title: Liam Gallagher

texts: Oasis's MTV Unplugged set minutes before it was due to start.Noel was forced to fill in at the last minute. <mask> said that he had been struck down with a "sore throat" and that he does not like performing acoustically, though Noel has claimed he was hungover. Noel was further angered when <mask> heckled him from the balcony while the band performed. Four days after, Noel was again forced to fill in for <mask> on the first show of their American tour, when <mask> refused to travel to America with the rest of the band claiming he needed time to buy a house. He was back on stage with Oasis for their next show three days later in Detroit. Tension between Noel and the rest of the band mounted and Noel left the tour, causing several media outlets to question the future of the band. While on tour in Barcelona in May 2000, Oasis were forced to cancel a show when drummer Alan White's arm seized up; the band spent the evening drinking instead.During the night <mask> made a crude remark about Noel's wife, Meg Mathews (apparently questioning the legitimacy of Noel's baby daughter Anais), leading to a fight. Following this, a press release was put out declaring that Noel had decided to quit overseas touring with Oasis. The rest of the band, with guitarist Matt Deighton replacing Noel, played the remaining dates. Noel eventually returned for the British and Irish legs of the tour; at the first of these shows the brothers shook hands after the song "Acquiesce". In 2009, prior to the group's break, Noel called <mask> "rude, arrogant, intimidating, and lazy", describing him as "the angriest man you'll ever meet [...] like a man with a fork in a world of soup". The

masks: Liam Liam Liam Liam Liam Liam


title: Liam Gallagher

type: original

texts:
 final straw for the band came at Rock En Seine in Paris, when an altercation between the brothers (subsequently described by Noel as "no physical violence but there was a lot of World Wrestling Federation stuff") prior to their performance resulted in the destruction of Noel's guitar and saw him announce his departure from the group. <mask> later claimed he "messed the first one up" when questioned about his 2019 MTV Unplugged performance and has since claimed he missed the show because he "accidentally got drunk again".<mask> has stated he does not speak much with Noel and that they "don't really have a relationship". During the final tour, the only time that they ever spoke directly was when onstage. Noel would later reveal that while they were in Oasis, the two "never hung out together outside of the band, ever". Since the band's split, the only direct contact they have had with each other has consisted of exchanging text messages at Christmas; <mask> also invited Noel to his wedding, which is scheduled to take place in 2021, but does not believe Noel will attend. Despite their constant fighting, the Gallaghers showed mutual affection before, during, and after their time in Oasis. <mask> often calls Noel the best songwriter in the world, while Noel frequently calls <mask> "cooler" than himself and praises <mask>'s good looks. Noel has said that Oasis came down to the relationship between him and <mask>.Weeks prior to this, Noel said <mask> was "obsessed with him", leading <mask> to allege the same thing about Noel. Awards and nominations

Discography

Studio albums

Live albums

Extended plays

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Other

masks: Liam Liam Liam Liam Liam Liam Liam Liam Liam


title: Leonora Cohen

texts:
<mask>  (; 15 June 1873 – 4 September 1978) was a British suffragette and trade unionist, and one of the first female magistrates. She was known as the "Tower Suffragette" after smashing a display case in the Tower of London and acted as a bodyguard for Emmeline Pankhurst. She lived to the age of 105 and contributed to the second wave of feminism in the 1970s. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> in Hunslet, Leeds on 15 June 1873 to Canova and Jane Throp ( Jane Lamie). Her father, Canova Throp, was a sculptor but died in 1879 when Leonora was 5 years old, after developing tuberculosis of the spine, which left her widowed mother to raise <mask> and her two younger brothers. Her mother worked as a seamstress to provide for the family. She apprenticed as a milliner and while she was working as a millinery buyer, she met <mask>, a jeweller's assistant in central Leeds and the son of Jewish immigrants, most recently from Warsaw.Henry was a childhood friend but both families opposed the marriage. The couple's first child, Rosetta died in her first year. In 1902, <mask> gave birth to her son Reginald who survived into adulthood. For the next nine years, the small family enjoyed a peaceful life as Henry's business as a jeweller flourished. Motivation to be a suffragette
<mask>'s mother Jane was an influential factor in her life. Because her mother was a widowed seamstress who raised three children alone, it was obvious to <mask> that her mother had few rights as a woman living in Britain in the late nineteenth century. In an interview late in life, <mask> stated that, "Life was hard.My mother would say 'Leonora, if only we women had a say in things', but we hadn't. A drunken lout of a man ... had a

masks:
Leonora Cohen
Cohen
Leonora Throp
Cohen
Henry Cohen
Cohen
Cohen
Cohen
Cohen


title: Leonora Cohen

texts:
 vote simply because he was a male. I vowed I'd try to change things." <mask> recognised at a young age that her mother had to overcome huge obstacles in her life simply because she was a woman. It was "her mother's lack of empowerment that radicalised her." Other motivating factors included her job and her husband. At the time of <mask>'s first job as a milliner, there was a campaign for better working conditions for women.This affected <mask> and her view of the treatment of women in the working world. <mask>'s husband was supportive of her fight for women's rights. Actions speak louder than words
<mask> made many physical acts of protest against the government. In 1909, she joined the Leeds Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), founded by Emmeline Pankhurst in 1903. Later, <mask> was part of 'The Bodyguard' to Mrs Pankhurst. In 1911, <mask> joined in a protest where she threw a rock at a government-building window; she was arrested and held in Holloway Prison for seven days. She defended herself in court and, though found guilty, was released.She was also "thumped on the jaw with the clenched fist of a policeman and knocked down under a mounted policeman's horse" at a House of Commons protest. As <mask> began to take more bold steps as a suffragette, her family supported her suffrage allegiance but her friends did not; she received hate letters and her son faced persecution at school. In 1913, <mask> protested against the government by using an iron bar to smash a glass showcase containing insignia of the Order of Merit in the Jewel House at the Tower of London. <mask> was arrested a second time and sent to Armley Gaol where she went on a hunger strike. Because of the Cat and

masks: Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen


title: Leonora Cohen

texts: Mouse Act, <mask> was released from prison after a few days to allow her to recover from self-induced starvation. <mask> and <mask> then moved to Harrogate to establish a vegetarian boarding house, where they also gave refuge to suffragettes fleeing from the police. <mask> had been given a Hunger Strike Medal 'for Valour' by WSPU.In 1913 suffragettes Annie Kenney and Flora Drummond arranged for WSPU representatives to speak with leading politicians David Lloyd George and Sir Edward Grey. The delegates explained the pay and working conditions that they suffered and their hope that a vote would enable women to challenge the status quo in a democratic manner. <mask> explained that voting women would have power to demand higher wages as men had done, which would stop underpaid girls from drifting onto the streets. <mask> disguised herself as a baker's vanman with Norah Duval as a boy, swapping places when delivering bread with fellow suffragette Lilian Lenton to let her escape from the art critic Frank Rutter's house in Leeds, which was used for recuperating hunger strikers. The dress that she wore to the 1914 Leeds Arts Club Ball was adorned with suffragette symbols and the logo of the Women's Social and Political Union. The dress is held by the Leeds Discovery Centre. <mask> became the Leeds district organiser of the National Union of General and Municipal Workers and organised workers in their claims including a three-day strike served a term as president of the Leeds Trades Council.After the First World War, <mask> and her family moved back to Clarendon Road, Leeds. By 1923, <mask> became the first woman president of the Yorkshire Federation of Trades Councils. In 1924, <mask> was

masks:
Cohen
Leonora
Henry Cohen
Cohen
Cohen
Cohen
Cohen
Leonora
Cohen
Cohen


title: Leonora Cohen

texts:
 appointed a magistrate; she was one of the first women appointed to the bench and a JP for 25 years. In the 1928 Birthday Honours, she was awarded the Order of the British Empire. Second wave of feminism
<mask> retired to Colwyn Bay in north Wales. In 1970, she attended the unveiling of the Suffragette Memorial in London, and, in 1973, revisited the scene of her Tower of London action. Since <mask> lived to the age of 105, she witnessed the second wave of feminism in the 1970s and <mask> was brought back into the public eye.Brian Harrison interviewed over 200 people, including <mask>, as a part of his project Oral Evidence on the Suffragette and Suffragist Movements. In the 1974 interview, <mask> discussed her role in the 1911 rally and her experience of her first arrest: "[At the rally] it was so packed. And the mounted police were out. And when we got up to the palace gate, I can also remember so clearly the police there on horseback and that is where I was knocked down." <mask> described the violence and huge crowds at the rallies. In 1974 she appeared on the cover of Radio Times to promote the series Shoulder to Shoulder on the history of the women's suffrage movement; she was photographed wearing her Holloway brooch and Hunger Strike Medal. Scholars later analysed <mask>'s life as a suffragette.Jemal Nath argued that vegetarianism was linked to feminism. The suffrage movement in the late nineteenth century was used as an example. <mask>'s vegetarianism, along with other suffragists, was seen as a way for women to spend less time in the kitchen because they did not have to prepare meat, therefore, they could spend more time pursuing interests outside of the home. Death and legacy

In

masks: Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen


title: Leonora Cohen

texts:
 the 1960s, <mask> donated her scrapbook, large collection of papers and other memorabilia to Abbey House Museum, Leeds. While her scrapbook does not give a comprehensive account of her time campaigning, it does provide an insight into what inspired her to become a suffragette. Her scrapbook also indicates that she was interested in current affairs because it contained an article about Nurse Edith Cavell's death. The collection included a painting of her as a child by her father.She died in 1978, aged 105. The Times newspaper published <mask>'s obituary. This mentioned her OBE, her job as a bodyguard for Mrs Pankhurst, her imprisonment and hunger strike and her title as the "Tower Suffragette" for the damage she did with the iron bar in the Tower of London. She was seen as a regional activist. <mask> attached a note to the iron bar that she threw to smash the glass cabinet in the Tower: "Jewel House, Tower of London. My Protest to the Government for its refusal to Enfranchise Women, but continues to torture women prisoners – Deeds Not Words. <mask> <mask>"/ reverse "Votes for Women.100 years of Constitutional Petition, Resolutions, Meetings & Processions have Failed." An interview with <mask> on the occasion of her centenary appeared in the North Wales Weekly News. In it, she explains why and when she joined the suffrage movement and her subsequent actions. References

1873 births
1978 deaths
English centenarians
English suffragettes
Holloway brooch recipients
Hunger Strike Medal recipients
Leeds Blue Plaques
Leeds Museums and Galleries Project
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Politicians from Leeds
Trade unionists from Leeds
Vegetarianism activists
Women centenarians
Women

masks: Cohen Cohen Cohen Leonora Cohen Cohen


title: Okakura Kakuzō

texts:
(also known as 岡倉 天心 <mask>) was a Japanese scholar who contributed to the development of arts in Japan. Outside Japan, he is chiefly remembered today as the author of The Book of Tea. Biography
The second son of <mask>n'emon, a former Fukui Domain treasurer turned silk merchant, and Kan'emon's second wife, Kakuzō was named for the corner warehouse (角蔵) in which he was born, but later changed the spelling of his name to different Kanji meaning "awakened boy" (覚三). Okakura learned English while attending a school operated by a Christian missionary, Dr. James Curtis Hepburn, of the Hepburn romanization system. At 15, he entered the newly renamed Tokyo Imperial University, where he first met and studied under Harvard-educated professor Ernest Fenollosa. In 1889, Okakura co-founded the periodical Kokka. In 1887 he was one of the principal founders of the Tokyo School of Fine Arts (東京美術学校 Tōkyō Bijutsu Gakkō), and a year later became its head, although he was later ousted from the school in an administrative struggle.Later, he also founded the Japan Art Institute with Hashimoto Gahō and Yokoyama Taikan. He was invited by William Sturgis Bigelow to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston in 1904 and became the first head of the Asian art division in 1910. <mask> was a high-profile urbanite who had an international sense of self. In the Meiji period he was the first dean of the Tokyo Fine Arts School (later merged with the Tokyo Music School to form the current Tokyo University of the Arts). He wrote all of his main works in English. Okakura researched Japan's traditional art and traveled to Europe, the United States, China and India. He emphasised the importance to the modern world of Asian culture,

masks:
Okakura Tenshin
Okakura Ka
Okakura


title: Okakura Kakuzō

texts:
 attempting to bring its influence to realms of art and literature that, in his day, were largely dominated by Western culture.His 1903 book on Asian artistic and cultural history, The Ideals of the East with Special Reference to the Art of Japan, published on the eve of the Russo-Japanese War, is famous for its opening paragraph in which he sees a spiritual unity throughout Asia, which distinguishes it from the West:

Asia is one. The Himalayas divide, only to accentuate, two mighty civilisations, the Chinese with its communism of Confucius, and the Indian with its individualism of the Vedas. But not even the snowy barriers can interrupt for one moment that broad expanse of love for the Ultimate and Universal, which is the common thought-inheritance of every Asiatic race, enabling them to produce all the great religions of the world, and distinguishing them from those maritime peoples of the Mediterranean and the Baltic, who love to dwell on the Particular, and to search out the means, not the end, of life. In his subsequent book, The Awakening of Japan, published in 1904, he argued that "the glory of the West is the humiliation of Asia." This was an early expression of Pan-Asianism. In this book <mask> also noted that Japan's rapid modernization was not universally applauded in Asia: ″We have become so eager to identify ourselves with European civilization instead of Asiatic that our continental neighbors regard us as renegades—nay, even as an embodiment of the White Disaster itself." In his The Book of Tea, which was written in English in 1906, he states: It (Teaism) insulates purity and harmony, the mystery of mutual charity, the romanticism of the social order.It is essentially a


title: Okakura Kakuzō

texts:
 worship of the Imperfect, as it is a tender attempt to accomplish something possible in this impossible thing we know as life. <mask>'s health deteriorated in his later years. "My ailment the doctors say is the usual complaint of the twentieth century—Bright's disease," he wrote a friend in June 1913. "I have eaten things in various parts of the globe—too varied for the hereditary notions of my stomach and kidneys. However I am getting well again and I am thinking of going to China in September." In August, 1913, "Kakuzo insisted on going to his mountain villa in Akakura, and finally his wife, daughter and his sister took him there by train. For a week or so, Kakuzo felt a little better and was able to talk with people, but on August 25, he had a heart attack and spent several days in great pain.Surrounded by his family, relatives and his disciples, he passed away on September 2." Legacy

In Japan, <mask>, along with Fenollosa, is credited with "saving" Nihonga, or painting done with traditional Japanese technique, as it was threatened with replacement by Western-style painting, or "Yōga", whose chief advocate was artist Kuroda Seiki. In fact this role, most assiduously pressed after <mask>'s death by his followers, is not taken seriously by art scholars today, nor is the idea that oil painting posed any serious "threat" to traditional Japanese painting. Yet <mask> was certainly instrumental in modernizing Japanese aesthetics, having recognized the need to preserve Japan's cultural heritage, and thus was one of the major reformers during Japan's period of modernization beginning with the Meiji Restoration. Outside Japan, Okakura influenced a number of important figures, directly or

masks: Okakura Okakura Okakura Okakura


title: Okakura Kakuzō

texts:
 indirectly, who include Swami Vivekananda, philosopher Martin Heidegger, poet Ezra Pound, and especially poet Rabindranath Tagore and heiress Isabella Stewart Gardner, who were close personal friends of his. He was also one of a trio of Japanese artists who introduced the wash technique to Abanindranath Tagore, the father of modern Indian watercolor. Works
The Ideals of the East (London: J. Murray, 1903)
The Awakening of Japan (New York: Century, 1904)
The Book of Tea (New York: Putnam's, 1906)

See also
 Teaism
 Rokkakudō
 Tomonubu Imamichi
 das in-der-Welt-sein
 Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki

References

Additional sources
 Bharucha, Rustom.Another Asia: Rabindranath Tagore and <mask> Tenshin. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. .
 "We Must Do a Better Job of Explaining Japan to the World". Asahi Shimbun, August 12, 2005. Benfey, Christopher. The Great Wave: Gilded Age Misfits, Japanese Eccentrics, and the Opening of Old Japan. New York: Random House, 2003. .
 <mask> Kakuzo, The Illustrated Book of Tea. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books.2012. ASIN: B009033C6M
 Westin, Victoria. Japanese Painting and National Identity: <mask> Tenshin and His Circle. Center for Japanese Studies University of Michigan (2003). External links

 "History of Japanese Art" by <mask> Kakuzo (English Translation)
 Kokka and the Early Neo-Bengal School Masters by Satyasri Ukil
 An Artist Remembered by Satyasri Ukil
 Forget Okakura by Niraj Kumar

1863 births
1913 deaths
Japanese writers
English-language writers from Japan
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
People from Yokohama
University of Tokyo alumni
People of Meiji-period Japan
Shinbutsu bunri
History of art in Japan
Japanese magazine


title: Elisabeth Jerichau-Baumann

texts:
<mask>  (21 November 1819 – 11 July 1881) was a Polish-Danish painter. She was married to the sculptor Jens Adolf Jerichau. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Żoliborz (French: Joli Bord) a borough of Warsaw. Her father Philip Adolph Baumann (1776–1863), a mapmaker, and her mother, Johanne Frederikke Reyer (1790–1854), were of German extraction. At the age of nineteen, she began her studies at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf which at the time was one of the most important art centres in Europe and her early subject matter was drawn from Slovak life. She is associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting. She began exhibiting there and in 1844 attracted public attention for the first time.After she moved to Rome, her paintings were primarily of local life. When Baumann was not travelling, she spent many hours a day in her studio in Rome. She was particularly fond of the Italian painters. Baumann had great success abroad, however, and had a special following in France where she was twice represented at the World Fair in Paris, first  in 1867 and again in 1878. In 1852 she exhibited some of her paintings in London, and Queen Victoria requested a private presentation in Buckingham Palace. Among the  portraits presented to the Queen was her painting of Hans Christian Andersen, completed in 1850. The harems of the Ottoman Empire
In 1869–1870 Baumann traveled extensively in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle-East,  and again in 1874–1875 accompanied by her son Harald.Being a woman, she was able to gain access to the harems of the Ottoman Empire and as a result was able to

masks: Anna Maria Elisabeth Lisinska Jerichau Baumann


title: Elisabeth Jerichau-Baumann

texts:
 statues may have helped her to disregard this provincialism in spite of the obvious social risks to a woman at the time. Personal life

Baumann met her husband, Jens Adolf Jerichau, an art professor, in Rome. They  married in 1846 and had nine children, two of whom died in infancy. Of the rest, several became accomplished painters including Harald Jerichau (1851–1878), who died of malaria and typhus in Rome, and Holger Hvitfeldt Jerichau (1861–1900) who painted primarily impressionistic landscapes.His work earned the favour of the Russian Royal Family whose patronage helped him finance his foreign travels. He was called "a true visionary and talented artist" by the art critics of the time and had many successful exhibitions but like his older brother died young at age 41. One of his paintings sold for over twelve thousand dollars in 1991. She has several other descendants who are artists and her grandson J.A. Jerichau (1891–1916) was one of Denmark's most talented modernist painters. Children
Thorald Harald Adolph Carol Lorentz (1848)
Marie (1850)
Harald (1851)
<mask> Nanny (1853)
Louise (1859)
Sophie Dagmar <mask> (1859)
Holger Hvitfeldt (1861)

Selected works

Drawings
Portrait of Jenny Lind (1845), 19x21.5 Pencil
A child, 'Titi''' (1856), Gouache/paperAn Angel (1857) Watercolour, pencil/paperDamenportrait (1859)  19x13 InkPortraet af egyptisk kvinde or Portrait of an Egyptian fellah woman holding a wine jug (dated Cairo 1870). With Baraset House Fine Art.Höjtlaesning ved sygelejet (1878), 11.5x19 InkHöjtlaesning ved sygelejet (1878), 11.5x19 Ink/paperHavfrue 21x31,

masks:
Caroline Elisabeth
Elisabeth


title: Elisabeth Jerichau-Baumann

texts:
 Pencil/paperAdam og Eva 32x21, Pencil/paperDameportraet, Pencil/paperPortraet af Johanne-Luise Heiberg, 8x6Ink, penLille dreng med bog, 31x21 Pencil/paper

 Written works
Elisabeth Jerichau-Baumann wrote two books about her life:

 Ungdomserindringer (Youthful Memories) (1874)
 Brogede rejsebilleder (Motley Travel Pictures), Copenhagen (1881)

 See also
 Art of Denmark
 Mermaid (Jerichau-Baumann)

 References

 Bibliography
 Nicolaj Bøgh, Elisabeth Jerichau-Baumann (Copenhagen 1886).Sigurd Müller, Nyere dansk Malerkunst, Copenhagen (1884). Peter Nørgaard Larsen, <mask> Baumann, Øregaard Museum (1996)
 Peter Nørgaard Larsen in: Weilbach,Vol. 4,Copenhagen (1996). <mask>, (2005), Nordic Orientalism: Paris and the Cosmopolitan Imagination 1800–1900, Museum Tusculanum Press. Sine Krogh og Birgitte Fink, Breve fra London. <mask> Baumann og den victorianske kunstverden'', Ny Carlsbergfondet og Strandberg Publishing (2018)

External links

 Source
 Source

1819 births
1881 deaths
19th-century Danish painters
19th-century Danish women artists
Artists from Warsaw
Danish people of German descent
Polish emigrants to Denmark
Recipients of the Thorvaldsen Medal
Polish women painters
Danish women

masks:
Elisabeth Jerichau
Elisabeth Oxfeldt
Elisabeth Jerichau


title: William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse

texts:
<mask>, 3rd Earl of Rosse  (17 June 1800 – 31 October 1867), was an English astronomer, naturalist, and engineer. He was President of the Royal Society (UK), the most important association of naturalists in the world in the nineteenth century. He built several giant telescopes. His 72-inch telescope, built in 1845 and colloquially known as the "Leviathan of Parsonstown", was the world's largest telescope, in terms of aperture size, until the early 20th century. From April 1807 until February 1841, he was styled as Baron Oxmantown. Life
He was born in York, England, the son of Sir Lawrence Parsons, later 2nd Earl of Rosse, and Alice Lloyd. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin and Magdalen College, Oxford, graduating with first-class honours in mathematics in 1822.He inherited an earldom and a large estate in King's County (now County Offaly) in Ireland when his father, Lawrence, 2nd Earl of Rosse, died in February 1841. Lord Rosse married Mary Field, daughter of John Wilmer Field, on 14 April 1836. They had thirteen offspring, of which four sons survived to adulthood:

 Lawrence, 4th Earl of Rosse (known as Baron Oxmantown until 1867; 17 November 1840 – 30 August 1908). The Rev. Randal Parsons (26 April 1848 – 15 November 1936). The Hon. Richard Clere Parsons (21 February 1851 – 26 January 1923), apparently known for developing railways in South America.The Hon. Sir Charles Algernon Parsons (13 June 1854 – 11 February 1931), known for inventing the steam turbine. In addition to his astronomical interests, Rosse served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for King's County from 1821 to 1834, president of the British Association in 1843–1844, an Irish representative peer after 1845, president of the Royal Society (1848–1854), and chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin


title: William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse

texts:
 (1862–1867). Scientific studies
During the 1840s, he had the Leviathan of Parsonstown built, a 72-inch (6 feet/1.83 m) telescope at Birr Castle, Parsonstown, County Offaly. The  telescope replaced a  telescope that he had built previously. He had to invent many of the techniques he used for constructing the Leviathan, both because its size was without precedent and because earlier telescope builders had guarded their secrets or had not published their methods. Details of the metal, casting, grinding and polishing of the 3-ton 'speculum' were presented in 1844 at the Belfast Natural History Society.<mask>'s telescope was considered a marvellous technical and architectural achievement, and images of it were circulated widely within the British commonwealth. Building of the Leviathan began in 1842 and it was first used in 1845; regular use waited another two years, due to the Great Irish Famine. It was the world's largest telescope, in terms of aperture size, until the early 20th century. Using this telescope Rosse saw and catalogued a large number of nebulae (including a number that would later be recognised as galaxies). Lord Rosse performed astronomical studies and discovered the spiral nature of some nebulas, today known to be spiral galaxies. Rosse's telescope Leviathan was the first to reveal the spiral structure of M51, a galaxy nicknamed later as the "Whirlpool Galaxy", and his drawings of it closely resemble modern photographs. Rosse named the Crab Nebula, based on an earlier drawing made with his older 36-inch (91 cm) telescope in which it resembled a crab.A few years later, when the 72-inch (183 cm) telescope was in service, he produced an improved drawing of considerably different appearance, but the original name continued to be used. A main component of Rosse's


title: William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse

texts: nebular research was his attempt to resolve the nebular hypothesis, which posited that planets and stars were formed by gravity acting on gaseous nebulae. Rosse himself did not believe that nebulas were truly gaseous, arguing rather that they were made of such an amount of fine stars that most telescopes could not resolve them individually (that is, he considered nebulas to be stellar in nature). In 1845 <mask> and his technicians claimed to have resolved the Orion nebula into its individual stars using the Leviathan, a claim which had considerable cosmological and even philosophical implications, as at the time there was considerable debate over whether or not the universe was "evolved" (in a pre-Darwinian sense), a concept which the nebular hypothesis supported and with which Rosse disagreed strongly. Rosse's primary opponent in this was John Herschel, who used his own instruments to claim that the Orion nebula was a "true" nebula (i.e. gaseous, not stellar), and discounted Rosse's instruments as flawed (a criticism Rosse returned about Herschel's own). Eventually, neither man (nor telescope) could establish sufficiently scientific results to resolve the question (the convincing evidence for the gaseous nature of the nebula would be developed later from <mask>'s spectroscopic evidence, though it would not immediately resolve the philosophical issues).One of Rosse's telescope admirers was Thomas Langlois Lefroy, a fellow Irish MP, who said, "The planet Jupiter, which through an ordinary glass is no larger than a good star, is seen twice as large as the moon appears to the naked eye... But the genius displayed in all the contrivances for wielding this mighty monster even surpasses the design and execution of it. The telescope weighs sixteen tons, and yet Lord Rosse raised

masks:
Rosse
William Huggins


title: William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse

texts:
 it single-handed off its resting place, and two men with ease raised it to any height." Lord Rosse's son published his father's findings, including the discovery of 226 NGC objects in the publication Observations of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars Made With the Six-foot and Three-foot Reflectors at Birr Castle From the Year 1848 up to the Year 1878, Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society Vol. II, 1878. Lord Rosse's telescopes

Lord Rosse had a variety of optical reflecting telescopes built. Rosse's telescopes used cast speculum metal ground parabolically and polished.15-inch (38 cm)
24-inch (61 cm)
36-inch (91 cm) (aka Rosse 3-foot telescope)
72-inch (180 cm) (aka Rosse 6-foot telescope or "Leviathan of Parsonstown"), started in 1842 and completed in 1845. References

External links

 A list of galaxies credited to Parsons for seeing first
 <mask>' biography written in 1868 as an obituary, published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
 Website of Birr Castle, where the telescope was located, has some historical info

1800 births
1867 deaths
Parsons, <mask>, 3rd Earl of Rosse
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Chancellors of the University of Dublin
English people of Irish descent
Parsons, <mask>, 3rd Earl of Rosse
Irish representative peers
Knights of St Patrick
Lord-Lieutenants of King's County
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for King's County constituencies (1801–1922)
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
People from County Cork
People from York
Presidents of the Royal Society
Royal Medal winners
UK MPs 1820–1826
UK MPs 1826–1830
UK MPs 1830–1831
UK MPs 1831–1832
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs who inherited peerages
People from Birr, County Offaly
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Earls of Rosse (1806)
Scientists

masks:
William Parsons
William
William


title: Tom Hughes (Oregon politician)

texts:
<mask> (born 1943) is an American politician and former educator. He was the president of Metro, a regional government in the Portland metropolitan area, from 2011-2019, and was the mayor of his home town of Hillsboro from 2001-2009. He also on the city's planning commission and city council. During his time a mayor, the city built the Hillsboro Civic Center as the new city hall, with the exterior plaza then named in his honor after he left office. <mask> was a public school teacher for 30 years and taught in Aloha. He also briefly worked as a consultant for a law firm. Early life
<mask> was born in Hillsboro, Washington County, Oregon, in 1943.He is the older brother of <mask>, an educator in the Pacific Northwest. After spending some time in Eastern Oregon at a logging camp where his father was the bookkeeper, the family moved back to Hillsboro in 1952. He was raised in that city and attended Hillsboro High School, where he graduated in 1961. In 1965, he graduated from the University of Oregon in Eugene with a bachelor of science degree in history. He originally planned to become a chemistry teacher, but switched to history. Two years later he earned a master of arts degree in history from the University of Arizona in Tucson. After college, he spent some time in San Francisco, California, where he sold roofing material before returning to Oregon.Back in Oregon, he began teaching first as a substitute teacher, and later as a full-time teacher in the Beaverton School District. He also received a teaching certificate from Portland State University. <mask> was married about 1969 to Gayle, and they had two daughters named Kristen and Karen. <mask> taught at Aloha High School beginning in 1973 and taught a variety of social studies subjects. As a teacher he taught government and helped organize the Model Democratic Presidential Nominating Convention beginning in 1972.

masks:
Tom Hughes
Hughes
Tom Hughes
John Hughes
Hughes
Hughes


title: Tom Hughes (Oregon politician)

texts:
 In 2003, <mask> retired from teaching at Aloha High School. <mask> is also a member of the Rotary Club and the local Chamber of Commerce.Political career
<mask> was elected to his first political office in 1976, winning a spot on the Hillsboro City Council, where he remained until 1980. After leaving the city council he worked as a lobbyist for the League of Oregon Cities from 1980 to 1982. In 1982, he ran for a seat in the Oregon Legislative Assembly and lost. <mask> then took a position on Hillsboro’s Planning and Zoning Hearings Board in 1985 and in May 1989 was appointed to the Hillsboro Planning Commission, where he remained until 2000. During this time he also served on the budget committee for Hillsboro High School (1986–1987) and was on a county committee that examined the county’s charter (1982–1984). Mayor
In 2000, <mask> launched a campaign to become mayor of the city. He ran against John Godsey on a platform of slower growth, including opposing the addition of the South Hillsboro urban reserve to be within the urban growth boundary.<mask> also proposed televising the city council meetings during the campaign. During the campaign, <mask> raised about $8,800 compared to Godsey’s approximately $6,000. Major donors to <mask>' campaign included the firefighters' union, a teacher political action committee, and the Oregon League of Conservation Voters. In the November general election <mask> defeated Godsey to win a four-year term as mayor, winning 61% of the vote. <mask> took office on January 2, 2001, with priorities to increase the size of the Hillsboro Police Department and improve transportation. The next year he called for more land for the city to accommodate growth and in hopes of adding a university to the area during his State of the City address. Later that year he and other county leaders expressed dismay at Metro, the regional government,

masks: Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes


title: Tom Hughes (Oregon politician)

texts:
 concerning the purchase of open spaces in the county using bond money approved by regional voters.<mask> complained that the county and city were not receiving as much land as they should based on the tax amounts. On May 29, 2003, he suffered a mild heart attack and had minor heart surgery at Providence St. Vincent Medical Center to undergo angioplasty and install a stent. At the time, Providence Health System was looking to build a hospital in the city, and <mask> opposed the building of a new hospital that would compete with the only hospital in the city. <mask> would have been taken to that hospital, Tuality Community Hospital, but the emergency room was full. After three days in the hospital, <mask> was released and a week later took part in the demolition of a building. He operated a track hoe to tear down part of the building as part of a groundbreaking ceremony for the new Hillsboro Civic Center that would serve as the new city hall. During his first term as mayor, he also was the chairman of the Metro Policy Advisory Committee and worked to alleviate tensions over noise at the Hillsboro Airport.Second term
In 2004, he ran for re-election against Bob Imbrie, grandson of the homesteader who established Imbrie Farm. <mask> won re-election to a second four-year term with 72% of the vote. During his second term he traveled to Mexico for a conference held by the Mexican government where he also hoped to find a city to partner with as sister cities. The city also worked to revise the city’s charter, but kept the two-term limit and basic role of the mayor the same. <mask> earned a Certificate of Achievement in Leadership from the National League of Cities in 2007 and served as president of the League of Oregon Cities. He also was the co-chair of the Fairgrounds Revitalization Task Force that proposed changes to the Washington County Fairgrounds in Hillsboro, made

masks: Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes


title: Tom Hughes (Oregon politician)

texts:
 city service available on the Internet, and began the broadcasting of city council meetings. In 2008, he shared an award from the League of Oregon Cities with Beaverton Mayor Rob Drake for his work in government.During his time in office the city built the Civic Center, opened the new main branch of the Hillsboro Public Library, and created the Glenn & Viola Walters Cultural Arts Center, while working to attract the Pacific University Health Professions Campus and a Genentech facility, and working to re-open the Venetian Theatre. He also fought Metro on the urban growth boundary, while residents near Turner Creek Park complained about recurring sewer overflows. On January 6, 2009, <mask> left the $3,000-per-year position and Jerry Willey was sworn in as the new mayor. In April 2009, the city renamed the plaza at city hall as the Tom Hughes Civic Center Plaza, and in May the Hillsboro Chamber of Commerce named him their distinguished citizen for 2009. Metro
After leaving office, he took a position with Tonkon Torp LLP, in the law firm’s public affairs office as a senior policy adviser. <mask> announced in December 2009 that he would run for the office of president of the Metro Council in the 2010 election. He finished first in a three-way race in the primary, garnering 37 percent of the vote after endorsements by most of the area's newspapers and chambers of commerce.<mask> faced Bob Stacey in the November 2010 general election and won by approximately 1,000 votes out of 400,000 votes cast. <mask> was sworn into office on January 4, 2011. References

External links

Fairgrounds Revitalization

Mayors of Hillsboro, Oregon
Educators from Oregon
1943 births
Living people
University of Oregon alumni
University of Arizona alumni
Hillsboro High School (Oregon) alumni
Hillsboro City Council members (Oregon)
Metro councilors (Oregon regional government)
People from Aloha,

masks: Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes


title: Adrian Smith

texts:
<mask>H" <mask> (born 27 February 1957) is an English guitarist, best known as a member of British heavy metal band Iron Maiden, for whom he writes songs and performs live backing vocals on some tracks. <mask> grew up in London and became interested in rock music at 15. He soon formed a friendship with future Iron Maiden guitarist Dave Murray, who inspired him to take up the guitar. After leaving school at 16, he formed a band called Urchin, which he led until their demise in 1980. He joined Iron Maiden in November 1980, replacing Dennis Stratton. Following a short-lived solo project called ASAP, he left Iron Maiden in 1990 and, after a year-long hiatus, formed the band The Untouchables, which later became Psycho Motel. In 1997, Psycho Motel was put on hold when <mask> joined the band of former Iron Maiden singer Bruce Dickinson.<mask> and Dickinson would both return to Iron Maiden in 1999, after which the band gained new success. During his second tenure with Iron Maiden, <mask> has also led the side projects Primal Rock Rebellion and Smith/Kotzen. Biography

Early years and Urchin: 1957–1980
Born in Hackney, <mask> grew up in Clapton. He purchased his first record, Deep Purple's Machine Head, at the age of 15. This led him to befriend Dave Murray, with whom he formed a band called Stone Free, which comprised Murray on guitar, <mask> on vocals and their friend Dave McCloughlin playing the bongos. After seeing the attention Murray received from girls, <mask> took up the guitar, starting with an old Spanish guitar once owned by his brother, before purchasing an old guitar of Murray's for £5. His early influences included Johnny Winter and Pat Travers, which he claims made him a "melodic player" rather than a "speed merchant or a shredder" as he "was inspired by blues rock rather than metal."Leaving school after completing his O-levels,

masks:
Adrian Frederick "
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


title: Adrian Smith

texts:
 <mask> formed a band called Evil Ways, including Dave Murray on guitar, which was later renamed Urchin. <mask> began writing his own material, including a song called "Countdown," which evolved into "22 Acacia Avenue, which was included on Iron Maiden's The Number of the Beast (1982). Murray left Urchin to join Iron Maiden. Urchin then signed with DJM Records and released a single, "Black Leather Fantasy", in 1977. Shortly afterwards, Murray rejoined Urchin on their next single, "She's a Roller", as he had been sacked from Iron Maiden after a row with singer Dennis Wilcock, although he was reinstated six months later. <mask> was also offered a place in Iron Maiden while they were in the process of signing with EMI in 1979, but turned them down to continue with his own band, a decision he later regretted as Urchin split up in 1980. First tenure in Iron Maiden: 1980–1990

Shortly after Urchin split, <mask> encountered Steve Harris and Dave Murray on a street in his neighborhood, and the two asked him to reconsider joining Iron Maiden as the replacement for guitarist Dennis Stratton.This time <mask> accepted the offer, and debuted with the band on a West German TV show Rockpop in Concert in Munich on 8 November 1980, before setting out on a UK tour and recording the Killers album, released in 1981. <mask>'s first song-writing contributions appeared on The Number of the Beast, co-penning "Gangland" and "The Prisoner", as well as the previously mentioned "22 Acacia Avenue", after which he began co-writing many songs with singer Bruce Dickinson, on the following Piece of Mind album. <mask> and Dave Murray combined playing dual lead guitars, creating what AllMusic calls "the most formidable twin-guitar attack in heavy metal, outside of Glenn Tipton and K. K. Downing." <mask>, along with Steve Harris, also provides the band's backing vocals,

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


title: Adrian Smith

texts:
 and sang lead on "Reach Out", the B-side to the "Wasted Years" single, featuring Bruce Dickinson on backing vocals. Originally written by guitarist Dave "Bucket" Colwell, with whom he had worked on The Entire Population of Hackney project, <mask> would later sing "Reach Out" again for Colwell's solo album, Guitars, Beers & Tears, released in 2010. Departure from Iron Maiden and other projects: 1989–1999
While Iron Maiden were taking some time off in 1989, <mask> released a solo LP with the band ASAP (Adrian Smith And Project), entitled Silver and Gold, which was a commercial failure in spite of a promotional club tour.Unhappy with the direction the band were taking for their next release, No Prayer for the Dying, and feeling that he could not help enough in the creative work, <mask> left Iron Maiden in 1990 during the album's pre-production stages, and was replaced by Janick Gers. After releasing the more progressive Somewhere in Time  and Seventh Son of a Seventh Son albums in 1986 and 1988 respectively, Steve Harris had decided that the band should go for a "stripped-down" and "street level" approach, which <mask> thought was a "step backward." No Prayer for the Dying contained one last <mask> song, co-penned with Bruce Dickinson, entitled "Hooks in You". After leaving, <mask> started a family with his Canadian wife, Nathalie, and would not play guitar again until he joined Iron Maiden onstage at Donington Park in 1992 to "Running Free". That performance appeared on the live album Live at Donnington. In the same year, after hearing King's X for the first time, he decided that he would "love to play in a band like that" and formed The Untouchables, which later became Psycho Motel. The band recorded two albums, State of Mind in 1995 and Welcome to the World in 1997, during which they supported Iron Maiden on the British leg of The X

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


title: Adrian Smith

texts:
 Factour.The project was put on hold, however, when <mask> joined Bruce Dickinson for his 1997 album, Accident of Birth, after which he became a full-time member of Dickinson's solo outfit, embarking on two world tours and contributing to one further studio release, 1998's The Chemical Wedding. Return to Iron Maiden: 1999–present

In 1999, <mask> rejoined Iron Maiden, along with vocalist Bruce Dickinson, who commented, "When he left the band in 1990, I think everybody was a bit surprised at how much we missed him and certainly, I don't think anybody had realized how much the fans would miss him – big time. I wouldn't have rejoined Iron Maiden if he wasn't in the band. I just don't think it would have been complete without <mask>, and now, it's great having three guitarists." The band embarked on a short tour, after which the new line-up's first album, Brave New World, was recorded with producer Kevin Shirley and released in 2000. He remains in Iron Maiden, with whom he has released five further studio albums, 2003's Dance of Death, 2006's A Matter of Life and Death, 2010's The Final Frontier, 2015's The Book of Souls and 2021's  Senjutsu. <mask> claims that his guitar playing improved after leaving the band in 1990, in particular while working with Roy Z, from whom he "learned a lot about picking" and became "more disciplined."Since returning to Iron Maiden, he has also continued experimenting with tuning (which he began doing in Psycho Motel), stating that he has used drop D tuning in live renditions of "Run to the Hills", "Wrathchild", "The Trooper" and "Hallowed Be Thy Name". Although <mask> had previously been known to contribute shorter, more "commercial" tracks, since his return to the band he has penned many longer songs, beginning with "Paschendale" from Dance of Death. Side projects
In 2011, <mask> formed the side project

masks: Smith Smith Adrian Smith Smith Smith


title: Adrian Smith

texts:
 Primal Rock Rebellion with Mikee Goodman. They released the album, Awoken Broken, in February 2012. In 2020, <mask> collaborated with Richie Kotzen under the name <mask>tzen. Ultimate Classic Rock described the project's sound as a mixture of blues, traditional R&B, and hard rock. A video for teaser track, "Taking My Chances", debuted in January 2021.Their self-titled debut album was released in March 2021. Personal life
<mask> was born in Hackney Hospital and grew up a few streets away from his childhood friend, and current bandmate, Dave Murray. <mask>, whose father was a painter and decorator from Homerton, was the youngest of three, with an older brother, Patrick, and a sister, Kathleen. As a child, he was "a Manchester United fanatic," although he would lose his interest in football once he got into music. In his spare time, <mask> is a keen angler, revealing that he used to take "worms and maggots" with him on tour, and was featured on the front cover of Angler's Mail on 25 August 2009. Since 21 October 1988, he has been married to his Canadian wife, Nathalie Dufresne-<mask>, who currently works for Maiden Flight, a cancer awareness/patient rights organisation, and the pair have three children, Dylan, Natasha, and Brittany, the last of whom works as a professional film production assistant. In April 2020, ironmaiden.com announced <mask>'s autobiography titled Monsters of River and Rock would be released in September 2020.The book primarily details <mask>'s love of fishing, and relates anecdotes from his many decades of pursuing the hobby whilst touring and recording with Iron Maiden. <mask> stated that around 70% of his book was focused upon fishing, with the remaining content discussing his music career. In its review of the publication, MetalTalk described the book as "a prize catch amongst rock biographies – highly

masks:
Smith
Smith Ko
Adrian Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


title: Adrian Smith

texts:
 recommended." Equipment

Guitars

<mask> currently prefers to use his Jackson signature 'San Dimas' Dinky, although he has used a variety of guitars over his career, including several different Dean models, various Jacksons, including the Randy Rhoads model, Fender Stratocasters (including three Fender Floyd Rose Classic Stratocasters; one with an added Roland midi pick-up), Gibson Les Pauls, Gibson Explorers, Gibson SGs, an Ibanez Destroyer, a Hamer Scarab, and Lado Guitars. On the A Matter of Life and Death DVD, he says the first decent guitar he bought was a Deluxe Gold Top 1972 Gibson Les Paul, which he paid £235 for when he was 17, in 1974. He still uses it to this day, stating that "it's still probably the best guitar I've got". As of 2010, his touring guitars included: Gibson Les Paul Deluxe Goldtop 1972 with DiMarzio Super Distortion in bridge position, his Jackson Superstrat 1986 prototype (which can be seen in the Maiden England video) with the pickguard changed to resemble his signature model, a Jackson Signature model with black scratchplate and maple neck, an early 70s Gibson SG, and another Jackson, inspired by his Les Paul Goldtop.As of August 2007, <mask> endorses Jackson Guitars, his first guitar company endorsement in over fifteen years. With Jackson he has released two signature models, a San Dimas Dinky and an SDX. Prior to his endorsement, he was seen using other Jackson guitars, such as a King V during his time in Bruce Dickinson's solo band, before he went to Fender guitars. In August 2008, he had a Jackson guitar stolen from backstage at a show in Greece. Effects, controllers and processors
 Dunlop Uni-vibe Wah Controller
 Dunlop Cry Baby Wah
 Yamaha MFC10 Midi Foot Controller
 DigiTech Whammy Pedal
 DigiTech Eric Clapton Crossroads
 Two Ibanez TS-808 Tube Screamers
 Duesenberg Channel 2 overdrive/distortion

masks: Smith Smith


title: David Campbell (British Army officer)

texts:
General Sir <mask> "Soarer" <mask>  (28 January 1869 – 12 March 1936) was a cavalry officer of the British Army, amateur sportsman, and later Governor of Malta. After home service in Britain and Ireland his regiment, 9th Queen's Royal Lancers, was posted to South Africa in 1896, and on to India in 1898, though <mask> seems to have spent some of this period in the United Kingdom. The regiment returned to South Africa following the outbreak of the Second Boer War, during which he saw his first action. By the outbreak of the First World War he was in command of the regiment. He led them in two cavalry charges in the first months of the war; the second of these saw him receive multiple wounds, one of them from a lance, making him one of the last British casualties of that weapon. In November 1914 he was promoted to command 6th Cavalry Brigade, then in May 1916 came further promotion to command 21st Division. He retained that command for the rest of the war.Post-war, he was knighted in 1919, and went on to hold further command and administrative positions in the army. He was General Officer Commanding (GOC) Baluchistan, 1920–24; Military Secretary, 1926–27; and GOC Aldershot Command 1927–31, when he argued for the increased mechanisation of the army. He was then appointed Governor of Malta, and died shortly after resigning that office in 1936. During the early years of his military career <mask> was also a successful amateur National Hunt jockey, winning a number of major races; foremost amongst these was the Grand National of 1896, on The Soarer, which gave him his nickname in subsequent years (though his divisional staff referred to him as Barbara, for reasons now lost). He continued riding in military meets until the end of his army service. He was also a keen cricketer and polo player. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 28 January 1869, the son of Major

masks:
David Graham Muschet
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell


title: David Campbell (British Army officer)

texts: H. Wooton <mask>, Cameron Highlanders.He was educated at Clifton College  where he was a noted sportsman, in particular playing cricket for the First XI. He then proceeded to Royal Military College, Sandhurst, also representing them at cricket, before he was gazetted a second lieutenant in the 9th Lancers on 15 March 1889. Joining the cavalry was an expensive business. A junior officer's pay was just £95 a year, but the expenses of regimental living—such as mess bills—meant that a private income of at least £500 a year was required, in addition to a similar amount when first commissioned to buy horses, uniform and other equipment. At the time the regiment was based in Manchester, with a detachment at Seaforth Barracks, Liverpool. In April 1890 there was a major reorganisation of British Army cavalry regiments, with the establishment being increased from 488 Other Ranks and 300 horses to 628 OR and 350 horses, followed in August by a further increase to 706 OR and 424 horses. August also saw the regiment move to Ireland, initially to the Curragh, and then Dundalk; due to the reorganisation, the regiment was now seriously understrength, so a recruitment campaign was started.<mask> was promoted lieutenant on 9 December 1890. Cavalry regiments, in addition to their increase in size, also had their structure reorganised, with the main sub-unit becoming the squadron rather than the troop, each squadron being formed by the merger of two troops. The remainder of their time in Ireland was split between the Curragh and Newbridge. In addition to the restructuring, the regiment was issued with new-style equipment in August 1893. The regiment's tour in Ireland lasted until August 1894 when it was posted to Aldershot; the regimental history describes the period as "one of the most peaceful and undisturbed in that country before or since". Over this time, <mask> had begun

masks: Campbell Campbell Campbell


title: David Campbell (British Army officer)

texts:
 by a length and half". It was at this point that "Soarer" became his own nickname. He also repeated his victory in the Irish National Hunt Cup (this time on Lord Arravale); and in polo, 1896 saw him on the winning side in both the Subalterns' and the Inter-Regimental tournaments, a record still unmatched at his death. In 1897, <mask> tried to repeat his Grand National triumph, once more on Soarer, but he fell on the second lap of the course at the fence after Becher's Brook, breaking his collar bone. He is also reported to have won the Grand Military in 1897 (on Parapluie). The 9th Lancers had actually been posted to South Africa in August 1896, arriving at Durban in September, before travelling on to Pietermaritzburg and later, the then little known town of Ladysmith.A regimental depot had been established at Canterbury, comprising two officers and 106 Other Ranks; it is not clear if <mask> was one of these officers, or if he availed himself of what the regimental history calls the "large allowance of annual leave" to further his sporting career. The regiment returned to Durban in March 1898 to embark for India. They landed at Bombay (now Mumbai), and travelled from there to a base at Muttra, arriving on 10 October 1898; the remainder of the year was spent in exercises around Delhi and Aligarh. <mask> was promoted captain on 3 May 1899. Boer War

<mask> married Janet Mary Aikman, daughter of Sir Robert Aikman in Kensington in the quarter ending June 1899, and was still on leave until his recall as the regiment was being mobilised for the Second Boer War in September 1899. He served with the regiment in South Africa 1899–1900, and was part of the force sent to relieve Kimberley, which was besieged by Boer forces. As such he took part in the battles of Belmont (22 November 1899), Enslin, Modder River (28 November 1899), and Magersfontein (11 December 1899),

masks: Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell


title: David Campbell (British Army officer)

texts:
 leading to the relief of Kimberley on 15 February 1900.He was wounded in the subsequent Battle of Paardeberg in late February 1900, and after his recovery took part in the advance on and occupation of Pretoria. For his service in South Africa, he received the brevet rank of major on 22 August 1902. Following the war, the regiment returned to India and was stationed at Sialkot in the Punjab. <mask> was on 6 September 1902 appointed regimental adjutant, and he was promoted to the substantive rank of major on 16 March 1904. Eight years later, on 15 March 1912, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and took command of the regiment. First World War
In the early days of the First World War he led his regiment, with two squadrons of the 4th Dragoon Guards, in a charge at Elouges on 24 August 1914, as part of the Battle of Mons. He later participated in the final "lance on lance" action of the war on 7 September 1914 at Moncel when he led a charge of two troops of B Squadron of his regiment and overthrew a squadron of the 1st Guard Dragoons.In this second charge, <mask> was wounded several times; the medical officer of the 4th Dragoon Guards, Captain Arthur Osburn, found him sprawled in a field of clover and treated him for "a revolver wound in his leg, a lance wound in his shoulder, and a sword wound in his arm". Despite this, <mask> told the doctor "I've just had the best quarter of an hour I've ever had in my life!" In November 1914 <mask> was promoted to command 6th Cavalry Brigade, then in May 1916 came further promotion to command 21st Division. He retained that command for the rest of the war. His divisional staff, which included Harold Franklyn, a future full general and commander of the 5th Infantry Division during World War II, gave him the further nickname of "Barbara", the reason for which is no longer known. Post-war
After the War he became General


title: David Campbell (British Army officer)

texts:
 Officer Commanding Baluchistan District in India in 1920. He was appointed Military Secretary in 1926 and became General Officer Commanding-in-Chief for Aldershot Command in 1927.He went on to be Governor and Commander-in-Chief Malta from 1931 to 1936. His governorship was a stressful time. Political tensions between pro-British and pro-Italian parties on the island led to him dissolving the elected assembly and returning Malta to direct rule, a situation which would last until after the Second World War. One of the houses at Saint Edward's College, a private school for boys founded by the Strickland family in 1929 was named in his honour. The other two were Congreve and Ducane, also named after Governors of Malta. Ill-health forced him to resign in 1936, and he died shortly afterwards, on 12 March 1936. References

Sources

Further reading

External links
Papers of Sir Harry Charles Luke, Lieutenant-Governor of Malta, Catalogue of the Bodleian Library.Major-General Sir <mask>. CO 323/1144/2, Colonies, General: Original Correspondence, Governors: appointment of General Sir <mask> as governor of Malta, Catalogue description, The National Archives. CO 967/85, Private Office Papers, Appointment of General Sir <mask> as Governor in succession to Sir John Du Cane, Catalogue description, The National Archives. CO 967/86, Private Office Papers, Appointment of General Sir Charles Bonham-Carter as Governor in succession to General Sir <mask>, Catalogue description, The National Archives. |-

|-

|-

1869 births
1936 deaths
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
British Army cavalry generals of World War I
9th Queen's Royal Lancers officers
People educated at Clifton College
Scottish jockeys
Grand National
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
Governors and Governors-General of Malta
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
British Army

masks:
David Campbell
David Campbell
David Campbell
David Campbell


title: Hasan Salihamidžić

texts:
<mask> (; born 1 January 1977), nicknamed Brazzo (, , ), is a Bosnian former professional footballer and current sporting director of Bundesliga club Bayern Munich. After starting his club career with German side Hamburger SV, he made a name for himself while playing for Bayern Munich for nine seasons with whom he won the Bundesliga title six times, DFB-Pokal title four times, the 2000–01 UEFA Champions League, and the 2001 Intercontinental Cup. He also played for Italian club Juventus for four seasons. During his career, <mask> usually played as a right midfielder or full back. He was a quick and energetic player with an extremely high work rate. He was also gifted with good crossing and passing abilities, which allowed him to create chances for his teammates. He earned 42 caps and scored six goals for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team.He is regarded by many as one of the most successful Bosnian football players in recent times. Following the end of his one-year contract with VfL Wolfsburg in 2012, <mask> retired from professional football. He then worked for Sky Deutschland, RTL, and ZDF, before re-joining Bayern Munich as sporting director in 2017. Early life
<mask>'s father Ahmed and mother Šefika gave him the nickname "Braco", meaning "little brother" in Bosnian, since <mask> has an older sister, hence his current nickname "Brazzo". He finished elementary school and played in the local club. Then, <mask> moved to Velež Mostar where he stayed until 1992. That year, <mask> was called up to the Yugoslavia under-16 team, for a match against the CIS under-16 team in Belgrade.Days after the match, Bosnian Serb troops began a siege on the Bosnian capital Sarajevo, forcing his father to look for opportunities in Western Europe for his son. Club

masks:
Hasan Salihamidžić
Salihamidžić
Salihamidžić
Salihamidžić
Hasan
Salihamidžić
Salihamidžić


title: Hasan Salihamidžić

texts:
 career

Hamburger SV
In November 1992, <mask> moved to Hamburg, Germany, with the assistance of Ahmed Halilhodžić (cousin of football coach Vahid Halilhodžić), who was also a Jablanica native and had emigrated to Germany. Through Ahmed Halilhodžić's help, <mask> joined the youth team of Bundesliga side Hamburger SV. He remained within the club's youth system for three seasons before being promoted to the senior squad. In his first season with the seniors, <mask> made nine appearances, scoring two league goals. The following season, <mask> became an integral part of the squad as he would make 37 appearances and score an impressive seven goals between Europe and the league. He would go on to make 31 league appearances, scoring ten goals during the 1997–98 season, which would be his last for the club before his high-profile transfer to Bundesliga giants Bayern Munich.Bayern Munich
<mask>'s transfer to Bayern Munich was completed during the 1998 summer transfer window, for an undisclosed fee. In his first season with his new club, 1998–99, <mask> was instantly inserted into the club's starting line-up and made an impressive 43 appearances in all competitions, scoring five goals. During his first season, he came on as a substitute in the 89th minute of the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final against Manchester United. <mask> would make an additional 46 appearances with three more goals in his second season for the Munich giants, in 1999–2000. His third season proved very successful as well, as he would score six goals in 46 appearances. Between 2001 and 2003, however, <mask> lacked in appearances, mostly due to injury; he made just 50 appearances between both seasons in all competitions. For the 2003–04 season, the Bosnian international worked his way back

masks: Salihamidžić Salihamidžić Salihamidžić Salihamidžić Salihamidžić Salihamidžić Salihamidžić Salihamidžić


title: Hasan Salihamidžić

texts:
 into the starting line-up for the entire season, making 47 appearances and scoring five goals, also tallying 43 appearances and five goals the following season.<mask> was limited to just 29 appearances for the 2005–06 season, but made 42 seasonal appearances in his final season with the club, in which he also scored five goals. One of <mask>'s most memorable plays in 2006–07 was in the Champions League round of 16 second leg against Real Madrid, where he dispossessed Roberto Carlos and fed the pass to Roy Makaay, who beat goalkeeper Iker Casillas and set the record for the fastest goal in tournament history, at 11 seconds after kickoff. This helped Bayern overcome a 3–2 loss from the first leg to level the tie at 2–1 and advance on the away goals rule. As he spent many years being so loved in Munich, and his children are from the city, <mask> settled there when his playing career was over. Juventus

On 15 January 2007, <mask> signed a four-year pre-deal with Juventus. He joined them the following June after his contract with Bayern had expired. In his first season, under coach Claudio Ranieri, <mask> was a regular starter, albeit with injury lay-offs, and made 30 official appearances for his new club, scoring an impressive five goals which included two in a 3–2 victory against Milan on 12 April 2008.His second and third season with the club, however, proved to be less successful as he suffered from several injury lay-offs. In the 2010–11 season, new coach Luigi Delneri excluded <mask> from the team's plans. Along with Fabio Grosso, <mask> was the only healthy first-team player that was excluded from the 25-men 2010–11 UEFA Europa League squad. <mask> was released from Juventus when his contract expired in June 2011. VfL Wolfsburg
On 4 July 2011,


title: Hasan Salihamidžić

texts:
 <mask> moved to VfL Wolfsburg on a one-year contract. On 9 July 2011, in a friendly game against local team Bismark, <mask>'s left arm was broken in a challenge with another player. International career

<mask> made his international debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina on 8 October 1996 against Croatia.On 6 November 1996, he scored the team's first goal in a friendly 2–1 win over Italy. During his 11 years with the national team, the closest they came was falling one goal short in a match against Denmark that would have enabled them to qualify for UEFA Euro 2004. He has earned a total of 42 caps, scoring 6 goals and his final international was an August 2006 friendly match against France. Punditry
After retiring from professional football in 2012, <mask> started to work as a regular pundit for Sky Deutschland. From summer 2013 to spring 2014, he worked as a football expert for RTL and was a color commentator for Heiko Waßer (de) during the 2013 Audi Cup. He was also an expert for ZDF from February 2014 until the UEFA Champions League Final, and during the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. Administrative career
On 31 July 2017, <mask> was appointed sporting director of Bayern Munich, his predecessor Matthias Sammer had retired for health and family reasons a season ago in 2016.<mask> signed a three-year contract until 30 June 2020. Bayern's Chairman, Karl-Heinz Rummenigge said, "In <mask>, we have brought a man to FC Bayern who knows the club very well. He is a very hard-working, serious, loyal and very alert person with great integrity and he speaks five languages. His time in Italy means he has a great network that will definitely be very helpful in his job. We have complete confidence that he will be able to do the job as he should do." <mask>

masks: Salihamidžić Salihamidžić Salihamidžić Salihamidžić Salihamidžić Salihamidžić Hasan Salihamidžić


title: Hasan Salihamidžić

texts:
 officially assumed his position on Bayern's executive board on 1 July 2020 as the "board director of sport". Personal life
<mask> has three children: Selina, Nick and Lara June, all born in Munich, with his German wife, Esther Copado.Footballer Francisco Copado is his brother-in-law, whose son – <mask>'s nephew – Lucas is a footballer for Bayern Munich. Career statistics

Club
Source:

International

Scores and results list Bosnia and Herzegovina's goal tally first. Honours

Club
Bayern Munich
 Bundesliga: 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06
 DFB-Pokal: 1999–2000, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06
 DFB-Ligapokal: 1998, 1999, 2000, 2004
 UEFA Champions League: 2000–01
 Intercontinental Cup: 2001

Individual
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Sportsperson of the Year: 2001
 Bosnian Footballer of the Year: 2000, 2004, 2005, 2006

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
People from Jablanica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosniaks of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Yugoslav Wars refugees
Association football midfielders
Association football fullbacks
Bosnia and Herzegovina footballers
Bosnia and Herzegovina international footballers
Hamburger SV II players
Hamburger SV players
FC Bayern Munich footballers
Juventus F.C. players
VfL Wolfsburg players
Regionalliga players
Bundesliga players
Serie A players
UEFA Champions League winning players
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate footballers
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate footballers in Germany
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Association football commentators
Color commentators
German sports broadcasters
German television journalists
RTL Group people
ZDF people
FC Bayern Munich non-playing staff
FC Bayern

masks: Salihamidžić Salihamidžić


title: Adolfo Kaminsky

texts:
<mask>  (or Adolphe; born 1 October 1925) was active in the French Resistance, specializing in the forgery of identity documents. During World War II, he forged papers that saved the lives of more than 14,000 Jews. He later went on to assist Jewish immigration to the British Mandate for Palestine and then to forge identity documents for the National Liberation Front and French draft dodgers during the Algerian War (1954–62). He forged papers for thirty years for different activist groups, mainly national liberation fronts, without ever claiming payment for it. Early life
<mask> was born in Argentina to a Jewish family from the Narnian province. In 1932, when <mask> was seven years old, he moved with his family to Paris, where his father worked as a tailor. From Paris, the family moved in 1938 to Vire, Calvados, where his uncle was established.<mask> worked in a dye shop and became fascinated by the chemistry of colourants. He bought at that time a treatise by Marcellin Berthelot at a flea market. He later created his own lab at his uncle's house and worked in a butter-shop as an assistant to a chemist who taught him the basics. World War II
In 1940, after the German invasion of France, the family house in Vire was taken by the Germans and <mask> temporarily lived in another house, in which Michel Drucker's father was also hosted. His mother was killed by the Nazis in 1941. Aged 17, <mask> <mask> entered the Resistance. At first he watched the railway station at Vire from where railcars of the Todt Organization, loaded with material for the Atlantic Wall, transited.He sent messages to London about these trains. However, in 1943 his family was interned in the camp of Drancy, as a prelude to deportation. Thanks to support from the Consul of Argentina, which had broken diplomatic relations with Nazi Germany under pressure from the United States, they were freed on 22 December 1943, and moved on to Paris. <mask> then worked in an underground laboratory in Paris

masks:
Adolfo Kaminsky
Kaminsky
Kaminsky
Adolfo
Kaminsky
Adolfo
Kaminsky
Adolfo


title: Adolfo Kaminsky

texts:
 (17, rue des St Pères) where he spent the rest of World War II forging identity papers for Jews and people sought by the Nazis. He was introduced to the network, the Resistance group, while researching a false ID for his father. This group, made up of Jewish people from the General Jewish Union (including Marc Hamon, alias "the Pingouin", Suzie, Loutre, René, etc.) and called La Sixième, was having problems removing Waterman blue ink stains from papers.<mask> suggested they use lactic acid, and thereafter joined the group, finally becoming responsible for the chemical forgery lab. They notably had to respond to the challenge of the invention of the watermark. <mask> also quickly learned photogravure under a false pretext, and set up a new lab in order to create "real-false" documents. The Kaminsky Lab became the main producer of false IDs for northern France and Benelux, although ties with other clandestine groups were discontinued, each group working as a cell. He used to say: "Keep awake. The longer possible. Struggle against sleep.The calculation is easy. In one hour, I make 30 false papers. If I sleep one hour, 30 people will die." Over the course of the war, Kaminsky created documents that saved the lives of 14,000 Jews. After the Liberation of Paris in August 1944, he joined the French Army and marched to Germany. He was awarded the Médaille de la Résistance, and was engaged by the French military secret services, who entrusted him with making false IDs for spies sent behind the lines in order to investigate and detect the location of concentration camps before their dismantlement by the Nazis. Post-war
After the German capitulation, he helped forge documents for Jews attempting to immigrate to the British Mandate for Palestine from 1946 to 1948, in defiance of British immigration restrictions (see also Bricha).He also assisted operatives from the anti-British militant groups Irgun and Lehi as they waged a violent campaign against the British. After

masks: Adolfo Kaminsky


title: Adolfo Kaminsky

texts:
 that ideas don't know them".He made his last false ID in 1971. He gave up his forgery career after he was asked to forge South African passports for anti-apartheid guerrillas in South Africa, but soon realized it was an entrapment operation to incriminate him. He never found out who it was that tried to incriminate him, though it has been speculated that the secret police of the apartheid regime was behind it. He subsequently lived for ten years in Algiers, married to a Tuareg woman, with whom he had five children, including well-known hip-hop singer Rocé. In 1982, he moved to France with a temporary residence permit. All his family was naturalized French in 1992. Awards
<mask> <mask> has been awarded with the Croix du Combattant, the Croix du combattant volontaire de la Résistance, and recently the Médaille de Vermeil de la ville de Paris for his acts during the Resistance.In the media
Jacques Falck has made a documentary film about his life, Forging Identity. His daughter Sarah, born in 1979, is an actress and writer who wrote a biography of her father, <mask> <mask>, une vie de faussaire (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 2009), which has been translated into Spanish, German, and most recently into English. A short film about Kaminsky entitled The Forger accompanied an online New York Times article in October 2016. The Travel Channel's show Mysteries at the Museum featured a segment on <mask> Kaminsky in its 12 October 2017, episode. On 29 October 2017, 60 Minutes told the story of <mask> Kaminsky. See also
 Identity document forgery
 Lucio Urtubia (Spanish anarchist, forger who attempted to disrupt the capitalist economy)
 Adolf Burger

References

External links
  Study on Kaminsky
  Interview

1925 births
Living people
Argentine Jews
Jews in the French resistance
French people of Russian-Jewish descent
Forgers
Naturalized citizens of France
French Army personnel of World War II
Counterfeiters
People who rescued Jews during the Holocaust
Argentine emigrants to

masks: Adolfo Kaminsky Adolfo Kaminsky Adolfo Adolfo


title: William de Burgh

texts:
<mask> (; ; ); c.1160–winter 1205/06) was the founder of the <mask> (later surnamed Burke or Bourke) in Ireland and elder brother of <mask>, 1st Earl of Kent and <mask>, Bishop of Ely. In Ireland

<mask> was the eldest son of <mask> and his wife, Alice, of Burgh-next-Aylsham, Norfolk or Burgh, Suffolk, and had three brothers: Hubert, Earl of Kent, Thomas, and Geoffrey, Bishop of Ely. Ellis has made a case that <mask>'s father was <mask> but notes this is "highly conjectural". <mask> was "one of the new wave of Anglo-Normans to come to Ireland with John, lord of Ireland, in 1185" and has been described as "one of the most prominent men involved in the annexation of the kingdom of Limerick in the last quarter of the twelfth century". Henry II of England appointed him Governor of Limerick and granted him vast estates in Leinster and Munster. <mask>'s lands were centred along the River Suir from Tibberaghny to Clonmel and around Kilfeakle in Tipperary, and along the River Shannon from Limerick to Lough Derg. His castles at Tibberaghny (County Kilkenny), Kilsheelan, Ardpatrick and Kilfeacle were used to protect King John's northern borders of Waterford and Lismore whilst his castles at Carrigogunnell and Castleconnell were used to protect Limerick.He was granted Tibberaghny Castle in 1200, and was Seneschal (Royal Governor) of Munster from 1201 to 1203. Marriage and alliance

Sometime during the 1190s, <mask> <mask> allied himself with the King of Thomond (either Domnall Mór Ó Briain (d.1194) or his son, Muirchertach) and, in 1193, <mask> married Domnall Mór Ó Briain's daughter. This alliance probably took place during the reign of Muirchertach, since Domnall Mór had been at war with the Normans until his death. At any rate no

masks:
William de Burgh
House of Burgh
Hubert de Burgh
Geoffrey de Burgh
William de Burgh
William de Burgh
William
Walter de Burgh
William
William de Burgh
William de
Burgh
William


title: William de Burgh

texts:
 more wars are recorded between the two sides for the rest of the decade. According to the Annals of Inisfallen, in 1201, <mask> and the sons of Domnall Mór led a major joint military expedition into Desmond, slaying Amlaíb Ua Donnabáin among others. Between 1199 and 1202, <mask> <mask> led military campaigns in Desmond (with the aid of the Ó Briain). Success in the west and south allowed <mask> to conquer the Kingdom of Connacht which, though he had been granted (probably before 1195) by John, he had never occupied.The King of Connacht, Cathal <mask> Ua Conchobair (O'Connor), fought a successful counter-attack against Anglo-Norman castles in Munster (including <mask>h's castle of Castleconnell). Further fighting led to the loss of three castles and property, all of which was eventually retrieved (with the exception of much of Connacht). Connacht
In 1200, "Cathal <mask>rg Ua Conchobair went into Munster, to the son of Mac Carthy and <mask> Burgh to solicit their aid." This marked the start of <mask> <mask>'s interest in the province. Cathal <mask> Ua Conchobair (King of Connacht, 1190–1224) faced much opposition (mainly from within his own family) and wished to engage <mask>urgh's aid to further secure his position. In 1201, <mask> and Ua Conchobair led an army from Limerick to Tuam and finally to Boyle. Ua Conchobair's rival, Cathal Carragh Ua Conchobair, marched at the head of his army but was killed in a <mask>h/Ua Conchobair onslaught after a week of skirmishing between the two sides.<mask> and Ua Conchobair then travelled to Iar Connacht and stayed at Cong for Easter. Here, <mask> <mask> (and the sons of Rory O'Flaherty) conspired to kill Ua Conchobair but the plot was foiled (apparently by holy oaths they were made to

masks:
William
William de
Burgh
de Burgh
Crobhdearg
de Burg
Crobhdea
William de
William de
Burgh
Crobhdearg
de B
William
de Burg
William
William de
Burgh


title: William de Burgh

texts:
 swear by the local Coarb family). However, when <mask> demanded payment for himself and his retinue, a battle broke out with over seven hundred of <mask>'s followers said to have been killed. <mask>, however, managed to return to Limerick. In the following year, 1202, <mask> returned and took revenge for the destruction of his army a year earlier. He took the title "Lord of Connacht" in 1203. Death

He died during the Winter of 1205/06 and was interred at the Augustinian Priory of Athassel in Golden which he had founded c.1200.The Annals of the Four Masters recorded his passing thus:

"<mask> plundered Connacht, as well churches as territories; but God and the saints took vengeance on him for that; for he died of a singular disease, too shameful to be described." Family
<mask> <mask>'s wife was the daughter of Domnall Mór Ó Briain, King of Thomond, whom he married in around 1193. A late medieval genealogy found in the Book of Lecan (dated c.1397-1418) records his marriage to an unnamed daughter of Donmal Mor mac Turlough O'Brien, and the descent of the Earls of Ulster and Clanricarde from their son Richard. <mask> Burgh had three sons and at least one daughter:

 Richard Mór <mask>, 1st Lord of Connaught
 Hubert <mask> Burgh, Bishop of Limerick. <mask> <mask> (the younger), Sheriff of Connacht
 ___ de Burgh (daughter)

Genealogy

References (Genealogy)
 A New History of Ireland, volume IX, Oxford, 1984;
 Earls of Ulster and Lords of Connacht, 1205–1460 (De Burgh, De Lacy and Mortimer), p. 170;
 <mask> Burkes: <mask> Iochtar (de Burgh), Lords of Lower Connacht and Viscounts of Mayo, 1332–1649, p. 171;
 Burke of Clanricard: <mask> Uachtar (de Burgh), Lords of Upper Connacht and Earls of Clanricard, 1332–1722. The Tribes and

masks:
de Burgh
de Burgh
William
William
William Burke
William de
Burgh
William de
de Burgh
de
William de
Burgh
Mac William
Mac William
Mac William


title: William de Burgh

texts:
 customs of Hy-Many, John O'Donovan, 1843
 The History of Mayo, Hubert T. Knox. 1908.The Surnames of Ireland, Edward MacLysaght, Dublin, 1978. Lower Mac William and Viscounts of Mayo, 1332–1649, in A New History of Ireland IX, pp.235-36, Oxford, 1984 (reprinted 2002). The Anglo-Normans in Co. Galway: the process of colonization, Patrick Holland, Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society, vol. 41, (1987–88)
 Burke:People and Places, Eamonn <mask>, Dublin, 1995. The Anglo-Norman landscape in County Galway; land-holdings, castles and settlements, Patrick Holland, J.G.A.& H.S., vol. 49 (1997)
 Annals of Ulster at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
 Annals of Tigernach at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
Revised edition of McCarthy's synchronisms at Trinity College Dublin. See also
House of Burgh, an Anglo-Norman and Hiberno-Norman dynasty founded in 1193
<mask> <mask>, 1st Earl of Kent (c.1170–before 1243), Chief Justiciar and Regent of England
<mask> <mask> (c.1180–1228), English Bishop of Ely
Earl of Ulster, earldom created in the Peerage of Ireland
Lord of Connaught, title claimed in the Peerage of Ireland
Burke Civil War 1333-38
Mac William Íochtar Mac William Íochtar (Lower Mac William) or Mayo (Lower Connaught) Burkes
Clanricarde (Mac William Uachtar/Upper Mac William) or Galway (Upper Connaught) Burkes
Viscount Mayo, viscountcy created in the Peerage of Ireland in 1627
Earl of Mayo, earldom created in the Peerage of Ireland in 1785

References

1160s births
1206 deaths
Normans in Ireland
Anglo-Normans
People from the Borough of Great Yarmouth
People from County Limerick
People from County Tipperary
William
12th-century Irish people
13th-century Irish

masks:
de Burca
Hubert de
Burgh
Geoffrey de
Burgh


title: William Brill (RAAF officer)

texts: <mask> Brill,  & Bar (17May 1916 – 12October 1964) was a senior officer and bomber pilot in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). Born in the Riverina district of New South Wales, he was a farmer and a member of the Militia before joining the RAAF in 1940. After training in Australia and Canada, he was posted to Britain in 1941 to take part in the air war over Europe. <mask> first saw combat with No. 460 Squadron RAAF, flying Vickers Wellington medium bombers. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) in May 1942 for attacking a target after his plane was badly damaged by anti-aircraft fire. Following assignment as an instructor with the Royal Air Force (RAF), he returned to the bombing campaign in January 1944 as a flight commander with No.463 Squadron RAAF, flying Avro Lancaster heavy bombers. <mask>'s leadership and determination to complete his missions despite damage to his aircraft—on one occasion inflicted by another Lancaster's bombs from above—earned him the Distinguished Service Order. Promoted to wing commander in May 1944, he took over No. 467 Squadron RAAF after the death in combat of its then-commander, Group Captain John Balmer. <mask> was awarded a bar to his DFC in July, for his skill in evading three German night fighters. Returning to Australia, he remained in the Air Force after the war and led No. 10 Squadron in 1949–50.He went on to command air bases at Rathmines, Canberra and Townsville during the 1950s and 1960s. <mask> served two terms as RAAF Director of Personnel Services, in 1956–59 and 1960–63, by which time he had been promoted to group captain. His final posting was at the Department of Air in Canberra. He

masks:
William Lloyd
Brill
Brill
Brill
Brill


title: William Brill (RAAF officer)

texts:
 died of a heart attack in October 1964. Early life
<mask> was born on 17 May 1916 in the Riverina town of Ganmain, New South Wales. He was the fourth of seven children of farmer <mask> and his wife Bertha, who were originally from Victoria. The Brills owned a property called "Clearview", and Bill attended the local school.He completed his education at Yanco Agricultural High, gaining his Intermediate Certificate before joining his brothers in wheat farming. Thickly set and physically strong, he was a keen Australian rules footballer, playing for Ganmain, Grong Grong, and Matong. On 5 January 1939, <mask> enlisted in the 21st Light Horse Regiment, a Militia unit, at Narrandera. He was promoted to corporal in May. The previous month he had been tested as a potential air cadet, the interview panel finding him a "quiet country chap" who was "rather slow" but "intelligent". On 11 November 1940, <mask> transferred to the RAAF active reserve, known as the Citizen Air Force (CAF). He went through the Empire Air Training Scheme (EATS), undergoing initial instruction at RAAF Bradfield Park in Sydney.Selected to be a pilot, he received his elementary flying training on De Havilland Tiger Moths at RAAF Station Narrandera. In March 1941, <mask> was posted to Canada for advanced instruction on Avro Ansons at No. 3 Service Flying Training School, Calgary. He was commissioned as a pilot officer on 28 July 1941, and sailed to Britain the next month. In October he began converting to Vickers Wellington medium bombers at No. 27 Operational Training Unit, Lichfield, and was assigned to No. 460 Squadron RAAF, which formed at RAF Molesworth the following month.Air war

masks:
Brill
Edward Brill
Brill
Brill
Brill


title: William Brill (RAAF officer)

texts:
 in Europe

First tour of operations
Raised under the Article XV provisions of EATS, No. 460 Squadron was one of several nominally Australian formations taking part in RAF Bomber Command's strategic air campaign against Germany. In January 1942, the unit moved from Molesworth to RAF Breighton, Yorkshire. <mask> flew as a co-pilot in No. 460 Squadron's first operation, against the German port of Emden in March. He was soon in command of his own Wellington, attacking targets in northern France. On 5 April 1942, he undertook his first sortie against a well-defended city deep in enemy territory, Cologne.He later recorded his apprehension before the raid:

On the night of 29/30 May 1942, Brill's was one of 27 aircraft detailed to bomb the Gnome et Rhône, Thomson Houston, and Goodrich factories in the Paris suburb of Gennevilliers. The crews were required to have good visibility of the target area before bombing, to ensure accuracy and reduce civilian casualties. Due to foul weather over the Channel, Brill flew at an altitude of less than  until crossing the French coast. The clouds had begun to clear over Paris and searchlights swept the sky, accompanied by heavy anti-aircraft fire. Most of the bombers released their loads from between , but <mask> dropped to  before making his attack. With the bomb bay doors open, his Wellington was struck by flak, damaging the hydraulics and rear gun turret, and leaving one of the  bombs hanging after the others dropped on target. Returning to England through more bad weather, he spotted an emergency landing ground and brought the crippled Wellington down with the bomb doors still open and one tyre flat; the plane was

masks: Brill Brill


title: William Brill (RAAF officer)

texts:
 later scrapped.<mask>'s was the only one of four Wellingtons from No. 460 Squadron to find the target area and successfully attack. For his "splendid courage and determination" in pressing home the assault, he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross on 26 June, the first pilot in his squadron to be decorated. No. 460 Squadron participated in 1,000-bomber raids against Cologne, Essen and Bremen in May and June 1942. <mask> was promoted to acting flight lieutenant in July, and completed his first tour of operations, numbering 31 sorties, on 11 August. He was seconded to the RAF as an instructor in November 1942, returning to No.27 Operational Training Unit at Lichfield. He spent the next eleven months there, leading a training flight and gaining promotion to acting squadron leader in April 1943. In August, he was best man at the wedding of his friend and fellow RAAF pilot, Arthur Doubleday. The press would come to refer to the pair as the "Flying Twins", as their wartime careers closely paralleled one another—both men came from the Riverina district, joined the Air Force together on Remembrance Day 1940, arrived in England in August 1941, flew Wellingtons in No. 460 Squadron, volunteered for second tours in Bomber Command, and received many decorations and promotions in tandem. Doubleday would go on to survive the war and become active in civil aviation. Second tour of operations

Having volunteered for his second tour, Brill underwent conversion to Handley Page Halifax and Avro Lancaster heavy bombers in the last months of 1943.In the new year, he was appointed a flight commander in No. 463 Squadron RAAF, operating Lancasters out of RAF


title: William Brill (RAAF officer)

texts: Waddington, Lincolnshire. Waddington was also home to another Australian squadron, No. 467, and <mask> took an active part in the station's raucous mess life. His younger brother Vic, who had joined the RAAF in 1941, was in the same squadron. <mask> returned to combat in the middle of the Battle of Berlin, flying his first sortie to the "Big City" on 20 January 1944. The statistical likelihood of surviving an operational tour of 30 missions in Bomber Command was never more than 50%, but loss rates during the Battle of Berlin were far higher.<mask> took off for his second mission to Berlin on 27 January. The Lancaster he flew was said to be jinxed, possessed of an engine that lost power in the air but always tested well on the ground, and suffering oxygen failure that killed its rear gunner on the previous sortie. One of the engines did begin to falter before <mask> reached Berlin, forcing him to fly lower than normal. Having released his bombs over target, he felt the plane take several strikes that he assumed were anti-aircraft fire, but were in fact the incendiaries of a Lancaster flying above. His aircraft's nose, rudder controls, and electricals were all severely damaged, and the port wing was on fire. Having warned his crew to prepare to bail out, <mask> dived the Lancaster and succeeded in putting out the flames. The crew was able to remain on board and, after a nine-hour flight, the plane landed back at Waddington.<mask>'s verdict on the mission was, he wrote later, "not my idea of an evening's entertainment". He flew eleven operations during the Battle of Berlin, including Bomber Command's costliest raid of the war, against Nuremberg in

masks: Brill Brill Brill Brill Brill Brill


title: William Brill (RAAF officer)

texts: March. On that occasion, one of his engines failed and another was damaged when he had to fly through a cloud of debris from a Lancaster that was blown to pieces directly in his path. By April 1944, No. 463 Squadron had begun to concentrate on targets in France and Belgium as the Allied air campaign shifted focus from strategic bombing to destroying airfields and disrupting lines of communication prior to the invasion of the continent. On 8 May, <mask> was the bombing controller for a raid on an airfield near Brest. The controller was required to arrive ahead of the main Allied force, check that flares marking the target were in place, and warn his fellows if they were bombing inaccurately.By the time <mask> had completed this task and gone in himself to attack, the ground defences were fully alert and peppered his Lancaster with 140 bullet holes, but he refused to take evasive action until he had delivered his bombload. Promoted to acting wing commander, <mask> assumed control of No. 467 Squadron on 12 May, following the death in combat of its previous commanding officer, Group Captain John Balmer. According to the official history of the RAAF in World War II, <mask> "proved a very worthy successor to Balmer both in administration and in the dashing type of leadership which had brought the Waddington squadrons to the fore in No. 5 Group". He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order on 19 May for "leadership, skill and gallantry of the highest order" and "his determination to make every sortie a success" in spite of frequent damage to his aircraft. Early the next month he led No.467 Squadron in raids on Axis radar stations in northern France.

masks: Brill Brill Brill Brill


title: William Brill (RAAF officer)

texts: The unit was in action on D-Day over Pointe du Hoc and, later, clearing a corridor for Allied troops advancing up the Cherbourg peninsula. On the night of 4/5 July, Nos. 463 and 467 Squadrons bombed supply depots for V-weapons near Saint-Leu-d'Esserent. <mask>'s Lancaster was attacked by three German night fighters, but he was able to evade them with only a few bullets striking his plane. His "fine leadership and courage" during the action earned him a bar to his DFC; the award was promulgated in The London Gazette on 16 January 1945. <mask> completed his second tour of operations later in July but stayed on to fly more missions, often mentoring less experienced crews.By now he had earned a reputation for being quite "mad", as he would often circle back and check over his handiwork after a bombing run, rather than making his escape from the target area as quickly as possible. During non-operational periods, he made a habit of taking a Lancaster on a so-called test flight to the southern border of Northern Ireland, where he and his crew would change into civilian clothes, cross into Ireland and stock up on food and liquor for a party back at Waddington; he always made a point of inviting the Air Officer Commanding RAAF Overseas Headquarters, Air Vice Marshal Henry Wrigley, to such events, which Wrigley attended without fail. <mask> handed over command of No. 467 Squadron on 12 October 1944, becoming the first man to survive his time as its leader. He had flown a total of 58 missions in Bomber Command when he returned to Australia in the new year. On 29 January 1945 he married Ilma Kitto, a teacher, at Ganmain's Methodist Church. The couple had been

masks: Brill Brill Brill


title: William Brill (RAAF officer)

texts:
 engaged since before the war; they later had two sons and a daughter.Post-war career

<mask> remained in the Air Force following the end of hostilities. From February 1946 to August 1947 he served as the first and only commanding officer of the RAAF's newly formed and soon-disbanded Heavy Bomber Crew Conversion Unit at RAAF Station East Sale, Victoria. Little support or direction on its use as a training facility was forthcoming from higher command, and in the summer months its Avro Lincoln bombers were employed in bushfire patrols over East Gippsland, reporting 44 outbreaks in February 1947 alone. <mask> transferred from the CAF to the Permanent Air Force in 1948, and reverted to the rank of squadron leader. In March 1949 he became the inaugural commanding officer of a re-formed No. 10 (General Reconnaissance) Squadron, which had been disbanded in 1945 after service throughout World War II. In its new guise the squadron was established from the staff and facilities of RAAF Station Garbutt in Townsville.Brill's main tasks were organising to absorb or close surplus wartime facilities in North Queensland, and preparing No. 10 Squadron for search-and-rescue operations. The unit took delivery of its first four Lincoln Mk 30s in September 1949, and Brill handed over command the following January. Raised to substantive wing commander, <mask> served as a director at RAAF Staff College in Point Cook, Victoria, until his appointment as Staff Officer to the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal Sir Donald Hardman, in March 1952. He was posted to command the Officer Training School (OTS) at RAAF Base Rathmines, New South Wales, in December 1953. In this role


title: William Brill (RAAF officer)

texts:
 he was also the commanding officer of the base. His title changed in May 1956 as Rathmines and OTS were reorganised under the newly established RAAF School of Ground Training, Brill taking charge of the school until July.Considered an empathetic leader, he then became Director of Personnel Services. Promoted to group captain, <mask> served throughout 1959 as commanding officer of RAAF Base Canberra before again being appointed Director of Personnel Services. Active in local charities and youth organisations, he became a Freemason and in the early 1960s was assistant commissioner for the Canberra–Monaro Boy Scouts. In January 1964 he assumed command of RAAF Base Townsville, returning to Canberra that October for assignment to the Department of Air. He died of a heart attack at his home in Campbell on 12 October. Survived by his wife and children, <mask> was buried in Canberra. He is commemorated by Brill Place, in Gowrie.Notes

References

1916 births
1964 deaths
Australian aviators
Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Australian recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
People from New South Wales
Royal Australian Air Force officers
Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War