title: Pippin Drysdale

texts:
 also influenced by indigenous painting (she owns works by indigenous artists Queenie McKenzie and Kitty Kantilla) and painter Fred Williams. McKenzie's influence can be seen in the serried, stacked segments of landscape that recede to the horizon line, and Kantilla's influence is clearly evident in the motif of parallel, slanting or vertical lines within these landscape segments.Coalescing all these influences and ideas together, <mask> arrived at her signature style of intense colour and fine linework in the first Tanami series called Red Desert (Frankfurt, 2003), which was a great success. Her technique encompasses the selection of a suitable vessel, the adding the layers of glaze, then the careful linear incisions with a knife through a masking resist to inscribe the tracery that defines and shapes each work. Because the masking medium quickly dries into a form too hard to inscribe, Drysdale can work only on one small section at a time. The inscribed lines are then brushed out and filled with thickly applied color, and the excess color is removed. Another feature of <mask>'s later oeuvre are her assemblages of asymmetrical pieces, suites of closed forms that echo geological features of Australia, such as the Devils Marbles series, inspired by the Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Conservation Reserve in the Northern Territory. <mask> finds constant renewal of self in the creative process, dating back to her earliest contact with clay:

Studio
Drysdale's studio for the last 30 years has been her home in the port of Fremantle, a worker's cottage, now heavily renovated, bought for her by her father. Her pottery is thrown by Warrick Palmateer, a fellow Curtin graduate.She has a studio team of helpers to

masks: Drysdale Drysdale Drysdale


title: Pippin Drysdale

type: original

texts:
 do the glaze mixing, colour testing, firing, bisque-ware sanding, internet work and shipping of work. The porcelain clay is pugged multiple times, wrapped to "sweat" for four weeks, then repugged before use. Collections
Drysdale's works are found in many private collections. She is represented in Australia by Sabbia Gallery. The 12th Duke of Devonshire, Peregrine Cavendish, has a large collection (over 100) of <mask>'s works. Her work is represented in the collections of the National Gallery of Australia, Art Gallery of Western Australia, Powerhouse Museum, Auckland Art Gallery, Queensland Art Gallery, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, National Museum of Scotland, Museum of Fine Arts, Gifu, Tomsk State Gallery and Museum, Novosibirsk State Art Museum, as well as in the Victoria and Albert Museum ceramic collection, London. Honours
 Western Australia’s State Living Treasures in 2015
 Lifetime Achievement Award — Artsource Australia
 Major Fellowship Grant from Australia Council for the Arts in 2007

Gallery

Early work

See also
Australian art

Notes

References

Further reading

External links
 <mask> <mask> – Ceramic Artist Official site
 <mask> <mask> and Warrick Palmateer together at the John Curtin Gallery
 <mask> <mask> talks on ABC Sunday Arts programme about her work
 Official site of Warrick Palmateer, thrower of Drysdale's vessels

1943 births
Living people
20th-century Australian women artists
20th-century Australian artists
21st-century Australian women artists
21st-century Australian artists
20th-century ceramists
21st-century ceramists
Australian potters
Australian ceramists
Australian women ceramists
Curtin University alumni
Women

masks: Drysdale Pippin Drysdale Pippin Drysdale Pippin Drysdale


title: Satveer Chaudhary

texts:
<mask> (born June 12, 1969) is an American criminal and immigration lawyer. He is also a politician and a former member of the Minnesota State Senate and the Minnesota House of Representatives serving from 1996 to 2010. During his fourteen-year tenure, Chaudhary represented portions of Anoka and Ramsey counties in the northern Minneapolis and St Paul metropolitan area. The Senate District at the time of his departure from politics was known as Senate District 50. However, Chaudhary also represented the area in the Minnesota House from 1997-2000 as District 52A; and in the Senate from 2001 to 2002 as Senate District 52. While in office, Chaudhary served as a member of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, was the first Asian American legislator in Minnesota history. He was also the first South Asian senator in American history and for a time was the highest ranking political official of South Asian descent, as well as one of the youngest senators in that state's history.On August 10, 2010, <mask> was defeated by former Minnesota House Member Barb Goodwin in the primary election for the Minnesota State Senate seat. He then went on to resume his full time career as a private practice attorney in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis-St. Paul. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Minneapolis in 1969, three years after his parents immigrated from Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, India. His father, Dr. Surendra Pal <mask>, is a retired inspector with the United States Department of Agriculture. Chaudhary's mother, Raj Mohini <mask>, worked as a research assistant at the University of Minnesota, owned an import firm, and established a family wellness foundation for the South Asian community SEWA-AIFW. In 1977 Chaudhary's parents moved to the Minneapolis suburb, Fridley, Minnesota, where Chaudhary spent the remainder of his youth. He attended Columbia Heights High School, and it was during high school Chaudhary stated that  government teacher, Jack Gause, first involved him in state politics.Upon graduation from high school in 1987, Chaudhary pursued

masks:
Satveer Singh Chaudhary
Chaudhary
Chaudhary
Singh Chaudhary
Chaudhary


title: Satveer Chaudhary

texts: election for the District 52A legislative seat, in a Minneapolis suburban area that includes parts of Fridley and New Brighton and all of Columbia Heights and Hilltop. Chaudhary lost the race, but later defeated the winner, Republican incumbent Skip Carlson in a 1996 rematch. At the time he was elected, Chaudhary became the first Asian-American member of the Minnesota Legislature, and the fourth Indian-American elected to a state legislature in U.S. history. When he joined the legislature, there was only three other minority representatives in the House; Richard "Jeff" Jefferson, Edwina Garcia and Carlos Mariani. With Chaudhary's election, the number of minorities in the entire Minnesota legislature totaled five.While in the House, Chaudhary made contributed to legislation on healthcare access, education and economic development priorities. During this period of <mask>'s legislative career, he was a member of the Minnesota Conservation Federation, the Columbia Heights Lions Club, the Fridley Kiwanis, and became a member of the Fridley Human Resources Commission. Chaudhary also worked closely in his first legislative months with Minnesota's Asian community, and on public safety issues, particularly DWI penalties and youth driving regulations. Records for <mask>'s freshman House term list 103 House Documents Found In Legislative Session 80 (1997–1998) listing him as Author or Chief Author. As a freshman legislator in the Minnesota House of Representatives, Chaudhary served on the Education Committee and assorted sub-committees, the Judiciary Committee and Judiciary sub-committees and the Local Government and Metropolitan Affairs Committee. Chaudhary was re-elected to the House in 1998. During his second term in office, he continued to work on environmental legislation and financial reform of the Minnesota State Lottery.He also became a member of the Police Officers Alliance of Minnesota. There were 97 House Documents Found In Legislative Session 81 (1999–2000) listing bills with Satveer <mask> as Authors or Chief Author. During his second term

masks: Chaudhary Chaudhary Chaudhary


title: Satveer Chaudhary

texts:
 as a legislator in the Minnesota House of Representatives, Chaudhary served on the Education Policy Committee, Family and Early Childhood Education Finance Committee, and Jobs and Economic Development Policy Committee. Minnesota Senate
In 2000, incumbent Senator Steve Novak resigned to run for Minnesota's 4th congressional district. Chaudhary received the nomination from the local Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party chapter and ran against Republican Daniel Coughlin in the November general election. Chaudhary won the election with 57 percent of the votes. When he joined the Senate at age 31, <mask> <mask> was the Minnesota Senate's youngest member, and became the first Asian-Indian state senator in American history.In 2001, Chaudhary was chosen to be a delegate by the American Council of Young Political Leaders representing the United States State Legislatures and traveling to Argentina and Uruguay. Later that year, he escorted the Dalai Lama during his State visit to Minnesota. Due to the 2000 Census and redistricting, Chaudhary's first Minnesota senate term was two years. In 2002, he ran for a four-year term in the newly-redistricted SD-52 against Republican Steve Minar. Chaudhary won the election with 55.5 percent of the vote. During his next term, Chaudhary served on new Senate committees focusing on the environment, and assumed a leadership position within the Senate as Senate Majority Whip. As Vice Chair of the Fish and Game Subcommittee, Chaudhary was the Chief Author of the 2005 Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources reform bill, and co-authored legislation on clean air and water.In January 2006 Chaudhary worked with labor unions to ask then-Governor Tim Pawlenty to step in an help to save jobs of 12,3000 Minnesotans employed by Northwest Airlines. The bankrupt carrier proposed outsourcing about a quarter of the jobs left at the airline, and wrap up its drive for $1.4 billion in annual wage and other givebacks from its employees. In 2006, because of his work with the environmental legislations, citizen's groups and

masks: Satveer Chaudhary


title: Satveer Chaudhary

texts: outdoors organizations, Chaudhary was appointed by Senate Majority Leader, Dean Johnson, to serve on the newly-created Legislative and Citizen’s Commission on Minnesota Resources. On April 25, 2006, the Saint Paul Police Department investigated a racial death threat made against the senator. Chaudhary, who had just voted against a ballot measure to ban same-sex marriage, had received a letter containing a picture of himself with a bullet hole through his forehead. The picture was attached to a newspaper ad run promoting the constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage and civil unions. In a media statement, Chaudhary denounced the letter as political hate speech.The group that ran the ad, Minnesota Citizens in Defense of Marriage, condemned the letter and said it did not condone threats of violence. In November 2006, <mask> ran again for the SD-50 senate seat against Republican Rae Hart Anderson. He was re-elected to the Minnesota State Senate with 63% of the vote. Upon his victory the Republican opponent, Rae Hart Anderson, sent Chaudhary a concession email that said, "The race of your life is more important than this one--and it is my sincere wish that you'll get to know Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior." <mask>, a Hindu, made no public comment in response. In October 2007 <mask> was chosen as a delegate to accompany Governor Tim Pawlenty on a Minnesota/India trade mission, along with numerous business executives from Minnesota-based firms. There the senator was the moving force behind the sister-state partnership agreement between Haryana and Minnesota signed during the visit.The partnership - which was the first of its kind between a US and Indian state. On November 24, 2007 the Obama administration invited Chaudhary to attend a White House dinner honoring India Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. However, despite the connection with international and national politics, Chaudhary continued to focus the remainder of his senate term on conservation issues, state businesses, sportsman causes, and senate district concerns. In 2010, after


title: Satveer Chaudhary

texts:
 political controversies, Chaudhary lost the DFL endorsement for the SD-50 senate seat. He lost in the primary to DFL-endorsed former representative Barb Goodwin with 30.9 percent of the vote. With the departure of Senator <mask> <mask>, and the 2010 retirements of Senator Mee Moua and Representative Cy Thao, there were no individuals of Asian descent represented in the Minnesota legislature at that time. Conservation Efforts
During his tenure at the Minnesota legislature Chaudhary received numerous awards by civic, conservation and outdoors organizations and acknowledgments by the press in the area of conservation.During his first years of the Senate Chaudhary attained multiple years of perfect legislative voting scores from the Conservation Minnesota Voter Center, and in 2005 Chaudhary was named the Minnesota Conservation Federation Legislator of the Year. By 2008 Ducks Unlimited recognized the senator as a Conservation Partner in Minnesota. In 2009 Senator <mask> and his wife were nominated for Outstanding Conservationists Award by Anoka Conservation District at the MASWCD Annual Meetings and Trade show for their efforts to deal with wetland damage near their Fridley, Minnesota home. Political Adversities
Chaudhary experienced forms of bias while in the Minnesota House and Senate. On his first election night victory to the Minnesota legislature, at a celebratory event Chaudhary was told by an inner-city DFL House-member to "get a nickname" easier for people to pronounce. On another occasion Senator Chaudhary wore a Nehru jacket, reflective of his South Asian heritage, on the Senate floor. The act drew ire from members of the Minnesota State Senate, and one member even called for his removal from the chamber for not wearing a tie.The Nehru jacket is considered formal dress in the South Asian culture, and in keeping with the traditions of appropriate legislative attire. Notably, women in the Minnesota Senate did not wear ties. During the 2010 legislative session upon request from Saint Louis County Commissioner, Dennis Fink, Chaudhary

masks: Satveer Chaudhary Chaudhary


title: Satveer Chaudhary

texts: inserted a fish and game bill provision placing special conservation fishing regulations on Fish Lake. Chaudhary disclosed to members of the committee crafting the bill’s final language, that his family owns a cabin on leased land on the lake. The Senator approached Representative David Dill, and requested he insert the conservation language into a House bill. After close of the legislative session, Senate Republicans questioned the appropriateness of changes to the bill. Although no complaint had been filed, Senator Chaudhary requested an independent Senate Ethics Panel review and advisory opinion.On June 2, 2010 the bipartisan Minnesota Senate Subcommittee on Ethical Conduct voted unanimously that Chaudhary had no conflict of interest in introducing the legislation, had violated no rule nor law, although "he should have taken more time to hear the proposal" and the "any benefit to (Chaudhary) was pure speculation". The Senate District 50 DFL Party leadership held meeting in June 2010 to discuss revocation of <mask>'s DFL senate endorsement due to Chaudhary's formal endorsement of DFL gubernatorial candidate Mark Dayton over the DFL-endorsed candidate Margaret Anderson . On June 1, 2010 former State Representative Barbara Goodwin filed as a DFL senate candidate in the primary election. On June 28, 2010, the Senate District 50 DFL Central Committee voted to revoke their endorsement of Chaudhary due to the endorsement of Dayton, and endorsed Barbara Goodwin as the new candidate for Minnesota Senate. Chaudhary appealed the Senate District Committee's decision to a special panel of the State DFL Party. On July 8, 2010 the Duluth News Tribune reported that Chaudhary and his wife owed the IRS 2007 and 2008 past-due personal income taxes. In response, Chaudhary stated the debt was incurred due to an exercise of stock options with his wife's employer, the couple had an existing IRS payment plan and was never delinquent in paying, and the amount owed had just been determined in late 2009.On August 1, 2010 the family announced all taxes were paid in


title: James Larmer

texts:
<mask> (b. 1808 or 1809 – d. 1886) was a government surveyor in the colony of New South Wales. Between 1830 and 1859, he surveyed land, roads and settlements in New South Wales. He was an Assistant Surveyor to the Surveyor-General, Sir Thomas Mitchell, from 1835 to 1855. In 1835, he was second in command of Mitchell’s second expedition. He is also noteworthy for his recording of Aboriginal words from various parts of New South Wales. Early life

<mask> was born in Reigate, Surrey, England and arrived in Sydney in October 1829 to take up his appointment as a survey draftsman.Title deed information, from his time in Australia, shows his full name as <mask> <mask>. Career
Between 1830 and early 1835, <mask> surveyed land, roads, streets, coastlines, creeks, rivers, and ridges in what is now greater Sydney, in nearby areas including Broke and  Branxton in the Hunter, Brooklyn, Mangrove Creek, Broken Bay and Pittwater around the Hawkesbury River, and in more distant parts including the Abercrombie, Campbells, Belubela, Bell, and Macquarie Rivers. During 1835, <mask> was second-in-command of Thomas Mitchell’s second expedition, which attempted to follow the Darling River downstream to its confluence with the Murray. <mask>, in command of the main party, left Parramatta and met Mitchell at 'Boree', west of modern-day Orange. The expedition first went overland, then followed the Bogan River, then the Darling from the location of modern-day Bourke. While near the Bogan, the expedition's botanist, Richard Cunningham, went off in search of plants and became lost. It was Larmer who led a party that searched for him for a number of days, finding his dead horse and other evidence of his likely demise.Larmer produced a map sketch showing Cunningham's probable route. The expedition stopped to the north of the Menindee Lakes, due to the risk of

masks:
James Larmer
Larmer
James Gulley
Larmer
James Larmer
Larmer
Larmer


title: James Larmer

texts:
 Commissioner for Crown Lands for the same area. In 1847, Larmer's plan of the village of Gundaroo was gazetted and — as a Commissioner for Crown Lands — he identified people who were squatting, without authority, on crown lands along the Yass River downstream of that village. In 1849, he designed the plan of the village of Murringo and, In 1851, he surveyed a road from that new village to the Burrangong Station (near modern-day Young). The town of Gundagai was gazetted, in 1838, but it was soon obvious—after the floods of 1844 and 1852—that much of the original town site was subject to inundation. In 1845, Larmer was surveying new town allotments on the higher ground of the original town. In the eyes of some, he was held responsible for the original plan of the first town on the flood-prone river flats; he definitely drew up plans of town allotments in Gundagai in 1841.In 1850, Larmer laid out plans for extensions to the separate settlement areas of 'South Gundagai' and 'North Gundagai', to allow residents to be relocated and overcome the problem of flooding on the river flats. Also in 1850, he made provision for a village site, on the Lachlan River at what would later become the town of Narrandera. In 1851, he surveyed the site of the Roman Catholic church and presbytery in Jugiong. He also laid out cemeteries at Yass and Goulburn,

In 1852-1853, Larmer was working on surveying the route of a road from Braidwood to Broulee, which was planned to run via Araluen to the Moruya River. Such a road was not completed until the late 1860s. Instead, the major road to the coast was the Clyde Road (modern-day Kings Highway), which opened in 1858. In 1858, a surveyor Larmer laid out the plan of the gold-mining village of Majors Creek but <mask>'s name was already on the list of those receiving government pensions by October 1857.Majors


title: James Larmer

texts:
 Creek was the work of his nephew, who was also a surveyor. <mask>'s last field notes date from 1859, and it appears that he retired completely from surveying around that time. <mask> became a Justice of the Peace at Braidwood in 1859. With other JPs, he presided over cases in the town's Police Court,  until 1885. His cases included some involving relatives and associates of the notorious Clarke brothers and other bushrangers, who were members of the Clarke-Connell extended family. In May 1867, Thomas and John Clarke, the surviving members of their gang, were remanded, at the Police Court in Braidwood, for trial in Sydney. In 1860, <mask> was proposed as a candidate for the Braidwood electoral district at the 1860 elections, but he did not stand for election.Aboriginal languages vocabulary
The Surveyor-General, Thomas Mitchell, had directed that, where possible, the existing names, in the local Aboriginal language, should be used as the official names of localities and landforms in New South Wales, which then also included what is now Victoria and Queensland. This was for pragmatic reasons, rather than stemming from any wish to preserve native cultures; in his journal, Mitchell wrote that, "‘The great convenience of using native names is obvious … so long as any of the Aborigines can be found in the neighbourhood … future travellers may verify my map. Whereas new names are of no use in this respect". Consequently, the surveyors of the colony were among those few settlers who took an interest in local languages. They were also working in places where the local people were still living on their traditional lands and speaking their own languages and dialects. Larmer recorded Aboriginal words and the areas in which these words were used. His work, collated as “<mask>’s Vocabulary of Native Names” (1853), is one source for fragments

masks:
James Larmer
Larmer
Larmer
James Larmer


title: James Larmer

texts:
 work. He is commemorated in the various 'Larmer' street names, in places in New South Wales such as Broulee, Bungendore, Howlong, Jugiong, Majors Creek, Narraweena, Nerrandera, and Sanctuary Point. The road to Jervis Bay that he surveyed in 1840, The Wool Road, was a failure and rapidly fell into disuse, until it was realigned and rerouted to Nowra in 1856; much of the modern Braidwood Road still follows Larmer's survey. His hotel building in Braidwood is now used as the Braidwood Museum. Family
<mask> married, Martha Stoyles, widow of the licensee of the Royal Hotel, Braidwood, in 1861. They had two daughters, as well as the five daughters and three sons of Martha's first marriage.His younger brother, <mask>, migrated to Australia in 1853. William was an early pharmacist in Sydney, president of the Pharmaceutical Society, and member of the Pharmacy Board of New South Wales, who after 1865 also became involved in homeopathy. <mask>'s nephew, W.E<mask>, was also a surveyor in New South Wales from 1854, leading on occasion to confusion about the two surveyors. He is responsible for laying out the town plan of Majors Creek and for surveying the route of a road linking the Braidwood district to Goulburn (modern-day Goulburn Road)

Death
<mask> died on 5 June 1886, aged 77 years. At the time of his death, <mask> was believed to be the last surviving member of Mitchell's second expedition. His grave lies in the Braidwood cemetery.His wife Martha died in 1899. References

External links

 St George's Basin - <mask> - Colonial Surveyor - Some Aspects of His Life and Career
 State Library of New South Wales - “<mask>’s Vocabulary of Native Names” (1853)
 Braidwood Museum - the former Royal Hotel, Braidwood

1886 deaths
English surveyors
English emigrants to Australia
Explorers of Australia
People from Reigate

1800s births
Australian

masks:
James Larmer
William Larmer
Larmer
. Larmer
James Larmer
Larmer
James Larmer
James Larmer


title: Josephine Lang

texts:
<mask> (14 March 1815 – 2 December 1880) was a German composer. <mask> was the daughter of <mask>, a violinist, and , opera singer. Her mother taught young <mask> how to play piano, and from age five it became apparent that <mask> was possessed with great potential as a composer. As early as age eleven <mask> started giving piano lessons herself. Through her godfather, Joseph Stieler, <mask> was exposed to some of the greatest artists of her time. Both Felix Mendelssohn and Ferdinand Hiller went to great lengths to ensure that <mask> learned the proper theory for song-writing, and used their connections to publish <mask>'s music. Even Robert Schumann published a song of <mask>'s in Neue Zeitschrift für Musik in 1838.Biography
Born  in Munich, <mask> had from a very young age been described as having a "weak constitution". Thus she was always struggling to keep up her education and performance while simultaneously maintaining her health. Once during a performance for the king and queen of Bavaria, Queen Caroline Augusta of Bavaria took notice of <mask>'s poor state of health and arranged for her to go to Wildbad Kreuth in the German Alps to recover. During her stay there, she met Christian Reinhold Köstlin, a lawyer who also took to writing poetry on the side. According to all sources, the two fell in love and shared a happy marriage. Köstlin was a professor at the University of Tübingen. Köstlin died in 1856 of what is now suspected to be cancer.To sustain her family, <mask> went back to song writing and piano pedagogy. After some financial floundering and unsuccessful attempts at publishing

masks:
Josephine Caroline Lang
Josephine Lang
Theobald Lang
Josephine
Josephine
Josephine
Josephine
Lang
Lang
Josephine
Lang
Josephine
Lang


title: Josephine Lang

texts:
 music, she contacted Ferdinand Hiller and Clara Schumann for aid and assistance. Upon hearing the news, Clara organised a benefit concert with herself as the pianist, featuring <mask>'s music. Hiller wrote a biographical essay about <mask> in 1867 to send to publishers. Soon thereafter, primarily due to Hiller's essay, <mask> become a prominent composer successful enough to have her work published. Her last years were filled with trauma and illness. <mask> lived to see her three sons die for various reasons, and after her two daughters married in 1868 and 1870, <mask> was left feeling alone and abandoned.She herself suffered during this time period, though she still composed music and taught piano through this entire time. On 2 December 1880,<ref>High, Walter M., Sander, Angelle M., Krebs, Harald, and Krebs, Sharon: <mask>. Her Life and Songs" (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).</ref> <mask> died in Tübingen of a heart attack; she left an important legacy in her music. Dana Mckay, soprano; Thérèse Lindquist, piano. SBPK Deutsche Schallplatten DS 1016-2 (1995). <mask>, Johanna Kinkel; Ausgewählte Lieder. Claudia Taha, soprano; Heidi Kommerell, piano.Bayer Records BR 100 248 (1995). Münchner Komponistinnen der Klassik und Romantik. Christel Krömer, soprano; Jutta Vornehm, piano. Musica Bavarica MB 902. Reissued on CD as MB 75121 (1997). Alphabetic listing of musical settings:

Bibliography
Citron, Marcia J. “<mask>, <mask>.” Oxford University Press, 2007, Grove Music Online (Accessed 15 February 2007), http://www.grovemusic.com
Citron, Marcia."Women and the Lied, 1775–1850." Women Making

masks:
Lang
Lang
Lang
Lang
Josephine
Josephine Lang
Lang
Josephine Lang
Lang
Josephine


title: Josephine Lang

texts:
 Music, ed. Jane Bowers and Judith Tick. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1986
Krebs, Harald. "<mask>, <mask>." Women Composers: Music Through the Ages, ed. Glickman and Schleifer, vol.7,  New Haven, Connecticut: Thomson/Gale, 2003
Krebs, Harald."<mask> and the Salon in Southern Germany", Musical Salon Culture in the Long Nineteenth Century, ed. Ed. by Anja Bunzel / Natasha Loges, Woodbridge 2019, p. 199–210. Biography and appreciation including a completed workslist by: "Musik und Gender im Internet''" (MUGI):

References

External links

 Free digital scores by <mask> in the OpenScore Lieder Corpus

1815 births
1880 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century German composers
19th-century women composers
German women classical composers
German Romantic composers
Musicians from

masks:
Lang
Josephine
Josephine Lang
Josephine Lang


title: Hans Fritzsche

texts:
<mask> (21 April 1900 in Bochum – 27 September 1953 in Cologne) was a senior German Nazi official, ending the war as Ministerialdirektor at the Propagandaministerium (Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda). He was the preeminent German broadcaster of his time, as part of efforts to present a more popular and entertaining side of the Nazi regime, and his voice was recognised by the majority of Germans. <mask> was present in the Berlin Führerbunker during the last days of Adolf Hitler. After Hitler's death, he went over to the Soviet lines in Berlin to offer the surrender of the city to the Red Army on 1 May 1945. He was taken prisoner. Career
<mask> was born in Bochum (a city in the Ruhr Area) to a Prussian postal clerk. He volunteered in the German Army in 1917 as a private soldier, and served in Flanders.After the war, he studied at the universities of Greifswald and Berlin, but did not graduate. He became a journalist in 1923 for the Hugenberg Press, which promoted nationalistic opinions not very different from the Nazis. In September 1932, he began his broadcasting career as head of the Drahtloser Dienst (the Wireless News service, a government agency), and started his first broadcast, a daily program called "<mask> speaks" (Es spricht <mask>). In 1929 or May 1933 he joined the Nazi Party, and later the Sturmabteilung (SA). He was also a member of the Academy for German Law. On 1 May 1933 the Wireless News service was incorporated into Joseph Goebbels' Propaganda Ministry. In 1938, <mask> became head of the Press Division.In November 1942, he became head of the Radio Division. <mask> had no involvement in creating policy. During the war, <mask> was Germany's most prominent radio commentator. In April 1945, he was present in the Berlin Führerbunker during the last days of Adolf Hitler and Goebbels. After Hitler's suicide on 30 April 1945, Goebbels assumed Hitler's role as chancellor. On 1 May, Goebbels completed his sole official act as chancellor. He dictated a letter to Soviet Army General Vasily Chuikov, requesting a temporary ceasefire and ordered German

masks:
August Franz Anton Hans Fritzsche
Fritzsche
Fritzsche
Hans Fritzsche
Hans Fritzsche
Fritzsche
Fritzsche
Fritzsche


title: Hans Fritzsche

texts:
 General <mask> to deliver it.Chuikov commanded the Soviet forces in central Berlin. After this was rejected, Goebbels decided that further efforts were futile. Goebbels then launched into a tirade berating the generals, reminding them Hitler forbade them to surrender. <mask> left the room to try and take matters into his own hands. He went to his nearby office on Wilhelmplatz and wrote a surrender letter addressed to Soviet Marshall Georgy Zhukov. An angry and drunk General Wilhelm Burgdorf followed <mask> to his office. There he asked <mask> if he intended to surrender Berlin.<mask> replied that he was going to do just that. Burgdorf shouted that Hitler had forbidden surrender and as a civilian he had no authority to do so. Burgdorf then pulled his pistol to shoot <mask>, but a radio technician knocked the gun and the bullet fired hit the ceiling. Several men then hustled Burgdorf out of the office and he returned to the bunker. <mask> then left his office and went over to the Soviet lines and offered to surrender the city. Military tribunal

<mask> was taken prisoner by Soviet Red Army soldiers. At first he was held prisoner in a basement and then sent to Moscow for interrogation at Lubyanka Prison where, according to his own account, three gold teeth were yanked from his mouth upon arrival.He was confined to a "standing coffin", a 3-foot-square cell where it was impossible to sleep, and placed on a bread and hot water diet. He eventually signed a confession. Later, he wrote his account of Soviet prison while on trial at Nuremberg, which was published in Switzerland. <mask> was sent to Nuremberg, and tried before the International Military Tribunal. He was charged with conspiracy to commit crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity. In his positions in the propaganda apparatus of the Nazi State, <mask> played a role to further the conspiracy to commit atrocities and to launch the war of aggression. According to journalist and author William L. Shirer, it was unclear to the attendees why he was charged.Shirer remarked that "no-one in the courtroom,

masks:
Hans Krebs
Fritzsche
Fritzsche
Fritzsche
Fritzsche
Fritzsche
Fritzsche
Fritzsche
Fritzsche
Fritzsche


title: Hans Fritzsche

texts:
 including <mask>, seemed to know why he was there – he was too small a fry – unless it were as a ghost for Goebbels". According to the IMT prosecution, he "incited and encouraged the commission of War Crimes by deliberately falsifying news to arouse in the German People those passions which led them to the commission of atrocities". <mask> was acquitted because the court was "not  prepared  to  hold  that  [his  broadcasts]  were  intended  to incite  the  German  people  to  commit  atrocities  on  conquered  peoples". He was one of only three defendants to be acquitted at Nuremberg (along with Hjalmar Schacht and Franz von Papen). Nuremberg prosecutor  Alexander Hardy later said that evidence not available to the prosecution at the time proved <mask> not only knew of the extermination of European Jews but also "played an important part in bringing [Nazi crimes] about," and would have resulted in his conviction. <mask> was later classified as Group I (Major Offenders) by a denazification court which gave him the maximum penalty, eight years' imprisonment. He was pardoned in September 1950.He married his second wife, Hildegard Springer, in 1950. He died of cancer in 1953. His wife died the same year. <mask> along with Speer and Schirach were eventually communed by Lutheran Pastor Henry F. Gerecke and were administered the Eucharist. Publications

 Account of the Nuremberg trials. References

Sources

Further reading

Hardy, Alexander G. (1967). Hitler's Secret Weapon: The "Managed" Press and Propaganda Machine of Nazi Germany.New York: Vantage Press. See also
Downfall, 2004 German film where he was portrayed by actor Michael Brandner
Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda

External links

1900 births
1953 deaths
Articles containing video clips
Deaths from cancer in Germany
German anti-communists
German Protestants
German radio personalities
Members of the Academy for German Law
Nazi Party politicians
Nazi propagandists
People acquitted by the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg
People from Bochum
People from the Province of Westphalia
Sturmabteilung

masks: Fritzsche Fritzsche Fritzsche Fritzsche Fritzsche


title: Wallis Clark

texts:
<mask> (2 March 1882 – 14 February 1961) was an English stage and film actor. Biography
<mask> was born in Bolton, Lancashire, England, the son of <mask> (1854 - 1930), an engineer. Prior to acting, <mask> was an engineer. He began his stage career in Margate, Kent, in 1908. He moved to the United States in September 1910 and acted in numerous plays on the stage, including at the Little Theatre in Philadelphia, for years before moving on to the screen in 1932. Along with actors Franklyn Farnum and Bess Flowers, <mask> holds the record for the second most appearances in films that have won the Academy Award for Best Picture. He appeared in supporting roles in 136 films between 1931 and 1954.Five of these films won Best Picture: It Happened One Night (1934), Mutiny on the Bounty (1935), The Great Ziegfeld (1936), You Can't Take It with You (1938), and Gone with the Wind (1939). In four of these five films, <mask> was uncredited. In Mutiny on the Bounty, he is credited in the role of Morrison. <mask> had one son, <mask><mask>, Jr. He died in North Hollywood, California, USA. Selected filmography

 Elusive Isabel (1916) - Prince D'Abruzzi
 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916) - Pencroft
 Cy Whittaker's Ward (1917) - Bailey
 Hell's House (1932) - Judge Robinson
 The Final Edition (1932) - Police Commissioner Jim Conroy (uncredited)
 Alias the Doctor (1932) - Dr. Kleinschmidt (uncredited)
 Disorderly Conduct (1932) - Police Lieutenant (uncredited)
 Shopworn (1932) - Mr. Dean (uncredited)
 The Famous Ferguson Case (1932) - Lindsay Jamison (uncredited)
 Attorney for the Defense (1932) - Crowell
 My Pal, the King (1932) - Dr. Lorenz
 The Night Mayor (1932) - Crandall

masks:
Wallis Hensman Clark
Clark
William Wallis Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Wallis H
. Clark


title: Samudragupta

texts:
 Chandragupta I or <mask>. Chandragupta I probably had a long reign, as the Prayag Pillar inscription suggests that he appointed his son as his successor, presumably after reaching an old age.However, the exact period of his reign is uncertain. For these reasons, the beginning of <mask>'s reign is also uncertain. If Samudragupta is regarded as the founder of the Gupta era, his ascension can be dated to c. 319-320 CE. On the other hand, if his father Chandragupta I is regarded as the founder of the Gupta era, <mask>'s ascension must be dated to a later date. Samudragupta was a contemporary of king Meghavarna of Anuradhapura Kingdom, but the regnal period of this king is also uncertain. According to the traditional reckoning adopted in Sri Lanka for Buddha's death, he ruled during 304-332 CE; but the modified chronology adopted by modern scholars such as Wilhelm Geiger assigns his reign to 352-379 CE. Accepting the former date would place Samudragupta's ascension to c. 320 CE; accepting the latter date would place it around c. 350 CE.The end of Samudragupta's reign is also uncertain. Samudragupta's granddaughter Prabhavatigupta is known to have married during the reign of his son Chandragupta II, in c. 380 CE (assuming c. 319 CE as the epoch of the Gupta era). Therefore, the end of Samudragupta's reign can be placed before this year. Various estimates of Samudragupta's regnal period include:

 A. S. Altekar: c. 330-370 CE
 A. L. Basham: c. 335-376 CE
 S. R. Goyal: c. 350-375 CE
 Tej Ram Sharma: c. 353-373 CE

Ascension

masks: Samudragupta Samudragupta Samudragupta


title: Seretse Khama

texts:
Sir <mask>, GCB, KBE (1 July 1921 –  13 July 1980) was a Botswana politician who served as the first President of Botswana, a post he held from 1966 to his death in 1980. Born into an influential royal family of what was then the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, he was educated abroad in neighbouring country of South Africa and then in the United Kingdom. While in Britain, he married an Englishwoman named Ruth Williams, a decision opposed by the white-minority government of South Africa and which led to a controversy resulting in the British government making him stay in England in exile so as to not sour Anglo-South African relations. After the end of his exile, <mask> led his country's independence movement and transition from British rule into an independent nation. He founded the Botswana Democratic Party in 1962 and became Prime Minister in 1965. In 1966, Botswana gained independence and <mask> was elected as its first president. During his presidency, the country underwent rapid economic and social progress.Childhood and education
<mask> <mask> was born in 1921 in Serowe, in what was then the Bechuanaland Protectorate. He was the son of Queen Tebogo and Sekgoma <mask> II, the paramount chief of the Bamangwato people, and the grandson of <mask> III, their king. The name Seretse means "the clay that binds". He was named this to celebrate the recent reconciliation of his father and grandfather; this reconciliation assured Seretse's own ascension to the throne with his aged father's death in 1925. At the age of 4, Seretse became kgosi (king), with his uncle Tshekedi Khama as his regent and guardian. After being educated in his youth at the Tiger Kloof Educational Institute in South Africa, Khama attended Fort Hare University College there, graduating with a general B.A. in 1944.He travelled to the United Kingdom and studied for a year at Balliol

masks:
Seretse Goitsebeng Maphiri Khama
Khama
Khama
Seretse
Khama
Khama
Khama


title: Seretse Khama

texts:
 established capital of Gaborone. A 1965 constitution delineated a new Botswana government, and on 30 September 1966, Botswana gained its independence. As prescribed by the new constitution, <mask> became its first President. Ten days prior to this, Elizabeth II had promoted Khama within the Order of the British Empire, appointing him a Knight Commander (KBE). Presidency
At the time of its independence in 1966, Botswana was the world's third-poorest country, poorer than most other African countries. Its infrastructure was minimal, with only  of paved roads; and few of its people had formal education, with only 22 university graduates and 100 secondary school graduates. Khama set out on a vigorous economic programme intended to transform the nation into an export-based economy, built around beef, copper and diamonds.The 1967 discovery of Orapa's diamond deposits aided this programme. Khama instituted strong measures against corruption, the bane of so many other newly independent African nations. Unlike other countries in Africa, his administration adopted free-market-friendly policies to foster economic development. Khama promised low and stable taxes to mining companies, liberalized trade, and increased personal freedoms. He maintained low marginal income tax rates to deter tax evasion and corruption. He upheld liberal democracy and non-racism in the midst of a region embroiled in civil war, racial enmity and corruption. Khama embraced the rule of law.The small public service was transformed into an efficient and relatively corruption-free bureaucracy with workers hired based on merit. Calls to immediately "indigenize" the bureaucracy were resisted, and the government retained foreign expatriates working in the bureaucracy until suitably qualified locals could be found to replace them. <mask> and his people also drew on international advisers and consultants.

masks: Khama Khama


title: Seretse Khama

texts:
 replacing the South African rand as the national currency. Due to Khama's dedication to development, very little was spent on defence, and a small military police force was initially formed in place of an army. However, following repeated incursions by South African and Rhodesian forces, the Botswana Defence Force was formed in 1977 as a small professional military. On the foreign policy front, Khama was careful politically and did not allow militant groups to operate from within Botswana. According to Richard Dale,

  Shortly before his death, Khama played major roles in negotiating the end of the Rhodesian civil war and the resulting creation and independence of Zimbabwe, and the creation of the Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference.<mask> was reelected three times by virtue of the BDP easily winning the 1969, 1974 and 1979 elections. In Botswana, candidates for the National Assembly declare whom they endorse for president when they lodge their nomination papers, and the presidential candidate with a majority of endorsements is automatically elected. He governed with very large majorities for his entire tenure, never facing more than seven opposition MPs. Death

For a number of years leading up to his death, <mask>'s health deteriorated. He suffered from heart and kidney ailments. In 1960 he had been diagnosed with diabetes. In 1976, he underwent a heart operation in Johannesburg to install a pacemaker.From then on, he frequently flew to London for medical treatment. In June 1980, while receiving treatment in London, Khama was diagnosed with terminal pancreatic cancer. He returned home after it was determined that no cure was possible. <mask> died in his sleep on 13 July 1980 in the presence of his wife in Botswana. Legacy

Following his death, <mask> was succeeded by Vice President Quett Masire. Forty thousand people paid their

masks: Khama Khama Khama Khama


title: Seretse Khama

texts:
 respects to Khama as his body lay in state in Gaborone. He was buried in the Royal Cemetery on a hill in Serowe, Central District.Twenty eight years after Khama's death, his son Ian succeeded Festus Mogae as the fourth president of Botswana; in the 2009 general election he won a landslide victory. That year a younger son, Tshekedi <mask> II, was elected as a parliamentarian from Serowe North West. <mask> left office in 2018. Sir Seretse Khama International Airport is Botswana's main airport. It was named after Khama and opened in 1984. In 2016, the film A United Kingdom told the story of the controversies that surrounded Khama's marriage. It starred David Oyelowo as Khama and Rosamund Pike as Ruth Williams.Khama is frequently referenced in The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency books by Alexander McCall Smith. Mma Ramotswe, the series' protagonist, greatly admires him, compares him with Nelson Mandela and very much regrets the fact of his not being so well known internationally. References

Works cited

Further reading

  From the 1990 film of the same name. Williams, Susan. 2006. Colour Bar.Allen Lane. Seager, Alan. 2005. The Shadow of a Great Rock. Connah's Quay, Flintshire, England: I & D Books/ the author
 "Seretse Khama" by Neil Parsons, Willie Henderson and Thomas Tlou in 1995

External links
Penguin BooksA piece by Susan Williams, author of Colour Bar: The Triumph of <mask> <mask> and His Nation
University of Botswana History Dept: Seretse Khama 1921–1980
Royalty in Botswana

Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Presidents of Botswana
1921 births
1980 deaths
People from Serowe
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Botswana independence activists
University of Fort Hare alumni
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Botswana expatriates in South Africa
Botswana expatriates in the United Kingdom
Deaths from cancer in Botswana
Recipients of the Order of

masks:
Khama
Ian Khama
Seretse
Khama


title: Kawin Thamsatchanan

texts:
<mask> (, ; born 26 January 1990) is a Thai professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Thai League 1 club Port and the Thailand national team. Club career

Rajpracha
<mask> was born on 26 January 1990 in Bangkok, Thailand. He began his youth career in 2006 with Raj Pracha, making his senior debut with the team in 2007. Muangthong United
In 2008, defending Thai division 2 champions Muangthong United signed Kawin at the age of 18. In his first season with Muangthong United, he secured his first-team status and helped the club win the division 1 title that season. After Muangthong's promotion to the Thai Premier League for the 2009–2010 season, Kawin led the team to win the top division title two years in a row, 2009 and 2010. In October 2010, Bryan Robson, a Manchester United legend and Thailand's national team head coach at the time, spoke to United's goalkeeping coach, Eric Steele, suggesting he take a look at Kawin.However, Kawin broke his wrist, causing him to be out of action for months, ending his hopes of going on trial at Manchester United. At the start of the 2013 season, while competing in the 2013 Lunar New Year Cup, <mask> collided against Chris Dickson. He suffered a broken shin, which kept him out for 7 months. After returning to the pitch in the second leg of the Thai Premier League, he dislocated his shoulder and tore ligaments in a match against TOT S.C., ending his season. <mask> Darul Ta'zim in the 2016 AFC Champions League knock-out stage semifinal round. He saved all three of Johor's spot kicks in the penalty shootout. OH Leuven
In 2018, <mask> completed his move to Europe by joining OH Leuven in the Belgian First Division B on a five-year contract.The deal was formally announced on January 10, 2018. <mask>, who wore the number 16 jersey, quickly became Leuven's first-choice goalkeeper, a position previously held by Nick Gillekens. After an outstanding performance in a 1-1 draw

masks:
Kawin Thamsatchanan
Kawin Thamsatchanan
Kawin
Kawinhor
Kawin
Kawin


title: Kawin Thamsatchanan

texts:
 against Beerschot Wilrijk, <mask> was named in the Proximus League's Matchday 27 team of the week along with teammate Jarno Libert. In October 2018, <mask> suffered a foot injury which has kept him on the sidelines for months, allowing Laurent Henkinet to take up the position as first-choice goalkeeper. While Gillekens' contract was not prolonged after the 2018-19 season, OH Leuven signed international goalkeeper Darren Keet, who has since become the second choice goalkeeper behind Henkinet, bumping Thamsatchanan into third. Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo
On 4 February 2020, it was announced that <mask> had joined club Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo on a season-long loan deal. He would eventually not play a single match for the team and returned to OH Leuven at the end of 2021.Return to OH Leuven
Meanwhile at OH Leuven, the goalkeeper situation had changed completely: both Laurent Henkinet and Darren Keet had left the club and two new goalkeepers had been signed mid-2020: Rafael Romo and Daniel Iversen. With Iversen returning to Leicester City due to lack of playing time, only Romo and youngster Oregan Ravet remained and <mask> was soon promoted back to second goalkeeper behind Romo. On 11 April 2021 in the penultimate game of the season, after Rafael Romo got injured during the game against Cercle Brugge, <mask> was brought on as a replacement at half-time, making him the first Thai football player to play in the Belgian highest division. It would prove to be his only match that season, as Romo returned to play the final match of the season. During the 2021 summer transfer window, OH Leuven loaned Rúnar Alex Rúnarsson, demoting <mask> back to third goalkeeper (together with Ravet). Thamsatchanan did not appear on the match sheet in any match during the first half of the 2021–22 season and being deemed surplus, he was first allowed to join the Thailand national football team to compete the AFF Championship towards

masks: Kawin Kawin Kawin Thamsatchanan Thamsatchanan Thamsatchanan


title: Kawin Thamsatchanan

texts:
 the end of 2021, a tournament which was won and in which he played (part of) the first leg of the final. Subsequently, he was loaned out on 4 January 2022, when it was announced that <mask> had joined club Port on a loan deal.Return Thai league with Port
Upon joining Port, Kawin was given the shirt number 1.

International career
Kawin had debut his first senior caps in 2010 King's Cup against Singapore at Nakhon Ratchasima province. Recently, under the management of Winfried Schafer, Kawin has been dropped to a substitution of Sintaweechai Hathairattanakool. He was the starting goalkeeper of the tournament in the 2012 AFF Suzuki Cup. He represented Thailand U23 in the 2013 Southeast Asian Games. Kawin was the flag bearer for Thailand in the 2014 Asian Games, and was the captain of Thailand U23 in the tournament. Kawin was one of the overaged players playing in the 2014 Asian Games. Kawin was part of Thailand's squad that won the 2014 AFF Suzuki Cup.In December 2018, it was announced that <mask> would be part of the Thailand that would compete in the 2019 AFC Asian Cup. However, due to an injury, he sustained in October while playing for OH Leuven, Kawin was forced to withdraw just 2 weeks prior to the tournament. He came back in the drawn match against Vietnam. Personal life

He attended Assumption College Thonburi for high school and graduated from Assumption University with a bachelor in Business Administration. In September 2013, V. Vachiramethi, a famous Thai monk, advised him to add two Thai alphabets to his name, therefore <mask> decided to change his name from กวิน to กวินทร์. His new name means a great and powerful man. Despite the change of his name, the pronunciation of the word remains unchanged.Kawin is good friends with Panupong Wongsa and his idols are Oliver Kahn and former Thailand goalkeeper Sinthaweechai Hathairattanakool. Kawin is a Buddhist. Career statistics

Honours

Club
Rajpracha

masks: Kawin Kawin Kawin


title: Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow

texts:
<mask>, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow,  (24 September 1887 – 5 January 1952) was a British Unionist politician, agriculturalist, and colonial administrator. He served as Governor-General and Viceroy of India from 1936 to 1943. He was usually referred to simply as Linlithgow. He served as vice president of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh and Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. Early life and family
Hope was born at Hopetoun House, South Queensferry, Linlithgowshire, Scotland, on 24 September 1887. He was the eldest son of John Adrian Louis Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun, later 1st Marquess Linlithgow, and Hersey Everleigh-de-Moleyns, Countess of Hopetoun and later Marchioness of Linlithgow, daughter of the fourth Baron Ventry. His godmother was Queen <mask>.He was educated at Ludgrove School and Eton College and on 29 February 1908 succeeded his father as 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow. In 1912, aged only 25, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were William Turner, Alexander Crum Brown, Cargill Gilston Knott and James Haig Ferguson. He served as the society's vice president from 1934 to 1937. Early career
Linlithgow served as an officer on the Western Front during the First World War. Transferred from Lothians and Border Horse, he commanded a battalion of the Royal Scots. He was mentioned in dispatches and appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, ending the war with the rank of colonel.He then served in various minor roles in the Conservative governments of the 1920s and '30s. From 1922 till 1924 he served as the civil lord of the Admiralty, becoming chairman of the Unionist Party Organisation in 1924 for two years. He also served as president of the Navy League from 1924

masks:
Victor Alexander John Hope
Victoria


title: Wayne M. Collins

texts:
<mask> (November 23, 1899 – July 16, 1974) was a civil rights attorney who worked on cases related to the Japanese American evacuation and internment. Biography

Personal life
<mask> was born in Sacramento, California, to Irish American parents, and was raised and educated in San Francisco. In 1907, <mask>' father died from tuberculosis and his mother was unable to retain custody of her two sons. As a result, <mask> spent much of his youth in an institutional home affiliated with the Swedenborgian Church in San Francisco's Potrero Hill area. While living there, he attended what is now called Lick-Wilmerding High School from which he received a diploma. <mask> enlisted in the Navy towards the end of World War I. He earned his law degree from San Francisco Law School in 1927 and opened a law office in the Mills Building complex of San Francisco's Financial District in the following year.In 1930, he was reunited with his mother and younger brother, to whom he provided financial support. In 1933, <mask> married Thelma Garrison, with whom he had two children. The family lived in an apartment in the Nob Hill neighborhood of San Francisco for a number of years, and later moved to a home on Presidio Avenue in 1950. Thelma died of cancer in 1953, and <mask> did not remarry. Legal career
In 1934, <mask> helped to establish the Northern California branch of the ACLU in response to anti-worker and anti-union campaigns of employers against protesting workers in rural California and against striking maritime workers in California. <mask>' first major case for the branch was on behalf of a nine-year old Jehovah's Witness who had been suspended from school for refusing to cite the Pledge of Allegiance based on religious grounds. He later became a leader in the legal fight

masks:
Wayne Mortimer Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins


title: Wayne M. Collins

texts:
 against persecution of Japanese Americans, both during and after World War II.Korematsu
With Ernest Besig of the Northern California ACLU, <mask> led Fred Korematsu's constitutional challenge to the Internment of Japanese Americans beginning in 1942, and culminating in his defense of Korematsu (alongside the ACLU's Charles Horskey) before the U.S. Supreme Court in 1944. In a 6–3 decision, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld Korematsu's conviction in Korematsu v. United States in December of that year. Nearly four decades later, in November 1983, the U.S. District Court in San Francisco formally granted the writ of coram nobis and vacated the conviction. Tule Lake and the Renunciants
In the spring of 1944, Ernest Besig became aware of a hastily constructed stockade at California's Tule Lake Segregation Center, in which Japanese American internees were routinely being brutalized and held for months without due process. Besig was forbidden by the national ACLU to intervene on behalf of the stockade prisoners or even to visit the Tule Lake camp without prior written approval from the ACLU's Roger Baldwin. Unable to help directly, Besig turned to <mask> for assistance. <mask>, using the threat of habeas corpus suits, managed to have the stockade closed down.A year later, after learning that the stockade had been reestablished, he returned to the camp and had it closed down for good. In August 1945, <mask> began advising Japanese American internees at Tule Lake who had been deceived or coerced into renouncing their American citizenship under the Renunciation Act of 1944 of their legal rights. On November 13, 1945, <mask> filed two mass class equity suits (Abo v. Clark, No. 25294 and Furuya v. Clark, No. 25295) and two mass class habeas corpus proceedings (Abo v.

masks:
Collins
Wayne Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins


title: Wayne M. Collins

texts:
 Williams, No. 25296 and Furuya v. Williams, No. 25297) in the U.S. District Court of San Francisco.These cases sought to determine nationality, prevent removal to Japan, end internment, and cancel renunciation. Adopting <mask>' arguments, Federal Judge Louis E. Goodman found the mass renunciations unconstitutional, stating: "It is shocking to the conscience that an American citizen be confined without authority and while so under duress and restraint for this government to accept from him a surrender of his constitutional heritage." "Not even the hysterics and exigencies of war", Goodman had warned in his opinion, "excused the government for the egregious constitutional wrongs it had committed by imprisoning citizens not charged with a crime". When the federal appeals court ruled that each renunciant's case had to be individually decided, <mask> embarked on a 23-year campaign, filing thousands of court cases to successfully recover the renunciants' citizenships. Japanese Latin American internees
<mask> represented some 3,000 Japanese Latin Americans kidnapped by the U.S. during the war to be bartered for American prisoners of war. While most were deported after the war as "undesirable aliens", <mask> successfully enabled hundreds to remain and make their homes in America. Iva Toguri

In 1949 <mask>, with Besig and Theodore Tamba, defended Iva Toguri D'Aquino against charges of treason.Through the use of perjured testimony and falsified evidence, she was convicted of being "Tokyo Rose" in the most expensive trial in American history as of that time. Following her release from prison in 1956, <mask> continued his efforts to have her name cleared. Other legal activities
In addition to his case work on behalf of Japanese Americans, <mask> performed other legal

masks: Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins


title: Wayne M. Collins

texts:
 activities during the 1950s and 1960s. This included legal work on behalf of the Swedenborgian Church, the defense of some East Indian immigrants against deportation, the representation of several educators who had refused to sign California's loyalty oath, and the defense of several Berkeley Free Speech Movement leaders. Death
<mask> suffered a heart attack on a plane and died on July 16, 1974, while returning home from a business trip to Hong Kong. <mask>' son, <mask> <mask>, subsequently took on some of the cases his father was actively working on at the time of his death. This included the filing of a presidential pardon petition for Iva Toguri D'Aquino, which President Gerald R. Ford granted during his final days in office.Recognition
Although largely unknown to the general public, <mask>' relentless efforts on behalf of the Japanese Americans have been recognized in various posthumous honors and dedications. For example, the poet Hiroshi Kashiwagi dedicated his book Swimming in the American: a Memoir and Selected Writings to <mask>, saying that he "rescued me as an American and restored my faith in America". In the dedication for her influential book Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America's Concentration Camps, former internee <mask> Nishiura Weglyn wrote that <mask> "... did more to correct a democracy's mistake than any other one person". References

External links

Research resources
Guide to the <mask> M. <mask> Papers at The Bancroft Library

1899 births
1974 deaths
American people of Irish descent
People from Sacramento, California
United States Navy personnel of World War I
San Francisco Law School alumni
Lawyers from San Francisco
American civil rights lawyers
Internment of Japanese Americans
Activists from California
20th-century

masks:
Collins
Collins
Wayne Merrill
Collins
Collins
Collins
Michi
Collins
Wayne
Collins


title: Sönke Wortmann

texts:
<mask> (; 25 August 1959 in Marl, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a German film director and producer. Biography
<mask>'s father was a miner. After <mask>'s A-Levels he wanted to become a professional football player and started playing with Westfalia Herne and later SpVgg Erkenschwick in the German 3rd division. After three years he gave up the idea of becoming a professional football player. One semester he studied sociology before entering the University of Television and Film Munich to study film directing. After spending some time at the London Royal College of Art he finished his career successfully. While studying, he worked as a taxi driver and actor, for example in the TV series Die glückliche Familie.His debut feature film Der bewegte Mann was released in 1994. It became one of the most successful German film of the post-war era. The Superwife (1996) was filmed, as he himself said, to prove that it is possible to make "a successful film out of a successful novel". Der Campus was more or less accomplished on the same terms, but achieved fewer viewers. Films like Mr. Bluesman and the drama film in episodes St Pauli Nacht, for which he was acclaimed by critics, turned out to be commercial failures and didn't run a long time in cinemas. <mask> shot The Hollywood Sign, based on Leon de Winter's novel "De hemel van Hollywood", in the US with a very good cast. The Hollywood Sign came out in 2004 in Germany, but didn't run long in cinemas.<mask> sees The Miracle of Bern as his greatest success, which became the most successful film in German cinemas in the year 2003. During the Confederations Cup 2005 and the Football World Cup 2006 he joined the German football team on their trip. At every match he sat on the

masks:
Sönke Wortmann
Wortmann
Wortmann
Wortmann
Wortmann


title: Sönke Wortmann

texts:
 trainer's bench and, by order and for account of national team manager Jürgen Klinsmann, he prepared films which were later shown to the players in order to prepare them for an upcoming match. The two-hour documentary film on the world cup, produced from over 100 hours of filming material, was presented to the German national football team on 14 August 2006 as a preview and premiered in cinemas on 5 December 2006 under the title Deutschland. Ein Sommermärchen. The film had more than 4 million viewers and was a big success. The net profits of the film were donated to SOS Children's Villages.In 1998 <mask> founded his own production company . From 2007 he worked on the project to adapt the novel "Pope Joan". The production was carried out by Bernd Eichinger. Initially, the female pope Johanna was going to be portrayed by Franka Potente. In Mai 2008 though, the production company announced that Johanna Wokalek was going to play the pope. The production was also conducted under Oliver Berben. In the year 2009, the film was released in cinemas.<mask> <mask> is married to the actress Cecilia Kunz and has three children. <mask> is an active member of the German authors national football team (Autonama). Wortmann also supports "DeinFussballClub" since April 2008. This club's aim is to engage over 30,000 new members every year, who pay 39.95 euros each every year. The foundation of this club was modeled after the English club Ebbsfleet United F.C. Sönke <mask> is also member of Alliance '90/The Greens political party. Awards
 1985 – Special award at the Royal College of Art in London for Nachtfahrer (Night driver)
 1988 – Kodak-Eastmann award for Drei D (Three D)
 1988 – Nomination for the Oscar category of student

masks: Wortmann Sönke Wortmann Wortmann Wortmann


title: Judith McHale

texts:
<mask><mask> is a former Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs. Appointed by President Obama, she was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on May 21, 2009, and sworn in on May 26. She resigned effective July 1, 2011. <mask> now serves as the president and chief executive officer of Cane Investments, LLC, a small family-owned fund where her son Brian O'Halloran is the managing director. Cane Investments makes investments in start-ups in the fields of technology and the environment. <mask> is the former president and chief executive officer of Discovery Communications. For two decades, <mask> helped build Discovery Communications, the parent company of the Discovery Channel cable channel, into a global media enterprise with 1.4 billion subscribers in 170 countries.Early life
The daughter of a U.S. Foreign Service Officer, McHale was born in New York City and grew up in Britain and apartheid-era South Africa. During these formative years, McHale's family home was said to be constantly under police surveillance and was wire-tapped; family friends were detained and mistreated; and she became close with key anti-apartheid activists, including Felicia Kentridge, who founded South Africa's Legal Resource Centre, and her husband Sydney Kentridge, the noted civil rights lawyer who went on to represent slain anti-apartheid activist Steven Biko. She is married to Michael O'Halloran and has two sons, Brian and Mark. Her uncle was the journalist <mask>, Rome Bureau Chief for Time Magazine in the 1960s. He died along with Enrico Mattei, a leader of Italian oil company ENI, in a plane crash on October 27, 1962, later classified as a sabotage. Education
McHale graduated from the University of Nottingham in the United Kingdom and Fordham University School of Law in New York. She has received honorary degrees from the University of Maryland, American University, the University of Miami and Colby College.Career

In the 1980s, McHale served as general counsel for MTV Networks, overseeing legal affairs for MTV, Nickelodeon and VH-1. In 1987, McHale became general

masks:
Judith A
. McHale
McHale
McHale
McHale
William McHale


title: Judith McHale

texts: counsel at Discovery Communications, then a small company with a single U.S. cable channel. She went on to serve as chief operating officer, chief executive officer, and president, helping to grow Discovery into a large media company, with more than 100 channels available in 35 languages and distributed to more 1 billion subscribers in over 170 countries. During her tenure as president, Discovery's revenues increased tenfold, with annual revenues topping $3 billion. <mask> and others at Discovery understood something important about communicating with people around the world: It makes more sense to engage people internationally on their own terms, in ways that respect their languages and customs, than it does just to bring them warmed-over versions of American programming. Discovery, nearly alone among American media companies that expanded internationally, put respect for cultural context and local voices at the heart of its business and creative strategies. It modified programming to respect viewers' regional customs and translated – rather than simply subtitled—into 35 different languages.McHale helped forge strategic partnerships, including an alliance in 1998 with the BBC that enabled a marriage of high-quality content and global distribution strength. Under her leadership the Discovery/BBC joint venture produced numerous documentaries including "Blue Planet", "Walking with Dinosaurs" and the award-winning "Planet Earth. She also spearheaded numerous corporate acquisitions, including The Learning Channel in 1991 and the Travel Channel in 1997. As a manager of a rapidly growing company with thousands of employees and offices in 22 countries, McHale made it a priority to create a workplace in which employees thrived professionally and personally. Discovery was consistently named one of the best places to work in various rankings, and, in 2004, <mask> was honored by Working Mother magazine as a "National Family Champion" for her leadership. At Discovery, McHale launched education and development initiatives in the United States and around the world, including

masks: McHale McHale


title: Eugene Landy

texts: <mask> (November 26, 1934 – March 22, 2006) was an American psychologist known for his unconventional 24-hour therapy and treatment of celebrity clients. His most notable patient was the Beach Boys' Brian Wilson, with whom he formed a controversial business and creative partnership in the 1980s. As a teenager, <mask> aspired to show business, briefly serving as an early manager for George Benson. During the 1960s, he studied psychology, earning his doctorate at the University of Oklahoma. After moving to Los Angeles, he treated many celebrity clients, including musician Alice Cooper and actors Richard Harris, Rod Steiger, Maureen McCormick, and Gig Young. He also developed an unorthodox 24-hour regimen intended to stabilize his patients by micromanaging their lives with a team of counselors and doctors. Brian Wilson initially became a patient under Landy's program in 1975.<mask> was soon discharged due to his burdensome fees. In 1982, <mask> was re-employed as Wilson's therapist, subsequently becoming his executive producer, business manager, co-songwriter, and business adviser. Landy co-produced Wilson's debut solo album Brian Wilson (1988) and its unreleased follow-up Sweet Insanity (1991), as well as allegedly ghostwriting portions of Wilson's first memoir Wouldn't It Be Nice: My Own Story (1991). In 1989, the state of California revoked <mask>'s professional license amidst accusations of ethical violations and patient misconduct. Wilson continued to see <mask> until a 1992 restraining order barred <mask> from contacting the musician ever again. After the 1990s, <mask> continued his practice with licensure in New Mexico and Hawaii until his death. In 2014, <mask>'s treatment of Wilson was dramatized in

masks:
Eugene Ellsworth Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy


title: Eugene Landy

texts:
 the biographical film Love & Mercy, in which <mask> is portrayed by Paul Giamatti.Background

<mask> <mask> was born on November 26, 1934, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the only child of Jules C<mask>, a medical doctor and psychology professor, and Frieda Mae Gordon <mask>, also a psychology professor. At the age of five, <mask> was revealed to have an IQ of 150 after being tested at the University of Pittsburgh. Landy dropped out of school in the sixth grade, later claiming to be dyslexic. At age 16, he pursued a career in show business, producing a nationally syndicated radio show, and discovering 10-year-old George Benson. Landy briefly served as Benson's manager and worked odd jobs as a radio producer, promoting records and producing a single for Frankie Avalon. Benson later stated, "My people developed a distrust for [Landy] when he made them sign a power of attorney that they didn't understand, and he got all my mail and all my checks." Honoring his parents' wishes, <mask> resumed his formal education at Los Angeles City College, where he earned an A.A. in chemistry.After falling ill with dysentery while attending medical school at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, he switched to psychology. He earned a bachelor's degree in psychology from California State University, Los Angeles in 1964 and a master's degree in the discipline from the University of Oklahoma in 1967, completing his training with a Ph.D. from the latter institution in 1968. Early career and development of methods

After completing his studies, Landy worked for the Peace Corps, eventually moving to Los Angeles to work as a drug counselor at Harbor Hospital and as a popular part-time instructor at San Fernando Valley State

masks:
Landy
Eugene Ellsworth
Landy
. Landy
Landy
Eugene
Landy


title: Eugene Landy

texts: College. Landy began developing ideas for his 24-hour treatment program while engaging in postdoctoral work at Rancho Santa Fe. It was there that he practiced "marathon therapy", in which a therapist takes control of a group of people for a day or more. In 1968, he worked briefly as an intern at Gateways Hospital in Echo Park, Los Angeles, where he developed his methods further, experimenting with treatment on teenage drug abusers with varying degrees of success. He attributed his failures to having too little control over their nighttime activities; he tried evening rap groups and made himself available at all hours for talking therapies for their nocturnal anxiety attacks.Landy went on to call his new system milieu therapy. While serving the hospital, Landy became cultured in the language used by its teenagers. In 1971, he authored a book on hippie jargon called The Underground Dictionary, published by Simon & Schuster. Around 1972, Landy founded a Beverly Hills clinic, the Foundation for the Rechanneling of Emotions and Education (FREE). Interns employed at the clinic used <mask>'s approach on a partial basis. In the early 1970s, he also started penetrating Hollywood social circles, becoming a consultant on various television shows including The Bob Newhart Show. He soon began treating many celebrity clients, earning $200 an hour.Some of Landy's patients included Alice Cooper, Richard Harris, Rod Steiger, and Gig Young, who died in an apparent murder-suicide along with his wife in 1978. In a 1976 interview with Rolling Stone, Landy claimed that he had treated others, but that he was in no position to explain his background. He added, "I've treated a tremendous number of people in show business; for some


title: Eugene Landy

texts:
 reason I seem to be able to relate to them. I think I have a nice reputation that says I'm unorthodox by orthodox standards but basically unique by unorthodox standards." Unusually, he had his own press kit. In 1988, psychiatrist and Landy colleague Sol Samuels described Landy as "a maverick in the field of psychology. He's done things that no other psychologist has done in treating the psychotic and the drug addict.... What he was doing really was translating the hospital environment to the home environment. I think he got some remarkable results – with people who can afford it." Arnold Horowitz, who was an assistant to <mask> in the 1970s, stated that Landy used methods that were based "upon very very heavily reality confrontation on a very consistent basis. ... Gene, in addition to being eloquent at times ... is ... dramatic." First treatment of Brian Wilson (1975–1976)

Landy was initially hired to treat Brian Wilson by Wilson's wife Marilyn in October 1975. According to Marilyn, she had "tried to find doctors who could deal with" her husband for several years, but "Brian's ability to 'put on' these professionals made it difficult to find someone who could deal with him on his own level."During the previous spring and summer, she had employed Wilson's cousin, basketball player Stan Love, to supervise Wilson's daily activities and reverse his physical decline, Psychiatrists and therapists were then found for Wilson, but he refused to attend sessions. After hearing about <mask> from a friend, Marilyn met with him to discuss the situation. Landy told her that Brian was an "undiagnosed and untreated schizophrenic." Marilyn said that, during one of <mask>'s visits to their home, "Brian just walked in the

masks: Landy Landy Landy


title: Eugene Landy

texts:
 room and said, 'Something's wrong with me. I need your help,' and that started it all." Wilson publicly rebelled against the program, saying that the only reason that he went along with it was so that he would not be committed to a psychiatric facility. Under Landy's program, he was forced to maintain a routine of exercise and productivity, as well as limit his meetings with friends that were deemed as negative influences.In <mask>'s own words,

Beach Boys road manager Rick Nelson later claimed that <mask> had attempted to exert unwelcome artistic control over the group. During the recording of the band's album 15 Big Ones (1976), group meetings were supervised by Landy, and discussions over each song for the record were reported to last for up to eight hours. Another report suggested that <mask> had asked for a percentage of the band's income. At <mask>'s insistence, Wilson appeared on Saturday Night Live, choosing to perform a solo piano rendition of "Good Vibrations" which received mixed feedback. <mask> stood off-camera holding signs for Wilson that read "smile". He said that critics missed the point of this exercise, explaining that Wilson's performance "was a terrible thing" as a one-shot, but if he continued making appearances then he would have gradually overcome his stage fright. Landy had initially charged a monthly fee of $10,000, which he gradually raised to $18,000.Steve Love, Wilson's cousin and band manager, fired <mask> in December 1976 when Landy raised his fees to $20,000 (equivalent to $ in ). By this time, Marilyn had become disenchanted with the doctor and his requests for additional compensation. She recalled confronting Landy at his office with her husband. "Brian said, 'You son of a

masks: Landy Landy Landy Landy Landy Landy


title: Eugene Landy

texts:
 bitch!' You have to understand that I have never seen Brian get physical, ever, ever. I saw him take his fist and start to punch this man, and I started screaming. Landy said, "No, no, no, let him do it, let him do it!... he needs to take his anger out on me...' That was a therapeutic session, if you can believe it." <mask> remembered 15 Big Ones as "the only major success" the Beach Boys had in recent years; "Brian and I did that together. Right after that, I had to leave the situation. ... I was interested in making Brian a whole human being; they [the Beach Boys management] were interested in getting another album done in time for 1977." In 1977, Wilson was asked if Landy had too much control; he said, "I thought so, but there was nothing I could do about it and I eventually gave in to it. ... [He had] control of my life legally through the commitment of my wife.... He definitely helped me. It cost over a hundred thousand dollars – he charged a hell of a lot per month." Wilson then reported that Landy was replaced with a different doctor. Second treatment of Brian Wilson (1982–1991)

In 1982, Wilson was brought back to Landy's care after overdosing on a combination of alcohol, cocaine, and other psychoactive drugs. Landy monitored Wilson's drug intake and used the psychiatrist Sol Samuels to prescribe Wilson medication. Landy's assistant Kevin Leslie stood with Wilson at every moment, earning Leslie the nickname "Surf Nazi".Leslie also gave Wilson medication at Landy's direction. Initially, Leslie was paid salary by Landy, but was eventually paid directly by Wilson. In 1988, Samuels took credit with performing the "actual supervision of the therapy ... giving the medication and the occasional


title: Eugene Landy

texts: psychotherapy as he needs it. What Gene has been doing is hiring the people to be with him, and so forth, much as a parent would do if asked to get some help in the house." In the mid 1980s, <mask> stated of Wilson, "I influence all of his thinking. I'm practically a member of the band ... [We're] partners in life." Wilson later responded to popular allegations, "People say that Dr. Landy runs my life, but the truth is, I'm in charge."<mask> echoed: "He's got a car phone in his car. If he wants to call somebody, he calls somebody. ... He can go anywhere, on his own, anytime he wants." A Rolling Stone journalist who spent one week with Wilson and Landy reported: "With the exception of taking a brief drive by himself to the market to pick up groceries, Brian appeared to be incapable of making a move without Landy's okay. During one interview session, the Landy line seemed to ring every thirty minutes. Yet Brian appears to be a willing participant in the program."Even though the Beach Boys had hired <mask>, part of the regimen involved cutting Wilson's contact from the group, as <mask> reasoned: "You can't deal with people who only want to use you." Wilson said that "Dr. <mask> doesn't like me to be in touch with my family too much. He thinks it's unhealthy." For example, Brian remembered participating in an interview with his brother Carl Wilson, "and the interviewer asked Carl what it was between him and me. He goes, 'Well, Brian and I don't have to talk to each other. We're just Beach Boys, but we don't need to be friends.' And that's true.Although, whenever I think about him, I feel rotten." In 1986, Wilson met his future wife and manager Melinda Ledbetter, a Cadillac saleswoman and former model, while

masks: Landy Landy Landy Landy Landy


title: Eugene Landy

texts:
 browsing through a car dealership. Six months after meeting Wilson, she had reported Landy to the state's attorney general, who informed her that nothing could be done without the cooperation of Wilson's family. Ledbetter felt that the family had been at their "rope's end" with Wilson, and that they did not know what to do to help him. She said that three years into their relationship, Landy ordered Wilson to sever ties with her. Music and business associations

Between 1983 and 1986, Landy charged about $430,000 annually, forcing Wilson's family members to devote some publishing rights to his fee. Landy received 25% of the copyright to all of Wilson's songs, regardless of whether he contributed to them or not, which band manager Tom Hulett explained was an incentive for Landy to reignite Wilson's drive."It was sort of like, 'Gee, there's nothing coming in now, if you can go make this person well to go create some income ...'" Landy expressed similar views. "Saying that [I would share in future songwriting royalties] in '84 was like me telling you, 'I'll pay you a million dollars if you can get up and fly around the room.'" This arrangement was revoked in 1985, with Landy only receiving rights with a percentage equal to his writing contributions. <mask> reported that he never received any money, since Wilson had not published any material before the pact was voided. Afterward, Wilson paid Landy a salary of about $300,000 a year for advice on creative decisions. In late 1987, <mask> and Wilson became creative partners in a company called Brains and Genius, a business venture where each member would contribute equally and share any profits from recordings, films, soundtracks, or books. <mask> was then


title: Eugene Landy

texts:
 credited as co-writer and executive producer for Wilson's debut solo album, Brian Wilson, released in 1988.Co-producer Russ Titelman disparaged <mask>'s role in the album's creation, calling him disruptive and "anti-creative". Wilson's cousin and bandmate Mike Love denied <mask>'s claims that the Beach Boys were preventing Wilson from participating on their recordings, and believed that the reason <mask> encouraged Wilson to pursue a solo career "was to destroy us. Then he would be the sole custodian of Brian's career and legacy." <mask> maintained that his songwriting collaborations on Brian Wilson earned him less than $50,000. In a September 1991 Billboard interview, <mask> falsely claimed to have co-written and co-produced the 1965 hit "Eve of Destruction" under the pseudonym P.F. Sloan. This prompted the real P.F.Sloan to pen a letter to Billboard that rebuked <mask>'s claim. Sloan later surmised that <mask> had made the claim in order to gain credibility and appease members of the medical community who were questioning why <mask> felt that he was an appropriate songwriting collaborator for Wilson. For the publishing of Wilson's autobiographic memoir, Wouldn't It Be Nice: My Own Story, Landy stood to earn 30% of its proceeds. The book glorifies <mask> and its contents were challenged for plagiarism. <mask> denied accusations that he was involved as a ghostwriter. Wilson later distanced himself from the book. In a 1995 court case, Wilson's lawyers argued that HarperCollins were aware that Wilson's statements in the book were either manipulated or written by <mask>.State intervention

Action was taken against <mask>'s professional practice as a result of the Beach Boys' and Wilson family's struggles for

masks: Landy Landy Landy Landy Landy Landy Landy Landy Landy Landy Landy Landy


title: Eugene Landy

texts: control. A former nurse and girlfriend of Wilson's brought <mask> to the state's attention in 1984. The state was then aided by journals written by songwriter Gary Usher during a ten-month collaboration with Wilson. These journals depicted Wilson as a virtual captive dominated by <mask>, who was determined to fulfill his show business ambitions through Wilson. By this time, Wilson had become <mask>'s only patient. In February 1988, the State of California Board of Medical Quality charged Landy with ethical and license code violations stemming from the improper prescription of drugs and various unethical personal and professional relationships with patients, citing one case of sexual misconduct with a female patient, along with Wilson's psychological dependency on Landy. <mask> denied the allegations, but later admitted to one of the seven charges which accused him of wrongfully prescribing drugs to Wilson.<mask> surrendered his psychological license, complying with an agreement made with the state of California, and was not allowed applications for reinstatement for the next two years. An August 1988 board meeting with the Beach Boys had <mask> promising that Brian would reconnect with the group, which Love says: "was a ruse to get us to write a letter in his defense against the California authorities. We never wrote the letter, and Brian's public behavior continued to unsettle." <mask> and his colleagues said that his treatment of Wilson ended in February 1988 at the request of the state attorney general's office, but the deputy attorney who drafted the complaint reported that he was not aware of any such request, nor was the office advised that they sever <mask>'s relationship with Wilson. Co-producers of

masks: Landy Landy Landy Landy Landy Landy Landy Landy


title: Eugene Landy

texts:
 Wilson's solo album said they witnessed no changes, and <mask>'s assistants remained with Wilson. Sol Samuels said this was because Landy had little direct involvement with Wilson's treatment, and that it was instead the people Landy hired who continued to regulate Wilson's medication. Conservatorship hearings

Peter Reum, a therapist who met Wilson while attending a Beach Boys fan convention in 1990, was alarmed by Wilson's demeanor and speculated that he may be suffering from tardive dyskinesia, a neurological condition brought on by prolonged usage of antipsychotic medication.Reum phoned biographer David Leaf, who then reported Reum's observations to Carl Wilson. It was then discovered that <mask> had been named as a chief beneficiary in a 1989 revision of Brian's will, collecting 70%, with the remainder split between his girlfriend and Brian's two daughters. This discovery was made by Kay Gilmer, a publicist employed by Landy in March 1990. She phoned Gary Usher to explain why his messages were not being returned, to which Usher warned: "If Landy knows that you're calling me, he'd kill you. He'd literally kill you." Gilmer left her job two weeks later, taking expired drug bottles as well as names, phone numbers, and bank account information that she later turned over to the California Board of Medical Quality Assurance. Aided by Gilmer's findings, Stan Love filed unsuccessfully for conservatorship on May 17, 1990.A press conference with Stan at the lectern featured an unexpected appearance from Brian. While reading from a piece of paper, Brian was given a microphone and said: "I have heard of the charges made by Stan Love, and I think they are outrageous, which means they are out of the ballpark ... I

masks: Landy Landy


title: Eugene Landy

texts:
 feel great." In a later interview from 1991, Brian acknowledged the revision of his will and repeatedly stated, "We might change that". Audree, Carl, Carnie, and Wendy Wilson contested Landy's control of Brian, pursuing legal action on May 7, 1991. Brian responded in an interview, "They probably want control of me, but they will not get it, they will not get it. I say let sleeping dogs lie.If the formula works, don't goof with it. That's one of my major philosophies in life. It's been working." The ruling was finalized on February 3, 1992 when <mask> was barred by court order from contacting Brian, leaving his affairs to the hands of conservator Jerome S. Billet. In December 1992, <mask> was fined $1,000 for violating the court order when he visited Brian in June for his birthday. Landy estimated that, from 1983 to 1991, his fees had cost Wilson approximately $3 million. In 1991, Wilson told reporters that his prescribed medications included Cogentin, Eskalith, Xanax, Navane, and Serentil.Love & Mercy
Landy's treatment of Wilson in the 1980s was dramatized in the 2014 biographical film Love & Mercy, in which <mask> is portrayed by Paul Giamatti. These events are told from the point of view of Wilson's then-girlfriend Melinda Ledbetter. Screenwriter Oren Moverman stated that virtually everything in the 1980s portions was sourced from conversations he had with Ledbetter. He felt that <mask> was the most difficult character to write for, "even though many things that he says in the movie I actually have recording of, in real life he was a cartoon and in real life he was so over the top." Giamatti said he prepared for the role by meeting <mask>'s early career acquaintances and listening to hours of tapes where


title: Eugene Landy

texts:
 "he'd just keep talking and talking, in these completely huge paragraphs. They were brilliant-sounding, but if you dug into them they didn't make much sense." <mask>'s son Evan disputed the film's accuracy, believing that his father was unfairly portrayed.Mike Love commented that Evan's account was "very interesting because you get an intimate look at someone who was with Brian every day for a few years." Although he had not watched the film, he also said that it overstated Ledbetter's role in stopping the treatment. Both Brian Wilson and Melinda Ledbetter have attested to the accuracy of the film's portrayal of <mask>, with Brian Wilson stating "[Giamatti] was very scary as Landy — he even got his voice right." Ledbetter said: "After I first saw the film, I had to just drive around for a couple of hours to clear my head, then I remembered that what Landy did to Brian was even worse. You don't get a sense of it in the movie, but it happened on a daily basis, for years." Personal life and death

<mask>'s first three marriages ended in divorce. Obituarist Margalit Fox of The New York Times identified longtime domestic partner Alexandra Morgan as his fourth wife and survivor.He had at least one son, Evan (born 1961/1962), from his second marriage. After the 1990s, <mask> continued a psychotherapeutic practice with licensure in New Mexico and Hawaii up until his death. He died, aged 71, on March 22, 2006 in Honolulu, Hawaii, of pneumonia while suffering from lung cancer. Legacy

In 1995, music producer Don Was commented that Wilson was "so different from his public image as a drug burnout or of someone catatonic and propped up by a greedy psychologist. ... I knew <mask>. I was around for the tail end of it, and

masks:
Landy
Eugene Landy
Landy
Landy
Landy


title: Eugene Landy

texts:
 I saw some gray in there; he wasn't just this evil guy who took over Brian."Mike Love said in a 2004 interview, "He was very tough and egregious and scandalously expensive with Brian's money. But I have to give credit for saving Brian's life. ... He was the only guy we knew who could handle Brian because Brian was a monumental case." When asked what his reaction to <mask>'s death had been, Wilson responded: "I was devastated." Wilson's daughter Carnie quoted her father saying, "Dr. <mask> died today. I know a lot of people didn't like him, but I loved him."In 2015, Wilson reflected, "I thought he was my friend, but he was a very fucked-up man," and also, "I still feel that there was benefit. I try to overlook the bad stuff, and be thankful for what he taught me." References
Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

1934 births
2006 deaths
American psychologists
American psychotherapists
American psychology writers
American male non-fiction writers
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from cancer in Hawaii
California State University, Los Angeles alumni
California State University, Northridge faculty
Los Angeles City College alumni
Writers from Pittsburgh
University of Oklahoma alumni
People with dyslexia
Deaths from pneumonia in Hawaii
20th-century psychologists
Music controversies
20th-century American male


title: Matt Janning

texts:
<mask> (born June 22, 1988) is an American-born naturalized Georgian professional basketball player for Kawasaki Brave Thunders of the B.League. He is a  tall shooting guard that played college basketball for Northeastern University. High school career
A combo guard, <mask> attended Watertown-Mayer High School, where he averaged a Metro-high 31.8 points per game and 8.4 rebounds, earning All-Conference honors three times, a two-time All-Area award and was a two-time team MVP. College career
After high school, Janning played college basketball with the Northeastern University Huskies. He was proclaimed as one of Northeastern University's most prolific scorers of the program after ending as the program's fourth all-time leading scorer with 1,836 points. He was a three-time All-CAA performer, including first-team honors in 2009 and 2010. Professional career
After going undrafted in the 2010 NBA draft, Janning played with the Boston Celtics in the Orlando Summer League and later for the Phoenix Suns in the Las Vegas Summer League.On August 4, 2010, he signed a multi-year contract with the Phoenix Suns. On November 16, he was released by the Phoenix Suns before appearing in a game for them. On December 1, he was signed by the Maine Red Claws, after they released Jordan Eglseder, due to injury. On January 20, he was traded to the Rio Grande Valley Vipers, in exchange for Antonio Anderson. He led the Rio Grande Valley Vipers to the NBDL Finals, averaging 11 points per game. On July 16, he signed a 1-year contract for $120,000 with Novipiù Casale Monferrato of the Lega Basket Serie A. In his first Italian League season,

masks:
Matthew Lawrence Janning
Janning


title: Matt Janning

texts: he averaged 12.6 points, 3.6 rebounds, and 1.7 assists per game, while shooting 41% from 2-point range, 38% from 3-point range, and 70% from the free throw stripe.<mask> then played with the Indiana Pacers in the Orlando Summer League, and later for the Memphis Grizzlies, in the Las Vegas Summer League, during the 2012 summer. <mask> then signed with the reigning Italian League champions, Montepaschi Siena, in August 2012. He made the Lega Basket Serie A BEKO All-Star team. In his 2nd Italian League season he is averaging 7.1 points, 2.3 rebounds, and 1.0 assists per game, while shooting 48% from 2-point range, 31% from 3-point range, and 87% from the free throw stripe. On August 4, 2013 it was announced that <mask> signed for Croatian champions Cibona Zagreb. He was released in December 2013, due to financial problems of the club. On January 3, 2014, he signed with his former club Montepaschi Siena for the rest of the season.On July 10, 2014, he signed a 1+1 contract with the Turkish team Anadolu Efes. On September 28, 2015, <mask> signed with the Denver Nuggets. However, he was later waived by the Nuggets on October 15 in order for him to sign with Hapoel Jerusalem of the Israeli Basketball Premier League. On February 7, 2016, he parted ways with Hapoel Jerusalem. Two days later, he signed a deal with Lokomotiv Kuban until the end of the 2016–17 season. On September 15, 2017, <mask> signed a two-month deal with Baskonia of the Liga ACB and the EuroLeague to replace the injured Jordan McRae. He finally extended his contract for the whole season on November 17.On July 6, 2018, Janning re-signed a one-year deal

masks: Janning Janning Janning Janning Janning