title: Buddy Emmons

texts:
 work around 1998 to tour with The Everlys. Personal life
<mask>' son, Larry, from his first marriage, later became a professional musician, playing bass with Ernest Tubb. According to a 1965 interview, <mask> and his second wife, Gigi "have two children, Buddie Gene and Tami."In 1967, he married his third wife, Peggy, who brought twin girls, Debbie and Diana, from her first marriage. About 2001, <mask> began suffering from a repetitive motion injury to his right thumb and wrist, which caused him to stop playing for over a year. He did not to return to regular recording session work, but did record with some artists he had known for many years, such as Ray Price, Johnny Bush, and Willie Nelson. He continued to perform at steel guitar shows and on American Public Media's A Prairie Home Companion until his death. He struggled with alcohol and amphetamine dependency and credited his wife Peggy for aiding his recovery. <mask> has three granddaughters, Crystal, Nikia, (who died in 2004) and Brittany, and two grandsons, Levon and Buddie III. <mask>' wife Peggy often accompanied him to steel guitar shows and conventions, and helped <mask> meet fans and sell recordings and videos.She died on December 19, 2007. <mask> died of a heart attack in Nashville, Tennessee on July 21, 2015. Selected discography
 Steel Guitar Jazz,  (Mercury, 1963)
 Steel Guitar, (Flying Fish, 1975)
 <mask> Sings Bob Wills (Flying Fish, 1976)
 Buddies (Flying Fish, 1977)
 Minors Aloud, with Lenny Breau (Flying Fish, 1979)
 Christmas Sounds of the Steel Guitar (Step One, 1987)
 Swingin' from the 40s Thru the 80s with Ray Pennington (Step One,

masks:
Emmons
Emmons
Emmons
Emmons
Emmons
Buddy
Emmons
Buddy Emmons


title: Buddy Emmons

type: original

texts:
 1989)
 Swingin' by Request with Ray Pennington (Step One, 1992)

References

External links
 Official web site
 Interview with <mask> - NAMM Oral History Library (2002)

1937 births
2015 deaths
People from Mishawaka, Indiana
American musical instrument makers
American country guitarists
Pedal steel guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
Country musicians from Indiana
Flying Fish Records artists
Mercury Records


title: Timbaland

texts: Timothy Zachery Mosley (born March 10, 1972), known professionally as <mask>, is an American record producer, rapper, singer, songwriter, and record executive. He has received widespread acclaim for his innovative production work and distinctive "stuttering" rhythmic style. In 2007, Entertainment Weekly stated that "just about every current pop trend can be traced back to him — from sultry, urban-edged R&B songstresses ... to the art of incorporating avant-garde sounds into No. 1 hits." <mask>'s first full credit production work was in 1996 on Ginuwine...the Bachelor for R&B singer Ginuwine. Further work on Aaliyah's second studio album One in a Million (1996) and Missy Elliott's debut studio album Supa Dupa Fly (1997) made him a prominent producer for R&B and hip hop artists. As a rapper he initially released several albums with fellow rapper Magoo, followed by his debut solo album Tim's Bio in 1998.In 2002, <mask> produced the hit single "Cry Me a River" for Justin Timberlake and went on to produce most of Timberlake's subsequent LPs, such as FutureSex/LoveSounds and The 20/20 Experience along with their respective hit singles. The Timbaland-owned imprint label, Mosley Music Group, featured artists such as Nelly Furtado, whose <mask>-produced album Loose (2006) was a commercial and critical success. In 2007, <mask> released a solo album, Shock Value, which was followed by Shock Value II in 2009. <mask>'s production credits during the 2000s also include work with Jay-Z, Nas, Ludacris, Bubba Sparxxx, Madonna, Rihanna,

masks: Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland


title: Timbaland

texts:
 OneRepublic, Brandy, Björk, Drake, Rick Ross and others. As a songwriter, he has written 85 UK hits and 99 US hits, as of 2014. With Swizz Beatz, he created the popular webcast series Verzuz in 2020. Early life
Timothy Zachery Mosley was born on March 10, 1972, in Norfolk, Virginia, to Latrice, who ran a homeless shelter, and Garland Mosley, an Amtrak employee.He graduated from Salem High School of Virginia Beach, Virginia. During his time as a DJ, he was known as "DJ Tim" or "DJ Timmy Tim". His brother, Sebastian, is reportedly around nine years younger. His sister Courtney Rashon is a makeup artist and an author from New Jersey. While attending high school, <mask> began a long-term collaboration with rapper Melvin (Magoo) Barcliff. The teenage Mosley also joined the production ensemble S.B.I. (which stood for 'Surrounded By Idiots') which also featured Neptunes producer, his cousin, Pharrell Williams.Mosley was also high school friends with brothers Terrence and Gene Thornton, who would become known as Pusha T and Malice of the rap group Clipse, respectively. In 1986, when <mask> was 14 years old, he was accidentally shot by a co-worker at a local Red Lobster restaurant and was partially paralyzed for nine months. During this time, he began to learn how to DJ using his left hand.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20015777,00.html|title=Everyone Wants Timbaland|author=Ethan Brown|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=March 23, 2007|quote=He made ends meet with a series of menial jobs, including washing dishes at

masks: Timbaland Timbaland


title: Timbaland

texts:
 a Red Lobster, until late one night he wound up on the wrong end of a gun. The bullet passed through Tim's neck and lodged in his right shoulder (fragments remain to this day). For nine months, Tim was paralyzed on his right side, forcing him to learn to DJ with his left hand.Tim rarely talks about the shooting, and is, in fact, quite critical of gangsta rappers who boast of their war wounds. I'm not a rapper," he says dismissively. I'm not talking about my scars or my battles.Still, the shooting did help him form a bond with 50 Cent. I'll tell you this, Tim says. If you get shot and you survive, you feel like you're an Incredible Hulk. Them bullets don't hurt when they go in. But then they got that burnin', that acid burn. Goddamn! It feels like a stove burning your blood.You feel like any minute you gonna be dyin'. }}</ref>

Rapper Missy Elliott heard his material and began working with him. She and her R&B group, Sista, auditioned for DeVante Swing, a producer and member of the successful R&B act Jodeci. DeVante signed Sista to his Swing Mob record label and Elliott brought Mosley and Barcliff along with her to New York, where Swing Mob was based. It was DeVante who renamed the young producer <mask>, after the Timberland brand of construction boots. He and Magoo became part of SCI Zakys School stable of Swing Mob signees known as "Da Bassment" crew, joining artists such as R&B singer Ginuwine, male vocal group Playa (Smoke E. Digglera, Static Major and Digital Black), and the girl group Sugah. <mask> did production work on


title: Timbaland

texts:
 a number of projects with DeVante, including the 1995 Jodeci LP The Show, The After-Party, The Hotel, and Sista's (unreleased) début LP 4 All the Sistas Around da World.Elliott began receiving recognition as a songwriter for artists such as R&B girl group 702 and MC Lyte. Due to <mask>'s connection with her, he was often contacted to produce remixes of her songs. Career
1994–2005
<mask> began his producing career for R&B acts. In the early-1990s, he produced a few songs for R&B acts such as Jodeci and Sista. In 1996, he made his mainstream breakthrough by producing the majority of both Aaliyah's second album One in a Million and Ginuwine's debut album Ginuwine...the Bachelor. This included the major hit singles "If Your Girl Only Knew" by Aaliyah and "Pony" by Ginuwine. While <mask> was initially producing for R&B artists, his trademark sound was very much rooted in hip-hop with its fast-paced nature and clear drum breaks.He was taking a hip-hop sound and applying it to R&B, and in this way his sound was instrumental in blurring the distinction between hip-hop and R&B production. In 1997, he fully produced Supa Dupa Fly, the debut album of Missy Elliott, who had been a childhood friend of Mosley. In this album <mask> continued with his now trademark electronic production style, but since Missy frequently rapped the music was considered hip-hop. Also in 1997, he released his first album with his partner Magoo, Welcome to Our World, also a hip-hop album. In the late 1990s, his hip-hop production sound would become very

masks: Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland


title: Timbaland

texts: influential and common as he produced for many high-profile hip-hop artists including Jay-Z, Nas, and The LOX. In 1999, he scored a major hit with Jay-Z and rap group UGK with the hit "Big Pimpin'". He also fully produced Missy's second album in 1999, Da Real World.Still <mask> in this period produced primarily for R&B artists. He continued to produce for Ginuwine and Aaliyah, as well as contributing significantly to albums by Xscape, Nicole, Playa, and Total. He remixed Usher's major hit "You Make Me Wanna". In the early 2000s <mask> produced songs including Ludacris' "Roll Out (My Business)", Jay-Z's "Hola' Hovito", Petey Pablo's "Raise Up", and Beck's cover of David Bowie's "Diamond Dogs" during this period. He also contributed three songs, all eventually released as singles, to Aaliyah’s self-titled third album, the exotic lead single "We Need a Resolution" (featuring himself rapping a verse), "More than a Woman", and the ballad "I Care 4 U". He also makes an appearance in Aaliyah's single "Try Again", which he also produced and co-wrote. Timbaland & Magoo’s second album together was slated for release in November 2000.Indecent Proposal was to feature appearances by Beck, Aaliyah, as well as new <mask> protégés—some from his new Beat Club Records imprint--Ms. Jade, Kiley Dean, Sebastian (<mask>'s brother), Petey Pablo, and Tweet (who was a member of Sugah during the Swing Mob days). The album was delayed for an entire year, finally released in November 2001. It was a commercial disappointment. Beck’s vocals for the track


title: Timbaland

texts:
 "I Am Music" were not included on the last version, which instead featured <mask> singing along Steve "Static" Garrett of Playa and Aaliyah. The first release on Beat Club was the début album by Bubba Sparxxx in September 2001, Dark Days, Bright Nights. The loss of Aaliyah deeply affected <mask>. In a phone call to the MTV show Total Request Live, <mask> said:

<mask> contributed three tracks to Tweet's debut album, Southern Hummingbird, and produced most of Missy Elliott's fourth and fifth LPs, Under Construction and This Is Not a Test!.He also produced tracks for artists such as Lil' Kim ("The Jump Off") and southern rapper Pastor Troy during this period. Collaborating with fellow producer Scott Storch, <mask> also worked on a number of tracks on former *NSYNC lead singer Justin Timberlake’s solo debut, Justified, including the song "Cry Me a River". Late in 2003, <mask> delivered the second Bubba Sparxxx album, Deliverance, and the third Timbaland & Magoo album, Under Construction, Part II Both albums were released to little fanfare or acclaim even though Deliverance was praised by reviews and embraced by the internet community. In 2004, <mask> produced singles for LL Cool J, Xzibit, Fatman Scoop, and Jay-Z, and he produced the bulk of Brandy’s fourth album, Afrodisiac. <mask> co-wrote two tracks ("Exodus '04" and "Let Me Give You My Love") and produced three tracks of the American-Japanese Pop star Hikaru Utada’s second English album, Exodus. He continued working on tracks for Tweet and for Elliott’s sixth album, The

masks: Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland


title: Timbaland

texts:
 Cookbook: "Joy (feat. Mike Jones)", and "Partytime" and continued to expand his reach with production for The Game and Jennifer Lopez ("He'll Be Back" from her fourth studio album, Rebirth).2006–2010

<mask> started a new label, Mosley Music Group along with old friend and legendary Australian music producer John Servedio, also known as his stage name 'ServidSounds' who helped <mask> bring in some talent from his former Beat Club Records label. On the new label were Nelly Furtado, Keri Hilson, and rapper D.O.E. In 2006 he produced Justin Timberlake's second solo studio album FutureSex/LoveSounds. His vocals feature on the songs "SexyBack", "Sexy Ladies", "Chop Me Up", "What Goes Around... Comes Around" and on the prelude to "My Love" entitled "Let Me Talk to You". <mask> provided vocals on several singles: The Pussycat Dolls' "Wait a Minute", Nelly Furtado's "Promiscuous", "Ice Box" by Omarion and Justin Timberlake's "SexyBack". In an interview published in August 2006 in the UK <mask> revealed he was working on a new LP by Jay-Z and that he had worked on tracks with Coldplay's Chris Martin. <mask> worked on seven songs for Björk's 2007 album, Volta, including "Earth Intruders", "Hope", and "Innocence" and he later worked on tracks for the new Duran Duran album, Red Carpet Massacre, including one featuring his frequent collaborator Justin Timberlake.Later in the year, <mask> produced songs for Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's LP, Strength & Loyalty and the song "Ayo Technology" on 50 Cent’s album Curtis. <mask> also produced most of

masks: Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland


title: Timbaland

texts: the tracks on Ashlee Simpson's third CD, Bittersweet World, including the song "Outta My Head (Ay Ya Ya)". On April 3, 2007, <mask> released a collaboration album featuring artists including 50 Cent, Dr. Dre, Elton John, Fall Out Boy, Nelly Furtado, Missy Elliott, and others called Timbaland Presents Shock Value. A rivalry flared up between <mask> and record producer Scott Storch in early 2007. The tension initially started on the single "Give It to Me", when <mask> anonymously backlashed Storch: "I'm a real producer and you['re] just the piano man". In an interview, <mask> confirmed that he was talking about Storch. The dispute partly stemmed from controversy regarding writing credits for Timberlake's "Cry Me a River".<mask> helped produce many albums for various artists in 2008, including Madonna's Hard Candy, Ashlee Simpson's Bittersweet World, Keri Hilson's In a Perfect World, Flo Rida's Mail on Sunday, Letoya Luckett's Lady Love, Lindsay Lohan's Spirit in the Dark, Chris Cornell's Scream, JoJo's All I Want Is Everything, Nicole Scherzinger's Her Name Is Nicole, Missy Elliott's Block Party, Matt Pokora's MP3, Keithian's Dirrty Pop, The Pussycat Dolls's Doll Domination, Busta Rhymes's B.O.M.B, Lisa Maffia's Miss Boss, Teairra Mari's Pressed for Time, Jennifer Hudson's début album, Dima Bilan's Believe, Samantha Jade's My Name Is Samantha Jade, New Kids on the Block's The Block, and Keshia Chanté's Night & Day. <mask> produced the Russian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2008, "Believe" by Dima Bilan, which was


title: Timbaland

texts: co-written by Bilan and Jim Beanz. The song then won the contest when it was held in Belgrade, Serbia in May 2008. In February 2008 the first Fashion Against AIDS collection -an initiative of Designers Against AIDS and sold in H&M stores in 28 countries- was launched, for which <mask> designed a T-shirt print, posed for the campaign and spoke out in a video, to help raise HIV/AIDS awareness among urban youth and to advocate safe sex. On February 8, 2008, it was announced that <mask> would be releasing an album exclusively for Verizon Wireless's V CAST cell phone service and was designated its very first "Mobile Producer in Residence". Timbaland was to be joined by Mosley Music Group/Zone 4 singer and songwriter Keri Hilson to begin work on the mobile album's first track aboard the fully equipped Mobile Recording Studio. The only track to surface so far is Garry Barry Larry Harry "Get It Girl".In <mask>'s first effort within the video game industry, he worked with Rockstar Games to produce Beaterator, a music mixing game for the PlayStation Portable, PlayStation Network, and iOS released in the September 2009. <mask> spoke to MTV's Shaheem Reid back in July 2008 to confirm that he was working on the follow-up to his platinum selling Shock Value. At the time he confirmed that he had one track with Madonna which although recorded for her album Hard Candy it had not been used and could end up on this album instead. He was insistent that he would also collaborate with Jordin Sparks, Beyoncé, Rihanna, Jonas Brothers, Miley Cyrus


title: Timbaland

texts: and T.I. However, none of these collaborations (except Miley Cyrus) made it to the final track list. He also said that alongside T-Pain who would definitely appear, he hoped to get Jay-Z on board, although he ultimately failed to do so. <mask> began working on the sequel to Shock Value in July 2008.In March 2009, he filed a lawsuit against his label, Blackground Records, alleging that they attempted to blackball him after he decided to move from music performance into production. In September 2009, <mask> announced that Shock Value II will be released on November 23, in Europe and November 24, in North America. However, it was pushed back to December 8, preceded by the first single which features a new recording artist named SoShy entitled "Morning After Dark". New featured guest appearances on the album include DJ Felli Fel, Justin Timberlake, JoJo, Bran'Nu, Drake, Chad Kroeger, Sebastian, Miley Cyrus, Melody Thornton, Nelly Furtado, Katy Perry, Esthero, The Fray, Jet, Daughtry, OneRepublic, Keri Hilson, Attitude and D.O.E.. Ultimately Madonna, Jonas Brothers, Rihanna, Usher, Jay-Z, Beyoncé, Kanye West, Linkin Park, The All-American Rejects, Paramore, Gucci Mane, T-Pain, T.I. and Akon never appeared on Shock Value II. Shock Value II is infamous for its use of over-the-top vocal effects."Morning After Dark" featuring SoShy and Nelly Furtado is the lead single from <mask>'s third studio album. The song was written by Tim Mosley, Jerome Harmon, Deborah Epstein, Michelle Bell, Keri Hilson, Nelly Furtado, James Washington, John

masks: Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland


title: Timbaland

texts: Maultsby and produced by <mask> and Jroc. The single premiered on October 16, 2009, on Ryan Seacrest's KIIS-FM radio show, On-Air with Ryan Seacrest with <mask> describing it as the kick-off song from the project. Following her performance, the song was sent for radio adds on May 25. The song peaked in the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100. With this success, the song became Sparks' fifth consecutive top 20 hit and third nonconsecutive top 10 hit. On May 24, Sparks headed to Europe to begin promotion for the single."Say Something" featuring Canadian rapper Drake was released to US iTunes on November 3, 2009. It was officially sent to U.S. radio on January 5, 2010. It is the album's second single and reached number 23 on the Hot 100, making it the second most successful single on the album. "Carry Out" featuring Justin Timberlake is the third single from the album but was initially only released in the U.S. It was sent to US radio on December 1, 2009. It is the most successful single on the album, peaking at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100. The music video premiered on February 18, 2010.It was released as the third UK single on April 26, 2010. "If We Ever Meet Again" featuring Katy Perry is the album's fourth single. The music video premiered on January 18, 2010. In the UK, it was released February 15, 2010. <mask> produced Chris Cornell's 2009 album Scream. Shakira was asked to record vocals on the song "Give It Up to Me" to be included on <mask>'s forthcoming album but it was placed on her third studio album She Wolf and


title: Timbaland

texts: released as the second US single instead. One of the songs <mask> had produced for Beyoncé's 2008 album I Am... Sasha Fierce was reworked by Keri Hilson and Jay-Z for Shock Value II but not included.He was a guest host of WWE's Raw on December 28, 2009. <mask> appeared on March 25, 2010, episode (titled "Blowback") of FlashForward as an evidence agent. His songs "Morning After Dark" and "Symphony" appear on the video game Def Jam: Underground.In April 2010, a feud arose between the producer and R&B singer Ginuwine, after <mask> failed to make an appearance at the singer's music video shoot of "Get Involved". Later in April, <mask> released a new single featuring T-Pain and Billy Blue titled "Talk That". In June 2010, when questioned by RWD magazine about the UK music scene he made the bold claim to be the inspiration for the dub-step music scene. "The UK scene... they’re always telling me that I started it. You have Dub-bass...".When questioned further about it he went on to say: "It’s funny cos they went back to some of my old music that really created that sound and just, instead of going fast, they went slow with more bass." In August 2010, a "possible suicide attempt" APB was put out for <mask> after his home was burgled. When his family were unable to contact him, they called 911 and a manhunt began. Police eventually found his car and brought him back home, where paramedics examined him, before declaring he was not a threat to himself. When questioned, Timbaland said he only took a drive to think about the burglary, as

masks: Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland


title: Timbaland

texts:
 he thought the possible thief could have been someone close whom he trusted. In 2010, <mask> split with longtime label Blackground Records, but stayed with Interscope Records. Later in the year, <mask> was featured on the deluxe edition of Chris Brown's album, F.A.M.E., producing the songs "Paper, Scissors, Rock" (feat.Big Sean) and the Japan-only bonus track, "Talk Ya Ear Off". <mask> was also featured on David Guetta's LP, Nothing But the Beat, on "I Just Wanna F" with Dev and Afrojack. <mask> also worked with teen star Demi Lovato; he produced and had a small feature in her song "All Night Long" on Lovato's Unbroken album. In November 2010, <mask> announced that he would be releasing a new song every Thursday, called Timbo Thursdays; a copy of the initiative shown by artists such as Kanye West (via G.O.O.D. Fridays), and Swizz Beatz (via Monster Mondays). In an interview with Rap-Up.com <mask> stated, "So, my brother told me Kanye is puttin' out a new song every Friday called G.O.O.D. Fridays, Swizz got Mondays, I don't know if they are on Twitter but can you hit them up, and tell them reserve that Thursday for Timbo the king baby.We’ll call it Timbo Thursday, cool?" 2011–2019
On January 13, 2011, <mask> began his Timbaland Thursdays free music initiative, with the first song released being "Take Ur Clothes Off", featuring Missy Elliott. The first official single from Shock Value III, "Pass at Me" featuring American rapper Pitbull, with uncredited production by French DJ David Guetta, was released on September 13, 2011,


title: Timbaland

texts: after having been previously used to promote a book titled Culo. The album's second single, "Break Ya Back" featuring American singer Dev, was released on April 17, 2012. For the fourth installment in the Step Up franchise, Step Up Revolution, <mask> released a track called "Hands In the Air", which features American singer Ne-Yo. On January 30, 2013, <mask> signed to Jay-Z's label Roc Nation. Later that year, <mask> would serve as the main producer of Justin Timberlake's recent LP, The 20/20 Experience, including the album's singles: "Suit & Tie" and "Mirrors".<mask> also produced Beyoncé's song "Grown Woman" which was featured in her Pepsi commercial and 2013 tour, The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour, and the song "I Don't Have To Sleep to Dream" on Cher's 2013 album Closer to the Truth. In April 2011, <mask> and long time friend and business partner Mike Evans signed a deal to with Sony/ATV Music Publishing's Extreme Music to create 75 new urban pop tracks for the production music house. In August 2013, <mask> revealed that he was working on a project featuring unreleased material by Michael Jackson, with a lead single called "Love Never Felt So Good". On September 24, 2013, <mask> collaborated with T.I. for his new co-produced Indonesian artist, AGNEZ MO, in her song titled Coke Bottle. The premiere launch event of the single became a worldwide trending topic on Twitter. On November 15, 2013, <mask> released his first single for his fourth album, Opera Noir, called "Know Bout Me" featuring Drake, Jay-Z, and James


title: Timbaland

texts:
 Fauntleroy.By 2014, it was originally announced that both <mask> and Missy Elliott would be an essential component per production of Kat Dahlia's debut album, My Garden, however neither of the duo's contributions saw the light of day. On January 7, 2015, <mask> received production credit for his involvement with the musical score of Lee Daniels and Danny Strong's television project Empire, which premiered on FOX. Constructively, <mask> and his team, including Jim Beanz, Raphael Saadiq, and others, compose the series' songs based on material given to them by the show's writing team per each episode. In February 2016, <mask> and Missy Elliott teamed up to produce the track "Somebody Else Will" for longtime associate, Tweet, for her third studio album Charlene. In June 2016, <mask> and Andy Rubinhas teamed up with SubPac, a Los Angeles-based startup working on a wearable sound device. There is still no release date for his new album Textbook Timbo. On December 15, 2017, <mask> released the song "Grab the Wheel", which features 6lack on vocals.The song also has a music video which was released on the same day. In 2019, <mask> began teaching through Masterclass, providing an instructional series on production and beatmaking. 2020–present
In March 2020, <mask>, along with Swizz Beatz, launched the Verzuz Instagram webcast series. In 2021, for their work on Verzuz, both <mask> and Swizz Beatz appeared on the Time 100, Times annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world. In August 2021, Blackground rebranded as

masks: Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland Timbaland


title: Timbaland

texts:
 Blackground 2.0, with Barry Hankerson remaining as founder. Blackground 2.0 signed a distribution deal with Empire Distribution, which will re-release the label's catalogue on CD, cassette and vinyl, onto digital download sites and, for the first time ever, streaming services. Aaliyah's catalogue began its re-release in chronological order, starting with One In a Million on August 20, 2021.<mask>'s 1998 LP Tim's Bio: Life from da Bassment and Timbaland & Magoo albums Welcome to Our World, Indecent Proposal and Under Construction, Part II were re-released August 27, 2021. Legacy and influence
An important figure in the creation of American R&B's "stuttering kick-drums template", <mask>'s influence extended beyond the U.S. and crossed international waters, especially in UK garage and rave culture. <mask>, as an R&B producer, created a distinctive, rhythmic sound using breakbeats, which break up the smooth flow of tracks to create moments of tension and release. This technique that <mask> pioneered would later serve to create "bootleg" garage tracks, which was essential in the rise of UK garage. What began as an underground movement soon grew in popularity, with bootleg remixes selling upwards of 20,000 copies, something unheard of at the time. One such example is the remix of Brandy & Monica's "The Boy Is Mine". Plagiarism accusations

In January 2007, <mask> was alleged to have plagiarized several elements (both motifs and samples) in the song "Do It" on the 2006 album Loose by Nelly Furtado without giving credit or


title: Timbaland

texts:
 compensation.Onko Nellyn hitti Suomesta?(Finnish) The song itself was released as the fifth North American single from Loose in July 2007. <mask>'s legal troubles continued. In lieu of a copyright lawsuit over the song "Throw It on Me" from his Shock Value album, <mask> and David Cortopassi, the composer of "Spazz", a song originally recorded by The Elastik Band and released by ATCO/Atlantic and EMI, reached a settlement agreement in July 2009. The terms of the settlement remained undisclosed at the time. "Spazz", noted as being "one of the most tasteless records ever made", was initially banned by radio stations and even pulled mid-stream while on air when first released in 1967, with the DJ even apologizing to his listeners for playing the record. Aaliyah's 2001 self-titled album, produced by <mask>, also contained an uncredited sample of "Alouli Ansa" by Mayada El-Hennawy in "More Than a Woman". In January 2014, the Swiss newspaper Basler Zeitung revealed another plagiarism case concerning the track "Versus" by Jay-Z, which was produced by <mask>.The track's instrumental is very similar to, if not directly sampled from "On the Way" by Swiss musician Bruno Spoerri. According to Swiss newspaper Tages-Anzeiger, the plagiarism case was settled by March 2015. Jay-Z and <mask> were to pay 50% from the song's revenue to Spoerri as royalties for the music, with Jay-Z retaining 50% for the lyrics. Discography

Studio albumsTim's Bio: Life from da Bassment (1998)Shock Value (2007)Shock Value II'' (2009)

Awards and


title: Timbaland

texts:
 nominations

References

External links

<mask> at Yahoo! Music
[ <mask>] at Billboard.com

1972 births
Living people
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American singers
African-American Christians
African-American DJs
African-American male rappers
African-American male singers
African-American record producers
American dance musicians
American hip hop DJs
American hip hop record producers
American male rappers
American male singers
American multi-instrumentalists
American shooting survivors
Grammy Award winners for dance and electronic music
Musicians from Norfolk, Virginia
Musicians from Virginia Beach, Virginia
People involved in plagiarism controversies
Pop rappers
Rappers from Virginia
Record producers from Virginia
Singers from Virginia
Southern hip hop musicians
Swing Mob artists
Time


title: John Taylor (inventor)

texts:
<mask>  (born 25 November 1936) is a British inventor, entrepreneur, horologist and philanthropist best known for his extensive research into electric kettles. Early life
<mask> was born on 25 November 1936 in Buxton, Derbyshire to <mask> (1904-1972) and Gwendolen Marjorie Jones (1904-1975). <mask> had one older sister, <mask> (1934-2011). When the Second World War commenced on 3 September 1939 it was decided that <mask> would be sent to Canada along with his mother and sister. On 30 May 1940 they travelled to Montréal, Canada and settled in Belleville, Ontario until 28 January 1945 when they returned to England. <mask> was educated firstly at Belleville Kindergarten, then at Queen Alexandra School. Upon returning to England <mask> studied at the Combs Village School.Following this <mask> attended Holme Leigh Preparatory School before moving to the Isle of Man to attend King William's College. <mask> was then accepted into Corpus Christi College, Cambridge from 1956-1959, where he graduated with a degree in Natural Sciences. Career

After graduating in 1959 <mask> had planned to continue his studies further, however at the last moment the funding was pulled and reluctantly he joined his father Eric's company Otter Controls as a Graduate Trainee. It is said that he "soon revealed himself to have inherited his father's inventive genius". When <mask> died in 1971, his son took over as Chairman of Otter Controls. He focused on the business of Castletown Thermostats, a subsidiary of Otter Controls, and in 1979 he split Castletown Thermostats and Otter Controls into two independent companies, with <mask> becoming Chairman of Castletown. Two years later, Castletown Thermostats changed its name to Strix Ltd, and in 1984, Eddie Davies was appointed as Chief Executive, with <mask> remaining Chairman.Castletown Thermostats had started by making bimetallic thermostats for use in various industries. In the 1960s, the market for electric kettles was growing, and Castletown extended its manufacturing plant to produce and test a new device for controlling kettles. During the 20 years from 1979 until 1999 in which <mask> and Davies led Strix, the company

masks:
John Crawshaw Taylor
John C Taylor
Eric Hardman Taylor
John
Judith Sian Taylor
John
John
John
John
John
Taylor
Eric Taylor
John Taylor
Taylor
Taylor


title: John Taylor (inventor)

texts:
 developed several successful product series, expanded worldwide, sold over 200 million thermostat controls for electric kettles, and received several Queen's Awards and other awards. In 2001 <mask> received an Honorary Doctorate at UMIST and was made Visiting Professor of Innovation in recognition of over 150 patents in his own name. He was also elected Honorary Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. In 2000, in a bid to expand into the new growth market of coffee makers, Strix raised £50m of capital from HSBC Private Equity by selling 40% of its shares, valuing the company at £125m. This investment diluted <mask>'s shareholding in Strix to 24%.In 2005, ABN AMRO Capital led a leveraged buyout of Strix; the value of the transaction was not disclosed. Today, Strix employs 1000 people, holds over 600 patents, and turns over more than £100 million per year. Strix controls are incorporated into electric kettles from many leading manufacturers, and it is estimated that they are used over one billion times per day worldwide, by over 20% of the world's population. On 29 May 2018 <mask> was the subject of the BBC Radio 4 programme The Life Scientific. Philanthropic activities

Since his retirement in 1999, <mask> has focussed on using his wealth to support educational institutions in the UK. His 'generous donation' enabled the creation of the STRIX Centre for Manufacturing at UMIST which opened in 2003. He has also been a very active benefactor of his former Cambridge college, Corpus Christi, by contributing £2.5m towards the construction of a new student library, the Taylor Library as well as funding numerous undergraduate and postgraduate scholarships and bursaries.In 2017, the Royal Academy of Engineering named their newly refurbished Enterprise Hub after <mask>, in recognition of his donation that enabled the project. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2011 New Year Honours for services to business and horology. Horology and the Chronophage clocks

<mask> attracted public attention in September 2008 when the Corpus Clock, also known as the Chronophage, was installed on the outer wall of the Taylor

masks: Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor


title: John Taylor (inventor)

texts:
 Library of Corpus Christi College and unveiled by Stephen Hawking. <mask> spent £1m of his own money in the construction of the Corpus Clock and gave it as a gift to the college. The second in the series, the Midsummer Chronophage, depicts a science-fiction fly and has been exhibited at the Saatchi Gallery, the Science Museum, London and the National Museum of Scotland. Like the Corpus Chronophage, its face is made from 24-carat gold plate on stainless steel. The third is the Dragon Chronophage, exhibited in Shanghai on 27–30 March 2015 as part of Design Shanghai, China's premier design event.It features a Chinese dragon which appears to swallow a pearl every hour. The fourth Chronophage is a private commission, and its details are currently being kept secret at the customer's request. There are features that are common to all of the Chronophage clocks. They are all designed to show the grasshopper escapement, part of a conventional clock mechanism that was invented by <mask>. The grasshopper escapement, which is usually internal, is externalised and appears to drag the escape wheel around the rim of the clock. When building the Corpus Chronophage, <mask> found that the inertia issues presented by such a large grasshopper escapement made the mechanism unworkable. With reference to this problem, he has said, "We had to turn a disaster into an advantage.Our efforts to prevent the amplitude of the pendulum from increasing led us to the idea of running both fast and slow and correcting them." The final outcome was a mechanical clock that is assisted by mechanical controls and a periodic signal from the atomic clock at the UK's National Physical Laboratory. All of the Chronophage clocks use this method of telling time, which allows <mask> to explore the concept of relative time as theorised by Albert Einstein. References

External links
 Articles on Strix Ltd in IOM Today (Isle of Man Courier)

Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
British inventors
British businesspeople
British philanthropists
Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Living people
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at King William's

masks:
John Taylor
John Harrison
Taylor
Taylor


title: Ernst Toch

texts:
<mask> (; 7 December 1887 – 1 October 1964) was an Austrian composer of classical music and film scores. He sought throughout his life to introduce new approaches to music. Biography
<mask> was born in Leopoldstadt, Vienna, into the family of a humble Jewish leather dealer when the city was at its 19th-century cultural zenith. He studied philosophy at the University of Vienna, medicine at Heidelberg and music at the Hoch Conservatory (1909–1913) in Frankfurt. His main instrument was the piano, and he was a pianist of considerable stature, performing to acclaim throughout much of western Europe. Much of his writing was intended for the piano. <mask> continued to grow as an artist and composer throughout his adult life, and in America came to influence whole new generations of composers.His first compositions date from c. 1900 and were pastiches in the style of Mozart (quartets, 1905 album verses for piano). His first quartet was performed in Leipzig in 1908, and his sixth (Opus 12, 1905) in the year 1909. In 1909, his Chamber Symphony in F major (written 1906) won the Frankfurt/Main Mozart prize. From this time onwards, <mask> dedicated himself to being a full-time composer. He won the Mendelssohn prize for composition in 1910. In 1913, he was appointed lecturer of both piano and composition at the College of Music in Mannheim. After winning a further five

masks:
Ernst Toch
Toch
Toch
Toch


title: Ernst Toch

texts: major prizes for his works, he served four years in the army on the Italian Front during World War I.In 1916, he married Lilly Zwack, the daughter of a banker. After World War I, he returned to Mannheim to compose, developing a new style of polyphony. He received his Ph.D. degree from Heidelberg University in 1921. He then taught on the faculty of the Mannheim Conservatory where one of his pupils was Hugo Chaim Adler. Following Hitler's seizure of power in 1933, <mask> went into exile, first to Paris and then London, where he wrote film scores. In 1935, he accepted an invitation from the New School for Social Research to go to New York City. He could, however, only secure his living in California by composing film music for Hollywood.Unlike his colleague Erich Wolfgang Korngold, however, <mask> never got much attention in the industry and was rarely top-billed. His score for the chase scene in Shirley Temple's 1937 Heidi perhaps remains his best-known piece of film music. During his residence in California, he was a professor at the University of Southern California, where he taught both music and philosophy. He was also a guest lecturer at Harvard University. He wrote a book on music theory, The Shaping Forces in Music (1948). From 1950 on, he composed seven symphonies, the third of which (Opus 75, 1954) received the Pulitzer Prize three years later. In

masks: Toch Toch


title: Ernst Toch

texts:
 these later works, he returned to the late Romantic style of his early years.In 1958, he received the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Grand Merit Cross). He died in Santa Monica, California, and was interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles. He is the grandfather of authors Lawrence Weschler and Toni Weschler. Work

His works often exhibit a humorous aspect (Bunte Suite (1929)). In 1930 he invented "Gesprochene Musik," the idiom of the "spoken chorus". His most performed work is the Geographical Fugue or Fuge aus der Geographie, which he himself regarded as an unimportant diversion. He wrote music for films, symphonies, chamber music, chamber operas.He also wrote books dealing with musical theory: Melodielehre (1923) and The Shaping Forces in Music (1948). <mask> was considered one of the great avant-garde composers in the pre-Nazi era. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1956 for his Third Symphony (premiered by the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra on December 2, 1955). For his notable students,

Works

Symphonies
 Symphony No. 1, Op. 72 (1950) (pub. 1951)
 Symphony No.2, Op. 73 (1951) (pub. 1953)
 Symphony No. 3, Op. 75 (1955) (pub. 1957)
 Symphony No. 4, for orchestra and speaker, Op.80 (1957) (pub. 1960)
 Symphony No. 5 ‘Jephtha, Rhapsodic Poem’, Op. 89 (1963) (pub. 1965)
 Symphony No. 6, Op. 93 (1963)


title: Ernst Toch

texts:
 Escape (composed 1943)
 Address Unknown (composed 1944)
 The Unseen (composed 1945)

Books
 Beiträge zur Stilkunde der Melodie (1921) – dissertation for Heidelberg University
 Melodielehre (1923) – based upon the dissertation
 The Shaping Forces in Music: An Inquiry into the Nature of Harmony, Melody, Counterpoint, Form (1948) – uses material from the dissertation

 Notes

 References
 Front Page of the Toch Archive Contains a Searchable List of Works
 Article on Toch's symphonies

 Weschler, Lawrence (1974). Ernst Toch, 1887–1964: A Biographical Essay Ten Years After His Passing.''UCLA, Los Angeles. (accessed 31 January 2014). Korngold Sr. & Jr. – Cliché, Critic and Composer, Jens F. Laurson, above article, migrated to ionarts.org
 Chasing Heidi: <mask> – The Composer and His Chamber Music, Jens F. Laurson, Classical WETA

External links
 Ernst Toch Archive. UCLA. Performing Arts Special Collections

 Spectrum Concerts Berlin
 Ernst Toch (in German) from the archive of the Österreichische Mediathek

1887 births
1964 deaths
Jewish classical composers
Jewish classical musicians
Composers from Vienna
Austrian classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
American opera composers
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
Austrian refugees
Mendelssohn Prize winners
Pulitzer Prize for Music winners
Hoch


title: Hannah Gadsby

texts:
<mask> (born 12 January 1978) is an Australian comedian, writer, and actress. She rose to prominence in her native Australia after winning the national final of the Raw Comedy competition for new comedians in 2006. In 2018, the release of Nanette on Netflix exposed her to an international audience. The special received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Special and a Peabody Award. Starting in 2019, she toured internationally with her show Douglas and the recorded special was released on Netflix in 2020. Early life
<mask> was born in Smithton, a small town on the remote north-west coast of Tasmania. She was the youngest of five children.She attended Smithton High School from 1990 to 1995. In year 12, she attended Launceston College, where she suffered a nervous breakdown. She began third level studies at the University of Tasmania in Hobart but later transferred to the Australian National University, where she earned a bachelor's degree in art history and curatorship in 2003. After her education, Gadsby worked in bookshops in Canberra and became a projectionist at an outdoor cinema in Darwin. She then spent two years picking vegetables and planting trees along the east coast of Australia. She became homeless, which she later attributed in part to her ADHD, and ill enough to require hospitalisation. Career

Stand-up comedy
On a visit to her sister in Adelaide in 2006, Gadsby entered Raw Comedy in 2006, progressing through the heats to win the national prize.As the winner, she was sent to the So You Think You're Funny? competition at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, where she won second prize. <mask> created the stand-up show she named Nanette partly as a response to the public debate which took place in Australia before the law was changed to allow same-sex marriage, and also after her diagnosis of ADHD and autism. In 2018, Netflix released the film version of Nanette, which exposed her to international audiences. On Rotten Tomatoes, Nanette received an approval rating of 100% based on reviews from 49 critics. Nanette explores topics

masks:
Hannah Gadsby
Hannah Gadsby
Gadsby


title: Hannah Gadsby

texts:
 such as homophobia, xenophobia, sexism, and gendered violence. Elahe Izadi of The Washington Post states although Nanette is a comedy, Gadsby insists the audience recognize the dark truth of trauma and assault.During the show, Gadsby publicized that she was quitting comedy because of how exhausting it was to perform. In March 2019, Gadsby previewed her new show, Douglas, in Adelaide, before touring the U.S. and Australia, where many shows were sold out in advance. In the show, she explores new personal revelations "with empathy, wit and some extremely relatable metaphor", and creates something "bigger than comedy" according to one reviewer of the preview show. Gadsby says that she doesn't care what people call the show, noting some critics said Nanette was "not comedy but a lecture". In 2020 <mask>'s announced live show Douglas was released on Netflix. In July 2021, <mask> started with her solo show Body of Work in several venues in Australia, New Zealand, Europe and the UK. Dates were also announced in the United States.TV roles
Gadsby co-wrote and co-starred in the Australian ABC TV show Adam Hills Tonight through three seasons from February 2011 to July 2013. She had regular segments called "On This Day" and "Hannah Has A Go" and also featured on the couch, contributing as host Adam Hills interviewed his guests. She co-wrote (with Matthew Bate) and presented a three-part series on ABC, <mask>'s Oz, which aired in March 2014. Produced by Closer Productions, this series set out to "debunk the myths of the Australian identity perpetuated by [its] national art". From 2013 to 2016, she co-wrote 20 episodes of the television series Please Like Me with fellow comedian Josh Thomas. In it, she played <mask>, a fictional version of herself. Guest appearances
Gadsby's Australian and international television appearances include Rove Live (2009), Good News Week (2009), Spicks and Specks (2010), Agony Aunts (2012), QI (2018), The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon (2018, 2020), and TV3's game show, 7 Days.She was a presenter at the 70th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2018,

masks:
Gadsby
Gadsby
Hannah Gadsby
Hannah


title: Hannah Gadsby

texts:
 presenting the award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series. <mask> was also a guest on Conan O'Brien's podcast Conan O'Brien Needs a Friend in 2019. Art-related tours and shows
Between 2009 and 2013, Gadsby presented comedy art tours in conjunction with the National Gallery of Victoria, with themes such as paintings of the Holy Virgin, Dadaism, Modernism, Impressionism and the nude in art. She has given talks on art and opened exhibitions. Gadsby has written and presented two documentary specials for the Artscape program on ABC TV: <mask> Goes Domestic (2010) and The NGV Story (2011). In 2015, she wrote and performed <mask>: Arts Clown, a series for BBC Radio 4 based on her comedy art shows. Personal life
Gadsby is openly lesbian and often includes LGBTQ-related themes in her stand-up routines.<mask> was diagnosed with ADHD and autism in 2017. She refers to her autism in her 2019 show Douglas, aiming to help people understand neurodiversity as part of a normal variation of the human condition. In January 2021, Gadsby married producer Jenney Shamash. Gadsby is an active supporter of various charities. Organisations she has assisted include Big Brothers Big Sisters of Melbourne, Edmund Rice Camps of Victoria, and the Sacred Heart Mission. Awards
 2017: Melbourne International Comedy Festival, Barry Award winner for Nanette
 2017: Edinburgh Festival Fringe Comedy Award – joint winner for Nanette, tied with John Robins for The Darkness of Robins
 2019: Peabody Award for Nanette

Tours
 Hannah Wants A Wife (2012)
 Happiness is a Bedside Table (2013)
 Nanette (20172018)
 Body of Work (2021present)

Filmography

Television

Film

Bibliography

References

External links

 2019 TED Talk Three ideas. Three contradictions.Or not. <mask>by

Adam Hills Tonight
Australian National University alumni
Australian stand-up comedians
Living people
People from Smithton, Tasmania
Australian women comedians
Lesbian comedians
People on the autism spectrum
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Australian lesbian actresses
Helpmann Award winners
Edinburgh Festival performers
1978

masks:
Gadsby
Hannah Gadsby
Hannah Gadsby
Gadsby
Hannah Gads


title: Sigmar Gabriel

texts:
<mask> (born 12 September 1959) is a German politician who was the minister for Foreign Affairs from 2017 to 2018 and the vice-chancellor of Germany from 2013 to 2018. He was Leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) from 2009 to 2017, which made him the party's longest-serving leader since Willy Brandt. He was the Federal Minister of the Environment from 2005 to 2009 and the Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy from 2013 to 2017. From 1999 to 2003 <mask> was Minister-President of Lower Saxony. He represented Salzgitter – Wolfenbüttel in the Bundestag. <mask> is a member of the Seeheimer Kreis, an official internal grouping of the party with liberal economic positions. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Goslar, West Germany, son of <mask> (1921–2012), a municipal civil servant, and <mask> (1922–2014), a nurse.<mask>'s parents divorced in 1962, and for the next six years he lived with his father and grandmother Lina <mask>, while his sister lived with their mother. After a lengthy custody battle his mother was awarded custody for both children in 1969. <mask>'s father was a Lutheran originally from Hirschberg im Riesengebirge in Silesia (now Poland), while his mother was a Catholic originally from Heilsberg in the Ermland (Warmia) region of East Prussia who had most recently lived in Königsberg; both parents came as refugees to West Germany during the flight and expulsion of Germans at the end of the Second World War. <mask> <mask> has described his family history as a "wild story of flight and expulsion" and noted that his parents dealt with the trauma of expulsion in different ways. According to <mask>, his father was physically and emotionally abusive to him and was an enthusiastic supporter of the national socialist ideology

masks:
Sigmar Hartmut Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Walter Gabriel
Antonie Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Sigmar
Gabriel
Gabriel


title: Sigmar Gabriel

texts:
 "until his dying breath;" However, <mask> never saw active service during the war due to suffering from polio. His mother was involved in relief and solidarity work for Poland during the period of martial law in Poland. <mask> <mask> attended school in Goslar, and served as a soldier in the German Air Force from 1979 to 1981.He studied politics, sociology and German at the University of Göttingen from 1982 and passed the first state examination as a grammar school teacher in 1987 and the second state examination in 1989. Political career

<mask> joined the SPD in 1977 and soon held a number of positions in local politics. In 1990, he was first elected to the State Parliament of Lower Saxony, where he led the SPD parliamentary group from 1998 until 1999. Minister-President of Lower Saxony, 1999–2003
On 15 December 1999, after the resignation of Gerhard Glogowski, who had succeeded Gerhard Schröder in office, <mask> became Minister-President of Lower Saxony. He had previously won an internal party vote against Wolfgang Jüttner and Thomas Oppermann. He served until 4 March 2003. During these years, he was widely presented as a protégé of Schröder, and even as a possible successor as chancellor.After being voted out of office in 2003, <mask> became the SPD's "Representative for Pop Culture and Pop Discourse" from 2003 to 2005, for which he was bestowed the nickname Siggi Pop. Federal Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, 2005–2009
He was elected in Salzgitter – Wolfenbüttel in the 2005 federal election. From 2005 to 2009 <mask> was the Federal Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety in the first cabinet of Angela Merkel (CDU). During his time in office, <mask> promoted the International Renewable Energy

masks:
Walter Gabriel
Sigmar
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel


title: Sigmar Gabriel

texts:
 Agency. He also led the German delegation to the 2006 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Nairobi. In 2007, when Germany held the presidency of the Council of the European Union, he led the negotiations between European Union environment ministers on an ambitious effort to cut greenhouse gas emissions to 20 percent below 1990 levels. That same year, he accompanied Merkel on a two-day visit to Greenland to see the Ilulissat Icefjord, a UNESCO world heritage site, and the Sermeq Kujalleq glacier in order to get a firsthand look at the effects of global warming.Opposition leader, 2009–2013
Following the SPD's defeat in the federal election of 2009, Franz Müntefering resigned from the position of party chairman of the Social Democratic Party. <mask> was nominated as his successor and was elected on 13 November 2009. He was re-elected as party chairman for a further two years at the SPD party conference in Berlin on 5 December 2011, receiving 91.6 percent of the vote. During his early years as chairman, <mask> pushed through internal party reforms. He abolished the party steering committee in favor of an expanded executive committee and led the regular party conventions, the most important meetings for the party. He also played a critical role in founding the Progressive Alliance in 2013 by canceling the SPD payment of its £100,000 yearly membership fee to the Socialist International in January 2012. <mask> had been critical of the Socialist International's admittance and continuing inclusion of undemocratic "despotic" political movements into the organization.For the 2013 federal election, <mask> was considered a possible candidate to challenge incumbent Chancellor Angela Merkel but deemed too “unpopular and undisciplined” at the time. As a consequence, he and

masks: Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel


title: Sigmar Gabriel

texts:
 the other members of the party's leadership agreed to nominate Peer Steinbrück after Frank-Walter Steinmeier, the party's parliamentary leader, withdrew from the contest. During the election campaign, <mask> became the first SPD leader to address a party convention of Alliance '90/The Greens; in his speech, he called for a red–green alliance to defeat Merkel in the elections. Vice-Chancellor and Federal Minister, 2013–2018

In 2013, <mask> turned the Social Democrats’ third successive defeat to Angela Merkel in the federal election into a share of government, after successfully navigating the three-month process of coalition negotiations and a ballot of about 475,000 party members, who endorsed the accord. At the time, he was widely considered to have negotiated skillfully, particularly considering the relative weakness of his party, which had received just over 25 percent of the vote in the elections, against more than 41 percent for Merkel's conservative bloc. At an SPD convention shortly after the elections, however, <mask> and the other members of the party's leadership were punished by delegates who re-elected them to their posts with reduced majorities; he received 83.6 percent of members’ ballots after 91.6 percent at the previous vote in 2011. <mask>, who serves as vice-chancellor in the third Merkel cabinet, took on responsibility for Germany's energy overhaul as part of a newly configured Economy Ministry.Since late 2016, he has been a member of the German government's cabinet committee on Brexit at which ministers discuss organizational and structural issues related to the United Kingdom's departure from the European Union. Speculation about <mask>'s future as leader of the SPD has been brewing since he registered just 74 percent in a party delegates'

masks: Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel


title: Sigmar Gabriel

texts:
 vote of confidence in December 2015 – the lowest for an SPD leader in 20 years. On 24 January 2017 <mask> announced that we will not run as candidate for chancellor in 2017; instead, he proposed that Martin Schulz become candidate and replace him as party chairman. <mask> also announced that he will succeed Frank-Walter Steinmeier as Minister for Foreign Affairs. He took office on 27 January 2017, the previous Parliamentary State Secretary Brigitte Zypries followed <mask> as Federal Minister of Economic Affairs and Energy. As Foreign Minister <mask> has said Germany's "arms will remain outstretched" to the US to continue the trans-Atlantic alliance between the two countries. However he has said that Germany will step into global markets the US abandons and take on a bigger role on the international stage if Donald Trump continues his protectionist and isolationist policies.Life after politics, 2018–present
Since leaving public office, <mask> has taken on various paid and unpaid positions. In 2018, <mask> was among six of 11 candidates nominated by Siemens to join the board of directors of Siemens Alstom, a planned merger of two railway companies; he ended up not taking the office when the merger was prohibited by the European Commission amid competition concerns. Also in 2018, the German government's ethics committee rejected his request to join the supervisory board of Kulczyk Investments, citing potential conflict of interest. In 2019, he rejected an offer to become the head of the German Association of the Automotive Industry (VDA) after media reports that he was in line for the post caused a public outcry and prompted accusations of nepotism. More recently, he said Donald Trump is right to criticize China and to negotiate with North Korea. <mask> has been

masks: Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel


title: Sigmar Gabriel

texts: chairman of the Atlantic Bridge and member of the Trilateral Commission as well as the European Council on Foreign Relations. He has also been a member of the Board of Trustees of the International Crisis Group since May 2018 and since March 2019 the advisory board of Deloitte.In the summer semester of 2018, he was a lecturer at the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn and for three weeks in the fall of 2018 a visiting lecturer at Harvard University. Since November 2019, he has been working at Eurasia Group as a political consultant. On 24 January 2020, Deutsche Bank nominated him for a seat on the supervisory board of its financial institution. This announcement caused partly critical reactions. For example, Abgeordnetenwatch demanded a grace period of three years for such a change, arguing that it would harm the understanding of democracy if <mask> less than two years after his departure as vice chancellor "now silvering his address book to Deutsche Bank, which he could fill so bulging only as a representative of the people". On 20 May 2020, <mask> was elected as a member of the Integrity Committee of Deutsche Bank to the supervisory board of the same company. Also reported in May 2020, <mask> was elected to the supervisory board of Siemens Energy.By his own account, <mask> worked as a consultant for Tönnies Holding from March to the end of May 2020. According to <mask>, he was to find out what trade restrictions were planned for meat products when exporting to Asia in the wake of African swine fever and how export permits could still be obtained. Since 2020, the German-Israeli Future Forum Foundation has run the Sylke Tempel Fellowship program under <mask>'s auspices. In 2010, he called for an independent assessment that would determine whether the

masks: Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel


title: Sigmar Gabriel

texts: U.S. counter-insurgency strategy would succeed. However, he voted in favor of extending German participation in the NATO-led security mission ISAF in 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012. On the occasion of the sixtieth anniversary of the founding of the State of Israel, <mask> participated in the first joint cabinet meeting of the governments of Germany and Israel in Jerusalem in March 2008. In 2012, after having visited Hebron and the Palestinian territories, he said the Palestinians in those areas were systematically discriminated against and called Israel an "Apartheid Regime".While German members of parliament call out Iran's human rights violations and Nazanin Boniadi, advocate for the Center for Human Rights in Iran, described "systemic gender apartheid" where women advocating equal rights are regularly imprisoned, homosexuality is illegal and can carry the death penalty, <mask> became the first top level German government visitor to Iran in 13 years as well as the first senior figure from any large western country's government to visit the country since it struck an agreement on its nuclear program, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, only days earlier. Travelling with a delegation of German industry representatives keen to move back into the Iranian market, he met with President Hassan Rouhani, Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif and Oil Minister Bijan Namdar Zangeneh. In one of the strongest comments by Germany to push for a federal solution for Ukraine, <mask> told German weekly Welt am Sonntag in August 2014 that a federal structure was the only option to resolve pro-Russian unrest in the country. He added that Germany's priority was to prevent direct conflict between Russia and its southern neighbour. Commenting on the international sanctions regime

masks: Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel


title: Sigmar Gabriel

texts: against Russia, <mask> stated in early 2015 that “we want to help resolve the conflict in Ukraine but don’t want to force Russia to its knees.” He later suggested that Europe consider easing sanctions in exchange for cooperation in Syria. Ukrainian-American historian Alexander J. Motyl has accused <mask> of "appeasement" and "a complete betrayal of everything democratic socialists claim to stand for." In September 2015, amid the European migrant crisis, <mask> visited the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan to learn more about the plight of Syrians fleeing the violence in the ongoing Syrian civil war that erupted in 2011.<mask> publicly urged Saudi Arabia to stop supporting religious radicals, amid growing concern among about the country's funding of Wahhabi mosques in Germany which are accused of breeding dangerous Islamists. In January 2016, <mask> participated in the first joint cabinet meeting of the governments of Germany and Turkey in Berlin. Later that year, he called any accession of Turkey to the European Union in the near term an "illusion." After the G7 summit in 2017, <mask> stated that the United States, with Donald Trump as president, has "weakened" the West and that the balance of power has now shifted. The remark comes days after Merkel stated, in an apparent policy shift, that "Europeans must really take our fate into our own hands". In June 2017, <mask> criticized the draft of new U.S. sanctions against Russia that target EU–Russia energy projects, including Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline. In a joint statement <mask> and Austria's Chancellor Christian Kern said that "Europe's energy supply is a matter for Europe, and not for the United States of America."They also said: "To threaten companies from Germany, Austria and other European states with penalties

masks: Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel


title: Sigmar Gabriel

texts:
 on the U.S. market if they participate in natural gas projects such as Nord Stream 2 with Russia or finance them introduces a completely new and very negative quality into European-American relations." <mask> is a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system. He argued the U.N. needed to be made "more effective, transparent, and democratic through a reform of its structures and decision-making procedures". In February 2018, <mask> accused Russia and China of trying to "undermine" the liberal Western world order. He said that "Nobody should attempt to divide the European Union: not Russia, not China and also not the United States." In September 2018, <mask> said that "Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians experienced unfathomable suffering in World War II. We have a responsibility there."In March 2018, after his departure as German foreign minister, <mask> published an opinion piece about the future of the relations between Turkey (under AKP rule) and the West, where he advocated for an inclusive stance towards Turkey and criticized the policy of the United States in that regard. In February 2020, he joined around fifty former European prime ministers and foreign ministers in signing an open letter published by British newspaper The Guardian to condemn U.S. President Donald Trump’s Middle East peace plan, saying it would create an apartheid-like situation in occupied Palestinian territory. Economic policy
On the occasion of the G20 summit in 2011, <mask> joined Ed Miliband, the leader of the UK's Labour Party, and Håkan Juholt, the chairman of the Swedish Social


title: Sigmar Gabriel

texts:
 Democratic Party, in suggesting a “new deal” for economic growth. They also said G20 leaders should commit to the introduction of a financial transaction tax for all major financial centers and an agreement to separate consumer and investment banking. In a letter to the European Commissioner for Trade, Karel De Gucht, <mask> stated in March 2014 that “special investment-protection provisions are not required in an agreement between the E.U. and the U.S” on a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). Instead, he later called for a public trade and investment court to replace the current system of private arbitration, and to enable appeals against arbitration rulings.Meanwhile, he has continuously warned against overblowing expectations for an economic boost from TTIP but maintained that the pact was needed to set high common standards for consumers. By August 2016, <mask> said talks on TTIP had "de facto" failed. In September 2014, <mask> rejected the inclusion of an investor-state dispute settlement clause in the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and the European Union, prompting a renegotiation that delayed the entry into force of the agreement. Following the renegotiations, he championed CETA to demonstrate the center-left party's business credentials. In a 2014 meeting with French economist Thomas Piketty, whose best-selling work Capital in the Twenty-First Century calls for a wealth tax, <mask> rejected such a progressive levy on capital as “crazy” for business. He also argued that a wealth tax would generate no more than 8 billion euros ($9.9 billion) a year. Together with his French counterpart Emmanuel Macron, <mask> presented a joint proposal in 2015 to set up a common eurozone budget.Energy policy
Following the


title: Sigmar Gabriel

texts:
 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011, <mask> harshly criticized the International Atomic Energy Agency, saying it had promoted “the construction of nuclear plants in all parts of the world, even in war and crisis regions. That needs to stop.”

In 2015, <mask> opposed a European Commission proposal for regional power-capacity markets, according to which utilities are paid for providing backup electricity at times when power generated by renewable sources, such as the sun and wind, cannot supply the grid. A free market backstopped by an emergency reserve will be cheaper and work just as well as capacity markets, <mask> told Handelsblatt. He later warned against a hasty exit from coal-fired power generation, concerned that such a move could pile more pressure on producers still wrestling with the planned shutdown of nuclear plants by 2022. Arms exports
Early in his tenure as Federal Minister of Economic Affairs and Energy, <mask> vowed a much more cautious approach to licensing arms exports, unnerving the sizeable defense industry and signaling a change in policy from the previous coalition government under which sales rose. In August 2014, he withdrew permission for Rheinmetall to build a military training center east of Moscow. <mask> was bound by pledges to his SPD to reduce arms sales to states that abuse human rights and the rule of law or where such sales may contribute to political instability.He stated that controls over the final destination of small arms sold to such nations are still insufficient. However, he also indicated that the government would not universally block deals with countries outside of Germany's traditional alliances. Deals with such countries could be approved because of "special foreign-policy or security interests." In late 2015,


title: Sigmar Gabriel

texts:
 his ministry approved a merger of German tank maker Krauss-Maffei Wegmann (KMW) with the French armoured vehicle maker Nexter. <mask> has been criticized by opposition leaders and the press for failing to prevent several deals that resulted in a significant rise in German arms exports during his tenure, although a paradigm shift (lifting of the prohibition against arms exports in zones of war and crisis) already occurred before that. Digital policy
In May 2014, <mask> and France's economy and digital minister Arnaud Montebourg sent the European Commissioner for Competition, Joaquín Almunia, a letter criticizing the settlement of a three-year antitrust probe into Google; <mask> later “warmly welcomed” the launch of EU antitrust charges against Google in April 2015. In September 2014, <mask> called Google, Amazon.com and Apple Inc. “anti-social” for skirting appropriate taxation.In early 2015, <mask> and his French counterpart Emmanuel Macron wrote in a joint letter to Vice-President of the European Commission Andrus Ansip that the growing power of some online giants “warrants a policy consultation with the aim of establishing an appropriate general regulatory framework for ‘essential digital platforms.’”

In 2016, during a series of Chinese bids for German engineering firms, <mask> publicly called for a European-wide safeguard clause which could stop foreign takeovers of firms whose technology is deemed strategic for the future economic success of the region. Human rights
In April 2014, human rights lawyer Mo Shaoping was blocked from meeting <mask> during his visit to China, despite the minister saying ahead of the meeting that he wanted to meet critical voices. During a 2015 visit to King Salman of Saudi Arabia, <mask> launched an unusual public effort to


title: Sigmar Gabriel

texts:
 persuade Saudi authorities to free imprisoned writer Raif Badawi and grant him clemency, amplifying Germany’s political voice in a region in which its influence had largely been limited to economic issues in years past. He had been urged by MPs and human rights organizations to take up Badawi's case before his trip. His outspoken criticism of Saudi justice was unusual for Western leaders visiting the country, a close ally for the West in fighting terrorism and Islamic State militants, particularly given Germany’s status as Saudi Arabia’s third-largest source of imports. While the U.S. State Department had previously also criticized the Badawi sentence, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry did not talk about the case publicly when he visited Riyadh only days before. During a subsequent trip to Qatar, <mask> called on the emir of Qatar, Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad Al Thani and other senior officials to do better in protecting foreign household workers who face abuse from their employers.Controversy

Thilo Sarrazin
In 2010, <mask> called the speeches of Thilo Sarrazin, his party colleague who wrote critically about immigration by accusing Muslims of refusing to integrate and of “dumbing down” German society, "verbal violence". He stated that although Sarrazin described many things that were accurate, his conclusions did not fit into the egalitarian “ideals” of Social Democracy anymore. Kaiser’s takeover
In 2016, a German court nullified <mask>'s controversial decision to grant a special permission for the country's biggest supermarket chain Edeka to buy grocery store chain Kaiser's, owned by Tengelmann Group. The judges raised questions about the minister's "bias and a lack of neutrality" in the case, saying he had held secret discussion during the decision making process.


title: Sigmar Gabriel

texts:
 Personal life
<mask> has a daughter, Saskia, born in 1989, with his former girlfriend, who is of Jewish origin and whose grandparents were murdered in Auschwitz. <mask> was subsequently married to his former high school student Munise Demirel, who is of Turkish origin, from 1989 to 1998, and they had no children. In 2012 he married dentist Anke Stadler, with whom he has been in a relationship since 2008; their daughter Marie was born in 2012.His daughter Thea was born on 4 March 2017. In December 2016, <mask> underwent bariatric surgery in Offenbach to shrink his stomach and help manage his diabetes. See also
List of foreign ministers in 2017
List of current foreign ministers

References

External links

<mask>'s official Bundestag profile (German)

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

1959 births
Critics of Islamism
Foreign Ministers of Germany
Economy ministers of Germany
Energy ministers
Environment ministers of Germany
Living people
Members of the Bundestag for Lower Saxony
Members of the Landtag of Lower Saxony
Ministers-President of Lower Saxony
People from Goslar
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
University of Göttingen alumni
Vice-Chancellors of Germany
Members of the Bundestag 2017–2021
Members of the Bundestag 2013–2017
Members of the Bundestag 2009–2013
Members of the Bundestag 2005–2009
Members of the Bundestag for the Social Democratic Party of


title: Giannelli Imbula

texts:
<mask> (born 12 September 1992) is a professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Portuguese club Portimonense. Born in Belgium, <mask> played youth football for France, before changing international allegiance to the DR Congo national football team. <mask> began his career with French club Guingamp, where he progressed from the youth teams to make his professional debut in October 2009. He helped Guingamp to promotion from the Championnat National in 2010–11. He established himself as a key member of the Guingamp team in Ligue 2 and one of the stand out players in the division which saw him win the Ligue 2 Player of the Year Award. This prompted Ligue 1 side Marseille to sign <mask> for a fee of €7 million. He spent two seasons at the Stade Vélodrome before joining Portuguese side Porto in the summer of 2015 for €20 million.After seven months at Porto, <mask> joined English club Stoke City for a club record £18.3 million. Despite making a promising start at Stoke, he had a poor 2016–17 season and was sent on loan to Ligue 1 side Toulouse in 2017–18, La Liga side Rayo Vallecano in 2018–19 and Serie A side Lecce in 2019–20. Club career

Early career
<mask> was born in Vilvoorde, Belgium, to Congolese parents, who moved to Paris when he was young. Growing up he played youth team football with US Argenteuil, Racing Club, Paris Saint-Germain before moving to Guingamp when he was 15. <mask> progressed through the youth team at the Stade de Roudourou and made his professional debut in Ligue 2 on 16 October 2009 in a game against Dijon, becoming the youngest player in Ligue 2 history at 17 years, 1 month and 4 days of age. He played 33 times in 2010–11, scoring twice and helping Guingamp gain an instant promotion back to Ligue 2. He made 30 appearances in 2011–12 as the side finished seventh which was followed by promotion to Ligue 1 in 2012–13, with <mask> making 36 appearances, scoring two goals and he was named Ligue 2 Player of the Year.Marseille
In July 2013, <mask> joined Marseille for a fee of €7 million, including

masks:
Gilbert Imbula Wanga
Imbula
Imbula
Imbula
Imbula
Imbula
Imbula
Imbula
Imbula


title: Giannelli Imbula

texts:
 bonuses. He played 37 times for Marseille in 2013–14 as the team and <mask> failed to make a significant impact, finishing outside of the European places in sixth spot. However, under the management of Marcelo Bielsa in 2014–15, <mask> formed an effective understanding with André Ayew, André-Pierre Gignac and Dimitri Payet where they finished in fourth place in the league table and were the second highest goalscorers with 76 goals. Porto
On 1 July 2015, <mask> signed a five-year contract with Portuguese side Porto for a club record fee of €20 million. He struggled, however, to settle in Portugal and reports emerged that Porto would be willing to let him leave in the 2016 January transfer window. Stoke City
On 1 February 2016, <mask> joined Premier League club Stoke City on a five-and-a-half year contract for a club record €24 million (£18.3 million). He made his Stoke debut on 6 February 2016 in a 3–0 defeat against Everton.<mask> scored his first goal for Stoke on 13 February in a 3–1 win over Bournemouth. He made a good start to his Stoke career and earned the praise of teammate Geoff Cameron. He scored in a 2–1 victory against West Ham United on the final day of the 2015–16 season, helping Stoke to a ninth-place finish. Stoke and <mask> made a poor start to the 2016–17 campaign and he was dropped from the side by manager Mark Hughes. He returned to the side in December and January before again being left out of the squad by Hughes. <mask> made 14 appearances for Stoke in 2016–17 and it was reported that the club would be willing to cut their losses on <mask> in the summer transfer window. Whilst at Stoke, <mask>'s attitude prompted some heavy criticism from some of his club teammates.Glen Johnson spoke on BBC Radio 5 Live in March 2019 about an occasion where <mask> subbed himself in a pre-season game after someone did not pass him the ball, only to sub himself back on again ten minutes later. <mask>'s contract with Stoke was terminated on 22 February 2020. Loan to Toulouse
In August 2017, <mask> joined Toulouse on loan for the

masks: Imbula Imbula Imbula Imbula Imbula Imbula Imbula Imbula Imbula Imbula Imbula Imbula


title: Giannelli Imbula

texts:
 2017–18 season. <mask> played 34 times for Toulouse, helping them remain in Ligue 1 after they defeated Ajaccio in a relegation play-off. Loan to Rayo Vallecano
On 30 August 2018, <mask> moved to La Liga side Rayo Vallecano on a one-year loan deal. <mask> played 24 times for Rayo in 2018–19 as the team finished bottom of the table, scoring once with a long-range strike in a 0-1 win at SD Huesca on his 14 September 2018 debut. Loan to Lecce
Imbula joined Serie A side Lecce on loan for the 2019–20 season.On 21 February 2020 he received the consensual termination of the contract with the Italian club. Sochi
On 3 March 2020, <mask> signed for Russian Premier League club PFC Sochi. He left Sochi in late July 2020. After leaving Sochi, <mask> was allowed to use the training facilities of former club Guingamp, but ultimately he wasn't offered a contract by the Ligue 2 side. Portimonense
On 9 March 2021, <mask> signed for Primeira Liga club Portimonense S.C.

International career
Born to Congolese parents, <mask> was born in Belgium but raised in France, making him eligible for any of these three countries. In 2013, he received a call up from France under-21 team to compete in the Toulon Tournament. In October 2015, however, <mask> publicly expressed his desire to play for the Belgium national team, for which reason he has required authorization to FIFA to do so.<mask> was called up to the DR Congo national team squad to face Tanzania on 14 March 2018, but rejected the call-up. One year later, <mask> was named in the provisional DR Congo squad for the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations. However, he was not included in the final 23-man squad after his international clearance was not processed in time. He received international clearance in October 2019. <mask> debuted for the DR Congo in a 0-0 2021 Africa Cup of Nations qualification tie with Gabon on 14 November 2019. Style of play
Imbula plays as a defensive midfielder and has been described by Mark Hughes as being able to play in centre midfield: "He's a defensive midfielder and he's got a lot of

masks: Imbula Imbula Imbula Imbula Imbula Imbula Imbula Imbula Imbula Imbula Imbula


title: Giannelli Imbula

texts:
 attributes in terms of understanding that role, but he can play in a three as well. I like that flexibility in players because it gives me more options.He's a good young player with good power, good ability on the ball, and a good range of passing." Personal life
<mask> married his fiancée, Linda, in the summer of 2016. <mask> was caught speeding in Stockport in March 2016. Career statistics

Honours
Individual
UNFP Ligue 2 Player of the Year: 2012–13
UNFP Ligue 2 Team of the Year: 2012–13

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
People from Vilvoorde
Citizens of the Democratic Republic of the Congo through descent
Democratic Republic of the Congo footballers
Democratic Republic of the Congo international footballers
French footballers
France under-21 international footballers
France youth international footballers
French expatriate footballers
Belgian footballers
French sportspeople of Democratic Republic of the Congo descent
Belgian sportspeople of Democratic Republic of the Congo descent
Belgian emigrants to France
Naturalized citizens of France
La Liga players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Championnat National players
Championnat National 3 players
Primeira Liga players
Premier League players
Serie A players
Russian Premier League players
En Avant Guingamp players
Olympique de Marseille players
FC Porto players
Stoke City F.C. players
Toulouse FC players
Rayo Vallecano players
U.S. Lecce players
PFC Sochi players
Portimonense S.C. players
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate footballers
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in England
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Expatriate footballers in Portugal
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate footballers in Russia
Association football

masks: Imbula Imbula


title: Paul R. Williams

texts:
<mask>, FAIA (February 18, 1894 – January 23, 1980) was an American architect based in Los Angeles, California. He practiced mostly in Southern California and designed the homes of numerous celebrities, including Frank Sinatra, Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, Lon Chaney, Barbara Stanwyck and Charles Correll. He also designed many public and private buildings. Early life and education
<mask> came from a family of middle class Memphis residents: Chester Stanley and <mask>. They migrated to Los Angeles in 1893 with their son, Chester, to start a fruit business, but were not successful. <mask> was born in Los Angeles on February 18, 1894. His father died in 1896 from tuberculosis and his mother two years later from the same illness, leaving the boys in foster care.He  was eventually adopted by C.I. Clarkson and his wife. <mask> was the only African-American student in his elementary school. He studied at the Los Angeles School of Art and Design and at the Los Angeles branch of the New York Beaux-Arts Institute of Design Atelier, subsequently working as a landscape architect with Wilbur Cook, Jr. He studied architectural engineering from 1916 to  1919 at the University of Southern California, where he earned his degree, designing several residential buildings while a student there. <mask> became a certified architect in California in 1921 and the first certified African-American architect west of the Mississippi. He married Della Mae Givens on June 27, 1917, at the First AME Church in Los Angeles.They had three children: <mask> <mask>. (born and died June 30, 1925, buried in Evergreen Cemetery, Los Angeles); Marilyn Frances <mask> (born December 25, 1926) and Norma Lucille <mask> (born September 18, 1928). Career

<mask> won an architectural competition at age 25, and three years later opened his own office. Known as an outstanding draftsman, he perfected the skill of rendering drawings "upside

masks:
Paul Revere Williams
Williams
Lila Wright Williams
Paul
Williams
Williams
Paul Revere
Williams Jr
Williams
Williams Harvey
Williams


title: Paul R. Williams

texts:
 down." This skill was developed because in the 1920s many of his white clients felt uncomfortable sitting directly next to a Black man. He learned to draft upside down so that he could sit across the desk from his clients who would see his drafts right-side-up. Struggling to gain attention, he served on the first Los Angeles City Planning Commission in 1920. From 1921 through 1924, <mask> worked for Los Angeles architect John C. Austin, eventually becoming chief draftsman, before establishing his own office.In 1923, <mask> became the first African-American member of the American Institute of Architects (AIA). In 1939, he won the AIA Award of Merit for his design of the MCA Building in Beverly Hills (now headquarters of the Paradigm Talent Agency). At one point in his career <mask> became interested in prefabricated structures. He worked together with Wallace Neff to design experimental Airform structures which were small homes that only took a few days to construct using simple materials. A. Quincy Jones (1913–79) was an architect who is claimed to have hired <mask> and later collaborated with him on projects in Palm Springs, including the Palm Springs Tennis Club (1947) and the Town & Country (1948) and Romanoff's on the Rocks (1948) restaurants. Lockheed and Guerdon Industries recruited <mask> to design a concept for a car-alternative travel system in Las Vegas. He developed the idea of a monorail-like system called the Skylift Magi-Cab that would bring people to and from McCarran Airport and the city center.During World War II, <mask> worked for the Navy Department as an architect. During his career <mask> designed over 2,000 buildings. Awards, recognition and honors

During his lifetime
In 1951, <mask> won the Omega Psi Phi fraternity, Man of the Year award and in 1953 he received the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP for his outstanding contributions as an architect and member of the

masks: Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams


title: Paul R. Williams

texts:
 African-American community. <mask> also received honorary doctorates from Lincoln University of Missouri (doctor of science, 1941), Howard University (doctor of architecture, 1952), and the Tuskegee Institute (doctor of fine arts, 1956). In 1956, he won an award for service, from Wisdom magazine, for "contributions to knowledge and distinguished service to mankind." In 1957, he became the first Black member to be inducted into the AIA's College of Fellows. An April 2, 1957 letter from the Executive Secretary of AIA, offered <mask> the honor of Fellowship and membership in the College of Fellows "for your notable contribution in Public Service."Posthumous honors
USC listed him among its distinguished alumni in the television commercial for the school shown during its football games in 2004. The American Institute of Architects (AIA) gave him its gold medal in 2017, 37 years after <mask>'s death. Publications
Book: The Small Home of Tomorrow (1945), with a successor volume New Homes for Today (1946). Essay: "I Am a Negro," American Magazine (1937). The following is a quote from that essay:I came to realize that I was being condemned, not by lack of ability, but by my color. I passed through successive stages of bewilderment, inarticulate protest, resentment, and, finally, reconciliation to the status of my race. Eventually, however, as I grew older and thought more clearly, I found in my condition an incentive to personal accomplishment, and inspiring challenge.Without having the wish to “show them,” I developed a fierce desire to “show myself.” I wanted to vindicate every ability I had. I wanted to acquire new abilities. I wanted to prove that I, as an individual, deserved a place in the world. Works

Private homes

<mask> designed more than 2,000 private homes, most of which were in the Hollywood Hills and the Mid-Wilshire portion of Los Angeles (including his own home in Lafayette

masks: Williams Williams Williams Williams


title: Paul R. Williams

texts:
 Square), part of historic West Adams, Los Angeles. He also designed at least one home in the San Rafael district along with many others in Pasadena and La Cañada Flintridge. The Linda Vista Area of Pasadena has many Spanish Colonial and French Country homes of his design including many commissioned by business magnates (Chrysler Corporation) and actors. His most famous homes were for celebrities, and he was well regarded for his mastery of various architectural styles.Modern interpretations of Tudor-revival, French Chateau, Regency, French Country, and Mediterranean architecture were all within his vernacular. One notable home, the Jay Paley House, which he designed for Jay Paley in Holmby Hills, and later the residence of Barron Hilton, was used as the 'Colby mansion' in exterior scenes for The Colbys television series. <mask>'s client list included Frank Sinatra (the notorious pushbutton house), Bill "Bojangles" <mask>, Lon Chaney, Sr., Lucille Ball, Julie London, Tyrone Power (two houses), Barbara Stanwyck, Bert Lahr, Charles Correll, Will Hays, Zasu Pitts, and Danny Thomas. In contrast to these splendid mansions, <mask> co-designed with Hilyard <mask> the first federally funded public housing projects of the post-war period (Langston Terrace in Washington, D.C.) and later the Pueblo del Rio project in southeast Los Angeles. <mask> famously remarked upon the bitter irony of the fact that most of the homes he designed, and whose construction he oversaw, were on parcels whose deeds included segregation covenants barring Black people from purchasing them. A number of his works are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Works
(In Los Angeles, unless otherwise noted)

28th Street YMCA, 1006 E. 28th St., Los Angeles (<mask>, <mask> R.), NRHP-listed
421 La Fayette Park Place, Los Angeles, CA
Angeles Mesa Elementary School, Los Angeles, California
Angelus Funeral Home, 1010 E.

masks: Williams Robinson Williams Robinson Williams Williams Paul


title: Paul R. Williams

texts:
 Jefferson Blvd., Los Angeles (<mask>, <mask>.), NRHP-listed
Arrowhead Springs Hotel & Spa, San Bernardino, California;
Beverly Hills Hotel (redesigned & added rooms in the 1940s)
Baldwin Hills Mall (original anchor stores).<mask> managed the interior and exterior redesign in 1950, then oversaw a second renovation after the restaurant was badly damaged by a fire in 1954. Pueblo del Rio Housing Project, Los Angeles, 1941
 Roberts House Ranch "The Tropical Terrace", Malibu, CA (The remains of the burned down structures can be explored on Solstice Canyon Trail in Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area.) Saks Fifth Avenue, Beverly Hills, 9600 Wilshire Bd, Los Angeles (with Parkinson & Parkinson)
 Seaview Palos Verdes, a mid-century modern tract neighborhood built from 1959 to 1960
Second Baptist Church, 1100 E. 24th St., Los Angeles (<mask>, <mask>.), NRHP-listed
Shrine Auditorium (<mask> helped prepare construction drawings as a young architect.) The retro-futuristic googie styled Theme Building at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). (In the 1960s as part of the Pereira & Luckman firm and with consulting engineers, <mask> helped design this futuristic landmark.) The Gatehouse (1940), for aviation pioneer Thomas F. Hamilton (Lake Arrowhead, California);
 UCLA Botany Building
Woodrow Wilson High School
One or more works in 27th Street Historic District, along 27th St., Los Angeles (Williams, <mask>), NRHP-listed
One or more works in Berkley Square, area bounded by Byrnes Ave., D St., Leonard Ave., and G St., Las Vegas, NV (<mask>, <mask> R.)
501 World Way, first parking structure at LAX, built in 1965

He also designed the Al Jolson tomb in Hillside Memorial Park, to where Jolson's body was moved in 1951. The tomb and fountain are prominently visible from the adjacent San Diego Freeway.It is perhaps a fitting tribute to both <mask> and Jolson that he was chosen to design Jolson's

masks:
Williams
Paul R
Williams
Williams
Paul R
Williams
Williams
Paul
Williams
Paul
Williams


title: Paul R. Williams

texts:
 resting place since Jolson had a long history of supporting African-American entertainers, in a time when that was controversial. Professional records

In 1955, <mask> was hired to transform a W.W.Woolworth store at the corner of Broadway and 45th in Los Angeles into the Broadway Federal Savings and Loan. When the bank opened, <mask> safeguarded much of his business papers in the bank. During the fires that consumed the area after the <mask> trial in 1992, the Broadway Bank burned and it was feared that much of <mask>’ archives had been lost. <mask> family had carefully curated the documents and <mask>’ granddaughter, Karen Elyse Hudson,  agreed to the acquisition of the archive by the Getty Research Institute and the USC School of Architecture. In June 2020, Milton Curry of USC announced the contents of the archive: about 35,000 architectural plans, 10,000 original drawings, blueprints, photographs, and correspondence that help “fill the gaps of Los Angeles Modernism in the 20th century.”

Death

<mask> retired his practice in 1973, and died from diabetes on January 23, 1980, at age 85. His funeral was held at the First AME Church he designed, and the presiding minister, Rev.Cecil Murray, was joined in the pulpit by Dr. William H.D. Hornaday, the Senior Minister of Founder's Church of Religious Science, that <mask> also had designed. Dr. Hornaday described <mask> as a gentle and courtly man of the highest integrity. <mask> was interred in the Sanctuary of Radiance, Manchester Garden Mausoleum at Inglewood Park Cemetery, Inglewood. <mask>'s widow <mask> (1895–1996) co-founded (with Fannie <mask>) 'The Wilfandel Club' Established November 21, 1945, by black women active in the Los Angeles, California, community. The Wilfandel Club's goal has been to promote civic betterment, philanthropic endeavors, and general culture. The Wilfandel Club is the oldest African-American women's club in Los

masks:
Williams
Williams
Rodney King
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Della Williams
Williams


title: Paul R. Williams

texts:
 Angeles.Club meetings are still held at the beautiful Wilfandel Club House on 3425 West Adams Blvd in Los Angeles. <mask> survived her famous husband by 16 years, living to the age of 100; she died on July 24, 1996. Her funeral was held at Founder's Church of Religious Science, designed by her husband. She was interred in the <mask> crypt Inglewood Park Cemetery, Inglewood. On October 29, 2015 a monument and memorial plaza to <mask> was dedicated just to the north of the Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Building as part of its recent renovation. The monument, made by artist Georgia Toliver features a 9-foot-tall bas relief of <mask> with many of his significant works. The bas relief is flanked with interpretive panels with a biography of Mr. <mask> as well as a history of the Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company.Quotes

"If I allow the fact that I am a Negro to checkmate my will to do, now, I will inevitably form the habit of being defeated." "Planning is thinking beforehand how something is to be made or done, and mixing imagination with the product – which in a broad sense makes all of us planners. The only difference is that some people get a license to get paid for thinking and the rest of us just contribute our good thoughts to our fellow man." "Without having the wish to 'show them,' I developed a fierce desire to 'show myself,'" <mask> wrote in his 1937 essay for American Magazine, I Am a Negro. "I wanted to vindicate every ability I had. I wanted to acquire new abilities. I wanted to prove that I, AS AN INDIVIDUAL, deserved a place in the world.""Expensive homes are my business and social housing is my hobby." "Being a Californian was to my advantage. In California the people are interested in ideas that are new and fresh without the traditional or historical ties that are ordinarily more associated with East Coast thinking." Legacy
 <mask> is featured on the documentary

masks:
Della Williams
Williams
Paul Williams
Paul Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams