title: Shawn Porter

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<mask> (born October 27, 1987) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 2008 to 2021. He is a two-time former welterweight world champion, having held the IBF title from 2013 to 2014 and the WBC title from 2018 to 2019. As of August 2021, he is ranked as the world's third best active welterweight by BoxRec and fourth by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board and The Ring magazine. He is particularly known for his aggressive pressure fighting style, physical strength and high workrate. Amateur boxing career
As an amateur, <mask> competed mostly as a middleweight and compiled an astounding amateur record of 276–14. In 2007 he won the United States Golden Gloves Championship, but at the PanAm Games <mask> was knocked out in the second round by Cuban Emilio Correa. Though he boasts amateur victories over current pro prospects Daniel Jacobs, Demetrius Andrade, Edwin Rodriguez, <mask>, Jonathan Nelson, and Oleksandr Usyk he came up just short in qualifying for the 2008 U.S. Olympics team.<mask> is a graduate of Stow-Munroe Falls High School. There he earned all conference in football his junior and senior year. Professional boxing career
<mask> was trained and managed by his father <mask>, located in Las Vegas, Nevada. Middleweight
<mask> began his pro career at 165½lbs on October 3, 2008 at the Wicomico Civic Center in Salisbury, Maryland, USA. His opponent was Norman Johnson. <mask> won the fight via first-round TKO. In his 5th professional fight, <mask> faced off against 31 year old Cory Jones (4–3, 1 KO) on February 6, 2009.<mask> won the fight

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Kenny Porter
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title: Shawn Porter

type: original

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 after 4 rounds via unanimous decision (40–33, 40–33, 39–35). Jones was knocked down twice in round 1. On April 3, 2009, <mask> defeated Eloy Suarez (10–4, 5 KOs) via 1st-round TKO. <mask> backed Suarez in a corner, landed several right hand power punches and sent him to the canvas. Suarez beat the count, but was out on his feet. The referee waved a halt at 2:59 of round 1. Light middleweight
In August 2009, <mask> moved down to 154lbs, defeating Lamar Harris at the Fitzgerald's Casino & Hotel in Tunica, Mississippi.In December 2009, <mask> took on undefeated 27 year old Jamar Patterson (8–0, 4 KOs) at the Grand Casino in Hinckley, Minnesota in a scheduled 8 round fight. <mask> won the fight after the referee waved off the fight in round 4 after <mask> knocked down Patterson. <mask> won his first Championship belt, the Interim WBO NABO Light Middleweight title against Russell Jordan (15–6, 10 KOs) on ESPN's Friday Night Fights on February 19, 2010. Jordan was deducted a point in 9th round after losing mouthpiece twice as the bout went full 10 rounds. The scorecards read 97–92, 97–92, 100–89. On April 16, 2010 he knocked out veteran Raul Pinzon (17–4, 16 KOs) in just one round. In July, <mask> beat 24 year old Ray Robinson (11–1, 4 KOs) via unanimous decision (99–89, 97–92, 98–91) at DeSoto Civic Center in Southaven, Mississippi.Welterweight
On October 15, 2010, <mask> moved down to 147lbs. His first opponent was American Hector Munoz (18–3–4, 11 KOs) at the Buffalo Run Casino in Miami, Oklahoma. It was for the NABF welterweight title, left vacant by Saul

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title: Shawn Porter

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 Alvarez. Munoz was cut on the right side of his head by a barrage of punches in round 5. During round 9, <mask>'s promoter, Gary Shaw, ran over to Munoz's corner pleading for them to stop the fight which they finally agreed and threw in the towel at 2:05 of round 9. On February 18, 2011, <mask> successfully defended his title against Anges Adjaho (25–4, 14 KOs) via 10 round unanimous decision (99–91, 99–91, 97–93). The fight was on the undercard of Fernando Guerrero vs. Derrick Findley and was part of the first-ever televised live boxing card in 3D.At 144 lbs, <mask> was fighting at the lightest weight of his professional career to date. Adjaho entered having lost four of his previous six bouts and having not won in just over two years. In April 2012, after over a year out, <mask> stopped veteran journeyman Patrick Thompson in round 6. <mask> claimed the vacant WBO NABO welterweight title by defeating Alfonso Gómez (23–5–2, 12 KOs) on July 28 at the HP Pavilion in San Jose, California. This was the first fight for Gómez since suffering a sixth-round knockout loss to Saul Alvarez (37–0–1) ten months prior. <mask> overcame a cut above his right eye in the opening round and a nasty gash in the tenth that spanned his left eyebrow to remain unbeaten. The judges scored the bout 98–92, 96–94, 97–93.<mask> vs. Díaz I, II
On December 15, <mask> fought on the undercard of Khan-Molina at the Sports Arena in Los Angeles against veteran Mexican former world champion Julio Díaz (40–7, 29 KOs). The fight ended in a split decision draw after 10 rounds 96–94, 95–95, 94–96.

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title: Shawn Porter

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 <mask> started the fight well winning the opening few rounds. It appeared as though Díaz was taking the opening rounds to adjust to <mask>'s style as he started to attack following the fourth round with body shots, which landed accurately. On May 18, 2013, <mask> fought undefeated Canadian Phil Lo Greco (25–0, 14 KOs) at the Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City. <mask> won the fight after 10 rounds winning a unanimous decision 99–89, 100–88, 100–88. On August 18, 2013, it was announced that <mask> would be part of a triple header on Fox Sports 2 on September 12, headlining against Julio Díaz (40–8–1, 29 KOs) in a rematch.<mask> improved his record to 22–0–1 after defeating Díaz by decision, retaining the NABO title and winning the vacant IBF North American title as a result. At the end of 10 rounds, the judges scored it (97–93, 98–92, 97–93). Although it was still a tough fight, <mask> put the work in and beat Díaz convincingly. IBF welterweight champion

<mask> vs. Alexander
In October 2013, it was announced that <mask> would challenge IBF Welterweight Champion Devon Alexander (25–1, 14 KOs) on November 30 at the Freeman Coliseum in San Antonio. Alexander was thought to be making his second title defense against England's Amir Khan but Instead had to settle for facing <mask> in a much lower-profile bout. Alexander and <mask> had met in the amateurs in the late 1990s, with Alexander winning a 3-round decision. The fight took place on December 7 at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn.<mask> controlled most of the fight, beating Alexander via a unanimous decision to win

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title: Shawn Porter

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 the welterweight world title. The judges scored the bout 116–112, 116–112 and 115–113. ESPN.com also had <mask> winning 117–111. <mask> was delighted to capture his first world title, "We worked hard and it came through in the ring. We made it look easy tonight. This is a blessing. We wanted to come out here and establish that I was the better fighter and we made that happen."In the fight, <mask> suffered a damaged right eye due to accidental clash of heads. <mask> vs. Malignaggi
Golden Boy announced on March 12, 2014, <mask> would defend his newly won world title on April 19, against former world welterweight champion Paulie Malignaggi (33–5, 7 KOs) on the undercard of Bernard Hopkins vs. Beibut Shumenov at the DC Armory in Washington. <mask> entered as the # 6 welterweight contender in the world according to The Ring Magazine. Malignaggi was ranked as the # 8 contender. <mask> won via 4th-round TKO. A double jab opened a cut under the left eye of Malignaggi in round one. <mask> had a huge second round, badly rocking Malignaggi multiple times.In round four, <mask> hurt Malignaggi with a lunging left hook moments later and a barrage, which included a couple of clean right hands which sent Malignaggi down and under the bottom rope. The referee waved an end to the bout without beginning a count. In the post fight, <mask> said, "The objective was to use the jab and get to the body, and it all worked. The first knockdown, he knew that right hand was going to come all night. [In the fourth round], it was a big right hand. He knew it would land all night. We kept

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title: Shawn Porter

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 throwing it."Malignaggi was humble in defeat, "He has potential to be great, and I told him to go be great I'm not sure what I'm going to do. I don't want to lose to an average champion. I want to lose to a great champion. If this is my last fight, I hope I lost to a great champion." <mask> vs. Brook

<mask> was ordered by the IBF to make his next mandatory defense against Kell Brook (32–0, 22 KOs). The fight took place on August 16, 2014 at the StubHub Center in Carson, California. Brook defeated <mask> for the title via 12 round majority decision.Two American judges scored it (117–111 and 116–112) for Brook while the English judge scored it (114–114). Brook landed 158 of his 441 punches (36%), mostly jabs. <mask> threw 308 more power punches, in total landing 156 of 626 thrown (25%). <mask> felt as though he won the fight, "I thought that I was effective with my attack, but he was ready. I'm not giving any excuses. I want the rematch. I'll find him where he's at, and I'll take it from him."This was a Showtime debut for <mask>. The fight did not generate as many viewers as expected, an average of 661,000 viewers. The whole card averaged just 514,000 viewers. Rebuild after first loss

<mask> vs. Bone
On March 13, 2015 <mask> was scheduled to make his debut as a part of the Premier Boxing Champions series on Spike TV against veteran Roberto García. The fight took place in Ontario, California, at the Citizens Business Bank Arena. Garcia was hospitalized with an undisclosed illness prior to the weigh-in and was forced to withdraw.However, things came together


title: Shawn Porter

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 and Erick Bone (16–1, 8 KOs) stepped in to face <mask> on short notice at a contractually agreed-upon weight of 149lbs. <mask> got off to a slow start to feel what Boné would offer. Boné was able to counter due to <mask>s reckless boxing. <mask> then began to aim for the midsection, landing power shots, eventually dropping Boné in round 5. Boné got up but <mask> went on the attack again dropping Boné once again. Clearly hurt, referee Jack Reiss made the 10 count. <mask> admitted he had worked on the body shots in training, "I felt the body punches going in, I knew he was getting hurt.I knew it was gonna get him out. We focused on that in the gym." <mask> vs. Broner
On May 16, 2015, TGB Promotions and Mayweather Promotions announced that <mask> would fight fellow Ohio boxer Adrien Broner (30–1, 22 KOs) on June 20 at the MGM Grand Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas on Premier Boxing Champions on NBC at a catchweight of 144lbs as per Broner's demand. Going into the fight, Broner was 4–0 at the arena. There was controversary around the catchweight. Leading up the fight the Welterweight champ <mask> also criticized, that Broner had a 157lbs limit clause in the contract, which stopped <mask> from rehydrating to his normal weight on fight day. <mask> was quoted as saying,“You want to move up into my weight, then move up!Don’t be scared. Don’t be worried. Don’t be afraid. Put your skill on the line along with your record. Put it all on the line at 147. Don’t put it at 144, then not want to talk about it.” The remarks came as Broner had repeatedly refused to comment on

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title: Shawn Porter

texts:
 the catchweight situation, which many believed would put Broner in a negative light. <mask> dominated majority of the fight to win a unanimous decision over Broner.Broner was warned many times for holding during the bout and was deducted a point in round 11. Broner opened the 12th round with a clean left hand that connected and dropped <mask> for the first time in his career. <mask> recovered from the knockdown and improved his record to 26–1–1 despite the usual pre-fight trash talk by Broner. The 3 judges scored the bout 114–112, 118–108, 115–111. The fight drew close to 2.4 million viewers. Broner had a purse of $1.35 million compared to <mask>'s $1 million. <mask> vs. Thurman
It was announced on February 17, that WBA welterweight champion Keith Thurman (26–0 (1), 22 KOs) would put his title on the line against <mask> on March 12, 2016 at the Mohegan Sun Casino in Uncasville, Connecticut.On February 23, Thurman's promoter said he had been forced to postpone his upcoming fight with <mask> after being injured in a car accident. Lou DiBella had insisted the injury is not serious or career threatening, but admits the American is lucky to have escaped major injury. Thurman had not been cleared to resume training by his doctors and is expected to be on the sidelines for between four and six weeks. <mask> announced that his rescheduled world title clash against Thurman will take place on June 25 at the Barclays Center. The World Boxing Association has ordered the winner of the Thurman and <mask> to face interim WBA Welterweight champion David Avanesyan (22–1–1, 11


title: Shawn Porter

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 KOs), who beat #3 WBA Shane Mosley (49–10–1, 41 KOs) on May 28. In an old-fashioned fight of the year candidate, <mask> was unsuccessful in winning the title as Thurman won by unanimous decision, before a crowd of 12,718, when all three judges scored an identical 115–113 in favor of Thurman. <mask> earned a $1m purse.This was the first main event televised by CBS in prime time since February 15, 1978, when Muhammad Ali lost a 15-round split decision and the heavyweight title to Leon Spinks in a massive upset. Thurman landed 235 of 539 punches (44 percent) and <mask> landed 236 of 662 (36 percent). After the fight, there were immediate talks of a rematch. The fight averaged 3.1 million viewers, according to ESPN. The card itself averaged 2.4 million viewers. The live gate was over $1.1 million in ticket sales, the highest gate in the history of Barclays Center to date, it was also the second highest attendance in the history of Barclays Center, with over 12,000 paying customers in attendance. Premier Boxing Champions voted the bout as their 'Fight of the Year'.<mask> vs. Berto
On February 13, 2017, it was announced that a deal was close to being made between <mask> and former Welterweight world champion Andre Berto (31–4, 24 KOs). On March 5, it was officially confirmed the fight would take place on April 22, 2017 at the Barclays Center in New York City with CBS confirming Showtime would televise the bout. Halfway through the press conference, promoter Lou DiBella confessed that he received a phone call from WBC president Mauricio Sulaiman and he reported the

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title: Shawn Porter

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 fight would be a final eliminator. On March 4, Keith Thurman defeated Danny Garcia to become the new WBA and WBC unified Welterweight champion. In front of 9,118, <mask> earned another world title fight against Thurman after he stopped Berto inside the distance. <mask> used power shots to the body of Berto to wear him down over the rounds. Berto was dropped in round 2, the same round <mask> suffered a bad cut from clash of heads.After round 4, <mask> was cut above both eyes and Berto was cut above the left eye, all due to clash of heads. <mask> dropped Berto once again in round 9, forcing the stoppage. At the time of stoppage, <mask> was ahead on all scorecards, 79–72 and 78–74 (twice). <mask> was the busier fighter, landing 175 of 448 (39%) punches thrown, whilst Berto landed 81 of 254 thrown (32%). Many experts called the fight dirty due to constant clash of heads and blood pouring from both fighters. <mask> said, "My intention is never to use my head as a weapon. This was a just very hard-fought battle by both of us and I'm blessed to get the victory."<mask> earned $1 million whilst Berto got the higher amount of $1.2 million for the fight. The fight averaged 468,000 viewers on Showtime. <mask> vs. Granados
Due to Keith Thurman being sidelined for the remainder of 2017, on July 17 the WBC president Mauricio Sulaiman told ESPN Deportes, that he would likely order a fight between the #1 <mask> and #2 Danny Garcia (33–1, 19 KOs) for the Interim WBC title. He also went on to state, if <mask> or García declined to take part in the interim title fight, he would


title: Shawn Porter

texts: move on to the next highest available ranked fighter. At that time, Manny Pacquiao was #3, Jessie Vargas was #4 and Konstantin Ponomarev was ranked #5 by the WBC. A day later, <mask> added fuel to the speculation when he called out García in a WWE-esque promo on social media, "I just heard that the WBC will ask Showtime <mask> to fight another title eliminator. And they want me to fight none other than the cherry picker himself - Danny Garcia.What I say to you Danny Garcia - let's get it on," <mask> claimed the ball was now in García's court. On July 30, Ringtv announced that <mask> would fight on the undercard of the Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Conor McGregor undercard at the T-Mobile Arena in Las Vegas, however won't be part of the Showtime PPV card. Instead his fight against 27 year old former light welterweight contender Thomas Dulorme (24–2, 16 KOs), who last fought in a stoppage loss to Terence Crawford in April 2015, would headline the preliminary card on Fox. <mask> pulled out of his fight with Dulorme on August 17, 9 days before the fight, due to a death in his family. Mayweather Promotions released a statement confirming 2008 Olympic bronze medalist Yordenis Ugás (19–3, 9 KOs) would take his place in fighting Dulorme. On August 2, 2017, the WBC president confirmed that he still had the intention of ordering the fight between <mask> and García for the interim title. On September 28, ESPN reported that <mask> would fight again before the end of the year on the Wilder vs. Stiverne undercard on November 4 at the Barclays Center in New York City against 28

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title: Shawn Porter

texts: year old Adrían Granados (18–5–2, 12 KOs) in a 10-round bout.<mask> praised Granados ahead of the fight, "Against Granados I'm getting into the ring with someone who is very established as an amateur and a professional, has great skills and isn't going to go in there and lay down. That's always going to bring out the best in me." Before a crowd of 10,924, <mask> fought hard to earn a 12-round unanimous decision over Granados to claim the vacant WBC Silver welterweight title. All three judges' scored the fight The judges scored the fight 117–111 in favour of <mask>. <mask> worked hard and did enough to claim the 10 rounds. Throughout the rounds, although Granados was also effective, <mask> switched tactics, notably working on the inside and land some clean shots. <mask> faded in the 11th and 12th rounds, and resorted to using movement to preserve his win.Granados had enough energy to withstand any punishment inflicted by <mask>. The crowd began to jeer in the final round, usually the more excited rounds, as <mask> moved and clinched, rather than thrown punches. At one point in the final round, <mask> grabbed gold of Granados to avoid being hit. Granados looked at the crowd and shouted, “He won’t let go of me.” CompuBox Stats showed that <mask> was the busier and more accurate boxer, landing 209 of 583 punches thrown (36%), while Granandos landed 166 of 680 thrown (24%). <mask> explained the reason he slowed down towards the championship rounds saying, "I hurt my left hand in the sixth round, but I kept using it,. I had to use my jab. It took a toll on me, and


title: Shawn Porter

texts:
 by the 10th round I just couldn't throw it anymore."For the win, <mask> earned $500,000, while Granados took home a $200,000 purse. Granados thought he won the fight. The fight, which took place on a Showtime averaged 646,000 viewers and peaked at 696,000 viewers. WBC welterweight champion

<mask> vs. García
Father and trainer, Ken stated that <mask>'s next fight would be against WBA and WBC champion Keith Thurman. On April 24, 2018, Thurman vacated his WBC title, forcing the organisation to mandate <mask> vs. Danny Garcia for the vacant title. On May 9, the WBC ordered purse bids to take place on May 25 if no agreement had been made, although the WBC president Mauricio Sulaiman confirmed talks were going well and a deal could be finalized before the bids. On the morning of May 25, Tom Brown informed the WBC a deal was in place for the bout to take place, thus the purse bids were cancelled.Brown stated the fight would take place at the Barclays Center in either August or September 2018. On July 24, the long-awaited announcement was finally made confirming the bout to take place at the Barclays Center on September 8, 2018. Before a crowd of 13,058 in attendance, <mask> became a two-time world champion after defeating García via unanimous decision. The official scores were 116–112, 115–113, 115–113 in <mask>'s favour. <mask> started off slowly in the first four rounds but then came on in the second half and took over, dominating the remainder of the bout. Both boxers boxed in the first quarter of the fight. <mask> had little success in doing this.He then made


title: Shawn Porter

texts:
 adjustments and began fighting more on the inside and connecting with body shots. One of <mask>'s main attributes was the way he doubled his jab. It appeared García slowed down in the second half of the fight. This was likely due to the body attack from <mask>. García believed he won the fight, but did not complain about the result. IBF champion Errol Spence Jr. entered the ring during <mask>'s post-fight interview with <mask> stating a fight between the pair would be the 'easiest to make' in boxing. CompuBox stats showed that <mask> landed 180 of 742 punches thrown (24%) and García landed with 168 of his 472 thrown (36%).For the fight, <mask> earned $1 million and García made $1.2 million. The fight averaged 619,000 viewers and peaked at 690,000 viewers. <mask> vs. Ugás
On November 13, 2018, it was announced that <mask> would make his first defence of his WBC title on March 9, 2019 against 32 year old Cuban contender and Mandatory challender Yordenis Ugás (23-3, 11 KOs). Ugas was ranked #6 by the WBC at the time. Premier Boxing Champions and FOX were due to confirm the announcements, as part of their new partnership via a huge press conference in Los Angeles. Ugás became the mandatory challenger after defeating Argentine boxer Cesar Barrionuevo via a 12 round unanimous decision in what was a final eliminator on the <mask> vs. García undercard. Prior to the fight being made, <mask> wanted a unification bout against Spence.He stated that 'mandatory obligations' came in the way of that bout happening next. The fight was set to take place at the T-Mobile Arena


title: Shawn Porter

texts:
 in Paradise, Nevada. <mask> vs. Spence Jr.

<mask> fought Errol Spence Jr. on September 28, 2019 with <mask>'s WBC and Spence's IBF welterweight titles on the line. In a high-octane fight in which both men fought in the pocket, <mask> started fast, sometimes overwhelming Spence Jr. in the early rounds. Spence Jr., however, began attacking <mask>'s body and was able to slowly gain a slight edge on the judges' scorecards. With the fight still close, Spence Jr. landed a short left hook to <mask>'s chin in round eleven, causing <mask>'s glove to touch the canvas and scoring the only knockdown of the fight. <mask> remained on his feet and received an eight-count by referee Jack Reiss before resuming the contest, finishing the round, and engaging in an action-packed twelfth and final round.<mask> lost by split decision with the judges scoring the bout 116–111, 116–111, 112–115. It was arguably a fight of the year candidate. Later career

<mask> vs. Formella
On August 22, 2020, <mask> made his first appearance back in the ring since losing his WBC title in a bout against undefeated former IBO welterweight champion Sebastian Formella. Formella was ranked #8 by the IBF and #14 by the WBC. <mask> dominated the fight, winning every round on all three judges' scorecards, with final scores of 120–108 across the board for a unanimous decision victory. <mask> vs. Crawford

On July 31, 2021, the WBO ordered their welterweight champion Terence Crawford to defend his title against <mask>, the #2 ranked WBO welterweight contender. As the two sides were unable to negotiate the

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title: Shawn Porter

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 terms of the fight, the WBO set a purse bid for September 2, 2021, which was later postponed until September 14.Crawford and <mask> would adhere to a 60-40 purse split, rather than the usual 80-20 split for mandated matches, taking into account the earnings from their three previous fights. On September 14, 2021, it was announced that a deal had been agreed to stage the fight on November 20 at Michelob Ultra Arena in Las Vegas, airing on ESPN+ PPV. <mask> lost the bout via tenth-round technical knockout after being knocked down twice in the tenth round, prompting his corner to pull him from the fight. Retirement
At the post fight press conference after the Crawford fight <mask> announced his retirement from boxing, stating, "I was prepared to announce my retirement tonight, win, lose or draw. Even if it was a draw. I was not going to do it again. I'm announcing my retirement right now".Broadcasting career
While still fighting at the top level in the welterweight division, <mask> became a rising star in the boxing commentary field. He was a primary commentator for NBC's Ring City USA, plus the 2020 Summer Olympics boxing coverage. He's also worked on the broadcast team for Premier Boxing Champions' bouts on Fox, Fox Sports 1, and Fox Sports 2 and Triller Fite Club. In 2020, <mask> launched The Porter Way Podcast, a weekly podcast he hosts with two co-hosts that focuses on boxing and the world of sports. Professional boxing record

Pay-per-view bouts

References

External links

<mask> profile at Premier Boxing Champions
 Twitter
<mask> - Profile, News Archive

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title: Yeongjo of Joseon

texts:
<mask> of Joseon (31 October 1694 – 22 April 1776, reigned 16 October 1724 – 22 April 1776) was the 21st king of the Korean Joseon Dynasty. He was the second son of King Sukjong. His mother was Royal Noble Consort Suk of the Choe clan. Before ascending to power, he held the title of Prince Yeoning. In 1720, a few months after the accession of his older brother, King Gyeongjong as the 20th King, Yeoning became the Crown Prince (wangseje, 왕세제). This induced a large controversy between political factions. Nevertheless, four years later, at the death of Gyeongjong, <mask> ascended the throne.<mask>'s reign lasted nearly 52 years and was marked by his persistent efforts to reform the taxation system of Joseon, rule by Confucian ethics, minimize and reconcile the factional fighting under his "Magnificent Harmony" Policy (Tangpyeong, 蕩平, 탕평). His reign was also marked by the highly controversial execution of his son, Prince Sado, in 1762. In spite of the controversy, <mask>'s reign has earned a positive reputation in Korean history due to his sincere efforts to rule by Confucian virtue. Biography

Succession to the throne
In 1720, his father King Sukjong died and Crown Prince Yi Yun, Sukjong's eldest son, ascended to the throne as King Gyeongjong, at the age of 33. When Sukjong died in 1720, he supposedly told Yi I-myeong to name Yeoning-gun as Gyeongjong's heir, but in the absence of a historiographer or scribe, there was no record. During his time there was infighting and resentment for his low-born origins. The Noron faction (노론, 老論) of the bureaucracy pressured

masks: Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo


title: Yeongjo of Joseon

texts: King Gyeongjong to step down in favor of his half-brother Prince Yeoning (the future King <mask>).In 1720, two months after the King's enthronement, Prince Yeoning was installed as Royal Prince Successor Brother (wangseje, 왕세제, 王世弟). This aggravated the power struggle and led to a great massacre, namely the Shinim literati purges (신임사화, 辛壬士禍). The Norons sent messages to the king to no effect while the opposing Soron faction (소론, 少論) used this to their advantage – claiming the Noron were trying to usurp power and subsequently getting their rival faction removed from several offices. Members of the Soron faction then came up with an idea to assassinate the heir (Yeoning-gun) under the pretence of hunting for a white fox said to be haunting the palace, but Yeoning-gun sought shelter with his stepmother, Queen Dowager Inwon, who protected him and he was able to stay alive. Afterwards, he told his half-brother the king that he rather would go and live as a commoner. On 11 October 1724, King Gyeongjong died. Soron accused Prince Yeoning of having something to do with his brother's death due to the earlier attempt by the Noron faction to have him replace Gyeongjong on the throne.Many historians, however, now believe that he could have died of eating contaminated seafood, as he displayed symptoms of the illness before his death. Homer Hulbert described this in his book The History of Korea, where he said, "But we may well doubt the truth of the rumor, for nothing that is told of that brother indicates that he would commit such an act, and in the second place a man


title: Yeongjo of Joseon

texts:
 who will eat shrimps in mid-summer, that have been brought 30 miles from the sea without ice might expect to die". On 16 October 1724, Prince Yeoning ascended the throne as King <mask>, the 21st ruler of Joseon. Reign
King <mask> was a deeply Confucian monarch, and is said to have had a greater knowledge of the classics than his officials. During the reign of <mask> and his grandson Jeongjo, Confucianization was at its height, as well as the economic recovery from the wars of the late 16th and early 17th centuries. His rulership has been called one of the most brilliant reigns of all the Joseon Dynasty. <mask> worried deeply for his people.Annals of the Joseon Dynasty record that one day in the 4th year of his reign, King <mask> woke up to the sound of early morning rain and said to his courtiers,

Oh dear! We have had flood, drought and famines for the past four years because of my lack of virtue, and this year we even went through an unprecedented revolt by a traitor named Yi In-jwa. How can my poor people manage their livelihood under such hardship? There is an old saying, 'War is always followed by a lean year.' Fortunately, however, we haven’t had a big famine for the past two years and we pin our hopes on a good harvest this year. Yet I am still nervous because, while the season for harvesting is around the corner, there is no way of knowing if there will be a flood or drought before then. Nobody knows whether a cold rain will pour suddenly and flood the fields awaiting harvest.My lack of goodness might bring upon us such awful things as I fail to win

masks: Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo


title: Yeongjo of Joseon

texts:
 the sympathy of heaven. How can I earn the sympathy of heavens if I do not self-reflect and make efforts myself? I should start with reflecting on myself. <mask> worried that rain would ruin the harvest forcing his unfortunate people to starve. The King ordered his courtiers to reduce taxes on the people and decrease the number of dishes in his own meals. Reducing the range of foods he ate was a decision made out of concern for his starving people. One early morning 25 years later circa 1753, the continuous rain reminded <mask> of the flood during the 4th year of his reign, when he had eaten less food: "Oh!Floods and droughts really happen because I lack virtue. I am much older than that year, but how can my compassion for the people and will to work hard for them be less than back then?". Yet again, <mask> ordered a reduction in the number of dishes on his dining table. People around him described him as an articulate, bright, benevolent and kind King. He was penetrating in observation and quick of comprehension. Policies
<mask> realising the detrimental effect on state administration of factional strife during the latter half of the 17th century, attempted to end factional strife as soon as he ascended the throne. <mask> reinstated the short-lived universal military service tax, then he even went beyond the palace gate and solicited the opinion of officials, literati (scholars), soldiers and peasants.<mask> reduced the military service tax by half and ordered the variance be supplemented by taxes on fisheries, salt, vessels and an additional land tax.

masks: Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo Yeongjo


title: Yeongjo of Joseon

texts: <mask> also regularized the financial system of state revenues and expenses by adopting an accounting system. His realistic policies allowed payment of taxes on grain from the remote mountainous areas Gyeongsang do province, to the nearby port, with payment in cotton or cash for grain. The circulation of currency was encouraged by increasing coin casting. <mask>'s concern for improvement of the peasant's life was manifest in his eagerness to educate the people by distributing important books in the Korean script (Hangul), including the Book of Agriculture. The pluviometre was again manufactured in quantity and distributed to local administration offices and extensive public work projects were undertaken. Yeongjo upgraded the status of posterity of the commoners, opening another possibility for upward social mobility and inevitable change.Yeongjo policies were intended to reassert the Confucian monarchy and a humanistic rule, but they couldn't stem the tide of social change that resulted. Mercantile activities rapidly increased in volume. The accumulation of capital through monopoly and wholesales expanded through guild organisations and many merchants were centred in Hanyang. The traditional division of government chartered shop, the license tribute goods suppliers and the small shopkeepers in the alley and streets were integrated and woven into a monopoly and wholesale system. Regardless of status, many yangban class aristocrats and commoners engaged in some kind of merchant activities. Thus Hanyang made great strides as a commercial and industrial city in

masks: Yeongjo Yeongjo


title: Yeongjo of Joseon

texts:
 the 18th century. The popular demand for handicrafts and goods such as knives, horse hair hats, dining table and brassware was ever-increasing.Restrictions on wearing the horse hair hat originally denoting a Yangban class status, virtually disappeared

Even bootlegging of books became commercialised as competition developed among the well-to-do Yanban engaged in publication of collected literary works of their renowned ancestors. This also led to printing popular fiction and poetry. The people especially appreciated satire and social criticism. One example is the Chunhyangjeon (Tales of Chunghyang) about the fidelity of the Gisaeng's (entertainer's) daughter was widely read as a satire aimed to expose the greed and snobbery of government officials. Anti-corruption
The King is also renowned for having treasured Park Mun-su, who he appointed as Amhaeng-eosa (암행어사), a secret government inspector for the King. Park, who had earned great merit in putting down Yi In-jwa's rebellion in 1728, went around the nation arresting corrupt local officers in the name of the King. Controversy
The only significantly dismal incident during <mask>'s reign was the death of his son, Crown Prince Sado.History indicates Sado suffered from mental illness; randomly killing people in the palace and raping palace maids. By court rules King <mask> could not kill his son by his own hands, so Sado was ordered to climb into a large wooden rice chest on a hot July day in 1762. After eight days, Sado died. During the 19th century, there were rumors that Prince Sado had not been mentally


title: Yeongjo of Joseon

texts:
 ill, but had been victimised by a court plot; however, this is contradicted by both the memoirs written by Sado's widow and Annals of the Joseon Dynasty. As a means to preserve the legitimacy of Sado's son as his own heir, <mask> decreed that the boy be registered as the son of the deceased Crown Prince Hyojang and Princess Consort Hyosun. Catholicism
<mask> was the first to take action against Roman Catholic activities in the country. By the 18th century, Catholicism was beginning to acquire a following especially in the Gangwon and Hwanghae provinces.In 1758, <mask> officially outlawed Catholicism as an evil practice. Death
Fourteen years after Crown Prince Sado's death, Sado's son, <mask>'s grandson Jeongjo, became king. The early part of the new King's years were marked by political intrigues and fear of court officials who were afraid that Jeongjo would seek revenge on them for petitioning the punishment that caused the death of his father, Crown Prince Sado. <mask> was buried in the dynastic tombs at Donggureung. <mask> is buried with his first and second wives in the royal tomb of Wonneung (원릉, 元陵) in the city of Guri. Queen Jeongsun of the Gyeongju Kim clan (2 December 1745 – 11 February 1805) (정순왕후 김씨) – No issue. Portrayed by Park Geun-hyung in the 1998 MBC TV series The King's Road.Portrayed by Choi Bool-am in the 1998 MBC TV series Hong Guk Young. Portrayed by Jo Min-ki in the 2002 MBC TV series Inspector Park Moon So. Portrayed by Lee Tae-ri in the 2002 KBS TV series Jang Hee Bin. Portrayed by Kim Sung-gyum in the 2007 CGV TV series Eight Days,


title: Eufrosina Cruz

texts:
<mask> (born 1 January 1979 in Santa María Quiegolani, Oaxaca) is a Zapotec activist for gender equality and the rights of indigenous women and communities. In November 2010 she became the first indigenous woman in Oaxacan politics, assuming the position of deputy of the National Action Party and president of the board of the local congress. In December of the same year <mask> was appointed as coordinator of indigenous affairs of the National Executive Committee of the PAN. She is also the founder and director of the QUIEGO (Queremos Unir Integrando por Equidad y Género en Oaxaca) Asociación Civil, which promotes gender equality in Oaxaca. The starting-point for her fight for gender equality was that she was not permitted to participate in the municipal elections of her home town Santa María Quiegolani, for the single reason that she is a woman. This was a valid reason according to the usos y costumbres (local traditional laws). Because of <mask>’s fight, the constitution was later reformed to give women equal voting rights.On October 3, 2008 <mask> received the National Youth Award for her contribution to political culture, which was presented by President Felipe Calderón. On Saturday, June 30, 2018, she was expelled from the PAN due to her opposition of Ricardo Anaya's 2018 presidential candidacy. Background and context
<mask> <mask> comes from a tiny Zapotec village called Santa María Quiegolani in Oaxaca, Mexico, where Zapotec is the native language. Her life was as so many Zapotec women traditionally lived: getting up at 3 o’clock in the morning, gathering fuel, grinding maize, preparing tortillas, watching the children and cleaning the house. Most girls in such villages have little chance to complete grade school and are married at a young age to men chosen by their fathers. At the age of 11, <mask> <mask> decided that she didn’t want to live like this and left to study and learn Spanish. She wanted a better future and eventually to help the other women that were discriminated against and

masks:
Eufrosina Cruz Mendoza
Eufrosina
Eufrosina Cruz
Cruz
Eufrosina
Cruz
Eufrosina
Cruz


title: Eufrosina Cruz

texts:
 marginalized.She graduated from college with a degree in accounting and obtained a job teaching in indigent communities. Here she served as community instructor for education and founded three high schools in indigenous municipalities. After this she returned to her original village with the intention to change the lives of the women there. When she came back everything was still the same. Women were working hard but did not have equal rights. They were submissive to men and remained silent when men were around. Furthermore, women could not vote and did not have a voice in the law.Even so, <mask> ran for mayor of Santa María Quiegolani. This idea was revolutionary since the local political power was traditionally exclusively in the hands of men, and <mask> would have been the first female municipal president of Santa María Quiegoliani. It was a difficult struggle; most people didn’t want a woman in the government and spread rumors, ridiculed and threatened her. Usos y Costumbres Law
In 2007 she was eventually allowed in the election because the ruling family thought no one in town would dare to violate the tradition and vote for a woman. To everybody’s surprise <mask> <mask> won the elections (although the former authorities suggest otherwise). But this victory was not accepted and the election was annulled by the male authorities of the village. Votes for <mask> and her application for mayor were literally thrown into the trash bin.The former mayor of the municipality said “women do not exist here” and “women were created to serve men, to cook and care for children, but not to govern the former mayor also thought "a women for MAYOR??! !.”

The indigenous authority based their reason for this on oral traditions that said that women are not allowed in political positions in the community. This was in a way valid, since the usos y costumbres (uses and customs) law in the Oaxacan constitution states that indigenous communities can elect and form parties according to their own traditions and customs.

masks: Eufrosina Eufrosina Eufrosina Cruz Cruz


title: Eufrosina Cruz

texts:
 Oaxaca is the only state with this law, which is meant to respect the democratic practices of indigenous communities and protect their traditions. The communal authority is in this case stronger than the overall state politics. 418 out of 570 indigenous municipal laws are based on the usos y costumbres law; in 95 of these communities women did not have a voice or vote and were not permitted to make decisions for their community. Successes of Eufrosina <mask> <mask> did not give up and addressed human rights organizations and state authorities.The matter was taken seriously and she gained national recognition. In consequence, a revolutionary event took place on the 18th of January, 2008. For the first time the former governor visited <mask> <mask>’s small community, to demand that women should be able to have better lives. In February 2008 <mask> filed a complaint to the Human Rights Commission. The Commission recognized the violation of her rights. As a result, the government introduced an initiative to amend Article 25 of the state constitution, which was approved by the state congress. March 2008: <mask> <mask> became founder and director of QUIEGO, AC (see below)
 October 3, 2008: <mask> <mask> received the Premio Nacional de la Juventud (National Youth Award) in the category of contribution to the political culture from the President of México.<mask> represented Mexico in the Iberoamerican conference on Gender and Development. <mask> represented Mexico in the conferences of female leaders in Iberoamerica. QUIEGO, A.C. In March 2008, Eufrosina <mask> founded the non-profit association QUIEGO (Queremos unir, integrando por la equidad y género, a Oaxaca). The goal of this nonprofit is bringing attention to the situation of indigenous women, and ensuring that injustice such as what <mask> went through will not happen again. QUIEGO stands for equality between indigenous men and women, and wants women to have equal rights in development, progress, and education. This will be done through promoting

masks:
Cruz Erosina
Cruz
Eufrosina
Cruz
Cruz
Eufrosina
Cruz
Eufrosina
Cruz
Cruz
Cruz
Cruz
Eufrosina


title: Eufrosina Cruz

texts:
 human rights, making the importance of freedom and being a woman clear, creating projects to improve women’s quality of life, and women’s rights workshops.It will not only affect Quiegolani but also other indigenous communities in Oaxaca. On December 6, 2008, QUIEGO organized the first forum in the history of the region to discuss the importance of women in community development and their right to access social programs. Shortly after the forum, the Secretariat of Agrarian Reform supported them with six exclusive productive projects for women, including a community pharmacy, a bakery, and a sewing project. In San Jose Quianitas, months later, women could vote and be candidates in their community. In November 2010 another successful forum for the freedom of indigenous women was held, organized by Eufrosina <mask> and QUIEGO. In 2009 <mask> was approached by several political parties to participate in elections for the federal Chamber of Deputies. The president of QUIEGO rejected the proposals and urged these same parties to the creation of mechanisms for the participation of women in municipalities governed by custom.In November 2010, <mask> <mask> was nominated as a candidate for deputy of the local congress for the PAN. When Gabino Cué Monteagudo (PAN) won the elections, <mask> was elected to the office of presidenta de la mesa directiva del congreso local (president of the board of the local congress), becoming the first indigenous woman to chair the state Congress of Oaxaca. On December 14 of the same year, <mask> was appointed as coordinator of indigenous affairs of the National Executive Committee of the PAN. References

Living people
Women members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Members of the Congress of Oaxaca
Zapotec people
1979 births
People from Oaxaca
National Action Party (Mexico) politicians
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
21st-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican women politicians
Indigenous Mexican women
20th-century Native Americans
21st-century Native

masks: Cruz Eufrosina Eufrosina Cruz Eufrosina Eufrosina


title: June Jordan

texts:
<mask> (July 9, 1936 – June 14, 2002) was an American poet, essayist, teacher, and activist. In her writing she explored issues of gender, race, immigration, and representation. <mask> was passionate about using Black English in her writing and poetry, teaching others to treat it as its own language and an important outlet for expressing Black culture. <mask> was inducted on the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor within the Stonewall National Monument in 2019. Early life
<mask> was born in 1936 in Harlem, New York, as the only child of Jamaican immigrant parents, Granville Ivanhoe and <mask>. Her father was a postal worker for the USPS and her mother was a part-time nurse. When <mask> was five, the family moved to the Bedford-Stuyvesant area of Brooklyn, New York.<mask> credits her father with passing on his love of literature, and she began writing her own poetry at the age of seven. <mask> describes the complexities of her early childhood in her 2000 memoir, Soldier: A Poet's Childhood. She explores her complicated relationship with her father, who encouraged her to read broadly and memorize passages of classical texts, but who would also beat her for the slightest misstep and call her "damn black devil child". In her 1986 essay "For My American Family", <mask> explores the many conflicts in growing up as the child of Jamaican immigrant parents, whose visions of their daughter's future far exceeded the urban ghettos of her present. <mask>'s mother died by suicide, as is mentioned in On Call: Political Essays. <mask> recalls her father telling her: "There was a war against colored people, I had to become a soldier." After attending Brooklyn's Midwood High School for a year, <mask> enrolled in Northfield Mount Hermon School, an elite preparatory school in New England.Throughout her education, <mask> became "completely immersed in a white universe" by attending predominantly white schools; however, she was also able to construct and develop her identity as a black American and a writer. In 1953,

masks:
June Millicent Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Mildred Maud Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan


title: June Jordan

texts:
 <mask> graduated from high school and enrolled at Barnard College in New York City. <mask> later expressed how she felt about Barnard College in her 1981 book Civil Wars, writing:

No one ever presented me with a single Black author, poet, historian, personage, or idea for that matter. Nor was I ever assigned a single woman to study as a thinker, or writer, or poet, or life force. Nothing that I learned, here, lessened my feeling of pain or confusion and bitterness as related to my origins: my street, my family, my friends. Nothing showed me how I might try to alter the political and economic realities underlying our Black condition in white America. Due to this disconnect with the predominantly male, white curriculum, <mask> left Barnard without graduating.<mask> emerged as a poet and political activist when black female authors were beginning to be heard. Personal life
At Barnard College, <mask> met Columbia University student Michael Meyer, whom she married in 1955. She subsequently followed her husband to the University of Chicago, where she pursued graduate studies in anthropology. She also enrolled at the university but soon returned to Barnard, where she remained until 1957. In 1958, <mask> gave birth to the couple's only child, Christopher David Meyer. The couple divorced in 1965, and <mask> raised her son alone. After the Harlem Riots of 1964, <mask> found that she was, in her words, "filled with hatred for everything and everyone white."She wrote:

From that time on, <mask> wrote with love. She also identified as bisexual in her writing, which she refused to deny, even when this status was stigmatized. <mask>'s first published book, Who Look at Me (1969), was a collection of poems for children. It was followed by 27 more books in her lifetime, and one (Some of Us Did Not Die: Collected and New Essays) of which was in press when she died. Two more have been published posthumously: Directed By Desire: The Collected Poems of <mask> (Copper Canyon Press, 2005), and the 1970 poetry

masks:
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
June Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Career Jordan
June Jordan


title: June Jordan

texts:
 collection SoulScript, edited by <mask>, has been reissued. She was also an essayist, columnist for The Progressive, novelist, biographer, and librettist for the musical/opera I Was Looking at the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky, composed by John Adams and produced by Peter Sellars. When asked about the writing process for the libretto of the opera, <mask> said:

The composer, John [Adams], said he needed to have the whole libretto before he could begin, so I just sat down last spring and wrote it in six weeks, I mean, that's all I did.I didn't do laundry, anything. I put myself into it 100 percent. What I gave to John and Peter [Sellars] is basically what Scribner's has published now. <mask> began her teaching career in 1967 at the City College of New York. Between 1968 and 1978 she taught at Yale University, Sarah Lawrence College, and Connecticut College. She became the director of The Poetry Center at SUNY at Stony Brook and was an English professor there from 1978 to 1989. From 1989 to 2002 she was a full professor in the departments of English, Women's Studies, and African American Studies at the University of California, Berkeley.<mask> was known as "the Poet of the People". At Berkeley, she founded the "Poetry for the People" program in 1991. Its aim was to inspire and empower students to use poetry as a means of artistic expression. Reflecting on how she began with the concept of the program, <mask> said:

I did not wake up one morning ablaze with a coherent vision of Poetry for the People! The natural intermingling of my ideas and my observations as an educator, a poet, and the African-American daughter of poorly documented immigrants did not lead me to any limiting ideological perspectives or resolve. Poetry for the People is the arduous and happy outcome of practical, day-by-day, classroom failure and success. <mask> composed three guideline points that embodied the program, which was published with a set of her students' writings in 1995, entitled <mask>'s Poetry for the People: A

masks:
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
Jordan
June Jordan


title: June Jordan

texts:
 Revolutionary Blueprint.She was not only a political activist and a poet, but she wrote children's books as well. Literary topics and influences
<mask> felt strongly about using Black English as a legitimate expression of her culture, and she encouraged young black writers to use that idiom in their writing. She continued to influence young writers with her own published poetry, such as her collections, Dry Victories (1972), New Life (1975), and Kimako's Story (1981). <mask> was dedicated to respecting Black English (AAVE) and its usage (Jordan 1). In her piece "Nobody Mean More to Me Than You and the Future Life of <mask>," <mask> criticizes the world's quickness to degrade the usage of Black English, or any other form considered less than "standard". She denounced "white English" as standard English, saying that in stark contrast to other countries, where students are allowed to learn in their tribal language, "compulsory education in America compels accommodation to exclusively White forms of 'English.' White English, in America, is 'Standard English.'""Nobody Mean More to Me Than You and the Future Life of <mask>" opens On Call (1985), a collection of her essays. <mask> tells the story of working with her students to see the structure that exists within Black English, and respect it as its own language rather than a broken version of another language. Black English was spoken by most of the African-American students in her classes but was never understood as its own language. She presented it to them for the first time in a professional setting where they ordinarily expected work in English to be structured by "white standards." From this lesson, the students created guidelines for Black English. <mask>'s commitment to preserve Black English was evident in her work. She wrote: "There are three qualities of Black English— the presence of life, voice, and clarity—that intensify to a distinctive Black value system that we became excited about and self-consciously tried to maintain."In

masks:
Jordan
Jordan
Willie Jordan
Jordan
Willie Jordan
Jordan
Jordan


title: June Jordan

texts:
 addition to her writing for young writers and children, <mask> dealt with complex issues in the political arena. She engaged topics "like race, class, sexuality, capitalism, single motherhood, and liberation struggles across the globe." Passionate about feminist and Black issues, <mask> "spent her life stitching together the personal and political so the seams didn't show." Her poetry, essays, plays, journalism, and children's literature integrated these issues with her own experience, offering commentary that was both insightful and instructive. When asked about the role of the poet in society in an interview before her death, <mask> replied: "The role of the poet, beginning with my own childhood experience, is to deserve the trust of people who know that what you do is work with words." Contributions to feminist theory

"Report from the Bahamas"
In her 1982 classic personal essay "Report from the Bahamas", <mask> reflects on her travel experiences, various interactions, and encounters while in The Bahamas. Writing in narrative form, she discusses both the possibilities and difficulties of coalition and self-identification on the basis of race, class, and gender identity.Although not widely recognized when first published in 1982, this essay has become central in the United States to women's and gender studies, sociology, and anthropology. <mask> reveals several issues as well as important terms regarding race, class, and gender identity. Privilege
<mask> repeatedly grapples with the issue of privilege in both her poems and essays, emphasizing the term when discussing issues of race, class, and gender identity. She refuses to privilege oppressors who are similar to or more like certain people than other oppressors might be. She says that there should be no thought of privilege because all oppression and oppressors should be viewed at an equal standpoint. Concepts of race, class, and gender
"[In 'Report from the Bahamas'] <mask> describes the challenges of translating languages of gender,

masks: Jordan Jordan Jordan Jordan Jordan Jordan Jordan


title: June Jordan

texts:
 sexuality, and blackness across diasporic space, through the story of a brief vacation in the Bahamas." Vacationing in the Bahamas, <mask> finds that the shared oppression under race, class, and/or gender is not a sufficient basis for solidarity.She notes:

"These factors of race and class and gender absolutely collapse.. .whenever you try to use them as automatic concepts of connection." They may serve well as indicators of commonly felt conflict, but as elements of connection they seem about as reliable as precipitation probability for the day after the night before the day. As <mask> reflects on her interactions with a series of black Bahamian women, from the hotel maid "Olive" to the old women street sellers hawking trinkets, she writes:

I notice the fixed relations between these other Black women and myself. They sell and I buy or I don't. They risk not eating. I risk going broke on my first vacation afternoon. We are not particularly women anymore; we are parties to a transaction designed to set us against each other.(41)

Interspersing reflections of her trip with examples her role as a teacher advising students, <mask> details how her own expectations are constantly surprised. For instance, she recounts how an Irish woman graduate student with a Bobby Sands bumper sticker on her car provided much needed assistance to a South African student who was suffering from domestic violence. Such compassion was at odds with <mask>'s experience in her neighborhood of being terrorized by ethnic Irish teenagers hurling racial epithets. <mask>'s concluding lines emphasize the imperative to forge connection actively rather than assuming it on the basis of shared histories:
I am saying that the ultimate connection cannot be the enemy. The ultimate connection must be the need that we find between us ... I must make the connection real between me and these strangers everywhere before those other clouds unify this ragged bunch of us, too late. Common identity vs. individual identity
<mask> explores

masks: Jordan Jordan Jordan Jordan Jordan Jordan


title: June Jordan

texts:
 that, as human beings, we possess two very contrasting identities.The first identity is the common identity, which is the one that has been imposed on us by a long history of societal standards, controlling images, pressure, a variety of stereotypes, and stratification. The second is the individual identity that we have chosen once we are given the chance and feel are ready to expose our true selves. Death and legacy
<mask> died of breast cancer at her home in Berkeley, California, on June 14, 2002, aged 65. Shortly before her death, she completed Some of Us Did Not Die, her seventh collection of political essays (and 27th book). It was published posthumously. In it she describes how her early marriage to a white student while at Barnard College immersed her in the racial turmoil of America in the 1950s, and set her on the path of social activism. In 2004, the June Jordan School for Equity (formerly known as the Small School for Equity) in San Francisco was named after her by its first ninth grade class.They selected her through a democratic process of research, debate, and voting. A conference room was named for her in the University of California, Berkeley's Eshleman Hall, which is used by the Associated Students of the University of California. In June 2019, <mask> was one of the inaugural fifty American "pioneers, trailblazers, and heroes" inducted on the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor within the Stonewall National Monument (SNM) in New York City’s Stonewall Inn. The SNM is the first U.S. national monument dedicated to LGBTQ rights and history, and the wall’s unveiling was timed to take place during the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots. Honors and awards
<mask> received numerous honors and awards, including a 1969–70 Rockefeller grant for creative writing, a Yaddo Fellowship in 1979, a National Endowment for the Arts fellowship in 1982, and the Achievement Award for International Reporting from the National Association of Black Journalists in 1984. She also won the Lila Wallace

masks: Jordan Jordan Jordan


title: June Jordan

texts:
 Reader's Digest Writers Award from 1995 to 1998, as well as the Ground Breakers-Dream Makers Award from The Woman's Foundation in 1994. She was included in Who's Who in America from 1984 until her death.She received the Chancellor's Distinguished Lectureship from UC Berkeley and the PEN Center USA West Freedom to Write Award (1991). In 2005, Directed by Desire: Collected Poems, a posthumous collection of her work, had to compete (and won) in the category "Lesbian Poetry" at the Lambda Literary Awards, even though <mask> identified as bisexual. However, BiNet USA led the bisexual community in a multi-year campaign eventually resulting in the addition of a Bisexual category, starting with the 2006 Awards. Reception
Author Toni Morrison commented:

In political journalism that cuts like razors in essays that blast the darkness of confusion with relentless light; in poetry that looks as closely into lilac buds as into death's mouth ... [<mask>] has comforted, explained, described, wrestled with, taught and made us laugh out loud before we wept ... I am talking about a span of forty years of tireless activism coupled with and fueled by flawless art. Poet Adrienne Rich noted:

Whatever her theme or mode, <mask> continually delineates the conditions of survival—of the body, and mind, and the heart. Alice Walker stated:

<mask> makes us think of Akhmatova, of Neruda.She is among the bravest of us, the most outraged. She feels for all of us. She is the universal poet. Thulani Davis wrote:

In a borough that has landmarks for the writers Thomas Wolfe, W. H. Auden, and Henry Miller, to name just three, there ought to be a street in Bed-Stuy called June Jordan Place, and maybe a plaque reading, 'A Poet and Soldier for Humanity Was Born Here.' Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Audio collection of <mask>, 1970-2000. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.Jordan, June, 1936-2002. Videotape collection of <mask>, 1976-2002. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe

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Jordan
Jordan
June Jordan
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June Jordan
June Jordan


title: Safia Farkash

texts:
<mask> (, , (2 May 1952) is the widow of former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, former First Lady of Libya, incumbent Representative of Sirte, and mother of seven of Gaddafi's eight biological children. Early life
There are two different stories about her origin. One is that Farkash is from a family from the Eastern Libyan Barasa tribe and that she was born in Bayda and was trained as a nurse. The other story is that Farkash is from Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, where she was born as "Zsófia Farkas" to Hungarian parents. Personal life
She met Gaddafi when he was hospitalised and treated for appendicitis in 1970. She became his second wife when they married in Tripoli during the same year. Farkash has seven biological children with Gaddafi and two adopted children:

 Saif al-Islam Gaddafi (born 25 June 1972), her eldest son, was an architect who was long-rumored to be Gaddafi's successor.He has been a spokesman to the Western world, and he has negotiated treaties with Italy and the United States. He was viewed as politically moderate, and in 2006, after criticizing his father's government, he briefly left Libya. In 2007, Gaddafi exchanged angry letters with his son regarding his son's statements admitting the Bulgarian nurses had been tortured. They later reconciled. Al-Saadi Gaddafi (born 25 May 1973), was a professional football player. On 22 August 2011, he was allegedly arrested by the National Liberation Army. This turned out to be incorrect.In the late evening of 22 August 2011, he spoke with members of the international press. On 30 August, a senior National Transitional Council official claimed that Al-Saadi Gaddafi had made contact to discuss the terms of his


title: Safia Farkash

texts: surrender, indicating also that he would wish to remain in Libya. Mutassim Gaddafi (18 December 1974 – 20 October 2011), Gaddafi's fourth son, was a lieutenant colonel in the Libyan Army. He later served as Libya's National Security Advisor. He was seen as a possible successor to his father, after Saif al-Islam. Mutassim was killed along with his father after the battle of Sirte. Hannibal Muammar Gaddafi (born 20 September 1976), was an employee of the General National Maritime Transport Company, a company that specialized in oil exports.He is most-known for his violent incidents in Europe, attacking police officers in Italy (2001), drunk driving (2004), and for assaulting his girlfriend in Paris (2005). In 2008, he was charged with assaulting two staff in Switzerland, and was imprisoned by Swiss police. The arrest created a strong standoff between Libya and Switzerland. Ayesha Gaddafi (born 1976), Farkash's only biological daughter, is a lawyer who joined the defense teams of executed former Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein and Iraqi journalist Muntadhar al-Zaidi. In 2006, she married a cousin of her father's, Ahmed al-Gaddafi al-Qahsi, with whom she has four children (as of 2011). Saif al-Arab Gaddafi (1982 – 30 April 2011) was appointed a military commander in the Libyan Army during the Libyan Civil War. Saif al-Arab and three of <mask>'s grandchildren were reported killed by a NATO bombing in April 2011.Like the death of Hanna, this is disputed by the organizations alleged to be responsible. Khamis Gaddafi (27 May 1983 – 29 August 2011), her sixth son, who was serving as the commander of the Libyan Army's elite Khamis Brigade. On 30 August 2011, a spokesman for the


title: Safia Farkash

texts:
 National Transitional Council said it was "almost certain" Khamis had been killed in Tarhuna during clashes with units of the National Liberation Army. She and Gaddafi are rumored to have adopted two children, Hanna and Milad. Hana Muammar Gaddafi (claimed by Gaddafi to be his adopted daughter, but most facts surrounding this claim are disputed) was apparently killed at the age of four, during the retaliatory US bombing raids in 1986. She may not have died; the adoption may have been posthumous; or he may have adopted a second daughter and given her the same name after the first one died. Following the taking by rebels of the family residence in the Bab al-Azizia compound in Tripoli, The New York Times both reported evidence (complete with photographs) of Hana's life after her declared death, when she became a doctor and worked in a Tripoli hospital.Her passport was reported as showing a birth date of 11 November 1985, making her six months old at the time of the US raid. However, a Libyan official told the Daily Telegraph that Gaddafi adopted a second daughter and named her Hana in honour of the first one who was killed. The family's main residence was in the Bab al-Azizia military barracks, located in the southern suburbs of Tripoli. Business and other interests
<mask> kept a low profile during the initial period of her marriage to Gaddafi; however, after the release on license of Lockerbie bomber Abdul Baset Ali al-Megrahi in 2009, she took a more public profile. She organised a party covered by the local media to celebrate the anniversary of the 1969 revolution that brought her husband to power, and in 2010 attended the graduation of female police students. In 2008,


title: Safia Farkash

texts:
 <mask> was elected vice president to the African First Ladies Organization in a meeting of African Union leaders in Sharm al-Sheikh, even though she was not present at the meeting, and has never taken part in activities related to it. Farkash owns airline Buraq Air, headquartered at Mittiga International Airport.Operated with the approval of her husband, even though it is a rival of the Libyan national carrier, it monopolizes the transfer of Libyan Hajj pilgrims to Mecca. Libyan Civil War

Farkash stayed with her husband and family through the Libyan Civil War, at their home in Tripoli. After a first round of United Nations sanctions froze the overseas assets of Libya and those personally held by Gaddafi, the governments of France and the United Kingdom enabled a second round of sanctions, which froze an estimated £18Bn of state and personal assets control by Farkash. In May 2011, she gave her first press interview to CNN reporter Nima Elbagir, via mobile telephone. As the Battle for Tripoli reached a climax in mid-August, the family were forced to abandon their fortified compound. On 27 August 2011, it was reported by the Egyptian news agency Mena that Libyan rebel fighters had seen six armoured Mercedes-Benz sedans, possibly carrying top Gaddafi regime figures, cross the border at the south-western Libyan town of Ghadames towards Algeria, which at the time was denied by the Algerian authorities. On 29 August, the Algerian government officially announced that <mask> together with daughter Ayesha and sons Muhammad and Hannibal, had crossed into Algeria early on 29 August.An Algerian Foreign Ministry official said all the people in the convoy were now in Algiers, and that

masks: Farkash Safia


title: Safia Farkash

texts:
 none of them had been named in warrants issued by the International Criminal Court for possible war crimes charges. Mourad Benmehidi, the Algerian permanent representative to the United Nations, later confirmed the details of the statement. The family had arrived at a Sahara desert entry point, in a Mercedes and a bus at 08:45. The number of people in the party was unconfirmed, but there were "many children" and they did not include Gaddafi. Resultantly the group was allowed in on humanitarian grounds, and the Algerian government had since informed the head of the Libyan National Transitional Council, who had made no official request for their return. In October 2012 they left a hideaway in Algeria to go to Oman, where they were granted political asylum. Sanctions after Gaddafi
The central bank of the United Arab Emirates ordered in March 2012 all banks and financial institutions in the country to freeze the accounts of <mask> <mask> and other high-ranking officials of the Gaddafi regime.This order was declared in accordance with the UN Security Council's Resolution No. 1970 of 2011, addressing fifteen Libyans whose bank accounts had been frozen for their involvement in violence against the people of Libya. In April 2016, she was allowed to return to Libya by the government as part of their efforts to pacify Gaddafi loyalists. Notes

References

1952 births
Living people
Gaddafi family
First Ladies of Libya
Libyan nurses
Libyan people of Bosnia and Herzegovina descent
Libyan people of Croatian descent
Libyan people of Hungarian descent
Libyan Muslims
Spouses of national leaders
Libyan emigrants to Oman
People of the First Libyan Civil War
Bayda, Libya
Libyan women in

masks: Safia Farkash


title: Gianna Nannini

texts:
<mask> (; born 14 June 1954) is an Italian singer-songwriter and musician. Her most notable songs include "America" (1979), "Fotoromanza" (1984), I Maschi (1987) and "Bello e impossibile" (1986), the latter a European hit with success in Austria, Germany, Italy and Switzerland. Early life
Nannini was born in Siena on 14 June 1954. She is the elder sister of former Formula One racing driver <mask>. She studied piano and composition in Milan in the late 1970s and obtained a degree in Philosophy from the University of Siena in 1994. The following year she took part in a protest organized by Greenpeace at the French embassy in Rome against the decision of the French government to pursue nuclear experiments at Mururoa. Musical career

Nannini scored her first domestic hit in 1979 with the single "America" and the album California, which became a success in several European countries.Her international breakthrough happened in 1984 with the release of her sixth album, the Conny Plank-produced Puzzle, which peaked in the top 10 in the Italian, German, Austrian and Swiss charts. The first single from the album, "Fotoromanza", was supported by a music video directed by Michelangelo Antonioni, and went on to win many musical awards. Nannini embarked on a long European tour to support the album, culminating in a headlining gig at the Montreux Jazz Festival. In 1986, her song "Bello e impossibile" was a European hit in Italy, Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Her 1987 compilation album Maschi e Altri sold over a million copies. In 2004, she released the greatest hits album Perle, where a number of her most renowned songs were rearrangemed with the support of musicians such as Christian Lohr on piano (who also had a co-producer credit), and a string quartet composed of Vincenzo di Donna (first violin), Luigi de Maio (second violin), Gerardo Morrone (viola) and Antonio di Franca (violoncello). With this orchestra Nannini went on a European tour from 2004 to 2005.The

masks:
Gianna Nannini
Alessandro Nannini


title: Gianna Nannini

texts:
 album Grazie was released in February 2006, and peaked at number one of the Italian hit-parade with the single "Sei nell'anima". In April 2007, Nannini released Pia come la canto io, a collection of songs produced by Wil Malone and originally intended for a rock opera based on the medieval Tuscan character Pia de' Tolomei (briefly mentioned in Dante's Purgatorio) that would eventually be performed in 2008 after eleven years of gestation. An acoustic version of her song Meravigliosa Creatura (from Perle) has been used in a 2008 advertisement commercial for the Fiat Bravo directed by Matthias Zentner. Fiat would later include another <mask> Nannini song, "Aria", in a subsequent Fiat Bravo ad. Duets
In 1987 she performed with Sting and Jack Bruce the "Three Penny Opera" by Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill at the Schauspielhaus in Hamburg. In 1990, she and Edoardo Bennato sang "Un'estate italiana", the official song of the Football World Cup 1990 composed by Giorgio Moroder. In September 2006, she recorded the single "Ama Credi E Vai" with Andrea Bocelli.Nannini was also featured on Einstürzende Neubauten member Alexander Hacke's solo album Sanctuary, on the track "Per Sempre Butterfly". In 2008 she duetted with the Italian rapper Fabri Fibra in his videoclip version of the song "In Italia". She also sang the song "Aria" with the Macedonian vocalist Toše Proeski. Band current lineup
 <mask> <mask> – vocals, guitar, violin, piano
 Milton Mcdonald – guitar, backing vocals
 Davide Ferrario – keyboards, backing vocals
 Davide Tagliapietra – guitar, backing vocals
 Mylious Johnson – drums
 Alex Kilier – bass
 Will Malone – producer, musical director

Personal life
In August 2010, at the age of 56, Nannini announced that she was pregnant (the name of the father was not revealed). Nannini's pregnancy was prominently featured on the cover of Vanity Fair, where she was portraited wearing a T-shirt with the inscription "God is a Woman". On 26 November 2010, at 12 am,

masks: Gianna Gianna Nannini


title: Gianna Nannini

texts:
 Nannini's daughter Penelope Jane Charlotte was born at the Madonnina Clinic in Milan. In 2017, Nannini decided to move to London with her partner, Carla.In her 2017 autobiography, entitled Cazzi miei, she revealed she was ready for a civil union with Carla, explaining she felt Italian laws could not give her any guarantee about Penelope's future in the case of her (Nannini's) death. Works

Discography
 <mask> Nannini (1976)
 Una radura (1977)
 California (1979)
 G. N. (1981)
 Sconcerto Rock (1981, soundtrack)
 Latin Lover (1982)
 Puzzle (1984)
 Tutto Live (1985, live)
 Profumo (1986)
 Maschi e Altri (1987, compilation)
 Malafemmina (1988)
 Scandalo (1990)
 Giannissima (1991, live)
 Maschi e altri / Chicos y otros (1992)
 X Forza e x amore (1993)
 Dispetto (1995) No. 1 Italy
 Bomboloni (1996, compilation; including a song about bombolone)
 Cuore (1998) No. 2 Italy (Platinum)
 Momo (2002, soundtrack)
 Aria (2002) No. 7 Italy, No. 29 Switzerland
 Perle (2004) No. 6 Italy, No.22 Switzerland
 Grazie (2006) No. 1 Italy (7× Platinum), No. 12 Switzerland, No. 32 Germany
 Pia come la canto io (2007) No. 5 Italy
 Giannabest (2007, compilation) No. 1 Italy (7× Platinum), No. 15 Portugal, No.23 Switzerland, No. 32 Germany
 Giannadream – Solo I Sogni Sono Veri (2009) No. 2 Italy (4× Platinum)
 Extradream – Solo I Sogni Sono Veri (2010)
 Io e te (2011) No. 1 Italy (4× Platinum)
 Inno (2013) No. 1 Italy (Platinum)
 Hitalia (2014) No. 1 Italy (3× Platinum)
 Hitstory (2015) No. 5 Italy (Gold), No.51 Switzerland
 Amore gigante (2017) No. 2 Italy (Gold), No. 14 Switzerland
 La differenza (2019) No. 4 Italy

Selected bibliography

References

External links

 Review of Giannadream (in English)

1954 births
Living people
People from Siena
Italian women singer-songwriters
Italian pop singers
Italian rock singers
20th-century Italian women singers
University of Siena alumni
LGBT singers from Italy
LGBT songwriters
Bisexual women
Bisexual musicians
21st-century Italian women


title: Évariste Carpentier

texts:
<mask> (1845 – 1922) was a Belgian painter of genre scenes and animated landscapes. Over the years, his painting evolved from academic art to impressionism. Alongside Emile Claus, he is one of the earliest representatives of luminism in Belgium. Biography

Youth
<mask> was born into a modest family of farmers in Kuurne. He became a pupil at the Academy of Fine Arts of Courtrai in 1861, under the direction of Henri De Pratere. There, he obtained many distinctions. In 1864 he was admitted to the Royal Academy of Fine Arts Antwerp where he received tuition from Nicaise de Keyser.He proved to be gifted in painting from life, and achieved the prize of excellence in 1865, which allowed him to obtain a private studio in the Academy the following year. Early career

In 1872, Carpentier established himself in Antwerp and acquired his own studio. It is there that he painted many commissioned works, which did not yet reflect his artistic personality. He began his career addressing religious topics, themes of antiquity and scenes inspired by the Dutch Golden Age painting of the 17th century, but it is in the field of historical painting that he became well known. The painting "Les premières nouvelles du désastre de la Grande Russie", exhibited at the Artistic Circle of Antwerp in 1872, is an example of this success. In response to the academic tastes of his time, he liked to paint farm animals and, more generally, the charms of rural life. At around this period, <mask> <mask> befriended

masks:
Évariste Carpentier
Évariste Carpentier
Évariste
Carpentier


title: Évariste Carpentier

texts:
 some of his classmates from the Academy, including Emile Claus, Theodoor Verstraete, Frans Hens and Jan Van Beers.They met often at the exhibitions organised by the Artistic Circle of Antwerp. From 1874 to 1877, Émile Claus occupied a corner of Carpenter’s studio. In 1876, an old knee injury, caused in his youth, developed serious complications and threatened to require amputation. The pain prevented him from working. He left Antwerp to return to his hometown, where his sister provided him with care and treatment for the next three years. France

On the advice of his doctor, Carpentier left Kuurne in 1879 for the south of France, in order to speed up his recovery. The following year, on his return, he stopped in Paris, where he met his friend Jan Van Beers.He was persuaded to move to the French capital, where Van Beers would share his studio with him. <mask> began to produce realistic paintings of Parisian bourgeoisie. In 1881, he was finally able to get rid of his crutches permanently and settled in 71 Boulevard de Clichy. He then followed his passion of historical painting. Scenes of the French Revolution, as well as the episodes of the War in the Vendée, became his main sources of inspiration. Having always had a predilection for dramatic episodes, Carpentier refined his composition skills in the search of better ways to depict the pathetic character of minor historical facts, such as those in "Chouans en déroute" (1883) and "Madame Roland à la prison Sainte-Pélagie"


title: Évariste Carpentier

texts:
 (1886). His paintings became highly appreciated by the public.This success constituted, however, an obstacle from his discovery of "plein air" painting. In this regard, the year 1884 marked a turning point in his career. <mask> finally left the conventions of academism and found his true artistic voice. After discovering the works of Jules Bastien-Lepage, he began to dedicate himself to "plein air" painting, turning to nature through the Realism movement. He stayed for two seasons principally at Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, near the forest of Fontainebleau, but also at Le Tréport and at Saint-Malo. Return to Belgium

Although Carpentier only gave up his studio in Paris in 1892, he returned to Belgium in 1886. There, he witnessed the increasing popularity of impressionism among artists from Brussels, such as Les XX.During his long stay in France, he had already been exposed to impressionists, but he had been influenced to a greater extent by the naturalism of Jules Bastien-Lepage and Jules Breton. His initial outdoor paintings, which had been produced with darker, thicker strokes, gave way to a noticeably brighter palette and progressively lighter brushstrokes. Once established in Belgium, he continued to travel. From 1886 to 1896, he travelled through the Belgian and French countryside, seeking new landscapes. He frequently visited the Campine in Genk with his friends, the landscape artists Franz Courtens and Joseph Coosemans. He also visited Brittany, a region that had a


title: Évariste Carpentier

texts:
 particularly strong influence on him. In 1888, Carpentier married Jeanne Smaelen in Verviers.Five children were produced from this marriage. In 1890, the young couple moved to Belgian Brabant, at Overijse, where Carpentier painted "Washing Turnips", an important work that earned the artist a medal in Paris, and which was acquired by the MAMAC in Liège. In 1892, Carpentier moved again, this time to La Hulpe. During this period, the artist flourished and sought to find the truth of nature, according to his impressionist vision, parallel to that of his friend Emile Claus. He turned to delicate tones and atmospheric touches. Carpentier became one of the most active propagators of luminism. Professor and director
In January 1897, <mask> applied for the position of professor of painting at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Liège, which had been vacant since the death of Émile Delperée.While serious in his candidature, Carpentier had a disadvantage: he was not from Liège. This was a source of contention. Nevertheless, and despite the backlash from Walloons, he was eventually given the position and moved to Rue Mont Saint-Martin  in Liège. He was 51 years old. In 1904, <mask> succeeded Prosper Drion as the director of the Academy, a position which he held until 1910. In spite of the disputes caused by his promotion, which hurt him deeply, he carried out his task with the same dedication. From 1905 he lived in Rue Hors-château, still in Liège.By becoming a professor, <mask> <mask>

masks: Carpentier Carpentier Évariste Carpentier


title: Évariste Carpentier

texts:
 helped reshape the evolution of Liège painting. He freed local painting from academic conventions, popularising the impressionist aesthetic. He taught many artists, some of whom did not try to imitate his style. Among the best known of his students who were significantly influenced by his approach were Armand Jamar, Albert Lemaître and José Wolff. Other Liège artists that passed through his class were Fernand Steven, Robert Crommelynck, Adrien Dupagne, Marcel Caron, Jean Donnay and Auguste Mambour. In addition, he provided guidance and advice to painters who did not attend his class, such as Xavier Wurth. The painter of the Ardennes, Richard Heintz, also benefitted from Carpentier’s encouragement.From 1906, <mask> spent his summer holidays in Vieuxville, at a house called L'Abbaye de Stavelot. During World War I, Carpentier witnessed the German Rape of Belgium, and depicted the execution of Belgian civilians in his work L'exécution des notables de Blégny, 1914. <mask> retired in 1919, and died in Liège on 12 September 1922, following a long illness. Artwork and legacy
During his life, Carpentier achieved a great success. Throughout his career, he won many prizes and awards at international exhibitions, both in Europe and in the United States, receiving the golden medals at Antwerp, Munich and Berlin for "Summer sun" (1896), Paris, Amsterdam, Barcelona and Nice. His work was practically forgotten shortly after his death. However, it was rediscovered towards the end of the 20th

masks: Carpentier Carpentier


title: Évariste Carpentier

texts:
 century.The importance of his work is now recognised for his contribution as a teacher in the Academy of Liège, where he taught a new way of painting, as well as for the whole of his work as an essential link in the development of modern Belgian painting. Ed. Mecenart/Galerij Depypere, 1994
 Sonia Jérôme, Liliane Sabatini, Louis Maraite et Gaëtane Warzée, À la recherche de… Évariste Carpentier. Cat. exp. Espace BBL Liège, 1997-1998
 Serge Goyens de Heusch, L’Impressionnisme et le Fauvisme en Belgique. Ed.Fonds Mercator, 1998, p. 144, 146, 278, 287, 288, 291
 Collectif (sous la direction de Joost De Geest), 500 chefs-d'œuvre de l'art belge du XVe siècle à nos jours. Ed. Racine, 2006, p. 72
 Vers la modernité, le XIXe siècle au Pays de Liège. Cat. exp. (Liège, 5 octobre 2001-20 janvier 2002), Liège, 2001
 Gaëtane Warzée, <mask> Carpentier et le renouveau de la peinture liégeoise à l’aube du XXe siècle. In: Actes I du XLVIIe congrès de la Fédération des cercles d'archéologie et d'histoire de Belgique, 2e congrès de l'Association des cercles francophones d'histoire et d'archéologie de Belgique, Nivelles 23–26 August 1984, p. 316-317
 Liliane Sabatini, Le Musée de l'Art wallon.Collection "Musea Nostra", Ministère de la Communauté française de Belgique & Crédit Communal de Belgique, Brussels, 1988
 Jules Bosmant, La peinture et la sculpture au Pays de Liège de 1793 à nos jours''. Ed. Mawet, 1930
 P. & V. Berko, "Dictionary of Belgian painters born between 1750 & 1875", Knokke 1981,


title: Oliver Nelson

texts:
<mask> (June 4, 1932 – October 28, 1975) was an American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, arranger, composer, and bandleader. His 1961 Impulse! album The Blues and the Abstract Truth (1961) is regarded as one of the most significant recordings of its era. The centerpiece of the album is the definitive version of <mask>'s composition, "Stolen Moments". Other important recordings from the early 1960s are More Blues and the Abstract Truth and Sound Pieces, both also on Impulse!. Biography

Early life and career
<mask> was born into a musical family in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. His brother was a saxophonist who played with Cootie Williams in the 1940s, and his sister sang and played piano.<mask> began learning to play the piano when he was six and started on the saxophone at eleven. Beginning in 1947 he played in "territory" bands in and around Saint Louis before joining the Louis Jordan band where he stayed from 1950 to 1951, playing alto saxophone and arranging charts for Jordan's band. In 1952, <mask> underwent military service in the United States Marines Corps playing woodwinds in the 3rd Marine Division band in Japan and Korea. It was in Japan that <mask> attended a concert by the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra and heard Maurice Ravel's Ma mere l'Oye and Paul Hindemith's Symphony in E Flat. <mask> later recalled that this "'was the first time that I had heard really modern music for back in St. Louis I hadn't even known that Negroes were allowed to go to concerts. I realized everything didn't have to sound like Beethoven or Brahms ... . It was then that I decided to become a composer'".<mask> returned to Missouri to study

masks:
Oliver Edward Nelson
Nelson
Oliver Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson


title: Oliver Nelson

texts:
 music composition and theory at Washington University in St. Louis and Lincoln University Universities, graduating with a master's degree in 1958. <mask> also studied with composers Elliott Carter, Robert Wykes and George Tremblay. While back in his hometown of St. Louis, he met and married Eileen Mitchell; the couple had a son, <mask> Jr., but soon divorced. After graduation, <mask> married St. Louis native Audrey McEwen, a union which lasted until his death and produced a son, Nyles. After completing his degree <mask> moved to New York City, playing with Erskine Hawkins and Wild Bill Davis, and working as the house arranger for the Apollo Theater in Harlem. He also played on the West Coast briefly with the Louie Bellson big band in 1959, and in the same year began recording for Prestige Records as the leader of various small groups. From 1960 to 1961, he briefly played with Count Basie and Duke Ellington, and then joined the Quincy Jones big band playing tenor saxophone, both in the U.S. and on tour in Europe.Breakthrough and afterwards
After six albums as leader between 1959 and 1961 for the Prestige Records label, <mask>'s big breakthrough came with The Blues and the Abstract Truth, an album recorded for Impulse! also featuring Eric Dolphy, Roy Haynes and Freddie Hubbard, which made his name as a composer and arranger. Subsequently, he recorded a number of notable big-band albums including Afro-American Sketches and Full Nelson. <mask> worked as an arranger on large ensemble albums for Thelonious Monk, Cannonball Adderley, Sonny Rollins, Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, Johnny Hodges, Wes Montgomery, Buddy Rich, Jimmy Smith, Billy

masks:
Nelson
Oliver Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson


title: Oliver Nelson

texts: Taylor, Stanley Turrentine, Irene Reid, and Gene Ammons. The music Sonny Rollins wrote for Alfie (1966), a film made in Great Britain,  was arranged by <mask> for Alfie of the same name. He also led all-star big bands in various live performances between 1966 and 1975. <mask> continued to perform as a soloist during this period, now focusing primarily on soprano saxophone.In 1967, <mask> moved to Los Angeles to be near the television and movie industry and began composing background music for television and films, for which he became highly sought after. Television projects included Ironside, Night Gallery, Columbo, The Six Million Dollar Man  and Longstreet. Films scored by <mask> include Death of a Gunfighter (1969), Skullduggery (1970), Dial Hot Line (1970), Zig Zag (1970) and The Alpha Caper (1973). He also arranged Gato Barbieri's music for Last Tango in Paris (1972). During this productive time he also arranged and produced albums for pop stars such as Nancy Wilson, James Brown, The Temptations, and Diana Ross. Along with his big-band appearances (in Berlin, Montreux, New York, and Los Angeles), he led a small group that included John Klemmer, Ernie Watts, Freddie Hill, and Frank Strozier in a United States Department of State-sponsored tour of West Africa in 1969. Less well-known is the fact that <mask> composed several symphonic works, and was also deeply involved in jazz education, returning to his alma mater, Washington University, in the summer of 1969 to lead a five-week-long clinic that also featured such guest performers as Phil Woods, Mel Lewis, Thad Jones, Sir Roland Hanna, and Ron Carter.Among the student

masks: Nelson Nelson Nelson Nelson Nelson


title: Oliver Nelson

texts:
 participants at the Washington University Summer Jazz Institute were saxophonists Julius Hemphill, <mask>, and Hamiet Bluiett, who later co-founded the World Saxophone Quartet with David Murray. <mask>'s book of jazz practice exercises, Patterns for Improvisation, was published in 1966 and remains highly regarded to this day. <mask> died of a heart attack on October 28, 1975, at the age of 43. It is widely believed that <mask>'s commitment to his work resulted in lengthy periods of stress which contributed to his premature death. Discography

References

External links

[ <mask>] – AllMusic biography by Scott Yanow
<mask> – brief introduction from the Jazz Files
<mask> – introduction from Impulse! Records
<mask>: A Discography – Douglas Payne's site, including discographies of <mask>'s work in different genres, reviews, etc. <mask> Published Big Band Arrangements and Compositions

1932 births
1975 deaths
Musicians from St. Louis
African-American jazz composers
African-American jazz musicians
American jazz clarinetists
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American music arrangers
Big band bandleaders
Hard bop saxophonists
Mainstream jazz saxophonists
Post-bop saxophonists
Soul-jazz saxophonists
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
Prestige Records artists
RCA Records artists
Verve Records artists
Impulse!Records artists
Inner City Records artists
Flying Dutchman Records artists
United States Marines
Jazz arrangers
20th-century jazz composers
20th-century saxophonists
20th-century American composers
Jazz musicians from Missouri
American male jazz composers
American jazz composers
20th-century American male

masks:
Oliver Lake
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Oliver Nelson
Oliver Nelson
Oliver Nelson
Oliver Nelson
Nelson
Oliver Nelson


title: Caroline Redman Lusher

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>, 17 April 1974) is an English singer and musician, best known for being the founder and director of Rock Choir, the world's largest amateur contemporary choir. She is considered to be "responsible for the contemporary choir movement in the UK", and "the businesswoman behind one of Britain's biggest brands". She has also enjoyed a successful career as a solo artist, performing on the Together album by vocal group Blake and several albums by The Soldiers, including  Coming Home, which reached double platinum status. <mask> has gained four gold and platinum certified sales awards from the British Phonographic Industry. On 17 October 2012 <mask> received the prestigious Gold Badge Award for her "special contribution to Britain's music industry", from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA) in association with the Performing Right Society (PRS). Education and early career

<mask> was a pupil at Saint Martins Independent Day School for Girls, Solihull from 1985 – 1992, winning the Christine Tucker Music Scholarship at the age of 11. In honour of her success, St. Martins named a new Year 7 Scholarship after her in 2012, the <mask> Scholarship for the Performing Arts.It was awarded for the first time in 2013. <mask> <mask> went on to Salford University, where she gained a degree in popular music and recording. <mask> <mask> started performing professionally at the age of 15. She worked in London's West End as a singer, entertaining VIPs and celebrities in venues such as The Dorchester, Hyde Park and Lanesborough hotels. She also qualified as an A-level teacher in Performing Arts and Music. In 2001 <mask> <mask> was teaching A-level music and performing arts at the Sixth Form College, Farnborough, Hampshire, when she devised the concept of Rock Choir. Rock Choir

<mask> <mask> launched Rock Choir in 2005.Beginning with 70 members, it currently has more than

masks:
Caroline Redman Lusher
Caroline Anne Lusher
Redman Lusher
Redman Lusher
Redman Lusher
Caroline Redman Lusher
Redman
Lusher
Redman
Lusher
Redman
Lusher
Redman
Lusher


title: Caroline Redman Lusher

texts:
 25,000 members across the UK. <mask> <mask> is widely considered to be the pioneer of the "no audition, no need to read music" amateur contemporary choir movement. An article in the Sunday Times Culture Magazine in 2009 called her "the key to the choir's success". "Others have attempted a similar formula, but none have turned an amateur group singing pop songs into a brand this powerful. She stands out for her rigorous classical training (Grade 8 piano and violin by 15; a degree in popular music from Salford; a thesis on Annie Lennox's songwriting style) and her insistence on a slick, professionally run outfit. Rock Choir works with a variety of people, from rights lawyers to web technicians to sound engineers. The selection and harmonising of the music – sometimes up to seven-part harmony, no mean feat – is done by <mask> herself."Awards and nominations

Gold Badge Award
<mask> <mask> was honoured with a Gold Badge Award by the British Association of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA) in association with the Performing Rights Society (PRS). This award was given to <mask> <mask> in recognition of her exceptional contribution to British music. Only a handful of people receive it each year. Guild of Entrepreneurs
<mask> <mask> was invited to become one of the 100 founding members of the Guild of Entrepreneurs promoting excellence in the profession of Entrepreneurship. Freedom of the City of London
<mask> was awarded the Freedom of the City of London at a ceremony at the Guildhall, London. The Freedom of the City of London is an honour bestowed by a municipality upon a valued member of the community. It is handed to a person who has achieved success in their chosen field and is recognition of the highest level of excellence and trust in the goods and services they provide.Power 100
<mask> <mask> was celebrated in the Power 100 of Inspiring Entrepreneurs. The Smith & Williamson Power 100

masks:
Redman
Lusher
Lusher
Caroline Redman
Lusher
Redman
Lusher
Redman
Lusher
Caroline
Caroline Redman
Lusher