title: Robert I. H. Hammerman

texts:
<mask>. H<mask> (July 17, 1928 – November, 2004) was an American judge. He served as an associate judge of the Supreme Bench in the city of  Baltimore, Maryland from 1967 to 1982, an associate judge of the Baltimore City Circuit Court, 8th Judicial Circuit from 1983 to 1998 and its chief judge, from 1984 to 1998. He retired July 17, 1998 and died by suicide in November, 2004. Background
Born in Baltimore, Maryland, July 17, 1928, <mask> attended the Baltimore City College (third oldest public high school in America, a magnet specialized school for the Classics, humanities, social studies and liberal arts - founded 1839) and went on to graduate from the Johns Hopkins University, with a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree in 1950. <mask>man was accepted to and graduated from the Harvard Law School (at Harvard University) with his Juris Doctor (J.D.) in 1953.He was admitted to Maryland Bar the same year and throughout his career was an active member of the American, Maryland State Bar Association, and Baltimore City Bar Associations, the American Judicature Society and the ancient Library Company of the Baltimore Bar. He first took his oath as an associate judge on the bench of the old "Baltimore City Municipal Court" on May 1, 1961. (merged into the newly reorganized "District Court of Maryland" system in early 1980s). He joined the "Supreme Bench of Baltimore City" (then Municipal circuit court system) in May 1967, where he eventually served as Chief Judge of the newly reorganized "Circuit Court of Maryland" system, with the old "Supreme Bench" being replaced by the more efficient "Circuit Court of Maryland for Baltimore City" from May 1984 until July 1998, when he reached the mandatory retirement age of 70. He had been Maryland's longest serving judge to that point. After his retirement, <mask>man continued on the bench as a senior judge, working full-time but limited by law to pay for only 120 days of service per year. Awards and honors

 Book of Golden Deeds Award, National Exchange Club
 Man of the Year, Hebrew Noble Ladies
 Honor Roll for Superior Public Service, Afro-American

 Annual Award for Humanitarian Service, National

masks:
Robert I
. Hammerman
Judge Hammerman
Hammer
Hammer


title: Robert I. H. Hammerman

type: original

texts:
 Council of Jewish Women
 President, Har Sinai Congregation Brotherhood.Judicial career
As a judge, <mask>man was known as a fair but tough sentencer and a stickler for detail. Lawyers who showed up even one minute late for court were often verbally reprimanded or fined. Early in his judicial career, <mask>man was the primary judge for juvenile offenders. He presided over the Juvenile Court for eight years, bringing it into compliance with a 1967 U.S. Supreme Court decision guaranteeing the rights to counsel for juvenile defendants. He presided over several high-profile cases, including the child sexual abuse case against John Joseph Merzbacher Jr., a lay teacher sentenced to four life sentences for repeated rape and sexual abuse of one of his students in the 1970s at Catholic Community Middle School in South Baltimore., a parochial school under the auspices of the Archdiocese of Baltimore. Civic activities
<mask>man never married nor had children but he had a strong commitment to the youth in Baltimore City. In 1952, he started a club for Jewish teenage boys called "The Lancers" (later expanded to other ethnics) .The club's activities included sports, cultural events and debates. <mask>man scheduled guest speakers and set up community action projects for the group. The club eventually expanded into other areas of the city, bringing in non-Jews as well, some of whom went on to careers in public service, such as Kurt Schmoke, an official in the U.S. Dept. of Justice in the Carter administration, later States' Attorney for Baltimore City, then the first elected  African American mayor of Baltimore City, now President of the University of Baltimore or Curt Anderson, a former WBAL-TV news reporter who later became a member of the Maryland House of Delegates. Many early members shared a connection with City College, the city's elite academic high school from which <mask>man graduated in 1946, and many went on, like <mask>man, to The Johns Hopkins University. <mask>man also supervised during the 1980s and 1990s, the annual Hall of Fame induction ceremonies at The Baltimore City College, of which he was a member. In addition, he

masks:
Hammer
Hammer
Hammer
Judge Hammer
Hammer
Hammer
Hammer


title: Robert I. H. Hammerman

texts:
 was always interested and active in the affairs and progress of the school and its powerful and influential Alumni Association-founded 1866.Accusations and Suicide
Four years before his death, a seventeen-year-old member of the Lancers Boys Club, speaking at the Gilman School graduation ceremony, publicly accused <mask>man of sexually explicit conduct in the locker room showers of the tennis club where he regularly took boys from the Lancers Club. <mask>man denied this allegation, but Gilman suspended its ties to the Lancers Club and <mask>man following further allegations. On November 11, 2004, the body of <mask>man was found outside his northwest Baltimore apartment, dead of an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound to the chest. The case was ruled a suicide because of, among other things, the letter that <mask>man had mailed the day before to more than 2000 people in and around Baltimore City. Many of those who received the letters were lawyers or his colleagues on the Bench, though most of the recipients were past and present members of his beloved Lancers club. In the letter he cited the fear of growing old with Alzheimer's, a disease that had taken his mother for whom he had personally cared. <mask>man, however, had never been diagnosed with the disease."Some may say of me that it is an act of a coward," he wrote in his suicide note. "So be it. It is so easy for one outside the ring to tell the fighter how to fight his fight." After <mask>man's death, an open letter to a Baltimore newspaper by another former member of the Lancers Club leveled further allegations of pedophilia against <mask>man. The letter stated that <mask>man frequently asked boys from the club questions concerning their sexual activity, and routinely watched the boys shower, going so far as to refuse to allow boys to leave the athletic clubs where he took them without showering under his watch. References

Maryland lawyers
Lawyers from Baltimore
1928 births
2004 suicides
Harvard Law School alumni
Maryland state court judges
Suicides by firearm in Maryland
Baltimore City College alumni
20th-century American judges
20th-century American lawyers
2004

masks:
Judge Hammer
Hammer
Hammer
Robert Hammer
Hammer
Hammer
Hammer
Hammer
Hammer


title: Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville

texts:
<mask> (10 June 17467 May 1795) was a French lawyer and public prosecutor during the French Revolution and Reign of Terror. Biography

Early career
Born in Herouël, a village in the département of the Aisne, he was the son of a seigneurial landowner. For six years he studied law in Noyon and in 1774 purchased a position as prosecutor  procureur attached to the Châtelet in Paris. He sold his office in 1781 to pay off his debts and became a clerk under the lieutenant-general of police. Early 1791 freedom of defence became the standard; any citizen was allowed to defend another. From the beginning, the authorities were concerned about this experiment without future. Derasse suggests it was a "collective suicide" by the lawyers in the Assembly.In criminal cases, the expansion of the right ... gave priority to the spoken word. Little is known of the part he played at the outbreak of the Revolution. According to himself, he was part of the National Guard at its formation. He was active in the political committee of his section in 1789. In September 1791 former "advocates" lost their title, their distinctive form of dress, their status, and their profession orders and adapted their practices to the new political and legal situation. Also Fouquier called himself "homme de loi". In Summer 1792, he supported the sans-culottes movement.On 25 August, backed by his cousin Camille Desmoulins, and after Robespierre refused the position, Fouquier de Tinville became for three months the foreman of a jury established to pass verdict on the crimes of enemies of the people arrested after the Insurrection of 10 August 1792. Public prosecutor

When the Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris was created by the National Convention on 10 March 1793, and Fauré refused Fouquier was appointed on 15 March as public accuser, an office that he filled from the end of the month until 1


title: Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville

texts:
 with all powers.Through the absence of its members [on trial], I find myself the head of a [political] conspiracy I have never been aware of. Here I am facing slander, [facing] a people always eager to find others responsible. After a trial lasting forty-one days, he was sentenced to death and guillotined on 7 May 1795, together with 15 former functionaries of the Revolutionary Tribunal, who were sentenced as his accomplices. Personal life

In 1775 Fouquier-Tinville married Geneviève-Dorothée Saugnier, his cousin, with whom he would have five children (two twins). He was widowed seven years later. Four months after his wife's death, he remarried Henriette Jeanne Gérard d'Arcourt, with whom he would spend the rest of his life. They had three children together.Victims
 Charlotte Corday
 Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine and his son,
 <mask>
 Girondist
Jacques Pierre Brissot and 21 Girondins
Madame Roland
 Olympe de Gouges
 Mme du Barry
 <mask>nave
 Armand Louis de Gontaut, duc de Lauzun, later duc de Biron
 Jacques Hébert as well as the leaders of the "armées révolutionnaires" were denounced by the Revolutionary Tribunal as accomplices of Hébert. Dantonists. George Danton
Marie Jean Hérault de Séchelles
Pierre Philippeaux
Camille and Lucile Desmoulins
 On 22 April Malesherbes, a lawyer who had defended the king and the deputés Isaac René Guy le Chapelier and Jacques Guillaume Thouret, four times elected president of the Constituent Assembly were taken to the scaffold. Cécile Renault
 Élisabeth of France
 Alexandre de Beauharnais
 André Chénier
 Martyrs of Compiègne
 Princes of Monaco
 Maximilien Robespierre and 21 "Robespierrists" on 29 July 1794. The next day about half of the Paris Commune (70 members) were sent to the guillotine; Fouquier didn't sign the document. On the following day, twelve members of theConseil Général de la Commune were sent

masks:
Marie Antoinette
Antoine Bar


title: Bongani Khumalo

texts:
<mask> (born 6 January 1987) is a Liswati-born retired South African footballer who last played as a centre-back for SuperSport United and the South Africa national team, Bongani also played Rust with Ossian Campbell in Norfolk, England. However the South-African is best known for playing Rocket League with FRZ Mantor and Barry Scott Jr. Early life
Bongani often featured on the YouTube channel "X-Mantor", Where he would do Rocket League commentary videos with his close friends Barry Scott Jr, X-Mantor, Cinnamonhen7182 and Legless. <mask> was born in Manzini but relocated to Pretoria, South Africa during his infancy. There, his late father was a language lecturer at the University of South Africa and his mother was a teacher. During his time in Pretoria, <mask> studied towards a degree at the University of Pretoria while embarking on a professional football career. He later had to put his studies on hold, however, following a move to England.Upon his arrival in England, <mask> was reported to have come from an impoverished background and being one of fifteen siblings. He later denied the reports, describing his family as middle class and confirming that he was an only child. Club career

University of Pretoria
Having graduated from the Arcadia Shepherds academy, <mask> signed for University of Pretoria in 2005. He spent two seasons at the club where he played in the National First Division
and scored four goals in 50 appearances. His form during his time in with University of Pretoria caught the eye of a number of South African Premier Division sides and in 2007 he signed for SuperSport United. SuperSport United
Following his arrival at SuperSport United, <mask> soon established himself as an important player in Gavin Hunt's side and was later named captain of the club. Over the course of the next three seasons, he helped the club to three consecutive Premier Division and became the youngest ever player to lift the league title, at the age of 23.<mask>'s spell with the club coincided with the SuperSport United entering into an affiliation agreement with

masks:
Bongani Sandile Khumalo
Khumalo
Khumalo
Khumalo
Khumalo
Khumalo
Khumalo


title: Bongani Khumalo

texts:
 Premier League club, Tottenham Hotspur, and in 2010 he signed a pre-contract to join the London-based club in January of the following year. Tottenham Hotspur
On 26 October 2010, it was announced that <mask> would be joining Tottenham Hotspur in January 2011 from partner club SuperSport United after a successful trial in September, subject to a work permit for a fee of £1.5 million. Tottenham confirmed the completion of <mask>'s transfer from SuperSport United on 7 January 2011. Loan moves and release
On 24 March 2011, <mask> made an emergency deadline day loan move to Championship club Preston North End. He made his debut for Preston on 2 April 2011 in their 2–1 victory over Swansea. On 25 July 2011, <mask> moved on a season-long loan to Championship club Reading. However following the arrival of Kaspars Gorkšs from Queens Park Rangers, <mask>'s appearances were limited, and he did not play a first team game after August.On 1 February 2012, it was confirmed that <mask>'s loan would be terminated early, to allow him to return to Tottenham. On 6 July 2012, <mask> joined Greek club PAOK on loan, for one year. <mask> was signed by Doncaster Rovers of the Championship for a season's loan on 31 July 2013. On 6 August in his second game for Rovers he scored the winner in a 1−0 victory against Rochdale in the League Cup. On 14 March 2015, <mask> joined Colchester United on loan for the rest of the season. He made ten appearances for the Colchester Community Stadium based club before returning to Tottenham. <mask> was released by Tottenham Hotspur at the end of 2014–15 season, without ever playing a competitive game for the club in 4.5 years.Return to South Africa
On 4 August 2015, it was announced that <mask> had signed for SuperSport United, leaving Tottenham Hotspur after four years and no competitive appearances. He made 10 appearances in all competitions for SuperSport before moving to fellow Premier Soccer League side Bidvest Wits. Retirement
On 21 September 2021, it was announced that he is now retiring from football. International career
<mask> was named in

masks: Khumalo Khumalo Khumalo Khumalo Khumalo Khumalo Khumalo Khumalo Khumalo Khumalo Khumalo Khumalo


title: Bongani Khumalo

texts:
 the South Africa national team squad for the 2009 Confederations Cup and 2010 FIFA World Cup, both in South Africa. On 22 June 2010, he scored the first goal after 21 minutes against France as South Africa finished their World Cup campaign with a 2–1 win. <mask> was captain of the national team at the 2013 African Cup of Nations. <mask> assisted in the creation of James Butcher's revolutionary song "Modular", Which instantly became a classic amongst James' British audience.International goals
Scores and results list South Africa's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each <mask> goal. Esports career
<mask> <mask> gave up playing professional football to pursue a career in Rocket League Esports. He is currently signed to FreeZe Esports on a two-year contract. <mask> played during the 2021 Rocket League Championship and, along with FRZ Mantor and FRZ Bazza, managed to beat FaZe, Envy and G2 Esports. <mask> <mask> will be competing in his first Prestige Esports x Tactical Banditry: Prestige Premier - Qualifier tournament (February 4 - February 6). <mask> will be playing for his team FreeZe Esports alongside FRZ Cinnamon and FRZ JimmyButch to win a possible cash prize of $100,000. References

External links

1987 births
Living people
People from Manzini
Swazi emigrants to South Africa
South African soccer players
South Africa international soccer players
Association football defenders
2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players
University of Pretoria F.C.players
University of Pretoria alumni
SuperSport United F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
PAOK FC players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Colchester United F.C. players
Bidvest Wits F.C.players
English Football League players
Super League Greece players
South African expatriate soccer players
South African expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate footballers in England
South African expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Expatriate footballers in Greece
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2013 Africa Cup of Nations players
South African people of Swazi

masks: Khumalo Khumalo Khumalo Bongani Khumalo Khumalo Bongani Khumalo Khumalo


title: Deborah Sampson

texts:
<mask> (December 17, 1760 – April 29, 1827), better known as <mask>, was a Massachusetts woman who disguised herself as a man in order to serve in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. She is one of a number of women with a documented record of military combat experience in that war. She served 17 months in the army under the name "Robert Shirtliff" (also spelled in various sources as Shirtliffe and Shurtleff) of Uxbridge, Massachusetts, was wounded in 1782, and was honorably discharged at West Point, New York in 1783. Early life and family history
<mask> was born on December 17, 1760, in Plympton, Massachusetts, at the ancestral home of her grandparents that is still standing today. Her father's name was <mask> (or Samson) and her mother's name was <mask>. Her siblings were Jonathan (b. 1753), Elisha (b.1755), Hannah (b. 1756), Ephraim (b. 1759), Nehemiah (b. 1764), and Sylvia (b. 1766). <mask>'s mother was the great-granddaughter of William Bradford, the first Governor of Plymouth Colony. <mask>'s ancestry also included Mayflower passengers on both sides of her family including William Bradford (mother) and Henry Samson (father)

<mask>'s family was told that her father died in a shipwreck, but evidence suggests that he actually abandoned the family and migrated to Lincoln County, Maine.He took a common-law wife named Martha, had two or more children with her, and returned to Plympton in 1794 to attend to a property transaction. In 1770, in Maine a man named <mask> was indicted for murder, but it is uncertain whether this individual was <mask>'s father because the case never went to trial. When <mask>'s father abandoned the family, her mother was unable to provide for her children, so she placed them in the households of friends and relatives, a common practice in 18th-century New England. <mask> was placed in the home of a

masks:
Deborah Sampson Gannett
Deborah Sampson
Deborah Sampson
Jonathan Sampson
Deborah Bradford
Sampson
Sampson
Sampson
Jonathan Sampson
Sampson
Sampson
Sampson


title: Deborah Sampson

texts:
 maternal relative. When her mother died shortly afterwards, she was sent to live with Reverend Peter Thatcher's widow Mary Prince Thatcher (1688–1771), who was then in her eighties. Historians believe she learned to read while living with the widow Thatcher, who might have wanted <mask> to read Bible verses to her. Upon the widow's death, <mask> was sent to live with the Jeremiah Thomas family in Middleborough, where she worked as an indentured servant from 1770 to 1778.Although treated well, she was not sent to school like the Thomas children because Thomas was not a believer in the education of women. <mask> was able to overcome Thomas's opposition by learning from Thomas's sons, who shared their school work with her. This method was apparently successful; when her time as an indentured servant was over at age 18, <mask> made a living by teaching school during the summer sessions in 1779 and 1780. She worked as a weaver in the winter; <mask> was highly skilled and worked for the Sproat Tavern as well as the Bourne, Morton, and Leonard families. During her time teaching and weaving, she boarded with the families that employed her. <mask> was also reported to have woodworking and mechanical aptitude. Her skills included basket weaving, and light carpentry such as producing milking stools and winter sleds.She was also experienced with fashioning wooden tools and implements including weather vanes, spools for thread, and quills for weaving. She also produced pie crimpers, which she sold door to door. Physical description
<mask> was approximately 5 feet 9 inches tall, compared to the average woman of her day, who was around 5 feet, and the average man, who was 5 feet 6 inches to 5 feet 8 inches tall. Her biographer, Hermann Mann, who knew her personally for many years, implied that she was not thin, writing in 1797 that "her waist might displease a

masks: Sampson Sampson Sampson Sampson Sampson Sampson Sampson


title: Deborah Sampson

texts:
 coquette." He also reported that her breasts were very small, and that she bound them with a linen cloth to hide them during her years in uniform. Mann wrote that "the features of her face are regular; but not what a physiognomist would term the most beautiful." A neighbor who, as a boy, knew <mask> in her later years, remarked that she was "a person of plain features."A descendant named Pauline Hildreth Monk Wise (1914–1994) was believed by relatives to have strongly resembled <mask>, based on comparison of Pauline's physical appearance to a 1797 portrait of <mask>, contemporary descriptions of <mask>'s features and height, and Pauline's height, which at 6 feet was taller than most men. <mask>'s appearance — tall, broad, strong, and not delicately feminine — contributed to her success at pretending to be a man. Army service
In early 1782, <mask> wore men's clothes and joined an Army unit in Middleborough, Massachusetts under the name Timothy Thayer. She collected a bonus and then failed to meet up with her company as scheduled. Inquiries by the company commander revealed that <mask> had been recognized by a local resident at the time she signed her enlistment papers. Her deception uncovered, she repaid the portion of the bonus that she had not spent, but she was not subjected to further punishment by the Army. The Baptist church to which she belonged learned of her actions and withdrew its fellowship, meaning that its members refused to associate with her unless she apologized and asked forgiveness.In May 1782, <mask> enlisted again, this time in Uxbridge, Massachusetts under the name "Robert Shirtliff" (also spelled in some sources as "Shirtliffe" or "Shurtleff"). She joined the Light Infantry Company of the 4th Massachusetts Regiment, under the command of Captain George Webb (1740–1825). This unit, consisting of 50 to 60 men, was first quartered in

masks: Sampson Sampson Sampson Sampson Sampson Sampson Sampson Sampson


title: Deborah Sampson

texts: Bellingham, Massachusetts, and later mustered at Worcester with the rest of the regiment commanded by Colonel William Shepard. Light Infantry Companies were elite troops, specially picked because they were taller and stronger than average. Their job was to provide rapid flank coverage for advancing regiments, as well as rearguard and forward reconnaissance duties for units on the move. Because she joined an elite unit, <mask>'s disguise was more likely to succeed, since no one was likely to look for a woman among soldiers who were specially chosen for their above average size and superior physical ability. <mask> fought in several skirmishes.During her first battle, on July 3, 1782 outside Tarrytown, New York, she took two musket balls in her thigh and sustained a cut on her forehead. She begged her fellow soldiers not to take her to a doctor out of fear her sex would be discovered, but a soldier put her on his horse and took her to a hospital. A doctor treated her head wound, but she left the hospital before he could attend to her leg. She removed one of the balls herself with a penknife and sewing needle, but the other was too deep for her to reach. She carried it in her leg for the rest of her life and her leg never fully healed. On April 1, 1783, she was reassigned to new duties, and spent seven months serving as a waiter to General John Paterson. The war was thought to be over following the Battle of Yorktown, but since there was no official peace treaty, the Continental Army remained in uniform.On June 24, the President of Congress ordered George Washington to send a contingent of soldiers under Paterson to Philadelphia to help quell a rebellion of American soldiers who were protesting delays in receiving their pay and discharges. During the summer of 1783, <mask> became ill in Philadelphia and was cared for by Doctor Barnabas Binney (1751–1787).

masks: Sampson Sampson Sampson


title: Deborah Sampson

texts:
 He removed her clothes to treat her and discovered the cloth she used to bind her breasts. Without revealing his discovery to army authorities, he took her to his house, where his wife, daughters, and a nurse took care of her. In September 1783, following the signing of the Treaty of Paris, November 3 was set as the date for soldiers to muster out. When Dr. Binney asked <mask> to deliver a note to General Paterson, she correctly assumed that it would reveal her sex. In other cases, women who pretended to be men to serve in the army were reprimanded, but Paterson gave her a discharge, a note with some words of advice, and enough money to travel home.She was honorably discharged at West Point, New York, by General Henry Knox on October 25, 1783, after a year and a half of service. An official record of <mask> Gannet's service as "Robert Shirtliff" from May 20, 1782 to Oct 25, 1783 appears in the "Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War" Volume 14 p. 164 . Marriage
<mask> was married to Benjamin Gannett (1757–1827), a farmer from Sharon, Massachusetts, in Stoughton, Massachusetts on April 7, 1785. They were the parents of four children: Earl (b. 1786), Mary (b. 1788), Patience (b. 1790), and they adopted a daughter, Susanna Baker Shepherd, who had been orphaned.They lived with Gannett's father on the Gannett family farm, but had limited success because it was smaller than average and the land had been overworked. Life after the military
In January 1792, <mask> petitioned the Massachusetts State Legislature for pay which the army had withheld from her because she was a woman. The legislature granted her petition and Governor John Hancock signed it. The legislature awarded her 34 pounds plus interest back to her 1783 discharge. A biography followed in 1797, The Female Review: Life of <mask>, the Female Soldier in the War of Revolution by

masks:
Sampson
Deborah Sampson
Deborah Sampson
Sampson
Deborah Sampson


title: Deborah Sampson

texts: Herman Mann. In 1802, <mask> began giving lectures about her wartime service. After extolling the virtues of traditional gender roles for women, she left the stage to return dressed in her army uniform, then proceeded to perform a complicated and physically taxing military drill and ceremony routine.She performed both to earn money and to justify her enlistment, but even with these speaking engagements, she was unable to pay all her expenses. She frequently had to borrow money from her family and from her friend Paul Revere. Revere also wrote letters to government officials on her behalf, requesting that she be awarded a pension for her military service and her wounds. In 1804, Revere wrote to U.S. Representative William Eustis of Massachusetts on <mask>'s behalf. A military pension had never been requested for a woman. Revere wrote: "I have been induced to enquire her situation, and character, since she quit the male habit, and soldiers uniform; for the more decent apparel of her own gender... humanity and justice obliges me to say, that every person with whom I have conversed about her, and it is not a few, speak of her as a woman with handsome talents, good morals, a dutiful wife, and an affectionate parent." On March 11, 1805, Congress approved the request and placed <mask> on the Massachusetts Invalid Pension Roll at the rate of four dollars a month.On February 22, 1806, <mask> wrote once more to Revere requesting a loan of ten dollars: "My own indisposition and that of my sons causes me again to solicit your goodness in our favor though I, with Gratitude, confess it rouses every tender feeling and I blush at the thought of receiving ninety and nine good turns as it were—my circumstances require that I should ask the hundredth." He sent the ten dollars.In 1809, she sent another petition to Congress, asking that her pension as an invalid soldier be

masks: Sampson Sampson Sampson Sampson


title: Deborah Sampson

texts:
 modified to start from her discharge in 1783. Had her petition been approved, she would have been awarded back pay of $960 ($48 a year for 20 years — approximately $13,800 in 2016). Her petition was initially denied, but when it came before Congress again in 1816 an award of $76.80 a year (about $1,100 in 2016) was approved. With this amount, she was able to repay all her loans and make improvements to the family farm. Death
<mask> died of yellow fever at the age of 66 on April 29, 1827, and was buried at Rock Ridge Cemetery in Sharon, Massachusetts. Legacy

Memorials

The town of Sharon now memorializes <mask> with a statue in front of the public library, the Deborah Sampson Park, and the "<mask> Sampson Gannett House," which is privately owned and not open to the public.The farmland around the home is protected to ensure no development occurs on the historic homestead. In 1906, the town of Plympton, Massachusetts, with the Deborah Sampson Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, placed a boulder on the town green, with a bronze plaque inscribed to <mask>'s memory. During World War II, the Liberty Ship S.S. Deborah Gannett (2620) was named in her honor. It was laid down March 10, 1944, launched April 10, 1944 and scrapped in 1962. As of 2000, the town flag of Plympton incorporates <mask> as the Official Heroine of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Portrayals in art and media
 Portrait of <mask>: A Drama in Three Acts (1959) is a play by Charles Emery that made its debut at the Camden Hills Theatre, Camden, Maine, on February 19, 1959. I'm <mask>: A Soldier of the Revolution (1977) by Patricia Clapp is a fictional account of <mask>'s early life and experience in the Revolutionary War.<mask> is depicted as Robert Shurtless, one of the comedic soldiers in The Rebel Mess in The American Revolution (1999) by Kirk Wood Bromley. Whoopi Goldberg

masks:
Sampson
Sampson
Deborah
Sampson
Sampson
Deborah
Deborah Sampson
Sampson
Sampson


title: Deborah Sampson

texts:
 portrayed <mask> in "<mask>: Soldier of the Revolution" (2003), episode 34 of Liberty's Kids. Alex Myers, a descendant of <mask>'s, published Revolutionary (2014), a fictionalized account of her life. Historian and journalist Alison Leigh Cowan presented "<mask>: Continental Army soldier," a biographical talk at Saint Paul's Church National Historic Site on July 7, 2016. Meryl Streep included <mask> in her speech at the 2016 Democratic National Convention, along with other women who had made history. <mask>'s story, as narrated by Paget Brewster, was re-enacted in the fifth season premiere of Drunk History, where Evan Rachel Wood portrayed <mask>. See also

 Cathay Williams
 Anna Maria Lane
 Mary Ludwig Hays
 Molly Corbin
 Eleonore Prochaska
 Agustina de Aragón
 Sally St. Clair

References

Additional sources

 Bohrer, Melissa Lukeman.Glory, Passion, and Principle: The Story of Eight Remarkable Women at the Core of the American Revolution. New York: Atria Books, 2003. Michals, Debra. "<mask>". National Women's History Museum. 2015. Klass, Sheila Solomon.Soldier's Secret: The Story of <mask>. New York: Henry Holt, 2009. Leonard, Elizabeth D. All the Daring of the Soldier: Women of the Civil War Armies. New York: W.W. Norton & Co, 1999. McGovern, Ann, and Harold Goodwin. The Secret Soldier: The Story of <mask>. New York: Scholastic Inc, 1975.Intended for juvenile audiences. External links

 Canton (Massachusetts) Historical Society <mask> [sic] Retrieved April 15, 2012. Michals, Debra. "<mask>". National Women's History Museum. 2015. 1760 births
1827 deaths
Continental Army soldiers
Female wartime cross-dressers
Massachusetts militiamen in the American Revolution
People from Sharon, Massachusetts
People from Plymouth, Massachusetts
People from Uxbridge, Massachusetts
Women in the United States Army
Women in the American Revolution
People from Plympton,

masks:
Sampson
Deborah Sampson
Sampson
Deborah Sampson
Sampson
Sampson
Sampson
Deborah Sampson
Deborah Sampson
Deborah Sampson
Deborah Samson
Deborah Sampson


title: Nora Lam

texts:
<mask> (September 4, 1932 – February 2, 2004) was a Chinese Protestant Christian minister to China, and founder of Nora Lam Ministries International (NLMI). <mask> was born in China and lived there until her escape to Hong Kong at age 26. Early life
<mask> was born September 4, 1932 in a missionary hospital in Peking (now Beijing, China). Abandoned at birth, she was adopted six months later by Dr. and Mrs. H.T. Sung, a prominent couple in Shanghai. Both her adoptive parents were members of a wealthy elite in the Republic of China. Her paternal grandfather, Sung Han-Chang, was a well-known banker and financier involved with the Bank of China in Shanghai.Her maternal great-grandfather, Ye Hongying (葉鴻英) was also a well known industrialist, entrepreneur, and philanthropist in the late-Qing and Republican Shanghai. Her adoptive father was born September 11, 1900 and was educated in Lyon, France, where he was trained as a physician. Little is known about <mask>'s early life apart from the accounts in her own published memoirs: "For Those Tears," coauthored with Cliff Dudley, and "China Cry" coauthored with Irene Burk Harrell. <mask>, then still known as Sung Neng Yee (宋能爾), recounts growing up as a member of a privileged elite. She attended the McTyier primary school in Shanghai for six years. After the Japanese occupation of Shanghai in 1939, Sung and her family fled their home to live at her step-grandmother's home in Shanghai's French Concession. In 1941, she attended the McTyeire Home and School for Girls,  where she first heard of Christianity.During  her time there, Sung writes about her vision of a guardian angel, appearing in the form of an old man, who continually advised her throughout her life. In 1942, at age ten, her family fled the Japanese again, this time to her grandfather's home in Chongqing, Chiang Kai-shek's war time capital in southwest China. There, she attended an American missionary boarding school, and

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Nora Lam
Lam
Nora Lam
Lam
Lam


title: Nora Lam

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 recounts an interesting detail where she befriended the daughter of Christian warlord Feng Yuxiang. Return to Shanghai
After the war ended in 1945, the Sung family returned to Shanghai. Her father began practicing medicine again at the Huantou Textile Hospital, and Sung was enrolled in the academically prestigious Mary Farnham School, a boarding school for girls run by Presbyterian missionaries. Influenced by many of her classmates, Sung professed to be a Christian on the eve of her middle school entrance exam. By age 16, however, she had stopped professing to be a Christian.The period surrounding the Communist takeover of China was an uncertain one. Sung in fact left China briefly, planning to live with her aunt in Taiwan. However, the impoverished living conditions in Taiwan prompted her to return to the mainland after ten days. Following the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, she enrolled at Huatung Political Science & Law College in Suzhou with aspirations of becoming a lawyer. She graduated third in her class in 1953 and became an assistant professor teaching law and history. She met and fell in love with Cheng Shen <mask>, another law student at the university. In 1955, realizing that she was pregnant, she and <mask> were married.Their son was born later that year. Life after the Communist takeover
<mask>'s biographies emphasize the rupturing nature of the Communist revolution, and tell a story of intensifying persecution due to her family's wealth, western connections, and Christianity. Particularly significant in <mask>'s narrative is the theme of suffering and resistance to persecution under the new Communist state. Due to her parents' wealth and western training and to her own experiences with foreign missionaries, Neng Yee was interrogated by Communist party officials, who wanted to break her of any bourgeois tendencies. As she was questioned, she began to question herself, realizing that she still believed in

masks: Lam Lam Lam Lam


title: Nora Lam

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 Christianity. In her autobiography, China Cry, Neng Yee claimed she was sentenced to death by firing squad but somehow survived. In 1957, her husband, whose parents lived in Hong Kong, was also interrogated by officials as part of the first Anti-Rightist Movement.During this time, Neng Yee gave birth to her second child, <mask> Kendrick. One month later, Neng Yee's father, who had previously lost his job and had been forced into reeducation through labor, died from experimental drugs that officials tested on him. In 1958, just as Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward was beginning, Cheng Shen was able to obtain an exit visa to Hong Kong to visit his ailing father. He took daughter Ruth with him. Neng Yee, acting as a guarantor for his return, was forced to undergo hard labor despite being pregnant with their third child. After petitioning Beijing, she was granted an exit visa to visit Hong Kong during her maternity leave. Her mother's escape to Hong Kong followed two years later.Life in Hong Kong
After reaching Hong Kong in 1958, the couple's third child was born. The Rev. Paul Kauffman served as their pastor in Hong Kong, but the couple soon had marital difficulties. Sung Neng Yee, now known as <mask>, claimed spousal abuse, divorced her husband, and was remarried to S. K. Sung, an elder at the church. <mask>'s life in Hong Kong has been the subject of intense scrutiny and controversy, especially in light of an investigation conducted in the 1980s by California attorney John Stewart. Whereas <mask>'s account in "China Cry" emphasizes her victimization and suffering of physical abuse by her spouse, Stewart's investigation found that <mask> and S.K. Sung fabricated the case in order to legitimize their re-marriage to conservative evangelical audiences.Life in the United States
The US Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 significantly reduced immigration quotas and gave <mask> the chance to immigrate to the United States. With a

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Ruth Lam
Nora Lam
Lam
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title: Nora Lam

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 sponsorship from American evangelist Kathryn Kuhlman, with whom she was acquainted during Kuhlman's visit to Hong Kong, <mask> was able to immigrate to the U.S. with her children, mother, and first husband Cheng Shen, in 1966. She became a naturalized U.S. citizen. Transnational life as an evangelist and miracle healer
Although the latter part of <mask>'s life was based predominantly in the United States, her greatest legacy was arguably in the evangelistic tours she conducted in Asia. Since the 1970s, she traveled annually to Taiwan, conducting evangelistic tours, miracle healing services, preaching widely. While her biographies recount that the tours to Taiwan were a result of coincidences, or divine providence, her own personal connections also proved essential. Her mother was a personal acquaintance of the first lady, Soong May-Ling, and Soong, together with the wife of vice-president Yen Chia-Kan, both attended and supported <mask>'s first ever evangelistic tour to Taiwan.At the same time, her husband S.K. Sung was also well-connected in Pentecostal Christian circles in East Asia, having served as the chairman of the Hong Kong chapter of the Full Gospel Businessman's Association. S.K. Sung, and his close affinity with General Samuel Wu Sung-Ching, possibly also provided <mask> networks into the Guomindang Christian Anti-Communist elite. In the early 1970s, <mask>'s evangelistic rallies were among the large-scale public crusades which conducted miracle healing, and evangelistic outreach specifically targeting children. Like other large-scale evangelistic meetings of the time, such as Billy Graham's five days of crusades in 1975, Chou Lien-Hwa's preaching tours across Taiwan, <mask> was able to amass huge crowds . However, unlike many others, <mask>'s claims to fame lay largely on the power of her personal testimony, and her purported ability to heal the sick.In 1974, <mask> founded Nora Lam Ministries International in San

masks: Nora Lam Lam Lam Lam Lam Lam Lam


title: Nora Lam

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 Jose, California and began bringing American missionary/tourists with her, on her annual missionary crusades to Asia. Crowds as large as 100,000 were in attendance at her evening crusades in Taiwan. In 1976, she famously led the televangelist Pat Robertson, and Ralph Wilkerson of California's Meloydland Christian Center to Taiwan, where they all received a Cultural Award from education minister  Jiang Yizhi, in recognition of their contributions to US-Taiwan cultural exchange. <mask> also played a central role in negotiating a partnership between CBN and Taiwan's China National Television, where she hosted an evangelistic television program on divine healing, during the 1970s and 1980s. <mask> received the Korean Association of Social Work Award, a medal from the Pacific Cultural Foundation, an award from the Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission, and a special award from Sung Ro Won Children's Home in Korea, along with the respect of national leaders. <mask> and her second husband adopted two children from Taiwan. Later career

In December 1990, <mask>'s story made American national headlines with the release of the film "China Cry."It was produced by the California televangelist Paul Crouch and his Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN). While the national news media focused on the seminal event of TBN's first foray into filmmaking, it brought the "<mask> story" to mainstream American theaters. As film critic Jin Yang argued, the metanarrative of suffering and redemption fit with anti-communist Cold War story about American need and ability to "rescue" the Chinese. In that regard, "China Cry" fulfilled expectations and stereotypes about religious "persecution" under communism, and the heroic victory of the free/capitalist world. However, the film's release prompted greater scrutiny of <mask>'s private life, and a series of reportage in the mainstream and evangelical press, which noted that national organizations like the Assemblies

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Lam
Lam
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Nora Lam
Lam


title: Nora Lam

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 of God, and the National Association of evangelicals, had denied her membership. Whilst <mask> and her defenders critiqued that White missionaries were jealous of her "success," critiques focused intense attention on the circumstances of her divorce. Interestingly, most of the criticisms came from scrutiny of her divorce and re-marriage, rather than the claims of miracle healing and bodily resistance.Nevertheless, an accusation was made against <mask> in the television documentary "American Gospel: Christ Alone" that at a miraculous healing meeting she avoided a teenager named Justin Peters who had an obvious disability, being cerebral palsy. When approached by his father, she asked about the family's financial situation on the basis that the more money you give to the Lord's work the more likely he is to answer your prayers. The decline of <mask>'s ministry was also shaped by the changing nature of anti-communist politics of Taiwan. The end of martial law in Taiwan in 1987, and decline in influence of anti-communist Guomindang Christian leaders whom <mask> could rely on for support, no doubt hastened the end of her career as evangelist in Asia. Death
She died in California on February 2, 2004. She was survived by two sons, three daughters and seven grandchildren. Her oldest daughter <mask> Kendrick is president of Nora Lam Ministries International, now renamed World Children's Fund, which continues to support Chinese house churches, Christian orphanages and children's programs around the world.Book authored

 China Cry: The True Story of <mask> (1990)
 For Those Tears (1972)

References

Protestant missionaries in China
Chinese Protestant missionaries
Chinese evangelicals
Leaders of Christian parachurch organizations
Christian writers
Writers from Beijing
1932 births
2004 deaths
Angelic visionaries
Chinese autobiographers
Chinese anti-communists
People with acquired American citizenship
Hong Kong people
Chinese emigrants to

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Ruth Lam
Nora Lam


title: Peter Hitchens

texts:
<mask> (born 28 October 1951) is an English journalist and author. Hitchens writes for The Mail on Sunday and is a former foreign correspondent in Moscow and Washington. He has contributed to The Spectator, The American Conservative, The Guardian, First Things, Prospect, and the New Statesman. Hitchens has published numerous books, including The Abolition of Britain, The Rage Against God, The War We Never Fought and The Phoney Victory. Previously a socialist and supporter of the Labour Party, Hitchens became more conservative during the 1990s. He joined the Conservative Party in 1997 and left in 2003, and has since been deeply critical of them and opposed many of their policies. His conservative Christian political views, such as his opposition to same-sex marriage and support of stricter recreational drug policies, have been met with criticism and debate in the United Kingdom.His older brother was author and journalist <mask>. Hitchens has frequently criticised the UK's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, in particular lockdowns and mandates that the public wear face masks. Personal life

Early life and family
<mask> was born in Malta, where his father, Eric Ernest <mask> (1909–1987), a naval officer, was stationed as part of the then Mediterranean Fleet of the Royal Navy. Hitchens had hoped to become a naval officer himself, but an eye defect prevented him from doing so. His mother, Yvonne Jean <mask> (née Hickman; 1921–1973) had met Eric while serving in the Women's Royal Naval Service (Wrens) during World War II. As a boy, Hitchens wanted to be an officer in the Royal Navy, like his father. However, when he was 10, he learned he had a lazy eye that could not be corrected, thereby barring him from serving in the Royal Navy.Hitchens attended Mount House School, Tavistock, the Leys School, and the Oxford College of Further Education before being accepted at the University of York, where he studied Philosophy and Politics and was a member of Alcuin College, graduating in 1973. He married Eve Ross, the daughter of journalist David Ross, in 1983.

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Peter Jonathan Hitchens
Christopher Hitchens
Peter Hitchens
Hitchens
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title: Peter Hitchens

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 They have a daughter and two sons. Their elder son, Dan, was editor of the Catholic Herald, a London-based Roman Catholic newspaper. Hitchens lives in Oxford. Religion
Hitchens was brought up in the Christian faith and attended Christian boarding schools but became an atheist, beginning to leave his faith at 15. He returned to church later in life, and is now an Anglican and a member of the Church of England.Hitchens has Jewish descent via his maternal grandmother, a daughter of Polish Jewish migrants. His grandmother revealed this fact upon meeting his wife Eve Ross. Though his brother Christopher was quick to embrace his Jewish identity following the principle of matrilineal descent, <mask> noted that they were only one-32nd Jewish by descent and has not identified as Jewish himself. Relationship with his brother

Hitchens' only sibling was the journalist and author <mask>, who was two years older. Christopher said in 2005 that the main difference between the two was belief in the existence of God. <mask> was a member of the International Socialists (forerunners of the modern Socialist Workers' Party) from 1968 to 1975 (beginning at age 17) after Christopher introduced him to them. The brothers fell out after <mask> wrote a 2001 article in The Spectator which allegedly characterised Christopher as a Stalinist.After the birth of <mask>'s third child, the two brothers reconciled. <mask>'s review of his brother's book God Is Not Great led to a public argument between the brothers but no renewed estrangement. In the review, <mask> wrote that his brother's book made a number of incorrect assertions. In 2007, the brothers appeared as panellists on BBC TV's Question Time, where they clashed on a number of issues. In 2008, in the US, they debated the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the existence of God. In 2010 at the Pew Research Center, the pair debated the nature of God in civilisation. Christopher died in 2011; at a memorial service held for him in New York, <mask> read a passage from St Paul's Epistle to the Philippians which Christopher had read

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Christopher Hitchens
Peter
Peter
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title: Peter Hitchens

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 at their father's funeral.Journalism
He joined the Labour Party in 1977 but left shortly after campaigning for Ken Livingstone in 1979, thinking it was wrong to carry a party card when directly reporting politics, and coinciding with a culmination of growing personal disillusionment with the Labour movement. <mask> began his journalistic career on the local press in Swindon and then at the Coventry Evening Telegraph. He then worked for the Daily Express between 1977 and 2000, initially as a reporter specialising in education and industrial and labour affairs, then as a political reporter, and subsequently as deputy political editor. Leaving parliamentary journalism to cover defence and diplomatic affairs, he reported on the decline and collapse of communist regimes in several Warsaw Pact countries, which culminated in a stint as Moscow correspondent and reporting on life there during the final months of the Soviet Union and the early years of the Russian Federation in 1990–92. He took part in reporting the UK 1992 general election, closely following Neil Kinnock. He then became the Daily Express Washington correspondent. Returning to Britain in 1995, he became a commentator and columnist.In 2000, <mask> left the Daily Express after its acquisition by Richard Desmond, stated that working for him would have represented a moral conflict of interest. <mask> joined The Mail on Sunday, where he has a weekly column and weblog in which he debates directly with readers. <mask> has also written for The Spectator and The American Conservative magazines, and occasionally for The Guardian, Prospect, and the New Statesman. After being shortlisted in 2007 and 2009, <mask> won the Orwell Prize in political journalism in 2010. <mask>, one of the Orwell Prize judges, described <mask>'s writing as being "as firm, polished and potentially lethal as a Guardsman's boot." A regular on British radio and television, <mask> has been on Question Time, Any Questions?, This Week, The Daily Politics and The Big Questions. He has authored and presented several

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title: Peter Hitchens

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 documentaries on Channel 4, including critical examinations of Nelson Mandela and David Cameron.In the late 1990s, <mask> co-presented a programme on Talk Radio UK with Derek Draper and Austin Mitchell. In 2010, Hitchens was described by Edward Lucas in The Economist as "a forceful, tenacious, eloquent and brave journalist. He lambasts woolly thinking and crooked behaviour at home and abroad." In 2009, Anthony Howard wrote of Hitchens, "the old revolutionary socialist has lost nothing of his passion and indignation as the years have passed us all by. It is merely the convictions that have changed, not the fervour and fanaticism with which they continue to be held." Foreign reporting
<mask> first worked as a foreign reporter in the 1980s, mainly reporting from the Eastern Bloc, with his first such assignment to Poland during the Solidarity crisis in November 1980. He travelled to Japan and Germany during his time as an industrial reporter and reported from several other countries, including the US, Japan, and South Korea as part of the group of reporters accompanying Margaret Thatcher.After witnessing the Velvet Revolution and the Romanian Revolution, he became the Daily Express resident Moscow Correspondent in June 1990. He left Moscow (via the Bering Strait) in October 1992, and was briefly based in London during which time he reported from South Africa during the last days of apartheid, and from Somalia at the time of the United Nations intervention in the Somali Civil War. In September 1993 he became the Daily Express resident Washington correspondent and, during the next two years, he reported from many of the 50 states, as well as from Canada, Haiti and Cuba. He continued his foreign reporting after joining The Mail on Sunday, for which he has written reports from all over the globe, including Russia, Ukraine (described by Edward Lucas as a "dismaying lapse"), Turkey, Gaza, a visit to Iraq in the wake of the 2003 invasion, an undercover report from Iran (described by Iain Dale as "quite brilliant"), China, and North Korea. Political

masks: Hitchens Hitchens


title: Peter Hitchens

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 views

Hitchens describes himself as a Burkean conservative, a social democrat and more recently, a Gaullist. In 2010, Michael Gove, writing in The Times, asserted that, for Hitchens, what is more important than the split between the Left and the Right is "the deeper gulf between the restless progressive and the Christian pessimist." Hitchens joined the Conservative Party in 1997 and left in 2003.This was when he challenged Michael Portillo for the Conservative nomination in the Kensington and Chelsea seat in 1999. He has been consistently dismissive of the modern UK Conservative Party since the 1990s. This is because he believes that the party has since then abandoned true social conservatism. His view is that conservatism should embody a Burkean sense of public duty, conscience and the rule of law, which he sees as the best guarantee of liberty. Furthermore, this view holds a general hostility to hasty reforms and adventurism. This was central to his criticism of many policy proposals by the New Labour government, which he viewed as attacks on liberty and facets of a constitutional revolution. He believes the Conservative Party should be a defender of establishment institutions such as the church and the monarchy, but has shifted to social liberalism instead.He believes that atheism, along with cultural liberalism, are the causes of the systematic undermining of Christianity. Hitchens has written "The left's real interests are moral, cultural, sexual and social. They lead to a powerful state. This is not because they actively set out to achieve one." He also believes that the First World War and the devolution of marriage are the causes of the demise of Christianity in Europe. In his book The Cameron Delusion, Hitchens argues that in the last few decades, the party has become virtually "indistinguishable from Blairite New Labour". He thinks the Conservative Party is now just a vehicle for "obtaining office for the sons of gentlemen" and he loathes the party.<mask>'s claim that the "Conservatives are now the main Left-wing party in the


title: Peter Hitchens

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 country" in his Mail on Sunday column has been met with much criticism. He is in favour of capital punishment, and was the only British journalist to attend and write about the execution of British-born Nicholas Ingram in America in 1995. He is opposed to the privatisation of railways. <mask> has been a prominent member of the campaign to clear the name of the late Bishop of Chichester, George Bell from allegations of child sexual abuse. He has argued that the Church of England convicted him in what he described as a kangaroo court, and stated his wish that allegations are not treated as proven facts. Writings and thought

Hitchens often comments on current issues and wider political and philosophical subjects. He is a supporter of grammar schools.War and terrorism
<mask> takes a critical stance on many wars. He was opposed to the Kosovo and 2003 Iraq War, on the grounds that neither was in the interests of either Britain or the United States, and opposed the war in Afghanistan. He believes that the UK should never have joined in World War I, and is very critical of the view that World War II was "The Good War". His view on World War II is laid out in his book The Phoney Victory, in which he argues that the UK entered World War II too early, and that the UK overly glorifies World War II. He argues that while the allies were, indeed, fighting a radical evil, they sometimes used immoral methods, such as the allies’ carpet bombing of German civilians. He believes that Britain's entry into World War II led to its rapid decline after the war. This was because, among other things, it could not finance the war and was not prepared.As a result, it had to surrender much of its wealth and power to avoid bankruptcy. <mask>' views on the UK in World War II been met with criticism by historians, with Richard J. Evans describing his book The Phoney Victory as 'riddled with errors'. However, <mask> is not anti-war since he believes that this position often leaves countries unprotected and defenceless in times of war. Instead, he argues that military power

masks: Hitchens Hitchens Hitchens Hitchens


title: Peter Hitchens

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 and the threat of war can be necessary deterrents against war. <mask> wrote about his concern of the use of security (anti-terrorism) legislation and increased police powers under New Labour, and how it has been used to suppress civil liberties; in Channel 4's Dispatches, Hitchens said the result of this legislation was that Britain ended up "sleepwalking into a Big Brother state". European Union

<mask> is very critical of the European Union and has argued for many years that Britain would be better off outside it. In 2017 he endorsed the Flexcit model proposed by Richard North and Christopher Booker as the most sensible and moderate way to leave the EU while remaining in the European Economic Area to preserve the economic benefits of EU membership.However, he did not vote in the 2016 UK EU referendum because he is critical of referendums. Instead of a referendum, he argued that a leave decision would be best done by voting into power a political party whose manifesto committed the country to withdrawal by an act of Parliament. Vaccination

Hitchens promoted anti-vaccination views and misinformation about the MMR vaccine following the Lancet MMR autism fraud. He asked in a 2001 article: "Is it really our duty to risk our children's lives with this jab?" In 2013, he defended this earlier article, saying he was criticising "State bossiness in an age that has seen a catalogue of mistakes, panics and mysteries in the world of disease and medicine" and referred to the thalidomide scandal. He has defended discredited former doctor Andrew Wakefield. After being vaccinated against COVID-19 in 2021, Hitchens rejected accusations he is an anti-vaxxer, but said that he was "more or less forced to have an immunisation I would not normally have bothered with".War on drugs
<mask> has written about the enforcement of drug laws, most notably in his book The War We Never Fought (2012). He advocates harsher penalties properly enforced for possession and illegal use of cannabis, claiming that "cannabis has been mis-sold as a soft and harmless substance when

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Hitchens rejects the scientific consensus on climate change. He has criticised wind power in the United Kingdom and argued in 2015 that its expansion put the UK at risk of blackouts. Rhodes Must Fall movement
Upon reporting on the third day of Rhodes Must Fall protests at Oxford University in June 2020, footage of Hitchens strolling through the streets of the university, followed by protesters who opposed his presence, emerged. One video, edited and set to "Stayin' Alive" by the Bee Gees, went viral and was watched nearly one million times. Speaking to Mike Graham on talkRADIO, Hitchens described the protests as "the Establishment on parade". COVID-19 pandemic
Hitchens has repeatedly criticised the British government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. His statements casting doubt on the scientific efficacy of pandemic restrictions have been described as misinformation by several sources.He has particularly criticised COVID-19 lockdowns in the UK, suggesting they would have negative consequences and questioned their epidemiological efficacy. Hitchens also criticised Imperial College London modelling, which suggested that there could be up to 500,000 COVID-19 deaths if the government did not impose a lockdown. He has been a proponent of Sweden's response to the pandemic. He has been against the mandatory wearing of face masks during the pandemic, referring to them as "face muzzles" or "face nappies". He also believes that government mandates to wear face coverings are oppressive. Publications
<mask> is the author of The Abolition of Britain (1999) and A Brief History of Crime (2003), both critical of changes in British society since the 1960s. A compendium of his Daily Express columns was published as Monday Morning Blues in 2000.A Brief History of Crime was reissued as The Abolition of Liberty in April 2004, with an additional chapter on identity cards ("Your papers, please"), and with two chapters – on gun control ("Out of the barrel of a gun") and capital punishment ("Cruel and unusual") – removed. The Broken Compass: How British


title: Peter Hitchens

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 Politics Lost its Way was published in May 2009, and The Rage Against God was published in Britain in March 2010, and in the US in May. <mask>'s book The War We Never Fought: The British Establishment's Surrender to Drugs, about what he sees as the non-existence of the war on drugs, was published by Bloomsbury in the autumn of 2012. In June 2014, <mask> published his first e-book, Short Breaks in Mordor, a compendium of foreign reports. The Phoney Victory: The World War II Illusion was published in August 2018 by I.B. Tauris. It addresses what Hitchens views as the national myth of the Second World War, which he believes did long-term damage to Britain and its position in the world.It was negatively reviewed by the historian Richard Evans in the New Statesman, who described the book as "riddled with errors". Bibliography

 The Abolition of Britain (1999)
 Monday Morning Blues (2000)
 A Brief History of Crime (2003), updated in paperback as The Abolition of Liberty: The Decline of Order and Justice in England (2004)
 The Broken Compass (2009), updated in paperback as The Cameron Delusion (2010)
 The Rage Against God (2010)
 The War We Never Fought (2012)
 Short Breaks in Mordor (2014)
 The Phoney Victory (2018)
 Unconventional Wisdom (2020)

See also

 Christian right
 Traditionalist conservatism

References

External links

1951 births
Alumni of the University of York
British anti-communists
British male journalists
British people of Polish-Jewish descent
Conservatism in the United Kingdom
Converts to Anglicanism from atheism or agnosticism
Critics of atheism
Critics of Marxism
Daily Express people
Daily Mail journalists
English Anglicans
English bloggers
English columnists
Former Marxists
Former atheists and agnostics
British social commentators
Living people
People educated at The Leys School
People from Tavistock
People from Sliema
Socialist Workers Party (UK) members
20th-century British writers
21st-century British writers
Labour Party (UK) people
Conservative Party (UK) people
Critics of multiculturalism
English


title: Swede Hanson (wrestler)

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<mask> (March 27, 1933 – February 19, 2002) was an American professional wrestler best known by his ring name Swede <mask>. He spent much of his career wrestling as part of a tag team with Rip Hawk. Together, they held championships in four different promotions. <mask> and Hawk were heel (villain) wrestlers and competed against some of the most popular teams of their time. They later feuded with each other when Hawk found a new partner after <mask> suffered a legitimate heart attack. <mask> retired in 1986 and lived in South Carolina until his death in 2002. Early life
<mask> was born in East Orange, New Jersey.He attended high school until his senior year; although he was offered a football scholarship to Wake Forest University, he declined the offer and stopped attending school. His mother was struggling financially, so <mask> became an aircraft mechanic to help his family. He also competed as an amateur boxer, and he compiled a 61–3 record in New Jersey Golden Gloves competitions. Professional wrestling career
Boxing and professional wrestling promoter Willie Gilzenberg discovered <mask> and convinced him to compete in wrestling. He trained with George Tragos and debuted in WWWF (now World Wrestling Entertainment) in Paterson, New Jersey against Miguel Torres in 1957. <mask> was sent to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to compete while he continued to develop his skills. While there, he wrestled against Bruno Sammartino in Sammartino's debut match.He was later hired by Jim Crockett and moved to the Carolinas to compete. While there, he began teaming with Rip Hawk to form a tag team known as the "Blond Bombers". They competed as heels (villains) and were hated by the crowds. During appearances, fans would throw acid or threaten them with knives and guns. In one attack, <mask> was stabbed in the leg and required 72 stitches. Hawk taught <mask> a move called the reverse neckbreaker, which saw <mask> stand back-to-back with his opponent, clasp his hands under the opponent's chin, and fall to the ring floor while pulling

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Robert Fort Hanson
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Hanson
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Hanson


title: Swede Hanson (wrestler)

texts: the opponent with him. This became <mask>'s signature manoeuvre that he used in most matches.<mask> remained silent during the team's interviews while Hawk did most of the talking. The team won its first title on August 3, 1965, when they defeated Hiro Matsuda and Duke Keomuka to win the Florida version of the NWA World Tag Team Championship. They also competed in Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling, where they became the inaugural NWA Atlantic Coast Tag Team Champions. They held the title belts four times between 1968 and 1971 while feuding with George Becker and Johnny Weaver. During that time, they also won the IWA World Tag Team Championship while competing in Tasmania. While in the Carolinas, <mask> and Hawk spent a lot of time with Ric Flair when Flair entered the wrestling business. Hawk stated that Flair used to cause trouble for the group, including one incident in which Flair flirted with the girlfriend of a Mafia member.<mask> and Hawk used their friendship with the Mafia member to help Flair escape from being killed in revenge. In 1971, <mask> suffered a heart attack and had to take time away from wrestling. After returning, he formed a tag team with Super Destroyer. The partnership was short-lived, as Super Destroyer later turned on <mask>. As a result, <mask> become a face (fan favorite) and the two feuded for several months. In 1974, <mask> and his new partner, Tiger Conway Jr., began a feud with Hawk and Ric Flair. The series of matches later evolved into singles matches that pitted former partners <mask> and Hawk against each other.<mask> later became a less high-profile wrestler and was given the role of putting over new wrestlers in the promotion. <mask> left the territory for a while but later returned with a new gimmick. He had frizzy hair and wore psychedelic clothes while teaming with Gene Anderson and Sgt. Jacques Goulet. <mask> returned to the WWWF in 1979 as a vicious heel under the management of Fred Blassie. To build up his heat, many of his opponents were stretchered-out of the ring

masks: Hanson Hanson Hanson Hanson Hanson Hanson Hanson Hanson Hanson Hanson Hanson Hanson


title: Swede Hanson (wrestler)

texts:
 following their matches with Swede. He unsuccessfully challenged World champion Bob Backlund at Madison Square Garden in October of that year.<mask> and Hawk later reformed their team and competed together in the Amarillo, Texas-based NWA Western States Sports. While there, they won the NWA Western States Tag Team Championship three times. <mask>'s final title reign was the only one that did not involve Hawk, as he teamed with The Hangman in Montreal, Quebec to win the Canadian International Tag Team Championship in 1981. <mask> then returned to McMahon's New England-based Capitol Wrestling, which had since become the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). Using the gimmick of a redneck, complete with long hair and a Confederate flag, he competed for the WWF as a face until his retirement in 1986. Personal life
During the course of his wrestling career, he was married twice. While both marriages ended in divorce, he and his second wife remained close until the day he died.Swede's marriages brought him seven children and twelve grandchildren. Swede's first marriage to a woman named Vicky, brought him a daughter and son, named Linda and Lance. Then he married a woman named Doris, which brought him another daughter and son, Luana and Bobby. He also gained a stepson, Billy Roy and two adopted children, Mary and Carol, through his second marriage. <mask> lived in Charlotte, NC for over 20+ years. In the late 80's, <mask> and his second wife moved to Fort Mill, SC. After divorcing his second wife, he remained living in a double-wide mobile home on five acres of land in Fort Mill, South Carolina.He was later engaged to a woman named Patsy Hughes. During his wrestling career, <mask> also worked in construction and had a position as a bouncer. After retiring from wrestling, <mask> worked a series of jobs. He was a trainer at a fitness center and later returned to construction work. His final position was as manager of a nightclub. <mask> also participated in several golf tournaments to raise money for charities. Death and

masks: Hanson Hanson Hanson Hanson Hanson Hanson Hanson Hanson


title: Swede Hanson (wrestler)

texts:
 legacy
In his later life, <mask> suffered from diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.He also had high blood pressure and heart problems. He was hospitalized in Columbia, South Carolina in October 2001 due to dementia and died from sepsis, on February 19, 2002. <mask> is regarded as an intimidating but honest wrestler. The character he portrayed was hated by many fans, but <mask> was different from many heel wrestlers because he did not cheat to win matches. Even while competing as a heel, however, <mask> and Hawk were admired by many spectators and had a fan club devoted to them. In contrast to Hawk, who remained a heel during his entire run in Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling, <mask> gained popularity with even more fans when he feuded with Hawk and became the promotion's top face wrestler. Writers who have looked back on his career have noted that he wrestled with "heart" and always worked his hardest in the ring.<mask> has had a lasting impact on the business, as he was willing to put over other wrestlers, including Blackjack Mulligan and Angelo Mosca to help boost their careers. He and Hawk also helped popularize the quick tag, which saw them trading places in the ring every few seconds to remain energized while their opponents became worn down. Championships and accomplishments
Championship Wrestling from Florida
NWA World Tag Team Championship (Florida version) (1 time) - with Rip Hawk
International Wrestling Association
Canadian International Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with The Hangman
Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
NWA Atlantic Coast Tag Team Championship (4 times) - with Rip Hawk
NWA Southern Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version) (1 time) - with Rip Hawk
NWA Western States Sports
NWA Western States Tag Team Championship (3 times) - with Rip Hawk
World Championship Wrestling (Australia)
IWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Rip Hawk

References

External links
Profile at Online World of Wrestling

1933 births
2002 deaths
American male professional wrestlers
Professional

masks: Hanson Hanson Hanson Hanson Hanson Hanson


title: James Tytler

texts:
<mask> (17 December 1745 – 11 January 1804) was a Scottish apothecary and the editor of the second edition of Encyclopædia Britannica. <mask> became the first person in Britain to fly by ascending in a hot air balloon (1784). A group of historiographers wrote about him:

Life
<mask> was born in Fern, Forfarshire, Scotland, the son of a Presbyterian minister. His father taught him Greek, Latin and theology. He probably studied for the ministry but was not interested in (Orthodox) Calvinism. He became a preacher in the Church of Scotland and studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, after which he was apprenticed to a ship's surgeon for one year. He may not have been awarded a degree, although the 11th edition of Britannica refers to him as <mask>, M.A.He declined to practice medicine but instead opened a pharmacy in Leith, near Edinburgh, which was a financial failure, leaving him in debt. The two longest articles in the second edition of Britannica are Surgery and Pharmacy, reflecting his fields of expertise. In 1765, <mask> married Elizabeth Rattray, the orphaned daughter of a solicitor. Soon after, he fled Scotland to escape his creditors. His financial problems may have come from his alcoholism. He went to northern England, where he again tried to make a living as an apothecary. After fathering several children there, he returned to Edinburgh in 1772 or 1773.In 1774 or 1775 <mask> separated from his wife; at the time the couple had five children. Under the pseudonym "Ranger" <mask> published Ranger's Impartial List of the Ladies of Pleasure in Edinburgh a private book detailing 66 working ladies in

masks:
James Tytler
Tytler
Tytler
James Tytler
Tytler
Tytler
Tytler


title: James Tytler

texts:
 the city. The years when <mask> worked as editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1777–1784 for the second edition, and 1788–1793 for the third) were his most lucrative. He also earned income from editing other works and translations. In March 1785, however, he became bankrupt again, possibly due to the costs of his engaging in hot air ballooning. He moved between several locations in Scotland and northern England. Elizabeth Rattray sued him for divorce in 1788, because he had lived with Jean Aitkenhead since about 1779 and had twin daughters with her.He returned to Edinburgh in 1791. He was outlawed in absentia by the Scottish High Court because of political dissent and moved to Belfast in 1793, then in 1795 to the United States. In Salem, Massachusetts, he edited the Salem Register, published some works and sold medicine. On 9 January 1804, <mask> left his house drunk; two days later the sea returned his body. <mask> and Elizabeth Rattray were members of the Glasites, a radical Protestant sect. In the 1770s, <mask> left the sect and denounced it together with all churches. He remained a fervent Christian without denomination.In Salem he never went to church. Encyclopædia Britannica
Tytler had previously written more than edited; for example, in 1774 he was the author of two religious pamphlets that earned him little or no money. He came late to the Encyclopædia Britannica, as editor of the second edition (1777–1784). He was paid less than his predecessor, William Smellie, and it is possible he was engaged because one of the Britannica's publishers, Andrew Bell, had been assisted by <mask> on another work. As

masks: Tytler Tytler James Tytler Tytler


title: James Tytler

texts:
 a group of historiographers wrote, 'Tytler displayed an uncharacteristic steadiness of purpose while working on the second edition.' Reviews of the second edition were lukewarm, but the sales showed an appreciation by the reading public. <mask> contributed some long treatises to the third edition (1788–1797), and may have been its first editor before he left Edinburgh in March 1788, the month before the first number was published.This left the editor's chair to Britannica's co-owner and Bell's partner, Colin Macfarquhar. <mask> continued to contribute heavily to the third edition when he came back to Edinburgh, up to the letter M, which was produced in 1792 or '93. Politics

The second edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica is politically moderate because Bell and Macfarquhar curbed <mask>'s reformism. <mask> expressed sympathy for the French Revolution of 1789 and called on the British not to pay taxes. He also denounced public officials. One of his pamphlets, published in 1792, described the House of Commons as a 'vile junto of aristocrats' usurping the rights of king and people. Not money, but honest and upright behaviour should qualify a man for being an elector.As a consequence <mask> was outlawed for sedition in January 1793. On the ship to America in 1795 <mask> wrote a pamphlet Rising the sun in the west, or the Origin and progress of liberty, in which he denounced the elites of the Old World. Disappointed with the Scottish and Irish, he praised the Americans and the French for fighting against superstition and tyranny (despite the suppression of religion in revolutionary France). Aviation

The

masks: Tytler Tytler Tytler Tytler Tytler Tytler


title: James Tytler

texts:
 inventive <mask> rivalled the French pioneers of hot air ballooning and was the first person in Britain to ascend in a balloon, almost a month before his rival to the title, Vincenzo Lunardi, made a hydrogen balloon ascent in London. <mask>'s venture was expensive, but succeeded after several attempts on 25 August 1784, in Edinburgh. His balloon rose a few feet from the ground. Two days later he managed to reach a height of some 350 feet, travelling for half a mile between Green House on the northern edge of what is now Holyrood Park to the nearby village of Restalrig.Later trials were less fortunate. In October his balloon only took off after <mask> left the basket, to the disappointment of the crowd. Having previously been 'the toast of Edinburgh', he was ridiculed and called a coward. His last flight was on 26 July 1785. <mask> was overshadowed by Lunardi—the self-styled "Daredevil Aeronaut"—who carried out five sensational flights in Scotland, creating a ballooning fad and inspiring ladies' fashions in skirts and hats. The "Lunardi bonnet" is mentioned in the poem To a Louse by Robert Burns. See also
 History of the Encyclopædia Britannica

External links
Article by Robert Murray

BBC News article
"Tytler's Up !", a tune in <mask>'s honour

References

People from Angus
Writers from Salem, Massachusetts
People associated with Edinburgh
Contributors to the Encyclopædia Britannica
Scottish aviators
Scottish emigrants to the United States
Scottish non-fiction writers
Scottish surgeons
1745 births
1804 deaths
18th-century Scottish people
Scottish encyclopedists
British pharmacists
Alumni of the University of

masks: Tytler Tytler Tytler Tytler Tytler


title: Henry Percy, Baron Percy of Alnwick

texts:
<mask>, <mask> of Alnwick (died 1659), son of <mask>, 9th Earl of Northumberland, sat in the Short Parliament as the member for Portsmouth, and in the Long Parliament an M.P. for Northumberland; an originator of the "first army plot" in 1641, after which he retired to France. He was appointed general of the ordnance of the king's army and created baron, 1643; but fell in disgrace in 1644 through his desire for peace. In 1648 he resigned his command and went to France where he joined
Queen Henrietta Maria's party. He died in France around March 1659. Biography
<mask>, the younger son of <mask>, 9th Earl of Northumberland, was educated at a school at Isleworth, under Mr. Willis,  and subscribed at Christ Church, Oxford on 7 December 1624. In 1628 he was elected Member of Parliament for Marlborough and sat until 1629 when King Charles decided to rule without parliament for eleven years.On 21 March 1631 he unsuccessfully applied for the post of secretary to the chancellor of the exchequer. Stratford designed to appoint him captain of a company in the Irish army, but the influence exerted for Lorenzo Cary frustrated the intention. As a courtier <mask> was more fortunate; he obtained great influence with Queen Henrietta Maria, and employed it to further the interests of his brother, the Earl of Northumberland, and his brother-in-law, the Earl of Leicester. In March 1633 <mask> acted as Lord Weston's friend in the quarrel between him and the Earl of Holland. His favour, however, continued to increase; in November 1639 he was appointed master of the horse to the Prince of Wales, and on 6 June 1640 he was appointed captain and governor of

masks:
Henry Percy
Baron Percy
Henry Percy
Henry Percy
Henry Percy
Percy
Percy


title: Henry Percy, Baron Percy of Alnwick

texts: Jersey for life. In April 1640, <mask> was elected MP for Portsmouth in the Short Parliament. He was elected MP for Northumberland for the Long Parliament in November 1640.<mask> was one of the originators of what was termed the "First Army Plot" in March 1641, but according to his own story simply designed to procure a declaration from the army in support of the king's policy, and was innocent of the plan to bring it up to London in order to put force on the parliament. When the plot was discovered he endeavoured to flee to France, but was set upon and wounded by the country people in Sussex, and remained for some time in hiding. To facilitate his own escape, he was induced to write a letter to his brother, giving an account of the conspiracy, which furnished the popular leaders with conclusive proof of the reality of the design, and was held by the Royalists to be a treacherous betrayal of his duty to the King. The sole punishment inflicted upon him for his share in the plot was his expulsion from the House of Commons, which took place on 9 December 1641. <mask> went to France, but at the outbreak of the war made himself useful to Queen Henrietta Maria, who employed him as an agent to King Charles, and obtained his restoration to favour. "Truly", she wrote, "I think him very faithful, and that we may trust him". Thanks to her support, he became on 22 May 1643 general of the ordnance in the king's army, and was created on 28 June of the same year Baron <mask> of Alnwick.<mask> fought at the Battle of Cropredy Bridge on  29 June 1644, and accompanied the king into Cornwall in his pursuit of the Earl of Essex; but, having taken

masks: Percy Percy Percy Percy Percy


title: Henry Percy, Baron Percy of Alnwick

texts: part in <mask>'s intrigue to force the king to make peace, he fell into disgrace, and was obliged to resign his command. "His removal" says Clarendon, "added to the ill-humour of the army; for though he was generally unloved as a proud and supercilious person, yet he had always three or four persons of good credit and reputation, who were esteemed by him, with whom he lived very well; and though he did not draw the good fellows to him by drinking, yet he eat well, which in the general scarcity of that time drew many votaries to him, who bore very ill the want of his table, and so Avere not without some inclination to murmur even on his behalf." On 11 January 1645 <mask> and two other Royalist peers were placed under arrest by the King on the charge of holding correspondence with his enemies and uttering disrespectful speeches, but in reality on account of the persistency with which they urged him to open negotiations with Parliament. <mask> was released a few weeks later, and, having procured a pass from Essex, sought to take ship for the continent. On his way he was taken prisoner by William Waller and Oliver Cromwell at Andover. Among <mask>'s party "there was a youth of so fair a countenance that Cromwell doubted of his condition, and, to confirm himself, willed him to sing, which he did with such a daintiness that Cromwell scrupled not to say to Lord <mask> that being a warrior he did wisely to be accompanied by Amazons, on which that lord in some confusion did acknowledge that she was a damsel; this afterwards gave cause for scoff at the king's party". <mask> arrived at Paris at the end of March 1645, and, though the King

masks:
Henry Wilmot
Percy
Percy
Percy
Percy
Percy


title: Henry Percy, Baron Percy of Alnwick

texts:
 had cautioned the Queen not to trust him too much, was speedily as great a favourite with Henrietta as before.In March 1648 he was wounded in a duel with Prince Rupert, and in the following October was put under arrest for giving the lie to Lord Colepeper in the presence of the Prince of Wales. As <mask> belonged to the queen's party and to the faction of Secretary Robert Long, he is spoken of with great severity in the correspondence of Edward Hyde and Edward Nicholas. They regarded him as an atheist because he favoured Hobbes, and advised Charles II to comply with the demands of the Presbyterians or any other party which would undertake to restore his throne. When he was made Lord Chamberlain and admitted to the Privy Council, their disgust knew no bounds. Hyde, however, was subsequently reconciled to <mask>, who brought about a meeting between the queen and the chancellor of the exchequer, and is praised in the History of the Rebellion for his economical administration of the king's household. When <mask> thought of making his peace with the Protector, Hyde dissuaded him, and told him that few men were so fit to be about the king's person, or engaged in the counsels likely to carry him home. <mask> died unmarried at Paris in France in around March 1659.Notes

References
Attribution

 Additional authorities cited in the article:
De Fonblanque's House of Percy, ii. 368, 430;
 Collins's Peerage, ed. Brydges. 1659 deaths
Year of birth unknown
People educated at Whitgift School
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Cavaliers
Younger sons of earls
Barons in the Peerage of England
English MPs 1640 (April)
English MPs 1640–1648
English

masks: Percy Percy Percy Percy


title: Jennifer Ehle

texts:
<mask> (; born December 29, 1969) is an American actress, the daughter of English actress Rosemary Harris and American author <mask>. She won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for her role as Elizabeth Bennet in the 1995 BBC miniseries  Pride and Prejudice. For her work on Broadway, she won the 2000 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for The Real Thing, and the 2007 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for The Coast of Utopia. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, to English actress Rosemary Harris and American author <mask>. Her ancestry includes Romanian (from a maternal great-grandmother) and, paternally, German and English. Ehle appeared as a toddler in a 1973 Broadway revival of A Streetcar Named Desire, in which her mother played Blanche DuBois. She spent her childhood in both the UK and the US, attending several different schools including Interlochen Arts Academy.She was raised largely in Asheville, North Carolina. Her drama training was split between the North Carolina School of the Arts and the Central School of Speech and Drama in London. Career

1990s
Ehle made her West End debut as Elmire in the 1991 Peter Hall Company production of Tartuffe, for which she won second prize at the Ian Charleson Awards. Hall then cast her as Calypso in The Camomile Lawn (1992), a television adaptation of Mary Wesley's book of the same name, in which she and her mother played the same character at different ages. One of Ehle's first notable roles was as Elizabeth Bennet in the BBC 1995 television adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice co-starring Colin Firth, for which she won the British Academy Television Award for Best Actress. The same year, she joined the Royal Shakespeare Company, and gained her first major feature film role in Paradise Road (1997). She also appeared in supporting roles in Brian Gilbert's Wilde (1997) and István Szabó's Sunshine (1999).2000s
In 2000, Ehle made her Broadway

masks:
Jennifer Anne Ehle
John Ehle
Ehle
John Ehle


title: Aner Shalev

texts:
<mask> (born 24 January  1958) is a professor at the Einstein Institute of Mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and a writer. Biography

Shalev was born in Kibbutz Kinneret and grew up in Beit Berl. He moved to Jerusalem at 18 to study mathematics and philosophy at the Hebrew University, and since then, excluding some years abroad, he has been living mainly in Jerusalem. Shalev received his Ph.D. in mathematics at the Hebrew University in 1989, summa cum laude. His doctoral thesis was written under the supervision of Professors Amitsur and Mann and dealt with group rings, an area combining group theory and ring theory. Shalev spent his post-doctoral period at Oxford University and at the University of London, returned to Israel in 1992, when he was hired as a senior lecturer at the Hebrew University. Shalev was appointed full professor in 1996, and spent sabbaticals at the Universities of Chicago, Oxford (All Souls College), and London (Imperial College).He was also a visiting scholar at other institutes, such as the Australian National University, MSRI Berkeley, the Institute for Advanced Studies at the Hebrew University, and the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton. Shalev is joint editor of the Israel Journal of Mathematics, the Journal of Group Theory, and the Journal of Algebra. He gave an invited talk at the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in Berlin in 1998 and at numerous other mathematical conferences all over the world. Shalev was awarded many grants from various sources, including the ERC Advanced Grant from the European Community (2010–2014). <mask> <mask> is married to <mask>, a senior lecturer at the Classics Department of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and they have two daughters. Research

Shalev's main area of research over the years has been Group Theory, and he often uses methods from other

masks:
Aner Shalev
Aner
Shalev
Donna Shalev


title: Aner Shalev

texts:
 and the beginning and ending are missing. On the one hand Shalev creates an intense mode of writing, featuring a video-clip nature, and on the other hand he seduces the reader to fill in the gaps by himself. Large parts of the book describe many places in the world where people arrive for short, breathless, periods and are constantly on the go. Dark Matter

Shalev's third book is a novel that was published in 2004 at the Zmora Bitan publishing house. It has appeared in German (2007), Italian (2007) and Czech (2009). The book describes a love triangle between a man and two women.Shalev was influenced in this book by the modern astrophysical theory of Dark Matter and Dark Energy; he applies these ideas to relationships between women and men. Alongside physical attraction between men and women, Shalev describes forces of repulsion, which overwhelmingly overcome the forces of attraction. This is an attempt to understand why many love stories which begin so well end so badly. The protagonist of the book is a married Israeli diplomat in New York who, during a visit to Israel, falls in love with a woman doing a doctorate in Physics on Dark Matter. The text is formally divided between emails sent by the woman to the man in the period before their tryst in New York, and descriptions from the man's perspective of that tryst. As the plot progresses the emails asymptotically approach in time the meeting in New York and illuminate its background, but these two types of text and narrative never coalesce. References

External links

 <mask> <mask> in The Institute for the Translation of Hebrew Literature
 <mask> Shalev in Mathematics Genealogy Project

20th-century mathematicians
21st-century mathematicians
Einstein Institute of Mathematics alumni
Hebrew University of Jerusalem faculty
Israeli Jews
Israeli mathematicians
Jewish scientists
Living people
Jewish

masks: Aner Shalev Aner


title: Madhur Jaffrey

texts:
<mask> CBE (née Bahadur; born 13 August 1933) is an Indian-American actress, food and travel writer, and television personality. She is recognized for bringing Indian cuisine to the western hemisphere with her debut cookbook, An Invitation to Indian Cooking (1973), which was inducted into the James Beard Foundation’s Cookbook Hall of Fame in 2006. She has written over a dozen cookbooks and appeared on several related television programmes, the most notable of which was <mask>'s Indian Cookery, which premiered in the UK in 1982. She was the food consultant at the now-closed Dawat, which was considered by many food critics to be among the best Indian restaurants in New York City. She was instrumental in bringing together filmmakers James Ivory and Ismail Merchant and acted in several of their films such as Shakespeare Wallah (1965), for which she won the Silver Bear for Best Actress award at the 15th Berlin International Film Festival. She has appeared in dramas on radio, stage and television. In 2004, she was named an honorary Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in recognition of her services to cultural relations between the United Kingdom, India and the United States, through her achievements in film, television and cookery.Her childhood memoir of India during the final years of the British Raj, Climbing the Mango Trees, was published in 2006. Early life
Jaffrey was born in Civil Lines, Delhi, into a Mathur Kayastha Hindu joint family. She is the fifth of six children of Lala Raj Bans Bahadur (1899–1974) and his wife, Kashmiran Rani (1903–1971). Madhur's grandfather, Rai Bahadur Raj Narain (1864–1950), had built a sprawling family compound, named Number 7 Raj Narain

masks:
Madhur Jaffrey
Madhur Jaffrey


title: Madhur Jaffrey

texts:
 over wood to be lit with matches. Madhur did her best but guessed that she failed the subject of domestic science altogether. Madhur and her cousins would regularly answer summons from the nearby All India Radio station for parts in radio plays or children's programs. As she was paid a small fee for each session, Madhur considered this to be her first professional work. Meanwhile, Madhur's father had moved to Daurala as general manager of Daurala Sugar Works, a factory owned by family friends, the Shri Ram family. Madhur, along with her brothers, her younger sister, Veena, and her mother remained behind in Delhi in to avoid disrupting the children's education. During this period, Madhur's elder sisters were at boarding school in Nainital.In the letters that they exchanged with their siblings and cousins at Delhi, they addressed each other only by their initials. This tradition cemented over time so that Madhur became M for her circle of close friends and family. <mask>'s father eventually returned from Daurala and joined Delhi Cloth Mills, a textile factory owned by the Shri Ram family. Delhi (1950–1955)
From 1950 to 1953 Madhur attended Miranda House, a women's college, where she gained a B.A. degree in English Honours with a minor in philosophy. She took part in her college's all-women productions of Hamlet and The Importance of Being Earnest. She appeared in The Comedy of Errors performed by St. Stephen's College.In 1951, <mask> joined the Unity Theatre, an English language repertory company founded by Saeed <mask> in New Delhi. She auditioned for the role of the Queen's Reader in Jean Cocteau's play The Eagle Has Two Heads just four days before the opening but was cast in the

masks: Madhur Madhur Jaffrey


title: Madhur Jaffrey

texts: role. The next play that she did with Saeed was Christopher Fry's A Phoenix Too Frequent. After graduation from Miranda House in 1953, <mask> joined All India Radio, where Saeed <mask> was an announcer. She worked as a disc jockey at night. Saeed and <mask> fell in love and dated at Gaylord, a restaurant in Connaught Place. During this period, Madhur also met Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, a British novelist who had moved to Civil Lines, Delhi, after marriage to Cyrus Jhabvala, an Indian architect, in 1951.<mask> answered a casting call by Prawer Jhabvala and worked with her on All India Radio plays. The protagonists of Prawer Jhabvala's first novel, To Whom She Will (1955), a young couple who work at a radio station in Delhi and fall in love, were based on <mask> and Saeed <mask>. The novel was published in America the following year as Amrita (1956). In early 1955, <mask> was in the audience at St. Stephen's College, Delhi for a program of literary readings by Sybil Thorndike and Lewis Casson, married English actors who toured internationally in Shakespearean productions. Later that year, the Unity Theatre put on a performance of Tennessee Williams' one-act play, Auto-da-Fé, in which Madhur played the rigidly moralistic mother to Saeed's young postal worker, Eloi. The last play that Madhur did with Saeed was Othello in which Saeed was cast as Iago while <mask> played Iago's wife, Emilia. Madhur decided to pursue acting as a profession.She won a grant from the British government that she could use to pay for education at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA). The head of the British Council in India was impressed by her performance in Auto-da-Fé and offered her a scholarship. Armed with

masks: Madhur Jaffrey Madhur Madhur Madhur Jaffrey Madhur Madhur