title: Haroon Bhorat

texts:
 Growth, Poverty and Inequality Research. He also served as a Social Sciences jury member for the Infosys Prize 2020. Academic contributions
<mask>'s work has three key discernable strands:  Firstly there is a long-standing focus on the empirics of household poverty and inequality dynamics in South Africa. Secondly,  a consistent and expansive research programme for a period close on 25 years - on developing country labour markets. Thirdly, and possibly much more recently – has been a relatively new avenue of research on trying to undertake applied work in the area of economic complexity.In each of the strands, his modus operandi, is the application of econometric techniques to large survey datasets. Serving in a variety of public roles ranging from high-level advisory work for government departments and multi-lateral institutions, to giving public lectures and seminar presentations at the world's leading universities (including for example Columbia University, Cornell University, Yale University and University of Oxford), Bhorat's ability to seamlessly switch between conducting hard empirical analysis and providing evidence-based policy advice that is accessible to a broader audience, has had a direct impact on the discipline. His research feeds into policy decisions and pronouncements at the highest level, including Cabinet memoranda, State of the Nation Address (South Africa) and legislative promulgation. His work has been hugely influential in policy making in respect of poverty, inequality and labour market issues in South Africa. <mask> and the DPRU have become the international focal point for African work on understanding the impact of minimum wages in the region. Hence the South African National Minimum Wage Commission have requested Prof <mask> and his team undertake the impact analysis of the National Minimum Wage (NMW) (2020-2021). This work uses innovative econometric techniques, combining a Difference in differences with a Regression discontinuity design.In addition, minimum wage analysis is being done for Mauritius, the Comoros, and

masks: Bhorat Bhorat Bhorat


title: Haroon Bhorat

type: original

texts: other African countries. He is widely considered to be one of the leading experts in the world on understanding minimum wages and their impact in the developing country context. This research has elicited a significant debate and discussion within the academic and policy community and the ongoing body of work is viewed as a novel intellectual contribution to the South African, and arguably developing country, literature. This work on minimum wages has also been extended via the development of a Multiple Index of Violation (MVI). The MVI is a novel index used to measure the extent and depth of minimum wage violation, and includes non-wage measures of violation. The MVI involves applying the Alkire-Foster method of measuring multi-dimensional poverty and also using principal components to robustness check the measure (see British Journal of Industrial Relations article). <mask> and his colleagues thus remain leaders in the field in terms of modelling the determinants of violation of labour laws by firms, providing innovative econometric solutions to the problems of endogeneity inherent in this type of work.The MVI has now been applied globally in 24 countries around the world. His early work on poverty and inequality dynamics, much of it in collaboration with Professor Murray Leibbrandt, served as the first empirical work on post-apartheid survey datasets examining poverty and inequality dynamics in South Africa. It is fair to say that this body of work - which garnered the Alan Pifer book Award  and spawned a series of journal articles -  has served as the intellectual seedbed for all the future empirical work by economists, on poverty and inequality issues in South Africa. Some of his earliest research involved a series of studies conducted with Murray Leibbrandt and Prof Ingrid Woolard, that used covariates such as race, gender, education and location as a good predictor of vulnerability in the South African labour market. Bhorat has also conducted research on Sub-Saharan Africa economies' labour markets, where he finds a largely unenforced minimum


title: Haroon Bhorat

texts: wage laws riddled with complexity and vagueness. Furthermore, the study finds that the minimum wage levels within Sub-Saharan Africa seem to be set at various levels relative to median wages, with largely negative impacts on employment levels within African countries. His rich vein of research on labour markets in South Africa rank him possibly as the best known economist working on South African labour market issues.His work has ranged from estimated the gender pay gap in South Africa, to a more careful econometric assessment of the contribution of union membership to wages across the distribution. Most notably though, he was at the forefront of the debates in the early 2000s around labour regulation in South Africa, using his multiple publications to build an empirical argument for estimating the level of labour regulation in South Africa. More recently, and in keeping with <mask>'s attempt to remain at the forefront of trying to analyse changing labour market dynamics in South Africa, he has sought to understand the phenomenon of wage polarisation in South Africa. Using a combination of unique data-sets as well as fairly novel econometric techniques, this work feeds into the global labour market literature on how the task content of occupations are fundamentally changing the nature of work as well as the returns to employment. <mask> was also a key player in the first example of inter-disciplinary academic analysis focused on the emerging Shadow State and institutionalised corruption in South Africa, purposefully targeted at a non-academic audience. “Betrayal of the Promise: How South Africa is Being Stolen” was produced by a number of academics, under the banner of the State Capacity Research Group. This report on state capture in South Africa, was made publicly available in mid-2017, aiming to contribute to an analytically clear, and academically rigorous, treatment of institutionalised corruption in South Africa – and contributing to the public debate about ‘State capture’.Prof. <mask> and a select group of DPRU researchers then started work on


title: Mike LeDonne

texts:
<mask> (born October 26, 1956) is a jazz pianist and organist known for post-bop and hard bop. He has worked with Benny Golson since 1996 and performs under his own name all over the world. Early life
<mask> was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, on October 26, 1956. His parents ran a music store. His father was a jazz guitarist, and LeDonne started performing locally around the age of ten. He also had lessons with John Mehegan for four years. After graduating from the New England Conservatory of Music where he studied with Jaki Byard in 1978, he moved to New York City and joined the Widespread Depression Jazz Orchestra.Later life and career
<mask> left the Widespread Depression Jazz Orchestra in 1981 and toured the UK with Panama Francis and the Savoy Sultans Back in New York, LeDonne became the house pianist at Jimmy Ryan's, where he played with some big names in jazz during 1981–83. He was also part of Benny Goodman's Sextet in 1982–83. LeDonne joined Milt Jackson's quartet around 1987; he also composed for and recorded with the band and eventually became musical director. He stayed with Milt Jackson until Jackson's death in 1999. His first recording as a leader was in 1988. It was released by Criss Cross, and LeDonne went on to record several more albums for them in the 1990s. "As a sideman he played in the Art Farmer–Clifford Jordan Quintet and toured Paris with Grady Tate (both 1988), performed with Charles McPherson (1992), James Moody (1992), Sonny Rollins (1995), and Benny Golson (late 1990s to present), and served as an accompanist to Ernestine Anderson, Annie Ross

masks:
Michael Arthur LeDonne
LeDonne
LeDonne


title: Mike LeDonne

texts:
 and Mary Stallings."In 1998 <mask> began recording for Double-Time Records. In 2000 <mask> started his organ band called "The Groover Quartet" as the result of a weekly Tuesday night gig at Smoke Jazz Club in NYC. This brought his organ playing to prominence and the band went on to record many CD's for the Savant label as well as tour the world. He continues to split his time between the organ and the piano recording several #1 recordings as well as winning the Downbeat Rising Star Poll and being nominated for Best Keyboards by the Jazz Journalist Association in 2012. As a sideman he played organ  with Lou Donaldson, George Coleman and David "Fathead" Newman. In 2014 LeDonne revived the annual disability pride march in New York City. Playing style
Grove wrote: "A level of understatement in LeDonne's style reflects the playing of Hank Jones and Tommy Flanagan.Predominantly a bop pianist, he introduces a strong left hand into his work and reveals an understanding of swing piano playing". Major influences also include  Wynton Kelly, Cedar Walton and McCoy Tyner. His Hammond Organ playing shows influences ranging from Jimmy Smith, Don Patterson and Charles Earland to Melvin Rhyne and Larry Young. Discography

As leader/co-leader

As sideman
With Eric Alexander
Gentle Ballads (2004) Venus
The Battle (Live at Smoke) [with Vincent Herring] (2005) HighNote
Gentle Ballads II (2006) Venus
Gentle Ballads III (2007) Venus
Lazy Afternoon: Gentle Ballads IV (2008) Venus
Revival of the Fittest (2009) HighNote
Friendly Fire (Live at Smoke) [with Vincent Herring] (2011) HighNote
Live

masks: LeDonne LeDonne


title: Mike LeDonne

texts:
 Encounter [New York All-Stars] (2018) Ubuntu Music

With <mask>
Keep Steppin'  (2001) Criss Cross

With Chris Flory
For All We Know (1988) Concord
Word on the Street (1996) Double-Time
For You (2007) Arbors

With Benny Golson
Remembering Clifford (1998) Milestone
Brown Immortal (1997 [rel. 2000]) Keystone/Video Arts [Japan]
Terminal 1 (2004) Concord
New Time, New 'Tet (2009) Concord
Horizon Ahead (2016) HighNote

With Wycliffe Gordon
Boss Bones (2007) Criss Cross
Cone and T-Staff (2009) Criss Cross

With Scott Hamilton
Organic Duke (1994) Concord

With Michael Hashim
A Blue Streak (1991) Stash
Guys and Dolls (1992) Stash
Multi Coloured Blue [a tribute to Billy Strayhorn] (1998) Hep

With Milt Jackson
Sa Va Bella (For Lady Legends) (1997) Qwest/WB

With Clifford Jordan
The Mellow Side of Clifford Jordan (1989–1991 [rel. 1997]) Mapleshade

With Hendrik Meurkens
Cobb's Pocket [with Peter Bernstein, Jimmy Cobb] (2019) In+Out

With Alvin Queen
I Ain't Lookin' at You (2005) Enja
Mighty Long Way (2008) Enja

With Duke Robillard
Swing (1986 [rel. 1988]) Rounder

With Scott Robinson
Jazz Ambassador: Scott Robinson Plays the Compositions of Louis Armstrong (2004) Arbors
Forever Lasting: Scott Robinson Plays the Compositions of Thad Jones (2007) Arbors

With Jim Rotondi
Blues for Brother Ray [a tribute to Ray Charles] (2009) Posi-Tone

With Tad Shull
Deep Passion (1990) Criss Cross
In the Land of the Tenor (1991) Criss Cross

With Greg Skaff
Blues For Mr. T (2003) Khaeon [note: reissued in 2004 as Ellington Boulevard on Zoho]

With Gary Smulyan
Saxophone Mosaic (1993) Criss Cross
Gary


title: Mike LeDonne

texts:
 Smulyan With Strings (1996) Criss Cross
The Real Deal (2002) Reservoir
More Treasures (2006) Reservoir
Smul's Paradise (2011) Capri

With Jim Snidero
Standards Plus (1997) Double-Time
 Tippin' (2007) Savant

With Benny Waters
Birdland Birthday: Live at 95 (1997) Enja

With Cory Weeds
Big Weeds (2008) Cellar Live
Up a Step: The Music of Hank Mobley (2012) Cellar Live
Condition Blue: The Music of Jackie McLean (2014) Cellar Live
Let's Groove: The Music of Earth Wind & Fire (2017) Cellar Live
O Sole Mio!Music From the Motherland (2019 [rel. 2021]) Cellar Live

With Laura Welland
Dissertations on the State of Bliss (2004) OA2/Origin

With Saori Yano
Sakura Stamp (2005) Columbia

References

External links
Smokejazz.com bio
<mask>'s home page
In Conversation with <mask>ne by Tomas Peña (Jazz.com)

1956 births
Living people
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
Musicians from Bridgeport, Connecticut
20th-century American pianists
Jazz musicians from Connecticut
21st-century American pianists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Widespread Depression Jazz Orchestra members
Double-Time Records artists
Criss Cross Jazz

masks:
Mike LeDne
Mike LeDon


title: Ulyana Nesheva

texts:
<mask>na <mask> (born on 26 November 1983; Ukrainian: Уляна Нєшева) is a Ukrainian contemporary painter and tattoo artist, born in Kerch, Crimea, Ukrainian SSR. Following her education at the Academy of Design and Arts KSADA in Kharkiv, <mask> moved to Kyiv, where she experienced a rampant growth as a painter. In the subsequent years since her premiere in 2010, <mask> hosted 6 solo exhibitions and created over 50 paintings. Her paintings are displayed to this day in private galleries of Ukraine, in the Institute of Contemporary Art, Miami as well as in private collections. In 2014, despite of being one of the most prominent Ukrainian painters of her time, <mask> started a career of a tattoo artist. In 2017, she opened her tattoo studio "Nesheva Art Room" in Kyiv. <mask> is consistently cited as one of the best and sought-after minimalist tattoo artist of Ukraine, known for her long branches tattoos and floral style.<mask>'s clientele includes some of the most famous Ukrainian artists, such as Nadya Dorofeeva, Evgeny Filatov, Nata Zhizhchenko and Irina Gorovaya. Within the last years, <mask> has broadened her artistic reach, expanding her work in the areas of fashion and graphic design. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 26 November 1983, in Kerch. Her grandmother, Angelina Volozhnina, instilled a love for art in her young granddaughter by taking her to art museums in Dresden, where Nesheva got inspired by Raphael masterpiece the Sistine Madonna. In 1990, she enrolled in the Roman Serdiuk's School of Fine arts. Nesheva showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age. Her teachers, including artist Victor Zaporozhec, noticed her artistic abilities, and mother encouraged her talent and any creative endeavors.In May 1998, at the age of fifteen, <mask> graduated as an external student from Zhelyabov High school in Kerch. In 1999,

masks:
Ulyana Akhsarbekov
Nesheva
Nesheva
Nesheva
Nesheva
Nesheva
Nesheva
Nesheva
Ulyana
Nesheva
Nesheva


title: Ulyana Nesheva

texts:
 <mask> started taking private classes from Ukrainian academic artist Tatyana Dydnik. In 2000, <mask> moved to Kharkov, where she enrolled to Academy of Design and Arts KSADA. At age 16, <mask> set off for the first time on her own; as she stated: "First thing I did was buying a canvas and a couple of oil paints tubes, and that was the moment when I've found my direction as an artist. Since then, I only work with oil painting, as acrylic paint same as gouache, doesn't have an inner strength in it for me." At the same time, she became interested in film photography and graphic arts; she continued mastering her skills as an artist by extensively producing many illustrations, lithographs and conceptual photography series. Career

Painting
<mask> began her artist career in the early 20s, exploring a variety of painting techniques and creating graphic arts primarily for local publications.Eventually, she developed a style that combined absolute isolation, "conservation" of meanings, crazy play of color pallette, photographic accuracy, which still does not cross the line of photorealism and the ability to let the viewer in. Her breakthrough as an artist, <mask> did in June 2010, when she won the first place in Kyiv Art Week; the same year she displayed her work at Berlin Art Week. In the subsequent years since her debut, <mask> has taken an increasingly experimental approach in her stylistic shifts. Within the six years period, from 2010 to 2016, <mask> had six personal exhibitions and created over 50 paintings. Her approach to artwork is consistently rich, nuanced and thought-provoking. To this day, <mask>'s artwork can be found at Institute of Contemporary Art, Miami and mostly in the private collections. In March 2015, <mask> created illustrations for the book of poetry "Island Being" by Artash Adriasov.Despite of being a versatile artist,

masks: Nesheva Nesheva Nesheva Nesheva Nesheva Nesheva Nesheva Nesheva Nesheva


title: Ulyana Nesheva

texts:
 <mask> recalls painting as her favorite form of art: "The painting is like a mirror. You will never see in the reflection of what you do not have inside. Tattoos die with people, but paintings will live forever." Tattoo art
In 2014, despite her success as a painter, <mask> decided to try herself in the other shape of art, as she stated: "Once I felt the need for a new way of self-realization, and I decided to dive into Tattoo art. As a result, intriguing acquaintance grew into love of life. For me, tattooing is primarily art, and when art is transformed into an integral part of the personality, it causes delight." She got her first tattoo of a cat on the shoulder at 16, in the unknown studio in Kerch.However, <mask>'s interest in Tattoo art raised to the new level, when her friend, Andrei Bezpamyatny, who is a realism tattoo artist, showed her how to use the machine. It took her two days to learn and she mastered her skills by making her first tattoo on herself, of two-headed girl in a dress, which represents a close connection with her sister. Many celebrities have tattoos done by <mask>: Nadya Dorofeeva, Evgeny Filatov, Nata Zhizhchenko. She is known for her own unique minimalist style with the finest lines and a laconic plot, as she said: "I started working in minimalism intuitively, just smoothly moved from graphics to what is close to me. Minimalism is the purity of lines, laconicism, restraint and elegance. The peculiarity of such tattoos is that they become a harmonious addition to the graceful lines of the body with its skin color, all these moles and bones." For a long time, a sprig of lavender became a brand mark of her tattoo style.As <mask> stated: "My popularity came with a tattoo of the long branch for one of my clients. At that time, such sketches were not considered by anyone as a tattoo at all. But that was the moment,

masks: Nesheva Nesheva Nesheva Nesheva Nesheva


title: Ulyana Nesheva

texts:
 which precisely defined my style. Now you can find a lot of similar tattoos and every time I see them, I feel proud to be the first." Being renowned as one of the pioneers in floral and minimalist style, <mask> is considered to be one of the best tattoo artists of Ukraine. On 4 February 2017, <mask> opened her own tattoo studio "Nesheva Art Room" in Kyiv. In November 2019, she became a member of the National Tattoo Association of Ukraine and a judge in the first online tattoo festival in Ukraine.In November 2020, <mask> <mask> opened a new tattoo studio "6:19", pursuing the concept of minimalism as a reflection of her style and artistic vision. Architectural Balbek Bureau worked on the design of the project. Fashion
Nesheva built a repertoire in the fashion business as well. In 2012, <mask> made clear her interest to work in the clothing design industry, as she stated: "It was always difficult for me to find simple clothes that would not distract from my face. Therefore, I've decided to create my own brand: things so simple that they could be called clothing sketches, but I was solo involved in design and visual part." She launched the clothing line "NESHEVA Sketch Clothing" with her friend, Valeriya, however, the partnership ended six months later, but <mask>'s involvement in the fashion world was not over. In 2015, <mask> collaborated with Ukrainian label TTSWTRS, as the baseline for each new collection of brand was works of acclaimed tattoo artists from all over the world.She created sensual minimalist drawings to combine with the clothes organically, as brand preserves clothing as a second skin and tattoos as the only true way to decorate it, which demonstrates self-expression and freedom in the collections. In 2017, Nike had released a white collection which consisted of brand's main hits – from the dream of all Nike Air Max 90

masks: Nesheva Nesheva Ulyana Nesheva Nesheva Nesheva Nesheva


title: Ulyana Nesheva

texts:
 mods to those designed specifically for Nike Cortez athletes, where <mask> was a model to represent Air Force 1. In 2018, <mask> was invited to take a part in the collaboration project of Puma and Buro 24/7. On 14 July 2019, <mask> collaborated with the Ukrainian jewelry brand Côte & Jeunot and launched the capsule collection of accent pendants and earrings. Her illustrations were transformed into gold and silver pieces with a commitment to exceptional craftsmanship. Artistry
<mask>'s transition from being an unknown painter to becoming a prosperous artist took place in a short space of time. In 2008, she moved to Kyiv and started working on her first big art piece.In June 2010, <mask> participated in Kyiv Art Week, an international art week of contemporary art fair, where she was noticed by various critics and curators. Her breakthrough as an artist, <mask> made in 2010, when her painting "Blue Blood" took the first place and traveled to Berlin Art Week. In particular Leonora Yanko, a Ukrainian gallerist, was impressed by her work and invited <mask> to have her first solo exhibition, that opened in May 2011 at Hudgraf Art Gallery, Kyiv. In 2011, <mask> presented her work in Petersburg Art Week, Russia. In June 2011, she made a Studio space in her Kyiv apartment, where she commenced a series of paintings for her upcoming personal exhibition. The first retrospective to be held of her work was the "NoConcept" exhibition at Mystetskyi Prostir 365 Gallery, Kyiv, in 2011. On 7 December 11, two paintings "Chichkan's Skull" and "Eyes" from "NoConcept" collection were sold on the auction for the private collections of Vasily Bondarchuk and Alena Vinnitskaya where Vladimir Dantes was the auctionist.Traditionally, the interpretation of <mask>'s works at the visual level comes from the subdued emotional tone of what they represent compared to what


title: Ulyana Nesheva

texts: is actually depicted. For example, as stated by Art Ukraine, "In Contemporary art, which is so closely relying on text and ideas, the lack of concept is perceived as concept. That is why the title of <mask>'s project, "NoConcept", may seem as just another non-conformist game, "rebellious art". But at this show, unlike with most Contemporary art, you won't find anything that speaks of protest, or urges one to do something. Most of the works, presented at the show, are portraits. That is – representations of people's faces, something that in art-history is usually (and sometimes mistakenly) named "portrait". But these are not portraits of real people and not even collective images.Done in photorealist way but still not completely following the conventions of the technique, her characters do not lack realness. These ‘molds’ of reality seem very much like hand of prehistorical men in caves – they exist no matter who and why there were made." In 2012, <mask> took part in Festival of Contemporary arts "Art Olimp", Kyiv, and in the "First Odessa International Festival of the Arts", Odessa. On 14 March 2012, <mask>'s painting "Blue Dog" was presented as a lot at the charity fundraising event "Share the warmth of the soul with a four-legged friend" to raise money for the charitable foundation "Sirius", the animal shelter. On 22 November 2012, <mask> had her second exhibition "DRAMA" at Mystetskyi Prostir 365 Gallery, Kyiv. <mask> said about her work: "Souls lost in love, in prostration. Weightlessness.Passion. Grace. With / without faces, without masks, without borders ... “DRAMA” is a series of paintings depicting semi-naked female bodies. But this is by no means blatant vulgarity and not even eroticism – it's just a woman. Alive woman, packed in silence. Each of these bodies cary an emotion that seeks attention and comfort, which is not able to


title: Ulyana Nesheva

texts: break free. These paintings are silent, but silent loudly."In December 2012, <mask>'s paintings "Woman" and "No Thoughts" were published in the "City" magazine. In 2013, <mask> participated in Modern Art Festival, Kyiv. In 2013, <mask> had "Retrospective" exhibition at Mainstream Girls Gallery, Kyiv. This exhibition lionized the artist, brought into full public view the scope of her old and unseen artistry, and became a turning point, which marked the beginning of a new period of the author's work. On 29 November 2013, <mask> was one of the painters presented in the "Hype" exhibition at Kosoy Kaponir Fortress, Kyiv.In April 2014, Greter Art Centre, Kyiv, organized the exhibition "Phoenix. Rebirth". <mask> was one of the four artists presented: Maria Krivopishina, Petra Rubar, a world-renowned sculptor Dmitry Yves, whose works are in the private collection of Patricia Cass and Monica Bellucci.This exhibition is relevant for socio-cultural development and society in general, as it brings up the subject of contrast of the external and internal state of the soul, entering a new level of perception. While "Phoenix. Rebirth" exhibition bears the theme of rebirth, restoration, artists' work illustrates the ambiguous idea of death for the sake of life. The essence of the exhibition is to show the transition from the past to the present and such an ephemeral future. In June 2014, Greter Art Centre hosted another extensive exhibit  "Illusion...Reality?" <mask> was among two other represented artists: Liliya Isyk and Petra Rybar. <mask> designates her series of paintings as a "dramatic story, which is full of subtle emotion and photographic accuracy of the image."As stated by Darina Fialko for "Ukurier" magazine: "Among the exhibited work of <mask>, one can fall in love with black and white paintings, which, as stated in the press release, are

masks: Nesheva Nesheva Nesheva Nesheva Nesheva Nesheva Nesheva Nesheva


title: Ulyana Nesheva

texts:
 "silent out loud". Every brush stroke gives you chills, as if canvases speak to the viewer differently: loudly and in whispers, strictly and sensually." In 2016, Ukrainian art dealer, Anna Turayeva, offered <mask> to exhibit series of her works at the "Art Basel", the premier art show of the Americas offering a premier platform for renowned artists. Five of <mask>'s paintings: "Pigeon Lady", "A Girl in A Musk", "Black Flame", "Birch", "Skull" and "Eyes" are displayed in Institute of Contemporary Art, Miami, to this day. In December 2016, <mask> presented her paintings at the art exhibition within the Fashion Air Days at the Contemporary Art Center M17, Kyiv. List of artworks
<mask> is a versatile artist, she produced over 50 paintings in her career in addition to creating illustrations for books, a great number of drawings, graphics and various projects. This is a partial list of important artworks produced by <mask> from 2011 to 2013.2011: Blue Blood
2011: Branches
2011: 3
2011: Chinese woman
2011: Eyes
2011: Fish-parrot
2011: Girl
2011: Light
2011: Morning
2011: Blue Dog
2011: Blue Red
2011: Palette
2011: Self-portrait
2011: Self-portrait. Red
2011: Self-portrait. Yellow
2011: Mask
2011: Toy horse
2011: Water
2011: Wind
2011: Mulatto
2012: Naked
2012: Birch
2012: A Girl in a Mask
2012: Peas
2012: Dogs
2012: Woman
2012: Silence
2013: Outskirts of Sleep
2013: Emptiness
2013: Target
2013: Red Line
2013: Flying Hands
2013: Aroma of Silence
2013: Beauty of Ageing
2013: Swift
2013: Pigeon Lady
2013: Split
2013: Flying Hands
2013: Field Flower
2013: Ficus
2013: Reflection
2013: Skull
2013: Black Flame

References

External links
 Official website

1983 births
Living people
People from the Crimean Oblast
21st-century Ukrainian painters
Ukrainian women painters
Ukrainian contemporary artists
Contemporary painters
Postmodern artists
Tattoo


title: Lilly Martin Spencer

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; November 26, 1822 – May 22, 1902) was one of the most popular and widely reproduced American female genre painters in the mid-nineteenth century. She primarily painted domestic scenes, paintings of women and children in a warm happy atmosphere, although over the course of her career she would also come to paint works of varying style and subject matter, including the portraits of famous individuals such as suffragist Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Although she did have an audience for her work, <mask> had difficulties earning a living as a professional painter and faced financial trouble for much of her adult life. Biography

Early life

<mask> was born in Exeter, England, to French-born parents <mask> and <mask>. In 1830, when <mask> was eight, her family immigrated to New York where they remained for three years before ultimately moving to Marietta, Ohio. There <mask> was home-schooled by her highly educated parents and began what would be her long career as an artist. Her first artistic endeavors were “likenesses of the entire household, in lifelike, characteristic postures, so truthful as to be recognized at once by everyone who knew them."These likenesses were drawn on the walls of the family home. Rather than being scolded, <mask> was encouraged in her love of art by her parents, whose reformist tendencies—her mother was a follower of the Utopian advocate Charles Fourier—included a belief in more opportunity for women. She continued to draw and her work was so impressive that "ladies and gentlemen began to call frequently at the farm, to judge for themselves

masks:
Lilly Martin Spencer
Angelique Marie Martin
Spencer
Lilly Martin Spencer
Gilles Marie Martin
Angelique Perrine LePetit Martin
Lilly
Lilly
Lilly


title: Lilly Martin Spencer

texts:
 of these vaunted pictures. Their admiring comments stimulated her ambition and added to her industry; but the difficulty of procuring proper materials and the want of a competent teacher retarded her progress." Yet she drew the attention of local artists and was mentored and helped, especially in coloring her charcoal drawings. One such mentor was Sala Bosworth, a portrait and landscape artist who trained at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. The second was Charles Sullivan (1794–1867) who had also studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts; his influence is very apparent in the early work of <mask>.<mask>'s first exhibition in August 1841 was held at a church rectory, where she drew the attention of Nicholas Longworth, a benefactor of many artists. Of <mask>, Longworth said
“…a new genius has sprung up at Marietta or rather within five miles of it, at a farm house in the shape of a French girl of 17 or 18 years of age. She already has painted a great number of pictures. She is entirely self taught, excels in attitudes and designs." Though <mask> had originally traveled with her father to Cincinnati with the hopes of Longworth offering to sponsor an exhibition for <mask>, Longworth offered to help <mask> financially and discouraged her from further shows until she had more training. Longworth first made an offer to <mask> to send her to Boston for training, along with five hundred dollars. This advice she ignored; instead, she along with her father traveled to Cincinnati for an exhibition in the autumn of 1841.Cincinnati was ”swarming with artists" and <mask> would

masks:
Lilly Martin
Martin
Lilly Martin
Spencer
Spencer
Lilly
Spencer
Lilly


title: Lilly Martin Spencer

texts:
 spend the next seven years studying there. This would be the most highly productive period in her career, and is marked by her move from Cincinnati to New York, and ends with her move to New Jersey. <mask> turned down Longworth's offer to send her to Europe to study; instead she received help and instruction from portrait artist James Beard and other local artists. While in Cincinnati, <mask> studied under portrait painter John Insco William. However the exact extent of her training is unknown. She produced her most well-known and popular works during the decade between 1848 and 1858. <mask> was rare in the art world.Most women used art as genteel accomplishment and not as a career. <mask>, however, provides an example of a woman who pursued art as a career. Married life

During her third year in Cincinnati she married Benjamin Rush <mask> on August 24, 1844. <mask> was an Englishman who worked in the tailoring business; however once they were married he no longer pursued an independent career, instead dedicating himself to helping his wife both in household chores as well as with her artistic work. This made Mrs. <mask> the main breadwinner for the family. Although the <mask>s did not run a traditional home, from all accounts they had a "singularly happy one". The <mask>s had thirteen children, seven of whom grew to maturity.Although many feared that matrimony would end her career as an artist, it did not; she would become the most popular and widely reproduced female genre painter of the mid-19th century. The <mask>s experienced chronic financial difficulties. In pursuit of

masks:
Lilly
Spencer
Lilly
Lilly
Spencer
Benjamin Spencer
Spencer
Spencer
Spencer
Spencer


title: Lilly Martin Spencer

texts: greater opportunity they moved to New York City in 1848. There she was already known through exhibitions at the National Academy of Design and the American Art-Union. By the time the <mask>s arrived in New York "art patronage was firmly in the hands of the middle class which was eager to ‘purchase’ culture, and quick to assert their preference for scenes which they could identify." <mask> <mask> easily filled this gap with domestic scenes, often using her own family and pets as models. In 1849 she produced her first major successful painting, Life's Happy Hour.Scholars have noted that due to the demand of the time <mask> was "able to combine her two roles, as artist and mother with a certain degree of success." Her works were all positive and devoid of tragedy, depicting endearing scenes of domesticity; academics have commented that in this period "her paintings exude an enthusiasm and happiness reminiscent of seventeenth-century Dutch art…(and are) enhanced by a disarming gaze directly toward the viewer or his inclusion in a coy flirtation, tease, or practical joke." Despite her positive reputation there was a disparity between <mask>’s apparent popularity and her financial success. Most of her sales were a result of art unions, and their downfall, as a result of low membership subscriptions, was a blow to her sales. She also sold possibly a million lithographs of her paintings, but of these she only received profit from the sales of the rights to the painting. She also illustrated books and magazines, such as Godey's Lady's Book and Women of the American Revolution. Again,

masks:
Spencer
Lilly Martin
Spencer
Spencer
Spencer


title: Lilly Martin Spencer

texts: due to the difficulty in making ends meet the <mask>s moved to Newark, New Jersey in 1858.There they raised chickens and planted vegetables in order to stave off actual starvation. <mask> continued to make portraits and commissions whenever possible, and still supported her family through her art, but money remained a problem. During the late 1850s, in an attempt to expand the range of her options in domestic scenes she added sexuality to the women in her domestic spaces. This new sexuality could be due to an influx of European images, which showed women as sexual beings. This was demonstrated in more suggestive figures and elaborate hairstyles and dress. Throughout the 1860s the Civil War changed the outlook of many artists, including <mask>. Her paintings become more thoughtful and included more patriotic themes and titles.She produced famous and  perceptive works of art such as War Spirit at Home in 1866 and We Both Must Fade in 1869, which depicts a young female looking in a mirror. The title offers a view of woman in society, which applied at least during the mid-19th century, commenting on concepts of the importance of beauty of women and their role in society. It was during this time that she painted what she considered her masterpiece, Truth Unveiling Falsehood. The piece is divided in half; on one side a monstrous woman with a sheep's head is about to devour a helpless babe in its grasp, and at its feet a figure with a grossly deformed hand pays homage. On the other side a beautiful woman nurses a child. The image is divided by Truth, an angelic blond figure who lifts

masks: Spencer Spencer Spencer


title: Lilly Martin Spencer

texts:
 a cloak (Falsehood) off the monster exposing the woman-as-beast, referred to as Selfishness. The piece was not commissioned, and <mask> refused to sell it even when offered $20,000.The work, whose meaning remains ambiguous today, is her only such piece with an allegorical message. Later life
The family moved again in the winter of 1879–80 to rural Highland, New York. Her paintings reflect this change with increased detail in landscape and farm life scenes. During the 1880s <mask> attempted to reintroduce her work to the public but found that the market had drastically altered since the Civil War. No longer was it driven by middle class mentality; instead the wealthy were steered by art dealers pushing "serious" European work. <mask>’s art dealer said, "You have not lost your old skill but in some particulars have improved on the old time things. You are broader and simpler in execution and finer in color I think," however clients were buying "the great Foreign names."Yet she continued to try and sell work only to find "her particular kind of work had outlived popular favor." Her husband of forty-six years, Benjamin, died in February 1890, leaving <mask> a widow. She sold the farm and moved again, to a farm 10 miles away, while maintaining a studio downtown. <mask> continued to work but her financial situation remained insecure, and sometimes she was forced to pay for services with art. <mask> <mask> worked until the day of her death on May 22, 1902. She had a career that spanned more than 60 years, and painted portraits of influential people of the time, such as First Lady

masks:
Spencer
Spencer
Lilly
Lilly
Spencer
Lilly Martin
Spencer


title: Lilly Martin Spencer

texts:
 Caroline Harrison and the suffragist Elizabeth Cady Stanton. She persevered despite financial turmoil and facing challenges that all artists must address, as well specific difficulties for a female working in a male-dominated world.Artistic style

<mask>'s paintings are generally oil on canvas, ranging in sizes from as large as 72"x50" to as small as 16"x11". Her themes were drawn from close to home often depicting idealized children, Madonna-like mothers, happy housewives, and loveable, inept husbands. Her work has been considered “both ideological (encouraging accommodation to norms associated with the rising middle class) and utopian (resistant to class or gender domination). She was often influenced by etiquette books, which resulted in attention to details in the settings such as bowls of fruits and neatly designed flower arrangements. Etiquette also affected the activities of the picture's subjects—women were engaged in womanly activities and everyone played their heteronormative roles. Painted in a palette of bright, crisp colors, her canvases are refined in execution and smoothly finished, although in later years her brushstrokes became drier and looser. Her works were usually given short, catchy titles, undescriptive, but rather exclamations on the subject of the painting.One main critique of her work is the variation in the size of the heads of her figures. Her reviewers often comment that the head is larger and disproportionate to the body size of the figures. Such pieces as Shake Hands? (1854), an oil on canvas with arched top, which now resides at the Ohio


title: Lilly Martin Spencer

texts:
 Historical Society, epitomizes <mask>’s unique style. The piece shows a buxom woman making dough in a homey kitchen adorned with domestic accommodations, such as a bowl of apples, and a chicken. Her skirt is tied back, presumably to keep it clean. Pausing from her activity, and smiling broadly, the doughy-handed woman reaches out to greet a visitor, seemingly the viewer.The title demonstrates <mask>'s standard wit: shaking hands is the last thing someone would want to do while working with dough. It also has a deeper meaning concerning equality. Shaking hands is a symbol of male equality and was "fundamental to males citizens' sense of status." Here a woman is making her claim to equality, though it is a limited equality rooted in a domestic sphere. <mask> does make the women's sphere separate. The dark spaces make the room appear closed off, separating the women's sphere from the more public male sphere. However it is not necessary a negative message, this painting shows a Utopian kitchen.The message is that a woman in her sphere “accommodates the status quo and attempts to invest it with new meaning." Women were not merely frivolous and vain; rather they worked in domestic labor, which was not merely useful but highly enjoyable. The woman here is self-confident, smiles and even appears to flirt with viewer. She directs the kitchen and is in control of her world, however limited it might be. <mask> plays with traditional notions of women's roles in society and domesticity and infuses them with deeper meaning. Selected works
The Little Navigator (1848)
Domestic Happiness

masks: Spencer Spencer Spencer Spencer


title: Lilly Martin Spencer

texts:
 (1848), Detroit Institute of Arts
The Young Teacher (1848)
Life's Happy Hour (1849)
The Jolly Washerwoman (1851), Hood Museum of Art
Peeling Onions (1852), Memorial Art Gallery, Rochester, NY
Reading the Legend (1852), Smith College Museum of Art
The Young Husband: First Marketing (1854)
Shake Hands? (1854), Ohio Historical Society
Clap Hands (1855)
The Forsaken (1856), The Smithsonian Collection L.M Spencer exhibit (1973), location currently unknown
The Young Wife: First Stew (1856)
Kiss Me and You'll Kiss the 'Lasses (1856), Brooklyn Museum of Art
This Little Pig Went to the Market (1857)
Fi!Fo!Fum!(1858)
Raspberries on a Leaf (1858), Collection:  Widener University Alfred O. Deshong Collection
Grandpa's Prodigies (1860)
War Spirit at Home: Celebrating the Battle at Vicksburg (1866)
Mother and Child by the Hearth (1867)
 We Both Must Fade (Mrs. Fithian) (1869), Smithsonian American Art Museum
Old Man with Two Children (1845), Collection: purchased at auction in 1958 by the Ohio Historical Center, Columbus. Peeling Onions (1848–1852) Collection: Hirschl & Adler Galleries, New York; to Closson Galleries, Cincinnati; to Munson-Williams-Proctor Institute, Utica
Self-Portrait (ca. 1841), Collections: Mrs. Pierre A. G. <mask>; in 1947 to the Ohio Historical Center, Columbus
Shepherdess Mending Stockings (1844–1848), Collections: Mrs. William E. Smith, Oxford, Ohio (1953); given by Mrs. Smith in 1870 to the Ohio Historical Center
Young Women in a Seventeenth-Century Costume (1845), Collection: Mrs. Mary Abrams, Llewellyn Park, New Jersey
Child Playing with Fish Bowl (1856),


title: Lilly Martin Spencer

texts:
 Collection: Victor Sparks, New York; to Mrs. George L. Cohen, New York; given by Mrs. Cohen in 1966 to the Newark Museum
Choose Between (ca. 1857), Collections: John Mitchell, New York; to Victor Spark (1946); private owner; Victor Spark, New York
Peeling Onions (ca. 1852), Collection: Mr. and Mrs. William Postar, Boston
Reading the Legend (1852), Collections: Visitor Spark, New York (1843); to M. Knoedler &Co.; to Caroline R. and Adeline F. Wing; given by the Misses Wing in 1954 to the Smith College Museum of Art, Northampton, Massachusetts

Exhibitions
 St. Luke's Episcopal Church (Marietta, Ohio), Rectory. 1841
Metropolitan Museum of Art. Life in America: A Special Loan Exhibition of Paintings, April 24-October 29, 1939.Corcoran Gallery of Art (Washington, D.C.) American Processional: The Story of Our Country,  July 8-December 17, 1950
Currier Art Gallery of Art (Manchester, N.H.) 19th Century American Painting from the Collection of Henry Melville Fuller, September 18-October 17, 1971
Walter Art Gallery (Baltimore). Old Mistresses: Women Artists of the Past, April 17- June 18, 1972
Brooklyn Museum (Brooklyn, NY) Kiss Me and You'll Kiss the 'Lasses https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/onview/location/2147483587/American_Identities%3A_A_New_Look_American_Art_Galleries_5th_Floor_5th_Floor
National Academy of Design
Women's Pavilion of the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition in 1876

Notes

References

"Women Artist's Death." The New York Times, 1902-05-23. Retrieved on 2008-01-02. Bolton-Smith, Robin, and Douglas Hyland. “Baby Chicks: The Sentimental Brush of <mask>


title: Lilly Martin Spencer

texts:
 Martin <mask>.” The Register of the Spencer Museum of Art. Lawrence: University of Kansas (Spring 1983): 80-93.Bolton-Smith, Robin, and William H. Truettner <mask> <mask> 1822-1902 The Joys of Sentiment. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1973. Freivogel, Elsie F. “<mask> <mask>.” Archives of American Art Journal, Vol. 12 No. 4. (1972): 9-14. JSTOR.29 Jan. 2008. Hadry, Henriette A. “Mrs. <mask><mask>.” Sartain’s Union Magazine of Literature and Art, American Periodical Series (1800–1850) 573-574 (August 1851). Johns, Elizabeth. America Genre Painting: The Politics of Everyday Life. London: Yale University Press, 1991.Katz, Wendy Jean. Regionalism and Reform: Art and Class Formation in Antebellum Cincinnati. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2002. Lubin, David M. Picturing a Nation: Art and Social Change in Nineteenth-Century America. London: Yale University Press, 1994. Masten, April F. 2004. “Shake Hands?"<mask> <mask> and the Politics of Art”. American Quarterly 56 (2). Johns Hopkins University Press: 348–94. Withers, Josephine. 1976. “Artistic Women and Women Artists”. Art Journal 35 (4).[Taylor & Francis, Ltd., College Art Association]: 330–36. doi:10.2307/776223. Stott, Annette. 1992. “Floral Femininity: A Pictorial Definition”. American Art 6 (2). [University of Chicago Press, Smithsonian American Art Museum]: 61–77.External links
Art and the empire city: New York, 1825-1861, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on <mask> (see index)
National Museum of Women in the Arts
The

masks:
Spencer
Lilly Martin
Spencer
Lilly Martin
Spencer
Lilly M
. Spencer
Lilly Martin
Spencer
Spencer


title: Lilly Martin Spencer

texts:
 Ohio History Society
Artcyclopedia
New Jersey Women's History
Smithsonian American Art Museum (PDF)
http://www.britannica.com/biography/<mask>-Spencer. 1822 births
1902 deaths
American genre painters
American still life painters
American women painters
Artists from Cincinnati
People from Exeter
Artists from Newark, New Jersey
19th-century American painters
19th-century American women artists
20th-century American women


title: Andrei Sakharov

texts:
<mask> (; 21 May 192114 December 1989) was a Soviet nuclear physicist, dissident, Nobel laureate, and activist for disarmament, peace and human rights. He became renowned as the designer of the Soviet Union's RDS-37, a codename for Soviet development of thermonuclear weapons. <mask> later became an advocate of civil liberties and civil reforms in the Soviet Union, for which he faced state persecution; these efforts earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975. The Sakharov Prize, which is awarded annually by the European Parliament for people and organizations dedicated to human rights and freedoms, is named in his honor. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Moscow on May 21, 1921. His father was <mask>, a physics professor and an amateur pianist. His father taught at the Second Moscow State University.<mask>'s grandfather Ivan had been a prominent lawyer in the Russian Empire who had displayed respect for social awareness and humanitarian principles (including advocating the abolition of capital punishment) that would later influence his grandson. <mask>'s mother was Yekaterina Alekseevna Sofiano, a daughter of the army general Aleksey Semenovich Sofiano. <mask>'s parents and paternal grandmother, Maria Petrovna, largely shaped his personality. His mother and grandmother were churchgoers; his father was a nonbeliever. When <mask> was about thirteen, he realized that he did not believe. However, despite being an atheist, he did believe in a "guiding principle" that transcends the physical laws. Education and career
<mask> entered Physics Department of Moscow State University in 1938.Following evacuation in 1941 during the Great Patriotic War

masks:
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov
Sakharov
Sakharov
Dmitri Ivanovich Sakharov
Andrei
Sakharov
Sakharov
Andrei
Sakharov


title: Andrei Sakharov

texts:
 (World War II), he graduated in Aşgabat, in today's Turkmenistan. He was then assigned to laboratory work in Ulyanovsk. In 1943, he married Klavdia Alekseyevna Vikhireva, with whom he raised two daughters and a son. Klavdia would later die in 1969. He returned to Moscow in 1945 to study at the Theoretical Department of FIAN (the Physical Institute of the Soviet Academy of Sciences). He received his Ph.D. in 1947. Development of thermonuclear devices

After World War II, he researched cosmic rays.In mid-1948 he participated in the Soviet atomic bomb project under Igor Kurchatov and Igor Tamm. <mask>'s study group at FIAN in 1948 came up with a second concept in August–September 1948. Adding a shell of natural, unenriched uranium around the deuterium would increase the deuterium concentration at the uranium-deuterium boundary and the overall yield of the device, because the natural uranium would capture neutrons and itself fission as part of the thermonuclear reaction. This idea of a layered fission-fusion-fission bomb led <mask> to call it the sloika, or layered cake. The first Soviet atomic device was tested on August 29, 1949. After moving to Sarov in 1950, <mask> played a key role in the development of the first megaton-range Soviet hydrogen bomb using a design known as <mask>'s Third Idea in Russia and the Teller–Ulam design in the United States. Before his Third Idea, <mask> tried a "layer cake" of alternating layers of fission and fusion fuel.The results were disappointing, yielding no more than a typical fission bomb. However the design was seen to be worth pursuing because deuterium is abundant and uranium is scarce, and he had no idea

masks: Sakharov Sakharov Sakharov Sakharov Sakharov


title: Andrei Sakharov

texts: how powerful the US design was. <mask> realised that in order to cause the explosion of one side of the fuel to symmetrically compress the fusion fuel, a mirror could be used to reflect the radiation. The details had not been officially declassified in Russia when <mask> was writing his memoirs, but in the Teller–Ulam design, soft X-rays emitted by the fission bomb were focused onto a cylinder of lithium deuteride to compress it symmetrically. This is called radiation implosion. The Teller–Ulam design also had a secondary fission device inside the fusion cylinder to assist with the compression of the fusion fuel and generate neutrons to convert some of the lithium to tritium, producing a mixture of deuterium and tritium. <mask>'s idea was first tested as RDS-37 in 1955.A larger variation of the same design which <mask> worked on was the 50 Mt Tsar Bomba of October 1961, which was the most powerful nuclear device ever detonated. <mask> saw "striking parallels" between his fate and those of J. Robert Oppenheimer and Edward Teller in the US. Sakharov believed that in this "tragic confrontation of two outstanding people", both deserved respect, because "each of them was certain he had right on his side and was morally obligated to go to the end in the name of truth." While <mask> strongly disagreed with Teller over nuclear testing in the atmosphere and the Strategic Defense Initiative, he believed that American academics had been unfair to Teller's resolve to get the H-bomb for the United States since "all steps by the Americans of a temporary or permanent rejection of developing thermonuclear weapons would have been seen either as a clever feint,

masks: Sakharov Sakharov Sakharov Sakharov Sakharov Sakharov


title: Andrei Sakharov

texts:
 or as the manifestation of stupidity. In both cases, the reaction would have been the same – avoid the trap and immediately take advantage of the enemy's stupidity." <mask> never felt that by creating nuclear weapons he had "known sin", in Oppenheimer's expression. He later wrote:

Support for peaceful use of nuclear technology

In 1950 he proposed an idea for a controlled nuclear fusion reactor, the tokamak, which is still the basis for the majority of work in the area.<mask>, in association with Tamm, proposed confining extremely hot ionized plasma by torus shaped magnetic fields for controlling thermonuclear fusion that led to the development of the tokamak device. Magneto-implosive generators

In 1951 he invented and tested the first explosively pumped flux compression generators, compressing magnetic fields by explosives. He called these devices MK (for MagnetoKumulative) generators. The radial MK-1 produced a pulsed magnetic field of 25 megagauss (2500 teslas). The resulting helical MK-2 generated 1000 million amperes in 1953. <mask> then tested a MK-driven "plasma cannon" where a small aluminum ring was vaporized by huge eddy currents into a stable, self-confined toroidal plasmoid and was accelerated to 100 km/s. <mask> later suggested replacing the copper coil in MK generators with a large superconductor solenoid to magnetically compress and focus underground nuclear explosions into a shaped charge effect.He theorized this could focus 1023 protons per second on a 1 mm2 surface. Particle physics and cosmology
After 1965 <mask> returned to fundamental science and began working on particle physics and physical cosmology. He tried to


title: Andrei Sakharov

texts:
 explain the baryon asymmetry of the universe; in that regard, he was the first to give a theoretical motivation for proton decay. Proton decay was suggested by Wigner in 1949 and
1952. Proton decay experiments had been performed since 1954 already. <mask> was the first to consider CPT-symmetric events occurring before the Big Bang:We can visualize that neutral spinless maximons (or photons) are produced at ''t'' < 0 from contracting matter having an excess of antiquarks, that they pass "one through the other" at the instant ''t'' = 0 when the density is infinite, and decay with an excess of quarks when ''t'' > 0, realizing total CPT symmetry of the universe. All the phenomena at t < 0 are assumed in this hypothesis to be CPT reflections of the phenomena at t > 0.His legacy in this domain are the famous conditions named after him: Baryon number violation, C-symmetry and CP-symmetry violation, and interactions out of thermal equilibrium. <mask> was also interested in explaining why the curvature of the universe is so small. This lead him to consider cyclic models, where the universe oscillates between contraction and expansion phases. In those models, after a certain number of cycles the curvature naturally becomes infinite even if it had not started this way: Sakharov considered three starting points, a flat universe with a slightly negative cosmological constant, a universe with a positive curvature and a zero cosmological constant, and a universe with a negative curvature and a slightly negative cosmological constant. Those last two models feature what <mask> calls a reversal of the time arrow, which can be summarized as follows: He

masks: Sakharov Sakharov Sakharov


title: Andrei Sakharov

texts:
 considers times t > 0 after the initial Big Bang singularity at t = 0 (which he calls "Friedman singularity" and denotes Φ) as well as times t < 0 before that singularity. He then assumes that entropy increases when time increases for t > 0 as well as when time decreases for t < 0, which constitutes his reversal of time. Then he considers the case when the universe at t < 0 is the image of the universe at t > 0 under CPT symmetry but also the case when it is not so: the universe has a non-zero CPT charge at t = 0 in this case.<mask> considers a variant of this model where the reversal of the time arrow occurs at a point of maximum entropy instead of happening at the singularity. In those models there is no dynamic interaction between the universe at t < 0 and t > 0. In his first model the two universes did not interact, except via local matter accumulation whose density and pressure become high enough to connect the two sheets through a bridge without spacetime between them, but with a continuity of geodesics beyond the Schwarzschild radius with no singularity, allowing an exchange of matter between the two conjugated sheets, based on an idea after Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov. Novikov called such singularities a collapse and an anticollapse, which are an alternative to the couple black hole and white hole in the wormhole model. <mask> also proposed the idea of induced gravity as an alternative theory of quantum gravity. Turn to activism
Since the late 1950s <mask> had become concerned about the moral and political implications of his work. Politically active during the 1960s, <mask> was against nuclear proliferation.Pushing for the end of

masks: Sakharov Sakharov Sakharov Sakharov


title: Andrei Sakharov

texts: atmospheric tests, he played a role in the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty, signed in Moscow. <mask> was also involved in an event with political consequences in 1964, when the Soviet Academy of Sciences nominated for full membership Nikolai Nuzhdin, a follower of Trofim Lysenko (initiator of the Stalin-supported anti-genetics campaign Lysenkoism). Contrary to normal practice, <mask>, a member of the academy, publicly spoke out against full membership for Nuzhdin and held him responsible for "the defamation, firing, arrest, even death, of many genuine scientists." In the end, Nuzhdin was not elected, but the episode prompted Sergei Khrushchev to order the KGB to gather compromising material on Sakharov. The major turn in <mask>'s political evolution came in 1967, when anti-ballistic missile defense became a key issue in US–Soviet relations. In a secret detailed letter to the Soviet leadership of July 21, 1967, Sakharov explained the need to "take the Americans at their word" and accept their proposal for a "bilateral rejection by the USA and the Soviet Union of the development of antiballistic missile defense" because an arms race in the new technology would otherwise increase the likelihood of nuclear war. He also asked permission to publish his manuscript, which accompanied the letter, in a newspaper to explain the dangers posed by that kind of defense.The government ignored his letter and refused to let him initiate a public discussion of ABMs in the Soviet press. Since 1967, after the Six Day War and the beginning of the Arab-Israeli conflict, he actively supported Israel, as he reported more than once in the press, and also maintained


title: Andrei Sakharov

texts:
 friendly relations with refuseniks who later made aliyah. In May 1968, <mask> completed an essay, "Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence, and Intellectual Freedom". He described the anti-ballistic missile defense as a major threat of world nuclear war. After the essay was circulated in samizdat and then published outside the Soviet Union, <mask> was banned from conducting any military-related research and returned to FIAN to study fundamental theoretical physics. For 12 years, until his exile to Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod) in January 1980, <mask> assumed the role of a widely recognized and open dissident in Moscow. He stood vigil outside closed courtrooms, wrote appeals on behalf of more than 200 individual prisoners, and continued to write essays about the need for democratization.In 1970, <mask> was among the three founding members of the Committee on Human Rights in the USSR, along with Valery Chalidze and <mask>v. The Committee wrote appeals, collected signatures for petitions and succeeded in affiliating with several international human rights organizations. Its work was the subject of many KGB reports and brought <mask> under increasing pressure from the government. <mask> married a fellow human rights activist, Yelena Bonner, in 1972. By 1973, <mask> was meeting regularly with Western correspondents and holding press conferences in his apartment. He appealed to the US Congress to approve the 1974 Jackson-Vanik Amendment to a trade bill, which coupled trade tariffs to the Kremlin's willingness to allow freer emigration. Attacked by Soviet establishment from 1972
In 1972, <mask> became the target of sustained pressure from his fellow

masks:
Sakharov
Sakharov
Sakharov
Sakharov
Andrei Tverdokhlebo
Sakharov
Sakharov
Sakharov
Sakharov


title: Andrei Sakharov

texts:
 scientists in the Soviet Academy of Sciences and the Soviet press.The writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn came to his defence. In 1973 and 1974, the Soviet media campaign continued, targeting both <mask> and Solzhenitsyn for their pro-Western, anti-socialist positions. <mask> later described that it took "years" for him to "understand how much substitution, deceit, and lack of correspondence with reality there was" in the Soviet ideals. "At first I thought, despite everything that I saw with my own eyes, that the Soviet State was a breakthrough into the future, a kind of prototype for all countries". Then he came, in his words, to "the theory of symmetry: all governments and regimes to a first approximation are bad, all peoples are oppressed, and all are threatened by common dangers." <mask>'s ideas on social development led him to put forward the principle of human rights as a new basis of all politics. In his works, he declared that "the principle 'what is not prohibited is allowed' should be understood literally", and defied what he saw as unwritten ideological rules imposed by the Communist Party on the society in spite of a democratic Soviet Constitution (1936).In a letter written from exile, he cheered up a fellow physicist and free market advocate with the words: "Fortunately, the future is unpredictable and also – because of quantum effects – uncertain." For <mask>, the indeterminacy of the future supported his belief that he could and should take personal responsibility for it. Nobel Peace Prize (1975)
In 1973, <mask> was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, and in 1974, he was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca. <mask> was awarded the


title: Andrei Sakharov

texts:
 Nobel Peace Prize in 1975. The Norwegian Nobel Committee called him "a spokesman for the conscience of mankind". In the words of the Nobel Committee's citation: "In a convincing manner <mask> has emphasised that Man's inviolable rights provide the only safe foundation for genuine and enduring international cooperation." <mask> was not allowed to leave the Soviet Union to collect the prize.His wife, Yelena Bonner, read his speech at the ceremony in Oslo, Norway. On the day the prize was awarded, <mask> was in Vilnius, where the human rights activist Sergei Kovalev was being tried. In his Nobel lecture, "Peace, Progress, Human Rights", <mask> called for an end to the arms race, greater respect for the environment, international cooperation, and universal respect for human rights. He included a list of prisoners of conscience and political prisoners in the Soviet Union and stated that he shared the prize with them. By 1976, the head of the KGB, Yuri Andropov, was prepared to call <mask> "Domestic Enemy Number One" before a group of KGB officers. Internal exile (1980–1986)

<mask> was arrested on 22 January 1980, following his public protests against the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in 1979, and was sent to the city of Gorky, now Nizhny Novgorod, a city that was off limits to foreigners. Between 1980 and 1986, Sakharov was kept under Soviet police surveillance.In his memoirs, he mentioned that their apartment in Gorky was repeatedly subjected to searches and heists. <mask> was named the 1980 Humanist of the Year by the American Humanist Association. In May 1984, <mask>'s wife, Yelena Bonner, was detained, and <mask> began a hunger strike,

masks: Sakharov Sakharov Sakharov Sakharov Sakharov Sakharov Sakharov Sakharov Sakharov


title: Andrei Sakharov

texts:
 demanding permission for his wife to travel to the United States for heart surgery. He was forcibly hospitalized and force-fed. He was held in isolation for four months. In August 1984, Bonner was sentenced by a court to five years of exile in Gorky. In April 1985, <mask> started a new hunger strike for his wife to travel abroad for medical treatment.He again was taken to a hospital and force-fed. In August, the Politburo discussed what to do about <mask>. He remained in the hospital until October 1985, when his wife was allowed to travel to the United States. She had heart surgery in the United States and returned to Gorky in June 1986. In December 1985, the European Parliament established the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, to be given annually for outstanding contributions to human rights. On 19 December 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev, who had initiated the policies of perestroika and glasnost, called <mask> to tell him that he and his wife could return to Moscow. Political leader

In 1988, <mask> was given the International Humanist Award by the International Humanist and Ethical Union.He helped to initiate the first independent legal political organizations and became prominent in the Soviet Union's growing political opposition. In March 1989, <mask> was elected to the new parliament, the All-Union Congress of People's Deputies and co-led the democratic opposition, the Inter-Regional Deputies Group. In November the head of the KGB reported to Gorbachev on <mask>'s encouragement and support for the coal miners' strike in Vorkuta. In December 1988, <mask> visited Armenia and Azerbaijan on a fact-finding mission. He concluded, "For

masks: Sakharov Sakharov Sakharov Sakharov Sakharov Sakharov Sakharov


title: Andrei Sakharov

texts:
 Azerbaijan the issue of Karabakh is a matter of ambition, for the Armenians of Karabakh, it is a matter of life and death". Death

Soon after 9pm on 14 December 1989, <mask> went to his study to take a nap before preparing an important speech he was to deliver the next day in the Congress. His wife went to wake him at 11pm as he had requested but she found <mask> dead on the floor.According to the notes of Yakov Rapoport, a senior pathologist present at the autopsy, it is most likely that <mask> died of an arrhythmia consequent to dilated cardiomyopathy at the age of 68. He was interred in the Vostryakovskoye Cemetery in Moscow. Influence

Memorial prizes
The Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought was established in 1988 by the European Parliament in his honour, and is the highest tribute to human rights endeavours awarded by the European Union. It is awarded annually by the parliament to "those who carry the spirit of Soviet dissident <mask>"; to "Laureates who, like <mask>, dedicate their lives to peaceful struggle for human rights." An <mask>ov prize has also been awarded by the American Physical Society every second year since 2006 "to recognize outstanding leadership and/or achievements of scientists in upholding human rights". The Andrei Sakharov Prize For Writer's Civic Courage was established in October 1990. In 2004, with the approval of Yelena Bonner, an annual Sakharov Prize for journalism was established for reporters and commentators in Russia.Funded by former Soviet dissident Pyotr Vins, now a businessman in the US, the prize is administered by the Glasnost Defence Foundation in Moscow. The prize "for journalism as an act of

masks:
Sakharov
Sakharov
Sakharov
Andrei Sakharov
Sakharov
Andrei Sakhar


title: Andrei Sakharov

texts:
 conscience" has been won over the years by famous journalists such as Anna Politkovskaya and young reporters and editors working far from Russia's media capital, Moscow. The 2015 winner was Yelena Kostyuchenko. Andrei Sakharov Archives and Human Rights Center
The Andrei Sakharov Archives and Human Rights Center, established at Brandeis University in 1993, are now housed at Harvard University. The documents from that archive were published by the Yale University Press in 2005. These documents are available online. Most of documents of the archive are letters from the head of the KGB to the Central Committee about activities of Soviet dissidents and recommendations about the interpretation in newspapers.The letters cover the period from 1968 to 1991 (Brezhnev stagnation). The documents characterize not only <mask>'s activity, but that of other dissidents, as well as that of highest-position apparatchiks and the KGB. No Russian equivalent of the KGB archive is available. Legacy and remembrance

Places

 In Moscow, there is Academician Sakharov Avenue and Sakharov Center. During the 1980s, the block of 16th Street NW between L and M streets, in front of the Russian ambassador's residence in Washington, D.C. was renamed "<mask> Plaza" as a form of protest against his 1980 arrest and detention. In Yerevan, the capital of Armenia, Sakharov Square, located in the heart of the city, is named after him. The Sakharov Gardens (est.1990) are located at the entrance to Jerusalem, Israel, off the Jerusalem–Tel Aviv Highway. There is also a street named after him in Haifa. In Nizhny Novgorod, there is a Sakharov Museum in the apartment on the first floor of

masks:
Sakharov
Andrei Sakharov


title: Andrei Sakharov

texts:
 the 12-storeyed house where the <mask> family lived for seven years; in 2014 his monument was erected near the house. In Saint Petersburg, his monument stands in Sakharov Square, and there is a Sakharov Park. In 1979, an asteroid, 1979 Sakharov, was named after him. A public square in Vilnius in front of the Press House is named after <mask>. The square was named on 16 March 1991, as the Press House was still occupied by the Soviet Army.Andreja Saharova iela in the district of Pļavnieki in Riga, Latvia, is named after <mask>. <mask>j-Sacharow-Platz in downtown Nuremberg is named in honour of <mask>. In Belarus, International Sakharov Environmental University was named after him. Intersection of Ventura Blvd and Laurel Canyon Blvd in Studio City, Los Angeles, is named <mask> Square. In Arnhem, the bridge over the Nederrijn is called the Andrej Sacharovbrug. The Andrej Sacharovweg is a street in Assen, Netherlands. There are also streets named in his honour in other places in the Netherlands such as Amsterdam, Amstelveen, The Hague, Hellevoetsluis, Leiden, Purmerend, Rotterdam, Utrecht
 A street in Copenhagen, Denmark.Quai Andreï Sakharov in Tournai, Belgium, is named in honour of <mask>. In Poland, streets named in his honour in Warsaw, Łódź and Kraków. Andreï <mask> Boulevard in the district of Mladost in Sofia, Bulgaria, is named after him. In New York, a street sign at the southwest corner of Third Avenue and 67th Street reads Sakharov-Bonner Corner, in honor of <mask> and his wife, Yelena Bonner. The corner is just down the block from the Russian (then Soviet) Mission to the United Nations and was the scene of repeated anti-Soviet

masks:
Sakharov
Sakharov
Sakharov
Andrei
Sakharov
Andrei Sakharov
Sakharov
Sakharov
Sakharov


title: Andrei Sakharov

texts:
 demonstrations. Media
 In the 1984 made-for-TV film Sakharov starring Jason Robards. In the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, one of the Enterprise-D's Shuttlecraft is named after <mask>, and is featured prominently in several episodes.This follows the Star Trek tradition of naming Shuttlecraft after prominent scientists, and particularly in The Next Generation, physicists. The fictitious interplanetary spacecraft Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov from the novel 2010: Odyssey Two by Arthur C. Clarke is powered by a "Sakharov drive". The novel was published in 1982, when <mask> was in exile in Nizhny Novgorod, and was dedicated both to <mask> and to Alexei Leonov. Russian singer Alexander Gradsky wrote and performed the song "Памяти А. Д. Сахарова" ("In memory of <mask>"), which features on his Live In "Russia" 2 (Живем в "России" 2) CD. The faction leader of the Ecologists in the PC game S.T.A.L.K.E.R. : Shadow of Chernobyl and its prequel is a scientist named <mask>. Honours and awards
 Hero of Socialist Labour (three times: 12 August 1953; 20 June 1956; 7 March 1962).Four Orders of Lenin. Lenin Prize (1956). Stalin Prize (1953). In 1980, <mask> was stripped of all Soviet awards for "anti-Soviet activities". Later, during glasnost, he declined the return of his awards and, consequently, Mikhail Gorbachev did not sign the necessary decree. Prix mondial Cino Del Duca (1974). Nobel Peace Prize (1975).Laurea Honoris Causa of the Sapienza University of Rome (1980). Grand Cross of Order of the Cross of Vytis (posthumously on January 8, 2003). Bibliography

Books

Articles and interviews

See also

 Sakharov conditions
 Sakharov Prize
 List

masks:
Sakharov
Sakharov
Sakharov
Andrei Sakharov
Professor Sakharov
Sakharov


title: Andrei Sakharov

texts:
 of peace activists
 Sergei Kovalev
 Natan Sharansky
 Edward Teller
 Stanislaw Ulam
 Omid Kokabee, Mordechai Vanunu

References

Further reading

  The Regesto delle lauree honoris causa dal 1944 al 1985 is a detailed and carefully commented register of all the documents of the official archive of the Sapienza University of Rome pertaining to the honoris causa degrees awarded or not. It includes all the awarding proposals submitted during the considered period, detailed presentations of the work of the candidate, if available, and precise references to related articles published on Italian newspapers and magazines, if the laurea was awarded. External links

 The Andrei Sakharov Archives at the Houghton Library. <mask>: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons, and Human Rights. Web exhibit at the American Institute of Physics.<mask>: Photo-chronology
 Annotated bibliography of <mask> from the Alsos Digital Library

Videos

1921 births
1989 deaths
20th-century Russian writers
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by the Soviet Union
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Cross of Vytis
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Lenin Prize winners
Members of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
Moscow State University alumni
Nobel Peace Prize laureates
Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union
Perestroika
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Hunger strikers
Soviet

masks:
Andrei Sakharov
Andrei Sakharov
Andrei Sakharov


title: Jaslene Gonzalez

texts:
<mask> (born May 29, 1986) is an American model, television host, and winner of Cycle 8 of America's Next Top Model. Biography
<mask> was born in Puerto Rico and grew up in Humboldt Park, Chicago. She attended Notre Dame High School for Girls on the Northwest Side of Chicago. She was an online college admissions advisor prior to America's Next Top Model. <mask> had done some modeling prior to America's Next Top Model, having been represented by Avant Garde Models. In her CW "Close-up" interview, it was revealed that she appeared in fashion shows for local Chicago designers, including Michelle Gomez of Chicago and Alexis Arquette, as seen in local Chicago newspapers Extra and La Nota. <mask> said in her Seventeen interview that she had been in an abusive relationship with her ex-boyfriend; the relationship ended shortly before the filming of cycle 7.America's Next Top Model

America's Next Top Model Cycle 7
<mask> initially auditioned for Cycle 7, but only made it to the top 21 during the semifinals. Assuring the judges that she would be back for the next cycle's audition, <mask>'s determination caught the eyes of producers, who thought she had potential. Winning America's Next Top Model Cycle 8
<mask> re-auditioned for Cycle 8 and this time made it to the top thirteen, being the twelfth finalist selected. During the competition, <mask> was called first at panel four times, received four Covergirl of the Week awards, and won the Go-Sees reward challenge in Sydney. She was also the second contestant after Joanie Dodds and the first winner to never appear in the bottom two. On the season finale, <mask> was revealed as the winner. She is the first girl in the show's history to compete on more than one cycle and win.<mask> is the second of three winners from Illinois, preceded by Adrianne Curry of cycle 1, and followed by McKey Sullivan of cycle 11. America's Next Top Model

masks:
Jaslene González
Gonzalez
Gonzalez
Gonzalez
Gonzalez
Gonzalez
Gonzalez
Gonzalez
Gonzalez
Gonzalez


title: Jaslene Gonzalez

texts:
 Cycle 9
<mask> appeared in the first episode of Cycle 9 at St. John’s where the 33 potential contestants met her before preparing for a beach photoshoot. <mask> also appeared in the final episode to assist the final three models (Chantal Jones, Jenah Doucette and Saleisha Stowers) with their CoverGirl Wetslicks Fruit Spritzers commercial and photoshoot. After Doucette was eliminated, the remaining two contestants Jones and Stowers participated in the final runway modeling Qi Gang's line of couture dresses with <mask> opening the show. America's Next Top Model Cycle 10
Evans appeared in a Cycle 10 episode posing in a Lot 29 photoshoot in Seventeen magazine with challenge winner Katarzyna Dolinska along with fellow contestants chosen to participate, Amis Jenkins and Marvita Washington. <mask> was also present for the 7 Up party where the top seven contestants had to work a "green" carpet leading to eventual runner-up Anya Kop winning the challenge where her prize was another nude photoshoot for 7 Up and US$10,000 as payment. Modeling career

Print work
<mask> has modeled for the New York Post (Tempo), US Weekly,In Touch Weekly, had a 6-page spread in an issue of Vibe Vixen magazine, a 12-page fashion spread for ZooZoom Magazine.Named One Of Latina Magazine's Latinas Of the Year, had a 9-page spread for Colures (U.K fashion Magazine), was featured in Trace (magazine): Model Behaviour as Falls new faces, has been on the covers and had spreads of over a dozen magazines such as Latina, Imagén, Hombre, 6 Degrees, FN, ZooZoom, Fashion Salon Seventeen, Urban Latino, Bleu, Vanidades, Scene, JamRock, Splendor, Time Out. and Metrostyle Catalog. She has also appeared in Lot29 Fall/Winter 07-08 and Spring/Summer 08 ad campaigns; she has had a total of four billboards in Times Square so far. Also, she shares one of her Lot29 billboards in Times Square, New York with Katarzyna

masks: Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez


title: Jaslene Gonzalez

texts:
 Dolinska. <mask> shot an ad campaign for online retailer ShopBop, 8-page fashion spreads for both Scene Magazine and JamRock Magazine. She is also featured on the pages of Living Proof Magazine, American Salon Magazine and currently has an ad campaign with Marianne Stores. <mask> has had an Ad Campaign for designer Cesar Galindo's Spring 2008 Collection and appeared on the pages of Supermodels Unlimited Magazine twice for the August and September/October 2008 issues.<mask> is also part of the "Heart On My Sleeve" clothing campaign by Aubrey O'Day. <mask> is on the pages of YRB Magazine. She has also been featured on COACD, fashionista.com and in Women's Wear Daily. <mask> currently has nationwide campaigns with Garnier Nutrisse, and Southpole. In addition, Kett Cosmetics, Marianne Stores F/W 09, and Recession Denim F/W 09 campaigns. She has also been on the cover Nuovo Magazine. She has been on the cover of Nylon Mexico.In India, she has been in Marie Claire (June 2012), New Woman and Grazia. Runway

<mask> has modeled for Ximena Valero and James de Colón and was honored at the 1st Annual Chicago Latino Fashion Week. <mask> also walked for Ashley Paige in Mercedes Benz Fashion Week Miami Swim 08 and was on the catwalk for the Armani Exchange line. In addition she received a showcard from elite and walked at Mercedes-Benz New York Fashion Week Spring/Summer 2008. <mask> walked at Mercedes-Benz New York Fashion Week Fall/Winter 2008-09 for Armani Exchange and Project Runway finalist Jillian Lewis. She has modeled for the Amaya swimwear line at the BET 'Rip the Runway' fashion show. <mask> strutted on the catwalk of Mercedes-Benz New York Fashion Week Spring/Summer 2009 for designers Jose Duran, Indashio, Cesar Galindo, Farah Angsana and Custo Barcelona.<mask> was on the runway for Adolfo Sanchez S/S 09 collection and also on the runways at the 2nd Annual Chicago Latino

masks: Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez


title: Jaslene Gonzalez

texts:
 Fashion Week for Elda De La Rosa, James De Colon, Nora Del Busto, and Soledad Designs S/S 09. <mask> modeled as Wonder Woman at the 11th Annual New York Chocolate Show, which benefited the Susan G. Komen breast cancer foundation. <mask> strutted on the catwalk of Mercedes-Benz New York Fashion Week Fall/Winter 2009 for Project Runway & Jordi Scott. She was also on the runways for Dana Maxx Fall 09, Design Cares Kaleidoscope Of Dreams For St. Jude Children's Hospital and Jenna Leigh Lingerie A/W 09.10. Maxis presents Malaysia International Fashion Week 2009. <mask> was also a featured model in the finale of  Project Runway (season 6). She took part in the Sewing for Hope charity fashion show 2010.On September 12, 2011, <mask> was a featured model for designer, WALTER Spring 2012 Fashion Presentation at The Empire Hotel Rooftop Lounge during New York Fashion Week. Miscellaneous
As part of her prize, <mask> won representation by Elite Model Management, a $100,000 (USD) contract with CoverGirl cosmetics and a photo shoot for the cover of  a six-page spread in Seventeen magazine. In addition, during the run of Cycle 9, <mask> appeared once a week in a "My Life As A CoverGirl" segment that aired during commercial breaks while the week's episode of Top Model runs. She has also been Featured as one of Cycle 11's Top Models in Action. She made appearances on talk shows Live With Regis and Kelly, 106 & Park, TRL, The View, modeling a dress designed by Elisabeth Hasselbeck and Jensen! (Dutch Talkshow). She was "La Madrina" of the Annual National New York City Puerto Rican Day Parade held June 16, 2007, appearing in a yellow convertible that paraded alongside the car carrying Daddy Yankee.<mask> hosted several style spots for CoverGirl TV, including segments titled "Summer Goddess", "Day To Night" and "<mask>'s Glamorous Nights". She was a nominee for the 2007 Teen Choice Awards,

masks: Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Jaslene


title: Jaslene Gonzalez

texts:
 under the category "Choice TV: Female Reality/Variety Star". Women's Wear Daily (WWD) said the following about <mask>:
When 20-year-old <mask> <mask> won season eight's America's Next Top Model, Lot29 executives knew they had their next face.They seem to have chosen correctly. <mask> did so well for the brand last season, the company asked her back to endorse the product for spring. <mask> filmed her first official CoverGirl commercial, which aired in Europe, Latin America and on Spanish-language channels and has been featured on Teen Vogue. She shot a cameo in the John Leguizamo film Nothing Like the Holidays. In addition, <mask> has renewed her contract with CoverGirl and she has also been featured on CBS' The Early Show, where she discussed her career success.<mask> was also featured on Ryan Leslie's music video, "Addiction". Also, featured on Aventura's (Dominican Bachata band) latest music video "Por Un Segundo" and Magic Juan's music video "Baby Come Back". <mask> partnered with Liz Claiborne and the National Domestic Violence Hotline to spread awareness about teen dating violence for the "Love Is Not Abuse" campaign. <mask> modeled a design from fashion house Nina Ricci on the Today Show with Kathie Lee Gifford and Hoda Kotb for a segment on Paws for Style. <mask> is currently signed with 301 Model Management Miami, Faces Model Management Malaysia, Exodus Model Management Thailand; she is currently working in Malaysia, Hong Kong, Thailand and Singapore. She was also a guest judge for Miss Malaysia World 2010. <mask> hosts events on Spanish 'Yeah!'channel. Awards and nominations

See also

 List of Puerto Ricans

References

External links

The Internet Fashion Database

1986 births
Living people
American people of Puerto Rican descent
People from Chicago
American female models
America's Next Top Model winners
Hispanic and Latino American female models
Female models

masks: Gonzalez Jaslene Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez


title: Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor

texts:
<mask> (; ; 1 October 1685 – 20 October 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy from 1711 until his death, succeeding his elder brother, Joseph I. He unsuccessfully claimed the throne of Spain following the death of his relative, <mask>. In 1708, he married Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, by whom he had his four children: Leopold Johann (who died in infancy), Maria Theresa (the last direct Habsburg sovereign), Maria Anna (Governess of the Austrian Netherlands), and Maria Amalia (who also died in infancy). Four years before the birth of Maria Theresa, faced with his lack of male heirs, <mask> provided for a male-line succession failure with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713. The Emperor favoured his own daughters over those of his elder brother and predecessor, Joseph I, in the succession, ignoring the decree he had signed during the reign of his father, Leopold I. <mask> sought the other European powers' approval. They demanded significant terms, among which were that Austria close the Ostend Company. In total, Great Britain, France, Saxony-Poland, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Venice, States of the Church, Prussia, Russia, Denmark, Savoy-Sardinia, Bavaria, and the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire recognised the sanction.France, Spain, Saxony-Poland, Bavaria and Prussia later reneged. <mask> died in 1740, sparking the War of the Austrian Succession, which plagued his successor, Maria Theresa, for eight years. Biography

Early years
Archduke <mask> (baptized Carolus Franciscus Josephus Wenceslaus Balthasar Johannes Antonius Ignatius), the second son of the

masks:
Charles VI
Charles II
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles


title: Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor

texts: Emperor Leopold I and of his third wife, Princess Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg, was born on  1 October 1685. His tutor was Anton Florian, Prince of Liechtenstein. Following the death of <mask> of Spain, in 1700, without any direct heir, <mask> declared himself King of Spain—both were members of the House of Habsburg. The ensuing War of the Spanish Succession, which pitted France's candidate, Philip, Duke of Anjou, Louis XIV of France's grandson, against Austria's <mask>, lasted for almost 14 years. The Kingdom of Portugal, Kingdom of England, Scotland, Ireland and the majority of the Holy Roman Empire endorsed <mask>'s candidature.<mask>, as he was known, disembarked in his kingdom in 1705, and stayed there for six years, only being able to exercise his rule in Catalonia, until the death of his brother, Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor; he returned to Vienna to assume the imperial crown. Not wanting to see Austria and Spain in personal union again, the new Kingdom of Great Britain withdrew its support from the Austrian coalition, and the war culminated with the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt three years later. The former, ratified in 1713, recognised Philip as King of Spain; however, the Kingdom of Naples, the Duchy of Milan, the Austrian Netherlands and the Kingdom of Sardinia – all previously possessions of the Spanish—were ceded to Austria. To prevent a union of Spain and France, Philip was forced to renounce his right to succeed his grandfather's throne. <mask> was extremely discontented at the loss of Spain, and as a result, he mimicked the staid Spanish Habsburg court ceremonial, adopting

masks:
Charles II
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles III
Charles


title: Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor

texts:
 the dress of a Spanish monarch, which, according to British historian Edward Crankshaw, consisted of "a black doublet and hose, black shoes and scarlet stockings". <mask>'s father and his advisors went about arranging a marriage for him. Their eyes fell upon Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, the eldest child of Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.She was held to be strikingly beautiful by her contemporaries. On 1 August 1708, in Barcelona, <mask> married her by proxy. She gave him two daughters that survived to adulthood, Maria Theresa and Maria Anna. Succession to the Habsburg dominions
When <mask> succeeded his brother in 1711, he was the last male Habsburg heir in the direct line. Since Habsburg possessions were subject to Salic law, barring women from inheriting in their own right, his own lack of a male heir meant they would be divided on his death. The Pragmatic Sanction of 19 April 1713 abolished male-only succession in all Habsburg realms and declared their lands indivisible, although Hungary only approved it in 1723. <mask> had three daughters, Maria Theresa (1717–1780), Maria Anna (1718–1744) and Maria Amalia (1724–1730) but no surviving sons.When Maria Theresa was born, he disinherited his nieces and the daughters of his elder brother Joseph, Maria Josepha and Maria Amalia. It was this act that undermined the chances of a smooth succession and obliged <mask> to spend the rest of his reign seeking to ensure enforcement of the Sanction from other European powers. <mask> agreed to a demand from Britain that he close a trading company, (the Ostend Company), which

masks: Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles


title: Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor

texts: was based in the Austrian Netherlands and that he himself founded in 1722. However, by 1735 he had secured approvals from key states, most importantly the Imperial Diet, which in theory bound all its members including Prussia and Bavaria. Other signatories included Britain, France, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Russia, Denmark and Savoy-Sardinia but subsequent events underlined Eugene of Savoy's comment that the best guarantee was a powerful army and full Treasury. His nieces were married to the rulers of Saxony and Bavaria, both of whom ultimately refused to be bound by the decision of the Imperial Diet and despite publicly agreeing to the Pragmatic Sanction in 1735, France signed a secret treaty with Bavaria in 1738 promising to back the 'just claims' of <mask> of Bavaria. In the first part of his reign, the empire continued to expand; success in the Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718), adding Banat to Hungary, and establishing direct Austrian rule over Serbia and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia).This extended Austrian rule to the lower Danube. The War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720) followed. It too ended in an Austrian victory; by the Treaty of The Hague (1720), <mask> swapped Sardinia, which went to the Duke of Savoy, Victor Amadeus, for Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean, which was harder to defend than Sardinia. The treaty also recognised Philip V of Spain's younger son, Don Carlos (the future <mask> of Spain), as heir to the Duchy of Parma and Grand Duchy of Tuscany; <mask> had previously endorsed the succession of the incumbent Grand Duke's daughter, Anna Maria Luisa, Electress

masks:
Charles Albert
Charles
Charles III
Charles


title: Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor

texts: Palatine. Peace in Europe was shattered by the War of the Polish Succession (1733–1738),  a dispute over the throne of Poland between Augustus of Saxony, the previous King's elder son, and Stanisław Leszczyński. Austria supported the former, France the latter; thus, a war broke out. By the Treaty of Vienna (1738), Augustus ascended the throne, but <mask> had to give the Kingdom of Naples to Don Carlos, in exchange for the much smaller Duchy of Parma.The issue of <mask>'s elder daughter's marriage was raised early in her childhood. She was first betrothed to Léopold Clément of Lorraine, who was supposed to come to Vienna and meet Maria Theresa. Instead, he died of smallpox in 1723, which upset Maria Theresa. Léopold Clément's younger brother, Francis Stephen, then came to Vienna to replace him. <mask> considered other possibilities (such as Don Carlos) before announcing the engagement to Francis. At the end of the War of the Polish Succession, France demanded that Francis surrender the Duchy of Lorraine (his hereditary domain), to Stanisław Leszczyński, the deposed King of Poland, who would bequeath it to France at his death. <mask> compelled Francis to renounce his rights to Lorraine and told him: "No renunciation, no archduchess."Francis complied; he was married to Maria Theresa in February 1736, and Lorraine devolved to Stanisław in July 1737. In 1737, the Emperor embarked on another Turkish War in alliance with Russia. Unlike the previous Austro-Turkish War, it ended in a decisive Austrian defeat. Much of the territory gained in 1718 (except for the Banat) was lost. Popular discontent at

masks: Charles Charles Charles Charles


title: Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor

texts:
 the costly war reigned in Vienna; Francis of Lorraine, Maria Theresa's husband, was dubbed a French spy by the Viennese. The war not only revealed the sorry state of the Austrian army, but also the weakness of the imperial state itself, which did not have the financial strength to sustain a long war without the subsidies of its allies. Death and legacy

At the time of <mask>'s death, the Habsburg lands were saturated in debt; the exchequer contained a mere 100,000 florins; and desertion was rife in Austria's sporadic army, spread across the Empire in small, ineffective barracks.Contemporaries expected that Hungary would wrench itself from the Habsburg yoke upon his death. Despite the predicaments faced by <mask>, the territorial extent of his Habsburg lands was at its greatest since the days of his cognatic ancestor Emperor <mask>, reaching the Southern Mediterranean and including the Duchy of Milan. The Emperor, after a hunting trip across the Hungarian border in "a typical day in the wettest and coldest October in memory", fell seriously ill at the Favorita Palace, Vienna, and he died on 20 October 1740 in the Hofburg. In his Memoirs Voltaire wrote that <mask>'s death was caused by consuming a meal of death cap mushrooms. <mask>'s life opus, the Pragmatic Sanction, was ultimately in vain. Maria Theresa was forced to resort to arms to defend her inheritance from the coalition of Prussia, Bavaria, France, Spain, Saxony and Poland—all party to the sanction—who assaulted the Austrian frontier weeks after her father's death. During the ensuing War of the Austrian Succession, Maria Theresa saved

masks:
Charles
Charles
Charles V
Charles
Charles


title: Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor

texts: her crown and most of her territory but lost the mineral-rich Duchy of Silesia to Prussia and the Duchy of Parma to Spain.Emperor <mask> VI has been the main motif of many collectors' coins and medals. One of the most recent samples is high value collectors' coin the Austrian Göttweig Abbey commemorative coin, minted on 11 October 2006. His portrait can be seen in the foreground of the reverse of the


title: Khalid Mahmud Arif

texts:
General <mask> ( 29 December 1930 – 6 March 2020) , popularly known as K.M<mask>, was a four-star rank army general in the Pakistan Army, serving as the vice-chief of army staff under President Zia-ul-Haq, who retained the command of the army since 1976. His career in the army was mostly spent in the military intelligence, and served in the government of East Pakistan as its military adviser to its army, briefly fighting in the civil war aided by neighboring India. Upon repatriation to Pakistan in 1973, he continued with his military service in the army and eventually ascended as director-general of military intelligence before assuming the staff appointment at the Army GHQ. Appointed as vice-chief of army staff in 1984, he played crucial role in stabilizing the administration of President Zia-ul-Haq, and was succeeded by General Mirza Aslam Beg as army chief in March 1987. Upon his retirement in 1987, he authored several books on the political and military history of Pakistan, of which Working With Zia: Pakistan's Power Politics is the best known. Biography

<mask> was born on 29 December 1930 in a Kakazai family in East Punjab, India and immigrated to Pakistan following the partition.He attended Edwardes College in Peshawar and graduated in 1947. After passing the ISSB's examinations, he joined the Pakistan Military Academy in Kakul as a cadet and graduated in 1947, where he was selected to do advance training on Infantry tactics in Kohat, North-West Frontier Province. His family permanently moved in Kohat as he gained commissioned into the Armoured Corps. In 1952, he was selected for further military training in the United States and was sent to attend the United States Army Armor School at Fort Knox, where he graduated in specializing in the armoured tactics. He was further educated in Military College of Signals in Rawalpindi where he excelled in intelligence management, and graduated in the staff course degree from the Command and Staff College in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. War appointments

masks:
Khalid Mahmud Arif
. Arif
Khalid Mahmud Arif