title: Eric Church

texts:
 was born on May 3, 1977, in Granite Falls, North Carolina (Dudley Shoals area), to Ken and <mask>. <mask> worked with his father at Clayton Marcus, a furniture upholstery company where his father was president. At 13, he bought a guitar and began writing songs of his own. By his senior year of high school, he had found a gig at a local bar, which occupied most of his time.He played many Jimmy Buffett cover songs and a few of his own original songs in some dive bars. Some of these places were so rough that he got into a few altercations from the stage. For a few years, the band played often in bars and restaurants throughout North Carolina. The band "Mountain Boys" consisted of his college roommate, brother, and a fellow guitarist. Before moving to Nashville, <mask> graduated from South Caldwell High School and then Appalachian State University with a degree in marketing. Upon graduation, <mask> became engaged to a Spanish teacher in the town of Lenoir, North Carolina. The future bride's father attempted to persuade <mask> into a corporate career, which he rejected as an aspiring musician (and later referenced in his song "What I Almost Was" from his debut album).She broke the engagement and he headed to Nashville with his father's financial backing. His father also provided the opportunity to make contacts, and more importantly, time to focus on developing his songwriting ability. Music career

2006–2007: Sinners Like Me
Church co-wrote Terri Clark's 2005 single "The World Needs a Drink", and the track "Whiskey Wings" on Dean

masks:
Rita Church
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Eric
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Church


title: Eric Church

type: original

texts: Miller's 2005 album Platinum. He started recording with different producers. Capitol Nashville showed an interest and watched him perform but they were yet to be convinced enough to offer a recording contract. Autumn House-Tallant told HitQuarters that they didn't think the music was interesting enough. The record company's attitude changed after he started working with producer Jay Joyce.Doyle states, “<mask> scored a meeting with Nashville heavyweight Arthur Buenahora, a publisher at Sony Music who also signed Taylor Swift and Miranda Lambert. <mask> played him "Lightning", a ballad he wrote after watching the movie The Green Mile”. (p. 5) The strong sound and direction the two forged together finally convinced Capitol Nashville that he was ready. His first single, "How 'Bout You" peaked at No. 14 on Hot Country Songs and led off his debut album Sinners Like Me. In April 2006, he performed on the Grand Ole Opry for the first time. The album's other two singles, "Two Pink Lines" and "Guys Like Me", both reached the Top 20 as well.The fourth single, the title track, peaked at No. 51. An additional track from the album, "Lightning", was made into a music video despite not being released as a single. <mask> wrote the song shortly after moving to Nashville, inspired by the movie The Green Mile. Following the album's success, <mask> toured with Brad Paisley and Rascal Flatts. <mask> was fired from opening for Rascal Flatts after repeatedly performing for longer than his allotted time, despite repeated warnings. He was replaced by

masks: Eric Church Church Church Church


title: Eric Church

texts:
 Taylor Swift, who was just starting her career.Before Swift started the tour, <mask> and Swift spoke in which he told Swift that she would thrive on the tour and joked that she should give her first gold record to him as a thanks. Swift later did give him her first gold record with an attached note that said "Thanks for playing too long and too loud on the Flatts tour. I sincerely appreciate it. Taylor". 2008–2010: Carolina
In 2008, <mask> released a fifth single, "His Kind of Money (My Kind of Love)" to country radio. It debuted on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart at No. 55 in early 2008, and reached its peak of No.46 in August. Originally slated as the lead single to an upcoming second album, "His Kind of Money" was instead included as a bonus track on albums sold at Best Buy. Following this song was "Love Your Love the Most", which debuted in early 2009 and was the first single from his second album Carolina, released in stores on March 24, 2009. The night before the official release, Church and Capitol Records distributed copies of the album on the campus of <mask>'s alma mater, Appalachian State University, during a "release party" concert. As with his debut album, Carolina was produced by Jay Joyce, and is entirely composed of songs that he co-wrote. "Love Your Love the Most" brought <mask> to the top 10 for the very first time, peaking at No. 10 in September 2009.The album's second single, "Hell on the Heart", debuted in October 2009 and would also hit the top 10 in May 2010. The third single from "Carolina" was "Smoke

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Eric Church
Church
Church


title: Eric Church

texts:
 a Little Smoke". In June 2010, <mask> moved to Capitol Nashville's new imprint EMI Records Nashville, becoming their second artist. On January 14, 2011, he released a four-song EP entitled Caldwell County. 2011–2013: Chief

<mask> released "Homeboy" to country radio in early 2011. The album Chief, produced by Jay Joyce, was released July 26, 2011, debuting at No. 1 on both Top Country Albums and the Billboard 200.The album sold 145,000 copies in its first week. On November 30, 2011, Chief was announced as a nominee for the 2012 Grammy Awards for Best Country Album. In January 2012 "Drink in My Hand" became his first No. 1 single. In February 2012, "Springsteen" was released as the third single from Chief. In an interview with American Songwriter, <mask> stated that the song was about "a love affair that takes place in an amphitheater between two people. It didn't happen with Springsteen, ironically, it happened with another artist."The song went on to become a Number One country hit, as well as his first Top 20 single on the Billboard Hot 100. The album's fourth single, "Creepin'", was released to country radio on July 16, 2012. <mask> lent his vocals for a song titled, "The Only Way I Know", with Jason Aldean along Luke Bryan. This song appears on Aldean's album Night Train, from which it was released as the second single. The fifth single from Chief, "Like Jesus Does", was released in January 2013 and peaked at number six on Country Airplay chart in June 2013. In September 2012, <mask> announced that he planned to release his

masks: Church Church Church Church Church


title: Eric Church

texts:
 first live album in 2013, containing recordings of performances at the Tivoli Theatre in Chattanooga, Tennessee, on October 8 and 9, 2012. On February 8, the live album's title was announced as Caught in the Act, with a release date set for April 9.<mask> has stated he plans to take some time off from music in 2013 to focus on his songwriting and musical direction. At the 2012 CMA Awards in November, <mask>'s album Chief won Album of The Year. In November it was announced that <mask> would co-headline Kenny Chesney's No Shoes Nation Tour alongside Chesney, Zac Brown Band, and Eli Young Band. In December, <mask> was honored as one of the CMT Artists of the Year Awards; his award was presented by Kid Rock and he received a video message of congratulations from Metallica's James Hetfield. 2013–2015: The Outsiders
On October 22, 2013, <mask> released a new single titled "The Outsiders". His fourth studio album, also titled The Outsiders, was released on February 11, 2014. This album, as with <mask>'s previous three, was produced by Jay Joyce and released on the EMI Records Nashville label.It was followed in January 2014 by "Give Me Back My Hometown". This single reached number one on the Country Airplay chart, becoming his fourth overall. The third single, "Cold One", was released in June 2014, followed by "Talladega" in September. The latter reached number one on the Country Airplay chart in February 2015. The fifth single, "Like a Wrecking Ball", was released to country radio on March 9, 2015. 2015–2018: Mr. Misunderstood
On

masks: Church Church Church Eric Church Church


title: Eric Church

texts: November 3, 2015, <mask>'s new surprise album, Mr. Misunderstood, arrived in the mailboxes of his church choir members. The album became available to the public on iTunes the following day.The album was released as a surprise with no fanfare and no promotional advertisements. It was produced by The Outsiders producer Jay Joyce and executive producer Arturo Buenahora, Jr. The first single, the title track, was released to radio on November 9, 2015. The first live performance and debut of the title track was at the 2015 CMA Awards. The song peaked at #15 on the airplay chart on February 6, 2016. "Record Year" is the album's second single. The album's final track, "Three Year Old", pays tribute to all the lesson's <mask> has learned from his three-year-old son Boone McCoy.Boone McCoy was also credited with naming <mask>'s guitar "ButterBean". <mask> used "ButterBean" for the creation of the album. Mr. Misunderstood was nominated for Album of the Year at the 2016 ACM Awards and the title track was nominated for Video of the Year. Mr. Misunderstood features 10 self-written and co-written tracks and features themes of independence, lessons learned, and loyalty. The album was recorded by Jason Hall at St. Charles in Nashville. In March 2016, "Record Year" was released to radio; it reached #1 on the Country Airplay in August 2016. The album's third single, "Kill a Word" released to country radio on August 29, 2016.<mask> was selected as one of 30 artists to perform on "Forever Country", a mash-up track of Take Me Home, Country Roads, On

masks: Church Eric Eric Church Church


title: Eric Church

texts:
 the Road Again and I Will Always Love You which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards. <mask> played his biggest solo tour to date with his Holdin' My Own Tour that featured 62 shows in 61 cities from January through May 2017. The tour was capped off by two sold-out shows at Nashville, Tennessee's Bridgestone Arena, with the Friday night show breaking the arena's capacity record before being one-upped by the Saturday night show which had a record 19,020 in the building to set the new attendance record. On October 4, 2017, <mask> debuted a song he had written for Sonny Melton, who lost his life at the Las Vegas shooting tragedy. The song, called "Why Not Me", was performed at the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville. In November 2017 <mask> released a limited run vinyl box set titled 61 Days in Church that would be released in monthly stages through 2018. The collection includes 124 tracks all of which were recorded live at the 61 shows of his 2017 Holdin' My Own Tour.The set includes two songs from each concert of the tour with the exception of the final two record-setting Nashville shows, which feature three songs from each night. He had already began releasing the album in stages for free on digital streaming services in September 2017. 2018–2021: Desperate Man
On July 12, 2018, <mask> announced via social media that he would release his sixth album, Desperate Man, on October 5, 2018. He released the album's first single and title track the following day. On November 11, 2020, <mask> won the coveted "Entertainer of the Year" at the 54th


title: Eric Church

texts:
 Annual Country Music Association Awards. He performed The Star-Spangled Banner alongside Jazmine Sullivan at Super Bowl LV. 2021-present: Heart & Soul
On April 16, 2021, <mask> released the album Heart, followed by the album & on April 20, and Soul on April 23.The triple-album release contains 24 songs in total, including the singles "Stick That in Your Country Song" and "Hell of a View". In October 2021, after two of his bandmates tested positive for COVID-19, <mask> performed two solo concerts on his The Gather Again Tour. The solo shows were in Pittsburgh on October 8 and Philadelphia on October 9. On February 22, 2022, <mask> was announced to perform at the 57th Academy of Country Music Awards on March 7, 2022. Personal life
On January 8, 2008, <mask> married music publisher Katherine Blasingame at West Glow Resort in Blowing Rock, North Carolina. At the wedding, <mask> performed "You Make It Look So Easy", a song he wrote for Blasingame. On October 3, 2011, their first son, Boone McCoy <mask>, was born; he is the subject of <mask>'s song "Three Year Old".On February 15, 2015, their second son, Tennessee Hawkins "Hawk" <mask> was born. Their home (along with <mask>'s "man cave"), located in Nashville, was featured in an episode of CMT's Cribs. The Chief Cares Fund is a foundation organized by <mask> and <mask> in 2013. The non-profit organization has been used to help underprivileged families in Tennessee, North Carolina, and even as far as helping orphans in Nepal receive clothing, proper bedding, and schooling. The

masks:
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Church
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Church
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Church
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Eric
Katherine Church


title: Eric Church

texts:
 foundation has also delivered Bibles to Haiti and helps fund Humane Society no-kill animal shelters. People can donate to the foundation on <mask>'s website by simply donating or by purchasing exclusive Chief Cares Platinum Tickets to his concerts where money from the tickets go to the Chief Cares Fund. <mask> wears his signature aviator sunglasses as a result of wearing contact lenses.When his career was getting started, he was forced to deal with the heat from the stage lights drying out his contacts. As he began performing in larger venues, his aviators and Von Dutch denim trucker hat became his trademark. <mask> has become an avid advocate for the use of cannabis, reflected in songs such as "Smoke a Little Smoke"; at the time of that song's release, <mask>'s record label urged him not to release the song, though it had minor success as a single. <mask> has also referenced marijuana use in other songs like "The Joint" and "I'm Gettin' Stoned", and has even been the subject of a marijuana joke at the 49th ACM Awards where Blake Shelton and Luke Bryan referred to <mask> as the Willie Nelson for the new-country generation and compared <mask>'s dressing room to a cannabis dispensary. Musical styles
<mask>'s style has been described as country rock, outlaw country, and southern rock. <mask>'s influences include Hank Williams Jr., Merle Haggard, Little Feat, The Band, Kris Kristofferson, The Grateful Dead, Ray Wylie Hubbard and Waylon Jennings. <mask> has also said that many hard rock and heavy metal bands influenced his music,

masks:
Eric Church
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Church
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Church
Eric Church
Eric Church
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Church
Church


title: Christa Schmidt

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>:  3 April 1941) is a retired German politician (CDU) who served as a minister in the last government of East Germany. She built an earlier career as a teacher and educationalist. Life
<mask> was born in Leipzig during the first half of the Second World War. Between 1955 and 1959 she studied at a Teacher Training Institute for non-graduate teachers: between 1959 and 1964 she taught at the Goethe-School in Mügeln, a small town located a short distance to the east of Leipzig. She then  switched to the Pestalozzi School for children with special needs in Leipzig, where she taught from 1964 till 1990. By 1990 sources were describing <mask> as "married with two children". In parallel with her teaching job, between 1972 and 1974 <mask> studied successfully for a degree in Special School Pedagogy ("Sonderschulpädagogik") at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg.Further study at the same institution led to her Doctorate of Pedagogy in 1980:  her doctoral dissertation concerned handicapped school children. In 1982 she was promoted to the status of "Chief Teacher" ("Oberlehrer") and in 1988 she was promoted again, becoming an Education Councillor ("Studienrat"). Political engagement began in 1973 when, at the age of 32, <mask> <mask> joined the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). The East German CDU lacked the autonomy of its West German counterpart, being a "bloc party" controlled through the country's so-called National Front by the country's ruling Socialist Unity Party ("Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands" / SED). Nevertheless, the East German CDU was not entirely without influence, and was allocated a fixed quota of around 50 seats in the National Parliament ("Volkskammer") even though general elections from 1949 until 1990 always resulted in more than 99% of the reported votes having been cast in support of the single candidate list provided by the ruling party. For <mask> <mask>, between 1979 and 1989 CDU party membership was accompanied by a role as a deputy in the Central Lepizig City Assembly, where she worked on the Commission of Training and Education. {{Quote box|bgcolor=#FFDEAD|align=right|width=45%|

On 9 May 1990 <mask> <mask>

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title: Christa Schmidt

texts:
 presented a report to the responsible parliamentary committee on some of her ministerial objectives:

"Although equal rights have been anchored in the constitution since 1949, they are not enforced.We still have a lot to do in order to assign to women the place in our society which is due to them. And this means that family and public life should no longer be based on the subordination principal, but on that of partnership. And here I want to use the word "Partnership" in a comprehensive sense:  partnership in the family must be extended to include partnership in public life and partnership between employers and employees in order to serve the interests of families and of women." "Obwohl seit 1949 die Gleichberechtigung in der Verfassung verankert ist, ist sie nicht durchgesetzt. Wir haben noch eine Menge zu tun, um den Frauen den Platz in unserer Gesellschaft einzuräumen, der ihnen zusteht. Und das bedeutet, das familiale und öfflentiche Leben darf sich nicht mehr nach dem Prinzip der Unterordnung, sondern muß sich nach dem Prinzip  von Partnerschaft gestalten. Und hierbei möchte ich das Wort Partnerschaft durchaus umfassend verstehen:  Partnerschaft in der Familie muß durch Partnerschaft in der Öffentlichkeit und durch Partnerschaft zwischen Arbeitgebern und Arbeitnehmern im Interesse von Familien und Frauen ergänzt werden."}}
In November 1989, following months of mounting street protests, the Berlin Wall was breached by demonstrators. Back in 1953 street protests had been brutally suppressed:  in 1989 the realisation that Soviet occupation forces no longer had orders to suppress the protests using violence opened the way for a series of events which would lead to German reunification, formally in October 1990. In March 1990 the country held its first (and as matters turned out last) free parliamentary election. Based on the popular vote, the CDU now received not 50 seats but 163 of the 400 in the Volkskammer. Following a change in the law that had been voted through in February 1990, voters had no longer been restricted to a single party list, and <mask> <mask>'s name had been on the CDU party list for the Leipzig electoral district, positioned high enough up on the

masks: Christa Schmidt


title: Christa Schmidt

texts:
 list for her now to be elected to the assembly. The powerful performance of the CDU meant that the task of forming a new East German government fell to the party chairman, Lothar de Maizière. In April <mask> <mask> was appointed as a minister, mandated to head up the newly formed Ministry for Family and Women ("Ministerium für Familie und Frauen").The de Maizière government ended in the context of German reunification on 3 October 1990, when what had been East Germany was incorporated into the German Federal Republic. 144 of the 400 members who had sat as members of the now defunct East German Volkskammer since March 1990 now became members of a newly enlarged Bundestag (upper parliamentary chamber) in the reunified Germany. <mask> <mask> was one of these, remaining a member till the general election in December 1990. She returned to the Bundestag in February 1994, taking the seat vacated through the resignation from the chamber of the CDU member Bertram Wieczorek, who left in order to take on the chairmanship of Berlin's monopoly Water Supply company. <mask> again remained a Bundestag member only till the next general election, which this time took place in October 1994, with the resulting change-over taking place two months later, in December. In 1991 <mask> <mask> resumed her work as an education professional, becoming vice-president of the Upper School Office (Oberschulamt'') in Leipzig. At the same time she served during 1990/91 as chair of the (CDU) Women's Union for Saxony.In 1992 she took on the leadership of the Leipzig Schools appointments department. During 1992/93 she set up in the regional Saxony Culture Ministry a state institute for teachers of special needs and primary schools, herself taking on the role of its head. She continued in this post till her retirement in 2002. References

1941 births
Living people
Politicians from Leipzig
Christian Democratic Union (East Germany) politicians
Christian Democratic Union of Germany politicians
Government ministers of East Germany
Members of the 10th Volkskammer
Members of the Bundestag for Saxony
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni
Members of the Bundestag for the Christian Democratic Union of

masks: Christa Schmidt Christa Schmidt Schmidt Christa Schmidt


title: Jesse R. Pitts

texts:
<mask> (1921–2003), was an American sociologist specializing in deviance and social control, family sociology, sociological theory, French society, and criminology. He is considered one of the leading disciples of Talcott Parsons, dean of American sociologists for much of the 20th century. <mask> is perhaps best known for his contributions to a large textbook on sociology, Theories of Society: Foundations of Modern Sociological Theory, edited by Parsons and published in 1961. He pioneered sociological work on marginality, deviance and conformity. He was interested particularly in criminology and the institutional treatment of mental illness. Raised on both sides of the Atlantic, <mask> felt at home in France as much as in the United States. He created the Franco-American periodical The Tocqueville Review, serving as editor from 1978 to 1991.Early life

<mask> was born in East Palestine, Ohio on June 13, 1921. He was the only child of Howard Earl ("Doc") <mask> (1889–1951), a veterinarian from Marietta, Ohio, who fought in France with the Expeditionary Forces during World War I. Before returning to the States, Doc married Denyse Dinin in Decize. When <mask> (named after Jess Willard, the boxer) was 7, his parents separated and he went to France with his mother. He did not see his father again until a summer vacation in 1937 where he met his numerous cousins in Marietta, Ohio. Pitts developed an early interest in politics in France and, at age 15, joined the communist party and distributed leaflets. At 16, French police turned him back from the Spanish frontier as he sought to join the Spanish Civil War.Harvard and World War II

He returned to the United States in 1938 to attend Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Initially interested in

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Pitts
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Jesse


title: Jesse R. Pitts

texts:
 economics, he was attracted to sociology by Parsons, who taught at Harvard. Majoring in sociology, with a minor in economics, he graduated magna cum laude in June 1941. At Harvard, Pitts joined the Trotskyites but lost interest in the movement following the fall of Paris to the Nazis in June 1940. He tried to enlist and was placed on a waiting list in Canada but was never called up. After graduation he found a job at Macy's in New York. While he found the job unsatisfying, his roommate Jim Chapin introduced him to Jazz which was thriving in New York City and he truly enjoyed (later he would often start his classes with Miles Davis recordings.)Once the U.S. declared war, he enlisted in the US Air Corps and went into pilot training then sent to England in 1943, to the Base in Kimbolton as part of the 379th Bombardment Group (heavy). As second lieutenant he accomplished 25 missions (including 3 first missions over Berlin) over France and Germany as copilot of a B-17 bomber (H). Back in the U.S. he instructed new pilots, sold war bonds, and was a pilot for the Air Transport Command when he was discharged in October 1945. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross as well as the French Croix de Guerre. He started writing about his experience with the intention to write a book but this would go on hold until he retired from teaching 50 years later. Career

Intending to return to Harvard for his Ph.D. Pitts returned to France and created an import-export company in Casablanca to generate funds required for his academic goal. In May 1947, he married Monique Bonnier, daughter of the late , engineer and hero of the French Resistance.<mask> and Monique were married in the American Cathedral in Paris. <mask> returned to Harvard in the summer of 1948 and by

masks:
Jesse
Jesse Pitts


title: Jesse R. Pitts

texts:
 June 1950 was ready to go to France to work on his thesis, with Talcott Parsons as adviser. The stay in France extended to 3 years, as <mask> wrote for Le Monde and lectured. In 1953, Parsons asked <mask> to join him in England to work on the projected book: Theories of Society. co-authored by T. Parsons, Ed. Shils, Kaspar Naegele and <mask><mask>. The book was published in 1961 and became a standard text for Sociology students.<mask> received his Ph.D. in 1958 and began his teaching career in Detroit, Michigan, at Wayne State University, as assistant professor, then as associate professor. In 1964, he left for Oakland University, in Rochester Michigan, where he taught from 1964 to 1986, as full professor and chairman. He taught at the Harvard Summer School in 1971 and 1975. He was twice a Fulbright Fellow. During a long stay in Paris (1966–1968) he was a lecturer at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes (Paris-Sorbonne). While living in Paris he participated in Television broadcasts and wrote newspapers articles. He wrote a book on the 1968 May events in France, but decided against publishing it.A perfectionist, he put aside many works that did not satisfy him. Politically, while Pitts had held left wing views in his youth, he shifted to more conservative opinions. Almost all of his friends and colleagues were liberal intellectuals and solid Democrats (Democratic Party (United States)), but Pitts was never reticent to debate issues, often appearing on talk shows and as a columnist for various publications. The Tocqueville Review

Pitts founded The Tocqueville Review/La Revue Tocqueville in 1978 and was its editor until 1991. The Review is a French-American bilingual journal devoted to the comparative study of social change in the spirit of Alexis de

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. Pitts
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title: Jesse R. Pitts

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 Tocqueville's pioneer investigations. Pitts recruited many of his colleagues to author essays on current affairs, history, and political philosophy. In 2003, at the memorial event in Charlottesville, Professor Ted Caplow, first president and founder of the Tocqueville Society, defined the review as:"...a proud monument and one that will long honor him."Caplow also said: "...its intellectual standards are exceptionally high and it continues to attract contributions, both in English and French, from major scholars and public figures on both sides of the Atlantic." <mask> was a member of the Tocqueville Jury which awarded the  Prix Alexis de Tocqueville to international scholars. Retirement

In 1986, <mask> retired to Charlottesville. The Department of Sociology at UVA recruited him to teach an occasional course as a lecturer. Fully retiring in 1991, both from teaching and as editor of the Tocqueville Review, he concentrated on writing his war memories and devoted much time with former crewmen of the Penny Ante and other friends from his Bomb Group the 379th. He also joined the Virginia Chapter of the Historical Society (Eighth Air Force) and launched its Newsletter: Plane Talk, and served as editor until 1997. His health declining, Pitts barely finished his Memoirs.He died peacefully on August 2, 2003 and was buried in Charlottesville with military honors. His Memoirs were published in 2004, under the title Return to Base, in hard cover followed by a British paper back edition in 2006. A French translation, Retour sur Kimbolton, was published in Paris in 2006, and a second edition appeared in 2009. Publications
1957: The Bourgeois Family and French Economic Retardation, Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University
1961: Theories of Society: Foundations of

masks: Pitts Jesse


title: Jesse R. Pitts

texts:
 Modern Sociological Theory, Two Volumes in One, with Talcott Parsons (Editor), Edward Shils & Kaspar D. Naegele, New York: The Free Press
1963: In Search of France co-authored with Stanley Hoffmann; Cambridge, Harvard University Press
1964: Social Approaches to Mental Patient Care, with Morrie Schwartz S. and Charlotte Green Schwartz; co-authors: Mark G. Field, Elliot G. Mishler, Simon Olshansky, <mask><mask>, <mask> <mask> and Warren T. Vaughan, Jr.: New York and London, Columbia University Press
1972: Strike at Oakland University, Change (February 1972), p. 18. 1980: Talcott Parsons: the sociologist as the last Puritan, American Sociologist, vol. 15, 1980, p. 62 - 64. (This article is based on an earlier address by Pitts, in 1979, to the American Sociological Society.)1986: Celebrating Tocqueville's Democracy in America, 1835–1985, with Olivier Zunz [eds. ]; Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia
2004: Return to Base: Memoirs of a B-17 Co-pilot, Kimbolton, England, 1943-1944 xix, 280 p., 17pp. of plates: ill., maps, Charlottesville, VA: Howell Press, 2004; revised and published in Great Britain, 2006; and published in French as "Retour sur Kimbolton" in France, 2010

External links
Pitts's entry as Fellow of the Camargo Foundation (The article mentioned here was withdrawn by Pitts and never published.) UN SIECLE A DECIZE - the narriage of Pitts's parents, Captain H. E<mask>, American Expeditionary Force, and Dina Dinin, in Decize, France, 1919. American sociologists
Harvard University alumni
1921 births
2003 deaths
Wayne State University faculty
Oakland University faculty
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
People from East Palestine, Ohio
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
United States Army Air

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Rhona
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title: Kathy Pham

texts:
<mask> is a Vietnamese American computer scientist and product management executive. She has held roles in leadership, engineering, product management, and data science at Google, IBM, the Georgia Tech Research Institute, Harris Healthcare, and served as a founding product and engineering member of the United States Digital Service (USDS) in the Executive Office of the President of the United States at The White House. In 2021, <mask> was named the Deputy Chief Technology Officer of the Federal Trade Commission. <mask> is a Fellow and Faculty member at the Harvard Kennedy School where she created and teaches Product Management and Society. She has held positions as Fellow at Mozilla, Fellow at the Rita Allen Foundation, and Fellow at the Harvard Berkman Klein Center where she co-founded the Ethical Tech Group and was part of the Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence Fellows in partnership with the MIT Media Lab. At Mozilla, <mask> co-leads the Responsible Computer Science Challenge and co-founded the Mozilla Fix the Internet Incubator. <mask> founded Product and Society, which focuses on product management, ethics, and the public interest.Pham has been part of a championship StarCraft II team, and placed 1st the Imagine Cup competition, representing the United States with a sentiment analysis (EmotionAI) engine. Early life and education
<mask>’s parents were Vietnamese boat people, who spent several years in refugee camps before immigrating to the United States. Her brother, United States Marine Corps Captain <mask>, was presented the Purple Heart medal during combat operations in Afghanistan. Pham attended Windsor Forest High School in Savannah, Georgia where she was a member of the volleyball team and graduated as Salutatorian of her graduating class. Pham earned a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science from the Georgia Institute of Technology. She also holds a Master of Science in Computer Science from both the Georgia Institute of Technology and Supélec, specializing in cryptography and human computer interaction. While in university, <mask> was the chair of

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Kathy Pham
Pham
Pham
Pham
Pham
Pham
David Pham
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title: Kathy Pham

texts:
 Georgia Tech's Women in Computing, director of technology at Phi Mu Fraternity, researcher in the Bio-Medical Informatics and Bio-Imaging Lab, and founded the southeast chapter of United for Sight.Career
Pham began her career as a software engineer building flights simulation and healthcare interoperability software at the Georgia Tech Research Institute and Harris Healthcare. She then was a consultant and data scientist at IBM who focused on healthcare analytics. There, she also led IBM’s Employee Charitable Contribution Campaign and founded the After Hours Gaming League for StarCraft II with a team that made it to the league gaming finals. At Google, she held roles in product management, technical program management, and data science on Google Health, Google People Operations, and Google Search. She founded Google’s first Business Intelligence Summit, called SELECT*. <mask> left Google in 2014 to join and build the United States Digital Service, where she led and contributed to public services across the Veterans Affairs, Department of Defense, Precision Medicine Initiative, and Cancer Moonshot, spanning engineering, product management, and people operations. Pham was a guest speaker to the White House State of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (SoSTEM), following the State of the Union address in 2015.<mask> was a 2017-2019 Fellow, and now Affiliate, at Harvard University’s Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society, where her research spans technology, policy, healthcare, artificial intelligence, and the social responsibility and ethics of the tech industry. As a member of the 2018 MIT Media Lab and Berkman Klein Center Assembly, <mask>'s work addressed the ethics and governance of Artificial Intelligence with a focus on community involvement and community voices, and she co-founded ai-in-the-loop. <mask> teaches Product Management and Society at the Harvard Kennedy School of government. From 2018 to 2021, at Mozilla, <mask> was a Fellow and Co-Director of the Responsible Computer Science Challenge, where she also co-edited the Teaching Responsible Computing

masks: Pham Pham Pham Pham Pham


title: Kathy Pham

texts:
 Playbook along with Atri Rudra. In 2020, <mask> co-founded the Fix the Internet Incubator at Mozilla, supporting 50 teams and start-ups world-wide in the first year. In 2021, <mask> was named Deputy Chief Technology Officer of the Federal Trade Commission. Pham is active with outreach and activism, and has been notable for bringing her infant daughter along for a keynote address prompting the hashtag #LittleKeynoteSpeaker.She works closely with immigrant communities to help navigate government services. <mask> has served as an advisory board member of the Anita Borg Institute and the Make the Breast Pump Not Suck Initiative. <mask> is the founder and executive director of the Cancer Sidekick Foundation and the founder of the Boston Chapter of Women in Product. She coined the term Cancer Patient Sidekick. Honors

 Inducted into the Computing Hall of Fame at the Georgia Institute of Technology (2021)
Inaugural 40 under 40, Georgia Institute of Technology (2020)
Invited to give Commencement Class Day Farewell Lecturer, Harvard Kennedy School (2020)
 Invited to give Commencement Speaker, Harvard University, Extension School (2019)
One of the youngest members to be inducted in the Georgia Tech Greek Hall of Fame. (2017)
First Lady Michelle Obama’s Guest to the 2015 State of the Union
Nguoi Viet’s 40 under 40
First Place, representing the United States in the international Imagine Cup “Olympics for Technology” competition with over 300,000 competitors. Georgia Tech College of Computing’s Most Outstanding Junior
Finalist for the Anita Borg Memorial Scholarship
Salutatorian of Windsor Forest High School graduating class

References

External links
 KathyPham.com
 Profile at USDS.gov

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
Artificial intelligence ethicists
Google employees
IBM employees
Berkman Fellows
Executive Office of the President of the United States
Georgia Tech alumni
Harvard Kennedy School faculty
American people of Vietnamese descent
Scientists from Georgia (U.S. state)
21st-century American

masks: Pham Pham Pham Pham


title: Raman Raghav

texts:
<mask>, also known as Sindhi Talwai, Anna, Thambi, and Veluswami, was a serial killer active during the mid-1960s. He was labelled by many as Jack the Ripper of India. <mask> went on a killing spree for over three years. The first round of murders took place 1965 and 1966 when 19 people were attacked. Then a second round of killings took place in 1968. He was caught by Maharashtra Police on 27 September. <mask> was spared a death sentence due to mental illness, and was subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment; he died in hospital while in prison custody in 1995.Serial killings
A series of murders occurred on the outskirts of Mumbai in August 1968. Pavement and slum dwellers were bludgeoned to death while they slept. All the murders took place at night and were committed using a hard, blunt object. A similar series of murders had taken place a few years earlier (1965–66) in the Eastern suburbs of Mumbai. In that year, as many as 19 people had been attacked, out of which 9 victims had died. Police suspected <mask> Raghav and arrested him. A homeless man, he had past mentions in the police files, and spent five years in prison for robbery.As no solid evidence could be found against him for the new set of crimes, the police let him go. When the killer struck again in 1968, the police launched a manhunt for him. Ramakant Kulkarni, then the Deputy Commissioner of Police CID (Crime) took over the investigation and spearheaded a massive combing operation in the city. In this attempt, the police were successful in arresting him. In his confession, he admitted that he had murdered 41 people in 1966 along the GIP (Great Indian Peninsular Railway as the Central Railway (India) was then known) line and almost a dozen in 1968 in the suburbs. However, it is likely that he killed many more. There was widespread public anxiety and panic in

masks:
Raman Raghav
Raghav
Raghav
Raman


title: Raman Raghav

texts:
 Mumbai.Inhabitants of slums and apartments dreaded sleeping out in the open or with open windows and balconies. Arrest
Sub-inspector of police Alex Fialho recognized <mask> from obtained reports and descriptions from those who had seen him. Fialho searched for him and detained him with the help of two respectable witnesses from the area. He claimed to be <mask> <mask>, but old records disclosed that he had several aliases including "Sindhi Dalwai", "Talwai", "Anna", "Thambi", and "Veluswami". The bush shirt and the khaki shorts that he had been wearing were bloodstained and his shoes were extremely muddy. His fingerprints matched with those on record and confirmed that he was <mask> <mask> alias "Sindhi Dalwai". He was arrested under section 302 Indian Penal Code on charge of murder of two persons; Lalchand Jagannat Yadav and Dular Jaggi Yadav at Chinchawli village, Malad, Greater Bombay.Investigation and trial
The preliminary trial was held in the court of Additional Chief Presidency Magistrate. For a long time, <mask> refused to answer questions. However, he began to answer their questions after the police fulfilled his request for dishes of chicken to eat. He then gave a detailed statement, describing his weapon, and his modus operandi. After this the case was committed to Sessions court, Mumbai. When the trial started in the court of Additional Session Judge, Mumbai on 2 June 1969, the counsel for defense made an application that the accused was incapable of defending himself on account of unsoundness of mind and he also submitted that even at the time of committing the alleged offences the accused was of unsound mind and incapable of knowing the nature of his acts or that they were contrary to the law. Raman confessed to  committing 41 murders.Post his confession, he took the police force on a citywide tour to show the places he

masks: Raghav Raman Raghav Raman Raghav Raghav


title: Raman Raghav

texts:
 final verdict

<mask>'s sentence was reduced to life imprisonment because he was found to be incurably mentally ill.He was lodged at Yerwada Central Jail, Pune, and was under treatment at the Central Institute of Mental Health and Research. When a panel of doctors who examined him at the directive of the High Court found that he would never be cured, the High Court reduced his sentence to life imprisonment in its judgement of 4 August 1987. A few years later, in 1995, <mask> died at Sassoon Hospital. He had been suffering from kidney failure. In popular culture
 Director Sriram <mask> directed a 70-minute feature film on Raghav titled Raman Raghav - A City, A Killer, starring Raghuvir Yadav as the killer. The 1978 Tamil film Sigappu Rojakkal was reportedly loosely based on Raghav. Raman Raghav 2.0 , a Bollywood film, is about a fictional serial killer who cites <mask> <mask> as his inspiration, directed by Anurag Kashyap and starring Nawazuddin Siddiqui in the titular role.It premiered at the 2016 Cannes Directors' Fortnight and released worldwide on 24 June 2016. He was also mentioned in an episode of the true crime podcast titled Khooni: The Crimes of India. See also
Auto Shankar
Charles Shobraj
Noida serial murders
Stoneman
List of serial killers by country
List of serial killers by number of victims

References

Sources
 Ramakant Kulkarni, Footprints on the Sands of Crime, MacMillan India (2004);

1929 births
1995 deaths
Criminals from Mumbai
Date of birth missing
Date of death missing
Deaths from kidney failure
Indian people convicted of murder
Indian people who died in prison custody
Indian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Indian serial killers
Male serial killers
People convicted of murder by India
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by India
Prisoners who died in Indian detention
Serial killers who died in

masks: Raghav Raghav Raghavan Raman Raghav


title: Max Hegele

texts:
<mask> (25 May 1873 – 12 March 1945) was an Austrian architect, regarded as one of the leading exponents of Vienna's Secessionist architecture. After practicing with established architects in Vienna, in 1899 Hegele debuted with a plan for the renovation of the city's Central Cemetery in which he applied the principles of Vienna Secession. His most famous work, the St. Charles Borromeo Cemetery Church, was developed within this project and is regarded as an example of Art Nouveau church. In the subsequent years he continued to work in Vienna and Lower Austria, sometimes incorporating historicist elements in his style. From the 1910s he concentrated mostly on residential buildings and in his later years he moved towards a simpler style. A prolific architect, Hegele produced a great number of designs, among them: churches, museums, private houses, bridges and monuments; but many remained on paper. Life and career

Early life and education
<mask> was born in Vienna on 12 March 1873, the son of <mask>, a goldsmith, and <mask>.From 1889 he studied at the State Trade School of Civil Engineering, where he attended the Building of Constructions course, graduating in 1893. He subsequently enrolled in Vienna's Academy of Fine Arts (Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien) where, between 1893 and 1896, he specialised in architecture under Victor Luntz and Karl von Hasenauer. After having successfully completed his studies there, as a gifted student he earned the prestigious "Prix de Rome", a scholarship that allowed him to study for a year in Italy. Back in Vienna, the following year he

masks:
Maximilian Hegele
Maximilian Hegele
Karl Hegele
Maria Hegele


title: Max Hegele

texts:
 lavishly decorated, with metallic chandeliers and matching sconces on the walls. A huge mosaic behind the altar stands out from the white interiors. The cemetery gate
Next came the main entrance or 2nd Gate (2° Tor), built in 1905‒1906. It stands out for its high secessionist obelisks; at the base of each, facing the street, is a couple of statues holding Vienna's coat of arms. Each figure has a funerary symbol in its hand: a skull, meaning death, an hourglass, for time passing, a laurel wreath, symbolising immortality, and a palm branch, representing resurrection. On both sides of the gate is placed a relief: the one on the left (Christ receives the Dead) was realised by Georg Leisek, the other one on the right (People at the Gate for a Place of no Return) is the work of Carl Anselm Zinsler. At the back of the obelisks are two inscriptions reading "Erected during the reign of Franz Josef" and "Built under mayor Karl Lueger".The already existing administrative buildings on each side of the gate were also remodeled to harmonize with its style. The central Cemetery Church

The St. Charles Borromeo Cemetery Church (Friedhofskirche zum heiligen Karl Borromäus) is considered to be <mask>'s masterpiece and it is probably the most renowned work by him. It is regarded as well as one of the best examples of Secessionist Church, along with Wagner's St. Leopold Church. Hegele's project for the church was already well defined in 1899, though it needed some improvement, but construction did not start until eight years later. Groundbreaking took place on 11 May 1908, with Vienna's Mayor


title: Max Hegele

texts:
 visually extending the wings of arcades on both sides of the church. Those colonnades, erected between 1906 and 1907, host a columbarium and other graves. The Parish Church of Pressbaum (1906‒1908)
Hegele's project for Vienna's Cemetery took eight years to be completed and in the meantime he produced several other designs; among them is that for the Parish Church of Pressbaum (Pfarrkirche Pressbaum), the only known example of secessionist church in Lower Austria. The building was meant to replace the old baroque church of Pressbaum and <mask> and his assistant August Rehak were appointed to ideate it. After an initial neo-baroque design, they came up with the definitive concept. Construction started in 1906 (Franz Josef attended the laying of the first stone) and ended in 1908, when the church was dedicated as the Kaiser Franz Josef Jubilee Church, in occasion of the Emperors 60th year of reign. The structure is a remarkable example of secessionist architecture blended with Austrian traditional architecture.The layout is substantially traditional, with a longitudinal nave and a high steeple on the left of the facade, but Hegele's Secessionstil emerges in multiple aspects: the metallic geometric ornamentation that appears both inside and outside, the disposition of elements on the facade, the Art Nouveau furniture (wooden pews, confessionals and wrought iron chandeliers) and the way the tower adjoins its pointed roof, recalling Hegele's previous creations. Medieval and neo-gothic features are also present such as pointed arches and neo-medieval stained glass windows. The


title: Max Hegele

texts:
 Hadersdorf-Weidlingau Cemetery Chapel (1908‒1909)
The year 1908 was a crucial one for Hegele's career: now a member of the Central Association of Austrian Architects, he presided over the Wiener Bauhütte's Exhibition Committee of Architects, joined the Austrian Society for Christian Art and was appointed professor of structural engineering at the State Trade School of Vienna, his alma mater, a position he would keep for many years. In 1907 the municipal committee of Hadersdorf-Weidlingau decided to have a chapel for services built in the town cemetery. The chapel had to be funded by private donations and the then mayor Eduard Herzmansky contributed a significant sum for it. A special committee was formed and <mask> was selected to design the new building. Work started in 1908 and ended the following year, with the chapel being opened on 31 October 1909.Like in previous occasions, Hegele applied the Secessionstil principles to the building, combining architecture with applied arts. The chapel is cross-shaped, white on the outside, with a copper gable roof culminating in a belltower. A wide semicircular window characterizes the facade. External ornamentation is purely geometric, except for an elaborate crucifix at the top of the back wall. Murals with stylised angels and friezes of vegetal motifs embellish the interiors, while stained glass windows contribute to the lighting. Two family tombs are hosted within the chapel: the one of Eduard Herzmansky, again designed by Hegele in 1909‒1910, and the one  of Jean Herzmansky, created by sculptor Theodor Khuen in 1912. Other public


title: Max Hegele

texts:
 commissions
Hegele designed several public buildings in his career, mostly in the years between 1904 and 1911.The March Dam Chapel (Marchdammkapelle) was built in Engelhartstetten, Lower Austria, from 1904 to 1906, and dedicated to St. Florian in the presence of the Emperor. It was meant to celebrate the completion of the Marchfeld Dam, after forty years of works. The chapel, a collaboration with August Rehak, is a historicist stone building where the Secessionstil influence appears only in some details, in particular the entrance. Hegele's Fillgraderstiege is a staircase completed in 1905‒1907 in the Mariahilf district of Vienna, raccording the streets of Fillgradergasse and Theobaldgasse, on different levels. Built in the Secessionist style, with stone and cast iron, in 2004 the staircase was named the fourth most beautiful of Europe in a contest. In 1908 Austrian industrialist Arthur Krupp hired <mask> and Baurat Hans Peschl as architects for two school buildings in Berndorf. The schools' exterior display a historicist palace-like design (hence the name Schulpalästen, "School Palaces") while inside each classroom was decorated in a different historical style, from Doric to Empire, by academic painters Franz Wilhelm Ladewig and Robert Jüttner following Krupp's original idea.In the same year, Hegele collaborated once again with Rehak for the Flözersteig Bridge, that links Vienna's 14th and 16th districts. The bridge is an example of functional structure within the Vienna Secession aestethics. His monument to polish pianist Theodor Leschetizky, in Türkenschanzpark (18th


title: Max Hegele

texts:
 district), was completed in 1911; it consists of a curving wall with a bench. A medallion with a relief by sculptor Hugo Taglang depicts the musician. From this projects and considering also the ones that were not realized, it appears more clearly that, despite being regarded primarily as a secessionist architect, Hegele's style was nonetheless deeply rooted in historicism and even ancient rural English churches may have had some influence on his style. Residential buildings and war years

In 1906‒1907 <mask> and Rehak conceived and built an apartment block in Breitenseer Straße, Vienna. This four storey building is characterised by a picturesque corner turret with pointed roof and the presence of both geometric and floral ornamentation.Hegele carefully studied every single detail, even the chimneys. The influence of the Vienna Secession appears from the roof as well, where the architects made use of metal and glass to shape the attic. Except for this early example, it was in the 1910s that Hegele's activity in the field of residential architecture intensified. In 1912 he completed three adjacent apartment buildings in Wiesbergaße, Vienna. The facades were designed to raccord with each other, giving the impression of one single block. Decoration is simple and its disposition differentiate one section from the other; as usual Hegele paid much attention to details, in particular the entrances. Other two buildings were erected in 1914 in Kriemhildplatz, at the corners with Markgraf-Rüdiger Straße, opposing each other and designed to look symmetrical.Fluted lesenes with


title: Max Hegele

texts:
 secessionist capitals adorn the ground floor, while gables and simple stucco decorations in the upper floors enrich the otherwise strikingly plain facades. This stripped down appearance reflects a general trend of viennese architecture: in the 1910s many architects tended to move towards simpler designs with little ornament and occasionally austere stone facades (Otto Wagner himself went down this path). During the First World War <mask> temporarily stopped his teaching activity as he was appointed director of works for the Imperial Military Academy, with the rank of lieutenant. The war halted the construction of his Aspern Bridge (Aspernbrücke), in central Vienna, which had started in 1913. Ironworkers had to serve in arms factories to sustain the war effort and, even after the end of the conflict, a lack of coal (needed for the concrete production) further delayed the resumption of work. The Aspernbrücke, a tied arch bridge, was finally opened on 1 December 1919, but was not actually complete until 1922. Unfortunately, it was destroyed in 1945 during the Second World War, when the German Army mined it.Later years
After the war, the Austro-Hungarian Empire disintegrated and a republic was proclaimed. Secessionstil was over and out of style in Red Vienna; given the lack of commissions in the capital, Hegele worked mainly in Lower Austria. One of the major projects he realized in this period is St. Pölten's Regional Health Insurance building (in collaboration with Florian Prantl), designed in 1925‒1926 in an architectural style typical of interwar Austria: elementary


title: Max Hegele

texts:
 district, but then an independent municipality. Wilhelmine lived until 1963. <mask> was a Roman Catholic and this may explain why he designed many religious buildings. Hegele is mainly remembered for his redevelopment of Vienna's Central Cemetery and a historical marker inside the St. Charles Borromeo Church acknowledges his work. Nonetheless, during his lifetime he produced a great number of designs and took part in several architectural contests since the beginning of his career. However, despite usually ranking high in such competitions, many of his projects remained unrealized.Regarding Hegele's artistic evolution, from his early concepts owing much to Wagner, to his own style emerging in the Vienna's Cemetery project, art critic and his contemporary Ferdinand Fellner von Feldegg described him as: "Another talent who, caught in his early days by the fever for modernity, managed to recover by himself." <mask> and Otto Wagner
<mask>'s early designs show the influence that Otto Wagner, 32 years his senior, had on him as a secessionist architect. Wagner during his career developed an architectural language that inspired younger architects like Hegele and his aestethic experimentation provided many ideas to them; the geometric ornamentation is an example of how Wagner's concept was further developed by Hegele. Moreover, Wagner may have significantly contributed to Hegele's breakthrough as he was a member of the jury that selected his project for Vienna's Central Cemetery. It has also been argued that Hegele himself could have inspired Wagner, with his St. Charles Borromeo

masks:
Max Hegele
Max Hegele
Hegele


title: Grady Martin

texts:
<mask> (January 17, 1929 – December 3, 2001) was an American session guitarist in country music and rockabilly. A member of The Nashville A-Team, he played guitar on hits such as Marty Robbins' "El Paso", Loretta Lynn's "Coal Miner's Daughter" and Sammi Smith's "Help Me Make It Through the Night". During a nearly 50-year career, <mask> backed such names as Hank WilliamsElvis Presley, Buddy Holly, Johnny Burnette, Don Woody and Arlo Guthrie, Johnny Cash, Patsy Cline and Bing Crosby. He is a member of the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. Elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame, March 2015

Biography
<mask> was born in Chapel Hill, Tennessee, United States. He grew up on a farm with his oldest sister, Lois, his older brothers, June and Bill, and his parents, Claude and Bessey; and had a horse he named Trigger. His mother played the piano and encouraged his musical talent.At age 15, <mask> was invited to perform regularly on WLAC-AM in Nashville, Tennessee, and made his recording debut two years later on February 15, 1946 with Curly Fox and Texas Ruby in Chicago, Illinois. That same year, he joined Paul Howard's Western swing-oriented Arkansas Cotton Pickers as half of Howard's twin guitar ensemble with Robert "Jabbo" Arrington and performed on the Grand Ole Opry. When Howard left, Opry newcomer Little Jimmy Dickens hired several former Cotton Pickers, including <mask>, as his original Country Boys road band. He later joined Big Jeff Bess and the Radio Playboys followed by a stint with the Bailes Brothers Band. By

masks:
Thomas Grady Martin
Martin
Grady Martin
Martin
Martin


title: Grady Martin

texts:
 1950, <mask> was a part of the rising Nashville recording scene as a studio guitarist and fiddler, and his guitar hooks propelled Red Foley's "Chattanoogie Shoe Shine Boy" and "Birmingham Bounce". In 1951, he signed with Decca Records with his own country-jazz band, <mask> and the Slew Foot Five. In addition to backing mainstream acts like Bing Crosby and Burl Ives, they began to record in their own right, with later sessions under the name <mask> and his Winging Strings when he introduced his twin-neck Bigsby guitar.The band, with Hank Garland, Bob Moore, Tommy Jackson and Bud Isaacs made regular appearances on ABC-TV's Ozark Jubilee in the mid-1950s. The Nashville A-Team
It was as a session musician starting in the late 1950s that <mask> made his greatest mark on country and rockabilly music. As a guitarist with The Nashville A-Team, he provided the guitar on the Marty Robbins hits  "El Paso" (1959) and "Don't Worry" (1961), on Roy Orbison's "Oh, Pretty Woman" (1964) and Lefty Frizzell's "Saginaw, Michigan" (1964). His guitar work was also displayed in Johnny Horton's "The Battle of New Orleans" (1959) and "Honky Tonk Man" (1956), and especially his pure rockabilly sound on "I'm Coming Home" (1957). He shaped countless other classics, including Brenda Lee's "I'm Sorry", Willie Nelson's "On the Road Again", Ray Price's "For the Good Times" and Jeanne Pruett's "Satin Sheets". <mask> is credited with accidentally stumbling onto the electric guitar "fuzz" effect during a recording session with Robbins; his

masks:
Martin
Grady Martin
Grady Martin
Martin
Martin


title: Grady Martin

texts:
 guitar was run through a faulty channel in a mixing console, generating the fuzz sound on "Don't Worry". In the 1960s, he played on sessions with Joan Baez, J. J. Cale and others, and played on Sammi Smith's 1971 hit, "Help Me Make it Through the Night", among the most successful country singles of all time.In the early 1970s, <mask> played on many records by Loretta Lynn and Conway Twitty, worked with Kris Kristofferson and produced the country-rock band Brush Arbor. With Patsy Cline
<mask> appeared on almost all of Cline's Decca sessions, from August 1961 to her last session in February 1962, during which time he backed her on songs such as:

"Crazy"
"She's Got You"
"Foolin' Around"
"Seven Lonely Days"
"You Belong to Me"
"Heartaches"
"True Love"
"Faded Love"
"Someday (You'll Want Me to Want You)"
"Sweet Dreams"
"Crazy Arms"
"San Antonio Rose"
"The Wayward Wind"
"A Poor Man's Roses (Or a Rich Man's Gold)"
"Have You Ever Been Lonely (Have You Ever Been Blue)?" "South of the Border (Down Mexico Way)"
"Walkin' After Midnight" (1961 recording)
"You Made Me Love You (I Didn't Want To Do It)"
"Your Cheatin' Heart"
"That's My Desire"
"Half As Much"
"I Can't Help It (If I'm Still in Love with You)"
"Leavin' On Your Mind"
"Someday (You'll Want Me To Want You)"
"Love Letters In The Sand"
"Blue Moon of Kentucky"

Later years
In 1978, with his studio career over, <mask> returned to the life of a touring musician, first with Jerry Reed and then as lead guitarist for Willie Nelson's band, appearing in Nelson's 1980

masks: Martin Martin Martin


title: Grady Martin

texts:
 film Honeysuckle Rose. In 1994, deteriorating health forced him to retire, but he produced Nelson's 1995 honky tonk album, Just One Love. The Nashville Entertainment Association gave him its first Master Award in 1983, and he was the 83rd inductee into the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. On April 5, 2000, he received a Chetty award for significant instrumental achievement at Nashville's Ryman Auditorium during the Chet Atkins Musician Days festival. Health problems prevented <mask> from attending; Nelson, Vince Gill and Marty Stuart presented the award—named after Atkins, who attended—to <mask>'s son, Joshua.<mask> was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame in 2007. He was married three times and had three daughters, Alisa, Angie and Julie; and seven sons, <mask>., Joe, Tal, Jason, Joshua, Justin and Steve. <mask> died from a heart attack on December 3, 2001 in Lewisburg, Tennessee, and was interred at Hopper Cemetery in Marshall County, Tennessee. Selected discography

<mask> and the Slew Foot Five
Powerhouse Dance Party (Decca, 1956)
Juke Box Jamboree (Decca, 1956)
The Roaring Twenties (Decca, 1957)
Hot Time Tonight (Decca, 1959)
Big City Lights (Decca, 1960)
Swingin' Down the River (Decca, 1962)
Songs Everybody Knows (Decca, 1964)

<mask>
Instrumentally Yours (Decca, 1965)
A Touch of Country (Decca, 1967)
Cowboy Classics (Decca, 1977)

Slewfoot Five
The Happy Sound of the Slewfoot Five (Decca, 1967)
Man Alive! It's the Slew Foot Five (Decca, 1968)

As sideman

With Kai Winding
 Modern Country (Verve,

masks:
Martin
Martin
Grady Martin
Grady Jr
Martin
Grady Martin
Grady Martin


title: Grady Martin

texts:
 1964)

With John Prine
 Sweet Revenge (Atlantic Records, 1973)

With Ronnie Hawkins
 Rock and Roll Resurrection (Monument Records, 1972)
 Giant of Rock 'n' Roll (Monument Records, 1974)

With Roy Orbison
 Regeneration (Monument Records, 1976)

With Arlo Guthrie
 Last of the Brooklyn Cowboys (Reprise Records, 1973)

With Elvis Presley
 Pot Luck with Elvis (RCA Victor, 1962)
 Elvis for Everyone! (RCA Victor, 1965)

With Leon Russell
 Hank Wilson's Back Vol. I (Shelter Records, 1973)

With Joan Baez
 Any Day Now (Vanguard Records, 1968)
 David's Album (Vanguard Records, 1969)
 One Day at a Time (Vanguard Records, 1970)
 Come from the Shadows (A&M Records, 1972)
 Where Are You Now, My Son?(A&M Records, 1973)

With J. J. Cale
 Okie (Shelter Records, 1974)

References

External links

Watch and hear <mask> videos and music on son Tal <mask>'s MySpace page
<mask> biography at CMT.com
<mask> biography by son <mask> at Nashvillesound.com
<mask> tribute website
<mask> and Bob Moore tribute website

1929 births
2001 deaths
People from Chapel Hill, Tennessee
American country singer-songwriters
American country guitarists
American male guitarists
American session musicians
American rockabilly musicians
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee
Decca Records artists
Monument Records artists
20th-century American singers
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Tennessee
Country Music Hall of Fame inductees
Country musicians from Tennessee
20th-century American male musicians
American male singer-songwriters
Drifting

masks:
Grady Martin
Martin
Grady Martin
Grady Martin
Josh Martin
Grady Martin
Grady Martin


title: John VII Palaiologos

texts: <mask> or Palaeologus (; 1370 – 22 September 1408) was Byzantine emperor for five months in 1390, from 14 April to 17 September. A handful of sources suggest that <mask> sometimes used the name Andronikos (Ἀνδρόνικος), possibly to honour the memory of his father, Andronikos IV Palaiologos, though he reigned under his birth name. Andronikos IV was the firstborn son of Emperor <mask>gos (), and had thus been the heir to the throne. After a failed rebellion in 1373, Andronikos IV was imprisoned and partially blinded, the same punishment possibly being carried out on <mask>, then only three years old. Andronikos IV escaped in 1376 and successfully took Constantinople, ruling as emperor until 1379. <mask> served as co-emperor during this time, possibly being appointed in 1377. Though deposed in 1379 by his brother <mask> and their father <mask>, Andronikos IV never renounced his claims.To prevent further conflict, it was agreed in 1381 that Andronikos IV was to succeed <mask>, making <mask> second-in-line to the throne. Upon Andronikos IV's death in 1385, <mask> inherited his claims. Despite the previous agreement, Manuel was seen by <mask> as the favoured successor. <mask> rebelled against <mask> and successfully seized Constantinople in 1390. After just five months, Manuel succeeded in deposing his nephew with the help of the Ottomans and the Knights Hospitaller. Upon <mask>'s death in 1391, Manuel succeeded him as emperor. Still possessing a powerful network of allies, <mask> never surrendered his claim to be the legitimate emperor, and the tense relationship between him and his uncle brought the empire close to civil war several times.Though they were only honoured to a limited extent by Manuel, several agreements in regards to status and the line of succession were made between the two in order to avoid conflict, certifying that <mask> remained co-emperor and was to succeed Manuel upon his death. In 1394, the Ottoman

masks:
John VII Palaiologos
John VII
John V Palaiolo
John VII
John VII
Manuel II Palaiologos
John V
John V
John VII
John VII
John V
John VII
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 sultan Bayezid I besieged Constantinople. Manuel left the city in 1399 to travel around Western Europe in search for military aid, and entrusted <mask> with serving as regent in Constantinople, overseeing its defense. Despite allegations of conspiring with the Ottomans, <mask> held the city loyally for the entire duration of Manuel's three and a half years-long journey, refusing to surrender it to Bayezid. The threat to Constantinople ended with Bayezid's defeat against the Timurids at the Battle of Ankara in 1402. In the aftermath of this battle, <mask> negotiated a favourable treaty with one of Bayezid's sons, Süleyman Çelebi, which ensured that the important city of Thessalonica, lost to the Ottomans in 1387 due to the actions of Manuel, was returned to imperial control. Despite <mask>'s loyal service, Manuel sent him away in disgrace once he returned in 1403, and the two were once more enemies.This feud proved to be brief, as they were reconciled a few months later and a new agreement was made, in which <mask> was allowed to take possession of Thessalonica and was acknowledged with the full imperial title. From 1403 until his death in 1408, <mask> thus ruled in Thessalonica as "Emperor of All Thessaly", with his own separate imperial court. The Thessalonians considered him an able ruler, and his work with local church affairs and improving the city's defensive structures garnered him a positive remembrance. Biography

Background and early life

<mask> Palaiologos was born in 1370 as the only son of Andronikos IV Palaiologos and Keratsa of Bulgaria, a daughter of Emperor Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria. Andronikos IV was the first-born son of Emperor <mask> Palaiologos () and thus the legitimate heir to the Byzantine throne. The Palaiologos dynasty, in power since 1259/1261, was often plagued by infighting, with the emperors and princes of the family often being unable to cooperate among themselves, to the detriment of

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texts: the empire. The main enemy of the Byzantines at this time was the Ottoman Empire, which throughout the 14th century conquered vast swaths of former imperial territory.<mask> had even agreed to serve the Ottoman sultan Murad I () as a tributary vassal. At this time, despite geopolitical adversity, Byzantine and Ottoman aristocrats were in close contact with each other. While <mask> was serving on an Ottoman campaign in Anatolia, as per his vassalage agreement with Murad I, Andronikos and one of Murad I's sons, Savcı Bey, co-ordinated simultaneous revolts against their fathers. The two princes were defeated, captured and imprisoned within a few months, as their fathers joined forces to put down the revolts. Andronikos and Savcı suffered harsh punishment. Savcı was blinded and beheaded by Murad I, and though the sultan ordered <mask> to blind his son as well, the Byzantine emperor was reluctant, only partially following through. Andronikos was only partially blinded, apparently losing just one of his eyes.Some sources suggest that Andronikos's infant son <mask>, the later <mask>, only three years old at the time, was also partially blinded in the same way. Furthermore, Andronikos lost his right of succession to the throne, with his younger brother, Manuel II <mask>, being designated as heir by <mask> instead. Imprisoned with his family in the Prison of Anemas in Constantinople, Andronikos escaped in July 1376, together with his wife and son, to Galata, a colony of the Republic of Genoa on the other side of the Golden Horn, where he was enthusiastically received by the Genoese. The Genoese preferred Andronikos over <mask>, due to the latter having recently granted the island of Tenedos to their rival, the Republic of Venice, thus hurting their commercial interests. Andronikos also retained the support of a large fraction of Byzantine society, despite his rebellious actions, and successfully took Constantinople on 12 August

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 that same year, with Genoese and Ottoman support. <mask> and Manuel were imprisoned, and Andronikos ruled as emperor for three years before they escaped and deposed him. During his father's reign (12 August 1376 – 1 July 1379), <mask> was proclaimed co-emperor, probably in 1377.Even after being deposed, Andronikos never renounced his claim to the throne, residing in Galata and openly declaring his intentions to retake the capital. The standoff between Andronikos and the emperors in Constantinople lasted until 1381, when an agreement was reached that Andronikos and his son <mask> were to be <mask>'s successors as emperors. Furthermore, Andronikos was once more recognised as junior co-emperor and was allowed to retain and use the title of basileus (emperor). Andronikos also received lands around Selymbria as an appanage in 1382. Andronikos predeceased <mask>, dying on 25 or 28 June 1385. <mask> inherited his father's lands around Selymbria and, as per the 1381 agreement, also inherited the right to use the title basileus, becoming a junior co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. He also inherited his father's claim to be <mask>'s legitimate heir.From his position as junior emperor, <mask> received support from the Ottoman Empire, especially from the time of Bayezid I's accession (1389) onwards, and from the Genoese. The Genoese support did not escape the attention of <mask>. At some point between 1387 and 1391, <mask> is recorded as having complained to the Genoese that the inhabitants of Galata were acclaiming and saluting <mask> as if he were the senior emperor, while denying <mask> V the appropriate honours. Usurpation of the throne and reign

Despite the agreement of 1381, which explicitly stated that <mask> was the legitimate successor, and Manuel having shown some rebellious tendencies himself, Manuel remained <mask>'s favoured heir and represented <mask>'s main obstacle on the way to the throne. When Manuel was away

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texts: campaigning in Anatolia in 1390, <mask>, twenty years old, seized the moment and proclaimed himself sole emperor, laying siege to Constantinople. According to the contemporary Russian chronicler Ignatius of Smolensk, 1390 had seen a strong current of opinion in <mask>'s favour. <mask> had secured the support of the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I and the Genoese; shortly before the siege (probably in late 1389) he had even travelled to Genoa in person to rally support. As he travelled back to the Byzantine Empire by land, it is possible that <mask> passed through Bulgaria, where he might also have sought the assistance of Ivan Sratsimir and Ivan Shishman, Tsars of Bulgaria in Vidin and Tarnovo, respectively.In addition to his external allies, a large percentage of the population within Constantinople also supported <mask>, and might even have approved of subtle Ottoman intervention in the succession. <mask> entered the city on 14 April 1390, his brief siege having ended through a group of commoners opening the Gate of Charisius, without struggle, and letting him in. Though some coercion was used, before long everyone inside the city had recognised and acclaimed <mask> as emperor, submitting to his rule. There is some contemporary evidence that <mask> used the name Andronikos at the time of his usurpation. Ignatius of Smolensk, eyewitness to the event, wrote that the soldiers in <mask>'s service shouted the acclamation "Polla ta eti Andronikou! ", rather than the expected "Polla ta eti Ioannou!" and records of the registers of expenses in Galata in 1390 mention that the emperor in Constantinople at the time was Andronico Paleologo.It is possible that <mask> changed his name to Andronikos upon his father's death in 1385 to honour his memory, or adopted it only in 1390, in order to avoid confusion and facilitate his usurpation of the throne. If his soldiers and the people of Constantinople were to depose an emperor named <mask>

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 and proclaim another of the same name, the entire affair could be conducted in bewilderment. By using the name Andronikos, any such issues would be avoided. During his actual reign as emperor, after successfully taking the throne, <mask> does not appear to have used the second name, reigning under his birth name. In treaties he signed he is referred to as <mask>, and contemporary Byzantine authors also consistently refer to him by his birth name, ignoring any second name for him. The few activities recorded to have been conducted during <mask>'s brief reign suggest that he believed that he was going to rule for a long time. In June, he signed a commercial treaty with Venice and throughout his time as emperor he issued prostagmata (imperial decisions/commands) and minted coins.<mask> is also recorded to have supported the restoration of Macarius to the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Macarius had been Patriarch of Constantinople during the reign of <mask>'s father, in 1376–1379. <mask>'s reign ended in the same year as it had begun, when Manuel returned from his campaign. With the support of the Knights Hospitaller and the Ottomans, Manuel deposed <mask>, who had ruled just five months, on 17 September and restored the rule of <mask>. After helping Manuel retake the city for his father, sultan Bayezid I forced him to live at the Ottoman court, acting as a submissive vassal. Governor in Selymbria and pretensions

<mask> never gave up his claim to be emperor, and continued to be a powerful political player in the Byzantine Empire for years following his deposition. Sometime before 1397, possibly as early as 1390, <mask> married Irene Gattilusio, daughter of Francesco II Gattilusio, the lord of the island of Lesbos. After <mask> returned to the throne, Bayezid summoned both junior co-emperors, Manuel and <mask>, to join the sultan's campaigns in Anatolia.They were both forced to take part in the Ottoman subjection of

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texts: Philadelphia, the last Christian city in western Anatolia. When <mask> died in 1391, Manuel, at Bayezid's court at the time, quickly made his way to Constantinople to pre-empt <mask> claiming the throne. <mask> continued to govern Selymbria following <mask>'s death and continued to aspire to become senior emperor following Manuel II's rise to the throne. He ruled Selymbria as a vassal of Bayezid I, which meant that he was forced to aid the sultan in further campaigns in Anatolia. According to historian <mask>. Barker, <mask> attempted to sell his claim to the Byzantine throne to Charles VI of France. In 1397 in Selymbria, <mask> supposedly entrusted the French nobles Henry of Bar and <mask> of Nevers with negotiating with Charles VI, with <mask> seeking a French castle and a generous pension in return for giving up the title. Barker's hypothesis is based on a real legal document signed on 15 July 1397, possibly at Saray rather than Selymbria, but the document itself contains no mentions of what rights <mask> entrusted the French nobles with or what his exact intentions in negotiating with Charles VI were.The idea that <mask> intended to sell his claims is based on premature interpretations of the document itself and notes by the nobles concerning a discussion with Francesco II Gattilusio on Lesbos, during which Gattilusio supposedly divulged what he believed <mask>'s intentions to be. <mask>'s hopes of claiming the throne continued to be supported by Bayezid I, who saw him as a more promising candidate than the staunchly anti-Ottoman Manuel II. By supporting <mask>, Bayezid hoped to turn the Byzantine Empire into a obedient vassal state, as it had nearly been under <mask>'s rule. Though Bayezid was a significant ally, his overt support for <mask> was used by Manuel II in his efforts to delegitimise <mask>'s claims. In some of Manuel II's early texts, he went as far as to claim that <mask>'s ultimate plan was to surrender

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texts:
 Constantinople to the Ottomans. Despite Manuel's propaganda campaign, <mask> still enjoyed considerable support, both within the empire and among its allies. In addition to Bayezid, <mask> continued to be supported by the Republic of Genoa, with which he had commercial connections.In addition, <mask> was also backed by a wide network of rich Byzantine aristocrats. His wide support and wealth gave him a constant pool of resources that he could use in the feud with his uncle. In addition to his backing by certain aristocrats and his international allies, there was also a faction within Constantinople, mainly composed of commoners, who wished to restore <mask> as senior emperor, as late as 1399. This faction opposed Manuel II's rule, believing that he did not care about the empire's survival, and that he ruled as a tyrant. As <mask> had been constitutionally invested with the right to succeed to the throne in 1381, they saw him as the legitimate heir, not Manuel, who was viewed as a usurper more interested in his own power than anything else. This perception of Manuel was used by <mask> in his own propaganda. Reconciliation with Manuel II and tenure as regent

Tensions between <mask> and Manuel escalated as Bayezid began to threaten to conquer Constantinople.In 1394, Bayezid laid siege to the city. Encouraged by the French knight Boucicaut, who had been placed as the leader of Constantinople's defense and who had good relations with both <mask> and Manuel, the two emperors reached an agreement meant to end their dynastic feud in 1399. According to the Byzantine monk Symeon of Thessalonica, <mask>'s attitude towards Manuel had only changed because Bayezid had attacked his lands around Selymbria in 1397. The agreement was that Manuel adopted <mask> VII, and that <mask> VII in turn adopted Manuel's sons and daughters, uniting the two branches of the family. Manuel also formally acknowledged <mask> as the first co-emperor,

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texts: outranking Manuel's own son, <mask> Palaiologos, who then became the second co-emperor. The agreement allowed Manuel to leave the city in a three-year long mission to travel around Europe in an attempt to secure military aid, while <mask> was entrusted to remain in Constantinople as regent, governing the city in Manuel's absence. Though in effect having become Emperor-regent, <mask>'s responsibility was mainly the defense of Constantinople, not other matters normally handled by the emperor.Due to a lack of sources, <mask>'s regency in Constantinople is not well documented, and the extent of his power and how he exercised it is not entirely clear. It does not appear that the 1399 agreement was honoured by Manuel, as he sent his family (now ostensibly <mask>'s family) to his brother Theodore Palaiologos in the Morea. The only textual records that survive of <mask>'s activities in Constantinople are treaties with the Venetians and Genose, and documentation of his decision to depose Patriarch Matthew I. Matthew I had many enemies in Constantinople, for reasons not entirely clear, and the anti-Matthew faction managed to persuade <mask> to depose him. He would later be restored by Manuel once he returned to Constantinople. In the Byzantine Empire, ultimate authority to appoint patriarchs rested with the emperor alone. While besieging the city, Bayezid attempted to appeal to <mask>'s supporters by posing as a defender of <mask>'s legitimacy and offering peace on the condition that <mask> was restored to the throne, terms that had been refused by Manuel before he left, a decision which prolonged the siege. Once Manuel had left the city, Bayezid tried to negotiate directly with <mask>.Perhaps overlooking that he had supported Manuel's deposition of <mask> in 1390, his own attack on <mask>'s lands in Selymbria in 1397, and the reconciliation between the two emperors, Bayezid seemed to still believe that he could rely on <mask> to

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texts:
 do his bidding. Shortly after Manuel's departure from Constantinople, he sent the following message to <mask> from Adrianople:

<mask> refused to surrender the city and replied defiantly to Bayezid's messenger, recorded as having said the following:

The situation grew more grim as time went on and Manuel's absence dragged on. Though Venice had promised to send military aid to lift the siege, the promised forces never arrived. Despite his forces being exhausted and the Timurids appearing in the eastern parts of his empire, Bayezid refused to abandon the siege. Throughout the six-year-long siege, the citizens of Constantinople suffered. Many of them chose to escape from the walls to personally surrender to the Ottoman forces. Despite having refused to surrender the city, <mask> maintained some connections to Bayezid.Early in January 1401, <mask> was away from Constantinople, attempting to sign an agreement with Bayezid. Whatever he did, it appears to have worked momentarily as the siege was lifted for a brief period in the summer. In 1402, <mask> is recorded as present on an Ottoman military expedition in the Peloponnese. On 1 June 1402, as the siege was escalating, <mask> sent a letter to Henry IV of England, writing of the urgent danger threatening Constantinople. About a month after this letter was sent, Bayezid finally left the city, having to deal with the Timurids. Bayezid's defeat and capture at the Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402, and the subsequent period of Ottoman civil war it sparked, ended the siege of Constantinople and saved the city. The Ottoman defeat at Ankara was used by <mask> to negotiate a treaty with one of Bayezid I's sons, Süleyman Çelebi, in which the city of Thessalonica, as well as substantial territories in Thrace and Macedonia, were returned to the Byzantine Empire.<mask> baptised and christianised two of Bayezid's sons in 1403: İsa Çelebi and Yusuf Çelebi. İsa may have been adopted by

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texts:
 <mask>, and Yusuf is recorded to have continued to live in Constantinople, attested there as late as 1413. Upon Manuel's return to Constantinople in June 1403, <mask> returned power to him. Though some contemporary comments seem to suggest that everyone expected <mask> to refuse to surrender power, <mask> appears to have been content with letting go of his responsibilities after governing the Byzantine capital for three and a half years. Once Manuel returned, he reversed several of <mask>'s decisions, for instance disavowing a treaty <mask> had arranged with the Ottomans, in which he had granted them religious and financial privileges. Further tensions within the imperial family

After Manuel's return in 1403, relations between him and <mask> were tense once more. Since he knew that <mask> could no longer rely on the support of the Ottomans, Manuel attempted to completely exclude him from the imperial hierarchy, stripping him of the title basileus and depriving him of his promised lands in Selymbria and Thessalonica.The reasons for excluding <mask> was attributed by Manuel to rumours that <mask> had initiated negotiations in 1402 with Bayezid concerning the surrender of Constantinople. The contemporary Castilian traveller Ruy González de Clavijo wrote that <mask> and Bayezid had agreed that should Bayezid defeat the Timurids, <mask> would surrender the city. It is doubtful that such an agreement was ever made, especially since <mask> proved himself to be loyal for the duration of his tenure as regent and concluded a highly favourable treaty with the Ottoman prince Süleyman Çelebi. According to German historian Peter Wirth, it is possible that the reason for resentment again brewing up between <mask> and Manuel after Manuel's return could be that Manuel felt that he had been ignored and left out of these important negotiations. <mask> was sent to the island of Lemnos, apparently in disgrace, but fled to his father-in-law

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texts:
 Francesco on nearby Lesbos. Soon thereafter, in September 1403, <mask> and Francesco launched a naval expedition against Thessalonica, though it appears to have had little to no result. The expedition was not some attempt to seize the city from Manuel's control, but rather to liberate it from the Ottomans, as an Ottoman garrison was still present.<mask> and Francesco returned to Lesbos, where Boucicaut was also residing at the time. Together with Boucicaut, they then travelled to Constantinople at the head of an army, planning to take the city from Manuel by force. Though they ultimately chose not to attack the city, <mask>'s drastic actions called for a new political agreement between the dynasts. The resulting 1403 agreement between <mask> and Manuel was similar to the one they had made in 1399. As Manuel's adoptive son, <mask> remained the first co-emperor and Manuel's actual son, <mask> VIII, continued being the second co-emperor. <mask>'s rights to Thessalonica were also affirmed. Clavijo, present in Constantinople at the time, writes that both Manuel and <mask> were designated as full emperors and that <mask> was to reign alone after Manuel's death, after which he was to be succeeded by Manuel's son <mask>, who in turn would be succeeded by <mask>'s newly born son, Andronikos V Palaiologos.Contemporary reactions to the resolution appear to have been bitter. Clavijo wrote that he did not believe that the agreement would be respected by either emperor. Emperor in Thessalonica

The transfer of Thessalonica from Ottoman control to the Byzantines was overseen by Manuel's confidant, Demetrios Laskaris Leontares, who per the agreement between the two emperors handed it over to <mask>. According to preserved documents signed by <mask>, he probably first arrived in Thessalonica in late 1403. Though <mask> was accompanied on the initial journey by some of Manuel's staunchest supporters, such as Leontares and Demetrios

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texts: Chrysoloras, who were ordered to keep an eye on his activities, <mask> immediately assumed autonomy from Constantinople. Despite their agreement and <mask>'s de facto autonomy, Manuel's texts state that <mask> was "given" Thessalonica by Manuel, a phrasing which suggests that Manuel still considered himself to be <mask>'s superior. Though no known surviving copies exist, a detailed oath was drawn up between Manuel and <mask>, which decided upon a well-defined border between the empires of Constantinople and Thessalonica.Some territories located nearer to Thessalonica than to Constantinople, such as Mount Athos, were kept as sworn to Constantinople. <mask> was invested as Despot of Thessalonica and was allowed to keep the full imperial title. While ruling Thessalonica, <mask> is attested as having used the title , variously translated as "Emperor of Thessaly", "Emperor of All Thessaly", "Emperor of all the Thessaly" or "Emperor of all of Thessaly". Though he had assumed this new title, <mask> never stopped asserting his right to be the legitimate Byzantine emperor, continuing to use the titles autokrator and basileus, identical to the titulature of Manuel. In foreign correspondence, he was addressed in the same way as his uncle. Preserved treaties with the Italian republics refer to <mask> as imperador di Griesi ("Emperor of the Greeks") and lo gran imperator Caloiani imperador di Griesi ("The great emperor Kalojoannes, Emperor of the Greeks"). <mask>'s entry into Thessalonica was commemorated in a Byzantine ivory pyxis (a cylindrical box with a lid).This pyxis, today held at Dumbarton Oaks, depicts both the imperial family of <mask> (including his wife Irene and his son Andronikos V) and the imperial family of Manuel II (including his wife Helena Dragaš and his son, <mask> VIII). At Thessalonica, <mask> created his own treasury and issued his own coins with his own portrait rather than that of Manuel. He created his own

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texts: imperial court and chancery, where documents were signed with his name rather than the name of Manuel. Throughout <mask>'s reign in Thessalonica, which lasted until his death in 1408, the Byzantine Empire thus experienced a period of dual rule, essentially divided into two. <mask>'s activities as emperor in Thessalonica consisted mainly of organising the city's defense and regulating local church property. He appears to have been content with his position; there are no further records of conflict between <mask> and Manuel after the events of 1403. <mask>'s arrival in Thessalonica meant more to the Thessalonians than simply the arrival of an emperor.Through his 1403 treaty, <mask> had liberated the city from the Ottomans and once more made it into the second city of the Byzantine Empire. Though Manuel had also been involved in some of the negotiations, the majority of the credit for ensuring Thessalonica's return to imperial control has to be given to <mask>. As such, his arrival in the city was not just the arrival of a new governor, but of the city's liberator. Throughout his reign in Thessalonica, the Thessalonians continued to view <mask> as an able ruler. According to Symeon of Thessalonica, <mask> "fortified [the city] on all sides with triremes and outer walls" and "adorned [it] with good regulations and institutions". Shortly after arriving in Thessalonica, <mask> had raised his son, Andronikos V, to co-emperor. <mask> viewed Andonikos V as not just his own legitimate successor, but the future legitimate successor to the Byzantine Empire.This can be gathered from the aforementioned pyxis depicting Andronikos V more prominently than Manuel's heir, <mask> VIII, as well as monodies composed after Andronikos V's death. One such monody states that Andronikos's parents had "regarded him gladly as their successor". Andronikos V, who was named after his grandfather Andronikos IV, was per the 1403 agreement the legitimate

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 heir to the empire, set to be the heir to Manuel's son <mask> VIII. Any plans for Andronikos V's future fell through when he died in 1407 at the age of seven. Some time after Andronikos V's death, <mask> became a monk, assuming the monastic name Joseph. <mask> died in Thessalonica a year after Andronikos V, on 22 September 1408, at the relatively young age of 38. With the deaths of Andronikos V and <mask>, the rival imperial lineage that had been established by Andronikos IV died out.Legacy

<mask> was positively remembered in Thessalonica. The city was often not wholly obedient to Constantinople, with its leaders often going their own way in terms of administration. To the citizens of Thessalonica, <mask>'s death was a significant blow to their autonomy. <mask>'s reign in Thessalonica was the last time the city served as a counter-capital of sorts to Constantinople. Manuel visited the city in 1409 and installed his young son, Andronikos, as governor. While he was met with many approving citizens, there were also many who opposed a ruler from Constantinople being imposed upon them. That the Thessalonians had enjoyed the rule of a leader with a rebellious past, who just like Manuel bore the title basileus, had probably only stimulated the city's separatist tendencies.A praiseful passage in a eulogy of <mask>, from the Synodikon of Thessalonica, reads:

Another eulogy, this one probably written by Symeon of Thessalonica, contains this passage:

Other eulogies, as well as a similarly praiseful monody by the contemporary Byzantine author Theodore Potamios, almost give the impression that a cult of <mask> VII was beginning to develop in Thessalonica. Notes

References

Bibliography

Web sources

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<mask> 07
Eastern Orthodox monarchs
1370 births
1408 deaths
Byzantine regents
14th-century Byzantine emperors
Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Ottoman wars
People of Bulgarian-Jewish descent
Byzantine governors of

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title: Paul Schuss

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<mask> (born 23 July 1948 in Munzkirchen, Austria) is a French artist of the Ecole de Paris (School of Paris). Born after World War II, he is a part of "La Jeune Peinture" de l'Ecole de Paris ("The Young Painting" of the School of Paris ). Schuss came to France in 1949, and he has benefited from a Franco-Austrian cultural upbringing. His family dates its history back to the 12th century in the Cani della Scala family di Verona, Italy, and the Von Prack von Asch Family from Tyrol, Austria. Biography

Since his early childhood, as soon as he learned to hold a pencil and a brush, he started to draw and paint with passion. After different homes in Burgundy, Provence and the Côte d'Azur near Saint Tropez, his family setting up in Nièvre in 1953. At the age of 10, Schuss met the French painter Albert Drachkovitch-Thomas, who discovered his talent.He offered him his first professional paintings box and brushes and he introduced him succinctly to the tempera technique. But it is a self-taught artist that <mask> learned others pictural techniques like acrylic, watercolor, inkwashing, mixmedia and pastel. He exhibited for the first time at the age of 17 in the Chapelle Sainte Marie (Nevers, France) with Le Salon du Groupe Nivernais. He created these paintings at the age of 14, 15 and 16. All these paintings were bought by collectors. The Prefecture de Nevers bought the painting that he showed in his next exhibition in May in Nevers. He began to study law in Paris but eventually decided to devote himself entirely to art at the age of nineteen.As an adolescent, he discovers the mystical power of Light. He saw a warm, strange golden light – as

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texts: if it was inhabited – glowing through the window of a fortified castle in ruins. This stream of light touched him deeply as he felt it was the Life of Light. Since then, this image has been part of him and has influenced his art in many ways. As he was living in Paris, he met Erté in 1968. In 1971 he left for Austria in search of his roots. He lived for two years in Salzburg and then for six years in Vienna.In 1972 he showed his art in the Palais Lobkowitz in Vienna, where Ludwig van Beethoven's Third Symphony was performed for the first time in Vienna in this hall with the composer as conductor in 1804. He met the Doctor Karl Kanzian who will become the most important collector of <mask>' paintings in Europe. In 1974 Prinz Otto zu Windisch-Graetz (born in 1928 and related to the family of Emperor Franz Josef von Habsburg-Lothringen and Elisabeth of Bavarian (Sissi) and their son Prinz Rudolf of Austria) and several relatives visited him in his studio in Vienna. Prinz Otto zu Windisch-Graetz shot photos of his important tempera paintings like "Dialog with the Eternal", "Power of Nature", "The Town without Soul", "Last Suns". In 1979 <mask> returned to France and resides since this time in Burgundy. Since 1980, he is part of one of the most important galleries of Paris: La Galerie d'Art de la Place Beauvau. The director, Jean Minet, said about <mask>: " He is one of our eminent painters, yes he is an eminent artist".In Paris in 1987 he met Marc Squarciafichi who became his manager in Japan. With artists like Bernard Buffet, Leonor Fini, Mac Avoy, Yves Brayer and others he belongs to the School of Paris ( Ecole de Paris) that Marc

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