title: Bob King (labor leader)

texts: 13, 2010. Snavely, Brent. "Most Opposed Ford Deal Changes." Detroit Free Press. November 3, 2009. Snavely, Brent."UAW's <mask> Expected to Give Union Spark." Detroit Free Press. June 17, 2010. Stepan-Norris, Judith and Zeitlin, Maurice. Left Out: Reds and America's Industrial Unions. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Tierney, Christine and Aguilar, Louis."UAW Looks Toward Gettelfinger Successor." Detroit News. March 20, 2009. United Auto Workers. 2007 Media Fact Book. Detroit: United Auto Workers, 2007. Accessed 2010-06-19."UAW Creates New Post." Newsday. November 14, 1997. "UAW Head Yokich Enjoyed Success, Suffered Problems During Tenure." Associated Press. May 19, 2001. "UAW Official Says Union Willing to Help With 'Crisis' at Ford."Associated Press. August 8, 2006. "UAW Picks Officers." Detroit Free Press. November 7, 1994. "UAW, Rouge Steel Settle Tentatively After Year of Bargaining." Associated Press.July 14, 1987. Von Bergen, Jane M. "Angry Clash of Ideologies Splits NLRB." The Philadelphia Inquirer. November 10, 2007. Walsh, Mick. "SOA Watch: City Prepares for Protesters." Columbus Ledger-Enquirer.November 14, 2004. Walsh, Tom. "Gettelfinger Has to Flex Workers' Muscle." Detroit Free Press. October 11, 2007. Walsh, Tom. "UAW Raps GM Plan on Imports."Detroit Free Press. May 7, 2009. Webster, Sarah A. "Ford Buyouts Under 3,000." Detroit Free Press. November 5, 2008. Webster, Sarah A."Ford Is Building a Better Buyout." Detroit Free Press. January 24,


title: Masayoshi Son

type: original

texts:
is a Korean-Japanese billionaire technology entrepreneur, investor and philanthropist. A 3rd generation "Zainichi Korean", he naturalized as a Japanese citizen in 1990. He is the founder, chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of the Japanese holding company SoftBank, CEO of SoftBank Mobile and chairman of UK-based Arm Holdings. As of October 2021, Bloomberg Billionaires Index estimated <mask>'s net worth at US$23.1 billion, making him the second richest man in Japan and 68th richest person in the world, despite having the distinction of losing the most money in history (approximately $70bn during the dot com crash of 2000). <mask> was named the world's 45th most powerful person by Forbes Magazine's List of The World's Most Powerful People. As of July 2020, <mask> ranks 32nd on the Forbes list of The World's Billionaires 2020. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Tosu (鳥栖市, Tosu-shi), a city in the eastern part of Saga Prefecture on the island of Kyushu, Japan.<mask> is a 3rd generation "Zainichi Korean", who are ethnic Koreans with permanent residency or citizenship in Japan. <mask>'s grandfather moved from Daegu to Japan during the Japanese colonial period. His grandfather is <mask>-kyung and his father is <mask>-heon. <mask>-ui was born as the second son of four sons. <mask>'s mother is also a Korean. His grandfather, <mask>-kyung, worked as a miner, while his father, <mask>-heon, worked as a fish dealer and pig farmer. When <mask> was young, <mask> was so poor that he lived with pigs and sheep.He left to study in the U.S. on the advice of Japanese McDonald's manager Den Fujita. At age 16, <mask> moved from Japan to California and finished high school in three weeks by taking the required exams at Serramonte High while staying with friends and family in South San Francisco. <mask> attended the University of California, Berkeley, where he majored in engineering. Enamoured by a

masks:
Son
Son
Son
Masayoshi Son
Son
Son
Son Jong
Son Sam
Son Jeong
Son
Son Jong
Son Sam
Son
Son
Son
Son


title: Masayoshi Son

texts:
 microchip featured in a magazine, <mask> at age 19 became confident that computer technology would ignite the next commercial revolution. His first business endeavours began as a student. With the help of some professors, <mask> created an electronic translator that he sold to Sharp Corporation for $1.7 million. He made another $1.5 million by importing used video game machines from Japan, on credit and installing them in dormitories and restaurants.<mask> pursued his interests in business by securing a meeting with Japan McDonald's president Den Fujita. Taking his advice, <mask> began studying English and computer science. <mask> graduated from Berkeley with a B.A. in Economics in 1980, and started Unison in Oakland, CA, which has since been bought by Kyocera. <mask>'s family had adopted the Japanese surname  and <mask> had used that surname as a child. On returning to Japan from the U.S., he decided to use his Korean surname instead and became a role model for ethnic Korean children in Japan. Yahoo!and Alibaba
Son was an early investor in internet firms, buying a share of Yahoo! in 1995 and investing a $20 million stake into Alibaba in 1999. <mask>'s holding company SoftBank owns 29.5% of Alibaba, which is worth around $108.7 billion as of 23 October 2018. Although SoftBank's stake in Yahoo! had dwindled to 7%, <mask> established Yahoo! BroadBand in September 2001 with Yahoo! Japan in which he still owned a controlling interest.After a severe devaluation of SoftBank's equity, <mask> was forced to focus his attention on Yahoo! BB and BB Phone. So far, SoftBank has accumulated about $1.3 billion in debt. Yet, Yahoo! BB acquired Japan Telecom, the then third largest broadband and landline provider with 600,000 residential and 170,000 commercial subscribers. Yahoo! BB is now Japan's leading broadband provider.In June 2020, <mask> stepped down from the Alibaba board. Arm Holdings
In July 2016,

masks: Son Son Son Son Son Son Son Son Son Son Son


title: Masayoshi Son

texts:
 SoftBank announced plans to acquire Arm Holdings for £23.4 billion ($31.4 billion) which would be the largest ever purchase of a European technology company. In September 2016, SoftBank announced that the transaction was complete. The total acquisition price was approximately £24 billion ($34 billion). In 2020, SoftBank Group agreed to sell U.K. chip designer Arm Limited to U.S. chip-maker Nvidia in a cash and stock deal worth up to $40 billion. The sale of Arm, which SoftBank bought in 2016 for $31 billion, is the latest in a string of major asset sales by the Japanese conglomerate. Announcing the deal on Monday, SoftBank said the combination of Arm and Nvidia will create a computing company "that will lead the era" of artificial intelligence.Sprint Corporation
In the 2010s, through his holdings in SoftBank, <mask> bought a 76% share in Sprint. SoftBank has further accumulated shares in Sprint to about 84% ownership. Investment in solar power
In response to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011, <mask> <mask> criticized the nuclear industry for creating "the problem that worries Japanese the most today" and engaged in investing in a nationwide solar power network for Japan. In March 2018, it was announced that <mask> was investing in the biggest ever solar project, a 200GW development planned for Saudi Arabia as part of its Vision 2030. In July 2018, coverage indicated that <mask> "would underwrite most of 100 GW" of a planned 275 GW of new renewable provision in India by 2027. Personal life
<mask> met his wife, Masami Ohno, while they were studying abroad in the United States. They have two daughters.He lives in Tokyo in a three-story mansion that is valued at $50 million and that has a golf range with technology to mimic the weather conditions and temperature of the world’s top golf courses. He has also bought a home near Silicon Valley in Woodside, California, that cost him

masks: Son Masayoshi Son Son Son Son


title: Masayoshi Son

texts:
 $117 million. He owns the SoftBank Hawks, a professional Japanese baseball team. <mask> has three brothers and is the second oldest of the siblings. His youngest brother, Taizo <mask>, is a serial entrepreneur and investor, having founded GungHo Online Entertainment and the venture capital firm Mistletoe. Philanthropy
In 2011 <mask> pledged to donate 10 billion yen ($120 million) and his remaining salary until retirement to support victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. Vision Fund Investments

Established in 2017, SoftBank Group's investment vehicle, the $100 billion Vision Fund, was intended to invest in emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), robotics and the internet of things.As of 2019, it aimed to nearly double its portfolio of AI companies from 70 to 125. However, it also invested in companies supposedly focused on revolutionize real estate, transportation, and retail. <mask> claimed he would make personal connections with the CEOs of all companies funded by Vision Fund in order to enhance the creation of intertwined synergies among those companies. <mask> planned to raise $100 billion for a new fund every few years, investing about $50 billion a year in startups. In 2019, a second Vision Fund was created with a target of $108 billion, of which $38 billion would come from Softbank itself. But the amount was scaled down due to lack of investing partners beyond Softbank Group itself and Masayoshi <mask>. As of 2020, the first fund had invested in 88 companies including Coupang, Didi, Doordash, Fanatics, Grab, Oyo, Paytm Uber, and WeWork, but had experienced an awkward fall from grace as the COVID-19 pandemic and a Chinese regulatory crackdown accelerated the exposure of the Japanese investment management conglomerate's portfolio weaknesses.<mask> became noted as a stock investor after the meteoric rise of Alibaba Group. He had invested $20 million in Jack

masks: Son Son Son Son Son Son Son


title: Masayoshi Son

texts:
 Ma's Alibaba back in 2000 when it was a young Chinese startup company although regrettably passing up early opportunities to invest in both Amazon and Tesla. In addition, he raised his global profile as stock investor since starting Softbank Vision Fund in 2017, creating an unprecedented investment vehicle of almost $100 billion to back technology startups. But by 2021, he was still struggling to persuade investors of the value of his efforts, in part because of fiascoes and troublesome losses with companies such as WeWork, OneWeb, Wirecard, OYO Rooms, Katerra or Greensill Capital, and SoftBank Group's own stock chronically traded far below the value of its assets reflecting a discount associated to tax liabilities, risk, past performance, losses, performance fees and high probability of occurrence of several haircuts given <mask>’s track record while running the Vision Fund and high enthusiasm for investing vast sums in loss-making companies at eye-popping valuations. By October 2021, <mask> <mask> had accelerated the pace of his startup investments quintupling the number of companies in his Vision Fund 2 portfolio in less than 9 months, SoftBank was cutting more deals with fewer staff than ever and the average investment amount per company had fallen from $943 million in Vision Fund 1 to $192 million in Vision Fund 2. References

External links
 . 1957 births
Baseball executives
Businesspeople in telecommunications
Japanese billionaires
Japanese chief executives
Japanese people of Korean descent
Japanese sports businesspeople
Living people
20th-century Japanese businesspeople
21st-century Japanese businesspeople
People from Saga Prefecture
SoftBank people
Naturalized citizens of Japan
Sprint Corporation
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
Japanese chairpersons of corporations
Japanese company founders
Iljik Son clan
Japanese transhumanists
Japanese inventors
People named in the

masks: Son Masayoshi Son


title: Gertrude Flynn

texts:
<mask> (January 14, 1909 – October 16, 1996) was an American stage, film and television actress. She was married to Asa Bordages, a feature writer for the New York World-Telegram and playwright known for the 1941 play Brooklyn USA. Career

<mask>'s film and television career began in 1954 in The Barefoot Contessa as "Lulu McGee". She played "Maggie Blake" in the Sherlock Holmes episode, "The Case of the Belligerent Ghost". She made four guest appearances on Perry Mason in the early 1960s, including as "Agatha Culpepper" in "The Case of the Floating Stones", as Mrs. Nichols in "The Case of the Irate Inventor" in 1960, and as Sylvia Lambert in the 1963 episode "The Case of the Bluffing Blast". Her final appearance was in 1966 in the "Case of the Golfer's Gambit" as Rolasie Hedrick. During the 1965-66 season of the soap opera Days of Our Lives she made five appearances as Anna Sawyer.She made her final television appearances in 1987 in Outlaws. Theater
<mask> performed on Broadway beginning in the late 1920s. The New York Times noted her appearance in the very short-lived (5 days) 1940 production of Romantic Mr. Dickens, a drama about the romances of Charles Dickens, and wrote that she "fit smoothly into this rather unorthodox picture of a literary tradition." After beginning her work in film and television, <mask> continued work in theater, making appearances in such as Summer Voices at the Circle Theater in Los Angeles as late as 1977. Of her 1965 performance in the West Coast Repertory Company's troubled production of Long Day's Journey Into Night, the Los Angeles Times wrote "The one saving grace of the evening was the fine performance by

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Gertrude Flynn
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title: Gertrude Flynn

texts:
 <mask> of Mary Tyrone". Film and television
Flyn appeared in I Want To Live, Invitation to a Gunfighter and Rome Adventure. She guest starred on such television series as The Millionaire,  Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, The Loretta Young Show, Maverick, Have Gun - Will Travel, Dr Kildare, Perry Mason, Gunsmoke, Hawaii Five-O, Charlie's Angels, The Love Boat, and Hill Street Blues.<mask> appeared in the classic 1961 Twilight Zone episode, "Will the Real Martian Please Stand Up". Partial filmography

Film
 The Barefoot Contessa (1954) as Lulu McGee
 War and Peace (1956) as Mariya Peronskaya
 Difendo il mio amore (1956)
 Boy on a Dolphin (1957) as Miss Dill
 The Love Specialist (1957)
 I Want to Live! (1 episode, 1968) as Ruth Kolner
 Hawaii Five-O (1 episode, 1968) as Landlady
 Medical Center (1 episode, 1970) as Mrs. Sorenson
 The Bold Ones: The New Doctors (1 episode, 1972) as Mrs. Ross
 Ladies of the Corridor (1975) as Mary Linscott
 Charlie's Angels (1 episode, 1976) as Grace Rodeheaver
 The Love Boat (1 episode, 1977) as Mrs. Pendleton
 The Tony Randall Show (2 episodes, 1976–1977) as Kim Reubner
 How the West Was Won (1978) as Clara
 Eight Is Enough (1 episode, 1979) as Mrs. Walker
 Three's Company (1 episode, 1982) as Mrs. Peabody
 Hill Street Blues (1 episode, 1984) as Mrs. Parsons
 Seduced (1985) aa Mrs. Youngquist
 Something in Common (1986) as Aunt Celia
 Outlaws (1 episode, 1987) as Liz' Wade (final appearance)

References

External links

1909 births
1996 deaths
American film actresses
American television actresses
American stage actresses
Actresses from New York City
20th-century American

masks:
Gertrude Flynn
Flynn


title: Chiwetel Ejiofor

texts:
<mask>  ( ; born 10 July 1977) is an English actor. After enrolling at the National Youth Theatre in 1995 and attending the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, at age 19 and three months into his course, Ejiofor was cast by Steven Spielberg to play a supporting role in the film Amistad (1997) as James Covey. Ejiofor portrayed the characters Okwe in Dirty Pretty Things (2002), Lola in Kinky Boots (2005), Victor Sweet in Four Brothers (2005), The Operative in Serenity (2005), Thabo Mbeki in Endgame (2009), Darryl Peabody in Salt (2010), Solomon Northup in 12 Years a Slave (2013), Vincent Kapoor in The Martian (2015), Karl Mordo in Doctor Strange (2016) and Trywell Kamkwamba in The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind (2019). He voiced Dr. Watson in Sherlock Gnomes (2018) and Scar in the 2019 remake of The Lion King and featured in the fantasy film Maleficent: Mistress of Evil. For 12 Years a Slave, he received Academy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations, along with the BAFTA Award for Best Actor. He was nominated for a 2014 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie for his performance on Dancing on the Edge. Ejiofor has received numerous awards and nominations for acting, including the BAFTA Orange Rising Star Award in 2006, two Golden Globe Award nominations, and the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor for his performance in Othello in 2008.In 2008, he was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II for services to the arts. He was elevated to Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2015 Birthday Honours. Early life
<mask> was born on 10 July 1977 in Forest Gate, London, to middle-class Nigerian parents of Igbo descent. His father, Arinze, was a doctor, and his mother, Obiajulu, was a pharmacist. His younger sister, Zain, is a CNN correspondent. His other sister Kandi is a GP doctor. In 1988, when Ejiofor was 11, during a family trip to Nigeria for a wedding, he and his father were driving to Lagos

masks:
Chiwetel Umeadi Ejiofor
Ejiofor


title: Chiwetel Ejiofor

texts: adaptation of Chaucer's The Knight's Tale and also starred on the BBC series Trust. Also in 2003, he starred in the lead role of Augustus in the radio production of Rita Dove's poetic drama "The Darker Face of the Earth", which premiered on the BBC World Service on 23 August of that year, marking the International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition. He starred alongside Hilary Swank in Red Dust (2004), portraying the fictional politician Alex Mpondo of post-apartheid South Africa. He played the central role of Prince Alamayou in Peter Spafford's radio play I Was a Stranger, broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 17 May 2004, and he played the god Dionysus, alongside Paul Scofield's Cadmus and Diana Rigg's Agave, in Andrew Rissik's play, Dionysus, based upon Euripides' Bacchae, also broadcast by the BBC. He also received acclaim for his performance as a complex antagonist The Operative in the film Serenity (2005). Ejiofor played a revolutionary in the film Children of Men (2006).His singing and acting performance in Kinky Boots received a Golden Globe Award and British Independent Film Award nomination. He was also nominated for the BAFTA Orange Rising Star Award in 2006, which recognises emerging British film talent. <mask>'s performance in Tsunami: The Aftermath received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film in 2007. In 2007, Ejiofor starred opposite Don Cheadle in Talk to Me, a film based on the true story of Ralph "Petey" Greene (played by Cheadle), an African-American radio personality in the 1960s and 1970s. He performed on stage in The Seagull at the Royal Court Theatre from 18 January to 17 March 2007, then later that year reprised his role as Othello at the Donmar Warehouse, alongside Kelly Reilly as Desdemona and Ewan McGregor as Iago. The production received favourable reviews, with particularly strong praise for Ejiofor. "<mask> Ejiofor produces one of the most memorable performances of Othello in recent years".He

masks: Ejiofor Chiwetel


title: Chiwetel Ejiofor

texts: was awarded the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor for his performance. He also narrated the BBC television film Partition: The Day India Burned (2007), which was based on the Partition of India. He starred as Mike Terry in the 2008 cult film Redbelt that received favourable reviews. <mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2008 Birthday Honours. In the same year, he made his directorial debut in the short film Slapper, which he also wrote, based on an idea by editor/director Yusuf Pirhasan. Ejiofor appeared alongside John Cusack in the film 2012 (2009). The film went on to gross over $700 million, and is among the list of highest-grossing films of all time and placing 5th of top films of 2009.He played CIA officer Darryl Peabody in Salt (2010), and the Golden Globe Award-nominated leading role of band creator Louis Lester on the BBC Two drama series Dancing on the Edge (2013), which played on Starz in the United States. In 2013, Ejiofor took on the role of Solomon Northup in 12 Years a Slave. The film was based on Northup's memoir, edited in 1968 by historians Sue Eakin and Joseph Logsdon, of Northup's experience as a free black man in New York, who was kidnapped in 1841 and sold into slavery in Louisiana. On casting, director Steve McQueen said:<mask> <mask> was always going to be Solomon Northup for me. I was looking for someone that had that genteelness, that kind of humanity. Knowing that humanity was going to be tested under certain duress and circumstances, I needed a person who could actually keep hold of that, even through periods of extraordinary trying and extraordinary situations where it would be tested to its absolute limit. He was the only person.At the Toronto International Film Festival, Ejiofor said he briefly hesitated about playing Northup."You wait all your life for a great script to come through the door. You're hassling your agent and all that, and then it comes and you read it and your first reaction surprises you. Your

masks: Ejiofor Chiwetel Ejiofor


title: Chiwetel Ejiofor

texts: first reaction being, 'Can I do this?'" He accepted the role about 24 hours later. As part of his preparation, Ejiofor learned to play the violin, collected slave stories, maintained a slave's edge up hairstyle, and engaged in some of the physical labour that Northup did like picking cotton. Since he had not worked with McQueen before, Ejiofor also observed the working dynamic between the director and co-star Michael Fassbender, who worked with McQueen on Hunger (2008) and Shame (2011). On playing Northup, Ejiofor did feel a responsibility, not being American, to get the story of Solomon Northup as current he could, adding "I've been very grateful to show the film to his descendants and see them be so proud of it."12 Years a Slave opened to wide acclaim, with many critics citing <mask>'s performance and declaring him an almost-certain Academy Award nominee for Best Actor. From Owen Gleiberman at Entertainment Weekly: "It is <mask> Ejiofor's extraordinary performance that holds the movie together, and that allows us to watch it without blinking. He plays Solomon with a powerful inner strength, yet he never soft-pedals the silent nightmare that is Solomon's daily existence." From Christopher Orr at The Atlantic: "Ejiofor has given notable performances in the past (Dirty Pretty Things, Serenity, Talk to Me), but this is by far his most essential role to date. Stoic, watchful, compromising himself just enough to stay alive, he is the point of stillness and decency around which spin the madnesses of the film." In his The Hollywood Reporter review, Todd McCarthy wrote, "Ejiofor is terrific in a demanding character who's put through the wringer physically, mentally and emotionally." On 16 January 2014, Ejiofor was officially nominated for Best Actor for the 86th Academy Awards on 2 March.As of September 2013, Ejiofor was slated to portray Patrice Lumumba in a film adaptation of Aimé Césaire's A Season in the Congo, a role in which he had performed on stage at the Young Vic. Joe Wright,


title: Chiwetel Ejiofor

texts: who directed the play, was to also direct the film. In 2014, Ejiofor starred in the Nigerian film Half of a Yellow Sun alongside Thandiwe Newton. It was announced in June 2014 that Ejiofor would play real-life drug dealer Thomas McFadden in film based on the book Marching Powder: A True Story of Friendship, Cocaine, and South America's Strangest Jail, written by McFadden and Australian journalist Rusty Young. In 2016, Ejiofor co-starred with his friend Benedict Cumberbatch and played Baron Mordo in the Marvel film Doctor Strange. That same year, it was announced that he would play Peter in the upcoming film Mary Magdalene, written by Helen Edmundson and directed by Garth Davis. On 1 November 2017, he was officially chosen for the role of Scar for the computer animated remake, The Lion King (2019) directed by Jon Favreau.Played by Jeremy Irons in the 1994 animated film, <mask> described Scar as more "psychologically possessed" and "brutalized" than in the original. Ejiofor stated, "especially with Scar, whether it's a vocal quality that allows for a certain confidence or a certain aggression, to always know that at the end of it you're playing somebody who has the capacity to turn everything on its head in a split second with outrageous acts of violence – that can completely change the temperature of a scene." He also said that "[Scar and Mufasa's] relationship is completely destroyed and brutalized by Scar's way of thinking. He's possessed with this disease of his own ego and his own want." Favreau said of casting Ejiofor, "[He] is just a fantastic actor, who brings us a bit of the mid-Atlantic cadence and a new take on the character. He brings that feeling of a Shakespearean villain to bear because of his background as an actor. It's wonderful when you have somebody as experienced and seasoned as Chiwetel; he just breathes such wonderful life into this character."Ejiofor narrated the 2019 documentary film The Elephant Queen. In 2019, <mask> made his feature directorial debut with

masks: Ejiofor Ejiofor


title: Chiwetel Ejiofor

texts:
 The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind, adapted from the memoir of the same name from William Kamkwamba, about a boy who built a wind-powered water pump in Malawi. Personal life
In 2015, Ejiofor was honoured with a Global Promise Award by The GEANCO Foundation, a non-profit welfare organisation in West Africa, for his charity work in Nigeria. On 12 September 2016, <mask>, as well as Cate Blanchett, Jesse Eisenberg, Peter Capaldi, Douglas Booth, Neil Gaiman, Keira Knightley, Juliet Stevenson, Kit Harington and Stanley Tucci, featured in a video from the United Nations' refugee agency UNHCR to help raise awareness of the global refugee crisis. The video, titled "What They Took With Them", has the actors reading a poem, written by Jenifer Toksvig and inspired by primary accounts of real refugees, and is part of UNHCR's #WithRefugees campaign, which also includes a petition to governments to expand asylum to provide further shelter, integrating job opportunities, and education. Ejiofor is a supporter of Crystal Palace F.C. Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art
Audiobook narrators
Best Actor AACTA International Award winners
Best Actor BAFTA Award winners
Black British male actors
British expatriate male actors in the United States
British male stage actors
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Critics' Circle Theatre Award winners
English expatriates in the United States
English male film actors
English male radio actors
English male Shakespearean actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English male video game actors
English male voice actors
English people of Igbo descent
Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male winners
Laurence Olivier Award winners
Male actors from London
National Youth Theatre members
People educated at Dulwich College
People from Forest Gate
20th-century English male actors
21st-century


title: Paul Le Marinel

texts:
<mask>-<mask> (1858–1912) was an American-born officer in the Belgian army who became an explorer and administrator in the Congo Free State. He was best known for his expedition to Katanga in 1891. Early years
<mask> was the son of <mask>, a French soldier from Normandy who had joined the Belgian revolutionaries in 1830, and then served for eighteen years in the Belgian army. In 1858 Amédée emigrated to the U.S. and started a farm in Long Grove, Iowa where his two sons, <mask> and George, were born. In 1868 the family returned to Belgium, and in 1876 <mask> enrolled in the military school, graduating in 1878 with the rank of Sergeant. He served in the 13th Line Regiment for a year, then for a few years in the riflemen's regiment. His brother <mask> also joined the army and served in the Congo.First Congo posting

In 1885 <mask> <mask> was seconded to the Military Cartographic Institute and was sent to the Congo where he was assigned to the topographical brigade led by Captain Jungers. Soon after arriving he was transferred to Luluabourg, the administrative capital of the Kasai district, which had been founded a year earlier by the German explorer Hermann Wissmann. Wissman went on an expedition to the Lubi, leaving <mask>l in command of the post, but was soon forced to return due to hostile natives and a smallpox epidemic. In July 1886 Wissman left on another expedition, taking <mask>l in the party. When they reached Nyangwe they heard news that the Arabs had taken the post at Stanley Falls. Wissmann decided to press on with a caravan of sixty of the best troops, leaving <mask>l to return to Luluaberg with the much weakened remainder of the expedition. Back in Luluaburg, <mask>l received a message from Luebo reporting that the natives around the post had

masks:
Paul
Amédée Le Marinel
Paul Amédée Le Marinel
Amédée Le Marinel
Paul
Paul Le Marinel
Georges Le Marinel
Paul Le
Marinel
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Le Marine
Le Marine
Le Marine


title: Paul Le Marinel

texts:
 revolted.<mask>l decided to crush the rebellion. His native troops deserted when they saw the enemy. The war was a disaster and <mask>l  only narrowly escaped death. During his retreat, <mask>l meet the chief Zappo Zap near Lusambo. Zappo Zap's warriors were soon to become important allies of the Belgians. In 1888 <mask>l was due to return to Europe for leave after his three-year term. While in Boma in April 1888 waiting to embark, he met Alexandre Delcommune, who had a commission from Albert Thys, assistant to King <mask>mune was exploring the rivers of the Congo Basin to determine the economic potential of a railway along the lower Congo river. He persuaded <mask>l to delay his return to Europe to assist in exploration of the Kasaï, Sankuru and Lubefu. Second Congo posting

In late July 1889 <mask>l returned to Boma to start his second term of service. He had been promoted to lieutenant and was appointed Commissioner of the Kasai-Lualaba district. He was assigned two main tasks. One was the creation of a military post near Luluaburg. Arab or Swahili traders had penetrated to the Great Lakes from the east coast of Africa, and were pressing into the Congo Basin in search of slaves and ivory.The military post was to defend against this threat, and it was left to <mask>l to choose a suitable place. <mask>l chose Lusambo, at the end of the navigable portion of the Sankuru River and in May 1890 was at this place. The Governor-General, Camille Smith, asked <mask>l to investigate Bena Kamba, a town on the Lomami, as an alternative place for the post. <mask>l did so against his will, but eventually Lusambo was chosen. The station would soon become one of the most important military posts of the Belgian Congo. <mask>l brought the Zappo Zaps to Luluabourg, where

masks:
Le Marine
Le Marine
Le Marine
Le Marine
Leopold IIcom
Le Marine
Le Marine
Le Marine
Le Marine
Le Marine
Le Marine
Le Marine


title: Paul Le Marinel

texts:
 they were used to enforce the government's policy of taxation and forced labor in the Kasai, earning a reputation for great brutality. <mask>l's second task, given to him directly by <mask> II, was to occupy Katanga.<mask>l left Lusambo on 23 December 1890 with instructions to raise the Belgian flag in Bunkeya, the Katangan capital,  distant. The expedition included 180 African soldiers, many of whom were Hausa, and 150 porters. They marched along the Lubi through a well-populated region that had not previously been visited by Europeans, and crossed the Sankuru River. In January 1891 the group reached Luaba, where they asked permission to cross the Kanyok state controlled by Kabw Muzemb, a well-armed slaver. They were allowed to proceed, and arrived at the Kanyok capital on 26 January 1891. After a week, the expedition prepared to move on. Through a misunderstanding, a fight broke out and the buildings in the king's compound were burned down.The expedition moved on to the Luilu River, where they built canoes to make the crossing. In March the expedition crossed the Lualaba, where they met a representative of Msiri, the ruler of Katanga. Continuing south, on 18 April 1891 they reached Bunkeya and were received courteously by Msiri. <mask>l spent seven weeks at Bunkeya, but was unable to persuade Msiri to formally accept Belgian authority. He left a small garrison nearby to observe developments and returned to Lusambo, arriving on 18 August 1891. An expedition under Delcommune reached Bunkeya later that year, but had no more success. In April 1892, <mask>l handed over command of the fortified post of Lusambo and the Kasai/Lualaba region to Francis Dhanis, and returned to Belgium.Later career

<mask> returned to Congo in 1893 as a state inspector. That year

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Le Marine
Leopold
Le Marine
Le Marine
Le Marine
Le Marinel


title: Paul Le Marinel

texts:
 he had to send an expedition to rescue Francis Dhanis, who was fighting the Arabs at Nyangwe. In 1894 he was commissioned to undertake an inspection trip to the Uélé River near the northern border of the Free State which was disputed with the French, and to make comprehensive reforms in the administration. He had to deal with constant quarrels between his officials and others in the Free State, and at this time began drinking heavily. <mask>l returned to Europe in 1896. He served in the army in Belgium for some time, being promoted to Captain Commandant in 1897. He left the Army in 1899.He received many offers from trading companies to assist in their enterprises in Central Africa, but did not return there until 1906, in the capacity of a director of the Compagnie du Lomami. The job was disappointing. The pioneering days were over and most of the work was routine administration. The system was inefficient and there were many abuses. Still, <mask>l accepted another job in 1908 as director of the Société Anonyme Belge pour le Commerce du Haut-Congo. In January 1910 he left the Congo for good, with his health fast deteriorating. He died in 1912, aged little more than 54 years.The Le Marinel hydroelectric station near Kolwezi in Katanga was opened in 1956, named in his memory. The dam is  high and  long, and produced an average of 1,430 million kWh per year. References

Sources

External links
 Archive <mask> Marinel, Royal Museum for Central Africa

1858 births
1912 deaths
Explorers of Africa
American emigrants to Belgium
American people of French descent
Belgian people of French descent
Belgian Army officers
Belgian explorers
Congo Free State officials
People from Scott County, Iowa
19th-century Belgian military personnel
20th-century Belgian military

masks:
Le Marine
Le Marine
Paul Le


title: Ahcene Zemiri

texts:
<mask> (born 1967), also known as Hassan Zumiri, is an Algerian citizen who was for seven years a legal resident of Canada, where he lived in Montreal. He and his Canadian wife moved to Afghanistan in July 2001. They were separated when trying to leave in November 2001 and <mask> was arrested and turned over to United States forces. He was transferred to the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camp in 2002, where he was detained for eight years without charge. Ahmed Ressam, the terrorist convicted in 2001 of planning the foiled Millennium bombing of the Los Angeles Airport, alleged that <mask> had been involved in the plot. In late 2006, he recanted his accusation entirely. In January 2010, <mask> was freed from Guantanamo Bay and repatriated to Algeria.Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born in Algeria, where he was raised as a Muslim. As a young man he emigrated to Canada. Emigration to Canada
He settled in Montreal in 1994 and became a legal resident. He married Karina Dereshteanu, a Canadian woman, in 1997. Move to Afghanistan
In about June 2001, the couple moved to Afghanistan. As fighting increased, in November, they decided to leave because Karina was pregnant. They decided to separate, as they had heard that women and children were being permitted to enter Pakistan safely.They did not see each other again until 2010, years after their son Karim was born. Karina <mask> believes that bounty hunters picked up her husband and sold him to the Americans, as was commonly done. Interrogated by Canadian Security officials in Guantanamo
Zemiri was transferred by the Americans to Guantanamo in 2002. Ahmed Ressam, who had been convicted in 2001 of planning the Millennium bombing of the Los Angeles Airport, alleged that Zemiri was involved in the plot. In 2004, <mask> was interrogated at Guantanamo by officials of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), after the Canadian government had been informed of his detention. They also interviewed Djamel Ameziane, an Algerian, and Mohamedou

masks:
Ahcene Zemiri
Zemiri
Zemiri
Zemiri
Ahcene
Zemiri
Zemiri
Zemiri


title: Ahcene Zemiri

texts:
 Ould Slahi, a Mauritanian, who also were Canadian residents before being captured in Afghanistan and sent to Guantanamo. While some detainees had reported seeing Canadian officials, the government originally denied it.These accounts were not confirmed until July 2008, after the Canadian Supreme Court ordered the release of certain materials related to the case of the Canadian citizen Omar Khadr, then still a detainee at Guantanamo. The Canadian government was reviewing the role of its CSIS agents, as it was concerned they may have colluded with the US during interrogation under torture. In addition, the US Supreme Court had held that the government was illegally detaining persons at Guantanamo in the period when the CSIS agents had interviewed residents there. On July 27, 2008, Michelle Shephard, writing in the Toronto Star, reported that Canadian security officials had interviewed <mask> and two others at Guantanamo in addition to Khadr. Writ of habeas corpus
In Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004), the United States Supreme Court ruled that detainees had the right to review of their cases before an impartial tribunal to determine if they were enemy combatants. The Center for Constitutional Rights organized a program of finding United States lawyers who would agree to serve as the lawyers for Guantanamo captives, while serving writs of habeas corpus on their behalf in federal district court to challenge their detention. Lawyers from the firm Fredrikson & Byron of Minneapolis agreed to serve pro bono to represent <mask> <mask> and met with him in 2005.In the petition for habeas corpus, they asserted that their client had not been a member of the Taliban, al-Qaeda or other terrorist groups; "had no military or terrorist training, and has neither caused nor tried to harm American personnel or property." To respond to the Court, the Bush administration established Combatant Status Review Tribunals, and from the fall of 2004 through 2005, conducted reviews of detainee cases. In part because of the allegations by

masks: Zemiri Ahcene Zemiri


title: Ahcene Zemiri

texts:
 Ressam that Zemiri was involved in the LAX plot, although he denied it, the U.S. designated Zemiri as an unlawful enemy combatant and recommended his continued detention. Combatant Status Review

Administrative Review Board

Detainees whose Combatant Status Review Tribunal labeled them "enemy combatants" were scheduled for annual Administrative Review Board hearings. These hearings were designed to assess the threat a detainee might pose if released or transferred, and whether there were other factors that warranted his continued detention. Recanting of Millennium plot
In January 2007, the press reported that Ahmed Ressam, who had been convicted in 2001 of planning the Millennium bombing and alleged that Zemiri was involved in the plot, wrote a letter in November 2006 to the U.S. District Court Judge John C. Coughenour. He said he wanted to "clarify" his allegations against Zemiri and recanted his previous accusations.Coughenour was the Judge who sentenced Ressam. Ressam wrote:
"Mr. Hassan Zemiry is innocent and has no relation or connection to the operation I was about to carry out. He also did not know anything about it and he did not assist me in anything, It is true that I have borrowed some money and a camera from him, but this was only a personal loan between me and him. It has nothing to do with my case..."

Ressam explained he had offered false information because he "was in shock and had a severe psychological disorder." Ressam was sentenced to 22 years imprisonment. Reporters suggested at the time of his trial that he was at risk for a life sentence, which was reduced because he cooperated by naming other suspects, such as Zemiri. According to Jim Dorsey, Zemiri's lawyer, "This letter undercuts what is the most damning allegation against my client by far."Dorsey forwarded a copy of Ressam's letter to American military officials at Guantanamo. Appeal through the Canadian Justice system
In preparing their habeas corpus cases, the attorneys for <mask> <mask> and Mohammedou Slahi, a

masks: Ahcene Zemiri


title: Ahcene Zemiri

texts:
 Mauritanian national who also lived in Canada, appealed through the Canadian Justice system for the release of classified documents about the two men. They were trying to gain access to information gathered by Canada. Both men had been interviewed by Canadian security officials before they went to Afghanistan. The men's lawyers argued that the notes from the men's Canadian interviews would have been used by the United States in building its dossiers against the two men. They had requested the Canadian evidence in order to make their case for the men's freedom in the US Justice system. In 2009, Justice Edmond Blanchard ruled that since the men were not Canadian citizens, and their connection to Canada was "tenuous", the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms did not apply to them.In a different case, the Supreme Court of Canada had ruled that the Canadian government should publish classified documents which the United States had shared about the Canadian citizen Omar Khadr. Nathan Whitling, one of the men's Canadian lawyers, predicted that the men's American habeas corpus cases in the United States would be heard before the appeal he planned of Blanchard's ruling could get through the court. Return to Algeria
<mask> <mask> and Adil Hadi al Jazairi Bin Hamlili were returned to Algeria on January 20, 2010, as their country of origin and citizenship. Carol Rosenberg, writing in the Miami Herald, reported that it was not clear whether the two men had been sent home as free men, or whether they were transferred to Algerian security custody. She noted that two other Algerians, former detainees, had been granted asylum in France, because they had reason to fear a return home. References

External links
 Two Algerian Torture Victims Are Freed from Guantánamo, Andy Worthington, 25 January 2010

1967 births
Living people
People from Algiers
Algerian extrajudicial prisoners of the United States
Guantanamo detainees known to have been released
Algerian torture victims
Algerian emigrants to Canada
Algerian


title: Tate Stevens

texts:
Stephen "<mask>" Eatinger (born March 1, 1975), known by his stage name <mask>, is an American country music artist, who won the second season of the U.S. The X Factor in 2012, securing a $5 million recording contract with Syco Music and RCA Records Nashville. After touring with a band for several years immediately after high school, <mask> returned to Missouri to settle down and raise his young family, working in the city of Raymore. He joined a local band in 2005 and formed his own band in 2008, releasing an independent album and touring on weekends and holidays. In early 2012, he auditioned for The X Factor, progressing through the various stages of the competition, until winning on December 20, 2012. He released his debut album in 2013. Early life
<mask> moved from Texas to Belton, Missouri as a child and grew up there, graduating from Belton High School in 1994.His father Steve had played the drums with a country band in Texas. He also was a construction worker. Music career

1994–2000: Career beginnings and Dixie Cadillacs
<mask> adopted his stage name when he was a young singer in the 1990s. He released a single in 1994 entitled "It Sure Looks Good On You". Immediately after graduating high school, he began to tour as lead singer for a country band of five called the Dixie Cadillacs. The band released an album in June 1996 under Calf Creek Records under their band name. After touring for several years, <mask> returned to Missouri to settle down and raise his young family, working for the city of Belton, Missouri taking a construction job and later a job in the city's

masks:
Tater
Tate Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens


title: Tate Stevens

texts:
 water department and later its street department repairing roads.2005–2008: Outlaw Junkies and <mask> Stevens Band
Around 2005, he became the lead singer of the band Outlaw Junkies with Steve Koken and Robert Harmon. He left that band in 2008 to form the Tate Stevens Band, a six-man ensemble that has toured extensively in the Midwest on weekends and vacations. He also wrote songs and released an independent album in 2008. 2012: The X Factor
In 2012, <mask> auditioned  in Kansas City, Missouri for season 2 of The X Factor singing Randy Houser's "Anything Goes" in front of judges L.A. Reid, Demi Lovato, Britney Spears and temporary judge Louis Walsh, who was sitting in for Simon Cowell. He was selected to go to boot camp where he had to sing for survival singing "Nobody Knows" against Willie Jones. He was selected to be part of the judges' houses stage competing in the top 24 in the "Over 25s" category and was mentored by L.A. Reid. He sang "Back At One" at Reid's home in front of him and guest judges Justin Bieber and Scooter Braun.Reid ultimately chose <mask> as a part of his top four. On the first live show he sang "Tough", a Craig Morgan song and was saved by his mentor L.A. Reid. On week 2 of the live shows, he performed Bon Jovi's song "Wanted Dead or Alive" and was declared the top of the popular vote in the competition. On Week 3 live show he performed "From This Moment" by Shania Twain again placing as top vote getter for a second week in a row. On week 4 live show he performed "I'm Already There" finishing second in popular vote to Carly Rose Sonenclar; he would remain

masks: Tate Stevens Stevens


title: Tate Stevens

texts:
 in second place during the fifth week of live shows as well. During week 6 live show <mask> went "unplugged" with "Livin' on a Prayer" by Bon Jovi (for his acoustic song) and "If Tomorrow Never Comes" by Garth Brooks (chosen by the fans as his Pepsi Challenge song). His performance landed him back at the number one spot again.On the show's final week, <mask> performed "Tomorrow" by Chris Young and was crowned the winner of The X Factor. "Tomorrow" became the official winner's single. Performances on The X Factor
<mask> performed the following songs on The X Factor:

2013–present: <mask>
<mask> was scheduled to move to Nashville, Tennessee in early 2013 to begin working on his debut album, with work on the album reported to begin as soon as January 2, 2013. <mask> has stated that he would like to make a predominantly "fun" record, and hoped to co-write some of the songs. He stated he would like to work with Luke Laird and Kim Tribble. <mask> was signed to RCA Records Nashville on January 15, 2013. He released his debut song "Holler If You're With Me" in a commercial produced by Pepsi, which aired during the 2013 Grammy Awards on February 10, 2013.The full-length music video for the song became available online immediately afterwards. The music video for the song used about 100 extras, and focuses on a "big bonfire party." The music video was filmed in Simi Valley, California. "Power of a Love Song," which was released physically and digitally on March 12, 2013, with "Holler If You're With Me" as a B-side, served as the album's official lead single to country radio. <mask>'s

masks:
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Tate Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Tate


title: Tate Stevens

texts:
 self-titled debut album was released on April 23, 2013. The album debuted at number 18 on the Billboard 200 with 17,000 copies in its first week, and received good reviews from critics. After "Power of a Love Song" reached a peak of number 49 on the Billboard Country Airplay chart, no further singles were released from the album.Subsequently, in August 2013, after winning a record deal with Sony (RCA Nashville), <mask> parted ways with the label. Personal life

<mask> grew up in Belton, Missouri part of greater Kansas City and now lives with his wife Ashlie, whom he met in high school and married in 1997, and their son Hayden and daughter Rylie in Peculiar, Missouri. Discography

Albums

Extended plays

Singles

Other charted songs

Music videos

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
21st-century American singers
Singer-songwriters from Missouri
American country singers
American country singer-songwriters
The X Factor (American TV series) contestants
The X Factor winners
RCA Records Nashville artists
Syco Music artists
People from Belton, Missouri
People from Peculiar, Missouri
Country musicians from Missouri
21st-century American male singers
American male

masks: Stevens Stevens


title: Mark Matthews

texts:
<mask>  (August 7, 1894 – September 6, 2005) was an American veteran of the Second World War and a Buffalo Soldier. Born in Alabama and growing up in Ohio, <mask> joined the 10th Cavalry Regiment when he was only 15 years old, after having been recruited at a Lexington, Kentucky racetrack and having documents forged so that he appeared to meet the minimum age of 17. While stationed in Arizona, he joined General John J. Pershing's Mexico expedition to hunt down Mexican general Pancho Villa. He was later transferred to Virginia, where he took care of President Roosevelt and First Lady Eleanor's horses and was a member of the Buffalo Soldiers' drum and bugle corps. In his late 40s, he served in combat operations in the South Pacific during World War II and achieved the rank of first sergeant. He was noted as an excellent marksman and horse showman. Leaving the United States Army a few years before it was integrated, <mask> then took a job as a security guard in Maryland, rising to the rank of chief of the guards and then retiring in 1970.After the war, he told stories of military experiences and grew to become a symbol of the Buffalo Soldiers. In his later years he met with Bill Clinton and Colin Powell and also dedicated a barracks in Virginia in honor of the Buffalo Soldiers. Having experienced excellent health for most of his life, <mask> died of pneumonia at the age of 111 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. At the time of his death, he was recognized as the oldest living Buffalo Soldier as well as the oldest man, and the second-oldest person, in the District of Columbia. Early life
<mask> was born in Greenville, Alabama and grew up in Mansfield, Ohio. His horse riding career began early, when he would deliver newspapers on the back of a pony. When

masks:
Mark Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews


title: Mark Matthews

texts:
 he was only 15 years old, he met members of the 10th Cavalry, the original Buffalo Soldier unit, while tending to horses on a racetrack in Lexington, Kentucky.Although there is disagreement as to the origins of the name "Buffalo Soldiers," it referred to several segregated units within the United States army. Although the legal age of recruitment was 17 at the time, documents were forged and <mask> signed up to join the army in Columbus, Ohio. Military career
After his training, <mask> was first stationed in Fort Huachuca in Arizona. At the time, the army was still using Native Americans as guides in the western United States. During his tenure in the state, he was regarded as an excellent marksman. Next, he joined General John J. Pershing's campaign into Mexico in 1916 to hunt for Pancho Villa. Although <mask> admitted to never having met Villa, he would claim that "I knew where he was at."During World War I, the battlefields of Europe were not conducive to cavalry; the 10th Regiment performed duty on the border with Mexico, including skirmishes with Mexicans and their German military advisors in the vicinity of Nogales, Arizona. In 1931, he was transferred to Fort Myer in Virginia. While stationed there, <mask> and some of his troops were escorts for King George VI and his wife Queen Elizabeth when they came to visit President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House. He earned acclaim for his horse shows, which helped sell war bonds during World War II and he tended to First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt's personal horses. He also played on the polo team while stationed in the state. He was also a member of the Buffalo Soldiers' drum and bugle corps, and performed at funerals in Arlington National Cemetery, where he himself would later be buried. Since the Army

masks: Matthews Matthews Matthews Matthews


title: Mark Matthews

texts:
 would not allow colored soldiers to be seen at white funerals at this time, he was forced to hide in the woods while playing "Taps".A decade later, he fought in World War II and saw combat action at the Battle of Saipan in the South Pacific. During the conflict, he rose to the rank of First Sergeant. He had originally been sent to train with the Tuskegee Airmen, but was deemed to be too old at the time. Later life

Although there were conflicting reports on whether he retired from the Army in 1947, 1949 or 1950, he left the army only shortly before the Buffalo Soldiers were disbanded as part of President Harry S. Truman's initiative to integrate the Army. His next job was at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda where he worked as a security guard. By the time he retired for a second time, in 1970, he had become the chief of the guards at the institution. He spent much of his spare time fishing, reading the Bible, and recounting tales of his extensive military experiences, which made him a popular and respected figure within the community.His wife of 57 years, Genevieve Hill <mask>, died in 1986 and one of his daughters, Shirley Ann, died two years later. In his old age, he became a symbol for the Buffalo Soldiers. In 1994, he met with President Bill Clinton at the White House. In 1997, at the age of 103, <mask> was present at Arlington National Cemetery for a service honoring the Buffalo Soldiers, where he unveiled a plaque that dedicated his former barracks in honor of the soldiers. For his 108th birthday in 2002, he met with then-United States Secretary of State Colin Powell, where Powell was presented with a portrait of <mask>. He was a member of his local church, a Prince Hall Masonic Temple and the Washington chapter of the 9th and 10th Cavalry

masks: Matthews Matthews Matthews


title: Mark Matthews

texts:
 Association until his death. Although partially blind from glaucoma by the age of 109 and completely blind from cataracts by 111, he nevertheless retained his memory and good health until his final days; his medical history showed no signs of high blood pressure, heart or kidney trouble or diabetes.He was able to walk without a cane or walker, preferring not to use one, and was able to feed himself, including Cheerios for breakfast, his favorite vanilla ice cream with his other meals and a daily can of Ensure for energy. While he enjoyed recounting tales from his military experience, he never complained about the segregated nature of his unit, preferring instead to focus on his own exploits on the job. <mask> died at the claimed age of 111 of pneumonia in Washington, D.C. At the time of his death, he was recognized as the oldest living former Buffalo Soldier, the oldest man in Washington and the second oldest person in Washington overall behind then oldest American Corinne Dixon Taylor. He was survived by three of his four daughters, his son, nine grandchildren and seventeen great-grandchildren. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in September 2005 and Washington, D.C. Mayor Anthony A. Williams spoke at his funeral, which was also attended by councilman and future mayor Adrian Fenty. See also

Longevity
Supercentenarian

References

1894 births
2005 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
African-American centenarians
American supercentenarians
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Deaths from pneumonia in Washington, D.C.
Last living survivors
People from Greenville, Alabama
People from Mansfield, Ohio
Military personnel from Alabama
United States Army soldiers
Men supercentenarians
Buffalo Soldiers
United States Army personnel of World


title: Kenneth John Frost

texts:
<mask> (October 3, 1934 –  August 5, 2013) was a pioneer in the early space program, designing and flying instruments to detect and measure X-rays and gamma-rays in space, primarily from the Sun. He was the first to suggest the use of an active scintillation shield operated in electronic anticoincidence with the primary detector to reduce the background from cosmic ray interactions, an innovation that made sensitive hard X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy possible. He was an American astrophysicist at Goddard Space Flight Center working as a civil servant for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. During his career, he was the project scientist of the Solar Maximum Mission, principal investigator of six science instruments, the head of the Solar Physics Branch, and the associate director of Space Sciences. <mask> received the John C. Lindsay Memorial Award in 1982 for his role as Project Scientist and one of the prime instigators of the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM). The Lindsay Award is Goddard's highest science award given each year "To recognize the Goddard employee who best exhibits the qualities of broad scientific accomplishments in the area of Space Science." It is named after <mask>, the man who hired <mask> more than twenty years earlier and who was responsible for starting the series of Orbiting Solar Observatories (OSOs) that produced many of the advances in solar physics and astrophysics in the 1960s and '70s.Biography
<mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York, on October 3, 1934, to Casimir and <mask>. He graduated in 1952 from Holy Trinity Diocesan High School (then in Brooklyn, now in Hicksville, NY) and obtained a Bachelor of Science degree from Manhattan College in New York City. He participated in the graduate program in the Physics Department of the

masks:
Kenneth John Frost
Frost
John Lindsay
Frost
Frost
Edna Frost


title: Kenneth John Frost

texts:
 University of Rochester in upstate New York for one year but left in 1958 before completing his PhD to take up a position with NASA. He was one of the early hires of this new agency and worked first at the Naval Research Laboratory and then at the newly opened Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, MD. He continued to work at Goddard for his whole career until retiring in 1997. He died, aged 78, on August 5, 2013, at the University of Maryland Medical Center's R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center from complications following a fall at his home in Annapolis, MD. NASA career
The Sun was <mask>'s first and major concern although he was interested in any and all sources of high energy X-ray and gamma-ray photons in space, no matter where in the universe they came from.He was the principal investigator of many flight instruments, all X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers. He served for several years as head of the Solar High Energy Branch, and went on to help define Goddard's role in the early efforts to do science on the Space Station. He became the associate director of Space Sciences under Steve Holt as the director before retiring in 1997. Science legacy
A total of 130 papers and presentations are listed in NASA ADS with <mask> as co-author with 57 of them refereed and seven of these with him as lead author. Two of his papers have had lasting significance in advancing our understanding of solar flares. The most famous paper, published in 1971, is based on observations of a solar flare with <mask>'s instrument on the fifth Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO-5) and presents "Evidence from Hard X-Rays for Two-Stage Particle Acceleration in a Solar Flare." It is still cited today with a total of 154 citations, with 5 in 2013 alone.A second paper, published in 1969 and entitled "Rapid

masks: Frost Frost Frost


title: Kenneth John Frost

texts:
 Fine Structure in a Burst of Hard Solar X-Rays Observed by OSO-5," is less well known but still has 116 citations. Science instruments

Active Anti-coincidence Spectrometers for X-ray and Gamma-ray Observations in Space
At the start of the space program in the late fifties and early sixties, there was the recognition that X-rays and gamma-rays, not detectable from the ground, offered a new window on the universe. These high-energy photons had the potential for enabling new scientific discoveries that could rival or exceed all that had been achieved previously with ground-based optical astronomy. Hence, there was a great demand for flying ever-improving X-ray and gamma-ray instruments to determine the intensity and spectrum of the emission from the Sun and other more distant cosmic sources of this radiation. When the first attempts to detect X-rays and gamma-rays from the Sun, it was found that the background flux in space was of the same order of magnitude as the maximum theoretical estimates for the primary flux. Thus, any detector had to be capable of suppressing this background. Lead shielding to reject this background and provide angular collimation had proved unsuccessful since it generated its own background through interactions with cosmic rays.<mask> was the first to suggest the use of an active scintillation shield around the X-ray/gamma-ray detector with the two connected in electronic anticoincidence to reject unwanted charged particle events and to provide the required angular collimation. The proposed instrument is shown in the figure to the right. <mask> developed this design in collaboration with Laurence E. Peterson, then at the University of Minnesota, who had been working independently on a similar idea. Together they built an instrument of this type and

masks: Frost Frost


title: Kenneth John Frost

texts:
 flew it on a high-altitude balloon to near the top of the atmosphere over Minneapolis on June 10, 1962. They were able to demonstrate the instrument's performance and establish upper limits on the flux of gamma-rays from the quiet (non-flaring) Sun between 160 and 800 keV that were "considerably below those previously available." Actively shielded X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers of this type became the standard for making high sensitivity observations of solar and cosmic sources, and variations on this basic technique are still being used today. The Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO) Series
Frost was the PI for active anticoincidence spectrometers on four of the eight Orbiting Solar Observatories, namely the OSO-1, 2, 5, and 8.All the instruments were X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers of the same basic design with an active anticoincidence collimator that <mask> had originally suggested. Laurence E. Peterson at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), Edward Chupp at the University of New Hampshire (UNH), and others, developed similar instruments that were flown on OSO-1, 3, and 7, so that there was an X ray and gamma-ray spectrometer on almost every one of the eight OSOs. The Solar Maximum Mission (SMM)
<mask> was the NASA Project Scientist for the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) that was launched on 14 February 1980. In 1984, the project included the first recorded in-orbit repair using the Space Shuttle STS-41C. SMM continued to operate until re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere on 2 December 1989. It included seven instruments specifically selected to provide coordinated observations of solar activity, particularly solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). <mask> was PI of the Hard X-Ray Burst Spectrometer (HXRBS) that measured the hard X-ray spectrum of


title: Kenneth John Frost

texts:
 thousands of solar flares with high time resolution.HXRBS observations became widely used as the primary indicator of energetic electrons in solar flares. Many scientists, including those outside the immediate PI team, used HXRBS X-ray time histories and spectra of the flares they were interested in. The observations confirmed the energetic importance of accelerated electrons in solar flares, and for a decade they became the standard measure of solar hard X-ray emission. The free access to HXRBS data greatly increased the influence and importance of this relatively simple spectrometer that was, in fact, the back-up unit from <mask>'s OSO-5 spectrometer flown some ten years earlier. Legacy
An important legacy of <mask> is his contributions to the early days of solar physics observations from space. There are many other papers in the literature with important science results based on the analysis of data from <mask>'s instruments but his role is not always made clear. <mask> achieved approval for a large number of scientific instruments being added to various OSO spacecraft.Thus, one of his greatest contributions is generally considered to be his advocacy role in solar physics. He devised and advocated for new instruments and new missions that could be successfully approved by the political process. <mask>'s greatest legacy to science was his role in instigating and ushering in the Solar Maximum Mission. While it did not achieve the goal he had hoped for of revealing a complete understanding of solar flares, it did set the foundation on which all future solar space missions depend. References

1934 births
2013 deaths
American astrophysicists
Manhattan College alumni
University of Rochester alumni
NASA people
People from Brooklyn
Scientists from New York City
20th-century

masks: Frost Frost Frost Frost Frost


title: Robert Maillart

texts:
<mask> (16 February 1872 – 5 April 1940) was a Swiss civil engineer who revolutionized the use of structural reinforced concrete with such designs as the three-hinged arch and the deck-stiffened arch for bridges, and the beamless floor slab and mushroom ceiling for industrial buildings. His Salginatobel (1929–1930) and Schwandbach (1933) bridges changed the aesthetics and engineering of bridge construction dramatically and influenced decades of architects and engineers after him. In 1991 the Salginatobel Bridge was declared an International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 6 February 1872 in Bern, Switzerland. He attended the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich and studied structural engineering at Zurich ETH from 1890 to 1894, lectures by Wilhelm Ritter on graphical statics forming part of the curriculum. Maillart did not excel in academic theories, but understood the necessity to make assumptions and visualize when analyzing a structure. A traditional method prior to the 1900s was to use shapes that could be analyzed easily using mathematics.This overuse of mathematics annoyed Maillart, as he greatly preferred to stand back and use common sense to predict full-scale performance. Also, as he rarely tested his bridges prior to construction, only upon completion would he verify the bridge was adequate. He often tested his bridges by crossing them himself. This attitude towards bridge design and construction was what provided him with his innovative designs. Career

Maillart returned to Bern to work for three years with Pümpin & Herzog (1894–1896). He next worked for two years with the city of Zurich, then for a few years with a private firm there. By 1902, Maillart established his own firm, Maillart & Cie.In 1912

masks:
Robert Maillart
Robert Maillart


title: Robert Maillart

texts: substitute in construction for all previous structural materials, such as stone, wood, and steel. People such as Monier had developed useful techniques for design and construction, but no one had created new forms that showed the full aesthetic nature of reinforced concrete. <mask>t had an intuition and genius that exploited the aesthetic of concrete. He designed three-hinged arches in which the deck and the arch ribs were combined, to produce closely integrated structures that evolved into stiffened arches of very thin reinforced concrete and concrete slabs. The Salginatobel Bridge (1930) and Schwandbach Bridge (1933) are classic examples of Maillart's three-hinged arch bridges and deck-stiffened arch bridges, respectively.They have been recognized for their elegance and their influence on the later design and engineering of bridges. These designs went beyond the common boundaries of concrete design in Maillart's time. Both of the bridges mentioned above are great examples of Maillart's ability to simplify design in order to allow for maximum use of materials and to incorporate the natural beauty of the structure's environment. Selected from among 19 entrants in a design competition in part because of the low cost of his proposal, Maillart began construction of the Salginatobal Bridge in Schiers, Switzerland in 1929; it opened on 13 August 1930. Maillart is known also for his revolutionary column design in a number of buildings. He constructed his first mushroom ceiling for a warehouse in Zurich, together with treating the concrete floor as a slab, rather than reinforcing it with beams. One of his most famous is the design of the columns in the water filtration plant in Rorschach, Switzerland.Maillart decided to abandon standard methods in order to create "the more rational and more beautiful European


title: Robert Maillart

texts:
 method of building". <mask>'s design of the columns included flaring the tops to reduce the bending moment in the beams between the columns. With the flare, the columns formed slight arches to transfer the loads from the ceiling beams to the columns. Maillart also flared the bottom of the columns to reduce the pressure (force per area) on a certain point of the soil foundation. By flaring the bottoms of the columns, the area of the load was more widely distributed, therefore reducing the pressure over the soil foundation. Many of his predecessors had modeled by this method using wood and steel, but Maillart was revolutionary in being the first to use concrete. He used concrete because it could support a large mound of earthen material for insulation against freezing.Since concrete is very good in compression situations, it was the perfect material to support a large, unmoving mass of earth. His technique was used to build the Ponte Del Ciolo (Ciolo's Bridge), which is located at Ciolo in Apulia. Legacy and honors
 1936, elected as Fellow to Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA)
 1947, an exhibit on <mask> at the Museum of Modern Art in New York featured his bridges and design work
 Salginatobel Bridge was designated a Swiss heritage site of national significance. 1991, the American Society of Civil Engineers declared the Salginatobel Bridge an International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark. 2001, the British trade journal, Bridge – Design and Engineering, voted Maillart's Salginatobel Bridge "the most beautiful bridge of the century". Analytical methods
By the second half of the nineteenth century, major advances in design theory, graphic statics, and knowledge of material strengths had been achieved. As the nineteenth century neared its end, the major factor contributing to the need for

masks:
Maillart
Robert Maillart


title: Robert Maillart

texts: scientific design of bridges was the railroads.Engineers had to know the precise levels of stresses in bridge members, in order to accommodate the impact of trains. The first design solution was obtained by Squire Whipple in 1847. His major breakthrough was that truss members could be analyzed as a system of forces in equilibrium. This system, known as the "method of joints," permits the determination of stresses in all known members of a truss if two forces are known. The next advance in design was the "method of sections," developed by Wilhelm Ritter in 1862. Ritter simplified the calculations of forces by developing a very simple formula for determining the forces in the members intersected by a cross-section. A third advance was a better method of graphical analysis, developed independently by James Clerk Maxwell (UK) and Karl Culmann.(Switzerland). <mask>t learned the analytical methods of his era, but he was most influenced by the principles developed by his mentor, Wilhelm Ritter, mentioned above. Maillart studied under Ritter, who had three basic principles of design. The first of these was to value calculations based on simple analysis, so that appropriate assumptions could be made based on common sense. The second was to consider carefully the construction process of the structure, not just the final product. The last principle was to test a structure always with full-scale load tests. All these principles are an adaptation of the available techniques, but with an emphasis on the careful study of previously built structures.At the time of Maillart and Ritter, other designers preferred that their designs evolve from previously successful structures and designs. German engineers and scientists had developed elaborate mathematical techniques, and were confident that they did not need practical load


title: Robert Maillart

texts:
 tests of their designs developed using those techniques. However, these techniques did not encourage designers to think of unusual shapes, because those shapes could not be completely analyzed using the available mathematical techniques. Ritter's principles did allow for uncommon shapes. Bridges
Tavanasa Bridge
Arve Bridge
Zuoz Bridge
Stauffacher Bridge
Salginatobel Bridge
Schwandbach Bridge
Bohlbach Bridge
Rossgraben Bridge
Traubach Bridge

See also
Mike O'Callaghan – Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge (2010), United States

References

Sources
 ASCE, Notable Engineers - <mask>t, History and Heritage of Civil Engineering, undated
 Bill, Max, <mask>t Bridges and Constructions, Verlag für Architektur, Zurich, 1949
 Billington, David P., <mask>t’s Bridges: The Art of Engineering, Princeton University Press, 1978
 Billington, David P., <mask>t and the Art of Reinforced Concrete, Architectural History Foundation, 1991
 Billington, David P., <mask>t: Builder, Designer, and Artist, Cambridge University Press, 1997
 Billington, David P., The Art of Structural Design: A Swiss Legacy, Princeton University Press, 2003
 DeLony, E., Context for World Heritage Bridges, ICOMOS and TICCIH, 1996
 Molgaard, John, "The Engineering Profession", lecture to Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1995
 Laffranchi, Massimo and Peter Marti. "<mask>t's curved concrete arch bridges", Journal of Structural Engineering 123.10 (1997): 1280 Academic Search Elite. 8 February 2007
 Fausto Giovannardi  "<mask> Maillart e l'emancipazione del cemento armato", Fausto Giovannardi, Borgo San Lorenzo, 2007.External links

"Maillart's Bridges" documentary by Heinz Emigholz
Structurae web page with list of works

Swiss civil engineers
1872 births
1940 deaths
Bridge engineers
Concrete pioneers
Structural

masks:
Robert Maillar
Robert Maillar
Robert Maillar
Robert Maillar
Robert Maillar
Robert Maillar
Robert


title: Lawson Crouse

texts:
<mask> (born June 23, 1997) is a Canadian professional ice hockey winger currently playing  for the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was part of the Canadian gold medal-winning team at the 2015 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. <mask> was the Florida Panthers' first round selection in the 2015 NHL Draft and was traded to the Coyotes in August 2016 where he is affectionately nicknamed "The Sheriff" by the team and fans. Early life
<mask> was born on June 23, 1997, in Mount Brydges, Ontario, the youngest child of Mike, a minor ice hockey coach, and Kristen, a school principal. <mask>'s grandfather was a devoted professional baseball fan who took his grandson to many Montreal Expos games and trips to other ballparks. While <mask> played some baseball as a first and third baseman, he also played lacrosse and ice hockey, and devoted himself to the last of the three as an adolescent. <mask> met his best friend, future National Hockey League (NHL) player Travis Konecny, while the two were trying out for the same hockey team at the age of six.The pair went on to play on the same offensive line on their minor hockey team, the Elgin-Middlesex Chiefs of the Alliance Hockey organization, with <mask> at centre and Konecny on the wing. <mask> was the third-highest scoring Alliance Hockey skater in the 2012–13 season, with 22 goals and 50 points in 27 regular-season games. He received a four-game suspension during the Alliance Hockey playoffs, but returned to score a hat-trick and two additional assists, helping Elgin-Middlesex to defeat Kitchener 9–3 and send the Chiefs to the finals. The Chiefs swept Waterloo 4–0 in the Alliance championships, and <mask> added another four goals and two assists in five OHL Cup games. Playing career

<mask> was selected by the Kingston Frontenacs of the

masks:
Lawson Crouse
Crouse
Crouse
Crouse
Crouse
Crouse
Crouse
Crouse
Crouse
Junior Crouse


title: Lawson Crouse

texts: Ontario Hockey League (OHL) in the first round, fifth overall, in the 2013 OHL Priority Selection. In the 2013–14 season, <mask> appeared in his first career OHL game on September 19, 2013, scoring his first career goal in that game against Andrew D'Agostini in the Frontenacs 11–4 win over the Peterborough Petes. On October 4, 2013, <mask> recorded his first multi-goal game of his junior career, scoring twice in a 7–4 win over the Ottawa 67's.On March 4, 2014, <mask> had a season high four point game, scoring two goals and adding two assists, as Kingston lost to the Barrie Colts 7–5. Overall, <mask> finished the 2013–14 season with 15 goals and 27 points in 63 games, helping the Frontenacs into the playoffs. In seven post-season games, <mask> was limited to one assist, as the Frontenacs were upset by the Peterborough Petes in the first round. <mask> improved during his second season with the Fronteancs in 2014–15. He recorded his first career OHL hat-trick on November 28, 2014, scoring three goals against goaltender Dawson Carty of the Kitchener Rangers in a 5–0 Frontenacs victory. He played in 56 games with Kingston, scoring 29 goals and 51 points. On March 29, 2015, <mask> scored his first career OHL playoff goal against Jake Smith of the North Bay Battalion in a 3-2 loss.Overall, in four playoff games, <mask> scored two goals and three points, as the Frontenacs were swept by the Battalion in the Eastern Conference quarter-finals. <mask> returned to the Frontenacs for a third season in 2015–16, and <mask> once again saw an improvement in his offensive numbers. On March 5, he scored a hat-trick (as well as adding one assist) in a 7–2 win over the Flint Firebirds. Overall, in 49 games, he scored 23 goals and 62 points. <mask> opened the post-season with a three point game, scoring a goal and adding two

masks: Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse


title: Lawson Crouse

texts:
 assists in a 6-0 win over the Oshawa Generals. On March 26, <mask> scored his first multi-goal playoff game, scoring twice against Justin Nichols of the Oshawa Generals in a 7-3 win. In nine post-season games, <mask> scored seven goals and 11 points, as Kingston lost to the Niagara IceDogs in the Eastern Conference semi-finals.Professional
<mask> was drafted 11th overall in the 2015 NHL Entry Draft by the Florida Panthers. On July 15, 2015, the Panthers signed <mask> to a three-year, entry-level contract. The Panthers assigned <mask> to his junior hockey team, the Kingston Frontenacs, for the 2015–16 season. When the Frontenacs were eliminated from the OHL playoffs, Florida assigned <mask> to their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Portland Pirates, for the remainder of the season. In his first career AHL game, <mask> was held off the scoresheet in a 3–2 loss to the Springfield Falcons. Overall, he appeared in two games with the Pirates, scoring no points. Arizona Coyotes
On August 25, 2016, <mask> was traded (along with Dave Bolland) to the Arizona Coyotes for a conditional second-round pick in 2017 and a third-round pick in 2018.Following an impressive training camp and pre-season, <mask> made the Coyotes regular season roster. On October 15, <mask> made his NHL debut, as he was held off the score sheet in a 4–3 victory over the Philadelphia Flyers. On November 1, <mask> scored his first career NHL goal against Martin Jones of the San Jose Sharks in a 3–2 win. On January 31, <mask> recorded his first career multi-point game, earning two assists in a 3–2 loss to the Los Angeles Kings. <mask> finished his rookie season by appearing in 72 games, scoring 5 goals and 12 points. <mask> began the 2017–18 season with the Coyotes. However, after struggling during the early part of the season, <mask>

masks: Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse


title: Lawson Crouse

texts:
 was reassigned to the Coyotes' AHL affiliate, the Tucson Roadrunners.In Tucson, <mask> earned an assist in his first game, as the Roadrunners defeated the Iowa Wild 4–1 on October 27. On November 11, <mask> scored his first two goals of the season in a 4–1 win over the Bakersfield Condors. Later in the season, <mask> recorded his first career three point game in the AHL, scoring two goals and an assist in a 5–3 win against the San Diego Gulls. In 56 games with the Roadrunners, <mask> scored 15 goals and 32 points. In the playoffs, <mask> appeared in his first career AHL playoff game on April 19, earning an assist in a 4–2 win over the San Jose Barracuda. In game three of the series, on April 25, <mask> scored his first career AHL playoff goal against Antoine Bibeau of the Barracuda in a 6–0 Roadrunners victory. <mask> played the entire 2018–19 season with Arizona, appearing in 81 games, while scoring an NHL career high 11 goals and 25 points.<mask> also accumulated a team high in penalty minutes with 67. On June 2, 2019, <mask>, a restricted free agent, re-signed with the Coyotes on a 3-year, $4.6 million contract, worth an average annual value of $1.53 million. Personal life
Both of <mask>'s older sisters, Sara and Kyla, also grew up playing ice hockey. While her brother was playing for Kingston, Kyla committed to play college ice hockey as a winger for the Golden Gaels of Queen's University at Kingston. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honours

References

External links

1997 births
Arizona Coyotes players
Florida Panthers draft picks
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Kingston Frontenacs players
Living people
National Hockey League first round draft picks
People from Strathroy-Caradoc
Portland Pirates players
Tucson Roadrunners players
Canadian ice hockey left

masks: Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse Crouse


title: Raymond Murray

texts:
Major General <mask> (January 30, 1913 – November 11, 2004) was a highly decorated United States Marine Corps officer who earned two Navy Crosses, one during World War II and a second during the Korean War. He retired from active duty on August 1, 1968. As a lieutenant colonel on Saipan during World War II, General <mask> was awarded his first Navy Cross for extraordinary heroism under fire, June 15, 1944, while commanding the 2nd Battalion 6th Marines, 2nd Marine Division. He was the inspiration for the battalion commander in Leon Uris'1953 novel Battle Cry. During the Korean War, he was twice again cited for extraordinary heroism, earning the Army Distinguished Service Cross during the period of November 29 to December 4, 1950, and a second Navy Cross on December 6 and 7, 1950, as commander of the 5th Marines, 1st Marine Division (Reinforced). Marine Corps career

Early years
On July 9, 1935, following graduation from Texas A&M College, he accepted his commission as a Marine second lieutenant. After completing the Basic School at the Philadelphia Navy Yard in March 1936, Lieutenant <mask> joined the 2nd Marine Brigade in San Diego, California.Embarking with the brigade for China in September 1937, he served for a short time with the 2nd Battalion in Shanghai. In January 1938, he joined the Marine detachment at the American Embassy in Peiking. He was promoted to first lieutenant in August 1938. Upon his return to San Diego in September 1940, he again saw duty with the 2nd Brigade. While there, he was promoted to captain in March 1941. That May, Captain <mask> sailed for duty in Iceland with the 6th Marines (Reinforced), 1st Provisional Marine Brigade. Duri <mask>, Zona High Pockets: The Man, The Marine, The Legend An Autobiography Of Major General Raymond Murray
Page Publishing Inc, 16 Jan 2020</ref>.He later graduated from the British Force Tactical School. After the brigade was disbanded, he returned to San Diego in April 1942, and the following

masks:
Raymond Leroy Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray


title: Raymond Murray

texts:
 month was promoted to major. World War II
In October 1942, Major <mask> embarked with the 6th Marines for the Pacific theatre. For conspicuous gallantry on Guadalcanal in January 1943, as commander of the 2nd Battalion 6th Marines, he was awarded his first Silver Star. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in June 1943. Lieutenant Colonel <mask> was awarded a second Silver Star Medal for conspicuous gallantry while commanding the same unit on Tarawa in November 1943. Serving in this same capacity on Saipan, his heroism in remaining at his post although seriously wounded and continuing to direct his battalion during the initial assault, earned him his first Navy Cross on June 15, 1944.Returning to the United States in August 1944, Lieutenant Colonel <mask> entered the Command and Staff School at Quantico the following month. After brief duty as an instructor, he was named assistant chief of staff, G-3, 1st Special Marine Brigade, moving with the brigade to Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, in February 1946. In October 1946, he departed for duty in the Pacific area as deputy chief of staff, Headquarters Marine Garrison Forces, Pacific, and the following April was named Inspector of Marine Garrison Forces. He returned to Quantico in July 1948 for temporary duty on the Marine Corps Board at Marine Corps Schools. Transferred to Camp Pendleton, California in January 1949, Lieutenant Colonel <mask> served consecutively as assistant chief of staff, G-4; as commanding officer, 3rd Marine Regiment; and as executive officer, 5th Marine Regiment, 1st Marine Division. Korean War
In July 1950, when the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade was formed for duty in Korea, he was ordered overseas with the 5th Marine Regiment which was to be the nucleus for the brigade. As Commanding Officer, 5th Marines, he was awarded his third and fourth Silver Star Medals (Army) and the Legion of Merit during action in August and September 1950.With his unit, he participated in the battles

masks: Murray Murray Murray Murray


title: Raymond Murray

texts:
 of the Naktong River perimeter, Wolmi-Inchon, Seoul and Wonsan; and in the Marine advance north toward the Yalu River. He was subsequently awarded the Army Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism in the 1st Division's historic breakout from the Chosin Reservoir area to the sea at Hamhung, and two days later took part in the action which earned him his second Navy Cross. Shortly afterward, with his regiment committed to fighting on the Central Korean front, he was advanced to the rank of colonel, in January 1951. Post-war years

Following his return from Korea, Colonel <mask> served from May until August 1951 at Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, D. C., then entered the National War College. On completing the course in June 1952, he saw two years duty as commanding officer, The Basic School, Marine Corps Schools, Quantico. In July 1954, he was ordered to the Marine Corps Base, Camp Pendleton. Colonel <mask> remained at Camp Pendleton four years, serving first as commanding officer, 1st Infantry Training Regiment, until February 1955; then as chief of staff of the Marine Corps Base, until July 1957.During his final year there, he was assigned to the 1st Marine Division, serving as Division Inspector, chief of staff, and assistant chief of staff, respectively. In July 1958, he assumed duties as chief of staff, Marine Corps Base, Camp Lejeune. He was promoted to brigadier general in June 1959. General <mask> departed for Okinawa, Japan, in July 1959, assuming duties as assistant division commander, 3rd Marine Division, in August 1959. In July 1960, he reported to Camp Pendleton, as Deputy Base Commander, and subsequently, in March 1961, became commanding general of the Marine Corps Base, Camp Pendleton. He served in the latter capacity until June 1962. On July 1, 1962, he began a two-year assignment as commanding general, Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island.While serving in this capacity, he was promoted to major general on

masks: Murray Murray Murray


title: Raymond Murray

texts:
 February 1, 1963. Transferred to Headquarters Marine Corps in June 1964, General <mask> was assigned as Inspector General of the Marine Corps. In August 1966, he assumed duties as assistant chief of staff, C-3. Detached from Headquarters in September 1967, he reported to the Far East the following month and began his last tour of active duty as deputy commander, III Marine Amphibious Force in South Vietnam. He returned to the United States in February 1968 and entered the U.S. Naval Hospital at Bethesda, Maryland, where he remained until he retired from active duty on August l, 1968. <mask> was active in the Marine Corps Oral History Program and received a Certificate of Appreciation from the Commandant of the Marine Corps, Paul X. Kelley in June 1986.He died in 2004 and was buried in Oceanside's Mission San Luis Rey Cemetery. Awards and honors

In 2007 a continuation high school was named after him as Major General <mask> High School. First Navy Cross citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Lieutenant Colonel <mask> <mask> (MCSN: 0-5127), United States Marine Corps, for extraordinary heroism as Commanding Officer of the Second Battalion, Sixth Marines, SECOND Marine Division, in action against enemy Japanese forces during the assault on Saipan, Marianas Islands, on 15 June 1944. Although sustaining two severe and painful wounds which necessitated his crawling from place to place during the initial stages of the landing, Lieutenant Colonel <mask> refused to be evacuated and continued to direct the operations of his Battalion until his condition became so serious from pain and loss of blood that he was ordered to return aboard ship by the Regimental Commander. By remaining at his post, seriously wounded though he was, during the initial and crucial stages of the assault, Lieutenant Colonel <mask> set a fine example for his officers and men and aided materially in overcoming

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Murray
Murray
Raymond Murray
Raymond Leroy
Murray
Murray
Murray


title: Raymond Murray

texts:
 the handicaps resulting from the heavy initial casualties, thereby contributing materially to the success of the operations. His outstanding courage, determination and devotion to duty were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. Second Navy Cross citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting a Gold Star in lieu of a Second Award of the Navy Cross to Lieutenant Colonel <mask> <mask> (MCSN: 0-5127), United States Marine Corps, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United Nations while serving as Commanding Officer of the Fifth Marines, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy aggressor forces in the Republic of Korea on 6 and 7 December 1950.Charged with the tremendous responsibility of taking over the perimeter defense of Hagaru-ri, and subsequently pressing the attack to Koto-ri in conjunction with another Marine regiment, (the then) Lieutenant Colonel <mask>, with his ranks depleted by casualties and all his officers and men exhausted from several days of fierce fighting in sub-zero temperatures, launched vigorous attacks to the eastward to seize a vital enemy-held ridge and consolidate his positions. Affording protection for the airstrip where approximately one thousand vehicles containing division supplies, ammunition and equipment were assembled, he remained until all the wounded had been evacuated. Before directing his regiment in forming a rear guard for the entire column. Throughout the night, he beat of vicious onslaughts continuously launched by the enemy and, on the following morning, carried out a brilliantly executed counterattack, taking two hundred prisoners and leaving an ineffective and decimated enemy in his wake as he continued on to his destination, arriving that evening with units intact and ready to continue the attack to the south. By his great personal valor, daring

masks:
Raymond Leroy
Murray
Murray


title: Raymond Murray

texts:
 combat tactics and superb leadership throughout this bitter offensive and defensive action, Lieutenant Colonel <mask> served as a constant inspiration to his regiment in completing this extremely hazardous mission against tremendous odds, and his courageous devotion to duty reflects the highest credit upon himself, his gallant officers and men, and the United States Naval Service. Distinguished Service Cross citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America, under the provisions of the Act of Congress approved July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Lieutenant Colonel <mask> <mask> (MCSN: 0-5127), United States Marine Corps, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United Nations while Commanding the Fifth Marines, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy aggressor forces in Korea from 29 November to 4 December 1950. Charged with the tremendous responsibility of taking over the perimeter defense of Hagaru-ri, and subsequently pressing the attack to Koto-Ri in conjunction with another Marine regiment, (the then) Lieutenant Colonel <mask>, with his ranks depleted by casualties and all his officers and men exhausted from several days of fierce fighting in sub-zero temperatures, launched vigorous attacks to the eastward to seize a vital enemy-held ridge and consolidate his positions.Affording protection for the airstrip where approximately one thousand vehicles containing division supplies, ammunition and equipment were assembled, he remained until all the wounded had been evacuated before directing his regiment in forming a rear guard for the entire column. Throughout the night, he beat of vicious onslaughts continuously launched by the enemy and, on the following morning, carried out a brilliantly executed counterattack, taking two hundred prisoners and leaving an ineffective and decimated enemy in his wake as he continued on

masks:
Murray
Raymond Leroy
Murray
Murray


title: Raymond Murray

texts:
 to his destination, arriving that evening with units intact and ready to continue the attack to the south which contributed materially to the successful breakthrough of United Nations Forces in the Chosin Reservoir area and are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service. First Silver Star citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Major <mask> <mask> (MCSN: 0-5127), United States Marine Corps, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity as Commanding Officer of the Second Battalion, Sixth Marines (Reinforced), in action against enemy Japanese forces on Guadalcanal Island, Solomon Islands, 26 January 1943. When his battalion, maneuvering into a position in the vicinity of the Pha River and the Coast Road, suddenly encountered withering fire from an enemy strong point, Major <mask>, with inspiring leadership and utter disregard for his own personal safety, directed the hazardous advance of his troops to their post and committed them to action. During the remainder of the day and night he was constantly in the most exposed front lines, despite hostile fire from the trees and concealed foxholes, and, through his splendid courage and excellent tactical skill, his command was responsible for the complete destruction or forced retreat of the enemy. Major <mask>'s heroic conduct and valiant devotion to duty contributed greatly to the success of this vital mission and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. Second Silver Star citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting a Gold Star in lieu of a Second Award of the Silver Star to Lieutenant Colonel <mask> Leroy <mask> (MCSN: 0-5127), United States Marine Corps, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity as Commanding Officer of the Second Battalion, Sixth Marines, SECOND Marine Division, during action against enemy Japanese forces at

masks:
Raymond Leroy
Murray
Murray
Murray
Raymond
Murray