Blair and Alistair Smith. Early history
He was born in Dundee, Tayside, Scotland on 17 October 1880, the son of Mr <mask> of Balgowan and his wife Jane Yeaman.His father was partner in Watson & Philip a wholesale food distributor in Dundee. He was a pupil of the High School of Dundee and showed considerable interest in things mechanical from an early age. Young <mask> possessed an analytical mind, and quite often, he, according to the Sunday, 27 October 1984 edition of The Courier and Advertiser newspaper;

It was whilst studying engineering at University College, Dundee that his interest in aeronautics flourished, but there was little to read on the emerging science of aviation. If aviation was to become the field in which he was going to start a career, he would have to do his own research. His brother James Yeaman <mask> was to later recount in the December 1955 issue of Aeronautics magazine that;

According to the late Mr James Manson, who worked as a labourer with <mask>'s father's food produce business, Messrs Watson and Philip, <mask> built small model aeroplanes and dropped them from the bridge at Ninewells. On 25 October 1907 <mask> applied for a patent that, "...relates to flying machines, the object being to raise and propel a machine through the air without aerostats." Accepted in its entirety nearly a year later, Patent No.23,553 of 1907, titled "Watson's Flying Machines"

masks:
Preston Watson
Thomas Watson
Preston
Watson
Watson
Preston
Watson


title: Preston Watson

texts: comprises eight pages of descriptions of an indigenous rotary-wing means of creating lift and five illustrations to which the description pages are keyed.These show different configurations of aircraft using the same rotary aerofoil devices that resembled the sheathing mechanism of a combine harvester. No evidence survives to suggest <mask> began constructing any of the bizarre creations in the patent. Accepted in its entirety on 8 October 1908, by that time <mask>'s ideas on what constituted successful flight, and specifically how lift was achieved had changed dramatically from his patent. In July 1908 <mask> published the pamphlet Power Necessary in Flight (John Leng & Co. Ltd. Dundee, 1908), which contained his theories on; "...the best curvature of an aerodrome [sic], and, further, the result of a calculation regarding the best proportion of the weight of wings to weight of structure for the attainment of flight with the least horse-power." Influenced by Frederick William Lanchester's paper titled "Aerodynamics", constituting the first volume of a complete work on aerial flight published in December 1907, <mask>'s work contains an analytical approach to aerodynamics, far removed from the outlandish theories he expressed in his first patent. <mask>'s introduction mentions that he had read Lanchester's work, stating that their findings are similar, but that he arrived at his theories independently. His next patent represented the body of his aeronautical work that he spent the rest of his life researching; his rocking wing concept of lateral control.Applied for on 1 January 1909, the complete

masks: Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson


title: Preston Watson

texts:
 specification is dated 23 July 1909 and was left with the Patent Office a day later and accepted on 16 December that year. Patent No.47 of 1909 comprises three pages of descriptions and a single page with an illustration of the rocking wing concept as applied to a theoretical aeroplane. From examining the illustration supplied with the patent and surviving photographs of <mask>'s aeroplanes, it is plainly evident that he had fully intended on constructing an aircraft based on his patent. Exactly when he completed his first aeroplane is not known, but on page 400 in the 2 November 1909 issue of The Aero magazine is the following statement:

Although clearly a typographical error with regards to the location of "the secluded little village of Forgendenny, Perthshire, near Preston" and <mask>'s name, this article seems to confirm a likely completion time period of his first full size aeroplane based on his rocking wing patent. Rocking wings
Although somewhat neglected by aviation historians, <mask>'s aeronautical experiments are contemporary with those of better known British pioneers, such as Alliott Verdon Roe and Geoffrey de Havilland. In many ways <mask>'s experiments are of at least equal historic interest today as those of his contemporaries, since his primary focus was developing an alternative means of controlling an aeroplane in flight - his "rocking wing" method of lateral control. <mask> is known to have built three aeroplanes incorporating rocking wings, only two of which successfully became airborne under their own power.It is likely that <mask>'s second patent, "Improvements in Flying

masks:
Watson
Watson
Preston Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson


title: Preston Watson

texts:
 Machines" dated 1 January 1909 was the first published description of <mask>'s rocking wing theory of lateral control, the function of which in a practicable sense is described by him as, "above [the main] plane...and carried by the frame of the machine is a rocking aeroplane...capable of rocking about a fore and aft central axle..."

"The pivot...is above the fore and aft central axis of the main plane and depending from the rocking plane and at right angles to it is a lever...fixed rigidly to such rocking plane. This lever is fixed in so far that it can tilt the plane...to one side or the other..." The actuation of which by the pilot induces the rocking motion of the wing. When in flight the rocking wing functions in the following manner, "when the rocking aeroplane...is tilted out of the horizontal...by moving the lever...to one side, the normal pressure of the rocking aeroplane...is inclined out of the vertical and gives rise to a horizontal component pulling its axle...to one side relative to the line of flight." "The [aircraft is] thus caused to rotate about the line of flight, that is to say, the [rocking wing] becomes tilted about the line of flight and out of the horizontal. The normal pressure of the [main plane] is thus inclined out of the vertical and gives rise to a horizontal component pulling the [aircraft] to one side of the line of flight." To climb and descend in the aircraft, the vertically mounted lever, "...is moved fore and aft, thus causing the front edge of the rudder [tailplane, none of <mask>'s aeroplanes were fitted with a vertical rudder. The Wrights also initially referred

masks: Watson Watson


title: Preston Watson

texts:
 to their horizontal stabilisers as horizontal rudders] to be moved downwards or upwards."Because of the dual actuation of the control lever, "...the [rocking wing] and the [tailplane] can be moved so as to cause the machine to move up and down while at the same time moving to the one side or the other, that is to say that by simply moving the hand which actuates the lever in any desired direction and the trim altered." <mask>'s declaration as a conclusion to the patent is in two points, as follows:
 "In aeroplanes the use of a rocking plane situated on a higher level than the main plane, for preserving lateral stability and for steering right and left and controlled by a lever which also operates the horizontal rudder as described and illustrated on the drawings annexed." "In aeroplanes the combination of a fixed main plane with an upper rocking plane as described and for the purposes set forthwith." Despite <mask>'s firm belief in his system of control, the reality behind it, however ingenious, was that it was no more efficient that wing warping or the use of ailerons in its aerodynamic effect on an aeroplane in flight. Prompted by Charles Gibbs-Smith, when analysed by aerodynamic experts at the Royal Aeronautical Society in the late 1950s, it was found that the rocking wing had a significant disadvantage; it had the effect of a single combined aileron and rudder. To execute a banked turn from flying straight and level, the rocking wing worked moderately effectively, but when the aeroplane's lateral equilibrium had been compromised, tipping the rocking wing in the opposite direction to the down-going


title: Preston Watson

texts:
 wing to right itself had a tendency to yaw the aircraft in that direction. In effect, the rocking wing did not fully assist in correcting conditions of instability since the pilot had no means with which to induce or correct a yawing motion.Another possible reason behind the rocking wing idea not progressing beyond <mask>'s experiments was that it could only be applied to relatively light and small aircraft. Had <mask> survived, it is possible that with continual experience flying his aeroplanes he would have thought up an ingenious solution to this problem. Although he would have had to forsake, in his mind, the biggest advantage of his system over contemporaries, the simplicity of operation of the rocking wing method (by a single control lever for pitch and roll), by perhaps adding another actuating device to adequately control his aeroplane. Despite this however, the rocking wing means of lateral control as <mask> proposed it, although it had no precedent in aviation's fledgling years, its influence and impact on history have proven to be negligible. Aircraft
It is known that <mask> constructed three powered aeroplanes, of which only two were able to become airborne under their own power. There have also been claims that <mask> also built and flew an unpowered "Wright Type" glider, but there is little substantial evidence to support this; <mask> himself never made the claim and reports of a glider only emerged after <mask> admitted that the claim to powered flight before the Wrights in 1903 was false and the machine <mask> flew that year was a glider in the December 1955 issue of Aeronautics

masks:
Watson
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Watson
Preston Watson
Watson
Preston Watson
James Watson
Preston


title: Preston Watson

texts:
 magazine. While he might have begun constructing a glider at some stage in his life, no evidence can be found that verifies the claim he flew it.First aeroplane
Based on <mask>'s rocking wing patent, it is assumed that his first powered machine was completed around mid 1909 since it is almost exactly like the illustration that accompanies the patent. Built within the workshops of the Tay Motor Boat and Engine Company of Dundee, the Watson No.1 had the upper wing being approximately one half the span of the lower wing. The main wings were in two separate sections, between which the pilot sat. He had no instrumentation of any sort. The upper wing was mounted at the apex of an "A" frame, with the main wing forming the cross bar of the "A" and with long skis being fitted at its base. There are rumours that <mask> acquired his first aircraft's engine from celebrated Brazilian aviator Alberto Santos Dumont. This was a four-cylinder horizontally opposed engine manufactured in small numbers by Dutheil Chalmers & Cie, Paris, France, of unusual layout; the propeller was mounted between two horizontally opposed banks of cylinders.Despite the fitting of the Dutheil Chalmers engine, <mask>'s No.1 aeroplane remained firmly earthbound, and he placed it in store in a shed on the property of Mr James Bell at Rossie, Forgandenney, about 25 miles west of Dundee. A year later <mask> gave the forlorn craft away to a group of local enthusiasts from the Dundee Model Aero Club, founded in November 1909. David Urquhart, the founder of the Dundee Model Aero Club and two friends, David Robertson and William Gibb, recounted in

masks:
Watson
Watson
Preston Watson
Watson


title: Preston Watson

texts:
 1961 how the Dutheil Chalmers motor was removed and the aeroplane was converted into a glider in the club house used by the modellers. By June 1911 the glider had been completed and several flights had been made from a rise on the property of a Mr George Ballingall of Newton, Wormit, in Fife, Scotland. Within five months however, the keen members of the Dundee Model Aero Club were constructing a new glider. What they did with the earlier one is not known; there are some in the Dundee area that believe that it still lies undisturbed in a shed somewhere waiting to be rediscovered. Second aeroplane
In his second aeroplane, <mask> achieved successful powered flight in a design that appeared to vindicate his theories.Initially hoped to have entered the No.2 in the Lanark Airshow, only the second international air meeting held in the UK, his first flights in it were carried out in the first two weeks of August 1910 at Errol, Perthshire, having missed out on entering the event owing to a fractured propeller during its very first engine run. As with his first aeroplane, the No.2 was built by the Tay Motor Boat and Engine Company, in July 1910. The earliest photographs unearthed so far of <mask>'s No.2 machine in flight are dated from 1912, although <mask> carried out successful flying trials throughout August and September 1910. Constructed from bamboo with its flying surfaces covered in canvas like his first aeroplane, <mask>'s No.2 was structurally similar to its predecessor, which lends credence to the fact that <mask>'s first rocking wing aircraft did not fly. The two aircraft shared the same dimensions,

masks:
Preston Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson


title: Preston Watson

texts:
 wing plan and box kite tail surfaces, although the "A" frame centre section of the No.2 differed slightly from the No.1 in bracing details. <mask>'s new aeroplane was powered by a 1910 three cylinder 30 hp Humber engine. A number of accounts state that <mask>, his younger brother James and Archie Dickie, who had allegedly gone to Paris to secure a Dutheil Chalmers engine from Alberto Santos-Dumont for <mask>'s previous aeroplane, all flew the machine at Errol at this time.The pictures published in the 15 May 1914 issue of Flight magazine, which captions the images as having been taken in 1912 have been mis-quoted by James as having been taken in 1908, but the No.2 was built in 1910 and its 30 hp Humber engine was not produced until that year. On being given this piece of rather pointed evidence to the contrary by prominent aviation author Charles Gibbs-Smith, <mask> promptly changed his story. As with his first aeroplane, it is safe to assume that <mask>'s primary concern about the No.2 would have been its powerplant; above all other considerations, he had to equip it with an engine that was able to get it into the air. Quite probably, his choice of engine was driven by cost and availability. As with his first aeroplane, the fate of the Watson No.2 is unknown, although it was probably scrapped with the outbreak of the Great War. Third aeroplane
Probably buoyed by the success of achieving powered flight in one of his own aeroplanes, <mask> built a third machine, his last, in 1913. His third aeroplane was deliberately designed to supersede his No.2 in capability, since his theories had been proven in

masks:
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Watson
James Watson
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title: Preston Watson

texts: flight.Compared to his previous machines, his No.3 was a different beast, although it still incorporated the same layout with a smaller upper wing, and lacked a definite fuselage. It represented a more professional approach to <mask>'s aeroplane building, being of considerably smarter appearance than his earlier efforts. It was sturdier, the proliferation of bracing wires were testimony to this. Constructed of metal, possibly steel tubing as opposed to bamboo in his earlier aeroplanes, although James Manson claims the tubing was duralumin. Its wings were of conventional design; the bracing struts were fitted with streamlined aerofoil shaped fairings, made from aluminium or wood and covered in fabric, canvas according to Manson, which was sewn into place by himself. <mask>'s big No.3 was powered by a British Anzani 45 hp six cylinder two-row radial engine. From 1 January to 1 July 1914, L'Union pour la Sécurité en Aéroplane organisation held the first Concours de La Sécurité en Aéroplanes at Buc aerodrome, near Paris, France in which some 56 aircraft were entered with the intention of displaying advances in safety devices for aeroplanes from a design standpoint.<mask>'s No.3 was the only British participant, but was disqualified. In the 7 July 1915 issue of The Aeroplane, as an obituary to <mask>, the following records one reason why the No.3 might have been ruled out of the competition; "Last year Mr <mask> took the machine to France and entered it into the 'Concours de La Sécurité', or Security Competition. The machine was not a success, partly no doubt, as Mr <mask> claimed, because of its being

masks: Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson


title: Preston Watson

texts:
 underpowered. Nevertheless, it did at time get off the ground for short distances." One pilot under <mask>'s service during the Concours competition was a Mr S. Summerfield of Melton Mowbray. Mr Summerfield recalled that the No.3 handled well once he had gotten used to the novel means of control, but the machine was ruled out of the competition, "...for no apparent reason...", as recorded in the 3 July 1914 issue of Flight. In the book British Aircraft before the Great War (Schiffer, Atglen, PA 2001), the authors offer the following reason for the No.3's disqualification: "...the pilot was classified as a novice and excluded."In March 1915, during an interview with a Flight magazine reporter, <mask> mentioned in passing that he had fitted floats to the No.3. It is most likely that they were flotation devices that provided buoyancy in the event of the aircraft ditching during over-water flights. <mask> said that he intended on carrying out further experiments with the No.3 after the end of the war, since he had applied for a commission with the Royal Naval Air Service. According to James Manson, <mask>'s mechanic and sometimes pilot of the No.3, it was broken up around the time of the outbreak of war in 1914, but based on the Flight magazine piece above, <mask> retained the machine after he had enrolled into service with the RNAS in 1915. It was likely to have been scrapped after his untimely death. Last year of life

Nowadays, the efforts of the competitors and judges at the Concours are all-but forgotten, but many of the features pioneered at the event were to resurface on modern aircraft. For <mask>,

masks:
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Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Preston Watson


title: Preston Watson

texts: the event proved less than successful, but it illustrated his dedication to his work.One positive consequence of his entry was that his theories became known to a wider audience after the article in Flight magazine that year, where he went into detail about his rocking wing method of control. With the declaration of the First World War in August 1914, <mask> hoped to volunteer for service with the Royal Flying Corps - he had held a commission as a volunteer with the Fife and Forfar Yeomanry, but was refused, being described as too old (at age 34) to fly. In a letter to his wife Beatrice, written presumably in the later months of 1914, published in Alistair W. Blair and Alistair Smith's book The Pioneer Flying Achievements of <mask>, <mask> explains a meeting with Lithuanian born Leo Anatole Jouques, employed by the War Office to manufacture aeroplanes under licence by his firm Jouques Aviation Works at Willesden, London, and apparently well connected, who suggested to him he might be able to assist him with a commission with the Royal Aircraft Factory at Farnborough. According to letters written by <mask> and published in the aforementioned book, he showed Jouques photographs and written details of his rocking wing experiments and aeroplanes. Jouques seemed genuinely interested in the design and claimed he would organise for <mask> to give a public demonstration of the machine to the War Office. Evidently this did not take place and <mask> was also less-than-enthused by an offer by Jouques to manufacture (presumably) the No.3. Jouques returned to <mask> claiming that his wife, who had access to Lord

masks:
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Preston Watson
Preston
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson


title: Preston Watson

texts: Kitchener and was requesting of him that he gain <mask> a commission and that modifications to its undercarriage be made at Jouques' expense before <mask> demonstrate the machine to the War Office.Nothing came of any of this, again, presumably because of <mask>'s own reluctance, as he states in one of the letters that he is "swithering" over the latest offer by Jouques. One of these letters hints at <mask>'s own displeasure with his aircraft, although exactly what this might be in regards to is unknown. Was he displeased with his machine's performance at the Concours de La Sécurité en Aéroplanes competition, or was it at the lack of progress with and/or recognition of his experiments as a whole? Not satisfied with progress with the gaining of a flying commission through official sources, <mask> endeavoured to earn his own flying qualification by paying for instruction with the London and Provincial School at the London Aerodrome, Hendon. By the end of December 1914, he had gone solo, having carried out his training in the L & P Biplane; an indigenous aeroplane built by L & P School instructors resembling a Caudron G.3. On 16 March 1915, <mask> was awarded his Royal Aero Club Certificate, No.1,117, the equivalent of achieving a pilot's licence in the L & P Biplane, having achieved it "...in excellent style" according to an entry in the 24 March 1915 issue of The Aeroplane. At the bottom of page 145 in the 26 February 1915 issue of Flight is a photograph of students and instructors of the London and Provincial School; <mask> can be seen wearing a leather flying cap standing next to a sheepish looking

masks: Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson


title: Preston Watson

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 Clive Collett, later Captain Clive Franklin Collett MC, Great War fighter ace from Spring Creek near Blenheim, New Zealand and the first member of the Royal Flying Corps to parachute out of an aeroplane.In late March however, despite already possessing his certificate with the L & P School, <mask> enrolled for flying training with the Beatty School at Hendon and commenced what is listed as "extra practice" in the 31 March 1915 issue of The Aeroplane magazine, flying that school's Beatty-Wright biplane. On 30 June 1915, Flight sub-Lieutenant <mask> of the Royal Naval Air Service was flying Caudron G.3 3266 between Eastchurch in Kent and Eastbourne, East Sussex, England when his aeroplane "suddenly dived from a great height to the ground", and crashed in Dunlye Field, a few miles from the Cross-in-Hand Hotel near Heathfield. <mask> was killed in the accident. He was 34 years old. <mask> was interred on 5 July in the Western Cemetery, Dundee. The grave lies just before the first upper terrace. The white obelisk bears a dove in flight.He was survived by a widow and two young children. What became of his aeroplanes and his research is not known. What actually happened to cause the Caudron to crash has never been fully explained; some hypothesised that the aircraft suffered structural failure, since a wing was found in an adjoining field. Engine failure was also suggested as a possible cause of the crash. <mask>'s RNAS casualty card offers no clues, merely stating the time and place he was killed. Powered-flight-before-the-Wrights claims
<mask>'s achievements, although not spectacular are today regarded with

masks:
Watson
Preston Watson
Watson
Preston Watson
Watson
Preston Watson


title: Preston Watson

texts: scepticism because of the erroneous claims of powered-flight-before-the-Wrights in the summer of 1903 that originated from his younger brother James. According to Alistair W. Blair and Alistair Smith in The Pioneer Flying Achievements of <mask>, <mask> began collating information on the claim in a letter to the Science Museum, London dated 21 October 1949.In the 15 December 1953 issue of the Manchester Guardian newspaper, James had an article published referencing the claim, although it was not the first public acknowledgement of it. Following this, <mask> approached the Royal Aeronautical Society via a joint dinner with the Royal Aero Club at the Dorchester Hotel, London, commemorating 50 years since the Wright Brothers' first powered flight on 17 December 1903, with evidence, including photographs and eye-witness accounts that <mask> flew a powered aeroplane before the Wright Brothers. A further article appeared in the February 1954 issue of Aeronautics magazine titled "The Watson History", in which <mask> re-iterated his claim, although the magazine's editor cautiously advised readers that; "we would say that we are not convinced that <mask> can upset existing priority claims for controlled and sustained flight." Director of the Victoria and Albert Museum and professional aviation researcher Charles Gibbs-Smith vigorously investigated the <mask> claim. The presentation of Gibbs-Smith's findings to him eventually forced a change of tack from <mask> the Younger. Published in the December 1955 issue of Aeronautics magazine titled "A pioneer in Scotland", James changed his story from that published in

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Preston Watson
James Watson
James Watson
Preston Watson
James Watson
Preston Watson
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title: Preston Watson

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 the same magazine previously, stating that "<mask>'s first aeroplane was without an engine" and that "trial flights were made at Errol in the summer of 1903". In a letter to Gibbs-Smith, James also wrote, "I make no claim that the 'machine' <mask> used at Errol in 1903 was a powered machine."The Wright Type glider
This "confession" gave rise to rumours that <mask> had built a "Wright Type glider" at that time, although no such claim had appeared before. A so-called reliable source was found in a close friend of the <mask> family, former head of Kings College Dental Department, dental surgeon John Bell Milne, who claimed to have seen <mask>'s earliest flying machine, but had not witnessed it in flight. In correspondence with Gibbs-Smith, Bell Milne later described the aircraft as, "...definitely a glider, it had skids. It was of normal biplane build, both wings in the same span. It had an elevator out front." In an interview he gave in 1961, Milne remembered that <mask> constructed his glider in, "...late 1903 or early 1904", at the time he and <mask>, "...were attending physics classes at University College [Dundee]." Peculiarly, in a letter to Gibbs-Smith dated 15 August 1957, <mask> discredits Bell Milne's testimony above, advising that because he was not present in 1903, he could not have seen the machine that he and <mask> were testing was a rocking-wing aeroplane, criticising the fact that Bell Milne saw a biplane glider that had a front-mounted elevator.Owing to himself claiming that <mask> had flown an unpowered aircraft that year in Aeronautics magazine two years earlier and in the later letter

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Preston
Preston
Watson
Preston
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Preston
James Watson
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Preston


title: Preston Watson

texts:
 to Gibbs-Smith, one wonders whether James was aware of the discrepancies in his own testimonies, as one by one his claims were disproved. What makes the assertion that <mask> built a glider, or any aircraft in 1903 questionable is that <mask> publicly contradicts himself on more than one occasion. Only after being pressured by Gibbs-Smith after first making his claims in 1953 did <mask> admit that the aircraft <mask> flew in 1903 was a glider. Prior to this admission, there was never any mention of a <mask> built glider, neither by James, the eyewitnesses James presented in support of his original claim, nor significantly, by <mask> himself. Exactly when <mask> carried out his first flights in this aircraft is the crux of the matter in the eyes of <mask>'s supporters. For any claimant to powered flight earlier than the Wrights, the date of the Wright's first powered flight (17 December 1903) is when such flights must pre-date. It is therefore convenient for anyone recalling such an event some fifty years after it allegedly took place to quote the year as 1903 or earlier.It is also notable that none of the eye witnesses that <mask> interviewed whilst preparing his case for <mask>'s powered flights ever mentioned that they saw a glider flying at Errol; all of them saw a powered aeroplane. Only in Bell Milne was there a recollection of a <mask> glider and even then, he never saw it being flown. Debated claims
At the inquest into <mask>'s death on 30 June 1915, his father stated that his son, "...had taken a great interest in flying for the past seven years", suggesting that the year in which he was aware

masks:
Preston Watson
James Watson
James Watson
Preston
Watson
Preston Watson
Preston Watson
James Watson
James Watson
Watson
Watson
Preston


title: Preston Watson

texts: that <mask> begun his fascination with flight was 1908, the year in which Wilbur Wright first flew in Europe and news of the Wright Brother's exploits became available to the public at large. Evidently however, he had demonstrated an interest in aviation before 1908, based on the fact that he had published a patent for flying machines a year earlier, but examining these draws the conclusion that his ideas at that time were way off the mark when it came to an understanding of what constituted a successful aircraft. Although <mask> applied for a patent for flying machines in late 1907 however, had an aircraft been built that incorporated his ideas, with all the will in the world it never would have left the ground. This is another fact that flies in the face of a Watson-built flying machine of any sort in 1903. Why would he produce such naïve work if his prior research into methods of achieving flight had been successful?Another cause for debate is the claim that <mask> approached Brazilian aviator Alberto Santos-Dumont in 1906 and purchased from him a Dutheil Chalmers engine. In 1955, John Bell Milne made a personal assertion to Charles Gibbs-Smith that the year the motor was purchased was 1906. This could not have been possible, since Dutheil Chalmers & Cie did not construct their first aero-engine until 1907. In a later interview Bell Milne changed the date to a year later, thus bringing into question his earlier statements' validity. Photographs show a Dutheil Chalmers motor fitted to <mask>'s first rocking wing aircraft, but Gibbs-Smith later presented these to M. Charles Dolfuss, Director of the

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title: Preston Watson

texts:
 Musee de L'Air at Le Bourget, Paris who confirmed it as a 1908 or 1909 four cylinder 40 hp Dutheil Chalmers motor. If Watson acquired the Dutheil Chalmers engine from Santos-Dumont, the earliest date the purchase could have taken place was 1908. A further false statement made by <mask> was that <mask> had the No.3 shipped to France and entered into a competition, in which it won a safety award. No evidence of this can be found anywhere. The only competition in France <mask> entered any of his aeroplanes in was the Concours de La Sécurité en Aéroplanes, in which his No.3 aeroplane was disqualified. Some sources quote the date in which <mask>'s No.3 won the safety prize was 1913, but the Concours held between 1 January and 1 July 1914 was the first of its kind. Eyewitnesses
As with most claims of powered-flight-before-the-Wrights, the only supporting evidence <mask> produced was that of eyewitnesses. Like other claimants, the eyewitness accounts <mask> supplied are inconsistent with one another and were made at least fifty years after the alleged events took place. In this respect the <mask> case draws parallels with that of New Zealander Richard Pearse.In a letter dated 19 December 1959 to one G. Bolt after he had submitted information about Richard Pearse to Charles Gibbs-Smith, the latter advises Bolt to be wary of eyewitness claims. With regards to the <mask> case, he states that after the story and photographs were published in 1953:

In the 15 May 1914 issue of Flight magazine, <mask> himself stated that, in his own words, "these gentlemen, the Wrights, were the first to fly in a practical way",

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Preston
Watson
James Watson
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title: Preston Watson

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 and at no time during his life did he ever contradict that statement. By contrast, James' and others' testimonies to the dubious claims of <mask>'s powered-flight-before-the-Wrights are riddled with inconsistencies, changes of facts and general errors. Bearing this in mind, it is difficult to refute <mask>'s own words on the matter. Confirmation from articles in the Dundee Courier in 1910 confirming completion dates of <mask>'s first and second aeroplanes pour cold water on the suggestion that he built and flew rocking wing aircraft any earlier. Yet the rumours persist, with no small thanks to the likes of the book The Pioneer Flying Achievements of <mask>, which is full of inconsistencies and errors and relies primarily on <mask>'s discredited testimony. The unearthing of factual accounts of <mask>'s activities has not prevented a flood of articles and further re-assertions of the discredited stories in newspapers and magazines since James first made his assertions, however.During the 100th anniversary year of the Wrights' first powered flights, reporters took up the story and published "their" exclusive in the local press, recycling the same <mask> quotes and statements between them. Facts about <mask> remain as obscure to the public today as before December 1953, and although <mask> later publicly denied the claims he made about his brother, there are still many who refuse to accept that his tale has been so comprehensively debunked. Family
He was married to Beatrice Philip (1882–1971). Their son Ronald Stuart <mask> (1908–1941) was killed at sea whilst serving as a Lieutenant in the Royal Navy

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Preston
Watson
Preston Watson
James Watson
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James Watson
Preston Watson
James Watson
Watson


title: Wilfred Bion

texts:
<mask> (; 8 September 1897 – 8 November 1979) was an influential English psychoanalyst, who became president of the British Psychoanalytical Society from 1962 to 1965. Early life and military service

<mask> was born in Mathura, North-Western Provinces, India, and educated at Bishop's Stortford College in England. After the outbreak of the First World War, he served in the Tank Corps as a tank commander in France, and was awarded both the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) (on 18 February 1918, for his actions at the Battle of Cambrai), and the Croix de Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur. He first entered the war zone on 26 June 1917, and was promoted to temporary lieutenant on 10 June 1918, and to acting captain on 22 March 1918, when he took command of a tank section, he retained the rank when he became second-in-command of a tank company on 19 October 1918, and relinquished it on 7 January 1919. He was demobilised on 1 September 1921, and was granted the rank of captain. The full citation for his DSO reads:

"<mask>'s daughter, Parthenope...raises the question of just how (and how far) her father was shaped as an analyst by his wartime experiences...under[p]inning <mask>'s later concern with the coexistence of regressed or primitive proto-mental states alongside more sophisticated

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Wilfred Ruprecht Bion DSO
Bion
Bion
Bion


title: Wilfred Bion

texts:
 one". Education and early career

After World War I, <mask> studied history at The Queen's College, Oxford, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1922, before studying medicine at University College London.Initially attracted to London by the "strange new subject called psychoanalysis", he met and was impressed by <mask> Trotter, an outstanding brain surgeon who published the famous Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War in 1916, based on the horrors of the First World War. This was to prove an important influence on Bion's interest in group behavior. Having qualified in medicine by means of the Conjoint Diploma (MRCS England, LRCP London) in 1930 <mask> spent seven years in psychotherapeutic training at the Tavistock Clinic, an experience he regarded, in retrospect, as having had some limitations. It did, however, bring him into fruitful contact with Samuel Beckett. He wanted to train in Psychoanalysis and in 1938 he began a training analysis with John Rickman, but this was brought to an end by the advent of the Second World War. <mask> was recommissioned in the Royal Army Medical Corps as a lieutenant on 1 April 1940, and worked in a number of military hospitals including Northfield Military Hospital (Hollymoor Hospital, Birmingham) where he initiated the first Northfield

masks: Bion Wilfred Bion Bion


title: Wilfred Bion

texts:
 Experiment. These ideas on the psychoanalysis of groups were then taken up and developed by others such as S. H. Foulkes, Rickman, Bridger, Main and Patrick De Mare.The entire group at Tavistock had in fact been taken into the army, and were working on new methods of treatment for psychiatric casualties (those suffering post-traumatic stress, or "shell shock" as it was then known.) Out of this his pioneering work in group dynamics, associated with the "Tavistock group", <mask>'s papers describing his work of the 1940s were compiled much later and appeared together in 1961 in his influential book, Experiences in Groups and other papers. It was less a guide for the therapy of individuals within or by the group, than an exploration of the processes set off by the complex experience of being in a group. The book quickly became a touchstone work for applications of group theory in a wide variety of fields. In 1945, during the Second World War, <mask>'s wife Betty Jardine gave birth to a daughter, but Betty died a few days afterwards. His daughter, Parthenope, became a psychoanalyst in Italy, and often lectured and wrote about her father's work. Parthenope died, together with her 18-year-old daughter Patrizia, in a car crash in Italy in July 1998.Later career
Returning to the Tavistock

masks: Bion Bion


title: Wilfred Bion

texts: Clinic <mask> chaired the Planning Committee that reorganized the Tavistock into the new Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, alongside a new Tavistock Clinic which was part of the newly launched National Health Service. As his interest in psychoanalysis increased, he underwent training analysis, between 1946 and 1952, with Melanie Klein. He met his second wife, Francesca, at the Tavistock in 1951. He joined a research group of Klein's students (including Hanna Segal and Herbert Rosenfeld), who were developing Klein's theory of the paranoid-schizoid and the depressive positions, for use in the analysis of patients with psychotic disorders. He produced a series of highly original and influential papers (collected as "Second Thoughts", 1967) on the analysis of schizophrenia, and the specifically cognitive, perceptual, and identity problems of such patients. To this he added a valuable final section called Commentary, showing how some of his views on clinical and theoretical matters had changed. <mask>'s theories, which were always based in the phenomena of the analytic encounter, revealed both correspondences and expansions of core ideas from both Sigmund Freud and Melanie Klein.At one point, he attempted to understand thoughts and thinking from an 'algebraic', 'geometric' and


title: Wilfred Bion

texts:
 'mathematised' point of view, believing there to be too little precision in the existing vocabulary, a process culminating in "The Grid". Later he abandoned the complex, abstract applications of mathematics, and the Grid, and developed a more intuitive approach, epitomised in Attention and Interpretation (1970). In 1968, <mask> moved to Los Angeles, California, where he remained until 1977. During those years he mentored a number of psychoanalysts interested in Kleinian approaches, including James Gooch (psychoanalyst) and other founding members of the Psychoanalytic Center of California. Shortly before his death, he returned to Oxfordshire. Reception and stature
<mask> left a reputation which has grown steadily both in Britain and internationally. Some commentators consider that his writings are often gnomic and irritating, but never fail to stimulate.He defies categorisation as a follower of Klein or of Freud. While <mask> is most well known outside of the psychoanalytic community for his work on group dynamics, the psychoanalytic conversation that explores his work is mainly concerned with his theory of thinking, and his model of the development of a capacity for thought. <mask> <mask> was a potent and original contributor to psychoanalysis. He was one of the first to analyse

masks: Bion Bion Bion Wilfred Bion


title: Wilfred Bion

texts: patients in psychotic states using an unmodified analytic technique; he extended existing theories of projective processes and developed new conceptual tools. The degree of collaboration between Hanna Segal, <mask> <mask> and Herbert Rosenfeld in their work with psychotic patients during the late 1950s, and their discussions with Melanie Klein at the time, means that it is not always possible to distinguish their exact individual contributions to the developing theory of splitting, projective identification, unconscious phantasy and the use of countertransference. As Donald Meltzer (1979, 1981), Denis Carpy (1989, p. 287), and Michael Feldman (2009, pp. 33, 42) have pointed out, these three pioneering analysts not only sustained Klein's clinical and theoretical approach, but through an extension of the concept of projective identification and countertransference they deepened and expanded it.In Bion's clinical work and supervision the goal remains insightful understanding of psychic reality through a disciplined experiencing of the transference–countertransference, in a way that promotes the growth of the whole personality. '<mask>'s ideas are highly unique', so that he 'remained larger than life to almost all who encountered him'. He has been considered by Neville Symington as

masks: Wilfred Bion Bion


title: Wilfred Bion

texts:
 possibly "the greatest psychoanalytic thinker...after Freud". There is some historical evidence to suggest that the idea of containment may have been suggested to Bion in the mid-1930s, by an encounter with C.G.Jung: <mask> attended Jung's 1935 lectures at the Tavistock Clinic, in which Bion was an active participant (asking three questions of Jung about a range of aspects of Jung's thinking). The experience was described by James Grotstein, Bion's biographer and "one of Bion's most influential pupils", as having had a "dramatic impact" on Bion. Group experiments
<mask> performed a lot of group experiments when he was put in charge of the training wing of a military hospital. Besides observing the basic assumptions recurring in these groups, he also has observed some very interesting phenomena to which he believed may well apply to society.Among his interesting findings was that in a group, the standards of social intercourse lacks intellectual content and critical judgement. This observation agrees with Gustave Le Bon's findings about groups to which he mentioned in his book The Crowd. Another interesting observation was that whatever a group member says or does in a group illuminates that member's view of the group and is an illumination of that member's personality. This


title: Wilfred Bion

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 phenomenon is what psychologists call Projection. If the contributions of the group and its members can be made anonymously then the foundations for a system of denial and evasion is established. This phenomenon is better known as Deindividuation. And perhaps one of the most important findings in his experiments was that whenever a group is formed, it always seeks a leader to follow.The group then searches for someone who has questionable attributes with his or her mental health. Initially, the group will search for someone who is paranoid schizophrenic or someone who is malignant hysteric. If the group is unable to find someone with those attributes, the group looks for someone with delinquent trends and a psychopathic personality. Otherwise, the group would just settle on the verbally facile high-grade defective. Group dynamics—the "basic assumptions"
<mask> <mask>'s observations about the role of group processes in group dynamics are set out in Experiences in Groups and other papers, written in the 1940s but compiled and published in 1961, where he refers to recurrent emotional states of groups as 'basic assumptions'. <mask> argues that in every group, two groups are actually present: the work group, and the basic assumption group. The work group is that aspect of group