title: Gabriel Pascal

texts:
<mask> (born Gábor Lehel; 4 June 1894 – 6 July 1954) was a Hungarian film producer and director whose best-known films were made in the United Kingdom. <mask> was the first film producer to successfully bring the plays of George Bernard Shaw to the screen. His most successful production was Pygmalion (1938), for which <mask> received an Academy Award nomination as its producer. Later adaptations of Shaw plays included Major Barbara (1941), Caesar and Cleopatra (1945) and Androcles and the Lion (1952). Early life
<mask> was born Gábor Lehel
on 4 June 1894 in Arad, Transylvania, Austria-Hungary (now Romania). His wife wrote in her book on <mask>'s relationship with Shaw that her husband's "origin was shrouded in a mystery which, I often suspected, he enjoyed thickening with contradictory remarks. When people tried to probe into his past, he had a tailor-made answer for each inquirer."He claimed to have been an orphan taken from a burning building as a child and raised first by Gypsies before being put into an orphanage. He also claimed that the Gypsies taught him to beg, steal, and do acrobatic tricks. It is unclear what parts of his account of his childhood are true as there are no formal records of him before the age of 17 when he was enlisted in military school in Holics, Hungary (now Holíč, Slovakia), by a mysterious Jesuit priest. <mask>, who decidedly was unfit for military life, became interested in theatre and studied at the Academy of the Hofburgtheater in Vienna. Later, his interest expanded into the newly burgeoning cinema, and he made films in Germany and Italy with sporadic success. Becoming a teetotaler at an early age, he smoked cigars prodigiously, later provoking admonishments from George Bernard Shaw that he would ruin his voice. <mask> had one son, Peter, conceived in Germany with his landlady's sister Elsie, during the delirium of a fever.Unable to care even for himself, <mask> fled to the Netherlands. After World War II ended, <mask> returned

masks:
Gabriel Pascal
Pascal
Pascal
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Pascal
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title: Gabriel Pascal

type: original

texts:
 to Germany to search for his son Peter, but he was listed among the missing Hitler-Jugend. Elsie had been killed by a bomb. Early career
As a young man, <mask> found a job tending horses in Hungary. Leading the horses through the forest to a stream each day, <mask> developed the habit of riding naked and bareback through the Hungarian countryside. One day he accidentally rode stark naked through the outdoor set of a silent movie in production and was "discovered". The film's director asked him to repeat the ride for the cameras, and he joined the group.Soon he was making his own movies. <mask> had another auspicious encounter when he was young while walking along the shore of the Mediterranean Sea. A much older man, George Bernard Shaw, was swimming naked holding onto a buoy. A conversation ensued, and Shaw dared the young <mask> on the shore to take off his clothes and join him in the water. He was impressed when <mask> immediately did so, and this began their friendship. Shaw enjoyed <mask>'s youthful enthusiasm for art and his bravado, and invited him to visit him one day when he was broke. This chance meeting was to play a major role in <mask>'s later career.<mask> began his producing career making silent movies in Italy for German distribution through UFA Studios in Berlin. His directorial debut was Populi Morituri, in which he also starred. He later produced comedies in Germany. Meher Baba and India

In 1934, during a trip to Hollywood, <mask> was contacted by Princess Norina Matchabelli (wife of the perfume manufacturer) about a film project based on the teachings of Meher Baba. <mask> became very interested in this project, bringing writers Hy Kraft and Karl Vollmöller into helping him work up treatments and even making a trip to India to discuss the project further with Meher Baba. By the time <mask> arrived in India, however, Meher Baba did not seem in any hurry to complete the film, saying it could wait. He invited <mask> to travel with him in

masks: Pascal Pascal Pascal Pascal Pascal Pascal Pascal Pascal Pascal Pascal Pascal Pascal


title: Gabriel Pascal

texts: India.Most ordinary men would have been discouraged, but <mask> took energetically to the austere life of an eastern ascetic, even shedding his western garb for eastern clothing. He took a liking to Meher Baba and maintained a correspondence with him for the rest of his life. Meher Baba nicknamed <mask> as his "Phoenix" and alternately his "Black Panther." <mask> remained in close correspondence with his master Meher Baba until the end of his life; he met with him for the last time in 1952 in Scarsdale, New York. Even in this final meeting, they discussed films which <mask> planned to produce for Meher Baba. Thirty years before Richard Attenborough's film Gandhi, <mask> had a written agreement with Jawaharlal Nehru, the prime minister of India, to produce a movie of Gandhi's life. Collaborations with <mask> took a ship back from India to the United States, penniless but undaunted.He landed in San Francisco where he spent some time deciding what to do next. He decided to approach playwright George Bernard Shaw, whom he had met many years earlier. During that earlier meeting Shaw, who had been impressed with the young <mask>'s passion for art and cinema, had told him to pay him a visit when he was entirely penniless. <mask> sought out Shaw, first by going to New York City hidden in the toilet of a railroad train, then convincing a sea captain to give him a lift to England. Somehow he convinced Shaw to give him the rights to his plays, beginning with Pygmalion (1938), which he released as a film. It was an enormous international hit, both critically and financially. <mask> tried to convince Shaw to let Pygmalion be turned into a musical, but the outraged Shaw explicitly forbade it, having had a bad experience with the operetta The Chocolate Soldier (based on Shaw's Arms and the Man).<mask> was the only person to convince Shaw to adjust his scripts to the new medium of cinema, gaining concessions from Shaw that no one else could. <mask> created the line for Pygmalion

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title: Gabriel Pascal

texts:
 (later used by Lerner and Loewe in their musical version My Fair Lady) "The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain." Shaw, who publicly was referring to <mask> as a genius, added the line into the script. In 1938, <mask> was named as one of the world's more famous men by Time magazine, along with Adolf Hitler and the pope. He followed the film Pygmalion with Major Barbara (1941), which he directed as well as produced. Major Barbara was filmed in London during aerial bombing by the Nazis. During air raids, the crew and cast had to dodge into bomb shelters.<mask> never stopped the production, and the film was completed on schedule. <mask> became more and more extravagant: Caesar and Cleopatra (1945), the next <mask> film of a Shaw play, was the most expensive British movie ever made at that time. It was a major financial and critical flop. <mask> insisted on importing sand from Egypt to achieve the right cinematic colors for the film. In this period, Shaw had become more difficult to work with. After the success of Pygmalion, which was shortened in its transition from stage to screen, the playwright increasingly refused to let his plays be cut. Shaw heightened his praise of <mask> during this period.He wrote in 1946:

<mask> produced Androcles and the Lion (1952), but by this time he was suffering from cancer. Death
<mask> died of cancer in July 1954. References

Further reading
 Donald P. Costello. The Serpent's Eye, Shaw and the Cinema. Notre Dame, Indiana:  University of Notre Dame Press, 1965. Marjorie Deans. Meeting at the <mask> <mask>'s Production of Bernard Shaw's Caesar and Cleopatra.London: MacDonald, 1946. Bernard Shaw and <mask>. Bernard Shaw and <mask> (Selected Correspondence of Bernard Shaw). Bernard F. Dukore (Editor). Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996. . External links

 March of Time Newsreel with <mask>

1894 births
1954 deaths
People from Arad, Romania
Hungarian film producers
Followers of Meher Baba
Deaths from cancer in New York

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Gabriel Pascal


title: Dian Nissen

texts:
<mask> (born January 1961) is a multiple world-title trampoline athlete and competitor, multiple U.S. Women’s Trampoline champion, AAU All-American, health and fitness expert, and entrepreneur. She is the daughter of <mask>, the inventor of the modern-day trampoline. Trampoline

Nissen began her involvement with sports and fitness at an early age, becoming an AAU All-American (Amateur Athletic Union) by the time she was 16. She was the 1976 U.S. Women's Trampoline champion in all three trampoline events: Individual Trampoline, Synchronized Trampoline, and Double Mini-Trampoline. At the age of 15, she placed 4th at the 1976 Trampoline World Championships in Tulsa Oklahoma. To date, no other U.S. woman has placed higher than <mask> at the Trampoline World Championships for the Individual Trampoline event. Nissen's playful sobriquet, Trampoline Diva, embodies her lifelong association with the trampoline beginning with her early childhood and continuing through to her years as a world-class trampolinist, national champion, trampoline safety expert, trampoline coach, trampoline entertainer, fitness trampoline Master Trainer, and safety expert on the trampoline park industry.Along with her father and the support of his company, the Nissen Corporation, which at the time was the world's largest manufacturer of gymnastics equipment in the world, she promoted her father's invention of the trampoline and the sport of trampolining by performing hundreds of shows in the United States and around the world, and competing in trampoline competitions nationally and internationally. Nissen continues to bear the torch that her father, <mask>, carried for his entire life—promoting the joy of jumping on trampolines. <mask> promoted the sport of trampolining believing that one day it could become an Olympic sport. For decades, George endured naysayers that

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Dian Nissen
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title: Dian Nissen

texts:
 claimed "it would be the year 2000" before trampolining would make it to the Olympics. Ironically, the cynics were correct; trampolining debuted as an Olympic sport at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney Australia. At 86 years old, George attended the 2000 Olympics accompanied by his daughter <mask> <mask>. Eight years later, George was able to travel to Beijing, China for the 2008 Summer Olympics, with his daughter and grandson.<mask> <mask> has been referred to as the International Ambassador for Trampolines because of her continuing involvement with, and promotion of trampolines for fitness, health, sport and recreation around the world. She provides public awareness and education on trampoline safety and the history of the trampoline. Education and fitness career

A graduate of the University of Iowa, <mask> has been a member of the teaching faculty at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) and the San Diego Community College District. She holds a Master of Science degree in Health Education and Exercise Science, and is a certified Health Coach and Group Fitness Instructor through the American Council on Exercise (Gold certification). She is also a continuing education provider for fitness professionals through the American Council on Exercise. With her father, she served as consultants to the California Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports with Arnold Schwarzenegger, Chair, under Governor Pete Wilson. Together, they presented programs to schools and other organizations to promote physical activity and help improve the health of Californians.Recognizing that seniors in general were under-served by the fitness industry, she founded Ageless Fitness in 1994. <mask> then expanded her mission to help people of all ages and abilities improve their fitness and health through exercise and education. She also presented

masks: Dian Nissen Dian Nissen Nissen Nissen


title: Dian Nissen

texts: workshops, master classes, instructor training, and mentored teachers. Her company is also involved in exercise video production and distribution. The first exercise video series in which she produced and starred in was geared towards older adults and those needing a lighter and gentler form of movement. The video, Fresh Start (1994), included her father, <mask>, and her mother, <mask> as part of the cast. <mask> is a Telly Award and National Mature Media Award winner for two of her older adult exercise videos.She is a Pilates professional and faculty member of Balanced Body Education that provides Pilates instructor training worldwide. She is also certified and trained in Pilates through Polestar Education, Physical Mind Institute, and Stott Pilates. Some of her specialty training and qualifications in Pilates include Studio series, Mat, Auxiliary Equipment, Props, Rehabilitation, Post‐Rehabilitation, Allegro Reformer, Osteoporosis, Pre‐ and Post‐Natal and Menopause, and Balanced Body Barre. <mask> was one of the first fitness professionals to independently produce, distribute and star in a Pilates exercise video. Her first Pilates video, Mind Body Matwork, was cutting-edge at the time and consisted of elegant and effective movements evolved from the work of Joseph Pilates. The video was one of the first to incorporate the use of an elastic band to simulate moves that are also performed on the centerpiece of Pilates equipment—the Reformer. The video quickly became a bestseller on Amazon.com.<mask> is recognized as one of the foremost Pilates instructors in the U.S. Her exercise instruction is based on sound biomechanics and current knowledge of exercise physiology, producing safe and effective exercise routines. <mask> <mask> continues to be involved with trampolining. She is on the Board of Directors of the World Acrobatic Society

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title: Dian Nissen

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 (worldacro.com) whose purpose is to foster the growth, development and safety of various acrobatic disciplines along with preserving their histories. She is also a founding member of the Trampoline & Adventures Advisory Group whose purpose is to actively work within the trampoline park industry to promote and create awareness of trampoline safety and risk management through the creation of an industry-wide training and certification program. <mask> is a member of ASTM International and the Task Group involved with setting safety standards to protect consumers and developing construction standards for manufacturers. She is a member of USA Gymnastics and is a certified USA Gymnastics University Instructor.She is a USAG Coach specializing in Trampoline, Synchronized Trampoline and Double Mini-Trampoline. She owns Nissen Trampoline Academy in San Diego, California where she coaches recreational and competitive Team Trampoline. Nissen speaks to businesses and organizations about the benefits of adopting long-term, healthy lifestyle habits. She is a women's health advocate and expert on women's wellness, fitness and achieving maximum health. She also offers health programs to business owners to reduce their healthcare costs and optimize performance. Awards and recognition
 United States Women’s Trampoline Champion (1976‐1980). World Age Group Champion in the Individual trampoline, Double-mini trampoline, synchronized trampoline, and Trampoline Spaceball.AAU All‐American. Telly award winner (1998). National Mature Media Award winner (1998). Featured on CBS Sports Spectacular and ABC’s Wide World of Sports. References

External links

American female trampolinists
American exercise instructors
1961 births
Pilates
University of Iowa alumni
Sportspeople from Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Living people
Sportspeople from San Diego
21st-century American


title: Diederik Samsom

texts:
<mask>  (; born 10 July 1971) is a Dutch environmentalist and retired politician who served the Labour Party (Partij van de Arbeid PvdA) from 2012 to 2016. He was the first leader in the 70-year history of the PvdA to have been voted out of his position by party members. Since November 2019 <mask> is head of cabinet for First Vice-President of the European Commission Frans Timmermans. Elected to the House of Representatives between 30 January 2003 and 14 December 2016, he was elected PvdA parliamentary leader as well as party leader on 16 March 2012. He lost the Labour Party leadership election to Lodewijk Asscher in December 2016. Before his election to the House of Representatives he was CEO of a green energy company and a campaigner for Greenpeace Netherlands. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 10 July 1971 in Groningen in the Netherlands.He was raised in Leeuwarden. His father worked as an internist and his mother as a physiotherapist. Between 1983 and 1989, he attended the Stedelijk Gymnasium (Municipal Gymnasium) in Leeuwarden. There he became interested in physics, and later he went on to study applied physics at Delft University of Technology. Samsom specialised in nuclear physics and became a level three radiation protection expert. He graduated in May 1997, obtaining a Dutch engineer's degree (). He was also on the board of the national students' union LSVb and edited a yearly edition of the Poenboek, a students' guide relating to monetary issues.Samsom had been involved in environmental issues long before entering politics. <mask> joined environmental organisation Greenpeace Netherlands in September 1995 as a volunteer. He led several campaigns and projects until he resigned in December 2001, after the PvdA offered him a career in politics. He also worked as the CEO of Echte Energie (Real Energy), a small green energy trading company, from August 2002 until January 2003. Political career
<mask> became a member of the social democratic Labour party while a student in Delft. He left the party but rejoined in February 2001. He stood as a

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title: Diederik Samsom

texts:
 candidate in the 2002 Dutch general election, but was not elected due to the PvdA receiving insufficient votes in the election.The party regained most of its seats in the 2003 election and this time <mask> had a higher position (nine) on the list of candidates. He was subsequently sworn in as a member of the House of Representatives on 30 January 2003. Red Engineer
Together with fellow PvdA parliamentarians Staf Depla and Jeroen Dijsselbloem he traveled around the country campaigning. They operated under the name The Red Engineers (), referring to both their scientific backgrounds and their red overalls. NRC newspaper editor Coen van Zwol called their campaign fresh, clear and sharp (Dutch: fris, helder en scherp). Parliamentarian

Before being admitted as the leader of the Labour party, <mask> was the party's spokesperson on environmental issues: sustainability, climate and energy, traffic congestion and railway issues and projects. He was nineteenth on the list of candidates in the 2006 Dutch general elections receiving a relative high number of 6248 preferential votes.2008 parliamentary chair election
In April 2008, <mask> was a candidate to succeed Jacques Tichelaar as parliament party leader, but eventually he lost the vote to Mariëtte Hamer. Jacques Tichelaar became the leader of the parliamentary party shortly after the 2006 general election in February 2007  but fell ill in January 2008. He underwent a septuple bypass surgery and this took him three months to recuperate. On 16 April, he announced he had decided to resign from office for health reasons. Tichelaar planned to return as a parliamentarian on 1 July 2008. As vice parliamentary leader Hamer had led the party in Tichelaar's absence. The next day she decided to run for office.Three days later, <mask> officially announced that he would also compete in the race. Other names were mentioned, but only <mask> and Hamer decided to vie for the position. All 33 PvdA parliamentarians gathered two days later to discuss the position and cast their votes, resulting in a victory for Hamer. According to

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title: Diederik Samsom

texts:
 pollster Maurice de Hond, a majority of the 2006 Labour voters preferred <mask> as party leader. Out of a total of 1,500 Labour voters, 26%  favoured Hamer while 42% liked Samsom better. In this poll, of the people who indicated that they would vote for the PvdA in the future, a small majority of 40 to 35 preferred Samsom. Party leadership

On 22 February 2012, following Job Cohen's resignation as party leader, <mask> stood as candidate in the party's leadership ballot which was held among the party members.On 16 March 2012, he obtained a landslide victory with 54% of the vote, with the runner-up Ronald Plasterk receiving 32% of the vote. <mask> stated he would like to become prime minister should the PvdA become the largest party, or otherwise continue his role of chairman of his party in the House of Representatives (Tweede Kamer). Rutte II: coalition government
In the 2012 general election the PvdA, under <mask>'s leadership, gained 8 seats and totaled at 38 seats in the Tweede Kamer. After a swift negotiations the PvdA, as second largest party, entered into a coalition with the largest party the VVD. <mask> remained chairman of the PvdA in the Tweede Kamer and Lodewijk Asscher became vicepremier and minister for Social Affairs and Employment on behalf of the PvdA. EU-Turkey refugee deal
During the Dutch Presidency of the Council of the European Union in early 2016, <mask> <mask> is credited with masterminding a key provision in the deal between the EU and Turkey. The deal aimed to mitigate the mounting humanitarian crisis in the refugee camps on the Greek islands.Under the provision, for every Syrian refugee being returned to Turkey from the Greek islands, another Syrian would be resettled from Turkey to the EU. 2017 elections: resignation
Polls suggest that the Labour party lost most of its electoral base while <mask> was in charge. On 9 December 2016 Samson lost the leadership of the Labour Party in an election against Lodewijk Asscher. He obtained 45,5% of the vote. Samson resigned from the House of Representatives on 14 December, and was replaced

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title: Diederik Samsom

texts:
 by Rien van der Velde. Attje Kuiken took over the role of group leader of the Labour Party in the House of Representatives on 12 December. Media appearances
NRC newspaper referred to <mask> as quizking after he won his fifth televised game show.Particularly notable are his consecutive victories in the 2005 and 2006 National IQ Tests. According to the test, he has an IQ of 136. He also won the popular National News Quiz in 2005 and 2006 and in May 2008 he was crowned winner of the Big History Quiz. Personal life
<mask> was raised in a non-religious family and considers himself an atheist. He is a non smoker and observes a vegetarian diet. He cites swimming and water polo as his favourite sports. Samsom divorced in 2016  and has two children.His daughter Benthe was born in 2001 and his son Fane was born in 2006. Samsom mentioned them in several political debates and interviews in a for the Netherlands unprecedented and criticized way, including drawing attention to his daughter's disability. He also involved his private life and family in his 2012 electoral campaign, most notably by featuring his two children in an official party TV advertisement. Samsom lived on a houseboat in Broek in Waterland with his ex-wife (then girlfriend) and daughter before moving to Leiden, where he still resides as of 2012. In a 2012 interview with Marie Claire, Samsom admitted that before his marriage he had been unfaithful "perhaps once or twice". References

External links

  <mask> <mask> at the website of the Labour Party
  <mask> <mask> at the website of the House of Representatives
  parlement.com biography

|-

1971 births
Anti-globalization activists
Delft University of Technology alumni
Dutch activists
Dutch atheists
Dutch chief executives
Dutch engineers
Dutch environmentalists
Dutch nuclear physicists
Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
Living people
Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)
Leaders of the Labour Party (Netherlands)
People associated with Greenpeace
People from Groningen (city)
People from Leeuwarden
21st-century Dutch

masks: Samsom Samsom Diederik Samsom Diederik Samsom


title: Grace Growden Galloway

texts:
<mask> (1727–1782) was the wife of loyalist <mask>. She nearly lost everything in the aftermath of the American Revolution. <mask>'s property was confiscated because of the political position of her husband. This loss of property led to the loss of her social standing and pride. <mask> notably left a detailed diary documenting her daily life and her fight to regain her property. This diary has been a strong source for historians to learn from and grasp what it was like to be a female loyalist. <mask>'s diary provides a fresh perspective into a side of the Revolutionary War that was previously often omitted from history.Early life
In 1727, <mask> (later <mask>) was born in Pennsylvania. Her father, <mask>, had an immense amount of power and respect through his business and great wealth, possessing such luxuries as a four-wheeled coach. <mask> was the proprietor of Durham Iron Furnaces and held a position on the Pennsylvania assembly; in addition he owned ten thousand acres of land. <mask> was thus raised with an immense amount of privilege, but she was not necessarily happy. Despite her father's wealth and  power, <mask>'s childhood was lonely and filled with egotistical men. In 1753, <mask> married <mask>. Joseph quickly gained prominence as a lawyer and soon became one of the most powerful politicians in Pennsylvania.When <mask>'s father died, Joseph inherited <mask>'s share of her father's property: Trevose (Growden Mansion), Belmont, Richlieu, King's Place, and Durham Lands. Joseph and <mask> had four children, but only their daughter, Elizabeth (Betsy), survived to adulthood. Before and during the American Revolution
Before the American Revolution, <mask> was one of the most prominent figures in Pennsylvania society, in part because <mask>, a strong loyalist, held a continuous seat in the assembly from 1757 to 1776 (except for 1764) and served as the

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Joseph Galloway
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title: Grace Growden Galloway

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 Speaker of the House from 1766 to 1775. Their social standing began to decline when it became clear the British were losing the war, but the <mask>s remained true to their loyalist commitments even in a society that was highly revolutionist. Joseph was removed from the speakership and became a public example that loyalism would not be tolerated in the new age. As the war started going poorly for the British, Joseph and daughter Elizabeth sought protection with the British, leaving <mask> behind to defend and reclaim the family land. <mask> never saw her husband or daughter again.<mask>'s continued loyalist beliefs and the fact that Joseph had abandoned her made her a social pariah. <mask> worried that the family names of <mask> and Growden were being ruined. <mask> recounted in her diary: "No one will take me in and all the men keep away from me... I am fled from as pestilence". This was especially hard for <mask> because she had enjoyed such status for all of her life to that point. Diary
<mask> <mask> began to keep a diary the day after Joseph fled with the British evacuation. The diary began as a way for her to keep her husband up to date on her daily activities, but after three weeks it became a way for her to record her feelings, conversations, and activities.She used the diary to record things that she could not say in public. The diary became an autobiography and a way to document how she was trying to regain her daughter Betsy's inheritance. The diary opens by describing her treatment by the Commissioners of Forfeited Estates (how they were confiscating loyalist lands). The chief justice had ordered the land that the <mask>s inherited to be confiscated. <mask> used the diary as a place to claim the land as her own – she did not refer to it as Joseph's or the commissioners', although technically it belonged to <mask>. <mask> claimed that the land

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title: Grace Growden Galloway

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 was willed to her, and despite the fact that she could not own land singularly, she had told Joseph to keep her name on the property deed. However, Joseph had not complied with this request: he had signed the deed but left out <mask>'s name.Overall, the diary matches well with the complaints of other loyalist women about being left behind. Post-Revolution
When the rebels ascended to power, <mask> <mask> lost her property, carriage, and status—but still considered herself superior. <mask> would not move out of her house, so the Supreme Executive Council decided to move a new tenant in. When she still refused to move, they changed the locks on her doors. She was physically removed by force. At this point, <mask> began to advocate very strongly that the <mask> estate was hers and that she should not be punished for the mistakes her husband made. Historian Carol Berkin claims, "<mask> sought to separate her fate from her husband's, to demand that the punishment meted out to him for his actions fall on him alone."She lost this battle. While marriage and feme covert (married women whose legal rights were absorbed by those of their husband's) left <mask> without legal rights, politics had erased her social standing. After the revolution, <mask> felt that she was not only being stripped of her property but also her social standing. She was ashamed to go to Polly Wharton to ask for transportation and boarding and further humiliated. Even more so when her request was denied. She describes the same in her diary: "My heart was ready to burst at the mean figure I must cut in begging to go to another persons house & be told I cou'd Not ... I was so Mortified & Troubled that 1 cou'd not sleep all Night".Finally, <mask> was invited to buy back her own property on January 30, 1779, and even allowed to put it in her name. However, if she were to make this deal, she would

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title: Grace Growden Galloway

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 be legally and politically "uncovered" and liable to be charged with treason. <mask> discussed the debate in her diary, "First, shou'd I Claim & they Grant me the whole I then made Myself a subject to the state & owning their Authority subject Myself to All the Penalties of their Laws & there by banish myself from my husband & Child or render Myself liable to an Attainder". In addition, <mask> would have to pay taxes which would go against her conscience since the money would go to the Rebels' military. <mask> decided to be neither a Loyalist or a Rebel so that she would not have to take her property back in the way that was offered. When <mask> died in 1782, she willed her estate to her daughter, Betsy. Legally, <mask> had no right to do so since technically it was owned by the Supreme Executive Council.After the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783, parts of the property were returned to Betsy, and after <mask>'s death, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court ruled that <mask> should not have been punished for Joseph's wrongdoings. Consequently, they returned the full estate to Betsy and <mask>'s heirs. The estate has now been turned into a museum operated by the Historical Society of Bensalem Township in Pennsylvania. The estate is open to visitors. Further reading
As a female loyalist, <mask> has been of interest to many authors discussing feme covert. In addition, <mask>'s diary has provided the perspective of women who supported the English, and in turn, were punished. Works that have drawn on <mask>'s diary include:

References

External links

1727 births
1782 deaths
18th-century American writers
18th-century American women writers
American Revolutionary War Diarists
Loyalists in the American Revolution from Pennsylvania
Upper class culture in the United States
American diarists
Writers from Pennsylvania
American women non-fiction writers
18th-century

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Galloway


title: Vassilis Spanoulis

texts: <mask> "Billy<mask> (; born 7 August 1982) is a Greek former professional basketball player who spent the majority of his career playing for Greek Basket League and EuroLeague club Olympiacos. A  tall combo guard, he is nicknamed Kill Bill, V-Span,  and MVP ("Most Vassilis Player"). Spanoulis was named the Balkan Athlete of the Year in 2009, the All-Europe Player of the Year in 2012 and 2013, the Vatican's World Athlete of the Year (Giuseppe Sciacca Award) in 2013 and the EuroLeague MVP the same year. He has earned a record eight All-EuroLeague Team selections and was voted the EuroLeague's 2010–2020 Player of the Decade. He is also the EuroLeague's all-time career leader in total points scored. Spanoulis first played pro club basketball with Gymnastikos S. Larissas, and enjoyed a highly successful career start. His skill-set earned him a transfer to Athens and Maroussi, where he won the Greek Basket League's Best Young Player award in 2003.Following an impressive 2004–05 season, during which he helped lead Maroussi to the Greek Basket League's finals and the EuroCup quarterfinals, he moved to Panathinaikos, where he became one of European basketball's major stars. In the 2005–06 EuroLeague season, Spanoulis made his debut in impressive fashion, earning his first All-EuroLeague Team selection as a rookie in the competition. After a stint in the NBA with the Houston Rockets during the 2006–07 season, he returned to Panathinaikos and helped lead them to a EuroLeague title in 2009, being voted the EuroLeague Final Four MVP in the process. <mask>' transfer to Olympiacos from Panathinaikos in the summer of 2010 marked a new step

masks:
Vassilis
" Spanoulis
Spanoulis


title: Vassilis Spanoulis

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 in his career, given Olympiacos' feisty rivalry with Panathinaikos. Within a young and rebuilding Olympiacos team, Spanoulis not only led the club to a EuroLeague title run in 2012, but he also went on to lead the team to a historical EuroLeague championship repeat in 2013. In the process, he gained another two EuroLeague Final Four MVP awards, thus joining Toni Kukoč as the only players in the history of European basketball to achieve that distinction on three occasions. Under his leadership, Olympiacos reached another two EuroLeague Finals, in 2015 and 2017.In 2017, European basketball historian Vladimir Stanković, named Spanoulis the "Most Clutch Player in EuroLeague History". In 2020, Spanoulis was named the "Best EuroLeague Player of The 2010s Decade" by the readers of the website Eurohoops.net. Spanoulis also played an instrumental role on the senior men's Greek national team's 2005 EuroBasket gold medal team. Most importantly, he was one of the main stars of Greece's 2006 FIBA World Cup silver medal team, scoring 22 points in the memorable victory over Team USA (101–95), in the tournament's semifinals. It was however, Greece's bronze medal at the 2009 EuroBasket, that emphasized Spanoulis' leadership within an injury-plagued Greek national team, and consequently earned him an All-EuroBasket Team honor. Early life and career
Spanoulis was born in Larissa, Greece, on 7 August 1982. His father Thanasis <mask>, was the owner of a drug store, and his mother Georgia Spanouli, was a bank clerk.<mask> was the couple's second and last child, being born three years after his older brother Dimitris. At the age of 7, Spanoulis

masks: Spanoulis Spanoulis


title: Vassilis Spanoulis

texts:
 began training in the sports of football, swimming, and basketball. As a youth, Spanoulis idolized the basketball players Michael Jordan and Nikos Galis. In 1994, at the age of 12, Spanoulis joined the youth basketball program of the multi-sports club Gymnastikos S. Larissas. <mask>' father Thanasis, died of cancer, on 4 November 1997, when Spanoulis was 15 years old. In 1999, at the age of 16, Spanoulis won the 1998–99 season's national under-18 club championship of Greece. He led Keravnos Larissa, the youth basketball subsidiary of Gymnastikos S. Larissas, to the title of the Panhellenic Youth Championship.He was the championship's leading scorer, and Most Valuable Player. In the competition's semifinals, he scored 40 points against the youth team of Aris Thessaloniki. In the competition's final, he led his team to a 64–61 victory over the youth team of Olympiacos Piraeus. Professional career

Gymnastikos S. Larissas
Spanoulis played with the youth teams of Gymnastikos and its subsidiary Keravnos, in Larissa, in the Greek junior levels, from 1994 to 1999. He made his professional debut in the year 1999, at the age of 17, with the senior club of Gymnastikos S. Larissas. In the two seasons of 1999–00 and 2000–01, he played in the 2nd-tier level Greek 2nd Division, with Gymnastikos. Maroussi Athens
After playing with Gymnastikos S. Larissas, in the Greek 2nd Division, Spanoulis signed a four-year contract with Maroussi of the top-tier level Greek Basket League, the European-wide 3rd-tier level FIBA Korać Cup, and later, the European-wide 2nd-tier level EuroCup.He played with Maroussi until 2005. 2001–02 season
During the


title: Vassilis Spanoulis

texts:
 2001–02 season, Spanoulis helped to lead Maroussi to the Greek Cup Final. This was the first time the team had ever made it to the Greek Cup title game. Maroussi also competed in the European-wide 3rd-tier level FIBA Korać Cup 2001–02 season. 2002–03 season
Spanoulis was voted the Greek Basket League's Best Young Player, of the 2002–03 season. 2003–04 season
In the 2003–04 season, <mask> helped to lead Maroussi to the Greek Basket League Finals. He also helped lead Maroussi to the 2003–04 season's FIBA Europe League (later called FIBA EuroChallenge) Final.In the FIBA Europe League, Spanoulis averaged 10.8 points per game, and 6.4 assists per game, off the bench for Maroussi. He also shot 40% from three-point range. He was also named the Greek League Most Improved Player that same season. Spanoulis was then drafted in the 2nd round, of the 2004 NBA draft, by the Dallas Mavericks, following this sudden emergence. He also made it onto the senior men's Greek national basketball team, at the 2004 Athens Summer Olympic Games. 2004–05 season
In the Greek Basket League 2004–05 season, his last season with Maroussi, Spanoulis averaged 15.9 points per game, and shot 37.8% from 3-point range, in 35 games played in the Greek Basket League competition. He then averaged 15.2 points per game, and shot 40.0% from 3-point range, in 12 games of play, in the European-wide 2nd-tier level EuroCup's 2004–05 season.For the year in total, Spanoulis averaged 15.7 points per game, and shot 38.3% from 3-point range, in 47 games played with Maroussi. He played in the 2005 Greek League All-Star Game, and was named to the Greek Basket League's Best Five


title: Vassilis Spanoulis

texts:
 Team. This was a breakthrough year for <mask>, as he had averaged 11.1 points per game the previous season. He was considered to be one of the most improved players in Europe for the year. He helped to lead Maroussi to the 2nd place of the Greek Basket League, for the regular season. At the end of the year, Spanoulis was voted the European 6th Man of the Year, and Rookie of the Year in the EuroCup. He started being called, "The Greek Steve Nash", by some European fans, after this season.Panathinaikos Athens

2005–06 season
Following his outstanding season in 2004–05 with Maroussi, Spanoulis signed a 3-year contract worth €1.6 million euros net income, with EuroLeague powerhouse Panathinaikos Athens. Spanoulis and his agent, Miško Ražnatović, set the contract terms so that Spanoulis would have a buyout clause after just one year, and set the buyout amount at US $400,000. This was <mask>' first season playing at the highest European-wide professional club level. With Panathinaikos, in the Greek Basket League 2005–06 season, he won both the Greek Basket League championship and the Greek Cup. His team went 24–2 during the Greek Basket League regular season, and 8–0 during the Greek League playoffs, for an overall record of 32–2 in the national domestic league championship, and also went undefeated in the Greek Cup, at 5–0, for an overall record of 37–2 in Greek competitions. He played in the 2006 Greek League All-Star Game, and was named to the Greek Basket League's Best Five Team. Spanoulis was also selected to the EuroLeague 2005–06 season's All-EuroLeague Second Team.In 28.8 minutes per game of play, during the 2005–06

masks: Vassilis Spanoulis


title: Vassilis Spanoulis

texts:
 progress very closely," Dawson said. "It's a big adjustment to come to the NBA from Europe, but he is a hard worker." Rockets [then] Director of Player Personnel, Dennis Lindsey, stated the following about Spanoulis prior to the team signing him. "We're very, very happy with his progress," said Lindsey. "He changed clubs this year from Maroussi to the bigger club this year, Panathinaikos.For those not familiar with European basketball, they are like the New York Yankees of Greece and one of the two or three better organizations in Europe. They are an NBA level club. From our standpoint, we really like what <mask> has done. He is their leading scorer. They are 9–1 in the EuroLeague and they have already qualified for the top sixteen." Lindsey praised Spanoulis' offensive ability. "He's got a couple of characteristics that we like," added Lindsey."He can really drive and get the ball in the paint, and he's relentless with it. He kind of plays basketball like a fullback a little bit, where he just kind of breaks through the line and there's contact on a lot of plays." "The owner and Jeff and Carroll really like what they've seen so far and we've made a couple of trips over and hopefully in the near future we can have him as a Rocket because we think he can help us." 2006–07 NBA season

Spanoulis saw limited playing time with the Houston Rockets during his rookie NBA year in 2006–07, averaging 2.7 points and 0.9 assists in 8.8 minutes per game, on 31.9% field goal shooting (17.2% from behind the 3-point line), in 31 games played off the bench. During Spanoulis' first NBA season there was a dispute between him and Rockets head


title: Vassilis Spanoulis

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 play in Greece. Back to Panathinaikos Athens

2007–08 season
On August 19, 2007, Spanoulis was released by the San Antonio Spurs, after deciding he wanted to play in Greece during the 2007–08 season. This was due to the fact that his mother was in poor health, and that Spanoulis wanted to be near her. Spanoulis signed a 3-year contract with Panathinaikos, the then defending EuroLeague champions.He was signed to play both point guard and shooting guard, along with fellow Greek national team star, Dimitris Diamantidis. Former NBA player, Šarūnas Jasikevičius, would later join them in the team's guard rotation. The contract Spanoulis signed was for 3-years, at €5,500,000 euros net income salary, plus a $1,166,400 contract buyout from his NBA San Antonio Spurs contract (Panathinaikos paid the buyout, so it did not count against the Spurs' salary cap). Spanoulis' agent set up the contract so that Spanoulis could opt out of it after one year. Spanoulis originally stated that, after the first year of his contract, he might opt out of it and return to San Antonio to play in the NBA again. During the 2007–08 season, Spanoulis led his team, Panathinaikos, in both points scored (661) and assists (215), over 36 games played in the Greek Basket League 2007–08 season, and 20 games played in the EuroLeague 2007–08 season. He averaged 11.8 points per game and 3.8 assists per game for the season, in 56 games total.<mask> was the Greek Basket League assists leader. He was voted as a starter to the Greek League All-Star Game, and to the Greek Basket League's Best Five Team. Spanoulis helped Panathinaikos win the Greek basketball double, as


title: Vassilis Spanoulis

texts:
 the tournament. Spanoulis led Greece in scoring during the tournament. Spanoulis was named the MVP, of both the 2007 and 2009 friendly Acropolis Tournaments, in Athens, and he also won the same tournament 9 times with the Greek national team, in the years 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013, and 2015. Spanoulis' retirement from the senior Greek national basketball team was announced on September 17, 2015, after the 2015 EuroBasket. He ended his senior men's Greek national basketball team career, having been the leading scorer in every major tournament that he played in, from 2006 onward (9 tournaments in total: 2006 FIBA World Cup, 2007 EuroBasket, 2008 FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament, 2008 Summer Olympics, 2009 EuroBasket, 2010 FIBA World Cup, 2012 FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament, 2013 EuroBasket, and the 2015 EuroBasket). In December 2019, Greece's senior national team head coach at the time, Rick Pitino, stated that, "Just for the record, I would love to see Spanoulis join our national team”. Pitino then stated in May 2020, on Spanoulis rejoining the Greek national team, "I must say that I still want Spanoulis to play.Before the injury, I thought that Spanoulis would play. I want him to be the leader, I want him to lead the team, even if he is not 100% ready. He will have time to get back on his feet. I want him to come as a leader. We will not win with athleticism, but with intelligence and the pride of playing for Greece. Spanoulis is very important to me, I want to have him with me. I will make him an offer that he can't refuse."Summer Olympic Games
<mask> made his debut with the senior


title: Vassilis Spanoulis

texts:
 men's Greek national basketball team, for the first time, in the summer of 2004, when he was selected by his then head coach at Maroussi, Greek basketball legend, Panagiotis Giannakis, to be a member of the Greek squad during the 2004 Summer Olympics, which were held in Athens, Greece. Spanoulis was able to play in front of his home country's fans at Helliniko Olympic Arena, as Greece was the Olympic Game's host country. Greece finished in 5th place in the tournament, losing to Manu Ginóbili and the eventual gold medal-winning Argentine national basketball team, 69–64, in the quarterfinals. That was tied for the 2nd highest finish for Greece, in Summer Olympics Basketball, in its history. The 5th-place finish, making Greece one of the top 5 national teams in the world, was the beginning of Greece's great run in international tournaments during the 2000s (decade). <mask> also played at the 2008 FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament, where he averaged 12.8 points per game, at the main 2008 Summer Olympics competition, where he averaged 14.3 points per game, and at the 2012 FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament, where he averaged 19.3 points per game. FIBA EuroBasket
At the 2005 EuroBasket, <mask> was a key member of the Greek team that won the EuroBasket and took home the gold medal.It was just the second time in Greece's history, that the senior men's national basketball team won the gold medal at the EuroBasket, and the first time since the 1987 EuroBasket, when the legendary players Nikos Galis, Panagiotis Fasoulas, Fanis Christodoulou, and Panagiotis Giannakis, led Greece's national team. Two years later, at the


title: Vassilis Spanoulis

texts: 2007 EuroBasket, Spanoulis was again part of Greece's team. Greece played the tournament shorthanded, as it was without key players, Antonis Fotsis and Sofoklis Schortsanitis, and was not able to medal in the tournament. Greece finished in 4th place in the tournament, losing in the semifinals game against the Spanish national basketball team, and its numerous star players, like Marc Gasol, Juan Carlos Navarro, José Calderón, Sergio Rodríguez, Jorge Garbajosa, Rudy Fernández, and Pau Gasol. <mask> was the game's leading scorer, with 24 points, and he also dished out 5 assists, but Spain got the win, by a score of 82–77, over the depleted Greek squad. <mask> led the Greek team in scoring during the tournament, with a scoring average of 11.7 points per game. At the 2009 EuroBasket, Spanoulis averaged 14.1 points per game, and led Greece to the bronze medal.He was named to the All-Tournament Team. At the 2013 EuroBasket, despite playing most of the tournament with an ankle injury, Spanoulis was third in the tournament in scoring, averaging 16.7 points per game. During the tournament, he led Greece with a 20-point scoring performance, to a 79–75 victory over the world's 2nd ranked team in the FIBA World Rankings at the time, Spain. At the 2015 EuroBasket, Spanoulis led the Greek team, which had four players on it who had spent the 2014–15 season in the NBA (Giannis Antetokounmpo, Kosta Koufos, Nick Calathes, and Kostas Papanikolaou) in points per game and assists per game. Greece was ultimately defeated in the quarterfinals by Spain, by a score of 73–71, and finished the tournament in 5th place. After the tournament, Spanoulis


title: Vassilis Spanoulis

texts:
 announced his retirement from the Greek senior national team. He was Greece's leading scorer in every major FIBA tournament that he played in, from 2006 onward.FIBA World Cup
<mask> was a member of the Greek senior team that competed at the 2006 FIBA World Cup, and he helped to lead the Greek team to the silver medal, as they finished in second place in the tournament. In the semifinals game against Team USA, he was the game's second-leading scorer, with 22 points (after Carmelo Anthony, who scored 27 for the USA), and along with his teammate, Theo Papaloukas, led Greece to victory over the USA, by a score of 101–95. Spanoulis led the Greek national team in scoring during the 2006 FIBA World Cup, with an average of 11.7 points per game, and he also led the Greek team in free throw shooting percentage at 87.8 percent. Spanoulis also played with Greece at the 2010 FIBA World Cup, where he averaged 13.7 points per game. Personal life
Spanoulis' older brother, Dimitris, is a former professional basketball player. Spanoulis is married to Miss Star Hellas of 2006, Olympia Chopsonidou. Together, the couple have six children: Thanasis <mask> (born January 2, 2010), <mask> <mask> Jr. (April 5, 2012), Dimitris <mask> (June 5, 2013), Emilia Spanouli (August 3, 2015), Anastasia Spanouli (September 25, 2017), and another daughter (January 20, 2020).Spanoulis' basketball idols, and favorite players as a kid, were Michael Jordan and Nikos Galis. During his playing career, Spanoulis is often referred to by the nicknames V-Span and Kill Bill. When Spanoulis played with Maroussi Athens, he was given the nickname Bill the Butcher, by Tracy

masks: Spanoulis Spanoulis Vassilis Spanoulis Spanoulis


title: Vassilis Spanoulis

texts:
 Murray, who was at that time a player of Maroussi's rivals, Panathinaikos Athens. Spanoulis was the first Greek-born player to play for the Houston Rockets, and he was the third Greek-born player to play in the NBA. While he was with the Houston Rockets, Spanoulis was friends with teammates John Lucas III, Jake Tsakalidis, Shane Battier, Tracy McGrady, and Steve Novak. Over his playing career, some of the other basketball players that he was friends with included: Mike Batiste, Tony Parker, Carlos Arroyo, Šarūnas Jasikevičius, Roderick Blakney, Nick Calathes, Ioannis Bourousis, Dimitris Diamantidis, Theo Papaloukas, and Georgios Printezis, among others. He is best friends with Nikos Zisis, and he was the best man at Zisis' wedding.Spanoulis was one of the idols of Greek basketball player Giannis Antetokounmpo, and Slovenian basketball player Luka Dončić, when they were youths in Europe. Antetokounmpo described Spanoulis as, "The Kobe of Europe". Dončić said that when he was young, he was "enchanted" by Spanoulis. Dončić wore the number 7 jersey when he was a member of Real Madrid, as an homage to <mask>, who wore the number 7 jersey with the Greek national team and Olympiacos Piraeus. Dončić also chose to wear the number 77 jersey with Slovenia's national team and the Dallas Mavericks, in honor of Spanoulis. players
Houston Rockets players
Maroussi B.C. players
Mediterranean Games medalists in basketball
Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Greece
National Basketball Association players from Greece
Olympiacos B.C.players
Olympic basketball players of Greece
Panathinaikos B.C. players
Point guards
Shooting


title: Francis Kramarz

texts:
<mask> (born March 8, 1958) is a French economist who works as Professor at the École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique (ENSAE), where he has been directing the Center for Research in Economics and Statistics (CREST). He is one of the leading labour economists in France. Biography
<mask> studied at the École Polytechnique (1976–79), École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique (1979-81), and earned a Ph.D. in economics from the Université Paris X in 1994. During and shortly after his Ph.D., <mask> worked as a researcher in the Research Department of the Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE) and also directed that department from 1996 to 2007. He then worked first as an adjunct professor  (1997-2010) and later as an associate professor (since 2010) at the École Polytechnique. Moreover, he is a professor of economics at ENSAE, where he also has been serving as director of the Center for Research in Economics and Statistics (CREST) since 2007. In addition to his academic positions, <mask> has also worked in several advisory positions, including in the Council of Economic Analysis (2010–13), the Swedish Employment Commission, and in the Council for Employment Orientation.He is also affiliated with the IZA Institute of Labor Economics. In recognition of his research contributions, he was elected to be a fellow of the Econometric Society in 2013 and also is a fellow of the European Economic Association. Research
The research interests of <mask> include labour economics, microeconometrics, matched employer-employee data sets, and the analysis of firms and workers in international trade. In his research, Kramarz has frequently collaborated with John Abowd. According to IDEAS/RePEc, he belongs to the top 1% of economists as ranked by research

masks:
Francis Kramarz
Francis Kramarz
Kramarz
Kramarz
Francis Kramarz


title: Francis Kramarz

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 output. Research on labour economics
Most of Kramarz' research deals with various aspects of labour economics. Comparing the United States, Canada and France, <mask>, David Card and Thomas Lemieux observe that the relative wages of less-skilled workers fell less during the 1980s in those countries with the most rigid labour market institutions, though these wage inflexibilities aren't found to explain the differences between the countries' relative employment growth.Moreover, in research with Horst Entorf and Michel Gollac, Kramarz finds that workers using ICT are 15-20% better paid than non-users, though this differential predates the introduction of ICT and likely reflects that ICT users higher inherent ability; as ICT users become more experienced, annual returns to ICT amount to 1-2% of users' wages and the likelihood of cyclical layoffs decreases for them. A particularly fruitful area of Kramarz' research has been the use of linked employer-employee data sets, which match information from households and individuals with information about the businesses or establishments they work in and which he describes at length together with John Abowd in the Handbook of Labor Economics. In research with Abowd and David Margolis, he finds that person effects account for 90% of inter-industry and 75% of firm size wage differentials in France and that firms which hire high-wage workers are more productive but not more profitable, though they become profitable once person effects are taken into account. Moreover, with Abowd and Patrick Corbel, Kramarz finds that for each job created in the French private sector in a given year, three persons are hired and two job separations occur, whereas for each job destroyed, two separations occur yet only one hiring, with effects in both cases persisting even when controlling for skill


title: Francis Kramarz

texts:
 unemployment or for graduates whose parents have good jobs or work in particularly productive establishments; overall, strong social ties benefit youth in terms of faster and better school-to-work transitions, including longer job match durations for their first jobs and better wage growth; by contrast, firms benefit due to such youths relatively lower entry wages and a strong drop in their parents' wage growth. Research on minimum wages
As part of his research in labour economics, Kramarz has investigated the economics of minimum wages. For example, together with several co-authors, he found that minimum wages in Europe between the mid-1960s and mid-1990s have only caused higher unemployment if they kept the wages of low-wage jobs from decreasing, are relatively small for young people (relative to average earnings) when compared to the U.S., and don't appear to have reduced employment, except possibly for young workers. In further research comparing minimum wages in France and in the U.S. (with Abowd, Lemieux and Margolis), Kramarz finds that minimum wages do decrease the employment of youth, who are the by far most affected group, though in France the effect is somewhat mitigated through employment promotion programmes targeted at unemployed youth.Finally, in research with Thomas Philippon, <mask> observes that French payroll tax subsidies appear to induce substitution between those earning the minimum wage or slightly more and receiving the subsidy and those who don't, even if the latter have slightly lower wages; essentially, a 1% increase in labour costs increases the likelihood of employees' loss of employment by 1.5%. Research on international trade
Besides his research on labour economics, <mask> has also extensively studied international trade. Using French customs data, <mask>, Jonathan Eaton and Samuel

masks: Kramarz Kramarz Kramarz


title: Francis Kramarz

texts:
 Kortum observe that most French firms only sell within France, only very few firms sell to many different foreign markets, the number of French firms selling to a foreign market, relative to French market share, increases systematically with market size, the distribution of sales are similar across markets of very different size and extent of French participation, and average sales in France rise systematically with selling to less popular markets and to more markets. Modeling these relationships, they find over half of the variation in firms' market entry decisions to be attributable to differences in firm-specific efficiency, suggesting that the gains of trade are likely to be concentrated among the most efficient firms and, while net positive, may displace less efficient firms. In related research with Pierre Biscourp, <mask> observes that, in France, import growth, especially of finished goods, strongly correlates with job destruction, especially of production jobs, with the strength of that relationship particularly large for larger firms. Other research
<mask> and David Thesmar find that the social networks of French CEOs and those of their directors are strongly correlated, especially for former high-ranking civil servants, and, in those firms wherein these networks are most active, CEO pay tends to be higher, the likelihood of dismissal for an underperforming CEO asis lower, and there are less value-creating acquisitions, suggesting that social networks in the boardroom may deteriorate corporate governance. References

External links
 Personal page of Francis Kramarz on the website of CREST

1958 births
French economists
20th-century economists
21st-century economists
Labor economists
École Polytechnique alumni
École Polytechnique faculty
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Living people
Fellows of the European

masks: Kramarz Kramarz


title: Robert Megarry

texts:
Sir <mask>, PC, FBA (1 June 1910 – 11 October 2006) was an eminent British lawyer and judge. Originally a solicitor, he requalified as a barrister and also pursued a parallel career as a legal academic. He later became a High Court judge and served as Vice-Chancellor of the Chancery Division from 1976 to 1981. Afterwards he served as Vice-Chancellor of the Supreme Court from 1982 until his retirement in 1985. A prolific legal writer, he is known for such works as The Law of Real Property, Lectures on the Town and Country Planning Act 1947, and A Manual of the Law of Real Property, as well as a series of legal miscellanies. Early life and career
<mask>'s father was a solicitor in Belfast; his mother's father was a Major General. <mask> was born in Croydon, Surrey and was educated at Lancing and Trinity Hall, Cambridge.He did not concentrate on his academic studies at university, writing for student newspaper Varsity as its first music critic, played football and tennis for his college, and obtained a pilot's licence; he ended up with a third class degree. He married his wife, Iris Davies, in 1936, and they had three daughters. His wife died in 2001, but he was survived by his daughters. Having trained as a solicitor, he practised as one from 1935 to 1941. He also taught law students, and lectured at Cambridge from 1939 to 1940. He worked at the Ministry of Supply during World War II, rising to Assistant Secretary by 1946. With encouragement from Arthur Lehman Goodhart, Professor of Jurisprudence at Oxford University, he retrained as a barrister, and was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1944, and left the Civil Service to practise as a barrister in 1946, specialising in equity and land law.In parallel to his legal career, he also taught law at Cambridge University, becoming a fellow at Trinity

masks:
Robert Edgar Megarry
Megarry
Megarry


title: Robert Megarry

texts:
 College, Cambridge in 1945, and rising to become a university Reader by 1967. He was elected as a member of the Bar Council in 1948. He became a Queen's Counsel in 1956, was a bencher at Lincoln's Inn in 1962, and was Treasurer in 1981. <mask> was also highly regarded as a legal scholar, publishing numerous articles in the Law Quarterly Review, of which he was an assistant editor. He was president of the Society of Public Teachers of Law between 1965 and 1966. In 1970, he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy. He was prosecuted at the Old Bailey for submitting false income tax returns in 1954.The prosecuting counsel was Sir Harry Hylton-Foster, the Solicitor General and later Speaker of the House of Commons; counsel for the defence was Frederick Lawton, later a senior judge. <mask>'s tax affairs were complex, with his earnings as a lecturer dealt with by his wife and his self-employed income from his legal practice dealt with by his clerk. Each assumed that the other was dealing with certain items of income, but in fact neither did, so it was omitted from <mask>'s tax returns. The judge directed the jury to acquit <mask>, on the grounds that the error was a genuine mistake with no intention to defraud the tax authorities. Judicial career
<mask> was appointed as a High Court judge in 1967, assigned to the Chancery Division, and receiving the customary knighthood. He became Vice-Chancellor of that Division in 1976, effectively its head, as the deputy of the absent Lord Chancellor. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1978, and held the new post of Vice-Chancellor of the Supreme Court from 1982 to 1985.He had a traditional view of the law, and was unwilling to set new legal precedent. In Gaiman v National Association for Mental Health, he ruled that the National Association for Mental Health was

masks: Megarry Megarry Megarry Megarry Megarry


title: Robert Megarry

texts: able to expel 302 suspect members, to prevent a suspected take-over by the Church of Scientology. In Midland Cold Storage v Steer he denounced picketing by dock workers as "the law of the jungle", but held that he had no jurisdiction to ban it, deferring to the National Industrial Relations Court. He was the first Chancery judge to sit outside London, when he attended a mock funeral in Iken in Suffolk to test how easy it would be to carry a coffin along an alleged right of way in St Edmundsbury and Ipswich Diocesan Board of Finance v Clark. He sat in the case of Tito v Waddell (No 2), brought by the former residents of Banaba Island, Gilbert and Ellice Islands, whose island was all but destroyed by phosphate mining. He took the court on a 3-week trip to the south Pacific, to visit the island. After sitting for 206 days, <mask> delivered a judgment containing 100,000 words.He asked the Crown to do its duty to the islanders, but found that he was unable to require it to do anything. He was appointed as Vice-Chancellor in 1976. In 1977, he declined to grant The Beatles an injunction to prohibit the sale of an unauthorised record based on informal and unrehearsed tapes. In 1979, he upheld a worldwide playing ban imposed on George Best by FIFA arising from a complaint by Best's former employer, Fulham Football Club. Also in 1979, he was unable to uphold a complaint in Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner, regarding phone tapping during a police investigation. However, in 1984 the European Court of Human Rights decided that it was a contravention of the European Convention on Human Rights. Megarry ordered Granada Television to disclose the name of a confidential source in 1980, following leaks of information from British Steel Corporation.He ruled in two cases involving the National Union of


title: Robert Megarry

texts:
 Mineworkers in 1984. In the first case, Cowan v Scargill he declined a request from the National Coal Board for a mandatory order to direct union representative how to act as trustees of a pension fund, but gave directions on the representatives' fiduciary duties instead, saying that in his opinion the trustees were obliged to consider investment outside the UK and in industries that compete with coal. He would have said breach of the former would have risked the miners leaders being in contempt of court; breach of the latter would simply enable them to be removed as trustees. In the second case, a month later, he prohibited the NUM from calling a strike in Nottinghamshire, because a ballot had not been held, and then declared that an NUM plan to discipline non-striking miners was illegal. He was chairman of the Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for 15 years, from 1972 to 1987. Legal writings
<mask> was also an accomplished legal writer, publishing several leading textbooks. He is perhaps best known as joint author of The Law of Real Property with William Wade, first published in 1957 and usually known as Megarry and Wade.A 6th edition, edited by Charles Harpum, was published in 1999. <mask> also wrote a handbook to the Rent Acts in 1939, which ran to 11 editions by 1988. His Lectures on the Town and Country Planning Act 1947 was published in 1949, shortly after the new town planning legislation was passed, and he also published A Manual of the Law of Real Property (1946), which ran to 8 editions. He was the sole editor of the 23rd edition of Snell's Equity (1947); he then edited the 24th edition (1954) to the 27th edition (1973) jointly with Paul Vivian Baker. His works broke new ground, in presenting technical areas of the law in a clear and systematic way, to the benefit of generations of

masks: Megarry Megarry


title: Robert Megarry

texts:
 law students. His love of the minutiae of legal practice led him to publish several legal miscellanies, including Miscellany-at-law (1955), Arabinesque-at-law (1969), Inns Ancient and Modern (1972), A Second Miscellany-at-Law (1973) and A New Miscellany-At-Law (2005). In 2014, The Green Bag published a "rump" chapter, titled "Contempt," that <mask> had written but not readied for publication before his death, and had entrusted to renowned legal lexicographer Bryan A. Garner to see into print.He was also a book review and assistant editor of the Law Quarterly Review from 1944 to 1967, and a consultant for the BBC's radio programme Law in Action from 1953 to 1966. He also published An Introduction to Lincoln's Inn in 1971. Retirement
He retired as a judge in 1985, but occasionally sat until 1991. He was a member of the panel of judges of the Privy Council that decided the important negligence case of Yuen Kun Yeu in 1987. In retirement, he lectured in law in North America, and was Visitor at the University of Essex and in Cambridge. He was an active member of the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies into the 1990s. His last book, A New Miscellany-at-Law, was published in December 2005.He died in London. Arms

Notes

References
Obituary, The Times, 16 October 2006
Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, 17 October 2006
Obituary, The Guardian, 19 October 2006
Obituary, The Independent, 28 October 2006

English legal writers
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
People educated at Lancing College
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
People associated with the University of Essex
Knights Bachelor
1910 births
2006 deaths
Chancery Division judges
English Queen's Counsel
20th-century English lawyers
Members of the Judicial Committee of the


title: Miroslav Bobek

texts:
<mask> (born February 10, 1967 in Mlada Boleslav) is a Czech natural scientist and manager, since 2010 he has been the director of Prague Zoo and from 2014 to 2016 he was also president of the Union of Czech and Slovak Zoos. He worked for a long time in Czech Radio, where he became famous for his show “Revealed”, in which he observed the life of the gorillas at Prague Zoo in the form of a reality show. Curriculum vitae
<mask> studied zoology at the Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague. From 1993 to 2009 he worked for Czech Radio, where he initially worked as an editor and reporter. He was primarily involved in popularising science. In 1997, he was the head of the Rainbow Bridge project, which ensured broadcasting during the floods in Moravia. From 1998 to 2000 he was editor-in-chief of the radio station Prague.In 2000 he founded Czech Radio 8 (Online) and became its editor-in-chief. In 2005, he drew up the construction of the popular-science radio station Leonardo, of which he was the director until 2009. At the end of 2009 he won the selection procedure for the director of Prague Zoo and took over this function on January 1, 2010. In June 2014 he was elected president of the Union of Czech and Slovak Zoos (UCSZOO). He held this position until 2016. <mask> <mask> is married to Klára, they have a son, Kryštof, and a daughter, Markéta. Activities

Projects
In 1994, <mask> <mask> initiated the African Odyssey project, which he subsequently ran for many years.It involved monitoring the migration of black storks from Czechia to their African wintering grounds and back to Bohemia using satellite and VHF telemetry. The storks were fitted with “backpacks” containing radios and satellite telemetry. He led several expeditions to Africa, from where he made hundreds of live broadcasts. He also played a leading role in the New Odyssey project looking at stork migration in Asia, which was launched in 2002 and was loosely linked to the African Odyssey project. Afterwards, he organised a two-year (2001–2002) on-line transmission of the falcons at the Tyn Church in Prague as well as the Czech Radio building on Vinohradská Street. The project was called

masks:
Miroslav Bobek
Miroslav Bobek
Miroslav
Bobek
Miroslav
Bobek


title: Miroslav Bobek

texts:
 Falcons in the Heart of the City and even caught live hatchings. Among the other projects he has participated in are Call for the Day, which introduced various instances of birdsong by means of an audio CD and Czech Radio’s Internet, or Via Pontica which monitored the migration of birds of prey in eastern Turkey.Revealed
<mask> <mask> became the author and head of the Revealed project which had the subtitle “A Slightly Different Reality Show” (2005–2008). It was one of Czech Radio’s most prominent multimedia projects. The project began with the launch of an online video broadcast from the gorilla pavilion at Prague Zoo and became a regular radio and television show in autumn 2005. Czech Radio received a “Wild Oscar” for it at the prestigious Wildscreen Festival in Bristol and the Seal of Comenius EduMedia in Berlin. The main aim was to compare gorillas’ behaviour with that of humans, whilst conveying some relevant information about apes and thus contribute to their conservation. The project partly parodied the reality shows that were being broadcast at that time on commercial television (e.g. Big Brother or VyVolení).Tereza Šefrnová and Radomír Šofr also took part in the screenplay for Revealed. See the article The Revealed for more information. Based on this project, Tereza Šefrnová and <mask> <mask> wrote a book of fairy tales for children Moja and Páv (2006). Subsequently <mask> wrote the second volume Moja, Tatu and the Biting Midges (2009), again with the participation of the actress Tereza Šefrnová. The books were also published in English and French for African children. Tereza Šefrnová narrated them in Czech for the Leonardo show on Czech Radio, she was then replaced by actress Lucie Bílá. Together with Martin Smrček he wrote a book of the same name about the Revealed project.Director of Prague Zoo
After Petr Fejk left, <mask> <mask> applied for the post of the director of Prague Zoo. He advanced to the final round, together with the economist <mask> Zámečník and former head of news at TV Nova, Jan Vávra. The committee for the selection of the new director recommended <mask> <mask> and Prague City Council appointed him to this position. The

masks: Miroslav Bobek Miroslav Bobek Bobek Miroslav Bobek Miroslav Miroslav Bobek


title: Miroslav Bobek

texts:
 ceremonial inauguration took place on December 22, 2009 at the zoo. At the time he saw his main task to be maintaining Prague Zoo’s success. He wanted to use modern technology in the zoo, including the Internet, thus being able to present the animals more in the context of their natural environment. A particularly big task he set himself was the construction of a new pavilion for the elephants and hippos.Under his leadership the zoo managed to break its record for annual attendance, it increased its level of economic self-sufficiency, deepened its breeding successes and increased its efforts in the conservation of endangered species. One of the things Prague Zoo did was to cooperate with the Czech Army in transporting Przewalski’s horses to Mongolia (The Return of the Wild Horses from 2011) and it actively engaged in the conservation of western gorillas in Africa (in particular by means of The Wandering Bus project since 2013). During his time at Prague Zoo they have built new grounds for the elephants (Elephant Valley), a hippo house, an aquarium for giant salamanders, the Bororo Reserve and Rákos’ Parrot house for mainly exotic birds. The Feline and Reptile House has been reconstructed, Gočár's houses have been restored and, after decades of neglect, the Zakázanka trail has reopened. He considers the acquisition of elephants from Sri Lanka to be a great success. Publishing activities
In 2012, <mask> <mask> published his first anthology of the columns and notes that he regularly publishes in the leading major news media every week as the director of Prague Zoo. The book was called Bobbles from Bobek and was followed by A Giraffe on Monday and Trojan Lion in 2016.The latest publication of <mask> <mask>’s Journal was published in May 2018. Awards
In 2008 he received an honorary Vojtěch Náprstek medal for popularising science. It was awarded by the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, mainly for the Revealed and African Odyssey projects. In 2014 he was awarded the Medal of Friendship by the Mongolian President. References

External links
 Director's view

1967 births
Living people
Czech writers
Czech directors
Czech zoologists
Charles University

masks: Miroslav Bobek Miroslav Bobek


title: Lari White

texts:
<mask> (; May 13, 1965 – January 23, 2018) was an American country music singer-songwriter and actress. She gained national attention in 1988 as a winner on You Can Be a Star, a talent competition on The Nashville Network. A recording contract with RCA Records Nashville followed a year later, producing three studio albums, a greatest hits package, and several chart singles, with three of her singles reaching Top Ten: "That's My Baby" and "That's How You Know (When You're in Love)" at No. 10, and "Now I Know" at No. 5. A fourth studio album was released in 1998 on Lyric Street Records, followed by two more releases on her label, Skinny White Girl. Overall, <mask> charted twelve times on the Billboard country music charts.<mask> was also married to Nashville-based songwriter Chuck Cannon until her death from peritoneal cancer in 2018. Biography
<mask> was born May 13, 1965, in Dunedin, Florida. As a child, she sang in her family's gospel group, The White Family Singers, with her parents, sister, and brother. <mask> sang at talent contests, and performed in a local rock band called White Sound. She studied vocals and music engineering at the University of Miami's Frost School of Music. During her college years, she composed and performed in local clubs. She was a classmate of The Mavericks' Paul Deakin.Musical career
<mask> made her first national appearance in 1988 on the talent show You Can Be a Star on The Nashville Network (now known as Paramount Network); she won first prize, including a recording contract with Capitol Records. Although her debut single "Flying Above the Rain" received airplay in the Southern United States, it failed to chart, and <mask> was dropped from Capitol's roster without releasing anything else. She joined a

masks:
Lari Michele White Cannon
White
White
White
White
White
White


title: Lari White

texts: publishing house owned by Ronnie Milsap, taking acting lessons and performing at local dinner theaters. After attending an ASCAP showcase in 1991, she was invited by Rodney Crowell to sing in his backing band. 1992, <mask> signed with RCA Records, releasing her debut album Lead Me Not a year later. The album, produced by Crowell, included three singles: "What a Woman Wants", the title track, and "Lay Around and Love on You". All three of these singles entered the Billboard country charts, and although none reached Top 40, the album peaked at No.36 on the Top Heatseekers charts. <mask>'s break-through album, Wishes, followed one year later. This was her most commercially-successful album, producing three consecutive Top Ten country hits in "That's My Baby", "Now I Know", and "That's How You Know (When You're In Love)", which respectively reached No. 10, No. 5, and No. 10. The album was a No.1 album on Top Heatseekers and No. 24 on Top Country Albums, and was certified gold by the RIAA for U.S. shipments of 500,000 copies. Don't Fence Me In was the title of <mask>'s third RCA release, with the title track a cover of the Cole Porter-written song made famous by The Andrews Sisters. Its lead-off single was "Ready, Willing and Able", previously recorded by Daron Norwood in 1995 as the title track to his second album. <mask>'s rendition of the song was a Top 20 hit in 1996, although the only other single from the album did not reach Top 40. 1997, <mask> also sang duet vocals on Travis Tritt's single "Helping Me Get Over You", a release from his album The Restless Kind, peaking at No. 18 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.1997 also saw <mask>'s final release for RCA, a greatest hits package called The Best of <mask> <mask>

masks: White White White White White White Lari White


title: Lari White

texts:
 reprising all her singles to that point including the Tritt duet, as well as two newly-recorded tracks, and the non-single "Itty Bitty Single Solitary Piece 'o My Heart", from her debut album. <mask>'s third recording contract came in 1998; she signed to Lyric Street Records. Her first release for the label was the single "Stepping Stone", title track to her fourth studio album. This song became a Top 20 country hit, and her only entry on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at No. 73. Following it were "Take Me" at No. 32, and "John Wayne Walking Away" at No.64. Also included on this album were two songs later becoming singles for other artists: "Only God (Could Stop Me Loving You)", recorded as a duet with Toby Keith, an earlier cut on Billy Ray Cyrus's 1994 album Storm in the Heartland and would later become a minor hit in 2003 for the Canadian band Emerson Drive, while "Flies on the Butter" was also a minor hit in 2004 for Wynonna Judd, recording it as a duet with mother Naomi on her 2003 album What the World Needs Now Is Love. Later career
<mask> appeared in the first and final scenes of the 2000 film Cast Away as Bettina, a welder of metal angel wings who sent a package through FedEx which the main character, played by Tom Hanks, carried while stranded on an island. After the film, she placed her musical career on hiatus. She returned in 2004 with the self-released album Green Eyed Soul. She also co-produced four tracks on Billy Dean's 2004 album Let Them Be Little, and the entirety of Toby Keith's 2005 album White Trash with Money. <mask> also co-wrote Sarah Buxton's late-2008 single "Space".2006, <mask> was an original cast member of the Broadway musical Ring of Fire. That year, she made music history as the first female producer of a

masks: White White White White


title: Lari White

texts:
 male super-star's album with the release of Toby Keith's White Trash with Money. The album was certified platinum by the RIAA. 2007, she debuted a cabaret production called My First Affair. 2010, Danny Gokey released the White-penned track "I Will Not Say Goodbye" as a single. <mask>, composing the song with her husband Chuck Cannon and Vicky McGehee, was inspired by the untimely death of a friend's son. 2014, a group of twenty-four authors and songwriters assembled a collection of stories in a book entitled The Shoe Burnin': Stories of Southern Soul.Included alongside the hardback publication is an audio CD including eighteen original works by the songwriters featured in the book. <mask> is a featured storyteller in The Shoe Burnin' as well as the producer of the audio component of the project. Illness and death
In September 2017, <mask> was diagnosed with cancer. Exploratory surgery in October 2017 revealed advanced peritoneal cancer. She died in Nashville, Tennessee, on January 23, 2018, at the age of 52. She is survived by her husband, songwriter Chuck Cannon, and three children. Discography

Albums and EPs

Singles

Notes

Guest singles

Music videos

References

External links

1965 births
2018 deaths
American women country singers
American women guitarists
American country singer-songwriters
American country guitarists
American soul musicians
Singer-songwriters from Florida
University of Miami Frost School of Music alumni
RCA Records Nashville artists
Lyric Street Records artists
People from Dunedin, Florida
Dunedin High School alumni
Guitarists from Florida
Deaths from cancer in Tennessee
20th-century American guitarists
Country musicians from Florida
Deaths from peritoneal cancer
20th-century American women guitarists
21st-century

masks: White White White


title: Jean-Bertrand Aristide

texts:
Jean-<mask> (born 15 July 1953) is a Haitian former Salesian priest and politician who became Haiti's first democratically elected president. A proponent of liberation theology, <mask> was appointed to a parish in Port-au-Prince in 1982 after completing his studies to become a priest. He became a focal point for the pro-democracy movement first under Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier and then under the military transition regime which followed. He won the 1990–91 Haitian general election, with 67% of the vote. As a priest, he taught liberation theology and, as a president, he attempted to normalize Afro-Creole culture, including Vodou religion, in Haiti. <mask> was briefly president of Haiti, until a September 1991 military coup. The coup regime collapsed in 1994 under U.S. pressure and threat of force (Operation Uphold Democracy), and <mask> was president again from 1994 to 1996 and from 2001 to 2004.He was ousted in the 2004 coup d'état after right-wing ex-army paramilitaries invaded the country from across the Dominican border. <mask> and many others have alleged that the United States had a role in orchestrating the coup against him. He was later forced into exile in the Central African Republic and South Africa. He finally returned to Haiti in 2011 after seven years in exile. Background and church vocation
Jean-<mask> was born into poverty in Port-Salut, Sud on 15 July 1953. His father died three months after <mask> was born, and he later moved to Port-au-Prince with his mother. At age five, <mask> started school with priests of the Salesian order.He was educated at the Collège Notre-Dame in Cap-Haïtien, graduating with honors in 1974. He then took a course of novitiate studies in La

masks:
Bertrand Aristide
Aristide
Aristide
Aristide
Aristide
Bertrand Aristide
Aristide
Aristide


title: Jean-Bertrand Aristide

texts: Vega, Dominican Republic, before returning to Haiti to study philosophy at the Grand Séminaire Notre Dame and psychology at the State University of Haiti. After completing his post-graduate studies in 1979, Aristide travelled in Europe, studying in Italy, Greece,   and in the Palestinian town of Beit Jala at the Cremisan Monastery. He returned to Haiti in 1982 for his ordination as a Salesian priest, and was appointed curate of a small parish in Port-au-Prince. Between 1957 and 1986, Haiti was ruled by the family dictatorships of François "Papa Doc" and Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier. The misery endured by Haiti's poor made a deep impression on Aristide himself, and he became an outspoken critic of Duvalierism. Nor did he spare the hierarchy of the country's church, since a 1966 Vatican Concordat granted Duvalier one-time power to appoint Haiti's bishops.An exponent of liberation theology, <mask> denounced Duvalier's regime in one of his earliest sermons. This did not go unnoticed by the regime's top echelons. Under pressure, the provincial delegate of the Salesian Order sent <mask> into three years of exile in Montreal. By 1985, as popular opposition to Duvalier's regime grew, <mask> was back preaching in Haiti. His Easter Week sermon, "A call to holiness", delivered at the cathedral of Port-au-Prince and later broadcast throughout Haiti, proclaimed: "The path of those Haitians who reject the regime is the path of righteousness and love." <mask> became a leading figure in the Ti Legliz movement, whose name means "little church" in Kreyòl. In September 1985, he was appointed to St. Jean Bosco church, in a poor neighborhood in Port-au-Prince.Struck by the absence of young people in the

masks: Aristide Aristide Aristide Aristide


title: Jean-Bertrand Aristide

texts: church, <mask> began to organize youth, sponsoring weekly youth Masses. He founded an orphanage for urban street children in 1986 called Lafanmi Selavi [Family is Life]. Its program sought to be a model of participatory democracy for the children it served. As <mask> became a leading voice for the aspirations of Haiti's dispossessed, he inevitably became a target for attack. He survived at least four assassination attempts. The most widely publicized attempt, the St. Jean Bosco massacre, occurred on 11 September 1988, when over one hundred armed Tontons Macoute wearing red armbands forced their way into St. Jean Bosco as Aristide began Sunday Mass. As army troops and police stood by, the men fired machine guns at the congregation and attacked fleeing parishioners with machetes.<mask>'s church was burned to the ground. Thirteen people are reported to have been killed, and 77 wounded. Aristide survived and went into hiding. Subsequently, Salesian officials ordered Aristide to leave Haiti, but tens of thousands of Haitians protested, blocking his access to the airport. In December 1988, <mask> was expelled from his Salesian order. A statement prepared by the Salesians called the priest's political activities an "incitement to hatred and violence", out of line with his role as a clergyman. <mask> appealed the decision, saying: "The crime of which I stand accused is the crime of preaching food for all men and women."In a January 1988 interview, he said "The solution is revolution, first in the spirit of the Gospel; Jesus could not accept people going hungry. It is a conflict between classes, rich and poor. My role is to preach and organize...." In 1994, <mask> left priesthood, ending years

masks: Aristide Aristide Aristide Aristide Aristide Aristide


title: Jean-Bertrand Aristide

texts:
 of tension with the church over his criticism of its hierarchy and his espousal of liberation theology. <mask> married Mildred Trouillot, on 20 January 1996, with whom he had two daughters. First presidency (1991–96)

Following the violence at the aborted national election of 1987, the 1990 election was approached with caution. <mask> announced his candidacy for the presidency. Following a six-week campaign, during which he dubbed his followers the "" (National Front for Change and Democracy, or FNCD), <mask> was elected president in 1990 with 67% of the vote in what is generally recognized as the first honest election in Haitian history.However, just eight months into his presidency he was overthrown by a bloody military coup. He broke from FNCD and created the Struggling People's Organization (OPL, Organisation Politique "Lavalas") – "the flood" or "torrent" in Kréyòl. The coup d'état overthrowing <mask> occurred on the 200-year anniversary of Bois Caïman, a Vodou ceremony during which Haitians planned the Haitian Revolution of 1791, which the Aristide government had commemorated at the National Palace. A coup attempt against <mask> had taken place on 6 January, even before his inauguration, when Roger Lafontant, a Tonton Macoute leader under Duvalier, seized the provisional president Ertha Pascal-Trouillot and declared himself president. After large numbers of Aristide supporters filled the streets in protest and Lafontant attempted to declare martial law, the army crushed the incipient coup. During <mask>'s short-lived first period in office, he attempted to carry out substantial reforms, which brought passionate opposition from Haiti's business and military elite. He sought to


title: Jean-Bertrand Aristide

texts:
 bring the military under civilian control, retiring the commander in chief of the army Hérard Abraham, initiated investigations of human rights violations, and brought to trial several Tontons Macoute who had not fled the country.He also banned the emigration of many well known Haitians until their bank accounts had been examined. His relationship with the National Assembly soon deteriorated, and he attempted repeatedly to bypass it on judicial, Cabinet and ambassadorial appointments. His nomination of his close friend and political ally, René Préval, as prime minister, provoked severe criticism from political opponents overlooked, and the National Assembly threatened a no-confidence vote against Préval in August 1991. This led to a crowd of at least 2000 at the National Palace, which threatened violence; together with <mask>'s failure to explicitly reject mob violence, this permitted the junta, which would topple him, to accuse him of human rights violations. 1991 coup d'état

In September 1991 the army performed a coup against him (1991 Haitian coup d'état), led by army general Raoul Cédras, who had been promoted by Aristide in June to commander in chief of the army. <mask> was deposed on 29 September 1991, and after several days sent into exile, his life only saved by the intervention of U.S., French and Venezuelan diplomats. In accordance with the requirements of article 149 of the Haitian Constitution, Superior Court justice Joseph Nérette was installed as président provisoire to serve until elections were held within 90 days of <mask>'s resignation.However, real power was held by army commander Raoul Cédras. The elections were scheduled, but were cancelled under pressure from the

masks: Aristide Aristide Aristide


title: Jean-Bertrand Aristide

texts: United States government. <mask> and other sources claim that both the coup and the election cancellation were the result of pressure from the American government. High-ranking members of the Haitian National Intelligence Service (SIN), which had been set up and financed in the 1980s by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) as part of the war on drugs, were involved in the coup, and were reportedly still receiving funding and training from the CIA for intelligence-gathering activities at the time of the coup, but this funding reportedly ended after the coup. The New York Times said that "No evidence suggests that the C.I.A backed the coup or intentionally undermined President <mask>." However, press reports about possible CIA involvement in Haitian politics before the coup sparked congressional hearings in the United States. A campaign of terror against Aristide supporters was started by Emmanuel Constant after <mask> was forced out.In 1993, Constant, who had been on the CIA's payroll as an informant since 1992, organized the Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haïti (FRAPH), which targeted and killed Aristide supporters. <mask> spent his exile first in Venezuela and then in the United States, working to develop international support. A United Nations trade embargo during <mask>'s exile, intended to force the coup leaders to step down, was a strong blow to Haiti's already weak economy. President George H.W. Bush granted an exemption from the embargo to many U.S. companies doing business in Haiti, and president Bill Clinton extended this exemption. In addition to this trade with the United States, the coup regime was supported by massive profits from the drug trade thanks to

masks: Aristide Aristide Aristide Aristide Aristide


title: Jean-Bertrand Aristide

texts:
 the Haitian military's affiliation with the Cali Cartel; <mask> publicly stated that his own pursuit of arresting drug dealers was one event that prompted the coup by drug-affiliated military officials Raul Cedras and Michel Francois (a claim echoed by his former secretary of State Patrick Elie). Representative John Conyers (D-Michigan) expressed concern that the only U.S. government agency to publicly recognize the Haitian junta's role in drug trafficking was the Drug Enforcement Administration, and that, despite a wealth of evidence provided by the DEA proving the junta's drug connections, the Clinton administration downplayed this factor rather than use it as a hedge against the junta (as the U.S. government had done against Manuel Noriega).Nairn in particular alleged that the CIA's connections to these drug traffickers in the junta not only dated to the creation of SIN, but were ongoing during and after the coup. Nairn's claims are confirmed in part by revelations of Emmanuel Constant regarding the ties of his FRAPH organization to the CIA before and during the coup government. 1994 return

Following large pro-Aristide demonstrations by Haitian expats (estimated over 250,000 people at a demonstration in New York City) urging Bill Clinton to deliver on his election promise to return <mask> to Haiti, U.S. and international pressure (including United Nations Security Council Resolution 940 on 31 July 1994), persuaded the military regime to back down and U.S. troops were deployed in the country by President Bill Clinton. On 15 October 1994, the Clinton administration returned <mask> to Haiti to complete his term in office. <mask> received the 1996 UNESCO Prize for human rights


title: Jean-Bertrand Aristide

texts:
 education. Opposition (1996–2001)

In late 1996, <mask> broke from the OPL over what he called its "distance from the people" and created a new political party, the Fanmi Lavalas. The OPL, holding the majority in the Sénat and the Chambre des Députés, renamed itself the Organisation du Peuple en Lutte, maintaining the OPL acronym.Fanmi Lavalas won the 2000 legislative election in May, but a handful of Senate seats were allocated to Lavalas candidates that critics claimed should have had second-round runoffs (as the votes of some smaller parties were eliminated in final vote counts, which had also been done in earlier elections). Critics argue that FL had not achieved a first-round majority for this handful of senate seats. Critics also charge that Fanmi Lavalas controlled the Provisional Election Commission which made the decision, but their criticism is of a vote count technique used prior in Haiti history. <mask> then was elected later that year in the 2000 presidential election, an election boycotted by most opposition political parties, now organised into the Convergence Démocratique. Although the U.S. government claimed that the election turnout was hardly over 10%, international observers saw turnout of around 50%, and at the time, CNN reported a turnout of 60% with over 92% voting for <mask>. The Bush administration in the U.S. and Haitian expatriate opposition leaders in Florida would use the criticism over the election to argue for an embargo on international aid to the Haitian government. Second presidency (2001–2004)

<mask> called for France, the former colonizer of the country, to pay $21 billion in restitution to Haiti for the 90 million gold francs supplied to France by