title: Robert of Auvergne

texts:
 appoint an archbishop, Raoul de La Roche-Aymon, in 1235. Troubadour

Three poems by lo Vesques de Clarmon are known: two coblas and one sirventes. They can all be found in the Occitan chansonnier H, with the sirventes also preserved in chansonnier D. They are:
Coms que vol enseignar
Peire de Maensac, ges lo reis no seria
Per Crist, si·l  fos meus

All three pieces are directed against his cousin Dalfi. Coms que was written around 1199. Peire de Maensac, which is the sirventes and the only one longer than a single stanza, criticises Dalfi for anti-social behaviour and also criticises Dalfi's joglar, the Peire de Maensac of the opening line, for not acting like a knight.It can be dated to 1212 because of a reference to the Albigensian Crusade. Per Crist and Dalfi's response are part of a private joke, full of innuendo. It can be dated no more precisely than between 1195 and 1209. The compiler of the chansonnier has supplied razos (explanations) for the lyrics, but these are certainly not based on an actual understanding of the reality that lies behind the text. He says that <mask> loved the wife of Sir Chantart de Caulec from Pescadoires, based on his reading of Dalfi's poem. The bishop's poem, with strong sexual undertones, chides Dalfi for not supplying his lover with all the bacon she asked for. The first four lines are:

Outside of his and Dalfi's poems, <mask>'s feud with his brother is mentioned in a poem by Giraut de Borneil.Notes

Sources

12th-century births
1234 deaths
Bishops of Clermont
Archbishops of Lyon
People of the Albigensian Crusade
French troubadours
People from

masks: Robert Robert


title: Edgar Percival

type: original

texts:
<mask> (23 February 1897 – 21 January 1984) was a noted Australian aircraft designer and pilot whose aircraft were distinguished by speed and grace. Percival went on to set up the Percival Aircraft Company, a British aircraft company in his own name. Early years
<mask> was born in 1898 at Albury, New South Wales, the son of <mask>, née Wikner and <mask>, a butter manufacturer. <mask>'s maternal great uncle was the Swedish philosopher Pontus Wikner. As a child Percival assisted at his family's farm, on the flats of the Hawkesbury River at Richmond, New South Wales. He also became fascinated by aviation, especially after seeing an aeroplane for the first time in 1911, when a local dental surgeon and pioneer aviator, William Ewart Hart, landed on the council field in Richmond, near the Percival property. After helping to maintain Hart's aircraft, Percival received, as a reward, his first flight.By 1912, when he was 14, <mask> had designed, produced and flown his own gliders. He attended Fort Street High School, in Sydney. Percival left school at the age of 15, to become an apprentice engineer at a Sydney firm. He later enrolled at Sydney Technical College, before undertaking a short course in aeronautical engineering at Sydney University. First World War
In December 1915, Percival volunteered for overseas service with the Australian Imperial Force, as a Private with the 7th Light Horse Regiment. After being promoted to temporary Sergeant, he embarked in April 1916 for Palestine. Percival requested a transfer from the AIF to pilot training with the British Royal Flying Corps (RFC), and was accepted in November 1916.After going solo in 20 minutes in 1917, <mask> was assigned to No. 60 Squadron, a scout (fighter) unit in France, commanded

masks:
Edgar Wikner Percival
Percival
Blanche Hilda Leontina Percival
William Percival
Edgar Percival
Percival
Percival


title: Edgar Percival

texts:
 by the Canadian ace Billy Bishop. <mask> was noted for his flying skills and after he was promoted to Captain, transferred to No. 111 Squadron as one of its founding members. With 111 Sqn he saw service in the Middle East and Greece. In 1918, while serving in Egypt, <mask> designed his first powered aircraft, "a special-purpose aircraft based on the Bristol F.2B, with the Rolls-Royce Eagle engine". In August 1919 he was elected as a member of the Royal Aero Club.Inter-war period
Following the First World War, <mask> returned to Australia with three surplus aircraft, two Avro 504s and a de Havilland DH.6 aircraft to do film work, stunt flying and barnstorming plus charter flights, operating his own charter company. A number of notable flights occurred: in 1921, he surveyed the Melbourne-Brisbane route in an Avro 504, in 1923, he won the Melbourne to Geelong Race. In Australia, Percival began to take a further interest in aircraft design; he built the winning entry in the 1924 Australian Aero Club competition to design a light aircraft. In 1926, flying an aircraft that he helped design, he competed in a Federal Government challenge for both design and piloting skills, winning £940 in prize money. Later in the same year, Percival was involved in a landmark series of proving flights that helped establish the use of carrier-borne fighters, culminating in him taking off in a Sopwith Pup from the turret of the USS Idaho battleship, at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Percival returned to England in 1929 where he was appointed as an Air Ministry test pilot, specializing in amphibians, seaplanes and Schneider Trophy racers and went on to set up his own firm, the Percival Aircraft Company, to produce his aircraft designs. <mask> was also very active as

masks:
Percival
Percival
Percival
Edgar Percival


title: Edgar Percival

texts:
 a pilot during the interwar period; not only did he compete with regular success, but his designs were widely used by other racing and record-setting pilots who held his products in very high regard.Noted racing pilots of the time who also flew Percival's machines included C.W.A. Scott, Jim and Amy Mollison, Charles Gardner and Giles Guthrie. Many came to Percival to have their machines specially built and modified for the task in hand – usually to extend their already long range. <mask> was a noted character on the air racing scene at the time, and was often referred to in the aeronautical press of the day as "The Hat," an epithet resulting from his omnipresent hat, which, characteristically (and resplendent in a lounge-suit), he also wore while flying. He was respected as a highly competitive and able pilot, taking great pride in being awarded the prize for "fastest time" in handicap air racing, as well as being a rather fiery, impatient and irascible businessman and employer. During this period, <mask> served in the Reserve of Air Force Officers, 1929–1939 and was a founding member of the Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators. Percival Aircraft Company
Percival's interest in aircraft technology led him to design the Saro Percival Mail Carrier (1930), one of a series of collaborative projects with Saunders Roe Ltd. Having had interests in the company which he sold in 1932, Percival began searching for an established manufacturer to produce a "light" aeroplane that he had designed which he called the "Percival Gull."Finding no company willing and able to take on production, <mask> consequently started his own aircraft company as the Percival Aircraft Company. In collaboration with Lt. Cdr E.B.W. Leake (who was to become

masks:
Percival
Edgar Percival
Percival


title: Edgar Percival

texts: co-founder of Percival Aircraft), he arranged for the prototype Gull (registered as G-ABUR) to be produced by the Lowe-Wylde British Aircraft Company of Maidstone, Kent. Running the business from his private address in London (20, Grosvenor Square), <mask> then arranged for series production to be contracted out to George Parnall & Sons, of Yate, Gloucestershire, an arrangement that lasted two years. Percival Aircraft was officially formed in 1933. In 1934, after 24 Gulls had been produced at Parnalls, Percival set up his own factory at London Gravesend Airport, Kent. <mask>'s aircraft were renowned for their graceful lines and outstanding performance.As a noted test pilot, Percival continued to fly his own creations; in 1935, he flew a Gull from England to Morocco and back to England, winning the Oswald Watt Gold Medal. He was the first pilot to fly from Britain to Africa and back in one day. He left Gravesend at 1.30am and returned to Croydon at 6.20pm. "Day trips in the future will be as commonplace as trips to Margate" he said in a broadcast at nine o'clock. Other famous aviators were associated with Percival aircraft; in 1933, Charles Kingsford Smith flew a Percival Gull Four named Miss Southern Cross from England to Australia in the record breaking time of 7 days, 4 hours and 44 minutes. The New Zealand aviator, Jean Batten, also used the Percival Gull to fly from England to Australia in October 1936. A pure racing derivative of the Gull series, the Percival Mew Gull flown by other illustrious pilots such as Alex Henshaw and Tom Campbell Black would go on to set many speed and distance records in the 1930s.In late 1936, Percival transferred production to larger facilities at the newly built Luton Corporation Airport in

masks:
Percival
Edgar Percival


title: Edgar Percival

texts:
 Bedfordshire. A two-bay hangar was constructed to accommodate the workshops while the design offices were set up in the original Georgian farmhouse situated nearby. Production at Luton was then primarily focused on the Vega Gull. A small twin-engined machine, the Q6 was also produced in limited quantities, using a pair of de Havilland Gipsy Six Series II powerplants equipped with variable-pitch airscrews. Again, the same basic method of construction was employed and the finished result was an aesthetically pleasing and aerodynamically clean feederliner of its day that represented the final new design produced by the company prior to <mask> selling his interests in the company. In 1938 with war imminent, Percival developed a military communications and R/T operator training version of the Vega Gull known as the Proctor. This rugged three-seater was powered by a 205 hp Gipsy Queen II engine.During the Second World War, a great deal of Proctor production was sub-contracted out and the designs of other firms, including the Airspeed Oxford and de Havilland Mosquito were, in turn, produced by Percival Aircraft at Luton. In March 1940, <mask> resigned from the company, his dual roles being taken up by P.D. Acland (formerly Aviation Manager of Vickers Ltd.) who was appointed Managing Director and Arthur Bage who became the Chief Designer. During the war years, Percival served in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. Later years
Percival Aircraft was bought in September 1944 by Hunting & Son Ltd; <mask> sold his interest in his company and moved to the United States to continue work on engine technology. From 1954, his old company began trading under the name Hunting Percival Aircraft Ltd; "Percival" was not dropped from the company name

masks:
Edgar Percival
Percival
Edgar Percival


title: Edgar Percival

texts:
 until 1957. Percival became a naturalized US citizen in 1948.He went to New Zealand in 1951, where he was involved with pioneering aerial application efforts. In 1954, Percival formed a new company, Edgar Percival Aircraft Limited, at Stapleford Aerodrome, England. The company's first design, the Edgar Percival E.P.9 was a utility aircraft well suited to agricultural use. A total of 21 were constructed before <mask> sold his company in 1960 to Samlesbury Engineering; the new company formed Lancashire Aircraft Company to continue aircraft construction of the E.P.9. At the time of his death in 1984, Percival was working on aviation projects in the UK and New Zealand. References

Notes

Bibliography

 Ellison, Norman H. Percivals Aircraft (The Archive Photographs Series). Chalford, Stroud, UK: Chalford Publishing Company, 1997. .
 <mask>, Robert."A Portrait of Percival." Aeroplane Monthly, Vol. 12, No. 9, September 1984. Silvester, John. "Percival Aircraft 1933-1954 (Parts 1-4)." Aeroplane Monthly, Vol.11, No. 1–4, January–April 1983. Ord-Hume, Arthur W. J. G. "Percival aircraft : <mask>, the man & his legacy : from racing gulls to jet trainer", 2013, Stenlake. . External links
 Air Pioneers: <mask> Percival

1897 births
1984 deaths
Australian aerospace engineers
Aircraft designers
Australian Army officers
Australian military personnel of World War I
Australian World War I pilots
Fellows of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers
Fellows of the Royal Aeronautical Society
Fellows of the Royal Society
People educated at Fort Street High School
People from Albury, New South Wales
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Flying Corps officers
People with acquired American citizenship
Designers from London
Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel

masks:
Percival
Percival
Edgar Percival
Edgar Wikner


title: Hero of Alexandria

texts:
<mask> of Alexandria (; , <mask>n ho Alexandreus, also known as <mask> of Alexandria ; c. 10 AD – c. 70 AD), was a Greek mathematician and engineer who was active in his native city of Alexandria, Roman Egypt. He is often considered the greatest experimenter of antiquity and his work is representative of the Hellenistic scientific tradition. <mask> published a well-recognized description of a steam-powered device called an aeolipile (sometimes called a "Hero engine"). Among his most famous inventions was a windwheel, constituting the earliest instance of wind harnessing on land. He is said to have been a follower of the atomists. In his work Mechanics, he described pantographs. Some of his ideas were derived from the works of Ctesibius.In mathematics he is mostly remembered for <mask>n's formula, a way to calculate the area of a triangle using only the lengths of its sides. Much of <mask>'s original writings and designs have been lost, but some of his works were preserved including in manuscripts from the Eastern Roman Empire and to a lesser extent, in Latin or Arabic translations. Life and career
<mask>'s ethnicity may have been either Greek or Hellenized Egyptian. It is almost certain that <mask> taught at the Musaeum which included the famous Library of Alexandria, because most of his writings appear as lecture notes for courses in mathematics, mechanics, physics and pneumatics. Although the field was not formalized until the twentieth century, it is thought that the work of <mask>, in particular his automated devices, represented some of the first formal research into cybernetics. Inventions

<mask> described the construction of the aeolipile (a version of which is known as <mask>'s engine) which was a rocket-like reaction engine and the first-recorded steam engine (although Vitruvius mentioned the aeolipile in De Architectura some 100 years earlier than <mask>). It was described almost two millennia

masks: Hero Hero Heron Hero Hero Hero Hero Hero Hero Hero Hero Hero


title: Hero of Alexandria

texts: before the industrial revolution.Another engine used air from a closed chamber heated by an altar fire to displace water from a sealed vessel; the water was collected and its weight, pulling on a rope, opened temple doors. Some historians have conflated the two inventions to assert that the aeolipile was capable of useful work, which is not entirely false, air containing a trace of water vapor. However, this engine is far from a pure aeolipile. The first vending machine was also one of his constructions; when a coin was introduced via a slot on the top of the machine, a set amount of holy water was dispensed. This was included in his list of inventions in his book Mechanics and Optics. When the coin was deposited, it fell upon a pan attached to a lever. The lever opened up a valve which let some water flow out.The pan continued to tilt with the weight of the coin until it fell off, at which point a counter-weight would snap the lever back up and turn off the valve. A wind-wheel operating an organ, marking the first instance in history of wind powering a machine. <mask> also invented many mechanisms for the Greek theatre, including an entirely mechanical play almost ten minutes in length, powered by a binary-like system of ropes, knots, and simple machines operated by a rotating cylindrical cogwheel. The sound of thunder was produced by the mechanically-timed dropping of metal balls onto a hidden drum. The force pump was widely used in the Roman world, and one application was in a fire-engine. A syringe-like device was described by <mask> to control the delivery of air or liquids. In optics, <mask> formulated the principle of the shortest path of light: If a ray of light propagates from point A to point B within the same medium, the path-length followed is the shortest possible.It was nearly 1000 years later that Alhacen expanded the principle to both reflection and refraction, and the principle was later

masks: Hero Hero Hero


title: Hero of Alexandria

texts:
 stated in this form by Pierre de Fermat in 1662; the most modern form is that the optical path is stationary. A stand-alone fountain that operates under self-contained hydro-static energy; now called Heron's fountain. A cart that was powered by a falling weight and strings wrapped around the drive axle. Various authors have credited the invention of the thermometer to <mask>. The thermometer was not a single invention, however, but a development. <mask> knew of the principle that certain substances, notably air, expand and contract and described a demonstration in which a closed tube partially filled with air had its end in a container of water. The expansion and contraction of the air caused the position of the water/air interface to move along the tube.Mathematics
<mask> described a method for iteratively computing the square root of a number. Today, however, his name is most closely associated with <mask>n's formula for finding the area of a triangle from its side lengths. He also devised a method for calculating cube roots. He also designed a shortest path algorithm, that is, given two points A and B on one side of a line, find C a point on the straight line that minimizes AC+BC. In solid geometry, the Heronian mean may be used in finding the volume of a frustum of a pyramid or cone. Cultural references
In Arthur C. Clarke's 1953 novel Childhood's End, a model of the turbine is present in the Earth exhibit of the Overlords' museum of alien cultures. A 1979 Soviet animated short film focuses on <mask>'s invention of the aeolipile, showing him as a plain craftsman who invented the turbine accidentally
A 2007 The History Channel television show Ancient Discoveries includes recreations of most of <mask>'s devices
A 2010 The History Channel television show Ancient Aliens episode "Alien Tech" includes a discussion of <mask>'s steam engine
A 2014 The History Channel television show Ancient Impossible

masks: Hero Hero Hero Hero Hero Hero Hero


title: Hero of Alexandria

texts:
 episode "Ancient Einstein"

Bibliography

The most comprehensive edition of <mask>'s works was published in five volumes in Leipzig by the publishing house Teubner in 1903.Works known to have been written by <mask> include:
Pneumatica (Πνευματικά), a description of machines working on air, steam or water pressure, including the hydraulis or water organ
Automata, a description of machines which enable wonders in banquets and possibly also theatrical contexts by mechanical or pneumatical means (e.g. automatic opening or closing of temple doors, statues that pour wine and milk, etc.) ): A Roman Miscellany. Essays in Honour of Anthony R. Birley on his Seventieth Birthday, Gdansk 2008, 92-130 (with a huge bibliography of over 300 titles and discussion of the communis opinio on <mask>). External links

 Webpage about <mask> by The Technology Museum of Thessaloniki
 Heron biography, The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive

 Heron of Alexandria in online Encyclopædia Britannica
 Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images preserved at The Internet Archive

 Reconstruction of Heron’s Formulas for Calculating the Volume of Vessels
 Spiritali di Herone Alessandrino From the John Davis Batchelder Collection at the Library of Congress
 Automata Critical edition, with translation and partial commentary by Francesco Grillo (PhD thesis, Univ. of Glasgow, 2019)
 The Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria, from the Original Greek. Tr.and ed. by Bennet <mask> From the Collections at the Library of Congress

AD 10 births
70 deaths
1st-century Egyptian people
1st-century Greek people
1st-century writers
Ancient Egyptian engineers
Ancient Greek engineers
Ancient Greek inventors
Ancient Greek mathematicians
Ancient Greek science writers
Egyptian inventors
Egyptian people of Greek descent
Geometers
Hellenistic engineers
Roman-era Alexandrians
1st-century

masks: Hero Hero Hero Hero Woodcroft


title: Roger McCorley

texts:
<mask> (6 September 1901 – 13 November 1993) was an Irish republican activist. Early life
<mask> was born into a Roman Catholic family at 67 Hillman Street in Belfast on 6 September 1901, one of three children born to <mask>, a meat carver in a hotel, and Agnes Liggett; he had two elder brothers, Vincent and Felix. He joined the Fianna in his teens. His family had a very strong republican tradition and he claimed to be the great-grandson of the United Irishmen folk hero <mask>, who was executed for his part in the 1798 rebellion. Joins the IRA
<mask> was a member of the Belfast Brigade of the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence, 1919–1922. He was commandant of the Brigade's first battalion. In June 1920, he was involved in an attack on a Royal Irish Constabulary Police barracks at Crossgar, County Down.On Sunday August 22, 1920 in Lisburn,  <mask> was involved in the assassination of DI Oswald Swanzy, Royal Irish Constabulary  who was held responsible by Michael Collins for the assassination of Tomas McCurtain, Lord Mayor of Cork. <mask> was noted for his militancy, as he was in favour of armed attacks on British forces in Belfast. The Brigade's leaders, by contrast, in particular, Joe McKelvey, were wary of sanctioning attacks for fear of loyalist reprisals on republicans and the Catholic population in general. In addition, <mask> was in favour of conducting an armed defense of Catholic areas, whereas McKelvey did not want the IRA to get involved in what he considered to be sectarian violence. <mask> wrote later that in the end, 'the issue settled itself within a very short space of time, when the Orange mob was given uniforms, paid for by

masks:
Roger McCorley
Roger Edmund McCorley
Roger Edmund McCorley
Roddy McCorley
McCorley
McCorley
McCorley
McCorley
McCorley


title: Roger McCorley

texts:
 the British, and called the Ulster Special Constabulary'. The role of the USC (a temporary police force raised for counter-insurgency purposes) in the conflict is still debated, but republicans maintain that the organization was responsible for the indiscriminate killings of Catholics and nationalists. The Active Service Unit

On 26 January 1921, McCorley, was involved in the fatal shooting of three Auxiliary Division officers in their beds in the Railway View hotel in central Belfast.Shortly afterwards, <mask> and another IRA man, Seamus Woods, organized an Active Service Unit within the first battalion of the Belfast Brigade, with the intention of carrying out attacks, with or without the approval of the Brigade leadership. The unit consisted of 32 men. <mask> later wrote, 'I issued a general order that, where reprisal gangs [State forces] were cornered, no prisoners were to be taken'. In March 1921, <mask> personally led the ASU in the killing of three Black and Tans in Victoria Street in central Belfast. He was responsible for the deaths of two more Auxiliaries in Donegall Place in April. In reprisal for these shootings, members of the Royal Irish Constabulary assassinated two republican activists, the Duffin brothers in Clonard Gardens in west Belfast. Thereafter, there was what historian Robert Lynch has described as a, 'savage underground war' between <mask>'s ASU and RIC personnel based in Springfield Road barracks and led by an Inspector Ferris.Ferris himself was among the casualties, being shot in the chest and neck, but surviving. In addition, <mask>'s men bombed and burned a number of businesses including several cinemas and a Reform Club. In May 1921,

masks: McCorley McCorley McCorley McCorley McCorley


title: Roger McCorley

texts:
 however, 13 of <mask>'s best men were arrested when surrounded by British troops during an operation in county Cavan. They were held in Crumlin Road jail and sentenced to death. On 3 June, <mask> organized an attack on Crumlin Road jail in an attempt to rescue the IRA men held there before they were executed. The operation was not a success, however the condemned men were reprieved after a truce was agreed between the IRA and British forces in July 1921. Belfast Brigade leader

In April 1922, <mask> became leader of the IRA Belfast Brigade after Joe McKelvey went south to Dublin to join other IRA members who were against the Anglo-Irish Treaty.<mask> for his part, supported the Treaty, despite the fact that it provided for the partition of Ireland and the continued British rule in Northern Ireland. The reason for this was that Michael Collins and Eoin O'Duffy had assured him that this was only a tactical move and indeed, Collins sent men, money and weapons to the IRA in the North throughout 1922. However, <mask>'s command saw the collapse of the Belfast IRA. In May 1922, the IRA launched an offensive with attacks all across Northern Ireland. In Belfast, <mask> carried out an assault on Musgrave Street RIC barracks. He also conducted an arson campaign on businesses in Belfast. His men also carried out a number of assassinations, including that of Unionist MP William Twaddell, which caused the internment of over 200 Belfast IRA men.Civil War

To escape from the subsequent repression, <mask> and over 900 Northern IRA men fled south, to the Irish Free State, where they were housed in the Curragh. <mask> was put in command of these men. In June 1922, the Irish Civil War

masks: McCorley McCorley McCorley McCorley McCorley McCorley McCorley McCorley


title: Roger McCorley

texts:
 broke out between Pro and Anti-Treaty elements of the IRA. <mask> took the side of the Free State and Michael Collins. After Michael Collins was killed in August 1922, <mask>'s men were stood down. About 300 of them joined the National Army and were sent to County Kerry to put down anti-Treaty guerrillas there. In the Spring of 1923, <mask>, bitterly disillusioned by the brutal counter-insurgency against fellow republicans, resigned his command.He recalled he was, 'fed up', with the civil war. He later asserted that he 'hated the Treaty' and only supported it because it allowed Ireland to have its own armed forces. Both <mask> and Seamus Woods were severe critics of the Irish Free State inertia towards Northern Ireland after the death of Michael Collins. <mask> commented that when Collins was killed  "the Northern element gave up all hope." In 1936 he was instrumental in the establishment of the All-Ireland Old IRA Men's Organization, serving as Vice-President with President Liam Deasy (Cork No. 3 Brigade) and Secretary George Lennon (Waterford No. 2 Brigade).Coras na Poblachta

In the 1940s, <mask> was a founding member of Córas na Poblachta, a political party which aspired to a United Ireland and economic independence from Britain. He died on 13 November 1993 and is buried in the Republican Plot of Glasnevin cemetery. References

Robert Lynch, The Northern IRA and the Early Years of Partition, Irish Academic Press, Dublin 2006. Pearse Lawlor, 1920-1922 The Outrages, Mercier Press, Cork 2011. Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) members
National Army (Ireland) officers
People of the Irish Civil War (Pro-Treaty side)
Paramilitaries from Belfast
1901 births
1993

masks: McCorley McCorley McCorley McCorley McCorley McCorley


title: Geena Davis

texts:
<mask> (born January 21, 1956), professionally known as <mask>, is an American actress, activist, producer, and former model. She is the recipient of an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award, and has been nominated for a British Academy Film Award and a Primetime Emmy Award. In 2019, she received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award for her work fighting gender bias on- and off- screen in Hollywood. Early life
<mask> was born on January 21, 1956, in Wareham, Massachusetts. Her mother, Lucille (; June 19, 1919 – November 15, 2001), was a teacher's assistant, and her father, William F<mask> (November 7, 1913 – April 2, 2009), was a civil engineer and church deacon. Both were from small towns in Vermont. <mask> has an older brother, Danforth ("Dan").She became interested in music at an early age. She learned piano and flute and played organ well enough as a teenager to be organist at her Congregationalist church in Wareham. She attended Wareham High School and was an exchange student in Sandviken, Sweden, where she became fluent in Swedish. She studied at New England College, then earned a bachelor's degree in drama from Boston University in  Her first post-university work was as a window mannequin for Ann Taylor; she then signed with New York's Zoli modeling agency. <mask> is said to have adopted the nickname Geena after seeing shows with the characters Cheburashka and Gena the Crocodile (Swedish Druttem och Gena), which aired as a children's segment in a national television show in Sweden in the late 1970s. Career

Rise to fame (1982–1987)

<mask> was working as a model when she was cast by director Sydney Pollack in his film Tootsie (1982) as a soap opera actress, whom she has

masks:
Virginia Elizabeth Davis
Geena Davis
Davis
. Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis


title: Geena Davis

texts:
 described as "someone who's going to be in their underwear a lot of time". It was the second most profitable film of 1982, received ten Academy Awards nominations and is considered a cult classic.She next won the regular part of Wendy Killian in the television series Buffalo Bill, which aired from June 1983 to March 1984; and had a writing credit in one episode. Despite the series' eleven Emmy Awards nominations, lukewarm ratings led to its cancellation after two seasons. <mask> concurrently guest-starred in Knight Rider, Riptide, Family Ties and Remington Steele, and followed with a series of her own, Sara, which lasted 13 episodes. During this period, she also auditioned for the 1984 science fiction/action film The Terminator, reading for the lead role of Sarah Connor, which eventually went to Linda Hamilton. In Fletch (1985), an action comedy, she appeared with Chevy Chase as the colleague of a Los Angeles Times undercover reporter trying to expose drug trafficking on the beaches of Los Angeles. She also starred in the horror comedy Transylvania 6-5000 as a nymphomaniac vampire alongside future husband Jeff Goldblum. They also starred in the sci-fi thriller The Fly (1986), loosely based on George Langelaan's 1957 short story of the same name, where <mask> portrayed a science journalist and an eccentric scientist's love interest.It was a commercial success and helped establish her as an actress. In 1987 she appeared with Goldblum again in the offbeat comedy Earth Girls Are Easy. Recognition and critical acclaim (1988–1992)

Director Tim Burton cast <mask> in his film Beetlejuice (1988) as one of a recently deceased young couple who become ghosts haunting their former house;

masks: Davis Davis Davis


title: Geena Davis

texts: it also starred Alec Baldwin, Michael Keaton and Winona Ryder. It made $73.7 million from a budget of $15 million, and <mask>'s performance and the overall film received mostly positive reviews. <mask> took on the role of an animal hospital employee and dog trainer with a sickly son in the drama The Accidental Tourist (1988), opposite William Hurt and Kathleen Turner. Critic Roger Ebert, who gave the film four stars out of four, wrote: "<mask>, as Muriel, brings an unforced wackiness to her role in scenes like the one where she belts out a song while she's doing the dishes. But she is not as simple as she sometimes seems [...]".The film was a critical and commercial success, and she received an Oscar as Best Supporting Actress for her appearance in it. <mask> appeared as the girlfriend of a man who, dressed as a clown, robs a bank in midtown Manhattan, in the comedy Quick Change (1990). Based on a book of the same name by Jay Cronley, it is a remake of the 1985 French film Hold-Up starring Jean-Paul Belmondo. Despite modest box office returns, the Chicago Tribune found the lead actors "funny and creative while keeping their characters life-size". <mask> next starred with Susan Sarandon in Ridley Scott's road film Thelma & Louise (1991), as friends who embark on a road trip with unforeseen consequences. A critical and commercial success, it is considered a classic, as it influenced other films and artistic works and became a landmark feminist film. <mask> received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress for her role.It also featured Brad Pitt in his breakout role as a drifter; in his 2020 acceptance speech for Best Supporting Actor, Pitt thanked director Ridley Scott and

masks: Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis


title: Geena Davis

texts:
 <mask> <mask> for "giving me my first shot." In 1992, <mask> starred alongside Madonna and Tom Hanks in A League of Their Own as a baseball player on an all-women's team. It reached number one at the box office, became the tenth highest-grossing film of the year in North America, and brought <mask> a Best Actress Golden Globe Award nomination. She played a television reporter in the comedy Hero (also 1992) alongside Dustin Hoffman and Andy Garcia. Although it flopped at the box office, Roger Ebert felt <mask> was "bright and convincing as the reporter (her best line, after surviving the plane crash, is shouted through an ambulance door: "This is my story! I did the research!")". Career downturn, hiatus, sitcom and other television roles (1993–2009)
In 1994's Angie, <mask> played an office worker who lives in the Bensonhurst section of Brooklyn and dreams of a better life.The film received mixed reviews from critics, who felt she could have been better in this movie or another one set in Brooklyn, and was a commercial failure. In her other 1994 release, Speechless, <mask> reunited with Michael Keaton to play insomniac writers who fall in love until they realize that both are writing speeches for rival candidates in a New Mexico election. Despite negative reviews and modest box office returns, she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Musical or Comedy for her performance. <mask> teamed up with her then-husband, director Renny Harlin, for the films Cutthroat Island (1995) and The Long Kiss Goodnight (1996), with Harlin hoping that they would turn her into an action star. While The Long Kiss Goodnight managed to become a moderate success, Cutthroat Island

masks: Geena Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis


title: Geena Davis

texts: flopped critically and commercially and was once listed as having the "largest box office loss" by Guinness World Records. The film is credited to be a contributing factor in the demise of <mask> as a bankable star. She divorced Harlin in 1998 and took an "unusually long" two years off to reflect on her career, according to The New York Times.She appeared as Eleanor Little in the well-received family comedy Stuart Little (1999), a role she reprised in Stuart Little 2 (2002) and again in Stuart Little 3: Call of the Wild (2005). By the mid and late 1990s, <mask>'s film career had become less noteworthy and critical acclaim had waned. In a 2016 interview with Vulture, she recalled: "Film roles really did start to dry up when I got into my 40s. If you look at IMDb, up until that age, I made roughly one film a year. In my entire 40s, I made one movie, Stuart Little. I was getting offers, but for nothing meaty or interesting like in my 30s. I'd been completely ruined and spoiled.I mean, I got to play a pirate captain! I got to do every type of role, even if the movie failed." <mask> starred in the sitcom The <mask> <mask> Show, which aired for one season on ABC during the 2000–01 U.S. television season. She went on to star in the ABC television series Commander in Chief, portraying the first female president of the United States. While this role garnered her a Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Drama Series in 2006, the series was cancelled after its first season; <mask> admitted she was "devastated" by its cancellation in a 2016 interview. "I still haven't gotten over it. I really wanted it to work.It was on Tuesday nights opposite House, which wasn't ideal. But we were the best

masks: Davis Davis Davis Geena Davis Davis


title: Geena Davis

texts:
 new show that fall. Then, in January, we were opposite American Idol. They said, 'The ratings are going to suffer, so we should take you off the air for the entire run of Idol, and bring it back in May. I put a lot of time and effort into getting it on another network, too, but it didn't work". She was also nominated for an Emmy Award and a SAG Award for Outstanding Female Actor in a Drama Series. She was awarded the 2006 Women in Film Lucy Award.<mask> was the only American actor to be cast in the Australian-produced film Accidents Happen (2009), portraying a foul-mouthed and strict mother. She stated that it was the most fun she had ever had on a film set, and felt a deep friendship and connection to both of the actors who played her sons. Written by Brian Carbee and based on his own childhood and adolescence, the film received a limited theatrical release and mixed reviews from critics. Variety found it to be "led by a valiant <mask> <mask>", despite a "script that mistakes abuse for wit". Professional expansion (2010s)
Following a long period of intermittent work, <mask> often ventured into television acting, and through her organization, the Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media, saw her career expand during the 2010s. In 2012, she starred as a psychiatrist in the miniseries Coma, based on the 1977 novel Coma by Robin Cook and the subsequent 1978 film. She played a powerful female movie executive in the critically acclaimed comedy In a World... (2013), the directorial debut of Lake Bell.Bell found her only dialogue to be her favorite in the film and called it her "soapbox moment". In 2014, <mask>bli animated film When Marnie Was There, as she was drawn to the film's

masks: Davis Geena Davis Davis Davishi


title: Geena Davis

texts: abundant stories and strong use of female characters. She played the recurring role of Dr. Nicole Herman, an attending fetal surgeon with a life-threatening brain tumor, during the 11th season of Grey's Anatomy (2014–15). In 2015, <mask> launched an annual film festival to be held in Bentonville, Arkansas, to highlight diversity in film, accepting films that prominently feature minorities and women in the cast and crew. The first Bentonville Film Festival took place from May 5–9, 2015. <mask> appeared as the mother of a semi-famous television star in the comedy Me Him Her (2016). In the television series The Exorcist (2016), based on the 1973 film of the same name, <mask> took on the role of grown-up Regan MacNeil, who has renamed herself Angela Rance to find peace and anonymity from her ordeal as a child.The Exorcist was a success with critics and audiences. In 2017, <mask> starred in the film adaptation Marjorie Prime, alongside Jon Hamm, playing the daughter of an 85-year old experiencing the first symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, and appeared as the imaginary god of a heavyset 13-year-old girl in the comedy Don't Talk to Irene. Vanity Fair felt that she "shine[d]" and stole "every scene" in Marjorie Prime, while Variety, on her role in Don't Talk to Irene, remarked: "There's no arguing the preternatural coolness of <mask> <mask>—a fact celebrated in self-conscious fashion by Don't Talk to Irene, a familiar type of coming-of-age film whose most distinguishing feature is the presence of the actress". In 2018, <mask> returned to Grey's Anatomy, reprising the role of Dr. Nicole Herman in the show's 14th season, and executive produced the documentary This Changes Everything, in

masks: Davis Davis Davis Davis Geena Davis Davis


title: Geena Davis

texts:
 which she was also interviewed about her experiences in the industry. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival, where it was named first runner-up for the People's Choice Award: Documentaries. In 2019, she joined the voice cast of She-Ra and the Princesses of Power as Huntara. Also in Netflix in 2019, she joined the cast of Glow as Sandy Devereaux St. Clair, a former showgirl turned entertainment director of the Fan-Tan Hotel and Casino.In 2022, <mask>' likeness will be used for the character of Poison Ivy in the DC Entertainment comic book series Batman '89, set between the events of Batman Returns (1992) and The Flash (2022). Personal life

Marriages and family

<mask> began dating restaurateur Richard Emmolo in December 1977 and moved in with him a month later. The two married on March 25, 1981, but separated in February 1983 and divorced on June 27, 1984. In 1985, she met her second husband, actor Jeff Goldblum, on the set of Transylvania 6-5000. The couple married on November 1, 1987, and appeared together in two more films: The Fly and Earth Girls Are Easy. <mask> filed for divorce in October 1990, and it was finalized the following year. After a five-month courtship, <mask> married filmmaker Renny Harlin on September 18, 1993.He directed her in Cutthroat Island and The Long Kiss Goodnight. <mask> filed for divorce on August 26, 1997, a day after her personal assistant gave birth to a child fathered by Harlin. The divorce became final in June 1998. In 1998, <mask> started dating Iranian-American craniofacial plastic surgeon Reza Jarrahy (born 1971), and allegedly married him on September 1, 2001. They have three children: a daughter, Alizeh (born


title: Geena Davis

texts:
 April 2002), and fraternal twin sons, Kaiis and Kian (born May 2004). In May 2018, Jarrahy filed for divorce from <mask>, listing their date of separation as November 15, 2017. <mask> responded by filing a petition in which she claimed that she and Jarrahy were never legally married.Activism

<mask> is a supporter of the Women's Sports Foundation and an advocate for Title IX, an Act of Congress focusing on equality in sports opportunities, now expanded to prohibit gender discrimination in American educational institutions. In 2004, while watching children's television programs and videos with her daughter, <mask> noticed an imbalance in the ratio of male to female characters. She went on to sponsor the largest-ever research project on gender in children's entertainment (resulting in four discrete studies, including one on children's television) at the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Southern California. The study, directed by Stacy Smith, showed that there were nearly three male characters to every female one in the nearly 400 G, PG, PG-13, and R-rated movies analyzed. In 2005, <mask> teamed up with the non-profit group Dads and Daughters to launch a venture dedicated to balancing the number of male and female characters in children's television and movie programming. <mask> launched the Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media in 2007, which works collaboratively with the entertainment industry to increase the presence of female characters in media aimed at children, and to reduce inequality in Hollywood and the stereotyping of females by the male-dominated industry. For her work in this field she received an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from


title: Geena Davis

texts:
 Bates College in May 2009; and an honorary Oscar, the Academy's Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, in 2019.In 2011, <mask> became one of a handful of celebrities attached to USAID and Ad Council's FWD campaign, an awareness initiative tied to that year's East Africa drought. She joined Uma Thurman, Chanel Iman and Josh Hartnett in television and internet ads to "forward the facts" about the crisis. Athletics
In July 1999, <mask> was one of 300 women who vied for a semifinals berth in the U.S. Olympic archery team to participate in the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics. She placed 24th and did not qualify for the team, but participated as a wild-card entry in the Sydney International Golden Arrow competition. In August 1999, she stated that she was not an athlete growing up and that she entered archery in 1997, two years before her tryouts. Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos

Awards and nominations

Notes

References

External links

 Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media

 Geena Davis  Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America

1956 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Massachusetts
American activists
American female archers
American feminists
American film actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
American women film producers
Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners
Boston University College of Fine Arts alumni
David di Donatello winners
Female models from Massachusetts
Feminist artists
Film producers from Massachusetts
Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award winners
Mensans
New England College alumni
People from

masks: Davis Davis


title: Zachary Selig

texts:
<mask> (24 November 1949 – 30 June 2016) was an American artist, author, interior designer and celebrity spiritist. Life
Selig was the son of New York born American steel manufacturing industrialist and economic advisor <mask> and <mask>, a Texas commissioner of mental health under 3 United States presidents. He was born in Seguin, Texas, and later lived with his mother's family in the Hudson River Valley and in Manhattan. Selig's mother's cousin and wife became Selig's surrogate parents, who guided him into an international world of art and accomplished artists that built the foundation of his career. Another maternal family relation, New York publicist Lee Goode Kingsley, established Selig's relations in the art world. Charles Revson, his mother's cousin and co-founder of Revlon, invited 17-year-old Selig on board the Revlon yacht Ultima II in Acapulco and introduced him to many guests that later became his lifetime friends, including Merle Oberon, Babe Paley, Gloria Guinness, Dolores del Río, Ahmet Ertegun and his wife Mica, Chito and Jeanette Jaffe de Longoria, Prince Egon von Fürstenberg, jewelry designer Aldo Cipullo, Vogue magazine editor DD Ryan, and publicist Eleanor Lambert. Selig died of heart failure in 2016 after dinner and enjoying the company of dear friends in Mexico City.He had been residing in San Miguel de Allende in his adopted home of Mexico. Education
Selig was tutored in drawing and oil painting from the age of 5 in Texas, and spoke fluent Spanish by age 12. He began his esoteric anthropological studies in Mesoamerican Anthropology at the age of 16 at the University of the Americas in Mexico City, Mexico with German professor Baron Alexander von Wuthenau, who wrote 5 books on the racial origins of man in Mesoamerica. His formal education in the arts began with painting at the Colorado Academy in Denver, Colorado. He then studied at Transylvania

masks:
Zachary Selig
Marvin Selig
Eleanor Berg Selig


title: Zachary Selig

texts:
 University in Lexington, Kentucky and at the University of Houston, the Parsons School of Design, the Art Students League of New York, the New York School of Interior Design and oil painting at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. Selig was an apprentice of Mexican artist Pedro Friedeberg, who also uses Tantras and Mesoamerican cultural references in his works of art. In 1970, Friedeberg introduced Selig to his mentor, artist Bridget Bate Tichenor, in Mexico City.Tichenor, a painter in the magic realism school, spiritually adopted Selig and he was Tichenor's protégé until her death in 1990. Career
His first publication as author and illustrator was the bestselling Kundalini Awakening – A Gentle Guide to Chakra Activation and Spiritual Growth. Selig was a magic realist painter. His skills as a spiritist and painter led to the creation of a unique codex titled Relaxatia, an ancient Solar Kundalini paradigm that he rediscovered through Purépecha Nahaulli high priests in Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, Mexico. It is a codex of the human chakra system and the solar light spectrum, designed to activate Kundalini in color-coded paintings. Selig made commissioned portraits and works of art for Isabel Goldsmith-Patiño, eldest daughter of Sir James Goldsmith and granddaughter of Antenor Patiño, Prince Egon von Fürstenberg, Catherine Oxenberg and Kelly Le Brock, among others. Exhibitions featuring Selig's paintings include "100th Anniversary of Hollywood - Portraits of the Stars" held at the Otis College of Art and Design in Los Angeles, and "Organic Landscapes" sponsored by Versace in Beverly Hills.An E! True Hollywood Story featured <mask> and his close friendship with actress and fashion model Margaux Hemingway. He helped launch Hemingway's career in the 1970s, and established the initial marketing and public relations format that helped make her a global celebrity, introducing Hemingway


title: Zachary Selig

texts: to a circle of fashion professionals in New York City that included photographer Francesco Scavullo, designer Halston, Vogue editor Francis Stein and Marian McEvoy, a fashion editor for Women's Wear Daily. <mask> and Hemingway privately studied Solar Kundalini, yoga and meditation together at the Hemingway family's property in Ketchum, Idaho, adjacent to Sun Valley. Several years later, Hemingway made Selig the creative director for her 1990 Playboy magazine cover and pictorial by photographer Arny Freytag that was shot in Belize. <mask> was a Yoruba priest and spiritual consultant. He was the consultant of  paranormal phenomena for director Tobe Hooper and the production of  Spontaneous Combustion (1990), a film about  psychokinetic powers.It received a nomination for best film in the 1991 Fantasporto International Fantasy Film Awards. Selig performed an Afro-Cuban spiritual cleansing ritual in the 2013 documentary A Journey to Planet Sanity, a film about psychics and the paranormal. His background as an artist, spiritist and his trompe-l'œil painting were used in his work as interior designer. He trained with the New York City interior design team of Bunny Mellon and Cartier designer Aldo Cipullo, where he mastered trompe-l'œil painting techniques. His  first commissioned trompe-l'œil interiors were showcased in a 1971 House Beautiful article featuring Cipullo's residence in Manhattan. In 1977, Selig worked in fashion design and created the MU clothing collection in Mexico City, which was produced by artisans in Zihuatanejo. In California, he restored and decorated a suite of interiors in the Villa d'Este, a historic Italianate courtyard villa that was built circa 1928 for Cecil B. DeMille in West Hollywood.The early 20th-century Italian Renaissance style building, with its elaborately painted portico, ceiling decorations and frieze, was a former residence of silent

masks: Selig Selig


title: Zachary Selig

texts: film star Pola Negri. Selig specialized in Sekhem, utilizing an 8,000-year-old pre-dynastic Egyptian Neteru design theurgy with classical and modern design elements in the art of interior design harmonics. Selig contributed to Maureen Orth's book Vulgar Favors about the death of Gianni Versace. Selig had a home in Miami Beach, Florida, from 1996 to 2004, and was associated with Versace's circle of friends, spending the Sunday before Versace's death with him and a group on the 11th Street Beach in South Beach. In 2011, Selig contributed the first detailed biographical data of Bridget Bate Tichenor's mother Vera Bate Lombardi and her relationship to Coco Chanel for the book Sleeping With The Enemy – Chanel's Secret War by Hal Vaughan. Artist Pedro Friedeberg dedicated a chapter on <mask> in his book of memoirs De Vacaciones Por La Vida (Holiday For Life) with eight friends that included Salvador Dalí, Leonora Carrington, Kati Horna, Tamara de Lempicka, Mathias Goeritz, Edward James, and Bridget Bate Tichenor. His artwork was represented by Friedeberg Fine Arts in the USA, France, United Kingdom and Mexico.Friedeberg's 2013 Too Much is Not Enough exhibition at the Casa Diana Gallery in San Miguel de Allende featured Selig's Spiritual Guides series of paintings. Selig's artwork was included in Friedeberg's 2014 Manos por Mexico exhibition at the Franz Mayer Museum, where it drew over 18,000 visitors; it was later exhibited at the  Pinacoteca de Nuevo León in Monterrey. In 2014, a portrait painted by Selig was featured in the exhibition Joan Quinn Captured at the Brand Library and Art Center in  Glendale, California. A solo exhibition of Selig's latest Magic Talismans series of paintings opened on April 1, 2015, at the Sollano 16 gallery in San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, Mexico. In September 2015, the Museo de Arte Moderno in Mexico City displayed Selig's work in its


title: Zachary Selig

texts:
 10-year anniversary exhibition 10 años de "Arte Vivo". An exhibition of Selig's  Magic Talismans paintings was presented at Art Basel 2015 in Miami Beach by the Bertil Bernhardt Design and Art Gallery. Painting technique
Selig's art was inspired and influenced by Mexican culture, along with Meso-American magical talisman symbols and mysticism, as were his European mentors who were Mexican expatriate Surrealists.Selig painted with an oil paint medium and used an easel. At age 20, the artist Bridget Bate TIchenor taught him an Italian 16th-century painting technique that she had learned from artist Paul Cadmus in 1944. The labor-intensive painting formula involved multiple transparent thin oil glazes, building layers applied with #000 sable brushes on egg-shell gesso, resulting in a deep, detailed and jewel-like three-dimensional finish. Mexican Surrealist Pedro Friedeberg introduced Selig to esotericism and shared many of his creative interests, helping build the foundation of Selig's career as an artist. Friedeberg guided Selig's perspective drawing and use of magical cosmograms and symbols. Selig's artwork can be considered both Surrealist and Magic Realist, but it does not adhere solely to the principles of Surrealism. His paintings juxtaposed spiritual themes that reflected his extensive 40-year background as an artist and spiritist.References

External links

<mask> website
The Peerage and <mask>g

1949 births
American occultists
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
21st-century male artists
Trompe-l'œil artists
American spiritual writers
Painters from California
American interior designers
Spiritism
Living people
People from Seguin, Texas
American portrait painters
American psychics
New Age writers
Artists from Texas
Babalawos
Parsons School of Design alumni
Alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
University of Houston

masks:
Zachary Selig
Zachary Seli


title: Bahadur Shah Zafar

texts:
Emperor <mask>, usually referred to by his poetic title <mask> (Urdu and ) was born <mask> (24 October 1775 – 7 November 1862) and was the twentieth and last Mughal Emperor of India. He was the second son and the successor to his father, Akbar II, who died on 28th September 1837. He was a titular Emperor, as the Mughal Empire existed in name only and his authority was limited only to the walled city of Old Delhi (Shahjahanbad). Following his involvement in the Indian Mutiny of 1857, the British exiled in 1858 him to Rangoon in British-controlled Burma, after convicting him on several charges. <mask>'s father, Akbar II, had been imprisoned by the British and he was not his father's preferred choice as his successor. One of <mask>'s Queens (Begum), pressured him to declare her son, Mirza Jahangir, as his successor. However, The East India Company exiled Jahangir after he attacked their resident in the Red Fort, paving the way for <mask> to assume the throne.Reign

<mask> <mask> ruled over a Mughal Empire that had by the early 19th century been reduced to only the city of Delhi and the surrounding territory as far as Palam. The Maratha Empire had brought an end to the Mughal Empire in the Deccan during the 18th century and the regions of India formerly under Mughal rule had either been absorbed by the Marathas or had declared independence and become smaller kingdoms. The Marathas installed <mask> II in the throne in 1772, under the protection of the Maratha general Mahadaji Shinde and maintained suzerainty over Mughal affairs in Delhi. The East

masks:
Bahadur Shah II
Bahadur Shah Zafar
Mirza Abu Zafar Siraj ud din Muhammad
Bahadur Shah Zafar
Akbar Shah
Bahadur Shah
Bahadur Shah
Zafar
Shah Alam


title: Bahadur Shah Zafar

texts:
 India Company became the dominant political and military power in mid-nineteenth century India. Outside the region controlled by the company, hundreds of kingdoms and principalities fragmented their land. The emperor was respected by the company, who provided him with a pension. The emperor permitted the company to collect taxes from Delhi and maintain a military force in it.Zafar never had any interest in statecraft or had any "imperial ambition". After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British exiled him from Delhi. <mask> <mask>ar. The court that he maintained was home to several renowned Urdu scholars, poets and writers including Mirza Ghalib, Daagh Dehlvi, Momin Khan Momin, and Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq (Who was also <mask> shah Zafar's Mentor). After Zafar's defeat, he said:
Ghaziyoñ meñ bū rahegī jab talak imān kī
As long as there remains the scent of Iman in the hearts of our Ghazis,

Takht-e-Landan tak chalegī tegh Hindostān kī. so long shall the sword of Hindustan flash before the throne of London.Rebellion of 1857

As the Indian Rebellion of 1857 spread, Sepoy regiments reached the Mughal Court at Delhi. Because of Zafar's neutral views on religions, many Indian kings and regiments accepted and declared him as the Emperor of India. On 12 May 1857, Zafar held his first formal audience in several years. It was attended by several sepoys who were described as treating him "familiarly or disrespectfully". When the sepoys first arrived at <mask> <mask>'s court, he asked them why they had come to him, because he had no means of maintaining

masks:
Bahadur Shah
Zafaraf
Bahadur
Bahadur Shah
Zafar


title: Bahadur Shah Zafar

texts: them. <mask> <mask>'s conduct was indecisive. However, he yielded to the demands of the sepoys when he was told that they would not be able to win against the East India Company without him.On 16 May, sepoys and palace servants killed fifty-two Europeans who were prisoners of the palace and who were discovered hiding in the city. The executions took place under a peepul tree in front of the palace, despite Zafar's protests. The aim of the executioners who were not the supporters of Zafar was to implicate him in the killings. Once he had joined them, <mask> II took ownership for all the actions of the mutineers. Though dismayed by the looting and disorder, he gave his public support to the rebellion. It was later believed that <mask> was not directly responsible for the massacre, but that he may have been able to prevent it, and he was therefore considered a consenting party during his trial. The administration of the city and its new occupying army was described as "chaotic and troublesome", which functioned "haphazardly".The Emperor nominated his eldest son, Mirza Mughal, as the commander in chief of his forces. However, Mirza Mughal had little military experience and was rejected by the sepoys. The sepoys did not have any commander since each regiment refused to accept orders from someone other than their own officers. Mirza Mughal's administration extended no further than the city. Outside Gujjar herders began levying their own tolls on traffic, and it became increasingly difficult to feed the city. During the Siege of Delhi when the victory

masks:
Bahadur Shah
Zafar
Bahadur Shah
Bahadur Shah


title: Bahadur Shah Zafar

texts:
 of the British became certain, Zafar took refuge at Humayun's Tomb, in an area that was then at the outskirts of Delhi. Company forces led by Major William Hodson surrounded the tomb and Zafar was captured on 20 September 1857.The next day, Hodson shot his sons Mirza Mughal and Mirza Khizr Sultan, and grandson Mirza Abu Bakht under his own authority at the Khooni Darwaza, near the Delhi Gate and declared Delhi to be captured. <mask> himself was taken to his wife's haveli, where he was treated disrespectfully by his captors. When brought news of the executions of his sons and grandson, the former emperor was described as being so shocked and depressed that he was unable to react. Trial

The trial was a consequence of the Sepoy Mutiny and lasted for 21 days, had 19 hearings, 21 witnesses and over a hundred documents in Persian and Urdu, with their English translations, were produced in the court. At first the trial was suggested to be held at Calcutta, the place where Directors of East India company used to their sittings in connection with their commercial pursuits. But instead, Red Fort in Delhi was selected for the trial. It was the first case to be tried at the Red Fort.<mask> was tried and charged on four counts:

On the 20th day of the trial <mask> II defended himself against these charges. <mask>, in his defense, stated his complete haplessness before the will of the sepoys. The sepoys apparently used to affix his seal on empty envelopes, the contents of which he was absolutely unaware. While the emperor may have been overstating his


title: Bahadur Shah Zafar

texts:
 impotence before the sepoys, the fact remains that the sepoys had felt powerful enough to dictate terms to anybody. The eighty-two-year old poet-king was harassed by the mutineers and was neither inclined to nor capable of providing any real leadership. Despite this, he was the primary accused in the trial for the rebellion. Hakim Ahsanullah Khan, Zafar's most trusted confidant and both his Prime Minister and personal physician, had insisted that Zafar did not involve himself in the rebellion and had surrendered himself to the British.But when <mask> ultimately did this, Hakim Ahsanullah Khan betrayed him by providing evidence against him at the trial in return for a pardon for himself. Respecting Hodson's guarantee on his surrender, <mask> was not sentenced to death but exiled to Rangoon, Burma. His wife Zeenat Mahal and some of the remaining members of the family accompanied him. At 4 am on 7 October 1858, <mask> along with his wives, two remaining sons began his journey towards Rangoon in bullock carts escorted by 9th Lancers under command of Lieutenant Ommaney. Death

In 1862, at the age of 87, he had reportedly acquired some illness. In October, his condition deteriorated. He was "spoon-fed on broth" but he found that difficult too by 3 November.On 6 November, the British Commissioner H.N. Davies recorded that <mask> "is evidently sinking from pure desuetude and paralysis in the region of his throat". To prepare for his death Davies commanded for the collection of lime and bricks and a spot was selected at the "back of Zafar's enclosure"

masks: Zafar Zafar Zafar Zafar


title: Bahadur Shah Zafar

texts:
 for his burial. Zafar died on Friday, 7 November 1862 at 5 am. Zafar was buried at 4 pm near the Shwedagon Pagoda at 6 Ziwaka Road, near the intersection with Shwedagon Pagoda road, Yangon. The shrine of <mask> Shah Zafar Dargah was built there after recovery of its tomb on 16 February 1991. Davies commenting on Zafar, described his life to be "very uncertain".Family and descendants

<mask> <mask> had four wives and numerous concubines. His wives were:

Begum Ashraf Mahal
Begum Akhtar Mahal
Begum Zeenat Mahal
Begum Taj Mahal

He had twenty two sons including:

Mirza Dara Bakht Miran <mask> (1790–1841)
Mirza Muhammed <mask> <mask>
Mirza Kayumar Bahadur
Mirza Fath-ul-Mulk <mask> (alias Mirza Fakhru) (1816–1856)
Mirza Muhammad Quwaish <mask> Mughal (1817–1857)
Mirza Farkhanda <mask>
Mirza Khizr Sultan (1834–1857)
Mirza Bakhtavar <mask> Bahadur
Mirza Sohrab Hindi Bahadur
Mirza Abu Nasr
Mirza Muhammad <mask> Abdullah
Mirza Kuchak Sultan
Mirza Abu Bakr (1837–1857)
Mirza Jawan Bakht (1841–1884)
<mask> Abbas (1845–1910)
He had at least thirty-two daughters including:

Rabeya Begum
Begum Fatima Sultan
Kulsum Zamani Begum
Raunaq Zamani Begum (possibly a granddaughter, d. 1930)

Many individuals claim to be descendants of <mask> <mask>, living in places throughout India, such as Hyderabad, Aurangabad, Delhi, Bhopal, Kolkata, Bihar, and Bangalore. However, the claims are often disputed. Religious beliefs

<mask> <mask> was a devout Sufi. He was regarded as a Sufi Pir and used to accept murids or pupils. The newspaper Delhi Urdu Akhbaar described him as

masks:
Bahadur
Bahadur Shah
Zafar
Shah
Shahrukh
Bahadur
Bahadur
Bahadur Mirza
Shah Bahadur
Shah
Bahadur Mirza
Mirza Shah
Bahadur Shah
Zafar
Bahadur Shah
Zafar


title: Bahadur Shah Zafar

texts:
 and camels, buried eggs and arrested alleged black magicians, and wore a ring that cured for his indigestion. He also donated cows to the poor, elephants to the Sufi shrines and horses to the khadims or clergy of Jama Masjid. In one of his verses, Zafar explicitly stated that both Hinduism and Islam shared the same essence.This philosophy was implemented by his court which embodied a multicultural composite Hindu-Islamic Mughal culture. Epitaph

He was a prolific Urdu poet and calligrapher. He wrote the following Ghazal (Video search) as his own epitaph. In his book, The Last Mughal, William Dalrymple states that, according to Lahore scholar Imran Khan, the beginning of the verse, umr-e-darāz māńg ke ("I asked for a long life") was not written by Zafar, and does not appear in any of the works published during Zafar's lifetime. The verse was allegedly written by Simab Akbarabadi. In popular culture

Zafar was portrayed in the play 1857: Ek Safarnama set during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 by Javed Siddiqui. It was staged at Purana Qila, Delhi ramparts by Nadira Babbar and the National School of Drama repertory company in 2008.A Hindi-Urdu black-and-white movie, Lal Quila (1960), directed by Nanabhai Bhatt, showcased <mask> Zafar extensively. TV Serials and Films
A television show <mask> Zafar aired on Doordarshan in 1986. Ashok Kumar played the lead role in it. In 2001 Hindi historical drama series 1857 Kranti telecasted on DD National, the character of <mask> Zafar was played by noted actor S. M. Zaheer. In 2005 Hindi Movie Mangal Pandey: The

masks:
Bahadur Shah
Bahadur Shah
Bahadur Shah


title: Bahadur Shah Zafar

texts:
 Rising directed by Ketan Mehta, the character of <mask> Zafar was played by noted actor Habib Tanveer. See also

 List of Mughal Emperors
 Emperor/Empress of India
 List of Indian monarchs
 List of Urdu poets
 <mask>a Muhammad Hidayat Afshar, Ilahi Bakhsh Bahadur

References

Bibliography
Portrait of <mask> in 1840s The Delhi Book of Thomas Metcalfe

External links

 Extract of talk by Zafar's biographer William Dalrymple (British Library)
Poetry

<mask> <mask>ar Poetry
 Extracts from a book on <mask> Zafar, with details of exile and family
 <mask> <mask> Ghazals
 Links to further websites on <mask> <mask>
 Poetry on urdupoetry.com
Kalaam e Zafar – Select verses

Descendants

 BBC Report on <mask>'s possible descendants in Hyderabad

 Another article on <mask>'s descendants in Hyderabad
 An article on <mask>'s descendants in Kolkata
 Forgotten Empress: Sultana Beghum sells tea in Kolkata

Zafar
Zafar
Mughal emperors
Urdu-language poets
People from Delhi
Revolutionaries of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
Indian exiles
19th-century Indian people
Indian Sunni Muslims
19th-century Urdu-language writers
Urdu-language writers from British India
Urdu-language writers from Mughal

masks:
Bahadur Shah
Shahzad
Bahadur Shah
Bahadur Shah
Zafaraf
Bahadur Shah
Bahadur Shah
Zafar
Bahadur Shah
Zafar
Bahadur Shah
Bahadur Shah
Bahadur Shah


title: Joe Andrew (academic)

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>, 1 June 1948) is a British academic whose main research interests are 19th-century Russian literature, feminist approaches to literature, and women writers. <mask> is Professor of Russian Literature at Keele University. His publishing history includes 24 books (monographs, single authored research translations, single edited books, co-edited books, and co-translated books), 61 articles (single authored articles in refereed journals, single authored chapters in books, and co-authored chapters in books), 57 translations, and 58 reviews. Early life
<mask> was born in Derby, where he attended Bemrose School. He came from a non-intellectual, Roman Catholic, middle-class family. He won a Scholarship to study at University College, Oxford and, in 1969, he was awarded a First-Class Honours degree in Modern languages. In 1971, whilst researching the history of the Russian literary language at Wolfson College, Oxford, <mask> joined the recently formed 'Neo-Formalist Circle'.His membership of the Circle, and his interest in Russian formalism, has continued to the present- day. Academic career
<mask> was appointed Lecturer in Russian Studies at Keele University 1972. He became a Senior Lecturer in 1989 and Reader in 1993. In 1995, he was elevated to Professor. <mask>'s teaching has included courses on Anton Chekhov, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Nikolai Gogol, Mikhail Lermontov, Alexander Pushkin, Leo Tolstoy, Ivan Turgenev and women in

masks:
Joe Andrew
Joseph Matthew Andrew
Andrew
Joe Andrew
Andrew
Joe Andrew
Andrew


title: Joe Andrew (academic)

texts:
 Russian literature. He has delivered 70 invited lectures & conference papers all around the world. <mask>, and his departmental colleague Chris Pike, began organising the Neo-Formalist Circle from Keele University in the mid-1970s.This led to a "considerable consolidation of the Neo-Formalist Circle, to the extent that it is now very much a fixture on the British and international academic scenes" The Circle's twice-a-year journal 'Essays in Poetics' first appeared in April 1976 and was edited by <mask> and Pike. In 1990, Robert Reid replaced Pike as both the Circle's co-chair and the journal's joint editor. <mask> remained Chair and joint editor until 2006. During <mask>'s leadership of the Neo-Formalist Circle it has organised several special conferences, on literary figures such as Chekhov, Gogol, Platonov and Pushkin. These conferences have led to the publication of a number of edited volumes. Activities outside the academy
Until recently, <mask> has had a long history of involvement in Voluntary sector organisations set up to tackle Homelessness in North Staffordshire. From 1983 to 1991 he was on the voluntary Board of Management for Potteries Housing Association (a special needs housing charity which ran an emergency direct-access hostel in Hanley).He was a member of the North Staffs Homelessness Forum, the North Staffs Review Team for the Closure of DHSS Resettlement Units and the National Advisory Steering Group for the Closure

masks:
Joe Andrew
Andrew
Andrew
Andrew
Joe Andrew


title: Joe Andrew (academic)

texts:
 of DHSS Resettlement Units. He served as vice-chair (1986–89) and Chair (1989–92) of North Staffs Standing Conference on Homelessness. From 1987 to 2006, <mask> also served as the Chair of Committee of Resettlement Project North Staffs (which later became 'ARCH North Staffs), a Charitable organisation providing a range of services to vulnerable people. <mask> rediscovered his Catholicism after meeting his wife. He is a committed campaigner for CAFOD and an active lay Catholic. He and his wife Barbara live in Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent. Selected publications

Monographs
Writers & Society During the Rise of Russian Realism, (Macmillan, 1980), xv + 190pp.Russian Writers & Society in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century, (Macmillan, 1982), xvii+ 238 pp. Women in Russian Literature: 1780–1863, (Macmillan, 1988),206 pp. Narrative & Desire in Russian Literature, 1822–1849: The Feminine and the Masculine (Macmillan 1993), viii + 257pp
Narrative, Space and Gender in Russian Fiction, 1846–1903, Rodopi, Amsterdam and New York, 2007, viii + 195 pp. Single Authored Research Translation
Russian Women's Shorter Fiction. An Anthology, 1835–1860 (translated and introduced, OUP, 1996), xvii + 469pp. Single Edited Books
The Structural Analysis of Russian Narrative Fiction, (EIP Publications, 1984) ed. & intro., xxix + 165 pp.Poetics of the Text: Essays to Celebrate Twenty Years of the Neo-Formalist Circle (ed., and intro., Rodopi, Amsterdam, 1992),

masks: Andrew Andrew


title: Glenn Hoddle

texts:
<mask> (born 27 October 1957) is an English former football player and manager. He currently works as a television pundit and commentator for ITV Sport and BT Sport. He played as a midfielder for Tottenham Hotspur, Monaco, Chelsea and Swindon Town and at international level for England. In 2007, he was inducted into the National Football Museum Hall of Fame, which cited him as one of the most gifted and creative English footballers of his generation, exhibiting "sublime balance and close control, unrivalled passing and vision and extraordinary shooting ability, both from open play and set pieces". He was also known for his tactical intelligence and work-rate. He has been manager of Swindon Town (earning promotion to the Premier League), Chelsea (taking them to the FA Cup final), Southampton, Tottenham Hotspur (reaching a League Cup final) and Wolverhampton Wanderers. He managed England to the second round of the 1998 FIFA World Cup, where they lost to Argentina on penalties.He was dismissed from the England job in 1999 for a newspaper interview in which he was widely interpreted as saying that disabled people are affected by karma from past lives. He said that his words were "misconstrued, misunderstood and misinterpreted" and that disabled people had his "overwhelming support, care, consideration and dedication". Early life
<mask> was born on 27 October 1957 in Hayes, Middlesex to <mask> and Teresa Roberts, Soon after, the family moved to Harlow, Essex. Teresa Roberts established herself within the local darts community as the mixed double's partner of the local legend Rod Kingham who was also from Harlow  He attended Burnt Mill School in Harlow. He

masks:
Glenn Hoddle
Hoddle
Derek Hoddle


title: Glenn Hoddle

texts:
 has been supporting Tottenham Hotspur since he was eight, and his favourite player was Martin Chivers. He first came to the attention of Spurs when Chivers and Ray Evans went to present prizes at a local school cup final and noticed the potential of the 11-year-old schoolboy, and on Chivers' recommendation he was invited to train with the club at Tottenham's practice ground in Cheshunt. At the age of 15, <mask> played for Harlow-based Sunday league club Longmans alongside his father.<mask>'s uncle, Dave, was part of the Stansted team that won the 1984 FA Vase. Playing career

Tottenham Hotspur

<mask> joined the club as a junior when he was 12, and signed for the club as an apprentice on 17 April 1974. He successfully overcame knee problems in his early teens and collected eight England Youth caps, the first of these on 18 March 1975 against Spain. He made his Spurs first-team debut as a 17-year-old substitute for Cyril Knowles against Norwich City on 30 August 1975, a game that ended 2–2. <mask> was forced to wait until 21 February 1976 to start a First Division match and immediately announced his arrival with the winning goal, a spectacular strike past Stoke City and England goalkeeper Peter Shilton. He flourished under the management of Keith Burkinshaw and despite the club's relegation to the Second Division in 1976–77 after 27 seasons of First Division football, a Hoddle-inspired Spurs side won promotion to the top flight at the first attempt. As Tottenham's transitional phase continued, <mask>'s international career began on 15 December 1976 in an Under-21 friendly fixture against Wales.He would collect another eleven caps at that level, and

masks: Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle


title: Glenn Hoddle

texts: play twice for the England 'B' team prior to scoring on his full international debut against Bulgaria on 22 November 1979. The 1979–80 campaign heralded the emergence of <mask> as a top-class player; the 22-year-old midfielder scored 19 goals in 41 league appearances and was awarded the PFA Young Player of the Year award at the end of the season. In 1981, he starred as Spurs won the FA Cup for the sixth time, defeating Manchester City after a replay. In the following season Tottenham retained the FA Cup (<mask> scored in both the Final and Final replay) against Queen's Park Rangers and finished the League campaign in fourth place, the club's best league position since 1971. <mask> performed as the midfield fulcrum in many of these successes and also contributed magnificently as the team reached the final of the League Cup, losing 3–1 to Liverpool, and the semi-final stage of the European Cup Winners Cup. During the summer of 1982, <mask> played in two of England's matches in the opening group phase of the FIFA World Cup, starting against Kuwait after a substitute appearance in a 2–0 victory over Czechoslovakia. <mask>'s involvement in the following three seasons was limited by a number of niggling injury problems (he started only 76 of a possible 126 league matches) but nevertheless, <mask> proved to be the architect behind the team's 1984 UEFA Cup triumph despite missing the Final due to fitness concerns.In October 1983, he helped Spurs win 6–2 on aggregate against a Feyenoord Rotterdam side containing Johan Cruyff. Cruyff was dismissive of <mask> before their first match, but after <mask>'s performance, Cruyff swapped shirts with <mask>  as a sign

masks: Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle


title: Glenn Hoddle

texts:
 of respect. Spurs came close to further honours in the next three seasons, reaching third place in the First Division and the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup in 1984–85 and another FA Cup Final in 1987, losing 3–2 to Coventry City, the only time the North London club has experienced defeat in the final of the famous knock-out competition. The unexpected loss to the Midlands side was <mask>'s last match for Spurs as newly appointed AS Monaco manager Arsène Wenger brought him to the principality for a fee of £750,000. Between 1975 and 1987, the gifted playmaker scored 110 goals in 490 first-team matches in all competitions, only four players (Steve Perryman, Pat Jennings, Gary Mabbutt and Cyril Knowles) have made more appearances in a Spurs shirt. At international level, <mask> won 44 caps for England during his Tottenham career. AS Monaco
Hoddle announced in 1987 that he would be leaving Tottenham Hotspur at the end of the season to pursue a career overseas where his style of play would be appreciated by continental managers and supporters, and to play European level football with English clubs banned after the Heysel disaster.He joined AS Monaco alongside George Weah and fellow Englishman Mark Hateley and immediately inspired the club to the 1988 Ligue 1 championship, its first league title in six seasons. <mask> was voted the Best Foreign Player in French football and helped to guide the team to the quarter-finals of the European Cup in the 1988–89 campaign. Arsène Wenger, later the manager of Arsenal, was the coach who brought him to Monaco. However, a severe knee injury curtailed <mask>'s career at the highest level and in November 1990, the

masks: Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle


title: Glenn Hoddle

texts:
 33-year-old left the club by mutual consent, having helped to improve the standing of English footballers in foreign countries. During his three and a half-year spell in France, <mask> won a further nine England caps, making his international farewell against the Soviet Union in June 1988. He returned to England and signed for Chelsea on a non-contract basis to regain his fitness, leaving Stamford Bridge in March 1991 without playing a senior match to become player-manager of Swindon Town in the Second Division. England international career
<mask> made his debut alongside Kevin Reeves in England's Euro 80 qualifying tie against Bulgaria on 22 November 1979, scoring in a 2–0 win at Wembley.He scored in his third appearance against Australia on 31 May 1980 in a friendly in Sydney. His third goal came in his fifth appearance on 25 March 1981 in a game against Spain at Wembley, which England lost 2–1. He reached the 10-cap point of his career on 27 April 1982 in the British Home Championship clash with Wales in Cardiff, which England won 1–0. By this stage of his international career he had scored four goals. He was included in the 1982 and 1986 FIFA World Cup squads, and England reached the quarter-finals against Argentina in the latter. <mask> also featured prominently in the European Championship squads of 1980 and 1988, making his 53rd and final international appearance in the final group game of Euro 88, in a 3–1 defeat to the Soviet Union in West Germany. He had scored eight goals for the England senior side in a career stretching nine years, the last of his international goals coming on 23 April 1986 in a 2–1 friendly win over Scotland at

masks: Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle


title: Glenn Hoddle

texts:
 Wembley.Managerial career

Swindon Town
When <mask> arrived at Swindon in March 1991, the club was struggling in the aftermath of a financial scandal which had seen them stripped of promotion to the First Division at the end of the previous season, a controversy which had negatively impacted the team's league form as they had been forced to sell several key players including midfielder Alan McLoughlin. <mask> prevented Swindon from slipping into the Third Division and further improvement throughout the 1991–92 season saw the Wiltshire club finish in eighth place, just missing out on a play-off place. They had briefly led the table in October. Swindon reached the playoffs of the rebranded Division One in 1993 and beat Leicester City 4–3 at Wembley, and were then promoted to the Premier League. <mask> scored Swindon's first goal of the final. By the time he guided Swindon to promotion, <mask> was already been linked with managerial vacancies at bigger clubs. Just days after guiding Swindon to promotion, he accepted the offer to manage Chelsea and was succeeded at Swindon by his assistant John Gorman, who had been widely expected to follow him to Stamford Bridge.Chelsea
In June 1993, <mask> became player-manager of Chelsea. His assistant at Chelsea was the former Tottenham manager Peter Shreeves, and they reached the FA Cup final in <mask>'s first season, where they lost 4–0 to Manchester United. But United had done the double, and consolation for their failure to win the trophy came in the form of a European Cup Winners' Cup place - Chelsea's first European campaign for more than 20 years. Chelsea finished 14th in the league that season, memorably

masks: Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle


title: Glenn Hoddle

texts:
 managing to inflict two of just four league defeats on the double winners that season, winning 1–0 at Stamford Bridge in September and 1–0 at Old Trafford in March, with Gavin Peacock scoring both times. Chelsea reached the semi-finals of the European Cup Winners' competition in 1994–95 and lost by a single goal to Real Zaragoza, who went on to beat Arsenal in the final. <mask> guided Chelsea to the FA Cup Semi-finals in 1995–96, but was unable to take them beyond 11th place in the Premiership – they had occupied this final position three times in four years. He did establish them as a force in cup competitions and made them capable of attracting top-class players – such as Ruud Gullit – to the club.Other notable signings were Mark Hughes, Dan Petrescu, Gavin Peacock, David Rocastle and Mark Stein. England
Hoddle's three-year reign at Chelsea came to an end in the summer of 1996, after he had accepted the offer to manage the England national football team in place of Terry Venables after England's Euro 96 campaign, where they finished as semi-finalists as the host nation. He guided England to qualification for the 1998 World Cup, securing the team's automatic qualification with a 0–0 draw in Rome against Italy. He later caused controversy by omitting Paul Gascoigne from the squad and installing supposed faith healer Eileen Drewery as part of the England coaching staff, which led to the team being dubbed "The Hod Squad". They reached the second round of the 1998 tournament, losing on penalties to Argentina. <mask> came under criticism after a disappointing start to the Euro 2000 qualifying campaign, leading to speculation that he would be sacked -

masks: Hoddle Hoddle


title: Glenn Hoddle

texts:
 particularly if England failed to qualify. However, <mask>'s 60% win rate during his spell as manager is only bettered by Gareth Southgate, Sir Alf Ramsey, Fabio Capello and Sam Allardyce.Dismissal from England job

On 30 January 1999, with the England team preparing for Euro 2000, and amidst the fall-out from the previous season's World Cup, <mask> gave an interview to Matt Dickinson of The Times newspaper in an attempt to defend himself against his critics (over issues such as Eileen Drewery and his ideology. ) and show a strong front for the remainder of the qualifiers. Dickinson's interview reported that <mask> had a "controversial belief that the disabled, and others, are being punished for sins in a former life." <mask>'s comments were criticised by several politicians including Sports Minister Tony Banks and Prime Minister Tony Blair. Public opinion, based upon the immediate media furore resulted in (according to one BBC poll) 90% of respondents believing <mask> should not continue as England manager. The BBC survey showed that many considered his comments insensitive to disabled people, but others defended his right to express his religious beliefs by claiming that to sack him would constitute religious discrimination. <mask> said that he was unwilling to resign.He stated his words were misinterpreted and pointed out his contributions and commitment to organisations helping disabled people. The Football Association terminated <mask>'s contract on 2 February 1999, which was welcomed by representatives of disabled groups. The disabled rights campaigner Lord Ashley however, while criticising <mask>'s views, defended his right to express them,

masks: Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle Hoddle


title: Glenn Hoddle

texts:
 likening the campaign against <mask> to a "witchhunt" and considered <mask>'s dismissal "a sad day for British tolerance and freedom of speech" Some writers considered the remarks were used as a pretext to get rid of him, speculating that under most circumstances <mask> would likely have merely been reprimanded, but that the combination of the remarks, poor recent results, and rumoured discontent among the players was enough to cause the Football Association to terminate his contract. <mask> apologised for the offence that had been caused, stating it had never been his intention and continued to fundraise for disabled groups after being dismissed. Southampton
Hoddle was back in football within a year as Southampton manager, succeeding Dave Jones, who had been suspended to concentrate on clearing his name in connection with child abuse charges. Although these allegations were later found to be false, Jones was not reinstated and <mask> continued as Southampton's manager, having arrived on the South Coast in January 2000. <mask> kept the Saints in the Premier League with a 15th-place finish, but left in March 2001 to return to Tottenham as manager.Southampton were on course for a 10th-place finish – their highest since 1995 – when <mask> left. Tottenham Hotspur
<mask> was appointed manager of Tottenham in March 2001 with John Gorman as his assistant, following the sacking of George Graham. His first match in charge was the FA Cup semi-final against north London rivals Arsenal which Spurs lost 2–1. The following year, Tottenham reached the League Cup final in February 2002; after winning 5–1 against <mask>'s former club Chelsea in the semi-final second


title: Glenn Hoddle

texts:
 leg, Spurs were the favourites but they lost 2–1 to Blackburn Rovers. The club's promising early season form (which saw <mask> voted Premier League Manager of the Month for October 2001) dwindled away and they finished ninth in the Premiership. Spurs began the 2002–03 season in fine form and <mask> was named Premiership Manager of the Month for August 2002 after they ended the month top of the league. They finished in a disappointing 10th place at the end of the season.The pressure began to build up on <mask> and he was sacked in September 2003 after a slow start to the season, in which the team picked up just four points from their opening six league games. His final game in charge was a 3–1 loss to his former side Southampton. Wolverhampton Wanderers
Hoddle was linked with a return to Southampton in March 2004, but opposition from supporters meant chairman Rupert Lowe pursued alternative targets and ultimately selected Paul Sturrock instead. Instead he returned to management on 7 December 2004 with Wolverhampton Wanderers, again succeeding Dave Jones. Wolves lost only one of their remaining 25 games but failed to reach the play-offs because 15 of those games had been draws. In the 2005–06 season, drawing too many games again cost Wolves a top-six finish, with the club drawing 19 of their 46 league games. Wolves finished seventh, eight points off the playoffs.Wolves fans turned against <mask> and there were chants against him during the last home game of the season against Watford. The board kept faith with <mask>, but he stepped down on 1 July 2006, stating differing expectations between himself and the club as the reason for his departure. In his


title: Glenn Hoddle

texts:
 time with Wolverhampton Wanderers, the club drew 34 league games in his 76 games in charge, spanning over two seasons. Football academy
By January 2008, <mask> was attempting to raise the capital to form the Glenn Hoddle Academy based in Spain. The aim of the academy is to give another chance to young players released by football clubs in England to become professional players. Ikechi Anya was his first player at the academy to get a professional contract at a club, with Sevilla Atlético in Spain. In June 2011, it was announced that The Glenn Hoddle Academy had linked up with English Conference North side Hyde.The Academy had previously enjoyed a link with the Spanish fourth-tier side Jerez Industrial, providing their entire squad and coaches, but fell out in a dispute over cash. Management offers
<mask> said in December 2013 that he been offered a chance to return to management no less than 26 times in seven years, but commented that he would not return to management until his academy was able to run itself. In April 2014 he said he had come close to taking over from André Villas-Boas at Tottenham, before the job was given to Tim Sherwood. "I did have talks with Daniel Levy and the club," <mask> said. "He wanted a little bit of advice and a bit of a sounding board for himself. [I said] 'I am there for you if you want me to take it to the end of the season and then we will have a little look at it then, I would be prepared to do that'. I wouldn't do it for any other club for that short period of time.It was just that it is in my DNA. I have loved my time at other clubs, I really have, but being a Spurs supporter since I was eight, going there very


title: Glenn Hoddle

texts:
 young, it is in my blood." In August 2014, <mask> was appointed first team coach at Queens Park Rangers under Harry Redknapp. However, on 3 February 2015, Redknapp resigned, following which <mask> also left the club. In June 2016, after England's 2–1 loss to Iceland at Euro 2016 and manager Roy Hodgson's subsequent resignation, Harry Redknapp and Alan Shearer both put forward <mask> as a candidate for the job before Sam Allardyce was appointed. Media career
<mask> has done punditry work since his retirement from coaching. He has worked for ESPN, ITV Sport and BT Sport.<mask> began working with ESPN during Euro 2012 as a pundit. Since then, he has worked with ITV for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Euro 2016 and the 2018 World Cup. He also does punditry and co-commentary for BT Sport on their telecasts of the Premier League, FA Cup, Champions League and Europa League. Singing career
In May 1987, <mask> released the pop single "Diamond Lights'", which reached number 12 in the UK Singles Chart. It was a duet with his Spurs and England teammate Chris Waddle. The pair's follow up single 'It's Goodbye' only managed to reach 92 in the British charts. In 2021, <mask> appeared as a contestant on the second series of the British version of The Masked Singer, masked as the Grandfather Clock.He finished in 9th place. Personal life
In 1986, while on holiday in Israel, <mask> said that he had an experience which led him to become a born-again Christian. <mask> has been married twice, firstly to Christine Ann Stirling (1979–1998) and subsequently to Vanessa Colburn (2000–2015). He has three children with his first wife (Zara, Jamie and Zoe). In 1996, his younger brother,


title: Glenn Hoddle

texts:
 former footballer <mask>, overdosed on paracetamol, but recovered. In March 2008, <mask> died at the age of 40 after collapsing suddenly from a brain aneurysm. <mask> was reportedly "devastated" by the death of his brother.On 27 October 2018, his 61st birthday, <mask> suffered a cardiac arrest in a London TV studio and was taken to hospital for emergency heart surgery. The Guardian reported that he had been close to death and was saved by the actions of an employee at BT Sport, Simon Daniels, who knew how to use a defibrillator. On 23 November 2018, <mask> left St Bartholomew's Hospital to recuperate at home after his hospital treatment. In March 2021, <mask> said he was "devastated" when he heard the news that <mask> had died aged 65, describing him as "a lovely guy and a really good coach." Roeder worked as a coach under <mask> during his time as England manager. Career statistics

Honours
Source:

Player
Tottenham Hotspur
FA Cup: 1980–81, 1981–82
FA Charity Shield: 1981 (shared)
UEFA Cup: 1983–84

AS Monaco
Division 1: 1987–88

Individual
PFA Young Player of the Year: 1979–80
PFA Second Division Team of the Year: 1977–78
PFA First Division Team of the Year: 1979–80, 1981–82, 1983–84, 1985–86, 1986–87
PFA Team of the Century (1977–1996): 2007
Division 1 Foreign Player of the Year: 1987–88
English Football Hall of Fame Inductee: 2007

Player Manager
Swindon Town
Football League First Division play-offs: 1993

Chelsea
FA Cup runner-up: 1993–94

Manager
Tottenham Hotspur
Football League Cup runner-up: 2001–02

Individual
Premier League Manager of the Month: October 2001, August 2002

References

Bibliography

External links

<mask> quotes
Hoddle's

masks:
Carl Hoddle
Carl Hoddle
Glenn Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Hoddle
Glenn Roeder
Hoddle
Hoddle


title: Glenn Hoddle

texts:
 football academy
<mask> Collection at the National Football Collection
Stats at neilbrown.com
The Telegraph <mask> Factfile. 1957 births
Living people
English evangelicals
Sportspeople from Harlow
Footballers from Hayes, Hillingdon
English footballers
Association football midfielders
Tottenham Hotspur F.C.players
AS Monaco FC players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Chelsea F.C. players
UEFA Cup winning players
English Football League players
Ligue 1 players
Premier League players
Outfield association footballers who played in goal
England under-21 international footballers
England B international footballers
England international footballers
UEFA Euro 1980 players
1982 FIFA World Cup players
1986 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 1988 players
English expatriate footballers
English expatriate sportspeople in Monaco
Expatriate footballers in Monaco
Association football player-managers
English football managers
Swindon Town F.C. managers
Chelsea F.C. managers
England national football team managers
Southampton F.C. managers
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. managers
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.managers
English Football League managers
Premier League managers
1998 FIFA World Cup managers
English Football Hall of Fame inductees
English association football commentators
FA Cup Final

masks:
Glenn Hoddle
Glenn Hoddle


title: David Freud, Baron Freud

texts:
<mask>, <mask>, PC (born 24 June 1950) is a British politician, life peer and former investment banker who served as Minister for Welfare Reform from 2010 to 2016. Before he joined the Conservative Party, he was vice-chairman of investment banking at UBS and a government adviser on welfare reform. Early life and career
<mask> is the son of <mask> and a great-grandson of the physician and pioneering psychoanalyst <mask>. He was educated at Whitgift School, Croydon, and Merton College, Oxford, where he took a degree in Politics, Philosophy and Economics. After starting out at the Western Mail, <mask> worked at the Financial Times for eight years as a journalist. In 1983, <mask> was hired by the stockbroking firm then known as Rowe & Pitman. Later, he worked for S G Warburg, which was taken over by UBS.He was vice-chairman of investment banking at UBS before he retired. In 2006, <mask> published his autobiographical book <mask> in the City which describes his life and work as a merchant banker in the City of London. Political career
In 2006, <mask> was asked by Tony Blair to review the UK's welfare-to-work system, with Blair having been impressed by <mask>'s raising of finance for Eurotunnel and EuroDisney while at UBS. However, many of <mask>'s ideas were not implemented because of objections made by Gordon Brown. <mask>'s 2007 report titled Reducing dependency, increasing opportunity: options for the future of welfare to work called for the greater use of private sector companies who would be paid by results, for substantial resources to be made available to help lone parents and people on Incapacity Benefit back into work, and for a single working-age benefit payment to replace

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David Anthony Freud
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Walter Freud
Sigmund Freud
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