title: Yukinori Yanagi

texts:
 “Article 9” for the exhibition, consisting of a set of neon signs encased in plastic box frames that spelled out the Japanese version of Article 9. However, the neon signs were disassembled, seemingly cast off in a pile of disjointed, glowing red parts incomprehensible as a whole. They cast red light around the exhibition space onto <mask>'s other works. <mask>’s artworks from the “Project Article 9” show went on to be exhibited in Japan at the Kirin Plaza Osaka in 1995. Forbidden Box and Article 9 were also included more than 10 years later in Japanese curator Watanabe Shinya’s exhibition “Into the Atomic Sunshine” amongst works by other artists that engaged with Japan’s war history at Hillside Gallery in Daikanyama in 2008, Puffin Room in New York in 2008, and the Okinawa Prefectural Museum & Art Museum in 2009. Inujima Project - 2000s–present

Inujima Seirensho Art Museum
In 1992, <mask> was invited to hold a solo exhibition at the brand new Naoshima Contemporary Art Museum (now Benesse House at Benesse Art Site Naoshima). He fell in love with Naoshima and the Seto Inland Sea, returning many times from his studio in Japan in the years following, searching for an opportunity to start a long term project in the area that addressed the harmful scars that the rapid industrialization of Japan had left on the beautiful region during the Meiji Period.After three years of looking for an appropriate site, <mask> came across Okayama Prefecture’s Inujima in 1995, a depopulated island scattered with the ruins of a copper refinery dating back to the industrial Meiji Period, and the inspiration for <mask>'s Inujima Project was formed. In 1995, <mask> came up with his vision for the


title: Yukinori Yanagi

type: original

texts:
 revitalization of the entire island of Inujima; he aimed to revamp the long-defunct copper '"seirensho" (refinery) as a permanent, site-specific artwork using renewable energy, a project that was realized with the support from Benesse Corporation’s CEO at the time, Soichiro Fukutake. <mask> and Fukutake were able to acquire Mishima Yukio's 'Shōtō House,' the former residence of the novelist and poet whose work <mask> had engaged with in his artworks throughout the previous decade. Using dismantled and reconstructed parts of Mishima's residence, <mask> spent years building a series of installations entitled Hero Dry Cell (2008) within the copper refinery, creating a permanent artwork that was also fused with the architectural heritage of the industrial site. After 13 years of collaborative work, <mask> in collaboration with architect Kazuyo Sejima, in addition to the Injuma Seirensho Art Museum

Due to his long term project in Japan, <mask> began traveling often between his studios in New York and Inujima, and eventually the artist closed his studios in the United States to move back to Japan full time.He set up in a self-designed studio situated on the north face of the mountains facing the Genkai Sea, in Itoshima City, Fukuoka prefecture. In 2005, he began working as an associate professor in the Faculty of Art at Hiroshima City University. He started a Contemporary Art and Theory Major in the Faculty of Arts and launched the Hiroshima Art Project, utilizing facilities that were unused due to the exposure to radiation as sites to exhibit artworks. Hero Dry Cell (2008)
Inside the defunct copper refinery that makes up the Inujima Seirensho Art Museum, <mask> spent more than a decade

masks: Yanagi Yanagi Yanagi Yanagiagi Yanagi Yanagi


title: Yukinori Yanagi

texts: constructing a six-part permanent art installation entitled Hero Dry Cell (2008) that utilized mirrors, natural light, local stones, water elements, and architectural collage to create an interconnected, multi-layered installation about the modernization of Japan and legacy of the postwar. Hero Dry Cell is made up of six parts that unfold inside the museum "like a hand scroll" in the following order: Icarus Cell, Solar Rock, Slag Note, Mirror Note, Icarus Tower, and Solar Note. The second part, Solar Rock (2008) is of particular interest, using a natural light leak to create the illusion of a total eclipse—a black hinomaru. A black half shadow circle is created with light and then reflected in a dark pool of water gathered below on a large slab of local Inujima granite, creating the illusion of a full circle of a Black Sun rising, perhaps another addition to <mask>'s Hinomaru Series that critiqued the imperial-era nationalism associated with the Japanese flag.The granite megalith embedded into the ground of Solar Rock can be connected to <mask>'s keen interest in the Mono-ha movement. In front of the black hinomaru, <mask>'s 'architectural collage' appeared to float in mid-air as deconstructed panels of a tatami-mat room from Mishima Yukio's former residence lined up perfectly in alignment to lead the viewers' eye into the shadowy abyss of the Black Sun, even as the windows catch light and dazzle the retina simultaneously. This sensation is similarly described by the artist himself when recounting his first morning on Inujima in 1995: the rising sun made an "imprint on his retina" that developed into this six-part installation which functions an "after-image of the sun he saw that

masks: Yanagi Yanagi Yanagi


title: Yukinori Yanagi

texts:
 first morning." Recent years, 2010–present
After the completion of the Inujima Project, <mask> has taken on more revitalization projects, such as the challenge of transforming an old junior high school on the remote island of Momoshima Island in Hiroshima Prefecture, establishing ART BASE MOMOSHIMA in the Onomichi Channel area in 2012. In 2016, <mask>’s large-scale solo exhibition at Yokohama’s BankART1929 explored the past three decades of the artist's oeuvre, filling the entire

masks: Yanagi Yanagi


title: Allegra Byron

texts:
<mask> (12 January 1817 – 20 April 1822) was the illegitimate daughter of the poet George Gordon, Lord <mask> and Claire Clairmont. Born in Bath, England, she was initially named Alba, meaning "dawn", or "white", by her mother. At first she lived with her mother, her mother's stepsister, Mary Shelley, and Mary's husband Percy Bysshe Shelley. When she was fifteen months old, she was turned over to <mask>, who changed her name to Allegra. <mask> placed her with foster families and later in a Roman Catholic convent, where she died at the age of five of typhus or malaria. Early life
Allegra was the product of a short-lived affair between the Romantic poet and her starstruck teenage mother, who was living in reduced circumstances in the household of her stepsister and brother-in-law. Clairmont wrote to <mask> during the pregnancy begging him to write back and promise to take care of her and the baby; however, <mask> ignored her pleas.After her birth, she was initially taken into the household of Leigh Hunt as the child of a cousin. A few months later, the Shelleys and Clairmont took the baby back as an "adopted" child. Clairmont bonded with her baby daughter and wrote in her journal with delight about her close, physical connection with little Allegra, but she was also dealing with emotional and financial pressures from the Shelleys that made it difficult for her to keep the baby with her. The Shelleys were fond of Allegra, but Mary Shelley feared that neighbours would believe Percy Bysshe Shelley had fathered her as the truth about her relationship to Clairmont leaked out. William Godwin, Mary's father and Clairmont's stepfather, had immediately leapt to that conclusion when he learned of Allegra's birth. In an October 1817 letter to Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley remarked that their toddler son William disliked Allegra, but was fond of his baby sister Clara. She saw her son's reaction to Allegra, who was no blood

masks:
Clara Allegra Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron


title: Allegra Byron

texts: relation to him, as "an argument in favour of those who advocate instinctive natural affection".In addition, the Shelleys were constantly in debt and Mary Shelley wanted the baby to be sent to <mask> and wanted her difficult and temperamental stepsister, who had too close a relationship with her husband, to leave her house. After the child's birth, Shelley wrote to <mask> "of the exquisite symmetry" and beauty of "a little being whom we ... call Alba, or the Dawn." He asked <mask> what his plans were for the child. Later, Shelley acknowledged the child's presence was becoming something of an embarrassment. <mask> asked his half-sister Augusta Leigh to take Allegra into her household, but Leigh refused. Hostile to Clairmont and initially sceptical that he had fathered her daughter, <mask> agreed to take custody of Allegra under the condition that her mother have only limited contact with her. Shelley warned Clairmont that this might not, after all, be the best plan for Allegra, but Clairmont hoped that her daughter would be more financially comfortable and would have a better chance at a good life if she lived with her father."I have sent you my child because I love her too well to keep her," she wrote to <mask>. <mask> requested that her name be changed from Alba, which also related to "Albé," Clairmont's nickname for <mask>, to Allegra, an Italian name meaning "cheerful, brisk" and relating to the musical term "allegro." During the journey to turn the child over to <mask>, Clairmont wrote in her journal that she had bathed her daughter in Dover, but then crossed the passage out, as if afraid to mention the baby's name. The child was baptised with the name Clara Allegra before her mother relinquished her to <mask>. <mask> discussed spelling Allegra's surname as "Biron" instead of as "<mask>" to further distinguish her from his legitimate daughter, Augusta Ada <mask>. <mask> offered to pay Shelley for the expense of

masks: Byron Byron Byron Byron Byron Byron Byron Byron Byron Byron Byron Byron Byron Byron


title: Allegra Byron

texts:
 Allegra's upkeep during her first months of life, but Shelley indignantly refused and said the cost was a trifle. Resemblances to <mask>

Mary Shelley had called the baby Allegra "the little Commodore" because of her sturdy body and alert, intelligent look.<mask> was also pleased with Allegra's resemblances to himself in appearance and temperament. When she was eighteen months old, he wrote in a letter to a friend: "My bastard came three days ago—very like—healthy—noisy & capricious." In an 1818 letter to his half-sister Augusta Leigh, <mask> wrote that "She is very pretty — remarkably intelligent ... She has very blue eyes — that singular forehead — fair curly hair — and a devil of a spirit. but that is Papa's." In 1819, in another letter to Leigh, <mask> described two and a half-year-old Allegra as "very droll" and again commented on her resemblance to himself in physical appearance, temperament and interests: "(She) has a very good deal of the <mask>. Can't articulate the letter 'r' at all—frowns and pouts quite in our way—blue eyes—light hair growing darker daily—and a dimple in the chin—a scowl on the brow—white skin—sweet voice—and a particular liking of Music—and of her own way in every thing—ah, is that not B. all over?" The child had forgotten any English she had learned and now spoke only Venetian Italian.In March 1820, he complained in a letter that three-year-old Allegra was quite vain and "obstinate as a mule". Her behaviour was sometimes unmanageable, probably as a result of her unstable living arrangements and frequent changes in caregivers. At the age of four, the naughty child terrorised <mask>'s servants with her spectacular temper tantrums and other misbehaviour and told frequent lies. As she grew older, Allegra also demonstrated a talent for acting and singing. Teresa, Contessa Guiccioli, who was <mask>'s lover while he was living in Ravenna and whom Allegra called "mammina", remarked on Allegra's

masks:
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Lord Byron


title: Allegra Byron

texts:
 talent for mimicking the servants and for singing popular songs. <mask> felt her talent for mimicry, another talent she shared with him, might amuse other people in the short term but would eventually be a cause of trouble for her. Convent education
Shelley, who visited the toddler Allegra while she was being boarded with a family chosen by <mask>, objected to the child's living arrangements over the years, though he had initially approved of Clairmont's plan to relinquish her to her father.During the summer of 1819, Allegra stayed with four different families and was abandoned by her nursemaid. <mask> sent her to stay for long periods with his friend British consul Richard Belgrave Hoppner, but Hoppner's wife didn't like Allegra and sent her to stay with three other families in as many months. Though he'd originally agreed to permit Clairmont to visit their daughter, <mask> reneged on the agreement. Shelley often tried to persuade <mask> to let Clairmont see her daughter and they thought of ways to regain custody of her. Clairmont was alarmed by reports in 1820 that her daughter had suffered a malarial-type fever and that <mask> had moved her to warm Ravenna at the height of the summer. Clairmont wrote that Allegra must be moved to a more healthy climate if she were to survive and pleaded with <mask> to send their daughter to her in Bagni di Lucca, a town with a cool mountain climate. However, <mask> didn't want to send Allegra back to be raised in the Shelley household, where he was sure she'd grow ill from eating a vegetarian diet and would be taught atheism.He pointed out that all of the other children in the Shelley household had died: the Shelleys' first three children had all died young. <mask> believed the rumours that a fourth child, Elena Adelaide Shelley, was Clairmont's daughter by Shelley and Allegra's half-sister. Elena died in a foster home in 1820 aged seventeen months. Shelley wrote to his wife Mary that

masks: Byron Byron Byron Byron Byron Byron Byron Byron Byron


title: Allegra Byron

texts: Allegra looked pale and quiet when he saw her in 1818. When he saw her again in 1821 at the Capuchin convent in Bagnacavallo, when she was four, he again felt she looked pale and delicate and was infuriated by the Roman Catholic education she was receiving, though he had initially told <mask> he approved of her being sent to a convent. "(Besides) Paradise & angels ... she has a prodigious list of saints—and is always talking of the Bambino ... The idea of bringing up so sweet a creature in the midst of such trash till Sixteen!"he wrote." However, though Shelley thought the little girl was more serious and contemplative than he remembered, he said she had not lost her "excessive vivacity." After five months in the convent school, her behaviour had also improved; she obeyed the nuns readily and was well-disciplined, though Shelley didn't think the nuns had been too severe with her. The child asked Shelley to "tell her mother she wanted a kiss and a gold dress and would he please beg her Papa and Mammina to visit her." Allegra no longer had any real memory of Clairmont, but had grown attached to "her Mammina," <mask>'s mistress Teresa, Countess Guiccioli, who had mothered her. Teresa gave the little girl her own childhood toys and played with her when she spent weeks recovering from a childhood illness. Clairmont had always opposed <mask>'s decision to send Allegra to a convent, and shortly after the move, she wrote him a furious, condemnatory letter accusing him of breaking his promise that their daughter would never be apart from one of her parents.She felt that the physical conditions in convents were unhealthy and the education provided was poor and was responsible for "the state of ignorance & profligacy of Italian women, all pupils of Convents. They are bad wives & most unnatural mothers, licentious & ignorant they are the dishonour & unhappiness of society ... This step will procure to you an innumerable addition of

masks: Byron Byron Byron


title: Allegra Byron

texts: enemies & of blame." In March 1822, she created a plan to kidnap her daughter from the convent and asked Shelley to forge a letter of permission from <mask>. Shelley refused. <mask> had arranged for Allegra to be educated in the convent precisely because he, unlike his former lover Clairmont, thought favourably of the manners and attitudes of Italian women who had received convent educations. He disapproved of what he called Clairmont's "loose morals" and "Bedlam behaviour" and didn't want her to influence Allegra.He also believed that his daughter, given her illegitimacy, would have a far better chance of marrying well in Italy than she would in England. A Roman Catholic girl with a suitable dowry, raised in a convent, would have a decent chance of marrying into high Italian society. He wanted the child to become a Roman Catholic, which he viewed as the "best religion." "If Claire thinks that she shall ever interfere with the child's morals or education, she mistakes; she never shall," wrote <mask> in a letter to Richard Belgrave Hoppner in September 1820. "The girl shall be a Christian and a married woman, if possible." Her mother could see Allegra, he added, only with the "proper restrictions." <mask> wrote to Hoppner in March 1821 that Allegra would receive better care in the convent than she would with him.His mistress, Teresa, Countess Guiccioli, had had a happy experience at the convent boarding school where she had lived from the age of five, and had persuaded <mask> that a convent school would be the best place for Allegra. He also viewed the convent as the safest place for her with revolution brewing in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Allegra was doted on by the nuns at the convent, who called her "Allegrina," and was visited once by Teresa's relatives. Probably with considerable assistance from the nuns, four-year-old Allegra wrote her father a letter in Italian from the convent, dated 21 September 1821,

masks: Byron Byron Byron Byron Byron


title: Allegra Byron

texts:
 asking him to visit her:

My dear Papa. It being fair-time, I should like so much a visit from my Papa as I have many wishes to satisfy. Won't you come to please your Allegrina who loves you so? The abbess of the convent included her own note inviting <mask> to come to see Allegra before he left for Pisa and assuring him "how much she is loved."On the back of this letter, <mask> wrote: "Sincere enough, but not very flattering – for she wants to see me because 'it is the fair' to get some paternal Gingerbread – I suppose." <mask> never responded to Allegra's letter or visited the child during the thirteen months she was in the convent. Death
Allegra developed a high fever on 13 April 1822. The nuns called a doctor to see her, who determined that Allegra was suffering "little slow fevers". Her father was informed but <mask> did not visit. He approved the use of any medical interventions deemed necessary. On 15 April, she was considered out of danger, but died on 20 April, attended by three doctors and all of the nuns at the convent, of what some biographers have identified as typhus.<mask> sent her body to England and wrote an inscription for her gravestone that read: "In memory of Allegra, daughter of G.G., Lord <mask>, who died at Bagna Cavallo in Italy, 20 April 1822, Aged Five Years and Three Months,-'I shall go to her, but she shall not return to me. '-2 Samuel, xii, 23"
<mask> felt guilty about his neglect of the child after her death, he told Marguerite, Countess of Blessington, a few months afterwards:

Let the object of affection be snatched away by death, and how is all the pain ever inflicted upon them avenged! The same imagination that led us to slight or overlook their sufferings, now that they are forever lost to us, magnifies their estimable qualities ... How did I feel this when my daughter, Allegra, died! While she lived, her existence never seemed necessary to my happiness; but no sooner did I lose her,

masks: Byron Byron Byron Byron Byron Byron Byron


title: Allegra Byron

texts:
 than it appeared to me as if I could not live without her. Clairmont accused <mask> of murdering Allegra and demanded that <mask> send her a portrait of Allegra, a lock of the child's hair, and that she be placed in charge of the funeral arrangements. In the end, though, Clairmont could not bear to see Allegra's coffin or to hold a funeral service for her daughter. She blamed <mask> for the rest of her life for Allegra's death.Because of the child's illegitimacy, John William Cunningham, rector of St Mary's Church, Harrow on the Hill refused to place a plaque on Allegra's grave; he permitted her only to be buried at the entrance of the church without a marker. Henry Drury conducted the funeral service. In 1980, The Byron Society placed a memorial plaque for Allegra at Harrow, inscribed with words from a letter <mask> wrote to Shelley after her death: "I suppose that Time will do his usual work... – Death has done his." The memory of Allegra haunted Shelley; before his own death by drowning in July 1822, Shelley had a vision of the dead child in which she rose naked from the sea, laughed, clapped her hands, and beckoned to him. He also immortalised the toddler as Count Maddalo's child in his 1819 poem Julian and Maddalo: A Conversation:

A lovelier toy sweet Nature never made;
A serious, subtle, wild, yet gentle being;
Graceful without design, and unforeseeing;
With eyes – O speak not of her eyes! which seem
Twin mirrors of Italian heaven, yet gleam
With such deep meaning as we never see
But in the human countenance. In the next stanza he imagines her grown to a woman: "A wonder of this earth ... Like one of Shakespeare's women."References

Sources
Eisler, Benita, <mask>: Child of Passion, Fool of Fame, Alfred A. Knopf, 1999,

External links
Photo of Allegra's memorial

<mask>
1817 births
1822 deaths
19th-century English people
19th-century English women
Allegra
Daughters of barons
English children
English people of

masks:
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Byron
Lord Byron


title: Gabriel Matzneff

texts:
<mask> (born 12 August 1936) is a French writer. He was the winner of the Mottard and Amic awards from the Académie française in 1987 and 2009 respectively, the Prix Renaudot essay in 2013 and the Prix Cazes in 2015. He described his pedophile and sexual tourism activities in several of his books as well as on his official website, and discussed them on television appearances. Nonetheless, he remained sheltered from any criminal prosecution throughout his literary career and benefited from wide and enthusiastic support within the French literary world—all despite the fact that his books did not sell well among the general public. On 11 February 2020, French prosecutors announced that a criminal investigation had been launched. Matzneff was summoned to appear before a Paris court the following day. Due to the statute of limitations, the investigation will likely be closed without legal consequences.Biography

Family, youth and education
Matzneff's father was Russian and his mother Eugénie Russian-Jewish. The family settled in France after 1917. Although of Jewish ethnicity by custom, Matzneff was attached to Russian Orthodoxy. According to information available on his official website, "his parents divorced when he was six months old; throughout his childhood, he never saw them in the same room, and would often be separated from his sister Alexandra and his brothers André and Nicolas. It was a childhood tossed to and fro, overshadowed by family breakdowns and war. It was a childhood which still causes him very painful memories." His family raised him in a refined cultural environment, rubbing shoulders with such famous Russian figures as Lev Shestov and Nikolai Berdyaev.It is here he discovered literature and religion. Matzneff


title: Gabriel Matzneff

texts:
 create in May 1965.His first book, Le Défi, a collection of essays, was published in 1965. The following year he published his first novel, L'Archimandrite, which he had begun writing during his military service. During the 1970s, he made a number of trips to the Middle East as well as to Poland and the Soviet Union. During the 1980s, he made several trips to the Philippines where, as he described in one of his books, he raped pre-adolescent boys that he had picked up at Harrison Plaza, Manilla's main shopping center. The critic Pol Vandromme wrote in 1974 that he was "the most notable writer of his generation". In 1990, Matzneff joined Gallimard with the help of Philippe Sollers, who published his 1979–1982 collection of diary entries, "Les Soleils révolus". Gallimard paid monthly royalties to Matzneff until 2004.Gallimard, the leading French publishing group and <mask>'s historical publisher for 30 years, abruptly stopped marketing the author's books in early January 2020 and recalled his books from bookstores, less than two months after having published L'Amante de l'Arsenal, the last installment of Matzneff's diary. On 12 February 2020, police searched the headquarters of Éditions Gallimard looking for, among other things, unpublished manuscripts detailing Matzneff's pedophile activities. <mask> was the winner of the Mottard and Amic awards from the Académie française in 1987 and 2009 respectively, the Prix Renaudot for best essay in 2013 and the Prix Cazes in 2015. Child rape

Matzneff had long described raping children in his work; his diary Un Galop d'Enfer, published in 1985, stated that whilst in the Philippines he would regularly rape underage boys. He wrote that "Sometimes, I'll have as many as four boys—from 8 to 14

masks: Matzneff Matzneff


title: Gabriel Matzneff

texts:
 years old—in my bed at the same time, and I'll engage in the most exquisite lovemaking with them." In 1990, during an appearance on the French talk show Apostrophes, he was confronted about this by Canadian writer Denise Bombardier. Nevertheless, he remained sheltered from any criminal prosecution for decades, and benefited from broad support within the French literary world.At the end of 2019 one of his former victims, Vanessa Springora—the director of Éditions Julliard—published the book Le Consentement, describing the effect that Matzneff had on her at the age of 14. Her book ignited controversy over the tolerance of the literary milieu towards an assumed pedophile. This led Éditions Gallimard to withdraw their marketing services for some of his works, in particular Carnets noirs and Les Moins de seize ans, with other publishers to follow. At the beginning of 2020, the Paris prosecutor's office opened an investigation against Matzneff for "rape of a minor under the age of 15". According to newspaper reports in October 2021, unless there is a new development, the investigation will likely be closed without legal consequences due to the statute of limitations. Work

Diaries
The original title of the series, until 2009, was "Journal", both in editions of the Round Table, from 1976 to 1991, and in Gallimard editions, from 1990 to 2007. According to the general catalog of the National Library of France, from 2009, with the publication by Éditions Léo Scheer, the overall title was changed to: Carnets noirs ("Black Notebooks").Black Notebooks

Journal

Novels
<mask> is the author of several novels with the same hero, Nil Kolytcheff. These are: Isaïe réjouis-toi; Ivre du vin perdu; Harrison Plaza; Mamma, li


title: Gabriel Matzneff

texts:
 Turchi! ; Voici venir le fiancé; La Lettre au capitaine Brunner. - winner of the Cazes-Brasserie Lipp prize, 2015

Essays
  -

 . – This is a revised and expanded edition of La Caracole, a collection of texts from various sources, published between 1963 and 1986
  – reissued in the 1994 collection "La Petite Vermillon"
  – reissued in the collection "La Petite Vermillon"
 . – a collection of articles from various sources, published between 1961 and 1993

  – a collection of texts from various sources, published between 1962 and 2001
  – a collection of texts, from various sources, published between 1962 and 2003
  & mdash; a collection of 107 articles published between 1958 and 2007
  - chronicles appearances on television shows in the 1960s
  – winner of the  Renaudot Prize for essays, 2013

Stories
  – reissued in the collection "La Petite Vermillon"

Poetry
 The 37th edition of the journal Recherches, edited by Félix Guattari, contains a poem by <mask> in his dossier Fous d'enfance : qui a peur des pédophiles ? (which in English is "Crazy about childhood: who is afraid of pedophiles?")Other contributors: Luc Rosenzweig, Gilbert Villerot, Jean-Luc Hennig, René Schérer, Bernard Faucon, Guy Hocquenghem...), Éditions Recherches, 1979. Bibliography

 Lisi Cori, La Petite Fille et le Vilain Monsieur : Sur <mask>neff et le Consentement, 2021

References

1936 births
20th-century French essayists
20th-century French male writers
21st-century French essayists
21st-century French male writers
French diarists
French essayists
French people of Russian descent
Living people
Pedophile advocacy
People from Neuilly-sur-Seine
University of Paris alumni
Writers from Paris
Child sexual abuse in France
Prix Renaudot de l'essai

masks:
Gabriel Matzneff
Gabriel Matz


title: Jack Crossland

texts: John "<mask><mask> (2 April 1852 – 26 September 1903) was an English professional cricketer who played first-class cricket between 1878 and 1887. <mask> was recognised as one of the fastest bowlers in county cricket, but critics generally believed that he threw, rather than bowled the ball, a practice illegal in cricket. Contemporaries suggest that, but for the suspicions over his bowling action, <mask> would have played Test cricket for England. <mask> was born in Nottinghamshire, but qualified to play for Lancashire County Cricket Club through his residency there. He made his first-class debut for his adopted county in 1878 and reached his peak as a bowler between 1881 and 1884. His most effective year was 1882, when he headed the national bowling averages, claiming 112 wickets at an average of just over ten runs per wicket. The presence of <mask> and other bowlers with suspect actions in the Lancashire team caused some counties to refuse fixtures against them during the mid-1880s.In 1885, a ruling from the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) barred <mask> from playing for Lancashire as his qualification for the county had technically lapsed when he lived in Nottinghamshire outside of the cricket season. The ruling forced his retirement from county cricket, although he sporadically played other first-class matches for a few years. As a right-arm fast bowler, <mask> claimed 322 wickets in all first-class cricket at an average of 12.48. He claimed ten or more wickets in a match on six occasions. Primarily a tail-end batsman, he scored 1,172 runs with a top score of 51.

masks:
Jack
" Crossland
Crossland
Crossland
Crossland
Crossland
Crossland
Crossland


title: Jack Crossland

texts:
 Early career
<mask> was born in Sutton-in-Ashfield in Nottinghamshire on 2 April 1852. Employed as a coal miner, he was one of a number of Nottinghamshire-born cricketers who sought professional contracts in Lancashire.The Lancashire cricket leagues began paying the best players to appear for them, creating an exodus of cricketing talent to the county. <mask> first gained employment as a professional cricketer in 1876, with Enfield Cricket Club. In a single innings match against Burnley that season, he took eight wickets and conceded 88 runs (abbreviated as "eight for 88"). The following season he once again took eight wickets against the same opposition, finishing with figures of eight for 50. Towards the end of 1877, he was chosen to play for a "Gentlemen and Players XI" against Burnley in a benefit match for Burnley's professional John Melling. He took five for 10 in the match from his five overs to help his side win on first innings. In early 1878, <mask> improved upon his previous efforts, taking eight for 28 against Burnley.Lancashire professional
<mask>'s performances for Enfield drew the attention of Lancashire County Cricket Club, for whom he was qualified on the basis of residency. He made his debut against Yorkshire in August 1878. He was not required to bowl in the first innings, and after scoring one run, bowled eight overs without a wicket in the second innings. He took his maiden wicket in first-class cricket in his second match, against Kent. In another benefit match played for Melling, <mask> took eight for 60 for "Burnley District XI" against

masks: Crossland Crossland Crossland Crossland Crossland


title: Jack Crossland

texts: Burnley in September 1878. His first match for Lancashire in 1879 came in June, when he claimed four for 26 against Derbyshire; his best bowling that season. He claimed wickets consistently through the season, and finished with fifteen wickets from his seven matches at an average of 14.53.He only played three times for Lancashire in 1880, taking seven wickets at 16.28. He bowled with little effect in most of 1881, but took ten wickets in a match against Surrey at the Oval. Across his other six matches that year, he only claimed three further wickets, and completed the season with thirteen wickets at an average of 7.15. The 1882 season was <mask>'s best; though he started with a wicket-less match against the Marylebone Cricket Club. He took seven wickets against the touring Australians in early June, while in the following match, against Somerset, he took six for 7 in the second innings, to help Lancashire to an innings victory. He took five wickets in an innings on ten occasions during the season, including twice in a match against Middlesex, to claim ten wickets in the match. Playing a match for Liverpool and District against the touring Australians, he took his best bowling figures in an innings that season, claiming seven wickets for 72.<mask> took a pair of five-wicket hauls against Surrey in late August to finish with eleven wickets in the match. His final match of the season was a further fixture against the Australians, in which he took eight wickets in the match for the North. In all, <mask> took 112 first-class wickets at an average of 10.06 in 1882,

masks: Crossland Crossland Crossland


title: Jack Crossland

texts:
 topping the national bowling averages. Lancashire were recognised by some publications as being champion county, or more commonly as joint champions with Nottinghamshire in 1882, and in addition to <mask>, Lancashire's George Nash, Dick Barlow and Alexander Watson took fifty or more wickets at an average of under thirteen. Throwing controversies

<mask>'s delivery was the cause for much discussion throughout his most successful year of 1882, but despite a commonly held view that he threw the ball, umpires never called a no-ball against him for throwing in first-class matches. His bowling action during the match against Surrey at the Oval was the subject of significant complaints from the crowd, who accused him of throwing. During his bowling spell, he was heckled by the crowd, with shouts of "well-thrown" and "take him off", and he was later surrounded by Surrey supporters when he returned to the changing rooms.The Times addressed the issue in their match report, with a reminder that the umpires are the "judges of fair or unfair play", while the gossip columnist in Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game suggested that it was "very obvious and frequent infringement of the laws defining bowling", and that it was clear that umpires lacked the expertise and the bravery to no-ball a bowler. A week after the match against Surrey, the only Test match of the Australian's tour was played, also at the Oval. In his obituary in Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, it was suggested that were it not for the accusations of throwing against <mask>, he would have been selected for the


title: Jack Crossland

texts: match. Cricket agreed, submitting that due to Fred Morley's absence from the England team due to injury, <mask> was the obvious choice to replace him, as he was the best fast bowler in the country. Despite this, they said that his non-selection showed that his action was not deemed fair by the selection panel. The Morning Post went a step further, and claimed that as <mask> had demonstrated he was England's best fast bowler, he should be selected to play in the Test match if his action was deemed fair, but that if it was not considered fair, he should not be allowed to continue to play for Lancashire either. An article written for The Argus, a Melbourne-based daily newspaper, by an unnamed member of the Australian side in 1882 reported that <mask> bowled; "with a delivery so like a throw that I feel sure it would not be allowed in Australia; but, as we all know, throwing in England is just as common as bowling – more's the pity", and it was speculated that the Australian team would have protested had <mask> been chosen for the Test match.In 1883, Middlesex refused to arrange matches with Lancashire due to the perceived unfair bowling of <mask> and some of his teammates. Nottinghamshire had their own complaints, and protested to the MCC regarding <mask>'s residential qualification to play for Lancashire. During the previous season, a letter had been written to Cricket magazine suggesting that <mask>'s qualification for Lancashire was invalid, as they claimed that although he was engaged on the Old Trafford ground staff for the summer, he continued to reside in

masks: Crossland Crossland Crossland Crossland Crossland Crossland Crossland


title: Jack Crossland

texts: Sutton-in-Ashfield during the winter. <mask> was summoned to Lord's over the matter, but the Lancashire committee refused to send him, stating that he was playing for them that day. The protest was eventually dismissed, though the MCC noted that "it would be of value ... to have the evidence on both sides for future reference." Neutral umpires were introduced in 1883, and there was some concern in Lancashire about whether <mask> would be no-balled during the first match of the year. The match against Derbyshire featured one of the most highly regarded umpires, Thomas Brownhill from Yorkshire, and <mask> bowled without censure.In June that season, <mask> travelled as part of the Lancashire team to Lord's, to play against the Marylebone Cricket Club. The umpires for the match had been advised to be strict in applying the law on throwing, and it was noted in the press that <mask> had modified his bowling action, and no complaints could be made against it. The Daily News did suggest that "if [<mask>] always bowled as he bowled yesterday there would be no disputes about him—and he would not get many wickets." He generally continued to bowl effectively during 1883, and peaked towards the end of the season, claiming seven wickets in an innings against "The Rest" while playing for a combined Lancashire and Yorkshire side, another seven in an innings for Lancashire against Surrey, and the best bowling figures of his career, eight for 57 for the North against the South. During the match against Surrey, the complaints from the crowd were again strong, and such were the

masks: Crossland Crossland Crossland Crossland Crossland Crossland


title: Jack Crossland

texts: from Derbyshire, Kent, Middlesex, Nottinghamshire, Surrey and Yorkshire, but those from Gloucestershire and Sussex refused to sign it, along with Alexander Rowley from Lancashire. During the meeting, Hornby defended <mask>'s action, saying that "he had never seen <mask> bowl otherwise than fairly." As a result, Middlesex were joined by Nottinghamshire and Cambridge University in boycotting Lancashire in 1884. <mask> was strong again, and claimed ten wickets in a match on three occasions, first against Oxford University in late May–early June. In his next match, for the North against the South, he claimed seven wickets in each innings to record match figures of fourteen for 80. The crowd at Lord's followed the example previously set at the Oval, heckling <mask> throughout the match. He collected seven wickets in an innings again, in a match not classified as first-class against Leicestershire, and completed the ten-wicket haul with four wickets in the second innings.He faced the touring Australians twice during June, taking two wickets for the North, before collecting eleven wickets for Liverpool and District. The report in The Argus once again vilified <mask>, writing that "owing principally to the successful throwing of <mask>" the Australian first innings closed for 140. <mask> was named in the initial twelve-man squad for the first Test against Australia, which was played at Lancashire's Old Trafford ground. An official from the home ground chose the England team for each match. Lord Harris announced that he would not participate in the Test at Old Trafford


title: Jack Crossland

texts:
 if <mask> was selected. As a result, Lord Harris was withdrawn from the team and replaced by Tim O'Brien, although in the end <mask> did not play either. Lord Harris, who was both the captain of Kent and England in 1884, led the protests against throwing.He forced the retirement of two of Kent's bowlers, but was reasonably satisfied with Lancashire in 1884: for their match against Kent at Old Trafford, they dropped Nash, and by the meeting of the two sides in August that year, neither <mask> nor Nash were in the side. Lord Harris had hoped that this indicated that Lancashire were making efforts to "of [their] own free will, and without agreement with other counties, to place [their] eleven in an irreproachable position", though Lancashire later clarified that <mask> had only missed the match as he was suffering from a shoulder injury; while Nash's bowling was not suited to the hard pitches those matches were played on. Crowd protests against <mask> spread; there was trouble during matches at both Yorkshire and Derbyshire in 1884. Towards the end of that season, the London Truth reported that during a club match in his home town of Sutton-in-Ashfield, <mask> was no-balled by an umpire on account of throwing. Upon this, <mask> demanded the umpire retire from the match, and when the opposing captain refused, the match was abandoned. <mask> then announced, via the town crier, that his bowling would "pass unquestioned" in his next county match. Termination of county cricket career
In 1885 Lancashire once again were unable to face either Middlesex or Nottinghamshire

masks: Crossland Crossland Crossland Crossland Crossland Crossland Crossland Crossland


title: Jack Crossland

texts:
 as the two sides maintained their boycott.<mask> was chosen to appear for Charles Thornton's England XI against Cambridge University, in which he took seven wickets for 117. In late May, he took four for 52 and three for 51 against Kent at Old Trafford. When Lord Harris was clean bowled by <mask>, the Lancashire crowd "seemed fairly beside themselves with delight. Hats and coats were thrown up" according to the Manchester Guardian, which also observed that some felt <mask> had achieved his revenge against Lord Harris. After the match, Lord Harris, unhappy with the return of <mask> and Nash to the Lancashire side, requested that the Kent committee cancel the home fixture against Lancashire. The committee agreed with his argument, and Kent became the third first-class county to refuse to play against Lancashire. <mask> only played six matches for Lancashire in 1885 before, acting upon objections raised by Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club, the Marylebone Cricket Club ruled that he had breached his residency qualification by returning to live in Sutton-in-Ashfield during the winter period.Due to this, he was not allowed to play for Lancashire, effectively ending his first-class career. Nash retired from county cricket at the end of 1885 due to criticisms about his own action, and fixtures between Lancashire and Middlesex, Nottinghamshire and Kent resumed in 1886. <mask> played two further first-class matches, in 1886 and 1887, both for Charles Thornton's XI against Cambridge University. Later life and career
<mask> remained in Lancashire after his expulsion from


title: Jack Crossland

texts:
 their county side, playing for a variety of club sides; East Lancashire from 1885 to 1889, Church and Oswaldtwistle in 1890 and Colne in 1891. He also worked in a coal pit at Clayton-le-Moors. He died on 26 September 1903 in Blackburn. His burial was paid for by Lancashire County Cricket Club.Playing style and legacy
At his peak in 1882, <mask> was considered one of the fastest bowlers in England, and his yorker was described as W. G. Grace as being "exceedingly difficult to play." In his Wisden obituary, it was reported that "the majority of experts having no hesitation in describing him as a rank thrower." Grace was scarcely kinder, noting that he was "inclined to think that he ought to have been no-balled in every over." Despite the widespread opinion against his action, the umpires, themselves professional, were reluctant to no-ball him. There was a feeling in the press that the biggest fault lay with the cricket authorities; both the umpires and the MCC; The Daily News, echoed by Cricket magazine, said that "no blame can possibly attach to a bowler who continues a delivery which is habitual with him ... when the proper authorities decline [to signify] their disapproval of it." As a batsman, he was an aggressive tail-ender, while he was considered a good fielder with a long throw. In all first-class matches, <mask> claimed 322 wickets at an average of 10.95.He took ten wickets in a match on six occasions, and five wickets in an innings 25 times. He scored 1,172 runs with a high score of 51. Throwing in cricket came to a head in the early part of the

masks: Crossland Crossland


title: Alexander III of Scotland

texts:
<mask>  (Medieval ; Modern Gaelic: ; 4 September 1241 – 19 March 1286) was King of Scots from 1249 until his death. He concluded the Treaty of Perth, by which Scotland acquired sovereignty over the Western Isles and the Isle of Man. His heir, Margaret, Maid of Norway, died before she could be crowned. Life
<mask> was born at Roxburgh, the only son of <mask> by his second wife Marie de Coucy. <mask>'s father died on 6 July 1249 and he became king at the age of seven, inaugurated at Scone on 13 July 1249. The years of his minority featured an embittered struggle for the control of affairs between two rival parties, the one led by Walter Comyn, Earl of Menteith, the other by Alan Durward, Justiciar of Scotia. The former dominated  the early years of <mask>'s reign.At the marriage of <mask> to Margaret of England in 1251, <mask> of England seized the opportunity to demand from his son-in-law homage for the Scottish kingdom, but <mask> did not comply. In 1255 an interview between the English and Scottish kings at Kelso led to Menteith and his party losing to Durward's party. But though disgraced, they still retained great influence, and two years later, seizing the person of the king, they compelled their rivals to consent to the erection of a regency representative of both parties. On attaining his majority at the age of 21 in 1262, <mask> declared his intention of resuming the projects on the Western Isles which the death of his father thirteen years before had cut short. He laid a formal claim before the Norwegian king Haakon. Haakon rejected the claim, and in the following year responded with a formidable invasion. Sailing around the west coast of Scotland he halted off the Isle of Arran, and negotiations commenced.<mask> artfully prolonged the talks until the

masks:
Alexander III
Alexander
Alexander II
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Henry III
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander


title: Alexander III of Scotland

texts:
 autumn storms should begin. At length Haakon, weary of delay, attacked, only to encounter a terrific storm which greatly damaged his ships. The Battle of Largs (October 1263) proved indecisive, but even so, Haakon's position was hopeless. Baffled, he turned homewards, but died in Orkney on 15 December 1263. The Isles now lay at <mask>'s feet, and in 1266 Haakon's successor concluded the Treaty of Perth by which he ceded the Isle of Man and the Western Isles to Scotland in return for a monetary payment. Norway retained Orkney and Shetland until 1469 when they became a dowry for <mask>'s bride, Margaret of Denmark. Succession

<mask> had married Margaret, daughter of King <mask> of England and Eleanor of Provence, on 26 December 1251, when he was ten years old and she was eleven.She died in 1275, after they had had three children. Margaret (28 February 1261 – 9 April 1283), who married King Eric II of Norway
 <mask>, Prince of Scotland (21 January 1264 Jedburgh – 28 January 1284 Lindores Abbey); buried in Dunfermline Abbey
 David (20 March 1272 – June 1281 Stirling Castle); buried in Dunfermline Abbey

According to the Lanercost Chronicle, <mask> did not spend his decade as a widower alone: "he used never to forbear on account of season nor storm, nor for perils of flood or rocky cliffs, but would visit none too creditably nuns or matrons, virgins or widows as the fancy seized him, sometimes in disguise." Towards the end of <mask>'s reign, the death of all three of his children within a few years made the question of the succession one of pressing importance. In 1284 he induced the Estates to recognize as his heir-presumptive his granddaughter Margaret, the "Maid of Norway". The need for a male heir led him to contract a second marriage to Yolande de Dreux on 1

masks:
Alexander
James III
Alexander
Henry III
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander


title: Alexander III of Scotland

texts: November 1285. <mask> died in a fall from his horse while riding in the dark to visit the queen at Kinghorn in Fife on 19 March 1286 because it was her birthday the next day. He had spent the evening at Edinburgh Castle celebrating his second marriage and overseeing a meeting with royal advisors.He was cautioned against making the journey to Fife because of weather conditions, but crossed the Forth from Dalmeny to Inverkeithing anyway. On arriving in Inverkeithing, he insisted on not stopping for the night, despite the pleas of the nobles accompanying him and one of the burgesses of the town, <mask> Saucier. Le Saucier (who was either linked to the King's kitchen or the master of the local saltpans) must have been known to the King, since his rather blunt warning to the King lacks the usual deference: "My lord, what are you doing out in such weather and darkness? How many times have I tried to persuade you that midnight travelling will do you no good?" However, <mask> ignored the repeated warnings about travelling in a storm, and set off with his retinue and two local guides. The king became separated from his party near Kinghorn, and was found dead with a broken neck near the shore the following morning. It is assumed that his horse lost its footing in the dark.While some texts say that he fell off a cliff, there is none at the site where his body was found; however, there is a very steep rocky embankment, which "would have been fatal in the dark." After <mask>'s death, his realm was plunged into a period of darkness that would eventually lead to war with England. He was buried in Dunfermline Abbey. As <mask> left no surviving children, the heir to the throne was his unborn child by Queen Yolande. When Yolande's pregnancy ended, probably with a miscarriage,

masks:
Alexander
Alexander Le
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander


title: Alexander III of Scotland

texts:
 <mask>'s three-year-old granddaughter Margaret, Maid of Norway, became the heir. Margaret died, still uncrowned, on her way to Scotland in 1290. The inauguration of John Balliol as king on 30 November 1292 ended the six years of the Guardians of Scotland governing the land.The death of <mask> and the subsequent period of instability in Scotland was lamented in an early Scots poem recorded by Andrew of Wyntoun in his Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland. In 1886, a monument to <mask> was erected at the approximate location of his death in Kinghorn. Fictional portrayals

<mask> has been depicted in historical novels. They include:

The Thirsty Sword (1892) by Robert Leighton. The novel depicts the "Norse invasion of Scotland" (1262–1263, part of the Scottish–Norwegian War) and the Battle of Largs. It includes depictions of <mask> and his opponent Haakon IV of Norway. Alexander the Glorious (1965) by Jane Oliver.The novel covers the entire reign of <mask> (1249–1286), "almost entirely from <mask>'s viewpoint". The Crown in Darkness (1988) by Paul C. Doherty. A crime fiction novel where Hugh Corbett investigates the "mysterious death" of <mask> (1286). <mask> supposedly suffered a fatal fall from his horse. But there are suspicions of murder. The novel concludes that <mask> was indeed murdered "by a fanatical servant" of Edward I of England. The killer acting according to "Edward's secret desire to overwhelm and control Scotland".Doherty suggests that the personal relations of the two kings were strained by constant arguments, though this is not confirmed by historical sources. Quest For A Maid (1988) by Frances Mary Hendry. The novel depicts the life of Meg, her power-hungry older sister Inge, Lady Marjorie, Countess of Carrick and their part in securing the succession

masks:
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander III
Alexander III
Alexander III
Alexander III
Alexander
Alexander III
Alexander
Alexander


title: Alexander III of Scotland

texts:
 of Lady Marjorie's son Robert the Bruce to the Scottish throne. It includes depictions of <mask>'s death as "falling off a cliff" with sorcery as the cause. Insurrection (2010) by Robyn Young. This novel is the first of a series of novels primarily about the life and times of Robert the Bruce. However, it covers <mask> and the circumstances surrounding his death in some detail.Raphael Holinshed, in his oft-fanciful history of England in his Chronicles, stated that at <mask>'s wedding, a horrible monster, mostly skeleton but with raw flesh, appeared at the end of the procession and caused the wedding to be hurriedly concluded. This was, in tradition, an omen of death. Crusader (1991) by Nigel Tranter. This novel follows the minority of <mask> and his relationship with David de Lindsay. Tranter, who has written scores of historical novels spanning the range of Scotland's history, also wrote "Envoy Extraordinary" (1999) (about Patrick Earl of Dunbar) and "True Thomas" (1981) (about Thomas the Rhymer), both of which take place during the reign of <mask>, and in which <mask> is a featured character. Ancestry

Notes

Sources
Anderson, Alan Orr (ed. ), Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500–1286, 2 Vols, (Edinburgh, 1922), republished, Marjorie Anderson (ed.)(Stamford, 1991)
idem (ed. ), Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers: AD 500–1286, (London, 1908), republished, Marjorie Anderson (ed.) (Stamford, 1969)
.

.

Scott, Robert McNair. Robert the Bruce: King of Scots, 1869

Further reading

|-

1241 births
1286 deaths
House of Dunkeld
People from the Scottish Borders
Deaths by horse-riding accident in Scotland
Medieval child rulers
13th-century Scottish monarchs
Burials at Dunfermline Abbey
Scottish people of the Wars of Scottish Independence
Gaelic

masks:
Alexander III
Alexander III
Alexander III
Alexander III
Alexander III
Alexander


title: Ryan C. Gordon

texts:
<mask><mask> (also known as icculus) is a computer programmer and former Loki Software employee who is now responsible for icculus.org, which hosts many Loki Software projects as well as several new projects created by himself and others. <mask>'s site hosts projects with the code from such commercial games as Duke Nukem 3D, Shadow Warrior, Quake III Arena and many other free and open source projects for multiple platforms. <mask> has also created ports of proprietary software products to the Linux and Mac OS X platforms. These include being hired to port most of the Unreal Tournament series, some of the Serious Sam series, the official Postal series, some Tripwire Interactive and Coffee Stain Studios titles,  and Prey (2006). He has also been involved in porting several non-gaming products such as Second Life and Google Earth. Some, such as Candy Cruncher and Postal 2, have been published by Linux Game Publishing. He has also been described alongside Edward Rudd as being "instrumental" in ensuring the multi-platform nature of the Humble Indie Bundle initiatives.Biography

Personal life
<mask> grew up just outside Philadelphia, going to college in Charlotte, North Carolina where he currently resides. On January 3, 2010 he became engaged to his girlfriend <mask> and they were married later that year. On January 31, 2012 his wife gave birth to their first child, Olive Finch <mask>. He is also a founding member of the BareBones Theatre Group in Charlotte. Loki Software
In the summer of 1999 Loki Software ran a contest called "Loki Hack" at the Atlanta Linux Showcase, with the goal of improving the Linux port of Civilization: Call To Power. <mask> decided to give it a try, driving the

masks:
Ryan C
. Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Carrie
Gordon
Gordon


title: Ryan C. Gordon

texts:
 four-hour trip from his home to Atlanta. Loki was impressed with his work and decided to offer him a job.<mask> quickly rose to prominence at Loki, working as a developer on the game ports of Kohan: Immortal Sovereigns, Quake III Arena, and Eric's Ultimate Solitaire, as well as being the lead developer for Descent 3 and Heavy Metal: F.A.K.K.². In 2000 he also wrote several articles for the online Linux news and information website Linux.com. Around this time he founded icculus.org, made to provide hosting for various free and open source projects, and would later be used to support and continue some of Loki's free software projects and tools. While at Loki Software, <mask> picked his nickname icculus as a reference to the fictional character from Gamehendge in the song "Icculus" by Phish. Independent contracts
The upcoming closure of Loki forced him to seek outside employment. A friend offered him a job at his cybercafe, and he was forced to move in with his parents. Desperate to escape working a cash register for a living, he found the e-mail address of an artist working for the developer Croteam.They had recently released the first of their highly successful Serious Sam series, and <mask> asked if they would be interested in him building a Linux port. They agreed, and the port's first beta was released on December 5, 2002. From there he gained other contracts such as being hired to port Devastation and Medal of Honor: Allied Assault for Linux and America's Army for Linux and Mac OS X. He was also contracted by Epic Games to port their Unreal Tournament 2003 title to Linux and Mac OS X, with the port being included with the packaged Windows version. This business relationship

masks: Gordon Gordon Gordon


title: Ryan C. Gordon

texts: continued with the release of Unreal Tournament 2004, and followed from the original Unreal Tournament which was ported to Linux internally by Epic but was published by Loki. Upon learning about the release of Postal 2 in 2003, <mask> decided to contact the developer behind it wondering if they would be interested in him making a port of the game to Linux and Mac OS X. Loki had previously ported the original Postal to Linux, and he was interested in keeping the franchise compatible. Running with Scissors agreed, and the finished port was shipped on February 14, 2005, with Linux Game Publishing initially handling the publishing of the Linux version.Soon after he was contracted to make a Linux port for the Wolfire Games title Lugaru: The Rabbit's Foot, a business relationship that would later prove fruitful for <mask>. Around this time he was also contracted to build a Linux client for the online virtual world Second Life. Google also utilized his services, with him being contracted to make a native Linux port of their Google Earth application, with Linux functionality finally becoming available starting with the release of the  version 4 beta on June 12, 2006. In 2007 he was once again contracted by Epic Games to port their new Unreal Tournament 3 title to both Linux and Mac OS X. The Linux game server was released on December 18, 2007, but work was eventually abandoned on the Linux and Mac OS X clients for reasons which remain undisclosed. In October 2008 he made the surprise announcement that he had been working on a Linux client for the first-person shooter game Prey, after previously porting the game's Linux server in 2006. Although there had been some speculation about a

masks: Gordon Gordon


title: Ryan C. Gordon

texts:
 potential Linux release, it had been denied by the developer of the title in the past.The finished port was released on December 7, 2008. FatELF, Humble Bundle, and Steam
On October 23, 2009 he announced his plans to make a universal binary system similar to the one used on Mac OS X for Linux systems called FatELF. The project generated considerable controversy, with several Linux Kernel developers decrying the effort. <mask> announced that the project was on hold in early November 2009, later stating that he would be willing to work on it again if he receives help from an interested party. Around this time he also started to port the game Aquaria to Linux for Bit Blot. On May 11, 2010 he and Wolfire Games released the source code of his code branch of Lugaru under the GNU General Public License. He was also involved with the source code release of Aquaria, both of which were sold as part of the first Humble Indie Bundle, which was also hosted by Wolfire.He was then contracted to port Red Orchestra: Ostfront 41-45 to Mac OS X, stating that he could potentially port it to Linux if Steam ever released a Linux client. <mask> also generated some controversy that summer for his talk at the 2010 SouthEast LinuxFest titled "Anatomy of a Failure", where he criticized some aspects of the Kernel development process. He then ported Braid to both Linux and Mac OS X to allow it to be a part of Humble Indie Bundle 2, as well as porting the games Cogs and Hammerfight for later bundles. As part of this he ported the "Haaf's Game Engine" to Linux and Mac OS X, and released his port under a free software license. He also ported Frozen Synapse to Linux to be included as the primary part of the Frozen


title: Ryan C. Gordon

texts:
 Synapse Bundle, as well as Super Meat Boy and Shank for Humble Indie Bundle 4. During the rest of 2012 <mask> would work on several more ports for the Humble Bundles, including Avadon: The Black Fortress, Space Pirates and Zombies, and Psychonauts. He would also be involved in updating old releases as well as porting several new titles to Linux to be included as part of Valve's Steam Linux launch, including creating Linux ports of the games Red Orchestra: Ostfront 41-45 and Killing Floor for Tripwire Interactive.As part of the Humble Indie Bundle 7 promotion <mask> ported the title Dungeon Defenders to Linux, making it the first Linux native title to utilize Unreal Engine 3, the engine that debuted with the release of Unreal Tournament 3 back in 2007 which <mask> had unsuccessfully tried to port to the platform. In 2013 he created an unfinished beta port of Dear Esther to Linux to be included as part of Humble Indie Bundle 8. <mask> was one of the speakers at the first ever Steam Dev Days, where he outlined how to port a game to Linux and to SteamOS. In 2014 he ported the games Goat Simulator and Sanctum 2 to Linux and Mac OS X for Coffee Stain Studios. On June 19, 2014 he released a new Linux port of LIMBO, a game that had previously been released for Linux using a CrossOver wrapper as part of Humble Indie Bundle V, something that proved controversial at the time due to it not being a fully native release. In order to accomplish this <mask> also had to port Wwise, the audio middleware that previously prevented a native port from being possible. icculus.org
icculus.org is <mask>'s personal website and a project incubator similar to SourceForge.net, Ourproject.org or GNU

masks: Gordon Gordon Gordon Gordon Gordon Gordon


title: Ryan C. Gordon

texts:
 Savannah.<mask> is often involved in the projects hosted on his site but not universally. The site hosts port or enhancement projects for games such as Aliens versus Predator, Jump 'n Bump, DONKEY.BAS, Duke Nukem 3D, Shadow Warrior, Freespace 2, Descent 2, Black Shades, Ken's Labyrinth, Rise of the Triad, Wolfenstein 3D, Heretic, Hexen, cooperative Rune, Quake II, the Build engine, Unreal (as an Unreal Tournament mod) and the Chzo Mythos. The site also hosts free software projects such as Neverball, ioquake3 and related projects, an attempted Visual Basic re-implementation, OpenAL for Mac OS X, and a Yahoo! Messenger client. It is also the host of the freeware CodeRED: Alien Arena project and has hosted code from the developers Blazing Games, Piga Software, Wolfire Games, and Bit Blot. Ported titles
The following is a list of all the software that <mask> has been involved in porting, except for his game server ports. In addition to these, he has also been contracted to provide technical assistance to Gaslamp Games, developers of Dungeons of Dredmor and Clockwork Empires, and helped develop but was not solely responsible for the Linux and OS X ports of Double Fine Productions' Costume Quest.Cars: Radiator Springs Adventures (Mac OS X, 2006)
 Hidden Mysteries Civil War (Mac OS X, 2008)
 Magic Match Adventures (Mac OS X, 2008)
 Go-Go Gourmet 2 (Mac OS X)
 Go-Go Gourmet (Mac OS X, 2008)
 Super Meat Boy (Mac OS X)

Loki Software

 Kohan: Immortal Sovereigns (Linux, 2001)
 Eric's Ultimate Solitaire (Linux, 2000)
 Descent 3 (Linux, 2000)
 Heavy Metal: F.A.K.K.² (Linux, 2000)
 Quake III Arena (Linux, 1999)

Unfinished ports (beta)

 Dear Esther (Linux, 2013)
 Medal of Honor: Allied


title: Ryan C. Gordon

texts:
 Assault (Linux)
 Devastation (Linux)
 Serious Sam: The Second Encounter (Linux)
 Serious Sam: The First Encounter (Linux)

Unreleased ports

 Unreal Tournament 3 (Linux / Mac OS X)

See also
 Michael Simms
 Timothee Besset

References

External links

<mask><mask>'s homepage

Video game programmers
Free software programmers
Linux game porters
Linux people
Living people
People from Charlotte, North Carolina
Year of birth missing (living

masks:
Ryan C
. Gordon


title: Martin Kamen

texts:
<mask> (August 27, 1913, Toronto – August 31, 2002, Montecito, California) was an American chemist who, together with Sam Ruben, co-discovered the synthesis of the isotope carbon-14 on February 27, 1940, at the University of California Radiation Laboratory, Berkeley. Biography
<mask> was born on August 27, 1913, in Toronto, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants. He grew up in Chicago. He received a bachelor's degree in chemistry from the University of Chicago in 1933 and obtained a PhD in physical chemistry from the same university in 1936. Thereafter he sought a research position in chemistry and nuclear physics under Ernest Lawrence at the radiation laboratory in Berkeley, where he worked without pay for six months until being hired to oversee the preparation and distribution of the cyclotron's products. Although carbon-14 was previously known, the discovery of the synthesis of carbon-14 occurred at Berkeley when <mask> and Ruben bombarded graphite in the cyclotron in hopes of producing a radioactive isotope of carbon that could be used as a tracer in investigating chemical reactions in photosynthesis. Their experiment resulted in production of carbon-14.In 1943, <mask> was assigned to Manhattan Project work at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where he worked briefly before returning to Berkeley. He was fired from Berkeley in 1945 after being accused of leaking nuclear weapons secrets to Russia, and for a time was unable to obtain an academic position, until being hired by Arthur Holly Compton to run the cyclotron program in the medical school of Washington University at St. Louis. <mask> taught the faculty how to use radioactive tracer materials in research, and his own interests gradually shifted into

masks:
Martin David Kamen
Kamen
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title: Martin Kamen

texts:
 biochemistry. In 1957, he moved to Brandeis University in Massachusetts, and in 1961 he joined the University of California, San Diego, where he remained until his retirement in 1978. <mask> died August 31, 2002, at the age of 89 in Montecito (Santa Barbara), California. He was a longtime resident of Casa Dorinda retirement home, where he was well-liked and admired for helping others. Scientific contributions
By bombarding matter with particles in the cyclotron, radioactive isotopes such as carbon-14, were generated.Using carbon-14, the order of events in biochemical reactions could be elucidated, showing the precursors of a particular biochemical product, revealing the network of reactions that constitute life. <mask> is credited with confirming that all of the oxygen released in photosynthesis comes from water, not carbon dioxide. He also studied the role of molybdenum in biological nitrogen fixation, the biochemistry of cytochromes and their role in photosynthesis and metabolism, the role of iron in the activity of porphyrin compounds in plants and animals, and calcium exchange in cancerous tumors. Controversies

Accusations of Communist spy activity
<mask> came under long-term suspicion of espionage activity beginning in 1944. He described his experiences during this era in his autobiography, Radiant Science, Dark Politics. He first aroused suspicion while working at Oak Ridge. A cyclotron operator prepared radioactive sodium for an experiment, and <mask> was surprised that the resulting sodium had a purple glow, indicating it was much more intensely radioactive than could be produced in a cyclotron.<mask> recognized immediately that the sodium must have been irradiated in a nuclear reactor

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title: Martin Kamen

texts:
 elsewhere in the facility. Because of wartime secrecy, he had not been aware of the reactor's existence. He excitedly told his colleagues about his discovery. Shortly thereafter, an investigation was launched to find out who had leaked the information to <mask>. After returning to Berkeley, <mask> met two Russian officials at a party given by his friend, the violinist Isaac Stern, whom he sometimes accompanied as a viola player in social evenings of chamber music. The Russians were Grigory Kheifets and Grigory Kasparov, posted as undercover KGB officers in the Soviet Union's San Francisco consulate. One of them asked <mask> for assistance in getting experimental radiation treatment for a colleague with leukemia.<mask> made inquiries, and in appreciation the official invited him for dinner at a local restaurant. In the aftermath of the Oak Ridge incident, <mask> was under continuing surveillance by FBI agents who observed the July 1, 1944 dinner, where <mask> was alleged to have discussed atomic research with Kheifets. <mask> lost his Berkeley position shortly afterwards. The House Committee on Un-American Activities summoned <mask> to testify in 1948. Subsequently the State Department refused to issue him a passport. In 1951 the Chicago Tribune named him as a suspected spy. <mask> attempted suicide.After a 10-year effort to establish his innocence and prove that he had been blacklisted as a security risk, he won a libel suit against the Tribune in 1955 and was able once again to obtain a passport. Recognitions
<mask> became Guggenheim Fellowship recipient in 1956 and two years later he became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1958. In 1962, <mask> was elected as a member of

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title: Martin Kamen

texts:
 the National Academy of Sciences. On April 24, 1996, he became a winner of the Enrico Fermi Award. He was awarded the 1989 Albert Einstein World Award of Science. Books
<mask>, <mask>. Radiant Science, Dark Politics: A Memoir of the Nuclear Age, Foreword by Edwin M. McMillan, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985. .

References

Report of January 11, 1944, FBI Silvermaster File, serial 3378. US House of Representatives, 80th Congress, Special Session, Committee on Un-American Activities, Report on Soviet Espionage Activities in Connection with the Atom Bomb, September 28, 1948 (US Gov.Printing Office) pp. 181, 182. "Comintern Apparatus Summary Report". "The Shameful Years: Thirty Years of Soviet Espionage in the United States," December 30, 1951, U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities, 39–40. John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America, Yale University Press (1999), pgs. 232, 236. External links
<mask> David <mask> Papers MSS 98.Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library. <mask> on Atomic Heritage Foundation

1913 births
2002 deaths
Scientists from Toronto
University of Chicago alumni
Scientists from Chicago
University of California, San Diego faculty
American biochemists
Nuclear secrecy
Manhattan Project people
Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates
Enrico Fermi Award recipients
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Canadian people of Russian descent
American physical chemists
Venona project
Jewish American scientists
Canadian emigrants to

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Martin D
Martin
Kamen
Martin Kamen


title: Larry Nickel

texts:
<mask> (born March 12, 1952) is a Canadian composer, conductor, music publisher and singer who devotes much of his focus to choral music. He is an associate composer of the Canadian Music Centre. and has composed for a wide spectrum of genres; electronic and computer music, string quartet, woodwind and brass quintet, Symphony Orchestra, Symphonic Wind Ensemble and choral ensembles, including both secular and ecclesiastical music. Primarily, he has written and arranged hundreds of compositions for choirs. <mask> also works as a choral clinician, occasional university professor, music minister, guest conductor and music festival adjudicator. <mask> sang professionally with the Vancouver Chamber Choir  for six years, directed the Jubilate Vocal Ensemble for five years, and is currently singing with the Vancouver Cantata Singers. In 2010 <mask> became the owner and co-editor (with Diane Loomer) of Cypress Choral Music Publishing.<mask>'s music is published by Oxford University Press, G. Schirmer, Shawnee Press, Pavane Publishing, Morton Music, Cypress Choral Music, Classica and Canadian International Music. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation - CBC Radio - has featured his music many times. Biography
Born to parents who became missionaries when he was eleven years old, <mask> studied music in  Kodaikanal India under the International Baccalaureate Program. He was given a chance to direct his high school chamber choir when he was 17. Upon returning to Canada, he formed a coffeehouse band with

masks:
Larry Nickel
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title: Larry Nickel

texts: friends called the "Sound of Light", which performed regularly in the Vancouver area for four years, made two LP recordings, and worked in recording studios as back-up singers for Dolores Claman ("Hockey Night in Canada" composer). He studied at Columbia Bible College, the University of British Columbia, and the University of Lethbridge. His Master of Music degree was completed at the University of Western Washington in 1983.<mask> worked as a high school performing arts teacher for 25 years at the Mennonite Educational Institute. During that time he directed over 50 stage productions including several Gilbert and Sullivan operettas. In 1993 he won the International Association for Jazz Education award for "outstanding service to jazz education". His senior choir was selected two years in a row, 2001 and 2002, by Varsity Vocals' international search for the Best of High School Choirs. In 1989, <mask> almost died of viral encephalitis. Following a long convalescence, he says, "During that time of healing I committed myself to writing music that speaks to the deep questions of our existence." Christian convictions permeate much of his writing.Nickel and director Tony Funk founded the West Coast Mennonite Chamber Choir in 1990. Over the following fifteen years the choir recorded thirteen CDs, including over one hundred of Nickel's compositions, with proceeds from CD sales donated to Communitas Supportive Care Services, a charitable organization that works with mentally challenged people. In 2003,

masks: Nickel Nickel


title: Larry Nickel

texts: Nickel began a Doctorate (DMA) in Composition, which he obtained in 2007. He studied with Stephen Chatman, Dorothy Chang and Keith Hamel. His thesis involved writing a Requiem in thirteen languages. "Requiem for Peace" was premiered at the Chan Centre for the Performing Arts in December 2005 under the direction Bruce Pullan. In 2010 Bruce Pullan presented "Requiem for Peace" at the Orpheum theatre with the VSO and the Vancouver Bach Choir.In 2011 <mask> reset "Requiem for Peace" for chamber size forces and this version was premiered by the Vancouver Chamber Choir that November. Since then, Requiem for Peace has had many performances; Örebro, Västerås, Kiev, Corfu, Toronto, Halifax, Guelph, Magdeburg, Speinshart, Regensburg, Nördlingen, Bayreuth, Chicago, Goshen, Ottawa and in New York at Carnegie Hall. <mask> has received over a hundred commissions from groups such as the Vancouver Cantata Singers, Pro Coro Canada, Vancouver Chamber Choir, Vancouver Bach Choir, Elektra, Chor Leoni, Welsh Men's Choir, Salt Lake Vocal Artists, the Örebro Chamber Choir, Winnipeg Children's Choir, Pacific Mennonite Children's Choir, PODIUM honor choir, Halifax Camerata, Erato Ensemble, Canadian Tenors, Linden Singers, Faith and Life Men's Chorus, etc. His work has also been performed by Pinchas Zukerman, Ben Heppner, the NACO Woodwind Quintet, the Pacific Symphonic Wind Ensemble and the National Youth Orchestra of Canada. <mask> and his wife, Edna, live in Vancouver, close to their three children and six

masks: Nickel Nickel Larry


title: Tudor Parfitt

texts:
<mask> (born 10 October 1944) is a British historian, writer, broadcaster, traveller and adventurer. He specialises in the study of Jewish communities around the world, particularly in Africa, Asia and the Americas. Some of these communities have been recognised only since the late 20th century as having ancient Jewish origins. <mask> is Emeritus Professor of Modern Jewish Studies in the University of London at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), where he was the founding director of the Centre for Jewish Studies. He is now Senior Associate Fellow at the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies. He is Corresponding Senior Fellow of the Académie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-Mer, Koninklijke Academie voor Overzeese Wetenschappen, Belgium and is on the Board as chair of the Academic Advisory Committee of the Paris-based Projet Aladin and is on the Committee of Experts of the New York-based Global Hope Coalition. He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society in the United Kingdom.He was appointed Distinguished Professor at Florida International University in 2012 and Distinguished University Professor in 2018. He is Alumni Fellow at the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard College. In 2011 he gave the Nathan Huggins Lectures at Harvard College, which were published by Harvard University Press. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Wales in 1944, the son of Vernon (a headmaster) and Margaret (Sears) <mask>. He was educated at Loughborough Grammar School in Leicestershire, England. In 1964 he spent a gap year with Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO) in

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title: Tudor Parfitt

texts:
 Mukhabarat, during his trip.He describes these events in his first travel book, The Thirteenth Gate. In the early 1990s, <mask> conducted fieldwork in Yemen, researching its ancient Jewish community, and wrote a book on the subject. In The Road to Redemption, he said that the Yemenite Jews had emigrated to Israel as a result of extreme prejudice, persecution, legal disabilities and because of the rapidly changing economy of the Indian Ocean region. He also researched and presented a BBC documentary called The Last Exile on this subject. In 2002 he published his Lost Tribes of Israel: the History of a Myth. One of his themes is that the creation of Israelite and Judaic identities throughout the world, from the Americas to Papua New Guinea, was an innate feature of Western colonialism. Constructing unknown peoples as Jews was an insidious means of controlling them.In addition such constructed identities served as a means of explaining a wide range of religious and cultural manifestations. In some cases the colonial effort was supported by the idea that indigenous cultures were descended from the Lost Tribes of Israel. His work on marginal Jewish communities and aspiring Jewish communities throughout the world led to his being consulted by a Knesset select committee which eventually argued that the State of Israel should formulate new policies to address the aspirations of these 'lost tribes'. African Judaism

In 1984 <mask> was commissioned by the London-based Minority Rights Group to write a report on the Ethiopian Jews who had fled Ethiopia. They had migrated to escape persecution and famine, but were

masks: Parfitt Parfitt


title: Tudor Parfitt

texts: description of the ngoma was similar to that of the Biblical Ark of the Covenant.He observed that rabbinic sources maintain that there were two Arks of the Covenant: one the ceremonial Ark, covered with gold, which was eventually placed in the Holy of Holies in the Temple; the other the Ark of War, which had been carved from wood by Moses and was a relatively simple object. <mask> proposed that the Ark of War may have been taken by Jews across the Jordan River and, citing Islamic sources, suggests that they perhaps carried it as they migrated south, while under rule by Arab tribes. The Lemba claim to have brought their ark/ngoma from Arabia at some point in the past. In 2007, <mask> discovered an object he claimed was an ancient copy of the original ngoma. <mask> wrote The Lost Ark of the Covenant: Solving the 2,500 Year Old Mystery of the Fabled Biblical Ark (2008), documenting his findings. Associated documentaries were aired on Channel Four and the History Channel. The BBC reported that the discovery of the ngoma "instilled pride among many of the Lemba".In 2010 Parfitt was invited to address a symposium in Harare on the subject; attendees included the cabinet and vice-president John Nkomo. The ngoma has been exhibited at the Zimbabwe Museum of Human Sciences. Parfitt subsequently turned his interest to Jewish communities in India and the Pacific. His DNA work on the Bene Israel, the origins of whom were obscure, showed that they were descended from males from the Middle East, consistent with their oral histories of origin. These successes led other Judaising groups, including the Gogodala tribe of

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title: Tudor Parfitt

texts:
 Papua New Guinea, to seek help in determining their own origins. Other work
Parfitt's pioneering work has contributed to the expanding study of the spread of Judaism and Judaising movements throughout the African continent. Parfitt's other academic interests have been: the Sephardi/Mizrahi communities of the Muslim world, Jewish-Muslim relations, Hebrew and Hebrew Literature, Judaising movements, Jewish genetic identity and the discourses surrounding it, and Jews in Asia and Africa.He has published widely on the margins of the Jewish world. His most recent work is on the history of race as it affected blacks and Jews. His book on the history of race as it affects Jews and Blacks — Hybrid Hate: Conflations of Antisemitism & Anti-Black Racism from the Renaissance to the Third Reich — was published by Oxford University Press in 2020. <mask> has published over 100 articles and written, edited or translated 30 books which have been translated into fifteen languages. Publications

Books
<mask>, T. (2020) Hybrid Hate: Conflations of Antisemitism & Anti-Black Racism from the Renaissance to the Third Reich, Oxford University Press
Parfitt, T., Miles W. and Lis D. eds. (2016) "The Shadow Of Moses: New Jewish Movements In Africa And The Diaspora", Africa World Press. Parfitt, T. and Fisher N. (editor).(2016). "Joining the Jewish People: New Jews and Emerging Jewish Communities in a Globalised World", Cambridge Scholars’ Press. <mask>, T. (2014) and Fromm Annette B., "Gogodala: Transition and Revival" Patricia and Philip Frost Art Museum, Florida International University. Parfitt, T. (2013) Miccolli D. and


title: Tudor Parfitt

texts:
 Trevisan-Semi, E., eds. Memory and Ethnicity: Ethnic Museums in Israel and the Diaspora, Cambridge Scholars’ Press
 Parfitt, T. (2013) Black Jews in Africa and the Americas, New York: Harvard University Press
 Parfitt, T. and E. Bruder. (2012) African Zion: Studies in Black Judaism, Cambridge Scholars' Press. Parfitt, T. (2008) The Lost Ark of the Covenant, London/New York: Harper Collins.<mask>, T. and Egorova, Y. (2005) Genetics, Mass Media, and Identity: A Case Study of the Genetic Research on the Lemba and Bene Israel, London: Routledge. Parfitt, T and Trevisan-Semi, E., (2005) The Jews of Ethiopia: the birth of an élite. London: Routledge. Parfitt T. (2004) The Lost Tribes of Israel: the History of a Myth, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <mask>, T. and Egorova, Y., (2003) Jews, Muslims and Mass Media : Mediating the Other, London: Routledge Curzon. Parfitt, T. and Trevisan Semi, E. (2002) Judaising Movements: Studies in the Margins of Judaism, London: Routledge Curzon.<mask>, T. (2000) Israel and Ishmael: Studies in Muslim-Jewish Relations, London: Curzon. <mask>, T. and Trevisan-Semi, E., (1999) The Beta Israel in Ethiopia and Israel: Studies on the Ethiopian Jews, London: Curzon. <mask>, T. (1996) The Road to Redemption: The Jews of the Yemen 1900–1950. Brill's Series in Jewish Studies vol. XVII. Leiden: Brill. <mask>, T. and Abramson G., (1995) Jewish education and learning: published in honour of Dr. David Patterson on the occasion of his seventieth birthday.Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers. <mask>, T.,Kaplan, S. and Trevisan-Semi, E., (1995) Between Africa and Zion : proceedings

masks: Parfitt Parfitt Parfitt Parfitt Parfitt Parfitt Parfitt


title: Tudor Parfitt

texts:
 of the First International Congress of the Society for the Study of Ethiopian Jewry. Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute. <mask>, T. and Trevisan-Semi, E., eds. (1993) L'altro Visto Dall'altro. Letteratura Araba ed Ebraica a Confronto, Milan: Cortina Libreria. Parfitt, T. (1992) Journey to the Vanished City: the Search for a Lost Tribe of Israel, New York: Random House.<mask>, T. (1988) The Jews of Arab Countries and Iran, Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland. <mask>, T. (1987) The Jews of Africa and Asia, London: Minority Rights Group
 <mask>, T. (1987) The Thirteenth Gate : Travels among the Lost Tribes of Israel, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <mask>, T. (1987) The Jews in Palestine, 1800–1882, Royal Historical Society Studies in History (52). Woodbridge: Published for the Royal Historical Society by Boydell. <mask>, T. (1985) Operation Moses: The Untold Story of the Secret Exodus of the Falasha Jews from Ethiopia, London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <mask>, T. and Abramson, G., (1985) The Great transition : the recovery of the lost centres of modern Hebrew literature, Totowa, N.J.: Rowman & Allanheld. <mask>, T. and Kessler D. (1985) The Falashas: the Jews of Ethiopia, London: Minority Rights Group.<mask>, T. and Abramson G. (1983) Great tranquillity: questions and answers [Translation from the Hebrew of Yehuda Amichai's Shalvah gedolah]. New York: Harper & Row. Documentaries
 <mask>, T. (2015) <mask>itt and the Lost Tribes of Israel: (Secrets of the Bible: Season 1, Episode 5) Director Tim Gaunt
 <mask>, (2013) T. TED-X talk exploring Religion, Genetics and Identity
Parfitt. T. (2013) The

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title: Tudor Parfitt

texts:
 Lost Tribe PBS, WLRN channel 17 (about Parfitt's FIU Expedition to the Gogodala Tribe of Papua New Guinea): Director Tim Long
 <mask>, T. (2012) "The Black Jews of South Africa and the Lost Ark of the Covenant". (Issues of Faith) Director Eugene Botha. SABC. <mask>, T. (2008) Quest for the Lost Ark.Director Martin Kemp. Channel Four/ History Channel
 <mask>, T. (1999) To the Ends of the Earth: Search for the Sons of Abraham. Director Chris Hale. Channel Four / NOVA
 Parfitt, T. (1993) The Longest Exile, BBC Producer Julian Hale
 <mask>, T. (1992) King Solomon’s Tribe, BBC Producer Julian Hale
 <mask>, T. (1988) The Twice Promised Land, Three-part documentary to mark the 40th anniversary of the State of Israel, BBC, Producer Steve Sackur

References

External links
 Nova Program on <mask>'s Remarkable Journey

British anthropologists
1944 births
Welsh Africanists
Historians of Africa
British historians
Historians of Jews and Judaism
Living people
People educated at Loughborough Grammar School
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Academics of SOAS University of London
University of Toronto faculty
Academics of the University of Southampton
People associated with The Institute for Cultural Research
Fellows of the Royal Historical

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Tudor Parfitt


title: Pausanias the Regent

texts:
 Pausanias removed from Greek command, with his Athenian counterpart Themistocles publicly ostracizing him as a threat to democracy. A. R. Burn speculates that Spartans became concerned with Pausanias' innovatory views on freeing the Helots. Death

According to Thucydides, Diodorus and Polyaenus, pursued by ephors, Pausanias took refuge in the temple of  Athena "of the Brazen House" (Χαλκίοικος, Chalkioikos) (located in the acropolis of Sparta).Pausanias' mother Theano () immediately went to the temple, and laid a brick at the door saying: "Unworthy to be a Spartan, you are not my son", (According to ). Following the mother's example, the Spartans blocked the doorway with bricks and forced Pausanias to die of starvation. After Pausanias' body was turned over to relatives for burial, the divinity through the Oracle of Delphi showed displeasure at the violation of the sanctity of suppliants. The oracle said that <mask> demanded return of the suppliant. Unable to carry out the injunction of the goddess, the Spartans set up two bronze statues of Pausanias at the temple of <mask>. Legacy

Pausanias is a central figure in the "Pausanias, the betrayer of his country a tragedy, acted at the Theatre Royal by His Majesties servants" by Richard Norton and <mask>e. See also
Cleomenes I
Themistocles
Thermopylae

Notes

External links
Livius, Pausanias by Jona Lendering

Ancient Spartan generals
Rulers of Sparta
5th-century BC Spartans
Spartans of the Greco-Persian Wars
Deaths by starvation
Medism
Battle of Plataea
Year of birth unknown
477 BC

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Athena
Athena
Thomas Southern


title: Mike Renshaw

texts:
<mask> (28 April 1948 – 17 February 2021) was an English-American football left winger. He began as a youth player with Blackpool before moving to the United States to join the Dallas Tornado of the North American Soccer League in 1968. He also spent time with Margate F.C. and Rhyl F.C. He earned two caps with the U.S. national team in 1973 despite not being a U.S. citizen at the time. Finally, he coached the Dallas Tornado in 1981. Playing career
<mask> grew up in Manchester before signing with Blackpool.He never cracked the first-team lineup but played regularly for the youth team against the likes of Manchester United, Liverpool and Everton. In 1967 at age 19, he answered a newspaper advertisement looking for top class young players interested in moving to the United States to play professional soccer. He sufficiently impressed Bob Kap at the trial to be offered a position with the Dallas Tornado of the newly established North American Soccer League. That team started pre-season training in Madrid, Spain in August 1967 before embarking on an unprecedented seven-month, twenty-nine-game world tour visiting over twenty countries. He gained a starting position with the Tornado during the 1968 season. At the end of the season, the league was in danger of collapsing and <mask> returned to England, where he gained a trial with Margate F.C. He played one game, a Southern Football League Cup tie with Ashford F.C.on 23 December 1968, but decided to return to the north of England. He then moved to League of Wales club Rhyl F.C. for the remainder of the 1968–69 season. He returned to the Tornado in the summer of 1969 and remained with it until he retired in 1976. In 1971, the Tornado won the NASL championship over the Atlanta Chiefs.

masks:
Michael Lawrence Renshaw
Renshaw
Renshaw


title: Mike Renshaw

texts:
 <mask> scored the winning goal in the third, and deciding, game of the series, the only outdoor professional championship ever won by a Dallas soccer team. In 1975, he was in the starting line-up for the Dallas Tornado against the New York Cosmos in Pele's first game for New York (a 2–2 tie) later that season he scored against Pele's Cosmos in a 3–2 Tornado win at Texas Stadium.On a personal level, he was a second team All Star in 1970 and an honorable mention in 1971 and 1972. <mask> was plagued with bad knees for several years and in 1976, doctors advised him that he could no longer play without risking lifelong damage. He took their advice and stopped playing professionally. In addition to his outdoor career, <mask> also played indoor soccer with the Tornado. He was named the MVP of the NASL's first ever indoor tournament in 1971. He led the tournament in scoring with two goals and an assist in two games. A few years later he scored a hat trick against Philadelphia Atoms in a nationally televised game and was then named to the All Tournament team during the 1975 NASL Indoor tournament played at the Cow Palace in San Francisco.<mask> went on to earn an 'A' coaching licence from the United States Soccer Federation, the highest qualification available in the United States. National team
In 1973, <mask> earned two full caps with the U.S. national team when he was called up for a tour of Europe. His first game was a 4-0 loss to Bermuda on 17 March 1973. He came on for Dave Coskunian. His second was a 4-0 loss to Poland three days later. In addition to these two games, he also played four games for the United States against under 23 national teams (Poland and Germany) and club teams, including Lazio in Rome, Italy. The U.S.

masks: Renshaw Renshaw Renshaw Renshaw Renshaw


title: Mike Renshaw

texts:
 Soccer Federation had failed to check <mask>'s citizenship before the tour, assuming that he had gained it since he had been in the U.S. for five years.They discovered that he was neither a U.S. citizen and was in the country with an expired work visa when the team went through the immigration check returning from Europe. Years later when asked if he knew he was ineligible to play for the U.S. <mask> stated, "Of course I knew, I just figures 'what the hell, I guess they know what they're doing'. I loved playing for the USA." Coaching
In 1977, Tornado coach Al Miller brought <mask> in as his assistant. In 1980, Miller quit the team and <mask> was promoted to head coach. Quietly, Lamar Hunt had decided to fold the Tornado at the end of the 1981 season and he was reluctant to spend much money on new acquisitions. The Tornado had also lost two of their best American players, Tony Bellinger and Steve Petcher (three had to be on the field at all times) to the new MISL (Major Indoor Soccer League).A 3rd American, and the team's leading scorer from the previous season, Njego Pesa held out for a new contract and missed all of pre-season and the start of the regular season. Thus the team was much weakened going into the 1981 season. <mask> lasted half the season but was fired on 4 July 1980 after the team, having started with two wins in their first three games, failed to win for sixteen straight games. <mask> remained in the Dallas area, raised a family and became involved in youth soccer. <mask> earned an "A" level licence from the United States Soccer Federation, the highest licence available in the United States. Post soccer career
<mask> did color commentary, with Norm Hitzges doing play-by-play, for the Dallas Sidekicks of the

masks: Renshaw Renshaw Renshaw Renshaw Renshaw Renshaw Renshaw Renshaw


title: Mike Renshaw

texts:
 Major Indoor Soccer League. He and Hitzges were nominated for an ESPY award for the best sports commentary of 1987 for covering the MISL title game on HSE (Home Sports Entertainment) (SIDENOTE: The ESPY Awards were not in existence until 1993).<mask> co-owned a wine-import business with former Tornado goalkeeper Kenny Cooper, Sr. and continued to have a strong interest in the antique furniture business. <mask> stayed very involved in the development of youth soccer in the North Texas area and coached at a well-known Dallas private school. <mask> coached the women's varsity soccer team to four consecutive SPC State Championships in 2014/15/16 and 17. <mask> was named, in an article in the Fort Worth Star Telegram, as one of the ten most influential people in North Texas soccer history (notation requested). He was also mentioned in a Dallas Morning News article as being one of the eleven best all-time Dallas Tornado players. (notation requested)

He died on 17 February 2021 at the age of 72. References

External links
 Dallas newspaper profile of <mask>
 Margate bio
 NASL stats

1948 births
2021 deaths
American soccer coaches
American soccer players
Blackpool F.C.players
Dallas Tornado players
English footballers
English expatriate footballers
English emigrants to the United States
Margate F.C. players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) coaches
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
Footballers from Manchester
United States men's international soccer players
Association football forwards
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) commentators
Place of death

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Mike Renshaw
Renshaw