title: Xuanzang

texts: <mask>  (; fl. 602 – 664), born Chen Hui / Chen Yi (), also known as Hiuen Tsang, was a 7th-century Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveller, and translator. He is known for the epoch-making contributions to Chinese Buddhism, the travelogue of his journey to India in 629–645 CE, his efforts to bring over 657 Indian texts to China, and his translations of some of these texts. <mask> was born on 6 April 602 in Chenliu, what is now Kaifeng municipality in Henan province. As a boy, he took to reading religious books, and studying the ideas therein with his father. Like his elder brother, he became a student of Buddhist studies at Jingtu monastery. <mask> was ordained as a śrāmaṇera (novice monk) at the age of thirteen.Due to the political and social unrest caused by the fall of the Sui dynasty, he went to Chengdu in Sichuan, where he was ordained as a bhikṣu (full monk) at the age of twenty. He later travelled throughout China in search of sacred books of Buddhism. At length, he came to Chang'an, then under the peaceful rule of Emperor Taizong of Tang, where Xuanzang developed the desire to visit India. He knew about Faxian's visit to India and, like him, was concerned about the incomplete and misinterpreted nature of the Buddhist texts that had reached China. He was also concerned about the competing Buddhist theories in variant Chinese translations. He sought original untranslated Sanskrit texts from India to help resolve some of these issues. At age 27, he began his seventeen-year overland journey to India.He defied his

masks: Xuanzang Xuanzang Xuanzang


title: Xuanzang

type: original

texts:
 kingdom's ban on travel abroad, making his way through central Asian cities such as Khotan to India. He visited, among other places, the famed Nalanda monastery in modern day Bihar, India where he studied with the monk, Śīlabhadra. He departed from India with numerous Sanskrit texts on a caravan of twenty packhorses. His return was welcomed by Emperor Taizong in China, who encouraged him to write a travelogue. This Chinese travelogue Dà Táng Xīyù Jì (Great Tang Records on the Western Regions) is a notable source about Xuanzang, and also for scholarship on 7th-century India and Central Asia. His travelogue is a mix of the implausible, the hearsay and a firsthand account. Selections from it are used, and disputed,  as a terminus ante quem of 645 CE for events, names and texts he mentions.His text in turn provided the inspiration for the novel Journey to the West written by Wu Cheng'en during the Ming dynasty, around nine centuries after <mask>'s death. Nomenclature, orthography and etymology

Less common romanizations of "Xuanzang" include Hyun Tsan, Hhuen Kwan, Hiuan Tsang, Hiouen Thsang, Hiuen Tsang, Hiuen Tsiang, Hsien-tsang, Hsyan-tsang, Hsuan Chwang, Huan Chwang, Hsuan Tsiang, Hwen Thsang, Hsüan Chwang, Hhüen Kwān, Xuan Cang, Xuan Zang, Shuen Shang, Yuan Chang, Yuan Chwang, and Yuen Chwang. Hsüan, Hüan, Huan and Chuang are also found. The sound written x in pinyin and hs in Wade–Giles, which represents the s- or sh-like [ɕ] in today's Mandarin, was previously pronounced as the h-like [x] in early Mandarin, which


title: Xuanzang

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 accounts for the archaic transliterations with h.

Another form of his official style was "Yuanzang," written 元奘. It is this form that accounts for such variants as Yuan Chang, Yuan Chwang, and Yuen Chwang. Tang Monk (Tang Seng) is also transliterated /Thang Seng/. Another of <mask>'s standard aliases is Sanzang Fashi (): 法 being a Chinese translation for Sanskrit "Dharma" or Pali/Prakrit Dhamma, the implied meaning being "Buddhism"."Sanzang" is the Chinese term for the Buddhist canon, or Tripiṭaka ("Three Baskets"), and in some English-language fiction and English translations of Journey to the West, Xuanzang is addressed as "Tripitaka." Early life

<mask> was born Chen Hui (or Chen Yi) on 6 April 602 in Chenhe Village, Goushi Town (), Luozhou (near present-day Luoyang, Henan) and died on 5 February 664 in Yuhua Palace (玉華宮, in present-day Tongchuan, Shaanxi). His family was noted for its erudition for generations, and Xuanzang was the youngest of four children. His ancestor was Chen Shi (陳寔, 104-186), a minister of the Eastern Han dynasty. His great-grandfather Chen Qin (陳欽) served as the prefect of Shangdang (上黨; present-day Changzhi, Shanxi) during the Eastern Wei; his grandfather Chen Kang (陳康) was a professor in the Taixue (Imperial Academy) during the Northern Qi. His father Chen Hui (陳惠) served as the magistrate of Jiangling County during the Sui dynasty. According to traditional biographies, Xuanzang displayed a superb intelligence and earnestness, studied with his father, and amazed him by his careful observance

masks: Xuanzang Xuanzang


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 of filial piety after one such study about that topic.His elder brother was already a monk in a Buddhist monastery. Inspired, at a young age, Xuanzang expressed interest in becoming a Buddhist monk like his brother. After the death of his father in 611, he lived with his older brother Chén Sù (), later known as Zhǎng jié (), for five years at Jingtu Monastery () in Luoyang, supported by the Sui state. During this time he studied Mahayana as well as various early Buddhist schools. In 618, the Sui Dynasty collapsed and Xuanzang and his brother fled to Chang'an, which had been proclaimed as the capital of the Tang dynasty, and thence southward to Chengdu, Sichuan. Here the two brothers spent two or three years in further study in the monastery of Kong Hui, including the Abhidharma-kośa Śāstra. The abbot Zheng Shanguo allowed Xuanzang to study these advanced subjects though he was young.Taking the monastic name <mask>, he was fully ordained as a monk in 622, at the age of twenty. The myriad contradictions and discrepancies in the Chinese translations at that time prompted <mask> to decide to go to India and study in the cradle of Buddhism. He knew about Faxian's visit to India and, like him, sought original untranslated Sanskrit texts from India to help resolve some of these issues. Pilgrimage

Dates
<mask> started his pilgrimage to India in either 627 or 629 CE, according to two East Asian versions. The 627 CE version is found in Guang hongming ji from Daoxun and is also in Japanese and Korean texts. The 629 CE is found in


title: Xuanzang

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 Chinese and western versions. This confusion, though merely of two years, is of significance to western history.The date when <mask>'s pilgrimage started is not resolved in any of the texts that Xuanzang himself wrote. Further, he did not write his own biography or travelogue, rather he recited it to his fellow monks after his return from India. Three of his immediate collaborators wrote his biography, and thus leaving three versions and with variant details. All three of these versions begin his pilgrimage in 629 CE. Yet, one version by Huili, states that Xuanzang met Yabghu Qaghan, someone who died in 628 CE according to Persian and Turkish records. If this detail in Xuanzang's biography and Persian-Turkish records are true, then Xuanzang must have left before Qaghan's death, or in 627 CE. In other words, some of the details in the surviving versions of Xuanzang biography were invented or a paleographic confusion introduced an error, or the Persian-Turkish records are unreliable.The Japanese version is based on 8th to 10th-century translations of texts that ultimately came from <mask>'s monastery, which unfortunately has added to the confusion. Most sources state that Xuanzang started his pilgrimage in 629 CE. Travel through Central Asia

Kingdom of Agni
In 630 CE, he arrived in the kingdom of Agni (Yanqi, in a place called Turpan). Here he met the king, a Buddhist along with his uncle Jnanachandra and precept Mokshagupta, who tried to persuade him to quit his journey and teach them Buddhist knowledge. He declined and


title: Xuanzang

texts: country of Udayana, through which flowed the Subhavastu river (now called Swat river). It had 1400 monasteries of five early Buddhist schools (of 18 sub-traditions) – Sarvastivada, Mahāsāṃghika, Kasyapiya, Mahisasaka and Dharmagupta. These schools became unpopular, as the later form of Mahayana prospered. According to Xuanzang, these monasteries of early Buddhist schools are desolate and attract few monks.he then reaches the city of Hi-lo and Manglaur. In all these places, he mentions how Buddha lived here in one his previous lives (Jataka legends) and illustrated compassion-strength through his actions. There is a Buddhist temple northeast of Manglaur with the Avalokitesvara Bodhusattva image, one is noted for "its miraculous manifestations". Crossing another 1000 li, he reached Darada valley – the old capital of Udayana, with a 100 feet golden wood statue of Maitreya Boddhisattva. This statue, states his travelogue, was built by an artist who went three times into heaven to see how he looks and then carve the realistic image of him on earth. <mask> arrived in Taxila, after crossing a river with "poisonous dragons and evil animals". There, he visited a major Buddhist monastery of the Sautrantika school.From there, after covering some 2200 li, he passed through the country of Simhapura (Kalabagh), of Urasa (now Hazara), and then into Kashmira. He was received by the king, and numerous monks from the Jayendra monastery. Kashmira is land with a very cold climate and is often calm without any wind. The region has lakes, grows


title: Xuanzang

texts: Indus river to its west and Vipasha river to its east.They produce abundant quantities of non-sticky rice and wheat, also gold, brass, iron and other metals. They do not believe in Buddhism, and pray in several hundred deva temples. This country has ten Buddhist monasteries left. There were many more before, states Xuanzang. These were destroyed few hundred years ago, during the rule of a king named Mahirakula (Mihirakula). The king did this in anger because when he asked the monasteries in his domain for a Buddhist teacher to teach him Buddhism, the Buddhists did not send to him any learned scholar. Mahirakula cruel deed against the Buddhists triggered the king of Magadha to go to war with him.Mahirakula is defeated, forgiven but returns to power by assassinating the king of Kashmira and Gandhara. <mask> recites the hearsay stories he heard about Mahirakula's continued cruelty and destruction of 1600 stupas and monasteries. <mask> then describes the surviving monasteries in Sagala with hundreds of Buddhist monks, along with its three colossal stupas, each over 200 feet tall, two built by Ashoka. <mask> visited the country of Chinabhukti next, which he states got its name because a region west of the Yellow river was a vassal state of king Kanishka. From there, during Kanisha's reign, peaches and pears plantations were imported into Chinabhukti, north India. Further northeast, he visited a Buddhist monastery of the Sarvastivada school with 300 monks. He describes another colossal stupa that is over 200 feet tall built by


title: Xuanzang

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 northeast, crossed Ganges river again, and this came to the country of Vishaka.He calls its people sincere and honest by custom, fond of learning. It has twenty monasteries and three thousand monks studying Hinayana Buddhism. Vishaka has numerous non-Buddhists and over fifty deva temples. Kingdoms of Sravasti Kushinagara, Baranasi, Nepala
In Fascicle 6 of the travelogue manuscript, <mask> focuses on some of the holiest sites in Buddhism. He begins with Shravasti (now northeast Uttar Pradesh), describing it to be a country of over six thousand li in circuit. The capital city is desolate, states Xuanzang, though some residents still live here. There are over hundred monasteries in its capital city, many dilapidated, where monks study Hinayana Buddhism.The country has hundred deva temples. He saw the decaying remains of Prasenajit's palace, then to its east the Great Dhamma Hall stupa, another stupa and a temple for the maternal aunt of the Buddha. Next to these, states Xuanzang, is the great stupa of Angulimala. About five li (~2 kilometers in 7th century) south of the city is the Jetavana garden with two 70 feet high pillars standing, but the monastery there is in ruins. One pillar has a wheel carved at its top, the other a bull. Xuanzang saw all the monuments associated with the Sravasti legends with the Buddha, though many of these were in dilapidated condition. He also a Buddhist temple 60 feet high with a seated Buddha image, and a deva temple about the same size as the Buddha temple, both in good condition.Over sixty li


title: Xuanzang

texts: and other monuments, Xuanzang arrived in Rajagriha city (Rajgir) and Nalanda monastery. He stayed and studied at Nalanda. At Nalanda, he was in the company of several thousand monks. <mask> studied logic, grammar, Sanskrit, and the Yogacara school of Buddhism during his time at Nalanda with Silabhadra. He describes Nalanda as a place with "azure pool winds around the monasteries, adorned with the full-blown cups of the blue lotus; the dazzling red flowers of the lovely kanaka hang here and there, and outside groves of mango trees offer the inhabitants their dense and protective shade" (translation of Rene Grousset).According to Grousset, the founders of Mahayana idealism, Asanga and Vasubandhu trained Dignaga, who trained Dharmapala and whose student was Silabhadra. Thus Xuanzang had reached his teacher Silabhadra, who made available to Xuanzang and through him to the Sino-Japanese world the entire heritage of Buddhist Mahayana thought, and the Cheng Weishi Lun, Xuanzang's great philosophical treatise, is none other than the Summa of this doctrine, "the fruit of seven centuries of Indian Buddhist thought." From Nalanda, Xuanzang travelled through several kingdoms, including Iranaparvata, Champa, from there to Pundravardhana and Sylhet (in present-day Bangladesh. There Xuanzang found 20 monasteries with over 3,000 monks studying both the Hinayana and the Mahayana. One of them was the Vāśibhã Monastery, where he found over 700 Mahayana monks from all over East India.Li (1996), pp. 298-299 He visited Kamarupa (Assam and


title: Xuanzang

texts:
 Consciousness-only (唯識). His 7th-century scholarship on Yogacara has a major influence on Chinese Buddhism, and then on East Asian Buddhism. The force of his own study, translation, and commentary of the texts of these traditions initiated the development of the Faxiang school (法相宗) in East Asia. Although the school itself did not thrive for a long time, its theories regarding perception, consciousness, Karma, rebirth, etc.found their way into the doctrines of other more successful schools. <mask>'s closest and most eminent student was Kuiji (窺基) who became recognized as the first patriarch of the Faxiang school. <mask>'s logic, as described by Kuiji, was often misunderstood by scholars of Chinese Buddhism because they lacked the necessary background in Indian logic. Another important disciple was the Korean monk Woncheuk. <mask> was known for his extensive but careful translations of Indian Buddhist texts to Chinese, which have enabled subsequent recoveries of lost Indian Buddhist texts from the translated Chinese copies. He is credited with writing or compiling the Cheng Weishi Lun as a commentary on these texts. His translation of the Heart Sutra became and remains an important milestone in all East Asian Buddhist sects.The Perfection of Wisdom Sutra
<mask> returned to China with three copies of the Mahaprajnaparamita Sutra. <mask>, with a team of disciple translators, commenced translating the voluminous work in 660 CE, using all three versions to ensure the integrity of the source documentation. <mask> was being

masks: Xuanzang Xuanzang Xuanzang Xuanzang Xuanzang Xuanzang


title: Xuanzang

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 encouraged by a number of his disciple translators to render an abridged version. After a suite of dreams quickened his decision, Xuanzang determined to render an unabridged, complete volume, faithful to the original of 600 chapters. Autobiography and biography
In 646, under the Emperor's request, <mask> completed his book Great Tang Records on the Western Regions (大唐西域記), which has become one of the primary sources for the study of medieval Central Asia and India. This book was first translated into French by the Sinologist Stanislas Julien in 1857. There was also a biography of Xuanzang written by the monk Huili (慧立).Both books were first translated into English by Samuel Beal, in 1884 and 1911 respectively.Beal 1911 An English translation with copious notes by Thomas Watters was edited by T.W. Rhys Davids and S.W. Bushell, and published posthumously in London in 1905. Legacy

<mask>'s work, the Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, is the longest and most detailed account of the countries of Central and South Asia that has been bestowed upon posterity by a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim. While his main purpose was to obtain Buddhist books and to receive instruction on Buddhism while in India, he ended up doing much more. He has preserved the records of the political and social aspects of the lands he visited. His record of the places visited by him in Bengal — mainly Raktamrittika near Karnasuvarna, Pundranagara and its environs, Samatata, Tamralipti and Harikela— have been very helpful in the recording of the


title: Xuanzang

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 archaeological history of Bengal.His account has also shed welcome light on the history of 7th century Bengal, especially the Gauda kingdom under Shashanka, although at times he can be quite partisan. Xuanzang obtained and translated 657 Sanskrit Buddhist works. He received the best education on Buddhism he could find throughout India. Much of this activity is detailed in the companion volume to Xiyu Ji, the Biography of Xuanzang written by Huili, entitled the Life of <mask>. His version of the Heart Sutra is the basis for all Chinese commentaries on the sutra, and recitations throughout China, Korea, and Japan. His style was, by Chinese standards, cumbersome and overly literal, and marked by scholarly innovations in terminology; usually, where another version by the earlier translator Kumārajīva exists, Kumārajīva's is more popular. In fiction

<mask>'s journey along the Silk Road, and the legends that grew up around it, inspired the Ming novel Journey to the West, one of the great classics of Chinese literature.The fictional counterpart Tang Sanzang is the reincarnation of the Golden Cicada, a disciple of Gautama Buddha, and is protected on his journey by three powerful disciples. One of them, the monkey, was a popular favorite and profoundly influenced Chinese culture and contemporary Japanese manga and anime (including the popular Dragon Ball and Saiyuki series), and became well known in the West by Arthur Waley's translation and later the cult TV series Monkey. In the Yuan Dynasty, there was also a play by Wu Changling


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 (吳昌齡) about Xuanzang obtaining scriptures. The movie Da Tang Xuan Zang was released in 2016 as an official Chinese and Indian production. It was offered as candidate for Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards due to its amazing camera work, but ultimately was not nominated. Relics
A skull relic purported to be that of Xuanzang was held in the Temple of Great Compassion, Tianjin until 1956 when it was taken to Nalanda - allegedly by the Dalai Lama - and presented to India. The relic was in the Patna Museum for a long time but was moved to a newly built memorial hall in Nalanda in 2007.The Wenshu Monastery in Chengdu, Sichuan province also claims to have part of <mask>'s skull. Part of <mask>'s remains were taken from Nanjing by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army in 1942, and are now enshrined at Yakushi-ji in Nara, Japan. Works

  Volume 2. Reprint. Hesperides Press, 1996. .
 Beal, Samuel (1884). Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang. 2 vols.Translated by Samuel Beal. London. 1884. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969. Vol.1, Vol. 2
 Julien, Stanislas, (1857/1858). Mémoires sur les contrées occidentales, L'Imprimerie impériale, Paris. Vol.1 Vol.2
 Li, Rongxi (translator) (1995). The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions. Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. Berkeley, California.Gallery

See also

 Cheng Weishi Lun Great Tang Records on the Western Regions Giant Wild Goose Pagoda
 Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
 Buddhist Hybrid


title: Xuanzang

texts:
 Xuanzang's journeys).Harper Perennial. Waley, Arthur (1952). The Real Tripitaka, and Other Pieces. London: G. Allen and Unwin. Watters, Thomas (1904–05). On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India. London, Royal Asiatic Society.Reprint, Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1973. Wriggins, Sally Hovey. <mask>: A Buddhist Pilgrim on the Silk Road. Westview Press, 1996. Revised and updated as The Silk Road Journey With <mask>. Westview Press, 2003. .
 Wriggins, Sally Hovey (2004). The Silk Road Journey with <mask>.Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. .
 Yu, Anthony C. (ed. and trans.) (1980 [1977]). The Journey to the West. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. (fiction)

 Further reading
 Brose, Benjamin (2021). Xuanzang: China's Legendary Pilgrim and Translator.Boulder: Shambhala Publications
 Bhat, R. B. & Wu, C. (2014). Xuan Zhang's mission to the West with Monkey King. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, 2014. Sen, T. (2006). The Travel Records of Chinese Pilgrims Faxian, Xuanzang, and Yijing, Education About Asia 11 (3), 24-33
 Weerawardane, Prasani (2009). Journey to the West: Dusty Roads, Stormy Seas, and Transcendence, biblioasia 5 (2), 14-18

Jain, Sandhya & Jain, Meenakshi (2011).The India they saw: Foreign accounts. New Delhi: Ocean Books. External links

 Hiuen Tsang A Poem on Xuanzang in Asia Literary Review by Indian poet-diplomat Abhay K.
 A Tour of Hiuen Tsang Museum Nalanda A Video Tour of Xuanzang Museum Nalanda
 Xuanzang Memorial, Nava Nalanda Mahavihara on Google Cultural Institute
 Details of <mask>'s life and

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 works Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 History of San Zang A narration of Xuan Zang's journey to India. Chinese text of The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang'', by Shaman (monk) Hwui Li (Hui Li) (沙门慧立)
 Verses Delineating the Eight Consciousnesses by Tripitaka Master <mask> of the Tang Dynasty, translation, and explanation by Ronald Epstein (1986)

602 births
664 deaths
7th-century Buddhist monks
Tang dynasty translators
Chinese scholars of Buddhism
Buddhist translators
Chinese explorers
Historiography of India
Journey to the West
History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Sui dynasty Buddhists
Tang dynasty Buddhist monks
Explorers of Central Asia
Explorers of India
Translators from Sanskrit
Translators to Chinese
Pilgrimage accounts
Chinese travel writers
Writers from Luoyang
Yogacara
Emperor Taizong of Tang
Sanskrit scholars
7th-century Chinese translators
Explorers of Asia
History of Pakistan
Explorers of


title: Sarah Holland

texts:
<mask> (born November 1961 in Folkestone, Kent, England) is a writer, actress and singer best known for her 22 romantic novels for Harlequin which have been published in over 130 countries, selling millions of copies worldwide. She has also written for television, newspapers and the screen as well as appearing in films; most notably the multi-award-winning Texan movie Artois the Goat (2009) and a supporting role with Academy Award-winning American actor Jack Palance in Treasure Island (1999). <mask> wrote her first book, Too Hot To Handle at 18, and became one of the youngest romantic novelists in history when it was published in 1982. Biography

Personal life
 <mask> was born in November 1961 at Folkestone, Kent, England. The daughter of <mask> (best-selling novelist Charlotte Lamb) and classical biographer, ex-Times journalist <mask>, she has two sisters; poet and novelist <mask> and artist and singer/songwriter <mask> known as Miss Spooky Mooky, and two brothers <mask> and <mask>; both musicians and singer/songwriters. <mask> suffered epilepsy in her teens and had to leave Wanstead High School, London with a handful of O levels at sixteen. Subsequently, educated at home by her parents, who owned a private library of over 50,000 books, she moved to the Isle of Man with them in 1978 and, in 1980, began training to write at her mother's side.Holland has travelled extensively, writing and researching in 56 countries and 5 continents,((cn)) many of which feature in her books. She has lived in 8 countries: England, Scotland, the Isle of Man, Hong Kong, Australia, Holland, France and the United States (Texas and San Francisco). <mask> currently lives in Scotland and works in Edinburgh. Writing career

Because of the speed of her writing and the success of her books, <mask> was nicknamed Mouton Cadet, a wordplay on Lamb's Daughter, by publishing brothers Alan Boon and John Boon,

masks:
Sarah Holland
Holland
Holland
Sheila Coates Holland
Richard Holland
Jane Holland
Charlotte Holland
Michael Holland
David Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland


title: Sarah Holland

texts:
 who then ran Mills & Boon. This industry nickname was later reported in the non-fiction book The Merchants of Venus: Inside Harlequin and the Empire of Romance by Paul Grescoe (1998). <mask> was living in San Angelo, Texas in April 2008 when the FLDS Mormon-splinter sect case shot to international prominence and, as a contributing journalist, wrote about it for the San Angelo Standard-Times sparking a news debate as well as giving interviews to Texan news agencies including San Angelo Live. In late 2008, <mask> moved to London, England, where she worked as publication director for EMP Media's national celebrity magazine empire At Home Magazine for three years.In June 2011, she was appointed editor-in-chief of Victory House Publishing's La Creme Magazine. <mask> is the subject of controversial blogs such as Wise Old Tom Kelly's Blog and <mask>'s Life Story - A Lawman's View

Influences
<mask> is also an actress and singer and many of her books reflect this. The heroines of Bluebeard's Bride (1985), Adult Love (1991) and Desert Destiny (1991) are all singers and the books have music business backgrounds. The Devil's Mistress (1982), Forbidden Passion (1991) and Blue Fire (1994) are all set in the film industry with both movie star heroes and heroines. The hero of Too Hot To Handle (1982) is a pop star; the hero of Red Hot Lover (1998) is a movie star. Screen writing career
In 1995, <mask> studied screen writing with Robert McKee in London and was invited to write a 6-minute teleplay for Island of Dreams, part of the Granada Television series, Being There. Island of Dreams was nominated for Best Documentary of 1996 by the RTS (Royal Television Society) (Northern) and sold to over 13 countries.In 1999, <mask> wrote a film screenplay, Abuse of a Dominant Position for Iron Pictures, Manchester Ltd.

Acting career

At 20, <mask> enrolled at the London East 15 Acting School and

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Holland
Holland
Holland
Sarah Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland


title: Sarah Holland

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 embarked on an acting career which has included film, television and theatre. She performed Shakespeare for BBC 2's Bard on the Box series (1994) and won the supporting actress role opposite Hollywood superstar Jack Palance in Treasure Island directed by Peter Rowe; also starring Patrick Bergin and Kevin Zegers. Her Equity registered stage name is Abigail Rhode (Abby Rhode). She has appeared in a number of films through the Isle of Man Film Commission. In 2008, <mask> played French author Eva Verrane in the award-winning film Artois The Goat, which she also narrated; it was directed by Cliff and Kyle Bogart and shot in Austin, Texas for the 2009 Sundance Film Festival with the world premiere at the SXSW Film Festival 2009 at Austin, Texas. Artois the Goat gained a string of nominations and awards at international film festivals in 2009–10. <mask> appeared as Audrey in the Summer 2013 production of Shakespeare's As You Like It in Hampstead, London and is appearing in the autumn 2013 season of Chekhov plays including The Bear, The Proposal and The Cherry Orchard.<mask> has also written theatre reviews, most recently for the opening week of Stephen Ward the Musical, music by Andrew Lloyd Webber, lyrics by Don Black and Christopher Hampton. Music career
<mask> is also a professional singer with over 20 years experience. She has performed blues, jazz and pop all over London and the Isle of Man. She has been singing modern and classical music with St James's Choir London since 2009. Television career
<mask> has been the subject of three television documentaries. In 1982, BBC1's Nationwide made a 10-minute programme about her: – Young Writer at Drama School. In 1993, BBC 2 filmed <mask> and Charlotte Lamb for the 50-minute documentary Paradise Road directed by Phillipa Lowthorpe.In 1996, a 30-minute documentary was made about <mask> and Charlotte Lamb; Island of Dreams, Granada

masks:
Holland
Holland
Sarah
Holland
Holland
Sarah Holland
Sarah Holland


title: Valerie Harper

texts:
<mask> (August 22, 1939 – August 30, 2019) was an American actress. She began her career as a dancer on Broadway, making her debut in the musical Take Me Along in 1959. She is best remembered for her role as Rhoda Morgenstern on The Mary Tyler Moore Show (1970–1977) and its spin-off Rhoda (1974–1978). For her work on Mary Tyler Moore, she thrice received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, and later received the award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for Rhoda. From 1986 to 1987, she appeared as <mask> on the sitcom Valerie. Her film appearances include roles in Freebie and the Bean (1974) and Chapter Two (1979), both of which garnered her Golden Globe Award nominations. She returned to stage work in her later career, appearing in several Broadway productions.In 2010, she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance as Tallulah Bankhead in the play Looped. Early life
<mask> was born on August 22, 1939, in Suffern, New York, the daughter of Iva Mildred (née McConnell) and Howard Donald <mask>. Her father was a lighting salesman; her mother was born (and raised) in Dalmeny, Saskatchewan, before becoming a teacher and later training as a nurse. Her parents married in Alberta before her mother immigrated to the United States. <mask> was the middle child of three, between her sister Leanne and her brother Merrill, who later took the name "Don"). After her parents' divorce in 1957, she also had a half-sister, Virginia, from her father's second marriage to Angela Posillico (1933–1996). She stated that her parents were expecting a boy; after her arrival, her first and middle names were derived from that year's women's doubles tennis champions, <mask> and Kay Stammers.She was of French, English, Irish, Scottish, and

masks:
Valerie Kathryn Harper
Valerie Hogan
Harper
Harper
Valerie
Valerie Scott


title: Valerie Harper

texts:
 Welsh ancestry. <mask> based her character Rhoda Morgenstern on her Italian stepmother and Penny Ann Green (née Joanna Greenberg), with whom she danced in the Broadway musical Wildcat. She was raised Catholic, although at an early age she "quit" the church. Her family moved every two years due to her father's work. <mask> attended schools in South Orange, New Jersey; Pasadena, California; Monroe, Michigan; Ashland, Oregon; and Jersey City, New Jersey. When her family returned to Oregon, she stayed in the New York City area to study ballet. She attended Lincoln High School in Jersey City, New Jersey before graduating from the private Young Professionals School on West 56th Street, where classmates included Sal Mineo, Tuesday Weld, and Carol Lynley.Career

Broadway dancer and improv
<mask> began her show business career as a dancer and chorus girl on Broadway, and went on to perform in several Broadway shows, some choreographed by Michael Kidd, including Wildcat (starring Lucille Ball), Take Me Along (starring Jackie Gleason), and Subways Are for Sleeping. She was also cast in the musical Destry Rides Again, but was forced to leave rehearsals due to illness. She returned to Broadway in February 2010, playing Tallulah Bankhead in Matthew Lombardo's Looped at the Lyceum Theatre. <mask> had a bit part in the film version of Li'l Abner (1959), playing a Yokumberry Tonic wife. She broke into television on an episode of the soap opera The Doctors ("Zip Guns can Kill"), and was an extra in Love with the Proper Stranger. She was in the ensemble cast of Paul Sills' Story Theatre and toured with Second City along with then-husband Richard Schaal, Linda Lavin, and others, later appearing in sketches on Playboy After Dark. She performed several characters in a comedy LP record, When You're in Love the Whole World

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title: Valerie Harper

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 is Jewish, which included the popular novelty single, The Ballad of Irving, a recitation by TV announcer Frank Gallop.<mask> and Schaal moved to Los Angeles in 1968, and co-wrote an episode of Love, American Style. Television

While doing theater in Los Angeles in 1970, <mask> was spotted by casting agent Ethel Winant, who called her in to audition for the role of Rhoda Morgenstern on The Mary Tyler Moore Show. She co-starred there from 1970 to 1974, then starred in the spin-off series Rhoda (CBS 1974–1978) in which her character returned to New York City. She won four Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe Award for her work as Rhoda Morgenstern. In 2000, she reunited with Moore in Mary and Rhoda, a TV movie that reunited their characters in later life. The first season of Rhoda was released on DVD on April 21, 2009 by Shout! Factory.<mask> was nominated for a Golden Globe for "New Star of the Year" for her role in Freebie and the Bean (1974), and was a guest star on The Muppet Show in 1976, its first season. <mask> returned to situation comedy in 1986 when she played family matriarch <mask> on the NBC series Valerie. Following a salary dispute with NBC and production company Lorimar in 1987, she was fired from the series at the end of its second season, and sued NBC and Lorimar for breach of contract. Her claims against NBC were dismissed, but the jury found that Lorimar had wrongfully fired her and awarded her $1.4 million plus 12.5% of the show's profits. The series continued without her, with the explanation that her character had died off-screen. In 1987, it was initially renamed Valerie's Family, then The Hogan Family, as <mask> was replaced by actress Sandy Duncan, who played her sister-in-law Sandy Hogan. <mask> appeared in various television movies, including a performance as Maggie in a production

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title: Valerie Harper

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 of the Michael Cristofer play The Shadow Box, directed by Paul Newman, and in guest roles on such series as Melrose Place (1998) and Sex and the City (1999).Later career

<mask> was a member of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and ran for its presidency in 2001, losing to Melissa Gilbert. She served on SAG's Hollywood board of directors. In 2005–2006, <mask> portrayed Golda Meir in a United States national tour of the one-woman drama Golda's Balcony. A film of the production was released in 2007. She played Tallulah Bankhead in the world-premiere production of Matthew Lombardo's Looped at the Pasadena Playhouse from June 27 to August 3, 2008. The show moved to Arena Stage in Washington, D.C., in 2009. It then briefly ran on Broadway at the Lyceum Theatre, from February 2010 (previews) through April 2010, for which <mask> received a Tony Award nomination.She was to continue the role on a national tour beginning January 2013, but withdrew due to her health. She played Claire Bremmer, aunt of Susan Delfino (Teri Hatcher), on ABC's Desperate Housewives in 2011. On September 4, 2013, <mask> was announced as a contestant for the 17th season of Dancing with the Stars, partnered with professional dancer Tristan MacManus. They were eliminated from the show on October 7, 2013. <mask> appeared as the character Wanda on the American comedy web television series Liza on Demand, in its July 11, 2018, episode: "Valentine's Day". Activism and charity work
In the 1970s and '80s, <mask> was involved in the women's liberation movement and was an advocate of the Equal Rights Amendment. With Dennis Weaver she co-founded L.I.F.E.in 1983, a charity that fed thousands of needy people in Los Angeles. Personal life
<mask> married actor Richard Schaal in 1964. They divorced in 1978, after which she had a relationship with Peter

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title: Valerie Harper

texts:
 Horton. She married Tony Cacciotti in 1987, after dating for seven years, and they adopted a daughter, Cristina. Despite playing Jewish characters such as Rhoda Morgenstern, <mask> herself was not Jewish. Illness and death
In 2009, <mask> was diagnosed with lung cancer. She announced on March 6, 2013, that tests from a January hospital stay revealed she had leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, a rare condition where cancer cells spread into the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain.She explained her doctors had given her as little as three months to live. Although the disease was considered incurable, her doctors said they were treating her with chemotherapy to try to slow its progress. In April 2014, <mask> said she was responding well to the treatment. On July 30, 2015, she was hospitalized in Maine after falling unconscious, and taken via medevac to a larger hospital for further treatment. She was later discharged. In 2016, <mask>'s cancer continued, with treatment at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, but she was well enough to appear in a short film, My Mom and the Girl, based on the experiences of director/writer Susie Singer Carter, whose mother has Alzheimer's disease. In September 2017, she said: "People are saying, 'She's on her way to death and quickly'.Now it's five years instead of three months... I'm going to fight this. I'm going to see a way." At the time, she was developing a television series with Carter. By July 2019, she was on a regimen of "a multitude of medications and chemotherapy drugs" and was experiencing "extreme physical and painful challenges" that required "around-the-clock, 24/7 care." <mask> died on the morning of August 30, 2019, in Los Angeles. Filmography

Films
{| class="wikitable sortable"
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!Year
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| 1956
| Rock, Rock,

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title: Anna Shuttleworth

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<mask> (2 May 1927 – 2 March 2021) was a British cellist. She studied cello with Ivor James and Harvey Phillips at the Royal College of Music and later became a professor at the same college. Her pupils include Alexander Baillie, Martin Johnson, Natalie Clein, František Brikcius, and Kathy Hampson (née Jewell). Early life
On 2 May 1927, <mask> was born in Bournemouth. <mask>'s father was a retired Indian Civil Service officer and her mother was of Polish-Irish heritage. Studies

In 1943, Shuttleworth went to study the cello at the Royal College of Music (RCM) as a scholar. There she learned with Ivor James and Harvey Phillips.While at the RCM, <mask> became a founding member of the Vivien Hind String Quartet, an ensemble that she played with for a number of years. Another player in the quartet was Cynthia Midgley (born Freeman, 1925-2021) who played the viola. After leaving the RCM her friend Joan Dickson organised for the cellist Enrico Mainardi to give lessons in London in which <mask> took part. She also continued her studies with Franz Walter in Geneva. Shortly after leaving college, <mask> was invited to play at the Newbury Festival with the Newbury String Players, both in the orchestra and later as a soloist. This initiated a long friendship with the family of Gerald Finzi and their musical circle, including Ursula and Ralph Vaughan Williams. This period also witnessed a richly varied freelance career, playing in a number of festival orchestras, as a chamber musician and soloist.She was once affectionately referred to as "The Swellest Cellist" by Vaughan Williams. In 1953, at the recommendation of the composer Herbert Howells, <mask> applied for the Boise scholarship and in 1954 was awarded a substantial sum to further her cello studies. This she used to study with Mainardi in Salzburg and Rome, and with Pablo Casals in Zermatt and Prades. Personal life
<mask> was married twice. Her first marriage was to Noel Taylor, a fellow cellist, in 1957. Her second marriage was to David Sellen, a biophysics researcher, in 1973. They

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 remained married until her death on 2 March 2021 in Leeds.Professional life
In the 1960s, <mask> became a member of several ensembles and performed for many BBC broadcasts. In 1964, Novello published 'Learning the cello', which <mask> wrote jointly with Hugo Cole. She had a lesson with Rostropovich who complimented her on her beautiful cello sound and musicianship. This was also the year when she was invited to teach the cello at the Junior Department at the RCM, followed by the appointment to the Senior Department in 1967. In 1968 she was approved as an Associated Board examiner and also bought her very first Renault 4, the car that was to become her habitual transport, travelling around the country. The 1970s was <mask>'s golden period and through the connection with Hilary Finzi, Jacqueline du Pré's sister, she was allowed to play on du Pré's Davidov Stradivarius for two years. She became a ello professor at the RCM and taught many of today’s well-known musicians, including Adrian Brendel, Alexander Baillie, Clare Finzi, Elizabeth Wilson and Jonathan del Mar.However, as Shuttleworth felt as though she had neglected her academic career, and partly to better understand David’s work at the Leeds University, she took an Open University course 1971-75 and was awarded a BA (Hons) degree in 1975. In 1972 Shuttleworth put Stuart Lowe (a keen amateur cellist) in contact with Sue Jennings (one of <mask>’s cello students at the RCM) and later Stuart and Sue married. Later Shuttleworth taught Matthew, Daniel and Time Lowe at Sue’s request. She and Sue developed a longstanding teaching relationship  together, and with the Lowe family members and Alexander Baillie, they created "Gathering of the Clans", a long running cello course with teachers such as Baillie and Johannes Goritzki as well as Alexander teachers/cellists Vivien Mackie and Rhuna Martin. Other cellists included Joan Dickson, Amanda Truelove, Sasha Boyarsky, Lowri Blake, Andreas Burzik, Melissa Phelps, Louise Hopkins, and Moray Welsh. After the 1960s, Shuttleworth performed

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title: Anna Shuttleworth

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 many successful piano and cello recitals with some of the leading pianists in Britain, including Bernard Roberts, Ian Brown, Martin Roscoe and John Thwaites. After leaving the RCM in the late 1940s <mask> was a member of numerous chamber music ensembles including a string trio with Elisabeth Watson (viola), Georgian String Quartet, Leonardo Trio (first with David Roth, later with Maureen Smith, violin and with Ian Brown, piano), London Harpsichord Ensemble, Glickman Trio and Aulos Ensemble.When in London, she knew Sylvia Cleaver, who in 1964 asked Shuttleworth to become the principal cellist of the Midland Sinfonia Orchestra (later renamed the English Sinfonia). She held this post until she retired from the orchestra in 1996. Apart from this, Shuttleworth worked with many orchestras over the years such as the Alexandra Orchestra (founded by Denys Darlow) which later became the Tilford Bach Orchestra, Chelsea Opera Group, Kalmar Orchestra, Sadler’s Wells Opera Orchestra (now English National Opera) and Orchestra d'Amici. International career
<mask> travelled widely and spent many holidays around the world with a particular fondness for Scandinavia. In the early seventies, at Jacqueline du Pré's suggestion, the Swedish cellist Frans Helmerson stayed at <mask>’s house and they became friends. Then while teaching at the Great Missenden Summer course in Berkshire, Shuttleworth met the Swedish musical Frankmar family who brought her over to Sweden for various summer courses. There she met cellists Ludwig Frankmar and Tomas Sterner who came to study with her in London.In 1979, Tomas became her cello student at the RCM and, in 2009, published her memoirs. Tomas and <mask> also helped to organise two string courses in Guernsey in the early 1980s. In 1985, while on tour with the Associated Board in Malaysia, <mask> met Toya, a Batik artist living in Penang, and his nephew Kia. <mask> helped both of them, firstly by organising exhibitions of Toya’s work in England and secondly by sponsoring Kia to study at Leeds University, where he is now

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 on the staff. In 1986 she again worked for the Associated Board, examining in New Zealand. Teaching career
<mask>’s teaching career evolved over the years. From initially teaching at independent schools and later being appointed a professor at the RCM, she eventually took on many teaching positions in England, including Canterbury, Leeds and students from York University, as well as at Leeds Girls High School.She also had many private pupils. In 1994, <mask>’s teaching became more widely known when her pupil, Natalie Clein, won both the UK and European Young Musician of the Year competitions. Although this was at a time when <mask> was near retirement, she was now very much a sought-after teacher. Much later, she taught the Czech cellist Frantisek Brikcius, who came to Leeds University as an Erasmus scholar. In retirement, <mask> slowed down but did not stop. She made her final cello and piano duo recitals in 2003 and played the Treble and Bass Viols and sang early music. She taught the cello if requested.In 2008, <mask> was awarded an Honorary Membership of the Royal College of Music from Prince Charles. This followed a number of years when she supported the RCM and also created a cello prize in her own name. Publications
<mask> co-wrote a cello method for young cellists aged 10 and upwards, and her memoirs were published in July 2009. Recordings
<mask> made several recordings with Alfred Deller (counter-tenor). For example, Purcell's Ode for St. Cecilia's Day and Purcell's Te Deum and Jubilate Deo. References

External links
<mask>'s CV
<mask>worth's page

1927 births
2021 deaths
British classical cellists
Alumni of the Open University
British women classical cellists
People from Bournemouth
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century British musicians
20th-century British women musicians
21st-century classical musicians
21st-century British musicians
21st-century British women musicians
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Academics of the Royal College of Music
British people of Polish descent
British people of Irish

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title: Najib Razak

texts: Dato' <mask> bin <mask> (, ; born 23 July 1953) is a Malaysian politician who served as the sixth prime minister of Malaysia from April 2009 to May 2018. He is the son of another former prime minister, <mask>. <mask> was the chairman of the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition from April 2009 to May 2018 and the president of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) from November 2008 to May 2018, which had maintained control of Malaysia's government with a parliamentary majority for more than sixty years until the coalition's defeat in the 2018 general election. He is also referred to as Father of Transformation (Bapa Transformasi). <mask> was elected to the Parliament of Malaysia in 1976, at the age of 23, replacing his deceased father in the Pahang-based seat of Pekan. In the same year, he was appointed the head of UMNO Youth's Pekan branch and became a member of the youth wing's Executive Council. In the early years of his political career, <mask> took on a deputy minister role in 1976, and between 1982 and 1986, he was the Menteri Besar of Pahang.Thereafter, until 2009, he was rotated throughout the Cabinet of Malaysia, taking on various ministerial portfolios in defence, education, culture, youth and sports, and finally finance. Between 1993 and 2009, <mask> was a vice-president of UMNO. <mask>'s tenure as prime minister, between 2009 and 2018, was marked by economic liberalisation measures, such as cuts to government subsidies, loosening of restrictions on foreign investment, and reductions in preferential measures for ethnic Malays in business. After the 2013 election his government was marked by the pursuit of a number of its critics on sedition charges, the imprisonment of opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim following a conviction for sodomy and the implementation of a Goods and Services Tax (GST). He became implicated

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Tun Haji Abdul Razak
Abdul Razak Hussein
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title: Najib Razak

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 in a major corruption scandal involving state investment firm 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) which led to rallies calling for <mask> Mohamad, Pakatan Harapan and NGOs which sought to oust <mask>. <mask>'s response to the corruption accusations was to tighten his grip on power by replacing then-deputy prime minister Muhyiddin Yassin, suspending two newspapers and pushing through parliament a controversial National Security Council Bill that provides the prime minister with unprecedented powers.Najib's various subsidy cuts have contributed to soaring living costs, while fluctuating oil prices and the fallout from the 1MDB scandal led to a depreciation of the Malaysian currency. These ended with BN's loss in the 2018 general elections, which <mask> then accepted the results of the election and promised to help facilitate a smooth transition of power. <mask> remains as a backbencher in the Parliament of Malaysia. On 3 July 2018, <mask> was arrested by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC), having investigated how RM42 million (US$10.6 million) went from SRC International, a company related to 1MDB, into <mask>'s bank account. In the process, the police had seized a number of fashion accessories worth $273 million while searching through his properties. <mask> was subsequently charged with abuse of power, multiple counts of criminal breach of trust and money laundering, and tampering with the 1MDB audit report. On 28 July 2020, the High Court convicted <mask> on all seven counts of abuse of power, money laundering and criminal breach of trust, becoming the first Prime Minister of Malaysia to be convicted of corruption, and was sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment and fined RM210 million.Early and personal life
<mask> was born on 23 July 1953 at the Pahang State Secretary official residence in Bukit Bius, Kuala

masks: Najibhir Najib Najib Najib Najib Najib Najib Najib Najib Najib


title: Najib Razak

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 Lipis, Pahang. <mask> is the eldest of second Malaysian Prime Minister <mask>'s six sons, and the nephew of the third PM Hussein Onn. His younger brother, Dato' Seri Mohd Nazir <mask>, runs the country's second-largest lender, Bumiputra-Commerce Holdings Bhd. <mask> is also one of the Four Noblemen of the Pahang Darul Makmur (Royal Court) by virtue of his inherited title as the Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar. He received his primary and secondary education at St. John's Institution, Kuala Lumpur. He later attended Malvern College in Worcestershire, England, and subsequently went to the University of Nottingham, where he received a bachelor's degree in industrial economics in 1974. <mask> <mask> returned to Malaysia in 1974 and entered the business world, serving briefly in Bank Negara Malaysia and later with Petronas (Malaysia's national oil company) as a public affairs manager.In 1976, <mask> married Tengku Puteri Zainah Tengku Eskandar ('Kui Yie') with whom he has three children: Mohd Nizar <mask> (born 1978), Mohd Nazifuddin <mask> and Puteri Norlisa <mask>. In 1987, he divorced Kui Yie and married Datin Seri Rosmah Mansor with whom he has two children: Mohd Norashman <mask> and Nooryana Najwa <mask>. His daughter Nooryana is married to the nephew of former Kazakhstani President, Nursultan Nazarbayev. <mask> <mask> is an avid golf lover and he is known to have played golf with the two most recent U.S. Presidents – Barack Obama and Donald Trump. Trump has referred to <mask> as "my favourite prime minister". Early political career

Election to Parliament and Menteri Besar of Pahang
The eldest son of Malaysian Prime Minister, <mask> Hussein, was elected to the Parliament of Malaysia in 1976 replacing his deceased father in the Pahang-based seat of Pekan. The national outpouring of grief following Tun <mask>'s death and the

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title: Najib Razak

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 respect for his father helped Najib win election unopposed as Member of Parliament at the very young age of 23.In 1986 <mask> won re-election to the same seat. From 1982 to 1986 he was the Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of Pahang, before holding various cabinet posts throughout the remainder of the 1980s and 1990s, including Defence and Education. In 2004 he became Deputy Prime Minister  under Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, and replaced him 2009. Under his leadership, Barisan Nasional won the 2013 elections, although for the first time in Malaysia's history the opposition won the majority of the popular vote. <mask> was first assigned into the Cabinet of Malaysia at the age of 25 when he was appointed Deputy Minister of Energy, Telecommunications and Post in 1978, becoming the youngest deputy minister in the country. He served as the Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of Pahang between 1982 and 1986, becoming the youngest Menteri Besar in the state to enter office when he was sworn in at the age of 29. In 1986 he was appointed as Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports in the Cabinet of Mahathir Mohamad.He focused on improving Malaysian sports and introduced the National Sports Policy in 1988. In 1989 Malaysia achieved its best-ever performance at the South East Asia (SEA) Games, held in Kuala Lumpur. UMNO politics

<mask> was appointed head of UMNO Youth's Pekan branch and became a member of UMNO Youth's Executive Council (Exco) in 1976. In 1981, he was selected as a member of UMNO's Supreme Council, before winning the post of Vice-President of UMNO Youth in 1982. In 1987, <mask> was selected as the acting head of the Movement of UMNO Youth by Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim after Anwar was asked to contest the post of UMNO Vice-President. Following mounting ethnic tensions anti-Chinese sentiments were expressed at a UMNO Youth

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title: Najib Razak

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 rally held in Kampung Baru, Kuala Lumpur the same year where <mask> spoke. Rising tensions soon lead to fears of ethnic violence and eventually resulted in a security operation known as Operasi Lalang, that included numerous administrative detentions.In June 2009 <mask> overturned a rule that required 30% Malay ownership in corporations, and allowed non-ethnic Malays, like the Chinese and the Indians to exercise more financial control in Malaysia. <mask> has also worked to improve relations with Singapore, which is seen by many as Chinese-dominated, to encourage it to invest more heavily in the Malaysian economy. Following the complete reorganisation and founding of the "New" UMNO by Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad in the aftermath of the 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, <mask> was appointed president of UMNO Youth in 1988. By 1993, <mask> was elected as one of six vice-presidents of UMNO in response to Anwar's decision to contest as the deputy president of UMNO. <mask> continued to defend his post in party elections held in 1993, 1996, and 2004. On 12 May 2018, Datuk Seri <mask> resigned as President of UMNO and Chairman of BN immediately after the 14th general election and replaced by UMNO vice-president, Hishammuddin Hussein. Senior Ministerial career

Minister for Defence (1991–1995)
In 1991, Mahathir appointed <mask> as Minister of Defence.Under <mask>'s direction, Malaysian troops were deployed to assist the UN peacekeeping forces in Bosnia in 1993. Malaysian forces were greeted warmly by Bosnians as well as Serbs and Croats. Malaysia also assisted peacekeeping operations in Somalia in 1993, losing one soldier in an effort to aid US soldiers during the Battle of Mogadishu. <mask> later criticised the UN's Somalia operation as putting too much emphasis on military action. Since then Malaysia has stated a preference for

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title: Najib Razak

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 participating in Chapter 6 "peace enforcement" missions, rather than Chapter 7 "peacekeeping" missions. After four years at the Ministry of Defence, <mask> assumed control of the Education Ministry in 1995. He returned to the Ministry of Defence in 2000.Minister for Education (1995–2000)

In 1995, <mask> left the Defence Ministry for the first time when he was appointed Minister of Education. His challenge was to respond to Malaysia's newly proclaimed aspiration to become a fully developed nation by the year 2020. During his five-year tenure, <mask> restructured the Ministry, created an independent corporate structure for public universities, and encouraged collaboration with foreign universities and institutions. The 1996 Private Higher Education Institutions Act, allowed foreign universities to establish degree-conferring schools in Malaysia, providing greater educational opportunities for Malaysians and positioning Malaysia as a regional learning hub. <mask> also upgraded teaching certificates to the status of diplomas, so that teachers in that category would receive a higher monthly starting salary. During the 1999 general elections <mask> suffered a major setback when he barely won re-election to the Parliament by a margin of 241 votes, compared to a margin of over 10,000 in the previous election. Although a surprise to political observers, it was understandable given the political upheavals of 1999.Return as Minister for Defence (2000–2008)

During his second tenure as Minister of Defence <mask> coordinated Malaysia's relief efforts following the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, and provided support to Indonesia in arresting those responsible for the 2004 Bali bombings. <mask> also oversaw the deployment of Malaysian troops as a part of a UN peacekeeping force in 2006, when Malaysia volunteered to help stabilise Lebanon

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 following the 2006 Lebanon War. As Defence Minister, <mask> instituted compulsory military service in December 2003, stating that it would encourage interaction and friendship between youth of different ethnic groups and religions. During its first five years of operation, over 339,000 Malaysian youth participated in the PLKN (the Bahasa Malaysian acronym for "Malaysian National Service"), which is intended to promote tolerance, teamwork, and community engagement. The programme, however, has faced challenges. Safety issues in the program have been reported and several people died during or shortly after their terms of service during the program's first few years. In response, <mask> strengthened the PLKN's health screening requirements and reinforced the government's commitment to punish negligent PLKN officials.Deputy Prime Minister (2004–2009)
In 2004, Mahathir retired and was replaced by his deputy, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. <mask> became Deputy Prime Minister and was given a broad portfolio of responsibilities, including oversight of FELDA, the Human Rights Commission (SUHAKAM), and the Election Commission (EC). <mask> also chaired more than 28 cabinet committees. He remained as Minister for Defence. In September 2008, <mask> became the Minister for Finance, handing the Defence portfolio to Badawi. During the global financial crisis, Malaysia faced a strong recession and reduced levels of trade throughout the South Asian region. In response, <mask> announced a series of stimulus packages to be implemented over a two-year period with the intention of acting as a countercyclical response that might otherwise protect Malaysia's economy.He also pressed for the country to move beyond existing manufacturing capabilities through education, research and development to develop greater strength as a provider of sophisticated

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 business services. Becoming Prime Minister
After a poor showing by the ruling UMNO coalition in the elections of 8 March 2008 in which opposition parties gained control of five of thirteen Malaysian state governments, Badawi identified <mask> as his intended successor. On 8 October 2008, Prime Minister Badawi announced he would step down in March 2009, paving the way for <mask> to succeed him. However he said the onus was on <mask> to win party elections set for March before he could take over. <mask> ran for the presidency of UMNO and went on to win on 2 November 2008, without contest. On 26 March 2009, <mask> won the UMNO presidency unopposed. He was sworn in as Prime Minister of Malaysia on 3 April 2009 In 2012, <mask> also assumed the role of women, family and community development minister, a position he held until the 2013 election.Prime Minister

<mask> entered office as Prime Minister with a focus on domestic economic issues and political reform. On his first day as Prime Minister, <mask> announced as his first actions the removal of bans on two opposition newspapers, Suara Keadilan and Harakahdaily, run by the opposition leader Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim-led People's Justice Party and the Pan Islamic Party, respectively, and the release of 13 people held under the Internal Security Act. Among the released detainees were two ethnic Indian activists who were arrested in December 2007 for leading an anti-government campaign, three foreigners and eight suspected Islamic militants. <mask> also pledged to conduct a comprehensive review of the much-criticised law which allows for indefinite detention without trial. In the speech, he emphasised his commitment to tackling poverty, restructuring Malaysian society, expanding access to quality education for all, and promoting renewed "passion for public service". He also

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 deferred and abandoned the digital television transition plan of all free-to-air broadcasters such as Radio Televisyen Malaysia. 1Malaysia

1Malaysia is an ongoing campaign announced by Prime Minister <mask> <mask> on 16 September 2008, calling for the cabinet, government agencies, and civil servants to emphasise ethnic harmony, national unity, and efficient governance.The eight values of 1Malaysia as articulated by <mask> <mask> are perseverance, a culture of excellence, acceptance, loyalty, education, humility, integrity, and meritocracy. On 17 September 2008, <mask> launched 1Malaysia.com.my in an effort to communicate with the citizens of Malaysia more efficiently and support the broader 1Malaysia campaign. He has used the site to highlight his policy initiatives and to provide a forum for Malaysians to their government. The 1Malaysia campaign makes extensive use of social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter. Research has suggested that <mask> and UMNO have made extensive efforts to establish a favourable online presence through the recruitment and support of bloggers and other social media users, sometimes known as 'cybertroopers.' However, <mask> has been criticised for an apparent deterioration of race relations in Malaysia during his tenure that has occurred despite the 1Malaysia programme. In 2014, the long-serving former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad withdrew his support for <mask> citing, among other things, the abandonment by Chinese voters of the Barisan Nasional coalition.<mask>'s tenure has also been marked by increasingly aggressive racial rhetoric from elements within <mask>'s UMNO party, particularly towards Chinese Malaysians. BR1M Project
The first BR1M Project was a scheme devised by <mask> <mask> to help poor Malaysians. The amount of RM 500.00 Ringgit Malaysia was given to households with

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 enable better co-ordination and a uniform response in the event the country is faced with security threats, and that the law does not contravene the basic human rights guaranteed under the federal constitution. Economic policy

New Economic Model

On 2 May 2009, Prime Minister <mask> Tun <mask> announced the government's plan to develop a New Economic Model that will speed Malaysia's transition to a high-income country. The plan will emphasise ways to increase the income and productivity of workers by encouraging knowledge industries and increasing investment from overseas. Reform of government subsidies

Najib has started to implement comprehensive reform of government subsidies. On 16 July 2010, subsidies for petrol, diesel and LPG were cut as part of Malaysia's general programme of reducing and rationalising subsidies per the 10th Malaysia Plan and the New Economic Model.The government believes it will save RM 750 million by the end of 2010 through these measures with little negative impact on most citizens. Sugar and fuel subsidies were selected for reform because they disproportionately benefit the wealthy and foreigners, encourage over-consumption and create opportunities for fraud and smuggling. The Prime Minister expressed his hope that Malaysians would adopt a healthier lifestyle. He said, "there is no logic in the government allocating subsidies worth almost RM1 billion on a commodity that could endanger the people's health". Responding to concerns about how these reforms might affect the poor, the Prime Minister's Office pointed out that Malaysia will still be spending RM 7.82 billion per year on fuel and sugar subsidies and that prices for these commodities would remain the lowest in Southeast Asia. The government also stated that education and health care would continue receiving state support. Economic

masks: Najib Razak


title: Najib Razak

texts:
 liberalisation
Malaysia has implemented substantial measures to attract foreign investment including a moderation of preferences designed to benefit ethnic Malays.Specifically these reforms include allowing foreign investors to hold majority stakes in most enterprises excluding "strategic" industries such as banking, telecommunications, and energy, easing insurance regulation, curtailing powers of the Foreign Investment Committee and lowering the minimum quota for Malay ownership in publicly traded companies from 30 percent to 12.5 percent. As he introduced the reforms <mask> stated, "The world is changing quickly and we must be ready to change with it or risk being left behind." Since these reforms have been implemented, the American banking firms Goldman Sachs and Citigroup have been granted permission to expand their operations in Malaysia. Goldman Sachs received licenses to set up fund management and advisory operations. Citigroup has obtained a permit to offer brokerage services. The approval of these licenses is a sharp break from Malaysia's history of domestically dominated and tightly regulated markets for financial services. The International Institute for Management Development responded to these and other reforms by increasing Malaysia's ranking to the 10th-most competitive economy in the world in 2010 from 18th in 2009.Malaysia, which is now ranked fifth in the Asia Pacific region, scored well in business and government efficiency. Economists attributed the rise of Malaysia's ranking to the efforts of the Malaysian government to improve the country's business environment such as the New Economic Model, the Government Transformation Programme and the Economic Transformation Programme. Stimulus packages
The Malaysian government passed two stimulus packages to mitigate the effects of the global economic downturn.


title: Najib Razak

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 The first stimulus package, worth RM 7 billion, was announced on 4 November 2008. The second package, worth RM 60 billion, was announced on 10 March 2009. Since assuming office as Prime Minister, <mask> has been monitoring the progress of the stimulus packages on a weekly basis. Government economists believe that the stimulus packages have successfully generated increased economic activity, especially in the construction sector.Malaysia's central bank reported that Malaysia's economy grew at an annualised rate of 9.5% during the first half of 2010. Prime Minister <mask> says the country is on track to meet the 6% average annual growth to reach its goal of becoming a developed country by 2020. Commenting on this same economic data <mask> said that as of August 2010 there were no plans for further economic stimulus. Rather he said the government would focus on improving Malaysia's economic fundamentals and increasing investment. Foreign policy and state visits

Palestine

The government of Malaysia has long been a strong supporter of the Palestinian cause against the Israeli occupation of the West Bank. Malaysia also supports unity between the Palestinian Fatah and Hamas factions. <mask> visited the West Bank with his wife Rosmah Mansor, escorted by senior officers of the Malaysian government.<mask> <mask> became the first Muslim leader from South East Asia to set foot on Palestinian soil. <mask> says Palestinians can count on Malaysia, but for there to be lasting peace, Hamas and Fatah must unite to safeguard the safety and security of the Palestinian people. Malaysia will give Palestine the moral, financial and political support it needs to rise above its struggles, but securing a future of lasting peace hinges on the Palestinians being united. <mask> <mask> also stated that for Palestine to move towards having a future it

masks: Najib Najib Najib Najib Najib Razak Najib Najib Razak


title: Najib Razak

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 envisioned, Palestinians would have to take the first step – to unite among themselves. United States

Prime Minister <mask> <mask>'s visit in September 2017 to the United States on the invitation of President Donald Trump successfully strengthened the Comprehensive Partnership that was established between Malaysia and the United States in 2014. <mask> enjoyed a close personal relationship with then US President Barack Obama and managed to upgrade Malaysia-US relations to a ‘comprehensive partnership’ in contrast to the strained relationship between both countries under the rule of former Prime Minister Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad, who was critical of the United States. Prime Minister <mask> and President Barack Obama met just before the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington on 12 April 2010.This was their first one-on-one meeting. During their talk, Obama sought further assistance from Malaysia in stemming nuclear proliferation which Obama described as the greatest threat to world security. During the summit, <mask> stressed that Malaysia only supported nuclear programmes designed for peaceful purposes. <mask>'s attendance at the summit was part of a week-long official visit to the United States. India

Prime Minister <mask> travelled to India on a five-day state visit in January 2010. His 200-strong entourage included cabinet ministers, deputy ministers, state government officials, members of parliament, and prominent business leaders. During his visit, <mask> pushed for a free-trade agreement and co-operation across a wide range of fields.Najib and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh signed an extradition treaty and agreements to co-operate in the areas of higher education and finance. The two countries agreed to sign a free-trade agreement before the end of 2010 and Najib called for signing a "Comprehensive Economic

masks: Najib Razak Najib Najib Najib Najib Najib Najib


title: Najib Razak

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 Cooperation Agreement" by the same date. These economic agreements have resulted in plans for RM 1.6 trillion in investment for Malaysia. In January 2010, <mask> announced plans to develop a new visa regime for Indian nationals, specifically for managers and knowledge workers to visit Malaysia. Singapore

Najib made a two-day visit to Singapore, on 21–22 May 2009. During the visit, both Najib and Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong agreed to move bilateral relations forward in a more productive manner and will either set aside or resolve the "legacy" problems between the two countries. During a speech in Singapore, <mask> said he hoped his visit would signal "the beginning of a new era" between the two countries.in 2010 <mask> resolved a key diplomatic problem between the two countries by ending the impasse over transportation links and Singaporean investment in Iskandar Malaysia. Prime Minister <mask> and Lee Hsien Loong, Prime Minister of Singapore, have agreed to modify the Points of Agreement signed in 1990. Specifically, the two sides have promised to move the KTM railway station from Tanjung Pagar to Woodlands, set up a joint venture to be called M-S Pte Ltd to develop Marina One, and DUO in Bugis but the railway tracks were replaced by the "Green Corridor", develop a rapid transit and high-speed rail links, and allow Temasek and Khazanah to set up a joint venture for the purpose of developing a town in Iskandar Malaysia. South Korea

Najib attended the ASEAN-South Korea Summit on 1 June 2009 hosted by South Korean President Lee Myung Bak. During the summit, the ASEAN-Korea Investment Agreement was signed to boost economic and trade relations between ASEAN and South Korea After the summit, <mask> said Malaysia is keen on emulating South Korea in developing a small-scale nuclear reactor for power generation, as

masks: Najib Najib Najib Najib Najib


title: Najib Razak

texts:
 well as South Korea's other low-carbon green technology. China

Najib made a four-day visit to China on 2–5 June 2009. During the visit, <mask> mentioned his family's special relationship with China, noting that his father, and Malaysia's second Prime Minister, first established diplomatic relations with China in 1974.During the visit, several substantive issues were discussed in meetings between <mask> and Chinese President Hu Jintao and Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao. The two sides signed an endorsed strategic action plan covering 13 major areas, which will serve as the guideline for relations between Malaysia and China. <mask> described the trip as most fruitful. <mask> also received an honorary doctorate in international relations from the Beijing Foreign Studies University. Indonesia

<mask> made a visit to Indonesia on 22–24 April 2009. Several issues were discussed, including co-operation in the tourism, oil and gas, and high-technology industries, as well as electricity supply from the Bakun dam to Kalimantan. <mask> and his entourage also attended an official dinner hosted by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and his wife Ani Yudhoyono.New Zealand

Under <mask>'s government, Malaysia signed a free-trade agreement (FTA) with New Zealand on 26 October 2009 to take effect 1 August 2010. The agreement will reduce or eliminate tariffs on thousands of industrial and agricultural products. The two countries have also agreed to reciprocate most-favoured nation status in private education, engineering services, environmental protection, mining services and information technology. Myanmar
In a protest rally in December 2016, <mask> criticized the Myanmar authorities for military crackdown on Rohingya Muslims, and described the ongoing persecution as "genocide". Philippines and the Moro people of Mindanao

The Moro

masks: Najib Najib Najib Najib Najib Najib Najib Najib


title: Najib Razak

texts:
 Islamic Liberation Front has always favoured Malaysia as a mediator in their effort of becoming an autonomous state. On 15 October 2012, the Moro rebel and the Philippines authority has devised a peace agreement to maintain the safety and security of the nation. Malaysia plays an important part in making this particular notion to be accepted by both parties.During the official ceremony of signing the agreement, the Malaysian government was invited as a witness to the long due treaty. Malaysia plays an important part, not just as a mediator but also as a confidante for both the Philippines government and also the rebel. 14th Malaysian general election
Malaysia held its 14th general election in May 2018. Barisan Nasional was dealt a surprising defeat, failing to win a majority for the first time in the country's history. Observers credited the unpopular Goods and Services Tax as well as the swirling 1MDB corruption scandal as key factors in the defeat. Post-premiership
<mask> accepted the defeat and pledged to facilitate a smooth transfer of power. On 12 May 2018, three days after he lost the general elections, a flight manifest stated that <mask> and his wife, Rosmah were taking a private jet to Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport in Jakarta.In response, the Immigration Department, upon the orders of Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, imposed a travel ban barring their exit from the country. Amidst the country's mood turning against him, <mask> resigned as the leader of UMNO and Barisan Nasional on the same day. The newly elected Pakatan Harapan government swiftly reopened investigations into the 1MDB scandal. Since 16 May 2018, the Malaysian police have searched six properties linked to Najib and Rosmah as part of the investigation into the 1MDB scandal. They have seized 284 boxes filled with designer handbags, 72

masks: Najib Najib Najib


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 large luggage bags containing cash in multiple currencies, and other valuables. The Malaysian police commissioner confirmed that the police seized goods with an estimated value of between US$223 and US$273 million. The police described it as the biggest seizure in Malaysian history.In January 2019, a 7-second video clip of <mask> uttered "Malu Apa Bossku" ( "What's there to be ashamed of my boss") went viral on the internet. <mask> later released a picture of him posed on a Yamaha Y150 motorcycle with the registration plate 8055KU (BOSSKU). The catchphrase and the picture went viral on social media, especially with Malay youths, and inspired videos, memes, t-shirts, caps, vehicle stickers and a music video. The phenomenon has contributed to <mask>'s rise in popularity. <mask> also claimed that his "Bossku" phenomenon has contributed to a victory for his party in 2020 Kimanis by-election. Controversies

The Altantuyaa Affair

The French courts are investigating allegations of corruption in the purchases of two  submarines, by the Malaysian Ministry of Defence in 2002, at a time when <mask> was the minister of defence. The allegations are that <mask> Baginda, an aide of Najib, received "commission" payments from the French submarine builder DCNS.Shaariibuugiin Altantuyaa, a Mongolian woman hired as a French translator to facilitate the purchase of the submarines and mistress to Baginda, subsequently tried to blackmail Baginda for a $500,000 cut and was subsequently murdered. 2 policemen, who were bodyguards posted to Najib, were charged and found guilty. 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal

<mask> is the chairman of 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB), a state-owned investment firm that was established on Najib's initiative in 2009 as part of the government's Economic Transformation Programme. However, 1MDB has reportedly

masks:
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Najib
Najib
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Najib
Abdul Razak
Najib


title: Najib Razak

texts: incurred debts of MYR 42 billion (about US$11.1 billion) after only six years of operations, prompting a negative outlook on the country's economic growth. On 2 July 2015, The Wall Street Journal ran an exposé alleging that MYR 2.672 billion (US$700 million) had been channelled from 1MDB into Najib's personal bank accounts, triggering widespread calls for his resignation. <mask> has denied any wrongdoing and has announced plans to sue the newspaper for libel but eventually failed to do so. On 6 July 2015, amid the 1MDB scandal, the ringgit fell to 3.8050 against the US dollar, the first time it slid beyond the 3.80 currency peg, which was lifted in 2005.To back up the allegations, on 7 July 2015, The Wall Street Journal released a batch of partially redacted documents that purportedly show how nearly US$700 million (RM2.6 billion) was moved from 1MDB into Najib's personal bank accounts. These documents relate to transactions in March 2013, December 2014 and February 2015. The multi-agency task force investigating these allegations reported on 10 July 2015 that Najib's bank accounts at AmBank Islamic were closed before The Wall Street Journal reported the transfers of billions of ringgit to those accounts thereby confirming that <mask> had two accounts at that bank. The task force also confirmed that the six accounts it had just frozen did not belong to Najib but did not name the holders of those accounts  Najib's handling of the corruption scandal was criticised by, among others, former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and then Deputy Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin. During <mask>'s mid-term Cabinet reshuffle on 28 July 2015, Najib dropped Muhyiddin from his position as Deputy Prime Minister, as well as other Ministers who had been critical of his leadership. Najib stated that the reason for this was to create a more


title: Najib Razak

texts: "unified team". On 1 August 2015, <mask> addressed UMNO delegates in Seremban and in a clear reference to the Sarawak Report, the London-based whistleblower site founded and operated by journalist Clare Rewcastle-Brown, demanded that "white people" stay out of Malaysia's affairs and stressed that he valued loyalty above all, and not smart people.On 3 August 2015, the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission stated that the RM 2.6 billion that had been banked into Najib's personal account came from donors, not 1MDB, but did not elaborate on who the donors were or why the funds were transferred, nor why this explanation had taken so long to emerge since the allegations were first made on 2 July 2015. Umno Kuantan division chief Wan Adnan Wan Mamat later claimed that the RM 2.6 billion is from Saudi Arabia as thanks for fighting ISIS. He further claimed that the Muslim community in the Philippines as well as southern Thailand had also received similar donations, and that since the donations were made to Najib personally as opposed to UMNO, the funds were deposited into Najib's personal accounts. The scandal took a dramatic twist on 28 August 2015 when a member of Najib's own party, Anina Saaduddin, UMNO's Langkawi Wanita (women's) representative, filed a civil suit against him alleging a breach of duties as trustee and that he defrauded party members by failing to disclose receipt of the donated funds, and account for their use. This suit was filed in the Kuala Lumpur High Court and also named party Executive Secretary Abdul Rauf Yusof. Expressing fear that Najib would wield influence to remove any member of UMNO "for the sole purpose of avoiding liability" the court was also being moved for an injunction to restrain UMNO, its Supreme Council, state liaison body, divisions and branches from removing the nominal plaintiff as a


title: Najib Razak

texts: party member pending the determination of the suit. The plaintiff is also seeking a repayment amounting to US$650 million, the amount allegedly deposited by Najib to a Singapore bank, an account of all monies that he had received in the form of donations, details of all monies in the AmPrivate Banking Account No 2112022009694 allegedly belonging to Najib, along with damages, costs, and other reliefs.On 21 September 2015, the New York Times reported that US investigators were investigating allegations of corruption involving <mask> as well as people close to him. In particular, investigators were focused on properties in the United States that were purchased in recent years by shell companies owned by Najib's stepson Riza Aziz or connected to a close family friend, as well as a $681 million payment made to what is believed to be <mask>'s personal bank account. The claimed MYR 2.6 billion "donation" into <mask>'s personal accounts led the opposition to table a no-confidence motion against <mask>, on 18 October 2015. On 26 January 2016, Malaysia's Attorney General Mohamed Apandi Ali announced that the investigation into the $681 million payment into Najib's personal bank account had been closed. The Anti-Corruption Commission investigating the gift, led by Apandi, concluded that no laws had been broken and that the gift did not amount to graft. Apandi was appointed attorney general by Najib in August 2015 after the previous attorney general, Abdul Gani Patail, was abruptly dismissed by Najib. Although Bernama, Malaysia's state-run news service, reported that Abdul Gani was removed for health reasons many speculated that his dismissal was related to the 1MDB corruption investigation.The Attorney General then said that the [Saudi Royal Family] was the source of the $681 million gift, although doubts remain as the Saudi


title: Najib Razak

texts: ministries of foreign affairs and finance had no information on said gift. The previously unidentified investor <mask> was reported to have returned $620 million to the Saudi royal family in 2013, but no explanation was given as to the reason for the investment or what happened to the $61 million <mask> did not return. <mask> hailed the results of the investigation and reiterated his denial of any wrongdoing. On 28 March 2016, the Australian television programme Four Corners in an episode called State of Fear: Murder and Money in Malaysia, aired new allegations about the large sums of money that have flowed into the bank accounts of <mask> <mask>. On 30 March 2016, the Wall Street Journal, Time and several other news agencies reported that Prime Minister <mask> <mask> and his wife, Rosmah Mansor had spent $15 million on luxury goods and extravagant travel expenses. During <mask> <mask>'s golf diplomacy with U.S. President Barack Obama on 24 December 2014, Malaysian investigation documents show that Rosmah Mansor had purchased items amounting to $130,625 at a Chanel store in Honolulu, Hawaii. The allegation was confirmed when a store employee at the Chanel store in the upscale Ala Moana Center recalls Mr. <mask>'s wife shopping there just before 25 December 2014.In April 2016, Mohd Nazifuddin <mask>, the son of <mask> <mask>, has been named in the Panama Papers. In July 2016, the United States Department of Justice launched a civil lawsuit to seize American assets worth over US$1 billion (4.1 billion MYR) allegedly obtained from US$3.5 billion (14.38 billion MYR) of misappropriated 1MDB funds. Within the civil lawsuit, a government official of high rank who had control over 1MDB was referred to as "Malaysian Official 1", and mentioned over 30 times. "Malaysian Official 1" was alleged to have received around US$681 million

masks: Najib Najib Najib Najib Razak Najib Razak Najib Razak Najib Najib Najib Razak


title: Najib Razak

texts: (2.797 billion MYR) of stolen 1MDB money via Falcon Bank, Singapore on 21 and 25 March 2013, of which US$650 million (2.0 billion MYR) was sent back to Falcon Bank on 30 August 2013. In September 2016, <mask> was identified as "Malaysian Official 1" by Datuk Abdul Rahman Dahlan, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department and the Barisan Nasional strategic communications director. Dahlan also claimed that <mask> was not named because he was "not part of this investigation". On 15 June 2017, The United States Department of Justice followed up on its July 2016 lawsuit by issuing a civil action in rem to forfeit assets involved in and traceable to an international conspiracy to launder money misappropriated from 1Malaysia Development Berhad ("a strategic investment and development company wholly-owned by the government of Malaysia").The writ provided detailed justifications for seeing to forfeit specific items and property located in the United States and abroad, including in the United Kingdom and Switzerland. As a consequence of the 15 June 2017 writ, on 28 February 2018 Indonesian authorities seized the luxury yacht linked to the 1MDB investigations in waters off Bali, on behalf of the FBI. Additionally, on 7 March 2018 in Californian courts, the producers of the 'Wolf of Wall Street' agreed to pay $60m to settle Justice Department claims it financed the movie with money siphoned from 1MDB. On 3 July 2018, <mask> was arrested by Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission at his residence in Jalan Duta, Kuala Lumpur. The arrest was carried out in relation to the commission's investigation into the SRC International issue. While under investigation, <mask> claimed that the Barisan Nasional government actually left behind a country which had a strong and solid economy to Pakatan Harapan. The strong economy, said the former prime


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 minister, was achieved through transformative policies and comprehensive economic management, recognised by the World Bank and World Economic Forum (WEF).On 10 September 2018, <mask> posted a copy of the letter that purportedly came from Prince Saud Abdulaziz Al-Saud of Saudi Arabia on his Facebook account, as a proof of the alleged financial donation of US$100mil (RM304.5mil) given to him in 2011. He said he decided to reveal the documents in a bid to clear his name of various accusations and slander, and will continue to do so on his social media accounts. Subsequent arrest, legal proceedings and conviction

On 3 July 2018, <mask> was arrested by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC). The MACC is investigating how RM42 million (US$10.6 million) went from SRC International into <mask>'s bank account. The following day, <mask> was indicted in the High Court in Kuala Lumpur on three counts of criminal breach of trust and one count of abuse of power in connection with SRC International funds totalling RM42 million. He was granted bail at RM1 million after pleading not guilty with his trial set for 18 February 2019. On 8 August 2018, <mask> was charged with three further counts of money laundering as part of the MACC's investigation into the 1MDB scandal.<mask> has denied making three transfers totaling RM42 from SRC International into his bank accounts. On 19 September 2018, <mask> was arrested following two hours of questioning by the MACC, believed to be in relation to the RM2.6 billion donation he received in year 2013. <mask> was charged on 20 September 2018 at the Sessions Court in Jalan Duta. However, he pleaded not guilty and was released on bail after his court appearance. On 21 September, he made a brief appearance at the Sessions Court registry to sign his bail at RM3.5 million for 25 counts of money


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 laundering and abuse of power charges in relation to 1MDB. He has posted RM1 million for his bail, while the remaining RM2.5 million will be settled in instalments by the following week. In August 2019, during his second trial, <mask> faces four charges of abuse of power and 21 charges of money laundering for receiving illegal transfers of RM 2.3 billion between 2011 and 2014.On 28 July 2020, the High Court convicted <mask> guilty on all seven counts of abuse of power, money laundering and criminal breach of trust in relation to the SRC International case, becoming the first Prime Minister of Malaysia to be convicted of corruption. High Court judge Mohamad Nazlan bin Mohamad Ghazali has delivered the verdict regarding the misappropriation of RM42 million (US$10 million) from SRC International, a former subsidiary of 1MDB. In total, <mask> faces 42 charges, of which 35 are yet to be decided on. On the day of his conviction, <mask> was sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment and a fine of RM210 million (for the first charge). He was also given six concurrent sentences of 10 years' imprisonment for the other six charges. If he fails to pay the fine, he will be serving another five years in prison. He would be appealing against the verdict of the High Court.He also faces another four trials for the rest of the charges he has yet be tried for. The High Court granted a stay of execution of the conviction with an increased bail of RM 2 million with reporting to the police on the first and the fifth day of every month. Appeal
<mask>'s appeal hearing in front of the Court of Appeal of Malaysia began on 5 April 2021. On 8 December 2021, the Court of Appeal of Malaysia dismissed <mask>'s appeal, therefore upholding both his conviction and 12-year sentence. <mask>'s lawyer stated his client, who is currently granted bail, will further


title: Harold Poynton

texts:
<mask> (1 March 1936 – 4 June 2018) also known by the nicknames "Fishcake", "Poynton the Pippin", and "Prince of Bamboozlers", was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s. He played at representative level for Great Britain and Yorkshire, and at club level for Wakefield Trinity (Heritage № 643) (captain), as a , or , i.e. number 6, or 7. Background
<mask> was born in Lupset, Wakefield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. He was a pupil at St Michael's School, Flanshaw, Wakefield, and then Snapethorpe School, Lupset, Wakefield, and he would watch Wakefield Trinity play over-the-wall without paying. He joined the British Army at age 18, whilst stationed in Germany, he played association football, and for the first time he played rugby football, and he left the army aged 21, and in 1957 he trialled for Wakefield Trinity's A-Team. He worked as a warehouseman , and he later worked as a salesman for a food company.His nickname of "fishcake" originated from his habitual fish and chip shop order following training sessions with Wakefield Trinity, and was given to him by Derek Turner. He and his wife Kath ran newsagent's shops for over 30 years, initially on Hesley Road, Kettlethorpe, Wakefield, and then on Dewsbury Road (opposite Ashleigh Avenue), Lupset, Wakefield. On 15 July 2007 <mask>ton had the beer Poynton's Pride named after him. <mask>'s funeral service took place at Wakefield Cathedral at 11:00am on 21 June 2018, followed by cremation at Wakefield Crematorium at 1:00pm, and a reception at Waterton House. Playing career

International honours
<mask> played , alongside Wakefield Trinity teammate; left-; Jack Wilkinson, and against teammates left-; Neil Fox, and ;

masks:
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Harold Poynton
Harold Poyn
Harold Poynton
Harold Poynton


title: Harold Poynton

texts: Derek Turner, in Rest of the League's 16–21 defeat by Great Britain in pre-1960 Rugby League World Cup warm-up match, in aid of the George VI's Jubilee Trust, at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Monday 12 September 1960, he played  in Great Britain's 17–10 victory over Australia in the second 1962 Great Britain Lions tour Ashes Test Match at Lang Park, Brisbane on Saturday 30 June 1962, and the 17–18 defeat by Australia in the third 1962 Great Britain Lions tour Ashes Test Match at Sydney Cricket Ground on Saturday 14 July 1962, and played  in the 8–27 defeat by New Zealand in the second Test Match at Carlaw Park, Auckland on Saturday 11 August 1962. In addition to the above Test Matches, <mask> also played in the following 1962 Great Britain Lions tour matches; the 24–10 victory over Western New South Wales at Bathurst, New South Wales on Sunday 27 May 1962, the 18–23 defeat by Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Monday 4 June 1962, the 36–12 victory over Toowoomba at Toowoomba on Sunday 17 June 1962, the 55–8 victory over Central Queensland at Rockhampton on Wednesday 20 June 1962, the 33–31 victory over Far North Queensland at Cairns on Saturday 23 June 1962, the 20–5 victory over New South Wales at Sydney Cricket Ground on Saturday 7 July 1962, the 10–18 defeat by Northern New South Wales at Tamworth, New South Wales on Sunday 8 July 1962, the 81–14 victory over Bay of Plenty at Rotorua on Tuesday 7 August 1962, the 13–46 defeat by Auckland at Auckland on Monday 13 August 1962, the 49–30 victory over South Africa at Pretoria on Thursday 23 August 1962, the 39–33 victory over South Africa at Durban on Saturday 25 August 1962, and the 45–23 victory over South Africa at Johannesburg on Friday 31


title: Harold Poynton

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 August 1962. County honours
Harold Poynton won a cap for Yorkshire while at Wakefield Trinity, he played , alongside Wakefield Trinity teammates; ; Fred Smith,  left-; Neil Fox, left-; Jack Wilkinson, and right-; Derek Turner in the defeat by Cumberland, at Recreation Ground, Whitehaven on Wednesday 14 September 1960.Championship Final appearances
<mask> played , and was captain, and scored a try in Wakefield Trinity's 21–9 victory over St. Helens in the Championship Final replay during the 1966–67 season at Station Road, Swinton on Wednesday 10 May 1967, played , and was captain, and scored a goal the 17–10 victory over Hull Kingston Rovers in the Championship Final during the 1967–68 season at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds on Saturday 4 May 1968. Challenge Cup Final appearances
<mask> was injured in Wakefield Trinity's 11–2 victory over Featherstone Rovers in the Challenge Cup semi-final at Odsal Stadium, Bradford on Saturday 9 April 1960, and so he missed the 38–5 victory over Hull F.C. in the 1959–60 Challenge Cup Final, but he played  in Wakefield Trinity's 12–6 victory over Huddersfield in the 1961–62 Challenge Cup Final at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 12 May 1962, in front of a crowd of 81,263, played , scored a try, played , and was man of the match winning the Lance Todd Trophy in the 25–10 victory over Wigan in the 1962–63 Challenge Cup Final at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 11 May 1963, in front of a crowd of 84,492, and played , and was captain in the 10–11 defeat by Leeds in the 1967–68 Challenge Cup Final (the "Watersplash" final) at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 11 May 1968, in front of a crowd of 87,100. County Cup Final appearances
<mask> played  in Wakefield

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Harold Poynton
Harold Poynton