title: Eric Birley

texts:
<mask>,  (12 January 1906 – 20 October 1995), was a British historian and archaeologist, particularly associated with the excavation of the forts of Hadrian's Wall, notably at Vindolanda. He was born in Eccles, Lancashire, England, on 12 January 1906. He died at Carvoran House, Greenhead, Northumberland, England, on 20 October 1995, age 89. Education and career
<mask> was educated at Clifton College. He then studied classics at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he obtained a double first in Mods and Greats. He was influenced in the study of history and archaeology by Michael Holroyd, his Brasenose tutor; R. G. Collingwood, the renowned authority on Roman Britain; and F. G. Simpson, Director of Field Studies at Durham, and a great influence on Birley vis-à-vis the art and science of excavation. Under the direction of F.G. Simpson, Birley began excavating at Hadrian's Wall in 1927 while an undergraduate.<mask>'s first archaeological dig occurred at Birdoswald. After graduating from Oxford, Birley worked for a short time for the Society of Antiquaries of London acting as a construction site observer for the Society. It was during this period in London that <mask> befriended Mortimer Wheeler of the London Museum engendering in Birley a lifelong interest in "imported Roman 'samian' pottery with moulded decoration." A chance discovery in 1929 of two inscription stones in the praetentura at Birdoswald led Birley to suggest redating the Wall periods. This discovery, and Birley's redating, impacted the study of Roman Britain tremendously inasmuch as it "has formed the basis of all subsequent work on the chronology of Hadrian's Wall." In 1929, having developed a keen interest in the Wall through his excavations, Birley succeeded in buying the Clayton Estate at Chesterholm that had belonged to Anthony Hedley, the 19th century antiquary. Nearby Houselands would also come up for sale; however, Birley could not afford the purchase of both properties, although he would eventually excavate them

masks:
Eric Barff Birley
Birley
Birley
Birley


title: Eric Birley

type: original

texts: both.Chesterholm-Vindolanda would eventually be converted into a museum and research centre, in which the spectacular finds from Vindolanda would be displayed and interpreted. In 1931, at the age of 24, he became a lecturer at the University of Durham, "already with an impressive record of excavation on Hadrian's Wall, partly under the guidance of F.G. Simpson," whom he would replace upon the latter's stepping down as Director of Field Studies. Through trips to Germany and Switzerland, he began to expand his expertise in samian pottery, epigraphy, and his primary field of interest, the Roman army. As a consequence of these trips abroad, his continental reputation grew. In 1943, he was promoted to reader. In 1947, he became Vice Master of Hatfield College. In 1949, he was promoted to Master of Hatfield.He would finish his academic career having been Master of Hatfield College (1949–1956); Professor of Romano-British History and Archaeology (1956–1971); Head of the Department of Archaeology (1956–1971); and Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences (1968–1971). In 1949, Birley established the first International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies. During his tenure, he was president of all three of the local archaeological societies. Also, during his years at Durham, he would influence such notable students as George Jobey and John Gillam, each of whom would go on to hold prestigious university teaching positions. One student recalls that Birley was "incredibly generous and trusting in … [his] … support to students." Birley would become known as an expert on the Roman army. For his "practical experience of the ways in which modern armies work," he was inspired in asking questions about organisation and methods of the Roman army.His expertise and work in this field served to make <mask>veral highly-talented and influential postgraduate students to the Department, whose research has … "epitomised, and to a large degree set the agenda for, British work on the Roman military for much of the twentieth


title: Eric Birley

texts:
 century." Often known collectively as the "Durham School," they include David Breeze (Chief Inspector of Ancient Monuments for Historic Scotland and Visiting Professor at Durham University since 1994), Brian Dobson (Emeritus Reader at Durham University), the late Mike Jarrett (former Professor at Cardiff University), Valerie Maxfield (Professor at Exeter University) and John Wilkes (Emeritus Professor at the London Institute of Archaeology).Birley's influence is still very much alive in the Archaeology Department at Durham University: "Durham Archaeology is still founded on the vision and determination of its early pioneers, notably <mask> and … [his] … influence lives on in successive generations of staff and students." In <mask>'s obituary, former Durham PhD student and Emeritus Yates Professor of Greek and Roman Archaeology at the Institute of Archaeology, John Wilkes wrote in The Independent that "<mask> dominated the study of the Roman army, of Hadrian's Wall and Roman frontiers in general for much of his 40 years as a teacher at Durham University, interrupted only by six years of war service, when he was engaged in the study of the German army for Military Intelligence." World War II service

During World War II, he worked in military intelligence. Birley was appointed to the Territorial Army Reserve of Officers Special List (a list of officers not formally attached to a unit) as a second lieutenant on 25 August 1939, just prior to the outbreak of war. In the New Years Honours of 1943 Birley, by then promoted to the rank of captain and temporary major, became a member of the military division of the Order of the British Empire (MBE). On 24 May 1945 Birley, since promoted to temporary lieutenant-colonel, received permission from the war office to accept the award of the Polish order of Polonia Restituta fourth class (officer's cross).On 16 January 1948 he received permission to accept the American award of the Legion of Merit third class (officer). On 8 September 1953 <mask>, whose

masks:
Eric Birley
Birley
Eric Birley
Birley


title: Eric Birley

texts:
 permanent commission during the war had only been that of a lieutenant and who held the war substantive rank of major, was granted the permanent rank of major backdated to 1 January 1949. Major <mask> reached the age limit (50 years) for service on 12 January 1956 and retired from the army on that date, being granted the honorary rank of lieutenant-colonel. Personal life

In 1934, he married Margaret Isabel Goodlet, a former student of his who excavated at Housesteads and Vindolanda and with whom he published a report on the Vindolanda excavations. The marriage that would last over 60 years until his death. Their two sons, Robin (1935–2018) and Anthony (1937–2020), would both become eminent in their field, and would continue their father's work at Vindolanda. The elder, Robin, was named after Birley's great influence, R.G.Collingwood, while the younger, Anthony, was named after Anthony Hedley, the former owner of Chesterholm. While still excavating at Chesterholm-Vindolanda to this day, the <mask> family no longer reside there having left Chesterholm for Durham in 1950. Birley family

<mask> was the great-great-nephew of Hugh Hornby <mask>, who led the troops at the Peterloo Massacre in 1819. Selected publications

<mask>, <mask> & Devijver, Hubert (1988). The Equestrian Officers of the Roman Imperial Army, Vol. 1. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben

See also
Official Vindolanda Site
<mask> (son)
<mask> (son)
Andrew Birley (grandson)
Brian Dobson
David Breeze

References

British archaeologists
English archaeologists
Academics of Durham University
Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
People educated at Clifton College
People from Eccles, Greater Manchester
1906 births
1995 deaths
British people of English descent
Scholars of Hadrian's Wall
Scholars of Roman history
20th-century British historians
<mask>
Masters of Hatfield College, Durham
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of

masks:
Birley
Birley
Eric
Birley
Birley
Eric
Robin Birley
Anthony Birley
Eric Birley


title: Miguel Junyent Rovira

texts:
<mask>nt <mask> () (1871-1936) was a Spanish Catalan publisher and politician. He is best known as director of El Correo Catalán, the newspaper he periodically owned and managed between 1903 and 1933. As a politician he was active within Carlism; he remained the regional Catalan party leader in 1915-1916 and in 1919–1933. He twice served in the Cortes, in 1907-1910 as member of the Congress of Deputies and in 1918-1919 as member of the Senate. He is counted among moderate Carlists, who favored alliance with conservative Catalanists and opposed the violent faction within his party. Family and youth

The Catalan Junyent family was first noted in the 13th century and a few of its representatives distinguished themselves in the history of Spain, yet it is not clear whether any counted among the forefathers of <mask>. None of the sources consulted provides any information on his distant ancestors; the only one identified along the patriline is his father, <mask> (1836-1900).He spent all his life in the Catalan town of Piera and it seems that he ranked in the local bourgeoisie, listed as one of the local propietarios and at times among the "more important" ones; he owned an estate known as Can Perevells. Salvador married a girl from Cornella de Llobregat, Prudencia <mask> Oller (1837-1914), possibly related to a local industrialist family. It is not clear how many children they had; it is known that <mask> had at least one sister. Nothing is known about the childhood of <mask> in general or about his early education in particular. At unspecified time though probably in the late 1880s he entered the law faculty of the Barcelona University; he graduated in jurisprudence shortly before or in 1895. He formally entered the Barcelona colegio de abogados in 1897 and in the very late 19th century he was officially recorded as a practicing lawyer. In 1901 he was listed among juzgados municipales, noted as fiscal in Distrito de San Gervasio de Cassolas; in the early 20th century he acted as defense attorney and specialized in civil law.At unspecified time though prior

masks:
Miguel Junye
Rovira
Miguel
Salvador Junyent Boés
Rovira
Miguel
Miguel


title: Miguel Junyent Rovira

texts:
 to 1898 <mask>nt married Joaquína Quintana Padró (1874-1912); close to nothing is known about her or her family. The couple settled in Barcelona and had 3 children. As a widower and sometime before 1916 Junyent remarried with a widow, Mercedes Canalías Vintró (died 1934); the couple had no own children. The oldest daughter of <mask> and Joaquína died in early childhood. Their son, José María <mask> Quintana (1901-1982), already in the 1930s was a locally known Carlist politician; he briefly served in the Barcelona ayuntamiento in the 1940s, but he made his name mostly as periodsta and partially as a writer, assuming distinguished positions in the Catalan press corps of the 1950s. The younger daughter María de Montserrat <mask> Quintana (1905-1985) married Juan Baptista Roca Caball, a well-known Catalan Christian-democratic politician of late Francoism. Among Junyent's grandchildren <mask> Junyent became one of the most recognized politicians of early post-Francoist era, counted among "fathers of the 1978 constitution"; <mask>yent Armenteras grew to high executive positions in the world of Catalan commercial finance.Early public engagements (1894-1906)

None of the sources consulted provides information on political preferences of Junyent's ancestors, though it seems that his father was a Traditionalist, possibly close to Integrism. The young <mask> already during his academic period was active in conservative organizations; in 1891 he acted as secretary of Junta Directiva del Asociación de San Luis Gonzaga and engaged in the Barcelona branch of Juventud Carlista, growing to its vice-treasurer prior to 1894. In the mid-1890s noted in various religious initiatives he was also speaking at local Carlist círculos, reportedly applauded by the public and by some party heavyweights. This is how he attracted attention of the regional Carlist jefé Luis Llauder y Dalmases, also the owner and manager of the unofficial regional party mouthpiece, El Correo Catalán. Llauder invited Junyent to contribute to El Correo, which soon turned into a permanent collaboration.

masks:
Miguel Junye
Miguel
Junyent
Junyent
Miguel Roca
Miguel Jun
Miguel


title: Miguel Junyent Rovira

texts:
 another crisis ensued. Eventually the entire Junta Provincial including Junyent as its head handed their resignations; Solferino was reinstated as the Catalan jefé. Changes in local party leadership did not prevent growing fragmentation of Catalan Carlism in the late 1910s. According to one scholar around 1917 it was divided into a faction led by Junyent and Lluís Argemí and a group headed by <mask> and Teodoro Más; according to another by 1919 there were 3 groups, the Jaimistas with Junyent, Bartolomé Trías and Juan María Roma, the Ateneo faction championed by Pablo Vives and the Mellista section led by Iglesias. Still more confusing was emergence of Carlism-flavored trade unions, catering to urban proletariat; during foundation of Sindicato Libre Regional in Barcelona in 1919 Junyent was present and supportive, though soon the Libres would emancipate and vehemently deny any Traditionalist heritage. Junyent cautiously tried to navigate his way between violent urban insurrectionism, nationalist separatism, Mellista concept of grand ultra-right alliance and watering down of Traditionalist ideario in an ambiguous bourgeoisie coalition.Though lambasting "nacionalistas cuando se atribuyen la representación de Cataluña" he tried not to burn the bridges with La Lliga. It was thanks to the Lliguista support that in 1918 – still officially listed as abogado - he was elected as the Barcelona representative to the Senate. His entry into the upper chamber coincided with explosive climax of the Mellista fronde within Carlism; in early 1919 de Mella and his supports broke away to form their own organization, the move which decimated command party layers across the country. Junyent maintained his trademark loyalty to Don Jaime; he took part in Magna Junta de Biarritz, a grand meeting supposed to set the party course for the future, and for the second time was nominated the Catalan leader. Unlike the first brief episode, this time his string at the helm of regional Carlism would last 14 years. Senate, Mancomunitat and ayuntamiento (1919-1923)

In the Senate Junyent


title: Charles Fane, 1st Viscount Fane

texts:
<mask>, 1st Viscount <mask> PC (Ire) (January 1676 – 4 July 1744) was an Anglo-Irish courtier, politician and a landowner in both England and Ireland. Fane was baptised at Basildon in Berkshire on 30 January 1676, he was the second son but heir of the Right Hon. <mask>, of Basildon, KB, (1650–1705/06), by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Southcott of Exeter. Family
His elder brother's death made him eventual heir to the Bourchier estates; the manors of Lough Gur and Glenogra in county Limerick and of Clare, near Tandragee, in county Armagh; to the Fane estate at Basildon in Berkshire; and to the Southcott estate at Calwoodley in Devon. The elder brother <mask> was Standard Bearer of the Gentlemen Pensioners from 10 April 1689 until early 1696 when he was killed as a result of a duel (Sunday 12 April 1696 at Leicester Fields), by Elizeus Burges (c. 1670–1736), (later that year he also killed Hildebrand Horden in a brawl. Nineteen years later he almost became Governor of the province of Massachusetts Bay, he did not take up the appointment but was instead British Resident in Venice, 1719–1722 and 1727–1736). Having left Wadham College, Oxford (he had matriculated 3 April 1693, fil.eq. de Balneo natu minor. Taken up for Battels, 21 January 1702/03) Fane duly replaced his unfortunate elder brother as Standard Bearer from 20 April 1696, a post he had vacated by 31 March 1712. Meanwhile, his younger brother George Fane had become Commander of the Royal ship the Lowestoffe, (a 5th rate, 104.5 x  ship built at Chatham dockyard in 1697). Appointed Captain in 1709, he died without issue at New York the same year. Political career
<mask> was appointed Deputy Lieutenant (DL) for Berkshire, 21 September 1715. He

masks:
Charles Fane
Fane
Sir Henry Fane
Henry Bourchier Fane
Fane


title: Charles Fane, 1st Viscount Fane

texts:
 was Member of the Irish Parliament (MP) for Killybegs in county Donegal, a seat controlled by the Conygham family, from 1715 to 1719.On 22 April 1718 he was created Baron of Loughguyre, in the county of Limerick, and Viscount <mask>, both in the Peerage of Ireland, and number 264 on the roll. He took his seat seven years later on 21 April 1725, having been appointed to the Irish Privy Council on 5 May 1718. Fane's Irish peerage, though no doubt well deserved, must have been helped along by his soldier-statesman brother-in-law James Stanhope, who had become First Lord of the Treasury in 1717, been created Baron Stanhope of Elvaston and Viscount Stanhope of Mahon on 3 July 1717, returned to his former office of Secretary of State for the Southern Department in 1718, having been further elevated, to Earl, just eight days before Fane, on 14 April 1718. He stood unsuccessfully for Berkshire in the election of 30 August 1727. At the poll <mask> (1319 votes) was beaten into third place by Robert Packer (1620 votes) and Sir John Stonhouse (1558 votes). His wife

Fane married at the Chelsea Hospital, 12 December 1707 (license dated 19 November 1707), Mary (1686–1762) daughter of the envoy hon. Alexander Stanhope, FRS, (the youngest son of the first Earl of Chesterfield), by Catherine (d.1718), daughter and co-heir of Arnold Burghill, of Thingehill Parva, Withington, Herefordshire by his second wife Grizell, co-heir of John Prise of Ocle Pyrchard, Herefordshire.A sister of soldier-statesman James, Earl Stanhope (1673–1721), Mary Fane was also an old friend of the Mistress of the Robes, Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, (coincidentally, the Duchess was a fourth cousin of Mary Stanhope's future husband, <mask>,

masks:
Fane
Fane
Charles Fane


title: Charles Fane, 1st Viscount Fane

texts:
 the common ancestor being Walter Mildmay), having been one of the six original Maids of Honour to Queen Anne, appointed 4 June 1702, an office she had vacated by November 1707. An indenture of settlement dated 19 November 1707 between <mask> of Basildon and others, had her marriage portion at 3,000 L (pounds). Robert Walpole, the husband of Mary's first cousin twice-removed (through the Stanhope family) Catherine Shorter (c.1682–1737) aka cousin Walpole, was a witness. (Philip Stanhope, 1st Earl of Chesterfield's daughter Elizabeth's granddaughter Elizabeth Philipps married Sir John Shorter). Fane died 7 July 1744 and was buried at Basildon 16 July 1744, aged 68. His widow died 21 and was buried at Basildon on 30 August 1762, aged 76. They had seven children.<mask>, 2nd Viscount Fane;
 Mary who married Jerome, 2nd Count de Salis;
 Elizabeth of Windsor (1711–1760);
 <mask> who married John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich;
 Charlotte of Chelsea (1718–1765), (& c1751, of 10, Old Burlington Street);
 and two who died as children, Lucy (d.1713) and James (d. 1714). From 1751 to 1758 Mary, Viscountess Fane lived at No. 2, Swan Walk, Chelsea, London (built 1711–1712). In a letter to Horace Mann, from Strawberry Hill, dated Sunday, 29 August 1762, Horace Walpole ended his long epistle: PS. When I was mentioning acquaintance you have lost, I forgot to name Lady Fane; you see nervous disorders are not very mortal; I think she must have been above seventy. Grotto
In the 1720s and 30s she built the sometime renowned Grotto at the Fane's New House by the Thames at Lower Basildon, but in the parish of Streatley in Berkshire. These extracts show some of the process:
Lady Fane in London, writing to her husband at Basildon,

masks:
Charles Fane
Charles
Dorothy Fane


title: Charles Fane, 1st Viscount Fane

texts:
 on April ye 1st / 1731:

And to her husband, this time from Florence, November 1736:

Her son, <mask>, was appointed British Resident (Horace Walpole's friend Sir Horace Mann was his assistant then successor as Resident) in Florence in March 1734 and was there in person between 3 October 1734 and the Spring of 1738.Lady Fane and her daughter Dorothy were there with him from June 1736. Dorothy stayed until at least June 1737, this extract from a letter to Lady Fane suggests that the mother too was there for a year:
Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, from Wimbledon, to Lady Fane, 23 September 1737:

It is probable that during this trip Lady Fane ordered her pair of prized scagliola table tops from the Irishman Friar Ferdinando Henrico Hugford (1695–1771). These are quite similar to the one at The Vyne, Hampshire. That top has the arms of Walpole (with his post-1726 Garter Knight embellishments) impaling Shorter – for Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole and his first wife Catherine Shorter, who died 20 August 1737. The hint of shells on the tables suggest that they may have been for her grotto at the New House, Basildon. In 1747 the blue-stocking and fellow Berkshire-dweller Elizabeth Montagu (1720–1800) described the Fane grotto:

Gallery

Notes

References

 other printed (V.C.H. ), and manuscript & family knowledge.John Farrington's print of Basselden from Streatley Hill, 1793

1676 births
1744 deaths
Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
18th-century Anglo-Irish people
Irish MPs 1715–1727
People from Basildon, Berkshire
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Donegal constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Viscounts in the Peerage of Ireland
Peers of Ireland created by George


title: George Lewis Becke

texts:
<mask> (or <mask>; 18 June 1855 – 18 February 1913) was an Australian Pacific trader, short story writer and novelist. Early life
Becke was born at Port Macquarie, New South Wales, son of <mask>, Clerk of Petty Sessions and his wife Caroline Matilda, née Beilby. Both parents were born in England. Becke was the ninth of twelve children and had a tendency to wander; he has stated that before he was 10 he had twice run away from home. The family moved to Hunters Hill, Sydney in 1867 and Becke was educated at Fort Street High School. In 1869, Becke travelled to San Francisco with his brother William Vernon and was away for nineteen months. At 16 years of age, Becke was a stowaway on a ship bound for Samoa.In Apia he took a job as a book-keeper in the store of Mrs Mary Mcfarlane which he held until some time after December 1872. Under orders of Mrs Mcfarlane, Becke sailed a ketch, the E.A. Williams to Mili Atoll to deliver it to William "Bully" Hayes, the notorious blackbirder. Beck arrived at Mili Atoll on 17 January 1874. Becke remained as a passenger on the Leonora, until the ship was wrecked on 15 March 1874 during a storm while in Lele harbour at Kosrae. It was seven months until HMS Rosario rescued Becke and the others. Becke was later arrested for piracy, but was acquitted in Brisbane at age 19.Then he tried his luck at the Palmer River goldrush, was employed at Ravenswood station and from 1878–79 worked as a bank clerk in Townsville, Queensland. The story Nell of Mulliner's Camp is set in a mining camp in North Queensland. From about April 1880 Becke was in the Ellice Islands (now Tuvalu) working with the Liverpool firm of John S. de Wolf and Co. on Nanumanga until the trading-station was destroyed later that year in a cyclone. In February 1881 he opened his own store in Nukufetau, where he married Nelea Tikena. The stories that Louis Becke set in the Ellice Islands are: The Fisher Folk

masks:
George Lewis Becke
Louis Becke
Frederick Becke


title: George Lewis Becke

texts:
 Sabrina Long. <mask> and Fanny Long had 2 daughters, Alrema (born 30 October 1897) and Niya (born 27 September 1898). Bessie obtained a divorce on the grounds of desertion on 29 October 1903. In 1908 he and his family went to Auckland, New Zealand, via Fiji; then in 1909 the family travelled to Sydney, Australia. On 7 September 1910 he was elected a member of the Royal Society of New South Wales. He died on 18 February 1913 at the Hotel York in Sydney and was buried in the Waverley Cemetery near to the graves of Henry Lawson and Henry Kendall.Literary career

In January 1892 Becke returned to Sydney and persuaded by Ernest Favenc and J. F. Archibald began to contribute stories to The Bulletin, the first of which was Tis in the Blood appearing in the edition of 6 May 1893. A collection of these stories, By Reef and Palm, was published in England in 1894; His Native Wife, a novelette, was published in Australia in 1895; followed by a further collection of stories, The Ebbing of the Tide, which was published in 1896. Becke went to London about the beginning of 1896, helped by Archibald and William Macleod of The Bulletin who advanced him the sum of £200, and he remained in Europe for around 15 years, during which time a large number of collections of short stories and a few novels and stories for boys were published. Becke was fairly paid by the magazines for his stories, but his books were always sold outright and never on a royalty basis, he was not a wealthy man. His writings were of variable quality, but have been compared to Rudyard Kipling, Herman Melville, Joseph Conrad and Robert Louis Stevenson. Late life and legacy
Becke was in Sydney again in the middle of 1909 and died of cancer there on 18 February 1913, working up until his death. About 30 of Becke's books are listed in E. Morris Miller's Australian Literature with six other volumes written in collaboration with Walter J.


title: George Lewis Becke

texts:
 Jeffrey.He was survived by his wife and a daughter. Becke had said that any literary success he had achieved was due entirely to the training received from the editor of The Bulletin, J. F. Archibald, "who taught me the secrets of condensation and simplicity of language" Once having learned this, Becke had a wealth of experience to draw upon and, though there was inevitably some monotony of theme, he wrote a very large number of stories that can still be read with interest, and show him to have been a writer of considerable ability.By Reef and Palm and Ebbing of the Tide received both good reviews and strong sales; with By Reef and Palm going through seven reprints between 1894 and 1924. Almost all of Becke's works were published in America by J. B. Lippincott of Philadelphia. Becke was criticised by some reviewers for lapses in grammar and taste. His Native Wife was unfavourably received in America because of its subject matter; J. B. Lippincott also refused to publish The Mutineer: A Romance of Pitcairn Island.<mask>. Melbourne: Hill of Content. The pioneering biography, including the first complete bibliography of his writings and criticism of his works. Sally O'Neill, 'Becke, <mask> (Louis) (1855–1913)', Australian Dictionary of Biography'', Volume 7, Melbourne University Press, 1979, pp 238–239. External links

Dirk HR Spennemann (2000). <mask> (1859–1913). A biography.Works by <mask> at Project Gutenberg Australia

Bibliographic details of Becke's works. 1855 births
1913 deaths
19th-century Australian novelists
20th-century Australian novelists
Australian male novelists
Australian people of English descent
Australian male short story writers
History of Tuvalu
History of Kiribati
Oceania in fiction
19th-century Australian short story writers
19th-century male writers
20th-century Australian short story writers
20th-century Australian male writers
Australian

masks:
Louis Becke
George Lewis
Louis Becke
Louis Becke


title: W. T. Cosgrave

texts:
<mask> (5 June 1880 – 16 November 1965) was an Irish Fine Gael politician who served as the president of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State from 1922 to 1932, leader of the Opposition in both the Free State and Ireland from 1932 to 1944, leader of Fine Gael from 1934 to 1944, founder and leader of Fine Gael's predecessor, Cumann na nGaedheal, from 1923 to 1933, chairman of the Provisional Government from August 1922 to December 1922, the president of Dáil Éireann from September 1922 to December 1922, the minister for Finance from 1922 to 1923 and minister for Local Government from 1919 to 1922. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1921 to 1944. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for the North Kilkenny constituency from 1918 to 1922. While Cosgrave never officially held the office of Taoiseach (the current title of Ireland's prime minister, created in 1937), he is recognised to have been the first Taoiseach due to having been the Free State's first head of government. His son, Liam, served as Taoiseach from 1973 to 1977. Early and private life
<mask> was born at 174 James's Street, Dublin in 1880, to <mask>, grocer, and Bridget (Nixon) Cosgrave. He was educated at the Christian Brothers School at Malahide Road, Marino, before entering his father's publican business.<mask> first became politically active when he attended the first Sinn Féin convention in 1905. He was a Sinn Féin councillor on Dublin Corporation from 1909 until 1922 and joined the Irish Volunteers in 1913, although he never joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood because he didn't believe in secret societies. He played an active role in the Easter Rising of

masks:
William Thomas Cosgrave
William Thomas Cosgrave
Thomas Cograve
Cosgrave


title: W. T. Cosgrave

texts:
 1916, serving under Éamonn Ceannt as a Captain at the South Dublin Union. Following the rebellion, Cosgrave was sentenced to death, but that was later commuted to penal servitude for life and he was interned at Frongoch internment camp, Wales. While imprisoned, he won a seat for Sinn Féin in the Kilkenny City by-election of August 1917. After his victory, he made a speech on the balcony of the courthouse. In September 1917, he and Michael Collins addressed a crowd in Dunboyne, County Meath, urging people to join the Irish Volunteers.<mask> again won an Irish seat at the 1918 general election, this time for Kilkenny North. Although he and many other Sinn Féin MPs were still in prison at the time, 27 free Sinn Féin MPs, in accordance with their party's manifesto, refused to go to Westminster and instead formed the First Dáil, in which <mask> took his seat after he was released from prison in 1919. On 24 June 1919, he married Louisa Flanagan (28 August 1882 – 1959) in Dublin, daughter of Alderman Michael Flanagan, a nationalist councillor on Dublin Corporation between 1884 and 1919. During his later years, <mask> was cared for by his son and daughter-in-law, Liam and Vera. Political career

Minister for local government
Although Cosgrave was one of the most politically experienced of Sinn Féin's TDs, <mask> was not within the leadership of the party. However, when Éamon de Valera formed the Second Ministry of Dáil Éireann on 2 April 1919, Cosgrave was named as Secretary of Local Government. His close friendship with de Valera and his long experience on Dublin Corporation, most recently as Chairman of its Finance Committee, were among the

masks: Cosgrave Cosgrave Cosgrave Cosgrave


title: W. T. Cosgrave

texts:
 reasons he was selected.His chief task as Minister was the job of organising the non-cooperation of the people with the British authorities and establishing an alternative system of government. After the 1920 local elections, elected under the new system of single transferable vote, 28 of the 33 local councils pledged loyalty to the Ministry of Local Government established by the Dáil. These councils then cut their links to the British government. Anglo-Irish Treaty
<mask> supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty, which had been signed on 6 December 1921. At the cabinet meeting in Dublin held to consider the Treaty immediately after it had been signed, <mask> surprised de Valera by agreeing with Collins and with Arthur Griffith, de Valera's predecessor as leader of Sinn Féin and the chairman of the delegation which included Collins that had negotiated the Treaty. It was narrowly supported by the cabinet in a vote of 4 to 3, and was supported by the Dáil in a vote of 64 to 57. However, de Valera voted against, and resigned as president in January 1922 (which in August 1921 had been upgraded from a prime ministerial President of Dáil Éireann to a full head of state, called President of the Irish Republic).Griffith succeeded de Valera as president. Collins, in accordance with the Treaty, formed a Provisional Government; this included <mask> amongst its membership as Minister for Local Government. From July onward, he also became Minister for Finance. Chairman of the Provisional Government
The months following the acceptance of the Treaty saw a gradual progression to civil war. The split in Sinn Féin gradually deepened, and the majority of the IRA

masks: Cosgrave Cosgrave Cosgrave


title: W. T. Cosgrave

texts: hardened against accepting anything less than a full republic. Collins and de Valera tried desperately to find a middle course, and formed a pact whereby Sinn Féin fought a general election in June with a common slate of candidates. Despite this pact, the electorate voted heavily in favour of pro-Treaty candidates.On the day of the election, the draft Constitution of the Irish Free State was published; it was rejected by the Anti-Treatyites, for it was clearly not a republican document. Collins, forced to a decision, opted to maintain the Treaty position and the support of the British government, and moved to suppress the Republican opposition that had seized the Four Courts in Dublin. The Civil War began on 28 June 1922, and the IRA was decisively defeated in the field over the following two months, being largely pinned back to Munster. In August 1922, both Griffith and Collins died in quick succession; the former of natural causes, the latter a few days later when ambushed by Republicans at Béal na Bláth, County Cork. With de Valera now on the fringes as the nominal leader of the anti-Treaty forces in the Civil War, the new dominion (which was in the process of being created but which would not legally come into being until December 1922) had lost all its most senior figures. Though it had the option of going for General Richard Mulcahy, Collins' successor as Commander-in-Chief of the National Army, the pro-Treaty leadership opted for <mask>, in part due to his democratic credentials as a long-time politician. Having previously held the Local Government and Finance portfolios, <mask> became Chairman of the Provisional Government on

masks: Cosgrave Cosgrave


title: W. T. Cosgrave

texts:
 30 August and President of Dáil Éirean on 9 September.He served in both offices simultaneously until on 6 December 1922, when the Irish Free State came into being. 1st President of the Executive Council (1922–1932)
On 6 December 1922, <mask> was elected by the Dáil as President of the Executive Council. He formed the First Executive Council of the Irish Free State. <mask> was a small, quiet man, and at 42 was the oldest member of the Cabinet. He had not sought the leadership of the new country, but once it was his he made good use of it. One of his chief priorities was to hold the new country together and to prove that the Irish could govern themselves. Some historians have claimed that he lacked vision as a leader and was surrounded by men who were more capable than himself.However, during his ten years as president he proved an able leader of the emerging Irish state who had a sound judgement on the matters of state that the new country was facing. Domestic policy

As head of the Free State government during the Civil War, he was ruthless in what he saw as defence of the state against his Republican former comrades. Although he disagreed with the use of the death penalty in principle, in October 1922, he enacted a Public Safety Bill, after difficult debates, and following the offer of an amnesty, that allowed for the execution of anyone who was captured bearing arms against the state, or aiding armed attacks on state forces. He told the Dáil on 27 September 1922: "although I have always objected to the death penalty, there is no other way that I know of in which ordered conditions can be restored in this country, or any security


title: W. T. Cosgrave

texts: obtained for our troops, or to give our troops any confidence in us as a government". His view was that if harsh action were not taken, a guerrilla war could drag on indefinitely, making the achievement of law and order and establishing the Free State impossible. His army ordered courts martial on the rebels, 77 of whom were executed by firing squads by May 1923, including Erskine Childers, Liam Mellowes and Rory O'Connor, far more than the 14 IRA volunteers the British executed in the War of Independence. The Republican side, for their part, attacked pro-Treaty politicians and their homes and families.<mask>'s family home was burned down by Anti-Treaty fighters, and one of his uncles was shot dead. (see also Destruction of country houses in the Irish revolutionary period and Executions during the Irish Civil War). <mask> said "I am not going to hesitate if the country is to live, and if we have to exterminate ten thousand Republicans, the three million of our people is greater than this ten thousand". In April 1923, the pro-Treaty Sinn Féin members organised a new political party called Cumann na nGaedheal with <mask> as leader. The following month the Civil War was brought to an end, when the remaining anti-Treaty IRA guerrillas announced a ceasefire and dumped their arms. His first act as a statesman was to pass a Bill for the Constitution of the Irish Free State, that some TDs felt did not need to be in writing. This was done by October 1922, in good time for the formal establishment of the Free State in December.In the first few years in power <mask>'s new government faced a number of problems. The government attempted to reduce


title: W. T. Cosgrave

texts: the size of the National Army. During the Civil War it had grown to over 55,000 men which, now that the war was over, was far too large and costly to maintain. Some army officers challenged the authority of the government to cut the size of the Army. The officers, mostly Pro-Treaty IRA men, were angry that the government was not doing enough to help to create a republic and predicted massive unemployment. When he and his position were challenged by the disgruntled Army officers of the Irish Republican Army Organisation, other politicians and soldiers took the important decisions. In March 1924, more layoffs were expected, and army officers Major-General <mask>bin and Colonel Charles Dalton sent an ultimatum to the government demanding an end to the demobilisation.Minister for Justice Kevin O'Higgins, who was also acting president for Cosgrave while the latter was in hospital, moved to resolve the so-called "Army Mutiny". Richard Mulcahy, the Minister for Defence, resigned, and O'Higgins was victorious in a very public power struggle within Cumann na nGaedheal. The crisis within the army was solved but the government was divided. In 1924, the British and Irish governments agreed to attend a Boundary Commission to redraw the border which partitioned Ireland between the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland. The Free State's representative was Minister for Education Eoin MacNeill, a respected scholar. The Free State expected to gain much territory in heavily Catholic and republican parts of Counties Londonderry, Fermanagh, Tyrone, and Armagh, for the British government had indicated during the Treaty negotiations that the wishes of the


title: W. T. Cosgrave

texts:
 nationalist inhabitants along the border would be taken into account. However, after months of secret negotiations a newspaper reported that there would be little change to the border, and the Free State would actually lose territory in County Donegal.MacNeill resigned from the Commission and, shortly afterwards, from the government for not reporting to <mask> on the details of the commission. <mask> immediately went to London for a meeting with the British Prime Minister and the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, where they agreed to let the border remain as it was, and in return the Free State did not have to pay its pro-rata share of the Imperial debt. In the Dáil debate on 7 December, <mask> stated: "I had only one figure in my mind and that was a huge nought. That was the figure I strove to get, and I got it." <mask> turned down a plea for asylum in Ireland for <mask> while in exile. The request was made by the trade union leader <mask>'Brien in 1930. <mask> recorded that he:

In June 1927, a general election was held in which de Valera's new party, Fianna Fáil, won many seats on an abstentionist platform.In July the Minister for Justice, Kevin O'Higgins, was assassinated on his way home from Sunday Mass by the IRA. The government passed to force Fianna Fáil to take their seats in the Dáil and this proved successful with de Valera and his party entering the Dáil. Previously, without de Valera, <mask> faced very little opposition, giving him considerable freedom of action. However, de Valera's arrival significantly altered the situation. Foreign policy

Although <mask> and his government accepted dominion status for the Irish

masks:
Cosgrave
Cosgrave
Cosgrave
Cosgrave
Leon Trotsky
William O
Cosgrave
Cosgrave
Cosgrave


title: W. T. Cosgrave

texts:
 power they adopted a conservative economic policy. Taxation was kept as low as possible and the budget was balanced to avoid borrowing. The Irish currency remained linked to the British currency, resulting in the overvaluation of the Irish pound. Free trade was advocated as opposed to protection, but moderate tariffs were introduced on some items. The new government decided to concentrate on developing agriculture, while doing little to help the industrial sector. Agriculture responded well with stricter quality-control being introduced and the passing of a Land Act to help farmers buy their farms.Also, the Irish Sugar Company and the Agricultural Credit Corporation were established to encourage growth. However, the economic depression that hit in the 1930s soon undid the good work of <mask> and his ministers. Industry was seen as secondary to agriculture and little was done to improve it. The loss of the industrialised north-east of Ireland had a bad effect on the country as a whole. However, the Electricity Supply Board, with the first national grid in Europe, was established to provide employment and electricity to the new state. General election 1932

A general election was not required by law until the end of 1932. However, <mask> called one for February of that year.There was growing unrest in the country and a fresh mandate was needed for an important Commonwealth meeting in the summer. Another reason for calling the election early was the Eucharistic Congress to be held in June, a major national and international event. <mask>, like most of his cabinet a devout Catholic, had invested much time in the build-up to it and wished


title: W. T. Cosgrave

texts:
 it to proceed without any tension from a pending general election. In the event, Éamon de Valera and Fianna Fáil were the ones to derive all the kudos from that event. Cumann na nGaedheal fought the election on its record of providing ten years of honest government and political and economic stability. Instead of developing new policies, the party played the "red card" by portraying the new party, Fianna Fáil, as communists. Fianna Fáil offered the electorate a fresh and popular manifesto of social reform.Unable to compete with this, <mask> and his party lost the election, and a minority Fianna Fáil government came to power. <mask> in opposition
Following the general election of that year, <mask> assumed the role of Leader of the Opposition, as Fianna Fáil began what turned out to be a sixteen-year period of single-party government. In 1933, three groups, Cumann na nGaedheal, the National Centre Party and the National Guard came together to form a new party, called Fine Gael. <mask> was named the merged party's deputy leader, with Eoin O'Duffy as party leader. However, since O'Duffy didn't have a seat in the Dáil, <mask> became Fine Gael's parliamentary leader, and thus remained Leader of the Opposition. He became party leader the following year when O'Duffy stepped down. Under his leadership, Fine Gael lost elections in 1937, 1938 and 1943.<mask> retired as leader of the party at the Fine Gael Ard Fheis in the Mansion House, Dublin, on 26 January 1944, and was succeeded by Richard Mulcahy. Legacy
An effective and good chairman rather than a colourful or charismatic leader, he led the new state during the more turbulent period of its

masks: Cosgrave Cosgrave Cosgrave Cosgrave Cosgrave Cosgrave


title: W. T. Cosgrave

texts:
 history, when the legislation necessary for the foundation of a stable independent Irish polity needed to be pushed through. <mask>'s governments in particular played a crucial role in the evolution of the British Empire into the British Commonwealth, with fundamental changes to the concept of the role of the Crown, the governor-generalship and the British Government within the Commonwealth. In overseeing the establishment of the formal institutions of the state, his performance as its first political leader may have been undervalued. In an era when democratic governments formed in the aftermath of the First World War were moving away from democracy and towards dictatorships, the Free State, under Cosgrave, remained unambiguously democratic, a fact shown by his handing over of power to his one-time friend, then rival, Éamon de Valera, when de Valera's Fianna Fáil won the 1932 general election, in the process killing off talk within the Irish Army of staging a coup to keep <mask> in power and de Valera out of government. Perhaps the best endorsement made of <mask> came from his old rival Éamon de Valera, with whom he was reconciled before his death. To his own son, Vivion, weeks after taking power in 1932 and reading the files on the actions of <mask>'s governments in relation to its work in the Commonwealth, he said of <mask> and <mask>'s ministers, "[W]hen we got in and saw the files … they did a magnificent job, Viv.They did a magnificent job." Death

<mask> died on 16 November 1965, aged 85. The Fianna Fáil government under Seán Lemass awarded him the honour of a state funeral, which was attended by the cabinet, the leaders of all

masks: Cosgrave Cosgrave Cosgrave Cosgrave Cosgrave Cosgrave Cosgrave


title: W. T. Cosgrave

texts: the main Irish political parties, and Éamon de Valera, then President of Ireland. He is buried in Goldenbridge Cemetery in Inchicore in Dublin. Richard Mulcahy said, "It is in terms of the Nation and its needs and its potential that I praise God who gave us in our dangerous days the gentle but steel-like spirit of rectitude, courage and humble self-sacrifice, that was <mask><mask>". <mask>'s son, Liam, served as a TD from 1943 to 1981 and went on to become leader of Fine Gael from 1965 to 1977 and Taoiseach from 1973 to 1977. W. T.'s grandson, also called Liam, also served as a TD and as Senator and his granddaughter, Louise Cosgrave, served as a Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Councillor from 1999 to 2009.In October 2014, his grave was vandalised, the top of a Celtic cross on the headstone being broken off. It was again vandalised in March

masks:
William T
. Cosgrave
Cosgrave


title: Michael Irwin

texts:
<mask> (born 5 June 1931) is a British doctor, formerly a GP and a Medical Director with the United Nations. He is a humanist and secular activist, campaigning in particular for Voluntary Euthanasia and Doctor-Assisted Suicide. Career
<mask> was trained at St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London (graduating in 1955), and at Columbia University, New York. He was awarded a master's degree in public health from the latter in 1960. He worked at Prince of Wales Hospital, London, from 1955 to 1956. In 1957 he became Medical Officer at the United Nations. In 1961 he worked with the UN in Pakistan, returning to his Medical Officer post in 1963 and rising to become Medical Director of the United Nations in 1969.He became Director of Personnel at the United Nations Development Programme in 1973. In 1977, he was the UNICEF Representative in Bangladesh. From 1980 to 1982, <mask> was the UNICEF Senior Adviser on Childhood Disabilities. In 1982, he returned to the United Nations to become Medical Director again. In 1989 and 1990, he was the Medical Director for the World Bank and the IMF. He was struck off by the UK General Medical Council in 2005 after openly admitting travelling to the Isle of Man in October 2003 to assist fellow campaigner Patrick Kneen to end his life. <mask> was arrested by the Isle of Man police for this activity in December 2003, but he was never charged.In April 1990 <mask> resigned from the World Bank. He wrote an article for The Wall Street Journal which detailed his complaints about the Bank. He cited in particular "the Bank's bloated, overpaid bureaucracy, its wasteful practices, and its generally poor management." Returning to

masks:
Michael Henry Knox Irwin
Irwin
Irwin
Irwin
Irwin


title: Michael Irwin

texts:
 the UK in 1993, <mask> became the Vice-Chairman of the United Nations Association in 1995, and its chairman from 1996 to 1998. Campaigning
<mask> is an active supporter of euthanasia, humanism and secularism. He was interviewed by Ritula Shah about such matters in the BBC Radio 4 series One to One on 21 May 2013. Voluntary Euthanasia
From 1995 to 2003, <mask> was either the vice-chairman or the Chairman of the Voluntary Euthanasia Society (now, renamed Dignity in Dying).In November 1999 <mask> stood as a "Campaign for Living Will Legislation" candidate in the Kensington and Chelsea parliamentary by-election occasioned by the death of MP Alan Clark. Polling took place on 25 November, and <mask> gained 97 votes, putting him 9th out of 18 candidates. <mask> was elected. <mask> was President of the World Federation of Right to Die Societies from 2002 to 2004, and a Director of that organisation from 2004 to 2006. In December 2009, <mask> established the Society for Old Age Rational Suicide (SOARS) which is promoting a discussion on the possibility of elderly, competent individuals, who are suffering from various medical problems, having a doctor legally end their lives, if this is their persistent request. From 2009 to August 2015 he was the Coordinator of this organisation. In October 2015 he was made a Patron of SOARS.Since 2005 <mask> has accompanied four individuals from the UK to Switzerland to witness their doctor-assisted suicides there. In 2009 he was arrested for partially financing the trip of Raymond Cutkelvin to Dignitas, but after a year on bail, he was not charged. Secularism and Humanism
<mask> is a Patron of Humanists UK and an honorary

masks:
Irwin
Irwin
Irwin
Irwin
Irwin
Michael Portillo
Irwin
Irwin
Irwin
Irwin


title: Michael Irwin

texts:
 associate of the National Secular Society. Since 2005 <mask> has sponsored the National Secular Society's £5000 Secularist of the Year award, which is known as the Irwin Prize. In 2006 he founded the Secular Medical Forum  and was its Coordinator for three years. On 15 September 2010, <mask>, along with 54 other public figures, signed an open letter published in The Guardian, stating their opposition to Pope Benedict XVI's state visit to the UK. Personal life
<mask>'s father was William Knox <mask> FRCS, a surgeon and author of medical textbooks.<mask> married Elizabeth Naumann in 1958; the marriage was dissolved in 1982. He married Frederica Harlow in 1983. He later married Patricia Walters in 1994 – they divorced in 2000. His current partner is Angela Farmer. He has three daughters. Publications

Collected Essays (Editor)
"I'll See Myself Out, Thank You": Thirty personal views in support of assisted suicide. Skyscraper Publications, 2015

"Family Doctor" Booklets
Travelling Without Tears.London: British Medical Association, 1964. pp. 30. The Truth About Cancer. London: British Medical Association, 1969. pp. 31. Public Affairs Pamphlets
Check-ups: safeguarding your health. no.314.New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1961. pp. 18. Overweight: a problem for millions. no.364. New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1964. pp. 20. Blood: new uses for saving lives.no.377. New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1965. pp. 28. Viruses, Colds, and Flu. no.395. New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1966. pp. 20.What Do We Know About Allergies? no. 486. New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1972. pp. 28. Overweight: a problem for millions. Revised edition.no.364a. New York:

masks:
Irwin
Irwin
Irwin
Irwin
Michael Irwin


title: Michael Irwin

texts:
 Public Affairs Committee, 1973. pp. 24. Aspirin: current knowledge about an old medication. no. 614. New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1983. pp.24. Can We Survive Nuclear War? no.625. New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1984. pp. 28. Nuclear Energy, Good or Bad? no.629.New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1984. pp. 29. Risks to Health and Safety on the Job. no. 644. New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1986. pp. 28.Criticism of the World Bank
Banking on Poverty: An Insider's Look at the World Bank, Cato Foreign Policy Briefing 3, 20 September 1990..  Reprinted as Chapter 31 of Danaher, Kevin (1994). 50 Years is Enough: the case against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Boston, MA: South End Press. pp. 152–160. References

Life
New York Times coverage of <mask>'s marriage to Frederica Harlow, 10 April 1983

Voluntary Euthanasia
In praise of... Dr <mask>, Guardian, 4 October 2005
Euthanasia doctor is struck off, BBC news, 27 September 2005
Euthanasia campaigner to stand in byelection, British Medical Journal, 30 October 1999

Secularism and Humanism
BHA profile of Dr <mask>

British activists
1931 births
Living people
Euthanasia in the United Kingdom
Euthanasia activists
Medical doctors struck off by the General Medical

masks:
Irwin
Michael Irwin
Michael Irwin


title: Tom Pendergast

texts:
<mask> (July 22, 1872 – January 26, 1945), also known as T. J<mask>, was an American political boss who controlled Kansas City and Jackson County, Missouri, from 1925 to 1939. Pendergast only briefly held elected office, as an alderman, but his capacity as chairman of the Jackson County Democratic Party allowed him to use his large network of family and friends to help the election of politicians, in some cases by voter fraud, and to hand out government contracts and patronage jobs. He became wealthy in the process, but his addiction to gambling, especially horse racing, later led to a large accumulation of personal debts. In 1939, he was convicted of income tax evasion and served 15 months in a federal prison. The Pendergast organization helped to launch the political career of future US President Harry S. Truman, which caused Truman's early enemies to dub him "the senator from Pendergast". Early years
<mask>, also known to close friends as "TJ", was born in St. Joseph, Missouri. Raised as a Catholic, he had nine brothers and sisters.The family's name is misspelled as Pendergest in the 1880 census and is listed accordingly. It has been claimed that Pendergast attended St. Mary's College, a boarding school for boys as young as nine and as old as eighteen, conducted by the Jesuits in St. Marys, Kansas, but records of the school, which are kept in the Jesuit archives in St. Louis, disprove that claim. (St. Mary's College was not connected in any way to the girls' school of the same name in Leavenworth, Kansas, conducted by the Sisters of Charity.) It is sometimes claimed that he earned a football scholarship to St. Mary's College, but that is also untrue. There were then no athletic scholarships awarded, and there were no intramural games. In the 1890s, the young <mask>t worked in his older brother <mask>'s West Bottoms tavern. The West Bottoms

masks:
Thomas Joseph Pendergast
. Pendergast
Thomas Joseph Pendergast
Tom Pendergas
James Pendergast


title: Tom Pendergast

texts:
 were then an immigrant section of town located at the "bottom" of the bluffs overlooking the Missouri River above which spread the more prosperous sections of Kansas City.<mask>, an alderman in Kansas City's city council, tutored him in the diversities of the city's political ways and systems and in the strategic advantages of controlling blocs of voters. James retired in 1910 and died the next year after he had named <mask> as his successor. After his brother's death, <mask>t served in the city council until he stepped down in 1916 to focus on consolidating the factions of the Jackson County Democratic Party. After a new city charter was passed in 1925 that placed the city under the auspices of a city manager picked by a smaller council, Pendergast easily gained control of the government. Pendergast married Caroline Snyder in February 1911 and raised three children (two girls and a boy) at their home on 5650 Ward Parkway. He was a member of the Knight of Columbus, which used his connection to reach Truman during the 1930s persecution of Catholics and others in Mexico. Chairman of Jackson County Democratic Club

Pendergast ruled from a simple two-story yellow brick building at 1908 Main Street.Messages marked with his red scrawl were used to secure all manner of favors. He was unquestionably corrupt, and there were regularly shootouts and beatings on election days during his watch. However, the permissive go-go days also gave rise to the golden era of Kansas City jazz (now commemorated at the American Jazz Museum at 18th and Vine) as well as a golden era of building in Kansas City. Pendergast tried to portray a "common touch" and made attention-grabbing displays of helping pay medical bills, providing "jobs", and hosting famous Thanksgiving and Christmas dinners for the poor. Fraud and intimidation often caused Kansas City voter turnout to be

masks:
James Pendergast
Tom
Tom Pendergas


title: Tom Pendergast

texts:
 Delicious variety of apples, for governor in 1936. Pendergast was out of the country during the election, and his followers were even more obvious and corrupt than usual in Stark's successful election. With Mafia-related shootings and election violence underway in Jackson County, US Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr., went after a Mafia boss, Charles Carrollo, and Pendergast as part of Morgenthau's crackdown on corruption and organized crime. Despite Pendergast's history of delivering votes for Roosevelt and other leading Democrats, Morgenthau directed his subordinates to "let the chips fall where they may".With investigations looming, Stark turned against Pendergast, which prompted federal investigations and the pulling of federal funds from Pendergast's control. In 1939 Edward L. Schneider, the secretary-treasurer of eight of the Pendergast businesses, took his own life. Another factor in the downfall was Pendergast's failing health. Shortly after attending the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia in 1936, he was taken ill and later diagnosed with colon cancer and was in poor health for the remainder of his life. In 1939, Pendergast was arraigned for failing to pay taxes on a bribe received to pay off gambling debts. After serving 15 months in prison at the nearby United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth, he lived quietly at his home, 5650 Ward Parkway, until his death in 1945. Pentergast's headquarters at 1908 Main are listed on the Kansas City Register of Historic Places but not on the National Register of Historic Places.Truman connection

During his military service during World War I, Harry Truman had become close friends with <mask>, T. J. 's nephew. When Truman's attempt at a clothing business failed in 1922, Jim Pendergast suggested that he run for a "judgeship" in eastern Jackson County (actually an administrative,


title: Tom Pendergast

texts:
 monarchistic style of living, his increasingly insatiable gambling habit, his grasping for a business empire, and his promotion of Kansas City as a wide-open town with every kind of vice imaginable, combined with his professed compassion for the poor and very real role as city builder, made him bigger than life, difficult to characterize. Pendergast's legacy is evident in Kansas City. See also
Alcohol laws of Missouri
Byrd Organization

References

Further reading
 Dorsett, Lyle W. The Pendergast Machine (1968). Lawrence H. Larsen and Nancy J. Hulston, "Criminal Aspects Of The Pendergast Machine", Missouri Historical Review (91#2) (1997) pp. 168–180.Matlin, John S. "Political party machines of the 1920s and 1930s: <mask> and The Kansas City Democratic machine". (PhD Dissertation, University of Birmingham, UK, 2009) online; Bibliography on pp. 277–292. Milligan, Maurice M. Missouri Waltz: The Inside Story of the Pendergast Machine by the Man Who Smashed It (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1948). Roe, Jason (2018). "Thomas Joseph Pendergast", Biography from The Pendergast Years: Kansas City in the Jazz Age & Great Depression. Kansas City Public Library.External links
 Missouri's Most Important Politician – history essay at Secretary of State office; includes photos and cartoons
 Kansas City Police Memorial on Pendergast
 Kansas City Public Library biography on Pendergast
 Men Who Made Kansas City: Thomas J. Pendergast

 Byte Out of History – FBI Involvement in Early Election Fraud Case in Kansas City (FBI)

1873 births
1945 deaths
American people convicted of tax crimes
American political bosses
Kansas City crime family
Leaders of political parties in the United States
Missouri Democrats
Missouri local politicians
Politicians from Kansas City, Missouri
Politicians from St. Joseph, Missouri
Missouri politicians convicted of crimes
American politicians


title: István Széchenyi

texts:
Count <mask> de Sárvár-Felsővidék (Széchenyi István, sárvár-felsővidéki gróf Széchenyi István , archaically English: Stephen Széchenyi; 21 September 1791 – 8 April 1860) was a Hungarian politician, political theorist, and writer. Widely considered one of the greatest statesmen in his nation's history, within Hungary he is still known to many as "the Greatest Hungarian". Family and early life
Széchenyi was born in Vienna to Count Ferenc Széchényi and Countess Juliána Festetics de Tolna; he was the youngest of their two daughters and three sons. The Széchenyis were an old and influential noble family of Hungary. Traditionally loyal to the House of Habsburg, they were linked with noble families, such as the Liechtenstein, the House of Esterházy and the House of Lobkowicz. <mask>'s father was an enlightened aristocrat who founded the Hungarian National Museum and the Hungarian National Library. The boy spent his childhood both in Vienna and on the family estate of Nagycenk, Hungary.Military service in the Napoleonic Wars
After his private education, the young Széchenyi joined the Austrian army and participated in the Napoleonic Wars. He was seventeen years old when he entered the army. He fought with distinction at the battle of Raab (14 June 1809) and on 19 July brought about the subsequent junction of the two Austrian armies by conveying a message across the Danube to General Chasteler at the risk of his life. Equally memorable was his famous ride, through the enemy's lines on the night of 16–17 October 1813, to convey to Blücher and Bernadotte the wishes of the two emperors that they should participate in the battle of Leipzig on the following

masks:
István Széchenyi
István Széchenyi


title: István Széchenyi

texts: Nemzeti Kaszinó, or National Casino, a forum for the patriotic Hungarian nobility. The Casino had an important role in the reform movement by providing an institute for political dialogues. To reach a wider public, <mask> decided to publish his ideas. His series of political writings, the Hitel (Credit, 1830), the Világ, (World/Light, 1831), and the Stádium (1833), addressed the Hungarian nobility.He condemned their conservatism and encouraged them to give up feudal privileges (e.g. free of taxation status), and act as the driving elite for modernization. <mask> (with the help of Austrian ship's company Erste Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaft (DDSG) ), established the Óbuda Shipyard on the Hungarian Hajógyári Island in 1835, which was the first industrial scale steamship building company in the Habsburg Empire. <mask> envisioned his program for Hungary within the framework of the Habsburg Monarchy. He was convinced that Hungary initially needed a gradual economic, social and cultural development; he opposed both undue radicalism and nationalism. The latter he found particularly dangerous within the multi-ethnic Kingdom of Hungary, where people were divided by ethnicity, language and religion. Besides his comprehensive political ideas, he concentrated on the development of transportation infrastructure, as he understood its importance for development and communication.Part of this program was the regulation of the flow of waters of the lower Danube to improve navigation, in order to open it to commercial shipping and trade from Buda to the Black Sea. He became the leading figure of the Danube Navigation Committee by the early 1830s, which

masks: Széchenyi Széchenyi Széchenyi


title: István Széchenyi

texts:
 completed its work in ten years. Previously the river had been dangerous for ships and was not efficient as an international trading route. Széchenyi was the first to promote steamboats on the Danube, the Tisza (Theiss), and Lake Balaton, also measures to open up Hungary to trade and development. Recognizing the potential for the project for the region, <mask> successfully lobbied in Vienna to gain Austrian financial and political support. He was appointed as high commissioner and supervised the works for years. During this period, he traveled to Constantinople and built up relations in the Balkan area.He wanted to develop Buda and Pest as a major political, economic and cultural center of Hungary. He supported the construction of the first permanent bridge between the two cities, the Chain Bridge. Besides its improving transportation connections, the Chain Bridge was a symbolic structure, foreshadowing the later unification of the two cities as Budapest, connected across rather than divided by the river. Marriage and family
In 1836 at the age of 45, Széchenyi married Countess Crescencia von Seilern und Aspang in Buda. They had three children:
 Júlia <mask>, who died at the age of three months
 , who traveled to Eastern countries several times
 Ödön <mask>, who died as a Turkish pasha

Béla <mask> became known for his wide travels and explorations in the East Indies, Japan, China, Java, Borneo, western Mongolia, and the frontiers of Tibet. In 1893, he published an account of his experiences, written in German. Political rivalry with Kossuth
His relations with Lajos Kossuth were not good: he always thought Kossuth was a political agitator who

masks: Széchenyi Széchenyi Széchenyi Széchenyi


title: István Széchenyi

texts:
 overplayed his popularity.<mask>, although in a minority, continued to counsel for caution in the Diet and other meetings. In March 1848, he accepted the portfolio of ways and communications "in the first responsible Magyar administration" under Lajos Batthyány, but he feared the disruption of revolution. "Long debate" of reformers in the press (1841–1848)
In his 1841 pamphlet People of the East (Kelet Népe), Count <mask> responded to Kossuth's reform proposals. <mask> believed that economic, political and social reforms should proceed slowly and with care, in order to avoid the potentially disastrous prospect of violent interference from the Habsburg dynasty. <mask> was aware of the spread of Kossuth's ideas in Hungarian society, which he took to overlook the need for a good relationship with the Habsburg dynasty. Kossuth, for his part, rejected the role of the aristocracy, and questioned established norms of social status. In contrast to Széchenyi, Kossuth believed that in the process of social reform it would be impossible to restrain civil society in a passive role.He warned against attempting to exclude wider social movements from political life, and supported democracy, rejecting the primacy of elites and the government. In 1885, he labeled Széchenyi a liberal elitist aristocrat, while Széchenyi considered Kossuth to be a democrat. Széchenyi was an isolationist politician, while Kossuth saw strong relations and collaboration with international liberal and progressive movements as essential for the success of liberty. <mask> based his economic policy on the laissez-faire principles practiced by the British Empire, while Kossuth supported

masks: Széchenyi Széchenyi Széchenyi Széchenyi Széchenyi


title: István Széchenyi

texts:
 protective tariffs due to the comparatively weak Hungarian industrial sector. While Kossuth envisioned the construction of a rapidly industrialized country, Széchenyi wanted to preserve the traditionally strong agricultural sector as the main characteristic of the economy. Retreat from politics
The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 developed in the direction of Hungary attempting to break away from Habsburg rule, an attempt eventually crushed with severe repression by the Austrian authorities – both of which very much contrary to Széchenyi's way of thinking and his vision for Hungary's future. In early September 1848, <mask>'s nervous state brought depression and a breakdown; his doctor ordered him to the private Asylum of Dr. Gustav Görgen in Oberdöbling.With his wife's care, he gradually recovered enough to resume writing but did not return to politics. He wrote the book Önismeret (Self awareness) about children, education and pedagogy. He also wrote Ein Blick (One Look), a study of the deep political problems of Hungary at the beginning of the 1850s. Death
Still suffering from depression, <mask> committed suicide by a gunshot to his head on 8 April 1860, in his 68th year. (April 8 was the anniversary of the death of the Hungarian national hero Francis II Rákóczi, a century earlier). All Hungary mourned Széchenyi's death. The academy was in official mourning, along with the most prominent persons of the leading political and cultural associations (including counts József Eötvös, János Arany, and Károly Szász).His rival Kossuth said he was "the greatest of the Magyars". Writings
 Hitel (Credit, 1830)
 Világ, (World/Light, 1831)
 Stádium (1833)

masks: Széchenyi Széchenyi


title: István Széchenyi

texts:
 Önismeret (Self awareness)
 Ein Blick (One Look)
 Most of his numerous writings on political and economic subjects were translated into German for wider appreciation in Europe. From 1884 to 1896, the Hungarian Academy published a nine-volume edition of his writings in Pest. Legacy and honors

 A statue of him was unveiled on 23 May 1880 in Budapest. Also in 1880, a statue commemorating him was unveiled in Sopron. In 1898, the chain bridge over the Danube was named Széchenyi Lánchíd "Széchenyi Chain Bridge" in his honour. In a survey by Median and Elemér Hankiss at the end of 2007, the Hungarian public considered him the "best fit statesman" among Hungarian historical figures.In 2008, the <mask> <mask> Chair in International Economics was privately endowed at Quinnipiac University in Hamden, Connecticut, United States. In collaboration with Mathias Corvinus Collegium and Sapientia Hungarian University of Transilvania, the Chair oversees and develops three major academic programs to strengthen relations with Central Eastern Europe, especially Hungary: the Hungarian American Business Leaders (HABL), the QU executive MBA Trip in Hungary, and the Foreign Lecture Series. Since 1990, <mask>'s portrait has been featured on the 5000 Hungarian forint banknote, with a new design in 1999. 2002, a Hungarian made-for-TV movie portrayed his life from 1820 to 1860; it is entitled  (The Bridgeman) (in Hungarian). István Széchenyi Postage stamp was issued by Hungary on 1 July 1932 by honoring him in Famous Hungarians series of stamps. Another stamp in his honor was issued by Hungary on 3 May 1966; it shows the Chain Bridge in the backdrop of his portrait. A

masks: István Széchenyi Széchenyi


title: István Széchenyi

texts:
 stamp of the face of <mask> <mask> superimposed on the island of the Danube was issued by Hungary on 8 April 2016.Asteroid 91024 Széchenyi, discovered by astronomers Krisztián Sárneczky and László Kiss at the Piszkéstető Station in 1998, was named in his memory. The official  was published by the Minor Planet Center on 22 January 2008 (). References

Attribution

External links

 His picture on the Hungarian 5000 forint banknote
 A Hídember (The Bridgeman) (2002), Hungarian made-for-TV movie, IMDB (in Magyar). 1791 births
1860 deaths
Politicians from Vienna
Istvan
Hungarian nobility
Austrian Empire military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Public Works and Transport ministers of Hungary
Hungarian writers
19th-century Hungarian people
Hungarian politicians who committed suicide
Hungarian national conservatives
1860s

masks: István Széchenyi


title: Jean-Luc Mélenchon

texts: Jean-<mask> (; born 19 August 1951) is a French politician who presided over the La France Insoumise group in the National Assembly from 2017 to 2021. He has been the member of the National Assembly for the 4th constituency of Bouches-du-Rhône since 2017. After joining the Socialist Party in 1976, he was successively elected a municipal councillor of Massy (1983) and general councillor of Essonne (1985). In 1986, he entered the Senate, to which he was reelected in 1995 and 2004. He also served as Minister for Vocational Education between 2000 and 2002, under Minister of National Education Jack Lang, in the cohabitation government of Lionel Jospin. He was part of the radical wing of the Socialist Party until the Reims Congress of 2008, at the outcome of which he left the party to found the Left Party with Marc Dolez, a member of the National Assembly. Mélenchon first served as party president before becoming party co-president alongside Martine Billard, a position he held until 2014.As co-president of the Left Party, he joined the electoral coalition of the Left Front before the 2009 European election; he was elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) in the South-West constituency and reelected in 2014. He was the coalition's candidate in the 2012 presidential election, in which he came in fourth, receiving 11.1% of the first-round vote. Mélenchon founded the movement La France Insoumise (FI, "France Unbowed" or “France in Revolt”) in February 2016. He stood as a candidate in the 2017 presidential election "outside the frame of political parties", again coming in fourth, with 19.6% of the first-round vote. He became a


title: Jean-Luc Mélenchon

texts:
 the center. Believing themselves too far from this trend to the point that it would not be useful to take part in the congress, Jean-Luc <mask> and Marc Dolez announced on 7 November their decision, "by fidelity to their commitments", and for their independence of action, to leave the Socialist Party, and to create a new movement "without concession facing the right". They announced "the construction of a new left-wing party", simply called the "Left Party" (on the German model of Die Linke), and called for "the constitution of a left-wing front for the European elections". On 18 November, in a meeting with the French Communist Party, the two parties announced their alliance in the form of a "partnership", within the framework of a "left front for another democratic and social Europe, against the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon and the current European Treaties". The launch meeting of the Left Party is held on 29 November in Saint-Ouen, in the presence of Die Linke's co-chairman, Oskar Lafontaine.First presidential candidacy (2012)

Mélenchon was the candidate representing the Left Front (Communist Party of France, Left Party, Unitarian Left) in the 2012 French presidential election. He took fourth place and achieved 11.10% of the vote, trailing behind François Hollande, Nicolas Sarkozy, and Marine Le Pen (and their respective parties, the Socialist Party, Union for a Popular Movement, and National Front). In comparison, the winner, François Hollande, received 28.63% of the vote. Presidency of François Hollande (2012–2017)

Mélenchon represented the Left Front in the Pas-de-Calais' 11th constituency against his rival


title: George Gipp

texts:
<mask> (February 18, 1895 – December 14, 1920), nicknamed "The Gipper", was a  college football player at the University of Notre Dame under head coach Knute Rockne. <mask> was selected as Notre Dame's first Walter Camp All-American, and played several positions, particularly halfback, quarterback, and punter. <mask> died at age 25 of a streptococcal throat infection and pneumonia, three weeks after a victory over Northwestern in his senior season, and was the subject of Rockne's "Win just one for the Gipper" speech. In the 1940 film Knute Rockne, All American, he was portrayed by Ronald Reagan. College career
Born and raised in Laurium, Michigan, on the Keweenaw Peninsula in the Upper Peninsula, <mask> entered Notre Dame intending to play baseball for the Fighting Irish. While on campus, he was recruited by Rockne for the football team, despite having no experience in organized football. During his Notre Dame career, <mask> led the Irish in rushing and passing each of his last three seasons (1918, 1919, and 1920).His career mark of 2,341 rushing yards lasted over fifty years, until Jerome Heavens broke it  <mask> was also an ideal handler of the forward  and threw for 1,789  He scored 21 career touchdowns, averaged 38 yards a punt, and gathered five interceptions as well as 14 yards per punt return and 22 yards per kick return in four seasons  Gipp is still Notre Dame's all-time leader in average yards per rush for a season (8.1), career average yards per play of total offense (9.37), and career average yards per game of total offense (128.4). Death

Gipp died

masks:
George Gipp
Gipp
Gipp
Gipp
Gipp
Gipp


title: George Gipp

texts:
 December 14, 1920, two weeks after being elected Notre Dame's first All-American by Walter Camp, and second consensus All-American  (after Gus Dorais). A frequently told but probably apocryphal story of <mask>'s death begins when he returned to Notre Dame's campus after curfew from a night out. Unable to gain entrance to his residence, <mask> went to the rear door of Washington Hall, the campus' theatre building. He was a steward for the building and knew the rear door was often unlocked. He usually spent such nights in the hall. On that night, however, the door was locked, and Gipp was forced to sleep outside.By the morning, he had contracted pneumonia and eventually died from a related infection. It is more likely that <mask> contracted strep throat and pneumonia while giving punting lessons after his final game, November 20 against Northwestern. Since antibiotics were not available in the 1920s, treatment options for such infections were limited. <mask>'s hometown of Laurium built a memorial in his honor; he is buried in Lake View Cemetery near West Tamarack, Michigan. "Win just one for the Gipper"
It was on his hospital bed that he is said to have delivered the "win just one for the Gipper" line. He apparently said this line to  the full quotation from which the line is derived is:
"I've got to go, Rock. It's all right.I'm not afraid. Some time, Rock, when the team is up against it, when things are wrong and the breaks are beating the boys, ask them to go in there with all they've got and win just one for the Gipper. I don't know where I'll be then, Rock. But

masks: Gipp Gipp Gipp Gipp


title: George Gipp

texts:
 I'll know about it, and I'll be happy." Rockne used the story of <mask>, along with this deathbed line that he attributed to Gipp, to rally his team to a  upset of the previously undefeated Army team in 1928, with Jack Chevigny scoring the "that's one for the Gipper" tying touchdown at Yankee Stadium. Chevigny was later killed in action in World War II at Iwo Jima. The phrase "Win one for the Gipper" was later used as a political slogan by Ronald Reagan, who in 1940 portrayed <mask> in Knute Rockne, All American and was often referred to as "The Gipper".At the Republican National Convention in 1988 in New Orleans, he told Vice President Bush, "<mask>, go out there and win one for the Gipper." The term was also used by President <mask>. Bush at the 2004 convention in New York City, when he honored the recently deceased President Reagan by stating, "this time we can truly win one for the Gipper." The Republicans won both presidential elections. Exhumation

On October 4, 2007, <mask>'s body was exhumed for DNA testing to determine if he had fathered a child out of wedlock with an 18-year-old high school student. The right femur was removed and the rest of the remains were reburied the same day. A sports author who was present at the exhumation said it was requested by Rick Frueh, the grandson of one of Gipp's sisters. The tests showed that he was not the father of the child who was born within days of Gipp's  Other Gipp relatives claimed in a subsequent lawsuit that the exhumation was conducted in an improper manner and under questionable circumstances.The lawsuit

masks:
Gipp
Gipp
George
George W
Gipp


title: George Gipp

texts:
 was subsequently

<mask> was voted into the College Football Hall of Fame (located in Atlanta, GA) on December 14, 1951, at 3:27 a.m., in memory of the time and date of his death. <mask> Gipp Memorial Park was dedicated on August 3, 1935, in his hometown. A plaque kept in the park lists former George Gipp Award-winners, given to outstanding senior, male athletes from Calumet High School. He was ranked #22 on ESPN's Top 25 Players In College Football History list. Statistics
In 2002, the NCAA published "NCAA Football's Finest," researched and compiled by the NCAA Statistics Service. For Gipp they published the following statistics:

References

Further reading
 One For The Gipper-<mask>, Knute Rockne and Notre Dame", Patrick Chelland. Panoply Publications, 298 pp., 2008.<mask> at Notre Dame-The Untold Story, Emil Klosinski. Publish America, 278 pp., 2003. The Life and Times of <mask>, <mask>s. And Books, 219pp., April 1988. The Gipper: <mask>, Knute Rockne, and the Dramatic Rise of Notre Dame Football'', Jack Cavanaugh. Skyhorse Publishing, 320 pages., September 2010. External links

 Village of Laurium – <mask>p

1895 births
1920 deaths
American football drop kickers
American football halfbacks
American football punters
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball players
All-American college football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
People from Laurium, Michigan
Players of American football from Michigan
American men's basketball players
Deaths from pneumonia in Indiana
Deaths from streptococcus

masks:
Honors Gipp
George
George Gipp
Gipp
George Gipp
George Geka
George Gipp
George Gip


title: Grandpa Elliott

texts:
<mask>, born Elliot Small in 1944, also known as Uncle Remus, is a veteran street-musician in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. He plays the harmonica, sings, and is a street icon in New Orleans. Early life
Growing up in the Lafitte Housing Projects, Small developed a love of music as a young boy, in part to deal with the pains of an unhappy home life. Small's uncle was a professional musician who worked with Lloyd Washington of the Ink Spots, and often let his nephew come to the Dew Drop Inn to hear them play. One day when his uncle left for work without his harmonica, Small picked it up and put it to his mouth. "Oooh, it was awful," he said, laughing. "He chewed tobacco.I had to sterilize that thing." The uncle gave young <mask> a harmonica, and he fell in love with the sound of the mouth harp, teaching himself by playing along with the music on his mama's radio. At home, Small's mother favored classical music, giving the youngster diverse tastes at an early age. Teaching himself to dance from watching Fred Astaire movies on television, Small began performing on street corners for change, dancing while singing and playing his harmonica. "They brought me to New York to tap on Broadway when I was 6 or 7, and my mama got killed up there," he said. The man they lived with beat them both and ended up killing his mother. After it happened, his grandmother brought Small back to New Orleans and gave him and his older sister Frances a good life."She was a sweet old lady," he said. "My stepfather was a man who did not love his child," he said. "But my uncle would come to the house, and play the harmonica to me." Early career

As a young man, Small then made the rounds as a soul singer in local clubs.

masks:
Grandpa Elliott Small
Elliott


title: Grandpa Elliott

texts:
 Bad decisions and unfair contracts had soured him on the industry.When the sight in his good eye started to go and everything got fuzzy, he signed away the rights to one of his songs. "It was to a guy I had taken a liking to, a guy I trusted," he said. Small moved back to New Orleans and took his music to the streets, where it would belong only to him and to the passersby who heard it. Small developed the persona of <mask>, an old man dressed in blue denim overalls, a bright red shirt, Santa beard, and a floppy hat who played blues harp and sang for the street traffic on his corner at Royal and Toulouse streets in the French Quarter, right where he started out. He often teams with guitarist Michael “Stoney B” Stone and they have become an institution in New Orleans for the people who stop to listen to them and throw change in their bucket. His act was even written up in The New York Times in 1995. He arrives here most mornings by taxi and spends his days singing his soulful songs and playing his harmonica.It's the place where everybody knows his name. "When I feel sick, I come out here to feel better," he said. "The French Quarter is my medicine." Small said he doesn’t even know what beer tastes like and he’s never touched drugs and the only thing he smokes is the exhaust from the cars that pass Royal and Toulouse. His listeners reward him with dollar bills and treasures, like the gold wedding band he wears on his finger. "A lot of people walk around with plastic now instead of cash, so they throw what they can," he said. "Some of the rings I get out of my bucket even have diamonds on them."Playing for Change
Small did not completely lose his sight to glaucoma until 2005. It was in that year that


title: Grandpa Elliott

texts:
 recording engineer and producer Mark Johnson launched a project called Playing for Change, dedicated to promoting international unity through music. He began recording performances by street performers from around the world. Johnson heard Small sing the Ben E. King hit "Stand by Me" and immediately recorded him singing the tune on Royal Street, making his performance the centerpiece of a video featuring performances of the number by a handful of artists. In 2009, after the "Stand by Me" video was posted online, it racked up 159,380,589 plays on YouTube (14 February 2021), and suddenly Small had an international audience. Small signed on for a tour with a band of musicians affiliated with the Playing for Change project. He has also been on The Tonight Show and The Colbert Report.He performed to a crowd of more than 40,000 at Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles, California, on June 30, 2009, playing the "Star Spangled Banner" on harmonica and singing "God Bless America." Later that same year, the Playing for Change Band came to New Orleans to accompany Small on his debut CD Sugar Sweet, released November 3, 2009, an eclectic collection that includes gospel, blues, soul and what Small calls "some strong love songs." Keb Mo' also accompanied on the album. Small is the first artist to be signed to Playing for Change Records/Concord Music Group. The whole experience taught him to trust people again. "Mark Johnson changed my life," he said. "He made me lift my head up."Small has been featured on Playing for Change in several episodes. References

External links
 New York Times article on <mask> and Michael Stone

1945 births
Living people
American street performers
Street performance
Musicians from New


title: Gérard Souzay

texts:
<mask> (8 December 1918 – 17 August 2004) was a French baritone, regarded as one of the very finest interpreters of mélodie (French art song) in the generation after Charles Panzéra and Pierre Bernac. Background and education
He was born <mask>, but later adopted the stage name of Souzay from a village on the river Loire, now part of the commune Souzay-Champigny. He came from a musical family in Angers, France. His parents had met at one of the first performances of Pelléas et Mélisande in 1902; his mother and two brothers were singers, and his sister, 15 years older, was the soprano Geneviève Touraine, who gave the first performance of Poulenc's Fiançailles pour rire in 1942. After his schooling at the Collège Rabelais in Chinon, he went to the Sorbonne in Paris to study philosophy, and while there he met the singer Pierre Bernac, who encouraged him to study singing. Souzay entered the Paris Conservatoire in 1940, studying with Claire Croiza and Jean-Emil Vanni-Marcoux. He actually began singing as a tenor, but in 1943, with advice from the leading operatic singer Henri Etcheverry, he became a baritone.He graduated from the Conservatoire in 1945 with two first prizes, the Prix de chant and the Prix de vocalise. While at the Conservatoire, he also tried his hand at composition and in 1942 three of his settings of poems by Paul Valéry were given a performance by Pierre Bernac. He went on to study voice with Bernac, although he subsequently expressed some differences with the latter's methods and ideas on pronunciation. He was eager not to limit himself to being a specialist in the French repertoire, and he made a detailed study of German lieder with Lotte Lehmann. Career
<mask> <mask>'s public appearances began in 1945 with recitals and concerts, including a performance of Fauré's Requiem in a centenary tribute to the composer at the Royal Albert Hall in London. He rapidly established an international career as a recitalist, admired not only in French

masks:
Gérard Souzay
Gérard Marcel Trand
Gérard
Souzay


title: Gérard Souzay

texts:
 music but also for his command of the German repertoire, especially Schubert and Schumann. In recital, his first accompanist was Jacqueline Bonneau (who had been his contemporary at the Paris Conservatoire), but she was reluctant to travel and from 1954 onwards he formed a close musical and romantic partnership with the American pianist Dalton Baldwin which continued for the rest of his career.The two completed three tours of Southern Africa (1958–1973) to wildly enthusiastic audiences

<mask>'s exceptional linguistic gifts enabled him to sing convincingly in 13 different languages including Hebrew, Portuguese and Russian. In contemporary music he performed in Honegger's La danse des morts and in the world première of Stravinsky's Canticum Sacrum. The composer Jacques Leguerney (1906–1997) wrote many songs for Souzay and for his sister. Souzay also sang Jocelyne Binet's Cycle de Mélodies on seven poems by Paul Éluard in a 1955 recital program. His operatic career began in 1947 in Cimarosa's Il matrimonio segreto at the Festival d'Aix-en-Provence, but it was not until the late 1950s that he extended his stage work – though even then it did not take precedence over his recitals. His roles included Monteverdi's Orfeo, Mozart's Don Giovanni and Almaviva in The Marriage of Figaro, Lescaut in Massenet's Manon, and Méphistophélès in Berlioz's La Damnation de Faust. One of his favorite and most successful roles was Golaud in Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande.He did little operatic work after the 1960s, but continued his recital career, finally retiring from performance in the late 1980s. He spent the last years of his life giving master classes in the United States, Europe, and Japan: he was an inspiring teacher, preferring to work on phrasing and the mood of a song rather than French diction. He was a keen abstract painter, and in 1983 he published a book Sur mon chemin: pensées et dessins in which a selection of his paintings was accompanied by his written


title: Gérard Souzay

texts:
 commentary, on art and life. He died at his home in Antibes in the south of France on 17 August 2004. Recordings
<mask> <mask>'s first recordings were made in 1944 with the sopranos Germaine Lubin and Geneviève Touraine. (These and some later ones with Elly Ameling were his only recorded duets.) He made other recordings in the 1940s for the small French company Boîte à Musique, and then signed a contract with English Decca.He subsequently recorded for Philips and EMI. A discography of his recordings has been published, listing over 750 titles He participated in complete recordings of the songs of Fauré and Poulenc. On three occasions he won the prestigious Grand Prix du Disque, including one for his recording of the songs of Ravel. Later in his career, he sought to disown his early recordings and to veto the radio from broadcasting them, preferring his later versions of some of the same works. Much to the relief of admirers of the smooth and beautiful quality of his younger voice, he was not widely heeded, and many of his early recordings have been re-released to considerable acclaim. Reputation
While critics agree the size of the voice was often found wanting, Souzay's musicianship, perfect diction, sense of style (particularly of the French mélodie) and detailed interpretation were never questioned, and found a perfect niche on the recital platform. When <mask> Souzay died he had only been a connoisseur's delight, being somewhat forgotten by audiences and younger singers.On the other hand, the obituary notices were quick in recognising the importance of his contribution to 20th century singing. The Daily Telegraph said that he "rivalled Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau for the title of the greatest lyrical baritone of his age." The New York Times described his voice as "not huge, but rich in color and tone, supple and sensual and lovely." Souzay was "a sensualist, reacting viscerally to the music and allowing it to carry him in new directions in a given

masks: Gérard Souzay Gérard


title: Gérard Souzay

texts:
 concert." The Guardian judged that "the basis of his popularity in recital lay in his easily produced, vibrant, warm baritone. It was used by its owner with an innate sensibility and an unfaltering sense of style. His attractive art was founded, above all, on a very French approach, at once balanced and urbane, yet inwardly poetic."In the 1950s, <mask>'s style of singing became the object of some unexpected criticism when it was cited by Roland Barthes in one of his essays in Mythologies, "L'art vocal bourgeois". Referring to a recording of Fauré songs, Barthes complained that Souzay invested particular words with superfluous emotion by means of an exaggerated phonetic dramatisation, and that by imposing his own "signs" of emotion he stifled the meaning of the words and music. Not everyone has agreed with Barthes's description of the style, let alone with the force of his argument, but these are strictures which would attach to many other singers besides Souzay and go to the heart of how vocal performance should be approached. (Indeed, some years later, Barthes made similar criticisms against the singing of Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau.) Souzay regarded himself as a romantic. Never analytical or detached in his performances, he said: "For me music is limpid and speaks for itself. I can only offer my emotions when I sing".See also
 Debussy Mélodies (1980 recording)

References

Further reading
 J.B. Steane. The Grand Tradition. (London, Duckworth,1974), pp. 487–90. A. Blyth, ed. Song on Record 2. (Cambridge University Press, 1988).External links
http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Souzay-Gerard.htm A short biography with some photographs. Some programs, introductions and photos from his 3 highly successful Southern Africa tours, 1958–73
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBrM1l290MY A recording of his masterclass given at the University of Texas at Austin, 1988. 1918 births
2004 deaths
People from Angers
French operatic baritones
20th-century French  male opera


title: Princess Claude of Orléans

texts:
Princess <mask> of Orléans (<mask>gnès Catherine; born 11 December 1943) is a French princess of the House of Orléans. She is the former wife of Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, a disputed head of the House of Savoy. Biography

Family
<mask> was born on 11 December 1943 in Larache, Morocco as the ninth child and fifth daughter of Henri, Count of Paris, Orléanist claimant to the French throne, and his wife Princess Isabelle of Orléans-Braganza. One of eleven siblings, <mask>’s eldest brother was Henri, Count of Paris, who succeeded their father as head of the Orléans family, and two of her sisters also became consorts of pretenders to abolished thrones; Anne, Duchess of Calabria and Diane, Duchess of Württemberg. Upon repatriation to France after the law of banishment against her father was repealed in 1950, her family moved from Sintra, on the Portuguese Riviera to France, where they grew up at the Manoir Cœur-Volant in the Louveciennes suburb of Paris. Education
She began school in Portugal, at Lisbon's Saint-Louis-des-Français. She then spent some time at the Mayfield School in East Sussex, England.In France, she and her sisters received private instruction, and she completed her studies at the Institut Sainte-Marie in Neuilly-sur-Seine. Marriage and issue
On 22 July 1964 in Sintra, Princess <mask> married her second cousin, Prince Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Aosta. He was the only son of Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta, second cousin-once-removed of Italy's last king, Umberto II. Aimone was briefly made nominal head of an Italian puppet state during World War II as King Tomislav II of Croatia. <mask> was the third Orleanist princess to hold the title Duchess of Aosta by marriage. At the time of their wedding, Amedeo was a student at the

masks:
Claude
Claude Marie A
Claude
Claude
Claude
Claude