title: Wei Guanzhi

texts: said that of the 18 people they selected as the high scores, most were later well known for their writing.<mask> later served as Lǐbu Yuanwailang (禮部員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of rites (禮部, Lǐbu). While he was serving there, there was an occasion when the deputy director of palace supplies, Jin Zhongyi (金忠義), who was from Silla and who had apparently previously been a merchant, requested that his two sons be made officials. <mask> refused, pointing out that sons of merchants and laborers, pursuant to regulation, would not be made officials. Jin lobbied a number of powerful officials, but <mask> insisted and directly reported this matter to the emperor, and Jin's sons were not given offices. <mask> was thereafter made Lìbu Yuanwailang (吏部員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部, Lìbu, note different tone than the ministry of rites). In 808, when Emperor Xianzong held a special imperial examination for the examinees to give honest criticism of government, <mask> and Yang Yuling (楊於陵) were in charge of the examination, and <mask> selected three examinees who gave blunt criticism — Niu Sengru, Huangfu Shi (皇甫湜), and Li Zongmin — for top marks. However, the chancellor Li Jifu were stung by the criticism that they gave and viewed these as personal attacks against him.Li Jifu tearfully complained to Emperor Xianzong that the reviewers of the scores that <mask> and Yang gave — the imperial scholars Pei Ji and Wang Ya — had conflicts of interest, as Huangfu was Wang's nephew. As a result of Li Jifu's accusations, Pei, Wang, Yang, and <mask> were all demoted, with <mask> initially demoted to be the prefect of

masks: Wei Wei Wei Wei Wei Wei Wei Wei Wei


title: Wei Guanzhi

type: original

texts:
 Guo Prefecture (果州, in modern Nanchong, Sichuan), and then further moved to be the prefect of Ba Prefecture (巴州, in modern Bazhong, Sichuan). However, <mask> was soon summoned back to Chang'an to serve as Duguan Langzhong (都官郎中), a supervisorial official at the ministry of justice (刑部, Xingbu) and put in charge of drafting imperial edicts. The next year, he was made Zhongshu Sheren (中書舍人), a mid-level official at the legislative bureau. In 811, he participated in a major revision of official salaries that Li Jifu advocated, along with Xu Mengrong (許孟容) and Li Jiang. <mask> was thereafter made the deputy minister of rites (禮部侍郎, Lǐbu Shilang). He served as deputy minister of rites for two years, and the examinees that he selected as top scorers were the ones that he felt to have valued substance over form, and it was said because of his policy, those who tried influence examination results decreased.He was later made Shangshu You Cheng (尚書右丞), one of the secretaries general of the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng). Chancellorship
In 814, <mask> was given the title of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事), making a chancellor de facto. In 815, while the imperial forces were engaged in a campaign against the warlord Wu Yuanji, who controlled Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan), <mask>'s fellow chancellor Wu Yuanheng, in charge of the campaign, was assassinated. It was believed at the time that Wu Yuanheng's assassins were sent by Wu Yuanji's ally Wang Chengzong the military governor of Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei). In 816, Emperor Xianzong declared a campaign against Wang as

masks:
Wei
Wei
Wei Guanzhi
Wei


title: Wei Guanzhi

texts:
 well, over <mask>'s objections that waging two campaigns simultaneously could bring another confluence of revolts like the revolt of Zhu Ci that caused Emperor Dezong to have to flee from the capital, but Emperor Xianzong did not listen to him. Further, at this time, Emperor Xianzong favored the speaking abilities of a low-level consultant, Zhang Su (張宿), and sent Zhang on a diplomatic mission to meet with another warlord, Li Shidao the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong), and when the chancellor Pei Du sought a more honorable uniform for Zhang than Zhang's rank was entitled to, <mask> rejected it, believing that Zhang was wicked, thus drawing Zhang's resentment. It was further said that <mask> was arrogant and did not associate with people that he believed to be of low birth.He was also drawing anger from Emperor Xianzong for his opposition to Emperor Xianzong's campaigns. With Zhang accusing <mask> of partisanship, in summer 816, <mask> was removed from his chancellor position and made the deputy minister of civil service affairs (吏部侍郎, Lìbu Shilang). In fall 816, he was further demoted out of the capital to serve as the governor (觀察使, Guanchashi) of Hunan Circuit (湖南, headquartered in modern Changsha, Hunan). His brother <mask>n was also demoted, while several other officials — <mask> (韋顗), Li Zhengci (李正辭), Xue Gonggan (薛公幹), Li Xuan (李宣), <mask>, and Cui Shao (崔韶) — were accused of being of <mask>zhi's associates and demoted out of the capital to serve as prefectural prefects. After chancellorship
After <mask>zhi began his service as the governor of Hunan, there was an occasion, due to the

masks:
Wei
Wei
Wei
Wei
Wei
Wei Xu
Wei Yi
Wei Chuhou
Wei Guan
Wei Guan


title: Wei Guanzhi

texts:
 imperial treasury's depletions from the campaigns, Emperor Xianzong commissioned the deputy director of salt and iron monopolies, Cheng Yi, to tour the circuits and collect tax revenues from the circuits. Wherever Cheng went, he persuaded the governors to impose special taxes and submit them, but <mask> was unwilling to do so. Instead, <mask> only submitted the reserves that the circuit had.He was thereafter given the title of the head of the household of the crown prince Li Heng, but ordered to keep his office at the eastern capital Luoyang. During Emperor Muzong's reign
In 820, Emperor Xianzong died and was succeeded by Li Heng (as Emperor Muzong). Emperor Muzong made <mask>zhi the mayor of Henan Municipality (河南, i.e., the Luoyang region), and then summoned him to Chang'an to serve as the minister of public works (工部尚書, Gongbu Shangshu). However, before <mask> could depart Luoyang, he died there in 821, and he was given posthumous honors. It was said that from the time that <mask> was a commoner to the time that he became chancellor, he did not make modifications to his house, and that while he served in important positions for 20 years, no one dared to give him expensive gifts. It was said that he was quiet, and that whenever he met with friends, he would not use flattery to please them. After he died, his household did not have any retained wealth.He also authored a 30-volume collection of his writings. Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 158. New Book of Tang, vol. 169. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 237, 238, 239.760 births
821 deaths
Chancellors under Emperor Xianzong of Tang
Chinese political writers
Tang dynasty politicians
Tang

masks:
Wei
Wei
Wei Guan
Wei
Wei


title: Percy French

texts: <mask> (1 May 1854 – 24 January 1920) was an Irish songwriter, author, poet, entertainer and painter. <mask> was born at Cloonyquin House, near Tulsk, County Roscommon, the son of an Anglo-Irish landlord. He was the third of nine children of <mask> and <mask> (née <mask>). His younger sister, Emily was also a writer. He was educated in England at Kirk Langley and Windermere College before going to Foyle College in County Londonderry and wrote his first successful song while studying at Trinity College Dublin (TCD) in 1877 for a smoking concert. The song, "Abdul Abulbul Amir", was published in 200 copies for £5 and <mask> sold each copy for 2/6 pence making a small fortune. However, he fatally omitted to register copyright on the song and lost all the subsequent income from the royalties as it was re-published without his name.They royalties were restored to his widow and daughters after his death. The song later became hugely popular and was falsely claimed by other authors. Albeit he lost copyright French always claimed authorship and did so on the sleeve of his song "Slattery's Mounted Fut" (1889) and in every issue of the weekly The Jarvey. Brendan O'Dowda claimed to have discovered via the popularity of versions of the song at the American military academies in the 1980s that French had written the lyrics while at Trinity College. He claimed responsibility for the restoration of the royalties in the 1980s. Ettie <mask> gives a different account of how the royalties were restored in her book Willie (1995) on her father's

masks:
William Percy French
Life French
Christopher French
Susan Emma French
Percy
French
French


title: Percy French

texts: life. She claimed the royalties were restored in the 1940s to the family.The ballad resembles a comic opera spoof. "Pot Skivers" were the chambermaids at the college, thus Ivan "Potschjinski" Skivar would be a less than noble prince, and as Bulbul is an Arabic dialectic name of the nightingale, Abdul was thus a foppish "nightingale" amir (prince). When French died, not at all wealthy, he was owed a fortune in unpaid royalties. A windfall in royalties came to his family in the 1940s from "Phil the Fluter's Ball". French graduated from TCD as a civil engineer in 1881 and joined the Board of Works in County Cavan as an Inspector of Drains. It is said that he wrote his best songs during this period. He also painted: <mask> was a prolific painter of landscape watercolours, and during this period considered art to be his true vocation.In fact, when he became well-known later in his life, his paintings from his time as a civil engineer became fashionable and sought after. The volcano Krakatoa erupted in 1883 while French was in Cavan, and the particles of volcanic ash caused dramatic sunsets all over the world. French painted some of his finest landscapes in this period as he captured the spectacular skies. French exhibited his pictures in the Royal Hibernian Academy (RHA) and sometimes gave them short lyrical poems for titles, such as "Only the sullen seas that flow/ And ebb forever more,/ But tarry awhile sad heart and, lo!/ A light on that lonely shore." When the Board of Works reduced its staff around 1888, French turned to


title: Percy French

texts:
 French. According to the story, French arrived late at the court, and when questioned by the judge he responded "Your honour, I travelled by the West Clare Railway", resulting in the case being thrown out. In January 1920, when he was 65 years old, French became ill while performing in Glasgow. He died from pneumonia in Formby, England at the home of his cousin, Canon Richardson of Green Lea, College Avenue, on 24 January 1920. His grave is in the churchyard of St Luke's Church, Formby, Merseyside. A statue of French sitting on a park bench in the town centre of Ballyjamesduff honours him and his song Come Back, Paddy Reilly, to Ballyjamesduff.In March 2020 a memorial to French was unveiled in Newcastle, County Down, in sight of the Mountains of Mourne, to mark the centenary of his death. Family
After <mask>'s job at the Board of Works in Cavan ended, he was made editor of a new comic magazine, The Jarvey, by Richard J. Mecredy, publisher and editor of The Irish Cyclist since 1886. It was located at Middle Abbey Street, Dublin. French had been contributing comic pieces to The Irish Cyclist all through his Cavan years. He married Ethel ("Ettie") Kathleen Armitage (Armytage) Moore in June 1890 on the strength of his income from The Jarvey. She contributed highly accomplished drawings to it and wrote a gossip column called "Chit Chatters". Bernadette Lowry has found many reference to this column and other pieces from The Jarvey in Finnegans Wake by James Joyce.She argues that French is the main hero for the cosmic "everyman"


title: Percy French

texts:
 Finnegan (HCE) of Joyce's final novel. Crucially, she found the reference to French's death in Liverpool in a key chapter of Finnegans Wake. Ettie was born in 1871, second daughter of William Armytage-Moore, brother of the Countess of Annesley (wife of the third Earl). Ettie (and their daughter) died in childbirth at the age of 20 and is buried in Mount Jerome cemetery, Dublin. Her sister, Priscilla Armitage-Moore, who became a famous society beauty, married her cousin and became the fifth Countess of Annesley. She lived at Castlewellan estate in County Down. Four years after Ettie's death, French married Helen Sheldon (Lennie) from Warwickshire, whom he met when she visited Dublin to sing in the chorus of his opera Strongbow.They had three daughters, Ettie, Mollie, and Joan. <mask> and his family moved to London around 1900 and lived at St John's  Wood. Songs
The following songs are attributed to <mask>:

 Abdul Abulbul Amir (1877)
 Andy McElroe (1888)
 Are Ye Right There Michael? Operatic works
Collaborations with William Houston Collisson (1865–1920)
 The Knight of the Road (1891), later known as The Irish Girl (published c. 1918)
 Strongbow (1892)
 Midsummer Madness (1892)
 Noah's Ark (1906)
 Freda and the Fairies

Art
Artworks by French have increased in value. On 20 September 2005, the Percy French watercolour landscape Where ever I go my heart turns back to the County Mayo was sold by Dublin auctioneers Whyte's for a then record price of €44,000. It is also known as "The Iveagh Percy French" as it came from the

masks:
French
Percy French


title: Percy French

texts: Guinness family collection. The story goes that the purchaser had "buyer's remorse", and the painting was purchased immediately by a gallerist.Some ten days after this auction, the Apollo Gallery sold this iconic painting on to an American collector for €65,000. A comprehensive biography of French, focusing on his paintings, Lead Kindly Light, was produced and written by Oliver Nulty of the Oriel Gallery in 2002, the culmination of his life's work promoting French at a time of official neglect. Bernadette Lowry edited the publication and contributed the essay "Percy French in a Wider Cultural Context", which assessed the wider cultural significance of French especially underscoring his ear for idiom and his matchless facility with Hiberno-English. The title was taken from French's favourite hymn "Lead Kindly Light" by John Henry Newman. It was chosen as a metaphor for French's paintings as the light always leads gently into his pictures. A runner-up title which the Oriel considered was Tones That Are Tender from French's song "Come Back Paddy Reilly". French's landscape paintings are described in The Watercolours of Ireland by Patricia Butler as "laden with atmosphere".When Oliver Nulty (d. 2005) established the Oriel Gallery in Clare Street, Dublin, he opened with a <mask> and George Russell exhibition. Nulty promoted French from the day he opened the gallery in 1968 and mounted at least 15 solo exhibitions of French and several group shows featuring French, one opened by Peter Ustinov. Nulty was a collector for years


title: Percy French

texts:
 before opening a gallery. He had been an antiques dealer and noticed that Irish visual art was neglected. He once  witnessed the auctioneer fail to sell a George Russell painting for 2 shillings, until a coal scuttle was added to the lot. Nulty mounted several solo exhibitions of French's paintings and published several catalogues. French's daughters Joan and Ettie were regular visitors to the Oriel Gallery from the early 1970s.<mask>'s archive currently resides in the North Down Museum, Bangor, County Down where researchers are welcome to view material by appointment with the museum. Bibliography
 Emily de Burgh Daly: Chronicles and Poems of <mask>, with an introduction by Katharine Tynan (Dublin: Talbot Press, 1922). Emily de Burgh Daly: Prose, Poems and Parodies of <mask>, with an introduction by Alfred Perceval Graves (Dublin: Talbot Press, 1929; 3/1962). James N. Healy: <mask> and his Songs (Cork: Mercier Press, 1966). Brendan O'Dowda: The World of <mask> French (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1981; 3/1997). Alan Tongue: A Picture of <mask> (Belfast: Greystone Books, 1990). Ettie <mask>: Willie: A Tribute to <mask> (Holywood, County Down: Percy French Society, 1994).Oliver Nulty (ed. by Bernadette Lowry): Lead Kindly Light. Celebrating 150 Years of <mask> French (Dublin: Oriel Gallery, 2002). Berrie O'Neill: Tones that are Tender: <mask>, 1854–1920 (Dublin: Lilliput Press, 2016). Bernadette Lowry: Sounds of Manymirth on the Night's Ear Ringing. <mask> (1854-1920): His Jarvey Years and Joyce's Haunted Inkbottle; with a

masks:
French
Percy French
Percy French
Percy French
Percy
Percy French
French
Percy French
Percy
Percy French
Percy French


title: Percy French

texts:
 foreword by Robert Mohr and an afterword by Martin Mansergh (Dublin: Carmen Eblana Productions, 2021). See also
 Culture of Ireland
 Music of Ireland

References

External links

 The Percy French Summer School, Roscommon
 <mask> at theoriel.com
 Example of painting by <mask>
 The Mountains Of Mourne Sweep Down To The Sea – Feature
 Sculpture of <mask> by Alan Hall
 Directions to <mask>'s Birthplace
 The <mask> French 100 Years Events page 1920-2020
 Sounds of Manymirth

1854 births
1920 deaths
19th-century Irish painters
20th-century Irish painters
Irish male painters
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Irish Anglicans
Irish classical composers
Irish engineers
Irish songwriters
Irish opera composers
Male opera composers
People educated at Foyle College
People from County

masks:
Percy French
Percy French
Percy French
Percy French
Percy


title: Marcelo H. del Pilar

texts: <mask> (August 30, 1850July 4, 1896), commonly known as <mask><mask> and also known by his pen name <mask>, was a Filipino writer, lawyer, journalist, and freemason. <mask>, along with José Rizal and Graciano López Jaena, became known as the leaders of the Reform Movement in Spain. <mask> was born and brought up in Bulakan, Bulacan. He was suspended at the Universidad de Santo Tomás and imprisoned in 1869 after he and the parish priest quarreled over exorbitant baptismal fees. In the 1880s, he expanded his anti-friar movement from Malolos to Manila. He went to Spain in 1888 after an order of banishment was issued against him. Twelve months after his arrival in Barcelona, he succeeded López Jaena as editor of the La Solidaridad (Solidarity).Publication of the newspaper stopped in 1895 due to lack of funds. Losing hope in reforms, he grew favorable of a revolution against Spain. He was on his way home in 1896 when he contracted tuberculosis in Barcelona. He later died in a public hospital and was buried in a pauper's grave. On November 30, 1997, the Technical Committee of the National Heroes Committee, created through Executive Order No. 5 by former President <mask> V. Ramos, recommended <mask> along with the eight Filipino historical figures to be National Heroes. The recommendations were submitted to Department of Education Secretary Ricardo T. Gloria on November 22, 1995.No action has been taken for these recommended historical figures. In 2009, this issue was revisited in one of the proceedings of the 14th Congress.

masks:
Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitán
Marcelo H
. del Pilar
Pláridel
Del Pilar
Del Pilar
Fidel
del Pilar


title: Marcelo H. del Pilar

texts:
 Biography

Early life (1850–1880)

<mask> H<mask> <mask> was born on August 30, 1850, in sitio Cupang, barrio of San Nicolás, Bulacán, Bulacan. He was baptized as "<mask>" on September 4, 1850. Fr. D. Tomas Yson, a Filipino secular priest, performed the baptism, and Lorenzo Alvir, a distant relative, acted as the godfather. "<mask>" was the original paternal surname of the family.The surname of <mask>'s paternal grandmother, "<mask>", was added to comply with the naming reforms of Governor-General Narciso Clavería in 1849. <mask>'s parents belonged to the principalía. The couple owned rice and sugarcane farms, fish ponds, and an animal-powered mill. His father, Julián <mask> <mask>, was a well-known Tagalog grammarian, poet, and speaker. Don Julián served as a "three-time" gobernadorcillo of the pueblo of Bulacán and later held the position of oficial de mesa of the alcalde mayor. His mother, Blasa Gatmaitán, was a descendant of the noble Gatmaitáns. She was known as "Doña Blasica".The ninth of ten children, <mask>'s siblings were: Toribio (priest, deported to the Mariana Islands in 1872), Fernando (father of Gregorio <mask>), Andrea, Dorotea, Estanislao, Juan, <mask> (married to Deodato Arellano), Valentín, and María. <mask> gave his share of the inheritance to his brothers and sisters after Doña Blasica's death. From an early age, <mask> learned the violin, the piano, and the flute. He received early education from his paternal uncle Alejo <mask>. He later studied Latin in the private school owned by Sr. José Flores. After

masks:
Marcelo
. del
Pilar
Marcelo
Hiio
Marcelo
del Pilar
Del Pilar
Hilario
del Pilar
del Pilar
del Pilar
Hilaria
Del Pilar
del Pilar
del Pilar


title: Marcelo H. del Pilar

texts: his education under Sr. Flores, <mask> enrolled at the Colegio de San José, where he obtained his Bachiller en Artes degree in 1867. He pursued philosophy (1867-1871) and law (1871-1881) at the Universidad de Santo Tomás.In 1869, <mask> acted as a godfather at a baptism in San Miguel, Manila. Not a resident of the parish, he questioned the excessive baptismal fee charged by the parish priest. This infuriated the priest and as a result, the judge, Félix García Gavieres, sent <mask> to the Old Bilibid Prison. He was released after thirty days. On February 16, 1871, <mask> obtained his Bachiller en Filosofía at the Universidad de Santo Tomás. During the time of the Cavite Mutiny, <mask> was living with a Filipino priest, Mariano Sevilla, who was a friend of Fr. Toribio <mask> <mask>, <mask>'s older brother, and Fr.José Burgos, a part of the Gomburza. Fr. Sevilla and Fr. Toribio were deported to the Mariana Islands for their alleged involvement in the uprising. The deportation of Fr. Toribio resulted in the early death of <mask>'s mother. <mask> worked as oficial de mesa in Pampanga (1874–1875) and Quiapo (1878–1879).In 1876, he resumed his law studies at the Universidad de Santo Tomás. He obtained his licenciado en jurisprudencia, equivalent to a Bachelor of Laws, on March 4, 1881. In law school, <mask> earned: (1871-1872) Canon Law 1, Fair; Roman Law 1, Very Good; (1873-1874) Canon Law 2, Fair; Roman Law 2, Excellent; (1876-1877) Civil and Mercantile Law, Very Good; (1877-1878) Extension of Civil Law and Spanish Civil Codes,

masks:
del Pilar
del Pilar
del Pilar
del Pilar
del Pilar
Hilario
del Pilar
Marcelo
del Pilar
Del Pilar
del Pilar


title: Marcelo H. del Pilar

texts:
 Very Good; Penal Law, Very Good; (1878-1879) Public Law, Fair; Administrative Law, Fair; Colonial Legislation, Fair; Economics, Fair; Political and Statistics, Fair; (1879-1880) Judicial Procedures, Excellent; Practice and Oratory Forensics 1, Excellent; Elements of General Literature and Spanish Literature, Excellent. No grades were recorded for the years 1880-1881 as he took six months leave. <mask> worked for the Real Audiencia de Manila from 1882 to 1887. Although practicing law in Manila, he spent more time in his native province. There he seized every event – baptisms, funeral wakes, weddings, town fiestas, and cockfights at the cockpits – to enlighten his countrymen about the state of their country.He also exposed the abuses of the Spanish friars and colonial authorities. As <mask> explained in La Soberanía Monacal en Filipinas (Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines):

Anti-friar activities in the Philippines (1880–1888)

<mask>, together with Basilio Teodoro Morán and Pascual H. Poblete, founded the short-lived Diariong Tagalog (Tagalog Newspaper) on June 1, 1882. Diariong Tagalog was the first bilingual newspaper in the Philippines and was financed by the wealthy Spanish liberal Francisco Calvo y Múñoz. <mask> became the editor of the Tagalog section. José Rizal's essay, El Amor Patrio, was featured in the Diariong Tagalog on August 20, 1882. <mask> translated it into Tagalog language, Ang Pagibig sa Tinubúang Lupà (Love for the Native Land). Diariong Tagalog ceased publication on October 31, 1882 due to lack of

masks:
Del Pilar
del Pilar
Del Pilar
Del Pilar
Del Pilar


title: Marcelo H. del Pilar

texts: funds.Malolos became the center of <mask>'s anti-friar movement. The first success of the movement was in 1884 when the liberal Manuel Crisóstomo was elected gobernadorcillo by the citizens of Malolos. In 1885, <mask> drafted a protest of the principalía of Malolos after Sr. Luna, the successor of Intendant Chinchilla, restored the servile copying of the parochial lists. In the same year, <mask> sided with the cabezas de barangay of Bulacan when they argued with a parish priest on the list of taxpayers. The friars bloated the tax lists, a move meant for the parish's financial gain. In 1887, during the upcoming fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary in Binondo, a conflict arose between the gremio de naturales (Native guild), the gremio de chinos (Chinese guild), and the gremio de mestizos de sangley (Chinese mestizo guild). Timoteo Lanuza, the gobernadorcillo de naturales (native governor) of Binondo, demanded the natives' right to manage the affair.On September 30, 1887, Lanuza wrote a petition to Governor-General Emilio Terrero. Terrero approved the petition and decreed that: "in all public functions, the gobernadorcillos de naturales shall preside." Fr. <mask> de Campomanes, the friar-curate of Binondo Church, defied Terrero's decree and decided not to attend the celebration. Most of the attendees of the fiesta were the natives and the gobernadorcillos de naturales of Manila. A few days later, Terrero removed Fr. <mask>ía as friar-curate of Binondo.The Chinese gobernadorcillos were also relieved from their positions. The organizer

masks:
del Pilar
del Pilar
del Pilar
José Hevía
Hev


title: Marcelo H. del Pilar

texts: of the fiesta, Juan Zulueta, relied on the instructions of <mask>. In October 1887, during a deadly cholera epidemic, the anti-friar forces again clashed with the Spanish clergymen. To limit the spread of the epidemic, Benigno Quiroga y López Ballesteros had issued a ban against church wakes for cholera victims. The ban took effect on October 18, 1887. In Malolos, Manuel Crisóstomo proclaimed Quiroga's decree by means of a parade led by a brass band. Fr.Felipe García, the friar-curate of Malolos, defied the ban, purportedly because of the fees which the church earned from these wakes. In protest, Fr. García paraded through the streets of Malolos the corpse of a cholera victim. To prevent disturbance in the town, Crisóstomo approached <mask>. The latter instructed the former to report to Manuel Gómez Florio, the Spanish governor of Bulacan. Gómez Florio, an ally of <mask> and his associates, ordered the arrest of the friar-curate. On January 21, 1888, <mask> drafted a memorial to the gobernador civil of Bulacan for the establishment of a school of "Arts, Trades, and Agriculture".The signers of the document were the gobernadorcillos, former gobernadorcillos, business-owners, land-owners, lawyers, educators, and leading citizens of the province. Terrero, Quiroga, Centeno, Gómez Florio, Julio Galindo (the captain of the Guardia Civil), and other officials supported the project. In 1889, the school opened in Manila despite the objections of the Augustinian friars and the archbishop of Manila. In 1887 and 1888, <mask> wrote a series

masks:
del Pilar
del Pilar
del Pilar
del Pilar
del Pilar


title: Marcelo H. del Pilar

texts: of anti-friar petitions addressed to the colonial authorities and the Queen Regent. On November 20 and 21, 1887, he wrote the complaints of two Navotas residents, that of Mateo Mariano and the gobernadorcillo de naturales of Navotas, to the civil governor. <mask> also prepared, on February 20, 1888, the petition of the gobernadorcillos and residents of Manila to the Governor-General. On March 1, 1888, the residents of the districts of Manila and the nearby provinces, led by Doroteo Cortés and José Anacleto Ramos, marched to the office of the civil governor of Manila, José Centeno García.They presented a manifesto addressed to the Queen Regent. This manifesto, entitled "Viva España! Viva el Rey! Viva el Ejército! Fuera los Frailes!" (Long live Spain! Long live the King!Long live the Army! Throw the friars out! ), was written by <mask>. The manifesto demanded the friars' expulsion from the Philippines including Manila Archbishop Pedro P. Payo. A week after the demonstration, Centeno resigned and left for Spain. Governor-General Terrero's term also ended the following month. General Antonio Moltó, Terrero's successor, quickly canceled the anti-friar moves of the preceding months.The former abolished Quiroga's ban on church wakes. He later restored Fr. <mask>, the former friar-curate of Binondo, to his parish. Moltó's suppressive measure, however, was short-lived: it did not stop the anti-friar activities, particularly in the province of Bulacan. In Malolos, the gobernadorcillo, Manuel Crisóstomo, was succeeded by his relative,

masks:
Del Pilar
del Pilar
Hevía


title: Marcelo H. del Pilar

texts: Vicente Gatmaitán. <mask> and his associates continued to receive guidance and protection from Gómez Florio and other officials. Fr.José Rodríguez, an Augustinian parish priest, authored a pamphlet entitled ¡Caiñgat Cayó! : Sa mañga masasamang libro,t, casulatan (Beware! : of bad books and writings, 1888). The friar warned the Filipinos that in reading Rizal's Noli Me Tángere (Touch Me Not) they commit "mortal sin". On August 3 of the same year, <mask> wrote Caiigat Cayó (Be as Slippery as an Eel) under the pen name Dolores Manapat. It was a reply to Fr. Rodríguez's ¡Caiñgat Cayó!.Valeriano Weyler succeeded Moltó as the Governor-General of the Philippines. Investigations were escalated during Weyler's term. Manuel Gómez Florio, the Spanish governor of Bulacan, was removed from his position. An arrest warrant was issued against <mask>, accusing him of being a filibustero and heretic. Upon the advice of his friends and relatives, <mask> left Manila for Spain on October 28, 1888.The night before he left the country, <mask> stayed at the house of his fellow Bulaqueño, Pedro Serrano y Lactao. Together with Rafael Enriquez, they wrote the Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers and Mockeries), a mock-prayer book satirizing the Spanish friars. They also wrote the Pasióng Dapat Ipag-alab nang Puso nang Tauong Babasa sa Calupitán nang Fraile (The Passion that Should Inflame the Hearts of Those Who Read About the Cruelty of the Friars).Gregorio <mask>, <mask>'s nephew, helped distribute these revolutionary pamphlets in the churches. There was one

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title: Marcelo H. del Pilar

texts:
 incident in Malolos, where Gregorio stole copies of Fr. José Rodríguez's Cuestiones de Sumo Interes (Questions of Supreme Interest) from Fr. Felipe García, who had a habit of distributing counter-revolutionary materials after mass. These books were set to be distributed after the mass. Gregorio removed the book covers of Cuestiones de Sumo Interes and pasted <mask>'s pamphlets inside before distributing them after. Shortly before his departure, <mask> formed the Caja de Jesús, María y José.Its objective was to continue propaganda and provide education to indigent children. He managed it with the help of compatriots Mariano Ponce, Gregorio Santillán, Mariano Crisóstomo, Pedro Serrano y Lactao, José Gatmaitán, Briccio Pantas, Teodoro Sandiko, Apolinario Mabini, Numeriano Adriano, and Fr. Rafael Canlapán (the coadjutor of Malolos from 1885 to 1893). Caja de Jesús, María y José was later discontinued and replaced by Comité de Propaganda (Committee of Propaganda) in Manila. Propaganda movement in Spain (1888–1895)
<mask> arrived in Barcelona on January 1, 1889. He headed the political section of the Asociación Hispano-Filipina de Madrid (Hispanic Filipino Association of Madrid), an organization of Filipino and Spanish liberals. On February 17, 1889, <mask> wrote a letter to Rizal, praising the young women of Malolos for their bravery.These twenty-one young women asked the permission of Governor-General Weyler to allow them to open a night school where they could learn to read and write Spanish. With Weyler's approval and over the

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title: Marcelo H. del Pilar

texts: objections of Fr. Felipe García, the night school opened in 1889. <mask> urged Rizal to write a letter in Tagalog to "las muchachas de Malolos," adding that it would be "a help for our champions there and in Manila." In his reply to <mask>, Rizal shared the handwritten manuscript of the letter he wrote to "las malolesas." On April 16, 1889, <mask> met Miguel Morayta y Sagrario in Barcelona. Morayta,  an anticlerical and follower of Emilio Castelar, was one of the Spanish liberals who supported the Filipino cause.He was the History Professor of Rizal at the Universidad Central de Madrid and Grand Master of Masons of the Gran Oriente Español. On April 25, 1889, a banquet honoring Morayta was held by <mask> and other Filipinos in Spain. In the mid-1889, to damage the friars' influence and authority in the Philippines, <mask> and his associates sponsored Fr. Nicolás Manrique Alonso Lallave, an ex-Dominican friar (now a Protestant pastor) assigned in Urdaneta, Pangasinan. Governor-General Rafael Izquierdo deported Lallave to Spain after the latter supported the 1870 decree of Segismundo Moret. In 1872, Lallave wrote an inflammatory  pamphlet, entitled Los Frailes en Filipinas (The Friars in the Philippines), wherein he exposed the atrocities of the friars and asked for the termination of the religious orders. He returned to the Philippines in 1889 to establish a Protestant chapel in Manila.<mask> wanted to help Lallave through Serrano y Lactao and Sandiko, but before help arrived, the priest died of an illness on June 5, 1889. Some

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title: Marcelo H. del Pilar

texts: scholars believed that the friars poisoned Lallave. On December 15, 1889, <mask> succeeded Graciano López Jaena as editor of the La Solidaridad. Under his editorship, the aims of the newspaper expanded. Using propaganda, it pursued the desires for: assimilation of the Philippines as a province of Spain; removal of the friars and the secularization of the parishes; freedom of assembly and speech; equality before the law; and Philippine representation in the Cortes, the legislature of Spain. A tireless editor, <mask> wrote under several pseudonyms: <mask>, Dolores Manapat, Piping Dilat, Siling Labuyo, Cupang, Maytiyaga, Patos, Carmelo, D.A. Murgas, L.O.Crame, Selong, M. Calero, Felipeno, <mask>, Pudpoh, Gregoria de Luna, Dolores Manaksak, M. Dati, and VZKKQJC. On March 3, 1890, deputy Francisco Calvo y Múñoz, <mask>lar's former colleague in Diariong Tagalog, presented to the Cortes an amendment to the Article 25 of the Spanish Universal Suffrage Bill. This amendment, which had been signed by six deputies, called for the revival of the Philippine parliamentary representation with the right to elect three deputies from the Philippines. After Calvo y Múñoz's presentation, Manuel Becerra, the overseas minister under Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, spoke up. In his speech, Becerra told Calvo y Múñoz to cancel the amendment, believing that the time has not come to establish such action. Antonio Ramos Calderón, another Spanish liberal, also gave the same judgment as Becerra. Undeterred, <mask>, with the help of the Asociación Hispano-Filipina

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title: Marcelo H. del Pilar

texts: de Madrid, held banquets in honor of Calvo y Múñoz, Becerra, and Ramos Calderón.<mask> also featured their speeches in the next issue of La Solidaridad. In April 1890, there have been two rumors circulating in the Philippines: first, General Agustín de Burgos y Llamas will succeed Weyler as Governor-General, and second, the former, after his succession, will appoint Calvo y Múñoz as the new Director-General of Civil Administration. <mask> told Calvo y Múñoz to first introduce the bill on parliamentary representation, to which the latter agreed. The next month, Calvo y Múñoz proposed a more liberal and considerate bill. <mask> told Rizal that he had organized deputies to assist in the approval of the bill; and that it will be introduced to the Cortes after Calvo y Múñoz's return from his trip. The introduction of the bill, however, did not happen. On July 3, 1890, Sagasta was replaced by the conservative Antonio Cánovas <mask> as Prime Minister of Spain.<mask> maintained good relations with the Liberals despite the fell of Sagasta's government. In the late 1890, a rivalry developed between <mask> and Rizal. This was mainly due to the difference between <mask>'s editorial policy and Rizal's political beliefs. On January 1, 1891, about 90 Filipinos gathered in Madrid. They agreed that a Responsable (leader) be elected. Camps were drawn into two, the Pilaristas and the Rizalistas. The first voting for the Responsable started on the first week of February 1891.Rizal won the first two elections but the votes counted for him did not

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title: Marcelo H. del Pilar

texts:
 reach the needed two-thirds vote fraction. After Mariano Ponce, instructed by <mask>, pleaded to the Pilaristas, Rizal was elected Responsable. Rizal, knowing the Pilaristas did not like his political beliefs, respectfully declined the position and transferred it to <mask>lar. He then packed up his bags and boarded a train leaving for Biarritz, France. Inactive in the Reform Movement, Rizal ceased his contribution of articles on La Solidaridad. After the incident, <mask> wrote a letter of apology to Rizal. Rizal responded and said that he stopped writing for La Solidaridad for reasons: first, he needed time to work on his second novel El Filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed); second, he wanted other Filipinos in Spain to work also; and lastly, he could not lead an organization without solidarity in work.<mask> and Rizal continued to correspond until the latter's exile to Dapitan in July 1892. In his later years, <mask> rejected the assimilationist stand. In a letter to his brother-in-law Deodato Arellano on March 31, 1891, <mask> said:

On December 11, 1892, Sagasta returned as Prime Minister of Spain with Antonio Maura as the new overseas minister. On December 15, 1892, and January 15, 1893, <mask> published two articles on La Solidaridad, entitled Ya es tiempo (Is it About Time!) and Insistimos (We Insist), wherein he reminisced the Liberals' promises and the amendment introduced by Calvo y Múñoz in 1890. Although Maura passed some reforms for the Philippines, his political views were different to that of Becerra, and he was

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title: Marcelo H. del Pilar

texts:
 not influenced by Morayta and his group. In March 1894, Maura resigned as overseas minister and was replaced by Becerra.Becerra, however, became less sympathetic on the representation of the Philippines and the reforms he proposed. Knowing this, <mask> approached Emilio Junoy, a friendly deputy and editor-in-chief of La Publicidad. On February 21, 1895, Junoy presented to the Cortes a petition bearing seven thousand signatures. Two weeks later, on March 8, 1895, Junoy delivered a speech to the Spanish Congress wherein he discussed a proposed bill representing the Philippines. The bill, however, did not materialize and on March 23, 1895, Cánovas <mask> replaced Sagasta again as Prime Minister of Spain. After years of publication from 1889 to 1895, funding of the La Solidaridad became scarce. Comité de Propaganda'''s contribution to the newspaper stopped and <mask> funded the newspaper almost on his own.On August 19, 1895, Mabini regrettably told him that La Solidaridad's publication had to stop. La Solidaridad ceased publication on November 15, 1895, with 7 volumes and 160 issues. In <mask>'s farewell editorial, he said:

Later years, illness, and death (1895–1896)
<mask> contracted tuberculosis in November 1895. The following year, he decided to return to the Philippines to lead a revolution. His illness worsened that he had to cancel his journey. On June 20, 1896, he was taken to the Hospital de la Santa Cruz in Barcelona. <mask> died at 1:15 a.m. on July 4, 1896, over a month before the Cry of Pugad Lawin.According to

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title: Marcelo H. del Pilar

texts:
 Mariano Ponce's account of his death, his last words were: "Please tell my family that I was not able to say goodbye, but that I died with my true friends around me… Pray to God for the good fortune of our country. Continue with your work to attain the happiness and freedom of our beloved country." He was buried the following day in a borrowed grave at the Cementerio del Sub-Oeste (Southwest Cemetery). Before dying, <mask> retracted from Masonry and received the sacraments of the church. Reactions after death

News of del Pilar's death reached the Philippines. On July 15, 1896, La Politica de España en Filipinas, the publication of the Spanish priests, paid respect to him:
"<mask> H<mask> Pilar was the greatest journalist produced by the purely Filipino race. We did not consider him an artful filibuster; at times we saw in him the calculating conspirator, the journalist gone astray, who had no real hatred for the sovereign country, through he showed he had it for the state of affairs prevailing in the Philippines.But whatever the truth may be, we must not lose sight of the fact that it was <mask> the Tagalog, who as a publicist, inspired us with the greatest esteem when serenely, and apparently with the greatest sincerity, he gave his views on very arduous political problems. More correct in form than any other, skillful in debate, tenacious in maintaining his conclusions, the personality of <mask> H<mask> <mask>, as a propagandist, is doubtless the greatest produced by the Tagalog race. While he had not the culture and

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title: Marcelo H. del Pilar

texts:
 intensity of purpose of his countryman Rizal, he had, however, the advantage of knowing how to instill his thoughts in a subtle manner into the minds of his followers. He was an adversary, a rival; he insulted us at times; we never could approve of the tendency of his political activities; but he was industrious, he was intelligent, and perhaps, he was the victim of his own engagements." Ramón Blanco y Erenas, the 109th Governor General of the Philippines, eulogized <mask> as:  Mariano Ponce in La Independencia (1898) said:

Return of <mask>'s remains (1920) and final interment (1984)

In 1920, Norberto Romuáldez was commissioned to locate <mask>'s remains. With the help of Joaquín Pellicena y Camacho, the body was exhumed and placed in an urn. Alicante, the ship carrying <mask>'s remains, arrived in Manila on December 3, 1920.From Pier 3 the body was transferred to the Funeraria Nacional. It was taken to Malolos, Bulacan on December 6, 1920. The following day, it was transferred to <mask>'s birthplace in Bulakan, Bulacan. On December 11, 1920, the body lay in state at the Manila Grand Opera House. A necrological service  was held at the Salon de Marmol on December 12, 1920. Filipino officials who attended the service were: Manuel C. Briones, representative from Cebu's 1st District; Rafael Palma, senator of the Philippines from the 4th Senatorial District; Teodoro M. Kalaw, secretary of the interior and local government; <mask>'s colleagues in Barcelona and Madrid, Trinidad Pardo de Tavera and Dominador Gómez; Victorino M.

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title: Marcelo H. del Pilar

texts:
 Mapa, 2nd Chief Justice of the Philippines; Manuel L. Quezon, senate president of the Philippines; and Sergio Osmeña, 1st Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives. <mask>'s wife and two daughters were present during the ceremony.After the service, <mask> was interred at the Mousoleo de los Veteranos de la Revolución in the Manila North Cemetery. <mask>'s remains were transferred to his birthplace on August 30, 1984. His remains were laid to rest under his monument. Personal life

Marriage, children, and grandchildren
In February 1878, <mask> married his second cousin Marciana (Chanay) in Tondo. The couple had seven children, five girls and two boys: Sofía, José, María Rosario, María Consolación, María Concepción, José Mariano Leon, and Ana (Anita). Sofía and Anita, the oldest and youngest child, survived to adulthood. On March 12, 1912, Anita married Vicente Marasigan Sr., a businessman from Taal, Batangas.She and her husband had six children: Leticia, Vicente, Benita, Josefina, Antonia, and <mask>. Hardships in Spain
<mask>'s last years in Spain saw his descent into extreme poverty. In a letter to his wife Marciana on August 17, 1892, he wrote: "For my meals, I have to approach friends for loans, day after day. To be able to smoke, I have gone to the extreme of picking up cigarette butts in the streets." In another letter to his wife on August 3, 1893, he told her about his frequent nightmares: "I always dream that I have Anita on my lap and Sofía by her side; that I kiss them by turns and that both tell me: ‘Remain

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title: Marcelo H. del Pilar

texts:
 with us, papá, and don’t return to Madrid’. I awake soaked in tears, and at this very moment that I write this, I cannot contain the tears that drop from my eyes." In June 1893, <mask>'s relatives were able to send money so that he could return to the Philippines.However, his friends (Regidor, Torres, Blumentritt, Morayta, and Quiroga) advised him to stay in Spain. In a letter to his wife on December 21, 1893, he said: "I am afraid of being too hasty, because in view of my present situation, a wrong step on my part will injure many persons, and even if I should pass out of this life, my compatriots would continue to accuse me of imprudence. Note that an error of Rizal's did harm to many (the 1887 Calamba trouble)." Health
<mask>'s health was declining before contracting tuberculosis in 1895. He suffered from insomnia, dengue, influenza, rheumatism, and neck tumor..

<mask> Ma. Misa, <mask> and the Katipunan (Manila: The Philippines Free Press, 1959).believe that he had a direct hand in its organization because of his role in the Propaganda Movement and his eminent position in Philippine Masonry; most of the Katipunan's founders and members (Andrés Bonifacio, Deodato Arellano, Ladislao Diwa, Teodoro Plata, Valentín Díaz, and José Dizon) were freemasons. The Katipunan had initiation ceremonies that were copied from masonic rites. It also had a hierarchy of rank that was similar to that of freemasonry. Rizal's Spanish biographer Wenceslao Retana and Filipino biographer Juan Raymundo Lumawag saw the formation of the Katipunan as

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title: Marcelo H. del Pilar

texts:
 <mask>lar's victory over Rizal:

In 1920, Epifanio de los Santos explained <mask>'s role in the validation of the Katipunan laws:

Historical remembrance
"Father of Philippine Journalism"
For his 150 essays and 66 editorials mostly published in La Solidaridad and various anti-friar pamphlets, <mask> is widely regarded as the "Father of Philippine Journalism. "Samahang Plaridel, an organization of veteran journalists and communicators, was founded in October 2003 to honor <mask>'s ideals. It also promotes mutual help, cooperation, and understanding among Filipino journalists. "Father of Philippine Masonry"

<mask> was initiated into Freemasonry in 1889.He became an active member of the lodge Revolución in Barcelona. Other members of the lodge were Celso Mir Deas, Ponce, José María Panganiban, López Jaena, Justo Argudin, and Juan José Cañarte. On December 10, 1889, <mask> joined the revived lodge Solidaridad No. 53 in Madrid. He became its second venerable master, replacing Julio A. Llorente. <mask> worked for the establishment of Filipino Masonic lodges. In 1891, he sent Serrano y Lactao to the Philippines to establish Nilad,  the first Filipino Masonic lodge.In 1893, <mask> also formed the Gran Consejo Regional de Filipinas, the first national organization of Filipino Masons. With these, he earned recognition as the "Father of Philippine Masonry." The Masonic Grand Lodge of the Philippines, located at 1440 San Marcelino Street in Ermita, Manila, is named Plaridel Masonic Temple. Historical commemoration

 The Marcelo H.

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title: Marcelo H. del Pilar

texts: <mask>lar Shrine was erected in honor of <mask>. At the center of the 4,027 square meter site is his 10 feet high monument, made by local sculptor Apolinario Bulaong. At the back of the stadium and the monument stands the mausoleum of the <mask> family. A two-storey museum library constructed in 1998 can be found at the back of the site.Currently, the shrine is under the management of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Monuments erected in his honor can be found in Malolos, Paombong, Malate, and Parañaque. In 1969, a bronze bust of <mask> was modelled by classical realist sculptor Anastacio Caedo. One of the Plaza Miranda's four corners, "Plaridel Corner", was named after <mask>. The commemorative plaque, written in Filipino language, bears the following quotation attributed to Voltaire. Quingua, a 1st class municipality in the province of Bulacan, was renamed as "Plaridel" in honor of <mask>lar. A 3rd class municipality in the province of Misamis Occidental was named "Plaridel" in honor of <mask>lar.A 5th class municipality in the province of Quezon was named "Plaridel" in honor of <mask>. A north–south street connecting Ermita and Malate districts is named Marcelo H. del Pilar Street. It was formerly known as Calle Real (Spanish for "royal street") which served as an arterial road that linked the southern provinces with Manila. In 1921, it was renamed after <mask>. North Luzon Expressway (NLEX), an  limited-access toll expressway that links the provinces of Central Luzon to Metro Manila, was formerly

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title: Marcelo H. del Pilar

texts:
 known as the Marcelo H. del Pilar Superhighway. One of the streets in Silay City, Negros Occidental is named "Plaridel Street". The Angel Araneta Ledesma Ancestral House is located along the street.Marcelo H. <mask>lar National High School, a secondary school located in Malolos, is named in honor of <mask>. The building which houses the Graduate School in Polytechnic University of the Philippines was named after <mask>l Hall in his memory. <mask> was the inspiration for the U.P. Gawad Plaridel awarded by the College of Mass Communication to outstanding Filipino media practitioners. <mask> H<mask> <mask> was featured on obverse of the Philippine fifty centavo coin in 1967–72 and again in 1983–94. <mask> and Graciano López Jaena appear on the obverse side of a five peso Philippine banknote circulated between 1951 and 1974.A 5 centavo postage stamp featuring <mask> was released on March 3, 1952. <mask> in popular culture
 Portrayed by John Arcilla in the 1996 TV Series Bayani. Portrayed by Dennis Marasigan in the Filipino film José Rizal (1998). Portrayed by Mike Liwag in the TV series Ilustrado (2014). <mask> was featured in the Philippine television news magazine show iJuander. Notable works

Published during <mask>'s lifetime
 Ang Pagibig sa Tinubúang Lupà (Love for the Native Land, Tagalog translation of Rizal's El Amor Patrio published in the Diariong Tagalog, August 20, 1882)
 La Solídaridad (various articles and essays published under the pen names <mask>, Carmelo, Patós, D.A. Murgas, and L.O.Crame)
 En Filipinas Quien

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title: Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan

texts:
<mask> (; Mongolian: Буянт хаан), born Ayurbarwada, also known by the temple name Renzong (Emperor Renzong of Yuan (Chinese: 元仁宗, April 9, 1285 – March 1, 1320), was the fourth emperor of the Yuan dynasty of China. Apart from Emperor of China, he is regarded as the eighth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire. His name means "blessed/good Khan" in the Mongolian language. His name "Ayurbarwada" was from a Sanskrit compound "Āyur-parvata", which means "the mountain of longevity", in contrast with Emperor Wuzong's name Qaišan (海山, "mountains and seas" in Chinese). Ayurbarwada was the first Yuan emperor who actively supported the adoption of Confucian principles into the administration system. The emperor, who was mentored by the Confucian academic Li Meng, succeeded peacefully to the throne and reversed his older brother Khayisan's policies. More importantly, Ayurbarwada reinstituted the civil service examination system for the Yuan dynasty.Struggle for succession

Ayurbarwada was the second son of Darmabala and Dagi (Targi) of the Khunggirat, and a great-grandson of Kublai <mask> (r. 1260–1294). He had been tutored by the Confucian scholar Li Meng, who strongly affected his future political attitudes since his early teens. In 1305 Bulugan Khatun removed <mask> from the court and sent him to Honan as the prince of Huai-ning. However, his uncle Temür <mask> died without an heir on February 2, 1307, because his son Tachu had died a year earlier before him. Temür's widow Bulugan of the Bayaud tribe had kept away the

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title: Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan

texts:
 Khunggirad-mothered brothers of Khayishan and Ayurbarwada and attempted to set up her favorite, the Muslim Ananda, their uncle and the governor of Ningxia. The Darkhan Harghasun, the right chancellor () of the government who became aware of Bulugan's plan, recalled Ayurbarwada and Li Meng from Huaizhou () to the capital Dadu. They successfully developed a strategy to imprison both Ananda and Bulugan.Afterwards, <mask> welcomed his older brother Khayishan, who was still far away from Dadu, to succeed to the throne. After the latter's coronation, <mask> was appointed the Crown Prince in June 1307. The brothers promised each other that their descendants would rule in succession. Early career under Külüg <mask> and enthronement

<mask> was made head of the top central administrative organs known as the Zhongshu Sheng under his brother and predecessor Khayishan Külüg <mask>. He had surrounded himself with the Chinese scholars Chen Hao, Wang I, Wang Yueh, Zhao Mengfu, Wang Chieh, Chan Yaoho, Shang-ye, Yao sui, and Hsia ku; the artists Shang cheng and Wang Cheng-peng; Chagaan, a scholar from Balkh and Haiya, the Uyghur lyricist. He was able to read and write Chinese and appreciate Chinese paintings and calligraphy in addition to his deep knowledge of Confucianism and Chinese history. Strongly influenced by Confucian political ethics, he was naturally opposed to his brother's exploitative policies.Khayishan's partisans had accused Li Meng of having advised Ayurbarwada to keep the throne for himself; Li Meng left the court immediately after Khayishan's accession. <mask> spoke out in

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title: Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan

texts:
 Li Meng's defence but accomplished nothing much in the end. His disagreement with his brother's high officials remained concealed until his own enthronement. Khayishan died in January 1311. Unlike the succession struggle over Yuan throne in 1307, <mask>'s succession to his elder brother Khayishan's throne in April 1311 was a peaceful and smooth transition of the Yuan imperial history. This was made possible by the fact that he was designated by Khayishan as the heir apparent in June 1307, in accordance with their earlier agreement, and had subsequently appointed him as the titular head of the Zhongshu Sheng, similar to Kublai <mask> had done when grooming Zhenjin to be his successor. He was saluted under the title of Buyantu in his accession kuriltai.Reformation

While one might expect a general continuity in policy and personnel between the two reigns in view of the fraternal love between Khaishan and Ayurbawada and the peaceful way in which one succeeded the other, what was to happen early in <mask>'s reign was actually the opposite: a political purge of Khaishan's chief ministers and a reversal of most of his policies. These reversals of policies can be traced to <mask>'s cultural and ideological orientation and his uneasy political relationship with his late brother. Strongly influenced by Confucian political ethics as he was, he was naturally opposed to the exploitative policies carried out by the Department of State Affairs under Khaishan. <mask> was highlighted for his reform efforts based on Confucianism principle for the Yuan government, though these reforms were

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title: Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan

texts: Zhenguan Zhengyao (貞觀政要, "Essentials of the government of the Zhenguan period"), and the Xiao Jing (孝經, "Books of filial piety"). In the winter of 1311 Ayurbarwada ordered the abolition of the jarghuchi (judge) of the princely establishments that was created by Ögedei <mask> (r. 1229–1241) and placed all Mongolian violators under the jurisdiction of chienbu while attempting to restrict separate appanage judges. He restricted the position jarghuchi to judicial affairs and organized them under the Court of the Imperial Clan. Early in his reign Ayurbarwada encouraged agriculture to increase the state revenue. His senior councillor, Temuder, took drastic measures which included collecting salt and iron monopoly taxes and the state monopoly over foreign trade under the Maritime Trade Supervisorate. Despite commercial ties with Europe increased, Ayurbarwada's administration, led by Temuder, unsuccessfully attempted a new cadastral survey called Yanyou Jingli () which involves a comprehensive land survey in 1314.If it had been implemented properly, this survey would have greatly increased the state revenue and helped a more effective tax structure. Ineffective implementation of the survey by corrupt officials caused widespread hardship and resentment. As a result, a serious revolt broke out in Jiangxi in the fall of 1315. Although the revolt was suppressed within two months, it forced the government to abandon the survey program completely to relieve the situation. Ayurbarwada also granted diploma (yarliq) to exempt the Franciscans from any taxation in 1314. The friars were still


title: Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan

texts:
 expected to pray for the Emperor's life and give their blessing on ceremonial occasions. Temuder chipped away at the autonomy of the princely appanages and executed Confucian opponents.Since Temuder was viewed by Confucians as an "evil minister", opponents of fiscal centralization charged Temuder with corruption; and <mask> <mask> had to dismiss him in 1317. Unwilling to oppose his mother Dagi (Targi), Ayurbarwada could not eliminate Temuder. Internationally, Ayurbarwada continued his ancestors' imperialistic policies. He reminded the vassal states of his accession, and told them to remember and send their tribute at the proper time, and assured them that he would make punitive actions if they failed. Among the tributary princes to whom he notified his advent to the throne are named those of Champa, Annam, an island near Japan, Malabar, and kingdoms on the borders of Yunnan. The reign of Ayurbarwada also saw the Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war between the Chagatai Khanate under Esen Buqa I and the Ayurbarwada's Yuan dynasty and its ally the Ilkhanate under Öljaitü. The war ended with the victory for the Yuan and the Ilkhanate, but the peace only came after the death of Esen Buqa in 1318.Aftermath

Ayurbarwada died on March 1, 1320. After Khayishan died, Ayurbarwada reneged his promise later in his reign by making his own son Shidibala the new Crown Prince in 1316. Therefore, his son succeeded him instead of one of Khayisan's sons. His death created two decades of political turmoil. The Khunggirat faction under Temuder and Dagi became even more powerful at the court. After the

masks: Buyantu Khan


title: Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan

texts:
 assassination of Shidibala in 1323, none of his descendants ruled the Empire. Family

He had three consorts, only two gave him sons:

 Radnashiri Khatun (d. 1322) — from Khongirad tribe
 Shidibala, later Gegeen <mask>
 Dharmashiri Khatun - Korean from Kim clan
 Udus Buqa, King of An (安王) from 1315 and Prince of Shunyang (順阳王) from 1320
Bayan Qutugh Khatun () - Korean from Wang clan
He also had a daughter named Princess Kökelün who married to Duoluben Küregen - one of the descendants of Dai Setsen, Khongirad tribal leader and father of Börte.Ancestors

See also

 List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty
 List of Mongol rulers
 List of rulers of China
 Imperial examination

References

Great Khans of the Mongol Empire
Yuan dynasty emperors
14th-century Chinese monarchs
14th-century Mongol rulers
1285 births
1320


title: Dimitré Dinev

texts:
<mask> (Bulgarian: Димитър Динев) (born 1968 in Plovdiv, Bulgaria) is a Bulgarian-born Austrian writer. He is best known for his play Kozha i nebe (Skin and sky), which controversially won the Askeer prize in 2007. Although he was born in Plovdiv, <mask> grew up and spent his childhood in the city of Pazardzhik. He attended the Bertold Brecht school of German language until his graduation in 1987. It was here that he discovered and cultivated his love of writing and German literature. <mask> left Bulgaria in 1990 due to the poor economic situation that arose in the country after the fall of the People's Republic of Bulgaria. At this time he migrated to Austria, where he began his new life in Traiskirchen; a city just south of Vienna that served as a registration point for many immigrants to the country.In Vienna, <mask> studied philosophy and Russian language, which he financed by doing part-time work. Since 1991, <mask> has built his career as an author, poet and screenwriter, working almost exclusively in the German language; a departure from his previous works, which had been written in his native Bulgarian. <mask> is also an outspoken advocate for immigrants and refugees in Austria. A popular theme with <mask> is the experience and plight of transnational migrants, which he expresses in his stories. These are often based on his own experience fleeing from poverty in his native land and adapting to life in a foreign country. Literary works
<mask>'s first publications were published in the Bulgarian, German and Russian languages in 1986. Since 1992 German-language screenplays, translations, plays and prose have been regularly published.Most of his literary works are short stories, some of which are published in books like "Ein Licht über dem Kopf" (A Light Over the Head) and some in newspapers or

masks:
Dimitré Dinev
Dinev
Dinev
Dinev
Dinev
Dinev
Dinev
Dimitré


title: Dimitré Dinev

texts:
 magazines. After various short stories and essays (for example "Barmherzigkeit", a collection of four essays about the German term Barmherzigkeit ("mercy"), he had his international literary breakthrough with the publication of the Familienroman "Engelszungen" (Angel's Tongues), first published by Franz Deuticke in 2003. "Engelszungen" tells the story of two Bulgarian families throughout most of the 20th Century, the Mladenovs and the Apostolovs. Both families are (mostly) from a little town in Bulgaria and while the various family members try to live their lives, their stories cover much the same ground over three generations, with almost no moments of face-to-face encounters, maybe two in the entire book; for example when Iskren and Svetljo bump into each other at the central cemetery in Vienna after escaping from Bulgaria, where the "Engel der Flüchtlinge" (angel of refugee) is waiting for them…

The novel was critically acclaimed. Works by <mask> <mask> have now been translated into fifteen languages and his films have been very successful. In 2011, his screenplay "Spanien" (Spain) was adapted as a motion picture directed by Anja Salomonowitz starring Tatjana Alexander, Gregoire Colin, Lukas Miko and Cornelius Obanya. It was released in Austria on 23 March 2012 after being the opening movie at the Berlin International Film Festival 2012 .<mask> has received numerous awards and literary prizes. Themes and style

Against the
background of his own past, <mask> writes about people who suffer under communism
and capitalism (Bulgaria), about those, who try to escape. Those who live on
the margins of society, those who sail close to the wind: refugees, emigrants,
immigrants unemployed and homeless people, those who just want to live their dream one day: "to live (Austria), love and to be loved by others"

masks: Dimitré Dinev Dinev Dinev


title: Dimitré Dinev

texts:
 ("Spas sleeps", in: Vienna tales, first edition. Contributors: Constantine, Helen; Holmes, Deborah. 2014)

<mask>'s stories are filled with grief, sadness, distress and pain but never without his particular sense of humour and hope. According to an article in the German newspaper Die Welt, he has a special talent to connect the
most different emotions and life stories. He writes with a dry but hilarious tone."He is probably the most important and funny ambassador of Bulgarian humour that exists at present". His sense of
humour extends into the microstructure of his texts, often to the names of his characters like Spas (engl. : fun) Christov in the short story "Spas sleeps", whose only German word is "Arbeit" (engl. : work). Spas searches for work in Vienna, not for love or hope. Work is the dream and the reality for immigrants like him. Theater productions
1999 (première),Russenhuhn, WUK, Vienna

2006 (première), Haut und Himmel, Rabenhof, Vienna

2007 (première), Das Haus des Richters, Akademietheater, Vienna

2008 (première), Eine heikle Sache, die Seele (Komödie), Volkstheater, Vienna

2010 (première), Die Ratten von Gerhart Hauptmann - Bearbeitung für das Volkstheater von Dimitré Dinev, Vienna

2014 (première),Topalovic & Söhne (Balkanoperette, Komponist: Nebojsa Krulanovic), Theater an der Rott, Eggenfelden

2015 (première),Alice im Wunderland (new version), Sommerspiele Melk

2015 (première),Whatever works (Satirisches Musiktheater), Vienna

Film production
2011, Spanien, directed by Anja Salomonowitz, world premier at the Berlin International Film Festival 2012.Novels
Die Inschrift (narratives), Edition Exil, Vienna 2001. Engelszungen (novel), Deuticke Verlag, Vienna 2003,(Lizenzausgaben und btb-Taschenbuch 2006; Bulgarian translation 2006, Macedonian translation 2007, Turkish translation 2008,


title: Dimitré Dinev

texts:
 Swedish translation 2011. Ein Licht über dem Kopf (narratives), Deuticke Verlag, Wien 2005. (Lizenzausgabe „Innsbruck liest“ 2006; btb-Taschenbuch 2007; Rumanian
translation; Norwegian translation). Barmherzigkeit (Essays, Burgtheaterrede), Residenzverlag, St. Pölten 2010. Short Novels
Boshidar, in: fremdland, Edition Exil, Vienna 2000. Ein Licht über dem Kopf, Hallo Taxi, Andiamo Verlag, Mannheim 2001.Wechselbäder,in: Lichtungen, Akademie Graz 2002 + Wiener „Volltext“ and the German newspaper„ Süddeutschen Zeitung“ Nr.223, Sept.2004. Das Kind mit dem Schirm (literary protocol), in: Tandem, Mandelbaum Verlag 2006. Der Regen, Der andere nebenan: Eine Anthologie aus dem Südosten Europas, hrsg. von
Richard Swartz, S.Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2007. Das Geburtstagskind, in: Lichterfeste, Schattenspiele, hrsg. von Péter Esterházy, DTV 2009. Ion, grenzenlos.ein literarisch engagiertes europabrevier, hrsg. von Klaus Servene, Andiamo Verlag, Mannheim 2011. Spas sleeps, Vienna Tales, hrsg. von Helen Constantine, ins Englische übertragen von Deborah Holmes, Oxford University Press 2014. Third-Party Published Works
Grenzen.überschreiten.ein europa-lesebuch (Kurzgeschichten; mit der Stadt Mannheim, Klaus Servene und Sudabeh Mohafez), Andiamo Verlag, Mannheim 2008. Zirkus Bulgarien: Geschichten für eine Zigarettenlänge von Deyan Enev (aus dem Bulg. von Katrin Zemmrich und Norbert Randow; ausgewählt und mit einem Nachw.von <mask> <mask>), Deuticke Verlag, Wien 2008. November 2008, im Munzinger-Archiv (Artikelanfang frei abrufbar). Ankommen: Gespräche mit <mask> <mask>, Anna Kim, Radek Knapp, Julyia Rabinowich und Michael Stavaric Gebundene Ausgabe – 24. September 2014 von Brigitte Schwens-Harrant. Raluca Rădulescu: Die Fremde als Ort der Begegnung. Untersuchungen zu deutschsprachigen südosteuropäischen Autoren

masks: Dimitré Dinev Dimitré Dinev


title: Dimitré Dinev

texts:
 mit Migrationshintergrund. Konstanz: Hartung-Gorre 2013.Raluca Rădulescu: Lazarus darf nicht herauskommen. <mask> <mask>s unheile Welt im Erzählungsband „Ein Licht über dem Kopf“. In: Zeitschrift der Germanisten Rumäniens, București, 1-2 (39-40)/ 2011, S. 219–232. Raluca Rădulescu:„Wir sind alle nur Gäste auf dieser Erde”. Fremdheit und Vertrautheit in Dimitré <mask>s Werk. In: Wechselwirkungen II. Deutschsprachige Literatur und Kultur im regionalen und internationalen Kontext.Pécser Studien zur Germanistik Band 6. Hg.v. Zoltán Szendi, Praesens, Wien, 2012, S. 107–117. Joanna Drynda, ed., Zwischen Aufbegehren und Anpassung: Poetische Figurationen von Generationen und Generationserfahrungen in der österreichischen Literatur. Posener Beiträge zur Germanistik 32. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2012. pp. Source: Journal of Austrian studies [2165-669X] Guenther yr:2014 vol:47 iss:3 pg:128.Dobreva, Boryana Y. University of Pittsburgh, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2011. 3485633: Subjectivity regained? German-language writing from Eastern Europe and the Balkans through an east–west gaze. Paul F. Dvorak, Modern Austrian Prose Vol. II: Interpretations and Insights, Journal of Austrian studies [2165-669X] Muston yr:2014 vol:47 iss:3 pg:134. Migration als steter Fluss der Globalisierung: konferenzansprache, Jahrestagung der Austrian Studies Association, California State University Long Beach, April 2012, Journal of Austrian studies [2165-669X] yr:2014 vol:47 iss:4 pg:1.Von Osterreichern, Europaern, und Menschen, Journal of Austrian studies [2165-669X] yr:2014 vol:47 iss:4 pg:15. East-Central European Literatures Twenty Years After East European Politics & Societies [0888-3254] Heim yr:2009 vol:23 iss:4 pg:552 -581. External links

References

Living people
1968 births
Austrian male writers
Bulgarian writers
Austrian

masks: Dimitré Dinev Dinev


title: David Hall (Oklahoma governor)

texts:
<mask> (October 20, 1930 – May 6, 2016) was an American Democratic politician. He served as the 20th governor of Oklahoma from January 11, 1971, to January 13, 1975. Prior to winning election as governor, <mask> served as county attorney for Tulsa County and as a law professor at the University of Tulsa. After leaving office, <mask> was convicted of bribery and extortion. He became the first Oklahoma governor to be convicted of criminal acts committed during his tenure. He served 19 months of a three-year sentence at the Federal Correctional Institution, Safford. Early life
<mask> was born in Oklahoma City, and was the son of William Arthur "Red" <mask> and Aubrey Nell French.<mask> attended Classen High School in Oklahoma City, where he played on the 1948 Class A high school basketball State Championship team. He graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the University of Oklahoma in 1952; he was a member of Phi Gamma Delta fraternity. <mask> was a member of the Reserve Officer Training Corps in college and after graduating he joined the United States Air Force. He completed his initial training at Lackland Air Force Base, then was assigned as a flight navigation instructor at San Marcos Air Force Base in Texas. <mask> served until 1954, when he transferred to the Air Force Reserve, in which he served until 1956. He attended Harvard Law School for a year, then transferred to the University of Tulsa College of Law, from which he graduated in 1959. From 1959 to 1962, he served as assistant county attorney for Tulsa County, Oklahoma, and as county attorney from 1962 to 1967.From 1968 to 1971, he served as a law professor at the University of Tulsa. Governor of Oklahoma

In the 1966 election, <mask> finished a close third in the Democratic primary for governor. Four years later, he defeated incumbent Republican Governor Dewey F. Bartlett in the closest gubernatorial election in state history, and took office only after a recount confirmed his victory. As governor, he championed education and transportation issues. His

masks:
David Hall
Hall
Hall
David Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall


title: David Hall (Oklahoma governor)

texts:
 administration issued a landmark public policy analysis book of Oklahoma's education system  entitled "Measuring up and Moving On." <mask> and his appointees to the state highway commission and turnpike authority were committed to expanding the state's roads. During his term as governor, the state drastically expanded the vocational technical (later renamed career-tech) system of facilities offering low or no cost training certificates for residents.As governor, he signed into law the Oklahoma Income Tax Act, which enacted Oklahoma's income tax code. <mask>'s administration and policy initiatives were opposed and attacked on a regular  basis by the state's largest newspaper, the Daily Oklahoman, and its powerful publisher, billionaire Edward Gaylord. Gaylord had supported <mask>'s opponent, former Governor Dewey F. Bartlett. Unsuccessful re-election bid
<mask> was unsuccessful in his quest for re-election in the 1974 election. He obtained only 27 percent of the vote, a third-place finish in the Democratic primary. He trailed U.S. Congressman Clem McSpadden and State Representative and Oklahoma Baptist University professor <mask>, who eventually won the nomination (in a runoff) and the general election over Republican Jim Inhofe.Charges and retirement
Three days after leaving office in January 1975, <mask> was indicted on federal racketeering and extortion charges, in a conspiracy involving <mask> and Oklahoma Secretary of State John Rogers willfully steering State of Oklahoma employee retiree funds to investment funds controlled by Dallas, Texas, businessman W. W. "Doc" Taylor. At <mask>'s trial, Rogers testified that he became an informant after <mask> offered him a bribe. <mask> was convicted of bribery and extortion, and became the first Oklahoma Governor to be convicted of criminal acts committed during his tenure. After exhausting all appeals, he served 19 months of a three-year sentence at the Federal Correctional Institution, Safford. (John Ehrlichman, of Watergate fame, was also housed at the same time

masks:
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
David Boren
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall


title: David Hall (Oklahoma governor)

texts:
 at Safford.) Upon his release from prison in 1978, he was disbarred by the Oklahoma Bar Association, which effectively prevented him from practicing law in Oklahoma. Leaving the public spotlight, he moved to La Jolla, California, where he worked in real estate and other ventures.Return to Oklahoma
On February 13, 2007, <mask> made his first appearance in the state of Oklahoma since he left office over thirty years before. He appeared at the Oklahoma History Center to help launch a new exhibit that features all of the Governors of the State of Oklahoma. <mask> remarked that it was "like coming back to heaven." He authored a memoir, 2012's Twisted Justice: A Memoir of Conspiracies and Personal Politics which features his recollections of his time in office, and his reflections on his prison sentence and subsequent career. Death
<mask> died at a San Diego, California area hospital on May 6, 2016, at the age of 85 years old. He had earlier been implanted with a pacemaker and had expected to be discharged, but then developed a blood clot that ultimately went to his brain and caused a fatal stroke. References

External links
Voices of Oklahoma interview with <mask> - first-person interview conducted on February 13, 2012
Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - <mask>, <mask>

|-

1930 births
2016 deaths
American legal scholars
American Presbyterians
Classen School of Advanced Studies alumni
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
Disbarred American lawyers
District attorneys in Oklahoma
Governors of Oklahoma
Oklahoma Democrats
Oklahoma lawyers
Oklahoma politicians convicted of crimes
Politicians from Oklahoma City
People from San Diego
Military personnel from Oklahoma
Politicians convicted of extortion under color of official right
Politicians convicted under the Travel Act
United States Air Force officers
University of Oklahoma alumni
University of Tulsa College of Law alumni
University of Tulsa College of Law faculty
Writers from Oklahoma City
20th-century American lawyers
Military personnel

masks:
Hall
Hall
Hall
David Hall
Hall
David


title: Haris Pamboukis

texts:
<mask> (born June 29, 1958 in Athens) is a Greek Professor of private international law and international business transactions at the Athens School of Law, lawyer licensed to practice law before the Supreme Court and ex Minister of State (and for a short period, Deputy Minister of Development) in the government of George Papandreou (2009-2011). He is the author of numerous articles in Greek, English and French, while he has published several legal monographs and political essays. From 1990 until 1996 he served as chief editor in the Journal Revue Hellenique de Droit International. He has given numerous interviews in Greek and international media, part of which have been posted on Google. He has served as General Secretary of Administration and Organisation at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1999-2000). He is member of the Greek Committee of Nationality and has served as member of the Special Supreme Court. Biography

<mask> was born in Athens in 1958 and has two children.Legal career

He studied law in Paris (Paris I- Panthéon - Sorbonne) from where he also obtained a PhD with honors in 1990 (Docteur d'Etat en droit). His thesis under the title “L 'acte public étranger en droit international privé”, Lagarde Bibliothèque de Droit Privé, t.219, Paris (1987), was published in 1993 in Librairie de Droit et de la Jurisprudence, has earned several national and international awards, and has been cited internationally in the field of private international law. He is a lawyer licensed to practice law before the Supreme Court and has served as scientific Supervisor at the Athens Bar Association Committee on modernization of the legal profession. Furthermore, he has appeared as a lawyer before the European Court of Human Rights (Strasbourg) and the Court of the European Union (Luxembourg), while he has also served as arbitrator in many institutional arbitrations (ICC, LCIA) and ad hoc arbitrations. He has been elected as member of the

masks:
Haris Pamboukis
Haris Pamboukis


title: Haris Pamboukis

texts:
 investments, he signed in New York a memorandum of cooperation with Qatar of a value of 5 billion, prepared the exploitation of Ellinikon, (former airport) by drafting a plan and creating the company Elliniko S.A., and contributed to the determination of the compensation due by Siemens for moral damages incurred by the Greek state. He was also the mind behind and the coordinator of the drafting of the laws on transparency and the amendment of the Greek Code on insolvency (former article 99 thereof). In June 2011, he was appointed as Deputy Minister of Mercantile Shipping and suggested the recovery of the Ministry of Mercantile, a proposal that was not accepted. He resigned from his post for this reason and due to broader disagreement, on 25 August 2011. His resignation was welcomed by all media and the society, and at the present time he is not actively involved in politics, but he still enjoys broader political and social recognition for his intelligence, expertise and his integrity. Other activities

Professor <mask> <mask> has given numerous interviews in the Greek and International media, among others, in Bloomberg, CNN, ARTE and Fox China.He has also written articles for almost all prestigious Greek newspapers, as well as in the French Le Monde, the Huffigton Post and others, either on his own or in cooperation with Jacques Attali. He has published his opinion about the society and politics world in four books:

 “Peri Elpidas” - A Greek national plan to overcome economic crisis, Ant. Livanis Publications, 2016
 “Logos Koinos”, Ant. Livanis Publications, 2007
 “Higher Education of the Future”, Ant. Livanis Publications, 2007. “Three aspirations”, Ant. Livanis Publications, 2006.Finally, he has been awarded with the Honorary Distinction “Légion d’honneur - commandeur” by the President of the French Republic. References

 Academin Website (in Greek)
 Publications

1958 births
PASOK politicians
Ministers of State

masks: Haris Pamboukis


title: Thomas Wakley

texts:
<mask> (11 July 179516 May 1862) was an English surgeon. He gained fame as a social reformer who campaigned against incompetence, privilege and nepotism. He was the founding editor of The Lancet, a radical Member of Parliament (MP) and a celebrated coroner. Early life
He was born in Membury, Devon, to a prosperous farmer, <mask> (175026 August 1842), and his wife, Mary née Minifie. His father inherited property, leased neighbouring land and became a large farmer by the standards of the day and a government Commissioner on the Enclosure of Waste Land. He was described as a "just but severe parent" and, with his wife, had eleven children, eight sons and three daughters. <mask> was the youngest son, and attended the grammar school at Chard (now Chard School), then Taunton Grammar School.When he was eleven, he sailed on a ship captained by a family friend to Calcutta. He joined the ship on 7 March 1807 as one of six midshipmen. He was discharged on 18 August 1808. When he returned, he attended school at Wiveliscombe, Somerset. At fifteen, he was apprenticed to a Taunton apothecary and then later to surgeons in Beaminster and Henley-on-Thames. <mask> was a sportsman and a boxer: he fought bare-fisted in public houses. In 1815, he then went to London, where he attended anatomy classes at St Thomas's Hospital, and enrolled in the United Hospitals of St. Thomas's Hospital and Guy's.The dominant personality at these two hospitals was Sir Astley Cooper FRS (1768–1841). He also studied at a private anatomy college on Webb

masks:
Thomas Wakley
Henry Wakley
Thomas
Young Wakley


title: Thomas Wakley

texts:
 Street, run by Richard and Edward Grainger. <mask> qualified as a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS) in 1817. A surgeon at 22, he set up in practice in Regent Street and in 1820 married Elizabeth Goodchild, whose father was a merchant and a governor of St Thomas' Hospital. They had three sons and a daughter, who died young. His eldest son, Henry Membury <mask>, became a barrister and sat as deputy coroner under his father. His youngest son, James Goodchild <mask>, and his middle son, <mask> <mask>, became joint editors of The Lancet.All through his career, <mask> proved to be a man of aggressive personality, and his experiences had a sensational beginning. In August 1820 a gang of men (reputedly, the Thistlewood gang) that had some imagined grievance against him burnt down his house and severely wounded him in a murderous assault. The whole affair is obscure. The assault may have been a follow-up to the Cato Street conspiracy, whose supporters believed (wrongly) that the hangman was a surgeon. <mask> was indirectly accused by the insurance company, which had refused his claim, of setting fire to his house himself. He won his case against the company. Lancet years
In 1823, he started the now well-known medical weekly, The Lancet, with William Cobbett, William Lawrence, James Wardrop and a libel lawyer as associates.It was extremely successful: by 1830, it had a circulation of about 4,000. In 1828, one of his accounts of medical negligence accused Bransby Cooper (the nephew of Sir Astley Cooper, the General

masks:
Wakley
Wakley
Wakley
Thomas Henry
Wakley
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Wakley


title: Thomas Wakley

texts: Surgeon) of incompetence in causing a patient immense suffering as he attempted to extract a bladder stone through a cut beneath the scrotum. Such operations were regularly completed in only a minute's time by excellent surgeons such as the previous century's William Cheselden, but Cooper took more than an hour and was seen to have great difficulty in locating the stone. The magazine account led to a libel case, Cooper v Wakley, which would raise the profile and popular prestige of <mask> and his magazine. The court found in Cooper's favor, but awarded him much smaller damages than requested, which was generally taken as an acknowledgment that <mask>'s accusations of incompetence and nepotism were justified. At first, the editor of the Lancet was not named in the journal, but after a few weeks, rumours began to circulate. After the journal began printing the content of Sir Astley Cooper's lectures without permission, the great man paid a surprise visit to his former pupil to discover Wakley correcting the proofs of the next issue.Upon recognising each other, they fell immediately into laughter or perhaps an altercation. Either way, they reached an agreement that was mutually satisfactory. The libel lawyer was certainly needed for a series of attacks on the jobbery in vogue among the medical practitioners of the day. In opposition to the hospital surgeons and physicians, he published reports of their lectures and exposed their malpractices. He had to fight a number of lawsuits, but they only increased his influence. He

masks: Wakley Wakley


title: Thomas Wakley

texts:
 attacked the whole constitution of the Royal College of Surgeons and obtained so much support from among the general body of the profession, now roused to a sense of the abuses that he exposed, that in 1827, a petition to Parliament resulted in a return being ordered of the public money granted to it. <mask>'s campaigning was rough and outspoken:
[We deplore the] "state of society which allows various sets of mercenary, goose-brained monopolists and charlatans to usurp the highest privileges....This is the canker-worm which eats into the heart of the medical body" <mask>, The Lancet 1838–39, 1, p2–3. "The Council of the College of Surgeons remains an irresponsible, unreformed monstrosity in the midst of English institutions – an antediluvian relic of all... that is most despotic and revolting, iniquitous and insulting, on the face of the Earth". <mask>, The Lancet 1841–42, 2, p246. He was especially severe on whomever he regarded as quacks. The English Homeopathic Association were "an audacious set of quacks" and its supporters "noodles and knaves, the noodles forming the majority, and the knaves using them as tools". London College of Medicine
One of <mask>'s best ideas came in 1831, when a series of massive meetings were held to launch a rival to the Royal Colleges. Though successful, not eventually unsuccessful, and the LCM incorporated ideas that formed the basis of reforms in the charters of the main licensing bodies, the Apothecaries, the Royal Colleges of Surgeons and Physicians.Firstly, there was to be one

masks: Wakley Wakley Wakley Wakley


title: Thomas Wakley

texts:
 hospitals and the Royal Colleges, which were opened up to public view as never before.<mask> also played a leading role in the reform of the London Veterinary College and the creation of the Society of Coroners. In addition to his work on The Lancet he also published a number of pamphlets and short guides, including "The Mother's Medical Adviser", published by Wilson and Company, New York, 1844. Member of Parliament
Reform in the College of Surgeons was slow, and <mask> now set himself to rouse the House of Commons from within. He became a radical candidate for Parliament and in 1835 was returned for Finsbury; he retained his seat till 1852. Even after his departure, his work was largely responsible for the content of the Medical Act of 1858. He spoke in the House of Commons against the Poor Laws, police bills, newspaper tax and Lord's Day observance and for Chartism, Tolpuddle Martyrs, free trade, Irish nationalism and, of course, medical reform. All the topics were vigorously debated and fought over, for the 1830s was a turbulent decade; the origin of the difficulties lay in the massively expensive Napoleonic Wars, and in the inherent injustice of the way British law and Parliament operated.The Chartist demands were 1. Universal suffrage for adult men 2. Annual Parliaments 3. Payment for members of Parliament 4. Abolition of property qualifications for candidates 5. Vote by ballot (i.e. secret voting) 6.Abolition of rotten boroughs (rough equalisation of electoral districts). Apart from annual Parliaments, but it


title: Thomas Wakley

texts:
 took time. The effect was to give ordinary citizens a direct say in how the country was governed. <mask> was one of many campaigners; his influence was greater than most because he was now inside Parliament. As an Anglican and a regular church-goer, <mask>'s opposition to aspects of the Lord's Day Observance legislation was based not on secularism but on his sympathy for the ordinary man. In his day, men worked a full six days each week and could not shop on pay nights. If all shops closed for the whole of Sunday, it was clearly unfair to working men.Also, he advocated that places of education, such as museums and zoos, should be open to all on Sundays. The working week became five days long around 1960, and it was even later before shops were able to open on Sundays. Medical coroner
<mask> also argued for medical coronerships, and when they were established, he was elected Coroner for West Middlesex in 1839. Consistent with his views, he held inquests into all sudden deaths, including deaths in police custody. He was indefatigable in upholding the interests of the working classes and advocating humanitarian reforms as well as in pursuing his campaign against medical restrictions and abuses, and he made the Lancet not only a professional organ but a powerful engine of social reform. During his term as coroner he held between 25,000 and 30,000 investigations, sometimes delegating responsibility to his son Henry Membury <mask>. Charles Dickens, a frequent guest at Wakley's dinner table, is said to have derived material


title: Thomas Wakley

texts:
 for "Oliver Twist" from Wakley (inquest on Eliza Burgess, held St. Marylebone Workhouse, January 1840) and was juror on more than one Wakley inquest.Details of many of his cases are held in the reference sections of a number of north and west London reference and local history libraries under the collective title of "Coroner <mask>'s Casebook", a series of books published by C. B. Wakley between 2015 and 2017. Flogging
Wakley campaigned against flogging as a punishment for many years. Deaths from flogging in the British Army were not unknown and not surprising when one reads the details. <mask> was Coroner when Private James White, after committing a disciplinary offence, was subjected to 150 lashes of the cat-o'-nine-tails in the Seventh Hussars in 1846 and died a month later after symptoms of "serious cardiac and pulmonary mischief" were followed by pleurisy and pneumonia. The army doctors, under direct pressure from the colonel of the regiment, signed the certificate saying "cause of death was in no way connected with the corporal punishment." Before burial, the vicar communicated with Wakley, who issued a warrant for an inquest. Evidence was given by the Army surgeons, by the hospital physician and orderlies and by independent experts.In the event, it was the evidence of Erasmus Wilson, consulting surgeon the St Pancras Infirmary, who made it clear that the flogging and the death were causally connected. The jury concurred and added a strongly worded rider that expressed their "horror and disgust that the law of


title: Thomas Wakley

texts:
 the land provided that the revolting punishment of flogging should be permitted upon British soldiers." Sprigge added that it was not Wilson's able scientific arguments that convinced the jury, but it was his assertion that had it not been for the flogging, White would be alive. The Army Act of 1881 abolished flogging as a punishment. Adulteration of foodstuffs
Wakley's last campaigns were against the adulteration of foodstuffs. This was common in <mask>'s day, and his opposition was significant in bringing about much-needed reforming legislation. To provide evidence, <mask> set up The Lancet Analytical and Sanitary Commission, which provided 'records of the microscopical and chemical analyses of the solids and fluids consumed by all classes of the public'.The methods were devised by <mask>, Sir William Brooke O'Shaughnessy and Dr Arthur Hill Hassall, who was the Commissioner. The first investigation showed that "it is a fact that coffee is largely adulterated". Of 34 coffees, 31 were adulterated; the three exceptions were of higher price. The main adulteration was chicory, otherwise bean-flour, potato-flour or roasted corn was used. Moreover, it was found that chicory itself was usually adulterated. The Lancet published the names of the genuine traders and threatened the others with exposure if they failed to mend their ways. A second report (26 April 1851) actually carried out the threat.A third report showed that canister coffee was even more adulterated. Investigations of sugar, pepper, bread, tobacco and tea

masks: Wakley Wakley Wakley


title: Thomas Wakley

texts:
 followed, then finally the purity of the water supply. The first Adulteration Act became law in 1860, the second in 1872. The Sale of Food and Drugs Acts of 1875 and 1879 followed. All was achieved by <mask> and his associates. Later life
<mask>'s death, on 16 May 1862 in Madeira, was occasioned by pulmonary haemorrhage after a fall from a boat in the harbour. He had been in declining health for about ten years, the symptoms being entirely consistent with tuberculosis.<mask>'s three sons survived him, and the Lancet remained in Wakley hands for two more generations. His funeral was a very private affair, attendance restricted to family and close friends; the long-term consequences of his radicalism were eventually appreciated, at least to some extent. <mask> is interred in the catacombs of Kensal Green Cemetery (alcove 59, compartment 13) alongside his wife Elizabeth (alcove 59, compartment 16), who had died three years earlier. There is a blue plaque on his house in Bedford Square, London, and further plaques in the grounds of the Harefield Hospital in Uxbridge, Land Farm in Membury, and Membury parish church . References

External links

1795 births
1862 deaths
People educated at Taunton Grammar School
People from East Devon District
British magazine founders
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
English surgeons
English male journalists
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs 1841–1847
UK MPs 1847–1852
British coroners
Infanticide
The Lancet editors
19th-century


title: Bill Bellamy (British Army officer)

texts:
Captain <mask>,  (1 December 1923 – 18 March 2009) was an officer in the 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars between 1943 and 1955. He served briefly with his regiment in the North African Campaign and extensively in Northern Europe as part of the D Day landings. His book, Troop Leader: A Tank Commander's Story is an example of the experiences of front-line tank warfare in the Second World War based on his diary of the events that happened. He was one of the first British soldiers to be able to wander unhindered in the ruins of Berlin's government area in the immediate post cease fire period of 1945. On 5 March 1945, Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery presented him with the Military Cross for his bravery during the battle for the hamlet of Doornhoek, near Berlicum in the Netherlands during October 1944. Under heavy German machine-gun, mortar and shell fire, and in a minefield, he retrieved his burning tank and crew before overrunning the enemy's position to allow infantrymen to advance. Early life
Lionel Gale "<mask><mask> was born on 1 December 1923 in Northampton, the only son of Captain <mask> and Olive Helen Gale of Shaldon, Devonshire.His father, Ronald, was a salesman who served in France during the First World War and later became a prisoner of war (POW) in the North African campaign during the Second World War. His mother, Olive, was a dress designer. He attended Hawthorn Community Primary School in Kettering, then Blackfriars (Dominican) boarding school in nearby Laxton at the age of 11. During his time there he converted to Catholicism. He always believed his faith had given him strength to endure combat. Military career
Bellamy received his call-up when he turned 18, which disrupted his plans to go to a university. He signed up in December 1941, to the

masks:
Bill Bellamy
Bill
" Bellamy
Ronald Vincent Bellamy


title: Bill Bellamy (British Army officer)

texts:
 Royal Armoured Corps (RAC) after being assured by the recruiting sergeant that he could serve with his father in the 1st Armoured Division and was sent to training at the 58th Training Regiment (RAC) at Bovington Camp in Dorset.It was at this time <mask> received nickname '<mask>'. The other men in his billet introduced themselves and he became embarrassed, believing he could receive mocking if it was known his name was Lionel. He, instead, stated it was <mask> and this stuck for the rest of his life. Commissioning

During training and after returning from a period of sick leave for diesel poisoning, he was promoted to lance corporal and selected as a potential officer. After passing the commissions board he was sent to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst as an officer cadet in August 1942. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant on 20 March 1943. In the company of a friend he applied successfully to Brigadier John Van der Byl DSO for selection as a cornet in the 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars.He eventually made his way to Kasra-nil Barracks, Cairo where he joined the regiment under the command of Colonel Cuthie Goulburn. The hussars then sailed to England to begin training for D-Day and were embarked for France with the 7th Armoured Division. D-Day to Berlin

Initially, he was placed in charge of an echelon which meant he had to shepherd his group of supply vehicles to various locations to replenish stock used by the regiment. During the Battle of Villers-Bocage, his jeep ran into retreating German infantry and was hit by sub-machine gun fire. He was wounded in the head but after receiving seven stitches stayed at his post. A Squadron required re-organisation after Villers-Bocage and <mask> was drafted in as troop leader of 3rd Troop where he took over

masks: Bellamy Bill Bill Bellamy