title: George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan

texts:
 but after some lobbying he was promoted to field marshal on 21 June 1887. He died at 13 South Street, Park Lane, London, on 10 November 1888 and was buried at Laleham in Middlesex. Family
In 1829, Bingham married Lady Anne Brudenell, seventh daughter of Robert Brudenell, 6th Earl of Cardigan; they had six children, two daughters being still born or dying soon after birth:

Charles, 4th Earl of Lucan.He was married to Cecilia Catherine Gordon-Lennox the daughter of Charles Gordon-Lennox, 5th Duke of Richmond. They had issue. Augusta (7 February 1832 – 3 July 1888), married her cousin Henry Sturt, 1st Baron Alington on 10 September 1853, and had issue. Lavinia (circa 1836 – 15 September 1864), married Charles Hardinge, 2nd Viscount Hardinge MP for Downpatrick on 10 April 1856, and had issue. Rear-Admiral Richard (6 January 1847 – 12 November 1924), married Mary Elizabeth Cole the paternal great granddaughter of Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby and maternal granddaughter of Henry Brooke Parnell, 1st Baron Congleton. Ancestry

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

1800 births
1888 deaths
17th Lancers officers
8th King's Royal Irish Hussars officers
British Army personnel of the Crimean War
British field marshals
British Life Guards officers
Irish representative peers
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Lord-Lieutenants of Mayo
Politicians from County Mayo
Bingham, <mask>, Lord
Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers officers
Bingham, <mask>, Lord
UK MPs who inherited peerages
People educated at Westminster School, London
Burials in Surrey
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
Earls of Lucan
Military personnel

masks:
George Bingham
George Bingham


title: George Murdoch

type: original

texts:
<mask> (April 29, 1850 – February 2, 1910) was a Canadian politician, Alberta pioneer, saddle-maker, and the first mayor of Calgary, Alberta. Early life
<mask> was born in Paisley, Scotland, on April 29, 1850, and at the age of four, <mask> emigrated to Canada in 1854 and settled in Saint John, New Brunswick where he spent much of his earlier years. At the age of 18 <mask> moved to Chicago, Illinois where he learned the trade of saddle and harness making. <mask> returned to New Brunswick after his shop was destroyed in the 1871 Great Chicago Fire. While in New Brunswick he married his wife Margaret, and together they had their first two children in the province. In total, they had at least three sons and two daughters. Move to Calgary
On May 13, 1883, <mask> arrived in Calgary at the age of 33, just months before the Canadian Pacific Railway would reach the community in August 1883.In Calgary, he started a successful harness shop. As Calgary was at its early stages, his main clientele was the North-West Mounted Police based in Fort Calgary and Blackfoot Indians who had a reserve nearby. He was on good terms with the Blackfoot and had learned to speak their language. In the community, <mask> was involved with the Masonic Lodge and the Orange Order in Canada, literary and history societies, volunteer fire brigade, was one of the founders of Calgary's Presbyterian Church and the first President of the Calgary St. Andrew's Society. Being one of the first permanent businessmen in Calgary, he was an active participant in securing the incorporation of Calgary from the government of the North-West Territories in November 1884. Municipal Politics
<mask> played a pivotal role in the formation of the Town of

masks:
George Murdoch
George Murdoch
Murdoch
Murdoch
Murdoch
George Murdoch
Murdoch
George Murdoch


title: George Murdoch

texts:
 Calgary, joining prominent civic leaders as elected members of the seven-person civic committee, the precursor to the first town council. The elected group consisted of <mask>, Major James Walker (1846-1936), Dr. Andrew Henderson, <mask> King, Thomas Swan, J. D. Moulton and Captain John Stewart (d. 1893).On December 4, 1884, <mask> was elected the first mayor of the Town of Calgary and was re-elected on January 4, 1886, holding the post until October 21, 1886. <mask>, along with councillors Issac Sanford Freeze and Dr. Neville James Lindsay, was removed from office effective October 21, 1886 by a special Territorial Ordinance issued by stipendiary magistrate Jeremiah Travis. January 1886 Calgary Municipal Election
Travis, a teetotaler and supporter of the temperance movement, was appalled by the open traffic of liquor, gambling and prostitution in Calgary despite legal prohibition in the Northwest Territories. <mask> and the town solicitor Henry Bleeker were alleged to be members of a whisky ring, and rumors were rampant that both <mask> and the town's police chief James Ingram was receiving kickbacks from brothels and saloon keepers. Travis' behavior soon reached Ottawa and Judge Thomas Wardlaw Taylor of Winnipeg was sent by the federal government to investigate the situation. Taylor's report "Precis of the case of Jeremiah Travis (late stipendiary magistrate at Calgary) as presented by the report of Mr. Justice Taylor and the correspondence and evidence" which found Travis had exceeded his authority was released much later, in June 1887. Shortly before the 1886 election, G. E. Marsh brought a charge of corruption against <mask> and council over irregularities in the voters' list.Travis found

masks:
Murdoch
George Clift
Murdoch
Murdoch
Murdoch
Murdoch
Murdoch


title: George Murdoch

texts: <mask> and the councillors guilty, disqualifying them from running in the 1886 election, barring them from municipal office for two years, and fining <mask> $100, and the councillors $20. Taylor notes Council added about 78 names to the voter list without notice of sworn testimony, but the names added appeared to have the qualifications necessary to be entitled to be on the voters list. Taylor found treating the actions of council as a case of personal corruption was erroneous in law and irregular in form. Furthermore Taylor noted the punishment of removal from office, disqualification from re-election for two years and fines "extreme". Taylor also notes when the voters' list was being revised and the "corrupt practices" were occurring, <mask> was visiting his former home in Eastern Canada and not in Calgary. The election occurred as planned in on January 6, 1886 with <mask> and the councillors on the ballot and the "irregular voter list" in use. Travis served the Returning Officer with a judicial order forbidding him from receiving any vote for <mask> which would have the effect of showing <mask>'s opponents having received a majority of the vote.The returning officer ignored Travis' order as there was no authority for it to be issued. The final result of the election showed <mask> with a majority 180 votes and his opponent James Reilly with 18. Of the 78 names irregularly added to the voters' list, only 41 votes were cast. Travis found <mask> in contempt of court and disallowed the result of the election, instead installing James Reilly as mayor and other members as the council. The municipal government under Mayor Reilly was ineffective when the town's books and seal disappeared. The federal

masks: Murdoch Murdoch Murdoch Murdoch Murdoch Murdoch Murdoch Murdoch


title: George Murdoch

texts:
 government acted before officially receiving Taylor's report by reorganized the courts of the Northwest Territories, and the Territorial Council called for a new municipal election in Calgary on November 3, 1886. <mask> King was elected Mayor of Calgary.Later Municipal Politics
<mask> was elected town Councillor for single terms in both 1889 and 1895. During the Calgary Fire of 1886 it was determined a firebreak would need to be formed, and former mayor <mask> agreed and participated in the demolishing of his harness shop. An attempt was made to use gunpowder to blow up <mask>'s store. However, the Calgary Weekly Herald noted "failed owing to the force of the charge not being sufficiently concentrated". The fire was stopped and the extinguished after the break was created. Later life
In later life <mask> suffered from paralysis, and died in Calgary on February 2, 1910. Citations

References

External links

 Precis of the Case of Jeremiah Travis (Late Stipendiary Magistrate at Calgary) As Presented By the Report of Mr. Justice Taylor and the Correspondence and Evidence

Mayors of Calgary
Scottish emigrants to pre-Confederation New Brunswick
1850 births
1910 deaths
Politicians from Paisley, Renfrewshire
British emigrants to Canada
Calgary city councillors
19th-century Canadian

masks:
George Clift
Murdoch
George Murdoch
Murdoch
Murdoch


title: Hani Al-Mazeedi

texts:
<mask>. Al-Mazeedi (born 1954) is a Kuwaiti scientist who specializes in Halal requirements, quality and Safety systems for food (HACCP/Pre-requisite programs such as GMP & GHP) and Halal services for the Halal Industry. Mazeedi, through Kuwait government (Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research) and GSO (Gulf Standard Organization) of the GCC Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, has organized the first gulf conference on the Halal Industry and its Services in January 2011. This has followed by an Halal workshop in 2012, the second and third gulf conference on the Halal Industry and its Services in 2012 and 2103 consequently. Work and interests

Dr. <mask>. Al-Mazeedi is a Kuwaiti scientist who specializes since 1980 in Halal requirements for food and non-food products. He is an international speaker in Halal issues, and one of the Halal experts in international Halal meetings of the 1st. OIC Halal meetings in Turkey on Halal international standard. He is also a consultant in Food Safety Management systems (HACCP/Pre-requisite programs & ISO22000).Dr. Mazeedi has passed the exams as a lead auditor in ISO9001, and ISO22000, and has attended an ISO 17025, and ISO 17065 training course. He has

masks:
Hani Mansour M
Hani Mansour M


title: Hani Al-Mazeedi

texts: human fibroblasts Histochemical Journal (1992) 24:655-662. J.M. Al-Sager, J.S. Sidhu and H.M. Al-Mazeedi. Physico-chemical and sensory quality of milk being produced in the state of Kuwait . Adv.Food Sci. (CMTL) Vol. 21 No.1/2, 1-9 (1999). U. Beg, M. Al-Mutairi, K. R. Beg, H.M. Al-Mazeedi, and L. N. Ali, T. Saeed. Mycotoxins in poultry feed in Kuwait . Arch. Environ.Contam. Toxicol. 50, 594-602 (2006). Husam Alomirah, <mask> Al-Mazeedi, Sameer Al-Zenki, Tareq Al-Aati, Jamlah Al-Otaibah, Maha Al-Batel and Jiwan Sidhu. Prevalence of antimicrobial residues in milk and dairy products in the state of Kuwait . Journal of Food Quality. 30 (2007), 745-763.S.F. Al-Zenki, H.M. Al-Mazeedi, S.N. Al-Hooti, t. A-Atti, Q. Al-Mutawah, H.F. Alomirah and J.S. Sidhu. Quality and safety charcatertics of milk sold in the state of Kuwait . Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 31, 702-713 (2007). S.F.Al-Zenki, H.M. Al-Mazeedi, S.N. Al-Hooti, t. A-Ati, Q. Al-Matawah, and H.F. Alomirah. Characterisation of quality and safety of tomatoes sold in the state of Kuwait. Int. J. Postharvest Technology and Innovation, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2008.<mask> M. Al-Mazeedi, Alaa B. Abbas, Hussam F. Alomirah, Wafa Y. Al-Jouhar, Siham A. Al-Mufty, Mohamed M. Ezzelregal and Rashed A.

masks: Hani Hani


title: Hani Al-Mazeedi

texts:
 Al-Owaish. Screening for tetracycline residues in food products of animal origin in the state of Kuwait using Charm II radio-immunoassy and LC/MS/MS methods. Food Additives and Contaminants. Vol. 27, No. 3, March 2010, 291-301. Husam Alomirah, Sameer Al-Zenki, Wajeeh N. Sawaya, Faten Jabsheh, Adnan J. Hussain, <mask> Al-Mazeedi, Dina Al-Kandari, David Jukes.Assessment of the food control system in the state of Kuwait. Food Control, 21 (2010) 496-504. See also
 Islamic dietary laws

References

 (in Arabic) [1] (in French) Interview with Dr <mask> Mansour M Al-Mazeedi : Paradoxically, the halal standards go against the consumer, on asidcom.org
 McHalal system, by Dr <mask> M. Al Mazeedi
 The Halal Journal Awards 2009 (Award for Outstanding Personal Achievement in the Halal Industry 2009)
 (in Arabic) The Dr <mask> Al-Mazeedi obtains an award during the World Halam Forum 2009 (arrouiah.com)
 Photo of award on alma
 zeedi-family.com
 Practical Guide for Food Safety: The Fundamentals of Production, Preparation, and Usage of Safe and Healthy Food (Arabic) - H. Al-Mazeedi, Reviewed by A. Mesaiker and Y. Al-Shayji - KISR Book

External links
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Personal blog of Dr. Mazeedi

1954 births
Living people
Food

masks: Hani Hani Hani Hani


title: Paul Di'Anno

texts:
<mask> (born 17 May 1958), better known by his stage name <mask>'Anno, is a British singer and songwriter who was the original lead vocalist for English heavy metal band Iron Maiden, from 1977 to 1981. In his post-Maiden career, Di'Anno has issued numerous albums over the years, as both a solo artist and as a member of such bands as Gogmagog, Di'Anno's Battlezone, Praying Mantis, Killers, and Rockfellas. Career

Iron Maiden (1977–1981)
Di'Anno was born and grew up in Chingford, East London. Because of his Brazilian father, Di'Anno holds dual British and Brazilian citizenship. He spent his teenage years singing in various rock bands and working as a butcher and chef. He became the band's singer after the departure of the very unpredictable Dennis Wilcock, who had pressured Iron Maiden founder and bassist Steve Harris into firing every member of the band (including Dave Murray), before being fired himself. According to Iron Maiden's The History of Iron Maiden – Part 1: The Early Days DVD, he was introduced to the band by drummer Doug Sampson, an old friend of Harris' from his days in the band Smiler.It was around this time that he first adopted the stage name Di'Anno, which he would later use to claim Italian descent. Their first audition with Rod Smallwood reputedly failed when Di'Anno was arrested for showing off his pocket-knife in public. The band's 1980 self-titled release quickly became acknowledged as a classic of its genre, as the band merged punk's energy with metal's riffs and progressive rock complexity, serving as the blueprint for such future

masks:
Paul Andrews
Paul Di


title: Paul Di'Anno

texts:
 genres as thrash metal and speed metal. 1981 saw the release of their second album, Killers, as well as a stopgap live EP, Maiden Japan. After cancelling gigs due to Di'Anno's lack of desire and inability to perform (from cocaine/amphetamine abuse and heavy drinking), Iron Maiden decided that to progress they would have to find a singer capable of withstanding the rigours of being on tour. They found a replacement in former Samson frontman Bruce Dickinson. Di'Anno's last show with the band was on 10 September 1981 at the Odd Fellow's Mansion in Copenhagen, Denmark.In 1981, Di'Anno left Iron Maiden after a meeting with the band and their manager Rod Smallwood. In Di'Anno's words: "It's like having Mussolini and Adolf Hitler run your band. Because it is Rod Smallwood and Steve Harris and that's it. There can't be anyone else and my character is too strong for that so me an' Steve was always fighting". Di'Anno was paid out by Smallwood at the time of his departure and does not receive royalties on Iron Maiden songs. Di'Anno (1983–1985)

Di'Anno was the first project by <mask>'Anno after he was fired from Iron Maiden. This group was originally called Lonewolf but after disagreement with a group already called Lone Wolf, they changed their name and ended up recording only one album under the simple moniker of Di'Anno.On the tour Di'Anno refused to play any Iron Maiden songs (much to the dismay of the crowd), playing only their own songs and a few other covers (most notably Van Halen's version of The Kinks' "You Really Got Me" and "Don't Let Me Be


title: Paul Di'Anno

texts:
 Misunderstood"). Having little success, the six-piece band disbanded shortly after they were done touring. The only other recordings available from this band are a single of "Heartuser", a Japanese single of "Flaming Heart" and a Sweden-only VHS release called Live at the Palace (also available on DVD as Di'Anno Live from London). During the latter performance, the band played an unreleased song entitled "Spiritual Guidance", which <mask> told the audience would be on the band's forthcoming album. This album was never recorded. Last known line-up:
<mask>'Anno – lead vocals
Lee Slater – guitars, vocals
P. J. Ward – guitars, vocals
Kevin Browne – bass, vocals
Mark Venables – keyboards, vocals
Frank Noon - drums (replacing Dave Irving from the album line-up)

Gogmagog (1985)
In 1985, Di'Anno joined a project that was intended to be a supergroup.The group, called "Gogmagog" (see the Biblical book Ezekiel 38:1–2), was put together by DJ and record producer Jonathan King, best known for discovering the group Genesis in the late 1960s. King assembled  a star-studded lineup featuring Di'Anno, drummer Clive Burr, guitarists Janick Gers and Pete Willis and bassist Neil Murray, but the members became increasingly frustrated by a policy that forbade them from writing any original material. Gogmagog released a three-song E.P. on the independent Food For Thought label in 1985 entitled I Will Be There, with Russ Ballard writing the title song and producer King writing the other two songs. Although reviews were generally positive, the EP did not chart and the group

masks:
Paul
Paul Di


title: Paul Di'Anno

texts:
 disbanded after King began to lose interest in the project. Di'Anno has been completely dismissive of the short-lived project, referring to it as "nothing" and claiming he only got involved for the money. Battlezone (1985–1989, 1998)
After the breakup of his self-titled band, Di'Anno formed Strike with DeeRal (guitar) who recruited drummer Bob Falck (who had used the name Sid Falck while playing drums in Overkill) and the Hurley brothers John (second guitar) and Chaz (bass).The project was eventually named Battlezone, after a name straight from a comic book, upon the vocalist's return to Britain in 1985. 1986 saw the enrollment of former Lonewolf and Tokyo Blade guitarist John Wiggins. The band's initial line-up comprised Di'Anno, guitarists John Wiggins and John Hurley, bassist Laurence Kessler and Adam Parsons on drums. Di'Anno had previously known guitarists John Wiggins and John Hurley from bands such as Deep Machine and Iron Cross.Parsons had gone under the stage name A.D. Dynamite whilst in Aunt May. However, Parsons left shortly after to replace Vince Hoare in the London-based glam band Belladonna (formed by former Hell's Belles vocalist <mask>, with <mask>, Jeff Fox and Neil Criss) and Falck reappeared on the scene in time together with Danish bassist Pete West (Peter Vester) to record the band's first album Fighting Back, written entirely by John Hurley, except the title track which was credited to Bob Falck. Battlezone performed a club tour of America in 1987 to promote the début Fighting Back, but musical differences, arguments and physical

masks:
Paul Quigley
Paul Lewis


title: Paul Di'Anno

texts: December 1989, at Dynamo Open Air in Eindhoven, Netherlands . Following the breakup of Battlezone, Di'Anno and Hopgood formed the power metal band Killers, releasing four albums. Hurley would later form glam rock band L.O.Girls and release the "Twelve Bore Honeymoon" single in 1990 and "Just Can't Say I Love You" in 1993. During 1990, Di'Anno fronted Praying Mantis for a tour of Japan, which was recorded for the subsequent Live at Last album release with ex-Iron Maiden guitarist Dennis Stratton. Wiggins joined a reformed Tokyo Blade in 1995. By 1998, Di'Anno had resurrected the name Battlezone. Joining him were Wiggins and fellow ex-Tokyo Blade members bassist Colin Riggs and drummer Marc Angel. Second guitars were supplied by the Brazilian <mask>. This line-up cut the album Feel My Pain, released by the fledgling "Zoom Club" label.Working titles for the album included "Spoon Face" and "Smack", both containing references to heroin use. The album had a heavier edge compared to the first two Battlezone albums. The band undertook a sold-out Brazilian tour in January 1998, with erstwhile Killers colleagues bassist Gavin Cooper and guitarist Nick Burr joining on this South American tour. The band toured Brazil in the same year playing a three-week tour to sold-out audiences up to 6000 fans a night. Being brought back down to earth, Battlezone upon their return home put on a gig at the Walthamstow Royal Standard with an audience of only a hundred or so and a gig at JB's Dudley in the West Midlands attracting fewer than a dozen fans. A live track from the


title: Paul Di'Anno

texts:
 Walthamstow gig later appeared on a compilation of all three Battlezone albums, entitled Cessation of Hostilities. Ex-Battlezone bassist Gavin Cooper joined Lionsheart in December 2004, then moved onto Statetrooper in May 2005.The bassist subsequently joined the ranks of Magnum singer Bob Catley's solo band for UK dates in April 2006. In mid-2008, a Battlezone compilation entitled The Fight Goes On was released as on the Phantom Sound & Vision label as a 3-CD box set featuring all three Battlezone studio albums. Last known line-up:
<mask>'Anno – Vocals
Johnny "Bravo" Wiggins – Guitars (1985-89, 1998-99)
<mask> – Guitars (1998-99)
Colin Riggs – Bass (1998-99)
Mark Angel – Drums (1998-99)

Former/past member(s):
DeeRal – Guitars (1985)
John Hurley – Guitars (1985-87)
Graham Bath – Guitars (1987)
Alf Batz – Guitars (1987-89)
Randy Scott – Guitars (1989)
Dave Harman – Guitars (1989)
Nick Burr - Guitars (1998)
Chaz Hurley – Bass (1985-86)
Peter Vester – Bass (1986-88listed as "Pete West" on the back covers of "Fighting Back" and "Children of Madness")
Eddie Davidson – Bass (1989)
Gavin Cooper - Bass (1998)
Bob "Sid" Falck – Drums (1986-87)
J. Michael D.- Drums
Steve Hopgood – Drums (1987-89)

Praying Mantis (1990)
After being dropped by BMG, Praying Mantis disbanded. Then, in a Spinal Tap-ish twist of fate, <mask>'Anno called Dennis Stratton in 1989, about the Japanese wanting to have a ten-year anniversary of the new wave of British heavy metal. The band found themselves enjoying a renaissance in Tokyo, Japan, prompting a reformation and tour in April 1990,

masks:
Paul Di
Paulo Turin
Paul Di


title: Paul Di'Anno

texts:
 entire Killers back catalogue with the addition of another live album entitled Killers Live at the Marquee in 2008. Murder One album was reissued with 2 acoustic bonus tracks – "Wrathchild" and "Dreamkeeper". Following this, <mask>'Anno made both Killers studio albums available for download free of charge through his own website.Following legal action, Evans was forced to cease selling any Killers material on his label. In December 2013, <mask>'Anno and Cliff Evans announced that the band would regroup and release a new album entitled The Lazarus Syndrome. Producer Phil Kinmanm who had worked on Tank's album War Nation was announced to be involved with the new project. Last known line-up
<mask>'Anno – Vocals (Di'Anno, ex-Battlezone, ex-Gogmagog (UK), ex-Iron Maiden)
Cliff Evans – Guitars (Chicken Shack, Headfirst, Tank)
Graham Bath – Guitars (Persian Risk, Sphinx)
Brad Wiseman – Bass
Steve Hopgood – Drums (ex-Battlezone, ex-Chinatown, ex-Jagged Edge, Persian Risk, Shy, Tank, Wild)

Former/past member(s)
John Gallagher – Bass (1991–1992) (Raven)
Ray Ditone – Guitars (1991–1992)
Nick Burr – Guitars (1992) (ex-Battlezone, ex-Idol Rich, ex-Tyrant, now Bad Back Band)
Gavin Cooper – Bass (1992–1994) (ex-Battlezone)

Nomad /Di'Anno (1999–2001, 2003–08)
Following the demise of the new Battlezone unit put together in 1998, Di'Anno teamed up with expat Brazilian guitarist <mask> and lived in São Paulo during 2000. A new band was created initially under the banner of "Nomad" and featured an all Brazilian line up. It was economically and logistically preferable for

masks:
Paul Di
Paul Di
Paul Di
Paulo Turin


title: Paul Di'Anno

texts:
 Di'Anno to live in Brazil during this period, in order to tour South America and release a self-produced album pleasing to that particular market. The album was distributed by Perris Records.However, complete worldwide distribution was not achieved. The album was repackaged and released as The Living Dead. The package included a DVD video for the title track. This was recorded in the East London Docks and directed by Swedish director Mats Lundberg from Doom Films, who went to London to work on the concept with Di'Anno's manager Lea Hart. All of the special effects were added in Sweden and the story line was based on the lyrics and message of the song. Few previously released live Iron Maiden tracks were also added to the CD. RockFellas (2008–2010)
Late 2008, Di'anno relocated to the southeast of Brazil and toured with a new band/project named RockFellas with three Brazilian musicians: Jean Dolabella (drummer) ex-Diesel/Udora/Sepultura, Marcão (guitarist) of Charlie Brown Jr. and Canisso of Raimundos/ex-Rodox, playing rock & roll and metal classics.There, he was nicknamed "<mask>" ("<mask>" = <mask> in Portuguese, Baiano = Who was born in Bahia), being the "<mask>" nickname a pun/joke, for his name, <mask>'Anno, is pronounced in a very similar way to the nickname above. Norwegian live band (2008–2015)
Early 2008, Di'Anno toured Norway and later Eastern Europe in 2009 with an all-Norwegian backing band consisting of musicians Henrik "Rick" Hagan (drums), Are Gogstad (bass), Anders Buaas (guitar) and Jon Vegard Naess (guitar). Anders Buaas was later replaced

masks:
Paulo Baiano
Paulo
Paul
Paulo Baiano
Paul Di


title: Paul Di'Anno

texts:
 by guitarist Rikard Nilsen. The band went on to do several tours of Sweden, and made festival appearances at Hard Rock Hell (Wales, UK 2013), Voxbotn (Faroe Islands, Denmark 2013), Tons of Rock (Halden, Norway 2014), Sweden Rock Festival (Norje, Sweden 2014) and Rock Against Narcotics (Pune, India 2015), before doing a final tour of Sweden in the summer of 2015. The band has also toured with Blaze Bayley and Tim Ripper Owens. Present
Di'Anno was, before being jailed in March 2011, recording a new solo album with <mask>, the guitarist who worked on Feel My Pain and Nomad. The album was being produced by Dieter Roth in his studio in Germany.However, work on the album ceased due to record company problems. He maintained an extensive world tour schedule including two recent trips through America where traditional metal band, Icarus Witch, served as both his opening and backing band. In June 2012, <mask>'Anno was given the Freedom of The City of Bariloche in Argentina for charitable work carried out several years ago. In 2014, Di'Anno sang on lead vocals on the bonus track "Fuck You All" on the album Big Trouble by hard rock band Hollywood Monsters. The album was released in 2014 on Mausoleum Records and featured Steph Honde on vocals and guitars, Vinny Appice on drums, Tim Bogert on bass and Don Airey on keyboards. In August 2014, Di'Anno has scrapped his retirement plans and released a new album with his new band, Architects of Chaoz, called The League of Shadows. In 2015, he returned to Brazil on his tour "The Beast is Back", saying that this would be his

masks:
Paulo Turin
Paul Di


title: Paul Di'Anno

texts: last in the country.In this tour, the singer was accompanied by musicians from Rio de Janeiro, Vinnie Tex (guitar), Thiago Velasquez (bass) and drummer Braulio Drumond; they currently part of the North American Leather Leone's band. Di'Anno made eight presentations around the country. These members would be part of the new band, however due to health problems, the singer had to pause activities and the project in standby. The same year, Di'Anno was interviewed extensively for the book Iron Maiden: 80 81, by author Greg Prato. In May 2016, Di'Anno was hospitalized for undisclosed medical issues and was forced to cancel his previously announced June 2016 tour of Brazil. According to the tour's promoter, Blog n Roll Produções, Di'Anno is undergoing a series of tests to help ensure an accurate diagnosis and identify an appropriate course of treatment. On 29 October 2017, Di'Anno joined The Iron Maidens on stage for their encore at the O2 Academy in Islington, London, performing Wrathchild and Iron Maiden.Di'Anno appeared in a wheelchair. Di'Anno was due to make his final performance on 30 August 2020 at the Beermageddon Festival in Bromsgrove, England before he retired from touring, though he has not clarified on whether he will continue to record music. This appearance was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the festival dates rescheduled for August 2021. How ever on June 7th <mask> and the Ides of March band were removed from the line up with the following statement: " We here at Beermageddon are gutted to announce Ides of March will no longer be


title: Paul Di'Anno

texts:
 appearing at this years festival, we had been struggling to contact the band or management and just over a week ago had the news that the planned project will not be going ahead and as such the band will not appear at Beermageddon 2021. We were so looking forward to <mask>'Anno and a lineup of past Iron Maiden members gracing the Geddon stage, it would have been one of the most memorable festival appearances we have ever had, but sadly it isn't to be. I know many of you had huge anticipation for Di'Anno's farewell show, and we feel your pain, but we do promise Beermageddon will still be the fantastic festival it always is." Autobiography
Di'Anno has released an autobiography titled The Beast ().The book includes a chapter of stories and comments regarding Di'Anno written by former bandmates including Dennis Stratton, John Wiggins and Steve Hopgood. The book was controversial for its portrayal of his abuse of various drugs, many accounts of Di'Anno's violence towards people, and the explanation of his ban from America. Singing style
In comparison to the soaring, operatic vocals of his successor in Iron Maiden, Di'Anno is remembered for having a more guttural "punk" sound to his singing, in part because he began his singing career in punk band the Paedophiles. He usually sang with a raspy and rougher sound, although he was capable of singing with a purer voice as demonstrated by slower numbers like "Remember Tomorrow", "Strange World" and "Prodigal Son". Later in his career Di'Anno's style, along with his music, became darker and more aggressive as Iron


title: Bachir Gemayel

texts:
<mask> ( ; 10 November 1947 – 14 September 1982) was a Lebanese militia commander who led the Lebanese Forces, the military wing of the Kataeb Party in the Lebanese Civil War and was elected President of Lebanon in 1982. He founded and later became the supreme commander of the Lebanese Forces, uniting major Christian militias by force under the slogan of "Uniting the Christian Rifle". Gemayel allied with Israel and his forces fought the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Syrian Army. He was elected president on 23 August 1982, but he was assassinated before taking office on 14 September, via a bomb explosion by Habib Shartouni, a member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party. <mask> is described as the most controversial figure in the history of Lebanon. He remains popular among Maronite Christians, where he is seen as a "martyr" and an "icon". Conversely, he has been criticized for committing war crimes and accused of treason for his relations with Israel.Early life

<mask> <mask> was born in the Achrafieh neighborhood of Beirut on 10 November 1947, the youngest of six children. The <mask> family originated from Bikfaya village in the Matn District of Lebanon and is one of the most influential Christian families in the country. His father was <mask>, who founded the Phalange party in 1936 as a youth movement. He attended the Jesuit Collège Notre Dame de Jamhour and the Institution Moderne du Liban (IML)- Fanar. He completed his university education at St. Joseph University (Université Saint-Joseph - USJ) in Beirut. After teaching for three years at the Lebanese Modern Institute, he graduated in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in law and another in political sciences in 1973. In 1971, Gemayel studied at The Center for American and International Law near Dallas, Texas in the United States.Qualifying in 1972, he joined the bar association and opened an office in Hamra Street, West Beirut. Gemayel family
Gemayel's father Pierre Gemayel studied pharmacology in

masks:
Bachir Pierre Gemayel
Gemayel
Bachir
Gemayel
Gemayel
Pierre Gemayel


title: Bachir Gemayel

texts:
 Europe and founded the Phalange Party in 1936 (also known as Kataeb) upon his return to Lebanon, modelling the party after the Spanish and Italian Fascist parties he had observed there. It swelled to 40,000 members. Although he became a Lebanese minister, and was targeted in at least two assassination attempts, <mask> never rose to the prominence of his sons, yet remained a powerful figure until his death in 1984. A month after <mask>'s death, his brother Amine <mask> was elected president in 1982, remaining in office until the end of his constitutional second term in 1988. Many of <mask>'s other family members would go on to be elected into the Lebanese parliament: His widow Solange <mask> (in 2005), his son Nadim <mask> (in 2009 and 2018), his nephews <mask> (in 2009 and 2018) and Pierre Amine <mask> (in 2000 and 2005) who also served as the Minister of Industry from 2005 until his assassination on 21 November 2006. Early activities in the Kataeb Party
Gemayel became a member of the Kataeb Party's youth section when he was 12 years old.He realized the dangers that surrounded Lebanon in 1958, and spent a lot of time with the organized political wing of the Kataeb Party. He attended the meetings organized by the Kataeb Student Section, and was the president of the Kataeb Circle in St. Joseph University between 1965 and 1971. In the late 1960s, he underwent paramilitary training in Bikfaya, and he was appointed squad leader of a militia unit of the Kataeb Regulatory Forces (RKF), the party's military wing formed in 1961. In the early 1970s, he formed the "Bikfaya Squad" within the RKF, where he became acquainted with the basics of military combat. In 1968, he participated in a student colloquium organized by the newspaper Orient, following events which occurred across Lebanese universities between the Muslim and leftist Pan-Arabist students supporting the Palestinians in Lebanon on one side, and Christian Lebanese nationalist students (whom Gemayel represented) on

masks:
Pierre Gemayel
Gemayel
Gemayel
Gemayel
Gemayel
Gemayel
Sami Gemayel
Gemayel


title: Bachir Gemayel

texts: the other. After the 1968-69 clashes between the Lebanese Army and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), Gemayel gathered a group of Christian students, and started training them in the Kataeb-run Tabrieh training camp, located near Bsharri in the Keserwan District mountains. This was the start of what would later become the Lebanese Forces.At this stage, he was a junior militia commander under the orders of William Hawi, the founder and head of the KRF. In 1969, <mask> was briefly kidnapped by Palestinian militants in Lebanon and taken to the Tel al-Zaatar refugee camp, where he was beaten. He was released eight hours later, after Kamal Jumblatt, who was the interior minister at the time, personally mediated with Yasser Arafat in this matter. <mask> became a member of the "BG Squad" of the Kataeb Regulatory Forces formed by William Hawi. He was a revolutionary in the party. He became close with Jean Nader, the leader of Achrafieh at that time, and became the vice president of that Lebanese Capital district, a position that he held from 1971 until 1975. Gemayel became the head of the "BG Squad" after its members found him as a leader more close to their views.This group was formed of 12 specially trained members such as Fouad Abou Nader, Fadi Frem, Elie Hobeika and others. They were fierce fighters, and they were known for their violent performance in the field. This group was out of the direct control of the party. He had his own views and principles, and he wanted to run for the Vice Presidency of the party, but his men said to him that they wanted him as the leader of the "Lebanese Forces" and not the VP of a party. In addition, many members of the party did not want him as the VP because he was the son of <mask>, the founder and president of the party. The elections were cancelled and did not take place until after his assassination. <mask> submitted his resignation from the party in 1976, but it was rejected.This was because the Kataeb Party was forced

masks:
Gemayel
Gemayel
Pierre Gemayel
Gemayel


title: Bachir Gemayel

texts:
 to approve the entrance of the Syrian Army to Lebanon to put an end to the war, but <mask> refused to accept this, being strongly against the Syrian intervention because he believed that Syria wanted to annex Lebanon. He came to this conclusion because the Syrian officials repeatedly stated that Lebanon was part of Syria and that the Syrian Army doesn't need anyone's permission to enter Lebanon. Moreover, at that time, the Syrian educational system was teaching that Lebanon was a Syrian district. Military command

Conflict with the PLO
In 1975, Gemayel was accused by the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) of being responsible for the Black Saturday massacre of Palestinians and Lebanese Muslims. According to Phalange member Karim Pakradouni, Gemayel admitted to him that while being in an emotional state over the killing of four Phalangists earlier that day, he ordered his militiamen into the streets. Christian East Beirut was ringed by heavily fortified Palestinian camps from which kidnappings and sniping against Lebanese civilians became a daily routine. Christian East Beirut became besieged by the PLO camps, with severe shortages of food and fuel.This unbearable situation led the Kataeb Forces and their allied Christian militias to besiege the Palestinian camps embedded in Christian East Beirut one at a time and bring them down. On January 18, 1976, Gemayel led the invasion of the heavily fortified Karantina camp that was located near the strategic Beirut Harbor: About 1,000 PLO fighters and civilians were killed. The Palestinian PLO and as-Saiqa forces retaliated by attacking the isolated defenseless Christian town of Damour about 20 miles south of Beirut on the coast, during the Damour massacre in which 1,000 Christian civilians were killed and 5,000 were sent fleeing north by boat, since all roads were blocked off. The Maronites retaliated with the invasion of the Tel al-Zaatar camp that same year, which  was placed under siege for 52 days by the Tigers, the


title: Bachir Gemayel

texts: National Liberal Party militia led by Dany Chamoun, Gemayel played an important role in the last stages of the battle: he sent a group of his forces that moved through the sewers and they blew up the ammunition storage in the camp. This incident was considered to be the lethal blow that led the fall of the camp. The Christian militias also fought against the PLO and LNM militias at the Battle of the Hotels in central Beirut. Gemayel led the battle for the Holiday Inn that had an important strategic location.The battle was a success for <mask>'s troops, and they were able to move the PLO out of the hotel. After ensuring the safety of the rear lines and their effectiveness (necessary for the safety of Christian East Beirut), <mask> and his troops decided to abandon the hotel. In 1976, with the death of William Hawi, killed by a sniper during the battle of Tall Al-Zaatar, <mask> became head of the Kataeb Regulatory Forces militia. Later that year, he became a leading member of the Lebanese Front, a coalition of several Christian parties, and commander of their military wing, the Lebanese Forces (LF). A military coalition of several Christian militias which not only opposed the PLO but also the Syrian Army presence, who had entered Lebanon at first to assist in defeating Palestinian militants, before turning into occupiers. <mask> led his troops in the infamous 'Hundred Days' War' in Lebanon in 1978, in which the Lebanese Forces successfully resisted the Syrian shelling and attacking of Eastern Beirut for about three months before an Arab-brokered agreement forced the Syrians to end the siege. Syrians took high buildings such as Burj Rizk Achrafieh and Burj El Murr using snipers and heavy weapons against civilians.The soldiers stayed for 90 days. Another major clash took place near the Sodeco area in Achrafieh where the LF fought ferociously and led the Syrian army out of the Rizk Building. This War led to the withdrawal of the Syrian troops from East Beirut and the

masks: Gemayel Gemayel Gemayel Gemayel


title: Bachir Gemayel

texts:
 free Christian Areas. At this time, Israel was the primary backer of the Lebanese Front's militia. In 1981 at Zahlé in the Beqaa Governorate, the largest Christian town in the East, confronted one of the biggest battles – both military and political – between the LF and the Syrian occupying forces. The LF were able to confront them and reverse the result of the battle of 1981 with the help of 92 Lebanese Army Maghawirs sent from Beirut as well as the towns inhabitants. Regardless of the very bad weather and heavy bombing, convoys were sent in the snow to Zahle.The battle of Zahle gave the Lebanese Cause a new perspective in the International Communities, and by some was regarded as military and diplomatic victory. It strengthened <mask> <mask>'s position because of his leadership and important role in this battle. The battle started on 2 April 1981, and finished with a cease fire and Lebanese Internal Security Forces gendarmes were sent to Zahle. The 92 commandos returned to Beirut on 1 July 1981. (See: Battle of Zahleh for more details)

Tensions within the Lebanese Front

Despite its increasing success in its battles against the PLO and the Syrian troops two factors led to the eventual demise of the Lebanese Front. Following the killing of many Phalangist members, in addition to a senior Phalangist by members of the Marada Brigade militia, which was led by a fellow member of the Lebanese Front, Tony Frangieh, Gemayel called for a meeting to decide on what to do about this situation. At first, the decision was to capture Tony Frangieh and force him to surrender the members of the Marada militia who killed the Phalangists.However, there was concern about the consequences of this move. So, the decision was changed after many talks between the Phalangists present at the meeting. It was decided that the goal of the operation would be to capture the members of the Marada militia who killed the Phalangists and it would be done on Tuesday to be sure that Tony Frangieh

masks: Bachir Gemayel


title: Bachir Gemayel

texts: would have finished his weekend vacation and left Ehden. On 13 June 1978, <mask> sent a squadron of his men led by Samir Geagea and Elie Hobeika to Ehden; what Gemayel did not know was that Tony Frangieh hadn't left Ehden, as his car wasn't running. As soon as the squadron arrived, bullets were flying all over their heads, so they retaliated and this led to the killing of Tony Frangieh and his family, in addition to tens of members of the Marada militia. The incident is known as the Ehden massacre. Gemayel was angered by this incident, but he stood by his men.<mask> and his militia also faced competition from the Tigers, another Christian militia in the Lebanese Front. Multiple clashes occurred between the two sides, mainly caused by the dispute over the distribution of war taxes and military equipment provided by Israel. The Tigers claimed that Gemayel was trespassing on their share, while the Palangists accused them of selling arms to pro-Palestinians. In February 1980, both <mask> and Chamoun were called up to Jerusalem by Mossad on orders from Menachem Begin. He threatened to stop the Israeli aid and asked them to unite. On 22 February, they were back again in Jerusalem, and presented a secret plan to the Israeli officers. However, Gemayel wanted to be the only Christian option for Israel, while the tension escalated again by the end of June 1980.On 7 July, he sent his troops to the town of Safra, where Dany Chamoun and members of his Tigers Militia were vacationing. The Tigers under the control of Elias el Hannache were exterminated in what was later named Safra massacre. Dany's life was spared and he sought refuge in West Beirut. He quickly arranged a meeting with leaders of the Phalanges and the National Liberal Party, including Camille Chamoun. He proposed merging the two militias into Lebanese Forces, with him as a commander. This was called the "Operation of Altalena", with which Gemayel became the sole leader of the Christian military side in the civil

masks: Gemayel Gemayel Gemayel


title: Bachir Gemayel

texts:
 war. This move faced opposition from his brother Amine.He opposed merging his forces into the LF, but <mask> intervened and ordered them to hand over heavy arms to the LF. While many National Liberals surrendered, some members decided to confront Gemayel. On 10 November, two car bombs exploded in Achrafieh, leaving 10 killed and 92 wounded. Ten days later, he ordered his elite troops to invade their stronghold in Ain El Remmaneh. After two days of fighting, the National Liberals were defeated, and the LF took control the whole area. Gemayel considered the "Unification of the Christian Rifle" to be completed, and ordered all his forces to wear the LF badge instead of their former militias ones. Israeli invasion of Lebanon and Gemayel's election
Israel invaded Lebanon in 1982.Defense Minister of Israel, Ariel Sharon, met with <mask> months earlier, telling him that the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) were planning an invasion to uproot the PLO threat to Israel and to move them out of Lebanon. While Gemayel did not control Israel's actions in Lebanon, the support Israel gave the Lebanese Forces, militarily and politically, angered many Lebanese leftists. Gemayel met with Hani al-Hassan (representative of the PLO) and told him that Israel would enter and wipe them out. He told the PLO to leave Lebanon peacefully before it was too late. Hassan left without replying. Israel invaded and the PLO were expelled from Lebanon in August 1982. During the invasion, the Israelis wanted the Lebanese Forces to assist the Israeli Army militarily by fighting the PLO and allied groups in West Beirut; however, Gemayel refused, stating that his forces would not assist an invading army.By then, <mask> had announced his candidacy for president. He was backed by the United States, who sent peacekeeping troops to oversee the withdrawal of the PLO from Lebanon. <mask> had requested that they stay longer to keep Lebanon stable until he could reunite it, but his request was denied. Israel's Mossad

masks:
Pierre Gemayel
Gemayel
Gemayel
Gemayel


title: Bachir Gemayel

texts: intelligence agency also contributed to his presidency. On 23 August 1982, being the only one to declare candidacy, <mask> was elected president, as he prevailed over the National Movement. On 1 September 1982, two weeks before his assassination and only one week after his election, <mask> met the Israeli Prime minister Menachem Begin in Nahariya. During the meeting, Begin demanded that Gemayel sign a peace treaty with Israel as soon as he took office in return of Israel's earlier support of Lebanese Forces; he also told Gemayel that the IDF would stay in South Lebanon if the Peace Treaty wasn't signed.<mask> was furious at Begin and told him that the Lebanese Forces didn't fight for seven years and that they didn't sacrifice thousands of soldiers to free Lebanon from the Syrian Army and the PLO so that Israel could take their place. <mask> also added that he would not sign the Peace Treaty without national consensus on the matter. Begin was reportedly angry at <mask> for his public denial of Israel's support. Gemayel refused signing a peace treaty arguing that time is needed to reach consensus with Lebanese Muslims and the Arab nations. This angered the Israelis because they knew that it is almost impossible for the Lebanese Muslims to agree on a Peace Treaty. They realized that Gemayel was starting to distance himself from them. On 12 September 1982, in an attempt to fix the relations between Begin and Gemayel, Ariel Sharon had a secret meeting with Gemayel in Bikfaya.During the meeting, <mask> told Sharon that the Lebanese Army would soon enter the Palestinian Camps to disarm any remaining fighters. They also agreed that the Lebanese Army would attack the Syrian Army's positions in Lebanon assisted by the Israeli Army. Sharon further tried to convince <mask> to sign a peace treaty, which he refused to do. <mask> had planned to use the IDF to push the Syrian Army out of Lebanon and then use his relations with the Americans to pressure the Israelis into

masks: Gemayel Gemayel Gemayel Gemayel Gemayel Gemayel Gemayel Gemayel


title: Bachir Gemayel

texts:
 withdrawing from Lebanese territory. Assassination
On 14 September 1982, Gemayel was addressing fellow Phalangists at their headquarters in Achrafieh for the last time as their leader and for the last time as commander of the Lebanese Forces. At 4:10 PM, a bomb was detonated, killing Gemayel and 26 other Phalange politicians. The first testimonies stated that Gemayel had left the premises on foot or in an ambulance (bearing the number 90).A report from a hospital came to say he had just arrived. Then the commander of military intelligence Jonny Abdu reported that <mask> <mask> had been taken to a hospital in Haifa by helicopter. The search and rescue teams on the field were unable to find him or his body. His body was finally identified five and a half hours after the explosion by a Mossad agent in a church close to the site of the explosion where the dead were being collected. The face on the body was unrecognizable; he was identified by the white-gold wedding ring he was wearing and two letters he was carrying addressed to <mask> <mask>. It was concluded that he had been one of the first people moved to the church after the explosion. Rumors persisted that <mask> had survived, until it was confirmed the following morning by the Lebanese Prime Minister Shafik Wazzan that he had indeed been killed in the attack.The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation blamed the SSNP for the attack. Habib Shartouni, a member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party and also a Maronite Christian, was later arrested for the assassination. His sister was living in the apartment above the room <mask> was staying in. He had visited her the previous day and planted the bomb in her apartment. The next day, he called her and told her to get out of the building. Once she was out, he detonated the bomb from a few miles away using a remote detonator. When he came back to check on his sister, he was immediately arrested.Shartouni later confessed to the crime, saying he had done this because

masks: Bachir Gemayel Bachir Gemayel Gemayel Gemayel


title: Bachir Gemayel

texts:
 "Bachir had sold the country to Israel." He was imprisoned for 8 years until Syrian troops took over Lebanon at the end of the war and freed him on 13 October 1990. Amine <mask> did not condemn the actions taken by Habib Shartouni because of immense Syrian pressure. Many point fingers at the Syrian government and then-Syrian President Hafez al-Assad for having knowledge of the assassination attempt and for covertly backing Shartouni. Aftermath
Condemnations poured in from around the world, including the United Nations Security Council in Resolution 520 as well as from American President Ronald Reagan. Reagan had been one of Gemayel's staunchest supporters, saying "this promising young leader had brought the light of hope to Lebanon." <mask> <mask>'s older brother Amine <mask> was not long after elected president, serving from 1982 to 1988.Rather different in temperament, Amine <mask> was widely regarded as more moderate than his brother. Many of <mask> <mask>'s followers were dissatisfied with Amine, which eventually led to the Lebanese Forces becoming independent from the Phalange and forming its own political party. Sabra and Shatila Massacre

Between 762 and 3,500 civilians, mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shiites were massacred by members of the Phalange in retalliation for the assassination of <mask>. Legacy
Gemayel was believed to be an extreme option for the presidency. Muslims and leftist leaders preferred a moderate one, like his brother, Amine, or former president Chamoun. George Hawi revealed in a documentary with Al Jazeera: "Once he was elected, I was sure that he won't get to take over the presidency and he will be assassinated. Many sides were trying to kill him and I was one of them.I didn't succeed while someone else did. He was a solution in the wrong place and the wrong time". His political positions and Israel's support sparks more controversy over the time. Deputy Nawaf al-Moussawi said in a parliamentary session that: "Gemayel reached the

masks: Gemayel Bachir Gemayel Gemayel Gemayel Bachir Gemayel Gemayel


title: Leonard A. Scheele

texts:
<mask> (July 25, 1907 – January 8, 1993) was an American physician and public servant. He was appointed the seventh Surgeon General of the United States from 1948 to 1956. Life

Early years
<mask> was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. While in high school, he worked in his father's pharmacy and planned to enter medicine. For his undergraduate education, Scheele chose the University of Michigan (B.A., 1931) over Indiana University, citing the former's medical reputation. While at Michigan, he became a member of the Delta Chi fraternity. He ended up following his future spouse, then a dental student, to Detroit.He received his M.D. in 1934 from the Detroit College of Medicine and Surgery (now the Wayne State University School of Medicine). Career
<mask> graduated at the height of the Great Depression. Inspired by one of his medical school professors, who taught preventive medicine and directed the laboratories at the Michigan State Health Department, Scheele followed up on a recruitment visit by Public Health Service (PHS) officers from Detroit's Marine Hospital. Encouraged by his school's dean, he competed successfully for an internship at Chicago's Marine Hospital (1933–1934). Once Scheele accepted a commission as an Assistant Surgeon (July 2, 1934), he began a series of rotations at quarantine stations, in San Francisco and San Pedro, California and at Honolulu, Hawaii, where a light schedule of duties included inspecting aircraft at Pearl Harbor. The New Deal and the National Cancer Act of 1937 transformed public health, and Scheele's career.Reassigned to Washington, DC during 1936, Scheele came to the attention of then-Surgeon General Thomas Parran, Jr. and one of his top lieutenants, Joseph Walter Mountin, who choose Scheele to join a new Division of Public Health Methods. After a brief field assignment

masks:
Leonard Andrew Scheele
Scheele
Scheele


title: Leonard A. Scheele

texts: director of NIH (1947), the latter a position created for him. Scheele served as surgeon general first under a Democratic President, Harry S. Truman, who appointed Scheele as Surgeon General Parran's successor on April 6, 1948, and 4 years later under a Republican, President Dwight D. Eisenhower, his former commander during the war. Scheele built on his wartime experience and carried on PHS's leadership in international health, leading the U.S. delegations to the World Health Assembly (1949 through 1953) and serving twice as President of the World Health Organization.But the domestic scene occupied the lion's share of his energies. Together with the philanthropists <mask> and Mary Lasker and voluntary health organizations like the American Cancer Society, Scheele worked closely with enthusiastic supporters in Congress to bring biomedical research fully into the fold of public health practice. NCI provided a working model, and a categorical approach organized about specific diseases became the means. Legislation enacted during 1948 made NIH into a plural "Institutes" by adding a National Heart Institute, the National Institute of Dental Research, the National Microbiological Institute (predecessor to the Allergy and Infectious Diseases Institute), and the National Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine (renamed the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases in 1950), followed by the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness (1950) and a 500-bed Clinical Center to link bench research with patient care (1953). Lay representation on national advisory councils, construction grants for laboratories, and extramural research grants each contributed to the growing scientific and institutional authority of NIH. He was also a loving great-grandfather. Scheele also inherited


title: Leonard A. Scheele

texts:
 Health departments around the country administered over 10 million doses, 90 percent to elementary school-aged children, until weeks into the public health campaign, reports came in of fresh cases among vaccinated children and their contacts.Amid growing public furor, <mask> took action. On April 27 he requested that one of the manufacturers, Cutter Laboratories, recall its vaccine and he created a new Poliomyelitis Surveillance Unit at the Communicable Disease Center (CDC) and a national infrastructure for case reporting from the states. During May Scheele halted the national campaign until the remaining vaccines were cleared. Relative scarcity of the vaccine created public health crises of another sort: most vaccinations were held off until autumn, giving CDC time enough to evaluate the revised safety regulations but also leading to a political falling out between Hobby and the United States Congress. Later life
The following August (1956) <mask> resigned from his post as Surgeon General, to become President of Warner-Chilcott Laboratories, then part of the Warner-Lambert Company of Summit, New Jersey. As a private sector executive, he continued to serve his country, for example, travelling to Cuba on behalf of the John F. Kennedy Administration, to arrange for the transfer of millions of dollars of medicines, public health and food supplies in exchange for the release of hostages taken during the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion. After his retirement from Warner-Lambert, <mask> returned to the Washington, D.C., where he died on 8 January 1993.References

1907 births
1993 deaths
Surgeons General of the United States
University of Michigan alumni
Wayne State University alumni
People from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Truman administration personnel
Eisenhower administration personnel
Burials at Arlington National

masks: Scheele Scheele Scheele


title: John Starr Cooke

texts:
<mask> (March 1920 – August 21, 1976) was an American mystic and spiritual teacher who influenced the development of the counterculture movement that emerged in San Francisco during 1966–1967. His teachings were based on the doctrine of “One Consciousness”, which <mask> believed was communicated to him through a Ouija board in the early 1960s. He designed three original decks of Tarot cards: T: The New Tarot for the Aquarian Age (1967, 1992), the Atlantean Tarot (1992), and the Medieval Tarot (1992). Early life in Hawaii
<mask> was born in 1920 into a wealthy family in Honolulu, Hawaii, the youngest of the eight children of <mask> and Lily Love. He is a nephew of zoologist <mask>, grandson of arts philanthropist <mask>, great-grandson of New England missionaries <mask> and Juliette Montague, and great-great-great grandson of American military officer in the Revolutionary war and politician <mask>. According to Brion Gysin, <mask> was in touch with the Kahunas of Hawaii from an early age. In later life, <mask> knew Kahuna David “Big Daddy” Bray (1889–1968), a friendship that likely began in <mask>'s childhood.<mask> developed a lifelong interest in the Tarot at the age of nine when he mistakenly bought a Tarot deck instead of regular playing cards. <mask> travelled to the mainland (particularly San Francisco) many times with his mother before her death in 1933. <mask>'s sister Alice married Democratic politician and lawyer Roger Kent  in 1930. They lived at Kentfield, California in Marin County of San Francisco, and after their mother's death, Alice took on a surrogate mother role for the young <mask>. <mask> continued to travel regularly from Honolulu to San Francisco through the 1930s. At 19, <mask> employed the Ouija board at Kentfield with his sister, who was also mystically inclined. He would continue to use the Ouija board for at least the next thirty years.At this age, <mask> was also a

masks:
John Starr Cooke
Cooke
Cooke
Clarence Hyde Cooke
Charles Montague Cooke Jr
Anna Rice Cooke
Amos Starr Cooke
Joseph Platt Cooke
Cooke
Cooke
Cooke
Cooke
John
John
John
John
Cooke
Cooke


title: John Starr Cooke

texts:
 dancer and actor in Hollywood. He moved permanently from Hawaii to California after July 1940. 1940s and early 1950s
In 1943 on advice from the Ouija board, <mask> married Wilma Dorothy Vermilyea. Millen <mask>, as she became known, was a poet, writer, and occultist who had a poem published in 1936 in Weird Tales, but was most active between May 1946 and May 1950, with stories and essays appearing in Amazing Stories, Fantastic Fiction, and Other Worlds Science Stories. She had written a number of letters to American Theosophist in the early 1940s. <mask> <mask> was also published in American Theosophist in August 1945 with a story called "Black Magic Question Mark". In 1944 <mask>'s father Clarence Hyde <mask> died, and <mask> and Millen <mask> traveled the world, including a mission to go as far north and as far south as possible.On these travels, <mask> met an assortment of gurus, mystics and spiritual figures, including Meher Baba. <mask> also studied medieval Tarot decks in museums,  and spent considerable time living in London. Millen <mask> had a series of visions which <mask> drew and was later known as the Atlantean Tarot (published 1992). In 1948, <mask> learned that Meher Baba was seeking to establish an ashram in California, and he assisted the group to purchase Meher Mount in the Ojai Valley. In 1950 a pregnant Millen <mask> (and with <mask> denying paternity) read Dianetics by L. Ron Hubbard, first published in Astounding Science Fiction in May 1950. Millen <mask> was so enthusiastic about the ideas she encountered that she flew at once and alone to New York. <mask> was enraged to find his wife had left and drove virtually non-stop for a day and a half to find her.In New York <mask> quickly became a master of the techniques given in Dianetics, and subsequently met Mary Oser, who had flown to New York from Switzerland seeking a competent practitioner of Dianetics to treat her

masks:
Cooke
Cooke
John Starr
Cooke
John
Cooke
John
Cooke
John Cooke
Cooke
Cooke
John Cooke
John Cooke
Cooke
John
Cooke
John
Cooke


title: John Starr Cooke

texts:
 husband. Mary Oser (née Wilbur) had attended Reed College in Oregon where she met fellow student Peter Oser, a great-grandson of <mask>. Rockefeller. They were married after he had proposed several times and they relocated to the Oser family's home city of Basel, Switzerland. However, Peter Oser was so rich it crippled his ability to function. Soon after <mask> met Mary Oser he returned with her to Switzerland and lived with the Oser household in Basel, practicing the methods of Dianetics. Peter Oser became a blind follower of <mask>. In December 1950 the Oser family moved suddenly to central Africa, led by <mask> and his communications with the Ouija board.In 1951 <mask> and Millen <mask> were divorced, and their daughter Valerie Melza <mask> was born. Around this time, Peter Oser and Mary Oser were also divorced. In 1952 <mask> married Mary. Northern Africa ca. 1952–1956
<mask> and his new wife Mary traveled together throughout northern Africa on vision quests. Although he never considered himself a Muslim, <mask> became associated with a Sufi sect amongst whom he was regarded as "a great healer and saint". On their travels the <mask>s heard about Brion Gysin and his 1001 Nights Restaurant in Tangier.Around mid-1955 they found Brion Gysin, having been sent across the Sahara by their Ouija board in search of him. Gysin later described <mask> as "a practising magician on a private income." <mask> and <mask> were soon regulars at Gysin's restaurant and became financially involved. Gysin later featured <mask> and <mask> in his novel The Process as Thay and Mya Himmer. According to Gysin, <mask> had a unique style of whirling Dervish dancing. The shoulder burn
In August 1956 the <mask>s planned to move to Algiers and live in a renovated colonial villa; however, their plans changed after a mysterious encounter in a Tangier bank with family members of the Sufi sect. According to his sister Alice, as

masks:
John D
John Cooke
John Cooke
Cooke
John Cooke
Cooke
Cooke
John Cooke
Cooke
John
Cooke
Cooke
John
Mary Cooke
John
Mary Cooke
Cooke
Cooke


title: John Starr Cooke

texts:
 <mask> stood in the bank queue, a scarf was placed on his shoulders.As he left the bank, he suddenly tore the scarf off, due to a burning sensation on his shoulder, simultaneous with the feeling of a heavy blow to the base of the spine. He was thereafter paralysed and remained unable to use his legs properly for the rest of his life. In addition, he had a burn-like mark on his shoulder that remained with him for life. The <mask>s continued to Algiers as planned, but Mary called Gysin in Tangier for assistance. She paid him to close 1001 Nights for a time and in Algiers Gysin carried <mask> around on his back in search of medical help. Gysin also adopted <mask>'s appearance of close-shaven head and goatee. <mask> and <mask> sent word to L. Ron Hubbard in London to come and cure <mask>.Hubbard couldn't come but sent his right-hand man "Lucky" Jim Skelton, an Australian Scientologist the <mask>s had previously met in London. Gysin had also met Skelton in London. Skelton met with some success in reducing the paralysis, but complained to Hubbard that the method was not fully effective. Hubbard countered that Skelton was not performing the method correctly, which led Skelton to split from Hubbard and Scientology. In addition, Lucky Jim fell in love with both <mask> and Mary and lived together with them. <mask> and Mary's son Chamba was born October 3, 1956. Soon after the birth, Mary decided that <mask> was not stable enough to be a father to Chamba so she divorced him.Mary married Jim Skelton in July 1957. After unsuccessful treatment in France and Denmark, <mask> returned to the United States. Return to America ca. 1957
<mask> returned to California either late in 1956 or during 1957. He was told he would eventually be able to walk with the aid of crutches; however, <mask> did not wish to become a spectacle and an object of pity, and chose instead the dignity of the wheelchair. He first stayed at a

masks:
Cooke
Cooke
Cooke
Cooke
John
Mary Cooke
John
Cooke
John
John
John
John Cooke
Cooke
Cooke


title: John Starr Cooke

texts:
 rehabilitation centre, then with Alice and Roger Kent at Kentfield until March 1958. <mask> was looking for a cure for his paralysis.He was told by his friend <mask>. Bennett, a leading Gurdjieff follower, about an Indonesian religious leader, Pak Muhammed Subuh Sumohadiwidjojo, and the religious group Subud. <mask> would likely have heard of the apparently miraculous cancer cure of Hollywood actress Eva Bartok after she was "opened" in the Subud method in May 1957; the case was widely reported in the press in November 1957. <mask> agreed to finance Subuh's stopover in the US and, with his sister Alice Kent, greeted Subuh on his arrival in San Francisco on March 22, 1958. At around this time, <mask> moved to the Carmel highlands and his home became the Carmel headquarters for Subud. Carmel, California 1958–1963
Around mid-1958, <mask> met the young San Francisco-based Beat artist Michael Bowen. Bowen's friend, fellow Beat artist Michael McCracken told him of a "real wizard" that he ought to check out and they went together to <mask>'s Carmel home to see him. <mask> became particularly close to Michael Bowen and the two would work together until <mask>'s death.The Subud devotees who had gathered around <mask> in 1958 formed the nucleus of a meditation group. The group met frequently and attracted many others. At the beginning of 1962 the meditation group received a general impression that "something" was coming. February 5, 1962, when seven planets were conjoined in Aquarius, was seen by some astrologers as the date of a worldwide catastrophe. <mask>'s group had expected not a catastrophe but a change in consciousness affecting all of mankind. <mask>'s house was used by other groups as a venue to hold spiritually oriented workshops. Members of the Bahá'í faith visited <mask> at the Carmel highlands, perhaps a continuation of his earlier strong interest in the Bahá'ís.On the evening of August 17,

masks:
Cooke
John G
Cooke
Cooke
Cooke
Cooke
Cooke
Cooke
Cooke
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Cooke
Cooke
Cooke


title: John Starr Cooke

texts:
 1962 a spontaneous Ouija board session took place at Carmel. Although the group of people present – <mask>, Bill Eaton, Nadine and Dean - had been meeting regularly to meditate, they had not previously together used the Ouija board. <mask> "just got out a big piece of paper and wrote the alphabet around and used a silver dollar." <mask> unsuccessfully tried Nadine and Dean as operators of the silver dollar planchette, but as soon as he paired with Bill Eaton "the board just….started whizzing around." "The flow, once started, was unerring; there was no hesitation for a letter and no mistakes were made. Nadine began to record the letters as Bill Eaton read them off aloud. The pace was so swift that no one could have followed the meaning if Nadine had not recorded."The messages came in a torrent of letters that had to be later separated into words and sentences. The group met again for another session on 29 August. They again communicated with the entity which later identified itself as “WE”, or “ONE”. The group continued to meet and hold Ouija sessions at Carmel every week or so for the next fifteen months. For each session they would draw up a new alphabet board and draw a different symbol in the middle. The New Tarot for the Aquarian Age
At the October 20, 1962 session, "ONE" introduced the New Tarot for the Aquarian Age, and described two of the new tarot trumps (or "Books"), the Nameless One and the Hanging Man. On 3 November more information was received concerning the Nameless One, and in the week following, <mask> painted it.For the next five months, descriptions of the remaining twenty Books were given by "ONE" and <mask> painted the images accordingly. On March 26, 1963 "ONE" gave the final New Tarot card description, although the ONE Ouija sessions continued. The <mask> group incorporated dozens of visitors into the ONE Ouija sessions, including local historian and author Rosalind Sharpe

masks: Cooke Cooke John Cooke Cooke Cooke


title: John Starr Cooke

texts:
 Wall, A Wild Coast and Lonely: Big Sur Pioneers, Andrea Puharich, author of the 1959 book The Sacred Mushroom. In April 1963 <mask> hosted David "Big Daddy" Bray, the Hawaiian Kahuna, now aged 73. A couple of months later a long-time member of <mask>'s group, David M, went to Hawaii and was for a time the favoured disciple of Bray. <mask> found the many visitors to Carmel a burden, and in May 1963 considered a permanent move to Mexico to be relieved of this, as well as to reduce his living expenses. <mask> attended a Subud conference when Pak Subuh came to San Francisco around September 1963.<mask>, as per Subud custom, asked for and received a new name from Subuh, Lionel. By this time the 1958 Subud group in Carmel had dwindled to only <mask> and Dean, who also attended the conference. The final ONE Ouija session at Carmel was held on 16 November 1963, and by the end of 1963, <mask> was living at Tepotzlan in Morelos, Mexico. Tepoztlan, Mexico 1963-1966
<mask> led quite a social life in Mexico according to his sister Alice Kent, holding parties and hosting many guests from the United States. In late 1963 <mask> welcomed Michael Bowen to his home in Tepoztlan, Mexico. In January 1964 <mask> presided over Bowen's initiatory ritual consumption of Datura stramonium, an age-old means of inducing visions. Subsequent to this transformative experience, Bowen spent two weeks in a coma at the American Hospital in Mexico City,
after which <mask> nursed Bowen back to health in Tepoztlan.When Bowen had recovered, <mask> sent him to New York, providing money and a place to stay in New York City. <mask>'s aim was for Bowen to draw Dr Timothy Leary and his associates at Millbrook, New York into <mask>'s circle of influence. <mask> had taken LSD in December 1962 and wished to find out whether Leary and his associates would, with LSD, create something positive or create more danger and damage for the future.

masks: Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke


title: John Starr Cooke

texts:
 Bowen arrived in New York around April 1964 and was unable to find Leary until mid-1964. On Bowen's first trip to Millbrook (likely between June 1964 and October 1964), he took large copies of the New Tarot images that <mask> had painted. Leary was interested and Ralph Metzner was "immediately struck by their evocative force." Leary later referred to <mask> as "the great crippled wizard".Bowen paid a second visit to Millbrook around January 1965. Bowen kept <mask> informed of the latest developments in the psychedelic movement. Bowen was part of a loose-knit group under the direction of <mask> called the Psychedelic Rangers. The individuals in this group were dispatched to areas where psychedelic culture was emerging in order to further the movement. On May 28, 1965, the ONE Ouija sessions were re-convened at Tepotzlan when Rosalind Sharpe Wall and Bill Eaton came to visit <mask>. Bill Eaton stayed in Mexico and the ONE Ouija sessions continued sporadically for the next nine months. In early January 1966 <mask> and Eaton flew up from Mexico and held a couple of ONE Ouija sessions in Bolinas, California.On February 16, 1966, <mask> and Eaton held the final ONE Ouija session in Mexico. In May 1966 <mask> directed Michael Bowen to return to San Francisco, where a psychedelic community was gathering force in the Haight Ashbury district. Bowen discovered the San Francisco Oracle and its editor Allen Cohen and became a member of the staff. <mask> was later published in issue number nine in an essay beginning "ONE – that Great Architect of the Universes – designed a single Design." <mask> spoke to Michael Bowen on 6 October 1966, the day LSD became illegal in California. Bowen and Allen Cohen had just conducted the Love Pageant Rally, and Bowen phoned <mask> to report on its success. During the conversation they conceived the plan for the Human Be-In.The Human Be-In
On January 14, 1967, <mask> and

masks: Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke


title: John Starr Cooke

texts:
 associates in Mexico spent six hours meditating in sympathy with the Human Be-In, organized by Michael Bowen and associates, as it unfolded at the Polo Fields of Golden Gate Park. At least twenty thousand people attended the Be-In including Timothy Leary, Allen Ginsberg, Gary Snyder, Michael McClure, Lenore Kandell, The Grateful Dead, and Big Brother and the Holding Company. The event is widely recognised as the catalyst that led to the Summer of Love later that year. After the Be-In had finished, Bowen phoned Mexico, and both he and Allen Ginsberg spoke with <mask>. Tepoztlan, 1967-1976
In early 1967 <mask> formed the Church of ONE. The Church of ONE was represented at a press conference held in Haight Ashbury on April 5, 1967, for "The Council for the Summer of Love". Other members of the Church of ONE included Rosalind Sharpe Wall and Michael Bowen.In mid-1967 Michael Bowen left Haight Ashbury and returned to Mexico where he lived with <mask> in Tepoztlan. In October 1967 <mask> gave Bowen money to fly from Mexico to New York. The anti-war March on the Pentagon was being threatened by radical elements seeking confrontation. In New York, Bowen raised further money from Peggy Hitchcock, drove to Washington and purchased thousands of daisies. Some of these flowers were photographed in the gun-barrels of the soldiers protecting the Pentagon, and this image became iconic of the Sixties. Bowen again spoke to <mask> after the event. During 1968, the 22 New Tarot images were published as large meditation posters.In December 1968 T: The New Tarot, a book by <mask> and Rosalind Sharpe Wall, was published. In April 1969 <mask> and his partner Pablo flew to California for a final Ouija session. Bill Eaton, Rosalind Sharpe Wall, and four others attended, including Dr. Ralph Metzner, who wrote an introduction to T: the New Tarot. In September 1969 the complete 78-card New Tarot for the Aquarian Age was

masks: Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke Cooke


title: John Starr Cooke

texts:
 issued as a box set, with an instruction booklet and a revised version of T: The New Tarot. The box set was re-issued in April 1970 and July 1970. By the 1970s the mysterious burn on <mask>'s shoulder, despite coming and going over the years, remained an open sore. He had previously travelled to the US for two unsuccessful operations to have it closed up, where the ailment was diagnosed as skin cancer.On a third occasion he was told the wound was too deep for surgery and that nothing more could be done. In due course, the cancer would cut through an artery in his neck and he would bleed to death. In 1971 <mask> denounced Timothy Leary. <mask> continued to practice magic and to teach ONE consciousness, attracting new students as well as old. Michael Bowen paid a final visit in 1973. In 1974, Rosalind Sharpe Wall issued the ONE Ouija session transcripts as "The Word of One". As <mask> grew weaker, Alice went down to Mexico to care for him.In early 1976 <mask> became the basis of a film Prophecy of the Royal Maze, which showed him doing a New Tarot reading for the Aquarian Age. By this time he was in great pain from a swollen hand caused by the cancer in his shoulder moving down his arm. He saw a preliminary version of the film a few nights before he died but the film was not completed for another year. <mask> died August 21, 1976, aged 56. Prophesy of the Royal Maze was released 21 June 1978 and screened in Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York, London, and Honolulu. After death

In 1979 Alice Kent issued Communify, a New Tarot-based board game that she had devised with <mask>. In 1992 Alice Kent re-issued the New Tarot as part of a box set which included the Atlantean Tarot and the Medieval Tarot.Footnotes

1920 births
1976 deaths
Mystics
American spiritual teachers
American spiritual writers
American occult writers
Tarot readers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
People from

masks: Cooke Cooke Cooke John Cooke Cooke Cooke


title: Rafael Nadal

texts: <mask> (, ; born 3 June 1986) is a Spanish professional tennis player. <mask> is ranked world No. 4 in singles by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP); he has been ranked world No. 1 by the ATP for 209 weeks and has finished as the year-end No. 1 five times. <mask> has won 21 Grand Slam men's singles titles, the most in history. He has won 91 ATP singles titles, with 62 on clay, including a record 13 French Open titles and 26 of his 36 Masters titles.<mask>'s 81 consecutive wins on clay is the longest single-surface win streak in the Open Era. <mask> was one of the most successful teenagers in ATP Tour history, reaching No. 2 in the world and winning 16 titles before his 20th birthday, including his first French Open and six Masters events. <mask> became No. 1 for the first time in 2008 after his first Major victory off clay against his rival, the longtime top-ranked Roger Federer, in a historic Wimbledon final. He also won an Olympic gold medal that year in singles in Beijing. After defeating Novak Djokovic at the 2010 US Open final, then 24-year-old <mask> became the youngest man in the Open Era to achieve the career Grand Slam, and the first man to win three Majors on three different surfaces (hard, grass and clay) in the same year.With his Olympic gold medal, he is one of only two men to complete the career Golden Slam in singles (the other being Andre Agassi). From 2005 to 2017, <mask> was coached by his uncle <mask>. Since 2010, <mask> has continued to dominate at the French Open, winning at least four consecutive titles twice, while also winning three more US Open titles and another Australian Open title. He surpassed Djokovic and

masks:
Rafael Nadal Parera
Nadal
Nadal
Nadal
Nadal
Nadal
Nadal
Nadal
Toni Nadal
Nadal


title: Rafael Nadal

texts:
 Federer's record for the most Major men's singles titles at the 2022 Australian Open, where he also completed the double career Grand Slam. <mask> is the only left-handed member of the Big Three. One of his main strengths is his forehand, which he routinely hits with extremely heavy topspin at difficult angles. He is one of the best at breaking serve, regularly appearing among the tour leaders in percentage of return games, return points, and break points won.<mask> has won the Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award five times, and was the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year in 2011 and 2021. Representing Spain, he has an Olympic gold medal in both singles and doubles, and has been involved in five Davis Cup titles. <mask> has also opened a tennis academy in Mallorca, and is an active philanthropist. Early life
<mask> Parera was born on 3 June 1986 in Manacor, a town on the island of Mallorca in the Balearic Islands, Spain, to parents Ana María Parera Femenías and Sebastián <mask> Homar. His father is a businessman, owner of an insurance company, glass and window company Vidres Mallorca, and the restaurant, Sa Punta. <mask> has a younger sister, María Isabel. His uncle, Miguel Ángel <mask>, is a retired professional footballer, who played for RCD Mallorca, FC Barcelona, and the Spanish national team.He idolized Barcelona striker Ronaldo as a child, and via his uncle got access to the Barcelona dressing room to have a photo with the Brazilian. Recognizing in <mask> a natural talent, another uncle, <mask>, a tennis coach, introduced him to the game when he was three years old. At age 8, <mask> won an under-12 regional tennis championship at a time when he was

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Rafael Nadal
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Toni Nadal
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title: Rafael Nadal

texts:
 also a promising football player. This made <mask> intensify training, and it was at that time that his uncle encouraged <mask> to play left-handed for a natural advantage on the tennis court, after studying Nadal's then two-handed forehand stroke. At age 12, <mask> won the Spanish and European tennis titles in his age group, while he was also playing football. <mask>'s father made him choose between football and tennis so that his schoolwork would not deteriorate entirely. Nadal said: "I chose tennis.Football had to stop straight away." When he was 14, the Spanish tennis federation requested that <mask> leave Mallorca and move to Barcelona to continue his tennis training. His family turned down this request, partly because they feared his education would suffer, but also because Toni said that "I don't want to believe that you have to go to America, or other places to be a good athlete. You can do it from your home." The decision to stay home meant less financial support from the federation; instead, <mask>'s father covered the costs. In May 2001, he defeated former Grand Slam tournament champion Pat Cash in a clay-court exhibition match. Professional tennis career

2001–2004: Early career and Davis Cup title
<mask> turned professional at age 15, and participated in two events on the ITF junior circuit.He finished 2001 with a Challenger series record of 1–1 in singles with no titles or finals appearances. He did not participate in any doubles Challengers events. At ITF Futures, <mask>'s record was 7–5 in singles and 1–2 in doubles, with no titles or finals appearances. In 2002, <mask> reached the semifinals of the junior singles event at Wimbledon, in

masks:
Toni Nadal
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Nadal
Nadal
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Nadal
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title: Rafael Nadal

texts: his first ITF junior event. In the same year, he helped Spain defeat the US in the final of the Junior Davis Cup in his second and final appearance on the ITF junior circuit. <mask>'s Challenger level record in 2002 was 4–2 in singles with no titles. He did not participate in any doubles Challengers events.<mask> finished the year with a Futures record of 40–9 in singles and 10–9 in doubles. He won 6 singles tournaments at this level, including 5 on clay and 1 on hard courts. He did not reach any doubles finals. On 29 April 2002, in his hometown of Mallorca and at 15 years and 10 months of age, <mask> won his first ATP match by defeating Ramón Delgado, and became the ninth player in the Open Era to do so before the age of 16. In doubles, <mask> and his partner, Bartolomé Salvá Vidal, were defeated in the first round by David Adams and Simon Aspelin. In 2003, <mask> won two Challenger titles and finished the year ranked as the world No. 49.He won the ATP Newcomer of the Year Award. In his Wimbledon debut in 2003, he became the youngest man to reach the third round since Boris Becker in 1984. <mask> then participated at Båstad, where he lost to Nicolas Lapentti in the quarterfinals, and at Stuttgart, where he lost to Fernando González in the round of 32. At Umag, he lost to Carlos Moyá in the semifinals. After playing two more Challenger level events, the last of his career, <mask> finished his 2003 campaign with three first round losses in ATP events. <mask> also competed in seven doubles tournaments in 2003, and won his first ATP title (doubles or singles) at Umag, partnering Álex López Morón to defeat Todd Perry and Thomas Shimada in the final. 2004

masks: Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal


title: Rafael Nadal

texts:
 started with a doubles title alongside Tommy Robredo at the Chennai Open.In singles, <mask> reached the third round of the Australian Open, where he lost in straight-sets to former world No. 1 and Australian native Lleyton Hewitt. Later that year, <mask> played the first of his many matches against Roger Federer, then ranked No. 1, in the third round of the Miami Open, winning in straight sets before a loss to Fernando González in the fourth round. He missed most of the clay court season, including the French Open, because of a stress fracture in his left ankle. In August, <mask> won his first ATP singles title at the Prokom Open by defeating José Acasuso in the final. <mask>, at 18 years and six months of age, became the youngest player to register a singles victory in a Davis Cup final for a winning nation.By beating world No. 2 Andy Roddick on clay in Spain, he helped Spain clinch the 2004 title over the United States. He finished the year ranked as the world No. 51. 2005: First Grand Slam title

At the 2005 Australian Open, <mask> lost in the fourth round to eventual runner-up Lleyton Hewitt. Two months later, he reached the final of the 2005 Miami Masters, and despite being two points from a straight-sets victory, he was defeated in five sets by No. 1 Roger Federer.Both performances were considered breakthroughs for <mask>. He then dominated the spring clay-court season. He won 24 consecutive singles matches, breaking Andre Agassi's Open Era record of consecutive match wins for a male teenager. <mask> won the Torneo Conde de Godó in Barcelona and beat 2004 French Open runner-up Guillermo Coria in the finals of the 2005 Monte Carlo Masters and the

masks: Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal


title: Rafael Nadal

texts: 2005 Rome Masters. These victories raised his ranking to No. 5 and made him one of the favorites at his career-first French Open. On his 19th birthday, <mask> defeated Federer in the 2005 French Open semifinals, being one of only four players to defeat the top-seeded player that year (along with Marat Safin, Richard Gasquet, and David Nalbandian).Two days later, he defeated Mariano Puerta in the final, becoming the second male player, after Mats Wilander in 1982, to win the French Open on his first attempt. He was the first teenager to win a Grand Slam singles title since Pete Sampras won the 1990 US Open at age 19. Winning improved his ranking to No. 3. Three days after his victory in Paris, <mask>'s 24-match winning streak was snapped in the first round of the grass court Gerry Weber Open in Halle, Germany, where he lost to Alexander Waske. He then lost in the second round of 2005 Wimbledon to Gilles Müller of Luxembourg. Immediately after Wimbledon, <mask> won 16 consecutive matches and three consecutive tournaments, bringing his ranking to No.2 on 25 July 2005. <mask> started his North American summer hard-court season by defeating Agassi in the final of the 2005 Canada Masters, but lost in the first round of the 2005 Cincinnati Masters. <mask> was seeded second at the 2005 US Open, but was upset in the third round by No. 49 James Blake in four sets. In September, he defeated Coria in the final of the China Open in Beijing and won both of his Davis Cup matches against Italy. In October, he won his fourth Masters title of the year, defeating Ivan Ljubičić in the final of the 2005 Madrid Masters. He then suffered a foot injury that prevented him from

masks: Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal


title: Rafael Nadal

texts:
 competing in the year-ending Tennis Masters Cup.Both <mask> and Federer won eleven singles titles and four Masters titles in 2005. <mask> broke Mats Wilander's previous teenage record of nine in 1983. Eight of <mask>'s titles were on clay, and the remainder were on hard courts. <mask> won 79 matches, second only to Federer's 81. Also, he earned the highest year-end ranking ever by a Spaniard and the ATP Most Improved Player of the Year award. 2006: Second French Open title

<mask> missed the Australian Open because of a foot injury. In February, he lost in the semifinals of the first tournament he played, the Open 13 tournament in Marseille, France.Two weeks later, he handed Roger Federer his first loss of the year in the final of the Dubai Duty Free Men's Open (in 2006, <mask> and Andy Murray were the only two men who defeated Federer). To complete the spring hard-court season, <mask> was upset in the semifinals of the Pacific Life Open in Indian Wells, California, by James Blake, and was upset in the second round of the 2006 Miami Masters. On European clay, <mask> won all four tournaments he entered and 24 consecutive matches. He defeated Federer in the final of the Masters Series Monte Carlo in four sets. The following week, he defeated Tommy Robredo in the final of the Open Sabadell Atlántico tournament in Barcelona. After a one-week break, <mask> won Rome Masters title defeating Federer in a fifth-set tiebreaker in the final, after saving two match points and equaling Björn Borg's tally of 16 ATP titles won as a teenager. <mask> broke Argentinian Guillermo Vilas's 29-year male record of 53 consecutive clay-court match victories by winning his first

masks:
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Nadal
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Nadal
Nadal
Rafael Nadal
Nadal
Nadal
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Nadal


title: Rafael Nadal

texts: round match at the French Open.Vilas presented <mask> with a trophy, but commented later that <mask>'s feat was less impressive than his own because <mask>'s winning streak covered two years and was accomplished by adding easy tournaments to his schedule. <mask> went on to play Federer in the final of the French Open. The first two sets of the match were hardly competitive, as the rivals traded 6–1 sets. <mask> won the third set easily and served for the match in the fourth set before Federer broke him and forced a tiebreaker. <mask> won the tiebreaker and became the first to defeat Federer in a Grand Slam tournament final. <mask> injured his shoulder during a quarterfinal match against Lleyton Hewitt at the Artois Championships, played on grass at the Queen's Club in London. <mask> was unable to complete the match, which ended his 26-match winning streak.<mask> was seeded second at Wimbledon, and was two points from defeat against American qualifier Robert Kendrick in the second round before coming back to win in five sets. In the third round, <mask> defeated No. 20 Andre Agassi in straight sets in Agassi's last career match at Wimbledon. <mask> also won his next three matches in straight sets, which set up his first Wimbledon final, which was against Federer, who had won this tournament the three previous years. <mask> was the first Spanish man since Manuel Santana in 1966, to reach the Wimbledon final, but Federer won the match in four sets to win his fourth consecutive Wimbledon title. During the lead up to the US Open, <mask> played the two Masters tournaments in North America. He was upset in the third round of the Rogers Cup in Toronto and the

masks: Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal


title: Rafael Nadal

texts:
 quarterfinals of the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters in Cincinnati.<mask> was seeded second at the US Open, but lost in the quarterfinals to No. 54 Mikhail Youzhny of Russia in four sets. <mask> played only three tournaments the remainder of the year. Joachim Johansson, ranked No. 690, upset <mask> in the second round of the Stockholm Open. The following week, <mask> lost to Tomáš Berdych in the quarterfinals of the year's last Masters tournament, the Mutua Madrileña Masters in Madrid. During the round-robin stage of the year-ending Tennis Masters Cup, <mask> lost to James Blake but defeated Nikolay Davydenko and Robredo.Because of those two victories, <mask> qualified for the semifinals, where he lost to Federer. This was <mask>'s third loss in nine career matches with Federer. <mask> went on to become the first player since Andre Agassi in 1994–95 to finish the year ranked No. 2 in consecutive years. 2007: Third French Open title

<mask> started the year by playing in six hard-court tournaments. He lost in the semifinals and first round of his first two tournaments and then lost in the quarterfinals of the Australian Open to eventual runner-up Fernando González. After another quarterfinal loss at the Dubai Tennis Championships, he won the 2007 Indian Wells Masters, before Novak Djokovic defeated him in the quarterfinals of the 2007 Miami Masters.He had comparatively more success after returning to Europe to play five clay-court tournaments. He won the titles at the Monte Carlo Masters, the Open Sabadell Atlántico in Barcelona, and the Rome Masters, before losing to Roger Federer in Hamburg Masters final. This defeat ended his 81-match

masks: Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal Nadal


title: Rafael Nadal

texts: winning streak on clay, which is the male Open Era record for consecutive wins on a single surface. He then rebounded to win the French Open for the third straight year, defeating Federer once again in the final. Between the tournaments in Barcelona and Rome, <mask> defeated Federer in the "Battle of Surfaces" exhibition match in Mallorca, Spain, with the tennis court being half grass and half clay. <mask> played the Artois Championships at the Queen's Club in London for the second consecutive year. As in 2006, <mask> was upset in the quarterfinals.<mask> then won consecutive five-set matches during the third and fourth rounds of Wimbledon before being beaten by Federer in the five-set final. This was Federer's first five-set match at Wimbledon since 2001. In July, <mask> won the clay-court Mercedes Cup in Stuttgart, which proved to be his last title of the year. He played three important tournaments during the North American summer hard court season. He was a semifinalist at the Canadian Masters in Montreal before losing his first match at the Cincinnati Masters. He was the second-seeded player at the US Open, but was defeated in the fourth round by David Ferrer. After a month-long break from tournament tennis, <mask> played Madrid Masters and Paris Masters.David Nalbandian upset him in the quarterfinals and final of those tournaments. To end the year, <mask> won two of his three-round robin matches to advance to the semifinals of the Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai, where Federer defeated him in straight sets. During the second half of the year, <mask> battled a knee injury suffered during the Wimbledon final. In addition, there were rumors at the end


title: Rafael Nadal

texts:
 of the year that the foot injury he suffered during 2005, caused long-term damage, which were given credence by coach <mask>'s claim that the problem was "serious". <mask> and his spokesman strongly denied this, however, with <mask> himself calling the story "totally false". 2008: Two majors, Olympic gold, second Davis Cup, and No. 1 ranking

<mask> began the year in India, where he was comprehensively beaten by Mikhail Youzhny in the final of the Chennai Open.<mask> then reached the semifinals of the Australian Open for the first time; Jo-Wilfried Tsonga defeated him in the semifinals in straight sets. <mask> also reached the final of the Miami Masters for the second time. During the spring clay-court season, <mask> won four singles titles and defeated Roger Federer in three finals. He beat Federer at the Monte Carlo Masters for the third straight year, capturing his Open Era record fourth consecutive title there. <mask> then won his fourth consecutive title at the Open Sabadell Atlántico tournament in Barcelona. A few weeks later, <mask> won his first Masters Hamburg title defeating Federer in a three-set final. He then won the French Open, becoming the fifth man in the Open Era to win a Grand Slam singles title without losing a set.He defeated Federer in the final for the third straight year, but this was the most lopsided of all their matches, as <mask> only lost four games and gave Federer his first bagel since 1999. This was <mask>'s fourth consecutive French title, tying Björn Borg's all-time record. <mask> became the fourth male player during Open era to win the same Grand Slam singles tournament four consecutive years (the others being Borg,

masks:
Toni Nadal
Nadal
Nadal
Nadal
Nadal
Nadal
Nadal
Nadal
Nadal
Nadal
Nadal
Nadal