title: Ramon Fernandez

texts:
<mask> (; born October 3, 1953) is a Filipino former professional basketball player and current commissioner of the Philippine Sports Commission. <mask> won four PBA Most Valuable Player awards and a record 19 PBA conference cups. <mask> stood at 6'4 barefoot during his prime but due to mild gigantism grew to 6'5 during his final seasons. He scored 18,996 points to finish as the PBA's all-time scoring leader. He is also the PBA's all-time leader in rebounds, blocked shots, free throws made, playing minutes and second all-time in assists, games played and steals. He played for five teams in his entire PBA career starting with the Toyota, Manila Beer, Tanduay, Purefoods and San Miguel. <mask> played in many international tournaments as a member of the Philippine basketball team.He is often regarded by tenured analysts as the greatest player to have ever played in the Philippine Basketball Association. Basketball career
<mask> graduated from University of San Carlos in Cebu. In 1972, he joined the San Miguel Braves, playing in the Manila Industrial and Commercial Athletic Association (MICAA). The following year, he transferred to the newly formed Komatsu Komets (later renamed the Toyota Comets). He was a member of several national teams, these include the teams for the 1972 ABC Under-18 Championship, the 1973 ABC Championship, the 1974 FIBA World Championship, the 1974 Asian Games and the 1990 Asian Games. <mask> moved to the Philippine Basketball Association in 1975, when the Toyota Comets became one of the nine pioneer teams of the league. With his teammates, Robert Jaworski, Francis Arnáiz, Arnie Tuadles, Danny Florencio, Emerito "Emer" Legaspi and Abe King, Toyota won nine titles from 1975-1983.<mask> was the 1982 PBA Most Valuable Player, the only time he achieved the award during his days with the fabled Toyota team. After Toyota's disbandment in 1984, <mask> and several former Toyota teammates joined Beer Hausen. With

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Ramon Sadaya Fernandez
Fernandez
Fernandez
Fernandez
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Fernandez
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Fernandez


title: Ramon Fernandez

type: original

texts: Toyota's disbandment, the ongoing feud between <mask> and Jaworski became public. <mask> won the 1984 MVP award, his second, during his first season with the Lucio Tan-owned franchise, but never led the team to the championship until he was shipped in the middle of the 1985 season to Tanduay for Abet Guidaben. From 1986-1987, <mask> along with former Crispa rivals Freddie Hubalde and Padim Israel, J.B. Yango, Willie Generalao, Onchie dela Cruz and imports Rob Williams, Andre McKoy and later, David Thirdkill, led the Rhum Masters to three PBA titles. <mask> won his third MVP award in 1986. Tanduay would disband before the 1988 season, but the franchise rights were bought by the Purefoods.<mask> would become playing coach, his first coaching stint, of a young team composed of Jerry Codiñera, Jojo Lastimosa, Al Solís, Glenn Capacio and later Alvin Patrimonio. In the 1988 Open Conference, he led his new team to a runner-up finish to San Miguel Beer. However, midway through the All-Filipino Conference, he would relinquish his coaching duties to his assistant, Cris Calilan, to concentrate on his game. But in a controversial move, <mask> was benched during the Finals against Añejo Rhum. The said event led to his transfer to San Miguel Beer in exchange for, the second time, Abet Guidaben. <mask> would later lead the Beermen to the 1988 Reinforced Conference Championship and also won his fourth MVP Award, becoming the first and the only player to win four MVP awards with four teams. <mask> was a vital cog in San Miguel's historic grandslam run in 1989, while making amends with rival Jaworski during the All-Star Game of the same season, when El Presidente scored an undergoal stab off a Jaworski inbound pass at halfcourt, to lead the Veterans to a 132-130 win over the Rookie-Sophomores team.Legendary coach Baby Dalupan, then coaching the Veterans, summoned both players to a historic handshake at centercourt signaling the end of their

masks: Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez


title: Ramon Fernandez

texts:
 bitter feud. However, despite leading his team to the "triple crown" that season, <mask> narrowly lost to rookie Benjie Paras in the MVP balloting, denying the then 36-year old veteran a record-setting fifth MVP plum. In 1990, <mask> was a member of the Philippine basketball team that won a silver medal in the Beijing Asian Games. He was supposed to participate in the 1994 Asian Games team, but begged off due to an injury. That year also saw the final season of <mask>'s PBA career when he announced his retirement. In 1984, <mask> was five assists away from averaging in triple-double the whole season. He ended his PBA career as the all-time leader in most points scored with 18,996, second in assists with 5,220, first in defensive rebounds with 6,435, second in offensive rebounds behind Guidaben with 2,217, first in overall rebounds with 8,652, first in minutes played with 36624:30, second in games played, first in blocks with 1,853, and second in steals with 1,302 (first at retirement in 1994).He ended with career averages of 17.7 points per game, 8.1 rebounds per game, 4.9 assists per game, 1.2 steals per game, and 1.7 blocks per game in 1,074 games. Post-PBA career
After his playing career, <mask> ran for a senatorial seat under the Nationalist People's Coalition in the 1995 elections but lost. In 1998, he became the first commissioner of the defunct professional league, Metropolitan Basketball Association. In 2000, he was included in the PBA's 25 Greatest Players' list and was awarded during the league's anniversary on April 9, 2000. In 2003, <mask> was named the Commissioner of the Collegiate Champions League tournament. A few months earlier, <mask> was part of the Toyota Tamaraws in the Crispa-Toyota Reunion Game. The highlight of the event was the kickout pass of <mask> to Jaworski, who sank a three-pointer to seal the Tamaraws' 65-61 win over their bitter rivals, the Redmanizers.He also became the Commissioner of the


title: Ramon Fernandez

texts:
 now-inactive United Regional Basketball League during its only run in 2004. <mask> was also inducted in the PBA Hall of Fame and participated in the Greatest Game, a reunion of several members of the league's 25 Greatest Players, on May 30, 2005 when they lost to the TM Greats team 96-92. He also ventured in several business opportunities and is currently based in Cebu, managing his flourishing "Suka ni El Presidente" brand of bottled spiced vinegar. In 2016, <mask> was appointed as one of the four commissioners of the Philippine Sports Commission. In 2018, <mask> was appointed to the Board of Directors for UGE Philippines, a local leader in solar energy solutions for the commercial and industrial sector - a subsidiary of UGE International. He first became involved with UGE in 2015 due to an interest in renewable energy advocacy. <mask> became Officer in Charge of the Philippine Sports Commission in lieu of Chairperson Butch Ramirez.Ramirez went on leave until July 20 to attend to his sick wife. Gigantism
In a September 2015 interview, <mask> revealed that he has a mild case of gigantism after discovering he has recently grown to 6'7". He was listed in PBA records as 6'4", but he claimed to have grown to 6'5" during the latter part of his playing career. <mask> is remembered as one of the most popular players during the PBA's golden years and is also one of the most prominent faces in Philippine basketball, even to this day. He remains the poster-boy of many a PBA Legends Reunion game in the country and abroad. <mask> could actually play all five positions on the basketball court, having mastered the skills needed as a point guard, off-guard, forward, power-forward and center. He is known for his dribbling skills (unusual for a center during his era), uncanny passing ability, perimeter jumpers, and unstoppable high or low post moves.In an open court game, it was not unusual to see him, after collaring a rebound, dribble down

masks:
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Fernandez
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Legacy Fernandez
Fernandez


title: Ramon Fernandez

texts: the full length of the court and finish off a fastbreak with a lay-up from the middle or a fancy pass to a streaking teammate on the wings. The fact that he could dribble the ball so well came about as a result of him playing point-guard in high school when he was still too short to play the center slot. He is also well known for his trademark one handed running shot dubbed as "the elegant shot." He could play facing the basket or with his back to it. Major distinguishing aspects of his game which showed a level of skill unmatched in Philippine basketball before or since, was his ability to improvise his own shots, create the necessary space for a play and drive towards the basket at will during a half-court game. This was remarkable because centers and power-forwards even in today's brand of basketball usually play near or underneath the basket and often rely on specifically designed plays involving their teammates. <mask> is perhaps the most ambidextrous player to have played the game since Carlos Loyzaga a generation before him.Almost always, whenever he would get the defensive rebound he would assume the role of "point-center", leading the fast-break (a throwback to his point-guard days), which he admitted was a habit he could not break in the pros. <mask> would dribble the ball running the middle of the court, either hitting the open man on either wing or finishing a lay-up with either hand. There were many instances when he would switch the ball from right hand to left hand, often drawing a foul or setting up a three-point play. One of his more famous moves was the "kili-kili" (armpit) shot, which he set up by driving down the middle of the lane coming from the right side of the court, faking a right-handed shot and then, at the last second when the defender has committed himself, switching the ball to his left hand for a scoop shot under the armpit of the same defender that almost always drew a foul. He had an

masks: Fernandez Fernandez


title: Ramon Fernandez

texts: ambidextrous hook shot that was almost impossible to stop and a weird-looking variation of a lay-up that was executed while "fading away" from the basket which made it equally intriguing. His "elegant shot" often came after a right-handed cross-over dribble and moving away from a defender. He used pivot moves, pump fakes, lookaway or no-look passes, looping shots, fadeaways and an array of what seemed to be trick shots from near or under the basket that he executed to perfection.He was doing this before Kevin McHale was doing his moves worthy of a chapter in an NBA playbook. <mask> owned what was perhaps the craziest no-look pass that was executed on Philippine hardwood: an assist initiated as a fake behind-the-back pass going to one direction only to go the opposite direction at the precise moment when the recipient is ready to receive the pass. He did this in front of a capacity crowd on May 30, 2003 during the Crispa Redmanizers vs. Toyota Super Corollas Reunion game at the Smart Araneta Coliseum. With Toyota up 37-29, <mask> intercepted a pass from Bernie Fabiosa underneath the Crispa basket, dribbled with his left hand, crossed-over a defending Atoy Co, brought the ball down the full length of the court with his right hand and just after entering Toyota's shaded lane shovelled the no-look pass to teammate Rolly Marcelo on the right side for an unmolested layup. Broadcaster Dick Ildefonso who was calling the game that night along with Emy Arcilla described it on air as "a pass that nobody saw except the receiver". His pinpoint passing ability was so devastating to opponents because he often executed them at critical junctures of the game, either coming from his right or left hand. It didn't matter to <mask> whether he was hitting the open man through a crowd of defenders or hitting the same open man via a Hail Mary pass from outside the backcourt.Philip Cezar and Abe King, two premier defenders of local players and

masks: Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez


title: Ramon Fernandez

texts:
 imports alike, in television interviews, always said that <mask> was the toughest assignment they ever had to handle. <mask> was also one of the least athletic players to have laced on a pair of sneakers in the history of the PBA. He was too thin for a center who had to go up against imports who usually had more muscle and speed than he did. To be sure, there were many other players in his era who were a lot stronger than him. In addition, he did not possess a high vertical leap, rarely doing a slam-dunk during a career that spanned about twenty years. But these limitations were offset by the fact that he had an array of astonishing skills, a basketball IQ that was off the charts and mental toughness that enabled him to impose his will against opponents. Case in point: <mask>, even on a bad night, could still cut down an opponent, by baiting him into senseless fouls or getting him to react in an unsportsmanlike manner to many pre-designed tirades.One broadsheet called him, upon his retirement, as the man "who could control every variable of the game". His MVP-stats in the 1984 season of the PBA, where he averaged in double figures in almost all of the major statistical categories (points, rebounds, assists), turning in an incredible 27 point-15 rebound-9.9 assist performance (an almost a triple-double season), may never be matched as it stands as perhaps the most dominating individual performance in the history of Philippine professional basketball. Basketball achievements

PBA
4-time Most Valuable Player (1982, 1984, 1986, 1988)
PBA Hall of Fame
Member of the 1989 San Miguel Grand Slam Team
13-time Mythical First Team Selection (1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992)
3-time Mythical Second Team Selection (1985, 1987, and 1990)
4-time PBA All-Star
PBA's 25 Greatest Players
PBA Hall of Fame Class of 2005

Others
Member, 1972 Asian Youth, Manila, Philippines
Member, 1973 Asian Basketball


title: Emilio Munda

texts:
<mask> (born 14 January 1982 in Fermo) is an Italian songwriter, arranger, composer and producer. Conquer the podium of the 69th Sanremo Festival as an author and composer of the song Musica che resta for the international group Il Volo. He composed songs for Umberto Tozzi, Francesco Renga, Nina Zilli, Gemelli Diversi, Nomadi, Il Volo, Dear Jack, Pquadro, Michele Bravi, Valerio Scanu, Silvia Mezzanotte, Alina Nicosia, Simonetta Spiri and for other artists of Italian television talent: The Voice of Italy, Amici di Maria De Filippi and X Factor

Life and career

<mask> was born in Fermo, Middle Italy, in 1982. His family introduced him to music at the age of four, when he started to learn to play drums. Later, at the age of twelve, he started to write his first songs and through the years he learned to play piano, keyboards, acoustic and electric guitar, bass guitar and drums, by self-education. Subsequently, he started to experiment with modern singing. His first significant collaboration started when some of his compositions were chosen by Silvia Mezzanotte (lead singer of Matia Bazar) to be featured in her solo album "Lunatica" in 2008.The song "Non c'è contatto", in particular, was selected as the album's debut single which was accompanied by a video starring actress Carolina Crescentini. <mask> also arranged Mezzanotte's summer single "Nell'aria", as well as creating the live performance arrangements for her "Lunatica Tour", such as "Intro", "Sequencer" and other instrumental parts. Always in 2008, another one of his songs "Un tuffo nel vuoto" was released as part of the album "A24" by Pquadro: a duo hailing from popular TV talent show Amici di Maria De Filippi that figured among the winners at the 57th Sanremo Festival. Later on, <mask> acted as co-author

masks:
Emilio Munda
Emilio Munda
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title: Emilio Munda

texts:
 and arranger for their single "Anime di vetro", featuring the collaboration of Nomadi violinist Sergio Reggioli. <mask> wrote more music for the show Amici, including the show's first original single "Il gusto del caffè", the song was performed by Valeria Romitelli; the first singer chosen to participate in the show's primetime slot. In the same year <mask> wrote for Umberto Tozzi the single "Cerco ancora te", which was included in the album "Non solo live". The song was later re-released in France, Belgium and Switzerland as part of "Yesterday", the singer's international greatest hits collection.More recent collaborations

In 2010 <mask> won an international songwriting competition held by singer Francesco Renga. After his victory, he was offered a 3-year exclusive contract to work with Renga himself. Munda's original songs were released as part of Renga's "Un giorno bellissimo" album. The song was awarded a golden record at the 2011 Wind Music Awards. One of <mask>'s songs, "Di sogni e illusioni", was also included in "Fermoimmagine Deluxe", Renga's first hits collection, released after the singer's participation in the 62nd Sanremo edition. Since 2013, <mask> collaborates with the Italian record label Sugar Music. In 2014 <mask>'s song "Puoi scegliere" was chosen by The Voice of Italy finalist and Sanremo participant Veronica De Simone  to be included in her album "Ti presento Maverick".Shortly afterwards, a new album/collection by Francesco Renga, named "The Platinum Collection" was released, featuring two songs composed by <mask> himself. On 10 June 2014 <mask> publishes his song "Un mondo più vero" as the fourth track of the new album "A passi piccoli" by Michele Bravi, winner of the seventh edition of X-Factor Italy. On 12 February 2015 the new album of

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Munda
Emilio Munda
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title: Emilio Munda

texts: "Dear Jack": "Domani è un altro film (seconda parte)" is released, containing the song "Le strade del mio tempo" written by <mask>. The album was certified platinum on 29 May 2015 by FIMI. On 7 April 2015 he wrote the single "La vita è una danza" along with "Nella bocca della gente" as part of the album "Colori primari" by Manuel Foresta, finalist at The Voice of Italy, which will be aired on the radiophonic station Radio Italia for two months. On 11 May 2015 the Sky Italia show "Parole che restano" presented by Stefano Accorsi makes use of musical themes composed by <mask> himself. In the summer 2015 he was also artistic producer, author and composer of the single "C'è ancora tempo" performed by Davide Mogavero, frequently aired on the radio after the singer's participation at the 14th edition of the Italian talent show Amici di Maria De Filippi.On 31 August 2015 "Dear Jack" performed "Le strade del mio tempo" in a duo with the Italian rapper Briga at the Arena di Verona. The event was broadcast on RTL 102.5 TV and watched by 6.7 million viewers. On 19 January 2016 he released the single Semplicemente sarebbe più vero for Alina Nicosia, winner of the Castrocaro Festival in 2014. The song reached the 8th position in the Radio Airplay Italia chart. On 30 September 2016 he was the author and composer of the song La Fiamma, which is included in the Gemelli Diversi’s album Uppercat, released on 21 October. <mask> also writes the fifth track of that album, Un soffio dal traguardo. On 20 October he released the second single for Alina Nicosia in digital distribution titled Immagina.For both the singles is the sole author and composer and artistic director. In early 2017 the single Basta, of which <mask> himself is producer and composer, is released and it’s performed

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title: Emilio Munda

texts:
 by Claudia Megrè and Lorenzo Campani. The album A Big Dream II by Frank Ricci was released on 22 February. It featured worldwide know artists such as Andrea Braido, Stuart Hamm, Tony Esposito and Antonio Righetti. <mask> arranged the track City on the Lake, played by Frank Ricci feat Tony Esposito. In the same year he released the new single of Simonetta Spiri in digital distribution titled "Il tempo di reagire". Later he becomes author and composer for Nina Zilli, composing the song Per un niente published in the album Modern art.According to the website "All Music", the song is the best album's track. On 12 October 2017 he wrote the single Follia indolore for Frances Alina Ascione, semi-finalist of the 4th edition of The voice of Italy and permanent singer in the program Radio 2 Social Club, broadcast by Rai Radio 2. In October he collaborated with Nomadi for the realization of the album Nomadi dentro. He also wrote, along with Beppe Carletti, the song Può succedere, of which <mask> is author and composer. Later he reconfirms the collaboration with Michele Bravi, writing the song entitled Il sole contro, which is inserted in the album Anime di carta - Nuove Pagine and the song written for Nina Zilli is republished in the new album Modern Art Sanremo Edition, released in conjunction with the Sanremo Festival. In 2018 he wrote the summer single for the singer Valerio Scanu entitled: Capovolgo il mondo and is composer of the song L'ultimo spettacolo, both unpublished contained in the new album released 5 October 2018 entitled ''DIECI". Discography

Major songs

The collaborations are listed in parentheses in the title section.Major albums / compilations

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
People from Fermo
Italian songwriters
Male

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Emilio Munda
Munda


title: Léon Werth

texts:
<mask> (17 February 1878, Remiremont, Vosges – 13 December 1955, Paris) was a French writer and art critic, a friend of Octave Mirbeau and a close friend and confidant of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. <mask> wrote critically and with great precision on French society through World War I, colonization, and on French "collaboration" during World War II. Early life

<mask> was born in 1878 in the Remiremont, Vosges, in an assimilated Jewish family. His father, Albert, was a draper and his mother, Sophia, was the sister of the philosopher Frédéric Rauh. He was a brilliant student, a Grand Prize winner in France's Concours général and a literary and humanities CPGE philosophy student at Lycée Henri-IV. However, he abandoned his studies to become a columnist in various magazines. Leading a bohemian life, he devoted himself to writing and art criticism.<mask> was a protégé and friend of Octave Mirbeau, the author of The Diary of a Chambermaid, completing Mirabeau's final novel, Dingo, for him when the author's health failed. He manifested his anti-clericalism as an independently minded anti-bourgeois anarchist. His first significant novel, La Maison blanche, which Mirabeau prefaced, was a Prix Goncourt finalist in 1913. At the outbreak of the First World War, <mask>, 34, having earlier completed his active-duty and reserve service, was mobilized into the territorial army and, as such, assigned to the rear. Despite opposing the war, he volunteered for combat duty first as a rifleman then as a radio operator, spending time in one of the worst sectors of the war before being invalided out by a lung infection after 15 months' service. Shortly after, he completed Clavel, soldat, a pessimistic and virulently anti-war work that caused a scandal when it was released in 1919 but which was later cited as among the most faithful depictions of trench warfare in Jean Norton

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title: Léon Werth

texts:
 Cru's monumental 1929 survey of French World War I literature. <mask> was an unclassifiable writer with an acid prose, who wrote of the inter-war period as well as advocating against colonialism (Cochinchine, 1928).He also wrote against the colonial period splendor of the French empire, and against Stalinism which he denounced as a leftist deception. He also criticized the mounting Nazi movement. In 1931 when he met Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, it was the beginning of a very close friendship. Saint-Exupéry's Le Petit Prince (The Little Prince) would be dedicated to Werth. After the Fall of France, during its occupation, the Werths remained in France despite offers by the Centre americain de secours in Marseille to help them emigrate. In July 1941 <mask> was required to register as Jewish, his travel was restricted and his works banned from publication. His wife, Suzanne, was active in the Resistance, crossing the demarcation line clandestinely more than a dozen times and establishing their Paris apartment as a safe house for fugitive Jewish women, downed British and Canadian pilots, secret resistance meetings and storage of false identity papers and illegal radio transmitters.Their son, Claude, continued his studies first in the Jura and then in Paris, later becoming a doctor. <mask> lived poorly in the Jura Mountain region, alone, cold and often hungry. Déposition, his diary, was published in 1946, delivering a damning indictment of Vichy France. He became a Gaullist under the Nazi occupation and after the war contributed to the Liberté de l'Esprit intellectual magazine run by Claude Mauriac. Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
Saint-Exupéry met <mask> in 1931. <mask> soon became Saint-Exupéry's closest friend outside of the flying group of his Aeropostale associates. Werth did not have much in common with Saint-Exupéry; he was an anarchist, his father was a Jew, and

masks: Werth Werth Werth Werth Werth


title: Léon Werth

texts: a leftist Bolshevik supporter.Being twenty-two years older than Saint-Exupéry, with a surrealistic writing style as well as the author of twelve volumes and many magazine pieces, he was Saint-Exupéry's very opposite. But the younger author admired <mask>'s writing for having "never deceived," and wrote that <mask>'s essence was "his search for truth, his observation and the simple utility of his prose." Saint-Exupéry's Letter to a Hostage includes a celebration of <mask>'s journalism, and in her note on the text, Françoise Gerbod, professor emeritus of French literature at the University of Paris, credits <mask> with having been Saint-Exupéry's literary mentor. Saint-Exupéry dedicated two books to him, (Letter to a Hostage and The Little Prince), and referred to Werth in three more of his works. At the beginning of the Second World War, while writing The Little Prince, Saint-Exupéry lived in his downtown New York City apartment, thinking about his native France and his friends. <mask> spent the war unobtrusively in Saint-Amour, his village in the Jura, a mountainous region near Switzerland where he "was alone, cold and hungry", and which had few nice words for French refugees. Saint-Exupéry returned to the conflict by joining the Free French Air Force in early 1943, rationalizing, "I cannot bear to be far from those who are hungry...I am leaving in order to suffer and thereby be united with those who are dear to me." At the end of the Second World War, which Antoine de Saint-Exupéry didn't live to see, <mask> said: "Peace, without Tonio [Saint-Exupéry], isn't entirely peace." <mask> did not see the text for which he was so responsible until five months after his friend's death, when Saint-Exupéry's French publisher, Gallimard, sent him a special edition. <mask> died in Paris on 13 December 1955. His remains and those of his wife, Suzanne, are deposited in

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title: Léon Werth

texts:
 the columbarium at Paris's Père Lachaise cemetery. The Little Prince dedication
Werth is mentioned in the preamble to The Little Prince, where Saint-Exupéry dedicates the book to him:

To <mask>

I ask children to forgive me for dedicating this book to a grown-up. I have a serious excuse: this grown-up is the best friend I have in the world.I have another excuse: this grown-up can understand everything, even books for children. I have a third excuse: he lives in France where he is hungry and cold. He needs to be comforted. If all these excuses are not enough then I want to dedicate this book to the child whom this grown-up once was. All grown-ups were children first. (But few of them remember it.) So I correct my dedication:

To <mask>,
When he was a little boy

Saint-Exupéry's aircraft disappeared over the Mediterranean in July 1944.The following month, <mask> learned of his friend's disappearance from a radio broadcast. Without having yet heard of The Little Prince, in November, <mask> discovered that Saint-Exupéry had published a fable the previous year in the United States, which he had illustrated himself, and that it was dedicated to Werth. 33 jours posthumous publication

33 jours (33 Days) is <mask>'s memoir of l'exode (the exodus) during the Fall of France. The title refers to the period of time he, his wife and their son's former nanny spent on the road during their flight from Paris to their summer home in Saint-Amour in the Jura region. (His son Claude, then 15, and teenage friends covered the distance in less than a day by leaving several hours earlier, thus avoiding the detours mandated by the French army that are described in 33 jours; the couple had no news of their son until they were all reunited a month later in Saint-Amour.) With poetic economy and journalistic precision, <mask> recounts his experiences as one of the estimated eight

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Leon Werth
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title: Léon Werth

texts:
 million civilians who fled the advancing German army's invasion of Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and France in May–June 1940, possibly using notes set down during the event, as he did in the trenches in World War I (which he used for his novels Clavel soldat and Clavel chez les majors). <mask> gave the manuscript to his friend Saint-Exupéry in October 1940 to smuggle out of France, write a preface for and publish in the U.S.The New York publisher Brentano's bought the rights (for a military parcel of cigarettes, gum, chocolates and water-purification tablets) and publication was planned for 1943, in expectation of which Saint-Exupéry referred to it as "un grand livre" (an important book) in his 1942 novel Pilote de guerre. For reasons unclear it was never published, and the manuscript effectively disappeared. When Saint-Exupéry realized that an English translation of 33 jours was not forthcoming, he extensively revised the preface (excising Werth's name to protect him) and published it as a stand-alone essay. Letter to a Hostage is an affecting meditation on home and exile set during the escape from France via Lisbon to the U.S. (he was on the same vessel as Jean Renoir) that enabled the pilot to continue his struggle against the Germans from abroad. It was not until 1992 that Viviane Hamy found and published the missing manuscript. In 2002 a student edition was produced, and 33 jours became part of the syllabus in French secondary schools. Hamy led a rediscovery of Werth, republishing many of his works in the 1990s and 2000s.33 jours was finally published in English in 2015 as 33 Days in a new translation by Austin Denis Johnston. Deposition 1940-1944

Three years after 33 Days appeared in English, Oxford University Press published the diary <mask> wrote when he reached Saint-Amour after his exodus on the roads, sub-titling it "A Secret Diary of Life in

masks: Werth Werth


title: Léon Werth

texts:
 Vichy France." It is translated by David Ball. Had it not been “secret,” the authorities would have had two reasons for deporting its author to Auschwitz: not only was he Jewish, he was subversive. Deposition is his sharply observed, often ironic, almost daily record of life in the French countryside during the Occupation and, at the end, the insurrection during the liberation of Paris. If he had stayed there, he might have been one of the 50,000 Jews deported from the city and exterminated. Alone in his house, with the habit of writing, no other work, and the obvious impossibility of publishing during the war, he made entries in his diary almost every day: noting what people said, what he saw, and what he heard on the radio and read in the press, often with comments like this:
“Monsieur de Gaulle (that’s what the paper calls him) and General Catroux have been stripped of their French nationality.”
So has France.(December 12, 1940)

The events “after the fall of France” described above are entered in the diary as they happened. When registering as Jewish, for example, <mask> says he sang out the word “Jewish” as if he were singing the Marseillaise. He also uses his gifts as a novelist to give us portraits of the peasants, shopkeepers and railroad workers in and around the village of Saint-Amour. We see what they are like and hear, in their own words, what they think of Vichy—not much, though many trust Pétain—and how it affects their lives. The diary in French is 750 pages, far too long to be assigned in classrooms, but the English edition is less than half as long. It is his most important book in English to date. <mask> returned to Paris in January 1944 but could only venture out at night until just before the Liberation.He describes the activities of a Resistance cell in their apartment: British aviators hid there until they could be smuggled out of


title: Roger Harold Hull

texts:
<mask> is the founder, chairman, and president of the Help Yourself Win Foundation. The foundation is the result of the consolidation of the Help Yourself and Schenectady-Win foundations. Prior to creating the Help Yourself Foundation in 2005, he served for nine years as the president of Beloit College (WI) and fifteen years as President of Union College (NY). In addition, <mask> was founder and president of the Schenectady-Win Foundation. <mask> was also a founder and is president of Avon Associates, a not-for-profit educational consulting firm. Early life and education
Born June 18, 1942, in Kew Gardens, New York, <mask> is the son of Max and <mask>, immigrants from Nazi Germany. <mask> received his bachelor's degree from Dartmouth College in 1964, his bachelor of laws degree from Yale Law School in 1967, his master's of law from the University of Virginia in 1972, and his doctor of juridical science from the University of Virginia in 1974.Career

Law
<mask> began his career as a corporate attorney with White & Case in 1967. While practicing law, he worked, on weekends and during his vacation, on the gubernatorial campaign of Linwood Holton during Holton's successful run for the Governorship of Virginia in 1969. Following Holton's victory, <mask> was appointed to the Board of Visitors of the College of William and Mary. <mask> immediately concluded education was going to be his career and a college presidency his goal. He became special counsel to Governor Holton, where, while simultaneously administering the Governor's legislative program and serving as a political adviser, <mask> obtained his degrees from the University of Virginia. Upon completion of Holton's term and the awarding of his doctorate, <mask> joined the United States Department of State in

masks:
Roger Harold Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
Mada Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull


title: Roger Harold Hull

texts:
 1974 and served as Special Assistant to the Chairman and Deputy Director of the National Security Council Interagency Task Force on Law of the Sea. In that capacity, he helped coordinate United States policy for the law of the sea negotiations and negotiate the marine scientific and dispute settlement provisions of the treaty.Academia
In 1976, <mask> became Vice President for Development and Adjunct Professor of Law at Syracuse University. For five years, he successfully oversaw the University's capital campaign and the raising of funds for a number of building projects, including the Carrier Dome, while teaching international law at the law school. <mask> became the eighth president of Beloit College in 1981. During his nine years at Beloit, the College constructed or renovated 10 buildings (where he insisted on a principle of fiscal conservatism that permitted construction to begin only after funds for both the project and an endowment to maintain the finished building were obtained); grew the endowment by 500%; increased the size of the student body and faculty; introduced the concept of "moral obligation" scholarships; had, at 55%, one of the highest percentages nationally of alumni who contributed to the College; instituted intensive language programs in Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, and Russian; established the principle that any student who was admitted would have the financial ability to attend the College; and created Help Yourself, a program to bring at-risk students, beginning in third grade, to the College for an after-school program that served as the basis for the Help Yourself Foundation he established in 2005. Importantly, <mask> also became, through the creation of Beloit 2000, one of the first college presidents to seek the revitalization of

masks: Hull Hull Hull


title: Roger Harold Hull

texts:
 the town in which the college was located. In 1990, Dr. <mask> became the 17th president of Union College and Chancellor of Union University.At Union, he helped raise $250 million; oversaw the construction or renovation of 24 buildings, including the iconic Nott Memorial (again, beginning a project only after funds for construction and a maintenance endowment had been pledged); tripled the College's endowment; created an undergraduate research symposium in which 15% of students presented original research; promoted student volunteer efforts in Schenectady, with 60% participation; had the largest investment in a college's "home town" as a percentage of assets ($26 million) of any college in America, which included the acquisition and renovation of 50 properties and the turning of an industrial brownfield into a greenfield; created a business incubator; established a program in Converging Technologies that brought together engineering and the liberal arts; and formed the Minerva House System, a unique learning/living environment for all faculty and students. As he had in Beloit, <mask> devoted time to the city by co-founding Schenectady 2000, which, in turn, led to the revitalization of Downtown Schenectady

Later
After 15 years as president of Union College, <mask> left Union to form the  Help Yourself Foundation. The foundation, which seeks to take national the program for at-risk grade-school children he established at Beloit College, has programs on college campuses from Massachusetts to Wyoming. In 2011, <mask> created the Alliance Party, a combination of Democrats, Republicans, and independent voters, in an effort to combat one-party rule in Schenectady. Running as the Alliance Party's candidate for mayor, <mask> lost the election by 89 votes in the

masks: Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull


title: Roger Harold Hull

texts:
 closest election in Schenectady history. <mask>, in 2015, ran again (and lost) the race for mayor of Schenectady. The Schenectady-Win Foundation was created by <mask> and a group of local business leaders in 2016.It takes unemployed individuals, who did not complete high school, and, over the course of 12–18 months, gives them a high school degree, life skills, construction training, and a guaranteed job upon completion of the program in an effort to take them from welfare to work. In 2017, <mask> and a group of former colleagues and college presidents formed nonprofit Avon Associates. A consulting firm, which charges only for expenses, Avon Associates provides board chairmen of colleges and universities with a forensic analysis during presidential transitions and ongoing, "no-ax-to-grind" advice to presidents of financially challenged institutions. The Help Yourself Foundation and Schenectady-Win were consolidated to form the Help Yourself Win Foundation in 2019. Publications
  Donald the Don: President of the United States or Mafia Don? (Aegis Publications, 2020)
  How to Get Beyond Trump (Aegis Publications, 2020). 2020 Vision: Dump Trump (Aegis Publications, 2019).The Leader's Manual (Aegis Publications, 2017). Lead or Leave (Hamilton Books, 2010). The Irish Triangle (Princeton University Press, 1976). Law and Vietnam (co-authored with John Novogrod, Oceana Publications, 1968). A frequent contributor of articles, editorials, and book reviews in newspapers and professional journals, <mask> also wrote a blog for The Huffington Post. References

Dartmouth College alumni
Yale Law School alumni
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
1942 births
Living people
Presidents of Beloit College
Presidents of Union College (New York)
People from Kew Gardens,

masks: Hull Hull Hull Hull


title: Sean McAllister

texts:
<mask> (born 15 August 1987) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Cymru Premier side Newtown. Primarily as a central midfielder, he has good vision and passing ability. He began his professional career at Sheffield Wednesday in 2006, and had spells on loan at Mansfield Town and Bury, before establishing himself in the Wednesday first team in the 2008–09 season. He was allowed to join Shrewsbury Town in July 2010, and helped them to win promotion out of League Two in 2011–12. He joined Port Vale on a short-term contract in November 2012, and then signed with Cowdenbeath in March 2013, before joining Scunthorpe United four months later. He helped Scunthorpe to win promotion out of League Two in 2013–14. He signed with Grimsby Town in June 2016 and had a loan spell with York City from December 2017 to January 2018.He joined Chester in January 2019 and then moved on to Newtown eight months later. Career

Early career
<mask> was born in Bolton, Greater Manchester. He started playing at Deans Sports in Swinton before going on a successful trial at Manchester United at the age of nine. He spent three years as a schoolboy at Old Trafford before joining Bolton Wanderers, where he stayed for four years. Sheffield Wednesday
He switched to the Sheffield Wednesday Academy in 2003. Having previously been an unused substitute in the Steel City derby at Hillsborough, <mask> made his first-team debut for Sheffield Wednesday in the Championship the following week on 25 February 2006, coming on as a substitute after 56 minutes when Wednesday were already 3–0 down to Southampton at St Mary's. He did not appear in the first team again until the end-of-season, when he played all 90 minutes of a 2–0 victory against Derby County at Pride Park.He was named as the club's Young Player of the Year for the 2005–06 season. On 19 August 2006, <mask> scored his first

masks:
Sean Brian McAllister
McAllister
McAllister
McAllister


title: Sean McAllister

texts:
 us." He made his first appearance at the New Meadow as a 77th-minute substitute in a 3–1 victory over Bradford City on 7 August 2010. He was named as Shrewsbury's Player of the Month for August 2010, but found first-team opportunities harder to come by in the second half of the season due to a hernia injury and the arrival of new signings Nicky Wroe and David Davies. He had an operation to correct the hernia injury in February 2011.<mask> made a return to fitness during the 2011–12 pre-season, scoring against a Manchester United XI in a 2–1 home victory in July 2011. He scored his first competitive goal for Shrewsbury when he was recalled to the starting line-up in a 2–0 win over Crewe Alexandra on 20 August. His goal came in the 23rd minute with a glancing header from Lionel Ainsworth's cross. However, the form of Matt Richards and loan signing <mask> again left him sitting on the sidelines for much of the season. Shrewsbury won promotion to League One as runners-up of League Two, although <mask> was not offered a new contract. He said that "Hopefully my experience at a higher level, and the fact that I've got a promotion under my belt, will help my cause. I'm disappointed, I thought I was worth a new deal, but I've had two good years at Shrewsbury."Port Vale
McAllister failed to find a club before the start of the 2012–13 season, despite a trial at Oxford United. In October 2012, he went on trial at Port Vale, after personally ringing manager Micky Adams to enquire about a vacancy in midfield created when Doug Loft picked up an injury. He signed an eight-week contract with Vale on 9 November. The League Two club were in administration, and applied for special permission to sign <mask> after asking the Football League for leniency after they underwent a shortage of available midfielders. He made his debut from the bench at Vale Park on 17 November, replacing Rob Taylor

masks:
McAllister
David McAllister
McAllister
McAllister


title: Sean McAllister

texts:
 74 minutes into a 2–2 draw with York City. However, he would only feature twice more for Vale, and left the club on 8 January 2013, with Adams saying "it's unfortunate we weren't able to offer <mask> more first-team opportunities, but that underlines the competition for places we have among the squad, but he's a great kid, a model professional and I'd recommend him anywhere." Cowdenbeath
<mask> joined Scottish First Division club Cowdenbeath in March 2013.He made nine appearances at the end of the 2012–13 season, helping the club to avoid relegation. Scunthorpe United
On 19 July 2013, <mask> made a return to League Two when he signed a one-year contract with Scunthorpe United. He made 43 appearances in the 2013–14 season as Scunthorpe won promotion as divisional runners-up, and was also crowned the club's Player of the Year for his "high energy and consistent performances". He signed a new two-year contract in May 2014. However, after Mark Robins replaced Russ Wilcox as manager, <mask> found first-team football hard to come by in the second half of the 2014–15 season. He made 15 appearances across the 2015–16 season, and was released at the end of the season. Grimsby Town
On 23 June 2016, <mask> signed a two-year contract with newly promoted League Two club Grimsby Town on a free transfer.However, he played just four matches throughout the 2016–17 season as he struggled with what was said to be a recurring groin injury. However he later discovered that he had been misdiagnosed, and was in fact suffering with an ankle related problem. McAllister joined National League North club York City on 8 December 2017 on a one-month loan. He made his debut on 16 December 2017, when starting in a 2–1 away defeat to Kidderminster Harriers in the FA Trophy first round. He finished the loan with four appearances. He was released by Grimsby at the end of the 2017–18 season after making

masks: Sean McAllister McAllister McAllister McAllister


title: Sean McAllister

texts:
 just six appearances in two years. Chester
On 11 January 2019, McAllister joined National League North side Chester.He was signed to form a central midfield partnership with Gary Roberts as Gary Stopforth was ruled out with injury. Manager Bernard Morley praised <mask> for an assured performance in his "Seals" debut appearance against Guiseley. Newtown
On 9 August 2019, McAllister joined Cymru Premier side Newtown. He made 26 appearances in the 2019–20 campaign, which was curtailed early due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales, and signed a new contract in June. He featured 26 times in the 2020–21 campaign and was an unused substitute as Newtown beat Caernarfon Town in the play-off final to secure qualification into the newly created UEFA Europa Conference League. Style of play
In describing his playing style, McAllister has said that "I work hard and I read the game well... [and] I like to get forward". Port Vale assistant manager Mark Grew said that "he's a good passer, he has excellent vision and great energy".Career statistics

Honours
Shrewsbury Town
Football League Two runner-up: 2011–12

Scunthorpe United
Football League Two runner-up: 2013–14

Individual
Sheffield Wednesday Young Player of the Year: 2005–06
Scunthorpe United Player of the Year: 2013–14

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Bolton
English footballers
English expatriate footballers
Association football midfielders
Manchester United F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
Port Vale F.C.players
Cowdenbeath F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
York City F.C. players
Newtown A.F.C. players
Chester F.C. players
English Football League players
Scottish Football League players
National League (English football) players
Cymru Premier


title: Johan Augustinussen

texts:
<mask>, also written Augustiniussen, (born 10 May 1808 at Langset in Nesna municipality, died 22 November 1888 in Nesna) was a Norwegian curate/choirmaster, teacher and politician. Despite a lack of formal education, straight after his confirmation he was appointed as the communal school teacher in his native village of Nesna, and at the young age of 22, he was employed as the village's teacher and choirmaster, a position he held for almost 50 years. He also wrote poems and folk songs, and was very interested in music. <mask> became the first mayor of Nesna in 1838. He was mayor for a total of 14 years. He also held a number of other positions in the local community, and represented the county of Nordland in parliament for eight terms from 1848 to 1870. Only Sivert Nielsen sat more terms in the Storting for Nordland county during the 19th century.He was politically aligned with the farmer's alliance, led by Ole Gabriel Ueland. Initially, like Ueland, he supported Søren Jaabæk and <mask>, but <mask> sympathized more with central parties after a while, as Jaabæk and Sverdrup moved in a more radical direction. Childhood and adolescence
<mask> was born at "Oppigården" in Langset, a farm in Sjona some distance east of the village of Nesna. His parents were Augustinius Larssøn (1762–1815) and Kirstine Olsdatter (1770–1843). His paternal grandfather Lars Johnsen (1720–1767) was a farmer at Sandnes in Nesna, and his maternal grandfather Peder Tønder (1697–1735) had been a lensmann. Augustinius Larssøn was an enterprising fisherman; he owned, among others, both a færing and a six-oared row boat, many fishing nets and longlines, and also rorbu in Kabelvåg. His estate testified to his wealth, especially by the standards at the time, since in addition to the aforementioned boats, he also owned nine cows, a horse and a windmill.Local historian Øyvind Jenssen describes him as a man of "great reputation in the village", for

masks:
Johan Augustinussen
Johan Augustinussen
Johan Sverdrup
Augustinussen
Johan Augustinussen


title: Johan Augustinussen

texts:
 example, he was one of the chosen parishioners who signed the authorization of the electors from Nesna for the Norwegian Constituent Assembly (Riksforsamlingen) in 1814. <mask> was the youngest of seven siblings, but only he and Ole, the brother four years older than him, reached adulthood. <mask>'s father died in 1815, and his mother remarried in 1816 with Møller Andersen Zahl from Handnes who was 20 years her younger. <mask>'s mother died in 1843, and Zahl remarried in 1845 with Anne Pedersdatter from Handnesøya. Jenssen describes her as a warm and good person who <mask> had a good relationship with. <mask> showed little interest in farm work, showing instead a great interest in books. In one of the neighbor's living rooms at Langset, many books were to be found, and he often buried himself among them in order to read.It was said that he was a "lazybones" when it came to farm work, and he could not be counted on either during the harvest when he was in charge of cooking the porridge inside. He would sit on a wooden box and lose himself in his reading, not realizing that the porridge was burning. According to Jenssen however, the people surrounding hims were aware of his literary abilities at an early age, and the parish priest Jens Andreas Krogh "became interested in the bright boy and began to lend him books". Local offices

Teacher and choirmaster

The condition of education in Nesna at the beginning o the 19th century was described as "lamentable". The education <mask> himself had received had mainly been from home and through the priest who lent him books. When he was asked in parliament where he studied, he answered: "Actually I ought to tell you that I was taught at home next to the stove by my mother". It was the curate who was responsible for teaching, and Nesna had been saddled with several awful curates.The curate Müller, in 1811, had to resign his post "due to adultery", and his successor Peter

masks:
Johan
Johan
Johan
Johan
Johan Augustinussen
Augustinussen


title: Johan Augustinussen

texts: Eggen, who was curate during <mask>'s childhood and early years, had little more success. He was a cobbler without any pedagogical qualifications and liked to drink and "chase women". Jenssen writes that "he had nothing to teach + for the simple reason that he knew nothing". The pastor at the time Christian Qvale testified that "He combined lewdness with the greatest incompetence" ., whilst the later priest Dometius wrote of Eggen that «Han cultivated both Bacchus and Venus and was a general annoyance". This was the reason that despite a lack of schooling, straight after his confirmation, <mask> was employed as the communal school teacher by pastor Krogh. The communal school was meant to be preparation for regular school, where children would learn "how to read" and "the understanding of words". From 1826 he was also a home tutor for pastor Krogh's children.Here he was given access to Krogh's relatively rich library. The regular school in Nesna was built in 1823, 37 years before the common school law of 1860 demanded that schools of more than 30 pupils needed their own school building. It was tradition that the curate was the teacher there. Peter Eggen was finally suspended from his position as curate in 1829 and died the same year. When the curate position became available, <mask> was appointed in 1830, at the young age of 22. The curate was also called "choirmaster", and this title was used for <mask> among others in connection with parliament. He had this position until he became a pensioner in 1878, thus serving for almost 50 years.He was a member of the school commission for the same time period, and also led confirmation education when the priest was too busy. Anton Christian Bang said about this that "his gifted and lively teaching was characterized by seriousness without any expressed warmth". As choirmaster, <mask> was entitled to a municipal curate's farm at Sandenes at the end of Ranfjorden. However, he

masks: Augustinussen Augustinussen Augustinussen Augustinussen Augustinussen


title: Johan Augustinussen

texts:
 chose to live in a cramped apartment in the school building. The school building was in 1856 (after renovations in 1853) 20.5 by 9 ells. On the ground floor were the teaching room, kitchen and parlor for the curate, while the rooms on the first floor were used for housing. Originally there was a dormitory in the attic for pupils who lived far away.It was used as a school building up until 1886, and then became housing for the curate. After becoming a pensioner in 1878, <mask> built himself a private residential block on the west wall of the teaching room where he lived for the rest of his life. This house has since been moved a little away. Both the schoolhouse and <mask>'s house still stand at Nesna. The schoolhouse is considered to be "the region's oldest building for permanent, organized teaching for the common people". When <mask> was curate, Jens Andreas Krogh was pastor in Nesna. In 1841 he was succeeded by Georg Greve, who was priest up until 1850 when Rasmus Dometius overtook the position and in 1866 Dometius was succeeded byHenning Stub.Stub and <mask> both resigned in 1878, but according to Jenssen "paradoxically, most the attention surrounded the curate". <mask> left deep traces within the school system in Nesna, managing to extend both the school hours and curriculum. Jenssen refers to <mask>'s teaching career as "a teaching act that both in quality and quantity made a major and positive impact on the development of Nesna". Mayor
The Formannskap laws were passed in 1837 and effective from 1 January 1838. Each prestegjeld would constitute a formannskap (formannskapsdistrikt). The prestegjeld in Nesna consisted at that time of Nesna and Dønnes sockens, and <mask> was one of the three members in the first formannskap in Nesna. The other two were <mask> from Nesna and <mask> Buch from Dønnes.The minutes from the first formannskap meeting are brief:

<mask> had since 1830 been a teacher and choirmaster,

masks:
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Johan Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Johan Augustinussen
Johan Abrahamsen
Johan Friderich
Augustinussen


title: Johan Augustinussen

texts:
 and in that capacity also a member of the school commission. In 1835 The Medicinal Journal for Helgeland reported that he had also been engaged as an assistant to the district doctor <mask> Winther in the vaccinating against smallpox. He was 30 years old when he was elected as mayor, and was mayor of Nesna for terms, from 1838 to 1848 and from 1850 to 1854. Only two subsequent mayors of Nesna, Elias Olsen and Arne Langset, have served for an equivalent period. During his first term, the mayoral office was considered an office of trust; the herred often made decisions on the wording, but "it is left to the mayor to make them necessary". This is also shown as the herred was summoned for the first time on 20 October 1839, fifteen months after the mayoral election. The mayor did not seem important enough to take a person out of work unnecessarily.Municipal treasuries
The confidence in <mask> was strongly expressed during his first term as mayor, since he also "worked as the municipality's administrator". It was an old practice that the village's pastor would manage the poor relief fund and the municipal treasury, but when Krogh left Nesna in 1841, the formannskap agreed to a different arrangement. <mask> was employed as treasurer with responsibilities for the poor relief fund, with a wage of two Spd. per year. He was also responsible for the school treasury in Nesna (but not Dønnes) with a wage of one Spd. per year. This agreement was made by the formannskap where <mask> was himself one of the three members, but according to Jenssen no one saw "anything suspicious about this".Jenssen further notes that <mask>'s accounts were always in "exemplary order" in contrast to the accounts of the school treasury in Dønnes, for which he was not responsible. The wage increased over the years, and in 1876 he received 30 Spd. per year for the supervision of the poor relief fund. <mask> was the municipal treasurer until he became a

masks:
Johan Friederich
Augustinussen
Johan Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen


title: Johan Augustinussen

texts:
 pensioner in 1878; when previous mayor Jacob Fredrik Zahl overtook the position. Zahl was succeeded by Ivar Anton Ivarsen Mehus in 1883, who was also a successor of <mask> in a different capacity in 1884, when he became Nesna's second parliamentary representative. Librarian and other duties
Nesna had had a semi-public book collection, and according to Axel Coldevin a people's book collection was established for Nesna and Hemnes in 1814 after an initiative from bishop Krogh. In 1839, the herred decided to establish a "Common Library for Nesna Prestegjeld".Krogh was appointed as supervisor and accountant of the library, which was actually no more than a collection of book-chests. In 1841 <mask> took over the responsibility and arranged loans from the curate's farm until 1865. In 1844 he stated that the collection consists of 33 new and 88 "ancient" books. Lindstøl states that <mask> was post master in Nesna for 14 years. "Nesna post office" was established by order in council on 28 July 1842. It is uncertain whether <mask> was the first post master; he is mentioned in the post master minutes from 1843 with the title "choirmaster". He was formally appointed as post master on 19 November 1851.From 1 July 1857, the main post office was moved to the port of call for steamers at Vikholmen just east of the island of Hugla, and the same day the trader Lars Aagaard Meyer succeeded <mask> as post master. The yearly wage for the post master was 4 Spd. in 1842; in 1857 it was increased to 24 Spd. <mask> was concilliation commissioner for 49 years. He also had some local duties after he retired in 1878. Member of parliament

Election

<mask> was born at "Oppigården" in Langset, a farm in Sjona some distance east of the village of Nesna. His parents were Augustinius Larssøn (1762–1815) and Kirstine Olsdatter (1770–1843).His paternal grandfather Lars Johnsen (1720–1767) was a farmer at Sandnes in Nesna, and his maternal

masks:
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Johan Augustinussen


title: Johan Augustinussen

texts: grandfather Peder Tønder (1697–1735) had been a lensmann. Augustinius Larssøn was an enterprising fisherman; he owned, among others, both a færing and a six-oared row boat, many fishing nets and longlines, and also rorbu in Kabelvåg. His estate testified to his wealth, especially by the standards at the time, since in addition to the aforementioned boats, he also owned nine cows, a horse and a windmill. Local historian Øyvind Jenssen describes him as a man of "great reputation in the village", for example, he was one of the chosen parishioners who signed the authorization of the electors from Nesna for the Norwegian Constituent Assembly (Riksforsamlingen) in 1814. From 1814 through until the 1903 Norwegian parliamentary election, members of parliament were elected through indirect election. All market towns and prestegjeld appointed electors, in the market towns there was one elector per 50 voters and in the prestegjeld one per 100 voters. The Constitution of Norway set strict limitations on who had suffrage.In 1814 Nesna appointed two electors for the election for 1815–1817, one of them, lensmann Jens Eliassen, was elected as the fourth deputy. In addition to the right to vote being limited, political interest was also weak. In 1841 there were 221 voters in Nesna prestegjeld and only 25 voted, in 1860, 27 voted. In the country, each county amounted to a separate electoral district, and the electors from each district would come together "at a decide location of one of the authority's and 'appoint' someone either from their own number or from among the official voters...as many representatives as the district was entitled to have..." The electors from Nordland county met in Bodø, and from 1833, elected four representatives (earlier three, from 1883, five). <mask> was the youngest of seven siblings, but only he and Ole, the brother four years older than him, reached adulthood. <mask>'s father died in 1815, and his

masks: Johan Johan


title: Johan Augustinussen

texts:
 mother remarried in 1816 with Møller Andersen Zahl from Handnes who was 20 years her younger. <mask>'s mother died in 1843, and Zahl remarried in 1845 with Anne Pedersdatter from Handnesøya.Jenssen describes her as a warm and good person who <mask> had a good relationship with. Parliamentary sessions
According to the constitution, the parliament would assemble once ever three years, and it was in 1869 that constitutional changes were made resulting in yearly parliamentary sessions. These sessions, called "parliament proper" lasted around half a year during <mask>'s time. In addition the constitution's articles §§69-70 granted the king power to summon an extraordinary parliament, so-called "parliament super proper". In the eight terms from 1848 to 1870 whilst <mask> was a member of parliament, two parliaments super proper were summoned, in 1858 and in 1864. Altogether, parliament was assembled ten times in this period, and <mask> attended all of these. He was granted a short leave of absence four times, and after one of these he took sick leave, J.A.Arctander had to serve as deputy for him at the assembly. Teacher and choirmaster
The Storting building was completed in 1866. Up until 1854, parliament held its proceedings in Oslo Cathedral School's premises on the corner of Tollbodgaten and Dronningens gate. From 1854, the proceedings were held in the hall which is now known as "the Old festival hall" in the university building on Karl Johans gate. The ten parliamentary sessions that <mask> attended therefore had three different addresses, the first two in Oslo Cathedral School, then six in the university buildings before the last two were held in today's Storting building. <mask> was elected to parliament eight times. With six terms of three years and two terms of to years, he was a member of parliament for 22 years, from 1848 to 1870.Only Sivert Andreas Nielsen has been elected as the representative of Nordland

masks:
Johan
Johan
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Augustinussen
Johan Augustinussen


title: Johan Augustinussen

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 county more times: He was elected 13 times in the period from 1859 to 1900. In more recent times, Håkon Kyllingmark was elected seven times for a period of 28 years in total from 1954 to 1981. Political orientation

Parties in organized from did not exist in Norway during <mask>'s time. The first Norwegian political parties were created in 1884 with the forming of The Liberal Party and The Conservative Party. There were still more or less organized factions and movements outside parliament. In the 1830s, Ole Gabriel Ueland had established a farmer's alliance with a formulated policy. Like <mask>, he was a choirmaster and teacher, and sat in parliament from 1833 until his death in 1870.<mask> became one of Ueland's faithful friends in parliament, and from the beginning he was considered to be a supporter of the farmer's alliance. Anton Christian Bang wrote in 1909 that "[<mask>'s] party comrades among the Uelandian farmer opposition considered him to be among their most prudent and trusted men." With <mask> and the Reform Association in 1859, and not to mention Søren Jaabæk's Farmer's Friends Association from 1865, radicalization grew. To begin with they had support from Ueland and <mask>. Halvdan Koht mentions three who spoke in support of Sverdrup in the debate on the Jury Act, <mask>, Ueland and Jaabæk. After Sverdrup and Jaabæk entered into an alliance in 1869, in many ways parliament was split between the conservatives and the radicals. <mask> was not comfortable with this polarization, and so he distanced himself from earlier opinions and became more center orientated.Arne Bergsgård has characterized <mask>'s early radicalism as "extremely yellow", and in a later letter to Bang, <mask> spoke very negatively about what he called "Jaabækianism" and "Sverdrupianism". Poetry and music

<mask> was also extremely interested in music; he played the violin and also wrote several folk songs and poems. It appears

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 from his dairies that <mask> used to play the violin at parties in Kristiania. When Ole Tobias Olsen collected his folk songs from Nordland, he received several melodies both from <mask> and from his daughter Christense. In 1842 <mask> sought a short leave in order to take singing lessons in Bodø, this may have some correlation with the "Roverudian improvement in singing" . During the lessons he used a psalmodicon, an instrument with only one string. Ivar Aasen referenced <mask> as a source for his "words from Nordland", and mentions him several times in his diaries from 1857 to 1869.<mask>'s diary from his time in parliament has been used as a source for later historians. Arne Bergsgård calls it "an amusing little diary" Jens Arup Seip wrote that <mask>'s diaries had been a great help in his work, and provided a fine picture of the political flows from that time. <mask> also wrote poems and folk songs. Bang mentions that the folk song Astøings-visen was later published in Tromsø at M. Urdal's publishing house, "printed from a very erroneous transcript". Sections of the poem Kveldshugnad (7 of the 20 verses) are translated in the Nesna's Village Book, volume 2, and Astøingsvise and Åsværvise are printed in Helgeland's Yearbook, 1977. A longer poem called "The Parliament's assembly in February 1871", was posthumously printed in Helgeland's Tidings in 1899. In the poem <mask> is invisibly present at the opening of the Storting, and welcomes every member of parliament, one after another as they arrive.The poem has explanatory notes from <mask> himself. A transcript was printed in Helgeland's Yearbook in 1981 and lasted nine pages. The poem is mildly satirical, it seems to be mostly be cheerful with friendly comments. Its sting is certainly pointed against Jaabæk and his supporters, and he also brings up old political battles, that hints at the debate over the railway in Trondheim. Family and children
In 1833, <mask>

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 was married to Christine Birgitte Iversdatter (1807–1887), daughter of Ivar Olsen Løkberg (1753-1810) and Kiersten Pedersdatter (1773-1861). They had four children, but three of them died before their father. <mask>'s son Kristian died as a baby.His other son Ivar became a teacher and was, since the time of his confirmation, a close friend of future bishop and minister Anton Christian Bang. He died at the young age of 24 in 1862. <mask>'s oldest son (f. 1834) had worked at the magistrate of Saura, and later became a lensmann in Hamarøy. He committed suicide in 1877. His daughter Christense Oline was born on 23 February 1846. On 5 August 1875, she married the farmer <mask> Olsen at Sandnes in Nesna, and had three sons. She died on 19 April 1929, when she was 83 years old.Legacy and recognitions

Bang writes about Augustinussen in his autobiographical book Erindringer from 1909:<mask> has been characterized as "the most towering and influential individual in Nesna's history". Øyvind Jenssen, local historian and earlier mayor f Nesna, writes that "No other single person has effected the development of Nesna municipality as strongly as the municipality's first mayor, <mask>." <mask> received the medal for outstanding civil service in silver. When he reached the age of 70 on 10 May 1878, he received, with great surprise, a "very expensive mantelpiece clock" from Nesna municipality. In addition to the article in Friend of the common people, which Bang refers to, <mask> was also profiled in The home's and worker's friend on 13 February 1890 after his death, and also in Helgeland's Tidings no.4 1889. <mask> died on 22 November 1888 of a stroke according to the ministerial book for the Nesna prestegjeld. Notes and references

Sources

Bibliography

  Sitert fra avskrift i Årbok for Helgeland 1981; side 114–123. .

Websites, newspapers etc.19th-century Norwegian poets
Norwegian educators
People from Nesna
Norwegian male

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title: Peyton Young

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<mask> (born March 9, 1945) is an American game theorist and economist known for his contributions to evolutionary game theory and its application to the study of institutional and technological change, as well as the theory of learning in games. He is currently centennial professor at the London School of Economics, James Meade Professor of Economics Emeritus at the University of Oxford, professorial fellow at Nuffield College Oxford, and research principal at the Office of Financial Research at the U.S. Department of the Treasury. <mask> was named a fellow of the Econometric Society in 1995, a fellow of the British Academy in 2007, and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2018. He served as president of the Game Theory Society from 2006–08. He has published widely on learning in games, the evolution of social norms and institutions, cooperative game theory, bargaining and negotiation, taxation and cost allocation, political representation, voting procedures, and distributive justice. Education and career

In 1966, he graduated cum laude in general studies from Harvard University. He completed a PhD in Mathematics at the University of Michigan in 1970, where he graduated with the Sumner B. Myers thesis prize for his work in combinatorial mathematics.His first academic post was at the graduate school of the City University of New York as assistant professor and then associate professor, from 1971 to 1976. From 1976 to 1982, <mask> was research scholar and deputy chairman of the Systems and Decision Sciences Division at the Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria.

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 He was then appointed professor of Economics and Public Policy in the School of Public Affairs at the University of Maryland, College Park from 1992 to 1994. <mask> was Scott & Barbara Black Professor of Economics at the Johns Hopkins University from 1994, until moving to Oxford as James Meade Professor of Economics in 2007. He has been centennial professor at the London School of Economics since 2015 and remains a professorial fellow of Nuffield College, Oxford. Contributions

Evolutionary game theory

Conventional concepts of dynamic stability, including the evolutionarily stable strategy concept, identify states from which small once-off deviations are self-correcting. These stability concepts are not appropriate for analyzing social and economic systems which are constantly perturbed by idiosyncratic behavior and mistakes, and individual and aggregate shocks to payoffs.Building upon Freidlin and Wentzell's (1984) theory of large deviations for continuous time-processes, Dean Foster and <mask> (1990) developed the more powerful concept of stochastic stability: "The stochastically stable set [SSS] is the set of states such that, in the long run, it is nearly certain that the system lies within every open set containing S as the noise tends slowly to zero" [p. 221]. This solution concept created a major impact in economics and game theory after <mask> (1993) developed a more tractable version of the theory for general finite-state Markov chains. A state is stochastically stable if it attracts positive weight in the stationary distribution of the Markov chain. <mask> develops powerful

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texts: graph-theoretic tools for identifying the stochastically stable states. In an influential book, Individual Strategy and Social Structure, <mask> provides a clear and compact exposition of the major results in the field of stochastic evolutionary game theory, which he pioneered. He introduces his model of social interactions called 'adaptive play.' Agents are randomly selected from a large population to play a fixed game.They choose a myopic best response, based upon a random sample of past plays of the game. The evolution of the (bounded) history of play is described by a finite Markov chain. Idiosyncratic behavior or mistakes constantly perturb the process, so that every state is accessible from every other. This means that the Markov chain is ergodic, so there is a unique stationary distribution which characterizes the long-run behavior of the process. Recent work by <mask> and coauthors finds that evolutionary dynamics of this and other kinds can transit rapidly to stochastically stable equilibria from locally stable ones, when perturbations are small but nonvanishing (Arieli and <mask> 2016, Kreindler and <mask> 2013, Kreindler and <mask> 2014). The theory is used to show that in 2x2 coordination games, the risk-dominant equilibrium will be played virtually all the time, as time goes to infinity. It also yields a formal proof of Thomas Schelling's (1971) result that residential segregation emerges at the social level even if no individual prefers to be segregated.In addition, the theory "demonstrates how high-rationality solution concepts in game theory can emerge in a world populated by

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texts:
 low-rationality agents" [p. 144]. In bargaining games, <mask> demonstrates that the Nash (1950) and Kalai-Smorodinsky (1975) bargaining solutions emerge from the decentralized actions of boundedly rational agents without common knowledge. Learning in games

Whereas evolutionary game theory studies the behavior of large populations of agents, the theory of learning in games focuses on whether the actions of a small group of players end up conforming to some notion of equilibrium. This is a challenging problem, because social systems are self-referential: the act of learning changes the thing to be learned. There is a complex feedback between a player's beliefs, their actions and the actions of others, which makes the data-generating process exceedingly non-stationary. <mask> has made numerous contributions to this literature. Foster and <mask> (2001) demonstrate the failure of Bayesian learning rules to learn mixed equilibria in games of uncertain information.Foster and <mask> (2003) introduce a learning procedure in which players form hypotheses about their opponents' strategies, which they occasionally test against their opponents' past play. By backing off from rationality in this way, Foster and <mask> show that there are natural and robust learning procedures that lead to Nash equilibrium in general normal form games. The recent literature on learning in games is elegantly reviewed in <mask>'s 2004 book, Strategic Learning and its Limits. Social Norms

In a series of papers, <mask> has applied the techniques of stochastic evolutionary game theory to the study of social norms (see <mask>

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texts: 2015 for a review). The theory identifies four key features of norm dynamics. (1) Persistence: once norms are in place, they persist for long periods of time despite changing external conditions. (2) Tipping: when norms change, they do so suddenly.Deviations from an established norm may occur incrementally at first. Once a critical mass of deviators forms, however, the process tips and a new norm spreads rapidly through the population. (3) Compression: norms imply that behavior (e.g. retirement ages, cropsharing contracts) exhibits a higher degree of conformity and lower responsiveness to economic conditions than predicted by standard economic models. (4) Local conformity/global diversity: A norm is one of many possible equilibria. Compression implies that individuals who are closely connected conform fairly closely to a particular norm. At the same time, the presence of multiple equilibria implies that less closely connected individuals in the population could arrive at a very different norm.These predictions are borne out in empirical work. Several regularities were uncovered in <mask> and Burke's (2001) study of cropsharing contracts in Illinois, which made use of detailed information on the terms of contracts on several thousand farms from different parts of the state. Firstly, there was considerable compression in the contract terms: 98% of all contracts involved 1/2-1/2, 2/5-3/5 or 1/3-2/3 splits. Secondly, when splitting the sample into farms from Northern and Southern Illinois, <mask> and Burke discovered a high degree of uniformity in contracts within each region, but significant

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 variance across regions---evidence of the local conformity/global diversity effect. In Northern Illinois, the customary share was 1/2-1/2. In Southern Illinois, it was 1/3-2/3 or 2/5-3/5. The Diffusion of Innovations

Young has also made significant applied contributions to understanding the diffusion of new ideas, technologies and practices in a population.The spread of particular social norms can be analyzed within the same framework. In the course of several papers (<mask> 2003, <mask> 2011, Kreindler and <mask> 2014), <mask> has showed how the topology of a social network affects the rate and nature of diffusion under particular adoption rules at the individual level. In an influential 2009 paper, <mask> turned attention to the diffusion dynamics that can result from different adoption rules in a well-mixed population. In particular, he distinguished between three different classes of diffusion model:

(1)	Contagion: Individuals adopt an innovation (a new idea, product or practice) following contact with existing adopters. (2)	Social Influence: Individuals are likely to adopt an innovation when a critical mass of individuals in their group has adopted it. (3)	Social Leaning: Individuals observe the payoffs of adopters and adopt the innovation when these payoffs are sufficiently high. The third adoption process is most closely related to optimizing behavior and thus standard approaches in economics.The first two processes are, however, the ones focused on by the vast sociological and marketing literature on the subject. <mask> characterized the mean dynamic of each of these processes

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 under general forms of heterogeneity in individual beliefs and preferences. While each of the dynamics yields a familiar S-shaped adoption curve, <mask> showed how the underlying adoption process can be inferred from the aggregate adoption curve. It turns out that each process leaves a distinct footprint. Turning to data on hybrid corn adoption in the United States, <mask> presented evidence of superexponential acceleration in the early stages of adoption, a hallmark of social learning. Shapley value

<mask> (1985) has contributed an axiomatization of the Shapley value. It is regarded as a key piece for understanding the relationship between the marginality principle and the Shapley value.<mask> shows that the Shapley value is the only symmetric and efficient solution concept that is solely computed from a player's marginal contributions in a cooperative game. Consequently, the Shapley value is the only efficient and symmetric solution that satisfies monotonicity which requires that whenever a player's contribution to all coalitions weakly increases, then this player's allocation should also weakly increase. This justifies the Shapley value as the measure of a player's productivity in a cooperative game and makes it particularly appealing for cost allocation models. The Kemeny-Young Method

The Kemeny–Young method is a voting system that uses preferential ballots and pairwise comparison counts to identify the most popular choices in an election. It is a Condorcet method because if there is a Condorcet winner, it will always be ranked as the most popular choice. The Kemeny–Young method was

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 developed by John Kemeny in 1959. <mask> and Levenglick (1978) showed that this method was the unique neutral method satisfying reinforcement and the Condorcet criterion.In other papers (<mask> 1986, 1988, 1995, 1997), <mask> adopted an epistemic approach to preference-aggregation: he supposed that there was an objectively 'correct', but unknown preference order over the alternatives, and voters receive noisy signals of this true preference order (cf. Condorcet's jury theorem). Using a simple probabilistic model for these noisy signals, <mask> showed that the Kemeny–Young method was the maximum likelihood estimator of the true preference order. <mask> further argues that Condorcet himself was aware of the Kemeny-<mask> rule and its maximum-likelihood interpretation, but was unable to clearly express his ideas. References and Selected papers
J. Kemeny, "Mathematics without numbers", Daedalus, 88 (1959), 577–591. H. P<mask> and A. Levenglick, "A Consistent Extension of Condorcet's Election Principle", SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 35, no. 2 (1978), 285–300.H. P<mask>, "Optimal ranking and choice from pairwise comparisons", in Information pooling and group decision making edited by B. Grofman and G. Owen (1986), JAI Press, 113–122. H.<mask>, "Monotonic solutions of cooperative games",  International Journal of Game Theory, 14, No. 2 (1985), 65–72. H. P<mask>, "Condorcet's Theory of Voting", American Political Science Review 82, no. 2 (1988), 1231–1244. D. Foster and H.<mask>, "Stochastic Evolutionary Game Dynamics", Theoretical Population Biology, 38 (1990), 219–232. H.<mask>, "The

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texts: Evolution of Conventions", Econometrica, 61 (1993), 57–84.H.<mask>, "An Evolutionary Model of Bargaining", Journal of Economic Theory, 59 (1993), 145–168. H. P<mask>, "Optimal Voting Rules", Journal of Economic Perspectives 9, no.1  (1995), 51–64. H. P<mask>, "Group choice and individual judgements", Chapter 9 of Perspectives on public choice: a handbook, edited by Dennis Mueller (1997) Cambridge UP., pp. 181–200. D. Foster and H.<mask>, "On the Impossibility of Predicting the Behavior of Rational Agents", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA,  98, no. 22 (2001), 12848–12853. H.<mask> and M.A.Burke, "Competition and Custom in Economic Contracts: A Case Study of Illinois Agriculture", American Economic Review, 91 (2001), 559–573. D. Foster and H.<mask>, "Learning, Hypothesis Testing, and Nash Equilibrium",  Games and Economic Behavior, 45 (2003), 73–96. H.<mask>, "The Diffusion of Innovations in Social Networks” in  The Economy as a Complex Evolving System, vol. III, Lawrence E. Blume and Steven N. Durlauf, eds. Oxford University Press, (2003). H.<mask>, "Innovation Diffusion in Heterogeneous Populations: Contagion, Social Influence and Social Learning", American Economic Review, 99 (2009), 1899–1924. H.<mask>, "Learning by Trial and Error", Games and Economic Behavior, 65 (2009), 626–643.D. Foster and H.<mask>, "Gaming Performance Fees by Portfolio Managers", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125 (2010), 1435–1458. H.<mask>, "The Dynamics of Social Innovation”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, No. 4 (2011), 21285–21291. B.S.R. Pradelski and H.<mask>,

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texts:
 "Learning Efficient Nash Equilibria in Distributed Systems", Games and Economic Behavior, 75 (2012), 882–897. G. Kreindler and H.<mask>, "Fast Convergence in Evolutionary Equilibrium Selection", Games and Economic Behavior, 80 (2013), 39–67. G. Kreindler and H.<mask>, "Rapid Innovation Diffusion in Social Networks", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111 Suppl 3 (2014), 10881–10888.H.<mask>, "The Evolution of Social Norms", Annual Review of Economics, 7 (2015), 359–87. I. Arieli and H.<mask>, "Stochastic Learning Dynamics and Speed of Convergence in Population Games", Econometrica, 84 (2016), 627–676. Books
 H<mask> <mask> (2004). Strategic Learning and Its Limits. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press. Contents and introduction. _ (2001).Fair Representation, 2nd edition (with M. L. Balinski). Washington, D. C.: The Brookings Institution. Contents and introduction. _ (1998). Individual Strategy and Social Structure: An Evolutionary Theory of Institutions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Contents and introduction._ (1994). Equity: In Theory and Practice. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. Contents and introduction. References

External links
 <mask>'s page at the University of Oxford with his CV and full list of publications. 1945 births
Game theorists
Harvard University alumni
University of Michigan alumni
21st-century American economists
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
North Shore Country Day School alumni
Fellows of the British Academy
Fair division researchers
Brookings

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title: George Minchin

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<mask> (born <mask>, 1845–1914) was an Irish mathematician and experimental physicist. He was a pioneer in the development of astronomical photometry: the first-ever celestial photometric measurements were made using photovoltaic cells that he developed for the purpose. He invented the absolute sine-electrometer and was a prolific author of mathematical and scientific textbooks and papers. Early life and family
He was born <mask> on 25 May 1845 on Valentia Island, Co.Kerry, Ireland to <mask> and <mask>. His mother died when he was nine years old. His father, an attorney who lived in Donnybrook, Dublin, placed him into the care of his uncle (by marriage) on his mother's side, David Bell. A literary scholar, Bell ran a school in Dublin and was uncle to another pupil at the school, one Alexander Graham Bell.<mask>'s notable mathematical ability was encouraged. He entered Trinity College, Dublin in 1862, matriculating under the name <mask> Smith, and won the first university scholarship in mathematics in 1865, and the Lloyd exhibition in mathematics. In 1866, he graduated, still as G. M. Smith, with a Gold Medal in mathematics. By then he had assumed the name <mask> <mask>, receiving his MA in 1870, under the new name, and then Madden's Premium in both 1871 and 1872 for his performance in the Fellowship examinations. The Smiths were a Protestant family. <mask> Smith changed his name to <mask> <mask> evidently because his father had converted to Roman Catholicism and married a Catholic, Marie

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texts:
 O’Neill, possibly his housekeeper, with whom he already had three children. In 1887 <mask> married Emma Fawcett of Lecarrow (or Strandhill), Co. Leitrim.They had two children, <mask> Neville in 1888 and Una Eleanor in 1890. [<mask> junior became an engineer and later the managing director of Peto & Radford (accumulator manufacturers) and the Chloride battery company.] Career
In 1875 <mask> became the Professor of Applied Mathematics at the Royal Indian Engineering College (aka Coopers Hill or R.I.E. College) on the outskirts of London, and the same year he was elected to the London Mathematical Society. As a lecturer at RIEC, he was described as "brilliant", much admired for his wit and ability to draw in pupils and colleagues alike with otherwise dull topics. He maintained a regular correspondence, particularly with <mask> FitzGerald. <mask> wrote many mathematical and scientific texts and his clarity of exposition was lauded; he wrote and lectured about the importance of using clear English when producing texts for students.He also encouraged using "a touch of humour," citing the work of <mask> and James Clerk Maxwell as exemplars. He wrote humorous works including comical mathematical poems. He has been credited with introducing the term 'potential function' with reference to applications in physics and engineering, but
<mask> had in fact done so as early as 1828. He was noted for being one of the College's best tennis players (he had also been a cricketer). He loved birds and

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texts: birdwatching and kept a few in cages in his rooms. <mask> performed early experiments with radio waves, x-rays and photoelectricity, both at RIEC and University College London (in the latter at the new laboratory of <mask> Foster, from 1875). Experiments included coating platinum with light-sensitive dyes, a technique he developed until he was able to detect "Hertzian waves" (radio waves) in his "impulsion cell", and he suspected that the Branly's tube with iron filings which detected the waves operated similarly.The sensitivity of <mask>'s photo-electric cell apparatus was tested through a number of thick walls and outside as far as the woods at the edge of the RIEC lawn. A light switch was successfully operated remotely. Oliver Lodge read <mask>'s paper, The Action of Electromagnetic Radiation on Films containing Metallic Powders, and developed an improved 'Branly' tube that he named a coherer. In his publication Signalling Across Space Without Wires, Lodge tabled Branly's filings, Minchins impulsion cell and his own (and David Edward Hughes's) coherer as "microphonic" radiation detectors (the others being mechanical, electrical, thermal, chemical and physiological). One year later Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated wireless telegraphy with the usage of a coherer. In 1877, Minchin began work on using photoelectricity with a view to transmitting images. Four years earlier, Willoughby Smith had discovered the photoelectric effect on selenium rods; Minchin became skilled at creating

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texts: photovoltaic cells made from selenium.His idea was to have a bundle of many insulated wires in parallel, their ends light-sensitised with selenium to detect an image, and for the far ends to emit a proportional level of light registered by a photographic film, effectively as pixels. The efforts were unsuccessful. Continuing his work, <mask> developed a selenium photocathode on an aluminium base which was immersed in acetone. He complained that some scientists rejected the worthiness of experimentation with photoelectricity out of ignorance, a situation he described as "madness." He was the most insightful of 19th century experimenters in suggesting that photocells transformed energy without being changed themselves. He also made the key point that one should not assume surfaces need to be black to absorb usefully the most energy and that undiscovered surface properties might absorb visible light or other unknown wavelengths better, so scientists could not comment on the efficacy of light-sensitive cells without further scientific testing. These posited differences in energy were in fact later identified through the work of Max Planck and Albert Einstein.Keen to test his new cells, in late 1891 <mask> contacted a friend — William Monck – who had built an observatory with a 7.5 inch (19 cm) refractor at his home in Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin. For the experiment, Monck ordered a new quadrant electrometer after FitzGerald was unable to provide a suitable one. The following August, Minchin

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texts: provided Monck with improved cells but returned to England because of bad weather. More clement conditions on the morning of 28 August enabled Monck and his neighbour Stephen Dixon to measure the "striking" effect of the Moon and the relative brightness of Venus and Jupiter, the first photometric measurements in the history of astronomy. The measurements of stars were uncertain, however. <mask> met William Wilson in London and the latter invited him to try his cells at the new observatory at his home, Daramona House, Co.Westmeath. In April 1895, Wilson and <mask> operated the 2-foot (60 cm) reflector, and FitzGerald the galvanometer below.<mask> published the results of a few days' observations in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, describing the relative magnitudes of the stars Regulus, Arcturus and Procyon, and acknowledging Monck's measurements. It is believed he visited Wilson's home in 1894 and 1897, and he certainly did in September 1895 and January 1896, but no other observations were recorded. <mask> invented a metrological device, the absolute sine-electrometer, a very sensitive development of the gold-leaf electroscope; this device was further developed and marketed as a 'tilted gold-leaf electrometer' by the Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company, amongst others. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1895. He resisted his colleagues' and students' entreaties to scale up his experiments to create something of practical usage, preferring his work to be considered

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 of London, volume 11, no. 1) [also in other journals/languages]
 “Nowhere can Mathematics be learned as at Cambridge” (Nature, volume 43, no. 1103)
 Experiments in Photoelectricity. (London, Taylor & Francis, 1891)
 Hydrostatics and Elementary Hydrokinetics.(Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1892)
 Electromotive Force from the Light of the Stars. (Nature, volume 49, no. 1264)
 A Fire Ball. (Scientific American, volume 73, no.24)
 The Electrical Measurement of Starlight. (Nature, volume 52, no. 1341)
 The electrical measurement of starlight. Observations made at the Observatory of Daramona House, Co. Westmeath, in April, 1895.Preliminary report. (London, Taylor & Francis, 1895)
 The electrical measurement of starlight. Observations made at the Observatory of Daramona House, Co. Westmeath, in January, 1896. Second report. (London, Harrison & Francis, 1896)
 Personal Injury from a Fire-ball. (Nature, volume 53, no. 1358)
 Geometry for Beginners.(Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1898)
 Geometry Versus Euclid. (Nature, volume 59, no. 1529)
 The Teaching of Geometry. (London, Macmillan, 1899)
 Bell's Science Series. Edited by P.M. Groom and G.M<mask>. (London, George Bell & Sons, 1900–1909)
 The student's dynamics : comprising statics and kinetics.(London, George Bell & Sons, 1900–1909)
 England's Neglect of Science. (Nature, volume 64, no. 1653)
 Plane and Solid Geometry. (Nature, volume 64, no. 1667)
 A New Treatise on the Calculus. (Nature, volume 65, no. 1693)
 Vectors and Rotors, with