title: Maria Firmina dos Reis

texts:
 Fragmentos de uma vida.Maranhão: Imprensa do Governo do Maranhão, 1975. Cantos à beira-mar. Poetry. São Luís do Maranhão: Typographia do Paiz. Reprint by “M.F.V. Pires”, 1871. 2nd edition, facsimile, by José Nascimento Morais Filho: Rio de Janeiro: Granada, 1976.Hino da libertação dos escravos. 1888. <mask> <mask> is included in the poetry anthology Parnaso maranhense: collecção de poesias, edited by Flávio Reimar and Antonio Marques Rodrigues. She published poems in the following literary journals: Federalista; Pacotilha; Diário do Maranhão; A Revista Maranhense; O País; O Domingo; Porto Livre; O Jardim dos Maranhenses; Semanário Maranhense; Eco da Juventude; Almanaque de Lembranças Brasileiras; A Verdadeira Marmota; Publicador Maranhense; y A Imprensa. English translations

 Ursula. Trans. and Introduction by Cristina Ferreira Pinto-Bailey.Dartmouth, MA: Tagus P, 2021. “The Slave Woman.” Trans. and Introduction by Cristina Ferreira Pinto-Bailey. Afro-Hispanic Review. 32. 1 (Spring 2013): 209-18. Selected further reading

 Alzira Rufino; Nilza Iraci; <mask> Pereira.A mulher negra tem história. Santos, SP: Coletivo de Mulheres Negras da Baixada Santista, c. 1986. Notes

External links
 Digital editions (in Portuguese)

 <mask> <mask> at Google Books
 "Author’s Portrait: <mask> <mask>", Edith's Miscellany, November 26, 2014. 1825 births
1917 deaths
19th-century Brazilian educators
Brazilian abolitionists
Brazilian women novelists
People from Maranhão
19th-century Brazilian women

masks:
Maria Firmina
dos Reis
Maria Rosa
Maria Firmina
dos Reis
Maria Firmina
dos Reis


title: Sean Long

type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 24 September 1976), also known by the nickname of "<mask>", is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. An England and Great Britain international , <mask> is regarded by many as one of the finest British players of his generation. He began his career with the Wigan Warriors, and also played for the Widnes Vikings and Hull FC, but is best known for his time playing for St Helens in the Super League with whom he won a total of four Super League championships and five Challenge Cups, as well as numerous individual accolades including the Man of Steel award, and three Lance Todd Trophies. Early life
Between the ages of eleven and thirteen <mask> attended St Joseph's Catholic Comprehensive School in Horwich but moved to the Deanery High School on Frog Lane in Wigan because the former only played football, not rugby. Playing career (RL)

1990s
After signing from local amateur side, Wigan St Judes, <mask> started his career at Wigan. After Wigan released him from his contract, <mask> moved to Widnes, where he attracted the attention of several of the European Super League's top clubs. He was signed by St Helens in 1997.In the 1997 post season, <mask> was selected to play for Great Britain from the interchange bench in two matches of the Super League Test series against Australia. <mask> played for St. Helens from the interchange bench, kicking two goals in their 1999 Super League Grand Final victory over Bradford Bulls. 2000s
<mask> twice set the St. Helens record for the number of points scored in a Super League season, gaining 284 points in 1999 and 352 points in 2000. Having won the 1999 Championship, St. Helens contested in the 2000 World Club Challenge against National Rugby League

masks:
Sean Bernard Long
Longy
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long


title: Sean Long

texts: Premiers the Melbourne Storm, with <mask> playing at scrum half back and kicking a goal in the loss. <mask> played for St. Helens at scrum half and kicked four goals in their 2000 Super League Grand Final victory over Wigan Warriors, and was named as Man of Steel in 2000. As Super League V champions, St. Helens played against 2000 NRL Premiers Brisbane Broncos in the 2001 World Club Challenge. <mask> played at scrum half, scoring a try, three goals and a field goal in Saints' victory.<mask> played for St. Helens at scrum half, scoring a try, a goal and the match-winning drop goal in their 2002 Super League Grand Final victory against the Bradford Bulls. Having won Super League VI, St Helens contested the 2003 World Club Challenge against 2002 NRL Premiers Sydney Roosters. <mask> played at stand-off in Saints' 38–0 loss. In 2004, <mask> served a three-month ban for his part in the 2004 rugby league betting scandal. Despite this, <mask> was selected in the Great Britain team to compete in the end of season 2004 Rugby League Tri-Nations tournament. In the final against Australia he played at scrum half in the Lions' 44–4 loss. By 2005, <mask> had scored 2,000 points for St Helens.During the 2005's Super League X, he sustained a broken cheek bone in a challenge by Wigan Warrior' Terry Newton in an incident that saw Newton receive a 12-match ban, the heaviest for an on-field action in Super League history at the time. <mask> played for St Helens at scrum half and scored a try in their 2006 Challenge Cup Final victory over Huddersfield Giants, and won the Lance Todd Trophy as man-of-the-match in a Challenge Cup final for a record third time. St Helens reached the 2006 Super League Grand final to be contested against Hull FC, and <mask> played at

masks: Long Long Long Long Long Long Long Long Long Long


title: Sean Long

texts:
 scrum half in Saints' 26–4 victory. Following the season, <mask> was selected for Great Britain in the Tri nations. <mask> played in the first game between Great Britain and Australia, which resulted in Great Britain's first victory in Sydney in 18 years, with a score of 23–12. However, on 13 November 2006, <mask> returned home from the Tri-Nations tour, with 'personal reasons' cited as the reason by Great Britain coach Brian Noble. As 2006 Super League champions, St Helens faced 2006 NRL Premiers Brisbane Broncos in the 2007 World Club Challenge.<mask> captained Saints from scrum half in their 18–14 victory. St. Helens in 2007 took all honours apart from the Super League title when they were beaten by Leeds at Old Trafford in the Grand Final. In 2007 <mask> received a testimonial match for St Helens against Leigh. Former St Helens players returned for the game, including Chris Joynt, Tommy Martyn and Paul Newlove. St Helens won the game 40–10. <mask> officially retired from international football on 16 April 2007, wishing to concentrate on his club career. He played in 2008's Super League XIII Grand Final defeat by Leeds.On 1 June 2009 it was announced that <mask> had signed a two-year contract with Hull F.C. for the 2010 and 2011 seasons, leaving St Helens after 12 seasons. Also in 2009 an Autobiography, Longy: Booze, Brawls, Sex and Scandal was published. <mask> kicked his 1,000th goal for St. Helens on 22 February 2009 in a game against Huddersfield. He played in the 2009 Super League Grand Final defeat by the Leeds Rhinos at Old Trafford. 2010s
<mask> announced his retirement from playing rugby league on the morning of 10 August 2011. Playing career (RU)
On 1 November 2011 it was announced he had signed a playing contract with Rugby

masks: Long Long Long Long Long Long Sean Long Long


title: Sean Long

texts:
 Union side Preston Grasshoppers in SSE National League 2 North.In 2017, he joined rugby union side Orrell RUFC. Coaching career

Salford
Following his retirement as a player, <mask> began a coaching career, and began an assistant coaching job with Salford. Samoa
In 2013, <mask> was appointed assistant coach of Samoa's 2013 Rugby League World Cup campaign. In 2014 <mask> reprised his role as Samoa played in the Four Nations. <mask> was appointed assistant coach for Samoa for the 2017 Rugby League World Cup. St Helens
In November 2014, <mask> left Salford and took up the assistant coach role at St. Helens following former teammate Keiron Cunningham's appointment as head coach from 2015 onwards. Harlequin FC (RU)
He was assistant coach of Harlequin FC after leaving St Helens.Leeds Rhinos
On 26 October 2020 <mask> was confirmed as the Assistant Coach at Leeds Rhinos marking his return to rugby league. France
On 29 Mar 2021 <mask> was named as assistant coach for France as they prepare for the forthcoming 2021 Rugby League World Cup, alongside his responsibilities at Leeds Rhinos. References

External links
<mask> St Helens Career Page on the Saints Heritage Society Website''. <mask> Statistics at wigan.rlfans.com
(archived by web.archive.org) <mask> makes début for Saints

1976 births
Living people
England national rugby league team players
English rugby league players
English rugby union players
Great Britain national rugby league team players
Hull F.C. players
Lance Todd Trophy winners
Orrell R.U.F.C. players
Preston Grasshoppers R.F.C. players
Rugby league five-eighths
Rugby league halfbacks
Rugby league players from Wigan
Rugby union players from Wigan
St Helens R.F.C.captains
St Helens R.F.C. players
Widnes Vikings players
Wigan Warriors

masks:
Long
Sean Long
Long
Sean Long
Long
Long
Long
Sean Long
Sean Long
Long


title: Minamoto no Michichika

texts:
was a Japanese noble and statesman of the late Heian period and early Kamakura period. Serving in the courts of seven different emperors, he brought the Murakami Genji to the peak of their success. He is also commonly known as , and in Sōtō Zen buddhism as . Life

Aide to Emperor Takakura
Born the heir of the Murakami Genji branch of the Minamoto clan in 1149, and in 1158 was granted the , via the Minamoto family head's prerogative to thus promote one individual each year. The Murakami Genji had previously enjoyed prosperity as the maternal relatives of Emperor Horikawa, but after this were pushed back by descendants of Fujiwara no Kinsue's branch of the Fujiwara clan, the . Michichika's father Masamichi served Bitokumon-in during Emperor Toba's cloistered rule, but changed his role under the cloistered rule of Emperor Go-Shirakawa. In 1168, when Go-Shirakawa's wife  became kōtaigō, Masamichi became .Michichika was permitted entry into the court along with Emperor Takakura's ascension in the same year, serving as a close aid to the young emperor. <mask>'s first wife was a daughter of the daijō-daijin , but he soon took a daughter of Taira no Norimori or Michimori as his second wife, strengthening his ties with that powerful clan. In 1179, <mask> became head of the Kurōdo-dokoro, and in 1180 he was promoted both to sangi, thus joining the ranks of the kugyō, and to . After Taira no Kiyomori's coup d'etat in late 1179, Emperor Takakura reluctantly abdicated the throne to begin his own cloistered rule, and <mask> supported his inexperienced efforts as head of his cloistered government. <mask> joined the imperial outing to Itsukushima and relocation of the capital to

masks: Michichika Michichika Michichika Michichika


title: Minamoto no Michichika

texts:
 Fukuhara-kyō in the first half of the year, but as the country fell into upheaval after the first battle of Uji, he returned to Heian-kyō in the autumn. The retired emperor Takakura's physical condition worsened and he fell ill. <mask> composed a poem praying for his recovery, but in 1181, Takakura died at 21 years old. As a close attendant of the dead sovereign, Michichika was bestowed an undyed white mourning dress.Lamenting the death of his longtime master, he recorded his plaintive feelings in the . Genpei War
Shortly thereafter Taira no Kiyomori died and Go-Shirakawa reopened his cloistered rule, and the center of power continued to change at a dizzying pace. Meanwhile, Michichika avoided relying on the patronage of any particular power, but participated passionately in debates at Go-Shirakawa's palace and worked diligently at the business of government, increasing his presence in the court. When the Taira clan fled the capital in 1183, he went visited Go-Shirakawa in order to bid them farewell. When Emperor Go-Toba took the throne in the next month, the Imperial Regalia were in the possession of the Taira. Michichika raised the examples of Emperor Guangwu of Han and Emperor Yuan of Jin, who obtained their imperial seals only after assuming the throne, in order to help Go-Toba ascend smoothly. He was present at Hōjūjidono during the Siege of Hōjūjidono that autumn.Michichika's loyalty was recognized, and in spring of 1185 he was promoted to provisional chūnagon, and that winter was appointed as one of ten ministers appointed to oversee the court, called . He was granted Inaba Province as a fief and recommended his second son  as its governor. He married


title: Minamoto no Michichika

texts:
 Emperor Go-Toba's wetnurse, , and adopted her daughter . As <mask> headed the event teams for Kujō Kanezane's proclamations as nairan and head of the sekkan Fujiwara clan, and Kanezane praised <mask>'s hard work in turn, the relationship between the two appears to have been healthy at the time. Under Kanezane's conservative administration, though, <mask>'s promotion stalled. In 1188, Michichika protested against the promotion of Kanezane's younger and less experienced son Kujō Yoshitsune over him to the , requesting that he too be promoted. Kanezane criticized Michichika harshly, calling him ungrateful for his promotion to  the previous year, and in this no different from a bird or animal.After this, their relationship soured, and Michichika began to look for an opportunity to take Kanezane down. Guardian to Senyōmon-in
In late 1189, Michichika invited Go-Shirakawa to the Koga estate and presented him with various gifts. A month and a half later, Go-Shirakawa's youngest daughter  was proclaimed an imperial princess, and Michichika was appointed as her guardian, strengthening his relationship with her birth mother . In 1191, Princess Kinshi was bestowed the Buddhist name of , and Michichika became the steward of her household, appointing his sons Michitomo and Michimune to positions within it. When Go-Shirakawa died in 1192, it was Senyōmon-in who inherited his largest territory , and as <mask> was its effective manager, he brought the courtiers in control of it into his jurisdiction, forming a strong political foothold for himself. When <mask> no Yoritomo entered the capital in 1190, Michichika remembered to curry favor with him by acting as event manager for his

masks: Michichika Michichika Michichika Michichika Minamoto


title: Minamoto no Michichika

texts:
 appointment to , but also planned to strengthen his relationship with Yoritomo's confidant Ōe no Hiromoto. In 1191, he broke with tradition by appointing Hiromoto as a  in the Daigaku-ryō and .After Go-Shirakawa's death, Kujō Kanezane controlled the court through the young Emperor Go-Toba, but his strict adherence to tradition and stress on lineage in personnel affairs fostered opposition amongst the middle and lower ranking nobles, and he gradually lost popularity in the court. Michichika won over the noble families of Fujiwara no Akisue and the  branch of the Fujiwara, who Kanezane had treated coldly, as allies. Meanwhile, he used Takashina no Eishi as an intermediary to alienate Yoritomo, who wanted to marry his daughter Ō-hime to the Emperor, from Kanezane, who had already married his own daughter Kujō Ninshi to said emperor. In 1195, Michichika was promoted to dainagon, and when his adopted daughter Zaishi bore the Emperor a prince, the future Emperor Tsuchimikado, his position in the court suddenly solidified. In 1196, he made Kujō Ninshi leave the palace and overthrew Kanezane, replacing him with <mask>e Motomichi in a coup d'etat. <mask> Hakuriku
In 1198, Michichika forced the enthronement of Emperor Tsuchimikado against both precedent and the opposition of the shogunate. Though Michichika tried to use the case of Emperor Kōnin as a precedent for the sudden enthronement, Fujiwara no Teika scathingly commented "If Tsuchimikado is Kōnin, then who is Dōkyō?"After this, <mask> reached the height of his power as the Emperor's maternal grandfather, and was called . The term "Hakuriku" here refers to the position of kampaku, although <mask> himself never

masks: Kono Minamoto Michichika Michichika


title: Minamoto no Michichika

texts: officially held the title. In 1199, <mask> became a . He tried to lessen the shogunate's opposition by appointing the heir <mask> Yoriie as , but shortly thereafter received news that Yoritomo had fallen seriously ill. Once Yoritomo's death was publicly announced, it would become necessary to delay Yoriie's promotion, and so <mask> hurriedly conducted both appointments in a simplified fashion. Teika once again criticized <mask> for enforcing the appointment while knowing of Yoritomo's demise and then expressing his condolences and making a show of mourning the next day, calling this an "egregious plot". Yoritomo's death upset the political situation, and in the capital  plotted an attack on Michichika, forcing him to hide in the retired emperor's palace. Executives of the shogunate, with Ōe no Hiromoto at the center, supported Michichika, suppressing the movement to remove him and restoring peace to the capital.Michichika made various preparations, rebuilding Tsuchimikado's palace and adding a gate, and that summer was promoted to naidaijin. While respecting the viewpoint of the now-mature retired emperor Go-Toba, Michichika placed Kujō Yoshitsune as sadaijin and <mask>e Iezane as udaijin to preserve peace between and with both families. Since both were still young, Michichika was effectively in control of the Daijō-kan. Around this time, he also married Fujiwara no Motofusa's daughter Ishi. In 1200 Go-Toba's third son Prince Morinari, the future Emperor Juntoku, became crown prince. Michichika became his , while his brother-in-law  became , and his heir  provisionally assumed the same title, filling the Crown Prince's Quarters with the Murakami Genji and his

masks: Michichika Minamoto Michichika Michichika Kono


title: Minamoto no Michichika

texts:
 Fujiwara relatives. Even 1202 he appeared vigorous, acting as event manager when his adopted daughter Zaishi received the Buddhist name , and welcoming Go-Toba to a palace built by his sworn friend , but he suddenly died that autumn at age 54. When <mask>e Iezane heard of his death, he recorded in his diary that Michichika had handled all the business of government, and the court granted him the posthumous .Go-Toba was also said to have expressed his sorrow by stopping holding poetry contests. After <mask>'s death, there was nobody left who could dissuade Go-Toba, and he began his cloistered rule in earnest. <mask> was also a skilled poet and also served in the , where he led the planning for a new poetry collection that would later become the Shin Kokin Wakashū. However, he died without seeing its completion. That collection, along with many others, includes some of <mask>'s waka. Famous works
, written in 1180, is <mask>'s travel diary from retired Emperor Takakura's Imperial visit to Itsukushima in Aki Province. , written in 1181, records the state of affairs at the time of Emperor Takakura's death and mourns him.Both are written in a mix of kana and kanji, as is modern Japanese. The two together are known as . Genealogy
Father:
Mother: daughter of , court lady of Bifukumon-in
Wife: daughter of
Eldest son:
Wife: daughter of  or , court lady of Emperor Takakura
Second son: , descendants became Horikawa clan (died out in Muromachi period)
Wife: , , daughter of
Third son: , descendants carried on Koga clan
Fourth son: , descendants became Tsuchimikado clan (died out in Muromachi period)
Fifth son: , descendants became Nakanoin clan
Adopted daughter: , aka ,

masks: Kono Michichika Michichika Michichika Michichika


title: Edward Flatau

texts:
<mask> (27 December 1868, Płock – 7 June 1932, Warsaw) was a Polish neurologist and psychiatrist. He was a co-founder of the modern Polish neurology, an authority on the physiology and pathology of meningitis, co-founder of medical journals  Neurologia Polska and Warszawskie Czasopismo Lekarskie, and member of the Polish Academy of Learning. His name in medicine is linked to Redlich-Flatau syndrome, Flatau-Sterling torsion dystonia (type 1), Flatau-Schilder disease, and <mask>'s law. His publications greatly influenced the developing field of neurology. He published a human brain atlas (1894), wrote a fundamental book on migraine (1912), established the localization principle of long fibers in the spinal cord (1893), and with Sterling published an early paper (1911) on progressive torsion spasm in children and suggested that the disease has a genetic component. Life
He was born in 1868 in Płock, the son of Anna and <mask> of assimilated Jewish family. In 1886, he graduated from high school (gymnasium) in Płock (now Marshal Stanisław Małachowski High School, Płock, also known as "Małachowianka").From 1886, <mask> attended medical school at the University of Moscow, where he graduated eximia cum laude. In Moscow, he was greatly influenced by the psychiatrist Sergei Sergeievich Korsakoff (1854–1900) and the neurologist Alexis Jakovlevich Kozhevnikof (1836–1902). <mask> became a medical doctor in 1892. He spent the years 1893–1899 in Berlin in the laboratories of Emanuel Mendel (1839–1907) and in the University of Berlin under Wilhelm von Waldeyer-Hartz (1836–1921). During that time, he worked together with

masks:
Edward Flatau
Flatau
Luwik Flatau
Flatau
Flatau


title: Edward Flatau

texts:
 Alfred Goldscheider (1858–1935), Ernst Viktor von Leyden (1832–1910), Hermann Oppenheim, Louis Jacobsohn, Ernst Remak, and Hugo Liepmann. Though he was offered a position of professorship of neurology in Buenos Aires, he returned to Poland and in 1899 settled in Warsaw. He was married twice.He had two daughters, Anna and <mask>. His first wife Zofia and daughter Anna are described in a book by Antoni Marianowicz. Some stories about his personal life are printed in reminiscences of Wacław Solski and Ludwik Krzywicki. Scientific accomplishments
Flatau dealt with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the brain, treatment of muscle diseases, child neurology, peripheral nerve surgery, anatomy of the nervous system, histopathology of the nerve tissue, experimental oncology, neurophysiology, and nervous system pathophysiology. His scientific career is described in number of works. The most comprehensive are biographies written in Polish by his pupil and subsequent professor of neurology in the postwar Poland, Eugeniusz Herman. Other Polish publications include
Besides these contributions there are several written in English and German
A good source of information is the Jubilee Book of <mask> (written in German, French and Polish), published during his lifetime, which contains contributions from his scientific collaborators as well as a bibliography and biography written by his student Maurycy Bornsztajn.<ref name=fla29a>Księga Pamiątkowa <mask> <mask>, Warszawa 1929, s. V-XXIIL, Gebethner i Wolff.</ref>
In 1937 Warszawskie Czasopismo Lekarskie published special edition devoted to Flatau contributed mostly

masks:
Joanna Flatau
Edward Flatau
Edwarda
Flatau


title: Edward Flatau

texts:
 by his pupils.Mackiewicz, J., Badania <mask> Flatau nad nowotworami układu nerwowego, „Warszawskie Czasopismo Lekarskie", 1937, nr 21-22, s. 411–413.Brain atlas and spinal cord
In 1894 at the age of 26, he published the influential Atlas of the Human Brain and the Course of the Nerve-Fibres, which was published in German, English, French, Russian, and in 1896 in Polish. The Polish edition was dedicated "To the memory of a noble man and an eminent physician Profesor Tytus Chałubiński author dedicates this work." The atlas was based on long-exposure photographs of fresh brain sections (up to 10 minutes for flat and 30 minutes for uneven surfaces, by means of small diaphragms). These studies were done in Berlin under Professor Emanuel Mendel. In a review, Sigmund Freud wrote: "The plates with their clarity deserve to be called excellent educational material, suitable as an utterly reliable reference. A schematic plate in the beginning gives an overview of our knowledge on the fibre pathways in the CNS, incorporating the accounts of Mendel, Bechterew and Edinger and continuing with the differing views on the structure of nervous tissue of Camillio Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal. The price of the work is minimal if one considers its completeness and beauty.The author and publisher deserve thanks from the medical community for this valuable work." In 1899, he published the second edition, which was extended and composed of two parts: an atlas and supplement. The preface to the second edition and supplement was written by <mask> in Warsaw. In the second edition, <mask> added the description of his discovery on

masks:
Edwarda
Edward Flatau
Flatau


title: Edward Flatau

texts:
 Das Gesetz der excentrischen Lagerung der langen Bahnen im Ruckenmark. <mask>'s brain atlas was published two years before the workDas Menschenhirn of Gustaf Retzius, but the first publication of images of the brain was work of Jules Bernard Luys in 1873. Sigmund Freud and <mask> were together editors of the magazine Annual report on progress in neurology and psychiatry in 1897. Both were at the time neurologists.<mask>'s Law
His law played an important role in the initial studies of the spinal cord. With the Berlin neurobiologist Johannes Gad, <mask> performed experiments on dogs and criticized the Bastian-Bruns law concerning the loss of function following spinal cord injury (1893). On the basis of numerous clinical spinal cord surgeries, experiments, and subsequent observations, he discovered that the "greater the length of the fibres in the spinal cord the closer they are situated to the periphery" (<mask>'s law). He provided evidence for the laminar arrangement of spinal pathways. He also described the fifth, seventh, and eighth cranial nerves, and carefully outlined their nuclei. The paper on this topic, Das Gesetz der excentrischen Lagerung der langen Bahnen im Rückenmark, was published in 1897. For this work he received a PhD in medical sciences in Moscow in 1899 (dissertation )

This work was presented in 1949, next to a portrait of the author, on display at the IV International Congress of Neurologists in Paris.The neuron theory
<mask> began working at the Center for Anatomy of the Charité in Humboldt University of Berlin two years after the Wilhelm Waldeyer introduced the term neuron (Heinrich

masks:
Flatau
Edward Flatau
Flatau
Flatau
Flatau
Flatau


title: Edward Flatau

texts:
 Waldeyer himself advocated and popularized the work of Ramón y Cajal). Thus, in 1895, <mask> became interested in neuron theory recently developed by Ramón y Cajal and Heinrich Waldeyer, and became one of its proponents. In several publications, he attempted to establish a unity between the physiology and anatomy of the neuron. Together with Alfred Goldscheider, he worked on the structure of nerve cells and their changes under mechanical, thermal, and toxic influences. They published results of their experiments in 1897 and 1898 in Fortschritte der Medizin and Polish Gazeta Lekarska, which were subsequently published as a special monograph. They state that the character of changes in neuron cells could provide information about the type of influences acting on them. This work, in which the normal and pathologic anatomy of the V, VII, and VIII (cochlear) cranial nerves was included, created much discussion and was adversely criticized by Franz Nissl, who opposed the neuron theory.He modified Golgi's method of tissue staining
and on the basis of studies of physiological effects of transverse intersection of the spinal cord in dogs carried out together with Johannes Gad, he provided criticism of the Bastian–Bruns sign of disappearance Patellar reflex as a result of this treatment (1896). Together with his friend Louis Jacobsohn-Lask, he continued anatomy work. In 1895 and 1896, <mask> and Jacobsohn received 1500 marks from duchess Louise von Bose, probably to develop presentation for an international medical congress in Moscow in 1897. Along with Jacobsohn, <mask> wrote a well-known textbook of comparative

masks: Flatau Flatau Flatau


title: Edward Flatau

texts:
 anatomy of the nervous system of mammals (1899). In 1906, he visited the Munich psychiatric clinic of Emil Kraepelin. In 1910 and 1911, he wrote three chapters on tumors of the brain and spinal cord for the two volumes of the handbook edited by the Berlin neurologist Max Lewandowsky. Together with the Warsaw surgeon Bronislaw Sawicki, he published a work on surgery of the spinal-cord cysts and treatment of tumors of the spine, in which he pointed out histopathological issues important for the surgical procedure.This publication was the culmination of several years of cooperation between the two doctors. <mask> was the first in Poland to describe the cases of encephalitis lethargica and on occasion the name "Economo-Flatau disease" was used to identify this disease in Polish medical literature. Neurology and early human genetics
In 1911, <mask> and Wladyslaw Sterling published an article on progressive torsion spasm in children. The authors pointed out that the disease was associated with genetic factors. In the same year, Theodor Ziehen and Hermann Oppenheim published a paper claiming that dystonia is related to a disease of the muscles. However, <mask> and Sterling noted that the intellectual capacity of these patients was higher than average. In 1976, Eldridge suggested that the publication of Flatau and Sterling was one of the first to describe the genetic factors of neurological diseases.In 1927, <mask>, independently of Emil Redlich in Vienna, described the first cases of encephalomyelitis epidemica disseminata (Flatau-Redlich disease). <mask> was convinced that this illness is caused by a virus which

masks: Flatau Flatau Flatau Flatau Flatau


title: Edward Flatau

texts:
 was later confirmed by Mergulis. In 1925, <mask> described in detail Schilder disease
and suggested new name  "encephaloleukopathia scleroticans progressive". Between 1921 and 1923, he described the meningeal symptoms characteristic during tuberculosis-related inflammation of meningitis: namely,  the pupil extension when bending head and  erection of the penis during repeated bending of the torso forward. Migraine and headaches
In 1912, he published in German and Polish one of the first modern monographs in the 20th century about migraine headaches
which is still referenced in scientific literature. It was the first Polish textbook devoted to migraine. In a review of the historical background of general aspects of the headaches, Isler and Rose say, "His unique monograph of 1912, Die Migrane, contains a thoroughly structured survey of most earlier authors, precise clinical observations, a critical evaluation of pathophysiology, and uncritical opinions on treatment, including arsenic cures."In his monograph, <mask> presented the full clinical picture of migraine and described the disease as an innate disposition to pathological metabolic processes in the nervous system and described its distinguished characters – ocular, epileptic, mental and facial. The book was based on observations of himself and about 500 cases from his own practice. In the introduction to the monograph, he wrote,"Migraine, as such, is not an independent or autonomous disease; it is just one  set of symptoms in the great chain of changed neurometabolism, whose crucial aspect are chemical changes and endocrine glands. Migraine attack is

masks: Flatau Flatau


title: Edward Flatau

texts:
 the expression of brain disorders; however, an exact mechanism which may be responsible is currently just a matter of conjecture and supposition. Today [1912] we cannot describe  mechanisms that come to play and express them in well defined anatomical and physiological aspects. The forces that govern such mechanisms are also not known to us. We can only guess and make assumptions as to their operation.Nevertheless, great progress characterizing the development of neurology in the second half of the nineteenth century is visible in the field of research into migraine as well. As a result, one can describe some of the ideas on more reliable anatomical and physiological grounds." Psychiatry
In addition to neurology, <mask> was a psychiatrist. Irena Solska, famous Polish actress, describes in her memoirs that playing Maria, a mad wife in
nondivine comedy of Zygmunt Krasinski around 1920, she visited the psychiatric hospital (ward) of <mask>. Another of his patients was well-known Polish poet Jan Lechoń.Wanda Nowakowska. Jan Lechoń: zarys życia i twórczości. Tow.Literackie im. Adama Mickiewicza 1996, s. 15 . In the story of Isaac Bashevis Singer, "The Power of Darkness",
<mask> is even called to cure the demons. Excerpt from Singer's story reads: "The word soon spread through Krochmalna Street and the surrounding streets that a dybbuk had settled in Tzeitel's ear, and that it chanted Torah ... A Warsaw nerve specialist became interested in the case – Dr. <mask>, who was famous not only in Poland, but [also] in all Europe and maybe in America, too. And an article about the case appeared in a Yiddish newspaper.

masks:
Flatau
Edward Flatau
Flatau
Flatau


title: Edward Flatau

texts:
 The author borrowed its title from Tolstoy's play The power of darkness." Medical practice
In addition to his scientific work, he had a private practice in Warsaw.In 1904, he became head of the Department of Neurology at the Szpital Starozakonnych w Warszawie, which he led for 28 years. There, many of the Polish neurologists were making their first steps. His pupil Eufemiusz Herman recalls:
"Traditionally on Mondays, patient cases were reviewed. At the bedside of each patient, <mask> discussed their cases, he listened to the voice of everyone, even the youngest doctor ... As a teacher and a boss, he was deeply attached to each and every one who worked with him. They could draw richly from his great experience and extensive knowledge. He was patient, forgiving, always cheerful, treating students as their beloved family. Thinking forehead, deep dark eyes with a keen, yet warm gaze, low voice with a wide range of modulation – these are the features which, apart from the deep knowledge and great experience, attracted and charmed anyone who was in the circle of his indefatigable activity."In 1908, he lived  on the  Marszałkowska 150 Street in Warsaw on the first floor of the House of Fashion of Boguslaw Herse. He also lived for some time in the apartment on Chmielna Street 60. Other stories associated with <mask> and his Warsaw traces can be found in the articles of Jerzy KasprzyckiKasprzycki, J. Gdzie wygasła Zbarska, w książce Korzenie Miasta, Warszawskie Pożegnania, Tom IV, Mokotów i Ochota, Wydawnictwo VEDA, Warszawa 1999, .Kasprzycki, J., Mokotowskie kliniki, Życie Warszawy, Nr 62, 17–18 marca 1979, s. 12


title: Edward Flatau

texts:
 (seria Warszawskie pożegnania) (dom opisany w artykule nigdy nie był kliniką). Social activities

 Beginning of neurology in Poland
By 1899, <mask> had established a name for himself both in Germany and abroad, and returned to Poland during that year. <mask> was closely associated with attempts to re-establish Polish science during and after Russian occupation. After his return, he formed a private microscopy laboratory at his apartments in Warsaw, and worked in Warsaw hospitals as a consultant. In 1911, he established a neurological laboratory in the Warsaw Psychologic Society, and he became in 1913 the first head of the Department of Neurobiology of the Warsaw Scientific Society (Warszawskie Towarzystwo Naukowe)
and from 1911 to 1923, head of the Department of Neurobiology at the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology.For many years, he shared his responsibilities as experimentator and neurologist between the laboratory and the hospital. He was influential in establishing Polish medical periodicals  Neurologia Polska and Warszawskie Czasopismo Lekarskie. Especially at the beginning of his career, he was involved in popular science activities in Poland. He published in popular medicine journals such as Zdrowie, Gazeta Lekarska, and Nowiny Lekarskie. <mask>'s law, originally published in German, was reprinted in Polish in the journal Nowiny Lekarskie  together with the basic introduction. His brain atlas and a book about migraine were translated into Polish, as well. He was interested in history of Polish medicine.In 1899, he notes: "Quite important for the history of Polish medicine is the fact that


title: Edward Flatau

texts:
 Robert Remak, one of the greatest histologists and neuropathologists, was born in Poznań in 1815 and published his fundamental work in the Polish language. This historical information was communicated to me by his son – Professor Ernst Remak in Berlin. He was also kind enough to give me a copy of this epic work in the Polish language." He was co-editor of the German journal Jahresbericht Leistungen und über die Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Neurologie und Psychiatrie. Since its inception in 1897 until 1900, and afterwards as a collaborator, he contributed to the journal and was summarizing Polish neurological and psychiatric literature. According to the comments of Henryk Higier in 1932,
"<mask> being convicted of the shameful behavior of the German occupying forces during the World War I stopped his friendly relations with Germany, to which scientist he felt deep affection, and moved entirely his scientific affinity towards medical sciences in France ..." . Analysis of his publications in that period indicates that he indeed increased significantly, after the World War I, publications in French journals, but still on occasion published in German.In the same article, Higier writes "In social life, Flatau ... [had] a sense of responsibility for the state of Polish intellectual culture and the level and extent of Polish research ideas." In the early 20th century, the world neurology was beginning to be organized in international structures. In 1929, <mask> wrote to Henry Riley - secretary of the organizing committee of the I International Congress of Neurology which was to be held in 1931 - "as a


title: Edward Flatau

texts:
 representative of the Polish Committee, I express astonishment and grief that none of the vice-presidents of the Congress nor any of the honorary members ... are from Poland. Polish neurologists were relentless in their efforts during all the years of political dependence and their work has intensified since gaining independence." Neurobiological Laboratory and Nencki Institute
<mask> has played an important role in the development of the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology in Warsaw (it exists to this day), and he created the first experimental neurobiological laboratory in Poland, and was member and contributed to development of the Warsaw Scientific Society (he was a member since 19 January 1908). As Poland was under occupation in that time, this society played an important role in re-establishing Polish science in the years to come. The neurological laboratory at the Nencki Institute had rather humble origin.In the early 20th century, after settling in Warsaw, <mask> established in his private apartment, microscopy laboratory in the building where the fashion house of Herse was located on Marszałkowska 150 street. The anecdote about this laboratory is:
"[A] carriage would take us to building on Marszalkowska Street, the same building where were mannequin ladies stood in shopping windows of House of Fashion of Boguslaw Herse (...) In this house lived, on the first floor, my uncle <mask>, who – just like my father – was a neurologist and psychiatrist (...) There was a St. Bernard dog that had its idiosyncrasies. In the long, narrow room of the apartment stood, preserved in alcohol and covered, brains

masks:
Flatau
Flatau
Edward Flatau


title: Edward Flatau

texts:
 of animals and humans that uncle studied. At night, the St. Bernard used his paws to remove the cover and ate a brain, always just one. He was taking off the cover gently and quietly placed it on the table. Flatau would not detect it for several days because he did not work in the laboratory every day. Then he announced that St. Bernard would be thrown out (...).St. Bernard looked at my uncle with reproach and would leave the room in protest against these threats..."

Subsequently, this laboratory moved on Jerozolimska Avenue 85 under auspices of the Psychological Society. In October 1911, <mask> donated to the Warsaw Scientific Society his neurological laboratory, along with the entire inventory and allowance of 2,000 rubles. In that time (1911), the Warsaw Scientific Society received as a gift from Józef Potocki, a house on Śniadeckich 8, where the laboratory was located. This is the same building where in 1913, Maria Skłodowska-Curie funded a radiology laboratory and was its honorary director. For many years, <mask> was the director of the neurological laboratory and was assisted by Teofil Simchowicz. According to Herman
"Every day at 9 am, <mask>wski cafe at the intersection of Koszykowa and Marszałkowska Streets, and after 15 minutes, he would go to the hospital on Czyste on Dworska 15 street." The laboratory conducted research in the fields of comparative anatomy, general and nervous system, physiology, pathological anatomy, experimental pathology, and experimental therapy of the nervous system. He collaborated with an assistant of Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Ludwik Wertenstein, on experimental oncology

masks: Flatau Flatau Flataustro


title: Edward Flatau

texts:
 (use of radioactivity). The Institute of Experimental Biology of Marcel Nencki was established in Warsaw at the initiative of students and colleagues of Marceli Nencki. At the end of 1918, Kazimierz Białaszewicz, along with <mask> and Romuald Minkiewicz, head of just created Department of General Biology (Zakład Biologii Ogólnej) applied to the board of the Warsaw Scientific Society with an initiative to separate these three laboratories and create an organization under the name of "Institute of Experimental Biology. Marcel Nencki". <mask> headed the Laboratory of Neurobiology, between 1911 and 1923.Last months
In January 1932, he diagnosed himself with a brain tumor. He kept notes about his illness, but they were lost during the war. He died five months later, and he is buried at the Jewish Cemetery in Warsaw (section 10, row 2). At his grave, Dr. A. Goldman said:
"reticent in colloquial conversations,  strong in resolving professional and academic difficulties, <mask> died as a result of the suffering that he recognized himself and during the course of his illness he carefully and stoically made notes about its progress  (...). His friend Samuel Goldflam mentioned: (...) I have to speak over the grave of my late friend ... He was a fanatic of work and he worked relentlessly, since January he knew perfectly well that he was afflicted with an incurable disease, but he did not confide it to anyone, he did not let anyone know." Several thousand people came to his funeral.His headstone was done by sculptor Mieczysław Lubelski. He died in 1932, the same year as two other notable Polish neurologists and friends,

masks:
Edward Flatau
Flatau
Edward Flatau


title: Edward Flatau

texts:
 Samuel Goldflam and Joseph Jules François Félix Babinski (Polish-French neurologist). Bibliography
 <mask> and Alfred Goldscheider: Normale und pathologische Anatomie der Nervenzellen: auf Grund der neueren Forschungen, Berlin, H. Kornfeld, 1898, 140 pages. Atlas of the human brain, and the course of the nerve-fibres, by <mask>, with a preface by E. Mendel. Berlin, S. Karger, 1894. 25 pages. Handbuch der Anatomie und vergleichenden Anatomie des Centralnervensystems der Säugetiere.With Louis Jacobsohn (Berlin neurobiologist). Berlin, S. Karger, 1899. Handbuch der pathologischen Anatomie des Nervensystems. With L. Jacobsohn, Karl Anders Petrén (1868–1927) and Lazar Salomowitch Minor (1855–1942). Berlin, 1903–1904. Tumeurs de la moelle épinicre et de la colonne vertebrale, Paris, 1910, 175 pages. Migrena.La migraine. Warszawa, Nakladem Towarzystwa Naukowego Warszawskiego, 1912, vi, 313 pages. Series title: Wydawnictwa Towarzystwa Naukowego Warszawskiego. III.- Wydzial nauk matematycznych i przyrodniczych. In Polish. Die Migräne. Berlin, J. Springer, 1912.Series title: Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Neurologie und Psychiatrie, Hft. 2. Ernst Julius Remak and E<mask>: Neuritis und Polyneuritis. 2 parts. Wien, A. Hölder, 1899–1900. In Carl Wilhelm Hermann Nothnagel (1841–1905), et al., publisher: Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie. IX, Bd.3, Abt. 3–4. (24 volumes, Vienna, 1894–1905). <mask> wrote the parts on anatomy and pathological anatomy. See also
 List of Poles
 Poles

References

1868 births
1932 deaths
History of neuroscience
Polish neurologists
19th-century Polish Jews
Members of the

masks:
Edward Flatau
Edward Flatau
. Flatau
Flatau


title: Roosevelt Nix (fullback)

texts:
<mask> (born March 30, 1992) is a former American football fullback. He played college football at Kent State University, and was signed by the Atlanta Falcons after going undrafted in the 2014 NFL Draft. As a member of the Pittsburgh Steelers, <mask> made the 2018 Pro Bowl. <mask> has also played for the Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League (AFL), and his father also played in the NFL. High school career
<mask> attended Reynoldsburg High School. He was named OCC player of the year while earning second team all-state, first team All-district, All-metro, and OCC honors his senior year. He played for Ohio in the 2010 Big 33 Classic and was also selected to play in the Ohio North-South All-Star game.<mask> recorded 84 tackles and eight sacks as a junior, garnering second team All-state, All-conference, first-team All-district, Super 25, and first team OCC recognition. He also lettered in wrestling. College career

Freshman season (2010)
After graduating from high school, <mask> began attending Kent State University. He joined the Golden Flashes football team as a defensive lineman and played his freshman season under head coach Doug Martin. In his first two career games against Murray State and Boston College, he would force a fumble and record a sack. In Week 5, in a game against Miami University, he ended the game with three tackles-for-loss, a sack, and a forced fumble making it four forced fumbles in his first five career games. The next game, he recorded 3.5 sacks and force another fumble against Akron.He continued in Week 8 with five tackles, two sacks, 3.5 tackles-for-loss, and blocked an extra point in a win over Bowling Green. In

masks:
Roosevelt Delbert Nix Jones
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix


title: Roosevelt Nix (fullback)

texts:
 a Week 10 game against Temple, he recorded a career-high five tackles in the 28-10 loss. He finished his first season at Kent State with 43 tackles (19 solo), 10 sacks, four forced fumbled, and led the MAC conference with 20 tackles for a loss. Following the season he was voted first-team All-MAC and MAC Freshman Player of the Year. Additionally, he became Kent State's first freshman to ever win the MAC Defensive Player of the Year award. Sophomore season (2011)
With a 5–7 finish in <mask>'s freshman year, Kent State chose to hire Darrell Hazell to replace Martin as Kent State's head coach for 2011. In the season opener, <mask> recorded six tackles, two tackles-for-loss, and a sack against #2 Alabama.On September 29, he forced a fumble that led to the game-winning touchdown in a victory against FCS South Alabama. While playing Northern Illinois, he finished the game with four tackles, two tackles-for-loss, and a forced fumble. In a week 11 contest against Akron, he had a career-high six tackles, 1.5 tackles-for-loss, and two pass break ups in a performance that won him MAC East Defensive Player of the Week. He ended his first season under Hazell, being voted to first-team All-MAC for the second consecutive year and finishing with 39 tackles (25 solo), 4.5 sacks, three forced fumbles, and led Kent State with 17 tackles for a loss. Junior season (2012)
<mask> was voted as a team captain by his coaches and teammates and opened his junior season with eight tackles, four tackles-for-loss, and a sack against #7 FCS Towson. In Week 4, he recorded five solo tackles, two tackles-for-loss, a sack, and a forced fumble in a 45–43 victory over Ball State. On

masks: Nix Nix Nix


title: Roosevelt Nix (fullback)

texts:
 October 13, in a victory over Army, he recorded five tackles, two tackles-for-loss, and a sack.On November 30, he finished with a total of five tackles and a sack in an overtime loss to Northern Illinois. The Golden Flashes finished their season with a loss to Arkansas State in the 2013 GoDaddy.com Bowl and with a record of 11–3. <mask> ended his junior season with 59 tackles (36 solo), 15 tackles for loss, six sacks, and three forced fumbles while also being voted first-team All-MAC by Phil Steele in recognition of his successful season. Senior season (2013)
Following their success the previous year, head coach Hazell resigned and took a job with Purdue. Paul Haynes was then named head coach, being <mask>'s third during his time at Kent State. In a Week 2 contest, he finished with four tackles-for-loss in a 41-22 loss to Bowling Green. In Week 5, he recorded a career-high eight tackles against Western Michigan.For his last collegiate game, he recorded six tackles, a tackle-for-loss, and a forced fumble in a victory over Ohio. For his last season at Kent State, he finished with a total of 41 tackles (22 solo), 13 tackles-for-loss, 3.5 sacks, and two forced fumbles. He was also voted defensive captain by his teammates and first-team All-MAC by Sports Illustrated. <mask> ended his collegiate career leading Kent State with 65 tackles for a loss and second in school history with 25 sacks. He also accumulated 182 tackles (102 solo) and 12 forced fumbles. He also was the first player in school history to receive first-team all conference honors all four seasons of his career. His 65 tackles-for-loss ranks him fourth of all-time in NCAA


title: Roosevelt Nix (fullback)

texts:
 History.Professional career

Pre-draft
Even though he had a productive career as a defensive end at Kent State, <mask> was projected to go undrafted due to his small stature for his position and was not invited to work out at the NFL Combine. He decided to switch to linebacker before Kent State's Pro Day and shed 19 lbs. Representatives from eight NFL teams showed up to Kent State's Pro Day to watch 11 prospects including Dri Archer. Atlanta Falcons
On May 10, 2014, the Atlanta Falcons signed <mask> to a three-year, $1.54 million contract after he went undrafted in the 2014 NFL Draft. He appeared on Hard Knocks with the Falcons. To have a better opportunity to make the 53-man roster, <mask> switched positions from linebacker to fullback but was eventually released by the Falcons on August 3, 2014. Cleveland Gladiators
<mask> was assigned to the Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League (AFL) on October 9, 2014.He was placed on Other League Exempt by the team on January 5, 2015. Pittsburgh Steelers
On January 9, 2015, the Pittsburgh Steelers signed <mask> to a one-year, $435,000 reserve/futures contract, reuniting him with former Kent State teammate Dri Archer. He originally was signed as an inside linebacker but with too much depth at the position he was again switched to fullback. With the Steelers' history of not typically using fullbacks under offensive coordinator Todd Haley and former coordinator Bruce Arians, <mask>'s best chance of keeping a position was a roster was to excel on special teams. During the pre-season, he made notable plays on special teams, including a blocked kick. 2015
On September 5, 2015, <mask> made the regular

masks: Nix Nix Nix Nix Nix Nix Nix


title: Roosevelt Nix (fullback)

texts:
 season roster and was slated to be the backup to veteran Will Johnson. On October 18, 2015, he made his first career start during the Steelers' 25-14 victory over the Arizona Cardinals.He finished his first season appearing in 15 games with four starts. His first forced fumble was during Week 9 of the 2015 NFL season, on special teams, when the Steelers hosted the Oakland Raiders. For the season, he recorded two receptions for 11 yards, and seven special teams tackles. <mask> was unfortunately unable to finish the season due to a foot injury. 2016
On January 19, 2016, he was signed to a one-year, $525,000 contract extension. During the 2015-2016 offseason, former starting fullback Will Johnson left via free agency to join the New York Giants. The Steelers named <mask> the de facto starter at fullback going into the 2016 regular season.<mask> was unable to appear in the first five games due to a back injury he suffered prior to the season-opener. On October 16, 2016, he appeared in his first game of the season during the Steelers' 30-15 loss to the Miami Dolphins. <mask> made his first start of the season during a Week 11 victory over the Cleveland Browns. On January 1, 2017, he made his first two receptions for five receiving yards in a 27-24 overtime win over the Cleveland Browns. He finished his second season with two starts in ten games recording two catches for five yards. 2017
On January 26, 2017, the Steelers re-signed <mask> to a one-year, $615,000 contract. He was the only fullback on the roster throughout training camp, making him their de facto starter to begin the regular season.On December 10, 2017, <mask> scored his first career

masks: Nix Nix Nix Nix Nix Nix


title: Roosevelt Nix (fullback)

texts:
 touchdown on a one-yard pass by Ben Roethlisberger in the fourth quarter of a 39-38 comeback victory over the Baltimore Ravens. On December 25, 2017, <mask> scored his first career rushing touchdown with a one-yard run against the Houston Texans in the second quarter. On January 22, 2018, he was named to his first Pro Bowl as a replacement for the Super Bowl-bound James Develin. 2018
On February 10, 2018, <mask> signed a four-year contract extension with the Steelers. On December 23, 2018, <mask> briefly became the subject of ridicule for celebrating what he thought was a fourth down conversion on a fake punt against the New Orleans Saints when in actuality he was stopped a yard short. 2019
On September 2, 2019, <mask> was voted as a first-time Steelers' Special Teams Captain by his teammates. He was placed on injured reserve on November 14, 2019.He was designated for return from injured reserve on December 26, 2019, and began practicing with the team again, but was not activated as the Steelers failed to make the playoffs. <mask> was released by the Steelers on March 18, 2020. Indianapolis Colts
<mask> signed with the Indianapolis Colts on April 11, 2020. He was released on August 31, 2020. <mask> announced his retirement from football on July 13, 2021. Personal life
<mask> was born on March 30, 1992 in Reynoldsburg, Ohio to Lisa and <mask>. His stepfather's name is Johnny Jones.He has two younger siblings, Keela and Jalen Jones. During her time in college, his mother, Lisa, was a standout softball player at Bowling Green. References

External links
 Indianapolis Colts bio
 Pittsburgh Steelers bio
 Kent State Golden Flashes bio
 Arena

masks:
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix
Nix Jones
Roosevelt Nix


title: Max Lowenthal

texts:
<mask> (1888–1971) was a Washington, DC, political figure in all three branches of the federal government in the 1930s and 1940s, during which time he was closely associated with the rising career of Harry S. Truman; he served under Oscar R. Ewing on an "unofficial policy group" within the Truman administration (1947–1952). Background

<mask> was born on February 26, 1888, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. In the 1870s, his parents Nathan (Naphtali<mask> and Gertrude (Nahamah) Gitel,  Orthodox Jewish, emigrated from Kovno (now Kaunas), Lithuania, to Minnesota. At a young age, he started using the more "American" name of <mask>. He had two older siblings, of whom only one survived childhood. He graduated from North High School in 1905, first in his class. He also attended Talmud Torah, where he learned Hebrew.He received a BA in 1909 from the University of Minnesota and graduated in 1912 from Harvard Law School, where he began a lifelong friendship with Felix Frankfurter. Career

Many of Lowenthal's accomplishments are presumed unknown as some are being discovered through historical research. Lowenthal had an incredibly discreet personality and often refused to take credit for his accomplishments. A memo in Lowenthal's FBI file reveals the following chronology (supplemented):
 1907–1909:  Reporter at Minneapolis Journal
 1912–1913:  Law clerk for Judge Julian Mack at $1,800 per annum
 1913–1914:  Law clerk for Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft (AKA Strong & Cadwalader) at $1,800 per annum
 1915:  Starts own law firm in New York City
 1917:  Clerk or assistant at U.S. Department of State
 1917–1918:  Assistant secretary

masks:
Max Lowenthal
Mordechai Lowenthal
) Lowenthal
Max


title: Max Lowenthal

texts:
 to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's Mediation Commission (Morgenthau Mission, recommended by Felix Frankfurter))
 1918:  Informal aid at U.S. Department of War
 1918–1919:  Assistant chairman for War Labor Policies Board to Felix Frankfurter
 1919–1920:  Returns to private practice; defends Sidney Hillman and Amalgamated Clothing Workers in "landmark injunction case"
 1920–1921:  Assistant secretary to Second President's Industrial Congress
 1920–1929:  Partners in Szold Branwen [sic] law firm and becomes a "very wealthy New York lawyer" in Lowenthal, Szold and Brandwen of 43 Exchange Place, New York City. (FTC commissioner John J. Carson later mistakenly recalled one partner as "<mask>" of "Lowenthal & Bramblin")

Lowenthal knew Walter Weyl (father of Ware Group member Nathaniel Weyl), who recommended Adelaide Hasse as a researcher for the War Labor Policies Board. Private law practice

Lowenthal ran a private law practice from 1912 to 1932. Cases involved  workers rights, defense of right-to-strike legislation and shareholder rights in receivership cases.In the early 1920s, <mask> seems to have had a law office in New York City. While Ann Fagan Ginger does not mention him as a mentor of Carol Weiss King in her biography of King, Ginger does say that King formed a "loose partnership" with radical attorneys, who included Joseph Brodsky, Swinburne Hale, Walter Nelles, and Isaac Shorr as well as a long-term association with Walter Pollak (once partner of Benjamin Cardozo, whom she met through her brother-in-law Carl Stern. Nevertheless, newspaper accounts of King (in the 1950s) mention Lowenthal as not only an

masks:
Max Bramblin
Lowenthal


title: Max Lowenthal

texts:
 Union Square, New York City, launched by the Amalgamated Clothing Workers union in 1922, following a 1921 visit to the Soviet Union by union president Sidney Hillman.He was also one of the original directors of the Amalgamated Bank of New York, as advertised in the Liberator magazine. The ad mentions that the bank is owned and operated by the Amalgamated Clothing Workers. It lists chairman Hyman Blumberg, president R. L. Redheffer, vice president Jacob S. Potofsky, cashier Leroy Peterson, and other directors:  Hillman, August Bellanca, Joseph Gold, Fiorello H. La Guardia, Abraham Miller, Joseph Schlossberg, Murray Weinstein, <mask>, and Peter Monat. The Amalgamated relationship seems to have started with Lowenthal defended Hillman in 1920 in a labor dispute in Rocherester, New York. As late as 1929, Lowenthal still had a close relationship with Amalgamated, as after Wall Street Crash of 1929 he recommended that the bank sell its securities for cash; throughout the Great Deparession, the bank held its assets in cash or cash-equivalents. "It was the advice of <mask> that helped more than anything else to keep our banks open during the Hoover banking collapse," Hillman later noted. Advising Lowenthal in this period was Benjamin V. Cohen.Government service

During his early days in politics, Lowenthal served as advisor to several United States senators. In 1929, he served as pro bono secretary on U.S. President Herbert Hoover's National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement (later called the Wickersham Commission) to investigate gang-related crimes and Prohibition enforcement through July 1930, when he

masks:
Max Zaritzky
Max Lowenthal


title: Max Lowenthal

texts:
 Wheeler (committee chair), with Lowenthal as committee counsel, to recommend 18 railroads (including Van Sweringen Lines, Pennsylvania Railroad, Wabash Railway, and Delaware & Hudson Company) plus financiers (J.P. Morgan & Company, and Kuhn, Loeb & Company) for investigation, as reported in the New York Times and Railway Age. Only in December 1936 did Lowenthal manage to obtain enough subpoenaed documentation to begin actual investigation, according to Railway Age.By 1939, the Senate had introduced a "Lowenthal Bi|ll" to create a special "Railroad Reorganization Court" for bankrupt railroads and downsizing of capitalization and reduction of fixed charges. In April 1939, ICC commissioner Walter M. W. Splawn and committee counsel Lowenthal testified. <mask> explained changes in the new Reorganization Act of 1939 (passed and signed into law on April 3, 1939). Its special court would make for "sounder reorganizations" thanks to judges trained in railroads. Truman

In 1935, Lowenthal met Harry S. Truman, after Truman joined a subcommittee of the U.S. Senate Interstate Commerce Committee, investigating railroads and holding companies (which resulted in U.S. Senate Resolution 71 on February 4, 1935. Senator Robert F. Wagner had to withdraw from the subcommittee, and Senator Burton K. Wheeler filled his place with Truman. Senators on that subcommittee included: Wheeler (chair), Truman, Alben Barkley, Victor Donahey, Wallace White, and Henrik Shipstead.Heading the legal counselors for that subcommittee was Telford Taylor, assisted by <mask> and Sidney J. Kaplan (who later headed the Claims Division in the Solicitor

masks: Lowenthal Lowenthal


title: Max Lowenthal

texts: National Convention in Chicago. In 1944, Truman wrote to his daughter that Lowenthal, William M. Boyle, and Leslie Biffle "were on my trail... Yes, they are plotting against your dad" along with many others "trying to make him VP against his will." Truman told Lowenthal that FDR had included him on his shortlist of candidates for vice president. Lowenthal went with Truman to meet with Philip Murray, head of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) union for support. "I think that someone in his organization had been urging another name on Phil Murray, but I believe in time he swung behind Mr.Truman." In Fall 1946, Lowenthal had lunch with Bob Patterson, newly promoted from Assistant Secretary of War to Secretary of War, whom he had known "for many years": Patterson told Lowenthal he was sending him to Berlin for a "war job, or a wartime-produced task... I think that was the last official position I held in government." The job was restitution of property stolen by Nazis. Lowenthal reported to the U.S. High Commissioner of Germany, General Lucius D. Clay. Specifically, Lowenthal spent six weeks in Germany to collect evidence so he could draw up a report. Upon his return to the States, Lowenthal "had a good deal of work" on Nazi-related cases of "heirless" property.In that period, the U.S. Attorney General (Tom C. Clark at that time) made recommendations that included "relaxing the universal ban on wire tapping"–at which time, <mask> "noticed that that was in the list." In 1948, Truman felt (according to Lowenthal in 1967) that the Mundt-Nixon Bill that year was "to punish sedition." FBI and HUAC


title: Max Lowenthal

texts:
 investigations

During 1947-1948, the FBI investigated Lowenthal. They used wiretaps, as evidenced in later-FOIA-ed FBI files. FBI files on <mask> also include draft versions of his 1948 book on the FBI. In 1950, Lowenthal published a book critical of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (see Works, below), which led to testimony denying he had "aided and abetted" Communist in government service before the House Un-American Activities Committee. The book and negative press helped end a 38-year career in public service.On August 28, 1950, Lee Pressman testified that he had not recommended Lowenthal for a job at the War Production Board. On September 1, 1950, Charles Kramer refused to answer questions as to whether he was acquainted with Lowenthal. That same day, U.S. Representative George A. Dondero called Lowenthal "menace to the best interests of America." Dondero said that his government career was "replete with incidents where he aided and abetted Communists" starting in 1917. On September 15, 1950, Lowenthal appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee AKA "HUAC" (two of whose members were Mundt and Nixon–of the Mundt-Nixon Bill). Already in August 1950, HUAC had re-subpoenaed four witness who had been part of Whittaker Chambers's Ware Group:  Lee Pressman, Nathan Witt, Charles Kramer and John Abt. The committee had asked both Pressman and Kramer whether they knew Lowenthal; both confirmed.Lowenthal brought former U.S. Senator Burton K. Wheeler as counsel. After reviewing his curriculum vitae, the committee tried to link him with known Communist Party members and organizations, some of which


title: Max Lowenthal

texts: he confirmed, others not, all without admitting any wrongdoing. Names mentioned included:  Alger Hiss, Donald Hiss, David Wahl, Bartley Crum, Martin Popper, Allan Rosenberg, Lee Pressman, the Russian-American Industrial Corporation, the Twentieth Century Fund, and the International Juridical Association. On November 19, 1950, the government published <mask>'s closed-session testimony from September 15, 1950. During testimony, Lowenthal had denied aiding or abetting Communists in government service. Specifically, he denied any involvement in the employment or sponsoring of George Shaw Wheeler, a former US government employee who had defected to Czechoslovakia in 1947 and publicly requested political asylum there in 1950.He noted that Wheeler had been transferred to his division on the Board of Economic Warfare from the War Production Board "toward the end of my service with the board" He also said that Wheeler had not worked with him in Germany." He also claimed to have advised Lee Pressman in 1944 against naming Henry A. Wallace as Democratic candidate for vice president. On November 27, 1950, Senator Bourke B. Hickenlooper noted, "In the Washington Post of November 26, 1950, there are published two reviews of a recent book entitled The Federal Bureau of Investigation, by <mask>, New Deal mystery man of Washington." The first ("A Lawyer's Indictment in Mood of Prosecutor") was by Rev. Edmund A. Walsh S.J., of Georgetown University, which Hickenlooper read into the record. The second by Joseph L. Rauh Jr., a former civil servant, whom Hickenlooper denounced for criticizing the FBI, for chairing the National

masks:
Lowenthal
Max Lowenthal


title: Max Lowenthal

texts: international security. "I certainly did appreciate your good letter," Truman ended. In 1952, when Truman announced he would not seek re-election, Vice President Alben Barkley could not secure the presidential nomination from the Democratic Party due to a lack of endorsement from labor leaders. Connelly later recalled:       Hess:  Do you recall the difficulty that Mr. Barkley had at the 1952 convention with the labor delegates? Connelly: I remember it very well because I had <mask>–I believe you know <mask>–I had him out there and <mask> was very close to the labor boys.I had a room at the Mayflower Hotel with two TV sets watching the convention, and I used to get calls from <mask>, from Chicago, and the day Barkley arrived–unfortunately he had very bad eyes–and he walked through the lobby of the hotel and he didn't recognize the labor boys who were there. So they thought they were snubbed. So I then got Les Biffle on the phone and Les had always been very close to Barkley and he was out there at the convention, as a matter of fact, he was sergeant at arms of the convention, and I told Les what happened. So then they made a strategic mistake, because labor leaders are all prima donnas, and I suggested to Les that Barkley set up a meeting with these fellows and talk to them individually. So instead of that they set up a breakfast the next morning and invited all the labor leaders. Well, they are very jealous of each other. So, all that achieved was one more snubbing for the prima donnas, so they sat on their hands as far as Barkley was concerned.Lowenthal introduced Truman to U.S. Supreme Justice Louis

masks:
Max Lowenthal
Max Lowenthal
Max
Max


title: Max Lowenthal

texts: Brandeis. In 1953, Lowenthal was "member" of the Truman Administration, according to the papers of American evangelist Billy James Hargis (who also lists him among "Alleged Reds" 1950–1954). Lowenthal's best known accomplishment occurred during his term as the chief adviser on Palestine to Clark Clifford, an advisor to President Truman, from 1947-1952. President Truman credited Lowenthal as being the primary force behind the United States recognition of Israel. (Apparently in contrast, Matthew J. Connelly pointed to David Niles, an associate of Harry Hopkins from the WPA), as "very effective in the problems we had in connection with the recognition of Israel" because of his contacts in the Jewish community:   "David Dubinsky, Abraham Feinberg. You name any leader in the Jewish faction, and he had intimate contacts with him." Connelly denoted Lowenthal as one of contacts–"oh, very much so, very much so."When Niles died in 1951, Connelly chose Feinberg to succeed him in that liaison role.)) Historian Michael J. Cohen argues that Clark Clifford relied on Lowenthal for advice on Israel, and Lowenthal in turn on Benjamin V. Cohen. In the late 1950s, Norman Thomas criticized Bertrand Russell for citing <mask> and Cedric Belfrage as authorities on wrongdoings by the FBI. Russell responded in "The State of Civil Liberties" in The New Leader, published on February 18, 1957. Russell retorted, "You seem to imply that criticisms of the FBI can be ignored if they come from Communists or Fellow-travellers. In particular, you point out that Mr. Lowenthal had a grievance against the FBI. It is, however, an almost invariable


title: Max Lowenthal

texts:
 fact that protests against injustice originate with those who suffer from them."In which case, Russell recommended that Thomas go buy and read <mask>'s book. As late as 1967, Lowenthal denied ever even discussing Israel with President Truman and claimed to have only heard of the partition of Palestine through a secondhand source in the White House. Personal life and death

Lowenthal was married to Eleanor Mack, niece of Judge Julian Mack. They had three children:  David (1923), John (1925) and Elizabeth (Betty). His sons were <mask> and <mask>. On September 15, 1950, Lowenthal told HUAC that he kept homes at 467 West Central Park in Manhattan and in New Milford, Connecticut. During World War II, he resided at 1 West Irving Street, Chevy Chase, Maryland.Regarding Truman overall, late in life <mask> told Truman Library oral historian Jerry N. Hess:

 I was deeply sold on Mr. Truman's usefulness to America. I haven't been a hero worshipper but I have had deep affection for some men in public affairs whom I got to know, and that was certainly true in the case of Mr. Truman. During the same interview, however, Lowenthal remembered Truman only one staff by name (Victor Messall). Regarding Truman's views on red scares in the United States, Lowenthal commented:

He died age 83 on May 18, 1971, at home (444 Central Park West) of heart ailment. Lowenthal was a trustee of the Twentieth Century Fund from 1924 to 1933. Recollections about him

Recollections of Lowenthal from Truman Library oral histories are mixed. Some are favorable:
 "Disciple of Louis Brandeis":  Margaret Truman
 "A famous investigator" in 1935:

masks:
Lowenthal
David Lowenthal
John Lowenthal
Lowenthal


title: Max Lowenthal

texts:
 Roswell L. Gilpatric, Deputy Secretary of Defense (1961–64)

Others are less favorable:
 "(Truman said)...I have two Jewish assistants on my staff, Dave Niles and <mask>. Whenever I try to talk to them about Palestine they soon burst into tears because they are so emotionally involved in the subject" in 1948:  :  Oscar R. Ewing, organizer and member of unofficial political policy group during Truman administration (1947–52)
 " I know they thought he was a Communist. And I never could figure that out. They came around to me about it. <mask> was a far-out liberal. He was a very good investigator on the railroads. ":  Raymond P. Brandt, St. Louis Post-Dispatch Washington Bureau Chief (1934–1961)

Stephen J. Spingarn, Federal Trade Commission Commissioner (1950–1953), recalled,

<mask> was a good friend of the President's from the days in the '30s...They became friends at that time, and he had total access to the White House. During the McCarthy period he was there all the time, almost daily; he used to hang out in Matt Connelly's rear office. I had had an encounter early in my White House career with <mask>. Clark Clifford told me that <mask> was worried about an Internal Security bill (of 1950). However, Spingarn also suspected that Lowenthal (and Connelly) "stuck the knife in me." Phileo Nash told Spingarn it was Connelly, influenced by Lowenthal:

I mentioned that <mask> had once told Niles, and possibly others that I was a Facist, that was in 1949, because I told Lowenthal I favored wiretapping under proper controls...  Nash said it was quite possible that <mask> was very vindictive, and he mentioned that

masks:
Max Lowenthal
Max
Max Lowenthal
Max Lowenthal
Max
Max Lowenthal
Max Lowenthal


title: Max Lowenthal

texts:
 <mask> is currently spending much time in Matt's office with L's son. Spingarn further recalled:

After the FBI book came out, Westbrook Pegler, a right‐wing columnist, called Lowenthal "the mysterious New York lawyer, who now appears to have picked Harry Truman for President."In the early 1930s, claimed Whittaker Chambers in his 1952 memoir Witness, <mask> (<mask>Loewenthal" in Witness) was a member of the International Juridical Association (IJA), along with Carol Weiss King, Abraham Isserman, and Lee Pressman. In the inaugural issue of the Monthly Bulletin of the International Juridical Association (May 1932), "<mask>, member of the New York bar" appears in an article called "Protest Meeting." During his 1950 HUAC testimony, Lowenthal admitted that he had helped organize the "National Lawyers Guild" in the 1930s. He was also a member of the American Bar Association and the New York Bar Association. Works

In 1950 he wrote a book about the FBI, in which he dealt with issues he felt were still unresolved "although they were brought to light and discussed by statesmen in 1908 and 1909 when the police force now known as the FBI was created." The New York Times announced the book a day in advance of its publication on November 21, 1947, with a subtitle that read "Lawyer Says Hoover Policies Set Up Secret Police." In New York Times Sunday Book Review, Cabell Phillips said the book showed "immense research and careful documentation" and "almost for the first time... it pulled aside the self‐righteous cloak in which the FBI has wrapped itself."Writing for the University of Chicago Law Review in 1952, however, T.

masks:
Max Lowenthal
Lowenthal
Max "
Max Lowenthal


title: Max Lowenthal

texts:
 Henry Walnut (member of the Pennsylvania Bar) noted "From Mr. <mask>'s review of the FBI's political activities they would appear negligible between the years 1924 and 1946, when the Bureau picked up the trail of the Communist. This period, however, was not a political vacuum. It was filled with differences as bitter as any the country has ever known... If Mr. Lowenthal is still looking for evidence as to what can be done through the FBI, under its present centralized direction from Washington, to oppress dissenting individuals and groups, it would be well for him to study the period from December 8, 1941 to the end of 1945. George M. Elsey, Administrative Assistant to the President (1949–1951) felt that "Lowenthal had a passionate dislike of the FBI and J. Edgar Hoover in particular." Asked to read galley proofs for his book on the FBI, he later commented, "The book was so unfair, so grossly biased, so sloppily done in every respect that it couldn't possibly influence anybody about the FBI. Any serious reader would just lay the thing aside in disgust...The President was just tolerant, shrugged his shoulder, tended to laugh it off and say, 'Oh, <mask> is that way'." Books:
 The Investor Pays (1933) (1936)
 The Railroad Reorganization Act (1933)
 Uncredited speeches for Harry S. Truman
 The Federal Bureau of Investigation (1950) (1971)
 Police methods in crime detection and counter-espionage (1951) (paper)

See also

 Felix Frankfurter
 Julian W. Mack
 Carol Weiss King
 Benjamin V. Cohen
 Sidney Hillman
 Harry S. Truman
 Oscar R. Ewing
 Robert Szold
 John Lowenthal
 David Lowenthal

References

External

masks: Lowenthal Max


title: Max Lowenthal

texts:
 sources

 Truman Library - <mask>hal Papers
 Michael J. Cohen, Truman and Israel, (Berkeley, CA:  University of California Press, 1990.) Ronald Radosh and Allis Radosh, A Safe Haven: Harry S. Truman and the Founding of Israel (HarperCollins, 2009)
 Library of Congress:  Donald S Dawson papers, 1944-1993
  Library of Congress:  Felix Frankfurter papers, 1846–1966
 Library of Congress: Photo of Truman and Lowenthal (October 20, 1937)
 Yad Vashem: <mask>nthal Collection
 EHRI Collection of <mask>nthal
 Duke University - <mask>hal box

1888 births
1971 deaths
Lawyers from Minneapolis
Writers from Minneapolis
Harvard Law School alumni
Jewish American attorneys
People associated with Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Jewish socialists
20th-century American lawyers
University of Minnesota alumni
The Century

masks:
Max Lowent
Max Lowe
Max Lowe
Max Lowent


title: Tanguy Ndombele

texts:
<mask> (born 28 December 1996) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for  club Lyon, on loan from Tottenham Hotspur, and the France national team. Early life
Ndombele was born in Longjumeau, Essonne. Club career

Early career
<mask> was born in France to parents from DR Congo. As a child, he played at FC Épinay Athlético, a club based in Épinay-sous-Sénart, about 20 kilometres south-east of Paris, in Essone. He then moved to Brittany when he was 14, in order to play for Guingamp, where he spent three seasons. He was not offered a professional contract at the end of his development. At 16, he made his senior debut, on 11 January 2014 with the reserves, by replacing Vital N'Simba near the final whistle.He then signed for SC Amiens, who'd just been relegated from French Ligue 2 in June 2014; he took this as an opportunity to trial at numerous clubs (Auxerre, Caen, and Angers) but wasn't signed. The issue was that Ndombele was criticised for being "overweight"; this was the main reason that he wasn't signed by clubs,  even though trialists were aware that he was a good playmaker. Ndombele played 2 seasons in Championnat National 3 with the Amiens reserve team. He only played one game during the 2014–15 season, 8 November 2014, once again, coming on late in the match. He became a regular during the 2015–16 season, taking part in 18 matches. He started for the first time on 5 September 2015 at the age of 18 years and 9 months. Lyon
On 31 August 2017, Ndombele moved to Lyon on a one-year loan.According to L'Équipe, Lyon paid €2 million for the loan. Lyon also secured an option to sign him permanently for €8 million,

masks:
Tanguy Ndombele Alvaro
Ndombele


title: Terence Otway

texts:
Lieutenant Colonel <mask>, (15 June 1914 – 23 July 2006) was an officer in the British Army, best known for his role as commander of the paratroop assault on the Merville Battery on D-Day. Early life
<mask> was born in Cairo, Egypt, on 15 June 1914 at the American Hospital, he returned with the family to England in 1915, where he stayed while his father served in France. From December 1918 to autumn 1921, he lived in Rushbrooke, County Cork, Ireland. The family returned to England, where <mask> attended the local Council school at Thame, Buckinghamshire, followed by Watford Grammar School. In the last 6 months of 1923, he became severely ill with whooping cough. As a result, on medical advice he was sent to Dover College, where the sea air would help lungs that were in a poor state. He was at the Junior school until 1928 and the senior school until 1932.Early military career
In January 1933, <mask> entered the Royal Military College, Sandhurst reaching the rank of cadet sergeant and passing out 18th of 200. Although this gave him eligibility to join the Indian Army, he chose the British and, in August 1934, was commissioned into the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Ulster Rifles, based at Gravesend. In the summer of 1935, <mask> required a serious middle ear operation at The Royal Naval Hospital, Chatham. During convalescence his pub-crawling companion was the Crown Prince of Spain, who was in the next room. In autumn 1935, <mask> was posted to 1st Battalion, based in Hong Kong. He travelled by P & O liner to take up his post as Intelligence Officer. In May 1937, he was posted to Hong Kong HQ Cipher staff.In August 1937 he was promoted to lieutenant and rejoined the battalion who were posted to Shanghai as part of the international force sent to protect the settlement from the Japanese who had invaded

masks:
Terence Brandram Hastings Otway DSO
Otway
Terence
Otway
Otway
Otway


title: Terence Otway

texts:
 China. The battalion suffered four months of constant bombing, shelling and machine-gun fire from the Japanese, losing twenty killed. In December 1937, the battalion was posted to Rawalpindi, then part of India. On return from six weeks leave the battalion was posted to Razani, North West Frontier. <mask> was appointed signals officer. Early wartime service
In August 1939, during three months leave, <mask> married Stella Whitehead, daughter of Basil Whitehead of Bovey Tracey, Devon, a retired Colonial Police Officer, who had been Chief of Police in Penang, Malaya. <mask> and Stella returned to Rawalpindi, but Stella flew home in April 1940, while the battalion returned by sea to Oxford for conversion to mechanised infantry (from the camels, mules and horses they had been using in India.)In December 1940, <mask> was promoted to Major. He went to Staff College in June 1941, passing out 4th of 200 in December 1941. During 1942 he served as a Staff Officer in London, responsible for briefings and briefing papers for the War Cabinet. In July 1943 he returned to the Royal Ulster Rifles as a Company Commander. The battalion was part of the 6th Airborne Division. Normandy
In August 1943, <mask> transferred to the Parachute Regiment to become Second-in-Command of the 9th Battalion. In March 1944, he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and took over as Commanding Officer.The Normandy landings - the invasion of Europe took place in June 1944. The 9th were dropped in the night before to secure vital objectives, particularly to neutralise the Merville Gun Battery. In spite of severe problems in the landing, his battalion took the Merville Battery. Otway started with about 750 men, few of whom had seen action before; of the 150 who took part in the attack, 65 had been either killed or wounded by the end of the

masks: Otway Otway Terence Otway Otway


title: Terence Otway

texts:
 action, which saved a great many Allied lives. His numerically weak and all but exhausted battalion then pushed into Le Plein, where they encountered stiffening resistance and, despite their depleted numbers, took Château St Come on the ridge, and succeeded in beating off two enemy attacks, each of several hours duration, by a regiment of 21st Panzer Division. Two days later during a routine tour of his positions, a stray shell landed close to Otway. He was diagnosed with severe concussion and on 19 July 1944 was subsequently evacuated to hospital in Cardiff, then graded unfit for a return to active service, and was posted as a Staff Officer to the War Office.<mask> was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in October 1944 for his outstanding leadership in the actions at Merville and Le Plein. The citation for his DSO stated that his utter disregard for personal danger had been an inspiration to all his men. Service in Asia
He was regraded category 'A' in May 1945 and posted as Commanding Officer of the 1st Battalion King's Regiment (Liverpool) (Wingate's Burma Force) in Rawalpindi with instructions to turn them into the 15th (King's) Parachute Battalion, part of 77th Indian Parachute Brigade attached to the 2nd Indian Airborne Division. In September 1945, <mask> was appointed GSO1 at Division which was posted to Karachi, where in December Stella and his son, Michael joined him. After one year <mask> was posted to the War Office as a GSO1 and the family returned home. His task was to write the official history of "Airborne Forces". Originally restricted, it finally became available to the public in 1990 as Army Airborne Forces in the Second World War  to mark their 50th anniversary.Post-war career
Disillusioned with the post-war Army, <mask> resigned his commission in January 1948. He

masks: Otway Terence Terence Otway


title: Terence Otway

texts:
 joined the Colonial Development Corporation as Assistant General Manager, The Gambia, transferring a year later as a General Manager to Nyasaland. In June 1949 he was invalided back to the UK and banned from further service in the East. Between 1949 and 1965 <mask> worked in the area of sales and management, starting by selling life insurance as a learning experience and culminating as General Manager for Kemsley Newspapers (later Thomson Newspapers) and then as managing director of the Empire News, a Sunday paper with a circulation of 5.5 million. After the Thomson take-over <mask> resigned over financing requirements of the papers. He started an import/export business specialising in toys and gifts with a shop in Knightsbridge. The business prospered until, in 1965, a change in Value Added Tax law effectively killed it.After a brief period with Outward Bound, <mask> joined Scotia Investments Ltd., a public company in the Leisure field, as Administrative Controller in 1966. In 1975, he sensed an impending scandal over misuse of funds and resigned, joining the London Chamber of Commerce with responsibility for membership. He retired in 1979, but retained various connections with business in non-executive directorships. Retirement
During retirement, he continued to remain active particularly in areas relating to the welfare of soldiers and their widows, as well as historical aspects of The Parachute Regiment, especially in respect of monuments in Normandy, France. He became known as 'Colonel X' when fighting for the rights of serviceman's' widows and their pensions. He was instrumental in persuading the Government to change their miserly attitude. In 1991, aged 76, he still had the energy to take up the cases of three guardsmen seriously injured during a training exercise in Canada, publicising

masks: Otway Terence Otway


title: Terence Otway

texts:
 the issue and successfully putting pressure on the Government for adequate compensation for the men.In 1995, his health and energy undiminished, he was still pruning branches, perched on a ladder, from a tree in the garden of his home in Tadworth, Surrey, to some consternation of his third wife Jeannie. He was also involved on the fringes in the case for the release of Lee Clegg, a paratrooper imprisoned for murder after a shooting in Northern Ireland at the time of the troubles. Honours and awards
When he met the German commander of the battery in 1993 he admitted that he did not have the guts to refuse the proferred hand, but said afterwards that he could not forget his men, shot by the Germans as they hung helpless in trees. He shooed away picknickers from the battery, which is now a memorial and museum, declaring: "I don't like people eating and drinking where my men died." The citizens of Merville-Franceville-Plage in Normandy, France, decided to honour <mask> by the placing of a bust depicting him at the age of 29 at the time of D-Day and the assault on the battery. This was unveiled in the grounds of the Merville Battery Museum on 7 June 1997 by himself, Raymond Triboulet, a leader of the French Resistance during the war, and Olivier Paz, the Mayor. The bust was sculpted by Vivienne Mallock who had also created busts of John Howard, Bernard Law Montgomery and Richard Nelson Gale.There was a large family gathering to witness the ceremony and twenty-one people sat down to dinner that night at the Moulin du Pre, a local restaurant, converted from a farmhouse, coincidentally the same farmhouse against which <mask> landed on the night before D-Day. In 2001, he was awarded the Légion d'Honneur, and more recently had a new road near the battery named after him (Rue Colonel Otway). In 2007 his

masks: Otway Otway


title: Terence Otway

texts:
 medals and beret were donated to the Merville Battery Museum by his wife, Jean. Visitors can now see the DSO and Légion d'honneur, along with a description of the battle by <mask> taken from a BBC documentary. Film and media
For the 50th anniversary, Mark Fielder produced a documentary called 'D-Day: Turning the Tide' in which Charles Wheeler, a D-Day landings veteran, visited the area of the Merville Battery and interviewed some of the protagonists, including Lt. Col. <mask>, and Raimund Steiner - the commander of the battery at the time of the assault. The documentary also features Maj John Howard who led the glider-borne attack on Pegasus Bridge. In 2004, for the D-Day 60th Anniversary programming, the BBC commissioned a drama-documentary entitled D-Day 6 June 1944 which included interviews with members of both the Allied and German armed forces, along with dramatisations of some of the key scenes.<mask> described the battle, and his character was played by Philip Rham. The film was later released on DVD. Notes
Citations

External links
 The 6th Airborne Division in Normandy
 The Merville Battery museum
 Obituary in the Telegraph
 Obituary in the Times
 Otway Family Tree maintained by <mask>
 Roll call: Lieutenant-Colonel <mask> <mask>, DSO
 Imperial War Museum Interview from 1989
 Imperial War Museum Interview from 1991
 9th Parachute Battalion Reunion Club Website

1914 births
2006 deaths
British Army personnel of World War II
British Parachute Regiment officers
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
People educated at Watford Grammar School for Boys
People educated at Dover College
Royal Ulster Rifles officers
Operation Overlord people
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
British expatriates

masks:
Terence
Terence Otway
Terence
Mark Otway
Terence B
H Otway


title: Ollie Shepard (blues pianist)

texts:
<mask> (né <mask>; born July 1909, Oberlin, Louisiana, United States – 1960) was an American blues pianist, vocalist, and songwriter. Career
From about 1954 to about 1963, <mask> performed at Jerry's Restaurant & Cocktail Lounge in Oneonta, New York, at 15 Dietz Street, in the Walnut Street Historic District. The restaurant was owned by Joseph G. ("Jerry") Monser (1926–1975), who opened it on August 5, 1954. The building was demolished in July 1970 to make way for a parking lot. Mark Bresee, et. al, purchased the property from Robert W. Melmer, his father, John J. Melmer, and his brother, John E. Melmer. Poet and academician Richard George Frost (born 1929) who, for a stint, had played drums with <mask> in a lounge in Oneonta described him as follows:
 <mask>, who had once been a house pianist for Decca Records, was a tyrant.The arrogant cuss seemed determined to derange me. He played in a fast, galloping blues-based format that often threw me. When he believed I had lagged or faltered, he would make unpleasant faces and groan loudly at his honky drummer. Selected discography
 Original releases
 <mask> <mask> and His Kentucky Boys, Decca Records
 <mask>

masks:
Ollie Shepard
Oliver Shepard
Shepard
Shepard
Ollie
Ollie
Shepard
Ollie


title: Ollie Shepard (blues pianist)

texts:
 <mask> (vocalist), Chu Berry (tenor sax), Sammy Price (piano), (unknown) (drums)

Decca 7400
Side X – C91348: "Honey Bee" (1937)
Side X – C91350: "Sweetheart Land" (1937)

Decca 7408
Side X – C91349: "No One To Call You Dear" (1937)
Side X – C91347: "She Walks Like A Kangaroo" (1937)

Decca 7463
Side X – 63514-A: "What's Your Guess?" (1938)
Side X – 63510-A: "Good Woman"  (1938)

Decca 7665
Side X – 65975-A: "Baby It's My Time Now" (1939)
Side X – 65973-A: "King of All Evil"

Decca 7480
Side X – 63513-A: "Biscuit Rolling Time" (1938)
Side X – 63515-B: "Hope You Haven't Forgotten Me" (1938)

Decca 7508
Side X – 63796-A: "Frankenstein Blues" (1938)
Side X – 63795-A: "Little Pigmeat" (1938)

Decca 7435
Side X – 63512-A: "Drunk Again" (1938)
Side X – 63507-A: "One Woman Blues" (1938)

Decca 7651
Side X – 65971-A: "Don't You Know?" 1; 28 October 1937 to 18 April 1939;
 Vol. 2; 18 April 1939 to 2 May 1941;

Selected compositions

 "It's A Low Down Dirty Shame" (1938)
 State Street Music Pub.Co.

 "Sweetheart Land" (1938)
 State Street Music Pub. Co.
 "I'm Going Back To Kokomo" (1943)
 <mask> Shephard (sic) (w&m)
 Charling Music Corp.
 "Exactly What I Need"

masks: Shepard Ollie


title: Ollie Shepard (blues pianist)

texts:
 (1943)
 <mask> Shephard (sic) (w&m)
 Charling Music Corp.
 "Good Old Tennessee" (1944)
 <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 "Take Everything There Is" ("But Leave Me You") (1944)
 <mask> <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 "Tee Nay" (1956)
 <mask> <mask> Shepard & Sammy Gallop (w&m)
 Charles K. Harris Music Pub. Co., Inc.
 "Stepping Out" (1956)
 <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 Peer International Corp.
 "That's What True Love Can Do" (1956)
 <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 Peer International Corp.
 "I'll Never Make You Blue" (1957)

 "Hot Dawg" (1957)
 <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 Desired Music, Inc.
 "Now I Know" (1959)
 <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 Cincinnati: Jay & Cee Music Corp.

 "If You Want Me To" (1960)
 <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 "Sweetheart" (1960)
 "You Care" (1960)

 "Jitterbugs Broke It Down" (1967)
 <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 "My Babe Is Gone" (1957)
 "Sweetie Pie" (1957)
 "Regardless" (1957)
 "You Better Believe It" (1957)

References

1909 births
American blues pianists
American male pianists
People from Oberlin, Louisiana
African-American jazz pianists
20th-century American pianists
1960 deaths
Jazz musicians from Louisiana
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
20th-century

masks: Ollie Ollie Shepard Ollie Shepardllie Shepard Ollie Shepardllie Ollie Shepard Ollie Shepard Ollie Shepard Ollie Shepard Ollie Shepard Ollie Shepard


title: Jim Haslam

texts:
<mask> (born December 13, 1930) is an American businessman and philanthropist, best known as the founder of Pilot Corporation, which operates a chain of convenience stores and travel centers throughout the United States and Canada, and is one of the largest privately owned companies in the United States. <mask> is also a donor for the University of Tennessee, having provided tens of millions of dollars to the school over several decades. <mask>'s son <mask> is the current owner of the National Football League's Cleveland Browns and Major League Soccer's Columbus Crew, and his other son Bill is a former Governor of Tennessee. Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born in 1930 in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Melitta (Fry) and <mask>. His father was a World War I veteran who was, at the time, working for the Studebaker Corporation. The family lived for a time in Pennsylvania before moving to St. Petersburg, Florida. <mask> was a star football player at St. Petersburg High School, and had offers to play at several colleges.He eventually chose the University of Tennessee, following a recruiting visit from legendary U.T. coach Robert Neyland. <mask> enrolled at the University of Tennessee in 1948. During the Volunteers' 1951 national championship season, he was a starter on an offensive line that helped his Sigma Chi fraternity brother, Hank Lauricella, to an All American season and a second-place finish in the voting for the Heisman Trophy. <mask> was a captain on the 1952 team, but missed the last few games of the season due to eligibility issues. Following graduation, <mask> joined the United States Army, with the commission of Second Lieutenant. He spent several months in Korea following the 1953 armistice that ended combat operations in the Korean War.After returning to Tennessee, he turned

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 down an offer to coach the South Pittsburg High School football team, and instead joined LaFollette, Tennessee-based Fleet Oil. After about a year, Fleet president Sam Claiborne appointed <mask> head of the company's new Sail Oil chain of stations. Pilot
In 1958, <mask> left Sail Oil to start his own company, having made an agreement with Claiborne that he would not compete in East Tennessee for three years. On October 9, 1958, <mask> and his first wife, Cynthia, incorporated Pilot Oil Corporation, the name of which was inspired by an insurance ad <mask> had seen while traveling in North Carolina. One month later, the company purchased its first filling station in Gate City, Virginia, for $6,000. This first station had four fuel pumps, and sold cigarettes and soft drinks. While waiting for his non-compete agreement with Fleet Oil to expire, <mask> focused on the Virginia and Kentucky areas.A former Pilot board member and early associate of <mask>, <mask>, later recalled that Haslam would sometimes spend days driving around a city, analyzing its traffic patterns, before deciding on a new location for a filling station. By 1965, Pilot had grown to a dozen stations, but was struggling with debt, and thus sold a 50% stake in the company to Marathon Oil. Marathon provided Pilot with a consistent supply of source oil and a $4 million loan, which allowed the company to further expand. In 1974, <mask>'s wife, Cynthia, died suddenly, and his eldest son, <mask>, then a student at U.T., took her place on the company's board of directors. Shortly afterward, Pilot expanded into the convenience store market. In 1981, Pilot opened its first travel center in Corbin, Kentucky, a move inspired by a visit to fellow U.T. alum Ken Pritchard, who was operating a travel center in Slidell, Louisiana.As Marathon

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