title: Ranil Wickremesinghe

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 community.Opposition (1994–2001)
In the 1994 parliamentary elections, the UNP lost to Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga's People's Alliance (PA), and Kumaratunga was appointed Prime Minister of the country. Wickremasinghe was defeated in the race for Opposition Leader by two votes by fellow UNP member Gamini Dissanayake, who had re-joined the party. This gave Gamini Dissanayake the default leadership of the party and made him the presidential nominee of the UNP. The UNP was progressing well under Gamini Dissanayake's leadership, when he too was assassinated by the Tamil Tigers. Gamini Dissanayake's widow, Srima replaced him as the candidate of the UNP in the 1994 election. Securing just 35% of the vote, she lost to Chandrika Kumaratunga in all electorates except Mahiyangana. Afterwards, <mask> was appointed as the opposition leader as well as the UNP leader.Wickremesinghe was seen as a co-operative opposition leader who gave the government a chance to carry out its agenda in its early days. In the 1999 election, <mask> was nominated as UNP's presidential candidate. After a tense election campaign in the wake of the violent North Western Provincial Council election, the Tamil Tigers blasted a suicide bomb in an election campaign rally, in which President Kumaratunga lost her right eye. In the election held two days later 21 December 1999 amidst a wave of sympathy, Kumaratunga received 51% of the popular vote to be re-elected as
Executive President. The gap between <mask> and Kumaratunga was approximately 700,000 votes (6% of the valid votes). Kumaratunga was sworn in for her second term as president on 22 December 1999. After the loss of the 1999 presidential elections, Wickremasinghe unsuccessfully led his party in the 2000 parliamentary


title: Ranil Wickremesinghe

type: original

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 elections, again losing out to the PA.

Second premiership (2001–2004)

In the parliamentary general election 2001 UNF, led by <mask> <mask>, won 109 seats and PA was able to obtain only 77 seats.Consequently, he was able to form a new UNF government and sworn as the 17th Prime Minister of Sri Lanka on 9 December 2001. However Chandrika Kumaratunga still remained the President of the country. This led to a confusing situation where the President and the Prime Minister were from two opposite parties. Although, according to the constitution, both head of state and head of government was the President, Prime Minister <mask> Wickremesinghe was able to appoint his own cabinet  and he had the actual control over the government. President Chandrika Kumaratunga also chaired cabinet meetings as de facto head, but her influence over decision making was strictly limited. He also requested international community to assist in development during the ceasefire which led to the Tokyo Donor Conference on Reconstruction and Development of Sri Lanka was held in June 2003 in which Sri Lanka received more than 4.5 billion dollars in reconstruction and development aid. During this time he proposed the creation of the "Western Region Megapolis" project.Planned with the assistance of architects and town planners of a Singaporean firm CESMA, it proposed to create a large city in the western province that can rival major cities in the world. However the project did not proceed after the fall of his government. Foreign policy
<mask> <mask>'s foreign policy during his tenant as the Prime Minister pushed closer relations with the west. He expected their economical backing to overcome the economic crisis. He also largely took assistance, especially from Norway, to

masks: Ranil Wickremesinghe Ranil Ranil Wickremesinghe


title: Ranil Wickremesinghe

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 resolve the ongoing Ethnic Problem in Sri Lanka. In July 2002 he was able to meet George W. Bush, the President of the United States during that period. It was the first time after 18 years a Sri Lankan leader met the US leader in the White House.This visit was primarily focused on building new relationships based on economical links between United States and Sri Lanka. Furthermore, US government pledged to support his peace efforts with LTTE. He also met the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair, the Prime Minister of Japan Junichiro Koizumi  and the Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Many of these visits were focused on the issues regarding resolving the Ethnic Problem in Sri Lanka. Peace process
<mask> Wickremesinghe believed a political solution based on a United Sri Lanka was the permanent solution to the Ethnic Problem in Sri Lanka. He also believed that such a solution could be reached through a peaceful negotiation process with LTTE. Ceasefire Agreement (CFA)
Three months after the election <mask> <mask>'s government entered into a ceasefire agreement (CFA) with LTTE.The agreement was signed on 22 February 2002 at different locations in the war zone by both parties and Norwegian Ambassador to Sri Lanka Jon Westborg acted as the facilitator. It was said that the main objective of this agreement was to find a negotiated solution to the ongoing ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. Both parties agreed to halt all offensive military operations. An international monitoring mission called Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission (SLMM) was formed to inquire into any instance of violation of the terms and conditions of this agreement. In the aftermath of signing CFA the island was deemed as a safe place once again, after decades of war.

masks: Ranil Ranil Wickremesinghe


title: Ranil Wickremesinghe

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 Authority (ISGA). The proposal was handed over to the government through Norwegian Ambassador Hans Brattskar. Analysts saw Wickremesinghe was fanning the internecine feuds among the Tigers and systematically weakening them and a foreign policy intended to tighten the global dragnet against the LTTE. Agreements were signed with the US which allowed Sri Lanka get assistance in terms of military training, military technology, intelligence, special training in counter-terrorism and direct monetary assistance for military development. During the ceasefire period United States Pacific Command assessment team conducted a study from Sept 12–2002 to Oct 24, 2002 which made several recommendations to strengthen the capabilities of the Sri Lanka Army, Sri Lanka Navy and Sri Lanka Air Force in case of the peace process failing.After studying the weakness of the military the study recommended the use of cluster bombs (Which weren't banned until 2010 when Cluster Munitions Convention came into effect)to destroy unarmoured area targets and recommended arming Kafirs and Mi-24 gunships with guided weapons in case of fighting close to enemy forces. The US also donated the SLNS Samudura during this time

Criticism on peace process
The opposition and the nationalistic movements of the country strongly opposed CFA and the overall peace process of <mask> <mask>'s regime. They continuously criticized and protested against CFA claiming it as a threat to the sovereignty of the country which ultimately leads the way to a separate state for LTTE, so called Ealam. It was later claimed by Karuna Amman who defected from the LTTE during <mask> <mask>'s regime that the LTTE dragged the peace talks to smuggle weapons and ammunition including aircraft. LTTE continuously

masks: Ranil Wickremesinghe Ranil Wickremesinghe


title: Ranil Wickremesinghe

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 violated CFA in great many occasions. In August 2007 SLMM agreed that LTTE had violated CFA in total 3830 occasions while government of Sri Lanka had violated CFA in only 351 occasions. Several Sri Lankan Army intelligence operatives were allegedly killed by LTTE during this period.Nationalistic movements of the country also widely criticized the proposal for an Interim Self Governing Authority by LTTE arguing that would divide the country. They claimed it had all the pre-requirements for a separate state for LTTE. Ultimately CFA and its consequences became the main topic of debate during Presidential Election. It was evident from the results of the election that the Sinhalese majority of the country disapproved of CFA. End of the Regime
Few days after LTTE proposed of the Interim Self Governing Authority (ISGA), President Chandrika Kumaratunga sacked three ministers of the cabinet and took over the ministries using her constitutional powers ending the uneasy coalition between her and the Prime Minister <mask> <mask> while he was out of the country. Addressing the nation she claimed that this decision was taken in the interest of national security. Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna also decided to ally with PA to defeat the <mask> <mask>'s government which they claimed as a threat to the sovereignty of the country.Consequently, President Chandrika Kumaratunga dissolved the parliament on 7 February 2004
 which effectively ended <mask> <mask>'s regime. Opposition (2004–2015)

In the 2004 Parliamentary Elections held on 2 April <mask> <mask>'s UNF lost governmental office. Despite the expectation of a full six-year term, and planned projects cut short by the defeat, the UNP was optimistic that it could regain power in a future election. Within 14

masks: Ranil Wickremesinghe Ranil Wickremesinghe Ranil Wickremesinghe Ranil Wickremesinghe


title: Ranil Wickremesinghe

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 months of UPFA's victory, the radical JVP wing's (composed of over 30 members) parting of ways with the government, left the UPFA's parliamentary composition well short of the required majority. He remained in the post of the Opposition Leader until 2015, when Maithripala Sirisena who sworn in as the President, appointed him as the Prime Minister. Presidential election, 2005
In December 2004, Wickkamaesinghe was chosen by the United National Party as its presidential candidate for Presidential Elections due in late 2005. The Supreme Court decided in August 2005 that the elections should be held that year despite the President's argument that her term would end in 2006.Mahinda Rajapaksa, then Prime Minister, was nominated as the Presidential candidate of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party. In the Presidential Election held on 17 November 2005, Wickremesinghe was defeated narrowly by Mahinda Rajapaksa, who gained 50.29% of the vote to Wickremesinghe's 48.43%. A large number of the minority Tamil population in the Northern and Eastern parts of the country, who were largely expected to back Wickremesinghe were prevented from voting by the extremist LTTE, which had enforced a boycott of the polls. Provincial elections, 2008–2009
With the success in defeating LTTE in war, the government held a series of provincial elections in 2008 and 2009 for 8 provincial councils (Eastern, North Central, Sabaragamuwa, North Western, Central, Western, Uva, and Southern). In all occasions, UNP was soundly defeated by a large margin by UPFA. Of all the elections UNP obtained only 30% of the total polled and UPFA was able to gain 59% of the total polled. The margin was 2,527,783
compared to 180,786 in Presidential Election  in 2005.Presidential election, 2010
<mask>


title: Ranil Wickremesinghe

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 <mask>, signed an Alliance Agreement with twelve other opposition parties in November 2009 and he announced that, a Common Candidate would be fielded for the Presidential Election which would be held in 2010. Later he announced that the former Army Commander, Sarath Fonseka has been selected as the common candidate and pledged to support him. Presidential election, 2015
UNP along several other parties and civil organizations signed to an Understanding Agreement and decided to field the then Secretary General of Sri Lanka Freedom Party, Maithripala Sirisena as the Common Candidate for the Presidential Election and the Common Candidate pledged to appoint <mask> Wickeremesinghe, as the Prime Minister if he would win the election. In the elections held on 8 January 2015, Common Candidate Maithripala Sirisena was selected as the 6th President of Sri Lanka and on 9 January 2015 when he was sworn in, he appointed <mask> <mask> as the Prime Minister of the Sri Lankan Parliament. Third premiership (2015–2019)
Following the 2015 Presidential Election's United National Party-led common candidate Maithripala Sirisena having won 51.28% of votes and under Memorandum of Understanding agreement, <mask> was appointed as prime minister for the 100-day program plan and this is his third term as Prime Minister of Sri Lanka. <mask> vowed to regain majority in the Parliament and making it as the United National Party's Government, at the same time he also promised to secure the futures of younger generations and instantly confirmed that the Government will launch 1 million jobs for the youth as well advancement for the education and health sectors will maintain as promised. He also took steps to develop the former war-zones by touring the affected areas and met

masks: Wickremesinghe Ranil Ranil Wickremesinghe Wickremesinghe Wickremesinghe


title: Ranil Wickremesinghe

texts: civil activists to discuss the issues faced by the Jaffna civilians and schools and to expedite investigations of missing persons.He also took steps to uplift Northern Province communities and to improve their standard of living. UNP/UNFGG-led by Wickremesinghe had won the General Parliamentary Elections held on 17 August 2015, making himself the Prime Minister for his 4th term, with 106 seats in 225-member Parliament of Sri Lanka forming the government (though short of 7 seats to secure the simple majority of the Parliament) defeating the political rivalry UPFA de facto leader and former President Mahinda Rajapaksa in his bid to return as prime minister after his defeat as president. <mask> also scored the highest preferential votes in the election with 500,556 votes, beating his common antagonist Rajapaksa by a considerable margin (with Rajapaksa garnering 423,529 preferential votes) whilst setting a new record as the candidate with the highest number of preferential votes in Sri Lankas' elections history. He also restarted the Megapolis plan which he started in when he was PM in 2001–2004. Surbana was consulted to revise the master plan to suit newer needs. The Ministry of Megapolis and Western development was created for project and the project which expects to convert the currently unplanned Western Province into a major megapolis by 2030 with an estimated population of 8.4 million and expects to solve the issues concerning traffic congestion, waste management and slum dwellers in urban areas. Wickremesinghe also showed interest in Surbana creating a similar plan for Trincomalee in the Eastern province and an agreement was later signed with Surbana for the purpose.He proposed major economic reforms and proposed a knowledge based social


title: Ranil Wickremesinghe

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 Arjuna Mahendra on charges of criminal breach of trust for allegedly providing confidential information of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka to Perpetual Treasuries Limited. 2018 local election

United National Party led by <mask> Wickramasinghe suffered shocking defeat in the 2018 local authority elections. They were only able to secure 34 councils out of 340 total councils. Mahinda Rajapaksa’s proxy Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna won 231 councils. After the election defeat some MPs of UNP and party members asked <mask> Wickramasinghe to resign from the party leadership and Prime Minister position. Some media reported that President Maithripala Sirisena also urged <mask> Wickramasinghe to resign from his position leading into political crisis. Foreign policy

His foreign policy was aimed at re-balancing relations with India and the West that were strained during the previous regime and keeping good relations with China as well.He also chose to restart discussions to solve the Indo-Sri Lanka fishing dispute but strongly defended the Sri Lankan navy's right to shoot Indian fishermen that fish in Sri Lankan waters, stating:

His foreign policy was seen as moving away from the Rajapaksa government's isolationist policies, which distanced Sri Lanka from the western world. His policies were seen to attract investments and financial aid. His government allowed a 99-year lease of a port to a Chinese company which caused protests in 2017. He also worked to develop relations with Japan and Singapore, choosing them as his second and third foreign state visits after being elected as prime minister. During his visit to Japan, he promised to support Japan's bid to secure a seat on the United Nations Security Council and entered to a "comprehensive partnership"

masks: Ranil Ranil Ranil


title: Ranil Wickremesinghe

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 Alliance withdrew from the unity government. He also informed <mask> Wickremesinghe was removed from office. Wickremesinghe said he refuses to accept the dismissal claiming that it was unconstitutional which triggered a constitutional crisis.Following rulings by the Supreme court and the Appeal court, Rajapaksa backed down and Wickremesinghe was re-instated at prime minister on 16 December 2018. Presidential election, 2019

Following much internal party negotiations Wickremesinghe agreed to back Sajith Premadasa as the party candidate for the 2019 Sri Lankan presidential election. Premadasa was defeated by Gotabaya Rajapaksa who gained 52.25% of the votes against 41.99% by Premadasa. Post premiership (2019-)

Parliamentary election, 2020

Following his defeat, Premadasa left the part to form his own party, Samagi Jana Balawegaya from which he contested the 2020 Sri Lankan parliamentary election. Wickremesinghe lead the remaining party members in the parliamentary election which was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2020 parliamentary elections resulted in a landslide victory of the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna led by Mahinda Rajapaksa gaining 59.09% of the votes and securing 145 seats in parliament and the Samagi Jana Balawegaya gaining 23.90% votes and 54 seats. The United National Party suffering its worst defeat in its history received a total of 249,435 votes, which was 2.15% of votes cased.For the first time in its history it failed win a single seat in parliament, having only gained one national list seat. Re-enters parliament as an MP, 2021
<mask> <mask> was sworn in as a member of parliament on the 23rd of June 2021. He re-entered Parliament as a National List MP of the United National Party. Criticism

Dissent within the


title: Ranil Wickremesinghe

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 Party
Dr. Sarath Amunugama and Nanda Mathew were the first UNP members of parliament to crossover and joined the government in 1999 during <mask> <mask>'s tenure as the leader of UNP. This was followed by Wijayapala Mendis, a veteran UNP member of parliament since 1965, who joined the government in 2000. After the defeat in 2004 parliamentary election a senior member of UNP and a former minister of <mask> <mask>'s 2001–2004 government, Rohitha Bogollagama switched sides and allied with government. Soon after the defeat in the presidential election in 2005 Mahinda Samarasinghe and Keheliya Rambukwella defected to the government.Both were former ministers of <mask> <mask>'s 2001–2004 government and senior members of the party. Mahinda Samarasinghe was the government chief whip (2001–2004) and the opposition chief whip(2004–2006). Keheliya Rambukwella had gained the highest number of votes in 2004 parliamentary election from Kandy district. Following the controversy that resulted in the rejection of the UNP list of candidates for the Colombo Municipal Council election in 2006 that led to the UNP losing control over the council after 50 years, prompted several senior members in the party to challenge <mask>'s leadership and demanded his resignation as party leader. This group pushed to have Wickremesinghe replaced by the deputy party leader Karu Jayasuriya. However, this bid fell thought due to the lack of support from the majority of the party seniors. In 2007, Wickremesinghe established a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the Mahinda Rajapaksa government agreeing to UNP's collaboration with the government on issues of national interest.However, shortly afterwards, 17 of the UNP's 60 members in parliament, including the group who had

masks: Ranil Wickremesinghe Ranil Wickremesinghe Ranil Wickremesinghe Wickremesinghe


title: Ranil Wickremesinghe

texts: challenged Wickremesinghe's leadership, led by deputy leader Karu Jayasuriya crossed over to the governing UPFA ranks in parliament and were given ministerial appointments. The group consisted of senior members of UNP and many of them were former ministers of <mask> <mask>'s 2001–2004 government: Karu Jayasuriya (Deputy Leader of UNP), M. H. Mohamed (former speaker of the parliament), Milinda Moragoda, G. L. Peiris, Bandula Gunawardane, Lakshman Yapa Abeywardena, Gamini Lokuge, P. Dayaratna, Mano Wijeyeratne, Rajitha Senaratne, R.A.D. Sirisena, Mahinda Wijesekara, Naween Dissanayake, Hemakumara Nanayakkara, R. M. Dharmadasa Banda, Neomal Perera and Chandrasiri Sooriyaarachchi. However, in late 2008, Jayasuriya crossed over once again to the opposition and was given back the deputy leader post. In February 2008, Wickremasinghe was once again under pressure to step down from the party leadership to accept an advisory position, from a majority of the UNP's parliamentary group. In March, the UNP working committee decided to create a new post called Senior Leader of the party and appointed Wickremasinghe to the post. This was amid discussion with the UNP's parliamentary group about the need for the Wickremasinghe to relinquish his post (of party leader) so that a new leader could be appointed.However, late March the party working committee decided that he should remain as the party leader. The defection of the party stalwarts to join the government continued thereafter: Susantha Punchinilame, Mahinda Ratnatilaka and Nandimithra Ekanayake who were members of parliament, a famous business tycoon and UNP Anuradhapura district leaderThilanga Sumathipala, a prominent UNP youth leader and a member of Western Provincial Council  R. Duminda Silva, a

masks: Ranil Wickremesinghe


title: Ranil Wickremesinghe

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 former UNP member of parliament and a veteran actor Ravindra Randeniya, opposition leader in North Western Provincial Council Ashoka Wadigamangawa  all allied with the government in different occasions. The most recent defection was the members of Parliament Johnston Fernando and Indika Bandaranayake joining the government. It is alleged that over 60 UNP MPs left the party during Wickremesinghe's leadership. Batalanda detention centre
It was alleged by the People's Alliance government that <mask>, then a Minister, was the political authority behind an illegal detention centre in the Batalanda housing and industrial complex outside Colombo between 1988 and 1990 which was allegedly run by a government-backed counter-subversive unit as part of the state's operation to put down an armed insurgency by the JVP. The People's Alliance government of President Chandrika Kumaratunga, appointed a Special Presidential Commission of Inquiry to investigate activities of Batalanda and on 3 September 1997 Wickremesinghe was summoned to testify before the commission. The commissions report was released on 12 April 1998.The commission was a fact-finding mission and had no judicial powers, however it recommended the government to "bring the guilty to book". One of its findings was that "Wickremesinghe and the SSP Nalin Delgoda, are indirectly responsible for the maintenance of places of unlawful detention and torture chambers in houses at the Batalanda Housing Scheme". It further stated that Wickremesinghe held "unauthorised meetings of police officers involved in counter-insurgency operations in the housing complex, and that as such, he had abused his authority". No criminal proceedings took place thereafter. Allegations on conspiring against Gamini


title: Ranil Wickremesinghe

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 Dissanayake
In August 2012, Minister of Health and SLFP general secretary Maithripala Sirisena alleged that during the 1994 presidential election campaign, all campaign details concerning the UNP presidential candidate Gamini Dissanayake were being secretly passed on to his opponent, Chandrika Kumaratunga by Wickremesinghe. Minister Sirisena made this disclosure while addressing an election committee meeting held at Siripura, Polonnaruwa. Sirisena asserted that he has ample proof to validate his claim and allegations.Consequently, both parties started to challenge each other for open media debates. Allegations of "dictatorial behavior" in the party
<mask> was accused of being a dictator as the leader of UNP. The Mahanayaka of the Asgiri Chapter the Most Venerable Udugama Sri Buddharakkitha Thero once has said that since recently the Opposition Leader <mask> Wickremasinghe is acting like a dictator. On 2010, UNP MP Dayasiri Jayasekara accused in that within the constitution of the UNP <mask> Wickremasinghe is not a democratic leader but a dictator. Former minister and UNP MP Mahinda Wijesekara accused that "We don't need a dictator in the party" as Wickremesinghe opposed for the party reforms. Family and personal life
Wickremasinghe married Maitree Wickremasinghe, Sri Lankan academic and Professor of English in 1994. Wickremasinghe has made several efforts to keep his private life out of politics.His personal life is rarely publicized or discussed. Maitree Wickremasinghe avoided the political spotlight until Wickremasinghe's recent re election as prime minister in 2015. His paternal grandfather was Cyril Leonard Wickremesinghe, CCS who was the first Sinhalese Land Commissioner and his grandmother was Esme Moonemalle Goonewardene, daughter of

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title: Ranil Wickremesinghe

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 Proctor Edward Goonewardene and Ada Moonemalle of Moonemalle Walawwa, Kurunegala whose brother was Theodore Barcroft L. Moonemalle Proctor and Member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon. His maternal grand father was D. R. Wijewardena son of Muhandiram Tudugalage Don Philip Wijewardena and Helena Wijewardena nee Dep Weerasinghe. His grandmother was Alice Ruby Meedeniya, daughter of J. H. Meedeniya Adigar of Meedeniya Walawwa, Ruwanwella and Corneliya Magdleine Senanayake whose mother was Corneliya Regina Senanayake nee Obeyesekere, sister of Lambertus Obeyesekere Maha Mudaliyar of Kataluwa Walawwa. A number of members of Wickremesinghe's family are currently active in the government. His cousins State Minister of Defence Ruwan Wijewardene, State Minister of Foreign Affairs Wasantha Senanayake and his aunt Sri Lanka High Commissioner to the United Kingdom Amari Wijewardene.Honours
 Robert E. Wilhelm Fellow - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2014)
 Doctor of Laws (honorary) – Deakin University (2017)

International affiliations
He is a member of International Democrat Union. The IDU held a meeting in Sri Lanka in 2004 under his influence, when he was prime minister. Electoral history

See also
 List of political families in Sri Lanka
 List of international prime ministerial trips made by Ranil Wickremesinghe

Notes

References

Further reading
 <mask> Wickramasinghe (2005), Desapalanaya saha dharmaya, Publisher: Nugeegoda Sarasavi Prakasanayo,
 Jayaratna, A. E. (2005), Ranil Wickramasinghe: Darshanaya Saha Saame Mawatha,

External links

Ranil Wickremesinghe's Web Site
 The Wickremasinghe Ancestry
 Wijewardene Ancestry
 Hon. Ranil Wickremasinghe's Father
 Website of the Parliament of Sri Lanka

 United National Party website
 "Ranil


title: E. O. Excell

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<mask> (December 13, 1851 – June 10, 1921), commonly known as E. O<mask>, was a prominent American publisher, composer, song leader, and singer of music for church, Sunday school, and evangelistic meetings during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Some of the significant collaborators in his vocal and publishing work included Sam P. Jones, William E. Biederwolf, Gipsy Smith, Charles Reign Scoville, J. Wilbur Chapman, W. E. M. Hackleman, Charles H. Gabriel and D. B. Towner. His 1909 stanza selection and arrangement of Amazing Grace became the most widely used and familiar setting of that hymn by the second half of the twentieth century. The influence of his sacred music on American popular culture through revival meetings, religious conventions, circuit chautauquas, and church hymnals was substantial enough by the 1920s to garner a satirical reference by Sinclair Lewis in the novel <mask>antry. <mask> compiled or contributed to about ninety secular and sacred song books and is estimated to have written, composed, or arranged more than two thousand of the songs he published. The music publishing business he started in 1881 and that eventually bore his name was the highest volume producer of hymnbooks in America at the time of his death. Early years
<mask> was the son of German Reformed minister and self-published author J. J<mask>.He was born in Uniontown, Stark County, Ohio and attended public schools in Ohio and Pennsylvania. After marrying in 1871 near Brady's Bend, Pennsylvania, he relocated to that state and supported his family for several years as a plasterer, bricklayer, and singing instructor. His focus was turned to sacred music through his experience leading songs at revivals and worship services of Methodist Episcopal churches, first in East Brady and then, starting in 1881, Oil City, Pennsylvania. Between 1877 and 1883 he studied music formally at the Normal Musical Institutes of George F. Root where he also received vocal training under Root's son, Frederick. He moved to Chicago, base of Root's

masks:
Edwin Othello Excell
. Excell
Elmer G
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title: E. O. Excell

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 operations, in 1883 to pursue music publishing in earnest. Vocalist and song leader

<mask> was described as "a big, robust six-footer, with a six-in caliber voice" and extraordinary range that enabled him to solo as baritone or tenor. Publisher George H. Doran observed him leading songs at a revival and later noted that <mask> "was a master of mass control; he might easily have become conductor of some mighty chorus".These talents fostered his early success as a rural singing teacher in Pennsylvania and helped secure a position as church choirmaster for the two years preceding his move to Illinois. Two important contacts made during his early years in Chicago were Benjamin F. Jacobs and John H. Vincent. Both men had been heavily involved with the uniform Sunday school lesson system established among many Protestant denominations during the early 1870s. Vincent was also co-founder of the original Chautauqua Assembly and involved with the burgeoning church youth movements of the era, such as Christian Endeavor and Epworth Leagues. <mask> assisted with the music of their Sunday school work for at least two years and later served as music editor for correspondence courses Vincent established through the Chautauqua Press. He also performed as a vocalist for programs at the Chautauqua Institution. Insights gained from these associations were significant in that much of what Excell would later publish targeted Sunday school and youth program music needs.The Methodist Episcopal church of <mask>'s day was still divided into northern and southern denominations created by an antebellum split. <mask> and Vincent were affiliated with the northern branch known as the Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1885 he met Sam P. Jones, a Georgia evangelist of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, and was invited to join him as vocalist the following year, which included a campaign in Toronto during October 1886. Jones' musical director at that time was Marcellus J. Maxwell of Oxford, Georgia. He was also a capable singer and songwriter, though

masks: Excell Excell Excell Excell Excell


title: E. O. Excell

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 more reserved than <mask>. They became an effective musical team known informally as "Ex and Max". At some point prior to 1895, <mask> became the principal song leader and vocalist Jones referred to as "this big-hearted, noble soul ..., my chorister, Brother <mask>."The respect was mutual and good natured. In 1887 <mask> wrote and published a spiritualized rendition of "one of the trite sayings of the Reverend Sam P. Jones" titled You Better Quit Your Meanness. It was dedicated to Jones by "his Co-Worker, E. O<mask>". They worked together throughout the United States and Canada until Jones' death in 1906. Though their twenty-year partnership was not exclusive, it was one of the most significant influences on <mask>'s career. While serving as Jones' chorister, <mask> became adept at crafting large volunteer choirs out of recruits from multiple local churches that had never sung together before. These combined revival and evangelistic meeting choirs typically had fewer than 400 participants.However, William Shaw of Christian Endeavor listed <mask> among Ira Sankey, Homer Rodeheaver, and other distinguished musicians who had led choirs in the range of one thousand to four thousand voices at their conventions. <mask> assisted a number of other evangelists and religious conference leaders in various musical capacities. He worked as a vocalist for William E. Biederwolf, a Presbyterian minister active with the Winona Lake Bible Conference and its related chautauqua, with whom he also collaborated on a number of hymnbooks. During the final decade of his life he assisted with the music program of British evangelist Gipsy Smith. Music publisher, compiler and editor

<mask> compiled a collection of hymns and gospel songs around 1880 which was published as Sacred Echoes by John J. Hood of Philadelphia in 1881, the year he marked as his start in the business. Sing the Gospel, published around the time of the move to Chicago, was issued under the "E. O. Excell" imprint.Echoes of Eden followed two years later in 1884. An archetype of

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title: E. O. Excell

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 later "combined" song books was produced in 1885 when contents of Sing the Gospel, Echoes of Eden and limited new material were repackaged into The Gospel in Song, a hymnbook later advertised to contain the songs and solos sung by <mask> at Sam Jones' Gospel meetings. Sam Jones Influence

The working relationship initiated with Jones in 1886 proved to be a pattern of the age. A contemporary writer explained that prominent evangelists always "had their leading singers, they were billed on the hoardings of the cities after the manner of theatrical companies – Moody and Sankey; Sam Jones and Excell; Chapman and Alexander; Torrey and Towner; and so on." The promotional benefit for a sacred music publisher was enormous. Excell's books were used in Jones' revivals and the contents revised over time to suit changing preferences and the needs of the campaigns. Three song books aimed at different applications were published in 1886 and 1887.All three became series that ran through most of the years Excell was affiliated with Jones' ministry:
 Excell's Anthems (1886) for choirs was followed by volumes 2 through 6 and three combined editions of which Excell's Anthems, Vols. 5 & 6 Combined (1899) was the last. Excell's School Songs (1887) for school, class, and home use was followed by numbers 2 through 4 and two combined editions ending with Excell's School Songs, Nos. 3 & 4 Combined (1903). Triumphant Songs (1887) for Sunday schools and revivals was followed by numbers 2 through 5 and two combined editions (Nos. 1 & 2 and Nos. 3 & 4).The last book in this series was Triumphant Songs No. 5 (1896). Make His Praise Glorious, published in 1900 as the Triumphant Songs series was approaching its end, contained <mask>'s initial arrangement of Amazing Grace based upon the tune New Britain. He compiled and published at least another six song books with the E. O. Excell imprint during his final years with Jones. <mask> under his own imprint in the years following Jones' death, though the annual quantity of books sold still managed to more

masks: Excell Excell Excellcell


title: E. O. Excell

texts:
 than double during that time. The business changed to involve a greater number of collaborations destined for other publishers and private label printing of denominational hymnals.Some of the most substantial were:

 Methodist Episcopal – Early collaborations were established through Excell's Methodist connections. Two hymnbooks were compiled for the Book Concerns of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1897 and 1899. Unfortunately his relationships with the publishing authorities within this northern branch of American Methodism were irreconcilably damaged in 1900 by the aftermath of a book contract he allegedly negotiated directly with the General Secretary of the Epworth League. However, opportunities with the Methodist Episcopal Church, South were unaffected and at least four hymn books were produced between 1909 and 1918 with W. C<mask>, manager of the Methodist Publishing House in Dallas, Texas. Charles Reign Scoville – At least three hymnbooks were compiled with this evangelist of the Christian Church and director of the Winona Assembly and Summer School Association for his C. R. Scoville imprint between 1909 and about 1915. W. E. M. Hackleman – Five or more hymn collections were produced between 1910 and 1914 with this Christian Church musician and published by the Christian Board of Publication or Hackleman Music Company. Hackleman also worked on another three collections credited to Excell that were published posthumously.William E. Biederwolf – Three hymn collections and a combined edition were developed with this Presbyterian evangelist between 1912 and 1917 for Glad Tidings Publishing Company. <mask> had also been listed earlier as a special contributor on Hymns of His Praise No. 2 that Biederwolf compiled in 1906 with assistance from Homer Rodeheaver. One other hymn book, "Songs of the Evangelist" crediting both Biederwolf and <mask> as contributors, was published posthumously in 1925. Hope Publishing Company – Joy to the World was compiled in 1915 for this publishing firm of another Chicago Methodist, Henry

masks:
. Everett
Excell
Excell


title: E. O. Excell

texts:
 S. Date. While <mask> continued to publish collections under his own imprint, he worked on another three Hope hymnbooks with Date's successors through 1919. Single song book collaborations – <mask> worked on one-book projects with a diverse number of his contemporaries.Some of the more notable included:
William Shaw – Treasurer of Christian Endeavor on Jubilant Praise (1900). J. Wilbur Chapman – Evangelist known for his work with singer Charles Alexander and moderator of the Presbyterian General Assembly on Winona Hymns (1906). D. B. Towner – Vocalist and musician with D. L. Moody's organization on Famous Gospel Hymns (1907). French E<mask> – Presbyterian evangelist and protégé of Charles Alexander on <mask>'s Songs of Deliverance (1910). Theodore M. Hammond – Congregational founder of Hammond Publishing of Milwaukee and regent of University of Wisconsin on The Very Best Songs for Sunday School (1911). Marion Lawrance – Congregational Sunday school superintendent (laity) and general secretary of the International Sunday School Association on Eternal Praise (1917). The portfolios of copyrights for contemporary songs and plates for classic hymns that Excell accumulated as a publisher and composer also led to printing work on denominational hymnals.He produced the 1909 edition of Spiritual Hymns of Brethren in Christ in which he held copyrights for about one third of the six hundred songs selected by the hymnal committee. Another example was the original edition of Great Songs of the Church which he produced for the Churches of Christ in 1921. E. O. Excell Company

Excell developed approximately fifty song books and contributed to at least another thirty-eight over his forty-year publishing career. By 1914, his company had produced close to 10 million books and was selling them at a rate of nearly a half million per year. Annual output had grown to more than a million books by 1921, though with margins at wholesale levels. Excell's only child, William Alonzo, participated in both the musical event and publishing businesses.

masks:
Excell
Excell
. Oliver
Oliver


title: E. O. Excell

texts:
 At least one publication, Chorus Choir Selections (1918), bore the "E. O. Excell & Son" imprint."E. O. Excell Company" was utilized on publications created after the founder's death. <mask>'s grandson, known as E. O<mask>, Jr, was also engaged in the family publishing business by 1927. Lyricist, composer and arranger

Estimates of the number of songs authored, composed, or arranged by <mask> range from two to three thousand. Two that remain well known are his 1909 arrangement of John Newton's Amazing Grace and the tune he composed for <mask>'s Count Your Blessings. Death and legacy

<mask> fell ill while assisting Gipsy Smith with a revival in Louisville, Kentucky and returned to Chicago to be hospitalized. He died on June 10, 1921, after more than thirty weeks in Wesley Memorial Hospital. Colleagues at the International Sunday School Association, where he had served for thirty-six years, said the following of him at their next convention:

At least five books listing him as a contributor were published posthumously.One of these was The Excell Hymnal published by his company in 1925; it was completed by his long-time collaborators Hamp Sewell and W. E. M. Hackleman as "a fitting climax to its long line of illustrious predecessors". Heirs sold the large E. O. Excell Company copyright portfolio to the Hope Publishing Company in 1931 which they combined with their prior acquisition of a former Ira Sankey firm to create the Biglow-Main-Excell Company. The most popular Excell compositions at the time of the sale were I'll Be a Sunbeam and Count Your Blessings. Notes

References

External links

1851 births
1921 deaths
American Christian hymnwriters
American male composers
American composers
American Methodist hymnwriters
American gospel singers
American Methodists
Composers of Christian music
Gospel music composers
American music publishers (people)
Musicians from Chicago
People from Uniontown, Ohio
19th-century American writers
Singers from Ohio
19th-century American male singers
Songwriters from Ohio
Songwriters from

masks:
Excell
. Excell
Excell
Johnson Oatman
Excell


title: Henryk Wieniawski

texts:
<mask> (; 10 July 183531 March 1880) was a Polish virtuoso violinist, composer and pedagogue who is regarded amongst the greatest violinists in history. His younger brother <mask> and nephew Adam Tadeusz Wieniawski were also accomplished musicians. Life

<mask> was born in Lublin, Congress Poland (Russian Empire). His father, Tobiasz Pietruszka (Wolf Helman), was the son of a Jewish barber named Herschel Meyer Helman, from the Jewish Lublin neighborhood of Wieniawa, when barbers were also practicing dentists, healers, and bloodletters. Wolf Helman, also known as Tobiasz Pietruszka, changed his name to <mask>, taking on the name of his neighborhood to blend into his Polish environment better. Prior to obtaining his medical degree, he had converted to Catholicism. He married Regina Wolff, the daughter of a noted Jewish physician from Warsaw, and out of this marriage, Henryk was born.<mask>'s talent for playing the violin was recognized early, and in 1843 he was accepted by the Paris Conservatoire taught by Lambert Massart, where special exceptions were made to admit him, as he wasn't French and was only eight years old. He attended the Conservatoire from 1843 to 1846 and returned for another year in 1849. After graduation, he toured extensively and gave many recitals, where he was often accompanied by his brother Józef on piano. In 1847, he published his first opus, a Grand Caprice Fantastique, the start of a catalogue of 24 opus numbers. When his engagement to Isabella Hampton was opposed by her parents, Wieniawski

masks:
Henryk Wieniawski
Józef Wieniawski
Henryk Wieniawski
Tadeusz Wieniawski
Henryk


title: Henryk Wieniawski

texts: wrote Légende, Op. 17; this work helped her parents change their mind, and the couple married in 1860. At the invitation of Anton Rubinstein, Wieniawski moved to St. Petersburg, where he lived from 1860 to 1872, taught many violin students and led the Russian Musical Society's orchestra and string quartet.From 1872 to 1874, Wieniawski toured the United States with Rubinstein. <mask> replaced Henri Vieuxtemps as violin professor at the Conservatoire Royal de Bruxelles in 1875. During his residence in Brussels, Wieniawski's health declined, and he often had to stop in the middle of his concerts. He started a tour of Russia in 1879 but was unable to complete it, and was taken to a hospital in Odessa after a concert. On 14 February 1880, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's patroness Nadezhda von Meck took him into her home and provided him with medical attention. His friends also arranged a benefit concert to help provide for his family. He died in Moscow a few weeks later from a heart attack and was interred in the Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw.His daughter Régine <mask>, born in Brussels the year before his death, also became a composer. She published her early works as "Irène Wieniawska", but after marrying Sir Aubrey Dean Paul and becoming a British subject, she used the pseudonym "Poldowski". Another daughter, Henriette, would go on to marry Joseph Holland Loring in 1904, who was among the victims of the Titanic disaster. Wieniawski was a player in the Beethoven Quartet Society in London, where he also performed on viola.

masks: Wieniawski Wieniawski


title: Henryk Wieniawski

texts:
 Works
<mask> <mask> was considered a violinist of great ability and wrote some very important works in the violin repertoire, including two technically demanding violin concertos, the second of which (in D minor, 1862) is more often performed than the first (in F-sharp minor, 1853). His L'École moderne: 10 Études-caprices is a very well known work for aspiring violinists, being the oldest set of etudes still performed which exceed the difficulty of the Paganini Caprices. His Polonaise Brillante, Op.4, Scherzo-Tarantelle, Op. 16 and Légende, Op. 17 are also frequently performed works. He also wrote several mazurkas for violin with the piano accompaniment (including the popular Obertass in G major), using techniques such as left-hand pizzicato, harmonics, large leaps, and double stops. Legacy
<mask> was given a number of posthumous honors. His portrait appeared on a postage stamp of Poland in 1952 and again in 1957. A 100 złoty coin was issued in 1979 bearing his image.What is commonly called the "Russian bow hold" is sometimes called the "Wieniawski bow hold", as Wieniawski taught his students his own kind of very rigid bowing technique (like the Russian bow hold) that allowed him to play what he called a "devil's staccato" with ease. This "devil's staccato" was used to discipline students' technique. The first violin competition named after Wieniawski took place in Warsaw in 1935. Ginette Neveu took first prize, David Oistrakh second, and Henri Temianka third. The International Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition has

masks: Henryk Wieniawski Wieniawski


title: Henryk Wieniawski

texts:
 themes from Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor ()
 Duo Concertant na Temat Hymnu Rosyjskiego A. Lwowa ()
 Duo Concertant na Temat Rosyjskiej Melodii Ludowej ()
 Fantasia on themes from Meyerbeer's Le prophète (oc. 1850)
 Mazur Wiejski ()
 Fantasia on themes from Grétry's Richard Coeur-de-lion ()
 Duet on themes from Finnish songs ()
 Two Mazurkas (1851)
 March (1851)
 Kujawiak in A minor (1853)
 Variations on the Russian hymn ()
 Variations on Polish folk song "Jechał Kozak Zza Dunaju" ()
 Variations on the Austrian Hymn (1853)
 Rozumiem, pieśń na głos z fortepianem (1854)
 Souvenir de Lublin, concert polka ()
 Fantasia on themes from Bellini's La sonnambula ()
 Reminiscences of San Francisco ()
 Kujawiak in C major
 Polonaise triomphale
 Rêverie in F sharp minor, for viola and piano
 Violin Concerto No.3 in A minor? (1878, unpublished, disappeared? Premiered in Moscow, 27 December 1878)

References

External links

  — Polish Music Center at USC
 Henryk Wieniawski Society (en)

 Scores by <mask> Wieniawski in National Digital Library of Poland (Polona)

1835 births
1880 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century classical violinists
19th-century male musicians
Burials at Powązki Cemetery
Composers for violin
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Jewish classical violinists
Male classical violinists
People from Congress Poland
People from Lublin
Polish classical violinists
Polish people of Jewish descent
Polish male classical composers
Polish Romantic composers
Pupils of Lambert Massart
Royal Conservatory of


title: Antonio D'Alfonso

texts:
<mask>'Alfonso (born 6 August 1953) is a Canadian writer,  editor, publisher, and filmmaker, best known as the founder of Guernica Editions. Biography
<mask>'Alfonso was born in Montreal into an Italian-Canadian family. He grew up speaking Italian and attended both English and French schools and became trilingual. He earned a BA from Loyola College (Concordia University) and a MA from the Université de Montréal. In 1978 he founded Guernica Editions in Montreal as a bilingual publishing house. It was successful in promoting English and French language writers and expanded into publishing authors from ethnic minorities, particularly those of Italian backgrounds. D'Alfonso sold Guernica in 2009.As a writer, he has published works in both English and French, and has won awards in both. He is also a self-translator who rewrites his work from English to French or vice versa. Literary awards
 2000: Fabrizio's Passion won the Bressani Award. 2003: La passione di Fabrizio won Internazionale emigrazione in Italy. 2005: Un vendredi du mois d'août won the Trillium Book Award. (27 Avril 2005)
 2008: L'aimé won the Christine Dimitriu Van Saanen Award from the Salon du livre de Toronto. 2016: He received an honorary doctorate from Athabasca University in Alberta.Books

Original Books
 La chanson du shaman à Sedna (poems,

masks:
Antonio D
Antonio D


title: Antonio D'Alfonso

texts:
 Antonello Lombardo). Iannone Editore. Italia: Isernia, 2002.)The Premio internzaionale Emigrazione, 2003. Getting on with Politics (poetry, Exile Editions, 2002.) Antigone (Lyricalmyrical Editions, 2004) (verse play)
 Un vendredi du mois d'août (novel, Leméac, 2004), finalist for the Prix Ringuet, Trillium Book Award
 Bruco (Lyricalmyrical Editions, 2005) (verse play)
 En Italiques: Réflexions sur l'ethnicité (essais, L'Interligne, 2005). Gambling with Failure (essays, Exile, 2005)
 Un homme de trop (poetry, Noroît, 2005)
 One Friday in August (novel, Exile, 2005)
 L'aimé. novel. Leméac, 2007. Un ami, un nuage.Noroit, 2013. The Irrelevant Man. Guernica, 2014. Anthologies Edited
 Quêtes: Textes d'auteurs italo-québécois. ed. aver Fulvio Caccia. Guernica Editions, 1983.Voix Off: Textes de dix poétes anglophone au Québec. Guernica Editions, 1985. Poetica del Plurilinguismo. trans. Nicola Gasbarro & Giulia De Gasperi. Samuele Editor, 2016. Translations by <mask>'Alfonso
 The Clarity of Voices Philippe Haeck, prose poems.Guernica, 1985. The Films of Jacques Tati  Michel Chion. Guernica, 1997. La paysage qui bouge. Pasquale Verdicchio. Le Noroit, 2000. On Order and Things.Stefan Psenak. Guernica, 2003. Dreaming Our Space. Marguerite Andersen. Guernica, 2003. The Blueness of Light (by Louise Dupré, translator,


title: Pattie Boyd

texts:
<mask> (born 17 March 1944) is an English model and photographer. She was one of the leading international models during the 1960s and, with Jean Shrimpton, epitomised the British female look of the era. <mask> married George Harrison in 1966 and experienced the height of the Beatles' popularity as well as sharing in their embrace of Indian spirituality. She divorced Harrison in 1977 and married Harrison's friend Eric Clapton in 1979; they divorced in 1989. <mask> inspired Harrison's songs "I Need You", "If I Needed Someone", "Something" and "For You Blue", and Clapton's songs "Layla", "Bell Bottom Blues" and "Wonderful Tonight". In August 2007, <mask> published her autobiography Wonderful Today (titled Wonderful Tonight in the United States). Her photographs of Harrison and Clapton, titled Through the Eye of a Muse, have been widely exhibited.Early life
<mask> was born on 17 March 1944 in Taunton, Somerset, the first child of Colin ("Jock") Ian Langdon <mask> and Diana Frances <mask> (née Drysdale). The <mask>s moved to West Lothian in Scotland, where her brother, Colin, was born in 1946. They then moved to Guildford, Surrey, where her sister Jenny was born in 1947. After Jock's discharge from the Royal Air Force, the <mask>s lived in Nairobi from 1948 to 1953. <mask>'s youngest sister, Paula, was born at a hospital in Nakuru, Kenya, in 1951. From the age of eight, <mask> boarded at Nakuru School near Nairobi. During a half-term break, she returned home and was shocked to learn that her parents had divorced.In December 1953, she and her siblings moved to England with Diana and her new husband, Bobbie Gaymer-Jones. With her mother's second marriage, <mask> gained two half-brothers, David (b. 1954) and Robert ("Boo"; b. 1955). Many years later, she learnt that she had two half-sisters through Jock's second marriage: Clare (1962–2018) and Julia (b. 1964). <mask> briefly attended Hazeldean School in Putney,

masks:
Patricia Anne Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd


title: Pattie Boyd

texts:
 and then the St Agnes and St Michael Convent Boarding School in East Grinstead, and St Martha's Convent in Hadley Wood, Hertfordshire.She achieved three GCE O level passes in 1961. She moved to London in 1962 and worked as a shampoo girl at Elizabeth Arden's salon. A client who worked for Honey magazine then inspired her to begin work as a model. Career

Modelling
<mask> began her fashion career in 1962, modelling at first in London and Paris. Among her regular assignments at that time were jobs for the UK edition of Vogue, Vanity Fair, Elle in France, and Honey, as well as fashion spreads in newspapers such as The Daily Telegraph and The Times. She was photographed by David Bailey, Terence Donovan and Brian Duffy, among others, and appeared on the cover of British Vogue. Other popular models of the day, such as Twiggy, based their modelling appearance on <mask>.In the description of journalist Tom Hibbert, <mask> and Jean Shrimpton became "international celebrities" as the embodiment of the "British female 'look' – mini-skirt, long, straight hair and wide-eyed loveliness". This look defined Western fashion for women as a result of the international popularity of the Beatles and other British Invasion musical acts from 1964 onwards. In her autobiography, <mask> recalls being known as the muse to designer Ossie Clark, who used to call some of his designs "Pattie". In early 1964, <mask> appeared in a television advertising campaign for Smith's crisps, directed by Richard Lester. Lester then cast her as a schoolgirl in the Beatles' 1964 film A Hard Day's Night, where she met and befriended the group's lead guitarist, George Harrison. <mask>'s modelling career skyrocketed as a result of her subsequent romantic involvement with Harrison. She recalls that further assignments for Vogue and Vanity Fair were the result, along with jobs for Tatler (with photographer Jeanloup Sieff), more TV commercials, for

masks: Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd


title: Pattie Boyd

texts: Smith's and for L'Oréal's Dop shampoo brand, and advertisements in newspaper fashion pages.<mask> and Harrison were among the leading couples in the Swinging London era, when, according to a 1966 article in the Daily Express, "actors, pop singers, hairdressers, and models" were London's new "privileged class". UK underground writer Barry Miles later described her as "by far the most glamorous" of all the Beatles' wives and girlfriends, while author Shawn Levy writes that, even more so than Jane Asher, the London-born stage actress who was Paul McCartney's girlfriend for much of the 1960s, <mask> epitomised what "sixties stardom was meant to confer upon its chosen". Writing in 1966, British fashion designer Mary Quant commented that it had become a requisite for contemporary women to strive "to look like <mask> <mask> rather than Marlene Dietrich", adding: "Their aim is to look childishly young, naïvely unsophisticated, and it takes more sophistication to work out that look than those early would-be sophisticates ever dreamed of." At the request of Gloria Stavers, <mask> began writing a column, titled "Patti's Letter from London", for the American teen magazine 16. According to Hibbert: "She reported on the latest trends in Carnaby Street, informed readers as to what the Beatles and Stones were wearing at the moment, and gave advice on how to turn dark and curly hair straight and blonde." However, with <mask> the target of hostility from the Beatles' female fans, Harrison insisted she abandon her career, to ensure their privacy. In July 1968, she and her sister Jenny, who was also a model, opened a boutique in London's fashionable Chelsea Market.They named it "Jennifer Juniper" after Donovan's song of the same name. Jenny managed the shop, which sold antiques and other objets d'art, while <mask> was the buyer. <mask> says she had "virtually given up" modelling by the early 1970s. She resumed her career at

masks: Boyd Boyd Pattie Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd


title: Pattie Boyd

texts:
 that time, promoting designs by Ossie Clark. She and Twiggy then did a cover assignment in Milan for Italian Vogue with photographer Justin de Villeneuve, and, working again with Bailey, <mask> appeared on several covers for British Vogue. In another shoot for the latter magazine, <mask> and her sisters were photographed by Patrick Lichfield. Photography
<mask> began taking photographs of musicians and other friends during the 1960s and was a member of the Royal Photographic Society.In a 2008 interview, she said that it was not until 2004 that she felt "emotionally ready" to revisit the images. She also said that her lack of professional status probably made for a more intimate and authentic mood in her work, since her subjects were relaxed in her company. <mask> first exhibited her photos of Harrison and Clapton at the San Francisco Art Exchange on Valentine's Day 2005, in a show titled Through the Eye of a Muse. The exhibition appeared in San Francisco and London during 2006, and in La Jolla, California in 2008. Through the Eye of a Muse was also shown in Dublin and in Toronto in 2008, and at the Blender Gallery in Sydney and in Almaty, Kazakhstan, in 2009 and 2010. Her exhibition Yesterday and Today: The Beatles and Eric Clapton was shown on Santa Catalina Island in California, and at the National Geographic Headquarters in Washington, DC, in 2011. Charity work
<mask> became involved in charity work following her separation from Clapton in the late 1980s.In 1991, she co-founded SHARP (Self Help Addiction Recovery Program) with Barbara Bach, the second wife of former Beatle Ringo Starr. Personal life

Marriage to George Harrison

<mask> was in a relationship with photographer Eric Swayne when she met Harrison, on 2 March 1964, and therefore declined his initial date proposal. Several days later, having ended the relationship with Swayne, she accompanied Harrison to a private gentlemen's club called the


title: Pattie Boyd

texts: Garrick Club, chaperoned by the Beatles' manager, Brian Epstein. With the Beatles frequently away on concert tours, she and Harrison subsequently saw each other as often as their professional commitments allowed. In July 1964, Harrison bought Kinfauns, a house in Esher, Surrey, to escape the constant attention of fans in central London, and <mask> soon moved into the house also. <mask> had her first encounter with LSD in early 1965 when the couple's dentist, John Riley, secretly laced his guests' coffee with the drug during a dinner party at his home. As she was getting ready to leave with Harrison and John and Cynthia Lennon, Riley told them that he had spiked their drinks and tried to persuade them to stay.Outside, <mask> was in an agitated state from the drug and threatened to break a store window, but Harrison pulled her away. Later, when <mask> and her group were in a lift on their way up to the Ad Lib Club, they mistakenly believed it was on fire. The couple were engaged on 25 December 1965, and married on 21 January 1966 in a ceremony at Epsom register office. In his "How a Beatle Lives" profile in the Evening Standard in March 1966, Harrison stressed the equality of their relationship and credited <mask> with broadening his outlook. In September and October, after the Beatles' final concert tour, <mask> and Harrison spent six weeks in India, as guests of Indian classical musician Ravi Shankar. While in Bombay, as Harrison continued his sitar studies under Shankar's tutelage, <mask> began learning to play the dilruba, a bow-played string instrument. Due to the attention of fans and the press, they left the city with Shankar and stayed on houseboats on Dal Lake in Kashmir.On their return to England, <mask> and Harrison continued to adhere to a lifestyle of yoga and vegetarianism, and <mask> received further tuition on the dilruba from Shiv Dayal Batish. On 25 June 1967, <mask> was among the crowd

masks: Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd


title: Pattie Boyd

texts: of friends who participated in the Beatles' Our World broadcast of "All You Need Is Love". <mask> shared her husband's interest in Eastern mysticism. Having become a member of the Spiritual Regeneration Movement in February 1967, she was keen to meet the movement's leader, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and so suggested that she and Harrison attend his lecture on Transcendental Meditation at the London Hilton on 24 August. Impressed with the Maharishi, Harrison and <mask>, together with the other Beatles and their partners, travelled to a seminar he hosted in Bangor, Wales, the following day. <mask> and her sister Jenny then accompanied Harrison on the Beatles' visit to the Maharishi's ashram in Rishikesh, India, in February 1968. That same year, she told Beatles biographer Hunter Davies that the four Beatles had a bond that neither she nor any other wives could penetrate; she also said she wished that the band would use their fame and influence to publicly further a cause, as Marlon Brando had done on behalf of homeless children.<mask> provided inspiration for several of Harrison's Beatles compositions, including "I Need You", "If I Needed Someone", "Love You To", "Something" and "For You Blue". In March 1969, as part of the British authorities' intolerant attitude towards the Beatles in the late 1960s, <mask> and Harrison were arrested at Kinfauns for possession of cannabis. In March 1970, a month before the Beatles' break-up, <mask> moved with Harrison to Friar Park, a Victorian neo-Gothic mansion in Henley-on-Thames. By this point, Harrison's devotion to Indian spirituality, particularly the Hare Krishna movement, had begun to divide the couple. They were also unsuccessful in starting a family, and Harrison would not consider adoption. <mask> resumed her modelling career in May 1971, in defiance of Harrison's spiritual convictions. In 1973, she had an affair with Faces guitarist Ronnie Wood while Harrison

masks: Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd


title: Pattie Boyd

texts:
 romanced Wood's wife Krissie.<mask> said her decision to leave Harrison, in July 1974, was based largely on his repeated infidelities, culminating in his affair with Starr's wife Maureen, which <mask> called "the final straw". Author Ian Inglis, discussing Harrison's 1973 song "So Sad", describes <mask> as the musician's "closest companion" and someone who shared in his "triumphs and tragedies". Among these key events, Inglis lists the international Beatlemania phenomenon, the Beatles' decision to retire from live performance, the 1967 Summer of Love, Epstein's death, the creation of Apple Corps, the Beatles' exploration of Indian spirituality, the band's break-up, Harrison's ascendancy as a songwriter and then as a solo artist, and his Bangladesh aid project. The couple's divorce was finalised on 9 June 1977. <mask>'s solicitor, Paddy Grafton-Green of the London firm Theodore Goddard, later remarked on the sensitivity shown by each party towards the other, which he found particularly rare in his experience of high-stakes divorces. He said: "There was no overreacting, no greed or playing with each other's emotions – I wish all divorces were so well handled." Marriage to Eric Clapton

In the late 1960s, Eric Clapton and George Harrison became close friends and began writing and recording music together.Clapton fell in love with <mask> at this time. In an effort to satisfy his infatuation, Clapton briefly dated <mask>'s sister Paula. His 1970 album with Derek and the Dominos, Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs, was written to proclaim his love for <mask>, particularly the hit song "Layla". Clapton drew inspiration from The Story of Layla and Majnun by Persian writer Nizami; based on a story about the seventh-century Nejdi Bedouin poet Qays ibn Al-Mulawwah and his lover Layla bint Mahdi (or Layla al-Aamiriya), the tale concerns a man driven to madness by his unattainable love. When <mask> rebuffed his

masks: Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd


title: Pattie Boyd

texts: advances in late 1970, Clapton descended into heroin addiction and self-imposed exile for three years. Once cured of his addiction in 1974, Clapton again pursued <mask>. Actor John Hurt later recalled that Harrison and Clapton staged a guitar "duel" over <mask> at Friar Park; Hurt added that it was "extraordinary ...The air was electric. Nobody dare say a word." While <mask> supports this account, Clapton has dismissed its significance. <mask> finally left Harrison on 4 July that year. She and Clapton were married on 27 March 1979 in Tucson, Arizona. They remained close friends with Harrison, who took to calling Clapton his "husband-in-law". <mask> soon struggled within the marriage and took to drinking heavily, but these difficulties were masked by her public image with Clapton.He later admitted to raping and abusing her while they were married and he was a "full-blown" alcoholic. Clapton and <mask> tried unsuccessfully to have children, trying in vitro fertilisation in 1984 and 1987, but were faced instead with miscarriages. <mask> left Clapton in April 1987 and divorced him in 1989. Her stated reasons were Clapton's years of alcoholism, as well as his numerous affairs, including one with Italian actress Lory Del Santo. In 1989, her divorce was granted on the grounds of "infidelity and unreasonable behaviour". She subsequently suspected that Clapton's pursuit of her when she was married to Harrison "had more to do" with the competitive aspect of the two musicians' friendship, and that "Eric just wanted what George had." In 2007, Rolling Stone referred to <mask> as a "legendary rock muse" for her role in inspiring the music of Harrison and Clapton, while Alan Light of The New York Times described the <mask>–Harrison love triangle as "one of the most mythical romantic entanglements in rock'n'roll history".Roger Cormier of Mental Floss similarly recognises her as "one of the most important muses in rock

masks:
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd Clapton


title: Pattie Boyd

texts:
 and roll history". In addition to "Layla", she was the inspiration for Clapton's love songs "Bell Bottom Blues" and "Wonderful Tonight". He also wrote "Golden Ring" for <mask>, in response to her sadness at learning of Harrison's marriage to Olivia Arias in 1978, and the 1983 track "The Shape You're In", which addressed <mask>'s drinking. Marriage to Rod Weston
<mask> met property developer Rod Weston in 1991. The couple were married on 29 April 2015 in a ceremony held at the Register Office in Chelsea Old Town Hall, London. Weston was quoted as saying, "It's almost our silver anniversary so we thought we had better get on with it." Autobiography
In August 2007, Headline Review published <mask>'s autobiography, titled Wonderful Today and co-written with journalist and broadcaster Penny Junor.Re-titled Wonderful Tonight: George Harrison, Eric Clapton, and Me for the US market, the book contains many of <mask>'s photographs. <mask> carried out interviews to promote the release. At the time, she was said to be looking forward to the idea of her book competing against Clapton's autobiography, which was published concurrently. Clapton disagreed with some of the details in her account but said, "We each have our different versions of our years together." Reviewing Wonderful Today for The Daily Telegraph, Lynn Barber described it as "absolutely gripping" and a memoir that "gives more insight into the weirdness of rock-star life than anything I have ever read". In the United States, the book debuted at the top of the New York Times Best Seller list. Notes

References

Sources

External links

 Sarfraz Manzoor, "The Interview: <mask> <mask>, photographer, model and muse of George Harrison and Eric Clapton", The Sunday Times, 24 July 2016

 Pattie Boyd Pictures and Images

Living people
1944 births
English female models
English photographers
English autobiographers
Eric Clapton
People from

masks: Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Pattie Boyd


title: Moira Kelly (humanitarian)

texts:
<mask>  (born 31 January 1964) is an Australian humanitarian worker. In 2001, she was awarded the Order of Australia in recognition of her humanitarian service to both the Australian and international communities. In 2012, <mask> received the Victorian of the Year award and in 2003 and 2004, she was nominated for the Australian of the Year awards. Biography
Born in Melbourne on 31 January 1964, <mask> first developed an interest in disadvantaged children when, as an 8-year-old, she saw a documentary film about Mother Teresa and decided she wanted to be an aid worker. As a primary school student in Carlton, she would climb the fence of her school to help feed the children at the special school next door. In 1982, after completing year 10 at St Aloysius' Girls' College in North Melbourne, she left school and completed a course to be a special education teaching assistant and in 1984 trained as a lay missionary and completed a probation officer course for working with young offenders. She then travelled to Western Australia and worked as a "house mother" at an Aboriginal mission.On returning to Melbourne, she sold her car to finance her airfare, and left for Calcutta where she stayed and worked with Mother Teresa's mission. <mask>, a practising Catholic, remained in India with Mother Teresa for six months until her visa expired. In 1987 she returned to India and continued her work with Mother Teresa and in 1988 she was honoured as an Australian Bicentenary Young Woman of the Year for her work in community services and the Advance Australia Ambassador Award. In 1992 <mask> received the Paul Harris Rotary International Award for her work in The Bronx, New York City and in 1994 she was awarded the first Sir Edward Dunlop award for humanitarian service. In 1994, while in Bosnia and Herzegovina, <mask> started Nobody's Children, a volunteer program at a refugee camp. She became the program's Director of Field Operations and organised aid and welfare programs in several refugee camps in Bosnia and Herzegovina, including opening two pharmacies, starting a free mobile dental health care clinic, starting a home care program, organising the emergency

masks:
Moira Therese Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly


title: Moira Kelly (humanitarian)

texts:
 medical evacuation of patients to hospitals overseas, and developing education and recreation programs. <mask> left the Nobody's Children program in 1997.<mask> returned to Australia in the late 1990s and in 1999 she set up the non-profit organisation Children First Foundation. Children in developing countries who have existing and often serious health problems, which local doctors are unable to treat effectively, are referred to the Foundation by aid workers, medical staff and church ministries and missions. The Foundation then facilitates provision of medical treatment, often bringing the children to Melbourne's Royal Children's Hospital and the Epworth Hospital, where specialist medical and nursing staff donate their expertise. Specialists in New York, Boston and Ireland have also donated their services. In 2001, <mask> and the Children First Foundation opened a farm in Kilmore known as the Open Door Rotary Farm, where she accommodates and cares for the children brought to Australia for treatment. Donated and built by Rotary, the property includes a purpose-built house with 12 bedrooms where children having surgery and medical treatment can rehabilitate before returning home to their families. The Children First Foundation has brought children to Australia for medical treatment from countries including Albania, Djibouti, East Timor, Indonesia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Nauru, Nigeria, Zambia and the Solomon Islands.Awards and recognition
In 2001, <mask>'s humanitarian work was recognised with several awards, including the Prime Minister's Award for outstanding community service, the White Flame Award from Save the Children for her service to disadvantaged children, and she was made an Officer of the Order of Australia in recognition of her service to both the Australian and international communities. In 2003, <mask> received the Victorian of the Year award, and in 2003 and 2004, she was nominated for the Australian of the Year awards. A Compassionate Rage is a 2001 documentary film by Film Australia and Alan Lindsay following <mask> for 18 months on her missions overseas as she tries to organise medical treatment for sick and injured

masks: Kelly Kelly Kelly Kelly Kelly Kelly


title: Moira Kelly (humanitarian)

texts:
 children. In 2013 <mask> founded Global Gardens of Peace, a newly humanitarian organisation based in Melbourne, Australia to provide safe play and garden areas in post war and third world countries. Alongside a team of dedicated volunteers, the inaugural garden is to be established in Gaza City in Palestine. During a 2017 concert of Coldplay, the band performed the song Imagine with <mask> in recognition of <mask> <mask>'s work. Twins
Herself a twin, <mask> is now the legal guardian of the originally cranially conjoined twins from Bangladesh, Trishna and Krishna, separated in 2009 in a 38-hour operation at Melbourne's Royal Children's Hospital by a 16-member team of specialist medical and nursing staff led by Wirginia Maixner, director of neurosurgery at the hospital.Their birth mother, a twenty-two-year-old student completing final exams at the Keshobpur Agricultural College in Jessore, gave the twins up for adoption in a Dhaka orphanage. On 8 February 2012, their story was featured on the U.S. Public Broadcasting Service science television series NOVA. <mask> is also the adoptive mother of Iraqi-born brothers Emmanuel and <mask>. The brothers, born with "severely underdeveloped limbs" due to chemical warfare, were discovered by <mask> in 1998 at the Mother Teresa Orphanage in Baghdad. <mask> brought them both to Australia for medical treatment and subsequently adopted them. In 2009, Ahmed and <mask> became Australian citizens. Ahmed, a quadruple amputee and swimmer, represented Australia in the 50-metre breaststroke, 50-metre backstroke, 150-metre individual medley, and the 100-metre freestyle at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.<mask> was a contestant on the 2011 season of The X Factor. He was cut from the competition on 11 September 2011, "after forgetting the lyrics several times during his performance." Following his appearance on The X-Factor, he met with producers and auditioned for The Glee Project. References

External links

1964 births
Living people
Australian humanitarians
Women humanitarians
Australian Roman Catholics
Australian people of Irish descent
Officers of the Order of Australia
Recipients of the Centenary Medal
Twin people

masks:
Kelly
Emmanuel Kelly
Moira
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Ahmed Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Emmanuel Kelly
Emmanuel Kelly


title: Francisco Varallo

texts:
<mask>Pancho” <mask> (;  – ) was an Argentine football forward. He played for the Argentine national team from 1930 to 1937. He was a member of Argentina's squad at the inaugural FIFA World Cup in 1930. During his career, <mask> won four Primera División titles (one with Gimnasia y Esgrima LP and three with Boca Juniors) and with 194 goals in 222 official matches, is Boca Juniors' 3rd. highest all-time leading goalscorer. Besides, <mask> is placed 11th. among the all-time Argentine Primera División top scorers with 216 goals.<mask> died in his home-town of La Plata on , at the age of 100. He was the last surviving player from the 1930 World Cup. Club career

Early years
<mask> was born in Los Hornos, a district of La Plata Partido in Buenos Aires Province, on 5 February 1910. He made his debut at the age of 14, and early in his career gained the nickname cañoncito (in English: "little cannon") for his shooting ability. At the age of 18, <mask> had a trial with Estudiantes de La Plata, scoring eleven goals in three games for the club. However, the board of the club where Varallo was a youth team player were supporters of Estudiantes' town rivals Gimnasia y Esgrima, and therefore denied him the opportunity to join Estudiantes. <mask> ultimately joined Gimnasia, making his debut for the club's reserve side, before making his debut for the first team in 1929.During his first season with Gimnasia, <mask> won the Primera División championship with the club after beating Boca Juniors by 2–1 in the final. In 1930, the forward was loaned for free by Gimnasia to Vélez Sársfield to play for the team during their Pan-American tour. He totaled 17 goals during the tour. Boca Juniors

Varallo moved to Boca Juniors for the start of the 1931 season (the first professional season in Argentina) for a fee of approximately $8000. He continued to play for the club for the next nine years during which time he won the Primera División title three times, in 1931, 1934 and 1935, as well as coming runner up in 1933, when he was the top

masks:
Francisco Antonio “
Varallo
Varallo
Varallo
Varallo
Varallo
Varallo
Varallo
Varallo


title: Francisco Varallo

texts:
 goalscorer in the league and of South America scoring 34 goals. In his nine years at Boca Juniors he became the club's 2nd. top goal-scorer (after Roberto Cherro, although both would be surpassed by Martín Palermo in 2010), with 194 goals in 222 games (scoring average 0.87 per game), a record that stood until 2008 when it was broken by Martín Palermo.During the 1930s <mask> formed strong partnerships with teammates Roberto Cherro and Delfín Benítez Cáceres, who both also scored over 100 goals for the club. In 1938, he was only able to play one game because of a bad knee injury and, although he played more frequently the next year, was forced to retire in 1940, aged 30.

International career

<mask> was a member of Argentina's squad at the inaugural World Cup in 1930, held in Uruguay, where he was the youngest player. He played in all three of the team's group games; scoring one goal in the match against Mexico, but missed the semi-final against the United States due to injury. However, he was fit to play in the World Cup final against Uruguay and started at inside right forward. Argentina were leading 2–1 at half time, but eventually lost to the hosts 4–2. <mask> was also a member of the Argentine team that won the South American Championship in 1937. He scored three goals during the tournament, including a brace in the 2–1 win over Chile.International goals
Argentina's goal tally first

After retirement
<mask> retired from football in 1940, due to injury problems. <mask>'s career was recognised in 1994, when he was awarded with the FIFA Order of Merit for his contributions to football. He has also received honours from the Argentine Football Association and the South American Football Confederation. In his late 90s <mask> had joked that he would have to come out of retirement should Martín Palermo overtake his record of 181 professional goals for Boca. He marked his 100th birthday in February 2010 in his hometown near Buenos Aires by recalling the 1930 clash between his country and neighbouring Uruguay. In an

masks: Varallo Varallo Varallo Varallo Varallo Varallo


title: Francisco Varallo

texts:
 interview he gave to FIFA to mark his birthday, he stated that losing in the final to Uruguay was his 'greatest disappointment'. Death

<mask> died on 30 August 2010, in his hometown of La Plata at the age of 100.Leading tributes to the former player, FIFA president Sepp Blatter stated that "The news that <mask> is no longer with us fills us with great sense of loss, both for his qualities as a person and an ambassador for our beloved sport ... In these grief-filled moments I can take immense pride from the fact that a character such as <mask>, whom we shall never forget, represented the football family with such dignity". The president of the South American Football Confederation Nicolás Léoz also released a statement expressing sadness at <mask>'s death. Following his death, both of his former clubs, Gimnasia and Boca announced a day of mourning, while the South American Football Confederation announced that a minute's silence was to be held during all Copa Sudamericana fixtures the following week. Honours

Club
Gimnasia y Esgrima (LP)
 Primera División (1): 1929

Boca Juniors
 Primera División (3): 1931, 1934, 1935

International
Argentina
 Copa América (1): 1937

Individual
Primera División top scorer (1): 1933
Golden Foot (1): 2010, as a football legend

Records
 Boca Juniors 3rd. highest all-time goalscorer: 194 goals
 Argentine Primera División 4th. all-time topscorer (236 goals)
 FIFA Order of Merit 1994
 CONMEBOL Order of Merit 2006
 The last surviving player from the 1930 World Cup

See also
 List of centenarians (sportspeople)

Notes

References

External links

1910 births
2010 deaths
Sportspeople from La Plata
1930 FIFA World Cup players
Argentine centenarians
Argentine footballers
Argentina international footballers
Argentine people of Italian descent
Association football forwards
Argentine Primera División players
Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata footballers
Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield footballers
Boca Juniors footballers
Copa América-winning players
Men centenarians
Burials at La

masks:
Varallo
Francisco Varallo
Francisco Varallo
Varallo


title: Charles Antone Horsky

texts:
<mask> (March 22, 1910 – August 20, 1997) served as the Advisor on National Capital affairs under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, and was a partner at the law firm of Covington & Burling for nearly forty years. In his role at the White House and thereafter, he helped pave the way for home rule of the District of Columbia at a time when much of the city’s governance was controlled by the U.S. Congress. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Helena, Montana to Joseph T<mask> and Margaret Bowden Horksy. His father was a state district judge in Montana. His mother was the daughter of English immigrants and died when he was 10 years old. Horsky grew up in Helena, and graduated from the University of Washington where he worked in a garage parking cars nearly every day. At the suggestion of his political science professor, he applied to Harvard Law School.Horsky said at the time that he didn't know where Harvard was on a map. He was accepted and later was elected President of the Law Review, and graduated in 1934. Career
Justice Felix Frankfurter, then a professor at Harvard and early mentor to Horsky, assigned him to clerk for Judge Augustus N. Hand on the 2nd Circuit in New York. Horsky worked with Judge Hand on various cases, several of which were patent cases. After a year, Judge Hand recommended that Horsky work for Stanley Reed, the new Solicitor General. Horsky went on to serve in the Solicitor General’s office from 1935-37 before moving to Covington, Burling, Rublee, Acheson & Shorb (currently Covington & Burling), a leading law firm in the District of Columbia where he rose to be a

masks:
Charles Antone Horsky
Horsky
. Horsky


title: Charles Antone Horsky

texts:
 partner and worked on and off for nearly forty years. Horsky's lectures to the Northwestern University School of Law in 1952 were collected in a book titled The Washington Lawyer.Notable cases

Korematsu v. United States (1944)

During World War II, Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34 of the U.S. Army required all Japanese Americans to report to internment camps for confinement. Fred Korematsu stayed in San Leandro, California, actively refusing to obey the order. He was arrested and convicted of violating the Order. The American Civil Liberties Union handled the appeal, and in 1944 <mask>, who founded the DC branch of the ACLU, argued the case before the United States Supreme Court alongside civil rights attorney Wayne M. Collins. He claimed that the Order was unconstitutional and that the DeWitt Report, which outlined reasons for the necessary removal of Japanese Americans, was false and misleading. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the United States 6 to 3, upholding the constitutionality of the Order.In 1984, Mr. Korematsu had the previous case reexamined through a writ of coram nobis. The court ruled in his favor and overturned his previous conviction. Nuremberg War Crimes Trials (1945-46)

In the wake of World War II, Horsky approached Robert Jackson, the chief prosecutor for the Nuremberg Trials, to collaborate on the cases. Jackson brought him on board, and Horsky was appointed to the temporary reserves of the Coast Guard so that he could have access to the confidential files pertinent to the case. Horsky helped manage the "state side" of the U.S. Government's prosecution in Germany,


title: Charles Antone Horsky

texts:
 the courts at the present, and where warranted recommending changes. The full Horsky Committee reviewed each of these individual draft reports before they were adopted by the full body.The DC Bar's Horsky report was vast, spanning nearly a thousand pages, and was ultimately published as a US Senate document. Many of the suggestions for change were adopted by the DC Courts' administration or the US Congress through legislation in the following years. The Council for Court Excellence
As the Horsky Report was nearly completion, <mask> and Sam Harahan and others were concerned about how best to assure the implementation of the many reform proposals found in the Horsky Report, and of the need for ongoing monitoring and support of the local and federal courts. Sam Harahan and Bill Slate met with Horsky and encouraged him to support and help lead a new, more permanent broadly-based nonpartisan court improvement organization. In January 1982, <mask>, Harahan, Slate and a number of other concerned citizens founded the Council for Court Excellence, a nonprofit nonpartisan organization whose mission is to bring lawyers, judges, and community members together to promote judicial reform, access to justice, and to promote public education about the judicial system. Since 1982, the organization has been successfully engaged in over forty separate major judicial reform and educational initiatives, and produced a wealth of literature educating the public about the judicial system. Other work
Horsky’s resume is diverse and expansive.Among many other roles, he served as Chairman of the National Bankruptcy

masks: Horsky Horsky


title: Charles Antone Horsky

texts:
 Conference, Chairman of the DC Board of Education, President of the Eugene & Agnes E. Meyer Foundation, Chair of the Visitors' Services Center, and Director and President of the DC International Horse Show. He received the Pro Bono Award from the DC Bar in 1989. In 1997, a month after his death, he was posthumously awarded the Honor Award from the National Building Museum as a community builder of Washington, D.C. Personal life
Horsky married Barbara Egleston <mask> (1937) and adopted two children, Margaret and <mask> (Tony). Horsky took trips from the Washington, DC suburb of Silver Spring, Maryland to his cabin in Lincoln, Montana nearly every summer, where he often brought his friends for memorable pack trips in the Bob Marshall Wilderness. In Montana, he fly-fished, hiked, and drove around in his late father's vintage green Oldsmobile. Back in Washington, up until near the time of his death, Horsky was regularly observed driving his 1962 Ford Galaxie with the top down, in deep winter, with no overcoat.He died on August 20, 1997 in Silver Spring, Maryland due to kidney failure. References
Levy, Claudia. "<mask>y Dies; Shaped Home Rule." Washington Post 22 August 1997, Obituaries sec. : B4. Print. Trescott, Jacqueline."<mask>, Nonstop Volunteer." Washington Post 25 May 1989. Print. "<mask><mask>, Esquire." Interview by Thomas S. Williamson and Carol Elder Bruce. The Historical Society of the District of Columbia Circuit - Oral History Project 1996. Print.<mask>, <mask>. Curriculum Vitae of <mask> <mask>. Raw data. "<mask> Horsky." Washington Post 25 August 1997: A18. Print. Harahan, Samuel

masks:
Horsky
Antone
Charles Horsk
Charles Horsky
Charles A
. Horsky
Horsky
Charles A
Charles Antone
Horsky
Charles Antone


title: Charles Antone Horsky

texts:
 F. "Eulogy for Horsky." Memorial Service.Washington. 27 August 1997. Speech. "Legends in the Law: A Conversation with <mask>. Horsky." Interview by Theodore Fischer. Bar Report.Web. 21 July 2010. <http://www.dcbar.org/for_lawyers/resources/legends_in_the_law/horsky.cfm>. Molotsky, Irvin. "<mask><mask>, 87, Dies - Left Imprint on U.S. Capital." The New York Times.24 August 1997. Web. 21 July 2010. <https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/24/us/charles-a-horsky-87-dies-left-imprint-on-us-capital.html>. Wertz, Tony. "Nephew Interview." Telephone interview.19 July 2010. 1910 births
1997 deaths
People from Helena, Montana
20th-century American lawyers
Harvard Law School alumni
University of Washington alumni
American Civil Liberties Union people
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
People associated with Covington &

masks:
Charles A
Charles A
. Horsky


title: William St. John Glenn

texts:
<mask><mask> (1904–1974) was an Irish-British illustrator, painter and comics artist. Early years

He was born in Belfast and at sixteen he had his first drawing reproduced in Ireland's Saturday Night. This early success prompted him to seek a career in art. To gain experience, in 1919, he entered the Artists' Department in a small publishing house, Graham & Heslip Ltd., and for over five years illustrated countless booklets, and did figure sketches in black and white and colour. 1926–1936 – The Belfast Telegraph and "Oscar"
In May 1926, at the age of 21, <mask> saw his own strip cartoon called "Oscar" appear daily in the Belfast Telegraph. "Oscar" featured a little man with a long nose who wore the baggy trousers of the period known as Oxford bags. In August the Belfast Telegraph appointed him to its editorial staff.The same year, at a Halloween party, he met his future wife, Dorothea, and soon his strip cartoon character "Oscar" had a glamorous wife inspired by the real person. "Oscar" was subsequently syndicated in South Africa and Australia. While with the Belfast Telegraph <mask> became a member of the Institute of Journalists, and wrote his own column on topical subjects under the pseudonym "The Gay Philosopher". He also had the opportunity to be involved in experimental press photography. The Ulster Academy of Art
In 1931, <mask> was elected a member of the Ulster Academy of Art and on 23 January 1936 elected a full Academician and Vice-President. In 1931 the first exhibition of the Ulster Academy of Art was opened in the Municipal Art Gallery, Belfast. <mask> exhibited two watercolours and over the coming five years he exhibited mainly watercolours and oil paintings.His subjects varied from portraits and landscapes to markets, a printing press and Gipsy scenes. He also exhibited in the Royal Hibernian Academy exhibition in Dublin in 1936. He was happy to talk to community groups about his work and enjoyed organising the annual Ulster Arts Ball. He was elected a Member

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William St
. John Glenn
Glenn
Glenn
Glenn
Glenn


title: William St. John Glenn

texts:
 of the Order of Honorary Academicians of the Royal Ulster Academy on 12 January 1968, which entitled him to use the letters R.U.A. after his name. Dublin Opinion and "Ballyscunnion"
Dublin Opinion was a humorous monthly magazine established in the early days of the Irish Republic and <mask>. J. <mask> was contributing cartoons from 1928, signed "W. St John." Over the next forty years he contributed cartoons often portraying glamorous, sophisticated young men and women, but alongside these, from 1938 he produced a full page scraperboard drawing of country folk in a mythical village called "Ballyscunnion"."It was an encapsulation of every village and villager of the time with all their idiosyncrasies and all their foibles." So wrote Pat Donlon. In drawing "Ballyscunnion" <mask> used a scraperboard covered in white china that could be inked black and scratched, giving an effect rather like a woodcut. "Rarely can the medium have been more brilliantly used," said Charles E. Kelly, the editor of Dublin Opinion. "Dorothea" 1936–1939
On Monday 31 August 1936 the Daily Mail announced a new comic strip that would run daily and start the next day. It was called "Dorothea" and featured an attractive young woman inspired by <mask>'s wife of the same name. He started supplying the Daily Mail with the "Dorothea" strip while still with the Belfast Telegraph, but when the Daily Mail was sure of the success of "Dorothea", he and his family moved to London.Within six months <mask> joined the staff of the Daily Mail. The "Dorothea" strip attracted favourable attention from the art world for its experimental layout and from women readers for the fashionable style of clothing. It continued until the growing threat of war forced major changes in newspapers in the Spring of 1939. "Dorothea" was syndicated to The Friend in South Africa in 1937 and also appeared in Australia. During the next year <mask> stayed in London freelancing cartoons and illustrating articles for many London newspapers and

masks:
William St
Glenn
Glenn
Glenn
Glenn
Glenn


title: William St. John Glenn

texts:
 magazines. Then after recovering from major surgery for a brain tumour in 1940, he joined the Ministry of Information, working in the photographs and pictures division until 1945. September 1945 – Back to the Daily Mail
<mask> returned to the Daily Mail as Features Editor.He initiated the Strip Cartoons Department and commissioned artists and photographers He continued as an artist, contributing illustrations to The Daily Mail Annual for Boys and Girls and designing covers for the Teddy Tail Annuals. 1951 brought new worries. After another brain operation, <mask> returned to the Daily Mail to draw "Teddy Tail" daily for the newspaper until it stopped appearing in December 1960. The Daily Mail also introduced a "Blue Spot" Annual of Children's Favourite Stories. There were three different editions of the "Blue Spot Annuals". <mask> designed the outside covers for all three and illustrated stories in each book. Retiring from the Daily Mail after more brain surgery in 1961, <mask> devoted some of his leisure to helping the Chelsea Cine Club, and writing articles on Chelsea's riverside illustrated by photos.“Ballyscunnion" Exhibition 1970. There was an exhibition of original "Ballyscunnion" scraperboard drawings in the Irish Club, Eaton Square, London. Sir Charles Petrie, the military historian, opened the exhibition, and the editor of Dublin Opinion, Charles E. Kelly, flew over from Ireland to be there. He suggested the collection should find a home in the National Gallery in Dublin because "I am sure the like of this will not be seen again." <mask><mask> <mask> died in hospital in Chelsea in June 1974. References

External links
Ballyscunnion Website
<mask>. <mask> Website
Ballyscunnion Drawings etc
Lambiek Comiclopedia article

1974 deaths
1904 births
20th-century Irish painters
Irish male painters
Artists from Belfast
Cartoonists from Northern Ireland
Irish comics artists
Irish comics writers
Irish cartoonists
Painters from Northern Ireland
Members of the Royal Ulster

masks:
Glenn
Glenn
Glenn
Glenn
William St
. John
Glenn
William St
John Glenn


title: Sander Kleinenberg

texts:
<mask> (; born 29 December 1971) is a Dutch disc jockey, VDJ, and record producer. He founded and runs Little Mountain Recordings and THIS IS Recordings. <mask> is well known for his use of digital video in concerts, his "Everybody" and This Is brands of club nights and albums and his 2000 single "My Lexicon" as well as hits like "The Fruit" and "This Is Miami". Music career
<mask> began DJing at a local bar in 1987 at the age of 15, playing a variety of music including rock and dance music. After sending demos to many European record labels, <mask> released his first single "Bombay" in 1993 on Belgian record label Wonka Beats under the artist name Free Frogs, a collaboration with several friends. The next year, he released a single on German record label Superstition. In 1996, <mask> released "YDW (You Do Me Wrong)" under the moniker S 'N' S on the Dutch record label Deal Records and licensed by Strictly Rhythm.His early influences included Mantronix, Shep Pettibone, and Depeche Mode. In 1999, <mask> produced the first part of his thematic 4 Seasons trilogy with second part the following in 2000, both on London's FFRR label. <mask> was also becoming known worldwide with the release of his track "My Lexicon", which is now often considered a genre standard of progressive house. "My Lexicon" is well known for its catchy, trancey percussive melody and atmospheric chord stabs. "My Lexicon" and "Sacred" were both given a boost in popularity by their appearance on Sasha's Global Underground 013: Ibiza album. <mask> was to join the Global Underground label the following year with his Nubreed 004 release. In 2003, <mask> <mask> founded his record label Little Mountain Recordings.Its first release was the final part in <mask>'s 4 Seasons series, which had been pushed back due to, among other things, label changes. <mask> described the final installment as "rougher around the

masks:
Sander Kleinenberg
Kleinenberg
Sander Kleinenberg
Kleinenberg
Kleinenberg
Kleinenberg
Kleinenberg
Kleinenberg
Sander
Kleinenberg
Kleinenberg
Kleinenberg