title: Lydia Williams

texts:
<mask> (born 13 May 1988) is an Australian soccer player who currently plays as a goalkeeper for Arsenal in England's FA Women's Super League (WSL) and the Australia women's national soccer team. She previously played for Melbourne City and Canberra United in Australia's W-League; Reign FC, Houston Dash and the Western New York Flash in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) in the United States; and Piteå IF in Sweden's Damallsvenskan. <mask> was twice-named PFA Women's Footballer of the Year for 2011–12 and 2015–16 and to the PFA W-League Team of the Season for 2016–17. She was awarded W-League Goalkeeper of the Year for the 2010–11, 2011–12, and 2016–17 seasons. Inducted to the Aboriginal and Islander Sports Hall of Fame, <mask> earned for her first cap for the Australian national team, commonly known as the Matildas, at age 16. She is the author of the children's book, Saved!! !, published in 2019.Early life
Born in Katanning, Western Australia, <mask> was raised by her Aboriginal father and American mother in the frontier mining town of Kalgoorlie. She spent most of her primary school years in Kalgoorlie where she attended St Joseph's School. <mask>' family left Kalgoorlie for Canberra when she was eleven years old. In November 2019, <mask> authored a children's book called, Saved!! !, which drew on her life experiences, from growing up in the desert to achieving success as an Aboriginal female football player. Club career

After playing junior football for Tuggeranong and Woden in the Australian Capital Territory, <mask> joined the Australian Institute of Sport Football Program. <mask> joined Australian W-League team Canberra United in 2008 and made 11 appearances for the club as their starting goalkeeper during the 2009 W-League season.Canberra finished in fourth place during the regular season with a  record, earning a berth to the Playoffs. Canberra

masks:
Lydia Grace Yilkari Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams


title: Lydia Williams

type: original

texts:
 was defeated 3–0 by eventual Grand Final winners, Sydney FC. During the 2010–11 W-League, <mask> was the starting goalkeeper in all eleven matches. Canberra finished in third place with a  record. After advancing to the Playoffs, they faced Brisbane Roar in the semi-finals and tied 2–2 leading to a penalty kick shootout in which Canberra lost 2–4. Western New York Flash, Canberra United and Houston Dash: 2014–17
In 2014, <mask> signed with the Western New York Flash signed <mask> to be their starting goalkeeper following a season-ending injury to Adrianna Franch. <mask> started 14 games in goal for the Flash.She recorded two shutouts in 2014 prior to suffering a season-ending ACL injury while competing at the 2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup with the Australian national team. In September 2014, <mask> was waived by the Flash and was selected by Washington Spirit for the 2015 season, though she did not play for the team. After returning to Australia, <mask> played for Canberra United for the 2015–16 W-League season. She was the starting goalkeeper in the 10 games in which she played and helped Canberra finish second in the regular season with a  record, earning a berth to the Playoffs. Canberra was defeated 1–0 by Sydney FC's controversial goal in the semi-finals. In January 2016, <mask> signed with the Houston Dash. She was the starting goalkeeper in all 15 games that she played.Two of her saves were voted Save of the Week by fans in Week 5 and 19. The Dash finished in eighth place during the regular season with a  record. Melbourne City (loan): 2016–17
Following the season, <mask> signed on loan with Melbourne City for the 2016–17 W-League. <mask> was the starting goalkeeper in 15 games helping Melbourne City finish in fourth place during the regular season with a  record, securing a berth to the Finals. <mask> was described as "impenetrable" after holding Canberra

masks: Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams


title: Lydia Williams

texts:
 United to a 1–0 shutout in extratime during the semi-final. She continued her effective, defensive armor in the 2–0 win over Perth Glory in the Grand Final. <mask> was named the league's Goalkeeper of the Year following the season.Reign FC and Melbourne City: 2017–20

Returning to Houston for the 2017 season, <mask> made 8 starts in goal before traded to Seattle Reign FC on August 31 in exchange for a 2018 2nd-round draft pick. She made three starts in goal for the Reign during the remainder of the season. The Reign finished in fifth place during the regular season. In October 2017, <mask> commenced pre-season training with Melbourne City, re-signing with them for the 2017–18 W-League season. She made 12 starts in goal helping lead Melbourne City to a fourth-place season during the regular season and berth to the Finals. After defeating the regular season premiers, Brisbane Roar,  in a 2–0 shutout in the semi-final, Melbourne City faced Sydney FC in the Grand Final and won 2–0, clinching the team's third consecutive title. <mask> was the starting goalkeeper for Reign FC in all 17 games that she played during the 2018 NWSL season.The Reign finished in third place during the regular season with a  record. The third place finished earned the team a berth to the Playoffs, though they were defeated 2–1 by local rivals Portland Thorns FC in the semi-finals. <mask> returned to Melbourne City for the 2019–20 W-League season. She was the starting goalkeeper in 14 matches, recording nine shutouts and a .871 save percentage. Melbourne City finished in first place during the regular season, claiming the premiership with an undefeated  record. During the playoffs, <mask> helped elevate City to a 5–1 win in the team's semi-final match against Western Sydney Wanderers. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Grand Final was not open to fans, though broadcast internationally.<mask>

masks: Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams


title: Lydia Williams

texts:
 helped hold Sydney FC to a 1–0 shutout to clinch the championship. Arsenal: 2020–present

<mask> signed a one-year contract with Arsenal in England's WSL in July 2020. She noted the "recent investment surge in European women's soccer" as a contributing factor to her signing. In late August, it was announced that she would be temporarily be sidelined by ankle surgery due to a pre-season injury. On 18 November 2020 <mask> made her debut as she started in the FA Women's League Cup against North London derby rivals Tottenham Hotspur. The game finished 2–2 with Arsenal winning 5–4 on penalties. She made her league debut on 6 December 2020 against Birmingham City.International career

<mask> has represented Australia on the senior and under-20 national teams. She earned her first training camp call-up with the senior national team at age 15. It was the first time she'd heard of the Matildas. In 2006, she competed with Australia at the AFC Women's Asian Cup and 2006 FIFA World Under 20 Women's Championship. At age 19, <mask> was selected to the Matildas squad for the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup in China, though she did not play. Australia finished second in their group and were knocked out by Brazil during a 3–2 quarterfinal match. She shared the starting goalkeeper role with veteran Matilda Melissa Barbieri at the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup in Germany.During the team's first group stage match against Brazil, Barbieri helped keep the rivals to a 1–0 scoreline. <mask> was the starting goalkeeper for Australia's next match against Equatorial Guinea and helped the Matildas win 3–2. Barbieri was in goal for the team's last group stage match: a 2–1 win over Norway. Australia finished second in their group and advanced to the quarterfinals where they were knocked out by Sweden 3–1 with Barbieri in goal. <mask> was the starting goalkeeper in all but one of Australia's matches

masks: Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams


title: Lydia Williams

texts: at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup in Canada. The team lost 3–1 to the United States during their first group stage match with Barbieri between the posts. <mask> helped hold Nigeria to a 2–0 shutout in the team's second group stage match and a 1–1 draw against Sweden.Australia finished second in the "Group of Death" and advanced to the Round of 16 where they faced Brazil. During the match, <mask>' save on a long-range shot by Formiga made international headlines as the save of the tournament. In the 90th minute, <mask> stopped Christiane's header marking 10th-ranked Australia's first win against Brazil in World Cup history. She finished the match with six saves and a shutout. The Matildas faced 2011 champions, Japan in the quarterfinals and narrowly lost 1–0 after a goal against in the 87th minute. After qualifying for the 2016 Rio Olympics in Japan, the Matildas faced Canada in their first group stage match with <mask> in goal. The team tied their next group stage match against Germany 2–2.After defeating Zimbabwe 6–1, the team finished third in Group F and top ranking in the third place teams advancing to the knockout stage. During their "thrilling" quarterfinal match against Brazil, <mask> was put to the test in a penalty shootout after a 0–0 draw. Despite saving a penalty from Marta, the Matildas were ultimately edged out 7–6 during the shootout and knocked out of the competition. <mask> was the starting goalkeeper at the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup in France — her fourth World Cup selection. During the team's first group stage match against Italy, a late Italian goal in the 5th minute of extratime resulted in a 2–1 surprising loss for the Matildas. They faced rivals Brazil next and won 3–2. After defeating Jamaica 4–1, Australia finished second in Group C and advanced to the Round of 16 where they faced Norway.After a 1–1 tie, Norway won 4–1 in penalties.


title: Crazy Horse

texts:
<mask> (, , ;  – September 5, 1877) was a Lakota war leader of the Oglala band in the 19th century. He took up arms against the United States federal government to fight against encroachment by white American settlers on Native American territory and to preserve the traditional way of life of the Lakota people. His participation in several famous battles of the Black Hills War on the northern Great Plains, among them the Fetterman Fight in 1866, in which he acted as a decoy, and the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876, in which he led a war party to victory, earned him great respect from both his enemies and his own people. In September 1877, four months after surrendering to U.S. troops under General George Crook, <mask> was fatally wounded by a bayonet-wielding military guard while allegedly resisting imprisonment at Camp Robinson in present-day Nebraska. He ranks among the most notable and iconic of Native American warriors and was honored by the U.S. Postal Service in 1982 with a 13¢ Great Americans series postage stamp. Early life

Sources differ on the precise year of <mask>'s birth, but most agree he was born between 1840 and 1845.According to Šúŋka Bloká (He Dog), he and <mask> "were both born in the same year at the same season of the year," which census records and other interviews place in 1842. Ptehé Wóptuȟ’a (Encouraging Bear), an Oglala medicine man and spiritual adviser to <mask>, reported that <mask> was born "in the year in which the band to which he belonged, the Oglala, stole One Hundred Horses, and in the fall of the year," a reference to the annual

masks:
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse


title: Crazy Horse

texts:
 Lakota calendar or winter count. Among the Oglala winter counts, the stealing of 100 horses is noted by Cloud Shield, and possibly by American Horse and Red Horse owner, as equivalent to the year 1840–41. Oral history accounts from relatives on the Cheyenne River Reservation place his birth in the spring of 1840. On the evening of his son's death, the elder <mask> told Lieutenant H.R. Lemly that the year of birth was 1840. Immediate family

<mask> was born to parents from two different bands of the Lakota division of the Sioux, his father being an Oglala and his mother a Miniconjou.His father, born in 1810, was also named Tȟašúŋke Witkó (<mask> Horse). <mask> was named Čháŋ Óhaŋ (Among the Trees) at birth, meaning he was one with nature. His mother, Tȟašína Ȟlaȟlá Wiŋ (Rattling Blanket Woman, born 1814), gave him the nickname Pȟehíŋ Yuȟáȟa (Curly Son/Curly) or Žiží (Light Hair) as his light, curly hair resembled her own. She died when <mask> Horse was only four years old. One account said that after the son had reached maturity and shown his strength, his father gave him his name and took a new one, Waglúla (Worm). Another version of how the younger <mask> Horse acquired his name is that he took it after going through the haŋbléčheya ceremony. <mask> Horse's cousin (son of Hewáŋžiča, Lone Horn) was Maȟpíya Ičáȟtagya (Touch the Clouds).He saved <mask>'s life at least once and was with him when he died. Rattling Blanket Woman or Tȟašína Ȟlaȟlá Wiŋ (1814–1844) was the daughter of Black Buffalo and White Cow (also known as Iron Cane). Her older siblings were Lone Horn

masks:
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy
Crazy Horse
Crazy
Crazy
Crazy
Crazy Horse


title: Crazy Horse

texts: (born 1790, died 1877) and Good Looking Woman (born 1810). Her younger sister was named Looks At It (born 1815), later given the name They Are Afraid of Her. The historian George Hyde wrote that Rattling Blanket Woman was Miniconjou and the sister of Spotted Tail, who became a Brulé head chief. She may have been a member of either of the One Horn or Lone Horn families, leaders of the Miniconjou. She was said to be beautiful and a fast runner.In 1844, while out hunting buffalo, Waglula helped defend a Lakota village under attack by the Crow. In gratitude he gave Waglula his two eldest daughters as wives: Iron Between Horns (age 18) and Kills Enemy (age 17). Corn's youngest daughter, Red Leggins, who was 15 at the time, requested to go with her sisters; all became Waglula's wives. When Waglula returned with the new wives, Rattling Blanket Woman, who had been unsuccessful in conceiving another child, thought she had lost favor with her husband and hanged herself. Waglula went into mourning for four years. Rattling Blanket Woman's sister, Good Looking Woman, came to offer herself as a replacement wife, and stayed on to raise Crazy Horse. Other versions of the legend posit that she was grief-stricken by the deaths of those she knew; that her husband accused her of running off with her brother-in-law; or that she had had affair with a European-American man.According to Frederick Hoxie's Encyclopedia of North American Indians, <mask> was the third in his male line to bear the name of <mask>. The love of his life was Tȟatȟáŋkasápawiŋ (Black Buffalo Woman), whom he courted, but

masks:
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse


title: Crazy Horse

texts:
 she married another man named Mní Níča (No Water). At one point, <mask> persuaded Black Buffalo Woman to run away with him. No Water borrowed a pistol and ran after his wife. When he found her with <mask>, he fired at him, injuring him in the face and leaving a noticeable scar. <mask> was married two times, first to Tȟašinásápawiŋ (Black Shawl) and second to Nellie Larrabee (Laravie). Nellie Larrabee was given the task of spying on <mask> for the military, so the marriage is suspect.Only Black Shawl bore him any children, a daughter named Kȟokípȟapiwiŋ (They Are Afraid of Her), who died at age three. Visions
<mask> lived in a Lakota camp in present-day Wyoming with his younger half-brother, Little Hawk, son of Iron Between Horns and Waglula. Little Hawk was the nephew of his maternal step-grandfather, Long Face, and a cousin, <mask>. In 1854, the camp was entered by Lieutenant John Lawrence Grattan and 29 other U.S. troopers, who intended to arrest a Miniconjou man for having stolen a cow. The cow had wandered into the camp, and after a short time someone butchered it and passed the meat out among the people. When the soldiers fatally shot Chief Conquering Bear, the Lakota returned fire, killing all 30 soldiers and a civilian interpreter in what was later called the Grattan massacre. After witnessing the death of Conquering Bear at the Grattan massacre, <mask> began to get trance visions.Curly went out on a vision quest to seek guidance but without going through the traditional procedures first. In his vision, a warrior on his horse rode out of a lake and the horse

masks:
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
High Horse
Crazy Horse


title: Crazy Horse

texts: seemed to float and dance throughout the vision. He wore simple clothing, no face paint, his hair down with just a feather in it, and a small brown stone behind his ear. Bullets and arrows flew around him as he charged forward, but neither he nor his horse was hit. A thunderstorm came over the warrior, and his people grabbed hold of his arms trying to hold him back. The warrior broke their hold and then lightning struck him, leaving a lightning symbol on his cheek, and white marks like hailstones appeared on his body. The warrior told Curly that as long he dressed modestly, his tribesmen did not touch him, and he did not take any scalps or war trophies, then he would not be harmed in battle.As the vision ended, he heard a red-tailed hawk shrieking off in the distance. Curly’s father later interpreted the vision and said that the warrior was going to be him. The lightning bolt on his cheek and the hailstones on his body were to become his war paint. Curly was to follow the warrior’s role to dress modestly and to do as the warrior's prophecy said so he would be unharmed in battle. For the most part, the vision was true and <mask> was rarely harmed in battle, except for when he was struck by an arrow after taking two enemy scalps. He was shot in the face by No Water when Little Big Man tried to hold <mask> back to prevent a fight from breaking out, and he was held back by one of his tribesmen—according to some reports, Little Big Man himself—when he was stabbed by a bayonet the night he died. His father Waglula took him to what today is Sylvan Lake, South Dakota, where


title: Crazy Horse

texts:
 they both sat to do a hemblecha or vision quest.A red-tailed hawk led them to their respective spots in the hills; as the trees are tall in the Black Hills, they could not always see where they were going. <mask> sat between two humps at the top of a hill north and to the east of the lake. Waglula sat south of Black Elk Peak but north of his son. <mask>'s vision first took him to the South where, in Lakota spirituality, one goes upon death. He was brought back and was taken to the West in the direction of the wakiyans (thunder beings). He was given a medicine bundle to protect him for life. One of his animal protectors would be the white owl which, according to Lakota spirituality, would give extended life.He was also shown his "face paint" for battle, to consist of a yellow lightning bolt down the left side of his face, and white powder. He would wet this and put marks over his vulnerable areas; when dried, the marks looked like hailstones. His face paint was similar to that of his father, who used a red lightning strike down the right side of his face and three red hailstones on his forehead. <mask> put no make-up on his forehead and did not wear a war bonnet. Lastly, he was given a sacred song that is still sung by the Oglala people today and he was told he would be a protector of his people. Black Elk, a contemporary and cousin of <mask>, related the vision in Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux, from talks with John G. Neihardt:

<mask> received a black stone from a medicine man named Horn Chips to protect his horse, a

masks:
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse


title: Crazy Horse

texts:
 black-and-white pinto he named Inyan (rock or stone). He placed the stone behind the horse's ear so that the medicine from his vision quest and Horn Chips would combine—he and his horse would be one in battle.The more accepted account, however, is that Horn Chips gave <mask> a sacred stone that protected him from bullets. Subsequently, <mask> was never wounded by a bullet. In addition, "Horn Chips" is not the correct name of this medicine man, though it has become a repeated error since its first publication in 1982. His Lakota name was Woptura, and he was given the name "Chips" by the government and was referred to as Old Man Chips. Horn Chips was one of his sons, who was also known as Charles Chips. Personality
<mask> was known to have a personality characterized by aloofness, shyness, modesty and lonesomeness. He was generous to the poor, the elderly, and children.In Black Elk Speaks, Neihardt relays:

War leadership

Title of "Shirt Wearer"
Through the late 1850s and early 1860s, <mask>'s reputation as a warrior grew, as did his fame among the Lakota. The Lakota told accounts of him in their oral histories. His first kill was a Shoshone raider who had murdered a Lakota woman washing buffalo meat along the Powder River. <mask> fought in numerous battles between the Lakota and their traditional enemies, the Crow, Shoshone, Pawnee, Blackfeet, and Arikara, among Plains tribes. In 1864, after the Third Colorado Cavalry decimated Cheyenne and Arapaho in the Sand Creek Massacre, Oglala and Minneconjou bands allied with them against the U.S. military. <mask> was present at


title: Crazy Horse

texts:
 the Battle of Platte Bridge and the Battle of Red Buttes in July 1865. Because of his fighting ability and for his generosity to the tribe, in 1865 <mask> was named an Ogle Tanka Un ("Shirt Wearer", or war leader) by the tribe.Battle of the Hundred in the Hand (Fetterman Fight)
On December 21, 1866, <mask> and six other warriors, both Lakota and Cheyenne, decoyed Capt. William Fetterman's 53 infantrymen and 27 cavalry troopers under Lt. Grummond into an ambush. They had been sent out from Fort Phil Kearny to follow up on an earlier attack on a wood train. <mask> Horse lured Fetterman's infantry up a hill. Grummond's cavalry followed the other six decoys along Peno Head Ridge and down toward Peno Creek, where several Cheyenne women taunted the soldiers. Meanwhile, Cheyenne leader Little Wolf and his warriors, who had been hiding on the opposite side of Peno Head Ridge, blocked the return route to the fort. The Lakota warriors swept over the hill and attacked the infantry.Additional Cheyenne and Lakota hiding in the buckbrush along Peno Creek effectively surrounded the soldiers. Seeing that they were surrounded, Grummond headed his cavalry back to Fetterman. The combined warrior forces of nearly 1,000 killed all the US soldiers in what became known at the time to the white population as the Fetterman Massacre. It was the Army's worst defeat on the Great Plains up to that time. The Lakota and Cheyenne call it the Battle of the Hundred in the Hand. Wagon Box Fight
On August 2, 1867, <mask> participated in the Wagon Box Fight, also near Fort Phil Kearny. Lakota forces

masks:
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy
Crazy Horse


title: Crazy Horse

texts:
 numbering between 1000 and 2000 attacked a wood-cutting crew near the fort.Most of the soldiers fled to a circle of wagon boxes without wheels, using them for cover as they fired at the Lakota. The Lakota took substantial losses, as the soldiers were firing new breech-loading rifles. These could fire ten times a minute compared to the old muzzle-loading rate of three times a minute. The Lakota charged after the soldiers fired the first time, expecting the delay of their older muskets before being able to fire again. The soldiers suffered only five killed and two wounded while the Lakota suffered between 50 and 120 casualties. Many Lakota were buried in the hills surrounding Fort Phil Kearny in Wyoming. Controversy over Black Buffalo Woman
In the fall of 1870, <mask> invited Black Buffalo Woman to accompany him on a buffalo hunt in the Slim Buttes area of present-day northwestern South Dakota.She was the wife of No Water, who had a reputation for drinking too much. It was Lakota custom to allow a woman to divorce her husband at any time. She did so by moving in with relatives or with another man, or by placing the husband's belongings outside their lodge. Although some compensation might be required to smooth over hurt feelings, the rejected husband was expected to accept his wife's decision. No Water was away from camp when <mask> Horse and Black Buffalo Woman left for the buffalo hunt. No Water tracked down <mask> and Black Buffalo Woman in the Slim Buttes area. When he found them in a teepee, he called <mask>'s name from outside.When <mask> answered, No Water stuck a

masks:
Crazy Horse
Crazy
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse


title: Crazy Horse

texts:
 pistol into the teepee and aimed for <mask>. Touch the Clouds, <mask>'s first cousin and son of Lone Horn, was sitting in the teepee nearest the entry. He knocked the pistol upward as No Water fired, deflecting the bullet to <mask>'s upper jaw. No Water left, with <mask>'s relatives in hot pursuit. No Water ran his horse until it died and continued on foot until he reached the safety of his own village. Several elders convinced <mask> and No Water that no more blood should be shed. As compensation for the shooting, No Water gave <mask> three horses.Because <mask> was with a married woman, he was stripped of his title as Shirt Wearer (leader). Black Shawl and Nellie Larrabee
<mask> Horse married Black Shawl, a member of the Oglala Lakota and relative of Spotted Tail. The elders sent her to heal <mask> after his altercation with No Water. <mask> and Black Shawl Woman were married in 1871. Black Shawl gave birth to <mask>'s only child, a daughter named They Are Afraid Of Her, who died in 1873. Black Shawl outlived <mask>. She died in 1927 during the influenza outbreaks of the 1920s.Red Cloud also arranged to send a young woman, Nellie Larrabee, to live in <mask>'s lodge. Interpreter William Garnett described Larrabee as "a half-blood, not of the best frontier variety, an invidious and evil woman". Larrabee, also referred to as Chi-Chi and Brown Eyes Woman, was the daughter of a French trader and a Cheyenne woman. Garnett's first-hand account of <mask>'s surrender alludes to Larrabee as the "half blood woman" who caused <mask> to fall into a "domestic trap which insensibly

masks:
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse


title: Crazy Horse

texts:
 led him by gradual steps to his destruction." Great Sioux War of 1876–77
On June 17, 1876, <mask> led a combined group of approximately 1,500 Lakota and Cheyenne in a surprise attack against brevetted Brigadier General George Crook's force of 1,000 cavalry and infantry, and allied 300 Crow and Shoshone warriors in the Battle of the Rosebud. The battle, although not substantial in terms of human losses, delayed Crook's joining the 7th Cavalry under George A. Custer. It contributed to Custer’s subsequent defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.A week later at 3:00 p.m. on June 25, 1876, Custer's 7th Cavalry attacked a large encampment of Cheyenne and Lakota bands along the Little Bighorn River, marking the beginning of his last battle. <mask>'s actions during the battle are unknown. Hunkpapa warriors led by Chief Gall led the main body of the attack. <mask>'s tactical and leadership role in the battle remains ambiguous. While some historians think that <mask> led a flanking assault, ensuring the death of Custer and his men, the only proven fact is that <mask> was a major participant in the battle. His personal courage was attested to by several eye-witness Indian accounts. Water Man, one of only five Arapaho warriors who fought, said <mask> "was the bravest man I ever saw.He rode closest to the soldiers, yelling to his warriors. All the soldiers were shooting at him, but he was never hit." Sioux battle participant Little Soldier said, "The greatest fighter in the whole battle was <mask>." <mask> is said to have exhorted his warriors before the fight with the battle

masks:
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse


title: Crazy Horse

texts:
 cry "Hóka-héy! Today is a good day to die!" but the quotation is inaccurately attributed. The earliest published reference is from 1881, in which the phrase is attributed to Low Dog.The English version is not an accurate translation from the Lakota language, "Hóka-héy!" Both phrases are used in context by Black Elk in Black Elk Speaks. On September 10, 1876, Captain Anson Mills and two battalions of the Third Cavalry captured a Miniconjou village of 36 tipis in the Battle of Slim Buttes, South Dakota. <mask> and his followers attempted to rescue the camp and its headman, (Old Man) <mask>, but they were unsuccessful. The soldiers killed <mask> and much of his family after they holed up in a cave for several hours. On January 8, 1877, <mask> Horse's warriors fought their last major battle at Wolf Mountain, against the US Cavalry in the Montana Territory. His people struggled through the winter, weakened by hunger and the long cold.<mask> decided to surrender with his band to protect them, and went to Fort Robinson in Nebraska. Last Sun Dance of 1877
The Last Sun Dance of 1877 is significant in Lakota history as the Sun Dance held to honor <mask> one year after the victory at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, and to offer prayers for him in the trying times ahead. <mask> attended the Sun Dance as the honored guest but did not take part in the dancing. Five warrior cousins sacrificed blood and flesh for <mask> at the Last Sun Dance of 1877. The five warrior cousins were three brothers, Flying Hawk, Kicking Bear and Black Fox II, all sons of Chief Black Fox, also known as

masks:
Crazy Horse
American Horse
American Horse
Crazy
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse


title: Crazy Horse

texts:
 Great Kicking Bear, and two other cousins, Eagle Thunder and Walking Eagle. The five warrior cousins were braves considered vigorous battle men of distinction. Surrender and death
<mask> and other northern Oglala leaders arrived at the Red Cloud Agency, located near Fort Robinson, Nebraska, on May 5, 1877.Together with He Dog, Little Big Man, Iron Crow and others, they met in a solemn ceremony with First Lieutenant William P. Clark as the first step in their formal surrender. For the next four months, <mask> resided in his village near the Red Cloud Agency. The attention that <mask> received from the Army drew the jealousy of Red Cloud and Spotted Tail, two Lakota who had long before come to the agencies and adopted the white ways. Rumors of <mask>'s desire to slip away and return to the old ways of life started to spread at the Red Cloud and Spotted Tail agencies. In August 1877 officers at Camp Robinson received word that the Nez Perce of Chief Joseph had broken out of their reservation in Idaho and were fleeing north through Montana toward Canada. When asked by Lieutenant Clark to join the Army against the Nez Perce, <mask> and the Miniconjou leader Touch the Clouds objected, saying that they had promised to remain at peace when they surrendered. According to one version of events, <mask> finally agreed, saying that he would fight "till all the Nez Perce were killed."But his words were apparently misinterpreted by a half-Tahitian scout, Frank Grouard, a person not to be confused with Fred Gerard, another U.S. Cavalry scout during the summer of 1876. Grouard reported


title: Crazy Horse

texts: that <mask> had said that he would "go north and fight until not a white man is left." When he was challenged over his interpretation, Grouard left the council. Another interpreter, William Garnett, was brought in but quickly noted the growing tension. With the growing trouble at the Red Cloud Agency, General George Crook was ordered to stop at Fort Robinson. A council of the Oglala leadership was called, then canceled, when Crook was incorrectly informed that <mask> had said the previous evening that he intended to kill the general during the proceedings. Crook ordered <mask>'s arrest and then departed; leaving the post commander at Fort Robinson, Lieutenant Colonel Luther P. Bradley, to carry out his order.Additional troops were brought in from Fort Laramie. On the morning of September 4, 1877, two columns moved against <mask> Horse's village, only to find that it had scattered during the night. <mask> had fled to the nearby Spotted Tail Agency with his wife, who had become ill with tuberculosis. After meeting with military officials at Camp Sheridan, the adjacent military post, <mask> Horse agreed to return to Fort Robinson with Lieutenant Jesse M. Lee, the Indian agent at Spotted Tail. On the morning of September 5, 1877, <mask> and Lieutenant Lee, accompanied by Touch the Clouds as well as a number of Indian scouts, departed for Fort Robinson. Arriving that evening outside the adjutant's office, Lieutenant Lee was informed that he was to turn <mask> Horse over to the Officer of the Day. Lee protested and hurried to Bradley's quarters to debate the issue, but

masks:
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy
Crazy Horse
Crazy
Crazy Horse
Crazy


title: Crazy Horse

texts:
 without success.Bradley had received orders that <mask> was to be arrested and taken under the cover of darkness to Division Headquarters. Lee turned the Oglala war chief over to Captain James Kennington, in charge of the post guard, who accompanied <mask> to the post guardhouse. Once inside, <mask> struggled with the guard and Little Big Man and attempted to escape. Just outside the door, <mask> was stabbed with a bayonet by one of the members of the guard. He was taken to the adjutant's office, where he was tended by the assistant post surgeon at the post, Valentine McGillycuddy, and died late that night. The following morning, <mask>'s body was turned over to his elderly parents, who took it to Camp Sheridan and placed it on a burial scaffold. The following month, when the Spotted Tail Agency was moved to the Missouri River, <mask>'s parents moved the remains to an undisclosed location.There are at least four possible locations as noted on a state highway memorial near Wounded Knee, South Dakota. His final resting place remains unknown. Controversy over his death

McGillycuddy, who treated <mask> after he was stabbed, wrote that <mask> "died about midnight." According to military records, he died before midnight, making it September 5, 1877. John Gregory Bourke's memoir of his service in the Indian wars, On the Border with Crook, describes a different account of <mask>'s death. He based his account on an interview with <mask>'s rival, Little Big Man, who was present at <mask>'s arrest and fatal wounding. The interview took place over a year after <mask>'s

masks:
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse


title: Crazy Horse

texts: death.Little Big Man said that, as <mask> was being escorted to the guardhouse, he suddenly pulled two knives from under his blanket and held one in each hand. One knife was reportedly fashioned from an army bayonet. Little Big Man, standing behind him, seized <mask> by both elbows, pulling his arms up behind him. As <mask> struggled, Little Big Man lost his grip on one elbow, and <mask> drove his own knife deep into his own lower back. The guard stabbed <mask> with his bayonet in the back, who then fell and surrendered to the guards. When Bourke asked about the popular account of the guard bayoneting <mask> first, Little Big Man said that the guard had thrust with his bayonet, but that <mask>'s struggles resulted in the guard's thrust missing entirely and lodging his bayonet into the frame of the guardhouse door. Little Big Man said that in the hours immediately following <mask>'s wounding, the camp commander had suggested the story of the guard being responsible to hide Little Big Man's role in the death of <mask> and avoid any inter-clan reprisals.Little Big Man's account is questionable; it is the only one of 17 eyewitness sources (from Lakota, US Army, and "mixed-blood" individuals) that fails to attribute <mask>'s death to a soldier at the guardhouse. The author Thomas Powers cites various witnesses who said <mask> was fatally wounded when his back was pierced by a guard's bayonet. The identity of the soldier responsible for the bayoneting of <mask> is also debatable. Only one eyewitness account actually identifies the soldier as Private William Gentles.


title: Crazy Horse

texts:
 Historian Walter M. Camp circulated copies of this account to individuals who had been present who questioned the identity of the soldier and provided two additional names. To this day, the identification remains questionable. Photograph controversy

Most sources question whether <mask> was ever photographed.Valentine McGillycuddy doubted any photograph of the war leader had been taken. In 1908, Walter Camp wrote to the agent for the Pine Ridge Reservation inquiring about a portrait. "I have never seen a photo of <mask>," Agent Brennan replied, "nor am I able to find any one among our Sioux here who remembers having seen a picture of him. <mask> had left the hostiles but a short time before he was killed and it's more than likely he never had a picture taken of himself." In 1956, a small tintype portrait purportedly of <mask> was published by J. W. Vaughn in his book With Crook at the Rosebud. The photograph had belonged to the family of the scout Baptiste "Little Bat" Garnier. Two decades later, the portrait was published with further details about how the photograph was produced at Fort Robinson, though the editor of the book "remained unconvinced of the authenticity of the photograph."In the late 1990s the original tintype was on exhibit at the Custer Battlefield Museum in Garryowen, Montana. The museum says that it is the only authentic portrait of <mask> Horse. Historians continue to dispute the identification. Experts argue that the tintype was taken a decade or two after 1877. The evidence includes the individual's attire, the length of the hair pipe

masks:
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy


title: Crazy Horse

texts:
 breastplate, and the ascot tie, which closely resembles the attire of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Indian performers active from 1883 to the early 1900s. Other experts point out that the gradient lighting in the photo indicates a skylight studio portrait, common in larger cities. In addition, no other photograph with the same painted backdrop has been found.Several photographers passed through Fort Robinson and the Red Cloud Agency in 1877—including James H. Hamilton, Charles Howard, David Rodocker and possibly Daniel S. Mitchell—but none used the backdrop that appears in the tintype. After the death of <mask> Horse, Private Charles Howard produced at least two images of the famed war leader's alleged scaffold grave, located near Camp Sheridan, Nebraska. Legacy

In the view of author Chris Hedges, "there are few resistance figures in American history as noble as <mask>," while adding that "his ferocity of spirit remains a guiding light for all who seek lives of defiance." Memorials
<mask> Horse is commemorated by the incomplete Crazy Horse Memorial in the Black Hills of South Dakota, near the town of Berne. Like the nearby Mount Rushmore National Memorial, it is a monument carved out of a mountainside. The sculpture was begun by Polish-American sculptor Korczak Ziółkowski, who had worked under Gutzon Borglum on Mount Rushmore, in 1948. Plans call for the completed monument to be  wide and  high.Ziółkowski was inspired to create the Crazy Horse Memorial after receiving a letter from native Lakota chief Henry Standing Bear, who asked if Ziółkowski would be interested in

masks:
Crazy
Crazy Horse
Crazy


title: Crazy Horse

texts: creating a monument for the native North Americans to show that the Indian nations also have their heroes. The Native Americans consider Thunderhead Mountain, where the monument is being carved, to be sacred ground. Thunderhead Mountain is situated between Custer and Hill City. Upon completion, the head of <mask> Horse will be the world’s largest sculpture of the human head, measuring approximately  tall, more than 27 feet taller than the 60-foot faces of the U.S. Presidents depicted on Mount Rushmore, and the Crazy Horse Memorial as a whole will be the largest sculpture in the world. The memorial is funded entirely by private donations, with no assistance from the U.S. federal government. There is no target completion date at this time; however, in 1998, the face of Crazy Horse was completed and dedicated. The Crazy Horse Memorial Foundation regularly takes the lead in cultural, social and educational events, including the Volksmarch, the occasion on which the public is allowed into the actual monument grounds.The foundation generates most of its funds from visitor fees, with visitors numbering more than one million annually. The monument has been the subject of controversy. In Ziółkowski's vision, the sculpted likeness of <mask> is dedicated to the spirit of <mask> and all Native Americans. It is well-known that <mask> did not want to be photographed during his lifetime and is reportedly buried in an undisclosed location. While Lakota chief Henry Standing Bear believed in the sincerity of the motives, many Native Americans still oppose the intended meaning of the

masks:
Crazy
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse


title: Crazy Horse

texts:
 memorial. Opponents of the monument have likened it to pollution and desecration of the landscape and environment of the Black Hills, and of the ideals of <mask> himself. Aside from the monumental sculpture, <mask> has also been honored by having two highways named after him, both called the Crazy Horse Memorial Highway.In South Dakota, the designation has been applied to a portion of US 16/US 385 between Custer and Hill City, which passes by the Crazy Horse Memorial. In November 2010, Nebraska Governor Dave Heineman approved designating US 20 from Hay Springs to Fort Robinson in honor of <mask> Horse, capping a year-long effort by citizens of Chadron. The designation may extend east another 100 miles through Cherry County to Valentine. <mask> Horse School in Wanblee, South Dakota is named after him. In popular culture
 In the film Chief Crazy Horse (1955), directed by George Sherman, <mask> is played by Victor Mature. In the film Crazy Horse (1995), <mask> Horse is played by Native American actor Michael Greyeyes. The middle-grade novel In the Footsteps of Crazy Horse (2015) by Joseph Marshall, III tells the story of a young Lakota boy who learns about <mask> Horse from his grandfather.An Excelsior-class Starfleet starship named after <mask> appears in two episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation. <mask>'s life was the subject of a four-part series of the podcast History on Fire by historian Daniele Bolelli. References

Further reading
 Ambrose, Stephen E. <mask> and Custer: The Parallel Lives of Two American Warriors. 1975. Bray, Kingsley M. <mask> Horse: A Lakota

masks:
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy
Crazy
Crazy Horse
Crazy
Crazy
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy


title: Crazy Horse

texts:
 Life. 2006. Clark, Robert.The Killing of Chief <mask> Horse: Three Eyewitness Views by the Indian, Chief He Dog the Indian White, William Garnett the White Doctor, Valentine McGillycuddy. 1988. Marshall, Joseph M. III. The Journey of Crazy Horse: A Lakota History. 2004. Guttmacher, Peter and David W. Baird. Ed.<mask> Horse: Sioux War Chief. New York Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 1994. 0–120. McMurtry, Larry. Crazy Horse (Penguin Lives). Puffin Books. 1999.Pinn, Lionel Kitpu'se. Greengrass Pipe Dancers. 2000. Powers, Thomas. The Killing of Crazy Horse. Random House, Inc. 2010. .
 Sandoz, Mari. <mask> Horse, the Strange Man of the Oglalas, a biography.1942. "Debating <mask> Horse: Is this the Famous Oglala?" Whispering Wind magazine, Vol 34 #3, 2004. A discussion on the improbability of the Garryowen photo being that of <mask> Horse (the same photo shown here). The clothing, the studio setting all date the photo 1890–1910. The Authorized Biography of <mask> and His Family Part One: Creation, Spirituality, and the Family Tree. DVD.William Matson and Mark Frethem, producers. Documentary based on over 100 hours of footage shot of family oral history detailed interviews and all Crazy Horse sites. Family had final approval on end product. Reelcontact.com, 2006. The Authorized Biography of <mask> and His Family Part Two: Defending the Homeland Prior to the 1868 Treaty. DVD William Matson and Mark Frethem, Producers. Reel Contact Productions, 2007.Russell Freedman, The Life and Death of <mask> Horse. Holiday House. 1996. External links

 The Final Days and Death of <mask> Horse

masks:
Crazy
Crazy
Crazy
Crazy
Crazy
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse
Crazy
Crazy


title: Crazy Horse

texts:
 PBS Biography of <mask> Horse
 A timeline of <mask> Horse's life
 Biography of <mask> and His Family Part 1 DVD

1840s births
1877 deaths
1877 crimes
Lakota leaders
Murdered Native American people
Native American history of South Dakota
Native American people of the Indian Wars
People of the Great Sioux War of 1876
Red Cloud's War
People of the American Old West
Deaths by stabbing in the United States
People murdered in Nebraska
Battle of the Little

masks:
Crazy
Crazy
Crazy Horse


title: Ena Noël

texts:
Phillipena (<mask><mask>,  (30 July 1910 to 7 December 2003) best known by the name <mask>, was an inspirational school teacher and advocate for children's literature and library services to children and young adults. <mask>'s name is synonymous in Australia with children's literature and with IBBY, the International Board on Books for Young People. In Australia, she is still affectionately known as 'Mrs IBBY'. Early life
<mask> was born in Sydney on 30 July 1910 to Russian immigrant parents. From childhood Ena developed an interest in all forms of art and literature, especially music, theatre and dance. Inspired by the first Bodenwieser Ballet performed in Sydney in 1939, she trained in ballet under Gertrud Bodenwieser. After dancing with the Bodenwieser Group for some years, Ena conducted a dance studio at Rose Bay for some twenty years.In 1952–53 she toured Britain and Europe with a solo lecture-dance program entitled The life cycle of an Australian Aboriginal woman, dancing to John Antill's music for Corroboree. She performed, representing Australia, in the festivities for the Royal coronation in 1953. In 1940 <mask> married Arthur Charles <mask>, a British sea captain. After her husband's death in 1966, <mask>, although remaining passionate about dance, pursued an academic career. From the University of Sydney she obtained a Bachelor of Arts and Diploma of Education. At first she taught English and History at various high schools. While teaching at Dover Heights Girls High School she became convinced that her highest goal was to turn young people into enthusiastic and discriminating readers by working in school libraries.In 1958 Ena was appointed librarian at South Sydney Boys High. Contribution to children's literature
Ena was invited to speak at many international conferences and from 1982 to 1986 served on the International Board on Books for Young People international executive committee. She believed literature to be a potent force in international understanding and goodwill. Ena's crowning moment in IBBY and in promoting Australian children's literature

masks:
Ena
) Noël
Ena Noël
Ena Noël
Ena
Ena
Noël
Ena


title: Ena Noël

texts:
 internationally was no doubt her achievement in 1986 of successfully nominating Patricia Wrightson for the IBBY Hans Christian Andersen Medal for the body of her writing for children, and Robert Ingpen the IBBY Hans Christian Andersen Medal for his illustrations of children's books. This is the only time that both of these awards have gone to the same country in the same year. She was a respected critic of children's literature and contributed articles to international journals such as Bookbird. In 1971 she organised Australia's only entry for the Biennial of Illustrations in Bratislava; and in 1992 she was the Australian judge for the American Ezra Jack Keats Award in children's literature.For her services to children's literature <mask> <mask> received the Children's Book Council's Lady Cutler Award in 1983, and in 1986 she was presented with the Medal of the Order of Australia. On the occasion of the Lady Cutler Award it was said: 'In the world of children's literature Ena <mask>'s name is a password nationally and internationally. It is a password amongst those who believe that literature of quality and integrity is a powerful potential in the growth of children's imagination, insight and understanding – understanding of themselves, their society and their world; that books can be bridges linking person to person, culture to culture, nation to nation.' Maurice Saxby was nominated by Ena <mask>, and then elected to the jury of the Hans Christian Andersen Award in 1984 and 1986. Ena Noël Award for Encouragement

In 1994, Ena <mask> founded the Ena Noel Award for Encouragement to encourage young, emerging Australian writers and illustrators. The award is a mounted silver medallion designed by the first winner of the award, the Australian Aboriginal writer/illustrator Arone Raymond Meeks. The Award is presented biennially by IBBY Australia at the Australian Library and Information Association Conference.A list of the award winners is included in the IBBY Australia entry. Contribution to children's librarianship
From 1956 to 1974 she was renowned for her skill as a

masks: Ena Noël Noël Noël Noël


title: Ena Noël

texts:
 teacher-librarian – especially at Fort St Girls High (now known as Fort Street High School). <mask> <mask> and Margaret Trask were early leaders in the Library Association of Australia's School and Children's Libraries Section. <mask> <mask> co-ordinated and lectured at short summer courses in secondary school librarianship at the University of Sydney in the 1960s. Awards
 1983: Children's Book Council of Australia's Lady Cutler Award for services to children's literature
 1984: the General Council of the Library Association of Australia (now the Australian Library and Information Association) created a special award, the Ellinor Archer Award, which recognised her great contributions to the development of school and children's libraries. 1986: Medal of the Order of Australia for "service to libraries, especially in the field of children's literature". 1994: Ena founded her own biennial prize – the Ena Noël Award – to encourage young emerging writers and illustrators, which is presented at the ALIA Biennial Conference.References

 Phillipena (Ena) <mask>, AOM, 1910–2003 (Obituary) Maurice Saxby Incite January – February 2004
 The Ena Noel Award for Encouragement (Australia) John Foster. Bookbird. Basel: 2007. Vol. 45, Iss. 3; p. 46
 The Australian IBBY Encouragement Award for Children's Literature <mask> Noel. Bookbird.Basel: May 2003. Vol. 41, Iss. 2; p. 62
 The New classics: a selection of award-winning children's books. 1990 / edited by <mask> Noel
 Able to enjoy; books and the young disabled: papers presented at the Australian National Section of IBBY Conference on Children's Literature, Sydney, 1981 / edited by <mask> Noel

External links
 Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA)
 International Board on Books for Young People (IBBY)
 IBBY Australia
 Children's Book Council of Australia
 Ena Noel Encouragement Award
 Ena Noel Encouragement Award titles in LibraryThing

1910 births
2003 deaths
Australian Library and Information Association
Australian librarians
Women librarians
People from New South Wales
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of

masks: Ena Noël Ena Noël Noël Ena Ena Ena


title: Qasim Amin

texts: <mask> (, ; 1 December 1863, in Alexandria – April 22, 1908 in Cairo) was an Egyptian jurist, Islamic Modernist and one of the founders of the Egyptian national movement and Cairo University. <mask> has been historically viewed as one of the Arab world's "first feminists", although he joined the discourse on women's rights quite late in its development, and his "feminism" has been the subject of scholarly controversy. <mask> was an Egyptian philosopher, reformer, judge, member of Egypt's aristocratic class, and central figure of the Nahda Movement. His advocacy of greater rights for women catalyzed debate over women's issues in the Arab world. He criticized veiling, seclusion, early marriage, and lack of education of Muslim women. More recent scholarship has argued that he internalized a colonialist discourse on women's issues in the Islamic world, regarded Egyptian women as objects serving to achieve national aspirations, and in practice advocated reforms that diminished the legal rights of women in marriage contracts. Greatly influenced by the works of Darwin, <mask> is quoted to have said that "if Egyptians did not modernize along European lines and if they were 'unable to compete successfully in the struggle for survival they would be eliminated."He was also influenced by the works of Herbert Spencer and John Stuart Mill who argued for equality of the sexes; <mask> believed that heightening a woman's status in society would greatly improve the nation. His friendships with Muhammad Abduh and Saad Zaghloul also influenced this thinking. <mask> blamed traditional Moslems for Egyptian women's oppression saying

masks:
Qasim Amin
Qasim Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin


title: Qasim Amin

texts:
 that the Quran did not teach this subjugation but rather supported women's rights. His beliefs were often supported by Quranic verses. Born in an aristocratic family, his father was a governor of Diyarbekir Elayet, and his mother the daughter of an Egyptian aristocrat. <mask> finished law school at 17 and was one of thirty seven to receive a government scholarship to study at the University of Montepellier, in France. It was said that there he was influenced by Western lifestyles, especially its treatment of women.This would soon be his role model in his struggle to liberate the Egyptian women. His crusade began when he wrote a rebuttal, "Les Egyptiens. Response a M. Le duc d'Harcourt" in 1894 to Duke d'Harcourt's work (1893), which downgraded Egyptian culture and its women. <mask>, not satisfied with his own rebuttal, wrote in 1899 Tahrir al mara'a (The Liberation of Women), in which he blamed Egyptian women's "veiling," their lack of education, and their "slavery," to Egyptian men as being the cause of Egypt's weakness. He believed that Egyptian women were the backbone of a strong nationalistic people and therefore their roles in society should drastically change to better the Egyptian nation. <mask> is known throughout Egypt as a member of the intellectual society who drew connections between education and nationalism leading to the development of Cairo University and the National Movement during the early 1900s. Early life

Born of a Kurdish father and a Egyptian mother, Amin lived a sheltered life among Egypt's political and wealthy elite.His father, <mask> Bey, served as governor of Diyarbekir Vilayet,

masks:
Amin
Amin
Amin
Muhammad Amin


title: Qasim Amin

texts:
 before moving the family to Alexandria, Egypt where <mask> was born. <mask>'s father settled in Egypt and became the commander of Khedive Isma'il Pasha's army. Qasim's father held large feudal estates in Alexandria and Diyarbekir. Qasim's mother was the daughter of Ahmad Bey Khattab a son of Tahir Pasha (Egypt) a Nephew of Muhammad Ali Pasha's family. Qasim is recorded as a hereditary Bey both paternially and materinally in the 'Imperial and Asiatic quarterly review and oriental and colonial record'. Education

As a youth, <mask> was enrolled in many of Egypt's most privileged schools. He attended primary school in Alexandria, and then in 1875, attended Cairo's Preparatory School.The curriculum at the school was said to be strict and heavily Europeanized. By 1881, at the age of 17, he received his law degree from the Khedival School and was one of thirty seven to receive a government scholarship to continue his education at Frances' University de Montpellier. His mission in France lasted four years. University of Montpellier 1881-1885
 Khedivial Law School
 Cairo preparatory school
 Alexandria palace school

Marriage

In 1894, <mask> married Zeyneb the daughter of Admiral <mask> Tafiq, the joining him to an Egyptian aristocratic family. His wife was raised by a British nanny. Therefore, he felt it was necessary for his daughters to be raised by a British nanny as well. Amin's advocacy of resisting women's wearing of the niqab was said to have perpetuated within his own family.Although, he could not change his wife from her wearing of it, his plan was to teach the younger generation of females, like his daughter,

masks: Amin Qasim Amin Amin Amin


title: Qasim Amin

texts:
 to not wear it again. Career

After his accomplishment in France, <mask> became a part of the British empire's civil servant class. In 1885, he was appointed a jurist in the Mixed Courts. This court was said to be "saturated" in foreign western influence. The Mixed Courts created in 1875, was a mixture based on Napoleonic judicial system and Islamic Law. The jurists were foreigners from England, Austria, Germany, and France. Amin held a successful tenure with these foreign based legal officers.The goal of the Mixed Courts was to control the commercial life of Egypt during its chaotic control by foreign governments and people. The court's governmental tribunal often competed with the religious courts in its decision making. It was noted for its true reflection of the "right way" because it based its judgments on valid and sound reasoning. By 1887, he entered a predominately western- run Egyptian office of the Government Division of Legal Affairs. Within four years, he was selected one of the National courts' Egyptian judges. Cairo University
<mask> <mask>'s was one of the founders of the first Egyptian University, known then as the National University, it formed the nucleus of the present Cairo University, he was a member of its constituent committee. <mask> <mask> insisted that Egypt needed a Western style university.Posts

 Chancellor of the Cairo National Court of Appeals
 Secretary general of Cairo University
 Vice President of Cairo University

<mask> was appointed the first secretary general of Cairo University

Charis Waddy an Islamic scholar and writer, and the first woman graduate of Oriental Languages at

masks: Amin Qasim Amin Qasim Amin Qasim


title: Qasim Amin

texts:
 Oxford University states that Qasim was 'a brilliant young lawyer'. The Nahda (Awakening) influence

A central figure of the Nahda Movement that was said to have trickled down to Egypt during the latter part of the 19th century and into the early part of the 20th century during a period of "feminist consciousness', <mask> was greatly influenced by several pioneers of the movement particularly the exiled Muhammad Abduh whom he had become a translator for, while in France. Abduh blamed Islamic traditionalists for the moral and intellectual decay of the Islamic world which he believed caused the colonization of the Islamic society by western forces. Egypt at the time was a colony of the British Empire and partly of France. Islamic traditionalist, Abduh believed, had left the true Islamic faith and had followed cultural habits rather than the religion which would have given them greater intellect, power, and justice. Furthermore, he criticized the patriarchal domination of women within the family maintained in the name of sharia law. Abduh advocated for all Muslims to unite, return to the true message sent by Allah which gave women equal status, and resist Western Imperialism that had occupied the Moslem World.Greatly impacted by the influence of Mohammad Abduh and though a trained student of the colonial powers, <mask> accepted Abduh's philosophies which he generated into his own. He too believed that traditional Moslems had created an inferior society by not following true Islamic laws, that advocated the right of females in society, but instead followed cultural values to keep Egyptian women in submission. To him,

masks: Amin Amin


title: Qasim Amin

texts:
 this created an inferior society of men and women compared to the young men and women of the Western World. <mask> spent a great portion of his life advocating the change of women's role in Egyptian society through his belief that a freer and more educated Egyptian woman would improve society for the better. Attitude on Veiling
Qasim <mask> in his book The Liberation of Women (1899) argued for the abolition of the veil. He thought that changing customs regarding women and changing their costume, abolishing the veil in particular, were key to bringing about the desired general social transformation. <mask> <mask>'s book inaugurated the battle that lead to a new discourse in which the veil came to comprehend significations far broader than merely the position of women.He pointed out the connotations of veil also had to do with issues on class and culture: the widening cultural gulf between the culture of the colonizers and that of the colonized. In this discourse, the issues of women and culture first appeared as inevitably fused in Arabic discourse. <mask> argued that the veiling and segregation constituted "a huge barrier between woman and her elevation, and consequently a barrier between the nation and its advance". However, many Muslim scholars like Leila Ahmed criticized <mask> <mask>'s motivation of liberating women from veils for not being the result of reasoned reflection and analysis but the internalization and replication of the colonialist perception. Amin's argument against seclusion and veiling was simply that girls would forget all they had learned if they were made to veil and observe seclusion

masks: Amin Amin Qasim Amin Amin Qasim Amin


title: Qasim Amin

texts:
 after they were educated. The age at which girls started to be veiled and secluded, twelve to fourteen, was a crucial age for the development of talents and intellect, and veiling and seclusion frustrated that development; girls needed to mix freely with men, for learning came from such mixing. This position clearly contradicts with his earlier idea that no education for women should go beyond primary-school level.To answer conservatives who worried about abolition of the veil would have influence on women's purity, <mask> replied not from the perspective of gender equality, but from the standpoint to follow the superior Western civilization. He wrote, "Do Egyptians imagine that the men of Europe, who have attained such completeness of intellect and feeling that they were able to discover the force of steam and electricity...these souls that daily risk their lives in the pursuit of knowledge and honor above the pleasure of life, ... these intellects and these souls that we so admire, could possibly fail to know the means of safeguarding woman and preserving her purity? Do they think that such a people would have abandoned veiling after it had been in use among them if they had seen any good in it?" Words on Marriage and Divorce
<mask> <mask> believed that the marriage among Muslims was not based on love but on ignorance and sexuality, just like the missionary discourse. In his text, the blame has shifted from men to women. Women were the chief source of the "lewdness" and coarse sensuality and materialism characterizing Muslim marriages. <mask> <mask> accused Egyptian wives' souls for being not superior enough

masks: Amin Qasim Amin Qasim Amin


title: Qasim Amin

texts: to experience true love.Egyptian wives could know only whether their husbands were "tall or short, white and black." Their husbands' intellectual and moral qualities, sensitive feelings, knowledge, whatever other men might praise and respect for, were beyond the wives' grasp. To <mask> <mask>, the duty of women in marriage is mainly about doing housework and taking care of children. Therefore, a primary-school education would be enough for women to do their duties. Although seeing women as inferior to men, <mask> <mask> did support the legislation of divorce. Although according to the tradition, the divorce will become true after repeating the words three times, <mask> <mask> thought such oral agreement was not serious enough. The lack of legal system in the divorce process was what <mask> <mask> thought that contributed to the high divorce rate in Cairo.He therefore proposed that in legal situations Muslims should depend on formal statements primarily as declarations of intent. <mask> <mask> believed the formal statements could force the husband to be aware of his clear desire of separating with his wife. <mask> <mask> criticized the Muslim scholars for being narrowly interested in the word "divorce". Muslim scholars, in the mind of <mask> <mask>, focused their works on the variations of expressions of divorce, such as "I have divorced you" or "you are divorced." <mask> <mask> pointed out these efforts were only useful in the study of grammar and language, not in the development of discipline in jurisprudence. <mask> <mask> thought the benefit of having a legal system on divorce would prevent men from

masks: Qasim Amin Qasim Amin Qasim Amin Qasim Amin Qasim Amin Qasim Amin Qasim Amin Qasim Amin Qasim Amin


title: Qasim Amin

texts:
 accidentally divorcing from their wives because of jokes and quarrels,

<mask> was heavily influenced by the works of Darwin, Herbert Spencer and John Stuart Mill, and was friends with Mohammad Abduh and Sa'd Zaghlul. he was an early advocate of women's rights in Egyptian society.His 1899 book The Liberation of Women (Tahrir al mara'a) and its 1900 sequel The New Woman (al mara'a al jadida) examined the question of why Egypt had fallen under European power, despite centuries of Egyptian learning and civilisation, and concluded that the explanation was the low social and educational standing of Egyptian women. <mask> pointed out the plight of aristocratic Egyptian women who could be kept as a "prisoner in her own house and worse off than a slave". He made this criticism from a basis of Islamic scholarship and said that women should develop intellectually in order to be competent to bring up the nation's children. This would happen only if they were freed from the seclusion (purdah) which was forced upon them by "the man's decision to imprison his wife" and given the chance to become educated. Some contemporary feminist scholars, notably Leila Ahmed, have challenged his status as the supposed "father of Egyptian feminism". Ahmed points out that in the gender-segregated society of the time, Amin could have had very little contact with Egyptian women other than immediate family, servants, and possibly prostitutes. His portrait of Egyptian women as backward, ignorant, and lagging behind their European "sisters" was therefore based on very limited evidence.Ahmed also concludes that through his rigorous critique and

masks:
Works Amin
Amin


title: Qasim Amin

texts:
 generalizations of women in Egypt along with his zealous praise of European society and colonialism, <mask>, in effect, promoted the substitution of Egyptian androcentrism with Western androcentrism, not feminism. Books by <mask> Amin

1894-Les Egyptiens. Respone a M. le duc D'Hartcourt was written as a response to Duke Hartcourt's staunch criticism of Egyptian life and women. <mask> did not defend the Egyptian women in his rebuttal but did defend Islam's treatment of women. 1899- Tahrir al- mar'a (The Liberation of Women)- Unsatisfied with his rebuttal, <mask> called for the education of women only to primary level. He maintained his belief in patriarchal domination over women yet advocated modifying legislation affecting divorce, polygamy and abolution of the veil . The book was co-written with Muhammad Abduh and Ahmad Lufti al-Sayid.The book used many Quranic verses to support his belief. 1900- al-Mar'a al-jadida (The New woman) in his book, <mask> envisioned 'the new woman' emerging in Egypt whose conduct and actions were modeled from the Western woman. This book was considered more liberal in nature, but used social Darwinist as his argument. In his book he states "A woman may be given in marriage to a man she does not know who forbids her the right to leave him and forces her to this or that and then throws her out as he wishes: this is slavery indeed." Other works

"Huquq al-nisa fi'l-islam"("Women's rights in Islam")
"Kalimat ("Words")
"Ashbab wa nata if wa-akhlaq wa-mawa. Iz ("Causes, effects, morals, and recommendations"). "Al-a'mal al-kamila li-Qasim Amin: Dirasa wa-tahqiq" ("The Full Works of Qasim


title: Qasim Amin

texts:
 become better mothers and wives by learning to manage their homes better. <mask> gave an example of the situation. He said "Our present situation resembles that of a very wealthy man who locks up his gold in a chest. This man," he said "unlocks his chest daily for the mere pleasure of see his chest. If he knew better, he could invest his gold and double his wealth in a short time."Therefore, it was important to the Egyptian nation that women's roles should be changed. Although, he maintained his view that Egypt remain a patriarchal society, its women should remove the veil and be given a primary education. This he believed was a stepping stone to a stronger Egyptian nation that which was free of English colonialism. Controversy

Critics of Amin's philosophies are quick to point out that Amin had no association with women other than aristocratic women or prostitutes and they therefore question his stance of condemning all Egyptian women. Furthermore, Leila Ahmed, a novelist and reformer, suggests in her book Women and Gender in Islam that Amin's attempt to discredit the veil as a reason for Egyptian weakness is clearly a Western view. She illustrates how Westerners tend to use the veil as a reason to colonize Islamic nations by correlating the veil with inferiority. In addition, Ahmed points out that Amin's Egyptian woman, would not have control over her own body but instead it would be used to build up the nation.To her, this is hypocrisy because the Egyptian woman would still be the slave of her husband, her family, and her nation. In addition, history professor, Mona Russell further challenges Amin's


title: Qasim Amin

texts:
 description of the new woman saying that it was "one of the fruits of modern society." She argues that she is not "new", does not care to be "synonymous" with the Western woman, and is her own being. <mask>, they believe, was influenced by his foreign education and upper middle class position which looked to foreign colonialism as superior rule. It was his way of integrating into foreign colonialism that held power of Egypt. His quote in which he says "We today enjoy a justice and a freedom the like of which I do not think Egypt has ever witnessed at anytime in the past"  is proof of this admiration. They therefore feel that his opinions were based on bias rather than truth.Quotes
 "I do not advocate the equality between men and women in education for this is not necessary"
 "Our laziness has caused us to be hostile to every unfamiliar idea." "The number of children killed by ignorant women every year exceeds the number of people who die in the most brutal wars." "A good mother is more useful to her species than a good man, while a corrupt mother is more harmful than a corrupt man." "It is impossible to be successful men if they do not have mothers capable of raising them to be successful." "There is no doubt that the man's decision to imprison his wife contradicts the freedom which is the woman's natural right." "The woman who is forbidden to educate herself save in the duties of the servant, or is limited in her educational pursuits is indeed a slave, because her natural instincts and God-given talents are subordinated in deference to her condition, which is tantamount to moral enslavement." See also
 Mustafa


title: Qasim Amin

texts:
 Sabri
 Islamic feminism
 Women and Islam
 List of women's rights activists
 Hoda Shaarawi
 Nawal el-Saadawi
 Leila Ahmed

References

Further reading
 Ahmed, Leila.(1992). Women and Gender in Islam. Drewes, G. W. J. (1958). "<mask> <mask>, Egyptisch feminist (1865-1908)." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land-en volkenkunde/Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 114.1: 55-71. online
 McLarney, Ellen. (2018)."Reviving <mask> <mask>, Redeeming Women’s Liberation." in Arabic Thought against the Authoritarian Age: Towards an Intellectual History of the Present, 262+ online. Mazid, Nergis. (2012). "Western Mimicry or Cultural Hybridity: Deconstructing <mask> <mask>'s 'Colonized Voice'." American Journal of Islam and Society 19.4: 42-67. Moradi, Fateme, and Nasrin Shokrpour.(2020). "Freedom and Education of Women in the Works and Ideas of <mask> <mask> Mesri and Parvin Etesami." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 7.5: 176-188 online. 19th-century Egyptian writers
20th-century Egyptian writers
1863 births
1908 deaths
Egyptian feminists
Egyptian jurists
Egyptian magazine founders
Egyptian Muslims
Egyptian people of Turkish descent
Egyptian women's rights activists
Male feminists
Proponents of Islamic

masks: Qasim Amin Qasim Amin Qasim Amin Qasim Amin


title: Greg Barrett

texts:
<mask> is an American author, freelance writer, public speaker, and former newspaper and wire journalist. He currently resides in Los Angeles, CA. Education and early career
He was born <mask> in Bristol, Tennessee, on November 23, 1961. He grew up in Bristol, Virginia, and graduated from Bristol's Virginia High School in 1980. He is a 1986 graduate of Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia. Prior to college, he was a factory worker at Burlington Industries in Bristol, TN. For more than twenty years in print journalism he worked as a local, national and foreign correspondent for, among others, The Augusta Chronicle (Georgia), The Charlotte Observer (North Carolina), The Honolulu Advertiser, the Gannett Company's GNS/USA Today bureau in Washington, D.C., and for The Baltimore Sun.Books

His first non-fiction book, The Gospel of Father Joe: Revolutions & Revelations in the Slums of Bangkok (Wiley 2008), is the story of Redemptorist Catholic priest Rev. Joseph H. Maier, a native of Washington in the United States who lives and works in the port-side slums of Bangkok, Thailand. For more than three decades, "Father Joe" and his nonprofit Human Development Foundation and Mercy Centre helped relieve Bangkok's grinding poverty by constructing and managing more than thirty slum preschools, four orphanages and two AIDS hospices, often without church sanction or legal permits. The Nautilus Book Awards honored The Gospel of Father Joe with a silver medal in 2009 in the category of Conscious Media-Journalism-Investigative Reporting. In June 2012 <mask>'s narrative nonfiction book The Gospel of Rutba: War, Peace and the Good Samaritan Story in Iraq was released by Orbis Books, a leading U.S. publisher of religious books

masks:
Greg Barrett
Gregory Lane Barrett
Barrett


title: Greg Barrett

texts:
 and the publishing arm of the Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers. The book was edited by Orbis publisher Robert Ellsberg, son of Daniel Ellsberg, the whistle-blower responsible for releasing the Pentagon Papers in 1971. In The Gospel of Rutba <mask> tells the story of three U.S. Christian peacemakers who were injured in a bad car accident in Iraq during the U.S.-led bombing of that country in March 2003.He chronicles how the western desert town of Ar Rutba, a Sunni-majority town under heavy attack from the United States, turned the other cheek and cared for the injured Americans: author-activist Shane Claiborne of Philadelphia's The Simple Way; Christian Peacemaker Teams veteran Cliff Kindy; and Mennonite pastor-activist Rev. Weldon Nisly. Three days earlier, on March 26, 2003, Rutba's only hospital had been bombed by U.S. Army Special Forces. After rescuing, treating and protecting the peacemakers, Rutba locals refused the Americans' effort to pay them. Dr. Farouq Al-Dulaimi, the director of the hospital bombed three days earlier, asked for the Americans to do only one thing: "Go and tell the world about Rutba." Seven years later, <mask>, who had reported from the streets of prewar Iraq in January and February 2003 alongside three-time Nobel Peace Prize nominee Kathy Kelly, returned to Iraq with the unarmed peacemakers in an effort to tell the story of Rutba. Archbishop emeritus Rev.Desmond Tutu contributed the book's foreword and The Simple Way's Shane Claiborne, author of The Irresistible Revolution: Living as an Ordinary Radical, wrote its afterword. Foreign reporting
As a roving national and international correspondent based in the Washington, D.C. bureau for GNS/USA Today, he was dispatched to Thailand in 2000 to report

masks: Barrett Barrett


title: Greg Barrett

texts:
 on the social and economic conditions that had precipitated U.N. protocols intended to combat sex trafficking. It was there that he discovered the humanitarian work of the Mercy Centre and Rev. Joe Maier. <mask> has also reported from Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Israel and the Palestinian Territories. Kamehameha Schools and Bishop Estate investigation
In 1997, <mask> was the Native Hawaiian Affairs reporter for the morning newspaper in Honolulu, Hawaii, when he began investigating the controversial management of Kamehameha Schools, a private co-educational college-preparatory school founded in 1887 by Bernice Pauahi Bishop, a Hawaiian princess, philanthropist and the great-granddaughter of King Kamehameha I. The Hawaiians-only school, formally known as Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate or KSBE, was managed by the five trustees of Bishop Estate, Hawaii's largest private landowner.<mask>'s reports on the micromanaging of Kamehameha Schools unleashed critics of Bishop Estate, which led to an investigation of the estate by Hawaii's State Attorney General. By 1998, the trustees, each of whom were being paid between $800,000 to $900,000 annually, had voluntarily resigned or been permanently removed by the state. That same year, the faculty organization at Kamehameha Schools entered <mask> for a local-news Pulitzer for reports that helped "to break open the secretive affairs of KSBE (Kamehameha Schools Bishop Estate) with unprecedented charges by alumni and faculty of mismanagement of the Kamehameha Schools." <mask>'s investigation of KSBE is credited in various books for helping to bring about change at Kamehameha Schools and Bishop Estate. Freelance subjects
<mask> has freelanced for websites and publications such as The Investigative

masks: Barrett Barrett Barrett Barrett Barrett Barrett


title: Liz Smith (actress)

texts:
Betty Gleadle  (11 December 1921 – 24 December 2016), known by the stage name <mask>, was an  English character actress, known for her roles in BBC sitcoms, including as Annie Brandon in I Didn't Know You Cared (1975–1979), the sisters Bette and Belle in 2point4 Children (1991–1999), Letitia Cropley in The Vicar of Dibley (1994–1996) and Norma Jean Speakman ("Nana") in The Royle Family (1998–2000, 2006). She also played Zillah in Lark Rise to Candleford (2008) and won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for the 1984 film A Private Function. Early life
<mask> was born Betty Gleadle in 1921 in the Crosby area of Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire. Her mother died when she was two. Her father walked out of her life shortly afterwards, when his new wife did not wish him to have any contact with his previous life. She was brought up by her widowed grandmother and attended Crosby Junior School and the Scunthorpe Modern and Day Commercial Schools in Cole Street. During the Second World War, she served in the Women's Royal Naval Service of the Royal Navy.Career

Early roles
In 1971, aged 49, she had a career breakthrough when she appeared as the downtrodden mother in Mike Leigh's film Bleak Moments:

<mask> starred in It's a Lovely Day Tomorrow, written by Bernard Kops and directed by John Goldschmidt, which depicted the real-life drama of the Bethnal Green Tube Disaster during World War II. A role in Hard Labour followed. After that she appeared in Emmerdale Farm (as Hilda Semple), Last of the Summer Wine, Bootsie and Snudge, Crown Court, I Didn't Know You Cared and The Sweeney. She also appeared as Madame Balls in The Pink Panther Strikes Again (1976), but her scenes were deleted and remained unseen until Trail of the Pink Panther in 1982. She was seen in Curse of the Pink

masks:
Liz Smith
Liz Smith
Smith


title: Liz Smith (actress)

texts:
 Panther (1983), and later Son of the Pink Panther (1993) in the same role. In the 1970s and 1980s, <mask> appeared in many popular UK television programmes, including The Duchess of Duke Street, Within These Walls, In Loving Memory, The Gentle Touch, Agatha Christie's Partners in Crime, The Life and Loves of a She-Devil, One by One as Gran Turner and The Lenny Henry Show. In 1984, <mask> received a BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as the mother of <mask>'s character in A Private Function.In 1980 <mask> won a role in Sir Henry at Rawlinson End as Lady Philippa of Staines. She later appeared in the thriller, Apartment Zero, which was featured in the 1988 Sundance Film Festival. <mask> played the role of one of two eccentric characters (the other is Dora Bryan) described by The Washington Post as two "... tea-and-crumpet gargoyle-featured spinsters who snoop the corridors." 1990s
<mask> started the 1990s by appearing in 2point4 Children (as "Aunt Belle" and "Bette"), Bottom, The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles and Lovejoy. In 1994, she played the lead role in the Children's BBC series Pirates and the supporting role of Letitia Cropley for seven episodes in The Vicar of Dibley. This made her a household name, but in the 1996 Easter Special episode the character died. In November 1995, she made a guest appearance in the BBC1 medical drama series Casualty.In 1998, she starred in another sitcom, The Royle Family. This aired until 2000, but came back for a special episode in 2006 when her character, Nana, died. In the meantime, she had appeared in The Queen's Nose, The Bill and Secrets & Lies. In 1999, <mask> was featured in A Christmas Carol as Mrs Dilber. She portrayed that same character in the 1984 version and also appeared as Miss Lory in Alice in Wonderland.

masks:
Smith
Liz Smith
Maggie Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


title: Liz Smith (actress)

texts:
 2000s and 2010s
<mask> continued to act until ill-health beset her in 2009, appearing in such TV programmes as Trial & Retribution V and Doctors. In 2005, she played Grandma Georgina in the film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and provided the voice of Mrs. Mulch in Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit, as well as small roles in Oliver Twist and Keeping Mum.In 2001, she appeared as herself in Lily Savage's Blankety Blank. In 2006 <mask> published her autobiography Our Betty and around the same time, moved to a retirement home in Hampstead, London. In 2007, she published a series of short stories entitled Jottings: Flights of Fancy and appeared in the Little Man Tate music video "This Must Be Love". On 5 December 2007, <mask> won the Best Television Comedy Actress at the British Comedy Awards for her role in The Royle Family. In 2006 she made a cameo appearance in Kenneth Branagh's film The Magic Flute, a version in English of the Mozart opera. However, her role did not require her to sing. She portrayed Old Papagena who, later on in the film, magically transforms into Young Papagena (played by soprano Silvia Moi) and marries the birdcatcher Papageno (played by baritone Benjamin Jay Davis).In 2008 she starred in the first series of the period drama Lark Rise to Candleford. That same year she was a castaway on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs and was in the film City of Ember, which was released in October 2008. In July 2009 she featured in a one-hour BBC Four documentary called <mask>'s Summer Cruise, where she joined a group of like-minded individuals on a cruise from Croatia to Venice. That same month, having suffered a series of strokes a few months earlier, she announced her retirement from acting at the age of 87. <mask> was made a Member of the Order of the

masks:
Smith
Smith
Smith
Liz Smith
Smith


title: Liz Smith (actress)

texts:
 British Empire (MBE) in the 2009 New Year Honours. In 2010, she took part in the BBC TV programme The Young Ones, in which six celebrities in their 70s and 80s attempted to overcome some of the problems of ageing by harking back to the 1970s. Personal life and death
In 1945 she married Jack Thomas, whom she met while on service in India.They had two children but divorced in 1959. <mask> brought up her son and daughter on her own. She described this as an extremely difficult period in her life, as she struggled against financial difficulties and social disapproval of her status as a divorcee. <mask> died on 24 December 2016 at her home in Worthing, West Sussex, thirteen days after her 95th birthday. Shane Allen, controller of BBC comedy commissioning, said that <mask> had "brilliantly captured the grandparent in everyone's family" as Nana in The Royle Family. Mike Leigh said "She was a complete breath of fresh air... she was not your bog standard middle-aged actress." The final episode of the lockdown edition of The Vicar of Dibley ended with a tribute just before the closing credits reading, "In loving memory of <mask>, John, Emma and Roger", paying tribute to her and also three other late Dibley cast members (John Bluthal, Emma Chambers and Roger Lloyd-Pack).TV and filmography

References

External links

 Obituary: <mask> From BBC News

1921 births
2016 deaths
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from Lincolnshire
Royal Navy personnel of World War II
Women's Royal Naval Service ratings
Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners
English film actresses
English soap opera actresses
English television actresses
English voice actresses
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People from Scunthorpe
Women in the Royal Navy
British women in

masks:
Smith
Smith
Smith
Liz
Liz Smith


title: Lauren O'Connell

texts:
<mask>'Connell (born December 10, 1988) is an American singer/songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and producer from Rochester, New York. She has independently released six solo albums, and two EP's as a duo with Nataly Dawn under the group name My Terrible Friend. Early life

<mask>'Connell was born in Rochester, NY on December 10, 1988. She began playing guitar at the age of twelve and wrote her first song by the age of fifteen. Her early performing experience came from playing open mic nights with her high school friend, Julia Nunes. In 2007, O'Connell went to Saxon Recording in Rochester, New York at the suggestion of a friend and recorded her debut album Sitting in Chairs with engineer Dave Anderson. She recorded the entire album in one day, using single takes of each song.Shortly after releasing Sitting in Chairs, O'Connell began attending Binghamton University. Throughout her first year she continued to write and perform. She began uploading videos of her original songs to YouTube so that she could share them with her friends from Rochester, including Nunes. Nunes made videos as well and garnered an unexpected following, and her videos led audiences to find O'Connell's work. O'Connell's first videos were simple one-takes of original songs with guitar and voice, but they soon progressed to include cover songs with layered harmonies and accompaniment, usually with O'Connell playing all of the instruments herself. Though she generally uses traditional instruments in her songs, O'Connell has sometimes used unconventional means when recording, including wine glasses, a metal tool cabinet, kicks to a garage door, a tennis racket covered in change, and a deck of playing cards. In late 2008, she decided to leave

masks:
Lauren O
Lauren O


title: Lauren O'Connell

texts:
 the Rising Sun" was featured in television promos for American Horror Story's third season, Coven. Track list
All I Have to Do Is Dream
Dancing in the Dark
Little Maggie
The Way I Feel Inside
Peacebone
Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner
The One I Love is Gone
Other People (feat. Will Sturgeon)
Don't Think Twice, It's All Right
House of the Rising Sun

Details
On February 9, 2018, O'Connell released her fourth original album Details, an effort fan-funded via Kickstarter. The album was produced by Olivia Lee and O'Connell, and featured Lee as a guitarist as well as drummer <mask> and bassist Josh Fossgreen. It was mixed by Ian Pellicci and Beau Sorenson and mastered by T.W. Walsh.O'Connell published a companion essay for the album in which she shared about her experiences with mental health that informed some of the songs on the album. Track list
Superimposed
Moon Hang Low
In on the Joke
Shimmering Silver
Guilt
Rest Easy
Out of Focus
Under Control
Knowing Her Name
Build Yourself

Covers Two
On August 25, 2020, O'Connell released her second collection of cover songs, entitled Covers Two, featuring covers of songs by Big Star, Gillian Welch, the Magnetic Fields, Iris Dement and others. Track list
Thirteen
Laminated Cat
Ruiniation Day, Pt. II
I Hear Them All
Hungry Heart
Our Town
I Fall to Pieces
Kola
Atlantic City
Heart of Gold
I Don't Want to Get Over You

References

External links

 YouTube
 <mask>'Connell Patreon
<mask>'Connell on Bandcamp

Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
1988 births
Living people
21st-century American singers
Queer musicians
American guitarists
American folk singers
Alternative country musicians
Women guitarists
Women songwriters
American women songwriters
21st-century

masks:
Lauren Grubb
Lauren O
Lauren O


title: Frank Rattray Lillie

texts:
<mask> (June 27, 1870November 5, 1947) was an American zoologist and an early pioneer of the study of embryology. Born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, <mask> moved to the United States in 1891 to study for a summer at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. <mask> formed a lifelong association with the laboratory, eventually rising to become its director in 1908. His efforts developed the MBL into a full-time institution. <mask> was appointed an Assistant Professor at the University of Chicago in 1900. He was named Chairman of the Department of Zoology in 1910 and Dean of the Division of Biological Sciences in 1931. His research there was instrumental in the development of the field of embryology.He identified the influence of potassium on cell differentiation and elucidated the biological mechanisms behind free-martins. <mask> was instrumental in founding the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and served as its first president. He also served at times as the chairman of the National Academy of Sciences and the United States National Research Council. Biography
<mask> <mask> was born on June 27, 1870, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His father was a wholesale druggist and accountant. After attending a laboratory school as a youth, Lillie enrolled at the University of Toronto. Originally intending to study theology, Lillie came under the tutelage of Robert Ramsay Wright and Archibald Macallum, who influenced Lillie to study endocrinology and embryology.<mask> graduated in 1891 and moved to the United States. He accepted a summer position at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, then became a fellow in zoology at Clark University, where he studied under Charles Otis Whitman. In 1892 he was lured by

masks:
Frank Rattray Lillie
Lillie
Lillie
Lillie
Lillie
Frank Rattray
Lillie
Lillie


title: Frank Rattray Lillie

texts: Whitman to the newly founded University of Chicago. In 1894 (at the age of 24) he received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology summa cum laude. Between 1894-1899 he was instructor of zoology at University of Michigan. He married Frances Williams Crane, whom he met at MBL, June 29, 1895. Crane was the daughter of wealthy Chicago businessman Richard T. Crane.Between 1899–1900 he was Professor of Biology at Vassar College but in 1900 he was called back to Chicago as Assistant Professor of Zoology, where he would spend the next thirty years. In 1906, at the age of 36, he became Professor of Embryology. In 1910 he succeeded Whitman as Chairman of the Department of Zoology and continued in that capacity until 1931. From 1931 to 1935 he was Dean of the Division of the Biological Sciences. While researching at the University of Chicago, <mask> also became active in the administration of the MBL. <mask> became assistant director of the laboratory in 1900. In 1902, <mask> was able to convince representatives from the Rockefeller Foundation, Carnegie Corporation of New York, General Education Board, and brother-in-law Charles Richard Crane to provide the institution with financial support.After Whitman retired in 1908 to chair the zoology department, <mask> took his place as the director of the laboratory. He held this position until 1925, when he was appointed the president of the MBL board of trustees. <mask> oversaw the board until his retirement in 1942. Ernest Everett Just studied under Lillie from 1909 to 1930. He is credited with transforming the institution from a summer retreat to a long-term research institution. At a 1925 meeting of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), <mask> suggested that a committee be formed to begin a national

masks: Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie


title: Frank Rattray Lillie

texts:
 oceanography organization. The NAS agreed if Lillie could raise funds for its establishment.With a $3 million grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, <mask> was able to establish the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1930. He was named its first president and served in this role until 1939. <mask> was awarded the Alexander Agassiz Medal by the NAS in 1940 for his efforts. The American Society of Zoologists named <mask> the organization's representative to the United States National Research Council (NRC) Division of Biology and Agriculture in 1919. Three years later, he was named the chair of the division. From 1935 to 1939 he was served as President of the NAS. From 1935 to 1936, he was also Chairman of the NRC.<mask> served on the fellowship board of the latter institution for several years after his term expired. <mask> had four daughters and adopted three sons. He died in Chicago on November 5, 1947. A building on the MBL campus is named after <mask>. On May 11, 1976, the National Park Service recognized <mask>'s house in Chicago as a National Historic Landmark. Research
Embryology was still a relatively new field when <mask> began his studies. In 1901, <mask> published his first major work on the subject.After exposing eggs to abnormal concentrations of potassium, <mask> noted that unsegmented eggs underwent cellular differentiation in the absence of mitosis. In 1919, <mask> summarized his findings to that point in Problems of Fertilization, where he concluded that fertilization was a series of timed and irreversible events. <mask> was also a pioneer in the study of sex steroids in sexual differentiation. He published "The Theory of the Free-martin" in Science in 1917, which found that sex steroids in the blood controlled differentiation.

masks: Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie


title: Frank Rattray Lillie

texts:
 Free-martins, sterile female cows born without sex organs, were a perplexing issue for cattle ranchers. Lillie found that free-martins formed when twins shared the same placenta. The hormones from the male twin would then be shared with the female, stunting the growth of her reproductive system.Eugenics
<mask> was involved in the American eugenics movement at multiple levels: he was member of Chicago’s Eugenics Education Society, he was a committee member of the Second International Eugenics Congress, and he served on the advisory council for the Eugenics Committee of the United States. https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/frank-rattray-lillie-1870-1947

<mask>'s status as a first-rate scientist likely helped to legitimize eugenics. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10999949.2016.1230821

References

Further reading
 "Addresses at the Lillie Memorial Meeting, Woods Hole, August 11, 1948" Biological Bulletin,  Vol 95, No2, 151–162, October 1948;
 "Moon Out of the Well; Reminscences," by Mary Prentice <mask> Barrows (daughter of F.R<mask>), unpublished 1970;
 "The Development of the Chick. An Introduction to Embryology. <mask>, <mask>. New York,  Henry Holt, 1908. Gilbert, S. F. 2003.Edmund Beecher Wilson and <mask><mask> and the relationship between evolution and development, Developmental Biology, Seventh edition, Sinauer

External links
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

 Guide to the Frank R. Lillie Papers 1899–1941 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

1870 births
1947 deaths
American zoologists
University of Chicago faculty
Clark University fellows
University of Michigan faculty
Vassar College faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Old Toronto
Scientists from

masks:
Lillie
Lillie
Lillie
. Lillie
Lillie
Frank R
Frank R
. Lillie