title: Johnny Ashcroft

texts:
<mask>  (1 February 1927 – 19 May 2021) was an Australian country music and folk entertainer, singer, songwriter, and musician, who also recorded pop, skiffle, jazz, and disco as his alter ego, the Baron. He was married to fellow performer Gay Kayler, with whom he recorded on numerous occasions. Career

1927–1953: Early personal and show business background
As a child growing up during the Great Depression in Australia, <mask> lived in a bag shack with a dirt floor. An interest in indigenous cultures, in particular Australian Aboriginal culture, was possibly influenced by these humble beginnings. During World War II, <mask> began his career by playing a guitar and singing mainly bush ballads. <mask>'s first recording took place in 1946, was "When I Waltzed My Matilda Away". It was distributed solely for radio airplay.In the mid-1940s he traveled with vaudeville shows. While working in the Great Levante Show, he learned about show business traditions and the psychology of live performing from the Great Levante (Les Cole) and one of Australia's greatest vaudevillian comics, Bobby Lebrun. 1954–1972: Early recordings
In 1954, <mask> laid down his first commercial recordings. This was followed by his debut album Songs of the Western Trail in 1956. <mask> was the first Australian country artist to appear on Australian TV. In 1956, as the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (then Commission) began transmitting from its tiny Arcon Studio at Gore Hill, Sydney, <mask> wrote and sang the show's title theme, Crazy Cross. He also performed in the show, which was set in Sydney's Kings Cross, New South Wales, with actor Gordon Chater serving as its anchorman.In 1957, <mask> recorded Gordon Parsons's, "A Pub with No Beer". This 45rpm was also released in the US and during a beer strike in Canada. It was

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title: Johnny Ashcroft

type: original

texts: not only available on vinyl but anecdotally sold 110,000 copies in Australia, on plastic-coated cardboard records. They're a Weird Mob, recorded in late 1958, also included the doyens of Australian jazz: Graeme Bell, Don Burrows, John Sangster, George Thompson, Ron Falson together with Noel Smith from the Royal Ballet Orchestra. This skiffle song became <mask>'s first hit single. Although the term had not yet been coined, <mask>'s 1960 song, "Little Boy Lost", was Australia's first country-rock song. Again, it was arranged and recorded by jazzmen, including guitarist George Golla.This song, written by <mask> from DJ Tony Withers's idea, tells the story of Steven Walls who became lost from his parents' property at Tubbamurra near Guyra, NSW. Five thousand people, seven aircraft, together with Aboriginal tracker William Stanley, searched the rugged bush country, which was rife with dingos and deadly snakes. He was found alive and well four days later. The search for the Little Boy Lost continues to be Australia's biggest. At the height of "Little Boy Lost's" success, <mask> withdrew his recording from airplay out of consideration for the family of 8-year old Graeme Thorne, the victim of Australia's first kidnapping. His album Mostly Folk, recorded in the mid-1960s, was re-released under the title, Little Boy Lost and went Gold. <mask> was the first country artist in Australia to have gold records presented on stage, when three were bestowed simultaneously before a live audience in Tamworth, NSW, in 1971.During the ceremony, <mask> suggested that Tamworth might consider annual country music record-award presentations in that city. Consequently, two years later, in 1973, Tamworth began promoting itself as Australia's Country Music Capital. With Golden Guitars designed by John Minson, Tamworth

masks: Ashcroft Ashcroft Ashcroft Ashcroft Ashcroft Ashcroft


title: Johnny Ashcroft

texts:
 had started its journey to eventually become recognised as one of the world's top ten music festivals (2002). 1973–1990: Continued success
In 1973, <mask> and Gay Kayler (Kahler) commenced working together, performing at the Sydney Opera House when, four months after its opening, <mask> and Kayler topped the bill in a country music show presented by the Australian Festival Of Performing Arts. Eight weeks later they again starred in the Australian Variety Show in the main Concert Hall of the Sydney Opera House. Both shows were markedly different. They appeared eight times in this venue.In 1973 was the year <mask> and Gay Kayler recorded their Faces Of Love album. Each featured in solo performances and duets. That same year, <mask> recorded his fourth hit–an American pop song, Clint Holmes's "Playground In My Mind", which was a hit on the country charts. <mask>'s 1975 song "Holy Joe the Salvo", became the Salvation Army's 1975 Red Shield Appeal Song. <mask> also wrote Australia's first female trucking song, "My Home-Coming Trucker's Coming Home", recorded by Gay Kayler. It became a country hit, which was also programmed into general airplay. His 1978 And The Band Played Waltzing Matilda, included a faithful cover-reproduction of Fredrick McCubbin's 1889 painting, Down On His Luck.In another departure from modern country music, <mask> appeared on the album, A Time for Change, as his disco-singing alter ego, the Baron. The album also featured Gay Kayler, <mask>’s partner (and wife), as Lady Finflingkington, the Baron’s jazz-scatting eccentric consort. From this LP, the Baron released "Sixteen Tons of Hit the Road Jack" a 12-inch, disco single. In 1989, the milestone historical album, The Cross of the Five Silver Stars, featured <mask>, Gay Kayler, Bettybo and their musical director, Rob

masks: Ashcroft Ashcroft Ashcroft Ashcroft Ashcroft Ashcroft Ashcroft Ashcroft Ashcroft


title: Johnny Ashcroft

texts:
 (Shep) Davis. Death
<mask> died on 19 May 2021, aged 94. Discography

Albums

Accolades
During the fourth Australian Variety Artists MO Awards in 1979 1979 Mo winners <mask> received the first Male Country Entertainer Mo award–a performance award voted for by his peers. This was followed by a National Award For Service To Australian country music.He is to be found in Tamworth's Australasian Country Music Hands of Fame and Australian Roll of Renown. <mask> was awarded the Medal of the Order Of Australia (OAM) in 1991 and was a Fellow of the Australian Institute of History and Arts (FAIHA). Australian Roll of Renown
The Australian Roll of Renown honours Australian and New Zealander musicians who have shaped the music industry by making a significant and lasting contribution to Country Music. It was inaugurated in 1976 and the inductee is announced at the Country Music Awards of Australia in Tamworth in January. |-
| 1986
| <mask>
| Australian Roll of Renown
|

References

External links

 <mask> Facebook
 Gay Kayler
 Australasian Country Music Roll of Renown
 Australasian Country Music – Hands of Fame
 Little Boy Lost listing in No.1 Hits of 1960
 <mask> recordings in National Film & Sound Archives
Little Boy Lost 1960 hit version in National Film & Sound Archives

Tamworth Capital News Editorial
Oral History in National Film & Sound Archive
<mask>’s suggestion gave birth to the Australasian Country Music Awards
Kelly Fuller, ABC New England North West, interviews <mask> on 50th Anniversary 7 Feb 2010
Spencer Howson, ABC Brisbane, interviews <mask> on 50th Anniversary 5 Feb 2010
Tim Cox, ABC Hobart, blog re <mask> & Gay Kayler and 50th Anniversary 11 Feb 2010

1927 births
2021 deaths
Australian country singers
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
Yodelers
People from

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Johnny Ashcroft
Johnny Ashcroft
Johnny Ashcroft
Johnny Ashcroft
Johnny Ashcroft
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Johnny Ashcroft


title: Stafford Beer

texts:
<mask> (25 September 1926 – 23 August 2002) was a British theorist, consultant and professor at the Manchester Business School. He is best known for his work in the fields of operational research and management cybernetics. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Putney, London in 1926. At age 17 he was expelled from Whitgift School and enrolled for a degree in philosophy at University College London. But in 1944 he left to join the army, first as Gunner in the Royal Artillery, but he soon received a commission first in the Royal Fusiliers, and then as a company commander in the 9th Gurkha Rifles. He saw service in India and stayed there until 1947. Upon returning to England he was assigned to the Human factors Branch of Operations research at the War Office.In 1949, he was demobilised, having reached the rank of captain. He dropped the use of his first name "Anthony" when he was about twenty-one and persuaded his brother, <mask>, to sign a statement that he would not use the name <mask> which he also was given. United Steel
In 1956 he joined United Steel and persuaded the management to fund an operational research group, the Department of Operations Research and Cybernetics, which he headed. This was based in Cybor House, and they installed a Ferranti Pegasus computer, the first in the world dedicated to management cybernetics. SIGMA
In 1961 he left United Steel to start an operational research consultancy in partnership with Roger Eddison called SIGMA (Science in General Management). <mask> left SIGMA in 1966 to work for a SIGMA client, the

masks:
Anthony Stafford Beer
Beer
Ian Beer
Stafford
Beer


title: Stafford Beer

texts:
 International Publishing Corporation (IPC). He left IPC in 1970 to work as an independent consultant, focusing on his growing interest in social systems.Cybersyn
In mid-1971, <mask> was approached by Fernando Flores, then a high-ranking member of the Chilean Production Development Corporation (CORFO) in the newly elected socialist government of Salvador Allende, for advice on applying his cybernetic theories to the management of the state-run sector of the Chilean economy. This led to <mask>'s involvement in the never-completed Cybersyn project, which aimed to use computers and a telex-based communication network to allow the government to maximise production while preserving the autonomy of workers and lower management. Although Cybersyn was abandoned after Allende's death during the Pinochet coup in 1973, <mask> continued to work in the Americas, consulting for the governments of Mexico, Uruguay and Venezuela. Later activity

In the mid-1970s, <mask> moved to mid-Wales where he lived in an almost austere style, developing strong interests in poetry and art. In the 1980s he established a second home on the west side of downtown Toronto and lived part of the year in both residences. He was a visiting professor at almost 30 universities and received an earned higher doctorate (DSc) from the University of Sunderland and honorary doctorates from the University of Leeds, the University of St. Gallen, and the University of Valladolid. He was president of the World Organization of Systems and Cybernetics.Falcondale Collection

In July 1994 <mask> ran a

masks: Beer Beer Beer Beer Beer


title: Stafford Beer

texts:
 residential course at the Falcondale Hotel in Lampeter. Nine sessions were recorded as a video learning resource, and are collectively known as the Falcondale collection. They are available online at the Data Repository of Liverpool John Moores University. The sessions covered art, science and philosophy as well as the practical application of cybernetics in society, government, community, management and business. Transcripts were made of the discussions and are also available from the same repository. Family life
He was married twice, in 1947 to Cynthia Hannaway, and in 1968 to Sallie Steadman. His partner for the last twenty years of his life was Allenna Leonard, a fellow cybernetician.<mask> had five sons and three daughters, one of whom is Vanilla <mask>, an artist and essayist. She exhibited with Roger Kohn. Work

Management cybernetics
According to Jackson (2000) "<mask> was the first to apply cybernetics to management, defining cybernetics as the science of effective organization". In the 1960s and early 1970s "<mask> was a prolific writer and an influential practitioner" in management cybernetics. It was during that period that he developed the viable system model, to diagnose the faults in any existing organizational system. In that time Forrester invented systems dynamics, which "held out the promise that the behavior of whole systems could be represented and understood through modeling the dynamical feedback process going on within them". Cybersyn

During the administration of Salvador Allende in Chile, in the early 1970s, <mask> was closely


title: Stafford Beer

texts:
 the changing environment. One of the prime features of systems that survive is that they are adaptable.The VSM expresses a model for a viable system, which is an abstracted cybernetic description that is applicable to any organisation that is a viable system and capable of autonomy. Syntegration and Team Syntegrity
Syntegrity is a formal model presented by <mask> in the 1990s and now is a registered trademark. It is a form of non-hierarchical problem solving that can be used in a small team of 10 to 42 people. It is a business consultation product that is licensed out to consulting firms. The term comes from the words "synergistic" and "tensegrity". POSIWID

<mask> coined and frequently used the term POSIWID (the purpose of a system is what it does) to refer to the commonly observed phenomenon that the de facto purpose of a system is often at odds with its official purpose. In an address to the University of Valladolid, Spain in October 2001, he said "According to the cybernetician the purpose of a system is what it does.This is a basic dictum. It stands for bald fact, which makes a better starting point in seeking understanding than the familiar attributions of good intention, prejudices about expectations, moral judgment or sheer ignorance of circumstances." Awards
<mask> received awards from the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in 1958, from the United Kingdom Systems Society, the Cybernetics Society, the American Society for Cybernetics, and the Operations Research Society of America. Literature
<mask> wrote several books and articles:

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title: Stafford Beer

texts:
 1959, Cybernetics and Management, English Universities Press. 1966, Decision and Control, Wiley, London. 1968, Management Science: The business use of operations research, Aldus Books, London, Doubleday, New York. 1972, Brain Of The Firm, Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, London, Herder and Herder, USA.Translated into German, Italian, Swedish, French and Russian.1974, Designing Freedom, CBC Learning Systems, Toronto, 1974; and John Wiley, London and New York, 1975. Translated into Spanish and Japanese. 1975, Platform for Change, John Wiley, London and New York. Reprinted with corrections 1978. 1977, Transit; Poems, CWRW Press, Wales. Limited Edition, Private Circulation. 1979, The Heart of Enterprise, John Wiley, London and New York.Reprinted with corrections 1988. 1981, Brain of the Firm; Second Edition (much extended), John Wiley, London and New York. Reprinted 1986, 1988. Translated into Russian. 1983, Transit; Poems, Second edition (much extended). With audio cassettes: Transit – Selected Readings, and one Person Metagame; Mitchell Communications, Publisher, 2693 Route 845, Carters Point, NB, Canada, E5S 1S2. 1985, Diagnosing the System for Organizations; John Wiley, London and New York.Translated into Italian and Japanese. Reprinted 1988, 1990, 1991. 1986, Pebbles to Computer: The Thread; (with Hans Blohm), Oxford University Press, Toronto. 1994, Beyond Dispute: The Invention of Team Syntegrity; John Wiley, Chichester. Audio
 1973, <mask>. "Designing Freedom" The 1973 Massey Lectures RADIO CANADA INTERNATIONAL TRANSCRIPTION: E1121 "The Real Threat to


title: Stafford Beer

texts:
 all We Most Dear",E1122 "The Disregarded Tools of Modern Man",E1123, "A Liberty Machine in Prototype" E1124, "Science in The Service of Man" 1h 53:30. 1990, <mask>, "Forty Years of Cybernetics", Gordon Hyde Memorial Lecture at the Cybernetics Society in London, January 1990 (audio file: 1hr 27mins).Video
 1990, <mask>,  Stafford Beer at Monterrey Tec, March 1990 illustrated by Javier Livas
About <mask>
 1994, Harnden, R and Leonard, A. (Eds. ), How Many Grapes Went into the Wine: <mask> on the Art and Science of Holisitic Management; John Wiley, Chichester. 2002, Rosemary Bechler and Rob Passmore, "<mask>: the man who could have run the world", openDemocracy, 7 November 2002
 2003, Whittaker, David, <mask>: A Personal Memoir; (Includes an interview with Brian Eno) Wavestone Press, Charlbury
 2004, "Ten pints of Beer: The rationale of <mask>'s cybernetic books (1959‐94)", Kybernetes, Vol. 33 No. 3/4, pp. 828–842.https://doi.org/10.1108/03684920410523724
 2006, Jonathan Rosenhead, "IFORS' Operational Research Hall of Fame <mask> Beer", in International Transactions in Operational Research Vol 13, nr.6, pp. 577–581. 2009, Whittaker, David, (Ed.) Think Before you Think: Social Complexity and Knowledge of Knowing; (Selected writings of <mask> with life chronology), Foreword by Brian Eno, Wavestone Press, Charlbury

References

Further reading

External links

 Stafford Beer papers held at Liverpool John Moores University
 Designing Freedom, Regulating a Nation: Socialist Cybernetics in Allende’s Chile
 Stafford Beer Biography from Vanilla Beer

 Biography

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Stafford Beer
Stafford Beer
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Stafford Beer
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Stafford
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title: Stafford Beer

texts:
 of <mask> <mask> from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences

Organizations
 Cybernetics Society Memorial
 The Metaphorum Group – Developing Stafford Beer's Legacy in Management Cybernetics
 Systems & Cybernetics in Organisations (SCiO) – "focus on practice and members support activities." accessed 3 July 2009
 Introduction to the Viable Systems Model and use in Cooperatives
 Web site of the cybersyn project

1926 births
2002 deaths
Alumni of University College London
Cyberneticists
People educated at Whitgift School
British operations researchers
Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester
British consultants
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Artillery soldiers
Royal Fusiliers officers
Indian Army personnel of World War II
Royal Gurkha Rifles

masks:
Anthony Stafford
Beer


title: Tony DiGerolamo

texts:
<mask> (born Anthony M<mask> on March 9, 1966) is a comic book writer and screenwriter from New Jersey. Career
<mask> began his comics career in 1996 with the publication of his first comic book, "Jersey Devil #1", based on the Jersey Devil legend and several articles written in the South Jersey Courier-Post. It was published under his own imprint, South Jersey Rebellion Productions. Pencilled largely by Steven Cornicelli and inked by Bob Clark, "Jersey Devil #1" enjoyed modest sales. Replacing the art team, DiGerolamo recruited Dom LaGrutta, Jr. for the pencils and Donn Smith for the inks, giving "Jersey Devil #2" a cleaner look. Although the improvements continued to bring DiGerolamo and the SJRP strong local sales, comic fans largely ignored the comic. DiGerolamo's insistence on longer issues and multi-issue stories put a strain on his art team and forced him to recruit additional artists.Around 1999, DiGerolamo launched what would become a more successful comic book, The Travelers, which was eventually picked up by Kenzer & Company at issue #4. With the changes of art teams, Jersey Devil was dropped by Diamond Distributors after issue #7 due to low sales. DiGerolamo struggled to keep the comic alive publishing issues 8 to 12 in mini-comic formats. Now relieved of the financial burden of publication, DiGerolamo concentrated more on making The Travelers a success. The bimonthly schedule put a strain on artist Brian Dawson and the variety of inkers on the book, who included the Fraim Brothers. DiGerolamo also launched a four-issue mini-series called The Fix to coincide with a novel with the same character. By issue 9, Dawson could no longer

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. DiGerolamo
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title: Tony DiGerolamo

texts:
 (writer)
Bart Simpson #85: Angry Dad in The Last Beer (writer)
Bart Simpson #97: Bart Simpson Saves the Universe (writer)
Bart Simpson #98: Skateboard Renegade (writer)
Simpsons Comics #77: Homer vs. The Raccoon (writer)
Simpsons Comics #114: The Maggie and Moe Mysteries:  M is for Zirconia (writer)
Simpsons Comics #124: Angry Dad in The Roller Skate (writer)
Simpsons Comics #180: Angry Dad in Poppin' Mad (writer)
Simpsons Comics #182: Angry Dad in Changing the Tire (writer)
Simpsons Comics #183: Angry Dad in ATM Dad (writer)
Simpsons Comics #200: Moe Meets His Match (co-writer)
Simpsons Comics #226: The Bullies! (writer)
Simpsons Comics #229: The Moe and Otto Switcheroo (writer)
Simpsons Comics #230: Donut Detectives (writer)
Simpsons Comics #231: Bart the Rake (writer)
The Simpsons Winter Wingding #1: Angry Dad, Hot Cider in the City, Homer's New Year Resolutions (writer)
The Simpsons Winter Wingding #2: Otto's Gnarly Snowboarders Glossary, Brave Bart, Ralph vs. (creator)
Lethal Legacies Traps of the World Before 2006, Published by Goodman Games.(writer)
<mask>'s Complete Mafia for d20 West Coast Edition 2008, Published by The Le Games. (creator)

Filmography
Allergic to Cats 2016 (writer)
Mafioso: The Father, The Son 2004 (writer)
10 Cents a Minute 2001 (writer)
The Evil Within 1998 (written by)
Life with the Dice Bag  2004 (Actor: Self)

References

Comic Vine
Comic Book Data Base
Bongo Comics

External links
DiGerolamo's website
The Webcomic Factory
Hanging with the Super Frat on Pulse
The Travelers
<mask> interview at the New York Comicon
<mask>o interview with Super Hero Speak

Living people
1966 births
American male

masks:
Tony Digerolamo
Tony DiGerolamo
Tony DiGerolam


title: Giuseppe Ungaretti

texts:
<mask> (; 8 February 1888 – 2 June 1970) was an Italian modernist poet, journalist, essayist, critic, academic, and recipient of the inaugural 1970 Neustadt International Prize for Literature. A leading representative of the experimental trend known as Ermetismo ("Hermeticism"), he was one of the most prominent contributors to 20th century Italian literature. Influenced by symbolism, he was briefly aligned with futurism. Like many futurists, he took an irredentist position during World War I. <mask> debuted as a poet while fighting in the trenches, publishing one of his best-known pieces, L'allegria ("The Joy"). During the interwar period, <mask> worked as a journalist with Benito Mussolini (whom he met during his socialist accession), as well as a foreign-based correspondent for Il Popolo d'Italia and Gazzetta del Popolo. While briefly associated with the Dadaists, he developed Hermeticism as a personal take on poetry. After spending several years in Brazil, he returned home during World War II, and was assigned a teaching post at the University of Rome, where he spent the final decades of his life and career.Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Alexandria, Egypt into a family from the Tuscan city of Lucca. <mask>'s father worked on digging the Suez Canal, where he suffered a fatal accident in 1890. His widowed mother, who ran a bakery on the edge of the Sahara, educated her child on the basis of Roman Catholic tenets. <mask>'s formal education began in French, at Alexandria's Swiss School. It was there that he became acquainted with Parnassianism and Symbolist poetry, in particular with Gabriele d'Annunzio, Charles Baudelaire, Jules Laforgue, Stéphane Mallarmé and Arthur Rimbaud. He also became familiar with works of the Classicists Giacomo Leopardi and Giosuè Carducci, as well as with the writings of maverick author

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title: Giuseppe Ungaretti

texts:
 Giovanni Pascoli. This period marked his debut as a journalist and literary critic, with pieces published Risorgete, a journal edited by anarchist writer Enrico Pea.At the time, he was in correspondence with <mask>, editor of the influential magazine La Voce. A regular visitor of Pea's Baracca Rossa ("Red House"), <mask> was himself a sympathizer of anarchist-socialist circles. He abandoned Christianity and became an atheist. It was not until 1928 that he returned to the Catholic faith. In 1912, the 24-year-old <mask> moved to Paris, France. On his way there, he stopped in Rome, Florence and Milan, meeting face to face with Prezzolini. <mask> attended lectures at the Collège de France and the University of Paris, and had among his teachers philosopher Henri Bergson, whom he reportedly admired.The young writer also met and befriended French literary figure Guillaume Apollinaire, a promoter of Cubism and a forerunner of Surrealism. Apollinaire's work came to be a noted influence on his own. He was also in contact with the Italian expatriates, including leading representatives of Futurism such as Carlo Carrà, Umberto Boccioni, Aldo Palazzeschi, Giovanni Papini and Ardengo Soffici, as well as with the independent visual artist Amedeo Modigliani. World War I and debut
Upon the outbreak of World War I in 1914, <mask>, like his Futurist friends, supported an irredentist position, and called for his country's intervention on the side of the Entente Powers. Enrolled in the infantry a year later, he saw action on the Northern Italian theater, serving in the trenches. In contrast to his early enthusiasm, he became appalled by the realities of war. The conflict also made <mask> discover his talent as a poet, and, in 1917, he published the volume of free verse Il porto sepolto ("The Buried Port"), largely written on the Kras

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title: Giuseppe Ungaretti

texts:
 front.Although depicting the hardships of war life, his celebrated L'Allegria was not unenthusiastic about its purpose (even if in the poem "Fratelli", and in others, he describes the absurdity of the war and the brotherhood between all the men); this made <mask>'s stance contrast with that of Lost Generation writers, who questioned their countries' intents, and similar to that of Italian intellectuals such as Soffici, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Piero Jahier and Curzio Malaparte. By the time the 1918 armistice was signed, <mask> was again in Paris, working as a correspondent for Benito Mussolini's paper Il Popolo d'Italia. He published a volume of French-language poetry, titled La guerre ("The War", 1919). In 1920, <mask> married the Frenchwoman Jeanne Dupoix, with whom he had a daughter, Ninon (born 1925), and a son, Antonietto (born 1930). During that period in Paris, <mask> came to affiliate with the anti-establishment and anti-art current known as Dadaism. He was present in the Paris-based Dadaist circle led by Romanian poet Tristan Tzara, being, alongside Alberto Savinio, Julius Evola, Gino Cantarelli, Aldo Fiozzi and Enrico Prampolini, one of the figures who established a transition from Italian Futurism to Dada. In May 1921, he was present at the Dadaist mock trial of reactionary author Maurice Barrès, during which the Dadaist movement began to separate itself into two competing parts, headed respectively by Tzara and André Breton.He was also affiliated with the literary circle formed around the journal La Ronda. Hermeticism and fascism
The year after his marriage, <mask> returned to Italy, settling in Rome as a Foreign Ministry employee. By then, Mussolini had organized the March on Rome, which confirmed his seizure of power. <mask> joined in the National Fascist Party, signing the pro-fascist Manifesto of the Italian

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texts: Writers in 1925. In his essays of 1926–1929, republished in 1996, he repeatedly called on the Duce to direct cultural development in Italy and reorganize the Italian Academy on fascist lines. He argued: "The first task of the Academy will be to reestablish a certain connection between men of letters, between writers, teachers, publicists. This people hungers for poetry.If it had not been for the miracle of Blackshirts, we would never have leaped this far." In his private letters to a French critic, <mask> also claimed that fascist rule did not imply censorship. Mussolini, who did not give a favorable answer to <mask>'s appeal, prefaced the 1923 edition of Il porto sepolto, thus politicizing its message. In 1925, <mask> experienced a religious crisis, which, three years later, made him return to the Roman Catholic Church. Meanwhile, he contributed to a number of journals and published a series of poetry volumes, before becoming a foreign correspondent for Gazzetta del Popolo in 1931, and traveling not only to Egypt, Corsica and the Netherlands, but also to various regions of Italy. It was during this period that <mask> introduced Ermetismo, baptized with the Italian-language word for "Hermeticism". The new trend, inspired by both Symbolism and Futurism, had its origins in both Il porto sepolto, where Ungaretti had eliminated structure, syntax and punctuation, and the earlier contributions of Arturo Onofri.The style was indebted to the influence of Symbolists from Edgar Allan Poe to Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Mallarmé and Paul Valéry. Alongside <mask>, its main representatives were Eugenio Montale and Salvatore Quasimodo. Despite the critical acclaim he enjoyed, the poet confronted himself with financial difficulties. In 1936, he moved to the Brazilian city of São Paulo, and became a Professor of Italian at São Paulo University. It

masks: Ungaretti Ungaretti Ungaretti Ungaretti Ungaretti


title: Giuseppe Ungaretti

texts:
 was there that, in 1939, his son Antonietto died as a result of a badly performed appendectomy. World War II and after
In 1942, three years after the start of World War II, <mask> returned to Axis-allied Italy, where he was received with honors by the officials. The same year, he was made a Professor of Modern Literature at the University of Rome.He continued to write poetry, and published a series of essays. By then, Hermeticism had come to an end, and <mask>, like Montale and Quasimodo, had adopted a more formal style in his poetry. At Rome, <mask> mentored the poet Elio Filippo Accrocca, whose work was greatly influenced by <mask>'s. At the close of the war, following Mussolini's downfall, <mask> was expelled from the faculty owing to his fascist connections, but reinstated when his colleagues voted in favor of his return. Affected by his wife's 1958 death, <mask> sought comfort in traveling throughout Italy and abroad. He visited Japan, the Soviet Union, Israel and the United States. In 1964, he gave a series of lectures at Columbia University in New York City, and, in 1970, was invited by the University of Oklahoma to receive its Books Abroad Prize.During this last trip, <mask> fell ill with bronchopneumonia, and, although he received treatment in New York City, died while under medical supervision in Milan. He was buried in Campo Verano (Rome). Poetry
L'Allegria, previously called L'Allegria di Naufragi, is a decisive moment of the recent history of Italian literature: <mask> revises with novel ideas the poetic style of the poètes maudits (especially the broken verses without punctation marks of Guillaume Apollinaire's Calligrammes and the equality between verse and a single word), connecting it with his experience of death and pain as a soldier at war. The hope of brotherhood between all the people is expressed

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title: Giuseppe Ungaretti

texts:
 strongly, together with the desire of searching for a renovated "harmony" with the universe, impressive in the famous verses of Mattina:

A famous poem regarding the First World War is Soldati (soldiers), which emblematically and emotionally describes their feelings of uncertainty and fear:

In the successive works he studied the importance of the poetic word (marked by Hermeticism and symbolism), as the only way to save the humanity from the universal horror, and was searching for a new way to recuperate the roots of the Italian classical poetry. His last verses are on the poem l'Impietrito e il Velluto, about the memory of the bright universe eyed Dunja, an old woman that was house guest of his mother in the time of his childhood. Here is the end:

Legacy
Although <mask> parted company with Ermetismo ("Hermeticism"), his early experiments were continued for a while by poets such as Alfonso Gatto, Mario Luzi and Leonardo Sinisgalli. His collected works were published as Vita di un uomo ("The Life of a Man") at the time of his death.Two of <mask>'s poems ("Soldiers – War – Another War" and "Vanity") were made into song by American composer Harry Partch (Eleven Intrusions, 1949–50); and eleven poems were set by the French-Romanian composer Horațiu Rădulescu in his cycle End of Kronos (1999). Fragments of his poetry are set by composer Michael Mantler in Cerco un Paese Innocente, a work recorded in 1994. Austrian-Hungarian composer Iván Eröd used his poems in four of his works: "Tutto ho perduto" Op. 12 (1965), "Canti di Ungaretti" Op. 55 (1988), "Vox lucis" Op. 56 (1988–89) and in his last work "Canti di un Ottantenne" Op. 95 (2019), completed only several days before his death in June 2019.Published volumes
Il porto sepolto ("The Buried Port", 1916 and 1923)
La guerra ("The War", 1919 and 1947)
Allegria di naufragi ("The Joy

masks: Ungaretti Ungaretti


title: Giuseppe Ungaretti

texts:
 of Shipwrecks", 1919)
L'allegria ("The Joy", 1931)
Sentimento del tempo ("The Feeling of Time", 1933)
Traduzioni ("Translations", 1936)
Poesie disperse ("Scattered Poems", 1945)
Il dolore ("The Pain", 1947)
La terra promessa ("The Promised Land", 1950)
Un grido e paesaggi ("A Shout and Landscapes", 1952)
Il taccuino del vecchio ("The Old Man's Notebook", 1960)
Vita di un uomo ("The Life of a Man", 1969)

Notes

References
Alessandro Baruffi, in <mask>, the Master of Hermeticism, Translated in English, LiteraryJoint Press, Philadelphia, PA, 2018. Roberta L. Payne, "Ungaretti, <mask>", in A Selection of Modern Italian Poetry in Translation, McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal & Kingston, p. 198. John Picchione, Lawrence R. Smith, Twentieth-century Italian Poetry. An Anthology, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1993. Hans Richter, Dada. Art and Anti-art, Thames & Hudson, London & New York, 2004. George Talbot, "Alberto Moravia and Italian Fascism: Censorship, Racism and Le ambizioni sbagliate", in Modern Italy, Vol.11, No. 2, June 2006 (hosted by the University of Hull)
Finding aid to Luciano Rebay collection of <mask> at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. External links

1888 births
1970 deaths
Burials at Campo Verano
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism
Deaths from bronchopneumonia
Deaths from pneumonia in Lombardy
Italian essayists
Italian expatriates in Brazil
Italian expatriates in Egypt
Italian expatriates in France
Italian fascists
Italian male journalists
Italian military personnel of World War I
Italian World War I poets
Italian writers in French
People from Alexandria
Sapienza University of Rome faculty
Symbolist poets
University of São Paulo faculty
Italian male poets
20th-century Italian male writers
20th-century Italian poets
Male essayists
20th-century

masks:
Giuseppe Ungaretti
Giuseppe
Giuseppe Ungaretti


title: Stefan Bradl

texts:
<mask> (born 29 November 1989) is a German professional motorcycle racer. <mask> is best known for winning the  Moto2 World Championship. Then he made the move to MotoGP in 2012 with LCR Honda. While with MotoGP <mask> is best known for his performance in Laguna Seca in 2013 getting the pole position and finishing second in the race behind Marc Marquez and ahead of Valentino Rossi. <mask> finished the 2013 season 7th despite missing two races due to injury. This proved to be his highest ever MotoGP finish. <mask> is the son of former racer <mask>.He is currently contracted as a test rider for Honda in MotoGP and makes occasional wild card appearances and acts as an injury replacement. Career

125cc World Championship (2005–2009)
Born in Augsburg, West Germany, <mask> started his 125cc World Championship career in 2005 as a wild card for three races, competing in the 125cc German Championship with KTM. He took more wild card races in 2006, still with KTM. He had a terrible fracture when he was hit by another rider during practice for the 2006 Malaysian GP. Later that year he was competing again at the Red Bull KTM Junior. <mask> was offered by Alberto Puig to ride his Repsol Honda factory 250cc team for 2007; he withdrew after a couple of tests, but did not stop racing. Later, he joined the 125cc Spanish Championship with Blusens Aprilia, winning the title just five points ahead of his teammate Scott Redding.Later he took a couple of wild card World Championship races, with the same team. Additionally, from the 2007 Portuguese GP onwards Blusens Aprilia Team principal Raúl Romero placed him on a second bike with veteran Pablo Nieto, replacing Dutchman Hugo van den Berg. For 2008, rather than stay with Blusens Aprilia, he decided to ride for the German

masks:
Stefan Bradl
Bradl
Bradl
Bradl
Bradl
Helmut Bradl
Bradl
Bradl


title: Stefan Bradl

texts:
 Grizzly Gas Kiefer Racing, on an official factory Aprilia RSA 125. He took his first win at Brno, fittingly a track his father won at in 1991. Moto2 World Championship (2010–2011)

After moving up to the Moto2 class of Grand Prix racing in 2010, he went on to claim ninth in the championship, with one victory at Estoril. 2011 saw <mask> win four of the first six races, and maintained a healthy lead in the championship until Marc Márquez found significant speed halfway through the season. The championship seemed to be going down to the wire, with both <mask> and Márquez having a fair shot at the title with two rounds remaining.Márquez, however, suffered a heavy fall during free practice for the Malaysian Grand Prix, and was unable to race for the remainder of the season, due to eyesight problems. <mask> was therefore crowned the World Champion at the final race of the season in Valencia, Spain. MotoGP World Championship (2012–2016)

LCR Honda (2012–2014)
<mask> was signed by the LCR Honda team for 2012. He had a good season, running consistently in the top-10, with a best result of fourth place obtained at the Italian Grand Prix. He completed the season in eighth place, winning the Rookie of the Year award. <mask> battled consistently among the second group of riders in 2013, along with Valentino Rossi, Cal Crutchlow and Álvaro Bautista. The highlight of his season was a pole-position at the United States Grand Prix, at Laguna Seca, where he also finished second, achieving his first MotoGP podium.A crash towards the end of the season at the Malaysian Grand Prix – in which he broke an ankle – took him out of contention in the battle for fifth place with Bautista and Crutchlow. He closed the season in seventh place with 156 points. In 2014, <mask>

masks: Bradl Bradl Bradl Bradl Bradl Bradl


title: Stefan Bradl

texts:
 continued to ride for LCR Honda. However, on 2 August 2014, it was announced that Cal Crutchlow would join LCR Honda for the 2015 season and ride the factory-specification Honda RC213V. <mask> subsequently announced a move to the Forward Racing team for 2015, riding an open-specification bike. Athinà Forward Racing (2015)
For the 2015 season, <mask> moved to Forward Racing, riding a Yamaha Forward – where he was joined by Loris Baz, moving into the series from the Superbike World Championship. At the midway point of the season, <mask> had collected 9 points, despite missing his home race at the Sanchsenring due to injury.After the summer break, <mask> parted company with the team, following the arrest of team boss Giovanni Cuzari. Aprilia Racing Team Gresini (2015–2016)
In August, <mask> joined Aprilia Gresini Racing for the remainder of the 2015 season. His partnership with Gresini started with a 20th at Indianapolis, and scored his first points for the team, with 14th at Brno. For the 2016 season, <mask> was partnered by Spanish rider Álvaro Bautista. He collected 63 points, with no poles, fastest laps and podiums. He finished the season ranked 16th overall. Superbike World Championship (2017)
For the 2017 season, <mask> moved from MotoGP to the Superbike World Championship, riding a Honda of the RedBull Honda Team.He only raced 6 full rounds and 4 half-rounds; taking up 67 points and ranked 14th in the list. Return to MotoGP (2018–present)

EG 0,0 Marc VDS, HRC Honda Team & LCR Honda (2018)
In 2018, <mask> returned to MotoGP as a replacement rider for an injured Franco Morbidelli at EG 0,0 Marc VDS Racing in his home race at the Sachsenring. He made two wildcard entries for HRC Honda Team at the Czech Republic and San Marino rounds. <mask>

masks: Bradl Bradl Bradl Bradl Bradl Bradl Bradl Bradl Bradl


title: Stefan Bradl

texts:
 replaced the injured Cal Crutchlow at LCR Honda for the final two rounds, finishing 13th in Malaysia and 9th in Valencia. He collected 10 points total on the season, and was ranked 24th overall. Repsol Honda Team (2019–present)
In 2019, he was contracted as a test rider for the Honda works MotoGP team. He raced in the Spanish Grand Prix in Jerez as a wildcard entry and in the German, Czech Republic and Austrian Grand Prix as a replacement for the injured Jorge Lorenzo.<mask> finished 10th at Jerez as a wildcard rider. In his second outing as replacement for Jorge Lorenzo he finished 10th in Germany, 15th at Brno and 13th in Austria. In 2020, <mask> was called up as a replacement rider for Marc Márquez from the Czech Republic round onwards, while Márquez was recovering from injuries sustained in an August crash at the Spanish Grand Prix. In 2021, <mask> was a replacement rider for injured Marquez in the early season. He finished in positions 11 and 14 with two consecutive weekend races at Losail, Doha. <mask> also had a wild card ride in 2021 at Jerez, finishing in position 12. Career statistics

Grand Prix motorcycle racing

By season

By class

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Superbike World Championship

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

External links

Profile on MotoGP.com
Profile on WorldSBK.com

1989 births
Living people
German motorcycle racers
125cc World Championship riders
Moto2 World Championship riders
Sportspeople from Augsburg
Gresini Racing MotoGP riders
Superbike World Championship riders
Team LCR MotoGP riders
Marc VDS Racing Team MotoGP riders
Repsol Honda MotoGP riders
MotoGP World

masks: Bradl Bradl Bradl Bradl


title: Clive Charles

texts:
<mask> (3 October 1951 – 26 August 2003) was an English football player, coach and television announcer. He was one of five National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) coaches to win more than 400 games. Born in Dagenham, Essex to Grenadan immigrants, <mask> began his career with West Ham United, where his brother <mask> played. In 1978, he began playing professionally in the United States with the NASL Portland Timbers. He spent the last years of his career playing in the Major Indoor Soccer League, first with the Pittsburgh Spirits, then with the Los Angeles Lazers. <mask> spent his later life in the United States, coaching at the high school, collegiate and international levels in the Portland, Oregon area, primarily at Reynolds High School and the University of Portland. In 2002, he coached the University of Portland's women's soccer team to the national championship.He also coached the US Men's National Team to the semifinals of the 2000 Summer Olympics. In 2001, he was diagnosed with prostate cancer, of which he died in 2003. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 3 October 1951 in Dagenham, the youngest of nine children. His father was a merchant seaman originally from Grenada. He grew up in a working-class neighbourhood playing street football. Career

Playing career
When he was 12 years old, <mask> began playing with the West Ham United youth teams and signed with the club as an apprentice when he turned 15. He would sign with West Ham as a full professional when he turned 17 and joined the first team in 1970 as a defender.However, West Ham was stocked with talent and <mask> had difficulty finding playing time. In 1971 and 1972, he played two seasons on loan from West Ham with the Montreal Olympique

masks:
Clive Michael Charles
Charles
John Charles
Charles
Clive Michael
Charles
Charles
Charles


title: Clive Charles

texts: of the now defunct North American Soccer League (NASL). While with Montreal, he met his future wife Clarena, then a flight attendant flying between Montreal and England. He was also honoured as a second team NASL All Star in both of his seasons in Montreal. When playing time continued to elude <mask>, West Ham loaned him to Second Division side Cardiff City for the last 8 games of the 1974 season. Even though Cardiff City were relegated to the Third Division, <mask> chose to sign with the team and became its captain at the age of 23. Cardiff won promotion back to the Second Division in 1976.<mask> finished his career with Cardiff City in 1978, playing over 100 games and scoring 5 goals. In 1978, the NASL Portland Timbers bought <mask>' contract from Cardiff City. He remained with the Timbers through the 1981 outdoor season. However, injuries began to hamper <mask> and in 1981, he played only 4 games with the Timbers and did not return to the team the next year. In addition to playing for the Timbers' outdoor team, <mask> had played 9 games for the Timbers during the 1980–1981 NASL indoor season. His jersey, number 3, was retired by the Timbers after his death in 2003. He was honoured by the Timbers during a game against the Seattle Sounders on 24 June 2012 by a large tifo held up by the Timbers Army prior to the start of the game.At the end of the 1981 NASL season, <mask> moved to the indoor Pittsburgh Spirit then the Los Angeles Lazers, both of the Major Indoor Soccer League. He later admitted that "I hated it. But it paid the bills." In 1982, he was playing with the  when Jimmy Conway, a former Timbers teammate, called <mask> and told him of an opening at the Reynolds High School boys' soccer team in

masks: Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles


title: Clive Charles

texts:
 Troutdale, Oregon. He immediately retired from playing and moved his family back to Oregon. Coaching career
<mask> began his coaching as a young player in England, but he had no idea then the success coaching would bring to him. <mask> remained with Reynolds High School for three years before the University of Portland hired <mask> as its men's soccer coach in 1986.In 1989, the university expanded his duties to include both the men's and women's teams. He would continue coaching the UP teams until his death. In his last season (2002), the UP women's team won the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) championship. During his tenure as the men's coach, <mask> had a hand in beginning the career of numerous outstanding future players, including American men's internationals Kasey Keller and Steve Cherundolo, American women's internationals Tiffeny Milbrett and Shannon MacMillan and Canadian international Christine Sinclair. Other players include Yari Allnutt, Scott Benedetti, Conor Casey, Kelly Gray, Nate Jaqua and Wade Webber. In 1986, <mask> founded F.C. Portland, a local youth soccer club.The club fields numerous youth teams in local, state and national competitions. <mask> also spent several years as coach of the US U23 men's national team, culminating with the 2000 Summer Olympics. During this period, <mask> was battling prostate cancer, but continued to coach the US to a fourth-place finish in the games. He retired from coaching the U23 team after the Olympics, with a record of 23–11–13 (.628). He also coached the team to a bronze medal at the 1999 Pan American Games and third place at the 1997 World University Games. He served as an assistant coach of the United States men's national soccer team

masks: Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles


title: Clive Charles

texts:
 in the 1998 World Cup. In 1994, he worked as an announcer for ESPN during the 1994 FIFA World Cup.Death
<mask> was first diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2000, and underwent weekly chemotherapy treatments to treat the disease. He ultimately died of the cancer on 26 August 2003 in Portland. He was inducted into the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame that same year. He is interred at Mount Calvary Cemetery in Portland. See also
Merlo Field

References

External links
University of Portland Men's Team History
University of Portland Women's Team History
F.C. Portland
Sports Illustrated Profile of <mask>
1980–1981 NASL indoor stats
NASL/MISL stats
<mask>: The man who made Portland soccer grow tall- An oral history

1951 births
2003 deaths
English footballers
English expatriate footballers
West Ham United F.C. players
Cardiff City F.C.players
English football managers
English expatriate sportspeople in Canada
Expatriate soccer players in Canada
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
Montreal Olympique players
Portland Timbers (1975–1982) players
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players
Pittsburgh Spirit players
Los Angeles Lazers players
American soccer coaches
Portland Pilots men's soccer coaches
Portland Pilots women's soccer coaches
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from cancer in Oregon
English Football League players
Black British sportspeople
Footballers from Dagenham
Sportspeople from Portland, Oregon
Association football defenders
English sportspeople of Grenadian descent
African-American history in Portland, Oregon
African-American history of Oregon
American Olympic coaches
Soccer players from

masks:
Charles
Clive Charles
Clive Charles


title: James L. Holloway Jr.

texts:
<mask>. (June 20, 1898 – January 11, 1984) was a four-star admiral in the United States Navy who served as superintendent of the United States Naval Academy from 1947–1950; as Chief of Naval Personnel from 1953–1957; and as commander in chief of all United States naval forces in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean from 1957–1959, in which capacity he commanded the 1958 American intervention in Lebanon. As founder of the Holloway Plan, he was responsible for creating the modern Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps. <mask> was the father of four-star admiral and Chief of Naval Operations Admiral <mask><mask>. , they are the only father and son to both serve as four-star admirals in the United States Navy while on active duty, as opposed to being promoted to that rank posthumously or at retirement. Early career
<mask> was born on June 20, 1898, in Fort Smith, Arkansas to future centenarian <mask>. and the former <mask>. In 1904, his family moved to Dallas, Texas, where he was a varsity football tackle and a member of the debate team at Oak Cliff High School, from which he graduated in 1915. Unable to secure an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, his original ambition, he instead passed the entrance examinations for the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland and entered the Naval Academy as a midshipman in 1915.He graduated in June 1918 near the bottom of the accelerated class of 1919, ranked 149th out of 199, and later claimed that he had avoided flunking out of the Academy only because his class graduated early due to World War I. "I knew I would have bilged in mechanics." World War I
Commissioned ensign on June 7, 1918, <mask> was assigned to

masks:
James Lemuel Holloway Jr
Holloway
James L
. Holloway III
Holloway
James Lemuel Holloway Sr
Mary George Leaming
Holloway


title: James L. Holloway Jr.

texts:
 the destroyer , operating out of Brest, France as part of the destroyer force tasked with anti-submarine patrols against German U-boats in European waters. He made a poor impression almost immediately. "They never told me about the lack of space on destroyers. My baggage filled the whole wardroom. I was a very unpopular young officer for that."Nevertheless, he was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) in September. In January 1919, <mask> was assigned to the battleship , a tour that included duty as aide and flag lieutenant to Rear Admiral Frederick B. Bassett Jr. As the admiral's aide, <mask> visited Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay when Florida carried Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby and his party on a diplomatic cruise to South American and Caribbean ports in 1920. Inter-war period

In August 1921, <mask> was assigned to destroyer duty, briefly commanding the destroyer  before serving as executive officer of the destroyer  until June 1922, when he was promoted to full lieutenant and assigned as executive officer of the destroyer  for two years of sea duty in the Far East with the Asiatic Fleet. Upon his return to the U.S. in July 1924, he served as an instructor at the Naval Academy in the Department of Ordnance and Gunnery from August 1924 – June 1926, under successive superintendents Henry B. Wilson and <mask>. Nulton. In 1926, <mask> began a two-year tour aboard the battleship , over the course of which he received several departmental commendations for "contribution to gunnery efficiency" and had under his command the highest scoring  gun turret in the Navy, which set a record in target practice that remained unbroken for several years. From August 1928 to June 1930, <mask> was aide

masks:
Holloway
Holloway
Holloway
Louis M
Holloway
Holloway


title: James L. Holloway Jr.

texts:
 and flag lieutenant on the staff of Rear Admiral <mask>, chief of staff of the Battle Fleet and subsequently Commander Battleship Division Two. He remained <mask>'s aide for the first two years of the admiral's next assignment as President of the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, then had duty as assistant gunnery officer aboard the battleship  from June 1932 – May 1933.In May 1933, he was again assigned as aide and flag lieutenant to now-Vice Admiral <mask>, Commander Cruisers Scouting Force. He was promoted to lieutenant commander in June. In June 1934, <mask> began a year in command of the destroyer , flagship of Commander, Destroyer Squadron Three in the Pacific Fleet. "I made a beauty out of the Hopkins. I brought her up in appearance and gunnery. A friend of mine, the first lieutenant of the , helped me. This boy gave me an extra 200 gallons of paint every month.I made her look like a yacht." <mask> was transferred to the Navy Department in June 1935 for three years of duty with the Gunnery Section of the Fleet Training Division, then was navigator of the battleship  from 1938 until July 1939, when he assumed command of the cargo ship  and was promoted to the rank of full commander. World War II
In September 1939, <mask> became chief of staff to Rear Admiral Hayne Ellis, commander of the Atlantic Squadron, in which capacity <mask> directed the expansion and deployment of the Atlantic Squadron for Neutrality Patrol operations after the outbreak of World War II in Europe. In October 1940, <mask> was assigned as officer in charge of the gunnery section of the Fleet Training Office in the office of the Chief of Naval Operations, where he was serving at the time of the Japanese

masks:
Harris Laning
Laning
Laning
Holloway
Holloway
Holloway
Holloway
Holloway


title: James L. Holloway Jr.

texts:
 attack on Pearl Harbor. "We were busy as bird-dogs in those weeks following the attack. It's hard to describe just how much the workload moved up. We stopped all routine computation of training and competitive exercises that Fleet Training had been responsible for, and we went into expediting production and perfecting the performance of weapons."In the weeks following the attack, <mask> was one of three duty officers selected to stand the night watch at the Navy Department, alternating four-hour shifts with Captain Cato D. Glover Jr. and Commander Forrest P. Sherman. "One night, we got a report that there was a dirigible off New York. I put out an emergency on the whole East Coast." The supposed enemy airship turned out to be an off-course American blimp, but <mask>'s superiors approved his decision anyway. "After what had happened at Pearl Harbor, we went to general quarters in case of doubt." Operation Torch

<mask> had applied for immediate sea duty after the Pearl Harbor attack and on 20 May 1942, he assumed command of Destroyer Squadron Ten (Desron 10), a newly built and newly commissioned member of the Atlantic Fleet. Promoted to captain in June, in November he led Desron 10 in screening the landings at Casablanca during the opening stages of Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of North Africa.As one of three principal destroyer commanders in this operation, he received a Navy Commendation Ribbon with the following citation: "<mask> prevented the many enemy submarines in the area from delivering effective torpedo fire and, by his aggressive fighting spirit and courageous leadership, contributed materially to the winning of a decisive victory over the enemy." DD-DE Shakedown Task

masks: Holloway Holloway Holloway Holloway


title: James L. Holloway Jr.

texts:
 Force

Having gained a reputation for "unusual capacity for imparting enthusiasm as well as for organization", he was relieved of the command of Desron 10 on 8 April 1943, to lead the new Destroyer and Destroyer Escort (DD-DE) Shakedown Task Force that was being organized at Bermuda to systematically work up newly built destroyers and destroyer escorts before they joined the Atlantic Fleet. Arriving at Bermuda on 13 April aboard the destroyer tender , <mask> quickly established an efficient arena for drilling untrained crews in operations at sea. When newly commissioned ships arrived at Bermuda, their officers and men debarked for training aboard Hamul and ashore while their vessels underwent inspection and repair by task force staff. Ships then returned to sea to practice tactics and the use of their equipment, in daylight and in darkness, against towed surface targets and "tame" submarines. Task force staff handled all repairs and logistics, freeing commanding officers to focus solely on training their crews. At first, <mask>'s training program only covered destroyer escorts and a few gunboats, but his "Bermuda college" was so successful that it was expanded in September to encompass all newly built destroyers, and would eventually be extended to Canadian and British vessels as well.By the time of his relief on 14 November, 99 destroyer escorts and 20 destroyers had already graduated from the program and 25 other ships were being trained. The shakedown period had been reduced from six to eight weeks of haphazard preparation to only four weeks for destroyer escorts and five weeks for destroyers, with vastly superior quality of training. For this success, <mask> was awarded the Legion of Merit,

masks: Holloway Holloway Holloway


title: James L. Holloway Jr.

texts:
 whose citation commended his having "built up an efficient organization, turning over to the Fleet competent seagoing vessels and thoroughly indoctrinated personnel. His conspicuous success in fulfilling this important assignment and his skill in collaboration with other commands have contributed vitally to the effective prosecution of the war." Bureau of Naval Personnel
<mask> became director of training at the Bureau of Naval Personnel in Washington, D.C. on November 15, 1943, where he earned a second Commendation Ribbon for having "integrated the various programs into one efficient organization with the bureau the center of all policies and procedures. His able directorship and foresight contributed greatly to the successful expansion of the naval training program during this crucial year of war." <mask>'s sheer efficiency in this role worked against him when his request for sea duty was rejected by Secretary of the Navy <mask>. Forrestal, who ruled that <mask> should continue in the training job, "where you are hitting your peak."Forrestal finally relented in late 1944 and released <mask> for duty in the Pacific theater. USS Iowa

Holloway assumed command of the battleship , flagship of Battleship Division 7, in November 1944. Under his command, Iowa took part in attacks on Luzon later that month, shooting down many enemy aircraft, and participated in strikes on the Japanese homeland from March–July 1945. For commanding Iowa during these operations, he received a Gold Star in lieu of a second Legion of Merit, with the following citation: "With his vessel operating as flagship of several important striking and covering forces...<mask> rendered distinguished service throughout the intensive

masks:
Holloway
Holloway
James V
Holloway
Holloway
Holloway


title: James L. Holloway Jr.

texts: actions and, by his brilliant leadership and outstanding skill, contributed materially to the extensive and costly damage inflicted on the enemy." <mask> operated his battleship with characteristic flair, recalled Rear Admiral Ralph Kirk <mask>, who had been the maintenance officer responsible for repair work on damaged ships at Manus when Iowa arrived at that base to fix shafting problems on 25 December 1944. "<mask> was charging up the harbor with this big battleship, the biggest I'd seen, and I was getting more and more nervous." Alarmed, <mask> warned <mask> to reduce his speed before entering the drydock."'Oh no,' [<mask>] said...He got the ship just about halfway into the dry dock when he ordered full speed astern. The Iowa shook like a damned destroyer and stopped just where she was supposed to be." Unfortunately, the backwash from the engine reversal swept away the drydock support blocks from underneath the ship, and <mask> and his crew had to spend an extra three hours resetting the blocks before Iowa could dock. Afterward, <mask> discovered a grey streak in his hair. "I can tell you the moment it was born: when <mask> pulled his high-speed throttle-jockey stunt on me." Despite being captain of the premier surface vessel in the U.S. Navy, <mask> recognized that naval aviation had become dominant. Soon after assuming command of Iowa, he wrote an urgent letter to his son, Lieutenant <mask><mask> III, who was following in his father's footsteps as a junior officer on a destroyer, to advise the young lieutenant to abandon his promising career in the surface Navy to become a naval aviator as soon as possible."The war in the Pacific is being won by the carriers. The future of the U.S. Navy

masks:
Holloway
James
Jimmy Holloway
James
Holloway
Holloway
James
James
Holloway
Holloway
James L
. Holloway


title: James L. Holloway Jr.

texts:
 lies in naval aviation." Lieutenant <mask> promptly applied for flight training and went on to captain the nuclear aircraft carrier , the premier aviation vessel of its era. Demobilization
Promoted to rear admiral, <mask> reported as Commander, Fleet Training Command, Pacific Fleet on 8 August 1945. He was detached from that command less than two months later, on 26 September, to take charge of the Navy's troubled postwar demobilization. Rear Admiral William M. Fechteler, Assistant Chief of Naval Personnel, informed <mask> that demobilization in the Pacific was "completely chaotic," and ordered <mask> to take charge of the effort with the hastily created title of Assistant Chief of Naval Personnel for Demobilization. <mask> immediately conducted a quick inspection tour of West Coast demobilization centers and concluded that the biggest problem was understaffing at the receiving facilities, which lacked the personnel to process the paperwork for the flood of returning servicemen.To alleviate this bottleneck, <mask> augmented the demobilization center staffs with yeomen, disbursing clerks, and anyone else who could read a form. However, after the Pacific returnees had been processed and discharged, they still had to be transported overland from their West Coast debarkation ports to their homes, the vast majority of which were located east of the Rocky Mountains. <mask> deputized subordinate Howard "Red" Yeager as director of rail transportation for the Navy, and Yeager worked with the Association of American Railroads to assemble the necessary rolling stock from scratch. "I think they reached as low as the Toonerville trolley," <mask> recalled. Under <mask>'s immediate direction, the task of

masks: Holloway Holloway Holloway Holloway Holloway Holloway Holloway Holloway Holloway


title: James L. Holloway Jr.

texts:
 demobilizing over three million men was completed by September 1, 1946. He won a Letter of Commendation for his skill as administrator and was officially praised for his skillful direction and supervision of the Navy's personnel demobilization plan. <mask> resisted pressure from various dignitaries to speed the homecoming of favored constituents.When a member of the United States Senate brought in a friend to ask a favor, <mask> appealed to the senator's better nature: "I look to you, Senator, to help me maintain my probity." Said <mask> later, "No Congressman ever failed to react to such a plea." Holloway Plan

While directing the navy's demobilization, <mask> also chaired an influential board that laid the foundation for the postwar Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC). Named for its chairman, the Holloway Board was charged with "the development of the proper form, system, and method of education of officers in the postwar United States Navy." Its members included Williams College president <mask>. Baxter III, Illinois Institute of Technology president Henry T. Heald, Cornell University provost Arthur S. Adams, Rear Admiral Felix L. Johnson, Rear Admiral Stuart H. Ingersoll, Captain Charles D. Wheelock, Captain John P. W. Vest, Commander Charles K. Duncan, and Commander Douglas M. Swift. The report of the Holloway Board became known as the Holloway Plan, and it dramatically expanded the avenues by which officer candidates could enter the regular Navy. Described as one of the most attractive educational opportunities ever offered, the Holloway Plan broke the Naval Academy's monopoly as a source for naval officers by offering students at fifty-two colleges and universities the same

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title: James L. Holloway Jr.

texts: opportunities for a commission in the regular Navy and free education at government expense that were provided to Naval Academy midshipmen, without requiring a hard-to-obtain Congressional appointment.In return for a three-year service commitment, the federal government paid for officer candidates to obtain undergraduate degrees at accredited institutions, commissioning them upon graduation into the Naval Reserve. Unlike previous reservists, NROTC graduates could transfer their commissions into the regular Navy, allowing them to compete on the same basis as Naval Academy graduates. NROTC was intended to provide about half of the Navy's new officers every year, with the other half coming from the Naval Academy. There were two main tracks: the standard four-year course for line officers, and a seven-year Naval Aviation College Program (NACP) for naval aviators. Submitted to Congress for approval, the Holloway Plan spent the summer of 1946 stagnating as draft legislation in the House Naval Affairs Committee. Finally, with only two months before colleges were scheduled to begin their autumn classes, <mask> made a pilgrimage to the Georgia farm of committee chairman Carl Vinson, and the bill was placed on the House Calendar the following week. It passed by unanimous vote and was signed into law by President Harry S. Truman on August 13, 1946.During its early years, critics complained that the Holloway Plan was a waste of taxpayer money because many reservists enrolled in the program only for the free college education, and quit the Navy after serving the minimum three-year commitment. <mask> himself anticipated that NROTC graduates would be less committed to a naval career than Naval Academy

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title: James L. Holloway Jr.

texts: graduates, given that "The Naval Academy is an undergraduate institution which no man should enter unless he wishes to make the Navy a life career." He was convinced that Annapolis remained the surer but tougher path to a successful Navy career, but argued that the Navy should not risk "putting all our eggs in one basket insofar as methods of initial [officer] procurement are concerned." Annapolis loyalists objected that if NROTC graduates were given the same career opportunities and chances for promotion as Naval Academy graduates, there would be no advantage to attending the Naval Academy and the quality of its midshipmen would plummet because the better officer candidates could opt for an easy commission at a civilian university that lacked the rigor of Naval Academy discipline. A popular Annapolis chant went: "Keep your car, keep your gal, keep your pay—be an officer the '<mask>'!" Officers in the fleet quipped: "Did you get your commission the hard way or the <mask>?" Nevertheless, the Holloway Plan quickly became a popular and effective program, and within five years its major features had been copied by the Army and the Air Force.Early Holloway Plan alumni included future astronaut Neil A. Armstrong and future four-star admiral George E.R. Kinnear II. Forty years later, <mask>'s son was responsible for interviewing the eminent lawyers, businessmen, and government officials who applied for membership in the exclusive Metropolitan Club of the City of Washington between 1988 and 1992. "I was truly amazed at the number of these prospective members who asked if I were any relation to the admiral who founded the Holloway Plan," recalled the younger <mask>, by then a famous admiral in his own


title: James L. Holloway Jr.

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 right. "When I answered yes, they would tell me that they wouldn't be sitting there today if it weren't for the Holloway Plan....It had put them through college—schools like Princeton, Duke University, Caltech, and Stanford. After the Korean War and Vietnam, the opportunities were so great on the outside that many of them left the service and became quite successful in their civilian careers." Superintendent of the U.S.Naval Academy

On January 15, 1947, <mask> became the 35th superintendent of the United States Naval Academy, succeeding Vice Admiral Aubrey W. Fitch. At 48, <mask> was the youngest superintendent in fifty years, having been handpicked by Secretary of the Navy Forrestal to implement the academic changes suggested by the Holloway Board, which had recommended that the Naval Academy curriculum move away from rote recitation and continuous crams "to give a stronger emphasis to basic and general education, rendering more fundamental and less detailed instruction in strictly naval material and techniques." In his first year as superintendent, <mask> revised the curriculum to promote a balanced program of mutually supporting courses, including a newly expanded leadership course on human relations problems, for which half of the textbook was written by psychology experts from Johns Hopkins University and the other half by <mask> himself. He also procured modern equipment for the ordnance, gunnery, and marine engineering departments and instituted annual faculty symposia to "explore and confirm methods employed in both education and training." Midshipmen were thoroughly indoctrinated "in all aspects of naval aviation" as a graduation requirement. To compensate for the increased academic


title: James L. Holloway Jr.

texts:
 expectations, <mask> loosened the regulations restricting midshipman activities, allowing first classmen to own cars, go on leave every other weekend, store civilian clothing in dormitory rooms, and stay up until 11:00 PM every night. Some of these liberties were later revoked by <mask>'s successor, Vice Admiral Harry W. Hill.The first class was also delegated greater responsibility for student governance, and attempted to purge "flagrant violations of mature personal dignity" from midshipman hazing rituals, with mixed success. Despite his energetic reforms and personal popularity among the midshipmen, <mask>'s three-year tour as superintendent ultimately was too brief to reverse the Naval Academy's entrenched cultural bias against academic achievement. A more durable legacy was the series of yawl races <mask> initiated to promote seamanship and competitive sailing, dubbed the <mask> trophy races after the award for the winning midshipman skipper. <mask> also addressed the dismal living conditions of the enlisted men based at the Academy by upgrading their quarters from trailer parks to a village of Wherry housing units on the north shore of the Severn River. He declared that a midshipman's first lesson must be concern for enlisted men's welfare and that Annapolis of all places must set the example. Educational unification

Throughout his career, <mask> vigorously defended the Naval Academy's special role as the preeminent source of naval officers in the U.S.

As chairman of the Holloway Board, <mask> helped fend off proposals to downgrade the importance of Annapolis by converting the Academy into a two-year postgraduate school for students who had already completed at least three years of

masks: Holloway Holloway Holloway Holloway Holloway Holloway Holloway Holloway


title: James L. Holloway Jr.

texts: college, a plan that would double the number of officers that could be produced by halving the time spent at the Academy. The Holloway Board also rejected another proposal, popular among local politicians, to expand enrollment by establishing satellite Naval Academies in other coastal cities."It was deemed wiser that the Naval Academy at Annapolis, with its history and traditions, be the single institution representing...the ultimate in personal and professional standards, and a principal binding force...in the Navy as a whole." In January 1947, less than two weeks after becoming Academy superintendent, <mask> rebuffed a proposal by Army Chief of Staff Dwight D. Eisenhower to essentially unify the Naval Academy with the United States Military Academy at West Point. Eisenhower believed the curricula of West Point and Annapolis should be as close to identical as possible and proposed a full-scale exchange program in which West Point cadets and Annapolis midshipmen would each spend their third year at the other service's academy. <mask>'s bluntly phrased rejection drove a furious Eisenhower to complain to Chief of Naval Operations Chester W. Nimitz that <mask> considered his idea "the ultimate in ridiculousness." In March 1949, <mask> was the junior member of the Stearns-Eisenhower Board, convened to consider the topic of educational unification among the services. Chaired by University of Colorado president Robert Stearns, the board was initially inclined to recommend that officer candidates from all services study the same core academic curriculum at a single unified academy, as favored by the new Secretary of Defense, <mask>, with Annapolis and West Point being reduced to specialized training

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 campuses. To everyone's surprise, <mask> persuaded the other members to adopt the diametrically opposite recommendation that the existing service academy system be not only preserved but expanded by adding a new service academy for the Air Force.In 1954, <mask>'s loyalty to the Naval Academy landed him in professional trouble for the only time in his career. Testifying before a congressional committee in favor of the proposed creation of the United States Air Force Academy, <mask> declared that he was sick and tired of sending Naval Academy graduates to the Air Force and admitted that he did everything possible to prevent such "desertions." Called to account by an infuriated Deputy Secretary of Defense Roger M. Kyes, <mask> stood by his words. "What's wrong with that?" he demanded. "We don't want our boys going to the Air Force. We teach them things we don't want used against us later."Chief of Naval Personnel

After completing his tour as superintendent in 1950, <mask> served 30 months as Commander, Battleship-Cruiser Force, Atlantic (COMBATCRULANT) before being promoted to vice admiral on February 2, 1953, and appointed chief of the Bureau of Naval Personnel (BuPers). He served as Chief of Naval Personnel from 1953–1957, longer than any other BuPers chief in 75 years. Charged by statute with the selection and assignment of all naval personnel, his hiring philosophy was, "We should get the best people we can for these jobs and make them play over their heads." As Chief of Naval Personnel, <mask> managed a variety of personnel issues arising from the end of the Korean War, such as promotions for returned prisoners of war and improvement of housing facilities, as well as the desegregation of the

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title: James L. Holloway Jr.

texts:
 Navy. He abolished the policy of separate recruitment of black and white sailors that had tended to channel white recruits into mainstream branches but relegate black recruits to menial commissary and steward functions. "Keeps a taut ship," remarked contemporaries at the Pentagon, but also "keeps a tight lip," despite a reputation for florid speech and unusually lengthy prepared statements before Congressional committees. For example, when asked by a House Appropriations subcommittee whether it was Navy policy to promote personnel on discharge even if they had been discharged because of Communist affiliations, a charge Senator Joseph R. McCarthy had leveled against the Army, <mask> replied, "It is not.I am not saying that in criticism of anyone else...Sometimes, in the best of families, the right hand does not know what the left hand doeth. But it is certainly not the policy in the Navy, and it is one we abjure." Hyman G. Rickover

<mask> was an early ally of Rear Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, the controversial father of the Navy's nuclear propulsion program. To induce promising line officers to submit to the rigors of nuclear training, Rickover insisted that only nuclear-qualified officers be allowed to command a nuclear vessel. <mask> agreed with Rickover's concept, and allowed Rickover to screen the candidate pool from which BuPers would select officers for nuclear training. Rickover retained this absolute control over nuclear candidate selection until his retirement in 1982. In June 1953, Rickover faced mandatory retirement after being passed over by the rear admiral selection board, and <mask> was one of the few flag officers to push for his promotion.Rickover was promoted to rear admiral by


title: James L. Holloway Jr.

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 the next selection board in July. "This is the end of the selection system," mourned one of <mask>'s friends. "No, it isn't," <mask> replied. "It isn't the end...because we've used a law to promote him...to make the will of the Secretary felt. When we're too hidebound and reactionary, there's room in the law for the Secretary to get his way. If you don't do that, you'd have a special law in Congress which would really be the end of the selection system." Only a couple of weeks later, Congress proved <mask>'s point by attaching a provision to the annual defense appropriations bill that promoted Brigadier General Robert S. Moore to major general, after the Army had refused to advance him through the normal system."This sort of thing is what we must guard against," complained General Herbert B. Powell, <mask>'s counterpart in the personnel section of the Army staff at the time. "We must follow the system set up and prescribed by law.”

Commander in Chief, U.S. Naval Forces, Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean
On October 26, 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower named <mask> to succeed Admiral Walter F. Boone as Commander in Chief, U.S. Naval Forces, Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean (CINCNELM), <mask> assumed command in November 1957, and was promoted to full admiral on January 1, 1958. with additional duty as Commander, Subordinate Command U.S. Atlantic Fleet (COMSCOMLANTFLT), and later as U.S. Commander Eastern Atlantic (USCOMEASTLANT). As CINCNELM, <mask> commanded all U.S. naval forces in Europe, including the Sixth Fleet commanded by Vice Admiral Charles R. Brown. In November 1957, the Joint Chiefs of Staff instructed <mask> to establish a specified command, the first in Eisenhower's defense


title: James L. Holloway Jr.

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 reorganization program.In the event of an emergency in the Middle East, he was to transfer his flag from London to the Mediterranean as Commander in Chief, Specified Command, Middle East (CINCSPECOMME). Lebanon crisis of 1958
On July 14, 1958, the Hashemite dynasty in Iraq was overthrown by a military coup d'état. Fearing that he would be next, Lebanese president Camille Chamoun appealed for American military aid within 48 hours to settle domestic unrest in his own country, invoking the Eisenhower Doctrine, which stated that the United States would intervene upon request to stabilize countries threatened by international communism. <mask>, who happened to be serving on a Selection Board in Washington at the time, promptly met with Chief of Naval Operations Arleigh A. Burke, who warned that a deployment order was imminent but that commitments in East Asia precluded any reinforcements from the Seventh Fleet. Retorted <mask>, "I don't need any help. I can take over all of the Lebanon if you say the word." As one of Burke's few remaining peers in the Navy, <mask> took the opportunity to tease the CNO."But I've already had another proposition....From some Britisher. He thinks, if there's action, I should go up and take the port of Tripoli to protect their oil installations there." The famously mercurial Burke cursed him out. At 6:23 p.m. on July 14, President Eisenhower ordered that the American intervention force begin to arrive at Beirut by 9:00 a.m. on July 15, when he planned to announce the intervention on national television. Burke relayed the order to <mask> at 6:30 p.m., adding, "Join your flagship now. Sail all Sixth Fleet eastward." <mask> had been given less than fifteen hours to

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title: James L. Holloway Jr.

texts: establish a beachhead.He immediately flew back to his London headquarters, where he stopped just long enough to assemble his staff and activate Operation Bluebat, a preplanned scenario for suppressing a coup d'état in Lebanon, before flying on to Beirut. On July 15, only four minutes behind schedule, the first wave of Marines landed on a tourist beach near Beirut. In one of the most colorful episodes in Marine Corps history, a delighted crowd of curious spectators and bikini-clad sunbathers waved and cheered as a battalion of Marines waded ashore in full battle gear and stormed the beach. Soft drink vendors and ice cream carts appeared playing nickelodeon music while small boys swam out to the landing craft and offered to help the Marines carry their equipment. After herding the civilians out of the way, the Marines secured the landing site and seized Beirut International Airport. <mask> flew into the airport from London at 4:00 a.m. on July 16 and boarded his flagship  in time to supervise the next wave of landings, which he summarized for Burke in one word: "Flawless." At 10:30 a.m. on July 16, as the Marines prepared to move into Beirut, it was discovered that Lebanese Army tanks had blocked the road from the airport, with orders to prevent the Marines from entering the city.<mask> raced to the scene, arriving at the roadblock at the same time as the American ambassador to Lebanon, Robert M. McClintock, and the general in chief of the Lebanese Army, General Fuad Chehab. Adjourning to a nearby schoolhouse for an impromptu conference, they devised a compromise whereby the Lebanese Army would escort the Marines into the city. <mask> insisted that they start moving right away, "tootey-sweetey".


title: James L. Holloway Jr.

texts: "We were really sitting on a powder keg," <mask> said later, "but fortunately there were no incidents. We just got in a car—Ambassador McClintock and I—and led the column straight through." Once the column entered the city, Chehab departed and <mask> "assumed personal tactical command," directing individual units to their respective billeting areas in the city—"my first and last experience in field officer grade with land forces." On July 17, Deputy Under Secretary of State Robert D. Murphy arrived in Beirut as President Eisenhower's personal representative, charged with resolving the political situation.Conferring daily with <mask>, Murphy quickly concluded that the decision to intervene had been based on faulty assumptions. "We agreed that much of the conflict concerned personalities and rivalries of a domestic nature, with no relation to international issues." In particular, <mask> and Murphy felt that the insurrection had nothing to do with international communism and that Chamoun's presidency was doomed for purely domestic reasons. Murphy decided that the only solution was to elect a new president who would ask that the American forces be removed as soon as possible. He brokered a deal between the dissident factions to allow a new presidential election, which General Chehab won on July 31. With the Lebanese government nominally stabilized, <mask> was directed on August 5 to begin planning a withdrawal schedule, which he submitted for approval on August 11. The first Marine battalion began reembarking immediately.United Nations diplomat Rajeshwar Dayal observed the Marines' departure, "a process which seemed more difficult of accomplishment than the landing. It was evident that the gallant


title: James L. Holloway Jr.

texts: Admiral <mask>, sceptical from the start about the wisdom of the whole exercise, felt an infinite sense of relief at the prospect of an early departure." President Chehab took office on September 23 and a unity government was formed on October 23. The last American troops left Lebanon two days later. In the end, Operation Bluebat sent nearly 15,000 American troops to Lebanon from commands in Europe and the continental United States, including 6,100 Marines and 3,100 Army airborne troops armed with nuclear artillery; the 76 ships of the Sixth Fleet; and a 200-plane Composite Air Task Force based out of Incirlik Air Base, Turkey. The intervention forces remained in Lebanon for 102 days, at a cost of over $200 million, acting as an urban security force and losing only one American soldier to hostile fire. <mask> professed satisfaction with the near-perfect outcome."The proof of the pudding is in the eating. The operation would appear to stand as an unqualified success." Nevertheless, Operation Bluebat came to be viewed as a case study in how not to plan an operation. According to one history, "Virtually every official report opens with the caveat that had Operation Bluebat been opposed, disasters would have occurred, and argues that problems encountered during the operation's course could have been solved well before the order to execute was given." <mask> inadvertently created one of these problems himself when he ordered Major General David W. Gray to establish an Army base in a large olive grove just east of the airport. Said Gray, "I asked, 'Isn't that private property? Whom should I see about it?'I shall never forget [<mask>'s] answer. Waving his arms in characteristic fashion, he replied,


title: James L. Holloway Jr.

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 'Matter of military necessity. Send the bills to the Ambassador.' Of course, it didn't work out exactly that way...." It turned out that the olive grove was the largest in Lebanon and vital to the local economy, but the Lebanese women who harvested the olives refused to enter the grove while American troops were present, risking the loss of the entire crop and severe unemployment. <mask> wryly observed that when his forces finally departed, they left behind a constitutionally elected president, a united army, peace in the area, and "a few legal beagles to pay for damage to the olive groves." <mask>'s superiors on the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) introduced complications of their own, recalled Gray. "One day I walked in on <mask> to find him sputtering.He said, 'Do you know what I just told the JCS? I am sixty-years old, I have thirty-five years of service, I have a physical infirmity that will allow me to retire tomorrow, and I will do it if you don't leave me alone and let me do my job.'" Retirement

<mask> was relieved as CINCNELM by Admiral Robert L. Dennison in March 1959. Returning to Washington for his well-attended retirement ceremony a month later, <mask> declared that he definitely would not follow the example of other high-ranking military retirees in that he was actually going to retire, not start a second career in business. After his retirement from the Navy, he served as Governor of the United States Naval Home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from 1964 until 1966. In later life, he moved to Carl Vinson Hall, a Navy retirement home in McLean, Virginia. He died on January 11, 1984, of an aortic aneurysm at Fairfax Hospital in Falls Church, Virginia.Personal life
<mask> was a husky,

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 round-faced man with blue eyes and brown hair who stood six feet tall, weighed 190 pounds, and spoke in a light southern drawl. He was nicknamed "<mask>," as much for his reputation as a strict disciplinarian as for the aristocratic affectations that TIME Magazine dubbed "a suave, diplomatic air that sometimes spills over into pomposity":

United Nations diplomat Rajeshwar Dayal described <mask> as "a gentleman to the core" during his interactions with the United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon (UNOGIL) in 1958. "He was a man of impressive presence and courtly ways and fully deserved his sobriquet of '<mask>'....We found him a charming and engaging personality and a man of his word." Major General David W. Gray, who commanded the Army contingent during the initial stages of the Lebanon intervention, recalled:

<mask> was widely admired within the Navy, although he was identified so strongly as being a deskbound staff officer that when he assumed operational command of Operation Bluebat in 1958, other officers joked, "Oh, he's finally gone to sea." Los Angeles Times columnist Bill Henry observed, "When President Eisenhower announced that our leader of United States forces in the Middle East would be an officer named Adm. <mask>, there was a sort of 'Who dat?' reaction. <mask> <mask>. has not been a dashing, spectacular figure.He has, however, compiled a steady record of uncanny ability as an organizer which has overshadowed a fine combat record in two world wars." While chief of the Bureau of Personnel, <mask> summarized his philosophy to a group of young naval officers: "You men probably do not think of it in this way, but I do. To be commissioned in the Navy, you had to be appointed by

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title: James L. Holloway Jr.

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 the President with the approval of Congress. This is the procedure and requirement for the seating of a Supreme Court judge or an ambassador. This is why a naval officer must have his chin out at all times." Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt Jr., a lieutenant commander in BuPers from 1953–1955, remembered <mask> as "the superior who most impressed me when I was a young officer." Family

<mask> married the former Jean Gordon Hagood, daughter of U.S. Army Major General Johnson Hagood, of Charleston, South Carolina, on May 11, 1921.They had two children: son <mask> <mask>, who also attained the rank of four-star admiral as Chief of Naval Operations from 1974–1978; and daughter Jean Gordon <mask>, whose husband, Rear Admiral <mask> Jr., was the first commanding officer of the aircraft carrier  and briefly served as the 45th superintendent of the U.S. Naval Academy. <mask>'s wife Jean died of cancer in October 1956 after a three-year illness. After her death, he remarried to the former Josephine Cook Kenny, widow of a Navy captain who had served with him in BuPers, on January 16, 1958. Stepdaughter Josephine Cook Fraser married Mercury Seven astronaut Walter M. Schirra Jr.

<mask>'s father, <mask> <mask>., served as superintendent of schools in Fort Smith, Arkansas before entering Washington University in 1900 for training in osteopathy, which he practiced in Dallas, Texas for forty years. In 1952, at the age of 92, <mask>. wrote to the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to inquire whether <mask>. was falling short in his performance of duty as a rear admiral such that he might not be promoted to vice admiral; if so, he wanted to give his son some helpful advice. President Harry S. Truman wrote back to

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 assure the worried father that his son was not neglecting his duties.In 1960, <mask>. celebrated his centennial in Dallas, having seen his son achieve the rank of four-star admiral. Fourteen years later, <mask>. would see his own son achieve the same rank when <mask> was sworn in as Chief of Naval Operations in 1974. (<mask> <mask>, son of <mask>, died in a car accident in 1964.) As of 2008, <mask>. and <mask> remain the only father and son to both serve as four-star admirals in the U.S. Navy while on active duty; the other two four-star admirals who fathered four-star sons were either promoted to that rank posthumously, in the case of Admiral John S. McCain Sr., or upon retirement, in the case of Admiral David W. Bagley. In his memoirs, <mask> complained that "there has often been a tacit presumption that my father was in a position to advance my career as I gained seniority in the Navy. On the contrary, as a retired officer he had little or no influence over his own future, much less mine." As an example of this presumption, when President Richard M. Nixon approved <mask>'s nomination to succeed Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt Jr. as Chief of Naval Operations, Zumwalt believed that Nixon acquiesced mainly to avoid overruling the recommendation of his secretary of defense, but that, "In addition, and I really think this was a factor, Mr. Nixon remembered Jimmy's father from his own period of naval service."Awards
<mask>'s decorations included the Legion of Merit, awarded for organizing the DD-DE Shakedown Task Force of the Atlantic Fleet operational training command, with Gold Star in lieu of a second award for commanding the battleship Iowa in the Pacific theater; the Navy Commendation Ribbon,

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title: James L. Holloway Jr.

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 awarded for leading Destroyer Squadron 10 during the landings at Casablanca, with star in lieu of a second ribbon for serving as director of training in the Bureau of Naval Personnel; the Victory Medal with Destroyer Clasp; the American Defense Service Medal with Fleet Clasp; the American Campaign Medal; the European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with star; the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with stars; the World War II Victory Medal; and the Philippine Liberation Medal. He was appointed Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold by the government of Belgium. <mask> received the honorary degrees of Doctor of Laws from Muhlenberg College in 1944, and later from the University of Notre Dame; and Doctor of Humane Letters from Villanova College in 1948. The Admiral <mask><mask> Jr. Award is presented annually by the Navy League of the United States to the outstanding NROTC midshipman in the nation, and consists of an engraved watch and a certificate. The RADM <mask> L. <mask>. Trophy honors the Naval Academy midshipman who has contributed the most to Varsity Offshore J/24 sailing through his leadership, dedication to the team, and sailing skills. <mask> recorded an oral history that is archived at the Columbia University Oral History Research Office. Dates of rank
Midshipman – 1915 (class rank 149/199)
Ensign – June 7, 1918
Lieutenant, Junior Grade – September 21, 1918
Lieutenant – June 3, 1922
Lieutenant Commander – June 30, 1933
Commander – July 1, 1939
Captain – June 17, 1942
Rear Admiral – September 4, 1945
Vice Admiral – February 2, 1953
Admiral – January 1, 1958

Sources:

Notes

References

External resources
<mask> L. Holloway Papers at Syracuse University
TIME Magazine cover, August 4,

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. Holloway
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title: Sterling Price

texts:
Major-General <mask> (September 14, 1809 – September 29, 1867) was a United States General and senior officer of the Confederate States Army who fought in both the Western and Trans-Mississippi theaters of the American Civil War. He rose to prominence during the Mexican–American War and served as governor of Missouri from 1853 to 1857. He is remembered today for his service in Arkansas (1862–1865) and for his defeat at the Battle of Westport on October 23, 1864. Early life and entrance into politics

<mask> was born in Prince Edward County, Virginia, near Farmville, to a family of planters of Welsh origin. His parents, Pugh and <mask>, owned 12 slaves and have been described as "moderately wealthy". Sources disagree as to <mask>'s date of birth. The historian Albert E. Castel states that <mask> was born on September 11, 1809, a date that the State Historical Society of Missouri agrees with.The historian Ezra J. Warner provides the date of birth as September 20, 1809. <mask>'s father and older brother fought in the War of 1812. <mask> attended a now-unknown grammar school and worked on his father's tobacco plantation before entering Hampden–Sydney College in the fall of 1826. <mask> did not return for the 1827-1828 session for unknown reasons (<mask>'s biographer Robert E. Shalhope speculates that poor examination grades or financial problems could have been the cause), and instead went to study law in Cumberland County, Virginia, under the jurist Creed Taylor. Records do not indicate that Taylor's law school was in operation for the 1828-1829 term, and <mask> became an assistant to a court clerk in Prince Edward

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