title: Dalaly Kafumu

texts:
 the Land of Tanzanite. 39th SADC Summit, Tanzania Magazine, August 17 – 18 2019, 33-34. <mask>, P. D., (2005). Golden Returns for Tanzania: Mining Magazine 193(2) (pp20 – 30).Semkiwa, P. M., Kafumu, P. D., Ayub, S. Y., Petro, F. N., Kalemani, M. C., Nyelo, G. M., Rutaihwa, A. K., Ndonde, P. B., Ntulanalwo, V. B., Temu, E. B., Minde, A. B., and Salim, S. S., (Eds) (2005). Tanzania: – Opportunities for Mineral Resources Development. The Ministry of Energy and minerals; the United Republic of Tanzania. Dar es Salaam. Kafumu, P. D., (2004). Tanzania: Six mines in six years.Mining Journal, London, 4 June 2004; (pp18 – 20)
 <mask>, P. D. (2004). Paleoclimatological significance of paleosol levels occurring in the Miocene – Pleistocene stratigraphy of the Manonga – WembereValley in Central Tanzania. Episodes 27(2), 107 – 111. <mask>, P. D. and Paepe, R. (2003).The Quaternary stratigraphy and its associated fossil fauna and flora of the Holili area, NE Tanzania. Journal of African Earth Sciences 36, 245 – 250. Paepe, R., Van Overloop, E., Hoover, R. B., Nassopoulou, S., Kafumu, P. D. and Wang, D. (2003). Red Soils on Earth and their significance for Mars; In Richard B. Hoover, Alexei Yu Razanov and Roland Paepe (Eds) Instruments, Methods and Missions for Astrobiology; Proceedings of SPIE, Volume 4859, pp.93


title: Dalaly Kafumu

type: original

texts:
 –107. <mask>, P. D. (2002). Discussion: "Mineralogy and chemistry of bentonite(?) deposits of Minjingu, LakeManyara, North Tanzania" [By M K D Mutakyahwa, Vol 34(3–4) pp 213 – 221], Journal of African Earth Sciences 35(4) 523. Van Overloop, E., Paepe, R, Ilunga, L. P., Kaseba, S., <mask>, P. D. and Musisi, J. (1998). The Quaternary geology around the Great Lakes in Central Africa: Pluvials and Interpluvials are not the equivalent of Glacials and Interglacials.In G. Demarree, J. Alexandre and M. De Dapper (eds); Climatology, Meteorology and hydrology in memory of Franz Bulton (1924–1995) pp 142 – 175. Brussels; Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium and Royal Academy of Overseas Sciences, Brussels, Belgium. Muhongo, S., <mask>, P. D. and Mfaume, P. (1996). Technical notes ; List of geological sites (geo-sites) from East Africa; 9p: World Geological Heritage List: UNESCO,

References

External links
 Former Commissioner of Minerals defends large scale mining sector, article by Dr Kafumu
 On Europe underdeveloping Africa once again, article by Dr Kafumu
 The struggle for economic freedom is now: Mwalimu Nyerere's legacy, article by Dr <mask>
 Mwalimu Nyerere: His pain our gain, article by Dr Kafumu
 Cherishing a great leader, article by Dr Kafumu
 State participation is necessary in natural gas

masks: Kafumu Kafumu Kafumu Kafumu


title: Frank Salemme

texts:
<mask> (born August 18, 1933), sometimes spelled Salemmi, also known as "<mask>" and "Julian Daniel Selig", is an American mobster from Boston, Massachusetts who became a hitman and eventually the boss of the Patriarca crime family of New England before turning government witness. Early years

Salemme became acquainted with Patriarca family mobster Anthony Morelli in 1957 while in prison. He started working with Morelli in criminal activities after getting out of prison, and he quickly gained stature in the Patriarca family as an associate – although he could not become a made man or full member. Patriarca boss Raymond Patriarca respected <mask> for his obedience to the family and his skill as a money maker, but he only allowed full-blooded Italians to become made men, and Salemme was part Irish from his mother <mask> (née Haverty). During the early 1960s, Salemme participated in the Irish gang wars in Boston. Testifying before Congress in 2003, Salemme admitted to murdering numerous rival gang members in Charlestown, Massachusetts:

The Hugheses, the McLaughlins, they were all eliminated, and I was a participant in just about all of them, planned them and did them. In 1968, Salemme arranged the car bombing of John Fitzgerald, a lawyer representing Patriarca mob informant Joseph Barboza.The point of the attack was to scare Barboza into not testifying against Raymond Patriarca and other mob leaders. Fitzgerald survived the attack, but lost his left leg. It was later established in testimony by several witnesses and confirmed by the U.S. House of Representatives Organized Crime unit investigation that <mask> was involved in the bombing, but did not carry it out. After the unsuccessful attack, <mask> went into hiding. He remained a fugitive until 1972, when he was captured by FBI agent John Connolly in Manhattan. He was

masks:
Francis Patrick Salemme
Cadillac Frank
Salemme
Anne Salemme
Salemme
Salemme


title: Frank Salemme

texts:
 convicted and sentenced to prison for 16 years. During the trial of retired FBI agent John Connolly, <mask> denied murdering a nightclub owner named Steven DiSarro in 1994.Two years later, however, Steve Flemmi was immunized and told U.S. attorneys Fred Wyshak and Brian Kelly that he saw <mask> participate in the murder. <mask> went back to jail when he was finished testifying against Connolly, and there he bragged to a fellow inmate that the prosecutors had coached him to commit perjury and that he had committed so much perjury that he should be sentenced to jail for a hundred years. The inmate was an informant who wrote down his confession and it is memorialized in law enforcement reports. Instead of charging <mask> with the murder of DiSarro, Wyshak and Kelly merely charged him with perjury and obstruction. A secret plea bargain was struck and he was sentenced to little more than time already served. Mob rivalry

In 1986, family boss Jerry Angiulo had been sent to prison on racketeering charges, leaving a power vacuum in the Patriarca family. In previous years, <mask> had forged strong ties to Whitey Bulger and the mostly Irish Winter Hill Gang.<mask> was especially close to Bulger's lieutenant Steve Flemmi (who by this time had been a federal informant for ten years). In early 1989, soon after his release from prison, <mask> attempted to gain control of the Patriarca family. Patriarca caporegime Joseph Russo opposed <mask>'s move, fearing the loss of his lucrative rackets. In June 1989, Angelo "Sonny" Mercurio, a Russo loyalist, lured <mask> to a meeting outside a Saugus, Massachusetts IHOP. Gunmen then ambushed <mask>, wounding him in the chest and leg. The feud between <mask> and Russo continued until John Gotti, the boss of the New York Gambino crime family, brokered a peace agreement. Under the agreement, Salemme

masks: Salemme Salemme Salemme Salemme Salemme Salemme Salemme Salemme Salemme Salemme Salemme


title: Frank Salemme

texts:
 loyalist Nicholas Bianco became boss and Russo became consigliere.By 1991 <mask>, with the support of Bulger and Flemmi, had become the de facto boss of the Patriarca family. Sting operation

During the 1990s, at the urging of <mask>, Jr., <mask>, Sr. started extorting money from a film crew that wanted to avoid paying high salaries to union workers while filming in Boston and Providence, Rhode Island. As it turned out, the film crew was actually a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) front. These events were highly fictionalized in the 2004 film The Last Shot. At the end of the operation, <mask>, Sr. was arrested in Fort Lauderdale, Florida and charged with racketeering, crossing state lines for criminal activity, extortion, conspiracy, and loansharking. Government informant

In January 1995, <mask> was indicted on racketeering charges along with Bulger and Flemmi. <mask> was convicted and sentenced to 11 years' imprisonment.In 1999, while serving his racketeering sentence, <mask> learned that both Bulger and Flemmi had been FBI informants for many years, and that both men had provided information on <mask> to their FBI handlers. <mask> now agreed to provide the government with information on the FBI handling of Bulger and Flemmi. <mask>'s testimony would help convict Connolly, the same man who had arrested him 20 years earlier in New York, on racketeering charges. In 2003, in return for assisting the government, <mask> was released early from prison and brought into the federal witness protection program. Shortly after his release, <mask> appeared before a Congressional committee to testify on the Connolly case. 2018 murder conviction
On June 22, 2018, <mask> was convicted of the murder of 43-year-old Steven A. DiSarro, who disappeared in May 1993. DiSarro's remains were unearthed from behind a mill-turned-apartments in

masks:
Salemme
Frank Salemme
Frank
Frank
Salemme
Salemme
Salemme
Salemme
Salemme
Salemme
Salemme
Salemme
Salemme


title: Frank Salemme

texts:
 Wanskuck, Providence, Rhode Island on March 31, 2016.Patriarca mob associate William Ricci, who owned the apartment complex, faced gun and drug charges after authorities found over 1,400 marijuana plants and a stolen handgun at the property around August 2015; three weeks after a plea deal was worked out, the remains were recovered at the property. Judge Allison Burroughs sentenced <mask> and former Patriarca crime family associate and accomplice, Paul Weadick, to life in prison on September 13, 2018. According to former Winter Hill Gang member and Whitey Bulger associate, Stephen Flemmi, Salemme stood by and watched as his son strangled DiSarro while Weadick held his legs. According to authorities, <mask> believed DiSarro was informing on him after he was contacted by authorities in the investigation of Salemme's illegal activity within The Channel nightclub. Assistant U.S. Attorney Fred Wyshak said that Salemme admitted to murdering eight people during the 1960s, and was suspected of involvement in six additional murders in the early 1990s. Salemme is held at the United States Penitentiary, Hazelton. Family
Salemme's namesake son, Francis "<mask>" <mask> Jr, died of AIDS-related cancer/leukemia in 1995.References

External links
Boston Globe profile of Francis Salemme
Boston.com Local News Man who helped bug the mafia dead at 70
 Americanmafia.com: Mob War in Beantown II by Allan May
The Chicago Syndicate: "<mask>" Salemme Gets Five Years in Prison

1933 births
Living people
Gangsters from Boston
People from Weymouth, Massachusetts
American gangsters of Irish descent
American gangsters
American gangsters of Italian descent
Mafia hitmen
Patriarca crime family
American crime bosses
People who entered the United States Federal Witness Protection Program
Federal Bureau of Investigation informants
Gangsters sentenced to life

masks:
Salemme
Salemme
Frankie Boy
Salemme
Cadillac Frank


title: Chassar Moir

texts:
(John<mask> CBE  (21 March 1900 – 24 November 1977) was Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at The University of Oxford. "One whose contributions were so outstanding as to make <mask>ir’s an immortal name in the history of Obstetrics and Gynaecology". Sir Norman Jeffcoate

Surgeon, researcher and discoverer who defined the characteristics and medical benefits of the ergot alkaloids of ‘Ergometrine’, the drug credited with saving hundreds of thousands of women’s lives, worldwide; who improved self-delivered nitrous oxide anaesthesia for women in labour, developed the use of x-rays in pelvimetry for pregnant women to aid safe delivery and developed advanced repair techniques for fistula injuries in women around the world, writing the standard textbook. "A great and a gentle man; a man who did more than anyone living today to save the lives and relieve the miseries of women." British Medical Journal, 1977. Early life
<mask> was born in Montrose, Angus, Scotland, the youngest of four children and the second son of John Moir of Montrose and Isabella Pirie, of Brechin. Moir was educated at Montrose Academy developing interests in botany, the sciences and German.He entered The University of Edinburgh aged 17. Medical career
Moir graduated M.B., Ch.B. from the University of Edinburgh Faculty of Medicine,  in 1922. He chose obstetrics as his special subject. Following house surgeon appointments he sailed as to India as a Ship’s Surgeon. He subsequently returned to general practice in East Surrey. He obtained Fellowship of Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1926, and prepared his M.D.thesis whilst in general practice.

masks:
) Chassar Moir
Chassar Mo
Chassar Moir


title: Chassar Moir

texts: He was awarded his M.D., with gold medal, in 1930. <mask> was awarded Rockefeller Foundation Travelling Fellowship as a medical scholar, 1932. He visited hospitals in Vienna, Budapest, Leipzig and Berlin: during this time he became proficient in German, using medical libraries to research historical writings on a fungus of rye - Claviceps purpurea - that was known for its ability to produce strong contractions in the pregnant uterus. He was appointed First Assistant to the Obstetric Unit of University College Hospital, London. With Dr. H. Ward Dudley, F.R.S., he researched the active agent(s) of a liquid extract of ergot which took almost four years’ work to isolate and for the chemistry to be described, resulting in the new drug ‘Ergometrine’. The drug was found to be effective and constant in action, and its use to prevent postpartum haemorrhage became universal.It has saved countless women's lives throughout the world and is ranked one of the greatest contributions to medical knowledge of the twentieth century. Moir decreed that ‘Ergometrine’ was to have its method of preparation published in full, and that no patent or proprietary interests were to encumber it: it was to be free for any manufacturer to produce. At University College Hospital Moir met and married Theatre Sister Grace Hilda Bailey, of Strand-on-the-Green, 1933.They lived at 11 Chadlington Road in North Oxford from 1938 to 1957, and an Oxfordshire Blue Plaque was unveiled on this house in his memory on 6 July 2019. In 1937 he was appointed the first Nuffield Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University of Oxford. For relief of pain in


title: Chris Hardwick

texts:
<mask> (born November 23, 1971) is an American comedian, actor, television and podcast host, writer, and producer. He hosts Talking Dead, an hourlong aftershow on AMC affiliated with the network's zombie drama series The Walking Dead and Fear the Walking Dead, as well as Talking with <mask>, a show in which <mask> interviews prominent pop culture figures, and The Wall, a plinko-inspired gameshow on NBC. <mask> created Nerdist Industries, operator of the Nerdist Podcast Network and home of his podcast The Nerdist Podcast, which later left the network and was renamed to ID10T with <mask>. His podcast has broadcast 1,000 episodes as of December 2019. <mask> originated the role of Stacee Jaxx in Rock of Ages during its premiere run in Los Angeles (2005–2006). In 2011, he began hosting the BBC America Britcom block Ministry of Laughs. From 2013 to 2017, he hosted @midnight with <mask>, a nightly comedy-game show series on Comedy Central.In 2013, he hosted Talking Bad, a live half-hour talk show on AMC following the final eight episodes of Breaking Bad. In 2016, he started to host Talking Saul for the Breaking Bad spin-off Better Call Saul. He is also known for performing with Mike Phirman in the musical comedy duo Hard 'n Phirm, as well as hosting Singled Out, Wired Science, and Web Soup, and providing the voice of Otis the Cow in Back at the Barnyard (replacing Kevin James). Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Louisville, Kentucky, on November 23, 1971, the son of <mask> (1941–2013), a professional ten-pin bowler, and Sharon Hills (née Facente), a real estate agent in Pasadena, California. His maternal grandfather was Italian-American, and opened a bowling alley where Hardwick's parents first met. Hardwick was raised in his mother's Roman Catholic faith. At age four, he met comedian Joan Rivers and they became lifelong friends.<mask> grew up in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was the 1983 Memphis City Junior

masks:
Christopher Ryan Hardwick
Chris Hardwick
Hardwick
Hardwick
Chris Hardwick
Hardwick
Chris Hardwick
Christopher Ryan
Hardwick
Billy Hardwick
Hardwick


title: Chris Hardwick

texts:
 High Chess Champion. He later attended St. Benedict at Auburndale before moving to Regis Jesuit High School in Aurora, Colorado, and spent his senior year at Loyola High School in Los Angeles. He studied philosophy at UCLA, where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity during his freshman year and graduated in 1993. He was roommates with Wil Wheaton, whom he had met at a screening of Arachnophobia in Burbank, California. Career

Acting and podcasting

<mask> was a DJ on Los Angeles radio station KROQ-FM during the mid-1990s. In the fall of 1998, he starred in the UPN comedy Guys Like Us; the show aired 12 episodes before it was cancelled in January 1999. Hardwick appeared in Rob Zombie's horror films House of 1000 Corpses and Halloween II.He also made a small appearance in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines. In 2010, he was featured in the film The Mother of Invention. He made guest appearances on such shows as CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Married... with Children, Boy Meets World and Zoey 101, and was a guest commentator on VH1's I Love the '90s, which aired in 2005. He appeared as a television host on hip hop group Little Brother's 2005 album, The Minstrel Show. <mask> is a contributing writer for Wired (since 2007), wrote for Web Soup and Back at the Barnyard, and he made regular appearances on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson and Chelsea Lately. As part of what <mask> calls his "nerd media empire", he ran Nerdist Theater, an entertainment space at Meltdown Comics in Los Angeles. He entered into an equity partnership with GeekChicDaily in June 2011 to form Nerdist Industries.Hardwick published a self-help book, The Nerdist Way: How to Reach the Next Level (In Real Life), with Penguin Publishing, in late 2011. In February 2012, GeekChicDaily fully merged with Nerdist Industries and became Nerdist News, with Hardwick operating as Chief Creative Officer. On July 10, 2012, Nerdist Industries

masks: Hardwick Hardwick Hardwick


title: Chris Hardwick

texts:
 was acquired by Legendary Entertainment. <mask> was given the title of co-president of Legendary's digital business. In February 2018, <mask> announced that he would be rebranding The Nerdist Podcast to ID10T and that he would be leaving Nerdist since the contract with Legendary came to an end in 2017. Voice-over work
<mask> voiced Alexander Hamilton in The Radio Adventures of Dr. Floyd and Otis in the Barnyard series (the character was originally voiced by actor Kevin James in the movie Barnyard: The Original Party Animals). He provided the voice for Green Arrow/Oliver Queen on The Batman and Lego Dimensions, Glowface in The X's, and Sokka in The Legend of Korra, as well as voice work for The Minstrel Show from the rap group Little Brother, and narration for the introduction video for the Flash animation game George Plimpton's Video Falconry.Between May 2013 and July 2016, he voiced "Craig the Snake" on Sanjay and Craig. He also voiced the character Vaughn in Telltale Games's Tales from the Borderlands, reprising his role in the Borderlands 2 DLC Commander Lilith and the Fight for Sanctuary and in Borderlands 3. In 2017, <mask> guest-voiced the villain Klaxxon for a special episode of Futurama released on the Nerdist podcast. Hosting

In 1993, <mask> hosted the MTV game show Trashed, in which contestants would answer trivia questions or risk some of their belongings being destroyed. From 1995 to 1998, he co-hosted with Jenny McCarthy the MTV dating game show Singled Out, in which the main contestant selects from a pool of 50 people based on their attributes without seeing them. While working on Singled Out, he met fellow MTV personality Jacinda Barrett, to whom he became engaged but never married. Later, he hosted the syndicated dating show Shipmates.From October through December 2007, <mask> hosted the weekly series Wired Science on PBS, while writing for Wired magazine. On June 7, 2009, he became

masks: Hardwick Hardwick Hardwick Hardwick Hardwick Hardwick


title: Chris Hardwick

texts: the host of G4's Web Soup, a spinoff of E! 's The Soup. <mask> had previously guest-hosted The Soups predecessor, Talk Soup. Since February 2010, <mask> has been producing the "Nerdist" podcast, which he hosts with Jonah Ray and Matt Mira. The podcast was named one of 2010's best by The A.V. Club and one of the 10 best comedy podcasts by Rolling Stone.In May 2011, <mask> signed a contract with BBC America to host a pilot of a panel talk show for the network based on the podcast. The pilot also included <mask> doing intros and outros for BBC America's new Saturday-night Ministry of Laughs comedy block of Britcoms. In 2011, <mask> began hosting Talking Dead, a live half-hour (later expanded to one hour) aftershow to AMC's series The Walking Dead. Hardwick interviews celebrity fans of The Walking Dead as well as members of its cast and crew, interacts with the studio audience, re-airs clips of the episode, plays games with and polls the viewers via the Internet, and offers exclusive clips of the next episode. In August 2013, <mask> began hosting Talking Bad, a live half-hour (later expanded to one hour on the final episode) talk show companion series to the final eight episodes of the AMC series Breaking Bad. In February 2016, <mask> began hosting Talking Saul, a live one-hour talk show companion series to the season two premiere and finale of the AMC series Better Call Saul. On December 24, 2011, BBC America aired The Nerdist: The Year in Review, a comedy special hosted by Hardwick in Los Angeles.In August 2012, he hosted a special episode of The Nerdist on BBC America to "debate" the effects of time and space with other friends and celebrity nerds. The episode was really an effort to promote the network's upcoming September 1 seventh-season premiere of the series Doctor Who. On April 30, 2013, Comedy Central announced that <mask> would host a half-hour comedic panel show called @midnight with <mask>.

masks:
Hardwick
Hardwick
Hardwick
Hardwick
Hardwick
Hardwick
Hardwick
Hardwick
Chris Hardwick


title: Chris Hardwick

texts:
 Thomas Lennon and Robert Ben Garant, formerly of Reno 911!, served as executive producers/showrunners. It premiered on October 21, 2013. On November 7, 2014, he hosted the "Talent, Art, Movie and Costume" section of the BlizzCon gaming convention. Stand-up comedy
<mask> is also a stand-up comedian and performs with Mike Phirman in the music comedy duo Hard 'n Phirm, whose half-hour comedy special Comedy Central Presents: Hard 'n Phirm premiered in January 2008.In 2004, Comedy Central used some of his material for an animated series called Shorties Watchin' Shorties. In 2007, both his solo standup and duo act were featured on the comedy compilation CD Comedy Death Ray. Hard 'n Phirm completed several songs for the 2009 Rob Zombie animated movie The Haunted World of El Superbeasto. <mask> announced plans to do a live stand-up album from his 2009 tour. He has toured as a featured comedian for Joel McHale. In 2010, he appeared as a stand-up comic on John Oliver's New York Stand-Up Show twice. In the same year, Hardwick performed on the Comedy Central show The Benson Interruption.On February 17, 2012, <mask> filmed Mandroid, his first one-hour stand-up special for Comedy Central in New York City. Jonah Ray was his unaired opener. The special aired on Comedy Central on November 10, 2012, and was well received. Extended and uncensored DVD, CD, and digital versions were released January 22, 2013. Influences
<mask> has said his influences include Steve Martin, George Carlin, Richard Pryor, Sam Kinison, Rodney Dangerfield, Bill Hicks, Emo Philips, and Bill Cosby. Personal life

Relationships
<mask> was previously engaged to model and actress Jacinda Barrett, and has had relationships with actresses Andrea Savage, Janet Varney (from 2004 to 2011), and Chloe Dykstra (from late 2011 to July 2014). He became engaged to model and actress Lydia Hearst on September 12, 2015, and the two married on August 20, 2016, in

masks: Hardwick Hardwick Hardwick Hardwick Hardwick


title: Chris Hardwick

texts:
 Pasadena, California.In August 2021, they announced that they were expecting their first child together. On January 29, 2022, they announced the arrival of their daughter Dimity Facente Hearst-Hardwick. <mask> is a recovering alcoholic and says he has been sober since October 2003. A former co-worker said that Hardwick "replaced his alcoholism with workaholism". Abuse allegations
Hardwick's ex-girlfriend Chloe Dykstra published an essay on Medium on June 14, 2018, in which she alleged that she had been subjected to emotional and sexual abuse by an unnamed ex-boyfriend, and claimed that she was subject to career blacklisting in retaliation for ending the relationship. The essay did not name the abuser, but the timing and several key details led readers to conclude it was Hardwick. In response, Nerdist removed all mentions of Hardwick from its website while AMC announced that further episodes of Talking with <mask> would be pulled.<mask> also stepped away from moderating all AMC and BBC America panels at San Diego Comic-Con. <mask> denied Dykstra's allegations and said, "Our three year relationship was not perfect—we were ultimately not a good match and argued—even shouted at each other—but I loved her, and did my best to uplift and support her as a partner and companion in any way and at no time did I sexually assault her." Days after <mask>'s dismissal from AMC, unverified text messages from 2014 and 2015 were released by TMZ in which <mask> sent a lengthy breakup message to Dykstra as she pleaded with him to reconsider. The messages revealed that Dykstra had also been involved in another romantic relationship with an unidentified man named Sam despite her pleas to reconcile with Hardwick, and included Dykstra admitting that she had handled the situation poorly. On July 25, 2018, AMC announced that a comprehensive investigation conducted alongside law firm Loeb & Loeb had failed to confirm Dykstra's

masks:
Hardwick
Chris Hardwick
Hardwick
Hardwick
Hardwick
Hardwick


title: Chris Hardwick

texts:
 allegations and that <mask> would return as host of Talking Dead and Talking with <mask>. Their statement read, "We take these matters very seriously and given the information available to us after a very careful review, including interviews with numerous individuals, we believe returning <mask> to work is the appropriate step." Dykstra, who refused to cooperate in the investigation, stated two days later on Twitter, "I chose not to participate in the investigation of the person I spoke of.I do not believe in an eye for an eye." She also stated that she "originally wrote [her] essay so [she] could move on with [her] life, and now [she] intend[s] to do so". On July 31, 2018, NBC announced that <mask> would return as host of The Wall following its own investigation. On August 10, 2018, his name was returned to Nerdist's website after their own investigation. Discography
 Horses and Grasses (2005)
 Mandroid (2012)
 Funcomfortable (2016)

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1971 births
American stand-up comedians
American male writers
American male musicians
American men podcasters
American podcasters
American male voice actors
American people of Italian descent
Male actors from Louisville, Kentucky
Musicians from Louisville, Kentucky
American comedy musicians
American male film actors
American game show hosts
American male television actors
American television producers
American television writers
American male television writers
Melodica players
Late night television talk show hosts
Living people
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Male actors from Memphis, Tennessee
Nerdist Industries
American television talk show hosts
American male screenwriters
American technology chief executives
Science fiction fans
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
Hearst family
Screenwriters from Kentucky
Screenwriters from

masks:
Hardwick
Chris Hardwick
Chris
Hardwick


title: Zindzi Mandela

texts:
<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (23 December 196013 July 2020), also known as <mask>longwane, was a South African diplomat and poet, and the daughter of anti-apartheid activists and politicians <mask> and <mask>. <mask> was the youngest and third of <mask>'s three daughters, including sister <mask>. She had served as her country's ambassador to Denmark, until her death in 2020, and was due to take up a post as ambassador to Liberia. She served as a stand-in First Lady of South Africa from 1996 to 1998. Her collection of poems, Black As I Am, was published in 1978, with photographs by Peter Magubane. Early life

<mask> was born on 23 December 1960 in Soweto, in what was then the Union of South Africa, to Nelson and <mask>. The year of her birth was also the year that the African National Congress (ANC) launched its armed wing.Her parents were wanted by the government. <mask> was 18 months old when her father was sent to prison, . During her youth she was often left in the care of her older sister Zenani <mask> when her mother was imprisoned for months at a time. Career
In 1977, when her mother was banished to the Orange Free State, <mask> went to live with her there. <mask> was not able to complete her education until she was sent to Swaziland. Eventually, her mother was allowed to move back to Soweto. <mask>'s father was offered a conditional release in 1985 by the then-State President, P. W. Botha.Her father's reply could not be delivered by either one of her parents. Consequently, <mask> was chosen to read his refusal at a public meeting on 10 February 1985. Her poetry was published in 1978 in the book Black as I Am, with photographs by Peter Magubane, and has also appeared in publications including Somehow We Survive: An Anthology of South African Writing, edited by Sterling Plumpp, and Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent, edited by Margaret Busby. <mask> studied law at the University of Cape Town,

masks:
Zindziswa
Zindzi
Mandela
Zzi Mandela H
Nelson Mandela
Winnie Madikizela Mandela
Zindzi
Nelson Mandela
Zenani Mandela
Zindzi Mandela
Winnie Mandela
Zindzi
Mandela
Zindzi
Zindzi
Zindzi
Zindzi
Zindzi


title: Zindzi Mandela

texts:
 where she earned a BA in 1985. She served as a stand-in First Lady of South Africa from 1996 until 1998, between her parents' divorce and her father's remarriage, to Graça Machel. Ambassadorship
<mask> was appointed South Africa's ambassador to Denmark in 2014. She first arrived in Denmark in June 2015.In June 2019, while Ambassador to Denmark, <mask>'s Twitter account sent a series of increasingly strongly worded tweets, where she discussed "trembling white cowards who are the thieving rapist descendants of Van Riebeck [sic]", and "uninvited visitors who don't want to leave" that caused significant controversy. <mask>-Hlongwane had previously that month expressed her "deep, pure unconditional love and respect" for "CIC" (leader) of the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), Julius Malema. While being investigated by the Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO) for breaching their social media policy, <mask> remained defiant, tweeting that "I am not accountable to any white man or woman for my personal views. No missus or baas here. Get over yourselves #OurLand". She was ordered by foreign minister Naledi Pandor to "conduct herself as a diplomat" and to adhere to the department's social media policy, and concern about her views was expressed by former president Thabo Mbeki, and her views were described as hate speech by ANC veteran Mavuso Msimang, while her opinions drew support from the EFF and the Premier of KwaZulu-Natal Sihle Zikalala. Her tweets came close to the end of her four-year term as ambassador to Denmark.At the time of her death in Johannesburg, she was designated to take up a post as ambassador to Liberia, a posting described by family members as a "punishment" for her controversial tweets the previous year. Personal life and death
<mask> was married twice and had four children from her first husband: daughter Zoleka <mask> (1980) and sons Zondwa <mask> (1985), Bambatha <mask> (1989) and Zwelabo <mask> (1992). Her first

masks: Zindzi Mandela Mandela Mandela Zindzi Mandela Mandela Mandela Mandela


title: Zindzi Mandela

texts:
 husband was Zwelibanzi Hlongwane. She married her second husband, Molapo Motlhajwa, who was a member of the South African National Defence Force, in March 2013. <mask>-Hlongwane was said to have agreed to arrange a boxing match between Floyd Mayweather and Manny Pacquiao to coincide with her father's birthday in 2011. The match did not take place and the boxing promoter Duane Moody sued successfully for a US court to order that she pay US$4.7m, plus costs, in damages to Moody. <mask>-Hlongwane was expected to appeal.<mask> died on 13 July 2020, at a hospital in Johannesburg at the age of 59. It was revealed that she had tested positive for COVID-19 on the day of her death. However, the virus has not been said to be the cause of her death as her family awaited an autopsy report. She was buried next to her mother, Winnie Madikizela-<mask>, at Fourways Memorial Park on 17 July, a day before what would have been the 102nd birthday of her late father, <mask>. Portrayals
 In the 2009 BBC telefilm Mrs Mandela, <mask> was portrayed by Refilwe Pitsoe. Bonnie Henna portrayed <mask> in the film Invictus (2009). Xoliswa Sithole portrayed <mask> in the TV film Mandela (1987).References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 Carolyne Wangui, "<mask> <mask> Biography and Family", Africanmania.com, 16 August 2017. Julia Llewellyn Smith, "<mask> <mask> interview: the father I knew", The Telegraph, 15 December 2013. "Talk to Al Jazeera – <mask> <mask> – 18 July 08 – Part 1" and "Talk to Al Jazeera – <mask> <mask> – 18 July 08 – Part 2". YouTube video. 1960 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa
First Ladies of South Africa
Ambassadors of South Africa to Denmark
People from Soweto
Zindzi
Xhosa people
Waterford Kamhlaba alumni
People educated at a United World College
University of Cape Town alumni
South African women diplomats
South African women ambassadors
20th-century South African poets
21st-century South African poets
South African

masks:
Mandela
Mandela
Zindzi
Mandela
Nelson Mandela
Zindzi
Zindzi
Zindzi
Zindzi
Mandela
Zindzi
Mandela
Zindzi
Mandela
Zindzi
Mandela


title: Andrew Blackbird

texts:
<mask> (c. 1814 – 17 September 1908), also known as Makade-binesi ("Black Hawk"), was an Odawa (Ottawa) tribe leader and historian. He was author of the 1887 book, History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan. Early life
<mask> was born in the L'Arbre Croche area of Michigan (now Harbor Springs) around 1815. At least one account, though, places this date as late as 1821. His father was an Ottawa leader also named Makade-binesi, or "Black Hawk." The name was mistranslated first by the French and from French to English as "Blackbird", which became the family's English name. Makade-binesi was chief of the Arbor Croche or Middle Village band.Makade-binesi was stranded on a small island by white traders he was helping, and was left to die. Although his father survived, this cruelty left a strong impression on <mask>. The death of his brother, William, in Rome, Italy on June 25, 1833, under suspicious circumstances as he was completing his studies for the Roman Catholic priesthood, left an indelible impression on <mask> and perhaps was the source of his intense antipathy for that religion from then on. Blackbird frequently bemoaned his limited formal education. Because his father was a chief, <mask> was solidly educated in traditional Ottawa culture and practices. <mask> was baptized a Roman Catholic by a priest called Father Baden in 1825, but later converted to Protestantism. He served as interpreter at the Protestant mission in L'Arbre Croche.Even though he was a Christian, he knew the traditional Ottawa religious beliefs well. <mask> was trained as a blacksmith at mission schools in the L'Arbre Croche area. He studied for four years at Twinsburg Institute in Twinsburg in Summit County, Ohio, but left without graduating. In 1850 his elderly father's health worsened. This forced <mask> to leave school and return home to assist the old chief. Later he attended Eastern Michigan University (then called Michigan State Normal School) in Ypsilanti, Michigan, for two years, but again did not graduate. In June

masks:
Andrew Jackson Blackbird
Blackbird
Andrew
Andrew
Blackbird
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title: Andrew Blackbird

texts:
 1858 <mask> wrote his Twinsburg Institute mentor Rev.Samuel Bissell: "...I continue to attend the State Normal School at Ypsilanti, but am getting somewhat discouraged as to ever being perfect in the knowledge of English Language. I have begun rather too late of attending those things. I shall always speak__indistinctly__ungrammatically__for being so deeply rooted or stained with my own language....I have begun a grammar in the Indian tongue__intended to write it upon the same plan in which our first books in Latin and Greek are written...And this I thought would be about as good that I can do for them, since I cannot personally do good among them, so at least, they can have my writings if not prohibited by their Priests...The last I heard of my father were still living but very old and feeble...Our school is let out on the 25th of July__and vacation will last 10 or 11 weeks. I should like to have gone to visit my people but I am considerable in debt, therefore I will have to work out somewheres here during the time, in order to pay up my debts." Rise to recognition

<mask> was loyal to the United States during various uprisings. In 1858 <mask> married Elizabeth Margaret Fish, a white woman of English descent. As a result, he was viewed favorably by the United States.By the 1850s, <mask> had become a counselor for both sides between the United States government and the Ottawa and Ojibwa peoples. <mask> helped veterans of the United States who were Native Americans receive their pensions. He also assisted in settling land claims. During this time, <mask> strongly advocated that citizenship be granted to the Ottawa and other Native Americans. When the "Treaty With The Ottawa and Chippewa" was signed on July 31, 1855, <mask> served as an interpreter, translator and official witness (). In 1858, <mask> bought a house in Harbor Springs, Michigan, and settled there permanently. At the time, Harbor Springs was still primarily populated by Ottawas.<mask> became the town's postmaster. History of the Ottawa and

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title: Andrew Blackbird

texts:
 Chippewa Indians of Michigan

In 1887, <mask> published his History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan. The work was published in Ypsilanti, Michigan, by the Ypsilantian Job Printing House. The book was among the first authoritative accounts of the Ottawa and Ojibwa (Chippewa) peoples ever published. The book covers not only historical facts, but day-to-day details of how the Ottawa and Ojibwa hunted, fished and trapped before the coming of the whites. <mask> explains many of the traditional beliefs and cultural practices of the two tribes. Because the author was himself a Native American, the book is free of the bias commonly found in books by white authors of the period.Finally, the book includes a basic grammar of the Ottawa and Ojibwa languages. Views on White-Indian Relations

In a 1900 publication, <mask> said:

"But I have heard white people say that the Indians might just as well die, for nothing can be done with them, as they will always be wild and savage and cruel. They might as well all die or be killed, every one of them, from the face of the earth, for a dead Indian is better than a live Indian. These frightful statements are heard all over the United States and every Caucasian child and every Indian child that is able to understand, knows this dreadful feeling toward us. These statements are translated and republished in foreign countries so every foreigner coming to America comes with a prejudice and a persecuting spirit toward the aborigines of America. Therefore there is no peace nor shelter for the Indians, from injustice. They are exposed to hate, to be shot at, and to be robbed in every way and manner, of their little possessions of lands which the government has allotted to them in treaties.They are cheated by the crooked works of the law." <mask> J. <mask> House

The <mask> J. <mask> House in Harbor Springs, Michigan, is a museum of American Indian artifacts presented in the house in which <mask> lived from 1858 until his death in 1908. There is a Michigan State

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title: Andrew Blackbird

texts:
 Historical Marker at the site and the house itself is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Notes

References
 <mask>, <mask> (1887). History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan  Ypsilanti, MI: The Ypsilantian Job Printing House. Cappel, Constance (2007). The Smallpox Genocide of the Odawa Tribe at L'Arbre Croche, 1763: The History of a Native American People.Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press. Cappel, Constance (ed.) (2006). Odawa Language and Legends: <mask><mask> and Raymond Kiogima. Philadelphia, PA: Xlibris. MS116, Samuel Bissell (1797–1895), Western Reserve Historical Society, 10825 East Boulevard, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 (216)721-5722
 <mask>, <mask> (1900). The Indian Problem, from the Indian's Standpoint.Publisher not clearly stated, possibly the National Indian Association, Philadelphia, PA. Available online through Google Books. Karamanski, Theodore J. (2012). Blackbird's Song: <mask><mask> and the Odawa People  East Lansing, MI, Michigan State University Press

External links
 AndrewBlackbird.com, <mask>ird, Chief Mack-a-tee-be-nessy
 <mask><mask> House, Michigan State Historical Marker
Information about <mask>. <mask>

Book sources
Review of book written by <mask>. <mask>
Online Highway listing for Andrew J. Blackbird Museum
Design proposal for museum's exhibits
Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians -
Visit Harbor Springs - The Andrew J. Blackbird Museum. Note: This museum is operated and owned by City of Harbor Springs. Google Books online edition of The Indian Problem, from the Indian's Standpoint, by <mask><mask>, 1900.Google Books online versions (including facsimile download) of History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan, by <mask><mask>, 1887. 1810s births
1908 deaths
Odawa people
Native American leaders
Native American writers
Historians of Native Americans
Writers from Michigan
Eastern Michigan University alumni
People from Harbor Springs, Michigan
American blacksmiths
Year of birth uncertain
19th-century Native Americans
Native American

masks:
Blackbird
Andrew Jackson
Andrew J
. Blackbird
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Andrew Jackson
Andrew J
. Blackbird
Andrew BlackB
Andrew J
. Blackbird
Andrew J
Blackbird
Andrew J
Blackbird
Andrew J
. Blackbird
Andrew J
. Blackbird


title: Glenda Gates Riley

texts:
<mask> (born September 6, 1938) is an American historian and educator best known for her works on women's history and women in the American West. She was Alexander M. Bracken Professor of History at Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana from 1991 until she retired in 2003. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Columbus, Ohio on September 6, 1938 to George F<mask> and Lillian B. (Knafels) <mask>. She began her educational career at Western Reserve University where she earned her B.A. in 1960, moving on to earn her M.A. at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio in 1963 and her Ph.D. at Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio in 1967.Academic career
<mask> began her working career as a history instructor at Denison University from 1967 to 1968, and then acted as visiting assistant professor at Ohio State University from 1968 to 1969. In 1969 <mask> <mask> accepted a position at the University of Northern Iowa(UNI) where she taught the first Women's history course in 1972 and later co-designed the first Women's studies program and served as Director of Women's Studies at UNI. During her appointment at UNI, <mask> served on multiple historical advisory boards and became the first woman to receive a Distinguished Scholar Award at UNI and was inducted into the Iowa Women's Hall of Fame in 1990. <mask> <mask> in 1991 accepted an appointment as Alexander M. Bracken History Professor at Ball State University where she remained until her retirement in 2003. Writings
<mask> <mask> provided significant contributions to the history of women in the American West which included works such as Frontierswomen: The Iowa Experience (1981), Women and Indians on the Frontier, 1825-1915 (1984), and Taking Land, Breaking Land: Women Colonizing the American West and Kenya, 1840-1940 (2003). In a historical field previously centered on the white, Anglo-American male's perspective and experience, <mask> <mask> led the inclusion of women's experiences in the American West. While primarily focusing on the letters and writing of white women, and later delving into more diverse representations, she influenced a new perspective of the common female's

masks:
Glenda Gates Riley
Glenda Gates Riley
. Gates
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title: Glenda Gates Riley

texts: experience and role in shaping the frontier culturally and politically.<mask>'s Frontierswomen: The Iowa Experience (1981) brought national attention to Iowa women and received a Distinguished Achievement Award from the Iowa State Historical Society. <mask> utilizes diary entries, letters, and other personal documents alongside secondary sources to obtain understanding of the Iowa woman's experience on the frontier from 1830 to 1870. This work placed importance on the history of the Iowan women's experience on the frontier, the farm women contributing to the Iowa settler culture and settlement of the West. Her writing included the common women of the Great Plains, in a grassroots historiography sense, and concluded that these women were as strong-minded as the more attended to histories of female leaders on the Iowa frontier. Women and Indians on the Frontier, 1825-1915 (1984) worked to understand western settlement through the perspectives of gender, race, and class, becoming one of the first works in this particular study. <mask> <mask> investigated how the frontierswomen's experience changed preconceived notions of the Indian and utilized personal primary sources such as letters and diary entries to gain an understanding of the common woman's experience. <mask> observed how ideologies shaped white men's and women's attitudes toward Indians, and how later interactions modified and reformed these projected images.Colonialist gender roles led white women to discern a certain humanity visible within these 'savages' of which white men were incapable through a set image of the Indian created before they ventured into the frontier. Some criticisms of this book center on the lack of investigation given to the Indian side, as the title refers to the white women's views of Indians, and more explanation of the American West being experienced. <mask>, however, remained loyal to her interests and created a narrative focused on the woman's experience on the frontier. <mask> <mask>'s Taking Land, Breaking Land: Women Colonizing the American West and Kenya, 1840-1940 (2003) continued her work on gender and race shaping the frontier

masks: Riley Riley Glenda Riley Riley Riley Glenda Riley


title: Glenda Gates Riley

texts:
 experience and conquest of the landscape. While separated by many miles, in different times, and interacting with different ethnic groups, <mask> formed an argument focused on parallels experienced by colonial, white women in spreading their 'civilized' culture. Certain similarities <mask> addressed include philosophical views such as “manifest destiny” and imperialism, both believing in this sphere of superiority and civilizing to save. This view of the frontier as philosophy comprised one of four themes representing the structure of this book, the others being the frontier as place, process, and product.She notated "white settlers saw 'empty' land as theirs for the taking. Because whites tended to see progress as linear, only the increasing use of land meant they were going forward." <mask> continued to build upon the complexity of women and gender roles on the political and cultural development of the frontier which comprises much of her work. Selected works

Frontierswomen, The Iowa Experience (1981)
Women and Indians on the Frontier, 1825-1915 (1984)
The Female Frontier: A Comparative View of Woman on the Prairie and the Plains (1988)
Cities on the Cedar: A Portrait of Cedar Falls, Waterloo, and Black Hawk County (1988)
Divorce: An American Tradition (1991)
A Place to Grow: Women in the American West (1992)
The Life and Legacy of Annie Oakley (1994)
Inventing the American Women: An Inclusive History, Volume 1: To 1877 (1995)
Building and Breaking Families in the American West (1996)
Taking Land, Breaking Land: Women Colonizing the American West and Kenya, 1840-1940 (2003)
Confronting Race: Women and Indians on the Frontier, 1815-1915 (2004)
Inventing the American Woman: An Inclusive History, Volume 2: Since 1877 (2007)
Inventing the American Woman, Volume 1: To 1877: An Inclusive History (2007)

References

1938 births
Living people
American women historians
Writers from Columbus, Ohio
Case Western Reserve University alumni
Miami University alumni
Ohio State University alumni
University of Northern Iowa faculty
Denison University faculty
Ball State University faculty
Historians from Ohio
21st-century

masks: Riley Riley Riley


title: Alden Whitman

texts:
<mask> (October 27, 1913 – September 4, 1990) was an American journalist who served as chief obituary writer for The New York Times from 1964 to 1976. In that role, he pioneered a more vivid, biographical approach to obituaries based on interviews with notables in advance of their deaths. <mask> was also the target of a McCarthy-era investigation into communists in the press. Under questioning by the United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security in 1956, he acknowledged his affiliation with the Communist Party USA but refused to name other party members. The ensuing eight-year legal battle over contempt of Congress ended with all charges dismissed. Early life, career, and political activism

<mask> was born in 1913 on his father's farm in New Albany, Nova Scotia. From age two, he lived in his mother's native Connecticut, where both parents taught high school.He showed early interest in journalism, contributing to the local Bridgeport Post-Telegram at 15. "It was like somebody opening up the heavens," <mask> recalled. Activism, another lifelong theme, became evident in college. <mask> began his Harvard studies in 1930 as a member of the Socialist Club and Party, then edged leftward to the communist-led National Student League. In February 1933, he eloped, "an act," he later interpreted, "of adolescent revolt." His parents withdrew financial support and helped him get a job with a local manufacturer. There, under the sway of union orators, he joined the Communist Party."It was a fully considered step," <mask> stated in 1984, "and one I've never regretted. Through my membership and

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Alden Rogers Whitman
Whitman
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title: Alden Whitman

texts: because of it, I have, I hope, been able to make some contribution to the fulfillment of the promises of the Declaration of Independence." Upon saving enough to resume college the following year, <mask> wrote his senior thesis on "Strategies and tactics of the Communist Party in the United States." <mask>'s communist beliefs hampered his journalistic career. After graduating in 1935, <mask> wrote full-time for the Bridgeport Post-Telegram, but was fired that fall "for attempting to organize a chapter of the American Newspaper Guild." The union-friendly Bridgeport Sunday Herald took him in. "That was a real writing paper," said <mask>."That's where I learned to write." Eighteen months later, however, his organizing activities ran afoul of a major local employer, General Electric, and he was back on the street. In 1938, <mask> left his estranged wife and two young children in Bridgeport and followed his future wife to New York City. There, he worked "hand-to-mouth" for a series of Communist-linked, issue-focused groups. Internally, these were conceived as a "United" or "Popular Front" embracing multiple, home-grown leftist constituencies. However, Congress would later label all of the organizations "Communist fronts" and call <mask> to account. As he outlined in public testimony, <mask> began at the National Committee for People's Rights, a labor advocacy group; then assisted Anna Rochester with a book on farm poverty for International Publishers; wrote anti-Hitler speeches for a veterans organization; raised money on behalf of the North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy; served as

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title: Alden Whitman

texts:
 press agent at Films for Democracy, which aimed to produce leftist movies with Hollywood appeal; and edited cables for Soviet news agency TASS.With the Soviet-German non-aggression pact of August 1939, the Communist Party turned against the war, and <mask> followed suit, joining the New York Peace Committee. Finally, he worked at the American Committee for the Protection of Foreign Born, a legal defense group for immigrants. When the last of these positions lost funding, in late 1941, <mask> resumed local journalism, this time as a copy editor ("copyreader" was the term at the time). He started at The Buffalo Evening News, then, in 1943, joined the New York Herald Tribune, where he remained for more than eight years, often working the overnight "lobster shift." Like many of his colleagues, <mask> remembered the paper, which folded in 1966, with pride: "We got out an intelligent, well-written, well-edited paper—the best in the city, better than the gray Times—and we did it with great professional eclat and had a good time doing it." Alongside some ten other party members at the Tribune, <mask> also worked behind the scenes, as he recalled, "doing what good Communists were expected to do—to be active in building the union." But the political mood was changing.Decades later, in his obituary for former U.S. Communist Party leader Earl Browder, <mask> looked back at the period he himself was most active in the party:

<mask>'s biography mirrored this history. He had ventured into communism as a "native" radical contending with the Great Depression, and worked diligently within the "network of

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title: Alden Whitman

texts:
 friendly organizations." In 1946, the Communist Party expelled Browder and repudiated the coalition strategy. In turn, by 1948, anti-communists within the Newspaper Guild pushed <mask> out of his organizing role and the paper's ownership began to root out communist influence in the newsroom. Around that time, <mask> left the party. In his 1984 memoirs, <mask> insisted he never dropped his "Marxist orientation," and offered two explanations for "suspending" his "technical membership." First, disagreement on tactics: he believed the U.S. party's "uncritical support of Soviet policy" ignored "valid national differences on the road to Socialism."Second, self-preservation: he wanted to take "cover" from the "Truman-McCarthy cold war." <mask> continued at the Tribune until 1951, when he took his copy editing talents to its chief competitor, The New York Times. "<mask> left entirely of his own volition, for a more economically secure workplace" according to Tribune historian and colleague Richard Kluger, "but his politics had plainly endangered him." Senate investigation

Months after Joseph McCarthy's political downfall and nearly a decade after the investigation of Communists in Hollywood, Congress turned its attention to the press, particularly The New York Times. In July 1955 and January 1956, the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee summoned 34 alleged Communists as witnesses, 18 of them with past or present ties to the Times, <mask> among them. FBI files, released much later, had identified <mask> as a Communist in 1941 and, based on reports from an undercover informant, characterized him


title: Alden Whitman

texts: as an influential member of the party as late as 1953. In its editorial pages, the Times argued the investigation was motivated by opposition to "the character of the news" it published.It reiterated its stance against employing current members of the Communist Party but insisted the committee would not "determine in any way the policies of this newspaper." In reality, the fallout was immediate. Upon receiving a subpoena, <mask> was stripped of supervisory responsibilities and demoted to his original copy editing position, or, as he put it, "bumped all the way back to the rim." Lawyers at the Times met with each witness to demand a full accounting and warn them that hiding behind the Fifth Amendment was cause for dismissal. Under public questioning in the Senate, <mask> acknowledged prior Communist affiliation but denied any seditious intent and refused, based on the First Amendment and an "extremely active New England conscience," to name any colleagues as party members. "The investigative process," read his statement, "like the legislative power to which it is an adjunct" must not impinge on the "beliefs, associations, and activities of individuals connected with the press." Fellow journalists Seymour Peck, Robert Shelton, and William Price responded similarly.All four were cited for contempt of Congress. <mask> was convicted in 1957. The Supreme Court overturned the conviction in 1962 on narrow technical grounds, and <mask> was re-indicted and re-convicted by the Department of Justice under Robert Kennedy. Finally, in 1964, the department moved to dismiss the case, which was formally

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 dropped on November 29, 1965. In his book on the investigation, Edward Alwood argues that <mask> ran out the clock on McCarthyism. Had he and the other journalists convicted of contempt staged their defense years earlier "they would have faced the more severe punishment meted out to the Hollywood Ten, who had raised similar issues." In the event, <mask> retained his freedom, but was "exhausted by the strain" of sustaining a legal defense with a rotating crew of volunteers, intermittent support from the American Civil Liberties Union and none from the Newspaper Guild.During the period, <mask> divorced wife number two, married wife number three and suffered a heart attack, yet the defining phase of his journalistic career still lay ahead. Obituaries

<mask> remained at the Times, albeit with few bylines, throughout the McCarthyist ordeal. Colleague David Halberstam suggested <mask> was effectively "blacklisted" and, like "a plant trying to grow through concrete," had to find a neglected gap in the newsroom in order to write freely. Opportunity came late in 1964 as the contempt case headed towards dismissal and an outsize, multi-author, genre-busting Churchill obituary fell into disarray. <mask> was tasked with the clean-up. When he succeeded, editors challenged him to carry forward the new formula. "There was a sense," Halberstam recalled, "that whatever leftist bent he had couldn't really hurt people in death."During his eleven years as head of the historically unglamorous, apolitical and byline-free obituary desk, <mask> penned Churchill-style memorials to some 400 other notables—Ho Chi


title: Alden Whitman

texts:
 Minh, Pablo Picasso Helen Keller, Haile Selassie, J. Robert Oppenheimer, and on and on. In almost every case, <mask> drafted the piece well in advance and periodically revised it until the subject's death. By 1967, obituaries began to carry his byline. Reviewers recognized <mask> as "theoretician and executor" of a "revolution" in obituaries. He replaced the traditional litany of names and dates with biographical essays that conveyed the "flavor" of a person, engaged their specific, sometimes "abstruse," expertise, and placed them in the sweep of history. <mask>, intent on presenting complicated lives without funereal gloss or editorial censure, called the approach "many-sided"; Halberstam, emphasizing the long advance preparation, saw <mask> as a "jewel cutter"; Gay Talese, in a 1966 profile of <mask>, highlighted the roving curiosity of his "marvelous, magpie mind." <mask>'s opening sentence on J.B. S. Haldane demonstrates the mix of perspectives:

Facially Professor Haldane resembled Rudyard Kipling; epigrammatically he took after George Bernard Shaw; politically he followed Karl Marx; but in science he was indubitably John Burdon Sanderson Haldane. To inform his work, <mask> deployed the primary tool of other journalists, namely, the interview. "In all the history of journalism, including the caves," Sidney Zion wrote in an obituary of <mask> himself, "nobody ever thought to draw the future dead into their own obituaries." <mask> conducted his first obituary-focused interview with former U.S. president Harry Truman in 1966 at the recommendation of Times managing editor and Truman

masks: Whitman Whitman Whitman Whitman Whitman Whitman Whitman Whitman Whitman


title: Alden Whitman

texts: son-in-law Clifton Daniel. This amiable encounter became <mask>'s model: "semistructured conversation," as he put it, "sub specie aeternitatis." The public, however, was intrigued by the potential awkwardness. "Aren't such interviews ghoulish?"came the inevitable question, earning <mask> magazine profiles, a Tonight Show appearance, and an overall "bit of fame." Despite their notoriety, interviews were a rarity, done for "no more than ten percent" of obituaries. The object wasn't more material—<mask>'s famous interlocutors already offered plenty—so much as refinement, focus, "a glimpse of the inner person." Indeed, the bulk of what he heard appeared in feature stories while subjects remained very much alive; the merest nuggets "filtered into obits." Consider, for example, Alexander Kerensky, briefly leader of a new Russian revolutionary government before Lenin and the Bolsheviks ran him into exile. "For the remainder of his life," according to <mask>, Kerensky "passed his time in fulminations." While their interview generated a front page article several days after it was conducted, the obituary contained only a single, brief snippet, epitomizing Kerensky's purgatory: "He expressed a nostalgic desire to return to his native land if the authorities 'will not silence me.'"<mask> was also the first journalist to write about Donald Trump and put the future president's words in print. In 1973, <mask> interviewed the 26-year-old Donald alongside his 67-year-old father, Fred, to prepare for the latter's death. While the obituary waited until 1999, the interview resulted in a contemporaneous profile


title: Alden Whitman

texts:
 of the duo. There, <mask>, with his attention to legacy, portrayed Fred Trump as an accomplished real estate "alchem[ist]" who, in a final act, was turning his building and marketing skills on his unproven successor by propping him up in Manhattan and imputing the power of alchemy to him: "Everything he touches turns to gold," <mask> quoted Fred, introducing a phrase that would echo through the 2016 election. While <mask> was resigned to the conventional wealth-and-fame criteria for inclusion on the obituary page, he championed a broader oral history beyond. He served as special advisor to the Columbia University Center for Oral History Research and wrote book reviews to promote oral histories and oral autobiographies, especially those that gave voice to the illiterate, oppressed or ignored. Speaking to the Oral History Association in 1974, <mask> said:

To understand ourselves as people, I believe we must know so much more than we do now about the lives and thoughts of those groups that comprise the multitude, people, to use a nasty phrase, in the 'subcultures'—the Black, the poor, the Hispanics, the women, the Chicanos.We need to know about their beliefs, their attitudes, their games, their work-lives, their flashpoints, their self-images, their aspirations. <mask> retired from the Times in 1976, though remaining advance obituaries would appear over the following few years. Insurance mogul James S. Kemper, who died in 1981, was the subject of <mask>'s last published obituary; it began, "[He] was very rich." Later years

Upon retiring from the Times, <mask> picked up the pace of his book


title: Alden Whitman

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 reviews, focusing on biography, memoir and history. He contributed regularly to Newsday, Harper's Bookletter, and The Chronicle of Higher Education short-lived Books & Arts, and appeared in such newspapers as the Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times and, of course, The New York Times itself. His final published review, of Eric Hobsbawm's The Age of Empire, afforded yet another contemplation of Marx and capitalism. As David Halberstam remarked, "He kept going.I mean, it was quite an heroic career." In the 1980s <mask> suffered a debilitating stroke which left him blind. His wife, Joan, hired several Long Island University college students to come to their home in Southampton, New York, to engage in a daily ritual of reading <mask> stories from major newspapers and weekly magazines. He died at a hospital in Monaco on September 4, 1990; he had traveled the country to celebrate the birthday of food critic Craig Claiborne, who had turned 70 that day. Pseudonyms
 <mask> recalled using a "" after his first arrest, during college, while protesting on behalf of Communist union organizer Ann Burlak: "I vanished. It was a close call." Between 1939 and 1946, <mask> published dozens of articles, mostly book reviews, in the Daily Worker under the byline .Arthur Gelb, drama critic at the Times, accused <mask> of assuming his name to woo an aspiring actress at a bar. "I stopped just short of threatening his life," Gelb wrote of the 1953 incident. <mask> claimed to have become a "leading medical journalist" under the pen name  while moonlighting during his legal travails. In 1958, <mask> courted his third


title: Otto Eger

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<mask> (19 October 1877 - 11 April 1949) was a German jurist and legal historian. As a professor at the University of Giessen (and undertaking, more briefly, an eight-year professorship at Basel), during the first half of the twentieth century, he was an influential teacher of several generations of legal scholars. He served terms as University Rector at both institutions. A committed nationalist, he backed national socialism which, in his judgement, opened up opportunities for revanchists who still hoped to find ways to undo the destruction of the Bismarckian German state in 1918/1919. More than six decades after his death, <mask> remained a controversial figure due to his engagement with the Nazi régime. Life

Provenance and early years
<mask> was born at Darmstadt. <mask> (1827–1894), his father, was a professor of linguistics at the (slightly misleadingly named) Technical University of Darmstadt.<mask> died in 1894 making <mask> an orphan: his mother had already died two years earlier. <mask>'s later upbringing was accordingly supervised by a guardian: his father had already taken care to make available the funds needed to complete the boy's education. University
In 1895 <mask> embarked on his university studies, attending the universities of Göttingen (one term), Berlin (one term) and, principally, Giessen, which is where he passed his  in jurisprudence. As a student he became a member of the student fraternity . He then took a post with the Legal Preparation Service (). He worked, in parallel, on his doctorate, which was supervised by , and which he received from the University of Giessen in 1899 or 1900. His dissertation concerned representation in property acquisition ().Marriage and family
He remained in Giessen, according to his own records employed between 1903 and 1908 by the university as a faculty assistant. In 1905 he married Margarete Zöppritz (1880-1973), daughter of geographer  (1838-1885) and, through her mother, a granddaughter of chemist  (1812-1890). The marriage would be followed over time by the births of three recorded children. At the university

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 he was able to pursue his researches in jurisprudence and, increasingly, in legal history. Habitation, professorships and the war years
Under the influence of  and of Leist, after 1905 his primary focus switched to some of the legal elements in papyrology. His widely commended work on Egyptian land registration in the Roman period () earned him his habilitation (under the supervision of Mitteis) in 1909 and, having been published in book form, remains relevant for researchers more than a century later. In 1910 <mask> accepted a full professorship in Roman law at the University of Basel where he was elected dean of the jurisprudence faculty in 1911, and where he served, in 1914, as university rector.This was also a busy period for Margarete <mask>: the couple's three children were born in 1909, 1911 and 1912. War broke out in July 1914. As a reserve officer in the Imperial Army, <mask> broke off his academic career to take part in the fighting. It was probably in the summer of 1914 that he received and turned down an invitation to accept an academic post at Prague University, although sources indicate that he took the opportunity to invoke the offer in the context of salary negotiations in Basel. After suffering serious wounds, he was sent back from the frontline, deemed unfit to serve; in 1916 he returned to Basel and resumed his teaching career. In September 1917, however, he received an offer from his alma mater, which in April 1918 he accepted. He remained at Giessen for the rest of his career, in 1920 rejecting a further serious offer, this time from the University of Königsberg.During the so-called Weimar years he served twice as university rector, in 1923–24 and again in 1930–31. Weimar years
War ended in military defeat for Germany in November 1918 and was followed by a succession of revolutions in the ports and cities. With this politically troubled backdrop, the University of Giessen faced difficult times socially and economically. <mask> struggled to improve the situation by promoting academic self-government. In 1921 he became the first chairman of the newly

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texts: formed  (Gießen student support) organisation, in response to the urgent needs of the times. In 1929 work started on a new accommodation building in the  which was opened to students in 1931, and continues in use complete with a cafeteria: it was later named the <mask> Hall of Residence (), though more recently, as <mask>'s political record has been re-evaluated, pressure has grown for a reversal of the naming decision. During the turbulent postwar years <mask>'s academic work became, for him, a lesser priority than his administrative responsibilities at the university and, equally notable in retrospect, his political activities.Contemporary legal challenges now took precedence over Roman law. That was apparent both from the speeches he delivered as university rector and the way in which his time was taken up with organisation and mediation rather than research work. For the new republican government his position as a resolutely unreformed nationalist placed him firmly beyond the pale. Shortly after the end of the war he set up a  in Gießen, recruited from the ranks of disillusioned front-line survivors, now otherwise unemployed. The group planned to participate in the 1920 Kapp Putsch. The government's rapid suppression of the Putsch made this impossible, but it had served to highlight and intensify the political polarisation between traditionalists who saw the new republican government as a foreign imposition, and the large numbers of left wingers from the working and intellectual classes who thought that Germany's best hope now lay with a rerun, on Germany soil, of the still rapidly unfolding October Revolution in the Soviet Union. The appearance in Gießen of a company of "temporary volunteers" was part of a national phenomenon, with quasi-military Free Corps (Freikorps) units appearing across the country, manned by former members of the defeated Imperial Army, often set up and led by "traditionalist" former army officers.They varied greatly in terms of organisational effectiveness, but they were united in their loathing of Germany's republican democratic government

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 and in their fear of the spectre of Communism on the eastern horizon. Half an hour (by train) to the north was another university city with its own company of "temporary volunteers", made up of former soldiers, many of whom were now enrolled as university students. Marburg, like Gießen, would have been viewed before the war as a moderate conservative university city—bourgeois in character, in the term then-applied by commentators. The paramilitary volunteer corps in Marburg had much in common with the one headed up by <mask> in Gießen. In March 1920 the Marburg volunteers became infamous because of their involvement, it was said, in the murder of 15 workers in the village of Mechterstädt. The precise facts of the so-called , which took place in the context of political strikes and street fighting, would remain contested. For <mask> the incident provided an opportunity to provide practical support to the Marburg volunteers in their time of trouble."In his capacity as leader of the Gießen student volunteers' corps", he addressed a carefully crafted and detailed letter to the rector at Marburg University, urging the university to provide support to its students caught up in the affair. Later he had at least one face-to-face meeting with the Marburg rector to press his point. As a lawyer he urged that all the false reports that would no doubt be dredged up in court proceedings by the workers' lawyers must be very precisely refuted. For many years following the violence of the early 1920s, <mask> made himself available as the local contact man for the "persecuted putschists" who had been members of the disbanded (in 1921) Escherich . He used the speech opportunities which his rectorship provided to deliver what unsupportive sources identify as "revanchist propaganda". Hitler years
For someone with <mask>'s political background, the power seizure by the National Socialists presented an opportunity. During the first three months of 1933 the new government rapidly transformed the German Republic into a one–party dictatorship.Through his involvement in politically conservative

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 institutions <mask> transferred easily into broadly equivalent National Socialist organisations such as the National Socialist People's Welfare () organisation and the National Socialist Association of Legal Professionals (). In 1941, after a long period of hesitation, he also joined the party itself. Long before that, in the bourgeois and academic clubs and associations in which he had long been a familiar presence, he was presenting himself as a committed government backer. As an example, a speech he delivered in 1942 at the 150th anniversary celebration of the Gießen Concert Association () was shot through with all the favoured phrases and slogans from the Ministry for Popular Enlightenment. Many of the doctoral dissertations on jurisprudence that <mask> supervised between 1933 and 1945 were shamelessly supportive of the government's objectives and accompanying anti-justice approach to the law. During the 1930s <mask> also returned to his research work on legal history. In 1935 he also took over as head of the William G. Kerckhoff Foundation (—subsequently merged into the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research) in Bad Nauheim.However, from 1939 (when he was aged 63) <mask> was frequently prevented from teaching by problems with his digestion (biliary disease). The Second World War brought setbacks and personal tragedy. <mask> and Margarete <mask>'s sons, Heinz and Hans, were killed in action in 1941 and 1944. At the University of Giessen, those teaching staff who had been removed on suspicion of unreliability were not replaced, and by 1944, when much of the fabric of the place was destroyed by bombing, there was already talk of closing down several of German's smaller universities, including Gießen. Postwar years in the American occupation zone
After 1945 <mask> engaged intensely in university administration. His principal objective, in which he only partially succeeded, was to avoid the permanent closure of the badly degraded university by the US military administration. In May 1946 plans were made to receive students later in the year at the re-designated Justus

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 Liebig Academy for Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, but it would be only in 1957 that Giessen recovered its university status, offering again a broad range of academic disciplines.By that time <mask> had long since died aged 71, following a long illness, in 1949. Evaluations
During the decade following his death <mask>'s attitudes and activities in respect of the National Socialists were obscured. An obituary provided by his former pupil  included the simple statement that "developments at the German universities from 1933 caused him to withdraw more and more from his university roles, and to focus on teaching students", making no further mention of <mask>'s actions during the Hitler years. His entry in the Neue Deutsche Biographie, also written by Friedrich Weber, and published in 1959, barely mentions the final sixteen years of <mask>'s life. Max Kaser, in an affectionate obituary, also invites his readers to infer that <mask> had distanced himself from the Hitler government. That implication takes no account of <mask>'s pro-government utterances, however, nor of the support for National Socialist philosophy that is disclosed in so many of the doctoral dissertations that he supervised. A number of more recent sources have sought to present a more inclusive view of <mask>.By 1989 the re-evaluation of <mask>'s reputation had led to moves to rename the <mask> Hall of Residence (). A student working group in respect of the matter was in place from 2009 to 2012. The  of which <mask> served as the first chairman in 1921 had subsequently been relaunched as  and retained responsibility for the building: in 2015 the organisation's ruling council finally agreed to rename the <mask> Hall of Residence, which now became the Mildred Harnack-Fish House (), honouring Mildred Harnack, an American-German resistance fighter executed in February 1943. Output (selection)

Notes

References

Writers from Darmstadt
20th-century German jurists
Legal historians
University of Giessen faculty
University of Basel faculty
Heads of universities in Germany
Nazi Party members
1877 births
1949

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title: John A. Nejedly

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<mask> (October 22, 1914September 19, 2006) was a district attorney and Republican state senator in California who represented Contra Costa County from 1958 to 1980. Early life
Born in Oakland, California, <mask> was raised there while attending public schools. He was a member of the Boy Scouts and went on to earn the rank of Eagle Scout. After high school, <mask> attended the University of California, Berkeley, where he received his Bachelor of Science in business administration in 1935. In 1938, he purchased a parcel of hillside land in the then-unincorporated area of Walnut Creek, which became his lifelong home. He continued with his education and received his Bachelor of Laws from Boalt Hall (the UC Berkeley School of Law) in 1941. From 1942 to 1946, <mask> served with the U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II as a Japanese language officer.He was also the lone survivor of a plane crash during the war. Professional career

Nejedly became a Deputy District Attorney for Contra Costa County in 1946, and in 1948 took on the additional role as the City Attorney for the City of Walnut Creek, both roles that he held until 1958. While serving as City Attorney, he played a key role in the creation of the Little Master Plan, a land use and public improvement plan that called for the culverting of portions of Walnut, Las Trampas, and San Ramon Creeks within downtown Walnut Creek, for the purpose of flood control and commercial development. This plan, which was adopted by the City in 1956, led to the expansion of Broadway Plaza and the creation of the portion

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 of North Broadway between Lincoln Avenue and Mount Diablo Boulevard. A plaque commemorating the Little Master Plan can be found at the corner of Duncan Street and North Broadway, in downtown Walnut Creek. While working for the city of Walnut Creek, Nejedly engineered the annexation of the city into the East Bay Municipal Utility District, thereby providing a more stable source of drinking water (the city has since grown into areas that are served by the Contra Costa Water District). Nejedly was also successful in working to annex the city into the Central Contra Costa Sanitary District, which allowed the city to close its old sewer farm and to reuse the land for what is now the eastern portion of Civic Park (at the end of Carmel Drive, near the intersection of North Broadway and Civic Drive).Political career

In 1958, <mask> was elected to the post of district attorney for Contra Costa County, his first elected office and a position he held for the next decade. In the late 1950s and early 1960s <mask> helped lead attempts by the Contra Costa Park Council to create a park system in Contra Costa County. Ultimately he was a leader with local attorney Hulet Hornbeck in the successful 1964 campaign to expand the East Bay Regional Park District to include much of the County. In 1969, <mask> was elected to the office of State Senator for California State Senate District 7, a seat that was made vacant by the passing of George Miller Jr. Serving Contra Costa County, he went on to hold this position for three consecutive terms, until his retirement in 1980.

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 bond used to purchase park lands). Hazardous Substances Information and Training Act of 1980 (establishing an employee's "right to know" about chemical hazards in the workplace). California Parklands Act of 1980 ($285 million bond used to purchase, rehabilitate, and develop park lands). <mask> was also active in the area of criminal justice, and authored the Uniform Determinate Sentencing Act of 1976, which mandated fixed sentences for most crimes. In 1972, Nejedly authored Senate Bill 25, to authorize the design and construction of the new Antioch Bridge in Antioch, which replaced a vertical lift bridge that was constructed in 1926. After its completion, the new bridge was named the "Senator <mask> A. <mask> Bridge" in his honor. In 1979, nearby land was acquired for the Antioch/Oakley Regional Shoreline with the support of Nejedly, and it was <mask>'s suggestion that some of the old bridge's pillars be used for what is now a fishing pier.Post-retirement life

After his retirement from the state senate in 1980, <mask> was active in many community organizations related to the environment, water policy, criminal justice, healthcare, and children's welfare. Throughout the early 1980s, Nejedly fought to prevent the construction of the Peripheral Canal, a plan that would have diverted water from Sacramento River around the Sacramento River Delta and onwards to southern California. In 1988 <mask> was co-chairman of the East Bay Regional Park District's successful campaign in favor of Measure AA, a $225 million bond which has resulted in over 30,000 acres

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 (120 km²) being added to the District's land holdings, now totaling almost . In the mid-1980s, <mask> was actively involved in supporting the construction of the Contra Costa Water District's Los Vaqueros Reservoir to provide a more reliable source of clean drinking water to portions of central and eastern Contra Costa County. The bond for this project was passed in 1988, and the dam was completed in 1994. In 2004 <mask> was chairman of the campaign opposing CCWD's Measure N, an advisory measure asking voters for authorization of studies considering tearing down the recently completed Los Vaqueros dam and replacing it with a larger dam and reservoir. A month before his 92nd birthday in 2006, <mask> died in Walnut Creek, a few days after suffering a massive stroke.Honors
In 1978, the replacement Antioch Bridge was named the "Senator <mask>. <mask> Bridge" in his honor. In 1983, he was awarded the John Muir Conservation Award by the John Muir Memorial Association, for his efforts in protecting Mount Diablo. In the early 1990s the East Bay Regional Park District dedicated the Nejedly Staging Area at the new Carquinez Strait Regional Shoreline in the retired State Senator's honor. In October 2005 a trail leading from the staging area was named in honor of Hulet Hornbeck, <mask>'s good friend and collaborator in helping to extend the East Bay Regional Park District into Contra Costa County. References

Gledhill, Lynda (2006-09-22). <mask> -- environmentalist, San Francisco, CA: San Francisco Chronicle. Vorderbrueggen, Lisa (2006-09-20).<mask>: A voice

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 for parks, youths, Walnut Creek, CA: Contra Costa Times. In a Nutshell - Official community newsletter of City of Walnut Creek (December/November, 2006). Remembering Walnut Creek political icon <mask><mask> — 1914 - 2006, Walnut Creek, CA: City of Walnut Creek. Keeble, Pat (2006-10-31). <mask> dies at 91 - still at work for causes he believed in, Contra Costa County, CA: Contra Costa Insider. The Background of <mask><mask>, californiawatercrisis.org, retrieved on 2007-01-01. Award Program - John Muir Association, johnmuir.org, retrieved on 2007-01-01.<mask><mask>, joincalifornia.com, retrieved on 2007-01-01.
, dot.ca.gov, retrieved on 2011-07-16. East Bay Regional Park District: Places To Go: Antioch/Oakley Regional Shoreline, ebparks.org, retrieved on 2011-07-16. California Wilderness Coalition: Golden State Wilderness Campaign, calwild.org, retrieved on 2007-01-01. SFBCDC - The Suisun Marsh Preservation Act, bcdc.ca.gov, retrieved on 2007-01-01. California Public Resources Code - Sections 2710-2719, leginfo.ca.gov, retrieved on 2007-01-01. California Public Resources Code - Sections 4511-4517, leginfo.ca.gov, retrieved on 2007-01-01. California Public Resources Code - Sections 5096.141-5096.145, leginfo.ca.gov, retrieved on 2007-01-01.California Ballot Propositions, 1970-1979, lib.ca.us, retrieved on 2007-01-01. Contra Costa Water District: Los Vaqueros Project History, ccwater.com, retrieved on 2007-01-01. Dam plan ignites water war, Measure N asks voters to approve study for enlarging Los Vaqueros Reservoir, San Francisco Chroicle, February 29,

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 2004, sfgate.com, retrieved on 2007-08-08.
, dot.ca.gov, retrieved on 2007-08-08. External links
Join California <mask>. Nejedly

1914 births
2006 deaths
Nejedly, <mask>.
California Republicans
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Haas School of Business alumni
20th-century American politicians
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title: Ibn Abi Jumhur al-Ahsa'i

texts: Mohammed bin Ali bin Ibrahim Al-Shaybani Al-Bakri Al-Ahsa’i (, commonly known as <mask>ī Jumhūr al-Aḥsā'ī , born in 1435, died in 1505) was an influential Shia Muslim scholar who adhered to the Ja'fari school of Islamic jurisprudence. He was born in the village of Taymiyyah in Eastern Arabia (specifically what is now Al-Ahsa Governorate) during the reign of the first Jabrid Emir, and was raised in prosperity by his father Zain al-Din Ali and grandfather Ibrahim, both Shi’ite scholars. <mask> studied first with them before traveling on to Najaf in what is now Iraq to study with Sharaf al-Din Hassan bin Abdulkarim Fattal, who gave him permission to transmit hadith. In 1472, the young postulant went on Hajj and met Ali bin Hilal al-Jazaery in Jabal Amel, giving the latter the same permission. Returning for a while to Eastern Arabia, <mask> left for Iraq once more before moving on to Mashhad in Greater Khorasan, where he continued to write and teach. He gained renown for his debates with Ahmad bin Yahya al-Taftazani, a Sunni jurist of the Shafiʽi school. <mask> traveled extensively throughout the rest of his life between Persia and Iraq (both governed then by the Timurid Empire as well as his native land, mostly staying in Mashhad, Najaf, and Al-Ahsa respectively.All the while he extensively taught and wrote treatises and critiques on fiqh (jurisprudence),

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 rhetoric, philosophy, ethics, theology, and hadith. He is best-known for his theory of Shi’ite hadith, essentially summed up as endorsing “adding, whenever possible, over subtraction” in interpretation. It is not clear when or where he died.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Al-Bahrani |first1=Yahya bin Hussein |editor1-last=Al-Jubouri |editor1-first=Hussein Judi Kazem |title=حسين جودي كاظم الجبوري ("Souvenir of the Mujtahids, a Message on the Knowledge of the Shi’ite Sheikhs) |date=2017 |publisher=Karbala Center for Studies and Research |location=Karbala |pages=104–05 |edition=1st}}</ref>

Ancestors
His full name is Shams al-Din Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Zain al-<mask> al-Hasan Ali bin Husam al-Din Ibrahim bin Hassan bin Ibrahim bin <mask> Jamhur al-Shaybani al-Bakri al-Hasa’i. His father, Zain al-Din Ali, and his grandfather, Husam al-Din, were both scholars and belonged to the prominent Abi Jumhur family. This clan was a branch in Al-Ahsa of the Banu Shayban, itself a scion of the Banu Bakr; the Abi Jumhur are considered ancestors of the Al-Aithan family by scholar Jawad al-Ramadan. In his time, <mask>bi Jumhur was also known as Al-Hasawi. Biography
Ibn Abi Jumhur was born in the village of Taymiyyah in what is now the Al-Ahsa Governorate during the reign of the first Jabrid Emir, probably around 1434 to 1435.He grew up during the region’s golden age under the

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 auspices of his jurist father. Teaching
He studied in Al-Ahsa with his father and a number of scholars, including Muhammad bin Musa al-Musawi al-Ahsa’i (his fiqh teacher), Ali bin Muhammad bin Mani, and others. He then went on to finish his studies in Najaf, where he studied with teachers including most notably Hassan bin Abdulkarim al-Fattal al-Najafi. Among the scholars who gave him permission to transmit hadiths were Hazr al-Din al-Awali al-Bahrani, Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Musawi al-Ahsa’i, and Abdullah bin Fathallah al-Qummi. After nearly twenty years in Najaf, he left on Hajj to the Hejaz in 1472, following the Shami pilgrimage route. During that time, he stayed in the town of Karak Nuh in Jabal Amel, then under the rule of Mamluk Sultan Qaitbay, where he stayed for a month to study under Bahraini Sheikh Ali bin Hilal al-Jazaery. Travels
After finishing his Hajj, <mask> Jumhur returned to his native Al-Ahsa and stayed there awhile until he traveled to Iraq and Khorasan in 1473, along the way writing the letters زاد المسافرين (“Greater Journeys”) and أصول الدين (“Basics of Faith”).When he reached Mashhad, he began training with Muhsin bin Muhammad Al-Radawi Al-Qummi, who commissioned from his student a treatise known as البراهين في شرح زاد المسافرين (“Proofs for Explaining <mask>-Jazzar’s Zād al-Musāfir”, a medical work known by medieval Latins as

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 Viaticum). Debates with al-Harawi
In 1473, during the reign of Timurid Emperor Husayn Bayqara, a famous Sunni-Shi’ite debate was held featuring <mask> <mask> as defender of the Shi’ite position and a Sunni scholar from the capital of Herat. The three-round debate was held in Tus, near Mashhad, where he <mask> Jumhur was labeled the “Arab speaker” given the lack of Persian Shi’ites to hold that side of the debate at the time. The first and last rounds were held in the house of Mohsen al-Razawi, while the second was held at the Balasar School, a part of the Imam Reza Holy Shrine built on April 27, 1474 during the reign of Sultan Ahmed Mirza that has been used as City Hall since 1989. The first debate centered on Ali’s legitimacy as caliph, the second on “the issue of children of adulterers,” and the third on “deception and defamation with regards to the succession.”

The debates were attended by a number of Shi’ite and Sunni scholars, the former holding <mask> <mask> to be the victor. Some sources believe the other debater, labeled al-Fadhel al-Harawi, was in fact the Shafi’i jurist Ahmad bin Yahya al-Taftazani, the chief ulema of Herat for 30 years who would be killed along with a number of other Sunni clerics by the founding Safavid Emperor Ismail I in 1510. Pressed to record his arguments, <mask> Abi Jumhur published a book of them, most recently

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 reissued in 2015 as المجادلات في المذهب (“Debates in Doctrine”).Several Persian translations exist, including ones by Nawruz Ali ibn Bastami (in his فردوس التواريخ or “Paradise of Dates”), Jalaluddin Muhammad al-Kashani, and Shah Muhammad Al-Hamdani (written in Nastaliq). Muhammad Ashraf bin Ali al-Sharif al-Husseini published a translation in 1679 during the reign of Suleiman of Persia, as did <mask> Al-Din Al-Alam Al-Asfahani in his book الزهرات الزوية في الروضة البهية (“zawiya in the Basalar School”) during Ramadan on July 14, 1687. 1478 to 1501
<mask> <mask> continued living in Mashhad near the Imaa Reza Shrine as he studied, taught, and wrote for several years, then returned to Hillah, Iraq, where he wrote an exegesis of Shi’ite advocacy tradition of Zainabia, entitled منية اللبيب في شرح التهذيب (“Intellectual Endeavour to Explain Refinement”), which he finished in May 1478. In 1481, he returned to Al-Ahsa, finishing his book قبس الاقتداء في شرائط الإفتاء والاستفتاء (“A Model for Implementing Fatwas and Referenda”) there and soon moving to Qatif to finish مسلك الإفهام في علم الكلام (“Guide to Rhetoric”). Afterward, he moved to Bahrain (then called Awal), where he dictated his book البوارق المحسنية لتجلي الدرة الجمهورية (“Improved Insights into the Principles of Fiqh”) over four majlis (seminars) ending on March 2, 1483. After a brief return to

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 Qalqan, along with another named Jalaluddin Bahram. Ibn Abi Jumhur stayed in Astarabad for two or three years and seemed to have divided his time between there and Mashhad until 1497.That year, he traveled to Medina to complete his work معين الفكر في شرح الباب الحادي عشر (“Some Thoughts on Explaining the Eleventh Surah”). Afterwards, he returned to Iraq and lived in Hillah, where he authorized Ali bin Qasim bin Athaqa Al-Hilli on January 28, 1501, the last date clearly mentioned in the sources as connected to <mask> Jumhur. Death
Sources differ as to the time of his death, but according to scholar Hashim Muhammad al-Shakhs, he likely died around 1505 in his native Al-Ahsa, possibly at the age of 72. Some Persian sources differ and claim that he died in Mashhad and was buried in the Imam Reza Shrine. Work
<mask> <mask> was considered a leading Shi’ite Muslim scholar of his time and was well-versed in fiqh, philosophy, logic, rhetoric, and hadith interpretation. According to Kamil Mustafa Shaybi, <mask>bi Jumhur al-Ahsa’i was the next iteration of the thought of Maitham Al Bahrani and Haydar Amuli and a model for that of Shaykh Ahmad. He was a writer and poet as well as a judge, and a few verses remain in his book, مجموعة المواعظ والنصائح والحكم (“A Collection of Sermons, Advice, and Judgments”).He interpreted many Sunni hadiths that conformed to Shi’ite

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 tradition. Philosophy
<mask> Jumhur is perhaps best remembered for promulgating a key doctrine of Shi’ite scholarship, the maxim that “synthesis, however possible, is more appropriate than removal from canon.” This theory holds that wherever multiple narratives on the word of the Twelve Imams conflict but are clearly transmitted and can be reconciled, they should be combined rather than favoring one tradition over another so as not to give undue weight to fame, friends’ work, contravention, or personal preference. If this process is not followed and a scholar chooses a favorite interpretation, important truths may be overlooked or indecision may block them from acting on it. As he put it in his book, عوالي اللَّئالي (“Awali al-Allali”):

For every two events that appear to be contradictory, you must first search for their meaning and the qualities of the connotations of their terms. Then he adds a point from the hadith of the Maqbula of Umar ibn Hanzala (from a disciple of Ja’far al-Sadiq):

If you are not able to do [that reconciliation] or if neither stands out to you, then return to the hadith so you work with the renowned if opposed by the obscure. If the figures are equal in renown, work from them both as narrators and follow your own judgment. If they are equal in that, then see what common doctrine would hold and put that first.Theology
Farhad