title: Georges Clemenceau

texts: summoning a demonstration.He spent 77 days in the Mazas Prison. Around the same time, Clemenceau also visited the old French revolutionary Auguste Blanqui and another Republican activist, Auguste Scheurer-Kestner, in jail, further deepening his hatred of the Napoleon III regime and advancing his fervent republicanism. He was graduated as a doctor of medicine on 13 May 1865, founded several literary magazines, and wrote many articles, most of which attacked the imperial regime of Napoleon III. After a failed love affair, Clemenceau left France for the United States as the imperial agents began cracking down on dissidents and sending most of them to the bagne de Cayennes (Devil's Island Penal System) in French Guiana. <mask> worked in New York City during the years 1865–69, following the American Civil War. He maintained a medical practice, but spent much of his time on political journalism for a Parisian newspaper, Le Temps. He taught French in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, and also taught and rode horseback at a private girls' school in Stamford, Connecticut, where he would meet his future wife.During this time, he joined French exile clubs in New York that were opposing the imperial regime. As part of his journalistic activity, Clemenceau covered the country's recovery following the Civil War, the workings of American democracy, and the racial questions related to the end of slavery. From his time in America, he retained a strong faith in American democratic ideals as opposed to France's imperial regime, as well as a sense of political compromise that later would become a hallmark of his political career. Marriage and


title: Georges Clemenceau

type: original

texts:
 family

On 23 June 1869, he married Mary Eliza Plummer (1849–1922), in New York City. She had attended the school where he taught horseback ridding and was one of his students. She was the daughter of Harriet A. Taylor and William Kelly Plummer. Following their marriage, the Clemenceaus moved to France.They had three children together, Madeleine (born in 1870), Thérèse (1872) and Michel (1873). Although <mask> had many mistresses, when his wife took a tutor of their children as her lover, Clemenceau had her put in jail for two weeks and then sent her back to the United States on a steamer in third class. The marriage ended in a contentious divorce in 1891. He obtained custody of their children. He then had his wife stripped of French nationality. Beginning of the Third Republic
Clemenceau had returned to Paris after the French defeat at the Battle of Sedan in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War and the fall of the Second French Empire. After returning to medical practice as a physician in Vendée, he was appointed mayor of the 18th arrondissement of Paris, including Montmartre, and he also was elected to the National Assembly for the 18th arrondissement.When the Paris Commune seized power in March 1871, he tried unsuccessfully to find a compromise between the more radical leaders of the Commune and the more conservative French government. The Commune declared that he had no legal authority to be mayor and seized the city hall of the 18th arrondissement. He ran for election to the Paris Commune council, but received fewer than eight hundred votes and took no part in its governance. He was in Bordeaux when the commune was suppressed


title: Georges Clemenceau

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 by the French Army in May 1871. After the fall of the commune, he was elected to the Paris municipal council on 23 July 1871 for the Clignancourt quarter and retained his seat until 1876. He first held the offices of secretary and vice-president, then he became president in 1875. Chamber of Deputies

In 1876, <mask> stood for the Chamber of Deputies (which replaced the National Assembly in 1875) and was elected for the 18th arrondissement.He joined the far left and his energy and mordant eloquence speedily made him the leader of the radical section. In 1877, after the Crisis of 16 May 1877, he was one of the republican majority who denounced the ministry of the Duc de Broglie. Clemenceau led resistance to the anti-republican policy of which the incident of 16 May was a manifestation. In 1879, his demand for the indictment of the Broglie ministry brought him prominence. From 1876 to 1880, Clemenceau was one of the main defenders of the general amnesty of thousands of Communards, members of the revolutionary government of the 1871 Paris Commune who had been deported to New Caledonia. Along with other radicals and figures such as poet and then-Senator Victor Hugo, as well as a growing number of republicans, he supported several unsuccessful proposals. Finally a general amnesty was adopted on 11 July 1880.The "reconciliation" envisaged by Clemenceau could begin, as the remaining deported Communards returned to France, including his friend Louise Michel. In 1880, <mask> started his newspaper, La Justice, which became the principal organ of Parisian Radicalism. From this time, throughout the presidency of Jules Grévy (1879–1887), he

masks: Clemenceau Clemenceau


title: Georges Clemenceau

texts: became widely known as a political critic and destroyer of ministries (le Tombeur de ministères) who avoided taking office himself. Leading the far left in the Chamber of Deputies, he was an active opponent of the colonial policy of Prime Minister Jules Ferry, which he opposed on moral grounds and also as a form of diversion from the more important goal of "Revenge against Germany" for the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine after the Franco-Prussian War. In 1885, his criticism of the conduct of the Sino-French War contributed strongly to the fall of the Ferry cabinet that year. During the French legislative elections of 1885, he advocated a strong radical programme and was returned both for his old seat in Paris and for the Var, district of Draguignan. He chose to represent the latter in the Chamber of Deputies.Refusing to form a ministry to replace the one he had overthrown, he supported the right in keeping Prime Minister Charles de Freycinet in power in 1886 and was responsible for the inclusion of <mask> Boulanger in the Freycinet cabinet as war minister. When General Boulanger revealed himself as an ambitious pretender, <mask> withdrew his support and became a vigorous opponent of the heterogeneous Boulangist movement, although the radical press continued to patronize the general. By his exposure of the Wilson scandal, and by his personal plain speaking, Clemenceau contributed largely to the resignation of Jules Grévy from the presidency of France in 1887. He had declined Grévy's request to form a cabinet upon the downfall of the cabinet of Maurice Rouvier by advising his followers not to vote for Charles Floquet, Jules Ferry,

masks:
Georges Ernest
Clemenceau


title: Georges Clemenceau

texts:
 nor Charles de Freycinet, Clemenceau was primarily responsible for the election of an "outsider," Marie François Sadi Carnot, as president. The split in the Radical Party over Boulangism weakened his hand and its collapse meant that moderate republicans did not need his help. A further misfortune occurred in the Panama affair, as <mask>'s relations with the businessman and politician Cornelius Herz led to his being included in the general suspicion. In response to accusations of corruption leveled by the nationalist politician Paul Déroulède, <mask> fought a duel with him on 23 December 1892.Six shots were discharged, but neither participant was injured. <mask> remained the leading spokesman for French radicalism, but his hostility to the Franco-Russian Alliance so increased his unpopularity that in the French legislative elections of 1893, he was defeated for his seat in the Chamber of Deputies after having held it continuously since 1876. Dreyfus Affair
For nearly a decade after his 1893 defeat, <mask> confined his political activities to journalism. His career was further clouded by the long-drawn-out Dreyfus case, in which he took an active part as a supporter of Émile Zola and an opponent of the anti-Semitic and nationalist campaigns. In all, during the affair <mask> published 665 articles defending Dreyfus. On 13 January 1898, <mask> published Émile Zola's J'Accuse...! on the front page of the Paris daily newspaper, L'Aurore, of which he was owner and editor.He decided to run the controversial article that would become a famous part of the Dreyfus Affair in the form of an open letter to Félix Faure, the president of France.

masks: Clemenceau Clemenceau Clemenceau Clemenceau Clemenceau Clemenceau


title: Georges Clemenceau

texts:
 In 1900, he withdrew from La Justice to found a weekly review, Le Bloc, to which he practically was the sole contributor. The publication of Le Bloc lasted until 15 March 1902. On 6 April 1902, he was elected senator for the Var district of Draguignan, although he had previously called for the suppression of the French Senate, as he considered it a strong-house of conservatism. He served as the senator for Draguignan until 1920. <mask> sat with the Independent Radicals in the Senate and moderated his positions, although he still vigorously supported the Radical-Socialist ministry of Prime Minister Émile Combes, who spearheaded the anti-clericalist republican struggle. In June 1903, he undertook the direction of L'Aurore, the journal that he had founded.In it, he led the campaign to revisit the Dreyfus affair and to create a separation of church and state in France. The latter was implemented by the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State. Cabinet and office of Prime Minister
In March 1906, the ministry of Maurice Rouvier fell as a result of civil disturbances provoked by the implementation of the law on the separation of church and state and the victory of radicals in the French legislative elections of 1906. The new government of Ferdinand Sarrien appointed <mask> as minister of the interior in the cabinet. On a domestic level, <mask> reformed the French police forces and ordered repressive policies toward the workers movement. He supported the formation of scientific police by Alphonse Bertillon and founded the Brigades mobiles (French for "mobile squads") led by Célestin Hennion. These squads were

masks: Clemenceau Clemenceau Clemenceau


title: Georges Clemenceau

texts: nicknamed Brigades du Tigre ("The Tiger's Brigades") after <mask>, who was nicknamed "The Tiger".The miners strike in the Pas de Calais after the Courrières mine disaster, which resulted in the death of more than one thousand persons, threatened widespread disorder on 1 May 1906. <mask> ordered the military against the strikers and repressed the wine growers strike in the Languedoc-Roussillon. His actions alienated the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) socialist party, from which he definitively broke in his notable reply in the Chamber of Deputies to Jean Jaurès, leader of the SFIO, in June 1906. <mask>'s speech positioned him as the strong man of the day in French politics; when the Sarrien ministry resigned in October, Clemenceau became premier. After a proposal by the deputy Paul Dussaussoy for limited women's suffrage in local elections, <mask> published a pamphlet in 1907 in which he declared that if women were given the vote France would return to the Middle Ages. As the revolt of the Languedoc winegrowers developed Clemenceau at first dismissed the complaints, then sent in troops to keep the peace in June 1907. During 1907 and 1908, he led the development of a new Entente cordiale with Britain, which gave France a successful role in European politics.Difficulties with Germany and criticism by the Socialist party in connection with the handling of the First Moroccan Crisis in 1905–06 were settled at the Algeciras Conference. <mask> was defeated on 20 July 1909 in a discussion in the Chamber of Deputies on the state of the navy, in which bitter words he exchanged with Théophile Delcassé, the former president

masks: Clemenceau Clemenceau Clemenceau Clemenceau Clemenceau


title: Georges Clemenceau

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 of the Council whose downfall <mask> had aided. Refusing to respond to Delcassé's technical questions, <mask> resigned after his proposal for the order of the day vote was rejected. He was succeeded as premier by Aristide Briand, with a reconstructed cabinet. Between 1909 and 1912, <mask> dedicated his time to travel, conferences, and the treatment of his illness. He went to South America in 1910, traveling to Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina (where he went as far as Santa Ana {Tucuman] in northwest Argentina). There, he was amazed by the influence of French culture and of the French Revolution on local elites.He published the first issue of the Journal du Var on 10 April 1910. Three years later, on 6 May 1913, he founded L'Homme libre ("The Free Man") newspaper in Paris, for which he wrote a daily editorial. In these media, Clemenceau focused increasingly on foreign policy and condemned the anti-militarism of the Socialists. First World War

At the outbreak of World War I in France in August 1914, <mask>'s newspaper was one of the first to be censored by the government. It was suspended from 29 September 1914 to 7 October. In response, <mask> changed the newspaper's name to L'Homme enchaîné ("The Chained Man") and criticized the government for its lack of transparency and its ineffectiveness, while defending the patriotic union sacrée against the German Empire. In spite of the censorship imposed by the French government on Clemenceau's journalism at the beginning of World War I, he still wielded considerable political influence.As soon as the war started, <mask> advised Interior Minister Malvy to invoke Carnet B, a list of known and


title: Georges Clemenceau

texts: suspected subversives who were supposed to be arrested upon mobilisation, in order to prevent the collapse of popular support for a war effort. The Prefect of Police gave the same advice, but the government did not follow it. In the end, 80% of the 2,501 people listed on Carnet B as subversives volunteered for service. In autumn 1914, <mask> declined to join the government of national unity as justice minister. He suggested transportation of T. G. Masaryk's Czechoslovak Legion from Russia to France s. c. "North trip" (by North sea) as first (the first realization 15 October 1917 from Archangelsk). He was a vehement critic of the wartime French government, asserting that it was not doing enough to win the war. His stance was driven by a will to regain the province of Alsace-Lorraine, a view shared by public opinion.The autumn of 1917 saw the disastrous Italian defeat at the Battle of Caporetto, the Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia, and rumours that former Prime Minister Joseph Caillaux and Interior Minister Louis Malvy might have engaged in treason. Prime Minister Paul Painlevé was inclined to open negotiations with Germany. Clemenceau argued that even German restitution of Alsace-Lorraine and the liberation of Belgium would not be enough to justify France abandoning her allies. This forced Alexandre Ribot and Aristide Briand (both the previous two prime ministers, of whom the latter was by far the more powerful politician who had been approached by a German diplomat) to agree in public that there would be no separate peace. For many years, <mask> was blamed for having blocked a possible compromise peace, but it is now clear


title: Georges Clemenceau

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 from examination of German documents that Germany had no serious intention of handing over Alsace-Lorraine. The prominence of his opposition made him the best known critic and the last man standing when the others had failed. "Messieurs, les Allemands sont toujours à Noyon" (Gentlemen, the Germans are still at Noyon) wrote Clemenceau's paper endlessly.Second term as prime minister
In November 1917, at one of the darkest hours for the French war effort in World War I, <mask> was appointed to the prime ministership. Unlike his predecessors, he discouraged internal disagreement and called for peace among the senior politicians. 1917: return to power
Clemenceau governed from the Ministry of War on Rue Saint-Dominique. Almost his first act as prime minister was to relieve General Maurice Sarrail from his command of the Salonika Front. This was the main topic of discussion at the first meeting of the war committee on 6 December, at which <mask> stated, "Sarrail cannot remain there". The reason for Sarrail's dismissal was his links with the socialist politicians Joseph Caillaux and Louis Malvy (at that time suspected of treasonable contacts with the Germans)

Churchill later wrote that Clemenceau "looked like a wild animal pacing to and fro behind bars" in front of "an assembly which would have done anything to avoid putting him there, but, having put him there, felt they must obey". When <mask> became prime minister in 1917 victory seemed to be elusive.There was little activity on the western front because it was believed that there should be limited attacks until the American support arrived. At this time, Italy was on the defensive,


title: Georges Clemenceau

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 be his military chief of staff.Mordacq helped to inspire trust and mutual respect from the army to the government which proved essential to the final victory. <mask> also was well received by the media, because they felt that France was in need of strong leadership. It was widely recognized that throughout the war he was never discouraged and never stopped believing that France could achieve total victory. There were skeptics, however, who believed that Clemenceau, like other war time leaders, would have a short time in office. It was said, "Like everyone else... Clemenceau will not last long—only long enough to clean up [the war]." 1918: crackdown
As the military situation worsened in early 1918, <mask> continued to support the policy of total war – "We present ourselves before you with the single thought of total war" – and the policy of "la guerre jusqu'au bout" (war until the end). His speech of 8 March advocating this policy was so effective that it left a vivid impression on Winston Churchill, who would make similar speeches upon becoming British prime minister in 1940.<mask>'s war policy encompassed the promise of victory with justice, loyalty to the fighting men, and immediate and severe punishment of crimes against France. Joseph Caillaux, a former French prime minister, disagreed with <mask>'s policies. He wanted to surrender to Germany and negotiate a peace, thus Clemenceau viewed Caillaux as a threat to national security. Unlike previous ministers, <mask> moved against Caillaux publicly. As a result, a parliamentary committee decided that Caillaux would be arrested and imprisoned for three years. <mask> believed, in the


title: Georges Clemenceau

texts: words of Jean Ybarnégaray, that Caillaux's crime "was not to have believed in victory [and] to have gambled on his nation's defeat". The arrest of Caillaux and others raised the issue of Clemenceau's harshness, who in turn argued that the only powers he assumed were those necessary for winning the war.The many trials and arrests aroused great public excitement. These trials, far from making the public fear the government, inspired confidence, as the public felt that for the first time in the war, action was being taken and they were being firmly governed. The claims that <mask>'s "firm government" was a dictatorship found little support. <mask> was still held accountable to the people and media. He relaxed censorship on political views as he believed that newspapers had the right to criticize political figures: "The right to insult members of the government is inviolable." In 1918, <mask> thought that France should adopt Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, mainly because of its point that called for the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France. This meant that victory would fulfill the war aim that was crucial for the French public.Clemenceau was skeptical about some other points, however, including those concerning the League of Nations, as he believed that the latter could succeed only in a utopian society. As war minister, Clemenceau was also in close contact with his generals, but he did not always make the most effective decisions concerning military issues (although he did heed the advice of the more experienced generals). As well as talking strategy with the generals, he also went to the trenches to see the poilus, the French


title: Georges Clemenceau

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 infantrymen. He would speak to them and assure them that their government was looking after them. The poilus had great respect for Clemenceau and his disregard for danger, as he often visited soldiers only yards away from German front lines. The government was worried about the visits of Clemenceau to the front lines, as most of the time he was risking his own life by insulting and threatening the German soldiers in person directly from the trenches. These visits, his speech, and his verbal threats directly to the enemy impressed the soldiers and contributed to Clemenceau's title  "Père la Victoire" (Father of Victory).1918: German spring offensive
On 21 March 1918, the Germans began their great spring offensive. The allies were caught off guard and a gap was created in the British and French lines that risked handing over access to Paris to the Germans. This defeat cemented <mask>'s belief, and that of the other allies, that a coordinated, unified command was the best option. It was decided that Ferdinand Foch would be appointed as "generalissimo". The German line continued to advance and Clemenceau believed that the fall of Paris could not be ruled out. Public opinions arose that if "the Tiger", as well as, Foch and Philippe Pétain stayed in power for even another week, France would be lost and that a government headed by Aristide Briand would be beneficial to France, because he would make peace with Germany on advantageous terms. Clemenceau adamantly opposed these opinions and he gave an inspirational speech in the Chamber of Deputies; the chamber subsequently voted their confidence in him by 377 votes to 110.1918: allied


title: Georges Clemenceau

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 counter-offensive and armistice
As the allied counter-offensives began to push the Germans back, it became clear that the Germans could no longer win the war. Although they still occupied vast amounts of French territory, they did not have sufficient resources and manpower to continue their attack. As countries allied to Germany began to ask for an armistice, it was obvious that Germany would soon follow. On 11 November 1918, an armistice with Germany was signed. <mask> was embraced in the streets and attracted many admiring crowds. He was viewed by the French public as a strong, energetic, positive leader who was key to the allied victory of 1918. Paris Peace Conference
To settle the international political issues left over from the conclusion of World War I, it was decided that a peace conference would be held in Paris, France.Famously, the Treaty of Versailles between Germany and the Allied Powers to conclude the conflict was signed in the Palace of Versailles, but the deliberations on which it was based were conducted in Paris, hence the name given to the meeting of the victorious heads of state that produced the treaties signed with the defeated powers: the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. On 13 December 1918, United States president Woodrow Wilson received an enthusiastic welcome in France. His Fourteen Points and the concept of a League of Nations had made a big impact on the war-weary French. At their first meeting, <mask> realized that Wilson was a man of principle and conscience. The powers agreed that since the conference was being held in France, <mask> would be the most appropriate president. Also, he spoke both English


title: Georges Clemenceau

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 and French, the official languages of the conference. Clemenceau had an unassailable position of full control of the French delegation.Parliament gave him a vote of confidence on December 30, 1918, by a vote of 398 to 93. The rules of the conference allowed France five plenipotentiaries. They became <mask> and four others who were his pawns. He excluded all military men, especially Foch. He excluded the president of France, Raymond Poincaré, keeping him in the dark on the progress of negotiations. He excluded all parliamentary deputies, saying he would negotiate the treaty and it would be parliament's duty to vote it up or down, after it was finished. The progress at the conference was much slower than anticipated and decisions were being tabled constantly.It was this slow pace that induced <mask> to give an interview showing his irritation to an American journalist. He said he believed that Germany had won the war industrially and commercially as its factories were intact and soon its debts would be overcome through "manipulation". In a short time, he believed, the German economy would once again be much stronger than the French. France's leverage was jeopardized repeatedly by Clemenceau's mistrust of Wilson and David Lloyd George, as well as his intense dislike of President Poincaré. When negotiations reached a stalemate, Clemenceau had a habit of shouting at the other heads of state and storming out of the room rather than participating in further discussion. Attempted assassination
On 19 February 1919, as Clemenceau was leaving his apartment, a man fired several shots at the car. Clemenceau's assailant, anarchist Émile Cottin,


title: Georges Clemenceau

texts: without provocation. It also was decided that the allies would occupy the territory for fifteen years, and that Germany could never rearm the area.Lloyd George insisted on a clause allowing for the early withdrawal of allied troops if the Germans fulfilled the treaty; <mask> inserted Article 429 into the treaty that permitted allied occupation beyond the fifteen years if adequate guarantees for allied security against unprovoked aggression were not met. This was in case the U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Guarantee, thereby making null and void the British guarantee as well, since that was dependent on the Americans being part of it. This is, in fact, what did occur. Article 429 ensured that a refusal of the U.S. Senate to ratify the treaties of guarantee would not weaken them. President Poincaré and Marshal Ferdinand Foch both pressed repeatedly for an autonomous Rhineland state. Foch thought the Treaty of Versailles was too lenient on Germany, stating "This is not peace. It is an armistice for twenty years."At a cabinet meeting on 25 April Foch spoke against the deal Clemenceau had brokered and pushed for a separate Rhineland. On 28 April Poincaré sent Clemenceau a long letter detailing why he thought allied occupation should continue until Germany had paid all her reparations. Clemenceau replied that the alliance with America and Britain was of more value than an isolated France that held onto the Rhineland: "In fifteen years I will be dead, but if you do me the honour of visiting my tomb, you will be able to say that the Germans have not fulfilled all the clauses of the treaty, and that we are still on the Rhine."


title: Georges Clemenceau

texts: Clemenceau said to Lloyd George in June, "We need a barrier behind which, in the years to come, our people can work in security to rebuild its ruins. The barrier is the Rhine. I must take national feelings into account. That does not mean that I am afraid of losing office.I am quite indifferent on that point. But I will not, by giving up the occupation, do something which will break the willpower of our people." Later, he said to Jean Martel, "The policy of Foch and Poincaré was bad in principle. It was a policy no Frenchman, no republican Frenchman could accept for a moment, except in the hope of obtaining other guarantees, other advantages. We leave that sort of thing to Bismarck." There was increasing discontent among <mask>, Lloyd George, and Woodrow Wilson about slow progress and information leaks surrounding the Council of Ten. They began to meet in a smaller group, called the Council of Four, Vittorio Orlando of Italy being the fourth, although less weighty, member.This offered greater privacy and security and increased the efficiency of the decision-making process. Another major issue that the Council of Four discussed was the future of the German Saar region. Clemenceau believed that France was entitled to the region and its coal mines after Germany deliberately damaged the coal mines in northern France. Wilson, however, resisted the French claim so firmly that Clemenceau accused him of being "pro-German". Lloyd George came to a compromise; the coal mines were given to France and the territory placed under French administration for 15 years, after which a vote would determine whether the region would rejoin Germany.


title: Georges Clemenceau

texts:
 Although Clemenceau had little knowledge of the defunct Austrian-Hungarian empire, he supported the causes of its smaller ethnic groups and his adamant stance led to the stringent terms in the Treaty of Trianon that dismantled Hungary. Rather than recognizing territories of the Austrian-Hungarian empire solely within the principles of self-determination, Clemenceau sought to weaken Hungary, just as Germany was, and to remove the threat of such a large power within Central Europe.The entire Czechoslovakian state was seen a potential buffer from Communism and this encompassed majority Hungarian territories. Reparations
<mask> was not experienced in the fields of economics or finance, and as John Maynard Keynes pointed out, "he did not trouble his head to understand either the Indemnity or [France's] overwhelming financial difficulties", but he was under strong public and parliamentary pressure to make Germany's reparations bill as large as possible. Generally, it was agreed that Germany should not pay more than it could afford, but the estimates of what it could afford varied greatly. Figures ranged between £2,000 million and £20,000 million. Clemenceau realised that any compromise would anger both the French and British citizens and that the only option was to establish a reparations commission that would examine Germany's capacity for reparations. This meant that the French government was not directly involved in the issue of reparations. Defence of the treaty
The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 June 1919.Clemenceau now had to defend the treaty against critics who viewed the compromises he had negotiated as inadequate for


title: Georges Clemenceau

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 French national interests. The French Parliament debated the treaty and Louis Barthou on 24 September claimed that the U.S. Senate would not vote for the Treaty of Guarantee or the Treaty of Versailles and therefore, it would have been wiser to have the Rhine as a frontier. Clemenceau replied that he was sure the Senate would ratify both and that he had inserted Article 429 into the treaty, providing for "new arrangements concerning the Rhine". This interpretation of Article 429 was disputed by Barthou. <mask>'s main speech on the treaty was delivered on 25 September. He said that he knew the treaty was not perfect, but that the war had been fought by a coalition and therefore, the treaty would express the lowest common denominator of those involved. He claimed criticisms of the details of the treaty were misleading; that critics should look at the treaty as a whole and see how they could benefit from it:

The treaty, with all its complex clauses, will only be worth what you are worth; it will be what you make it... What you are going to vote to-day is not even a beginning, it is a beginning of a beginning.The ideas it contains will grow and bear fruit. You have won the power to impose them on a defeated Germany. We are told that she will revive. All the more reason not to show her that we fear her... M. Marin went to the heart of the question, when he turned to us and said in despairing tones, 'You have reduced us to a policy of vigilance.' Yes, M. Marin, do you think that one could make a treaty which would do away with the need for vigilance among the nations of Europe who only yesterday were pouring out their blood in battle?


title: Georges Clemenceau

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 Life is a perpetual struggle in war, as in peace... That struggle cannot be avoided. Yes, we must have vigilance, we must have a great deal of vigilance.I cannot say for how many years, perhaps I should say for how many centuries, the crisis which has begun will continue. Yes, this treaty will bring us burdens, troubles, miseries, difficulties, and that will continue for long years. The Chamber of Deputies ratified the treaty by 372 votes to 53, with the Senate voting unanimously for its ratification. On 11 October <mask> gave his last parliamentary speech, addressed to the Senate. He said that any attempt to partition Germany would be self-defeating and that France must find a way of living with sixty million Germans. He also said that the bourgeoisie, like the aristocracy before them in the ancien régime, had failed as a ruling class. It was now the turn of the working class to rule.He advocated national unity and a demographic revolution: "The treaty does not state that France will have many children, but it is the first thing that should have been written there. For if France does not have large families, it will be in vain that you put all the finest clauses in the treaty, that you take away all the Germans guns, France will be lost because there will be no more French". Domestic policies
<mask>'s final tenure as prime minister witnessed the implementation of various reforms aimed at regulating the hours of labour. A general eight-hour day law passed in April 1919 amending the French Labour Code, and in June that year, existing legislation concerning the duration of the working day in the mining industry was amended by


title: Georges Clemenceau

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 extending the eight-hour day to all classes of workers, "whether employed underground or on the surface". Under a previous law of December 1913, the eight-hour limit had only applied to workers employed underground. In August 1919, a similar limit was introduced for all those employed in French vessels. Another law passed in 1919 (which came into operation in October 1920) prohibited employment in bakeries between the hours of 10 P.M. and 4 A.M. A decree of May 1919 introduced the eight-hour day for workers on trams, railways, and in inland waterways, and a second of June 1919 extended this provision to the state railways.In April 1919, an enabling act was approved for an eight-hour day and a six-day work week, although farm workers were excluded from the act. Presidential bid

In 1919, France adopted a new electoral system and the legislative election gave the National Bloc (a coalition of right-wing parties) a majority. <mask> only intervened once in the election campaign, delivering a speech on 4 November at Strasbourg, praising the manifesto and men of the National Bloc and he urged that the victory in the war needed to be safeguarded by vigilance. In private he was concerned at this huge swing to the right. His friend, <mask>, urged <mask> to stand for the presidency in the upcoming election and on 15 January 1920 he let Mandel announce that he would be prepared to serve if elected. However, <mask> did not intend to campaign for the post, instead he wished to be chosen by acclaim as a national symbol. The preliminary meeting of the republican caucus (a forerunner to the vote in the National Assembly) chose Paul Deschanel

masks:
Clemenceau
Georges Mandel
Clemenceau
Clemenceau


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texts:
 instead of Clemenceau by a vote of 408 to 389.In response, <mask> refused to be put forward for the vote in the National Assembly because he did not want to win by a small majority, but by a near-unanimous vote. Only then, he claimed, could he negotiate with confidence with the allies. In his last speech to the cabinet on 18 January he said, "We must show the world the extent of our victory, and we must take up the mentality and habits of a victorious people, which once more takes its place at the head of Europe. But all that will now be placed in jeopardy... It will take less time and less thought to destroy the edifice so patiently and painfully erected than it took to complete it. Poor France. The mistakes have begun already."Last years

<mask> resigned as prime minister as soon as the presidential election was held (17 January 1920) and took no further part in politics. In private, he condemned the unilateral occupation by French troops of the German city of Frankfurt in 1920 and said if he had been in power, he would have persuaded the British to join it. He took a holiday in Egypt and the Sudan from February to April 1920, then embarked for the Far East in September, returning to France in March 1921. In June, he visited England and received an honorary degree from the University of Oxford. He met Lloyd George and said to him that after the armistice he had become the enemy of France. Lloyd George replied, "Well, was not that always our traditional policy?" He was joking, but after reflection, Clemenceau took it seriously.After Lloyd George's fall from power in 1922 <mask> remarked, "As for France, it is a real enemy who


title: Georges Clemenceau

texts: disappears. Lloyd George did not hide it: at my last visit to London he cynically admitted it". In late 1922, <mask> gave a lecture tour in the major cities of the American northeast. He defended the policy of France, including war debts and reparations, and condemned American isolationism. He was well received and attracted large audiences, but America's policy remained unchanged. On 9 August 1926, he wrote an open letter to the American President Calvin Coolidge that argued against France paying all its war debts: "France is not for sale, even to her friends". This appeal went unheard.He condemned Poincaré's occupation of the Ruhr in 1923 as an undoing of the entente between France and Britain. He wrote two short biographies, one of the Greek orator Demosthenes and one of the French painter Claude Monet. He also penned a huge two-volume tome, covering philosophy, history, and science, entitled Au Soir de la Pensée. Writing this occupied most of his time between 1923 and 1927. During his last months, he wrote his memoirs, despite declaring previously that he would not write them. He was spurred into doing so by the appearance of Marshal Foch's memoirs, which were highly critical of Clemenceau, mainly for his policy at the Paris Peace Conference. Clemenceau only had time to finish the first draft and it was published posthumously as Grandeurs et miseres d'une victoire (Grandeur and Misery of Victory).He was critical of Foch and also of his successors who had allowed the Versailles Treaty to be undermined in the face of Germany's revival. He burned all of his private letters. <mask> died on 24 November 1929 and was buried at


title: Georges Clemenceau

texts:
 Mouchamps. Honours
 1919: Member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium

<mask>'s First Ministry, 25 October 1906 – 24 July 1909
<mask> – President of the Council and Minister of the Interior
Stéphen Pichon – Minister of Foreign Affairs
<mask> – Minister of War
Joseph Caillaux – Minister of Finance
René Viviani – Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions
Edmond Guyot-Dessaigne – Minister of Justice
Gaston Thomson – Minister of Marine
Aristide Briand – Minister of Public Instruction, Fine Arts, and Worship
Joseph Ruau – Minister of Agriculture
Raphaël Milliès-Lacroix – Minister of Colonies
Louis Barthou – Minister of Public Works, Posts, and Telegraphs
Gaston Doumergue – Minister of Commerce and Industry

Changes
4 January 1908 – Aristide Briand succeeds Guyot-Dessaigne as Minister of Justice. Gaston Doumergue succeeds Briand as Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts. Briand remains Minister of Worship. Jean Cruppi succeeds Doumergue as Minister of Commerce and Industry.22 October 1908 – Alfred Picard succeeds Thomson as Minister of Marine. He was instrumental in persuading Monet to have a cataract operation in 1923. For more than a decade, <mask> encouraged Monet to complete his donation to the French state of the large Les Nymphéas (Water Lilies) paintings that now are on display in the Paris Musée de l'Orangerie. They are housed in specially constructed oval galleries that opened to the public in 1927. Having fought a dozen duels against political opponents, Clemenceau knew the importance of exercise and practiced fencing every morning even when he was an old man. <mask> was an atheist.

masks:
Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Picquart
Clemenceau
Clemenceau


title: Georges Clemenceau

texts:
 He took an interest in Japanese art, especially Japanese ceramics.He collected approximately 3,000 small incense containers (kōgō 香合), which are now in museums. The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts held a special exhibition of his collection in 1978. Namesakes

 James Douglas, Jr. bought an apartment in Paris for his friend <mask> in 1926 to use as a retirement home. This building later became the Musée Clemenceau. Clemenceau, Arizona, U.S. was named in honor of <mask> by his friend James Douglas, Jr. in 1917
 Mount Clemenceau (3,658m) in the Canadian Rockies was named after Clemenceau in 1919. A Richelieu-class battleship, laid down in January 1939 and destroyed by Allied bombing in 1944, was to be named after <mask>. The French aircraft carrier Clemenceau was named after <mask>au.Champs-Élysées – Clemenceau is a station on lines 1 and 13 of the Paris Métro in the 8th arrondissement. The stations platforms and access tunnels lie beneath Avenue des Champs-Élysées and Place Clemenceau. The Cuban Romeo y Julieta cigar brand once produced a size named the Clemenceau in his honour, and the Dominican-made variety still does. A character named "<mask>" portrayed by Cyril Cusack appears in the 1993 The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles episode Paris, May 1919. One of Beirut's streets is named in honour of <mask>au. See Rue Clémenceau
 Similarly, there is a street named Clemenceau in a southeastern suburb of Montreal, Canada (Verdun). <mask>'s famous line "War is too important to be left to the generals" is quoted by the character Gen. Jack Ripper in Stanley Kubrick's 1964 film Dr. Strangelove.It is also quoted in the 1994 episode "Mind Set" of

masks:
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemence
George Clemenceau
Georges Clemence
Clemenceau


title: Georges Clemenceau

texts:
 Exosquad, but the writers use Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord as the source. One of Singapore's streets is named in honour of <mask>. See Clémenceau Avenue. Mon. <mask> was on an eastern tour in the 1920s, when he visited Singapore, and was invited to witness the foundation stone laying of the Cenotaph. At that visit, he had the honor to mark the foundation of Clemenceau Avenue. The Clemenceau Bridge (1920s) was a crossing over the Singapore River.A street in the center of Belgrade is named after him. A street in the center of Antibes is named after him. Screen portrayals
Leonard Shephard portrayed <mask> in Dreyfus (1931)

Grant Mitchell portrayed <mask> in The Life of Emile Zola (1937)

Alberto Morin portrayed <mask> in Tennessee Johnson (1942)

Marcel Dalio portrayed <mask> in Wilson (1944)

Gnat Yura portrayed <mask> in The Unforgettable Year 1919 (1951)

Peter Illing portrayed <mask> in I Accuse! (1958)

John Bennett portrayed <mask> in Fall of Eagles (1974)

Michael Anthony portrayed <mask>au in The Life and Times of David Lloyd George (1981)

Arnold Diamond portrayed <mask> in A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia (1992)

Brian Cox portrayed <mask> in The Nature Vacations of Fantastic World of the Adventure (2016)

Gérard Chaillou portrayed <mask> in An Officer and a Spy (2019)

See also
 Interwar France
 International relations (1919–1939)
 List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s – 4 January 1926

Notes

References

Sources and further reading

 Dallas, Gregor. At the Heart of a Tiger: Clemenceau and His World 1841–1929 (1993); emphasis on political milieu

 Duval-Stalla, Alexandre, "Claude Monet -

masks:
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemence
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau


title: Georges Clemenceau

texts:
 <mask> : une histoire, deux cacactères", (Paris : Folio, 2013)

 Gottfried, Ted. <mask>, Elizabeth, " David Lloyd George, <mask>, and the 1918 Manpower Crisis," Historical Journal (2007) 50#2 pp. 397–421
 Greenhalgh, Elizabeth."Marshal Ferdinand Foch versus <mask> in 1919." War in History 24.4 (2017): 458-497. online
 Hanks, Robert K. "<mask>au and the English." Historical Journal 45.1 (2002): 53-77. Holt, E., The Tiger: The Life of <mask> 1841–1929, (London : Hamilton, 1976)
 Jackson, Peter. "Great Britain in French Policy Conceptions at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919." Diplomacy & Statecraft 30.2 (2019): 358-397 online. Jackson, J. Hampden.<mask> and the Third Republic (1962) online edition
 Jackson, Peter. "A Tran-Atlantic Condominium of Democratic Power: the grand design for a post-war order at the heart of French policy at the Paris Peace Conference." Journal of Military and Strategic Studies 16.2 (2015) online. King, Jere Clemens. Foch versus <mask>, Antony. "‘Une aberration inexplicable’? Clemenceau and the abortive Anglo‐French guarantee treaty of 1919."Diplomacy and Statecraft 8.2 (1997): 31-49. McDougall, Walter A. France’s Rhineland Diplomacy, 1914–1924: The Last Bid for a Balance of Power in Europe (Princeton UP, 1978)
 MacMillan, Margaret. Peacemakers: The Paris Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War (2001)
 McAuliffe, Mary. Dawn of the Belle Epoque: The Paris of Monet, Zola, Bernhardt, Eiffel, Debussy, Clemenceau, and Their Friends (2011)   excerpt and text search
 Martet, Jean. <mask>: the events of his life as told by himself (1930) online

 Newhall, David S. <mask>: A Life at War (1991)

 Roberts, John.

masks:
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceauhalgh
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemence
Georges Clemenceau
Clemenceau
Clemenceautin
Clemenceau
Clemenceau


title: Georges Clemenceau

texts:
 "Clemenceau: The Politician" History Today (Sep 1956) 6#9 pp 581–591
 Soutou, <mask>-Henri. "The French Peacemakers and Their Home Front", in Manfred F. Boemeke, Gerald D. Feldman and Elisabeth Glaser, eds, The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment 75 Years On (1998), pp.167–88. Stevenson, David. "French war aims and the American challenge, 1914–1918." Historical Journal 22.4 (1979): 877-894. Watson, D. R. "The Making of French Foreign Policy during the First Clemenceau Ministry, 1906-1909," English Historical Review (1971) 86#341 pp. 774–782 in JSTOR
 Watson, David R.  <mask>: France: Makers of the Modern World (2009), 176pp excerpt and text search
 Watson, David R. <mask>: A Political Biography (1976) online edition
 Watson, David R. "Clemenceau's Contacts with England." Diplomacy and Statecraft 17.4 (2006): 715-730.Primary sources
 <mask>, <mask>. "De la génération des éléments anatomiques" (1865)
 South America To Day by <mask> at archive.org. In English. The strongest (Les plus fort) by <mask> at archive.org
 The surprises of life  by <mask> at archive.org
 At the foot of Sinai by <mask> at archive.org

External links

 The Clemenceau museum
 Britannica.com, <mask>

 Clemenceau, the man and his time by Henry Mayers Hyndman at archive.org
 <mask>'s cartoons
 Dreyfus Rehabilitated
 Vincent Laniol: Clemenceau, <mask>, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Fabienne Bock: Governments, Parliaments and Parties (France), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.Stéphane Tison: War Aims and War Aims Discussion (France), in: 1914-1918-online. International

masks:
Georges
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau
Clemenceau
Georges
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau
Clemenceau
Georges


title: Gaylord Stinchcomb

texts:
<mask>Pete<mask> (June 24, 1895 – August 24, 1973) was an American football player. He played quarterback and halfback at Ohio State University where he was selected as an All-American in 1920. He later played professional football for the Chicago Bears (1921–1922), Columbus Tigers (1923), Cleveland Indians (1923), and Louisville Colonels (1926). He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1973. Biography
<mask> was a native of Sycamore, Ohio. He played high school football for Fostoria High School in Fostoria, Ohio, and was named an All-Ohio halfback while playing on an undefeated football team. <mask> enrolled at Ohio State University in 1916.He played for the Buckeyes as a quarterback and halfback in 1917, 1919 and 1920. <mask>'s biography at the College Football Hall of Fame describes him as follows: "Although a lightweight at 165 pounds, <mask> was a halfback blitz, quick and shifty as he made his way through enemy defenses." As a sophomore in 1917, <mask> was selected as an All-Big Ten Conference player at the quarterback position. Though All-American Chic Harley was the veteran star of the 1917 Buckeyes team, <mask>'s play won him praise as a co-star of the Ohio State backfield. One newspaper wrote as follows about <mask>'s performance in 1917:

<mask> a Star. On the campus at Ohio State they call him 'Pete,' and although the stellar performance against Northwestern was his 'curtain' affair they have learned to mention him in the same breath with 'Chic' Harley. Last season when <mask> was running through the varsity as a member of the freshman eleven Ohio fans looked a year ahead and longed to see Harley and <mask> paired off as halves on the same team.Today, that situation has come pass, and with what effect the season's record shows. At the end of the 1917 season, one newspaper wrote: "Harley and his teammate, <mask>, of Ohio State, outstepped their rivals and made the greatest pair of backs ever seen in the Western Conference." In April 1918, following the entry of the United States into World War I, <mask> enlisted in the

masks:
Gaylord Roscoe "
" Stinchcomb
Stinchcomb
Stinchcomb
Stinchcomb
Stinchcomb
Stinchcomb
Stinchcomb
Stinchcomb
Stinchcomb
Stinchcomb
Stinchcomb
Stinchcomb
Stinchcomb


title: Gaylord Stinchcomb

texts:
 U.S. Navy and missed the 1918 football season. He played for a Cleveland Naval football team during the 1918 season. In an 83–0 win over Cornell, he ran 100 yards for a touchdown. In a 14–6 win over Camp Grant, <mask> was the Navy's star, kicking two extra points and returning a punt 65 yards for a touchdown. And at the end of the 1918 season, <mask> scored seven points (a touchdown and an extra point) as the Cleveland Naval Reserve team defeated the University of Pittsburgh football team, 10–9.In a profile of <mask> published in November 1918, one writer observed:

The reason for such optimistic predictions is the showing Stlnchcomb has made this season in the 'unofficial' football season all grid fans have enjoyed. As  backfleld man for the Cleveland Naval Reserve team -- in which branch of the service <mask> has been serving -- 'Pete' has romped around opposing ends -- plunged through their lines and carried his team to the fore ranks of military and naval football ratings. In late December 1918, <mask>, described as "the star line-plunger on the Cleveland Naval Reserve eleven," announced his plan to return to Ohio State in 1919. After the war, <mask> returned to Ohio State and played for the Buckeyes football team in 1919 and 1920. He also founded the Student Bookstore at Ohio State in 1920. In 1919, he played for the first Ohio State football team to defeat the University of Michigan. <mask> and fellow backfield star Chic Harley were the stars in the Buckeyes' first victory over the Wolverines.At the end of the 1919 season, <mask> was selected as a first-team All-Western quarterback. With Harley's graduation, <mask> was the star of Ohio State's 1920 football team. The 1920 group led by <mask> became Ohio State's first undefeated football team, and at the end of the season <mask> was selected as a first-team All-American. Ohio State coach John Wilce later recalled the efficiency of the two stars of his 1920 team: "'Workmen to Stinchcomb' was a phrase almost as common in the west as the famous 'Tinker to Evers to Chance.' Hoge Workman at

masks: Stinchcomb Stinchcomb Stinchcomb Stinchcomb Stinchcomb Stinchcomb Stinchcomb Stinchcomb Stinchcomb Stinchcomb Stinchcomb


title: Gaylord Stinchcomb

texts:
 quarter and <mask> at right half played every phase of footpall expertly but they had developed the aerial game to the last degree of efficiency. ... <mask> was perhaps the outstanding star of the squad. The critics unanimously picked him for all-American halfback."While traveling to Pasadena, California in December 1920 to play in the 1921 Rose Bowl, <mask> announced that he would marry Anne Jane Summers of Columbus, Ohio. The two remained married for more than 50 years until <mask>'s death in 1973. <mask> also competed for Ohio State in baseball and track and field. As a senior, he won the 1921 NCAA championship in the broad jump. <mask> played several years of professional football. He played two years for George Halas's Chicago Bears (1921–1922) and also played some for the Columbus Tigers (1923), the Cleveland Indians (1923), and the Louisville Colonels (1926). He was selected as a first-team All-Pro in 1921 and 1922 and a second-team All-Pro in 1923.<mask> returned to Ohio State as a backfield coach in 1935. After retiring from football, <mask> served as president of Linworth Homes Inc. of Findlay, Ohio and Uhrichsville, Ohio, and as president of Eagle Creek Utility Co. of Findlay. <mask> and his wife, Anne Jane, lived in Upper Arlington, Ohio for many years, but moved to Findlay, Ohio in 1968 when he became president of Linworth Homes. In 1973, <mask> was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame, but he died at age 78 before the induction ceremony was conducted. There is a street named after him nearby the Ohio State campus. References

External links

1895 births
1973 deaths
American football halfbacks
American football quarterbacks
Chicago Staleys players
Chicago Bears players
Cleveland Indians (NFL 1923) players
Columbus Panhandles coaches
Columbus Tigers players
Louisville Colonels (NFL) players
Ohio State Buckeyes football coaches
Ohio State Buckeyes football players
All-American college football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
People from Sycamore, Ohio
Players of American football from Ohio
People from Findlay,

masks:
Pete Stinchcomb
Stinchcomb
Stinchcomb
Stinchcomb
Stinchcomb
Stinchcomb
Stinchcomb
Stinchcomb
Stinchcomb
Stinchcomb


title: John Fowles

texts:
<mask> (; 31 March 1926 – 5 November 2005) was an English novelist of international renown, critically positioned between modernism and postmodernism. His work was influenced by Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, among others. After leaving Oxford University, <mask> taught English at a school on the Greek island of Spetses, a sojourn that inspired The Magus (1965), an instant best-seller that was directly in tune with 1960s "hippy" anarchism and experimental philosophy. This was followed by The French Lieutenant's Woman (1969), a Victorian-era romance with a postmodern twist that was set in Lyme Regis, Dorset, where Fowles lived for much of his life. Later fictional works include The Ebony Tower (1974), Daniel Martin (1977), Mantissa
(1982), and A Maggot (1985). <mask>'s books have been translated into many languages, and several have been adapted as films. Biography

Birth and family
Fowles was born in Leigh-on-Sea in Essex, England, the son of Gladys May Richards and <mask>.<mask> came from a family of middle-class merchants of London. Robert's father Reginald was a partner of the firm Allen & Wright, a tobacco importer. Robert's mother died when he was six years old. At the age of 26, after receiving legal training, Robert enlisted in the Honourable Artillery Company and spent three years in the trenches of Flanders during the First World War. Robert's brother Jack died in the war, leaving a widow and three children. During 1920, the year Robert was demobilised, his father Reginald died. Robert became responsible for five young half-siblings as well as  the children of his brother.Although he had hoped to practise law, the obligation of raising an extended family forced him into the family trade of tobacco importing. Gladys Richards belonged to an Essex family also originally from London. The Richards family moved to Westcliff-on-Sea in 1918, as Spanish flu

masks:
John Robert Fowles
Fowles
Fowles
Robert John Fowles
Robert Fowles


title: John Fowles

texts:
 swept through Europe, for Essex was said to have a healthy climate. Robert met Gladys Richards at a tennis club in Westcliff-on-Sea in 1924. Though she was ten years younger, and he in bad health from the war, they were married a year later on 18 June 1925. Nine months and two weeks later, Gladys gave birth to <mask> <mask>. Early life and education

<mask> spent his childhood attended by his mother and by his cousin <mask>, 18 years old at the time of his birth.She was his nursemaid and close companion for ten years. <mask> attended Alleyn Court Preparatory School. The works of Richard Jefferies and his character Bevis were <mask>'s favourite books as a child. He was an only child until he was 16 years old. In 1939, <mask> won a place at Bedford School, a two-hour train journey north of his home. His time at Bedford coincided with the Second World War. <mask> was a student at Bedford until 1944.He became head boy and was an athletic standout: a member of the rugby-football third team, the fives first team, and captain of the cricket team, for which he was a bowler. After leaving Bedford School in 1944, Fowles enrolled in a Naval Short Course at Edinburgh University and was prepared to receive a commission in the Royal Marines. He completed his training on 8 May 1945—VE Day and was assigned instead to Okehampton Camp in the countryside near Devon for two years. After completing his military service in 1947, <mask> entered New College, Oxford, where he studied both French and German, although he stopped studying German and concentrated on French for his BA. Fowles was undergoing a political transformation. Upon leaving the marines, he wrote, "I ... began to hate what I was becoming in life—a British Establishment young hopeful. I decided instead to become a sort of anarchist."It was also at Oxford that <mask> first considered life as a writer, particularly after

masks:
John Robert
Fowles
Fowles
Peggy Fowles
Fowles
Fowles
Fowles
Fowles
Fowles
Fowles


title: John Fowles

texts:
 reading existentialists such as Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. <mask> has also commented that the ambience of Oxford at the time, where such existentialist notions of "authenticity"  and "freedom" were pervasive, influenced him. Though Fowles did not identify as an existentialist, their writing was motivated from a feeling that the world was absurd, a feeling he shared. Teaching career
<mask> spent his early adult life as a teacher. His first year after Oxford was spent at the University of Poitiers. At the end of the year, he received two offers: one from the French department at Winchester, the other "from a ratty school in Greece," Fowles said: "Of course, I went against all the dictates of common sense and took the Greek job." In 1951, <mask> became an English master at the Anargyrios and Korgialenios School of Spetses on the Peloponnesian island of Spetses (also known as Spetsai).This opened a critical period in his life, as the island was where he met his future wife Elizabeth Christy, née Whitton, wife of fellow teacher Roy Christy. Inspired by his experiences and feelings there, he used it as the setting of his novel, The Magus (1966). <mask> was happy in Greece, especially outside the school. He wrote poems that he later published, and became close to his fellow expatriates. But during 1953, Fowles and the other masters at the school were all dismissed for trying to institute reforms, and Fowles returned to England. On the island of Spetses, Fowles had developed a relationship with Elizabeth Christy, then married to another teacher. Christy's marriage was already ending because of Fowles.Although they returned to England at the same time, they were no longer in each other's company. It was during this period that <mask> began drafting The Magus. His separation from Elizabeth did not last long. On 2 April 1957, they were married. <mask> became

masks: Fowles Fowles Fowles Fowles Fowles Fowles


title: John Fowles

texts:
 stepfather to Elizabeth's daughter from her first marriage, Anna. For nearly ten years, <mask> taught English as a foreign language to students from other countries at St. Godric's College, an all-girls establishment in Hampstead, London. Literary career

In late 1960, though he had already drafted The Magus, <mask> began working on The Collector.He finished his first draft of The Collector in a month, but spent more than a year making revisions before showing it to his agent. Michael S. Howard, the publisher at Jonathan Cape was enthusiastic about the manuscript. The book was published in 1963 and when the paperback rights were sold in the spring of that year, it was "probably the highest price that had hitherto been paid for a first novel," according to Howard. British reviewers found the novel to be an innovative thriller, but several American critics detected a serious promotion of existentialist thought. The success of The Collector meant that <mask> could stop teaching and devote himself full-time to a literary career. Film rights to the book were optioned and it was adapted as a feature film of the same name in 1965. Against the advice of his publisher, <mask> insisted that his second published book be The Aristos, a non-fiction collection of philosophy essays.Afterward, he set about collating all the drafts he had written of what would become his most studied work, The Magus. In 1965 <mask> left London, moving to Underhill, a farm on the fringes of Lyme Regis, Dorset. The isolated farm house became the model for The Dairy in the book Fowles was writing: The French Lieutenant's Woman (1969). Finding the farm too remote, as "total solitude gets a bit monotonous," Fowles remarked, in 1968 he and his wife moved to Belmont, in Lyme Regis. (Belmont was formerly owned by Eleanor Coade), which Fowles used as a setting for parts of The French Lieutenant's Woman.

masks: Fowles Fowles Fowles Fowles Fowles


title: John Fowles

texts:
 In this novel, Fowles created one of the most enigmatic female characters in literary history. His conception of femininity and myth of masculinity as developed in this text is psychoanalytically informed.In the same year, he adapted The Magus for cinema, and the film was released in 1968. The film version of The Magus (1968) was generally considered awful; when Woody Allen was later asked whether he would make changes in his life if he had the opportunity to do it all over again, he jokingly replied he would do "everything exactly the same, with the exception of watching The Magus." The French Lieutenant's Woman (1969) was released to critical and popular success. It was translated into more than ten languages, and established <mask>' international reputation. It was adapted as a feature film in 1981 with a screenplay by the noted British playwright (and later Nobel laureate) Harold Pinter, and starring Meryl Streep and Jeremy Irons. <mask> lived the rest of his life in Lyme Regis. His works The Ebony Tower (1974), Daniel Martin (1977), Mantissa (1981), and A Maggot (1985) were all written from Belmont House.In 1980 he wrote a highly appreciative introduction to G.B. Edwards' The Book of Ebenezer Le Page (Hamish Hamilton, 1981), the fictional autobiography set in Guernsey: 'There may have been stranger literary events than the book you are about to read but I rather doubt it' (reprinted in his Wormholes: Essays and Occasional Writings, ed. Jan Relf (Jonathan Cape, 1998), pp. 166-74. <mask> was named by The Times newspaper of UK as one of the 50 greatest British writers since 1945. In 1998, he was quoted in the New York Times Book Review as saying, "Being an atheist is a matter not of moral choice, but of human obligation." Short fiction
<mask> composed a number of poems and short stories throughout his life, most of which were lost or destroyed.In December 1950

masks: Fowles Fowles Fowles Fowles


title: John Fowles

texts:
 he wrote My Kingdom for a Corkscrew. For A Casebook (1955) was rejected by various magazines. In 1970 he wrote The Last Chapter. Community life
Joining the community, <mask> served as the curator of the Lyme Regis Museum from 1979 to 1988, retiring from the museum after having a mild stroke. <mask> was occasionally involved in local politics, writing letters to The Times advocating preservation. Despite this involvement, he was generally considered reclusive. Personal life
In 1990, his first wife Elizabeth died of cancer, only a week after it was diagnosed.Her death affected him severely, and he did not write for a year. In 1998, <mask> married his second wife, Sarah Smith. With Sarah by his side, <mask> died of heart failure on 5 November 2005, aged 79, in Axminster Hospital,  from Lyme Regis. In 2008, Elena van Lieshout presented a series of 120 love letters and postcards for auction at Sotheby's. The correspondence started in 1990, when <mask> was aged 65. Elena, a young Welsh admirer and a student at St. Hilda's College, Oxford, contacted the reclusive author and they developed a sensitive, albeit unconsummated, relationship. Controversy
Following <mask>' death in 2005, his unpublished diaries from 1965 to 1990 were revealed to contain racist and homophobic statements, with particular ire towards Jewish people.He described rare book dealer Rick Gekoski as "Too Jewish for English tastes… bending to the way of the wind, or the business and money pressure", and wrote a consciously antisemitic poem about publishers Tom Maschler and Roger Straus. List of works
(1963) The Collector
(1964) The Aristos, essays ()
(1965) The Magus (revised 1977)
(1969) The French Lieutenant's Woman
(1973) Poems by <mask>
(1974) The Ebony Tower
(1974) Shipwreck
(1977) Daniel Martin
(1978) Islands
(1979) The Tree
(1980) The Enigma of Stonehenge
(1982) A Short History of Lyme

masks:
Fowles
Fowles
Fowles
Fowles
Fowles
Fowles
John Fowles


title: John Fowles

texts:
 Regis
(1982) Mantissa
(1985) A Maggot
(1985) Land (with Fay Godwin)
(1990) Lyme Regis Camera
(1998) Wormholes - Essays and Occasional Writings
(2003) The Journals – Volume 1
(2006) The Journals – Volume 2

References

Works cited

  Mandal, Mahitosh (2017). "'Eyes a man could drown in': Phallic Myth and Femininity in <mask>'s The French Lieutenant's Woman". Interdisciplinary Literary Studies: A Journal of Criticism and Theory. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/672189/pdf https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/intelitestud.19.3.0274

General

External links

 <mask>–The Web Site
"Writer <mask> dies aged 79", BBC News, 7 November 2005. The New York Times obituary of <mask>
"The Novels of <mask>owles: A Reassessment", Fractious Fiction, 6 November 2015. "Virtuoso author of 'The Collector', 'The Magus' and 'The French Lieutenant's Woman'", 8 Nov. 2005 in The Independent
"Featured Author: <mask> Fowles".From the Archives of The New York Times
Adam Lee-Potter, Interview: "Fair or Fowles? ", The Observer, 12 October 2003. The Guardian Book Authors: <mask> – Biography, list of articles and interviews at The Guardian, 22 July 2008. Johnfowles.org.uk
 <mask> Collection, and Papers at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
 Criticism in Portuguese. By Dr. Shirley Carreira
 <mask> in Dorset BBC Radio 4: Chris Ledgard explores a series of previously unheard recordings of the novelist <mask> at work during his time as the curator of Lyme Regis Museum. 28 October 2008. 1926 births
2005 deaths
Alumni of New College, Oxford
British expatriates in Greece
English atheists
English essayists
English humanists
People educated at Alleyn Court School
People educated at Bedford School
People from Leigh-on-Sea
Postmodern writers
20th-century English novelists
English erotica writers
20th-century essayists
Royal Marines personnel of World War II
Royal Marines

masks:
John Fowles
John Fowles
John Fowles
John Fowles
John F
John
John Fowles
John Fowles
Fowles
John Fowles


title: Phil Morris (speedway rider)

texts:
<mask> (born 10 September 1975 in Newport, Wales) is a retired British motorcycle speedway rider. He was the former Team GB Under 21 team manager. He was also the team manager of the Birmingham Brummies for two seasons. Speedway career

Early years
<mask> was the Welsh Schoolboy grasstrack champion at the age of nine and within two years was also the British Youth Grasstrack Champion, a title he won a total of five times. He was signed by the Reading Racers a few days before his 16th Birthday. Reading Racers
Plunged straight into first team action at the end of the 1991 season, the Welsh teenager was then named in the Racers starting line up for the 1992 season, and was part of the team that won the British League title that season. <mask> became a key part of the Reading side over the next five seasons and although the club didn't repeat the success of the 1992 season, the Welshman was firmly established in the sport.He spent the 1997 away from Reading, his home town club Newport Wasps look set to sign him but they changed their mind on a contract offer, so <mask> joined Stoke Potters on loan from Reading, before re-joining his parent club for the 1998 season. In 1999 <mask> proved himself as a force to be reckoned with in the Premier League and continued this form into the 2000 season, when he won the first speedway meeting of the year, at the New Year Classic on 2 January 2000 at Newport Speedway. The 2000 season was <mask>' tenth on the books of Reading Speedway and he was granted a testimonial meeting, which attracted over 3000 people to Reading's Smallmead Stadium. In 2001 and 2002 <mask> continued to prove he was one of the best riders in the Premier League, and he came third in the 2002 Premier League Riders' Championship at Belle Vue. A knee injury suffered in Sweden curtailed his 2003 season, but he was back in the saddle for 2004, and proved his fitness with a 12-point maximum in his first meeting back against King's Lynn Stars. Although 2004 was to be his last full-time campaign in Reading colours, he also achieved one of his

masks:
Phillip William Morris
Phil Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris


title: Phil Morris (speedway rider)

texts:
 finest moments in the sport, when he partnered Danny Bird to win the Premier League Riders Pairs Championship. Life after Reading
For the 2005 season <mask> signed with the Newcastle Diamonds.Niggling injuries meant <mask> did not quite live up to expectations. In 2006, he was signed by Elite League Belle Vue, where his long-time friend and multi-world champion Jason Crump was team captain. <mask> finished the season with a -point average. For the 2007 season, he received the offer to ride for his home town club Newport, some ten years after they had pulled the plug on his contract. Although <mask> was their highest scorer in most meetings, the team struggled badly and crowds dwindled, which led to the club cutting costs and <mask> agreeing to move on and join fellow Premier League side Birmingham. Birmingham Brummies
Morris was signed on a full transfer by the Birmingham Brummies in 2008. <mask> suffered serious internal injuries in a crash at Mildenhall in early April and on his return to action in late May he suffered another injury, a badly dislocated shoulder at Rye House.Final years
His injury problems were to have a lasting effect on the Welshman, and, although he returned to the saddle in 2009, signing to ride for the Stoke Potters in the Premier League and starting the season well with some good performances, problems with his shoulder meant his scoring slumped and he was axed from the side, going on to ride for the Workington Comets, where again he struggled for points. He also doubled up with the Lakeside Hammers in the Elite League, where he produced a number of good performances. However, he took a heavy fall at Workington in August, and once again the shoulder was badly dislocated. On the advice of medics he took the decision to retire from speedway to avoid permanent damage to the shoulder. <mask> announced his retirement from competitive Speedway at the age of 34 in September 2009. Two years later, in September 2011, <mask> staged his farewell meeting at Birmingham Speedway. Management
He was appointed as head coach of the

masks: Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris


title: Phil Morris (speedway rider)

texts:
 2010 Great Britain under 21 team.This proved so successful that he was tasked with responsibility for the management, development and co-ordination of activities with regards to the riders aged 21 and below in British Speedway a role he continued in for the next 4 seasons. In 2012 he was appointed Assistant Team Manager for the Senior Squad as well, a role he undertook for 2013 Speedway World Cup as well. <mask> also successfully lead Team GB to a series victory over Australia in a series of meetings held on Premier League tracks. In 2012 <mask> returned to the Birmingham Brummies to manage the team, alongside the incumbent manager and promoter Graham Drury. In their first year as joint team managers they led the Brummies to the Elite League play-off's, for the first time since the club's reformation in 2006. For the 2013 season <mask> took over the full team management duties, where he led the Brummies to the league's top slot at the end of the season, only to see them lose to Poole Pirates in the grand final. <mask> resigned from his position at the end of the campaign, revealing unrest behind the scenes as his main reasons.After playing a key role in the development of the newly formed Elite League Rider draft system, which saw young British riders fast tracked into the 2014 Elite League teams, <mask> decided to tender his resignation from the role of under 21 coach at the end of the season. In December 2014, he was named the new FIM Race Director for the Speedway Grand Prix World Championship series as well as the Speedway World Cup, following the retirement of Tony Olsson. Game show appearances
<mask> has appeared on a number of UK television game shows including The Weakest Link, Brainbox Challenge where he won several hundred pounds and Eggheads. References

1975 births
Living people
British speedway riders
Welsh motorcycle racers
Welsh speedway riders
Sportspeople from Newport, Wales
Belle Vue Aces riders
Reading Racers riders
Newport Wasps riders
Lakeside Hammers riders
Birmingham Brummies riders
Newcastle Diamonds riders
Stoke

masks: Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris Morris


title: Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo

texts:
Gnaeus <mask> (Peltuinum c. AD 7 – 67) was a popular Roman general, brother-in-law of the emperor Caligula and father-in-law of Domitian. The emperor Nero, highly fearful of Corbulo's reputation, ordered him to commit suicide, which the general carried out faithfully, exclaiming "Axios", meaning "I am worthy", and fell on his own sword. Ancestry
<mask> was born somewhere on the Italian peninsula into a senatorial family. His father, who shared the same name, entered the Senate as a formal praetor under Tiberius. His mother Vistilia came from a family which held the praetorship. Military and political career

Reign of Caligula
Corbulo's early career is unknown but he was suffect consul in AD 39 during the reign of Caligula, his brother-in-law through Caligula's marriage to <mask>'s half-sister Milonia Caesonia. In Germania Inferior

After Caligula's assassination, Corbulo's career came to a halt until, in AD 47, the new Emperor Claudius made him commander of the armies in Germania Inferior, with a base camp in Colonia (Cologne).The new assignment was a difficult one and <mask> had to deal with major rebellions by the Germanic Cherusci and Chauci tribes. During his stay in Germania, the general ordered the construction of a canal between the rivers Rhine and Meuse. Parts of this engineering work, known as Fossa Corbulonis or Corbulo's Canal, have been found at archaeological digs. Its course is about identical to the modern-day Vliet canal, which connects the modern towns of Leiden (ancient Matilo) and Voorburg (Forum Hadriani).

masks:
Domitius Corbulo
Corbulo
Corbulo
Corbulo


title: Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo

texts:
 Upon reaching lower Germania, <mask> employed both the army and naval squadrons of the fleet patrolling the Rhine and the North Sea, eventually expelling the Chauci away from the Roman Provinces and instituting a rigorous training program in order to ensure maximum effectiveness of his legions. He supposedly executed two legionaries after they were found to have laid aside their swords when labouring in the construction of fortifications on a marching camp. <mask> is said to have said, "You defeat the enemy with a pickaxe."In the east

<mask> returned to Rome, where he stayed until AD 52, when he was named governor of the province of Asia. Following Claudius' death in AD 54, the new emperor Nero sent him to the eastern provinces to deal with the Armenian question. After some delay, and reinforced by troops from Germania, in AD 58 he took the offensive, and attacked Tiridates, King of Armenia and brother of Vologases I of Parthia. Artaxata and Tigranocerta were captured by his legions (III Gallica, VI Ferrata, and X Fretensis), and Tigranes, who had been brought up in Rome and was an obedient servant of the government, was installed as king of Armenia. In AD 61 Tigranes invaded Adiabene, an integral portion of the Parthian Kingdom, and a conflict between Rome and Parthia seemed unavoidable. Instead, Vologases thought it better to come to terms. It was agreed that both Roman and Parthian troops should evacuate Armenia, that Tigranes should be dethroned, and the rule of Tiridates recognized.The Roman government declined to accede

masks: Corbulo Corbulo Corbulo


title: Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo

texts:
 to these arrangements, and Lucius Caesennius Paetus, governor of Cappadocia, was ordered to settle the question by bringing Armenia under direct Roman administration. The protection of Syria claimed all of <mask>'s attention in the meantime. Paetus, a weak and incapable commander who "despised the fame acquired by <mask>", suffered a severe defeat at Rhandeia in AD 62, where he was surrounded and forced to capitulate to the Parthians and evacuated to Armenia. Command was again entrusted to <mask>. In AD 63, with a strong army, he crossed the Euphrates. Tiridates declined to give battle and arranged a peace. At Rhandea he laid down his diadem at the foot of the emperor's statue, promising not to resume it until he received it from the hand of Nero himself in Rome.Fall and death
After two failed plots by noblemen and senators, including <mask>'s son-in-law, the senator Lucius Annius Vinicianus, to overthrow Nero in AD 66, Nero became suspicious of <mask> and his support among the Roman masses. In AD 67 disturbances broke out in Judaea and Nero, ordering Vespasian to take command of the Roman forces, summoned <mask>, as well as two brothers who were the governors of Upper and Lower Germany, to Greece. On his arrival at Cenchreae, the port of Corinth, messengers from Nero met <mask> and ordered him to commit suicide. Undaunted, he strode forward to accept his fate, and fell on his own sword after exclaiming, "Axios! ", meaning "I am worthy!" Works
<mask> wrote a now-lost account of his Asiatic experiences. Marriage and issue
<mask>

masks: Corbulo Corbulo Corbulo Corbulo Corbulo Corbulo Corbulo Corbulo Corbulo


title: Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo

texts:
 married Cassia Longina, the daughter of Gaius Cassius Longinus, consul of 30, and his wife Junia Lepida, a great-great-granddaughter of Augustus.Cassia bore <mask> two daughters. The elder daughter, Domitia, married the senator Annius Vinicianus, and their second daughter, Domitia Longina, married the future Emperor Domitian. In popular culture
 The 2012 historical novel, Avenger of Rome, by Douglas Jackson, deals with the fictional last battle of Corbulo. Two of Simon Scarrow's Eagles of the Empire series, The Blood of Rome (2018) and Traitors of Rome (2019) feature <mask>'s involvement in the East. Mickey Rourke plays <mask> in the 2020 film The Legion. In the live-action web series Halo 4: Forward Unto Dawn, the main setting is called the Corbulo Academy of Military Science. The main saying/mantra of the cadets there is "Axios".In addition, several statues of <mask> decorate the campus, and lessons are taught on <mask>'s life and accomplishments. Notes

References

Military History, Vol. 23, Number 5, p. 47–53. External links
 Livius: Corbulo
 Livius: Fossa Corbulonis

AD 7 births
Year of birth uncertain
67 deaths
1st-century Romans
1st-century Roman governors of Syria
Flavian dynasty
Julio-Claudian dynasty
Corbulo
Suffect consuls of Imperial Rome
Roman governors of Germania Inferior
Roman governors of Asia
Ancient Romans who committed suicide
Forced suicides
People of the Roman–Parthian Wars
Roman governors of Syria
Senators of the Roman Empire
Suicides by sharp instrument in Greece
Generals of Nero
Ancient Roman

masks: Corbulo Corbulo Corbulo Corbulo Corbulo


title: Victor Collin de Plancy

texts: <mask> (1853–1924) was a French diplomat, bibliophile and art collector. He was a career French diplomat who served most of his working life in Korea and whose private collection of Far Eastern art and antiquities went on to form the core of the Korean collection at the Musée Guimet in Paris. <mask> served for nearly a decade starting in 1884 as French Minister to Korea. He was the first French Minister to Korea and published three volumes of "Joseon Seoji" while working as a French diplomat in Joseon. He was the first foreigner introducing the historical value of Jikji to the world through the Paris International Exposition(1900). At the suggestion of <mask>, Emperor Gojong, the king of Joseon Dynasty, participated in the Paris International Exposition(1900) and became an opportunity for Joseon's history and culture to be known to the world. <mask> set up an exhibition hall with hanok at the Paris International Exposition to display Korean traditional items and promote them to the world.At that time, one of the Korean books he displayed at the Korean Pavilion at the Paris International Exposition was "Jikji," the oldest existing metal type printed book. In addition, he accurately recorded the value of Jikji in  'Joseon Seoji'. His accumulated books became part of the core of the Korean collection of the French Bibliothèque Nationale, and his accumulated artworks became part of the core of the Musée Guimet in Paris. <mask> <mask> was born on November 22, 1853 in Plancy, a small town near Troyes in the Champagne region of eastern France, the son of <mask> <mask>, a Jesuit priest and prolific writer on the occult whose name is still much more familiar in France than that of his son. Despite the name, <mask> <mask> was not of noble pedigree. Against the strict laws of lineage <mask>'s father had illicitly added the "<mask> Plancy" to his family name of <mask> in a move that would later

masks: Victor Émile Marie Joseph Collin de Plancy


title: Victor Collin de Plancy

texts: bring accusations against the son. As a very young man <mask> <mask> studied in Paris at the Ecole de l'Immaculée Conception before gaining entrance to the prestigious École des Langues Orientales Vivantes, where he trained in Chinese, graduating in 1877.Though he had ambitions for entering the diplomatic corps, he was posted instead to Peking as a junior interpreter, often a preliminary step to seeking consular duties. Prevented by his stationing in Peking from taking the requisite exam for consular assignment (administered only at Paris), it was 1883 before he finally received his coveted consular position, when he was named consul second class at Peking. In 1884 he was promoted to acting French consul at Shanghai, where he served during the Sino-French War, distinguishing himself by services rendered to a cholera-stricken French fleet harbored in Shanghai during the conflict for which he was made an Officer of the Legion of Honor. It was during this posting that <mask> <mask> served briefly as the first French consul to Korea, when relations were opened with that country in 1887. He would go on to serve as French consul in Japan before returning to Korea in 1896 as the resident French consul in that country. Except for extended sick leaves in 1899–1900 and 1905–1906, <mask> <mask> would spend the years from 1896 to 1906 in Seoul, where he would eventually be promoted full minister. He would serve only briefly as French minister to Bangkok in 1906 before requesting full retirement 1907.The young <mask> <mask> was described alternately as laborious, impartial and instructed, while being lauded as well for his more social qualities — charm, elegance of manners, impeccable taste and perhaps most importantly, amiability. The introduction to his collected papers in the French Foreign Ministry notes the qualities for which <mask> <mask> seemed best known, "his tact, courtesy, and refined

masks:
Victor Collin
de Plancy
Collin de
Plancy
Collin de
Plancy
Collin de
Plancy
Collin de
Plancy


title: Victor Collin de Plancy

texts: manners" and as one who excelled in "issues of etiquette... but who rarely ventured into the realm of general ideas". In Seoul he became known for his charming garden parties. Particularly well-received were his "chrysanthemum festivals" held every autumn in the gardens of the French legation, during which guest strolled the peaceful grounds in the midst of the budding capital, admiring the park with its greenhouses of flowers. In 1896 <mask> had constructed an elegant European style compound for the French legation, filling it with antiques from the Château de Chenonceaux. He was himself a collector; his respectable assortment of Asian art and ceramics was eventually donated to the Musée Guimet in Paris where it forms a core part of the Korean collection. <mask> <mask> never married.<mask> <mask>'s diplomatic acumen proved a boon for French interests in Korea during the last decade or so of the 19th century. He became occupied in procuring the concession for of the Seoul-Uiju line for Five-Lilles, personally negotiating with the Korean foreign minister. Along with the above railway concession he also successfully petitioned for mining rights on behalf of French companies along the proposed railroad. However, other efforts spearheaded by <mask> <mask> to gain railway concessions to Mokpo and Wonsan were not so successful. <mask> <mask> was successful in raising the French visibility and prestige in other realms more successfully than in railroads and mining. As chief French diplomat in Korea, and enjoying a wide range of contacts, <mask> <mask> was the natural hinge for the expansion of French influence. <mask> <mask> helped a certain Mr. Saltarel establish official contacts in Seoul upon his arrival there as representative of several French companies in early 1898.Saltarel eventually gained a mining concession in Korea. In late 1899 a French military attaché in China, Commander

masks:
De Plancy
Victor Collin
de Plancy
Collin de
Plancy
Collin de
Plancy
Collin de
Plancy
Collin de
Plancy
Collin de
Plancy


title: Victor Collin de Plancy

texts:
 Polyeucte Vidal, was also brought in through <mask> <mask>'s efforts to assess the state of the Korean arsenal and make recommendations as to its improvement and the establishment of a Korean arms industry. Eventually the French, represented by Vidal, would join with the Russians in a mutual campaign to reorganize the Korean arsenal. <mask> Plancy also brought in an expert from the Sèvres Ceramic Works to recommend ways of modernizing and expanding the Korean porcelain industry. But France's most visible representative, behind <mask> <mask> himself, was undoubtedly E. Clemencet, who had been brought to Korea in 1898, shortly after Korea's entrance into the International Postal Union, to organize a modern Korean postal service. Upon the bureau's opening in January 1900 Clemencet sent the first international letter to <mask> <mask> (then on leave in France), as the "only fitting homage" to the man who had contributed so much to making the service a reality. The French consul also proved instrumental in paving the way for Korea's participation at the Paris Universal Exposition of 1900.In 1906, shortly after Korea became a protectorate of Japan, <mask> <mask> left Korea for a posting in Bangkok, Thailand. He went into retirement the following year. After his death in 1924, a large part of his art and book collection made its way into the possession of the Musée Guimet, the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, and the Collège de France. <mask> <mask> was also an amateur naturalist and authored several texts on the insects and reptiles of his native France. See also
 France-Korea Treaty of 1886

References

 Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921–1922. (1922). Korea's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament.Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 12923609

French diplomats
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
1853 births
1924

masks:
Collin de
Plancy
Collin de
Collin de
Plancy
Collin de
Plancy
Collin de
Plancy
Collin de
Plancy


title: Joel Hodgson

texts:
<mask> (born February 20, 1960) is an American writer, comedian and television actor. He is best known for creating Mystery Science Theater 3000 (MST3K) and starring in it as the character <mask>. In 2007, MST3K was listed as "one of the top 100 television shows of all time" by Time. From 2007 to 2013, <mask> was part of the "movie riffing" project Cinematic Titanic with several of his fellow MST3K alumni, performing live and producing content for DVDs and direct download. He has also served as Creative Lead for Media at Pennsylvania technology firm Cannae. Early life and career
<mask> was born on February 20, 1960 in Stevens Point, Wisconsin, and later moved to Green Bay, Wisconsin. He was raised in an Evangelical Christian upbringing, and later claimed that the various shows his church would put on had a profound influence on his desire to become an entertainer.<mask> began his career in seventh grade as a magician and ventriloquist. <mask> performed for local events in Green Bay, and attended Ashwaubenon High School. Upon graduation, <mask> moved to Minneapolis to attend Bethel University (Minnesota) to study Theatre and Mass Media. While there, <mask> further developed his magic act by adding comedy and began opening for musical acts at Bethel as well as performing in coffee houses and comedy clubs. <mask> cites a Theatre of the Absurd class at Bethel taught by Dr. David Horn for helping him crystallize the meaning of his comedy. In 1981 he won the Campus Comedy Contest and then the first annual Twin Cities Comedy Invitational in 1982. In November of the same year <mask> moved to Los Angeles where he

masks:
Joel Hodgson
Joel Robinson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Joel
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson


title: Joel Hodgson

texts:
 became a regular performer at the Comedy Store and the Hollywood Magic Castle, as well as the Comedy Magic Club.At the Comedy Magic Club, <mask> was spotted by Late Night with David Letterman producer Barry Sand and three months later at age 22 had his network television debut. He later made four other appearances on the Letterman show, as well as four on Saturday Night Live as a guest act. <mask> also was a featured performer on HBO’s "Eighth Annual Young Comedians Special" hosted by John Candy along with Bill Maher, Paula Poundstone, and the Amazing Johnathan. He worked at the Comedy Store while in LA, also doing traveling stand-up in San Jose, San Francisco, Detroit, Kansas City and Minneapolis. <mask> left stand-up in 1985, citing the need for a creative sabbatical, and moved back to Minneapolis. Between 1984 and 1988 - <mask>'s 'official' return to comedy - he built and sold sculptures, worked at a T-shirt factory, designed toys, and began designing and building props (including robots) for other comedians. In 1986 he co-wrote an HBO special with Jerry Seinfeld.He was also considered for the role of Woody Boyd in Cheers. He met Jim Mallon in 1987, and Mallon became production manager at the St. Paul UHF station KTMA Channel 23 in 1988. <mask> was the first choice to portray "Philo" in the "Weird Al" Yankovic film UHF, but at the time of the filming in 1988, he had begun the production of a new form of television program for KTMA. Mystery Science Theater 3000
Building on his gift for designing toys and other gizmos, <mask> built three robot puppets and created MST3K in 1988. He starred as the show's

masks: Hodgson Hodgson Hodgson Hodgson Hodgson Hodgson


title: Joel Hodgson

texts: long-suffering but inventive protagonist, <mask>, who in the backstory is responsible for creating his own robot companions. <mask> cites the 1972 film Silent Running influenced the premise of the show. MST3K originally aired on KTMA-TV, before becoming one of the first two shows to be picked up by the Comedy Channel, the forerunner of Comedy Central upon starting operations in 1989.The other show, also created and written by <mask>, was the short-lived Higgins Boys and Gruber, a sketch comedy program that starred Steve Higgins, David Anthony Higgins and Dave Allen. <mask> surprised many fans when he left MST3K after its 107th episode, Mitchell in 1993. <mask>'s departure was scripted into the episode with the robot, Gypsy, ejecting <mask> from the Satellite of Love in an escape pod after incorrectly believing <mask>'s captors were plotting to kill him. Michael J. Nelson replaced <mask> as host for the remainder of the series' run. In contemporary interviews, <mask> stated he was uncomfortable with acting and being in front of the camera. In 1999, he added that he and producer Jim Mallon had been fighting over creative control of MST3K. His departure allowed the show to continue and gave him the opportunity to focus on his preferred creation and production work rather than on performing, which he did only reluctantly.<mask> later made a surprise guest appearance in the season premiere for the final season of MST3K ("Soultaker", episode 1001). The original MST3K ended its run in 1999. <mask> said in 2008 that he felt leaving MST3K "was a bit of a personal tragedy" and that he had "...created the

masks:
Joel Robinson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Joel
Joel
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson


title: Joel Hodgson

texts:
 appearance to the press that I had other plans, but I didn't. It was all to keep [MST3K] alive." He also stated that he felt his run on MST3K "...was the perfect job." In a separate interview that year, <mask> said of his departure from MST3K, "I was, like, totally happy at Mystery Science Theater. I loved it.I wanted to stay, but I was basically having a fight with my partner, Jim Mallon. So we weren't getting along and so I just felt like — I thought it really could possibly jeopardize the show. It would have been easy to create factions out of the group. And by that time it would not have been a fun show to work on. And so, I felt like I saw it coming and I just thought [leaving] was the best thing at the time." Work after MST3K
After MST3K, <mask> formed Visual Story Tools (VST) with his brother <mask>. They created a special for an interactive sketch comedy program called The TV Wheel for HBO, which <mask> produced and hosted.It aired only once, on Comedy Central, after the last new Comedy Central episode of MST3K. Over the years <mask> and his brother Jim maintained a side project that utilized the repurposing of movie footage with digital effects; codenamed "jollyfilter." <mask>'s other post-MST3K projects and contributions include Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves, You Don't Know Jack, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, and Everything You Need to Know. In 1999, <mask> played a recurring role as a disco-loving clothing store salesman and DJ on the television show Freaks and Geeks. <mask> was featured as the cover story in the November 1996 issue of Genii magazine. In 2007, he portrayed Blackbeard the pirate in two

masks:
Hodgson
Hodgson
Jim Hodgson
Joel
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson


title: Joel Hodgson

texts:
 episodes of The Radio Adventures of Dr. Floyd and recently joined fellow MST3K alum Frank Conniff's monthly comedy revue Cartoon Dump, helming his self-created puppet "Dumpster Diver Dan." He has since starred in the science fiction computer game Darkstar: The Interactive Movie as Scythe Commander Kane Cooper.<mask> also reunited with Jerry Seinfeld as a guest on his web show, Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee. In 2013, he reprised his role as <mask> for a brief cameo appearance in two episodes of the fourth season of Arrested Development, along with Trace Beaulieu as Crow. Since 2013, he has been voicing recurring character Mayor Bill Dewey in the Cartoon Network original animated series Steven Universe. In 2015, he appeared as Zalien Fletcher, a long-haired, laid-back, dim-witted engineer on the Paul Feig produced space comedy Other Space, which premiered on Yahoo! Screen on April 14, 2015. Fellow Mystery Science Theater 3000 alum Trace Beaulieu also appears as Zalien's robot pal Art, an homage to MST3K. Cinematic Titanic
On October 30, 2007, <mask> announced he was starting a new show with the same "riffing on bad movies" premise as MST3K called Cinematic Titanic, together with former MST3K cast and crew members Trace Beaulieu, J. Elvis Weinstein, Frank Conniff and Mary Jo Pehl.In 2012, he began touring a one-man show detailing his life and career through slides, video, and live interaction titled Riffing Myself. Cinematic Titanic completed the final tour on December 30, 2013. Mystery Science Theater 3000 revival
On November 10, 2015, <mask> launched a Kickstarter campaign to bring back MST3K for

masks:
Joel
Joel Robinson
Hodgson
Joel Hodgson