title: Richard Seddon

texts:
 Seddon was not always as enthusiastic about. Nevertheless, many people in the Liberal Party believed that Seddon's popularity was a huge asset for the party, and Seddon developed a substantial following. Premiership

Ballance fell seriously ill in 1892 and made Seddon acting leader of the House.After Ballance's death in April 1893, the Governor David Boyle, 7th Earl of Glasgow asked <mask>, as the acting leader of the house, to form a new ministry. Despite the refusal of William Pember Reeves and Thomas Mackenzie to accept his leadership, Seddon managed to secure the backing of his Liberal Party colleagues as interim leader, with an understanding being reached that a full vote would occur when Parliament resumed sitting. <mask>'s most prominent challenger was Robert Stout, a former Premier for two separate terms. Like Ballance, Stout had a strong belief in classical-liberal principles. Ballance himself had preferred Stout as his successor, but had died before being able to secure this aim. Stout was not a member of the House of Representatives at the time of Ballance's death, and only re-entered following the by-election in Inangahua on 8 June 1893. Despite Seddon's promise, however, there was no vote on the party leadership and therefore the premiership.By convincing his party colleagues that a leadership contest would split the party in two, or at least leave deep divisions, Seddon managed to secure a permanent hold on the leadership. Stout continued to be one of his strongest critics and led the campaign for women's suffrage despite Seddon's opposition. Eventually Stout left the Liberal Party in 1896 and remained in the house as an independent until 1898. In 1899 however, <mask> recommended Stout to the Governor as the next Chief Justice of New Zealand. Women's suffrage

John Ballance, founder of the Liberal Party, had been a strong supporter of voting rights for women, declaring his belief in the "absolute equality of the sexes". At the time women's suffrage

masks: Seddon Seddon Seddon


title: Richard Seddon

type: original

texts:
 established the basis of the welfare state later expanded by Michael Joseph Savage and the Labour Party.Seddon put considerable weight behind the scheme, despite considerable opposition from many quarters. Its successful passage is often seen as a testament to <mask>'s political power and influence. Foreign policy
In the sphere of foreign policy, Seddon was a notable supporter of the British Empire. After he attended the Colonial Conference in London in 1897, he became known "as one of the pillars of British imperialism", and he was a strong supporter of the Second Boer War and sponsored preferential tariffs for trade with Britain. He is also noted for his support of New Zealand's own "imperial" designs – <mask> believed that New Zealand should play a major role in the Pacific Islands as a "Britain of the South". Seddon's plans focused mainly on establishing New Zealand dominion over Fiji and Samoa. However, his expansionist policies were discouraged by the Imperial Government.Only the Cook Islands came under New Zealand's control during his term in office. Immigration

Seddon was firmly opposed Chinese immigration to New Zealand, harbouring a  ethnic prejudice against them stemming from his years in the goldfields. Although Chinese immigrants were invited to New Zealand by the Dunedin Chamber of Commerce, prejudice against them quickly led to calls for restrictions on immigration. Following the example of anti-Chinese poll taxes enacted by California in 1852 and by Australian states in the 1850s, 1860s and 1870s, John Hall's government passed the Chinese Immigration Act 1881. This imposed a £10 tax per Chinese person entering New Zealand, and permitted only one Chinese immigrant for every 10 tons of cargo. <mask>'s government increased the tax to £100 per head in 1896 ($20,990 in modern New Zealand dollars), and tightened the other restriction to only one Chinese immigrant for every 200 tons of cargo. Seddon compared  Chinese people to monkeys, and so used the

masks:
Seddon
Seddon
Richard Seddon


title: Richard Seddon

texts:
 released from gaol for embezzlement. When the Premier appointed the gentlemen from gaol, Departmental officials returned the papers and called attention to his criminal record. Berendsen cowered in the corner while with a snarl Seddon grasped his pen and wrote once more in very large letters, "Appoint Mr X". Berendsen noted though that when an Editor was required for the new School Journal, Departmental officials had agreed on the best man, but the Massey Government (which had replaced the Liberal Government) was "quite shameless in devotion to the principle of the loaves and fishes ... and the Minister of the day appointed the third choice". As Minister of Native Affairs, Seddon took a generally "sympathetic" but "paternalistic" approach. As Minister of Immigration, he was well known for his hostility to Chinese immigration – the so-called "Yellow Peril" was an important part of his populist rhetoric, and he compared Chinese people to monkeys. In his first political speech in 1879 he had declared New Zealand did not wish her shores to be "deluged with Asiatic Tartars.I would sooner address white men than these Chinese. You can't talk to them, you can't reason with them. All you can get from them is 'No savvy'." Successive governments had also shown a lack of firmness in dealing with Māori, he said:  "The colony, instead of importing Gatling guns with which to fight Maori, should wage war with locomotives" ... pushing through roads and railways and compulsorily purchasing "the land on both sides". Freemasonry
<mask> became a Freemason in 1868 when he was initiated into Pacific Lodge No 1229 (under the United Grand Lodge of England) in Hokitika. The lodge is still extant, but has since relocated to Christchurch. In 1898, while premier, he was elected Grand Master of New Zealand, and served in that role for two years.Religion
<mask> was an Anglican. Honours
<mask> attended Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee and received her Jubilee Medal and an appointment in the

masks:
Seddon
Richard Seddon
Seddon


title: Richard Seddon

texts:
 Privy Council. In 1902 he attended the coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra and received his Coronation Medal. During the same visit, he received the Freedom of the Borough of his home-town St Helens during a visit there in July 1902, and the Freedom of the City of Edinburgh and an honorary degree LL.D. from the University of Edinburgh during a visit to the city later the same month. He was also presented with the Honorary Freedom of the Worshipful Company of Tallow Chandlers on 8 August 1902. He twice refused a knighthood, wanting to be seen as a man of the people.Death

Seddon remained Prime Minister for 13 years, but gradually, calls for him to retire became more frequent. Various attempts to replace him with Joseph Ward met with failure. In June 1906, while returning from a trip to Australia on the ship Oswestry Grange, Seddon had a massive heart attack and died suddenly 12 days before his 61st birthday, on 10 June. News of his death provoked numerous public gestures of grief, which included black-bordered displays in shop windows and several public monuments, including a memorial lamp post outside the St Helens Hospital in Pitt Street Auckland. Seddon was buried in Wellington's Bolton Street Memorial Park, with his grave being marked by a large monument. Joseph Ward was away in London at the time of Seddon's death. He succeeded Seddon as Prime Minister nearly two months later, on 6 August 1906.Legacy

He is considered by academics and historians to be one of New Zealand's greatest and most revered Prime Ministers. Seddon centralised government decision-making around himself—at his peak he exercised "almost one-man, one-party rule"—and, in doing so, he established the premiership as the de facto most important political office in New Zealand. <mask>'s son Thomas replaced him as MP for Westland in the by-election following his death. When Thomas met former US President Theodore Roosevelt in 1918, he expressed admiration for his late father,


title: Richard Seddon

texts:
 particularly the labour legislation his government passed. A statue of Seddon is located outside Parliament Buildings in Wellington, and another has a prominent position in the West Coast town of Hokitika. A town in New Zealand and a suburb of Melbourne, Australia are named after him. Wellington Zoo was originally created when a young lion was presented to Prime Minister <mask>on by the Bostock and Wombwell Circus.Seddon created the Zoo from this single specimen and the lion was later named King Dick in the Prime Minister's honour. The stuffed body of King Dick (the lion) is displayed on the ground floor of the Museum of Wellington City & Sea. St Mary's Church in Addington, Christchurch also has a memorial bell tower to <mask>. The Duke of Argyll unveiled a memorial to Seddon in St Paul's Cathedral, London, in 1910. It shows a portrait of Seddon with the inscription "
"

Notes and references

Notes

References

Further reading
The Life and Work of <mask> Seddon by James Drummond, Whitcombe and Tombs Limited, 1907. Book-length biography, digitised by the New Zealand Electronic Text Centre. External links

Sketch of <mask>on asleep in Parliament during an all-night sitting, 1898
The Seddon-Stout struggle

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1845 births
1906 deaths
English emigrants to New Zealand
Mayors of places in the West Coast, New Zealand
New Zealand gold prospectors
New Zealand finance ministers
New Zealand Liberal Party MPs
Leaders of political parties in New Zealand
People from St Helens, Merseyside
Prime Ministers of New Zealand
People from the West Coast, New Zealand
New Zealand defence ministers
Burials at Bolton Street Cemetery
New Zealand education ministers
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1875–1876 New Zealand general election
New Zealand Freemasons
19th-century New Zealand politicians
People of the

masks:
Richard Sedd
Richard Seddon
Richard John
Richard Sedd


title: Tiki Taane

texts:
<mask> (born 17 December 1976) is a New Zealand-based musician, experimentalist, musical activist, producer, and live engineer. He was a member of leading New Zealand band Salmonella Dub but left after eleven years on 1 January 2007 to pursue a solo career. His debut album, Past, Present, Future, was released on 22 October 2007 in New Zealand and has since gone two times platinum, achieving a number one single, "Always on My Mind", which became the first digital single to reach platinum sales and also held the record by staying in the NZ Top 40 Charts for 55 weeks. <mask> is also the exclusive live sound engineer for New Zealand drum and bass act Shapeshifter since their first gig in 1999. <mask>ane. History
<mask> was born on 17 December 1976. In 1996, he was asked to become live soundman to Christchurch band Salmonella Dub, who were near becoming one of New Zealand's most popular acts.Through this role, he began to earn himself a reputation for his ability to bring a powerful live sound to using a variety of equipment at a diverse set of venues. During this time, he stopped playing regularly with metal bands he had previously been associated with, Cultivation and Braaspadeak. While on tour with Salmonella Dub, <mask> had composed a dub-reggae track in his hotel room. Once he shared it with the group, they recorded it straight away. <mask> and his whānau and friends set to work making a music video featuring <mask> on tour at The Gathering that year. This track, "For the Love of It", shot into the New Zealand charts and became a summertime anthem. He became faced with not only being soundman for the band, but also that he was expected to perform his hit song at Salmonella

masks:
Tiki Taane
Taane
Taaneiki Ta
Taane
Taane
Taane
Taane


title: Tiki Taane

texts:
 Dub's live performances.In both 1998 and 1999, <mask> won the Best Live Audio Engineer award at the NZ bNet awards and though in popular demand, it was clear that his success lay with his friends Salmonella Dub. Also winning an award for Best Song for 'For the Love of It', <mask>'s confidence grew in his song-writing abilities and so he went on to create more hits. By 2000, <mask> was beginning to spend the majority of the Dub gigs mixing the first part of the set, then jumping on stage to perform. Salmonella Dub went on to tour extensively, mainly Australia, UK and Europe, cutting their way through festivals and sell out shows while setting up a touring circuit which would be later used by other up and coming New Zealand acts. <mask> played his final gig with Salmonella Dub on New Year's Eve 2006. Describing his decision to leave Salmonella Dub, <mask> said, "I felt like it was time to take a break from Salmonella Dub." He described his time since leaving Salmonella Dub as "very lonely" and "very intense".Describing the band in an interview after the release of his album, <mask> said, "I have so much love and respect for (Salmonella Dub) because if it wasn't for them I wouldn't be where I am now. I wouldn't be here." Past, Present, Future
His debut solo record Past, Present, Future was released 22 October 2007 and debuted at #9. The album's first official solo single, "Always on My Mind", was released 28 April 2008. The song has been certified 2x Platinum and made it to #1 in New Zealand, knocking Chris Brown off the top spot after a seven-week reign. The song spent nineteen non-consecutive weeks in the top ten, including two weeks at number one, and a total of 55 weeks

masks: Taane Taane Taane Taane Taane Taane


title: Tiki Taane

texts:
 in the chart so far which holds the record for being in the charts the longest. "Always on My Mind" has also become the most successful single of all time in New Zealand, landing at number one on the Best of All Time Singles Chart, a chart that has been tracking singles since 1994.The title was previously held by "Bathe in the River" by Hollie Smith. Past, Present, Future has also been certified Platinum in New Zealand and peaked at number four. The album was certified 2x Platinum after fifty-five weeks, selling over 30,000 copies. It has so far spent over sixty-six weeks in the chart. Use of music by Pete Bethune
Before taking out his vessel Ady Gil on an anti-whaling "cruise" to the Southern Ocean with an international marine conservation organisation, Pete Bethune noted that he had installed a large set of speakers, and intended to play songs like "Tangaroa" from <mask> <mask> to the whalers, describing it as a "growling big sort of a song about the God of the Sea who looks after us." Legal issues
On 10 April 2011, <mask> was arrested on charges of "disorderly behaviour likely to cause violence to start or continue" while performing "Fuck tha Police" by American group N.W.A at a gig in Tauranga. On his web site, <mask> posted the message, "Freedom of speech is a human right" <mask> later stated that he "loves police" and was "not angry with them" even though the arrest goes against The NZ Bill of Rights Act 1990.<mask> said that "the song is about corrupt Police who abuse their position of power for their own agendas, and to be arrested for singing it is very ironic." On 13 April <mask> told Marcus Lush on Radio Live that the lyrics often feature in his performances and

masks: Tiki Taane Taane Taane Tiki Taane Tiki


title: Tiki Taane

texts:
 his arrest came as a complete surprise, considering there was no trouble or violence within the concert. The arrest created a debate about freedom of speech that became political when Tauranga MP Simon Bridges said "<mask> <mask> is a disgrace and I hope he never plays Tauranga again." Senior police stated they supported the arresting officers actions, and are confident they acted appropriately. But in early September, the charges against <mask> were dropped by police, calling the incident a "misunderstanding" after mediation; charges remained against promoter Patricio Alvarez-Riveros from the same incident. <mask> later invited the Tauranga Police to perform with him at the 2011 Vodafone NZ Music Awards at Auckland's Vector Arena, where he was nominated for three awards & won, but they declined. <mask> was instead given permission by the Police to borrow 4x Police issued uniforms to be used in his awards performance in which <mask> <mask> Taane Bebo Fansite
 Tiki <mask> Profile, Muzic.net.nz
 Past, Present, Future at Real Groovy

External links

1976 births
Living people
New Zealand musicians
Ngāti Maniapoto
New Zealand Māori musicians
Experimental musicians
Drum and bass musicians
The Adults members
New Zealand cannabis activists
Māori-language

masks: Tiki Taane Taane Taane Taane Taaneiki Taaneiki Taane


title: Robert Langlands

texts: <mask>,  (; born October 6, 1936) is a Canadian  mathematician. He is best known as the founder of the Langlands program, a vast web of conjectures and results connecting representation theory and automorphic forms to the study of Galois groups in number theory, for which he received the 2018 Abel Prize. He was an emeritus professor and occupied Albert Einstein's office at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, until 2020 when he retired. <mask> was born in New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada, in 1936 to <mask> and Kathleen J Phelan. He has two younger sisters (Mary  b 1938; Sally b 1941). In 1945, his family moved to White Rock, near the US border, where his parents had a building supply and construction business. He graduated from Semiahmoo Secondary School and started enrolling at the University of British Columbia at the age of 16, receiving his undergraduate degree in Mathematics in 1957; he continued at UBC to receive an M. Sc.in 1958. He then went to Yale University where he received a Ph.D. in 1960. His first academic position was at Princeton University from 1960 to 1967, where he worked as an associate professor. He spent a year in Turkey at METU during 1967–68 in an office next to Cahit Arf's. He was a Miller Research Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley from 1964 to 1965, then was a professor at Yale University from 1967 to 1972. He was appointed Hermann Weyl Professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1972, and became professor emeritus in January 2007. <mask>' Ph.D. thesis was on the analytical theory of Lie semigroups, but he soon moved into representation theory, adapting the methods of Harish-Chandra to the theory of automorphic

masks:
Robert Phelan Langlands
Career Langlands
Robert Langlands
Research Langlands


title: Robert Langlands

texts: with characters of local multiplicative groups and the idele quotient group, respectively; (b) earlier results of Martin Eichler and Goro Shimura in which the Hasse–Weil zeta functions of arithmetic quotients of the upper half plane are identified with -functions occurring in Hecke's theory of holomorphic automorphic forms. These conjectures were first posed in relatively complete form in a famous letter to Weil, written in January 1967. It was in this letter that he introduced what has since become known as the -group and along with it, the notion of functoriality. The book by Hervé Jacquet and Langlands on  presented a theory of automorphic forms for the general linear group , establishing among other things the Jacquet–Langlands correspondence showing that functoriality was capable of explaining very precisely how automorphic forms for  related to those for quaternion algebras. This book applied the adelic trace formula for  and quaternion algebras to do this. Subsequently, James Arthur, a student of Langlands while he was at Yale, successfully developed the trace formula for groups of higher rank.This has become a major tool in attacking functoriality in general, and in particular has been applied to demonstrating that the Hasse–Weil zeta functions of certain Shimura varieties are among the -functions arising from automorphic forms. The functoriality conjecture is far from proven, but a special case (the octahedral Artin conjecture, proved by <mask> and Tunnell) was the starting point of Andrew Wiles' attack on the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture and Fermat's Last Theorem. In the mid-1980s <mask> turned his attention to physics, particularly the problems of percolation and conformal

masks: Langlands Langlands


title: Robert Langlands

texts:
 invariance. In 1995, <mask> started a collaboration with Bill Casselman at the University of British Columbia with the aim of posting nearly all of his writings—including publications, preprints, as well as selected correspondence—on the Internet. The correspondence includes a copy of the original letter to Weil that introduced the -group. In recent years he has turned his attention back to automorphic forms, working in particular on a theme he calls "beyond endoscopy". Awards and honors
<mask> has received the 1996 Wolf Prize (which he shared with Andrew Wiles), the 2005 AMS Steele Prize, the 1980 Jeffery–Williams Prize, the 1988 NAS Award in Mathematics from the National Academy of Sciences, the 2006 Nemmers Prize in Mathematics, the 2007 Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences (with Richard Taylor) for his work on automorphic forms.In 2018, <mask> was awarded the Abel Prize for "his visionary program connecting representation theory to number theory". He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1972 and a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1981. In 2012, he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. <mask> was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1990. He was elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1993 and a member of the American Philosophical Society 2004. Among other honorary degrees, in 2003, <mask> received a doctorate honoris causa from Université Laval. In 2019, <mask> was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada.On January 10, 2020, <mask> was honoured at Semiahmoo Secondary, which installed a mural to celebrate his contributions to mathematics. Personal life
<mask> has been married to Charlotte

masks: Langlands Langlands Langlands Langlands Langlands Langlands Langlands Langlands


title: Robert Langlands

texts:
 Lorraine Cheverie (b 1935) since 1957. They have four children (2 daughters and 2 sons). He holds Canadian and American citizenships. <mask> spent a year in Turkey in 1967-68, where his office at the Middle East Technical University was next to that of Cahit Arf. In addition to his mathematical studies, <mask> likes to learn foreign languages, both for better understanding of foreign publications on his topic and just as a hobby. He speaks English, French, Turkish and German, and reads (but does not speak) Russian.Publications

See also
Automorphic L-function
Endoscopic group
Geometric Langlands correspondence
Jacquet–Langlands correspondence
Langlands classification
Langlands decomposition
Langlands–Deligne local constant
Langlands dual
Langlands group
Langlands–Shahidi method
Local Langlands conjectures
Standard L-function
Taniyama group

References

External links

The work of <mask> (a nearly complete archive)
Faculty page at IAS
The Abel Prize Interview 2018 with <mask>

 Julia Mueller, On the genesis of <mask><mask>' conjectures and his letter to André Weil, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., January 25, 2018

1936 births
Living people
20th-century mathematicians
Abel Prize laureates
Canadian mathematicians
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Institute for Advanced Study faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Number theorists
People from New Westminster
Princeton University faculty
University of British Columbia alumni
Wolf Prize in Mathematics laureates
Yale University alumni
Companions of the Order of Canada
Members of the American

masks:
Langlands
Langlands
Robert Langlands
Robert Langlands
Robert P
. Langlands


title: Nathuram Premi

texts:
<mask> was a writer, publisher, poet, editor, and linguist in the field of Jainism as well as Hindi literature. A budding poet, he wrote under the nom de plume of "Premi". Although belonging to the Digambara sect of Jainism, he adopted a non-sectarian attitude and published and translated many Digambara as well as Śvetāmbara works. Working as a clerk in a firm in Mumbai he rose to establish his own publishing house and bookstore Hindi Granth Ratnākar Kāryālay which published works of many of the biggest names in Indian literature, including Munshi Premchand, Hajariprasad Dvivedi, Jainendrakumar, Yashpal, Swami Satyabhakta, Sharatchandra Chatterjee and Rabindranath Tagore. The bookshop and publishing house now called Hindi Granth Karyalay is now being managed by his grandson and great-grandson 100 years after its establishment. Early life

Born on 26 November 1881 in Deori, in the district of Sagar in Bundelkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Nāthūrām Premī was the eldest child of Tundelal Modi, a travelling merchant of modest means, belonging to the Paravāra community of Digambara Jains hailing from Bundelkhand. He studied in grammar school and was the monitor of his class.He cleared his pre-high school exams in 1898 and became a schoolteacher nearby at Rehli. In the late 1890s, he married Rama Devi, who was from the nearby village of Sarkheda, in the district of Sagar. Career in Hindi and Jain


title: Nathuram Premi

texts:
 literature

Nāthūrām Premī excelled in the field of literature as a poet, editor, writer and publisher earning respect and affection of his contemporaries like Munshi Premchand, Mahaviraprasad Dwivedi, Rahul Sankrityayan, Pandit Sukhlalji, Muni Jinavijayaji, Ganeshprasadji Varni, Pandit Becharadasji Doshi, Pandit Agarchand Nahata and Dr Dalsukh Malvania. <mask> and Munshi Premchand were close friends, and he published the first edition of Munshi Premchand's classic novel, Godān. He also published Premchand's short story collections entitled Nava Nidhi and Sapta Saroj. A budding poet

Under the inspiration of his guru Syed Amir Ali Mir, <mask> became a budding poet, writing in Urdu and Braj under the nom de plume of "Premi". Since then he was affectionately called Premiji by his friends and contemporaries.His poems were published in the literary magazines of the time, Rasika Mitra, Rasika Vātikā and Kāvya Sudhākara. Editor and writer

Establishment of Hindi Granth Karyalay

On 24 September 1912 <mask> founded the publishing house Hindi Granth Ratnākar Kāryālay (now known as Hindi Granth Karyalay) at C.P. Tank, Mumbai. It was to become the foremost Hindi publishing house in India and is also the oldest bookstore of Mumbai. The first publication was a Hindi translation of John Stuart Mill's On Liberty, titled Svādhīnatā translated by Mahavira Prasad Dvivedi. He published almost the entire oeuvre

masks: Premiji Nathuram Premiji


title: Nathuram Premi

texts:
 of Sharat Chandra Chatterji, the Bengali writer, and some works of Rabindranath Tagore, such as Ānkh kī Kirkirī, and Naukā Dūbī. Premiji also published Hindi translations of the Gujarati writer KM Munshi, such as Gujarāt ke Nāth and Pātan kā Prabhutva.Other famous works published include Munshi Premchand's classic novel, Godān and short story collections titled Nava Nidhi and Sapta Saroj. He also published works of then new writers such as Hajariprasad Dvivedi, Jainendrakumar, Yashpal, Acharya Chatursen, and Pandit Sudarshan. He also published the Bengali plays of Dvijendra Lal Rai for the first time in Hindi. In memory of Seth Manikchandra, <mask> established the Manikacandra Jain Granthamālā wherein he published Jain scriptures, for the first time systematically edited by philologists. The Manikacandra Jain Granthamālā published over 48 Digambara Jain texts, mostly written in Prakrit, Apabhramśa or Sanskrit. He ran the Manikacandra Jain Granthamālā on an honorary basis between 1915 and the 1950s selling all the books at cost price. When his health began to fail, it was decided to hand over the series to Bhāratīya Jñānapītha in Varanasi.A non-sectarian Jain scholar

<mask> was non-sectarian in his attitude and shared a good rapport with many Svetambara scholars. Besides many Digambara scriptures, he published and translated many Śvetāmbara scriptures. He once remarked to Sukhlalji that he

masks: Premiji Premiji


title: Nathuram Premi

texts:
 wished that the learned Digambara scholars would give up their sectarian views. During those times there used to be heated debate whether Acarya Umāsvāti (Umāsvāmī) belonged to the Śvetāmbara or the Digambara tradition. <mask>, although a Digambara himself, went against views of Digambara community and opined that he was neither, but belonged to the Yāpanīya tradition. Pt. Sukhlal Sanghvi, a Śvetāmbara Jain scholar observed <mask>'s non-sectarian attitude:
"He was considered to be a Pandit – a scholar of Jain tradition.To me it was a surprise! How could his writings be so impartial and audacious? I had come in contact with many Jain friends and scholars, but until then, excepting a few, I had not come across any scholar who was as non-sectarian or fearless as <mask>ji. So I had developed the perception that it was impossible to find a Jain scholar who was non-sectarian as well as fearless. <mask>'s writings gradually made me realise that I had the wrong notion. This was the foremost reason for me to be attracted towards him. [...]
We had an excellent understanding of traditions of one another but we had no sectarian complicities."Contribution to other Indian languages

Social reformer

<mask>'s legacy

Under his tutelage, Hindi Granth Ratnākar Kāryālay became India's No. 1 publishers of Hindi literature. In recognition of his contributions to Indian literature, the acclaimed Hindi novelist

masks: Premiji Premiji Premi Premiji Premiji


title: Nathuram Premi

texts:
 Vishnu Prabhakar called <mask> the "Bhīsma Pitāmaha" of Hindi publishing. <mask> had suffered from asthma for a long time and died owing to old age on 30 January 1960. He left behind his daughter-in-law and two grandsons, Yashodhar Modi and Vidyadhar Modi. They are continuing his legacy along with their children. In <mask>'s memory, his grandson Yashodhar Modi has started the Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series.This series has published select volumes focusing on subjects as varied as Jainism, philosophy and yoga and published original texts by ancient and medieval Jain ascetics such as Kundakunda, Samantabhadra, Pūjyapāda, Joindu, Prabhācandra, Vādirāja, Bhāvadeva and many others, usually accompanied by translation in either Hindi or English. Also, modern scholars such as <mask> himself, Prof. Ludwig Alsdorf, Prof. Maurice Bloomfield, Prof. Willem Bollée and Dr. Jaykumar Jalaj have been and are being published in the Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series. Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series

Jain Studies : Their Present State and Future Tasks
By Prof Dr Ludwig Alsdorf
English tr. by Bal Patil P
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 1}
Published in 2006

The Story of Paesi
Prakrit text in Roman and Devanagari
English tr. by Prof Dr Willem Bollée
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 2}
Published in 2005

Ratnakaranda Shravakacara
Sanskrit text by Acarya Samantabhadra
Hindi

masks: Premiji Premiji Premiji Premiji


title: Nathuram Premi

texts:
 Premi Research Series Volume 12}

Barasa Anuvekkha
Prakrit text by Acarya Kundakunda
Sanskrit tr.& Hindi gloss by Pt. <mask> <mask>
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 13}
Published in 2010

Ishtopadesha
Sanskrit text by Acarya Pujyapada
Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 14}
Published in 2007, 2009

Life and Stories of the Jain Saviour Parshvanatha
An English tr. of Acarya Bhavadeva's Parsvacaritram
by Prof Dr Maurice Bloomfield
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 15}
Published in 2008

Tattvasara
Prakrit text by Acarya Devasena
Sanskrit gloss by Muni Ratnabhanuvijay
English tr. by Manish Modi
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 16}

The Apabhramsha of Svayambhudeva's Paumacariu
By Dr Eva de Clercq
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 17}
Published in 2010

Jainism and the Definition of Religion
By Dr Piotr Balcerowicz
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 18}
Published in 2009

Dravyasamgraha
Prakrit text by Acarya Nemicandra
English tr. by Prof Dr Nalini Balbir
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 19}
Published in 2010

Tattvarthasutra
Sanskrit text by Acarya Prabhacandra
Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj, English tr.by Anish Shah
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 20}

Rayanasara
Prakrit text by Acarya Kundakunda
Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series

masks: Nathuram Premi


title: Nathuram Premi

texts:
 Volume 21}
. Jainism : An Eternal Pilgrimage
By Bal Patil
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 23}
Published in 2008, 2011

Dravyasamgraha
Prakrit text by Acarya Nemicandra
Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 24}
Published in 2009

Parshvanathacaritram
Sanskrit text by Acarya Vadiraja
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 25}

Parshvacaritram : The Life of Parshva
Sanskrit text by Acarya Gunabhadra
English tr. by Prof Dr Willem Bollée
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 26}
Published in 2008

Jain Sahitya aur Itihas
By Pt. <mask> <mask>
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 27}
Published in 1942, 1956, 2012

Tales of Atonement
Stories from Malayagiri's Commentary on the Vyavahara Bhashya
English tr. by Prof Dr Willem Bollée
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 28}
Published in 2008

Yogashastra : A Handbook on the Three Jewels of Jainism
Sanskrit text by Acarya Hemacandra
English tr.by Prof Dr Olle Qvarnström
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 29}

Samayasara
Prakrit text by Acarya Kundakunda
Hindi translation by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 30}
2012

Dhyanabattisi
Braj text by Banarasidasa
English tr. by Jerome Petit
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 31}
Published in 2010

Tattvarthasutra
Sanskrit text by Acarya Umasvati
English tr. by Prof Dr Duli


title: Nathuram Premi

texts:
 Chandra Jain
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 32}

Svarupa Sambodhana
Right Instruction on the Nature of the Soul
Sanskrit text by Acarya Akalanka
English tr., notes and introduction by Nagin J. Shah
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 33}
Published in 2011

Shastrasarasamuccaya
Sanskrit text by Acarya Maghanandi
English tr. by Shreyans Sukhani
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 34}

Three Prakrit Grammars
By Saartje Verbeke
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 35}
Published in 2010

Ishtopadesha
Sanskrit text by Acarya Pujyapada
Gujarati tr. by Pravina Mehta, English tr. by Manish Modi
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 36}
Published in 2010

Bhaktamara Stotra
Sanskrit text by Acarya Manatunga
Hindi poetic tr. and gloss by Pt <mask> <mask>, English tr.by Manish Modi
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 37}

Mrityu Mahotsava
Sanskrit text by an Unknown Writer
Hindi tr. by Shreyans Sukhani, Gujarati tr. by Dr Shilpa Vasani, English tr. by Manish Modi
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 38}
Published in 2010

Aradhanasara
Prakrit text by Acarya Devasena
English tr. by Prof Dr Nalini Balbir
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 39}
Published in 2010

Tattvarthasutra : That Which Is
Sanskrit text by Acarya Umasvati
English tr. by Nathmal Tantia
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 40}

Ratnakarandaka


title: Jean Genet

texts:
<mask> (;  – ) was a French novelist, playwright, poet, essayist, and political activist. In his early life he was a vagabond and petty criminal, but he later became a writer and playwright. His major works include the novels The Thief's Journal and Our Lady of the Flowers and the plays The Balcony, The Maids and The Screens. Biography

Early life
Genet's mother was a prostitute who raised him for the first seven months of his life before placing him for adoption. Thereafter Genet was raised in the provincial town of Alligny-en-Morvan, in the Nièvre department of central France. His foster family was headed by a carpenter and, according to Edmund White's biography, was loving and attentive. While he received excellent grades in school, his childhood involved a series of attempts at running away and incidents of petty theft.After the death of his foster mother, Genet was placed with an elderly couple but remained with them less than two years. According to the wife, "he was going out nights and also seemed to be wearing makeup." On one occasion he squandered a considerable sum of money, which they had entrusted him for delivery elsewhere, on a visit to a local fair. Detention and military service
For this and other misdemeanors, including repeated acts of vagrancy, he was sent at the age of 15 to Mettray Penal Colony where he was detained between 2 September 1926 and 1 March 1929. In Miracle of the Rose


title: Jean Genet

texts:
 (1946), he gives an account of this period of detention, which ended at the age of 18 when he joined the Foreign Legion. He was eventually given a dishonorable discharge on grounds of indecency (having been caught engaged in a homosexual act) and spent a period as a vagabond, petty thief and prostitute across Europe—experiences he recounts in The Thief's Journal (1949). Criminal career, prison, and prison writings
After returning to Paris, France in 1937, Genet was in and out of prison through a series of arrests for theft, use of false papers, vagabondage, lewd acts, and other offences.In prison, Genet wrote his first poem, "Le condamné à mort", which he had printed at his own cost, and the novel Our Lady of the Flowers (1944). In Paris, Genet sought out and introduced himself to <mask>, who was impressed by his writing. Cocteau used his contacts to get Genet's novel published, and in 1949, when Genet was threatened with a life sentence after ten convictions, Cocteau and other prominent figures, including <mask> Sartre and Pablo Picasso, successfully petitioned the French President to have the sentence set aside. Genet would never return to prison. Writing and activism
By 1949, Genet had completed five novels, three plays, and numerous poems, many controversial for their explicit and often deliberately provocative portrayal of homosexuality and criminality. Sartre wrote a long analysis of Genet's

masks:
Jean Cocteau
Jean Paul


title: Jean Genet

texts:
 developed throat cancer and was found dead at Jack's Hotel in Paris on 15 April 1986 where his photograph and books remain. Genet may have fallen on the floor and fatally hit his head. He is buried in the Larache Christian Cemetery in Larache, Morocco. Genet's works

Novels and autobiography
Throughout his five early novels, Genet works to subvert the traditional set of moral values of his assumed readership.He celebrates a beauty in evil, emphasizes his singularity, raises violent criminals to icons, and enjoys the specificity of gay gesture and coding and the depiction of scenes of betrayal. Our Lady of the Flowers (Notre Dame des Fleurs 1943) is a journey through the prison underworld, featuring a fictionalized alter-ego named Divine, usually referred to in the feminine. Divine is surrounded by tantes ("aunties" or "queens") with colorful sobriquets such as Mimosa I, Mimosa II, First Communion and the Queen of Rumania. The two auto-fictional novels Miracle of the Rose (Miracle de la rose 1946) and The Thief's Journal (Journal du voleur 1949) describe Genet's time in Mettray Penal Colony and his experiences as a vagabond and prostitute across Europe. Querelle de Brest (1947) is set in the port town of Brest, where sailors and the sea are associated with murder. Funeral Rites (1949) is a story of love and betrayal across political divides, written for the narrator's lover, <mask>, killed by the Germans in


title: Jean Genet

texts:
 WWII. Prisoner of Love, published in 1986 after Genet's death, is a memoir of his encounters with Palestinian fighters and Black Panthers.It has a more documentary tone than his fiction. Art criticism
<mask> wrote an essay on the work of the Swiss sculptor and artist Alberto Giacometti titled L'Atelier d'Alberto Giacometti. It was highly praised by major artists, including Giacometti and Picasso. Genet wrote in an informal style, incorporating excerpts of conversations between himself and Giacometti. Genet's biographer Edmund White said that, rather than write in the style of an art historian, Genet "invented a whole new language for discussing" Giacometti, proposing "that the statues of Giacometti should be offered to the dead, and that they should be buried." Plays
Genet's plays present highly stylized depictions of ritualistic struggles between outcasts of various kinds and their oppressors. Social identities are parodied and shown to involve complex layering through manipulation of the dramatic fiction and its inherent potential for theatricality and role-play.Maids imitate one another and their mistress in The Maids (1947); the clients of a brothel simulate roles of political power before, in a dramatic reversal, actually becoming those figures, all surrounded by mirrors that both reflect and conceal, in The Balcony (1957). Most strikingly, Genet offers a critical dramatisation of what Aimé Césaire


title: Jean Genet

texts:
 called negritude in The Blacks (1958), presenting a violent assertion of Black identity and anti-white virulence framed in terms of mask-wearing and roles adopted and discarded. His most overtly political play is The Screens (1964), an epic account of the Algerian War of Independence. He also wrote another full-length drama, Splendid's, in 1948 and a one-act play, Her (Elle), in 1955, though neither was published or produced during Genet's lifetime. The Blacks was, after The Balcony, the second of Genet's plays to be staged in New York. The production was the longest running Off-Broadway non-musical of the decade. Originally premiered in Paris in 1959, this 1961 New York production ran for 1,408 performances.The original cast featured James Earl Jones, Roscoe Lee Browne, Louis Gossett, Jr., Cicely Tyson, Godfrey Cambridge, Maya Angelou and Charles Gordone. Film
In 1950, Genet directed Un Chant d'Amour, a 26-minute black-and-white film depicting the fantasies of a gay male prisoner and his prison warden. Genet is also credited as co-director of the West German television documentary Am Anfang war der Dieb (1984), along with his co-stars Hans Neuenfels and François Bondy. Genet's work has been adapted for film and produced by other filmmakers. In 1982, Rainer Werner Fassbinder released Querelle, his final film, based on Querelle of Brest. It starred Brad Davis, <mask> and Franco Nero. Tony Richardson directed


title: Jean Genet

texts:
 Mademoiselle, which was based on a short story by Genet.It starred <mask> with the screenplay written by Marguerite Duras. Todd Haynes' Poison was based on the writings of Genet. Several of <mask>'s plays were adapted into films. The Balcony (1963), directed by Joseph Strick, starred Shelley Winters as Madame Irma, Peter Falk, Lee Grant and Leonard Nimoy. The Maids was filmed in 1974 and starred Glenda Jackson, Susannah York and Vivien Merchant. Italian director Salvatore Samperi in 1986 directed another adaptation for film of the same play, La Bonne (Eng. Corruption), starring Florence Guerin and Katrine Michelsen.Legacy
<mask> made an unlikely appearance by proxy in the pop charts when David Bowie released his 1972 hit single "The Jean Genie". In his 2005 book Moonage Daydream, Bowie confirmed that the title "...was a clumsy pun upon <mask>t". A later promo video combines a version of the song with a fast edit of Genet's 1950 movie Un Chant d'Amour. "Les Boys" from Dire Straits' 1980 album Making Movies contains a reference to Genet. Avant-garde musician/composer John Zorn's 1992 album, Elegy, was inspired by and dedicated to Genet. The liner notes include an excerpt from Genet's "The Thief's Journal." Genet is mentioned twice in the lyrics to the song "A Cocaine Christmas and an Alcoholic's New Year" by the English band Money on its 2016 studio album Suicide Songs.A scene featuring Michael Douglas and

masks:
Jeanne Moreau
Genet
Jean Genet
Jean Gene


title: Jean Genet

texts:
 Dreams or The Other Side of Dreams) (1952) was used as the basis for the script for Tony Richardson's film Mademoiselle, made in 1966. Le Bagne (The Penal Colony).Written in the 1950s. Excerpt published in The Selected Writings of <mask>, The Ecco Press (1993). La Nuit venue/Le Bleu de L'oeil (The Night Has Come/The Blue of the Eye) (1976–78). Excerpts published in Les Nègres au port de la lune, Paris: Editions de la Différence (1988), and in The Cinema of <mask>t, BFI Publishing (1991). "Le Langage de la muraille: cent ans jour après jour" (The Language of the Walls: One Hundred Years Day after Day) (1970s). Unpublished. Poetry
Collected in Œuvres complètes (French) and Treasures of the Night: Collected Poems by <mask> (English)
 "The Man Sentenced to Death" ("Le Condamné à Mort") (written in 1942, first published in 1945)
 "Funeral March" ("Marche Funebre") (1945)
 "The Galley" ("La Galere") (1945)
 "A Song of Love" ("Un Chant d'Amour") (1946)
 "The Fisherman of the Suquet" ("Le Pecheur du Suquet") (1948)
 "The Parade" ("La Parade")(1948)

Other
 "Poèmes Retrouvés".First published in Le condamné à mort et autres poèmes suivi de Le funambule, Gallimard
Spitzer, Mark, trans. 2010. The Genet Translations: Poetry and Posthumous Plays. Polemic Press. See www.sptzr.net/genet_translations.htm

Note
Two of Genet's poems, "The Man Sentenced to Death" and "The Fisherman of the Suquet" were adapted, respectively, as

masks:
Jean Genet
Jean Gene
Jean Genet


title: Jean Genet

texts:
 "The Man Condemned to Death" and "The Thief and the Night" and set to music for the album Feasting with Panthers, released in 2011 by Marc Almond and Michael Cashmore. Both poems were adapted and translated by Jeremy Reed. Essays on art
Collected in Fragments et autres textes, 1990 (Fragments of the Artwork, 2003)
 "<mask>eau", Bruxelles: Empreintes, 1950)
 "Fragments"
 "The Studio of Alberto Giacometti" ("L'Atelier d'Alberto Giacomett") (1957)."The Tightrope Walker" ("Le Funambule"). "Rembrandt's Secret" ("Le Secret de Rembrandt") (1958). First published in L'Express, September 1958. "What Remains of a Rembrandt Torn Into Little Squares All the Same Size and Shot Down the Toilet" ("Ce qui est resté d'un Rembrandt déchiré en petits carrés"). First published in Tel Quel, April 1967. "That Strange Word..." ("L'etrange Mot D'."). Essays on politics
Collected in L'Ennemi déclaré: textes et entretiens (1991) – The Declared Enemy (2004)

1960s
 "Interview with Madeleine Gobeil for Playboy", April 1964, pp.45–55. "Lenin's Mistresses" ("Les maîtresses de Lénine"), in Le Nouvel Observateur, n° 185, 30 May 1968. "The members of the Assembly" ("Les membres de l'Assemblée nationale"), in Esquire, n° 70, November 1968. "A Salute to a Hundred Thousand Stars" ("Un salut aux cent milles étoiles"), in Evergreen Review, December 1968. "The Shepherds of Disorder" ("Les Pâtres du désordre"), in Pas à Pas, March 1969, pp.


title: Jean Genet

texts:
 vi–vii. 1970s
 "Yet Another Effort, Frenchman!"("Français encore un effort"), in L'Idiot international, n° 4, 1970, p. 44. "It seems Indecent for Me to Speak of Myself" ("Il me paraît indécent de parler de moi"), Conference, Cambridge, 10 March 1970. "Letter to American Intellectuals" ("Lettres aux intellectuels américains"), talk given at the University of Connecticut, 18 March 1970. first published as "Bobby Seale, the Black Panthers and Us White People", in Black Panther Newspaper, 28 March 1970. Introduction, Preface to George Jackson's book, Soledad Brother, World Entertainers, New York, 1970. May Day Speech, speech at New Haven, 1 mai 1970. San Francisco: City Light Books. Excerpts published as "J'Accuse" in Jeune Afrique, November 1970, and Les Nègres au port de la lune, Paris: Editions de la Différence, 1988."<mask>t chez les Panthères noires", interview with Michèle Manceau, in Le Nouvel Observateur, n° 289, 25 May 1970. "Angela and Her Brothers" ("Angela et ses frères"), in Le Nouvel Observateur, n° 303, 31 août 1970. "Angela Davis is in your Clutches" ("Angela Davis est entre vos pattes"), text read 7 October 1970, broadcast on TV in the program L'Invité, 8 November 1970. "Pour Georges Jackson", manifesto sent to French artists and intellectuals, July 1971. "After the Assassination" ("Après l'assassinat"), written in 1971, published for the first time in 1991 in L'Ennemi déclaré: textes et


title: Jean Genet

texts: entretiens. "America is Afraid" ("L'Amérique a peur"), in Le Nouvel Observateur, n° 355, 1971. Later published as "The Americans kill off Blacks", in Black Panther Newspaper, 4 September 1971."The Palestinians" ("Les Palestiniens"), Commentary accompanying photographs by Bruno Barbey, published in Zoom, n° 4, 1971. "The Black and the Red", in Black Panther Newspaper, 11 September 1971. Preface to L'Assassinat de Georges Jackson, published in L'Intolérable, booklet by GIP, Paris, Gallimard, 10 November 1971. "Meeting the Guaraní" ("Faites connaissance avec les Guaranis"), in Le Démocrate véronais, 2 juin 1972. "On Two or Three books No One Has Ever Talked About" (), text read on 2 May 1974, for a radio program on France Culture. Published in L'Humanité as "<mask>t et la condition des immigrés", 3 May 1974. "When 'the worst is certain'" ("Quand 'le pire est toujours sûr'"), written in 1974, published for the first time in 1991 in L'Ennemi déclaré: textes et entretiens."Dying Under Giscard d'Estaing" ("Mourir sous Giscard d'Estaing"), in L'Humanité, 13 May 1974. "And Why Not a Fool in Suspenders?" ("Et pourquoi pas la sottise en bretelle? "), in L'Humanité, 25 May 1974. "The Women of Jebel Hussein" ("Les Femmes de Djebel Hussein"), in Le Monde diplomatique, 1 July 1974. Interview with Hubert Fichte for Die Zeit, n° 8 February 13, 1976. "The Tenacity of American Blacks" ("La Ténacité des Noirs américains"), in


title: Jean Genet

texts:
 L'Humanité, 16 April 1977."Chartres Cathedral" ("Cathédrale de Chartres, vue cavalière"), in L'Humanité, 30 June 1977. "Violence and Britality" ("Violence et brutalité"), in Le Monde, 2 September 1977. Also published as preface to Textes des prisonniers de la Fraction Armée rouge et dernières lettres d'Ulrike Meinhof, Maspero, Cahiers libres, Paris, 1977. "Near Ajloun" ("Près d'Ajloun") in Per un Palestine, in a collection of writing in memory of Wael Zouateir, Mazzota, Milan, 1979. "Interview with Tahar Ben Jelloun", Le Monde, November 1979. 1980s
 Interview with Antoine Bourseiller (1981) and with Bertrand Poirot-Delpech (1982), distributed as a videocassettes in the series Témoin. Extracts published in Le Monde (1982) and Le Nouvel Observateur (1986)."Four Hours in Shatila" ("Quatre heures à Chatila"), in Revue d'études palestiniennes, 1 January 1983. Registration No. 1155 (N° Matricule 1155), text written for the catalogue of the exhibition La Rupture, Le Creusot, 1 March 1983. Interview with Rudiger Wischenbart and Layla Shahid Barrada for Austrian Radio and the German daily Die Zeit. Published as "Une rencontre avec <mask>t" in Revue d'études palestiniennes, Autome 1985. Interview with Nigel Williams for BBC, 12 November 1985. "The Brothers Karamazov" ("Les Frères Karamazov"), in La Nouvelle Revue Française, October 1986.Other collected essays
 "The Criminal Child" ("L'Enfant criminel"). Written in


title: Jean Genet

texts:
 1949, this text was commissioned by RTF (French radio) but was not broadcast due to its controversial nature. It was published in a limited edition in 1949 and later integrated into Volume 5 of Oeuvres Completes. Uncollected
 "What I like about the English is that They Are such Liars…", in Sunday Times, 1963, p. 11. "<mask>t chez les Panthères noires", interview with F.-M. Banier, in Le Monde, 23 October 1970. "Un appel de M. Jean Genet en faveur des Noirs américains", in Le Monde, 15 October 1970. "<mask>t témoigne pour les Soledad Brothers", in La Nouvelle Critique, June 1971."The Palestinians" (Les Palestiniens), first published as "Shoun Palestine", Beyrouth, 1973. First English version published in Journal of Palestine Studies (Autumn, 1973). First French version ("Genet à Chatila") published by Actes Sud, Arles, 1994. "Un héros littéraire: le défunt volubile", in La Nouvelle Critique, juin-juillet 1974 and Europe-Revue littéraire Mensuelle, Numéro spécial <mask>t, n° 808–809 (1996). "Entretien avec Angela Davis", in L'Unité, 23 mai 1975. "Des esprits moins charitables que le mien pourraient croire déceler une piètre opération politique", in L'Humanité, 13 août 1975. "L'art est le refuge", in Les Nègres au Port de la Lune, Paris: Editions de la Différence, 1988, pp.99–103. "Sainte Hosmose", in Magazine littéraire, Numéro spécial <mask>t (n° 313), September 1993. "Conférence de Stockholm", in L'Infini,

masks:
Jean Gene
Jean Gene
Jean Gene
Jean Gene


title: Jean Genet

texts:
 n° 51 (1995). "La trahison est une aventure spirituelle", in Le Monde, 12 July 1996, p. IV. "Ouverture-éclair sur l´Amérique", in Europe-Revue littéraire Mensuelle, Numéro spécial <mask>t, n° 808–809 (1996). "Réponse à un questionnaire", in Europe-Revue littéraire Mensuelle, Numéro spécial <mask>t, n° 808–809 (1996). Correspondence

Collected in volume
 Lettre à Léonor Fini [<mask>'s letter, 8 illustrations by Leonor Fini] (1950).Also collected in Fragments et autres textes, 1990 (Fragments of the Artwork, 2003)
 Letters to Roger Blin ("Lettres à Roger Blin", 1966)
 Lettres à Olga et Marc Barbezat (1988)
 Chère Madame, 6 Brife aus Brünn [French and German bilingual edition] (1988). Excerpts reprinted in Genet, by Edmund White. Lettres au petit Franz (2000)
 Lettres à Ibis (2010)

Collected in Théâtre Complet (Editions Gallimard, 2002)
 "Lettre a <mask> Pauvert", first published as preface to 1954 edition of Les Bonnes. Also in "Fragments et autres textes", 1990 (Fragments of the Artwork, 2003)
 "Lettres à <mask> Barrault"
 "Lettres à Roger Blin"
 "Lettres à Antoine Bourseiller". In Du théâtre no1, July 1993
 "Lettres à Bernard Frechtman"
 "Lettres à Patrice Chéreau"

Collected in Portrait d'Un Marginal Exemplaire
 "Une lettre de Jean Genet" (to Jacques Derrida), in Les Lettres Françaises, 29 March 1972
 "Lettre à Maurice Toesca", in Cinq Ans de patience, Emile Paul Editeur, 1975. "Lettre au professeur

masks:
Jean Gene
Jean Gene
Jean Genet
Jean Jacques
Jean Louis


title: Jean Genet

texts:
 Abdelkebir Khatibi", published in Figures de l'etranger, by Abdelkebir Khatibi, 1987. "Letter à André Gide", in Essai de Chronologie 1910–1944 by A.Dichy and B.Fouche (1988)
 "Letter to Sartre", in Genet (by Edmund White) (1993)
 "Lettre à Laurent Boyer", in La Nouvelle Revue Francaise, 1996
 "Brouillon de lettre a Vincent Auriel" (first published in Portrait d'Un Marginal Exemplaire

Uncollected
 "To a Would Be Producer", in Tulane Drama Review, n° 7, 1963, p. 80–81."Lettres à Roger Blin" and "Lettre a <mask>uis Barrault et Billets aux comediens", in La Bataille des Paravents, IMEC Editions, 1966
 "Chere Ensemble", published in Les nègres au port de la lune, Paris : Editions de la Différence, 1988. "Je ne peux pas le dire", letter to Bernard Frechtman (1960), excerpts published in Libération, 7 April 1988. "Letter to Java, Letter to Allen Ginsberg", in Genet (by Edmund White) (1993)
 "Lettre à Carole", in L'Infini, n° 51 (1995)
 "Lettre à Costas Taktsis", published in Europe-Revue littéraire Mensuelle, Numéro spécial <mask>t, n° 808–809 (1996)

See also
Jack Abbott (author), ex-convict and author, whose works address prison life (among other topics)
Seth Morgan, ex-convict and novelist, whose book addresses prison life and San Francisco's criminal counterculture
James Fogle, heroin addict and convict whose only published novel, Drugstore Cowboy, was made into a well known film of the same

masks:
Jean Ko
Jean Gene


title: Jean Genet

texts:
 name

References

Notes

Sources

Primary sources
In English
 Bartlett, Neil, trans. 1995. Splendid's. London: Faber. .
 Bray, Barbara, trans. 1992.Prisoner of Love. By <mask>. Hanover: Wesleyan University Press. Frechtman, Bernard, trans. 1960. The Blacks: A Clown Show. By <mask>.New York: Grove P. .
 ---. 1963a. Our Lady of the Flowers by <mask>. London: Paladin, 1998. ---. 1963b. The Screens by <mask>.London: Faber, 1987. .
 ---. 1965a. Miracle of the Rose by <mask>. London: Blond. ---. 1965b. The Thief's Journal by <mask>.London: Blond. ---. 1966. The Balcony by <mask>. Revised edition. London: Faber. .
 ---. 1969.Funeral Rites by <mask>. London: Blond. Reprinted in London: Faber and Faber, 1990. ---. 1989. The Maids and Deathwatch: Two Plays by <mask>. London: Faber. .
 Genet, <mask>.1960. "Note." In Wright and Hands (1991, xiv). ---. 1962. "How To Perform The Balcony." In Wright and Hands (1991, xi–xiii).---. 1966. Letters to Roger Blin. In Seaver (1972, 7–60). ---. 1967. "What Remained of a Rembrandt Torn Up Into Very Even Little Pieces and Chucked Into The Crapper." In Seaver (1972, 75–91).---. 1969. "The Strange Word Urb..." In Seaver (1972, 61–74). Seaver, Richard, trans. 1972. Reflections on the Theatre and Other Writings by <mask>. London: Faber. .
 Spitzer, Mark, trans.2010. The Genet Translations: Poetry and Posthumous Plays. Polemic Press. See www.sptzr.net/genet_translations.htm
 Streatham,

masks:
Jean Genet
Jean Genet
Jean Genet
Jean Genet
Jean Genet
Jean Genet
Jean Genet
Jean Genet
Jean Genet
Jean
Jean Genet


title: Jean Genet

texts:
 Gregory, trans. 1966. Querelle of Brest by <mask>t. London: Blond.Reprinted in London: Faber, 2000. Wright, Barbara and Terry Hands, trans. 1991. The Balcony by <mask>. London and Boston: Faber. . In French
Individual editions
 <mask>, <mask>. 1948.Notre Dame des Fleurs. Lyon: Barbezat-L'Arbalète. ---. 1949. Journal du voleur. Paris: Gallimard. ---.1951. Miracle de la Rose. Paris: Gallimard. ---. 1953a. Pompes Funèbres. Paris: Gallimard.---. 1953b. Querelle de Brest. Paris: Gallimard. ---. 1986. Un Captif Amoureux.Paris: Gallimard. Complete works
 Genet, <mask>. 1952–. Œuvres completes. Paris: Gallimard. Volume 1: Saint Genet: comédien et martyr (by J.-P. Sartre)
 Volume 2: Notre-Dame des fleurs – Le condamné à mort – Miracle de la rose – Un chant d'amour
 Volume 3: Pompes funèbres – Le pêcheur du Suquet – Querelle de Brest
 Volume 4: L'étrange mot d' ... – Ce qui est resté d'un Rembrandt déchiré en petits carrés – Le balcon – Les bonnes – Haute surveillance -Lettres à Roger Blin – Comment jouer 'Les bonnes' – Comment jouer 'Le balcon'''
 Volume 5: Le funambule – Le secret de Rembrandt – L'atelier d'Alberto Giacometti – Les nègres – Les paravents – L'enfant criminel Volume 6: L'ennemi déclaré: textes et entretiens ---. 2002.Théâtre Complet. Paris: Bibliothèque de la Pléiade. ---. 2021. Romans et poèmes. Paris: Bibliothèque de la Pléiade. Secondary sources
In English
 Barber, Stephen.2004. <mask>. London:

masks:
Jean Gene
Jean Genet
Genet
Jean
Jean
Jean Genet


title: Jean Genet

texts:
 Reaktion. .
 Choukri, Mohamed. <mask> in Tangier. New York: Ecco Press, 1974. SBN 912-94608-3
 Coe, Richard N. 1968. The Vision of Genet.New York: Grove Press. Driver, Tom Faw. 1966. <mask>. New York: Columbia University Press. Frieda Ekotto. 2011."Race and Sex across the French Atlantic: The Color of Black in Literary, Philosophical, and Theater Discourse." New York: Lexington Press. Knapp, Bettina Liebowitz. 1968. <mask>. New York: Twayne. McMahon, Joseph H. 1963.The Imagination of <mask>t New Haven: Yale UP. Oswald, Laura. 1989. <mask> and the Semiotics of Performance. Advances in Semiotics ser. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. .
 Savona, <mask> L. 1983. <mask>.Grove Press Modern Dramatists ser. New York: Grove Press. .
 Stephens, Elisabeth. 2009. Queer Writing: Homoeroticism in <mask>'s Fiction. London: Palgrave MacMillan. Styan, J. L. 1981. Symbolism, Surrealism and the Absurd.Vol. 2 of Modern Drama in Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Webb, Richard C. 1992. File on Genet. London: Methuen. .
 White, Edmund. 1993. Genet.Corrected edition. London: Picador, 1994. .
 Laroche, Hadrien. 2010 The Last Genet: a writer in revolt. Trans David Homel. Arsenal Pulp Press. .
 Magedera, Ian H. 2014 Outsider Biographies; Savage, de Sade, Wainewright, Ned Kelly, Billy the Kid, Rimbaud and Genet: Base Crime and High Art in Biography and Bio-Fiction, 1744-2000. Amsterdam

masks:
Jean Genet
Jean Genet
Jean Genet
Jean Gene
Jean Genet
Jeannette
Jean Genet
Jean Genet


title: Jean Genet

texts:
 and New York: Rodopi. In French
 Derrida Jacques.Glas.Galilée, Paris, 1974. Frieda Ekotto. 2001. "L'Ecriture carcérale et le discours juridique: <mask>t" Paris: L'Harmattan.,
 El Maleh, Edmond Amran. 1988. <mask>, Le captif amoureux: et autres essais. Grenoble: Pensée sauvage. .
 Eribon, Didier.2001. Une morale du minoritaire: Variations sur un thème de <mask>t. Paris: Librairie Artème Fayard. .
 Bougon, Patrice. 1995. <mask>, Littérature et politique, L'Esprit Créateur, Spring 1995, Vol. XXXV, N°1
 Hubert, Marie-Claude. 1996.L'esthétique de <mask>t. Paris: SEDES. .
 Jablonka, Ivan. 2004. Les vérités inavouables de <mask>t. Paris: Éditions du Seuil. .
 Sartre, <mask>. 1952. Saint Genet, comédien et martyr.In <mask>t, Oeuvres Complétes de Jean Genet I. Paris: Éditions Gallimard. Laroche, Hadrien. 2010. "Le Dernier Genet. Histoire des hommes infâmes". Paris: Champs Flammarion; nouvelle édition, revue et corrigée. Vannouvong, Agnès.2010. <mask>. Les revers du genre. Paris: Les Presses du réel

External links

 "<mask>, <mask> (1910–1986)" From glbtq: Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, & Queer Culture''
 William Haver, "The Ontological Priority of Violence: On Several Really Smart Things About Violence in <mask>'s Work"

1910 births
1986 deaths
20th-century French criminals
20th-century French dramatists and playwrights
20th-century French poets
20th-century French essayists
20th-century

masks:
Jean Gene
Jean Genet
Jean Gene
Jean Genet
Jean Gene
Jean Gene
Jean Paul
Jean gene
Jean Genet
Genet
Jean
Jean Genet


title: George E. Kimball

texts:
<mask> (July 12, 1906 – December 6, 1967) was an American professor of quantum chemistry, and a pioneer of operations research algorithms during World War II. Early life
<mask><mask> was born to Arthur G<mask> in Chicago in 1906 and he grew up in New Britain, Connecticut. He was the oldest of three children in a middle-class family; his younger brother, <mask>, also became a professor at Columbia, in journalism. His interest in chemistry was due to his high school chemistry teacher. He attended New Britain High School and graduated in 1923. He spent a year at Phillips Exeter Academy and in 1924 he enrolled at Princeton University. Apparently his father was of the opinion that there were already too many graduates of Yale University in Connecticut.<mask> later claimed that he chose the chemistry program at Princeton because it allowed him to study not only chemistry, but also an equal amount of physics and mathematics, which were also of interest to him. <mask> received his bachelor's degree in 1928, and at that time his main interest was quantum chemistry, which at that time was a field that was still in its infancy, following significant theoretical breakthroughs in quantum mechanics in 1925. He returned to Princeton's chemistry department to be a graduate student on a graduate fellowship and worked under Hugh Taylor. <mask>'s doctoral thesis was on quantum mechanics of the recombination of hydrogen atoms, and he received his Ph.D. in 1932. Personal life
<mask><mask> married chemist Alice Thurston Hunter, whom he met at MIT, on June 22, 1936. Together, they had four children. Work

Early work (1932–1942)
After having missed out on a National Research Fellowship in physics in 1932, he stayed at Princeton as instructor.In 1933, he was awarded a

masks:
George Elbert Kimball
George E
. Kimball
. Kimball
Penn Kimball
Kimball
Kimball
Kimball
George E
. Kimball


title: George E. Kimball

texts:
 National Research Fellowship in chemistry and went to Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for two years (1933–1935). While a fellow in MIT's chemistry department, he spent much of his time working in the physics department where his collaborators included the trio John C. Slater, Philip M. Morse (who had been a graduate student at Princeton simultaneously with <mask>, but in physics) and Julius Stratton. During the summer of 1935, <mask> returned to Princeton, to work with <mask>. After a year when <mask> taught physics at Hunter College, he became assistant professor at the Chemistry Department of Columbia University. One of his students during his early time at Columbia was Isaac Asimov, who remembered getting a zero from him in physical chemistry. During the years 1936–1941, <mask> published nine papers on reaction rates and electrochemical surface effects. He also developed and taught courses in quantum chemistry, and supervised graduate student research.In 1941 he was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society. The book Quantum Chemistry written by <mask>, <mask> and John Walter, was begun around 1934 and published in 1944. Although periodically occupied with other tasks from 1942, he became a full professor of chemistry at Columbia in 1947 and remained there until 1956. World War II work (1942–1945)
In 1942, after the US had entered World War II and was faced with the problem of Nazi German U-boat attacks on transatlantic shipping, Philip M. Morse was tasked with organizing a scientific group in the US Navy to analyze anti-submarine warfare tactics. <mask> was one of the first persons recruited by Morse, and within the year he became Morse's Deputy Director. During the war, the group was called the Operations Research Group (ORG),

masks:
Kimball
Kimball
Henry Eyring
Kimball
Kimball
Kimball
Henry Eyring
Kimball


title: George E. Kimball

texts:
 and was later known as the Operations Evaluation Group, US Navy, and had grown to number some seventy analysts when the war ended in 1945. The ORG's work has become known as the pioneering application of OR in the US, after OR originated in the United Kingdom a few years earlier through pioneering efforts by Patrick Blackett and other scientists.During the war, there was liaison between US and UK analysts in service of RAF Coastal Command. The ORG's work also extended into the South Atlantic and into the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II, where the US Navy was carrying out a submarine offensive against Japan's supply lines and where defenses against Kamikaze attacks was high on the agenda. At the end of the war some of the ORG members stayed on to document the lessons of the Group's work. Morse and <mask> wrote Methods of Operations Research, which was initially a classified report, but which was later released for general publication and published by MIT Press in 1951, and this book received a lot of attention. <mask> received the Presidential Citation of Merit for his work during World War II, and in 1954 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. Post-war work(1945–1967)
After World War II and Methods of Operations Research, <mask> returned to Columbia and resumed his research and teaching in theoretical chemistry. He did however continue to be involved in OR activities, including civilian OR applications in industry and the public sector.He continued as a consultant to the Operations Evaluation Group, and when OR expanded into other services and countries he participated in the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), formed in 1949 to carry out OR work for the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the United States Secretary of Defense, as well

masks: Kimball Kimball Kimball


title: George E. Kimball

texts:
 in the organizing of the NATO Advisory Panel on Operations Research. He participated in the founding of the Operations Research Society of America (ORSA) in 1952 and was a member of ORSA's first council. He was elected ORSA's president in 1964. In the 1950s, <mask> started to work part-time for the management consulting firm Arthur D. Little and its OR division. In 1956, he left his professorship at Columbia and became a full-time employee of Arthur D. Little, initially as Science Advisor and from 1961 as Vice President. <mask> was a Unitarian Universalist and he did service as trustee and president of the Unitarian congregation in Hackensack, New Jersey. <mask><mask> Medal
Following the death of <mask><mask>, ORSA instituted a medal in his honor, which is awarded annually.It was first awarded in 1974, when Thomas Caywood, Philip M. Morse and <mask> were awarded. After ORSA merged with The Institute for Management Science (TIMS) to form the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS), the George E. <mask> Medal has been awarded by INFORMS. Death
During his last years, <mask> suffered from cardiac illness which became more severe, and he died on December 6, 1967 while in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on business. References

External links
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
 Biography of <mask> from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences

1906 births
1967 deaths
Academics from Chicago
20th-century American chemists
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
Columbia University faculty
Princeton University alumni
American operations researchers
Massachusetts Institute of Technology staff
Hunter College faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Members of the United States National Academy of

masks:
Kimball
Kimball
George E
. Kimball
George E
. Kimball
George Shortley
Kimball
Kimball
George Kimball


title: Sorrell Booke

texts:
<mask> (January 4, 1930 – February 11, 1994) was an American actor who performed on stage, screen, and television. He acted in more than 100 plays and 150 television shows, and is best known for his role as corrupt politician Jefferson Davis "Boss" Hogg in the television show The Dukes of Hazzard. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of Dr. <mask>, a local physician. As a child, he entertained patients in his father's waiting room, and began acting on radio at nine. As a young radio actor he was known for his impersonations. He won a radio contest for mimicking the voice of Adolf Hitler, and appeared regularly as an actor on local radio stations WGR and WEBR. He attended Bennett High School and was valedictorian of the Class of 1946.<mask> enrolled in Columbia University at 16, and performed in Shakespearean plays in Columbia's drama club. He graduated from Columbia at 19 in 1949, and received a Master of Fine Arts at the Yale School of Drama. He served in the United States Army during the Korean War for two years as a counterintelligence officer. Career
After his Army service, <mask> appeared off-Broadway in The White Devil and had his first television role in the series Omnibus. His Broadway debut was in 1956, in Michael Redgrave's production of The Sleeping Prince. One prominent early role was that of Senator Billboard T. Rawkins in the 1960 revival of Finian's Rainbow. He also appeared in the films Black Like Me, A Fine Madness, and Fail-Safe.In 1962, he starred in the Broadway musical Fiorello! as the title character. Aside from his film roles he appeared on television, among them ABC's 12 O-Clock High, and he

masks:
Sorrell Booke
Booke
Sol Booke
Booke
Booke


title: Sorrell Booke

texts:
 worked as a voice actor in the 1980s and early 1990s. Booke also was a guest conductor at the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra. Booke earned an Emmy nomination for his appearance in Dr. Kildare in the episode "What's God to Julius?". He appeared in an episode of Mission: Impossible from the first season in 1966. Booke appeared in two early episodes of M*A*S*H, as General Barker in "Requiem for a Lightweight" and "Chief Surgeon Who?"; the latter marked the debut of the character Corporal Klinger, with whom <mask>'s character had previously dealt. He also had a recurring role in All in the Family as Mr. Sanders, personnel manager at Archie Bunker's workplace, Prendergast Tool and Die Company. (He had previously appeared on All in the Family as Lyle Bennett, the manager of a local television station.) <mask> was featured on an episode of Good Times, and had a recurring role as the Jewish mob boss "Lefkowitz" on Soap. He also played a record producer on an episode of Columbo titled Swan Song featuring Johnny Cash, and played another record producer on Rich Man, Poor Man Book II. The Dukes of Hazzard (1979–1985)
<mask>'s most notable role was in The Dukes of Hazzard as Boss Hogg, the humorously wicked antagonist to Bo and Luke Duke. The series ran on CBS for seven seasons, from 1979 to 1985 and spawned an animated series, The Dukes (1983), two reunion TV specials (by which time <mask> had died, and the character of Boss Hogg was also said to be deceased), a feature film (2005) and The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning (a 2007 TV movie).Booke had stopped appearing physically in acting roles, but he continued to perform voice work on several television shows

masks: Booke Booke Booke Booke


title: Sorrell Booke

texts:
 and movies, occasionally as narrator, and sometimes as a cartoon character's voice, in such movies as Scooby-Doo Meets the Boo Brothers (1987 TV movie), Gravedale High (1990 television series), and Rock-A-Doodle (1991). Personal life
Booke was  tall and weighed  at the time of his Boss Hogg role, and wore padding to seem fatter. He copied the Hogg character's American South drawl from U.S. senators Sam Ervin and Strom Thurmond. He claimed fluency in French, Japanese, Spanish, Russian and Italian, and said that he "fussed" with a half-dozen other languages. One of his hobbies was moving into and restoring rundown houses. In 1981, he lived in a "modest home on a modest street in Los Angeles," where he did his own gardening and carpentry. He called his Boss Hogg character "despicable," but enjoyed meeting with fans of the show.Booke was married to Miranda Knickerbocker, then a senior at Barnard College, in 1958. She was the daughter of journalist Hubert Renfro Knickerbocker. They had two children, Alexandra and Nicholas, before divorcing in 1973. Death
On February 11, 1994, <mask> died of colorectal cancer in Sherman Oaks, California. He is interred at the Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery in Culver City, California. He was survived by a brother, Fred, two children, Alexandra and Nicholas, and four grandchildren, Katerina and Sam Millner, Henry and Milo Booke. Partial filmography

Gone Are the Days!(1963) as Ol' Cap', Stonewall Jackson Cotchipee
Black Like Me (1964) as Dr. Jackson
Les Félins (1964) as Harry
Fail-Safe (1964) as Congressman Raskob
A Fine Madness (1966) as Leonard Tupperman
Up the Down Staircase (1967) as Dr. Bester
Matchless (1967) as


title: Soa Palelei

texts:
<mask> (born 12 July 1977) is an Australian retired mixed martial artist. A professional from 2002 until 2015, he most notably competed for the Ultimate Fighting Championship and PRIDE Fighting Championships. Background
Born in 1977, Newcastle, New South Wales, of Tongan descent, Palelei started his fighting career at an early age. Wrestling was his first choice in the earlier years and nearly saw him compete for Australia at the Olympics in Sydney. Palelei's interest quickly grew in the arena of martial arts and from there his love of the mixed martial arts grew. Personal life
Palelei says he cannot recall ever getting into street scraps as a kid, and, remarkably, does not like confrontation out of the ring. His sporting prowess started with basketball, then moved to rugby, while he also trained in freestyle and Greco wrestling, followed by Brazilian jiu-jitsu.His father took him to get his first tattoo at 15, a rite of passage that would be repeated through milestones in his life, the patterns portraying significant Tongan symbols. Coming from a school of hard knocks helped to prepare Palelei for the fight arena. His parents had exposed him to the tough plantation life in Tonga as a young child. Then he was sent to live with an uncle in NSW where he was given regular beatings. Having gone through this has made Palelei want to be able to give back and use his platform to do so, Palelei has a mentoring program called Hulk Kids MMA in which he mentors teens on every aspect of life, combined with training and diet tips this program is available for schools and community groups. Palelei was signed to Penguin Books and is in the midst of writing a memoir about his childhood how he came up from nothing to being in the world's largest


title: Soa Palelei

texts:
 MMA organisation the UFC, his book was released in June 2016 and can be purchased at https://www.penguin.com.au/books/face-your-fears-9780143799979, this will be the first of other books to come. In late 2009, Palelei was accused of being associated with the notorious Canadian outlaw motorcycle club, the Rock Machine which has chapters in Australia.Palelei adamantly denies these claims, stating that he was involved in teaching mixed martial arts to two individuals who may be members of the club. Acting career
<mask> is currently signed to Clifford Wallace Plus, Palelei made his acting debut in the 2014 Australian film, Son of a Gun, playing the role of a henchmen Tommy alongside Ewan McGregor, Matthew Nable and Brenton Thwaites. Since then Palelei has played the lead in Zombie Ninjas Vs Black Ops which is due to be released in 2015, and Football Breakers an Australian Comedy. In 2017 Palelei appeared alongside Matthew Nable, Ryan Corr, Abbey Leigh, Eddie Baroo and Simone Kessell in 1%. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
Palelei made his professional MMA debut in September 2002. He was undefeated for the first two years of his career, going 7–0 with all wins either by TKO or submission. He suffered his first defeat via submission to Choi Mu-Bae at PRIDE 28 in October 2004.Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> had a brief stint in the UFC at UFC 79 against Eddie Sanchez, losing by TKO in the third round. He was released from the promotion shortly after. Post-UFC
He was at one stage linked a fight at ONE FC – Pride of a Nation against former UFC Heavyweight Champion Andrei Arlovski, however ONE FC officials pulled him from the fight as he refused to sign a five-fight exclusive contract with ONE Fighting Championship. He was

masks: Palelei Palelei


title: Soa Palelei

texts:
 replaced by former UFC Heavyweight Champion Tim Sylvia. After his release from the UFC in 2007, Palelei went 10–1 including wins over UFC veterans Brad Morris and Sean McCorkle. He defeated McCorkle in the main event at Australian Fighting Championship (AFC) 4 via technical knock-out in round one and defended his AFC heavyweight title he won at AFC 3. Return to UFC
In March 2013, Palelei signed a multi fight deal with the UFC.<mask> was expected to face Stipe Miocic on 15 June 2013 at UFC 161 until Miocic was reassigned to fight Roy Nelson as a replacement on the main card and Palelei was pulled from the event. Palelei faced UFC newcomer Nikita Krylov at UFC 164. He won the fight via third-round TKO in a lackluster fight which saw both fighters exhausted after the first round. It was later revealed that Palelei suffered a fractured rib during the week before the fight. Palelei next faced Pat Barry at UFC Fight Night 33 on 7 December 2013. He won the fight via knockout in the first round, after achieving full mount position and landing a barrage of punches. Palelei faced promotional newcomer Ruan Potts on 10 May 2014 at UFC Fight Night 40.He won the fight via knockout, again from a full mount, in the first round. Palelei faced Jared Rosholt on 28 June 2014 at UFC Fight Night 43. Palelei lost the fight via unanimous decision. Palelei was expected to face Daniel Omielańczuk on 8 November 2014 at UFC Fight Night 55. However, Omielańczuk was forced to pull out of bout with a broken thumb and was replaced by Walt Harris. He won the fight by TKO in the second round. Palelei faced Antônio Silva on 1 August 2015 at UFC 190.He lost the fight by TKO in the second round. In turn, <mask> announced his retirement from MMA on 19 October


title: James Murdoch

texts:
<mask> (born 13 December 1972) is a British-American businessman, the younger son of media mogul <mask>, and was the chief executive officer (CEO) of 21st Century Fox from 2015 to 2019. He was the chairman and CEO for Europe and Asia of News Corporation until 2013 when it was split into News Corp and 21st Century Fox. He was formerly a director of News Corp and was a member of the office of the chairman. Until April 2012, he was the chairman and CEO of Sky plc, Europe and Asia, where he oversaw assets such as News International (British newspapers; publisher of The News of the World newspaper), Sky Italia (satellite television in Italy), Sky Deutschland, and STAR TV (satellite television in Asia). He was executive chairman of News International from 2007 until February 2012. He previously held a non-executive chair at British Sky Broadcasting, in which News Corp has a controlling minority stake. In April 2012, he was forced to resign as chairman of BSkyB in the wake of the ongoing phone hacking scandal, in which he was implicated.He was reappointed chairman of the company following its merger with its Italian and German sister companies to form Sky plc. He was formerly an executive vice-president of News Corporation (the controlling shareholder of BSkyB) and served on the board of directors of News Datacom and of News Corporation. In May 2012, a highly critical UK Parliamentary report said that <mask> "showed wilful ignorance of the extent of phone-hacking" and found him "guilty of an astonishing lack of curiosity" over the issue. It went on to say that both <mask> and his father, Rupert, "should ultimately be prepared to take responsibility" for wrongdoing at the News of the World and News International. <mask> is a British citizen by birth and a naturalised US citizen. He lost Australian citizenship when his father became a US citizen, but he is eligible to reclaim it. Early life
<mask> was born at Wimbledon Hospital in Wimbledon, London,

masks:
James Rupert Jacob Murdoch
Rupert Murdoch
Murdoch
Murdoch
Murdoch
Murdoch


title: James Murdoch

texts:
 England.He is the fourth child of billionaire media mogul <mask>'s six children, and the third with Scottish-born journalist and author <mask> Mann (née Torv). As a youngster <mask> was regarded as the brightest of the <mask> children, but also considered something of a rebel. He first came to public notice as a 15-year-old intern at the Sydney Daily Mirror but made headlines in the rival The Sydney Morning Herald after he was photographed asleep on a sofa at a press conference. <mask> attended Horace Mann School in New York City and graduated in 1991. He then studied film and history at Harvard University, where he was a member of the Harvard Lampoon. He dropped out of university in 1995 without completing his studies. With university friends Brian Brater and Jarret Myer, he backed the establishment of Rawkus Records, an independent hip hop record label.The company was bought by News Corporation in 1998.

Business career
In 1996, <mask> joined News Corporation and was appointed chairman of Festival Records. He took charge of News Corporation's internet operations, where he invested in a series of ventures, including financial website TheStreet and the short-lived online music site Whammo, with mixed results. He also continued to contribute cartoons to US magazine Gear. He is credited with sparking his father's interest in the internet, and he reportedly tried to persuade his father to buy internet company Pointcast for US$450 million. It was subsequently sold to another company for $7 million. After installing a new management team at Festival, <mask> purchased the controlling 51% share of Mushroom Records in 1999, and the merged group was rebranded as Festival Mushroom Records (FMR). It was at first thought that News Corporation might use FMR as the foundation of a new international entertainment company, but FMR struggled while <mask> was in charge and after his departure its fortunes declined rapidly.FMR was closed in late 2005 and its

masks:
Rupert Murdoch
Anna Murdoch
James
Murdoch
Murdoch
Murdoch
Murdoch
Murdoch


title: James Murdoch

texts: remaining assets were sold: the recording catalogue was sold to the Australian division of Warner Music for A$10 million in October 2005, and the publishing division was sold to Michael Gudinski a month later, for an undisclosed sum. In May 2000, <mask> was appointed chairman and chief executive of News Corporation's ailing Asian satellite service Star Television, which at the time was losing £100 million a year, and he moved to Hong Kong. In February 2003, <mask> became a director of BSkyB. Later that year, he controversially became CEO of BSkyB, in which News Corporation owns a controlling minority stake. His appointment sparked accusations of nepotism, with some commentators and shareholders feeling that the job had not been opened to outsiders and that <mask> was too young and inexperienced to run one of the UK's top companies (upon appointment he was by far the youngest chief executive of a FTSE 100 company). Following the surprise resignation of his brother Lachlan <mask> from his executive positions at News Corporation in July 2005, <mask> was viewed as his father's heir-apparent. In December 2007, <mask> stepped down as CEO from BSkyB and was appointed non-executive chairman of the company (a position formerly held by his father, Rupert).In a related announcement, <mask> also took "direct responsibility for the strategic and operational development of News Corporation's television, newspaper, and related digital assets in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East." This included holdings such as News International, SKY Italia, STAR Group ltd and possibly other News Corporation related assets. He was based at News International's headquarters in Wapping, East London. In February 2009, <mask> was appointed a non-executive director with the British pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline. In August 2009, <mask> delivered the MacTaggart Memorial Lecture at the Edinburgh International Television Festival, in which he attacked the BBC and UK media

masks: Murdoch Murdoch Murdoch Murdoch James Murdoch Murdoch Murdoch Murdoch


title: James Murdoch

texts:
 regulator Ofcom calling the BBC's expansion "chilling" and also said: "In this all-media marketplace, the expansion of state-sponsored journalism is a threat to the plurality and independence of news provision, which are so important for our democracy." The BBC chairman, Sir Michael Lyons officially responded, "We have to be careful not to reduce the whole of broadcasting to some simple economic transactions. The BBC's public purposes stress the importance of the well-tested principles of educating and informing, and an impartial contribution to debate in the UK."In April 2010, <mask> and his associate Rebekah Brooks entered the offices of The Independent to complain about an advertisement campaign by the newspaper. The advertisement read, "<mask> won't decide this election—you will." In April 2014, it was announced that <mask> would join the board of advertising start-up True[X] Media. In June 2015, his father, Rupert, announced that he would be leaving his position as CEO of 21st Century Fox and <mask> would take over the position. In January 2016, <mask> became the chairman of Sky, Britain's subscription broadcaster. In July 2017, <mask> became an independent director on the board of Tesla. In October 2018, <mask> left Sky after Comcast took the majority control of the company.In March 2019, 21st Century Fox was sold to The Walt Disney Company, ending <mask>'s tenure as CEO. In July 2020, <mask> resigned from the board of directors of News Corp. His resignation letter stated that his resignation was "due to disagreements over certain editorial content published by the Company’s news outlets and certain other strategic decisions". In 2022 multiple sources reports Lupa India, the investment company set up by Uday Shankar and <mask>, is in the final stages of picking up a 39 per cent stake in Viacom18. Phone hacking scandal and aftermath

On 7 July 2011, <mask> announced the closure of the British tabloid newspaper the News of the World in the

masks:
Murdoch
Rupert Murdoch
Murdoch
James
Murdoch
Murdoch
Murdoch
Murdoch
Murdoch
James Murdoch
James Murdoch


title: James Murdoch

texts: wake of a phone hacking scandal. On 19 July 2011, along with his father, Rupert, he appeared at a hearing of the Commons Culture, Media and Sport Committee. He appeared once again before the same committee on 10 November 2011. <mask> maintained that until late in 2010 he was unaware that more than one "rogue reporter" from the News of the World tabloid had been involved in phone hacking.This statement was challenged by the formal legal manager and editor for the newspaper, who claimed they had informed <mask> of the "Transcript for Neville" email, a potential "smoking gun" indicating several of the newspaper's journalists may have been involved, during the settlement negotiations with Gorden Taylor in 2008 and alerted him to the potential liability if this document became public. On 22 July 2011, Britain's prime minister, David Cameron, said that <mask> has "questions to answer in Parliament," a day after former top executives of the News of the World accused the News Corporation executive of giving "mistaken" evidence. In November 2011, British newspapers reported that <mask> had resigned as chairman of News Group Newspapers, the holding company above The Sun, News of the World and Times Newspapers Ltd, itself owner of The Times and The Sunday Times. News Group Newspapers is the company subject to a series of lawsuits, all related to the phone hacking scandal. <mask>'s resignation was also said to be related to the 12 October 2011 resignation of another Dow Jones executive, Andrew Langhoff, after a company whistleblower revealed an editorial scam and questionable circulation dealings at The Wall Street Journal Europe. In February 2012, News Corp announced that <mask> would be stepping down as executive chairman of its British newspaper arm. The company said he would remain deputy chief operating officer of News Corp and focus on the company's international TV business, including continued responsibility for BSkyB.He stepped down also from the

masks:
James
James
Murdoch
Murdoch
James Murdoch
Murdoch


title: James Murdoch

texts:
 GlaxoSmithKline board. In April 2012, he stood down as chairman of BSkyB, but remained on the board. He was replaced as chairman by Nicholas Ferguson. In September 2012, <mask> was criticised by the British Office of Communications (Ofcom), which concluded that he "repeatedly fell short of the conduct to be expected of as a chief executive and chairman" and that his lack of action in relation to phone hacking was "difficult to comprehend and ill-judged". Personal life
<mask> married Kathryn Hufschmid in 2000; the couple have three children, Anneka (born 2003), Walter (born 2004), and Emerson (born 2008). Kathryn works for the Clinton Climate Initiative, a charitable foundation set up by the former U.S. President, Bill Clinton in 2006. In 2013, the couple launched Quadrivium Foundation.<mask> also donated money to the Clinton Foundation, the nonprofit organization run by Chelsea, Bill, and Hillary Clinton. <mask> was instrumental in the formation of Sky Procycling and is a keen cyclist himself. He maintains an early morning gym routine and has a black belt in karate. In 2020, <mask> and his wife each donated US$615,000 to the Biden campaign. See also
 News media phone hacking scandal
 News International phone hacking scandal
 Phone hacking scandal reference lists
 Metropolitan police role in phone hacking scandal

References

External links

Published articles at Journalisted

<mask> at Forbes

<mask> at Los Angeles Times

1972 births
Living people
Australian people of Scottish descent
Australian people of Estonian descent
British media executives
British people of Australian descent
The Harvard Lampoon alumni
Harvard University people
Horace Mann School alumni
<mask>
News Corporation people
People associated with the News International phone hacking scandal
British emigrants to the United States
Businesspeople from New York City
Chief operating officers
British people of Estonian descent
American people of Estonian descent
People who lost

masks:
Murdoch
Murdoch
Murdoch
Murdoch
Murdoch
James Murdoch
James Murdoch
James


title: Charles W. Sandford

texts:
Major General <mask><mask> (May 5, 1796 – July 25, 1878) was an American militia and artillery officer, lawyer and businessman. He was a senior officer in the New York State Militia for over thirty years and commanded the First Division in every major civil disturbance in New York City up until the American Civil War, most notably, the New York Draft Riots in 1863. Biography
<mask><mask> was born in Newark, New Jersey to <mask><mask>, a farmer and veteran of the American Revolutionary War, on May 5, 1796. He pursued a career in law, studying under Ogden Hoffman, and enlisted as a private in the New York State Artillery. Assigned to the Third Regiment, he remained with the unit as it became the Eighth Regiment popularly known as the "Washington Grays". Rising up the ranks as a non-commissioned officer, he commanded Company F and was subsequently promoted to lieutenant colonel and to full colonel. In 1834, he was elected brigadier general of the Sixth Brigade Artillery.On May 10, 1839, <mask> was commissioned major general of the First Division and held command for nearly three decades. Although having a fine service record, <mask> kept an informal atmosphere and sometimes lax discipline within his command. Units were also far below regimental quotas. Brigadier generals were late reporting for duty and he himself was very late organizing division formations on occasion. This often resulted in delays such as military parades being three or four hours overdue. These officers were generally not held accountable for their negligence and courts-martial were rarely held. <mask> was fond of military pomp and often organized celebrations and public events involving the militia.Among these included a parade honoring visiting General José Antonio Páez, the former president of Venezuela, in July 1850. His eldest son,

masks:
Charles W
. Sandford
Charles W
. Sandford
William B
. Sandford
Sandford
Sandford
Sandford


title: Charles W. Sandford

texts: 30-year-old <mask>, accompanied Páez back to South America where he died of fever shortly afterwards. The following year, he also had the militia receive Louis Kossuth upon his arrival in the city in October 1851, his formal reception at Castle Garden in December and a third parade at his departure. On several occasions, he and his men escorted American presidents when visiting the city and paraded at the funerals of Henry Clay and <mask>. <mask> had a commendable military record leading the militia in the Flour Riot of 1837, the Astor Place Riot in 1849, the Dead Rabbits and Municipal Police Riots of 1857 and the New York Draft Riot in 1863. General <mask> once said that "<mask> was one of the finest volunteer service generals that he ever knew." He commanded the Seventh Regiment and militia forces on behalf of <mask> and eventually confronted Mayor <mask>, his forces surrounding City Hall Park, and took him into custody.That same year, he was asked by NYPD Police Commissioner Simeon Draper for his assistance during the Dead Rabbits Riot. He sent the Eight and Seventy-First Regiments, both at half strength but supported by two 75-man police detachments, which marched down White and Worth Streets and confronted the gang members driving them back to the Five Points. This action ended the rioting, but police and soldiers continued to patrol the district that night and all the next day. His command seriously weakened due to manpower shortages during the American Civil War, <mask> served on active duty with the Union Army from April 19 to July 25, 1861. In May 1861, he was ordered by Brigadier General Joseph K. Mansfield to oversee the capture of Alexandria, Virginia as the vast majority the Union troops were from New York. He also served under Major General Robert Patterson for three months and took part in the

masks:
Charles Sandford
Daniel Webster
Sandford
Winfield Scott
Sandford
Sheriff Westervelt
Fernando Wood
Sandford


title: Charles W. Sandford

texts: Battle of Hoke's Run. Returning to New York, he was present during the New York Draft Riots in 1863 and managed to organize a small force of scattered militia regiments, military troops and home guards from his headquarters at the State Arsenal at Seventh Avenue and Thirty-Fifth Street.He was one of the senior officers who directed police and military during the riots. When receiving reports of the battle between police and rioters at the Union Steam Works, with hundreds of rioters now armed with muskets, swords and pistols, he sent Colonel H.J. O'Brien and 150 men to help police. Lieutenant Eagleson, in command of two 6-pound cannons and 25 artillerymen, accompanied O'Brien to the battle. After the war, <mask> was relieved of his command by Governor Reuben Fenton who appointed Alexander Shaler to succeed him and officially took command on January 23, 1867. <mask>, who had been involved in the theater as early as 1847, ran the Lafayette Theatre on Sullivan Street. His success encouraged him to open a second theater in The Bowery, The Mount Pitt Theatre and Circus, but both buildings burned down within the same week ending his career in the theater.He also built a number of buildings on Canal Street although he lost these to fire as well. <mask> would often experience success and disaster in his business dealings, acquiring and then losing small fortunes two or three times, however he was able to provide his family with a comfortable competency his later years. He and his wife often entertained at their West Twenty-Second Street residence whose social functions were often attended by prominent citizens of the city. For over fifty years, he was a leading member in the old St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Broadway. He was also an accomplished lawyer and the one-time partner of John Bristed, son of author <mask>

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Sandford
Sandford
Sandford
Charles Astor