title: Bill Bellamy (British Army officer)

texts:
 as commander of his own Cromwell Tank, one of three in the troop. On his first day in command of 3rd Troop, he chanced upon two British armoured cars from the 61st Reconnaissance Regiment.As they approached him, they were hit by fire from a well concealed enemy gun. Dismounting his own vehicle, Bellamy approached the two destroyed armoured cars and rescued several members of the crews whom he found alive in the wrecked and gore-streaked interiors. This was the first of many experiences as a tank commander in the van of the battle he was required to face an increasingly desperate, retreating German army at its fiercest and most savage in what can only be described as "heavy combat" situations. Through France, Belgium, the Netherlands and into the German heartland following the line of advance of the Eighth Army which the tank and cavalry regiments were spearheading. Military cross
On 22 October 1944, <mask>'s troop was part of a screen for infantry advancing near Doornhoek in the south of the Netherlands when it came under small arms, mortar and artillery fire. He engaged the enemy posts, eventually taking out three, and assisted the infantry in getting forward. Machine gun bullets struck his tank and caused molten lead to splatter in his face, and his tank entered a minefield and nearly ran over a mine.A jerry can of petrol spilt and set his bedding on fire, but he managed to get his burning tank and crew to safety. His beret was later found to have two bullet holes in it. For his gallantry, he was awarded the Military Cross, which was personally presented to him by Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery in a ceremony on 5 March 1945. Into Germany

<mask> was given a leave to return to England upon the untimely death of his mother who was killed by a V-2

masks: Bellamy Bellamy


title: Bill Bellamy (British Army officer)

type: original

texts:
 In Adolf Hitler's study only his desk remained. They tried to gain access to the gardens at the rear but the Russians had placed a guard on it and forbade them exploring it. They were however, able to grab some souvenirs from the detritus in the building in the form of several small etchings and cards which contained Christmas greetings from the Führer. Having interfaced with the Russians and watched a number of incidents at close quarters including the deaths of two civilians <mask> formed the opinion that "it seemed abundantly clear to us that the Russians had been given carte blanche to carry out any excess in Berlin as a means of punishing and totally subduing the population." On Saturday 21 July 1945 the regiment took its place behind the vehicles of the Royal Horse Artillery as second most senior army regiment on parade. The parade commenced 20 minutes late at 10:50.Promoted to captain in August 1945 <mask> went on extended leave from what he describes as quite a leisurely life in Berlin which ended before his return as the regiment was moved to Itzehoe in Schleswig-Holstein. Post war
<mask> was appointed adjutant of the 8th Hussars and in 1950 was organising the regiment for overseas deployment to Korea when he again became ill with another bout of recurring jaundice. Officially deemed "Fit for home service only" he was transferred to the Northamptonshire Yeomanry as adjutant, finally retiring from the army in 1955. Civilian life and family
In 1955 <mask> joined the board of the shoe components firm Phipps and Son and, after a merger, a board member of Chamberlain Phipps. He rose to become managing director, retiring in 1983. He then became a parish councillor at Great Brington, Northamptonshire, and took a close interest, as a Knight of the Holy

masks:
Bellamy
Bellamy
Bill Bellamy
Bellamy


title: Bill Bellamy (British Army officer)

texts:
 Sepulchre, in the Christian Arabs of Palestine. He was for a number of years chairman of the Rugby-based Mayday Trust, which provides housing and support for vulnerable adults.He was also an active supporter of the Cynthia Spencer Hospice in Northampton, named after the current Earl of Spencer's grandmother, and raised £30,000 for the hospice by trekking across Cuba in 2005, at the age of 81. <mask> married Ann Burbury in 1950. They had four sons and one daughter: Simon, James, Andrew, Giles and Sarah. Ann died in 2001 and <mask> got remarried to Felicity Sidders in 2007. His son Andrew followed in his footsteps and was commissioned in the Queen's Royal Irish Hussars, rose to the rank of brigadier, and became colonel of the regiment in November 2009 in the wake of Major General Arthur Denaro CBE DL. <mask> was also the "adopted" grandfather to two Palestinian students after financing a trip to England as part of their studies. His wartime diary and photographs remained in his attic for forty years until he rediscovered them and decided to write up his wartime experiences for his children.A publisher persuaded him to publish them, as Troop Leader, A Tank Commander's Story in 2005. He died of cancer at Barnstaple, Devon on 18 March 2009. References

Bibliography

External links
British Army Officers 1939−1945

1923 births
2009 deaths
8th King's Royal Irish Hussars officers
Aftermath of World War II in the United Kingdom
British Army officers
British Army personnel of World War II
British military writers
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
Northamptonshire Yeomanry officers
Operation Overlord people
People from Northampton
Recipients of the Military Cross
Royal Armoured Corps officers
Military personnel from

masks:
Bellamy
Bill
Bill Bellamy


title: Esther Hicks

texts:
<mask> (née Weaver, born March 5, 1948) is an American inspirational speaker, and author. She has co-written nine books with her late husband <mask>, presented numerous workshops on the law of attraction with Abraham-Hicks Publications and appeared in the original version of the 2006 film The Secret. The <mask>' books, including the series The Law of Attraction, are – according to <mask> – "translated from a group of non-physical entities called Abraham". <mask> describes what she is doing as tapping into "infinite intelligence". Biography
<mask> was born in Coalville, Utah on March 5, 1948. At age 20 she met her first husband, and from that marriage were born two daughters, one of whom (Tracy) works with her. In 1976 she met <mask>, then a successful Amway distributor, and they married four years later.In his early life <mask> had been a circus acrobat for two years in Cuba, and then, beginning in 1948, had toured for 20 years as a musician, master of ceremonies, and comedian. <mask> died November 18, 2011, from cancer. He was 85 years old. Outline of <mask>' teachings
According to <mask> and <mask>, "Abraham" consists of a group of entities that are "interpreted" by <mask>. Abraham has described themselves as "a group consciousness from the non-physical dimension". They have also said, "We are that which you are. You are the leading edge of that which we are.We are that which is at the heart of all religions." Abraham has said through <mask> that, whenever one feels moments of great love, exhilaration, or pure joy, that is the energy of source and that is who Abraham is. <mask> herself calls Abraham "infinite intelligence", and to Jerry, they are "the purest form of love I've ever experienced". Her teachings (known as "Abraham–<mask> teachings") are based on this experience. The basic tenets of the teachings include one that says that people create their own reality through their attention and focus.

masks:
Esther Hicks
Jerry Hicks
Hicks
Esther Hicks
Hicks
Esther Weaver
Jerry Hicks
Jerry Hicks
Jerry Hicks
Abraham Hicks
Esther
Jerry Hicks
Esther Hicks
Esther
Esther
Hicks


title: Esther Hicks

texts:
 Emotions are a person's guidance system that indicates how close or distant that person is to how their Source feels about a particular topic of focus. Life is meant to be fun and easy.The essence of Abraham–<mask>' teachings since 1985 has been presented as follows:

 Individuals are physical extensions of the non-physical. People are in their bodies because they chose to  be. The basis of life is freedom; the purpose of life is joy; the result of life is growth. People are creators; they create with their thoughts, attention and frequency. Whatever people can imagine clearly with emotion, by creating a perfect vibrational match, is theirs to be, or do, or have. Individuals  choose their creations as they choose their focus. Emotions indicate what people are creating, either  consciously or unconsciously.The universe adores people; it knows their broadest intentions. Individuals are invited to happily relax into their natural well-being and know that all is well. Life is not meant to be a struggle, but a process of allowing. People are creators of "throughways" on their unique "paths of joy". Desirable physical manifestations such as money, relationships, and lifestyle success are by-products of focusing on joy. Individuals may depart their body without illness or pain. People cannot  die; their lives are everlasting.Death of the physical body does not end the life of the individual. The nature of the universe is life-affirming. It is infinite, creative and expanding. All desire can be fulfilled, by bringing oneself into alignment with the desire. Individuals are not only a part of the universe, but are the very source of it. A large part of <mask>' work centers around the law of attraction, a concept which William Walker Atkinson (1862–1932) wrote about in his book Thought Vibration or the Law of Attraction in the Thought World (1906). Film
<mask> narrated and appeared in the original version of the

masks:
Hicks
Hicks
Esther Hicks


title: Esther Hicks

texts:
 film The Secret, as well as being a central source of the film's inspiration.The footage featuring <mask> was removed from the later "Extended Edition" after the film's creator Rhonda Byrne, who has been involved in contractual disputes and litigation regarding the film, rescinded the original contract covering <mask>' participation, and asked that <mask> relinquish her "intellectual property rights in these areas forever". In an open letter posted on the internet, <mask> stated that she had been "uncomfortable with what felt to us like a rather aggressive marketing campaign," and that ultimately Abraham gave her the following advice: "Whenever you are given an ultimatum that says, 'if you don't do this, then we will have to do such and such,' it is best that you just let it go and move on. Otherwise there is always another, and this, and this, and this." The letter doesn't condemn Byrne, but clarifies why <mask> no longer appears in The Secret. <mask> has since posted a video on YouTube further explaining her discomfort with The Secret and finally, her decision to discontinue her involvement with the film. Books
Hay House, Inc. published the <mask>' book, Ask and it is Given, in September 2004. Since that book they have also published The Amazing Power of Deliberate Intent (January 2006), The Law of Attraction (October 2006), The Astonishing Power of Emotions (September 2008), Money and the Law of Attraction: Learning to Attract Health, Wealth & Happiness, and The Vortex: Where the Law of Attraction Assembles All Cooperative Relationships (2009).A series of fictional children's books, Sara I, II, and III, is also available. Several of their books have been translated into Spanish, French, Italian, German, Dutch, Swedish, Czech, Croatian, Slovenian, Slovak, Serbian, Romanian, Russian and Japanese. A New Beginning I: Handbook for Joyous Survival, by Jerry and <mask>. Published by Abraham–Hicks

masks:
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Hicks
Esther Hicks


title: Esther Hicks

texts:
 Publications, 5th edition, 1988. A New Beginning II: A Personal Handbook to Enhance your Life, Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness, by Jerry and <mask>. Published by Abraham–Hicks Publications, 1991. Sara and the Foreverness of Friends of a Feather, by <mask> and <mask>.Published by Abraham–Hicks Publications, 1995. Ask and it is Given: Learning to Manifest Your Desires by <mask> and <mask>. Published by Hay House, 2005. The Amazing Power of Deliberate Intent: Living the Art of Allowing, by <mask> and <mask>. Contributor Louise L. Hay. Published by Hay House, 2005. The Law of Attraction: The Basics of the Teachings of <mask> and <mask>.Published by Hay House, 2006. Sara, Book 1: Sara Learns the Secret about the Law of Attraction, by <mask> and <mask>. Illustrated by Caroline S. Garrett. Published by Hay House, 2007. Sara, Book 2: Solomon's Fine Featherless Friends, by <mask> and <mask>. Illustrated by Caroline S. Garrett. Published by Hay House Inc, 2007.Sara, Book 3: A Talking Owl is Worth a Thousand Words!, by <mask> and <mask>. Illustrated by Caroline S. Garrett. Published by Hay House Inc, 2008. The Astonishing Power of Emotions, by <mask> and <mask>. Published by Hay House Inc, 2008. Money and the Law of Attraction: Learning to Attract Health, Wealth & Happiness by <mask> and <mask>. Published by Hay House, 2008.The Vortex: Where the Law of Attraction Assembles All Cooperative Relationships by <mask> and <mask>. Published by Hay House, 2009. Getting into the Vortex: Guided Meditations CD and User Guide by <mask> and <mask>. Release date November 15, 2010. Published by Hay House, 2009. See also
 Jane Roberts
 Helen Schucman

References

External links

 Abraham–<mask> Official website

1948 births
Living people
American children's writers
American spiritual mediums
American spiritual teachers
American spiritual writers
Channellers
New Age writers
New Thought writers
Writers from San Antonio
People from

masks:
Esther Hicks
Esther
Jerry Hicks
Esther
Jerry Hicks
Esther
Jerry Hicks
Abraham Esther
Jerry Hicks
Esther
Jerry Hicks
Esther
Jerry Hicks
Esther
Jerry Hicks
Esther
Jerry Hicks
Esther
Jerry Hicks
Esther
Jerry Hicks
Esther
Jerry Hicks
Hicks


title: Paddy Prendergast (racehorse trainer)

texts:
<mask> (1910–1980), known as <mask> "Darkie" <mask> was an Irish trainer of racehorses. He won seventeen Irish classics and became the first Irish trainer to have a major impact on British flat racing. He trained the first Irish winners of the 2000 Guineas and The Oaks and was British champion trainer for three successive seasons. Early career
<mask> was born at Carlow in County Carlow, the eldest of a brotherhood of jockeys, but moved to Athy in County Kildare when very young. His father, Pat, was a horse trader and was known "as a good judge of hunters and other breeds". He was apprenticed to Roderic More O'Ferrall at Kildangan, County Kildare, but soon moved to Epsom where he rode under both rules but principally National Hunt. In August 1931 with his young bride he moved to Melbourne and obtained a licence to ride the following month.Their eldest son was born in Australia but though he rode there for a year he failed to ride any winners and returned to continue an unremarkable riding career in England and Ireland. Training career
Prendergast began training racehorses in 1940. An early illustration of <mask>'s skills at acquiring good horses cheaply was Pelorus who was acquired as a yearling for 30 guineas at Goffs in September 1941. Pelorus was successful on the flat and as a steeplechaser for many years including the Troytown Chase at Navan in 1949 and the Naas November Handicap in 1950. Pelorus, according to Michael O'Farrell in the Irish Times obituary published in 1980, established <mask> as a "trainer of some consequence". Prendergast had his first winner in Britain in 1945 and had his first champion five years later when Windy City was the top-rated two-year-old in Ireland, Britain and France. Prendergast soon became one of the

masks:
Patrick Joseph Prendergast
Paddy
Prendergast
Paddy Prendergast
Paddy Prendegast
Paddy


title: Paddy Prendergast (racehorse trainer)

texts: leading trainers in Ireland, winning four Irish classics between 1950 and 1952.Between 1950 and 1965 he trained 12 two years olds to top the Irish Free handicap. In 1950 <mask> was Champion Trainer in Ireland with £25,764 then a record. His thirty horses won 53 races. Winners included the Irish Derby with Dark Warrior and Irish 1,000 Guineas with Princess Trudy. He also won several of the most important juvenile events including the Phoenix Plate with Gold Cup who was placed second overall allocated 9st 4lb's in the Irish Free Handicap known as the Madrid Handicap. In 1951 the Leading Trainers title in Ireland was retained with 44 winners generating prize money of £15,949. The main performers for the stable were two-year-olds.Blue Butterfly was the top filly winning two races including the National Produce Stakes, worth £1,723 at the Curragh in October which was Ireland's most valuable two-year-old race of the season. The best two-year-old for the year in both Ireland and England was Windy City. He won four times at two, including the Phoenix Plate at Phoenix Park racecourse and the Gimcrack at York. He was rated 142 by Timeform in Racehorses of 1951 the highest-rated two-year-old in that organisation’s history. In 1952 P J <mask> trained the winners of 74 races worth £31,527 in Ireland, a new Irish record. His winners included the Irish Derby with Thirteen Of Diamonds and Irish Oaks with Five Spots. Thirteen of Diamonds won the Irish Derby by 8 lengths and also won the mile-and-a-half Blandford Stakes at the Curragh before coming second in the Irish St Leger.Both Five Spots and Thirteen of Diamonds were owned by A. L (Henry) Hawkins who was leading owner in 1952. Six of the top nine two-year-olds in the Irish Free Handicap of 1952 we’re

masks:
Paddy Prendergast
Prendergast


title: Paddy Prendergast (racehorse trainer)

texts:
 banning him from competing in Britain. Irish Racing's governing body, the Irish Turf Club declined to uphold the decision and exonerated Prendergast, marking the first time that a ruling of the Jockey Club had been challenged by another national organisation.The ban, however, resulted in several good horses, including Blue Sail, being removed from <mask>'s stable. A description of the Blue Sail affair from the 1954 Bloodstock Breeders Review went as follows

The calm of the racing community in England and Ireland was disturbed by news of the temporary suspension of the training licences of P J <mask>(towards the end of 1953) and of M V (Vincent) O'Brien and Michael Dawson in 1954, all of whom had their licences restored. ... Blue Sail came slowly to hand, for his first appearance on the racecourse was deferred till Navan August meeting when in the 6-furlong Dowth Maiden Two-Year-Old Plate he finished eighth of 28 runners, and, approximately a month afterwards, he was seventh of 15 runners in the 6-furlong 63 yards Railway Two-Year-Old Plate at the Curragh. Three weeks later he was one of 11 runners in the mile Two-Year-Old Cornwallis Stakes at Ascot Heath October meeting, and was beaten a neck by Plainsong.Raceform for 1953 shows Blue Sail finished second and was 5/2 favourite backed in from 3/1. The Racefrom notes state "useful:scope:unf:5th st: effrt 2f out: no ex cl home nk." Bloodstock Breeders Review account continuedthe Stewards of the Jockey Club published in The Racing Calendar a notice that the running of Blue Sail in the Cornwallis Stakes at Ascot on October 10th was inconsistent with his previous running in Ireland and that horses trained by P J <mask> would not be allowed to run under their Rules and that no entries would be

masks: Prendergast Prendergast Prendergast


title: Paddy Prendergast (racehorse trainer)

texts: accepted from him. As Prendergast held a trainer's licence from the Stewards of the Turf Club and Irish National Hunt Steeplechase Committee, both bodies, acting conjointly, deemed necessary an enquiry by them into the Jockey Club's ruling.Thirteen witnesses were examined, and the verdict was that"The evidence before the Irish Stewards showed that their three senior officials were satisfied with the running of Blue Sail in Ireland. The Form Books of both countries were examined and the Stewards took note of the fact that the race at Ascot was over a distance of one mile, and that the race in Ireland, at the Curragh, in which Blue Sail ran, was over six furlongs and 63 yards. The Irish Stewards were of the opinion that on the evidence given before them there was no unexplained discrepancy. Prendergast's training in Ireland was of course uniterrupted, and when in August 1954 the Jockey Club's ban on horses trained by him from running in England was lifted he marked his return to favour by bringing ten horses to York August meeting and winning four races, amongst them the Nunthorpe Stakes. Peter O'Sullevan the Racing journalist of the BBC and Daily Express commented that Blue Sail at Ascot "was a punt despite the jockey Tommy Gosling being 3 lb overweight". He also explained that the affair "aroused considerable feeling. It is being said in Ireland that the English are determined to win the Gimcrack themselves for a change" On the lifting of the ban O'Sullevan commented that the Senior Steward in England Sir Humphrey de Trafford said to <mask> " Welcome back!Well done <mask>". One of <mask>'s four winners at York in 1954 was ironically Blue Sail in the Voltigeur Stakes. Timeform's Racehorses of 1954 said of the race that Blue Sail "galloped

masks:
Paddy Prendergast
Paddy
Paddy Prendergast


title: Paddy Prendergast (racehorse trainer)

texts: right away from the field, and had ten lengths to spare over his nearest rival, at the finish. "Heavy going that day was considered a factor in the scale of the win. Blue Sail was 10th in the St Leger won by Never Say Die. He was rated 119 in 1954 by Timeform. <mask>'s ban was eventually lifted and in the early 1960s he enjoyed the most successful period of his career.In 1960 he sent out the 18/1 outsider Martial to become the first Irish trained horse to win England's 2000 Guineas in the 152-year history of the race. Prendergast had bought the horse as a yearling for 2,400 guineas at Dublin in September 1958. Later in 1960 he won the New Stakes with Floribunda, an exceptionally fast colt who went on to win the King George Stakes and Nunthorpe Stakes in 1961. Prendergast's next champion was the American-bred filly La Tendresse who won five races to become the top-rated two-year-old of either sex to run in Britain in 1961. A year later, Prendergast found an even better juvenile in Noblesse who established herself as the best two-year-old filly of her generation by defeating colts in the Observer Gold Cup. Noblesse was even better as a three-year-old, winning The Oaks by ten lengths, before her career was curtailed by injury. Prendergast's biggest winner of 1963 however, was the colt Ragusa, who showed little worthwhile form before finishing third as a 25/1 outsider in The Derby.He then improved rapidly to win the Irish Derby, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes and St Leger Stakes. The success of Noblesse and Ragusa saw <mask> become the first Irish-based trainer to win the British trainers' championship, with prize money of £125,294. Ragusa returned to win the Eclipse Stakes in 1964, a year in which <mask> claimed a third British


title: Paddy Prendergast (racehorse trainer)

texts:
 classic when Pourparler won the 1000 Guineas. His horses earned £128,012 in Britain, enabling him to retain his trainers' title. A third championship followed in 1965 when Meadow Court finished second in the Derby at Epsom before emulating Ragusa by winning the Irish Derby and the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes. Prendergast renamed his home and stables at Maddenstown, near The Curragh in honour of Meadow Court. By the 1970s, Prendergast was having less success, but did win four more Irish classics during the decade.By this time, his sons Patrick Jnr and Kevin had both established themselves as leading trainers in Ireland. <mask> died on 20 June 1980, less than two months after recording his last major success when Nikoli won the Irish 2000 Guineas. Assessment

Peter O'Sullevan described <mask> as "a trainer of utterly exceptional talent and achievement" He went on to quote Champion Jockey Christy Roche who said "He was well before his time, an innovator. He concentrated on a horse's mind as much as his fitness. He liked them to be relaxed and confident, especially the fillies. He was brilliant at keeping them stress-free. The fillies would have a pony companion and he'd have them out (for two hours) on a lead rein from the pony's rider.The filly not mounted. That way they'd be exercised without knowing they'd done any work. He could judge their ability even before he had them in the yard." The Irish Times described <mask> "as the man who first brought Ireland into the international racing scene and who contributed more than any other in establishing his country as a major racing power. <mask> had many fine qualities as a trainer, but above all he was great judge of a horse". References

1910 births
1980 deaths
Irish horse

masks:
Paddy Prendergast
Patrick Prendergast
Paddy Prendergast
Paddy


title: Mikhail Drozdovsky

texts:
<mask> (; October 7, 1881 – January 1, 1919) was a  Russian army officer and one of the military leaders of the anti-Bolshevik White movement during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1923. Biography
<mask> was born in Kyiv. His father had served in the Crimean War of 1853-1856 and became a highly-decorated general. <mask>ich's mother died when he was twelve, and he was largely raised by his elder sister, Yulia, who became a decorated nurse during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. He started his military career early in life, entering the Polotsk Cadet Corps in 1892, and subsequently transferring to the Kiev Vladimir Cadet Corps, from which he graduated in 1899. In August 1899 he enrolled in the  Pavlovsk Military School in St. Petersburg, famous for its strict discipline and considered a model in the training of officers of the Imperial Russian Army. He graduated in 1901 at the top of his class.From 1901 <mask> served in the Life Guards  Regiment in Warsaw and was promoted to lieutenant in 1904. With the start of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 he was sent to the front lines with the  1st Siberian Corps of the  2nd Russian Manchurian Army. He was wounded in the thigh during the Battle of Sandepu (January 1905), but remained on the front lines through the end of the conflict and was awarded with several decorations for heroism. After the end of the Russo-Japanese War in , <mask> completed his studies at the  General Staff Academy in 1908 and was promoted to  Shtabs-kapitan, and to captain in 1910. He was stationed at the Headquarters of the Amur Military District in Harbin, Manchuria. In November 1911, he was appointed Assistant to the Senior Staff of the Warsaw Military District. With the start of the First Balkan War in October 1912 he volunteered for service with the Serbian or Bulgarian armies, but failed to gain permission to do so.Instead, he was assigned (1913) to the  Sevastopol Aviation School, where he became a pilot and trained on aerial reconnaissance. He also trained with the

masks:
Mikhail Gordeevich Drozdovsky
Drozdovsky
Mikhail Gordeyev
Drozdovsky
Drozdovsky


title: Mikhail Drozdovsky

texts: Imperial Russian Navy, taking a dive in a submarine, and also diving using a diving suit. After this training, he returned to the Warsaw Military District. At the start of World War I in 1914, <mask> served as a staff officer for the Russian  27th Army Corps in the  2nd Army within the  Northwestern Front. He made a number of reconnaissance missions using an airplane and a balloon. From December 1914 he was assigned to the headquarters of the  26th Army Corps. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in March 1915, and became Chief of Staff of the  64th Infantry Division in May 1915.He led his division from the front in numerous battles to the end of 1915. From October 1915 he was chief of staff of the  26th Army Corps. From the summer of 1916 he was on the General Staff as a colonel, serving within the  Southwestern Front. Wounded in the hand during a battle on August 31, 1916, he was awarded the Order of St. George (4th class). However, with the February Revolution of 1917, the Russian military faced the collapse of central authority. Known as a staunch monarchist, <mask> refused to acknowledge the formation of  committees of enlisted men which challenged the authority of (and often murdered) their superior officers. He suppressed  Bolshevik elements within his command through executions, and managing to maintain discipline and order, continued combat operations against the Germans until late August 1917.However, with the Bolshevik seizure of power in the October Revolution of 1917 and the signing of  a separate peace with Germany in March 1918, <mask> was forced to resign his commission. He refused offers of a position as commander of an infantry division in late November, and instead contacted General <mask>, who had started an anti-Bolshevik uprising in the Don region. <mask> promised to form a unit of volunteers from troops at the Romanian front and join the White movement. In January 1918 "White Guard" volunteer units were created in Kishinev, and Iaşi in Romania, as well as in Bolgrad

masks:
Drozdovsky
Drozdovsky
Drozdovsky
Mikhail Alekseev
Drozdovsky


title: Mikhail Drozdovsky

texts: in the Odessa region. Colonel <mask> decided to lead his anti-Bolshevik forces east and join the Volunteer Army in its fight against the Red Army in the Don region of southern Russia. On February 26, 1918, despite the actions of the Romanian army, which tried to disarm them, <mask> and his men, numbering around 1,100 war veterans (most of them officers), started their march from Iași to the Don. On its way Drozdovsky was joined by other officers and soldiers hostile to the new Soviet regime.<mask>'s private notes written during the march show him as a patriotic officer who felt that he had no choice but to fight the Bolsheviks—whom he considered the destroyers of Russia. The notes often reveal a sense of doomed resignation. This, however, did not prevent him from acting with great energy and from being an inspiration to his men. On April 21, 1918, <mask> briefly captured Rostov-on-Don. While battling for Rostov's train station, Colonel Voinalovich, <mask>'s second-in-command and closest advisor, was killed in action. Three days later, <mask>'s force came to the assistance of the Don Cossacks desperately battling Red forces at Novocherkassk. The Reds were defeated and <mask>'s men marched into Novocherkassk.It is here, after a 900-mile march from Romania to the Don, that <mask> and his men officially became part of the Volunteer Army. In June 1918, at the start of the Second Kuban Campaign, General Anton Denikin promoted <mask> to the rank of Major General, and his unit, now augmented with an influx of new volunteers, was designated as the 3rd Infantry Division. <mask>'s unit became one of the elite formations of the Volunteer Army (later called the Armed Forces of South Russia). <mask> was one of the firsts among the White Army commanders to augment his forces with Red Army prisoners they captured in battle. Although the initial performance of these former Red Army troops exceeded <mask>'s expectations, as their numbers increased their reliability decreased. General <mask> was wounded in

masks: Drozdovsky Drozdovsky Drozdovsky Drozdovsky Drozdovsky Drozdovsky Drozdovsky Drozdovsky Drozdovsky Drozdovsky Drozdovsky Drozdovsky Drozdovsky


title: Mikhail Drozdovsky

texts:
 October 1918, during a battle near Stavropol. Although initially it was thought that the wound was not serious, he never recovered and died on January 1, 1919, in the vicinity of Rostov-on-Don.Subsequently the 3rd Infantry Division, which consisted of several regiments, became known as the Drozdovsky Rifle Division, one of the famous "colored" units of the Volunteer Army. The Drozdovsky Division was well known for its fighting spirit and esprit de corps. In 1920, before the departure of the Volunteer Army from Crimea, General <mask>'s remains were secretly reburied by his men in Sevastopol, Crimea, to prevent their defilement by the Bolsheviks (as happened with the remains of General Lavr Kornilov). Their exact location remains unknown to this day. Honors
 Order of St. Stanislaus 3rd degree, 1880
 Order of St. Anne 3rd degree, 1888
 Order of St. Stanislaus 2nd degree 1894. Order of St. Anne 2nd degree, 1896
 Order of St Vladimir, 4th degree, 1899
 Order of St Vladimir, 3rd degree, 1902
 Order of St. Stanislaus 1st degree with swords, 1904. Order of St. Anne 1st degree with swords, 1905
 Order of St Vladimir, 2nd degree, 1909
 Order of the White Eagle, 1912
 Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, 1913
 Order of St. George 4th degree, 1917
 Gold Sword for Bravery

See also
 White movement
 Volunteer Army
 Russian Civil War

1881 births
1919 deaths
Military personnel from Kyiv
People from Kievsky Uyezd
Russian anti-communists
Imperial Russian Army generals
Russian Provisional Government generals
Russian military personnel killed in action
Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War
People of the Russian Civil War
Russian military personnel of World War I
White movement generals
Russian monarchists
Russian nationalists
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 1st class
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery
Russian untitled


title: James Oglethorpe

texts: <mask> (22 December 1696 – 30 June 1785) was a British soldier, Member of Parliament, and philanthropist, as well as the founder of the colony of Georgia in what was then British America. As a social reformer, he hoped to resettle Britain's worthy poor in the New World, initially focusing on those in debtors' prisons. Born to a prominent British family, <mask> left college in England and a British Army commission to travel to France, where he attended a military academy before fighting under Prince Eugene of Savoy in the Austro-Turkish War. He returned to England in 1718, and was elected to the House of Commons in 1722. His early years were relatively undistinguished until 1729, when <mask> was made chair of the Gaols Committee that investigated British debtors' prisons. After the report was published, to widespread attention, <mask> and others began publicizing the idea of a new colony, to serve as a buffer between the Carolinas and Spanish Florida. After being granted a charter, <mask> sailed to Georgia in November 1732.He was a major figure in the early history of the colony, holding much civil and military power and instituting a ban on slavery and alcohol. During the War of Jenkins' Ear,  <mask> led British troops in Georgia against Spanish forces based in Florida. In 1740, he led a lengthy Siege of St. Augustine, which was unsuccessful. He then defeated a Spanish Invasion of Georgia in 1742. <mask> left the colony after another unsuccessful invasion of St. Augustine, and never returned. He led some British troops in the Jacobite rising of 1745 and was blamed for British defeat in the Clifton Moor Skirmish. Despite being cleared in a court martial,

masks:
James Edward Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe


title: James Oglethorpe

texts:
 <mask> would never hold British command again.He lost reelection to the House of Commons in 1754. He left England and served undercover in the Prussian Army during the Seven Years' War. In his later years, <mask> was prominent in literary circles, becoming close to <mask> and Samuel Johnson. Early life and family
His family history dates back to William the Conqueror. They supported Charles I, an unpopular monarch. They suffered under Oliver Cromwell, but regained favor following the Stuart Restoration in 1660. Theophilus <mask>, the head of the family, lived next to the royal palace at Whitehall; he and his brothers were members of Parliament.At Whitehall Theophilus met Eleanor Wall, one of Queen Anne's ladies-in-waiting, and the two fell in love and married in 1680. They had ten children: Lewis, Anne, Eleanor, Theophilus Jr., <mask>, Frances Charlotte, Sutton, Louise Mary, and <mask>. <mask> was the Oglethorpes’ youngest child and their fifth son. He was born on 22 December 1696. Little is known about <mask>'s early life. He was named <mask> after <mask>, reflecting his family's royalist sympathies and Edward after <mask> Edward Stuart. <mask> was baptized on 23 December at St Martin-in-the-Fields in London.Early military career
<mask>'s father bought him a commission in Queen Anne's 1st regiment of Foot Guards as an ensign in 1707, he was commissioned to be lieutenant unassigned on 21 November 1713 with the rank of captain of foot (infantry). Following the footsteps of his older brothers, he entered Eton College. His mother managed to have him enter Corpus Christi College, Oxford where he matriculated on 8 July 1714 with Basil Kennett as his tutor. His

masks:
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
James Boswell
Oglethorpe
James
James Edward
James Edward
Oglethorpe
James
James II
James Francis
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe


title: James Oglethorpe

texts:
 army commission was renewed in 1715 by George I, but he resigned on 23 November 1715, in part because the Foot Guards were not expected to see action. <mask> then traveled to France, where both his sisters Anne and Fanny lived, he attended the military academy at Lompres, near Paris, where he met and befriended fellow-student <mask> Edward Keith. The following year, intending to fight in the Austro-Turkish War, he travelled to serve under military commander Prince Eugene of Savoy. With a letter of recommendation from the Duke of Argyle and several other prominent Britons, <mask> and Louis François Crozat arrived and with Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém entered the Prince's service on 3 August as an aide-de-camp.<mask> was present at the Battle of Petrovaradin in August 1716, although not actively engaged, at the Siege of Timisoara in September that same year he served as aide-de-camp. He found active command at the Siege of Belgrade, from 19 June to 16 August. After the death of his superior in combat, on 16 August, <mask> as the most senior aide-de-camp acted ad adjutant general; as such he took possession of the Turkish camp, and reported to the Prince the casualty report. After the battle, he was offered the rank of lieutenant colonel in the army— which he never accepted. <mask> then fought in Sicily under General Georg Olivier Wallis in 1718 for several weeks. By 19 September, he had returned to England. Despite his hope otherwise, <mask> was refused a commission in the British Army and was briefly back at Corpus Christi beginning on 25 June 1719.As a Member of Parliament
When he was twenty-six, <mask> inherited the family estate at Godalming in Surrey

masks:
Oglethorpe
James Francis
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe


title: James Oglethorpe

texts: from his brother. He was first elected to the House of Commons as a Tory aligned with William Windham in 1722, representing Haslemere. <mask> remained unchallenged until 1734. He almost did not serve when, in a drunken brawl, he killed a man and spent five months in prison, before he was cleared of murder through the influence of a powerful friend and released from prison. He took his seat in the House of Commons on 9 October. <mask> was, according to Pitofsky, "among the least productive representatives". In six years after his initial election, he was actively involved in only two debates.In contrast, Sweet writes that <mask> was an "eloquent yet honest" speaker who had strong Tory principals and genuinely cared about the conditions of his constituents. He served on forty different committees that investigated widely varied topics. His first participation in debate was on 6 April 1723, when <mask> opposed the banishment of the bishop Francis Atterbury, who had been accused of supporting <mask> Edward Stuart. He failed in this effort. In response to the poor living and working conditions of sailors in the Royal Navy, <mask> published an anonymous pamphlet titled "The Sailors Advocate" in 1728 about press gangs and pay issues. It was 52 pages long and argued for reforming and strengthening the Navy as well as advocating against impressment. However, he proposed few real solutions apart from analysing the work of navies of other countries.Sweet considers that it marks the beginning of <mask>'s philanthropy and writes that it "gave <mask> the practical experience necessary to undertake future efforts more successfully". The pamphlet was reprinted several times

masks:
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
James Francis
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe


title: James Oglethorpe

texts:
 throughout the 18th century. Gaols Committee

His initial interest in the conditions began after <mask>'s friend Robert Castell died in debtors' prison. <mask> motioned to investigate the warden of the prison, and was made chairman of the resulting committee on 25 February 1729. As chair of the Gaols Committee, he began touring debtors' prisons in late February and the following month finished the first of three detailed reports presented to parliament. In the reports various abuses in the prisons were profiled, including torturing, overcrowding, and widespread disease. The reports particularly attacked Thomas Bambridge, the warden of Fleet Prison, where Castell had died.He urged for reform of the prisons, mainly through prosecution of those in charge of them. Most of the blame was laid on the individual prison wardens, rather than the system as a whole. While these reports attracted much attention, there was little real change. The investigation ended on 14 May. In the aftermath (the final report was presented on 8 May 1730), <mask> and the committee were praised by prominent Britons such as Alexander Pope, <mask>, Samuel Wesley, and William Hogarth. Pitofsky writes that there was seemingly a "great deal of popular support for the committee". However, Conservative members of the House of Commons attempted to prevent much change through deriding members of the committee as "amateurs and zealots" and preventing the wardens from being jailed.On 3 April 1730, a bill drafted by <mask> was presented to the House; it would have removed Bambridge from his position. It was adopted in a revised form six weeks later by both Houses. However, recommendations for a bill

masks:
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
James Thomson
Oglethorpe


title: James Oglethorpe

texts:
 to better oversee Fleet Prison were discarded. In the Trial of William Acton for murdering four debtors, Acton was acquitted. <mask> felt that the proceedings had been manipulated. Bambridge was acquitted of charges as well. <mask> denounced both acquittals.Shortly afterwards, <mask> disbanded the committee. He led another committee of the same nature in 1754. British authors such as Samuel Wesley and <mask> wrote about the committees work. <mask>, a committed advocate against alcohol, proposed a tax on malt in the same session the Gaols Committee was authorized. He argued against a royal grant 115,000 pounds to cover arrearages, considering it extravagant. <mask> also initially opposed Britain being involved in making peace in Europe, but by 1730 had begun advocating military preparedness. <mask> served on a committee investigating the Charitable Corporation after its 1731 collapse.In the 1732 Parliamentary session, he staunchly opposed the administration's policy of disarmament and continued to emphasize the need for preparedness. Although <mask> held his seat until 1754, after he left for Georgia he was rarely involved in parliamentary affairs, and after Walpole lost his power in 1742 he was forced into "the sad refuse of all the last oppositions" and lost most of his remaining influence. Establishment of Georgia

While working on the Gaols Committee, <mask> met and became close to John Perceval (who later became the first Earl of Egmont). After leaving the committee, <mask> considered sending around a hundred unemployed people from London to America. In 1730, <mask> shared a plan to establish a new American colony with Perceval. The colony would be a

masks:
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
James Thomson
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe


title: James Oglethorpe

texts: place to send "the unemployed and the unemployable", and he anticipated broad societal support. He was soon granted 5,000 pounds for the colony by the trustees of the estate of a man named King.<mask> began looking for other sources of funding and met Thomas Bray, a reverend and philanthropist. Bray, in failing health by 1730, had founded the Bray Associates to continue his humanitarian work. Perceval was a trustee of the associates, and <mask> was made a trustee in February 1730, the same month that Bray died. Although initially there was no set location for the colony, <mask> settled on America on 1 April. It soon became clear that a colony south of the Savannah River would be supported by the House of Commons, as it could provide a 'buffer' between the prosperous Carolinas and Spanish Florida, and <mask> picked the region on 26 June. People sent to the colony would serve as both soldiers and farmers, making the colony "South Carolina's first line of defence". In July, they started campaigns to raise money through subscription and grants.The Bray Associates determined to put "all available funds" towards the colony on 1 July, and they presented a charter to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom on 17 September. On 12 November 1730, the Bray Associates announced a plan to increase support for their proposed colony through a promotional campaign, which mainly consisted of producing promotional literature. Baine writes that beginning in 1730, <mask> "directed the promotional campaign and wrote, or edited, almost all of the promotional literature until he sailed for Georgia". The first written work about the proposal was by <mask> and titled Some accounts of

masks: Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe


title: James Oglethorpe

texts: the design of the trustees for establishing colonys in America. Though it was finished in spring 1731 and never published, Benjamin Martyn drew on it when writing his 1732 book Some Account of the Designs of the Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America. <mask> arranged for Martyn's work to be widely read; in addition to being independently published, it appeared in The London Journal, the Country Journal, the Gentlemen's Magazine, and the South Carolina Gazette. Various notices seeking donations and people willing to emigrate to the colony were published in other English newspapers.In November 1732, <mask> had Select Tracts Relating to Colonies published. In 1733, Reasons for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America, written by Martyn, and A New and Accurate Account of the Provinces of South-Carolina and Georgia, by <mask>, were published. <mask> is thought to have paid for the publication of Select Tracts and A New and Accurate Account. In 1732, Oglethrope advocated for extending Thomas Lombe's patent on a silk engine. In June 1732, <mask>, Perceval, Martyn, and a group of other prominent Britons (collectively known as the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America) petitioned for and were eventually granted a royal charter to establish the colony of Georgia between the Savannah River and the Altamaha River on 9 June 1732. The following month they selected the first group to send to the colony from wide-ranging applications. <mask>'s mother had died on 19 June, and he decided to join the group and travel to Georgia.He was formally placed in charge of publicizing the Georgia colony on 3 August. That summer, a


title: James Oglethorpe

texts:
 letter written by Ayuba Suleiman Diallo, an enslaved merchant, reached Oglethorpe. He purchased and freed Diallo. <mask>, who had been made a director or assistant of the Royal African Company in January 1731 and elected a deputy governor in 1732, sold his stock and resigned after the 'Diallo incident' and shortly before leaving for Georgia. <mask> set sail from Gravesend for Georgia with 114 others on the Anne on 15 or 17 November 1732. In Georgia
The Anne reached Charleston, South Carolina, on 13 January 1733. When they arrived in Georgia 1 February 1733, Spalding notes that <mask> chose to settle "as far from the Spanish as he geographically could".As Spain disliked their presence in the region, <mask> was careful to maintain good relations with the Native Americans who lived in the region. Left for England and expanded Georgia further south when he returned. When <mask> returned to England in 1737 he was confronted by an angry British and Spanish government. That year, <mask> granted land to 40 Jewish settlers against the orders of the Georgia trustees. On 4 December 1731, <mask> entered into a partnership with Jean-Pierre Pury to settle land in South Carolina. He gained a 1/4 stake in a 3,000-acre plot of land. His holdings, termed the 'Oglethorpe Barony' were located at the 'Palachocolas', a crossing of the Savannah River in Granville County.He may have held the tract, around 2,060 acres, for the trustees. From 1732 to 1738, <mask> was the de facto leader of Georgia and dominated both the military and the civil aspects of the country. From 1738 to 1743 he commanded a British regiment and was also involved in civil affairs before returning to England.

masks: Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe


title: James Oglethorpe

texts:
 While he was involved with the colony, <mask> was the most prominent trustee and the only one to actually live in the colony. He was also involved in mapping the colony. <mask> founded the still-active Solomon's Masonic Lodge in 1734. Early influence

<mask> and the trustees formulated a contractual, multi-tiered plan for the settlement of Georgia (see the Oglethorpe Plan).The plan envisioned a system of "agrarian equality", designed to support and perpetuate an economy based on family farming, and prevent social disintegration associated with unregulated urbanisation. Land ownership was limited to fifty acres, a grant that included a town lot, a garden plot near town, and a forty-five-acre farm. Self-supporting colonists were able to obtain larger grants, but such grants were structured in fifty-acre increments tied to the number of indentured servants supported by the grantee. Servants would receive a land grant of their own upon completing their term of service. No-one was permitted to acquire additional land through purchase or inheritance. Despite arriving in Georgia with relatively limited power, <mask> soon became the main authority in the colony. Lannen writes that he "became everything to everyone".He negotiated with the Yamacraw Indiansbecoming the colony's ambassador to native tribescommanded the militia, directed the building of Savannah and otherwise generally supervised the colony. In early 1733, "every matter of importance was brought first to Oglethorpe". He lived in a tent separated from the rest of the colonists; some of them called him "father". Oghethorpe paid for the construction of a 'first fort' to protect Savannah, but it was not

masks: Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe


title: James Oglethorpe

texts: completed. He invited talented foreigners to immigrate to the colony. In June 1733, <mask> traveled to Charleston. In his absence, the citizens of Savannah had a disagreement over the authority of the man left in charge.They waited for <mask> to return and resolve it. It was not until July that a separate court was established, but <mask> continued to hold much civil power. When <mask> arrived in Georgia, Native Americans were well into the process of integration with the Europeans. He saw Native Americans as participants in the new economy Europeans brought to America. Weaver notes that he was known for "fair dealing with the Indians". He negotiated with Tomochichi, chief of the Yamacraw tribe for land to build Savannah on. Tomochichi became Oglethope's "strongest ally in the New World."As there were rumors a war with France might break out in early 1734, <mask> traveled to Charleston, arriving on 2 March. While there he discussed Indian affairs and, after conferencing with the leadership of the Carolinas, decided to raise a company to build "a fort among the Upper Creek" that would counter French influence in the area and serve as a safe house for traders should a war break out between native tribes. <mask> commissioned Patrick Mackay a captain and delegated the task to him. On 7 May <mask> departed for Britain aboard , taking with him a delegation of Creek Indians, including Tomichichi, who was invited by the Georgia trustees to be present during the formal ratification of <mask>'s treaty with the Yamcraw. The delegation arrived on 16 June, and met George II and his family at Kensington Palace. <mask> was widely acclaimed in London, although his

masks: Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe


title: James Oglethorpe

texts: expansionism was not welcomed in all quarters. The Duke of Newcastle, who directed British foreign policy, had tried to restrain <mask>'s efforts in the colony for fear of offending the Spanish, whom Newcastle wished unsuccessfully to court as an ally.Newcastle eventually relented, and became a supporter of the colony, admitting "it will now be pretty difficult to give up Georgia". The colony's existence was one of several disputes which worsened Anglo-Spanish relations in the late 1730s. When Tomochichi returned to England, he said that parting with <mask> was "like the day of death". In March 1735 the trustees requested 51,800 pounds from parliament, upon the urging of Othelthorpe, in part to construct forts along the Altamaha River. 26,000 pounds were eventually budgeted and the trustees approved construction of two forts on the river. <mask>'s return to England reinvigorated interest in meetings of Georgia's trustees. At his urging the trustees banned the sale of rum, slavery, and regulated negotiations with Native Americans.He was placed in charge of granting licenses to trade with Native Americans, a power that he used often, only granting the right to Georgians and causing Carolinian resentment. When <mask> returned to England in 1734, he had left an authority vacuum behind. There was disagreement between the civil and military authorities while he was away; a reported insurrection played a role in his decision to return. In December 1735 he left for Georgia with 257 further immigrants to the colony, arriving in February 1736. For the nine months that he remained in the colony, <mask> was mainly at Frederica, a town he laid out to function as a

masks:
James Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe


title: James Oglethorpe

texts:
 bulwark against Spanish interference, where he again held the most authority. He drilled soldiers and oversaw the construction of a fort. In May he traveled to Savannah and heard 300–400 complaints, serving as "supreme civil authority".Increasingly, however, <mask> focused on Georgia's southern border and military matters. He remained confident in the belief that he was "best suited to govern". <mask> also held a conference with the Natives as commissioner for Indian Affairs in 1736. Complaints about <mask>'s actions came from Spain, Carolina, the trustees, and discontented citizens. <mask> left the colony in November to request a military regiment, leaving behind another power vacuum. Discontent increased, which <mask> considered a symptom of his absence. In England, he convinced the trustees of his "impeccable conduct" and was thanked for his service.War of Jenkins' Ear

When <mask> left England the first time, Robert Walpole had ordered him to avoid intentional conflict with Spain. However, given the intended function of Georgia as a 'buffer', <mask> considered conflict with Spain to be inevitable. When <mask> returned to lobby for military aid in 1737, he began by requesting a grant of 30,000 pounds from parliament in January. He also requested unsuccessfully to be allowed to raise a militia, but was granted 20,000 pounds and made General of the Forces of South Carolina and Georgia. He was offered, but declined governorship of South Carolina. In 1737 Thomas Pelham-Holles granted him permission to raise the forty-second regiment for defense of Georgia's border with Spanish Florida. He was promoted to the rank of colonel on 10 September 1737.The following


title: James Oglethorpe

texts: year, 246 soldiers of the 25th Regiment of Foot were incorporated into the regiment. After three further companies were recruited in England, the regiment was stationed at Fort Frederica. A Spanish invasion of the colony was planned in March 1738, but cancelled. In response to <mask> gaining formal control of a regiment, other trustees—mainly Edward Vernon—became more vocal in insisting that <mask> stay out of the colony's civil affairs. They also accused him of being an opportunist by starting to vote with Robert Walpole and felt <mask> did not adequately keep the trustees informed of affairs in the colonies. Before allowing <mask> to return to Georgia, they had "laboured to abridge his power". In October or September 1738 he returned to Frederica and soon had re-assumed his role as de facto leader of the colony.<mask> began to prepare for a war after as early as 1738, raising additional troops and rented or purchased several boats after the Royal Navy refused to station a ship there. <mask> spent his whole fortune, £103,395, on building up Georgia's defenses. He  allowed a pirate to attack Spanish shipping and worked to secure the support of the Native Americans in the area by meeting with them. He soon became very sick, and remained in poor health for the duration of the campaign. While <mask> was preparing for war, he also worked to combine civil and military authority. He increasingly ignored the wishes of the other trustees, for instance not passing on a change in the land policy when he felt that the colonists would object to it. The War of Jenkins' Ear broke out in 1739.After receiving a letter from King George II on 7 September 1739, <mask> began


title: James Oglethorpe

texts: encouraging the Creek Indians to attack Spanish Florida. A mutiny by troops from Europe was quickly quelled. In response to a Spanish attack in November, he led 200 men in a raid on Florida, on 1 December. They penetrated as far as Fort Picolata, but retreated when it became clear they had insufficient firepower to take the fort. The troops were then ordered to attack the Castillo de San Marcos with support from Virginia and South Carolina. After <mask> sent William Bull a list of the supplies he needed on 29 December, he launched an invasion on 1 January 1740, again with 200 men. They captured Fort Picolata and Fort San Francisco de Pupo, burning the former and claiming the latter for Georgia.After leaving some troops at de Pupa, <mask> returned to Georgia on 11 January. After South Carolina was slow in providing aid, <mask> traveled to Charleston, and arrived on 23 March, where he spoke with the Commons House of Assembly. They eventually agreed to provide 300 of <mask>'s requested 800 men. The assembly also agreed to send provisions to keep the Native Americans on their side. Twenty South Carolinians arrived by 23 April and another hundred by 9 May. After receiving these men, <mask> attacked Fort St. Diego on 10 May and had captured it by 12 May. On 18 May, the commander of South Carolina's regiment arrived and by the end of the month there were 376 members present.Its size peaked at 512 members, 47 volunteers, and 54 men who were to remain on the schooner Pearl. The colony also sent artillery and ships, leading <mask> to conclude that South Carolina had given "all the assistance they could". <mask> was also aided by some Native Americans. He struggled

masks: Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe Oglethorpe


title: James Oglethorpe

texts: with a lack of equipment and skill needed to take a besieged city; there were no engineers, draft horses, or gunners. Upon his request, several other colonies sent supplies, notably Rhode Island and Virginia. The Royal Navy provided a poor blockade of St. Augustine, fully beginning only on 31 May. As early as April, St. Augustine had begun preparing for a siege, and throughout May and June <mask> planned how he would take the city.He initially planned for a siege and an assault, but this quickly proved impractical given his lack of supplies. Next, <mask> instituted a blockade that was designed to starve the inhabitants of the city into surrender; this was accomplished with the Royal Navy and soldiers on the land. Fort San Francisco de Pupo was used to block supplies entering through the St. John's River. On 15 June, the main contingent of soldiers were resoundingly defeated by an attack by the Spanish and Yamasee Indians. Later that month, a flotilla aimed at reinforcing the city slipped through the blockade. As the navy was going to leave upon the start of the hurricane season on 5 July, <mask> then planned to launch a combined assault, from the land and water. After delays, the plan was abandoned on 2 July when the navy announced an intent to leave on 4 July.He briefly considered holding the siege with 200 seamen and a sloop, but decided the idea was impractical. Finally, <mask> was forced to abandon the siege. He commanded the rear guard during the retreat. The trustees presented a 1741 plan to divide Georgia into two sections, but <mask> refused to work with them. Spain launched a counter-invasion of Georgia in 1742. <mask> led his force in a defeat of


title: James Oglethorpe

texts:
 Spain, decisively winning the Battle of Bloody Marsh. On 25 February 1742 he was made a brigadier general.He led another unsuccessful attack on St. Augustine in 1743. That year, William Stephens was named the president of Georgia. The appointment was a product of the trustees' frustration with <mask>'s lack of co-operation. He continued to hold practical control over Frederica and let Stephens control Savannah. Stephens' government began to not always defer to <mask>'s wishes, as did local officials. In response, <mask> made another bid to hold his power, feeling Georgia functioned best "when there was no other but himself to direct and determine all controversies." The ODNB considers that <mask>'s "military contribution was of the very highest order and significance".While the loss of the Siege of Augustine was attributed by some to <mask>, Baine concludes that "<mask> certainly made mistakes of generalship, but he was not the principal cause of its failure." The war ended in November 1748 and the 42nd Regiment of Foot was removed from Georgia. By 1749, the Trustees had lost most of their interest in Georgia, and they gave up its charter three years later. Slavery

In what was known as the Georgia Experiment, Georgia initially banned black slavery in the colony. <mask> opposed slavery because he felt that it prevented Georgia from serving as an effective buffer, because he felt slaves would work with the Spanish to gain their freedom. Further, Georgia was not intended to develop a thriving economy like the Carolina's, and thus didn't need to use slaves. The colony's economy was intended to be based on silk and wine, which made large-scale slavery


title: James Oglethorpe

texts:
 unnecessary.He also felt that slavery would have a negative effect on "the manners and morality of Georgia's white inhabitants". After the urging of <mask> and other trustees, slavery was banned by the House of Commons in 1735. <mask> was heavily criticized by many for supporting the ban in the late 1730s, and after his return to England the trustees requested that the ban be ended in 1750. It has been suggested, first by William Stephens in his diary, that <mask> held slaves on his land in South Carolina while slavery was banned in Georgia, but Wilkins writes that the veracity of the claim is "uncertain"—there is no direct evidence supporting it—and he concludes that "the probability appears low that [...] <mask> owned slaves." Return to England
<mask> returned to England on 28 September 1743, after the last attack on St. Augustine failed. He continued to be somewhat involved in the colony's affairs, attempting to stop a distinction being established between holding civil and military power, but he never returned to Georgia and generally was uninterested in the activities of the trustees. <mask> was subject to a court-martial, in which it was alleged he misused funds.He was acquitted after two days. <mask> married Elizabeth Wright on 15 September 1744. <mask> fought in the British Army during the Jacobite rising of 1745. By then a major-general, he took command of troops that were mustering in York, England, about 600 men. Scots invading under Charles Edward Stuart penetrated into England. <mask> was tasked with intercepting retreating Scots before they reached Preston, Lancashire, in December 1945. On the 17th, he was initially ordered to engage with the


title: James Oglethorpe

texts: rear of the Scots, led by George Murray, at Shap.The orders were amended to trap the Scots in town early the next morning upon <mask>'s intelligence, but the Scots left as the orders were changed. The following day, <mask> travelled to Clifton in Westmorland and took a bridge from the Scots before the Clifton Moor Skirmish that evening. At the skirmish, the British were defeated. Because <mask> had allowed Scots to escape from Shap, he was blamed with the defeat, accused of disobeying orders, and potentially being a Jacobite. The following year, <mask> was court martialled for his actions. After a lengthy defense, he was acquitted by a panel of twelve high-ranking military officials, led by Thomas Wentworth. On 19 September 1747, <mask> was promoted to lieutenant general.However, the Duke of Cumberland, who had been in command at Clifton Moor, 'blacklisted' <mask> from holding command. He then worked on various reform efforts, with little success, until <mask> and Philip Russell lost their parliamentary seats to <mask> Molyneux and Philip Carteret Webb in 1754. <mask>'s loss has been attributed to his moving to Essex and supporting the Jewish Naturalisation Act, but Baine considers that the election was "rigged against him". Webb and Molyneux gained control of the constituency's steward, bailiff, and constable. They allowed more voters to be admitted than were qualified, in a process known as faggot voting. Around fifty more people voted in the 1754 election than had the previous cycle, in stark contrast to voter numbers that had remained essentially the same since <mask> was elected. While <mask> and Burrell protested to parliament, the election results

masks:
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Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
James More
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title: James Oglethorpe

texts:
 were upheld.Retirement and death

Little is known about <mask>'s later life. He served on the committee of the Hospital for the Maintenance and Education of exposed and deserted young Children and was a member of the Committee to encourage British fisheries. After retirement, he became friends with various literary figures in London, including Samuel Johnson, <mask>, Hannah More and Oliver Goldsmith. <mask> and Boswell became particularly close. Boswell and Johnson offered to write a biography of <mask>, and Boswell began to collect materials, but no such volume was ever published. From 1755 to 1761 <mask> was out of England. Very little is known about what he did over these six years; they are referred to as his "missing years".On 22 September, he had unsuccessfully petitioned George III to reactivate his Georgia regiment, and by 9 December <mask> had left England and arrived in Rotterdam. There he requested a position in the military of Prussia from his friend <mask> Edward Keith, whom <mask> had fought with in the 1710s. There are no records of what happened to <mask> in the five years after he wrote a letter to Keith on 3 May 1756. Boswell wrote that he "went abroad in 1756 to his freind Keith [...] fought in the army" and "was with Keith when killed". Baine concludes that <mask> took the pseudonym 'John Tebay' and likely joined the Prussian army in mid to late 1756. He was likely with Keith and Frederick the Great during the campaigns of the Seven Years' War. He probably left the army to visit family over part of the winter.In early 1758 <mask> was almost discovered by Joseph Yorke, an Englishman. He was wounded at a battle on 14 October. Keith

masks:
Oglethorpe
James Boswell
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
James Francis
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe


title: James Oglethorpe

texts:
 reportedly fell into <mask>'s arms when he was killed at the Battle of Hochkirch. He left the army in March 1759 and had returned to England by October 1761. In May 1768, during the French conquest of Corsica, <mask> pseudonymously published three essays in support of Corsican independence. He advocated strongly in favor of their independence, along with Boswell. As colonists in America became increasingly vocal about perceived injustices, <mask> did not publicly speak out, though he privately sympathized with them.From June 1777 to April 1778 <mask> and Granville Sharp unsuccessfully attempted to convince the British leadership to end the war and give the colonists rights as full Englishmen. There was a claim that <mask> was offered refusal to command the British Army in the American Revolutionary War, a claim that Spalding notes scholars have been "unable to discover a shred of truth" to. In June 1785, <mask> met John Adams twice in London. <mask> died on 1 July 1785, at an estate in Cranham in Essex, to the east of London. He was 88. The cause of death is unknown, though it is thought to have been a disease like influenza that worsened into pneumonia. Legacy and memorials
In Atlanta, Oglethorpe University and Oglethorpe Park were named after him, while in the state at large, he is the namesake for both Oglethorpe County and the town of Oglethorpe.Also, The <mask>thorpe Primary School in Cranham is named after him. In 1986 the corps of cadets at the University of North Georgia in Dahlonega, Georgia officially adopted the name of the unit as the "Boar's Head Brigade". The name came from the boar's head on the department crest approved by the U.S. Army

masks:
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
James Ogle


title: James Oglethorpe

texts:
 adjutant general on 11 August 1937. The boar's head was a part of the family crest of <mask>, and is a symbol of fighting spirit and hospitality so deeply a part of Georgia's heritage and the spirit of the corps of cadets at the University of North Georgia. All Saints' Church in Cranham, where <mask> was buried, was rebuilt . However, the new church stands on the same foundations as the old one, and <mask>'s poetic marble memorial is on the south wall of the chancel, as before. In the 1930s, the president of Oglethorpe University Thornwell Jacobs excavated the Oglethorpe family vault in the centre of the chancel at All Saints', although permission to translate the General's relics to a purpose-built shrine at Oglethorpe University (Atlanta) had been refused by the archdeacon.The <mask> Monument in Chippewa Square, Savannah, Georgia, created by sculptor Daniel Chester French and architect Henry Bacon, was unveiled in 1910. <mask>thorpian anniversaries have since led to the donation of the altar rail at All Saints' by a ladies charity in Georgia. In 1996, then Georgia Governor Zell Miller attended Oglethorpe tercentenary festivities in Godalming and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Corpus Christi College holds two portraits of <mask>, a drawing of the general as an old man, which hangs in the Senior Common Room, and a portrait in oils, which hangs in the Breakfast Room.See also
Fort Frederica National Monument
Battle of Bloody Marsh
Dungeness (Cumberland Island, Georgia)
Georgia Experiment
Oglethorpe Plan

Notes

References

Sources

Books

Journals

Further reading

 McHarris

External links

 James Oglethorpe Timeline
 The New Georgia

masks:
James Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe
James Oglethorpe
Oglethorpegle
Oglethorpe


title: James Oglethorpe

texts:
 Encyclopedia

 James <mask> historical marker
 Landing of Oglethorpe and the Colonists historical marker

1696 births
1785 deaths
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
British Army generals
British Army personnel of the Jacobite rising of 1745
British Army personnel of the War of Jenkins' Ear
British MPs 1722–1727
British MPs 1727–1734
British MPs 1734–1741
British MPs 1741–1747
British MPs 1747–1754
Colonial governors of Georgia (U.S. state)
English Anglicans
English Freemasons
English philanthropists
Fellows of the Royal Society
People of Georgia (British colony)
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
People educated at Eton College
People from Godalming
Pre-statehood history of Georgia (U.S. state)
American social reformers
English abolitionists
Barons in the Jacobite peerage
18th-century philanthropists
Christian abolitionists
Military personnel from


title: Lynne McTaggart

texts:
<mask> (born 23 January 1951, in New York City) is an American alternative medicine activist, lecturer, journalist, author, and publisher. She is the author of six books, including The Intention Experiment and The Field. According to her author profile, she is a spokesperson "on consciousness, the new physics, and the practices of conventional and alternative medicine." McTaggart is anti-vaccinationist. She promotes this belief in her book What Doctors Don't Tell You and in other publications. This has drawn significant criticism of her work and has created controversy. Her ideas are widely criticized as pseudoscience.Career
In her autobiography McTaggart reports that after recovering from an illness using alternative medical approaches her husband suggested she start a newsletter on the risks of some medical practices and devised the title: "What Doctors Don't Tell You". In 1996 McTaggart published the book with the same name. She and her husband set up a public company in 2001, What Doctors Don't Tell You plc, later Conatus plc, which published newsletters, magazines and audio-tapes based on conferences and seminars including, What Doctors Don't Tell You, PROOF!,  and Living the Field. This company was wound up in 2009. A new company, Wddty Publishing Ltd, run by McTaggart and her husband, took over the What Doctors Don't Tell You website, and New Age Publishing Ltd for McTaggart's other publishing and public-speaking activities. Publication of their monthly magazine What Doctors Don't Tell You restarted in August 2012, in a glossy format aimed at newsagent and high-street distribution, instead of using the previous subscription model, and carrying paid advertising, something McTaggart had


title: Lynne McTaggart

texts: Goldacre has described McTaggart as "viciously, viciously anti-vaccine" and notes that "In a radical move, even for the vaccine fear-mongering community, this time she has people dying from a vaccine that doesn’t actually exist". The Field has been characterized by Mark Henderson of The Times as pseudoscience, focusing on her personal understanding of quantum physics as a misconception.<mask> was reported to have threatened to sue Simon Singh after he contacted Comag, the distributors of WDDTY, complaining that the magazine was "largely unscientific" and "promoting advice that could potentially harm readers." "Also, many of the adverts appear to make pseudoscientific and unsubstantiated claims," he said. "I even offered to meet with Comag and introduce them to medical experts, but they have not accepted this invitation. When I suggested that I would blog about our email exchange, their reaction was to tell me in no uncertain terms: 'I should inform you that we have sought legal advice in respect of this matter. We would take any attempts to damage our reputation on social media or elsewhere very seriously.'" In the months between first publication of What Doctors Don't Tell You in magazine form, and February 2013, 54 breaches of the Code of Advertising Practice in 11 adverts were adjudicated and upheld by the Advertising Standards Authority along with a further 11 informally resolved cases, concerning adverts in the first two issues, with more breaches in subsequent issues too. In an interview on BBC Radio 4, GP and author Margaret McCartney stated: "I'm astounded that Lynne thinks this is an evidence-based publication.It's anything but," she said. "The problem with evidence is that it can


title: Lynne McTaggart

texts:
 tell you things that you'd rather not know. A lot of the time medicine does do harm but that's why doctors and scientists are duty-bound to put their research findings out there and to stop doing things that cause harm. What we shouldn't do is abandon medicine and the scientific method and go straight for alternative medicine with no good evidence that that works either." She criticised stories in the magazine as "absolute rubbish" and "ridiculously alarmist". In an article in The Times in October 2013 Tom Whipple, science correspondent, said that "Experts are calling on high street shops to stop selling a magazine that claims that vitamin C cures HIV, suggests homeopathy could treat cancer and implies that the cervical cancer vaccine has killed hundreds of girls." Personal life
McTaggart is married to publisher Bryan Hubbard and lives in London with her two daughters.Works
 Kathleen Kennedy: Her Life and Times (1983)
 What Doctors Don't Tell You: The Truth About The Dangers Of Modern Medicine (1999)
 The Cancer Handbook: What's Really Working (2000)
 The Field: The Quest for the Secret Force of the Universe (2003)
 The Intention Experiment: Using Your Thoughts to Change Your Life and the World (2007)
 The Bond: Connecting through the Space Between Us (2011) ;
 The Power of Eight: Harnessing the Miraculous Energies of a Small Group to Heal Others, Your Life, and the World (2017) ;

References

External links
<mask> <mask>'s umbrella website

1951 births
Living people
Alternative cancer treatment advocates
Alternative medicine activists
American anti-vaccination activists
British health and wellness writers
Nautilus Book Award winners
People from Wimbledon, London
Quantum mysticism

masks: Lynne McTaggart


title: Louis F. Menage

texts:
<mask> (August 3, 1850 – March 18, 1924) was a real estate speculator and prominent figure in early Minneapolis, Minnesota history. Born in Rhode Island, he settled in Minneapolis in 1874. Characterized as a "tycoon" and "robber baron," <mask> earned a fortune developing land on the city's borders into residential housing and financing the mortgages to enable people to buy his properties. During the 1870s and 1880s, he developed large areas of South Minneapolis including much of the area around Lake Calhoun and Lake Harriet. He also developed a luxury resort on Lake Calhoun and built a corporate headquarters which was at the time the city's tallest skyscraper. After a costly legal battle over a real estate deal with William S. King and the financial downturn of the Panic of 1893, <mask>'s real estate empire collapsed and he fled the country to avoid prosecution on charges of embezzlement. The charges against <mask> were eventually dropped after several key witnesses had died or become hesitant to testify against him.He spent the later portion of his life working in real estate in the New York City area and never worked in Minnesota again. Early life
<mask> was born in Providence, Rhode Island in 1850. His father, <mask>, was the descendant of French immigrants; his mother Mary was a descendant of Mayflower passenger John Howland. The family moved to New Bedford, Massachusetts, when Menage was young. While Menage was in high school, his father died of tuberculosis, leaving <mask> and his brother to take over the family's confectionery business. In 1871, a doctor diagnosed Menage with "weak lungs" and suggested he move west to avoid falling ill with tuberculosis himself. Menage moved to Minnesota shortly thereafter.After a brief time teaching classes in shorthand at a Minneapolis business school, he found work as a business clerk

masks:
Louis Francois Menage
Menage
Menage
Menage
Menage
John Menage
Louis


title: Louis F. Menage

texts:
 in Northern Minnesota at a logging camp near Pokegama Lake. Real estate empire
In 1874, <mask> returned to Minneapolis and entered the real estate business with partner H. C. Brackett. Menage gradually built an empire by purchasing farmland at the fringes of the city, platting and developing the property into residential neighborhoods, then financing the mortgages for people to purchase the homes. He also worked with Thomas Lowry, head of the city's streetcar system, to ensure that new lines were built to serve the outlying areas he was developing. Much of the present day Prospect Park neighborhood, and the areas surrounding Lake Harriet and Lake Calhoun, were developed by Menage and his companies. A small inclusion in the title of every property Menage sold was a covenant stating that it would revert to Menage or his descendants if alcohol was ever sold there. Menage would release this covenant in exchange for a small cash payment..This so-called "Menage forfeiture clause" remained in force on thousands of properties for decades. The cash payments to release it generated a significant side income for <mask> and his successors. In 1937, the Minnesota Legislature passed a law nullifying the clause. On September 13, 1876 <mask> married Amanda A. Bull, daughter of local businessman and Minneapolis pioneer Benjamin S. Bull. They had one daughter, Bessie (1877–1940). In June 1883, he opened the luxurious Lyndale Hotel near Lake Calhoun.One of the city's first luxury resorts, the hotel featured multi-room suites and luxurious common areas including a dining room, music hall and two verandas. The hotel's opening was celebrated with a gala attended by many of the city's leaders and elites. A streetcar was specially arranged to take guests back to Minneapolis after the night's festivities had ended. Lyndale Farm
Menage ran into legal

masks: Menage Menage Menage


title: Louis F. Menage

texts:
 trouble with the purchase of a large plot of land south of Minneapolis known as "Lyndale Farm." Owned by William S. King, the land had been placed in trust with New York financier Philo Remington in 1875 after King had fallen into financial trouble. Remington (joined later by a partner, Robert Innes) advanced King a sum of money in exchange for managing the land and seeing that it was developed or sold for a fair price. When King declared bankruptcy in 1877, Remington and Innes purchased the Lyndale Farm land from King for a token sum but promised to honor their previous agreement.Remington and Innes later met with Menage and, in 1882, devised a plan to sell King's land to Menage for development without telling King. Menage also negotiated a separate deal with Innes (likely behind Remington's back) where he agreed to pay him one-third of the profits made from the land as a finder's fee and in exchange for Innes' help keeping Remington and King at bay. Menage proceeded to develop the land into housing and profited handsomely. By 1885, King became aware of the scheme and retained lawyer John Van Voorhis to sue Menage. Menage claimed ignorance of the first agreement between King, Remington and Innes and asserted that he had purchased the property outright from the two. After a lengthy trial in Minnesota District Court, Menage lost and was ordered to return the land to King along with all proceeds from the development of the land. Menage appealed to the Minnesota Supreme Court in 1886, however the lower court's decision was upheld.The total amount Menage paid to King was approximately $2 million ($ million in ). While at the time <mask> maintained he was not burdened by the judgment, he later recalled the protracted legal battle and subsequent loss "threatened bankruptcy and ruin." Northwestern Guaranty Loan Company

In 1889,


title: Louis F. Menage

texts:
 <mask> founded the Northwestern Guaranty Loan Company to handle the mortgage side of his real estate business. Among the members of the company's board were: John S. Pillsbury, William D. Washburn, Thomas Lowry, William Henry Eustis, Loren <mask>, and many other important political and business figures. His real estate business was handled by a separate company called the Menage Realty Company. In 1890, Menage further cemented his place in the city by building the Northwestern Guaranty Loan Building (more commonly known as the Metropolitan Building), the city's tallest skyscraper, at a cost of more than $1 million ($ million in ). The building was home to all of Menage's various companies as well as other offices, a rooftop restaurant, and a private law library.While Minneapolis was the center of <mask>'s empire, he also owned land and property elsewhere in the Midwest and western states including Bozeman, Montana, Galveston, Texas, Gary, Indiana, and Madison, Wisconsin. Philanthropy
<mask> contributed to various charitable and philanthropic causes in Minneapolis. He donated funds toward the construction of the first Minneapolis Public Library building, provided a temporary home for the Ripley Memorial Hospital, and also sponsored a new bell in the First Baptist Church which he attended. In 1890, <mask> sponsored a scientific expedition to the Philippines in partnership with the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences. The expedition, led primarily by Dean Conant Worcester and <mask> Bourns, collected thousands of specimens of birds and animals; some, such as the Philippine slow loris (Nycticebus menagensis) and the Sulu bleeding-heart (Gallicolumba menagei), were named in honor of Menage. While many of the specimens from the expedition appear to have been lost or discarded, some remain in the collections of the Bell Museum of

masks:
Menage
Fletcher
Menage
Menage
Menage
Frank Swift


title: Louis F. Menage

texts:
 Natural History and the Field Museum of Natural History. Financial collapse and later life
In the early 1890s, <mask> had begun to purchase land near Puget Sound in Washington, accumulating several thousand acres which he planned to develop into an iron mine, smelter and steel mill, along with housing for the workers.To finance the development he sold an early form of mortgage-backed security to investors in New England and Europe. When the Panic of 1893 occurred, investors found that <mask>'s properties were fraudulent. Many of the deeds were held by random names taken from the Minneapolis and Saint Paul telephone books, the properties themselves were unimproved, and the payments to investors were being made out of the bank's funds. His Northwestern Guaranty Loan Company (and, by the law of the era, its shareholders) were liable for the losses. <mask> was indicted on charges of embezzlement but fled to Guatemala before a warrant for his arrest was issued. <mask>'s assistant, Donald Streeter, was tried twice but both trials ended with a hung jury. In an 1895 letter, Menage protested his innocence, blaming the Lyndale Farm lawsuit for hurting his finances and also noting (correctly) that: "the practice of using another's name on a note or mortgage is not unknown in the business world."In 1899, the charges against <mask> were dropped after several key witnesses had died and others appeared reluctant to testify. By some accounts <mask> was present in the courtroom at the time; others suggest he never returned to Minneapolis. <mask> spent the rest of his life living in New Jersey and working in real estate in the New York City area. He died in 1924. He is buried in Lakewood Cemetery in Minneapolis. Notes

References

1850 births
1924 deaths
Businesspeople from Minneapolis
Businesspeople from Providence, Rhode Island
Burials at

masks: Menage Menage Menage Menage Menage Menage Menage


title: Rembert Weakland

texts:
<mask>  (born April 2, 1927) is an American Benedictine monk who served as Archbishop of Milwaukee from 1977 to 2002. Shortly before his mandatory retirement at the age of 75, it was revealed in the press that <mask> had conducted a sexual relationship with a male associate, Paul Marcoux, several decades before, and that the diocese had paid $450,000 to Marcoux to settle litigation arising from the affair. Early life
He was born <mask> in Patton, Pennsylvania, to <mask> (1897–1932) and Mary Kane (1898–1978). One of six children, he has four sisters, Leora, Elizabeth, Barbara, and Marian; and one brother, William. He attended Our Lady of Perpetual Help School in Patton, and then enrolled at the minor seminary run by the Benedictine monks of Saint Vincent Archabbey in Latrobe. Monastic life and priesthood
Following graduation in 1945, <mask> entered the novitiate of the archabbey, taking the religious name of Rembert. When he completed this initiation into monastic life the following year, he went on to study at Saint Vincent College and Saint Vincent Seminary, also run by the archabbey.He made his solemn profession as a monk on September 29, 1949, at Solesmes Abbey in France. He was then sent by the archabbot to study theology at the Pontifical Atheneum of St. Anselm in Rome. On June 24, 1951, <mask> was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Simone Salvi, O.S.B., Abbot of Subiaco Abbey in Italy. He furthered his studies in music in Italy, France, and Germany, as well as at both the Juilliard School and Columbia University in New York City. During this period, while doing research at the British Library, he discovered the text of a medieval liturgical drama, the Play of Daniel, for which he released an authoritative text with commentary. It came to be frequently staged by musical groups, such as the New York Pro Musica, which specialize in music from that era. From 1957 to 1963, he taught music at his alma mater of St. Vincent College.<mask> was elected Coadjutor Archabbot

masks:
Rembert George Weakland
Weakland
George Weakland
Basil Weakland
Weakland
Weakland
Weakland


title: Rembert Weakland

texts:
 of St. Vincent Archabbey on June 26, 1963. He soon succeeded to the office and received the solemn blessing of an archabbot from the local bishop, William G. Connare of the Diocese of Greensburg, on August 29, 1963. Following this, he became the Chancellor and Chairman of the Board of Directors of St. Vincent College. On May 8, 1964, he received a papal appointment as Consultor to the Commission for Implementing the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy of the Second Vatican Council and was appointed a member of that commission in 1968. On September 29, 1967, <mask> was elected the Abbot Primate of the Benedictine Confederation, to which office he was later re-elected in 1973. During this period, he served as Chancellor ex officio of the Pontifical Atheneum of St. Anselm. He also served as a member of the Vatican Council of Superiors General from 1968 until 1977.In 1968, <mask> presided over an international, inter-religious monastic conference near Bangkok, Thailand, at which the American Trappist monk and writer, Thomas Merton, died. <mask> administered the Last Rites of the Catholic Church to Merton and arranged for the body to be flown back on a U.S. military airplane to the United States. Archbishop of Milwaukee
On September 20, 1977, Pope Paul VI appointed <mask> the Archbishop of Milwaukee. He was consecrated on November 8, in the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist by Archbishop Jean Jadot, the Apostolic Delegate to the United States. One of his first actions was to sell the four bedroom suburban home where his predecessor had lived and move to the cathedral rectory.<ref>[http://old.post-gazette.com/nation/20020525weakland0525p3.asp Rodgers-Melnick, Ann. "Archbishop escaped poverty to become leading liberal Catholic voice", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, May 25, 2002]</ref>

On December 21, 1999, <mask> defended and received a Doctorate in Musicology – "with distinction" – from Columbia University, New York, for his research and thesis on "The Office Antiphons of the

masks: Weakland Weakland Weakland Weakland Weakland


title: Rembert Weakland

texts:
 Ambrosian Chant". <mask> retired as archbishop in 2002.In July 2009, he published his memoirs under the title of A Pilgrim in a Pilgrim Church: Memoirs of a Catholic Archbishop dealing with the issues of ongoing Church reform. Public controversies

Sexual abuse scandal

In 1984, <mask> responded to teachers in a Catholic school who were reporting sexual abuse by local priests by stating "any libelous material found in your letter will be scrutinized carefully by our lawyers." The Wisconsin Court of Appeals rebuked him for this, calling his remarks "abrupt" and "insensitive". In 1994, <mask> said those reporting sexual abuse were "squealing". He later apologized for the remarks. According to the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, a deposition released in 2009 revealed that Weakland shredded reports about sexual abuse by priests. Weakland admitted allowing priests guilty of child sex abuse to continue as priests without warning parishioners or alerting the police.<mask> stated in his autobiography that in the early years of the sexual abuse scandal he did not understand that child sexual abuse was a crime. Liturgical agenda

In 1965–66, <mask> served as President of the Church Music Association of America. According to an account by Richard Schuler, a split emerged very quickly, with <mask> taking sharp exception to the "reactionary attitudes in liturgical thinking" that he said were present at the Consociato meeting. In interviews with the press, he expressed regret that the meeting failed to include modern music and dancing in its liturgical agenda. His views did not prevail within the CMAA, and so his presidency did not last. In 2000, <mask> was a critic of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith's document Dominus Iesus on religious relativism. One of his last major actions as archbishop was effecting a controversial renovation of the historic Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist in Milwaukee.Retirement and scandal
<mask> retired on May 24, 2002, at the mandatory

masks: Weakland Weakland Weakland Weakland Weakland Weakland Weakland Weakland


title: Rembert Weakland

texts:
 retirement age of 75. His retirement was overshadowed by revelations that he paid $450,000 of diocesan funds to prevent a lawsuit. <mask> stepped down soon after it was revealed that the diocese had paid $450,000 to Paul Marcoux, a former Marquette University theology student, to settle a claim he made against the archbishop more than two decades earlier stemming from a long-term relationship with <mask>. <mask> admitted to the affair and apologized after the story broke. He came out as gay in 2009, disclosing his sexuality in his memoir A Pilgrim in a Pilgrim Church: Memoirs of a Catholic Archbishop''. Since his retirement, <mask> has twice been invited to move to Benedictine abbeys in the United States, but both invitations were eventually rescinded. Removal of name from Archdiocese of Milwaukee
In March 2019, it was announced that <mask>, along with former archbishop William Cousins, would have his name removed from buildings in the archdiocese in response to his poor handling of sex abuse cases.The Weakland Center, which houses parish offices and outreach initiatives, was renamed on March 22, 2019. See also

 Catholic Church hierarchy
 Catholic Church in the United States
 Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
 List of Catholic bishops of the United States
 Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops
 Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee

References

External links
Archbishop <mask> <mask> at the Archdiocese of Milwaukee website

Archdiocese of Milwaukee

1927 births
Living people
People from Cambria County, Pennsylvania
American Benedictines
Saint Vincent College alumni
Pontifical Atheneum of St. Anselm alumni
Columbia University alumni
Abbots Primate
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the United States
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the United States
Roman Catholic archbishops of Milwaukee
Benedictine bishops
Writers from Pennsylvania
Writers from Milwaukee
Catholics from Pennsylvania
LGBT bishops
LGBT people from

masks: Weakland Weakland Weakland Weakland Weakland Rembert Weakland


title: Huang Jiasi

texts:
<mask> (; July 14, 1906 – May 14, 1984) was a Chinese cardiothoracic surgeon and medicinal educator, known for being the founder of biomedical engineering in the People's Republic of China and the editor of the first modern surgery textbook in the Chinese language. He was also the first Director-General of the Chinese Society of Biomedical Engineering (CSBE). <mask> joined the CPC in 1955. He was selected as the deputy to the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th National People's Congress. Meanwhile, he was the member of the 5th and 6th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Early life and education
<mask> was born on July 14, 1906. The early death of <mask>'s father somewhat accounted for his future profession.He was enrolled at Nankai High School in 1921. He passed the Pre-Medical Entrance Test of the Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) in 1924 and obtained his BS diploma from Yenching University in 1930. Then he took MD degree from the medical college in 1933. Career
By 1935, <mask> completed his surgical residency at the PUMC Hospital. Then he went to Shanghai to work at Zhongshan Hospital affiliated with the National Shanghai Medical College. There, he was promoted to the surgery lecturer. As Japan invaded China, <mask> hurried to arrive at Wuxi as the deputy chief of the Shanghai medical team.Since Japanese captured Shanghai, <mask> went Kunming along with the college. In 1940, <mask> got Tsinghua University's single place for the medical student studying in the U.S. whose expense from the return of the Boxer Indemnities. He joined the surgical residency program at the University of Michigan in October 1941, receiving his degree in

masks:
Huang Jiasi
Huang
Huang
Huang
Huang
Huang
Huang
Huang