title: Franz Schnabel

texts:
<mask> (18 December 1887, Mannheim – 25 February 1966, Munich) was a German historian. He wrote about German history, particularly the "cultural crisis" of the 19th century in Germany as well as humanism after the end of the Third Reich. He opposed Nazism during the Second World War. Life and career
Schnabel was born in Mannheim as the son of the merchant <mask> and his wife Maria Anna, née Guillemin. Schnabel's parents - the father, a Protestant, the mother a Catholic - had married in 1885 and raised their three children n the Roman Catholic Church faith: the second born <mask> had an older and a younger sister. Schnabel grew in the milieu of liberalism in Baden. The bourgeoisie of his native city and, looking back, the close relationship to France that existed through his mother's family, had a formative influence on his personal development: "Thanks to my mother's relatives I came to Normandy and Paris as a boy.But whoever treads French soil in his youth will always take with him a sense of the great contours of world history". Schnabel attended the  from which he graduated in 1906. He then studied History, German studies, French and Latin at the Humboldt University of Berlin and the Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg. In 1910 he passed the Staatsexamen for the teaching profession at grammar schools and was awarded his doctorate in the same year under Hermann Oncken with the thesis The Unification of Political Catholicism in Germany in 1848. In 1911 Schnabel entered the Baden teaching profession as a teacher's candidate, but took leave of absence at the beginning of 1914 to work on a History of the Baden Estates on behalf of the

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title: Franz Schnabel

type: original

texts: year 1931, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the death of Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein, Schnabel published a brief biography of the Prussian reformer, who was accused by Gerhard Ritter of instrumentalizing Stein for current political purposes; Schnabel and Ritter discussed this question controversially.In the Weimar years, <mask> also emerged as a textbook author: his textbook Geschichte der neuesten Zeit, first published in 1923 by B. G. Teubner Verlag, was also published as an independent work for other circles, had several editions and was still relevant for students after 1945. Above all, however, Schnabel's main work since the mid-1920s was the Deutsche Geschichte im neunzehnten Jahrhundert, which appeared in four volumes in 1929, 1933, 1934 and 1937. In this unfinished work, which did not go beyond the year 1840, Schnabel attempted to analyse the political history as well as the social, cultural, economic and technological history of the 19th century in their interaction and to interpret them as prerequisites for the "cultural crisis" of the 20th century. A fifth volume entitled Das Erwachen des deutschen Volkstums was completed by Schnabel as a manuscript, but could not be published because of the Nazi censorship. In contrast to most historians of his time, Schnabel had a positive attitude towards the Weimar Republic, which he expressed in public, in lectures and in his scientific work, but without becoming involved in party politics. His campaign reached a climax in October 1932, when he spoke out in the Hochland magazine against the Preußenschlag of the Papen government. His text Neudeutsche


title: Franz Schnabel

texts: was the district president at that time. In October 1945 Schnabel was also reinstated as professor in Karlsruhe. However, he now aspired to a professorship at a university, preferably in Heidelberg. An opportunity arose in 1946 when Willy Andreas had to vacate his chair under pressure from the American occupying power. Schnabel pursued his appointment, against which the philosophical faculty in Heidelberg massively resisted. In the background were Schnabel's statements from 1945, in which he had reproached the University of Heidelberg in particular for having attracted the future Nazi elites even before 1933. Against the attempt of the state government to enforce its cult official Schnabel in Heidelberg, the university gave an expert opinion that was devastating for Schnabel and was able to prevent the appeal.<mask> drew the consequences from his broken relationship with the university and resigned as state director. Already in the summer of 1945 the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich approached Schnabel with the question whether he would accept an appointment. In Munich in early summer 1945, numerous professors had been dismissed under pressure from the American occupying forces, including Heinrich Köhler, who had held the chair of Middle and Modern History. Schnabel showed interest in this professorship, but did not definitely accept it. This for two reasons: on the one hand he would have preferred an appointment in Heidelberg, on the other hand he disliked the fact that it was considered to rededicate said chair to a  in order to be able to appoint the Protestant Hermann Heimpel to the previous Concordat Chair of Medieval


title: Franz Schnabel

texts: History. Schnabel did not accept the chair in Munich until February 10, 1947, after his Heidelberg ambitions had been shattered and the rededication of the chair after Heimpel's failed appointment was off the table. Schnabel was already teaching as a visiting professor in Munich in the summer of 1947 and took over the chair of Medieval and Modern History, which  had held as a substitute, on 1 November 1947.When <mask> had reached retirement age in 1955, he was privileged to determine the date of his retirement himself. In fact, he was only retired at his own request after the 1962 summer semester at the age of almost 75 and continued to lecture until 1964. He was the only professor in Munich who represented the history of modern times and always resisted an increase in the teaching staff; thus the chair was divided only after his retirement into one for early modern history and one for modern history, to which Fritz Wagner and  were appointed. In Katharina Weigand (ed. ): Münchner Historiker zwischen Politik und Wissenschaft. 150 Jahre Historisches Seminar der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität. Munich 2010, , here  in the Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften of which he was president from 1951 to 1959.Since 1948 he was also a full member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. <mask>'s years at the Munich chair differed markedly from his time in Karlsruhe. While his own research had been the focus of his work there, in Munich he concentrated entirely on his role as an academic teacher. The expert in constitutional law Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde, who received his doctorate in history under <mask>, passed on Schnabel's statement in this

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title: Franz Schnabel

texts: regard: "I am of the opinion that in today's world everyone should be able to carry out a socially necessary activity. And I believe that teaching to students is socially more necessary than writing your own books. It was clear to me when I accepted the call to Munich that I would not be coming here to continue my work on my German history." Schnabel's lectures in the Große Aula or in the Auditorium maximum, always held on Monday and Tuesday afternoon for two hours each, always had 800 to 1200 listeners.They were also well attended by students of other subjects and from the Münchner Stadtgesellschaft. Schnabel became a magnet for the University of Munich, attracting students, comparable only with Romano Guardini. It was only in the Munich years that Schnabel was able to train his own academic students, including <mask>, Heinrich Lutz, Karl Otmar von Aretin, Friedrich Hermann Schubert, Eberhard Weis, Erich Angermann, Lothar Gall, Hans Schmidt, Peter Hoffmann, Peter Krüger, Adelheid von Saldern and Karl-Egon Lönne. Schnabel's four-volume Deutsche Geschichte im neunzehnten Jahrhundert was reprinted unchanged between 1947 and 1951, appeared in 1964/65 in an eight-volume paperback edition and was last published by Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag in 1987. Schnabel did not work on a continuation of his main work after 1945, nor did he print the fifth volume of the work. After his death his appearance was announced, later still asked for from time to time, bis heute aber nicht realisiert. Thomas Hertfelder vertrat die Auffassung, dies sei "zu Schnabels Glück" nicht geschehen: Schnabel habe in diesem Band in einer Mischung aus Zensur und


title: Franz Schnabel

texts:
 Selbstzensur liberale Positionen preisgegeben und sich von der westeuropäischen politischen Tradition abgewandt.<mask> continued his career as a textbook author after the war. Other publications of the Munich years were mostly the result of lectures that were initiated by anniversaries, such as in 1951 on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the Verlag Herder or 1958 on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Munich Historical Commission. Schnabel's great concern after the end of the Third Reich and as a reaction to it was the renewal of the humanistic educational idea, for which his 1955 academy lecture Das humanistische Bildungsgut im Wandel von Staat und Gesellschaft is characteristic. Schnabel took part in the debates after 1945 about the person and work of Otto von Bismarck, and in a review of the Bismarck biography of Erich Eyck he argued that the Kleindeutsche Lösung of the German Question had been a mistake. Well-known colleagues, including Gerhard Ritter, who had already criticized Schnabel's liberal interpretation of Freiherr vom Stein in the early 1930s, argued against Schnabel's position. The grave of his parents Karl and Maria (née Guillemin) as well as his sister Katharina were laid to rest. Next to Schnabel his sister Maria (1889-1971) was buried, who took care of him for decades.Honours
In 1954 Schnabel was awarded honorary citizenship of the city of Mannheim, and in 1961 he received the Bavarian Order of Merit. Schnabel was an honorary doctor of engineering and political science (Aachen and Munich) and an honorary member of the British Historical Association and the American Historical


title: Franz Schnabel

texts:
 Association. A street in  and in Karlsruhe-Hagsfeld and a building of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology are named after him. The <mask> Memorial Medal, an award of the Upper Rhine Foundation for History and Culture for high school graduates in Baden-Württemberg, which is presented to the best student of the year for outstanding achievements in the subject history, was named after him. Publications
A bibliography of <mask>'s publications compiled by Karl-Egon Lönne appeared in <mask>l: Abhandlungen und Vorträge 1914–1965. edit. by Heinrich Lutz.Herder, Freiburg/Basel/Wien 1970, . Der Zusammenschluß des politischen Katholizismus in Deutschland im Jahre 1848. Winter, Heidelberg 1910 (Heidelberger Abhandlungen zur mittleren und neueren Geschichte, 29). Geschichte der Ministerverantwortlichkeit in Baden. G. Braun, Karlsruhe 1922. Freiherr vom Stein. B. G. Teubner, Leipzig/Berlin 1931.Deutsche Geschichte im neunzehnten Jahrhundert. Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1929–1937; Nachdruck: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 1987. Vol. 1: Die Grundlagen. 1929, Reprint: . Vol. 2: Monarchie und Volkssouveränität.1933; Reprint: . Vol. 3: Erfahrungswissenschaften und Technik. 1934; Reprint: . Vol. 4: Die religiösen Kräfte. 1937; Reprint: .Abhandlungen und Vorträge 1914–1965. Edit. by Heinrich Lutz. Herder, Freiburg/Basel/Vienna 1970. Literature
 : "Kritik und Erneuerung. Der Historismus bei <mask>abel." In  25 (1996), .<mask> – zu Leben und Werk (1887–1966). Vorträge zur Feier seines 100. Geburtstages. Oldenbourg, Munich 1988, . Thomas Hertfelder: <mask>l und die deutsche Geschichtswissenschaft. Geschichtsschreibung zwischen Historismus und

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title: Franz Schnabel

texts:
 Kulturkritik (1910–1945) (Schriftenreihe der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Vol.60). 2 volumes. Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, Göttingen 1998, , (online: Vol. 1, Vol. 2). Thomas Hertfelder: "<mask>l." In Katharina Weigand (ed.): Münchner Historiker zwischen Politik und Wissenschaft. 150 Jahre Historisches Seminar der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität. Utz, Munich 2010, , pp. 233–258. Thomas Hertfelder: Historie als Kulturkritik. Zu einem Interpretationsmuster in <mask>ls ""Deutscher Geschichte im neunzehnten Jahrhundert". In  116 (1996), .Karl-Egon Lönne: <mask>l. In Hans-Ulrich Wehler: Deutsche Historiker. Vol. IX. Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht, Göttingen 1982, , . Clemens Rehm (ed. ): <mask>l – eine andere Geschichte.Historiker, Demokrat, Pädagoge. Begleitpublikation zur Ausstellung des Generallandesarchivs Karlsruhe und des Instituts für Geschichte der Universität Karlsruhe (TH). Freiburg im Breisgau 2002, . Peter Steinbach, Angela Borgstedt (ed. ): <mask> – Der Historiker des freiheitlichen Verfassungsstaates. Ausstellungskatalog mit zahlreichen Fachbeiträgen, Berlin 2009, . Bernhard Stier: "<mask>l (1887–1966)."In Technikgeschichte 76 (2009), issue 4,  (online). References

External links

 Short biography of <mask> from the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology with further links to the stages of his life as a historian, professor, in the Nazi era and as a state politician. 1887 births
1966 deaths
Writers from Mannheim
20th-century German historians
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich faculty
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology faculty
Members of the

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title: Elisabeth Scott

texts:
<mask> (20 September 1898 – 19 June 1972) was a British architect who designed the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre at Stratford-upon-Avon, England. This was the first important public building in Britain to be designed by a female architect. Early life
<mask> was born in Bournemouth, England, one of ten children of <mask>, a surgeon. She was a great-niece of the architects <mask> and George Frederick Bodley and second cousin of <mask>, architect of Liverpool Cathedral. She was educated at home until the age of fourteen, when she enrolled at the Redmoor School, Bournemouth. In 1919 she became one of the early students at the Architectural Association's new school in Bedford Square, London, graduating in 1924. <mask>'s first position was with the architects David Niven and Herbert Wigglesworth, a practice specialising in the Scandinavian style.In turn she became an assistant to Louis de Soissons, a progressive architect producing buildings in the contemporary style for the new garden city of Welwyn, Hertfordshire (where she worked on the design for the iconic Shredded Wheat Factory, now a listed building) and the modernist Oliver Hill. Shakespeare Memorial Theatre
In 1927 a competition for a replacement to the burnt-out Shakespeare Memorial Theatre was announced and <mask> entered, with a confidence in her own abilities taken from the sound theoretical grounding at the Architectural Association's school. At the time she was working for Maurice Chesterton's practice at Hampstead, London, and Chesterton agreed to oversee her proposals for feasibility. (Maurice Chesterton was a cousin of the theatre's publicist A. K. Chesterton.) Maurice Chesterton's daughter Elizabeth Chesterton, herself an architect,

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title: Elisabeth Scott

texts: claimed in a late interview that the competition entry had been falsely "submitted under <mask>'s name", suggesting that all research into the practical requirements of theatre function had been her father's. Maurice Chesterton himself "disclaimed any personal share whatever in the successful design".<mask> was assisted by two fellow AA students: Alison Sleigh and John Chiene Shepherd. On winning the competition  (against seventy-one other entries) the four formed a partnership to prepare the detailed plans and supervise the construction. The reaction to <mask>'s design was mixed. The Manchester Guardian suggested that, although the design reflected the building's purpose, its bulk in the small town was "startling...monstrous [and] brutal." The Times did not agree, noting how well the building "adapt[ed] itself to the lines of the river and landscape". Sir Edward Elgar, then 75, was to be the theatre's new musical director but, after visiting the building, he so was furiously angry with that "awful female" and her "unspeakably ugly and wrong" design that he would have nothing further to do with it, refusing even to go inside. On the other hand, playwright George Bernard Shaw (a member the SMT committee notwithstanding his earlier telegram of congratulations to its chairman on having the unsuitable old building burnt down) was a firm supporter of <mask>'s design as the only one to show any theatrical sense.<mask> herself acknowledged that in her design she had not intended to conceal the functionality of the building. Although most criticism was directed at the building's external form, in the auditorium the performers—although acknowledging that <mask> had been at the mercy of her theatrical

masks: Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott


title: Elisabeth Scott

texts:
 advisors: William Bridges-Adams, Barry Jackson and stage designer Norman Wilkinson (1882–1934, since 1920 a governor of the SMT)—found that it was curiously difficult to connect with their audience: evidently the large, plain expanse of the cream-painted side walls had the effect of diffusing attention from the stage. Only in 1951, when the gallery seating was extended along the sides, was this overcome. However the building's lack of "meaningless decoration" was one of the features enthusiastically praised in the special June 1932 edition of the modernist Architectural Review. From today's viewpoint the theatre, now called the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, is regarded as a "nationally significant building" representing the "best modern municipal style of architecture". It was made a Grade II* listed building on 14 October 1980. Later practice

<mask> was joined in the partnership by John Breakwell and—as John Shepherd and Alison Sleigh had married—the practice became "Scott, Shepherd and Breakwell".None of their subsequent commissions had the prominence of the SMT, although their 1938 work on the Fawcett Building at Newnham College, Cambridge, is of note. In the Post-war period <mask> returned to Bournemouth, working with the practice of Ronald Phillips & Partners. In the 1960s she joined the public sector, working for Bournemouth Borough Architect's Department on such projects as the new Pavilion Theatre on Bournemouth Pier. These relatively mundane schemes were no reflection of <mask>'s early talent; largely forgotten, she was "unable to live up to her perceived early promise". She retired in 1968. Feminism
In 1924, when <mask> entered practice, there were no prominent women architects and her

masks: Scott Scott Scott Scott


title: Elisabeth Scott

texts:
 selection for the project to rebuild the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre after it was destroyed by fire was only through her success in an international competition. Her achievement, and her decision to employ where possible women architects to assist her on the Stratford design, was instrumental in opening up the profession to women.<mask> was not an outspoken feminist but was identified with the progressive movement to overturn traditional assumptions about women and the professions. She was by nature more of a quiet and practical feminist, ensuring that women were represented on her design projects and working through the Fawcett Society to promote wider acceptance. Above anything else, she disliked being labelled as a 'female architect' rather than simply an 'architect'. <mask> was a Soroptimist and an active member of Soroptimist International of Bournemouth. Family
In 1936 she married George Richards. She died in Bournemouth on 19 June 1972. UK passport
In November 2015 it was announced <mask> would be one of only two prominent British women (the other being Ada Lovelace) to be featured in the design of the new UK passport, to be used for the next 5 years.See also
Women in architecture

References

Sources

Pringle, Marian : The Theatres of Stratford-upon-Avon 1875 – 1992: An Architectural History, Stratford upon Avon Society (1994)
Jellicoe, Geoffrey Alan (1933), The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon, Ernest Benn
Walker, Lynne (1984), Women architects: their work, Sorella Press

1898 births
1972 deaths
20th-century English architects
British women architects
Feminist artists
Feminism and history
People from Bournemouth
Modernist architects from England
English

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Elisabeth Scott


title: Spike Lee

texts:
Shelton Jackson "<mask>" <mask> (born March 20, 1957) is an American film director, producer, screenwriter, actor, and professor. His production company, 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks, has produced more than 35 films since 1983. He made his directorial debut with She's Gotta Have It (1986). He has since written and directed such films as Do the Right Thing (1989), Mo' Better Blues (1990), Jungle Fever (1991), Malcolm X (1992), Crooklyn (1994), Clockers (1995), 25th Hour (2002), Inside Man (2006), Chi-Raq (2015), BlacKkKlansman (2018) and Da 5 Bloods (2020). <mask> also acted in ten of his films. <mask>'s work has continually explored race relations, colorism in the black community, the role of media in contemporary life, urban crime and poverty, and other political issues. He has won numerous accolades for his work, including an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, a Student Academy Award, a BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, two Emmy Awards, two Peabody Awards, and the Cannes Grand Prix.He has also received an Academy Honorary Award, an Honorary BAFTA Award, an Honorary César, and the Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize. <mask>'s films Do the Right Thing, Malcolm X, 4 Little Girls and She's Gotta Have It were each selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Early life
Shelton Jackson <mask> was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the son of Jacqueline Carroll ( Shelton), a teacher of arts and black literature, and William James <mask> III, a jazz musician and composer. <mask> has three younger siblings, Joie, David, and Cinqué, each of whom has worked in many different positions in <mask>'s films. Director Malcolm D<mask> is his cousin. When he was a child, the family moved from Atlanta to Brooklyn, New York. His mother nicknamed him "<mask>" during his childhood.He attended John Dewey High School in Brooklyn's Gravesend neighborhood. <mask> enrolled in Morehouse

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 College, a historically black college in Atlanta, where he made his first student film, Last Hustle in Brooklyn. He took film courses at Clark Atlanta University and graduated with a B.A. in mass communication from Morehouse. He did graduate work at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, where he earned a Master of Fine Arts in film and television. Career

1980s
In 1983, <mask> premiered his first independent short film titled, Joe's Bed-Stuy Barbershop: We Cut Heads. <mask> submitted the film as his master's degree thesis at the Tisch School of the Arts.<mask>'s classmates <mask> and Ernest R. Dickerson worked on the film as assistant director and cinematographer, respectively. The film was the first student film to be showcased in Lincoln Center's New Directors New Films Festival. <mask>'s father, <mask>, composed the score. The film won a Student Academy Award. In 1985, <mask> began work on his first feature film, She's Gotta Have It. The film filmed in black-and-white, concerns a young woman (Johns) who is seeing three men, and the feelings this arrangement provokes. The film was <mask>'s first feature-length film, and launched <mask>'s career.<mask> wrote, directed, produced, starred and edited the film with a budget of $175,000, he shot the film in two weeks. When the film was released in 1986, it grossed over $7 million at the U.S. box office. New York Times film critic A.O. Scott wrote that the film "ushered in (along with Jim Jarmusch's Stranger Than Paradise) the American independent film movement of the 1980s. It was also a groundbreaking film for African-American filmmakers and a welcome change in the representation of blacks in American cinema, depicting men and women of color not as pimps and whores, but as intelligent, upscale urbanites." In 1989, <mask> made perhaps his most seminal film, Do the Right Thing, which focused on a Brooklyn neighborhood's simmering racial tension on a hot summer day. The film's cast included <mask>, Danny Aiello,

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 Bill Nunn, Ossie Davis, Ruby Dee, Giancarlo Esposito, Rosie Perez, John Turturro, Martin Lawrence and Samuel L. Jackson.The film gained critical acclaim as one of the best films of the year from film critics including both Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert who ranked the film as the best of 1989, and later in their top 10 films of the decade ( for Siskel and  for Ebert). Ebert later added the film to his list of The Great Movies. To many people's surprise, the film was not nominated for Best Picture or Best Director at the Academy Awards. The film only earned two Academy Award nominations for Best Original Screenplay, <mask>'s first Oscar nomination, and for Best Supporting Actor for Danny Aiello. At the Academy ceremony Kim Basinger, who was a presenter that evening, stated that Do the Right Thing also deserved a Best Picture nomination stating, "We've got five great films here, and they are great for one reason, because they tell the truth, but there is one film missing from this list because ironically it might tell the biggest truth of all and that's Do the Right Thing". The film that did win Best Picture was Driving Miss Daisy, a film that focused on race relations between an elderly Jewish woman (Jessica Tandy) and her driver (Morgan Freeman). <mask> said in an April 7, 2006, interview with New York magazine that the other film's success, which he thought was based on safe stereotypes, hurt him more than if his film had not been nominated for an award.1990s

After the 1990 release of Mo' Better Blues, <mask> was accused of antisemitism by the Anti-Defamation League and several film critics. They criticized the characters of the club owners Josh and Moe Flatbush, described as "Shylocks". <mask> denied the charge, explaining that he wrote those characters in order to depict how black artists struggled against exploitation. <mask> said that Lew Wasserman, Sidney Sheinberg, or Tom Pollock, the Jewish heads of MCA and Universal Studios, were unlikely to allow antisemitic

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title: Spike Lee

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 content in a film they produced. He said he could not make an antisemitic film because Jews run Hollywood, and "that's a fact". In 1992, <mask> released his biographical epic film Malcolm X based on the Autobiography of Malcolm X, starring Denzel Washington as the famed civil rights leader. The film dramatizes key events in Malcolm X's life: his criminal career, his incarceration, his conversion to Islam, his ministry as a member of the Nation of Islam and his later falling out with the organization, his marriage to Betty X, his pilgrimage to Mecca and reevaluation of his views concerning whites, and his assassination on February 21, 1965.Defining childhood incidents, including his father's death, his mother's mental illness, and his experiences with racism are dramatized in flashbacks. The film received widespread critical acclaim including from critic Roger Ebert ranked the film No. 1 on his Top 10 list for 1992 and described the film as "one of the great screen biographies, celebrating the sweep of an American life that bottomed out in prison before its hero reinvented himself." Ebert and Martin Scorsese, who was sitting in for late At the Movies co-host Gene Siskel, both ranked Malcolm X among the ten best films of the 1990s. Denzel Washington's portrayal of Malcolm X in particular was widely praised and he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor. Washington lost to Al Pacino (Scent of a Woman), a decision which <mask> criticized, saying "I'm not the only one who thinks Denzel was robbed on that one." His 1997 documentary 4 Little Girls, about the girls killed in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963, was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Feature Documentary.In 2017, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". 2000s

In 2002, <mask> directed 25th Hour starring Edward Norton, and

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title: Spike Lee

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 Philip Seymour Hoffman which opened to positive reviews, with several critics since having named it one of the best films of its decade. Film critic Roger Ebert added the film to his "Great Movies" list on December 16, 2009. A. O. Scott, Richard Roeper and Roger Ebert all put it on their "best films of the decade" lists. It was later named the 26th greatest film since 2000 in a BBC poll of 177 critics. The film was also a financial success earning almost $24 million against a $5 million budget. In 2006, <mask> directed Inside Man starring Denzel Washington, Jodie Foster, and Clive Owen, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Willem Dafoe and Christopher Plummer.The film was an unusual film for <mask> considering it was a studio heist thriller. The film was a critical and financial success earning $186 million off a $45 million budget. Empire gave the film four stars out of five, concluding, "It's certainly a <mask> film, but no Spike <mask> Joint. Still, he's delivered a pacy, vigorous and frequently masterful take on a well-worn genre. Thanks to some slick lens work and a cast on cracking form, <mask> proves (perhaps above all to himself?) that playing it straight is not always a bad thing." On May 2, 2007, the 50th San Francisco International Film Festival honored <mask> with the San Francisco Film Society's Directing Award.In 2008, he received the Wexner Prize. In 2013, he won The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize, one of the richest prizes in the American arts worth $300,000. 2010s
In 2015, <mask> received an Academy Honorary Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for his contributions to film. Friends and frequent collaborators Wesley Snipes, Denzel Washington, Samuel L. Jackson presented <mask> with the award at the private Governors Awards ceremony. <mask> directed, wrote, and produced the MyCareer story mode in the video game NBA 2K16. Later that same year, after a perceived long dip in quality, <mask> rebounded with a musical drama film, Chi-Raq. The film is a

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texts: modern-day adaptation of the ancient Greek play "Lysistrata" by Aristophanes set in modern-day Chicago's Southside and explores the challenges of race, sex, and violence in America.Teyonah Parris, Angela Bassett, Jennifer Hudson, Nick Cannon, Dave Chappelle, Wesley Snipes, John Cusack, and Samuel L. Jackson starred in the film. The film was released by Amazon Studios in select cities in November. Chi-Raq received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has rating of 82% with the site's critical consensus stating, "Chi-Raq is as urgently topical and satisfyingly ambitious as it is wildly uneven – and it contains some of <mask>'s smartest, sharpest, and all-around entertaining late-period work." <mask>'s 2018 film BlacKkKlansman, a true crime drama set in the 1970s centered around the true story of a black police officer, Ron Stallworth infiltrating the Ku Klux Klan. The film premiered at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Grand Prix and opened the following August. The film received near universal praise when it opened in North America receiving a 96% on Rotten Tomatoes with the critics consensus reading, "BlacKkKlansman uses history to offer bitingly trenchant commentary on current events – and brings out some of <mask>'s hardest-hitting work in decades along the way."In 2019, during the awards season leading up to the Academy Awards, <mask> was invited to join a Directors Roundtable conversation run by The Hollywood Reporter. The roundtable included Ryan Coogler (Black Panther), Yorgos Lanthimos (The Favourite), Alfonso Cuarón (Roma), Marielle Heller (Can You Ever Forgive Me? ),  and Bradley Cooper (A Star is Born). It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture and Best Director (<mask>'s first ever nomination in this category). <mask> won his first competitive Academy Award in the category Best Adapted Screenplay. When asked by journalists from the BBC if the Best Picture winner Green Book offended him, <mask>

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title: Spike Lee

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 replied, "Let me give you a British answer, it's not my cup of tea". Many journalists in the industry noted how the 2019 Oscars with BlacKkKlansman competing against eventual winner Green Book mirrored the 1989 Oscars with <mask>'s film Do the Right Thing missing out on a Best Picture nomination over the eventual winner Driving Miss Daisy.2020s
<mask>'s Vietnam war film Da 5 Bloods was released on Netflix. The film starred Delroy Lindo, Jonathan Majors, Clarke Peters, Isiah Whitlock Jr., Mélanie Thierry, Paul Walter Hauser and Chadwick Boseman. The film was released worldwide on June 12, 2020. The film's plot follows a group of aging Vietnam War veterans who return to the country in search of the remains of their fallen squad leader, as well as the treasure they buried while serving there. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the film was originally scheduled to premiere out-of-competition at the 2020 Cannes Film Festival, then play in theaters in May or June before streaming on Netflix. The film received widespread critical acclaim with the website Rotten Tomatoes' approval rating being 92% based on 252 reviews, with the critical consensus reading: "Fierce energy and ambition course through Da 5 Bloods, coming together to fuel one of <mask>'s most urgent and impactful films." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 82 out of 100, based on 49 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".<mask>'s next project will be a movie musical about the origin story of Viagra, Pfizer's erectile dysfunction drug. Most recently, he had signed an overall deal with Netflix to direct and produce newer movies. Academic career and teaching
In 1991, <mask> taught a course at Harvard about filmmaking. In 1993, he began to teach at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts in the Graduate Film Program. It was there that he received his master of fine arts. In 2002 he was appointed as artistic director of the school. He is now a tenured professor at NYU.Commercials
In

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title: Spike Lee

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 mid-1990, Levi's hired <mask> to direct a series of TV commercials for their 501 button-fly jeans. Marketing executives from Nike offered <mask> a job directing commercials for the company. They wanted to pair <mask>'s character, Mars Blackmon, who greatly admired athlete Michael Jordan, and Jordan in a marketing campaign for the Air Jordan line. Later, <mask> was asked to comment on the phenomenon of violence related to inner-city youths trying to steal Air Jordans from other kids. He said that, rather than blaming manufacturers of apparel that gained popularity, "deal with the conditions that make a kid put so much importance on a pair of sneakers, a jacket and gold". Through the marketing wing of 40 Acres and a Mule, <mask> has directed commercials for Converse, Jaguar, Taco Bell, and Ben & Jerry's. Artistic style and themes

<mask>'s films are typically referred to as "Spike Lee Joints".The closing credits always end with the phrases "By Any Means Necessary", "Ya Dig", and "Sho Nuff". His 2013 film, Oldboy, used the traditional "A Spike Lee Film" credit after producers had it re-edited. Themes
<mask>'s films have examined race relations, colorism in the black community, the role of media in contemporary life, urban crime and poverty, and other political issues. His films are also noted for their unique stylistic elements, including the use of dolly shots to portray the characters "floating" through their surroundings, which he has had his cinematographers repeatedly use in his work. Influences
In 2018, during an interview with GQ, <mask> cited some of his favorite films as Elia Kazan's On the Waterfront (1954) and A Face in the Crowd (1957), as well as Martin Scorsese's Mean Streets (1973). <mask> says that he befriended Scorsese after attending a screening of After Hours at NYU. Filmography

Awards and honors

In 1983, <mask> won the Student Academy Award for his film Joe's Bed-Stuy Barbershop: We Cut Heads.He won awards at the Black Reel Awards for Love and

masks: Lee Lee Lee Lee Lee Lee Lee Lee Lee Lee


title: Spike Lee

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 Basketball, the Black Movie Awards for Inside Man, and the Berlin International Film Festival for Get on the Bus. He won BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for BlacKkKlansman. <mask> was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay for Do the Right Thing and Best Documentary for 4 Little Girls, but did not win either award. In November 2015, he was given the Academy Honorary Award for his contributions to filmmaking. In 2019, he received his first Best Picture and Best Director nominations. In 2015, at the age of 58, <mask> became the youngest person ever to receive an Honorary Academy Award. <mask> received the award as "a champion of independent film and an inspiration to young filmmakers".Frequent collaborators Denzel Washington, Samuel L. Jackson, and Wesley Snipes presented <mask> with the award at a private ceremony at the Governors Awards. In 2019, <mask>lansman went on to receive 6 Academy Award nominations. <mask> himself was nominated for 3 Oscars for <mask>lansman won the Grand Prix in 2018. <mask>'s films Do the Right Thing, Malcolm X, 4 Little Girls, and She's Gotta Have It were each selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". On May 18, 2016, <mask> delivered the Commencement address for The Johns Hopkins University Class of 2016.Personal life

<mask> met his wife, attorney Tonya <mask>, in 1992, and they were married a year later in New York. They have one daughter, Satchel, born in 1994, and a son, Jackson, born in 1997. <mask> is a fan of the American baseball team the New York Yankees, basketball team the New York Knicks, the ice hockey team the New York Rangers and the English football team Arsenal. One of the documentaries in ESPN's 30 for 30 series, Winning Time: Reggie Miller vs. The New York Knicks, focuses partly on <mask>'s interaction with Miller at Knicks games in Madison Square Garden. In June 2003, <mask> sought an

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LeelaK
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LeelaK
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title: Spike Lee

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 injunction against Spike TV to prevent them from using his nickname. <mask> claimed that because of his fame, viewers would think he was associated with the new channel.When asked by the BBC if he believed in God, <mask> said: "Yes. I have faith that there is a higher being. All this cannot be an accident." While <mask> continues to maintain an office in Fort Greene, Brooklyn, he and his wife live on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. In May 2020, he published a 3-minute short film titled NEW YORK NEW YORK on Instagram that was later featured on the city's official website. <mask> celebrated Joe Biden's victory over Donald Trump in the 2020 Presidential election with champagne amid a crowd on the streets of Brooklyn. Photos and videos went viral on Twitter.Controversies
In May 1999, the New York Post reported that <mask> made an inflammatory comment about Charlton Heston, president of the National Rifle Association, while speaking to reporters at the Cannes Film Festival. <mask> was quoted as saying the National Rifle Association should be disbanded and, of Heston, someone should "Shoot him with a .44 Bull Dog." <mask> said he intended it as a joke. He was responding to coverage about whether Hollywood was responsible for school shootings. "The problem is guns", he said. Republican House Majority Leader Dick Armey condemned <mask> as having "nothing to offer the debate on school violence except more violence and more hate". In October 2005, <mask> responded to a CNN anchor's question as to whether the government intentionally ignored the plight of black Americans during the 2005 Hurricane Katrina catastrophe by saying, "It's not too far-fetched.I don't put anything past the United States government. I don't find it too far-fetched that they tried to displace all the black people out of New Orleans." In later comments, <mask> cited the government's past including the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. At the 2008 Cannes Film Festival, <mask>, who was then making Miracle at St.

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title: Spike Lee

texts:
 Anna, about an all-black U.S. division fighting in Italy during World War II, criticized director Clint Eastwood for not depicting black Marines in his own World War II film, Flags of Our Fathers. Citing historical accuracy, Eastwood responded that his film was specifically about the Marines who raised the flag on Mount Suribachi at Iwo Jima, pointing out that while black Marines did fight at Iwo Jima, the U.S. military was racially segregated during World War II, and none of the men who raised the flag were black. He angrily said that <mask> should "shut his face". <mask> responded that Eastwood was acting like an "angry old man", and argued that despite making two Iwo Jima films back to back, Letters from Iwo Jima and Flags of Our Fathers, "there was not one black soldier in both of those films".He added that he and Eastwood were "not on a plantation". <mask> later claimed that the event was exaggerated by the media and that he and Eastwood had reconciled through mutual friend Steven Spielberg, culminating in his sending Eastwood a print of Miracle at St. Anna. <mask> has been criticized for his representation of women. For example, bell hooks said that he wrote black women in the same objectifying way that white male filmmakers write the characters of white women. Rosie Perez, who was in an acting role for the first time as Tina in Do the Right Thing, said later that she was very uncomfortable with doing the nude scene in the film:

In March 2012, after the killing of Trayvon Martin, <mask> was one of many people who used Twitter to circulate a message that claimed to give the home address of the shooter George Zimmerman. The address turned out to be incorrect, causing the real occupants, Elaine and David McClain, to leave home and stay at a hotel due to numerous death threats. <mask> issued an apology and reached an agreement with the McClains, which reportedly included "compensation", with their attorney stating "The McClains' claim is fully

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title: Spike Lee

texts: resolved".Nevertheless, in November 2013, the McClains filed a negligence lawsuit which accused <mask> of "encouraging a dangerous mob mentality among his Twitter followers, as well as the public-at-large". The lawsuit, which a court filing reportedly valued at $1.2 million, alleged that the couple suffered "injuries and damages" that continued after the initial settlement up through Zimmerman's trial in 2013. A Seminole County judge dismissed the McClains' suit, agreeing with <mask> that the issue had already been settled previously. In March 2020, a video of <mask> was released on Twitter showing the director having an altercation with the security team near the elevators at Madison Square Garden. Speculation arose as to whether <mask> was being removed from the building. The New York Knicks released a statement saying, "The idea that <mask> is a victim because we have repeatedly asked him to not use our employee entrance and instead use a dedicated VIP entrance — which is used by every other celebrity who enters The Garden — is laughable. He is welcome to come to The Garden anytime via the VIP or general entrance; just not through our employee entrance, which is what he and Jim (James Dolan) agreed to [Monday] night when they shook hands."<mask> refuted Dolan's story alleging that he had been using the same entrance for the past 28 years. <mask> stated he wouldn't attend the rest of the games for the season. In June 2020, <mask> defended filmmaker Woody Allen despite his sexual abuse allegation during a radio interview stating: "I'd just like to say Woody Allen is a great, great filmmaker and this cancel thing is not just Woody. And I think when we look back on it we are going to see that short of killing somebody, I don't know you that you can just erase somebody like they never existed. Woody's a friend of mine. I know he's going through it right now." Following social media backlash, <mask> issued an apology on Twitter.<mask> has also defended Nate Parker, who

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title: Hubert Rohault de Fleury (soldier)

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General <mask> (2 April 1779 – 21 September 1866) was a French soldier who played a major role in the fortifications of Lyon. Origins

The <mask> family originated in Abbeville. Jean-<mask>, a cloth and silk merchant, established himself in Paris on the rue Saint-Honoré in the middle of the 18th century. He married into the nobility. His son, <mask>-<mask>, born in 1750, was an advocate of the Parliament of Paris and keeper of the records of the Company of the Indies. <mask>-Baptiste had two sons. <mask> was born on 2 July 1777, and went on to become a prominent architect.<mask> <mask> was born in Paris in 1779. He attended the college of Juilly. At the age of 16, he entered the École Polytechnique and graduated in 1798. He entered the School of Engineering at Metz and left the school in 1800 as a lieutenant. Military career
During the Napoleonic Wars, <mask> <mask> was promoted to captain in 1801, and served in the campaign in Portugal, then was transferred to Boulogne. He joined the Army of Germany and fought in the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805. During this campaign, he was attached to the corps of Marshall Jean Lannes, who tried to obtain his promotion to battalion commander.This was rejected by General Henri Gatien Bertrand, who considered that he was too young for such a senior rank. <mask> <mask> fought at the Battle of Jena in 1806. He assisted in the sieges of Stralsund and Colberg.In 1808, he was sent to Catalonia. After the defense of Barcelona, he was named battalion commander at the start of 1809. He was made an officer of the

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Baron Hubert Rohault de Fleury
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Baptiste Rohault de Fleury
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Charles Hubert Rohault de Fleury
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de Fleury


title: Hubert Rohault de Fleury (soldier)

texts:
 Legion of Honour in 1809 at the Third Siege of Gerona, where he led the first assault on the fort of Montjouy and was seriously wounded. He was made a lieutenant-colonel in 1814. After the fall of Napoleon, <mask> <mask> gave his allegiance to Louis XVIII of France and remained faithful to the King during the Hundred Days in 1815.He was promoted to colonel in 1816, and for six year commanded the 2nd Engineers Regiment. In 1822, he was appointed deputy governor of the École Polytechnique, but did not hold this position for long. He was promoted to brigadier general in 1823, in command of the engineers of the Army of Catalonia under Marshall Moncey. After the July Monarchy was established in 1830, <mask> <mask> was named senior commander of the defensive works of Lyon. The goal was to create an immense fortified place that could serve as a military capital and place of refuge for the government of France in the event of the loss of Paris. He adapted and extended the works started by General Haxo, adding a series of new forts and fortification works. In 1831 and again in April 1834, he was involved in suppression of the Canut revolts in Lyon.In 1837, he participated in the capture of Constantine, Algeria as commander of the engineers. He was appointed to the Chambre de Pairs (House of Lords) in 1837, but his military duties left him little time to attend the sessions of the house. <mask> <mask> died in 1866. Fortifications of Lyon

The extensive system of fortifications of Lyon included:

 Fort de la Duchère
 Fort de Caluire
 Fort de Montessuy

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title: Hubert Rohault de Fleury (soldier)

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 Redoute Bel-Air
 Fort de Sainte-Foy
 Lunette du Petit Sainte-Foy
 Fort Saint-Irénée
 Lunette du Fossoyeur
 Fort de Loyasse
 Fort de Vaise
 Fort Saint-Jean
 Bastion Saint-Laurent
 Redoute du Haut-Rhône
 Redoute de la Tête d'Or
 Lunette des Charpennes
 Fort des Brotteaux
 Redoute de la Part-Dieu
 Fort Montluc
 Redoute des Hirondelles
 Fort Lamothe
 Fort du Colombier
 Fort de la Vitriolerie

The fortifications of Lyon were improved according to Rohault <mask>'s plans. The existing Croix-Rousse fort retained its layout, but the bastion of St-Jean on the Saône side was made into a powerful artillery position. The Fourvière fort was rebuilt from 1834 to 1838, and the outworks progressively improved until 1854. On the right bank of the Saône the fortifications were Sainte-Foy, now the CRS barracks, Petit Sainte-Foy, Saint-Irénée (1831), Vaise (1835), Loyasse (1838) and Duchère (1844), now disappeared.Between the Saône and the Rhône, in front of the Croix-Rousse fortification were the forts of Caluire (1831), now replaced by the stade Henri Cochet, and Montessuy (1831). Fortifications on the left bank of the Rhône were the haut-Rhône battery (1854), demolished fifteen years later, and the forts of Brotteaux (1831), Villeurbanne or Montluc (1831 – now a police station), Tête d'Or (1832) and Charpennes (1842). The Colombier fort (1831) was demolished. The La Motte fort (1832), adapted from the Château de La Motte, was later transformed into a barracks and then became the "Parc Blandan". Of the Vitriolerie fort (1840) on the bank of the Rhone, only the


title: Hubert Rohault de Fleury (soldier)

texts:
 fortified barracks in the middle of the Général Frère neighborhood remains. Selected publications

Publications by Rohault <mask>leury include:
Journal de l'expédition de Constantine en 1837 National Library of France
Chambre des Pairs. Séance du 30 mars 1841.Opinion de M. le baron <mask> de Fleury,... sur le projet de loi relatif aux fortifications de Paris  National Library of France
Rapport fait à la Chambre par M. le baron <mask> de Fleury, au nom d'une commission spéciale chargée de l'examen du projet de loi relatif à l'ouverture d'un crédit de 3.930.000 francs pour la construction de divers ponts  National Library of France
Opinion de M. le bon <mask> de Fleury,... sur le projet de loi relatif aux fortifications de Paris National Library of France
Opinion de M. le baron <mask> de Fleury, pair de France, sur le projet de loi relatif aux fortifications de Paris National Library of France
Chambre des Pairs. Séance du 30 mars 1841. Opinion de M. le baron <mask> <mask>leury, pair de France, sur le projet de loi relatif aux fortifications de Paris

References
Citations

Sources

1779 births
1866 deaths
French generals
French military personnel of the Napoleonic

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title: Michael Rennie

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<mask> (born <mask>; 25 August 1909 – 10 June 1971) was a British film, television and stage actor, who had leading roles in a number of Hollywood films, including his portrayal of the space visitor Klaatu in the science fiction film The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951). In a career spanning more than 30 years, Rennie appeared in more than 50 films and in several American television series. Early years and career
<mask> was born in Idle near Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire, the second son of a Scottish wool mill owner, <mask>, and his English wife Amelia (née Dobby). He had an elder brother William, younger brother Gordon and sister Edith. Rennie's family owned a wool business which had operated for over 150 years and were relatively well off. He was educated at the Leys School, Cambridge. He went to work at the family wool mill in Bradford, but did not enjoy it.He worked in a number of occupations, including a stint as a car salesman, and sweeping floors in his uncle's steel ropes factory. He eventually decided (at the time of his 26th birthday, in 1935) on a career as an actor. He retained his surname but adopted <mask> as his professional name. He cited Ronald Colman as his role model. Early British films
The 6' 4" tall Rennie attracted the interest of a casting director at Gaumont British who took him on as an extra. Rennie said this was a deliberate strategy so he could learn how films were made. Head of production <mask> said Rennie was taken on  "because he was good-looking and athletic.He knew nothing of acting, but was given a contract to play small parts and to work as stand-in

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Michael Balcon


title: Michael Rennie

texts:
 Rennie auditioned again for <mask>, now head of Ealing Studios, and was cast in Ships with Wings. While that film was being prepared, Rennie continued repertory work and accepted a one-line role in George Formby's Turned Out Nice Again. Balcon says Rennie "declared that he enjoyed it as he was playing a motor salesman, and this reminded him of the days when he tried to sell cars – without securing a single buyer."<mask> had his first big film role in the suspense drama Tower of Terror (1941). This starred Wilfrid Lawson in the lead role as a crazed Dutch lighthouse keeper in the German-occupied Netherlands, while the second-billed <mask> and third-billed Movita had the romantic leads. In a 1951 interview <mask> said this was his worst part. <mask> also used him in The Big Blockade (1942). He was called a "rapidly rising newcomer". Another profile referred to him as an "athletic, Gable-ish young man." War service
<mask> enlisted in the RAF Volunteer Reserve on 27 May 1941."There has been a pause in <mask>'s film career", wrote Balcon in 1942. "But there will be parts awaiting him when the war is over". He was officially discharged on 4 August 1942, and then on the following day, he was commissioned "for the emergency" as pilot officer number 127347 on probation in the General Duties Branch of the RAFVR. On 5 February 1943, he was promoted to flying officer on probation. He resigned his commission on 1 May 1944 (not discharged on disability, as the studio publicity stated). <mask> had carried out his basic training near Torquay in Devon, after which he was sent to the United States for fighter

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 pilot training under the Arnold Plan. In this programme, pilots of the RAF were trained by United States Army Air Forces instructors.One of his fellow students was RAF Sgt Jack Morton, who told an anecdote about when he and Rennie were in the same class:
At the end of our primary course we were posted to a Basic Flying School at Cochran Field, Macon, Georgia. The class which completed the course at Cochran Field was now split up, half were posted to Napier Field, Dothan, Alabama, to train on single-engine planes, and the remainder were posted to twin-engine schools. Like Cochran, Napier Field was a large permanent Air Corps Base and most of us were quite content to stay on the camp when we had time off. One of the cadets on our course had told us that he was a film actor, but no one took him seriously. We had to admit that he was right however when a film came to the camp cinema called Ships with Wings starring <mask>. Film stardom

I'll Be Your Sweetheart and The Wicked Lady
With the end of the war in Europe in May 1945, Rennie was given his first film break, when cast alongside Margaret Lockwood, then at the peak of her popularity, in the musical I'll Be Your Sweetheart (1945), directed by Val Guest for Gainsborough Studios. Rennie was billed below Lockwood and Vic Oliver, given an "introducing" credit, but his character was the actual protagonist of the film.The movie was not a large hit but <mask> received excellent notices, including a review from the US trade paper Variety who said his performance made the film "noteworthy" and that he was "likely Hollywood material... the best bet in

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title: Michael Rennie

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 the way of a new male star to have come out of a British studio in many years. <mask> not only has a lot on the ball as a straight lead, he knows the value of visual tricks. Femmes will go for him in a big way." He followed this in another movie with Lockwood at Gainsborough, the sensual costume adventure The Wicked Lady (both 1945). <mask> was the fifth lead, beneath Lockwood, James Mason, Patricia Roc and Griffith Jones. but it was a good part (the one true love of Lockwood's character) and an excellent project to be associated with – the year's biggest box-office hit, subsequently being listed ninth on a list of top ten highest-grossing British films of all time. <mask>'s prestige was also raised when he was given a single prominent scene as a commander of Roman centurions in Gabriel Pascal's production of George Bernard Shaw's Caesar and Cleopatra (also 1945), starring Vivien Leigh and Claude Rains.The film's expense caused it to lose a large amount of money, despite it being highly successful at the box office, particularly in the U.S.

Rennie was now established as a leading actor. One report called him "the bobbysoxers' dark idol... Gainsborough's 1945 discovery." He was mobbed by female fans on a personal appearance tour. Gainsborough teamed him with one of their biggest female stars Phyllis Calvert in the melodrama The Root of All Evil (1947). In July 1946 it was announced <mask> had signed a five-year contract with Maurice Ostrer's new company, Premiere Productions, worth  £300,000 – making him the highest paid film star in Britain. Maurice Ostrer
<mask>'s first film under the new

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title: Michael Rennie

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 contract was White Cradle Inn (1947), shot in Switzerland with Madeleine Carroll. <mask> had been "loaned out" to another company to make it but then he made his first for Ostrer at Premiere, The Idol of Paris (1948).The film did so badly that Ostrer left the film industry. Rennie made films for independent producers and his career momentum began to fade: Uneasy Terms (1948); Golden Madonna (1949) (again with Calvert); and two comedies for Val Guest: Miss Pilgrim's Progress (1949) and The Body Said No! (1950). He had what may be considered Rennie's only role as one of two central characters in a fully-fledged love story in the 47-minute episode "Sanatorium", the longest of the Somerset Maugham tales constituting the omnibus film Trio (1950); the 40-year-old <mask> and the 20-year-old Jean Simmons play patients and doomed lovers in the title institution, which caters to victims of tuberculosis. Hollywood career

20th Century Fox
Rennie was one of several English actors cast in the 20th Century Fox medieval adventure story The Black Rose (1950), shot in England starring Tyrone Power and Orson Welles. <mask> was specifically cast as the 13th-century King Edward I, whose 6' 2" (1.88 m) frame gave origin to his historical nickname "Longshanks". He was fifth-billed after Cécile Aubry and Jack Hawkins.<mask> became good friends with Power, who spoke well of the actor to Fox executives. <mask>'s performance impressed Fox's studio head, Darryl F. Zanuck, who offered him a role in a film shot in Canada, The 13th Letter (1951). Directed by Otto Preminger, it was a remake of the French film Le Corbeau


title: Michael Rennie

texts:
 (The Raven, 1943), with the setting changed to the Canadian province of Quebec. Fox was so pleased with <mask>'s work that it offered him a seven-year contract in November 1950. The Day the Earth Stood Still

After Claude Rains turned down the role, Rennie received top billing in his next film, The Day the Earth Stood Still (also 1951), the first postwar, large-budget, "A" science-fiction film. It was a serious, high-minded exploration of mid-20th century suspicion and paranoia, combined with a philosophical overview of humanity's coming place in the larger universe. <mask> said director Robert Wise told him to do the role "with dignity but not with superiority".(The story was later dramatised in 1954 on Lux Radio Theatre, with <mask> and Billy Gray recreating their original film roles. Seven years later, on 3 March 1962, when The Day the Earth Stood Still made its television premiere on NBC's NBC Saturday Night at the Movies, <mask> appeared in a two-minute introductory prologue before the start of the film.) <mask> went on to support Power in I'll Never Forget You (1951) then had good roles in the ensemble drama Phone Call from a Stranger (1952) (where he played an American) and in the wartime spy thriller, 5 Fingers (1952), as the agent who tracks down James Mason's spy. He did some narration for The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel (1951) and would provide voice overs for several Fox films, such as Pony Soldier (1952), Titanic (1953), The Desert Rats (1953), Prince Valiant (1954). Les Misérables
Buoyed by the strong critical reception and profitability of The Day the Earth Stood Still, Fox


title: Michael Rennie

texts:
 assigned much of the credit to the central performance of <mask>. Convinced that it had a potential leading man under contract, the studio decided to produce a new version of Les Misérables (1952) as a vehicle for him. The film was directed by Lewis Milestone, known for his early sound version of All Quiet on the Western Front.<mask>'s performance was respectfully, but not enthusiastically, received by the critics. Ultimately, Les Misérables returned an extremely modest profit and put an end to any further attempts to promote the 43-year-old Rennie as a potential star. This caused the studio to cancel a project he was attached to in 1952 — Arms of Venus. He was, however, launched on a thriving career as a top supporting actor at Fox, often playing figures of authority, such as military officers or doctors. Supporting actor at Fox
<mask> was second-billed in Sailor of the King (also known as Single-Handed, 1953), as an admiral, but it was very much in support of Jeffrey Hunter. He was leading man to Jeanne Crain in a thriller, Dangerous Crossing (1953), which re-used sets and props from Titanic (also 1953) for which <mask> spoke the closing narration. He had a showy role as Saint Peter in The Robe (1953), the first movie in CinemaScope and the biggest hit of the year.The star was Richard Burton, who had essentially taken <mask>'s place on the Fox lot as their "resident British star". <mask> supported Power once more in King of the Khyber Rifles (1954), as a brigadier in British India, then played his first villain for Fox, an evil Khan in the "eastern", Princess of the Nile (1954), opposite

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title: Michael Rennie

texts: Jeffrey Hunter. He reprised his role as Peter in Demetrius and the Gladiators (1954) and was lent out for Mambo (1954). In Désirée (1954), <mask> played the future Charles XIV John of Sweden opposite Marlon Brando as Napoleon Bonaparte. The film was popular though is not as highly regarded as other Brando films from this time. Soldier of Fortune (1955), was another hit, with Rennie as the head of British police in Hong Kong supporting Clark Gable and Susan Hayward. On TV he played the attorney in an adaptation of The Letter (1955) with John Mills.He also received good reviews for his performance as an art dealer in "A Man of Taste" (1955) for Climax with Zsa Zsa Gabor. Rennie enjoyed live TV. "You have greater performances as opposed to those in a filmed series", he said. "You are able to build and sustain a role in live TV whereas you have the problem of cutting, stopping and starting in a filmed show." Based on the positive reaction to his two turns as the Apostle Peter, Fox assigned him another third-billed, top-tier role as a stalwart man of God, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra, who, between 1749 and his death in 1784, founded missions in Alta California. The film was Seven Cities of Gold (1955), with Richard Egan and Anthony Quinn. His next film was The Rains of Ranchipur (1955), assigned him fifth billing after the lead romantic teaming of Lana Turner and Richard Burton.As Turner's character's cuckolded husband, Lord Esketh, Rennie maintained his typical dignity and stiff upper lip. He supported Ginger Rogers in Teenage Rebel (1956) and had a good role as the man murdered by James Mason


title: Michael Rennie

texts:
 in Island in the Sun (1957), Darryl Zanuck's popular melodrama. His contract with Fox then wound up. Post-20th Century-Fox
Rennie began his freelancing career supporting Cornel Wilde in Omar Khayyam (1957) at Paramount. He returned to Britain to play the lead in a war film Battle of the V-1 (1958). He was going to co-produce and star in a war film for Eros Films about bomb disposal experts. Getaway, but it was not made.Scheduling conflicts meant he missed out on a role in The Vikings (1958), being replaced by James Donald. He had top billing in a mountaineering film for Disney, Third Man on the Mountain (1959), although he was really the support for James MacArthur. Irwin Allen gave him a leading part at Fox, casting him as adventurer Lord John Roxton in an adaptation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World (1960), a tale of a jungle expedition that finds prehistoric monsters in South America; the film also starred Claude Rains, Jill St. John and Richard Haydn. No longer bound by the no-television clause in his studio contract, he began his association with the medium. The Third Man and Mary Mary
<mask> became a familiar face on television, taking the role of Harry Lime in The Third Man (1959–65), an Anglo-American syndicated television series very loosely derived from the film. It ran for several years but the schedule meant Rennie had plenty of time off to work on other projects. "Every scene of every show I do for money", he said.At the start of the 1960s, <mask> made his only Broadway appearance in Mary, Mary playing Dirk Winsten, a jaded film star. After two previews, the

masks:
Rennie
Michael Rennie


title: Michael Rennie

texts:
 sophisticated five-character marital comedy written by Jean Kerr and directed by Joseph Anthony opened at the Helen Hayes Theatre on 8 March 1961. It ran for a very successful 1,572 performances, closing at the Morosco Theatre on 12 December 1964. <mask> stayed with the production less than five months and was replaced by <mask> in July 1961. When Warner Bros. cast the film version in early 1963, <mask>, along with leading man Barry Nelson and supporting actor Hiram Sherman (who joined the play two years after the opening in the part first played by John Cromwell) were the only Broadway cast members to carry over. Debbie Reynolds was given the title role created by Barbara Bel Geddes, and Warner's contract player Diane McBain, whom the studio saw as a potential star of the future, took over "the socialite part" essayed by Betsy von Furstenberg. Mervyn LeRoy produced and directed the film, which opened at Radio City Music Hall on 25 October 1963.; and was a THRUSH agent in an episode of The Man From U.N.C.L.E. (1967 TV series) ("The Thrush Roulette Affair"/Barnaby Partridge). Also Branded. Final films
Rennie's later films included Ride Beyond Vengeance (1966), Cyborg 2087 (1967), the all-star Hotel (1967), Death on the Run (1968), and The Young, the Evil and the Savage (1968). He completed what amounted to guest roles in two films, The Power and The Devil's Brigade (both 1968), before moving to Switzerland in the latter part of that year. His final seven feature films were filmed in Britain, Italy, Spain and, in the case of Surabaya Conspiracy, the Philippines. Personal life
<mask> was married

masks:
Rennie
Michael Wilding
Rennie
Rennie


title: Michael Rennie

texts: twice: first to Joan England (1912–1974) (1938–1945), then to actress Margaret (Maggie) McGrath (1919–2017) (1947–1960); their son, <mask>, is an English circuit judge in Lewes, Sussex, England.Both marriages ended in divorce. When divorcing his second wife, she fainted on the stand during cross-examination. <mask> revealed he had been separated from her since November 1953. (Her mother had been murdered in 1954.) He had a son, John Marshall (born 1944), with his longtime friend and mistress, Renée (née Gilbert), whose later married name was Taylor. Renée was the sister of the British film director Lewis Gilbert. During the war years, they lived coincidentally in flats in the White House in Albany Street near Regent's Park in London (now a hotel).The White House was a favourite location to live during the war years. It was built in the shape of a white cross and was such a good navigation mark for the Luftwaffe, that it was rumoured that there were standing orders to avoid bombing it – hence its popularity with celebrities and the wealthy. Although <mask> offered to accept paternity on discovering the news of her pregnancy, Renée refused, as she was unwilling to jeopardise his growing success as a romantic lead in major feature films. However, <mask> kept a watchful eye on John Marshall over the years, even after his marriage to Maggie McGrath, and both families remained in constant touch until <mask>'s death. In fact Renée and Maggie lived for many years in the 1970s and 1980s within 200 yards of each other in Barnes and were close friends. Both <mask> and his sister Bunny were very fond of

masks:
David Rennie
Rennie
Rennie
Rennie
Rennie
Michael Rennie


title: Michael Rennie

texts:
 Renée's family. Coincidentally the British Film Institute's database lists Rennie as also having a son, John M. Taylor, who is described as "a producer."John Marshall <mask> used the pseudonym "Taylor" during his long career in the industry to avoid accusations of nepotism. <mask> was also briefly engaged to Mary Gardner, the former wife of Hollywood director Otto Preminger. In 1959, Preminger was divorcing Mary and claimed Rennie was having an affair with her. In 1958, <mask> said he earned $117,000 a year which provided him with $36,000 net. Death
Under three years after leaving Hollywood, he journeyed to his mother's home in Harrogate, Yorkshire, following the death of his brother. It was there that he died suddenly of an aortic aneurysm on 10 June 1971. After his cremation, his ashes were interred in Harlow Hill Cemetery, Harrogate.Complete filmography

 Secret Agent (1936) as Army Captain (uncredited)
 The Man Who Could Work Miracles (1936) as San Francisco Cop (uncredited)
 Conquest of the Air (1936) (uncredited)
 Gypsy (1937) (uncredited)
 Gangway (1937) as Ship's Officer (uncredited)
 The Squeaker (1937) as Medical Examiner (uncredited)
 The Divorce of Lady X (1938) as Minor Role (uncredited)
 Bank Holiday (1938) as Guardsman (uncredited)
 This Man in Paris (1949) (uncredited)
 The Briggs Family (1940) as Plainclothes Policeman (uncredited)
 This Man Is Dangerous (1941) as Inspector
 Turned Out Nice Again (1941) as Diner (uncredited)
 Dangerous Moonlight (1941) as Kapulski
 "Pimpernel" Smith (1941) as Prison Camp Officer (uncredited)
 Tower of Terror (1941) as Anthony Hale
 Ships with

masks:
Rennie
Michael Rennie
Rennie


title: Michael Rennie

texts:
 Bernadotte
 Soldier of Fortune (1955) as Inspector Merryweather
 Seven Cities of Gold (1955) as Father Junipero Serra
 The Rains of Ranchipur (1955) as Lord Albert Esketh
 Teenage Rebel (1956) as Jay Fallon
 Island in the Sun (1957) as Hilary Carson
 Omar Khayyam (1957) as Hasani Sabah
 Battle of the V-1 (1958) as Stefan
 Third Man on the Mountain (1959) as Captain John Winter
 The Lost World (1960) as Lord John Roxton
 Mary, Mary (1963) as Dirk Winsten
 Mark Dolphin (1965, TV Movie)
 Ride Beyond Vengeance (1966) as Brooks Durham
 Mr. Paracelaus, Who Are You? Mundy
 Batman (1966) – as The Sandman – two episodes
 The Time Tunnel (1966), episode #1 "Rendezvous With Yesterday" – as the captain of the Titanic
 The F.B.I. (1967), episode "The Conspirators" as Conrad Letterman
 The Man from U.N.C.L.E.(1967), episode "The THRUSH Roulette Affair" as Barnaby Partridge
 The Invaders (1967), episode "The Innocent" as Magnus
 The Invaders (1968), episode "Summit Meeting" – two part episode. References

External links

 The Complete <mask> – Fan site

1909 births
1971 deaths
20th Century Fox contract players
20th-century English male actors
British World War II fighter pilots
British expatriate male actors in the United States
Deaths from aortic aneurysm
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English people of Scottish descent
Male actors from Yorkshire
People educated at The Leys School
People from Idle, West Yorkshire
Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Air Force pilots of World War II
Western


title: T. M. Varghese

texts:
T. M<mask> (1886–1961)  was an India freedom fighter, lawyer, statesman, former minister and politician from Kerala. He was born in a Mar <mask>a Syrian Christian family and the eldest son of <mask>th at Pallickal, (near Kayamkulam). His education was at Mavelikkara and Thiruvananthapuram. After graduating from the Law College, he began practicing at Kollam. There he actively started political activities. He was the foremost leader of the (Responsible government Struggle) struggle against C. P. Ramaswamy Iyer, the Dewan of Travancore State and Abstention movement or Nivarthana Prakshobham. Family life
At the age of 16 he married from Mavelikkara.His bride was only 9 years old. T. M<mask> had 11 children. T.M<mask>'s education was paid for by his paternal uncle P.T. John, a very wealthy prominent lawyer of his time. The family bought a piece of land near Kammankulam near Government Boys High School, Kollam. The lake near this land has interesting connections with Kallumala Samaram.Political career
He was the founder member of the Travancore State Congress party. He was a prominent figure in struggles towards democratization of Travancore. Abstention Movement. Soon after Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer popularly known as Sir C.P. was appointed as Dewan of Travancore, he appointed non native, Tamil Brahmin to all the top posts of Government. Against this the Nairs joined together and agitated. This is known as the “Malayali Memorial Agitation.” As a result of this, Maharaja of Travancore Chithira <mask> Balarama Varma issued a proclamation on October 21, 1932 to constitute a new State Assembly.This came into effect on January 1, 1933. As per this order, the seats were divided among the community as given below:

Total population 5,090,000 and the total seats in the Assembly 70. Christians, Ezhavas and Muslims who were contributing to economy significantly and were demographically

masks:
. Varghese
Thom
Mathai Thandaane
. Varghese
. Varghese
Thirunal


title: T. M. Varghese

texts:
 prominent were grossly underrepresented in terms of assembly seats. So under the leadership of <mask>. Varghese representatives of Christians, Ezhava and Muslim communities met the Diwan. The meeting didn't yield any results. T.M.<mask> realized that a government with no responsibility to the people was an anachronism.A meeting of the leaders of the three communities including C Kesavan was called at the L.M.S. hall, Thiruvananthapuram on January 25, 1933. They decided to stay united under T.M<mask> and abstain from the elections. This is known as Nivarthana Prakshobhanam (Abstention Movement). Joint Political Party. The Christians of Travancore met together at Thiruvananthapuram on November 21, 1932 and formed All Kerala Christian Union (Kerala Kristava Maha Sabha).A general meeting of this Union was held at Kozhencherry from May 9 to 11, 1935. On the first day T.M<mask> proposed a resolution that, “The election of the Travancore Legislative Assembly is not justifiable, the government officers have made unlawful influence in its formation, and it is against the wishes of Christian-Ezhava- Muslim people, it is requested that the government should immediately disband the present assembly and elect a new one.”

On the last day there was a meeting of All Kerala Joint Political Meeting. C. Kesavan one of the speakers said, “I am talking about C.P. (C. P. Ramaswami Iyer). We don’t require this pest. Travancore got a bad name after his arrival.This country will be gone to the dogs unless this man leaves.” (this is now known as C. Kesavan's Kozhencherry Address). This angered the Diwan Sir C.P. and C. Kesavan was arrested on June 7, 1935 and was sentenced to two years jail. Three lawyers T.M<mask>, K.T.<mask> and Barrister George Joseph appeared for C.Kesavan. All Kerala Joint Political Party (Samuktha Party) was formed and elected T.M<mask> as Chairman and K.T.<mask> as

masks:
T M
Varghese
. Varghese
. Varghese
. Varghese
Thomas
. Varghese
Thomas


title: T. M. Varghese

texts: Secretary.Because of all these, the government at last conceded their demands to a certain extent by introducing communal reservation in appointments to the public service. On August 1936 a new constitution was promulgated and election for the Travancore State Assembly was held on April–May, 1937. T.M<mask> won the election as a candidate of the All Kerala Joint Political Party. In the Sree Moolam Popular Assembly he was elected as Deputy Chairman. C. Kesavan who was put in jail in 1935 was released in 1937. Welcoming Kesavan at Kollam and Alapuzha, <mask>.<mask> said, “In the name of and on behalf of the 5.1 lakhs (5,10,000) of people of Travancore, I accord with pleasure, a hearty welcome to the most-self sacrificing individual C. Kesavan." Diwan was furious. As per his suggestion a no confidence motion was moved against the Deputy speaker. In the voting that followed 42 supported the motion, 24 was against and 2 abstained. Thus T.M<mask> was removed from his post as deputy speaker.State Congress. In February 1938, T.M<mask> tabled a motion to discuss the point “Responsible Government,” (Utharavaditha Bharanam - Government responsible to the people). Sir C.P. allowed this motion to be discussed. In the Assembly, T.M<mask> declared.“There is no need of a Diwan, in between the 5.1 million people of Travancore and their Maharaja.” Pattom <mask> Pillai and K.T<mask> spoke supporting the motion. On that day after coming out of the Assembly hall, they formed the Travancore State Congress. Arrests followed. Banks and newspapers were closed. Agitation spread. In 1938, a number of leaders and newspaper editors were assaulted.There was no enquiry on this. For discussion, T.M<mask> brought a resolution in the Assembly but Sir C.P. did not accept it. Finally on July 30, 1947 Travancore decided to join Indian Union. On August 15, India attained freedom. On 19, Sir C.P.resigned. The

masks:
. Varghese
T M
Varghese
. Varghese
. Varghese
. Varghese
Thanu
. Thomas
. Varghese


title: T. M. Varghese

texts:
 government issued a proclamation on September 4, 1947 stating the formation of a “Responsible Government.”

Minister. In the first general election to the Travancore legislative assembly after Travancore and Cochin were unified, T.M<mask> was elected from Pathanapuram (State Assembly constituency) and became minister of education. On October 17, 1948 the ministry resigned. In 1949, T.M<mask> was elected as the Speaker of the Assembly.Again in 1952 T.M<mask> became Home Minister in A. J. John's short lived ministry. Arts
He was instrumental in helping Kunchacko set up Udaya Pictures, the first prominent Kerala based film production company. He provided legal assistance to set up the company and also became a shareholder in it. Death and memorials
He died on 31st December 1961. The body was cremated at Marthoma Church Kollam. There is a park constructed in Kollam in memory of him and is maintained by Kollam Municipal Corporation.There is also a library in his name maintained by municipality situated near Ammachiveedu. See also

 C. Kesavan
Kumbalathu Sanku Pillai

References

 Kovoor, E. M. [1965]. T. M. <mask>, Current Books, Kerala. <mask>ew, N. M. [2007]. Malankara Mar Thoma sabha charitram, (History of the Mar Thoma church), Volume 2. Pub. : E. J.Institute, Thiruvalla, Kerala. <mask>, N. M. [2008]. Malankara Mar Thoma sabha charitram, (History of the Mar Thoma church), Volume 3. Pub. : E. J. Institute, Thiruvalla, Kerala. <mask>, A. Sreedhara [1967].A survey of Kerala history, S. Viswanathan Printers & Publishers, Chennai. External links
History of Kerala legislature

1886 births
1961 deaths
Mar Thoma Syrian Church
Politicians from Kollam
People from Kollam
People of the Kingdom of Travancore
20th-century Indian lawyers
Indian independence activists from Kerala
Malayali politicians
Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala
Members of the Kerala Legislative

masks:
. Varghese
. Varghese
. Varghese
Varghese
Math
Mathew
Menon


title: Bridey Murphy

texts:
<mask> is a purported 19th-century Irishwoman whom U.S. housewife Virginia Tighe (April 27, 1923 – July 12, 1995) claimed to be in a past life. The case was investigated by researchers and concluded to be the result of cryptomnesia. Hypnotic regression

In 1952, Colorado businessman and amateur hypnotist Morey Bernstein put housewife Virginia Tighe of Pueblo, Colorado, in a trance that sparked off startling revelations about Tighe's alleged past life as a 19th-century Irishwoman. Bernstein used a technique called hypnotic regression, during which the subject is gradually taken back to childhood. He then attempted to take Virginia one step further, before birth, and was astonished to find he was listening to <mask>. Tighe's tale began in 1806, when Bridey was eight years old and living in a house in Cork. She was the daughter of <mask>, a barrister, and his wife Kathleen.At the age of 17, she married barrister Sean Brian McCarthy, who she claimed taught at Queen's University Belfast, to which she moved. Tighe told of a fall that caused Bridey's death and of watching her own funeral, describing her tombstone and the state of being in life after death. It was, she recalled, a feeling of neither pain nor happiness. Somehow, she was reborn in America 59 years later, although Tighe/Bridey was not clear how this event happened. Tighe herself was born Virginia Mae Reese in the Midwest in 1923, had never been to Ireland, and did not speak with even the slightest hint of an Irish accent. Book publication and response

The story of <mask> <mask> was first told in a series of articles by William J. Barker, published in the Denver Post in 1954. In early 1956, Doubleday released a book by Bernstein, The Search for <mask>

masks:
Bridey Murphy
Bridey Murphy
Duncan Murphy
Bridey
Murphy
Bridey


title: Bridey Murphy

texts:
 <mask>.Movie rights had already been sold by the time of its publication (see below). At her insistence, Tighe was given the pseudonym "Ruth Mills Simmons". The Bridey Murphy craze
The best-selling book created a sensation; people would throw Bridey Murphy-themed "come as you were" parties and dances, and jokes abounded, such as cartoons of parents greeting newborns with "welcome back!" Popular songs of the time included "The Ballad of Bridey Murphy" by Fran Allison, "The Love of Bridey Murphy" by Billy Devroe's Devilaires, and "Do You Believe (In Reincarnation)" by Lalo Guerrero. There was a "Reincarnation cocktail". Stan Freberg recorded a satirical sketch in 1956 titled "The Quest For Bridey Hammerschlaugen", based on the LP containing excerpts of the actual first hypnosis session. Freberg hypnotizes Goldie Smith (voiced by June Foray) to regress her to different eras, with humorous interruptions by Smith.At the end, Smith hypnotizes Freberg, who becomes Davy Crockett. When Smith mocks him for not being able to profit on the recent Davy Crockett craze, Freberg says that in his next life, he "may be Walt Disney." The past-life themed 1956 film I've Lived Before is said to have been inspired by the craze. Research challenging the story
The biographical details related by Bridey were not rigorously checked before the book's publication. However, once the book had become a bestseller, almost every detail was thoroughly checked by reporters who were sent to Ireland to track down the background of the elusive woman. It was then that the first doubts about her "reincarnation" began to appear. Bridey said she was born on December 20, 1798, in Cork and that she had died in 1864.No record was found of either event. Also,


title: Bridey Murphy

texts: no evidence could be found of a wooden house called The Meadows, in which Bridey said she had lived, just of a place of that name near Cork. Additionally, during the 19th century, most houses in Ireland were made of brick or stone. Bridey pronounced her husband's name as "See-an", although Seán is typically pronounced "Shawn", especially in Ireland. Queen's University Belfast did not exist at the time Bridey claimed her husband was working there. Brian, which is what Bridey preferred to call her husband, was also the middle name of the man to whom Virginia Tighe was married. Tighe claimed Bridey went to a St. Theresa's Church, which did indeed exist, but it was not built until 1911, long after Bridey was said to have died.Some of the details provided by Tighe proved to be more authentic. For example, her descriptions of the Antrim coastline were very accurate, as was her account of a journey from Belfast to Cork. She recounted that the young Bridey shopped for provisions with a grocer named Farr; it was discovered that such a grocer had existed, although this may simply have been a coincidence. Some researchers came to the conclusion that the best way to discover the truth was to check back not to Ireland but rather to Tighe's own childhood and her relationship with her parents. Morey Bernstein stated that Tighe/Simmons was brought up by a Norwegian uncle and his German-Scottish-Irish wife. However, he did not mention that her birth parents were both partly Irish, and that she had lived with them until the age of three. He also did not mention that an Irish immigrant named Bridie <mask> (1892–1957) lived across the street from Tighe's childhood home in Chicago, Illinois.Bridie immigrated to the U.S. in 1908.


title: Bridey Murphy

texts:
 Although Tighe claimed that she did not know Mrs. Corkell's maiden name, Bridie's spinster sister <mask> was living with the Corkells in the 1930 census. Researchers noted that many of the elements Virginia Tighe described in Bridey's life corresponded to ones in her own childhood. Cryptomnesia has been frequently mentioned as an explanation for Tighe's memories. Because of correlations with Tighe's past life and discrepancies with the Ireland of the <mask> <mask> story's time, writers such as Michael Shermer consider any paranormal interpretation of the case to be "thoroughly disproven". Film adaptation
The Search for Bridey Murphy was made into a 1956 film of the same name. Produced by Paramount, the film starred Teresa Wright (as Ruth Simmons), Louis Hayward, and Nancy Gates.It was directed by Noel Langley. Later events
The New York Times, in Bernstein's obituary, characterized the eventual feelings held by supporters of the story:

Virginia Tighe disliked being in the spotlight and was skeptical about reincarnation, although in later years she stated: "Well, the older I get the more I want to believe in it." Despite these feelings, in 1966 she appeared on the TV panel game show To Tell the Truth. She died in Denver in 1995 (as The New York Times later put it, "perhaps for the second time"). Bernstein gave up hypnotism after <mask> <mask> and began working in business. Success followed, and he became a prominent local philanthropist. He died in Pueblo, Colorado, in 1999.References in popular culture
Bridey <mask>, a band consisting of Bill Cowsill, Paul Cowsill, Barry Cowsill, and Waddy Wachtel, released a single in 1974, "The Time Has Come." In Robert Wise's 1963 film The Haunting, Julie Harris' character is

masks:
Margaret Murphy
Bridey
Murphy
Bridey
Murphy
Murphy


title: Bridey Murphy

texts:
 jokingly accused of being a reincarnation of <mask> <mask> by Russ Tamblyn's character. In the Carl Barks-produced Scrooge McDuck comic book story "Back to Long Ago!" (1957), Scrooge and Donald Duck get hypnotized to find out about their past lives, learning of their existence as pirates in 1564. Scrooge's hired hypnotist, "Prof. Mesmer J. Spellcaster, H. P., D. H.," has a row of books on his office shelf that includes Quest for Tidie Brophy, Search for Lydie Burfee, Paging Gracie Macie, and The Search for Murphy's Bridie. In the movie Peggy Sue Got Married, Peggy's grandfather mentions reading a book about a woman in Colorado who claimed to have lived 159 years ago in Ireland. In the My Favorite Martian episode "Extra!Extra! Sensory Perception" The Search for <mask>'s Bridie is mentioned when Mrs Brown is accidentally regressed. See also
 On a Clear Day You Can See Forever, a 1965 Broadway musical with a past-life theme, loosely based on the 1926 play Berkeley Square
 The film version, released in 1970
Sidney Sheldon's "Tell Me Your Dreams pg 150. Notes

References

Further reading
Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science by Martin Gardner (Dover Publications, 1957)
A Scientific Report on "The Search for Bridey Murphy" by Milton V. Kline et al. (Julian Press, 1956) (OCLC: 543329)

External links
Search for Bridey Murphy (1956) - Entire movie (with hard subtitles). Accessed August 30, 2019. <mask> <mask> in the Skeptic's Dictionary

Cecil Adams on the Bridey Murphy controversy
Time magazine: Yes, Virginia, There Is a Bridey
 Lalo Guerrero's son sings "Do You Believe (In Reincarnation)", with an introduction explaining its connection to the Bridey <mask> craze

Hypnosis
Parapsychology
Popular

masks: Bridey Murphy Murphy Bridey Murphy Murphy


title: Billy Thompson (gunman)

texts:
<mask>, sometimes known as Texas <mask> (1845 – September 6, 1897) was an Old West gunman and gambler, and the younger brother of the famous gunman and lawman <mask>. The younger <mask> brother never achieved the fame that his brother achieved, and in his own lifetime was mainly referred to as the unpredictable and troubled younger brother of <mask>. Factually, however, while a dangerous man, he also was a formidable opponent in a gunfight. Early life, first gunfight

Born <mask> in Knottingley, Yorkshire, England, immigrating with his family and older brother to the United States as a child. His family settled in Texas, and during the American Civil War, both his brother and he volunteered for the Confederate Army. His older brother went on to fame as a gunman and later as a lawmen and chief of police for Austin, Texas. <mask> was more stable than his younger brother, having an even temperament, albeit accompanied by a deadly side if need be.Known as having a violent and quick temper, the younger <mask> often found himself in trouble, usually from violence. His first known gunfight was on March 31, 1868. That day, while attending a fist fight between a White man and an African American man, a US soldier named William Burke became upset that the townspeople favored the black man, this being partly because the army was seen by locals as an occupying force following the war. When he lashed out verbally at <mask>, the two argued, then later Burke apologized, asking to buy <mask> a drink. The two men spent two hours drinking, then went to a bordello together. They argued a few times over minor things during their time together, but for the most part, they seemed to have gotten along. After they entered the bordello, <mask> went upstairs with a prostitute, and for reasons unknown, William Burke again flared his

masks:
Billy Thompson
Billy Thompson
Ben Thompson
Thompson
Ben Thompson
William Thompson
Ben Thompson
Thompson
Billy
Billy
Billy Thompson


title: Billy Thompson (gunman)

texts:
 temper against <mask>, and began walking the halls shouting threats against him.Finding the room in which <mask> had entered, Burke kicked in the door armed with a pistol, and after the two exchanged shots, Burke fell badly wounded, and died the next day. Feeling he would certainly hang for killing a soldier, <mask> fled. Notoriety as a killer
<mask> quickly ran out of money, and sent word to his older brother, a habit he would never break. Two months after the Burke killing, while in Rockport, Texas, <mask> killed another man, Remus Smith, and again fled to avoid arrest. In that instance, Smith, an 18-year-old stable hand, slapped <mask>'s horse when it tried to nose in on some feed, which enraged <mask>. When he yelled at the boy, Smith, who was unarmed, told him to take off his pistols and come on, at which point <mask> drew his gun and shot the boy twice. Remus Smith was well liked in the area, and some of the county residents hunted for <mask> for the remainder of his lifetime.For five years, he stayed on the run, often contacting his brother to help him with money. On April 18, 1873, <mask> checked into the Grand Central Hotel in Ellsworth, Kansas. His older brother Ben joined him two months later, and the two set themselves up in the saloon, Joe Brennan’s, as house gamblers. At the time, Ellsworth was an extremely busy cattle town. Sheriff Chauncey Whitney was both well liked in the county, and extremely effective as a lawman. Within a short time of their arrival in town, both <mask> brothers became good friends with Whitney, but at the same time, often had bad experiences with local police officer John "Happy Jack" Morco. Officer Morco was well known for his boasting about how many men he had killed, often heard to say he had shot 12 men dead.On June 30, 1873, Morco arrested <mask> for carrying a weapon

masks:
Thompson
Billy
Thompson
Thompson
Billy Thompson
Billy
Thompson
Billy Thompson
Billy Thompson
Billy Thompson
Thompson
Billy Thompson


title: Billy Thompson (gunman)

texts: in town limits. Though angered, <mask> paid his fine. On August 15, 1873, <mask> was drinking heavily, and had become extremely intoxicated and vocal. Sheriff Whitney had planned to leave town that day with his family, but feeling <mask> might get himself into trouble, he chose to remain in town. That day, <mask> introduced John Sterling into a high-stakes game, on the pretense that due to his introduction, <mask> would take a percentage of any winnings. When Sterling left the saloon with over $1,000, without offering <mask> his share, the latter sought him out. He found Sterling in another saloon, in the company of John Morco.When <mask> demanded his cut of the winnings, Sterling, aware that <mask> was unarmed, slapped him. John Morco then pulled his pistol and backed <mask> away. Morco and Sterling then stood outside the saloon, yelling for <mask> to come out and fight. <mask>, hearing of his brother's troubles, ran to help him. Both brothers armed themselves, and walked out into the street. Hearing of the trouble, Sheriff Whitney responded, unarmed, and confronted the <mask>s, imploring them to accompany him for a drink and talk the situation over, to which they agreed. As they walked to Brennan's, Morco and Sterling moved to intercept them.When another Texan yelled a warning to <mask>, the latter turned and fired a rifle shot at the pair, and heard his brother fire his shotgun from behind him. Turning, <mask> saw his friend Sheriff Whitney wither to the ground, shot. Believed to have been accidental, <mask> did not rush to flee. <mask>, upon seeing what had happened, stated, "My <mask>, you have shot your best friend", to which <mask> responded, "I'm sorry", followed by Whitney stating, "He did not intend to do it, it was an accident, send for my family". According to later witnesses, <mask> was not looking

masks:
Thompson
Billy Thompson
Billy
Ben Thompson
Thompson
Ben Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Ben Thompson
Billy Thompson
Thompson
Ben Thompson
Ben Thompson
Billy Thompson
Ben Thompson
God Billy
Billy
Billy Thompson


title: Billy Thompson (gunman)

texts: at Whitney, as Whitney was standing to his side, and had his shotgun cocked, with one barrel suddenly going off. In later versions of that shooting, it was said his response to his brother Ben, when the latter said, "you've shot your best friend", was, "I'd have shot him if he'd been Jesus Christ". That never happened, nor was it ever said, a fact verified by witnesses years later at his trial.It would be the main fact of <mask>'s life that over the decades since has become completely distorted from what actually happened. However, rumors such as that fueled his notoriety, in the shadow of his older brother's fame. Despite the shooting being accidental, <mask> forced <mask> on a horse and ordered him to flee town, but instead of riding fast, he simply rode slowly through, yelling for anyone who wanted to fight to come get him. Ben feared, probably wisely, that regardless of the circumstances surrounding the shooting, <mask> would be lynched. Sheriff Whitney died on August 18, 1873, resulting in a $500 reward being placed on <mask>. Morco and Officer Ed Hogue ran Neil Cain, a Texas cowboy and friend to the <mask> brothers, out of town at gun point. John "Happy Jack" Morco was fired over his having instigated the trouble, but not before he issued a warrant against <mask> for assault, resulting in officer Ed Hogue arresting Ben.A short time later, the town council dismissed the entire police force, replacing it with new personnel. Citizens vocally expressed their anger toward visiting Texas cowboys in town from cattle drives. Town Marshal Ed Crawford instigated a dispute, then beat one Texas cowboy, Cad Pierce, to death with his pistol during an arrest, after first shooting him in the side, and groups of vigilantes roamed the streets looking to run out of town any Texans they found causing trouble. Not long after

masks:
Billy Thompson
Ben Thompson
Billy
Billy
Billy Thompson
Thompson
Ben Thompson