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<mask> (; 1 April 1776 – 27 June 1831) was a French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher. Despite initial opposition from her parents and difficulties presented by society, she gained education from books in her father's library, including ones by Leonhard Euler, and from correspondence with famous mathematicians such as Lagrange, Legendre, and Gauss (under the pseudonym of  «Monsieur LeBlanc»). One of the pioneers of elasticity theory, she won the grand prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences for her essay on the subject. Her work on Fermat's Last Theorem provided a foundation for mathematicians exploring the subject for hundreds of years after. Because of prejudice against her sex, she was unable to make a career out of mathematics, but she worked independently throughout her life. Before her death, Gauss had recommended that she be awarded an honorary degree, but that never occurred. On 27 June 1831, she died from breast cancer.At the centenary of her life, a street and a girls’ school were named after her. The Academy of Sciences established the <mask> Germain Prize in her honor. Early life

Family
<mask> <mask> was born on April 1, 1776, in Paris, France, in a house on Rue Saint-Denis. According to most sources, her father, Ambroise-François, was a wealthy silk merchant, though some believe he was a goldsmith. In 1789, he was elected as a representative of the bourgeoisie to the États-Généraux, which he saw change into the Constitutional Assembly. It is therefore assumed that <mask> witnessed many discussions between her father and his friends on politics and philosophy. Gray proposes that after his

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 political career, Ambroise-François became the director of a bank; in any case, the family remained well-off enough to support <mask> throughout her adult life.<mask> had one younger sister, named Angélique-Ambroise, and one older sister, named Marie-Madeline. Her mother was also named Marie-Madeline, and this plethora of "Maries" may have been the reason she went by <mask>. <mask>'s nephew Armand-Jacques Lherbette, Marie-Madeline's son, published some of <mask>'s work after she died (see Work in Philosophy). Introduction to mathematics
When <mask> was 13, the Bastille fell, and the revolutionary atmosphere of the city forced her to stay inside. For entertainment, she turned to her father's library. Here she found J. E. Montucla's L'Histoire des Mathématiques, and his story of the death of Archimedes intrigued her. <mask> thought that if the geometry method, which at that time referred to all of pure mathematics, could hold such fascination for Archimedes, it was a subject worthy of study.So she pored over every book on mathematics in her father's library, even teaching herself Latin and Greek, so she could read works like those of Sir Isaac Newton and Leonhard Euler. She also enjoyed  by Étienne Bézout and  by Jacques Antoine-Joseph Cousin. Later, Cousin visited <mask> at home, encouraging her in her studies. <mask>'s parents did not at all approve of her sudden fascination with mathematics, which was then thought inappropriate for a woman. When night came, they would deny her warm clothes and a fire for her bedroom to try to keep her from studying, but after they left, she would take out candles, wrap herself

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 in quilts and do mathematics. After some time, her mother even secretly supported her. École Polytechnique

In 1794, when <mask> was 18, the École Polytechnique opened.As a woman, <mask> was barred from attending, but the new system of education made the "lecture notes available to all who asked". The new method also required the students to "submit written observations". <mask> obtained the lecture notes and began sending her work to Joseph Louis Lagrange, a faculty member. She used the name of a former student Monsieur Antoine-Auguste Le Blanc, "fearing", as she later explained to Gauss, "the ridicule attached to a female scientist". When Lagrange saw the intelligence of M. Le Blanc, he requested a meeting, and thus <mask> was forced to disclose her true identity. Fortunately, Lagrange did not mind that <mask> was a woman, and he became her mentor. Early work in number theory

Correspondence with Legendre
<mask> first became interested in number theory in 1798 when Adrien-Marie Legendre published .After studying the work, she opened correspondence with him on number theory, and later, elasticity. Legendre showed some of <mask>'s work in the  to his second edition of the , where he calls it  ("very ingenious"). See also Her work on Fermat's Last Theorem below. Correspondence with Gauss

<mask>'s interest in number theory was renewed when she read Carl Friedrich Gauss' monumental work . After three years of working through the exercises and trying her own proofs for some of the theorems, she wrote, again under the pseudonym of M. Le Blanc, to the author himself, who was one year younger than she. The first

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 letter, dated 21 November 1804, discussed Gauss'  and presented some of <mask>'s work on Fermat's Last Theorem. In the letter, <mask> claimed to have proved the theorem for n = p − 1, where p is a prime number of the form p = 8k + 7.However, her proof contained a weak assumption, and Gauss' reply did not comment on <mask>'s proof. Around 1807 (sources differ), during the Napoleonic wars, the French were occupying the German town of Braunschweig, where Gauss lived. <mask>, concerned that he might suffer the fate of Archimedes, wrote to General Pernety (), a family friend, requesting that he ensure Gauss' safety. General Pernety sent the chief of a battalion to meet with Gauss personally to see that he was safe. As it turned out, Gauss was fine, but he was confused by the mention of <mask>'s name. Three months after the incident, <mask> disclosed her true identity to Gauss. He replied:
How can I describe my astonishment and admiration on seeing my esteemed correspondent M. Le Blanc metamorphosed into this celebrated person ... when a woman, because of her sex, our customs and prejudices, encounters infinitely more obstacles than men in familiarising herself with [number theory's] knotty problems, yet overcomes these fetters and penetrates that which is most hidden, she doubtless has the noblest courage, extraordinary talent, and superior genius.Gauss' letters to Olbers show that his praise for <mask> was sincere. In the same 1807 letter, <mask> claimed that if  is of the form , then  is also of that form. Gauss replied with a counterexample:  can be written as , but  cannot. Although Gauss thought well of <mask>,

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 his replies to her letters were often delayed, and he generally did not review her work. Eventually his interests turned away from number theory, and in 1809 the letters ceased. Despite the friendship of <mask> and Gauss, they never met. Work in elasticity

<mask>'s first attempt for the Academy Prize

When <mask>'s correspondence with Gauss ceased, she took interest in a contest sponsored by the Paris Academy of Sciences concerning Ernst Chladni's experiments with vibrating metal plates.The object of the competition, as stated by the Academy, was "to give the mathematical theory of the vibration of an elastic surface and to compare the theory to experimental evidence". Lagrange's comment that a solution to the problem would require the invention of a new branch of analysis deterred all but two contestants, Denis Poisson and <mask>. Then Poisson was elected to the Academy, thus becoming a judge instead of a contestant, and leaving <mask> as the only entrant to the competition. In 1809 <mask> began work. Legendre assisted by giving her equations, references, and current research. She submitted her paper early in the fall of 1811 and did not win the prize. The judging commission felt that "the true equations of the movement were not established", even though "the experiments presented ingenious results".Lagrange was able to use <mask>'s work to derive an equation that was "correct under special assumptions". Subsequent attempts for the Prize
The contest was extended by two years, and <mask> decided to try again for the prize. At first Legendre continued to offer support, but then he refused all help. <mask>'s

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 anonymous 1813 submission was still littered with mathematical errors, especially involving double integrals, and it received only an honorable mention because "the fundamental base of the theory [of elastic surfaces] was not established". The contest was extended once more, and <mask> began work on her third attempt. This time she consulted with Poisson. In 1814 he published his own work on elasticity and did not acknowledge <mask>'s help (although he had worked with her on the subject and, as a judge on the Academy commission, had had access to her work).<mask> submitted her third paper, "", under her own name, and on 8 January 1816 she became the first woman to win a prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences. She did not appear at the ceremony to receive her award. Although <mask> had at last been awarded the , the Academy was still not fully satisfied. <mask> had derived the correct differential equation (a special case of the Kirchhoff–Love equation), but her method did not predict experimental results with great accuracy, as she had relied on an incorrect equation from Euler, which led to incorrect boundary conditions. Here is <mask>'s final equation for the vibration of a plane lamina:

where N2 is a constant. After winning the Academy contest, she was still not able to attend its sessions because of the Academy's tradition of excluding women other than the wives of members. Seven years later this situation was transformed, when she made friends with Joseph Fourier, a secretary of the Academy, who obtained tickets to the sessions for her.Later work in elasticity

<mask> published her prize-winning

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 essay at her own expense in 1821, mostly because she wanted to present her work in opposition to that of Poisson. In the essay she pointed out some of the errors in her method. In 1826 she submitted a revised version of her 1821 essay to the Academy. According to Andrea Del Centina, the revision included attempts to clarify her work by "introducing certain simplifying hypotheses". This put the Academy in an awkward position, as they felt the paper to be "inadequate and trivial", but they did not want to "treat her as a professional colleague, as they would any man, by simply rejecting the work". So Augustin-Louis Cauchy, who had been appointed to review her work, recommended her to publish it, and she followed his advice. One further work of <mask>'s on elasticity was published posthumously in 1831, her "".She used the mean curvature in her research (see Honors in number theory). Later work in number theory

Renewed interest
<mask>'s best work was in number theory, and her most significant contribution to number theory dealt with Fermat's Last Theorem. In 1815, after the elasticity contest, the Academy offered a prize for a proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. It reawakened <mask>'s interest in number theory, and she wrote to Gauss again after ten years of no correspondence. In the letter, <mask> said that number theory was her preferred field and that it was in her mind all the time she was studying elasticity. She outlined a strategy for a general proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, including a proof for a special case. <mask>'s letter to Gauss contained her substantial progress toward a proof.She asked Gauss whether

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 her approach to the theorem was worth pursuing. Gauss never answered. Her work on Fermat's Last Theorem

Fermat's Last Theorem can be divided into two cases. Case 1 involves all powers p that do not divide any of x, y, or z. Case 2 includes all p that divide at least one of x, y, or z. <mask> proposed the following, commonly called "<mask>'s theorem":
Let p be an odd prime. If there exists an auxiliary prime P = 2Np + 1 (N is any positive integer not divisible by 3) such that:
 if xp + yp + zp ≡ 0 (mod P), then P divides xyz, and
 p is not a p-th power residue (mod P). Then the first case of Fermat's Last Theorem holds true for p.

<mask> used this result to prove the first case of Fermat's Last Theorem for all odd primes p < 100, but according to Andrea Del Centina, "she had actually shown that it holds for every exponent p < 197".L. E. Dickson later used <mask>'s theorem to prove the first case of Fermat's Last Theorem for odd primes less than 1700. In an unpublished manuscript titled , <mask> showed that any counterexamples to Fermat's theorem for p > 5 must be numbers "whose size frightens the imagination", around 40 digits long. <mask> did not publish this work. Her brilliant theorem is known only because of the footnote in Legendre's treatise on number theory, where he used it to prove Fermat's Last Theorem for p = 5 (see Correspondence with Legendre). <mask> also proved or nearly proved several results that were attributed to Lagrange or were rediscovered years later. Del Centina states that "after almost two hundred years her ideas were still central", but ultimately her method did not work. Work in

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 philosophy
In addition to mathematics, <mask> studied philosophy and psychology.She wanted to classify facts and generalize them into laws that could form a system of psychology and sociology, which were then just coming into existence. Her philosophy was highly praised by Auguste Comte. Two of her philosophical works,  and , were published, both posthumously. This was due in part to the efforts of Lherbette, her nephew, who collected her philosophical writings and published them. is a history of science and mathematics with <mask>'s commentary. In , the work admired by Comte, <mask> argues that there are no differences between the sciences and the humanities. Final years
In 1829 <mask> learned that she had breast cancer.Despite the pain, she continued to work. In 1831 Crelle's Journal published her paper on the curvature of elastic surfaces and "a note about finding  and  in ". Mary Gray records: "She also published in  an examination of principles which led to the discovery of the laws of equilibrium and movement of elastic solids." On 27 June 1831, she died in the house at 13 rue de Savoie. Despite <mask>'s intellectual achievements, her death certificate lists her as a "" (property holder), not a "". But her work was not unappreciated by everyone. When the matter of honorary degrees came up at the University of Göttingen in 1837—six years after <mask>'s death—Gauss lamented: "she [<mask>] proved to the world that even a woman can accomplish something worthwhile in the most rigorous and abstract of the sciences and for that reason would well have deserved an honorary degree".Honors

Memorials

<mask>'s

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 resting place in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris is marked by a gravestone. At the centennial celebration of her life, a street and a girls' school were named after her, and a plaque was placed at the house where she died. The school houses a bust commissioned by the Paris City Council. In January 2020, Satellogic, a high-resolution Earth observation imaging and analytics company, launched a ÑuSat type micro-satellite named in honor of <mask>. Honors in number theory
E. Dubouis defined a sophien of a prime  to be a prime  where , for such  that yield  such that  has no solutions when  and  are prime to . A <mask> Germain prime is a prime  such that  is also prime. The <mask> curvature (also called mean curvature) is , where  and  are the maximum and minimum values of the normal curvature.<mask>'s identity states that for any ,

Criticisms

Contemporary praise and criticisms
Vesna Petrovich found that the educated world's response to the publication in 1821 of <mask>'s prize-winning essay "ranged from polite to indifferent". Yet, some critics had high praise for it. Of her essay in 1821, Cauchy said: "[it] was a work for which the name of its author and the importance of the subject both deserved the attention of mathematicians". <mask> was also included in H. J. Mozans' book "Woman in Science", although Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie claims that the biography "is inaccurate and the notes and bibliography are unreliable". Nevertheless, it quotes the mathematician Claude-Louis Navier as saying that "it is a work which few men are able to read and which only one woman was able to write". <mask>'s contemporaries also

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 had good things to say relating to her work in mathematics. Gauss certainly thought highly of her and recognized that European culture presented special difficulties to a woman in mathematics (see Correspondence with Gauss).Modern praise and criticisms
The modern view generally acknowledges that although <mask> had great talent as a mathematician, her haphazard education had left her without the strong base she needed to truly excel. As explained by Gray, "<mask>'s work in elasticity suffered generally from an absence of rigor, which might be attributed to her lack of formal training in the rudiments of analysis." Petrovich adds: "This proved to be a major handicap when she could no longer be regarded as a young prodigy to be admired but was judged by her peer mathematicians." Notwithstanding the problems with <mask>'s theory of vibrations, Gray states that "<mask>'s work was fundamental in the development of a general theory of elasticity." Mozans writes, however, that when the Eiffel tower was built and the architects inscribed the names of 72 great French scientists, <mask>'s name was not among them, despite the salience of her work to the tower's construction. Mozans asked: "Was she excluded from this list ... because she was a woman? It would seem so."Concerning her early work in number theory, J. H. Sampson states: "She was clever with formal algebraic manipulations; but there is little evidence that she really understood the , and her work of that period that has come down to us seems to touch only on rather superficial matters." Gray adds that "The inclination of sympathetic mathematicians to praise her


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 work rather than to provide substantive criticism from which she might learn was crippling to her mathematical development." Yet Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie recognizes that "<mask>'s creativity manifested itself in pure and applied mathematics ... [she] provided imaginative and provocative solutions to several important problems", and, as Petrovich proposes, it may have been her very lack of training that gave her unique insights and approaches. Louis Bucciarelli and Nancy Dworsky, <mask>'s biographers, summarize as follows: "All the evidence argues that <mask> had a mathematical brilliance that never reached fruition due to a lack of rigorous training available only to men." <mask> in popular culture
<mask> was referenced and quoted in David Auburn's 2001 play Proof. The protagonist is a young struggling female mathematician, Catherine, who found great inspiration in the work of <mask>. <mask> was also mentioned in John Madden's film adaptation of the same name in a conversation between Catherine (Gwyneth Paltrow) and Hal (Jake Gyllenhaal).In the fictional work "The Last Theorem" by Arthur C. Clarke and Frederik Pohl, <mask> was credited with inspiring the central character, Ranjit Subramanian, to solve Fermat's Last Theorem. A new musical about <mask>'s life, entitled The Limit, premiered at VAULT Festival in London, 2019. <mask> Germain Prize

The Sophie Germain Prize (), awarded annually by the Foundation Sophie Germain, is conferred by the Academy of Sciences in Paris. Its purpose is to honour a French mathematician for research in the foundations of mathematics. This award, in the amount of €8,000, was

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 established in 2003, under the auspices of the Institut de France. See also
Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem for specific exponents
<mask> Counter Mode
<mask> prime
<mask> Prize
<mask>'s theorem
Timeline of women in science

Citations

References

  reprinted as
Bucciarelli, Louis L; Dworsky, Nancy (1980). <mask>: An Essay in the History of the Theory of Elasticity, D. Reidel:Holland

  Reprinted as
  Reprinted as

External links

Sheroes of History; <mask>
Sophie <mask> in the illustrated story at the Kids Love Science project

1776 births
1831 deaths
19th-century French mathematicians
18th-century French women scientists
19th-century French women scientists
French women mathematicians
Number theorists
Deaths from breast cancer
Deaths from cancer in France
French physicists
French women physicists
French women

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title: Charles W. Engelhard Jr.

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<mask><mask>. (February 15, 1917 – March 2, 1971) was an American businessman, a major owner in Thoroughbred horse racing, and a candidate in the 1955 New Jersey State Senate Elections. He controlled an international mining and metals conglomerate, Engelhard, founded by his father

<mask> made his fortune in the precious metals industry, where he operated a company founded by his father, <mask>. During World War II, he served with the United States Army Air Forces and, in 1947, <mask> married the widow Jane Mannheimer. <mask> would adopt Mannheimer's daughter, Anne France Mannheimer, and eventually have four more daughters with his wife. Shortly before his death in 1971, <mask> disposed of most of his South African businesses, selling them to Anglo-American companies. Politics
<mask> was a major contributor to the United States Democratic Party and in the 1960 presidential election organized the National Committee of Business and Professional Men and Women for Kennedy and Johnson. In 1955, he ran for New Jersey State Senate against Malcolm Forbes in the "Battle of the Billionaires", but lost 19,981 to 19,611. <mask> represented John F. Kennedy at the coronation of Pope Paul VI.Business
As a young man, <mask> worked in a metals processing business which had been founded in 1902 by his German American father, <mask> Sr., dealing in platinum, gold, and silver. Upon the death of his father in 1950, <mask> inherited the family business. He substantially expanded operations to South Africa, South America and Europe and built it into one of the world's leading refiners of precious metals. In 1958, he consolidated the various operating companies into Engelhard Corporation and issued a public share offering on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1961, Time described

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title: Charles W. Engelhard Jr.

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 him as, "one of the most powerful businessmen in South Africa". As a result of his company's need for gold acquisitions from South African suppliers, <mask> became a major investor in the country, acquiring gold, copper and coal mining ventures as well as investing in industrial concerns. He set up a publicly-traded holding company in the U.S. that raised capital for investments in South African business.The company made investments alone and in conjunction with South African business tycoon, Harry Oppenheimer whose Anglo American plc dominated the South African mining industry. <mask> maintained a residence in South Africa and was elected to Anglo American's Board of Directors. At home, some criticized him for indirectly supporting the country's apartheid regime. Retrospectively summing up <mask>'s impact on the country, Anglo American stated that: "In difficult times, when South Africa was badly in need of capital, <mask> played a vital and significant role in helping to bring it from abroad. He thus not only restored confidence in the country's economy, but actively assisted in boosting it." Engelhard Minerals had dealings with the silver empire of Nelson Bunker Hunt and W. Herbert Hunt and Japanese trading companies Mitsui and Mitsubishi through its trading arm Phillipp Brothers. The company remained very sizable for many years after his death.Philanthropy
<mask>hard Dam on the Letaba River in Kruger National Park is named in his honor in gratitude for donations to the South African National Parks Board. The Charles Engelhard Foundation, headed by his wife after his death and by their children following her death in 2004, provides funding to a wide range of causes including education, medical research, cultural institutions, and wildlife and

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 conservation organizations. It has made major donations to the Metropolitan Museum of Art where the Charles Engelhard Court can be found in its American Wing, built the library at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government, and has been a generous supporter of a number of University of Montana academic programs. In 1967, he and his wife donated an elaborate 18th-century Neapolitan crêche to the White House. Cragwood Stables
Engelhard developed a love of Thoroughbred horse racing and would become a major force in the industry with racing stables in England and South Africa, plus in Aiken, South Carolina where his Cragwood Stables was named for his estate in Far Hills, New Jersey. Primarily trained by future U.S.Racing Hall of Fame inductee, MacKenzie Miller in the U.S., he raced notable horses such as Red Reality, Assagai, Tentam, Alley Fighter, and the U.S. Champion sire, Halo. His best known South African horse was Hawaii who won a number of important races in that country until being brought to compete in the U.S. in 1969 where he won several Grade 1 stakes and was voted the 1969 Eclipse Award for Outstanding Male Turf Horse. Following his death, his widow donated a large collection of racing trophies that were won by Cragwood horses in the U.S. between 1962 and 1976. Nijinsky
While <mask> was very successful racing Thoroughbreds in the United States, he and his wife also maintained a residence in London and it was in England where he had his greatest achievements in racing. His horses won British Classic Races six times including the St. Leger Stakes in 1964, 1967, 1968 and again in 1970 when he won it for the fourth time with the horse that brought him international fame and who would make him that year's British flat racing Champion


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 Owner. Purchased at Windfields Farm's annual yearling sale in Ontario, Canada, Nijinsky would be sent to Ireland to be conditioned by Vincent O'Brien. The colt would earn Champion Two-Year-Old honors for his undefeated 1969 racing campaign.The next year, en route to being voted European Horse of the Year, Nijinsky won the 2,000 Guineas, The Derby, and the St. Leger Stakes to become the first horse in thirty-five years to win the English Triple Crown, and only narrowly failed to win the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe by a short head to Sassafras. A 1970 motion picture was made about the colt titled A Horse Called Nijinsky and a 2000 Sun newspaper poll voted him Britain's Horse of the Millennium. <mask> died in 1971 in Boca Grande, Florida. His funeral mass was held on March 5 at Mary's Abbey Church at the Delbarton School in Morris County, New Jersey. Former president Lyndon Johnson acted as an honorary pall-bearer. Also in attendance were US senators Hubert Humphrey, Ted Kennedy, Mike Mansfield and Harrison A<mask> Jr., and former governors Robert B. Meyner and Richard J. Hughes. Inspiration for Goldfinger
<mask> is reported by numerous sources, including Forbes and  The New York Times, to have been the inspiration for the fictional character Auric Goldfinger in the Ian Fleming novel Goldfinger and the subsequent motion picture.According to the Times, <mask> was a close acquaintance of Fleming and delighted in the characterization. References

1917 births
1971 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
Businesspeople in metals
American racehorse owners and breeders
Owners of Epsom Derby winners
United States Army personnel of World War II
New Jersey Democrats
People from Far Hills, New Jersey
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
20th-century American

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title: Tom Van Flandern

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<mask> (June 26, 1940 – January 9, 2009) was an American astronomer and author specializing in celestial mechanics. <mask>n had a career as a professional scientist, but was noted as an outspoken proponent of certain fringe views in astronomy, physics, and extra-terrestrial life. He also published the non-mainstream Meta Research Bulletin. Biography

<mask> was the first child of Robert F<mask>, a police officer, and Anna Mary Haley. His father left the family when <mask>  was 5. His mother died when he was 16; he and his siblings then lived with their grandmother, Margery Jobe, until he went to college. He graduated from Saint Ignatius High School in Cleveland.While there, he helped start the Cleveland branch of Operation Moonwatch, an amateur science program initiated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory to track satellites. He also helped found a Moonwatchers team while studying at Xavier University; this team broke a tracking record in 1961. <mask>n graduated from Xavier University with a B.S. in mathematics (cum laude) in 1962 and was awarded a teaching fellowship at Georgetown University. He attended Yale University on a scholarship sponsored by the U.S. Naval Observatory (USNO), joining USNO in 1963. In 1969, he received a Ph.D. in astronomy from Yale after completing his dissertation on lunar occultations.<mask>n worked at the USNO until 1983, first becoming Chief of the Research Branch and later becoming Chief of the Celestial Mechanics Branch of the Nautical Almanac Office. His espousal of highly non-mainstream beliefs, particularly the exploded planet hypothesis, eventually led to his separation from the USNO. He later said, "This forced me to the 'fringes,' areas of

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 astronomy not accepted as credible by experts of the field". Following his separation from the USNO, <mask>n started a business organizing eclipse viewing expeditions, and promoting his non-mainstream views in a newsletter and web site. Shortly after his death in 2009, the asteroid 52266 <mask>landern was named in his honor because of his prediction and analysis of lunar occultations at the U.S. Naval Observatory and publications of papers on the dynamics of binary minor planets. He married Barbara Ann Weber (1942-2018) in 1963 in Kentucky, and they had 3 sons, Michael, Brian, and Kevin, and a daughter, Connie.The couple moved to Sequim, Washington from the East Coast in 2005 to be closer to their children and grandchildren. <mask> Flandern died of colon cancer in Seattle, Washington. Mainstream scientific work

During the mid-1970s, <mask>n believed that lunar observations gave evidence of variation in Newton's gravitational constant (G), consistent with a speculative idea that had been put forward by Paul Dirac. In 1974, his essay "A Determination of the Rate of Change of G" was awarded second place by the Gravity Research Foundation. However, in later years, with new data available, <mask>n himself admitted his findings were flawed, and the conclusions were contradicted by more accurate findings based on radio measurements with the Viking landers. <mask> and Henry Fliegel developed a compact algorithm to calculate a Julian date from a Gregorian date that would fit on a single IBM card. They described this in a letter to the editor of a computing magazine in 1968.This was available for use in business applications. With Kenneth Pulkkinen, he published "Low precision formulae for

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 planetary positions", in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement in 1979. The paper set a record for the number of reprints requested from that journal. Non-mainstream science and beliefs
<mask>n described in his 1993 book Dark Matter, Missing Planets, New Comets how he had become increasingly dissatisfied with the mainstream views of science by the early 1980s. He wrote:

"Events in my life caused me to start questioning my goals and the correctness of everything I had learned. In matters of religion, medicine, biology, physics, and other fields, I came to discover that reality differed seriously from what I had been taught." In his book, on blogs, lectures, newsletters and websites, <mask>n focused on problems in cosmology and physics.He alleged that when experimental evidence is incompatible with mainstream scientific theories, mainstream scientists refuse to acknowledge this to avoid jeopardizing their funding. Minor-planet satellites
Following claims by David Dunham in 1978 to have detected satellites for some asteroids (notably 532 Herculina) by examining the light patterns during stellar occultations, <mask>n and others began to report similar observations. His non-mainstream 1978 prediction that some asteroids have natural satellites, which was almost universally rejected at the time, was later proven correct when the Galileo spacecraft photographed Dactyl, a satellite of 243 Ida, during its flyby in 1993. Exploding planets
In 1976, while <mask>n was employed by the USNO, he began to promote the belief that major planets sometimes explode. <mask>n also speculated that the origin of the human species may well have been on the planet Mars, which he believed was once a moon of a

masks:
Van Flander
Van Flander
Van Flander
Van Flander
Van Flander


title: Tom Van Flandern

texts:
 now-exploded "Planet V". Le Sage's theory of gravitation and the speed of gravity
<mask>n supported Georges-Louis Le Sage's theory of gravitation, according to which gravity is the result of a flux of invisible "ultra-mundane corpuscles" impinging on all objects from all directions at superluminal speeds. He gave public lectures in which he claimed that these particles could be used as a limitless source of free energy, and to provide superluminal propulsion for spacecraft.In 1998 <mask>n wrote a paper asserting that astronomical observations imply that gravity propagates at least twenty billion times faster than light, or even infinitely fast. Gerald E. Marsh, Charles Nissim-Sabat and Steve Carlip demonstrated that <mask>n's argument was fallacious. Face on Mars
<mask>n was a prominent advocate of the belief that certain geological features seen on Mars, especially the "face at Cydonia", are not of natural origin, but were produced by intelligent extraterrestrial life, probably the inhabitants of a major planet once located where the asteroid belt presently exists, and which <mask>n believed had exploded 3.2 million years ago. The claimed artificiality of the "face" was also the topic of a chapter of his 1993 book. Rejection of Big Bang cosmology
<mask>n was a vocal opponent of the Big Bang model in cosmology, and supported instead a static universe. In 2008 he was an organizer of a conference of individuals who opposed the Big Bang cosmological models. References

External links
Archived: Biography at Meta Research site
Archived: Salon story about relativity dissidents including <mask>n (archived)

1940 births
2009 deaths
American astronomers
Pseudoscientific physicists
Relativity

masks:
Van Flander
Van Flander
Van Flander
Van Flander
Van Flander
Van Flander
Van Flander


title: Mato Dukovac

texts:
<mask> (23 September 1918 – 6 June 1990) was the leading Croatian fighter ace of World War II, credited with between 40 and 44 confirmed victories. He joined the Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, and then the Luftwaffe, with which he flew combat missions on the Eastern Front. His tours of the Eastern Front spanned October and November 1942, February to June 1943, and October 1943 to March 1944. He defected to the Soviet Union on 20 September 1944 and was returned to Yugoslavia in November 1944. He worked as a flight instructor for the Yugoslav Air Force in Pančevo and Zadar before defecting to Italy in April 1945. <mask> left Italy in 1946 and became a captain in the Syrian Air Force. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, he flew combat missions against Israel.Following the war, he emigrated to Canada and started a family there. He died in Toronto in 1990. Early life
<mask> was born on 23 September 1918 in the town of Surčin, near Zemun, then part of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary. He was an avid glider pilot before he entered the 67th class of the Royal Yugoslav Military Academy in Belgrade in 1937. He graduated on 1 April 1940 with the rank of potporučnik, and commenced pilot training at the 1st Pilot School in Pančevo in October of that year. World War II

Croatian Air Force Legion
During the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, Dukovac served with the 2nd Squadron of the Royal Yugoslav Air Force (, VVKJ) at an airfield in Velika Gorica. After the

masks:
Mato Dukovac
Dukovac
Dukovac


title: Mato Dukovac

texts: Kingdom of Yugoslavia was defeated and occupied by the Axis powers, Dukovac became a member of the armed forces of the newly created Independent State of Croatia (, NDH).He joined the Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia (, ZNDH) on 29 April 1941 with the rank of poručnik, and was initially posted to the personnel department of  ZNDH headquarters. On 27 June 1941, the Croatian Legion () was formed to fight alongside Germany during its invasion of the Soviet Union, and on 12 July the air component of the Legion was formed. Known as the Croatian Air Force Legion (, HZL) it consisted of a bomber group and a fighter group. The HZL formed part of the German Luftwaffe; its members swore an oath of loyalty to Adolf Hitler, were subject to German disciplinary regulations, and wore Luftwaffe uniforms. After attending Luftwaffe training schools, the fighter group was sent to the Eastern Front and designated as 15. (Kroatische) Staffel (squadron) of III. Gruppe (Group) of Jagdgeschwader 52 (52nd Fighter Wing, or JG 52).Meanwhile, <mask> was transferred to the Luftwaffe Flugzeugführerschule A/B 120 (pilot school 120) in Prenzlau, Germany in September or October. In April 1942 he underwent advanced training, and in June he was transferred to Jagdfliegerschule 4 (fighter pilot school 4) at Fürth. In October 1942, Leutnant <mask> and seven other pilots joined 15./JG 52, which was operating in the Caucasus flying Messerschmitt Bf 109G-2 fighters. On 29 October, Dukovac had his first 15-minute familiarisation flight, and by the afternoon of that day the

masks: Dukovac Dukovac


title: Mato Dukovac

texts: Junkers Ju 88 medium bombers when they came across 25 Soviet fighters and flying boats over the Black Sea.Dukovac claimed another LaGG-3, but again no-one witnessed it. The following morning, Dukovac was on patrol with another pilot near Karbardinovka when they came across six Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighters. Dukovac claimed one, but the other pilot's aircraft was hit and they had to retire. Later that day, Dukovac and another pilot engaged several LaGG-3s between Novorossiysk and Gelendzhik; Dukovac claimed two, one of which was not witnessed. On 22 April, <mask> was attacking shipping in Novorossiysk when he had to force-land his aircraft with engine problems. He flew another mission in a different aircraft later that day over the Black Sea, downing an Ilyushin DB-3 bomber. On 25 April, Dukovac and two others flew an escort mission for Henschel Hs 129 ground-attack aircraft and Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighters attacking shipping near Primorsko-Akhtarsk, during which the Croat pilots assisted in the sinking of two small vessels.On 27 April, Dukovac accounted for another LaGG-3 between Krymskaja and Abinskaja during a Heinkel He 111 escort. <mask> claimed a victory over another LaGG-3 during a patrol three days later, but it was not seen by his wingman, as they had become separated during the fight. On 1 May, Dukovac sank a small vessel. The following day, he and three other Croat pilots were escorting a group of He 111s when two LaGG-3s tried to intercept the formation. <mask> and another pilot both claimed to have downed one Soviet fighter each, but

masks: Dukovac Dukovac Dukovac


title: Mato Dukovac

texts: their destruction was not witnessed. On 3 May, a morning mission saw Dukovac claim one of four LaGG-3s encountered near Krimskaja. In the afternoon of 3 May, <mask> and another pilot were escorting Hs 129s when they encountered a group of seven Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft and six fighters.During the engagement, <mask>'s aircraft was damaged and he force-landed, but not before claiming one of the Il-2s. The following morning, <mask> and two others sortied on a He 111 escort mission, after which Dukovac again force-landed, this time near Varenikovskaya. On 5 May, Dukovac made three claims: two LaGG-3s in the morning, and another during a Ju 87 escort mission in the evening. The following evening, <mask> shot down another LaGG-3 while escorting Ju 87s. On 8 May, he claimed yet another LaGG-3 during an escort mission for a Fieseler Fi 156 Storch liaison aircraft. On 12 May, reinforcements arrived for 15./JG 52, in the form of some of the pilots that had served on the first tour of the Eastern Front in 1942, along with more former VVKJ pilots. Dukovac did not meet further success until 25 May, when he claimed two Supermarine Spitfire V fighters southeast of Temryuk.Two days later, he and two other pilots surprised eight LaGG-3s west of Trarehof, all of them claiming one, although <mask>'s claim was not witnessed. On 30 May, he was on another He 111 escort mission when he accounted for another LaGG-3. At this juncture, there was a spate of defections from 15./JG 52, with pilots flying to Soviet airfields. The remaining pilots were questioned by

masks: Dukovac Dukovac Dukovac Dukovac Dukovac


title: Mato Dukovac

texts:
 the Luftwaffe, the Staffel was withdrawn from the front, and the commander of the HZL was replaced. This was the end of the second tour of 15./JG 52 on the Eastern Front, during which Dukovac had claimed 14 confirmed and six unconfirmed kills, five of which were later confirmed. Third tour
The Luftwaffe decided to replace most of the remaining pilots of 15./JG 52 with newly trained men, and several veterans of the Staffel joined them during their fighter training at Fürth. Twelve graduated on 1 October 1943, and under newly promoted Staffelkapitan Oberleutnant <mask>, they and another two pilots arrived at Nikolayev on 21 October, where they were equipped with eight Bf 109G-4s and G-6s.They deployed to their airfield at Bagerovo and commenced combat missions on 26 October. Three days later, <mask> scored the first victory of the tour by downing a LaGG-3 south of Kerch. Over the next two days, he claimed an Il-2 and another LaGG-3, then a Ju 87. 1 November was the most successful day for 15./JG 52 for the entire war, with pilots claiming eleven aircraft with no loss, including two Il-2s for Dukovac. He claimed another two Il-2s the next day, but his aircraft was badly damaged by the escorting fighters and he crash-landed near Mariental, escaping unhurt. He followed this up with a claim for a DB-3 on 6 November. On 15 November, the Staffel moved to Karankut, and four days later Dukovac downed yet another LaGG-3.At the end of November, the approach of winter reduced flying operations almost to a halt, but Dukovac downed two Il-2s on 6 December near


title: Mato Dukovac

texts:
 Bagerovo for his 30th and 31st confirmed aerial victories. It was not until 12 January that Dukovac added to his tally, a Yakovlev Yak-1. On 25 February, Dukovac flew five sorties. On the first, he and his wingman downed a Yak-1 each, and on the second he shot down a Yak and a P-39. During his fifth mission, he was shot down by P-39s and crash-landed, injuring his spine. He was evacuated to a field hospital but returned to 15./JG 52 as soon as he could walk, ten days later, only to find that he had just three pilots fit for duty. Despite the pending arrival of newly trained pilots, the loss of another two pilots by mid-March led the Luftwaffe to decide that attempting to maintain 15./JG 52 was futile, and the men were sent home to the NDH.During its three tours, the Staffel had accounted for a total of 297 Soviet aircraft, of which Dukovac had 37 confirmed and eight unconfirmed aerial victories, seven of which were later confirmed. At the beginning of July, the Luftwaffe reconsidered its decision, and the newly promoted Hauptmann <mask> and a group of veteran and fresh pilots began to make their way back to the Eastern Front. They were transported to Romania and then the Slovak Republic, but no aircraft were provided, and on 21 July the pilots were advised that the HZL was to be disbanded. Despite this, in August they were moved to an airfield in East Prussia, where they took delivery of ten Bf 109G-14s. At the beginning of September, they flew to Lithuania in preparation to rejoin the fray. Defections
On 20 September 1944, <mask> and another pilot


title: Mato Dukovac

texts:
 defected to the Soviets after taking off from Labjau airfield. His defection was soon announced by the Red Army.This spelled the end of the Staffel, and the remaining members were withdrawn to East Prussia and retrained as infantry. These men were eventually released from infantry duties in early 1945 and were allowed to return to the NDH, where they were assigned to the ZNDH. In November 1944, the Soviets handed Dukovac over to the Yugoslav Partisans, who offered him the position of flight instructor with the Yugoslav Air Force (, JRV). The following month, Dukovac returned to Belgrade as a kapetan in the JRV, and after a conversion to fly Yakovlev fighters, he worked as a flight instructor in Pančevo. By February 1945, constant provocations and insults directed at him by fellow JRV personnel owing to his service with the ZNDH prompted him to apply for a transfer. In April, he was posted to the 1st Pilot Training School in Zadar as an instructor. On 8 August, Dukovac commandeered a de Havilland Tiger Moth biplane, flew it across the Adriatic and defected again, this time to Italy.He was first placed in a refugee camp in Modena, and then one in Bagnoli del Trigno. Later life and legacy

<mask> joined the Syrian Air Force in 1946. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, he was a captain in No. 1 Squadron of the Syrian Air Force, based in Estabal in Lebanon's Beqaa Valley. Following the end of the Arab–Israeli War, <mask> emigrated to Canada. He settled in Toronto and started a family there. He worked for IBM and was a co-founder of one of the largest


title: Mato Dukovac

texts:
 Croatian émigré organisations in Canada, the United Croats of Canada.He died in Toronto on 6 June 1990. <mask> was the top-scoring Croatian pilot of World War II. During his life, there was much controversy surrounding the exact number of aircraft that he had downed. Croatian wartime documents discovered in the Military History Institute in Belgrade after his death show that the ZNDH credited him with 44 confirmed kills. At least one other source indicates a tally of 40 confirmed kills with five unconfirmed. The ZNDH total of 44 included 18 LaGG-3s, 12 Ilyushin Il-2s, three P-39s, two DB-3s, two Yak-1s, and one each of the following aircraft; II-16, MiG-3, Spitfire, La-5, Yak-9, Pe-2, and A-20. The ZNDH records also noted one unconfirmed claim.Notes

Footnotes

References

1918 births
1990 deaths
Croatian World War II pilots
Croatian military personnel of World War II
Yugoslav emigrants to Canada
Luftwaffe pilots
Military personnel from Belgrade
People of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
Royal Yugoslav Air Force personnel of World War II
Soviet World War II pilots
Syrian Air Force personnel
Yugoslav defectors
Defectors to the Soviet Union
Burials at Cataraqui


title: Donna Shalala

texts:
<mask> ( ; born February 14, 1941) is an American politician and academic who served in the Carter and Clinton Administrations, as well as in the United States House of Representatives for <mask> is a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, which she was awarded in 2008. Shalala earned a bachelor's degree from Western College for Women in 1962 and served in the Peace Corps. In 1970, she earned a Ph.D. from the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs. Shalala later worked as a professor at Baruch College and at Teachers College, Columbia University and served as assistant secretary for policy development and research at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development during the Carter Administration. <mask> became the tenth president of Hunter College in 1980 and next served as chancellor of the University of Wisconsin–Madison from 1988 to 1993. From 1993 to 2001, Shalala served as the 18th United States Secretary of Health and Human Services under President Bill Clinton.<mask> served as HHS secretary for eight years during the Clinton administration, becoming the nation's longest-serving HHS secretary. She is the first Lebanese-American to serve in a Cabinet position. <mask> served as President of the University of Miami from 2001 through 2015, and also taught at the University during that period. She was president of the Clinton Foundation from 2015 to 2017. A Democrat, <mask> was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in  in 2018. She served one term in the House before being defeated in the 2020 general election in an upset. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Cleveland, Ohio, of Maronite Catholic Lebanese descent.Her father sold real estate; and her mother, one of the first Lebanese-Americans to graduate from Ohio State University, was a teacher who worked two jobs and attended law school at night. She has a twin sister, Diane Fritel. Shalala attended West Technical High School where she was the editor of the school newspaper. She received a bachelor's degree in 1962 from Western College for Women. From 1962 to 1964, she was among the first

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Donna Edna Shalala
. Shalala
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Shalala
Shalala
Shalala
Shalala


title: Donna Shalala

texts:
 volunteers to serve in the Peace Corps. Her placement took her to Iran where she worked with other volunteers to construct an agricultural college. In 1970, she earned a Ph.D. from the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York.Academic career (1970–1992)
<mask> began her teaching career as a political science professor at Baruch College (part of the City University of New York), where she also was a member of the American Federation of Teachers union. In 1972, Shalala became a professor of politics and education at Teachers College, Columbia University, a post she held until 1979. Shalala became the only woman on the Municipal Assistance Corporation, a group tasked with saving the city during the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis. Concurrently, from 1977 to 1980, she served as the assistant secretary for policy development and research at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development during the Carter Administration. <mask>'s first experience with academic administration came on October 8, 1980, when she became the tenth president of Hunter College, serving in this capacity until 1988. <mask> next served as chancellor of the University of Wisconsin–Madison (1988–1993). At the time of her chancellorship, the university included 42,000 students, employed 16,500 people, and had an annual budget of $1 billion.She was the first woman to lead a Big Ten Conference school, and only the second woman in the country to head a major research university. Under Shalala's chancellorship and with her support, the university adopted a broad speech code subjecting students to disciplinary action for communications that were perceived as hate speech. That speech code was later found unconstitutional by a federal judge. Also while chancellor, Shalala supported passage of a revised faculty speech code broadly restricting "harmful" speech in both "noninstructional" and "instructional" settings. The faculty speech code was abolished ten years later, after a number of professors were investigated for alleged or suspected violations. As Madison

masks: Shalala Shalala Shalala


title: Donna Shalala

texts:
 chancellor, <mask>, with then athletic director Pat Richter, interviewed and hired football coach Barry Alvarez who went on to become Wisconsin's all-time leader in football wins, with numerous appearances by Wisconsin at the Rose Bowl. U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services (1993–2001)

Following a year serving as chair of the Children's Defense Fund (1992–1993), <mask> was nominated in 1992 by President-elect Bill Clinton for the position of United States Secretary of Health and Human Services.The Washington Post labeled her "one of the most controversial Clinton Cabinet nominees". Her nomination went before the Senate Finance Committee in January 1993, and the Senate voted to confirm her on January 22, 1993. At the start of <mask>'s tenure, the Department of Health and Human Services employed 125,000 people and had a budget of $539 billion. <mask> served as HHS secretary for eight years during the Clinton administration, becoming the nation's longest-serving HHS secretary. In 1996, <mask> was the designated survivor during Clinton's State of the Union address. She is the first Lebanese-American to serve in a Cabinet position. Work on corporate boards (2001-2012)
In 2001, <mask> joined the boards of UnitedHealth and Lennar, where over the following decade she earned millions of dollars.<mask> was paid almost a half-million dollars in 2010 to serve on the boards of three companies, two of which were run by UM trustees. When she left Lennar in 2012, the company reported it was to avoid a "conflict of interest." Lennar's CEO, Stuart Miller, had joined the UM Board of Trustees in 2002. <mask> rejoined Lennar in 2017 after she was no longer President of the University. And she has been member of the advisory board of the Peter G. Peterson Foundation. University of Miami presidency (2001–2015)

In 2001, <mask> became president of the University of Miami (UM). She created a UM fundraising campaign called "Momentum," designed to raise UM's endowment from approximately $750 million to $1 billion; the goal was later increased to $1.25 billion by the end of 2007.In 2013, the University

masks: Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala


title: Donna Shalala

texts:
 of Miami sold 88 acres of undeveloped Pine Rocklands, one of the last remnants of the imperiled habitat in Miami Dade County outside of Everglades National Park, to Ram Realty Services, for $22 million. The Miami New Times described this amount as "a complete steal for the developer in light of the relative worth of nearby property." Also in 2013, Ram Realty and Lennar Corp, worked on at least one project together in North Carolina. When <mask> ran for the US Congress in 2018, her candidacy was opposed by local environmentalists for her part in the sale of the UM pine rocklands site. Shalala faced some criticism for her response to a nationally publicized custodial workers' strike at the University of Miami, which lasted from February 28, 2006, until May 1, 2006. Critics called UM's custodial workers among the lowest paid university-based custodians in the nation and alleged they were not earning a living wage. The strike prompted Shalala to raise wages.Shalala was also criticized for living in luxury while the custodians did not have health insurance. Shalala criticized union organizer's tactics, including a sit-in that she said prevented students from attending classes. On September 8, 2014, <mask> announced that she would be stepping down at the end of the 2014–2015 academic year. Clinton Foundation (2015–2017)
In 2015, <mask> took a leave of absence from her tenured professorship at UM to volunteer for the Clinton Foundation. She followed her tenure as president of the University of Miami by being named chief executive officer of the Foundation, serving in that capacity from 2015 to 2017. According to The New York Times, Chelsea Clinton helped persuade Shalala to leave the Miami position, move to New York and head the foundation. Shalala maintained a home in Miami and taught part-time at UM while heading the foundation in New York.<mask> led the Clinton Foundation during the 2016 presidential election, in which Hillary Clinton was a leading candidate and the propriety of the foundation's activity came under scrutiny. In a September 14, 2016, interview on MSNBC, Shalala admitted

masks: Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala


title: Donna Shalala

texts:
 that there was “no question” that donors to the Clinton Foundation had been given “courtesy appointments” in the State Department while Hillary Clinton ran that department. Shalala oversaw the termination of the Clinton Global Initiative during her tenure as CEO, as well as other reductions in operations intended to avoid conflicts of interest if Clinton won the election. She resisted calls by The Washington Post and USA Today to shut down the foundation entirely, arguing that "there are human beings around the world who would be affected by these decisions." <mask> left the Clinton Foundation in April 2017 to return to her full-time teaching position at UM; she was replaced by her former HHS deputy Kevin Thurm. 2015 stroke
Following a September 2015 Clinton Global Initiative event held at the Sheraton New York, Shalala fell ill. It was subsequently reported by a foundation statement that she had suffered a stroke.In early 2018, she said she had recovered. U.S. House of Representatives (2019–2021)

2018 campaign

In March 2018, Shalala declared her candidacy in the Democratic primary for Florida's 27th congressional district. The district included just over half of Miami as well as some of its eastern suburbs. The district voted for Clinton by a comfortable margin in the 2016 presidential election, but its House seat was held by 30-year incumbent Republican Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, who had announced that she would retire at the conclusion of her term. In an interview with WFOR-TV, Shalala stated that she supported universal healthcare coverage, but opposed a Medicare For All single-payer healthcare system because she believed that individuals who liked their current employment-based healthcare plans should be able to keep them. On August 28, 2018, <mask> won the Democratic five-candidate primary over state Representative David Richardson. The outcome of the race was substantially closer than polling predicted, which had her leading consistently by double digits.She won with 31.9 percent of the vote, vs. 27.5% for Richardson. <mask> ran against Republican candidate Maria Elvira Salazar, a


title: Donna Shalala

texts:
 popular anchorwoman for Miami Telemundo outlet WSCV, in the general election. <mask>'s campaign emphasized her experience and sought to tie Salazar to President Donald Trump, who was unpopular in the district. The race proved closer than expected, in part because <mask> does not speak Spanish; the 27th district is over 63 percent Latino. As late as a month before the election, polls showed Shalala either behind or practically tied with Salazar. However, <mask> won the election at the age of 77, making her the second-oldest freshman Representative in history after James B. Bowler who was elected at the age of 78 in 1953. <mask> was sworn in as a member of the 116th United States Congress on January 3, 2019.Tenure
On December 18, 2019, Shalala voted to impeach President Donald Trump. On April 17, 2020, <mask> was appointed by House Speaker Nancy Pelosi to serve on the COVID-19 Congressional Oversight Commission to oversee the implementation of the CARES Act. The appointment was met with criticism, as the Miami Herald reported that Shalala had violated the STOCK Act by failing to disclose more than 500 stock trades, but Shalala remained on the commission and paid a $1,200 fine to the House Ethics Committee. On September 28, 2020, the Miami Herald reported that Shalala failed to publicly report two additional stock trades, in violation of the STOCK Act disclosure rules. <mask> was named a vice-chair of the 2020 Democratic National Convention. Committee assignments
Committee on Education and Labor
Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Elementary and Secondary Education
United States House Education Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions
Committee on Rules

Caucus memberships
Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus
Congressional Solar Caucus

2020 campaign

In the 2020 general election, <mask> ran against Republican Salazar again. On November 3, 2020, <mask> was defeated by Salazar.Salazar received 51.4% (176,141 votes) of the vote to <mask>'s 48.6% (166,758 votes). Other activities

Board memberships
<mask> served on the Board of Directors of the United States Soccer Federation.

masks: Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala


title: Donna Shalala

texts:
 <mask> served as a member of the board of directors of Lennar Corporation from 2001–2012. She served on the board of directors of Gannett Company from 2001 to 2011, retiring because of age limits. The Chronicle of Higher Education has reported on a potential conflict of interest involving Shalala's service on the boards of property development companies. Civic activities
In 1985, Shalala became a founding member of EMILY's List, a political action committee that seeks to elect pro-choice Democratic women to office. Shalala served from 2001–2007 on the board of the Albert Shanker Institute, a small, three-member staff organization named for the former head of the American Federation of Teachers.She is an honorary board member of the American Iranian Council, an organization that seeks to promote closer U.S. relations with Iran. Shalala serves as a co-leader of the Nutrition and Physical Activity Initiative at the Bipartisan Policy Center. She serves as a distinguished senior fellow in the Economic Studies Program and the Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform at the Brookings Institution. She is also a member of a Washington D.C.-based think tank known as The Inter-American Dialogue. Shalala also served as a panelist on the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense, a working group of former high-ranking government officials and academic experts that put together a set of recommendations regarding the United States' defense capabilities against biological threats. Honors
At the University of Miami, <mask> was inducted the Iron Arrow Honor Society, the highest honor bestowed by the University of Miami. In 2002, she was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa.On June 19, 2008, <mask> was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush. In 2010, she received the Nelson Mandela Award for Health and Human Rights. She was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls, New York in 2011. In 2014, she was recognized by the Harry S Truman Library and Museum with the Harry S Truman Legacy of Leadership Award. In 2019, <mask> was announced as one of the members of


title: Donna Shalala

texts:
 the inaugural class of the Government Hall of Fame. Shalala has been awarded more than 50 honorary degrees. See also
List of female United States Cabinet Secretaries
List of Arab and Middle-Eastern Americans in the United States Congress
Women in the United States House of Representatives

Notes

References

External links

President <mask><mask> Biography, University of Miami."America's Best Leaders: Q&A with <mask>, President of the University of Miami, U.S. News & World Report, October 22, 2005. <mask> Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America
President <mask><mask> Collection, 1980–1988, Hunter College Archives and Special Collections

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1941 births
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women
21st-century American women politicians
American academic administrators
American corporate directors
American Federation of Teachers people
American political scientists
American politicians of Lebanese descent
American University alumni
American women in business
American women political scientists
Baruch College faculty
Clinton administration cabinet members
Clinton Foundation people
Columbia University faculty
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Fellows of the United States National Academy of Public Administration
Female members of the United States House of Representatives
Florida Democrats
Leaders of the University of Wisconsin-Madison
Living people
Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs alumni
Members of the Council on Foreign Relations
Members of the Inter-American Dialogue
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Florida
Ohio Democrats
Peace Corps volunteers
Politicians from Cleveland
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Presidents of Hunter College
Presidents of the University of Miami
United States Secretaries of Health and Human Services
University of Miami faculty
Western College for Women alumni
Women academic administrators
Women heads of universities and colleges
Women members of the Cabinet of

masks:
Donna E
. Shalala
Donna Shalala
Donna Shalala
Donna E
. Shalala


title: Grat Dalton

texts:
<mask><mask>" <mask> (March 30, 1861 – October 5, 1892) was an American outlaw in the American Old West. He was one of three brothers in the Dalton Gang, led by his younger brother <mask>. Both brothers were killed during a shootout in an ill-fated raid on two banks in Coffeyville, Kansas. Their brother <mask> survived to be convicted and imprisoned for fourteen years. Short career as lawman

Their older brother <mask> served as a Deputy US Marshal. By all accounts the strongest of the brothers, he always kept his brothers in line. <mask> and his younger brothers idolized Frank.On Nov 27, 1887 Frank and another deputy marshal, Jim Cole, went across the river from their base at Fort Smith to arrest three whiskey bootleggers. As they approached the camp, the bootleggers began to shoot at them. After <mask> shot and killed two, his gun jammed, and he was killed by the remaining bootlegger. His deputy abandoned him after being shot. <mask> is buried in Coffeyville, Kansas. After Frank's death, brothers <mask> and Bob took over his job as Deputy U.S. Marshal at Fort Smith, Arkansas.Bob soon hired Emmett under him to guard prisoners. After Bob killed a man in the line of duty, which he claimed was in self defense, he began to drink heavily and become restless. He was assigned to organize a police force in the Osage Nation, Indian Territory, and took Emmett with him as a deputy. Grat stayed at Fort Smith. Emmett and Bob kept good reputations in the Osage Nation until July 1890, when they began stealing horses. Eventually stockmen organized to capture them, forcing the <mask>s to flee. Hiding out in the bluffs on the Canadian River about seventy miles southwest of Kingfisher, Oklahoma, they sent to Grat for help.Grat tried to get them food, horses, and ammunition but was caught and jailed at Fort Smith, where he had formerly worked. After two

masks:
Gratton Hanley "
Grat
Dalton
Bob Dalton
Emmett Dalton
Frank Dalton
Grat
Dalton
Frank Dalton
Grat
Dalton


title: Grat Dalton

texts:
 weeks Grat was released, as lawmen hoped he would lead them to his brothers. Bob and Emmett took a train to California, and stayed with their brother William "Bill" <mask> at his ranch near San Miguel, San Luis Obispo County, California. Discredited as lawmen, the <mask>s would soon form their first gang. Organizing the Dalton Gang

Grat returned to California to meet Emmett and Bob at their brother Bill's ranch in January 1891. They worked there for about a month while playing poker games and getting in bar fights in San Luis Obispo County, spending most of the money they had made from horse stealing. At this time <mask> began making plans to rob a train with the help of Emmett and Grat.Their brothers Cole, Littleton (Lit), and Bill unsuccessfully tried to dissuade them. On the night of February 6, 1891 a Southern Pacific Railroad passenger train was held up by two masked men carrying only 44-calibre revolvers near the town of Alila (present day Earlimart, California). No money was  taken; however, during the crossfire the expressman accidentally killed the fireman. The outlaws wore masks during the Alila robbery. Many years later, Littleton <mask> said that his brothers, Bob and Emmett, had told him many times that they robbed that train. <mask> had not joined the heist as he had spent all his money on drinking and gambling in Tulare, California, and did not have a horse. Sheriff Gene Kay of Tulare County and his posse tracked the outlaws to San Luis Obispo County, near San Miguel, California.They found the remnants of a saddle at the ranch of <mask>; it was missing a leather strap that had been found at the scene of the hold up. Finding out what they could about the brothers, Sheriff Kay's posse learned that Bob, Emmett and Grat had spent the past few days drinking, gambling, and following the Southern Pacific pay car as it made its

masks:
Dalton
Dalton
Bob Dalton
Dalton
Grat
Bill Dalton


title: Grat Dalton

texts: monthly journey down the San Joaquin Valley. By this time their reputation as horse thieves in Oklahoma was also known in California. On March 17, 1891 the Tulare County Grand Jury indicted brothers Bob, Emmett, <mask>, and <mask> for the Alila robbery. A few days later <mask> and Bill were arrested and placed in the Tulare County jail. A $3000 bounty was placed for the capture of Bob and Emmett, but Bill had already helped them escape from California before he was arrested. The two were on their way back to Oklahoma Territory.Bill soon secured bondsmen and was released. He quickly hired attorneys to defend Grat. Grat was held in jail in Visalia. Bob and Emmett borrowed money and supplies from brothers Cole and Lit, and made their way east across the Mojave Desert. After their horses were discovered at Ludlow, Sheriff Kay pursued them with his deputy, Jim Ford. He discovered that the brothers were making their way to Utah to throw him off, and tracked them to the town of Ogden. Bob and Emmett escaped again by train.Sheriff Kay continued to track them throughout the Southwest for several months, but never caught up. Eventually the brothers returned to the Dalton home near Kingfisher, Oklahoma, where the family had many friends willing to hide them. Sheriff Kay returned to California for Grat's trial. Realizing they were no longer being pursued, Bob and Emmett robbed a train at Whorton, now Perry, Oklahoma, in May 1891. They began forming what would be known as the Dalton Gang. Even though much of the evidence showed that Grat was in Fresno, California the night of the Alila robbery, including the testimony of several witnesses, the influence of the powerful Southern Pacific Railroad resulted in his having an unfair trail. Grat's lawyer was corrupt.Neither the defense nor prosecution noted that the fireman had been killed accidentally by

masks:
Grat
Bill Dalton
Grat


title: Grat Dalton

texts: the expressman. The <mask> brothers had thought that Emmett had killed the fireman. <mask> was convicted on murder charges and sentenced to life imprisonment. On September 3, 1891 a train was robbed near Ceres, California, but the attempt was unsuccessful and no money was lost. The elements were similar to the robbery at Alila. Sheriff Kay suspected <mask>, and arrested him and an associate, named Riley Dean. Kay found <mask> and Dean at an abandoned overland stage station where they looked as if they were either planning a robbery or to break Grat from jail.Both <mask> and Dean had a clear alibi but Kay held Bill in the Tulare County Jail to await trial for his part in the Alila robbery. On September 21, <mask> was brought into court to face sentencing, but this was instead postponed to October 6. On the night of September 27th, <mask> and two other men escaped from the County Jail in Visalia while Sheriff Kay was in San Francisco, California. Someone on the outside gave them a saw, and they got through the bars. <mask> had remained in his cell and was found in the morning, playing a guitar, joking about how the boys had left him. Bill was acquitted and released on October 15. He sold the lease to his ranch in San Luis Obispo County, moved his family to his wife's parents in Livingston, California, and left for Kingfisher.After arresting the two other men that had escaped with Grat, Sheriff Kay learned that Grat was helped by Riley Dean and that they were both hiding on the summit of a steep mountain close to the Kings River near Sanger, California. This would be known as Dalton Mountain. On Christmas Eve 1891, the posses of both Sheriff Kay of Tulare County and Sheriff Hensley of Fresno County ascended the mountain to Daltons camp. They ambushed the outlaws on their way back from a boar hunt. Grat managed to escape, firing at the

masks:
Dalton
Grat
Bill Dalton
Dalton
Dalton
Grat
Grat
Bill Dalton


title: Grat Dalton

texts: and went to work at the other end of the car. Bryant secured the revolver and ordered the baggageman to go back to work. He opened the door to the rear platform and, while Short had his attention to the mounted men, shot him in the back.Short turned and they both shot each other to death. The second train robbery by the Dalton Gang in Oklahoma was at a small station called Lelietta on September 15, 1891, about four miles north of Wagoner, Oklahoma. Here they secured $19,000, which Bob spent mostly on women and gambling. Bill Doolin complained that he was not dividing the money fairly and quit the gang along with Newcomb and Pierce. <mask> returned to Oklahoma in the spring of 1892. The three dissatisfied members also returned and new plans began to formulate. Bill had also returned several months earlier living at his mothers near Kingsfisher.Even though he did not participate in any of the hold ups with his brothers he acted as a spy and advisor. On June 1, 1892, the gang robbed the Santa Fe train at Red Rock, Oklahoma securing about $50,000. Here the Santa Fe had found out about the <mask>s plans and attempted to set up a trap for the gang filling the train with heavily armed officers. However they made the mistake of leaving the train dark which made Bob suspicious and the gang allowed the train to go by robbing the next train a few minutes later. The $50,000 however came out to only $1800 after draft and securities had been thrown out. It was soon necessary to rob another train. The next robbery was at Adair, Oklahoma, near the Arkansas border on July 14.At the station the gang took what they could find in the express and baggage rooms. They sat to wait for the next train on a bench on the platform, talking and smoking, with their Winchester rifles across their knees. When the train came in at 9:45 p.m., they backed a wagon up to

masks: Grat Dalton


title: Grat Dalton

texts:
 the express car and unloaded all the contents. The eight armed guards on the train all happened to be at the back of the train when it pulled in. They fired at the bandits through the car windows and from behind the train. In the gun fight, 200 shots were fired. None of the <mask> gang was hit.Doctors W. L. Goff and Youngblood were sitting on the porch of the drug store near the depot. Both men were hit several times by stray shots; Dr Goff was fatally wounded. Also wounded were captains Kinney and LaFlore, but they recovered. The gang secured about $18,000. They were also accused of robbing a bank in El Reno, Oklahoma on July 28, however this was based on little evidence as no one saw any members of the gang. Downfall of the gang

By that time, by later accounts from Emmett <mask>, Deputy US Marshal Heck Thomas was on the trail of the Dalton Gang. His relentless pursuit had pushed them to make one large score, then lie low for a time.<mask> <mask> thought Coffeyville would be an excellent opportunity for that score. For reasons unknown, <mask> <mask> dismissed gang members "Bittercreek" Newcomb and Charley Pierce, telling them their services were no longer needed. It would prove to be a blessing in disguise for Pierce and Newcomb. The robbery attempts would be a colossal mistake. On October 5, 1892, the gang entered Coffeyville, simply riding in, then splitting into two teams. The brothers were recognized as soon as they rode into town. They entered the two banks in two separate teams, intent on having only so much time to finish the robberies and flee.By the time they were ready to make their escape, the townspeople had armed themselves and set up to cover all escape routes from the town. A fierce shootout erupted, and by the time it was over, gang members <mask> <mask>, <mask>, Dick Broadwell, alias "Texas Jack" Moore, and Bill

masks:
Dalton
Dalton
Grat
Dalton
Grat
Dalton
Grat
Dalton
Bob Dalton


title: Grat Dalton

texts:
 Power, alias Joseph Evans, were dead, and Emmett <mask> had been shot 23 times, but would survive. Four townspeople, Town Marshal Charles T. Connelly, bank clerk Lucius M. Baldwin, cobbler Charles J. Brown, and merchant George W. Cubine were dead. Bank cashier Thomas G. Ayers was shot in the groin; although seriously wounded, he survived, while townspeople T.A. Reynolds and Louis Dietz were wounded, but not seriously. The gun-battle ended the Dalton Gang.Their outlaw career would prove to have been short and ultimately non productive . However, the legend of the gang and the notoriety they received due to the Coffeyville shootout made them famous. That fame helped drive their brother <mask> in efforts to become more famous than his brothers, and helped spawn the Doolin Dalton Gang, with <mask>, Bill Doolin, "Bittercreek" Newcomb, and Charley Pierce all having their start with the Dalton Gang. In popular culture
The western actor Gregg Palmer, then twenty-five, portrayed <mask> <mask> in the 1952 film The Cimarron Kid. Thereafter, in 1954, Fess Parker played <mask> in an episode of Jim Davis's syndicated series Stories of the Century. Jim Davis portrayed <mask> <mask> in the 1963 episode "Three Minutes to Eternity" of the syndicated western series,  Death Valley Days, a dramatization of the simultaneous bank robberies in Coffeyville. Tom Skerritt portrayed the surviving Emmett <mask>; Forrest Tucker, <mask>.The episode was narrated by Stanley Andrews, known as "The Old Ranger". In 1975 <mask> <mask> was played by the actor Richard Jaeckel in the TV movie western The Last Day. References

External links
Grat Dalton
The Dalton Gang
Dalton Gang Timeline
The Outlaws, Dalton Gang
Dalton Gang Wiped Out

Outlaws of the American Old West
People from Lawrence, Kansas
1861 births
1892 deaths
Dalton Gang
People from Coffeyville, Kansas
Deaths by

masks:
Dalton
Bill Dalton
Bill Dalton
Gratton
Dalton
Grat
Grat
Dalton
Dalton
Bob Dalton
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Dalton


title: Mitch Miller

texts:
<mask> (July 4, 1911 – July 31, 2010) was an American choral conductor, record producer, record-industry executive, and professional oboist. He was involved in almost all aspects of the industry, particularly as a conductor and artists and repertoire (A&R) man. <mask> was one of the most influential people in American popular music during the 1950s and early 1960s, both as the head of A&R at Columbia Records and as a best-selling recording artist with an NBC television series, Sing Along with <mask>. A graduate of the Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester in the early 1930s, <mask> began his musical career as a player of the oboe and English horn, making numerous highly regarded classical and popular recordings. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born to a Jewish family in Rochester, New York, on July 4, 1911. His mother was Hinda (Rosenblum) <mask>, a former seamstress, and his father, <mask>, a Russian-Jewish immigrant wrought-iron worker. <mask> had four siblings, two of whom, Leon and Joseph, survived him.Classical and jazz oboe
<mask> took up the oboe at first as a teenager, because it was the only instrument available when he went to audition for his junior high school orchestra. After graduating from East High School he attended the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, where he met and became a lifelong friend of Goddard Lieberson, who became President of the CBS music group in 1956. After graduating from Eastman, <mask> played with the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra and then moved to New York City, where he was a

masks:
Mitchell William Miller
Miller
Mitch
Miller
Mitchell William Miller
Miller
Abram Calmen Miller
Mitch
Miller
Miller


title: Mitch Miller

texts:
 member of the Alec Wilder Octet (1938–41 and occasionally later), as well as performing with David Mannes, Andre Kostelanetz, Percy Faith, George Gershwin, and Charlie Parker. He worked with Frank Sinatra on the 1946 recording of "The Music of Alec Wilder". <mask> played the English horn part in the Largo movement of Dvořák's New World Symphony in a 1947 recording conducted by Leopold Stokowski. <mask> gave the American premiere of Richard Strauss's Oboe Concerto in a 1948 radio broadcast. Strauss had originally assigned rights to the premiere to John de Lancie, who gave him the idea for the concerto while stationed near Strauss's villa in Garmisch.However, since meeting the composer, de Lancie had won a section oboist position with the Philadelphia Orchestra, and as a junior player to the orchestra's principal oboist Marcel Tabuteau was unable to fulfill Strauss's wishes. De Lancie then gave the rights for the premiere to <mask>. As part of the CBS Symphony, <mask> participated in the musical accompaniment on the 1938 radio broadcast of Orson Welles's Mercury Theater on the Air production of The War of the Worlds. A&R man
<mask> joined Mercury Records as a classical music producer and served as the head of Artists and Repertoire (A&R) at Mercury in the late 1940s, and then joined Columbia Records in the same capacity in 1950. This was a pivotal position in a recording company, because the A&R executive decided which musicians and songs would be recorded and promoted by that particular record label. He defined the Columbia style through the

masks: Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller


title: Mitch Miller

texts: early 1960s, signing and producing many important pop standards artists for Columbia, including Johnnie Ray, Percy Faith, Ray Conniff, Jimmy Boyd, Johnny Mathis, Tony Bennett, and <mask> (whose pseudonym was based on <mask>'s first name). After arriving at Columbia, <mask> enticed both Patti Page and Frankie Laine to join the label after their early successes at Mercury.<mask> helped direct the careers of artists who were already signed to the label, such as Doris Day, Dinah Shore, and Jo Stafford. <mask> also discovered Aretha Franklin and signed her to the first major recording contract of her career. She left Columbia after five years, when Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic Records promised Franklin artistic freedom to create records outside the pop mainstream in a more rhythm-and-blues-driven direction. <mask> disapproved of rock 'n' roll—one of his contemporaries described his denunciation of it as "The Gettysburg Address of Music"—and passed not only on Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly, who became stars on RCA and Coral, respectively, but on The Beatles as well, creating a fortune in revenue for rival Capitol. Previously, <mask> had offered Presley a contract but balked at the amount Presley's manager, Colonel Tom Parker, was asking. However, in 1958 he signed Johnny Cash and Carl Perkins, two of Presley's contemporaries at Sun Records. According to former Newsweek music critic Karen Schoemer, <mask>'s refusal to record in the genre was also due to his fear that the label, and its corporate parent CBS, would be implicated in the scandal

masks:
Guy Mitchell
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Mitch Miller
Miller
Miller


title: Mitch Miller

texts:
 surrounding payola if he did so, remarking: I knew what was going on—everybody in the business knew what was going on.You had to pay to play. In defense of his anti-rock stance, he once told NME in January 1958: "Rock 'n' roll is musical baby food: it is the worship of mediocrity, brought about by a passion for conformity." Despite his distaste for rock 'n' roll, <mask> emphasized emotional expression over vocal perfection and often produced records for Columbia artists that were rockish in nature. Two examples are "A White Sport Coat (and a Pink Carnation)" by Marty Robbins and "Rock-a-Billy" by <mask>. Record producer
As a record producer, <mask> gained a reputation for both innovation and gimmickry. Although he oversaw dozens of chart hits, his relentlessly cheery arrangements and his penchant for novelty material—for example, "Come On-a My House" (Rosemary Clooney), "Mama Will Bark" (Frank Sinatra and Dagmar)—have drawn criticism from some admirers of traditional pop music. Music historian Will Friedwald wrote in his book Jazz Singing (Da Capo Press, 1996) thatMiller exemplified the worst in American pop.He first aroused the ire of intelligent listeners by trying to turn—and darn near succeeding in turning—great artists like Sinatra, Clooney, and Tony Bennett into hacks. <mask> chose the worst songs and put together the worst backings imaginable—not with the hit-or-miss attitude that bad musicians traditionally used, but with insight, forethought, careful planning, and perverted brilliance. At the same time, Friedwald acknowledges

masks:
Miller
Guy Mitchell
Miller
Miller


title: Mitch Miller

texts:
<mask>'s great influence on later popular music production:

<mask> established the primacy of the producer, proving that even more than the artist, the accompaniment, or the material, it was the responsibility of the man in the recording booth whether a record flew or flopped. <mask> also conceived the idea of the pop record "sound" per se: not so much an arrangement or a tune, but an aural texture (usually replete with extramusical gimmicks) that could be created in the studio and then replicated in live performance, instead of the other way around. <mask> was hardly a rock 'n' roller, yet without these ideas there could never have been rock 'n' roll. "Mule Train", <mask>'s first major hit (for Frankie Laine) and the foundation of his career, set the pattern for virtually the entire first decade of rock. The similarities between it and, say, "Leader of the Pack", need hardly be outlined here.<ref>{{cite book| last=Friedwald| first=Will| title=Sinatra!The Song Is You: A Singer's Art| location=New York City| publisher=Da Capo Press| date=March 22, 1997| page=174| isbn=9780306807428| url=https://archive.org/details/sinatrasongisyou00frie_0| url-access=registration}}</ref>

While some of Columbia's performers, including Harry James, Frank Sinatra, and Rosemary Clooney, resented <mask>'s methods, the label maintained a high release-to-hit ratio during the 1950s. Sinatra particularly blamed his temporary fall from popularity while at Columbia on <mask>; the crooner felt that he was forced by <mask> to record material like

masks: Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller


title: Mitch Miller

texts:
 "Mama Will Bark" and "The Hucklebuck". <mask> countered that Sinatra's contract gave him the right to refuse any song. Recording artist

In the early 1950s, <mask> recorded with Columbia's house band as "<mask> and His Orchestra." He also recorded a string of successful albums and singles, featuring a male chorale and his own arrangements, under the name "<mask> and the Gang" beginning in 1950. The ensemble's hits included "The Children's Marching Song" (more commonly known as "This Old Man"), "Tzena, Tzena, Tzena", and "The Yellow Rose of Texas", which topped the U.S. Billboard chart, sold over one million copies in the United States alone, and reached #2 on the UK Singles Chart.<mask>'s medley of the two marches from The Bridge on the River Kwai, "The River Kwai March" and "Colonel Bogey March", lasted 29 weeks on the Billboard pop charts in 1958, longer than any other record completely within that year. In 1957, <mask>'s orchestra and chorus recorded "U.S. Air Force Blue", a United States Air Force recruiting song. He and his orchestra also recorded children's music for the Golden Records label. A choral group called The Sandpiper Singers provided the vocals for these recordings, including an album of Mother Goose nursery rhymes. In 1961, <mask> also provided two choral tracks set to Dimitri Tiomkin's title music on the soundtrack to The Guns of Navarone. Followed by the theme of The Longest Day over the end credits in 1962 and the "Major Dundee March", the theme song to Sam Peckinpah's 1965 Major Dundee. Though the film was a boxoffice

masks:
Miller
Miller
Mitchell Miller
Mitch Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller


title: Mitch Miller

texts:
 bomb, the song remained popular for years.In 1987, <mask> conducted the London Symphony Orchestra with pianist David Golub in a well-received recording of Gershwin's An American in Paris, Concerto in F and Rhapsody in Blue. What made this recording special was that it was produced using the original sheet music that was handed out by Gershwin to his band for an early U.S. tour, along with Gershwin's performance directions as noted by then band member <mask>. Sing Along with <mask>
Initially airing as a one-shot episode of the NBC television show Startime (season 1, episode 32) on 24 May 1960, Sing Along with <mask> went on to become a weekly series in 1961 as a community sing-along program hosted by <mask> and featuring a male chorus. The program, videotaped in New York, was basically an extension of <mask>'s series of Columbia Sing Along with Mitch record albums. In keeping with the show's title, viewers were presented with lyrics at the bottom of the television screen at the beginning and ending of each episode. While many insist there was a bouncing ball to keep time, <mask> correctly said this was something they remembered from movie theater Screen Songs and Song Cartunes sing-along cartoons.A number of excerpts from Sing Along with Mitch have appeared on video-streaming services such as YouTube. No bouncing ball is in evidence in the clips presented.Singer Leslie Uggams, pianist Dick Hyman, accordionist Dominic Cortese, and the singing Quinto Sisters were regularly featured on Sing Along with <mask>. One of the tenors in <mask>'s

masks:
Miller
Miller
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch Miller
Miller
Miller
Mitch
Miller


title: Mitch Miller

texts: chorale, Bob McGrath, later went on to a long and successful career on the PBS children's show Sesame Street (he was a founding member of the "human" cast in 1969 and McGrath became its longest-serving cast member until his enforced retirement in 2016).Sing Along with <mask> occasionally featured celebrity guests who would appear throughout the hour, and whose repertoire would be worked into the episode's list of songs: George Burns, Milton Berle, and Shirley Temple among them. The show also offered cameos by uncredited celebrities not necessarily known for their singing ability, who were either visiting or working in New York. These surprise guests were dressed like the male chorus members and hidden among them for the closing sing-along, including Johnny Carson, Jerry Lewis, Wally Cox, Buddy Hackett, and Joe E. Ross (in his police uniform from the Car 54, Where Are You? sitcom). As the popularity of the TV show rose, <mask> continued to produce and record several "Sing Along with Mitch" record albums, complete with tear-out lyric sheets. The album series ultimately comprised 20 titles, released from 1958 to 1963.Sing Along with <mask> ran on television from 1961 until the network canceled it in 1964, a victim of changing musical tastes.Selected repeats aired briefly on NBC during the spring of 1966. The show's primary audience was over the age of 40 and it did not gain the favor of advertisers targeting the youth market. <mask> left Columbia Records in 1965 and joined MCA Inc. as a consultant, signing the same year with MCA's Decca Records

masks: Mitch Miller Mitch Miller


title: Mitch Miller

texts:
 subsidiary. In later years, <mask> would carry on the sing-along tradition, leading crowds in song in personal appearances. For several years, <mask> was featured in a popular series of Christmas festivities in New Bedford, Massachusetts, leading large crowds singing carols. <mask> hosted a 1981 TV reunion of the Sing Along Gang for NBC (featuring veterans from the original gang, including Bob McGrath, Andy Love, Paul Friesen, Victor Griffin, and Dominic Cortese). <mask> also appeared as host of two PBS television specials, Keep America Singing (1994) and Voices In Harmony (1996), featuring champion quartets and choruses of SPEBSQSA and Sweet Adelines International.He also appeared conducting regional orchestras and filled in many times as guest conductor of the Boston Pops Orchestra. Conducting style, and parodies
At his first rehearsal for television, <mask> took his position in front of the chorus and began conducting in the usual choirmaster manner: arms outstretched with hands gesturing, so the singers could see his signals. The TV director stopped him, objecting that <mask>'s arms were out of the camera's range and could not be seen on the television screen. <mask> pulled his arms closer to his body, but the director stopped him once more. It was not until <mask>'s elbows were almost touching his body, and his arms extremely restricted, that the director was satisfied. <mask> dutifully adopted the jerky, confined style of conducting and kept it for the duration of the series. The rigid format of Sing Along with Mitch lent itself to

masks: Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller


title: Mitch Miller

texts:
 parodies.Steve Allen once performed a pointed satire, with the comedian made up as <mask> and robotically bending his arms à la <mask> while conducting. The sketch spoofed the show's production values, including cameras panning among the vocalists, going out of control and knocking them over, then chasing Allen out of the studio and onto the roof. Ross Bagdasarian produced an animated spoof in a segment of The Alvin Show, with the David Seville character conducting Alvin and the Chipmunks in <mask>'s herky-jerky style, singing "Down in the Valley" while scrambled lyrics appeared on-screen. Stan Freberg, who had previously recorded "Wunnerful! Wunnerful! ", a scathing satire of The Lawrence Welk Show, presented an equally brutal satire of the show, "Sing Along with Freeb", on his February 1962 ABC special, The Chun King Chow Mein Hour. Jonathan and Darlene Edwards (Paul Weston and Jo Stafford) produced an entire album of sing-along in the <mask> style but deliberately off-key, which supposedly greatly angered <mask>.On the cartoon series The Flintstones, Fred and Barney appeared on the "Hum Along with Herman" show (for people who do not know the words), another satire of <mask>'s show. Bigtop Records in 1963 released a record by The Dellwoods and under the aegis of Mad, titled Fink Along with Mad. Personal life and death
<mask> was married for 65 years to the former Frances Alexander, who died in 2000. They had two daughters, <mask> and <mask> Reuther; a son, <mask>, Jr. or "<mask>"; two grandchildren and two great-grandchildren. <mask> lived

masks:
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Andrea Miller
Margaret Miller
Mitchell Miller
Mike Miller
Miller


title: Mitch Miller

texts:
 in New York City for many years where he died July 31, 2010, after a short illness, four weeks after his 99th birthday. Discography

Singles

Albums
As '<mask> and the Gang':Sing Along with <mask> (album) (Columbia, 1958)Christmas Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1958) (Billboard: Best-selling Christmas album, 1958, 1959, 1960)More Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1958)Still More! Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1959)Folk Songs Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1959)Party Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1959)Fireside Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1959)Saturday Night Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1960)Sentimental Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1960)March Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1960)Memories Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1960)<mask>'s Greatest Hits (Columbia, 1961)Happy Times!Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1961)TV Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1961)Your Request Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1961)Holiday Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1961)Rhythm Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1962)Peace Sing Along (Atlantic, 1970)

As '<mask> and the Sing Along Chorus':Golden Harvest Sing Along'' (Columbia, 1961)

Awards and honors
 <mask> received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2000. He was awarded Honorary Membership in the Barbershop Harmony Society in 1985. He was inducted into the Rochester Music Hall of Fame in 2013. References

External links

 <mask> papers, 1921–2003 Music Division, The New York Public Library. 1911 births
2010 deaths
A&R people
American music industry executives
American

masks:
Mitch Miller
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch Miller
Miller
Mitch Miller