title: Ilhan Omar

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 terrorism against Israel (in 2016, Israel approved a visit by five U.S. Representatives to Israel that Miftah co-sponsored, but that was before Israel enacted its anti-BDS law). Less than two hours before the ban, President Trump tweeted that Israel allowing the visit would "show great weakness" when <mask> and Tlaib "hate Israel & all Jewish people". <mask> said that Netanyahu had caved to Trump's demand and that "Trump's Muslim ban is what Israel is implementing".She responded to Netanyahu that she had intended to meet members of Israel's legislative Knesset and Israeli security officials. Both Democratic and Republican legislators criticized the ban and requested that Israel rescind it. AIPAC released a statement saying that it disagreed with Israel's move and that <mask> and Tlaib should have been allowed to "experience Israel firsthand", while the head of the American Jewish Committee put out a statement agreeing with AIPAC on the matter. U.S. Representative Max Rose (who is Jewish) also criticized the move to ban <mask>, adding that <mask> and Tlaib did not speak for the Democratic Party. LGBT rights
In March 2019, <mask> addressed a rally in support of a Minnesota bill that would ban gay conversion therapy in the state. She co-sponsored a similar bill when she was a member of the Minnesota House. In May 2019, <mask> introduced legislation that would sanction Brunei over a recently introduced law that would make homosexual sex and adultery punishable by death.In June 2019, she participated in Twin Cities Pride in Minnesota. In August 2019, <mask> wrote on Twitter in support of the Palestinian LGBT rights group Al Qaws after the Palestinian Authority banned Al Qaws's


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 activities in the West Bank. Military policy
<mask> has been critical of U.S. foreign policy, and has called for reduced funding for "perpetual war and military aggression," saying, "knowing my tax dollars pay for bombs killing children in Yemen makes my heart break," with "everyone in Washington saying we don't have enough money in the budget for universal health care, we don't have enough money in the budget to guarantee college education for everyone." <mask> has criticized the U.S. government's drone assassination program, citing the Obama administration's policy of "droning of countries around the world." She has said, "we don't need nearly 800 military bases outside the United States to keep our country safe." In 2019, <mask> signed a letter led by Representative Ro Khanna and Senator Rand Paul to President Trump asserting that it is "long past time to rein in the use of force that goes beyond congressional authorization" and that they hoped this would "serve as a model for ending hostilities in the futurein particular, as you and your administration seek a political solution to our involvement in Afghanistan." In May 2020, <mask> signed a letter backed by AIPAC calling for the continuation of the UN embargo against Iran, with her office noting that it was a "narrow ask that we couldn’t find anything wrong with."Her office said that she has opposed human rights abuse "for a long time" and that signing onto it should be not be seen as a sign she supports the Trump administration's policy on Iran. Minimum wage

<mask> supports a $15 hourly minimum wage. Minneapolis Police Department

In June 2020, the "defund the police" slogan gained widespread popularity following the

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title: Ilhan Omar

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 murder of George Floyd. Black Lives Matter and other activists used the phrase to call for police budget reductions and a plan to delegate certain police responsibilities to other organizations. Reacting to the murder of Floyd, the majority of the Minneapolis City Council voted to dismantle the city's police department. In a statement, the Minneapolis mayor said they planned to work to address "systemic racism in police culture." Following the murder of Floyd, <mask> supported the police abolition movement in Minneapolis that sought to dismantle the Minneapolis Police Department, saying that the department had "proven themselves beyond reform."<mask> hoped to see a new police department that would be modeled after the Camden County Police Department in New Jersey. Venezuela crisis
In January 2019, amid the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, <mask> joined Democrats Ro Khanna and Tulsi Gabbard in denouncing the Trump administration's decision to recognize Juan Guaidó, the president of the Venezuelan National Assembly, as Venezuela's interim president. She described Trump's action as a "U.S. backed coup" and said that the U.S. should not "hand pick" foreign leaders and should support "Mexico, Uruguay & the Vatican's efforts to facilitate a peaceful dialogue." In response to criticisms of her comments, <mask> wrote that "No one is defending Maduro" and that opposing US intervention is not the equivalent of supporting the existing leadership of a country. In February 2019, <mask> questioned whether Elliott Abrams, whom Trump appointed as Special Representative for Venezuela in January 2019, was the correct choice given his past support of right-wing authoritarian regimes in El


title: Ilhan Omar

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 Salvador and Guatemala, his initial doubts about the number of reported deaths in the El Mozote massacre in 1982, and his two 1991 misdemeanor convictions for withholding information from Congress about the Iran–Contra affair, for which he was later pardoned by George H. W. Bush. In May 2019, <mask> said in an interview on Democracy Now! that she believed U.S. foreign policy and economic sanctions are aimed at regime change and have contributed to the "devastation in Venezuela."Threats and harassment

DFL caucus attack
On February 4, 2014, <mask> was attacked and wounded by multiple attendees during a DFL caucus for Minnesota's House of Representatives District 60B. She was organizing the event and was a policy aide to Minneapolis City Councilman Andrew Johnson at the time. She sustained a concussion and was sent to the hospital. Death threats
In February 2019, the FBI arrested United States Coast Guard Lieutenant Christopher Hasson, who was allegedly plotting to assassinate various journalists and political figures in the United States, including <mask>. According to prosecutors, Hasson is a self-described "long time White Nationalist" and former skinhead who wanted to use violence to "establish a white homeland." Prosecutors also alleged that Hasson was in contact with an American neo-Nazi leader, stockpiled weapons, and compiled a hit list. On or before February 22, 2019, "Assassinate <mask> <mask>" was graffitied in a Rogers, Minnesota Holiday gas station restroom, prompting an FBI investigation.On April 7, 2019, Patrick Carlineo Jr., was arrested for threatening to assault and murder <mask> in a phone call to her office. He reportedly told investigators that he did not want

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title: Ilhan Omar

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 Muslims in the government. In May 2019, Carlineo was released from custody and placed on house arrest. He pleaded guilty to the offense on November 19. <mask> asked the court to be lenient with him. In April 2019, <mask> said that she had received more death threats after Trump made comments about her and 9/11, "many directly referencing or replying to the president's video". In August 2019, she published an anonymous threat she had received of being shot at the Minnesota State Fair, saying that such threats were why she now had security protection.In September 2019, she asserted Trump was putting her life in danger by retweeting a tweet falsely claiming she had "partied on the anniversary of 9/11". Two Republican candidates for congressional office have called for <mask>'s execution. In November 2019, Danielle Stella, <mask>'s Republican opponent for Congress, was banned from Twitter for suggesting that <mask> be hanged for treason if found guilty of passing information to Iran. In December 2019, George Buck, another Republican running for Congress, also suggested that <mask> be hanged for treason. In response, Buck was removed from the National Republican Congressional Committee's Young Guns program. "Go back to their countries" Trump tweet
On July 14, 2019, Trump tweeted that The Squada group that consists of <mask> and three other congresswomen of color who were born in the United Statesshould "go back" to the "places from which they came". In response, <mask> said Trump was "stoking white nationalism" because he was "angry that people like us are serving in Congress and fighting against your hate-filled agenda."Two days later, the House of Representatives voted 240–187 to

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 condemn Trump's "racist comments". On July 17, it was reported that the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission lists the phrase "Go back to where you came from" as an example of "harassment based on national origin". At a July 17 campaign rally in North Carolina, Trump made additional comments about The Squad: "They never have anything good to say. That's why I say, 'Hey if you don't like it, let 'em leave, let 'em leave, and "I think in some cases they hate our country". He made a series of false and misleading claims about <mask>, including allegations that she had praised al-Qaeda and "smeared" American soldiers who had fought in Battle of Mogadishu by bringing up the numerous Somali civilian casualties. The crowd reacted by chanting, "Send her back, Send her back."Trump later called the crowd "incredible people, incredible patriots" and accused <mask> of racism and antisemitism. On July 19, he falsely claimed that <mask> and the rest of The Squad had used the term "evil Jews". Foreign media has widely covered Trump's remarks about <mask> and The Squad. The social media hashtag #IStandWithIlhanOmar was soon trending in the United States and other countries. Many foreign politicians condemned Trump's comments. On July 19, German Chancellor Angela Merkel said, "I reject [Trump's comments] and stand in solidarity with the congresswomen he targeted." Target of hate speech

<mask> has frequently been the target of hate speech.According to a study by the Social Science Research Council of more than 113,000 tweets about Muslim candidates in the weeks leading up to the 2018 midterm elections, <mask> "was the prime target. Roughly half of the 90,000 tweets mentioning her included

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 hate speech or Islamophobic or anti-immigrant language." According to the study, "Key themes included Muslims as subhumans or 'Trojan horses' seeking to impose Shariah law on America.... A large proportion of these trolls were likely bots or automated accounts run by people, organizations or state actors seeking to spread political propaganda and hate speech. That's based on telltale iconography, naming patterns, webs of linkages and the breadth of the postelection scrubbing." 9/11 comments and World Trade Center cover
On April 11, 2019, the front page of the New York Post carried an image of the World Trade Center burning following the September 11 terrorist attacks and a quotation from a speech <mask> gave the previous month. The headline read, "REP. ILHAN OMAR: 9/11 WAS 'SOME PEOPLE DID SOMETHING, and a caption underneath added, "Here's your something ... 2,977 people dead by terrorism." The Post was quoting a speech <mask> had given at a recent Council on American–Islamic Relations (CAIR) meeting.In the speech <mask> said, "CAIR was founded after 9/11 because they recognized that some people did something and that all of us [Muslims in the U.S.] were starting to lose access to our civil liberties." (CAIR was founded in 1994, but many new members joined after the 9/11 attacks in 2001.) On April 12, President Trump retweeted a video that edited <mask>'s remarks to remove context, showing her saying, "Some people did something." Some Democratic representatives condemned Trump's retweet, predicting that it would incite violence and hatred. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi called on Trump to "take down his disrespectful and dangerous video" and asked the U.S. Capitol Police to increase

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 its protection of <mask>. Speaking at an April 30 protest by black women calling for formal censure of Trump, <mask> blamed Trump and his allies for inciting Americans against both Jews and Muslims. Comments by Lauren Boebert

In November 2021, Republican Representative Lauren Boebert said she had shared an elevator with <mask>, and that she and a Capitol Police officer both mistook <mask> for a terrorist.Boebert referred to <mask> as the "Jihad Squad". <mask> said that she had had not shared an elevator with Boebert, that the story was made up, and that Boebert's comments were "anti-Muslim bigotry". Electoral history

2016

2018

2020

Awards and honors
<mask> received the 2015 Community Leadership Award from Mshale, an African immigrant media outlet based in Minneapolis. The prize is awarded annually on a readership basis. In 2017, Time magazine named <mask> among its "Firsts: Women who are changing the world," a special report on 46 women who broke barriers in their respective disciplines, and featured her on the cover of its September 18 issue. Her family was named one of the "five families who are changing the world as we know it" by Vogue in their February 2018 issue featuring photographs by Annie Leibovitz. Media appearances
In 2018, <mask> was featured in the music video for Maroon 5's "Girls Like You" featuring Cardi B.The 2018 documentary film Time for Ilhan (directed by Norah Shapiro, produced by Jennifer Steinman Sternin and Chris Newberry) chronicles <mask>'s political campaign. It was selected to show at the Tribeca Film Festival and the Mill Valley Film Festival. Following a July 2019 tweet by Trump that The Squad—a group that consists of <mask> and three other

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title: Ilhan Omar

texts:
 congresswomen of color who were born in the United States—should "go back" to the "places from which they came", <mask> and the other members of the Squad held a press conference that was taped by CNN and posted to social media. On October 19, 2020, <mask> joined Ocasio-Cortez, Disguised Toast, Jacksepticeye, and Pokimane in a Twitch stream playing the popular game Among Us, encouraging streamers to vote in the 2020 election. This collaboration garnered almost half a million views. Personal life
In 2002, <mask> became engaged to Ahmed Abdisalan Hirsi (né Aden). She has said that they had an unofficial faith-based Islamic marriage.The couple had two children together. <mask> has said that they divorced within their faith tradition in 2008. In 2009, <mask> married Ahmed Nur Said Elmi, a British Somali. According to <mask>, in 2011 she and Elmi had a faith-based divorce and she reconciled with Hirsi, with whom she had a third child in 2012. In 2017, Elmi and <mask> legally divorced, and <mask> and Hirsi legally married in 2018. On October 7, 2019, <mask> filed for divorce from Hirsi, citing an "irretrievable breakdown" of the marriage. The divorce was finalized on November 5, 2019.In March 2020, <mask> married Tim Mynett, a political consultant whose political consulting firm, the E Street Group, received $2.78 million in contracts from <mask>'s campaign during the 2020 cycle. The campaign's contract with Mynett's firm became a focus of criticism by her Democratic primary opponent and conservative critics that received significant local and national media attention. On November 17, 2020, <mask>'s campaign terminated its contract with Mynett's firm, saying the termination was to "make

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title: Ilhan Omar

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 sure that anybody who is supporting our campaign with their time or financial support feels there is no perceived issue with that support." <mask>'s daughter Isra Hirsi is one of the three principal organizers of the school strike for climate in the US. On June 15, 2020, <mask>'s father died of complications from COVID-19. See also
 List of African-American United States representatives
 List of Muslim members of the United States Congress
 Women in the United States House of Representatives

Notes

References

External links

 Official House of Representatives site
 <mask> <mask> for Congress

|-

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1982 births
Living people
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
21st-century Muslims
African-American members of the United States House of Representatives
African-American Muslims
American campaign managers
American Muslim activists
American politicians of Somalian descent
American women activists
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Edison High School (Minnesota) alumni
Ethnic Somali people
Female members of the United States House of Representatives
Left-wing populism in the United States
Members of the Minnesota House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Minnesota
Minnesota Democrats
Muslim members of the United States House of Representatives
Naturalized citizens of the United States
North Dakota State University alumni
People from Mogadishu
Politicians from Minneapolis
Progressivism in the United States
Somalian emigrants to the United States
Somalian Muslims
University of Minnesota

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title: William Johnson (artist)

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<mask> (March 18, 1901 – April 13, 1970) was an American painter. Born in Florence, South Carolina, he became a student at the National Academy of Design in New York City, working with Charles Webster Hawthorne. He later lived and worked in France, where he was exposed to modernism. After <mask> married Danish textile artist Holcha Krake, the couple lived for some time in Scandinavia. There he was influenced by the strong folk art tradition. The couple moved to the United States in 1938. <mask> eventually found work as a teacher at the Harlem Community Art Center, through the Federal Art Project.<mask>'s style evolved from realism to expressionism to a powerful folk style, for which he is best known. A substantial collection of his paintings, watercolors, and prints is held by the Smithsonian American Art Museum, which has organized and circulated major exhibitions of his works. Education
<mask> <mask> was born March 18, 1901, in Florence, South Carolina, to <mask> and Alice Smoot. He attended the first public school in Florence, the all-black Wilson School on Athens Street. It is likely that <mask> was introduced to sketching by one of his teachers, Louise Fordham Holmes, who sometimes included art in her curriculum. <mask> practiced drawing by copying the comic strips in the newspapers, and considered a career as a newspaper cartoonist. He moved from Florence, South Carolina, to New York City at the age of 17.Working a variety of jobs, he saved enough money to pay for classes at the prestigious National Academy of Design. He took a preparatory class with Charles Louis Hinton, then studied with Charles Courtney Curran and George Willoughby Maynard, all of whom emphasized classical

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Johnson


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 portraiture and figure drawing. Beginning in 1923, <mask> worked with the painter Charles Webster Hawthorne, who emphasized the importance of color in painting. John studied with Hawthorne at the Cape Cod School of Art in Provincetown, Massachusetts during the summers, paying for his tuition, food and lodging by working as a general handyman at the school. <mask> received a number of awards at the National Academy of Design, and applied for a coveted Pulitzer Travel Scholarship in his final year. When another student was given the award, Hawthorne raised nearly $1000 to enable <mask> to go abroad to study. Career
<mask> arrived in Paris, France in the fall of 1927.He spent a year in Paris, and had his first solo exhibition at the Students and Artists Club in November 1927. Next he moved to Cagnes-sur-Mer in the south of France, influenced by the work of expressionist painter Chaïm Soutine. In France,  <mask> learned about modernism. During his time as an artist, <mask> worked in a variety of medias: woodcuts, oil, water colors, pen and ink, and serigraphy. He often used whatever materials were available on hand to express his work. During this time, <mask> met the Danish textile artist Holcha Krake (April 6, 1885 – January 13, 1944). Holcha was traveling with her sister Erna, who was also a painter, and Erna's husband, the expressionist sculptor Christoph Voll.<mask> was invited to join them on a tour of Corsica. <mask> and Holcha were deeply attracted in spite of differences in race, culture, and age. <mask> returned to the United States in 1929. Fellow artist George Luks encouraged <mask> to enter his work at the Harmon Foundation to be considered for the William E. Harmon Foundation

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texts: Award for Distinguished Achievement Among Negroes in the Fine Arts Field. As a result, <mask> received the Harmon gold medal in the fine arts. He was applauded as a "real modernist", "spontaneous, vigorous, firm, direct". Other winners of the fine art award include Palmer Hayden, May Howard Jackson and Laura Wheeler Waring.While in the United States, <mask> also visited his family in Florence, where he painted a considerable number of new works. He was apparently  almost arrested while painting the Jacobia Hotel, a once-fashionable town landmark which had become a dilapidated house of ill-repute. Whether <mask>'s actions or his choice of subject were at issue is unknown. During this visit, <mask> was able to publicly exhibit his paintings twice. The first occasion was at a meeting of the Florence County Teachers Institute on February 22, 1930. The second was at a local YMCA where <mask>'s mother worked. Her boss, Bill Covington, arranged for <mask> to exhibit 135 of his paintings for a single afternoon, on April 15, 1930.Although the Florence Morning News described <mask> condescendingly as a "humble ... Negro youth", it also stated that he had "real genius". <mask> returned to Europe in 1930 by working his way to France on a freighter. He went to Funen, a Danish island, to rejoin Holcha Krake. The couple signed a prenuptial agreement on May 28, 1930, and were married a few days later in the town of Kerteminde. <mask> and his wife spent most of the 1930s in Scandinavia, where his interest in folk art influenced his painting. <mask> focused on artwork that expressed the skilled techniques learned from his many teachers throughout the years. After Holcha was introduced into his life his art

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texts: work began to transform due to "Holcha's folk art philosophies".However, as Nazi sentiments increased in Germany and Europe in the late 1930s, many artists were affected. <mask>'s brother-in-law Christoph Voll was fired from his teaching position, and his art was labelled "degenerate". <mask> and Krake chose to move to the United States in 1938. After <mask> returned to the united states in 1938," over the course of the next decade, his art transformed into the intense, “primitivist” style he is recognized for today. Both vibrant and somber, these abstracted paintings depict the African-American experience from both a historical and personal perspective". Throughout the 1940's this newly founded style became a catalyst for <mask>'s work, as well as many of their attributes in their relationship. <mask> joined the WPA federal art project and with the help of Mary Beattie Brady, <mask> eventually found work as a teacher at the Harlem Community Art Center.There he and other teachers instructed about 600 students per week, as part of a local Federal Art Project supported by the Works Progress Administration. Through the center <mask> met important Harlem inhabitants such as Henry Bannarn and Gwendolyn Knight. He immersed himself in African-American culture and traditions, producing paintings that were characterized by their folk art simplicity. <mask> was determined to "paint his own people". He celebrated African American culture and imagery in the urban settings of pieces such as Street life - Harlem, Cafe, and Street Musicians, and in the rural settings of Farm Couple at Work, Sowing, and Going to Market. Harsher realities of Negro life were depicted in Chain Gang and Moon over Harlem, which

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texts: was a response to the 1943 racial riots in New York. Another series of works showed war-time soldiers and nurses.His pieces emphasized striking and vibrant colors and simplistic figures, and his depictions of African American culture began to draw on his upbringing in the rural South. Additionally, he employed religious and political motifs throughout his work. He aimed to illustrate the richness of the African culture and the modernism of the Harlem Renaissance. The style as well as texture of the pieces demonstrated <mask>’s message. In his Jitterbugs paintings, <mask> began experimenting with the relatively unused technique of screen printing, allowing for a quickness and suppleness of the painting. This layering of paint created an intentional appearance of grittiness and roughness to the image. <mask> used this technique to appeal to an aesthetic of durability and perseverance in his subjects.<mask> held a solo exhibition at Alma Reed Galleries in 1941. However, although he enjoyed a degree of success as an artist during the 1940s and 1950s, he was never able to achieve financial stability. On a personal level, the 1940s were difficult. Bad news came from Europe. Christoph Voll died in Karlsruhe, Germany, on June 16, 1939, after interrogation by Nazi officials. Holcha's family endured the German occupation of Denmark at their home in Odense. In December 1942, <mask> and Krake moved to a larger studio apartment in Greenwich Village.A week later, <mask>'s artwork,  supplies, and personal possessions were destroyed when the building caught fire. On January 13, 1944, John suffered further loss when his wife Holcha died from breast cancer. To deal with his grief, he revisited his family in

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 Florence, and painted works with religious themes, such as Mount Calvary. Mount Calvary and Booker T. Washington Legend (from <mask>'s Fighters for Freedom series of 1945) were included in the show The Negro Artist Comes of Age: A National Survey of Contemporary American Artists at the Albany Institute of History and Art in 1945. In 1946 <mask> left for Denmark to be with his wife's family. However, his behavior became increasingly erratic. "<mask>’s grief over his wife’s tragic death in 1944, compounded by his own untreated medical issues, precipitated a mental breakdown and subsequent institutionalization."At Ullevål Hospital in Oslo in spring 1947, he was diagnosed as suffering from syphilis which had impaired both mental and motor function. As a U.S. citizen who was no longer considered mentally competent, he was sent back to New York by the U.S. Embassy in Oslo. An attorney was appointed by the court as his legal guardian, and his belongings were put into storage. He entered the Central Islip State Hospital on Long Island on December 1, 1947, where he was treated for syphilis-induced paresis. He spent the last twenty-three years of his life there. He no longer painted after 1955 and died on April 13, 1970, of hemorrhaging of the pancreas. "His life’s work was acquired in 1967 by the Smithsonian Institution’s National Collection of Fine Arts (now Smithsonian American Art Museum), which organized his first museum retrospective in 1971, shortly after his death."Recognition

In 1956, <mask>'s life's work was almost destroyed when his caretaker declared him unable to pay further storage fees for his life. Instead, Helen Harriton, Mary Beattie Brady, and others arranged with the court to

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texts: have <mask>'s belongings delivered to the Harmon Foundation with unconditional rights over all works. The foundation would use the works to advance interracial understanding and support African American achievements in the fine arts. On April 19, 1967, the Harmon Foundation gave more than 1,000 paintings, watercolors, and prints by <mask> to the Smithsonian American Art Museum. In 1991, the Smithsonian American Art Museum organized and circulated a major exhibition of his artwork, Homecoming: The Art and Life of <mask><mask>, and in 2006, they organized and circulated <mask><mask>'s World on Paper. An expanded version of this exhibition traveled to the Amon Carter Museum in Fort Worth, Texas, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and the Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts in Montgomery, Alabama in 2007. The William H. Johnson Foundation for the Arts was established in 2001 in honor of the 100th birthday of <mask>.Beginning with Laylah Ali in 2002, the Foundation has awarded the William H. <mask> Prize annual to an early career African American artist. In 2012, the U.S. Postal Service issued a stamp in <mask>'s honor, recognizing him as one of the nation's foremost African-American artists and a major figure in 20th-century American art. The stamp, the 11th in the "American Treasures" series, showcases his painting Flowers (1939–40), which depicts brightly colored blooms on a small red table. The afternoon of March 18, 2020 the city of Florence, South Carolina recently unveiled a statue in remembrance of <mask>. It is located on West Evans Street Breezeway, of downtown Florence. "The statue was designed and created by sculptor, Alex Palkovich.Alex is a native of the Ukraine, but made Florence home

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. Johnson
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. Johnson
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title: William Johnson (artist)

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 during his tenure as a CEO of GE Electric." The statue was created as a piece of commemoration to <mask> a native artist of Florence and for his contributions through his artwork that were able to show the beauty of his city from within. References

Further reading

External links
 The William H. Johnson Foundation For The Arts
 Works by <mask><mask> in the collections of the Smithsonian American Art Museum
 <mask> H. Johnson gallery at Smithsonian American Art Museum on Flickr
 <mask><mask> Biography: New Beginnings, Part I,  Part II, Part III, Florence County Museum

1901 births
1970 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
People from Florence, South Carolina
Federal Art Project artists
American Expressionist painters
Artists from South Carolina
Artists from New York City
American expatriates in France
20th-century African-American

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title: Peggy Cooper Cafritz

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<mask> (born <mask>; April 7, 1947 – February 18, 2018) was an American art collector, educator, civil rights activist, philanthropist, and socialite. Early life and education

Family life
Born <mask>, <mask> belonged to one of the wealthiest African American families in Mobile, Alabama. She later changed her name legally to her childhood nickname, "<mask>." The <mask> family gained their wealth through <mask>'s father, <mask>., who owned insurance and mortuary businesses across the state. Her father and her mother, nee Gladys Mouton, were socially acquainted with famous jazz musician Duke Ellington, namesake of the Duke Ellington School of the Arts, which <mask> would go on to co-found. Elementary school
<mask> was raised Catholic in the segregated Jim Crow South. As a child, she attended a Catholic elementary school for Black children.<mask> traces her love of art back to her childhood, at least to the age of seven or eight, when she was mesmerized by her parents' print of the painting Bottle and Fishes by Georges Braque, a French cubist. She studied it closely, rearranging elements of the painting in her head, and, as she got older, making up stories based on it. Her mother furthered this appreciation of visual art by having <mask> sit with her and look through coffee table books on art. Around this time, she also developed a love of reading from both the library of children's books kept in the family room, as well as from sneaking into her father's private library, which was filled with classics of the Western canon as well as books by and about Black people. Reading James Baldwin's Notes of a Native Son as a child was a formative experience. It introduced her to the idea that one could both love the

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Pearl Alice Cooper
Pearl Alice Cooper
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Algernon Johnson Cooper Sr
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title: Peggy Cooper Cafritz

texts:
 United States and criticize it, "a license which I would use for the rest of my life." In the sixth grade, Cafritz had the opportunity to meet Martin Luther King Jr. With her father, she attended a talk King gave while promoting his book Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story.Afterward, Dr. King came to her family's home and signed a copy of his book for <mask>, saying "that I should aspire to be a quiet, strategic leader like my dad." At the age of 10, Cafritz was sent to a Catholic summer camp in Michigan, where she was the only Black camper. Her father sent here there knowingly, believing it was important for her to get to know the white world. There she was the only camper put into a cabin alone, and she faced racist pranks, such as when other campers would tell her her mother had to come to visit, only for Cafritz to encounter another camper's Black maid. When she called home crying, her father told her she needed to learn how to deal with such racism, because it would happen to her all her life. She was sent back there again the following year. High school
After her father tried to enroll his eldest son in a whites-only Jesuit high school, Cafritz and her siblings were banned from attending their local Catholic high schools.Instead, she was sent to boarding school at the predominantly white Saint Mary's Academy in Indiana. In 1962, her junior year of high school, she met the family of Dr. Roland Wesley Chamblee and his wife, Dorothy. The Chamblees for years had welcomed many Black students into their home, where they had lively debates about religion, race, and morals. <mask> credits the Chamblees for influencing not only "how I see formal art, but the beauty of my Black body, mind, and soul." Her

masks: Cafritz Cafritz


title: Peggy Cooper Cafritz

texts:
 high school experience furthered her interest in art by providing her many field trips to Chicago, where they attended plays, symphonies, and art exhibits. The summer after graduating from high school, Cafritz and her friends decided to test the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which had recently been passed. They visited Mobile restaurants and, if the restaurant refused to serve them, they would report it to the Justice Department.When <mask> and her friends buzzed for service at a drive-in restaurant, several white teenage boys approached their car, spat on them, threw soda through their car window, and jumped on the trunk and hood of the car, rocking it back and forth. Two police officers watched from nearby but did nothing. <mask> and her friends were scared to drive away, afraid they would end up in prison if one of the boys on the car were injured, so they stayed inside the car until the boys left. <mask> never spent another summer in Mobile. College and law school

In 1964, during the civil rights movement, <mask> moved to Washington, D.C. to attend George Washington University (GW). As soon as she arrived, she learned the school had not accepted very many Black students, and that segregation was still the norm there. She later wrote, "It almost made me happy.I just knew that I could use the skillset my father had forced me to develop to serve a great plate of change." She began this work on the first day of orientation, when she joined with other Black students to try to join fraternities and sororities, a move that attracted the press, forcing the university to publicly speak about their segregated Greek system. "Thus began my career as an activist in D.C.," she wrote. Whille at GW, she helped create the

masks: Cafritz Cafritz Cafritz Cafritz


title: Peggy Cooper Cafritz

texts:
 Black Student Union (then called the Black Peoples Union) and worked successfully for the integration of fraternities and sororities. Being in D.C. also gave her the opportunity to visit all the Smithsonian museums and take trips to New York City to visit museums there, as well. She discussed with her friends their shared frustration with the exclusion of Black people from the museum world as well as the performing arts and other cultural institutions. <mask> went on to attend George Washington University Law School, and received her J.D.degree in 1971. After Cafritz's father died by suicide during her first year in law school, Cafritz took out a loan to keep her youngest brother in boarding school. She said her father's suicide stemmed from financial difficulties. Career
Cafritz wanted to bring the money of the white people and the power of the black people in Washington, D.C., together in unity. Early career
In 1972, Cafritz began work at Post-Newsweek stations, later renamed Graham Media Group, where she was an assistant to Harry Belafonte and M. Carl Holman, president of the National Urban Coalition. She also began making documentaries, a job in which she was tenacious. When she was unable to get an appointment to meet with the painter Jacob Lawrence for a documentary she wanted to make about him, she got his travel schedule and flew to Chicago's O’Hare Airport, where she found him getting off a plane and convinced him to speak with her.The two became lifelong friends. In addition to working at Post-Newsweek, she also worked throughout the 1970s as a documentary producer for the D.C. television station WTOP (now WUSA) and as an arts reviewer at D.C.'s PBS affiliate, WETA. Over the course of this work, she


title: Peggy Cooper Cafritz

texts:
 earned both Emmy and Peabody awards. Duke Ellington School of the Arts
In 1968, while still a student at GW, <mask> chaired a Black Arts Festival, sponsored by the Black Peoples Union and held in partnership with DC Public Schools and the city's Parks and Recreation department. The festival gave city kids an opportunity to be both participants and performers in the arts, while interacting with Black professionals who exposed them to a variety of career paths. One such professional was Emmett J. Rice, future head of the Federal Reserve, and his wife Lois Rice, who served on the College Board and helped create the Pell Grant.While working on the festival, <mask> became good friends with GW grad student and choreographer Mike Malone. When she lamented to him that the students at the festival had some real talent and it was a shame they didn't have the training to further that talent, the two friends decided to start a school. When she told her father of the plan, he encouraged her to keep the goal a secret so no one could tell them “no." Cafritz turned that first festival into a regular summer arts festival. The president of GW, Lloyd H. Elliott, gave her free space at GW but asked her to fundraise for it, connecting her with one donor, who introduced her to others. In the program's second year, their faculty included the Emmy-award-winning dancer Debbie Allen. <mask> and Malone kept the summer festivals, renamed the Workshops for Careers in the Arts, focused on giving the least fortunate among D.C.’s students an opportunity for arts education they wouldn't otherwise have.After six long years, they finally succeeded in opening the public magnet school Duke Ellington School of the Arts in Georgetown in 1974. It

masks: Cafritz Cafritz Cafritz


title: Peggy Cooper Cafritz

texts:
 was modeled after New York City's High School of Performing Arts. Cafritz and Malone's goal was to start an arts-education program for local children who had shown promise but had no outlet to demonstrate their potential. Ellington was the only public high school in Washington, D.C., to train students with a curriculum in both academics and intensive professional arts training. Cafritz wanted students to defy the common art world belief that artists of color needed to eschew abstract art in favor of making narrative art that addressed inequality. Cafritz's ultimate hope was for artists of color to have absolute freedom to make any art they chose, to continue on to higher education, and to take up leadership positions in the art world. Ellington alumni include Dave Chappelle, Denyce Graves, Hank Willis Thomas, and Meshell Ndegeocello.Ellington continued to be important to <mask> for the rest of her life, and she took on several roles within the school and its fundraising organization, the Ellington Fund. Even years after the school was established, <mask> wrote, "the overwhelming percentage of my energy was spent institutionalizing the Duke Ellington School of the Arts, so that it could permanently serve talented children in D.C., especially those who needed it most." Contributions to the Art World
<mask> began her art collection in college by purchasing several pieces of African art brought back from the continent by members of Howard University's Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, some of whom had dropped out of college and supported themselves by reselling art they bought in Africa. Another person from whom she purchased art while still a student was Warren M. Robbins, whose collection of African


title: Peggy Cooper Cafritz

texts: art would later lead to the creation of the Smithsonian's National Museum of African Art. <mask>'s relationship with <mask>, who was born into wealth and was also a successful real estate developer, gave her the ability to become a serious art collector. She was critical of the lack of inclusion of and opportunity for Black artists in the mainstream American art world, and her interest in racial equity was linked to her values as an art collector. As she continued to visit museums, and got to know scores of young artists as they graduated from Ellington and fought to begin artistic careers, the more her interest in the arts became enmeshed with her values in the political and social arenas.She got involved in the political side of the arts, and she made it her “purpose that this nation face the absence, the erasure, the impermanence, the non-inclusion of African Americans in our cultural treasure.” In 1968, she became a founding member of the DC Commission on the Arts and Humanities, which she also chaired from 1989 to 1999. In 1989 she became co-chair of the Smithsonian's Cultural Equity Committee. She was the youngest trustee ever appointed to the American Film Institute. She joined the Painting and Sculpture Acquisitions Committee at the Whitney Museum of American Art. In 2009, a house fire destroyed her home in D.C.'s Kent neighborhood, ravaging the eight-bedroom architectural landmark where she held salons and kept her art collection, one of the largest private collections of African American and African art. Among those 300 works destroyed in the fire were works by Jacob Lawrence and Romare Bearden. She reached a settlement with the District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority over the fire for their

masks:
Cafritz
Conrad Cafritz


title: Peggy Cooper Cafritz

texts:
 inadequate pressure in the hydrants.<mask> moved to Dupont Circle in 2010 and continued to grow her collection. Included in the Cafritz collection is Carrie Mae Weems, El Anatsui, Chris Ofili, Mickalene Thomas, Glenn Ligon, Simone Leigh, Titus Kaphar, LaToya Ruby Frazier, William Villalongo, Tschabalala Self, Nathaniel Mary Quinn and Njideka Akunyili Crosby, whose work is featured on the cover of a 2018 book about Cafritz's collection. Upon her death, she bequeathed more than 250 works by Black artists to the Duke Ellington School of the Arts and over 400 to the Studio Museum in Harlem, marking the largest gift ever made of contemporary art by artists of African descent. Cafritz was the first collector for many visual artists and has sponsored many projects including Spike Lee's Malcolm X. Other Positions and Accomplishments
In the 1970s she was the youngest fellow of Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Cafritz was DC school board president from 2000 to 2006. Personal life
In Cafritz's 2018 book, she called her professional life “spectacularly lucky” but her emotional life “tumultuous, sometimes tortured.” The comfort she received from art, she wrote, is one of the things that drove her art collecting, along with its social and cultural impact.In 1981, after living together for eight years, <mask> married multimillionaire real estate executive <mask>, son of the real estate developer and philanthropist <mask>. She was Catholic and he was Jewish. Together they had three children, the first of whom was born after the assistance of in vitro fertilization, made necessary by Cafritz's endometriosis. They adopted two other children. The couple divorced in 1998; in the divorce documents, <mask> said

masks:
Cafritz
Cafritz
Conrad Cafritz
Morris Cafritz
Peggy


title: Peggy Cooper Cafritz

texts:
 her husband had cheated on her and had contempt for her friends and family who were black. Cafritz had many mentees, unofficial foster children, and several godchildren, including Susan Rice and her brother, John. Cafritz was a prominent figure in the Washington, D.C. social scene, socializing with cultural and political figures including Quincy Jones, Gloria Steinem, Bill Clinton, Vernon Jordan, and Alma Powell.Her brother, Algernon J<mask>, Jr, served as the first Black mayor of Prichard, Alabama, and was one of the first Black mayors in the modern era. Death

Cafritz died in Washington, D.C. on February 18, 2018, from complications from pneumonia after a period of declining health. Works and publications

References

External links
 Duke Ellington School of the Arts Project

1947 births
2018 deaths
American art collectors
American women philanthropists
Activist Women's Voices oral history project
Women art collectors
People from Mobile, Alabama
Philanthropists from Alabama
Philanthropists from Washington, D.C.
Members of the District of Columbia Board of Education
Saint Mary's College (Indiana) alumni
Deaths from pneumonia in Washington, D.C.
African-American Catholics
American art educators
George Washington University Law School alumni
Catholics from Alabama
People from Dupont


title: Azmyl Yunor

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; 17 January 1977) is a Malaysian independent English and Malay language singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, academic and writer. He is also a journalist and filmmaker by training. His works have ranged from folk-country singer-songwriter styles to experimental guitar improvisations to punk and indie-noise rock, solo and with various bands he has founded and recorded with. All of his solo recordings are released on his own Rapidear label (his earlier obscure cassette home recordings are out of print) and Troubadours. A former street musician, he is noted for his strong songwriting and lyrics, and laidback on-stage presence yet energetic live shows. He has also composed and collaborated for film, television, theatre, dance and spoken word/poetry productions. Early life
<mask> was born on 17 January 1977 in Pantai Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur.He is a son of Yusof Husin, an entomology professor and Norani Abdul Samad, a microbiology professor. Yunor has a younger brother, Azree who is eight years his junior. He grew up in Adelaide, Australia where his parents continuing their studies until he was 4 years old. His family moved to Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor when he was 12. He attended the Sekolah Rendah Kebangsaan Jalan Gurney (1). Music career
With the release of the country folk-flavored Tenets EP (2005 / produced by <mask> <mask> & Ron Khoo) in 2005 to acclaim, he garnered wider attention of the press and established himself as one of the main movers of the burgeoning Malaysian singer-songwriter scene along with the likes of Meor Aziddin Yusof, Pete Teo,

masks:
Azmyl Yunor
Azmyl Yusof
Azmyl Yunor
Azmyl
Yunor


title: Azmyl Yunor

texts: Shanon Shah and Shelley Leong. He has also recorded and released lo-fi recordings under the name Thunder Coffee Club.He was voted as one of KLue magazine's '20 Under 40 – Significant & Young Individuals or Collectives' along with the likes of Mawi, Daphne Iking, Tiara Jacquelina, and Amir Muhammad in 2006. His bi-lingual album Warga (2010 / produced by <mask> <mask> & Ariff Akhir) saw him launch a self-funded 20-month tour to promote it. His latest album Wilayah (2012 / produced by <mask> <mask> & Ron Khoo) was recorded with his touring band the Sigarettes. He is a co-founder and member of the Experimental Musicians and Artists Co-operative Malaysia (Emacm) and a co-founder of Troubadours Enterprise, organisers of the annual singer-songwriter festival KL Sing Song from 2005 to 2009. He was also a guitarist for Damo Suzuki's Network in Malaysia for a performance together in 2010. A musical named after one of his popular songs "Something I Wrote" (directed by Mark Teh, produced by the Five Arts Centre) based on his life and works was staged in August 2013, during which he also launched a retrospective cd Revenge of the Rabak: Selected Works from the Lo-fi Years 1997–2005 comprising selected songs from his lo-fi cassette releases and the Tenets EP in its entirety. The Pedra Branca EP (2014 / produced by Ronnie Khoo, <mask> <mask>, & Jeremy Lee), a split EP with Singaporean doom folk artist Hell Low, was released in April 2014 and they both toured Singapore and Peninsula Malaysia to promote the release.After the disbandment of <mask> <mask>myl Yunor & Orkes Padu with collaborator/

masks: Azmyl Yunor Azmyl Yunor Azmyl Yunor Azmyl Yunorz


title: Jean-Pierre Massiera

texts:
Jean-<mask> (10 July 1941 – 28 December 2019),sometimes referred to by his initials JPM, was a French musician, composer, record producer, sound engineer, and recording studio owner. His prolific output between the 1960s and 1990s ranged across pop instrumentals, psychedelic rock and disco music, often incorporating elements of musique concrète, field recordings and samples in an eccentrically experimental and unique style. His work is usually credited under one-off band names such as Les Maledictus Sound, Horrific Child, and Herman's Rocket. He has been called "the French Joe Meek". The Guardians reviewer Ben Thompson called his work "a fetid miasma of sick humour, sound effects and unexpectedly first-rate musicianship", and reviewer William Rauscher described him as "a freewheeling auteur whose outrageous forays in trashy pop culture mix low-brow sensuality with oddball experimentation". Early life and career
<mask> was born in Nice, France, but grew up in Córdoba and Buenos Aires, Argentina. After learning guitar, he returned to France when in his teens, and formed the instrumental beat group, Les Milords.<mask> played lead guitar; the other band members were Pierre Malaussena (rhythm guitar), Patrick Batteu (bass), and Francis Cavallaro (drums). After several singles in the style of British and American instrumental groups such as the Shadows and the Ventures, <mask> and Malaussena formed a new band in 1964, under the name of Les Monégasques, with Fernand "Nicky" Cafiero (bass) and Jean Haumont (drums). The band also played on recordings by pop singer Gérard Brent.Commentaires sur Les Monégasques, Bide & Musique, 20 November 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2019

Freakbeat and

masks:
Pierre Massiera
Massiera
Massiera
Massiera


title: Jean-Pierre Massiera

texts:
 progressive rock
In 1967, <mask> set up his own recording studio, Studio d’Enregistrement Méditerranéen (SEM) in Nice, with good quality recording equipment, and began recording local musicians including drummer André Ceccarelli and singers Jocy (later known as Jessy Joyce, real name Joyce Pepino) and Basile. In 1968 he composed and produced the album Attention, credited to Les Maledictus Sound. As well as <mask> and Ceccarelli, the musicians included guitarist Patrick Djivas, later of the band PFM. One track was contentiously called "Jim Clark Was Driving Recklessly" – the racing driver Jim Clark had been killed in a crash a few months previously.In late 1968, <mask> sold his studio and moved to Quebec, but returned to France the following year. <mask> continued to work as a producer for pop and freakbeat musicians in the late 1960s and early 1970s, including the single "Pardon pour Buchenwald" by Erik, on which he included samples of Nazi speeches. He also added a variety of electronic effects on the 1971 heavy rock album Chico Magnetic Band by Mahmoud "Chico" Ayari. In 1972, with the support of his half-brother Bernard Torelli, he opened a new 16-track studio, Antibes Studio 16, known as the Azurville studio. The studio was used by John McLaughlin, Bill Wyman, and many others. In 1974, he composed and produced the album Visitors, with an extraterrestrial theme. The musicians included vocalist Gérard Brent, violinist Didier Lockwood (later of Magma), and Bernard Torelli on guitar.This was followed in 1976 by Atlantide, with Patrick Attali on lead vocals and Torelli on guitar, sitar and Mellotron. Also in 1976, <mask> composed and produced one of his most notable albums, L'Etrange

masks: Massiera Massiera Massiera Massiera Massiera


title: Jean-Pierre Massiera

texts:
 Mr. Whinster, credited to the act Horrific Child and marketed as a "psychological experience". The album incorporated African rhythms, samples, spoken excerpts from writers Baudelaire, Lovecraft and Lautréamont, and contributions from <mask>'s regular contributors Torelli, Brent, and Jessy Joyce, among others. He also co-wrote and co-produced Jessy Joyce's album Love Me, and the single "Toi qui rève de baisers" credited to Sex Convention. The 1977 album Turn Radio On, was co-composed by <mask> and Torelli, and co-produced by <mask> and Georges Colleuil. <mask> also produced folk rock albums by Valéry Btesh, and engineered releases by proto-punk band Little Bob Story. <mask>'s next album, Phantasmes, was credited to JPM & Co. and contains a mixture of styles including chanson, disco, experimental electronic music and prog rock, as well as the track "Dali court", a parody of Boney M's "Daddy Cool" dedicated to Salvador Dalí, and a version of Michel Legrand's "Les moulins de mon coeur".Also in 1977, <mask> issued a single under his own name, "Aime moi", a version of Deep Purple's "Child in Time". Disco music and later projects
The following year he co-wrote and produced the album Space Woman, credited to the act Herman's Rocket. The "cosmic disco" album was commissioned by record label owner Humbert "Mémé" Ibach, and the title track became one of <mask>'s best-known tracks. <mask>'s next album, Galactic Soul (also known as Synthetic Soul) followed a similar approach, but this time was credited as being by Venus Gang. Both albums were produced with Torelli as arranger, and both included reworkings of <mask>'s earlier material as well as that of others. Also in 1978, <mask> co-wrote and

masks: Massiera Massiera Massiera Massiera Massiera Massiera Massiera Massiera Massiera Massiera


title: Jean-Pierre Massiera

texts:
 co-produced Jessy Joyce's disco album J. Joyce & Co., and co-wrote and produced one of his best-known albums, Human Egg, the name of both the album and the act. The prog rock album featured many of Massiera's regular contributors including Bernard Torelli, Patrick Attali, Tony Bonfils, Jessy Joyce and André Ceccarelli.Before the end of the 1970s, <mask> also produced disco albums by Micky & Joyce (Hold Up) and Trans Am Dancing by Friends featuring singer Sparkle Tuhran. He left Antibes in 1979, and opened the studio Jean Jaurès in Paris for Philips Records. In 1981 he produced the jazz-rock album Debbi by Francis Lockwood, the disco-reggae album La Chica by African Magic Combo, and a second album credited to Visitors, as well as numerous singles for other artists, in some cases as a co-producer with Torelli or others. Through the 1980s <mask> continued to work as a writer and producer, but at a lower level of intensity than before, sometimes using the pseudonyms Areisam or Sierra. With Torelli in 1983, he wrote and produced the 12-inch single "Inch Allah", credited as Orient Express. In the mid-1980s he left Paris and established a new studio in Le Bar-sur-Loup. In 1992, on the occasion of Columbus' quincentennial, he co-wrote and produced the album Red Power by Indian Nation'''.A second album on the same theme, Red Soul, was issued in 1995. Reissues
Selections of <mask>'s work have been issued on CD, as Psychoses Freakoïd (1963-1978),  Psychoses Discoïd (1976-1981) (both issued by the Canadian label Mucho Gusto Records, 2007), and Midnight Massiera: The B-Music of Jean-Pierre <mask>'' (Finders Keepers Records, 2009). References

External links

1941 births
2019 deaths
French

masks: Massiera Massiera Massiera Massiera


title: Masistes

texts:
<mask> (Old Persian 𐎶𐎰𐎡𐏁𐎫, Maθišta; Greek Μασίστης, Masístēs; Old Iranian *Masišta) (?- c. 478 BC) was a Persian prince of the Achaemenid Dynasty, son of king Darius I  (reign: 520-486 BC) and of his wife Atossa, and full brother of king Xerxes I (reign: 486-465 BC). He was satrap (governor) of Bactria during his brother's reign, where he attempted to start a revolt in 478 BC. Chief marshal

<mask> was one of the six chief marshals of the Greek campaigns of Xerxes (480-479 BC). Along with general Mardonius, he commanded the army column that crossed Thrace along the coast; however, he was almost completely absent during the course of the war, including the battles of Salamis and Plataea. He reappeared close to the end of the war, when he fought in the Battle of Mycale (479 BC). According to Herodotus, the battle was just about to take place at sea, but the Persians decided to come ashore in Ionia, Asia Minor, and fight on land. The Greek and the Persian armies finally fought in Mycale, and the Persians were completely defeated.Commanders Tigranes and Mardontes died during the battle, but Artayntes and Itamithres, as well as <mask>, managed to escape. According to Herodotus, on their way to Sardis, where the king stayed, Masistes accused Artayntes of cowardice and blamed him of being "worse than a woman". In response, Artayntes unsheathed his sword and tried to kill <mask>, but was stopped by a Carian named Xenagoras of Halicarnassus. <mask>' family stayed near the battle, in Sardis, Lydia, which was a common practice of the nobility of the Persian

masks: Masistes Masistes Masistes Masistes Masistes


title: Masistes

texts:
 Empire. In Herodotus' Histories, he comments that while <mask> was fighting, his brother, king Xerxes, seduced <mask>' wife (see below). Love affairs and Masistes' revolt

The tale
<mask> is one of the main characters in a bloody episode in Herodotus' Histories (IX 108-110). Herodotus relates that, after his defeat in Greece, Xerxes fell in love with the wife of <mask>, but failed in all attempts to win her favour.In order to be closer to his sister-in-law, Xerxes married his son Darius to his niece Artaynte, a daughter of Masistes. The wedding was celebrated in Sardis, but when the court returned to Susa, Xerxes decided that he wanted the daughter rather than the mother, and Artaynte became his lover. One day, Xerxes visited Artaynte wearing a robe that had been woven by queen Amestris. He offered Artaynte to grant her whatever wish she desired. She chose the robe, and when she wore it in public, the affair was discovered. When Amestris heard the news she sought revenge, not from Artaynte, strangely enough, but from her mother, the wife of Masistes. It was customary in Persia that on the king's birthday he had to grant all the wishes he was asked, so Amestris waited until that date to ask Xerxes to have Masistes' wife killed.Under Amestris' orders, <mask>' wife was tortured and mutilated: her breasts, nose, ears, lips and tongue were cut out. In the meantime, Xerxes offered Masistes the hand of one of his daughters. <mask> refused, and when he saw his mutilated wife he fled to Bactria to start a revolt; however, he was intercepted on his way by

masks: Masistes Masistes Masistes Masistes Masistes Masistes


title: Masistes

texts:
 troops sent by the king, and put to death along with his followers and his three sons. Historical background
The tale refers to an ill-fated attempt of <mask> to lead a revolt against his brother Xerxes. Although the exact date is unknown, it could not have happened too long after the battle of Mycale (479 BC), perhaps in 478 BC. It was originally considered that Xerxes, affected by his defeats in Greece, became involved in harem intrigues that would cause turmoil in the court and eventually result in the decadence and ruin of the Empire. This view is widely criticised by more modern authors.Many of the episode's themes appear in many legendary tales of Persian origin - the plot is the same, only the names of the characters are changed. Thus, although the tale is based on Persian oral accounts of Masistes' revolt, it is impossible to consider it as a historical fact and to derive literal conclusions from it. Relating to this, it has been argued that the royal robe (which Amestris wove for Xerxes in the story) was not just a piece of clothing but a symbol of the Persian monarchy. According to this reasoning, and within the symbolic context of Persian culture of this period, when Artaynte asked Xerxes for his robe she was actually asking for the throne, although not for her, as she was married to the heir, prince Darius, but perhaps for her father Masistes. This could explain why Amestris punished Masistes' wife instead of her daughter Artaynte. It has also been noted that the punishment that Masistes' wife received was usually reserved for rebels.


title: Masistes

texts:
 the same story, but refers to Artabazanes as Ariamenes. On the other hand, Plutarch states that Xerxes, when he is chosen as heir, offers Ariamenes the position of "second after the king". The Ariamenes who appears in Plutarch, although he plays the role of the Artabazanes referred to by Herodotus and the Ariamenes referred to by Trogus, has similarities with Masistes. First, Ariamenes governs over Bactria in Plutarch's version, just as Masistes does in Herodotus. Also, the phrase "second after the king" coincides with the meaning of the title mathishta, which seems to be related to the name of Masistes. However, in Plutarch, the "second after the king" refers to the most powerful person after the king himself, but not to the heir, as occurs with the title mathishta.It is possible, as it has been argued, that <mask> was not the real name of the younger brother of Xerxes, but simply his title,  (mathishta). Facing this possibility, it is important to note that <mask> was in fact a given name used at the time. In a clay cuneiform tablet ( a commercial document, specifically) from the Babylonian city of Nippur dated to 429 BC (during Artaxerxes I's reign) mention is made of a certain Masishtu (Masištu), whose name has been identified as the Akkadian form of Masistes. Notes

References

Briant, P (1997): " Bulletin d'Histoire Achéménide", in Topoi 1. Briant, P. (2002): From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, Eisenbrauns. Brosius, M (1998): Woman in Ancient Persia, Clarendon Press. Burn, AR (1962): Persia and the Greeks, St. Martin's

masks: Masistes Masistes


title: A. J. Ayer

texts:
Sir <mask> "Freddie<mask>  (; 29 October 1910 – 27 June 1989), usually cited as A. J<mask>, was an English philosopher known for his promotion of logical positivism, particularly in his books Language, Truth, and Logic (1936) and The Problem of Knowledge (1956). He was educated at Eton College and the University of Oxford, after which he studied the philosophy of logical positivism at the University of Vienna. From 1933 to 1940 he lectured on philosophy at Christ Church, Oxford. During the Second World War <mask>r was a Special Operations Executive and MI6 agent. He was Grote Professor of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic at University College London from 1946 until 1959, after which he returned to Oxford to become Wykeham Professor of Logic at New College. He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1951 to 1952 and knighted in 1970. He was known for his advocacy of humanism, and was the second President of the British Humanist Association (now known as Humanists UK).Life
<mask>r was born in St John's Wood, in north west London, to <mask> Cyprien <mask> and Reine (née Citroen), wealthy parents from continental Europe. His mother was from the Dutch-Jewish family who founded the Citroën car company in France; his father was a Swiss Calvinist financier who worked for the Rothschild family, including for their bank and as secretary to <mask>. <mask>r was educated at Ascham St Vincent's School, a former boarding preparatory school for boys in the seaside town of Eastbourne in Sussex, in which he started boarding at the

masks:
Alfred Jules
" Ayer
. Ayer
Aye
Aye
Jules Louis
Ayer
Alfred Rothschild
Aye


title: A. J. Ayer

texts: comparatively early age of seven for reasons to do with the First World War, and Eton College. It was at Eton that <mask>r first became known for his characteristic bravado and precocity. Although primarily interested in furthering his intellectual pursuits, he was very keen on sports, particularly rugby, and reputedly played the Eton Wall Game very well. In the final examinations at Eton, <mask>r came second in his year, and first in classics. In his final year, as a member of Eton's senior council, he unsuccessfully campaigned for the abolition of corporal punishment at the school.He won a classics scholarship to Christ Church, Oxford. After graduation from Oxford, <mask>r spent a year in Vienna, returned to England and published his first book, Language, Truth and Logic in 1936. The first exposition in English of logical positivism as newly developed by the Vienna Circle, this made <mask>r at age 26 the 'enfant terrible' of British philosophy. As a newly famous intellectual, <mask>r played a prominent role in the Oxford by-election campaign of 1938. <mask>r campaigned first for the Labour candidate Patrick Gordon Walker, and then for the joint Labour-Liberal "Independent Progressive" candidate Sandie Lindsay who ran on an anti-appeasement platform against the Conservative candidate, Quintin Hogg who ran as the appeasement candidate. The by-election when it was held on 27 October 1938 was quite close with Hogg winning a narrow victory over Lindsay. In the Second World War he served as an officer in the Welsh Guards, chiefly

masks: Aye Aye Aye Aye Aye Aye


title: A. J. Ayer

texts: in intelligence (Special Operations Executive (SOE) and MI6).<mask>r was commissioned second lieutenant into the Welsh Guards from Officer Cadet Training Unit on 21 September 1940. After the war, he briefly returned to the University of Oxford where he became a fellow and Dean of Wadham College. He thereafter taught philosophy at London University from 1946 until 1959, when he also started to appear on radio and television. He was an extrovert and social mixer who liked dancing and attending the clubs in London and New York. He was also obsessed with sport: he had played rugby for Eton, and was a noted cricketer and a keen supporter of Tottenham Hotspur football team, where he was for many years a season ticket holder. For an academic, <mask>r was an unusually well-connected figure in his time, with close links to 'high society' and the establishment. Presiding over Oxford high-tables, he is often described as charming, but at times he could also be intimidating.<mask>r was married four times to three women. His first marriage was from 1932–1941 to (Grace Isabel) Renée (d. 1980), with whom he had a son - alleged to be in fact the son of <mask>r's friend and colleague, philosopher Stuart Hampshire- and a daughter. Renée subsequently married Stuart Hampshire. In 1960 he married <mask> (Dee) Wells, with whom he had one son. <mask>r's marriage to Wells was dissolved in 1983 and that same year he married Vanessa Salmon, former wife of politician Nigel Lawson. She died in 1985 and in 1989 he remarried Dee Wells, who survived him.

masks:
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Alberta Constance
Aye


title: A. J. Ayer

texts: <mask>r also had a daughter with Hollywood columnist Sheilah Graham Westbrook.In 1950, <mask>r attended the founding meeting of the Congress for Cultural Freedom in West Berlin, through he later stated that he only went because of the offer of a "free trip". <mask>r gave a speech on why he felt that <mask> Mill's classic liberal conceptions of liberty and freedom was still valid for the 20th century. Together with the historian Hugh Trevor-Roper, <mask>r fought against <mask> and Franz Borkenau, arguing that the latter two were far too dogmatic and extreme in their anti-communism, and were in fact proposing illiberal measures in the defense of liberty. Adding to the tension was the location in West Berlin together with the fact that the Korean War had just broke on 25 June 1950 on the fourth day of the congress, giving a feeling that the world was on the brink of war. From 1959 to his retirement in 1978, Sir <mask> held the Wykeham Chair, Professor of Logic at Oxford. He was knighted in 1970. After his retirement, <mask>r taught or lectured several times in the United States, including serving as a visiting professor at Bard College in the fall of 1987.At a party that same year held by fashion designer Fernando Sanchez, <mask>r, then 77, confronted Mike Tyson who was forcing himself upon the (then) little-known model Naomi Campbell. When <mask>r demanded that Tyson stop, the boxer reportedly asked, "Do you know who the fuck I am? I'm the heavyweight champion of the world," to which <mask>r replied, "And I am the former Wykeham

masks:
Aye
Aye
Aye
John Stuart
Aye
Arthur Koestler
Alfred
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye


title: A. J. Ayer

texts:
 Professor of Logic. We are both pre-eminent in our field. I suggest that we talk about this like rational men". <mask>r and Tyson then began to talk, allowing Campbell to slip out. <mask>r was also involved in politics being involved in anti-Vietnam War activism, supporting the Labour Party (and then later the Social Democratic Party), Chairman of the Campaign Against Racial Discrimination in Sport, and President of the Homosexual Law Reform Society.In 1988, a year before his death, <mask>r wrote an article entitled, "What I saw when I was dead", describing an unusual near-death experience. Of the experience, <mask>r first said that it "slightly weakened my conviction that my genuine death ... will be the end of me, though I continue to hope that it will be." However, a few weeks later he revised this, saying "what I should have said is that my experiences have weakened, not my belief that there is no life after death, but my inflexible attitude towards that belief". <mask>r died on 27 June 1989. From 1980 to 1989 <mask>r lived at 51 York Street, Marylebone, where a memorial plaque was unveiled on 19 November 1995. Philosophical ideas
In Language, Truth and Logic (1936), <mask>r presents the verification principle as the only valid basis for philosophy. Unless logical or empirical verification is possible, statements like "God exists" or "charity is good" are not true or untrue but meaningless, and may thus be excluded or ignored.Religious language in particular was unverifiable and as such literally nonsense. He also

masks: Aye Aye Aye Aye Aye Aye Aye


title: A. J. Ayer

texts:
 criticises C. A. Mace's opinion that metaphysics is a form of intellectual poetry. The stance that a belief in "God" denotes no verifiable hypothesis is sometimes referred to as igtheism (for example, by Paul Kurtz). In later years <mask>r reiterated that he did not believe in God and began to refer to himself as an atheist. He followed in the footsteps of Bertrand Russell by debating with the Jesuit scholar Frederick Copleston on the topic of religion. <mask>r's version of emotivism divides "the ordinary system of ethics" into four classes:
"Propositions that express definitions of ethical terms, or judgements about the legitimacy or possibility of certain definitions"
"Propositions describing the phenomena of moral experience, and their causes"
"Exhortations to moral virtue"
"Actual ethical judgments"
He focuses on propositions of the first class—moral judgments—saying that those of the second class belong to science, those of the third are mere commands, and those of the fourth (which are considered in normative ethics as opposed to meta-ethics) are too concrete for ethical philosophy. <mask>r argues that moral judgments cannot be translated into non-ethical, empirical terms and thus cannot be verified; in this he agrees with ethical intuitionists.But he differs from intuitionists by discarding appeals to intuition of non-empirical moral truths as "worthless" since the intuition of one person often contradicts that of another. Instead, <mask>r concludes that ethical concepts are "mere pseudo-concepts":

Between 1945 and

masks: Aye Aye Aye Aye


title: A. J. Ayer

texts:
 1947, together with Russell and George Orwell, he contributed a series of articles to Polemic, a short-lived British "Magazine of Philosophy, Psychology, and Aesthetics" edited by the ex-Communist Humphrey Slater. <mask>r was closely associated with the British humanist movement. He was an Honorary Associate of the Rationalist Press Association from 1947 until his death. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1963. In 1965, he became the first president of the Agnostics' Adoption Society and in the same year succeeded <mask> as president of the British Humanist Association, a post he held until 1970. In 1968 he edited The Humanist Outlook, a collection of essays on the meaning of humanism.In addition he was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto. Works
<mask>r is best known for popularising the verification principle, in particular through his presentation of it in Language, Truth, and Logic (1936). The principle was at the time at the heart of the debates of the so-called Vienna Circle which <mask>r visited as a young guest. Others, including the leading light of the circle, Moritz Schlick, were already offering their own papers on the issue. <mask>r's own formulation was that a sentence can be meaningful only if it has verifiable empirical import;  otherwise, it is either "analytical" if tautologous or "metaphysical" (i.e. meaningless, or "literally senseless"). He started to work on the book at the age of 23 and it was published when he was 26.<mask>r's philosophical

masks:
Aye
Julian Huxley
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye


title: A. J. Ayer

texts: ideas were deeply influenced by those of the Vienna Circle and David Hume. His clear, vibrant and polemical exposition of them makes Language, Truth and Logic essential reading on the tenets of logical empiricism;  the book is regarded as a classic of 20th century analytic philosophy, and is widely read in philosophy courses around the world. In it, <mask>r also proposed that the distinction between a conscious man and an unconscious machine resolves itself into a distinction between "different types of perceptible behaviour", an argument that anticipates the Turing test published in 1950 to test a machine's capability to demonstrate intelligence. <mask>r wrote two books on the philosopher Bertrand Russell, Russell and Moore: The Analytic Heritage (1971) and Russell (1972). He also wrote an introductory book on the philosophy of David Hume and a short biography of Voltaire. <mask>r was a strong critic of the German philosopher Martin Heidegger. As a logical positivist <mask>r was in conflict with Heidegger's proposed vast, overarching theories regarding existence.These he felt were completely unverifiable through empirical demonstration and logical analysis, and this sort of philosophy an unfortunate strain in modern thought. He considered Heidegger to be the worst example of such philosophy, which <mask>r believed to be entirely useless. In Philosophy in the Twentieth Century (1982) <mask>r accuses Heidegger of "surprising ignorance" or "unscrupulous distortion" and "what can fairly be described as charlatanism." In 1972–1973


title: A. J. Ayer

texts:
 <mask>ord Lectures at University of St Andrews, later published as The Central Questions of Philosophy. In the preface to the book, he defends his selection to hold the lectureship on the basis that Lord Gifford wished to promote "natural theology", in the widest sense of that term", and that non-believers are allowed to give the lectures if they are "able reverent men, true thinkers, sincere lovers of and earnest inquirers after truth". He still believed in the viewpoint he shared with the logical positivists: that large parts of what was traditionally called "philosophy"including the whole of metaphysics, theology and aestheticswere not matters that could be judged as being true or false and that it was thus meaningless to discuss them. In The Concept of a Person and Other Essays (1963), <mask>r heavily criticized Wittgenstein's private language argument.<mask>r's sense-data theory in Foundations of Empirical Knowledge was famously criticised by fellow Oxonian J. L<mask> in Sense and Sensibilia, a landmark 1950s work of common language philosophy. <mask>r responded to this in the essay "Has <mask> Refuted the Sense-datum Theory? ", which can be found in his Metaphysics and Common Sense (1969). Awards
He was awarded a Knighthood as Knight Bachelor in the London Gazette on 1 January 1970. Selected publications
 1936, Language, Truth, and Logic, London: Gollancz. (2nd ed., 1946.) Reprinted 2001 with a new introduction, London: Penguin.1940, The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge, London: Macmillan. 1954, Philosophical Essays,

masks:
Ayeiff
Aye
Aye
. Austin
Aye
Austin


title: A. J. Ayer

texts:
 London: Macmillan. (Essays on freedom, phenomenalism, basic propositions, utilitarianism, other minds, the past, ontology.) 1957, "The conception of probability as a logical relation", in S. Korner, ed., Observation and Interpretation in the Philosophy of Physics, New York, N.Y.: Dover Publications. 1956, The Problem of Knowledge, London: Macmillan. 1957, "Logical Positivism - A Debate"  (with F. C. Copleston) in: Edwards, Paul, Pap, <mask> (eds. ), A Modern Introduction to Philosophy; readings from classical and contemporary sources
 1963, The Concept of a Person and Other Essays, London: Macmillan.(Essays on truth, privacy and private languages, laws of nature, the concept of a person, probability.) 1967, "Has <mask> Refuted the Sense-Data Theory?" Synthese vol. XVIII, pp. 117–140. (Reprinted in <mask>r 1969). 1968, The Origins of Pragmatism, London: Macmillan.1969, Metaphysics and Common Sense, London: Macmillan. (Essays on knowledge, man as a subject for science, chance, philosophy and politics, existentialism, metaphysics, and a reply to <mask> on sense-data theory [<mask>r 1967].) 1971, Russell and Moore: The Analytical Heritage, London: Macmillan. 1972, Probability and Evidence, London: Macmillan. 1972, Russell, London: Fontana Modern Masters. 1973, The Central Questions of Philosophy, London: Weidenfeld. 1977, Part of My Life, London: Collins.1979, "Replies", in G. F. Macdonald, ed., Perception and Identity: Essays Presented to A. J<mask>r, With His Replies, London: Macmillan; Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.

masks:
Arthur
Austin
Aye
Austin
Aye
. Aye


title: A. J. Ayer

texts:
 1980, Hume, Oxford: Oxford University Press
 1982, Philosophy in the Twentieth Century, London: Weidenfeld. 1984, Freedom and Morality and Other Essays, Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1984, More of My Life, London: Collins. 1986, Ludwig Wittgenstein, London: Penguin. 1986, Voltaire, New York: Random House. 1988, Thomas Paine, London: Secker & Warburg.1990, The Meaning of Life and Other Essays, Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 1991, "A Defense of Empiricism" in: Griffiths, A. Phillips (ed. ), A. J<mask>r: Memorial Essays (Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements). Cambridge University Press. 1992, "Intellectual Autobiography" and Repiies in: Lewis Edwin Hahn (ed. ), The Philosophy of <mask><mask>r (The Library of Living Philosophers Volume XXI), edited by Lewis Edwin Hahn, Open Court Publishing Co.

See also
 A priori knowledge
 List of British philosophers

References

Footnotes

Works cited
 <mask>r, <mask>.(1989). "That undiscovered country", New Humanist, Vol. 104 (1), May, pp. 10–13. Rogers, Ben (1999). <mask><mask>r: A Life.New York: Grove Press. . (Chapter one and a review by Hilary Spurling, The New York Times, 24 December 2000.) Further reading
<mask>, "Positive Thinking" (review of Karl Sigmund, Exact Thinking in Demented Times:  The Vienna Circle and the Epic Quest for the Foundations of Science, Basic Books, 449 pp. ), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXIV, no. 20 (21 December 2017), pp. 74–76. Ted Honderich, <mask>r's Philosophy and its Greatness.<mask>, <mask> <mask>. Proceedings of the British Academy, 94 (1996), pp.

masks:
. Aye
A J
. Aye
Aye
A J
A J
. Aye
Jim Holt
Aye
Anthony Quinton
Alfred Jules
Ayer


title: A. J. Ayer

texts:
 255–282. Graham Macdonald, <mask> <mask>, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 7 May 2005. External links

 "Logical Positivism" (video) Men of Ideas interview with Bryan Magee (1978)
"Frege, Russell, and Modern Logic" (video) The Great Philosophers interview with Bryan Magee (1987)
<mask>r's Elizabeth Rathbone Lecture on Philosophy & Politics
 <mask>r entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

masks:
Alfred Jules
Ayer
Aye
Aye


title: Kim Ki-bum

texts:
<mask> (born August 21, 1987), known mononymously as Kibum, is a South Korean actor and singer. He was a member of Super Junior. After the release of Super Junior's third studio album Sorry, Sorry in 2009, <mask> announced his leave from the group to pursue his acting career. In 2015, <mask> announced he ended his contract with SM Entertainment and departure from the group. <mask> made his television debut in the Korean television drama, April Kiss, in 2004. Life and career

1987–2005: Early life and career beginnings
<mask> was born in Seoul, South Korea. He has a younger sister, <mask>e-hee, who lives with his mother.One of his cousin is an actor and model, Shin Dong-wook. At the age of ten, he moved to Los Angeles, California, United States where he attended Santa Monica High School. In 2002, he was discovered by a talent agent from South Korea and was recommended to audition for the Starlight Casting System by SM Entertainment. <mask> signed a contract with SM Entertainment and became an official trainee, being trained in areas of singing, acting, dancing, and other performing talents such as hosting and modeling. Although he resided in Seoul at the time, he constantly returned to Los Angeles to visit his family and to attend short school sessions. <mask> debuted as an actor on April 21, 2004 in KBS drama April Kiss as young Han Jung Woo. This was followed in March 2005, with Joo Yeo Myeong in another KBS drama, Sharp 2, co-starring labelmates Go Ara and Heechul.In November 2005 he played a small role in the MBC drama, Marrying a Millionaire, appearing in one episode where he plays the young <mask>on. 2005–09: Debut with Super Junior and solo activities

<mask> debut as part of

masks:
Kim Ki bum
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim Sa
Kim
Kim
Kim Youngho
Kim


title: Kim Ki-bum

texts: 12-member rotational project group Super Junior 05 on November 6, 2005 on SBS's music programme Popular Songs, performing their first single, "TWINS (Knock Out)". Their debut album SuperJunior05 (Twins) was released a month later on December 5, 2005 and debuted at No. 3 on the monthly MIAK K-pop album charts. In 2006, he took on the lead role in the MBC daily sitcom, Rainbow Romance, sharing the lead with <mask> for 243 episodes. This was followed by <mask>'s second drama with Go Ara, Snow Flower in November on SBS. In March 2006, SM Entertainment began to recruit new members for the next Super Junior generation.However, plans changed and the company declared a halt in forming future Super Junior generations. Following the addition of thirteenth member Kyuhyun, the group dropped the suffix "05" and became officially credited as Super Junior. The re-polished group's first CD single "U" was released on June 7, 2006, which was their most successful single until the release of "Sorry, Sorry" in March 2009. He appeared in Attack on the Pin-Up Boys, a 2007 high school Korean film that starred all members of Super Junior except Kyuhyun. He plays the narrator of the story; a student who investigates the mysterious happenings at school. In April 2008, <mask> returned to acting after 16 months, starring in another daily MBC drama, Chunja's Happy Events alongside Wang Bitna. He was picked as the co-presenter of Thailand's 12 Plus Powder along with the primary presenter, bandmate Choi Siwon, in early 2008.However, the co-presenter was switched to bandmate Donghae for another product of 12 Plus – "roll-on". In 2009 when Super Junior released their third album, Sorry, Sorry, <mask> was absent during

masks:
Kim Heechul
Kim
Kim
Kim


title: Kim Ki-bum

texts:
 promotions for the first single, "Sorry, Sorry", leading to speculation that he left Super Junior, which was denied by both SM Entertainment and band members. When Super Junior released their second single, "It's You", <mask> had no singing solo and was again absent from all promotions. SM finally issued a statement stating that <mask> was busy with solo projects, and re-confirmed he would be absent from promotional activities, but that he had not left Super Junior. Even though he is featured in promotional material for their concert tour Super Show 2 Tour, <mask> did not take part due to an injury to his foot requiring six weeks of rest. After the release of "Sorry, Sorry – Answer", <mask> who was absent from the music video, stated "Firstly, I am in the process of preparing for the play and releasing the drama. Whether I will participate in the fourth album, resume solo activities, or continue acting, need to be further discussed with my company".2010–15: Acting career and departure from SM Entertainment
In 2010, <mask> starred in his second film Jumunjin, released on the January 21. It is a love story of a ghost man (<mask>) and a girl that lives in the country side. From January 26 to March 28, <mask> starred in theatrical play A Nap, at Baekam Art Hall in Samseong-dong, Seoul. He played a young version of male lead Young-jin with Lee Joo-seung. The play is based on a short story of the same name by Park Min-gyu and directed by filmmaker Hur Jin-ho. In May 2010 it was confirmed that <mask> would neither participate in the fourth album, Bonamana, nor any further Super Junior activities until further notice, as he would be focusing on his acting career. In October 2011 <mask> played

masks: Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim


title: Kim Ki-bum

texts:
 Joseon scholar-official Pak Paengnyeon in historical drama Deep Rooted Tree.In May 2012, <mask> will star as the male lead Geum Eun-dong in I Love Lee Tae-ri, where he plays a 14-year-old middle school student who goes to a performance of his favorite singer and becomes a man in his 20s, who is the secretary of a haughty heiress, Lee Tae-ri, played by Park Ye-jin. <mask> will star as Duan Yu in the 2013 Chinese television drama, The Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils and the title character in 2014 Chinese television drama, Lucky Tianbao. On August 18, 2015, Kibum announced via his personal SNS that his contract with SM Entertainment had ended. 2016–present:  Return to acting
In 2017 Kibum starred in the Chinese film My Kitchen Lover, released on August 25. On June 25, 2018, Kibum as an actor signed with Clover Company. Kibum was confirmed on Nov 8 to be in the new SBS Plus variety show Two Feet Life. On January 13, 2022, it confirmed that Kibum left from Clover Company and signed an exclusive contract with PA Entertainment and plans to accelerate his acting activities in the future, starting with fan meetings in March 2022.Discography

 2006: "Can It Be Love?" – Nonstop OST

Filmography

Film

Television drama

Television show

Music video

Theater

References

External links
 <mask>-bum on Daum
 Official agency profile

1987 births
Living people
Male actors from Seoul
Rappers from Seoul
Japanese-language singers of South Korea
South Korean male idols
South Korean pop singers
South Korean male singers
South Korean rhythm and blues singers
South Korean male film actors
South Korean male television actors
South Korean television presenters
South Korean radio presenters
Super Junior members
South

masks:
Kim
Kim
Kim Ki


title: Jake LaMotta

texts:
Giacobbe "<mask>" <mask> (July 10, 1922 – September 19, 2017) was an American professional boxer, world middleweight champion, and stand-up comedian. Nicknamed "The Bronx Bull" or "Raging Bull", <mask> was a rough fighter who was not a particularly big puncher, but he would subject his opponents to vicious beatings in the ring. With use of constant stalking, brawling and inside fighting, he developed the reputation for being a "bully"; he was what is often referred to today as a swarmer and a slugger. Due to his hard style of fighting, LaMotta often took in as much as he dished out in an era of great middleweights. With a thick skull and jaw muscles, LaMotta was able to absorb incredible amounts of punishment over the course of his career, and is thought to have one of the greatest chins in boxing history. <mask>'s six-fight rivalry with Sugar Ray Robinson was one of the most notable in the sport. Although each fight was close and LaMotta dropped Robinson to the canvas multiple times, LaMotta won only one of the bouts.<mask>, who lived a turbulent life in and out of the ring, was portrayed by Robert De Niro in the 1980 film Raging Bull; <mask> was managed by his brother <mask>, played by Joe Pesci in Martin Scorsese's movie. <mask> was ranked 52nd on Ring Magazines List of the 80 Best Fighters of the Last 80 Years. The magazine ranked him as one of the 10 greatest middleweights of all time. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in the inaugural class of 1990. Early life
<mask> was born on the Lower East Side of New York City on July 10, 1922, to Italian parents, Elizabeth (Merluzzo) and <mask>.

masks:
Jake
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
Joey LaMotta
Jake
LaMotta
Joseph LaMotta


title: Jake LaMotta

texts:
 Many sources had reported his year of birth as 1921, but his daughter Christi said in a Facebook post immediately following his death that it was in fact 1922. His mother was born in the United States to Italian immigrants, while his father was an immigrant from Messina, Sicily, who came with family including his brother Joseph.The family lived briefly in Philadelphia before returning to New York and settling in the Bronx. <mask>'s father forced the boy to fight other boys in order to entertain neighborhood adults, who threw pocket change into the ring. <mask>'s father collected the money and used it to help pay the rent. One of <mask>'s cousins on his father's side was <mask>, who became an entrepreneur and creator of the Chipwich ice cream treat. LaMotta learned to box while in a reformatory in upstate New York, where he'd been sent for attempted robbery. Afterward he fought undefeated in amateur bouts, turning professional at age 19 in 1941. During World War II, he was rejected for military service due to a childhood mastoid operation on one of his ears which affected his hearing.Boxing career
As a middleweight in his first fifteen bouts, <mask> went 14–0–1 (3 KOs) before losing a highly controversial split decision to Jimmy Reeves in Reeves' hometown of Cleveland, Ohio. Chaos erupted after the decision was announced. Fights broke out around the ring and the crowd continued to boo for 20 minutes. The arena's organist tried (but failed) to calm down the crowd by playing the "Star Spangled Banner". One month later, <mask> and Reeves fought again in the same arena. <mask> lost a much less controversial decision. A

masks:
Jake
LaMotta
LaMotta
Richard LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta


title: Jake LaMotta

texts: third match between the two took place on March 19, 1943 in Detroit, Michigan.The first five rounds were close, though Reeves was struggling in the fourth. In the sixth round, <mask> floored Reeves, who was only down for a second. Once the fight resumed, <mask> landed a left on Reeves' chin, sending him down face-first. Reeves was blinking his eyes and shaking his head as the referee counted him out. <mask> vs. Robinson I–<mask> fought Sugar Ray Robinson in Robinson's middleweight debut at Madison Square Garden, New York, October 2, 1942. <mask> knocked Robinson down in the first round of the fight. Robinson got up and took control over much of the fight, winning via a unanimous 10-round decision.A 10-round rematch took place February 5, 1943, at Olympia Stadium in Detroit, Michigan. The eighth round was historic. <mask> landed a right to Robinson's head and a left to his body, sending him through the ropes. Robinson was saved by the bell at the count of nine. <mask>, who was already leading on the scorecards before knocking Robinson out of the ring, pummeled and outpointed him for the rest of the fight. Robinson had trouble keeping <mask> at bay. <mask> won via unanimous decision, giving Robinson the first defeat of his career.The victory was short-lived, as the two met on February 26, 1943, in what was another 10-round fight, once again at Olympia Stadium in Robinson's former home of Detroit. Robinson was knocked down for a nine-count in Round 7. Robinson later stated, "He really hurt me with a left in the seventh round. I was a little dazed and decided to stay on the deck." Robinson won the close fight by

masks:
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
V LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta


title: Jake LaMotta

texts:
 unanimous decision, using a dazzling left jab and jarring uppercuts. <mask> said the fight was given to Robinson because he would be inducted into the army the next day. A fourth fight, the duo's final 10 rounder, took place nearly two years after the third, on February 23, 1945, at Madison Square Garden, New York.Robinson won again by a unanimous decision. <mask> and Robinson had their fifth bout at Comiskey Park, Chicago, Illinois on September 26, 1945. Robinson won by a very controversial split decision, contested over 12 rounds. The decision was severely booed by the 14,755 people in attendance. <mask> later said in his autobiography that the decision was widely criticized by several newspapers and boxing publishers. Robinson said afterward, "This was the toughest fight I've ever had with LaMotta." <mask> vs. Fox
On November 14, 1947, <mask> was knocked out in the fourth round by Billy Fox.Suspecting the fight was fixed, the New York State Athletic Commission withheld purses for the fight and suspended LaMotta. The fight with Fox would come back to haunt him later in life, during a case with the Federal Bureau of Investigation. In his testimony and in his later book, LaMotta admitted to throwing the fight to gain favor with the Mafia. All involved agreed the fix was obvious and their staging inept. As LaMotta wrote,
The first round, a couple of belts to his head, and I see a glassy look coming over his eyes. Jesus Christ, a couple of jabs and he's going to fall down? I began to panic a little.I was supposed to be throwing a fight to this guy, and it looked like I was going to end up holding him on his feet... By

masks: LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta


title: Jake LaMotta

texts:
 [the fourth round], if there was anybody in the Garden who didn't know what was happening, he must have been dead drunk. The thrown fight and a payment of $20,000 to the Mafia got <mask> his title bout against World Middleweight Champion Marcel Cerdan. <mask> vs. Cerdan
<mask> won the World Middleweight title on June 16, 1949 in Detroit, Michigan, defeating Frenchman Marcel Cerdan. <mask> won the first round (in which he knocked Cerdan down), Cerdan the second, and the third was even. At that point it became clear something was wrong. Cerdan dislocated his arm in the first round, apparently damaged in the knockdown, and gave up before the start of the 10th round. <mask> damaged his left hand in the fifth round, but still landed 104 punches in the ninth round, whereas Cerdan hardly threw a punch.The official score had <mask> as winner by a knockout in 10 rounds because the bell had already rung to begin that round when Cerdan announced he was quitting. A rematch was arranged, but while Cerdan was flying back to the United States to fight the rematch, his Air France Lockheed Constellation crashed in the Azores, killing everyone on board. World Middleweight Champion
<mask> made his first title defense against Tiberio Mitri on July 7, 1950, at Madison Square Garden, New York. <mask> retained his title via unanimous decision. <mask>'s next defense came on September 13, 1950, against Laurent Dauthuille. Dauthuille had previously beaten <mask> by decision before LaMotta became world champion. By the fifteenth round, Dauthuille was ahead on all scorecards (72–68, 74–66, 71–69) and seemed to be about to repeat a victory

masks: LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta