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 on the American novelist Henry James; she failed to find a publisher however. In 1975 she authored a commissioned history of Presbyterian Ladies' College, and in 1983 published Solid Bluestone Foundations, part memoir and part social history, which was warmly received by critics. In retirement, Fitzpartrick accumulated significant wealth generated, in the main, from the financial success of her father, who after a distinguished civil service career culminating as Head of Treasury, Victoria, was recruited to stockbroking by Sir Ian Potter. Awards, honours and legacy

In 1983 <mask> was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Laws by the University of Melbourne, and in 1989 she was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for her services to education, particularly in the field of history. She was awarded a University of Melbourne Award, which "recognises those individuals who have made an outstanding and enduring contribution to the University and its scholarly community". A bronze plaque honouring her is on the wall along the Professors' Walk at the Parkville campus of the University. <mask> died in 1990.From her estate she bequeathed a fund to the University of Melbourne for the purchase of history books for the library; she dedicated it in the name of her father, Henry Pitt, "in gratitude for allowing her the university education of which he had been deprived." The University has named its largest theatre in her honour, in addition to the ARC <mask> Australian Laureate Fellowship, and the <mask> Lecture. References

External links
 <mask>, <mask> in The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in the Twentieth Century

Further reading

1905 births
1990 deaths
Officers of the Order of Australia
Australian women historians
20th-century Australian historians
University of Melbourne faculty
20th-century Australian women writers
University of Melbourne women
Fellows of the Australian Academy of the Humanities
Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford
People educated at Lauriston Girls'

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title: Tim Brown (American football)

type: original

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<mask> (born July 22, 1966) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, where he won the Heisman Trophy. He spent sixteen years with the Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders, during which he established himself as one of the NFL's greatest wide receivers of all time. <mask> has also played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. In 2015, he was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. High school and college career
Before his college career at Notre Dame, <mask> played for Woodrow Wilson High School in Dallas, the same school as 1938 Heisman Trophy winner Davey O'Brien. <mask>'s receipt of the 1987 Heisman Trophy gave Woodrow the distinction of being the first high school in the country to have produced two Heisman Trophy winners.Amazingly, <mask> didn’t play football as a freshman at Woodrow, because he was forbidden to do so by his mother. Instead, he played in the Woodrow band during that first year. But he joined the Woodrow football team as a sophomore, although he initially tried to hide that fact from his mom. She later found out about it when the band leader called his house asking why he was no longer at band practices. Despite his outstanding contributions to Woodrow's football program, the team fared poorly, posting only a 4–25–1 record over his three years as a starter. Nevertheless, <mask> was heavily recruited by major colleges. His five official visits were to Notre Dame, Nebraska, Oklahoma, nearby SMU and Iowa.While at Woodrow, <mask> also was a standout track athlete. He was one of the state's top performers in the 400-meter dash, with a PR of 47.14 seconds, and he cleared 7.42 meters in the long jump event. <mask> chose the University of Notre Dame and played there from 1984–1987, earning the nickname "Touchdown

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texts:
 Timmy." In his first year, he set a freshman record with twenty-eight receptions. As a junior, he set a record with 1,937 all-purpose yards. Offensively he ran for 254 yards with 2 TD and caught 45 passes for 910 yards with 5 TD. During 1987, <mask> caught 34 passes for 846 yards, returned 34 punts for 401 yards, rushed for 144 yards, gained 456 yards on 23 kickoff returns, and scored eight touchdowns.<mask> finished his career at Notre Dame with 137 receptions for 2,493 yards, a school-record 5,024 all-purpose yards, and 22 touchdowns. However, just as in high school, <mask>'s team achieved limited success, with a 25–21 record over his four seasons, and an 0–2 record in bowl games. But in the year after <mask> graduated (1988), Notre Dame won the national title. <mask> was named an All-American twice and won the 1987 Heisman Trophy, becoming the first wide receiver ever to win that award. As of 2020, Woodrow Wilson High School is still the only public high school with two Heisman Trophy winners. When <mask> graduated, he held 19 individual school records. In 1989, <mask> and Davey O'Brien were inducted together as members of the initial class of the Woodrow Wilson High School Hall of Fame, created in celebration of the school's 60th Anniversary.In 2009, <mask> was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. In January 2012, <mask> received the Silver Anniversary Award from the NCAA in recognition of his myriad athletic and professional accomplishments. NFL career

<mask> was selected by the Los Angeles Raiders with the 6th pick of the 1988 NFL Draft. In his first NFL season, he led the league in kickoff returns, return yards, and yards per return average. Though it took time for him to fill into the role as the team's #1 receiver, catching just 147 passes in his first five seasons, he went on to rack up 9 consecutive 1,000-yard seasons

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title: Tim Brown (American football)

texts: from 1993-2001. He also led the NFL in punt returns in 1994, and receptions in 1997. In March 1994, <mask> was offered and signed a free-agent offer-sheet with the Denver Broncos.The Raiders matched the offer soon thereafter. He was voted to the Pro Bowl nine times, in 1988 and 1991 as a kick returner, and in 1993-97, 1999 and 2001 as a receiver. In 2001, <mask> would later play alongside another well-known wide receiver, Jerry Rice. On December 9, 2001, <mask> returned a punt 88 yards for a touchdown in a home game against the Kansas City Chiefs, making him the oldest player in NFL history to score a touchdown on a punt return. In 2002, he passed Gene Upshaw to become the Raiders' all-time leader in games played with 224. He also set Raiders franchise records for receptions, receiving yards, and punt return yards. <mask> was released by the Raiders before the 2004 season, as he did not want to accept a smaller role in the offense.He was signed shortly thereafter by the Buccaneers (coached by former Raider head coach Jon Gruden). The move was controversial, considering that <mask> had always been a fan favorite in the Oakland area and was much admired by many current and former Raiders players and staff over the sixteen years he spent with the Raider organization. He was the last of the Los Angeles Raiders to remain with Oakland. On September 27, 2004, in his first game at Oakland since being signed by Tampa Bay, <mask> reached 100 career receiving touchdowns, tying him (with Steve Largent) for 3rd on the NFL's all-time career receiving touchdown list at that time (behind former teammate Jerry Rice [197] and Cris Carter [130]). He received a standing ovation from the Oakland Raider crowd. In 2005, <mask> signed a one-day contract with the Raiders to retire with the team. The July 18 news conference was attended by two Raiders officials and only

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 one active Raider, wide receiver Jerry Porter.<mask> retired with 14,934 receiving yards, the second-highest total in NFL history, 1,094 receptions (3rd), and 100 touchdown catches (3rd-Tied). <mask> also gained 190 rushing yards, 3,320 punt-return yards (5th in NFL history), 3 fumble-return yards, and 1,235 yards returning kickoffs. This gave him a total of 19,682 combined net yards, ranking him #5 among the NFL's all-time leaders at the time of his retirement. He also scored 105 total touchdowns (100 receiving, 1 rushing, 3 punt returns, 1 kickoff return). <mask> is the only player ever to retire in the NFL's top five leaders for both receiving and return yards. <mask> became eligible for enshrinement in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2010, but was not selected that year. He was considered a long shot to get in on his first try, as there was a logjam of accomplished receiver candidates, including Jerry Rice (<mask>'s former teammate), Cris Carter and Andre Reed.On January 7, 2012 and again on January 11, 2013, <mask> was selected as a finalist for enshrinement in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, but was not chosen. On January 31, 2015, <mask> was selected for enshrinement in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame on August 8, 2015. NFL career statistics

Regular season

Postseason

Post-NFL career
<mask> was in the movie Little Giants, and is co-host on FSN Pro Football Preview with former players Jason Sehorn, Eddie George and NFL Insider Jay Glazer. <mask> is also a representative for YorHealth. In 1995, <mask> became the National Chairman of Athletes & Entertainers for Kids and the related 9-1-1 for Kids. These efforts have helped over five million children and teens through mentoring and educational programs.As of 2013, <mask> has been the General Manager and Co-Owner of the Texas Revolution of

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 the Champions Indoor Football League in his home state of Texas and was an analyst for ESPN College Football. <mask> also hosts a weekly sports-talk show on WRDI. <mask> currently lives in Cedar Hill, Texas. NASCAR
<mask> started a NASCAR racing team as part of their Drive for Diversity program. He was recruiting African American sponsors to fund the venture, and has worked out a technical alliance with Roush Fenway Racing, who will provide support to the upstart team. <mask> hopes to eventually find a black, Hispanic, or woman driver to be the star of his team in order to bring an element of diversity to what is a white-dominated sport. However, the plan never successfully began.Relationship with Raiders owner Al Davis
Since joining the Raiders, <mask> had a complicated relationship with the Oakland Raiders and late owner Al Davis. During a 2009 interview with Sportsradiointerview.com <mask> commented on his former boss:“Meeting Al (Davis) was pretty unique. I found out five or ten minutes after my first practice there that he hated African-American athletes from Notre Dame. And they literally told me that. They literally told me that because we’re known for using our education more than our athletic ability that he thought that I would be one of these guys that would basically take the money and run. I don’t know if that was a ploy to get me amped up, but it certainly worked." In 2000, <mask> was dining in an Oakland restaurant with former Raiders Chester McGlockton and Sean Jones.During their meal, <mask> found himself unable to approach or speak to Davis. <mask> told a reporter, "I was saddened by that because I don't know anybody who I've dealt with for twelve years who I can't say hello to in that situation. I was saddened that the situation is where it is." On August 5, 2004, the Raiders held a press conference with <mask> and Davis which


title: Tim Brown (American football)

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 stated that <mask> was leaving the Raiders. Davis and <mask> professed mutual respect for one another and both men expressed a desire for <mask> to return to the Raiders someday. On July 19, 2005, <mask> officially retired but the Raiders did not hold a press conference at the team headquarters. Instead, <mask> held his own press conference in an Oakland hotel ballroom.Davis did not attend the conference because he had a "scheduling conflict". Davis did allow <mask> to sign a ceremonial $765,000 contract with the Raiders so he could retire as an Oakland Raider. <mask>'s 2004 departure from the Raiders eventually became acrimonious, and the outspoken receiver often criticized Davis, senior assistant Michael Lombardi and coach Norv Turner publicly for conspiring to make him expendable. Former teammates Marcus Allen, Lincoln Kennedy and Chester McGlockton attended the press conference. For the Raiders, Amy Trask, the Raiders' chief executive officer who had <mask> sign the ceremonial contract, Marc Badain, a finance executive and Mike Taylor, the team's director of public relations, were on hand. At the time, Raiders receiver Jerry Porter was also in attendance. Lincoln Kennedy stuck up for the absence of Davis stating "It's not his style; he'll probably invite <mask> up to his office, or out to dinner later on.But this? This is not his style." Recent history suggested that Davis was possibly out of touch with the football world prior to his death in 2011 because the Raiders had suffered through seven straight losing seasons (2003–2009) since losing to Tampa Bay in Super Bowl XXXVII. <mask> disagreed, stating "In a lot of peoples’ minds, Al is out of touch, but nothing is further from the truth. He is still quite lucid." Career records
First wide receiver to win the Heisman Trophy. NFL rookie-season record for most combined yards gained, with 2,317

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title: Elmer Belt

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<mask> (April 10, 1893 – May 17, 1980) was an internationally recognized urologist, a pioneer in sex-change surgery, an important mover in the founding of the UCLA School of Medicine, and a book collector known for assembling a library of research materials about Leonardo da Vinci—the Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana—which he donated to the University of California, Los Angeles  between 1961-66. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois on April 10, 1893. Both of his parents worked for the post office. The family moved to Southern California when <mask> was nine. <mask> (the form of name he preferred) received his early education in Orange County, but attended Los Angeles High School, traveling there on horseback. During high school he took courses in Latin, a medical school prerequisite, and met Ruth Smart, whom he would marry in 1918. Because Los Angeles High School was located at the top of a hill and at least an hour's walk to a shop where students could obtain supplies, <mask> came up with the entrepreneurial idea of starting a small book-and-supplies store at the school.This enterprise led him to become acquainted with some of the city's leading bookmen, in particular Ernest Dawson, patriarch and founder of a distinguished line of booksellers. Recounting this story in a letter from 1979, <mask> wrote, “As a Freshman in

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texts: High School, I learned what an Aldine was and about Gutenberg and his woes and all of the wonderful world of books. During <mask>'s teens, his father suffered from an abdominal attack that required surgery. When the surgeon came out to report that the family patriarch had not survived the operation, the young <mask> noticed that the surgeon smelled strongly of alcohol. He immediately concluded that the surgeon had botched the surgery and killed his father. Taking a lesson from this tragedy, <mask> vowed never to drink alcohol. At the time, <mask>'s mother was employed and thus was able to provide for him and his sister Olive.Crucially, she was able to support <mask> through medical school. <mask> attended the University of California Berkeley, obtaining a B.A. in 1916 and an M.A. in 1917. (He was a member of the first class taught by Herbert McLean Evans.) He then attended the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, where he was chosen to be a fellow of the Hooper Institute for Medical Research, working in urology with Dr. George Whipple and Dr. Frank Hinman. After finishing medical school in 1920, <mask> continued as a Resident in Urology with Dr. Hinman.However, <mask>'s young son Charles had been in a serious auto accident, and his father felt he would receive better care from famed orthopedist Robert W. Lovett at

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 Harvard Medical School. So <mask> applied for a residency in General Surgery at Harvard University-affiliated Peter Bent Brigham Hospital and spent a year working under Dr. Harvey Cushing. (Unfortunately, <mask> continued to have physical problems later in life.) While in medical school, <mask> had taken a non-credit elective course in the History of Medicine taught by Dr. George Washington Corner, an anatomist who had recently come to the University of California from Johns Hopkins University. It was during this class that <mask> developed his lifelong interest in Leonardo da Vinci. It was, he relates, "in that course that I was assigned the subject of Leonardo da Vinci . . . and I was so fascinated that I began collecting everything I could about him."Career
In 1923, <mask> and his wife moved to Los Angeles, where he began a private practice. In 1936 he established the Elmer Belt Urologic Group, which occupied its own building at 1893 Wilshire Boulevard. The second floor of the building housed <mask>'s ever-expanding library. During this period, due to his rising prominence in his profession, he enjoyed privileges as a staff, attending, or consulting urologist at many hospitals around Los Angeles County. In addition to specializing in urology, <mask> was a passionate advocate for public health and, from 1939 through 1954, served as the

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 President of the State Board of Public Health. First appointed to this position by California Governor Culbert Olsen, <mask> was reappointed by Governor Earl Warren for each of the latter's three terms in office. In the public health arena, <mask>'s projects included working to establish the Hyperion Water Reclamation Plant for Los Angeles.He also advocated for the care and rights of refugees from the Dust Bowl who had settled in Tulare County. And during WWII, he campaigned for funds to treat what was then called venereal disease and to control prostitution, which posed serious problems around army and naval encampments in the state. <mask> was the author of numerous publications concerning both urology  and Leonardo da Vinci

Role in the establishment of the UCLA School of Medicine
From the time he returned to California from Boston in 1923, <mask> advocated for the establishment of a medical school at UCLA. Despite his growing status and influence, his efforts were thwarted by the economic and political dislocations of the Great Depression and WWII. However, in 1945, after the war ended, <mask> was able to mount a lobbying campaign for his cause with the Appropriations Committee of the State Legislature. He was personal physician to Governor Earl Warren, and during one consultation, he delivered an impassioned plea that a medical school

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texts: be established under the administration of UCLA. Before he left <mask>'s office, Warren took out a notebook and jotted down a ten-step action plan for getting the project off the ground and through the state legislature.As the tenth and final step, Warren wrote, “Come and stand behind me when I sign this [legislation].” On February 19, 1946, with <mask> and a few other dignitaries standing behind him, Warren signed a bill appropriating $7 million dollars for a medical school at UCLA. After approval was granted for a medical school for UCLA, a decision had to be made as to where it should be located, on campus or off campus. The Regents’ committee on location for the medical school announced that they were unable to find an area large enough on campus to accommodate it. Dr. <mask> was concerned that the medical school would end up going to somewhere far afield, like the county hospital downtown, so he made a scouting trip to Westwood to review all available land. He came across a nearly vacant 33-acre tract of land that ran from Wilshire Boulevard north to Strathmore Drive and from the western edge of Westwood Village to Veteran Avenue. Dr. <mask> then consulted Dr. Edward Janss, the developer who gave the land for the UCLA campus, as to the ownership of the property. He learned that it was owned by the Veterans Hospital Association and that

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texts: it would take an act of Congress to separate the land from the Veterans Hospital facility.This would have to be accomplished through a bill introduced into Congress and, if signed by the President, it would become the law. The bill would have to propose that the land be separated and given to the University of California. In advance, the University would have to ask for it. This was the first requisite and it proved to be the hardest one because the central authority of the University would not make the request. Finally, however, Clarence Dykstra, then Chancellor of UCLA, agreed to arrange acceptance for the transfer by the Veterans Hospital Administration. The bill arrived before the eighty-first Congress as the last bill on the docket. At this point, Dr. <mask> reached out to Edwin W. Pauley, who had managed the government's oil program during WWII, and who was instrumental in Truman becoming Roosevelt's vice-presidential running mate in the 1944 election.Dr. <mask> did not know Pauley, but he did know his wife, who helped facilitate a meeting between her husband and Dr. <mask> in the Pauley's home. After hearing Dr. <mask>'s plea for help, Pauley phoned President Truman and convinced him to sign the legislation that allowed for the transfer of the land from the Veterans Administration to the University of California for the construction


title: Elmer Belt

texts: of the medical school. <mask> helped recruit the School of Medicine's first dean, Stafford L. Warren, who was appointed in 1947. In the fall of 1951, the medical school enrolled its first class, which consisted of 30 students—28 men and two women. Because there was as yet no building to house the medical school, classes were held in temporary bungalows and in a building UCLA had purchased that had formerly been known as the Religious Conference Building. At this time, there were 15 faculty members, including <mask>, who served as Clinical Professor of Surgery (Urology). The main sites for clinical work and research in these nascent days of the School were the UCLA-affiliated hospitals of the Veterans Administration (the Wadsworth Hospital) in Brentwood; and the Veterans Administration Hospital in Long Beach.An affiliation was also established with Harbor Hospital in Torrance in 1951, at which point it, too, became a teaching hospital for the UCLA School of Medicine. In 1955 the university completed work on the UCLA Medical Center, giving the Medical School a permanent home. Not long afterwards, University of California President Robert Gordon Sproul characterized <mask> as "The Life Belt of the UCLA Medical School." <mask> remained a staunch supporter of the School for the rest of his life. The school was named the David Geffen School of


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 Medicine at UCLA in 2001 in honor of David Geffen who donated $200 million in unrestricted funds. Gender-affirming surgery
<mask> may have been the first surgeon in the United States to perform gender affirmation surgery, which he was likely doing by 1950. However, ascertaining exactly when he did them is not possible because a fire in <mask>'s medical office in 1958 destroyed many, if not all, records prior to that year.The surgeries were performed at Good Samaritan Hospital, where <mask>'s Urologic Group's surgical practice was conducted; he did not perform them at UCLA. <mask> was the uncle of <mask> Goodwin, M.D. (1915-1998) who, in 1951, was the founding chair of the Division of Urology in the Department of Surgery at the UCLA School of Medicine. <mask> trained his nephew in the techniques of sex-change surgery. In 1954 a committee of UCLA doctors, including Goodwin and members of the Psychiatry Department, decided that these surgeries should no longer be performed under the aegis of the university. However, Goodwin continued to perform them quietly. At the end of 1954, <mask> temporarily ceased his transgender surgeries, but in the late 1950s he resumed his sex-reassignment practice.<mask> received referrals from endocrinologist/sexologist Dr. Harry Benjamin; Dr. LeMon Clark, professor of Gynecology at the University of Arkansas and

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 editor of Sexology Magazine; and others. Many prospective patients wrote to directly to  <mask>, who responded to these inquiries thoroughly and compassionately, as can be ascertained in surviving correspondence in the <mask> Papers housed in UCLA Library Special Collections, Medicine and Science. <mask> performed male-to-female operations. One of his best known patients was Patricia Morgan. In early 1962, at the age of 69, and under pressure from his wife, his son Bruce, and his office manager, <mask> ceased performing sex-change operations. In addition to feeling these pressures, <mask> was concerned that a dissatisfied patient might sue him and ruin his practice.It was also becoming increasingly difficult to find hospitals that would allow him to perform sex-reassignment surgery. Finally, he knew there were other doctors to whom he could refer patients, including Goodwin and Dr. Georges Burou, a French surgeon with a clinic in Casablanca. <mask> as a Book and Manuscript Collector
A lifelong bibliophile, <mask> began collecting books as a boy and, by his mid-teens, had assembled a prized collection of comic books and dime novels. Unfortunately, <mask>'s mother did not understand how important these collections were to him, and she discarded them when he went to college—a loss he lamented for the rest of his life. <mask> also collected

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 works by Upton Sinclair and, in 1934, supported Sinclair's campaign for governor of California. He donated his Upton Sinclair collection to Occidental College Library including  first editions "warmly inscribed from Sinclair to <mask>, who was his physician. in 1950."In addition, <mask> formed collections around neurologist Silas Weir Mitchell and the founder of modern nursing,  Florence Nightingale. He donated both collections to the Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library at UCLA. In 2014 the remainder of <mask>'s collection was sold at auction including an  illuminated manuscript by Dante Gabriel Rossetti of The Blessed Damozel by Alberto Sangorski; California mission etchings by Henry Ford (illustrator); a  handwritten manuscript by Bertrand Russell and a signed  Sierra Nevada: The John Muir Trail by Ansel Adams. The Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana

Dr. <mask>'s Leonardo da Vinci collection was his major undertaking as a collector. He aimed to build the most extensive collection on Leonardo in the world by acquiring (1) all editions of Leonardo's works in facsimile; (2) all published works known to have been consulted by Leonardo in the editions the artist used (“Leonardo's Library”); (3) many early-printed books important to the history of art, beginning with Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists; and (4) modern scholarly literature on

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texts: Leonardo and his legacy in the arts and sciences. He also ultimately acquired all printed editions of Leonardo's Treatise on Painting plus two important manuscript versions of the Treatise that preceded the first printed edition; and a collection of Leonardo-related graphic arts materials, such as prints after the artist's so-called "grotesques." Beginning in the 1930s, Dr. <mask> began working with the Los Angeles book dealer and cultural catalyst Jacob Zeitlin, who acted as Dr. <mask>'s agent in purchasing materials for his collection.By 1945, the Leonardo collection had grown to the extent that <mask> engaged a full-time librarian, Kate Steinitz, to manage it. A former patient of <mask>'s, Steinitz was an important artist who had been active in the avant-garde art scene during the Weimar Republic and who had fled Germany after Hitler came to power. Between 1961 and 1966, <mask> donated in installments his Leonardo da Vinci collection to UCLA on the condition that the University maintain his collection and not integrate it with the rest of the library's holdings. In 2011 a  fiftieth anniversary tribute to the collector was held at the Department of Special Collections. From 1966 to 2002, the Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana was housed in an elegant suite of rooms within the Art Library in Dickson Art Center. The wood-paneled rooms were


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texts:
 furnished with Renaissance furniture, antiques, artwork, and art objects donated by the Kress Foundation and Norton Simon. In 2002, counter to the terms of the gift, the Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana was integrated into UCLA Library Special Collections.Personal life
<mask> married the former Mary Ruth Smart (1892-1983) in 1918. Like her husband, Ruth (her preferred name), attended the University of California, Berkeley. After graduating, she attended a full-time program in library science organized by the University Library and offered under the College of Letters and Science. After they settled permanently in Los Angeles in 1923, she became a social and cultural leader in the city. She served on the Los Angeles Library Commission and the Opera Guild of Southern California. She also was president of the UCLA Art Council and helped launch major fundraising events for that group. In 1959, she led a drive to add 35 cents for the city tax rate to help support the city's public elementary schools.She was as well a founding director of the World Affairs Council and national vice president of the Travelers Aid Society. She died on January 9, 1983. The <mask>s had two sons, <mask> <mask> and Bruce Gregory <mask>. <mask> (1919-1994) attended the University of Southern California. He was married to Marie Saunders from 1958-1966. He married Marie

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 Catherine Patino on 15 August 1967, in San Diego, California. He died on May 26, 1994, in his hometown, at the age of 75.<mask> (1926-2012) followed in his father's footsteps and became a urologist, practicing medicine in the Elmer Belt Urological Group for some 20 years. However, he did not enjoy being a doctor. In 1977 he left medicine and, at the age of 51, embarked on a career in education, becoming a successful and popular teacher of Biology, Chemistry, Latin, and Geography at the Brentwood School. <mask>'s sister Olive married Willard Goodwin, Sr. Their son Willard Goodwin, M.D. (1915-1998), was founding chair of the Division of Urology in the Department of Surgery at the UCLA School of Medicine. Like his uncle, Goodwin performed sex-change surgeries. He was also known for  his work in organ and graft transplantation.The <mask> Residence was located at 2201 Fern Dell Place in Los Feliz. Not long after suffering a stroke, <mask> died on May 17, 1980 at age 87. Awards and honors
1951: honorary Phi Beta Kappa key
1952: Italian Silver Star of Solidarity
1962: honorary Doctor of Laws degree, University of California, Los Angeles
1964: University Service Award, University of California Alumni Association
1967: President, Society for the History of Technology
1972: Sir Thomas More Medal for Book Collecting, University of San Francisco
1976:

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 American Urologic Association, for contributions to the History of Urology and to the Forum
1977: Aesculapian Award, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine

Archival sources

 <mask> Papers 1920-1980, bulk 1958-1978. Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library History and Special Collections for the Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles. Opened for research 2010. http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt2199r6k1/admin/?query=<mask>%20(Elmer)%20papers#acqinfo-1.2.6
Note: the papers contain very little prior to 1958. In that year, a fire in <mask>'s medical offices seem destroyed almost everything dated earlier than 1958. in addition, access is restricted for some materials owing to patient or legal confidentiality protocols. Elmer <mask> Papers.Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA. Unprocessed collection. 286 boxes. The Harry Benjamin Collection, Library and Special Collections,The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction, Indiana University, Bloomington. http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/findingaids/view?brand=general&docId=VAC1594&chunk.id=d1e76&startDoc=1
 Willard E. Goodwin papers, 1915-1998, bulk 1915-1998. Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA. Opened for research


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 2007.http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt367nd8mf/?query=Goodwin+(Willard+E. )+papers
 Robert J. Stoller Papers, 1942-1991. Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA. http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf5s2006mg/admin/?query=Robert%20Stoller#descgrp-1.8.2

Digital sources
Dr.<mask> Tate. The Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana Internet Archive. <mask> collection of Vinciana graphic arts. Online Archive of California.Zagria. A Gender Variance Who's Who. https://zagria.blogspot.com/2019/03/elmer-belt-1893-1980-urologist-pioneer.html

Printed sources
Arthur, Ransom. By the Old Pacific's Rolling Water: Birth of the UCLA School of Medicine. Los Angeles: School of Medicine, University of California, 1992. <mask>, <mask>. "<mask>."In There Was Light: Autobiography of a University, Berkeley: 1868-1968, edited by Irving Stone, 353-367. New York: Doubleday, 1970. Marmor, Max. "The Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana." The Book Collector, 38, no. 3 (Autumn 1989): 1-23. Meyerowitz, Joanne.How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002. Pedretti, Carlo. Leonardo da Vinci: Studies for a Nativity and the 'Mona Lisa Cartoon' with Drawings after Leonardo from the Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana: Exhibition in Honour of <mask>, M.D. on the Occasion of his

masks:
Elmer Belt
Elmer Belt
Belt
Elmer
Elmer Belt
Elmer Belt


title: Elmer Belt

texts:
 Eightieth Birthday. Los Angeles: University of California, 1973. Surgeon and Bibliophile: <mask>.Oral History Transcript; interviewed by Esther de Vécsey between 1974-75. Los Angeles: Oral History Program, University of California, Los Angeles, 1983. Notes

 Stanley Brosman, urologist and close friend of <mask>, supplied personal memories about <mask> that added to the accuracy of this entry. Interview on February 8, 2021. Arthur Schapiro, urologist, colleague, and friend of <mask>, also supplied, through numerous exchanges between 2019 and 2021, supplied much critical information and help in creating this entry. References

External links
 The Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana

1893 births
1980 deaths
Surgeons specializing in transgender medicine
University of California, Berkeley alumni
American urologists
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA faculty
20th-century surgeons
Book and manuscript collectors
History of

masks:
Elmer Belt
Elmer Belt
Elmer Belt
Elmer Belt


title: Hugo Kołłątaj

texts:
<mask>, also spelled Kołłątay (pronounced , 1 April 1750 – 28 February 1812), was a prominent Polish constitutional reformer and educationalist, and one of the most prominent figures of the Polish Enlightenment. He served as Deputy Chancellor of the Crown, 1791–92. He was a Roman Catholic priest, social and political activist, political thinker, historian, philosopher, and polymath. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born 1 April 1750 in Dederkały Wielkie (now in Western Ukraine) in Volhynia into a family of minor Polish nobility. Soon after, his family moved to Nieciesławice, near Sandomierz, where he spent his childhood. He attended school in Pińczów. He began his studies at the Kraków Academy, subsequently, Jagiellonian University, where he studied law and gained a doctorate.Afterwards, around 1775 he took holy orders. He studied in Vienna and Italy (Naples and Rome), where he would have encountered Enlightenment philosophy. He is thought to have gained two further doctorates abroad in philosophy and theology. Returning to Poland, he became a canon of Kraków, and parish priest of Krzyżanowice Dolne and Tuczępy. He was active in the Commission of National Education and the Society for Elementary Books, where he took a prominent role in the development of the national network of schools. He spent two years in Warsaw, but returned to Kraków where he reformed the Kraków Academy, on whose board he sat from 1777, and whose rector he was between 1783-1786. The reform of the Academy was very substantial.It established innovative standards. Notably, he substituted Polish for Latin which till then was used for lectures. The removal of Latin in favour of a national language in higher education was then still uncommon in Europe. The reform proved so controversial that his political enemies plotted successfully to have him temporarily removed from Kraków in 1781, on grounds of corruption

masks:
Hugo Stumberg Kołłątaj
Hugo Kołłątaj


title: Hugo Kołłątaj

texts:
 This work is also seen as an important contribution to cultural anthropology. In The State of Education in Poland in the Final Years of the Reign of Augustus III, published posthumously in 1841, he argued against the Jesuit domination of education and presented a study of the history of education. He died on 28 February 1812, "forgotten and abandoned" by his contemporaries. He was buried in the Powązki Cemetery.Remembrance

Despite his lonely death, Kołłątaj became an influence on many subsequent reformers and is now recognized as one of the key figures of the Enlightenment in Poland, and "one of the greatest minds of his epoch". He is one of the figures immortalized in Jan Matejko's 1891 painting, Constitution of May 3, 1791. Several learned institutions in Poland are named in <mask>'s honour, including the Agricultural University of Cracow of which he was co-founder and patron. See also
 History of philosophy in Poland - Enlightenment
 Piotr Skarga
 Stanisław Staszic
 List of Poles

References

Further reading

 Władysław Tatarkiewicz, Historia filozofii (History of Philosophy), 3 vols., Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1978. External links
 Works by <mask>j in digital library Polona

1750 births
1812 deaths
People from Shumsk Raion
Burials at Powązki Cemetery
Polish Roman Catholic priests
Polish nobility
18th-century Polish philosophers
19th-century Polish philosophers
Ecclesiastical senators of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Jagiellonian University alumni
Polish historians
Polish male non-fiction writers
Canons of Kraków
Polish educational theorists
Enlightenment philosophers
Catholic philosophers
Polish political writers
Kościuszko insurgents
Polish anthropologists
Prisoners and detainees of Austria
Polish prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Russia
Polish exiles
Rectors of the Jagiellonian University
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle

masks:
Hugo Kołłątaj
Hugo Kołłąta


title: Samuel Mills Damon

texts:
<mask> (March 13, 1845 – July 1, 1924) was a businessman and politician in the Kingdom of Hawaii, through the Republic of Hawaii and into the Territory of Hawaii. <mask> was born  in Honolulu on March 13, 1845. His father was early missionary <mask> (1815–1885) and his mother was <mask> (1817–1890). They arrived in Honolulu in 1842. His maternal great-uncle was minister <mask>  (1783–1818), who took part in the Haystack Prayer Meeting which led to the formation of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, the group that sent the first American missionaries to Hawaii. He was educated at Punahou School from 1856 to 1863. On September 5, 1872 he married  Harriet Melinda Baldwin (1846–1932), daughter of missionary Dwight Baldwin  (1798–1886).Family and business
The <mask>s had four children: <mask> <mask> (born June 1, 1873), <mask> <mask> (born November 23, 1877), Henry Fowler <mask> (born January 16, 1883) and Douglas Wilfred <mask>. His wife's brother Henry Perrine Baldwin (1842–1911) founded Alexander & Baldwin. This was one of the "Big Five" corporations that dominated the economy of territorial Hawaii. <mask> started work as a clerk in the W. N. Ladd store in Honolulu, run by the son of the founder of ill-fated Ladd & Co. In 1871 he went to work for the bank of Charles Reed Bishop, the only one in the Hawaiian Islands at the time. By 1881 he became a full partner in Bishop's bank. He invested in and served on the board of directors of sugarcane plantations and the Oahu Railway and Land Company,  and was vice president of his brother-in-law's Hawaiian Sugar Company.In 1884, he inherited over  of the area known as Moanalua from Bernice Pauahi Bishop. She was the wife of his business partner, and a Hawaiian princess who inherited the land from King Kamehameha I.
<mask> was executor of Princess Pauahi's will, and trustee of the estate through 1916. Most of her land

masks:
Samuel Mills Damon
Life Damon
Samuel Chenery Damon
Julia Sherman Mills
Samuel John Mills
Damon
Samuel Edward
Damon
Mary Mills
Damon
Damon
Damon
Damon
Damon


title: Samuel Mills Damon

texts:
 went to fund the Kamehameha Schools. He successfully appealed a lawsuit to the supreme court to demand exclusive fishing rights to the area offshore of Moanalua. In an even more unusual case, Charles Brenig, who had come to Hawaii under the name Simeon Weibert, died and left much of his estate to <mask>. The will was contested by Brenig's widow and son, but appeals were denied. When Bishop moved to San Francisco in 1893 <mask> acquired all shares of the Bishop bank.The bank later became the First Hawaiian Bank, and <mask>'s share was sold to BNP Paribas in 2001. Politics
On August 12, 1884 King Kalākaua made <mask> a member of the Privy Council, where he served until March 7, 1891. He became a member of the board of education on July 7, 1887 and board of Health December 28, 1887. He was appointed minister of finance on July 22, 1889, replacing amateur geologist and businessman William Lowthian Green. He served until being replaced by Godfrey Brown on June 17, 1890. He kept on good terms with Queen Liliuokalani (his father had performed her wedding ceremony). He was out of town when the Committee of Safety deposed her.Since he knew people on both sides, he helped negotiate a peaceful outcome, where Liliuokalani surrendered under protest to the US Government. After the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, he was vice president of the Provisional Government of Hawaii from February 4, 1893 to May 29, 1893 when he again became minister of finance. He was also on the executive council of Sanford B. Dole (which replaced the privy council of the monarchy) until May 22, 1895. When it was apparent that the United States was not going to annex the islands immediately, he continued in the Republic of Hawaii government to September 12, 1896. James A. King replaced him temporarily in June 1896. He was made a special envoy to attend the diamond jubilee of Queen Victoria in London.On August 11,

masks: Damon Damon Damon Damon


title: Samuel Mills Damon

texts:
 1897 he held the post for a third time, until November 13, 1899. He was Hawaii's last minister of finance, serving once more from December 21, 1899 until June 14, 1900 after the Hawaiian Organic Act established the government of the Territory of Hawaii and the cabinet was abolished. Legacy

His son <mask> "Ned<mask> graduated from Punahou and then Yale. He studied accounting in Glasgow, Scotland where he married Gertrude Valentine Marr MacKinnon, daughter of William Mackinnon, an accountant at McClelland, Mackinnon & Blyth, and Elisabeth 'Bessie' Kerr Mackinnon née Marr on January 17, 1899. They had four children, although one died young. He returned to work in the family bank, but was stabbed to death on September 27, 1904. After S. M<mask> died July 1, 1924, his estate (then estimated worth over US$250 million) was left in trust to his grandchildren.At one time it was the fourth largest private landowner in Hawaii. Son Henry Fowler <mask> graduated from Yale; he married his brother <mask>'s widow Gertrude, they had four children: <mask> "Haku" Baldwin (1913–2003), Frances (<mask>) Holt, Joan (<mask>) Haig, and Henry E<mask>, and died December 19, 1926. Douglas Wilfred <mask> died September 21, 1936. The property became very valuable as Honolulu was developed in the 20th century. Parts of Moanalua became Fort Kamehameha, Honolulu International Airport, Tripler Army Medical Center, Moanalua High School, the Salt Lake, Hawaii development, and Moanalua Gardens. In 2003, the office buildings alone were sold to the Real estate investment trust HRPT for over $480 million. Trustees of the estate included retired General Frederick C. Weyand, great-grandson David M. Haig, former bank president Walter Dods, and local attorney Paul Mullin Ganley.His last surviving grandchild, <mask> Haig, died on November 9, 2004. The estate had about 20 beneficiaries with annual total income of over $34

masks:
Samuel Edward
" Damon
. Damon
Damon
Samuel
Harriet Damon
Damon
Damon
. Damon
Damon
Joan Damon


title: Samuel Mills Damon

texts:
 million, as plans were made for its distribution. However, only one grandchild, (<mask> <mask>) survived from his son <mask>, while four descended from son Henry. A lawsuit was filed (appealed to the Supreme Court of Hawaii) to determine how to divide the shares: equal shares for each great-grandchild, five shares for each grandchild, or half for each set of descendants by his two children. The 1914 will had almost no punctuation in its ten pages. The US Supreme Court refused to hear the case, so the estate, estimated worth $900 million in 2006, was distributed with half to descendants of each son. The estate had bought Kahuku Ranch on Hawaii island for $1.3 million in 1958 from James W. Glover.It is located on the southwest rift zone of Mauna Loa volcano, with headquarters at . The estate sold about  of the ranch in 2003 to the US Government (with financing from the Nature Conservancy) to expand Hawaii Volcanoes National Park  for $22 million. It was the largest conservation land deal in Hawaii's history, enlarging the park by more than 50%. Some was sold for residences, and some remains as a tourist accommodation. In 2006 <mask>'s coin collection alone was auctioned off for $3,884,000 by Doyle New York. It included an 1876 proof set from the US centennial. In 2007, the estate donated a collection of artifacts to the Bernice P. Bishop Museum.<mask> was a founding trustee of the museum. See also
 Sugar plantations in Hawaii
 List of Missionaries to Hawaii
 Alexander & Baldwin Sugar Museum

References

External links
<mask> <mask> 1924 obituary in The Friend

Hawaiian Kingdom politicians
Republic of Hawaii politicians
Members of the Hawaiian Kingdom Privy Council
Hawaiian Kingdom Finance Ministers
Republic of Hawaii Finance Ministers
Businesspeople from Honolulu
1924 deaths
1845 births
Punahou School alumni
People associated with the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
Politicians

masks:
Samuel Renny
Damon
Samuel
Damon
Damon
Samuel Mills
Damon


title: Michael Davitt

texts:
<mask> (25 March 184630 May 1906) was an Irish republican activist for a variety of causes, especially Home Rule and land reform. Following an eviction when he was four years old, Davitt's family migrated to England. He began his career as an organiser of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, which resisted British rule in Ireland with violence. Convicted of treason felony for arms trafficking in 1870, he served seven years in prison. Upon his release, Davitt pioneered the New Departure strategy of cooperation between the physical-force and constitutional wings of Irish nationalism on the issue of land reform. With Charles Stewart Parnell, he co-founded the Irish National Land League in 1879, in which capacity he enjoyed the peak of his influence before being jailed again in 1881. Davitt travelled widely, giving lectures around the world, supported himself through journalism, and served as Member of Parliament (MP) for the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) during the 1890s.When the party split over Parnell's divorce, Davitt joined the anti-Parnellite Irish National Federation. His Georgist views on the land question put him on the left wing of Irish nationalism, and he was a vociferous advocate of alliance between the Radical faction of the Liberal Party and the IPP. Early years

<mask> was born in Straide, County Mayo, Ireland, on 25 March 1846 during the Great Famine. He was the third of five children born to Martin and <mask>, tenant farmers of little means who spoke Irish as the family language. Martin had been involved in the Irish nationalist Ribbon movement in the 1830s. In 1850, when <mask> was four years

masks:
Michael Davitt
Michael Davitt
Catherine Davitt
Michael


title: Michael Davitt

texts:
 lifetime supporter of prison reform for humane conditions for all prisoners. This was in contrast to other Irish nationalists who had served prison time, who were only interested in the condition of "political" prisoners. Shortly before his arrest, Davitt had persuaded his family to emigrate to the United States. In July 1878, Davitt made a trip to visit them and raise money through a lecture tour to bring his mother and youngest sister back to Ireland (his father had since died). Upon his arrival in New York, he was welcomed by the United States-based republican organisation Clan na Gael and its leader, John Devoy. In its first such venture of the kind, the Clan organised Davitt's lecture tour, which lasted until December.In meetings with Irish-American Fenians, Davitt developed the strategy called the  "New Departure", an informal collaboration between the physical-force and parliamentary wings of Irish nationalism focusing on the land reform campaign. This collaboration was cemented during a meeting on 1 June 1879 in Dublin between <mask>, Devoy, and Charles Stewart Parnell, leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), which advocated Home Rule achieved via Parliament. The Land War

Agrarian unrest in the west of Ireland was sparked by the 1879 famine, a combination of heavy rains, poor yields and low prices that brought widespread hunger and deprivation. Davitt played a role in the organisation of several large-scale meetings in Mayo to agitate for land reform. At one of the meetings, he called for the liberation of Ireland from "the land robbers who seized it". On 16 August 1879, the Land League of


title: Michael Davitt

texts: Mayo was founded in Castlebar. On 21 October it was superseded by the Irish National Land League based in Dublin.Parnell was made its president and <mask> was one of its secretaries. Through the Land League, <mask> attained the pinnacle of his political influence and power from 1879 through 1881. The league adopted the slogan "the land for the people", which was vague enough to be acceptable to Irish nationalists across the political spectrum. The runaway popularity of the Land League among Irish Catholics worried British authorities. On the other hand, <mask>'s cooperation with Parnell angered the IRB, which expelled <mask> from its Supreme Council in May 1880, although he continued to be a member of the organisation. One of the actions the Land League took during this period was the campaign of ostracism against the land agent Captain Charles Boycott in Lough Mask House outside Ballinrobe in the autumn of 1880. This campaign led to Boycott abandoning Ireland in December.In May 1880, following Parnell's tour of the United States, Davitt travelled there to raise funds for the Land League, specifically for political action to free Irish peasants "from the humiliation of a beggar's position". He attended the first convention of the Central Provisional Council of the American Land League, at which he was appointed secretary of the organisation. As secretary, Davitt was responsible for improving the Land League's organisation, helping set up local branches. For the thirteen weeks that Davitt was in the United States, he and Lawrence Walsh were effectively the only national leaders; they worked closely with Anna

masks: Davitt Davitt Davitt Davitt


title: Michael Davitt

texts: Parnell, who provided assistance. While in the United States he toured the country giving speeches as far afield as San Francisco. The Liberal government responded to the land agitation with the Protection of Persons and Property Act 1881, an extension of previous Coercion Acts, which would enable the internment without trial of those suspected of involvement in the Land War. In their fight against the act, the IPP MPs reached new heights of obstruction, but were ultimately unable to block it.It was <mask>'s idea to set up a Ladies' Land League to continue their work when the male Land League leaders were arrested, as expected. On 3 February 1881, Davitt's ticket of leave was rescinded; he was arrested in Dublin and returned to Millbank Prison in England. The IPP MPs protested so strongly in Parliament that thirty-six were expelled. Almost a thousand people were arrested under the Coercion Act, but agrarian crime continued to increase. In April, the government introduced the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881, which Liberal minister Joseph Chamberlain described as removing "the chief grievance" of the agitators by granting many of their demands: fair rent, free sale, and fixity of tenure. As it fell short of peasant proprietorship, it was criticised as insufficient by the Land League, although Davitt later claimed that it had "struck a mortal blow at Irish landlordism". Davitt served most of his second term of incarceration at Portland Prison, under much better conditions than previously, owing to his fame and concern over his health.He was allowed books and continued to study agrarian theory. He became enamoured of


title: Michael Davitt

texts:
 the ideas of Henry George and abandoned the idea of peasant proprietorship in favour of land nationalisation. He also read many liberal thinkers, such as John Stuart Mill, Adolphe Thiers, Augustin Thierry, François Guizot, William Edward Hartpole Lecky, and Thomas Babington Macaulay. In an 1882 by-election, he was elected Member of Parliament for Meath but was disqualified because he was in prison. In October 1881, Parnell and other IPP leaders were also arrested. The Land League responded with the No Rent Manifesto on 18 October, urging tenant farmers not to pay rent until they were released. Two days later, the British government banned the Land League.<mask> and his allies were released from prison in May 1882, according to the Kilmainham Treaty agreed between the IPP and the Liberal Party. Some 130,000 tenants in arrears, who had been excluded from the rent-fixing authorised by the 1881 act, were given amnesty. In return, the IPP withdrew its support for agrarian agitation and cancelled the No Rent Manifesto, bringing an end to the Land League. Travels and marriage
In June and July 1882, Davitt travelled to the United States on a lecture tour. Upon his return, Davitt toured Britain alongside Henry George in a campaign for land nationalisation and an alliance between the British working class, Irish labourers, and tenant farmers sponsored by the New York-based Irish World. Land nationalisation was extremely unpopular in Ireland, and strongly opposed by the IPP, which was becoming defined as a party for the interests of Irish tenant farmers. After a meeting with Parnell in September 1882, Davitt agreed to


title: Michael Davitt

texts: set aside his support for the cause and resume cooperation with the IPP as a founder of the new Irish National League.The League included a few of <mask>'s ideas, but was dominated by a conservative faction loyal to Parnell and emphasised Home Rule rather than further land reform. In addition, Parnell agreed to support a new organisation, the Irish Labour and Industrial Union, which aimed to help rural labourers acquire land and the franchise. The union was later replaced by the Irish Democratic Trade and Labour Federation, over whose formation <mask> presided in 1890 with <mask>. This organisation was later subsumed into D. D. Sheehan's Irish Land and Labour Association in 1894. With the demise of the Land League, agitation continued to be carried on by more extreme physical-force factions, such as the Fenian dynamite campaign, while the British government continued its crackdown. Davitt denounced both the bombings and the British government's excesses. As a result, he was arrested for sedition in February 1883 and served four months in jail, his last term in prison.Believing that the Plan of Campaign—renewed agrarian agitation between 1886 and 1891—was against the Kilmainham Treaty, Davitt acceded to Parnell's request and did not involve himself in it. Davitt was a frequent visitor to Scotland, and became closely associated with the crofters' struggles in the Highlands and Islands. He urged the Irish immigrant population to integrate into the politics of their adopted country and in particular the infant Labour movement. Davitt worked closely with John Ferguson, the Irish leader in Glasgow who had been

masks:
Davitt
Davitt
Michael Austin


title: Michael Davitt

texts: involved in the Crofters' War agitation by Highland tenant farmers in the early 1880s and later in the Irish-Radical political alliance that was the forerunner of the Scottish Labour Party. <mask> Jones and E. Pan Jones brought Davitt to Wales in 1886 to campaign for land reforms, although Davitt's radicalism made him unpopular among would-be reformers, who thought the movement ought to be managed by Welsh people. Davitt married an Irish-American woman, Mary Yore, on 30 December 1886 in Oakland, California; he had met her on his 1880 tour. The couple settled in a cottage in Ballybrack, County Dublin, the only gift that Davitt ever accepted from his admirers.They had five children – three boys and two girls, one of whom, Kathleen, died of tuberculosis aged seven in 1895. One of their sons, Robert Davitt, became a TD (national legislator), while another, Cahir <mask>, became President of the High Court. From 1880, when he published his first pieces in Irish World, Davitt made his income from journalism. He had long aspired to edit his own paper, and founded the socialist penny weekly Labour World in September 1890. Davitt's paper covered a wide variety of topics, including foreign news, the plight of agricultural labourers, and women in the workplace. Although it was initially a success and sold 60,000 copies of its second edition, the Labour World stopped publishing the following year due to Davitt's illness, lack of funds, and other problems. When Parnell's extramarital affair with Katharine O'Shea was exposed in 1890, Davitt asked him to step down.He came to oppose Parnell's leadership for a number of

masks:
Michael Daniel
Davitt


title: Michael Davitt

texts:
 reasons, including his belief that Parnell had misled him about the affair, insistence that the cause was more important that the individual, and fears that the revelations would harm the IPP–Liberal alliance. When Parnell refused to step down, Davitt sided with the anti-Parnellite Irish National Federation and became one of Parnell's most vociferous critics, "reveal[ing] a rather unpleasant talent for personal invective" according to Boyce. This put him in odd company, as the anti-Parnellites were dominated by social conservatives and proponents of Catholic clericalism, with whom Davitt had little in common. In his later writings, he balanced criticism of Parnell's failings with appreciation for his accomplishments. Parliamentary career

Throughout the 1880s, Davitt had refused to stand for Parliament, believing that he could be of more use to the movement as an agitator. He also believed that the IPP put too much stake in parliamentary politics and that it could accomplish more working outside of the system. He had a visceral dislike for Westminster, which he referred to as "parliamentary pentitentiary", and was aware that entering into Parliament alienated his Fenian supporters abroad.<mask> was elected for North Meath in the 1892 general election, but his election was overturned on petition because he had been supported by the Roman Catholic hierarchy. He stood unopposed for North East Cork at a by-election in February 1893, making his maiden speech in favour of the Home Rule Bill in April, which passed the House of Commons but was defeated in the Lords in September. The subsequent retirement of Prime


title: Michael Davitt

texts: British government introduced a new round of coercion and by September 1902 forty UIL leaders were jailed. <mask> and John Dillon were touring the United States to raise funds when the 1902 Land Conference was held, and by their return the Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903, masterminded by O'Brien, was a fait accompli. Davitt criticised what he saw as the overly generous provisions for landlords to sell their estates to the tenants, the Irish Land Commission mediating to then collect land annuities instead of rents, on the grounds that the land rightfully belonged to the people. Later in 1906, after the Liberal Party came to power, his open support for their policy of state control of schooling, rather than denominational education, merged into a conflict between Davitt and the Catholic Church. This would be the last controversy that Davitt was involved in. Davitt died in Elpis Hospital, Dublin on 30 May 1906, aged 60, of septicaemia arising from complications in a tooth extraction. As he requested, his funeral took place without any public notice and he was buried in Straide.Nevertheless, The New York Times reported that Dublin businesses shuttered in respect while several MPs and "enormous crowds" attended the procession when his body was removed for transport. Additional mourners accompanied the train and a procession of almost  followed the coffin from the station in Foxford, Mayo to Straide. Davitt's estate was valued at £151; in his will, he wrote "To all my friends I leave kind thoughts, to my enemies the fullest possible forgiveness and to Ireland the undying prayer for absolute freedom and


title: Michael Davitt

texts:
 independence, which it was my life's ambition to try and obtain for her." Views
Although a member of the IPP, Davitt kept his own counsel and his ideas frequently diverged from the party line. In his politics, Davitt was more radical than Parnell and this brought them into conflict. Parnell saw land agitation primarily as a way to politicise Irish peasants, increase the popularity of the IPP, and advance the cause of Home Rule. In contrast, Davitt's highest priority was improving the lot of Irish farmers, especially the poorest.While Parnell was a gifted politician, <mask> excelled as an organiser and activist. An example of his greater militancy was his support for the Ladies' Land League after Parnell had denounced it in early 1882 and tried to cancel the No Rent Manifesto. According to IPP MP T. P. O'Connor, Davitt was also suspicious of Parnell because the latter was a landowner. Davitt's views on land reform were based on a pre-capitalist understanding of access to land for subsistence farming to be a human right that superseded property rights, the so-called "unwritten law". He believed that the landlord system was feudal in nature and had been imposed on Ireland by the British. His ideas were also heavily shaped by his association with Henry George, and he cited thinkers such as Herbert Spencer, Henry Fawcett and Bonamy Price in his writings advocating radical land reform. Davitt came to agree with George that tenancy reform would not achieve "land for the people".In addition, even peasant proprietorship would fall short of this goal. Davitt foresaw that public funds spent on land purchases would


title: Michael Davitt

texts:
 According to biographer T. W. Moody, hatred of the British Empire and landlordism "was in his blood", but having grown up in England, Davitt held positive views on English people and understood the priorities of the working class in England. Violence
According to English historian <mask>, Davitt's public renunciation of political violence made him "the Irish Republican Brotherhood's greatest apostate".Davitt opposed the random use of force, such as by the Ribbon societies. On the other hand, he never fully renounced violence and, according to Irish historian Paul Bew, was involved in smuggling arms for the IRB between his first release from prison and his expulsion from the IRB council in 1880. Because he considered the landlord system inherently violent, Davitt believed it was moral to use force against it. However, for political reasons he presented the Land League as a peaceful movement and denied that his anti-landlord speeches and comments consisted of incitement to violence. Davitt denounced agrarian crime as "a species of cowardly terrorism which would do irreparable injury to Ireland" and the Maamtrasna murders as "almost without a parallel for its atrocity in the annals of agrarian outrage". However, the Land League leaders were not in control of their rank-and-file, who frequently used violence to intimidate others into withholding rent and to frighten landlords and their agents. Between 1879 and 1881, crimes related to the Land War rose from 25% to 58% of all crime in Ireland, without the leaders calling for an end to the agitation.Davitt's "final break with the Fenians" did not come until the 1882


title: Michael Davitt

texts:
 the engineers of a sordid war in South Africa, or as the assailant of the economic evils of unscrupulous capitalism anywhere".Henry Hyndman reported that Davitt believed Russia would be better off without any Jews. Although Davitt recognised that Jews' business activity was related to their exclusion from many occupations, he nevertheless believed that Jews were racially predisposed to unscrupulous capitalism but also that the Jewish people were intellectually superior. According to Irish historian Aidan Beatty, Davitt was not an antisemite, because his anti-Jewish statements coexisted with others which were supportive of Jews. According to Stanford University historian Steven Zipperstein, Davitt "emerged as a folk hero among Jews" following his writings on Kishinev, with plays written about him in English and Yiddish. Moody considers that Davitt's "passion for social justice... transcended nationality". Reception

The American abolitionist James Redpath considered Davitt "the William Lloyd Garrison of the anti-landlord movement". Political scientist Eugenio Biagini views Davitt as "a social radical in the Tom Paine tradition" who was the "chief inspirer of the Land League and the greatest hero of popular nationalism".Freeman's Journal lead writer James Winder Good hailed <mask> as the man whose "hammer strokes destroyed a system of land tenure, which for over three centuries had been the most powerful instrument in encompassing the economic degradation of the Irish people, and ensuring their subjugation to alien rule." James Connolly considered Davitt "an unselfish idealist, who in his enthusiasm for a cause


title: Michael Davitt

texts:
 history, grotesquely named The Fall of Feudalism in Ireland." An alternative view, of (among others) Conor Cruise O'Brien, historian of Parnellism, holds that Davitt's work is invaluable if partisan. At Straide in County Mayo, an old penal church was converted into a museum. In 2016, The Irish Times reported that the museum received no state funding and relied on visitor donations.The Michael Davitt Bridge connects Achill Island to the mainland. Davitt inaugurated the first bridge in 1887, and it was replaced in 1947 but retained the name. The centenary of Davitt's death saw the unveiling of a plaque at the Portree Hotel, Portree, Isle of Skye, commemorating his role in the Highland land agitation of the 1880s. The unveiling was carried out by his grandson, Fr. Tom Davitt. On 29 May 2019, Dearcán Media's Irish-language documentary, <mask>tt: Radacach (<mask>tt: Radical) premiered on TG4. Works

References

Notes

Citations

Print sources

Web sources

Further reading

External links

<mask> Portrait Gallery: UCC Multitext Project in Irish History

The Michael Davitt Museum, Straide, Foxford, Co. Mayo

1846 births
1906 deaths
19th-century Irish people
Anti-imperialism in Europe
Anti-Parnellite MPs
Foreign correspondents in Africa
Georgist politicians
Historians of the Land War
Irish agrarianists
Irish amputees
Irish journalists
Irish land reform activists
Irish non-fiction writers
Irish male non-fiction writers
Irish Parliamentary Party MPs
Irish Zionists
Kishinev pogrom
Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Cork constituencies

masks:
Michael Davi
Michael Davi
Michael Davitt


title: Roberto Manzin

texts:
<mask> (born 8 July 1966) is an alto, tenor and soprano saxophones, clarinet, EWI, piano player and composer. Biography
<mask>la di Musica Villa Simonetta. During the 1980s Manzin begun playing in several music clubs in Milan, and during the 1990s was part of the Tony Scott Jazz Quintet (Scott being an American bebop clarinet player who performed with Charlie Parker and Billie Holiday). Manzin became a successful session player, contributing to eight albums in 1992 alone, with leading Italian artists as well as featuring in several TV commercials (Invicta, BMW, TV Sorrisi e Canzoni, etc.). Manzin performed regularly in Milan jazz clubs such as Il Capolinea, Le Scimmie, Tangram, with Italian jazz musicians such as Renato Sellani, Bruno De Filippi, Gianni Cazzola, Tullio De Piscopo, Giorgio Buratti and Marco Ratti. In the same period he toured with the Italian singer Enzo Jannacci and the American artist Gene Anthony Ray (who played the role of Leroy Johnson in Fame).<mask> also worked extensively in TV where he played with, among others, James Brown, Zucchero Fornaciari and Manu Katché. In the late 1990s <mask> migrated to London, where he continued his musical activity. Over the years <mask> has performed and/or recorded with Martha Reeves and the

masks:
Roberto Manzin
Roberto Manzinuo
Manzin
Manzin
Manzin


title: Roberto Manzin

texts:
 Vandelas, Donna Summer, Dave Weckl, Jim Mullen, Harvie S, Pino Palladino, Trilok Gurtu, Kai Eckhardt, Dennis Rollins, <mask>la, Roland Perrin, Richard Bailey, Ernesto Simpson, Nicolas Meier, Jason Rebello, Ska Cubano, Manolín "El Médico de la salsa", Jesus Cutiño, Omar Puente, Alejandro Sanz, Rumer, Ismael Rivera Jr, Max Carletti, Carmel, Mario Biondi, Space UK, Dave Land, Adrian Reid; Maysa Leak, Francesco Lo Castro, Sid Gauld and Francesco Mendolia (from Incognito) and many others. <mask> continues to be a popular session player (he recorded on eight albums in 2010, ranging in style from Pop to Latin, Rock/Blues, Ska and Jazz) and appears in music festivals throughout Europe, as well as performing regularly at many venues around Europe. 1' RedReverend 2010
 Contigo en la distancia 'Contigo en la distancia' RTZ 2010
 Ska Cubano 'Mambo Ska' Casino Sounds 2010
 Federico Malaman 'Enjoy with me!' 2010
 Jon Scott 'Give Me A Call' Brown Babes Music 2009
 Mario Biondi (musician) 'If' Tattica 2009
 Gino Marcelli 'Suoni Confusi' Do It Yourself Music Group S.r.l. 2009
 Stephen Dale Petit 'Guitararama' 333 Records Ltd. 2007
 Luciano Gattinoni 'La mela rossa' Rugginenti Editore 2007
 'ZoogaJazz Three' Zoog a Music 2007
 Mauro Gazzola 'On The Road.2' Bebas Record

masks:
Roberto P
Manzin


title: John E. Rankin

texts: <mask> (March 29, 1882 – November 26, 1960) was a Democratic politician from Mississippi who served sixteen terms in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1921 to 1953. He was co-author of the bill for the Tennessee Valley Authority and from 1933 to 1936 he supported the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, which brought investment and jobs to the South. After 1937 he was active in the Conservative Coalition that largely controlled domestic policy. Rankin proposed a bill to prohibit interracial marriage and opposed a bill to prohibit state use of the poll tax, which southern states had used since the turn of the century to disenfranchise most blacks and many poor whites. He used his power to support segregation and deny federal benefits programs to African Americans. For instance, in 1944, following the Port Chicago disaster, the U.S. Navy asked Congress to authorize payments of $5,000 to each of the victims' families. But when Rankin learned most of the dead were black sailors, he insisted the amount be reduced to $2,000; Congress settled the amount at $3,000 per family.He was the main House sponsor of the G.I. Bill. <mask> insisted that its administration be decentralized, which led to continued discrimination against black veterans in the South and their virtual exclusion from one of the most important postwar programs to build social capital among United States residents. In the South, black veterans were excluded from loans, training and employment assistance. The historically black colleges were underfunded and could accept only about half the men who wanted to enroll. On the floor of the House, <mask> expressed racist views of African Americans, Japanese Americans, and Jews, accusing <mask> of being a communist

masks:
John Elliott Rankin
Rankin
Rankin
Albert Einstein


title: John E. Rankin

texts:
 agitator. During World War II, <mask> supported a bill to incarcerate all Japanese Americans in the US and its territories in camps; almost all ethnic Japanese on the West Coast were incarcerated in inland camps.In the late 20th century, Congress authorized payment of reparations to survivors and their descendants. Early life
<mask> was born near Bolands in Itawamba County, Mississippi to a family that had planter ancestors with large holdings before the Civil War. His parents were Thomas Braxton <mask>, a schoolteacher and resident of Tupelo, and Venola Modeste (née Rutledge), born in Arkansas as the daughter of Robert Rutledge and <mask> (née Conoway) Rutledge. His paternal ancestors had come to Mississippi from South Carolina in 1840. After attending local schools and a normal school, <mask> attended college, graduating from the University of Mississippi law school in 1910. He established a practice in Clay County near where he grew up. He married Annie Laurie Burrous; the couple had a daughter, Annie Laurie <mask>.He became prosecuting attorney of Lee County in 1912, a position he held until 1915. Military service
Rankin served in the United States Army during World War I. Political career

Election to Congress
In 1920, <mask> was elected to the House as a Democrat. Since passage of a new constitution in 1890 that effectively disenfranchised African Americans, Mississippi had become a one-party state dominated by Democrats. <mask> served sixteen consecutive terms (March 4, 1921 – January 3, 1953) as Mississippi's First District Representative. Appointed to the Census Committee as a freshman congressman, <mask> played an important role in opposing a reapportionment bill that would have reduced the representation of Mississippi, as

masks: Rankin Rankin Rankin Ellen Rankin Rankin Rankin Rankin Rankin


title: John E. Rankin

texts:
 well as one to reduce the overall representation of the South. Both bills were based on the fact that Southern states had disenfranchised most of their black voters but kept apportionment based on total population in each state, resulting in outsize representation for their white populations.The powerful Democrats consistently defeated northern representatives' effort to reduce southern apportionment. <mask> coauthored the bill to create the Tennessee Valley Authority, bringing major investment into the rural South. He was a supporter of the Rural Electrification Administration under President Roosevelt's administration, which also benefited many Southerners. He strongly supported Roosevelt's New Deal and advocated economic intervention in poor rural communities, but expected that most benefits would flow to southern whites. He supported racial segregation and opposed civil rights legislation. After 1937, he became active in the Conservative Coalition that largely controlled domestic policy. <mask> opposed the creation of the UN, stating, "The United Nations is the greatest fraud in all History.Its purpose is to destroy the United States." Veteran's affairs
<mask> chaired the Committee on World War Veterans' Legislation (Seventy-second through Seventy-ninth Congresses)) and the Committee on Veterans' Affairs (Eighty-first and Eighty-second Congresses). In  the first role he was the main House sponsor of the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, known as the G.I. Bill of Rights. <mask> says it was <mask> "who served as the primary force behind the version of the bill that actually got passed into law." He insisted on a provision that the federal program would be administered in a decentralized manner by the states. This ensured that

masks:
Rankin
Rankin
Rankin
Edward Humes
Rankin


title: John E. Rankin

texts:
 southern states could continue to practice discrimination against black veterans.According to historian Gavin Wright, "In a comprehensive econometric analysis, Sarah Turner and <mask> find that although the GI Bill had substantial positive benefits for black and white veterans outside the South, those from the South made no significant gains in educational attainment." Rankin sought to prevent the desegregation of VA hospitals. He argued for treating black veterans in rural, isolated all-black hospitals. House Un-American Activities Committee
<mask> helped establish the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) as a standing committee in Congress in February 1945 by leading the conservative  coalition of Republicans and Southern Democrats. In the postwar years, he was active in probing the Communist Party, USA. He was criticized for failing to investigate violence and murder perpetrated by chapters of the Ku Klux Klan. After HUAC's chief counsel <mask> announced: "The committee has decided that it lacks sufficient data on which to base a probe," Rankin added: "After all, the KKK is an old American institution."Bigotry

African Americans
<mask> introduced a bill in 1920 to prohibit interracial marriage. During that decade, he opposed bills to make lynching a federal crime; although such a bill overwhelmingly passed the House, it was not approved by the Senate. In these positions, he was similar to other southern Democrats: he opposed other bills to support African American civil rights, such as any efforts toward desegregation and the elimination of poll taxes for federal elections. Poll taxes had been used by southern states to disfranchise most blacks and many poor whites since the turn of the century. <mask> argued that equal

masks:
John Bound
Rankin
Ernest Adamson
Rankin
Rankin


title: John E. Rankin

texts: opportunity hiring practices (as required by the Roosevelt administration for defense contractors) "persecuted" whites, anti-lynching bills encouraged rape, and racial equality would destroy "the white man's civilization throughout the world." During World War II, <mask> alleged that the U.S. Army's loss of a certain battle was due to the cowardice of black soldiers. Fellow Representative Helen Gahagan Douglas replied that many black soldiers had been decorated for bravery despite serving in a segregated Army.<mask> was known to use the slur "nigger" on the floor of the House. When African American Adam Clayton Powell Jr. was elected to Congress from New York in 1944, <mask> vowed to avoid sitting next to him. In 1945, Powell, a fellow Democrat, called for <mask>'s impeachment. Although freshmen congressmen were expected not to speak during their first year in office, Powell rose after one of <mask>'s outbursts to say that "the time has arrived to impeach Rankin, or at least expel him from the party." During a debate about the 1949 Peekskill Riots in Cortlandt Manor, Westchester County, New York, <mask> again used the word "nigger" while addressing the House. Violence had erupted after a racist mob of white anti-communists attacked people leaving a concert where the African American singer and political radical Paul Robeson had been performing. Rankin condemned Robeson for inciting the trouble because of his civil rights activism.The next person to speak was Representative Jacob Javits (R-New York) who instead condemned the white mob in Peekskill for violating constitutional guarantees of freedom of speech and free assembly. Angered by these comments, <mask> bellowed, "It was not surprising to hear the gentleman from New York defend

masks: Rankin Rankin Rankin Rankin Rankin Rankin Rankin


title: John E. Rankin

texts:
 discriminated against? The white Christian people of America, the ones who created this nation ...I am talking about the white Christian people of the North as well as the South ... Communism is racial. A racial minority seized control in Russia and in all her satellite countries, such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, and many other countries I could name. They have been run out of practically every country in Europe in the years gone by, and if they keep stirring race trouble in this country and trying to force their communistic program on the Christian people of America, there is no telling what will happen to them here. In late 1945, <mask> backed calls for the United States to break off diplomatic relations with Spain's leader Francisco Franco, because the Spanish dictator had been an ally of Adolf Hitler. Rankin condemned <mask> on the floor of Congress, calling him a "foreign-born agitator" who sought "to further the spread of Communism throughout the world." An article in an ADL Bulletin, entitled "The Plot Against Anna M. Rosenberg", attributed the attacks on Rosenberg's loyalty to "professional anti-Semites and lunatic nationalists," including the "Jew-baiting cabal of <mask>, Benjamin H. Freedman and Gerald Smith."During the 1951 espionage trial of Julius and <mask>, who were charged and convicted of passing information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union, <mask> was condemned by Jewish groups for repeatedly calling the Rosenbergs a pair of "communist kikes". Japanese Americans
In his first term as representative, <mask> introduced an anti-miscegenation bill to prevent whites from marrying "Mongolians" and African Americans. A decade later, in 1930 he lobbied against Hawaii's bid for statehood on the grounds that it would

masks:
Albert Einstein
Einstein
John Rankin
Ethel Rosenberg
Rankin
Rankin


title: John E. Rankin

texts:
 add "two Jap senators" to Congress. <mask> was one of the few Southern congressmen to support West Coast politicians and lobbyists calling for the mass incarceration of Japanese Americans, proposing that every person of Japanese ancestry in the United States be deported at the end of the war. He reintroduced a defeated "concentration camp bill" to remove ethnic Japanese from the country and all U.S. territories. (Most ethnic Japanese Americans were removed from the West Coast.) As the war progressed, he continued to speak out against Japanese Americans, testifying in favor of labeling Japanese and African American blood donations to prevent them from "contaminating" white recipients and limiting the segregated 442nd Regimental Combat Team to labor battalions instead of active combat.Senatorial aspirations
In 1947 <mask> ran for the Democratic nomination for the U.S. Senate that was vacated by the death of Theodore G. Bilbo in office. He finished last among five major candidates with 13% of the vote. Final years and death
In 1952, <mask> was defeated for re-election to the House by Congressman Thomas G. Abernethy, also a Democrat, after their districts were joined through redistricting. At that time, most blacks in Mississippi were still disenfranchised, a status that would persist until after Congressional passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. <mask> died at his home in Tupelo on November 26, 1960. He is interred in Greenwood Cemetery in West Point, Mississippi. See also
 List of members of the House Un-American Activities Committee

References

Citations

Further reading

Katznelson, Ira.When Affirmative Action Was White, New York: W.W. Norton, 2005, pp. 113–40
Onkst, David H. "First a Negro...Incidentally a Veteran: Black World

masks: Rankin Rankin Rankin Rankin


title: John E. Rankin

texts:
 War II Veterans and the GI Bill in the Deep South, 1944-1948", Journal of Southern History 31 (1998), pp. 517–43
Turner, Sarah J. and <mask>. "Closing the Gap or Widening the Divide: The Effects of the GI Bill and World War II on the Educational Outcomes of Black Americans", Journal of Economic History 63 (2003), pp. 145–77, via JSTOR
Vickers, Kenneth Wayne. "<mask>in: Democrat and Demagogue." M. A. Thesis, Mississippi State University, 1993.Whayne, Jeannie H. A New Plantation South: Land, Labor, and Federal Favor in Twentieth-Century Arkansas, pp. 167, 175, 216 (about administration of federal programs), University of Virginia Press, 1996

External links

 Historical Highlights History.House.gov
 The University of Southern Mississippi Manuscript Collection

1882 births
1960 deaths
20th-century American politicians
United States Army personnel of World War I
American prosecutors
American white supremacists
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Mississippi
Mississippi Democrats
Mississippi lawyers
People from Itawamba County, Mississippi
Politicians from Tupelo, Mississippi
Politics and race in the United States
University of Mississippi alumni
Old Right (United States)
20th-century American lawyers
American

masks:
John Bound
John Rank


title: James H. Schmitz

texts:
<mask> (October 15, 1911 – April 18, 1981) was an American science fiction writer born in Hamburg, Germany of American parents. Life
<mask> was educated at a Realgymnasium in Hamburg, and grew up speaking both English and German. The family spent World War I in the United States, then returned to Germany. <mask> traveled to Chicago in 1930 to go to business school, then switched to a correspondence course in journalism. Unable to find a job because of the Great Depression, he returned to Germany to work with his father's company. <mask> lived in various German cities, where he worked for the International Harvester Company, until his family left shortly before World War II broke out in Europe. During World War II, Schmitz served as an aerial photographer in the Pacific for the United States Army Air Forces.After the war, he and his brother-in-law managed a business which manufactured trailers until they ended the business in 1949. After the war, he made his home in California, where he lived until his death. <mask> died of congestive lung failure in 1981 after a five-week stay in hospital in Los Angeles. He was survived by his wife, Betty Mae <mask>. Writing

<mask> wrote mostly short stories, which sold chiefly to Galaxy Science Fiction and Astounding Science-Fiction (which later became Analog Science Fiction and Fact). Gale Biography in Context called him "a craftsmanlike writer who was a steady contributor to science fiction magazines for over 20 years." <mask> is best known as a writer of "space opera", and for his strong female characters (such as Telzey Amberdon and Trigger Argee) who did not conform to the "damsel in distress" stereotype typical of science

masks:
James Henry Schmitz
Schmitz
Schmitz
Schmitz
Schmitz
Chapman Schmitz
Schmitz
Schmitz


title: James H. Schmitz

texts:
 fiction of the time.His first published story was "Greenface", published in August 1943 in Unknown. Most of his works are part of the "Hub" series and feature characters with telepathy. However, the novel that "is usually thought of as <mask>'s best work" is The Witches of Karres, concerning juvenile "witches" with genuine psi-powers and their escape from slavery. The Witches of Karres was nominated for a Hugo Award. In recent years, his novels and short stories have been republished by Baen Books, edited and with notes by Eric Flint. In an introductory essay comparing <mask> with contemporary author A. E. van Vogt, Gardner Dozois wrote, "Although he lacked van Vogt's paranoid tension and ornately Byzantine plots, the late <mask><mask> was considerably better at people than van Vogt was, crafting even his villains as complicated, psychologically complex, and non-stereotypical characters, full of surprising quirks and behaviors that you didn't see in a lot of other Space Adventure stuff." Dozois added:

John Clute writes in The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction,

Greg Fowlkes, editor-in-chief of Resurrected Press, said, "During the 50s and 60s "Space Opera" and <mask>. Schmitz were almost synonymous.He was famous for his tales of interstellar secret agents and galactic criminals, and particularly for heroines such as Telzey Amberdon and Trigger Argee. Many of these characters had enhanced "psionic" powers that let them use their minds as well as their weapons to foil their enemies. All of them were resourceful in the best heroic tradition." In an essay in the anthology The Good Old Stuff (1998), Dozois laments that the book Agent of Vega is "long out-of-print, alas, but

masks:
Schmitz
Schmitz
James H
. Schmitz
James H


title: James H. Schmitz

texts:
 one which – if you can find it – delivers as pure a jolt of Widescreen Space Opera Sense of wonder as can be found anywhere." However, the website Free Speculative Fiction Online freely offers Agent of Vega, along with several of Schmitz's other stories, including "Greenface", "Balanced Ecology", "Lion Loose", "Goblin Night", and many more. <mask> wrote the introduction to the concordance The Universes of E. E. Smith. Legacy

Gardner Dozois has said, in prefacing the Schmitz tale "The Second Night of Summer", in which humans on the planet Noorhut face an attack from aliens and are, unbeknownst to themselves, saved by the actions of a single woman with psi powers, Granny Wannattel, with the sole help of a friendly alien she calls her pony:

With his popular equality-between-the-sexes fiction, Schmitz eased the way for later writers such as Joanna Russ, <mask>, Jr., Kit Reed, Connie Willis, Sheri S. Tepper, and other science fiction authors who used female protagonists and feminine point-of-view more than half the time.Of "The Second Night of Summer", Dozois went on to write, "the hero of the piece is not only a woman, but an old woman ... a choice that most adventure writers wouldn't even make now, in 1998, let alone in 1950, which is when Schmitz made it!" Mercedes Lackey places her first meeting with science fiction at age 10 or 11, when she happened to pick up her father's copy of <mask><mask>'s Agent of Vega. Short works
Listed chronologically, with month and year of publication, as well as the magazine, listed in parentheses. <div style="float:left; width:48%;">
Agent of Vega
Includes: Agent of Vega; The Illusionists; The Truth About Cushgar; The Second Night of

masks:
Schmitz
James Tiptree
James H
. Schmitz


title: James H. Schmitz

texts:
 Summer
Hardcover, 1960, Gnome Press, listed on cover as "<mask>. Schmitz"
Paperback, June 1962, Permabook
Paperback, June 1964, Mayflower
Paperback, 1973, Tempo Books/Grosset & Dunlap
Paperback, 1982, Ace BooksAgent of Vega & Other StoriesIncludes: Agent of Vega; The Illusionists; The Second Night of Summer; The Truth About Cushgar; The Custodians; Gone Fishing; The Beacon to Elsewhere; The End of the Line; Watch the Sky; Greenface; Rogue Psi. Paperback, November 2001, Baen BooksThe Best of <mask>. SchmitzIncludes: Grandpa; Lion Loose...; Just Curious; The Second Night of Summer; Novice; Balanced Ecology; The Custodians; Sour Note on Palayata; Goblin Night. Hardcover, 1991, NESFA PressEternal FrontierIncludes: The Big Terrarium; Summer Guests; Captives of the Thieve-Star; Caretaker; One Step Ahead; Left Hand, Right Hand; The Ties of Earth; Spacemaster; The Altruist; Oneness; We Don't Want Any Trouble; Just Curious; Would You? ; These Are the Arts; Clean Slate; Crime Buff; Ham Sandwich; Where the Time Went; An Incident on Route 12; Swift Completion; Faddist; The Eternal Frontiers.Paperback, September 2002, Baen BooksThe Hub: Dangerous TerritoryIncludes: The Searcher; Grandpa; Balanced Ecology; A Nice Day for Screaming; The Winds of Time; The Machmen; The Other Likeness; Attitudes; Trouble Tide; The Demon Breed. Paperback, 2001, Baen BooksThe Lion GameIncludes: Goblin Night; Sleep No More; The Lion Game. Paperback, 1973, DAW Books
Hardcover, 1976, Sidgwick & Jackson
Paperback, 1979, <mask>lyn
Paperback, 1982, Ace Books
</div>
A Nice Day for Screaming and Other Tales of the Hub
Includes: Balanced Ecology; A Nice Day for Screaming; The Tangled Web; The Machmen; The Other

masks:
James A
James H
Ham


title: James H. Schmitz

texts:
 Likeness; The Winds of Time. Hardcover, 1965, Chilton
A Pride of Monsters
Includes: Lion Loose; The Searcher; The Winds of Time; The Pork Chop Tree; Greenface. Hardcover, 1970, MacMillan
Paperback, 1973, Collier
Telzey Amberdon
Includes: Novice; Undercurrents; Poltergeist; Goblin Night; Sleep No More; The Lion Game; Blood of Nalakia; The Star Hyacinths. Paperback, April 2000, Baen Books
The Telzey Toy
Includes: The Telzey Toy; Resident Witch; Compulsion; Company Planet. Paperback, 1973, DAW Books
Hardcover, 1976, Sidgwick & Jackson
Hardcover, 1978, Sidgwick & Jackson, in a 3-in-1 collection titled Special 24
Paperback, 1982, Ace Books
Paperback, 1983, <mask>lyn
The Universe Against Her
Includes: Novice; Undercurrents.Paperback, 1964, Ace Books
Paperback, 1979, Ace Books
Hardcover, 1981, Gregg Press
T'nT: Telzey & Trigger
Includes: Company Planet; Resident Witch; Compulsion (includes The Pork Chop Tree as prolog); Glory Day; Child of the Gods; Ti's Toys; Symbiotes. Paperback, July 2000, Baen Books
Trigger & Friends
Includes: Lion Loose; Harvest Time; Forget It; Aura of Immortality; Legacy; A Sour Note on Palayata. Paperback, January 2001, Baen Books
The Winds of Time
Includes: An Incident on Route 12; Watch the Sky; The Winds of Time; Lion Loose. Paperback, February 2008, Wildside Press

Novels
Listed by title, with chronological publishing list. The Demon Breed (retitle of The Tuvela)
Hardcover, 1968, Ace Books/SFBC
Paperback, 1968, Ace Books
Hardcover, 1969, MacDonald
Hardcover, 1971, UK SFBC/Newton Abbot
Paperback, 1974, Orbit Books
Paperback, 1979, Ace Books/SFBC
Paperback, 1981, Ace Books
The Eternal Frontiers
Hardcover, 1973, G. P. Putnam's Sons
Paperback, 1973,


title: James H. Schmitz

texts:
 Berkley Books
Hardcover, 1974, Sidgwick & Jackson
Hardcover, 1976, Sidgwick & Jackson (in a 3-in-1 compilation titled Special 18)
Legacy (retitle of A Tale of Two Clocks, paperback, 1979, Ace Books) (available from gutenberg)
A Tale of Two Clocks
Hardcover, 1962, Torquil Books/SFBC
Paperback, 1965, Belmont
The Witches of Karres
Hardcover, 1966, Chilton
Paperback, 1966 (twice), Ace Books
Paperback, 1977, Ace Books
Paperback, 1981, Ace Books
Paperback, 1988, Gollancz
Hardcover, 1992, Baen Books/SFBC
Related books
The Wizard of Karres, by Mercedes Lackey, Eric Flint and Dave Freer, 2004
This is a sequel of The Witches of Karres which follows the continuing adventures of Captain Pausert, Goth, and the Leewit. The Sorceress of Karres, by Eric Flint and Dave Freer, 2010
This is a sequel of The Wizard of Karres which follows the continuing adventures of Captain Pausert, Goth, and the Leewit. The Shaman of Karres, by Eric Flint and Dave Freer, 2020
This is a sequel of The Sorceress of Karres which follows the continuing adventures of Captain Pausert, Goth, and the Leewit.References

 External links

 <mask><mask> obituary
 The James H. Schmitz Encyclopedia
 SciFan database
 Major characters, with illustrations

 <mask><mask>'s online fiction at Free Speculative Fiction Online''

1911 births
1981 deaths
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
American science fiction writers
Writers from Hamburg
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
American expatriates in Germany
World War II

masks:
James H
. Schmitz
James H
. Schmitz