title: George Fried

texts:
 the rope. By the time the Floridas captain had been pulled on board the lifeboat as the last man, winds were gale force, and the seas were rough and high. After rowing the lifeboat back to the America, her sailors helped haul aboard the survivors of the Florida using ladders, ropes, cargo nets, and two homemade breeches buoy. The breeches buoys were basically zip lines tied from America's large life raft containing the rescued crew of the Florida to the waiting America. <mask> became a national hero when his account of the story was widely distributed by newspapers. In 1931, <mask> rescued Lew Aichers when his plane crashed fifteen miles off the coast of Ireland.On November 30, 1931, <mask> took command of the United States Lines' , launched from Camden, New Jersey. She was a 705-foot long, 30,000-ton merchantman. During his career with United States Lines, <mask> also captained the  for three trips during the illness of her Captain A. B. Randall. With his exceptional career well established, <mask> commanded the luxury ocean liner , first launched on August 20, 1932. She would become the flag ship of the United States Lines from 1934 to 1940. Retirement
After nearly half a century with the Navy and Merchant Marine, <mask> retired in 1946.In retirement, he enjoyed reading, gardening, and spending time with his wife Laura. He died in Yonkers, New York on July 25, 1949,  and was buried at Mount Hope Cemetery at Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. References

External links

1877 births
1949 deaths
People from Worcester, Massachusetts
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
United States Navy personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United

masks:
Fried
Fried
Fried
Fried
Fried
George Fried


title: Alan Wright

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 28 September 1971) is an English football manager and former professional footballer. He was a left back who has played over 750 league and cup games for eight clubs, including an eight-year spell in the Premier League for Aston Villa. He has also played for Blackburn Rovers, Blackpool, Middlesbrough and Sheffield United plus he has had loan spells at Derby County, Leeds United, Cardiff City, Doncaster Rovers and Nottingham Forest. He finished his career with spells at Cheltenham Town and Fleetwood Town. He was capped twice by the England U21 team in 1992. Following retirement <mask> was part of the coaching staff at Blackpool before going on to have spells as manager of Northwich Victoria and Southport. Club career

Blackpool and Blackburn Rovers
<mask> was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire.He began his career as a trainee at Blackpool, for whom he made 98 league appearances between April 1989 and October 1991. The new Blackburn Rovers manager Kenny Dalglish noticed <mask>, and brought him to Ewood Park as his first signing for £500,000, making him Blackpool's most expensive sale as well as the most expensive sale by any Fourth Division club. He spent four years at Ewood Park, but, after the arrival of England left back Graeme Le Saux, made only 67 appearances, seven as a substitute. He left Blackburn just before they won the Premier League title in the 1994–95 season. Aston Villa
Wright was signed from Blackburn Rovers for a fee of £1,000,000 in February 1995, brought to the club by then Villa manager Brian Little. <mask> made an immediate impact. His first goal for Aston Villa came later nearly a year after his arrival when he found the net against Middlesbrough, opening the scoring in a two-goal victory on New Year's Day 1996, in which <mask> was also in a defence that kept a clean sheet.<mask> scored one other goal

masks:
Alan Geoffrey Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright


title: Alan Wright

texts:
 that season, rounding off the scoring in a 3–0 home defeat of Leeds United. <mask> was also part of the Aston Villa 1996 League Cup winning side, beating Leeds again, this time at Wembley. In the 1996–97 season, <mask> scored only once, this time against Wimbledon, scoring the second in a 2–0 win. Despite playing in the majority of the fixtures in the 1997–98 season, <mask> failed to find the net. He appeared in the Aston Villa side that lost the 2000 FA Cup Final to Chelsea. With the emergence of the younger J Lloyd Samuel from the Villa academy, he transferred to Middlesbrough for free in August 2003. To date, <mask> is currently in third place in Aston Villa's European appearances list, having made 26 appearances between September 1996 (a draw with Helsingborgs IF) and July 2002 (a 2–0 loss to FC Zürich), behind Gordon Cowans and Dennis Mortimer on 29.Sheffield United
<mask> appeared only twice for Middlesbrough, one a 4–0 reverse at home to Arsenal, before being loaned out to Championship side Sheffield United on 31 October 2003, signing for them permanently on 12 January 2004. He scored his first goal for United in a 2–1 loss against Nottingham Forest on 3 April 2004. Playing in the Championship, <mask> continued his impressive disciplinary record (never sent off to date) and was also part of the Sheffield United side that upset Aston Villa 3–1 in the 3rd round of the FA Cup in the 2004–05 season. <mask> made a couple of appearances for United at the start of the 2006–07 season, the last against Arsenal on 23 September 2006. Since then he was sent out on loan playing 1 game with Leeds United and seven games for Cardiff City. On 16 February 2007 he joined Doncaster Rovers on a month's loan. <mask> joined Nottingham Forest on loan until the end of the 2006–07 season in March 2007, where he linked up with former Aston Villa teammate

masks: Wright Wright Wright Wright Wright Wright Wright Wright


title: Alan Wright

texts:
 Colin Calderwood, ostensibly as cover for the suspended Julian Bennett.<mask> extended his loan with Nottingham Forest in May 2007 and played in the League One play-off semi-final against Yeovil Town, in which he scored an own goal. He was released by Sheffield United in May 2007. Cheltenham Town
In July 2007, <mask> was offered a trial by Oldham Athletic but eventually joined Cheltenham Town on non-contract basis on 8 October 2007. He subsequently signed a contract until the end of the 2007–08 season. He scored his first goal for Cheltenham in a 2–2 draw with Crewe Alexandra on 27 October 2007. Fleetwood Town
In July 2009, <mask> signed for Conference North outfit Fleetwood Town. During his first season for Fleetwood he played over 30 matches for the club including all 3 play-off matches to help the club win promotion to Conference National for the first time in their history.The club finished 2nd, 1 point behind winners Southport. He was not offered a new contract at the end of the 2010–11 season and was released, along with a number of other players. International career
<mask> played for the England U21s twice in 1992. He was also called up to Terry Venables' England squad in January 1996 and April 1996, but ultimately was never capped for the senior side. Coaching career
In June 2011, <mask> was named as a coach at Blackpool F.C. 's Centre of Excellence. He went on to become assistant manager during Steve Thompson's spell as caretaker manager in 2013.<mask> was appointed assistant manager to Paul Simpson at non-league Northwich Victoria in February 2012 and worked in this role alongside existing duties at Blackpool. However, he departed after only a month to accept a job in Portugal. On 21 February 2012 against Rushall Olympic, <mask> took control in Simpson's absence. <mask> remained in his role as assistant manager to incoming


title: Alan Wright

texts:
 manager Martin Foyle. At the end of the 2011–12 season <mask> became the caretaker manager after Foyle's departure to Hereford United, leaving the role after Lee Ashcroft was given the job full-time. On 15 May 2013, <mask> was appointed Southport manager, succeeding Liam Watson who resigned to take over at Telford United. He appointed John Hills as his assistant manager.<mask>'s first signing for Southport was ex Barrow and Fleetwood Town goalkeeper Danny Hurst. Personal life
His position was left back, and he is known for being one of the shortest players in Premier League history standing at only 5 feet 4 inches tall hence his popular nickname 'the mighty atom'. <mask> was inducted into the Hall of Fame at Bloomfield Road, when it was officially opened by former Blackpool player Jimmy Armfield in April 2006. Organised by the Blackpool Supporters' Association, Blackpool fans around the world voted on their all-time heroes. Five players from each decade are inducted; <mask> is in the 1980s. Honours
Blackpool
Football League Fourth Division play-offs: 1990–91

Aston Villa
Football League Cup: 1995–96

References

Further reading

External links

1971 births
Living people
Footballers from Ashton-under-Lyne
English footballers
England under-21 international footballers
Aston Villa F.C. players
Blackburn Rovers F.C.players
Blackpool F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. non-playing staff
Derby County F.C. players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Leeds United F.C.players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Cheltenham Town F.C. players
Fleetwood Town F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
Southport F.C. managers
Association football defenders
English football managers
FA Cup

masks: Wright Wright Wright Wright Wright


title: Barbu Nemțeanu

texts: <mask> (pen name of Benjamin Deutsch; October 1, 1887 – May 30, 1919) was a Romanian poet, humorist and translator, active on the modernist wing of the Romanian Symbolist movement. Of Jewish Romanian background, he lived much of his life in the port city of Galați, which provided him with poetic inspiration, but whose provincial life sparked in him intellectual revolt. Orphaned and leaving school at an early age, then diagnosed with tuberculosis, he found meager employment as a clerk, but, throughout, maintained confidence in his poetic genius. Nemțeanu's Symbolism blended with socialism, but also with a lasting admiration for his adoptive Romanian culture, allowing him to publish pseudonymous work in traditionalist-antisemitic reviews such as Neamul Românesc. He was also one of the Symbolists who frequented the Convorbiri Critice circle, becoming personal friends with its leader, Mihail Dragomirescu. Nemțeanu was prolific as a translator of Weimar classics, German romanticists, and Yiddish literature, and then expanded his reach, learning French and contribution Romanian renditions of works by Charles Baudelaire, Tristan Klingsor, and Oscar Wilde. He continued to write despite his mounting financial problems, a bankruptcy audit, and recurrent hospitalization, even contributing a set of sanitarium-themed elegies.Sponsored by his literary friends, he survived through World War I, but died only months after the November Armistice, while recovering from surgery on his lungs. In its final stage, his Symbolism had transitioned into one of the "intimist" poems, unpretentiously versifying the rhythms of bland life, but on a progressively experimental pattern. Published by mainstream reviews such as Flacăra, they were for a while the center of a literary controversy, attacked by the classicist


title: Barbu Nemțeanu

texts:
 Duiliu Zamfirescu, and ridiculed by the more radical modernists. Biography

Debut years
Nemțeanu was born Benjamin Deutsch into a Jewish family, either in Galați or, according to other records, to the south of it, in Călărași. His parents were Iacob Deutsch, who taught at the Israelite School, and his wife Sanina, also a teacher. As reported by editor H. Fischer-Galați, who was the poet's close friend, Barbu was "small and pale", with the "unfortunate heredity of a drunkard father". Benjamin considered himself assimilated, to the point of espousing Romanian nationalism.As Fischer-Galați recounts, Nemțeanu stated that he felt jealousy toward natives and antisemites such as A. C. Cuza, because they could claim Romania as their country. After his father died prematurely, ca. 1901, Nemțeanu was the family's sole breadwinner, finding employment as an office intern. He managed to attend high school in Galați, his first published work appearing in the local weekly Înainte, in 1904, followed by contributions in the Bucharest review Dumineca. He continued to educate himself at night school although, by then, he was already showing signs of tuberculosis. An optimist, he believed that he would eventually be cured. Nemțeanu also frequented the local literary circles of Galați and Western Moldavia at large, befriending writers Avram Steuerman-Rodion and Ion Pribeagu, and later also <mask> Lăzăreanu, Eugeniu Botez and Constantin Graur.He wanted to achieve literary fame on his own, and organized a poetry festival with funds collected from the community of merchants and artisans. When one complained that the tickets were expensive, at 5 lei a piece, Nemțeanu answered back: "pay 5 now or in two years you'll be paying 20 for my statue." According to a 1921 note in Cele Trei Crișuri, "dropped into a world of


title: Barbu Nemțeanu

texts:
 at least one Romanian textbook still included "one of my poems and two of <mask> <mask>'s". A reevaluation of Nemțeanu's work also took place after the establishment of Communist Romania. In 1969, samples of his Baudelaire renditions were included in a definitive corpus of best Romanian translations from Les Fleurs du mal (most of these contributions were by Alexandru A. Philippide). Nemțeanu's life and work were revisited during the late stages of communism by researcher Ovid Crohmălniceanu, as one of Crohmălniceanu's main contributions in Revista Cultului Mozaic. Such works marked Crohmălniceanu's return to his Jewish roots, and included memoirs of his own childhood in Galați. Work
Beyond its rejection by Zamfirescu, Nemțeanu's work was also given poor ratings by other critics of the period. Already in 1927, Eugen Lovinescu included him among the "troubadours" whose poetic matter was "perishable", "unacceptable in this day."Lovinescu finds that only the "chocolate-cow" lyrics showed an ability to meet modernist standards, but that they came too late in Nemțeanu's life. The same was noted by Felix Aderca, Lovinescu's colleague, who divided Nemțeanu's work into alive and dead "elements", noting that the classicist Dragomirescu had given undue weight to the latter. At his worst, Aderca notes, Nemțeanu had embodied "the mediocrity of his age", "whatever was inevitable in the poetry of Carol Scrob". His Goethe translations were panned by the Germanist Ion Gherghel, who noted that they sacrificed meter and added imagery to the original text: "One can tell that Benjamin Deutsch, disguised as <mask> Nemțeanu, is in over his head, his meager powers of no use here". However, Nemțeanu has also gathered favorable notice, in particular for his "poems in pencil, capturing the pathos of everyday life

masks: Barbu Nemțeanu Barbu


title: William E. Moerner

texts:
<mask> (born June 24, 1953) is an American physical chemist and chemical physicist with current work in the biophysics and imaging of single molecules. He is credited with achieving the first optical detection and spectroscopy of a single molecule in condensed phases, along with his postdoc, Lothar Kador. Optical study of single molecules has subsequently become a widely used single-molecule experiment in chemistry, physics and biology. In 2014, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Pleasanton, California, in 1953 June 24 the son of Bertha Frances (Robinson) and <mask>. He was a boy scout, with the Boy Scouts of America and became an Eagle Scout. He attended Washington University in St. Louis for undergraduate studies as an Alexander S. Langsdorf Engineering Fellow, and obtained three degrees: a B.S.in physics with Final Honors, a B.S. in electrical engineering with Final Honors, and an A.B. in mathematics summa cum laude in 1975. This was followed by graduate study, partially supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship, at Cornell University in the group of Albert J. Sievers III. Here he received an M.S. degree and a Ph.D. degree in physics in 1978 and 1982, respectively. His doctoral thesis was on vibrational relaxation dynamics of an IR-laser-excited molecular impurity mode in alkali halide lattices.Throughout his school years, <mask> was a straight A student from 1963 to 1982, and won both the Dean's Award for Unusually Exceptional Academic Achievement as well as the Ethan A. H. Shepley Award for Outstanding Achievement when he graduated from

masks:
William Esco Moerner
Moerner
William Alfred Moerner
Moerner


title: William E. Moerner

texts:
 college. Career and work
<mask> worked at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California, as a Research Staff Member from 1981 to 1988, a Manager from 1988 to 1989, and Project Leader from 1989 to 1995. After an appointment as Visiting Guest Professor of Physical Chemistry at ETH Zurich (1993–1994), he assumed the Distinguished Chair in Physical Chemistry in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of California, San Diego, from 1995 to 1998. In 1997 he was named the Robert Burns Woodward Visiting Professor at Harvard University. His research group moved to Stanford University in 1998 where he became Professor of Chemistry (1998), Harry S. Mosher Professor (2003), and Professor, by courtesy, of Applied Physics (2005). <mask> was appointed Department Chair for Chemistry from 2011 to 2014. His current areas of research and interest include: single-molecule spectroscopy and super-resolution microscopy, physical chemistry, chemical physics, biophysics, nanoparticle trapping, nanophotonics, photorefractive polymers, and spectral hole-burning.As of May 2014, Moerner was listed as a faculty advisor in 26 theses written by Stanford graduate students. As of May 16, 2014, there are 386 publications listed in Moerner's full CV. Recent editorial and advisory boards Moerner has served on include: Member of the Board of Scientific Counselors for the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB); Advisory Board Member for the Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academica Sinica, Taiwan; Advisory Editorial Board Member  for Chemical Physics Letters; Advisory Board Member for

masks: Moerner Moerner


title: William E. Moerner

texts:
 the Center for Biomedical Imaging at Stanford. ; and Chair of the Stanford University Health and Safety Committee. Awards and honors
Moerner is the recipient of a number of awards and honors. They include: National Winner of the Outstanding Young Professional Award for 1984, from the electrical engineering honorary society, Eta Kappa Nu, April 22, 1985; IBM Outstanding Technical Achievement Award for Photon-Gated Spectral Hole-Burning, July 11, 1988; IBM Outstanding Technical Achievement Award for Single-Molecule Detection and Spectroscopy, November 22, 1992; Earle K. Plyler Prize for Molecular Spectroscopy, American Physical Society, 2001; Wolf Prize in Chemistry, 2008; Irving Langmuir Award in Chemical Physics, American Physical Society, 2009; Pittsburgh Spectroscopy Award, 2012; Peter Debye Award in Physical Chemistry, American Chemical Society, 2013; the Engineering Alumni Achievement Award, Washington University, 2013; and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2014. Moerner also holds more than a dozen patents.His honorary memberships include Senior Member, IEEE, June 17, 1988, and Member, National Academy of Sciences, 2007. He is also a Fellow of the Optical Society of America, May 28, 1992; the American Physical Society, November 16, 1992; the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2001; and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2004. Personal life
<mask> was born on June 24, 1953, at Parks Air Force Base in Pleasanton, California. From birth, his family called him by his initials W. E. as a way to distinguish him from his father and grandfather who are also named <mask>. He grew up in Texas where he

masks: Moerner William


title: William E. Moerner

texts:
 attended Thomas Jefferson High School in San Antonio. He participated in many activities during high school: Band, Speech and Debate, Math and Science Contest Team, Bi-Phy-Chem, Masque and Gavel, National Honor Society, Boy Scouts, Amateur Radio Club, Russian Club, Forum Social Club, Toastmasters, "On the Spot" Team and Editor of Each has Spoken. <mask> and his wife, Sharon, have one son, Daniel.References

External links
 Chemistry Tree: <mask><mask> Details
 W. E. Moerner Laboratory Homepage at Stanford University
 W. E<mask> Profile at Stanford University
 W. E<mask> Profile at Visible Legacy
 Google Scholar Profile for W. E<mask>
 Microsoft Academic Search pagefor W. E<mask>
 List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis
 Description of <mask>'s work: Alumni Alumni Achievement Award from Washington University

People from San Antonio
Jefferson High School (San Antonio, Texas) alumni
Cornell University alumni
Stanford University Department of Chemistry faculty
1953 births
Living people
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
Wolf Prize in Chemistry laureates
Spectroscopists
Microscopists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
American physical chemists
American Nobel laureates
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
Nobel laureates affiliated with Missouri
Fellows of the Optical Society
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
American people of German descent
People from Los Altos, California
Washington University physicists
Washington University in St. Louis

masks:
Moerner
William E
. Moerner
. Moerner
. Moerner
. Moerner
. Moerner
Moerner


title: Rosa Jochmann

texts:
<mask> (19 July 1901 – 28 January 1994) was an Austrian resistance activist and  Ravensbrück concentration camp survivor who became a politician (SPÖ). Life

Provenance and early years
<mask> was born in the 20th district of Vienna, the fourth of her parents' six children. Her father worked as an iron foundryman:  her mother worked in domestic service and as a laundry worker. While she was still very young the family moved to the 11th district (Simmering Viertel), in the southeast of the city, where they lived in a succession of rented rooms until 1912 when they moved into an apartment in the one of the new so-called "Krankenkassenhäusern" (social housing – literally: "sickness insurance houses") which had been built at the instigation of the socialist politician Laurenz Widholz, alongside the "Braunhubergasse" (street). She would still be living in southeast Vienna seventy years later. Her parents had both migrated to the capital from Moravia, where her father had been active in the Social democratic movement. Her mother grew up in a Roman Catholic family.The language spoken at home was for the most part Czech – sometimes identified in contemporary sources as "Bemisch". Jochmann later recalled that her father had never really learned German. He was, according to at least one source, frequently unemployed because of his reputation as a political activist. His daughter later recalled in an interview that he "was a Social Democrat who never went to church, but [the children always] had to say their prayers". The <mask> children grew up bilingual. When <mask>mann was fourteen her mother died, aged just forty-one from multiple sclerosis (or, according to other sources, exhaustion). Jochmann later told an interviewer that she had by this time been

masks:
Rosa Jochmann
Rosa Jochmann
Jochmann
Rosa Joch


title: Rosa Jochmann

texts:
 nursing her sick mother for six years.She now became the principal carer for her two surviving younger sisters, Josefine (Peperle) and Anna (Antschi), while also looking after her father. War had broken out in 1914 and <mask>'s brother, Karl, returned with Tuberculosis, the "Viennese sickness" / "Wiener Krankheit" as it is described in one source. Karl died in 1920. In his later years her father had a large red scar on his shoulder which had been inflicted  with a sabre by a government official on a horse who had been policing a street protest. <mask> was with her father at the demonstration, conducted in order to press for voting rights, when her father received his injury. Like his wife, he never reached old age, dying in 1920 at around the same time as his only son. Work
As a child it was <mask>'s ambition to become a nun and teacher, or a mother.When she was eleven, as a top student at her school, she was able to complete a typing and stenography course, which under other circumstances might have opened the way to a teaching career, but her domestic situation closed off that option. Nor would she ever become a mother. In 1915 she started work as an assistant with Victor Schmidt & Söhne, a long established Viennese manufacturer of sweets/candy. Because she was relatively young (and despite her domestic responsibilities) she earned only half as much as older workers, even though she was just as productive as they were. This gave rise to a sense of injustice which would become a theme of her later political activism. Then, because of the war, she was conscripted for work at a cable factory. Here, during a night shift, she dozed off and crushed a finger on the flywheel of a winding-drum.She transferred to the Apollo candle factory (today part

masks:
Rosa
Rosa
Rosa Jochmann


title: Rosa Jochmann

texts:
 of Unilever), after which she ended up at the Auer gas mantle plant. Early on she became a works council member and active trades unionist. In 1920 colleagues at Auer elected her chair of the works council. Political career
Jochmann's union activism continued, and increasingly came to embrace a wider political activism. In 1926 the head of the Chemical Workers Union, Julius Weiß, arranged for her to be a member of the first group of students at the newly established Workers' Academy ("Arbeiterhochschule") in Vienna 19 (Döbling). She was one of very few women attending the wide ranging six month course which she completed successfully. Topics included Applied Economics ("Nationalökonomie"), Public and Civil Law ("Staats- und Sozialrecht") and Rhetoric.Her teachers included future leaders of the Social Democratic movement in Austria, such as Otto Bauer and Karl Renner. Still aged only 25, she emerged to be appointed union secretary of the Chemical Workers Union. <mask> also joined the Social Democratic Party ("Sozialdemokratischen Arbeiterpartei" / SDAP) in 1926. She attended that year's party conference, at which the important new party programme was adopted, as an observer, viewing from the visitors' gallery. Very quickly, however, she moved up the party hierarchy. In 1932 she became a member of the party Women's Secretariat. In 1933, at the last party conference before the SDAP was banned, <mask> and Helene Postranecky (1903–1995) were elected to the party national executive in succession to Adelheid Popp (1869–1939) and Therese Schlesinger (1863–1940).Austrofascism
During the four day February Uprising in 1934 <mask> was installed inside the Republican Protection League headquarters at George Washington Court. From there she stenographed

masks:
Rosa Jochmann
Rosa Jochmann
Rosa Jochmann


title: Rosa Jochmann

texts: radio messages, updating the outside world about the progress of the fighting, and then delivering texts to Otto Bauer and Julius Deutsch in the next door room. The insurgency collapsed after the government called in the army. On the night of 12 February 1934 <mask> was one of those who persuaded the leader of the party, Otto Bauer, that for him to remain in Austria would be personally fatal. Bauer escaped across the border to the north, and would spend the next four years as a political exile in Brno. He instantly resigned the party leadership, but during the difficult years that followed was able to remain in frequent contact with former party comrades as an advisor and inspiration. All the individuals who had been members of the party national executive faced charges of high treason:  most were arrested in the days following the armed altercation.Directly after the February events the SDAP was expressly outlawed, in the context of a more far reaching programme of destruction by the Dollfuß government, aimed at Austria's democratic political structure. Jochmann managed to evade immediate capture and continued with – now illegal – party work while using a forged identity card as "Josefine Drechsler" (which was her younger sister's name). She was able to remain at liberty for more than half a year, and was at the centre of attempts to create an illegal successor organisation to the SDAP. On 26 February 1934 five political comrades who had not been arrested met in a private apartment in Vienna 9:  Manfred Ackermann, Roman Felleis, Karl Holoubek, <mask> und Ludwig Kostroun initially described themselves as the "national group of five" ("zentralen Fünfergruppe"), but were very soon identifying themselves as the "Central Committee of the

masks:
Jochmann
Rosa Jochmann


title: Rosa Jochmann

texts:
 Revolutionary Socialists" ("Zentralkomitee der Revolutionären Sozialisten"). The Revolutionary Socialist movement concentrated on building opposition to the Austrofascist régime. Jochmann addressed illegal rallies, participated in "conferences and actions" and engaged in the distribution of printed material. Armed with her sister's identity card, she made repeated visits to the Czechoslovak frontier near Brno, from where she smuggled leaflets and bundles of the illegal "Arbeiterzeitung" ("Workers' Newspaper") into Austria.There was a widespread perception that the Austrofascist régime would not last, and Revolutionary Socialist political activity, though illegal, was still relatively brazen during the middle part of 1934. Leaflets were distributed and stickers applied to walls and street furniture. There were even public meetings. A commemorative rally was scheduled for 15 July 1934 at the Predigtstuhl Meadows in the Wienerwald (Vienna Woods), just outside the city. Jochmann was due to speak. As she began to address several hundred people the local police, backed up by the gendarmerie stormed the event. Two people were shot."More gendarmes turned up and our people tried to defend themselves. Shots were fired and many people fled. You heard screaming and moaning." Arrest

On 30 August 1934 <mask> arrived at the railway station in Wiener Neustadt carrying two brief cases. She was observed by a police informer as she approached a newspaper kiosk. She was intending to hand over Revolutionary Socialist political leaflets for onward distribution. Police appeared as she reached the kiosk.They arrested Jochmann, confiscated the leaflets and searched the kiosk." <mask> was detained at Wiener Neustadt for three months before the prosecutor's office

masks:
Rosa Jochmann
Jochmann


title: Rosa Jochmann

texts: ordered that she be transferred back to Vienna, where she was held in investigative detention at the Rossauer Lände jail (known to inmates as the "Liesl") on behalf of the Vienna district court. By 22 November 1935 <mask> would have spent fifteen months in jail, most of which comprised pre-trial detention. Records survive of her interrogation sessions, which when first she was incarcerated often took place several times per day over a succession of days. The investigators were trying to reconstruct the events of the February Uprising, the identities of those involved and their connections with the Republican Protection League. It as not till April 1935 that she was convicted and sentenced. She was guilty of carrying illegal goods – the political printed matter – which was a violation of Press Law.More serious convictions resulted from the police search of the newspaper kiosk at the railway station. The prosecution asserted that evidence had been found for the training of the so-called "tens of thousands", a quasi-military structure created to engage in illegal activities, and that <mask> had been serving as a messenger on behalf of the illegal organisation. Further evidence adduced against her involved records of financial transfers as well as a travel card issued by the Lower-Austria rail service which (correctly) included a photograph of <mask>mann but was issued (incorrectly) in the name of her sister, Josefine Drechsler. Her release, which came in November 1935, did little to reduce the pressure on her. She devoted the next few months to looking after friends awaiting their own trials. Comrades who faced trial in Vienna in March 1936 included Bruno Kreisky and Franz Jonas along with Maria Emhart and <mask>'s own partner, the future secretary

masks:
Rosa Jochmann
Jochmann
Rosa Joch
Jochmann


title: Rosa Jochmann

texts:
 of state Franz Rauscher. Re-arrest
On 12 March 1938 German troops marched into Austria.Newsreels showing Austrian crowds cheering the invading columns of soldiers were quickly distributed round the world, but many Austrians, especially those who had been involved in opposition to the Austrofascist régime, had little reason to celebrate Austria's incorporation into an enlarged German state under the control of a post democratic Nazi government. <mask> was arrested and faced interrogation later that same month, but was released after two days. Her high-profile record of Social-Democrat activism meant that she remained in obvious danger, but she rejected the opportunity to flee the country. She remained in Vienna and took work with a Jewish owned textiles company in Vienna's central Salzgries district. <mask> was re-arrested on 22 August 1939. She was held by the Gestapo in Vienna for more than half a year. This period of uncertainty ended in March 1940 when she was marked out for "protective custody" and placed on a train to Germany.She was accompanied by the ominous note on her detention order "Rückkehr unerwünscht" (loosely "not to be sent back"). On 21 March 1940 she was delivered to the concentration camp at Ravensbrück,   roughly an hour to the north of Berlin for those able to make the journey by car. Here she survived till liberation came in the early summer of 1945. Ravensbrück
Ravensbrück concentration camp held approximately 132,000 women and children, 20,000 men and 1,000 "female young people", who came, according to registration data, from more than forty nations. Tens of thousands would be murdered or would die from hunger and illness. In the camp developed a close practical comradeship and personal friendship with her political

masks:
Rosa Jochmann
Rosa Jochmann


title: Rosa Jochmann

texts: soul-mate, the resistance activist (who faced additional dangers because the authorities had classified her as a half-Jew) Erna Raus (later. Erna Musik).Through the intervention of a fellow inmate, the economist-politician Käthe Leichter, <mask> found herself appointed a "block senior" in the so-called "politicals'" block till 1943. Appointing inmates to undertake administrative roles gave the camp guards more time for their own priorities. The position was one of privilege but also of heightened political risk. It could provide opportunities to mediate between inmates and the camp authorities, and Jochmann was sometimes able to get together with others in order to arrange extra food rations or medication in cases of exceptional need. <mask> seems to have managed to find in herself a greater level of physical and mental strength than many. But she still had to stand idly by as her friend and political soulmate  Käthe Leichter was taken away to Auschwitz to be murdered. As block senior she took a particular interest in looking after children in ways that increased their chances of surviving the camp.Testimony to that appeared at the end of her life in the form of numerous written expressions of appreciation from those whom she had helped. She also sustained a number of "pen pal" friendships with people she had known at Ravensbrück. Darker aspects of her role included the two times she was locked up in the so-called "bunker", the first time for a few weeks and the second time for over six months. A fellow inmate, whom other camp survivors would later  identify as a "spy", had denounced her to the Nazi paramilitaries in charge. After the camp was liberated by Soviet forces in April 1945 <mask> was one of many who stayed on for several weeks to help

masks:
Rosa Jochmann
Jochmann
Rosa Jochmann


title: Rosa Jochmann

texts:
 care for survivors. From Austria there came no evidence of any official offer to return the Austrian Ravensbrück survivors across the mountains back to their home country. <mask> therefore traveled to Vienna with the communist Friederike "Friedl" Sinclair and negotiated the provision of transport with the Soviet military commander there.She then returned to the camp and helped organise the repatriation. Traveling home with fellow survivors she celebrated her forty-fourth birthday. In Vienna her apartment had been bombed out. She was offered an Aryanised Jewish villa in Vienna 19 (Döbling) from which the Nazi occupants had fled, but she rejected the offer in no uncertain terms, and for some years was happy to live in a single rented room. After the war
<mask> resumed her political life as a leftwing member of the SPÖ (as the Social Democratic party was now rebranded). The victorious allied powers had agreed between themselves back in 1943 that Austria should again be separated from Germany as it had been before 1938. Austria's first postwar general election was conducted on 25 November 1945 across Vienna and four military occupation zones into which the rest of the country had been divided.When the new parliamentarians took their seats on 19 December 1945 <mask> was among them, a member of the National Council (lower house of the Austrian parliament). She was again a member of the party executive between 1956 and 1967 and deputy chair of the party. She was also, between 1959 and 1967, chair of the SPÖ women ("Vorsitzende der SPÖ-Frauen"). In 1967, now aged 66, <mask> retired from all but one of her political offices. The exception was her role as chair of the "Bund sozialistischer Freiheitskämpfer" ("Association of Socialist Freedom Fighters"),

masks:
Jochmann
Jochmann
Rosa Jochmann
Rosa Jochmann


title: Rosa Jochmann

texts:
 which consists of former members of the old  Revolutionary Socialists. Death and burial

<mask> died following a heart attack at the Hanusch Hospital in Vienna on 28 January 1994. Her body was buried in Vienna's (misleadingly named) Central Cemetery: Group 14C, Number 1A.Her gravestone and adjacent memorial tablet were designed by Leopold Grausam. Mission
Jochmann warned throughout her life against Far-right extremism and Antisemitism. She presented countless lectures and communicated her own contemporary experiences and insights, addressing schools and as a conference speaker, both in Austria and abroad. Her final high-profile attendance was at the 1993 Lichtermeer mass-event, still (in 2018) the largest demonstration in postwar Austria, held in opposition to anti-foreigner "Austrian First" populism of the Freedom Party. She spoke out, warning one last time against Far-right extremism and Antisemitism. Public recognition and celebration
<mask> was awarded Honorary citizenship ("Ehrenbürgerrecht") of Vienna in 1981. In 1995, the year following her death, a street in the Semmering quarter of Vienna was renamed, "Rosa-Jochmann-Ring" in celebration of her life and contribution.The nearby <mask>mann school and <mask> Jochmann Court residential development have also, subsequently, been renamed in her honour. In the adjacent Leopoldstadt quarter the  naming of the Rosa Jochmann Park also honours her memory. In 2004 a newspaper poll reported by the Kurier (Vienna based newspaper) identified <mask> as one of the fifty most important Austrians of the last fifty years. References

Members of the National Council (Austria)
Social Democratic Party of Austria politicians
Ravensbrück concentration camp survivors
Austrian resistance members
Politicians from

masks:
Rosa Jochmann
Rosa Jochmann
Rosach
Rosa
Rosa Jochmann


title: Stanley Thompson

texts:
<mask> (September 18, 1893 – January 4, 1953) was a Canadian golf course architect, and a high-standard amateur golfer. He was a co-founder of the American Society of Golf Course Architects. Early life, family, education, and military service
<mask> was born in Toronto, as the seventh of nine surviving children, of parents James and <mask>, who had married in Middlebie, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland in 1880, and emigrated to Canada in June 1882. His father worked for the Grand Trunk Railway, which built a large depot in east-end Toronto. <mask> and his four brothers Nicol (1880–1957), Mathew (1885–1955), William J. (1889–1935), and Frank (1897–1959) all developed into excellent golfers, and each made very significant contributions to Canadian golf. All five <mask> brothers got started in golf by caddying at the Toronto Golf Club, then located in the eastern end of the city, and playing that course when given access.<mask> studied at Malvern Collegiate Institute from 1908 to 1911, played on its rugby team in 1911, and graduated. He attended the Ontario Agricultural College (now the University of Guelph) for one year, from September 1912 to April 1913. He served with the Canadian military, the Canadian Expeditionary Force, in Europe during World War I, earning the 1914–1915 Star, and was mentioned in a written dispatch on April 9, 1917, at Vimy Ridge. He served as a gunner with the 4th Brigade. Early design career
During periods of leave from his military service, and after the war ended, <mask> visited and played many of the top courses in the British Isles. <mask> may have worked on golf course design in Canada before enlisting in the armed services. He worked with his brother Nicol, who had already begun to design courses on his own, immediately after the war ended.When he returned to Canada after the war he became a full-time golf course architect, going into business himself by 1923. In the 1920s there was a rapid expansion of golf in North America, and new courses were needed to accommodate the millions of new players, so <mask>

masks:
Stanley Thompson
Stanley Thompson
Jeannie Thompson
Stanley
Thompson
Stanley Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson


title: Stanley Thompson

texts:
 and his peers were kept very busy. <mask> designed courses from 1912 to 1952, mostly in Canada, with a philosophy of preserving the natural lay and flow of the land. He wrote about his design ideas in golf magazines. <mask> got his design start with George Cumming, longtime professional at the Toronto Golf Club, who had designed several Canadian courses early in the 20th century, after arriving in Canada. The two had known each other since <mask>'s boyhood as a caddie at the club. Design associates
<mask> hired Howard Watson and C.E.(Robbie) Robinson in 1929; after working with <mask> for many years, both Watson and Robinson launched their own independent careers, each contributing to more than 50 courses. Canadian Geoffrey Cornish worked with <mask>, and eventually began his own practice, working mainly in the United States. <mask> became design partners with Robert Trent Jones in 1932; the two worked together for most of the 1930s, as <mask> trained the younger Jones, before Jones began his independent practice in 1940. <mask> also hired Norman H. Woods and Robert Moote while they were young graduates; each became a significant golf course architect. Courses in Canadian National Parks
<mask>'s many world-famous courses include the Banff Springs Hotel Golf Course in Banff, Alberta, the Jasper Park Lodge Golf Course in Jasper, Alberta, the scenic Fundy National Park Golf Course in New Brunswick, the Green Gables Golf Course in Prince Edward Island National Park, Clear Lake Golf Course in Riding Mountain National Park in Manitoba, Waskesiu Golf Course in Prince Albert National Park, Elk Island Golf Course in Elk Island National Park, Waterton Lakes Golf Course in Waterton National Park, and the Highlands Links in Ingonish, Nova Scotia; all eight are publicly accessible and located in Canadian National Parks. Banff Springs and Jasper Park earned him a worldwide reputation. Canadian private clubs
Private clubs designed or redesigned by <mask> are the Ashburn Golf Club (Old Course) in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Dundas Valley Golf and Curling

masks: Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson


title: Stanley Thompson

texts:
 Club, the Capilano Golf and Country Club in West Vancouver, British Columbia, the Edmonton Country Club and the Royal Mayfair Golf Club in Edmonton, Alberta, Niakwa Country Club in Winnipeg, the Kawartha Golf and Country Club, the Peterborough Golf and Country club, the Oakdale Golf Club, Islington Golf Club and the St. George's Golf and Country Club in Toronto, the Westmount Golf and Country Club in Kitchener, Ontario, the Oshawa Golf Club in Oshawa, Ontario, Beach Grove Golf and Country Club near Windsor, Ontario, St. Thomas Golf and Country Club in Union, Ontario, Ladies' Golf Club of Toronto in Thornhill, Ontario, and the Cataraqui Golf and Country Club in Kingston, Ontario.Helps to found ASGCA in 1948
In 1948, <mask> was a co-founder, with Donald Ross and Robert Trent Jones, of the American Society of Golf Course Architects,. <mask> served as ASGCA president in 1949. Four of his design associates also later served as ASGCA presidents: Jones, Watson, Robinson, and Cornish. <mask> family golf achievements
<mask> was an excellent player himself, competing with success many times in the Canadian Amateur Championship and in other top-class events, winning titles such as the Winter Championship of Florida. His four brothers—Nicol, Frank, Mathew, and William J.—all became outstanding Canadian players in the 1910s and 1920s. Nicol served as the club professional at Hamilton Golf and Country Club for most of his career, and won the Canadian PGA Championship title in 1922. The other four <mask> brothers remained top-class amateurs for most of their lives.Mathew turned professional in his 40s at the Elmhurst Club near Winnipeg, where he had been a member and club champion. Frank won two Canadian Amateur Championship titles, in 1921 and 1924, while also losing the final in 1927. William J. won one Canadian title, in 1923; he also won the Ontario Amateur Championship in 1924 and 1925, while playing a central role in founding and serving as a director with the Ontario Golf Association (now the Golf Association of Ontario). As an outstanding

masks:
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Stanley Thompson
Thompson


title: Stanley Thompson

texts:
 competitive golf family, the <mask>s were somewhat comparable to the higher-profile Turnesa family of the United States, most of whom turned professional at golf, during a slightly later era. Nicol, William, Frank and Mathew each assisted <mask> at various times with his course design work and construction. Summary of courses designed
The Stanley Thompson Society provides a list of 178 courses which <mask> laid out, had constructed, or remodeled through one of the companies that he worked for or managed in the years 1912-1953. Geographically, the courses are located in:
 Canada (144 courses)
 USA (26 courses)
 Brazil (4 courses)
 Colombia (2 courses)
 Jamaica (2 courses)

Death and legacy
<mask> died of an aneurysm in early 1953, at age 59, in Toronto, just as he was starting travel to South America, where he was to design a golf course.<mask> was inducted into the Canadian Golf Hall of Fame in 1980. In 2000, golf historian James A. Barclay wrote a biography of <mask> entitled The Toronto Terror. The Stanley Thompson Society was founded in 1998. <mask> was inducted into the Ontario Golf Hall of Fame in its 2000 charter class. In 2008, <mask> was recognized as a Person of National Historic Significance. <mask> was inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 2015, in the Builder category. The Canadian golf magazine SCORE ranks, on a biennial basis, Canada's top courses.For 2016, six Stanley Thompson courses were ranked in the top 13 in the country. These were: Fairmont Jasper Park (#3), St. George's (#5), Highlands Links (#7), Fairmont Banff Springs (#8), Capilano (#10), and Westmount (#13). An additional seven Thompson courses were ranked in the top 100. References

External links
The Stanley Thompson Society
Profile at Canadian Golf Hall of Fame
The Friends of Stanley Thompson
stanleythompson.freeservers.com

Canadian male golfers
Amateur golfers
Golf course architects
Golfers from Toronto
University of Guelph alumni
Canadian military personnel of World War I
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
1893 births
1953

masks: Thompson Stanley Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson


title: Elizabeth Butler, Duchess of Ormond

texts:
<mask>, Duchess of Ormond and 2nd Baroness Dingwall (née Preston; 1615–1684) reunited the Ormond estate as her maternal grandfather, Black Tom, 10th Earl of Ormond had it, by marrying James Butler, later Duke of Ormond, her second cousin once removed (see Family tree). She had inherited her share of the Ormond estate through her mother, <mask>, who was Black Tom's daughter and only surviving child. Her husband had inherited his share from his grandfather Walter Butler, 11th Earl of Ormond, Black Tom's successor in the earldom. Her share was the bigger one and included Kilkenny Castle. Birth and origins
<mask> was born on 25 July 1615. She was the only child of Richard Preston and <mask>. Her father had been a younger son of the Prestons of Whitehill, Scottish gentry of the Edinburgh area.He was a page at the Scottish court and became a favourite of James VI of Scotland, who made him a groom of his bedchamber and ennobled him by creating him Lord Dingwall in 1609. <mask>'s mother was the only surviving child of Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond, called Black Tom. She had been married before to her first cousin Theobald Butler, 1st Viscount Butler of Tulleophelim, who had died childless in 1613. Her family was Old English and descended from Theobald Walter, who had been appointed Chief Butler of Ireland by King Henry II in 1177. <mask>'s parents were both Protestant. They had married in 1614, not long before her maternal grandfather's death on 22 November 1614. Black Tom's succession and inheritance
Her parents' lives were overshadowed by the problems of <mask>'s maternal grandfather's succession and inheritance.Black Tom, had settled most of his estate on his

masks:
Elizabeth Butler
Elizabeth Preston
Elizabeth
Elizabeth Butler
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth


title: Elizabeth Butler, Duchess of Ormond

texts:
 male heir, his nephew Walter, who succeeded him as Earl of Ormond in 1614, according to the normal rules of succession of his title. However, Black Tom was a Protestant, whereas his nephew Walter, called "of the rosary beads", was a devout Catholic. King James I considered this a setback for his Irish politics. He intervened to keep the Ormond lands in Protestant hands. He decided that most of the estate should go to Black Tom's only child, <mask>. The King furthermore ordained that this daughter should marry his favourite Richard Preston, 1st Lord Dingwall, a Scottish Protestant. Accordingly, <mask>'s parents married in 1614 as said before.Father's succession
<mask> was a single child. Her mother was about 30 at her birth and <mask> was her first child. Her father was about 35. He had married late and as a former favourite of James I, he was probably a homosexual. Very soon her potential to become a rich heiress was recognised and marriage plans were made. Marquess of Buckingham wanted to marry <mask>, aged 3, to his nephew George Feilding. As a favour for her father, Buckingham arranged that the King advanced her father to Earl of Desmond in the peerage of Ireland in 1619.However this project was abandoned. In 1628 <mask>, aged 13, only child, became a rich heiress when both her parents died in quick succession. First, on 10 October, her mother died in Wales and was buried in Westminster Abbey, then on 28 October her father drowned during a passage between Dublin and Holyhead. His title as Earl of Desmond became extinct, but <mask>wall to become Baroness Dingwall suo jure as the title had been created for her father with remainder to heirs and assigns

masks:
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth Preston
Elizabethg


title: Elizabeth Butler, Duchess of Ormond

texts:
 whatsoever. As the only child <mask> inherited all her parents' part of the Ormond estate, which included Kilkenny Castle and the County Palatine of Tipperary. As she was a minor, she became a ward of the crown. Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland (1590–1649) was appointed her guardian.Marriage and children
At Christmas 1629, aged 14, she married her second cousin once removed, James Butler. The common ancestor was James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormond, who was her great grandfather and his great-great grandfather (see Family tree). The marriage made her Viscountess Thurles as he was at the time styled Viscount Thurles, which was the courtesy title of the heir apparent of the earls of Ormond. In 1630 the couple went to live at Carrick-on-Suir. <mask> and James had at least ten children, but only five survived into adulthood:
Thomas (1634–1680), predeceased his father, but had a son who would become the 2nd Duke
Richard (1639–1686), became the first and last Earl of Arran of the 1662 creation and predeceased his father
<mask> (1640–1665), married Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Chesterfield and had affairs with James Hamilton and the Duke of York
John (1643–1677), became the Earl of Gowran
Mary (1646–1710), married William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire

As a consequence of the marriage, the Ormond estate, as her grandfather, the 10th Earl, had owned it, was reunited. <mask> and James went to live in Kilkenny Castle, while her grandfather-in-law, the 11th Earl resided at Ormonde Castle at Carrick-on-Suir where he died on 24 February 1633. <mask> became Countess of Ormond as her husband succeeded to the earldom.In 1634 her eldest son, Thomas was born in Kilkenny Castle.

masks: Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabeth


title: Elizabeth Butler, Duchess of Ormond

texts:
 Irish wars
On the outbreak of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, while her husband took command of the king's army in Dublin, she was living at Carrick-on-Suir where she was soon surrounded by the insurgents. She later moved to Kilkenny Castle and continued to stay there even when Kilkenny became the capital of the Catholic Confederation. She sheltered Protestant refugees and kept them in the castle. She became Marchioness of Ormond on her husband's promotion on 30 August 1642. In that same year she was allowed to rejoin her husband in Dublin. Their last two children, John and Mary, were born in Dublin while they stayed there together.In the city she continued to help refugees. When the city appeared to be menaced by a siege by the Confederates after Owen Roe O'Neill's victory in the Battle of Benburb in June 1646, she also helped to reinforce Dublin's defences. She accompanied her husband to England in 1647 after he surrendered Dublin to the parliamentary forces. As in 1648 he renewed his support for the royalist cause, Lady <mask> moved to Caen, France, where she arrived on 23 June 1648 with all her five children. From September 1648 to December 1650 her husband was again in Ireland where he tried to reunite the Irish in the fight against the Parliamentarians. The family was short of money. In 1652, Lady <mask> and her children returned to England to plead with Cromwell for income from the land she owned.She managed to obtain a pension of £2000 per year under the condition that she would not correspond with her husband. In 1653 while in Dublin she helped her husband's brother-in-law, the Viscount Muskerry who stood accused of the murder of Protestant refugees in

masks: Ormond Ormond


title: Elizabeth Butler, Duchess of Ormond

texts:
 1642. The went to see Chief Justice Lowther who gave her legal advice for Muskerry. This helped him to convince the court of his innocence and he was acquitted. In 1655 she returned to Ireland accompanied by her younger children and lived at her home in Dunmore, County Kilkenny. Restoration, later life, death, and timeline
Following the restoration of Charles II, Lady <mask> sent her husband political information from Ireland, and the couple were later reunited in England. In March 1661 she became Duchess of Ormond as her husband was made a duke.In 1662 she became Vicereine of Ireland as her husband was appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland, serving until 1669 and again from 1677 to 1685. Lady <mask> hosted entertainment and spent lavishly on restoring and improving the family estates, but her personal correspondence reveals that she was concerned about the debts of her husband and sons. Her eldest son Thomas Butler, 6th Earl of Ossory, suddenly died in 1680. Her health began to decline in 1681, and she died in London on 21 July 1684. She was buried at Westminster Abbey on 24 July. Notes, citations, and sources

Notes

Citations

Sources

 – 1643 to 1660
 – Marriages, baptisms and burials from about 1660 to 1875
 – D to F (for Desmond & Dingwall)
 – N to R (for Ormond)

 – England

 – 1625 to 1655
 (for timeline)

 – House of Lords

 – Crawford to Falkland (for Dingwall)
 – 1 April 1661 to 31 December 1662

Further reading
 – Volume title: Irish Women's Writing and Traditions
 – Snippet view

1615 births
1684 deaths
17th-century Anglo-Irish people
Burials at Westminster Abbey
Elizabeth
British duchesses by marriage
Daughters of Irish earls
Irish


title: Stéphane Zubar

texts:
<mask> (born 9 October 1986) is a Guadeloupean footballer who plays as a defender for  club A.F.C. Totton. He is the younger brother of <mask> and cousin of Claude Dielna, both of them being footballers. Zubar began his career at Caen, but never made a first-team appearance and was released from the club after spells on loan at Championnat National club Pau and Belgian First Division club Brussels. He spent the 2009–10 season with Romanian Liga I club Vaslui, where he experienced European football after helping the club to the 2010 Cupa României Final. Zubar signed with English club Plymouth Argyle in November 2010, and moved on to AFC Bournemouth in September 2011. He was loaned out to Bury in January 2013 and to Port Vale in September 2014.He joined League Two club York City in November 2014, where he played for the rest of 2014–15. Zubar returned to York on loan in August 2015, but returned to Bournemouth after he suffered a cruciate ligament injury. He joined Weymouth on non-contract terms in August 2016, before returning to full-time professional football with Yeovil Town in June 2017, but after suffering another knee injury left without making an appearance. He returned to Weymouth and helped the club to two successive promotions: winning the Southern League Premier Division South title in 2018–19 and the National League South play-offs in 2020, before joining A.F.C. Totton via Gosport Borough in October 2020. Club career

Caen
Born in Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, Zubar began his career with Caen at the start of the 2003–04 season, following in the footsteps of his older brother Ronald. He signed a three-year professional contract with Caen in the summer of 2006.He spent time on loan with Championnat National club Pau in 2007 and Belgian First Division club Brussels in 2008, but did not make a first-team appearance for

masks:
Stéphane Zubar
Ronald Zubar


title: Stéphane Zubar

texts:
 Caen. Vaslui
<mask> was transferred to Romanian Liga I club Vaslui in 2009, where he made his debut for the club in a 1–1 draw against Steaua București on 27 February. He scored his first goal for the "Yellow-Greens" in a 2–2 draw with Brașov at the Municipal. He helped the club to finish third in Liga I and reach the final of the Cupa României during 2009–10, where Zubar was not used in the substitute bench, only to lose to Cluj 5–4 on penalties in the final. Plymouth Argyle
He joined English League One club Plymouth Argyle on a trial during the summer of 2010. His trial at Plymouth was successful and he signed for club after international clearance was granted on 16 November. He made his debut four days later as the "Pilgrims" lost 2–1 to Brentford at Home Park.On 28 December, Zubar scored his first goal in England as Plymouth drew 1–1 with Notts County. Seven days later he scored his second goal for Plymouth in a 3–2 win over Bristol Rovers. On 11 January 2012, Zubar received a red card after a second bookable offence in a 3–2 defeat to Huddersfield Town. At the end of 2010–11 Argyle were relegated to League Two and Zubar was the only player to be offered a new (two-year) contract by a club, which he signed in July. However he had his contract with the club terminated at the end of August, citing "personal reasons"; club chairman Peter Ridsdale said that "Stephane will remain a friend of the club and leaves with our best wishes". AFC Bournemouth
In September 2011, Zubar joined AFC Bournemouth on a free transfer, signing a one-year contract with the option for a second, having spent time with the club on trial. He made his League One debut for the club on 24 September in a 2–1 defeat to Hartlepool United at Dean Court.He scored an own goal on 25 October which cost the "Cherries" two points in a 1–1 draw at Colchester


title: Stéphane Zubar

texts: United. On 12 November, Zubar scored his first goal for Bournemouth in a 3–3 draw with Gillingham in the FA Cup. Some impressive performance for the club kept him in the first team at the expense of Adam Barrett and led manager Lee Bradbury to offer him a new three-and-a-half-year contract, which was signed in February 2012. He fell out of favour under new manager Eddie Howe, and signed for Kevin Blackwell's Bury on loan until the end of 2012–13 on 24 January 2013. Howe agreed to loan Zubar out to league rivals as he felt he needed to get game time in order to "get his career back on track". Despite only playing six games for the "Shakers" Blackwell said that the Gigg Lane faithful had appreciated Zubar's contribution and "have become massive Zubar fans". However he picked up an anterior cruciate knee injury in March and was ruled out of action for nine months.Bournemouth were promoted to the Championship at the end of 2012–13, and the higher standard of football and his injury effectively ruled him out of action throughout 2013–14. He was expected to join Bury on a free transfer in July 2013, but a deal was never completed. <mask> had a trial with Crewe Alexandra in September 2014. He joined League One club Port Vale on a one-month loan on 29 September. He made three appearances for the "Valiants", and was sent off in the last of these games for striking out at Preston North End's Joe Garner in a 2–0 defeat at Deepdale. He did not return to the starting line-up and manager Rob Page elected not to extend his loan spell at Vale Park. <mask> instead joined Russ Wilcox's York City on a two-month loan.The loan was extended to the end of 2014–15 and he impressed in his performances at Bootham Crescent enough to warrant speculation in the local press that he would be offered a contract by York in the summer. Despite having not

masks: Zubar Zubar


title: Óscar Romero

texts: <mask> (15 August 1917 – 24 March 1980) was a prelate of the Catholic Church in El Salvador. He served as auxiliary bishop of the archdiocese of San Salvador, the titular bishop of Tambeae, as bishop of Santiago de María, and finally as the fourth archbishop of San Salvador. As archbishop, <mask> spoke out against social injustice and violence amid the escalating conflict between the military government and left-wing insurgents that led to the Salvadoran Civil War. In 1980, <mask> was shot by an assassin while celebrating Mass. Though no one was ever convicted for the crime, investigations by the UN-created Truth Commission for El Salvador concluded that Major Roberto D'Aubuisson, founder of the right-wing Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) political party, had ordered the killing. In 1997, Pope John Paul II bestowed upon <mask> the title of Servant of God, and a cause for his beatification was opened by the church. The cause stalled, but was reopened by Pope Benedict XVI in 2012.<mask> was declared a martyr by Pope Francis on 3 February 2015, paving the way for his beatification on 23 May 2015. During <mask>'s beatification, Pope Francis declared that his "ministry was distinguished by his particular attention to the most poor and marginalized." Pope Francis canonized <mask> on 14 October 2018. Seen as a social conservative at the time of his appointment as archbishop in 1977, <mask> was deeply affected by the murder of his friend and fellow priest Rutilio Grande and thereafter became an outspoken critic of the military government of El Salvador. Hailed by supporters of liberation theology, <mask>, according to his biographer, "was not interested in liberation theology" but faithfully

masks:
Óscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdámez
Romero
Romero
Romero
Romero
Romero
Romero
Romero
Romero


title: Óscar Romero

texts:
 adhered to Catholic teachings on liberation and a preferential option for the poor, desiring a social revolution based on interior reform. Up to the end of his life, his spiritual life drew much from the spirituality of Opus Dei. In 2010, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed 24 March as the "International Day for the Right to the Truth Concerning Gross Human Rights Violations and for the Dignity of Victims" in recognition of the <mask>'s role in defense of human rights.<mask> actively denounced violations of the human rights of the most vulnerable people and defended the principles of protecting lives, promoting human dignity and opposing all forms of violence. Archbishop José Luis Escobar Alas, one of <mask>'s successors as Metropolitan Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Salvador, El Salvador, asked Pope Francis to proclaim <mask> a Doctor of the Church, which is an acknowledgement from the church that his religious teachings were orthodox and had a significant impact on its philosophy and theology. Latin American church groups often proclaim <mask> an unofficial patron saint of the Americas and El Salvador; Catholics in El Salvador often refer to him as <mask>, as well as Monseñor <mask>. Outside of Catholicism, <mask> is honored by other Christian denominations, including the Church of England and Anglican Communion, through the Calendar in Common Worship, as well as in at least one Lutheran liturgical calendar. <mask> is also one of the ten 20th-century martyrs depicted in statues above the Great West Door of Westminster Abbey in London. Early life

<mask> <mask> was born on 15 August 1917 to <mask> and Guadalupe de Jesús Galdámez in Ciudad Barrios in the San

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Romero
Romero
Romero
Romero
Romero
San Romero
Romero
Romero
Romero
Óscar
Romero
Santos Romero


title: Óscar Romero

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 Miguel department of El Salvador. On 11 May 1919, at the age of one, <mask> was baptized into the Catholic Church by the priest Cecilio Morales.He had five brothers and two sisters: Gustavo, Zaída, Rómulo, Mamerto, Arnoldo, Gaspar, and Aminta (who died shortly after birth). <mask> entered the local public school, which offered only grades one through three. When finished with public school, <mask> was privately tutored by a teacher, Anita Iglesias, until the age of thirteen. During this time <mask>'s father trained him in carpentry. <mask> showed exceptional proficiency as an apprentice. His father wanted to offer his son the skill of a trade, because in El Salvador studies seldom led to employment, however, the <mask> broached the idea of studying for the priesthood, which did not surprise those who knew him. Priesthood

<mask> entered the minor seminary in San Miguel at the age of thirteen.He left the seminary for three months to return home when his mother became ill after the birth of her eighth child; during this time he worked with two of his brothers in a gold mine near Ciudad Barrios. After graduation, he enrolled in the national seminary in San Salvador. He completed his studies at the Gregorian University in Rome, where he received a Licentiate in Theology cum laude in 1941, but had to wait a year to be ordained because he was younger than the required age. He was ordained in Rome on 4 April 1942. His family could not attend his ordination because of travel restrictions due to World War II. <mask> remained in Italy to obtain a doctoral degree in Theology, specializing in ascetical theology and Christian perfection according to Luis de la Puente. Before finishing, in 1943 at the

masks: Romero Romero Romero Romero Romero Romero Romero Romero


title: Óscar Romero

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 age of 26, he was summoned back home from Italy by his bishop.He traveled home with a good friend, Father Valladares, who was also doing doctoral work in Rome. On the route home, they made stops in Spain and Cuba, where they were detained by the Cuban police, likely for having come from Fascist Italy, and were placed in a series of internment camps. After several months in prison, Valladares became sick and Redemptorist priests helped to have the two transferred to a hospital. From the hospital they were released from Cuban custody and sailed on to Mexico, then traveled overland to El Salvador. <mask> was first assigned to serve as a parish priest in Anamorós, but then moved to San Miguel where he worked for over 20 years. He promoted various apostolic groups, started an Alcoholics Anonymous group, helped in the construction of San Miguel's cathedral, and supported devotion to Our Lady of Peace. He was later appointed rector of the inter-diocesan seminary in San Salvador.Emotionally and physically exhausted by his work in San Miguel, <mask> took a retreat in January 1966 where he visited a priest for confession and a psychiatrist. He was diagnosed by the psychiatrist as having obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and by priests with scrupulosity. In 1966, he was chosen to be Secretary of the Bishops Conference for El Salvador. He also became the director of the archdiocesan newspaper Orientación, which became fairly conservative while he was editor, defending the traditional Magisterium of the Catholic Church. Bishop and Archbishop
On 25 April 1970, <mask> was appointed an auxiliary bishop for the Archdiocese of San Salvador and as the titular bishop of Tambeae. He was consecrated on

masks: Romero Romero Romero


title: Óscar Romero

texts: 21 June by Girolamo Prigione, titular Archbishop of Lauriacum. On 15 October 1974, he was appointed Bishop of the Diocese of Santiago de María, a poor, rural region.On 3 February 1977, <mask> was appointed Archbishop of San Salvador, assuming the position on 22 February. While this appointment was welcomed by the government, many priests were disappointed, especially those openly supportive of Marxist ideology. The progressive priests feared that his conservative reputation would negatively affect liberation theology's commitment to the poor. On 12 March 1977, Rutilio Grande, a Jesuit priest and personal friend of <mask> who had been creating self-reliance groups among the poor, was assassinated. His death had a profound impact on <mask>, who later stated: "When I looked at Rutilio lying there dead I thought, 'If they have killed him for doing what he did, then I too have to walk the same path.'" <mask> urged the government to investigate, but they ignored his request. Furthermore, the censored press remained silent.Tension was noted by the closure of schools and the lack of Catholic priests invited to participate in government. In response to Grande's murder, <mask> revealed an activism that had not been evident earlier, speaking out against poverty, social injustice, assassinations and torture. On 15 October 1979, the Revolutionary Government Junta (JRG) came to power amidst a wave of human rights abuses by paramilitary right-wing groups and the government, in an escalation of violence that would become the Salvadoran Civil War. <mask> criticized the United States for giving military aid to the new government and wrote an open letter to President Jimmy Carter in February 1980, warning

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title: Óscar Romero

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 that increased US military aid would "undoubtedly sharpen the injustice and the political repression inflicted on the organized people, whose struggle has often been for their most basic human rights." This letter was then sent, via telegram, from the U.S. embassy in El Salvador to Washington D.C. Carter did not directly respond to the letter; instead, Cyrus Vance, the Secretary of State, wrote a telegram back to the U.S. embassy. The telegram carried a very contradictory message, both stating that the United States will not interfere but will respond to the Revolutionary Government Junta's requests. It is unknown if Archbishop <mask> received the telegram.On 11 May 1979, <mask> met with Pope John Paul II and unsuccessfully attempted to obtain a Vatican condemnation of the Salvadoran military regime for committing human rights violations and its support of death squads, and expressed his frustration in working with clergy who cooperated with the government. He was encouraged by Pope John Paul II to maintain episcopal unity as a top priority. As a result of his humanitarian efforts, <mask> began to be noticed internationally. In February 1980, he was given an honorary doctorate by the Catholic University of Louvain. Statements on persecution of the church

<mask> denounced the persecution of members of the Catholic Church who had worked on behalf of the poor:

Popular radio sermons

By the time of his death, <mask> had gained an enormous following among Salvadorans. He did this largely through broadcasting his weekly sermons across El Salvador on the church's station, YSAX, "except when it was bombed off the air." In these sermons, he listed disappearances, tortures, murders, and much more

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title: Óscar Romero

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 each Sunday.This was followed by an hour-long speech on radio the following day. On the importance of these broadcasts, one writer noted that "the archbishop's Sunday sermon was the main source in El Salvador about what was happening. It was estimated to have the largest listenership of any programme in the country." According to listener surveys, 73% of the rural population and 47% of the urban listened regularly. Similarly, his diocesan weekly paper Orientación carried lists of cases of torture and repression every week. Theology
According to Jesús Delgado, his biographer and Postulator of the cause for his canonization, <mask> agreed with the Catholic vision of Liberation Theology and not with the materialist vision: "A journalist once asked him: 'Do you agree with Liberation Theology' And <mask> answered: "Yes, of course. However, there are two theologies of liberation.One is that which sees liberation only as material liberation. The other is that of Paul VI. I am with Paul VI." Delgado said that <mask> did not read the books on Liberation Theology which he received, and he gave the lowest priority to Liberation Theology among the topics that he studied. <mask> preached that "the most profound social revolution is the serious, supernatural, interior reform of a Christian." He also emphasized: "The liberation of Christ and of His Church is not reduced to the dimension of a purely temporal project. It does not reduce its objectives to an anthropocentric perspective: to a material well-being or only to initiatives of a political or social, economic or cultural order.Much less can it be a liberation that supports or is supported by violence." <mask> expressed several times his disapproval


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 of divisiveness in the church. In a sermon preached on 11 November 1979 he said: "the other day, one of the persons who proclaims liberation in a political sense was asked: 'For you, what is the meaning of the Church'?" He said that the activist "answered with these scandalous words: 'There are two churches, the church of the rich and the church of the poor. We believe in the church of the poor but not in the church of the rich.'" <mask> declared, "Clearly these words are a form of demagogy and I will never admit a division of the Church." He added, "There is only one Church, the Church that Christ preached, the Church to which we should give our whole hearts.There is only one Church, a Church that adores the living God and knows how to give relative value to the goods of this earth." Spiritual life

<mask> noted in his diary on 4 February 1943: "In recent days the Lord has inspired in me a great desire for holiness. I have been thinking of how far a soul can ascend if it lets itself be possessed entirely by God." Commenting on this passage, James R. Brockman, <mask>'s biographer and author of <mask>: A Life, said that "All the evidence available indicates that he continued on his quest for holiness until the end of his life. But he also matured in that quest." According to Brockman, <mask>'s spiritual journey had some of these characteristics:

 love for the Church of Rome, shown by his episcopal motto, "to be of one mind with the Church," a phrase he took from St. Ignatius' Spiritual Exercises;
 a tendency to make a very deep examination of conscience;
 an emphasis on sincere piety;
 mortification and penance through his duties;
 providing protection for his chastity;
 spiritual


title: Óscar Romero

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 direction;
 "being one with the Church incarnated in this people which stands in need of liberation";
 eagerness for contemplative prayer and finding God in others;
 fidelity to the will of God;
 self-offering to Jesus Christ. <mask> was a strong advocate of the spiritual charism of Opus Dei.He received weekly spiritual direction from a priest of the Opus Dei movement. In 1975 he wrote in support of the cause of canonization of Opus Dei's founder, "Personally, I owe deep gratitude to the priests involved with the Work, to whom I have entrusted with much satisfaction the spiritual direction of my own life and that of other priests." Assassination

On 24 March 1980, <mask> delivered a sermon in which he called on Salvadoran soldiers, as Christians, to obey God's higher order and to stop carrying out the government's repression and violations of basic human rights. <mask> spent 24 March in a recollection organized by Opus Dei, a monthly gathering of priest friends led by Fernando Sáenz Lacalle. On that day they reflected on the priesthood. That evening, <mask> celebrated Mass at a small chapel at Hospital de la Divina Providencia (Divine Providence Hospital), a church-run hospital specializing in oncology and care for the terminally ill. <mask> finished his sermon, stepped away from the lectern, and took a few steps to stand at the center of the altar. As <mask> finished speaking, a red automobile came to a stop on the street in front of the chapel.A gunman emerged from the vehicle, stepped to the door of the chapel, and fired one, possibly two, shots. <mask> was struck in the heart, and the vehicle sped off. He died at the Chapel of Hospital de la Divina Providencia in San Salvador. Funeral

masks: Romero Romero Romero Romero Romero Romero Romero


title: Óscar Romero

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<mask> was buried in the Metropolitan Cathedral of San Salvador. The Funeral Mass on 30 March 1980 in San Salvador was attended by more than 250,000 mourners from all over the world. Viewing this attendance as a protest, Jesuit priest John Dear has said, "<mask>'s funeral was the largest demonstration in Salvadoran history, some say in the history of Latin America." At the funeral, Cardinal Ernesto Corripio y Ahumada, speaking as the personal delegate of Pope John Paul II, eulogized <mask> as a "beloved, peacemaking man of God," and stated that "his blood will give fruit to brotherhood, love and peace."Massacre at <mask>'s funeral
During the ceremony, smoke bombs exploded on the streets near the cathedral and subsequently there were rifle shots that came from surrounding buildings, including the National Palace. Many people were killed by gunfire and in the stampede of people running away from the explosions and gunfire. Official sources reported 31 overall casualties, while journalists claimed that between 30 and 50 died. Some witnesses claimed it was government security forces who threw bombs into the crowd, and army sharpshooters, dressed as civilians, who fired into the chaos from the balcony or roof of the National Palace, however, there are contradictory accounts about the course of the events and one historian stated that "probably, one will never know the truth about the interrupted funeral." As the gunfire continued, <mask>'s body was buried in a crypt beneath the sanctuary. Even after the burial, people continued to line up to pay homage to the assassinated prelate. International reaction

Ireland
All sections of Irish political and religious life condemned his assassination,


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 with the Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs Brian Lenihan "expressing shock and revulsion at the murder of Dr <mask>," while the leader of the Trócaire charity, Eamon Casey, revealed that he had received a letter from <mask> that very day.The previous October parliamentarians had given their support to the nomination that <mask> receive the Nobel Prize for Peace. In March each year since the 1980s, the Irish–El Salvador Support Committee holds a mass in honour of <mask>. United Kingdom
In October 1978, 119 British parliamentarians had nominated <mask> for the Nobel Prize for Peace. In this they were supported by 26 members of the United States Congress. When news of the assassination was reported in March 1980, the new Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Runcie, was about to be enthroned in Canterbury Cathedral. On hearing of <mask>'s death, one writer observed that Runcie "departed from the ancient traditions to decry the murder of Archbishop <mask> <mask> in El Salvador." United States

Public reaction
The United States public's reaction to Archbishop <mask>'s death was symbolized through the "martyrdom of <mask>" as an inspiration to end US military aid to El Salvador.In December 1980 the International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union refused to deliver military equipment destined for the Salvadoran government. The leader of the union, Jim Herman, was known as a supporter of <mask> and denounced his death. On 24 March 1984 a protest was held in Los Angeles, California where around 3,000 people, organized by 20 November Coalition, protested US intervention in El Salvador, using the anniversary of the Archbishop's death and his face as a symbol. On 24 March 1990, 10,000 people marched

masks: Romero Romero Romero Romero Romero Romero Óscar Romero Romero Romero Romero


title: Óscar Romero

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 in front of the White House to denounce the military aid that was still flowing from the United States to the Salvadoran government. Protestors carried a bust of the archbishop and quoted some of his speeches, in addition to the event being held on the anniversary of his death. Noted figures Ed Asner and Jennifer Casolo participated in the event. Government response
On 25 March 1980, US Secretary of State Cyrus Vance revealed that the White House would continue to fund the Salvadoran government and it provide military aid, in spite of the pleas of <mask> and his death immediately prior to this announcement.On 31 March 1983, Roberto D'Aubuisson was allowed entry to the United States by the State Department after deeming him not barred from entry any longer. When asked about D'Aubuisson's association with the assassination of <mask>, the Department of State responded that "the allegations have not been substantiated." In November 1993, documents by the Department of State, Department of Defense, and the Central Intelligence Agency were released after pressure by Congress increased. The 12,000 documents revealed that the administrations of Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush knew of the assassinations conducted by D'Aubuisson, including that of <mask>, yet still worked with him despite this. Investigations into the assassination
To date, no one has ever been prosecuted for the assassination, or confessed to it to police. The gunman had not been identified until 2000. Immediately following the assassination, José Napoleón Duarte, the newly appointed foreign minister of El Salvador, actively promulgated a "blame on both sides" propaganda trope in order to provide cover for the lack of official


title: Óscar Romero

texts: inquiry into the assassination plot.Subsequent investigations by the United Nations and other international bodies have established that the four assassins were members of a death squad led by D'Aubuisson. Revelations of the D'Aubuisson plot came to light in 1984 when US ambassador Robert White testified before the United States Congress that "there was sufficient evidence" to convict D'Aubuisson of planning and ordering <mask>'s assassination. In 1993, an official United Nations report identified D'Aubuisson as the man who ordered the killing. D'Aubuisson had strong connections to the Nicaraguan National Guard and to its offshoot the Fifteenth of September Legion and had also planned to overthrow the government in a coup. Later, he founded the political party Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA), and organized death squads that systematically carried out politically motivated assassinations and other human rights abuses in El Salvador. Álvaro Rafael Saravia, a former captain in the Salvadoran Air Force, was chief of security for D'Aubuisson and an active member of these death squads. In 2003 a United States human rights organization, the Center for Justice and Accountability, filed a civil action against Saravia.In 2004, he was found liable by a US District Court under the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) (28 U.S.C. § 1350) for aiding, conspiring, and participating in the assassination of <mask>. Saravia was ordered to pay $10 million for extrajudicial killing and crimes against humanity pursuant to the ATCA; he has since gone into hiding. On 24 March 2010–the thirtieth anniversary of <mask>'s death–Salvadoran President Mauricio Funes offered an official state apology for <mask>'s

masks: Romero Romero Romero Romero


title: Óscar Romero

texts: assassination. Speaking before <mask>'s family, representatives of the Catholic Church, diplomats, and government officials, Funes said those involved in the assassination "unfortunately acted with the protection, collaboration, or participation of state agents." A 2000 article by Tom Gibb, then a correspondent with The Guardian and later with the BBC, attributes the murder to a detective of the Salvadoran National Police named <mask> Pérez Linares, on orders of D'Aubuisson. The article cites an anonymous former death squad member who claimed he had been assigned to guard a house in San Salvador used by a unit of three counter-guerrilla operatives directed by D'Aubuisson.The guard, whom Gibb identified as "Jorge," purported to have witnessed Linares fraternizing with the group, which was nicknamed the "Little Angels," and to have heard them praise Linares for the killing. The article furthermore attributes full knowledge of the assassination to the CIA as far back as 1983. The article reports that both Linares and the Little Angels commander, who Jorge identified as "El Negro Mario," were killed by a CIA-trained Salvadoran special police unit in 1986; the unit had been assigned to investigate the murders. In 1983, U.S. Lt. Col. Oliver North, aide to then-Vice President George H.W. Bush, is alleged to have personally requested the Salvadoran military to "remove" Linares and several others from their service. Three years later they were pursued and extrajudicially killed – Linares after being found in neighboring Guatemala. The article cites another source in the Salvadoran military as saying, "they knew far too much to live."In a 2010 article for the Salvadoran online newspaper El Faro,

masks: Romero Óscar


title: Óscar Romero

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 Saravia was interviewed from a mountain hideout. He named D'Aubuisson as giving the assassination order to him over the phone, and said that he and his cohorts drove the assassin to the chapel and paid him 1,000 Salvadoran colóns after the event. In April 2017, however, in the wake of the overruling of a civil war amnesty law the previous year, a judge in El Salvador, Rigoberto Chicas, allowed the case against the escaped Saravia's alleged role in the murder of <mask> to be reopened. On 23 October 2018, days after <mask>'s canonization, Judge Chicas issued a new arrest warrant for him, and Interpol and the National Police are charged with finding his hideout and apprehending him. As both D'Aubuisson and Linares had already died, they could not be prosecuted. Legacy

International recognition

During his first visit to El Salvador in 1983, Pope John Paul II entered the cathedral in San Salvador and prayed at <mask>'s tomb, despite opposition from the government and from some within the church who strongly opposed liberation theology. Afterwards, the Pope praised <mask> as a "zealous and venerated pastor who tried to stop violence."John Paul II also asked for dialogue between the government and opposition to end El Salvador's civil war. On 7 May 2000, in Rome's Colosseum during the Jubilee Year celebrations, Pope John Paul II commemorated 20th century martyrs. Of the several categories of martyrs, the seventh consisted of Christians who were killed for defending their brethren in the Americas. Despite the opposition of some social conservatives within the church, John Paul II insisted that <mask> be included. He asked the organizers of the event to proclaim <mask> "that great witness of the


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 Gospel." On 21 December 2010, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed 24 March as the International Day for the Right to the Truth concerning Gross Human Rights Violations and for the Dignity of Victims which recognizes, in particular, the important work and values of <mask>. On 22 March 2011, U.S. President Barack Obama visited <mask>'s tomb during an official visit to El Salvador.Irish President Michael D. Higgins visited the cathedral and tomb of <mask> on 25 October 2013 during a state visit to El Salvador. Famed linguist Noam Chomsky speaks highly of <mask>'s social work, and refers often to his murder. In 2014, El Salvador's main international airport was named after him, becoming Monseñor Óscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdámez International Airport, and later, San Óscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdámez International Airport in 2018 after his canonization. <mask> is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 24 March. Sainthood

Process for beatification

<mask>'s sainthood cause at the Vatican was opened in 1993, but the Catholic News Service reported that it "was delayed for years as the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith studied his writings, amid wider debate over whether he had been killed for his faith or for political reasons." In March 2005, Vincenzo Paglia, the Vatican official in charge of the process, announced that <mask>'s cause had cleared a theological audit by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, at the time headed by Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later elected Pope Benedict XVI) and that beatification could follow within six months. Pope John Paul II died within weeks of those remarks.Predictably, the transition of the new pontiff slowed down


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 the work of canonizations and beatifications. Pope Benedict instituted changes that had the overall effect of reining in the Vatican's so-called "factory of saints." In an October 2005 interview, Cardinal José Saraiva Martins, the Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, was asked if Paglia's predictions of a clearance for <mask>'s beatification remained on track. Saraiva responded, "Not as far as I know today," In November 2005, the Jesuit magazine La Civiltà Cattolica signaled that <mask>'s beatification was still "years away." Although Benedict XVI had always been a fierce critic of liberation theology, Paglia reported in December 2012 that the Pope had informed him of the decision to "unblock" the cause and allow it to move forward. However, no progress was made before Benedict's resignation in February 2013. Pope Francis was elected in March 2013, and in September 2013, Archbishop Gerhard Ludwig Müller, Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, stated that the Vatican doctrinal office has been "given the greenlight" to pursue sainthood for <mask>.Beatification

On 18 August 2014, Pope Francis said that "[t]he process [of beatification of <mask>] was at the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, blocked for 'prudential reasons', so they said. Now it is unblocked." Francis stated that "There are no doctrinal problems and it is very important that [the beatification] is done quickly." The beatification signaled Francis' affirmation of <mask>'s work with the poor and as a major change in the direction of the church since he was elected. In January 2015, an advisory panel to the Roman Curia's Congregation for the Causes of Saints voted unanimously to


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 recognize <mask> as a martyr, and the cardinals who were voting members of the Congregation unanimously recommended to Francis that he be beatified as a martyr (a martyr can be declared a saint without recognition of a miracle). Archbishop Vincenzo Paglia, the postulator (chief promoter) of the causes of saints, said that <mask>'s assassination at the altar was intended "to strike the Church that flowed from the Second Vatican Council" and that the motive for his murder "was not caused by motives that were simply political, but by hatred for a faith that, imbued with charity, would not be silent in the face of the injustices that relentlessly and cruelly slaughtered the poor and their defenders." On 3 February 2015, Francis received Cardinal Angelo Amato, Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, in a private audience, and authorized Amato to promulgate (officially authorize) <mask>'s decree of martyrdom, meaning it had gained the Congregation's voting members and the Pope's approval.This cleared the way for the Pope to later set a date for his beatification. The beatification of <mask> was held in San Salvador on 23 May 2015 in the Plaza Salvador del Mundo under the Monumento al Divino Salvador del Mundo. Amato presided over the ceremony on behalf of Francis, who in a letter to Archbishop of San Salvador José Luis Escobar Alas marked the occasion by calling <mask> "a voice that continues to resonate." An estimated 250,000 people attended the service, many watching on large television screens set up in the streets around the plaza. Canonization

Three miracles were submitted to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in Rome in October 2016 that could have led to <mask>'s


title: Óscar Romero

texts: canonization. But each of these miracles was rejected after being investigated. A fourth (concerning the pregnant woman Cecilia Maribel Flores) was investigated in a diocesan process in San Salvador that was opened on 31 January 2017 and which concluded its initial investigation on 28 February before documentation was submitted to Rome via the apostolic nunciature.The C.C.S. validated this on 7 April. On August 11, Paglia celebrated the Romero Centenary Mass in St George's Cathedral, Southwark, in London, where the cross and relics of <mask> are preserved. Subsequently, medical experts issued unanimous approval to the presented miracle on 26 October with theologians also confirming their approval on 14 December. The C.C.S. members likewise approved the case on 6 February 2018. Pope Francis approved this miracle on 6 March 2018, allowing for <mask> to be canonized and the date was announced at a consistory of cardinals held on 19 May.The canonization was celebrated in Rome's Saint Peter's Square on 14 October 2018. Previously, there had been hopes that <mask> would be canonized during a possible papal visit to El Salvador on 15 August 2017 – the centennial of the late bishop's birth – or that he could be canonized in Panama during World Youth Day in 2019. <mask> was the first Salvadoran to be raised to the altars; the first martyred archbishop of America, the first to be declared a martyr after the Second Vatican Council; and the first native saint of Central America, (Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur, who did all his work for which he was canonized in the city of Santiago de los Caballeros of Guatemala, was from Tenerife, Spain,) <mask> had already been included on the Anglican Church's


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 list of official saints and on the Lutheran Church's liturgical calendar. Homages and cultural references

Institutions
 The Romero Centre in Dublin, Ireland, is today an important centre that "promotes Development Education, Arts, Crafts, and Awareness about El Salvador." The Christian Initiative Romero is a non-profit organization in Germany working in support of industrial law and human rights in Central American countries. The Romero Institute, a nonprofit law and public policy center in Santa Cruz, California, U.S., headed by Daniel Sheehan, was named after Archbishop <mask> in 1996. In 1989 the Toronto Catholic District School Board opened a secondary school in Toronto, Canada, named after Archbishop <mask> <mask> called St. Oscar Romero Catholic Secondary School.St. Oscar Romero Catholic High School in Edmonton, Canada, formerly known as Archbishop <mask>, and as Blessed <mask> throughout his canonization. St Oscar Romero Catholic School, a coeducational secondary school in Worthing, West Sussex, England. Romero Center Ministries in Camden, New Jersey, U.S., provides Catholic education and retreat experiences inspired by Archbishop <mask> <mask>'s prophetic witness. The mission of Romero Center Ministries is to "seek personal, communal, and societal transformation by living ministry as proclaimed in Christ's Gospel." The center hosts over 1,600 guests annually from high schools, colleges, and youth groups which participate in the Urban Challenge program. Television and film
 Oliver Stone's 1986 film Salvador depicts a fictionalized version of the assassination of <mask> (played by José Carlos Ruiz) in a pivotal scene. <mask>'s assassination (with René Enríquez as <mask>) was also

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