title: Aristobulus I

texts:
<mask> I or Aristobulus <mask> (; ) was the first Hasmonean king of Judaea from 104 BCE until his death in 103 BCE. He was the eldest of the five sons of John Hyrcanus, the previous leader. Josephus states that he was the first Jew in "four hundred and eighty three years and three months" to have established a monarchy since the return from the Babylonian Captivity. Aristobulus was not only the first king from the Hasmonean lineage, but the first of any Hebrew king to claim both the high priesthood and kingship title. The Sadducees and the Essenes were not concerned about Aristobulus taking the title of king, but the Pharisees were infuriated; They felt that the kingship could only be held by the descendants of the Davidic line. The Pharisees began a massive rebellion, but Aristobulus died before any attempt to depose of him could occur. The major historical sources of his life are Josephus's Wars of the Jews and Antiquities of the Jews.Aristobulus's reign is particularly noted for the Judaization of Galilee as well as the native Semitic people called Ituraeans. An account originally by Timagenes, Josephus quotes from Strabo's Historica Hypomnemata describing Aristobulus's regime as kindly and "very serviceable to the Jews" on account of the significantly expanded territory and the integration of "a portion of Ituraean nation whom he joined to them by the bond of circumcision". Etymology
Aristobulus is of Greek origin and is epithet meaning "best-advising". It has been used in the Intertestamental period of Palestine by ruling families. <mask> I was the first Hasmonean to have adopted the name, but his Hebrew name is Judah. He was also referred to as Philhellene, meaning he was an admirer of Greek culture. Josephus though does not elaborate as to why he was called this.Early campaigns and monarchy established
John Hyrcanus conquered much land during his efforts to expand Jewish territory, but throughout his

masks:
Judah Aristobulus
I
Aristobulus


title: Aristobulus I

type: original

texts:
 campaign, Samaria resisted while surrounding land was captured. John so highly valued Samaria that he sent his two sons, Aristobulus and Antigonus, to capture it; they besieged the city. The residents requested aid from Antiochus <mask>, who joined the battle but was defeated. Antiochus fled, and the brothers pursued him towards Scythopolis. After Antiochus eventually escaped, the brothers returned to Samaria, demolished the city, and enslaved its populace. The capture and destruction of Samaria occurred near the end of John Hyrcanus's long tenure. Forces led by the brothers then overran Scythopolis and the entire region south of Mount Carmel.According to the directions of John Hyrcanus, the country after his death was to be placed in the hands of his wife, and Aristobulus was originally to receive the high priesthood only. Instead, Aristobulus became both king and high priest as he did not approve of his father's wishes; And to secure his kingship, he had his mother placed in prison where she starved to death; And to ensure himself of any possible endangerment from his family, he placed his three brothers in prison except for Antigonus whom he had friendly relations because they'd fought together against the enemies of Judaea. Josephus does not name Hyrcanus's wife. He does state however that Aristobulus and Antigonus were the eldest of the five brothers, but  Aristobulus is the first born. The others were Alexander Jannaeus and Absalom. Josephus mentions a fifth brother but doesn't name him. Conquest of Galilee
Aristobulus had gone to war against the Ituraeans and taken territory from them.The conquered Ituraeans and the inhabitants had to accept Jewish law and be circumcised if they wanted to remain in their land. The Ituraeans were an Arab tribe that expanded their settlement from the Lebanese Beq'a to the Golan and Mount Hermon in the second century BCE after the collapse of the Seleucid Empire. They are


title: Aristobulus I

texts:
 first mentioned in Josephus's Antiquities 13.319 during <mask> I's conquest where Josephus writes, "he brought over to them a portion of the Ituraean nation". Josephus's Antiquities 13.319 is a quote from Strabo's Historica Hypomnemata which was originally written by Timagenes stating "This man was a kindly person and very serviceable to the jews, for he acquired additional territory for them, and brought over to them a portion of the Ituraean nation, whom he joined to them by the bond of circumcision." This passage has been generally accepted as evidence for Josephus's reliance on Strabo and Timagenes's writings. It is unknown where the exact location of the confrontation took place and the territory which the Ituraeans occupied. Most scholars assume the Ituraean territory to be northern Galilee.There is also no evidence of forced Judaization on Galilee during Aristobulus's reign. Death and successor

Feast of Tabernacles
With sudden abdominal pains, Aristobulus's health gradually deteriorated, forcing him to return to his palace during the festival of Sukkot. His brother Antigonus would eventually return to Jerusalem to celebrate the festival at the Temple. Unfamiliar with ceremonial festivities, Antigonus arrived armed with escorting soldiers. According to Kenneth Atkinson, Antigonus had returned from a successful unspecified military campaign. He further states that Josephus didn't mention the location of the campaign. Atkinson presumes it to be Galilee since Antigonus had fine armour and military decorations procured in the region stated in Josephus's Jewish War 1.76.Meanwhile, Aristobulus in his morbid state, became prey to the factious influence of his wife Queen Salome Alexandra and conspirators; They had spread rumors about Antigonus attempting to seize the throne once he was seen in armour at the festival. Wearing military uniform was considered unorthodox during the occasion. Aristobulus became


title: Aristobulus I

texts:
 not indicate Aristobulus assumed the title of king. There was also the possibility the coins could be attributed to <mask> II (67 – 63 BCE) who was also king and high priest, however, the longstanding debate began to favor more towards <mask> I when new numismatic evidence indicated that <mask> I had his coins minted with the name "Judah". Because of his short reign of one year, only a small amount of coins are available that actually have the name "Judah".Ya'akov Meshorer categorized them into two groups. Twenty coins are inscribed with "Jehudah high priest and the assembly of the Jews" (), and another seven with the inscriptions of "Jehudah the high priest and the assembly of the Jews" (). Every coin has a value of one prutah and has the inscriptions in a wreath. On the opposite side, a cornucopia with pomegranates between them. The inscriptions on his coins are almost identical to that of the coins of his father and his brother Alexander Jannaeus. Doubts of Josephus's statement that Aristobulus being the first Hasmonean monarch is indicated by his coins which do not contain the title of "king". Josephus's statement also conflicts with Starbo who states Alexander Jannaeus was the first king instead of the high priesthood, however, no Hasmonean relinquished the high priesthood in favor for the kingship.According to Kenneth Atkinson, Alexander Jannaeus received opposition for having the kingship title minted onto his coins. Alexander had many of those coins over-struck to replace the kingship title for the high priesthood. Atkinson considers the over-struck coins as evidence that the title of "king" was still problematic during Alexander's reign, which Atkinson concluded that “the absence of any royal designation of Aristobulus's coins does not indicate that he was never an actual monarch.”

Citations

Bibliography

2nd-century BC births
103 BC deaths
2nd-century BC Hasmonean monarchs
2nd-century BCE

masks: Aristobulus Aristobulus Aristobulus


title: Gladstone Porteous

texts:
<mask>, Chinese name 張爾昌 Zhāng Ěrchāng (1874–1944), was an Australian missionary to China who served with the China Inland Mission from 1904 and became Superintendent of the work in East Yunnan. He was a skilled Bible translator, devised the romanized Yi alphabet, and translated parts of the New Testament into several Chinese dialects. Early life
<mask> was born in Carngham, Victoria, Australia in 1874, the son of John Dempsey-<mask>, who had emigrated to Australia with his parents from Glasgow, Scotland, and Catherine Fletcher of Sandon, Victoria. <mask> was an Australian missionary to China who devised the romanized Yi alphabet, and translated the Bible into the Yi language. After training at Rehoboth Missionary College, Richmond, Victoria, he sailed for China in 1904. In 1906 he was appointed to the mission station at Sapushan, working amongst the Miao people, during which time he began to learn Chinese. He continued in this work for many years, his medical experience enabling him to be instrumental in the treatment and recovery of many sick people.Known to his friends as "Gladdie" <mask>, he was one of the young Australians who came to China following the death of James Bruce in western Hunan province in August 1902 aged 30. The influence of this group of Australian missionaries in Yunnan was profound – though one story is incorrect: they did not introduce the eucalyptus trees into the Luquan District. These had been in Yunnan since the 1850s, and may have been brought back by Chinese miners after the Australian goldrush for use as railway sleepers. Ministry in Yunnan
<mask> arrived in Yunnan in 1907

masks:
Gladstone Charles Fletcher Porteous
Gladstone Porteous
Porteous
Porteous
Porteous
Porteous


title: Gladstone Porteous

texts:
 with Arthur G. Nicholls (郭秀峯) and George E. Metcalf (王懷仁). One of the main influences was the theological school run by <mask>. Another was the location, since Sayingpan (撒营盘镇), 80 km north of the county seat of Luquan, was the original site of Salaowu (撒老乌), chief fortress of the Yi. He was joined by his wife, Minnie (née Pearson) from England, whom he married in 1908.Together they ministered to the people of Yunnan, and eventually moved three days travel to the north to work amongst the Nosu people at Salaowu, where their fruitful ministry continued for over twenty years. A talented linguist, <mask> set about translating parts of the Bible into at least three separate Chinese dialects, in collaboration with Nicholls. These included the Gospel of Mark in the Laqua language (spoken by a people group in south-western China (1912); the Gospel of Matthew in the Hmong language – spoken in western Guizhou Province of China and as far southward as Vietnam and Laos – together with Samuel Pollard, who was responsible for devising the syllabic script used for the Miao dialects and its related languages); and the New Testament in the Nusu language (spoken from Sichuan Province to the south of Yunnan – Gospel of St Luke, 1923; Acts of the Apostles, 1926; New Testament, 1948). His assistant in the Yi language translation and among the Yi people was Li Faxian (李發獻). Death and legacy
<mask> and Minnie <mask> had three children: Ruth Catherine, Christine Olive, and Stanley John (who was killed in action during World War II serving with the RAAF). One of his grandsons is the Australian actor and  scriptwriter <mask>, best

masks:
Porteous
Porteous
Gladstone
Porteous
Shane Porteous


title: Gladstone Porteous

texts:
 known as Dr. Terence Elliot in television's A Country Practice. <mask> died of Typhus in Salaowu (also known as Sayingpan) on 10 November 1944.A tombstone was erected by local church members; "When our father died, a large slab of stone was cut by the people and the surface polished by the exhausting but surprisingly effective method of dragging the slab back and forth against another rock. Then the pastor chiselled out an inscription in three languages – English, Nuosu and Chinese, and the stone was erected by the Christians above the grave." At his death 20,000 of the Yi and Miao were Christians. Today (2011) there are 40,000 Christians and each valley is marked by white-towered churches. His tombstone was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution and a new one later placed where the site of the grave was presumed to be, a location that was disputed by some of the older villagers, to show when Australians again visited Sayingpan in the late 1990s. China Candid
In two collections of oral history there are interviews with Yi and Miao villagers which in passing recount various tales about <mask>. However <mask>' English name was not widely remembered by the villagers, and in the translation of interviews found in Jacqueline Lo's Writing Home (2000) and in journalist Sang Ye's collection of oral history China Candid (2006) the English translation of his Chinese name Zhang Erchang (张尔昌) incorrectly uses the name "John Williams."The confusion may arise from a conflation of the John Williams (missionary) who famously was eaten by cannibals on Vanuatu, with another John Williams, a radio operator with General

masks:
Gladstone Porteous
Gladstone Porteous
Porteous


title: Gladstone Porteous

texts:
 Claire Lee Chennault's Flying Tigers who was stationed in Kunming at the same time as Porteous was 100 km further North at Sayingpan. – misnamed as John Williams. References

Bibliography
 Annual report of the American Bible Society (American Bible Society, 1949), p. 133. Bailey, <mask>, and <mask>, Christine. <mask> – China Missionary. In The Porteous Story, Porteous Associates, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, 1975), p. 190. Broomhall, Marshall.The Jubilee Story of the China Inland Mission  (China Inland Mission, 1915), p. 386. China's Millions (China Inland Mission, October 1904; 1906). Clarke, Samuel R. Among the Tribes in South-West China (China Inland Mission, 1911), p. 315. Cook, Elinor Violet May. Fijian diary, 1904–1906: A Young Australian Woman's Account (1996), p. 189. Enwall, Joakim. A myth becomes Reality: History and Development of the Miao Written Language (Institute of Oriental Languages, Stockholm University, 1995), p. 241.Lo, Jacqueline. Writing Home, Chinese Australian Perspectives (Centre for the Southern Chinese Diaspora, Division of Pacific and Asian History, The Australian National University, 2000), p. 39. Sang, Ye (ed.). China Candid: The People on the People's Republic (University of California Press, 2006), p. 212. Strahan, Lachlan. Australia's China: Changing Perceptions from the 1930s to the 1990s (Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 111. 1874 births
1944 deaths
Australian Protestant missionaries
Protestant missionaries in China
Missionary linguists
Translators of the Bible into China's tribal languages
Australian expatriates in China
Deaths from typhus
Infectious disease deaths in

masks:
Ruth Porteous
Porteous
Gladstone Porteous


title: Peter Henry Emerson

texts:
<mask> (13 May 1856 – 12 May 1936) was a British writer and photographer. His photographs are early examples of promoting straight photography as an art form. He is known for taking photographs that displayed rural settings and for his disputes with the photographic establishment about the purpose and meaning of photography. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born on La Palma Estate, a sugar plantation near Encrucijada, Cuba belonging  to his American father, <mask> and British mother, Jane, née Harris Billing. He was a distant relative of Samuel Morse and <mask>. He spent his early years in Cuba on his father's estate. During the American Civil War he spent some time at Wilmington, Delaware, but moved to England in 1869, after the death of his father.He was schooled at Cranleigh School where he was a noted scholar and athlete. He subsequently attended King's College London, before switching to Clare College, Cambridge in 1879 where he earned his medical degree in 1885. <mask> was intelligent, well-educated and wealthy with a facility for clearly articulating his many strongly held opinions. In 1881 he married Miss Edith Amy Ainsworth and wrote his first book while on his honeymoon. The couple eventually had five children. Photography

He bought his first camera in 1881 or 1882 to be used as a tool on bird-watching trips with his friend, the ornithologist A. T. Evans. In 1885 he was involved in the formation of the Camera Club of London, and the following year he was elected to the Council of the Photographic Society and abandoned his career as a surgeon to become a photographer and writer.As well as his particular attraction to nature he was also interested in billiards, rowing and meteorology. Initially influenced by

masks:
Peter Henry Emerson
Emerson
Henry Ezekiel Emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Emerson


title: Peter Henry Emerson

texts:
 naturalistic French painting, he argued for similarly "naturalistic" photography and took photographs in sharp focus to record country life as clearly as possible. His first album of photographs, published in 1886, was entitled Life and Landscape on the Norfolk Broads, and it consisted of 40 platinum prints that were informed by these ideas. Before long, however, he became dissatisfied with rendering everything in sharp focus, considering that the undiscriminating emphasis it gave to all objects was unlike the way the human eye saw the world. He then experimented with soft focus, but was unhappy with the results that this gave too, experiencing difficulty with accurately recreating the depth and atmosphere which he saw as necessary to capture nature with precision. Despite his misgivings, he took many photographs of landscapes and rural life in the East Anglian fenlands and published seven further books of his photography through the next ten years. In the last two of these volumes, On English Lagoons (1893) and Marsh Leaves (1895), <mask> printed the photographs himself using photogravure, after having bad experiences with commercial printers.20th century
After the publication of Marsh Leaves in 1895, generally considered to be his best work, <mask> published no further photographs, though he continued writing and publishing books, both works of fiction and on such varied subjects as genealogy and billiards. In 1924, he started writing a history of artistic photography and completed the manuscript just before his death in Falmouth, Cornwall on 12 May 1936. In 1979 he was inducted into the International Photography Hall of Fame. Disagreements with the photographic establishment

During his life <mask> fought against the

masks: Emerson Emerson Emerson


title: Peter Henry Emerson

texts: British photographic establishment on a number of issues. In 1889 he published a controversial and influential book Naturalistic Photography for Students of the Art, in which he explained his philosophy of art and straightforward photography. The book was described by one writer as "the bombshell dropped at the tea party" because of the case it made that truthful and realistic photographs would replace contrived photography. This was a direct attack on the popular tradition of combining many photographs to produce one image that had been pioneered by O. G. Reijlander and <mask> Robinson in the 1850s.Some of Robinson's photographs were of twenty or more separate photographs combined to produce one image. This allowed the production of images that, especially in early days, could not have been produced indoors in low light, and it also made possible the creation of highly dramatic images, often in imitation of allegorical paintings. <mask> denounced this technique as false and claimed that photography should be seen as a genre of its own, not one that seeks to imitate other art forms. All <mask>'s own pictures were taken in a single shot and without retouching, which was another form of manipulation that he strongly disagreed with, calling it "the process by which a good, bad, or indifferent photograph is converted into a bad drawing or painting". <mask> also believed that the photograph should be a true representation of that which the eye saw. Following contemporary optical theories, he produced photographs with one area of sharp focus while the remainder was unsharp. He vehemently pursued this argument about the nature of seeing and its representation in photography, to the discomfort of the photographic establishment.Another

masks:
Henry Peach
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson


title: Peter Henry Emerson

texts:
 of <mask>'s passionate beliefs was that photography was an art and not a mechanical reproduction. An argument with the establishment ensued on this point as well, but <mask> found that his defence of photography as art failed, and he had to allow that photography was probably a form of mechanical reproduction. The pictures the Robinson school produced may have been "mechanical", but <mask>'s may still be considered artistic, since they were not faithful reproductions of a scene but rather having depth as a result of his one-plane-sharp theory. When he lost the argument over the artistic nature of photography, <mask> did not publicize his photographic work but still continued to take photographs. Publications

 Paul Ray at the Hospital: a Picture of Student Life (1882, privately published)
 Life and Landscape on the Norfolk Broads (1886)
 Pictures from Life in Field and Fen (1887)
 The Compleat Angler, or, The Contemplative Man's Recreation. Being a Discourse of Rivers, Fish-Ponds, Fish, and Fishing by Izaak Walton with photogravures by <mask> (1888)
 Idylls of the Norfolk Broads (1888)
 Pictures of East Anglian Life (1888)
 Naturalistic Photography for Students of the Art (1889)
 Wild Life on a Tidal Water (1890)
 On English Lagoons (1893)
 Birds, Beasts and Fishes of the Norfolk Broadland (1895)
 Marsh Leaves (1895)
 Caóba, the Guerilla Chief. A Real Romance of the Cuban Rebellion (1897)
 The English Emersons, a genealogical historical sketch to the end of the 17th century (1898)
 Suggested Amended Billiard Rules for Amateur Players (1908)

References

Further reading
 Turner, <mask>, and Richard Wood.P.H<mask>: photographer of Norfolk. Boston: D. R. Godine; London: Gordon Fraser, 1974. Newhall, Nancy Wynne. P.H<mask>: the

masks:
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Peter
. Emerson
. Emerson


title: Peter Henry Emerson

texts:
 fight for photography as a fine art. New York: Aperture, 1975.McWilliam, Neil, Veronica Sekules, and Michael Brandon-Jones. Life and landscape: P.H<mask>: art & photography in East Anglia, 1885–1900. Norwich: Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, 1986. Handy, Ellen, Brian Lukacher, and Shelley Rice. Pictorial effect naturalistic vision: the photographs and theories of <mask> Robinson and <mask> <mask>. Norfolk, VA: Chrysler Museum, 1994.Maynard, Patrick. The Engine of Visualization: Thinking through Photography, ch. XI. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1997. Taylor, John. The old order and the new: P.H. <mask> and photography, 1885–1895.Munich and New York: Prestel, 2006. <mask>, Christian A. <mask> <mask> and American naturalistic photography. Minneapolis, MN: Minneapolis Institute of Arts; Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2008. Ewing, Samuel. 2015. "The Courbet of England: <mask> <mask>’s East Anglian Photographs and the Imperial Ordering of Labour." History Of Photography 39, no.1: 18-32. Fuldner, Carl. "<mask>'s Evolution" Tate Papers, no. 27, Spring 2017. External links

 Fuller, John. <mask> <mask>. (British, 1856–1936).From Grove Art Online via Museum of Modern Art. Oxford University Press, 2009. George Eastman House. Peter Henry <mask> Still Photograph Archive with many images. Science & Society Picture Library. <mask> <mask> containing many images from the National Media Museum and the Royal Photographic Society. Stringer, Jon.The Life and Work of Dr. P. H<mask>. Encyclopædia Britannica

1856 births
1936 deaths
People educated at Cranleigh School
Alumni of King's College London
Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
Photographers from London
People from Sagua la Grande
People from Pinar del Río

masks:
. Emerson
Henry Peach
Peter Henry
Emerson
Emerson
Peterson
Peter Henry
Emerson
Peter Henry
Emerson
Emerson
Peter Henry
Emerson
Emerson
Peter Henry
Emerson
. Emerson


title: Sir Baynham Throckmorton, 2nd Baronet

texts:
<mask>, 2nd Baronet (1606 – 28 May 1664), of Clearwell, Gloucestershire,  supported the Royalist cause during the English Civil War and was a Member of Parliament for Gloucestershire from 1661 until his death on 28 May 1664. Origins
Throckmorton was born about 1606 to Sir William Throckmorton, 1st Baronet (died 1628)  and  <mask>, daughter of <mask> (died 1611) of Clearwell, Gloucestershire by Mary Winter, daughter of Sir William Winter of Lydney. Career
Throckmorton received an education in law at the Inner Temple which he left in 1623. On the death of his father on 18 July 1628, he succeeded to the Throckmorton Baronetcy, aged 22. Throckmorton was a Justice of the Peace in Gloucestershire from 1634 to 1645. He served as   Chief Forester in the Forest of Dean from 1634 to 1645. This last office he held probably as a result of the location of his manor of Clearwell within the forest, which manor had previously been held by his maternal ancestor Sir <mask> (died 1500) who had been constable of St Briavel's Castle, the official residence of the forester.In 1635 with three partners he took an active part in the iron industry in the Forest of Dean after acquiring a lease in the forest from the Crown. However the venture did not prosper and two years later he was obliged to place his estates in the hands of trustees to settle his debts. From 1642 to 1643 Throckmorton was Sheriff of Gloucestershire and at the start of

masks:
Sir Baynham Throckmorton
Cicely Baynham
Thomas Baynham
Thomas Baynham


title: Sir Baynham Throckmorton, 2nd Baronet

texts: the Civil War was appointed a Commissioner of Array for  King Charles I. He was an active Cavalier between 1642 and 1645, holding the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel of Horse in the cavalry. He was captured by parliamentary forces and  surrendered at Gloucester in December 1645. His lands were sequestrated by Parliament because they found him to be a  royalist delinquent. He did not pay the fine imposed on him by the Parliamentary Committee for Compounding with Delinquents, with the result that his estate was sold to Thomas Gookin.However it is likely that this was a collusive purchase to circumvent the Parliamentary fine. In 1659 like many former active Cavaliers Throckmorton was held in preventative custody as a precaution against a Royalist and Presbyterian revolt. Parliamentary forces were successful in preventing a country-wide uprising and only the county of Cheshire partook in Booth's rebellion led by Sir George Booth. Sir <mask> was  released on £2,000 bail. In July 1660, following  the Restoration,  Throckmorton was appointed an oyer and terminer on the Oxford circuit. He won a seat as one of the two  MP's for Gloucestershire  in the Cavalier Parliament,  although his election was not confirmed until 19 April 1662, due to his having been listed as a friend by Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton, who was now highly distrusted by the ruling party having been a Parliamentarian during the Civil War, a Puritan and a


title: Sir Baynham Throckmorton, 2nd Baronet

texts:
  favourite of Oliver Cromwell. Throckmorton  was active from the start and was appointed to 134 committees.Death
Throckmorton died on 28 May 1664 and was buried the next day at St Margaret's, Westminster. He had probably intended to be buried with his wife in The Gaunts, Bristol, but as Barker speculated "the fates disposed otherwise". A monumental inscription in his memory exists in the parish church of Newland, Forest of Dean, in which parish is situated Clearwell. He was succeeded by his son and heir <mask> Throckmorton, 3rd Baronet. Marriage and progeny

Throckmorton married  Margaret Hopton, daughter of Robert Hopton (c.1575-1638), of Witham, Somerset by Jane Kemeys, daughter of Rowland Kemeys about 1628. She was a co-heiress, in her issue, of her brother Ralph Hopton, 1st Baron Hopton of Stratton. By her he had two sons <mask> Throckmorton, 3rd Baronet(c. 1628-c. 1681) and Major Thomas Throckmorton who was executed for mutiny in Jamaica in 1656.She died in childbirth aged 25 on 18 August 1635, which circumstance is possibly alluded to in the holding by her effigy of an infant dressed in swaddling clothes. Some sources suggest Throckmorton was married three times. Monument in The Gaunt's Chapel

On the death in 1635 of his wife Margaret Hopton aged  25, Throckmorton erected a very costly monument in a variety of coloured marbles to her memory in The Gaunt's Chapel, Bristol. The Gaunt's was a charitable

masks:
Sir Baynham
Sir Baynham


title: Sir Baynham Throckmorton, 2nd Baronet

texts:
 foundation established in 1220 by Maurice de Gaunt (died 1230), who was a member of the Berkeley family of Berkeley Castle. The Berkeleys maintained close links with the foundation even after Dissolution of the Monasteries (16th century) and it appears that the Throckmorton monument was placed here on account of <mask>'s descent from his grandmother Elizabeth Berkeley, wife of Sir Thomas Throckmorton, the daughter of Sir Richard Berkeley (died 1604) of Stoke Gifford, Gloucestershire, whose monument is also in The Gaunt's Chapel. The monument is unusual in that it features the still living Sir <mask>, who would survive a further 29 years. He is shown in front of his wife, reclining and dressed in armour with long flowing hair.Over his shoulders he wears a wide lace collar, with knee-plates and wide-toed boots. His wife reclines behind him, half-raised and leaning on her right elbow, looking out towards the viewer. She is richly dressed and with one hand grasps that of her husband whilst with the other she holds their infant son, who is according to Barker "quaintly dressed". The monument contains the following inscription, much mutilated and worn, on two small rectangular black marble panels beneath the ceiling of the canopy:
"Dedicated to the never dying memory of the Lady Margaret Throckmorton, the late wife of Sir <mask> Throckmorton, of Clowerwall, in the County of Glouc., Baronet, and youngest daughter of Mr.

masks:
Sir Baynham
Baynham
Baynham


title: Bill Beutel

texts:
<mask> (December 12, 1930 – March 18, 2006) was an American television reporter, journalist, and anchor. He was best known for working over four decades with the American Broadcasting Company, spending much of that time anchoring Eyewitness News for WABC-TV in New York City. He also was an ABC radio network newscaster before ABC Radio's split into 4 networks on January 1, 1968. After the split he reported on the American Contemporary Network and occasionally substituted for Paul Harvey, while his Eyewitness News partner Roger Grimsby did a daily weekday afternoon radio newscast on the American Entertainment Network. Early life and career
After a stint in the Army, <mask> graduated from Dartmouth College and then studied law at the University of Michigan Law School, though he left without obtaining his degree. While Beutel was in law school, he wrote Edward R. Murrow a letter saying, "I very much wanted to be a radio journalist." Beutel received a letter back advising him to go to the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.His first radio job was in Cleveland before moving to CBS Radio in New York City in 1957. Television career
Beutel moved to ABC on October 22, 1962 as a reporter with ABC News and as anchor at the network's New York flagship, WABC-TV. WABC-TV built on its three-year ratings success with newscast Report to New York anchored by Scott Vincent, and expanded the format to a one-hour 6:00 p.m. newscast called The Big News. That expansion was not without risk however, and the new format struggled in the ratings. Among the hundreds of famous personages who were interviewed by Beutel was the African American Muslim and black nationalist leader Malcolm X. <mask> left his WABC duties for two

masks:
William Charles Beutel
Beutel
Beutel


title: Bill Beutel

texts: years in April 1968 to join ABC News full-time as their London bureau chief. In 1970, he got a call from Al Primo, who had taken over as news director at WABC after Beutel left. Primo had brought the Eyewitness News format, in which the reporters directly presented their stories, along with him from KYW-TV in Philadelphia.He wanted <mask> to return to New York as co-anchor alongside Roger Grimsby, whom Primo hired away from KGO-TV to serve as WABC-TV's main anchor. Primo remembered <mask>'s solo anchor run in the early 1960s. Since Grimsby had already established a powerful presence after just two years in New York, Primo wanted a co-anchor "who could be his own man." Beutel assured Primo he could be. <mask> rejoined WABC-TV on September 28, 1970 as Grimsby's co-anchor on Eyewitness News. The two worked together for 16 years, most of which was spent going back and forth with WCBS-TV for first place in the New York ratings. On January 6, 1975, <mask> was reassigned by ABC News and became the co-host (along with Stephanie Edwards) of a new morning show called AM America.This show, ABC's first attempt at a morning news program to compete with NBC's Today and CBS's combination of network news and Captain Kangaroo, lasted only ten months on the air. AM America was replaced on November 3, 1975 by Good Morning America, originally anchored by David Hartman and Nancy Dussault. <mask> returned to WABC-TV and Eyewitness News, though he maintained a presence on the network as the anchor of its 15-minute late newscasts on Saturday and Sunday nights through the late 1970s. The reformed Grimsby-Beutel team kept Eyewitness News on top of the ratings through the middle 1980s, when it briefly fell to last place. Though the ratings

masks: Beutel Beutel Beutel Beutel Beutel


title: Bill Beutel

texts: drop was mostly associated with ABC-TV's poor primetime performance during that time, it led to Grimsby's firing in 1986. However, within a year, WABC-TV had shot back to first place and has been the ratings leader in New York ever since. After Grimsby's firing, Beutel was joined at 6:00 p.m. by Kaity Tong and John Johnson in a rotating anchor arrangement and was permanently joined by Johnson beginning in 1988.In 1990 <mask> began a long stint anchoring the 6 p.m. news alone, which ended when his 11 p.m. co-anchor Diana Williams joined him in 1999. <mask> returned to the 11 p.m. Eyewitness News in 1989 after Ernie Anastos left to join WCBS and was originally paired with then-longtime co-anchor Kaity Tong. After Tong left WABC in 1991 <mask> anchored with Susan Roesgen for one year, but the pairing was unsuccessful and in 1992 Roesgen was replaced by Diana Williams. <mask> left the 11:00 p.m. newscast in 1999 and was replaced by ABC News correspondent <mask>. In 2001 Ritter also replaced Beutel as the 6 p.m. anchor, and Beutel spent the final two years of his career serving as a senior correspondent and occasional commentator. In the latter role he was given a segment called "Final Thought", which aired at the end of the 6 p.m. Eyewitness News where Beutel gave a brief commentary on an issue of the day, usually a brief summary of the newscast in one minute or less. <mask> retired from television in February 2003, having served as an anchor at WABC-TV for a total of 37 years—giving him the longest run in New York television history until he was surpassed by Rafael Pineda, who has been anchor at Spanish-language station WXTV since 1972.<mask> remained the longest-serving anchor at an English-language station in New

masks:
Beutel
Beutel
Beutel
Beutel
Bill Ritter
Beutel
Beutel


title: Bill Beutel

texts:
 York City until April 2011, when he was surpassed by WNBC's Chuck Scarborough. His trademark sign-off was "Good luck, be well". Personal life
<mask> was married four times. His first marriage was to Gail Wilder, which lasted twenty years and gave Beutel his four children, son Peter and daughters Robin, Colby, and Heather. He married actress Lynn Deerfield, twenty years his junior, in 1975 but the marriage was brief, as was Beutel's third marriage, in 1977, which only lasted four months. In 1980, Beutel married Adair Atwell, a former tobacco industry lobbyist. Death
Following his retirement, Beutel moved to North Carolina with his wife.A short while later, he was found to have a degenerative brain condition that was eventually diagnosed as Lewy body dementia. The condition progressed as Beutel aged and it eventually claimed his life on March 19, 2006, at the age of 75. Beutel was survived by his wife Adair, as well as his former wives, and his four children from his first marriage. His son Peter, a businessman and energy sector analyst,died of a heart attack in March 2012, and his second wife Lynn Deerfield, died in 2011. See also
 New Yorkers in journalism

References

  Note: When Beutel was hired at WABC-TV, the news director did not like the sound of his last name, . He asked him to change the pronunciation to . External links

ABC News' "Time Tunnel" page containing clips of numerous newscasts on which Beutel appeared

1930 births
2006 deaths
American television journalists
New York (state) television reporters
Television anchors from New York City
Dartmouth College alumni
University of Michigan Law School alumni
Neurological disease deaths in North Carolina
Deaths from Lewy body dementia
American male


title: Aurel Toma

texts:
<mask> (July 30, 1911 – August 25, 1980) was a Romanian professional boxer of Bulgarian origin who competed from 1931 to 1948. Career
He held the European bantamweight title twice, firstly in 1936 and again from 1938 to 1939. After he won the first bantamweight title in 1936, <mask> was decorated by king Carol II of Romania of whom for a while he was a personal driver and a boxing teacher of his son, Prince Michael. <mask> was the only boxer to knock out Benny Lynch. He is buried at the Riverside National Cemetery, in Riverside, California. A sports hall in Babadag, Romania is named after him.

masks:
Aurel Toma
Toma
Toma


title: Sherwood Eddy

texts:
<mask> (1871–1963) was a leading American Protestant missionary, administrator and educator. He was a prolific author and indefatigable traveler. His main achievement was to link and finance networks of intellectuals across the globe, especially Christian leaders in Asia and the Middle East. He enabled missionaries to better understand and even think like the people they were serving. His long-term impact on the Protestant communities in the United States, and in the Third World, was long lasting. From the 1930s onwards, he became a Christian socialist. Biography

Early life and family
<mask> was born on January 19, 1871 to <mask> and Margaret Louise Norton at Leavenworth, Kansas.His father <mask> was a leading businessman and civic leader; he and his wife Margaret were of Yankee stock, The son attended Phillips Andover Academy, and graduated Yale College in engineering in 1891. <mask> married Alice Maud Harriet Arden (1873–1945) on November 10, 1898. They were the parents of two children, Margaret and Arden. After his first wife's death, he married Catherine Louise Gates in 1946. Career

<mask> had had a religious experience in 1889 at the Northfield conference. Therefore, after completing his engineering training he attended Union Theological Seminary (1891-1893) in New York. He also enlisted in the Student Volunteer Movement, which sought to "evangelize the world in this generation" and worked on the staff of a local Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA).In 1893-1894 he served as a traveling secretary for the Student Volunteer Movement in the United States. <mask>'s father died in 1894, leaving him an inheritance that made him financially independent and enabled him to work for the causes he believed in without concern for finances. He then attended Princeton Theological Seminary, from which he graduated in 1896. In spite of his theology studies he always kept to his line to serve as a committed layman and a missionary. <mask> was one of the first of sixteen thousand student volunteers who emerged from

masks:
George Sherwood Eddy
George Sherwood Eddy
George Alfred Eddy
George Eddy
Eddy
Eddy
Eddy
Eddy


title: Sherwood Eddy

texts:
 the leading universities of the U.S. and Europe to serve as Christian missionaries across the world. In 1896, he went to India and worked at the YMCA-organized Indian Student Volunteer Movement. He served as its secretary for the next 15 years.Working among the poor and outcasts of India he mastered the Tamil language and served as a traveling evangelist among the students and masses of southern India beginning in Palamcottah. In 1911, he was appointed secretary for Asia by the International Committee and he divided his time between evangelistic campaigns in Asia and fund-raising in North America. He is also known today for his works with the Oxford Group evangelical group, a predecessor to Alcoholics Anonymous. He spent the next 15 years doing student evangelistic work across Asia - from China, Japan, and the Philippines, through the Near East to Turkey, Palestine, Iraq, Egypt, and then to czarist Russia and made 15 trips to the Soviet Russia. He admired the Soviet system and refused to believe reports of famine; in 1937 he agreed that the victims of Stalin's show trials were traitors as charged. His was criticized as a  "fellow traveler." From 1915 to 1917, he was itinerant secretary of the YMCAs with the British and American armed forces in France.In 1916, he received two honorary degrees, one from Wooster College and the other from Yale University. From 1921 to 1957, he conducted training courses for religious, political and business leaders in England and America; he addressed 1500 American leaders. After the YMCA and end of life

In 1931, <mask> stopped his career with the YMCA where he had spent 35 years as a volunteer. He had become a member of the Fellowship of Socialist Christians which was organized in the early 1930s by Reinhold Niebuhr and others on the left. Later it changed its name to Frontier Fellowship and then to Christian Action. The main supporters of the Fellowship in the early days included <mask>, Eduard Heimann, Paul Tillich and Rose Terlin. In its early days the group thought

masks:
Sherwood Eddy
Eddy


title: Sherwood Eddy

texts:
 capitalist individualism was incompatible with Christian ethics.Although not under Communist control, the group acknowledged Karl Marx's social philosophy. In 1936, he founded and led with Reverend Sam H. Franklin the Delta and Providence Cooperative Farms in Bolivar County, Mississippi, and Holmes County, Mississippi, in 1939, respectively. The farms helped southern sharecroppers out of their economic plight (caused in part by side effects of the New Deal's Agricultural Adjustment Administration). <mask> drew considerable support from his friend, the theologian Reinhold Niebuhr, who once called the farms "the most significant experiment in social Christianity now being conducted in America." These cooperatives were organized around four principles: efficiency of production and finance through the cooperative principle, participation in the construction of an economy of socialized abundance, interracial justice and realistic religion as a social dynamic. Because of its principles of economic equality between races, the cooperative paid all its members equal pay for equal work. Activities included cotton growing, cattle breeding, a pasteurization plant and a sawmill.Co-operatives also provided a variety of services to their members and surrounding communities, including a co-op store, a credit union, a medical clinic, educational programs, a library, religious services and summer student camps. Due to the tense political climate of the 1950s and poor cotton prices and sales volumes, the experiment ended around 1956 and the land was sold to the cooperative's members. In 1949, <mask> moved to Jacksonville, Illinois and taught at Illinois College and MacMurray College. He died on November 4, 1963 in Jacksonville. Influence
In 1897, <mask> experienced a personal and spiritual crisis that profoundly changed his vision of missionary work. He understood that his argumentative, apologetic approach could not be very successful because it created a defensive attitude among his listeners; he wrote: "we were not sent to

masks:
Eddy
Sherwood Eddy
Sherwood Eddy


title: Sherwood Eddy

texts: win debates but to win people"; he understood that the elites were not the right way in but that he had to address the ordinary people and, in 1900, he took almost two years off to learn Tamil; he understood that the local people and those who had come as missionaries had to be treated on a strictly equal footing: he was among the first to understand the aspirations of colonized peoples for self-determination and the need to appoint local leaders to lead local churches. In doing so, he anticipated by nearly 50 years, and initiated, the reflection that would lead the American Presbyterian Mission to thoroughly review its concepts, mainly after 1945.In 1903, <mask> founded with Anglican Bishop V.S. Azariah the first purely Indian Mission Society of Tinnevelly and in 1905 the National Missionary Society of India. <mask> was the only non-Indian present at its founding conference in Serampore. Because of his perfect command of Tamil and his deep empathy for the Indians, he was considered one of them, which he described as one of the greatest compliments he ever received. Professor Rick Nutt considers that this initiative played a role in the emergence of Indian national sentiment. The NMS was also ecumenical as it brought together members from all Protestant churches in South India. It showed the way for churches that then also sought unity.In 1908 the South India United Church regrouped the Presbyterian and Congregationalist churches of South India, but efforts to integrate the Anglican faith into the union were unsuccessful until September 1947 when the Church of South India was created, bringing together the Anglican, Methodist, Congregationalist, Presbyterian and Reformed communities. <mask> appears there as a pioneer of ecumenism between Protestant churches; although this had been the YMCA's policy since their inception, the merger of actual churches in India was one of the first achievements of this type ever. From 1911 onwards, <mask> and the YMCA missionaries led an effective evangelization in China based

masks:
Sherwood Eddy
Sherwood Eddy
Sherwood Eddy
Sherwood Eddy


title: Sherwood Eddy

texts:
 on the convictions and methods established in India. Missionary H. G. Lockwood noted in 1949 at a meeting with Chinese Christian leaders that the majority of them had been won to Christianity by <mask>. Like Frank Buchman, <mask> insisted on the need for missionaries to adopt exemplary moral behaviour. Selected bibliography
The Awakening of India (1911)
The New Era in Asia (1913)
The Students of Asia (1915)
Suffering and the War (1916)
With Our Soldiers in France (1917)
Everybody's World (1920)

What Shall I Believe in the Light of Psychology and the New Science (1926)
The Challenge of Europe (1933). New York: Farrar & Rinehart
A Pilgrimage of Ideas: Or, The Re-education of <mask> (1934), Autobiography.Russia Today: What Can we Learn from It? (1934)
Revolutionary Christianity (1934)
Ten Suggestions for Personal work (1934)

God in History (1947)
You Will Survive After Death (1950)
Eighty Adventurous Years: The Autobiography of <mask> (1955)
He wrote other works which were published in England and India. See also
 History of religion in the United States

References

Further reading
 Dallas, Jerry. "<mask>, <mask>"; American National Biography Online (2000) Access May 3, 2016. Stanley, Brian. "The Legacy of <mask> <mask>." International Bulletin of Missionary Research 24.3 (2000): 128-31  online
 Thompson, Michael G.  "<mask>, the Missionary Enterprise, and the Rise of Christian Internationalism in 1920s America," Modern Intellectual History 12#1 (April 2015), 65-93.External links
 <mask> <mask> archived papers at Yale University Divinity School Library Retrieved April 15, 2013

1871 births
1963 deaths
American male non-fiction writers
American Christian pacifists
People from Leavenworth, Kansas
20th-century American non-fiction writers
Writers from Kansas
Phillips Academy alumni
Yale University alumni
Union Theological Seminary (New York City) alumni
Princeton Theological Seminary alumni
Illinois College faculty
MacMurray College faculty
American religious writers
20th-century American male writers
YMCA

masks:
Sherwood Eddy
Sherwood Eddy
Sherwood Eddy
Sherwood Eddy
Eddy
George Sherwood
George Sherwood
Eddy
Sherwood Eddy
George Sherwood
Eddy


title: Yang Kun

texts:
<mask> (; born 18 December 1972) is a Chinese singer-songwriter. He was one of the judges of TV talent show The Voice of China during the first season and third season of the show. He was on the first season of Sing My Song and was a contestant as one of the seven initial singers on Singer 2019 finishing fourth place. Career

Early years
<mask> joined Baotou Steel Company art troupe in 1989. In 1993 <mask> went to Beijing to start his musical career. He signed a contract with the record label, Beijing Culture Development. With that company, he released his first album (Indifferent), which turned him into a popular singer.From then on, <mask> started being widely known by his husky voice and his melancholic songs. Sadness and aimlessness are some of the emotions that can be found in <mask>'s songs, which are mostly inspired by his own life experiences. In 2003, the singer released his second album, entitled That Day, this release was known by the song "The moon represents my heart", in reference to the song of the same name by Teresa Teng, which was a great hit in China. The song also showed <mask>'s ability to sing love ballads apart from his previous songs. The same year, <mask>n was priced for first time with a silver medal in the Eastern Billboard Awards ceremony in the category of "Best original song", for his track "Indifferent". In 2004, <mask>, started expanding his influence to other branches of entertainment debuting for first time as an actor in the indie film 13 Months, which was not very successful. In fact, this film has never been released for unknown reasons.Anyway, the popularity of the singer kept on rising and was awarded, once again, in the Eastern Billboard Awards, this time

masks:
Yang Kun
Yang Kun
Yang
Yang Kun
Yang Kun
Yang
Yang Ku
Yang


title: Yang Kun

texts:
 in the category of Most popular Mainland Chinese Male singer. The third album by <mask>, which had the title of 2008, was released in 2005. It had a Pop-Rock style, similar to his previous works, although, this time, the singer incorporated ethnic instruments, and vocals from Inner Mongolia, the region where he was born. Although the sales of this album and his concerts were successful, the singer was not comfortable enough with his record label. That fact also coincided with many personal problems in the life of the performer, who suffered from depression. New projects and as a judge
After recovering from his depression, two years later, <mask>n released his fourth release, Cowboy, under Huayi Brothers. This album was considered by the singer as introspective, with all the songs talking about his recent life and how he tried to find himself.This album was highly promoted by his new company, and many concerts and promotional events for this release were made. During this time, he became friends with new collaborators such as Na Ying and David Huang. Two years later, in 2009, the performer released a new album featuring a track that is now one of his best-known songs, "Empty city". The popularity of this track was widespread, to the point that has been viewed by over two million users in YouTube. Apart from his usual activities as a singer, <mask>n not only started appearing in many shows and programmes, but he also returned to the film industry, after an unsuccessful attempt seven years before. In 2011, <mask> took part in the film Lost in Panic Cruise, directed by Zhang Fangfang; the movie was a highly successful psychological thriller both critically and commercially. <mask>n recorded Hui Bu

masks:
Yang Kun
Yang Ku
Yang Ku
Yang
Yang Ku


title: Yang Kun

texts:
 Hui, the theme song for Lost in Panic Cruise.In 2012, <mask> released a new album with the title of I Really Care and took part in the crime thriller movie Lethal Hostage, where he played a drug smuggler. In July, he became one of the coaches of The Voice of China (now renamed and rebranded to Sing! China), a popular TV show with millions of viewers. During the show's blind auditions, if more than one judge turned alongside <mask>n, he would try to persuade the contestant to pick himself by telling the contestant that he was holding a concert with 33 stops and that if the contestant picked <mask>n, the contestant would be invited to come and perform as an additional special guest at the concert. Two years later, he returned to The Voice of China (season 3) once again as a coach with his chosen finalist placing third overall in the competition. In 2013, he became the host of The Most Beautiful Harmony in the first season and two years later became a coach of the show in season 3. In 2015, the singer was signed to TH Entertainment, a record label on the rise, where he has been releasing his new songs.In 2016, <mask> was a judge and mentor of Chinese singing competition The Next with Karen Mok, Fei Yu-ching and Hua Chenyu in season 1 along with the addition of Jason Zhang in 2017 for season 2 with his finalists becoming 2nd overall in both seasons. 2019: Participation On Singer 2019
In 2019, <mask> returned to television as a contestant on Hunan TV's long-running singing competition Singer 2019 (called I Am a Singer before 2017) along with Liu Huan, Chyi Yu, Wu Tsing-fong, Escape Plan, Zhang Xin and Kristian Kostov as the first seven starting lineup singers where <mask> finished fourth in the

masks:
Yang Kun
Yang Ku
Yang Ku
Yang Kun
Yang Kun
Yang Kun


title: Thomas McGuane

texts:
<mask> (born December 11, 1939) is an American writer. His work includes ten novels, short fiction and screenplays, as well as three collections of essays devoted to his life in the outdoors. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, National Cutting Horse Association Members Hall of Fame and the Fly Fishing Hall of Fame. McGuane's early novels were noted for a comic appreciation for the irrational core of many human endeavors, multiple takes on the counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s. His later writing reflected an increasing devotion to family relationships and relationships with the natural world in the changing American West, primarily Montana, where he has made his home since 1968, and where his last five novels and many of his essays are set. He has three children, Annie, Maggie and <mask>. Early life
McGuane was born in Wyandotte, Michigan, the son of Irish Catholic parents who moved to the Midwest from Massachusetts.His primary education included boarding school at Cranbrook School,  but also included work on a ranch in Wyoming, fishing and hunting, and a difficult relationship with his alcoholic father that would later shadow much of his fiction. McGuane prefers to consider his roots matrilineal, on which side he is descended from a rich storytelling clan. He envisioned himself as a writer from a very young age, admiring what he perceived as the adventurous life of a writer as much as the prospect of writing. When he was ten years old, he got into a physical altercation with a friend over differing descriptions of a sunset. He began a serious devotion to writing by the age of 16. Writing career
After briefly attending the University of Michigan and Olivet College, McGuane graduated from Michigan State University, where he received a B.A. in English in 1962 and met lifelong friend Jim Harrison.At the Yale School of Drama, where he obtained

masks:
Thomas Francis McGuane III
Thomas


title: Thomas McGuane

texts: an M.F.A. in 1965, he studied playwriting and dramatic literature. A Wallace Stegner Fellowship to Stanford University in 1966-67 allowed him to finish his first published novel, The Sporting Club, published in 1969. Upon completing his Stegner Fellowship, McGuane and his first wife, Rebecca Portia Crockett (a direct descendant of Davy Crockett), began to divide their time between Livingston, Montana, and Key West, Florida. When the screen rights to The Sporting Club were purchased, he bought ranch property in Montana's Paradise Valley. His second novel, The Bushwhacked Piano, appeared in 1971. Jonathan Yardley in the New York Times called the 31-year-old McGuane “a talent of Faulknerian potential,” while Saul Bellow described McGuane as “a language star.” The novel won the Rosenthal Award of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters.<mask>'s third novel, Ninety-Two in the Shade (1973), is perhaps his best known. It was nominated for a National Book Award. In 1973 he would crash his Porsche on an icy Texas highway. The crash left him without serious injuries, but he was speechless for several days, and apparently underwent a reassessment of his career, as he changed his career focus to Hollywood's lucrative screenwriting opportunities. McGuane entered a stage in his career when he became known as “Captain Berserko” and wrote screenplays for Rancho Deluxe (1975), shot in Livingston; The Missouri Breaks (1976), directed by Arthur Penn and starring Jack Nicholson and Marlon Brando; and self-directing a film adaptation of 92 in the Shade (1975), starring Peter Fonda, Warren Oates, Margot Kidder and Harry Dean Stanton. The early 1970s included an affair with actress Elizabeth Ashley, divorce from first wife Becky, (who went on to marry Peter Fonda), marriage to actress Margot Kidder, the birth of their daughter, Maggie, and his second divorce—all in less than


title: Thomas McGuane

texts:
 observed that McGuane's nonfiction writing displays a markedly contrasting inner peace and natural spirituality. McGuane's paeans to fly fishing (The Longest Silence), horses (Some Horses) and the outdoors (An Outside Chance) capture his belief in the redemptive potential of nature and sporting ritual. Selected works

Fiction
 The Sporting Club (1969, novel)
 The Bushwacked Piano (1971, novel)
 Ninety-Two in the Shade (1973, novel)
 The Missouri Breaks (1976, screenplay, paperback original)
 Panama (1978, autobiographical novel)
 Nobody's Angel (1981, novel)
 In the Crazies: Book and Portfolio (1984; ltd. ed."Interview with Tom McGaune". 1985
"The Art of Fiction" (<mask>e interview) Paris Review (Fall 1985)
Garcia, Guy D. "He's Left No Stone Unturned". Time (December 25, 1989)
McMurtry, Larry. "On the Big Two-Hearted River". New York Review of Books (June 27, 2002)
Torrey, Beef (ed.) "Conversations with <mask>e"
Yardley, Jonathan. Review of The Bushwhacked Piano.New York Times'' (March 14, 1971)

External links

"A Conversation with <mask>," by Liz Lear, Key West, 1984
"Conversations with <mask>" Edited by Beef Torrey
"The Late Style of <mask>", Mark Kamine, The Believer. "Overlooked classics: Nothing But Blue Skies by <mask>e", The Guardian UK
"A Conversation with <mask>," Identity Theory

1939 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
American people of Irish descent
Angling writers
Cranbrook Educational Community alumni
Michigan State University alumni
People from Park County, Montana
People from Wyandotte, Michigan
Stegner Fellows
The New Yorker people
Novelists from Michigan
Writers from Montana
Yale University alumni
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Film directors from Michigan
Film directors from Montana
Screenwriters from Michigan
Screenwriters from

masks:
Thomas McGuan
Thomas McGuan
Thomas McGuane
Thomas McGuane
Thomas McGuane
Thomas McGuan
Thomas McGuane


title: Dan Holman

texts:
<mask> (born 5 June 1990) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for Torquay United. He began his career with a number of Northampton-based youth clubs, including Northampton ON Chenecks and Long Buckby. He featured for the first-team for Cogenhoe United, two spells with Long Buckby and briefly for Oxford City before joining Conference North side Histon in 2011. Holman earned a move to Conference Premier club Braintree Town in 2012, and his goalscoring form brought him to the attention of Football League teams, as he signed for Colchester United in 2014. He appeared for Wrexham, Aldershot Town, Dover Athletic and Woking on loan after failing to secure a place in Colchester's first-team. Following his successful loan spell with Woking, <mask> joined Cheltenham Town. <mask> re-joined former club Aldershot Town at the start of the 2018–19 season before making the switch to Kettering Town in November.Career

Early career
Born in Northampton, <mask>'s career began in the Northamptonshire local leagues, where he featured in the youth sides for Northampton ON Chenecks, Long Buckby, and Moulton Magpies. He featured in the first-team for United Counties League Premier Division side Cogenhoe United and later rejoined Long Buckby, where he had scored 60 goals in 77 appearances over two seasons. His second stint with Long Buckby was divided by a short spell with Oxford City in 2010. Having scored 30 league and cup goals in 35 appearances during the 2009–10 season with Long Buckby, <mask> was signed by Southern League side Oxford City in the summer of 2010, After making his debut as a substitute on 28 August when City fell to a 2–1 defeat to Truro City, <mask> scored his first and only goal after coming off the bench to grab an equaliser against Swindon Supermarine on 4 September. He played just one more game for City when he started in their 1–0 FA Cup first qualifying round defeat to

masks:
Daniel Holman
Holman
Holman
Holman
Holman
Holman


title: Dan Holman

texts:
 Mangotsfield United on 11 September. He returned to Long Buckby, where he secured 26 goals in 37 outings during the remained of the 2010–11 season. Histon
Histon boss David Livermore signed <mask> from Long Buckby in July 2011 on a one-year contract.He made a goalscoring start to his Conference North career on 13 August 2011 in a 2–2 home draw with Blyth Spartans, opening the scoring in the 38th minute. He once again opened proceedings in his second match in the 4th minute during a 1–1 draw with Boston United at York Street on 16 August. Further goals followed against Worcester City on 23 August, a brace against Harrogate Town on 17 September, and single goals against Hinckley United, Vauxhall Motors, Workington and Solihull Moors to complete his scoring for 2011. <mask> continued his scoring form with a goal on New Year's Day 2012 in a 3–2 defeat to Bishop's Stortford at Bridge Road, with <mask> netting a late consolation goal for the Stutes. He then grabbed seven goals in five games, scoring in each, beginning with two against Gloucester City in a 4–3 victory on 14 January 2012, one against Gainsborough Trinity, a further brace at home to Guiseley and single goals against Worcester and Corby Town. Scoring two consecutive braces in one week against Droylsden on 10 March and Guiseley, <mask> then embarked on another scoring run with five goals in four games, netting one goal in matches against Hinckley on 7 April, Gloucester on 9 April and Eastwood Town on 14 April, with a final brace for Histon coming in a 5–5 home draw with Droylsden on 17 April. He scored his final goal of the campaign in a 1–1 draw with Hyde on 28 April.Following his superb form for Histon, it was arranged for <mask> to join Barnet on trial but this never came to fruition. Bids from an unnamed Conference Premier club were also tabled for <mask> but rejected by the club, despite the player receiving assurances from the club

masks: Holman Holman Holman Holman Holman Holman


title: Dan Holman

texts:
 that he would be allowed to leave if higher level offers were received. Manager Dennis Greene said that the club would not be willing to sell the player unless the offer was right for the club. <mask> duly scored in his first game of the new season for Histon on 18 August as they were defeated 4–1 at home to Guiseley, before playing his final game for the club on 21 August in a 6–0 thrashing by Boston. He ended his time with the club with 28 goals to his name in 44 league appearances. Braintree Town

2012–13 season
Conference Premier club Braintree Town signed <mask> from Histon for an undisclosed fee on 26 August 2012. Having not yet trained with the club, <mask> had a memorable debut for by scoring a long-range brace in a 4–1 win against Woking on 28 August.<mask> then set himself a target to reach 20 goals for the season. He scored a match-winning penalty in a 2–1 win over Tamworth at Cressing Road in his next match, before making it four goals in three games for the Iron with a curling effort from 12 yards in a 1–1 draw with Kidderminster Harriers on 4 September. <mask> believed that by joining Braintree he would be taking an important step towards his ambition of playing in the Football League. <mask> continued his scoring form with a driving shot from the edge of the box in Braintree's 3–2 defeat to Barrow on 6 October, before helping his side claim their first win in eight matches to overcome Luton Town on 9 October, opening the scoring with a curling shot into the top corner of the net. Manager Alan Devonshire described the result as "probably the best result in Braintree's history". He suffered a barren spell between mid-October and early January, where he scored with an early close range effort on 5 January 2013 in a 4–1 victory over Tamworth. His next goal handed the Iron the lead over Nuneaton Town after the half-time interval on 26 January as his side won 4–2.<mask> put the Iron

masks: Holman Holman Holman Holman Holman Holman Holman


title: Dan Holman

texts:
 ahead after a goalless first half in a 3–1 away victory against Stockport County on 16 March after breaking through County's defensive line. After scoring in a 1–1 home draw with Woking on 19 March, <mask> then suffered a knee injury that kept him out of first team action for almost one month. He scored his final goal of the season in his final game of the season on 20 April, grabbing the only goal of the game as Braintree beat Barrow at Holker Street, leaving <mask> with a total of 11 goals in 34 league games in his first season with the club. 2013–14 season
<mask> had a slower start to the 2013–14 season that the previous season, scoring once in the opening five games of the campaign. That goal came against Woking on 13 August in a 2–0 win, firing home from a cross from six yards. A shoulder injury meant a spell on the sidelines for <mask>, keeping him out of action for over a month. He returned in early October after missing all of September, but didn't register a goal until 12 November in a 2–1 home defeat for the Iron to Luton Town.He netted in a comprehensive FA Trophy second round victory over Welling United on 30 November, putting Braintree ahead after 18 minutes with a shot fired into the far corner. He then scored both goals in a 2–0 win away to Chester in his next game on 7 December, converting a free kick and scoring from outside the box. He next played on Boxing Day in a 1–0 defeat to Cambridge United but had to be substituted at half-time after experiencing a spasm in his back. <mask>'s injury problems continued, meaning he played just once between late December and late February 2014. He made a goalscoring return on 22 February in a 2–2 draw with Kidderminster, netting at the near post to put Braintree 2–0 ahead in the 67th minute. He scored in his next four matches, netting the winner in a 2–1 win over Hyde, scoring the opener in a 1–1 home draw with Hereford United, doubling the

masks: Holman Holman Holman Holman Holman


title: Dan Holman

texts:
 Iron's advantage in a 3–0 win over Wrexham and a penalty in a 2–0 at the New Lawn against Forest Green Rovers on 13 March. After two consecutive 2–0 defeats to Lincoln City, <mask> returned to scoring with the only goal against Aldershot Town on 22 March.He scored his twelfth goal of the season on 27 March against Nuneaton in a 2–1 victory with a left foot shot into the bottom corner of the net. He rounded off his scoring for the season with two against Southport on 1 April, scoring the second and fourth goals in a 4–0 win. He made his final appearance on 26 April in a stalemate at Cressing Road against Grimsby Town as a late substitute for Matt Paine. With his contract expiring, <mask> was offered a new deal to remain with Braintree in May 2014. <mask> did not accept the offer of a new contract, but this did not rule out the possibility of him returning, with the player yet to find a new club. <mask> joined Southend United on trial in July 2014, hoping to impress Shrimpers manager Phil Brown. However, on 7 July, it was announced that had travelled to their six-day training camp in Spain without <mask> or any other trialists, with <mask> expected to then sign for another Conference club.<mask> had scored 24 league goals in 69 games for Braintree during his two seasons with the club. Colchester United
Returning from his unsuccessful trial with Southend, <mask> signed a two-year contract with League One club Colchester United on 8 July 2014 to bolster their attacking options. He scored in Colchester's opening pre-season 4–1 friendly win at Brantham Athletic on 12 July, and netted again in another 4–1 win at AFC Sudbury on 17 July. He hit his third goal of pre-season on 19 July, heading home a cross from Gavin Massey as the U's thrashed Leiston 8–1. <mask> was withdrawn at half-time during a friendly defeat to Ipswich Town due to an ankle injury. He returned from injury in a behind-closed-doors

masks: Holman Holman Holman Holman Holman Holman Holman Holman Holman


title: Dan Holman

texts:
 friendly with Southend United on 5 August in his bid for fitness prior to the beginning of the 2014–15 season. He recovered in time to make his Football League debut on the opening day of the season as Colchester drew 2–2 with Oldham Athletic at the Community Stadium on 9 August.He came on as an 84th-minute substitute for Gavin Massey. Having been utilised as a substitute in Colchester's defeats to Charlton Athletic in the League Cup and Bristol City in League One, Colchester manager Joe Dunne felt <mask> needed more game time to mount a serious challenge for first-team contention. <mask> played for the Colchester United under-21 squads in a bid to regain match fitness. With Tony Humes replacing Joe Dunne on 1 September, the new manager also looked for <mask> to regain his sharpness by offering the player for loan. <mask> had only featured four times in the league for the U's since arriving at the club, and failed to make Humes' squad for his first game in charge, missing out to Academy product Dominic Smith. Having missed part of pre-season with a foot injury, <mask>'s match fitness had lagged behind the rest of the squad, with Humes deciding that under-21 football wouldn't "stretch him to where he [Holman] wants to be". Wrexham loan
<mask> was sent out on loan to Conference Premier club Wrexham for one month on 19 September 2014 in order to regain match fitness.He made his debut for the Dragons in their 2–1 away defeat to Chester on 22 September as an 81st-minute substitute for Elliott Durrell. Since joining Wrexham however, <mask> had only been used sparingly, making just four brief substitute appearances in his time with the club until 15 October. Wrexham manager Kevin Wilkin explained that while preferred attackers Louis Moult and Connor Jennings had been in good form, the club had not found themselves "in too many situations where I [Wilkin] have been comfortable to throw him on. He prefers


title: Dan Holman

texts:
 to play facing the opposition goal whereas Louis and Connor play with their back to the opposition. They are the ones that want to come in and play a little bit shorter, play in pockets". Despite this, <mask> featured for the club's reserve side, scoring in a 2–1 victory at Morecambe. Wilkin was also undecided whether to extend <mask>'s loan spell or not.<mask> returned to Colchester at the end of his loan spell as expected with only 31 minutes of football under his belt from his time with Wrexham. Despite this, <mask> said the stint had made him more determined to be a success with the U's. Aldershot Town loan
Following the disappointment of his Wrexham loan, <mask> was sent back out on loan to another Conference club, Aldershot Town, on 24 October 2014. He was handed clearance by Colchester to play in the FA Cup, signing for one-month. He made his debut for the club on 25 October, starting in their 2–0 win over Torquay United in the fourth qualifying round of the FA Cup. <mask> stabbed home a goal on his league debut for the club on 1 November in Aldershot's 2–1 home defeat to Gateshead, before netting his second goal in only his third appearance as he secured a 1–0 victory for his side against Nuneaton on 15 November. Following his positive start to his time with Aldershot, <mask>'s loan spell was extended on 19 November with the deal due to run until 5 January 2015.He scored his third Conference goal of the season against his previous employers Wrexham on 29 November, opening the scoring with a shot outside of the box after cutting in from the right-hand side. However, he was withdrawn at half-time due to an injury. He ended his loan spell with three goals in 16 appearances in all competitions for Aldershot. Dover Athletic loan
<mask> joined his third loan club of the season on 2 February 2015, signing with Dover Athletic until the end of the season. He made his debut for Dover on 14

masks: Holman Holman Holman Holman Holman Holman Holman Holman


title: Dan Holman

texts:
 February, where he was introduced as a 72nd-minute substitute for Nicky Deverdics. He scored five minutes after coming on, netting the final goal and reducing the deficit in a 3–2 defeat to Halifax Town at The Shay. He was handed his first start on 21 February for Dover's home game with Southport.He scored in the 73rd minute of the 2–2 draw with a close-range finish. <mask> had the ball in the back of the net when playing his previous loan club Aldershot on 3 March, only for it to be ruled offside. Following his good start to life with Dover, <mask> admitted that he did not know what was going to happen with regards to remaining at Colchester in future, despite having a year remaining on his contract with the U's. <mask> scored two goals in six games for Dover. Woking loan
Still out of favour for the 2015–16 season, <mask> was sent out on loan to Woking for a month's loan on 15 August 2015. He scored Woking's second goal on his debut as they defeated Altrincham 2–0, in addition to providing the assist for Giuseppe Sole's opener. In his third game for the club, <mask> scored his second goal during the 5–2 home win over Chester as well as winning a penalty for the game's opening goal.After five appearances and two goals for Woking, <mask>'s loan was extended by Colchester until 2 January 2016 on 1 September. He scored his third goal for the club in their 4–4 away game with Guiseley on 12 September, putting his side 4–3 ahead before the home team snatched a stoppage time equaliser. After five games without a goal, <mask> scored a brace on 10 October as his side overcame Halifax 3–0 at The Shay. He then scored in his next game with a late equaliser against Torquay United on 13 October. <mask> scored his seventh Woking goal during their 5–2 home defeat by Macclesfield Town on 14 November. He scored his fifth goal in seven games on 21 November to help his side to a 2–1 away win over Chester. He scored


title: Dan Holman

texts:
 his ninth and tenth goals for Woking on 24 November in their 4–1 victory at home against Tranmere Rovers.<mask> scored a further brace on 5 December during a 3–1 home win over Lincoln City. He scored another brace in his next league game on 19 December in a 5–1 away win over Gateshead. Cheltenham Town
<mask>'s impressive form on loan at Woking, scoring 14 goals in 26 appearances, drew attention from other clubs, and he signed for National League leaders Cheltenham Town on 5 January 2016 on a six-month contract with a view to an extended deal in the summer. On 24 January 2016, <mask> made his Cheltenham Town debut in a 2–1 victory over his former club Dover Athletic, playing the full 90-minutes. He scored his first goal for the club six-days later with two against Bromley in a 4–1 win. After scoring goals in 2–0 victories over Welling United and Kidderminster, and another against Welling in a 1–1 draw, <mask> scored all four goals in a 4–0 thrashing of his former club Woking on 12 March to bring his tally to nine goals in ten games for Cheltenham. He scored two further goals on 25 March against Boreham Wood, and then scored a late goal in a 2–0 win at Guiseley on 9 April before scoring twice against Halifax to bring him to 28 goals for the season and hand Cheltenham promotion back to the Football League on 16 April.On 15 November 2016, after struggling with a toe injury for the first few months of the season, <mask> scored Cheltenham's fourth in a 4–1 victory against Crewe Alexandra in the FA Cup first round. Boreham Wood loan
On 22 September 2017, <mask> joined National League side Boreham Wood on a three-month loan deal. A day later, <mask> made his Boreham Wood debut during their 1–0 home defeat against Ebbsfleet United. Over a month later, he scored his first goal for the club in their 2–2 home draw against Bromley, netting the opener of the game in the 25th minute. After only managing to net


title: Dan Holman

texts:
 four times in his three-month spell, including a goal in their FA Cup tie against Blackpool, <mask> returned to Cheltenham in December 2017. Leyton Orient loan
On 3 January 2018, following a loan spell with Boreham Wood, <mask> opted to join fellow National League side Leyton Orient on loan for the remainder of the campaign. Just under a month later, he finally made his Orient debut during their 3–2 home defeat against Aldershot Town, playing the full 90 minutes.<mask> went on to appear just nine more times for Orient, before leaving Cheltenham at the end of his contract in June 2018. Return to Aldershot Town
<mask> re-signed for his former club on 1 August 2018. He made his second debut for the club against Barnet on 4 August 2018. <mask>'s contract was mutually terminated on 31 October 2018 after just 1 goal in 14 appearances. Kettering Town
On 5 November 2018, following his release from Aldershot, <mask> made the switch to Southern League side, Kettering Town. On 25 July 2020, <mask> rejoined Kettering Town following his release from Brackley Town. Torquay United
Following a successful pre-season trial with National League side Torquay United the club announced <mask> would be joining the club on a 1 year contract.Career statistics

Honours

Cheltenham Town
Vanarama National League Winners: 2015-16

References

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Northampton
English footballers
Association football forwards
Northampton ON Chenecks F.C. players
Long Buckby A.F.C. players
Cogenhoe United F.C. players
Oxford City F.C. players
Histon F.C. players
Braintree Town F.C. players
Colchester United F.C.players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Aldershot Town F.C. players
Dover Athletic F.C. players
Woking F.C. players
Cheltenham Town F.C. players
Boreham Wood F.C. players
Leyton Orient F.C.players
Kettering Town F.C. players
Southern Football League players
National League (English football) players
English


title: Leon Petrażycki

texts:
<mask> (Polish: <mask>; Russian: Лев Иосифович Петражицкий [Lev Iosifovich Petrazhitsky]; born 13 April 1867, in Kołłątajewo, Mogilev Governorate, now in Belarus – 15 May 1931, in Warsaw) was a Polish philosopher, legal scholar, and sociologist. He is considered an important forerunner of the sociology of law. Life
<mask> was born into the Polish gentry of the Mogilev Governorate in the Russian Empire. In 1890 he graduated from Kiev University, then spent two years on a scholarship in Berlin, and in 1896 received a doctorate from the University of St. Petersburg. At the latter university he served from 1897 to 1917 as a professor of the philosophy of law. In 1906 <mask> was elected to the ill-fated First Duma as a member of the Constitutional Democratic Party. When the legislature was dissolved after a few months, he was convicted and incarcerated for his protests.He was appointed to the Supreme Court of Russia in 1917, but had to flee the country when the Bolshevik revolution succeeded. He found a new home in Poland and became the first professor of sociology at Warsaw University in 1919. A prolific writer in several languages and famous lecturer with a large following of students, Petrażycki committed suicide in 1931. However, <mask>'s contribution to legal sociology and legal theory continues to be debated within various fields of legal research and applied to the study of current legal questions. Work
Petrażycki published many books in Russian, German, and Polish early in life. Unfortunately, many of his late ideas were preserved only in lecture notes taken by his students. Even in Poland, his work is only partly known.English speakers

masks:
Leon Petrażycki
Leon Petrażycki
Leon Petrażycki
Petrażycki
Petrażycki


title: Leon Petrażycki

texts:
 still largely rely on a compilation of <mask>'s writings edited by the Russian-American sociologist Nicholas S. Timasheff in 1955. Despite some recent efforts to introduce and revive his work, it is still largely unknown in the West. <mask> conceives of law as an empirical, psychological phenomenon that can best be studied by introspection. According to him, law takes the form of legal experiences (emotions, impulsions) implying a two-sided relationship between a right on the one hand and a duty on the other hand. If this legal experience refers to normative facts in a broad sense (statutes, court decisions, but also contracts, customs, commands of any sort) he calls it "positive law"; if it lacks such reference, he talks of "intuitive law". In another conceptualization, he contrasts "official law" (made by the state and its agents) to "unofficial law" (made by societal agents), which brings him close to legal pluralism. He parallels Eugen Ehrlich´s idea of living law when he states that "the true practice of civil law or any law is not to be found in the courts, but altogether elsewhere.Its practitioners are not judges and advocates, but each individual citizen..." (Petrażycki 1897, as quoted by Motyka)

Petrażycki's theory of law is anti-statist and very critical of the legal positivism of his time, which he takes to task for being naive and lacking a truly scientific basis because of its focus on norms, rather than the experience of those norms. He also rejects the rather common notion that only human beings can have rights and can therefore be seen as an early proponent of animal rights. Petrażycki has been called the "unrecognized father

masks: Petrażycki Petrażycki


title: Leon Petrażycki

texts:
 of the sociology of law" (Adam Podgorecki 1980/81). His influence on the sociology of law has been primarily indirect through some of his students, specifically Nicholas S. Timasheff, Georges Gurvitch, and Pitirim Sorokin, who each in various ways contributed to formulate a more distinctly sociological perspective, derived from and complementary to <mask>'s psychological theory. See also
 History of philosophy in Poland
 International Institute for the Sociology of Law
 List of Poles
 Sociology in Poland
 Sociology of law
 Michał Weinzieher

Notes

References
 Banakar, Reza, Who Needs the Classics? - On the Relevance of Classical Legal Sociology for the Study of Current Social and Legal Problems (September 3, 2012). RETSSOCIOLOGI, Ole Hammerslev, Mikael Rask Madsen, eds., Copenhagen: Hans Reitzels Forlag, 2012.Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2140775. Roger Cotterrell, <mask> and Contemporary Socio-Legal Studies (2015) 11 International Journal of Law in Context 1-16. Available at SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2609155. Krzysztof Motyka, Law and Sociology: The Petrażyckian Perspective. In: Michael Freeman (ed.) Law and Sociology. Current Legal Issues 2005.Oxford: Oxford University Press 2006, pp. 119–140. Adam Podgórecki, Unrecognized Father of Sociology of Law: <mask>. Reflections based on Jan Gorecki's "Sociology and Jurisprudence of <mask>cki". In: Law & Society Review, vol. 15 (1980/81), pp. 183–202.Jan Gorecki (ed.) Sociology and Jurisprudence of <mask>cki. Urbana: University of Illinois Press 1975. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-007-1479-3_46
 <mask>, Law and Morality. Edited with

masks:
Petrażycki
Leon Petrazycki
Leon Petrażycki
Leon Petraży
Leon Petraży
Leon Petrażycki


title: Leon Petrażycki

texts:
 an introduction by N.S. Timasheff. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press 1955. Reprinted with a new introduction by A. Javier Trevino.New Brunswick: NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2011. Andrzej Kojder, <mask>'s Socio-legal Ideas and their Contemporary Continuation, 6 Journal of Classical Sociology 2006, pp. 333–358
Edoardo Fittipaldi, Bonae fidei possessor fructus consumptos suos facit. Tentative Answers to One Question Left Open by <mask>'s Economic Analysis of Law. Societas/Communitas, 7, 2009, 1, pp. 15–36
 Edoardo Fittipaldi, Psicologia giuridica e realismo: <mask>cki. Milan: LED 2012.Edoardo Fittipaldi, Everyday Legal Ontology: A Linguistic and Psychological Investigation within the Framework of <mask>'s Theory of Law. Milan: LED 2012. , http://www.lededizioni.com/lededizioniallegati/600-Fittipaldi-Everyday-Ontology.pdf
 Мережко А.А. Психологическая школа права Л.И. Петражицкого. Истоки, содержание, влияние. – Одесса: «Фенікс», 2016. External links
 Onati International Institute for the Sociology of Law

1867 births
1931 deaths
People from Syanno District
People from Sennensky Uyezd
Polish nobility
Russian Constitutional Democratic Party members
Members of the 1st State Duma of the Russian Empire
Polish sociologists
Philosophers of law
Polish jurists
Polish feminists
Russian judges
Russian legal scholars
Male feminists
Sociologists of law
20th-century Russian philosophers
20th-century Polish philosophers
19th-century Polish philosophers
University of Warsaw faculty
Saint Petersburg State University faculty
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
1931

masks:
Leon Petrażycki
Petrażycki
Leon Petraży
Leon Petrażycki


title: Henry Lincoln Johnson

texts:
<mask> "Linc" <mask> (July 27, 1870 – September 10, 1925) was an American attorney and politician from the state of Georgia. He is best remembered as one of the most prominent African-American Republicans of the first two decades of the 20th century and as a leader of the dominant black-and-tan faction of the Republican Party of Georgia. He was appointed by President William Howard Taft as Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia, at the time regarded as the premier political patronage position reserved for black Americans, and one of four appointees known as Taft's "Black Cabinet". Following the Democratic administration of Woodrow Wilson, <mask> was again appointed Recorder of the Deeds for the District in June 1921 by Republican President Warren G. Harding, but his appointment was rejected by the United States Senate, meeting in executive session and based largely on the opposition of the two Democratic senators from Georgia, a prerogative of the Senate. His rejection garnered newspaper headlines and marked the finish of <mask>'s national political influence. Harding's administration worked with Georgia Republicans to reorganize the party to reduce black-and-tan influence, already declining due to the state's disenfranchisement of black voters. <mask> returned to his law practice in the capital.He died on September 10, 1925 at the Freedmen's Hospital after having a stroke at his home in Washington, D.C. Biography

Early years

<mask> <mask>, known to family and friends as "Linc," was born on July 27, 1870 in Augusta, Georgia to former slaves Martha Ann and <mask>. His parents strongly encouraged

masks:
Henry Lincoln
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Henry Lincoln
Johnson
Peter Johnson


title: Henry Lincoln Johnson

texts:
 education. <mask> attended Atlanta University, a historically black college, and graduated in 1888. Excluded from law schools in the South because of segregation, he went north to attend the University of Michigan, obtaining a law degree in 1892. After passing the Georgia bar exam, <mask> opened a law practice in Atlanta. He eventually became the corporate attorney for the Atlanta Life Insurance Company, a major black-owned business.In 1903 <mask> married Georgia Douglas, who also graduated from what is now Clark Atlanta University. She was 10 years younger than he. She achieved literary fame as a poet associated with the Harlem Renaissance. Together the couple had two sons, Peter Douglas <mask> and <mask> <mask>, Jr. The latter became a notable attorney in his own right. Political leader

According to his death notice in the New York Age, <mask> was a law partner of Bill Pledger and succeeded him in political office. During the first years of the 20th century, <mask> emerged as a leading boss in Georgia Republican politics.<mask>'s role was that of the chief dispenser of political patronage to black Republicans in the state, at a time when their ability to elect representatives of their choice was being limited by voter fraud, suppression and, in 1909, constitutional amendments and laws passed by white Democrats in the state legislature that disenfranchised most black voters. Blacks continued to be a loyal and important component of the Republican Party coalition in the era. <mask> was described by one journalist of the era as a "tall figure with an oratorical turn of phrase and an emphatic style of

masks:
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Henry Lincoln
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson


title: Henry Lincoln Johnson

texts: expression." In 1910 <mask> was appointed by President William Howard Taft as Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia. This was regarded as the premier political patronage job, which had been historically earmarked for African Americans since after the Civil War. Also appointed by Taft were James Carroll Napier as Register of the Treasury, Robert Heberton Terrell as District of Columbia Municipal Judge, and William H. Lewis as Assistant United States Attorney General, making up what was known as his "Black Cabinet." <mask> and his family moved from Atlanta to Washington, D.C. to undertake this new position.<mask> is believed to have worked behind the scenes for the election of Southern Democrat Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 Presidential election, as did other black leaders such as W. E. B. Du Bois of the NAACP, William Monroe Trotter of the National Equal Rights League, and Bishop Alexander Walters and J. Milton Waldron, prominent clergymen, all of whom opposed Booker T. Washington's politics and were disappointed at the Republican Party's tepid response to their issues. <mask>  continued in his federal position until the Wilson administration purged African American and other Republicans from the patronage positions in the customary change after a new president of a different political party was elected. More significantly, influenced by Southern members of his cabinet, Wilson segregated federal offices, lunchrooms, and restrooms for the first time. In 1914 the Civil Service Commission began to require photos with job applications, a means to screen out blacks. Other forms of racial discrimination were

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson


title: Henry Lincoln Johnson

texts: used against African-American federal workers during the Wilson administration. The NAACP and other leading black groups protested but were unsuccessful in changing these policies and many African Americans were affected, both in Washington and nationally.In 1912, at the beginning of Taft's administration, some 19,000 African Americans were working nationwide for such departments as the Treasury, Post Office (including railway postal workers), Navy, and Bureau of Engraving and Printing Office. <mask> was sharply criticized for hubris by the black socialist magazine, The Messenger. It criticized him as an example of a "sleek, fat, potbellied Negro politicians who have been trafficking for half a century in the sweat and blood and tears of toiling Negro washerwomen, cotton pickers, miners, and factory hands." During the 1916 Presidential election, the tensions of the Republican Party of Georgia resulted in two rival factions: a group of African-American-dominated regulars headed by <mask>, commonly known as the "black and tans", and an insurgency of European Americans commonly known as the "lily whites". <mask> managed to retain control of the party apparatus in the presidential election year of 1916 and again in 1920. By controlling the Georgia delegation to the Republican National Convention in those years, he retained control over federal patronage appointments in Georgia. In 1920, <mask> was among black leaders of the Republican Party who met in Chicago to establish the Lincoln League.This intra-party group formed to attempt to force the national Republican Party to take a firm stand against lynching, Jim


title: Henry Lincoln Johnson

texts:
 Crow laws, voter disfranchisement, and other assaults upon the African-American community in the South. From 1890 to 1909, all states of the South had passed laws to disenfranchise most blacks and many poor whites. <mask> won promises that the Republican Party would take more determined action on these matters if it won the White House in the fall of 1920. In 1920 <mask> was elected as Georgia's representative to the Republican National Committee. The selection had not been without controversy, and <mask> had concealed his candidacy until the last minute, when he was elected by the loyal Georgia delegation over his white rival, Roscoe Pickett, 12 votes to 3, with two abstaining. Under the standing rules of the convention, the full convention was required to ratify the selection of each state's delegation, which was usually a pro forma voice vote. But when the Georgia delegation reported their selection on the floor and the pro forma voice vote was taken, a chorus of voices were raised in opposition to <mask>.A two-thirds vote of the convention was required to set aside the standing rules and overturn the Georgia delegation's selection. The delegates did not gain sufficient votes for such action, and thereby ratified the choice of <mask>. This averted what would have been a potential election-year embarrassment of the Republicans as they were seeking to retain black voters outside the South. Failed nomination of 1920

<mask>'s status was bolstered by the strong showing of Republicans in the Presidential election of 1920. The party gained its largest vote in the South in four decades. But the brewing factional

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson


title: Henry Lincoln Johnson

texts: breach in the Republican Party of Georgia between <mask>'s "black and tans," and the group of European Americans known as the "lily whites" erupted in the aftermath of the election. The two groups battled for influence with the new Republican administration of Warren G. Harding to control federal patronage in the state.Harding reacted to the factional split with an attempt to reorganize the Republican Party in Georgia independently of these two feuding groups. In April 1921 five prominent Georgia business leaders were called to the White House by President Harding. He asked lumber mill owner John Louis Philips to conduct an initial survey of Georgia business figures to determine their potential level of support for joining a new, reorganized Georgia Republican Party. Harding's machination was endorsed by the "lily whites," who believed it could be a means to establish white hegemony, even if those chosen to head the reorganization were selected from outside factional ranks. <mask> had the most to lose from Harding's reorganization effort and opposed it. <mask> was ultimately induced to quit the factional battle and to exit Georgia politics through a reappointment by Harding to the choice position of Registrar of Deeds for the District of Columbia. After <mask> was appointed in June 1921 and moved again to Washington, a handpicked Republican convention of 230 people, predominantly consisting of white business leaders, reorganized the Georgia party on July 26, 1921.<mask>'s appointment was taken up by the United States Senate for ratification in November 1921. There Georgia Democratic Senator Tom Watson, a

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson


title: Henry Lincoln Johnson

texts:
 political foe and supporter of white supremacy, led a fight against <mask>'s confirmation in committee and on the floor of the Senate. Watson charged that the appointment of <mask> was "personally obnoxious to him", as <mask> had said in an interview with an African-American newspaper from Baltimore that he would "rather be in hell without Tom Watson than to be in heaven with him." Watson charged that <mask> had engaged in financial shenanigans in Atlanta which made him unsuitable for government trust. When senators met in executive session, Georgia's other Senator, white Democrat Nathaniel Edwin Harris, reportedly joined Watson in pronouncing <mask> "personally obnoxious to him," code words invoking an unwritten rule in the Senate granting de facto veto power to senators over appointments relating to their states. The vote against <mask> which followed was virtually unanimous; only one Senator voted for <mask>'s appointment over the objections of the Georgians. Death and legacy

After his 1921 confirmation defeat in the Senate, <mask> returned to legal practice in Washington, D.C.; his place in national politics was thereafter limited.One of <mask>'s most famous cases came in 1922, when he was called to defend a young black man charged with sexual assault of a white girl below the age of consent. These extremely serious charges carried a potential penalty of 30 years in prison or execution. The young man was also at risk for extrajudicial lynching. Following expert cross-examination in the case, <mask> delivered what was called by one observer one of the "most eloquent and forceful" closing arguments ever

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson