title: Ziya Bunyadov

texts:
 discussed by Western journalist and author Yo'av Karny. As part of the Soviet Union's nation-building efforts, the Iranian Babak Khorramdin, who followed the teaching of the Iranian Zoroastrian priest Mazdak with its pseudo-Communist and socialist themes, was proclaimed a national hero in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic; Bunyadov, within this context, claimed that "Babak was a national hero of Azerbaijani people". The Russian ethnologist, historian and anthropologist Victor Schnirelmann dismisses Bunyadov's theory, criticizing Bunyadov for not mentioning that Babak spoke Persian, and ignoring the witness accounts of Babak's contemporaries who call him Persian. Honours and awards
Hero of the Soviet Union
Order of Lenin
Order of the Red Banner
Order of the Red Star
Order of the Patriotic War 1st class
Order of the October Revolution

Selected publications

З. Буниятов. «Азербайджан в VII-IX веках». 1973.Баку
З. Буниятов. «Государство атабеков Азербайджана: 1136-1225». 1984. Баку
Yo'av Karny. Highlanders: A Journey to the Caucasus in Quest of Memory, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001
Thomas De Waal. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War, New York University Press, 2004

References

External links

Short biography in Azerbaijani
In memoriam book by Buniyadov's wife
More on Tahira Bunyadova's book
Arif Yunusov, "Islam in Azerbaijan", 2004
Full biography in Russian
<mask> Bunyadov about participation in World War II

1923 births
1997 deaths
People from Astara District
Azerbaijani historians
Azerbaijani orientalists
Azerbaijani academics
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Deaths by firearm in Azerbaijan
People murdered in Azerbaijan
Burials at Alley of Honor
Recipients of the Istiglal Order
Translators of the Quran into Azerbaijani
20th-century translators
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky (Soviet Union), 3rd class
20th-century historians
Soviet military personnel of World War II from Azerbaijan
Soviet


title: Pope John XXII

type: original

texts:
<mask> (; 1244 – 4 December 1334), born Jacques Duèze (or d'Euse), was head of the Catholic Church from 7 August 1316 to his death in 1334. He was the second and longest-reigning Avignon Pope, elected by the Conclave of Cardinals, which was assembled in Lyon through the work of King Louis X's brother Philip, the Count of Poitiers, later King Philip V of France. Like his predecessor, Clement V, <mask> centralized power and income in the Papacy and lived a princely life in Avignon. He opposed the political policies of Louis IV of Bavaria as Holy Roman Emperor, which prompted Louis to invade Italy and set up an antipope, Nicholas V.

Pope <mask>II faced controversy in theology involving his views on the Beatific Vision, and he opposed the Franciscan understanding of the poverty of Christ and his apostles, famously leading William of Ockham to write against unlimited papal power. In 1323, he canonized St. Thomas Aquinas. Early life and election
Scion of an important merchant and banking family in Cahors, Jacques Duèze studied medicine in Montpellier and law in Paris, yet could not read a regal letter written to him in French. Duèze taught both canon and civil law at Toulouse and Cahors.On the recommendation of Charles II of Naples he was made Bishop of Fréjus in 1300. In 1309 he was appointed chancellor of Charles II, and in 1310 he was transferred to Avignon. He delivered legal opinions favorable to the suppression of the Templars, but he also defended Boniface VIII and the Bull Unam Sanctam. On 23 December 1312, Clement V made him Cardinal-Bishop of Porto-Santa Rufina. The death of Pope

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title: Pope John XXII

texts:
 Clement V in 1314 was followed by an interregnum of two years due to disagreements between the cardinals, who were split into two factions. After two years, Philip,  in 1316, finally managed to arrange a papal conclave of twenty-three cardinals in Lyon. This conclave elected Duèze, who took the name <mask>XII and was crowned in Lyon.He set up his residence in Avignon rather than Rome, continuing the Avignon Papacy of his predecessor. <mask>II involved himself in the politics and religious movements of many European countries in order to advance the interests of the Church. His close links with the French crown created widespread distrust of the papacy. Papacy

Pope <mask>II was an excellent administrator and efficient at reorganizing the Church. He had sent a letter of thanks to the Muslim ruler Uzbeg Khan, who was very tolerant of Christians and treated Christians kindly. <mask> has traditionally been credited with having composed the prayer "Anima Christi", which has become the English "Soul of Christ, sanctify me ..." and the basis for the hymn Soul of Christ, Sanctify My Breast". On 27 March 1329, <mask>II condemned many writings of Meister Eckhart as heretical in his papal bull In Agro Dominico.Conflict with Louis IV
Prior to <mask>'s election, a contest had begun for the Holy Roman Empire's crown between Louis IV of Bavaria and Frederick I of Austria. <mask> was neutral at first, but in 1323, when Louis IV became Holy Roman Emperor, the Guelph (papal) party and the Ghibelline (imperial) party quarreled, which was partly provoked by <mask>'s extreme claims of authority over the empire

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title: Pope John XXII

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 and partly by Louis IV's support of the spiritual Franciscans, whom <mask> condemned in the papal bull Quorumdam exigit. Louis IV was assisted in his doctrinal dispute with the papacy by Marsilius of Padua and later by the English Franciscan friar and scholar William of Ockham. Louis IV invaded Italy, entered Rome and set up Pietro Rainalducci as Antipope Nicholas V in 1328. The project was a fiasco. Guelphic predominance at Rome was later restored, and Pope <mask> excommunicated William of Ockham. However, Louis IV had silenced the papal claims and <mask>II stayed the rest of his life in Avignon.Franciscan poverty

Pope <mask>II was determined to suppress what he considered to be the excesses of the Spirituals, who contended eagerly for the view that Christ and his apostles had possessed absolutely nothing, citing Pope Nicholas III's bull Exiit qui seminat in support of their view. In 1317, <mask>II formally condemned the group of them known as the Fraticelli. On 26 March 1322, with Quia nonnunquam, he removed the ban on discussion of Exiit qui seminat and commissioned experts to examine the idea of poverty based on belief that Christ and the apostles owned nothing. The experts disagreed among themselves, but the majority condemned the idea on the grounds that it would condemn the Church's right to have possessions. The Franciscan chapter held in Perugia in May 1322 declared on the contrary: "To say or assert that Christ, in showing the way of perfection, and the Apostles, in following that way and setting an example to others who wished to lead the perfect life, possessed nothing either

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title: Pope John XXII

texts: severally or in common, either by right of ownership and dominium or by personal right, we corporately and unanimously declare to be not heretical, but true and catholic." By the bull Ad conditorem canonum of 8 December 1322, <mask>II declared it ridiculous to pretend that every scrap of food given to the friars and eaten by them belonged to the pope, refused to accept ownership over the goods of the Franciscans in future and granted them exemption from the rule that absolutely forbade ownership of anything even in common, thus forcing them to accept ownership. On 12 November 1323, he issued the bull Quum inter nonnullos, which declared "erroneous and heretical" the doctrine that Christ and his apostles had no possessions whatsoever.Influential members of the order protested, such as the minister general Michael of Cesena, the English provincial William of Ockham, and Bonagratia of Bergamo. In 1324, Louis the Bavarian sided with the Spirituals and accused the Pope of heresy. In reply to the argument of his opponents that Nicholas III's bull Exiit qui seminat was fixed and irrevocable, <mask>II issued the bull Quia quorundam on 10 November 1324, in which he declared that it cannot be inferred from the words of the 1279 bull that Christ and the apostles had nothing, adding: "Indeed, it can be inferred rather that the Gospel life lived by Christ and the Apostles did not exclude some possessions in common, since living 'without property' does not require that those living thus should have nothing in common." In 1328 Michael of Cesena was summoned to Avignon to explain the Order's intransigence

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title: Pope John XXII

texts:
 in refusing the Pope's orders and its complicity with Louis of Bavaria. Michael was imprisoned in Avignon, together with Francesco d'Ascoli, Bonagratia and William of Ockham. In January of that year Louis entered Rome and had himself crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Three months later, he declared <mask>II deposed and installed the Spiritual Franciscan Pietro Rainalducci as Pope Nicholas V. The Franciscan chapter that opened in Bologna on 28 May reelected Michael of Cesena, who two days before had escaped with his companions from Avignon.In August Louis the Bavarian and his pope had to flee Rome before an attack by Robert, King of Naples. Only a small part of the Franciscan Order joined the opponents of <mask>II, and at a general chapter held in Paris in 1329 the majority of all the houses declared their submission to the <mask>. With the bull Quia vir reprobus of 16 November 1329, <mask> replied to Michael of Cesena's attacks on Ad conditorem canonum, Quum inter nonnullos, and Quia quorundam. In 1330, Antipope Nicholas V submitted, followed later by the ex-general Michael, and finally, just before the Pope's death, by Ockham. <mask> died in Avignon in 1334 (aged 89/90), probably of stomach cancer. Beatific vision controversy
Pope <mask>II was involved in a theological controversy concerning the beatific vision. Even before he was pope, <mask>II argued that those who died in the faith did not see the presence of God until the Last Judgment.He continued this argument for a time in sermons while he was pope, although he never taught it in official documents. He eventually backed down from his

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title: Pope John XXII

texts:
 position, and agreed that those who died in grace do indeed immediately enjoy the beatific vision. Despite holding for many years a view widely held to be heretical, <mask> is not considered a heretic because the doctrine he had contradicted had not been formally defined by the Church until his successor, Benedict XII, addressed it by the encyclical Benedictus Deus, which formally defined this doctrine as contrary to Church teaching. Role in witchcraft suppression

Although, according to Alan C. Kors, Pope <mask>II was a "brilliant organizer and administrator" and the thought of witchcraft seemed to be in its early stages at this point, Kors states the pope had a personal reason for setting out to stop witchcraft. Kors points to the fact that Pope <mask> had been the victim of an assassination attempt via poisoning and sorcery. As such, Pope <mask>'s involvement with witchcraft persecution can be officially traced to his 1326 papal bull Super illius specula in which he laid out a description of those who engage in witchcraft. Pope <mask> also warned people against not only learning magic or teaching it but against the more “execrable” act of performing magic.Pope <mask> stated that anyone who did not heed his “most charitable” warning would be excommunicated. Pope <mask> officially declared witchcraft to be heresy, and thus it could be tried under the Inquisition. Although this was the official ruling for the Church, Pope <mask>'s first order dealing with magic being tried by the Inquisition was in a letter written in 1320 by Cardinal William of Santa Sabina. The letter was addressed to

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title: Pope John XXII

texts:
 the Inquisitors of Carcassonne and Toulouse. In the letter Cardinal William states that with the authority of Pope <mask> the Inquisitors there were to investigate witches by “whatever means available” as if witches were any other heretic. The letter went on to describe the actions of those who would be seen as witches and extended power to the Inquisition for the prosecution of any and all cases that fit any part of the description laid out in the letter. In fictionThe Royal Succession (French: La Loi des mâles), the 1957 fourth novel in Maurice Druon's Les Rois maudits historical novel series, features Duèze's rise from cardinal to pope as one of its plotlines.His character remains present throughout the following books. He was portrayed by Henri Virlogeux in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series, and by Claude Rich in the 2005 adaptation. The papacy of <mask>—the conflict with Louis of Bavaria and the condemnation of the Franciscans over the poverty of Christ—is the central backdrop of Umberto Eco's historical murder mystery The Name of the Rose, which is set in 1327. See also
 Bernard Jarre – Catholic cardinal
 Spondent Pariter – papal decretal issued by Pope <mask>II forbidding fraudulent alchemy. References

 Bibliography
 Boudet, Jean-Patrice  and Julien Théry (2012). « Le procès de Jean XXII contre l'archevêque d'Aix Robert de Mauvoisin : astrologie, arts prohibés et politique (1317–1318) », in Jean XXII et le Midi (Cahiers de Fanjeaux, 45), Toulouse, Privat, 2012, pp. 159–235.Brown, Jaqueline (1991). "The Declaratio on <mask>'s Decree Exercrabilis and the Early

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title: Pope John XXII

texts:
 History of the Rota," Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law, 47 (n.s. Vol. 21), pp. 47–139. Heft, James (1986). John XXII and Papal Teaching Authority (Lewiston, 1986) (Texts and Studies in Religion, 27).Mollat, Guillaume (1963). The Popes at Avignon (London, 1963), 9–25. Nold, Patrick (2003). Pope <mask>II and his Franciscan Cardinal: Bertrand de la Tour and the Apostolic Poverty Controversy. Oxford. (in Italian)
 Joseph Shatzmiller, Justice et injustice au début du XIVe siècle : L'enquête sur l'archevêque d'Aix et sa renonciation en 1318'', Rome, École française de Rome, 1999. (in French)
  (in French)

External links
 Catholic encyclopedia entry

1244 births
1334 deaths
People from Cahors
Popes
French popes
Cardinal-bishops of Porto
Avignon Papacy
14th-century French Roman Catholic bishops
14th-century


title: Tore Reginiussen

texts:
<mask> (born 10 April 1986) is a Norwegian professional footballer who plays for Alta. Reginiussen has previously played for the clubs Tromsø, Schalke 04, Lecce, OB, Rosenborg and FC St. Pauli and has been capped playing for Norway. Reginiussen plays as a centre back, but can also play as a central midfielder. Club career

Early career in Norway
Born in Alta, Norway, Reginiussen started his career with local club Alta. He progressed through the youth ranks of Alta and turned professional in 2003. He made his Alta debut, coming on as a 68th-minute substitute for Roy Rasmussen, in a 7–1 loss against Sandefjord on 14 September 2003. Reginiussen made his first starts, starting the whole game, in a 4–1 win against Ørn Horten on 19 October 2003.Following Alta's relegation, he went on to make six appearances for the side at the end of the 2003 season. In the 2004 season, <mask> became a first regular for the side, starting in a number of matches, and later helped the side get promoted to 1. Divisjon. In the 2005 season, <mask> continued to be a first regular for the side, starting in a number of matches, but the club was relegated once again. He played an important for the side when he helped Alta beat his future club, Tromsø, in the third round of the Norwegian Cup. At the end of the 2005 season, Reginiussen went on to make twenty–three appearances in all competitions. Tromsø

In late 2005, after considering offers from Brann and Bodø/Glimt, he signed a contract with Tromsø and became a member of the Tromsø squad in January 2006.Having missed the opening game of the season, due to an injury, <mask> made his Tromsø debut, starting the whole game, in a 1–0 against Stabæk on 17 April 2006.

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Tore Reginiussen
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title: Tore Reginiussen

texts: Since joining the club, he quickly became a first team regular for the side, playing in either the midfielder and defender positions. After serving a one match suspension, <mask> scored on his return, in a 3–1 win against Brann on 24 September 2006. At Alfheim, <mask> was an instant success, and after his first season with Tromsø, he was voted "Player of the Year" by the supporter club Isberget. <mask> went on to make twenty–five appearances and scoring once in all competitions. In the 2007 season, <mask> continued to regain his first team place for the side. He then scored his first Tromsø goal of the season, in a 4–3 loss against FK Lyn on 28 May 2007.In June 2007, he extended his contract with Tromsø until the end of the 2009 season, ending interests from French clubs keen on signing him. <mask> then scored his second league of the season, in a 3–0 win against Lillestrøm on 16 September 2007. Despite missing two matches during the 2007 season, <mask> went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring two times in all competitions. Reflecting the season, he spoke about his development at the club in his second season. Ahead of the 2008 season, <mask> was linked a move away from Tromsø, leading the club to declare that he's not for sale. At the start of the 2008 season, he continued to regain his first team place for the side, as well as, facing competitions in the defence and midfield positions. But ahead of the match against Rosenborg on 26 April 2008, Reginiussen suffered a meniscus in training, which he quickly recovered.He then started the match against Rosenborg and helped them keep a clean sheet by beating them 1–0. <mask> then kept three clean sheets in three matches

masks: Reginiussen Reginiussen Reginiussen Reginiussen Reginiussen Reginiussen Reginiussen Reginiussen


title: Tore Reginiussen

texts: between 28 July 2008 and 6 August 2008. Since the start of the 2008 season, <mask> appeared in every match until he suffered a fractured jaw after colliding with Sead Ramović and had to be substituted early, in a 0–0 draw against FK Bodø/Glimt on 11 September 2008. Following this, it was announced that he would be sidelined for the rest of the season. But <mask> returned to training soon after in mid–October. It wasn't until on 18 October 2008 when he made his return to the starting line-up, and helped the side draw 4–4 draw against Molde. Throughout the 2008 season, he continued to impress the club's defence and attack and helped them finish third place in the league.At the end of the 2008 season, where <mask> made twenty–seven appearances in all competitions, he was nominated for the league's defender of the year but lost out to Morten Skjønsberg. On 14 November 2008, it was revealed that <mask> would be traveling to England for a trial with Blackburn Rovers and impressed the side to earn a transfer move to England. However, the move to Blackburn broke down when Paul Ince, and a transfer to Fulham, with Brede Hangeland and Erik Nevland, was discussed. It came after when it was announced that he would leaving Tromsø at the end of the 2008 season. However, <mask> stayed at Tromsø for the 2009 season despite not keen on signing a new contract. He continued to retain his first team place at the start of the season, playing in the defensive or midfield position. <mask> was sent–off in the 67th minute for a professional foul on Bernt Hulsker, in a 3–1 loss against IK Start on 26 April 2009.After the match, the club appeal against his suspension, citing the TV replays, but in the end, he

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title: Tore Reginiussen

texts:
 served a two match suspension. It wasn't until on 16 May 2009 when <mask> returned to the starting line-up, playing the whole game, in a 0–0 draw against FK Bodø/Glimt. He also continued be a key figure in the club's defence over the season. During a 2–0 loss against Stabæk on 1 June 2009, he suffered a groin injury and had to be substituted in the 36th minute, resulting him being out for several weeks. It wasn't until on 24 June 2009 when <mask> made his return, coming on as the 56th-minute substitute, in a 1–0 loss against Viking. It wasn't until on 26 July 2009 when <mask> scored his first Tromsø goal, in a 2–1 win against Strømsgodset. This was followed up by scoring in a 2–2 draw against Lillestrøm.His third goal then came on 20 September 2009, scoring the only goal of the game, in a 1–0 against Molde. <mask> followed up with the next two matches by keeping a clean sheet. However, he suffered injuries that kept him out for the rest of the 2009 season. At the end of the 2009 season, he went on to make thirty–two appearances and scoring four times in all competitions. Schalke 04
On 21 December 2009, <mask> announced he was leaving Tromsø and signed a three and a half-year contract with Schalke 04. During his first season with Schalke, <mask>'s efforts to secure a place on the team were severely hampered by injury. He made his Bundesliga debut against Hoffenheim on 30 January; he came on as a substitute, receiving 19 minutes of playing time on the right back.The following day, he was injured during a practice session, resulting in back pains that had him sidelined for several weeks. Once free of his injury, he spent the remainder of the season playing for the reserve team. During


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 which, Regininussen kept three clean sheets in a row between 13 April 2010 and 24 April 2010. In May, <mask> admitted that, with Schalke's qualification for the Champions League, and the signing of Christoph Metzelder, yet another centre back, his chances of gaining first team appearances in the coming season were looking slim. He also confessed that Schalke willing, he might consider being loaned out to another club. At the end of July, such a move was indeed agreed to, as <mask> and Schalke put pen to paper on a one-year loan deal with the newly promoted Serie A club Lecce. He appeared as an unused substitute in the opening game of the season, losing 4–0 against A.C. Milan.However, he failed to play regularly, due to a fatigue fracture. As a result, <mask> returned to Schalke 04 on 19 January 2011. It was announced on 18 March 2011 that Reginussen was loaned out to Tromsø, returning to the club for the first time since 2009. He made his second Tromsø’s debut, starting the whole game, and kept a clean sheet, in a 2–0 win against IK Start on 10 April 2011. In a follow–up match against Sogndal, Reginussen helped the side keep another clean sheet, in a 0–0 draw. Since re-joining the club, he quickly became a first team regular, playing in either the defence and midfield positions. After his transfer move to Odense will take effect on 1 July 2011, Reginussen then scored his first Tromsø for the first time since 2009, in a 3–3 draw against Stabæk, in his last appearance for the club.By the time he departed the club once again, Reginiussen made ten appearances and scoring once for the side. Odense BK
On 13 June 2011, Reginiussen signed a contract with the Danish team Odense BK and got

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 shirt number 8. He made his Odense BK debut, starting the whole game, setting up a goal for Hans Henrik Andreasen, who scored twice, in a 2–0 win against FC Nordsjælland on 16 July 2011. Two weeks later on 27 July 2011, <mask> scored his first Odense BK goal, scoring from a header, in a 1–1 draw against Panathinaikos in the first leg of the UEFA Champions League third round. In the second leg, he helped the side beat Panathinaikos 4–3, winning 5–4 on aggregate to progress to the next round. However, Reginiussen suffered a muscle injury and had to be substituted in the first half during a 2–1 loss against Aalborg on 13 August 2011. It wasn't until on 23 August 2011 when he made his return to the starting line-up, as OB lost 3–0 against Villarreal, losing 3–1 on aggregate of the UEFA Champions League Play–Off Round and was eliminated from the tournament.<mask> scored his second goal for the club, in a 3–1 win against Wisła Kraków in the UEFA Europa League Group Stage. After missing one match, due to a finger injury, he scored on his return to the starting line-up, in a 3–1 loss against FC Midtjylland on 26 November 2011. <mask> later scored again on 25 March 2012, in a 4–2 loss against HB Køge. However, he suffered a leg during a match against FC Midtjylland on 14 April 2012, leading him to be sidelined for the rest of the season. Having established himself in the starting eleven at OB, Reginiussen went on to make thirty appearances and scoring three times in all competitions,

At the start of the 2012–13 season, Reginiussen saw his first team opportunities at OB limited in his second season, appearing as a late substitute in the first two league matches. Rosenborg

On 5 August 2012,


title: Tore Reginiussen

texts: Reginiussen signed a three-and-a-half-year deal with Norwegian team Rosenborg. <mask> made his Rosenborg debut, starting the whole game, in a 3–0 win against Sogndal IL on 12 August 2012.He then played in both legs of the UEFA Europa League Qualifiying Round against Legia Warsaw, scoring in the second leg in a 2–1 victory, and ultimately progress through to the group stage following a 3–2 win on aggregate. Since joining the club, <mask> became a first team regular for the side, playing in the centre–back position and formed a partnership with Stefan Strandberg. Having helped the side keep three clean sheets throughout the 2012 season, he went on to make seventeen appearances and scoring once in all competitions. Ahead of the 2013 season, <mask> was chosen by the new head coach Per Joar Hansen as Rosenborg's captain, replacing Mikael Dorsin. He started the season well as captain by helping the club keep a clean sheet in the first three league matches of the season. Reginiussen started the first seven matches until he was sent off in the 65th minute for a professional foul in a penalty box, in a 1–0 loss against Sandnes Ulf on 28 April 2013. Having served his suspension, Reginiussen returned to the starting line-up, in a 2–1 win against Tromsø on 8 May 2013.He scored his first goal of the season, scoring from a header, in a 2–1 win against Vålerenga on 25 May 2013. <mask> then followed up in the next three matches by keeping a clean sheet. He scored three goals throughout August, scoring against Sogndal IL, Strømsgodset and Sandnes Ulf. Reginiussen helped the side finish second place after Strømsgodset won their match in the last game of the season, with performance earned attention

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texts: from the Norwegian media. In the Norwegian Football Cup Final against Molde, he scored the club's second goal of the game, as they lost 4–2. At the end of the 2013 season, <mask> went on to make thirty–seven appearances and scoring five times in all competitions. Ahead of the 2014 season, <mask> was one of the Rosenborg players willingly to take a pay cut in the wake of the club's budget cuts.At the start of the 2014 season, <mask> continued to retain his first team place, playing in the centre–back position and formed a partnership with Strandberg, as well as, his captaincy. He then scored his first goal of the season, in a 3–0 win against Orkla FK in the first round of the Norwegian Football Cup, followed up by scoring two goals in the next two matches against SK Brann and Sogndal IL. After missing one match, he returned to the starting line-up, helping the side keep a clean sheet, in a 2–0 win against Sandnes Ulf on 12 May 2014. Four days later on 16 May 2014, <mask> scored his fourth goal of the season, in a 2–1 loss against Stabæk. As captain, he acknowledged the club's recent performances in a number of matches in mid–May. His fifth goal of the season came on 13 July 2014, in a 2–2 draw against Vålerenga. <mask> helped the side win four UEFA Europa League Qualifying matches before being eliminated by Karabükspor through away goal.However towards the end of the 2014 season, <mask> found himself in a sidelined, which saw him suffered injuries and suspension. Despite this, he went on to make thirty–two appearances and scoring five times in all competitions. Shortly after, <mask> signed a four–year contract with the club, keeping him until 2018. In the 2015 season, <mask> started


title: Tore Reginiussen

texts: the match in the opening game of the season against Aalesunds and helped them beat 5–0. However, during the match, he injured his Achilles and had to be substituted in the 65th minute, resulting a successful operation but was sidelined for six months. In September 2015, <mask> returned from injury, playing for the reserve side to regain his fitness. It wasn't until on 4 October 2015 against IK Start when he came on as a 78th-minute substitute, in a 4–0 win Reginuissen was given his first start since April 2015, captain the side to help them draw 3–3 draw against Strømsgodset on 25 October 2015.<mask> came on as a 72nd-minute substitute against Haugesund on 1 November 2015 and helped the side win 4–3, resulting in the club becoming Champions for the first time since 2010 In the Norwegian Football Cup Final against Sarpsborg 08, he came on as a late substitute for Mikael Dorsin, in a 2–0 win to win the tournament. At the end of the 2015 season, <mask> went on to make five appearances for the side. Ahead of the 2016 season, <mask> was replaced as a captain by Mike Jensen, having convinced Manager Kåre Ingebrigtsen to do so. <mask> started the season when he helped the side keep four clean sheets between 19 March 2016 and 16 April 2016; during which, he scored in a 1–0 win against Aalesunds. Since the start of the 2016 season, Reginiussen regained his first team place, playing in the centre–back position and formed a partnership with Hólmar Örn Eyjólfsson. However, during a 2–0 win against IK Start on 16 May 2016, he suffered a thigh injury, resulting in his substitution in the 59th minute and was sidelined for two months. After being sidelined for two months, <mask> made his return to


title: Tore Reginiussen

texts: the starting line-up starting the whole game, in a 0–0 draw against Bodø/Glimt on 2 July 2016.Following this, he found himself rotated with Johan Bjørdal, Jørgen Skjelvik and Eyjólfsson in the starting line-up, which saw him placed on the substitute bench. Amid to this, he played both legs of the UEFA Europa League Qualifiying Round against Austria Wien; scoring in the first leg, but was subsequently eliminated after losing 4–2 on aggragate. <mask> came on as a 66th-minute substitute against Molde on 24 September 2016, and helped them win 4–0 to become Champions for the second time in a row. Following this, he started four of the last five league matches of the season. In a match against Sarpsborg 08 on 15 October 2016, he scored his second goal of the season, in a 2–2 draw. In the Norwegian Football Cup Final against Kongsvinger, he scored the club's second goal of the game, in a 4–0 win to the tournament for the second in a row. At the end of the 2016 season, <mask> went on to make twenty–eight appearances and scoring three times in all competitions.At the start of the 2017 season, <mask> came on as 88th-minute substitute against SK Brann in the first ever the inaugural Mesterfinalen and scored a goal in the stoppage to help them win 2–0 win. He continued to help the club to a winning start, as well as, keeping four clean sheets in the first five league matches of the season. He then scored his second goal of the season, in a 9–1 win against Tynset in the second round of the Norwegian Cup on 24 May 2017. Two months later on 12 July 2017, <mask> scored his third goal of the season, in a 1–1 draw against Dundalk in the first leg of the UEFA Champions League Second Round. He helped


title: Tore Reginiussen

texts: the side beat 2–1 after the game went extra time, winning 3–2 on aggregate to go through to the next round. Since the start of the 2017 season, <mask> continued to be in the first team regular, playing in the centre–back position, and formed a partnership with Skjelvik and Björdal; earning praises from the Norwegian media for his performance. Later in the 2017 season, Reginiussen appeared as an unused substitute against Aalesunds on 4 November 2017, as the club lost 2–1, but nevertheless become Champions for the third time in a row.Following this, he won the league's Player of the Year. It was announced on 23 December 2017 that <mask> signed a contract, keeping him until 2019. Despite being sidelined on three occasions during the 2017 season, Reginiussen went on to make thirty–six appearances and scoring three times in all competitions. At the start of the 2018 season, <mask> came on as a second half substitute, and helped them beat Lillestrøm 1–0 to win Mesterfinalen for the second time in a row. He then helped the side keep four clean sheets between 8 April 2018 and 29 April 2018; during which, he scored in a 2–0 win against IK Start. Since the start of the 2018 season, <mask> continued to regain his first team place, playing in the centre–back position, forming a partnership with Even Hovland. A month later on 30 May 2018, he scored the winning penalty for Rosenborg, as they beat Odds 7–2 in the shootout after the game went to extra time, with a 2–2 scoreline.Two months later on 11 June 2018, he scored his second goal of the season, in a 2–1 loss against Tromsø. This was followed by helping the club keep two clean sheets in the next two matches against Vålerenga and Sandefjord.


title: Tore Reginiussen

texts: Reginiussen helped the side qualify for the UEFA Europa League Group Stage after beating KF Shkëndija 5–1 on aggregate; in which he scored in the second leg. In a match against IK Start on 11 November 2018, Reginiussen started the match and helped them to keep a clean sheet, as they won 1–0, a victory that saw the club become Champions for the fourth time in a row. In a follow–up match against Bodø/Glimt, he set up a goal for Yann-Erik de Lanlay, as they drew 1–1. A month later on 2 December 2018, Reginiussen started the match, as he helped the side beat Strømsgodset win 4–1 win to win the tournament, his third time of his career. Reginiussen scored his fourth goal of the season, in a 1–1 draw against RB Leipzig on 13 December 2018.At the end of the 2018 season, he went on to make forty–seven appearances and scoring four times in all competitions. In the 2019 season, <mask> continued to regain his first team place, playing in the centre–back position and forming a partnership with Hovland. He scored his first goal of the season, in a 3–1 loss against Stabæk on 14 April 2019. His second goal then came on 19 May 2019, in a 3–2 win against Mjøndalen IF. A month later, he captained the side for the first time since 2016, as Rosenborg lost 1–0 against Tromsø. Three days later, Reguiniussen scored an equalising goal in a 1–1 draw against Aalesund in the Round of 16 of the Norwegian Cup; which the club lost on penalty shoot–out. It was announced on 1 August 2019 that <mask> signed a contract with Rosenborg, keeping him until 2020.He then helped the club beat Linfield, BATE and Maribor to progress through on three UEFA Champions League rounds. However, Rosenborg was eliminated in the UEFA

masks: Reginiussen Reginiussen


title: Tore Reginiussen

texts: Champions League qualifying round after losing 3–1 on aggregate. He scored his third goal of the season, in a 3–2 win against Bodø/Glimt on 10 October 2019. However, throughout 2019 season, the club were unsuccessful to defending their league title after surrendering the title to Molde. Despite suffering from injuries later in the 2019 season, <mask> went on to make thirty–eight appearances and scoring four times in all competitions. However, the start of the 2020 season was pushed back to June due to the pandemic. Reginiussen were among Rosenborg players to agreeing to take a pay cut as a result of the pandemic.Following the departure of Jensen, he resumed his role as the club's captain. <mask> captained his first match in almost a year, starting the whole game and helping Rosenborg keep a clean sheet, in a 0–0 draw against Kristiansund in the opening game of the season. Since the start of the 2020 season, he continued to establish himself in centre–back position, forming a partnership with Hovland and Eyjólfsson. Reginiussen helped the club keep three clean sheets in three matches between 5 July 2020 and 16 July 2020. A month later on 27 August 2020, he scored his first goal of the season, scoring from a header, in a 4–2 win against Breiðablik to advance to the next round of the UEFA Europa League. <mask> then scored his second goal of the season, once again scoring from a header, in a 3–1 win against Molde on 13 December 2020, in what turned out to be his last appearances for Rosenborg. Despite missing a total of four matches during the 2020 season, he went on to make twenty–nine appearances and scoring two times in all competitions.At the end of the 2020 season, it was announced


title: Tore Reginiussen

texts:
 on 18 December 2020 that <mask> and Rosenborg parted ways after eight years at Rosenborg. <mask> previously stated in an interview earlier this year that this would be his last season with the club. Following his release by Rosenborg, he was linked with a move to Ranheim and has ruled out from retiring. FC St. Pauli
On 25 January 2021, <mask> returned to Germany, where he signed with 2. Bundesliga team, FC St. Pauli until the end of the 2020–21 season, with the option of an extension. <mask> made his debut for the club, coming on an 84th-minute substitute, in a 2–1 win against SV Sandhausen on 5 February 2021. He then made his first start for FC St. Pauli against Karlsruher SC on 6 March 2021 and helped the club keep a clean sheet, in a 0–0 draw.On 10 May 2021, <mask> announced he would retire from football after the season. International career

Youth
<mask> represented Norway levels from U15 to U19 sides. On 28 February 2006, he made his debut for Norway U-21. It wasn't until on 16 August 2006 when Reginiussen scored his first goal for the national team, in a 3–0 win against Estonia U21. <mask> played in his career 15 caps for the Norway U-21. During his time playing for the Norway U-21, at one point, he was captain for the U-21 side. Senior
His performance for Norway U-21 led the Norwegian media calls for Manager Åge Hareide to call up Reguiniussen to the national team.In May 2008, Hareide called up Reguiniussen to the national team for the first time in his career, whilst also being called up by the U-21 side at the same time. <mask> made his debut for Norway on 28 May 2008 against Uruguay in a friendly match, starting the match but was fault for conceding Uruguay's second goal


title: Tore Reginiussen

texts: of the game, as they drew 2–2. He then scored his first international goal for Norway, in a 1–1 draw against Republic of Ireland on 20 August 2008. <mask> started two more matches for Norway by the end of 2008. During a 1–0 win against South Africa on 10 October 2009, he suffered a concussion after being contacted from the opposition player's elbow and was substituted in the 59th minute as a result. After spending almost two years away from the national team, Norway called <mask> for the first time in November 2011. In his tenth international match, he won the match as he scored the only goal of the match, scoring from a free kick against Thailand in Bangkok on 18 January 2012.Two years later, <mask> was the national team captain in his last two matches of January, both playing in Abu Dhabi against Moldova and Poland. He spent the rest of the 2014, appearing as an unused substitute. After a three years absence, <mask> was called to the Norway national team squad, appearing as an unused substitute against Northern Ireland on 26 March 2017. Three months later on 10 June 2017, he made his first appearance for Norway in almost three years, starting a match before being substituted in the 33rd minute, in a 1–1 draw against Czech Republic. It wasn't until on 23 March 2018 when <mask> scored his first goal for the national team since 2012, in a 4–1 win against Australia. The following year on 15 November 2019, he scored again, in a 4–0 against Faroe Islands. <mask> made two more appearances the following year, including a UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs’ loss against Serbia on 8 October 2020.On 2 November 2020, he chose to retire from international football to let younger player get


title: Tore Reginiussen

texts:
 the chance. By the time Reginussen announced his retirement from international football, he won twenty–nine caps and scored four times for Norway. Personal life
Reginiussen has two brothers, Mads, who joined Tromsø at the start of the 2009 season, and Christian, who currently plays for Alta. Five years later on 4 June 2014, both <mask> and Mads played against each other in the third round of the Norwegian Cup, resulting a penalty shootout for Mads’ Ranheim after the game went extra time. He has a father named Torfinn Reginiussen. Reginiussen has two sons, (born in January 2013 and 2016) with Lene Nilsen. The couple were married in November 2014.In September 2015, <mask> made a statement to Norwegian media and public to call for help with the Syrian refugees. <mask> revealed in a 2017 interview that he's studying to be a physician therapist once his playing days are over. In March 2018, he was included in the World Soccer's 500 Most Important Players. Together with then teammate Pål André Helland, they spoke out about Homosexuality in football in July 2020. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Norway's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Reginiussen goal. Honours

Club
Rosenborg
Tippeligaen/Eliteserien (4): 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018
Norwegian Cup (3): 2015, 2016, 2018
Mesterfinalen (2): 2017, 2018

Individual
Eliteserien Player of the Year: 2017

References

External links
<mask> <mask> profile at TV2.no

Living people
1986 births
People from Alta, Norway
Association football defenders
Norwegian footballers
Norway under-21 international footballers
Norway youth international footballers
Norway international footballers
Alta IF

masks: Tore Reginiussen Reginiussen Tore Reginiussen


title: Billy Connolly

texts: <mask>  (born 24 November 1942) is a Scottish actor, retired comedian, artist, writer, musician, and presenter. He is sometimes known, especially in his homeland, by the Scots nickname the Big Yin ("the Big One"). Known for his idiosyncratic and often improvised observational comedy, frequently including strong language, <mask> has topped many UK polls as one of the greatest comedians of all time. <mask>'s trade, in the early 1960s, was that of a welder (specifically a boilermaker) in the Glasgow shipyards, but he gave it up towards the end of the decade to pursue a career as a folk singer. He first sang in the folk rock band The Humblebums with Gerry Rafferty and Tam Harvey, with whom he stayed until 1974, before beginning singing as a solo artist. In the early 1970s, <mask> made the transition from folk singer with a comedic persona to fully-fledged comedian, for which he is now best known. In 1972, he made his theatrical debut, at the Cottage Theatre in Cumbernauld, with a revue called <mask>'s Glasgow Flourish.He also played the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. In 1972, <mask>'s first solo album, <mask> Live!, was produced, with a mixture of comedic songs and short monologues. As an actor, <mask> has appeared in various films, including Indecent Proposal (1993), Pocahontas (1995), Muppet Treasure Island (1996), Mrs Brown (1997) (for which he was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role), The Boondock Saints (1999), The Last Samurai (2003), Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (2004), The X-Files: I Want to Believe (2008),

masks:
Sir William Connolly
Connolly
Connolly
Connolly
Connolly
Connolly
Billy Connolly
Connolly


title: Billy Connolly

texts:
 Brave (2012), and The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (2014). On his 75th birthday in 2017, three portraits of <mask> were made by leading artists Jack Vettriano, John Byrne, and Rachel Maclean. These were later turned into part of Glasgow's official mural trail. In October that year, he was knighted at Buckingham Palace by Prince William, for services to entertainment and charity. <mask> announced his retirement from comedy in 2018, and in recent years he has established himself as an artist.In 2020, he unveiled the fifth release from his Born On A Rainy Day collection in London, followed by another installment later that year. During the filming of the ITV documentary <mask>: It's Been a Pleasure, he described how art had given him "a new lease of life". Early life
<mask> was born on 24 November 1942 at 69 Dover Street, "on the linoleum, three floors up", in Anderston, Glasgow. This section of Dover Street, between Breadalbane and Claremont streets, was demolished in the 1970s. <mask> refers to this in his 1983 song "I Wish I Was in Glasgow" with the lines "I would take you there and show you but they've pulled the building down" and "they bulldozed it all to make a road". The flat had only two rooms: a kitchen-living room, with a recess where the children slept, and another room for their parents. The family bathed in the kitchen sink, and there was no hot water.<mask> was born to Catholic parents, <mask> and Mary McLean, both of whom were of partly Irish descent. In 1946, when he was four years old, <mask>'s mother left her children while

masks:
Connolly
Connolly
Billy Connolly
Connolly
Connolly
Connolly
William Connolly
Connolly


title: Billy Connolly

texts: their father was serving as an engineer in the Royal Air Force in Burma. "I've never felt abandoned by her," <mask> explained in 2009. "My mother was a teenager. My father was in Burma, fighting a bloody war. The Germans were dropping all sorts of crap on the town. We lived at the docks, so that's where all the bombs were happening.She was a teenager with two kids in a slum. A guy comes along and says, 'I love you. Come with me.' Given the choice, I think I'd have gone with him. It looks as though it might all end next Wednesday, from where you're standing. I don't have an ounce of feelings that she abandoned me. She tried to survive."<mask> and his older sister, Florence (named after their maternal grandmother, and eighteen months his senior), were cared for by his father's two sisters, Margaret and <mask>, in their cramped tenement in Stewartville Street, Partick. "My aunts constantly told me I was stupid, which still affects me today pretty badly. It's just a belief that I'm not quite as good as anyone else. It gets worse as you get older. I'm a happy man now but I still have the scars of that." Regarding his sister, <mask> has called her his "great defender". "To this day," he explained in 2009, "Guys say, 'God, your sister... We didn't dare beat you up – your sister was a nightmare'.She used to get after them." In the mid-1960s, Flo was on holiday in Dunoon with her husband and two children. "My mother said, 'I saw Florence walking along, and I followed her.'" "I said, 'Did you speak to her?' 'Oh, no, I didn't,' she said. I thought, 'Oh, my god.

masks:
Connolly
Connolly
Mona Connolly
Connolly


title: Billy Connolly

texts: It's like being a ghost while you're still alive.'Walking behind your own child. Having a look. I couldn't bear that." The aunts resented the children for the fact that they had to sacrifice their young lives to look after them. It was Mona who was troubled the most by having to care for her niece and nephew. "It was very big of her to take on the responsibility, but having said that, I wish people wouldn't do that. I wish people wouldn't be very big for five minutes and rotten for twenty years.Just keep your 'big' and keep your 'rotten' and get out of my life, because, quite frankly, I would rather have gone to a children's home and be with a lot of other kids being treated the same. To this day, I'm still working on the things she did to me." <mask> credits one of John Bradshaw's publications with helping him deal with his past demons. "He reckons that if this trauma happened to you when you were five or six then, emotionally, that part of you remains five or six. And what you have to do is carry that five- or six-year-old around with you and try and emotionally help that other part of you. It sounds a bit airy-fairy, but I think he's something of a genius, Mr. Bradshaw."<mask>, Sr. returned from the war, a stranger to his children, shortly after the move to Partick. He never spoke to them about their mother's departure. <mask>'s biography, <mask>, written by wife Pamela Stephenson, documented years of physical and sexual abuse by his father, which began when he was ten and lasted until he was about 15. "Sometimes, when father hit me, I flew over the

masks: Connolly Connolly Connolly Billy


title: Billy Connolly

texts: settee backwards in a sitting position. It was fabulous. Just like real flying, except you didn't get a cup of tea or a safety belt or anything." In 1949, Mona gave birth to a son, Michael, by a "local man".He was presented as a brother to <mask> and Flo, and nobody questioned it. <mask>'s bedroom had double windows, which directly faced St Peter's Primary School across the street. Now defunct, the school has been converted into living accommodation. "The school was very violent indeed. At first, in the infant school, the nuns were very violent. And then over here at St Peter's, they were just strapping you all the time. I had a psychopath in here, called McDonald — Miss McDonald."Big Rosie", they called her. There was a guy with glasses in my class and she called him "four eyes", and she was a teacher!" At St. Peter's, <mask> decided that he wanted to make people laugh. "I can remember the moment in the school playground. I would have been 7 or 8. And I was sitting in a puddle and people were laughing. I had fallen in it and people found it funny.And it wasn't all that uncomfortable, so I stayed in it longer than I normally would because I really enjoyed the laughing. My life was very unhappy at the time, and laughter wasn't something I heard all the time, so it was a joy. And I realised quickly that if you can have an audience this way, life was rather pleasant." While at St Peter's, <mask> joined a gang. His arch-enemy was Geordie Sinclair, who lived around the corner. <mask> was a Wolf Cub with the 141st Glasgow Scout Group. He revisits the site of

masks: Billy Connolly Connolly Connolly Connolly


title: Billy Connolly

texts: one field trip, Auchengillan scout camp, during his World Tour of Scotland.At age 12, <mask> decided he wanted to become a comedian but did not think that he fit the mold, feeling he needed to become more "windswept and interesting". Also at that age, he joined an organisation called The Children of Mary. The group would visit people and say the Rosary, with a statue of the Lady of Lourdes in a shoebox. "We were as welcome as haemorrhoids." The group would all kneel around the statue and pray. "You could hear people hurrying prayers because there was a good television programme coming." In the 1950s, Glasgow's sandstone tenements fell out of favour with the planners, which resulted in new houses being built on the fields and farmlands in the outskirts of the city.Between the ages of fourteen and twenty, <mask> was brought up on a now-demolished council estate on Kinfauns Drive in the Drumchapel district of Glasgow, and would make the daily journey to St. Gerard's Secondary School (also now defunct) in Govan, on the southern side of the River Clyde. He rode the bus to Partick, crossed the water by ferry and walked to 80 Vicarfield Street. "Drumchapel is a housing estate just outside Glasgow. Well, it's in Glasgow, but just outside civilisation," he has joked. "To be quite honest, I quite liked it when I lived there. When I moved to Drumchapel, I was fourteen and there was a bluebell wood there, and it was in great condition then — I don't think it's in quite so good condition now — but it was lovely then. We had rabbits and pheasants, and I really quite

masks: Connolly Connolly


title: Billy Connolly

texts: liked it.I just started to dislike it when I got older, into my teens and things. In my late teens, when I was stuck out there, it cost me a lot of money to go anyplace. It was a kind of cowboy town, but I liked that aspect of it, buying stuff out of vans, a ragman coming in a wee green van." <mask> revisited this tenement in Drumchapel during filming for The South Bank Show in 1992. "It eventually started to pall. This dreadful atmosphere came about the place. It's like Siberia.And once you're out here, there's no getting out of it. You have to buy your way out, or some kind of talent has to take you out, or you have to be very bright and move away to university." Also at fourteen, <mask> started to become interested in music — mainly Jerry Lee Lewis and Chuck Berry. At fifteen, he left school with two engineering qualifications, one collected by mistake which belonged to a boy named Connell. <mask> was a year too young to work in the shipyards. Instead, he started working for John Smith's Bookshop, on St Vincent Street, delivering books on his bicycle. He became a delivery-van driver with Bilslands' Bakery until he was sixteen, when he was deemed overqualified (due to his J1 and J2 certificates) to become an engineer.Instead, he worked as a boilermaker at Alexander Stephen and Sons shipyard in Linthouse. "What an extraordinary feeling," <mask> said, upon returning to the site of the now-demolished shipyard in 1992. "I spent a great deal of my life in here. From age 16 to... well, I started at 15. I started my apprenticeship at 16 and finished when I

masks: Connolly Connolly Connolly Connolly


title: Billy Connolly

texts:
 was 21. Stayed till I was 22, and moved along. I finished welding when I was 24.When I came here, as an apprentice, there was six ships being built, right where I'm standing. It was an extraordinary place. A hive of activity. Welders, caulkers, platers, burners, joiners, engineers, electricians. I learned how men talked to one another, and how merciless Glasgow humour can be. It has made an indelible mark on me." His foreman was Sammy Boyd, but the two biggest influences on him, according to the book written by his wife Pamela, were Jimmy Lucas and Bobby Dalgleish.Jimmy was one of <mask>'s trainers in the yard who helped him to hone his skills as a welder and a comedian. <mask> also joined the Territorial Army Reserve unit 15th (Scottish) Battalion, the Parachute Regiment (15 PARA). He later commemorated his experiences in the song "Weekend Soldier". Career

Origin of "The Big Yin"
<mask>'s nickname The Big Yin was first used during his adolescent years to differentiate between himself and his father. "My father was a very strong man. Broad and strong. He had an 18½-inch neck collar.Huge, like a bull. He was "<mask>" and I was "Wee Billy". And then I got bigger than him, and the whole thing got out of control. And then I became The Big Yin in Scotland. So, we'd go into the pub and someone would say, '<mask> was in.' 'Oh? <mask> or Wee <mask>?''The Big Yin.' 'Oh, Wee <mask>.' If you were a stranger, you'd think, 'What are these people talking about?!'" 1960s
In the early 1960s, <mask> attended the Edinburgh Festival Fringe for the first time. After

masks:
Billy
Connolly
Connolly
Big Billy
Billy Connolly
Big Billy
Billy
Billy
Connolly


title: Billy Connolly

texts: spending time on the city's Rose Street, patronising the various drinking establishments, he became enamoured by some long-haired musicians and decided to model himself on them. In 1965, after he had completed a 5-year apprenticeship as a boilermaker, <mask> accepted a ten-week job building an oil platform in Biafra, Nigeria. Upon his return to the United Kingdom, via Jersey, he worked briefly at John Brown & Company but decided to walk out on a Fair Friday to focus on being a folk singer.After watching The Beverly Hillbillies, he bought his first banjo at the Barrowland market. He began to tour with the folkie crowd, including regular stints at The Scotia bar, on Stockwell Street, guided by folk singer Danny Kyle. "I kind of introduced <mask> to the folk clubs, such as there were in those days – there were very few in those days. We used to go to places like Saturday Late or the Montrose Street Glasgow Folk Club." <mask> formed a folk-pop duo called the Humblebums with Tam Harvey. In 1969, they were joined by Gerry Rafferty, who had approached <mask> after a gig in Paisley. The band signed for independent label, Transatlantic Records, and after recording one album (1969's First Collection of Merry Melodies), Harvey left the trio and <mask> and Rafferty went on to release two more albums: The New Humblebums (1969) and Open up the Door (1970).<mask>'s time with Rafferty possibly influenced his future comedy, because years later he would recall how Rafferty's expert prank telephone calls, made while waiting to go on stage, used to make him "scream" with

masks: Connolly Billy Connolly Connolly Connolly Connolly


title: Billy Connolly

texts: laughter. <mask>'s contributions were primarily straightforward pop-folk with quirky and whimsical lyrics, but he had not especially focused on comedy at this point. In 1968, a 26-year-old <mask> married Springburn native and interior designer Iris Pressagh, with whom he had two children. They initially lived on Redlands Road in Glasgow's West End, but when fans began to wait out in the street, they moved to Drymen near the south-eastern shore of Loch Lomond. Later that year, <mask>'s mother went to meet him backstage after a Humblebums gig in Dunoon, where she was working in the cafeteria at Dunoon General Hospital. It was the second and final meeting between them since she had abandoned <mask>. She had been living in the town with her partner, Willie Adams, with whom she had three daughters and a son."I went home to her house and stayed the night, instead of the hotel. The sadness is... She was a very nice woman, but we never got along. We both tried to like each other, and I don't think she liked me very much. I don't regret it, but I'm sad about it. I wish I'd liked her. And I wish she'd liked me." In 1971, the Humblebums broke up, with Rafferty going on to record his solo album Can I Have My Money Back?<mask> returned to being a folk singer. His live performances featured humorous introductions that became increasingly long. The head of Transatlantic Records, Nat Joseph, who had signed The Humblebums and had nurtured their career, was concerned that <mask> find a way to develop a distinctive solo career just as his former bandmate, Gerry Rafferty,

masks: Connolly Connolly Connolly Connolly Connolly Connolly


title: Billy Connolly

texts:
 was doing. Joseph saw several of <mask>'s performances and noted his comedic skills. Joseph had nurtured the recording career of another Scottish folk entertainer, Hamish Imlach, and saw potential in <mask> following a similar path. He suggested to <mask> that he drop the folk-singing and focus primarily on becoming a comedian. 1970s
In 1972, <mask> made his theatrical debut, at the Cottage Theatre in Cumbernauld, with a revue called <mask>'s Glasgow Flourish.He played the Edinburgh Festival Fringe with poet Tom Buchan, with whom he had written The Great Northern Welly Boot Show, and in costumes designed by the artist and writer John Byrne, who also designed the covers of the Humblebums' records. Also in 1972, Nat Joseph produced <mask>'s first solo album, Billy Connolly Live!, a mixture of comedic songs and short monologues that hinted at what was to follow. In late 1973, Joseph produced the breakthrough album that propelled <mask> to British stardom. Recorded at a small venue, The Tudor Hotel in Airdrie, the record was a double album titled Solo Concert. Releasing a live double-album by a comedian who was virtually unknown (except to a cult audience in Glasgow) was an unusual gambit by Joseph but his faith in <mask>'s talent turned out to be warranted. Joseph and his marketing team, which included publicist Martin Lewis, promoted the album to chart success on its release in 1974. It featured one of <mask>'s most famous comedy routines — "The Crucifixion" — in which he likens Christ's Last Supper to a drunken night out in Glasgow.The recording was

masks: Connolly Connolly Connolly Connolly Connolly Connolly Connolly Connolly Connolly


title: Billy Connolly

texts: banned by many radio stations at the time. In 1974, he sold out the Pavilion Theatre in his home town. In 1975, the rapidity and extent of <mask>'s breakthrough was used to secure him a booking on Britain's premier TV chat show, the BBC's Parkinson. <mask> made the most of the opportunity and, ignoring objections from his manager, told a bawdy joke about a man who had murdered his wife and buried her bottom-up so he'd have somewhere to park his bike. This ribald humour was unusually forthright on a primetime Saturday night on British television in the mid-1970s, and his appearance made a great impact. "When I finished that show, I came back to Glasgow, and I was coming through the airport and the whole airport started to applaud." <mask> became a good friend of the host, Michael Parkinson, and now holds the record for appearances on the programme, having been a guest on fifteen occasions.Referring to that debut appearance, he later said: "That programme changed my entire life." Parkinson, in the documentary, <mask>: Erect for 30 Years, stated that people still remember <mask> telling the punchline to the 'bike joke' three decades after that TV appearance. When asked about the material, <mask> stated, "Yes, it was incredibly edgy for its time. My manager, on the way over, warned me not to do it, but it was a great joke and the interview was going so well, I thought, 'Oh, fuck that!!' I don't know where I got the courage in those days, but Michael did put confidence in me." <mask>'s success spread to other English-speaking countries: Australia, New

masks:
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Connolly
Connolly
Billy Connolly
Connolly
Connolly
Connolly


title: Billy Connolly

texts: Zealand, and Canada. However, his broad Scottish accent and British cultural references made success in the US improbable.His increased profile led to contact with other celebrities; including musicians such as Elton John. John at that time was trying to assist British performers whom he personally liked to achieve success in the United States (he had released records in the US by veteran British pop singer Cliff Richard on his own Rocket label). John tried to give <mask> a boost in America by using him as the opening act on his 1976 US tour, but the well-intentioned gesture was a failure. John's American fans had no interest in being warmed-up by an unknown comedian – especially a Scotsman whose accent they found incomprehensible. "In Washington, some guy threw a pipe and it hit me right between my eyes", he told Michael Parkinson two years later. "It wasn't my audience. They made me feel about as welcome as a fart in a spacesuit."The quip caused fellow guest Angie Dickinson to laugh uncontrollably. <mask> continued to grow in popularity in the UK. In 1975, he signed with Polydor Records. <mask> continued to release live albums and he also recorded several comedic songs that enjoyed commercial success as novelty singles including parodies of Tammy Wynette's song "D.I.V.O.R.C.E." (which he performed on Top of the Pops in December 1975) and the Village People's "In the Navy" (titled "In the Brownies"). In 1976, <mask>'s first play, An' Me wi' a Bad Leg, Tae, opened in Irvine and toured in London. It was there that, after consuming a sizable amount of


title: Billy Connolly

texts: cocaine and alcohol, he collapsed on the floor of a recording studio.In 1979, <mask> met Pamela Stephenson, the New Zealand-born comedy actress, for the first time when he made a cameo appearance on the BBC sketch show, Not the Nine O'Clock News, in which she was one of the four regular performers. Returning to the stage, <mask> embarked on his Big Wee Tour of Britain, performing 69 dates in 84 days. While backstage in Brighton, he met Stephenson for a second time. He confided in her that he was unhappy and that his current marriage was over. Back at his hotel, where they began an affair, he reportedly drank thirty brandies. "What I saw of him – particularly in that dressing room – was that he was about to die," Stephenson said. "He was very suicidal.He was throwing everything away, desperately trying to feel no pain at all. You know how you get a sense from some people when they are very self-destructive that there is something they are trying to bury? They've got something they are trying to forget, or they are trying to drown their sorrows? He was hurting in a very deep way. I thought, 'If I leave this man, he's going to die.'" Also in 1979, <mask> was invited by producer Martin Lewis to join the cast of The Secret Policeman's Ball, the third in the series of The Secret Policeman's Balls fundraising shows for Amnesty International. <mask> was the first comedic performer in the series who was not an alumnus of the Oxbridge school of middle-class university-educated entertainers and he made the most of his appearance.Appearing in the company of


title: Billy Connolly

texts:
 long-established talents such as John Cleese and Peter Cook helped elevate the perception of <mask> as one of Britain's leading comedic talents. Lewis also teamed <mask> with Cleese and Cook to appear in the television commercial for the album. 1980s
In 1981, John Cleese and Martin Lewis invited <mask> to appear in that year's Amnesty show, The Secret Policeman's Other Ball. The commercial success of the special US version of The Secret Policeman's Other Ball film (Miramax Films, 1982) introduced <mask> to a wider American audience, who were attracted to the film because of the presence of Monty Python members. His on-screen presence alongside these performers – who were already familiar to Anglophile comedy buffs – helped lay down a marker for <mask>'s eventual return to the US in his own right eight years later. En route to begin filming Water (1985) in Saint Lucia, <mask> drank an excessive amount of alcohol on the plane. Upon arriving on the island, he had dinner with the cast and crew, including Michael Caine.In 1985, he divorced Iris Pressagh, his wife of sixteen years (they had separated four years earlier), and he was awarded custody of their children Jamie and Cara. That same year, he performed An Audience with..., which was videotaped at the South Bank Television Centre in front of a celebrity audience for ITV. The uncut, uncensored version was subsequently released on video. In July 1985, <mask> performed at Live Aid at Wembley Stadium, immediately preceding Elton John, whom he introduced on stage. 1990s
Although <mask> Goldberg and <mask>

masks:
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Connolly
Connolly
Connolly
Connolly
Connolly
Connolly
Connollyopi
Billy Connolly


title: Billy Connolly

texts: in Performance, produced by New York's Brooklyn Academy of Music. Soon after, <mask> succeeded Howard Hesseman as the star of the sitcom, Head of the Class for its final season. He would also take part on its spin-off series <mask>.<mask> joined boxer Frank Bruno and Ozzy Osbourne when singing "The War Song of the Urpneys" in the British animated television series The Dreamstone. In 1991, HBO released <mask>: Pale Blue Scottish Person, a standup performance recorded at the Wilshire Ebell Theatre in Los Angeles, California. On 4 June 1992, <mask> performed his 25th-anniversary concert in Glasgow. Parts of the show and its build-up were documented in The South Bank Show, which aired later in the year. In early January 1994, <mask> began a 40-date World Tour of Scotland, which would be broadcast by the BBC later in the year as a six-part series. It was so well received he did <mask>'s World Tour of Australia for the BBC in 1995. The eight-part series followed <mask> on his custom-made Harley Davidson trike.Also in 1995, <mask> recorded a BBC special, entitled A Scot in the Arctic, in which he spent a week by himself in the Arctic Circle. He voiced Captain John Smith's shipmate, Ben, in Disney's animated film, Pocahontas. In 1996, he appeared in Muppet Treasure Island as <mask>. In 1997, he starred with Dame Judi Dench in Mrs Brown, in which he played John Brown, the favoured Scottish servant of Queen Victoria. He was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and a BAFTA Scotland Award for Best Actor, as well as a Screen Actors Guild

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Billy Bones


title: Billy Connolly

texts:
 Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance. In 1998, <mask>'s best friend, Danny Kyle, died. "He was my dearest, dearest, oldest friend", <mask> explained to an Australian audience on his Greatest Hits compilation, released in 2001.It was Kyle who helped <mask> overcome his habit of recoiling on being touched by others, a remnant of the abuse he endured as a child. "Every time it happened, Danny would just collapse with hysterics," said Pamela Stephenson. "'That's not normal, <mask>,' Danny tried to be patient with him. 'You'll have to relax. It's touchy-feely, you know, the way we live. We like to touch each other and we kiss: we're different. You'll have to calm down or you'll always be fighting.'"He performed a cover version of the Beatles' song, "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite" on George Martin's 1998 album, In My Life. In November 1998, <mask> was the subject of a two-hour retrospective entitled, <mask>: Erect for 30 Years, which included tributes from Dench, Sir Sean Connery, Whoopi Goldberg, Robin Williams, Dustin Hoffman, and Eddie Izzard. In 1999, after forming Tickety-Boo management company with Malcolm Kingsnorth, his tour manager and sound engineer of 25 years, <mask> undertook a four-month, 59-date sellout tour of Australia and New Zealand. Later in the year, he completed a five-week, 25-date sellout run at London's Hammersmith Apollo. 2000s

In 2000, <mask> starred in Beautiful Joe alongside Sharon Stone. The following year, he completed the third in his "World Tour" BBC series, this time of England, Ireland and Wales, which

masks:
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Connolly
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Connolly
Billy Connolly
Connolly
Connolly


title: Billy Connolly

texts: began in Dublin and ended in Plymouth. It was broadcast the following year.Also in 2001, Stephenson's first biography of her husband, <mask>, was published. Much of the book is about <mask> the celebrity but the account of his early years provides a context for his humour and point of view. A follow-up, Bravemouth, was published in 2003. A fourth BBC series, World Tour of New Zealand, was filmed in 2004 and aired that winter. Also in his 63rd year, <mask> performed two sold-out benefit concerts at the Oxford New Theatre in memory of Malcolm Kingsnorth. He has continued to be a much in-demand character actor, appearing in several films such as White Oleander (2002), The Last Samurai (2003), and Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (2004). He has played an eclectic collection of leading roles in recent years, including a lawyer who undertakes a legal case of Biblical proportions in The Man Who Sued God (2001), and a young boy's pet zombie in Fido (2006).Also in 2005, <mask> and Stephenson announced, after fourteen years of living in Hollywood, they were returning to live in the former's native land. They purchased a  yacht with the profits from their house-sale and split the year between Malta and the 12-bedroom Candacraig House in Strathdon, Aberdeenshire, which they had purchased in 1998 from Dame Anita Roddick. Later in the year, <mask> topped an unscientific poll of "Britain's Favourite Comedian" conducted by the network Five, placing him ahead of performers such as John Cleese, Ronnie Barker, Dawn French, and Peter Cook. In 2006, he


title: Billy Connolly

texts:
 revealed he has a house on the Maltese island of Gozo. He and his wife also have an apartment in New York City near Union Square. On 30 December 2007, <mask> escaped uninjured from a single-car accident on the A939 near Ballater, Aberdeenshire. 2010s
In 2011, <mask> and his wife were living full-time in New York City, whilst retaining their Candacraig residence.The <mask>s decided to sell Candacraig House in September 2013, with a price of £2.75 million. In 2012, <mask> provided the voice of King Fergus in Pixar's Scotland-set animated film Brave, alongside fellow Scottish actors Kelly Macdonald, Craig Ferguson, Robbie Coltrane, Emma Thompson, and Kevin McKidd. <mask> appeared as Wilf in Quartet, a 2012 British comedy-drama film based on the play Quartet by Ronald Harwood, directed by Dustin Hoffman. In 2014, he appeared in The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies as Dáin II Ironfoot, a great dwarf warrior and cousin of Thorin II Oakenshield. Peter Jackson stated: "We could not think of a more fitting actor to play Dain Ironfoot, the staunchest and toughest of dwarves, than <mask>, the Big Yin himself. With <mask> stepping into this role, the cast of The Hobbit is now complete. We can't wait to see him on the battlefield."Steve Brown, <mask>'s manager of 32 years, died in December 2017 at the age of 72. In 2018, <mask>, now resident in Florida, held his first art exhibition. He stated at the time that he would no longer be touring as a comedian. 2020s
As of 2021, he and his wife live in Florida. He published a biography, Windswept and Interesting,

masks:
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Connolly
Connolly
Connolly
Connolly
Billy Connolly
Billy
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title: Billy Connolly

texts:
 in October 2021. Personal life

<mask> married Iris Pressagh in 1969. They separated in 1981 and divorced in 1985.In 1981 he began living with Pamela Stephenson; they were married in Fiji on 20 December 1989. "Marriage to Pam didn't change me; it saved me," he later said. "I was going to die. I was on a downwards spiral and enjoying every second of it. Not only was I dying, but I was looking forward to it." <mask> has two children from his first marriage and three from his second. He became a grandfather in 2001, when his daughter Cara gave birth to Walter.On 30 December 1985, <mask> became teetotal, having been an alcoholic. "I don't miss drinking. It has taken me by surprise," <mask> stated 24 years later. "I miss the craic. I miss the joy of it all. The headbanging stupidity, the loveliness, the craziness of it. I miss it terribly."He recalls blackouts that he would fill in upon returning to sobriety. "Well, [the memories] stopped coming back. But when I drank, I would go, 'Oh, I remember now.'" <mask> is describing the phenomenon of state-dependent learning. "That was frightening. I remember thinking, 'Beware, <mask> boy. Beware.All is not well. Do something.'" Regarding the decision he made to stay sober: "If Pamela goes away, I'm on my own. There's nothing. There's only me and it. So the choice becomes very apparent." In 1986, he visited Mozambique to appear in a documentary for Comic Relief.He also featured in the charity's inaugural live stage show, both as a stand-up and portraying a willing "victim" in his partner Pamela Stephenson's act of

masks: Connolly Connolly Connolly Connolly Connolly Billy


title: Billy Connolly

texts:
 sawing a man in half to create two dwarfs. <mask> completed his first world tour in 1987, including six nights at the Royal Albert Hall in London, which was documented in the Billy and Albert video. In March 1988, his father died after a stroke, the eighth of his life. His mother died five years later, in 1993, of motor neurone disease. In the book <mask> (and in a December 2008 online interview), <mask> states he was sexually abused by his father between the ages of ten and fifteen. He believes this was a result of the Catholic Church not allowing his father to divorce after his mother left the family. Because of this, <mask> has a "deep distrust and dislike of the Catholic church and any other organisation that brainwashes people".He has called himself an atheist. In September 2013, <mask> underwent minor surgery for early-stage prostate cancer. The announcement also stated that he was being treated for the initial symptoms of Parkinson's disease. <mask> had acknowledged earlier in 2013 that he had started to forget his lines during performances. In January 2019, he disclosed that its advance may force his retirement from performing. He appeared on the BBC's genealogy programme Who Do You Think You Are? on 2 October 2014, in which he discovered his Indian ancestry.Ancestry
<mask>'s paternal grandfather, whom – like his paternal grandmother <mask> never met, was an Irish immigrant who left Ireland when he was ten years old. His great-great-great grandfather (Charles Mills, a coast guard, 1796–1870) and great-great grandfather (Bartholomew Valentine

masks:
Connolly
Billy
Connolly
Connolly
Connolly
Connolly
Connolly
– Connolly


title: Billy Connolly

texts:
 <mask>) were from Connemara. His father was <mask>; his mother, Mary "Mamie" McLean, was from the Clan Maclean of Duart Castle on the Isle of Mull on the west coast of Scotland. Mamie's father, Neil, was a Protestant and her mother, Flora, was a Roman Catholic who "made clandestine arrangements for the children to be baptised as Catholics", even though they were "formally raised as Protestants". His maternal grandparents moved inland to Finnieston Street, Glasgow, in the early 1900s. His maternal great-great-great-grandfather, John O'Brien, fought at the Siege of Lucknow during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He was wounded during the long siege by a severe gunshot to the left shoulder.He married a local 13-year-old Indian girl called Matilda. They had four children and settled in Bangalore after his military service. In 2018, <mask> moved to Key West, Florida. Political views
<mask> had previously been a vocal opponent of Scottish independence. In 1974, he made a political party television broadcast on behalf of the Labour Party which criticised the Scottish National Party. In 1999, he blamed the SNP for a perceived increase in Anglophobia in Scotland; described the new Scottish Parliament as a joke; and declined to attend the opening ceremony. He questioned the expense of independence, and whether average Scots would benefit from another level of government, though he added "Scots are very capable of making up their mind without my tuppence worth."In April 2014, in an interview with the Radio Times leading up to the independence referendum, he stated

masks:
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William Connolly
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title: Billy Connolly

texts: "I think it's time for people to get together, not split apart. The more people stay together, the happier they'll be." He also referred to the Darien scheme, an effort to establish a Scottish colony in the Isthmus of Panama in 1698; the colony's failure destroyed the Kingdom of Scotland's economy and led to the Acts of Union in 1707. <mask> wrote, "You must remember that the Union saved Scotland. Scotland was bankrupt and the English opened us up to their American and Canadian markets, from which we just flowered." During an interview with the BBC prior to polling day for the Scottish independence referendum on 18 September 2014, <mask> revealed he would not be voting as he was flying to New Zealand that day. He expressed his belief that the people of Scotland did not need his opinion to make up their minds on the subject.In October 2018, several media outlets stated that in his book Made in Scotland, released on 10 October, <mask> had voiced his support for independence in light of the 2016 referendum on the United Kingdom leaving the European Union (Brexit), in which Scotland voted to remain. The Times reported <mask> as calling the Brexit vote a "disaster" and saying that independence "may be the way to go" in order for Scotland to maintain a connection to Europe. In Episode Five of the BBC Scotland documentary, Billy and Us, first broadcast on 11 June 2020, he said "I've never liked nationalism in any of its guises. I'm not saying I've never agreed with independence. I think a Scottish republic is as good an idea as any I ever heard." Support for


title: Billy Connolly

texts:
 charity
<mask> is a patron of the National Association for Bikers with a Disability. He is also a patron of Celtic F.C.'s The Celtic Foundation. Other ventures

Folk music

In 1965, together with Tam Harvey, <mask> started a group called The Humblebums. At their first gig, <mask> reportedly introduced them both to the audience by saying, "My name's <mask>, and I'm humble. This is Tam Harvey, he's a bum." The band would later include Gerry Rafferty, who saw <mask> at a charity show in Paisley. "Gerry was very good for me. He taught me that I would never be a musician as long as my arse looked south.He was just so outstandingly good and getting better, and although I was getting better too, the space between us remained huge. He was a real musician, he knew and felt music, a bass player, with a lovely sense of harmony, as well as a great guitarist. I knew tunes and how to play them but that was where my musicianship ended. Unfortunately, I'm still the same to this day. I work very hard, I play every day but I'm still ordinary. I can be flashy, but it's all tricks really. He's a musician and I'm just not in the same league.So, I gave up these ambitions and concentrated on what I was really born to do." After Harvey left the group, <mask> and Rafferty continued as a duo and the latter two of their three albums featured just that duo. <mask> sang, played five-string banjo, guitar, and autoharp, and at live shows entertained the audience with his humorous introductions to the songs. Frank Bruno and <mask> provided lead vocals on, "The War Song of the

masks:
Connolly
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Billy Connolly
Connolly
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Connolly
Connolly


title: Billy Connolly

texts: Urpneys" from The Dreamstone; although the version heard in the series was largely sung by composer Mike Batt. In his World Tour of Scotland, <mask> revealed that, at a trailer show during the Edinburgh Festival, the Humblebums took to the stage just before Yehudi Menuhin. The Humblebums broke up in 1971 and both <mask> and Rafferty went solo. <mask>'s first solo album in 1972, <mask> Live!on Transatlantic Records, featured him as a singer-songwriter. His early albums were a mixture of comedy performances, with comedic and serious musical interludes. Among his best-known musical performances were "The Welly Boot Song", a parody of the Scottish folk song "The Wark O' The Weavers," which became his theme song for several years; "In the Brownies", a parody of the hit Village People songs "In the Navy" and "Y.M.C.A." (for which <mask> filmed a music video); "Two Little Boys in Blue", a tongue-in-cheek indictment of police brutality done to the tune of Rolf Harris' "Two Little Boys"; and the ballad, "I Wish I Was in Glasgow," which <mask> would later perform in duet with Malcolm McDowell on a guest appearance on the 1990s American sitcom Pearl (which starred Rhea Perlman). He also performed the occasional Humblebums-era song such as, "Oh, No!" as well as straightforward covers such as a version of Dolly Parton's, "Coat of Many Colors", both of which were included on his Get Right Intae Him! album.In November 1975, his spoof of the Tammy Wynette song, "D-I-V-O-R-C-E" was a UK No. 1 single for one week. Wynette's original was about parents spelling out words

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title: Billy Connolly

texts:
 of an impending marital split to avoid traumatising their young child. <mask>'s spoof of the song played on the dog owners using the same tactic to avoid worrying their pet about an impending trip to the vet. <mask>'s song is about a couple whose marriage is ruined by a bad vet visit (spelling out "W-O-R-M" or "Q-U-A-R-A-N-T-I-N-E", for example.) His song, "No Chance" was a parody of J. J. Barrie's cover of the song, "No Charge". In 1985, he sang the theme song to Super Gran which was released as a single.In 1996, he performed a cover of Ralph McTell's "In the Dreamtime" as the theme to his World Tour of Australia. By the late 1980s, <mask> had all but dropped the music from his act, though he still records the occasional musical performance, such as a 1980s recording of his composition "Sergeant, Where's Mine?" with The Dubliners. In 1998, he covered The Beatles' "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" on the George Martin tribute album In My Life. He sang the Scottish folk song "Bonnie George Campbell" during the film, Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events.In 1995 and 2005, he released two albums of instrumental performances, Musical Tour of Scotland and, <mask>'s Musical Tour of New Zealand, respectively. <mask> is among the artists featured on Banjoman, a tribute to American folk musician Derroll Adams, released in 2002. He plays one song, "The Rock". Stand-up comedy

<mask>'s observational comedy is idiosyncratic and often off-the-cuff. He has offended certain sectors of audiences, critics and the media with his free use of the word


title: Billy Connolly

texts:
 "fuck", and he has made jokes relating to masturbation, blasphemy, defecation, flatulence, hemorrhoids, sex, his father's illness, his aunts' cruelty and, in the latter stages of his career, old age (specifically his experiences of growing old). In 2007 and again in 2010, he was voted the greatest stand-up comic on Channel 4's 100 Greatest Stand-Ups. He once again topped the list on Channel 5's Greatest Stand-Up Comedians, broadcast on New Year's Eve 2013.Since the 1980s, <mask> has worn a custom-made black T-shirt with a shirt-tail as part of his on-stage attire. Steve Brown was his manager from 1986 until his death in 2017. Comics writing
Between 1973 and 1977 <mask> wrote a newspaper gag-a-day comic with cartoonist Malky McCormick, titled The Big Yin. Art
<mask> has published six collections of humorous black-and-white drawings. His method is similar to that of the Surrealist Automatism movement, whereby the artist allows their hand to move randomly across the paper or canvas without a specific intent. In April 2019, to celebrate World Parkinson's Day, his art was projected onto MacLellan's Castle in Kirkcudbright. His first sculpture, which is inspired by his past as a welder, was released in March 2020.Discography
Below is a partial list of <mask>'s solo musical and comedic recordings. For his releases with the Humblebums, see here. 1972 – <mask> Live
 1974 – Cop Yer Whack for This
 1974 – Solo Concert
 1975 – Get Right Intae Him! (#80 AUS
 1975 – Words and Music
 1975 – The Big Yin
 1976 – Atlantic Bridge
 1977 – <mask>
 1977 – Raw Meat for

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title: Billy Connolly

texts:
 the Balcony! In 2002, the BAFTA presented him with a Lifetime Achievement Award. In the 2003 Birthday Honours, <mask> was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), for "services to Entertainment". On 4 July 2006, <mask> was awarded an honorary doctorate by Glasgow's Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama (RSAMD), for his service to performing arts.On 18 March 2007 and again on 11 April 2010, <mask> was named Number One in Channel 4's "100 Greatest Stand-Ups". On 22 July 2010, <mask> was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) by Nottingham Trent University. On 20 August 2010, <mask> was made a Freeman of Glasgow, with the award of the Freedom of the City of Glasgow. On 10 December 2012, <mask> picked up his BAFTA Scotland Award for Outstanding Achievement in Television and Film at his BAFTA, A Life in Pictures, interview in the Old Fruitmarket, Glasgow. In January 2016, he was presented with the Special Recognition award at the National Television Awards to honour his career. In the 2017 Birthday Honours, <mask> was knighted for "services to entertainment and charity".As of 2017, Glasgow has at least three large-scale gable murals commissioned by BBC Scotland and one metalwork mural commissioned by Sanctuary Scotland Housing Association depicting him. On 22 June 2017, <mask> received an honorary doctorate from University of Strathclyde in Glasgow. In November 2019, The Glasgow Times named <mask> as The Greatest Glaswegian as determined by a public poll. Bibliography

References

External links

 1989


title: Winnie Waldron

texts:
<mask>  is an American music producer for video games, a producer for radio, a radio script editor / adapter, a manuscript editor and a radio host. Career

Radio
Waldron began her professional relationship with National Public Radio via the radio drama series Tales from the Other Side, a science fiction speculative series which aired as a part of NPR Playhouse in 1992. For this series, Waldron served as script editor, actress, on-air host and co-producer with her long-time creative partner Winifred Phillips. From 1992 to 2003, Waldron served as on-air host, producer and script editor / adapter for a series of radio dramas, first presented on National Public Radio Playhouse under the title Generations Radio Theater Presents, and then later as Generations Radio Theater Presents: Radio Tales. This anthology series adapted classic works of American and world literature, and was a recipient of funding from the National Endowment for the Arts. The programs air regularly as the Radio Tales series on the Sirius XM Book Radio channel of Sirius XM Satellite Radio. Video games
Waldron's latest project is the Sackboy: A Big Adventure video game, developed by Sumo Digital and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment.Waldron also produced music for the Sumo Digital developed game Spyder, released in 2020 for the Apple Arcade platform. Waldron produced music in 2016 for the Homefront: The Revolution videogame, developed by DS Dambuster and published by Deep Silver. In 2015, Waldron produced music for the Total War Battles: KINGDOM video game, developed by Creative Assembly and published by Sega. Waldron served as music producer for the video game LittleBigPlanet 3: her work on this project earned a Hollywood Music in Media


title: Winnie Waldron

texts:
 producer for this game, <mask> also received nominations in several year-end award competitions, including the GameZone Awards, the Best of IGN Awards, and the G4TV X-Play Best of 2012 Awards. Waldron's first project as a music producer for video games was the God of War adventure game from Sony Computer Entertainment America. In 2007, Waldron worked with creative partner Winifred Phillips to produce a cover version of the theme song from the Super Mario Bros. video game for the compilation CD entitled Best of the Best: A Tribute to Game Music, Volume I, released by GameMusicCentral. In 2008, she was music producer for the Speed Racer video game. In 2009, Waldron produced the music of the Spore Hero videogame from Electronic Arts. Also in 2009, Waldron served as music producer for the video game "SimAnimals" for the Wii. The music of "SimAnimals" was released as a downloadable soundtrack album by the record company E.A.R.S.EA Recordings on January 13, 2009. <mask> is credited as music producer for the 2009 XBLA game The Maw. Other video games for which Waldron served as music producer include Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole, Shrek the Third, The Da Vinci Code, and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Waldron produced the music for the Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole video game soundtrack album, which was released on October 26, 2010 by WaterTower Music, a division of Warner Bros.  One of the tracks on the album, entitled "With Hearts Sublime", is a winner of a 2010 Hollywood Music in Media Award in the category "Best Original Song - Video Game". Other
Waldron served as the first manuscript editor of the book, A Composer's Guide to Game Music, which was published by MIT Press in March

masks: Waldron Waldron


title: Pat Nixon

texts: Thelma Catherine "<mask>" <mask> (March 16, 1912 – June 22, 1993) was First Lady of the United States from 1969 to 1974 as the wife of President <mask>. She also served as Second Lady of the United States from 1953 to 1961 when her husband was vice president. Born in Ely, Nevada, she grew up with her two brothers in what is now Cerritos, California, graduating from high school in 1929. She attended Fullerton Junior College and later the University of Southern California. She paid for her schooling by working multiple jobs, including pharmacy manager, typist, radiographer, and retail clerk. In 1940, she married lawyer <mask> and they had two daughters, Tricia and Julie. Dubbed the "<mask> team," Richard and <mask> campaigned together in his successful congressional campaigns of 1946 and 1948.<mask> was elected vice president in 1952 alongside General Dwight D. Eisenhower, whereupon <mask> became Second Lady. <mask> did much to add substance to the role of the vice president's wife, insisting on visiting schools, orphanages, hospitals, and village markets as she undertook many missions of goodwill across the world. As First Lady, <mask> promoted a number of charitable causes, including volunteerism. She oversaw the collection of more than 600 pieces of historic art and furnishings for the White House, an acquisition larger than that of any other administration. She was the most traveled First Lady in U.S. history, a record unsurpassed until twenty-five years later. She accompanied the President as the first First Lady to visit China and the Soviet Union, and was the first president's wife to be officially designated a representative of the United States on her solo trips to Africa and South America,

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title: Pat Nixon

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 which gained her recognition as "Madame Ambassador"; she was also the first First Lady to enter a combat zone. Her tenure as First Lady ended when, after being re-elected in a landslide victory in 1972, President <mask> resigned two years later amid the Watergate scandal.Her public appearances became increasingly rare later in life. She and her husband settled in San Clemente, California, and later moved to New Jersey. She suffered two strokes, one in 1976 and another in 1983, and was diagnosed with lung cancer in 1992. She died in 1993, aged 81. Early life
Thelma Catherine Ryan was born in 1912 in the small mining town of Ely, Nevada. Her father, William M. Ryan Sr., was a sailor, gold miner, and truck farmer of Irish ancestry; her mother, Katherine Halberstadt, was a German immigrant. The nickname "<mask>" was given to her by her father, because of her birth on the day before Saint Patrick's Day and her Irish ancestry.When she enrolled in college in 1931 she started using the name "<mask>" (and occasionally "<mask>") instead of "Thelma" but she did not legally change her name. After her birth, the Ryan family moved to California, and in 1914 settled on a small truck farm in Artesia (present-day Cerritos). Thelma Ryan's high school yearbook page gives her nickname as "Buddy" and her ambition to run a boarding house. She worked on the family farm and also at a local bank as a janitor and bookkeeper. Her mother died of cancer in 1924. <mask>, who was only 12, assumed all the household duties for her father (who died himself of silicosis 5 years later) and her two older brothers, William Jr. (1910–1997) and Thomas (1911–1992). She also had a half-sister, Neva Bender (1909–1981), and a half-brother,

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title: Pat Nixon

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 Matthew Bender (1907–1973), from her mother's first marriage; her mother's first husband had died during a flash flood in South Dakota.Education and career
It has been said that few, if any, First Ladies worked as consistently before marrying as did <mask>. As she told the writer Gloria Steinem during the 1968 presidential campaign, "I never had time to think about things like that—who I wanted to be, or who I admired, or to have ideas. I never had time to dream about being anyone else. I had to work." After graduating from Excelsior High School in 1929, she attended Fullerton College. She paid for her education by working odd jobs, including as a driver, a pharmacy manager, a telephone operator, and a typist. She also earned money sweeping the floors of a local bank, and from 1930 until 1931, she lived in New York City, working as a secretary and also as a radiographer.Determined "to make something out of myself", she enrolled in 1931 at the University of Southern California (USC), where she majored in merchandising. A former professor noted that she "stood out from the empty-headed, overdressed little sorority girls of that era like a good piece of literature on a shelf of cheap paperbacks". She held part-time jobs on campus, worked as a sales clerk in Bullock's-Wilshire department store, and taught touch typing and shorthand at a high school. She also supplemented her income by working as an extra and bit player in the film industry, for which she took several screen tests. In this capacity, she made brief appearances in films such as Becky Sharp (1935), The Great Ziegfeld (1936), and Small Town Girl (1936). In some cases she ended up on the cutting room floor, such as with her spoken lines in