title: Hazrat Ishaan

texts:
Sayyid ul Sadaat Khwaja Sayyid Mir Khawand Mahmud ibn Sharif Naqshbandi al-Hasani wal-Husseini, known as <mask> (1563 — 5 November 1642) was a Sufi Saint from Bukhara, Uzbekistan. Ancestry
<mask> was a Sayyid, signifying his direct descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad (in this case through his daughter Fatima al Zahra and his son in law and cousin Ali ibn Abu Talib). Paternal descendance
Two paternal Sayyid lineages of him are currently known. From one line he is a direct descendant of the seventh Imam Musa al Kadhim, through his son Ibrahim al Murtadha and of the well known Sufi master Khwaja Sayyid Mir Alauddin Atar. Sayyid Alauddin Atar was the successor and son in law of <mask>. Therefore, <mask> is also from the progeny of <mask>, who was himself a descendant of the eleventh Imam Hasan al Askari, through his son Sayyid Ali Akbar. <mask> is also known to have a familiary relationship with the Sufi saint Farid ul-din Attar and Khwaja Ubaidullah Ahrar.Khwaja Ahrar was his ancestor, which also indicates <mask> Ishaans descent from Caliph Umar ibn Al Khattab

Maternal descendance
From his maternal line <mask> <mask> is of Hashimi descent from two lines. One line is linked to Imam Hussein though his maternal grandfather Mirak ibn Zayn ul Abideen. Another line is linked to Imam Muhammad Ibn al Hanafiyyah. Biography

Family
<mask> <mask> was the second son of Khwaja Sayyid Mir Sharif Naqshbandi. His older brother was Khwaja Khawand Muhammad Naqshbandi, known

masks:
Hazrat Ishaan Shah Saheb
Hazrat Ishaan
Hazrat Bahauddin Naqshband
Hazrat Ishaan
Hazrat Bahauddin Naqshband
Hazrat Ishaan Saheb
Hazrat
Hazrat
Ishaan
Hazrat
Ishaan


title: Hazrat Ishaan

type: original

texts:
 as Khwaja Khawand Aftab, who also was a saint. <mask> <mask> had issued 5 daughters and 6 sons, who are all regarded as saints. Lineage

Registered lineages of him to Muhammad, that are currently known are the following two:

1.Muhammad

2. Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima Al Zahra

3. Imam Hussain

4. Imam Ali Zayn al-Abidin

5. Imam Muhammad al Baqir

6. Imam Ja'far al-Sâdiq

7. Imam Musa al-Kazim

8.Imam Ali al Reza

9. Imam Muhammad al Taqi

10. Imam Ali al Hadi

11. Imam Hasan al-Askari

12. Mir Sayyid Ali Akbar

13. Sayyid Mir Mahmud Fakhriddin

14. Amir Sayyid Mir Muhyuddin

15.Amir Sayyid Mir Khalwati

16. Amir Sayyid Mir Naqi Naqib

17. Sayyid Mir Ilaq

18. Sayyid Mir Mahmud

19. Sayyid Mir Burhan Qilchy

20. Sayyid Mir Shaaban

21. Sayyid Mir Qasim

22.Sayyid Mir Zayn ul Abedin

23. Sayyid Mir Abdullah

24. Sayyid Mir Burhanuddin Qilchy

25. Amir Sayyid Mir Jalalludin Muhammad Bukhari

26. Amir Sayyid Muhammad Bukhari

27. <mask> Khwaja Sayyid Mir Bahauddin Naqshband

28. Shahe Naqshband´s daughter and her husband Khwaja Sayyid Mir Alauddin Attar

29.<mask> Khwaja Sayyid Mir Hussain Atar Bukhari

30. <mask> Khwaja Sayyid Mir Tajuddin Hussain

31. <mask> Khwaja Sayyid Mir Muhammad

32. <mask> Khwaja Sayyid Mir Zia ul Din

33. <mask> Khwaja Sayyid Mir Sharif

34. <mask> Khwaja Sayyid Mir Khawand Mahmud, also known as <mask> <mask>

1. Muhammad

2.Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima Al Zahra

3. Imam Hussain

4. Imam Ali Zayn al-Abidin

5. Imam Muhammad

masks: Hazrat Ishaan Hazrat Hazrat Hazrat Hazrat Hazrat Hazrat Hazrat Hazrat Ishaan


title: Hazrat Ishaan

texts:
 al Baqir

6. Imam Ja'far al-Sâdiq

7. Imam Musa al-Kazim

8. Sayyid Mir Ibrahim

9.Sayyid Mir Abu Bakr al-Kabir

10. Sayyid Mir Abdul-Haq

11. Sayyid Mir Jafar

12. Sayyid Mir Muhammad Rumi

13. Sayyid Mir Abdullah

14. Sayyid Mir Musa

15. Sayyid Mir Hussein

16.Sayyid Mir Qasim

17. Sayyid Mir Abu Bakr Reza

18. Sayyid Mir Abdullah Zarbakhsh

19. Sayyid Mir Muhammad Khwarezmi

20. Khwaja Alauddin Attar

21. <mask> Khwaja Sayyid Mir Hussain Atar Bukhari

22. <mask> Khwaja Sayyid Mir Tajuddin Hussain

23.<mask> Khwaja Sayyid Mir Muhammad

24. <mask> Khwaja Sayyid Mir Zia ul Din

25. <mask> Khwaja Sayyid Mir Sharif

26. <mask> Khwaja Sayyid Mir Khawand Mahmud, also known as <mask> Ishaan

The significance of his lineage is an evidence for descendants of Imam Hasan al-Askari. Spiritual journey
<mask> <mask> was influenced by his ancestors´ teachings and was therefore a disciple of his father. Hazat <mask> was granted permission from his father to study in a royal college and had become an accomplished scholar. In the age of 23 years <mask> <mask> Shah Saheb has received a letter to visit his father and to accompany him in his last days.Upon his father, passing away, he abandoned further studies and concentrated on the mystical quest. In this he first left to Wakhsh, where he became Shaykh ul Islam, performing his duties there. While staying in Wakhsh, he got to know Khwaja Hajji. They have met a second time in Balkh, where Khwaja Hajji has introduced him to his

masks: Hazrat Hazrat Hazrat Hazrat Hazrat Hazrat Hazrat Hazrat Ishaan Ishaan Hazrat Ishaan


title: Hazrat Ishaan

texts: future master Khwaja Ishaq Dahbidi and has become his disciple. He met him the second time in Bokhara and has become his disciple. After twelve years of spiritual training <mask> <mask> Saheb has reached the level of a Shaykh in Tasawuff in year 1598. Khwaja Ishaq Wali has welcomed him in his circle as the emperor of all Awliya Allah.On the order of Khwaja Ishaq Wali <mask> <mask> Saheb went to Lahore to propagate the Ishaqqiya path. Instead he went to Srinagar in Kashmir. In Srinagar he attracted many people, who have later followed him. The fame of his piety has reached many areas of Central Asia. Hundreds of thousands of disciples in Khorasan, modern-day Afghanistan, especially in the cities of Kandahar, Kabul and Herat, followed him. He has sent disciples in all over Central Asia under, whom 2 have been sent to Tibet. Unlike other Naqshbandi Masters he attracted many people, who were not only official patronages.<mask> Khwaja Khawand Mahmud was invited by the Moghul Emperor Jahangir to go to his court in Agra. Going there several times, he was able to create firm connections to the court, because Jahangir was his disciple. Jahangir firmly believed in him, being taught by his father Akbar that he was born through <mask> Ishaan´s prayers, when Akbar desperately wished to have a child. Becoming entangled in the struggle against the Shia community there, Moghul emperor Shah Jahan evacuated him in year 1636 to Delhi. <mask> <mask> spent his last six years in

masks: Hazrat Ishaan Hazrat Ishaan Hazrat Hazrat Hazrat Ishaan


title: Hazrat Ishaan

texts:
 Lahore, where he Shah Jahan has built a Palace for him, that later became his mausoleum. Succession
<mask> <mask> was succeeded by his son Moinuddin Naqshabnd in Kashmir. His youngest son Bahauddin succeeded his father in Lahore in a very young age.His spiritual line died out in the late eighteenth century. <mask> <mask> has stated that one of his progeny will come to revive his lineage and to take his place as Ghawth. It has been found, that <mask> Sayyid Mir Jan is this person, who is his successor in the Uwaisiyyah way. Spiritual rank
<mask> <mask> was Qutb the highest ranking Wali Allah (saint) of his time. In Sufism the Qutb is known as the cosmic leader of the whole universe and righteous successor of Muhammad. It is said that <mask> <mask> stated that under his progeny there will come a son of him, who will revive the spiritual lineage and legacy of <mask> <mask> and who will take his place as Qutb after him. His miraculous and prophesied successor is Sayyid ul Sadaat <mask> Sayyid Mir Jan.

Gallery

See also
Abdul Qadir Jilani
Sultan Sadaat Sayyid Ali Akbar
Ali Hujwiri
Bahauddin Naqshband
Moinuddin Chishti
<mask> <mask> (Title)
Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab
Moinuddin Hadi Naqshband
Sayyid Mir Jan
Sayyid Mahmud Agha

External links
www.hazrat-ishaan.com

References

17th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Family of Muhammad
Hashemite people
Sufi religious leaders
Sufi saints
Naqshbandi order
Sufi mystics
Muslim mystics
1563 births
1642 deaths
People of Arab

masks: Hazrat Ishaan Hazrat Ishaan Hazrat Hazrat Ishaan Hazrat Ishaan Hazrat Ishaan Hazrat Hazrat Ishaan


title: Yang Ye

texts:
<mask> (楊業) or <mask> (楊繼業) (died August 986), named Liu Jiye (劉繼業) before 979 and <mask>i (楊重貴) in his youth, was a military general in imperial China, serving first the Northern Han state during the last years of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, and later the Song Dynasty which annexed Northern Han in 979. While at Northern Han, he took on the surname "Liu", having been adopted by Northern Han's founding emperor Liu Chong as a grandson. After pledging allegiance to Emperor Taizong of Song, he was stationed at Song's northern border with the Khitan-ruled Liao Dynasty, where, in 980, he played an instrumental role in expelling a major Liao invasion in Yanmen Pass. Early life
<mask>i was born in a military family. Growing up, his father <mask> (楊信) was named the Linzhou (麟州; modern Shenmu County, Shaanxi) prefect (刺史) during the Later Han (947–951). At a young age, <mask>i was a very good horse archer, always returning with several times more game than others on hunting trips. He used dogs and falcons to hunt and saw it as a way to prepare for a career commanding soldiers as a military general.Career under Northern Han
In his 20s, he joined warlord Liu Chong (Liu Min), quickly becoming a chief director of defense (保衛指揮使) after Liu established the Northern Han state in Jinyang (晉陽; modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) in 951. <mask> showed enough gallantry in battles, some against the neighboring Khitan-ruled Liao Dynasty, for the new ruler to bestow the youngster the name Liu Jiye so that they share the same surname. In 968, Northern Han was attacked by the Song Dynasty, and its 4th ruler Liu Jiyuan sought help from Liao, but Liu Jiye suggested attacking Liao's

masks:
Yang Ye
Yang Jiye
Yang Chonggu
Yang Chonggu
Yang Xin
Yang Chonggu
Yang


title: Yang Ye

texts:
 unsuspecting reinforcement to capture their horses: "The Khitans are greedy and untrustworthy, they will definitely invade our country one day." Liu Jiyuan refused the proposal, and eventually the Song forces withdrew. Liu Jiye was already the Jianxiong Command (建雄軍) military governor when the Song forces invaded again in 979. With Emperor Taizong of Song personally leading the troops, Song forces quickly reached Jinyang. Liu Jiyuan came out to surrender, but Liu Jiye continued fighting and defending the capital city.Impressed by his bravery, Emperor Taizong ordered Liu Jiyuan to persuade him to surrender. Having received Liu Jiyuan's message, Liu Jiye cried and bowed to the north, then took off his armor to surrender. A pleased Emperor Taizong rewarded him very well, and he changed his name to <mask>. Career under Song
Knowing <mask>'s experience in defending the same area from the Liao Dynasty, Emperor Taizong named <mask> prefect over Daizhou on the frontier and the armed force director (兵馬部署) of the neighboring Sanjiao (三交) military base. Previously <mask> was also named a defense commissioner (防禦使). <mask> was illiterate but knew military strategies well. He would join his soldiers in military exercises, enduring the same hardship as his inferiors.Winters were very frigid in the area, but <mask> never asked anyone to start a fire for him as he handled military matters outdoors. His soldiers were very loyal to him. In 980, the Liao invasion started with roughly 100,000 Liao soldiers arriving before Yanmen, a pass on the Great Wall in Dai Prefecture and a strategic choke point. After the arrival of Song army commander Pan Mei in Daizhou, <mask> and a few hundred

masks:
Yang Ye
Yang Ye
Yang
Yang
Yang
Yang
Yang


title: Yang Ye

texts:
 cavalrymen took a difficult route on the west, arriving at the north and back of the enemy. As Pan and <mask> attacked from both directions, the Liao army suffered a catastrophic defeat: Liao general Li Chonghui (李重誨) was captured; while Emperor Jingzong of Liao's brother-in-law and military governor Xiao Chuoli (蕭啜裏) was killed. Song forces acquired countless horses, saddles, and armor. Following this battle, the Liao army would "retreat immediately whenever they saw [<mask>] <mask>'s flag", according to History of Song.Within two years of his surrender, <mask> was promoted to the nominal post of surveillance commissioner (觀察使) of Yunzhou (雲州, modern Datong, Shanxi, then still under Liao control), while retaining his appointments in Daizhou and the Sanjiao military base. Several Song border generals became jealous. Some sent letters to Emperor Taizong listing <mask>'s shortcomings. Emperor Taizong allegedly forwarded the letters to <mask> to show his trust. Death
In 986, the Song armies embarked on a large-scale northern campaign to take the Sixteen Prefectures from Liao. One of the three forces was led by Pan Mei, assisted by <mask>, along with military supervisors Wang Shen (王侁) and Liu Wenyu (劉文裕). In a little over a month, this force had already conquered 4 of the 16 prefectures, namely Huanzhou (寰州, part of modern Shuozhou, Shanxi), Shuozhou, Yingzhou (應州; modern Ying County, Shanxi) and Yunzhou, killing thousands of Liao soldiers.<mask>'s son <mask> (<mask>) was the vanguard general in the attacks of Shuozhou and Yingzhou. Elsewhere, Gao Hua (高化), a capable subordinate general whom <mask> valued and promoted, captured Liao general Dapengyi (大鵬翼). However,

masks:
Yang
Yang
Ye
Yang
Yang
Yang
Yang Ye
Yang Ye
Yang Yanlang
Yang Yanzhao
Yang Ye


title: Yang Ye

texts: another Song force on the east led by Cao Bin was destroyed by a Liao force led by <mask> Xiuge, and tens of thousands of Song soldiers perished. As the Liao force with over 100,000 soldiers marched westward, Pan and <mask> were in Daizhou and received orders to help the civilians of the four conquered prefectures retreat back to Song territory. When Huanzhou fell to the Liao army, <mask> told Pan, "Liao forces are strong and we must not fight them." He proposed a detailed plan to maximize the safety of the civilians from the 3 remaining prefectures. Per this plan, the Yunzhou civilians would leave first.The main Song force would advance from Daizhou to Yingzhou, drawing the main Liao force, thus allowing the Shuozhou civilians to leave and move to a valley called Shijiegu (石碣谷), which could be defended by a thousand soldiers with arrows. Finally a cavalry reinforcement would help the main Song force retrieve the Yingzhou civilians. The generals defending Shuozhou and Yunzhou would be notified of the plan to coordinate activities. Wang Shen refuted his suggestion, jeering, "Such cowardice despite having tens of thousands of strong soldiers!" With the support of Liu Wenyu, he insisted that <mask> immediately take his troops to take the enemy head-on. <mask> reiterated his belief that such a move would bring defeat, which was met by Wang's rebuttal of "You sir have been called 'invincible', but today you are so hesitant in face of the enemy and reluctant to fight. Is your loyalty elsewhere?"<mask> had no choice but to reply, "I am not evading death, but this is a bad situation which would make soldiers die and injure in vain. However, since you accuse me for fearing

masks:
Yeü
Yang Ye
Yang
Yang
Yang
Yang


title: Yang Ye

texts: death, I will be the first (to die) before you all." He pointed at the end of a valley called Chenjiagu (陳家谷, in modern Shuozhou): "Gentlemen, please put infantrymen with arrows on both sides of that place, so that they could attack from both directions and provide assistance in case I retreat there. Otherwise, the situation could be dire." Pan and Wang agreed, and led their men to the place. Liao general <mask> Xiezhen heard of <mask>'s arrival and set up an ambush. <mask> engaged the Liao force in a bloody battle and fought from noon to dusk until he indeed retreated to the end of Chenjiagu, but no Song soldier was there, as Pan and Wang had already left.As the enemy closed in, <mask>'s son <mask> (楊延玉) was killed, as was a 72-year-old subordinate Wang Gui (王貴) who continued fighting with his fists after exhausting all arrows. Seeing only around a hundred soldiers around him, <mask> told them, "You all have fathers, mothers, wives and children, no point in dying together with me. Return home and serve the emperor later." His men all cried, but nobody left. Liao soldiers were instructed to capture <mask> alive. Even with several dozen wounds on him, <mask> fought on, killing about a hundred enemy soldiers by himself. He was captured when his horse was gravely wounded by an arrow from Liao general <mask> Xidi.<mask> Xiezhen yelled, "You have been fighting with our country for over 30 years. What do you have to say today!" To which <mask> replied, "I deserve the death sentence." He allegedly sighed and said, "The emperor has treated me so kindly, expecting me to conquer the enemy and defend the borders in return. However, due to persecutions from treacherous

masks:
Yeü
Yang
Yang
Yang Ye
Yang Yanyu
Yang Ye
Yang
Yang
Yeü
Yeü
Yang


title: Yang Ye

texts:
 officials, the royal troops have been defeated. How can I live on?" he suicided by smashing his head .As expected Yunzhou, Yingzhou and other prefectures were recaptured by the Liao army, but according to History of Liao, it was because Song generals "abandoned the cities and fled when they heard of (<mask>) Jiye's death". Aftermath
<mask>'s severed head was presented to the young Emperor Shengzong of Liao and his mother Empress Dowager Xiao Yanyan. This was such a great victory for the Liao, where Buddhism was the state religion, that Kailong Temple (開龍寺) in the capital Shangjing (上京, in today's Baarin Left Banner) conducted religious activities for a month and provided food for over 10,000 monks. In the Song Dynasty, the <mask> family was initially compensated only 100 rolls of silk, 100 rolls of textile and 10 stones of rice for <mask>'s death. In comparison, the family of a lesser general He Huaipu (賀懷浦) who also died in the same battle was compensated 100 rolls of silk, 100 strings of coins, 20 bottles of wine, and 15 sheep, indicating possible scapegoating against <mask>. What exactly happened afterwards is unclear, but a few months later Emperor Taizong proclaimed the following edict:

<mask>'s six surviving sons were also given official appointments, especially <mask>, who would become a prominent general himself. Invincible Yang Temple
Liao Dynasty had built an "Invincible Yang Temple" in Gubeikou shortly after his death.Its earliest mention was a 1055 poem "Passing Gubeikou's Invincible Yang Temple" (過古北口楊無敵廟) by Song politician Liu Chang (劉敞), who went to Liao on a mission that year. In a 1089 poem, "Gubeikou's Invincible Yang Temple" (古北口楊無敵廟), Su Zhe

masks:
Yang
Yang Ye
Yang
Yang Ye
Yang
Yang Ye
Yang Yanhao


title: Yang Ye

texts:
 who was also visiting Liao, compared <mask> to the Jin Dynasty (266–420) general Zhou Chu who was similarly persecuted by his superior. This temple is still at the location today in Gubeikou, Miyun County, Beijing. In fiction

In the popular The Generals of the Yang Family legends, <mask> married She Saihua, a woman skilled in martial arts and archery. In most versions, his weapon is a poled golden glaive. The older <mask> is usually called <mask> (楊令公, literally "Commander Lord <mask>"). During the battle of Mount Twin Wolves, he was surrounded by enemies.His eldest three sons had already died and his fourth and fifth sons were missing. His sixth son <mask> asked the seventh son to seek aid while he tried to fight a way out for the father. Feeling hopeless, <mask> saw in a distance a headstone on the ground. The name on it was Li Ling, a famous Han Dynasty general who in 99BC was forced to lead an army of 5,000 to attack the 80,000-men strong Xiongnu army from the north. Fighting valiantly for over 10 days and killing over 10,000 Xiongnu soldiers, Li received no reinforcement and defected to his enemy in the end, resulting in the execution of his entire family back home. Refusing to become another Li Ling, <mask> decided to commit suicide by ramming his head on the stele. The Water Margin character, <mask>, is stated to be one of <mask>'s descendants, and <mask> is mentioned to have been one of the many generations to have wielded <mask>'s legendary sabre.Notes and references

Sources

986 deaths
Song dynasty generals
The Generals of the Yang Family characters
Year of birth unknown
Northern Han generals
People from Taiyuan
Generals from

masks:
Yang
Yang Ye
Yang Ye
Yang Linggong
Yang
Yang Yanzhao
Yang Ye
Yang Ye
Yang Zhi
Yang Ye
Yang Ye
Yang Zhi


title: Phil Foden

texts:
<mask> (born 28 May 2000) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for  club Manchester City and the England national team. He is considered one of the best young players in the world. Foden's breakthrough into professional football came in 2017 when he won the FIFA U-17 World Cup Golden Ball award following England's successful Under-17 World Cup campaign. He made his debut for City during the same year and in December was named BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year. Foden has since made over 100 appearances for the club, winning eight honours including becoming the youngest recipient of a Premier League winners' medal. In 2019, he won a second Premier League and became the club's youngest-ever goalscorer in the UEFA Champions League, and is the youngest English player to both start a match and score in the knockout stages of the competition. In 2021, he was named as the Premier League Young Player of the Season and the PFA Young Player of the Year.Foden has represented England at many youth levels, scoring 19 goals in 51 youth caps. He was first called up to the senior team on 25 August 2020 and made his debut against Iceland on 5 September 2020, in a 1–0 victory in the UEFA Nations League. Club career

Manchester City

Early career

Born in Stockport, Greater Manchester, Foden was a boyhood supporter of Manchester City. He joined the club at the age of four and signed his Academy scholarship in July 2016. He was privately educated at St Bede's College, with his tuition fees being paid for by Manchester City. On 6 December 2016, City head coach Pep Guardiola included Foden in the matchday squad for the Champions League group stage match


title: Phil Foden

texts:
 time as Manchester City won 5–0 against Burnley. On 2 July 2020, Manchester City welcomed newly crowned champions Liverpool to the Etihad. Foden scored and assisted in the match as City won 4–0. The 2019–20 Premier League season ended on 26 July, with Foden starting in a 5–0 victory over Norwich, seeing Manchester City finish the season in 2nd place.The occasion, however, was marked with the departure of Foden’s idol David Silva, after 10 years with the club. In 2017, Foden stated "Training is faster and it has been great playing with Silva, he's my idol really. I try and watch what he does and learn from him and try and do the same things." Foden was tipped to take over from Silva with Pep Guardiola saying that Manchester City "trust" <mask>n to replace him. Foden started his second UEFA Champions League knockout tie on 7 August 2020, against Real Madrid, helping his side win 2–1 (4–2 on aggregate) and progress on to the quarter final, where Man City would bow out of the competition. He ended the season with 38 games played, registering 8 goals and 9 assists across all competitions. 2020–21 season
Foden opened his account for the season against Wolves on match-day 1 of the Premier League season, netting in a 3–1 victory on 21 September 2020.He scored his second league goal of the 2020–21 season, against West Ham United in a 1–1 draw at the London Stadium, on 24 October 2020. He equalised just six minutes after replacing Sergio Aguero at half time,  turning smartly to convert a cross from teammate João Cancelo. Foden scored his first UEFA Champions League goal of the 2020–21 season in Greece against Olympiacos, on 25 November 2020, a smart finish from inside the box


title: Paul Malakwen Kosgei

texts:
<mask> (born 22 April 1978, in Marakwet) is a Kenyan long-distance and marathon runner. He first came to prominence in athletics by taking the World Junior Record of 3000m steeple in 1997, and later with consecutive medals at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships from 1998 to 2000. In 1999 he started his technical collaboration with the Italian Coach Renato Canova, that changed his event, looking at longer distances. He made his debut at the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in 2002 and became the surprise world champion for the event. Later that year he became the African champion on the track in the 10,000 metres and also won silver medals at the 2002 Commonwealth Games and 2002 IAAF World Cup. He focused on entirely on road running after 2002 and he broke the world record for the 25 km distance, running 1:12:45 in May 2004. His personal best over the half marathon (59:07 minutes), with which he won the 2006 Berlin Half Marathon, ranks him within the top ten fastest ever over the distance.He began to focus on marathon running and won his first race at the Maratona d'Italia in 2010 with a course record and personal best time of 2:09.00. From 2009 there was a passage of coach, from Renato Canova to Gabriele Nicola, who is a student of the former coach. Career

Junior world record and first medals
<mask> started his international career as a cross country runner and a steeplechaser. He came to prominence as a junior athlete in 1997 when he took the junior bronze medal at the 1997 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, and he also reached the 1997 IAAF Grand Prix Final for the 3000 metres steeplechase. He established his pedigree by setting a world junior record for the event. He emerged as a senior the following year,

masks:
Paul Malakwen Kosgei
Kosgei


title: Paul Malakwen Kosgei

texts:
 taking the bronze in the short race at the 1998 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and helping Kenya to the team gold medal. He also led Kenya to a team victory at the IAAF World Road Relay Championships in Manaus in April.He was the fourth fastest athlete in the world that year in the steeplechase. He also began taking part in road running competitions and won the 10 km BOclassic race at the end of the year. He improved to the silver medal position at the 1999 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, finishing behind <mask> to help Kenya to a consecutive team win. He represented his country on the track at the 1999 World Championships in Athletics in Seville, where he was seventh in the men's steeplechase. He closed his track season with a fifth-place finish at the 1999 IAAF Grand Prix Final. African and World Champion
From 2000 onwards he later began concentrating on long-distance running and dropped his steeplechase speciality. He set a 10 km best of 27:40 to win the Parelloop race in Brunssum that year.He also took a third consecutive cross country medal at the 2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, continuing the streak of Kenya team victories with his bronze medal performance. He took road circuit wins in Europe at the Giro Podistico Internazionale di Pettinengo, winning the 9.5 km race in 27:03, and also at the Giro al Sas 10K in Trento. He ran for Kenya in the long race at the 2001 IAAF World Cross Country Championships but could not match his short course form and finished in fifth place. The greater distances also did not bring him medals at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics as he finished seventh in the 10,000 metres final. He was the winner of the 2001 Giro Media Blenio 10K race in Dongio, recording a


title: Paul Malakwen Kosgei

texts:
 time of 28:13.4. The 2002 marked a significant breakthrough for Kosgei in both track and road running. In May, he led the Kenyan team to victory at the 2002 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships with a time of 1:00:39.He edged out Jaouad Gharib to win the race on his first attempt at the half marathon distance. His first time success did not make him an immediate convert, however: "I have changed my focus from the steeplechase to the 10,000 metres ... Maybe in two or three years I will start to think about running the marathon". <mask> became the Kenyan champion over 10,000 m that summer, and his next test came at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, England. He was entered into the 10,000 m race and was second behind his Kenyan compatriot Wilberforce Talel – Kosgei's finishing time of 27:45.46 was seven hundredths of a second behind Talel, who broke the Games record for the event. He went unbeaten over the distance at the 2002 African Championships in Athletics the following month, beating John Cheruiyot Korir to the continental title. As African champion, he was selected to represent the continental at the 2002 IAAF World Cup. He took the 5000 metres silver medal behind the reigning European champion Alberto García (who was banned in 2003 for taking EPO).Among Kosgei's other honours that year was a silver medal from the World Military Track and Field Championships. Road running world record
After a relatively quiet 2003, <mask> again came to the fore by setting a world record for the 25 km road distance, winning the BIG 25 Berlin race in 1:12:45 on 9 May 2004 (a record which stood until 2010 when it was beaten by <mask> at the same race). <mask> won the Berlin Half Marathon in 2006, setting a half marathon personal best of

masks:
Kosgei
Kosgei
Samuel Kosgei
Kosgei


title: Paul Malakwen Kosgei

texts:
 59:07 minutes as well as bettering his marks over 15 km and 20 km along the way. He competed at the 2007 Hamburg Marathon and Amsterdam Marathon, finishing 14th and 10th, respectively. <mask> was one of four men under an hour at the Rotterdam Half Marathon in 2008 and his time of 59:37 brought him fourth place. He took three consecutive wins at the Amatrice-Configno road race from 2008 to 2010, building upon his first win in 2003. He posted a personal record of 2:09:12 hours at the 2008 Paris Marathon, where he finished eighth.He scored his first victory over the marathon distance at the Maratona d'Italia in October 2010, where he set a new course record of 2:09:00. Personal life
Kosgei is married and has two children. He is currently coached by Italian Gabriele Nicola. International competitions

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
People from Elgeyo-Marakwet County
Kenyan male long-distance runners
Kenyan male steeplechase runners
Kenyan male marathon runners
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Kenya
Athletes (track and field) at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
World Athletics Half Marathon Championships winners
World Athletics Championships athletes for Kenya
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Kenyan male cross country


title: Vadim Kirpichenko

texts: <mask> (, 25 September 1922 – 3 December 2005) was a Russian officer of the First Chief Directorate of the KGB and its successor, the Foreign Intelligence Service. He served as resident in various countries and rose to First Deputy Head of the First Chief Directorate with the rank of General Lieutenant. Born in 1922, <mask> initially trained to be a pilot, but with the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, he enlisted in the Red Army and served in Eastern and Central Europe during the closing stages of the war. Demobilised in 1946, he undertook studies at the Arab branch of the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies, and was then recruited into intelligence work with the KGB's First Chief Directorate. He began his overseas postings with a period in Egypt as the KGB's deputy resident. This came during the early administration of Gamal Abdel Nasser, and <mask> worked to gather information on its intentions. He passed information back to Moscow during the Suez Crisis in 1956, and worked to establish diplomatic relations with Yemen, before being recalled to the USSR in 1960.He returned to overseas postings in 1962 as resident in Tunisia, with a further period in the USSR between 1964 and 1970, serving as head of the African Department of the First Chief Directorate from 1967. <mask> returned to Egypt in 1970 as resident, and served during the Yom Kippur War. He warned Moscow that Egyptian President Anwar Sadat was planning to reorient his foreign policy away from the Soviet Union and towards the USA. His predictions were unwelcome to the Soviet leadership, but were ultimately proved accurate. On <mask>'s return to the USSR in 1974 he was appointed deputy head of the First Chief Directorate and placed in charge of Department "S", , and in 1979 he became First Deputy Head of the First Chief Directorate, a post he would hold for the remainder of the existence of the Soviet Union. In late 1979 he was sent to Afghanistan to direct KGB operations surrounding Operation Storm-333, and the beginning of Soviet intervention in the country. With the dissolution of the Soviet

masks:
Vadim Alekseyevich Kirpichenko
Kirpichenko
Kirpichenko
Kirpichenko
Kirpichenko


title: Vadim Kirpichenko

texts:
 Union in 1991, <mask> became head of a group of consultants under the director of one of the KGB's successors, the Foreign Intelligence Service.After retiring in 1997, he worked with others on a six-volume history of Russian intelligence, wrote two books of his own, and lectured widely on intelligence matters. Over the course of his career he received 54 awards from the Soviet, Russian and foreign governments. He died in 2005, survived by his wife, Valeriya Nikolaevna, an academic specialising in Arabic literature. Their son, <mask>, was a prominent diplomat in the Arab world, serving as ambassador to several Middle Eastern countries, including to Egypt, where his father had served as KGB resident for a number of years. Early life and wartime service

<mask> was born on 25 September 1922 in Kursk, Kursk Oblast, part of the Russian SFSR, in the USSR. He attended the No. 4 Air Force Special School, which provided primary flight training alongside the usual secondary education.He went on to attend the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy, but the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 interrupted his studies. He joined the 103rd Guards Rifle Division in January 1945, seeing action in the closing stages of the war, in Hungary, Austria and Czechoslovakia, and at the Balaton Defensive Operation in March that year. During his wartime service he was awarded the Medal "For Courage", for his part in the Vienna Offensive. His unit remained in action until the surrender of Axis forces in Czechoslovakia on 12 May 1945. Intelligence training
<mask> left the army at the end of 1946 with the rank of senior sergeant, and enrolled in the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies, where he studied in the Arab branch. He graduated as the highest scoring student, and had been secretary of the institute's party committee. He was then offered the chance to become an intelligence officer.He enrolled in Intelligence School No. 101 on 1 September 1952, where he learned the basics of the intelligence profession, alongside Arabic and French. With the completion of his studies in

masks:
Kirpichenko
Sergei Vadimovich
Kirpichenko
Kirpichenko


title: Vadim Kirpichenko

texts:
 July 1953, he joined the Eastern Department of the KGB's First Chief Directorate, which was responsible for  foreign operations and intelligence activities. He was assigned the code name "<mask>v". Overseas postings

His first overseas posting was to Egypt in December 1954 as the KGB's deputy resident, where he was based until 1960. On his arrival in Egypt he found that he was not familiar with the local dialect, and spent the next one and a half years in intensive language study alongside his intelligence duties. His arrival coincided with the early period of Gamal Abdel Nasser's rule, with the Soviet authorities particularly concerned about the new government's stance towards the Western powers, and its intentions in the Arab world.<mask> worked to develop intelligence sources and pass information back to the Soviet Union. When Dmitri Shepilov, Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, visited Egypt in May 1956, it was <mask> who arranged a meeting between Nasser and Shepilov, using his contacts in Nasser's powerbase, the Free Officers Movement. During the Suez Crisis in October and November 1956, <mask> remained in Cairo and continued to gather intelligence. Despite Western opinion that the Soviet Union was behind Nasser's nationalisation of the Suez Canal, <mask> noted that "we did not have any specific information about Nasser's intentions, but we always indicated in our reports that such a step was possible at any moment". Despite not having informed Moscow of their intentions, <mask> reported that the general feeling among Egyptians was that the Soviet Union should come to their aid once fighting began. "The first days passed and our situation became grim. Agitated Egyptians, waving their fists, cried "Russians, where are you!Where are your airplanes? Where are your weapons? Where are your soldiers? Why isn't Russia saving Egypt?" I didn't understand these demands back then, but later on, after experiencing two further wars in Egypt, I stopped being amazed at these outcries." In December 1958 he accompanied

masks: Vadimo Kirpichenko Kirpichenko Kirpichenko Kirpichenko Kirpichenko


title: Vadim Kirpichenko

texts: Nasser on his visit to the Soviet Union, and acted as a translator during Nasser's meetings with Nikita Khrushchev. <mask> was also one of the diplomats involved in the establishment of diplomatic relations with Yemen.He did this by cultivating a friendship with Crown Prince Muhammad al-Badr, that was close enough that the Prince reportedly refused to visit London in 1957 without <mask> at his side. <mask> returned to the Soviet Union in 1960 and spent two years working with the KGB's central organisation, before moving to Tunisia as resident in February 1962. Here he was tasked with maintaining contacts with the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic, the political arm of the National Liberation Front during the Algerian War. This posting lasted until August 1964. Returning once more to the Soviet Union, he spent between 1964 and 1967 with the central organisation. In 1967 he was appointed head of the African Department of the First Chief Directorate, holding this position until 1970. During this time he made visits to Syria, Yemen, Ethiopia, Angola, Libya, Algeria and Tunisia.<mask> returned to Egypt in 1970, becoming foreign intelligence resident there until 1974. He was in post during the Yom Kippur War between Egypt and Israel in 1973, and subsequently warned Soviet leaders that Egyptian president Anwar Sadat was planning to reorient Egyptian foreign policy away from the Soviet Union and towards the United States, having learnt that Sadat had been in secret communication with US President Richard Nixon. This view was at odds with the general opinion of Soviet leaders, who considered Sadat a loyal friend of the Soviet Union, and successor to Nasser's political legacy. Subsequent developments were to vindicate <mask>. As with the Suez Crisis, there were suspicions in Western capitals that the Soviet Union was behind Egypt's actions. <mask> instead argued that the Soviet Union had tried to prevent an Egyptian offensive that risked destabilising the region. He was promoted to Major General in 1973, and to General Lieutenant in 1980.His good

masks: Kirpichenko Kirpichenko Kirpichenko Kirpichenko Kirpichenko Kirpichenko


title: Vadim Kirpichenko

texts:
 service brought him to the attention of Yuri Andropov, chairman of the KGB, and in 1974 he was appointed deputy head of the First Chief Directorate and led Department "S", , where he spent the next five years. In 1979 <mask> became First Deputy Head of the First Chief Directorate, and would hold this position until 1991. Afghanistan

On 4 December 1979 <mask> arrived in Kabul, in Afghanistan, with a group of officers of the Soviet Airborne Forces, having been sent by KGB chairman Vladimir Kryuchkov to plan for the removal of Hafizullah Amin, the sitting Chairman of the Presidium of the Revolutionary Council of Afghanistan. He took charge of the intelligence officials in the country in preparation for Operation Storm-333, the ousting of Amin and the installation of Babrak Karmal as Chairman of the Presidium of the Revolutionary Council. At a meeting at Kabul airport on 26 December 1979 <mask> oversaw the inclusion of KGB reconnaissance and sabotage units with the 103rd Guards Airborne Division, with orders to direct elements of the division to key Afghan institutions, which were to be secured for the new government. The planning for the operation took place in great secrecy, with even the newly appointed Soviet ambassador, , unaware of the operation until after it had begun. Tabeyev telephoned <mask> asking for explanations, but <mask> replied that he was too busy at the time, but promised to report in the morning.Late and Post-Soviet period
From 1 October 1988 to 6 February 1989 <mask> served as chief of foreign intelligence. In June 1991 <mask> warned against the effects of Glasnost, which he claimed were making it easier for foreign intelligence agents to work successfully in the USSR. In 1991, with the dissolution of the Soviet Union and subsequent restructuring of the intelligence services, <mask> was appointed head of a group of consultants under the director of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service. He retired from this in 1997, and began working with a number of authors as assistant editor-in-chief to compile a six-volume Essays on the History

masks: Kirpichenko Kirpichenko Kirpichenko Kirpichenko Kirpichenko Kirpichenko Kirpichenko Kirpichenko


title: Vadim Kirpichenko

texts:
 of Russian Intelligence. He lectured widely on this topic, in the US, UK, Bulgaria, Switzerland, Malta, South Korea and France, and attended numerous international conferences and seminars on the history of intelligence. He published two books; From the Intelligence Archives (, Iz arkhiva razvedchika) and Intelligence: People and Personalities (, Razvedka: litsa i lichnosti), and numerous articles and essays on intelligence matters. He was an honorary professor of the Academy of Foreign Intelligence.Awards and honours
Over his career <mask> received many awards and decorations. He held eight Soviet and Russian orders, including the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" Fourth Class, the Orders of Lenin, October Revolution, Red Star, Patriotic War First Class, and the Badge of Honour. He was twice awarded the Order of the Red Banner. He received the badges "Honorary State Security Officer" and "For Service in Intelligence", and had received honours from eight foreign governments, including Vietnam, Peru, Mongolia, the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, the German Democratic Republic and Afghanistan. He was awarded the  in the field of literature and art. He was also an Honorary Citizen of Kursk. In total he had 54 awards.Family and death
<mask> died on 3 December 2005. His wife, Valeriya Nikolaevna, was a philologist and specialist in Arabic literature with the Institute of Oriental Studies at the Russian Academy of Sciences. She outlived him, dying in 2015. Their son, <mask>, was born in 1951, and like his parents specialised in Middle Eastern affairs. He became a diplomat, and served as ambassador to the United Arab Emirates, Libya, Syria and Egypt. References

1922 births
2005 deaths
KGB officers
Soviet spies
People from Kursk
Personnel of the Soviet Airborne Forces
Soviet military personnel of the Soviet–Afghan War
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Medal "For Courage" (Russia)
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class
Recipients of the Order of the Red

masks:
Kirpichenko
Kirpichenko
Sergei Vadimovich


title: Damian Woetzel

texts: <mask> (born May 17, 1967) is the 7th President of The Juilliard School. Woetzel was a principal dancer with the New York City Ballet, where he performed from 1985 until 2008. He also frequently performed internationally as a guest star and visiting artist with numerous internationally recognized companies including the Kirov Ballet and American Ballet Theatre, until his retirement from the stage in 2008. As a Principal Dancer at New York City Ballet, Woetzel danced virtually the entire leading male dancer repertory, and had works created for him by Jerome Robbins, Eliot Feld, Twyla Tharp, Susan Stroman, and Christopher Wheeldon among others. Woetzel also frequently performed as a guest star with companies including the Kirov Ballet and American Ballet Theatre, and starred in numerous television broadcasts and as the Cavalier in the Time Warner movie version of George Balanchine’s The Nutcracker. Woetzel has also choreographed a number of ballets for NYCB and other companies. Among his awards, in April 2015, Woetzel received the Harvard Arts Medal.In July 2012 <mask> was honored with the inaugural Gene Kelly Legacy Award - an honor jointly created by the Dizzy Feet Foundation and the Estate of Gene Kelly in honor of the 100th anniversary of Kelly's birth. Woetzel serves on the artists committee of the Kennedy Center Honors, the Knight Foundation's National Arts Advisory Committee, and was a member of the Harvard University Task Force on the Arts. <mask> holds an MPA degree from Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. In the falls of 2010 and 2017 he was a visiting lecturer at Harvard Law School where he co-taught a course on performing arts and the law. In November 2009, President Obama appointed Woetzel to the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities, where he has worked on creating the Turnaround Arts Program, which now brings arts education to some of the nation’s most challenged school districts. Woetzel

masks:
Damian Woetzel
Woetzel
Woetzel


title: Damian Woetzel

texts:
 serves on the board of directors of NY City Center, Volunteer Lawyers for the Arts, Sing for Hope, Ava DuVernay's ARRAY Alliance, on the advisory board of Define American. In May 2017, <mask> was named President of the Juilliard School, replacing Joseph W. Polisi.Early life and education
<mask> was originally trained in Boston at E. Virginia Williams ballet school, then moved to Los Angeles at 15 where he attended John Clifford’s school before joining Clifford’s Los Angeles Ballet at 16. He toured nationally with this company including to New York City; where he received raves in the New York Times and New Yorker Magazine for his role in ”The Young Apollo” a ballet made especially for him by Clifford. He danced many ballets by Balanchine, Bournonville, Petipa, as well as Clifford’s during his 3 years with that company. When the Los Angeles Ballet closed Clifford sent him to New York where he joined the NYC Ballet, quickly rising through the ranks. He was a particular favorite of Jerome Robbins. Woetzel attended Fay School in Massachusetts, where he graduated in 1981. In 2007, he earned an MPA degree from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.Career as director and producer

Aspen Institute
In June 2011, Woetzel was named the Director of Arts Programs at the Aspen Institute. Among the events curated by the Aspen Institute Arts Program under Woetzel's direction include the inaugural US-China Forum on the Arts and Culture in Beijing, in partnership with Asia Society and the Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries. American and Chinese artists and cultural representatives engaged in the forum included Joel Coen, Meryl Streep, Yo-Yo Ma, Alice Waters, Liu Ye, Ge You and others. In March 2012, Woetzel produced a panel with Howard Gardner, the Hobbs Professor of Cognition and Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, and Dr. Ellen Winner, Professor of Psychology

masks: Woetzel Woetzel


title: Damian Woetzel

texts:
 at Boston College, and Senior Research Associate at Project Zero, examining the current state of the arts in education. In June 2012, the Arts Program for the first time curated multiple sessions at the Institute’s premiere public program, the Aspen Ideas Festival. For nineteen sessions, Woetzel brought renowned artists, policymakers, arts administrators as well as leading Chinese cultural representatives for discussions, film screenings and cultural exchanges focusing on how the arts impact society. In October 2012, the Arts Program under Woetzel's direction hosted the inaugural Aspen Arts Strategy Group, convening over 30 arts leaders from around the nation in New York City.In December 2012, Woetzel and cellist Yo-Yo Ma organized a participatory visit to the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center in Bethesda, MD, where musician Arthur Bloom and his MusiCorps program help wounded warriors to overcome injuries and recover their lives through intensive music practice. In April 2013, Woetzel and the Arts Program announced the appointment of cellist Yo-Yo Ma as the 2013 Harman-Eisner Artist in Residence. Since 2013, the Arts Program has produced over 100 events in cities across the country, involving a range of participants including artists-in-residence Renee Fleming, Theaster Gates, JR, Goldie Hawn, Cameron Carpenter, Lil Buck, Alfre Woodard, Yo-Yo Ma, Eric Fischl, Julie Taymor, and Elizabeth Diller. Additional program expansion activities include the Aspen Arts Strategy Group, and the Creative Young Leaders Alliance. Vail Dance Festival
Since 2006, <mask> has been the Artistic Director of the Vail Dance Festival, where he presents dance performances and commissions. Under Woetzel's direction, the festival has received wide acclaim for its innovation and growth as a nationally recognized showcase for dance, featuring such performances as the debut of Morphoses/The Wheeldon Company, and the launch of New York City


title: Damian Woetzel

texts:
 of the arts to empower, enrich and educate. The first events have taken place in Vail, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and Washington, D.C., and almost all have featured Woetzel with Yo-Yo Ma in schools, engaging with students and their teachers to promote learning through the arts. Most recently, Woetzel piloted the High Line Arts Education Project, an Arts Strike organized in New York in collaboration with architect Elizabeth Diller.Silk Road Connect
Woetzel works with Yo-Yo Ma on his Silk Road Connect program in the New York City Public Schools. In June 2010, Woetzel directed the culminating year-end event which took place at New York’s Museum of Natural History, and featured the participation of the Silk Road Ensemble and 450 6th grade students. In June 2011, the culminating year-end event opened the Central Park SummerStage series. Titled “Night at the Caravanserai: Tales of Wonder,” the performance again featured hundreds of 6th grade students from New York-area public schools, Ma with his Silk Road Ensemble, vocalist Bobby McFerrin, the soprano Emalie Savoy, actor Bill Irwin, and author Jhumpa Lahiri, among others. In April 2011, Woetzel organized an "arts strike" at Inner-City Arts in downtown Los Angeles with Yo-Yo Ma, The Silk Road Ensemble, and Memphis  Charles "Lil Buck" Riley. The event included a demonstration and workshop for more than one hundred elementary school students from the Los Angeles Unified School District. Highlighting the event was a first-time duet directed by Woetzel between Ma and Lil Buck, who performed a Memphis Jookin' version of The Dying Swan with Ma accompanying on the cello; the performance was immortalized in a video shot by Spike Jonze which reached over one million views within weeks.Other education work
In October 2012, <mask>, Renée Fleming and Yo-Yo Ma — as National Cultural Advisors — helped Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel unveil the long-awaited Chicago Cultural Plan, which


title: Damian Woetzel

texts:
 guarantees the arts an important place within the Chicago school curriculum. The announcement came one year after the Aspen Institute Arts Program, with Yo-Yo Ma and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, convened a closed-door roundtable with Chicago Public Schools leadership and local arts education forces, to strategize on the place of the arts in the longer school day anticipated for 2012-13. Harvard Law School
In the fall of 2010, Woetzel was a visiting Lecturer at Harvard Law School, where he co-taught a course on Performing Arts and the Law with Jeannie Suk. The course explored many intersections of the arts and law, from copyright law, to courtroom performance to celebrity law, with guests including playwright John Guare, actor Alec Baldwin, and Balanchine Trust Co-Founding Trustee Barbara Horgan. New York State Summer School for the Arts
<mask> was the artistic director of the New York State Summer School for the Arts School of Ballet from 1994-2007. Dance career

New York City Ballet
Woetzel joined New York City Ballet in 1985, and was a principal dancer from 1989 until his retirement from the stage in 2008. At New York City Ballet, Woetzel had works created for him by Jerome Robbins, Eliot Feld, Twyla Tharp, Susan Stroman and Christopher Wheeldon among others, and danced more than 50 featured roles in the Company's repertory, including: George Balanchine's: Agon, Coppélia, The Prodigal Son, Slaughter on Tenth Avenue, Stars and Stripes, Swan Lake; and Jerome Robbins': Afternoon of a Faun, Fancy Free, Dances at a Gathering, A Suite of Dances, and West Side Story Suite.Woetzel originated featured roles in: Jerome Robbins' Ives, Songs and Quiet City, Eliot Feld's The Unanswered Question and Organon, Twyla Tharp's The Beethoven Seventh, Christopher Wheeldon's An American in Paris, Carousel, Evenfall, Morphoses, and Variations sérieuses, Peter Martins' Jeu de cartes and The Sleeping Beauty, and Susan Stroman's "The Blue


title: Damian Woetzel

texts:
 Necklace" from Double Feature. Woetzel also originated roles in ballets by Kevin O'Day, Richard Tanner and Lynne Taylor-Corbett, among others. Woetzel appeared in Dance in America's presentation of "Dinner with Balanchine," dancing Union Jack and Stars and Stripes. In May 1999, he starred as Prince Siegfried in Peter Martins' Swan Lake on the PBS national telecast "Live from Lincoln Center." Woetzel also appeared in the 2002 nationally televised Live from Lincoln Center broadcast "New York City Ballet's Diamond Project: Ten Years of New Choreography" on PBS and in the May 2004 Live from Lincoln Center broadcast of "Lincoln Center Celebrates Balanchine 100." <mask> starred as the Cavalier in the film version of George Balanchine's The Nutcracker, released in the winter of 1993. In October 1998, Mr. <mask> appeared as one of the stars of the Cole Porter musical Jubilee in a special benefit performance at Carnegie Hall, during which he sang as well as danced.Guest appearances
During his career, <mask> frequently performed internationally as a guest star and was a visiting artist with numerous companies including the Kirov Ballet and American Ballet Theatre. In his guest appearances, Woetzel danced principal roles in classics such as Don Quixote, Giselle, and La Bayadere among others, in addition to his NYCB repertory. Choreography
Woetzel has choreographed a number of ballets for New York City Ballet, among other companies. For New York City Ballet, he choreographed Ebony Concerto to Stravinsky, and Glazounov Pas de Deux to the composer's Les Ruses d'Amour. <mask> also choreographed the "Polovtsian Dances" for New York City Opera's production of Prince Igor, and in 1998, he choreographed and starred in a new version of An American in Paris ballet for Marvin Hamlisch's Gershwin Centennial Gala. In recent years, Woetzel has choreographed works including The Orchard for Pacific Northwest Ballet’s Carla Körbes, which premiered

masks: Woetzel Woetzel Woetzel Woetzel


title: Damian Woetzel

texts:
 at the Vail International Dance Festival, and collaborated on choreography with the jookin’ star Lil Buck for performances in New York, Los Angeles and Colorado, among other places. Honors and appointments
In 2015, Woetzel was awarded the Harvard Arts Medal.In July 2012, <mask> was honored with the inaugural Gene Kelly Legacy Award - an award jointly created by the Dizzy Feet Foundation and the Estate of Gene Kelly in honor of the 100th anniversary of Kelly's birth - for his contributions to the arts as a ballet star and director of dance and music performances. He serves on the Artists Committee of the Kennedy Center Honors and as a judge for the Astaire Awards. He has also served as a juror for the Princess Grace Awards. <mask> is a frequent speaker on the arts and arts policy. <mask> was the 2008 Harman-Eisner Artist in Residence of the Aspen Institute, and in 2011, he became a member of the Knight Foundation's National Arts Advisory Committee. <mask> also serves on the boards of directors of New York City Center, The Clive Barnes Foundation and The Sphinx Organization, and served on the recent Harvard Task Force on the Arts. In November 2009, President Obama appointed Woetzel to the President’s Committee on the Arts and Humanities.Education
<mask> holds a Master in Public Administration Degree from Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. Personal life
<mask> has been married to fellow New York City Ballet Principal Dancer Heather Watts since 1999. References

External links
 http://www.aspeninstitute.org/policy-work/arts-program
 www.vaildance.org
 New York Choreographic Institute webpage
 <mask> & Alexia Hess performing Adagio for Two (Barber/Mahdaviani) at Jacobs Pillow (1986) on danceinteracive.jacobspillow.org

1967 births
Male ballet dancers
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Living people
New York City Ballet Diamond Project choreographers
New York City Ballet principal dancers
School of American Ballet alumni
Fay

masks:
Woetzel
Woetzel
Woetzel
Woetzel
Woetzel
Woetzel
Damian Woetzel


title: Grand Prince Neungwon

texts:
Grand Prince <mask> (Hangul: 능원대군, Hanja: 綾原大君; 15 May 1598 - 26 January 1656), personal name Yi Bo (Hangul: 이보, Hanja: 李俌) was a Korean Politician in the Late Joseon dynasty. He was also a Korean Royal Prince as the second son of Wonjong of Joseon and Queen Inheon of the Neungseong Gu clan. He was the younger brother of Injo of Joseon. Biography

Early life
The future Grand Prince <mask> was born on 15 May 1598 (31st year reign of Seonjo of Joseon) in Seongcheon, Pyeongan-do, Kingdom of Joseon as the second son of Prince Jeongwon (정원군, 定遠君) and Princess Consort Yeonju of the Neungseong Gu clan (연주군부인, 連珠郡夫人) during the Late Imjin War periods (임진왜란). Since child, he was spent a brief childhood in Pyeongyang-si, Pyeongan-do and grew up in his father's private residence in Hanseong-bu. Meanwhile, later in 1608 (41st year reign of his grandfather, Seonjo of Joseon), at 11 years old, Bo was adopted as his 1st uncle, <mask> (의안군)'s son. However, Prince Uian at 12 years old and later, in 1601, Bo was given royal title Master Neungwon (능원수, 綾原守) at first and later changed into <mask> (능원군) on 1608.During Gwanghaegun of Joseon's reign

In 1608 (Gwanghaegun's ascension to the throne), immediately after Yu Yeong-Gyeong (유영경)'s death in prison, the Prince become of Jeongunwonjonggongsin rank 1 (정운원종공신 1등). Later, in 1613 (5th year reign of Gwanghaegun), after Prince Imhae (임해군) was imprisoned, he became Iksawonjonggongsin rank 1

masks:
Neungwon
Neungwon
Prince Uian
Prince Nngwon


title: Grand Prince Neungwon

texts:
 father was honoured as King Wonjong (원종왕, 元宗王) and their mother was honoured as Queen Inheon (인헌왕후, 仁獻王后). Then, on 4 May 1623 (Injo's 10th year reign), he was honoured as Grand Prince Neungwon (능원대군, 綾原大君) along with his younger brother who was died as Grand Prince Neungchang (능창대군, 綾昌大君).In 1645 (Injo's 23rd year reign), he received a portion of the envoys from Dorgon (도르곤) who was the Prince regent of Qing dynasty. Later, in September 1646 (24th year reign of Injo of Joseon), after Sim Gi-won (심기원)'s rebellion case was ended, Neungwon became Yeonggukgongsin (영국공신, 寧國功臣) and then Yeonggukwonjonggongsin (영국원종공신, 寧國元從功臣) in September 1646 (Injo's 24th year reign). Faction
Famous figures of his faction (능원대군파) were such as the Politician Yi Jin-Yong (정치인 이진용) and the playwright Yi Hae-Rang (연극인 이해랑). Meanwhile, since the Prince was adopted by his 1st uncle, his faction was sometimes called as <mask> Faction (의안군파). Died and later life
He later died on 26 January 1656 (7th year reign of his nephew, Hyojong of Joseon) at 57 years old and received his Posthumous name, then, was buried in Nokchon-ri, Hwado-eup, Namyangju-si, Gyeonggi-do along with his wife. On the other hand, it was said that he also claimed the theory of Cheokhwa (척화) together with Gim Sang-Heon (김상헌), who was a presiding officer at the time, despite the growing public opinion insisting on strengthening the Qing dynasty. He was also ignorant of Buddhism and


title: Grand Prince Neungwon

texts:
 didn't even look the cause, but after his 1st father in-law, Yu Hyo-Rib (유효립) was punished and exiled, he faced his wife, wept and complained about this.It was said that he lived together as before without any regrets. Family
Grand Prince Neungwon had 20 grandchildren and 45 middle-grandsons, almost of them were lived with prospering. His Sindo (신도) was written by Song Siyeol (송시열) and Jo Sa-U (조사우). Younger brother - Yi Jeon, Grand Prince Neungchang (16 July 1599 - 17 November 1615) (이전 능창대군)
Sister-in-law - Grand Princess Consort Gu of the Neungseong Gu clan (부부인 능성 구씨)
 Adoptive nephew - Yi Yo, Grand Prince Inpyeong (인평대군 요) (1622 - 1658); 3rd son of King Injo
Consorts and their Respective Issue(s):
Grand Princess Consort Munhwa of the Munhwa Ryu clan (27 October 1598 - 3 August 1676) (문화부부인 문화 류씨)
Grand Princess Consort of the Yeongam Kim clan (9 March 1610 - 25 January 1696) (부부인 영암 김씨)
Yi Sik, <mask>pung (? - 1692) (이식 영풍군)
Yi Ham, <mask>n (이함 영은군)
Yi Hyeong, <mask>sin (이형 영신군)
Yi Jeong, <mask>chun (이정 영춘군)
Yi Yu (이유)
Lady Yi (이씨)
Lady Yi Yeong-Jeong (1639 - 1657) (이영정, 李英淨)
Lady Yi (이씨)

Legacy
His tomb designated as Gyeonggi-do Cultural Heritage Material No. 115 on 16 September 2002 by the Cultural Heritage Administration of the Republic of Korea. References

External links
 능원대군 in Encykorea (in Korean).Retrieved June 5, 2021. 1598 births
1656 deaths
15th-century Korean people
Korean princes
House of

masks:
Prince Yeong
Prince Yeongeu
Prince Yeong
Prince Yeong


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts: <mask> (15 November 1738 – 20 December 1809) was an influential 18th-century London bookseller and publisher. His publications covered a wide variety of genres and a broad spectrum of opinions on important issues. <mask> is best known for publishing the works of radical thinkers such as Mary Wollstonecraft, William Godwin, Thomas Malthus, Erasmus Darwin and Joel Barlow, feminist economist Priscilla Wakefield, as well as religious dissenters such as <mask>, Anna Laetitia Barbauld, Gilbert Wakefield, and George Walker. In the 1760s, <mask> established his publishing business, which focused primarily on religious works. He also became friends with Priestley and the artist Henry Fuseli – two relationships that lasted his entire life and brought him much business. In the 1770s and 1780s, <mask> expanded his business, publishing important works in medicine and children's literature as well as the popular poetry of William Cowper and Erasmus Darwin. Throughout his career, <mask> helped shape the thought of his era not only through his publications, but also through his support of innovative writers and thinkers.He fostered the open discussion of new ideas, particularly at his famous weekly dinners, the regular attendees of which became known as the "Johnson Circle". In the 1790s, <mask> aligned himself with the supporters of the French Revolution, and published an increasing number of political pamphlets in addition to a prominent journal, the Analytical Review, which offered British reformers a voice in the public sphere. In 1799, he was indicted on charges of seditious libel for publishing a pamphlet by the Unitarian minister Gilbert Wakefield. After spending six months in

masks:
Joseph Johnson
Johnson
Joseph Priestley
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts:
 prison, albeit under relatively comfortable conditions, <mask> published fewer political works. In the last decade of his career, <mask> did not seek out many new writers; however, he remained successful by publishing the collected works of authors such as William Shakespeare. <mask>'s friend John Aikin eulogized him as "the father of the booktrade". He has also been called "the most important publisher in England from 1770 until 1810" for his appreciation and promotion of young writers, his emphasis on publishing inexpensive works directed at a growing middle-class readership, and his cultivation and advocacy of women writers at a time when they were viewed with skepticism.Early life
<mask> was the second son of <mask>, a Baptist yeoman who lived in Everton, Liverpool, and his wife Rebecca Turner. Religious Dissent marked <mask> from the beginning of his life, as two of his mother's relatives were prominent Baptist ministers and his father was a deacon. Liverpool, at the time of <mask>'s youth, was fast becoming a bustling urban centre and was one of the most important commercial ports in England. These two characteristics of his home – Dissent and commercialism – remained central elements in <mask>'s character throughout his life. At the age of fifteen, <mask> was apprenticed to George Keith, a London bookseller who specialized in publishing religious tracts such as Reflections on the Modern but Unchristian Practice of Innoculation. As Gerald Tyson, <mask>'s major modern biographer, explains, it was unusual for the younger son of a family living in relative obscurity to move to London and to become a bookseller. Scholars have speculated that <mask> was indentured to

masks:
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
John Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts:
 Keith because the bookseller was associated with Liverpool Baptists.Keith and <mask> published several works together later in their careers, which suggests that the two remained on friendly terms after <mask> started his own business. 1760s: Beginnings in publishing
Upon completing his apprenticeship in 1761, <mask> opened his own business, but he struggled to establish himself, moving his shop several times within one year. Two of his early publications were a kind of day planner: The Complete Pocket-Book; Or, Gentleman and Tradesman's Daily Journal for the Year of Our Lord, 1763 and The Ladies New and Polite Pocket Memorandum Book. Such pocketbooks were popular and <mask> outsold his rivals by publishing his both earlier and cheaper. <mask> continued to sell these profitable books until the end of the 1790s, but as a religious Dissenter, he was primarily interested in publishing books that would improve society. Therefore, religious texts dominated his book list, although he also published works relating to Liverpool (his home town) and medicine. However, as a publisher <mask> attended to more than the selling and distributing of books, as scholar Leslie Chard explains:

As <mask> became successful and his reputation grew, other publishers began including him in congers – syndicates that spread the risk of publishing a costly or inflammatory book among several firms.Formative friendships
In his late twenties, <mask> formed two friendships that were to shape the rest of his life. The first was with the painter and writer Henry Fuseli, who was described as "quick witted and pugnacious". Fuseli's early 19th-century biographer writes that when Fuseli met <mask> in 1764,

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts: <mask> "had already acquired the character which he retained during life, – that of a man of great integrity, and encourager of literary men as far as his means extended, and an excellent judge of their productions". Fuseli became and remained <mask>'s closest friend. The second and possibly more consequential friendship was with <mask>, the renowned natural philosopher and Unitarian theologian. This friendship led <mask> to discard the Baptist faith of his youth and to adopt Unitarianism, as well as to pursue forms of political dissent. <mask>'s success as a publisher can be explained in large part through his association with Priestley, as Priestley published dozens of books with him and introduced him to many other Dissenting writers.Through Priestley's recommendation, <mask> was able to issue the works of many Dissenters, especially those from Warrington Academy: the poet, essayist, and children's author Anna Laetitia Barbauld; her brother, the physician and writer, John Aikin; the naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster; the Unitarian minister and controversialist Gilbert Wakefield; the moralist William Enfield; and the political economist Thomas Malthus. Tyson writes that "the relationship between the Academy and the bookseller was mutually very useful. Not only did many of the tutors send occasional manuscripts for publication, but also former pupils often sought him out in later years to issue their works." By printing the works of Priestley and other of the Warrington tutors, <mask> also made himself known to an even larger network of Dissenting intellectuals, including those in the Lunar Society, which expanded his business further. Priestley, in turn, trusted

masks:
Johnson
Johnson
Joseph Priestley
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts:
 <mask> enough to handle the logistics of his induction into the Royal Society. Partnerships
In July 1765, <mask> moved his business to the more visible 8 Paternoster Row and formed a partnership with B. Davenport, of whom little is known aside from his association with <mask>. Chard postulates that they were attracted by mutual beliefs because the firm of <mask> and Davenport published even more religious works, including many that were "rigidly Calvinistic".However, in the summer of 1767, Davenport and <mask> parted ways; scholars have speculated that this rupture occurred because <mask>'s religious views were becoming more unorthodox. Newly independent, with a solid reputation, <mask> did not need to struggle to establish himself as he had early in his career. Within a year, he published nine first editions himself as well as thirty-two works in partnership with other booksellers. He was also a part of "the select circle of bookmen that gathered at the Chapter Coffee House", which was the centre of social and commercial life for publishers and booksellers in 18th-century London. Major publishing ventures had started at the Chapter and important writers "clubbed" there. In 1768 <mask> went into partnership with John Payne (<mask> was probably the senior partner); the following year they published 50 titles. Under <mask> and Payne, the firm published a wider array of works than under <mask> and Davenport.Although <mask> looked to his business interests, he did not publish works only to enrich himself. Projects that encouraged free discussion appealed to <mask>; for example, he helped Priestley publish the Theological Repository, a financial failure that nevertheless

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts:
 fostered open debate of theological questions. Although the journal lost <mask> money in the 1770s, he was willing to begin publishing it again in 1785 because he endorsed its values. The late 1760s was a time of growing radicalism in Britain, and although <mask> did not participate actively in the events, he facilitated the speech of those who did, e.g., by publishing works on the disputed election of John Wilkes and the agitation in the American colonies. Despite his growing interest in politics, <mask> (with Payne) still published primarily religious works and the occasional travel narrative. As Tyson writes, "in the first decade of his career <mask>'s significance as a bookseller derived from a desire to provide dissent (religious and political) a forum". Fire
<mask> was on the verge of real success when his shop was ravaged by fire on 9 January 1770.As one London newspaper reported it:

At the time Fuseli had been living with <mask> and he also lost all of his possessions, including the first printing of his Remarks on the Writings and Conduct of J. J. Rousseau. <mask> and Payne subsequently dissolved their partnership. It was an amicable separation, and <mask> even published some of Payne's works in later years. 1770s: Establishment
By August 1770, just seven months after fire had destroyed his shop and goods, <mask> had re-established himself at 72 St. Paul's Churchyard – the largest shop on a street of booksellers – where he was to remain for the rest of his life. How <mask> managed this feat is unclear; he later cryptically told a friend that "his friends came about him, and set him up again". An early 19th-century biography states that "Mr. <mask> was now so

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts:
 well known, and had been so highly respected, that on this unfortunate occasion, his friends with one accord met, and contributed to enable him to begin business again". Chard speculates that Priestley assisted him since they were such close friends.Religious publications and advocacy of Unitarianism

Immediately upon reopening his business, <mask> started publishing theological and political works by Priestley and other Dissenters. Starting in the 1770s, <mask> published more specifically Unitarian works, as well as texts advocating religious toleration; he also became personally involved in the Unitarian cause. He served as a conduit for information between Dissenters across the country and supplied provincial publishers with religious publications, thereby enabling Dissenters to spread their beliefs easily. <mask> participated in efforts to repeal the Test and Corporation Acts, which restricted the civil rights of Dissenters. In one six-year period of the 1770s, <mask> was responsible for publishing nearly one-third of the Unitarian works on the issue. He continued his support in 1787, 1789, and 1790, when Dissenters introduced repeal bills in Parliament, and he published much of the pro-repeal literature written by Priestley and others. <mask> was also instrumental in Theophilus Lindsey's founding of the first Unitarian chapel in London.With some difficulty, as Unitarians were feared at that time and their beliefs held illegal until the Doctrine of the Trinity Act 1813, <mask> obtained the building for Essex Street Chapel and, with the help of barrister John Lee, who later became Attorney-General, its licence. To capitalize on the opening of the new chapel in

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts: addition to helping out his friends, <mask> published Lindsey's inaugural sermon, which sold out in four days. <mask> continued to attend and participate actively in this congregation throughout his life. Lindsey and the church's other minister, John Disney, became two of <mask>'s most active writers. In the 1780s, <mask> continued to advocate Unitarianism and published a series of controversial writings by Priestley arguing for its legitimacy. These writings did not make <mask> much money, but they agreed with his philosophy of open debate and religious toleration. <mask> also became the publisher for the Society for Promoting the Knowledge of the Scriptures, a Unitarian group determined to release new worship materials and commentaries on the Bible.(See British and Foreign Unitarian Association#Publishing.) Although <mask> is known for publishing Unitarian works, particularly those of Priestley, he also published the works of other Dissenters, Anglicans, and Jews. The common thread uniting his disparate religious publications was religious toleration. For example, he published the Reverend George Gregory's 1787 English translation of Bishop Robert Lowth's seminal book on Hebrew poetry, De Sacra Poesi Hebraeorum. Gregory published several other works with <mask>, such as Essays Historical and Moral (1785) and Sermons with Thoughts on the Composition and Delivery of a Sermon (1787). Gregory exemplified the type of author that <mask> preferred to work with: industrious and liberal-minded, but not bent on self-glorification. Yet, as Helen Braithwaite writes in her study of <mask>, his "enlightened pluralistic approach was also seen by its opponents as inherently

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts:
 permissive, opening the door to all forms of unhealthy questioning and scepticism, and at odds with the stable virtues of established religion and authority".American revolution

Partially as a result of his association with British Dissenters, <mask> became involved in publishing tracts and sermons in defence of the American revolutionaries. He began with Priestley's Address to Protestant Dissenters of All Denominations, on the Approaching Election of Members of Parliament (1774), which urged Dissenters to vote for candidates that guaranteed the American colonists their freedom. <mask> continued his series of anti-government, pro-American pamphlets by publishing Fast Day sermons by Joshua Toulmin, George Walker, Ebenezer Radcliff, and Newcome Cappe. Braithwaite describes these as "well-articulated critiques of government" that "were not only unusual but potentially subversive and disruptive", and she concludes that <mask>'s decision to publish so much of this material indicates that he supported the political position it espoused. Moreover, <mask> published what Braithwaite calls "probably the most influential English defence of the colonists", Richard Price's Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty (1776). Over 60,000 copies were sold in a year. In 1780 <mask> also issued the first collected political works of Benjamin Franklin in England, a political risk as the American colonies were in rebellion by that time.<mask> did not usually reprint colonial texts – his ties to the revolution were primarily through Dissenters. Thus, the works published by <mask> emphasized both colonial independence and the rights for which Dissenters were fighting – "the right to petition

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts:
 for redress of grievance, the maintenance and protection of equal civil rights, and the inalienable right to liberty of conscience". Informative texts

After 1770, <mask> began to publish a wider array of books, particularly scientific and medical texts. One of the most important was John Hunter's A Natural History of the Human Teeth, Part I (1771), which "elevated dentistry to the level of surgery". <mask> also supported doctors when they questioned the efficacy of cures, such as with John Millar in his Observations on Antimony (1774), which claimed that Dr James's Fever Powder was ineffective. This was a risky publication for <mask>, because this patent medicine was quite popular and his fellow bookseller John Newbery had made his fortune from selling it. In 1777 <mask> published the remarkable Laws Respecting Women, as they Regard Their Natural Rights, which is an explication, for the layperson, of exactly what its title suggests.As Tyson comments, "the ultimate value of this book lies in its arming women with the knowledge of their legal rights in situations where they had traditionally been vulnerable because of ignorance". <mask> published Laws Respecting Women anonymously, but it is sometimes credited to Elizabeth Chudleigh Bristol, known for her bigamous marriage to the 2nd Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull after having previously privately married Augustus John Hervey, afterwards 3rd Earl of Bristol. This publication foreshadowed <mask>'s efforts to promote works about women's issues – such as A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) – and his support of women writers. Revolution in children's literature
<mask> also contributed significantly to children's


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts: literature. His publication of Barbauld's Lessons for Children (1778–79) spawned a revolution in the newly emerging genre. Its plain style, mother-child dialogues, and conversational tone inspired a generation of authors, such as Sarah Trimmer. <mask> encouraged other women to write in this genre, such as Charlotte Smith, but his recommendation always came with a caveat of how difficult it was to write well for children.For example, he wrote to Smith, "perhaps you cannot employ your time and extraordinary talents more usefully for the public & your self , than in composing books for children and young people, but I am very sensible it is extreamly  difficult to acquire that simplicity of style which is their great recommendation". He also advised William Godwin and his second wife, Mary Jane Clairmont, on the publication of their Juvenile Library (started in 1805). Not only did <mask> encourage the writing of British children's literature, but he also helped sponsor the translation and publication of popular French works such as Arnaud Berquin's L'Ami des Enfans (1782–83). In addition to books for children, <mask> published schoolbooks and textbooks for autodidacts, such as John Hewlett's Introduction to Spelling and Reading (1786), William Nicholson's Introduction to Natural Philosophy (1782), and his friend John Bonnycastle's An Introduction to Mensuration and Practical Mathematics (1782). <mask> also published books on education and childrearing, such as Wollstonecraft's first book, Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (1787). By the end of the 1770s, <mask> had become an established publisher. Writers – particularly Dissenters – sought him out, and his home started

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts:
 to become the centre of a radical and stimulating intellectual milieu.Because he was willing to publish multiple opinions on issues, he was respected as a publisher by writers from across the political spectrum. <mask> published many Unitarian works, but he also issued works criticizing them; although he was an abolitionist, he also published works arguing in favour of the slave trade; he supported inoculation, but he also published works critical of the practice. 1780s: Success

During the 1780s, <mask> achieved success: he did well financially and his firm published more books with other firms. Although <mask> had begun his career as a relatively cautious publisher of religious and scientific tracts, he was now able to take more risks and he encouraged friends to recommend works to him, creating a network of informal reviewers. Yet <mask>'s business was never large; he usually had only one assistant and never took on an apprentice. Only in the last years of his life did two relatives assist him. Literature
Once <mask>'s financial situation had become secure, he began to publish literary authors, most famously the poet William Cowper.<mask> issued Cowper's Poems (1782) and The Task (1784) at his own expense (a generous action at a time when authors were often forced to take on the risk of publication), and was rewarded with handsome sales of both volumes. <mask> published many of Cowper's works, including the anonymous satire Anti-thelyphora (1780), which mocked the work of Cowper's own cousin, the Rev. Martin Madan, who had advocated polygamy as a solution for prostitution. <mask> even edited and critiqued Cowper's poetry in manuscript, "much to the advantage of the

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts:
 poems" according to Cowper. In 1791, <mask> published Cowper's translations of the Homeric epics (extensively edited and corrected by Fuseli) and three years after Cowper's death in 1800, <mask> published a biography of the poet by William Hayley. <mask> never published much "creative literature"; Chard attributes this to "a lingering Calvinistic hostility to 'imaginative' literature". Most of the literary works <mask> published were religious or didactic.Some of his most popular productions in this vein were anthologies; the most famous is probably William Enfield's The Speaker (1774), which went through multiple editions and spawned many imitations, such as Wollstonecraft's The Female Speaker. Medical and scientific publications
<mask> continued his interest in publishing practical medical texts in the 1780s and 1790s; during the 1780s, he brought out some of his most significant works in this area. According to <mask>'s friend, the physician John Aikin, he intentionally established one of his first shops on "the track of the Medical Students resorting to the Hospitals in the Borough", where they would be sure to see his wares, which helped to establish him in medical publishing. <mask> published the works of the scientist-Dissenters he met through Priestley and Barbauld, such as Thomas Beddoes and Thomas Young. He issued the children's book on birds produced by the industrialist Samuel Galton and the Lunar Society's translation of Linnaeus's System of Vegetables (1783). He also published works by James Edward Smith, "the botanist who brought the Linnaean system to England". In 1784, <mask> issued John Haygarth's An Inquiry How to Prevent Small-Pox, which furthered the


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts:
 understanding and treatment of smallpox.<mask> published several subsequent works by Haygarth that promoted inoculation (and later vaccination) for the healthy, as well as quarantining for the sick. He also published the work of James Earle, a prominent surgeon, whose significant book on lithotomy was illustrated by William Blake, and Matthew Baillie's Morbid Anatomy (1793), "the first text of pathology devoted to that science exclusively by systematic arrangement and design". Not only did <mask> publish the majority of Priestley's theological works, but he also published his scientific works, such as Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air (1774–77) in which Priestley announced his discovery of oxygen. <mask> also published the works of Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Antoine Lavoisier, both of whom made their own claims of having discovered oxygen. When Lavoisier began to publish works in France on the "new chemistry" that he had developed (which included today's modern notions of element and compound), <mask> had these translated and printed immediately, despite his association with Priestley who argued strenuously against Lavoisier's new system. <mask> was the first to publish an English edition of Lavoisier's early writings on chemistry and he kept up with the ongoing debate. These works did well for <mask> and increased his visibility among men of science.Johnson Circle and dinners
With time, <mask>'s home became a nexus for radical thinkers, who appreciated his open-mindedness, generous spirit, and humanitarianism. Although usually separated by geography, such thinkers would meet and debate with one another at <mask>'s house in London, often over dinner.


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts: This network not only brought authors into contact with each other, it also brought new writers to <mask>'s business. For example, Priestley introduced John Newton to <mask>, Newton brought John Hewlett, and Hewlett invited Mary Wollstonecraft, who in turn attracted Mary Hays who brought William Godwin. With this broad network of acquaintances and reputation for free-thinking publications, <mask> became the favourite publisher of a generation of writers and thinkers. By bringing inventive, thoughtful people together, he "stood at the very heart of British intellectual life" for over twenty years. Importantly, <mask>'s circle was not made up entirely of either liberals or radicals.Chard emphasizes that it "was held together less by political liberalism than by a common interest in ideas, free enquiry, and creative expression in various fields". As Tyson notes, although "<mask>'s circle" is usually used in the singular, there were at least two such "circles". The first was made up of a group of London associates: Fuseli, Gregory, Bonnycastle, and Geddes. The second consisted of <mask>'s writers from farther afield, such as Priestley, Thomas Henry, Thomas Percival, Barbauld, Aikin, and Enfield. Later, more radicals would join, including Wollstonecraft, Wakefield, John Horne Tooke, and Thomas Christie. <mask>'s dinners became legendary and it appears, from evidence collected from diaries, that a large number of people attended each one. Although there were few regulars, except perhaps for <mask>'s close London friends (Fuseli, Bonnycastle and, later, Godwin), the large number of high-profile guests, including Thomas Paine, attests to the reputation of these dinners.The


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts:
 enjoyment and intellectual stimulation that these dinners provided is evidenced by the numerous references to them in diaries and letters. Barbauld wrote to her brother in 1784 that "our evenings, particularly at <mask>'s, were so truly social and lively, that we protracted them sometimes till – but I am not telling tales." At one dinner in 1791, Godwin records that the conversation focused on "monarch, Tooke, [Samuel] <mask>, Voltaire, pursuits, and religion" [emphasis Godwin's]. Although the conversation was stimulating, <mask> apparently only served his guests simple meals, such as boiled cod, veal, vegetables, and rice pudding. Many of the people that met at these dinners became fast friends, as did Fuseli and Bonnycastle; Godwin and Wollstonecraft eventually married. Friendship with Mary Wollstonecraft
The friendship between <mask> and Mary Wollstonecraft was pivotal in both of their lives, and illustrates the active role that <mask> played in developing writing talent. In 1787, Wollstonecraft was in financial straits: she had just been dismissed from a governess position in Ireland and had moved back to London.She had resolved to be an author in an era that afforded few professional opportunities to women. After Unitarian schoolteacher John Hewlett suggested to Wollstonecraft that she submit her writings to <mask>, an enduring and mutually supportive relationship blossomed between <mask> and Wollstonecraft. He dealt with her creditors, secured lodgings for her, and advanced payment on her first book, Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (1787), and her first novel, Mary: A Fiction (1788). <mask> included Wollstonecraft in the exalted company of his weekly


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts:
 soirées, where she met famous personages, such as Thomas Paine and her future husband, William Godwin. Wollstonecraft, who is believed to have written some 200 articles for his periodical, the Analytical Review, regarded <mask> as a true friend. After a disagreement, she sent him the following note the next morning:

You made me very low-spirited last night, by your manner of talking – You are my only friend – the only person I am intimate with. – I never had a father, or a brother – you have been both to me, ever since I knew you – yet I have sometimes been very petulant.– I have been thinking of those instances of ill-humour and quickness, and they appeared like crimes. Yours sincerely, Mary. <mask> offered Wollstonecraft work as a translator, prompting her to learn French and German. More importantly, <mask> provided encouragement at crucial moments during the writing of her seminal political treatises A Vindication of the Rights of Men (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792). 1790s: Years of radicalism

As radicalism took hold in Britain in the 1790s, <mask> became increasingly involved in its causes: he was a member of the Society for Constitutional Information, which was attempting to reform Parliament; he published works defending Dissenters after the religiously motivated Birmingham Riots in 1791; and he testified on behalf of those arrested during the 1794 Treason Trials. <mask> published works championing the rights of slaves, Jews, women, prisoners, Dissenters, chimney sweeps, abused animals, university students forbidden from marrying, victims of press gangs, and those unjustly accused of violating the game laws. Political literature became


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts: <mask>'s mainstay in the 1790s: he published 118 works, which amounted to 57% of his total political output.As Chard notes, "hardly a year went by without at least one anti-war and one anti-slave trade publication from <mask>". In particular, <mask> published abolitionist works, such as minister and former slave-ship captain John Newton's Thoughts Upon the African Slave Trade (1788), Barbauld's Epistle to William Wilberforce (1791), and Captain John Gabriel Stedman's Narrative, of a Five Years' Expedition, Against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam (1796) (with illustrations by Blake). Most importantly he helped organize the publication of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789), the autobiography of former slave Olaudah Equiano. Later in the decade, <mask> focused on works about the French revolution, concentrating on those from France itself, but he also published commentary from America by Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe. <mask>'s determination to publish political and revolutionary works, however, fractured his Circles: Dissenters were alienated from Anglicans during efforts to repeal the Test and Corporation Acts and moderates split from radicals during the French revolution. <mask> lost customers, friends, and writers, including the children's author Sarah Trimmer. Braithwaite speculates that <mask> also lost business due to his willingness to put out works that promoted the "challenging new historicist versions of the scriptures", such as those by Alexander Geddes.<mask> refused to publish Paine's Rights of Man and William Blake's The French Revolution, for example. It is almost impossible to determine <mask>'s own personal political beliefs


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts:
 from the historical record. Marilyn Gaull argues that "if <mask> were radical, indeed if he had any political affiliation ... it was accidental". Gaull describes <mask>'s "liberalism" as that "of [a] generous, open, fair-minded, unbiased defender of causes lost and won". His real contribution, she contends, was "as a disseminator of contemporary knowledge, especially science, medicine, and pedagogical practice" and as an advocate for a popular style. He encouraged all of his writers to use "plain syntax and colloquial diction" so that "self-educated readers" could understand his publications. <mask>'s association with writers such as Godwin has previously been used to emphasize his radicalism, but Braithwaite points out that Godwin only became a part of <mask>'s Circle late in the 1790s; <mask>'s closest friends – Priestley, Fuseli, and Bonnycastle – were much more politically moderate.<mask> was not a populist or democratic bookseller: he catered to the self-educating middle class. Revolution controversy
In 1790, with the publication of his Reflections on the Revolution in France, philosopher and statesman Edmund Burke launched the first volley of a vicious pamphlet war in what became known as the Revolution Controversy. Because he had supported the American Revolution, friends and enemies alike expected him to support the French Revolution. His book, which decries the French Revolution, therefore came as a shock to nearly everyone. Priced at an expensive five shillings, it still sold over 10,000 copies in a few weeks. Reformers, particularly Dissenters, felt compelled to reply. <mask>'s periodical, the Analytical Review, published a summary and review of Burke's work


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts:
 within a couple of weeks of its publication.Two weeks later, Wollstonecraft responded to Burke with her Vindication of the Rights of Men. In issuing one of the first and cheapest replies to Burke (Vindication cost only one shilling), <mask> put himself at some risk. Thomas Cooper, who had also written a response to Burke, was later informed by the Attorney General that "although there was no exception to be taken to his pamphlet when in the hands of the upper classes, yet the government would not allow it to appear at a price which would insure its circulation among the people". Many others soon joined in the fray and <mask> remained at the centre of the maelstrom. By Braithwaite's count, <mask> published or sold roughly a quarter of the works responding to Burke within the following year. The most notable of all of these responses was Thomas Paine's Rights of Man. <mask> originally agreed to publish the controversial work, but he backed out later for unknown reasons and J. S. Jordan distributed it (and was subsequently tried and imprisoned for its publication).Braithwaite speculates that <mask> did not agree with Paine's radical republican statements and was more interested in promoting the rights of Dissenters outlined in the other works he published. After the initial risk was taken by Jordan, however, <mask> published Paine's work in an expensive edition, which was unlikely to be challenged at law. Yet, when Paine was himself later arrested, <mask> helped raise funds to bail him out and hid him from the authorities. A contemporary satire suggested that <mask> saved Paine from imprisonment:

Alarmed at the popular appeal of Paine's Rights of Man, the king issued a