title: Charlie Bassett

texts:
Charles E<mask> (October 30, 1847 – January 5, 1896) was a lawman and saloon owner in the American Old West in Dodge City. He was one of the founders of the Long Branch Saloon in Dodge City, served as the first sheriff of Ford County, Kansas, as well as city marshal of Dodge City. His deputies included Wyatt Earp and Bat Masterson. Early years

Charles E<mask> was born on October 30, 1847, in New Bedford, Massachusetts. He was the fourth of six children born to Benjamin and Julia (Norton<mask>. <mask> was in his late teens when his parents separated, and he elected to live with his father in Philadelphia. Civil War record

On February 14, 1865, <mask> enlisted in the Union Army at Frankford, Pennsylvania (now a part of Philadelphia).He received a $100 bounty for signing on for one year as a private in Company I of the 213th Pennsylvania Infantry, a volunteer regiment. <mask> was mustered out of his volunteer regiment in Washington, D.C., on November 18, 1865. He served a little more than nine months, not for the year he had signed. This was most likely the result of an Army cutback after Lee's surrender in April. Heading West

Charles E<mask> spent the period between late 1865 and early 1873 drifting around the West, serving various stints as a miner, bartender, and buffalo hunter. He was most likely in the neighborhood of what would become Dodge City, Kansas, when his father, <mask> died in Philadelphia on January 2, 1872. Dodge City and the Long Branch Saloon

<mask> opened the original Long Branch Saloon in Dodge City in late 1872 in partnership with Alfred J. Peacock.Eventually, Bassett and Peacock sold the Long Branch. The saloon changed hands several times until Luke Short became one of the owners. Short's partnership in the Long

masks:
. Bassett
. Bassett
) Bassett
Charlie
Bassett
Bassett
. Bassett
Benjamin Bassett
Charlie Bassett


title: Charlie Bassett

type: original

texts:
 Branch would cause one of the high points of <mask>'s life in 1883. Sheriff of Ford County, Kansas

On June 5, 1873, the citizens of Ford County, Kansas, chose <mask> as their first sheriff. His headquarters were in Dodge City. <mask> was re-elected twice, serving until 1878. On September 18, 1877, Sam Bass and his gang robbed a Union Pacific train of $60,000 at Big Springs, Nebraska.The bandits were reported in Kansas and <mask> went out after them. <mask>'s posse included Bat Masterson and John Joshua Webb. The group was unsuccessful in their pursuit of the train robbers. By Kansas law, <mask> could not seek a third successive term as sheriff of Ford County. On November 6, 1877, Bat Masterson was elected sheriff of Ford County, replacing <mask>. One of his first acts was to appoint <mask> as his under-sheriff. Assistant Marshal of Dodge City

In addition to serving as Bat Masterson's under-sheriff, <mask> was also serving as assistant city marshal under Bat's brother, City Marshal Edward J. Masterson.He was still serving as sheriff when he got the appointment during December, 1877. The Dodge City Times reported, "<mask> has been appointed by Mayor [James H.] Kelley to assist Marshal [Edward J.] Masterson in preserving order and decorum in the city. Mr. <mask> has had thorough training and is a good man for the place." On January 27, 1878, Dave Rudabaugh and four others attempted to hold up a train at Kinsley, Kansas. On February 1, a posse led by Sheriff Bat Masterson captured two of the robbers - Dave Rudabaugh and Edgar West. <mask> assisted his two bosses, Sheriff Bat Masterson and Marshal Ed Masterson, in the capture of two more of the train robbers right in Dodge City.Marshal of Dodge City

Dodge City's most colorful and tragic

masks:
Bassett
Bassett
Bassett
Sheriff Bassett
Bassett
Bassett
Bassett
Bassett
Bassett
Sheriff Bassett
Bassett
Charlie Basset


title: Charlie Bassett

texts:
 year was 1878. The first tragedy was the murder of Marshal Ed Masterson by two Texans named Jack Wagner and Alfred Walker on April 9. After Ed Masterson's funeral, the Dodge City Council appointed <mask> as city marshal at a salary of $100 a month. On May 12, Wyatt Earp was appointed as <mask>'s assistant marshal at a salary of $75 a month. On July 29, 1878 James "Spike" Kenedy (1855-1884), the son of the wealthy cattle baron Mifflin Kenedy (1818-1895) attempted to shoot Mayor James H. Kelley. He was stopped from doing so by <mask>. Kenedy paid his fine and court costs and left town.Within three weeks, the young Texan was back in Dodge and in trouble again. According to the court docket for August 17, 1878, Kenedy was again brought into court by <mask>. This time it was on a charge of being disorderly. After paying his fine, Kenedy was told by <mask> to get out of Dodge and stay out. The Killing of Dora Hand

At 4:00 in the morning of October 4, 1878, Kenedy was back in Dodge and fired two shots through the front door of a small frame house usually occupied by Mayor Kelley. One of Kenedy's bullets killed a 34-year-old woman named Dora Hand. The Dodge City Times noted that "the pistol shot was intended for the male occupant of the bed ... who had been absent for several days.The bed however was occupied by the female lodger at the time of the shooting." A posse left Dodge City at 2:00 on the afternoon of October 4. Its members were Marshal Charles E<mask>, Assistant Marshal Wyatt Earp, Bill Tilghman, Sheriff Bat Masterson, and Deputy Sheriff William Duffey. At 4:00 on the afternoon of October 5, the posse caught up with Kenedy at a location some 35 miles from Dodge. The possemen turned loose a volley on Kenedy. Three shots slammed into

masks:
Charlie Bassett
Bassett
Marshal Bassett
Marshal Bassett
Marshal Bassett
. Bassett


title: Charlie Bassett

texts:
 Kenedy's horse, while another shot, supposedly from a .50 caliber Sharp's, shattered Kenedy's left arm. Three weeks after the killing of Dora Hand, Kenedy was released for a supposed lack of incriminating evidence.Spike Kenedy returned to Texas to manage his father's 390,000-acre LaParra Ranch. He died from typhoid fever during December 1884. Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas

On November 4, 1879, the Dodge City Council appointed James Masterson as city marshal, to replace <mask>, who had resigned. According to the local paper: "Ex-Sheriff Chas. E<mask>, accompanied by Mysterious Dave [Mather] and two other prospectors, started out last week in search of 'greener fields and pastures new.' They went in a two-horse wagon, after the style in the days of 49." After unsuccessfully panning for gold in Colorado, <mask> and Mather drifted successively to New Mexico and Texas.Both men were in San Antonio during the early part of 1881. Mather remained in Texas for the next two years, but <mask> had grown homesick for Dodge City. His return to Dodge was noted by a local paper, which reported, "Charles E<mask>, ex-sheriff of Ford County, and formerly city marshal of Dodge City - one of the old timers - arrived in the city last Tuesday after an absence of a year and a half. Charley looks as natural as life, wears good clothes, and says Texas is suffering from the dry weather." Kansas City

<mask> did not remain in Dodge City for long. He moved on to Kansas City, Missouri, where he became manager of Webster and Hughes Marble Hall Saloon. The Kansas City Journal reported his arrival by noting, "Hon.C.E<mask>, a well known cattle man of Kansas and Texas, returned to this city yesterday, after a brief stay in Dodge City. He will remain here for some time."

masks:
Charlie Bassett
. Bassett
Bassett
Bassett
. Bassett
Bassett
. Bassett


title: Charlie Bassett

texts:
 On April 28, 1883, the celebrated "Dodge City War" broke out. Luke Short had been run out of Dodge and headed straight for Kansas City, where he looked up <mask> at the Marble Hall Saloon. <mask> quickly proceeded to re-establish Short in Dodge City. Quick to respond were Wyatt Earp and Bat Masterson, along with several others.The Dodge City Peace Commission

The bloodless Dodge City War ended with both sides reaching an agreement in early June 1883. To maintain the shaky truce, the Dodge City Peace Commission was formed, including <mask>. <mask> returned to Kansas City, where he opened the Senate Saloon and obtained the nickname "Senator". The venture was a failure and <mask> went to work as a bartender in an establishment he did not own. Final years

<mask> suffered from inflammatory rheumatism during his final years. He went to Hot Springs, Arkansas, with the hope that the water would benefit his health, but he died there at age 48 on January 5, 1896. He is buried in a unmarked grave at Hollywood Cemetery, Section 1; Lot 51 Hot Springs Arkansas

Bibliography

 DeMattos, Jack."The Dodge Citians: Charles E<mask>." Nola Quarterly (Vol. XIX, No. 4) October–December 1995. Miller, Nyle H. and Snell, Joseph W. Why the West Was Wild, Topeka: Kansas State Historical Society, 1963. Shillingberg, Wm.B. Dodge City: The Early Years, 1872-1886. Norman, OK: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 2009. References

External links
Charles Bassett
Dodge City Shootout The Deaths of Levi Richardson and Frank Loving, by Roger Myers, Ford County Historical Soc., Dodge City, KS

Kansas sheriffs
American town marshals
Lawmen of the American Old West
1847 births
1896 deaths
People from New Bedford, Massachusetts
People from Dodge City, Kansas
Saloonkeepers
Union Army

masks:
Charlie Bassett
Bassett
Bassett
Bassett
Bassett
Bassett
. Bassett


title: Margaret C. Etter

texts:
<mask>, known informally as <mask> (12 September 1943 – 9 June 1992), was an American chemist who contributed to the development of solid state chemistry for crystalline organic compounds. She is known for her work characterizing and classifying contacts by hydrogen bonds in organic compounds. Her "enlightened imagination, innovative creativity, and unfailing enthusiasm" is recognised as having a "transformative effect" in many areas of organic chemistry. Education and career

<mask> was born as <mask> in Greenville, a town in Delaware near Wilmington. Her father, Theodore (Ted<mask>, was a chemist by profession at DuPont. <mask> attained her B.Sc. at the University of Pennsylvania, spending a freshman semester at Cornell (where she met future collaborator Joel Bernstein in the Mugwuamp freshman orientation group), and completed a master's degree at the University of Delaware in 1971 with Harold Kwart.Her Ph.D. research was completed at the University of Minnesota as a National Science Foundation predoctoral fellow under the supervision of Jack Gougoutas. Her thesis and postdoctoral work focused on the study of the chemical and structural properties of polyvalent iodine compounds using X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic techniques. Her Ph. D work was published and still provides a model for how topotactic reactions should be studied. After a brief stay as an assistant professor at Augsburg College, <mask> obtained employment in the Central Research Laboratories at the mile-square 3M campus in Maplewood, Minnesota as a researcher. She collaborated with several research groups to study crystalline compounds and polymers, including molecular salts based on two photographic dyes that formed no fewer than 14 polymorphs. Due to the difficulties of maintaining a stable research program at 3M, <mask> returned to the University of Minnesota first as a postdoctoral researcher in solid state NMR with Robert Bryant, and later as professor (from 1984) at the School of Chemistry.For the rest of her career she

masks:
Margaret Cairns Etter
Peggy Etter
Etter
Margaret Cairns
) Cairns
Etter
Etter
Etter


title: Margaret C. Etter

texts:
 devoted herself to the investigation of the properties of crystalline solids and hydrogen bonds. Her work influenced several areas of interest in the field of solid state organic chemistry, such as crystal growth, clathrate formation, phase transitions, supramolecular chemistry and co-crystals (a term she essentially defined in the community). Much of her work was truly interdisciplinary. <mask>'s key contribution was the use of graph sets to analyze hydrogen bond patterns (rather than the more conventional analysis of individual bonds), a path against the prevailing attitude that hydrogen bonding in organic solids was too complicated to understand. The establishing of the "Etter Rules" was later reported in Accounts of Chemical Research "Encoding and Decoding Hydrogen Bond Patterns in Organic Compounds" which since has been cited more than 4,000 times. Such representation is widely used in structural chemistry and solid state chemistry for the description of organic compounds. The use of "Etter Rules" was reviewed (with further results incorporated) in Angewandte Chemie, and the approach was incorporated into the CSD software for automatic analysis of structures.In April 1991 <mask> was diagnosed with stage IV kidney cancer, in the most productive phase of her career that she herself described as being "on a roll". Her final appearance was on a tour of Israel to coincide with the Israel Chemical Society Annual Meeting, when she visited the Weizmann Institute and the Technion, places she had always wanted to visit due to the concentration of organic solid-state chemists. Additionally, during this visit she gave a plenary lecture on her research. Shortly after her return to the United States, <mask> was placed in hospice care due to a rapid deterioration of her health. She died on June 9, 1992. Awards and recognition

In 1979, <mask> received the "Good Neighbor" award from the Minnesota radio station WCCO for her contributions to the development of the school science program STEP at 3M. Her

masks: Etter Etter Etter Etter


title: Margaret C. Etter

texts:
 outreach work focused on improving the opportunities for women in science, lecturing on the subject to high school and college students, and serving as a role model for female undergraduate and graduate students.During her illness on Thanksgiving Day 1991, Minnesota Public Radio paid a special tribute to her. <mask> was recognized as an early pioneer in the Chemistry Department of the University of Minnesota due to the research she conducted related to "... the applications of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the design and properties of organic non-linear optical materials, and most significantly, in the understanding and utilization of hydrogen-bonding interactions in crystals." Her work was recognized with many international awards and fellowships through her career:
 Sloan Research Fellowship (1989)
 Bush Foundation Fellowship
 Iota Sigma Pi Award for Excellence in Chemistry
 St. Paul Businessperson of the Year (1986) for her work with “Rochelle Crystal Corporation.”

In recognition of both her scientific achievements and her work as a mentor to students and novice scientists, the American Crystallographic Association launched two awards in honor of <mask>: the <mask> C. <mask> Early Career Award, given to scientists who have made important contributions early in their careers, and the <mask> C. <mask> Student Lecturer Award, awarded to a selection of students for their oral presentations at the annual conference of the association. In addition, the University of Minnesota holds an annual Etter Memorial Lecture and hosts an endowed lectureship in solid state chemistry and materials science bearing her name. References

External links

American women chemists
1943 births
20th-century American women scientists
1992 deaths
20th-century American chemists
Cornell University alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
University of Delaware alumni
University of Minnesota alumni
University of Minnesota faculty
Augsburg University faculty
Sloan Research Fellows
American women

masks:
Etter
Peggy Etter
Margaret
Etter
Margaret
Etter


title: William Gropper

texts:
{{infobox comics creator
| birth_name = <mask>
| image = Gropper-william-1922.jpg
| caption = Gropper in 1923
| birth_date =
| birth_place = New York City, U.S.A.
| death_date =
| death_place = Manhasset, New York
| area = Cartoonist, painter, lithographer, and muralist
| cartoonist = y
| notable works = political work for left wing publications like The Revolutionary Age, The Liberator, The New Masses, The Worker, The Morning Freiheit
| spouse =
| nationality = American
| signature = <mask>per signature.png
}}

<mask>Bill<mask> (December 3, 1897January 3, 1977) was a U.S. cartoonist, painter, lithographer, and muralist. A committed radical, Gropper is best known for the political work which he contributed to such left wing publications as The Revolutionary Age, The Liberator, The New Masses, The Worker, and The Morning Freiheit.Life and career
<mask> was born to Harry and <mask> in New York City, the eldest of six children. His parents were Jewish immigrants from Romania and Ukraine, who were both employed in the city's garment industry, living in poverty on New York's Lower East Side. His mother worked hard sewing piecework at home. <mask>, Bill's father, was university-educated and fluent in 8 languages, but was unable to find employment in America in a field for which he was suited. This failure of the American economic system to make proper use of his father's talents doubtlessly contributed to <mask>'s lifelong antipathy toward capitalism. Gropper's alienation was accentuated when on March 24, 1911, he lost a favorite aunt in the

masks:
William Gropper
William Grop
William "
" Gropper
Gropper
Jenny Gropper
Harry Gropper
William Gropper


title: William Gropper

texts: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, a disaster which resulted from locked doors and non-existent exits in a New York sweatshop.Some 146 workers burned or jumped to their deaths on that day in what was New York's greatest human catastrophe prior to the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001. Gropper's interest in art began at a young age. As a child of six young he took chalk to the sidewalks, decorating the concrete with elaborate picture stories of cowboys and Indians that extended around the block. As a child on the way to school, Gropper used to lug bundles of his mother's piecework sewing to the sweatshops by which she was employed. At age 13, Gropper took his first art instruction at the radical Ferrer School, where he studied under George Bellows and Robert Henri. In 1913, Gropper graduated from public school, earning a medal in art and a scholarship to the National Academy of Design. The strong-willed Gropper refused to conform at the academy, however, and was subsequently expelled.He attempted to attend high school that fall, but finances prevented his attendance and he was forced to seek work to help support his family. He worked as an assistant in a clothing store, earning $5 a week. In 1915, <mask> showed a portfolio of his work to Frank Parsons, the head of the New York School of Fine and Applied Arts. The work so impressed Parsons that Gropper was offered a scholarship to the school. Gropper continued to work reduced hours for reduced wages in the clothing store while he continued his artistic education. In the subsequent two years,


title: William Gropper

texts:
 Gropper gained recognition and awards for his work. In 1917, <mask> was offered a position on the staff of the New York Tribune, where over the next several years he earned a steady income doing drawings for the paper's special Sunday feature articles.At this time, the politically radical <mask> was brought into the orbit of original and innovative artists around the left wing New York monthly, The Masses. After The Masses was banned from the U.S. Mail in 1917, due to its unflinching anti-militarism, Gropper joined artists like Robert Minor, Maurice Becker, Art Young, Lydia Gibson, Hugo Gellert, and Boardman Robinson in contributing to its successor, The Liberator. <mask> also contributed his art to The Revolutionary Age, a revolutionary socialist weekly edited by Louis C. Fraina and (in later issues) John Reed, a publication which narrowly predated the establishment of the American Communist Party, as well as to The Rebel Worker, a magazine of the Industrial Workers of the World, an anarcho-syndicalist union. Gropper as radical artist

In 1920, Gropper went to Cuba briefly as an oiler on a United Fruit Company freight boat. He left the ship in Cuba and spent some time there observing life and working as a supervisor on a railroad construction detail. He was forced to return home sooner than expected, however, owing to the terminal illness of his father. In January 1921, editor Max Eastman formally made Gropper a special contributor and member of the staff of The Liberator.His time at the publication was not harmonious however, as many of the

masks: Gropper Gropper Gropper


title: William Gropper

texts: unpaid and underpaid artists and writers greatly resented Eastman, who collected a relatively opulent paycheck of $75 a week for, as <mask> later recalled, "lying on a couch and composing poetry and reading books". A little coup was short-circuited in the end by Eastman's own determination to give up his post so as to visit Soviet Russia in 1922, a decision no doubt accelerated by the magazine's growing financial woes. Floyd Dell took over the editorial helm for the next year or so, with the publication soon coming under the financial and editorial umbrella of the Communist Party in a friendly takeover towards the end of that year. In August 1921, <mask> married Gladys Oaks, herself a contributor to The Liberator. The marriage proved to be short and turbulent, marked by the couple's collaboration to produce a book of verse and drawings called Chinese White, published in 1922. (According to Whittaker Chambers, China White aced out his own submission during a national poetry contest in 1923.) Early in 1924, Gladys became involved with another man and the pair decided to separate.During the early 1920s, <mask> was a freelance contributor of work to such mainstream magazines as The Bookman (for which he drew caricatures of authors), the liberal magazine The Dial, and Frank Harris' New Pearson's Magazine. In the fall of 1924 <mask> married his second wife, bacteriologist Sophie Frankle. Together, the two of them built a nine-room stone house in Croton-on-Hudson, New York, where they raised their family. Shortly after their marriage, the couple spent

masks:
Gropper
Bill Gropper
Gropper
Bill Gropper


title: William Gropper

texts: a year in the Soviet Union, where <mask> was employed briefly on the staff of the newspaper of the All-Union Communist Party, Pravda. Despite his contributions to a vast array of communist publications, <mask> was never formally a member of the Communist Party USA. In 1927, <mask> went on a tour of Soviet Russia along with the novelists Sinclair Lewis and Theodore Dreiser in celebration of the tenth anniversary of the Russian Revolution. During the second half of the 1930s, Gropper dedicated his art to the efforts to raise popular opposition to fascism in Europe.The lobby of the Freeport New York Post Office features two murals by Gropper installed in 1938 and titled Air Mail and Suburban Post in Winter. They are included in the listing of the property on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. The murals were commissioned under the United States Department of the Treasury's Treasury Relief Art Project, which commissioned art for existing Federal buildings. <mask> was also a Works Progress Administration (WPA) artist. Due to his involvement with radical politics in the 1920s and 1930s, Gropper was called before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1953. The experience provided inspirational fodder for a series of fifty lithographs entitled the Caprichos.Following World War II, <mask> traveled to Poland to attend the World Congress of Intellectuals for Peace of 1948 in Wrocław. Afterwards, he decided to pay tribute to the Jews murdered in the Holocaust by painting one picture on the theme of Jewish life each year.Later

masks: Gropper Gropper Gropper Gropper Gropper


title: William Gropper

texts:
 years

In 1974, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate Academician. <mask> died from a myocardial infarction at Manhasset, New York, at the age of 79. Works

 Chinese White: Poems. With Gladys Oaks. New York: Melomine Publications, 1922. Di Goldene Medina [The Golden Land]. In Yiddish.New York: Freiheit Publishing Co., 1927. Alay Oop. New York: Coward-McCann, 1930. Gropper. New York: A.C.A. Gallery Publications, 1938. Your Brother's Blood Cries Out: Eight Drawings.[No City]: [No Publisher], c. 1944. The Little Tailor. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1955. Twelve Etchings. New York: Associated American Artists, 1965. Selected publications about <mask>per
 August L. Feundlich, <mask>per: Retrospective. Los Angeles: W. Ritchie Press, 1968.Louis Lozowick, <mask>. Philadelphia: Art Alliance Press, 1983. Patricia Phagan, <mask> and "Freiheit": A  Study of his Political Cartoons, 1924-1935.'' PhD Dissertation, City University of New York, 2000. Footnotes

External links

  Gropper.com:  The Life and Art of <mask>
  Smithsonian Archives of American Art:  <mask> Papers, 1916-1983 (4,578 digital images of material relating to Gropper)
 Syracuse University William Gropper Papers 1918-1970  (primary source material)
 Comrades in Arms: <mask>per
 Focus In/ On <mask> (Gustavus Adolphus College)

American Marxists
Members of the Communist Party USA
American communists
American cartoonists
Industrial Workers of the World members
20th-century American painters
American male painters
American printmakers
American muralists
American people

masks:
Gropper
William Grop
William Grop
William Gropper
William Gropper
William Gropper
William Gropper
William Grop
William Gropper


title: Pat Downey (wrestler)

texts:
<mask> (born August 7, 1992) is an American submission grappler, freestyle wrestler, and professional mixed martial artist who competes in the middleweight division of Bellator MMA. As an amateur wrestler, <mask> competes at 86 kilograms and was a 2019 Pan American Games medalist and the 2019 US Open National champion. In college, he was an NCAA Division I All–American in 2016 for the Iowa State Cyclones and an NJCAA champion for Iowa Central Community College. <mask> has been involved in several controversies, including accusations of degrading female wrestlers. Folkstyle career

High school
<mask> attended North County High School and Loch Raven High School, where he was a three-sport athlete, competing in wrestling, football and lacrosse. After placing third at the MPSSAA championships as a freshman, he went on to win the tournament every year and also won the

masks:
James Patrick Downey III
Downey
Downey
Downey


title: Pat Downey (wrestler)

texts:
 NHSCA and USAW National Championships before his graduation in 2011. As a football player, he set a school record for total offense in a game with 420 total yards on 315 yards passing and 105 yards rushing his senior year and was one of three Maryland prep quarterbacks selected to the prestigious Super-22 Team.A legally problematic high schooler, <mask> was multiple times denied of wrestling and playing football due to multiple charges. College

University of Nebraska
After being invited to train at the United States Olympic Training Center by Bobby Douglas, he started residing and training in there. During his stay, he met Olympic Gold medalist and University of Nebraska graduate Jordan Burroughs, who played a big part on <mask>'s recruiting. He was accepted by the Nebraska Cornhuskers and was supposed to attend the University of Nebraska, but as a recently turned

masks: Downey Downey


title: Pat Downey (wrestler)

texts:
 21 year–old, he got sidetracked on partying. This caused head coach Mark Manning's decision of cutting <mask> off the team, suggesting him to start a mixed martial arts career after breaking his thumb in a street fight. Iowa Central Community College
After his deflected time at UNL, <mask> attended Iowa Central Community College, an NJCAA level school. As a redshirt freshman competing at 197 pounds, he compiled an undefeated record and became the '15 NJCAA champion (helping the Tritons reach the team championship).He also went 10–1 against NCAA Division I competition, recording notable victories over Hawkeyes, Cornhuskers, Quakers, Sun Devils, etc. Iowa State University
After putting things back on track, <mask> was given two options; Iowa State University and University of Iowa. He ended up deciding to wear the Cyclones' cardinal and gold clothes, stating that some

masks: Downey Downey Downey


title: Pat Downey (wrestler)

texts: of the factors of his decision were his connections with coaches Kevin Jackson and Trent and Travis Paulson and his preference of the teammates. During his sophomore season (2015–16), he competed just three times and lost one of the matches, but still was the starter for the post-season at 197 pounds. He placed third at the Big 12 Conference championships and entered the NCAA championships unseeded. He performed greatly, taking out multiple high-seeded wrestlers to place fifth, earning All-American honors. As a junior, he was finding high success at 184 pounds during the regular season, posting seven wins and no losses.On February 23, 2017, it was announced that <mask> had been kicked off the wrestling team due to "repeated violations of team rules", as quoted by head coach Kevin Jackson. Despite some talks about a potential run as an Iowa Hawkeye, this finished


title: Pat Downey (wrestler)

texts:
 <mask>'s collegiate wrestling career and he earned his degree from ISU via online courses. Freestyle career

Junior level
<mask> was a standout junior level freestyle wrestler until 2014, year in which his eligibility to compete at this level expired. After failing to make the 2012 Senior US Olympic Team, he made the Junior World Team and went on to win a silver medal at the World Championships. He was also a FILA and USAW National Champion. Senior level

2011–2016
He made his debut in 2011 (fresh out of high school) at the OTT qualifiers in an attempt to make the Olympic Team, but was unsuccessful after losing in the first round to eventual UFC champion and then NCAA DII champion Kamaru Usman. He competed just once between 2012 and 2013 and made his return in 2014.In this year, he won the Northern Plains tournament, placed sixth at the University Nationals and


title: Pat Downey (wrestler)

texts:
 attended the World Team Trials. A year later, he competed at the ASICS US Nationals, the Northern Plains and the Bill Farrell Memorial but did not place, unlike the University Nationals in where he placed fourth. In 2016, he just wrestled one match. 2017–2018
In 2017, he made a return to freestyle in big fashion with a fifth-place finish at the US Open, which qualified him for the World Team Trials. At the WTT, he defeated two-time All-American turned MMA fighter Kyle Crutchmer but subsequently dropped his next two bouts. To close the year, he racked up a bronze medal from the Dave Schultz Memorial Invitational. In 2018, he once again placed at the US Open and (unlike the previous year) at the World Team Trials.2019–2020
<mask> completed his best year of competition as of now in 2019, as he racked up titles from the Dave Schultz Memorial International and the US


title: Pat Downey (wrestler)

texts: Open and made the World Team after defeating Nick Heflin in the challenge finals and the defending World Champion David Taylor could not make it to Final X. After successfully making the team, <mask> won a prestigious Pan American Games medal and went 2–1 at the World Championships. He then participated in a Super Fight against the accomplished submission grappler Nick Rodriguez, whom he tech'd after scoring 12 points to none. In 2020, he won a bronze medal at the Matteo Pellicone Ranking Series in Italy and had a brief appearance at the Ivan Yarygin Golden Grand Prix. In February 2020, <mask> competed at a special event where he faced the often referred as "Greatest Submission Grappler of All Time" Gordon Ryan. This event consisted of a freestyle wrestling match and a submission grappling match. In the wrestling match, <mask> tech'd Ryan in seconds.In the sub only


title: Pat Downey (wrestler)

texts:
 portion of the match, <mask> tapped out to Ryan via 3/4 nelson. <mask> was scheduled to compete at the 2020 US Olympic Team Trials on April 4 at State College, Pennsylvania. However, the event was postponed for 2021 along with the Summer Olympics due to the COVID-19 pandemic, leaving all the qualifiers unable to compete. After the Olympic Trials were postponed, <mask> participated in the first wrestling event of the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic on June 28, at Rumble on the Rooftop. He faced Greco-Roman World Team Member Joe Rau in a mixed-rules match, this consisted in one period of Greco-Roman rules and other of freestyle rules, with no technical falls. After choosing Greco-Roman in the first period, <mask> was down 9 points to none and could just pick up four points during the freestyle period, dropping the match 4–9. Controversies
After several

masks: Downey Downey Downey Downey


title: Pat Downey (wrestler)

texts:
 tweets where he made comments towards Greco-Roman and women's wrestling, <mask> Appel and also lost his spot at the FloWrestling: Dake vs. Chamizo card where he was supposed to wrestle 2018 World Champion David Taylor on July 25, in a 5–day period.2021
After more than a year of inactiveness, <mask> wrestled at the UWW Matteo Pellicone Ranking Series on March 7, at 92 kilograms, where he went 0–4. <mask> then competed at the rescheduled US Olympic Team Trials in April, finishing fourth after going 1–2. <mask> was scheduled to face two-time US Open National champion at 97 kg Kyven Gadson on August 13 in an adapted folkstyle match at the Stalemates Street League event. However, <mask> did not show up to the event. He has now been scheduled to trim down to 79 kilograms and compete at the 2021 US World Team Trials on September 11–12. Legal issues
In November 2009, <mask>

masks: Downeybarian Downey Downey Downey Downey Downey


title: Pat Downey (wrestler)

texts: was charged with first-degree assault, after Baltimore Police stated he had beaten up a Towson University student in a parking lot. According to police, Downey broke the student's jaw and knocked off four of his teeth.In June 4 of 2010, <mask> was once again charged with second-degree assault along with former teammate from North County HS <mask>, after allegedly brawling with two Navy football players at a night club. <mask> was also charged with assault and robbery in September 2010, when he was accused of beating up a classmate who sold him and two of <mask>'s friends marijuana after refusing to pay him, however, charges were dropped due to repeated changes in the victim's testimony. After a trial that took place in July 2011, where <mask> was facing up to 35 years of prison, <mask> pled guilty to his crimes committed in November 2009, spending six days in jail

masks:
Downey
Patrick Carey
Downey
Downey
Downey
Downey


title: Pat Downey (wrestler)

texts:
 (kinda like 35 years). In 2017, <mask> referred to his antics as a high schooler:

Mixed martial arts career

Bellator MMA
<mask> was formerly signed with Paradigm Sport Management and is now signed with SuckerPunch Entertainment. <mask> first announced his intentions of pursuing mixed martial arts in 2018 and was scheduled to make his amateur debut in 2019 in a cancelled bout. <mask> was rumored to make his professional debut on May 21, 2021, at LFA 108, in a middleweight bout, but an appearance never materialized. On January 6, 2022 it was announced that <mask> had signed with Bellator MMA and is scheduled to make his debut later in the year.<mask> is scheduled to make his MMA debut against Daniel Compton on April 15, 2022 at Bellator 277. Submission grappling career
In February 2020, <mask> competed at a special event where he faced the often referred as

masks: Downey Downey Downey Downey Downey Downey Downey


title: Pat Downey (wrestler)

texts: "Greatest Submission Grappler of All Time" Gordon Ryan in two matches, one consisting of wrestling rules and the other of grappling rules. In the grappling match, the unexperienced <mask> tapped out to a half nelson hold. He was then slated to face Nick Rodriguez with submission grappling rules on March, in a rematch from their freestyle wrestling match in 2019, but the event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. <mask> made his return to the sport at Subversiv 5 on May 1, 2021 defeating Rasheed Perez by unanimous decision and scoring a highlight reel suplex. <mask> then competed at the prestigious Third Coast Grappling Middleweight Grand Prix on June 19, being eliminated in the first match by multiple time color belt World Champion Pedro Marinho. He was then scheduled to compete at a Sub Spectrum event on August 14, one day after a wrestling match with Kyven


title: Hugo Scheiber

texts:
<mask> (born 29 September 1873 in Budapest – died there 7 March 1950) was a Hungarian modernist painter. Life
<mask> was brought from Budapest to Vienna at the age of eight where his father worked as a sign painter for the Prater Theater. At fifteen, he returned with his family to Budapest and began working during the day to help support them and attending painting classes at the School of Design in the evening, where Henrik Papp was one of his teachers. He completed his studies in 1900. His work was at first in a post-Impressionistic style but from 1910 onward showed his increasing interest in German Expressionism and Futurism. This made it of little interest to the conservative Hungarian art establishment. However, in 1915 he met the great Italian avant-gardist Filippo Tommaso Marinetti and the two painters became close friends.Marinetti invited him to join the Futurist Movement. The uniquely modernist style that he developed was, however, closer to German Expressionism than to Futurism and eventually drifted toward an international art deco manner similar to Erté's. In 1919, he and his friend Béla Kádar held an exhibition at the Hevesy Salon in Vienna. It was a great success and at last caused the Budapest Art Museum to acquire some of <mask>'s drawings. Encouraged, <mask> came back to live in Vienna in 1920. A turning point in <mask>'s career came a year later, when Herwarth Walden, founder of Germany's leading avant-garde periodical, Der Sturm, and of the Sturm Gallery in Berlin, became interested in <mask>'s work. <mask> moved to Berlin in 1922, and his paintings soon appeared

masks:
Hugó Scheiber
Hugó Scheiber
Scheiber
Scheiber
Scheiber
Scheiber
Scheiber


title: Hugo Scheiber

texts: regularly in Walden's magazine and elsewhere.Exhibitions of his work followed in London, Rome, La Paz, and New York. <mask>'s move to Germany coincided with a significant exodus of Hungarian artists to Berlin, including László Moholy-Nagy and Sándor Bortnyik. There had been a major split in ideology among the Hungarian avant-garde. The Constructivist and leader of the Hungarian avantgarde, Lajos Kassák (painted by Hugó <mask> in 1930) believed that art should relate to all the needs of contemporary humankind. Thus he refused to compromise the purity of his style to reflect the demands of either the ruling class or socialists and communists. The other camp believed that an artist should be a figurehead for social and political change. The fall out and factions that resulted from this politicisation resulted in most of the Hungarian avantgardists leaving Vienna for Berlin.Hungarian émigrés made up one of the largest minority groups in the German capital and the influx of their painters had a significant effect on Hungarian and international art. Apart from the political activists, there were independent Modernists such as <mask> and Kádár, who hoped to find fertile ground for their aesthetic and social idealism. Hugó <mask>, among others, suddenly found himself in the upper echelons of the dynamic Berlin art world. Another turning point of <mask>'s career came in 1926, with the New York exhibition of the Société Anonyme, organized by Katherine Dreier. <mask> and other important avantgarde artists from more than twenty-three countries were represented. In 1933, <mask> was invited by

masks: Scheiber Scheiber Scheiber Scheiber Scheiber Scheiber Scheiber


title: Hugo Scheiber

texts:
 Marinetti to participate in the great meeting of the Futurists held in Rome in late April 1933, Mostra Nazionale d’Arte Futurista where he was received with great enthusiasm. Gradually, the Hungarian artists began to return home, particularly with the rise of Nazism in Germany.Kádar went back from Berlin in about 1932 and <mask> followed in 1934. He was then at the peak of his powers and had a special flair in depicting café and cabaret life in vivid colors, sturdily abstracted forms and spontaneous brush strokes. Scheiber depicted cosmopolitan modern life using stylized shapes and expressive colors. His preferred subjects were cabaret and street scenes, jazz musicians, flappers, and a series of self-portraits (usually with a cigar). A highly prolific workman, he produced well over 1500 works (nearly 1300 are still listed on www.artnet.com), his principal media being gouache and oil. He was a member of the prestigious New Society of Artists (KUT—Képzőművészek Új Társasága) and seems to have weathered Hungary's post–World War II transition to state-communism without difficulty. He continued to be well regarded, eventually even receiving the posthumous honor of having one of his images used for a Soviet postage stamp (see image above).Hugó <mask> died in Budapest in 1950. Museums and Exhibits

Paintings by Hugó <mask> form part of permanent museum collections in Budapest (Hungarian National Museum), Pecs (Jannus Pannonius Museum), Vienna, New York, Bern and elsewhere. His work has also been shown in many important exhibitions, including:

 "The Nell Walden Collection," Kunsthaus Zürich

masks: Scheiber Scheiber Scheiber


title: Hugo Scheiber

texts:
 (1945)
 "Collection of the Société Anonyme," Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut (1950)
 "Hugó Scheiber: A Commemorative Exhibition," Hungarian National Museum, Budapest (1964)
 "Ungarische Avantgarde," Galleria del Levante, Munich (1971)
 "Paris-Berlin 1900-1930," Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris (1978)
 "L’Art en Hongrie, 1905-1920," Musée d’Art et l’Industrie, Saint-Etienne (1980)
 "Ungarische Avangarde in der Weimarer Republik," Marburg (1986)
 "Modernizmus," Eresz & Maklary Gallery, Budapest (2006)
 "Hugó Scheiber & Béla Kádar," Galerie le Minotaure, Paris and Tel Aviv (2007)
Hugó <mask>'s paintings continue to be regularly sold at Sotheby's, Christie's, Gillen's Arts (London), Papillon Gallery (Los Angeles) and other auction houses. Bibliography

A Storm in Europe: Béla Kádar, Hugó <mask> and Der Sturm in Berlin (Ben Uri Gallery, The London Museum of Art, 2003),
Georges Darany & Ernest Schmidt, Hugó Scheiber: Leben und Werk (Edition Inter Art Galerie, 1982)
Le Guidargus de la peinture (G. Schurr: Editions de l’amateur, Paris, 2000)
Bénézit Dictionnaire critique et documentaire des peintres, sculpteurs, dessinateurs et graveurs, vol. 9 (E. Bénézit, Librairie Gründ, Paris, 1976). Haulish Lenke, Hugó Scheiber (Serpento, Budapest, 1995), . External links
BudapestAucton free database with 2 012 paintings, graphics and signatures of Hugo Scheiber
Scheiber's works on artnet.com
Hugó Scheiber on Papillon Gallery
List of works on Fine Arts in Hungary

References

Artists from Budapest
1873 births
1950 deaths
20th-century Hungarian painters
20th-century male artists
Hungarian

masks: Scheiber Scheiber


title: Norman Rockwell

texts:
<mask> (February 3, 1894 – November 8, 1978) was an American painter and illustrator. His works have a broad popular appeal in the United States for their reflection of American culture. <mask> is most famous for the cover illustrations of everyday life he created for The Saturday Evening Post magazine over nearly five decades. Among the best-known of <mask>'s works are the Willie Gillis series, Rosie the Riveter,
The Problem We All Live With, Saying Grace, and the Four Freedoms series. He is also noted for his 64-year relationship with the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), during which he produced covers for their publication Boys' Life, calendars, and other illustrations. These works include popular images that reflect the Scout Oath and Scout Law such as The Scoutmaster, A Scout Is Reverent and A Guiding Hand, among many others. <mask> was a prolific artist, producing more than 4,000 original works in his lifetime.Most of his surviving works are in public collections. <mask> was also commissioned to illustrate more than 40 books, including Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn as well as painting the portraits for Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon, as well as those of foreign figures, including Gamal Abdel Nasser and Jawaharlal Nehru. His portrait subjects included Judy Garland. One of his last portraits was of Colonel Sanders in 1973. His annual contributions for the Boy Scouts calendars between 1925 and 1976 (<mask> was a 1939 recipient of the Silver Buffalo Award, the highest adult award given by the Boy Scouts of America), were only slightly overshadowed by his most popular of calendar works: the "Four Seasons" illustrations for Brown & Bigelow that were published for 17 years beginning in 1947 and reproduced in various styles and sizes since 1964. He created artwork for advertisements for Coca-Cola, Jell-O, General Motors, Scott Tissue, and other companies. Illustrations for booklets, catalogs, posters (particularly movie promotions), sheet music, stamps, playing cards, and

masks:
Norman Percevel Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell


title: Norman Rockwell

texts:
 murals (including "Yankee Doodle Dandy" and "God Bless the Hills", which was completed in 1936 for the Nassau Inn in Princeton, New Jersey) rounded out <mask>'s œuvre as an illustrator.<mask>'s work was dismissed by serious art critics in his lifetime. Many of his works appear overly sweet in the opinion of modern critics, especially the Saturday Evening Post covers, which tend toward idealistic or sentimentalized portrayals of American life. This has led to the often deprecatory adjective "Rockwellesque". Consequently, <mask> is not considered a "serious painter" by some contemporary artists, who regard his work as bourgeois and kitsch. Writer Vladimir Nabokov stated that <mask>'s brilliant technique was put to "banal" use, and wrote in his novel Pnin: "That Dalí is really <mask>'s twin brother  by  in babyhood." He is called an "illustrator" instead of an artist by some critics, a designation he did not mind, as that was what he called himself. In his later years, however, <mask> began receiving more attention as a painter when he chose more serious subjects such as the series on racism for Look magazine.One example of this more serious work is The Problem We All Live With, which dealt with the issue of school racial integration. The painting depicts a young black girl, Ruby Bridges, flanked by white federal marshals, walking to school past a wall defaced by racist graffiti. This 1964 painting was displayed in the White House when Bridges met with President Barack Obama in 2011. Life

Early years

<mask> was born on February 3, 1894, in New York, NY, to Jarvis Waring <mask> and Anne Mary "Nancy<mask>, born Hill. His earliest American ancestor was <mask> (1588–1662), from Somerset, England, who immigrated to colonial North America, probably in 1635, aboard the ship Hopewell and became one of the first settlers of Windsor, Connecticut. He had one brother, Jarvis Waring <mask>, Jr., older by a year and a half. Jarvis Waring, Sr., was the manager of the New York office of a Philadelphia

masks:
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Norman Rockwell
Rockwell
Norman Rockwell
Rockwell
" Rockwell
John Rockwell
Rockwell


title: Norman Rockwell

texts:
 textile firm, George Wood, Sons & Company, where he spent his entire career.<mask> transferred from high school to the Chase Art School at the age of 14. He then went on to the National Academy of Design and finally to the Art Students League. There, he was taught by Thomas Fogarty, George Bridgman, and Frank Vincent DuMond; his early works were produced for St. Nicholas Magazine, the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) magazine Boys' Life, and other youth publications. As a student, <mask> had some small jobs, including one as a supernumerary at the Metropolitan Opera. His first major artistic job came at age 18, illustrating Carl H. Claudy's book Tell Me Why: Stories about Mother Nature. After that, <mask> was hired as a staff artist for Boys' Life magazine. In this role, he received 50 dollars' compensation each month for one completed cover and a set of story illustrations.It is said to have been his first paying job as an artist. At 19, he became the art editor for Boys' Life, published by the Boy Scouts of America. He held the job for three years, during which he painted several covers, beginning with his first published magazine cover, Scout at Ship's Wheel, which appeared on the Boys' Life September 1913 edition. Painting years

<mask>'s family moved to New Rochelle, New York, when <mask> was 21 years old. They shared a studio with the cartoonist Clyde Forsythe, who worked for The Saturday Evening Post. With Forsythe's help, <mask> submitted his first successful cover painting to the Post in 1916, Mother's Day Off (published on May 20). He followed that success with Circus Barker and Strongman (published on June 3), Gramps at the Plate (August 5), Redhead Loves Hatty Perkins (September 16), People in a Theatre Balcony (October 14), and Man Playing Santa (December 9).<mask> was published eight times on the Post cover within the first year. Ultimately, <mask> published 323 original covers for The Saturday Evening Post over 47 years. His Sharp Harmony appeared on the cover of the issue

masks: Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell Norman Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell


title: Norman Rockwell

texts:
 dated September 26, 1936; it depicts a barber and three clients, enjoying an a cappella song. The image was adopted by SPEBSQSA in its promotion of the art. <mask>'s success on the cover of the Post led to covers for other magazines of the day, most notably the Literary Digest, the Country Gentleman, Leslie's Weekly, Judge, Peoples Popular Monthly and Life magazine. When <mask>'s tenure began with The Saturday Evening Post in 1916, he left his salaried position at Boys' Life, but continued to include scouts in Post cover images and the monthly magazine of the American Red Cross. He resumed work with the Boy Scouts of America in 1926 with production of his first of fifty-one original illustrations for the official Boy Scouts of America annual calendar, which still may be seen in the Norman Rockwell Art Gallery at the National Scouting Museum in Cimarron, New Mexico.During World War I, he tried to enlist into the U.S. Navy but was refused entry because, at , he was eight pounds underweight for someone  tall. To compensate, he spent one night gorging himself on bananas, liquids and doughnuts, and weighed enough to enlist the next day. He was given the role of a military artist, however, and did not see any action during his tour of duty. World War II

In 1943, during World War II, <mask> painted the Four Freedoms series, which was completed in seven months and resulted in him losing fifteen pounds. The series was inspired by a speech by Franklin D. Roosevelt, wherein Roosevelt described and articulated Four Freedoms for universal rights. <mask> then painted Freedom from Want, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Worship and Freedom from Fear. The paintings were published in 1943 by The Saturday Evening Post.<mask> used the Pennell shipbuilding family from Brunswick, Maine as models for two of the paintings, Freedom from Want and A Thankful Mother, and would combine models from photographs and his own vision to create his idealistic paintings. The United States Department of the Treasury later

masks: Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell


title: Norman Rockwell

texts:
 promoted war bonds by exhibiting the originals in sixteen cities. <mask> considered Freedom of Speech to be the best of the four. That same year, a fire in his studio destroyed numerous original paintings, costumes, and props. Because the period costumes and props were irreplaceable, the fire split his career into two phases, the second phase depicting modern characters and situations. <mask> was contacted by writer Elliott Caplin, brother of cartoonist Al Capp, with the suggestion that the three of them should make a daily comic strip together, with Caplin and his brother writing and <mask> drawing. King Features Syndicate is reported to have promised a $1,000 per week deal, knowing that a Capp-Rockwell collaboration would gain strong public interest.The project was ultimately aborted, however, as it turned out that <mask>, known for his perfectionism as an artist, could not deliver material so quickly as would be required of him for a daily comic strip. Later career
During the late 1940s, <mask> spent the winter months as artist-in-residence at Otis College of Art and Design. Students occasionally were models for his Saturday Evening Post covers. In 1949, <mask> donated an original Post cover, April Fool, to be raffled off in a library fund raiser. In 1959, after his wife Mary died suddenly from a heart attack, <mask> took time off from his work to grieve. It was during that break that he and his son Thomas produced <mask>'s autobiography, My Adventures as an Illustrator, which was published in 1960. The Post printed excerpts from this book in eight consecutive issues, the first containing <mask>'s famous Triple Self-Portrait.<mask>'s last painting for the Post was published in 1963, marking the end of a publishing relationship that had included 321 cover paintings. He spent the next 10 years painting for Look magazine, where his work depicted his interests in civil rights, poverty, and space exploration. In 1966, <mask> was invited to Hollywood to paint portraits of the stars of the

masks:
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Norman Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell


title: Norman Rockwell

texts:
 film Stagecoach, and also found himself appearing as an extra in the film, playing a "mangy old gambler". In 1968, <mask> was commissioned to do an album cover portrait of Mike Bloomfield and Al Kooper for their record, The Live Adventures of Mike Bloomfield and Al Kooper. In 1969, as a tribute on the 75th anniversary of <mask>'s birth, officials of Brown & Bigelow and the Boy Scouts of America asked <mask> to pose in Beyond the Easel, the calendar illustration that year. In 1969 the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation commissioned <mask> to paint the Glen Canyon Dam. His last commission for the Boy Scouts of America was a calendar illustration entitled The Spirit of 1976, which was completed when <mask> was 82, concluding a partnership which generated 471 images for periodicals, guidebooks, calendars, and promotional materials.His connection to the BSA spanned 64 years, marking the longest professional association of his career. His legacy and style for the BSA has been carried on by Joseph Csatari. For "vivid and affectionate portraits of our country", <mask> was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States of America's highest civilian honor, in 1977 by President Gerald Ford. <mask>'s son, Jarvis, accepted the award. <mask> died on November 8, 1978, of emphysema at age 84 in his Stockbridge, Massachusetts, home. First Lady Rosalynn Carter attended his funeral. Personal life

<mask> married his first wife, Irene O'Connor, in 1916.Irene was <mask>'s model in Mother Tucking Children into Bed, published on the cover of The Literary Digest on January 19, 1921. The couple divorced in 1930. Depressed, he moved briefly to Alhambra, California as a guest of his old friend Clyde Forsythe. There he painted some of his best-known paintings including The Doctor and the Doll. While there he met and married schoolteacher Mary Barstow in 1930. The couple returned to New York shortly after their marriage. They had three children: Jarvis Waring, Thomas Rhodes, and Peter Barstow.The family

masks:
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Death Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell


title: Norman Rockwell

texts:
 lived at 24 Lord Kitchener Road in the Bonnie Crest neighborhood of New Rochelle, New York. <mask> and his wife were not regular church attendees, although they were members of St. John's Wilmot Church, an Episcopal church near their home, where their sons were baptized. <mask> moved to Arlington, Vermont, in 1939 where his work began to reflect small-town life. He would later be joined by his good friend, John Carlton Atherton. In 1953, the <mask> family moved to Stockbridge, Massachusetts, so that his wife could be treated at the Austen Riggs Center, a psychiatric hospital at 25 Main Street, close to where <mask> set up his studio. <mask> also received psychiatric treatment, seeing the analyst Erik Erikson, who was on staff at Riggs. Erikson told biographer Laura Claridge that he painted his happiness, but did not live it.In 1959, Mary died unexpectedly of a heart attack. <mask> married his third wife, retired Milton Academy English teacher, Mary Leete "Mollie" Punderson (1896-1985), on October 25, 1961. His Stockbridge studio was located on the second floor of a row of buildings. Directly underneath <mask>'s studio was, for a time in 1966, the Back Room Rest, better known as the famous "Alice's Restaurant". During his time in Stockbridge, chief of police William Obanhein was a frequent model for <mask>'s paintings. From 1961 until his death, <mask> was a member of the Monday Evening Club, a men's literary group based in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. At his funeral, five members of the club served as pallbearers, along with <mask>.Legacy

A custodianship of his original paintings and drawings was established with <mask>'s help near his home in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, and the Norman Rockwell Museum still is open today year-round. The museum's collection includes more than 700 original Rockwell paintings, drawings, and studies. The Rockwell Center for American Visual Studies at the Norman Rockwell Museum is a national research institute dedicated to American illustration art. <mask>'s

masks:
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Jarvis Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell


title: Norman Rockwell

texts: work was exhibited at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in 2001. <mask>'s Breaking Home Ties sold for $15.4 million at a 2006 Sotheby's auction. A 12-city U.S. tour of Rockwell's works took place in 2008. In 2008, <mask> was named the official state artist of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.The 2013 sale of Saying Grace for $46 million (including buyer's premium) established a new record price for <mask>. <mask>'s work was exhibited at the Reading Public Museum and the Church History Museum in 2013–2014. In 1981, <mask>'s painting Girl at Mirror was used for the cover of Prism's fifth studio album Small Change. <mask> is among the figures depicted in Our Nation's 200th Birthday, The Telephone's 100th Birthday (1976) by Stanley Meltzoff for Bell System which Meltzoff based on <mask>'s 1948 painting The Gossips. In the film Empire of the Sun, a young boy (played by Christian Bale) is put to bed by his loving parents in a scene also inspired by a Rockwell painting—a reproduction of which is later kept by the young boy during his captivity in a prison camp ("Freedom from Fear", 1943). The 1994 film Forrest Gump includes a shot in a school that re-creates Rockwell's "Girl with Black Eye" with young Forrest in place of the girl. Much of the film drew heavy visual inspiration from <mask>'s art.Film director George Lucas owns <mask>'s original of "The Peach Crop", and his colleague Steven Spielberg owns a sketch of <mask>'s Triple Self-Portrait. Each of the artworks hangs in the respective filmmaker's work space. <mask> is a major character in an episode of Lucas' The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, "Passion for Life," portrayed by Lukas Haas. Museum director Thomas S. Buechner said that <mask>'s art is important for standing the test of time, "When the last half century is explored by the future, a few paintings will continue to communicate with the same immediacy and veracity they have today." In 2005, May Corporation, that previously bought Marshall Field's from Target Corp., was bought by

masks: Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell


title: Norman Rockwell

texts:
 Federated Department Stores. After the sale, Federated discovered that Rockwell's The Clock Mender displayed in the store was a reproduction. Rockwell had donated the painting, which depicts a repairman setting the time on one of the Marshall Field and Company Building clocks, and was depicted on the cover of the November 3, 1945 Saturday Evening Post, to the store in 1948.Target had since donated the original to the Chicago History Museum. On an anniversary of <mask>'s birth, on February 3, 2010, Google featured <mask>'s iconic image of young love "Boy and Girl Gazing at the Moon", which is also known as "Puppy Love", on its home page. The response was so great that day that the <mask>well museum's servers were overwhelmed by the volume of traffic. "Dreamland", a track from Canadian alternative rock band Our Lady Peace's 2009 album Burn Burn, was inspired by <mask>'s paintings. The cover for the Oingo Boingo album Only a Lad is a parody of the Boy Scouts of America 1960 official handbook cover illustrated by <mask>. Lana Del Rey named her sixth studio album, Norman Fucking Rockwell! (2019), after <mask>.Major works

 Scout at Ship's Wheel (first published magazine cover illustration, Boys' Life, September 1913)
 Santa and Scouts in Snow (1913)
 Boy with Baby Carriage (1916; first Saturday Evening Post cover)
 Circus Barker and Strongman (1916)
 Gramps at the Plate (1916)
 Redhead Loves Hatty Perkins (1916)
 People in a Theatre Balcony (1916)
 Tain't You (1917; first Life magazine cover)
 Cousin Reginald Goes to the Country (1917; first Country Gentleman cover)
 Santa and Expense Book (1920)
 Mother Tucking Children into Bed (1921; first wife Irene is the model)
 No Swimming (1921)
 Santa with Elves (1922)
 The Love Song (1926, Ladies Home Journal)
 Doctor and Doll (1929)
 Deadline (1938)

masks:
Norman Rockwell
Rockwell
Norman Rock
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell


title: Norman Rockwell

texts:
 Girl Reading the Post (1941) - In 1943, <mask> gifted this painting to Walt Disney whose daughter, Diane Disney Miller, gifted it to The Norman Rockwell Museum at Stockbridge in 2000. The Four Freedoms (1943)
 Freedom of Speech (1943)
 Freedom of Worship (1943)
 Freedom from Want (1943)
 Freedom from Fear (1943)
 Rosie the Riveter (1943)
 We, Too, Have a Job to Do (1944)
 Going and Coming (1947)
 Tough Call (also known as Game Called Because of Rain, Bottom of the Sixth, or The Three Umpires; 1948)
 The New Television Set (1949)
 Saying Grace (1951)
 Waiting for the Vet (1952)
 The Young Lady with a Shiner (1953)
 Walking to Church (1953)
 Girl at Mirror (1954)
 Breaking Home Ties (1954)
 The Marriage License (1955)
 The Scoutmaster (1956)
 The Rookie (1957)
 The Runaway (1958)
 A Family Tree (1959)
 Triple Self-Portrait (1960)
 Golden Rule (1961)
 The Connoisseur (1962)
 The Problem We All Live With (1964)
 Southern Justice (Murder in Mississippi) (1965)
 New Kids in the Neighborhood (1967)
 Russian Schoolroom (1967)
 The Spirit of 1976 (1976) (stolen in 1978, recovered in 2001 by the FBI's Robert King Wittman)

Film posters and album cover

Rockwell provided illustrations for several film posters during his career. The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938)
 The Magnificent Ambersons (1942)
 The Song of Bernadette (1943)
 Along Came Jones (1945)
 The Razor's Edge (1946)
 Cinderfella (1960)
 Stagecoach (1966)

He designed an album cover for The Live Adventures of Mike Bloomfield and Al Kooper (1969). He was also commissioned by English musician David Bowie to design the cover artwork for his 1975 album Young Americans, but the offer was retracted after Rockwell informed him he would need at least half a year to complete a painting for the album. Displays
 Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts
 Rockwell Collection at the National Museum of American Illustration
 Rockwell illustrations for The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn at the Mark Twain


title: Väinö Linna

texts:
<mask> (; 20 December 1920 – 21 April 1992) was a Finnish author. He gained literary fame with his third novel, Tuntematon sotilas (The Unknown Soldier, published in 1954), and consolidated his position with the trilogy Täällä Pohjantähden alla (Under the North Star, published in 1959–1963 and translated into English by Richard Impola). Both have been adapted to a film format on several occasions; The Unknown Soldier was first adapted into a film in 1955 and Under the North Star in 1968 as Here, Beneath the North Star, both directed by Edvin Laine. Biography
<mask> was born in Urjala in the Pirkanmaa region. He was the seventh child of Viktor (Vihtori<mask> (1874–1928) and Johanna Maria (Maija) <mask> (1888–1972). However, Linna's father, a butcher, died when he was only seven years old. Thus his mother had to support the entire family by working at a nearby manor.Despite his background, <mask>'s interest in literature began early on. As a child, <mask> loved adventure novels which he borrowed from the local library. The author's education was, however, limited to six years at a public school which he finished in the mid-1930s. After working as a lumberjack and a farm hand at the same manor where his mother had worked, <mask> moved to Tampere in 1938. Typical of his generation, the adolescent author-to-be moved from the countryside to a developing city in search of industrial labour which he found at the Finlayson textile mills. In 1940, <mask> was conscripted into the army. The Second World War had broken out, and for Linna's part it meant participation in the Continuation War (1941–44).He fought on the eastern front. In addition to being a squad-leader, he wrote notes and observations about his and his unit's experiences. Already at this point <mask> knew that writing would be his preferred occupation. However, failure to get the notes published led him to burn them. In spite of rejection, the

masks:
Väinö Linna
Väinö Linna
) Linna
Linna
Linna
Linna
Linna
Linna
Linna


title: Väinö Linna

texts: idea of a novel, which would depict ordinary soldiers' views on war, would later lead him to write The Unknown Soldier. After the war, <mask> got married and started writing whilst working at the mills during the day. Throughout his time at Finlayson, Väinö Linna read avidly.Such authors as Schopenhauer, Dostoyevsky, and Nietzsche gained <mask>'s respect. <mask> later said that Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front had also had a great influence on him. However, <mask>'s first two novels Päämäärä and Musta rakkaus sold poorly; he also wrote poetry but did not enjoy success with that either. Not until the release of The Unknown Soldier (1954) did he rise to fame. It is evident that at the time there was a distinct social need for a novel that would deal with the war and ordinary people's role in it. A decade after the peace treaty with the Soviet Union many Finns were ready to reminisce, some even in a critical manner. The Unknown Soldier satisfied that need completely, as its characters were unarguably more diverse, realistic yet heroic, than those of earlier Finnish war novels.The book soon became something of a best-seller, as it sold 175,000 copies in only six months – quite a lot for a Finnish novel in the 1950s. Yet, the reception of the book was harsh. In Finland's biggest newspaper, Helsingin Sanomat, the critic Toini Havu argued in her infamous review that Linna did not present his characters in a grand historical and ethical context, which she thought was crucial. Also modernists treated The Unknown Soldier with contempt. At the time Tuomas Anhava referred to The Unknown Soldier as a "boy's book" because of its action-packed storyline. The acceptance of the general public and Linna's determination were, however, enough to outdo the criticism in the end. In the mid-50s, <mask> moved to Hämeenkyrö and began to cultivate crops.In 1959, the first part of Under the North Star

masks: Linna Linna Linna Linna Linna


title: Väinö Linna

texts:
 was released. The book was a success and other parts were to follow. The second part was published in 1960 and the final part in 1963. The third part of the novel was honoured with the Nordic Council's Literature Prize. In 1964, <mask> sold the farm and moved back to Tampere. This time he did not return to Finlayson, as he now could dedicate his life entirely to literature due to the financial success his works had earned him. He was given the honorary title of Academician in 1980, despite the fact that he had no higher education.In 1984, <mask> <mask> had a stroke, which caused him to lose the ability to speak. After some time he contracted cancer, which tired him out, leading to his death on 21 April 1992. Literary works

 (1947) Päämäärä
 (1948) Musta rakkaus
 (1949–53) Messias, (unfinished)
 (1954) Tuntematon sotilas, The Unknown Soldier
 (1959–63) Täällä Pohjantähden alla I–III, Under the North Star, translated by Richard Impola
 (1967) Oheisia
 (1990) Murroksia
 (2000) Sotaromaani, uncensored version of The Unknown Soldier

Legacy
<mask>'s realism of his work has had a profound influence on Finnish social, political and cultural life. His novels have a place in Finland's literary canon, among Kalevala, Seven Brothers and other classics. Many quotations from his works are nowadays Finnish sayings. The opening line of Under the North Star, "In the beginning there were the swamp, the hoe – and Jussi", is recognized by most Finns as well as Rokka's famous exclamation, "Where do you need a real good man, here you have one! ", from The Unknown Soldier.Showcasing the value of his legacy, <mask>inö Linna in Tampere. References

1920 births
1992 deaths
People from Urjala
People from Tampere
Writers from Pirkanmaa
Finnish male novelists
Finnish-language writers
Finnish military personnel of World War II
Nordic Council Literature Prize winners
20th-century Finnish novelists
20th-century male

masks: Linna Väinö Linna Linna Linnaä


title: Mary Kenney O'Sullivan

texts:
<mask>'Sullivan (January 8, 1864 – January 18, 1943), was an organizer in the early U.S. labor movement. She learned early the importance of unions from poor treatment received at her first job in dressmaking. Making a career in bookbinding, she joined the Ladies Federal Local Union Number 2703 and organized her own group from within, Woman's Bookbinding Union Number 1. Her women's bookbinding union became a branch of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and she went on to become a full-salaried organizer. Though she would not hold the position for long she is remembered as being the first woman AFL employed on a full salary. She was a member of the Jane Addams's settlement house movement, moving into Hull House in the 1880s. There she proceeded to organize women's work and clubs.Later in 1884, she married a labor editor and organizer named John O'Sullivan at Boston. They moved into Denison House, a settlement house where O'Sullivan continued to perform labor organizing. This was a unique opportunity for her as it was uncommon for husbands to support their wives working. Together they had 3 children. In 1903 in what may be her greatest achievement, O'Sullivan would become a founder of the Women's Trade Union League. She worked with the union in many reform actions. She also aided the Industrial Workers of the World during the Lawrence Textile Strike.She ultimately ended her career in labor as an inspector for the Massachusetts Board of Labor and Industries, a position she held for 20 years. Early life

<mask> was born in Hannibal, Missouri to Irish immigrants. She achieved only a fourth grade education but went on to apprentice as a dressmaker. She spent a two-year period dressmaking with no pay. Post-dressmaking O'Sullivan learned the bindery trade and became an accomplished book binder. It was this experience, and her early work in bookbinding that led her to understand the need for

masks:
Mary Kenney O
Mary Kenney


title: Mary Kenney O'Sullivan

texts:
 unionization. Working to support her mother, O'Sullivan moved to Chicago in 1888.There she continued her bindery career, but to garner support for herself and other women like her she joined Ladies Federal Local Union Number 2703 and started her union organization, Woman's Bookbinding Union Number 1. While organizing women's labor she lived in Hull House. Upon meeting and getting to know Jane Addams she gained permission to hold union meetings at the house. Eventually she would establish her own co-op within the house specifically for women making low-wages. Her union organization became a part of the AFL and as a result she was elected to delegate to the Chicago Trades and Labor Assembly. Further along in 1892 she was made the first full salaried organizer for the AFL, where she was given the opportunity to travel extensively on the east coast, organizing a multitude of workers. In the year after she was terminated <mask> would continue to work in labor organization, particularly with Florence Kelley.She also worked on women's suffrage while in Chicago, a bill which unfortunately did not pass. Boston Labor

Kenney married a labor editor named Jack O'Sullivan in 1894. They moved to Boston and lived in Denison House, a settlement house similar to Hull House. An unusual family for the time, <mask> and Jack both worked and looked after the home. Throughout their marriage O'Sullivan continued her organizing mostly through the settlement house, holding discussion groups for working women, focused on the need for solidarity. Sadly her husband died in a tragic streetcar accident in 1902. From these discussions came the beginnings of an organization that would provide working women from varied backgrounds a central voice, enabling them to unite for better wages and conditions.This organization would be the umbrella from which women's unions could develop prosper. O'Sullivan's opportunity came in November

masks: Kenney Mary


title: Mary Kenney O'Sullivan

texts:
 1903 while at an AFL convention. Labor leader and President of AFL Samuel Gompers allowed her time at the microphone to announce the founding of the National Women's Trade Union League (WTUL). The first meeting included women from many previously established unions, as well as settlement house leaders and reformists. <mask> O'Sullivan would be made secretary of the organization. O'Sullivan's work for women included not only union organization but voting rights as well. In 1906 she spoke to a voting committee in the U.S. House of Representatives on the Constitutional amendment giving women the vote.She argued that women were producers in American society, and that every producer retains the right to vote. Similarly the WTUL was considered the "industrial branch" of the suffrage movement. When the AFL renewed its support of a Constitutional Amendment for suffrage every year O'Sullivan often announced its support. She wrote a circular (circa 1913-1915) for the National American Woman Suffrage Association entitled 'Why the Working Woman Needs the Vote'

Lawrence Textile Strike

Her time with the WTUL came to an end in 1912 during the Lawrence Textile Strike. Initially the WTUL was able to offer support, opening a relief station providing strikers with survival goods, O'Sullivan was made the operator. However the AFL was opposed to the strike. The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), a rival union organization which held opposing viewpoints, supported the strike.The AFL demanded that organizations under its control, which included WTUL withdraw any support. While WTUL did comply, O'Sullivan did not and stayed on with IWW. This gained her the "ire" of AFL and unfortunately the AFL also reprimanded WTUL. The relationship between both organizations was considerably rocky from this point forward. O'Sullivan disagreed with the IWW's politics but saw merit in their organizing tactics. She was also very


title: Yuri Andropov

texts: <mask> (; ; – 9 February 1984) was the sixth paramount leader of the Soviet Union and the fourth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Following the 18-year rule of Leonid Brezhnev, <mask> served in the post from November 1982 until his death in February 1984. Earlier in his career, <mask> served as the Soviet ambassador to Hungary from 1954 to 1957, during which time he was involved in the suppression of the 1956 Hungarian Uprising. He was named Chairman of the KGB on 10 May 1967. In this position, he oversaw a massive crackdown on dissent carried out via mass arrests and the involuntary psychiatric commitment of people deemed "socially undesirable". After Brezhnev suffered a stroke in 1975 impairing his ability to govern, <mask> effectively dominated policymaking alongside Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko, Defense Minister Andrei Grechko and Grechko's successor, Marshal Dmitry Ustinov, for the rest of Brezhnev's rule. Upon Brezhnev's death on 10 November 1982, <mask> succeeded him as General Secretary and (by extension) leader of the Soviet Union.During his short tenure, <mask> sought to eliminate corruption and inefficiency within the country by investigating longtime officials for violations of party discipline and criminalizing truancy in the workplace. The Cold War intensified, and he was at a loss for how to handle the growing crisis in the Soviet economy. His major long-term impact was bringing to the fore a new generation of young reformers, as energetic as himself, including Yegor Ligachyov, Nikolai Ryzhkov, and, most importantly, Mikhail Gorbachev. However, upon suffering kidney failure in February 1983, <mask>'s

masks:
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov
Andropov
Andropov
Andropov
Yuri Andropov
Andropov
Andropov


title: Yuri Andropov

texts:
 health began to deteriorate rapidly. On 9 February 1984, he died after leading the country for only about 15 months. Early life
There has been much contention over <mask>'s family background. According to the official biography, <mask> was born in Stanitsa Nagutskaya (modern-day Stavropol Krai of Russia) on 15 June 1914.His father, Vladimir Konstantinovich <mask>, was a railway worker of Don Cossack descent who died from typhus in 1919. His mother, Yevgenia Karlovna Fleckenstein (none of the official sources mention her name), was a school teacher who died in 1931. She was born in the Ryazan Governorate into a family of town dwellers and was abandoned on the doorstep of a Finnish citizen, a Jewish watchmaker, Karl Franzevich Fleckenstein, who lived in Moscow; he and his wife, Eudokia Mikhailovna Fleckenstein, adopted and raised her. Later research has shown that many details about <mask>'s biography were largely falsified during his lifetime which has contributed to the confusion connected to his family history. His earliest documented name was Grigory Vladimirovich <mask>-Fyodorov; he changed it to <mask> several years later. While his original birth certificate disappeared, it was established that <mask> was in fact born in Moscow where his mother had been working in a women's gymnasium from 1913 until 1917. To make things more complicated, he named different dates of her death at various occasions: 1927, 1929, 1930 and 1931.The story of her adoption was also highly likely a mystification. In 1937 <mask> went through a check when he applied for Communist Party membership, and it turned out that "the sister of his native maternal grandmother" (he

masks:
Andropov
Andropov
Andropov
Andropov
Andropov
Yuri Andropov
Andropov
Andropov


title: Yuri Andropov

texts:
 called her his aunt) who was living with him and who supported the legend of his Ryazan peasant origins was in fact his nurse who had been working at Fleckenstein's long before he was born. It was also reported that his mother belonged to merchantry. In fact Karl Fleckenstein was a rich jewel merchant, owner of a jeweller's, and so was his wife who took over her husband's business after his accidental death in 1915 (he was confused for a German during the infamous anti-German pogrom in Moscow, although Andropov preferred to refer to it as anti-Jewish). The whole family could have been turned into lishentsy and stripped of basic rights if she had not abandoned the store after another pogrom in 1917, invented a proletarian background, and left Moscow for the Stavropol Governorate along with <mask>'s mother. He gave different versions of his father's fate: in one case he divorced his mother soon after his birth, and in another he died of illness. The "father" he referred to, <mask>, was in fact his stepfather who lived and worked at Nagutskaya and died from typhus in 1919.The Fyodorov surname belonged to his second stepfather (since 1921) Viktor Fyodorov, a machinist's assistant turned school teacher. His real father remains unknown; he probably died in 1916 – a date written in <mask>'s 1932 résumé. During the 1937 check, it was reported that his father served as an officer in the Imperial Russian Army. <mask> was thoroughly interviewed four times, yet he was so convincing that he managed to have all charges dropped. He joined the Communist Party in 1939. Early career in the Communist Party

<mask> was educated at the Rybinsk Water Transport Technical

masks:
Andropov
Vladimir Andropov
Andropov
Andropov
Andropov


title: Yuri Andropov

texts:
 College and graduated in 1936. As a teenager he worked as a loader, a telegraph clerk, and a sailor for the Volga steamship line.At 16, <mask>, then a member of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (YCL, or Komsomol), was a worker in the town of Mozdok in the North Ossetian ASSR. He became full-time Secretary of the YCL organization of the Water Transport Technical School in Rybinsk in the Yaroslavl Region and was soon promoted to the post of organizer of the YCL Central Committee at the Volodarsky Shipyards in Rybinsk. In 1938, he was elected First Secretary of the Yaroslavl Regional Committee of the YCL, and was First Secretary of the Central Committee of Komsomol in the Soviet Karelo-Finnish Republic from 1940 to 1944. According to the official biography, during World War II <mask> took part in partisan guerrilla activities in Finland, although modern researchers didn't manage to find any traces of his supposed partisan squad. From 1944 onwards, he left Komsomol for Communist Party work. Between 1946 and 1951, he studied at the university of Petrozavodsk. In 1947, he was elected Second Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Karelo-Finnish SSR.In 1951 <mask> was transferred to CPSU Central Committee. He was appointed an inspector and then the head of a subdepartment of the committee. Suppression of the Hungarian Uprising

In July 1954, he was appointed Soviet Ambassador to Hungary and held this position during the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. <mask> played a key role in crushing the Hungarian uprising. He convinced a reluctant Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev that military intervention was necessary. He is

masks:
Yuri Andropov
Andropov
Andropov
Andropov


title: Yuri Andropov

texts:
 known as 'The Butcher of Budapest' for his ruthless suppression of the Hungarian uprising. The Hungarian leaders were arrested and Imre Nagy and others executed.After these events, <mask> suffered from a "Hungarian complex", according to historian Christopher Andrew: "He had watched in horror from the windows of his embassy as officers of the hated Hungarian security service [the Államvédelmi Hatóság or AVH] were strung up from lampposts. <mask> remained haunted for the rest of his life by the speed with which an apparently all-powerful Communist one-party state had begun to topple. When other Communist regimes later seemed at risk – in Prague in 1968, in Kabul in 1979, in Warsaw in 1981, he was convinced that, as in Budapest in 1956, only armed force could ensure their survival". Chairmanship of the KGB and Politburo career

In 1957, <mask> returned to Moscow from Budapest in order to head the Department for Liaison with Communist and Workers' Parties in Socialist Countries, a position he held until 1967. In 1961, he was elected full member of the CPSU Central Committee and was promoted to the Secretariat of the CPSU Central Committee in 1962. In 1967, he was relieved of his work in the Central Committee apparatus and appointed head of the KGB on recommendation of Mikhail Suslov, at the same time promoted a Candidate Member of the Politburo. In 1970, out of concern that the burial place of Joseph and Magda Goebbels along with their 6 children would become a shrine to neo-Nazis, <mask> authorised an operation to destroy the remains that were buried in Magdeburg in 1946.The remains were thoroughly burned and crushed, and the ashes thrown into the

masks: Andropov Andropov Andropov Andropov


title: Yuri Andropov

texts:
 Biederitz River, a tributary of the nearby Elbe. Although no proof exists that the Russians ever found Adolf Hitler's body, it is presumed that Hitler and Eva Braun were among the remains as 10 or 11 individuals were exhumed. <mask> gained additional powers in 1973, when he was promoted to full member of the Politburo. Crushing the Prague Spring
During the events of the Prague Spring in 1968, <mask> was the main advocate for "extreme measures" being taken against Czechoslovakia. According to classified information released by Vasili Mitrokhin, "[t]he KGB whipped up the fear that Czechoslovakia could fall victim to NATO aggression or to a coup". At this time, agent Oleg Kalugin reported from Washington that he gained access to "absolutely reliable documents proving that neither the CIA nor any other agency was manipulating the Czechoslovak reform movement". However his message was destroyed because it contradicted the conspiracy theory fabricated by <mask>.<mask> ordered a number of active measures, collectively known as operation PROGRESS, against Czechoslovak reformers during the Normalization period. Suppression of dissidents

 Throughout his career, <mask> aimed to achieve "the destruction of dissent in all its forms" and insisted that "the struggle for human rights was a part of a wide-ranging imperialist plot to undermine the foundation of the Soviet state". Towards this end, he launched a campaign to eliminate all opposition in the USSR through a mixture of mass arrests, involuntary commitments to psychiatric hospitals, and pressuring on rights activists to emigrate from the Soviet Union. These measures were meticulously documented throughout

masks: Andropov Andropov Andropov Andropov Andropov


title: Yuri Andropov

texts: his time as KGB chairman by the underground Chronicle of Current Events, a samizdat publication which was itself finally forced out of existence with its last published issue, dated 30 June 1982. On 3 July 1967, he made a proposal to establish the KGB's Fifth Directorate for dealing with the political opposition (ideological counterintelligence). At the end of July, the directorate was established and entered in its files cases of all Soviet dissidents including Andrei Sakharov and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. In 1968, <mask> as the KGB Chairman issued his order "On the tasks of State security agencies in combating the ideological sabotage by the adversary", calling for struggle against dissidents and their imperialist masters.After the assassination attempt against Brezhnev in January 1969, <mask> led the interrogation of the captured gunman, Viktor Ivanovich Ilyin. Ilyin was pronounced insane and sent to Kazan Psychiatric Hospital. Later, on 29 April 1969, he submitted to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union an elaborated plan for creating a network of psychiatric hospitals to defend the "Soviet Government and socialist order" from dissidents. In January 1970 <mask> submitted an alarming account to his fellow Politburo members of the widespread threat of the mentally ill to stability and the security of the regime. The proposal by <mask> to use psychiatry for struggle against dissidents was implemented. <mask> was in charge of the widespread deployment of psychiatric repression since he was the head of the KGB. According to <mask> and Boris Gulko, the originators of the idea to use psychiatry for punitive purposes were the

masks:
Andropov
Andropov
Andropov
Andropov
Andropov
Yuri Felshtinsky


title: Yuri Andropov

texts:
 head of the KGB (Andropov) and the head of the Fifth Directorate, Filipp Bobkov.The repression of dissidents included plans to maim the dancer Rudolf Nureyev, who had defected in 1961. There are some who believe that <mask> was behind the deaths of Fyodor Kulakov and Pyotr Masherov, the two youngest members of the Soviet leadership. A declassified document revealed that <mask> as KGB director gave the order to prevent unauthorized gatherings mourning the death of John Lennon. Beginning in January 1972, <mask> led the implementation of the Soviet détente strategy. In 1977, Andropov convinced Brezhnev that the Ipatiev House, where Tsar Nicholas II and his family were murdered by Bolshevik revolutionaries during the Russian Civil War, had become a site of pilgrimage for covert monarchists. With the Politburo's approval the house, deemed to be not of "sufficient historical significance", was demolished in September 1977, less than a year before the 60th anniversary of the murders. According to Yaakov Kedmi, <mask> was particularly keen to persecute any sign of Zionism in order to distance himself from his Jewish heritage.<mask> was personally responsible for orchestrating the arrest and persecution of Soviet Jewish activist Natan Sharansky. Role in the invasion of Afghanistan
In March 1979, <mask> and the Politburo initially opposed their subsequent decision to intervene militarily in Afghanistan. Among their concerns were that the international community would blame the USSR for its "aggression" and that it would derail the upcoming SALT II negotiation meeting with President Carter. However, <mask>'s stance changed after the assassination of Nur

masks: Andropov Andropov Andropov Andropov Andropov Andropov Andropov


title: Yuri Andropov

texts:
 Muhammad Taraki and the seizure of power by Hafizullah Amin. <mask> became convinced that the CIA had recruited Amin to create a pro-Western expansionist "New Great Ottoman Empire" which would attempt to dominate Soviet Central Asia. <mask>'s bottom line: "under no circumstances can we lose Afghanistan," led him and the Politburo to invade Afghanistan on 24 December 1979. The invasion led to the extended Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989) and a boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympic Games in Moscow by 66 countries, something of concern to Andropov since spring 1979.Some have proposed that the Soviet-Afghan War also played an important role in the breakdown of the Soviet Union. Role in the non-invasion of Poland

On 10 December 1981, in the face of Poland's Solidarity movement, <mask>, along with Soviet Second Secretary Mikhail Suslov and Polish First Secretary Wojciech Jaruzelski, persuaded Brezhnev that it would be counterproductive for the Soviet Union to invade Poland by repeating the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia to suppress the Prague Spring. This effectively marked the end of the Brezhnev Doctrine. The pacification of Poland was thus left to Jaruzelski, Kiszczak and their Polish forces. Promotion of Gorbachev
From 1980 to 1982, while still chairman of the KGB, <mask> opposed plans to occupy Poland after the emergence of the Solidarity movement and promoted reform-minded party cadres including Mikhail Gorbachev. <mask> was the longest-serving KGB chairman and did not resign as head of the KGB until May 1982, when he was again promoted to the Secretariat to succeed Mikhail Suslov as secretary responsible for ideological affairs. Leader of


title: Yuri Andropov

texts:
 the Soviet Union

Two days after Leonid Brezhnev's death, on 12 November 1982, <mask> was elected General Secretary of the CPSU, the first former head of the KGB to become General Secretary.His appointment was received in the West with apprehension, in view of his roles in the KGB and in Hungary. At the time his personal background was a mystery in the West, with major newspapers printing detailed profiles of him that were inconsistent and in several cases fabricated. <mask> divided responsibilities in the Politburo with his chief deputy Konstantin Chernenko. <mask> took control of organizing the work of the Politburo, supervising national defense, supervising the main issues of domestic and foreign policy and foreign trade, and making leadership assignments in the top ranks of the Party and the government. Chernenko handled espionage, KGB, the Interior Ministry, party organs, ideology, and organizational matters, as well as propaganda, culture, science, and higher education. He was also given charge of the Central Committee. It was far too much for Chernenko to handle, and the other Politburo members were not given major assignments.Domestic policy

Economy
At home, <mask>k gave select industries greater autonomy from state regulations and enabled factory managers to retain control over more of their profits. Such policies resulted in a 4% rise in industrial output and increased investment in new technologies such as robotics. Despite such reforms, <mask> refused to consider any changes that sought to dispense with the command economy introduced under Joseph Stalin. In his memoirs, Mikhail Gorbachev recalled that when <mask> was the leader,

masks: Andropov Andropov Andropov Andropovse Andropov Andropov


title: Yuri Andropov

texts:
 Gorbachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov, the chairman of Gosplan, asked him for access to real budget figures."You are asking too much," <mask> responded. "The budget is off limits to you." Anti-corruption campaign
In contrast to Brezhnev's policy of avoiding conflicts and dismissals, he began to fight violations of party, state and labour discipline, which led to significant personnel changes during an anti-corruption campaign against many of Brezhnev's cronies. During 15 months in office, <mask> dismissed 18 ministers and 37 first secretaries of obkoms, kraikoms and Central Committees of Communist Parties of Soviet Republics, and criminal cases against high level party and state officials were started. Biographers including Solovyov and Klepikova (1983) and Zhores Medvedev (1983) have discussed the complex possibilities underlying the motivations of anti-corruption campaigning in the Soviet Union during the 1970s and early 1980s: at the same time that it is true that Andropov fought corruption for moral, ethical, ascetic, and ideological reasons, it is also true that it was an effective way for party members from the police and security organizations to defeat competitors for power at the senior levels of the party. Thus <mask> himself, as well as his protégés including Eduard Shevardnadze, could advance their own power by the same efforts that also promised to be better for the country in terms of justice, economic performance, and even defense readiness (which depended on economic performance). Thus there was a certain inevitable amount of "what's better for the country also happens to align with what's best for my own power."It is not possible to measure

masks: Andropov Andropov Andropov


title: Yuri Andropov

texts: Palestine Liberation Organization, Cuba, and North Korea.That included tanks and armored troop carriers, hundreds of fighter planes, as well as anti-aircraft systems, artillery systems, and all sorts of high tech equipment for which the USSR was the main supplier for its allies. <mask>'s main goal was to avoid an open war. In foreign policy, the conflict in Afghanistan continued even though <mask>, who now felt the invasion was a mistake, half-heartedly explored options for a negotiated withdrawal. <mask>'s rule was also marked by deterioration of relations with the United States. During a much-publicized "walk in the woods" with Soviet dignitary Yuli Kvitsinsky, American diplomat Paul Nitze suggested a compromise for reducing nuclear missiles in Europe on both sides that was ultimately ignored by the Politburo. Kvitsinsky would later write that, despite his own efforts, the Soviet leadership was not interested in compromise, instead calculating that peace movements in the West would force the Americans to capitulate. On 8 March 1983, during <mask>'s reign as General Secretary, U.S. President Ronald Reagan famously labeled the Soviet Union an "evil empire".The same month, on 23 March, Reagan announced the Strategic Defense Initiative. Reagan claimed this research program into ballistic missile defence would be "consistent with our obligations under the ABM Treaty". However, <mask> was dismissive of this claim, and said that "It is time they [Washington] stopped ... search[ing] for the best ways of unleashing nuclear war. ... Engaging in this is not just irresponsible. It is insane". In August 1983, <mask> made an announcement that the country was

masks: Andropov Andropov Andropov Andropov Andropov Andropov


title: Yuri Andropov

texts: stopping all work on space-based weapons.One of his most notable acts during his short time as leader of the Soviet Union was in response to a letter from a 10-year-old American child from Maine named Samantha Smith, inviting her to the Soviet Union. She came, but he was too ill to meet with her, thus revealing his grave condition to the world. Meanwhile, Soviet–U.S. arms control talks on intermediate-range nuclear weapons in Europe were suspended by the Soviet Union in November 1983 and by the end of the year, the Soviets had broken off all arms control negotiations. Massive bad publicity worldwide came when Soviet fighters shot down a civilian jet liner, Korean Air Flight KAL-007, which carried 269 passengers and crew. It had strayed over the Soviet Union on 1 September 1983 on its scheduled route from Anchorage, Alaska, United States, to Seoul, South Korea. <mask> kept secret the fact that the Soviet Union held in its possession the black box from KAL 007 which proved the pilot had made a typographical error when entering data in the automatic pilot.The Soviet air defence system was unprepared to deal with a civilian airliner, and the shooting down was a matter of following orders without question. Instead of admitting an accident, Soviet media proclaimed a brave decision to meet a Western provocation. Together with the low credibility created by the poor explanation of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, the episode demonstrated an inability to deal with public relations crises; the propaganda system was only useful for individuals and states that were aligned with the Soviet Union. Both crises were escalated by technological and organizational