title: August Strindberg

texts:
 1890s

After his disenchantment with naturalism, <mask> had a growing interest in transcendental matters. Symbolism was just beginning at this time. Verner von Heidenstam and Ola Hanson had dismissed naturalism as "shoemaker realism" that rendered human experience in simplistic terms. This is believed to have stalled <mask>'s creativity, and <mask> insisted that he was in a rivalry and forced to defend naturalism, even though he had exhausted its literary potential. These works include: Debit and Credit (1892), Facing Death (1892), Motherly Love (1892), and The First Warning (1893).His play The Keys of Heaven (1892) was inspired by the loss of his children in his divorce. He also completed one of his few comedies, Playing with Fire (1893), and the first two parts of his post-inferno trilogy To Damascus (1898–1904). In 1892, he experienced writer's block, which led to a drastic reduction in his income. Depression followed as he was unable to meet his financial obligations and to support his children and former wife. A fund was set up through an appeal in a German magazine. This money allowed him to leave Sweden and he joined artistic circles in Berlin. Otto Brahm's Freie Bühne theatre premiered some of his famous works in Germany, including The Father, Miss Julie, and Creditors.Similar to twenty years earlier when he frequented The Red Room, he now went to the German tavern The Black Porker. Here he met a diverse group of artists from Scandinavia, Poland, and Germany. His attention turned to Frida Uhl, who was twenty-three years younger than Strindberg. They were married in 1893. Less than a year later, their daughter Kerstin was born and the


title: August Strindberg

type: original

texts: couple separated, though their marriage was not officially dissolved until 1897. Frida's family, in particular her mother, who was a devout Catholic, had an important influence on Strindberg, and in an 1894 letter he declared "I feel the hand of our Lord resting over me." Some critics think that Strindberg suffered from severe paranoia in the mid-1890s, and perhaps that he temporarily experienced insanity.Others, including Evert Sprinchorn and Olof Lagercrantz, believed that he intentionally turned himself into his own guinea pig by doing psychological and drug-induced self-experimentation. He wrote on subjects such as botany, chemistry, and optics before returning to literature with the publication of Inferno (1897), a (half fictionalized) account of his "wilderness years" in Austria and Paris, then a collection of short stories, Legends, and a semi-dramatic novella, Jacob Wrestling (both printed in the same book 1898). Both volumes aroused curiosity and controversy, not least due to the religious element; earlier, <mask> had been known to be indifferent or hostile to religion and especially priests, but now he had undergone some sort of conversion to a personal faith. In a postscript, he noted the impact of Emanuel Swedenborg on his current work. "The Powers" were central to <mask>'s later work. He said that "the Powers" were an outside force that had caused him his physical and mental suffering because they were acting in retribution to humankind for their wrongdoings. As William Blake, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Honoré de Balzac, and William Butler Yeats had been, he was drawn to Swedenborg's mystical visions, with their depictions of spiritual

masks: Strindberg Strindberg


title: August Strindberg

texts: landscape and Christian morality.<mask> believed for the rest of his life that the relationship between the transcendental and the real world was described by a series of "correspondences" and that everyday events were really messages from above of which only the enlightened could make sense. He also felt that he was chosen by Providence to atone for the moral decay of others and that his tribulations were payback for misdeeds earlier in his life. Strindberg had spent the tail end of 1896 and most of 1897 in the university town of Lund in southern Sweden, a sojourn during which he made a number of new friendships, felt his mental stability and health improving and also firmly returned to literary writing; Inferno, Legends and Jacob Wrestling were written there. In 1899, he returned permanently to Stockholm, following a successful production there of Master Olof in 1897 (which was re-staged in 1899 to mark Strindberg's fiftieth birthday). He had the desire to become recognized as a leadíng figure in Swedish literature, and to put earlier controversies behind him, and felt that historical dramas were the way to attain that status. Though Strindberg claimed that he was writing "realistically," he freely altered past events and biographical information, and telescoped chronology (as often done in most historical fiction): more importantly, he felt a flow of resurgent inspiration, writing almost twenty new plays (many in a historical setting) between 1898 and 1902. His new works included the so-called Vasa Trilogy: The Saga of the Folkungs (1899), Gustavus Vasa (1899), and Erik XIV (1899) and A Dream Play (written in 1901, first performed in


title: August Strindberg

texts:
 1907).1900s

Strindberg was pivotal in the creation of chamber plays. Max Reinhardt was a big supporter of his, staging some of his plays at the Kleines Theatre in 1902 (including The Bond, The Stronger, and The Outlaw). Once Otto Brahm relinquished his role as head as of the Deutsches Theatre, Reinhardt took over and produced Strindberg's plays. In 1903, <mask> planned to write a grand cycle of plays based on world history, but the idea soon faded. He had completed short plays about Martin Luther, Plato, Moses, Jesus Christ, and Socrates. He wrote another historical drama in 1908 after the Royal Theatre convinced him to put on a new play for its sixtieth birthday. He wrote The Last of the Knights (1908), Earl Birger of Bjalbo (1909), and The Regents (1909).His other works, such as Days of Loneliness (1903), The Roofing Ceremony (1907), and The Scapegoat (1907), and the novels The Gothic Rooms (1904) and Black Banners Genre Scenes from the Turn of the Century, (1907) have been viewed as precursors to Marcel Proust and Franz Kafka. <mask>, an actor, wanted to put on a production of Miss Julie and wrote to Strindberg for permission. In September 1906 he staged the first Swedish production of Miss Julie. <mask>, played Jean and Manda Bjorling played Julie. In 1909, <mask> thought he might get the Nobel Prize in Literature, but instead lost to Selma Lagerlöf, the first woman and first Swede to win the award. The leader of the Social Democrat Youth Alliance started a fund-raiser for a special "people's award". Nathan Söderblom (friend of Strindberg since the mid-90s years in Paris, a prominent theologian and later to become archbishop of Sweden) was

masks:
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August Falck
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title: August Strindberg

texts: noted as a donor, and both he and Strindberg came under attack from circles close to the conservative party and the church.In total 45,000 Swedish crowns were collected, by more than 20,000 donors, most of whom were workers. Albert Bonniers förlag, who had already published much of his work over the years, paid him 200,000 Swedish crowns for the publishing rights to his complete works; the first volumes of the edition would appear in print in 1912, a few months before his death. He invited his first three children (now, like their mother, living in Finland) to Stockholm and divided the money into five shares, one for each child, one for Siri (absent), and the last one for himself. In setting apart one share for Siri, <mask> noted, in a shy voice, "This is for your mother - it's to settle an old debt". When the children returned to Helsinki, Siri was surprised to hear that she had been included, but accepted the money and told them in a voice that was, according to her daughter Karin, both proud and moved, "I shall accept it, receiving it as an old debt". The debt was less financial than mental and emotional; Strindberg knew he had sometimes treated her unfairly during the later years of their marriage and at their divorce trial. In 1912, she would pass away only a few weeks before him.In 1907 <mask> co-founded The Intimate Theatre in Stockholm, together with the young actor and stage director <mask>. His theatre was modeled after Max Reinhardt's Kammerspiel Haus. Strindberg and Falck had the intention of the theatre being used for his plays and his plays only, <mask> also wanted to try out a more chamber-oriented and sparse style of dramatic

masks:
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title: August Strindberg

texts: writing and production. In time for the theatre's opening, <mask> wrote four chamber plays: Thunder in the Air, The Burned Site, The Ghost Sonata, and The Pelican; these were generally not a success with audiences or newspaper critics at the time but have been highly influential on modern drama (and soon would reach wider audiences at Reinhardt's theatre in Berlin and other German stages). Strindberg had very specific ideas about how the theatre would be opened and operated. He drafted a series of rules for his theatre in a letter to <mask>: 1. No liquor.2. No Sunday performances. 3. Short performances without intermissions. 4. No calls. 5.Only 160 seats in the auditorium. 6. No prompter. No orchestra, only music on stage. 7. The text will be sold at the box office and in the lobby. 8.Summer performances. Falck helped to design the auditorium, which was decorated in a deep-green tone. The ceiling lighting was a yellow silk cover which created an effect of mild daylight. The floor was covered with a deep-green carpet, and the auditorium was decorated by six ultra modern columns with elaborate up-to-date capitals. Instead of the usual restaurant Strindberg offered a lounge for the ladies and a smoking-room for the gentlemen. The stage was unusually small, only 6 by 9 metres. The small stage and minimal number of seats was meant to give the audience a greater feeling of involvement in the work.Unlike most theatres at this time, the Intima Teater was not a place in which people could come to socialize. By setting up his rules and creating an intimate atmosphere, <mask> was able to demand the audience's focus. When the theatre opened in 1907 with a

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 performance of The Pelican it was a rather large hit. <mask> used a minimal technique, as was his way, by only having a back drop and some sea shells on the stage for scene design and props. <mask> was much more concerned with the actors portraying the written word than the stage looking pretty. The theatre ran into a financial difficulty in February 1908 and Falck had to borrow money from Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke, who attended the première of The Pelican. The theatre eventually went bankrupt in 1910, but did not close until <mask>'s death in 1912.The newspapers wrote about the theatre until its death. Death and funeral

<mask> died shortly after the first staging of one of his plays in the United States — The Father opened on 9 April 1912 at the Berkeley Theatre in New York, in a translation by painter and playwright Edith Gardener Shearn Oland and her husband actor Warner Oland. They jointly published their translations of his plays in book form in 1912. During Christmas 1911, <mask> became sick with pneumonia and he never recovered completely. He also began to suffer more clearly from a stomach cancer (early signs of which had been felt in 1908). The final weeks of his life were painful. He had long since become a national celebrity, even if highly controversial, and when it became clear that he was seriously ill the daily papers in Stockholm began reporting on his health in every edition.He received many letters and telegrams from admirers across the country. He died on 14 May 1912 at the age of 63. <mask> was interred at Norra begravningsplatsen in Stockholm. He had given strict instructions concerning his funeral and how his body

masks: Strindberg Strindberg Strindberg Strindberg Strindberg Strindberg


title: August Strindberg

texts:
 should be treated after death: only members of his immediate family were allowed to view his body, there would be no obduction, no photographs were taken, and no death mask was made. <mask> had also requested that his funeral should take place as soon as possible after his death to avoid crowds of onlookers. However, the workers' organisations requested that the funeral should take place on a Sunday to make it possible for working men to pay their respects, and the funeral was postponed for five days, until Sunday, 19 May. According to <mask>'s last wish, the funeral procession was to start at 8am, again to avoid crowds, but large groups of people were nevertheless waiting outside his home as well as at the cemetery, as early as 7am.A short service was conducted by Nathan Söderblom by the bier in <mask>'s home, in the presence of three of <mask>'s children and his housekeeper, after which the coffin was taken outside for the funeral procession. The procession was followed by groups of students, workers, members of Parliament and a couple of cabinet ministers, and it was estimated that up to 60,000 people lined the streets. King Gustaf V sent a wreath for the bier. Legacy
Tennessee Williams, Edward Albee, Maxim Gorky, John Osborne, and Ingmar Bergman are among the many artists who have cited <mask> as an influence. Eugene O'Neill, upon receiving the Nobel Prize in Literature, dedicated much of his acceptance speech to describing <mask>'s influence on his work, and referred to him as "that greatest genius of all modern dramatists." Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges said of <mask>: "[he] was, for a time, my god, alongside Nietzsche". A

masks: Strindberg Strindberg Strindberg Strindberg Strindberg Strindberg Strindberg


title: August Strindberg

texts: multi-faceted author, <mask> was often extreme.His novel The Red Room (1879) made him famous. His early plays belong to the Naturalistic movement. His works from this time are often compared with the Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen. <mask>'s best-known play from this period is Miss Julie. Among his most widely read works is the novel The People of Hemsö. <mask> wanted to attain what he called "greater Naturalism." He disliked the expository character backgrounds that characterise the work of Henrik Ibsen and rejected the convention of a dramatic "slice of life" because he felt that the resulting plays were mundane and uninteresting.<mask> felt that true naturalism was a psychological "battle of brains": two people who hate each other in the immediate moment and strive to drive the other to doom is the type of mental hostility that <mask> strove to describe. He intended his plays to be impartial and objective, citing a desire to make literature akin to a science. Following the inner turmoil that he experienced during the "Inferno crisis," he wrote an important book in French, Inferno (1896–7), in which he dramatised his experiences. He also exchanged a few cryptic letters with Friedrich Nietzsche. <mask> subsequently ended his association with Naturalism and began to produce works informed by Symbolism. He is considered one of the pioneers of the modern European stage and Expressionism. The Dance of Death, A Dream Play, and The Ghost Sonata are well-known plays from this period.His most famous and produced plays are Master Olof, Miss Julie, and The Father. Internationally, <mask> is chiefly remembered as a playwright, but in his native Sweden


title: August Strindberg

texts:
 his name is associated no less with novels and other writings. Röda rummet (The Red Room), Hemsöborna (The People of Hemsö), Giftas (Getting Married), En dåres försvarstal (The Confession of a Fool), and Inferno remain among his most celebrated novels, representing different genres and styles. He is often, though not universally, viewed as Sweden's greatest author, and taught in schools as a key figure of Swedish culture. The most important contemporary literary award in Sweden, Augustpriset, is named for <mask>. The Swedish composer Ture Rangström dedicated his first Symphony, which was finished in 1914, to <mask> in memoriam. Politics

An acerbic polemicist who was often vehemently opposed to conventional authority, <mask> was difficult to pigeon-hole as a political figure.Through his long career, he penned scathing attacks on the military, the church, and the monarchy. For most of his public life, he was seen as a major figure on the literary left and a standard-bearer of cultural radicalism, but, especially from the 1890s, he espoused conservative and religious views that alienated many former supporters. He resumed his attacks on conservative society with great vigor in the years immediately preceding his death. <mask>'s opinions were typically stated with great force and vitriol, and sometimes humorously over-stated. He was involved in a variety of crises and feuds, skirmishing regularly with the literary and cultural establishment of his day, including erstwhile allies and friends. His youthful reputation as a genial enfant terrible of Swedish literature, transformed, eventually, into the role of a sort of ill-tempered towering giant of

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title: August Strindberg

texts: Swedish public life. <mask> was a prolific letter-writer, whose private communications have been collected in several annotated volumes.He often voiced political views privately to friends and literary acquaintances, phrased in a no-holds-barred jargon of scathing attacks, drastic humor, and flippant hyperbole. Many of his most controversial political statements are drawn from this private correspondence. Influenced by the history of the 1871 Paris Commune, young <mask> had embraced the view that politics is a conflict between the upper and lower classes. Early works like the Red Room or Master Olof took aim at public hypocrisy, royalty, and organized religion. He was, at this time, an outspoken socialist, mainly influenced by anarchist or libertarian socialist ideas. However, <mask>'s socialism was utopian and undogmatic, rooted less in economic or philosophic doctrine than in a fiery anti-establishment attitude, pitting "the people" against kings, priests, and merchants. He read widely among socialist thinkers, including Cabet, Fourier, Babeuf, Saint-Simon, Proudhon, and Owen, whom he referred to as "friends of humanity and sharp thinkers.""Strindberg adopted ideas from everyone," writes Jan Olsson, who notes that Strindberg lived in a period where "terms like anarchism, socialism, and communism were alternately used as synonyms and as different terms." By the early 1880s, many young political and literary radicals in Sweden had come to view Strindberg as a champion of their causes. However, in contrast to the Marxist-influenced socialism then rising within the Swedish labor movement, <mask> espoused an older type of utopian, agrarian

masks: Strindberg Strindberg Strindberg Strindberg


title: August Strindberg

texts: radicalism accompanied by spiritual and even mystical ideas. His views remained as fluid and eclectic as they were uncompromising, and on certain issues he could be wildly out of step with the younger generation of socialists. To Martin Kylhammar, the young <mask> "was a 'reactionary radical' whose writing was populist and democratic but who persisted in an antiquated romanticizing of agrarian life." Although he had been an early proponent of women's rights, calling for women's suffrage in 1884, <mask> later became disenchanted with what he viewed as an unnatural equation of the sexes. In times of personal conflict and marital trouble (which was much of the time), he could lash out with crudely misogynistic statements.His troubled marriage with Siri von Essen, ended in an upsetting divorce in 1891, became the inspiration for The Defence of a Fool, begun in 1887 and published in 1893. <mask> famously sought to insert a warning to lawmakers against "granting citizens' rights to half-apes, lower beings, sick children, [who are] sick and crazed thirteen times a year during their periods, completely insane while pregnant, and irresponsible throughout the rest of their lives." The paragraph was ultimately removed before printing by his publisher. <mask>'s misogyny was at odds with the younger generation of socialist activists and has drawn attention in contemporary Strindberg scholarship. So was <mask>'s anti-Jewish rhetoric. Although particularly targeting Jewish enemies of his in Swedish cultural life, he also attacked Jews and Judaism as such. The antisemitic outbursts were particularly pronounced in the early 1880s, when <mask> dedicated an


title: August Strindberg

texts:
 entire chapter ("Moses") in a work of social and political satire, Det nya riket, dedicated to heckling Swedish Jews (including an unflattering portrayal of Albert Bonnier).Although anti-Jewish prejudice was far from uncommon in wider society in the 1880s, Jan Myrdal notes that "the entire liberal and democratic intelligentsia of the time distanced themselves from the older, left-wing antisemitism of <mask>." Yet, as with many things, Strindberg's opinions and passions shifted with time. In the mid-1880s he toned down and then mostly ended his anti-Jewish rhetoric, after publicly declaring himself not to be an anti-Semite in 1884. A self-declared atheist in his younger years, <mask> would also re-embrace Christianity, without necessarily making his peace with the church. As noted by Stockholm's Strindberg Museum, the personal and spiritual crisis that Strindberg underwent in Paris in the 1890s, which prompted the writing of Inferno, had aesthetic as well as philosophical and political implications: "Before the Inferno crisis (1869 – 92), Strindberg was influenced by anarchism, Rousseau, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche; in the years after the crisis (1897 – 1911) he was influenced by Swedenborg, Goethe, Shakespeare, and Beethoven." In Inferno, Strindberg notes his ideological and spiritual evolution:

 What is the purpose of having toiled through thirty years only to gain, through experience, that which I had already understood as a concept? In my youth, I was a sincere believer, and you [i.e.the powers that be] have made me a free-thinker. Out of a free-thinker you have made me an atheist; out of an atheist, a religious believer. Inspired by

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title: August Strindberg

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 humanitarian ideas, I have praised socialism. Five years later, you have proven to me the unreasonableness of socialism. Everything that once enthralled me you have invalidated! And presuming that I will now abandon myself to religion, I am certain that you will, in ten years, disprove religion. (Strindberg, Inferno, Chapter XV.)Despite his reactionary attitudes on issues such as women's rights and his conservative, mystical turn from the early 1890s, <mask> remained popular with some in the socialist-liberal camp on the strength of his past radicalism and his continued salience as a literary modernizer. However, several former admirers were disappointed and troubled by what they viewed as <mask>'s descent into religious conservatism and, perhaps, madness. His former ally and friend, Social Democrat leader Hjalmar Branting, now dismissed the author as a "disaster" who had betrayed his past ideals for a reactionary, mystical elitism. In 1909, Branting remarked on <mask>'s shifting political and cultural posture, on the occasion of the author's sixtieth birthday:

 To the young <mask>, the trail-blazer, the rouser from sleep, let us offer all our praise and admiration. To the writer in a more mature age [let us offer] a place of rank on the Aeropagus of European erudition. But to the Strindberg of Black Banners [1907] and A Blue Book [1907-1912], who, in the shadows of Inferno [1898] has been converted to a belief in the sickly, empty gospels of mysticism – let us wish, from our hearts, that he may once again become his past self. (Hjalmar Branting, in Social-Demokraten, 22 January 1909.)Toward the end of his life, however, <mask> would

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title: August Strindberg

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 dramatically reassert his role as a radical standard-bearer and return to the good graces of progressive Swedish opinion. In April 1910, <mask> launched a series of unprompted, insult-laden attacks on popular conservative symbols, viciously thrashing the nationalist cult of former king Charles XII ("pharao worship"), the lauded poet Verner von Heidenstam ("the spirit-seer of Djursholm"), and the famous author and traveler Sven Hedin ("the humbug explorer"). The ensuing debate, known as "Strindbergsfejden" or "The Strindberg Feud", is one of the most significant literary debates in Swedish history. It came to comprise about a thousand articles by various authors across some eighty newspapers, raging for two years until <mask>'s death in 1912. The Feud served to revive Strindberg's reputation as an implacable enemy of bourgeois tastes, while also reestablishing beyond doubt his centrality to Swedish culture and politics. In 1912, <mask>'s funeral was co-organized by Branting and heavily attended by members of the Swedish labor movement, with "more than 100 red banners" in attendance alongside the entire Social Democrat parliamentary contingent. <mask>'s daughter <mask> married a Russian Bolshevik of partially Swedish ancestry,  ("Paulsson").Painting

<mask>, something of a polymath, was also a telegrapher, theosophist, painter, photographer and alchemist. Painting and photography offered vehicles for his belief that chance played a crucial part in the creative process. <mask>'s paintings were unique for their time, and went beyond those of his contemporaries for their radical lack of adherence to visual reality. The 117 paintings that are

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 acknowledged as his were mostly painted within the span of a few years, and are now seen by some as among the most original works of 19th-century art. Today, his best-known pieces are stormy, expressionist seascapes, selling at high prices in auction houses. Though <mask> was friends with Edvard Munch and Paul Gauguin, and was thus familiar with modern trends, the spontaneous and subjective expressiveness of his landscapes and seascapes can be ascribed also to the fact that he painted only in periods of personal crisis. Anders Zorn also did a portrait.Photography
<mask>'s interest in photography resulted, among other things, in a large number of arranged self-portraits in various environments, which now number among the best-known pictures of him. <mask> also embarked on a series of camera-less images, using an experimental quasi-scientific approach. He produced a type of photogram that encouraged the development and growth of crystals on the photographic emulsion, sometimes exposed for lengthy periods to heat or cold in the open air or at night facing the stars. The suggestiveness of these, which he called Celestographs, provided an object for contemplation, and he noted;

His interest in the occult in the 1890s finds sympathy with the chance quality of these images, but for him they are also scientific. In 1895 <mask> met Camille Flammarion and became a member of the Société astronomique de France. He gave some of his experimental astronomical photographs to the Society. Occult studies
Alchemy, occultism, Swedenborgianism, and various other eccentric interests were pursued by <mask> with some intensity for periods of his life.In the curious


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 and experimental 1897 work Inferno – a dark, paranoid, and confusing tale of his time in Paris, written in French, which takes the form of an autobiographical journal – <mask>, as the narrator, claims to have successfully performed alchemical experiments and cast black magic spells on his daughter. Much of Inferno indicates that the author suffered from paranoid delusions, as he writes of being stalked through Paris, haunted by evil forces, and targeted with mind-altering electric rays emitted by an "infernal machine" covertly installed in his hotel. It remains unclear to what extent the book represents a genuine attempt at autobiography or exaggerates for literary effect. Olof Lagercrantz has suggested that <mask> staged and imagined elements of the crisis as material for his literary production. Personal life

Strindberg was married three times, as follows:
 Siri von Essen: married 1877–1891 (14 years), 3 daughters (Karin Smirnov, Greta, and another who died in infancy), 1 son (Hans);
 Frida Uhl: married 1893–1895, (2 years) 1 daughter (Kerstin); and
 Harriet Bosse: married 1901–1904 (3 years), 1 daughter (Anne-Marie). <mask> was age 28 and Siri was 27 at the time of their marriage. He was 44 and Frida was 21 when they married, and he was 52 and Harriet was 23 when they married.Late during his life he met the young actress and painter Fanny Falkner (1890–1963) who was 41 years younger than <mask>. She wrote a book which illuminates his last years, but the exact nature of their relationship is debated. He had a brief affair in Berlin with Dagny Juel before his marriage to Frida; it has been suggested that the news of her murder in 1901 was the


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texts:
 Press, 2012. Schroeder, J., Stenport, A., and Szalczer, E., editors, <mask> and Visual Culture, New York: Bloomsbury, 2018. Sprinchorn, Evert, Strindberg As Dramatist, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982. Stamper, Judith (1975), review of the production of To Damascus at the Traverse Theatre, Edinburgh in April 1975, in Calgacus 2, Summer 1975, p. 56,

Sources

 Adams, Ann-Charlotte Gavel, ed. 2002. Dictionary of Literary Biography.Vol. 259 Twentieth-Century Swedish Writers Before World War II. Detroit, MI: Gale. .
 Carlson, Marvin. 1993. Theories of the Theatre: A Historical and Critical Survey from the Greeks to the Present. Expanded ed. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. .
 Ekman, Hans-Göran.2000. <mask> and the Five Senses: Studies in <mask>'s Chamber Plays. London and New Brunswick, New Jersey: Athlone. .

 Gunnarsson, Torsten. 1998. Nordic Landscape Painting in the Nineteenth Century. New Haven: Yale UP. .
 Innes, Christopher, ed. 2000.A Sourcebook on Naturalist Theatre. London and New York: Routledge. .
 Lagercrantz, Olof. 1984. <mask>. Trans. Anselm Hollo. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux. .
 Lane, Harry.1998. "Strindberg, August." In The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Ed. Martin Banham. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. 1040–41. .
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 Ward, John.1980. The Social and Religious Plays of Strindberg. London: Athlone. .
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References

External links

English-language translations in the public domain

Public domain translations of <mask>'s drama
 The Father, Countess Julie, The Outlaw, The Stronger
 Comrades, Facing Death, Pariah, Easter
 Swanwhite, Advent, The Storm
 There are Crimes

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title: August Strindberg

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 and Crimes, Miss Julia, The Stronger, Creditors, and Pariah
 To Damascus Part 1
 Road To Damascus Parts 1, 2, and 3

Public domain translations of <mask>'s novels
 The Red Room. The Confession of a Fool. Other

 Photographs by <mask> from the National Library of Sweden on Flickr
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 <mask>berg and absinthe; in his life and in his works
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 A Dream Play (manuscript) at World Digital Library
 Burkhart Brückner: Biography of <mask> <mask> in: Biographical Archive of Psychiatry

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title: Henri Wittmann

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<mask> (born 1937) is a Canadian linguist from Quebec. He is best known for his work on Quebec French. Biography
<mask>Hirsch) <mask> was born in Alsace in 1937. After studying with André Martinet at the Sorbonne, he moved to North America and taught successively at the University of Colorado at Boulder, the University of Alberta in Edmonton, the University of Windsor and McGill University in Montreal before teaching in the French university system of Quebec, the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières and at Rimouski as well as the Université de Sherbrooke. He retired from teaching in 1997, after an extensive tour of teaching and conferencing in France. In the following years, he became the first Director of the Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières and emeritus researcher at the Centre d’Analyse des Littératures Francophones des Amériques (CALIFA) at Carleton University in Ottawa. As a comparatist, Wittmann contributed to the study of the morphology of a number of languages and language families: Pre-Indo-European, Indo-European (Hittite, Italic, Romance, Germanic, Creole), Afro-Asiatic (Egyptian),  African (Mande, Kwa, Bantu), Austronesian (Malagasy, Polynesian), Amerindian (Arawakan, Cariban).His work between 1963 and 2002 includes more than 140 items. He is a life member since 1962 of the Linguistic Society of America (LSA). In 1965, he cofounded with André Rigault and Douglas Ellis the Linguistics Department at McGill University. In 1981, he was the cofounder, with Normand Beauchemin and Robert Fournier, of the Linguistic Society of Quebec (Association québécoise de linguistique) which he served for 10 years as president, secretary general and organizer of the annual

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title: Henri Wittmann

texts:
 meeting. In 1981 as well, he became the first Editor of the Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée, a responsibility he assumed for the following 20 years. Politically, Wittmann is known for his anarcho-syndicalist sympathies with strong links to the CNTU (Confederation of National Trade Unions), communautary and anti-war movements. In 1974-1978, he was at the center of a union conflict at the University of Quebec which changed the landscape of collective bargaining in the academic world.A specialist of the linguistic heritage of Quebec, he also is a stout defender of Quebec independence. Contributions to linguistics
<mask> is the first modern linguist to study non-standard forms of Quebec French (notably Joual, Magoua and Chaouin) in a theory-orientated and comparative framework. In a general way, <mask>, a student of André Martinet in the fifties, has been the first to apply the latter's principles of chain reactions in phonology to inflectional morphology. In <mask>'s view, the basic structure of the sentence is held together by functional items, with the lexical items filling in the blanks. Position in functional space must maintain functional equidistance and disturbances in functional equidistance set off error correcting chain reactions that are cyclical in nature and subject to drift. Thus, functionally salient lexical items will eventually set off a push chain conveyor belt pressure in functional space, sending functionally close-by affixes down the path of attrition. Such is the origin of agglutinating clitics of non-standard oral French from erstwhile lexical pronouns, setting off the attrition of functionally equivalent fusional means of

masks:
Henri Wittmann
Wittmann
Wittmann


title: Henri Wittmann

texts: québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée 6:2.127-35. 1987."Interprétation diachronique de la morphologie verbale du créole réunionnais." Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée 6:2.137-50. 1990. "Morphologie et syntaxe des syntagmes [±wh] en créole haïtien et en fon." Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Congress of Linguists : Berlin/GDR, August 10-August 15, 1987. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, vol. 1, pp.644-647. 1994. "Relexification et créologenèse." Actes du Congrès international des linguistes 15:4.335-38. Québec: Presses de l'Université Laval. 1994. "Le créole haïtien, langue kwa relexifiée: vérification d'une hypothèse 'P&P' ou élaboration d'astuces computationnelles?"Créolistique et grammaire générative, edited by Louis-Jean Calvet, 115-39. Paris: Sorbonne, Laboratoire de sociolinguistique (Plurilinguismes 8). 1995. "Grammaire comparée des variétés coloniales du français populaire de Paris du 17e siècle et origines du français québécois." "Le français des Amériques", edited by Robert Fournier & <mask>, 281-334. Trois-Rivières: Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières. 1995."La structure de base de la syntaxe narrative dans les contes et légendes du créole haïtien." Poétiques et imaginaires: francopolyphonie littéraire des Amériques, edited by Pierre Laurette & Hans-George Ruprecht, 207-18. Paris: L'Harmattan. 1996. "La forme phonologique comparée du parler magoua de la région de Trois-Rivières." Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée 13.225-43. 1996."L'Ouest français dans le français des Amériques: le jeu des isoglosses morphologiques et la genèse du dialecte acadien." L'Ouest français et la francophonie nord-américaine:


title: Henri Wittmann

texts:
 actes du Colloque international de la francophonie tenu à Angers du 26 au 29 mai 1994, edited by Georges Cesbron, 127-36. Angers: Presses de l'Université d'Angers. 1996. "Contraintes sur la relexification: les limites imposées dans un cadre théorique minimaliste." Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée 13.245-80. 1998."Le français de Paris dans le français des Amériques." Proceedings of the International Congress of Linguists 16.0416 (Paris, 20-25 juillet 1997). Oxford: Pergamon. 1998. "Les créolismes syntaxiques du français magoua parlé aux Trois-Rivières." Français d'Amérique: variation, créolisation, normalisation'' (Actes du colloque, Université d'Avignon, 8-11 oct.), edited by Patrice Brasseur, 229-48. Avignon: Université d'Avignon, Centre d'études canadiennes.1999. "Prototype as a typological yardstick to creoleness." The Creolist Archives Papers On-line, Stockholms Universitet. 1999. "Non-existential analogues of the verb to be in West African Languages, in Haitian Creole and in Magoua French." Paper, 9th International Conference on Creoles Studies. 2001."Lexical diffusion and the glottogenetics of creole French." CreoList debate, parts I-VI, appendixes 1-9. The Linguist List, Eastern Michigan University & Wayne State University. (https://web.archive.org/web/20140511211442/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/archives/creolist.html). External links
 Site honoring <mask> : with an extensive bibliography and free access to some of his most important writings. Archives <mask>mann : selected writings. Entry in Linguistlist

1937 births
Living people
French emigrants to Quebec
Francophone Quebec people
University of Paris alumni
Linguists from Canada
Writers

masks:
Henri Wittmann
Henri Witt


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

texts:
<mask> (, ; born August 26, 1941) is an American author and political activist who has been called "a veteran muckraker" by The New Yorker. During the 1980s and early 1990s she was a prominent figure in the Democratic Socialists of America. She is a widely read and award-winning columnist and essayist, and author of 21 books. Ehrenreich is perhaps best known for her 2001 book Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America; a memoir of Ehrenreich's three-month experiment surviving on a series of minimum wage jobs. She is a recipient of a Lannan Literary Award. Early life

Ehrenreich was born <mask> to Isabelle Oxley and Ben Howes Alexander in Butte, Montana, which she describes as then being "a bustling, brawling, blue collar mining town." In an interview on C-SPAN, she characterized her parents as "strong union people" with two family rules: "never cross a picket line and never vote Republican."In a talk she gave in 1999, Ehrenreich called herself a "fourth-generation atheist." "As a little girl", she told The New York Times in 1993, "I would go to school and have to decide if my parents were the evil people they were talking about, part of the Red Menace we read about in the Weekly Reader, just because my mother was a liberal Democrat who would always talk about racial injustice." Her father was a copper miner who went to the Montana School of Mines (renamed Montana Technological University since 2018), and then to Carnegie Mellon University. He eventually became a senior executive at the Gillette Corporation. Her parents later divorced. After her father graduated from the Montana School of Mines, the family moved to Pittsburgh, New York, and Massachusetts, before settling down in Los Angeles. Ehrenreich originally studied physics at Reed College, later changing to chemistry and graduating in 1963.Her senior thesis was entitled Electrochemical oscillations of the silicon anode. In 1968, she started a Ph.D program for theoretical physics, but changed early on to cellular immunology and received her Ph.D at Rockefeller University. In 1970,

masks:
Barbara Ehrenreich
Barbara Alexander


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

texts:
 Year." In 2000, she received the Sidney Hillman Award for journalism for the Harper's article "Nickel and Dimed," which was later published as a chapter in her book of the same title. In 2002, she won a National Magazine Award for her essay "Welcome to Cancerland: A mammogram leads to a cult of pink kitsch," which describes Ehrenreich's own experience of being diagnosed with breast cancer, and describes what she calls the "breast cancer cult," which "serves as an accomplice in global poisoning -- normalizing cancer, prettying it up, even presenting it, perversely, as a positive and enviable experience." In 2004, she received the Puffin/Nation Prize for Creative Citizenship,  awarded jointly by the Puffin Foundation of New Jersey and The Nation Institute to an American who challenges the status quo "through distinctive, courageous, imaginative, socially responsible work of significance." In 2007, she received the "Freedom from Want" Medal, awarded by the Roosevelt Institute in celebration of "those whose life's work embodies FDR's Four Freedoms." Ehrenreich has received a Ford Foundation award for humanistic perspectives on contemporary society (1982), a Guggenheim Fellowship (1987–88) and a grant for research and writing from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (1995).She has received honorary degrees from Reed College, the State University of New York at Old Westbury, the College of Wooster in Ohio, John Jay College, UMass Lowell and La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia. In November 2018, Ehrenreich received the prestigious Erasmus Prize by King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands for her work in investigative journalism. Personal life and family

Ehrenreich has one brother, Ben Alexander Jr., and one sister, Diane Alexander. When she was 35, according to the book Always Too Soon: Voices of Support for Those Who Have Lost Both Parents, her mother died "from a likely suicide." Her father died years later from Alzheimer's disease. She has been married and divorced twice. She met her first husband, <mask>, during an anti-war


title: Barbara Ehrenreich

texts:
 activism campaign in New York City, and they married in 1966.He is a clinical psychologist, and they co-wrote several books about health policy and labor issues before divorcing in 1977. In 1983, she married Gary Stevenson, a union organizer for the Teamsters. She divorced Stevenson in 1993. Ehrenreich has two children by her first husband. Born in 1970, her daughter Rosa was named after a great-grandmother and Rosa Luxemburg. She is a Virginia-based law professor, national security and foreign policy expert and writer. Born in 1972, her son Ben is a novelist and a journalist in Los Angeles.She was diagnosed with breast cancer shortly after the release of her book Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America. This led to the award-winning article "Welcome to Cancerland," published in the November 2001 issue of Harper's Magazine. The piece inspired the 2011 documentary Pink Ribbons, Inc.. Ehrenreich lives in Alexandria, Virginia. References

External links

 <mask>'s blog

 Papers of <mask>ich, 1922-2007 (inclusive), 1963-2007 (bulk). Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. 1941 births
American women activists
American women historians
American anti-war activists
American women bloggers
American bloggers
American columnists
American women columnists
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American historians
American humanists
American political writers
American relationships and sexuality writers
American socialists
Anti-poverty advocates
Feminist studies scholars
Living people
Members of the Democratic Socialists of America
People from Butte, Montana
Reed College alumni
American socialist feminists
Workers' rights activists
American atheists
American abortion-rights activists
Rockefeller University alumni
American women essayists
American women novelists
20th-century American women writers
Journalists from Montana
Montana socialists
American immunologists
American women biologists
Critics of postmodernism
21st-century American essayists
Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award
New American Movement
21st-century

masks:
Barbara Ehrenreich
Barbara Ehrenre


title: Max Miller (jazz musician)

texts:
<mask> (November 17, 1911 – November 13, 1985) was an American jazz pianist and vibraphone player. He had a forty year career that peaked in the 1940s and '50s. Many of his compositions use extended chord harmonies, polyphony, and polytonality and were influenced by Stravinsky, Bartók, and Hindemith. Early career
<mask> was born in East Chicago, Indiana. At an early age he learned banjo and played it in the high school band. At sixteen he joined the Musicians Union and began to play professionally. In 1927 he switched to guitar, performing mostly dixieland with bands in Indiana and Michigan.He moved to Chicago in the early 1930s and worked as a drummer and string bassist. At this time he started experimenting with the vibraphone. He worked with bands around Chicago, playing guitar, piano, and vibes, including with pianist Frank Melrose and drummer Dave Tough. He went on tour as a guitarist and vibraphonist for the Vincent Lopez Orchestra with Betty Hutton as vocalist. In 1937, at age 26, he left Lopez to become musical director at WIND radio in Chicago, where he stayed for two years, performing 21 live shows a week, often his compositions. Work with Anita O'Day
In 1939 he performed at Carl Cons' Off Beat Club with Anita O'Day as vocalist. He is credited as hiring O'Day for her first singing job.This is documented in her autobiography, High Times/Hard Times. They worked together again in 1948, including the Rag Doll in Chicago, the Continental in Milwaukee, the Flame in St. Paul, again in Chicago in 1949, and in other clubs during the 1950s. In a 1958 interview she said, "My musical co-worker since 1939.

masks:
Edward Maxwell Miller
Miller


title: Max Miller (jazz musician)

texts:
 To me, <mask> is the swingin' end. I'd love to do an album with <mask>." Meeting Bechet
His quintet performed at the Three Deuces club in 1940 until the club burned down later that year. Alto saxophonist Johnny Bothwell was a member of the group.He became musical director for the Boyd Raeburn Band. In 1943 he co-led a quartet with trumpeter Shorty Sherock that included Jimmy Raney on guitar. <mask> met Sidney Bechet in 1944 when he, Smith, and Paul Edward <mask> traveled to Springfield to hear Bechet perform. They sat in with the band into the night. <mask> became friends with Bechet, and they recorded together; their first recording sessions were in 1944 and included Tony Parenti on clarinet, Zilner Randolph on trumpet, Bill Funkey on alto and tenor sax, and Ken Smith on drums. Billboard magazine's December 15, 1945 issue reviewed <mask>'s concert with Bechet and Parenti. In 1945 he became the first jazz musician to perform at Chicago's Orchestra Hall, primarily presenting his compositions, with Muggsy Spanier part of his group.On October 13, 1946 he performed in a concert presented by Green Recordings at the Civic Opera House as pianist for the Dizzy Gillespie Quintet, the Sidney Bechet Sextet, and his trio. The concert featured Bud Freeman, Jimmy McPartland. and George Barnes. During Bechet's visit to Chicago, <mask> booked time in Bachman Studios on Carmen Avenue and recorded private sessions with him. In 1947 he spent a year and a half working in California, with engagements at the Swanee Inn, the Red Feather, Angelino's, and the Haig. He returned to Chicago to perform at the Blue Note, then worked

masks:
Max Miller
Max
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller


title: Max Miller (jazz musician)

texts:
 in Milwaukee and Minneapolis. 1950s
In 1950 he recorded at least six songs for Life Record Company.This was primarily original material that he had performed at the Orchestra Hall concert, including "Heartbeat Blues", "Sunny Disposition", "Fantasia of the Unconscious", and "Lumbar Ganglion Jump". In 1951 Columbia released an album of <mask> playing jazz standards as part of its "Piano Moods" series. He was backed by Earl Backus on guitar, Bill Holyoke on bass, and Remo Belli (of Remo Drum heads) on drums. In 1952, he returned to Life Records, recording at least four more sides before the company closed. He recorded for Gold Seal Records in the 1950s. He signed to a five-year contract with MCA, but he bought his way out when he learned he would lose the rights to his material. In 1953 he performed with Bechet.One of their concerts was at the Kimball Hall in Chicago with <mask> on piano, Bechet on soprano saxophone, Bill Harris on trombone, and Sid Catlett on drums. The 1954 American Peoples Encyclopedia Yearbook called their reunion the highlight of the year. <mask> continued to record in his studios. He received equipment from top companies due to his column "The Audio Workshop" in DownBeat magazine. He recorded with Bill Harris and Chubby Jackson and compiled many live recordings due to his club dates and concerts. Benny Goodman chose <mask> as vibraphonist for the "Pace of Chicago" television show filmed at the Garrick Theater in April 1952. <mask> shared the bill of the Paris Club Revue with jazz singer Joe Williams and trumpeter King Kolax.In 1956 he opened his club, "<mask> Miller's Scene" in the

masks: Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Max


title: Max Miller (jazz musician)

texts:
 2100 block on N. Clark St. in Chicago at the site of the 1929 Saint Valentine's Day Massacre. He formed a duo with violinist Eddie South and performed with violinist Stuff Smith. He shared billing with Mel Torme and then with Oscar Pettiford. At the Blue Note in Chicago, he played intermission piano opposite the Woody Herman Band. He worked with Coleman Hawkins at the Panther Room in Chicago as members of Paul Jordan's band. In 1959 he was at London House with Bobby Hackett for two weeks. Death
<mask> died in Shawnee, Oklahoma in 1985 four days before his 74th birthday after a long fight with congestive heart failure.Awards and honors
In 1940, Down Beat magazine listed him at number 20 in the Small Combos category. He was mentioned in Esquire's 1944 Jazz Book and was compared to Lionel Hampton and Red Norvo. In 1945 he was No. 2 in the Esquire All American Band New Stars category for vibraharp. In 1946 he listed seventh among pianists in Esquire, under Erroll Garner and above Count Basie, James P. Johnson, and Jay McShann. He won the Esquire New Star poll by Earl Hines and Red Norvo. He placed in the Top Ten of the Other Instruments category for vibes.These poll standings are from Esquire's 1946 Jazz Book. Studs Terkel called him "The Angry Man of Jazz", saying that he demanded rather than coaxed certain sounds from his instruments. Record producer John H. Hammond called him an "astonishing artist, second only to Lionel Hampton in proficiency". Paul Edward <mask> (no relation), former music critic, writer, and editor of Esquire Jazz Books, called <mask> "a champion of good jazz". The Who's Who of Jazz by

masks:
Max Miller
Miller
Miller


title: Anson Chan

texts:
<mask> On-sang, GBM,  (; née Fang; born 17 January 1940) is a retired Hong Kong politician and civil servant who was the first ethnic Chinese and woman to serve as Chief Secretary, the second-highest position in both the British colonial government and the Hong Kong SAR government under the Chinese sovereignty from 1993 until she retired from the government in 2001, sparking speculations of her growing rift with Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa. Enjoying wide popularity during her tenure and often dubbed as "Iron Lady" and the "Conscience of Hong Kong", <mask> became increasingly outspoken about pushing for a faster pace of the democratisation in Hong Kong and defending the autonomy of Hong Kong. Supported by the pan-democracy camp, she stood in the 2007 Hong Kong Island by-election and briefly served as member of the Legislative Council. After her retirement in 2008, she continued to lobby domestically and internationally for democracy and autonomy of Hong Kong, until her retirement from public life entirely in 2020. Early life
<mask> was born in Shanghai into an affluent family in 1940. Her father Fang Shin-hau was a banker and textile businessman who moved his family to the British colony of Hong Kong in 1948 on the eve of the Communist victory of the Chinese Civil War. Fang Shin-hau died suddenly in 1950 aged 36 when Anson was only ten, leaving eight children to her mother Fang Zhaoling.<mask>'s mother took the eldest sons off to England to oversee their education, leaving the rest in the hands of Anson's paternal grandmother and some uncles and aunts. Her paternal grandfather, Fang Zhenwu, was a Kuomintang general who fought in the Second Sino-Japanese War, while her uncle, Sir Harry Fang Sin-yang was a well-known orthopaedic surgeon and served as an appointed member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1974 to 1985. Her mother Fang Zhaoling who was also a Chinese painting master not only shouldered the responsibility of raising her children, but also tried to pursue her

masks:
Anson Maria Elizabeth Chan Fang
Chan
Anson Fang
Anson


title: Anson Chan

texts:
 career as an artist. Anson was educated at the Sacred Heart Canossian College and studied English literature at the University of Hong Kong. She put herself through university by working as a private tutor and for a year as a clerk at Queen Mary Hospital. Along with studies, she was keen on amateur dramatics, and it was through this that she met her future husband, <mask> Tai-wing. She began work on a social work diploma, but later changed her mind and joined the Hong Kong Civil Service in 1962.The following year, she married Archie, who became a science teacher at St Joseph's College. Colonial administration career
When <mask> joined the administrative service cadet in 1962, she was one of only two women to join the civil service at that time. Her salary was reportedly one-quarter that paid to men of equivalent grade. Afterwards, she progressed to the Economics Section of the Finance Branch in 1962, followed by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, then the Department of Commerce and Industry, and later back to Finance. In 1970, she became Assistant Financial Secretary in the Finance Branch of the Colonial Secretary, the first woman to attain that post. She became a senior administrative officer in 1970. During this period she helped set up the Association of Female Senior Government Officers to fight for better rights for women civil servants, notably pushing for wage parity with men.Director of Social Welfare
<mask> became the first female civil service director when appointed Director of Social Welfare in 1984. During her tenure, she was severely criticised by media for her handling of a child custody case in 1986, popularly known as the Kwok Ah-nui incident. An investigation by unofficial members of the Executive Council found that <mask> had "acted within the law" in respect of her extreme powers, but recommended changes to the law and to the Social Welfare Department's procedures to prevent re-occurrence of similar cases. She later admitted that the media pressure had

masks:
Archibald Chan
Chan
Chan
Chan


title: Anson Chan

texts:
 made her "very upset" and this led to keep her distance from the press, at least for a few years. Chief Secretary
From 1987 to 1993, she was Secretary for Economic Services, becoming the 30th and last Chief Secretary, the head of the Hong Kong civil service, in 1993. She mainly oversaw the localisation of the civil service during her time in this position. From 1994, she headed the Airport Development Steering Committee overseeing the construction of the new Chek Lap Kok Airport.<mask> was the first woman and the first ethnic Chinese to hold the second-highest governmental position in Hong Kong. The highest governmental position, the Governor, was always held by Britons before Hong Kong's handover to People's Republic of China. <mask> was often described during this era as an "Iron Lady", with "an iron fist in a velvet glove". <mask> was lauded as the most powerful woman in Asia for her role as the deputy of British Governor Chris Patten, and later first Chief Executive of the SAR Tung Chee-hwa. She was considered most trusted high official in Hong Kong by both the UK and PRC government to appoint her to the head of the civil service, before and after the handover of Hong Kong. In the run-up to the handover of Hong Kong, she was often the 'face of Hong Kong', dispatched to reassure the wider world that the territory would not implode upon its return to China and that civil liberties would be upheld. Her confidence reassured many around the globe.Within Hong Kong she had wide public support to be the first Chief Executive in the new administration but announced in October 1996 that she would not seek the role. SAR administration career
After Hong Kong's handover to China on 1 July 1997, <mask> stayed on as head of the civil service under then Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa, a valuable sign of stability and continuity for the new administration. She was always highly regarded: one British-born civil servant said that "nothing would work without her", also noting that "Tung needs her more

masks: Chan Chan Chan Chan


title: Anson Chan

texts:
 than she needs him." <mask> was loyal in the main but her public utterances were occasionally at odds with Tung. It was enough to earn her a certain independence and the epithet of "Hong Kong's Conscience". In contrast to the more conservative Tung, <mask> showed the greater support for democracy and freedom, and advocated a faster pace of democratisation. In 1998, <mask> was somewhat criticised for her role in the monitoring of the new Hong Kong International Airport construction at Chek Lap Kok.The airport had logistical difficulties upon its opening, and some blamed <mask> for her lack of supervision. Defence of press freedom
When pro-government figures in Hong Kong attacked the Radio Television Hong Kong (RTHK) for being too critical of the Hong Kong and Chinese governments, <mask> flew to its defence. In the summer of 1999 RTHK became a platform for Taiwan-Mainland China discussions. A local member of the PRC's National People's Congress, Tsang Hin-chi, urged the government-owned radio station to exercise self-censorship and not to provide a platform that expressed the splitting of China; Xu Simin, a member of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, urged RTHK to not allow Taiwan's president broadcasts. On 12 April 2000 Wang Fengchao, deputy director of Central Government's Liaison Office, delivered a speech titled "The Principle of One China and the Taiwan Issue". Wang hinted that Basic Law Article 23 should be enacted as quickly as possible in Hong Kong to protect China against treason and subversion. <mask> spoke in a four-hour speech after Wang on the importance of press freedom and publication, as she believed in genuine press freedom without external pressures.Retirement from the government
The constant criticism of mainland officials and policies was perceived by many to be one of the main reasons for Beijing to view <mask> as a malefactor in Hong Kong politics. In what the Hong Kong media saw as a dressing down for <mask>, PRC Vice Premier Qian Qichen told her

masks: Chan Chan Chan Chan Chan Chan Chan Chan


title: Anson Chan

texts:
 at a function in Beijing to "better support Tung", after there had been reports of disagreements between the two over the appointment of officials. <mask> agreed in 1999 to delay her retirement until June 2002. However, <mask> announced her resignation in January 2001, and officially stepped down in April of the same year. In a later interview, <mask> said she resigned after she failed to persuade Tung to delay the introduction of the Principal Officials Accountability System, as she believed it was too early to introduce this system when the chief executive and half of the legislature were not directly elected. Post-civil service career

After retiring from the civil service, <mask> did not often show up in public. However, in December 2005, <mask> participated in the protest march for democracy, against Donald Tsang's constitutional reform package and has since participated in subsequent marches for universal suffrage.In July 2006, she criticised the Commission on Strategic Development, chaired by Donald Tsang, for being "rather slow and unsatisfactory", and announced her intention to start a "Core Group" to push for taking forward the debate on Hong Kong's constitutional reforms. It was later announced that the group would consist of heavyweights including Allen Lee, Christine Loh, Elizabeth Bosher, Professor <mask>, <mask> Nair and Lily Yam Kwan Pui-ying. On 23 September 2006, in a news conference, <mask> proclaimed that she would not run for the position of Chief Executive in 2007. Legislative Council by-election

On 11 September 2007, <mask> announced that she would run in the December 2007 by-election for the Hong Kong Island seat made vacant by the death of former DAB chairman Ma Lik. During the campaign, she was criticised by Alex Tsui, a former ICAC official who accused <mask> of obtaining a 100% mortgage to purchase a flat in 1993 when she was Chief Secretary, suggesting an abuse of power. A City University commentator said the issue marked the start of a smear campaign

masks:
Chan
Chan
Chan
Chan
Chan
Johannes Chan
Chandran
Chan
Chan
Chan


title: Anson Chan

texts:
 against <mask>, although <mask> did not engage in smear-free politics either, accusing her rival Regina Ip, the former Secretary for Security supported by Beijing government, of being a "fake democrat". <mask> was also revealed of having been also taken a seat in the board of Richemont, (where a board member is former legionnaire Taipan Simon Murray) the manufacturer of name brand luxury items, but which at that time also owned a 23% share of British American Tobacco.When this news of her board membership was revealed she immediately resigned from the board of Richemont. In the early hours of 2 December 2007, <mask> was elected in the by-election with 175,874 votes, securing about 55% of the vote. Regina Ip, <mask>'s main rival, had 137,550 votes. For this election, <mask> spent HK$1.81 million, $330,000 more than Ip. Her two main donors were Sir Quo-wei Lee and his wife, and Hong Kong Democratic Foundation chairman George Cautherley, who donated HK$250,000 each. Next Media chairman Jimmy Lai donated HK$200,000, and the Democratic Party gave HK$65,840 "for services". On 6 July 2008, <mask> announced that she would not be seeking re-election to the Legislative Council at the expiry of her term.International lobbying
On 24 April 2013, <mask> <mask> launched a group called Hong Kong 2020 on the basis of the former "Core Group" and "Citizen's Commission on Constitutional Development" to monitor and comment on the constitutional reform progress to achieve full universal suffrage for election of the Chief Executive in 2017 and all members of the Legislative Council by 2020. In April 2014, <mask> <mask> and Martin Lee, founder of Hong Kong's opposition Democratic Party, went to the United States and met U.S. Vice President Joe Biden, minority leader of the House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi and members of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China. The activists spoke out against Beijing increasing control over Hong Kong and their fear of only candidates picked by Beijing would be

masks: Chan Chan Chan Chan Chan Chan Chan Anson Chan Anson Chan


title: Anson Chan

texts: allowed to take part in the 2017 Chief Executive election. Lee and <mask> also voiced concerns over press freedom in Hong Kong, referring to violent assaults on journalists and alleging that Beijing is pressuring advertisers to shun critical media. Biden underscored Washington's "long-standing support for democracy in Hong Kong and for the city's high degree of autonomy under the 'one country, two systems' framework". China warned the United States against meddling in Hong Kong's internal affairs after Biden met with <mask> and Lee. In response, Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that it "firmly opposes any countries meddling in the city's internal affairs in any way."In July 2014, <mask> <mask> and Martin Lee visited the United Kingdom and met with Deputy Prime Minister and the leader of the coalition's junior partner the Liberal Democrats Nick Clegg and raised concerns over China's jurisdiction of the region, and questioning Britain's commitment to Hong Kong's democratic development. Clegg affirmed Britain's commitment to honour the pledge that if China breached the Sino-British Joint Declaration, Britain would "mobilize the international community and pursue every legal and other avenue available". Liu Xiaoming, PRC ambassador to Britain, described Martin Lee and <mask> <mask> as "bent on undermining the stability of Hong Kong". In March 2019, <mask> <mask> and pro-democrat legislators Charles Mok and Dennis Kwok visited the United States and met with Vice President Mike Pence to speak against Beijing's intervention in Hong Kong affairs and the proposed amendments to Hong Kong extradition law which later escalated to the massive anti-government protests. <mask> expressed concerns on the special trading relationship between Hong Kong and the United States which guaranteed by the United States–Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992. "If [the US government’s] perception of 'one country, two systems' changes, then we must be concerned that something could be done to change the content of

masks: Chan Chan Anson Chan Anson Chan Anson Chan Chan


title: Anson Chan

texts:
 the Hong Kong Policy Act," said <mask>. The act stipulated that Hong Kong can enjoy a special trading status separate from that between mainland China and the U.S. because of the one country, two systems principle, under which the city has control over its own political and economic affairs.In June 2020, aged 80, and following the death of her daughter, <mask> announced that she was withdrawing from civic and political life. Personal life
Among her seven siblings, twin sister Ninson ran a travel agency; brother Philip Fang Shun-sang (b. 1941) worked as a Chinese interpreter at the United Nations in Geneva until 1999 (and died in 2013 after jumping from his home in Lantau). Another brother, David Fang Jin-sheng, was a former orthopaedics lecturer and head of the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine; and another brother, John Fang Meng-sang, is a lawyer. In 2006, John became embroiled in a controversy over the death of his former lover in mysterious circumstances in a flat owned by him in 1995. A coroner's inquest unanimously ruled her death accidental or by misadventure. She was married to Archibald ("Archie") <mask> Tai-wing from 1963 until his death in 2010.Six years her senior, Archibald was a director of Caltex Oil and taught science at St Joseph's College, his alma mater. He was also in the Hong Kong Auxiliary Police from 1987 to 1996, when he retired as a commandant. The couple had two children, son <mask> Hung-wai and daughter <mask> Wai-ling (who died in 2020, aged 57), and four grandchildren. On 25 June 2020, she announced that she would retire from political and civic life. In a public statement, she said that she has long promised her children that she would step back from "civic and political engagement and lead a quieter life". The death of her daughter in May 2020 was a driving factor for her retirement because she wanted some "time and space to mourn and recover" and that she wanted to spend as much time with her family, particularly with her granddaughters and son-in-law. Her

masks:
Chan
Chan
Chan
Andrew Chan
Michelle Chan


title: Anson Chan

texts:
 statement ends with her urging the young people of Hong Kong not to lose hope for the future and to "continue to hold fast to the values that underpins our unique city but to do so in a law abiding and peaceful manner".Honours
In recognition of her 34 years of public service to the British Crown, <mask> was awarded the Hong Kong Grand Bauhinia Medal in 1999. She was then appointed by Queen Elizabeth II as Honorary Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in 2002 in recognition of her service with the Hong Kong government before the handover. Such award was usually given only to Governors of Hong Kong before the transfer of sovereignty. She is an honorary fellow of SOAS University of London. In recognition of her commitment to democracy and the empowerment of women, and her service as Patron of the University, Asian University for Women conferred upon <mask> <mask> an honorary doctorate degree on 20 May 2017. See also
 List of graduates of the University of Hong Kong

References

External links

"Official Website of <mask> <mask> 2007 Legislative Council By-election (HKI)"
"Former Chief Secretary wants stronger push on universal suffrage" A vidcast of an interview between <mask> <mask> and Chris Yeung, South China Morning Post, April 2007. Mrs <mask> <mask> and her Core Group
 Mrs <mask> <mask>'s Chinese blog/column at Yahoo "陳方安生 「Anson信箱」"
<mask> <mask>'s appearances on C-SPAN

|-

1940 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Hong Kong
Chief Secretaries of Hong Kong
Government officials of Hong Kong
Hong Kong democracy activists
Hong Kong Roman Catholics
Politicians from Shanghai
Recipients of the Grand Bauhinia Medal
Tufts University alumni
Twin people from Hong Kong
Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong
Hong Kong politicians
Honorary Dames Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Honorary Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
HK LegCo Members 1988–1991
HK LegCo Members 1991–1995
HK LegCo Members 2004–2008
People from

masks: Chan Anson Chan Anson Chan Anson Chan Anson Chan Anson Chan Anson Chan


title: Edward Oldcorne

texts:
<mask> or Oldcorn alias Hall (1561 – 7 April 1606) was an English Jesuit priest. He was known to people who knew of the Gunpowder Plot to destroy the Parliament of England and kill King James I; and although his involvement is unclear, he was caught up in the subsequent investigation. He is a Roman Catholic martyr, and was beatified in 1929. Early life
Oldcorne was born in York in 1561, the son of <mask>, a bricklayer, and his wife Mary. His father was a Protestant, and his mother a Catholic who had spent some time in prison due to her faith. He was educated at St Peter's School in York; school friends were John and Christopher Wright and Guy Fawkes. Oldcorne was educated as a doctor, but later decided to enter the priesthood.He went to the English College at Reims, then to Rome where after ordination in 1587, he became a Jesuit in 1588. On the English mission
In late 1588 Oldcorne returned to England, in the company of Father John Gerard. In early 1589 he went with Father Henry Garnet to the West Midlands, visiting Coughton, Warwickshire and settling at Baddesley Clinton. He then worked chiefly in Worcestershire for 17 years. Oswald Tesimond assisted him after 1596; Father Thomas Lister, another Jesuit, also supported Oldcorne's mission but found the requirements of the covert life difficult. Oldcorne sometimes stayed with Thomas Abington, whose house at Hindlip Hall was near Baddesley Clinton. There he converted Thomas's sister Dorothy.The house was then was adapted by Nicholas Owen to help conceal Catholic priests. From 1601 to 1605

On 3 November 1601, Oldcorne went on a

masks:
Edward Oldcorne
John Oldcorne


title: Edward Oldcorne

texts:
 his relics survived including one of his eyes which he lost when the executioner decapitated him: it is said that the force of the blow was so great that his eye flew out of its socket. A secondary school, <mask> <mask> Catholic College, named in his honour, is in Worcester.His right eye and the rope that bound him are kept as relics at Stonyhurst College. They believe that the eye was taken by a Catholic sympathiser while his body was being parboiled after he was quartered. Abington's wife Mary was the sister of William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle; Lord Monteagle was later to become a pivotal figure in the capture of the gunpowder plotters. The authorship of Monteagle's letter has been a significant problem to historians. One of the candidates put forward is Oldcorne. References

1561 births
1606 deaths
16th-century English Jesuits
17th-century English Jesuits
English beatified people
Executed Gunpowder Plotters
Martyred Roman Catholic priests
People executed by Stuart England by hanging, drawing and quartering
Executed people from North Yorkshire
17th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
17th-century venerated Christians
Clergy from York
One Hundred and Seven Martyrs of England and

masks:
Blessed Edward
Oldcorne


title: Toni Braxton

texts: <mask> (born October 7, 1967) is an American singer, songwriter, pianist, actress, and television personality. She has sold over 70 million records worldwide and is one of the best-selling female R&B artists in history. <mask> has won seven Grammy Awards, nine Billboard Music Awards, seven American Music Awards, and numerous other accolades. In 2011, <mask> was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame. In 2017 she was honored with the Legend Award at the Soul Train Music Awards. In the late 1980s, <mask> began performing with her sisters in a music group known as The Braxtons; the group was signed to Arista Records. After attracting the attention of producers Antonio "L.A." Reid and Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds and being signed to LaFace Records, Braxton released her self-titled debut studio album in 1993.The album reached number one on the Billboard 200 chart and sold 10 million copies worldwide. In addition, the singles "Another Sad Love Song" and "Breathe Again" became international successes. The album brought <mask> three Grammy Awards, including the Grammy for Best New Artist. <mask> experienced continued success with the albums Secrets (1996), which included the U.S. #1 hit singles "You're Makin' Me High/Let It Flow" and "Un-Break My Heart"; and The Heat (2000), which opened at #2 on the Billboard 200 and included the U.S. #2 hit single "He Wasn't Man Enough". <mask>'s subsequent studio albums, More Than a Woman (2002), Libra (2005) and Pulse (2010), were released amid contractual disputes and health issues. In 2014, <mask> and longtime collaborator Babyface released a duet album entitled Love,

masks:
Toni Michele Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton


title: Toni Braxton

texts:
 Marriage & Divorce that earned the duo a Grammy Award for Best R&B Album in 2015. Further label changes saw the release of Sex & Cigarettes (2018) under Def Jam/Universal and Spell My Name (2020) under Island.<mask> is also a television executive producer and personality. She competed in the seventh season of the reality competition series Dancing with the Stars. She has executive produced and starred in Braxton Family Values, a reality television series that has aired on We TV since 2011. <mask> was also an executive producer of  Tamar & Vince, a spinoff reality TV series starring her younger sister, Tamar. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Severn, Maryland on October 7, 1967. Her father, Michael Conrad <mask> Sr., was a Methodist clergyman and power company worker, and her mother, Evelyn Jackson, a native of South Carolina, was a former opera singer and cosmetologist, as well as a pastor. Braxton's maternal grandfather was also a pastor.Braxton is the eldest of six siblings. She has a younger brother Michael Jr. (born 1968) and four younger sisters Traci Renee (born 1971), Towanda Chloe (born 1973), Trina Evette (born 1974), and Tamar Estine (born 1977). They were raised in a strict religious household, and Braxton's first performing experience was singing in her church choir. Braxton attended Bowie State University to obtain a teaching degree, but decided to sing professionally after she was discovered by William E. Pettaway Jr., who reportedly heard her singing to herself while pumping gas. On her appearance May 24, 2014 broadcast of NPR's Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!, she stated that she was not

masks:
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Braxton
Toni Michele
Braxton
Braxton


title: Toni Braxton

texts:
 singing to herself at the gas station. Pettaway, working as an attendant at the Annapolis service station where she was refueling, recognized her from local performances and introduced himself, saying he wanted to produce her. Although skeptical, Braxton decided to, in her words, "take a chance" and accepted.Career

1989–1995: The Braxtons, <mask> and breakthrough

<mask> and her four sisters Traci, Towanda, Trina, and Tamar began performing as The Braxtons in the late 1980s and were signed to Arista Records in 1989. Their first single, "Good Life", was released in 1990. Though the song was not successful, it attracted the attention of record executive Antonio "L.A." Reid and record producer Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds. Reid and Babyface recruited her to record a demo of "Love Shoulda Brought You Home", a song that they had written for Anita Baker for the soundtrack of Eddie Murphy's film, Boomerang. Baker, who was pregnant at the time, did not record the song but suggested that Braxton record it. Her recording was later included on the soundtrack along with "Give U My Heart", a duet by <mask> and Babyface. <mask>, meanwhile, was signed to Reid and Edmonds' Arista-distributed imprint, LaFace Records, and immediately began recording her solo debut album.In July 1993, LaFace released <mask>'s self-titled debut album. Primarily produced by Reid, Babyface, and Daryl Simmons, it peaked at number one on the US Billboard 200 and entered the top ten of the albums chart in Australia, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. The first single, "Another Sad Love Song", peaked at number seven and number

masks:
Toni Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton


title: Toni Braxton

texts:
 two on the Billboard Hot 100 and R&B Singles charts respectively. The album's second single, "Breathe Again", peaked in the top five of both the Hot 100 and R&B singles charts and no 2 in the UK. More singles from <mask> were released in 1994, including "You Mean the World to Me", "Seven Whole Days", and "I Belong to You/How Many Ways". <mask>'s debut album won her several awards, including three Grammy Awards (for Best New Artist and two consecutive awards for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance in 1994 and 1995). She won two American Music Awards (for Favorite Soul/R&B New Artist and Favorite New Adult Contemporary Artist) in 1994 and another one in 1995 (for Favorite Soul/R&B Album).<mask> was certified 8x platinum in USA and has sales of over 10 million worldwide. 1996–1999: Secrets and financial issues
In June 1996, <mask> released her second album Secrets. Motivated "to include a little bit of everything," <mask> reteamed with Babyface, but also worked with R. Kelly, Tony Rich, and David Foster on the album, which she co-produced. A major success, it peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 and reached the top ten on most international charts. After 92 weeks in the charts, Secrets was certified 8x platinum, becoming <mask>'s second straight 8 million-seller. Internationally, Secrets sold more than 15 million copies, further cementing <mask>'s superstar status. The album's first single, "You're Makin' Me High", marked <mask>'s first number-one hit on the US Billboard Hot 100, while follow-up "Un-Break My Heart", a ballad written and composed by Diane Warren, became the biggest hit of Braxton's

masks:
Toni Braxton
Braxton
Toni Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton
Braxton


title: Toni Braxton

texts: career yet.It spent eleven consecutive weeks at number one on the Hot 100 and enjoyed worldwide top five success. As a result, <mask> topped several of Billboards year-end charts, and won two Grammy Awards; one for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "Un-Break My Heart" and Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for "You're Makin' Me High" as well as two American Music Awards for Favorite Female Soul/R&B Artist and Favorite Soul/R&B Album. Still waiting on her financial rewards, <mask> eventually launched an unsuccessful lawsuit against Arista and LaFace Records. Soon after, she filed for chapter 7 bankruptcy. Public reaction to these events was very harsh, having been expressed most clearly in an interview on The Oprah Winfrey Show. <mask> has appeared in two Disney Broadway shows: She made her Broadway debut as Belle in Beauty and the Beast beginning September 9, 1998 when she replaced Kim Huber. During her run in the show Alan Menken wrote and composed a new song for the musical, titled "A Change in Me", which he specially wrote and composed for <mask>, and was still being used in the musical as of late July 2014.She left the production on February 28, 1999, and was succeeded by Andrea McArdle. Her role in Beauty and the Beast marked the first (and only) time a black woman commanded the leading role of Belle on Broadway. (In the UK, Michelle Gayle played the role in the West End.) It also marked the first time a black woman would star in a Disney musical on Broadway. In 1999, the lawsuit against LaFace Records was settled and <mask> was given back all her possessions, giving her time to record The Heat,

masks: Braxton Braxton Braxton Braxton Braxton


title: Toni Braxton

texts:
 her first album in four years. 2000–2002: The Heat, More Than a Woman, and acting debut
After her three-year-long dispute with LaFace and Arista had been settled, <mask> signed a new $20 million contract. In April 2000, her third studio album, The Heat was released.<mask> took a more hands-on approach, co-writing and co-producing a handful of the tracks which saw her adapting a more urban sound. It opened at number two on the US Billboard 200 with 199,000 copies sold in its first week, eventually going double platinum in the United States, while selling over 4 million copies worldwide. Additionally, the album was nominated for Best R&B Album at the 2001 Grammy Awards, while uptempo lead single "He Wasn't Man Enough," a worldwide top ten hit, won for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and was nominated for Best R&B Song. In 2001, <mask> made her movie acting debut in director Doug McHenry's comedy film Kingdom Come opposite an ensemble also starring LL Cool J, Jada Pinkett Smith, and Whoopi Goldberg A modest box-office success, it grossed $23.4 million worldwide. The same year, Braxton recorded and released the Christmas album Snowflakes which consisted R&B–led original songs co-penned with Keri Lewis and Babyface as well as several remixes and cover versions of Christmas standards and carols. It received a mixed reception by critics, many of whom compared its nature to <mask>'s other work but found the stylized production and original material too contemporary to conjure images of Christmas, and failed to reach the upper half of the Billboard 200, eventually going gold in the United States. In 2002,

masks: Braxton Braxton Braxton Braxton


title: Toni Braxton

texts:
 while gearing up for the release of her fourth studio album, <mask> discovered she was pregnant with her second child.Knowing that she would be unable to promote the album properly, she unsuccessfully lobbied Arista Records to get the label to postpone its release until after she was to give birth. In November 2002,  More Than a Woman was released. Opening to an instant commercial disappointment, the album peaked at number 13 on the US Billboard 200, but was less successful internationally. First single "Hit the Freeway" failed to impact, resulting in lackluster sales in general and the release of no further singles. More Than a Woman was eventually certified gold in the United States and sold more than 800,000 copies worldwide. 2003–2007: Libra and Las Vegas residency
In April 2003, <mask> abruptly left Arista Records, having been there for 14 years, and immediately signed with Blackground Records, headed by Barry Hankerson, her manager at the time. She then starred in Aida as Aida beginning June 30, 2003 when she replaced actress Simone, until she left the cast on November 16, 2003.In April 2005, <mask>'s new label, Blackground/Universal, released "Please", the first single from her fifth album, Libra. The album was originally planned for a June release, but it was pushed back several times and was finally issued on September 27. Libra peaked at number four on the US Billboard 200, selling 114,593 copies in the first week, and peaked at number two on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. The album was certified gold in late 2005 and has since sold 679,000 copies worldwide. In May 2005, <mask> made an appearance


title: Toni Braxton

texts: on the season finale of American Idol 5, where she performed Elvis Presley's "In the Ghetto" with soon-to-be winner Taylor Hicks. A month later, "The Time of Our Lives", a duet with classical crossover vocal group Il Divo, was released as a single, serving as the official 2006 FIFA World Cup anthem. <mask> performed the song, which entered the top ten in Switzerland, at the opening ceremony in Berlin on June 9, 2005.In August 2006, <mask> replaced singer Wayne Newton as the Flamingo Las Vegas's new headlining act. The show, entitled <mask>: Revealed, was to be performed six nights a week and was scheduled to run through to March 2007. <mask> later confirmed that she was extending her show through to August 2007. Due to its success, it was reported that <mask> would extend her show through to August 2008, though the show was later cancelled in order for <mask> to focus on her health after being diagnosed with microvascular angina. On January 12, 2007, <mask> filed a $10 million lawsuit against her former manager Barry Hankerson, alleging "fraud, deception and double dealing", in addition to mismanaging her relationship with Arista Records. According to <mask>'s lawsuit, Hankerson placed his personal financial interests ahead of hers by using 'double-talk' to compromise the relationship between <mask> and her former label, with Hankerson allegedly telling Arista that "Braxton no longer wanted to record for Arista," and telling <mask> that "Arista was not interested in working with her anymore". The suit was settled with <mask> being forced to return a $375,000 advance to Hankerson, who would also receive

masks: Braxton Braxton Toniraxton Braxton Braxton Braxton Braxton Braxton Braxton Braxton Braxton


title: Toni Braxton

texts:
 a percentage of the sales of her next album, and Hankerson releasing <mask> from her contract with him.The settlement also temporarily limited the companies with which Braxton could sign. Hankerson claimed that the problems initially arose due to a number of disputes with <mask> and her wish to include her husband in her music. 2008–2012: Pulse and television
Following the abrupt cancellation of her Toni Braxton: Revealed show, <mask> experienced financial difficulties when insurance agency Lloyd's of London refused to honor her policy that she purchased for upwards of $70,000 that included financial compensations for financial losses. Lloyd's responded with a counter-suit seeking damages against her because of an unrelated heart condition that the company was not made aware of at the time the application was filed. While <mask> acknowledged that she did disclose her full medical history at the time, she got on the hook for all damages because of the cancelled shows, being sued by multiple companies, and had to once again file for bankruptcy. In September 2008, <mask> appeared on the seventh season of American dance competition series Dancing with the Stars; her partner was Alec Mazo. They were voted off in the fifth week of the competition.In 2009, <mask> signed to Atlantic Records and began work on her next studio album. In February 2010, she was part of the supergroup Artists for Haiti who recorded "We Are the World 25 for Haiti," a remake of the 1985 hit "We Are the World," to help benefit the people of Haiti hollowing the magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake. Three months later, Pulse, her seventh studio

masks: Braxton Braxton Braxton Braxton Braxton Braxton


title: Toni Braxton

texts: album, was released. A collection of up-tempo songs and R&B ballads with production varying from smooth to dance-based styles, it debuted at number nine on the US Billboard 200, selling 54,000 copies in its first week, and topped the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, becoming <mask>'s fifth US top-ten album. A moderate chart success elsewhere, it reached the top ten in Switzerland, and the top 20 in Germany and Greece. While critical reception of Pulse was generally positive, its singles "Yesterday", "Hands Tied" and "Make My Heart" achieved moderate chart success. In 2011, <mask> signed with WE tv for a reality series, Braxton Family Values.Chronicling the lives of <mask> and her sisters Tamar, Traci, Towanda, and Trina, plus their mother Evelyn, the series debuted on April 12, 2011. It received favorable reviews from critics who recognized it as a "guilty pleasure" and spawned several seasons and spin-offs. In September 2011, <mask> parted ways with her long-time manager Vincent Herbert, husband of sister Tamar, and signed a new management deal with Los Angeles-based entertainment/production company The Collective. In March 2012, she released  the standalone single "I Heart You," a dance-pop, EDM and house song that peaked at number one on the US Dance Club Songs. Also that year, <mask> played Rosalie Rosebud, a singer with an over-the-top personality, in the children's musical adventure comedy film The Oogieloves in the Big Balloon Adventure alongside Jaime Pressly and Cloris Leachman, and began filming a lead role in the Lifetime Movie Network film Twist of Faith which premiered the following year. 2013–2014:


title: Toni Braxton

texts:
 Love, Marriage and Divorce, Broadway return, and biographical film
In 2013, <mask> and longtime creative music partner Babyface began work on their collaborative studio album Love, Marriage & Divorce which was released in February 2014 under Motown Records. It received favorable reviews from music critics, who labeled it as "high-quality R&B," and debuted at number 4 on the Billboard 200 and the top of the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums with first-week sales of 67,000 copies.Love, Marriage & Divorce was nominated for World's Best Album at the 2014 World Music Awards and won for Best R&B Album at the 57th Grammy Awards. Lead single "Hurt You" reached number one on the US Adult R&B Songs, becoming <mask>'s first song to do so since her 2000 release "Just Be a Man About It." The song also hit number 16 on Billboard Hot R&B/ Hip Hop Airplay chart. In March 2014, <mask>, alongside Babyface, made her return to Broadway in the musical After Midnight. The third in rotation in the role of "Special Guest Star" following Fantasia Barrino and KD Lang, they performed from March 18 to 31, 2014 at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre. In May 2014, Braxton published a memoir, Unbreak My Heart: A Memoir, through Harper Collins Publishers. In it, Braxton discusses her career success and struggles and the self-healing she took charge of after her own diagnosis with the auto-immune disease lupus and her son's diagnosis with autism.In October 2015, <mask> along with The Braxtons released the holiday album Braxton Family Christmas on Def Jam Recordings. Compromsing cover versions of Christmas standards and carols as well as several original

masks: Braxton Braxton Braxton Toni


title: Toni Braxton

texts:
 songs, it debuted and peaked at number 27 on the US Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. In January 2016, Lifetime premiered the biographical film <mask>: Unbreak My Heart, based on <mask>'s memoir. Actress Lex Scott Davis was cast to portray Braxton in the film. The biopic's premiere generated 3.6 million viewers. In July 2016, <mask> announced that she would embark on a concert tour, titled The Hits Tour, in late 2016. On October 3, five days before the first date of the tour, Braxton was hospitalized due to complications with lupus resulting in canceling the first two dates of the tour.On October 15, 2016, <mask> was admitted once again to hospital with complications with lupus, leading to another tour date cancellation, which was later rescheduled. In December, <mask> announced that the January 2017 concert dates were canceled. 2017–2019: Sex & Cigarettes, touring, and other ventures
In January 2018, <mask> starred in the Lifetime film Faith Under Fire. In March, her eighth studio album Sex & Cigarettes, her first solo album in eight years, was released on Def Jam Recordings. An adult contemporary R&B album with production from Fred Ball, Babyface, Dapo Torimiro, and Tricky Stewart, it debuted at number 22 on the US Billboard 200 and number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Sex & Cigarettes received mainly positive reviews from music critics, and was nominated for Best R&B Album at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards. Second single "Long as I Live" topped the US Adult R&B Songs, becoming <mask>'s eighth chart topper, while breaking a tie with singers Maxwell and R. Kelly to give her sole possession of the

masks:
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Braxton
Braxton
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title: Toni Braxton

texts:
 second-most number-one's in the chart's 24-year history.It also received Grammy Award nomination for Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song. Also in 2018, <mask> and Uncle Bud's Hemp products created a joint marketing campaign for the latter's products, which <mask> noted as helpful in her battle against lupus. In April 2018, <mask> and her sisters Trina and Towanda appeared on their sister Traci's single "Broken Things." In November, <mask> and Towanda appeared in the holiday film Every Day is Christmas, which premiered on Lifetime. The same month, she announced her As Long As I Live Tour, a joint concert tour with SWV, which took her to South Africa and the United Kingdom. In June 2019, <mask> headlined the 2019 Pittsburgh Pride festival. 2020–present: New record label and Spell My Name
In April 2020, it was announced that <mask> had signed with Island Records.She released the single, "Do It", her first song under the new deal on April 6, 2020. In May, <mask> released a remix EP for her second single "Dance". On June 26, 2020, Missy Elliott appeared on the official remix to the single "Do It". Elliott co-produced the track alongside Hannon Lane. On August 4, 2020, Braxton released the music video for "Dance", directed by Mike Ho. On August 27, 2020, <mask> released the song "Nothin'." <mask>'s tenth studio Spell My Name was released on August 28, 2020.On October 23, 2020, <mask> released a video for her song "Gotta Move On." In 2021, <mask> competed on season six of The Masked Singer as "Pufferfish". She was the third to be eliminated during the two-night premiere alongside Dwight Howard as "Octopus"

masks: Braxton Braxton Braxton Braxton Braxton Braxton Braxton Braxton Braxton Braxton Braxton


title: Toni Braxton

texts:
 and Vivica A. Fox as "Mother Nature". Despite being unmasked, <mask> kept on a glittered KN95 cloth face mask over her mouth due to her lupus condition. <mask> has been confirmed to be starring in the upcoming 2022 Lifetime film The Fallen Angels Book Club. Artistry
<mask> has been recognized for her distinctive contralto voice.Her voice has been called "husky, sultry, elegant and sexy." Due to the huskiness of her voice, Braxton often used male singers such as Michael McDonald, Luther Vandross and Stevie Wonder as vocal style models. Chaka Khan and Anita Baker were two of the few female singers that she could stylize. Steve Huey of AllMusic cites a key to Braxton's success is the versatility of her voice, which he states as being "soulful enough for R&B audiences, but smooth enough for adult contemporary; sophisticated enough for adults, but sultry enough for younger listeners; strong enough in the face of heartbreak to appeal to women, but ravishing enough to nab the fellas." Braxton began her career singing traditional R&B and soft rock ballads and love songs on her debut and second albums. However, hip-hop soul and dance music elements begun to get spun into her sound on The Heat, More Than a Woman, and Pulse. She also showcased her classical training while performing in Broadway plays Beauty and the Beast and Aida as well as her duet with Il Divo, "The Time of Our Lives".Legacy
<mask> became an R&B superstar after the release of her first album. LA Reid stated during an interview with VH1: "We called her the first lady of LaFace. She was our Diva. Clive had Whitney, Tommy had Mariah and we had

masks:
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title: Toni Braxton

texts: <mask>." BBC called the album "spiritedly, mature soul at its best – and just urban enough to make it the bedroom album for the hip hop generation." Over the span of her career <mask> has sold over 70 million records, including 40 million albums, worldwide. Her hit "Un-Break My Heart", the Diane Warren-penned ballad, spent 11-weeks at number 1.Bob McCann, author of Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television (2010), considered it "simply one of the most haunting R&B records ever made." Reviewer Mark Edward Nero named it one of the best R&B break-up songs and considered it <mask>'s "finest moment". He further commented, "damn, this song is so sad it can make people cry for hours at a time." <mask> is a recipient of seven Grammy Awards, seven American Music Awards, and nine Billboard Music Awards. She has been cited as an influence by various artists, such as Beyoncé, Tamar <mask>, Billie Godfrey, Kelly Clarkson, Leela James, Keyshia Cole, Teyana Taylor, Kehlani and Anja Nissen. Braxton's career, she made several impacts on fashion, mostly for her high splits in her dresses. In 2011, Braxton topped the list for the Grammy Award's best dressed of the decade."I've always gone a little risque with all my other award show outfits." In 2012, <mask> made the list for VH1's 50 Greatest Women in Music. <mask>'s 2000 performance at Super Bowl XXXIV is ranked as one of the most memorable Super Bowl performances. <mask> is featured alongside other R&B and pop divas as a primary character on the popular web parody Got 2B Real: The Diva Variety Show. With her Las Vegas residency <mask>: Revealed,

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