title: Tyler Carter

texts:
 Carolina, Hands Like Houses, Slaves, and ONE OK ROCK, among others. He has collaborated with Luke Holland on a number of studio covers, including a cover of Paramore's 2013 single "Ain't It Fun" for Punk Goes Pop Vol. 6 (2014), Years & Years' 2015 single "King", and Chris Brown's single 2013 single "Fine China". <mask> has also worked with longtime collaborator <mask>d. Career

2008–09: A Path Less Traveled
<mask> joined the metalcore band A Path Less Traveled in 2008.He began pursuing an interest in mixing post-hardcore and metalcore elements with electronic and pop influences, which would show in <mask>'s future musical projects. In A Path Less Traveled, he became acquainted with vocalist Michael Bohn, who would co-front bands with <mask> in the future. A Path Less Traveled released their debut extended play, From Here On Out, in 2009, selling over 500 copies. The following year, <mask> departed from A Path Less Traveled and began working with Woe, Is Me. 2009–11: Woe, Is Me

<mask> joined the American electronicore band Woe, Is Me, in 2009, eventually signing to Rise Records the same year. With this seven-member line-up, the band recorded a three-song demo with producer Cameron Mizell. After releasing a studio cover of Kesha's 2009 single Tik Tok, on MySpace, the group wrote and recorded their debut studio album with Mizell.Their debut studio album, Number[s], was released on August 30, 2010, on Velocity Records, a subsidiary of Rise Records. With <mask> and Bohn still members of Woe, Is Me, the group went on to release the single "Fame > Demise", the following year. Due to complications with the line-up stability and tensions within the group, <mask> departed from Woe, Is Me on August 10, 2011. 2012–20: Issues

Following

masks:
Carter
Tyler Acor
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Tyler Carter
Carter
Carter


title: Tyler Carter

type: original

texts: his departure with Woe, Is Me, <mask> began forming together another metalcore musical project. After trying to pursue a solo musical career, <mask> expressed his interest in forming a rock band with former members of Woe, Is Me, under the name Issues. Originally, screaming vocalist Michael Bohn, keyboardist Ben Ferris, bassist Cory Ferris, guitarist AJ Rebollo, and drummer Case Snedecor joined the line-up, subsequently signing to Rise Records. The Ferris brothers departed from the group prior to the release of their debut Black Diamonds (EP).The extended play was released on November 13, 2012, which was produced by Kris Crummett and recorded at Interlace Studios in Portland, Oregon. Snedecor left the band in 2013 and was replaced by drummer Josh Manuel while Ben and Cory Ferris were replaced by keyboardist and disc jockey <mask> "Ty" Acord and bassist Skyler Acord, respectively. The band released their debut studio album, Issues, on February 18, 2014, on Rise Records, which was praised for its DJ-based breakdowns and mixture of metalcore and post-hardcore, charting at No. 9 on the U.S. Billboard 200. The same year, the band released their second EP, Diamond Dreams, on November 18. Their second studio album, Headspace, was released on May 20, 2016.Bohn announced his departure from the band in January 2018, making <mask> the sole remaining vocalist in the band's line-up. The group's third studio album, Beautiful Oblivion, was released on October 4, 2019, which charted at number 181 on the US Billboard 200 and number 31 on the ARIA Digital Album Chart. In support of the album, they headlined the Beautiful Oblivion Tour in Europe and North America during the fall of 2019. On September 1, 2020 <mask> was removed from the band due

masks:
Tyler Carter
Carter
Tyler
Tyler Carter
Carter


title: Tyler Carter

texts:
 to  made against him. After his departure from Issues, <mask> went on to work on new music under the name Emerald Royce. A demo compilation was released on the group's Instagram page on November 24, 2020. Solo career

<mask> debuted his solo career with a holiday-inspired song "I Hate the Holidays", featuring Mat Musto, on December 19, 2010.He featured on American rock band All Things Will End's song "There's No Turning Back", released on August 19, 2012. <mask> also appeared on Hands Like Houses' song "Lion Skin", alongside Jonny Craig, from the album Ground Dweller (2012). The following year, he released another holiday song, "Make it Snow", featuring <mask> "Scout" Acord, on December 13. <mask> released his debut extended play, Leave Your Love, on January 13, 2015, on Velocity and Rise Records. On the album, <mask> worked with producers blackbear, Ty "Scout" Acord, Boogie and Igloo. He featured on post-hardcore band Jamie's Elsewhere's 2014 single "The Illusionist". <mask> performed live with American rock band PVRIS at the 2015 Alternative Press Music Awards, performing the song "My House".On December 23, 2015, he released a studio cover of Adele's 2015 single "Hello". On July 8, 2016, American singer MAX released the Sokko remix of the single "Basement Party", featuring <mask>. On December 20, <mask> and Issues drummer Josh Manuel released a cover of "Pokémon Theme", entitled "Gotta Catch 'Em All", featuring Jacky Vincent. <mask> released the solo single, "Forget You", featuring Lophiile, on July 15, 2016. Two years later, he released the single "Pressure", on June 29, 2018. He released a second single, titled "Focus", on August 17. A third single, "Moonshine", was released on September 27, accompanied with its music

masks:
Carter
Tyler Carter
Carter
Tyler
Carter
Carter
Carter
Tyler Carter
Carter
Carter


title: Tyler Carter

texts:
 video.His debut studio album, Moonshine, was released on February 1, 2019, on Rise Records. In support of the album, he embarked on a headlining U.S. tour with musician Riley in January 2019. In 2020, <mask> collaborated with Japanese musician KSUKE to release the song "Contradiction". The song was used as the opening theme for the anime The God of High School. <mask> released Moonshine Acoustic on June 26, 2020. In July 2020, <mask> announced on Instagram that he had ended his recording contract as a solo artist with Rise Records and declared himself an independent artist, despite remaining signed with the label in Issues. In December 2020, he announced Emerald Royce, a musical duo consisting of <mask> and Chris Linck from metalcore band Attila.Personal life

Early life

<mask> <mask> was born in Habersham County, Georgia, on December 30, 1991. Throughout his early life, he became inspired by R&B, pop, and soul music, finding a passion for singing at a young age. In junior high, he grew interested in alternative rock music, having grown an interest in performing drums and percussion instruments. He performed in a number of bands in Atlanta, Georgia during his time in junior high and high school. Inspired by the likes of Underoath's Aaron Gillespie, <mask> decided to pursue singing whilst continuing to drum. He later moved his focus to only singing, where he went on to perform post-hardcore, and R&B inspired rock music. With deep roots in Country music, a passion for soul music, and an obsession with boy bands, <mask> has become a prominent voice in the metalcore industry, and a face for the LGBTQ in rock music.<mask> came out as bisexual in 2015. He is an outspoken supporter of the LGBTQ community. Controversies

Grooming and

masks:
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Derek Tyler
Carter
Carter
Carter
Tyler Carter


title: Tyler Carter

texts:
 sexual misconduct allegations
In 2020, <mask> was accused of grooming and sexual misconduct of a then-fourteen year old minor. The claim was made by a Twitter user who alleged that <mask> had sexually assaulted them while inebriated under the influence of alcohol. Later on further allegations were purported by several other Twitter users citing their cases of misconduct that are alleged to have occurred over several years. <mask> was subsequently removed from the band Issues, which followed with a statement that they had parted ways with <mask> following the allegations. <mask> later denied the allegations made against him in a statement.Discography

Solo career
Studio albums
 Moonshine (Rise/Velocity, 2019)

Extended plays
 Leave Your Love (Rise/Velocity, 2015)
 Moonshine Acoustic (Rise, 2020)

Singles
 "Pressure" (Rise/Velocity, 2018)
 "Focus" (Rise, 2018)
 "Moonshine" (Rise, 2018)
 "Good Things" (Rise, 2018)

With Emerald Royce
Singles
 Use Me (Independent, 2020)
 Where Was I (Independent, 2020)

With Issues
Studio albums
 Issues (Rise, 2014)
 Headspace (Rise, 2016)
 Beautiful Oblivion (Rise, 2019)

Extended plays
 Black Diamonds (Rise, 2012)
 Diamond Dreams (Rise, 2014)

Singles
 "Hooligans" (Rise, 2013)

With Woe, Is Me
Studio albums
 Number[s] (Rise, 2010)

Singles
 "Fame > Demise" (Rise, 2011)

With A Path Less Traveled
 From Here on Out (2010)

Collaborations

References

1991 births
Living people
American male pop singers
American rock singers
Bisexual men
Bisexual musicians
LGBT people from Georgia (U.S. state)
Musicians from Atlanta
Nu metal singers
Rise Records artists
21st-century American singers
LGBT singers from the United States
21st-century American male singers
20th-century LGBT people
21st-century LGBT

masks: Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter


title: Denise Giardina

texts: <mask> is an American novelist. Her book Storming Heaven was a Discovery Selection of the Book-of-the-Month Club and received the 1987 W. D. Weatherford Award for the best published work about the Appalachian South. The Unquiet Earth received an American Book Award and the Lillian Smith Book Award for fiction. Her 1998 novel Saints and Villains was awarded the Boston Book Review fiction prize and was semifinalist for the International Dublin Literary Award. <mask> is an ordained Episcopal Church deacon, a community activist, and a former candidate for governor of West Virginia. <mask> was born October 25, 1951 in Bluefield, West Virginia, and grew up in the small coal mining camp of Black Wolf, located in rural McDowell County, West Virginia, and later in Kanawha County, where she graduated from high school. Like the rest of the community, her family's survival was dependent upon the prosperity of the mine.<mask>'s grandfather and uncles worked underground and her father kept the books for Page Coal and Coke. Her mother was a nurse. When the mine closed, her family moved to the state capital of Charleston. As a member of a coal-mining family, and growing up with a 1960s social consciousness, Giardina often found herself in political conflict with the people and culture around her. Giardina received a BA in history from West Virginia Wesleyan College in 1973. She pursued graduate work at Marshall University in Huntington, West Virginia, and was preparing to go to law school. At this point, however, Giardina found a new spiritual home in the Episcopal church, which she found to be more broad-minded than the fundamentalist Methodism of her childhood.Her pastor, Jim Lewis, provided reading suggestions that helped steer Giardina from law school to seminary: "I thought I was called to be ordained. I realized later I went because I needed that education for writing. [My books] are actually more theological than political." She received a Masters of Divinity from the Virginia Theological Seminary in Alexandria, Virginia in 1979, was ordained as an Episcopal deacon, and returned to lead a church in the area of

masks:
Denise Giardina
Giardina
Life Giardina
Giardina


title: Denise Giardina

texts:
 West Virginia where she grew up. However, she soon found herself in a conflict with superiors in the church due to her criticism of the coal companies, and left within a year. She moved to Washington, DC, where she joined a peace campaign and lived communally with some radical Christians in an inner city outpost. This is when she began writing her first novel, Good King Harry.She later moved back to rural West Virginia for a while, then took a job as a congressional aide in Charleston. The novel eventually sold to Harper and Row, and was published in 1984. As a political activist <mask> participated in and wrote about Appalachian labor-capital conflicts, including the A. T. Massey coal strike of the mid-1980s, and the Pittston coal strike of 1989-1990. In the following years she was vocal in her critique of surface mining and other environmental issues, particularly mountaintop removal coal mining. These issues informed her unsuccessful gubernatorial run in 2000. <mask> credits her mother and  her upbringing in a conservative fundamentalist church for shaping her political sensibilities. Though she sought a more liberal religious setting later, her early church experience inculcated Giardina with basic values of charity and fairness that reinforced her mother's lessons on justice and tolerance.Her mother herself was not a fundamentalist, though many other family members and most of the surrounding community were, including <mask>'s only brother. In 2004 <mask> was the Writer-In-Residence at Hollins University and taught a course in Virginia and West Virginia fiction. <mask> lives in Charleston and taught at West Virginia State University until 2015. In 2007 she was reinstated as an ordained deacon in the Episcopal Church. Her papers, including notebooks, artifacts, correspondence, manuscripts, and family photos are held in the Archives & Manuscripts at West Virginia University's West Virginia & Regional History Center. Run for governor
The Mountain Party of West Virginia was born as a result of Charlotte Pritt's 1992 and 1996 candidacies for Governor of West Virginia. <mask> became the first statewide

masks: Giardina Giardina Giardina Giardina Giardina Giardina


title: Denise Giardina

texts:
 nominee of the new party in the 2000 general election.She received 10,416 votes, 1.61% of the vote, coming in third behind Democrat Bob Wise and Republican incumbent Cecil H. Underwood. Her platform included many of the environmental and miners' rights issues she worked on as an activist. Giardina says that though her writing focused her emerging political views, it took the controversy over mountain top removal mining to move her to political action. According to Still journal, her "anti-mountaintop removal platform she became a folk hero and is often looked to as one of the primary commentators on the state of contemporary Appalachia". Writing career
In all of her books, Giardina is interested in the complexities and ambiguities of the individual destined to answer the call of his or her particular moment. Though largely recognized as an Appalachian writer, she has been defined, and defines herself, as primarily a theological writer. Giardina became interested in the Appallachian tradition of storytelling at an early age, and this oral literary heritage of the mountains informed much of her later work.Good King Harry
<mask> began working on her first novel, Good King Harry, while living in Washington DC. She completed the book, told in the first-person voice of King Henry V, after returning to West Virginia. Unable to sell it, she took a class with visiting novelist George Garrett, who helped with revisions and also recommended Giardina to agent Jane Gelfman, who sold the novel to Aaron Asher at Harper & Row. Harry was published in 1984. Despite positive reviews, the novel sold poorly. <mask> also wrote guest columns for The Charleston Gazette and submitted pieces to The Washington Post. Coalfield novels
Her next novel, Storming Heaven, was published in 1987.In her previous work Giardina feared being pigeonholed as a "regional" writer, but this time she returned to her roots, setting the novel in the coalfields along the West Virginia–Kentucky border during the West Virginia Mine Wars. It covers the period 1890–1921, when coal miners fought to be unionized. The climax of the novel is based upon the

masks:
Giardina
Denise Giardina


title: Denise Giardina

texts: historical 1921 Battle of Blair Mountain, when in 1921 U.S. Army troops marched on a small group of resisting miners working to create a fledgling union. The mining camp Giardina spent her childhood in was less than 100 miles from Blair Mountain and served as the model for the town of Winco in the novel. <mask>'s 1992 novel, The Unquiet Earth, also explores life in the coalfields of West Virginia from the 1930s into the 1980s. Both novels follow characters either fighting or accommodating King Cole, are written from the first-person perspective of several narrators, in regional dialect, enabling readers to clearly understand the characters' views of the United Mine Workers of America and the hope that they invest in the union. Some of the characters in The Unquiet Earth are descendants of those in Storming Heaven, and one, Jackie, is an alter-ego of Giardina herself.Giardina incorporates a diversity of portraits, not only of coal miners, but also of coal operators, politicians (local and national), and VISTA workers into the two stories. The novel also chronicles the continual lack of concern for human life by the coal mine operators. This includes such important issues as Coalworker's pneumoconiosis and culminates in a catastrophic flood at the novel's end, the author's fictionalization of the 1972 Buffalo Creek Disaster. Giardina also captures such aspects of life in Appalachia as religion and racism. The decision to use dialect was a costly one for Giardina, resulting in her scrapping nearly 500 pages of the original 3rd-person manuscript of Storming Heaven. But she had come to the realization that "the people had to tell their own stories". This novel also had trouble finding a publisher, but it did put Giardina on the "critical map" as it was very well-received.Both coal-country novels were inspired in part by Wuthering Heights, with its rugged landscape and tales of women "who have this passion for a difficult man." Both books contain union organizers more committed to their cause than their lovers. Bonhoeffer, her next main character in Saints and Villains, also fits that pattern: "I guess in


title: Denise Giardina

texts:
 none of my books are the personal relationships real easy." <mask> also drew on local histories, childhood memories and even people she met in eastern Kentucky, where she lived in a "hovel" while writing The Unquiet Earth and also volunteering for a citizens' group fighting strip mining. She moved to Durham, North Carolina while still working on the novel, got a bookstore job, and studied with novelist Laurel Goldman at Duke University. The class helped Giardina recognize the value of what she had been doing intuitively and gave her the confidence to teach writing. Saints and Villains
Another parallel between her characters and herself was the idea of needing to leave home in order to gain perspective on it.having spent some time away while writing about West Virginia, <mask> moved back to Charleston, and took a job teaching at West Virginia State University. Both feeling more at home and experiencing more financial security, she began to work on her next novel, 1999's Saints and Villains. The book is a fictionalized retelling of the life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, a German Lutheran pastor who opposed fascism, became involved in a plot to assassinate Hitler and was hanged by the Nazis for his theological principles. The novel dwells upon moral decisions, most notably the acceptability of sin if the sin will prevent a greater evil. <mask> immersed herself in Bonhoeffer's life, attracted to the story because of the ambiguities of the situation. Grappling with the moral and theological struggles in the book also brought Giardina back to her church, in a journey to "live in God" that culminated with her being re-ordained in 2007. The novel is her first narrated in the third-person.In a mirror image of her experience with Storming Heaven, she began it in the first-person, and junked the first 50 pages in order to start over. She also decided to shift from past to present tense for the book's final scenes, adding suspense to the question of whether the imprisoned Bonhoeffer would be freed by the advancing Allies. The title comes from a quote from Bonhoeffer: "Today there are once more saints and villains". She

masks: Giardina Giardina Giardina


title: Denise Giardina

texts:
 Appalachian Work, Fiction, Storming Heaven

Bibliography

 Emily’s Ghost. New York: Norton, 2009. Fallam's Secret. New York: Norton,  2003. Saints and Villains. New York: Fawcett, 1998. Unquiet Earth.New York: Norton, 1992. Storming Heaven. New York: Random House, 1987. Good King Harry. New York: Harper, 1984. As a contributor:
 Backcountry: Contemporary Writing in West Virginia, Irene McKinney (Editor). Morgantown [W.Va.]: Vandalia Press, 2002.Bloodroot: Reflections on Place by Appalachian Women Writers, Joyce Dyer (Editor); Univ Pr of Kentucky, 1997. Critical works about <mask>ina
In March 2020, George Fox University professor William Jolliff's book Heeding the Call: A Study of <mask>'s Novels was published by West Virginia University Press. In the book, Jolliff dedicates a chapter to each of the writer and activist's novels, examining them from three perspectives: Regional, political, and theological. He analyzes her use of history and writing technique, as well as delving into the themes of significance in each of her works. He concludes that though her writing is largely informed by her own religious beliefs, Giardina never provides theological answers to the issues raised in her very political fiction; rather, she pushes both characters and readers to confront and wrangle with ever more complex and challenging moral and philosophical questions. References

External links

 Excerpt from her novel, Fallam's Secrets: "New Shades o’Death Creek," Southern Spaces, May 21, 2009. Portrait and Biography from Robert Shetterly and Americans Who Tell The Truth

1951 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
American women novelists
Appalachian writers
People from McDowell County, West Virginia
Writers from Charleston, West Virginia
West Virginia Wesleyan College alumni
American Episcopalians
Mountain Party politicians
People from Bluefield, West Virginia
20th-century American women writers
Candidates in the 2000 United States elections
American Book Award winners
Novelists from West Virginia
American historical novelists
Writers of historical fiction set in the Middle Ages
21st-century American

masks:
Denise Giard
Denise Giardina


title: Filipe Teles

texts:
<mask> is a political scientist and assistant professor in the Department of Social, Political and Territorial Sciences at the University of Aveiro, Portugal, where he teaches courses in the fields of public policy and political science. He is acting as Prorector for Regional Development and Urban Policies at the University. He holds a PhD in political science and is a member of the Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policy, where he has developed research work on governance and local government, territorial reform, political leadership and innovation. He participates in several national and international projects and is the author and co-author of several books and articles in international journals. He is a member of the Portuguese Association of Political Science, the Political Studies Association (UK), the International Political Science Association, and he is a member of the Governing Board of the European Urban Research Association and of the Steering Committee of the Local Government and Politics Standing Group (European Consortium for Political Research). Selected bibliography

Books
 Series Co-editor: "Palgrave Studies in Sub-National Governance"
 Teles, F.; Swianiewicz, P. (eds.)(2018), Inter-municipal Cooperation in Europe: Institutions and Governance", Palgrave. Ramos, A.M.; Teles, F. (2012), Memória das Políticas Educativas em Timor-Leste: a Consolidação de um Sistema, Ed. Universidade de Aveiro
 Teles, F.; Pinto,


title: Filipe Teles

texts:
 L.C. (2009), Ser capaz de adquirir competências, Programa Escolhas, ACIDI: Lisboa

 Forthcoming

 Book Chapters
 Teles, F.; Swianiewicz, P. (2018), Motives for Revisiting Inter-municipal Cooperation, in Teles, F. and Swianiewicz, P. (eds.) (2018), Intermunicipal cooperation in Europe: Institutions and Governance, Palgrave
 Swianiewicz, P.; Teles, F. (2018), Inter-municipal Cooperation Diversity, Evolution and Future research Agenda, in Teles, F. and Swianiewicz, P. (eds.)(2018), Intermunicipal cooperation in Europe: Institutions and Governance, Palgrave
 Steen, T.; <mask>, F.; Torsteinsen,H. (2017), Improving Local Service Delivery: Increasing Performance Through Reforms", in Schwab, C., Bouckaert, G. & Kuhlmann, S. (eds. ), The Future of Local Government in Europe: Lessons from Research and Practice in 31 Countries, Berlin:Nomos/Edition Sigma
 Kettunen, P, <mask>, F, Navarro, C, Richter, P, Hlepas, N, et al. (2016) "Child day-care in transition: scaling and re-scaling in comparative perspective", in Geert Bouckaert and Sabine Kuhlmann (eds.) "Local Public Sector Reforms in Times of Crisis: National Trajectories and International Comparisons", Palgrave. Rodrigues, C.; <mask>, F (2016), The fourth helix in Smart Specialization Strategies - the gap between discourse and practice, in Carayannis and Monteiro (eds.)The Quadruple Innovation Helix Nexus: A Smart Growth Model, Quantitative Empirical Validation and Operationalization for OECD Countries,

masks: Teles Teles Teles


title: Filipe Teles

texts:
 Springer / Palgrave. <mask>, F. e Kettunnen, P. (2016), " Why Municipal Cooperation Matters: Diversity and research agendas", in Ugur Sadioglu and Kadir Dede (eds. ), " Theoretical Foundations and Discussions on the Reformation Process in Local Governments", IGI Global, Hershey PA, pp:140-152. <mask>, F. (2016), "Gobierno Local en Portugal: Identidad y Transición", in José Manuel Ruano y Camilo Vial (eds.) Gobiernos Locales en Iberoamérica, CLAD. <mask>, F. (2015) "Órgãos autárquicos: limitações e alternativas", in Sousa, L., Cruz, N., Tavares, A. e Jorge, S. (eds.)"A reforma do poder local em debate", ICS: Lisboa, pp:123-128. <mask>, Filipe (2008), "Autarquias no Fio da Navalha: Governação Local e as Estratégias de Reforço do Capital Social", in J.M. Moreira, C. Jalali e A.A. Alves (Eds. ), Estado, Sociedade Civil e Administração Pública: para um novo paradigma do serviço público, Almedina: Coimbra

Forthcoming
 Silva, P.; <mask>, F. The biggest loser? Local Public Services under austerity measures in Portugal, in Lippi, A. & Tsekos, T. (eds.), Local Public Services in Times of Austerity across Mediterranean Europe
 Tavares, A.; Teles, F. (2018), Deeply rooted but still striving for a role: the Portuguese Freguesias under reform, in Hlepas, N., Kersting, N., Kuhlman, S, Swianiewicz, P. and Teles, F. (Eds. ), Sub-municipal Governance in Europe: In search of expressive and responsive communities? Hlepas, N.; Kersting, N.; Kuhlmann, S.; Swianiewicz,

masks: Teles Teles Teles Teles Teles


title: Filipe Teles

texts:
 P.; <mask>, F. (2018) Introduction: Decentralization Beyond the Municipal Tier, in Hlepas, N., Kersting, N., Kuhlman, S, Swianiewicz, P. and Teles, F. (Eds. ), Sub-municipal Governance in Europe: Decentralization Beyond the Municipal Tier, Palgrave

Articles
 Silva, P. Rosa Pires, A. <mask>, F (2016) "Paving the (hard) way for regional partnerships: evidences from Portugal", Regional and Federal Studies
 Teles, Filipe (2015), Ambiguity is the leader's new double edged sword, in Tony Middlebrooks (ed.) 112–131

Forthcoming
 Silva, P.; <mask>, F.; Ferreira, J.(2018), "Intermunicipal cooperation cooperation: the quest for governance capacity? ", International Review of Administrative Sciences, Vol. 84 (4)

Current Research Projects
 PI of CeNTER – Community-led Networks for Territorial Innovation Apr2017-Apr2020
 Quality of Local Governance, Mar2016-Mar2018
 Management Committee of Local public sector reforms: an international comparison – LocRef, COST Action IS1207, ISCH, COST-European Cooperation in Science and Technology (2013-2017)

References

External links
 Faculty profile page: Filipe Teles Department of Social, Political and Territorial Sciences, University of Aveiro
 Researcher profile page: Filipe Teles Research Centre: Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies, University of Aveiro
 Pro-rector profile page: Filipe Teles Rectorate, University of Aveiro

Living people
Portuguese political scientists
Year of birth missing (living

masks:
Teles
e Teles
Teles


title: Jeffrey Epstein

texts: <mask> ( ; January 20, 1953August 10, 2019) was an American financier and convicted sex offender. <mask>, who was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York City, began his professional life by teaching at the Dalton School in Manhattan, despite lacking a college degree. After his dismissal from the school, he entered the banking and finance sector, working at Bear Stearns in various roles; he eventually started his own firm. <mask> developed an elite social circle and procured many women and children; he and some of his associates then sexually abused them. In 2005, police in Palm Beach, Florida, began investigating <mask> after a parent complained that he had sexually abused her 14-year-old daughter. <mask> pleaded guilty and was convicted in 2008 by a Florida state court of procuring a child for prostitution and of soliciting a prostitute. He served almost 13months in custody, but with extensive work release.He was convicted of only these two crimes as part of a controversial plea deal; federal officials had identified 36girls, some as young as 14 years old, whom <mask> had allegedly sexually abused. <mask> was arrested again on July 6, 2019, on federal charges for the sex trafficking of minors in Florida and New York. He died in his jail cell on August 10, 2019. The medical examiner ruled the death a suicide. <mask>'s lawyers have disputed the ruling, and there has been significant public skepticism about the true cause of his death, resulting in numerous conspiracy theories. Since <mask>'s death precluded the possibility of pursuing criminal charges against him, a judge dismissed all criminal charges on August 29, 2019. Epstein had a decades-long association with the British socialite Ghislaine

masks:
Jeffrey Edward Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein


title: Jeffrey Epstein

texts:
 Maxwell, leading to her 2021 conviction on U.S. federal charges of sex trafficking and conspiracy for helping him procure girls, including a 14-year-old, for child sexual abuse and prostitution.Epstein also maintained long-term relationships with various high-profile individuals, including Donald Trump, Leslie Wexner, Bill Clinton, Alan Dershowitz, and Prince Andrew, Duke of York. Early life

<mask> was born in 1953 in the Brooklyn borough of New York City. His parents Pauline (née Stolofsky, 1918–2004) and Seymour G<mask> (1916–1991) were Jewish and had married in 1952 shortly before his birth. Pauline worked as a school aide and was a homemaker. <mask> worked for the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation as a groundskeeper and gardener. <mask> was the oldest of two siblings; he and his brother Mark grew up in the working-class neighborhood of Sea Gate, a private gated community in Coney Island, Brooklyn. Epstein attended local public schools, first attending Public School 188, and then Mark Twain Junior High School nearby.In 1967, <mask> attended the National Music Camp at the Interlochen Center for the Arts. He began playing the piano when he was five. He graduated in 1969 from Lafayette High School at age 16, having skipped two grades. Later that year, he attended classes at Cooper Union until he changed colleges in 1971. From September 1971, he attended the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University, but left without receiving a degree in June 1974. Career

Teaching
<mask> started working in September 1974 as a physics and mathematics teacher for teens at the Dalton School on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Donald Barr, who served as the headmaster until June

masks:
Epstein
. Epstein
Seymour Epstein
Jeffrey
Epstein
Epstein


title: Jeffrey Epstein

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 1974, was known to have made several unconventional recruitments at the time, although it is unclear whether he had a direct role in hiring <mask>.Three months after Barr's departure, <mask> began to teach at the school, despite his lack of credentials. <mask> allegedly showed inappropriate behavior toward underage students at the time. He became acquainted with Alan Greenberg, the chief executive officer of Bear Stearns, whose son and daughter were attending the school. Greenberg's daughter, Lynne Koeppel, pointed to a parent-teacher conference where <mask> influenced another Dalton parent into advocating for him to Greenberg. In June 1976, after <mask> was dismissed from Dalton for "poor performance", Greenberg offered him a job at Bear Stearns. Banking
<mask> joined Bear Stearns in 1976 as a low-level junior assistant to a floor trader. He swiftly moved up to become an options trader, working in the special products division, and then advised the bank's wealthiest clients, such as Seagram president Edgar Bronfman, on tax mitigation strategies.Jimmy Cayne, the bank's later chief executive officer, praised <mask>'s skill with wealthy clients and complex products. In 1980, four years after joining Bear Stearns, <mask> became a limited partner. In 1981, he was asked to leave Bear Stearns for, according to his sworn testimony, being guilty of a "Reg D violation". Even though <mask> departed abruptly, he remained close to Cayne and Greenberg and was a client of Bear Stearns until its collapse in 2008. Financial consulting

In August 1981, <mask> founded his own consulting firm, Intercontinental Assets Group Inc. (IAG), which assisted clients in recovering stolen money from fraudulent brokers and

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 lawyers. <mask> described his work at this time as being a high-level bounty hunter. He told friends that he worked sometimes as a consultant for governments and the very wealthy to recover embezzled funds, while at other times he worked for clients who had embezzled funds.Spanish actress and heiress Ana Obregón was one such wealthy client, whom <mask> helped in 1982 to recover her father's millions in lost investments, which had disappeared when Drysdale Government Securities collapsed because of fraud. <mask> also stated to some people at the time that he was an intelligence agent. During the 1980s, <mask> possessed an Austrian passport that had his photo, but with a false name. The passport showed his place of residence in Saudi Arabia. In 2017 "a former senior White House official" reported that Alexander Acosta, the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Florida who had handled <mask>'s criminal case in 2008, had stated to Trump transition interviewers, that "I was told Epstein 'belonged to intelligence' and to 'leave it alone", and that <mask> was "above his pay grade". During this period, one of <mask>'s clients was the Saudi Arabian businessman Adnan Khashoggi, who was the middleman in transferring American weapons from Israel to Iran, as part of the Iran–Contra affair in the 1980s. Khashoggi was one of several defense contractors that he knew.In the mid-1980s, <mask> traveled multiple times between the United States, Europe, and Southwest Asia. While in London, <mask> met Steven Hoffenberg. They had been introduced through Douglas Leese, a defense contractor, and John Mitchell, the former U.S. Attorney General. Towers Financial Corporation
Steven Hoffenberg hired <mask> in 1987, as a


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 consultant for Towers Financial Corporation (unaffiliated with the company of the same name founded in 1998, and acquired by Old National Bancorp in 2014), a collection agency that bought debts people owed to hospitals, banks, and phone companies. Hoffenberg set <mask> up in offices in the "Villard Houses" in Manhattan and paid him  per month for his consulting work (). Hoffenberg and <mask> then refashioned themselves as corporate raiders using Towers Financial as their raiding vessel. One of <mask>'s first assignments for Hoffenberg was to implement what turned out to be an unsuccessful bid to take over Pan American World Airways in 1987.A similar unsuccessful bid in 1988 was made to take over Emery Air Freight Corp. During this period, Hoffenberg and <mask> worked closely together and traveled everywhere on Hoffenberg's private jet. In 1993, Towers Financial Corporation imploded when it was revealed as being one of the biggest Ponzi schemes in American history, losing its investors over  (). In court documents, Hoffenberg claimed that <mask> was intimately involved in the scheme. <mask> left the company by 1989 and was never charged for being involved with the massive investor fraud committed. It is unknown if <mask> acquired any stolen funds from the Towers Ponzi scheme. Financial management firm

In 1988, while <mask> was still consulting for Hoffenberg, he founded his own financial management firm, J. Epstein & Company. The company was said by <mask> to have been formed to manage the assets of clients with more than  in net worth, although others have expressed skepticism that he was restrictive of the clients that he took.The only publicly known billionaire client of <mask> was Leslie Wexner,


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 chairman and CEO of L Brands (formerly The Limited, Inc.) and Victoria's Secret. In 1986, <mask> met Wexner through their mutual acquaintances, insurance executive Robert Meister and his wife, in Palm Beach, Florida. A year later, <mask> became Wexner's financial adviser and served as his right-hand man. Within the year, <mask> had sorted out Wexner's entangled finances. In July 1991, Wexner granted <mask> full power of attorney over his affairs. The power of attorney allowed <mask> to hire people, sign checks, buy and sell properties, borrow money, and do anything else of a legally binding nature on Wexner's behalf. By 1995, <mask> was a director of the Wexner Foundation and Wexner Heritage Foundation.He was also the president of Wexner's Property, which developed part of the town of New Albany outside Columbus, Ohio, where Wexner lived. <mask> made millions in fees by managing Wexner's financial affairs. Although never employed by L Brands, he corresponded frequently with the company executives. <mask> often attended Victoria's Secret fashion shows, and hosted the models at his New York City home, as well as helping aspiring models get work with the company. In 1996, <mask> changed the name of his firm to the Financial Trust Company and, for tax advantages, based it on the island of St. Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands. By relocating to the U.S. Virgin Islands, <mask> was able to reduce federal income taxes by 90 percent. The U.S. Virgin Islands acted as an offshore tax haven, while at the same time offering the advantages of being part of the United States banking system.Media activities
In 2003, <mask> bid to acquire New York magazine. Other bidders included advertising executive Donny Deutsch,

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 investor Nelson Peltz, media mogul and New York Daily News publisher Mortimer Zuckerman, and film producer Harvey Weinstein. The ultimate buyer was Bruce Wasserstein, a longtime Wall Street investment banker, who paid . In 2004, <mask> and Zuckerman committed up to  to finance Radar, a celebrity and pop culture magazine founded by Maer Roshan. <mask> and Zuckerman were equal partners in the venture. Roshan, as its editor-in-chief, retained a small ownership stake. It folded after three issues as a print publication and became exclusively an online one.Liquid Funding Ltd.

<mask> was the president of the company Liquid Funding Ltd. between 2000 and 2007. The company was an early pioneer in expanding the kind of debt that could be accepted on repurchase, or the repo market, which involves a lender giving money to a borrower in exchange for securities that the borrower then agrees to buy back at an agreed-upon later time and price. The innovation of Liquid Funding, and other early companies, was that instead of having stocks and bonds as the underlying securities, it had commercial mortgages and investment-grade residential mortgages bundled into complex securities as the underlying security. Liquid Funding was initially 40percent owned by Bear Stearns. Through the help of the credit rating agencies – Standard & Poor's, Fitch Ratings and Moody's Investors Service – the new bundled securities were able to be created for companies so that they got a gold-plated AAA rating. The implosion of such complex securities, because of their inaccurate ratings, led to the collapse of Bear Stearns in March 2008 and set in motion the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and the subsequent Great Recession. If Liquid Funding

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 were left holding large amounts of such securities as collateral, it could have lost large amounts of money.Investments

Hedge funds
Between 2002 and 2005, <mask> invested $80million in the D.B. Zwirn Special Opportunities hedge fund. In November 2006, <mask>, while under federal investigation for sex crimes, attempted to redeem his investment after he was informed of accounting irregularities in the fund. By this time, his investment had grown to $140million. Zwirn refused to redeem the investment. Zwirn worried that <mask>'s redemption could cause a "run on the bank" at the hedge fund. It is unknown how much <mask> personally lost when the fund was wound down in 2008.In August 2006, <mask>, a month after the federal investigation of him began, invested $57million in the Bear Stearns High-Grade Structured Credit Strategies Enhanced Leverage hedge fund. This fund was highly leveraged in mortgage-backed collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). On April 18, 2007, an investor in the fund, who had $57million invested, discussed redeeming his investment. At this time, the fund had a leverage ratio of 17:1, which meant for every dollar invested there were seventeen dollars of borrowed funds; therefore, the redemption of this investment would have been equivalent to removing $1billion from the thinly traded CDO market. The selling of CDO assets to meet the redemptions that month began a repricing process and general freeze in the CDO market. The repricing of the CDO assets caused the collapse of the fund three months later in July, and the eventual collapse of Bear Stearns in March 2008. It is likely <mask> lost most of this investment, but it is not known how much was his.By the time that the Bear Stearns

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 fund began to fail in May 2007, <mask> had begun to negotiate a plea deal with the U.S. Attorney's Office concerning imminent charges for sex with minors. In August 2007, a month after the fund collapsed, the U.S. attorney in Miami, Alexander Acosta, entered into direct discussions about the plea agreement. Acosta brokered a lenient deal, according to him, because he had been ordered by higher government officials, who told him that <mask> was an individual of importance to the government. As part of the negotiations, according to the Miami Herald, <mask> provided "unspecified information" to the Florida federal prosecutors for a more lenient sentence and was supposedly an unnamed key witness for the New York federal prosecutors in their unsuccessful June 2008 criminal case against the two managers of the failed Bear Stearns hedge fund. Alan Dershowitz, one of <mask>'s Florida attorneys on the case, told Fox Business Network "We would have been touting that if he had [cooperated]. The idea that <mask> helped in any prosecution is news to me." Israeli startup
In 2015, the Israeli newspaper Haaretz reported that <mask> invested in the startup Reporty Homeland Security (rebranded as Carbyne in 2018).The startup is connected with Israel's defense industry. It is headed by former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, who was also at one time the defense minister, and chief of staff of the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF). The CEO of the company is Amir Elihai who was a special forces officer, and Pinchas Bukhris, who is a director of the company, was at one time the defense ministry director general and commander of the IDF cyber unit 8200. <mask> and Barak, the head of Carbyne, were close, and <mask> often

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 offered him lodging at one of his apartment units at 301 East 66th Street in Manhattan. <mask> had past experience with Israel's research and military sector. In April 2008, he went to Israel and met with a number of research scientists and visited different Israeli military bases. During this trip, he thought about staying in Israel in order to avoid trial, and possible jail, for charges he was facing for sex crimes; however, he opted to return to the United States.Video recordings
<mask> installed concealed cameras in numerous places on his properties to allegedly record sexual activity with underage girls by prominent people for criminal purposes such as blackmail. Ghislaine Maxwell, <mask>'s close companion, told a friend that <mask>'s private island in the Virgin Islands was completely wired for video and the friend believed that Maxwell and <mask> were videotaping everyone on the island as an insurance policy. When police raided his Palm Beach residence in 2006, two hidden pinhole cameras were discovered in his home. It was also reported that <mask>'s mansion in New York was wired extensively with a video surveillance system. Maria Farmer, an artist who worked for <mask> in 1996, noted that Epstein showed her a media room in the New York mansion where there were individuals monitoring the pinhole cameras throughout the house. The media room was accessed through a hidden door. She stated that in the media room "there were men sitting here.And I looked on the cameras, and I saw toilet, toilet, bed, bed, toilet, bed." She added that "It was very obvious that they were, like, monitoring private moments." <mask> allegedly "lent" girls to powerful people to ingratiate himself with them and also to


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 gain possible blackmail information. According to the Department of Justice, he kept compact discs locked in his safe in his New York mansion with handwritten labels that included the description: "young [name] + [name]". <mask> implied that he had blackmail material when he told a New York Times reporter in 2018, off the record, that he had dirt on powerful people, including information about their sexual proclivities and recreational drug use. Legal proceedings

First criminal case

Initial developments (2005–2006)

In March 2005, a woman contacted Florida's Palm Beach Police Department and alleged that her 14-year-old stepdaughter had been taken to <mask>'s mansion by an older girl. While there, she was allegedly paid $300 () to strip and massage <mask>.She had allegedly undressed, but left the encounter wearing her underwear. Palm Beach Police began a 13-month undercover investigation of <mask>, including a search of his home. During the investigation, Palm Beach Police Chief Michael Reiter publicly accused the Palm Beach County state prosecutor, Barry Krischer, of being too lenient and called for help from the FBI. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) then became involved. Subsequently, the police alleged that <mask> had paid several girls to perform sexual acts with him. Interviews with five alleged victims and 17 witnesses under oath, a high-school transcript and other items found in <mask>'s trash and home allegedly showed that some of the girls involved were under 18, the youngest being 14, with many under 16. The police search of <mask>'s home found two hidden cameras and large numbers of photos of girls throughout the house, some of whom the police had interviewed in the course of

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texts: their investigation.Adriana Ross, a former model from Poland who became an <mask> assistant, reportedly removed computer drives and other electronic equipment from the financier's Florida mansion before Palm Beach Police searched the home as part of their investigation. The court documents record that a search of <mask>'s residence by Palm Beach Police detective Joseph Recarey in 2005 uncovered an incriminating Amazon receipt containing books on S&M. The books he ordered are titled: SM 101: A Realistic Introduction, SlaveCraft: Roadmaps for Erotic Servitude – Principles, Skills and Tools and Training with Miss Abernathy: A Workbook for Erotic Slaves and Their Owners. A former employee told the police that <mask> would receive massages three times a day. Eventually the FBI compiled reports on "34 confirmed minors" eligible for restitution (increased to 40 in the NPA) whose allegations of sexual abuse by <mask> included corroborating details. Julie Brown's 2018 exposés in the Miami Herald identified about 80 victims and located about 60 of them. She quotes the then police chief Reiter as saying "This was 50-something 'shes' and one 'he'—and the 'shes' all basically told the same story."Details from the investigation included allegations that 12-year-old triplets were flown in from France for <mask>'s birthday, and flown back the following day after being sexually abused by the financier. It was alleged that young girls were recruited from Brazil and other South American countries, former Soviet countries, and Europe, and that Jean-Luc Brunel's "MC2" modeling agency was also supplying girls to <mask>. In May 2006, Palm Beach police filed a probable cause affidavit saying that <mask> should be charged


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 with four counts of unlawful sex with minors and one count of sexual abuse. On July 27, 2006, <mask> was arrested by the Palm Beach Police Department on state felony charges of procuring a minor for prostitution and solicitation of a prostitute. He was booked at the Palm Beach County jail and later released on a $3,000 bond. State prosecutor Krischer later convened a Palm Beach County grand jury, which was usually only done in capital cases. Presented evidence from only two victims, the grand jury returned a single charge of felony solicitation of prostitution, to which <mask> pleaded not guilty in August 2006.<mask>'s defense lawyers included Roy Black, Gerald Lefcourt, Harvard Law School professor Alan Dershowitz, and former U.S. Solicitor General Ken Starr. Linguist Steven Pinker also assisted. Non-prosecution agreement (NPA) (2006–2008)

In July 2006, the FBI began its own investigation of <mask>, nicknamed "Operation Leap Year". It resulted in a 53-page indictment in June 2007. Alexander Acosta, then the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Florida, agreed to a plea deal, which Alan Dershowitz helped to negotiate, to grant immunity from all federal criminal charges to <mask>, along with four named co-conspirators and any unnamed "potential co-conspirators". According to the Miami Herald, the non-prosecution agreement "essentially shut down an ongoing FBI probe into whether there were more victims and other powerful people who took part in <mask>'s sex crimes".At the time, this halted the investigation and sealed the indictment. The Miami Herald said: "Acosta agreed, despite a federal law to the contrary, that the deal would be kept from the victims." Acosta later said he offered a lenient


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 plea deal because he was told that <mask> "belonged to intelligence", was "above his pay grade" and to "leave it alone". <mask> agreed to plead guilty in Florida state court to two felony prostitution charges, serve 18 months in prison, register as a sex offender, and pay restitution to three dozen victims identified by the FBI. The plea deal was later described as a "sweetheart deal". A federal judge later found that the prosecutors had violated the victims' rights in that they had concealed the agreement from the victims and instead urged them to have "patience". According to an internal review conducted by the Department of Justice's Office of Professional Responsibility, which was released in November 2020, Acosta showed "poor judgment" in granting <mask> a non-prosecution agreement and failing to notify <mask>'s alleged victims about this agreement.Conviction and sentencing (2008–2011)
On June 30, 2008, after <mask> pleaded guilty to a state charge (one of two) of procuring for prostitution a girl below age 18, he was sentenced to 18months in prison. While most convicted sex offenders in Florida are sent to state prison, <mask> was instead housed in a private wing of the Palm Beach County Stockade and, according to the sheriff's office, was after months allowed to leave the jail on "work release" for up to 12hours a day, 6days a week. This contravened the sheriff's own policies requiring a maximum remaining sentence of 10months and making sex offenders ineligible for the privilege. He was allowed to come and go outside of specified release hours. <mask>'s cell door was left unlocked, and he had access to the attorney room where a television was installed for him, before he was moved to the


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texts: Stockade's previously unstaffed infirmary. He worked at the office of a foundation he had created shortly before reporting to jail; he dissolved it after he had served his time. The Sheriff's Office received $128,000 from <mask>'s non-profit to pay for the costs of extra services being provided during his work release.His office was monitored by "permit deputies" whose overtime was paid by <mask>. They were required to wear suits, and checked in "welcomed guests" at the "front desk". Later the Sheriff's Office said these guest logs were destroyed per the department's "records retention" rules (although inexplicably the Stockade visitor logs were not). He was allowed to use his own driver to drive him between jail and his office and other appointments. <mask> served almost 13months before being released on July 22, 2009, for a year of probation on house arrest until August 2010. While on probation he was allowed numerous trips on his corporate jet to his residences in Manhattan and the U.S. Virgin Islands. He was allowed long shopping trips and to walk around Palm Beach "for exercise".After a contested hearing in January 2011, and an appeal, he stayed registered in New York State as a "level three" (high risk of repeat offense) sex offender, a lifelong designation. At that hearing the Manhattan District Attorney argued unsuccessfully that the level should be reduced to a low-risk "level one" and was chided by the judge. Despite opposition from <mask>'s lawyer that he had a "main" home in the U.S. Virgin Islands, the judge confirmed he personally must check in with the New York Police Department every 90days. Though <mask> had been a level-three registered sex offender in New York since 2010, the New

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 York Police Department never enforced the 90-day regulation, though non-compliance is a felony. Reactions
The immunity agreement and his lenient treatment were the subject of ongoing public dispute. The Palm Beach police chief accused the state of giving him preferential treatment, and the Miami Herald said U.S. Attorney Acosta gave <mask> "the deal of a lifetime". Following <mask>'s arrest in July 2019, on sex trafficking charges, Acosta resigned as Secretary of Labor effective July 19, 2019.After the accusations became public, several persons and institutions returned donations that they had received from <mask>, including Eliot Spitzer, Bill Richardson, and the Palm Beach Police Department. Harvard University announced it would not return any money. Various charitable donations that <mask> had made to finance children's education were also questioned. On June 18, 2010, <mask>'s former house manager, Alfredo Rodriguez, was sentenced to 18months' incarceration after being convicted on an obstruction charge for failing to turn over to police, and subsequently trying to sell a journal in which he had recorded <mask>'s activities. FBI Special Agent Christina Pryor reviewed the material and agreed it was information "that would have been extremely useful in investigating and prosecuting the case, including names and contact information of material witnesses and additional victims." Civil cases

Jane Does v. <mask> (2008)

On February 6, 2008, an anonymous Virginia woman, known as Jane Doe No. 2, filed a $50-million civil lawsuit in federal court against Epstein, saying that when she was a 16-year-old minor in 2004–05, she was "recruited to give Epstein a massage".She claims she was taken to his


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 mansion, where he exposed himself and had sexual intercourse with her, and paid her $200 immediately afterward. A similar $50-million suit was filed in March 2008, by a different woman, who was represented by the same lawyer. These and several similar lawsuits were dismissed. All other lawsuits have been settled by <mask> out of court. <mask> made many out-of-court settlements with alleged victims. Victims' rights: Jane Does v. United States (2014)

A December 30, 2014, federal civil suit was filed in Florida by Jane Doe 1 (Courtney Wild) and Jane Doe 2 against the United States for violations of the Crime Victims' Rights Act by the U.S. Department of Justice's NPA with <mask> and his limited 2008 state plea. There was a later unsuccessful effort to add Virginia Roberts (Jane Doe 3) and another woman (Jane Doe 4) as plaintiffs to that case.The addition accused Alan Dershowitz of sexually abusing a minor, Jane Doe 3, provided by <mask>. The allegations against Dershowitz were stricken by the judge and eliminated from the case because he said they were outside the intent of the suit to re-open the plea agreement. A document filed in court alleges that <mask> ran a "sexual abuse ring", and lent underage girls to "prominent American politicians, powerful business executives, foreign presidents, a well-known prime minister, and other world leaders". This long-running lawsuit is pending in federal court, aimed at vacating the federal plea agreement on the grounds that it violated victims' rights. On April 7, 2015, Judge Kenneth Marra ruled that the allegations made by alleged victim Virginia Roberts against Prince Andrew had no bearing on the lawsuit by alleged victims seeking to reopen <mask>'s


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 non-prosecution plea agreement with the federal government; the judge ordered that allegation to be struck from the record. Judge Marra made no ruling as to whether claims by Roberts are true or false. Though he did not allow Jane Does 3 and 4 to join the suit, Marra specifically said that Roberts may later give evidence when the case comes to court.On February 21, 2019, in the case of Two Jane Does v. United States, Senior Judge of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida Kenneth Marra said federal prosecutors violated the law by failing to notify victims before they allowed him to plead guilty to only the two Florida offenses. The judge left open what the possible remedy could be. Virginia Giuffre v. <mask> (2015)

In a December 2014 Florida court filing by Bradley Edwards and Paul G. Cassell meant for inclusion in the Crime Victims Rights Act lawsuit, Virginia Giuffre (then known as Virginia Roberts), alleged in a sworn affidavit that at age 17, she had been sexually trafficked by <mask> and Ghislaine Maxwell for their own use and for use by several others, including Prince Andrew and retired Harvard Law professor Alan Dershowitz. Giuffre also claimed that <mask>, Maxwell and others had physically and sexually abused her. She alleged that the FBI may have been involved in a cover-up. She said she had served as <mask>'s sex slave from 1999 to 2002, and had recruited other underage girls. Prince Andrew, <mask>, and Dershowitz all denied having had sex with Giuffre.Dershowitz took legal action over the allegations. Giuffre filed a defamation suit against Dershowitz, claiming he purposefully made "false and malicious defamatory statements" about her. A diary purported to belong to


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 Giuffre was published online. <mask> entered an out-of-court settlement with Giuffre, as he had done in several other lawsuits. In 2019, Giuffre was interviewed by the BBC's Panorama where she continued to attest that <mask> had trafficked her to Prince Andrew. She appealed directly to the public by stating "I implore the people in the UK to stand up beside me, to help me fight this fight, to not accept this as being ok.” , these accusations had not been tested in any court of law. Virginia Giuffre v. Ghislaine Maxwell (2015)
As a result of Giuffre's allegations and Maxwell's comments about them, Giuffre sued Maxwell for defamation in September 2015.After much legal confrontation, the case was settled under seal in May 2017. The Miami Herald, other media, and Alan Dershowitz filed to have the documents about the settlement unsealed. After the judge dismissed their request, the matter was appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. On March 11, 2019, in the appeal of the district judge's refusal to unseal the documents relating to the 2017 defamation settlement of Giuffre v. Maxwell, the Second Circuit Court gave parties one week to provide good cause as to why they should remain under seal, without which they would be unsealed on March 19, 2019. Later the Court ordered these documents to be unsealed (after having them redacted to protect innocent parties). In Giuffre's testimony, she claims that she was "directed" by Maxwell to give erotic massages and engage in sexual activities with Prince Andrew; Jean-Luc Brunel; Glenn Dubin; Marvin Minsky; Governor Bill Richardson; another unnamed prince; an unnamed foreign president; "a well known Prime Minister"; and an unnamed hotel chain

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 owner from France, among others. The deposition does not claim that any of these men in fact engaged with Giuffre, and , none of these men have been indicted or sued for related sex crimes.Giuffre testified, "my whole life revolved around just pleasing these men and keeping Ghislaine and <mask> happy. Their whole entire lives revolved around sex." On August 9, less than 24 hours before <mask>'s death, 2,000 pages of previously sealed documents from the case were released. Two sets of additional sealed documents will be analyzed by a federal judge to determine whether they should also be made public. A "John Doe" asked the judge on September 3 to permanently keep the documents secret, claiming "unproven allegations of impropriety" could damage his reputation, though he had no evidence his name was included. Jane Doe v. <mask> and Trump (2016)

A federal lawsuit filed in California in April 2016, against <mask> and Donald Trump by a California woman alleged that the two men sexually assaulted her at a series of parties at <mask>'s Manhattan residence in 1994, when she was 13years old. The suit was dismissed by a federal judge in May 2016 because it did not raise valid claims under federal law.The woman filed another federal suit in New York in June 2016, but it was withdrawn three months later, apparently without being served on the defendants. A third federal suit was filed in New York in September 2016. The two latter suits included affidavits by an anonymous witness who attested to the accusations in the suits, asserting <mask> employed her to procure underage girls for him, and an anonymous person who declared the plaintiff had told him/her about the assaults at the time they occurred. The

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 plaintiff, who had filed anonymously as Jane Doe, was scheduled to appear in a Los Angeles press conference six days before the 2016 election, but abruptly canceled the event; her lawyer Lisa Bloom asserted that the woman had received threats. The suit was dropped on November 4, 2016. Trump attorney Alan Garten denied the allegations, while <mask> declined to comment. Sarah Ransome v. Epstein and Maxwell (2017)

In 2017, Sarah Ransome filed a suit against <mask> and Maxwell, alleging that Maxwell had hired her to give massages to <mask> and later threatened to physically harm her or destroy her career prospects if she did not comply with their sexual demands at his mansion in New York City and on his private Caribbean island, Little Saint James.The suit was settled in 2018 under undisclosed terms. Bradley Edwards' defamation v. <mask> (2018)
A state civil lawsuit in Florida filed by attorney Bradley Edwards against <mask> was scheduled for trial in December 2018. The trial was expected to provide victims with their first opportunity to make their accusations in public. However, the case was settled on the first day of the trial, with <mask> publicly apologizing to Edwards; other terms of the settlement were confidential. Maria Farmer v. <mask> and Maxwell (2019)
On April 16, 2019, Maria Farmer went public and filed a sworn affidavit in federal court in New York, alleging that she and her 15-year-old sister, Annie, had been sexually assaulted by <mask> and Maxwell in separate locations in 1996. Farmer met <mask> and Maxwell at her graduate art gallery reception at the New York Academy of Art in 1995. The following year, in the summer of 1996, they hired her to work on an art project in Leslie

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 Wexner's Ohio mansion, where she was then sexually assaulted.Farmer reported the incident to the New York City Police Department and the FBI. Farmer's affidavit also stated that during the same summer, <mask> flew her then-15-year-old sister to his New Mexico property where he and Maxwell sexually abused her on a massage table. Jennifer Araoz v. Epstein and Maxwell (2019)
On July 22, 2019, while in jail awaiting trial, <mask> was served with a petition regarding a pending state civil lawsuit filed by Jennifer Araoz. She stated that an associate for <mask> had recruited her outside Talent Unlimited High School at age 14 and she was gradually groomed for over a year before <mask> raped her in his New York City mansion when she was 15. Araoz filed her suit on August 14, 2019, when New York State law was updated to allow one year for adult survivors of child sexual abuse to sue for previous offenses, regardless of how long ago the abuse took place. In October 2019, Araoz amended her complaint to include over 20 corporate entities associated with <mask> and named the additional individuals Lesley Groff and Cimberly Espinosa as enablers. Katlyn Doe, et al.v. <mask>'s estate (2019)
Three women (Katlyn Doe, Lisa Doe and Priscilla Doe) sued the estate of <mask> on August 20, 2019. Two of the women were 17 and one was 20 when they met <mask>. The women allege they were recruited, subjected to unwanted sex acts, and controlled by <mask> and a "vast enterprise" of co-conspirators. Jane Doe v. <mask>'s estate (2019)
A New York accuser of <mask>, known only as Jane Doe, announced a federal lawsuit against his estate in the Southern District of New York on September 18, 2019, stating that she was recruited in 2002

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 and sexually abused by <mask> for three years starting at age 14. Teresa Helm, et al. v. <mask>'s estate (2019)
Five women (Teresa Helm, Annie Farmer, Maria Farmer, Juliette Bryant, and an unidentified woman), represented by David Boies, sued <mask>'s estate in Federal District Court in Manhattan in November 2019, accusing him of rape, battery and false imprisonment and seeking unspecified damages. Jane Doe 15 v. <mask>'s estate (2019)
On November 18, 2019, a woman identified as Jane Doe 15 made a public appearance with her attorney Gloria Allred to announce that she was suing the estate of <mask> in the District Court for the Southern District of New York, alleging that he manipulated, trafficked, and sexually abused her in 2004, when she was 15 years old.Teala Davies v. <mask>'s estate (2019)
On November 21, 2019, Teala Davies appeared with her attorney Gloria Allred and announced her lawsuit in Manhattan federal court against <mask>'s estate. Davies stated that after meeting <mask> in 2002, he sexually assaulted and trafficked her in New York, New Mexico, Florida, the Virgin Islands and France. Jane Does 1-9 v. <mask>'s estate (2019)
On December 3, 2019, lawyer Jordan Merson filed a lawsuit in New York on behalf of nine anonymous accusers (Jane Does 1–9) and against <mask>'s estate for battery, assault, and intensional emotional distress. The claims date from 1985 through the 2000s, and include individuals who were 13, 14, and 15 when they first encountered <mask>. JJ Doe v. <mask>'s estate (2019)
The lawsuit was filed by Bradley Edwards on behalf of his client in late December 2019. The accuser, JJ Doe, is described as being a 14-year-old resident of Palm Beach County at the time <mask>

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 abused her in 2004. US Virgin Islands v. <mask>'s estate, et al.(2020)
A lawsuit was filed in Superior Court of the U.S. Virgin Islands in January 2020 alleging that <mask> ran a sex trafficking conspiracy for over two decades, through 2018, with children as young as 11 years old on Epstein's Caribbean islands. According to Attorney General Denise George, his alleged criminal activities on the islands were concealed through a complex network of companies. Jane Doe v. Maxwell and <mask>'s estate (2020)
In January 2020, a lawsuit was filed against Maxwell and <mask> alleging that they recruited a 13-year-old music student at the Interlochen Center for the Arts in 1994 and subjected her to sexual abuse The suit states that Jane Doe was repeatedly sexually assaulted by <mask> over a four-year period and that Maxwell played a key role in both her recruitment and by participating in the assaults. Jane Does v. <mask> estate (2020)
In August 2020 9 Jane Does filed suit accusing <mask> of sexual abuse. The alleged victims in the lawsuit include a 11 and 13 year old and a victim who alleged abuse in 1975. Jane Doe v. <mask> estate (2020)
In August 2020 <mask> was sued by a Jane Doe accusing him of sexually abusing her for one and a half years, beginning when she was an 18-year-old aspiring singer and model in New York. Jane Doe v. <mask> estate (2021)
A civil suit was filed against <mask>'s estate in March 2021 by a Broward County woman who accused <mask> and Maxwell of trafficking her after repeatedly raping her in Florida in 2008.Second criminal case

Trafficking charges

On July 6, 2019, <mask> was arrested by the FBI-NYPD Crimes Against Children Task Force at Teterboro Airport in New Jersey on sex

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texts: trafficking charges. He was jailed at the Metropolitan Correctional Center in New York City, which has held prisoners such as John Gotti, Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman, and Paul Manafort. According to witnesses and sources on the day of his arrest, about a dozen FBI agents forced open the door to his Manhattan townhouse, the Herbert N. Straus House, with search warrants. The search of his townhouse turned up evidence of sex trafficking and also found "hundreds – and perhaps thousands – of sexually suggestive photographs of fully – or partially – nude females". Some of the photos were confirmed as those of underage females. In a locked safe, compact discs were found with handwritten labels including the descriptions: "Young [Name] + [Name]", "Misc nudes 1", and "Girl pics nude". Also found in the safe were $70,000 in cash, 48 diamonds, and a fraudulent Austrian passport, which expired in 1987, that had <mask>'s photo but another name.The passport had numerous entrance and exit stamps, including entrance stamps that showed the use of the passport to enter France, Spain, the United Kingdom, and Saudi Arabia in the 1980s. The passport showed his place of residence as Saudi Arabia. According to his attorneys, <mask> had been advised to acquire the passport because "as an affluent member of the Jewish faith", he was in danger of being kidnapped while traveling abroad. On July 8, prosecutors with the Public Corruption Unit of the Southern District of New York charged him with sex trafficking and conspiracy to traffic minors for sex. The grand jury indictment alleges that "dozens" ofunderage girls were brought into <mask>'s mansions for sexual encounters. Judge Kenneth Marra was to decide whether the


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 non-prosecution agreement that protected <mask> from the more serious charges should still stand. <mask> requested to be released on bond, offering to post $100million with the condition that he would also submit to house arrest in his New York City mansion.U.S. District Judge Richard M. Berman denied the request on July 18, saying that <mask> posed a danger to the public and a serious flight risk to avoid prosecution. On July 23, <mask> was found injured and semiconscious at 1:30a.m. on the floor of his cell, with marks around his neck that were suspected to be the result of either a suicide attempt or an assault. His cellmate, former New York City police officer Nicholas Tartaglione, who was charged with four counts of murder, was questioned about <mask>'s condition. He denied having any knowledge of what happened. <mask> himself said he recollected nothing. According to NBC News, two sources said that <mask> might have tried to hang himself, a third said the injuries were not serious and could have been staged, and a fourth source said that an assault by his cellmate had not been ruled out.On August 29, 2019, following <mask>'s death 10 days prior, the case against <mask> was closed after Judge Berman dismissed all sex trafficking charges. However, he also expressed support for <mask>'s accusers. Prosecutors objected to the ruling and stated they would continue an investigation for potential co-conspirators. Investigation in France
On August 23, 2019, the prosecutor's office in Paris, France, opened a preliminary investigation into <mask>. He is being investigated for rape and sexual assault of minors under and over the age of 15, criminal association with a view to committing crimes, and


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 association with criminals with a view to committing offenses. The prosecutors said that the goal of the investigation is to find possible crimes committed in France and elsewhere against French citizens. Personal life
Previous long-term girlfriends associated with <mask> include Eva Andersson-Dubin and publishing heiress Ghislaine Maxwell.<mask> was romantically linked to Andersson-Dubin for an 11-year period mostly in the 1980s and the two later remained friendly well after her marriage to Glenn Dubin. <mask> met Maxwell, daughter of disgraced media baron Robert Maxwell, by 1991. <mask> had Maxwell come to the United States in 1991 to recover from her grief following the death of her father. Maxwell was implicated by several of <mask>'s accusers as procuring or recruiting underage girls in addition to once being <mask>'s girlfriend. In a 2009 deposition, several of <mask>'s household employees testified that Maxwell had a central role in both his public and private life, referring to her as his "main girlfriend" who also handled the hiring, supervising, and firing of staff starting around 1992. In 1995, <mask> renamed one of his companies the Ghislaine Corporation in Palm Beach, Florida; the company was dissolved in 1998. In 2000, Maxwell moved into a 7,000-square-foot townhouse, less than 10blocks from <mask>'s New York mansion.This townhome was purchased for $4.95million by an anonymous limited liability company, with an address that matches the office of J. Epstein & Co. Representing the buyer was Darren Indyke, Epstein's longtime lawyer. In a 2003 Vanity Fair exposé, <mask> refers to Maxwell as "my best friend". <mask> was a longtime acquaintance of Prince Andrew and Tom Barrack, and attended


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texts: parties with many prominent people, including Bill Clinton, George Stephanopoulos, Donald Trump, Katie Couric, Woody Allen, and Harvey Weinstein. His contacts included Rupert Murdoch, Michael Bloomberg, Richard Branson, Michael Jackson, Alec Baldwin and the Kennedys. His contacts also included Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak, British prime minister Tony Blair, and Saudi Arabian crown prince Mohammed bin Salman. Both Clinton and Trump claimed that they never visited Epstein's island.<mask> owned a private Boeing 727 jet and traveled in it frequently, logging "600 flying hours a year ... usually with guests on board". The jet was nicknamed the Lolita Express by the locals in the Virgin Islands, because of its frequent arrivals at Little Saint James with apparently underage girls. In 2003, <mask> flew to Cuba aboard his plane with Colombian president Andrés Pastrana Arango at the invitation of Cuban president Fidel Castro. According to Fabiola Santiago of the Miami Herald, <mask> was likely considering relocating to Cuba in order to escape U.S. law enforcement; <mask> was under investigation from U.S. law enforcement at the time. In 2009, <mask>'s brother Mark claimed Trump had flown on <mask>'s plane at least once. He later told The Washington Post that Trump flew "numerous times" on Epstein's airplane, although Mark was present on only one of the flights. According to Michael Corcoran, Trump flew Epstein on his own airplane at least once.In September 2002, <mask> flew Clinton, Kevin Spacey, and Chris Tucker to Africa in this jet. Flight records obtained in 2016 show Bill Clinton flew 27times to at least a dozen international locations. Flight logs did not list any Secret Service detail for at least


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texts: five flights, on an Asia trip, and Secret Service stated that there is no evidence of the former president making a trip to <mask>'s private island. In 2019, a Clinton spokesperson stated that, in 2002 and 2003, Clinton took four trips on <mask>'s airplane, making stops on three continents, all with his staff and Secret Service detail. At the time of <mask>'s 2019 arrest, Clinton's spokeswoman Angel Ureña stated that Clinton had "not spoken to <mask> in well over a decade, and has never been to Little St. James Island, Epstein's ranch in New Mexico, or his residence in Florida." In a profile of <mask> in New York magazine in 2002, former Democratic Senate leader George J. Mitchell said of Epstein, "I would certainly call him a friend and a supporter". In the same article, Donald Trump remarked, "I've known Jeff for fifteen years.Terrific guy. He's a lot of fun to be with. It is even said that he likes beautiful women as much as I do, and many of them are on the younger side. No doubt about it – <mask> enjoys his social life." In July 2019, Trump said "I knew him like everybody in Palm Beach knew him," stating four times he had not been "a fan" of <mask> and that he had not spoken to him in about fifteen years. A video shot in 1992 surfaced showing the two men partying together at Mar-a-Lago. By 2007, Trump reportedly banned <mask> from his Mar-a-Lago club for unseemly pursuit of young females.The ban allegation was included in court documents filed by attorney Bradley Edwards, although Edwards later said it was a rumor he tried to, but could not, confirm. Bill Clinton lauded <mask> as "a committed philanthropist" with "insights and generosity". At the time <mask> was on the board of Rockefeller

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texts: University, a member of the Trilateral Commission and the Council on Foreign Relations, and was a major donor to Harvard University. <mask> visited the White House while Clinton was president on four known occasions. In 1993, he went to a donor event at the White House with his companion Ghislaine Maxwell. Around the same time, he also met with President Clinton's aide Mark Middleton on at least three occasions at the White House. In 1995, financier Lynn Forester discussed "<mask>tein and currency stabilization" with Clinton.<mask>, according to his own accounts, was heavily involved in the foreign exchange market and traded large amounts of currency in the unregulated forex market. In 1995, <mask> also attended a small political fundraiser dinner for Bill Clinton which included 14 other people including Ron Perelman, Don Johnson, Jimmy Buffett, and dinner organizer Paul Prosperi. From the 1990s to mid-2000s, <mask> often socialized with the future President Donald Trump. Author Michael Wolff wrote that Trump, <mask>, and Tom Barrack were at the time like a "set of nightlife musketeers" on the social scene. <mask> and Trump socialized both in New York City and Palm Beach, where they both had houses. In April 2003, New York magazine reported <mask> hosted a dinner party in his Manhattan residence to honor Bill Clinton, who did not attend, although Trump did attend. According to The Washington Post, one person who knew <mask> and Trump during this time noted that "they were tight" and "they were each other's wingmen".In November 2004, <mask> and Trump's friendship ran into trouble when they became embroiled in a bidding war for a $40million mansion, Maison de L'Amitie, which was being auctioned in Palm

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 Beach. Trump won the auction for $41million, and successfully sold the property four years later for $95million to the Russian billionaire Dmitry Rybolovlev. That month was the last time <mask> and Trump were recorded to have interacted. Wealth

The exact origin of <mask>'s wealth is unknown. Leslie Wexner was one source of <mask>'s original wealth. An assistant of <mask> also stated that he got his fortune started through Robert Maxwell, the media mogul father of Ghislaine Maxwell. When <mask> pleaded guilty in 2008 to soliciting and procuring prostitution, his lawyers stated he was a billionaire with a net worth of over one billion dollars.A number of sources, however, have questioned the extent of <mask>'s wealth and his status as a billionaire. According to an article in The New York Times, his "fortune may be more illusion than fact". <mask> lost "large sums of money" in the 2008 financial crisis, and "friends and patrons"—including retail billionaire Leslie Wexner, "deserted him" following his pleading guilty to prostitution charges in 2008. New York magazine claimed that "there's scant proof" of <mask>'s "financial bona fides", and Forbes also ran an article entitled "Why sex offender <mask> is not a billionaire". Spencer Kuvin, an attorney for three of <mask>'s alleged victims in the case where <mask> pleaded guilty to sexual activity with minors, stated that "he and his team 'pursued every possible angle' to find out Epstein's net worth but found that much of his wealth is offshore." An investigation by the Miami Herald of the Swiss Leaks documents indicated that <mask> had multiple financial accounts with millions of dollars in offshore tax havens. In the Paradise Papers, records showed that

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 <mask> in February 1997, became a client of Appleby, a Bermuda-based law firm which specialized in the creation of offshore companies and investment vehicles for the ultra-wealthy.A client profile of <mask> described his job cryptically as the "Manager of Fortune". Federal prosecutors on July 12, 2019, stated in court documents that, based on records from one financial institution, that <mask> was "extravagantly wealthy" and had assets worth at least $500million and earned more than $10million a year. The extent of his wealth, however, was not known, since he had not filled out a financial affidavit for his bail application. According to Bloomberg News, "Today, so little is known about <mask>'s current business or clients that the only things that can be valued with any certainty are his properties." The Miami Herald in their investigation of the Paradise Papers and Swiss Leaks documents concluded that <mask>'s wealth is likely spread secretly across the globe. In 2020 <mask> estate's finances revealed that it had paid out nearly $50 million between June 2020 and December 2020 to more than 100 women who brought claims to the "Epstein Victims Compensation Fund" set up in the U.S. Virgin Islands. By February 2021, the estate was valued at about $240 million, down from estimates of $630 million a year earlier.This prompted the attorney general of the U.S. Virgin Islands, Denise George, to file an emergency motion seeking the immediate asset freeze. She contended in the court filing, which the victims joined, that the estate executors had "mismanaged" the money. Residences

<mask> owned the Herbert N. Straus House on 9 East 71st Street in the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. It was

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texts: originally purchased for $13.2million in 1989 by <mask>'s mentor, Les Wexner, who renovated it completely. <mask> moved into the mansion in 1995 after Wexner married and moved with his wife to Columbus, Ohio, to raise their family. He took full possession of the mansion in 1998, when he paid Wexner $20million for it. The house was valued in 2019 by federal prosecutors at $77 million, while the city assessed its value at $56 million.The mansion is reputedly the largest private residence in Manhattan at . Hidden under a flight of stairs, there is a lead-lined bathroom fitted with its own closed-circuit television screens and a telephone, both concealed in a cabinet under the sink. The house also has its own heated sidewalk to melt away the snow. The entrance hall is lined with rows of individually framed prosthetic eyeballs that were made in England for injured soldiers. The financier's other properties include a residence in Palm Beach, Florida, purchased in 1990; seven units in an apartment building near the Arc de Triomphe at 22 Avenue Foch in Paris, France; a  ranch named Zorro Ranch near Stanley, New Mexico, purchased in 1993; a private island near Saint Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands called Little Saint James, which includes a mansion and guest houses, purchased in 1998; and the neighboring island of Great Saint James purchased in 2016. <mask> was building a compound on the latter including an amphitheater and "underwater office & pool" but ran into problems when a stop-work order was issued in late 2018; work continued despite the order. <mask>, previous to his final Manhattan home, lived in a spacious townhouse, which was a former Iranian government building that had been taken over by the

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texts: State Department during the Iranian revolution, at 34 East 69th Street for a rate of $15,000 a month from 1992 to 1995.He also previously owned a mansion outside Columbus, Ohio, near Wexner's home from 1992 to 1998 which he purchased from his mentor. Before the Herbert Straus house was purchased, Wexner purchased in 1988 the adjacent townhouse at 11 East 71st Street. Like in the case of the 9 East 71st Street house, <mask> was on the deed of the 11 East 71st Street house as the trustee. The townhouse was sold in 1996 to the Comet trust which holds part of the assets of the de Gunzburg/Bronfman family. <mask> rented offices for his business dealings in the Villard House at 457 Madison Avenue. Steven Hoffenberg originally set up the offices for <mask> in 1987 when he was consulting for Tower Financial. <mask> used these offices until at least 2003.Around this time, Michael Wolff saw the financier in his office, which in the past were the offices of Random House. Wolff noted that <mask>'s offices were a strange place which did not have a corporate feel at all. Wolff stated that the offices were "almost European. It's old—old-fashioned, unrehabbed in its way." Wolff continued that "the trading floor is filled with guys in yarmulkes. Who they are, I have no idea. They're like a throwback, a bunch of guys from the fifties.So here is <mask> in this incredibly beautiful office, with pieces of art and a view of the courtyard, and he seems like the most relaxed guy in the world. You want to say 'What's going on here?' and he gives you that Cheshire smile." <mask> rented multiple apartment units for his employees, models, and guests since the 1990s at 301 East 66th Street. The majority of the apartment complex

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 at this address is owned by Ossa properties, which is owned by <mask>'s brother, Mark, who purchased the complex in the early 1990s from Wexner. Over the years <mask> has housed different friends at 11 East 71st Street, including his ex-girlfriend Eva Andersson, who is now married to his hedge-fund friend Glenn Dubin, MC2 Models founder Jean-Luc Brunel, and on occasions former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak. He has housed some of his workers, including his pilot, housekeeper and office work staff, in the apartment complex.<mask> has also housed underage girls, who Brunel scouted for his MC2 modeling agency. On August 6, 2012, a model and party promoter associated with MC2, Pedro Gaspar, who lived above another of the modeling agency's locations in Manhattan, died of what some consider to be a suspicious drug overdose. Political donations
From 1989 until 2003, <mask> donated more than $139,000 to U.S. Democratic Party federal candidates and committees and over $18,000 to U.S. Republican Party candidates and groups. <mask> contributed $50,000 to Democrat Bill Richardson's successful campaign for Governor of New Mexico in 2002 and again for his successful run for reelection in 2006. Also that year, he contributed $15,000 to Democrat Gary King's successful campaign for Attorney General of New Mexico. He later contributed $35,000 to King's 2014 unsuccessful campaign for Governor. Other contributions in New Mexico included Epstein $10,000 toward Jim Baca's campaign to become head of the land commission and $2,000 toward Santa Fe County Sheriff Jim Solano's bid for reelection.In 2010, <mask> received a notice from New Mexico Department of Public Safety which said, "You are not required to register [as a

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 sex offender] with the state of New Mexico." This was in contravention of federal law, which would seem to say that the conviction in Florida required him to register in New Mexico. Philanthropy

In 1991, <mask> was one of four donors who pledged to raise  for a Hillel student building Rosovsky Hall at Harvard University. In 2000, <mask> established the Jeffrey Epstein VI Foundation, which funds science research and education. Prior to 2003, the foundation funded Martin Nowak's research at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. In May 2003, <mask> pledged a series of donations totaling  to create a mathematical biology and evolutionary dynamics program at Harvard which was run by Martin Nowak. According to The Boston Globe, the actual amount received from Epstein was .In 2019, Forbes deleted a 2013 article that called <mask> "one of the largest backers of cutting edge science" after The New York Times revealed its author, Drew Hendricks, had been paid $600 to submit it falsely as his own. According to attorney Gerald B. Lefcourt, <mask> was "part of the original group that conceived of the Clinton Global Initiative". <mask> co-organized a science event with illusionist and skeptic Al Seckel called the Mindshift Conference. The conference took place in 2010 on <mask>'s private island Little Saint James. In attendance were scientists Murray Gell-Mann, Leonard Mlodinow, and Gerald Jay Sussman. The true extent of <mask>tein VI Foundation fails to disclose information which other charities routinely disclose.Concerns have been raised over this lack of transparency. In 2015, the Attorney General of the state of New York was reported to be trying to gain information but was refused since

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 the charities were based outside of the state and did not solicit in New York State. <mask>tein Interest, the COUQ Foundation, and Gratitude American Ltd. According to federal tax filings, <mask> donated $30million between 1998 and 2018, through these three charities. Following his death, a number of scientists and institutions—including Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)—came under criticism for accepting money from <mask> and his foundation, with some individuals offering to give away money donated by <mask>. Interest in eugenics and transhumanism
According to various sources, beginning in the early 2000s <mask> developed a strong interest in improving the human race through genetic engineering and artificial intelligence, including using his own sperm. He addressed the scientific community at various events and occasions and communicated his fascination with eugenics.It was reported in August 2019 that <mask> had planned to "seed the human race with his DNA" by impregnating up to 20 women at a time using his New Mexico compound as a "baby ranch", where mothers would give birth to his offspring. He was an advocate of cryonics and his own idiosyncratic version of transhumanism, and had said that he intended to have his penis and head frozen. Kathleen Hall Jamieson, director of the Annenberg Public Policy Center at the University of Pennsylvania said: "Scientists need funding for important work ... if the funding is for legitimate scientific work, there is nothing wrong with accepting support from a billionaire. However it would have been wrong for scientists to accept his funding if they were aware that he was planning a eugenics experiment that might draw legitimacy

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 from his association with them." Professor George Church also publicly apologized for meeting <mask> after his 13-month sentence, saying "There should have been more conversations about, should we be doing this, should we be helping this guy? There was just a lot of nerd tunnel vision." Death

On July 23, 2019, three weeks prior to his death, <mask> was found unconscious in his jail cell with injuries to his neck.<mask> said he believed that he was attacked by his cellmate, who was awaiting trial for four counts of murder, while the correctional staff suspected attempted suicide. After that incident, he was placed on suicide watch. Six days later, on July 29, 2019, <mask> was taken off suicide watch and placed in a special housing unit with another inmate. <mask>'s close associates said he was in "good spirits". When <mask> was placed in the special housing unit, the jail informed the Justice Department that he would have a cellmate, and that a guard would look into the cell every 30 minutes. These procedures were not followed on the night of his death. On August 9, 2019, <mask>'s cellmate was transferred out, but no one took his place.Later in the evening, contrary to the jail's normal procedure, <mask> was not checked every 30 minutes. The two guards who were assigned to check his jail unit that night fell asleep and did not check on him for about three hours; the guards falsified related records. Two cameras in front of <mask>'s cell also malfunctioned that night. <mask> was found dead in his cell at the Metropolitan Correctional Center (MCC) in New York City at 6:30a.m. EDT on August 10, 2019. The Bureau of Prisons said lifesaving measures were initiated immediately upon the discovery of <mask>'s

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 body. Emergency responders were called and he was taken to a hospital.On August 10, 2019, the Bureau of Prisons and U.S. Attorney General William Barr called the death an apparent suicide, although no final determination had been made. The circumstances leading up to his death are being investigated by the United States Department of Justice. Autopsy

On August 11, 2019, an autopsy was performed. It appeared likely that <mask> had thrown himself violently off the cell's top bunk, which would explain the damage he suffered, other than strangulation. The preliminary result of the autopsy found that <mask> sustained multiple breaks in his neck bones. Among the bones broken in <mask>'s neck was the hyoid bone. Such breaks of the hyoid bone can occur from those who hang themselves, but they are more common in victims of homicide by strangulation.A 2010 study found broken hyoids in 25 percent of cases of hangings. A larger study conducted from 2010 to 2016 found hyoid damage in just 16 of 264, or six percent, of cases of hangings. Hyoid bone breaks become more common with age, as the bones become more brittle. Forensic pathologist Cyril Wecht noted that hanging by leaning forward would not result in broken cervical bones. On August 16, 2019, Barbara Sampson, the New York City medical examiner, ruled <mask>'s death a suicide by hanging. The medical examiner, according to <mask>'s defense counsel, only saw nine minutes of footage from one security camera to help her arrive at her conclusion. <mask>'s defense lawyers were not satisfied with the conclusion of the medical examiner and were conducting their own independent investigation into the cause of <mask>'s death, including taking legal action, if

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