title: Benedetta Carlini

texts: Augustine.Originally it was a letter that Augustine of Hippo addressed to a group of nuns, led by his sister, who were experiencing difficulties in the governance of their convent. This Rule does not regulate in detail all aspects of the monastic life. It provides a set of spiritual counsels within which more specific rules could be accommodated by individual communities. It touched on such topics as the need to lead a communal life with no private property, the observance of prayers, the mortification of the flesh through fasts, the need for modest dress, and so on. This was accepted by many female convents and quasi-monastic communities. For the members of these groups, the Fathers of the Holy Annunciation created a hierarchy of authority. "They have among themselves a female superior under whom they govern themselves, a teacher of the novices, and other customary offices as if they were full-fledged nuns".As soon as her father left her in a community house, nine-year-old <mask> kneeled in front of the statue of the Madonna and said ″My most sweet Mother, I have left my carnal mother for you, I beg you to take me as your daughter.″ Not long after this, Benedetta prayed there again, and this statue fell over. As young novice, she was frightened but thought this was a miracle, showing that the Mother of God wanted to kiss her. Whereas before Benedetta had accepted miracles as being in the nature of things, now she was astounded and awed by this action of the Virgin, which testified to the mighty power of God. Benedetta's first years in this Catholic retreat were unremarkable. Twenty years later, other community members remembered that she was always very obedient and


title: Benedetta Carlini

type: original

texts: holding a signboard with gold letters: ″Whosoever wants to take water from this fountain, let him purge his cup or not come nearer.″ Because she did not understand the meaning of this inscription, she asked the angel. He explained, ″If you want to know God, lift all earthly desires from your heart.″ On hearing these words, Benedetta felt a strong urge to take leave of the world, but, instead, the vision ceased, and with great inner wrenching, she returned to the normal world of the senses. Afterwards, she felt great happiness and a stronger desire than ever to be good. In the next visions, one time she saw a man dressed in great splendour who saved her from wild lions, scorpions and boars and said he was Jesus and the animals were demons. Another time a young boy appeared and told her to climb the Mount of Perfection, which was very difficult and, the boy said, would never be able without a true guide who is her father confessor.Some of <mask>'s visions had occurred in the presence of witnesses who had observed that during prayer she had gone into a trance-like state in which she gesticulated and made incomprehensible sounds. During these episodes, her altered state of consciousness had made it impossible for her companions to receive answers to their questions about what was happening to her. Particularly visual forms of mental prayer were widespread spiritual practice in pre-modern Europe. Visualization of people, places and events in the life of the Holy Family was recommended in prayers manuals by Luis de Granada, St. Charles Borromeo and others which Benedetta occasionally read. Benedetta's own reactions to her visions were mixed. At the time, there was less concern


title: Benedetta Carlini

texts:
 herself ill without being certain of the salvation of her soul. One of them even asked Benedetta to be his bride, and when she refused, he tried to take her with brute force. The attacks took place several times a week and lasted for six to eight hours. One night she didn't endure and called other nuns for help.After that, her superiors assigned her a young companion, Bartolomea Crivelli, to help her in her battles with the devil. Bartolomea was to share Benedetta's cell and to keep an eye on her at all times. If at this point the confessor and the mother superior had any further concerns about the validity of Benedetta's claims, they did not voice them. Instead, the convent was now seen as being graced by the presence of a mystic whose body was the battleground between supernatural forces. The confessor and mother superior became extremely solicitous of her welfare and, because of her weakened condition, excused her from participation in many of the daily routines of the community. In 1618 construction of a new monastery building was coming to a close. The resettlement to new convent building was a solemn procession.<mask> walked in an ecstatic trance, seeing the angels of Pescia paying homage to her and scattering flowers along her path as if she were the image of St. Dorothy, the patron saint of Pescia, which being paraded in its annual procession through town. Once they arrived at the gates of the convent, the Madonna greeted her and gave her companion two guardian angels. No one other than <mask> could see the flowers and angels, but many citizens saw her in that unusual state. Abbess with Stigmata

Three months after the resettlement, on the second Friday of Lent,

masks: Benedetta Benedetta


title: Benedetta Carlini

texts: <mask> received the stigmata. By her own words, these appeared between two and three at night when she was in bed. She saw a crucifix and bright rays from wounds of Christ to her head, hands, feet and side of the chest. These rays caused tremendous pain, but then Benedetta felt such contentment in her heart that she had never experienced before.Bartolomea Crivelli was near, and she was the first to see the signs on <mask>'s body. Also, she saw that <mask> arranged herself in the form of the Cross and became as red as a glowing ember and heard that <mask> said, "My Lord, there are others who are better than me, I don't deserve this since I am a sinner." Then <mask> asked Bartolomea to lift her by the arm because she couldn't do it by herself. And Bartolomea saw red marks like small rosettes on Benedetta's hands, feet, and side, and also a deep red band around her head, but it was bloodless. The stigmata were the first material evidence of supernatural phenomena that happened with Benedetta. Her heavenly grace had been quickly recognized, and sometime between February and May 1619, the nuns' community elected her to be their abbess. During the Lenten season of that year, Ricordati was regularly visiting the convent to hear Benedetta give sermons to the other nuns while they purified themselves with their whips as part of their penance.As she talked to them, she was always in a trance and spoke, not as herself, but as an angel who persuaded the nuns to lead a better life. This angel usually ended the sermons by praising <mask>, chosen above all others to receive the signs of God's grace. Had Benedetta not been in an altered state of consciousness, Paolo Ricordati would not

masks: Benedetta Benedetta Benedetta Benedetta Benedetta Benedetta


title: Benedetta Carlini

texts:
 have allowed her to give sermons because ″it is shameful for a woman″ to speak in a Christian church, even for an abbess. But if a woman had been favoured with the gift of prophecy of other divine gifts, she could be an exception. Heart Exchange and Splenditello Angel

On March 21, 1619, Paolo Ricordati summoned Benedetta and told her: ″Today is the day of St. Benedict, your saint's day, go in ecstasy at your pleasure, I give you permission.″

It was an experiment to examine if her visions would come on command. That evening, during compline, Benedetta fell into a trance. Then at night, Benedetta experienced a new miracle that she had never had before.She saw Christ looking like a handsome young man with long hair and a long red robe. He was accompanied by St. Catherine of Siena and other figures. <mask> turned to Bartolomea, saying: ″I don't know if it is the devil's work; pray to God for me. If it is the devil's work, I will make the sign of the cross on my heart, and he will disappear.″

The young man explained that he was Jesus and had come to Benedetta to take her heart. She laughed, ″What would you do, my Jesus! You have come to take my heart, but I don't want to do it without the permission of my Spiritual Father.″

The young man reminded her that the confessor had said she could do anything that was God's will without any reservations. Benedetta supported that Jesus had taken her heart and returned three days after to put another heart in her body.By his miraculous power, it was possible to live so long without a heart. Bartolomea later said that when she was helping Benedetta with her blankets, she came up to her and felt her chest around where her heart


title: Benedetta Carlini

texts:
 this sermon, <mask> had returned to her normal senses and began to leave the choir, almost as if nothing had happened. Along the way, she stopped to chat with the wife of the Vicar who, in defiance of provost's orders, had come to the convent to witness the wedding. Some other participants of the event were in doubt about this possible wonder. No one other than <mask> had seen Jesus, the Madonna, the saints or the ring. They knew that St. Catherine's marriage with Christ had left no visible evidence too, but the desire for publicity was unusual for a true mystic and seemed suspicious, especially if other people there didn't see any supernatural person or objects. <mask>'s contemporaries were well aware that because women were denied a place in the social and public discourse of their age, they thought to make their voices heard in other ways. Having religious visions was one way women could have their voices heard.For example, Maria de la Visitación, the nun from Lisbon, also had the stigmata and became one of the most influential European women of the 1580s, consulted by rulers and high church officials, before she was discovered to be a fraud.It’s been suggested that such could be the case with Benedetta. The First Investigation
Not only the nuns of the Congregation of the Mother of God were concerned about Benedetta's religious experience, but also the leading ecclesiastical official in the town - provost of Pescia Stefano Cecchi, and Pescian secular authorities. Speaking through Benedetta, Jesus had said extravagant words of praise for her and the threat for damnation for those who did not believe in her. And he said that the fate of the townspeople was in

masks: Benedetta Benedetta Benedetta


title: Benedetta Carlini

texts: Benedetta's hands. Such behaviour was not characteristic of holy people, whose messages from the divine contained praises of the Lord rather than themselves and who gained followers by their character and deportment rather than by threats. As the wedding preparations had already demonstrated, despite the provost's feeble efforts to curb any publicity about the affair, many people had become interested in Benedetta's mystical powers. Citizens not well-informed about religion were very inclined to believe in the unproven miracles.And the situation might get out of control of ecclesiastical and secular authorities. So provost Stefano Cecchi ordered all those who had witnessed the mystical marriage of <mask> and Christ to talk no further about this with outsiders. On 28 May 1619, the day after this ceremony, he came to examine Benedetta himself. <mask> was relieved of her duties as abbess until further notice, and Felice di Giovanni Guerrini came to this duties. Firstly Stefano Cecchi had examined the stigmata of <mask> <mask> since they were the only visible signs of miraculous intervention. Christ had said during Benedetta's sermon of the previous day that the wounds on her body would be open and larger in appearance than before. The provost, therefore, looked at her hands, feet, and side, where he could see bits of dried blood about the size of a small coin.When they were washed with warm water, each revealed a small opening from which drops of fresh blood trickled out. When the blood was dried with a towel, more came out. On <mask>'s head were many bloody marks, which also bled into the towel when washed with warm water. The stigmata, which day ago had been nothing more

masks: Benedetta Benedetta Benedetta Carlini Benedetta


title: Benedetta Carlini

texts: than small red marks, had changed just as Christ predicted. Then the provost asked Benedetta to recount how wounds came to be on her body. She told about five rays from the crucifixion in her vision during Lent and about that she felt pain not all time: "On Sundays, they seem to be numb; on Mondays and Tuesdays I have almost no pain; and all the other days I have great pain, especially on Fridays." After the first visit of the provost, Benedetta went into the trance and wrote two letters: to Ricordati and Cecchi.But after the trance, she could remember only former, in which she asked her father confessor for permission to write directly to the provost or meet with him. Ricordati denied her request because if Christ wanted to communicate with the provost, he would find other means for doing so. But then Ricordati forwarded to Cecchi the letter that <mask> had written to himself. <mask> did not know about this, and when Cecchi came again on 7 June 1619 and asked her what she wanted to tell him, she seemed nonplussed and had nothing to say. The provost had examined Benedetta's stigmata again and saw a few changes. The wound on the right hand did not bleed when washed and dried with a towel. The puncture marks on the head were also dried and looked partly healed.The provost was perplexed, but there was nothing to be done, and the visit came to an end. Then he had been visited and examined <mask> fourteen times between late May and early September. On June 14, the observation of stigmata revealed that some of the wounds that had almost healed the week before were now bleeding again. The provost ordered <mask> to cut her hair and wash her head to make the wounds more visible.

masks: Benedetta Benedetta Benedetta Benedetta


title: Benedetta Carlini

texts: <mask> was allowed to leave the room briefly to rearrange and close her garments before returning for further questioning. Suddenly she run back in, holding her hands to her head. "Jesus, what is this?"she exclaimed as blood gushed down her face and onto the floor. The visitors managed to staunch the blood with towels. But the examination had to be cut because <mask> was in too much pain to continue. But this was not the end of the investigation, just a postponement. On June 1619, <mask> revealed to Father Ricordati that she had again seen Jesus in a vision. This time he was an angry and vengeful Christ with an unsheathed sword ready to strike. And he threatened to punish the people of Pescia with the plague for their grievous sins while no one was willing to ask for mercy.<mask> offered to pray for his mercy herself and to be the instrument of the town's salvation by spending her time in  Purgatory until the day of judgment. Christ's anger seemed to be appeased by her words. He told her to continue to love him always and to arrange for processions to placate him. Ricordati gave her permission to organize a procession with an image of Christ at the head. On July 23, Cecchi met with Felice di Giovanni Guerrini, Bartolomea Crivelli and with another nun, Margherita d'Iptolito  Ricordati, a relative to Paolo Ricordati. Their testimonies did not result in any major new revelations. The main obstacle to officially sanctioned public recognition was the absence of a ring on Benedetta's finger.Other nuns were unable to see it because she always covered up that hand. But Margherita Ricordati said that she saw a yellow band with a cross that didn't look like a ring. When <mask> was

masks: Benedetta Benedetta Benedetta Benedetta Benedetta


title: Benedetta Carlini

texts:
 called to the examination room, she had an ordinary, inexpensive gold ring on the fourth finger of her right hand. On the top side of a ring, there were five points the size of ordinary pinheads. A point in the middle was dark red. The ecclesiastical examiners were eager to probe further, but Benedetta was feeling too ill to answer. Finally, the provost of Pescia Stefano Checchi and other investigators had concluded that Benedetta's visions were genuine visions and neither dreams nor fantasies, and their religious content conformed to church dogma and practice.So <mask> had been recognized as a true visionary. The provost must have written favourably since in July of 1620, he and the Vicar of Pescia made one last visit to the convent to conclude the enclosure. On July 28, Pope issued the bull that made this female religious community a fully enclosed convent. According to the nuns' wishes, it was called the Congregation of the Mother of God and would be under the protection of St. Catherine of Siena. No longer would they have to go outside their convent to hear Mass, but more importantly, as nuns, their vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience would become solemn vows. Any nun wishing to leave the convent could be constrained to stay by her superiors and by the secular authorities. Similarly, any laypersons trying to enter the convent without permission could also be punished.After a convent was granted full enclosure, <mask> was reinstated as abbess. Resurrection
There is little information available about the next several years of <mask>'s life. It seems that she managed successfully her abbess' duties. When the nuns were cloistered and could not leave the convent


title: Benedetta Carlini

texts:
 area even for a short time, a board of outside administrators had been established in the fall of 1620 to aid <mask> with some of her tasks. Members of the board helped to manage the convent's properties and to market its silk and agricultural products. Benedetta's father, Guiliano, died between November 1620 and March 1621. Soon after that, when Benedetta went into her trances, one of her guardian angels, Tesauriello Fiorito, began to prophesize her imminent death.He would urge the nuns to treat their abbess with greater tenderness than before because her days on earth were numbered. And only after her death would they realize her true value because there was no one else in the convent as fit to be their abbess as she. After this vision, Benedetta herself began to speak about her death and even had her grave opened and readied for the day when it would be needed. On the day of Annunciation (25 of March 1621), the nuns witnessed Benedetta's death and called Paolo Ricordati. He arrived immediately and commanded Benedetta in a loud voice to return to the living, which, to everyone's astonishment, had the desired effect. When Benedetta revived, she told the assembled that she had seen angels and demons, Purgatory and Paradise, her father and several other deceased people. The Second Investigation
Sometime between August 1622 and March 1623, Alfonso Giglioli, a newly appointed papal nuncio in Florence, decided to re-investigate Benedetta's case and sent several of his officials.These investigators were more sceptical than previous. Unlike the Theatine nuns, Paolo Ricordati, or Stefano Cecchi, they had nothing to gain from <mask>'s claims. The doubts of the investigators


title: Benedetta Carlini

texts: about the reported miracles and visions were strengthened by their interpretation of <mask>'s character. Her mystical experiences contained immodest and lascivious language. Her so-called angels bore peculiar names - Splenditello, Tesauriello Fiorito, Virtudioello, and Radicello. These sounded more like the names of evil spirits than of heavenly creatures. Investigators did not find in Carlini charity, humility, patience, obedience, modesty, and other virtues to the eminent and heroic degree which usually accompany the true spirit of God.She lacked the extraordinary personal virtues that would make her a role model for other good Christians. New investigators found contradictions in Benedetta's visions. For example, in one of them, the Virgin had asked her to obtain permission from Father Ricordati to have a guardian angel but, before this request, such an angel had already appeared in her early visions. It was obvious to all that God neither lied nor was ever contrary to himself. And even Benedetta's visible stigmata could be not the marks of Christ but of the devil because these appeared not during the fervor of prayer, in the harshness of the wilderness, or during a long period of solitude, but when she lying softly in bed where the enemy of God resides. Further doubts were cast on the divinity of Benedetta's mystical exchange of hearts with Christ and marriage with him, regarding Benedetta's need for help from Bartolomea to complete this wonder. And the solemn public ceremony of marriage with Christ seemed too suspicious.Investigators believed that Christ might need the publicity of it only for a demonstration of a miracle to the people. But none were seen until two


title: Benedetta Carlini

texts: months later, when a rather shabby looking ring, not nearly as beautiful and brilliant as one <mask> had described, appeared on her right hand. Also, investigators discovered that <mask> likely had a hereditary demonic obsession. Both her parents had allegedly been possessed for some time. Despite the seeming aversion to the meat and milk products, <mask> was secretly fetching salami and Cremonese style mortadella to where she could eat them undisturbed. But one time, another nun saw it. This was like Benedetta's father behavior when he "too was assailed by spirits".Testimonies of other nuns made it clear that some of Benedetta's supernatural phenomena were falsifications. Two nuns spied on Benedetta through the hole in her study door and more than twenty times saw her renewing her wounds with a large needle. Another nun had seen her put her blood on a statue of Christ, which Benedetta then claimed began to bleed in honour of her sanctity. Other witnesses saw that she had made the star herself with some gold foil and fixed it on her forehead with red wax. And Benedetta said that Christ kissed her forehead and left a gold star. When she spoke as an angel in one of her ecstasies, that the Theatines could learn from her how to flagellate themselves with true spiritual fervour. The nun, who had been standing nearby, noticed that Benedetta didn't strike herself even once, and that to make it seem as though she had she smeared the whip with blood from her wounds in her hand.Three nuns also reported that she sometimes ran barefoot through the convent as if her feet were healed, and one heard her exclaim as she jumped down from a small table, "Whoever saw me jump down would say


title: Benedetta Carlini

texts: that there's nothing wrong with my feet." Bartolomea gave more testimonies. She eventually found a small brass box containing dilutes saffron in <mask>'s desk. This saffron and Benedetta's blood probably had been used to paint the ring. But the most shocking confession was about the lesbian relationships between Bartolomea and Benedetta. As investigators reported, "This sister Benedetta, then, for two continuous years, at least three times a week, in the evening after disrobing and going to bed would wait for her companion to disrobe, and pretending to need her, would call. When Bartolomea would come over, Benedetta would grab her by the arm and throw her by force on the bed.Embracing her, she would put her under herself and kissing her as if she was a man, she would speak words of love to her. And she would stir on top of her so much that both of them corrupted themselves. And thus by force she held her sometimes one, sometimes two, and sometimes thee hours". And "<mask> would tell her that neither she nor <mask> were sinning because it was the Angel Splenditello and not she that did these things. And she spoke always with the voice which Splenditello always spoke through Benedetta. . . ." <mask> refused to admit that she had engaged in sexual acts and claimed she could not remember what she did when Splenditello spoke and acted through her. The investigators were not prepared for such things because in Italy and Europe in the 17th century were very few documented cases of sexual relationships between women, and much more cases of heterosexual fornication between a nun and her male lover and cases of male homosexuality. Yet that two women should seek sexual


title: Benedetta Carlini

texts: this nun wrote in her dairy: "<mask> <mask> died at age 71 of fever and colic pains after eighteen days of illness. She died in penitence, having spent thirty-five years in prison." The words in the diary suggest that Benedetta was not imprisoned until 1626, three years after the second investigation. Perhaps the bureaucracy was simply slow. Perhaps authorities had decided not to punish her if she repents and never repeats such claims and deeds, but Benedetta would not or could not live as an ordinary obedient nun.Perhaps secular or ecclesiastical authorities once had recognized <mask> <mask> as a threat to the established order because she remained popular among the laity and decided to shut her within the walls of the convent. The official decision about <mask>'s imprisonment has not survived. We can suppose that the conditions of Benedetta's imprisonment were harsh. Ecclesiastical authorities had adopted Constitution by St. Teresa, who stated that sins of the flesh are the gravest of nuns' faults. And the punishment for these sins must be solitary confinement for life. Guilty sister "shell in no case, even though she repent and implore mercy and pardon, be received back into the community, save if some reasonable cause supervene and on the recommendation and advice of the visitor". Other nuns, except wardens, must not speak with punished one or send her anything under pain of suffering the same penalty.A sister in prison should have her veil and scapular taken away. She should be let out only to hear mass and to follow the other nuns to the place where they disciplined themselves with their whips. On those days, she might be allowed to eat on the floor of the

masks: Benedetta Carlini Benedetta Carlini Benedetta


title: Benedetta Carlini

texts: refectory, near the door so that the others might step over her as they left the room. Several times a week, she should receive only bread and water for sustenance. Word of the death of <mask> <mask> spread quickly outside the convent walls. People of Pescia did not forget her even forty years after the events that brought her notoriety and thirty-five years of strong social isolation. Perhaps the reason was that her prophetic warnings to those who refused to believe in her had finally come to pass and in 1631 the plague did indeed strike Pescia.And many people had never really believed in the officials' efforts to discredit her miracles. A crowd gathered near the convent's gate. People wanted to see and touch <mask>'s body or even take some of it with them like the relics of a saint. But the nuns barred the doors of the church to avoid any uproar and tumult until the burial. They brought dead <mask> into the church as they do with the other nuns and dressed her with the black veil and habit worn by the others. Very little information about the later life of Bartolomea Crivelli has come down to us. An unknown nun on 18 September 1660 wrote in the diary: "Sister Bartolomea [blank] died [today?]; when Sister <mask> <mask> was engaged in those deceits note in this book on page [blank], she was her companion and was always with her. And because of this she experienced many difficulties. . . . In temporal affairs she worked as hard as she could and in spiritual affairs she was very devoted and totally given over to holy prayer." Possibly, Bartolomea had been recognized as an innocent victim of deception and coercion and had not been punished by ecclesiastical or secular

masks: Benedetta Carlini Benedetta Carlini Benedetta Carlini


title: Benedetta Carlini

texts:
 authorities. She may have been stigmatized for a time by the other nuns and may have had to endure occasional reminders of her misdeeds, but she appears to have spent her time as an ordinary nun. Alternative interpretations of Carlini
E. Ann Matter, a feminist religious scholar, has an alternative perspective on the case of <mask> <mask>, and wrote about it in the Journal of Homosexuality in 1990. She compared and contrasted two autobiographical accounts from <mask> <mask> and another 17th-century Italian Catholic mystic, Maria Domitilla Galluzzi of Pavia.<mask> and Galluzi were both self-designated visionaries and highly regarded by their religious and secular communities, but each was subject to suspicion and close scrutiny by church hierarchy. <mask> <mask>'s trial records related the aforementioned series of sexual contacts with Bartolomea, while Maria Domitilla Galluzzi seems to have had no sexual experiences within her own mystical framework. Matter's article questioned whether scholars might have succumbed to the temptation to simply transpose the sexual self-understanding of figures in their own historical context to past historical environments. "Lesbian nun" might be viewed as too simplistic a description, and alongside Maria Galluzzi, <mask> <mask>'s sexuality "might be viewed as organised around an elaborate organic connection between the spiritual and the sensual." However, it might be noted that Matter has written extensively on Galluzzi in other contexts, and Brown's study of <mask> occurs in greater depth than that of her counterpart. More recently, Brian Levack has analysed the <mask> case and others in the context of his work on demonic possession and

masks: Benedetta Carlini Benedetta Carlini Carlini Benedetta Carlini Benedetta Carlini Carlini Carlini


title: Benedetta Carlini

texts: exorcism in the Baroque era of 17th and 18th century Europe. He notes that the case in question was anomalous, as according to <mask>'s account, she was possessed by an angelic entity, Splenditello, when she made love to Sister Bartolomea.Levack departs from the above authors in placing the event in philosophical and historical context, noting the rise of nominalism within 17th and 18th century Catholic thought, which attributed greater scope for agency and supernatural activity from demonic entities than had previously been the case. Such signs were described as convulsions, pain, loss of bodily function (and other symptoms that one might describe as apparent epilepsy from this description), levitation, trance experiences, mystical visions, blasphemy, abuse of sacred objects and vomiting of particular objects as well as immoral actions and gestures and exhibitionism. Levack argues that this provided the female subjects of exorcist rituals with the chance to engage in relative social and sexual agency compared to gender role expectations of social passivity. Possession was a form of dramaturgy and religious theatre, Levack argues, as was demonology. According to Levack, then, <mask> and other recorded instances of Baroque possession were engaged as active participants within a social ritual and theatrical performance that reflected contemporary Baroque religious culture. Judith C. Brown chronicled her life in Immodest Acts (1986), which discussed the events that led to her significance for historians of women's spirituality and lesbianism, while Brian Levack has recently explained the events described as a form of religious theatre and dramaturgy which permitted women

masks: Carlini Carlini


title: Benedetta Carlini

texts:
 greater social and sexual agency than Baroque Catholic religious passivity usually permitted. Canadian playwright and director Rosemary Rowe has written a play about her affair with Sister Bartolomea, <mask> <mask>: Lesbian Nun of Renaissance Italy.In film
Paul Verhoeven has directed a biographical film about <mask> <mask> called Benedetta released in 2021. She is portrayed by Virginie Efira. Notes

References

Bibliography

 Brian Levack: The Devil Within: Exorcism and Possession in the Christian West: New Haven: Yale University Press: 2013:

E. Ann Matter: "Discourses of Desire: Sexuality and Christian Women's Visionary Narratives" in Journal of Homosexuality: 18/89(1989–1990): 119 - 132

Rosemary Rowe: <mask> <mask>: Lesbian Nun of Renaissance Italy. Independently published (English & Italian): 2019:

 Vanda (playwright): 'Vile Affections: Based on the True Story of Benedetta Carlini', 2006: (First produced at the New York International Fringe Festival, August, 2006. Recently translated into German.) see www.vandaplaywright.com

1590 births
1661 deaths
17th-century Christian mystics
17th-century Italian Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
Lesbians
LGBT Roman Catholics
LGBT people from Italy
LGBT history in Italy
People from Pescia
Roman Catholic mystics
17th-century LGBT people
Italian Christian


title: Jay Clayton (attorney)

texts:
Walter Joseph "<mask><mask> (born July 11, 1966) is an American attorney who served as the chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission from May 4, 2017 until December 23, 2020. He was nominated for the position by President Donald Trump. Early life and education
<mask> was born at Fort Eustis in Newport News, Virginia. He grew up near Hershey, Pennsylvania, where his father worked for the local chocolate company, and Wallingford, Pennsylvania. <mask> graduated from Strath Haven High School in 1984. After attending Lafayette College, where he was a member of the soccer team, <mask> transferred to the University of Pennsylvania where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Engineering degree in 1988, and received the Thouron Award for post-graduate study in the United Kingdom. He received a Bachelor of Arts (promoted to a Master of Arts, per tradition) in economics from King's College, Cambridge in 1990.He then attended the University of Pennsylvania Law School where he graduated cum laude and Order of the Coif in 1993 with a Juris Doctor degree. During college and graduate school, <mask> was a member of the Ocean City Beach Patrol and Penn Law rugby team, an intern with the U.S. Attorney's Office in Philadelphia and U.S. Representative Curt Weldon, and an employee of United Engineers and Constructors. Career
From 1993 to 1995, <mask> clerked for Judge Marvin Katz of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. After being a summer associate at the firm in the summer of 1992, <mask> joined Sullivan & Cromwell full-time in October 1995 and became a partner in January 2001. At Sullivan & Cromwell, <mask> was a member of the firm's management committee and co-managing partner of the firm's General Practice Group. He specialized in mergers and acquisitions transactions and capital markets offerings and represented prominent Wall Street firms, including Goldman Sachs. He served as an adviser to numerous companies regarding issues

masks:
Jay
" Clayton III
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton


title: Jay Clayton (attorney)

texts:
 related to the SEC, Federal Reserve, Department of Justice, and other agencies.He has also helped multiple corporations raise money through initial public offerings, including Alibaba Group, Ally Financial, Och-Ziff Capital Management, Oaktree Capital Management, Blackhawk Network Holdings, and Moelis & Company. During the financial crisis of 2007–2008, <mask> advised Bear Stearns in its fire sale to JPMorgan Chase in 2007, Barclays Capital in the purchase of Lehman Brothers' assets following their bankruptcy, and Goldman Sachs in connection with the investment by Berkshire Hathaway. <mask> disclosed to the U.S. Office of Government Ethics that his other corporate clients had included TeliaSonera AB, Ally Financial, Deutsche Bank, UBS, Volkswagen, SoftBank Group, The Weinstein Company, Pershing Square Capital Management, and Valeant Pharmaceuticals. <mask>'s individual clients included Ocwen's former head William Erbey, Paul Tudor Jones, former Attorney General of Ireland Peter Southerland, CDW founder Michael Krasny and LinkedIn founder Reid Hoffman. <mask> earned $7.6 million in 2016 from his firm and has a family wealth of at least $50 million. A substantial portion of his holdings were in mutual funds of the Vanguard Group. His investments also included private funds managed by Apollo Global Management, Bain Capital, J.C.Flowers & Co., and Richard C. Perry but he divested these investments upon confirmation. SEC chair

Nomination and confirmation
On January 4, 2017, President-elect Donald Trump announced his intention to nominate <mask> to be SEC Chairman, and he was nominated on Inauguration Day, January 20, 2017. <mask>'s nomination was endorsed by Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance Jr. U.S. Senator Catherine Cortez Masto, a Democrat representing Nevada, expressed concern that <mask> represented Swedish firm TeliaSonera in a proposed venture that would combine Russian telecommunications companies MegaFon and Altimo. <mask> is not thought to have

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title: Jay Clayton (attorney)

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 any ties to the Russian companies. On April 4, 2017, the Senate Banking Committee voted 15–8 to take <mask>'s nomination to the full Senate, with three Democrats voting in favor of <mask>. On May 2, 2017, the U.S. Senate voted 61–37 to confirm <mask> as Chairman of the SEC.Votes cast in favor of <mask>'s confirmation included nine Democrats and one Independent alongside 51 Republican votes. On May 4, 2017, <mask> was sworn in, marking the official beginning of his role as Chairman. Tenure
In connection with the nomination of <mask> in January, President Trump said in a statement that "[w]e need to undo many regulations which have stifled investment in American businesses, and restore oversight of the financial industry in a way that does not harm American workers." Upon <mask>'s swearing-in, the SEC consisted of <mask>; Michael Piwowar, who was serving as acting Chairman; and Kara Stein. Subsequently, Hester Peirce and Robert J. Jackson Jr. joined the commission. In 2018, Piwowar and Stein stepped down, and Elad Roisman and Allison Lee joined the Commission in 2018 and 2019 respectively. <mask> has expressed concern about the decline in the number of U.S. public companies and also has been outspoken on securities law issues related to distributed ledger technology, cryptocurrencies and initial coin offerings.Some predicted that he will look to encourage initial public offerings (IPOs) of companies and streamline the capital formation process by reducing the regulatory framework that applies to public companies in the United States. Under <mask>'s tenure as chairman of the SEC, the SEC charged the fewest number of insider trading cases since the Reagan administration. In November 2020, <mask> stated his intention to resign at the end of the year, although his term would expire at the end of June 2021, <mask> resigned on December 23, 2020. One of his final actions before resigning was to sue Ripple Labs challenging the legality of trading cryptocurrency XRP

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title: Jay Clayton (attorney)

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 as an unregistered security. Southern District of New York
On June 19, 2020, Attorney General Bill Barr announced that President Trump would nominate <mask> to replace Geoffrey Berman as United States attorney for the Southern District of New York. <mask> was criticized for his role in the removal of Geoffrey Berman at a U.S. House hearing. <mask> said it was entirely his idea to become the U.S. Attorney for SDNY.He said he wanted the position because he had a "strong desire to continue in public service," and return to his New York-based family. After SEC
In February 2021, Apollo Global Management appointed <mask> to the newly created role of lead independent director on its board. <mask> also rejoined Sullivan & Cromwell LLP, where he was a partner before entering government, to become senior policy adviser and counsel. Professional memberships and activities
<mask> is a member of the American Bar Association, served as an Adjunct Professor at University of Pennsylvania Law School beginning in 2009, and was Chairman of the New York City Bar Committee on International Business Transactions beginning in 2010. Prior to his confirmation, <mask> served on the Executive Committee of the Metropolitan Golf Association. Personal life
<mask>'s wife Gretchen, whom he started dating while they attended the same Pennsylvania high school, worked at Goldman Sachs. At one point a small amount of her retirement assets (less than $1,001) was invested in an account managed by Omega Advisors.<mask>'s wife resigned from her job prior to his confirmation. References

External links

Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
American lawyers
Law clerks
Living people
Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Securities (finance)
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Sullivan & Cromwell partners
1966 births
Finance law scholars
Scholars of securities law
University of Pennsylvania Law School faculty
Trump administration

masks: Clayton Clayton Clayton Clayton Clayton Clayton Clayton Clayton Clayton


title: Thomas Löfkvist

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<mask> (born 4 April 1984) is a Swedish former professional road bicycle racer who last rode for the UCI Professional Continental team . Since 2015 <mask> is general manager of Swedish professional cycling team Team Tre Berg–PostNord. He became the youngest Swedish professional road bicycle racer when he started his professional bicycling career in  at the age of 19 in 2004. <mask> was a good time trialist with solid climbing abilities, winning the Monte Paschi Eroica in 2009 with a powerful attack during the steep final kilometer ascent. He has previously used, both within and outside of the cycling world, the surname spelling 'Lövkvist'. Beginning with the cycling season of 2010 he is using his legal surname Löfkvist throughout. Career

Early years
As a junior, Löfkvist was the European mountain bike champion.Aged 19 he won the Individual Time Trial and the Overall Classification of the prestigious Circuit des Ardennes. Löfkvist also finished sixth and wore the leader's jersey in the 2003 Tour de l'Avenir. Following these results he turned professional for the French team  in 2004. Française des Jeux
Löfkvist's first professional season turned out to be a very successful one. The week after turning 20 he won the last stage of Circuit de la Sarthe with a 171 km breakaway, covering 150 alone after getting rid of Christophe Moreau. The stage win also gave him the Overall Classification, drawing comparisons with Tour de France winners Bernard Hinault and Greg LeMond, who also won the race at the age of 20. Löfkvist finished 10 seconds ahead of

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Thomas Löfkvist
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title: Thomas Löfkvist

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 Franck Bouyer, who four days later earned his revenge by beating Löfkvist in the French semi-classic Paris–Camembert.Later in the season he also won the Swedish National time trial championships and participated in the 2004 Summer Olympics. In the 2004 Tour de l'Avenir he won the last stage and finished second overall on the same time of the winner, Sylvain Calzati. <mask> began the 2005 season with a 12th place in the Paris–Nice. He made his debut in the Tour de France as the youngest rider at the age of 21. He also finished 4th in the Tour de Pologne and 14th in the Deutschland Tour. He was later named the Swedish Cyclist of the Year. In 2006 he became the Swedish National Road Race champion and was once again the youngest rider of the Tour de France.In 2007 he finished second in the Critérium International after winning the concluding Time Trial. He also competed in the Tour de France and later finished second in the 14th stage of the Vuelta a España, the best stage result for a Swede in Vuelta a España since 1982. At the age of 23 he had finished his second Grand Tour of the season and the fourth of his career. <mask> was the UCI ProTour rider with most competition days (84) in 2007 and he only abandoned in the last stage of Paris–Nice. He covered the third most competition kilometers in the ProTour. Team Columbia
<mask> joined the  for the 2008 season, later known as Team Columbia. Löfkvist won the best young rider classification and finished third in the Tirreno–Adriatico.His improvement in stage races became clear after he finished fifth

masks: Löfkvist Löfkvist Löfkvist


title: Thomas Löfkvist

texts:
 in the Tour de Suisse, ahead of his team leader Kim Kirchen. <mask> also took the white jersey from Romain Feillu in the first time trial of the 2008 Tour de France. Löfkvist then finished impressively 12th at the World Championships. In 2009 he finished 5th at the Tour of California behind Levi Leipheimer and then won the Monte Paschi Eroica, his first win in two years. He also finished fourth in the Tirreno–Adriatico and later wore the pink jersey as leader of the general classification at the 2009 Giro d'Italia. Team Sky

On 10 September 2009, Löfkvist was presented as a rider for the newly established British , where he has chosen to spell his name 'Löfkvist'. Team Sky officials have said that the name appears as 'Löfkvist' on the rider's passport, and he previously has used that spelling in the Olympic games.In July 2010, <mask> finished 17th in the Tour de France (20 minutes, 46 seconds behind winner Alberto Contador), the highest placed Team Sky rider. <mask> led Team Sky at the 2010 Vuelta a España, but the team withdrew from after Stage 7 following the death of soigneur Txema González. In the absence of Bradley Wiggins, <mask> led Team Sky at the 2011 Giro d'Italia, where he finished 21st overall. <mask> left  at the end of the 2012 season, and joined the new  team for the 2013 season. In August 2014, <mask> announced his retirement at the end of the 2014 season, as he was diagnosed with chronic fatigue. In November 2014 <mask> was announced as general manager of the new Swedish squad Team Tre Berg-Bianchi ahead of the 2015 cycling

masks: Löfkvist Löfkvist Löfkvist Löfkvist Löfkvist Löfkvist Löfkvist


title: Wesley Bell

texts:
<mask> is a St. Louis area attorney, former public defender, former municipal prosecutor and judge, former municipal prosecutor and former city council member for Ferguson, Missouri. Currently <mask> holds the office of Prosecuting Attorney for St. Louis County, Missouri. In a major upset, he soundly defeated long-time yet controversial county prosecutor Bob McCulloch in the August 2018 Democratic primary election. <mask> became the first black county prosecuting attorney in St. Louis County history when he took office in January 2019. Early life
<mask> was raised in North St. Louis County, Missouri. He is the son of a police officer father and civil servant mother. <mask> is a graduate of Hazelwood East High School, Lindenwood University, and University of Missouri School of Law.Career
After graduating from law school <mask> worked as a St. Louis County public defender. He later joined the faculty of Florissant Valley Community College as a professor in the criminology department. Additionally, he also was appointed to be a municipal court judge in Velda City and municipal prosecutor in Riverview. While working as a municipal judge in Velda City, <mask> was sued by Arch City Defenders, a local nonprofit, for running an illegal bail system. In 2015 during the Ferguson Protests he was elected to the city council with strong support from some activists. During his time on the council he helped to implement the consent decree to reform the city’s criminal justice system through both police and court reform. Running for the county prosecutor race on a platform of community based policing, assigning special prosecutors in homicides by police, pledging to never seek the death penalty, reforming cash bail/bond and never using it for low-level offenses, expanding

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title: Wesley Bell

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 diversion programs and the county’s drug courts, and promoting equitable due process, he received significant support from local and national activists and advocacy groups.Prosecutor-Elect

In December 2018, a month before <mask> took office, the St. Louis County Prosecuting Attorney Office attorneys and investigators voted to join the St. Louis Police Officers Association (SLPOA) a chapter of the Fraternal Order of Police which represents police officers in a neighboring jurisdiction. This decision elicited immediate criticism, including accusations of a conflict of interest. Concerns were raised both locally and nationally, and by the Ethical Society of Police (ESOP), which is composed of, predominantly black, active and retired law enforcement officers. However, at least some of the employees’ concerns seemed to be justified after <mask> terminated three veteran prosecutors within hours of beginning his term. These terminated employees were later paid $170,000 by St. Louis County to settle their wrongful termination claims. County Prosecutor

<mask> Plan

On January 8, 2019 <mask> released details of his “Bell Plan.” This plan prioritized working to reduce the St. Louis County jail population to give more resources to combating violent crime. Marijuana Decriminalization

In his first hours in office, <mask> ordered his assistant prosecutors not to prosecute marijuana cases under 100 grams without evidence of distribution of the drug.However, he will still prosecute marijuana cases where the person possessing the marijuana is armed with a weapon. They will also not seek warrants on cases which solely involve the possession of marijuana. Child Support

Additionally, during his first days in office <mask> elected to stop prosecuting criminal child support

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title: Wesley Bell

texts:
 cases. This led to concerns that he was allowing non-supporting parents to evade their financial obligations to their children. <mask> responded that he was trying to ensure that people would not face criminal charges for being unable to pay and that such charges made it harder for debtors to pay their child support. <mask> also stated that he was bringing St. Louis County into line with the rest of the State of Missouri. At the same time it emerged that Tim Swope, Bell’s Director of Operations, owed nearly $19,000.00 in back child support himself.Death Penalty

Bell campaigned on a platform of opposition to the death penalty. In November 2018, prior to <mask> taking office, Thomas Bruce, a resident of Jefferson County, Missouri, allegedly entered Catholic Supply, a religious goods store in west St. Louis County and ordered three women there to perform deviant sexual acts on him. According to the charges, when one of the women refused to do so he shot her in the head, killing her. There was a major public outcry for <mask> seek the death penalty for Bruce, but <mask> refused, keeping his campaign promise. Former St. Louis police chief Tim Fitch has urged <mask> to turn the case over to federal prosecutors so that they can seek the death penalty. However, the family of the victim supported <mask>’s decision not to seek the death penalty. Officer-Involved Shootings

In April 2019, police with the city of Ladue, a St. Louis municipality, were called to a disturbance at a local grocery store.The disturbance allegedly involved a woman shoplifting and fighting with store employees. The Ladue police officer, a white female, confronted the alleged shoplifter, a black female, and the woman fought with the officer and ran from her. The police officer then shot her,

masks: Bell Bell Bell Bell Bell Bell Bell


title: Wesley Bell

texts:
 claiming she intended to use her taser instead. <mask>, reversing the trend over the past several years, charged the police officer with felony assault in the second degree. However, in another case in August 2019, at the St. Louis Galleria Mall, a man named Terry Tillman was shot and killed after being chased by a police officer. According to police, Tillman was carrying a pistol with an extended magazine inside the mall, a no gun zone. Police also said that a shopper alerted a police officer who went to stop Tillman.When approached, Tillman took off and the officer chased him. During this chase several other police officers joined the pursuit which took Tillman and officers onto an adjacent parking lot. At some point Tillman was shot after police said he allegedly made a threatening movement in their direction. However, activists in St. Louis later claimed the police planted the gun on Tillman after shooting him and that shooting Tillman was an extreme overreaction on the part of police. <mask> was one of the first people at the scene and promised a transparent investigation. However, after nearly a year and a half, in December 2020, <mask> announced he would not charge the officer. <mask> blamed the delay on being unable to obtain video due to the COVID-19 pandemic.However, a police report released by <mask>’s office indicated that <mask>’s office had the video on November 29, 2019. Controversies

Reopening the Michael Brown Shooting Case

After his win against incumbent Bob McCulloch, many of his supporters, including Howard University law professor Justin Hansford, called on <mask> to reopen the investigation into the death of Michael Brown. While <mask> initially promised to address the issue before his inauguration, it took him nearly 18 months to do

masks: Bell Bell Bell Bell Bell Bell Bell Bell


title: Wesley Bell

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 so. <mask> ultimately found, like his predecessor Bob McCulloch and the Obama DOJ, that there was no probable cause to charge Darren Wilson with murder or manslaughter. This decision was met with anger from his supporters and Michael Brown's family who accused <mask> of conducting an incomplete investigation. The St. Louis Post Dispatch, a local paper of record, was also critical of <mask> for his apparent disappointment expressed at a press conference, in not being able to indict Wilson. Sex Discrimination Lawsuit

On October 29, 2020 one of Bell's assistant prosecutors filed a lawsuit under Missouri's Human Rights Act claiming that <mask> had fired her and forced out five other female attorneys in favor of male employees.The lawsuit further alleged that <mask> had created a hostile work environment for female attorneys at the office. <mask> responded by claiming that the prosecutor's attorney was irresponsibly and unethically attempting to litigate his case in the media. Allegations of Politically-Motivated Prosecutions

In October 2019, <mask> charged Dawan Ferguson with two counts of statutory rape and two counts of statutory sodomy and child molestation. The allegations stem from the disappearance of Ferguson’s son Christian in 2003. Ferguson’s public defender filed a motion to dismiss the case, arguing that the case was politically-motivated. She cited Ferguson’s ex-wife working for <mask>’s campaign for prosecutor and donating money to <mask> as proof of this assertion. Use of Government Resources

<mask> has also been criticized for his use of government resources while in office.In June 2019, KSDK, a local news outlet, reported that <mask> had amassed nearly $800 in parking tickets for parking in no-parking zones and in front of fire hydrants

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title: Wesley Bell

texts: outside of his office, despite the fact that he was provided with a parking space. <mask>’s chief of staff, Sam Alton, responded that it was "too tedious" to cross the street to the parking garage. <mask> later paid off the parking tickets using his own money. In August 2019, it emerged that <mask> had hired a former campaign worker as a paid intern with the office. In that position she earned more than many of the career staff employees and legal interns. While <mask> refused to be interviewed about the subject, his office responded that she was responsible for community engagement projects. The intern was also observed accompanying <mask> to many social and community events.In October 2019, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch conducted an investigation into <mask>’s expenditures during the first ten months in office. The investigation uncovered that <mask> had spent over $30,000 in government funds on travel and food during his first ten months in office. This included an $816 dinner at an expensive Miami steakhouse and a $300 meal at a Lake of the Ozarks steakhouse. In addition to food and travel, the Post-Dispatch determined that <mask> had spent over $8,000 of taxpayer dollars on new office furniture, blinds, and an espresso machine for his office. Furthermore, the Post-Dispatch also reported on <mask>’s efforts to hide details of his spending, such as omitting thousands of dollars of charges from requested records, charging the Post to provide requested documents, reimbursing expenditures only after records requests for those expenditures were made, and being nonresponsive to sunshine requests. This was criticized as inconsistent with <mask>’s campaign promises to be a transparent administration. Under pressure from his supporters, <mask> ultimately apologized


title: Frank Moulaert

texts:
<mask> is Professor of Spatial Planning at the Department of Architecture, Urban Design and Regional Planning at Catholic University of Leuven. He is Director of the Urban and Regional Planning Research Group and chairs the Leuven Space and Society Research Centre at the University. He is also a Visiting Professor at the School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University. <mask> has initiated a number of research and development projects on social innovation in territorial development. He has extensively published on the subjects related to globalisation, Institutionalism, territorial innovation, social economy, social polarisation, social exclusion, integrated area development, regional development, European governance, and socioeconomic networking. Other areas of his interest include evolutionary theory and the ecology of nature parks. He is fluent in 6 European languages and have published a number of works in Dutch, English, French, German, Italian and Spanish language.Most of his recent works reflect a growing focus on urban development as well as the institutional dynamics  of social innovation and social exclusion implying the need to include the cultural dynamics, artistic activities, and social economy organizations and associations into the social policy and planning arena. Recent activities
 Coordinates European Spatial Development Planning Network
 Coordinates European Module in Spatial Development Planning (EMSDP)
 Coordinator for SOCIALPOLIS – Social Platform on Cities and Social Cohesion (2008-2010) in the area of urban development and cohesion, under FP7 (SOCIAL POLIS)
 Coordinator for Research Area [O] Economy, Society and Territory, European Association for

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Frank Moulaert
Moulaert


title: Frank Moulaert

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 Evolutionary and Political Economy (EAEPE)

Biography
<mask> graduated in Business Administration from the Universitaire Faculteiten Sint-Ignatius, Antwerp, Belgium in 1971. Subsequently, he studied for Masters in Economics at the Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium (in 1974) and then in 1977 in Regional Science from University of Pennsylvania, Department of Regional Science. In 1979, he received PhD in Regional Science at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, U.S. He is married to Greet Debucquoy and has three children Pieter, Stijn, and Elke. When he is not travelling, he settles in his house in the small West Flanders' town of Kortrijk. Academic career
From time to time, between 1974 until 1983, <mask> was engaged as Research and teaching assistant in regional economics, Centrum voor Economische Studiën at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.In between, he also worked as Research and teaching assistant for Regional Science Department at University of Pennsylvania, and Peace Science Department. He was Associate Professor at Limburgse Economische Hogeschool, Diepenbeek. At University of Lille I (USTL)
In 1987 he moved to Faculty of Economics and Sociology, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Lille, France as Associate Professor in Economics and remained Professor of Economics between 1994-2002. His other capacities at University of Lille I include:

 Prime d'encadrement et de recherché;
 Habilitation à diriger les recherches;
 Coordinator for ERASMUS Intensive Programmes "Lille-Roubaix-Tourcoing: a Metropolitan Region in the Central Periphery of the European Community"; Faculty coordinator for the ERASMUS networks "Spatial Development" and "Social-scientific Study of Technical

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title: Frank Moulaert

texts:
 Planning network.European social science research
<mask> is an active figure in European Research Networking in social sciences. He is credited for having conducted 15% of all research projects in Social-science and Humanities for three European Commission Framework Projects (FP4, FP5, and FP6) combined. Among the many successful social science projects coordinated and steered by <mask>, some include:
 Urban regeneration and social Polarisation in the City – URSPIC (1997–1999). Valorising Linkages between Private Consulting and Public Research and the Role of Universities – VALICORES (2001–2004)
 Social Innovation, Governance and Community Building – SINGOCOM (2001-2004)
 Development Models and Logics for Socioeconomic Organization in Space, an FP6 STReP with a consortium of 9 international institutions, DEMOLOGOS, (2004–07). Growing Inequality and Social Innovation: Alternative Knowledge and Practice in Overcoming Social Exclusion in Europe. A Coordination Action under European Commission Framework-6 (FP6), KATARSIS (2006–09). Leverhulme Trust Fellowship 2006–07 in Social Innovation strategy for scientific research and human development.Social Platform on Cities and Social Cohesion in the area of urban development and cohesion, under FP7, SOCIALPOLIS (2008-2010). Selected publications

Edited books
 <mask>, F., Swyngedouw, E. and A. Rodriguez The Globalized City: Economic Restructing and Social Polarization in European Cities. Oxford University Press, 2003,
 Globalization and Integrated Area Development in European Cities. Oxford University Press, 2000,  (Hardcover), 2002  (Paperback). MacCallum, D., <mask>, F., Hillier, J. and S. Vicari Social Innovation and Territorial Development, Ashgate

masks: Moulaert Moulaert Moulaert Moulaert


title: Frank Moulaert

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 Publishing, 2009. <mask>, F. and Vicari, S. (in Italian), Rigenerare la Città. Pratiche di innovazione sociale nelle città europee, Il Mulino, 2009.<mask>, F., Swyngedouw, E., Martinelli, F. and S. Gonzalez, Can Neighbourhoods Save the City? : Community Development and Social Innovation, Routledge, 2010,
 Oosterlynck, S., van den Broek, J., Albrechts, L., <mask>, F. and A. Verhetsel, Bridging the Gap between Planning and Implementation: Turning Transformative Visions into Strategic Projects, Routledge. 2010,

Special edited issues of journals
 (with Flavia Martinelli and Erik Swyngedouw) Social Innovation and Local Development. Special issue of Urban Studies, vol. 42, issue 11, October 2005. (with Flavia Martinelli and Erik Swyngedouw) Social innovation and Governance in European Cities: between path dependency and radical innovation. Special issue of European Urban and Research Studies, 2006.(with Abdel Hamdouch and Jacques Nussbaumer) Valorizing Linkages between Research Institutes in Europe. Special issue of The European Journal of Social Science Research, 2006. (with Serena Vicari) Ri-Generare la Citta. Pratiche di innovazione sociale nelle citta europee. Milano: Il Mulino. 2006. (in Italian)
 (with Jacques Nussbaumer) La logique sociale du developpement territorial.Projet soumis aux Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. 2006. (in French)

Articles in refereed journals
 Institutional Economics and Planning Theory: A Partnership between Ostriches? Planning Theory, 4(1): 21–32, 2005. see the abstract/article
 (with Farid Sekia) Territorial Innovation Models: a Critical Survey. Regional Studies, 37(3):289–302, 2003. see the abstract/article
 (with Jean Hillier and Jacques Nussbaumer) Three essays

masks: Moulaert Moulaert Moulaert


title: Frank Moulaert

texts:
 Economic-Geographical Perspective. Dordrecht, Springer, 2005. See also
 EAEPE
 ESDP-Network
 Social exclusion
 Social innovation

External links
 Address at European Journalism Centre
 <mask>, Personal Website
 Profile at KU Leuven website
 Expert details at ESPRID

Regional economists
Academics of Newcastle University
Flemish academics
KU Leuven alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
University of Lille Nord de France faculty
Living people
1951


title: Bauyrjan Baibek

texts:
<mask> (born 19 March 1974) is a Kazakh politician who served as the äkim of Almaty from 9 August 2015 to 28 June 2019. Along party lines. <mask> was the First Deputy Chairman of Nur Otan from 29 June 2019 to 2 February 2022 and previously from 17 January 2013 to 8 August 2015. Early life and education
<mask> was born in the city of Alma-Ata (present-day Almaty) in 1974. After graduating from the Kulyash Bayseitova Musical School in Almaty with honors in piano, he entered the Kurmangazy Conservatory in 1992. From 1994 to 1998, he studied in Germany under the Bolashak Scholarship. In 1995, <mask> earned a degree in German Language from the Goethe-Institut’s annual program in Bremen.He then graduated from the Lübeck Academy of Music with a specialty as a teacher in 1998. In 2002, <mask> graduated in absentee from the University of Central Asia in Almaty with a degree in international economics. In 2010, he defended his thesis on "The institutionalization of the state protocol of the Republic of Kazakhstan", earning doctoral degree in political science. Early career
From 1999 to 2002, <mask> worked as a referent, attaché of the Consulate General of Kazakhstan in Frankfurt and the third secretary of Economic missions of Kazakhstan in Germany in the city of Berlin. From 2002 to 2003, he served as an expert in the Central Systems Research of the Presidential Administration of Kazakhstan. From 2004 to 2006, <mask> was the chief inspector of the Protocol of the President of Kazakhstan. In 2006, he became the chief of the Protocol of the President and worked in this position until August 2009, when he became the deputy head of the Presidential Administration.First Deputy Chairman of Nur Otan

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Bauyrjan Qydyrgaliuly Baibek
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title: Bauyrjan Baibek

texts:
 (2013–2015, 2019–2022)

On 17 January 2013, <mask> was appointed as the First Deputy Chairman of Nur Otan. In 2014, under <mask>, an anti-corruption program of the Nur Otan was developed and adopted for 2015 to 2025. In March 2015, the party initiated a number of projects dedicated to the 70th anniversary of Victory Day. In the framework of the project “Ардагерлерді ардақтайық” (“Taking Care of the Older Generation”), a complete data was restored on 531 Heroes of the Soviet Union and more than 124 full cavaliers of the Order of Glory. With the assistance of the Nur Otan, the cycle “Қазақстандық қаһармандар” (“Heroic annals of Kazakhstanis”) started. Hundred videos in Kazakh and Russian languages about Kazakh World War II veterans were shown on the Astana channel. On 28 June 2019, <mask> was reappointed again as the First Deputy Chairman.He served the post until 2 February 2022 when he stepped down shortly after President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev became the new party leader. In his Facebook page, <mask> cited the reason for his resignation was due to the Nur Otan requiring "new tasks that require fresh approaches and views." In his statement, he gave remarks about his work in the party which were contributing to strengthening Kazakhstan's independence, thanking former President and party leader Nazarbayev and incumbent President Tokayev for trust and support, as well as the party's apparatus staff and members. Following <mask>'s dismissal, the post of the First Deputy Chairman was abolished and replaced by the executive secretary for the party, who became Ashat Oralov. Äkim of Almaty (2015–2019)

Transportation

Tram closure
On 31 October 2015, tram traffic was closed in Almaty due to the

masks: Baibek Baibek Baibek Baibek Baibek


title: Bauyrjan Baibek

texts:
 results of the inspection, which revealed numerous irregularities and inconsistencies: there were gaps of up to 50 mm at all assembly joints, rail wear was up to 2–2.5 cm, wooden sleepers were rotten. Due to the condition of the tram tracks, wheel sets of wagons were heavily worn out. In 2014, there were 20 facts of the derailment of cars.Up until September 2015, there were 43 derailments. In 2017, the dismantling of tram tracks began. Onai System
On 11 January 2016, the public transport system "Onai" was introduced, which was non-cash fare system. The system deduced unaccounted cash from the shadow turnover. In September 2016, the cash payment of Almaty residents for a month amounted to 256 million tenge, with cards to only 0.8 billion tenge. In September 2017, the monthly cash income was 91 million tenge, and through the Onai card, 1.5 billion tenge. 800 million tenge were withdrawn from the shadow turnover in one month.Upgrades
Under the leadership of <mask>, public transport was updated by 80%, almost 1300 new buses were purchased. In January 2016, 70% of the state-owned company “Almatyelektrotrans” was transferred to a private investor Green Bus Company LLP for 5 years in trust without the right to subsequent redemption. Bus rapid transit
In September 2018, the first BRT line in the country was launched on Timiryazev Street, at peak hours, the speed of buses along the line was 3 times higher than cars. Already in the first 10 days of operation, passenger flow increased by 40% from 100,000 to 140,000 people. Speed limit
After speed reduction on Al-Farabi Avenue from 80 to 60 km, the number of accidents decreased by 2.7 times. On the one-sided Kurmangazy street, the number of


title: Bauyrjan Baibek

texts:
 accidents decreased by 41%, and on Shevchenko street was 4 times. Urban policies
For several years, work was underway to reconstruct the central streets of the city for pedestrians.One of the main objects of change was Panfilov Street, which became a pedestrian street from Zhibek Zholy Street to Qabanbai Batyr Street. Under Baibek, more than 600 streets and almost 1,600 courtyards of Almaty were repaired, where modern children's and sports grounds, surveillance cameras, and courtyard lighting appeared. 30% of street lighting was converted to energy-saving LED lighting. 300 km of irrigation ditches and 2000 km of engineering networks were also repaired and built. Almost 3000 illegal kiosks were demolished in the city. Baubek announced the City Without Fences program, in which 150 km of fences were dismantled. Many organizations planted bushes and trees as a replacement.In October 2015, the building of the former General Plan on Jeltoqsan Street was demolished. Members of the Defend Almaty initiative group gathered near the building, claiming that work was being carried out illegally, but the city planning council issued all the necessary permits. In October 2015, with the approval of the Town Planning Council, the Alatau Cinema building, built in 1960, was demolished for the construction of McDonald's. Social media users organized a flash mob against the demolition of the building. In response to the controversies, <mask> stated that for 20 years the cinema was empty, and it did not represent historical value, since it was made of alucobond. A project for preventive monitoring of mudflow hazard was developed. Seismic amplification of 65% of educational facilities and 53% of healthcare was


title: John Glines

texts:
<mask> (October 11, 1933 – August 8, 2018) was an American playwright and theater producer. He won a Tony Award and multiple Drama Desk Awards during his producing career. Playwright and producer
Born in Santa Maria, California, <mask> graduated from Yale in 1955 with a BA in drama. As a writer in children’s television, he worked for seven years on Captain Kangaroo and for four years on Sesame Street. His play In The Desert Of My Soul was anthologized in Best Short Plays Of 1976. His musical Gulp!, written with Stephen Greco and Robin Jones, had a lengthy off-off-Broadway run in 1977. His plays written for, and originally produced by The Glines, the non-profit organization for gay arts which he co-founded in 1976 with Barry Laine and Jerry Tobin, include On Tina Tuna Walk, In Her Own Words (A Biography of Jane Chambers), Men Of Manhattan (also made into a film directed by Anthony Marsellis), Chicken Delight, Body And Soul Murder In Disguise, Key West, and Heavenly Days.His last play, Butterflies And Tigers, based on stories of the Chinese people during the Cultural Revolution, had an extended run in New York City in 1998. It catered to lesbian and gay male playwrights Jane Chambers, Robert Patrick, Doric Wilson, and Harvey Fierstein. Other recognizable actors and prestigious writers (across all gender identities and sexual identities)  who in later years worked with <mask> were Matthew Broderick, Jean Smart, Charles Busch, Allen Ginsberg, Lou Liberatore, Jonathan Hadary, Armistead Maupin, Pat Bond,

masks:
John Glines
Glines
The Glines


title: John Glines

texts:
 Felice Picano, Ned Rorem, Vito Russo, Robin Tyler, Audre Lorde, Edmund White, Dan Lauria, James Purdy, <mask>, Fisher Stevens, and Jack Wrangler. In 1985 he told Playbill, “Nine years ago, [gay] playwrights and actors didn’t use their own names; a gay play meant something pornographic. I thought by using my own name, it would be a forerunner — it would force others to do the same.”

When “Torch Song” won Best Play just two years after public health recognition of the AIDS crisis, <mask> said on the national telecast, “This is a stupendous and miraculous moment, and I would like to accept this in memory of Jane Chambers and Billy Blackwell and in honor of all my brothers and sisters.” After thanking Fierstein and others in the company, <mask> concluded, “And lastly but most importantly to the one person who believed and followed the dream from the very beginning who never said, ‘You’re crazy and it can’t be done,’ I refer to my partner and my lover, Lawrence Lane.”

Writing last year in The New York Times, Stuart Emmrich said he and his partner, Barry, “were shocked. It was the first time either of us had seen a real-life gay man openly acknowledge a romantic relationship on network TV, much less on an awards program.”

The Times did not cover Glines’ historic speech in its next day coverage, but did quote Natalia Makarova who won for Best Supporting Actress in a Musical for “On Your Toes” thanking her husband “who didn’t help much but wasn’t in the way.” And the newspaper noted that Tommy Tune, who

masks:
John Rechy
Glines
Glines


title: John Glines

texts:
 won two Tonys for “On Your Toes,” wore “a bright pink shirt and pink bow tie” and thanked his sister. Philip Crosby, managing director of the Richmond Triangle Players, an LGBTQ theater group now in its 25th year in Virginia, wrote, “He enabled all the LGBTQ theaters across the country to have the courage to produce the works we do.”

Glines won a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award in 1983 as producer of Torch Song Trilogy.In his acceptance speech for the Tony, he was the first person ever to acknowledge his same-sex lover on a major awards show. He won the Drama Desk Award and a Tony nomination in 1985 as producer of As Is, and won the Drama Desk Award in 1994 for Whoop-Dee-Doo! Activism

In 1987, <mask> founded Stamp Out AIDS to raise a million dollars to fight the HIV and AIDS epidemic by selling stamps that people could use like CEaster Seals. He enlisted the participation of  Helen Hayes, Pearl Bailey, Vivian Blaine, Ellen Greene, Richard Dreyfuss, and Estelle Getty. In 1992, <mask> was a founding board member of Broadway Cares/ Equity Fights AIDS, whose longtime executive director, Tom Viola, wrote on Facebook, “<mask> will always be a part of our legacy.”

Concurrently with his theatre work, <mask> was a founding trustee of Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS, which grew out of Stamp Out AIDS, the non-profit organization he founded in 1985 as a result of his work on As Is. <mask> was honored by numerous organizations, including the Empire State Pride Agenda (Artistic Vision Award), Parents,

masks: John Glines John Glines Glines


title: John Glines

texts:
 Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) (Oscar Wilde Award), the Allied Gay and Lesbian Association of Los Angeles, and Off-Off-Broadway Review (Lifetime Achievement Award). Chaowarat Chiewvej married <mask> in 2014.<mask> died from complications from surgery and emphysema at the age of 84 on August 8, 2018 at his home in Bangkok, Thailand. (Gay City News, August 22, 2018)

References

External links
 FROM LYCEUM’S STAGE, A DISCUSSION ON AIDS The New York Times, October 13, 1985. <mask> papers, 1971-1998, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
  THEATER: 'CARLA'S SONG,' A DRAMA ABOUT CHILD ABUSE Stephen Holden, The New York Times, July 30, 1984. Review/Theater; Arrivederci Papa, Farce In Drag Stephen Holden, The New York Times, June 29, 1989. The Demonstration (a scene from Men of Manhattan) Actors Theatre of Louisville, 1991
 Glines Hopes NY Audiences Will Start Chasing His Butterflies David Lefkowitz, Playbill On-Line, 12 June 1998. Adjunct Theatre League Ex-Voters Retain Legal Counsel Playbill On-Line, 26 October 1999. Old Plays Are Gold Francine L. Trevens, On the Purple Circuit, June 17, 2003.Memorial Foundation for the Arts, Honorary Board Members
 Reviews Written by <mask> Amazon.com
 Personal photo galleries

1933 births
2018 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
Tony Award winners
People from Santa Maria, California
Yale University alumni
LGBT dramatists and playwrights
LGBT people from California
American gay

masks:
John Glines
Glines
John Glines
John Glines


title: Pope Urban II

texts:
<mask> (;  – 29 July 1099), otherwise known as Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 March 1088 to his death. He is best known for initiating the Crusades. <mask> was a native of France, and was a descendant of a noble family from the French commune of Châtillon-sur-Marne. Reims was the nearby cathedral school where he began his studies in 1050. Before his papacy, <mask> was the grand prior of Cluny and bishop of Ostia. As pope, he dealt with Antipope <mask>, infighting of various Christian nations, and the Muslim incursions into Europe. In 1095 he started preaching the First Crusade (1095–99).He promised forgiveness and pardon for all of the past sins of those who would fight to reclaim the holy land from Muslims and free the eastern churches. This pardon would also apply to those that would fight the Muslims in Spain. While the First Crusade resulted in the liberation of Jerusalem from the Fatimids, Pope <mask> II died before he could receive this news. He also set up the modern-day Roman Curia in the manner of a royal ecclesiastical court to help run the Church. He was beatified by <mask> <mask> on 14 July 1881. Bishop of Ostia
<mask>, baptized Eudes (Odo), was born to a family of Châtillon-sur-Marne. He was prior of the abbey of Cluny, later Pope <mask> named him cardinal-bishop of Ostia .He was one of the most prominent and active supporters of the Gregorian reforms, especially as legate in the Holy Roman Empire in 1084. He was among the three whom <mask> nominated as papabile (possible successors). Desiderius, the abbot of Monte Cassino, was chosen to follow Gregory in 1085 but, after his short reign as <mask>, Odo was elected by acclamation at a small meeting of cardinals and other prelates held in Terracina in March 1088. Papacy

Struggle for authority

From the

masks:
Pope Urban II
Pope Urban
Urban
Clement III
Urban
Pope Leo
XIII
Urban
Gregory VII
Gregory VII
Victor III


title: Pope Urban II

texts: outset, <mask> had to reckon with the presence of Guibert, the former bishop of Ravenna who held Rome as the antipope "<mask>". Gregory had repeatedly clashed with the emperor Henry IV over papal authority. Despite the Walk to Canossa, Gregory had backed the rebel Duke of Swabia and again excommunicated the emperor. Henry finally took Rome in 1084 and installed <mask> in his place.<mask> took up the policies of Pope Gregory VII and, while pursuing them with determination, showed greater flexibility and diplomatic finesse. Usually kept away from Rome, <mask> toured northern Italy and France. A series of well-attended synods held in Rome, Amalfi, Benevento, and Troia supported him in renewed declarations against simony, lay investitures, clerical marriages (partly via the cullagium tax), and the emperor and his antipope. He facilitated the marriage of Matilda, countess of Tuscany, with Welf II, duke of Bavaria. He supported the rebellion of Prince Conrad against his father and bestowed the office of groom on Conrad at Cremona in 1095. While there, he helped arrange the marriage between Conrad and Maximilla, the daughter of Count Roger of Sicily, which occurred later that year at Pisa; her large dowry helped finance Conrad's continued campaigns. The Empress Adelaide was encouraged in her charges of sexual coercion against her husband, Henry IV.He supported the theological and ecclesiastical work of Anselm, negotiating a solution to the cleric's impasse with King <mask> of England and finally receiving England's support against the Imperial pope in Rome. <mask> maintained vigorous support for his predecessors' reforms, however, and did not shy from supporting Anselm when the new archbishop of Canterbury fled England. Likewise, despite the importance of French support for his cause, he upheld his legate Hugh of Die's excommunication of King

masks:
Urban
Clement III
Clement III
Urban
Urban
William II
Urban


title: Pope Urban II

texts:
 Philip over his doubly bigamous marriage with Bertrade de Montfort, wife of the Count of Anjou. (The ban was repeatedly lifted and reimposed as the king promised to forswear her and then repeatedly returned to her. A public penance in 1104 ended the controversy, although Bertrade remained active in attempting to see her sons succeed Philip instead of Louis.) First Crusade

<mask> II's movement took its first public shape at the Council of Piacenza, where, in March 1095, <mask> II received an ambassador from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos asking for help against the Muslim Seljuk Turks who had taken over most of formerly Byzantine Anatolia. The Council of Clermont met, attended by numerous Italian, Burgundian, and French bishops.All of the sessions except the final one took place either in the cathedral of Clermont or in the suburban church of Notre-Dame-du- Port. Though the Council was primarily focused on reforms within the church hierarchy, <mask> II gave a speech on 27 November 1095 at the conclusion of the Council to a broader audience. The speech was made outside in the open air to accommodate the vast crowd that had come to hear him. <mask>'s sermon proved highly effective, as he summoned the attending nobility and the people to wrest the Holy Land, and the eastern churches generally, from the control of the Seljuk Turks. This was the speech that triggered the Crusades. There exists no exact transcription of the speech that <mask> delivered at the Council of Clermont. The five extant versions of the speech were written down some time later, and they differ widely from one another.All versions of the speech except that by Fulcher of Chartres were probably influenced by the chronicle account of the First Crusade called the Gesta Francorum (written c. 1101), which includes a version of it. Fulcher of Chartres was present at the

masks:
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban II
Urban


title: Pope Urban II

texts: Council, though he did not start writing his history of the crusade, including a version of the speech until c. 1101. Robert the Monk may have been present, but his version dates from about 1106. The five versions of <mask>'s speech likely reflect much more clearly what later authors thought <mask> II should have said to launch the First Crusade than what <mask> actually did say. As a better means of evaluating <mask>'s true motives in calling for a crusade to the Holy Lands, there are four extant letters written by Pope <mask> himself: one to the Flemish (dated December 1095); one to the Bolognese (dated September 1096); one to Vallombrosa (dated October 1096); and one to the counts of Catalonia (dated either 1089 or 1096–1099). However, whereas the three former letters were concerned with rallying popular support for the Crusades, and establishing the objectives, his letters to the Catalonian lords instead beseech them to continue the fight against the Moors, assuring them that doing so would offer the same divine rewards as a conflict against the Seljuks. It is <mask>'s own letters, rather than the paraphrased versions of his speech at Clermont, that reveal his actual thinking about crusading.Nevertheless, the versions of the speech have had a great influence on popular conceptions and misconceptions about the Crusades, so it is worth comparing the five composed speeches to <mask>'s actual words. Fulcher of Chartres has <mask> saying that the Lord and Christ beseech and command the christians to fight and reclaim their land. The chronicler Robert the Monk put this into the mouth of <mask> II:  ... this land which you inhabit, shut in on all sides by the seas and surrounded by the mountain peaks, is too narrow for your large population; nor does it abound in wealth; and it furnishes scarcely food enough for its cultivators. Hence it is

masks:
Urban
Urban
Urban II
Urban
Urban
Urban II
Urban
Urban
Urban


title: Pope Urban II

texts:
 that you murder one another, that you wage war, and that frequently you perish by mutual wounds. Let therefore hatred depart from among you, let your quarrels end, let wars cease, and let all dissensions and controversies slumber. Enter upon the road to the Holy Sepulchre; wrest that land from the wicked race, and subject it to yourselves ... God has conferred upon you above all nations great glory in arms. Accordingly undertake this journey for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the imperishable glory of the Kingdom of Heaven.Robert continued:
When <mask> had said these ... things in his urbane discourse, he so influenced to one purpose the desires of all who were present, that they cried out "It is the will of God! It is the will of God!". When the venerable Roman pontiff heard that, [he] said: "Most beloved brethren, today is manifest in you what the Lord says in the Gospel, 'Where two or three are gathered together in my name there am I in the midst of them.' Unless the Lord God had been present in your spirits, all of you would not have uttered the same cry. For, although the cry issued from numerous mouths, yet the origin of the cry was one. Therefore I say to you that God, who implanted this in your breasts, has drawn it forth from you. Let this then be your war-cry in combats, because this word is given to you by God.When an armed attack is made upon the enemy, let this one cry be raised by all the soldiers of God: It is the will of God! It is the will of God!" Within Fulcher of Chartres account of pope <mask>’s speech there was a promise of remission of sins for whoever took part in the crusade.All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested. It is disputed whether the famous

masks:
Pope Urban
Urban


title: Pope Urban II

texts: slogan "God wills it" or "It is the will of God" (deus vult in Latin, Dieu le veut in French) in fact was established as a rallying cry during the Council. While Robert the Monk says so, it is also possible that the slogan was created as a catchy propaganda motto afterwards. <mask> II's own letter to the Flemish confirms that he granted "remission of all their sins" to those undertaking the enterprise to liberate the eastern churches.One notable contrast with the speeches recorded by Robert the Monk, Guibert of Nogent, and Baldric of Dol is the lesser emphasis on Jerusalem itself, which <mask> only once mentions as his own focus of concern. In the letter to the Flemish he writes, "they [the Turks] have seized the Holy City of Christ, embellished by his passion and resurrection, and blasphemy to say—have sold her and her churches into abominable slavery." In the letters to Bologna and Vallombrosa he refers to the crusaders' desire to set out for Jerusalem rather than to his own desire that Jerusalem be freed from Muslim rule. It was believed that originally that <mask> wanted to send a relatively small force to aid the Byzantines, however after meeting with two prominent members of the crusades Adhemar of Puy and Raymond of Saint-Guilles, <mask> decided to rally a much larger force to retake Jerusalem. <mask> II refers to liberating the church as a whole or the eastern churches generally rather than to reconquering Jerusalem itself. The phrases used are "churches of God in the eastern region" and "the eastern churches" (to the Flemish), "liberation of the Church" (to Bologna), "liberating Christianity [Lat. Christianitatis]" (to Vallombrosa), and "the Asian church" (to the Catalan counts).Coincidentally or not, Fulcher of Chartres's version of <mask>'s speech makes no explicit reference to Jerusalem. Rather it more generally refers to aiding

masks: Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban


title: Pope Urban II

texts:
 the crusaders' Christian "brothers of the eastern shore," and to their loss of Asia Minor to the Turks. It is still disputed what Pope <mask>'s motives were as evidenced by the different speeches that were recorded, all of which differ from each other. Some historians believe that <mask> wished for the reunification of the eastern and western churches, a rift that was caused by the Great Schism of 1054. Others believe that <mask> saw this as an opportunity to gain legitimacy as the pope as at the time he was contending with the antipope Clement III. A third theory is that <mask> felt threatened by the Muslim incursions into Europe and saw the crusades as a way to unite the christian world into a unified defense against them. The most important effect of the First Crusade for <mask> himself was the removal of <mask> from Rome in 1097 by one of the French armies.His restoration there was supported by Matilda of Tuscany. <mask> died on 29 July 1099, fourteen days after the fall of Jerusalem to the Crusaders, but before news of the event had reached Italy; his successor was Pope Paschal II. Spain
<mask> also gave support to the crusades in Spain against the Moors there. Pope <mask> was concerned that the focus on the east and Jerusalem would neglect the fight in Spain. He saw the fight in the east and in Spain as part of the same crusade so he would offer the same remission of sin for those that fought in Spain and discouraged those that wished to travel east from Spain. Sicily
<mask> received vital support in his conflict with the Byzantine Empire, Romans and the Holy Roman Empire from the Norman of Campania and Sicily. In return he granted Roger I the freedom to appoint bishops as a right of ("lay investiture"), to collect Church revenues before forwarding to the papacy, and the right to sit in judgment on ecclesiastical questions.Roger I

masks:
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Clement III
Urban II
Urban
Urban
Urban


title: Pope Urban II

texts:
 virtually became a legate of the Pope within Sicily. In 1098 these were extraordinary prerogatives that Popes were withholding from temporal sovereigns elsewhere in Europe and that later led to bitter confrontations with Roger's Hohenstaufen heirs. Veneration
<mask> was beatified in 1881 by <mask> <mask> with his feast day on 29 July. See also
 House of Châtillon
 House of Natoli
 Beauvais Cathedral
 Milo of Nanteuil
 Concordat of Worms
 Gregorian Reforms
 Investiture Controversy
 Cardinals created by <mask> II

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

Crozet, R. (1937). "Le voyage d'Urbain II et ses arrangements avec le clergé de France (1095-1096)" : Revue historique 179 (1937) 271-310. Gossman, Francis Joseph (1960. <mask> II and Canon Law (The Catholic University of America Canon Law Studies 403) Washington 1960.Somerville, Robert (1970). "The French Councils of Pope <mask> II: Some Basic Considérations," Annuarium historiae conciliorum 2 (1970) 56-65. External links

 Five versions of his speech for the First Crusade from Medieval Sourcebook. Medieval Lands Project on Eudes de Châtillon, Bishop of Ostia, Pope <mask> II, the son of Milon the seigneur of Châtillon in the 11th century
 <mask>'s call for the 1095 crusade

 Publications about <mask> II in the OPAC of the Regesta Imperii
 Gabriele, M. (11 December 2012). The Last Carolingian Exegete: Pope <mask> II, the Weight of Tradition, and Christian Reconquest. Retrieved 24 November 2017. 1030s births
1099 deaths
11th-century French people
House of Châtillon
People from Marne (department)
Cluniacs
Cardinal-bishops of Ostia
Christians of the First Crusade
Diplomats of the Holy See
French popes
Benedictine popes
Christian critics of Islam
11th-century popes
Beatified popes
French beatified people
Benedictine beatified people
Popes
Cardinals created by Pope Gregory

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Pope Urban
Pope Leo
XIII
Urban
Pope Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban


title: Jean-François Gillet

texts:
Jean-<mask> (born 31 May 1979) is a Belgian professional football coach and a former goalkeeper. He works as a goalkeeping coach at Standard Liège. At international level, he was a member of the Belgian squad that took part at UEFA Euro 2016. Club career

Standard Liège and Monza
He began his professional career in the youth system of Standard Liège and was called up to the first team at the age of just 17. In 1996, he made his debut in Belgian First Division and the following season he took to the field on another two occasions. In the summer of 1999, at the age of twenty, he moved outright to Monza, then in Serie B. As a starter, he disputed 33 games.Bari and Treviso
After playing four games in August with Monza, in the final days of the transfer market he accepted a move to Bari in Serie A, who paid 5 million lire. His first season in the top flight, despite 20 appearances and some stand-out performances in goal, was marred by a prosecution for doping. After the match Bari-Reggina on 21 January, in fact, he became the first player in Italy to be indicted for testing positive for Nandrolone and was forced by the sports court to serve a four-month disqualification. Over the next ten years he played 317 games for Bari in Serie A and Serie B, with the exception of a short loan with Treviso in 2003–04, due to some disagreements with the then coach Marco Tardelli. On 13 March 2008 he renewed his contract with the Galletti until 2011. In 2007 Antonio Conte arrived at Bari, and <mask> adapted his role in the team and was employed as a sweeper keeper. The team triumphed in Serie B, returning to the top flight after a seven-year absence.In 2009–10, his performances were confirmed again at the highest level, only conceding seven goals in the first 12 rounds; with the defensive pairing of Andrea Ranocchia and Leonardo Bonucci, they were among the teams in Europe with the fewest goals conceded. On 18 March 2010 he renewed with Bari until 2014, and on 12 September 2010 against Napoli, he officially became Bari's most-capped player after reaching 319

masks:
François Gillet
Gillet


title: Jean-François Gillet

texts:
 appearances for the jersey of the pugliesi, overcoming Bari legend Giovanni Loseto. For this reason, the mayor of Bari gave the Belgian goalkeeper the keys of the city as a sign of attachment to the club and the city. <mask> remained a formidable goalkeeper: saving two penalties from Francesco Totti, during the two matches between Bari and Roma, and one from Robert Acquafresca of Cagliari. At the end of the season, however, Bari were once again relegated to Serie B.

Bologna

In 2011, after Bari's relegation to Serie B, <mask> expressed his desire to finish his career in Serie A and was transferred to Bologna in a deal worth €1.4 million. At his farewell press conference, <mask> tearfully bid farewell to his adopted home in Bari and their fans. In his first season at Bologna, <mask> immediately showed his goalkeeping abilities and was quickly taken to by the Bologna faithful.His 29 league appearances in goal helped Bologna finish 9th in the 2011–12 Serie A season, the club's best finish in a decade. Torino
On 5 July 2012 <mask> transferred to Torino for €1.7 million, with whom he signed a contract for three years. At Torino he was reunited with former coach Giampiero Ventura from Bari, making his debut on 26 August against Siena in a scoreless draw. He played 37 matches for the Granata in the 2012–13 season. However, on 6 June 2013, in the aftermath of the Bari match-fixing scandal, he was indicted for sporting fraud and on 16 July was suspended for three years and seven months due to his role in the matches Bari-Treviso on 11 May 2008; and Salernitana-Bari on 23 May 2009. On 24 January 2014 the TNAS reduced the disqualification to 13 months (five of which he had already served). <mask> returned on 17 August 2014 in a triangular friendly in Mondovì against Bra and Virtus Mondovi.On 22 August he was recalled by Ventura for the Europa League playoff round against RNK Split. On 18 September <mask> played his first game as a starter for Torino since his suspension against the Belgian team Club Brugge, which ended 0–0 thanks to his heroic

masks: Gillet Gillet Gillet Gillet Gillet Gillet Gillet