title: Valens

texts: September 365.<mask> was at Caesarea in Cappadocia (Kayseri) when he discovered this. According to Ammianus Marcellinus, Procopius was from Cilicia. Under Constantius II (), Procopius had been tribunus et notarius from 358, and under Julian he had become comes primi ordinis. According to the 5th-century Greek historian Zosimus, Procopius may have been intended as Julian's successor. Procopius had commanded an auxiliary northern contingent of his relative's army during the Persian expedition and had not been present when Jovian was named his successor in the camp beyond the Tigris. According to the Latin historian Ammianus Marcellinus, in the brief reign of Jovian () Procopius had withdrawn from office and lived as a private citizen. Though Jovian, aside from depriving him of his command, took no further measures against this potential rival, Procopius fell immediately under the suspicion of Valentinian upon the latter's election.As part of his claim to legitimacy Procopius ensured he was always accompanied by the posthumous daughter of Constantius II, Constantia, still a child, and her mother Faustina, the dowager empress. Constantia had been born after her father's death to Faustina, the late emperor's third wife. Procopius was unpopular, being compelled to increase taxes. <mask>' dismissal shortly before of Julian's popular minister Salutius contributed to the general disaffection and to the acceptability of a revolution. <mask>, meanwhile, faltered. When news arrived that Procopius had revolted, Valens considered abdication and perhaps


title: Valens

type: original

texts: even suicide. Even after he determined to fight, Valens's efforts to forestall Procopius were hampered by the fact that most of his troops had already crossed the Cilician Gates into Syria when he learned of the revolt.Procopius quickly gained control of the provinces of Asia and Bithynia, winning increasing support for his insurrection. However, Valens recovered, reappointed Salutius, and dispatched the available legions under veteran generals, Flavius Arinthaeus and Arbitio, to march on Procopius. Valens sent an army against Procopius, but according to Ammianus Marcellinus, before they reached Constantinople they defected to Procopius, whose use of his Constantinian hostages had met with some success. According to Ammianus Marcellinus and the later Greek historians Socrates Scholasticus and Sozomen, Valens eventually prevailed after eight months and had Procopius executed and subjected to damnatio memoriae on the 28 May 366, after defeating his forces at the Battle of Thyatira and again at the Battle of Nacoleia at Nacoleia (Seyitgazi) on 27 May. On both occasions, Procopius was deserted by his own following in fear of their adversaries' formidable commanders. Procopius was put on trial by members of his own escort, and executed on 27 May. According to Ammianus Marcellinus, a relative of Procopius', a former protector domesticus named Marcellus, was proclaimed emperor in Procopius's place in Chalcedon, but according to Zosimus he was swiftly captured and executed.<mask> then had to face the threat from the Sasanian Empire and the Goths.


title: Valens

texts:
 Formation of the Valentinianic dynasty
According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, <mask>'s son Valentinianus Galates was born on 18 January 366. The same year, <mask>'s nephew Gratian was appointed consul in 366 and was entitled nobilissimus puer. After Valentinian recovered unexpectedly from an illness in 367, the emperor raised his eight-year-old son to imperial rank, elevating him to his co-augustus on 24 August at Civitas Ambianensium (Amiens), without having first appointed him caesar. Gratian's tutor was the rhetor Ausonius, who mentioned the relationship in his epigrams and a poem. Currency reforms

Beginning between 365 and 368, Valentinian and <mask> reformed the precious metal coins of the Roman currency, decreeing that all bullion be melted down in the central imperial treasury before minting. Such coins were inscribed  (gold) and  (silver).Valentinian improved tax collection and was frugal in spending. First Gothic War: 367–369

In 368 Valentinian and Valens were consuls for the second time. Valens successfully attacked the Goths in the and according to the contemporary orator Themistius and the late 5th/early 6th-century Greek historian Zosimus, a treaty was swiftly arranged after the Goths sought peace. During Procopius's insurrection, the Gothic king Ermanaric, who ruled a powerful kingdom north of the Danube from the Euxine to the Baltic Sea, had engaged to supply him with troops for the struggle against Valens. The Gothic army, reportedly numbering 30,000 men, arrived too late to help Procopius, but nevertheless

masks: Valens Valens Valens


title: Valens

texts: invaded Thrace and began plundering the farms and vineyards of the province. Valens, marching north after defeating Procopius, surrounded them with a superior force and forced them to surrender. Ermanaric protested, and when Valens, encouraged by Valentinian, refused to make atonement to the Goths for his conduct, war was declared.In spring 367, Valens crossed the Danube and attacked the Visigoths under Athanaric, Ermanaric's tributary. The Goths fled into the Carpathian Mountains, and the campaign ended with no decisive conclusion. The following spring, a Danube flood prevented Valens from crossing; instead the Emperor occupied his troops with the construction of fortifications. In 369, Valens crossed again, from Noviodunum, and by devastating the country forced Athanaric into giving battle. <mask> was victorious, Athanaric and his forces were able to withdraw in good order and pleaded for peace. Fortunately for the Goths, Valens expected a new war with the Sasanid Empire in the Middle East and was therefore willing to come to terms. In early 370 <mask> and Athanaric met in the middle of the Danube and agreed to a treaty that ended the war.The treaty seems to have largely cut off relations between Goths and Romans, confining trade and the exchange of troops for tribute. In summer 368, Valentinian's armies warred against the Alamanni a second time, while in autumn the Franks and Saxons were defeated. Gratian accompanied his father on these campaigns. Valentinian and <mask> were both awarded the victory names of Germanicus Maximus,


title: Valens

texts:
 Alamannicus Maximus, and Francicus Maximus. The former two titles were also accorded to Gratian at the same time. In 369 Valens received the victory name Gothicus Maximus and celebrated his quinquennalia. Valentinian and celebrated his quinquennalia on 25 February 369 and likewise received the honour of Gothicus Maximus, as did Gratian, who also received the title Francicus Maximus the same year.Middle reign: 369–373
In 369, Valentinianus Galates was made consul for the first time; he is also known to have been titled nobilissimus puer. However, <mask>'s son died in Caesarea in Cappadocia (Kayseri) around 370. Valentinian and <mask> were consuls for the third time in 370. On the 9 April 370, according to the Consularia Constantinopolitana and the Chronicon Paschale, the Church of the Holy Apostles adjoining the Mausoleum of Constantine in Constantinople was inaugurated. Around 370, <mask>'s sister-in-law Marina Severa died and was interred in the Church of the Holy Apostles and Valentinian married again, wedding Justina. In autumn 371, <mask>' second nephew, also called Valentinian, was born to Justina, possibly at Augusta Treverorum (Trier). Gratian, who was then 15, was married in 374 to Constantius II's 13-year-old daughter Constantia at Trier.This marriage consolidated the dynastic link to the Constantinians, as had his father's second marriage to Justina, through her family connections. Valens celebrated his decennalia on 29 March 374. In 375, the Baths of Carosa () – named for <mask>'s daughter Carosa – were inaugurated in

masks: Valens Valens Valens Valens Valens


title: Valens

texts:
 Constantinople. Valens headed east after defeating the Goths, and began to prepare an attack on Persia, which threatened Armenia, in 375. <mask> was distracted from his campaign against the Sasanians by wars against the Saracens and the Isaurians. Persian War: 373
As mentioned before, among Valens' reasons for contracting a hasty and not entirely favorable peace in 369 was the deteriorating state of affairs in the East. Jovian had surrendered Rome's much disputed claim to control over Armenia in 363, and Shapur II was eager to make good on this new opportunity.The Persian emperor began enticing Armenian lords over to his camp and eventually forced the defection of the Arsacid Armenian king, Arshak II (Arsaces II), whom he quickly arrested and incarcerated. The Armenian nobility responded by asking <mask> to return Arshak's son, Papas (Pap). Valens agreed and sent Pap back to Armenia, but as these events took place during the war with the Goths he could not support him militarily. In response to the return of Pap, Shapur personally led an invasion force to seize control of Armenia. Pap and his followers took refuge in the mountains while Artaxata, the Armenian capital, and the city of Artogerassa along with several strongholds and castles were destroyed. Shapur sent a second invasion force to Caucasian Iberia to drive out the pro-Roman king Sauromaces II, and put his own appointee, Sauromaces's uncle Aspacures II on the throne. In the summer following his Gothic settlement, Valens sent his magister peditum (Master of Foot) Arinthaeus to

masks: Valens Valens


title: Valens

texts:
 broken into revolt and devastated a swath of territory stretching from Phoenicia and Palestine as far as the Sinai. Though Valens successfully brought both uprisings under control, the opportunities for action on the eastern frontier were limited by these skirmishes closer to home. Later reign: 373–376
Valens became the senior augustus when his younger brother Valentinian died at Brigetio (Szőny) on 17 November 375 while on campaign against the Quadi in Pannonia.He may have died of stroke. His body was prepared for burial and started its journey to Constantinople, where it arrived the following year. Gratian was then the only augustus in the western empire, though certain among Valentinian's generals promoted his four-year-old second son Valentinian II, whom the army on the Danube acclaimed augustus at Aquincum (Budapest), despite Gratian's existing prerogatives. Valentinian's courtiers and his Arian Christian widow Justina still had been holding great influence. <mask> and Valentinian II were consuls for the year 376, <mask>'s fifth consulship. The late augustus Valentinian's body arrived in Constantinople on 28 December 376, but was not yet buried. Second Gothic War: 376–378

Migrations of the Huns began to displace the Goths, who sought Roman protection.Valens allowed the Goths led by Fritigern to cross the Danube, but the Gothic settlers were abused by Roman officials and revolted in 377, seeking help from the Huns and the Alans and beginning the Gothic War (376–382). Valens's sixth consulship was in 378, again jointly with Valentinian


title: Valens

texts: enjoyed contact with <mask> in the 370s when Valens supported him in a struggle against Athanaric stemming from Athanaric's persecution of Gothic Christians. Though a number of Gothic groups apparently requested entry, Valens granted admission only to Fritigern and his followers. Others would soon follow, however. When Fritigern and his Goths, to the number of 200,000 warriors and almost a million all told, crossed the Danube, Valens's mobile forces were tied down in the east, on the Persian frontier (Valens was attempting to withdraw from the harsh terms imposed by Shapur and was meeting some resistance on the latter's part). This meant that only limitanei units were present to oversee the Goths' settlement. The small number of imperial troops present prevented the Romans from stopping a Danube crossing by a group of Ostrogoths and yet later on by Huns and Alans. What started out as a controlled resettlement might any moment turn into a major invasion.But the situation was worsened by corruption in the Roman administration, as Valens' generals accepted bribes rather than depriving the Goths of their weapons as Valens had stipulated and then proceeded to enrage them by such exorbitant prices for food that they were soon driven to the last extremity. Meanwhile, the Romans failed to prevent the crossing of other barbarians who were not included in the treaty. In early 377 the Goths revolted after a commotion with the people of Marcianopolis, and defeated the corrupt Roman governor Lupicinus near the city at the Battle of Marcianople. After


title: Valens

texts: joining forces with the Ostrogoths under Alatheus and Saphrax who had crossed without Valens' consent, the combined barbarian group spread out to devastate the country before combining to meet Roman advance forces under Traianus and Richomeres. In a sanguinary battle at Ad Salices, the Goths were momentarily checked, and Saturninus, now Valens' lieutenant in the province, undertook a strategy of hemming them in between the lower Danube and the Euxine, hoping to starve them into surrender. However, Fritigern forced him to retreat by inviting some of the Huns to cross the river in the rear of Saturninus's ranged defenses. The Romans then fell back, incapable of containing the irruption, though with an elite force of his best soldiers the general Sebastian was able to fall upon and destroy several of the smaller predatory bands.By 378, <mask> himself was ready to march west from his eastern base in Antioch. He withdrew all but a skeletal force—some of them Goths—from the east and moved west, reaching Constantinople by 30 May, 378. <mask>' councillors, comes  Richomeres, and his generals Frigeridus and Victor cautioned Valens to wait for the arrival of Gratian with his troops from Roman Gaul, fresh from defeating the Alemanni, and Gratian himself strenuously urged this prudent course in his letters. But meanwhile the citizens of Constantinople were clamouring for the emperor to march against the enemy whom he had himself introduced into the Empire, and jeering the contrast between himself and his co-augustus. Valens decided to advance at once


title: Valens

texts:
 and win a victory on his own. Battle of Adrianople: 9 August 378

According to the Latin historians Ammianus Marcellinus and Paulus Orosius, on 9 August 378, <mask> and most of his army were killed fighting the Goths at the Battle of Adrianople, near Hadrianopolis in Thrace (Adrianople, Edirne). After a brief stay aimed at building his troop strength and gaining a toehold in Thrace, Valens moved out to Adrianople.From there, he marched against the confederated barbarian army on 9 August 378 in what would become known as the Battle of Adrianople. Although negotiations were attempted, these broke down when a Roman unit sallied forth and carried both sides into battle. The Romans held their own early on but were crushed by the surprise arrival of Visigoth cavalry which split their ranks. The primary source for the battle is Ammianus Marcellinus. <mask> had left a sizeable guard with his baggage and treasures depleting his force. His right cavalry wing arrived at the Gothic camp sometime before the left wing arrived. It was a very hot day and the Roman cavalry was engaged without strategic support, wasting its efforts while they suffered in the heat.Meanwhile, Fritigern once again sent an emissary of peace in his continued manipulation of the situation. The resultant delay meant that the Romans present on the field began to succumb to the heat. The army's resources were further diminished when an ill-timed attack by the Roman archers made it necessary to recall Valens' emissary, comes Richomeres. The archers were beaten and retreated in


title: Valens

texts: humiliation. Returning from foraging to find the battle in full swing, Gothic cavalry under the command of Alatheus and Saphrax now struck and, in what was probably the most decisive event of the battle, the Roman cavalry fled. From here, Ammianus gives two accounts of Valens' demise. In the first account, Ammianus states that Valens was "mortally wounded by an arrow, and presently breathed his last breath" (XXXI.12).His body was never found or given a proper burial. In the second account, Ammianus states the Roman infantry was abandoned, surrounded and cut to pieces. <mask> was wounded and carried to a small wooden hut. The hut was surrounded by the Goths who put it to the torch, evidently unaware of the prize within. According to Ammianus, this is how Valens perished (XXXI.13.14–6). A third, apocryphal, account states that <mask> was struck in the face by a Gothic dart and then perished while leading a charge. He wore no helmet, in order to encourage his men.This action turned the tide of the battle which resulted in a tactical victory but a strategic loss. The church historian Socrates likewise gives two accounts for the death of Valens. Some have asserted that he was burnt to death in a village whither he had retired, which the barbarians assaulted and set on fire. But others affirm that having put off his imperial robe he ran into the midst of the main body of infantry; and that when the cavalry revolted and refused to engage, the infantry were surrounded by the barbarians, and completely destroyed in a body. Among these it is said the


title: Valens

texts:
 Emperor fell, but could not be distinguished, in consequence of his not having on his imperial habit. When the battle was over, two-thirds of the eastern army lay dead. Many of their best officers had also perished.What was left of the army of <mask> was led from the field under the cover of night by comes Richomeres and general Victor. J. B. Bury, a noted historian of the period, provides a specific interpretation on the significance of the battle: it was "a disaster and disgrace that need not have occurred." For Rome, the battle incapacitated the government. Emperor Gratian, nineteen years old, was overcome by the debacle, and, until he appointed Theodosius I, unable to deal with the catastrophe, which spread out of control. The total defeat lost the administration important precious metal resources, as bullion had been centralized with the imperial court.<mask> was deified by consecratio as . Legacy
"<mask> was utterly undistinguished, still only a protector, and possessed no military ability: he betrayed his consciousness of inferiority by his nervous suspicion of plots and savage punishment of alleged traitors," writes A. H. M. Jones. But Jones admits that "he was a conscientious administrator, careful of the interests of the humble. Like his brother, he was an earnest Christian." He diminished the oppressive burden of the taxes which had been instituted by Constantine and his sons, and was humbly deferential to his brother in the latter's edicts of reform, as the institution of Defensors (a sort of substitute for the ancient Tribunes,


title: Valens

texts:
 guardians of the lower classes). His moderation and chastity in his private life were everywhere celebrated. At the same time, continuous proscriptions and executions, originating in his weak and fearful disposition, disgraced the dozen years of his reign."An anxious regard to his personal safety was the ruling principle of the administration of Valens", writes Gibbon. To have died in so inglorious a battle has thus come to be regarded as the nadir of an unfortunate career. This is especially true because of the profound consequences of Valens' defeat. Adrianople spelled the beginning of the end for Roman territorial integrity in the late Empire and this fact was recognized even by contemporaries. Ammianus understood that it was the worst defeat in Roman history since the Battle of Edessa, and Rufinus called it "the beginning of evils for the Roman empire then and thereafter." <mask> is also credited with the commission of a short history of the Roman State. This work, produced by Valens' secretary Eutropius, and known by the name Breviarium ab Urbe condita, tells the story of Rome from its founding.According to some historians, <mask> was motivated by the necessity of learning Roman history, that he, the royal family, and their appointees might better mix with the Roman senatorial class. Religious policy
During his reign, <mask> had to confront the theological diversity that was beginning to create division in the Empire. Julian (361–363), had tried to revive the pagan religions. His reactionary attempt took advantage of the dissensions


title: Valens

texts:
 among the different Christian factions, and a largely Pagan rank and file military. However, in spite of broad support, his actions were often viewed as excessive, and before he died in a campaign against the Persians, he was often treated with disdain. His death was considered a sign from Christian God. <mask> was baptised by the Arian bishop of Constantinople before he set out on his first war against the Goths.While the Nicene Christian writers of his time identified Valens with the Arian faction and accused him of persecuting Nicene Christians, modern historians have described both Valens and Valentinian I as primarily interested in maintaining social order and have minimized their theological concerns. Although Athanasius was impelled, under his reign, to briefly go into hiding, Valens maintained a close dependency on his brother Valentinian and treated St. Basil mildly, both of whom supported the Nicene position. Not long after <mask> died the cause of Arianism in the Roman East was to come to an end. His successor Theodosius I made Nicene Christianity the state religion of Rome and suppressed the Arians. Notes

References

External links

 Laws of Valens
 This list of Roman laws of the fourth century shows laws passed by Valens relating to Christianity. 328 births
378 deaths
4th-century Arian Christians
4th-century Roman emperors
4th-century Roman consuls
People from Vinkovci
Deified Roman emperors
Flavii
Gothic War (376–382)
Illyrian people
Imperial Roman consuls
Last of the Romans
Roman emperors killed in battle
Valentinianic


title: David Earl (composer)

texts:
<mask> (born 1951) is a South African composer and pianist. He was educated at Rondebosch Boys' High School. He made his professional debut at the age of sixteen when he broadcast Bach, Chopin and Chabrier on the SABC. In 1968, he performed Felix Mendelssohn's Piano Concerto No 1 with the Cape Town Symphony Orchestra. In 1971, he moved to London where he studied at Trinity College of Music. He studied under Jacob Kaletsky and Richard Arnell. After a live début broadcast recital on BBC Radio 3 in 1974, his first recital at Wigmore Hall was reported as "stylish and powerful" by The Times.In 1975, he was selected as one of the Young Musicians of the Year by the Greater London Arts Association. He also won first prize in the 1976 SABC Piano Competition. He was described by The Daily Telegraph as having "remarkable gifts of style, technical mastery and artistry". He made his début as a composer in the 1977 when he premiered his own Piano Suite No 1 Mosaics at Wigmore Hall. His concerto repertoire includes the Viennese classics, many from the nineteenth century, and amongst those from the 20th, the piano concertos of Arthur Bliss and John Joubert, both of which he studied with the composers. Conductors he has appeared with include Hugo Rignold, Maurice Handford, Piero Gamba and Christian Badea. Career
His professional career as a composer began in 1980 with the premiere of 'Chéri' an hour-long ballet commissioned by Peter Darrell for The Scottish Ballet, given at that year's Edinburgh Festival, and frequently revived, with a new production by The Hong Kong Ballet in 1989.To


title: David Earl (composer)

texts: date there have been six more ballet commissions, including two for CAPAB Ballet – 'The Return of the Soldier' (1982) and 'Abelard and Heloise' (1985), both choreographed by Veronica Paeper, and a full-evening 'Macbeth' (1991) for Ballet de Santiago in Chile, choreographed by Andre Prokovsky. <mask> had recently collaborated with the Royal Ballet choreographer Vanessa Fenton on two smaller works mounted in Cambridge in 2009. Piano Concerto No 1 appeared in 1980, followed by a Two-Piano Concerto (1986), concertos for Violin (1991), Cello (1996), Trumpet (2005), Piano Concerto No 2 (2007) and a Double Violin Concerto (2011). Among choral compositions is a symphonic setting of Wordsworth's 'Intimations of Immortality', a cyclic setting of George Herbert 'Mans' Medley', and 'Island Owl' for soloists, children's chorus and orchestra. Chamber works include two sonatas each for violin and cello, a Clarinet Trio, Piano Quintet, String Quartet, and for solo piano, three Suites: 'Mosaics', 'Gargoyles' and 'Mandalas', as well as 'Oxymorons: 24 Preludes'. He was introduced to the world of writing film music by the producer <mask> and wrote for a number of productions between 1982 and 1987, in particular 'P'Tang Yang Kipperbang' (directed by Michael Apted), and 'Arthur's Hallowed Ground' (directed by the veteran cinematographer Freddie Young). <mask> has been fortunate in collaborating with young musicians at the start of their careers – Tasmin Little, Martin Roscoe, Alexander Chaushian and Jamie Campbell gave the first performances of, respectively, the Violin Concerto, Violin

masks:
David
David Puttnam
David


title: David Earl (composer)

texts:
 Sonata No 1, the Cello Concerto, and Violin Sonata No2.The CD of the Cello Sonata and 'Mandalas' Piano Suite received a Gramophone Editor's recommendation rossette, and was nominated by International Piano magazine for best new music recording 2007. In June 2012 his setting of Rupert Brooke's 'The Old Vicarage, Grantchester' for baritone chorus and orchestra, commissioned by Dame Mary Archer to mark the poem's centenary, was given its first performance at the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, with the Cambridge University Chamber Orchestra, members of the choirs of Clare and Gonville and Caius College, and Nicholas Mogg as baritone soloist. Recent first performances include a new Clarinet Concerto, premiered in October 2013 in Durban, South Africa, with Maria du Toit, clarinet, and the KwaZuluNatal Philharmonic Orchestra under Arjan Tien. Within the last few years <mask> has completed two full length operas: Mary and the Conqueror in which Alexander the Great and Mary Renault meet in the afterlife; and 'Strange Ghost', composed to mark the centenary of the death of the iconic poet Rupert Brooke. The latter was premiered in Cambridge in December 2015, directed
by Dionysios Kyropoulos, and conducted by Dominic Peckham with James Schouten in the title role. <mask> teaches piano performing to undergraduates at Cambridge University, and is a supervisor for Tripos Composition students. In 2001 he was ordained into the then Western Buddhist Order (now Triratna Buddhist Order) and given the Order name of Akashadeva ('deity of etheric space').Some of his musical compositions show

masks: David David


title: David Earl (composer)

texts: influences from this immersion in Buddhist thinking, in particular the piano suite Mandalas, whose four movements are inspired among others by the vajras of Indian mythology, the lotus symbol and the Five Dhyani Buddhas that represent the five key qualities of the Buddha. In 2017 two new works were premiered: Piano Suite No 4 Darshanas, and a Duo Sonata for Viola and Double Bass, the latter a commission from the South African double bass virtuoso Leon Bosch, for whom <mask> has also written Nocturne: Old Nectar for Bass and Piano. A setting of Stephen Spender's poem The Truly Great was composed for Anglia Ruskin University's 25th Anniversary Songbook in 2017. A song cycle for baritone and piano, Sangharakshita Songs, was premiered in Cambridge in October 2018. Recent compositions include a Piano Sextet, and A Carbon Symphony. The latter work was recorded by The Royal Scottish National Orchestral in October 2019, in collaboration with The Deep Carbon Observatory in Washington DC. In 2019 a piano piece Metta Bhavana was commissioned for the second Triennial Olga Kern International Piano Competition in Albuquerque, New Mexico.Recently completed is a new opera Lawrence of Arabia


title: Rick Laird

texts:
<mask> (5 February 1941 – 4 July 2021) was an Irish musician, photographer, teacher, and author best known as the bassist and founding member of the jazz fusion band Mahavishnu Orchestra, with which he performed from 1971 to 1973. Early life
Laird was born in Dublin, Ireland, on 5 February 1941, to a musical family. His mother played the piano in a variety of styles and his father played the ukulele; Laird started playing both instruments when he was three. At around five years of age, Laird started formal tuition in the guitar and piano, and he had already started to read sheet music. He soon quit the piano as he did not perform well, which led him to take up painting and drawing. At twelve, Laird began lessons in Spanish guitar, but his teacher used books that he felt were too difficult, so he quit. He then discovered jazz from his mother, who bought her son a pair of drum brushes and made him play along to records.Career

Early career
At sixteen, Laird moved to New Zealand with his father and worked on a sheep farm. It was here where he took music seriously, first picking up an Australian Maton guitar, learning chords, and playing along to songs on the radio. After listening to an Oscar Peterson record featuring bassist Ray Brown, Laird noted Brown "doing such incredible things" and started to play bass lines on his guitar. He bought a string bass and played along to Brown's records, and two weeks later he joined a local group in Auckland. It was here, at eighteen, where Laird "quit his day job" and became a professional bassist. Laird's first band soon


title: Rick Laird

texts:
 artists, including Miles Davis, Chick Corea, Wayne Shorter, the Mahavishnu Orchestra, Elvin Jones, Keith Jarrett and many others. Much of his collection was posted online. Death
In early 2021, Laird's daughter announced that he had entered hospice care.Laird died of lung cancer in New City, Rockland County, New York on 4 July 2021, aged 80. 2 (Harkit, 2005)
Live in London, Vol. 3 (Harkit, 2006)

With Annie Ross
You and Me Baby (Decca, 1971)

With Clive Stevens & Friends
Atmospheres (Capitol, 1974)

'With Stan TraceyLaughin' & Scratchin (Jazz House, 1966)With Treasure'Treasure (Epic, 1977)

Instructional books
 Laird, <mask>. (1978) Jazz Riffs for Bass Laird, <mask>. (1980) Improvising Jazz Bass'' (Music Sales Corp)

References

External links

1941 births
2021 deaths
Musicians from Dublin (city)
Jazz double-bassists
Irish bass guitarists
Jazz bass guitarists
Irish expatriates in the United Kingdom
Irish expatriates in New Zealand
Irish expatriates in Australia
Irish expatriates in the United States
Irish jazz musicians
Mahavishnu Orchestra members
Brian Auger and the Trinity members
21st-century double-bassists
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from cancer in New York

masks: Rick Rick


title: Erwin Leo Himmel

texts:
<mask> (born April 9, 1956 in Graz, Austria) is an Austrian automobile designer. He was one of the first designers who recognized the future importance of a consistent brand design in the automotive industry. Background

Born as the second of two sons in 1956, <mask> grew up in Leibnitz, Austria. After finishing high school, he started to study architecture at the Graz University of Technology. In the second year of his studies, he read an article about automobile design, where he recognized the existence of the profession of an automobile designer. While studying further he taught himself to sketch cars by copying drawings he found in magazines. He trained himself for more than one year and became freer and freer in his style.After preparing a portfolio of his own designs, he applied for a job as an automobile designer in Germany. Getting accepted by Audi, Ford, and Volkswagen, <mask> decided to quit his studies and took the job at Audi. The former chief designer of Audi Hartmut Warkuss saw his talent and potential immediately and offered him a scholarship for the Royal College of Art in London, the international elite college in design. <mask> attended the full two-year master program and graduated in 1981 as ‘Master of Design’. These years in London, where he got to know people such as Raymond Loewy, were one of the most influencing times in his life. Automotive design

Audi, 1982–1994

After graduating he came back to the design centre of Audi in Ingolstadt, Germany, and started his career. <mask> was responsible for virtually the entire range of models from the mid-1980s to the

masks:
Erwin Leo Himmel
Erwin Leo Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel


title: Erwin Leo Himmel

texts:
 mid-1990s, like the Audi 80 Sedan, Avant, Coupe and Cabriolet, Audi 100 Sedan and Avant, and the Audi V8.In this creative environment he enjoyed working together with other designers such as J Mays and Peter Schreyer. In 1990, he became Director of Audi’s Munich-based design studio where he had the idea to develop a new concept. A design icon was born: the Audi Quattro Spyder, the highlight of the “Frankfurt IAA” in 1991 and a milestone in the design history of Audi. Design Centre Europe, 1995–1999

In 1994, <mask> <mask> realizing the establishment of the first external design centre of the whole Volkswagen Group in Europe. After a long process of searching, the strategic choice of location fell on Barcelona, Spain. A suitable piece of land was found in Sitges, a seaside town next to Barcelona. <mask> was responsible for the planning and realization of the newly built 130-people design facility, which was named “DCE – Design Centre Europe”.He worked there for Audi, Volkswagen, SEAT and Skoda. Such successful designs as the Audi A8, S3 and RS4, and Volkswagen Touareg, Touran and essential parts of Golf IV and Phaeton were created. Fuore Design, 2000–2007

At the end of 1999, <mask> was offered the position of chief designer at Skoda, but he decided instead to start his own business. And so he founded the independent 35-people design studio “Fuore Design” in the heart of Barcelona. Beside the core business of automotive design, he specialized in brand consulting. He consulted Mitsubishi in their process of finding a new design language, and created the two concept cars, the Mitsubishi

masks:
Erwin Leo
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel


title: Erwin Leo Himmel

texts:
 Pajero Evolution and Pajero Evolution 2+2, which were presented at the 2001 “Frankfurt IAA” and the 2002 “Geneva Salon International de l’Auto”. After the great feedback at the shows, <mask> was also responsible for the design development of the Dakar Rally multiple-champion racing car Mitsubishi Pajero Evolution.Subaru had a strategic relationship with Fuore. <mask> developed a new brand design strategy. His concept car Subaru B11S showed the new philosophy at the 2003 “Geneva Salon International de l’Auto”. The current models Subaru R1, R2 and B9 Tribeca were created by him, too. With the ‘XF 10’ and the ‘BlackJag’, <mask> presented his first self-developed show cars at the 2003 “Barcelona Salón Internacional del Automóvil” and the 2004 “Geneva Salon International de l’Auto”. <mask> worked for almost every leading corporate group in the automotive sector. After a hard year in 2006 and a bad forecast of incoming contracts in 2007, <mask> did not see a good enough economic perspective to continue and decided to sell the company at the middle of 2007.Hispano Suiza Automobilmanufaktur AG, from 2008

After selling Fuore Design in 2007, <mask> <mask> dedicated himself to his dream goal of owning his own car brand in the luxury segment. After years of research and his activities in Barcelona, he noticed the historic automobile brand Hispano Suiza. Since the brand became free after decades of inactivity, Erwin Leo Himmel registered this brand and brought it back to life. In 2019 Erwin Leo Himmel expanded Hispano Suiza with its own division for alternative drive technologies in the hydrogen

masks:
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Erwin Leo
Himmel


title: Erwin Leo Himmel

texts:
 sector. Since then, this department has been developing a further vehicle model with a hydrogen drive in addition to the conventional model with a combustion engine. Industrial design

In his time at Fuore, Himmel made a lot of industrial design, too. Panasonic signed a strategic relationship with Fuore.Out of it, <mask> created such things as a cell-phone, an mp3-player, a home cinema system, a telephone, an air conditioner and other white goods for Panasonic. He also worked for companies such as LG and Samsung. Another field was transportation design, especially the exterior and interior design of trains. For example, <mask> developed the design of a new high-speed train for Talgo. He also designed interiors of airplanes. His ‘biggest’ project was a cruise liner for an American ocean carrier. Furthermore, he also did a lot of work in the motorcycle industry.He designed nearly every kind of size, from the scooter up to the superbike, including the development of a new design language for the world’s biggest motorcycle producer Honda. A great pleasure for him was the work for the luxury industry, especially for TAG Heuer. Moreover, he designed a bath ceramic series, for example for Roca. All these products gave <mask> the chance to broaden his horizon in design and marketing, concerning new markets, customers and their mentalities. With the new impressions, it was also possible for him to optimize the processes in the design development, including a faster and more efficient way in automobile design. Miscellaneous

 His brother is the Austrian court counsellor Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Wilhelm

masks: Himmel Himmel Himmel


title: Erwin Leo Himmel

texts:
 A<mask>.<mask>’s motto is: “Design is my passion – Visions are my driving force.”
 During his architecture studies in Graz, <mask> played basketball in the national league of Austria. Until today he is a big basketball fan. <mask> is visiting professor of the Graz University of Applied Sciences. <mask> was the initiator and curator of “Auto Art”, a unique exhibition of show cars in Graz in 2003. “Auto Art” was one of the highlights of the cultural program of “Graz –European Capital of Culture 2003”. <mask> was elected one of the most famous Styrian people. “Auto”-biography

Concept cars

References

 Car Styling (Japan), Summer 1983, no.43, pp. 52–57
 Profile (Netherlands), November 1983, no. 4, pp. 26–31
 Auto Bild (Germany), September 16, 1991, no. 38, pp. 8/9
 Auto Motor und Sport (Germany), September 20, 1991, no. 20, pp.26–28
 Kurier (Austria), July 4, 1997, p. 5
 Car Styling (Japan), July 7, 2001, no. 143, pp. 68–75
 La Vanguardia (Spain), May 28, 2002, no. 43306, p. 83
 Auto Revue (Austria), September 2002, no. 9, pp. 78–80
 Süddeutsche Zeitung (Germany), June 7, 2003, no. 130, p. V1
 Automobil Revue (Switzerland), June 26, 2003, no.26, p. 19
 Autotrends (China), December 2003, no. 96, pp. 102–105
 Auto Focus (Germany), May/June 2004, no. 3, pp. 70 – 75

External links
 Member of the jury of the Austrian Design Award
 Design hall of fame
 Auto Art Graz 2003
 Auto Art pictures
 Mitsubishi Pajero Dakar fact sheet
 Article in "Welt"
 Barcelona Motor Show 2003
 Famous Styrian people
Hispano Suiza - Maguari

1956 births
Austrian automobile designers
Living people
Volkswagen Group

masks:
. Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel


title: Micheál Mac Liammóir

texts:
<mask> (born Alfred Willmore; 25 October 1899 – 6 March 1978) was an actor, designer, dramatist, writer and impresario in 20th-century Ireland. Though born in London to an English family with no Irish connections, he emigrated to Ireland in early adulthood, changed his name, invented an Irish ancestry, and remained based there for the rest of his life, successfully maintaining a fabricated identity as a native Irishman born in Cork. With his partner, Hilton Edwards, and two others, <mask>ir founded the Gate Theatre in Dublin, and became one of the most recognisable figures in the arts in twentieth-century Ireland. As well as acting at the Gate and internationally, he designed numerous productions, wrote eleven plays, and published stories, verse and travel books in Irish and English. He wrote and appeared in three one-man shows, of which The Importance of Being Oscar (1960) was the most celebrated, achieving more than 1,300 performances. Life and career

Early years

<mask>ir was born Alfred Lee Willmore, in Willesden, in north-west London, into a family with no Irish connections. He was the youngest child and only son of Alfred George Willmore (1863–1934), a forage buyer for the firm of Whitney's of Bayswater, and his wife, Mary, née Lee (1867–1918).He attended primary school in Willesden and then attended a children's theatre academy run by Lila Field. He became a professional actor at the age of twelve; his sister Marjorie took charge of his general education and was his chaperone on tours that included visits to venues in Ireland as well as Britain. He made his debut as 1911, as King Goldfish in Field's play The Goldfish, alongside another child actor, Noël Coward. He later said, "I learned from Lila Field the absolute ABC of getting on and off the stage without disgracing oneself; I learned what a cue meant, what a stick of greasepaint was, the elements of

masks:
Micheál Mac Liammóir
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó


title: Micheál Mac Liammóir

texts:
 timing, and that ghastly thing, the exploitation of childish charm". In September of that year he first worked for Sir Herbert Tree, playing <mask>ff's son in <mask>beth. From Tree he quickly learned "a rude lesson" that charm was not enough: "I think it was Tree who first awoke the actor's imagination in me and made me feel the terror of the Witches' Coven and the horror of the ghost-haunted banquet". In the Christmas season of 1911 he played Michael Darling in Peter Pan, and in June 1912, he played Oliver Twist in Tree's revival of the stage version of the novel.After two further child roles, and appearances in four silent films (now lost) he temporarily abandoned acting. After a summer in Spain, visiting his grandparents and becoming fluent in Spanish,  he studied painting at Willesden Polytechnic and then the Slade School of Art in 1915–16. With a fellow student, Mary O'Keefe, he attended Irish language classes at the Ludgate Circus branch of the Gaelic League; the biographer Christopher Fitz-Simon thinks it probable that they saw plays by W. B. Yeats, Lady Gregory and J. M. Synge during the visits of the Abbey Theatre company in this period. Both students developed a keen interest in the Irish Literary Revival. Move to Ireland
<mask>ir, now calling himself "Michael Willmore", made a brief return to the stage in February 1917, in Felix Gets a Month, a "whimsical comedy" at the Haymarket Theatre. The following month he went with O'Keefe and her mother to Ireland, the former having contracted tuberculosis and been prescribed "fresh air", the latter anxious to escape Zeppelin raids. Fitz-Simon suggests that <mask>ir's motive was to escape conscription into the army in the latter stages of the First World War.In Ireland <mask>ir earned a modest living as a freelance illustrator for newspapers and books, acted from time to time, and designed for the Irish Theatre and

masks:
Macdu
Mac
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó


title: Micheál Mac Liammóir

texts:
 Dublin Drama League. He assimilated himself into Irish culture and politics. He campaigned for Sinn Féin in the 1918 General Election, published his first book, a collection of stories in Irish, in 1922, and continued to write verse and prose in Irish and English. He experimented with various gaelicised versions of his name, including "<mask>ir" and "<mask>ir". He built up a fictitious identity as a native Irishman born in Cork. During most of the 1920s <mask>ir continued to live with the O'Keefes. In search of a healthy environment for Mary they moved between Switzerland and the French riviera.He exhibited successfully in local galleries and, in 1923, at the Leigh Gallery in London. He later wrote a book of recollections – in Irish – about his travels. In 1925 he starred in a  silent film, Land of Her Fathers with a cast of mainly Abbey Theatre players. Mary O'Keefe died in 1927 and <mask>ir, now known by that name, returned to the theatre. His sister Marjorie had married the actor-manager Anew McMaster whose touring company <mask>óir joined, playing Shakespearean roles including Bassanio in The Merchant of Venice, Laertes in Hamlet and Cassio in Othello. While on tour in the south of Ireland, he met another young English actor, Hilton Edwards, who was to become his lifelong partner, both personal and professional. <mask>ir and Edwards decided to settle in Dublin, with the intention of setting up their own theatre there.Gate Theatre

In 1928 <mask>ir wrote, directed, designed and starred in Diarmuid and Gráinne for the opening of the Irish language theatre, An Taibhdhearc, in Galway. He subsequently produced twenty plays there. Also in 1928, <mask>ir was one of the four founders of the Gate Theatre Studio, later simply the Gate Theatre, alongside Hilton Edwards, Daisy Bannard Cogley, and Gearóid Ó Lochlainn. <mask>ir and Edwards had been considering theatrical plans

masks:
Mac Uaimmhó
Mac Liaimmhó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liamm
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó


title: Micheál Mac Liammóir

texts:
 for Dublin, while Bannard Cogley (a friend of <mask>ir) and Ó Lochlainn had been discussing finding a more permanent theatre space, and they met, along with some mutual friends, in Bannard Cogley's club at 7 Harcourt Street, in spring 1928. After further meetings, the quartet rented the Peacock Theatre and launched the Gate Theatre Studio there on 14 October 1928. The theatre studio spent its early years at the 102-seat Peacock Theatre and opened with a production of Peer Gynt, and <mask>ir subsequently acted in and designed nearly 300 productions at the Peacock and, after the company gained its own home in 1930, on Cavendish Row, at the Gate. He appeared in a wide range of plays, from Shakespeare (Romeo and Othello) to Ibsen (Oswald in Ghosts and the title role in Brand) and Eugene O'Neill (Orin in Mourning Becomes Electra), as well as lighter pieces.Over the next fifty years the Gate Theatre company presented a programme of new or experimental plays by Wilde, Shaw, Coward and many others. <mask>óir and Edwards fostered the careers of new Irish dramatists such as Denis Johnston and rising young actors including Orson Welles. <mask>ir returned to the West End in 1935, with the Gate company. The theatrical paper The Era rated his Hamlet one of the best in recent years: "charged with force, intelligence, humanity and dramatic certainty … a dominating and moving piece of acting", and said that the Gate company "looks like putting the Abbey in the shade". The  cosmopolitan atmosphere of <mask>óir and Edwards' Gate Theatre was contrasted with the earnest Celticism of the Abbey, and the two Dublin theatres were affectionately dubbed "Sodom and Begorrah". Wartime and later years
<mask>ir remained based in Ireland during the Second World War. In the post-war years he returned to the West End in his own play Ill Met by Moonlight.The Stage thought the piece "too obscure and

masks:
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liamm
Mac Liammó
Mac Liamm
Mac Liammó


title: Micheál Mac Liammóir

texts: too discursive", but praised the performances of  <mask>ir, Edwards and their supporting cast. The following year the company played a short season on Broadway – <mask>ir's début there – giving his Where Stars Walk, Johnston's The Old Lady Says No!, and Shaw's  John Bull's Other Island. In 1951 he played Iago to Welles's Othello in the latter's film adaptation. In his early fifties he was unusually old for the role, but Welles wanted Iago played as an older, impotent man consumed by envy of the younger Othello. <mask>ir returned to the role onstage at the Dublin Festival in 1962 opposite William Marshall in the title role. In 1954 <mask>ir returned to London, playing Brack in Hedda Gabler with Peggy Ashcroft as Hedda. In the role he was judged to be both sinister and amusing.Most of his work continued to be at the Gate, but in 1959 he returned to New York to play Don Pedro in Much Ado About Nothing, with John Gielgud as Benedick and Margaret Leighton as Beatrice. <mask>ir's biggest theatrical success came in 1960, with his one-man show The Importance of Being Oscar, which won enthusiastic reviews and did well at the box-office. It opened at the Gate, after which he played it on Broadway, in London and on tour around the world. He appeared in the piece more than 1,300 times between 1960 and 1975. He followed this in May 1963 with a new one-man entertainment I Must Be Talking to My Friends, and in 1970 presented a third, Talking About Yeats. In his later years <mask>ir relaxed his insistence on his fictitious origins and admitted the truth to interviewers, but for many years after his death reference books nonetheless continued to record him as a native of Cork. Despite Ireland's anti-gay laws, not repealed in their lifetimes, <mask>ir and Edwards gained wide acceptance.The writer Éibhear Walshe has described them as Ireland's only publicly acknowledged homosexuals.

masks:
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó


title: Micheál Mac Liammóir

texts:
 They were jointly created freemen of the city of Dublin in 1973, the first theatre people to be thus honoured. Before that, <mask>óir had received the Lady Gregory Medal for literature in 1960 and an honorary doctorate from Trinity College in 1963. <mask>ir made his final stage performance at the Gate in 1975 in The Importance of Being Oscar. He died at his and Edwards's Dublin home, 4 Harcourt Terrace, on 6 March 1978. Walshe records, "as a measure of the public acceptance of the <mask>óir–Edwards partnership, the president of Ireland attended Micheál's funeral, two days later, at St Fintan's, Howth, Dublin, and paid his respects to Hilton Edwards as chief mourner". Legacy

Plays
In his Who's Who in the Theatre entry, <mask> Liammóir listed ten plays of which he was the author, as well as the three one-man shows, and an unspecified number of adaptations ("Jane Eyre, The Picture of Dorian Grey, A Tale of Two Cities, etc.")Ford of the Hurdles 1928
Diarmuid agus Gráinne 1929
Where Stars Walk 1940
Dancing Shadows 1941
Ill Met by Moonlight 1946

Portrait of Miriam 1947
The Mountains Look Different 1948
Home for Christmas 1950
A Slipper for the Moon 1954
Saint Patrick 1955

One-man shows:
 The Importance of Being Oscar
 I Must Be Talking to my Friends
 Talking About Yeats

Books

 Put Money In Thy Purse
 Each Actor On His Ass
 Ceo Meala Lá Seaca
 Enter a Goldfish
 All For Hecuba

 Oícheanna Sidhe
 Lá agus Oíche
 Aisteoirí Faoi Dhá Sholas
 Theatre in Ireland
 Ireland

 Bláth agus Taibhse
 An Oscar of No Importance
 W.B.Yeats and his world, with Eavan Boland

Films
The British Film Institute lists eleven films in which <mask> Arden  1914
The Little Minister  (Micah Dow) 1915
Comin' Thro' the Rye  1916
Land of Her Fathers  1924
Hamlet at Elsinore 1951Othello  (Iago) 1951Tom Jones  (Narrator) 196330 Is a Dangerous Age, Cynthia  (Irish storyteller) 1968The Kremlin Letter

masks:
MacLiamm
MacLiammó
MacLiamm
Mac
Mac Liammoch


title: Micheál Mac Liammóir

texts:
 (Sweet Alice) 1970What's the Matter with Helen? (Hamilton Starr) 1971

Biographies and commemorations
Books about <mask>óir include Micheál <mask>óir: Designs & Illustrations 1917–1972, by Richard Pine and Orla Murphy (1973); Enter Certain Players: <mask>iammoir and the Gate 1928–1978, edited by Peter Luke (1978); a biography, The Importance of Being Micheál by Micheál Ó hAodha (1990) and The Boys: A Double Biography, by Christopher Fitz-Simon (1996). In 1985, Orson Welles was the narrator for Two People... With One Pulse, a documentary film about <mask>moir and Edwards. To mark <mask>móir's centenary in 1999 the BBC commissioned a documentary, Dear Boy: The Story of Michéal <mask>móir, which included rare archive footage. <mask>móir is the subject of the 1990 play The Importance of Being Micheál'' by John Keyes; Frank McGuinness's play 2008 "Gates of Gold" is inspired by Edwards and Mac Liammóir. The annual Dublin Gay Theatre Festival presents the "Michéal Mac Liammóir Award for Outstanding performance by a male".Notes, references and sources

Notes

References

Sources

External links

1899 births
1978 deaths
20th-century Anglo-Irish people
20th-century English painters
20th-century English poets
20th-century Irish painters
English male painters
Irish male painters
Burials at St. Fintan's Cemetery, Sutton
English male film actors
English male stage actors
Impresarios
Irish dramatists and playwrights
Irish male film actors
Irish poets
Irish male stage actors
Irish male poets
Jacob's Award winners
Naturalised citizens of Ireland
20th-century English male actors
20th-century Irish male actors
English male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Irish poets
20th-century English dramatists and playwrights
Male actors from London
Writers from London
English male poets
LGBT writers from Ireland
20th-century Irish male writers
20th-century English male

masks:
Mac Liamm
Mac Liamm
Edwards MacL
Mac Liam
Mac Liam
Mac Liam
Mac Liam


title: Ba Jin

texts:
<mask> (Chinese: 巴金; pinyin: Bā Jīn; 25 November 190417 October 2005) was a Chinese writer. In addition to his impact on Chinese literature, he also wrote three original works in Esperanto, and as a political activist he wrote The Family. Name
He was born as Li Yaotang, with alternate name Li Feigan. He used the pen name <mask>, for which he is most known. The first character of his pen name may took from <mask>, a classmate of his who committed suicide in Paris, and the last character of which is the Chinese equivalent of the last syllable of Peter Kropotkin (克鲁泡特金, Ke-lu-pao-te-jin). He was also sometimes known as Li Pei Kan. Biography

Early life and anarchism
<mask> was born in Chengdu, Sichuan into a five-generation household.As a child <mask> was taught to read and write first by his mother, and later by privately engaged house tutors. It was not until the death of this grandfather in 1917, causing a power struggle which ended with an elder uncle emerging victorious, that he was released to explore the world. As a youngster, <mask> was deeply influenced by Piotr Kropotkin's pamphlet, An Appeal to the Young, which he read at age fifteen. Impressed by Emma Goldman, whom he later referred to as his "spiritual mother", <mask> started a lifelong correspondence with her. In 1920, <mask> enrolled, with an elder brother, in the Chengdu Foreign Language Specialist School to

masks:
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Enbo
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin


title: Ba Jin

texts:
 study English. It was there he first engaged in the organization of literary journal Crescent and wrote a number of vers libre. He then joined an anarchist organization, the Equality Society, actively distributing propaganda leaflets.Three years later, <mask> moved to Shanghai and subsequently to Dongnan University, Nanjing on the pretext of study, but mainly, as he put it, to escape the feudalistic (fengjian) influence of his family. There, he learned Esperanto and took part in leftist socialist strikes, while remaining active in the anarchist movement, writing a pamphlet on the Chicago Anarchist Martyrs. France (1927–1928)
On graduation, he left on board a liner on February 15, 1927, with a friend for Paris, France, for further studies, where he lodged at the 5th arrondissement (three months at Rue Banville, then Rue Tournefort, No. 2). He described his life there as boring and monotonous, taking daily afternoon walks at the Jardin du Luxembourg and evening French lessons at Alliance Francaise. He recalled especially Rousseau's statue at the Panthéon ("I almost knelt before it...he whom Tolstoy described as the conscience of the 18th century"), the River Seine and the tolling of the Notre Dame. In Paris, <mask> writes:

"In spring 1927, I was living atop a five-storied apartment at Paris's Quartier Latin, a small lodging full of gas and onion smell.I was lonely, I felt

masks:
Ba Jin
Ba Jin


title: Ba Jin

texts:
 pain, sunlight hardly shone into my room: I missed my homeland and my family." It was partly owing to boredom when <mask> began to write his first novel, Miewang  (“Destruction”). In France, <mask> continued his anarchist activism, translated many anarchist works, including Kropotkin's Ethics, into Chinese, which was mailed back to Shanghai's anarchist magazines for publication. Alexander Berkman was one of many anarchist leaders he met there. The trials of Italian immigrants Sacco and Vanzetti made <mask> angry, and he campaigned for their release. Vanzetti apparently was moved enough to reply to <mask> from his American prison, with a package of anarchist texts for his readings. Their short correspondence ceased when Vanzetti was executed, along with Sacco, on August 23, 1927.<mask> published in late 1932 the short story Dianqi  ("The Electric Chair"), to protest against their execution. Shanghai and later life
On his return to Shanghai in 1928, <mask> continued writing and working on translations. His first novel, Destruction, was released serially by Fiction Monthly in 1929, a literary magazine. During the next 10 years, <mask> acted as editor to several important publishing firms and periodicals, as well as composing the works which he is best known for – The Family (1931), The Love Trilogy Fog (1931), Rain (1933) and Lightning (1935), the novellas Autumn in Spring

masks:
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin


title: Ba Jin

texts: and A Dream of the Sea, the short story collection Mengya  (“Germination”) and prose writings in Fuchou  ("Vengeance") and Shen, Gui, Ren  ("Gods, Ghosts and Men"). During the Second Sino-Japanese War, <mask> was actively involved in propaganda work against the Japanese invasion, working on the publication Nahan  (“Outcries”, later renamed Fenghuo , “Beacons”) with Mao Dun. In the later stages of the war, <mask> completed the Torrents Trilogy — of which The Family (1931) was the first written — with Spring (1938) and Autumn (1940). Other works of the post-war period, like the short novels A Garden of Repose (1944), Ward Four (1946) and Cold Nights (1947), contain some of his strongest writing.He ceased fiction writing after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, choosing to concentrate on nonfiction instead. During the Cultural Revolution, <mask> was heavily persecuted as a counter-revolutionary. His wife since 1944, Xiao Shan, died of cancer in 1972. <mask> was rehabilitated in 1977, after which he was elected to many important national literary posts, including chairman of the Chinese Writers' Association (since 1983). The most significant work of his later years is the discursive writings in Suixiang Lu (translated as "Random Thoughts", five volumes, composed between 1978 and 1986), in which, among other things, he reflected on the Cultural Revolution in a

masks:
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba


title: Ba Jin

texts:
 painfully honest manner and in 1981 asked specifically for a Cultural Revolution Museum to be set up. The Shantou Cultural Revolution Museum referenced the influence of <mask> on its establishment through displaying a depiction of his at the entrance as well as a quote of his, "Every town in China should establish a museum about the Cultural Revolution." <mask>'s works were heavily influenced by foreign writers, including Émile Zola, Ivan Turgenev, Alexandr Herzen, Anton Chekhov, and Emma Goldman, and a substantial amount of his collected works are devoted to translations.His writing style, characterized by simplicity, avoids difficult, abstruse words, making him one of the most popular of all modern Chinese writers. <mask> suffered from Parkinson's disease beginning in 1983. The illness confined him to Huadong Hospital in Shanghai from 1998, and left him unable to speak and walk during the last few years of his life. <mask> died of cancer in Shanghai at the age of 100 (101 by Chinese reckoning) in 2005. His death marked the end of an era for Chinese literature, especially since he was the last major writer to live through the May Fourth Movement. He received the Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize in 1990. Asteroid 8315 Bajin is named in his honor.Family
<mask>'s son Li Xiao is a fiction writer. Bibliography

English translations
(1954) Living Amongst Heroes. Beijing: Foreign

masks:
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba Jin


title: Ba Jin

texts:
 Language Press. (1958) The Family. (trans. Sidney Shapiro) Beijing: Foreign Language Press. (1959) A battle for life: a full record of how the life of steel worker, Chiu Tsai-kang, was saved in the Shanghai Kwangrze Hospital.Beijing: Foreign Language Press. (1978) Cold Nights (trans. Nathan K. Mao and Liu Ts'un-yan) Hong Kong: Chinese University press. (1984) Random Thoughts (trans. Germie <mask>m&ecute). Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Company. (Partial translation of Suizianglu)
(1988) Selected works of <mask> (trans.Sidney Shapiro and Jock Hoe) Beijing: Foreign Language Press. (Includes The Family, Autumn in Spring, Garden of Repose, Bitter Cold Nights)
(1999) Ward Four: A Novel of Wartime China (trans. Haili Kong and Howard Goldblatt). San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals, Inc.
(2005) "How to Build a Society of Genuine Freedom and Equality"(1921), "Patriotism and the Road to Happiness for the Chinese"(1921) and "Anarchism and the Question of Practice"(1927) in Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume 1: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE-1939), ed. Robert Graham. Montreal: Black Rose Books. (2012) Ward Four: A Novel of Wartime China (trans.Howard Goldblatt). San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals, Inc. .

Ba Jin stories in collections
Arzybasheff, M. (1927). "Morning Shadows?" in Tales of the Revolution. Tr. Percy Pinkerton. New York

masks:
Bar
Ba Jin


title: Ba Jin

texts:
 Huebsch.(1927). "Workingman Shevyrev." in Tales of the Revolution, tr. Percy Pinkerton. New York: Huebsch. "Shanghai Labor and the May Thirtieth Movement," Papers on China, 5:1-38. Harvard University, East Asian Research Center.Bao-Puo. (1925). "The Anarchist Movement in China: From a Letter of a Chinese Comrade." Tr. from the Russian, in Freedom. 39.423:4. (1953)."The Society for Literary Studies, 1921-1930." Papers on China. 7:34-79. Harvard University, East Asian Research Center. Chen Tan-chen. (1963). "Pa Chin the Novelist: An Interview."Chinese Literature. 6:84-92. Ch'en Chia-ai character. "Chung-kuo li-shih shang chih an-na-ch'i-chu -i che character (Anarchists in Chinese history); in K'o-lu-p'ao-t'e-chin hsueh-shuo kai-yao. pp. 379-410. Hsin ch'ing-nien (1908)."Chinese Anarchist in Tokyo," Freedom, 22.23:52. Olga Lang, Pa Chin and His Writings: Chinese Youth between the Wars (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1967)
 Martin, H. and J. Kinkley, eds. (1992) Modern Chinese writers: self-portrayals. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. Pino, Angel, “<mask> and the ‘Arshinov Platform’”.libcom.org
 Pino, Angel, “<mask> as Translator,” tr. Ian MacCabe, in Peng Hsiao-yen & Isabelle Rabut (eds. ), Modern China and the West: Translation and Cultural Mediation. Leiden-Boston: Brill, “East Asian Comparative Literature and Culture” (2), 2014, 28-105. Razak, Dzulkifli Abdul (Oct.


title: Ba Jin

texts:
 30, 2005). "Leaving behind their legacies". New Straits Times, p. F9.Renditions Autumn 1992. No. 38. "Special issue on Twentieth Century Memoirs. Reminiscences by well-known literary figures, including Zhu Ziqing, <mask>, Lao She and Wang Xiyan." Films
Return from Silence: Five prominent and controversial Chinese writers speak on their roles in the modernization of China. (1 hour video cassette available) — The life and work of five esteemed Chinese writers whose modern classics shaped China's past: <mask>, Mao Dun, Ding Ling, Cao Yu, and Ai Qing.Produced by Chung-wen Shih, George Washington University, 1982. Notes

Further reading
 Lang, Olga. Pa Chin and His Writings: Chinese Youth Between Two Revolutions. Cambdridge, Mass. Harvard University Press, 1967. Mao, Nathan K. Pa Chin. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1978.External links

 "Literary witness to century of turmoil" China Daily (2003-11-24)
 "Chinese literary icon <mask> Jin dies" (BBC)
 A giant of Chinese literature "A giant of Chinese literature" ~ The Sydney Morning Herald''' (21 October 2005)]
 Ba Jin at Anarchist Archives
 "When the Snow Melted" Translated by Tang Sheng at Words Without Borders''
 Pa Chin: A Literary and Revolutionary Chinese Anarchist ~ YemenTimes Newspaper
 Ba Jin: Life and Works
 Ba Jin. A Portrait by Kong Kai Ming at Hong Kong Baptist University Library

1904 births
2005 deaths
20th-century

masks:
Ba Jin
Ba Jin
Ba


title: Kireet Khurana

texts:
<mask> (born 25 October 1967) is an Indian filmmaker, storyteller, and ad-film director. He graduated from Sheridan College in Canada with high-honors. After graduating, he founded the production house Climb Media, and later its animation wing, 2nz Animation Co., where he serves as creative head. <mask> has won more than 30 awards, including 6 prestigious President's National Awards for his films, the first of which he won in 1995 for the animated film Mahagiri. He has made over 12 short films, and over 500 ad films. He is the director of India's first film combining live-action and 3D animation called Toonpur Ka Superrhero, starring Ajay Devgan and Kajol. His 2018 feature film T for Taj Mahal, produced by Abis Rizvi, was launched at the Festival de Cannes in 2018, and premiered at the London Indian Film Festival.It won the Best Feature Film Audience Award and Best Story Award at the DC South Asian Film Festival. His 2016 documentary on Indian film director Saeed Akhtar Mirza, entitled Saeed Mirza: The Leftist Sufi, released on Netflix in 2017. It was named among the top 10 documentaries of 2017 by Vogue India and The Hindu. He is also the creator of India's largest animation series, Vartmaan, with animation pioneer Bhimsain. Personal
Born in 1967, <mask> grew up in a creative environment. His exposure to animation films started from age six as his father, Bhimsain, an animation pioneer in India, nurtured and encouraged his creative leanings. <mask> attended the Jamnabai Narsee School and later completed a BA with a major in economics from the University of Mumbai.Soon thereafter, he went on to graduate in 1994 from Sheridan College, Canada, with honors, in animation filmmaking. His son, Kabeer <mask>, is also a filmmaker. Filmography
Director:
 Toonpur Ka Superrhero

masks:
Kireet Khurana
Kireet
Kireet
Kireet
Khurana


title: Kireet Khurana

texts:
 (2010)
The Indian animation scene reached a turning point with the release of India's first 3D animation-live action combination feature film, Toonpur Ka Super Hero ("Toonpur's Super Hero") written by Raagi Bhatnagar and directed by <mask> <mask>. The film features Ajay Devgan, Kajol, Sanjai Mishra, Tanuja and Mukesh Tiwari in lead roles, along with a number of animated characters. The film was remade in English in early 2011; it was a box office hit, making high gross earnings within a two-week period. It was a moderate commercial success and received some positive reviews from critics. T for Taj Mahal (2018)

T for Taj Mahal is an upcoming Bollywood feature film produced by Sony Pictures and Abis Rizvi.The film follows the journey of an illiterate villager who brings literacy to his village through a unique social enterprise. Saeed Mirza: The Leftist Sufi (2015)
This documentary profiles the celebrated Hindi film director, Saeed Akhtar Mirza, known as much for his embrace of leftist politics and social concerns as lyrical cinema. Adventures of Chhota Birbal (2002) TV series
 Trade (1997)
 Mahagiri (1994)

Producer:

 Karma Cafe (2018) - directed by Kabeer <mask>, starring Amole Gupte and Nakul Sahdev in the lead roles. Religion for Dummies (2017) - directed by Kabeer <mask> (2002) – an animated TV series created by <mask> <mask> and produced by Climb Media, was one of its kind. It won the Seagate Technical Award for Excellence in 2004 for Best Animated Series, Chhota Birbal being the first Indian Animation character to be licensed.It was India's first television series to be licensed and merchandised. Animation:
 Detective Naani (2009) (animation director)
 Hum Tum (2004) (animation voice director)
 Shaadi Ka Laddoo (2004) (animation director)
 Locked (1997)

masks: Kireet Khurana Khurana Khuranabal Kireet Khurana


title: Kireet Khurana

texts:
 (animator)
 Lok Gatha (1992) TV series (1992) (animation director)

Writer:
 Toonpur Ka Super Hero (2010) (screenplay)
 Adventures of Chhota Birbal (2002) TV series (creator)
 Trade (1997) (story)

Production manager:
 Kathni Karni Ek Si (1989) (assistant production manager) – won two national awards
 Chhoti Badi Baatein (1986) (assistant production manager) – a highly successful and popular sitcom based on superstitions

Actor:
 Dooriyaan (1979) – directed by the founder, Bhimsain <mask>. This critically acclaimed successful film starring Sharmila Tagore and Uttam Kumar won seven awards, including a Filmfare Critics Award; showcasing the dilemmas and personal ambitions of a married couple, a paradigm shift in terms of story far ahead of its time. Social causes and activism
<mask>'s acclaimed film T for Taj Mahal on social entrepreneurship has won 7 International awards and been selected in 25 festivals world-over. His latest documentary feature film The Invisible Visible on the estimated 70 million homeless population of India, has been hailed as ‘The Reel Change Agent’ by The New Indian Express. and ‘A documentary with a throbbing heart'  by The Hindu. The film is part of a campaign to provide succour to the millions of homeless in India.<mask> has made several films on various causes like award-winning Trade (on child prostitution) and Locked (on child labour) as part of the Rights from the Heart series funded by UNICEF. He has also worked on award–winning film Sand Castle (on paedophilia), and 5 films for Childline India on various issues like education, child marriage and child abuse. His National award-winning film Komal on child sexual abuse has been shown to millions and been made compulsory viewing in schools in India. <mask> is also a fellow for the

masks: Khurana Kireet Kireet Kireet


title: Kireet Khurana

texts:
 prestigious Aspire Circle, a fellowship program for social leaders that promotes enlightened social leadership. Film awards
As a producer, <mask> has worked on many award-winning public service campaigns, including a series of four short films for Childline India Foundation on child labor, child marriage, corporal punishment and child sexual abuse. Komal, a film on child sexual abuse, won the FICCI Best Animated Frames (BAF) Award in 2014. Sisters, a film on child marriage, won the Best Public Service and Social Film awards at the INFOCOM-ASSOCHAM EME Awards in 2013.Education Counts won the "Viewer's Choice" award at ANIFEST 2013. For its close association with NASSCOM, Climb Media was honoured with an award at the NASSCOM 25 years' celebration. Awards

Trade
Trade is a film on child prostitution. It was the first Indo-Canadian animation co-production with the National Film Board of Canada and UNICEF It also won the National Award for Best Animation Film Direction in 1998. Mahagiri
Mahagiri won two President's National Awards for Best Animation Film Direction and Animation in 1995, as well as a Certificate of Merit at the Mumbai International Film Festival in 1996. O
O won two National Awards (Best Animation Film; Direction and Animation) in 1996, as well as a Silver Ebensee Award at the Festival Der Nationen in Austria in 1995. Chotta Birbal
Chotta Birbal won the Seagate Technical Award for Excellence in 2004 for Best Animated Series.Chhota Birbal is also the first Indian animation character to be licensed. Shaadi Ka Laddoo
The 2004 comedy film made history using an animation-live action technique for a song in a film for the first time in Bollywood. This song won the Seagate Technical Excellence Award for best visual effects in a feature in 2005. Nominated in the


title: John Williams (Tennessee politician)

texts:
<mask> (January 29, 1778 – August 10, 1837) was an American lawyer, soldier, and statesman, operating primarily out of Knoxville, Tennessee, in the first part of the 19th century. He represented Tennessee in the United States Senate from 1815 to 1823, when he lost reelection to Andrew Jackson. <mask> also served as colonel of the 39th U.S. Infantry Regiment during the Creek Wars, and played a key role in Jackson's victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814. <mask> later distanced himself from Jackson, and aligned himself with <mask> and Henry Clay. Adams appointed him chargé d'affaires to the Central American Federation in 1825. Early life
<mask> was born in what is now Forsyth County, North Carolina (then part of Surry County), the third of twelve children of Joseph and <mask>. His father was of Welsh descent, and his mother was descended from French Huguenots.Two of <mask>' brothers, <mask> and <mask>, served as U.S. congressmen in the 19th century. Another brother, Thomas Lanier <mask>, was a prominent Tennessee judge. <mask> was also the cousin of Congressman Marmaduke <mask> . <mask> studied law in Salisbury, North Carolina, in the late 1790s, and served as a captain in the 6th U.S. Infantry, from 1799 to 1800. Shortly afterward, he relocated to Knoxville, Tennessee, where he was admitted to the bar in 1803. Around 1805, he married Melinda White, daughter of Knoxville's founder, James White. In 1807, <mask> was appointed Tennessee's attorney general, and served in this capacity until the following year.In 1811, he led a mass meeting of Knox County citizens that condemned Archibald Roane for resigning from the state legislature to run for circuit court judge. In a letter published in a

masks:
John Williams
Williams
Williams
John Quincy Adams
Williams
Reah Lanier Williams
Williams
Lewis Williams
Robert Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams


title: John Williams (Tennessee politician)

texts:
 local newspaper, <mask> blasted Roane as too selfish and too much of a drunkard to be a faithful judge. Military activities (1812–1815)

In late 1812, at the outbreak of the War of 1812, <mask> raised a small company of some 200 to 250 volunteers, primarily from Tennessee and Georgia, with the intention of invading Florida and attacking the Seminole tribe. <mask> and other leaders on the frontier suspected that Spain would eventually join the British side in the war, and would encourage the Seminoles to attack frontier settlements in southern Georgia. <mask> and his volunteers invaded Florida in early February 1813, and destroyed several Seminole villages, burning over 300 houses, and stealing a large number of horses and other livestock. After reporting that the Seminole country was "completely in waste," <mask> returned to East Tennessee, and his volunteers were mustered out shortly afterward. In June 1813, <mask> was commissioned in the U.S. Army as a colonel, and ordered to recruit and organize the 39th U.S. Infantry for the purpose of engaging the hostile Red Stick Creeks.Within a few weeks, <mask> had managed to recruit and partially equip 600 troops. In early 1814, <mask> and the 39th were placed under the command of Andrew Jackson, who was preparing an expedition against the Red Sticks in Alabama. On March 27, Jackson attacked the Red Stick camp on the Tallapoosa River, initiating the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. At the height of this battle, <mask> and the 39th, which comprised Jackson's main line, charged and captured the log barricade with which the Creeks had fortified the riverbend, forcing the Creeks to flee. In his report on the battle, Jackson commended the actions of <mask> and

masks: Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams


title: John Williams (Tennessee politician)

texts:
 several other officers of the 39th. Soldiers who fought under <mask> at this battle included future Missouri senator Thomas Hart Benton and future Tennessee and Texas governor, Sam Houston. Following the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, <mask> went to Washington, D.C., to raise money for the 39th, and gradually acquired a sizable cache of weapons.Throughout 1814, <mask> and Jackson bickered over these weapons, with Jackson demanding that <mask> give them to a militia company in Tennessee, and <mask> arguing that federal arms could not be distributed to militia companies. Jackson questioned <mask>' loyalty, and <mask> questioned Jackson's authority. United States Senate

In 1815, <mask> was chosen to fill the Senate seat left vacant by the resignation of Jesse Wharton (who had been appointed to the seat a few months earlier following the resignation of George W. Campbell). In 1817, <mask> was reelected to a full six-year term. <mask> voted in favor of the Second Bank of the United States in 1816, opposed the Bonus Bill of 1817, and voted for the Missouri Compromise of 1820. He was also chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs, and oversaw a reduction of the armed forces. In 1819, following Jackson's invasion of Florida (then part of Spain), another dispute erupted between <mask> and Jackson.Jackson accused <mask> of spreading a rumor that Jackson had launched the invasion to protect personal land investments in the Pensacola area, and argued that <mask> was assailing his character in private conversations in Washington. In 1821, <mask> was one of just four senators to vote against the Adams–Onís Treaty, in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States. In 1823, <mask> made it clear that he was going

masks: Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams


title: John Williams (Tennessee politician)

texts:
 to support William H. Crawford (another enemy of Jackson) for the presidency, leading Jackson's allies in Tennessee to seek <mask>' removal from the Senate. When they were unable to find a candidate with enough support to defeat <mask>, Jackson agreed to become a candidate for <mask>' seat. Though <mask> had the support of the influential Knoxville Register and rising politician Davy Crockett, he lost to Jackson by a margin of 35 votes to 25 at a contentious meeting of the state legislature on October 1, 1823. Later life

After losing his U.S. Senate seat, <mask> ran for Knox County's state senate seat in 1825, but lost to James Anderson by a vote of 982 to 931. President <mask> Adams pondered appointing <mask> Secretary of War, but was dissuaded by Henry Clay, who thought the appointment should go to someone from New York.Adams eventually appointed <mask> chargé d'affaires to the Central American Federation, and <mask> thus spent most of 1826 at this post in Guatemala. In 1827, <mask> again ran for Knox County's state senate seat. In spite of staunch opposition from Jackson's allies (including <mask>' brother-in-law, Hugh Lawson White, who referred to <mask> as a "mean politician who can get no man to lye upon him"), <mask> won the election, 1,585 to 1,216. During his term, he introduced a bill calling for the construction of a turnpike connecting Anderson County and Kentucky, a bill providing relief for female debtors, and legislation seeking greater oversight of the Bank of Tennessee. He retired from the state senate in 1829. <mask> spent his later years practicing law and advocating railroad construction. He rejected several invitations to run for Congress, stating he had no desire to go to

masks:
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
John Quincy
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams


title: John Williams (Tennessee politician)

texts:
 Washington and serve at the "bow of the emperor," in reference to then-President Jackson.<mask> died on August 10, 1837, and was interred in the First Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Knoxville. Family and legacy

In 1816, <mask> made plans to develop a subdivision, "Williamsburg," on what was then the outskirts of Knoxville (now part of the Downtown area). This subdivision was bounded by what is now Henley Street (which at the time was the city's western boundary), Main Street, the riverfront, and Second Creek. The area is now occupied by Maplehurst Park and the Church Street Methodist Church. In 1826, while <mask> was in Guatemala, his wife oversaw the construction of a new family home in East Knoxville, now known as the Colonel <mask> House. The house is still standing, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. <mask>' son, Joseph Lanier <mask>, served three terms in the U.S. House of Representatives (1837 to 1843).Another son, <mask> II, was a prominent pro-Union leader during the Civil War, and served as vice president of the East Tennessee Convention, which sought to create a separate, Union-aligned state in East Tennessee. <mask> was the great-grandfather of Admiral Richmond P. Hobson, and the great-great-grandfather of noted playwright, <mask>. Fort Williams, a supply depot built prior to the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, was named for <mask>. References

1778 births
1837 deaths
United States senators from Tennessee
Politicians from Knoxville, Tennessee
People of the Creek War
United States Army officers
Ambassadors of the United States to the Federal Republic of Central America
Tennessee Democratic-Republicans
Democratic-Republican Party United States senators
19th-century

masks:
Williams
Williams
Williams
John Williams
Williams
Williams
John Williams
John Williams
Tennessee Williams
Williams


title: Mark Barron

texts:
<mask> (born October 27, 1989) is an American football linebacker who is a free agent. He played college football at Alabama, where he was twice recognized as an All-American, and was a member of two BCS National Championship teams. He was drafted as a strong safety by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the first round of the 2012 NFL Draft, where he played for two and a half seasons before being traded to the St. Louis Rams in 2014, where he moved to the linebacker position. He also played for the Pittsburgh Steelers and Denver Broncos. Early years
<mask> was born in Mobile, Alabama. He attended St. Paul's Episcopal School in Mobile, where he played for the St. Paul's Saints high school football team, under the coaching of Eddie Guth. He played multiple positions, including running back, wide receiver, and linebacker from 2004 through 2007.<mask> had 785 rushing yards as a junior on 78 carries and added 368 receiving yards on 23 catches, scoring a total of 12 touchdowns. As a senior, <mask> was the MVP of the 2007 Class 5A state championship game after rushing for 1,094 yards on 122 carries with 15 touchdowns in his senior season. He was also named a first-team Alabama Sports Writers Association All-State selection in Class 5A as a senior. In addition to playing football, <mask> also competed in track & field, where he won multiple 5A individual state titles in events ranging from the shot put to the long jump during the 2008 season. He recorded a career-best throw of 17.09 meters in the shot put at the Mobile Challenge of Champions, where he placed first. He captured four state titles at the 2008 AHSAA 4A-6A Championships, winning the triple jump, with a jump of 14.08 meters, long jump, with a leap of 6.74 meters, discus throw, with a throw of 44.03 meters, and in shot put, with a throw of 16.76 meters. He also recorded a personal-best time of 11.39 seconds in the 100 meters.Recruiting
<mask> was ranked as a five-star prospect and the number one

masks:
Mark Barron
Barron
Barron
Barron
Barron
Barron


title: Mark Barron

texts:
 weakside linebacker in the Class of 2008 by Scout.com. He was also ranked as the fifth best player in the state of Alabama and the 55th best player in the nation in the Class of 2008 by Rivals.com. <mask> chose to play at Alabama over offers from Auburn, LSU, Florida, Florida State, and Tennessee among others. College career
<mask> accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Alabama, where he played for coach Nick Saban's Alabama Crimson Tide football team from 2008 to 2011. As a true freshman for the 2008 Crimson Tide, he made his first appearance on kick-off coverage against Clemson. He had his first career tackle early in the game on a crushing blow of Jacoby Ford on a kickoff return. On September 20, against Arkansas, he recorded his first collegiate sack.<mask> played in all of Alabama's 14 games, recording 18 tackles and a sack. During his sophomore season in 2009, <mask> took over as a starter at safety and was second on Alabama's national championship team with 74 tackles and a Southeastern Conference-leading seven interceptions and a touchdown. He also had a career-high two interceptions against Mississippi State. On October 10, against Ole Miss, he had his first career collegiate reception, which went for seven yards. On October 17, against South Carolina, he had a 77-yard pick six in the 20–6 victory. On November 14, against Mississippi State, he had two interceptions in the 31–3 victory. <mask> finished the regular season tied for third in the nation with 7 interceptions and tied for sixth in the nation with 17 passes defended.In the SEC Championship against Florida, he had seven total tackles in the 32–13 victory. In the BCS National Championship against Texas, he had six total tackles and one pass defended in the 37–21 victory. He was recognized as a first-team All-SEC selection and third-team All-American at safety. <mask> was the Crimson Tide's only returning starter in the defensive secondary for the 2010

masks: Barron Barron Barron Barron Barron Barron


title: Mark Barron

texts:
 season. He finished the season with 77 tackles, three interceptions, nine passes defended, and one forced fumble. He was named an FWAA All-American. In 2011, <mask> was again a first-team All-SEC selection and was recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American.In the BCS National Championship against LSU, he had two total tackles and a sack in the 21–0 victory. College statistics

Professional career
<mask> attended the NFL Combine in Indianapolis, but did not perform drills as he was still recovering after recently undergoing sports hernia surgery. On March 7, 2012, <mask> attended Alabama's pro day and performed the majority of drills, but opted to skip the short shuttle, three-cone drill, and bench press. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, <mask> was projected to be a first round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked as the best strong safety prospect by DraftScout.com and was ranked as the top safety by NFL analysts Mike Mayock, Charley Casserly, and Sporting News. Tampa Bay Buccaneers
<mask> was selected with the seventh overall pick by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the 2012 NFL Draft. He is the highest selected Alabama defensive back in school history, surpassing Antonio Langham, who was chosen ninth overall in 1994 by the Cleveland Browns.2012
On July 20, 2012, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers signed <mask> to a four-year, $14.56 million contract with a $9.00 million signing bonus and no offset language. <mask> was expected to be the starting strong safety his rookie season. In Week 3 of the preseason, <mask> intercepted Tom Brady and ran the pick back for his first career NFL touchdown. He made his professional regular season debut in the Buccaneers' season-opening victory over the Carolina Panthers and finished the game with three solo tackles and two pass deflections. The next game, <mask> made a season-high ten combined tackles and two pass deflections in a 41–34 loss at the New York Giants. In Week 4, <mask> made

masks: Barron Barron Barron Barron Barron Barron Barron Barron Barron Barron


title: Mark Barron

texts:
 eight combined tackles and forced his first career fumble in a 24–22 loss to the Washington Redskins. On October 14, 2012, he collected eight total tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted Kansas City Chiefs quarterback Brady Quinn for the first of his career, as the Buccaneers routed the Chiefs 38–10.During a Week 14 loss to the New Orleans Saints, <mask> racked up a season-high eight solo tackles and two assisted tackles. <mask> started the regular season strong with 42 tackles, seven passes defended and one interception in his first six NFL games, but trailed off towards the end of the season before finishing with 89 tackles. He started all 16 games and made the Pro Football Writers Association All-Rookie team, even though the team was the NFL's worst pass defense. He finished his first year under new head coach Greg Schiano with 71 solo tackles, 17 assisted tackles, 10 pass deflections, an interception, and a forced fumble. 2013
<mask> returned as the Buccaneers' strong safety to begin his second season under coach Greg Schiano. In the season opener, he made four combined tackles and a pass deflection in an 18–17 loss to the New York Jets. The following week, <mask> collected a career-high 13 combined tackles, of which ten were solo, a pass deflection, and made his first career sack on Drew Brees during a 16–14 loss to the New Orleans Saints.During a Week 3 loss to the New England Patriots, <mask> finished with 11 combined tackles, was credited with half a sack, and intercepted Tom Brady for his first pick of the season. On November 3, 2013, he racked up ten solo tackles, an assisted tackle, two pass deflections, and intercepted a pass from Russell Wilson in the Buccaneers' 27–24 overtime loss to the Seattle Seahawks. On December 8, 2013, <mask> made four solo tackles and made his first career solo sack on Buffalo Bills quarterback EJ Manuel. He missed the last two games of the regular season after suffering a hamstring injury.


title: Mark Barron

texts:
 <mask> finished his second season with 88 combined tackles, six pass deflections, two sacks, and two interceptions while starting in 14 games. The Tampa Bay Buccaneers finished their season with a 4–12 record and head coach Greg Schiano was fired after the season. 2014
Under new head coach Lovie Smith, <mask> remained as the Buccaneers' starting strong safety to begin his third season.In their season-opener against the Carolina Panthers, <mask> made seven combined tackles. On October 5, 2014, he collected a season-high nine combined tackles in a 37–34 overtime loss to the New Orleans Saints. On October 26, 2014, <mask> played his last game with the Buccaneers before being unexpectedly traded to the Rams. He finished the 19–13 loss to the Minnesota Vikings with only four combined tackles. In the eight games with the Buccaneers, he made 49 combined tackles and two pass deflections. <mask> finished his career with the Buccaneers with 225 combined tackles, 18 pass deflections, three interceptions, two sacks, and a forced fumble while starting 38 games in three seasons. St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams
On October 28, 2014, the Buccaneers traded <mask> to the St. Louis Rams for a fourth and sixth-round draft pick in the 2015 NFL Draft.<mask> has gone on record saying he felt "disrespected" and "blindsided" by the trade and that he had no idea he was even being shopped around to other teams. It is reported that he was traded because of behavior that was deemed unprofessional by the team. On November 2, 2014, <mask> made his debut with the St. Louis Rams and recorded one tackle during the 13–10 victory. The next game, he racked up five solo tackles and sacked Arizona Cardinals backup quarterback Drew Stanton during a 31-14 loss. On November 30, 2014, he made his first career start with the Rams and collected two solo tackles and a pass deflection as the Rams routed the Oakland Raiders 52–0. He finished his nine games with the Rams with 23 combined

masks: Barron Barron Barron Barron Barron Barron Barron Barron


title: Mark Barron

texts:
 tackles, three sacks, and a pass deflection. 2015
On May 3, 2015, the St. Louis Rams declined to pick up his fifth-year, $8.26 million option on his rookie contract.<mask> entered his first training camp with the St. Louis Rams competing with veteran T. J. McDonald to be the starting strong safety. He was named the backup to McDonald to begin the regular season. In the season opener against the Seattle Seahawks, <mask> made two solo tackles and assisted on three tackles in the 34–31 victory. On October 11, 2015, he received his first start of the season during the Rams' 24–10 loss to the Green Bay Packers and made five combined tackles. The following week, <mask> made his first career start at weakside linebacker after Alec Ogletree suffered a broken fibulia He finished the 24-6 victory over the Cleveland Browns with a career-high 16 combined tackles. The St. Louis Rams coaching staff had him credited with 19 combined tackles, two tackles for a loss, and two forced fumbles during his debut against the Browns. The following game, <mask> made ten combined tackles and deflected a pass against the San Francisco 49ers.On December 13, 2015, he collected 11 combined tackles during a 21–14 defeat of the Detroit Lions. <mask> finished the season with  116 combined tackles, one sack, five pass deflections, and a career-high three forced fumbles. He started 12 games and appeared in all 16 as the Rams finished with a 7–9 record in their last season in St. Louis. 2016
On March 9, 2016, the Los Angeles Rams signed <mask> to a five-year, $45 million contract with $20 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $5 million. After having a career season in 2015, <mask> returned as the Rams' hybrid weakside linebacker. He started the Rams' season-opening game against the San Francisco 49ers, finishing the 28–0 loss with three combined tackles and two deflected passes. The next game, <mask> collected nine solo tackles, an assisted tackle, and a pass deflection


title: Mark Barron

texts:
 during the Rams' 9–3 victory over the Seattle Seahawks.In Week 3 win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, he racked up nine combined tackles and intercepted quarterback Jameis Winston for his first pick as a Ram. The following week, <mask> made eight solo tackles an intercepted Carson Palmer, helping the Rams defeat the Arizona Cardinals 24–22. On November 6, 2016, he collected nine solo tackles and got his first sack of the season on Panthers quarterback Cam Newton. On November 27, 2016, <mask> made a season-high 14 combined tackles as the Rams lost 49–21 at the New Orleans Saints. <mask> and the Rams finished with a 4–12 record in the team's first season back in Los Angeles. He started in all 16 games in 2016 and recorded a career-high 118 combined tackles (91 solo), eight pass deflections, two interceptions, and a sack. 2017
Head coach Sean McVay named <mask> and Alec Ogletree the starting inside linebackers to begin the regular season, alongside outside linebackers Connor Barwin and Robert Quinn.On October 8, 2017, <mask> collected a season-high 15 combined tackles (12 solo) during a 16–10 loss to the Seattle Seahawks in Week 5. In Week 15, <mask> sustained an injury to his Achilles tendon during a 42–7 victory at the Seattle Seahawks. He was inactive for two games (Weeks 16–17) after injuring his heel. He finished the season with 86 combined tackles (73 solo), four pass deflections, three interceptions, and a sack in 14 games and 14 starts. Pro Football Focus gave <mask> an overall grade of 61.8, which ranked 48th among qualified linebackers in 2017. The Los Angeles Rams finished first in the NFC West with an 11–5 and qualified for the playoffs. On January 6, 2018, <mask> started in his first career playoff game and recorded ten combined tackles (eight solo) in a 26–13 loss to the Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Wildcard Game.2018
<mask> started 12 games for the Rams in the 2018 season. He recorded a safety when he tackled Aaron Jones in the

masks: Barron Barron Barron Barron Barron Barron Barron Barron Barron


title: Mark Barron

texts:
 endzone in Week 8 against the Green Bay Packers. He finished with one sack, 60 combined tackles, one quarterback hit, one pass defensed, and one forced fumble. The Rams won the NFC West and earned the #2-seed for the NFC Playoffs. In the Divisional Round against the Dallas Cowboys, he had five combined tackles in the victory. In the victory over the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Championship, he had nine combined tackles. In the 13-3 loss to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LIII, he had eight combined tackles and one pass defended.On March 5, 2019, <mask> was released by the Rams. Pittsburgh Steelers

On March 17, 2019, <mask> signed a two-year, $12 million contract with the Pittsburgh Steelers. <mask> made his debut with the Steelers in week 1 against the New England Patriots. In the game, <mask> made 6 tackles in the 33–3 loss. In week 4 against the Cincinnati Bengals, <mask> recorded a team high 11 tackles and intercepted Andy Dalton in the 27–3 win. In week 10 against his former team, the Los Angeles Rams, <mask> recorded a team high 10 tackles in the 17–12 win. The Steelers released <mask> on March 16, 2020.Denver Broncos
On August 30, 2020, <mask> signed with the Denver Broncos. He was placed on injured reserve on September 23, 2020 with a hamstring injury. He was activated on November 25, 2020. On December 22, 2020, <mask> was waived by the Broncos. NFL statistics

References

External links

 Los Angeles Rams bio
 Tampa Bay Buccaneers bio
 Alabama Crimson Tide bio

1989 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
Sportspeople from Mobile, Alabama
Alabama Crimson Tide football players
All-American college football players
American football safeties
American football linebackers
Players of American football from Alabama
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
St. Louis Rams players
Los Angeles Rams players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Denver Broncos players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century