title: Catherine Mulgrave

texts:
 missionary in her own right, <mask> became a Christian evangelist to the urban women population at Christiansborg. In 1848, she assembled girls and young women at Osu to form the first recorded group of the “Women’s Class” or “Women’s Fellowship” – a signature feature of the present-day Presbyterian Church of Ghana called the Presbyterian Women's Fellowship. The 1848 gathering was to learn more about Christianity, the sharing or exchange of spirituality and sisterhood of the faith. This women's fellowship was a model borrowed from the Moravian Church in Jamaica as believers of the denomination there referred to one another as brethren, which encompassed the sisterhood. The Moravians in Jamaica also practised an organisation of choirs or units in which Christian-based education was promulgated. Personal life

In 1842, when the Basel Mission recruitment team visited Jamaica, Americo-Liberian, George Peter Thompson fell in love with the then 16-year old <mask>.Born in 1819, Thompson was orphaned as a child, he was taken to Europe by the Basel missionary, the Rev. J. F. Sessing. He was raised in a Beuggen mission house in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, from where the Pietist movement originated. Thompson had been educated as a mission assistant in Basel Mission training school and seminary in Basel, Switzerland. Upon the recommendation of the Moravian mission and the tacit approval of the Basel mission, Mulgrave though initially undecided accepted Thompson's proposal. It is on record that her patroness, Lady Mulgrave, who she was still in contact with, opposed to the union but before she could voice her concerns, the Basel team had already left for the Gold Coast, together with the recruited Caribbean missionaries and

masks:
Catherine Mugrave
Catherine Mugrave


title: Catherine Mulgrave

type: original

texts: <mask> who had then married Thompson on 11 December 1842. <mask> had suffered a miscarriage on the voyage from the West Indies to Africa.Thompson and Mulgrave had their first child, a girl named Rosina in 1844. In 1846, she gave birth to her second child, a son baptised George. In December 1846, it was disclosed through mutual surveillance by another Basel missionary that Mulgrave's husband, Thompson was having multiple extra-marital affairs, allegedly with the schoolgirls at Mulgrave's institution and also with Ga-Dangme women at Christiansborg. Thompson had also become haughty and an alcoholic. The scandal was a huge embarrassment to <mask>. Thompson was effectively put on probation as a missionary for approximately 18 months and was stripped of his position as a schoolmaster at Salem and transferred to Akropong, under close supervision by Basel missionaries, Widmann, Roes, Dieterle, Mohr and others. Meanwhile, Mulgrave stayed on the coast where she continued to run the school and raise their two children.The Inspector of the Basel Mission, Wilhelm Hoffmann wrote to Mulgrave in 1847 to inquire about Thompson's lapses, to which she elicited sympathy for her husband, in spite of his infidelity. Thompson had another affair which was discovered in June 1849. After much probing, Thompson admitted to these affairs which violated his Basel Mission contract. He wrote his statement in the mission house, witnessed the Basel missionary Johannes Stanger. Thompson and Mulgrave officially divorced on 10 July 1849, in the presence of a Danish colonial government official. In the legal documentation for separation, it was recorded that she first filed for divorce and as stipulated by the mission won full custody of the

masks:
Mulgrave
Catherine Mugrave
Catherine Mugrave


title: Catherine Mulgrave

texts:
 children and could remarry if she desired. In the event of her death, the mission would take care of her children.As a single mother with young children to feed, she found it difficult to live on her meagre teacher's salary as her ex-husband had been expelled from the mission and had left the Gold Coast. The Basel missionaries on the Gold Coast petitioned the Home Committee on her behalf, detailing her financial difficulties and requesting for debt forgiveness for unpaid loans from the mission, relating to essential needs for her children. She wrote to the newly appointed Basel Inspector, Joseph Josenhans on 28 February 1850 asking him to intercede on her behalf, as the dissolution of her marriage had caused pain and distress in her heart. Ten months later in December 1850, she wrote a follow-up letter to the Inspector about her continuing financial challenges. A month earlier in November 1850, Josenhans wrote to the missionary Dieterle, stating his openness to Mulgrave marrying one of the unmarried European Basel missionaries, though he knew the Home Committee forbade such a union. In the letter, he also extolled Mulgrave's “gifted mind” and “decided piety.”

According to the German church historian and Lutheran pastor, Ulrike Sill, it is probable Mulgrave contemplated leaving the Basel Mission for the Wesleyan Methodist mission for higher pay. After her divorce, a Wesleyan Methodist missionary, possibly Henry Wharton, had expressed interest in <mask>lgrave through the missionary Johannes Stanger.Stanger discouraged the potential union, citing its possibility to generate malicious gossip. Stanger also wrote to the Home Committee on 10 October 1850, suggesting remarriage for Mulgrave. The European


title: Catherine Mulgrave

texts: bachelor-missionaries living on the Gold Coast at the time included Akropong-based Johann Adam Mader as well as Wilhelm Locher and Johannes Zimmermann in Christiansborg. A resident on the Gold Coast since April 1850, Zimmermann was a linguist who was instrumental in the translation of the Bible into the Ga language. He had been critically ill shortly after his arrival from acute dysentery before receiving treatment from a traditional healer. On 5 June 1851, Johannes Zimmermann married <mask>. The marriage had the support of other Basel missionaries living on the Gold Coast.The Mission Society in Basel was shocked and displeased by this marriage because Zimmermann had not consulted with the Home Committee. Facing possible expulsion from the Basel Mission for marrying a divorced African woman, Zimmermann bragged, "I am marrying Africa...well, the African liana has climbed the German oak tree." He was essentially prepared to face any consequence for a decision he considered immutable. As punishment for willfully breaching his contract, the Home Committee, suspended Zimmermann from his official post as a European missionary, and restricted his privilege of going on his annual leave home in Europe, a benefit of being an expatriate missionary. The original contract for all Basel missionaries, drafted by Inspector Johann Christoph Blumhardt in 1837, stipulated that after seminary training in Basel for only unmarried men, the new missionary had to prove himself in the field for two years before asking permission from the Basel board to get married. Thus, Zimmermann became a local missionary on the Gold Coast for the next twenty-two years. In 1852, Johannes Zimmermann set up catechist-training seminary at


title: Catherine Mulgrave

texts: Christiansborg she founded. She was later transferred to be a housemistress of a new girls’ boarding school in the same town. Upon the suggestion of Basel missionaries in Christiansborg, Mulgrave started a prayer meeting for women in Christiansborg in 1854.She also ran the missionary household which included her mentee, a Euro-African teacher, Regina Hesse and Zimmermann's Euro-African linguist assistant as well as their children. As the household matriarch, she was lauded for her culinary skills, specialising in cuisine from the Gold Coast, Germany and Jamaica. They often invited their neighbours to their home to share her freshly baked pancakes. After the 1854 bombardment of Christiansborg by the H. M. S. Scourge, following the riots against the British poll tax ordinance, Zimmermann sought refuge at the Methodist mission house in Accra. Together with his family and students, he was evacuated to Abokobi, 15 miles (24 kilometres) inland from Accra where, with the assistance of another missionary, August Steinhauser, he set up a small Christian village community. At Abokobi, <mask> established a girls’ boarding school before staying briefly at Akropong. In 1858, the Zimmermann-Mulgrave household returned to Christiansborg and <mask> became a missionary wife again and resumed leading the weekly women's prayer meetings, usually held on Tuesday evening.<mask> gained respect from other missionary wives like Amalie Steinhauser who was on friendly terms with her. Mrs. Steinhauser had within that period lost her husband, the Basel missionary, August Steinhauser. <mask> and Amalie jointly paid regular house visits to women congregants of the church in Christiansborg. Mulgrave challenged the edict of two European

masks:
Catherine Mugrave
Catherine
Catherine Mugrave
Catherine


title: Catherine Mulgrave

texts:
 unmarried teachers who were co-heads at the girls’ boarding school, Wilhelmine Maurer and Katharina Ruedi who wanted to abolish the social system where pupils helped their teachers in doing household chores. In 1860, Mulgrave and her husband were posted to Odumase, where once again she started a girls’ boarding school. At Odumase, they lived in the heart of the town as they wanted to be closer to the indigenous people. Controversies
In 1871, the wife of missionary Klaiber died suddenly and <mask> was accused by the missionary of poisoning his wife.Another missionary, Weber also accused Zimmerman of financial irregularities, pertaining to disbursement of mission funds. Senior missionaries appointed by the Basel board exonerated them. From 1860s onwards, the Home Committee softened its stance and attempted to recall him for furlough in order to be re-socialised into European culture but like Jon Miller's “strategic deviant” concept, he rebuffed these calls. The Basel board felt he had become ‘too Africanised’ due to his marriage to Mulgrave and long stay on the Gold Coast. Life in Europe
In 1870s, <mask>'s husband began to have bouts of exhaustion and illness. In the spring of 1872, he went to Gerlingen with his whole family to recuperate for a year. On their return to the Gold Coast in 1873, they lived and worked at Abokobi until 1876, when they moved to Christiansborg.Shortly thereafter, Zimmermann fell ill again, and returned to Gerlingen, Germany with <mask> via Basel, Switzerland in September 1876, where he died at the end of the same year, on 13 December 1876, at the age of fifty-one. Accompanied by her three younger children, Mulgrave then returned to the Gold Coast in the spring of 1877 as a missionary

masks:
Catherine Mulgrave
Catherine
Catherine Mulgrave


title: Catherine Mulgrave

texts:
 widow and lived at Christiansborg, her longtime adopted home, until her death, fourteen years later, in 1891. Final years
She then permanently settled in Christiansborg where she continued to be active in women's evangelism and the women's class, visiting its members in their homes to share the Gospel. As a missionary, she witnessed the death-bed conversion and baptism of a former houseboy of Andreas Riis. Death and legacy
<mask> died of pneumonia in Christiansborg on 14 January 1891 and her body was buried at the Basel Mission Cemetery in Osu, Accra. Commenting on her pioneering role in women's empowerment through education and evangelisation in a largely patriarchal environment, the Gold Coast historian and Basel Mission pastor, Carl Christian Reindorf described her as “our spiritual mother.” Many of her pupils went on to become Christian wives to new African Christians who formed the nucleus of the emerging clergy and catechist class of the Gold Coast. Her second marriage also reflected the successful symbiosis of cultures, in this case, African-Caribbean and European, as well as religious traditions, Pietist and Jamaican Moravian which created a “golden bridge” for intercultural relations, in spite of a rigid or absolute system that separated the living arrangements of the two groups in nineteenth century colonial Ghana.References

1827 births
1891 deaths
Afro-Jamaican
Christian missionaries in Africa
Deaths from pneumonia in Ghana
Female Christian missionaries
Heads of schools in Ghana
Gold Coast (British colony) people
Jamaican Protestants
Jamaican Protestant missionaries
Jamaican people of the Moravian Church
Jamaican educators
Moravian Church missionaries
Protestant missionaries in Ghana
Women


title: Alexander Bashlachev

texts:
<mask> (; 27 May 1960 – 17 February 1988) was a Soviet poet, singer-songwriter and guitarist, a performer in Russian rock music, included in the 27 Club. Early life
<mask> was born in Cherepovets, Soviet Union, the son of <mask> and <mask>a. In 1977, <mask> graduated from Cherepovets High School in Cherepovets, and worked as a painter at the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant with his father. In 1978, he resigned from the plant to enroll at the Ural State University in Yekaterinburg (then called Sverdlovsk) as a journalism major. <mask> graduated in 1983. Career
In early 1983, <mask> wrote "Griboyedov Waltz", which was the first song he had written. Throughout the 1980s, <mask> wrote and composed music.After he graduated at the Ural State University, <mask> left Sverdlovsk and returned to Cherepovets, where he worked for a year with the newspaper The Communist. There, he wrote articles about the power plant, and, later, about cafés. In May 1984, <mask> attended the Leningrad Rock Festival in Leningrad. There, he bought an acoustic guitar which he had taught himself to play. In September, he played some of his songs at his friend Leonid Parfyonov's apartment in Leningrad. Over the years, he would play several flat concerts. It is worth noting that rock music was censored in Russia during the 1970s and the 1980s.To get around this, musicians played for small audiences at their homes or at the homes of their friends. These gatherings were called "kvartirniks". In October, <mask> met music journalist Artemy Troitsky, who invited <mask> to Moscow to write and compose music. In December 1984, <mask>

masks:
Alexander Nikolaevich Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Nikolai Bashlachev
Nellie Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev


title: Alexander Bashlachev

texts:
 settled in Leningrad. In March 1985, <mask> along with Yuri Shevchuk played at the Leningrad Rock Festival. The two performed before an audience of six hundred concertgoers at the Leningrad Veterinary Institute in Leningrad. A recording of this concert was released under the title of "Kochegarka".Officially a worker at a coal boiler station, popularly known as Kamchatka (it also served as an underground rock venue), <mask> became a member of the Leningrad Rock Club. In June 1987 he performed at the Leningrad Rock Festival for the second and final time, and was awarded there Nadezhda (Hope) prize. Death

Shortly before his death, <mask> had difficulties with writer's block, rarely writing new songs and tending to avoid performing old ones. His last song, entitled "Cherry", was written in August 1987. He also became more isolated as his depression grew more severe. On 17 February 1988, <mask> died after falling from the window of the ninth floor of an apartment on Kuznetsov Avenue in Leningrad. The most likely cause of his death, though unverified, was suicide.He was buried at the Kovalevskoye Cemetery in the Leningrad Oblast. <mask>'s son, Yegor, was born to his girlfriend Anastasia Rakhlina a few months after his death. Discography

 Time of Bells (1989) – recorded in January 1986 during the second of two single-day sessions at the apartment of the administrator at the Moscow Rock Laboratory, <mask>. <mask> sang 24 songs. Everything Will Be Fine (1990) – recorded in January 1986 during the first of two sessions. <mask> sang 24 songs. Third Capital (1990) – recorded on 30 May 1985, in

masks:
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev
Alexander Ageev
Bashlachev
Bashlachev


title: Alexander Bashlachev

texts: Leningrad in the home studio of .Taganka (1992) – recorded by Andrei Zachesov on 22 January 1986, in Taganka. Eternal Fasting (1994) – recorded in May 1986 in the studio of <mask>. Famously (1994) – recorded on 20 January 1986, in the home studio of <mask> (Moscow). VII (1994) — recorded by Oleg Kovriga at a concert at the home of Egor Egorov in Moscow on 14 January 1988, and at a home concert at the home of Marina Timasheva in Moscow on 29 January 1988. Entry is also known as "Last Concert". II (1996) — Recorded at the home of Marina Terganova and <mask> in Moscow on 14 April 1985. IV (1996) — Recorded by Oleg Zamovsky at his home in Vladimir in June 1986, Tatiana Nilova and Yuri Morozov in the studio of Radio House in Leningrad for the documentary, Petr Soldatenkov's studio in June 1987 and Igor Vasiliev's home in <mask> of Moscow on 20 January 1986.Kochegarka (1997) – underground concert with Yuri Shevchuk in Leningrad. Recorded on 18 March 1985. Moscow (1998) – recorded by Artemy Troitsky in Moscow on 20 October 1984, at the apartment of Sergei Ryzhenko. I (1998) – recorded at Viktor Alisov and Igor Vasiliev's home studio in Moscow on 17 to 19 September 1984, at a home concert at Cherepovets in the summer of 1984 and by Sergey Firsov at his home in Leningrad in September 1985. IV (1998) — recorded by Oleg at a concert at the home of Egor Egorov in Moscow on 4 October 1985. V (1998) — recorded by Igor Vasilyev at the house of <mask> in Moscow 20 January 1986, and by Mark Kopelev at a concert in Novosibirsk of Leningrad in December 1985 and July 1986. Chernobyl Loners at the Edge of the

masks:
Alexander Lipnitsky
Alexander Ageev
Alexander Nesmelov
Alexander Ageev
Alexander Ageev


title: Alexander Bashlachev

texts:
 World (1999) – recording made by Sergei Firsov 15 August 1986, on household equipment.Personnel: <mask> – vocals, lead guitar; Andrew Shatalin – bass guitar; Pavel Kondratenko – piano, and Sviatoslav Zaderiy – percussion. VI (2002) — 1, 2, 7 – recorded by Oleg at a concert in Moscow in October 1986. 3–6 – recorded by Boris Pereverzev at a home concert at Artemy Troitsky's apartment in Moscow on 15 January 1986. 8—11 — recorded by Oleg at the home of Egor Egorov in Moscow on 14 January 1988. 12, 13 — recorded by Kirill Kuvyrdin at his home in Moscow on 5 July 1987. 14 — recorded at the Mitki exhibition in Leningrad in July 1987; harmonica – Boris Grebenshchikov. 15–20 – recorded by Sergei Firsov at his home in Leningrad on 22 August 1986.References

External links

 <mask>
 <mask> (Some of his poems in English translation)

1960 births
1988 deaths
People from Cherepovets
Russian male poets
Russian rock guitarists
Russian male guitarists
Russian rock singers
Soviet poets
Soviet male writers
20th-century Russian male writers
Suicides in the Soviet Union
20th-century Russian singers
20th-century guitarists
20th-century Russian male singers
Ural State University alumni
Suicides by jumping in Russia
1988

masks:
Alexander Bashlachev
Alexander Bashlachev
Alexander Bashlachev


title: Lee Yong (politician)

texts:
<mask> (); born April 7, 1888 - died August 18, 1954) was a Korean Independence activist and politician, son of Yi Tjoune, famous for being Hague envoy. He used the pseudonym <mask>-song, avoiding oppression. Following the official proclamation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, he was appointed to the first Minister of Urban Management in the North Korean Cabinet led by Premier of North Korea, Kim Il-sung. Biography
Born in Bukcheong, South Hamgyong Province, the son of <mask> (李儁), famous for the Hague Secret Incident. He followed his father to Seoul and went to Boseong College, but when he heard that his father was self-determined, he dropped out of school. After the Japanese oppression made domestic activities difficult, he fled to Vladivostok in 1910. In August 1911, he went to the northeastern region of China and watched the secretary of the Korean People's Association of the Korean National Residents' Association.After graduating from the Zhejiang Physical Education School in Zhejiang Province, China, he graduated from the artillery department of the Army Military Academy in Zhejiang Province in 1918 and served as the 8th Regiment of the Zhejiang Province Army. did. In April 1919, he became a central member of the military division of the Shinmindan and the Korean Socialist Party held near Vladivostok. In 1920, he was appointed as the commander of the East Road by the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea to prepare for the construction of a military academy under the National Assembly of the Republic of Korea while striving to integrate anti-Japanese armed forces in North Korea. He also participated in the Battle of Bong-O-dong and the Battle of Cheongsan-ri in October. The Japanese troops defeated in the Bong-O-Dong battle and the Cheongsan-Ri Battle colluded with the miracles, manipulated the “Hunchun Incident” and dispatched enormous troops with it. In response to the Gando attacks that led to the Japanese military's great battles and massacres, it passed to Russian territory in late 1920s.In January 1921, the

masks:
Lee Yong
Lee Jong
Lee Joon


title: Lee Yong (politician)

texts:
 Manchuria and joined the Korea Communist Party Construction Preparation Committee. In May, as a member of the Communist Party's Yanbian Special District, he participated in the 'Gando May 30th Uprising' and subsequent anti-Japanese peasant movements, trying to form the Red Guard and Self-Defense Forces. From October to September 1931, he served as the head of the Communications Department of the Special Committee of the East China. In November of that year, he was arrested by the Japanese police at Joyangcheon and served in the Seodaemun Prison and was subject to residence restrictions in Bukcheong.In November 1936, he entered the Motherland Liberation Society in Bukcheong and undertook underground activities. In November 1944, he formed the Northeast People's Liberation and Politics Committee in Changchun and participated in reconnaissance activities against Japanese military facilities. North Korea
After liberation of Korea following the Surrender of Japan, <mask> served as the first chairman of the Bukcheong-gun until 1946. In June 1946, along with Li Guk-ro, they opposed the establishment of a single-government government in South Korea. In 1947, he served as a candidate for the New Democratic Party and then voluntarily went north to participate in the April 1948 Inter-Korean Conference. Following the formal proclamation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, he was appointed as the first  in the North Korean Cabinet led by Premier Kim Il-sung. Then, in December 1951, he was appointed to the Justice Minister, and in 1953 he became a minister without portfolio.<mask> passed away on August 18, 1954, was awarded the National Unification Prize in 1990, and is currently buried in the Patriotic Martyrs' Cemetery. The Ministry of Veterans Affairs in the South does not advocate the use of independent activists who participated in the North Korean government. References

Members of the Supreme People's Assembly
Workers' Party of Korea politicians
Korean communists
1888 births
1954 deaths
Government ministers of North Korea
People from South

masks:
Lee Yong
Lee Yong


title: Marina of Aguas Santas

texts:
Saint Mariña of Aguas Santas (Mariña of Ourense) (c.120–135 AD) is a virgin martyr associated with the town of Aguas Santas, in the province of Ourense. The story of her life as it has been preserved is a mixture of fact and fiction. There are two different legends concerning her. Legend
The traditional account of the life of Santa Marina points to the town of Xinzo de Limia as the place of her birth. At that time, the region of La Limia was a highly Romanized town (Forum Limicorum), through which the Vía Nova, which linked the towns of Bracara (Braga, Portugal) and Asturica (Astorga), passed. Her father, called Theudio or Teódulo, was a person of some importance; her mother, whose name is unknown, died in childbirth. Following the recommendations of the doctors, her father sought someone to be his daughter's nurse.He chose a woman named "Aya" from a farm in Pinnitus. The community was attended by the priest Teotimo. Educated by her nurse, within that community, she chose the Christian life and received baptism in the new faith, which causes an estrangement from her father Theudio, and his Roman views. She lived the ordinary life of a rural household, dedicated to farming and grazing. One day when she was about fifteen years old, while she was minding the cattle, in a place near the road, the young Roman prefect Olibrio saw her by chance and was attracted to the beautiful stranger. He wished to make her a wife, concubine or slave, depending on her social status. <mask> repeatedly refused his overtures and he decided


title: Marina of Aguas Santas

texts:
 to accuse her of being a Christian.She was imprisoned and subjected to various tortures. Since the Decree of Trajan was in force, the judges condemned her to die if she did not renounce her Christian beliefs. At the trial she neither denied her faith nor offered incense to the gods of Rome. She was condemned to death by beheading, as befitted a Roman citizen. She was taken to an open field the required distance from the town. When the executioner cut off her head, water flowed from where it touched the ground. Alternate account
She is also sometimes identified as one of nine sisters, including Quiteria and Liberata (Santa Librada) said to have been born in Braga, Portugal) to Lucius Catilius Severus, Roman governor of Gallaecia and Lusitania, and Calcia, his wife.Calcia, frightened that her husband would interpret this multiple birth as a sign of infidelity, ordered her servant Sila to drown the girls in the Miñor River. Instead, Sila, secretly a Christian, left Calcia's daughters in the care of several families. <mask> and her sisters were baptized by the Bishop of Braga Saint Ovidius (Ovidio) and brought up in the Christian faith. When they were twenty, they were accused of being Christians and brought before their father the governor. He recognized them as his own daughters, and asked them to renounce their faith, promising them luxuries. The sisters refused and were imprisoned. They managed to escape and were ultimately martyred for their faith.A spring of water gushed out of the spot where they were beheaded;


title: Marina of Aguas Santas

texts:
 the spot was called Aguas Santas ("Holy Waters"). Some versions combine both stories. Veneration

After the Edict of Milan (313), the burial site being near the Ribeira Sacra, it is probable that a group of anchorites or monks inhabited that place to preserve the memory of the saint and care for pilgrims to the martyr's tomb. Around the year 800, a cult began around the memory of Santa Marina that eventually resulted in the Romanesque edifice of the late of the twelfth century in Aguas Santas. The friar and historian Juan Muñoz de la Cueva was an ardent protector of the cult of <mask> of Aguas Santas, after consulting a manuscript by Fray Egidio de Zamora (13th century), who testified that the story of this saint was copied from a writing by the holy priest Teotimus, who is also cited by the Palencia breviary. <mask> would have suffered martyrdom in the vicinity of the city of Ourense, in the locality of Aguas Santas, where her remains are preserved in a church dedicated to her. The great diffusion of the cult is attested by the innumerable churches and sanctuaries dedicated to her in the dioceses of Galicia, Astorga and in others more distant, such as Cordoba and Seville.Baronius added her name to the Roman Martyrology of 1586, and since then her feast has been celebrated on July 18. The site remains a place of pilgrimage where the waters are believed to have healing properties. However, there is no reliable information about the time or life of <mask>. Her legend was sometimes also confused with that of Margaret of

masks: Marina Marina Marina


title: Marina of Aguas Santas

texts:
 Antioch, who was sometimes also called <mask>. She is no longer found in the present Roman Martyrology. Patronage
<mask> of Aguas Santas is the patron saint of Ourense. The Church of Santa Marina de Aguas Santas is located in the town of the same name, about 15km from Ourense, not far from Allariz.It is believed that her relics lie here. She is celebrated in Córdoba at the Parish of Santa Marina de Aguas Santas. A church is dedicated to her in Fernán Núñez. She is also the patron saint of the Portuguese parish of Santa Marinha e São Pedro da Afurada in Vila Nova de Gaia. In Spain she is celebrated in Aracaldo (Vizcaya), Escurial de la Sierra, El Collado, Villarcayo de Merindad de Castilla la Vieja, Villandiego, Castrillejo de la Olma, Magán, Fontihoyuelo, Cigales, Izagre, , Rabé de las Calzadas, Valverde de Mérida (Badajoz), and Buelna (Llanes-Asturies). In Galicia there is a great devotion to this saint and there are many parishes that venerate her, such as Carracedo, in the municipality of Caldas de Reyes; she is also the patron saint of the municipalities of Rubiá, Teo, Ginzo de Limia, Cambados, Las Nieves and Maroñas. In Asturias is the patron saint of the village of Andeyes and in Aragon in the chapel of Santa Marina in Estopiñán del Castillo In Seville capital, on San Luis street, is the Church of Santa Marina, built in the thirteenth century and Gothic-Mudejar style.References

119 births
139 deaths
2nd-century Christian saints
2nd-century Christian martyrs
Saints from Hispania
Ante-Nicene Christian female

masks: Marina Marina


title: Mieszko II Lambert

texts: <mask> (; c. 990 – 10/11 May 1034) was King of Poland from 1025 to 1031, and Duke from 1032 until his death. He was the second son of Bolesław I the Brave, but the eldest born from his third wife Emnilda of Lusatia. He was probably named after his paternal grandfather, <mask> I. His second name, <mask>, sometimes erroneously considered to be a nickname, was given to him as a reference to <mask>. However, it is also probable that the name was chosen after Bolesław's half-brother <mask>c. It is thought that the choice of this name for his son was an expression of warming relations between Bolesław I and his stepmother Oda of Haldensleben. He organized two devastating invasions of Saxony in 1028 and 1030.Then, <mask> <mask> ran a defensive war against Germany, Bohemia and the Kievan princes. <mask> II was forced to escape from the country in 1031 after an attack by Yaroslav I the Wise, who installed <mask>'s older half-brother Bezprym onto the Polish throne. <mask> II took refuge in Bohemia, where he was imprisoned by the Duke Oldrich. In 1032 he regained power in one of the three districts, then united the country, making good use of the remaining power structures. At this time, several Polish territorial acquisitions of his father were lost: Upper Lusatia (also known as ), part of Lower Lusatia, Red Ruthenia, the western and central parts of Upper Hungary (now Slovakia), and probably Moravia. <mask> <mask> was very well educated for the period. He was able to read and write, and knew both Greek and Latin.He is unjustly known as <mask> II  (the "Lazy," "Stagnant" or

masks:
Mieszko II Lambert
Mieszko
Lambert
Saint Lambert
Lambert Mieszkowi
Mieszko
II
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
II
Mieszko


title: Mieszko II Lambert

texts:
 "Slothful"). He received that epithet due to the unfortunate way his reign ended; but in the beginning he acted as a skillful and talented ruler. Early years

<mask> was a son of King Bolesław the Brave. Since <mask> II was politically active before his father's death, Bolesław appointed him as his successor. He participated mainly in German politics, both as a representative of his father and the commander of the Polish troops. In 1013, <mask> II went to Magdeburg, where he paid homage to Emperor Henry II. A few months later, Bolesław I paid homage in person.The real purpose of <mask> II's visit is unclear, especially since soon afterwards, his father paid homage to the Holy Roman Empire. Presumably, the young prince paid homage to Milsko, Lusatia and Moravia. The relevant treaty stipulated that it was only a personal tribute, not entailing any legal obligations. Another hypothesis assumes that the territories were transferred by Bolesław to him, and as a result made <mask> II a vassal of the Empire. The position of the young prince, at both the Polish and Imperial courts, became stronger in 1013 when he married Richeza, daughter of Count Palatine Ezzo of Lotharingia and niece of Emperor Otto III. Ezzo was a prince of considerable influence as a great leader of the opposition against Henry II. Through marriage with his daughter, <mask> II entered the circle of the Imperial family and became a person equal to, if not higher than the Emperor himself.Probably after the wedding, and in accordance with prevailing custom, Bolesław I the Brave gave a separate district

masks: Mieszko Mieszko Mieszko Mieszko Mieszko Mieszko


title: Mieszko II Lambert

texts: to <mask> II to rule: Kraków. One of his towns, Wawel (now part of the city), was chosen by the prince as his residence. In the year 1014, <mask> II was sent by his father to Bohemia as an emissary. He had to persuade Duke Oldřich to make an alliance against Emperor Henry II. The mission failed as Oldřich imprisoned <mask> II. He was released only after the intervention of the Emperor, who, despite the planned betrayal of Bolesław I, loyally acted on behalf of his vassal. As a result, <mask> II was sent to the Imperial court in Merseburg as a hostage.<mask> probably wanted to force the presence of Bolesław I in Merseburg and make him explain his actions. The plan failed however, because, under pressure from his relatives, the Emperor soon agreed to release <mask> II. A year later, <mask> <mask> stood at the head of Polish troops in the next war against the Emperor. The campaign was not favorable to Henry. His army needed over a month to reach the line of the Oder River, and once there, his troops encountered strong resistance led by <mask> II and his father. <mask> sent a delegation to the Polish rulers, in an effort to induce them to conclude a peace settlement. <mask> <mask> refused, and after the Emperor's failure to defeat his troops in battle, Henry decided to begin retreating to Dziadoszyce.The Polish prince went in pursuit, and inflicted heavy losses on the German army. When the Polish army advanced to Meissen, <mask> <mask> unsuccessfully tried to besiege the castle of his brother-in-law, Margrave Herman I (husband of his sister Regelinda). The fighting

masks:
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Henry II
Mieszko
Mieszko
II
Mieszko
Henry II
Mieszko
II
Mieszko
II


title: Mieszko II Lambert

texts:
 stopped in autumn and was resumed only in 1017 after the failure of peace talks. Imperial forces bypassed the main defensive site near Krosno Odrzańskie and besieged Niemcza. At the same time, at the head of ten legions, <mask> <mask> went to Moravia and planned an allied attack together with Bohemia against the Emperor. This action forced the Emperor to give up on any plan of a frontal attack. A year later, the Peace of Bautzen (30 January 1018) was concluded, with terms extremely favorable to the Polish side.Beginning in 1028, <mask> <mask> successfully waged war against the Holy Roman Empire. He was able to repel its invading army, and later even invaded Saxony. He allied Poland with Hungary, resulting  in a temporary Hungarian occupation of Vienna. This war was probably prompted by family connections of <mask> <mask>'s in Germany who opposed Emperor <mask>. Due to the death of Thietmar of Merseburg, the principal chronicler of that period, there is little information about <mask> II's life from 1018 until 1025, when he finally took over the government of Poland. Only Gallus Anonymus mentions the then Prince on the occasion of the description of his father's trip to Rus in 1018: "due to the fact that his son (...) <mask> wasn't considered yet capable of taking the government by himself, he established a regent among his family during his trip to Rus". This statement was probably the result of the complete ignorance of the chronicler, since in 1018, <mask> II was 28 years old and was already fully able to exercise power by himself.Kingship

Accession
King

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Mieszko
II
Mieszko
II
Mieszko
II
Conrad II
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko


title: Mieszko II Lambert

texts: Bolesław died on 17 June 1025. Six months later, on Christmas Day, <mask> II <mask> was crowned king of Poland by the archbishop of Gniezno, Hipolit, in the Gniezno Cathedral. Contemporary German chroniclers considered this to be an abuse of power on the part of the Archbishop, which was made necessary by the existing political situation. After his father's death, <mask> II inherited a vast territory, which in addition to Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, Silesia and Gdańsk Pomerania, also included Lusatia, Red Ruthenia and the territory of present-day Slovakia. Whether Moravia was still under his reign or was lost earlier is disputed. Once his solo reign had begun, as an important Central European ruler, he was now very important to the Holy Roman Empire. Later developments during his reign had their source in dynastic and familial issues.His older half-brother Bezprym was the son of the Hungarian princess Judith, Bolesław's second wife. <mask> II also had a younger full-brother, Otto. According to Slavonic custom, a father was expected to divide his legacy among all his sons. However, since Bolesław I did not wish to break up the kingdom, <mask> II's brothers received nothing from their father's legacy. As Bezprym was the oldest son, there were some who felt that he should have succeeded his father as king. Bezprym had, however, always been disliked by his father, as indicated by his name (the Piasts tended to give names such as Bolesław, <mask> and later Kazimierz, Władysław and emperors' names, such as Otto, Konrad (Conrad), and Henryk (Heinrich). Bezprym was

masks: Mieszko Lambert Mieszko Mieszko Mieszko Mieszko


title: Mieszko II Lambert

texts:
 rather a commoner's name, which implied that Bolesław did not wish Bezprym to succeed him).For that reason, Bezprym was sent to a monastery. According to some chroniclers, <mask> II expelled his two brothers from the country. Otto took refuge in Germany and Bezprym escaped to the Kievan Rus. Role in German conflict
In 1026, King <mask> of Germany went to Italy for his Imperial coronation. His absence increased the activity of the opposition centered around Dukes <mask> of Swabia and <mask> of Upper Lorraine. <mask>'s opponents conspired to acquire <mask>'s favor. Historical evidence of these efforts is in the prayer book sent to <mask> by Frederick's wife, Matilda of Swabia, around 1027.The volume is entitled: . In it, a miniature showed the Duchess presenting the Book to <mask> II while sitting on a throne. The gift was accompanied by a letter, wherein Matilda named him a distinguished king and a model for the spread of Christianity. Also written was praise of the merits of <mask> II in the building of new churches, as well his knowledge of Latin, very unusual in those times when Greek was more widely used. In this book are found the earliest records of the Kingdom of Poland: neumes at the margins of the sequence Ad célèbres rex celica. The gift caused the expected effect, and <mask> II promised to take military action. The preparations for the war began in the autumn of 1027.In the middle of that year, <mask> returned to Germany and began to fight the rebels. Soon, he defeated Duke Ernest II, depriving him of his lands. Only when the rebel fight was nearly lost

masks:
Mieszko
Conrad II
Ernest II
Frederick II
Conrad II
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Conrad II


title: Mieszko II Lambert

texts:
 did <mask> <mask> arrive to their aid. In 1028, Polish troops invaded Saxony and took a number of prisoners. The devastation was so great that, according to Saxon sources, "where <mask> II's troops put their feet grass never thence grew". The Emperor accused the Polish ruler of an illegal coronation as King and declared him a usurper. This invasion involved the lands of the Lutici tribe.In October 1028, the Emperor's opportunity came as the Lutici district of Pöhlde asked the Emperor to defend against the attacks of <mask> II, promising support in the fight against the Polish ruler. Retaliatory expeditions
Despite the treaty which secured peace between Poland and Germany, the Emperor soon armed a retaliatory expedition against <mask> II. <mask>'s army arrived to Lusatia in the autumn of 1029 and began the siege of Bautzen, but the German troops did not receive the promised support of the Lutici tribe and the expedition failed. Threatened by the Hungarians, the Emperor was forced to retreat. Probably in this same year, the son of Oldřich, Bretislaus I, attacked and took Moravia. In 1030, <mask> <mask> secured an alliance with Hungary and once again invaded Saxony. In the meanwhile, his southern ally attacked Bavaria and temporarily occupied Vienna.In response, the Emperor organized another expedition against the Polish king, this time by organizing a coalition against <mask> II. Already in 1030, Yaroslav I the Wise began the offensive and conquered Red Ruthenia and some Bełz castles. In 1031, the Emperor concluded a peace with the Kingdom of Hungary. Probably in

masks:
Mieszko
II
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Conrad II
Mieszko
II
Mieszko


title: Mieszko II Lambert

texts:
 exchange for Stephen I's support, <mask> ceded to Hungary the territories between the Leitha and Fischa Rivers. Now that the Emperor was less concerned about an attack from the south, in the autumn of 1031, he went on the offensive against Poland and besieged Milsko. The offensive ended with a complete success, and <mask> <mask> was forced to surrender some lands. As a result, the Polish King lost portions of the lands taken by his father, who warred often against Emperor Henry II.Deposition and division
Historians estimate that the reason for the rapid capitulation of <mask> II was the bad internal situation in the country. Bolesław left an unstable kingdom to his son, who had to defend his autonomy and position amongst neighboring rulers. Also, the cost of <mask> II's extensive war against Emperor Conrad II caused his popularity to decline among his subjects, despite the fact that during the invasion of Saxony the King only defended their territory. Furthermore, the final loss of the war against the Holy Roman Empire weakened the position of the King, who had to face several rebellions from the opposition, who claimed that the previous war did not produce the expected benefits. An additional problem was a dynastic crisis: <mask> II's brothers continued their attempts to gain power with the help of foreign forces. The brother who caused the first problems to <mask> II was most likely Bezprym, who allegedly won the alliance of Kiev in order to take power with the support of Otto. When <mask> II was busy defending Lusatia from the troops of Conrad II, the Kievan

masks:
Conrad II
Mieszko
II
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko


title: Mieszko II Lambert

texts: expedition came from the east with Yaroslav I the Wise as the leader.In 1031, Poland was invaded and then Bezprym was settled on the throne. <mask> <mask> and his family were forced to flee the country. Queen Richeza and her children found refuge in Germany. The King could not escape to Hungary because, during his travel, he was stopped by Rus' troops. King Stephen I of Hungary was not favorable to accepting him in his country. Without alternatives, <mask> <mask> went to Bohemia. Duke Oldřich once again imprisoned him.This time, the King could not count on Imperial support. <mask> II was not only imprisoned but also castrated, which was to be a punishment to Bolesław I the Brave, who blinded Duke Boleslaus <mask> the Red (Oldřich's brother) thirty years before. <mask> II and his wife never reunited again; according to some sources, they were either officially divorced, or only separated. Bezprym probably made bloody persecutions against the followers of <mask> II. At the time, power was exercised in the face of mutiny by the people, an event known as the "Pagan Reaction". Having degraded the structure of power, the Duke's authority collapsed, and he was forced to send the Polish regalia to the Emperor. After only one year of reign, Bezprym was murdered (1032), probably at the instigation of his brothers.After the death of Bezprym, the Polish throne remained vacant. <mask> <mask> was still imprisoned in Bohemia and Otto probably in Germany. German sources report that the Emperor organized an expedition in order to invade Poland. It is unknown what happened after

masks: Mieszko II Mieszko II Mieszko III Mieszko Mieszko Mieszko II


title: Mieszko II Lambert

texts:
 this, but certainly <mask> II was released by Duke Oldřich and he could return to the country. After his recent opponent had regained power, the Emperor immediately reacted and began the preparations for the expedition against Poland. <mask> <mask> was not prepared for the confrontation, so he used his influence in the German court in order to resolve the conflict. On 7 July 1032, in Merseburg, a meeting took place between Conrad II and the surviving heirs of the Piast dynasty.Without alternatives, <mask> II was forced to surrender the crown and agreed to the division of Poland between him and the other two competitors: his brother Otto and a certain Dytryk () —his cousin, grandson of Duke <mask> I and his third wife, Oda von Haldensleben. <mask> <mask> probably received Lesser Poland and Masovia, Otto obtained Silesia, and Dytryk took Greater Poland. According to another hypothesis, <mask> II received Greater Poland, and other neighborhoods were given to Otto and Dytryk. Although the distribution was uncertain, this division was short-lived: in 1033, Otto was killed by one of his own men, and <mask> II took his domains. Shortly afterwards, he likely had Dytryk expelled and thus was able to reunite the whole country in his hands. <mask> II regained full power, but he still had to fight against the nobility and his own subjects. In Poland, his renunciation of the crown was disregarded, and after 1032, he was still called king in the chronicles.Death
<mask> II died suddenly on either 10 or 11 May 1034, probably in Poznań. The Polish chronicles clearly stated that

masks: Mieszko Mieszko II Mieszko Mieszko Mieszko II Mieszko Mieszko Mieszko Mieszko


title: Mieszko II Lambert

texts:
 he died of natural causes; the information given by the chronicles of Gottfried of Viterbo that he was murdered by the sword-bearer (Miecznik) refers in fact to Bezprym. He was buried in the Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul. After <mask> II's death, Poland's peasants revolted in a "pagan reaction." The exact reasons and date are unknown. <mask> II's only son and heir, Casimir I, was either expelled by this insurrection, or the insurrection was caused by the aristocracy's expulsion of him. Some modern historians argue that the insurrection was caused more by economic than by religious issues, such as new taxes for the Church and the militarization of the early Polish polity.Priests, monks and knights were killed; cities, churches and monasteries were burned. The chaos became still greater when, unexpectedly, the Czechs invaded Silesia and Greater Poland from the south (1039). The land became divided among local rulers, one of whom is known by name: Miecław, ruler of Masovia. Greater Poland was so devastated that it ceased to be the core of the Polish Kingdom. The capital was moved to Kraków, in Lesser Poland. Marriage and issue
In Merseburg ca. 1013, <mask> II married Richeza (b. bef.1000 – d. Saalfeld, 21 March 1063), daughter of Count Palatine Ezzo of Lotharingia. They had at least three children, possibly four:
Ryksa (b. 22 September 1013 – d. 21 May 1075), married by 1039/42 to King Béla I of Hungary. Casimir I the Restorer (b. 25 July 1016 – d. 19 March 1058). Gertruda (b. 1025 – d. Kiev, 4 January 1108), married by 1043 to Grand Prince Iziaslav I of

masks: Mieszko Mieszko Mieszko


title: Mieszko II Lambert

texts:
 Kiev.possibly Agatha, wife of Edward the Exile, whose origins are unknown. One theory that has been put forward is that she was the daughter of <mask> II and Richeza. See also
 History of Poland (966–1385)

Notes

|-

|-

990s births
1034 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
11th-century Polish monarchs
Polish Christians
Piast dynasty
Burials at Poznań Cathedral
11th-century Christians
Christian


title: Martin Marty (bishop)

texts:
<mask>  (Schwyz, Switzerland, January 12, 1834 – Saint Cloud, Minnesota, September 19, 1896) was a Swiss-born Benedictine missionary and bishop in the United States. He was the first Abbot of St. Meinrad Monastery in Indiana, the first vicar apostolic of Dakota Territory, where he ministered to the Lakota Sioux; and the second bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Cloud. His zeal for the Indian Missions earned him the title, "The Apostle of the Sioux". Early life
<mask> was born in the Canton Schwyz, Switzerland, on January 12, 1834, the son of a shoemaker and church sexton and his wife. Before the age of two, he severely burned his mouth and face in an accident when trying to drink from a bottle of acid in his father's shop. The acid caused swelling that nearly suffocated him; it left his face permanently disfigured. After graduating from the Jesuit-run gymnasium in his hometown, <mask> was granted a musical scholarship to the Jesuit college at Fribourg.There he heard about the work of Jesuit Father Pierre De Smet in western North America, and was inspired to work as a missionary among the American Indians. After the Sonderbund War of 1847, the Jesuit Order was expelled by Switzerland's Anti-Catholic government. The Benedictine Order worked to fill the ensuing educational vacuum. On December 21, 1847, young <mask> was enrolled at the Benedictine school attached to Einsiedeln Abbey. Monk and priest
After graduation, <mask> entered the novitiate at the age of 20; he took his final vows on May 29, 1855, taking the name Brother <mask>. He was ordained to the priesthood about a year later in 1856. In 1859, he was assigned a

masks:
Martin Marty
James Joseph Alois Marty
Marty
Marty
Marty
Martin Marty


title: Martin Marty (bishop)

texts:
 professorship of moral theology.United States of America
In 1860, Abbot Heinrich Schmid von Baar ordered the 26-year-old priest to take over responsibility for the Abbey's debt-ridden daughter house at St. Meinrad, Indiana. Although the assignment was intended to last only one year, <mask> proved so adept at building up the formerly failing monastery that Abbot Schmid von Baar decided that it was God's will for his young protégé to remain in America. When the conventual priory was established five years later, <mask> was selected as the first prior. On September 30, 1870, Saint Meinrad was upgraded to an independent Abbey by decree of Pope Pius IX. In January of the following year, Father <mask> was elected as its first Abbot. The investiture ceremony the following May was conducted by Bishop de Saint Palais of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Vincennes, Indiana and Abbot Boniface Wimmer of Latrobe, Pennsylvania. In 1875, Abbot <mask> instituted a change in the devotional practice of the St. Meinrad Abbey, substituting the Roman Breviary for the Benedictine Breviary.When this policy caused a major uproar, the dispute was referred to the Sacred Congregation of Rites in Rome. On March 9, 1876, word reached the Abbot that the Congregation had ruled against him and ordered him to reinstate the Traditional Breviary. Although Abbot <mask> immediately obeyed, he would always feel that he had undergone a "temporary defeat" in his dream of drawing the Benedictine Order closer to diocesan clergy, who used the Roman Breviary. His failure would leave him disheartened with life at St. Meinrad and anxious to obtain a new pastorate. During <mask>'s

masks:
Father Marty
Marty
Martin Marty
Martin
Marty
Marty


title: Martin Marty (bishop)

texts:
 tenure as Abbot, he initiated an agreement with the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad (LR&FS), which offered the Order land in Arkansas to establish a monastery and school to serve the German Catholic population the railroad was attracting to the region. The railroad had control of thousands of acres through government subsidies. It granted St. Meinrad Abbey    to establish a Benedictine monastery for monks and an additional  to found a monastery for Benedictine nuns.<mask> is credited with the founding of St. Benedict's Priory in Arkansas in 1878, with three monks from St. Meinrad Archabbey. An additional monk and eight candidates for the monastery came from Switzerland the following year. This monastery became independent in 1886, as a conventual priory, and in 1891 it was raised by the pope as an abbey, to be known as Subiaco Abbey. Dakota Territory
In July 1876, <mask> departed Indiana by steamer for Standing Rock in Dakota Territory, along the upper Missouri River, where he intended to found a Benedictine monastery to assist the Indian Missions. In August 1879, <mask> was appointed Vicar Apostolic of the Dakota Territory; after he
was consecrated bishop on February 1, 1880, he resigned the abbacy. Fintan Mundwiler succeeded him as Abbot of St. Meinrad. <mask> worked among the Lakota Sioux living on the Standing Rock Reservation.The Hunkpapa Dakota called him "Black Robe Lean Chief". The area was first under the jurisdiction of the Apostolic Vicariate of Nebraska. As the Dakota Territory had only 12 Catholic priests, <mask> actively recruited priests from the eastern U.S. and Europe. In 1880 <mask> persuaded Benedictine

masks: Marty Marty Marty Marty Marty Marty


title: Martin Marty (bishop)

texts:
 sisters from Missouri to assist him in ministering at Fort Yates, a center of Yankton Lakota. In 1884, he attended the Third Plenary council in Baltimore, Maryland. He served on the committee to establish the Catholic University of America, which was founded in Washington, DC, the capital. <mask> was appointed president of the Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions, which oversaw and encouraged efforts in the West.Legacy and honors
<mask>, South Dakota is named after the bishop. Mount Marty College in Yankton, South Dakota is also named for him. In his early years in Indiana, Bishop <mask> was a pastor of St. Mark's Parish in Perry County. He had blessed what is still the current church building there, and a portrait of him hangs in the church. In 2013 the parish held its 150th anniversary celebration. Bishop
In November 1889, he was installed as first bishop of the Diocese of Sioux Falls which, at that time, comprised all of the state of South Dakota. Upon his appointment to the Diocese of St.Cloud in 1895, Bishop <mask> was already quite ill. He died the following year at the age of sixty-two. Quote
 "Happy would I be if I could sacrifice for God what Custer threw away to the world." References

External links

 Bishop <mask> (in German)

1834 births
1896 deaths
Roman Catholic bishops of Sioux Falls
Roman Catholic bishops of Saint Cloud
19th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
People of Dakota Territory
Swiss emigrants to the United States
People from Spencer County, Indiana
People from St. Cloud, Minnesota
American Benedictines
Catholics from Indiana
Benedictine bishops
Roman Catholic missionaries in the United

masks:
Marty
Marty
Martin Marty
Marty
Martin Marty


title: Nosson Tzvi Finkel (Slabodka)

texts:
<mask>vi <mask> (, Sephardic/Israeli: Natan Tzvi; ; 1849–1927) was an influential Lithuanian Jewish leader of Orthodox Judaism in Eastern Europe and founder of the Slabodka yeshiva, in the town of Vilijampolė (a suburb of Kaunas). He is also known by the Yiddish appellation der Alter ("the Elder") and as the Alter of Slabodka. Many of his pupils were to become major leaders of Orthodox Judaism in the USA and Israel. Early years
<mask> was born in 1849 to <mask> and was orphaned at an early age, not much is known about his formative years. At a young age, he went to study at the Kelm Talmud Torah under Rabbi Simcha Zissel Ziv, "the Alter of Kelm." Philosophical approach
Despite his influence, he was an intensely private person. Yet, he personally oversaw the complete student body of the yeshiva.His motto was summed up in the words Gadlus HaAdam ("Greatness of Man"). He stressed the need for mussar (ethics), using works such as those of Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzatto, polishing the character traits of his students so that they would aspire to become gedolim - "great ones" in all areas of both scholarship, and personal ethics. He spent ten out of every twelve months with his students full-time, only returning to his wife for the Jewish holidays. He had special agents who would keep an eye out all over Europe for teenagers with an aptitude for both scholarship and leadership, recruiting them and bringing them back to Slobodka. He attained unusual success, and his students subsequently reflected that he was a master of the human psyche and knew just which psychological buttons to press to give direction to his students' lives. He

masks:
Nosson Tz
Finkel
Finkel
Reb Moshe Finkel


title: Nosson Tzvi Finkel (Slabodka)

texts:
 would monitor the extracurricular behavior of students, judging their character faults and strengths. He was responsible for deciding which boys would share rooms together, weighing the strengths of one against the other.Some were chosen to be his personal assistants. He stressed the importance of outer appearance and the need for neatness and cleanliness. He did not want the image of the poor, tattered, down-trodden yeshiva bochur (yeshiva student) to be associated with the alumni of his institution. The rabbinical and Talmudical graduates of the Slobodka Yeshiva tried to live up to a higher code of dress and deportment, to the point of being accused of being dandies. He would send teams of his trained prized pupils to places that needed a boost in religious observance and learning of Torah. His own son, Eliezer Yehudah (Leizer Yudel) Finkel eventually became the head of the far older Mir yeshiva, eventually leading it all the way to Jerusalem where it is today the largest post-high school yeshiva in the world with thousands of students. Opposition
His main opponents in the "yeshiva world" were first and foremost Rabbi Chaim Soloveitchik and as a result the Brisk yeshivas, who were adamantly opposed to any changes in what they believed to be the time-tested ways of yeshiva education.To this day, their yeshivos, based mainly in Jerusalem today, do not teach mussar (ethics) as a separate curriculum, but focus on pure Talmud study. <mask>'s opponents argued that the pure focus on the Talmud would automatically create greatness in both scholarship and ethics. But <mask> believed that, while this might have been true in previous

masks: Finkel Finkel


title: Nosson Tzvi Finkel (Slabodka)

texts:
 generations, the modern age was different. In his view, too many new enticing secular ideologies, such as Socialism and Zionism and the very real lure of atheism in universities, were becoming a replacement for traditional Judaism for many young Jews. He was determined to prove that what he had to offer was more appealing than anything the outside world could offer. Land of Israel

<mask> staged one of the most dramatic moves in the history of yeshivos. In the 1920s he decided to create a branch of his yeshiva in the Land of Israel, together with the dean Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Epstein, setting it up in Hebron and sending waves of hand-picked students there, culminating with his own permanent aliyah, "going up", to the Holy Land two years before his passing.In the region of Palestine he founded his own institution in the town of Hebron called Knesses Yisroel - "Gathering of Israel", which moved to Jerusalem following the massacre of Jews during the 1929 Palestine riots in which many of the yeshiva students perished. This yeshiva today, Yeshivas Chevron in Jerusalem, has about a thousand students and is one of the most prestigious Lithuanian yeshivos in Israel. Influence
During his lifetime, he molded many who would eventually become the heads (roshei yeshiva) of most of the so-called Lithuanian-style yeshivas that were established in the United States and Israel during the 20th century, and which continue to grow dramatically in the 21st century. Some of the more famous students are:
 Rabbi Eliezer Yehuda <mask> (son of the Alter) of the Mirrer Yeshiva in Mir and Jerusalem, Israel
 Rabbi Yitzchok Hutner of Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim


title: Louis Murphy

texts:
<mask>. (born May 11, 1987) is a former American football wide receiver. He played college football for the University of Florida, where he was a member of two BCS National Championship teams. The Oakland Raiders drafted him in the fourth round of the 2009 NFL Draft, and he has also played for the Carolina Panthers, New York Giants, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and San Francisco 49ers. Early years
<mask> was born in St. Petersburg, Florida in 1987, of mixed Samoan and African-American descent. As a teenager, he completed the requirements to be an Eagle Scout. <mask> attended Lakewood High School in St. Petersburg, where he played for the Lakewood Spartans high school football team. In addition to playing quarterback and wide receiver for the Spartans football team, he was also a power forward for the basketball team, and anchored the 4x100 and 4x400-meter relay events for the track team—winning the state championship as a sophomore, with times of 41.59 seconds and 3:24.07 minutes, respectively.Following his senior football season in 2005, he was ranked as the thirty-seventh best wide receiver in the country by Rivals.com. College career
<mask> accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played wide receiver for coach Urban Meyer's Florida Gators football team from 2005 to 2008. As a freshman in 2005, he mostly played on special teams. During his sophomore season in 2006, he didn't play much, but he did score his first touchdown reception from freshman quarterback Tim Tebow against the LSU Tigers. <mask> earned a spot on the 2007 starting roster during spring practice, and became one of the top receivers on the team. After the end of the regular season, he had

masks:
Louis Morris Murphy Jr
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy


title: Louis Murphy

texts:
 36 catches for 544 yards and five touchdowns. As a senior team captain in 2008, <mask> led the team in receiving yards (655) and ranked second in receptions (38) and average receiving yards per game (46.8), averaging 17.2 yards per catch; he was also the recipient of the Gators' Fergie Ferguson Award.He surpassed the 1,000 career-receiving yards mark with 54 yards in the Gators' victory over South Carolina. <mask> extended his streak of consecutive games with a reception to twenty-seven, and scored his final college touchdown on a 20-yard pass in the first quarter of the Gators' 24–14 BCS National Championship Game victory over the Oklahoma Sooners. <mask> had knee surgery following the season. <mask> also competed for the Florida Gators men's track and field team, posting a personal best of 6.36 seconds in the 55 meters. He graduated from the University of Florida with a bachelor's degree in 2008. Professional career

Oakland Raiders (2009–2011)
<mask> was chosen in the fourth round of the 2009 NFL Draft by the Oakland Raiders, and he played for the Raiders from  through . He made his NFL debut on Monday Night Football against the San Diego Chargers on September 14, 2009, and caught a 56-yard touchdown pass from JaMarcus Russell.In 2009, <mask> caught a touchdown pass that helped the Raiders overcome the Cincinnati Bengals. Later in 2009, <mask> again led his team to a victory over the Pittsburgh Steelers by grabbing an 11-yard touchdown pass from Bruce Gradkowski with nine seconds left in the game that put the Raiders up 27–24. <mask>'s role in the offense decreased over time seeing time as a rotational player in the Raiders offense. Carolina Panthers (2012)
On July 23, 2012, <mask> was traded to the Carolina

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy


title: Louis Murphy

texts:
 Panthers. With the Panthers, he recorded 25 receptions for 336 yards and one touchdown. It was his second season in which he played all 16 games. New York Giants (2013)
On March 16, 2013, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the New York Giants.Giants general manager Jerry Reese, said, "I think he's going to add another dimension to our offense. We have a scout named Jeremiah Davis and he talks about guys being a knife. This guy is a knife. This guy can take the top off your defense. He's an interesting guy. He gives us a different dimension in our offense. If we have the same guys, if we have Hakeem Nicks back healthy and we have Victor Cruz, back, this guy gives you a deep threat that we haven't had.We haven't had a guy who can run like this guy." Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2014–2016)
On March 26, 2014, <mask> signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. They released him the day before the season opener on September 6, 2014, to make room for rookie Brandon Dixon. He was re-signed September 23 and played against the Steelers on September 28 (including a crucial 41-yard reception on the Bucs' final drive leading to a touchdown and a win). At the conclusion of the 2014 season, <mask> proved to be valuable as a third receiver, primarily in the slot. Despite some injuries and issues with the team's low-scoring offense, <mask> compiled 31 catches for 308 yards and two touchdowns. On December 26, 2014, <mask> signed a three-year contract extension with Tampa Bay through the 2017 season.He was placed on the team's injured reserve on October 27, 2015 after suffering a torn ACL. <mask> began the 2016 season on PUP to continue his recovery from his torn ACL. He sustained another injury while practicing in an attempt to return in

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy


title: Louis Murphy

texts:
 2016 and was released from PUP on November 29, 2016. San Francisco 49ers (2017)

On July 31, 2017, <mask> signed with the San Francisco 49ers. He was released on September 1, 2017. He was re-signed by the 49ers on November 6, 2017. On November 26, 2017, <mask> caught his first touchdown pass on the season from quarterback Jimmy Garoppolo, who also threw his first touchdown pass as a 49er since being traded from the New England Patriots.Personal life
<mask> is cousins with former New England Patriots running back Mike Gillislee. On April 12, 2017, <mask> was arrested for having possession of a loaded gun at the Tampa International Airport. A Glock 23 pistol was discovered in <mask>'s backpack, loaded with 11 round of ammunition. <mask> did not have a concealed weapons permit, and was released from jail on a $2,000 bond. See also

 List of Florida Gators in the NFL Draft

References

Bibliography
 Carlson, Norm, University of Florida Football Vault: The History of the Florida Gators, Whitman Publishing, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia (2007).  . External links

 Florida Gators bio
  Oakland Raiders bio
 Tampa Bay Buccaners bio

1987 births
Living people
Players of American football from St. Petersburg, Florida
American football wide receivers
American sportspeople of Samoan descent
African-American players of American football
Carolina Panthers players
Florida Gators football players
Florida Gators men's track and field athletes
American male sprinters
Track and field athletes from Florida
Track and field athletes in the National Football League
New York Giants players
Oakland Raiders players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
San Francisco 49ers players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American


title: Jean-Pierre Darroussin

texts:
Jean-<mask> (born 4 December 1953) is a French actor and filmmaker. He was born in Courbevoie, France. Theater

Filmography

Actor

1992: Riens du tout (directed by Cédric Klapisch starring Fabrice Luchini, Daniel Berlioux) - Domrémy
1993: Cuisine et dépendances (directed by Philippe Muyl starring Zabou Breitman, Sam Karmann) - Fred
1993: L'Argent fait le bonheur (directed by Robert Guédiguian starring Ariane Ascaride) - Le Curé
1994: Cache Cash (directed by Claude Pinoteau) - Jean
1994: L'Eau froide (directed by Olivier Assayas starring Virginie Ledoyen, Cyprien Fouquet) - Inspecteur
1995: Le Fabuleux Destin de Mme Petlet (directed by Camille de Casabianca) - Hervé Reyter
1995: À la vie, à la mort! (directed by Christine Carrière avec <mask>, Garance Clavel) - Lucien
1999: C'est quoi la vie ? (directed by François Dupeyron starring Éric Caravaca, Jacques Dufilho) - Marc, le père
1999: Inséparables (directed by Michel Couvelard starring Catherine Frot) - Robert
1999: La Bûche (directed by Danièle Thompson starring Sabine Azéma, Emmanuelle Béart) - Gilbert
2000: Le Goût des autres (The Taste of Others), directed by Agnès Jaoui starring Anne Alvaro, Gérard Lanvin) - Un spectateur au théâtre (uncredited)
2000: À l'attaque! (directed by Robert Guédiguian starring Ariane Ascaride, Jacques Boudet) - Jean-Do
2000: La ville est tranquille (directed by Robert Guédiguian starring Ariane Ascaride) - Paul
2000: Ça ira mieux demain (directed by Jeanne Labrune starring Nathalie Baye) - Xavier
2000: Poitiers, voiture 11 (Short, directed by François Dupeyron et Yves Angelo starring Rabah Loucif)
2001: Pas

masks:
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Jean Pierre Darroussin


title: Jean-Pierre Darroussin

texts:
 d'histoire ! (Regards sur le racisme au quotidien de Philippe Jullien et Yamina Benguigui) - (segment "Poitiers, voiture 11")
2001: L'Art (délicat) de la séduction (directed by Richard Berry starring Patrick Timsit, Cécile de France) - Monsieur Hubert
2001: 15 août (directed by Patrick Alessandrin starring Richard Berry, Charles Berling) - Raoul
2002: A Private Affair (directed by Guillaume Nicloux starring Thierry Lhermitte, Marion Cotillard) - Homme Apolus
2002: Marie-Jo et ses deux amours (directed by Robert Guédiguian starring Ariane Ascaride) - Daniel
2002: Mille millièmes, fantaisie immobilière (directed by Rémi Waterhouse starring Irène Jacob) - Patrick Bertil
2002: Ah !si j'étais riche (If I Were a Rich Man) (directed by Michel Munz et Gérard Bitton) (starring Valeria Bruni-Tedeschi) - Aldo
2002: C'est le bouquet ! (directed by Jeanne Labrune starring Hélène Lapiower, Richard Debuisne) - Raphaël
2003: Le Cœur des hommes (directed by Marc Esposito starring Gérard Darmon) - Manu
2003: The Car Keys - Un comédien qui refuse de tourner avec Laurent
2003: Red Lights (Feux rouges) (directed by Cédric Kahn avec Jean-Pierre <mask>, Carole Bouquet) - Antoine
2004: Cause toujours ! (directed by Jeanne Labrune) - Bruno
2004: Mon père est ingénieur (directed by Robert Guédiguian starring Ariane Ascaride, Jean-Pierre <mask>) - Jérémie / Joseph
2004: Un long dimanche de fiançailles (A Very Long Engagement) (directed by Jean-Pierre Jeunet starring Audrey Tautou) - Benjamin Gordes
2005: Saint-Jacques... La Mecque (directed by Coline Serreau) - Claude
2005: How Much Do You Love Me? (Combien tu

masks: Darroussin Darroussin


title: Hannah More

texts:
<mask> (2 February 1745 – 7 September 1833) was an English religious writer, philanthropist, poet and playwright in the circle of Johnson, Reynolds and Garrick, who wrote on moral and religious subjects. Born in Bristol, she taught at a school her father founded there and began writing plays. She became involved in the London literary elite and a leading Bluestocking member. Her later plays and poetry became more evangelical. She joined a group opposing the slave trade. In the 1790s she wrote Cheap Repository Tracts on moral, religious and political topics, to distribute to the literate poor (as a retort to Thomas Paine's Rights of Man). Meanwhile, she broadened her links with schools she and her sister Martha had founded in rural Somerset.These curbed their teaching of the poor, allowing limited reading but no writing. <mask> was noted for her political conservatism, being described as an anti-feminist, a "counter-revolutionary", or a conservative feminist. Early life
Born in 1745 at Fishponds in the parish of Stapleton, near Bristol, <mask> was the fourth of five daughters of <mask> (1700–1783), a schoolmaster from a strong Presbyterian family in Harleston, Norfolk, who had joined the Church of England. He sought to pursue a clerical career, but after losing a lawsuit over an estate he had hoped to inherit he moved to Bristol, where he became an excise officer and later taught at the Fishponds free school. The sisters were first educated by their father, learning Latin and mathematics. <mask> was also taught by elder sisters, through whom she learned French, which she improved conversationally by spending time with French prisoners of war in Frenchay during the Seven Years' War. She was an assiduous, discerning student.Family tradition has it that she began writing at an early age. In 1758 Jacob established a girls' boarding school at Trinity

masks:
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Jacob More
Hannah


title: Hannah More

texts:
 Street, Bristol, for the elder sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, to run, while he and his wife moved to Stony Hill in the city to open a school for boys. <mask> became a pupil in the girls' school when she was twelve and taught there in early adulthood. In 1767 <mask> gave up her share in the school on becoming engaged to William Turner of the Belmont Estate, Wraxall, Somerset, whom she had met when he began teaching her cousins. After six years the wedding had not taken place. Turner seemed reluctant to name a date and in 1773 the engagement was broken off. It seems this led <mask> into a nervous breakdown, from which she recuperated in Uphill, near Weston-super-Mare.She was induced to accept a £200 annuity from Turner as compensation. This freed her for literary pursuits. In the winter of 1773–1774 she went to London with her sisters, Sarah and Martha – the first of many such trips at yearly intervals. Some verses she had written on David Garrick's version of King Lear led to an acquaintance with him. Playwright
<mask>'s first literary efforts were pastoral plays written while she was still teaching and suitable for young ladies to act. The first was The Search after Happiness, written in 1762. By the mid-1780s over 10,000 copies of this had been sold.Among her literary models was Metastasio, on whose opera Attilio Regulo she based a drama, The Inflexible Captive. In London, <mask> sought to associate with the literary elite, including Samuel Johnson, Joshua Reynolds and Edmund Burke. Johnson is quoted as scolding her: "Madam, before you flatter a man so grossly to his face, you should consider whether or not your flattery is worth having." He would later be quoted as calling her "the finest versifatrix in the English language". Meanwhile she became prominent in the Bluestocking group of women engaged in polite conversation and literary and intellectual

masks:
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title: Hannah More

texts:
 pursuits. She attended the salon of Elizabeth Montagu, where she met Frances Boscawen, Elizabeth Carter, Elizabeth Vesey and Hester Chapone, some of whom would be lifelong friends. In 1782 she wrote a witty verse celebration of her friends and circle: The Bas Bleu, or, Conversation, published in 1784.Garrick wrote a prologue and epilogue to <mask>'s tragedy Percy, which was successful at Covent Garden in December 1777 and revived in 1785 with Sarah Siddons at Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. A copy of Percy was found among Mozart's possessions in 1791. Another drama, The Fatal Falsehood, produced in 1779 after Garrick's death, was less successful and she stopped writing for the stage. However, a tragedy entitled The Inflexible Captive appeared in 1818. In 1781 she met Horace Walpole and corresponded with him. At Bristol she discovered the poet Ann Yearsley. When Yearsley became destitute, <mask> raised a considerable sum of money for her benefit.Lactilla, as Yearsley was known, published Poems, on Several Occasions in 1785, earning about £600. <mask> and Montagu held the profits in trust to protect them from Yearsley's husband. However, Ann Yearsley wished to receive the capital and made insinuations of stealing against <mask>, forcing her to release it. These literary and social failures prompted <mask>'s withdrawal from London intellectual circles. Evangelical moralist

In the 1780s <mask> became a friend of James Oglethorpe, who had long been concerned with slavery as a moral issue and who was working with Granville Sharp as an early abolitionist. <mask> published Sacred Dramas in 1782, which rapidly ran through 19 editions. These and the poems Bas-Bleu and Florio (1786) mark a gradual transition to graver views, expressed in prose in Thoughts on the Importance of the Manners of the Great to General Society (1788) and An Estimate of the Religion of the

masks:
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title: Hannah More

texts: Fashionable World (1790).By this time she was close to William Wilberforce and Zachary Macaulay, sympathising with their evangelical views. Her poem Slavery appeared in 1788. For many years she was a friend of Beilby Porteus, Bishop of London and a leading abolitionist, who drew her into a group of anti-slave traders that included Wilberforce, Charles Middleton and also James Ramsay at Teston in Kent. In 1785 <mask> bought a house at Cowslip Green, near Wrington in northern Somerset, where she settled with her sister Martha and wrote several ethical books and tracts: Strictures on the Modern System of Female Education (1799), Hints towards Forming the Character of a Young Princess (1805), Coelebs in Search of a Wife (only nominally a story, 1809), Practical Piety (1811), Christian Morals (1813), Character of St Paul (1815) and Moral Sketches (1819). She was a rapid writer. Her work, though discursive and animated, was deficient in form. Her popularity may be explained by her originality and forceful subject-matter.The outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 did not worry <mask> initially, but by 1790 she was writing, "I have conceived an utter aversion to liberty according to the present idea of it in France. What a cruel people they are!" She praised Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France for combining "the rhetoric of ancient Gaul" and the "patriot spirit of ancient Rome" with "the deepest political sagacity". Part II of the Rights of Man, Thomas Paine's reply to Burke, appeared in 1792. The government was alarmed by its concern for the poor and call for world revolution, coupled with huge sales. Porteus visited <mask> and asked her to write something for the lower orders to counteract Paine. This prompted a pamphlet, Village Politics (1792).<mask> called it "as vulgar as [the] heart can wish; but it is only designed for the most

masks: More More More More


title: Hannah More

texts: vulgar class of readers." The pamphlet (published pseudonymously as by "Will Chip") consists of a dialogue in plain English between Jack Anvil, a village blacksmith, and Tom Hood, a village mason. After reading Paine, Tom Hood expresses admiration for the French Revolution to Jack Anvil and speaks in favour of a new constitution based on liberty and the "rights of man". Jack Anvil responds by praising the British constitution, saying Britain already has "the best laws in the world". He attacks French liberty as murder, French democracy as tyranny of the majority, French equality as a levelling down of social classes, French philosophy as atheism, and the "rights of man" as "battle, murder and sudden death". Tom Hood finally accepts Anvil's conclusion: "While old England is safe I'll glory in her, and pray for her; and when she is in danger I'll fight for her and die for her." <mask>'s biographer summed up the pamphlet against Paine as "Burke for Beginners".It was well received: Porteus called it "a masterpiece of its kind, supremely excellent, greatly admired at Windsor". Frances Boscawen thought it exceeded William Paley's The British Public's Reasons for Contentment and Richard Owen Cambridge claimed "Swift could not have done it better." <mask>'s next anti-Jacobin tract, Remarks on the Speech of M. Dupont, condemned atheism in France. Its profits were passed to French Catholic priests exiled in England. The two pamphlets attracted praise from the Association for the Discountenancing of Vice, an evangelical publishing society founded in Dublin in 1792. The membership wrote to her in June 1793 congratulating her on it and inviting her to become an honorary member. Accepting, <mask> asked the Association to send her "two or three printed papers explaining the nature of the Association as perhaps I may use them to advantage with a friend or two,

masks: More More More


title: Hannah More

texts:
 distinguished for their piety and active zeal."Cheap Repository Tracts
In 1794, when Paine published The Age of Reason, a deist attack on Christianity, Porteus again requested <mask>'s help in combating Paine's ideas, but she declined, being preoccupied with her charity-school work. However, by the end of the year, <mask>, encouraged by Porteus, decided to embark on a series of Cheap Repository Tracts, three of which appeared every month from 1795 to 1798. In January 1795, <mask> explained to Zachary Macaulay: "Vulgar and indecent penny books were always common, but speculative infidelity brought down to the pockets and capacity of the poor forms a new era in our history. This requires strong counteraction." Her scheme developed from the ideas of the Association for discountenancing vice, though written in a more "readable and entertaining a style". The tracts sold 300,000 copies in March and April 1795, 700,000 by July 1795 and over two million by March 1796. They urged the poor in rhetoric of ingenious homeliness to rely on virtues of contentment, sobriety, humility, industry, reverence for the British Constitution, hatred of the French, and trust in God and the kindness of the gentry.Perhaps the most famous is The Shepherd of Salisbury Plain, describing a family of phenomenal frugality and contentment. This was translated into several languages. She also invited the Association for the Discountenancing of Vice to reprint her tracts in Ireland, which they did with success in more than 230 editions of 52 titles. <mask> was shocked by the strides made for female education in France: "They run to study philosophy, and neglect their families to be present at lectures in anatomy." Views on schooling for poor and for girls
Intending "to escape from the world gradually", <mask> moved in 1802 to Wrington in rural Somerset, where she had built a comfortable

masks: More More More More More


title: Hannah More

texts: house and laid out a garden. She remained, however, active with several Somerset schools for the destitute that she and her sister Martha had founded from the 1780s, with Wilberforce's encouragement. She modelled the idealised hero and heroine in Coelebs in Search of Wife (1809) on the schools' prodigious benefactors: John and Louisa Harford of Blaise Castle.The schools taught the Bible and the catechism on Sundays and in the week "such coarse works as may fit them for servants." For the poor, <mask> declared, "I allow of no writing": they were not to be "made scholars and philosophers." There was local opposition: Church of England vicars suspected her of advancing Methodism and landowners saw even rudimentary literacy as a step above the children's proper station. At Wedmore, the Dean of Wells was petitioned to have <mask> removed from the school. To the Bishop of Bath and Wells she protested that her schools taught only "such coarse works as may fit them [their charges] for servants. I allow no writing for the poor. My object is... to train up the lower classes in habits of industry and piety."<mask> refused to read Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792). While many women may be "fond of government", they are not, she believed, "fit for it": "To be unstable and capricious is but too characteristic of our sex." <mask> turned down honorary membership of the Royal Society of Literature, seeing her "sex alone a disqualification". Those heeding Wollstonecraft's call to embrace the liberty without which women could "neither possess virtue or happiness" or reading with equal ardour the pedagogy of Anna Laetitia Barbauld and Elizabeth Hamilton saw <mask> much as Wollstonecraft had seen Burke in her earlier Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790): as a writer with a "mortal antipathy to reason". Having met <mask> and her sisters in

masks:
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title: Hannah More

texts:
 Bath and discussed their schools and other good works, Jane Greg reported to a friend, Martha McTier in Belfast, that she found their "minds crippled in an astonishing degree". McTier was proud that in her school for poor girls her pupils "do not gabble over the testament only" and that she had those who "can read Fox and Pitt". <mask> in 1820 donated money to Philander Chase, the first Episcopal Bishop of Ohio for the foundation there of Kenyon College.A portrait of <mask> hangs in its Peirce Hall. Last years

In Hannan <mask>'s last years, philanthropists from all parts made pilgrimages to Wrington, and after 1828 to Clifton, where she died on 7 September 1833. <mask> left about £30,000, chiefly in legacies to charitable institutions and religious societies. The residue was to go to a new Church of St Philip and St Jacob in Bristol. She was buried beside her sisters at the Church of All Saints, Wrington, which has a bust of her in the south porch, beside one of the local son John Locke. Legacy
Several local schools and St. Michael's Church (Reisterstown, Maryland) are named after <mask>. <mask> Primary School was built in Bristol Old Market in the 1840s.Her image appeared in 2012 on the Bristol Pound, a local currency. The street in Wrington where she was buried has been named <mask> Close. However, the Liberal politician Augustine Birrell, in his 1906 work Hannah More Once More, claimed to have buried all 19 volumes of Moore's works in his garden in disgust. Archives
Letters to, from and about <mask> are held by Bristol Archives, including one from William Wilberforce (Ref. 28048/C/1/2) (online catalogue). Records relating to <mask> appear at the British Library, Manuscript Collections, Longleat, Newport Central Library, the Bodleian Library, Cambridge University: St John's College Library, the Victoria and Albert Museum, Bristol Reference

masks:
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title: Hannah More

texts:
 Library, Cambridge University Library, The Women's Library, Gloucestershire Archives, and National Museums Liverpool: Maritime Archives and Library. References

Sources

Resources

Primary sources
<mask>, Works of <mask>, 2 vols.New York: Harper, 1840

Biographies
Anna Jane Buckland, The life of <mask>. A lady of two centuries. London: Religious Tract Society, 1882,
Jeremy and Margaret Collingwood, <mask>. Oxford: Lion Publishing, 1990,
Patricia Demers, The World of Hannah More. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1996,
Charles Howard Ford, <mask>: A Critical Biography. New York: Peter Lang, 1996,
Marion Harland, <mask>. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1900
Mary Alen Hopkins, <mask> and Her Circle.London: Longmans, 1947
M. G. Jones, <mask> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952
Helen C. Knight, <mask>; or, Life in Hall and Cottage. New York: M. W. Dodd, 1851
Elizabeth Kowaleski-Wallace, Their Fathers' Daughters: <mask>, Maria Edgeworth, and Patriarchal Complicity. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991
Annette Mary Budgett Meakin, <mask>: A Biographical Study. London: John Murray, 1919
Karen Swallow Prior, Fierce Convictions: The Extraordinary Life of <mask>—Poet, Reformer, Abolitionist. Nashville: Nelson Books, 2014,
 William Roberts, ed., Memoirs of Mrs <mask>. New York: Harper & Bros., 1836
Anne Stott, <mask>: The First Victorian. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003,
Thomas Taylor, Memoir of Mrs. <mask>.London: Joseph Rickerby, 1838
Henry Thompson, The Life of <mask> With Notices of Her Sisters. London: T. Cadell, 1838
Charlotte Yonge, <mask>. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1888

Other sources

Jacqueline McMillan, "<mask> More: From Versificatrix to Saint", In Her Hand: Letters of Romantic-Era British Women Writers in New Zealand Collections. Otago Students of Letters. Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago, Department of English,

masks:
Hannah More
Hannah More
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Hannah


title: Hannah More

texts:
 2013. pp. 23–46. Includes five letters and a poem, hitherto unpublished.Mitzi Myers, "<mask>'s Tracts for the Times: Social Fiction and Female Ideology", Fetter'd or Free? British Women Novelists, 1670–1815. Mary Anne Schofield and Cecilia Macheski, eds. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1986

Mona Scheuerman, In Praise of Poverty: <mask> Counters Thomas Paine and the Radical Threat. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2002

Kathryn Sutherland, "<mask>'s Counter-Revolutionary Feminism", Revolution in Writing: British Literary Responses to the French Revolution. Kelvin Everest, ed. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1991

A Comparative Study of Three Anti-Slavery Poems Written by William Blake, <mask> and Marcus Garvey: Black Stereotyping by Jérémie Kroubo Dagnini for GRAAT On-Line, January 2010

Archives
Papers of <mask> are held at The Women's Library in the Library of the London School of Economics.9/16

External links

<mask> at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)

Works by <mask> at Osborne Collection of Early Children's Books (Toronto Public Library)

<mask> from Brycchan Carey's listing of British abolitionists
The full text of Slavery, A Poem available online
The full text of The Sorrows of Yamba available online
Original 1797 edition of a printed pamphlet of The Sorrows of Yamba

1745 births
1833 deaths
English religious writers
British women essayists
English philanthropists
English Anglicans
English abolitionists
Evangelical Anglicans
Writers from Bristol
Clapham Sect
English children's writers
English dramatists and playwrights
British women dramatists and playwrights
18th-century British women writers
18th-century British writers
English women non-fiction writers
Women religious writers
Burials in Somerset
18th-century essayists
Anglican writers
Christian abolitionists
British evangelicals
English evangelicals
Conservatism

masks:
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
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Hannah More


title: Larry Cuba

texts:
<mask> (born 1950) is a computer-animation artist who became active in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Born in 1950 in Atlanta, Georgia, he received A.B. from Washington University in St. Louis in 1972 and his Master's Degree from California Institute of the Arts which includes parallel schools of Dance, Music, Film, Theater, Fine Arts, and Writing. The Cal Arts faculty included abstract animator Jules Engel, Expanded Cinema critic Gene Youngblood, and special effects artist Pat O'Neill. In 1975, John Whitney, Sr. invited Cuba to be the programmer on one of his films. The result of this collaboration was Arabesque. Subsequently, Cuba produced three more computer-animated films: 3/78 (Objects and Transformations), Two Space, and Calculated Movements.Cuba also provided computer graphics for Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope in 1977. His animation of the Death Star is shown to pilots in the Rebel Alliance. Cuba received grants for his work from the American Film Institute and The National Endowment for the Arts and was awarded a residency at the Center for Art and Media Technology Karlsruhe (ZKM). He has served on the juries for the Siggraph Electronic Theater, the Montpellier Festival of Abstract Film, The Ann Arbor Film Festival and Ars Electronica. Cuba currently serves as the director of the iotaCenter in Los Angeles, California. Death Star sequence
Cuba used a Vector General 3D connected to a PDP-11/45 computer to make the computer animations shown during the briefing scene near the end of the film Star Wars. George Lucas wanted to use computer animation to show the Death Star blueprints during this scene.He asked Ben Burtt, the film's sound designer, to get bids on the project. Cuba won the contract after he showed Lucas footage from his 1974 short film First Fig


title: Larry Cuba

texts:
 squares, others more organic shapes resembling gushes of water. Each object performs rhythmic choreography, programmed by Cuba to satisfy mathematic potentials. In 2018 it was displayed in Chicago New Media 1973-1992 exhibition. Two Space (1979).8 minutes. Full-screen image- patterns which parallel the layered continuities of classical gamelan music. Using a programming language called RAP at the Los Angeles firm Information International Inc. (III), <mask> was able to systematically explore the classic 17 symmetry groups, a technique used by Islamic artists to create abstract temple decorations. Calculated Movements (1985). 6 minutes. Cuba programmed solid areas and volumes instead of the vector dots of the previous two films. It also in four "colors": black, white, light grey and dark grey.In five episodes, he alternates single events involving ribbon-like figures following intricate trajectories, with more complex episodes consisting of up to 40 individual events that appear and disappear at irregular intervals. Electronic sound scores accompany. References

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 Official homepage

 , 10 minute explanation of <mask>'s work. 1950 births
Living people
Animators from Georgia (U.S. state)
Artists from Atlanta
California Institute of the Arts alumni
Washington University in St. Louis

masks:
Larry
Larry Cuba


title: Raimond Gaita

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; 14 May 1946) is a German-born Australian philosopher and award-winning writer. He was, until 2011, foundation professor of philosophy at the Australian Catholic University and professor of moral philosophy at King's College London. He is currently professorial fellow in the Melbourne Law School and the Faculty of Arts, University of Melbourne and emeritus professor of moral philosophy at King's College London. He is a fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. Life

<mask> (later styled as <mask>) was born in Dortmund, Westphalia, Germany, on 14 May 1946, to a Yugoslav-born Romanian father, Romulus Gaiţă (28 December 1922May 1996) and a German mother, Christine ("Christel") Anna Dörr (16 November 19281958). In Germany, from 1942 to 1945, Romulus was employed as a smith and metal worker. The <mask> family migrated to Australia in April 1950, just before <mask> turned four.He attended St. Patrick's College, Ballarat (Victoria), Melbourne High School (Victoria), the University of Melbourne (BA Hons, MA) and the University of Leeds (PhD). The story of his childhood and the lives of his family members and close friends is told in his memoir Romulus, My Father, which was made into a film starring Eric Bana (Romulus), Franka Potente (Christine), Kodi Smit-McPhee (Raimond) and Marton Csokas (Hora). In a later book, After Romulus, a collection of essays, "he reflects on the writing of the Romulus, My Father, the making of the film, his relationship to the desolate beauty of the central Victorian landscape, the philosophies that underpinned his father's relationship to the

masks:
Raimond Gaita
Raimund Gaita
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Raimond Gaita
Gaita
Raimond


title: Raimond Gaita

texts:
 world and, most movingly, the presence and absence of his mother and his unassuaged longing for her". (from the publisher)

He is married to Yael <mask>, who was born in Tel Aviv and until 2008 was a teacher at King David School, Melbourne, where she taught Hebrew. Gaita has two children, Katerina and Eva and two stepchildren, Dahlia and Michelle. Awards and recognition

Romulus My Father won the Nettie Palmer Prize for Non-Fiction in the Victorian Premier's Literary Award and was shortlisted for the Queensland Premier's Literary Awards for Contribution to Public Debate, the Braille Book of the Year, the National Biography Award. It was nominated by the New Statesman, London, as one of the best books of 1999 and, in 2000, by The Australian Financial Review as one of the ten best books of the decade.In 2007 it was made into an award-winning feature film of the same name. A Common Humanity: Thinking about Love and Truth and Justice was nominated by The Economist as one of the best books of 2000. The Philosopher's Dog was shortlisted for the New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards, 2003 and The Age Book of the Year, 2003. It was nominated by the Kansas City Star as one of the ten best books of 2005. In 2009, the University of Antwerp awarded Gaita the degree of Doctor Honoris Causa "for his exceptional contribution to contemporary moral philosophy and for his singular contribution the role of the intellectual in today's academic world". In 2011, Routledge published Christopher Cordner (ed.) Philosophy, Ethics, and a Common Humanity: Essays in Honour of <mask> <mask>.Also in 2011, Flinders

masks: Gaita Raimond Gaita