title: Naomi Ellemers

texts:
 investigates the measures and actions organizations take to become more inclusive. It connects these findings to the experiences of employees and provides organizations with advice on which steps to take to become truly inclusive. She cooperates with various compliance officers, among others Autoriteit Financiële Markten  in order to give advice on and to reinforce behaviour and culture in organizations. In 2019 the Dutch feminist monthly magazine Opzij elected her for the Opzij top 100 of most powerful women of the Netherlands in the category education and science.Publications (selection)
Based on her academic acknowledgement, <mask> writes popularizing texts about current issues. For the Dutch Financial Newspaper, Het Financieele Dagblad (FD), she writes a monthly expert column, and she writes a blog about 'social climates' for Psychology Today. Her scientific work consist of more than 200 magazine articles, among others in Science, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Nature Human Behavior, Academy of Management Review, Psychological Review, Annual Review of Psychology, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. A few distinctive publications are:

 <mask>, N. (2021). Science as collaborative knowledge generation (Landmark article). British Journal of

masks: Ellemers Ellemers


title: Naomi Ellemers

type: original

texts:
 Social Psychology, 60, 1-28. doi:10.1111/bjso.12430
 <mask>, N. (2018). Gender stereotypes.Annual Review of Psychology], 69, 275–298. Van Bavel, J. J., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N. Drury, J., Dube, O., <mask>, N., Finkel, E. J., Fowler, J. H., Gelfand, M., Han, S., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Kitayama, S., Mobbs, D., Napper, L. E., Packer, D. J., Pennycook, G., Peters, E., Petty, R. E., Rand, D. G., Reicher, S. D., Schnall, S., Shariff, A., Skitka, L. J., Smith, S. S., Sunstein, C. R., Tabri, N., Tucker, J. A., van der Linden, S., Van Lange, P. A. M., Weeden, K. A., Wohl, M. J. A., Zaki, J., Zion, S. & Willer, R. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behavior, 4, 460–471. ()
 <mask>, N. (2017).Morality and the regulation of social behavior: Groups as moral anchors. Milton Park, UK: Routledge / Taylor & Francis. Neuroscience of prejudice and intergroup relations. Edited by Belle Derks, Daan Scheepers, and <mask>. New York, Psychology Press, 2013. <mask>, N., & De Gilder, D. (2012). Je werkt anders dan je denkt.Business Contact. <mask>: Ethisch klimaat op het werk: Op zoek naar het nieuwe normaal, Inaugurele rede

masks:
Ellemers
Ellemers
Ellemers
Naomi Ellemers
Ellemers
Naomi Ellemers


title: Naomi Ellemers

texts:
 Universiteit Utrecht, 2017. <mask>: Betrokkenheid bij het werk. Een kwestie van verstand of gevoel?, Inaugurele rede Universiteit Leiden, 2000. Social identity. Context, commitment, content. Edited by <mask>, Russell Spears and Bertjan Doosje.Oxford, Blackwell, 1999. <mask>: Identity management strategies. The influence of socio-structural variables on strategies of individual mobility and social change. Proefschrift RU Groningen, 1991

References

External links

 Profielpagina <mask>, Universiteit Utrecht
 Athena's Angels
 Organisatiegedrag.nl
 GoogleScholar

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties

 ↑ Leidse hoogleraren - <mask>, <mask>. Universiteit Leiden. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ Sociaal psycholoog <mask> benoemd tot universiteitshoogleraar in Utrecht.Universiteit Utrecht (28 April 2015). Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ (en) Our people - Social Identity and Groups Network (SIGN). Universiteit van Queensland. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ Raad van commissarissen. PricewaterhouseCoopers.Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. "<mask> is lid van de raad van commissarissen en van de commissie publiek belang van PwC sinds 1 mei 2015." ↑ Organisatiegedrag. organisatiegedrag.nl. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ (en) 2018 SPSP Award Recipients Announced - SPSP.

masks:
Naomi Ellemers
Naomi Ellemers
Naomi Ellemers
Ellemers
Ellemers
Naomi
Naomi Ellemers
Naomi Ellemers


title: Naomi Ellemers

texts: Society for Personality and Social Psychology (Engelstalige Wikipedia).Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ (en) Doctors Honoris Causa PSP-IPSY Anniversaries. Université catholique de Louvain. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ <mask>, Prof. dr. N. (<mask>) — KNAW. Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021.↑ (en) Professor <mask> FBA. British Academy. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ (en) Academy of Europe: Ellemers <mask>. Academia Europaea. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ (en) Core group.SCOOP - Sustainable Cooperation. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ Home • Nederlandse InclusiviteitsMonitor. Nederlandse InclusiviteitsMonitor. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ AFM en Universiteit Utrecht introduceren leerstoel ‘Psychologie van Toezicht’. Autoriteit Financiële Markten.Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ <mask> brengt wetenschap en praktijk samen. Universiteit Utrecht (20 December 2019). Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ <mask>. Het Financieele Dagblad. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021.↑ Social Climates. Psychology Today. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ Most Read Articles of 2020. Annual Reviews. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ Ethisch klimaat op het werk; op zoek naar het nieuwe normaal.Oratie <mask>. Universiteit

masks:
Ellemers
Naomi
Naomi Ellemers
Naomi
Naomi Ellemers
Naomi Ellemers
Naomi Ellemers


title: George Earle Chamberlain

texts:
<mask>. (January 1, 1854 – July 9, 1928) was an American attorney, politician, and public official in Oregon. A native of Mississippi and member of the Democratic Party, <mask>'s political achievements included appointment followed by election as the first Attorney General of Oregon, a stint as the state's 11th Governor, and two terms in the United States Senate in Washington, DC. Biography

Early life

<mask> was born in Natchez, Mississippi, on January 1, 1854. The <mask> family were early immigrants to North America from England, helping to pioneer in the state of Massachusetts. His father, Dr. <mask>, was born in Delaware and attended medical school in Philadelphia before moving to the small southern town of Natchez in 1837, attracted by the prospects offered there for a newly coined medical practitioner. Dr. <mask> quickly built a large and prosperous practice, which enabled him to maintain his Maryland-born wife, the former Pamelia H. Archer, and family in comfort. Pamelia Archer herself hailed from an illustrious pioneer family, being the granddaughter of Maryland Congressman John Archer (1741–1810), the daughter of Maryland Congressman Stevenson Archer Sr. (1786–1848), and the sister of Maryland Congressman Stevenson Archer Jr. (1827–1898).<mask> <mask> was the couple's third child. <mask> <mask> attended public schools in Natchez, completing his secondary education in 1870 at the age of 16. Following graduation he first worked two years as a clerk in a general merchandise store before leaving for Washington and Lee University in 1872. <mask> successfully complete the course of work there, graduating with dual degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Law in July 1876, gaining membership in Phi Kappa Psi fraternity in the process. Following graduation from Washington and Lee, <mask> briefly returned home to Natchez but decided that professional prospects in the post-bellum South were marginal at best and he departed for a new life in Oregon, arriving on December 6, 1876. <mask>'s first job in the west was a brief and

masks:
George Earle Chamberlain Sr
Chamberlain
George Earle Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Charles Thomson Chamberlain
Chamberlain
George Earle
Chamberlain
George Earle
Chamberlain
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Chamberlain


title: George Earle Chamberlain

texts:
 poor-paying stint as the teacher of a country school in Linn County, Oregon. Late in 1877 he was appointed deputy clerk of Linn County, remaining in that position until the summer of 1879.In the interim he passed the Oregon state bar, enabling him to practice law in the state. In 1879, <mask> married Sallie Newman Welch, with whom he would have seven children. He was widowed on May 26, 1925. In 1878 he served in the Linn County Rifles, a volunteer militia formed to fight against belligerents from the Bannock, Shoshone, and Paiute peoples in the so-called Bannock War. Political career

A member of the Democratic Party, <mask> ran for the Oregon House of Representatives in November 1880, winning election to a two-year term. In 1884, <mask> was named district attorney for Oregon's 3rd judicial district. His skill in that position gained the notice of Democratic Governor Sylvester Pennoyer and when in 1891 the state legislature established the new position of Oregon Attorney General, <mask> was appointed in May as the first to serve that position.He stood for election to the position in the fall, winning at the polls despite being the candidate of the minority party in the state. <mask> would remain Oregon's Attorney General until January 1895, following the expiration of his term. He would be the only Democrat to serve that position for 58 years, until Robert Y. Thornton was elected in 1952. After leaving the Oregon Attorney General's position, <mask> went into the banking business, taking positions with the First National Bank and later the Linn County National Bank in his new hometown of Albany. <mask> next moved north to Portland and in 1900 stood for election as the district attorney for Multnomah County. He won a more than 1,000 votes, despite the county's 4,000 person Republican majority. This again put <mask> in the public eye for a run at statewide office.Governor of Oregon

In 1902, he was nominated by the Democratic Party of Oregon for Governor by acclamation at the party's nominating convention. <mask> was elected Governor of

masks: Chamberlain Chamberlain Chamberlain Chamberlain Chamberlain Chamberlain Chamberlain Chamberlain Chamberlain


title: George Earle Chamberlain

texts:
 Oregon in a tight election by just 256 votes, this in a state which delivered 15,000 more votes to the Republicans in the concurrent congressional elections. <mask> was reelected in 1906, resigning his term when elected to the Senate. United States Senator
In 1908 he was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate; he was reelected in 1914 and served from March 4, 1909, to March 3, 1921. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Senate in 1920; while a Senator, he was chairman of the Committee on Geological Survey (Sixty-second Congress) and a member of the Committee on Military Affairs (Sixty-third through Sixty-fifth Congresses), the Committee on Public Lands (Sixty-third Congress), and the Committee on Expenditures in the War Department (Sixty-sixth Congress). The Chamberlain Military Preparedness Bill of 1918, which he wrote, bears his name. Death and legacy

He was a member of the United States Shipping Board from 1921 to 1923 and engaged in the practice of law in Washington, D.C.

<mask> married his longtime personal secretary, Carolyn B. Shelton, on July 12, 1926 in Norfolk, Virginia.<mask> died there on July 9, 1928, and interment was in Arlington National Cemetery. During his life <mask> was a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, and was a 32nd degree Mason in Portland. He was also a member of the Commercial Club of Portland, the Multnomah Athletic Club, the Oregon Historical Society, and was a life member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. See also
 <mask> <mask> House
 National Irrigation Congress

Footnotes

External links

1854 births
1928 deaths
Governors of Oregon
Members of the Oregon House of Representatives
Oregon Attorneys General
Politicians from Natchez, Mississippi
People from Washington, D.C.
United States senators from Oregon
People from Albany, Oregon
Democratic Party United States senators
Oregon Democrats
Washington and Lee University alumni
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
District attorneys in Oregon
Democratic Party state governors of the United

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title: Joey Bond

texts:
<mask>, (born March30,1948) is a Romanian-born author, composer, and teacher of Tai Chi. He had a nationally syndicated PBS series which aired on 134 stations, which includes worldwide distribution, from 1994present, entitled Tai Chi Innerwave with <mask>, comprising 23programs. <mask> teaches Tai Chi Ch’uan and other martial art styles. His students have included golfer Maggie Will and musician Ben Taylor. <mask> is, as well, a professional magician. Over a 20-year-period <mask> studied the Yogic Saraswati tradition under the tutelage of teacher Swami Satchidananda. While living in Taipei, Taiwan, from 19731975, he studied Tai Chi, Chi Kung, Tang Lang, and other styles and absorbed Taoist and Buddhist practices.He is the author of the book entitled See Man Jump See God Fall: Tai Chi vs. Technology, released in 1997. He is a graduate of The Magic Castle in Hollywood, California, and performs magic acts which demonstrate Mentalism. <mask>'s album Steel Dragonfly: Dance of the Tao includes the title track "Jade Pillow" that was used in his PBS series, for which he also composed the music. Early studies and teaching

<mask> was born into a Roma family in Sibiu, Romania in 1948, and moved to Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 1962. He is a naturalized Canadian citizen, presently lives in Mill Valley, California and has permanent resident status in the United States. Over a 20-year-period, he studied the Yogic Saraswati tradition, under the tutelage of teacher Swami Satchidananda. From 19731975, he lived in Taipei, Taiwan where he studied Tai Chi, Chi Kung, Tang Lang, and absorbed Taoist and Buddhist practices.<mask> then established himself as a Tai Chi teacher in Montreal, teaching Tai Chi and Chi Kung, along with various weaponry including Swordplay, Staff and Iron Fan. Among <mask>'s notable students are Maggie Will, three times winner on the LPGA Tour, Ben Taylor, son of folk rock artist James Taylor, Margot Lande of the Bronfman family, among others. <mask> teaches the Tai Chi Ch’uan style developed by the Yang family, and which he learned from the Gao family; the

masks:
Joey Bond
Joey Bond
Bond
Bond
Bond
Bond
Bond
Bond
Bond
Bond


title: Joey Bond

texts:
 latter were disciples of Yang Pin Er. He expanded his studies in the local Wu Shu style, in and around Taiwan, in cities like Tai Chung. He went on to study other Wu Shu styles as well; Tang Lang Northern Mantis, Chen Family/Chi Kung Silk-reeling, Shao Lin Kempo Karate and some unique forms of Chinese Boxing. Tai Chi Innerwave with <mask> (PBS series)

<mask>'s PBS series Tai Chi Innerwave demonstrates the Tai Chi Beijing style from Mainland China, filmed at PBS/WEDU television studios. It became Nationally Syndicated  and is arguably the longest running instructional series on the PBS Network from 19942002.It also received international exposure in countries like the Netherlands. <mask> demonstrates the Yang family legacy of Martial Arts. The 23 programs comprising the Tai Chi Innerwave series were carried by over 100 PBS stations across the US and Canada from 19942002. The Tampa Tribune took note that "Master Instructor <mask> masterfully demonstrates taking control of your body and mind". In 1997 Janson Media became exclusive copyright distributor of the DVD series, Tai Chi Innerwave with <mask>. The DVD is held by the Phoenix Public Library and the Free Library of Philadelphia among many others. Gustavo Sagastume, Vice President of PBS, was the Executive Producer.<mask> was the director and writer. The musical soundtrack presented on the PBS Tai Chi Innerwave series is composed by <mask> which can be found on his Steel Dragonfly Album. Wisconsin Bookwatch wrote that the PBS series is; "An excellent introduction to an art useful for exercise, relieving stress and tension, posture improvement, and mental focus". The content of the PBS television series intended to bridge a gap between Eastern meditation and Western physical fitness, using Tai Chi's slow, rhythmic movements to create harmony between mind and body. The Tai Chi postures demonstrated included White Crane Spreads Wings, Wave Hands Like Clouds and Part the Wild Horse’s Mane. The program promised viewers of all ages and physical abilities an increase of strength and endurance, improving postural

masks:
Joey Bond
Bond
Bond
Bond
Joey Bond
Joey Bond
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title: Joey Bond

texts:
 alignment and body tonicity, reducing overall tension and sharpening mental acuity. <mask> described the benefits of Tai Chi; "...dynamic exercise approach that delivers both cardiovascular and muscle strength, as well as reinforcing heartfelt creative expression"

Steel Dragonfly Album

<mask> composed the music for his album Steel Dragonfly: Dance of the Tao for use in his PBS series, featuring the title track "Jade Pillow".Other songs on the album include  "Life to Life", "Dream Time", "Out There", "Pearl Asylum", and "Tong Ship Sailing". Magician and writer

As a professional magician, <mask> uses the stage name Jando. <mask> entertains audiences with magic performances that demonstrate Mentalism, a performing art in which its practitioners, known as mentalists, appear to demonstrate highly developed mental or intuitive abilities. He has entertained audiences behind closed doors in the Los Angeles underground scene at Petit Ermitage, The Aqua Lounge in Beverly Hills, as well as the ‘Séance Room’ at the legendary Magic Castle in Hollywood. He has also performed his mentalist act at private events in San Francisco. He has given private presentations for Kevin Bacon at the Sarasota Film Festival in Florida, Bonnie Raitt in Mill Valley, California, Dana Carvey in San Anselmo, California, and the Bronfman family of Canada and other celebrities. <mask> has been a member of The Magic Castle since 2004.He fulfilled all requirements set forth by The Academy of Magical Arts, Inc. and earned his diploma, thus receiving all rights and privileges of the Magic Castle. In 1997, <mask> released his book entitled See Man Jump... See God Fall: Tai Chi vs Technology. The book "describes the battle between Tai Chi and Technology and takes you on a journey inward to greater fulfillment." See also

References

External links
 A Comparative Study of Yang Styles
 Chen Family Tai Chi
 PBSTai Chi Beijing Official 24 Short-Form
 Sri Swami Satchidananda website
 Chi Kung - Master Andrew Dearlove

1948 births
Living people
People from Sibiu
Romanian Romani people
Tai chi

masks: Bond Bond Bond Bond Bond Bond


title: Gerald Ford

texts: <mask>. ( ; born Leslie Lynch King Jr.; July 14, 1913December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th president of the United States from 1974 to 1977. Earlier, he served as the leader of the Republican Party in the House of Representatives, and then as the 40th vice president of the United States from 1973 to 1974. When President Richard Nixon resigned in 1974, <mask> succeeded to the presidency, but was defeated for election to a full term in 1976. Born in Omaha, Nebraska, and raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan, <mask> attended the University of Michigan, where he was a member of the school's football team, winning two National Championships. Following his senior year, he turned down offers from the Detroit Lions and Green Bay Packers, instead opting to go to Yale Law School. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, he enlisted in the U.S. Naval Reserve, serving from 1942 to 1946; he left as a lieutenant commander.<mask> began his political career in 1949 as the U.S. representative from Michigan's 5th congressional district. He served in this capacity for 25 years, the final nine of them as the House minority leader. In December 1973, two months after the resignation of Spiro Agnew, <mask> became the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment. After the subsequent resignation of President Nixon in August 1974, <mask> immediately assumed the presidency. To date, this was the last intra-term U.S. presidential succession. As president, <mask> signed the Helsinki Accords, which marked a move toward détente in the Cold War. With the collapse of South Vietnam nine months into his presidency, US involvement in the Vietnam War essentially ended.Domestically, <mask> presided over the worst economy in the

masks:
Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure. In one of his most controversial acts, he granted a presidential pardon to Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During <mask>'s presidency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the president. In the Republican presidential primary campaign of 1976, <mask> defeated former California Governor Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination. He narrowly lost the presidential election to the Democratic challenger, former Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter. Surveys of historians and political scientists have ranked <mask> as a below-average president. Following his years as president, <mask> remained active in the Republican Party.His moderate views on various social issues increasingly put him at odds with conservative members of the party in the 1990s and early 2000s. In retirement, <mask> set aside the enmity he had felt towards Carter following the 1976 election, and the two former presidents developed a close friendship. After experiencing a series of health problems, he died at home on December 26, 2006. Early life

<mask> was born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14, 1913, at 3202 Woolworth Avenue in Omaha, Nebraska, where his parents lived with his paternal grandparents. He was the only child of Dorothy Ayer Gardner and Leslie Lynch King Sr., a wool trader. His father was the son of prominent banker Charles Henry King and Martha Alicia King (née Porter). Gardner separated from King just sixteen days after her son's birth.She took her son with her to Oak Park, Illinois, home of her sister Tannisse and brother-in-law, Clarence Haskins

masks: Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 James. From there, she moved to the home of her parents, Levi Addison Gardner and Adele Augusta Ayer, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Gardner and King divorced in December 1913, and she gained full custody of her son. Ford's paternal grandfather Charles Henry King paid child support until shortly before his death in 1930. <mask> later said that his biological father had a history of hitting his mother. In a biography of Ford, James M. Cannon wrote that the separation and divorce of Ford's parents was sparked when, a few days after Ford's birth, Leslie King took a butcher knife and threatened to kill his wife, infant son, and Ford's nursemaid. <mask> later told confidants that his father had first hit his mother when she had smiled at another man during their honeymoon.After living with her parents for two-and-a-half years, on February 1, 1917, Gardner married <mask> <mask>, a salesman in a family-owned paint and varnish company. Though never formally adopted, her young son was referred to as <mask> <mask>. from then on; the name change was formalized on December 3, 1935. He was raised in Grand Rapids with his three half-brothers from his mother's second marriage: Thomas Gardner "Tom" <mask> (1918–1995), Richard Addison "Dick" <mask> (1924–2015), and James Francis "Jim" <mask> (1927–2001). <mask> was involved in the Boy Scouts of America, and earned that program's highest rank, Eagle Scout. He is the only Eagle Scout to have ascended to the U.S. presidency. <mask> attended Grand Rapids South High School, where he was a star athlete and captain of the football team. In 1930, he was selected to the All-City team of the Grand Rapids City League.He also attracted the attention of college recruiters. College and law school

<mask> attended the University of

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Ford


title: Gerald Ford

texts: Michigan, where he played center, linebacker, and long snapper for the school's football team and helped the Wolverines to two undefeated seasons and national titles in 1932 and 1933. In his senior year of 1934, the team suffered a steep decline and won only one game, but <mask> was still the team's star player. In one of those games, Michigan held heavily favored Minnesota—the eventual national champion—to a scoreless tie in the first half. After the game, assistant coach Bennie Oosterbaan said, "When I walked into the dressing room at halftime, I had tears in my eyes I was so proud of them. <mask> and [Cedric] Sweet played their hearts out. They were everywhere on defense."Ford later recalled, "During 25 years in the rough-and-tumble world of politics, I often thought of the experiences before, during, and after that game in 1934. Remembering them has helped me many times to face a tough situation, take action, and make every effort possible despite adverse odds." His teammates later voted Ford their most valuable player, with one assistant coach noting, "They felt Jerry was one guy who would stay and fight in a losing cause." During Ford's senior year, a controversy developed when Georgia Tech said that it would not play a scheduled game with Michigan if a black player named Willis Ward took the field. Students, players, and alumni protested, but university officials capitulated and kept Ward out of the game. <mask> was Ward's best friend on the team, and they roomed together while on road trips. <mask> reportedly threatened to quit the team in response to the university's decision, but he eventually agreed to play against Georgia Tech when Ward personally asked him to play.In 1934, <mask> was selected for the Eastern Team on the Shriner's

masks: Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford


title: Gerald Ford

texts: East–West Shrine Game at San Francisco (a benefit for physically disabled children), played on January 1, 1935. As part of the 1935 Collegiate All-Star football team, <mask> played against the Chicago Bears in the Chicago College All-Star Game at Soldier Field. In honor of his athletic accomplishments and his later political career, the University of Michigan retired <mask>'s No. 48 jersey in 1994. With the blessing of the <mask> family, it was placed back into circulation in 2012 as part of the Michigan Football Legends program and issued to sophomore linebacker Desmond Morgan before a home game against Illinois on October 13. Throughout life, <mask> remained interested in his school and football; he occasionally attended games. <mask> also visited with players and coaches during practices; at one point, he asked to join the players in the huddle.Before state events, <mask> often had the Navy band play the University of Michigan fight song, "The Victors," instead of "Hail to the Chief." <mask> graduated from Michigan in 1935 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics. He turned down offers from the Detroit Lions and Green Bay Packers of the National Football League. Instead, he took a job in September 1935 as the boxing coach and assistant varsity football coach at Yale University and applied to its law school. <mask> hoped to attend Yale Law School beginning in 1935. Yale officials at first denied his admission to the law school because of his full-time coaching responsibilities. He spent the summer of 1937 as a student at the University of Michigan Law School and was eventually admitted in the spring of 1938 to Yale Law School.That year he was also promoted to the position of junior varsity head football coach at Yale. While at Yale, <mask>

masks: Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 began working as a model. He initially worked with the John Robert Powers agency before investing in Harry Conover's agency, with whom he modelled until 1941. While attending Yale Law School, <mask> joined a group of students led by R. Douglas Stuart Jr., and signed a petition to enforce the 1939 Neutrality Act. The petition was circulated nationally and was the inspiration for the America First Committee, a group determined to keep the U.S. out of World War II. His introduction into politics was in the summer of 1940 when he worked for the Republican presidential campaign of Wendell Willkie. <mask> graduated in the top third of his class in 1941, and was admitted to the Michigan bar shortly thereafter.In May 1941, he opened a Grand Rapids law practice with a friend, Philip W. Buchen. U.S. Naval Reserve

Following the December 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor, <mask> enlisted in the Navy. He received a commission as ensign in the U.S. Naval Reserve on April 13, 1942. On April 20, he reported for active duty to the V-5 instructor school at Annapolis, Maryland. After one month of training, he went to Navy Preflight School in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, where he was one of 83 instructors and taught elementary navigation skills, ordnance, gunnery, first aid, and military drill.In addition, he coached all nine sports that were offered, but mostly swimming, boxing, and football. During the year he was at the Preflight School, he was promoted to Lieutenant, Junior Grade, on June 2, 1942, and to lieutenant, in March 1943. Sea duty
After <mask> applied for sea duty, he was sent in May 1943 to the pre-commissioning detachment for the new aircraft carrier , at New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey. From the ship's commissioning on June 17,

masks: Ford Ford Ford Ford


title: Gerald Ford

texts: 1943, until the end of December 1944, <mask> served as the assistant navigator, Athletic Officer, and antiaircraft battery officer on board the Monterey. While he was on board, the carrier participated in many actions in the Pacific Theater with the Third and Fifth Fleets in late 1943 and 1944. In 1943, the carrier helped secure Makin Island in the Gilberts, and participated in carrier strikes against Kavieng, New Ireland in 1943. During the spring of 1944, the Monterey supported landings at Kwajalein and Eniwetok and participated in carrier strikes in the Marianas, Western Carolines, and northern New Guinea, as well as in the Battle of the Philippine Sea.After an overhaul, from September to November 1944, aircraft from the Monterey launched strikes against Wake Island, participated in strikes in the Philippines and Ryukyus, and supported the landings at Leyte and Mindoro. Although the ship was not damaged by the Empire of Japan's forces, the Monterey was one of several ships damaged by Typhoon Cobra that hit Admiral William Halsey's Third Fleet on December 18–19, 1944. The Third Fleet lost three destroyers and over 800 men during the typhoon. The Monterey was damaged by a fire, which was started by several of the ship's aircraft tearing loose from their cables and colliding on the hangar deck. <mask> was serving as General Quarters Officer of the Deck and was ordered to go below to assess the raging fire. He did so safely, and reported his findings back to the ship's commanding officer, Captain Stuart H. Ingersoll. The ship's crew was able to contain the fire, and the ship got underway again.After the fire, the Monterey was declared unfit for service. <mask> was detached from the ship and sent to the Navy Pre-Flight School at Saint Mary's College

masks: Ford Ford Ford


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 of California, where he was assigned to the Athletic Department until April 1945. From the end of April 1945 to January 1946, he was on the staff of the Naval Reserve Training Command, Naval Air Station, Glenview, Illinois, at the rank of lieutenant commander. <mask> received the following military awards: the American Campaign Medal, the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with nine " bronze stars (for operations in the Gilbert Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, Marshall Islands, Asiatic and Pacific carrier raids, Hollandia, Marianas, Western Carolines, Western New Guinea, and the Leyte Operation), the Philippine Liberation Medal with two " bronze stars (for Leyte and Mindoro), and the World War II Victory Medal. He was honorably discharged in February 1946. U.S. House of Representatives (1949–1973)

After <mask> returned to Grand Rapids in 1946, he became active in local Republican politics, and supporters urged him to challenge Bartel J. Jonkman, the incumbent Republican congressman. Military service had changed his view of the world."I came back a converted internationalist", <mask> wrote, "and of course our congressman at that time was an avowed, dedicated isolationist. And I thought he ought to be replaced. Nobody thought I could win. I ended up winning two to one." During his first campaign in 1948, <mask> visited voters at their doorsteps and as they left the factories where they worked. <mask> also visited local farms where, in one instance, a wager resulted in <mask> spending two weeks milking cows following his election victory. <mask> was a member of the House of Representatives for 25 years, holding Michigan's 5th congressional district seat from 1949 to 1973.It was a tenure largely notable for its modesty. As an editorial in The New York

masks: Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 Times described him, <mask> "saw himself as a negotiator and a reconciler, and the record shows it: he did not write a single piece of major legislation in his entire career." Appointed to the House Appropriations Committee two years after being elected, he was a prominent member of the Defense Appropriations Subcommittee. <mask> described his philosophy as "a moderate in domestic affairs, an internationalist in foreign affairs, and a conservative in fiscal policy." He voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964, and 1968, as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. <mask> was known to his colleagues in the House as a "Congressman's Congressman". In the early 1950s, <mask> declined offers to run for either the Senate or the Michigan governorship.Rather, his ambition was to become Speaker of the House, which he called "the ultimate achievement. To sit up there and be the head honcho of 434 other people and have the responsibility, aside from the achievement, of trying to run the greatest legislative body in the history of mankind ... I think I got that ambition within a year or two after I was in the House of Representatives". Warren Commission

On November 29, 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed <mask> to the Warren Commission, a special task force set up to investigate the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. <mask> was assigned to prepare a biography of accused assassin Lee Harvey Oswald. He and Earl Warren also interviewed Jack Ruby, Oswald's killer. According to a 1963 FBI memo that was released to the public in 2008, <mask> was in contact with the FBI throughout his time on the Warren Commission and relayed information to the deputy director, Cartha DeLoach, about


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 the panel's activities.In the preface to his book, A Presidential Legacy and The Warren Commission, <mask> defended the work of the commission and reiterated his support of its conclusions. House Minority Leader (1965–1973)

In 1964, Lyndon Johnson led a landslide victory for his party, secured another term as president and took 36 seats from Republicans in the House of Representatives. Following the election, members of the Republican caucus looked to select a new minority leader. Three members approached <mask> to see if he would be willing to serve; after consulting with his family, he agreed. After a closely contested election, <mask> was chosen to replace Charles Halleck of Indiana as minority leader. The members of the Republican caucus that encouraged and eventually endorsed <mask> to run as the House minority leader were later known as the "Young Turks" and one of the members of the Young Turks was congressman Donald H. Rumsfeld from Illinois's 13th congressional district, who later on would serve in Ford's administration as the chief of staff and secretary of defense. With a Democratic majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, the Johnson Administration proposed and passed a series of programs that was called by Johnson the "Great Society".During the first session of the Eighty-ninth Congress alone, the Johnson Administration submitted 87 bills to Congress, and Johnson signed 84, or 96%, arguably the most successful legislative agenda in Congressional history. In 1966, criticism over the Johnson Administration's handling of the Vietnam War began to grow, with Ford and Congressional Republicans expressing concern that the United States was not doing what was necessary to win the war. Public sentiment also began to move


title: Gerald Ford

texts: against Johnson, and the 1966 midterm elections produced a 47-seat swing in favor of the Republicans. This was not enough to give Republicans a majority in the House, but the victory gave Ford the opportunity to prevent the passage of further Great Society programs. Ford's private criticism of the Vietnam War became public knowledge after he spoke from the floor of the House and questioned whether the White House had a clear plan to bring the war to a successful conclusion. The speech angered President Johnson, who accused Ford of having played "too much football without a helmet". As minority leader in the House, Ford appeared in a popular series of televised press conferences with Illinois Senator Everett Dirksen, in which they proposed Republican alternatives to Johnson's policies.Many in the press jokingly called this "The Ev and Jerry Show." Johnson said at the time, "<mask> is so dumb he can't fart and chew gum at the same time." The press, used to sanitizing Johnson's salty language, reported this as "<mask> can't walk and chew gum at the same time." After Richard Nixon was elected president in November 1968, <mask>'s role shifted to being an advocate for the White House agenda. Congress passed several of Nixon's proposals, including the National Environmental Policy Act and the Tax Reform Act of 1969. Another high-profile victory for the Republican minority was the State and Local Fiscal Assistance act. Passed in 1972, the act established a Revenue Sharing program for state and local governments.Ford's leadership was instrumental in shepherding revenue sharing through Congress, and resulted in a bipartisan coalition that supported the bill with 223 votes in favor (compared with 185 against). During the eight years (1965–1973) that <mask>

masks:
Jerry Ford
Gerald Ford
Ford
Ford


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 served as minority leader, he won many friends in the House because of his fair leadership and inoffensive personality. Vice presidency (1973–1974)

To become House Speaker, <mask> worked to help Republicans across the country get a majority in the chamber, often traveling on the rubber chicken circuit. After a decade of failing to do so, he promised his wife that he would try again in 1974 then retire in 1976. On October 10, 1973, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned and then pleaded no contest to criminal charges of tax evasion and money laundering, part of a negotiated resolution to a scheme in which he accepted $29,500 ($228,847 in 2020 dollars) in bribes while governor of Maryland. According to The New York Times, Nixon "sought advice from senior Congressional leaders about a replacement." The advice was unanimous.House Speaker Carl Albert recalled later, "We gave Nixon no choice but <mask>." <mask> agreed to the nomination, telling his wife that the vice presidency would be "a nice conclusion" to his career. <mask> was nominated to take Agnew's position on October 12, the first time the vice-presidential vacancy provision of the 25th Amendment had been implemented. The United States Senate voted 92 to 3 to confirm <mask> on November 27. On December 6, 1973, the House confirmed <mask> by a vote of 387 to 35. After the confirmation vote in the House, <mask> took the oath of office as vice president. <mask> became vice president as the Watergate scandal was unfolding.On Thursday, August 1, 1974, Chief of Staff Alexander Haig contacted <mask> to tell him to prepare for the presidency. At the time, <mask> and his wife, Betty, were living in suburban Virginia, waiting for their expected move into the newly designated vice president's residence in

masks: Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 Washington, D.C. However, "Al Haig asked to come over and see me", <mask> later said, "to tell me that there would be a new tape released on a Monday, and he said the evidence in there was devastating and there would probably be either an impeachment or a resignation. And he said, 'I'm just warning you that you've got to be prepared, that things might change dramatically and you could become President.' And I said, 'Betty, I don't think we're ever going to live in the vice president's house. Presidency (1974–1977)

Swearing-in

When Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974, <mask> automatically assumed the presidency. This made him the only person to become the nation's chief executive without having been previously voted into either the presidential or vice-presidential office by the Electoral College.Immediately after <mask> took the oath of office in the East Room of the White House, he spoke to the assembled audience in a speech that was broadcast live to the nation. <mask> noted the peculiarity of his position: "I am acutely aware that you have not elected me as your president by your ballots, and so I ask you to confirm me as your president with your prayers." He went on to state:

He also stated:

A portion of the speech would later be memorialized with a plaque at the entrance to his presidential museum. On August 20, <mask> nominated former New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller to fill the vice presidency he had vacated. Rockefeller's top competitor had been George H. W. Bush. Rockefeller underwent extended hearings before Congress, which caused embarrassment when it was revealed he made large gifts to senior aides, such as Henry Kissinger. Although conservative Republicans were not pleased that Rockefeller was picked, most of them voted for his


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 confirmation, and his nomination passed both the House and Senate.Some, including Barry Goldwater, voted against him. Pardon of Nixon

On September 8, 1974, Ford issued Proclamation 4311, which gave Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while president. In a televised broadcast to the nation, <mask> explained that he felt the pardon was in the best interests of the country, and that the Nixon family's situation "is a tragedy in which we all have played a part. It could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end to it. I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I must." Ford's decision to pardon Nixon was highly controversial. Critics derided the move and said a "corrupt bargain" had been struck between the two men, with it being believed that <mask>'s pardon was granted in exchange for Nixon's resignation, elevating <mask> to the presidency.Ford's first press secretary and close friend Jerald terHorst resigned his post in protest after the pardon. According to Bob Woodward, Nixon Chief of Staff Alexander Haig proposed a pardon deal to Ford. He later decided to pardon Nixon for other reasons, primarily the friendship he and Nixon shared. Regardless, historians believe the controversy was one of the major reasons Ford lost the 1976 presidential election, an observation with which Ford agreed. In an editorial at the time, The New York Times stated that the Nixon pardon was a "profoundly unwise, divisive and unjust act" that in a stroke had destroyed the new president's "credibility as a man of judgment, candor and competence". On October 17, 1974, <mask> testified before Congress on the pardon. He was the first sitting president since Abraham Lincoln to testify


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 before the House of Representatives.In the months following the pardon, <mask> often declined to mention President Nixon by name, referring to him in public as "my predecessor" or "the former president." When <mask> was pressed on the matter on a 1974 trip to California, White House correspondent Fred Barnes recalled that he replied "I just can't bring myself to do it." After <mask> left the White House in January 1977, he privately justified his pardon of Nixon by carrying in his wallet a portion of the text of Burdick v. United States, a 1915 U.S. Supreme Court decision which stated that a pardon indicated a presumption of guilt, and that acceptance of a pardon was tantamount to a confession of that guilt. In 2001, the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation awarded the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award to Ford for his pardon of Nixon. In presenting the award to Ford, Senator Edward Kennedy said that he had initially been opposed to the pardon, but later decided that history had proven Ford to have made the correct decision. Draft dodgers and deserters
On September 16 (shortly after he pardoned Nixon), Ford issued Presidential Proclamation 4313, which introduced a conditional amnesty program for military deserters and Vietnam War draft dodgers who had fled to countries such as Canada. The conditions of the amnesty required that those reaffirm their allegiance to the United States and serve two years working in a public service job or a total of two years service for those who had served less than two years of honorable service in the military.The program for the Return of Vietnam Era Draft Evaders and Military Deserters established a Clemency Board to review the records and make recommendations for receiving a Presidential Pardon and a change


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 in Military discharge status. Full pardon for draft dodgers came in the Carter administration. Administration
When <mask> assumed office, he inherited Nixon's Cabinet. During his brief administration, he replaced all members except Secretary of State Kissinger and Secretary of the Treasury William E. Simon. Political commentators have referred to Ford's dramatic reorganization of his Cabinet in the fall of 1975 as the "Halloween Massacre". One of Ford's appointees, William Coleman—the Secretary of Transportation—was the second black man to serve in a presidential cabinet (after Robert C. Weaver) and the first appointed in a Republican administration. Ford selected George H. W. Bush as Chief of the US Liaison Office to the People's Republic of China in 1974, and then Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in late 1975.Ford's transition chairman and first Chief of Staff was former congressman and ambassador Donald Rumsfeld. In 1975, Rumsfeld was named by Ford as the youngest-ever Secretary of Defense. Ford chose a young Wyoming politician, Richard Cheney, to replace Rumsfeld as his new Chief of Staff; Cheney became the campaign manager for Ford's 1976 presidential campaign. Midterm elections

The 1974 Congressional midterm elections took place in the wake of the Watergate scandal and less than three months after Ford assumed office. The Democratic Party turned voter dissatisfaction into large gains in the House elections, taking 49 seats from the Republican Party, increasing their majority to 291 of the 435 seats. This was one more than the number needed (290) for a two-thirds majority, the number necessary to override a Presidential veto or to propose a constitutional amendment. Perhaps due in part to this fact, the 94th Congress overrode the


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 highest percentage of vetoes since Andrew Johnson was President of the United States (1865–1869).Even Ford's former, reliably Republican House seat was won by a Democrat, Richard Vander Veen, who defeated Robert VanderLaan. In the Senate elections, the Democratic majority became 61 in the 100-seat body. Domestic policy

Inflation

The economy was a great concern during the Ford administration. One of the first acts the new president took to deal with the economy was to create, by Executive Order on September 30, 1974, the Economic Policy Board. In October 1974, in response to rising inflation, Ford went before the American public and asked them to "Whip Inflation Now". As part of this program, he urged people to wear "WIN" buttons. At the time, inflation was believed to be the primary threat to the economy, more so than growing unemployment; there was a belief that controlling inflation would help reduce unemployment.To rein in inflation, it was necessary to control the public's spending. To try to mesh service and sacrifice, "WIN" called for Americans to reduce their spending and consumption. On October 4, 1974, <mask> gave a speech in front of a joint session of Congress; as a part of this speech he kicked off the "WIN" campaign. Over the next nine days, 101,240 Americans mailed in "WIN" pledges. In hindsight, this was viewed as simply a public relations gimmick which had no way of solving the underlying problems. The main point of that speech was to introduce to Congress a one-year, five-percent income tax increase on corporations and wealthy individuals. This plan would also take $4.4 billion out of the budget, bringing federal spending below $300 billion.At the time, inflation was over twelve percent. Budget

The federal budget ran a deficit


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 of flu that affected primarily pigs and crossed over to humans. On February 5, 1976, an army recruit at Fort Dix mysteriously died and four fellow soldiers were hospitalized; health officials announced that "swine flu" was the cause. Soon after, public health officials in the Ford administration urged that every person in the United States be vaccinated. Although the vaccination program was plagued by delays and public relations problems, some 25% of the population was vaccinated by the time the program was canceled in December 1976. Equal rights and abortion

Ford was an outspoken supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment, issuing Presidential Proclamation no. 4383 in 1975:

As president, <mask>'s position on abortion was that he supported "a federal constitutional amendment that would permit each one of the 50 States to make the choice". This had also been his position as House Minority Leader in response to the 1973 Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade, which he opposed.<mask> came under criticism for a 60 Minutes interview his wife Betty gave in 1975, in which she stated that Roe v. Wade was a "great, great decision". During his later life, <mask> would identify as pro-choice. Foreign policy

Ford continued the détente policy with both the Soviet Union and China, easing the tensions of the Cold War. Still in place from the Nixon administration was the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT). The thawing relationship brought about by Nixon's visit to China was reinforced by Ford's own visit in December 1975. The Administration entered into the Helsinki Accords with the Soviet Union in 1975, creating the framework of the Helsinki Watch, an independent non-governmental organization created to monitor compliance which later evolved into Human Rights


title: Gerald Ford

texts: Watch. <mask> attended the inaugural meeting of the Group of Seven (G7) industrialized nations (initially the G5) in 1975 and secured membership for Canada.<mask> supported international solutions to issues. "We live in an interdependent world and, therefore, must work together to resolve common economic problems," he said in a 1974 speech. In November 1975, Ford adopted the global human population control recommendations of National Security Study Memorandum 200 – a national security directive initially commissioned by Nixon – as United States policy in the subsequent NSDM 314. The plan explicitly states the goal was population control and not improving the lives of individuals despite instructing organizers to "emphasize development and improvements in the quality of life of the poor", later explaining the projects were "primarily for other reasons". Upon approving the plan, <mask> stated "United States leadership is essential to combat population growth, to implement the World Population Plan of Action and to advance United States security and overseas interests". Population control policies were adopted to protect American economic and military interests, with the memorandum arguing that population growth in developing countries resulted with such nations gaining global political power, that more citizens posed a risk to accessing foreign natural resources while also making American businesses vulnerable to governments seeking to fund a growing population, and that younger generations born would be prone to anti-establishment behavior, increasing political instability. According to internal White House and Commission documents posted in February 2016 by the National Security Archive at The George Washington University, the Gerald Ford White


title: Gerald Ford

texts: withdrawal of U.S. forces. The agreements were negotiated by US National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese Politburo member Lê Đức Thọ. South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu was not involved in the final negotiations, and publicly criticized the proposed agreement. However, anti-war pressures within the United States forced Nixon and Kissinger to pressure Thieu to sign the agreement and enable the withdrawal of American forces. In multiple letters to the South Vietnamese president, Nixon had promised that the United States would defend Thieu's government, should the North Vietnamese violate the accords.In December 1974, months after <mask> took office, North Vietnamese forces invaded the province of Phuoc Long. General Trần Văn Trà sought to gauge any South Vietnamese or American response to the invasion, as well as to solve logistical issues, before proceeding with the invasion. As North Vietnamese forces advanced, Ford requested Congress approve a $722 million aid package for South Vietnam, funds that had been promised by the Nixon administration. Congress voted against the proposal by a wide margin. Senator Jacob K. Javits offered "...large sums for evacuation, but not one nickel for military aid". President Thieu resigned on April 21, 1975, publicly blaming the lack of support from the United States for the fall of his country. Two days later, on April 23, Ford gave a speech at Tulane University.In that speech, he announced that the Vietnam War was over "...as far as America is concerned". The announcement was met with thunderous applause. 1,373 U.S. citizens and 5,595 Vietnamese and third-country nationals were evacuated from the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon during Operation Frequent Wind. In that operation,


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 The second crisis, known as the axe murder incident, occurred at Panmunjom, a village that stands in the DMZ between the two Koreas. Encouraged by U.S. difficulties in Vietnam, North Korea had been waging a campaign of diplomatic pressure and minor military harassment to try to convince the U.S. to withdraw from South Korea.Then, in August 1976, North Korean forces killed two U.S. officers and injured South Korean guards who were engaged in trimming a tree in Panmunjom's Joint Security Area. The attack coincided with a meeting of the Conference of Non-Aligned Nations in Colombo, Sri Lanka, at which Kim Jong-il, the son of North Korean leader Kim Il-sung, presented the incident as an example of American aggression, helping secure the passage of a motion calling for a U.S. withdrawal from the South. At administration meetings, Kissinger voiced the concern that the North would see the U.S. as "the paper tigers of Saigon" if they did not respond, and Ford agreed with that assessment. After mulling various options the Ford administration decided that it was necessary to respond with a major show of force. A large number of ground forces went to cut down the tree, while at the same time the air force was deployed, which included B-52 bomber flights over Panmunjom. The North Korean government backed down and allowed the tree-cutting to go ahead, and later issued an unprecedented official apology. Assassination attempts

<mask> was the target of two assassination attempts during his presidency.In Sacramento, California, on September 5, 1975, Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, a follower of Charles Manson, pointed a Colt .45-caliber handgun at Ford and pulled the trigger at point-blank range. As she did, Larry Buendorf, a Secret Service agent, grabbed the gun, and


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 Fromme was taken into custody. She was later convicted of attempted assassination of the President and was sentenced to life in prison; she was paroled on August 14, 2009, after serving 34 years. In reaction to this attempt, the Secret Service began keeping Ford at a more secure distance from anonymous crowds, a strategy that may have saved his life seventeen days later. As he left the St. Francis Hotel in downtown San Francisco, Sara Jane Moore, standing in a crowd of onlookers across the street, fired a .38-caliber revolver at him. The shot missed Ford by a few feet. Before she fired a second round, retired Marine Oliver Sipple grabbed at the gun and deflected her shot; the bullet struck a wall about six inches above and to the right of Ford's head, then ricocheted and hit a taxi driver, who was slightly wounded.Moore was later sentenced to life in prison. She was paroled on December 31, 2007, after serving 32 years. Judicial appointments

Supreme Court

In 1975, Ford appointed John Paul Stevens as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States to replace retiring Justice William O. Douglas. Stevens had been a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, appointed by President Nixon. During his tenure as House Republican leader, <mask> had led efforts to have Douglas impeached. After being confirmed, Stevens eventually disappointed some conservatives by siding with the Court's liberal wing regarding the outcome of many key issues. Nevertheless, in 2005 Ford praised Stevens."He has served his nation well," <mask> said of Stevens, "with dignity, intellect and without partisan political concerns." Other judicial appointments

<mask> appointed 11 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 50 judges to the


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 United States district courts. 1976 presidential election

<mask> reluctantly agreed to run for office in 1976, but first he had to counter a challenge for the Republican party nomination. Former Governor of California Ronald Reagan and the party's conservative wing faulted <mask> for failing to do more in South Vietnam, for signing the Helsinki Accords, and for negotiating to cede the Panama Canal. (Negotiations for the canal continued under President Carter, who eventually signed the Torrijos–Carter Treaties.) Reagan launched his campaign in autumn of 1975 and won numerous primaries, including North Carolina, Texas, Indiana, and California, but failed to get a majority of delegates; Reagan withdrew from the race at the Republican Convention in Kansas City, Missouri. The conservative insurgency did lead to <mask> dropping the more liberal Vice President Nelson Rockefeller in favor of U.S.Senator Bob Dole of Kansas. In addition to the pardon dispute and lingering anti-Republican sentiment, <mask> had to counter a plethora of negative media imagery. Chevy Chase often did pratfalls on Saturday Night Live, imitating <mask>, who had been seen stumbling on two occasions during his term. As Chase commented, "He even mentioned in his own autobiography it had an effect over a period of time that affected the election to some degree." <mask>'s 1976 election campaign benefitted from his being an incumbent president during several anniversary events held during the period leading up to the United States Bicentennial. The Washington, D.C. fireworks display on the Fourth of July was presided over by the President and televised nationally. On July 7, 1976, the President and First Lady served as hosts at a White House state dinner for Queen Elizabeth II and


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 Prince Philip of the United Kingdom, which was televised on the Public Broadcasting Service network.The 200th anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts gave Ford the opportunity to deliver a speech to 110,000 in Concord acknowledging the need for a strong national defense tempered with a plea for "reconciliation, not recrimination" and "reconstruction, not rancor" between the United States and those who would pose "threats to peace". Speaking in New Hampshire on the previous day, Ford condemned the growing trend toward big government bureaucracy and argued for a return to "basic American virtues". Televised presidential debates were reintroduced for the first time since the 1960 election. As such, <mask> became the first incumbent president to participate in one. Carter later attributed his victory in the election to the debates, saying they "gave the viewers reason to think that Jimmy Carter had something to offer". The turning point came in the second debate when Ford blundered by stating, "There is no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe and there never will be under a Ford Administration." Ford also said that he did not "believe that the Poles consider themselves dominated by the Soviet Union".In an interview years later, <mask> said he had intended to imply that the Soviets would never crush the spirits of eastern Europeans seeking independence. However, the phrasing was so awkward that questioner Max Frankel was visibly incredulous at the response. In the end, Carter won the election, receiving 50.1% of the popular vote and 297 electoral votes compared with 48.0% and 240 electoral votes for Ford. Post-presidency (1977–2006)

The Nixon pardon controversy eventually subsided. Ford's successor, Jimmy Carter, opened his

masks: Ford Ford


title: Gerald Ford

texts: 1977 inaugural address by praising the outgoing President, saying, "For myself and for our Nation, I want to thank my predecessor for all he has done to heal our land." After leaving the White House, the Fords moved to Denver, Colorado. Ford successfully invested in oil with Marvin Davis, which later provided an income for Ford's children.He continued to make appearances at events of historical and ceremonial significance to the nation, such as presidential inaugurals and memorial services. In January 1977, he became the president of Eisenhower Fellowships in Philadelphia, then served as the chairman of its board of trustees from 1980 to 1986. Later in 1977, he reluctantly agreed to be interviewed by James M. Naughton, a New York Times journalist who was given the assignment to write the former President's advance obituary, an article that would be updated prior to its eventual publication. In 1979, <mask> published his autobiography, A Time to Heal (Harper/Reader's Digest, 454 pages). A review in Foreign Affairs described it as, "Serene, unruffled, unpretentious, like the author. This is the shortest and most honest of recent presidential memoirs, but there are no surprises, no deep probings of motives or events. No more here than meets the eye."During the term of office of his successor, Jimmy Carter, <mask> received monthly briefs by President Carter's senior staff on international and domestic issues, and was always invited to lunch at the White House whenever he was in Washington, D.C. Their close friendship developed after Carter had left office, with the catalyst being their trip together to the funeral of Anwar el-Sadat in 1981. Until <mask>'s death, Carter and his wife, Rosalynn, visited the Fords' home frequently. <mask> and Carter


title: Gerald Ford

texts: served as honorary co-chairs of the National Commission on Federal Election Reform in 2001 and of the Continuity of Government Commission in 2002. Like Presidents Carter, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton, <mask> was an honorary co-chair of the Council for Excellence in Government, a group dedicated to excellence in government performance, which provides leadership training to top federal employees. He also devoted much time to his love of golf, often playing both privately and in public events with comedian Bob Hope, a longtime friend. In 1977, he shot a hole in one during a Pro-am held in conjunction with the Danny Thomas Memphis Classic at Colonial Country Club in Memphis, Tennessee. He hosted the Jerry Ford Invitational in Vail, Colorado from 1977 to 1996.In 1977, <mask> established the Gerald R. Ford Institute of Public Policy at Albion College in Albion, Michigan, to give undergraduates training in public policy. In April 1981, he opened the Gerald R. Ford Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan, on the north campus of his alma mater, the University of Michigan, followed in September by the Gerald R. Ford Museum in Grand Rapids. <mask> considered a run for the Republican nomination in 1980, forgoing numerous opportunities to serve on corporate boards to keep his options open for a rematch with Carter. <mask> attacked Carter's conduct of the SALT II negotiations and foreign policy in the Middle East and Africa. Many have argued that <mask> also wanted to exorcise his image as an "Accidental President" and to win a term in his own right. <mask> also believed the more conservative Ronald Reagan would be unable to defeat Carter and would hand the incumbent a second term. <mask> was encouraged by his former Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger as well as


title: Gerald Ford

texts: Jim Rhodes of Ohio and Bill Clements of Texas to make the race.On March 15, 1980, <mask> announced that he would forgo a run for the Republican nomination, vowing to support the eventual nominee. After securing the Republican nomination in 1980, Ronald Reagan considered his former rival <mask> as a potential vice-presidential running mate, but negotiations between the Reagan and Ford camps at the Republican National Convention were unsuccessful. <mask> conditioned his acceptance on Reagan's agreement to an unprecedented "co-presidency", giving <mask> the power to control key executive branch appointments (such as Kissinger as Secretary of State and Alan Greenspan as Treasury Secretary). After rejecting these terms, Reagan offered the vice-presidential nomination instead to George H. W. Bush. <mask> did appear in a campaign commercial for the Reagan-Bush ticket, in which he declared that the country would be "better served by a Reagan presidency rather than a continuation of the weak and politically expedient policies of Jimmy Carter". On October 8, 1980, <mask> said former President Nixon's involvement in the general election potentially could negatively impact the Reagan campaign: "I think it would have been much more helpful if Mr. Nixon had stayed in the background during this campaign. It would have been much more beneficial to Ronald Reagan."On October 3, 1980, Ford cast blame on Carter for the latter's charges of ineffectiveness on the part of the Federal Reserve Board due to his appointing of most of its members: "President Carter, when the going gets tough, will do anything to save his own political skin. This latest action by the president is cowardly." Following the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan, <mask> told reporters while


title: Gerald Ford

texts: appearing at a fundraiser for Thomas Kean that criminals who use firearms should get the death penalty in the event someone is injured with the weapon. In September 1981, <mask> advised Reagan against succumbing to Wall Street demands and follow his own agenda for the economic policies of the US during an appearance on Good Morning America: "He shouldn't let the gurus of Wall Street decide what the economic future of this country is going to be. They are wrong in my opinion." On October 20, 1981, <mask> stated stopping the Reagan administration's Saudi arms package could have a large negative impact to American relations in the Middle East during a news conference. On March 24, 1982, Ford offered an endorsement of President Reagan's economic policies while also stating the possibility of Reagan being met with a stalemate by Congress if not willing to compromise while in Washington.<mask> founded the annual AEI World Forum in 1982, and joined the American Enterprise Institute as a distinguished fellow. He was also awarded an honorary doctorate at Central Connecticut State University on March 23, 1988. During an August 1982 fundraising reception, <mask> stated his opposition to a constitutional amendment requiring the US to have a balanced budget, citing a need to elect "members of the House and Senate who will immediately when Congress convenes act more responsibly in fiscal matters." <mask> was a participant in the 1982 midterm elections, traveling to Tennessee in October of that year to help Republican candidates. In January 1984, a letter signed by <mask> and Carter and urging world leaders to extend their failed effort to end world hunger was released and sent to Secretary-General of the United Nations Javier Pérez de Cuéllar. In 1987, <mask>


title: Gerald Ford

texts: testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee in favor of District of Columbia Circuit Court judge and former Solicitor General Robert Bork after Bork was nominated by President Reagan to be an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Bork's nomination was rejected by a vote of 58–42.In 1987, Ford's Humor and the Presidency, a book of humorous political anecdotes, was published. By 1988, <mask> was a member of several corporate boards including Commercial Credit, Nova Pharmaceutical, The Pullman Company, Tesoro Petroleum, and Tiger International, Inc. <mask> also became an honorary director of Citigroup, a position he held until his death. In October 1990, <mask> appeared in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania with Bob Hope to commemorate the centennial anniversary of the birth of former President Dwight D. Eisenhower, where the two unveiled a plaque with the signatures of each living former president. In April 1991, <mask> joined former presidents Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, and Jimmy Carter, in supporting the Brady Bill. Three years later, he wrote to the U.S. House of Representatives, along with Carter and Reagan, in support of the assault weapons ban. At the 1992 Republican National Convention, <mask> compared the election cycle to his 1976 loss to Carter and urged attention be paid to electing a Republican Congress: "If it's change you want on Nov. 3, my friends, the place to start is not at the White House but in the United States' Capitol. Congress, as every school child knows, has the power of the purse.For nearly 40 years, Democratic majorities have held to the time-tested New Deal formula, tax and tax, spend and spend, elect and elect." (The Republicans would later win both Houses of Congress at the 1994 mid-term elections.) In


title: Gerald Ford

texts: April 1997, <mask> joined President Bill Clinton, former President Bush, and Nancy Reagan in signing the "Summit Declaration of Commitment" in advocating for participation by private citizens in solving domestic issues within the United States. On January 20, 1998, during an interview at his Palm Springs home, <mask> said the Republican Party's nominee in the 2000 presidential election would lose if the party turned ultra-conservative in their ideals: "If we get way over on the hard right of the political spectrum, we will not elect a Republican President. I worry about the party going down this ultra-conservative line. We ought to learn from the Democrats: when they were running ultra-liberal candidates, they didn't win." In the prelude to the impeachment of President Clinton, <mask> conferred with former President Carter and the two agreed to not speak publicly on the controversy, a pact broken by Carter when answering a question from a student at Emory University.In October 2001, <mask> broke with conservative members of the Republican Party by stating that gay and lesbian couples "ought to be treated equally. Period." He became the highest-ranking Republican to embrace full equality for gays and lesbians, stating his belief that there should be a federal amendment outlawing anti-gay job discrimination and expressing his hope that the Republican Party would reach out to gay and lesbian voters. He also was a member of the Republican Unity Coalition, which The New York Times described as "a group of prominent Republicans, including former President <mask><mask>, dedicated to making sexual orientation a non-issue in the Republican Party". On November 22, 2004, New York Republican Governor George Pataki named <mask> and the other living former

masks:
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Gerald R
. Ford
Ford


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 Presidents (Carter, George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton) as honorary members of the board rebuilding the World Trade Center. In a pre-recorded embargoed interview with Bob Woodward of The Washington Post in July 2004, <mask> stated that he disagreed "very strongly" with the Bush administration's choice of Iraq's alleged weapons of mass destruction as justification for its decision to invade Iraq, calling it a "big mistake" unrelated to the national security of the United States and indicating that he would not have gone to war had he been president. The details of the interview were not released until after <mask>'s death, as he requested.Health problems
On April 4, 1990, <mask> was admitted to Eisenhower Medical Center for surgery to replace his left knee, orthopedic surgeon Dr. Robert Murphy saying "<mask>'s entire left knee was replaced with an artificial joint, including portions of the adjacent femur, or thigh bone, and tibia, or leg bone." <mask> suffered two minor strokes at the 2000 Republican National Convention, but made a quick recovery after being admitted to Hahnemann University Hospital. In January 2006, he spent 11 days at the Eisenhower Medical Center near his residence at Rancho Mirage, California, for treatment of pneumonia. On April 23, 2006, President George W. Bush visited <mask> at his home in Rancho Mirage for a little over an hour. This was <mask>'s last public appearance and produced the last known public photos, video footage, and voice recording. While vacationing in Vail, Colorado, <mask> was hospitalized for two days in July 2006 for shortness of breath. On August 15 he was admitted to St. Mary's Hospital of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, for testing and evaluation.On August 21, it was reported that he had

masks: Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 been fitted with a pacemaker. On August 25, he underwent an angioplasty procedure at the Mayo Clinic. On August 28, <mask> was released from the hospital and returned with his wife Betty to their California home. On October 13, he was scheduled to attend the dedication of a building of his namesake, the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy at the University of Michigan, but due to poor health and on the advice of his doctors he did not attend. The previous day, <mask> had entered the Eisenhower Medical Center for undisclosed tests; he was released on October 16. By November 2006, he was confined to a bed in his study. Death and legacy

<mask> died on December 26, 2006, at his home in Rancho Mirage, California, of arteriosclerotic cerebrovascular disease and diffuse arteriosclerosis.He had end-stage coronary artery disease and severe aortic stenosis and insufficiency, caused by calcific alteration of one of his heart valves. At the time of his death, <mask> was the longest-lived U.S. president, having lived 93 years and 165 days (45 days longer than Ronald Reagan, whose record he surpassed). He died on the 34th anniversary of President Harry S. Truman's death; he was the last surviving member of the Warren Commission. On December 30, 2006, <mask> became the 11th U.S. president to lie in state in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol. A state funeral and memorial services were held at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., on Tuesday, January 2, 2007. After the service, <mask> was interred at his Presidential Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Scouting was so important to <mask> that his family asked for Scouts to participate in his funeral.A few selected Scouts served as ushers inside the National Cathedral. About 400 Eagle Scouts were part of the


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 funeral procession, where they formed an honor guard as the casket went by in front of the museum. <mask> selected the song to be played during his funeral procession at the U.S. Capitol. After his death in December 2006, the University of Michigan Marching Band played the school's fight song for him one final time, for his last ride from the Gerald R. Ford Airport in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The State of Michigan commissioned and submitted a statue of <mask> to the National Statuary Hall Collection, replacing Zachariah Chandler. It was unveiled on May 3, 2011, in the Capitol Rotunda. On the proper right side is inscribed a quotation from a tribute by Tip O'Neill, Speaker of the House at the end of Ford's presidency: "God has been good to America, especially during difficult times.At the time of the Civil War, he gave us Abraham Lincoln. And at the time of Watergate, he gave us <mask>—the right man at the right time who was able to put our nation back together again." On the proper left side are words from <mask>'s swearing-in address: "Our constitution works. Our great republic is a government of laws and not of men. Here the people rule." <mask>'s wife, <mask>, died on July 8, 2011. Personal life

Family
When speaking of his mother and stepfather, <mask> said that "My stepfather was a magnificent person and my mother equally wonderful.So I couldn't have written a better prescription for a superb family upbringing." <mask> had three half-siblings from the second marriage of Leslie King Sr., his biological father: Marjorie King (1921–1993), Leslie Henry King (1923–1976), and Patricia Jane King (1925–1980). They never saw one another as children, and he did not know them at all until 1960. <mask> was not aware of his biological father until he was

masks:
Ford
Ford
Gerald Ford
Ford
Ford
Betty Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 17, when his parents told him about the circumstances of his birth. That year his biological father, whom <mask> described as a "carefree, well-to-do man who didn't really give a damn about the hopes and dreams of his firstborn son", approached <mask> while he was waiting tables in a Grand Rapids restaurant. The two "maintained a sporadic contact" until Leslie King Sr.'s death in 1941. On October 15, 1948, <mask> married Elizabeth Bloomer (1918–2011) at Grace Episcopal Church in Grand Rapids; it was his first and only marriage and her second marriage.She had previously been married and, after a five‐year marriage, divorced from William Warren. Originally from Grand Rapids herself, she had lived in New York City for several years, where she worked as a John Robert Powers fashion model and a dancer in the auxiliary troupe of the Martha Graham Dance Company. At the time of their engagement, <mask> was campaigning for what would be his first of 13 terms as a member of the United States House of Representatives. The wedding was delayed until shortly before the election because, as The New York Times reported in a 1974 profile of <mask>, "<mask> was running for Congress and wasn't sure how voters might feel about his marrying a divorced exdancer." The couple had four children: <mask>, born in 1950, John Gardner (known as Jack) born in 1952, Steven Meigs, born in 1956, and Susan Elizabeth, born in 1957. Civic and fraternal organizations
<mask> was a member of several civic organizations, including the Junior Chamber of Commerce (Jaycees), American Legion, AMVETS, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, Sons of the Revolution, and Veterans of Foreign Wars. Freemasonry
<mask> was initiated into Freemasonry on September 30, 1949.He later said in 1975,

masks:
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Betty Ford
Jerry Ford
Michael Gerald
Ford
Ford


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 "When I took my obligation as a master mason—incidentally, with my three younger brothers—I recalled the value my own father attached to that order. But I had no idea that I would ever be added to the company of the Father of our Country and 12 other members of the order who also served as Presidents of the United States." <mask> was made a 33° Scottish Rite Mason on September 26, 1962. In April 1975, <mask> was elected by a unanimous vote Honorary Grand Master of the International Supreme Council, Order of DeMolay, a position in which he served until January 1977. <mask> received the degrees of York Rite Masonry (Chapter and Council degrees) in a special ceremony in the Oval Office on January 11, 1977, during his term as President of the United States. <mask> was also a member of the Shriners and the Royal Order of Jesters; both being affiliated bodies of Freemasonry. Public image

<mask> is the only person to hold the presidential office without being elected as either president or vice president.The choice of <mask> to fill the vacant vice-presidency was based on Ford's reputation for openness and honesty. "In all the years I sat in the House, I never knew Mr. <mask> to make a dishonest statement nor a statement part-true and part-false. He never attempted to shade a statement, and I never heard him utter an unkind word," said Martha Griffiths. The trust the American public had in him was rapidly and severely tarnished by his pardon of Nixon. Nonetheless, many grant in hindsight that he had respectably discharged with considerable dignity a great responsibility that he had not sought. In spite of his athletic record and remarkable career accomplishments, <mask>y Chase on Saturday Night Live, cementing Ford's image as a klutz.Other pieces of the

masks: Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Fordev


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 everyman image were attributed to his inevitable comparison with Nixon, his Midwestern stodginess and his self-deprecation. Honors

Foreign honors
:
 First Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (7 January 1997)
<mask> received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award in May 1970, as well as the Silver Buffalo Award, from the Boy Scouts of America. In 1974, he also received the highest distinction of the Scout Association of Japan, the Golden Pheasant Award. In 1985, he received the 1985 Old Tom Morris Award from the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America, GCSAA's highest honor. In 1992, the U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation awarded <mask> its Lone Sailor Award for his naval service and his subsequent government service. In 1999, <mask> was honored with a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars. Also in 1999, <mask> was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Bill Clinton.In 2001, he was presented with the John F. Kennedy Profiles in Courage Award for his decision to pardon Richard Nixon to stop the agony America was experiencing over Watergate. The following were named after <mask>:
 The Ford House Office Building in the U.S. Capitol Complex, formerly House Annex 2. Gerald R. Ford Freeway (Nebraska)
 Gerald R. Ford Freeway (Michigan)
 Gerald Ford Memorial Highway, I-70 in Eagle County, Colorado
 Gerald R. Ford International Airport in Grand Rapids, Michigan
 Gerald R. Ford Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan
 Gerald R. Ford Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan
 Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan
 Gerald R. Ford Institute of Public Policy, Albion College
 USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78)
 Gerald R. Ford Middle School, Grand Rapids, Michigan
 President Gerald R. Ford Park in Alexandria, Virginia, located


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 in the neighborhood where <mask> lived while serving as a Representative and Vice President
 President Ford Field Service Council, Boy Scouts of America The council where he was awarded the rank of Eagle Scout. Serves 25 counties in Western and Northern Michigan with its headquarters located in Grand Rapids, Michigan. See also

 List of Freemasons
 List of members of the American Legion
 List of presidents of the United States
 List of presidents of the United States by previous experience
 Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps

References

Bibliography

  short biography
 Cannon, James. <mask> R. <mask>: An Honorable Life (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013) 482 pp. official biography by a member of the Ford administration
  older full-scale biography
 Conley, Richard S. "Presidential Influence and Minority Party Liaison on Veto Overrides: New Evidence from the <mask> Presidency".American Politics Research 2002 30#1: 34–65. Fulltext: in Swetswise

 , the major scholarly study
 Hersey, John Richard. The President: A Minute-By-Minute Account of a Week in the Life of <mask>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1975. Hult, Karen M. and Walcott, Charles E. Empowering the White House: Governance under Nixon, <mask>, and Carter. University Press of Kansas, 2004.Jespersen, T. Christopher. "Kissinger, Ford, and Congress: the Very Bitter End in Vietnam". Pacific Historical Review 2002 71#3: 439–473. Online
 Jespersen, T. Christopher. "The Bitter End and the Lost Chance in Vietnam: Congress, the Ford Administration, and the Battle over Vietnam, 1975–76". Diplomatic History 2000 24#2: 265–293. Online
  latest full-scale biography
 Maynard, Christopher A."Manufacturing Voter Confidence: a Video Analysis of the American 1976 Presidential

masks:
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Ford
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Gerald Ford
Ford


title: Gerald Ford

texts:
 and Vice-presidential Debates". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 1997 17#4 : 523–562. Fulltext: in
 Moran, Andrew D. "More than a caretaker: the economic policy of <mask><mask>." Presidential Studies Quarterly 41.1 (2011): 39–63. online
 Schoenebaum, Eleanora. Political Profiles: The <mask> years (1979) online, short biographies of over 500 political and national leaders.Williams, Daniel K. The Election of the Evangelical: Jimmy Carter, <mask>, and the Presidential Contest of 1976 (University Press of Kansas, 2020) online review

Primary sources

 , by speechwriter
 , by chief of staff

  by Secretary of State

External links

Official sites
 Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum
 Gerald R. Ford Presidential Foundation
 White House biography

Media coverage

 "Life Portrait of <mask><mask>", from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits, November 22, 1999

Other

 <mask>: A Resource Guide from the Library of

masks:
Gerald R
. Ford
Nixon Ford
Gerald Ford
Gerald R
. Ford
Gerald Ford


title: Susan Hale Kemenyffy

texts:
<mask> (born 1941) is an American artist who works primarily in drawing and print media. She is known for the innovative raku art she created in collaboration with her husband <mask>. Biography
Born in Springfield, Massachusetts, <mask> received a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from Syracuse University in 1963; her teacher was Robert Marks. She studied at The Art Student's League, Woodstock, NY and at the University of Illinois, Champaign. In 1966 she received a Master of Arts degree from the University of Iowa; The following year she studied with Mauricio Lasansky and earned a Master of Fine Arts degree with honors. She received a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts in 1973; among her awards are the Associated Artists of Pittsburgh award from Carnegie Mellon University Museum (1981, 1983, and 1987) and the Annual Ceramic and Small Sculpture Show award from the Butler Institute of American Art (1982). <mask> has lectured widely.The Canton Museum of Art, the Cincinnati Art Museum, the Erie Art Museum, and the Everson Museum are among the institutions holding examples of her work, as is the Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian Institution. In 2012 she was named Pennsylvania's Artist of the Year. She is married to the ceramist <mask>, with whom she lives in McKean, Pennsylvania. Her daughter, Maya was born in 1970. She is actively involved in her community, having served as President of Erie Art Museum 1985-88, Pennsylvania Council on the Arts Chair, 1997- 01, Advisory Council Erie Community Foundation Chair 2006-08, Erie Community Foundation Trustee 2008 -2017, and a long-time member of Garden Club of America / Carrie T.

masks:
Susan Hale Kemenyffy
Steven Kemenyffy
Kemenyffy
Kemenyffy
Steven Kemenyffy


title: Susan Hale Kemenyffy

texts:
 Watson Garden Club. She has also donated designs and works of art for public spaces in Maine and Pennsylvania. Work
Although she is primarily a graphic artist, Ms. <mask> made important contributions to American ceramics in the late 1960s and early 1970s, particularly in regard to experimental raku techniques.She explained in an interview, "He was doing a lot of ceramics and he hated doing the surfaces...so he said why don't you keep drawing on some of these pieces and this is how we started." <mask> stated that their interest in raku came out of practical considerations: “We [Steven and <mask>] were doing a variety of workshops in a variety of different media. Raku was always an official way of making pieces in a short period of time…In raku it seems to compress all the firings into one.”

For much of <mask>'s career, she has worked in tandem with her husband <mask>. In 1987 <mask> stated about their collaborative works: “Steven is the [sculptor], I am the drawer. These works would not exist if it weren’t for the sculpture; if it weren’t for the clay. 22 No. 4 Summer 1998, Cover & Page 34

Pennsylvania Council on the Arts - Fellowship Catalogue-Introduction, by <mask>, Harrisburg, PA 1997, 1998, 1999

References

External links

1941 births
Living people
American women ceramists
American ceramists
20th-century American artists
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American artists
21st-century American women artists
Artists from Springfield, Massachusetts
People from Erie County, Pennsylvania
Artists from Pennsylvania
Syracuse University alumni
University of Iowa alumni
20th-century ceramists
21st-century

masks:
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Kemenyffy
Steven Kemenyffy
Susan
Susan Kemenyffy


title: Robert Kuttner

texts:
<mask><mask> (; born April 17, 1943) is an American journalist and writer whose works present a liberal/progressive point of view. <mask> is the co-founder and current co-editor of The American Prospect, which was created in 1990 as an "authoritative magazine of liberal ideas," according to its mission statement. He was a 20-year columnist for Business Week and The Boston Globe. <mask> is also one of five 1986 co-founders of the Economic Policy Institute, and currently serves on its executive committee. Between 2007 and 2014, <mask> joined the liberal Demos research and policy center as a Distinguished Senior Fellow. Early life and education
<mask> was born in New York City. He attended Oberlin College, the University of California, Berkeley, and the London School of Economics.He currently holds the Meyer and Ida Kirstein Chair at Brandeis University as a professor of social policy. At different times throughout his career he has also taught at Boston University, University of Oregon, University of Massachusetts Boston, and Harvard's Institute of Politics. He has also been a John F. Kennedy Fellow at Harvard University, a Woodrow Wilson Fellow at UC-Berkeley, a Guggenheim Fellow, and a Radcliffe Public Policy Fellow. He holds honorary degrees from Swarthmore College and Oberlin College. Writer and editor
<mask> has had an extensive career as a writer and editor at various national publications. In addition to his early work at Pacifica Radio, including a stint as general manager of WBAI-FM in New York, he has served as Washington Editor of the Village Voice, editor of the journal Working Papers for a New Society, economics editor at The New Republic, and was a member of the national staff at the Washington Post. Between 1984 and 2005 he was one of five columnists for the "Economic Viewpoint" section (also titled "Economic Watch") of BusinessWeek.His first job was an assistant to the independent journalist I.F. Stone. His magazine writing has also appeared in The New York Review of Books, the New Yorker, the Atlantic, Harper's, Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, Harvard Business Review, Columbia Journalism

masks:
Robert L
. Kuttner
Kuttner
Kuttner
Kuttner
Kuttner
Kuttner


title: Robert Kuttner

texts:
 Review, the Washington Monthly, Dissent, and Political Science Quarterly. In the 1990s, he served as a national policy correspondent of The New England Journal of Medicine. Writings
<mask> is author of several books dealing with economics, politics, globalization and labor markets, as well as his political support for the revival of a robust labor-left agenda. His twelve books include The Revolt of the Haves: Tax Rebellions and Hard Times (1980), The Economic Illusion: False Choices between Prosperity and Social Justice (1984), The Life of the Party: Democratic prospects in 1988 and beyond (1987), The End of Laissez-Faire: National Purpose and the Global Economy After the Cold War (1991), Everything For Sale: The Virtues and Limits of Markets (1996),  and The Squandering of America: How the Failure of Our Politics Undermines Our Prosperity (Knopf, 2007). His 2008 book, Obama's Challenge: America's Economic Crisis and the Power of a Transformative Presidency, presented a vision of Barack Obama's opportunity to transform American politics.A 2010 sequel, A Presidency in Peril, warned that Obama was too close to Wall Street. His 2013 book, Debtors’ Prison: The Politics of Austerity versus Possibility, criticized austerity economics in the U.S. and Europe. In his book, Can Democracy Survive Global Capitalism (Norton, 2018), Kuttner describes the role of globalized deregulation of capitalism in undercutting economic security and feeding the rise of the far-right. His latest book is The Stakes: 2020 and the Survival of American Democracy. Commentator
<mask> has appeared as a commentator, usually offering a liberal view, on numerous public affairs and debate programs, including National Public Radio, the PBS Newshour, CNN, and MSNBC. Government service
<mask> has served in several capacities within the federal government, including as an investigator for the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, as well as serving as Executive Director of former President Carter's National Commission on Neighborhoods. Recognition
<mask> has been recognized by various organizations for his career as a

masks: Kuttner Kuttner Kuttner Kuttner


title: Robert Kuttner

texts:
 journalist, such as by the Sidney Hillman Award, which he won twice, once for his 1997 book Everything For Sale and again in 2008 for Obama's Challenge.He has also been the recipient of the Paul Hoffman Award for Human Development of the United Nations, the Jack London Award for labor journalism, and the John Hancock Award "for excellence in business and financial journalism." <mask>'s wife, Joan Fitzgerald, is professor of urban policy and public affairs at Northeastern University, Boston. His first wife, the late Sharland Grace Trotter, was a psychotherapist and author. His daughter Jessica is a clinical social worker currently living in western Massachusetts, and his son Gabriel was a stage actor and director in Boston who died in October 2019. Bibliography
 Debtors' Prison: The Politics of Austerity Versus Possibility. New York: Vintage Books, 2013. Can Democracy Survive Global Capitalism, W.W. Norton & Company, 2018.The Stakes: 2020 and the Survival of American Democracy. W.W. Norton & Company, 2019. Notes

External links

 Obama's Challenge-- NOW on PBS
 SquanderingofAmerica.com Official website
 American Prospect biography
 American Foreign Policy as Political Failure Speech delivered before the New America Foundation
 TAP Robert Kuttner Column Archive
 Globalization and World Capitalism Epistolary debate between <mask> and Johann Norberg, overseen by the Cato Institute
 What sank Asia? Money sloshing around the world

 Booknotes interview with <mask> on The End of Laissez-Faire, February 24, 1991. 1943 births
People from Scarsdale, New York
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Alumni of the London School of Economics
American columnists
Economists from New York (state)
American economics writers
American male non-fiction writers
American political writers
American magazine editors
American magazine founders
Boston University faculty
Brandeis University faculty
Harvard University staff
The New Republic people
Pacifica Foundation people
Oberlin College alumni
Living people
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
Scarsdale High School alumni
Economic Policy Institute
21st-century American

masks:
Family Kuttner
Kuttner
Kuttner


title: Anthony Firkser

texts:
<mask> (born February 19, 1995) is an American football tight end for the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Harvard University. Early years
<mask> was born in Englishtown, New Jersey, to Alex and <mask>. He is Jewish, and he and his family, including his brother Josh, belonged to Temple Shaari Emeth in Manalapan, where he celebrated his bar mitzvah. High school career
He was a multi-sport athlete at Manalapan High School. In basketball, Firkser played point guard, scoring 21.3 points and 7.6 assists per game. He finished his career second in school history with 1,362 points.In his senior year, the Shore Basketball Coaches named Firkser the Shore Conference Co-Player of the Year. He was also named the Shore Conference ‘A’ North Division Offensive Player of the Year and made the all-state team. He competed at the 2013 Maccabiah Games in Israel as a guard for the 18-and-under gold medal-winning Team USA basketball team, playing alongside Spencer Weisz. Firkser did not begin playing football until his sophomore year in high school. During Firkser's three-year high school career, the Manalapan football team went 30–6 and won three consecutive ‘A’ North Division titles. During one stretch, Manalapan had an 18-game winning streak within the division. After a semifinal visit in the state playoffs his sophomore year, Firkser and his teammates played for the NJSIAA Central Jersey title in his junior and senior years.While at Manalapan, Firkser set career school records in receptions (110), receiving yards (2,118) and touchdown receptions (19). After his senior year, he was named All-Shore Offensive Player of the Year as a senior wide receiver. Firkser also was a two-time All-Shore first-team selection. College career
Firkser was recruited by Harvard University and four other universities. Citing the university's academic program and the school's willingness to let him play both basketball and football, Firkser committed to play for

masks:
Anthony Paul Firkser
Firkser
Donna Firkser