title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts: <mask>, went to the public schools from 1875 until 1877 in York, Pennsylvania.He enrolled in the York County Academy until 1884. He attended the York Collegiate Institute for one year. In the fall of 1885 he entered the sophomore class of Pennsylvania College, but only completed one term, because on November 3 of that year, his father moved to Springfield, Ohio, and placed his two sons in Wittenberg College. He married Julia Agnes Small of York, Pennsylvania on June 10, 1897. He built a house next to his father's in 1897. He graduated from Wittenberg in 1888. After college, he studied law in the office of attorney John L. Zimmerman (who presided at his father's heresy trial) from September 1, 1888, until February 1, 1889.He entered Wittenberg Theological Seminary, where his father had become professor two months earlier and began his preparation for the Lutheran ministry. He graduated on May 29, 1891, and was ordained by the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Miami in October 1891 at Dayton, Ohio. He became an instructor at Hamma Divinity School at Wittenberg College. He served as a member of the board of directors of Wittenberg College from 1894 until 1898. He became the editor of The Lutheran World in 1885, where he served for fifteen years. He founded the Fifth Lutheran Church in Springfield in 1891 and served for many years as its pastor. In 1900, he organized the Calvary Lutheran Church in Springfield, Ohio.He was transferred to York, Pennsylvania in 1904, to become general secretary of the Lutheran Board of Education in which position he served up until the time of his death on February 4, 1926. Before his death, he founded the Advent Lutheran Church in York, Pennsylvania in 1924. Frederick


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

type: original

texts: Gebhart <mask> was the father of <mask> <mask>, Sr, who graduated from York Academy, Gettysburg College and the Lutheran Theological Seminary. <mask> <mask>, Sr served in the Mission Field of the United Lutheran Church in Madras Presidency, India. He held the position of executive secretary of the Board of Foreign Missions of the United Lutheran Church. He was also the executive secretary of the Division of Foreign Missions of the National Council of the Churches of Christ. His son and the great-grandson of the original <mask>, <mask> <mask>, Jr is a Lutheran cleric and the author of the Gotwald heresy trial book.He was born to his missionary parents in India. He graduated from Gettysburg College and the Lutheran Theological Seminary. The Central Pennsylvania Synod ordained him as a minister of the United Lutheran church. He had three pastorates in Pennsylvania and acted as an assistant to the Bishop of the Allegheny Synod. He retired in 1992. The daughter of <mask> and <mask>, Almena <mask>, was the "apple of her father's eye". He said of her, "She was a beautiful child, with large, dark eyes, and rich brown curls, resembling her father more than any of the children."She attended the Girls Seminary in York, Pennsylvania in 1884 and 1885. When the family moved to Springfield, she attended the "Northern Building" of the Springfield Public Schools until 1889. In 1889 she entered the first year of the Preparatory Department of Wittenberg College. After taking a full seven years course, she graduated in 1896. She then took charge of the King Homestead until her marriage in 1899. During this time she traveled extensively in Colorado, New York City, Boston, and Chicago. In 1897 she was the bridesmaid

masks:
Gotwald
Luther Alexander
Gotwald
Luther Alexander
Gotwald
Luther Gotwald
Luther Alexander
Gotwald
Luther
Mary Gotwald
Gotwald


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts:
 at her brother Fred's wedding in York, Pennsylvania.On October 12, 1899, she married Glenn M. Cummings, a young attorney from Mansfield, Ohio. The ceremony took in the same place (the west bay window) in the old King Homestead where her parents were married forty years earlier. Her brother Fred performed the ceremony. She first resided in Mansfield, Ohio, but later moved to Cleveland, where her husband Glenn became Chief Counsel of the Cleveland Trust Company. Their daughter, Mary Susan <mask>, like her sister, went to school at the Northern building, Springfield. She enrolled in the Preparatory Department at Wittenberg College in 1892, from which she also graduated in 1899 after a full seven years' course. In 1898 she spent the summer in Colorado.She also visited Chicago, Chautauqua and several other destinations. <mask> wrote proudly, "In college she was a good student and stood well in her class. Since her graduation, she has taken charge of the house and makes a splendid housekeeper." After <mask>'s death, she married attorney and jurist Hubert Clay Pontius, of Canton, Ohio, who served as prosecuting attorney and judge in Stark County, Ohio. References

External links

1833 births
1900 deaths
Wittenberg University alumni
Newberry College people
Gettysburg College alumni
Union Army chaplains
People from Adams County, Pennsylvania
19th-century American

masks: Gotwald Luther Luther


title: Goodwill Zwelithini

texts:
King <mask> (27 July 1948 – 12 March 2021) was the reigning King of the Zulu nation from 1968 to his death. He became King on the passing on of his father, King Cyprian Bhekuzulu, in 1968. Prince Israel Mcwayizeni acted as the regent from 1968 to 1971 while the King took refuge in the then Transvaal province of South Africa for three years to avoid assassination. After his 21st birthday and his first marriage, Zwelithini was installed as the eighth monarch of the Zulus at a traditional ceremony at Nongoma on 3 December 1971, attended by 20,000 people. Zwelithini died on 12 March 2021, aged 72, after reportedly being admitted to hospital for diabetes-related illness. During preparations for his funeral, the king's traditional prime minister, Mangosuthu Buthelezi, announced that he had died of COVID-19. Political role

In the power vacuum created in the 1990s as Apartheid and the domination of the country by White South Africans was abolished, the King was increasingly drawn to partisan politics.The Zulu-dominated Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) initially opposed parts of the new constitution advocated by the African National Congress (ANC) regarding the internal governance of KwaZulu. In particular, the IFP campaigned aggressively for an autonomous and sovereign Zulu king, as constitutional head of state. As a result, the IFP abstained from registering its party for the 1994 election until the king's  role in the new democracy is  clarified. Mandela and president De Klerk arranged a special meeting where it


title: Goodwill Zwelithini

texts:
 2004 regarding the importance of trade and peace. Controversies

In January 2012, while speaking at an event commemorating the 133rd anniversary of the Battle of Isandlwana, the King caused controversy with his statement that same-sex relations were "rotten". His statements were condemned by the South African Human Rights Commission as well as LGBT rights groups. President Jacob Zuma rebuked the king for his comments. The Zulu Royal Household later said that the King's comments had been mistranslated and that he had not condemned same-sex relations, only expressed concern about a state of moral decay in South Africa that has led to widespread sexual abuse, including male-on-male sexual abuse. In September 2012, King <mask> Zwelithini asked the KwaZulu-Natal government for R18 million to build new property, including a new R6 million palace for his youngest wife Queen Mafu and upgrades to Queen MaMchiza's palace. The King's royal household department CFO, Mduduzi Mthembu, told a parliamentary committee that the money was needed.The department also requested $1.4 million USD for improvements to Queen MaMchiza's palace. The government had already budgeted around $6.9 million USD for the royal family during 2012, not for the first time prompting accusations of lavish spending; in 2008, opposition parties criticised King Zwelithini's wives for spending around $24,000 USD on linen, designer clothes, and expensive holidays. Speaking at  Phongolo UPhongolo Local Municipality community meeting in March 2015,


title: Goodwill Zwelithini

texts:
 King Zwelithini acknowledged that while other nations had participated in efforts which led to South Africa's liberation, that should not be considered an excuse for foreigners to cause inconvenience in the country now by competing with locals for scarce economic opportunities.<ref name="nehanda">Foreigners must go home – King Zwelithini Nehanda'. Retrieved 15 April 2015. '</ref> Contending that he was free to say what politicians were not, he asked that foreigners please return to their native lands since, he maintained, South African nationals in diaspora had not gone on to open businesses in host countries. These observations were made during a time of growing unease between South Africans and non-nationals, violence having erupted in Soweto in January and spread to KwaZulu-Natal, resulting in three deaths. The Democratic Alliance's spokesman, calling for a public retraction and apology, criticised the remarks as "highly irresponsible", while a SAHRC official labelled them  xenophobic in light of recent attacks on foreigners.Alleged to have sparked violence against non-nationals, although Zwelithini's remarks about anti-social behaviour and the desirability of foreigners believed responsible leaving South Africa did not distinguish between legal and illegal immigrants, his spokesman subsequently said that he was referring only to those present in the country illegally. Wives and children

King <mask> Zwelithini had six wives and 28 children. These include:

 maDlamini of Kwa-Khethomthandayo Royal


title: Goodwill Zwelithini

texts: House, Nongoma, (born Sibongile Winifred Dlamini), married 27 December 1969 at St Margaret's Church, Nongoma. Prince Lethukuthula Zulu (by Ndlunkulu Sibongile MaDlamini), born 1970 - died 2020. Princess Nombuso Zulu (by Ndlunkulu Sibongile MaDlamini), owner of Durban-based Ilembe Catering Services, born 1973. Ntombizosuthu Ka Zwelithini Duma (by Ndlunkulu Sibongile MaDlamini), a businesswoman who co-owns Strategic Persuasions and Zamalwandle Transport Logistics with her husband. Born 1979, married to Mbongiseni Duma, a Johannesburg-based businessman.Princess Ntandoyenkosi <mask> Ngcaweni (by Ndlunkulu Sibongile MaDlamini), an Asset Manager at the Public Investment Corporation (PIC), born 1982. Married to Busani Ngcaweni, who headed the office of the former Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa, Kgalema Motlanthe. Princess Sinethemba Bati Zulu (by Ndlunkulu Sibongile Dlamini), born 1989, currently pursuing a degree in International Relations, at the University of Witwatersrand. Buhle KaMathe of Kwa-Dlamahlahla Royal House, Nongoma, born . In May 1996, she and her daughter were seriously wounded in an assault during which they were clubbed, stabbed and shot. Princess Sibusile Zulu (by Ndlunkulu Buhle KaMathe), born 1972. Princess Nandi Zulu (by Ndlunkulu Buhle KaMathe), born 1977, married (civil) 6 December 2002 in St John's Cathedral, Mthatha, by Bishop Sitembele Mzamane and (traditional) 7 December at the Thembu Great Place near Qunu, to Chief Mfundo Bovulengwa Mtirara, born 25 March 1973,


title: Michael Christian Festing

texts:
<mask> (29 November 1705 – 24 July 1752) was an English violinist and composer. His reputation lies mostly on his work as a violin virtuoso. Biography
<mask> was born in London to parents John and <mask> and christened at Saint Anne's Church, Soho, on 17 December 1705. Some evidence suggests that his family had ties to Gros Festin, near Stralsund in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. <mask>'s brother, <mask>, was a flautist and oboist who amassed a sizeable fortune through teaching music. His brother is most likely the musician depicted in William Hogarth's painting The Enraged Musician (1741, now in the Tate Britain, London). Festing first studied violin with Richard Jones and then later became a pupil of Francesco Geminiani.He made his professional debut on 6 March 1723 performing a concert at Hickford's Room, London. Not too long after that, Festing met a young Thomas Arne at the gallery of the Italian Opera to which Festing had access although Arne, still a boy, officially did not. Music historian Charles Burney wrote that Arne had crept into the gallery dressed as a liveryman to gain access to the fine collection of musical scores contained there. Upon befriending Festing, Arne became his pupil, studying violin for the first time and music composition. <mask>, who was only four and a half years older, also broadened the young Arne's knowledge by taking him to numerous concerts, operas, and other performances. The teenagers were both present on 12 November 1725 to hear Thomas Roseingrave win the competition for the post of organist of St George's, Hanover Square. It is largely due to <mask>'s influence that Thomas's father allowed him to pursue a career in

masks:
Michael Christian Festing
Michael Christian Festing
Elizabeth Festing
Michael
John Festing
Festing
Festing


title: Michael Christian Festing

texts: music instead of becoming a lawyer.In the mid-1720s Festing began to compose music, mostly for the violin at the beginning but later works for orchestra, art songs, and a small amount of both sacred music and theatre music followed. The earliest mention of music composed by him is from a 1726 concert advertisement. That same year he helped found the Academy of Ancient Music, along with such composers as William Croft and Giovanni Bononcini, and participated in that group until he left over the Bononcini–Lotti affair in 1731. Festing remained active in concerts throughout London, notably replacing James Moore as a member of the King's Musick on 4 November 1726. His position at court led to the performance of three sets of his minuets for the birthdays of King George II and Queen Caroline, each "perform'd at the Ball at Court" in 1734 and 1735. Festing also performed several solo concerts in London, notably at the York Buildings, Villiers Street in 1729. In 1730 Festing published his first composition, Twelve Solos for a Violin and Thorough Bass op.1, which was dedicated to the Earl of Plymouth. In 1993 a manuscript of three of his opus 4 violin solos was discovered, which musicologists believe belonged to one of <mask>'s pupils and dates from the early 1730s. <mask> became the director of the orchestra at the Italian opera house in 1737. The following year, along with Edward Purcell (eldest son of Henry Purcell), Thomas Arne, William Boyce, Johann Christoph Pepusch, and George Frideric Handel, he founded the Fund for the Support of Decay'd Musicians and their Families, later known as the Royal Society of Musicians; of which for many years he acted as honorary

masks: Festing Festing


title: Michael Christian Festing

texts:
 secretary. In 1742 <mask> was appointed musical director of the Ranelagh Gardens when they were first opened. While there he composed music for the entertainments in the pleasure garden and lead the band there until his death in London in 1752. He had two sons and two daughters, and his son <mask> (born 1725) married Maurice Greene's daughter, Katherine.Compositions
<mask> was a moderately prolific composer producing a number of sonatas, minuets, concertos, chamber music, works for solo instrument, cantatas, vocal songs, catches, and odes. His music is often characterised by sudden and unusual modulations. His frequent use of key changes up or down a whole step and other dramatic modulations have caused several musicologists to compare his music to the Spanish harmonies of Domenico Scarlatti. As a composer, <mask> began his career writing in the Baroque style and then later transitioned into the galant style that came to be associated with the early Classical period of music. His earliest works were entirely instrumental pieces and employed typical baroque elements such as ground basses, canons at the octave and fugal treatments. Although more ambitious and adventurous than his mentor, Francesco Geminiani, close parallels are often made between <mask>'s early works and those of Geminiani. Two such comparisons are the similarity between the virtuoso improvisatory passages and the use of elaborate and detailed ornamentation of the solo parts in their works.Also of note is both composers's use of bowing, phrasing and ornamental marks in the bass lines of their writing, particularly in trio sonatas. When <mask> was appointed musical director of the Ranelagh

masks: Festing Michael Festing Festing Festing Festing


title: Michael Christian Festing

texts:
 Gardens in 1742, his work shifted more towards vocal works, although he did continue to produce several concertos and sonatas during this time. He had previously only written a handful of vocal compositions for performance at the Apollo Academy during the 1730s. At Ranelagh he became particularly known for his odes and cantatas which were unique in that they used extended aria forms, inventive orchestration, and dramatic gestures that were more English in character than in the Italian tradition. Of notable interest is his Ode on St Cecilia's Day which reflects the influence of Handel's oratorio Alexander's Feast, and his Ode on the Return of … the Duke of Cumberland which used a full Baroque orchestra including kettledrums, trumpets, oboes and horns. Festing also performed a number of vocal songs and cantatas at Ranelagh, the latter of which resemble those of John Stanley. The Complete Works, some 120, of <mask> Festing have been edited by Richard Divall and are freely available on application.As noted by the English-German violinist Rachel J. Harris, music by Festing can be seen in the background of the painting of Joseph Gibbs by Thomas Gainsborough. Apart from missing accidentals, the music on the stand is identical in layout and page number to the first sonata from Festing's Op 7, published in 1744 where Gibbs is listed as a subscriber. References

External links

1705 births
1752 deaths
18th-century classical composers
18th-century British male musicians
English Baroque composers
English classical composers
English male classical composers
English violinists
British male violinists
Members of the Royal Society of Musicians
Members of the Academy of


title: Salif Keita

texts:
<mask> () (born 25 August 1949) is an African singer-songwriter from Mali. He is notable not only because of his reputation as the "Golden Voice of Africa" but also because he has albinism. He is a member of the Keita royal family of Mali. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born a traditional prince in the village of Djoliba. He was born to the Keita royal family, who trace their lineage to <mask>, founder of the Mali Empire. He was cast out by his family and ostracized by the community because of his albinism, a sign of bad luck in Mandinka culture. He decided to pursue music in his teenage years, further distancing him from his family as that was against occupational prohibitions of his noble status.In 1967, he left Djoliba for Bamako, where he joined the government-sponsored Super Rail Band de Bamako. In 1973, <mask> joined the group Les Ambassadeurs (du Motel de Bamako). Keita and Les Ambassadeurs fled political unrest in Mali during the mid-1970s and subsequently changed the group's name to Les Ambassadeurs Internationaux. The reputation of this band grew internationally in the late-1970s, leading to <mask> pursuing a solo career in the following years. He is the father of Paralympian athlete Nantenin <mask>. Career
Due to political unrest, <mask> and his band-mates fled Mali in the mid-1970s. They settled in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, where they struggled financially and often had to rent equipment to perform shows.The band (now named Les Ambassadeurs Internationaux) steadily grew in popularity in the ensuing years. Their 1978 album, Mandjou, became an overnight success in West Africa. In 1976, Sékou Touré, the President of

masks:
Salif Keïta
Salif Keita
Sundiata Keita
Keita
Keita
Keita
Keita


title: Salif Keita

texts: Guinea, made <mask> an Officer of Guinea's National Order of Merit. The President had been a fan of <mask> and the band's since they met at an official visit in 1974. Touré had remained a fan and supporter even after they fled Mali. Wanting to reciprocate the honour, <mask> composed the track "Mandjou" (featured on the eponymous 1978 album) as a praise song for Touré. However by the time the song was released, Touré had completely resorted to authoritarian rule and plunged his country into bloodshed and chaos.<mask> still performs rearranged versions of "Mandjou". <mask> moved to Paris in 1984 to reach a larger audience and to pursue a solo career. His music combined traditional West African music styles with influences from both Europe and the Americas. At that time, <mask> was famous in Africa and had a strong fan base among connoisseurs around the world. Soro became his international-breakthrough album in 1987. The project was produced by Ibrahima Sylla, a visionary who had already discovered dozens of African stars (and would later become the driving force behind Africando). The arrangements featured roiling rhythms, slightly nasal female backup choirs, and traditional percussion typical of Malian music.Musical instruments that are commonly featured in <mask>'s work include balafons, djembes, guitars, koras, organs, saxophones, and synthesizers. He performed at the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute concert in 1988 to call for Nelson Mandela's release from prison. In 1990, <mask> contributed "Begin the Beguine" to the Cole Porter tribute/AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Blue, produced by the Red Hot Organization. <mask>

masks: Keita Keita Keita Keita Keita Keita Keita Keita Keita


title: Salif Keita

texts: found success in Europe as one of the African stars of world music, but his work was sometimes criticised for the gloss of its production and for the occasional haphazard quality. However, shortly after the turn of the millennium he returned to Bamako in Mali to live and record. His first work after going home, 2002's Moffou, was hailed as his best album in many years, and Keita was inspired to build a recording studio in Bamako, which he used for his album M'Bemba, released in October 2005. Guest artists on his albums have included Weather Report founders Joe Zawinul and Wayne Shorter, drummer Paco Sery, guitarist Carlos Santana, and percussionist Bill Summers.<mask>'s album La Différence was produced around the end of 2009. The work is dedicated to the struggle of the world albino community (victims of human sacrifice), for which <mask> has been crusading all his life. In one of the album's tracks, the singer calls others to understand that "difference" does not mean "bad" and to show love and compassion towards albinos like everyone else: "I am black/ my skin is white/ so I am white and my blood is black [albino]/...I love that because it is a difference that's beautiful", "some of us are beautiful some are not/some are black some are white/all that difference was on purpose...for us to complete each other/let everyone get his love and dignity/the world will be beautiful." La Différence was recorded between Bamako, Beirut, Paris, and Los Angeles. This unique musical feel is reinforced by soulful pitches in the track "Samigna" emanating from the trumpet of the great Lebanese jazzman Ibrahim Maalouf. In 2001, Keita's

masks: Keita Keita


title: Salif Keita

texts:
 song "Tomorrow" was featured in the Will Smith film, Ali. La Différence won Keita one of the biggest musical awards of his career: the Best World Music 2010 at the Victoires de la musique.In 2013, after what he described as "threats" from the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign, he cancelled a performance in Israel. He later published a letter on his Facebook page, stating that he decided to cancel the event because he was scared of "being harmed personally or professionally", but clarified that he still "love[d] Israel", slamming BDS as an "extremist group" who used "scare tactics and bullying". In November 2018 he announced his retirement from recording at a concert in Fana, Mali. The album Un Autre Blanc, which was released at the concert, would be his last. External links

 [ allmusic – <mask> Keita]
 Wrasse Records/Biography of <mask>
 <mask> Keïta: Discography
 Opiyo Oloya interview with <mask> <mask>
 Banning Eyre interview with <mask> Keita
 Salif Keita Concert Pictures

1949 births
Living people
People with albinism
21st-century Malian male singers
Malian songwriters
Wrasse Records artists
World music musicians
Bambara-language singers
Salif
People from Koulikoro Region
20th-century Malian male

masks: Salif Salif Salif Salif Keita Salif


title: Jeffrey Lieberman

texts:
<mask> (born 1948) is an American psychiatrist who specializes in schizophrenia and related psychoses and their associated neuroscience (biology) and pharmacological treatment (psychiatric drugs). He was principal investigator for CATIE, the largest and longest independent study ever funded by the United States National Institute of Mental Health to examine existing pharmacotherapies for schizophrenia. He was president of the American Psychiatric Association from May 2013 to May 2014. Education
<mask> graduated from Miami University in 1970, and then received his medical degree from the George Washington School of Medicine in 1975. He completed his postgraduate training in psychiatry at St. Vincent's Hospital and Medical Center of New York Medical College. Career

<mask> is the Lawrence E. Kolb Professor of Psychiatry at the Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons. He was the Chair of the Department of Psychiatry at the Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and the psychiatrist-in-chief of NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center until his suspension and removal due to racist and sexist behavior on Twitter in February 2022.He resigned from being the director of the New York State Psychiatric Institute following the controversy.. He holds the Lieber Chair and directs the Lieber Center for Schizophrenia Research in the Department of Psychiatry at Columbia. <mask> is or has been a member of the advisory committee for Neuropharmacologic and Psychopharmacologic Drugs of the Food and Drug Administration, the Planning Board for the Surgeon General's Report on Mental Health, the Committee on Research on Psychiatric Treatments of the APA, the APA Work Group

masks:
Jeffrey Alan Lieberman
Lieberman
Lieberman
Lieberman


title: Jeffrey Lieberman

texts:
 for the Development of Schizophrenia Treatment Guidelines, the Brain Disorders and Clinical Neuroscience Review Committee, the National Advisory Mental Health Council of the NIMH, and currently chairs the APA Council of Research..

Research
<mask>'s research has focused on the neurobiology, pharmacology and treatment of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. His work has focused on understanding the natural history and pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the pharmacology and clinical effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs. His research has been supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health and the NARSAD, Stanley, and Mental Illness Foundations. CATIE study
<mask> served as principal investigator for Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). The investigators compared a "first-generation antipsychotic, perphenazine, with several newer drugs in a double-blind study"."Probably the biggest surprise of all was that the older medication produced about as good an effect as the newer medications, three of them anyway, and did not produce neurological side effects at greater rates than any of the other drugs," <mask> told The New York Times. Journals edited
<mask> serves, or has served, as associate editor of the American Journal of Psychiatry, Biological Psychiatry, Neuropsychopharmacology, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Schizophrenia Research, NeuroImage, The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, and Schizophrenia Bulletin. Publications
<mask>'s work has been published in around 700 articles in the scientific literature. He has edited or co-edited 17 books, including the textbook Psychiatry (currently in its

masks: Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman


title: Jeffrey Lieberman

texts:
 second edition), Textbook of Schizophrenia, Comprehensive Care of Schizophrenia, Psychiatric Drugs and Ethics in Psychiatric Research: A Resource Manual on Human Subjects Protection. In 2015, he published the book Shrinks: the Untold Story of Psychiatry (Little Brown). A four-part series, tentatively titled "In Search of Madness: The Untold Story of Mental Illness," based on his book, Shrinks, is scheduled for broadcast on PBS in April 2022. A book on schizophrenia is scheduled to be published by Scribner in 2022.Awards and honors
<mask> is a member of the National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). He received the Lieber Prize for Schizophrenia Research from NARSAD, the Adolph Meyer Award from the American Psychiatric Association (APA), the Stanley R. Dean Award for Schizophrenia Research from the American College of Psychiatrists, the APA Research Award , the APA Kempf Award for Research in Psychobiology , the APA Gralnick Award for Schizophrenia Research , the Ziskind-Somerfeld Award of the Society of Biological Psychiatry , the Ernest Strecker Award of the University of Pennsylvania , the Lilly Neuroscience Award from the Collegium Internationale Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum for Clinical Research , the Scientific Research Award, the Exemplary Psychiatrist Award from the National Alliance on Mental Illness , the Ed Hornick Memorial Award of The New York Academy of Medicine,, and the Strecker Award of the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania. Reception and controversy
Journalist Robert Whitaker wrote about potentially human rights-violating experiments he led in a Boston Globe series, for which <mask> attacked

masks: Lieberman Lieberman


title: Jeffrey Lieberman

texts:
 Whitaker, calling him a "menace to society." A review of <mask>'s 2015 book Shrinks in The Guardian criticized the book for focusing almost entirely on American psychiatry, for its "triumphalist" narrative, and for failing to discuss <mask>'s financial relationship with pharmaceutical companies. During the presidency of Donald Trump, <mask> called upon the American Psychiatric Association's Goldwater rule to become a vocal critic of psychiatrists such as Robert Jay Lifton, Judith Lewis Herman, and Bandy X. Lee, who warned against what they termed the "president's mental unfitness". In February 2022, Lieberman was criticized by colleagues and students for calling Nyakim Gatwech, a Sudanese American model, a "freak of nature." He subsequently deleted his Twitter account.According to the New York Times, <mask>'s tweet had said "Whether a work of art or freak of nature she's a beautiful sight to behold." The New York State Office of Mental Health (OMH) asked for his resignation as Director of the New York State Psychiatric Institute, and as of February 22nd, <mask> was no longer affiliated with OMH or the State of New York. <mask> was suspended as Chair of the Department of Psychiatry at Columbia University and removed from his position as Psychiatrist-in-Chief at NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center (NYP/CUIMC) on February 23rd, 2022. Personal life
<mask> resides in New York City with his wife, Rosemarie, and two sons. Notes

External links

 <mask>'s faculty profile

Miami University alumni
George Washington University Medical School alumni
American psychiatrists
Living people
1948 births
Presidents of the American Psychiatric Association
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
Columbia

masks: Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman


title: Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado

texts:
<mask>rrez-Mellado (30 April 1912 – 15 December 1995) was a Spanish Army officer and politician who played a relevant role during the Spanish transition to democracy especially with regard to democratizing the Armed Forces. During his military career he served in relevant Army offices and he joined the political career in 1976, when the Prime Minister appointed him as First Deputy Prime Minister for Defence Affairs. From 1977 to 1979 he also served as Minister of Defence (the first since the Civil War). In 1994, the socialist government of Felipe González granted him the honorary rank of Captain General. <mask>'s most popular image is that at the Spanish Congress of the Deputies during the failed 1981 Spanish coup d'état, physically confronting the armed Guardia Civil troops led by Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Tejero. Education and military training
Offspring of an ancient Madrilenian bourgeois family, his parents died when he was a little child. However, his uncle, Saturnino Calleja, a well known publisher, paid for his education at the Royal College of San Anton in Madrid, which was an elite boarding school at the time.There, in response to his family's solidarity and revealing for the first time his future strength of spirit and responsibility, graduated with an excellent academic degree (currently in safe keeping at Cardinal Cisneros High School). His wish to become an Artillery officer was shattered by the military reforms of the Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in 1927, which forced him to study at the General Military Academy of Zaragoza, directed by General Francisco Franco, to obtain his qualifications. Five months after the proclamation of the Spanish Second Republic he was promoted to second lieutenant and later

masks:
Manuel Gutiérrez Melladoé
Gutiérrez Mellado


title: Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado

texts:
 finished his military education at the Academy of Artillery and Engineers of Segovia, where he graduated as first lieutenant in July 1933, having achieved top grades in his class. Second Republic and Civil War
His first appointment was the Horse Artillery Regiment, based at the so-called Canton of Campamento, an isolated group of barracks seven kilometers west of Madrid. In 1935 he joined Falange Española de las JONS, an extreme right wing political party, and on the dawn of July 20, 1936 he took arms with his unit in rebellion against the Frente Popular Government, being very active and combatant during their rebellion. After ten hours of fighting, the coup was controlled by the republican militia. <mask> <mask> escaped by walking to the nearby village of Villaviciosa de Odón, frequented by his family during their summer holidays, and later returned to Madrid in early August.Republican authorities indicted him for being involved in the July rebellion and he was jailed at his old school of San Anton, being fortunate enough not to have been included in the lethal lists that cost the lives of many other officers. In February 1937, a jury declared him not guilty on the basis of his assertion, which was corroborated by two witnesses, that he was ill at Villaviciosa de Odón around the time of mid July and so was not able to take part in the coup d'état. However, simultaneous police inquires unveiled his active intervention in it, what induced him to take shelter at an embassy. A few weeks later he joined Franco's clandestine intelligence services operating in Madrid, provided with an ID card belonging to a deceased republican soldier named Teodosio Paredes Laina. In March 1938 he was promoted to captain. National Authorities

masks: Gutiérrez Mellado


title: Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado

texts:
 had just organized the Information and Military Police Service (SIPM in its Spanish acronym) and he was appointed head of one of the three SIPM platoons assigned to the corps that besieged the capital. <mask> <mask> provided his superiors with precious pieces of information related to republican plans, deployment and armament.He also was put in charge of the evacuation of more than a hundred pilots and engineer officers to the National Zone, specialties which were much needed by the francoist forces. Military career
In 1941, after graduating from the General Staff School, he was appointed to the Ministry of the Army intelligence services. During World War II, having been promoted to major, he became responsible for the classification and final destination of the thousands of people that crossed the Pyrenees escaping from Nazi terror. In 1945, <mask> <mask> was assigned to the Information Section of the High General Staff and travelled to Belgium, France and Switzerland to acquire information about attitudes and activities of republican exiles. Furthermore, from 1953 to 1955, due to the pacts subscribed by Franco with the US Government, he acted as liaison officer between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG), responsible for building the bases and facilities for US Armed Forces on Spanish soil. In 1956, close his promotion to lieutenant colonel and forced by the meager pay offered to the military at the time, he decided to quit the Army temporarily. He then went to work as a commercial manager for seven years within various companies.Around this time, approximately two thirds of the military officers based in Spain's largest cities were involved in the practice of moonlighting.

masks: Gutiérrez Mellado Gutiérrez Mellado


title: Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado

texts: However, only a few of them made the drastic decision to leave the Army, as <mask> <mask> did, considering it unethical to hold two different jobs at the same time and led to the detriment of his military commitment. In 1963 he returned to active duty as an instructor of the University Militia, which was aimed to train reserve officers and sergeants. Two years later, in 1965, he was promoted to colonel and assigned to the Operations Section of the Army Central Staff. Due to his fluency in English and French he was sent as an observer to several NATO maneuvers, which alerted him to the poor operational capacities of the highly overstaffed, late Francoist Spanish Armed Forces. In 1967 <mask> <mask> was assigned to be Commander in Chief of the 13th Field Artillery Regiment, based at Getafe, just outside Madrid; and on April 13, 1970 was promoted to brigadier general. For little more than a year he served as a professor at the High Center for National Defense Studies (CESEDEN), then directed by lieutenant general <mask>ez-Alegría.When Díez-Alegría was appointed Commander in Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces, he took <mask> <mask> with him. General <mask> <mask>'s December 14, 1971 lecture at CESEDEN was the object of very favorable commentaries in military circles because of his speech's direct and accurate nature —something rather unusual at that time in Spain. After being promoted to major general in 1973, a second lecture at the same Center, dated March 15, 1974, drew much broader attention than the first, due to his open vindication of urgent and radical reforms on the Armed Forces structure and organization. These words attracted the attention of many future leaders of the transition towards democracy

masks:
Gutiérrez
Mellado
Gutiérrez
Mellado
Manuel Dí
Gutiérrez
Mellado
Gutiérrez
Mellado


title: Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado

texts: —Prince Juan Carlos de Bourbon among them. On June 14, 1975 Franco appointed him as General Commander and Governmental Delegate in Ceuta, posts that he shared with his previous commitment as head of the military delegation responsible for negotiating the January 1976 Spanish-American legislative treaty. On April 13, 1976 King Juan Carlos first Government promoted him to lieutenant general in command of VII Military Region. His first public address to the troops upon arriving in Valladolid immediately became press headlines and was subject to laudatory editorials and opinions in many political reviews.Not in vain it was the first time, during those hazardous days of transition, with public opinion wondering and deeply worried about the Armed Forces’ future attitude and behavior, Spaniards heard of a high ranking Army officer openly aligned with the Rule of Law and demanding absolute respect from his subordinates towards civil power: “We must never forget that the Army, no matter how sacred its mission may be, is not there to rule but to serve under the command of the national government, and that its exclusive purpose is to serve Spain and our King”. In July 1976, <mask> <mask> was appointed Commander in Chief of the Army General Staff following favorable remarks about his virtues made by King Juan Carlos to Adolfo Suárez, the recently nominated Prime Minister. Only three months later, on September 23, <mask> <mask> was appointed Vice President for Defense Affairs, a recently created office aimed at promoting the modernization of the Armed Forces. There he replaced lieutenant general Fernando de Santiago, who had abruptly resigned to demonstrate his opposition to President Suárez's political reforms. <mask> <mask> remained

masks: Gutiérrez Mellado Gutiérrez Mellado Gutiérrez Mellado


title: Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado

texts:
 at that office till February 1981. First Vice-President of the Government for Defense Affairs and Minister of Defense
Facts lead one to think that he had been planning carefully, when presented the proper opportunity, to quickly reform and transform Franco's sclerotic Armed Forces in depth. That allowed him, with less than a hundred days in office, to outline a complete reform project to be submitted to the Military Affairs Governmental Commission's first meeting on January 4, 1977, chaired by President Suárez.His detailed reform project comprised a series of actions to be urgently taken on the following areas: defense superstructure; Armed Forces financial program; integrated personnel policy, and the limitation of the competence of military jurisdiction. The plan was wholly implemented before <mask> <mask> left his office in 1981 and even successfully achieved other important issues, such as the creation of the Ministry of Defense on July 4, 1977. Also on that date, he was also called to take charge of the new department and he remained in office until September 23, 1979, when the Democratic Center Union (UCD) executive, Agustín Rodríguez Sahagún, took over, thus becoming the first civilian to chair a military department since 1939. <mask> <mask> remained as Vice-President of the Government to coordinate Security and National Defense Affairs until President Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo's investiture in February 1981. In addition to creation and organization of the Ministry of Defense and the consequent suppression of the Ministries of the Army, Navy and Air Force, special consideration should be given to the following measures:

— instauration of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JUJEM);

— operative command attribution over their


title: Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado

texts:
 respective branches to the Army, Navy and Air Force Chiefs of Staff;

— legislative approval of 1980 Law of Defense and Military Organization Basic Criteria;

— banning of military intervention in politics;

— reform of the General Ordinance dictated by Charles III in 1768;

— Armed Forces Social Institute (ISFAS) implementation;

— instauration of the annual Armed Forces Day to substitute the military parade commemorating Franco's victory in the Spanish Civil War;

— officer promotion system regulation, and

— homologation of military salaries to those of public employees of a similar level (which most certainly abolished moonlighting). It is obvious that this reform packet has been partially changed by the successive Ministers of Defense, but its doctrinal core has experienced few changes. In this respect Gutiérrez Mellado's real merit was to establish the basis for the spectacular transformation of the Spanish Armed Forces which occurred during the last thirty years of the 20th century and which made them one of the most highly valued institutions in the opinion of the Spanish public, according to the Sociological Research Center (CIS) periodical surveys.<mask> <mask>'s most popular image is that at the Spanish Congress of the Deputies during the failed coup d'état on February 23rd 1981, physically confronting the armed Guardia Civil troops led by Lieutenant Colonel Tejero. By mere chance, due to a simple oversight by a civil guard who did not notice that a TV camera was recording, every Spaniard had the chance to see live how a frail man, nearly seventy years old and unknown to most, jumped up from his parliamentary seat and, armed only with his words, faced up a dozen rebels armed with pistols and submachine guns.


title: Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado

texts:
 They tried to manhandle him down on to the floor but were unable to do so, whereupon they opened fire so as to avoid any further interruption of their criminal activities. Television retransmission of his valiant defense of freedom would make <mask> <mask> into a legendary figure in post-Franco Spanish Politics. His singular and stoic effort in the face of armed revolt today remains an icon of the resolve of Spain's democratic government. Last years

After resigning his governmental duties and having also retired voluntarily from the Army, to exemplify incompatibility of politics and a military career,. he refrained from public activities till President Felipe González gave him a permanent seat on the State Council on May 28, 1984, where he chaired the First Section, which dealt with Defense Affairs.On September 1986, deeply touched by the death of close friend's son from a drug overdose, he sought the aid and financial help of several relevant businessmen and established the Antidrug Aid Foundation (FAD) that he chaired and ruled until the very day of his death. The main FAD objective was to mobilize citizenship to aid youngsters to overcome drug addiction at a time when heroin was wreaking havoc in Western countries. Apart from trying to alleviate the effects of drugs and repress its trafficking and consumption, its founder wanted society to give teenagers strong moral backup to repel them and to be brave enough to answer “No thank you” if tempted, as could be read on their posters during their first publicity campaign. In the years prior to his death, different Spanish Universities and Colleges opened their doors to listen to <mask> Mellado lecturing about democratic transition or about FAD activities. In 1994, King

masks: Gutiérrez Mellado Gutiérrez


title: Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado

texts:
 Juan Carlos I rewarded him with the hereditary title of Marquess of Gutiérrez-Mellado; the Parliament, with the Constitutional Order, and the Army High Council unanimously proposed Felipe Gonzalez's last Government to invest him with the honorary rank of Captain-General. In September, 1994, dressed for the first and last time in his Captain General's uniform, he received the homage of General Military Academy cadets at the same yard where, sixty-five years before, he had committed his life to defending the Spanish flag. Fourteen months later, on December 15, 1995, ice on the road surface caused a fatal accident involving the car in which the eighty-three-year-old man was driving on his way to Barcelona to lecture at Ramon Llull University.His funeral was held at the Army Headquarters, attended by the King and Queen of Spain, and he was buried at the cemetery of Villaviciosa de Odón. There he remains at the side of his wife, Carmen Blasco, who died in 2010, whom he had married in 1938 and was the mother of his five children. After his death his daughter María del <mask>-<mask> and Blasco became the 2nd Marchioness of Gutiérrez-Mellado. As a postmortem homage to his memory, the Ministry of Defense decided to give his name to a new center of studies patronized by the National Open University (UNED). The Instituto Universitario General Gutiérrez <mask> was born to promote defense culture among university students and to provide Spanish society with a specialized center of research and postgraduate studies on peace, security and defense. See also
 History of Spain
 Politics of Spain
 Prime Minister of Spain

References

Bibliography

 Cercas, Javier (2009). Anatomía de un instante, Barcelona: Mondadori.Fernández Santander,

masks:
Carmen Gutiérrez
Mellado
Mellado


title: Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado

texts:
 Carlos (1982). Los militares en la transición política. Barcelona: Argos Vergara. <mask> <mask>, <mask> (1981). Al servicio de la Corona: palabras de un militar. Madrid: Ibérico Europea de Ediciones. .
 <mask> <mask>, <mask> (1983). Un soldado de España: conversaciones con Jesús Picatoste.Barcelona: Argos Vergara. .
 Losada Malvárez, Juan Carlos (1990). Ideología del ejército franquista (1939-1959). Madrid: Istmo. .
 Mérida, María (1979). Mis conversaciones con los generales: veinte entrevistas con altos mandos del Ejército y de la Armada. Barcelona: Plaza & Janés. .
 Puell de la Villa, Fernando (1997). Gutiérrez Mellado: un militar del siglo XX. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva. .
 Puell de la Villa, Fernando (2005).Historia del ejército en España. Madrid: Alianza. .
 Puell de la Villa, Fernando (2010). "De la Milicia Universitaria a la IPS", Revista de Historia Militar, Extra, 179-216. .
 Puell de la Villa, Fernando (2012). "La transición militar", Documentos de Trabajo Fundación Transición Española, 6. .
 Rosa Morena, Alfonso de la (coord.) (2009). Escuelas de Estado Mayor y de Guerra del Ejército: su contribución a doscientos años de Estado Mayor. Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa. .
 San Martín, José Ignacio (1983).Servicio especial: a las órdenes de Carrero Blanco (de Castellana a El Aaiún). Barcelona: Planeta. Serrano de Pablo Jiménez, Luis (1986). ¿La esperanza enterrada? : testimonio y recuerdos de un general de Franco. Madrid: Arca de la Alianza Cultural. |-

1912 births
1995 deaths
Military personnel from Madrid
Spanish captain generals
Spanish generals
Defence ministers of Spain
Union of the Democratic Centre (Spain) politicians
Road incident deaths in Spain
Deputy Prime Ministers of Spain
FET y de las JONS

masks: Gutiérrez Mellado Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado Manuel


title: Utagawa Toyoharu

texts:
<mask> (歌川 豊春,  – 1814) was a Japanese artist in the ukiyo-e genre, known as the founder of the Utagawa school and for his uki-e pictures that incorporated Western-style geometrical perspective to create a sense of depth. Born in Toyooka in Tajima Province, <mask> first studied art in Kyoto, then in Edo (modern Tokyo), where from 1768 he began to produce designs for ukiyo-e woodblock prints. He soon became known for his  "floating pictures" of landscapes and famous sites, as well as copies of Western and Chinese perspective prints. Though his were not the first perspective prints in ukiyo-e, they were the first to appear as full-colour nishiki-e, and they demonstrate a much greater mastery of perspective techniques than the works of his predecessors. <mask> was the first to make the landscape a subject of ukiyo-e art, rather than just a background to figures and events. By the 1780s he had turned primarily to painting. The Utagawa school of art grew to dominate ukiyo-e in the 19th century with artists such as Utamaro, Hiroshige, and Kuniyoshi.Life and career

<mask> <mask> was born  in Toyooka in Tajima Province. He studied in Kyoto under  of the Kanō school of painting. It may have been around 1763 that he moved to Edo (modern Tokyo), where he studied under Toriyama Sekien. The Toyo () in the art name Toyoharu () is said to have come from Sekien's personal name Toyofusa (). Some sources hold he also studied under Ishikawa Toyonobu and Nishimura Shigenaga. Other art names <mask> went under include Ichiryūsai (), Senryūsai (), and Shōjirō (). Tradition holds that the name Utagawa derives from Udagawa-chō, where Toyoharu lived in the Shiba district in Edo.His common name was Tajimaya Shōjirō ( ), and he also used the personal names Masaki () and

masks:
Utagawa Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Utagawa
Toyoharu
Toyoharu


title: Utagawa Toyoharu

texts:
 Shin'emon (). <mask>'s work began to appear about 1768. His earliest work includes woodblock prints in a refined, delicate style of beauties and actors. Soon he began to produce  "floating picture" perspective prints, a genre in which <mask> applied Western-style one-point perspective to create a realistic sense of depth. Most were of famous sites, including theatres, temples, and teahouses. <mask>'s were not the first uki-e—Okumura Masanobu had made such works since the early 1740s, and claimed the genre's origin for himself. <mask>'s were the first uki-e in the full-colour  genre that had developed in the 1760s.Several of his prints were based on imported prints from the West or China. From the 1780s <mask> appears to have dedicated himself to painting, and also produced kabuki programs and billboards after 1785. He headed the painters involved in the restoration of Nikkō Tōshō-gū in 1796. He died in 1814 and was buried in Honkyōji Temple in Ikebukuro under the Buddhist posthumous name Utagawa-in Toyoharu Nichiyō Shinji (). Style

<mask>'s works have a gentle, calm, and unpretentious touch, and display the influence of ukiyo-e masters such as Ishikawa Toyonobu and Suzuki Harunobu. Harunobu pioneered the full-colour  print and was particularly popular and influential in the 1760s, when <mask> first began his career. Toyoharu produced a number of willowy, graceful  portraits of beauties in  pillar prints.Only about fifteen examples of his  are known, almost all from his earliest period. One of the better-known examples of <mask>'s work in this style is a four-sheet set depicting the Chinese ideal of the four arts. <mask> produced a small number of  actor prints that, in contrast to the works of the leading Katsukawa school, are executed in the

masks: Toyoharu Toyoharu Toyoharu Toyoharu Toyoharu Toyoharu Toyoharu Toyoharu Toyoharu


title: Utagawa Toyoharu

texts: learned style of an Ippitsusai Bunchō. While <mask> trained in Kyoto he may have been exposed to the works of Maruyama Ōkyo, whose popular megane-e were pictures in one-point perspective meant to be viewed in a special box in the manner of the French vue d'optique. <mask> may also have seen the Chinese vue d'optique prints made in the 1750s that inspired Ōkyo's work. Early in his career, <mask> began producing the  for which he is best remembered. Books on geometrical perspective translated from Dutch and Chinese sources appeared in the 1730s, and soon after, ukiyo-e prints displaying these techniques appeared first in the works of  and then of Okumura Masanobu.These early examples were inconsistent in their application of perspective techniques, and the results can be unconvincing; <mask>'s were much more dextrous, though not strict—he manipulated it to allow the representation of figures and objects that otherwise would have been obscured. <mask>'s works helped pioneer the landscape as an ukiyo-e subject, rather than merely a background for human figures or events, as in Masanobu's works. <mask>'s earliest  cannot be reliably dated, but are assumed to have appeared before 1772: early in that year the  in Edo destroyed the Niō-mon gate in Ueno, the subject of <mask>'s Famous Views of Edo: Niō-mon in Ueno. Several of <mask>'s prints were imitations of imported prints of famed European locations, some of which were Western and others Chinese imitations of Western prints. The titles were often fictional: The Bell which Resounds for Ten Thousand Leagues in the Dutch Port of Frankai is an imitation of a print of the Grand Canal of Venice from 1742 by Antonio Visentini, itself based on a painting by Canaletto. <mask> titled another A Perspective View


title: Utagawa Toyoharu

texts:
 of French Churches in Holland, though he based it on a print of the Roman Forum. <mask> took licence with other details of foreign lands, such as having the Dutch swim in their canals.Japanese and Chinese mythology were also frequent subjects in <mask>'s  prints, the foreign perspective technique giving such prints an exotic feel. In his  paintings the influence of Toyonobu can seem strong, but in his seals on these paintings Toyoharu proclaims himself a pupil of Sekien. His efforts contributed to the development of the Rinpa school. His paintings have joined the collections of foreign museums such as the British Museum, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and the Freer Gallery of Art. His paintings include  folding screens—a genre in which ukiyo-e is said to have its origins, but was rare in ukiyo-e after the development of nishiki-e prints. A six-panel example of a spring scene in Yoshiwara resides in France in a private collection. Legacy

The popularity of <mask>'s work peaked in the 1770s.By the 19th century, Western-style perspective techniques had ceased to be a novelty and had been absorbed into Japanese artistic culture, deployed by such artists as Hokusai and Hiroshige, two artists best remembered for their landscapes, a genre <mask> pioneered. The Utagawa school that <mask> founded was to become one of the most influential, and produced works in a far greater variety of genres than any other school. His students included Toyokuni and Toyohiro; Toyohiro worked in the style of his master, while Toyokuni, who headed the school from 1814, became a prominent and prolific producer of yakusha-e prints of kabuki actors. Other well-known members of the school were Utamaro, Hiroshige, Kuniyoshi, and Kunisada. Though Japanese art schools, such as the

masks: Toyoharu Toyoharu Toyoharu Toyoharu Toyoharu


title: Utagawa Toyoharu

texts:
 Katsukawa in ukiyo-e and the Kanō in painting, emphasized a uniformity of style, a general style in the Utagawa school is not easy to recognize aside from a concern with realism and facial expressiveness. The school dominated ukiyo-e production by the mid-19th century, and most of the artists—such as Kobayashi Kiyochika—who documented the modernization of Japan during the Meiji period during ukiyo-e's declining years belonged to the Utagawa school. The Torii school lasted longer, but the Utagawa school had more adherents.It fostered closer master–student relations and more systematized training than in other schools. Excepting a few prominent examples, such as Hiroshige or Kuniyoshi, the later generations of artists tended to lack stylistic diversity, and their work has become emblematic of ukiyo-e's decline in the 19th century. <mask> also taught painting. His most prominent student was Sakai Hōitsu. As of 2014, studies into <mask>'s work have not been carried out in depth. Cataloguing and analyzing his work and his and his publishers' seals was still in its infancy. However, his work is kept in a variety of museums, including the Carnegie Museum of Art, National Museum of Asian Art, the Maidstone Museum, the Worcester Art Museum, the Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Portland Art Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the University of Michigan Museum of Art, the Princeton University Art Museum, and the Asian Art Museum in San Francisco.See also
 List of Utagawa school members

Notes

References

Works cited

Further reading

External links

1735 births
1814 deaths
Ukiyo-e artists
Toyoharu
Artists from Hyōgo Prefecture
18th-century Japanese artists
19th-century Japanese

masks: Toyoharu Toyoharu


title: John Henderson (defensive tackle)

texts:
<mask> (born January 9, 1979), nicknamed <mask> or Big Hen, is a former football defensive tackle who played ten seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the University of Tennessee and was a two-time consensus All-American. The Jacksonville Jaguars chose him in the first round of the 2002 NFL Draft, and he was selected for the Pro Bowl twice. Early years
<mask> was born in Nashville, Tennessee. He attended Pearl-Cohn Comprehensive High School in Nashville, where he played defensive tackle and tight end for the Pearl Cohn Firebirds high school football team. His teams won back-to-back state championships during his junior and senior years. He was named All-State as a junior when he had 145 tackles and 15 sacks, along with 37 catches for 470 yards and 9 touchdowns.As a senior, he finished with 150 tackles and 2 sacks, to go with 45 catches for 560 yards and 11 touchdowns. He was also selected as a High School All-American by Parade magazine, USA Today, Blue Chip Illustrated, National Recruiting Advisor, and Super Prep. He was ranked as the 7th best high school player in The Sporting News Top 100 and was ranked 1st in the state of Tennessee by the Knoxville News Sentinel and the Chattanooga Times Free Press. <mask> also was named All-State in basketball. College career
While attending the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, <mask> played for coach Phillip Fulmer's Tennessee Volunteers football team from 1998 to 2001. At Tennessee, he lined up at left defensive tackle next to Albert Haynesworth. He played in the 1999 Fiesta Bowl, 2000 Cotton Bowl Classic, and 2001 Citrus Bowl.As a sophomore, <mask> recorded 43 tackles and four sacks in seven starts. As a junior, <mask> recorded 71 tackles (21 for a loss) and 12 sacks. He won the Outland Trophy as college football's top interior

masks:
John Nathan Henderson
Big John
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson


title: John Henderson (defensive tackle)

texts:
 lineman and was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American in 2000, having received first-team honors from the Associated Press, Football Writers Association of America, The Sporting News, Football News, CNN/SI, and Rivals.com. After finishing with 48 tackles (nine for a loss) and 4.5 sacks in 10 starts, <mask> was again recognized as a consensus first-team All-American as a senior in 2001. He finished his college career with 165 tackles (130 solo and 39 for loss) and 20.5 sacks (5th in school history), seven pass deflections, four forced fumbles, and five fumble recoveries. Professional career

Jacksonville Jaguars
<mask> was the Jacksonville Jaguars' first-round pick (9th overall) in the 2002 NFL Draft. He finished his rookie season with 53 tackles (44 solo), 6.5 sacks, 6 pass deflections, and 1 forced fumble in 16 games (13 starts).In 2003, he had 56 tackles (45 solo and 13 for loss), 3.5 sacks, 7 pass deflections, 3 forced fumbles, and 33 quarterback pressures in 16 starts. In 2004, he finished with 75 tackles (62 solo and 5 for loss), 5.5 sacks, 4 pass deflections, 1 fumble recovery, and 39 QB pressures in 16 starts and was selected to his first Pro Bowl. In 2005, <mask> had 70 tackles (52 solo and 4 for loss), 3 sacks, 7 pass deflections, 3 forced fumbles, and 20 QB pressures in 16 games (15 starts). He also started in the Jaguars' lone playoff game and recorded 5 tackles and 1 sack. On March 21, 2006, <mask> signed a new 6 year, $34 million contract extension with the Jaguars through 2011. The contract also contains $13.4 million guaranteed. <mask> responded with 51 tackles (38 solo and 6 for loss), 3.5 sacks, 6 pass deflections, and 7 QB pressures, as well as his 2nd Pro Bowl selection.He was also named an AP 2nd Team All-Pro. He was filmed by the NFL Network getting pumped up for a game by having

masks: Henderson Henderson Henderson Henderson Henderson


title: John Henderson (defensive tackle)

texts:
 a team trainer slap him in the face. In 2007, <mask> finished with 38 tackles (28 solo), 2 sacks, 3 pass deflections, 1 forced fumble, and 13 QB pressures in 15 starts, marking the first time in his career he did not play all 16 games. <mask> started both playoff games for the Jaguars, finishing with 9 tackles and 2 sacks. In March 2008, <mask>'s good friend and fellow defensive tackle Marcus Stroud was traded to the Buffalo Bills. <mask> finished the 2008 season with 44 tackles (34 solo), 2 sacks, and 2 pass deflections in 14 games. In the 2009 off-season, Jaguars head coach Jack Del Rio was critical of <mask> for pulling out of OTAs, claiming he was faking a shoulder injury to avoid having to participate.Although many believed <mask> would be released, he met privately with Del Rio and claimed that he had "bought in". <mask> finished the 2009 season with 36 tackles (26 solo), 3 sacks, 3 pass deflections, and 2 forced fumbles. <mask> was released by the Jaguars on April 26, 2010. Oakland Raiders
On June 11, 2010, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the Oakland Raiders. On February 24, 2011, he signed a two-year, $8 million contract with the Raiders. Following the 2011 season, he was released on March 14, 2012. NFL statistics

Personal life
<mask> met his wife Aleviar Cloe<mask> while attending the University of TN in 2001.They were married on March 10, 2007. Together they have six children: Ja’ Mari (20), Anaiya (17), Talia (deceased), Ayden (13), and Asa (6) and Ari (2) <mask>. On May 29, 2011, Talia died peacefully in her sleep at the age of 7. Talia was born with Cerebral Palsy and Epilepsy and was wheelchair bound and tube fed her entire life. In Talia’s honor, the <mask>’s have made a commitment to help improve the quality of life of other children that have cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and other forms of

masks:
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
' Henderson
Henderson
Henderson


title: John Henderson (defensive tackle)

texts:
 debilitating issues that leave them handicapped through their LUVTHEKIDZ Inc. and the LIA’s LEGACY endowment fund. <mask> and Aleviar founded their 501-C3, Luvthekidz Inc in 2014, it was established to give life options to children and adolescence across the world. Their vision is to provide homeless and at-risk children in West Africa and the Americas; permanent and secure housing, adequate meals, health care, education, and life-skills training through a community of family support, counseling, mentoring, and other extracurricular activities.The Henderson's have successfully owned and operated several businesses in the US. In 2007, Henderson opened a clothing store in Jacksonville called "4 Big Men by Big Hen" that sold big and tall clothing. In 2011 the Hendersons opened Aleviar's VIP Lounge and Jazz Bar in Jacksonville Fl, In 2011 They opened Coast2Coast Trucking in Los Angeles CA, where they successfully contracted with companies such as Fed-Ex Custom Critical. In 2012, Henderson opened a multiple restaurant locations in Jacksonville called "Big John's Crumpy's Wings & Things"  The menu features whole wings, burgers and a large selection of southern fare. However, the restaurant closed in 2015. The franchise hails from Memphis, Tennessee. The Henderson's are currently dedicating their resources to the funding of their LuvTheKidz Inc's "House of Hope" 300+ acre facility they are looking to build to permanently house and educate homeless children.References

External links
 NFL.com player profile
 Tennessee Volunteers player profile

1979 births
Living people
All-American college football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football defensive tackles
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Oakland Raiders players
Players of American football from Nashville, Tennessee
Tennessee Volunteers football


title: Everett Glass

texts:
<mask> (July 23, 1891 – March 22, 1966) was an American character actor who appeared in more than eighty films and television shows from the 1940s through the 1960s, including Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956) and episodes of Adventures of Superman, Lassie, and Perry Mason. He began as a stage actor and had a long career as a theatre director and playwright before coming to Hollywood in his 50s. Career
<mask> was born in Bangor, Maine and attended Amherst College, where he was on the editorial staff of the Amherst Monthly. By 1916 he was living in Boston and working as assistant to the Polish emigre director Richard Ordynski in producing Henry IV for the Shakespeare Tercentenery. In 1917 he was one of the original members of the permanent company of the Greenwich Village Theatre in New York. In 1926 <mask> was in Berkeley, California, where he received rave reviews for his starring role in The Drunkard, a comedy. By 1928 he was directing at the Berkeley Playhouse and in charge of the Wheeler Hall Plays series at the University of California, a position he held into the 1930s.After 1938 he was also writing as well as directing plays, such as "Princes, Ltd." (a comedy), "Summer Heat", and "Coolhaven" (a horror story). <mask> began his career as a film actor in 1948, with uncredited appearances in four films, and ten more in 1949. His first credited part was in Easy Living (1949). <mask> found more regular work in television, starting with an episode of Family Theatre in 1951, and in the Fireside Theatre (1952), where he played in seven episodes. He eventually appeared in episodes of dozens of television shows in the 1950s and early 1960s, from The Twilight Zone to Rawhide, usually playing a scientist, judge, elder, or

masks:
Everett Glass
Everett William Glass
Glass
Glass
Glass


title: Paul Warburg

texts:
<mask> (August 10, 1868 – January 24, 1932) was an American investment banker born in Germany, and an early advocate of the U.S. central bank system, who served as 2nd Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve from 1916 to 1918. Early life
<mask> was born in Hamburg, Germany, to the <mask> family, a Jewish banking dynasty with origins in Venice. His parents were Moritz and Charlotte Esther (Oppenheim) <mask>. After graduating from the Realgymnasium in Hamburg in 1886, he entered the employ of Simon Hauer, a Hamburg importer and exporter, to learn the fundamentals of business practice. He similarly worked for Samuel Montague & Company, bankers, in London in 1889–90, the Banque Russe pour le Commerce Etranger in Paris in 1890–91. In 1891, <mask> entered the office of the family banking firm of M. M. Warburg & Co., which had been founded in 1798 by his great-grandfather. He interrupted work there to undertake a world tour during the winter of 1891–92.<mask> was admitted to a partnership in the family firm in 1895. On October 1, 1895, <mask> was married in New York City to Nina J. Loeb, daughter of Solomon Loeb, a founder of the New York investment firm of Kuhn, Loeb & Co. The <mask>s were the parents of a son, <mask> <mask>, and a daughter, Bettina <mask> Grimson. Career

Although a major factor in German finance, after frequent business trips to New York Warburg settled there in 1902 as a partner in Kuhn, Loeb & Co., where the influential Jacob Schiff was senior partner. <mask>'s brother, Felix, was married to Schiff's daughter and both brothers would be involved with Kuhn, Loeb over the years, making partner after marrying into the firms family members.. <mask> remained a partner in the family firm in Hamburg, but he became a naturalized American citizen in 1911. He was a member of Temple Emanu-El in New York City. <mask> was elected a director of Wells Fargo & Company in February 1910.He resigned

masks:
Paul Moritz Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
James Paul
Warburg
Warburg
Paul
Warburg
Warburg


title: Paul Warburg

texts: in September 1914 following his appointment to the Federal Reserve Board, and Jacob Schiff was elected to his seat on the Wells Fargo board. <mask> became known as a persuasive advocate of central banking in America. Many of his contemporaries regarded him as the chief driving force behind the establishment of America's central bank. Russell Leffingwell, who served variously as the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, head of the Council on Foreign Relations, and chairman of J.P. Morgan, credited <mask> with doing "yeoman's service in preaching the doctrines and practices of modern [central] European banking" while all other "friends of sound money" were so occupied with battling against the free silver movement that they gave scant thought to the need for currency reform. Harold Kellock of The Century Magazine, characterized <mask> as "the mildest-mannered man that ever personally conducted a revolution". This shy and sensitive man, Kellock continued, "imposed his idea on a nation of a hundred million people". Upon arriving in New York in 1902, <mask> drafted a critique of the American banking system, which he thought was insufficiently centralized.Self-conscious of his imperfect English and his status as a newcomer, he left his paper to sit in his desk for four years. He overcame his reticence in 1906 after attending a dinner party hosted by Professor Edwin Seligman of Columbia University. Seligman, an advocate of central banking, was impressed with Warburg's extensive knowledge of the financial system and reportedly told him that "It's your duty to get your ideas before the country." Shortly thereafter, the New York Times published Warburg's "Defects and Needs of our Banking System". Concerning its financial system, he argued, "The United States is in fact at about the same point that had been reached by Europe at the time of the Medicis, and by Asia, in all likelihood, at the time of

masks: Warburg Warburg Warburg Warburg


title: Paul Warburg

texts: Hammurabi." The chief reason for this lagging state of development was the lack of a central institution that could rediscount bank promissory notes to facilitate the exchange of promises of future payment for cash. A central bank constructed along the lines of the Reichsbank could fulfill this role, according to <mask>, and thus make it easier for the excess reserves of one bank to be used to bolster the insufficient reserves of another.<mask>'s ideas gained a wider hearing after the panic of 1907 engulfed the country’s financial system, and he subsequently published two more articles elaborating and defending his plans, "A Plan for a Modified Central Bank" and "A United Reserve Bank of the United States". At the same time, he appeared at conferences hosted by Columbia University, the American Economic Society, and the Academy of Political Science. By 1908, <mask> had gained enough recognition that Nelson Aldrich, the Republican senator from Rhode Island, consulted him for advice on currency reform. The National Monetary Commission, which Aldrich chaired, subsequently interviewed <mask> on multiple occasions. In 1910, Aldrich invited <mask> to attend a secret meeting with other influential bankers on Jekyll Island in Georgia, where the draft of a bill to establish a central bank was worked out. This bill was close enough to the outline that he adumbrated in his three articles that Harold Kellock could write, "Five years from the time Mr. <mask> had begun his single-handed crusade, his ideas were placed before Congress in the form of the Aldrich Bill." The Aldrich Bill, however, did not become the Federal Reserve Act.The Owen–Glass Bill did. But modern scholars such as Elmus Wicker, Murray Rothbard, William Greider, and Griffin believe that the Aldrich and Owen–Glass bills are so similar that there is little doubt the latter plan was heavily influenced by the former. "The New York bankers

masks: Warburg Warburg Warburg Warburg Warburg Warburg


title: Paul Warburg

texts: got all they wanted", Wicker argues, "with the single exception of banker control. ... The Federal Reserve Act owes as much, if not more, to Senator Aldrich as it does to Representative Glass." Despite some minor quibbles, <mask> himself largely celebrated the Owen–Glass Bill in the North American Review. It was "a source of great satisfaction", he wrote, that both the Democratic and Republican parties had come to embrace the type of plan for which reformers like him had been campaigning.In 1919, he founded and became first chairman of the American Acceptance Council. He organized and became the first chairman of the International Acceptance Bank of New York in 1921. International Acceptance was acquired by the Bank of the Manhattan Company in 1929, with <mask> becoming chairman of the combined organization. He became a director of the Council on Foreign Relations at its founding in 1921, remaining on the board until his death. From 1921 to 1926 <mask> was a member of the advisory council of Federal Reserve Board, serving as president of the advisory council in 1924–26. He was also a trustee of the Institute of Economics, founded in 1922; when it was merged into the Brookings Institution in 1927, he became a trustee of the latter, serving until his death. On March 8, 1929, <mask> warned of the disaster threatened by the wild stock speculation then rampant in the United States, foreshadowing Wall Street Crash of 1929 which occurred in October of that year. He encouraged German–American cultural cooperation, helping found the Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation in 1930 and serving as its treasurer from May 1930 until his death.He also made substantial contributions to the Warburg Library in Hamburg, founded by his brother, the art historian Aby <mask>; he gave a hall known as the American House to Heidelberg University; and he made generous donations to the Academy of Political Science in Berlin.

masks: Warburg Warburg Warburg Warburg Warburg


title: Paul Warburg

texts:
 Death
<mask> died at his home in New York City on January 24, 1932, and was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York. At the time of his death, he was chairman of the Manhattan Company and a director of the Bank of Manhattan Trust Company, Farmers Loan and Trust Company of New York, First National Bank of Boston, Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, Union Pacific Railroad, Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad, Western Union Telegraph Company, American I.G. Chemical Company, Agfa Ansco Corporation, and Warburg & Company of Amsterdam. Legacy
The cartoon character, Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks in the Little Orphan Annie series, was purportedly inspired by <mask>'s life and times. The <mask><mask> chair in Economics at Harvard University was named in his honor. Family

His son, <mask> (1896–1969) was a financial adviser to Franklin D. Roosevelt in the first years of his presidency, and according to his memoirs, FDR's son, James, lived in a cottage house located on uncle <mask>'s New York country estate.Notes

References
 Chernow, Ron. The Warburgs. New York: Random House, 1993
 Kuhn, Loeb & Co. Kuhn, Loeb & Co. A Century of Investment Banking. New York: Privately printed, 1967
 Kuhn, Loeb & Co.  Kuhn Loeb & Co. Investment Banking Through Four Generations. New York: Privately printed, 1955
 Warburg, <mask>. The Federal Reserve System. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1930. External links

 <mask> papers (MS 535).Manuscripts and Archives. <mask>'s Crusade to Establish a Central Bank in the United States
Statements and Speeches of <mask><mask>

1868 births
1932 deaths
American bankers
American people of German-Jewish descent
Burials at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
Businesspeople from New York City
German emigrants to the United States
19th-century German Jews
History of the Federal Reserve System
Loeb family
Vice Chairs of the Federal Reserve
<mask>burg
Wells Fargo
Woodrow Wilson administration

masks:
Warburg
Warburg
Paul M
. Warburg
James Warburg
Felix Warburg
Paul M
Paul Warburg
Paul Warburg
Paul M
. Warburg
Paul War


title: Julian P. Hume

texts: <mask> (born 3 March 1960) is an English palaeontologist, artist and writer who lives in Wickham, Hampshire. He was born in Ashford, Kent, and grew up in Portsmouth, England. He attended Crookhorn Comprehensive School between 1971 and 1976. His career began as an artist, specialising in the reconstruction of extinct species, after which he undertook a degree in palaeontology at the University of Portsmouth, followed by a PhD in the same subject, jointly hosted by the University of Portsmouth and the Natural History Museum, London and Tring. He is presently a Research Associate at the Natural History Museum, and has travelled extensively, working on fossil excavations that include the Cape Verde Islands; Lord Howe Island, Tasmania, Flinders, King and Kangaroo Islands, Australia; Madagascar, Seychelles, and Hawaiian Islands. However, his main area of research is the Mascarene Islands of Mauritius, Réunion, and Rodrigues, where in particular he has studied the history of the dodo (Raphus cucullatus). He has contributed both scientifically and artistically to a large number of palaeontological papers, and described seven new species of extinct bird from the islands, with at least five more awaiting description.He has also written popular books and magazine articles, and published a critically acclaimed book 'Lost Land of the Dodo,' co-authored with Anthony Cheke, on the subject of extinct Mascarene species. His other books include ‘Extinct Birds of Hawaii’ published in 2016 with


title: Julian P. Hume

texts:
 Michael Walther, which includes his own artwork for all fossil species. His latest book, which also includes his own artwork, is the second edition of the book entitled 'Extinct Birds', published in September 2017; the first edition was co-authored with Michael P. Walters and published February 2012. A third edition is currently in preparation. Artwork

His paintings of recently extinct species, especially birds, are a combination of art and science, with each painting reproduced in the most scientifically accurate way. His subjects include extinct species from islands around the world, especially the Hawaiian Islands and the Mascarenes. The dodo in particular has been illustrated on a number of occasions.Bibliography
 Carpenter J, Wilmshurst J, <mask> P, McConkey K, Shiels A, Wotton D & Drake D (2020) The forgotten fauna: native seed predators on islands. Functional Ecology 00:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13629
 Duhamel, A, <mask> J P, Salaviale C & Louchart A (2020) Unexpected cranial evolution in the extinct Rodrigues Island owl Otus murivorus (Strigidae), associated with gigantism, ecology, diet and behaviour. Scientific Reports 10:14019 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69868-1
 Burney D A, <mask> J P, Randalana R, Andrianaivoarivelo R, Griffiths O, Middleton G, Rasolondrainy T, Hoerman R, Ramilisonina R & Radimilahy C (2020) Rock art from Andriamamelo Cave in the Beanka Protected Area of western Madagascar. Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology

masks:
Hume J
Hume
Hume


title: Julian P. Hume

texts:
 https://doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2020.1749735
 Burney D A, Andriamialison H, Andrianarivelo R, Bourne S, Crowley B E, de Boer E, Godfrey L R, Goodman S M, Griffiths C, Griffiths O, <mask> J P. et al. (7 more authors) (2019) Subfossil lemur discoveries from the Beanka protected area in western Madagascar. Quaternary Research 1–17.https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2019.54
 Hume J P (2019) Systematics, morphology, and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species. Zootaxa 4626(1): 001–107. Hume J P & Martill D (2019) Repeated evolution of flightlessness in Dryolimnas rails (Aves: Rallidae) after extinction and recolonization on Aldabra. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186(3): 666–672. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz018
 Jones C, Jackson H, McGowan R, <mask> J P, Forshaw J, Tatayah V & Groombridge J (2018) A parakeet specimen held at National Museums, Scotland, is a unique skin of the extinct Réunion Parakeet Psittacula eques eques. A reply to Cheke & Jansen (2016). Ibis 161: 230–238.Louchart A, Bastian F, Baptista M, Guarino-Vignon P, <mask> P, Jacot-des-Combes C, Mourer-Chauviré C, Hänni C & Ollivier M (2018) Ancient DNA reveals the origins, colonisation histories and evolutionary pathways of two recently extinct species of large
 Hume J P (2017) Extinct Birds. Second Edition. Bloomsbury Natural History. 608 pp. Walther M (2016) Extinct Birds of Hawaii. Mutual Publishing, LLC. . 256 pp (illustrations by J. P<mask>)
 Hume J P (2012)

masks:
Hume
Hume
Hume J
. Hume


title: Julian P. Hume

texts:
 The Dodo: from extinction to the fossil record. Geology Today 28(4): 147–151.Hume J P & Walters M (2012) Extinct Birds. A & C Black (Poyser Imprint). 544 pp. <mask> P (2011) Systematics, morphology, and ecology of pigeons and doves (Aves: Columbidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with three new species. Zootaxa 3124: 1–62. Rijsdijk, K F, Zinke J, de Louw P G B, <mask> P (11 more authors) (2011) Mid-Holocene (4200 kyr BP) mass mortalities in Mauritius (Mascarenes): Insular vertebrates resilient to climatic extremes but vulnerable to human impact. The Holocene
 Hume J P, & Middleton G (2011) A preliminary vertebrate palaeontological cave survey of the Comoros Islands.Phelsuma 19: 26–40. Burney D A (2010) Back to the Future in the Caves of Kaua'i: A Scientist's Adventures in the Dark. Yale University Press. (illustrations by J. P<mask>). <mask> J P, Cheke A S, & McOran-Campbell A (2009) How Owen 'stole' the Dodo: academic rivalry and disputed rights to a newly discovered subfossil deposit in nineteenth century Mauritius. Historical Biology 21 (1–2): 1–18. Rijsdijk K F, <mask>, J P. et al.(18 more authors) (2009) Mid-Holocene vertebrate bone Concentration-Lagerstätte on oceanic island Mauritius provides a window into the ecosystem of the Dodo (Raphus cucullatus). Quaternary Science Reviews 28: 14–24. Cheke A & Hume J P (2008) Lost land of the Dodo: the ecological history of the Mascarene Islands. A. & C. Black publishers (Poyser imprint). 540pp. Hume J P (2007) Reappraisal of the

masks:
Hume J
Hume J
. Hume
Hume
Hume


title: Julian P. Hume

texts:
 parrots (Aves: Psittacidae) from the Mascarene islands, with comments on their ecology, morphology and affinities.Zootaxa 1513: 1–76. <mask> P (2006) The history of the dodo Raphus cucullatus and the penguin of Mauritius. Historical Biology 18(2): 65–89. <mask> P, Datta A & Martill, D.M. (2006) Unpublished drawings of the Dodo Raphus cucullatus and a note on Dodo skin relics. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club  126A: 49–54. <mask> P (2005) Contrasting taphofacies in ocean island settings: the fossil record of Mascarene vertebrates.Monografies de la Societat d’Història Natural de les Balears 12: 129–144. Hume J P & Prys-Jones R P (2005) New discoveries from old sources, with reference to the original bird and mammal fauna of the Mascarene Islands, Indian Ocean. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 79-3: 85–95. Karanth K P, <mask> E, Gerlach J, Glaberman S, <mask> J P, Caccone A & Yoder A D (2005) Native Seychelles tortoises or Aldabran imports? The importance of radiocarbon dating for ancient DNA studies. Amphibia-Reptilia 26: 116–121. <mask> J P (2004) A preliminary vertebrate palaeontological survey of the granitic Seychelles islands.Phelsuma 12: 24–34. Hume J P & Cheke A S (2004) The White Dodo of Réunion Island: unravelling a scientific and historical myth. Archives of Natural History 31: 57–79. Hume J P, Martill D M & Dewdney C (2004) Dutch diaries and the demise of the Dodo. Nature
 Hume J P (2003) The journal of the flagship Gelderland – dodo and other birds on

masks:
Hume J
Hume J
Hume J
Palkovacs
Hume
Hume


title: Julian P. Hume

texts:
 Mauritius 1601. Archives of Natural History 30: 13–27. Hume J P & Peterson A (2003) The correct publication date of Aplonis corvina (Kittlitz, 1833).Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 123: 207–208. <mask> P (2002) Notes on the extinct Kosrae Starling Aplonis corvina Kittlitz, 1833. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 122: 141–154. <mask> P (1996) The parrots of the Mascarenes. PsittaScene 8(1): 10–11. Magazine articles
 <mask> P (2009) The great Dodo dispute. BBC History 10 (3): 50–53.Hume J P (2009) In search of the Dodo. Darwin 200 BBC Knowledge 4: 26–31. Postage stamp issues
 <mask> P (25 June 2007) Mauritius. The Dodo Raphus cucullatus. Set of four Rs 5; Rs 10; Rs 15; Rs 25; all showing classic images of the dodo from the last 400 years. Souvenir Sheet Rs 25 of Dodo in dry forest by J P <mask>. <mask> J P (16 July 2009) Mauritius.Extinct Mauritian Giant Tortoises. Set of four Rs 5; Rs 10; Rs 15; Rs 25; all showing extinct giant tortoises of Mauritius and Rodrigues. Souvenir Sheet Rs 50 showing Rodrigues giant tortoises and the extinct blue rail. Filmography

See also
 Dodo
 <mask>hume.co.uk
 Extinct Birds

References
 "<mask>, Ian (January 22, 2007). Digging for Dodos. Hunting an extinct bird. The New Yorker, pp.64–73." "Dunn, Rob (March–April 2009). The sun yet warms his native ground. American Scientist, 97(2), p. 167. External links
 Julianhume.co.uk
 Books by <mask> from Amazon

Notes

1960 births
Living people
English palaeontologists
British

masks:
Hume J
Hume J
Hume J
Hume J
Hume
Hume
Julian
Parker
Julian Hume


title: Bernhard Schmidt

texts:
<mask> (, Nargen – 1 December 1935, Hamburg) was an Estonian optician. In 1930 he invented the Schmidt telescope which corrected for the optical errors of spherical aberration, coma, and astigmatism, making possible for the first time the construction of very large, wide-angled reflective cameras of short exposure time for astronomical research. Childhood
<mask> was the son of Carl Constantin and Marie Helene Christine ( Rosen) <mask>. He was born and grew up on the island of Nargen (Naissaar), off the coast of Reval (Tallinn), Estonia, then part of the Russian Empire. The inhabitants of this island, mainly Estonian Swedes, generally spoke Swedish or Estonian, but the <mask> family also spoke German. <mask> was the oldest of six children, three boys (one of whom died in infancy) and three girls. Naissaar was a small, rural island whose population mainly supported themselves through fishing and piloting ships into the port of Reval.With his younger brother August Fredrik, <mask> engaged in many childhood adventures on the island. He was an extremely inquisitive, inventive, and imaginative young person and adult. For example, when young he built his own camera from a purchased lens and old concertina bellows and succeeded in photographing his local surroundings and various family members, and even sold some of his photos. He also became fascinated with the night sky and constellations. One misadventure proved tragic and marked <mask> for the rest of his life. When he was 15 years old, he experimented with gunpowder. He packed an iron pipe with a charge, but through a mistake with the fuse the pipe exploded, and he lost the thumb and index finger of his right hand.Despite his mother's attempts to clean and bandage the wounds, surgeons in Tallinn later amputated the whole hand. This event appears to have deepened his reserve and introspection, qualities well noted by his contemporaries in later life. Youth
In spite of his loss, <mask> was soon experimenting

masks:
Bernhard Woldemar Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Bernhard
Bernhard Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt


title: Bernhard Schmidt

texts:
 and inventing again. He also took more photos and became adept at developing and printing them. In 1895 he moved to Tallinn, and for a time worked at retouching photographs. Later he worked for the Volta Electrical Motor Works and became skilled in drafting. In 1901 he went to Gothenburg, Sweden, to study at the Chalmers University of Technology, but soon thereafter switched to the University of Mittweida in the Kingdom of Saxony to further his education.Adulthood
During this period his interest in astronomy and optics increased. In Mittweida he had hoped to study with Dr. Karl Strehl, a noted optical theorist. Strehl, however, had recently departed. Gradually, <mask> found his true calling, namely the grinding and polishing of highly precise optics for astronomical applications. He seems to have begun the grinding of mirrors sometime around 1901, and thereafter began to sell some of his products to amateur astronomers. By March 1904, he had made so much progress in his new endeavor that after finishing his studies, he was soon in contact with professionals at the major observatories in Germany. His business rapidly took off when noted astronomers such as Hermann Carl Vogel, and Karl Schwarzschild realized the excellence of <mask>'s mirrors for their researches.Mittweida years
Between 1904 and 1914, <mask>'s business boomed and he acquired an immense reputation in Germany. Not only did he produce some of the most difficult and precise mirrors ever attempted up to that time, but he was entrusted with correcting and improving lenses originally supplied by famous optical houses, for example the 50 cm Steinheil visual refractor at the Potsdam Astrophysical Observatory. As his business increased, he hired several assistants, two of whom have left valuable accounts of <mask>'s working methods. <mask> also bought an automobile, a rare luxury then, and employed a friend as chauffeur. Using a long focus horizontal mirror and a plane coelostat, both of his own

masks: Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt


title: Bernhard Schmidt

texts:
 manufacture, he took impressive photos of the sun, moon, and major planets. When one considers that he did much of the fabrication literally using just one hand, it is difficult not to be astonished at <mask>'s skill. World War I brought the boom to an end.<mask> was arrested as an enemy-alien, as Estonia belonged to the Russian Empire, and was sent to an internment camp for about six months. After his release, he remained under police control and some of his suspicious-looking astronomical equipment was confiscated. He attempted to continue his business, but as the war dragged on and turned to defeat for Germany, the economy became grim and scientists had no money for astronomy. The situation did not improve after the war because of the political turmoil in Germany and the need to pay war reparations. Inflation galloped out of control in 1923 and many people lost their entire savings. By the mid-1920s, <mask>'s business was ruined and he had to liquidate his remaining equipment as junk. Bergedorf

From 1916 onward <mask> had been in contact with Professor Richard Schorr, the director of the Hamburg Observatory, a facility located outside Hamburg in the countryside near the village of Bergedorf.Schorr had become interested in <mask>'s horizontal mirror and coelostat telescope and ordered one to be built for his observatory. After the war when <mask>'s economic situation became increasingly difficult, <mask> began making overtures to Schorr for some kind of work at the observatory. Schorr had only a little to offer: <mask> could come to Bergedorf and lodge for free; there was repair work to do on the horizontal telescope, for which he would be paid a small fee. This was in 1926. For a time <mask> did not accept. He had a number of patents to his credit, one of which involved using a wind-driven propeller to power boats forward. <mask> hoped to turn this invention into something profitable.He also went back to Estonia for a family visit and to scout out

masks: Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt


title: Bernhard Schmidt

texts:
 opportunities in optics, as Estonia had become an independent republic after World War I. Nothing came of these efforts, and by 1927 <mask>'s prospects were so poor that he accepted Schorr's offer. He began to establish a workshop in the basement of the Main Service Building at the observatory and to repair the horizontal telescope. During 1927 and 1929, <mask> participated in two solar eclipse expeditions mounted by the Hamburg Observatory, the first to northern Sweden and the second to the Philippines. It was during this second trip that <mask> announced to his companion, the astronomer Walter Baade, the most important invention of <mask>'s lifetime, indeed an invention that revolutionized astronomy and optical design in the second half of the 20th century, namely his wide-angle reflective camera. The Schmidt camera

Astronomers had long wished for a way to photograph large swathes of the sky quickly for the purpose of surveying the visible contents of the universe and seeing large-scale structures. Ordinary telescopes up till <mask>'s time showed narrow fields of view, typically measuring 1 or 2 degrees in diameter.Surveying the whole sky with such telescopes required an enormous investment of time and resources over years and (because of the narrow views) tended to miss large structures. It was possible to see large swathes with small camera lenses, but then faint (and hence far away) objects would remain invisible. What was needed was large aperture cameras possessing wide fields of good imaging properties ("definition"), and fast focal ratios to decrease exposure times. Unfortunately, the only large aperture wide-field telescopes before <mask> were ordinary reflecting telescopes of short focal ratio (about f/3), and these presented images which while sharp at the middle of their fields of view, quickly lost their definition away from the field center. Star images became bloated and comet-shaped, with the head of the "comet" pointing to the middle

masks: Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt


title: Bernhard Schmidt

texts: of the photographic field. This bloating results mainly from the optical aberrations (i.e. errors) called "coma" and "astigmatism".Before <mask> it was impossible to build a large, fast reflector telescope which was not plagued by these errors. <mask> was well aware of this and had been pondering possible solutions during the late 1920s. According to Baade, he had abandoned at least one solution already, when finally he hit upon his ultimate design, which involved a novel, indeed bold departure from traditional optical designs. <mask> realized that by employing a large spherically shaped mirror (instead of the normal paraboloidal mirror of a reflector telescope) and a smaller apertured diaphragm placed at the center of curvature of the mirror, he could at a stroke eliminate coma and astigmatism. He would be left, however, with spherical aberration which is just as damaging to image sharpness. <mask> realized that he could eliminate the spherical aberration by placing a thin, very weakly curved aspheric lens (now called the "<mask> corrector plate") at the same center of curvature as the apertured diaphragm. This aspheric lens has a complex curve that is convex near its middle and concave near its periphery that creates the opposite spherical aberration of the spherical mirror it is paired with, canceling out the mirror's spherical aberration.In this way, very neatly and simply he could construct a large camera of f/1.75 or even faster, that would give sharp images across a field more than 15 degrees in diameter, making it possible to image large swathes of sky with short exposures (on the order of a few minutes versus an hour or more with a conventional reflector). His first camera had an aperture of about 360 mm or 14.5" in diameter, and a focal ratio of f/1.75. It is now housed in a museum at the Hamburg Observatory. <mask>'s combining of diverse optical elements (a special mirror, a diaphragm at a particular location, and a "correction plate") into a