title: Margaret Chung

texts:
<mask> (,  – ), born in Santa Barbara, California, was the first known American-born Chinese female physician. After graduating from the University of Southern California Medical School in 1916 and completing her internship and residency in Illinois, she established one of the first Western medical clinics in San Francisco's Chinatown in the early 1920s. Early life
<mask> was born in Santa Barbara, the eldest of eleven children. Her father was the foreman of the Rancho Guadalasca in Ventura County, but the family moved to Los Angeles by 1902. <mask>'s parents became sick, and she supported the family and helped to raise her younger siblings from when she was ten. In 1905, <mask> was noted in the Los Angeles Herald as a promising student and for her planned future career as a newspaper reporter. She was noted in the Herald again in 1906 for her poem "Missionary Giving," delivered at the eighteenth anniversary of the Los Angeles Congregational Chinese mission.<mask> would write and deliver a paper entitled "Comparisons of Chinese and American Costumes" at the first anniversary of the Pasadena Congregational mission in 1907. By that fall, <mask> had graduated from the eighth grade at the Seventh Street School and enrolled in the preparatory school at USC, being hailed as a "bright particular star" of the women's gymnasium class. In 1910, <mask> won second place in a speech contest. <mask> won a Los Angeles Times scholarship to study at USC by selling newspaper subscriptions and worked her way through college as a waitress, a seller of surgical instruments, and by winning cash prizes in several speech contests. In 1909, <mask> graduated from USC. <mask> enrolled in the medical school in 1911, according to a 1914 profile that noted her belief that she was "the first Chinese girl to enter a medical school in this state." Professional career

After graduating with a medical degree in 1916, she was initially denied positions as either a medical

masks:
Margaret Jessie Chung
Chung
Chung
Chung
Chung
Chung
Chung
Chung
Chung
Chung


title: Margaret Chung

type: original

texts: missionary to China or an internship and settled for work as a surgical nurse in Los Angeles, at the Santa Fe Railroad Hospital.After several months, she left for Chicago, interning at the Mary Thompson Women's and Children's Hospital before serving her residency at the nearby Kankakee State Hospital. <mask> would serve as the resident assistant in psychiatry for the first Juvenile Psychopathic Institute of the State of Illinois at the Cook County Hospital in 1917; she was later appointed state criminologist for Illinois. After two years in Illinois, <mask> resigned from her position with Cook County in November 1918 and returned to Los Angeles following her father's death, accepting a position as a surgeon at Santa Fe Railroad Hospital, where she would go on to treat celebrities, including removing Mary Pickford's tonsils. <mask> moved to San Francisco's Chinatown in 1922, where she treated the local Chinese American population as well as celebrities such as Sophie Tucker, Helen Hayes, and Tallulah Bankhead. She also treated seven Navy reserve pilots during this time; part of her care was making them meals, and they reportedly soon began calling themselves "<mask>'s Fair-Haired Bastard Sons" as a tribute to her. An alternative origin story for the "<mask>" nickname is that after eight pilots came to her in 1932, volunteering their services for China against Japan, she turned them down and fed them instead because "they looked starved". The pilots "ate everything she gave them, except eggs" because when they were destitute, the only vendor who would lend the pilots food on credit was an egg farmer.Prior to the United States entry into World War II, <mask> would give her "adopted son" pilots a jade Buddha to wear around their necks, which would become a token by which the pilots would recognize each other throughout the world. Non-aviation naval officers "adopted" by <mask> were called "Golden Dolphins." When Japan invaded China in 1937, <mask>

masks:
Chung
Chung
Chung
Mom Chung
Mom Chung
Chung
Chung
Chung


title: Margaret Chung

texts:
 volunteered as a front-line surgeon, but she was secretly assigned instead to recruit pilots for the 1st American Volunteer Group, better known as the "Flying Tigers." During the war, <mask> would serve up to 175 people at Thanksgiving at her house and wrapped and addressed 4,000 gifts at Christmas. Her houseguests included high ranking officers and US senators and congressmen; leaning on these connections, she helped establish the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service although she was not permitted to join them, as the government suspected that she was gay. <mask> adopted the entire VF-2 squadron, nicknamed "The Rippers" for their logo, which showed a Chinese dragon ripping a flag. VF-2 was assigned to  and would set an American record by shooting down 67 Japanese planes in a single day during the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot in June 1944.In 1947, 90% of <mask>'s medical patients were white. She retired from medical practice within ten years after the end of World War II, and her "adopted sons" purchased a house for her in Marin County. ==Underworld activities==
By the early 1950s, <mask> was involved with Virginia Hill, girlfriend of Bugsy Siegel, in the  opium traffic in San Francisco. Death

<mask> died of cancer in January 1959 at Franklin Hospital in San Francisco. Among her pallbearers was Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, one of her "Golden Dolphins." Personal relationships
A pioneer in both professional and political realms, <mask> led an unconventional personal life. As the only woman in her class, she adopted masculine dress and called herself "Mike," but after having established a professional practice she reverted to conventional dress and her female name.Based on personal correspondence, she had close and apparently intense relationships with at least two other women, the writer Elsa Gidlow and entertainer Sophie Tucker, that some writers have speculated were romantic. Although she was briefly engaged, she never did marry. An

masks:
Chung
Mom Chung
Chung
Chung
Chung
Chung


title: Margaret Chung

texts:
 advocate of strong Sino-American relations, <mask> was a neighbor, friend and confidante of travel writer Richard Halliburton (1900–1939), who died in an attempt to sail the junk Sea Dragon, as a symbol of the bond of East and West, from Hong Kong to the 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition in San Francisco. Military "sons"
Some of the notable "sons" of "Mom" <mask> included:

 Albert B. Chandler, Sr. (no. 98), Governor and U.S. Senator from Kentucky
 William F. "Bull" Halsey (no. 600), Fleet Admiral of the United States Navy
 Andre Kostelanetz (no.434), conductor
 Melvin Maas (no. 447), Major General of the United States Marine Corps and U.S. Representative from Minnesota
 Chester W. Nimitz (no. 100), Fleet Admiral of the United States Navy
 William Sterling Parsons, Rear Admiral and bomb commander of Enola Gay
 Russell Randall, Brigadier General of the United States Army Air Forces
 Ronald Reagan (no. 131), actor and President
 Walter F. Schlech Jr. (no. 108), Rear Admiral and Chief of Military Sealift Command, United States Navy
 Raymond E. Willis (no. 124), U.S. Senator from Indiana

Commemorations
<mask> reportedly served as inspiration for the character of Dr. Mary Ling in the 1939 film King of Chinatown, portrayed by Anna May Wong.At least three Flying Fortresses were named "<mask>" in her honor by her "adopted" sons during World War II. <mask> was commemorated with a plaque in the Legacy Walk project on October 11, 2012, an outdoor public display which celebrates LGBT history and people. A tunnel boring machine for the San Francisco Municipal Railway's Central Subway was named "<mask>" on March 7, 2013. References

Bibliography

External links

1889 births
1959 deaths
Physicians from California
LGBT physicians
<mask>, <mask>m
American people of Chinese descent
LGBT people from California
People from Santa Barbara, California
Keck School of Medicine of USC alumni
American surgeons
Women surgeons
LGBT American people of Asian

masks:
Chung
Chung
Chung
Mama Chung
Chung
Mom Chung
Chung
Margaret Jessie


title: John Welsh of Ayr

texts:
<mask> (–1622) was a Scottish Presbyterian leader. He was born in Dumfriesshire and attended the University of Edinburgh to obtain his MA in 1588. He became a minister in Selkirk and married Elizabeth Knox, a daughter of <mask> and Margaret Knox, before leaving Selkirk. Welsh later ministered at Kirkcudbright and Ayr, the latter of which was where he spent five years. His preaching resulted in his imprisonment by the order of King James VI of Scotland. The lawyer Thomas Hamilton wrote to James VI about Welsh, <mask>, and others; the case was important because many Scottish subjects of James were devoted to the ministers. In 1606 Welsh was exiled to France, where he continued to preach.<mask> of Ayr was the father of Josias <mask> and the grandfather of <mask> of Irongray. Life

<mask> was the son of the laird of Collieston (or Colliston), and was born in the parish of Dunscore, Dumfriesshire around 1570. When he was young he ran away from home and joined a band of border reivers. After he learned being a reiver was less glamorous than expected, he sought reconciliation with his father, and was sent to the University of Edinburgh, where he obtained an MA in 1588. On 6 March 1589 he was nominated by the Privy Council as one of three people for maintaining the true religion in the Forest and Tweeddale, and was settled at Selkirk. In 1594 he was transferred to Kirkcudbright, and on 29 March 1596 he was appointed one of the visitors for Nithsdale, Annandale, Lauderdale, Eskdale, and Ewesdale. On 18 December, while occupying the pulpit

masks:
John Welsh
John
John Forbes
John Welsh
Welsh
John Welsh
John Welsh


title: John Welsh of Ayr

texts: of St Giles' Cathedral, Welsh preached against King James VI of Scotland's conduct shortly after the Presbyterians revolted against the king.He "[alleged] that his majesty was possessed of a devil, and after the outputting of that devil there joined to his highness seven devils, quhilk was his majesty's council"; and that as it was lawful for a son to bind a lunatic father, it was equally lawful "to his highness's subjects to bind his majesty, being in the like case". After failing to answer the charge of having justified the tumult, Welsh was denounced as a rebel on 17 January (ib.). On the petition of the assembly in the following March he was, mainly through the intervention of Lord Ochiltree (Moysie, Memoirs, p. 133), allowed to return to his charge. <mask> was re-appointed as one of the visitors for Nithsdale at the assembly held at Montrose in March 1599 (Calderwood, vi. 23), and in August of the same year, he was transferred to the parish of Ayr as an assistant to <mask>. When he arrived he succeeded in quelling feuds and riots, and effected the reformation in public manners. His preaching attracted crowds such that the town council resolved to build a new church on 26 May 1603.He succeeded Porterfield after the latter died in 1604. Although Welsh did not arrive in Aberdeen until two days after the July 1605 General Assembly had been held, he was ordered to become a ward or prisoner in Blackness Castle. As they had put in a declinature of the jurisdiction of the council in the matter the king decided to put them on trial

masks:
Welsh
John Porterfield


title: John Welsh of Ayr

texts:
 "Very well, father, you shall be my minister", and promised him his protection. When the town was captured again in the following year, the king ordered guards to be placed around the house of Welch and provided horses and wagons to convey him, his family, and his household goods to Rochelle in safety. Welsh never returned to his charge and went to Zealand. He sent a petition to King James asking for permission to return to his native country, and obtained the freedom to go to London.Through <mask>, Dean of Winchester, an attempt was unsuccessfully made to obtain a general approval of episcopacy from Welsh. When Welsh's wife went to King James to ask his remission, the king answered that he would pardon him if she would induce him to submit to the bishops. She replied that she would rather receive his decapitated head in her lap. On hearing that Welsh would die soon, the king granted his request for permission to preach in London. He died on 2 April 1622, two hours after concluding the services. He was survived by his wife Elizabeth, youngest daughter of <mask> the reformer, and four sons and two daughters, of whom Josias became minister of Temple Bar, or Temple Patrick, Ireland. <mask>, the wife of Thomas Carlyle, claimed descent from Welsh.Works
"Reply against Mr. Gilbert Browne, priest" (Edinburgh, 1602; another edition, Glasgow, 1672)
"L'Armageddon de la Babylon Apocalyptique," Jonsac, 1612
"Forty-eight Select Sermons … to which is prefixed the History of His Life and Sufferings," Glasgow, 1771, 8vo
"Letters to Mr. Robert

masks:
John Young
John Knox
Jane Welsh


title: John Welsh of Ayr

texts:
 Boyd of Tochrig," in the Wodrow Society. Reply against Mr Gilbert Brown, priest (Edinburgh, 1602) [reprinted as Popery Anatomized by Matthew Crawford, minister of Eastwood (Glasgow, 1672)]
Thirty-Five Sermons (Edinburgh, 1744)
Discourses (1752)
"Letters to Mr Robert Boyd of Trochrig" (Woodrow Miscell.) A Cry to the Whole Earth (Glasgow, 1785)
Forty-eight Select Sermons (Glasgow, 1811)

Bibliography
Select Biographies in the Wodrow Society
Hew Scott's Fasti Ecclesiæ Scoticanæ, ii. 85–6
The History of Mr. <mask>, Minister at Aire, Glasgow, 1703
McCrie's Life of <mask>
Chambers's Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen
Reg. Assig. Life (Sermons)
Livingston's Charac. Select Biog., L, 1-61
Edinburgh Christian Instructor, xxii.Glasgow Testates. Edin. Reg. (Bapt.) Young's Life of Welsh
Calderwood's History, v., 420, 621, 685, et passim
National Records of Scotland Register of Deeds, cccclxiii., 282
Dictionary of National Biography
Notes and Queries, 9th ser., iv., 433
Craig-Brown's Selkirkshire, ii., 220
M'Crie s Knox, App., p. 417. See also

 Rev <mask> of Tain

References
Citations

Sources

External links

  Biographical sketch
 The Original Secession Magazine, J. Maclaren 1866, page 562. 16th-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland
Scottish Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Scottish evangelicals
1568 births
1622 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
16th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
17th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
16th-century Scottish writers
16th-century male writers
17th-century male

masks:
John Welsh
John Knox
John Munro


title: Albert Champion (cyclist)

texts:
<mask> (5 April 1878 – 26 October 1927) was a French track bicycle racer and later an industrialist who won the 1899 Paris–Roubaix. In 1905 he incorporated the Albert Champion Company in Boston to make porcelain spark plugs with his name on them. Three years later founded the Champion Ignition Company in Flint, Michigan. In 1922 he changed the name to AC Spark Plug Company, after his initials, to settle out of court with his original partners in the Albert Champion Company. The company is now known as ACDelco and is owned by General Motors. Cycling
Champion was a racing cyclist at the end of the 19th century. His win in Paris–Roubaix came as a surprise because he had been known as a velodrome rider.After <mask> won Paris-Roubaix he received a contract from a bicycle manufacturer in Boston to race in America for the 1900 season. The offer coincided with <mask>'s receiving orders to report for compulsory conscription, which could have meant up to seven years in the army. <mask> raced behind motor-powered tandems during the 1900 season on outdoor board velodromes in cities from Boston to New York and down the east coast to Atlanta. He competed against riders such as Jimmy Michael and Bobby Walthour Sr. Three years later, he had won 100 races in America and imported a four-cylinder motorcycle from Paris. On July 12, 1903, <mask> piloted his 350-pound French motorcycle around an outdoor board track in Cambridge Massachusetts, on what is now the MIT Campus. He drove a mile in 58.8 seconds, a world record on a motorcycle around an elliptical track. He crashed driving a Packard Grey Wolf in a car race in October 1903 and snapped his femur in a compound fracture.He spent months in a New York hospital, finally leaving with one leg two inches shorter than the other. He hobbled out of the hospital on crutches and during his recovery made up his mind to enter the new auto industry. By June 1904, he

masks:
Albert Champion
Champion
Champion
Champion
Champion


title: Albert Champion (cyclist)

texts:
 returned to his native Paris to raise money and found a company in Boston importing French electrical parts. Coping with his shortened leg by using cranks of different lengths, he won the Grand Prix of Paris 50 km motorpace race on the Buffalo Velodrome and then the 100-kilometer motorpace championship on the Parc des Princes track by beating specialists such as defending national champion Henri Contenet and the "blond Adonis", Émile Bouhours. The race reopened the injury to his leg. He was taken to the  where he was operated on to remove several bone chips. Paris–Roubaix
The 1899 Paris–Roubaix was paced by automobiles and motor-tricycles.That was to attract velodrome riders, who were accustomed to motorpacing (see The Fast Times of Albert Champion). The race took place on a still day, 2 April, with 32 riders. They included the prominent road riders who had won earlier editions, Maurice Garin and Josef Fischer and track specialists such as <mask>, Émile Bohours and Paul Bor. What the track riders had gained through experience in paced riding, they lost in inexperience of the cobbles and other bad road surfaces that constituted Paris–Roubaix. <mask>, still age 20 (he turned 21 on April 5), was an outsider, but the others chased when he broke away alone soon after the start. Only Bouhours could come close to catching him, getting to within a minute at Amiens, at half distance. But Bouhours' hope of catching him ended when his pacer hit a spectator crossing the road.After <mask>  reached Arras, he was slowed to a walking pace riding the worst of the cobbles. Nye documents that <mask> fell seven times but quickly got back up and remounted his bike. At the velodrome in Roubaix he still had 23 minutes on Bor and Ambroise Garin, brother of Maurice. <mask> finished in 8h 22m 53s, slow by comparison to Maurice Garin, who won the 1898 race in 10 minutes less despite bad weather. Motor

masks: Champion Champion Champion Champion Champion


title: Albert Champion (cyclist)

texts:
 products
<mask> became interested in gas-combustion engines and car racing while he was in the USA. In the summer of 1904 he moved back to France and won the national 100-kilometer motor-pace race on the Parc des Princes outdoor cement track. He retired from cycling at the end of the summer.He remained in Paris to work in car factories, including one founded by his friend Edouard Nieuport, who manufactured Nieuport  spark plugs and magnetos, credited with helping drivers win the biggest road races. <mask> returned to America and incorporated the Albert Champion Company in June 1905 in Boston's South End, in the landmark Cyclorama Building, to import French electrical parts, including Nieuport components. <mask> presided as president of the Albert Champion Company with partners Frank D. Stranahan as treasurer and younger brother Spencer Stranahan as clerk. By 1907 The Albert Champion Company was manufacturing porcelain spark plugs with the name <mask> stamped on the side, Robert Stranahan, the youngest of the Stranahan brothers, finished his classes at Harvard, ahead of his class of 1908, and went to work in the stockroom. Late in the summer of 1908, <mask> met William Durant at Durant's Boston Buick dealership. Durant, impressed with the spark plugs, persuaded <mask> to move to Flint and supply his spark plugs to Flint. A week after <mask> arrived in Flint—accompanied by his wife, youngest brother Prosper <mask>, and a dozen French compatriots—Durant incorporated General Motors and quickly purchased Cadillac and Oldsmobile motor companies.<mask>  incorporated the Champion Ignition Company, in Lansing, Michigan in October 1908. His first office was on the top floor of Buick factory 1. <mask>'s earlier partners, the Stranahan brothers, moved to Toledo, Ohio, and in 1910 incorporated the Champion Spark Plug Company in Wilmington, Delaware, as Nye documents. The Stranahans sued <mask> and

masks:
Champion
Champion
Champion
Champion
Champion
Champion
Champion
Champion
Champion
Champion
Albert Champion


title: Albert Champion (cyclist)

texts:
 his Champion Ignition Company over his name and the suit dragged on in federal district court. <mask> finally settled out of court in 1922 and changed the name of his company to AC Spark Plug Company, after his initials, To this day, both names survive as ACDelco (GM products) and Champion spark plugs sold by Federal-Mogul. Personal life and death
<mask> married his Paris childhood sweetheart in Cambridge, Massachusetts, after he had been in America for a few years. <mask> had numerous affairs over his marriage of almost 20 years until his wife sued him for "extreme cruelty".In 1922 he married a younger woman from Kansas City. In May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew solo in the Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic powered by spark plugs made by Champion's AC Spark Plug Company in Flint. Five months later, on October 27, 1927, <mask> collapsed and died suddenly at age 49 in his suite in the Hotel Meurice after being punched by his wife's married lover in the Hôtel de Crillon. <mask> left his widow $15 million. General Motors bought Champion's AC Spark Plug Company by acquiring shares held by his estate. Alfred P. Sloan, president of General Motors, said: "The keynote of <mask>'s success was, that he was never satisfied [...] his mind was open to the necessity for constant improvement". <mask> is buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris alongside his mother.In August 2015, <mask> was enshrined as a life-size bronze statue in downtown Flint, part of the city's Back to the Bricks Automotive Pioneers Statute Project. He was inducted into the Waltham (Massachusetts) Hall of Fame and the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1977. Palmarès

1899
 1st, Paris–Roubaix
 1904
 1st, French National Stayers Championships

References

External links

1878 births
1927 deaths
Automotive businesspeople
Cyclists from Paris
French automotive pioneers
French emigrants to the United States
French

masks: Champion Champion Champion Champion Champion Champion Champion Champion


title: Aleksandr Kaleri

texts:
<mask> "Sasha<mask> (; born in Jūrmala, Latvia on 13 May 1956) is a Russian cosmonaut and veteran of extended stays on the Mir Space Station and the International Space Station (ISS). Kaleri has most recently been in space aboard the ISS serving as a flight engineer for the long duration Expedition 25/26 missions. He has spent the fourth-longest time in space of any person, the longest time in space of any currently active cosmonaut, and the longest time in space of any person not born in what is now Russia. Personal
Kaleri is married to the Svetlana L. Nosova. They have a son, <mask>, born in 1996. Kaleri's mother, <mask>, resides in Sevastopol, Crimea, and his father, <mask>, is deceased. Kaleri enjoys running, reading and gardening.Education
In 1979, Kaleri graduated from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow region, as a specialist in Aircraft Flight Dynamics and Control. In 1983, he completed post-graduate studies at the same institute as a specialist in the field of Mechanics of Fluids and Plasma. Experience
In 1979, he was hired by the Energia Corporation and worked on the Mir space station. He participated in development of design and engineering documentation, full-scale tests of the Mir. Kaleri is a skilled programmer. Cosmonaut career

<mask> was selected as the Energia RSC cosmonaut candidate in April 1984. Between 1985 and 1986, he completed basic training and evaluation at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center.In 1987 he was qualified for flight assignment as a test cosmonaut. Kaleri took a training course for a spaceflight aboard the Mir orbital station as a backup crew flight engineer of the Mir-3 mission from 1 April to 9 December 1987. He took a training course for a spaceflight aboard the Mir as a backup crew flight engineer of the Mir-9 mission from January to April 1991. From 8 October 1991 to 25 February 1992, Kaleri was training as a primary crew flight

masks:
Aleksandr
" Yuriyevich Kaleri
Oleg Aleksandrovich Kaleri
Antonina Petrovna Kaleri
Yuri Borisovich Kaleri
Kaleri


title: Aleksandr Kaleri

texts:
 engineer for the Mir-11 mission. Kaleri has participated in three extended missions aboard the Mir Space Station. In 1992, he participated in a 145-day flight aboard the Soyuz-TM-14 spacecraft and the Mir. Between 17 August 1996 to 2 March 1997, Kaleri spent 197-days in space aboard the Soyuz-TM-24 spacecraft and the Mir as the Mir-22 mission flight engineer.In 2000, Kaleri performed his third spaceflight aboard the Soyuz-TM-30 spacecraft and the Mir as the Mir-28 mission flight engineer. Expedition 8
In 2003, he first flew to the International Space Station (ISS) with NASA astronaut Michael Foale on his fourth spaceflight. Kaleri served as a Flight Engineer on Expedition 8 and spent 194 days in space from 18 October 2003 to 30 April 2004. The Soyuz TMA-3 spacecraft carrying <mask>, Foale and ESA astronaut André Kuipers successfully landed in Kazakhstan at 00:11 GMT on 30 April 2004. The landing site was located some 60 kilometers northeast of the town of Arkalyk. Expedition 25/26
Kaleri was a member (Flight Engineer) of the ISS Expedition 25/26, that was launched on 7 October 2010 from Baikonur Cosmodrome, aboard Soyuz TMA-01M spacecraft, together with cosmonaut Oleg Skripochka and NASA astronaut Scott Kelly. He served as the Soyuz commander.The mission marked <mask>'s fifth flight into space. He arrived at the ISS after the Soyuz spacecraft linked up with the space station at 00:01 UTC on 10 October 2010. He remained in the ISS till March 2011. During their mission, <mask> and the rest of the Expedition 25/26 crew participated in a wide array of research, including fundamental physics, biometric experiments and investigations of crystal growth in space, as well as education outreach. Spacewalks

<mask> has participated in five spacewalks and has accumulated 23 EVA hours. On 8 July 1992, at 12:38 UTC <mask> started his first career spacewalk. During the spacewalk, he and cosmonaut <mask> inspected some of

masks:
Kaleri
Kaleri
Kaleri
Kaleri
Kaleri
Aleksandr Viktorenko


title: Aleksandr Kaleri

texts: Mir's gyrodynes.The spacewalk lasted 2 hours and 3 minutes. On 2 December 1996, Kaleri and fellow cosmonaut Valery Korzun completed a 5 hours 57 minutes long spacewalk. The main purpose was to complete connections of the cooperative solar array to provide more electrical power to the Mir station. The spacewalk was <mask>'s second career spacewalk. On 9 December 1996, Kaleri and fellow cosmonaut Valery Korzun completed a 6 hours 36 minutes long spacewalk. The spacewalk began at 13:50 UTC and ended at 20:28 UTC. During the spacewalk, the two cosmonauts completed connecting the solar array and attached a new Kurs docking antenna subsequently used to guide Progress vehicles docking with Mir.They also repaired the transceiver system that the Mir crew used to talk to amateur operators all around the world. On 12 May 2000, Kaleri and fellow cosmonaut Sergei Zalyotin completed a five-hour spacewalk to inspect the exterior of Mir. The two spacewalkers also tested a glue which would have been useful to seal tiny cracks, and applied the new airtight sealant to a special panel imitating a damaged section in Mir's skin. The two cosmonauts also examined the exterior of the Progress M1-2 cargo spacecraft. On 26 February 2004, Kaleri and NASA astronaut Michael Foale floated outside the ISS from the Pirs Docking Compartment airlock. The spacewalk began at 4:17 EST, and Foale and Kaleri were able to complete all but two of their planned tasks, swapping out experiment packages and mounting an instrumented dummy torso on the station's hull to measure the radiation environment faced by spacewalking astronauts. Although the spacewalk was originally planned for 5 hours and 30 minutes, it was cut short due to a cooling system malfunction in Kaleri's spacesuit.Kaleri reported seeing drops of water on the inside of his spacesuit's visor. The spacewalk lasted 3 hours and 55 minutes. The excursion was the fifth career spacewalk for


title: Adbhutananda

texts:
<mask> (died 1920), born Rakhturam, was a direct monastic disciple of Ramakrishna, a mystic of nineteenth century Bengal. He is familiarly known as Latu Maharaj among the followers of Ramakrishna. <mask> was the first monastic disciple to come to Ramakrishna. While most of Ramakrishna's direct disciples came from the Bengali intelligentsia,  <mask>'s lack of formal education made him unique amongst them. He was a servant boy of a devotee of Ramakrishna, and he later became his monastic disciple. Though unlettered, <mask> was considered as a monk with great spiritual insight by Ramakrishna's followers, and Vivekananda regarded him as "the greatest miracle of Ramakrishna". Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in North-Eastern India in the Chhapra district of Bihar, around the middle of the nineteenth century.He was given the name Rakhturam, meaning "child who is protected by Lord Rama". His parents were poor, humble villagers. Both his father and mother died before Rakhturam was five years old and he was left in the care of an uncle who was affectionate towards him. Growing up in the village, Rakhturam led a carefree life, tending cows and sheep in the fields. In later years, he said, "I used to wander freely with the cowherd boys. How simple and guileless they were! You can't have real joy unless you are like that."Poverty forced Rakhturam and his uncle to travel to Calcutta in search of a livelihood. Rakhturam came in contact with Ramachandra Datta, a householder devotee of Ramakrishna, and he joined as his servant. As a servant, Rakhturam was considered energetic and faithful. Rakhturam became known as "Latu" in his new Calcutta surroundings, and he was called by that name thereafter. Meetings with Ramakrishna
Ramakrishna lived at the Dakshineswar Kāli Temple, a few miles north of Calcutta, on the

masks: Adbhutananda Adbhutananda Adbhutananda Adbhutananda Adbhutananda


title: Adbhutananda

texts:
 householder devotees, but most often was found living simply on the bank of the Ganges.Sometimes he stayed at Alambazar Math and Belur Math. He also went on several pilgrimages to North India with his brother disciples including Vivekananda. In 1903 he moved to the house of Balaram Bose, a householder devotee of Ramakrishna and stayed there till 1912. Here he was visited by people from different walks of life—judges, doctors, teachers, learned monks, and householders for spiritual instructions. At Varanasi
In October 1912 <mask> left Balaram's hose for Varnasi, never to return again. Here he first stayed at Ramakrishna Advaita Ashrama and later at different locations. As was characteristic of him, he was so often absorbed in meditation that he rarely had fixed time for meals.In Varanasi, he continued to teach and people visited him for spiritual instructions. Last days
During his last days, according to his devotees, Adbhutananda seemed to be gradually withdrawing from the world. He spoke occasionally with people, and when he spoke it was generally of spiritual matters. As reported by this disciples, his body, which had once been remarkably strong, had been gradually weakened by age and years of intense spiritual disciplines and his indifference towards the physical world. During the last few years he suffered from diabetes and minor physical ailments. During the last year of his life he developed a blister on this leg, which developed into gangrene. He was visited by his brother disciples—Turiyananda and Saradananda.Eventually the gangrene worsened and the doctors operated several times on successive days, but were unsuccessful. <mask> died in the holy city of Varanasi at 12:10 p.m on Saturday, 24 April 1920. Regarding his death, Turiyananda wrote in a letter to Josephine MacLeod, an American

masks: Adbhutananda Adbhutananda


title: Adbhutananda

texts:
 devotee of Vivekananda, "He showed no signs of pain during his illness. But the wonder of all wonders was that after this death when his body was placed in a sitting position to conform with some of the funeral rites, we found him looking so beautiful, so serene, so full of peace and bliss. His face beamed with light and an intelligence unspeakable, as if he were taking leave from his friends for the last time with an exhortation of affectionate benediction." Teachings and sayings
<mask>, being illiterate, did not write any books; his teachings and sayings have been recorded by these disciples and devotees. <mask> taught that "the true being in man is ever free, ever pure, and remains ever untouched by good or evil.Good and evil have no absolute reality. They exist only so long as man identifies himself with the ego, the false self. When the ego is completely annihilated, man is freed from the false knowledge of duality or relativity--of good and evil." His other teachings were,
 What is the use of prayer and meditation if there is no dependence on Him? Everything else is useless if this is lacking. It is a great sin to find fault with others. Those who do never do a good act themselves, who easily see defects in others and energetically spread rumors.It is better to continue calling on the Lord devotedly than to know, speak, and preach thousand and one religious cants and shibboleths. Notes

Further reading

External links

 Spiritual Talks of Swami Adbhutananda
 Swami Adbhutananda Biography
 Articles by Adbhutananda

1920 deaths
19th-century Hindu religious leaders
20th-century Hindu religious leaders
Advaitin philosophers
20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians
Hindu reformers
Indian Hindu monks
Indian memoirists
Indian Hindu missionaries
Monks of the Ramakrishna Mission
Year of


title: Shane Douglas

texts: Troy Allan Martin (born November 21, 1964) is an American professional wrestler and promoter, better known by his ring name <mask>. He is best known for his tenures in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), World Wrestling Federation (WWF) as <mask>, and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), where he worked as a wrestler and manager. Martin held a dozen championships between ECW, WCW, and the WWF and is a five-time world champion: a four-time ECW World Heavyweight Champion and a one-time NWA World Heavyweight Champion. As ECW Champion, he holds the records for most combined days as champion (874) and the longest single reign (406 days). Martin is also a two-time ECW World Television Champion, a one-time WWF Intercontinental Champion, a one-time WCW United States Heavyweight Champion and a two-time WCW World Tag Team Champion. Martin was also the first of eleven men (the others being Mick Foley, Terry Funk, Chris Jericho, Chris Benoit, Eddie Guerrero, Perry Saturn, Chris Candido, Dean Malenko, Raven, and Lance Storm) to win a championship in all three major U.S. promotions in the 1990s, after he won the WWE Intercontinental Championship in 1995. Martin achieved the greatest success of his career in ECW, where he debuted in 1993 and captured the ECW Heavyweight Championship twice in his first year with the company.He gained attention when he won a tournament for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, where he publicly rejected the NWA title belt and helped ECW in evolving from an NWA territory to a national promotion. Within ECW, he was dubbed "The Franchise" in reference to his status as the franchise

masks:
Shane Douglas
Dean Douglas


title: Shane Douglas

texts:
 player of the promotion. WWE, who purchased that organization, asserted: "Without <mask>, there would have been no ECW." He headlined many events for ECW including three editions of the company's premier pay-per-view event November to Remember in 1996, 1997 and 1998. Early life
Martin was born in New Brighton, Pennsylvania, one of six children of a veteran of World War II, who died in 1991. He graduated cum laude from Bethany College in 1986 with a bachelor's degree in history and political science. He is an alumnus of the Psi chapter of Beta Theta Pi.After earning his degrees, he was offered to join the Saba University School of Medicine but declined in order to continue wrestling. Professional wrestling career

Early years (1980–1989)
Martin was trained by Dominic DeNucci in the Pittsburgh suburb of Freedom, Pennsylvania, alongside Mick Foley in the mid-1980s. He had been wrestling professionally to earn money since 1982. When he started, he used the character of Troy Orndorff, the fictional nephew of Paul Orndorff. In 1986, he wrestled Randy Savage at a WWF Superstars of Wrestling taping using his real name. He also wrestled "Mr. Wonderful" Paul Orndorff in the debut episode of WWF Wrestling Challenge, once again using his real name.Later that year, he began wrestling as a fan favorite for the Universal Wrestling Federation (UWF) using the name <mask>, which was given to him by "Hot Stuff" Eddie Gilbert and Missy Hyatt (the "<mask>" last name was inspired by Black Rain and The Jewel of the Nile film star <mask>, who at the time had just appeared in the 1987 film Wall Street). <mask> defeated Gilbert for the UWF Television

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Shane Douglas
Shane Douglas
Douglas
Michael Douglas
Douglas


title: Shane Douglas

texts:
 Championship on August 3, 1987, but did not rise above mid-card status. <mask> lost the title on September 2 to Terry Taylor. World Championship Wrestling (1989–1990)
In 1989, <mask> signed with the promotion World Championship Wrestling (WCW), then a member of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). He retained his <mask> ring name and was put into a tag team of skateboarders known as The Dynamic Dudes with Johnny Ace (John Laurinaitis, the younger brother of Road Warrior Animal). Mick Foley has opined that since neither Ace nor <mask> knew how to skateboard, the fans saw through the character and refused to buy into it. Jim Cornette, who was managing The Midnight Express (Bobby Eaton and Stan Lane) at the time, decided to manage the duo to help them get over.When Eaton and Lane in storyline did not approve, they forced a match between the two teams with Cornette remaining neutral at ringside. He ended up turning on <mask> and Ace and the teams feuded for a couple of months. Cornette's turn was to have established The Dynamic Dudes as a top fan favorite tag team, but the turn backfired and made The Midnight Express more popular than they already were. The Dynamic Dudes broke up in 1990 after Ace began competing progressively more for All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), which was breaking its ties to the NWA. Jim Cornette also states that the end of the Dynamic Dudes came when <mask> went over his head to Jim Herd about having a finish changed to make him look stronger. Cornette, who was part of the booking committee, washed his hands of working with them afterwards. <mask> argued that they had been repeatedly promised a big push and were

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title: Shane Douglas

texts:
 instead being booked to lose all of their big matches, then getting criticized for not getting over as a top team.The Dudes would last wrestle together in March 1990, and <mask> soon left WCW and wrestled on the American independent circuit. World Wrestling Federation (1990–1991)
In 1990, <mask> signed a deal with the World Wrestling Federation and made his debut on the June 18 episode of Prime Time Wrestling, defeating Bob Bradley, in a match taped in Toronto, Ontario on May 27. <mask> remained undefeated in his first month, defeating Bob Bradley, Paul Diamond, and Steve Lombardi in a series of matches. He then moved up to begin a house show series in late June against Haku and suffered his first loss on June 28 in Denver, Colorado. He remained without a win in subsequent rematches. He made his syndicated television debut on the August 26 episode of WWF Wrestling Challenge, teaming with jobber Mark Thomas in a loss to The Orient Express. In August 1990, he received his first break when he was tapped as the temporary replacement to an injured Shawn Michaels in The Rockers tag-team.<mask> teamed with Jannetty six times in matches against The Orient Express. On August 27, he defeated Buddy Rose in a dark match at the SummerSlam '90 PPV. On the September 17 episode of Prime Time Wrestling, <mask> wrestled Haku to a draw, and he was largely undefeated against low level competition throughout the fall. At the Survivor Series '90 PPV <mask> defeated Buddy Rose in another dark match, and on January 3, 1991, at a house show in Scranton, Pennsylvania, he scored the biggest victory of his nascent WWF career when he upset Dino Bravo. Four days

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title: Shane Douglas

texts:
 later on the January 7, 1991, episode of Prime Time Wrestling he would pin Haku, and was strongly positioned as a rising young star. His most memorable WWF performance took place at the 1991 Royal Rumble, where he entered as the seventeenth entrant and lasted for 26 minutes and 23 seconds before being eliminated by Brian Knobbs. Shortly after, he left the company to take care of his ailing father.<mask> would make intermittent appearances in 1991, subbing for various wrestlers on house shows. He returned on May 8 in Youngstown, Ohio, and lost to Ricky Steamboat. In June he returned for a pair of house shows and was defeated by Colonel Mustafa. He made his final televised appearance on the June 15th episode of Prime Time Wrestling, losing to Dino Bravo in a match taped at Madison Square Garden. <mask> closed out his first WWF run with two victories - a win on July 29 in a dark match at a WWF Superstars taping against Bob Bradley, and a victory over The Orient Express on August 2 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, when he teamed with Marty Jannetty. Return to WCW (1992–1993)
<mask> returned to WCW on the September 12, 1992 episode of Saturday Night as a fan favorite, where he defeated Super Invader in his return match by using Magnum T.A. 's finishing move, belly to belly suplex, which was noted by Magnum, the following week on Saturday Night.On the October 17 episode of Saturday Night, <mask> had a match with Brian Pillman, which began a rivalry between the duo. He made his pay-per-view return at Halloween Havoc, where he teamed with Tom Zenk and Johnny Gunn to compete against Arn Anderson, Bobby Eaton and Michael Hayes in a winning effort.

masks: Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas


title: Shane Douglas

texts:
 While feuding with Pillman, <mask> formed a tag team with Ricky Steamboat to take on Pillman and Steve Austin in a tag team match on the October 24 episode of Worldwide. The following month, Steamboat and <mask> were booked to win the NWA and WCW World Tag Team Championships from Dustin Rhodes and Barry Windham on the November 18 Clash of the Champions XXI. Steamboat and <mask> made a successful title defense against Windham and Pillman at Starrcade. Steamboat and <mask> began a lengthy rivalry with Pillman and his new tag team partner Steve Austin. Steamboat and <mask> successfully defended the tag titles against Austin and Pillman on the January 13, 1993 Clash of the Champions XXII, before dropping the titles to Austin and Pillman on the March 27, 1993 episode of Worldwide.Soon after losing the tag titles, <mask> began a rivalry with the World Television Champion Paul Orndorff, where he came up short against Orndorff in two respective matches in the Computer Contenders Challenge on the May 1 episode of Worldwide and the May 8 episode of Power Hour, before departing the company for Eastern Championship Wrestling (ECW). <mask> had been scheduled to team with Steamboat in a steel cage match for a title shot at the NWA and WCW World Tag Team Championship at Slamboree, but was replaced by Tom Zenk in a mask. NWA Eastern / Extreme Championship Wrestling

The Franchise and Birth of Extreme (1993–1994)

Martin debuted in the upstart ECW during its formative years on the August 24, 1993 episode of Eastern Championship Wrestling and solidified his status as a villain by joining Hotstuff International. In his first match, <mask> defeated Don

masks: Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas


title: Shane Douglas

texts: E. Allen and Herve Renesto in a handicap match. <mask> quickly rose to the top of the roster, winning the promotion's Heavyweight Championship on the September 14 episode of Eastern Championship Wrestling, after champion Tito Santana forfeited the title. <mask> successfully defended the title against The Sandman at the UltraClash event. At NWA Bloodfest, <mask> retained the title against J.T.Smith before dropping the title to Sabu later that night. On the December 14 episode of NWA Eastern Championship Wrestling, <mask> substituted for an injured Johnny Gunn to defend the Tag Team Championship alongside Gunn's partner Tommy Dreamer against Kevin Sullivan and The Tazmaniac, during which <mask> turned on Dreamer by attacking him with a steel chain. The following week, <mask> defeated Dreamer via disqualification by hitting Dreamer with a steel chain and handing over the chain to Dreamer, which fooled the referee to believe that Dreamer had hit him with the chain. This strategy would be adopted by Eddie Guerrero a decade later. <mask> defeated Dreamer at Holiday Hell to end the feud. <mask> developed a gimmick of a foul-mouthed, incredibly arrogant villain (an attitude that would define him permanently and give him success), and gave himself the nickname "The Franchise". His best friend Sherri Martel became his valet.<mask> gained notoriety when he wrestled Terry Funk and Sabu to a one-hour draw in the company's first-ever three-way dance for the ECW Heavyweight Championship at The Night the Line Was Crossed. <mask> dethroned Funk in an Ultimate Jeopardy steel cage match to win his second Heavyweight Championship at Ultimate Jeopardy.

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title: Shane Douglas

texts:
 Since its founding, ECW had been a member of the NWA. <mask> was instrumental in the development of "extreme wrestling" when he defeated The Tazmaniac, Dean Malenko and 2 Cold Scorpio to win a tournament to become the NWA World Heavyweight Champion on August 27. In an angle which only he, Tod Gordon, and Paul Heyman knew about, <mask> threw down the NWA title belt and stated that he did not want to be champion of a "dead promotion". <mask> raised the ECW Heavyweight Championship belt and declared it to be a world championship belt, renaming it the ECW World Heavyweight Championship. WWE recognizes this moment as the beginning of ECW Championship and <mask> as the first ECW Champion.According to the Forever Hardcore DVD, <mask> only decided to throw down the NWA belt after NWA president Dennis Coralluzzo buried <mask> on Mike Tenay's radio show. On the August 30 edition of NWA Eastern Championship Wrestling, Gordon announced he was folding Eastern Championship Wrestling, and in its place forming Extreme Championship Wrestling, a new promotion independent of the NWA. Capitalizing on the controversy that surrounded his literally "throwing down" the NWA belt and the promo following it, <mask> was encouraged to express his true feelings in interviews by the ECW bookers. This helped raise ECW's prominence in the eyes of wrestling fans and journalists and allowed it to become an alternative to WCW and the WWF and <mask> cemented a legacy in the history of ECW. <mask> closed 1994 with successful title defenses of the ECW World Heavyweight Championship against Ron Simmons. Triple Threat (1995)

In early 1995, <mask> formed the Triple Threat


title: Shane Douglas

texts:
 faction, aligning himself with Chris Benoit and Dean Malenko. He started the year with successful title defenses of the World Heavyweight Championship against Tully Blanchard and Marty Jannetty.He then entered a feud with The Sandman during a match at Three Way Dance, where Sandman's valet, Woman, seemed to have aligned herself with <mask> by helping him in retaining the title against Sandman by handing him Sandman's Singapore cane to attack him and get the win. However, it turned out to be a ruse when she aided Sandman in defeating <mask> for the title at Hostile City Showdown. <mask>' lengthy reign ended at 385 days, which is the second longest reign in the title history. After failing to regain the title, <mask> began a rivalry with Cactus Jack, as each man wanted to capture the title from Sandman and saw the other as competition. During this time, <mask> went on a tirade about the lawlessness of ECW and brought in Bill Alfonso as a troubleshooting referee to restore order. After teasing a departure for the WWF, <mask> finally left ECW for WWF in July 1995, making his last appearance during a world title match between Sandman and Cactus Jack at Heat Wave, during which he attacked both men and left. Return to WWF (1995-1996)

In 1995, <mask> returned to the WWF with a college dean character under the ring name <mask>, making his first appearance on the July 29 episode of Superstars.To establish himself, he filmed several vignettes with a chalkboard, lecturing wrestlers and fans. He would also be shown taking notes of his opponents at ringside during some matches, and frequently carried a paddle (dubbed the "Board of Education") with

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Douglas
Douglas
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title: Shane Douglas

texts: him to the ring. He would usually present a "Report Card" in which he would degrade the performances of heroic wrestlers after their matches. <mask> began a rivalry with Razor Ramon after grading him "MF" for miserable failure after Razor's loss to Shawn Michaels at SummerSlam. <mask> made his in-ring return to WWF on the September 9 episode of Superstars, where he defeated 1-2-3 Kid by disqualification after Razor attacked <mask>. This resulted in a match between <mask> and Razor at In Your House 3, which <mask> won after interference by the Kid. He was set to wrestle Shawn Michaels for the Intercontinental Championship at In Your House 4, but Michaels forfeited the title due to injuries incurred after being attacked and beaten by a Marine in Syracuse, New York.<mask>, however, immediately had to defend the title against rival Razor Ramon. Ramon would go on to defeat <mask>, ending his reign at only twenty minutes. <mask> was randomly paired with Razor, Owen Hart and Yokozuna against Shawn Michaels, Ahmed Johnson, British Bulldog and Sycho Sid in a Wildcard Survivor Series match at Survivor Series. <mask> was eliminated by Michaels after Razor attacked him. His team went on to lose the match. <mask> failed to recapture the Intercontinental Championship from Razor Ramon on the December 4 episode of Monday Night Raw. His last televised match was on the December 9 episode of Superstars, where he defeated enhancement talent Tony Williams.His last appearance on WWF television was at In Your House 5, when he was booked to wrestle Ahmed Johnson. According to the storyline, his back was not in wrestling condition, so he introduced Buddy


title: Shane Douglas

texts:
 Landel as his substitute, who was subsequently defeated by Johnson in just forty-two seconds. His very last day working in WWF was at Madison Square Garden where he was diagnosed with a severe muscle spasm in his back that if agitated could have paralyzed him. Despite doctors telling Vince McMahon it was a legitimate injury, Vince became angry at the news and tried to intimidate <mask> into denying it, and was explicitly told by Vince McMahon to leave the company on January 1, 1996. However, Vince made him go out that evening and deliver a promo, in which he announced his injury. Troy has been very outspoken about how Vince paid him much less than what was agreed upon, and because of his treatment before he refuses to ever work for Vince again. Return to ECW

World Television Champion (1996)

After quitting from WWF, <mask> made his surprise return to ECW at the House Party event on January 5, 1996, where he briefly reprised his <mask> character, correcting Buh Buh Ray Dudley's grammar after a match, thus becoming a fan favorite.His televised return aired on the January 9 episode of Hardcore TV, where he confronted Stevie Richards and Blue Meanie, denounced his Dean gimmick and declared "the Franchise is back!". During this time, he had a memorable feud with Cactus Jack as Cactus was getting ready to leave for WWF and cutting promos encouraging Tommy Dreamer to side with him, deriding ECW's hardcore style and promoting clean wrestling. <mask> eventually pinned Jack in a match at CyberSlam after performing a drop toe-hold onto an opened steel chair after Jack's partner Mikey Whipwreck betrayed Jack. Upon his return, <mask> also

masks:
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title: Shane Douglas

texts:
 targeted the World Heavyweight Champion Raven and received several title shots but came up short due to heavy interference by members of Raven's Flock. After failing in his attempts to regain the World Heavyweight Championship, <mask> won the World Television Championship from 2 Cold Scorpio at A Matter of Respect and eventually turned into a villain by showing disrespect to the title. After the match, 2 Cold Scorpio attacked him. A month later, <mask> was scheduled to defend the title against Scorpio at Fight The Power, but Scorpio was injured, which resulted in <mask> retaining the title against El Puerto Ricano, Don E. Allen, Devon Storm and Mikey Whipwreck in quick succession before losing it to Pitbull #2 after <mask> insulted The Pitbulls' manager, Francine and gave her a belly to belly suplex.At Heat Wave, <mask> won his second World Television Championship by defeating champion Chris Jericho, 2 Cold Scorpio and Pitbull #2 in a four corners match, after Francine turned on them and aided <mask> in winning the match. With Francine by his side, <mask> continued to feud with Pitbull #2 and retained his title against the latter in subsequent rematches for the remainder of the year. Triple Threat reformation and final storylines (1996–1999)

In the fall of 1996, <mask> reformed the Triple Threat with new members Chris Candido and Brian Lee. <mask> and Francine entered a feud with Tommy Dreamer and Beulah McGillicutty, which culminated in a series of matches between the two pairs throughout late 1996 and early 1997. Triple Threat feuded with <mask>' enemies Tommy Dreamer and The Pitbulls throughout the first half of 1997, while <mask>

masks: Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas


title: Shane Douglas

texts: continued his successful title defenses of the World Television Championship against Pitbull #2. <mask> retained his title against Pitbull #1, as well, in an "I Quit" match at Hostile City Showdown. During this time, a mysterious man began stalking Francine and displayed mannerisms of Rick Rude.After <mask> retained his title against Pitbull #2 at ECW's first pay-per-view Barely Legal, Brian Lee revealed himself to be the mysterious stalker and delivered a Chokeslam to <mask>. As a result, Lee was removed from Triple Threat due to his betrayal and left ECW. Triple Threat gained Bam Bam Bigelow in Lee's place, who joined the group as <mask>' partner in a tag team match against The Pitbulls at Chapter 2. At Wrestlepalooza, <mask> retained his title against Chris Chetti. Later that night, <mask> interrupted Taz's promo after a match between Taz and Sabu. <mask> defended his title against Taz, with the stipulation that Taz would not be able to compete in ECW for sixty days. <mask> lost the title in under three minutes after Taz made him submit to the Tazmission.<mask>' reign ended at 329 days. He then turned his attention on capturing the World Heavyweight Championship from Terry Funk and challenged him for the title at Heat Wave but lost by disqualification. <mask> received another shot on the August 14 episode of Hardcore TV, but lost. Shortly after, Sabu won the title but <mask> remained in the title picture. At Hardcore Heaven, <mask> defeated Sabu and Funk in a three-way dance to win the title for the third time. In September 1997, <mask> retained the title against Tommy Dreamer at Terry Funk's WrestleFest and against Phil Lafon in a

masks: Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas


title: Shane Douglas

texts: no disqualification match at As Good as It Gets. <mask> lost his title to Bam Bam Bigelow on the October 24 episode of Hardcore TV after Rick Rude chose Bigelow as <mask>' challenger.As a result, Bigelow was kicked out of Triple Threat and replaced by Lance Storm. After failing in a rematch at Ultimate Jeopardy, <mask> regained the title by defeating Bigelow at the November to Remember pay-per-view, beginning his fourth reign as champion. <mask> was injured in the match and was sidelined for nearly two months, making his return to action on January 30, 1998. At Hostile City Showdown, Bigelow rejoined Triple Threat by turning on his partner Taz during a match against Triple Threat. Bigelow's return lead to Lance Storm being kicked out of the group, which began a feud between Storm and the Triple Threat. At Living Dangerously, <mask> and Chris Candido faced Storm and his mystery partner, who was revealed to be Al Snow. Snow pinned <mask> following a Snow Plow.This earned Snow, a title shot against <mask> for the world title at Wrestlepalooza, where <mask> retained the title. <mask> suffered an injury which prevented him from competing for a couple of months but he continued to appear on television, during which Triple Threat began feuding with Taz, Rob Van Dam and Sabu. The two teams squared off in a match at November to Remember, where Triple Threat lost. After the match, Bigelow left ECW and Chris Candido abandoned <mask>, resulting in Triple Threat being disbanded. <mask> continued his feud with Taz, which culminated in a match between the two at Guilty as Charged in 1999, where <mask> lost the ECW World Heavyweight Championship to

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title: Shane Douglas

texts:
 Taz after <mask> was attacked by former teammate Chris Candido, allowing Taz to win with a Tazmission. <mask>' fourth ECW World Heavyweight Championship reign was the longest reign in the title's history, lasting 406 days. <mask> faced Taz in a rematch for the World Heavyweight Championship at House Party, where he lost.On February 12 at Crossing the Line '99, <mask> allied with his long-time nemesis Tommy Dreamer to feud with Impact Players after both men claimed to be the "New Franchise" but <mask> elected Dreamer as his successor, turning <mask> face for the first time since he disrespect to ECW fans in nearly 3 years. At Living Dangerously, Dreamer and <mask> defeated Impact Players. <mask> continued to feud with the Impact Players until he left the company due to a disagreement with Paul Heyman. <mask> wrestled his last match in ECW on April 15, where he defeated Justin Credible after a Pittsburgh Plunge. Second return to WCW

The Revolution and The New Blood (1999–2000)

After quitting ECW, <mask> made a surprise return to WCW on the July 19, 1999, episode of Nitro, where he joined with former Triple Threat members Chris Benoit and Dean Malenko and fellow ECW alumnus Perry Saturn to form The Revolution and pledged to cut the "cancer" out of WCW. This was a reference to Ric Flair, with whom <mask> had an off-screen grudge. Asya was later added to the group in place of Benoit, who left the team.The group wrestled other groups including West Texas Rednecks, First Family, Filthy Animals, and Varsity Club during its run. The group was rarely featured prominently and never really challenged the dominant wrestlers of WCW. This led to


title: Shane Douglas

texts: them never really getting popular as an idea, though both Benoit and Malenko were successful individually. The lack of success would eventually lead to the demise of the group after Malenko and Saturn left WCW. Following the disbanding of the Revolution, <mask> managed The Wall at the Souled Out pay-per-view in 2000, before taking a hiatus from television as the company did not have any plans for him at the time. <mask> returned to WCW television on the April 10 episode of Nitro, where he aligned himself with Vince Russo and joined The New Blood group run by Russo and Eric Bischoff, which feuded with the older established The Millionaire's Club, which included his on-screen and real life off-camera nemesis Ric Flair. <mask> faced Flair for the first time on that same night in a match, which <mask> lost by disqualification.At Spring Stampede, <mask> was paired with Buff Bagwell in a four-team tournament for the vacated World Tag Team Championship, where they defeated Harlem Heat 2000 in the semi-finals and the makeshift team of Ric Flair and Lex Luger in the finals, after Brian Adams and Bryan Clark delivered a High Times. <mask> resumed his feud with Flair, which culminated in a match between the two at Slamboree, which <mask> won, with the help of Flair's son David Flair in disguise of a masked man. On the May 15 episode of Nitro, <mask> defended the tag title alongside The Wall, who substituted for Buff Bagwell in a match against KroniK, which KroniK won. <mask> received an opportunity for the World Heavyweight Championship against Jeff Jarrett on the May 31 episode of Thunder, where he failed to win the title after the WCW

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texts:
 Commissioner Ernest Miller delivered a Feliner to <mask>. <mask> competed against The Wall in a Best of Five Tables match at The Great American Bash, which <mask> won by driving Wall through three tables. The Return of The Franchise and United States Champion (2000–2001)
At Bash at the Beach, <mask> defeated his former tag team partner Buff Bagwell, by debuting his new finishing move called Franchiser and with assistance by Torrie Wilson, who turned on Bagwell. With Wilson as his manager, <mask> began using his ECW nickname "The Franchise" and began using "Cut the damn music!"catchphrase during his entrance to the ring and then delivered a promo on the microphone. <mask> participated in a tournament for the vacated United States Heavyweight Championship on the July 18 episode of Monday Nitro, where he defeated Billy Kidman in the quarter-finals but lost to eventual winner Lance Storm in the semi-finals. <mask> would begin a rivalry with Kidman, which resulted in a loss for <mask> in a Strap match at the New Blood Rising pay-per-view. However, <mask> and Torrie Wilson defeated Kidman and Madusa in a scaffold match at Fall Brawl. In the fall of 2000, <mask> became allied with the Natural Born Thrillers, during which he helped their leader Mike Sanders win a kickboxing match against Ernest Miller at Halloween Havoc, which lead to <mask> facing Miller in a match at Mayhem, which Miller won. <mask> would then enter a rivalry with Misfits in Action leader General Rection over Rection's United States Heavyweight Championship. He faced Rection for the title at Starrcade, but lost by disqualification after Chavo Guerrero, Jr. informed the


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texts:
 referee that <mask> was trying to use a chain to hit Rection.In 2001, <mask> defeated Rection in a first blood chain match to capture the title at the Sin pay-per-view. <mask> dropped the belt to Rick Steiner on the February 5 episode of Nitro. This was <mask>' last WCW match in the company and he sat out the rest of his WCW contract until it was purchased by the WWF on March 23, 2001. After WCW closed down, <mask> refused to return to the WWF because of paternity leave due to his wife's pregnancy. Xtreme Pro Wrestling (2002–2003)
After the WWF purchased both WCW and ECW in 2001, <mask> Went to Xtreme Pro Wrestling in July 2002, where he won its World Heavyweight Championship after defeating Johnny Webb at the Night of Champions event. <mask> later helped expand the promotion from its base in Los Angeles to Philadelphia, and XPW held its first show in Philadelphia on August 31. <mask> would later become the final World Heavyweight Champion in XPW history, as the promotion held its final event on March 8, 2003, in his hometown of Pittsburgh.Total Nonstop Action Wrestling

The New Church, The New Franchise and color commentator (2003–2005)

Following the closures of both XPW and WWA, Martin signed with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling in June 2003. Under his <mask> ring name, he debuted in TNA on the company's weekly pay-per-view on June 11, where he immediately reignited his feud with Raven by costing him an opportunity for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. The two ended up joining separate factions as <mask> became a member of The New Church and Raven formed The Gathering. <mask> made his TNA in-ring debut on July 2, where he

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title: Shane Douglas

texts:
 defeated CM Punk in a Clockwork Orange House of Fun match. <mask> and Raven clashed throughout the summer of 2003, with both men trading wins in a couple of matches. When this feud ran down, <mask> broke away from The New Church on October 1 and began a quest to find "The New Franchise". He was joined by Tracy as his new valet after his match against Sandman on November 5 and <mask> was introduced as <mask>' protege and the trio formed their new group called "The New Franchise" on November 26.<mask> took him under his wing throughout the end of 2003 and beginning of 2004, as the two joined the company's tag team division. The duo were entered into a tournament for the vacated NWA World Tag Team Championship, where they lost to Christopher Daniels and Low Ki on March 24. The following week, <mask> and <mask> participated in a four-way tag team match to receive a shot at the tag team titles, but came up short. On May 5, <mask> turned on <mask> and the two squared off in a match, which <mask> won. After the match, Traci joined <mask> to abandon <mask>. When the grouping of <mask> and <mask> broke up, <mask> went into a semi-in-ring retirement. He became an onscreen commentator and interviewer for TNA's new weekly television show, Impact!, and their monthly pay-per-views.In addition to this on-screen role, he worked backstage as a road agent and took a few independent bookings. Managing The Naturals (2006–2007)
<mask> returned to television on the May 18, 2006 episode of Impact!, appearing on the entrance ramp as <mask> (no relation) made the save for his tag team partner Chase Stevens after a brutal squash match against Samoa Joe. He

masks:
Douglas
Douglas
Michael Shane
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Shane
Shane
Douglas
Douglas
Shane
Douglas
Shane
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Andy Douglas


title: Shane Douglas

texts: would scout The Naturals again on the May 25 episode of Impact!, when <mask> lost his match. A few weeks later, on June 15, <mask> confronted them on their recent losing streak and their squandered talent, referring to their former manager and <mask>'s ex-Triple Threat teammate Chris Candido in the process. He offered to become their manager, which they accepted. During the promo when he offered his services, he spoke his true feelings on World Wrestling Entertainment's revival of Extreme Championship Wrestling, admonishing Vince McMahon for "exploiting the memory" of the company he helped build nearly 15 years earlier. After becoming their mentor, pre-recorded videos showed <mask> training The Naturals have been shown on TNA programming, though he doesn't stand at ringside during their matches like most other managers.Once they were deemed ready for competition, <mask> billed them as "The Newly Franchised Naturals". On the December 21 episode of Impact! after The Naturals lost to Team 3D in a tables match, a fed up <mask> turned his back on them, claiming that his experiment was over. Despite the failed "experiment", prior to the departure of The Naturals from TNA, Chase Stevens was featured in a match on the pre-show of the Final Resolution pay-per-view in 2007. During the match, Stevens wore the gold-and-black "Franchised" Naturals attire. <mask> came out after his match to heatedly confront Stevens about wearing his colors, leading to an in-ring confrontation between the two. After the angle was dropped, <mask> remained completely unseen on TNA programming.On October 10, 2007, TNA announced that <mask> was released from his TNA

masks:
Andy Douglas
Shane
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas


title: Shane Douglas

texts:
 contract. Feud with Christopher Daniels (2009)

On the May 28, 2009 episode of Impact!, <mask> returned to TNA and attacked Christopher Daniels after his match with A.J. Styles. The following week on Impact!, <mask> again attacked Daniels during his match before subsequently stating that he wanted a second chance in TNA like Daniels received, after the latter was, in storyline, fired from TNA. He was granted a second chance on the June 11 episode of Impact!, where he was given a match with A.J. Styles which he lost, only to attack Styles after the match. Daniels would come out to help Styles, only to have <mask> hit him with a towel containing a pair of handcuffs.At the Slammiversary pay-per-view, <mask> lost to Daniels in a second chance match, resulting in Daniels retaining his spot on the TNA roster. Following the match, <mask> left TNA once again, although asked by TNA to participate in their ECW reunion show Hardcore Justice, he refused the invitation. Return to the independent circuit (2009–present)
On March 13, 2009, <mask> returned to the National Wrestling Alliance for the first time since he dropped the NWA World Heavyweight Champioionship in 15 years, wrestling for the On Fire territory in a singles match, and defeating ECW alumnus Little Guido. In 2012, <mask> announced that he would take part in Extreme Reunion, an event consisting of former ECW Originals. It was the first in a series of three events. The event was held on April 28 in the National Guard Armory of Philadelphia. The second event, Extreme Rising, was held on June 29 in New York and on June 30 in Philadelphia.There was a third show promoted by the same group,

masks: Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas


title: Shane Douglas

texts:
 held on November 17 in Pittsburgh called "Extreme Rising Remember November". In the main event <mask> wrestled Matt Hardy to a no-contest. On March 24, 2017, at a Pro Wrestling All-Stars of Detroit event, <mask> defeated The Great Akuma in Melvindale, Michigan, to become the Pro Wrestling All-Stars Heavyweight Champion. On April 21, <mask> defeated Paul Bowser by countout in an "Extreme Rules" match to successfully defend the title. He lost the title on May 12, 2017, when Breyer Wellington beat <mask>, Paul Bowser, and Atlas Hytower in a Fatal Four-Way match. On May 13, 2017, at XICW "Best In Detroit 20" in Clinton Township, Michigan, <mask> beat Joe Coleman to become the XICW Xtreme Intense Champion. On March 3, 2018, at World BigTime Wrestlings' "Extreme Warfare" in Lucas County, Ohio, <mask> defeated Shawn Blaze for the WBW Heavyweight Championship.He lost the belt back to Blaze on May 5, 2018, after the WBW commissioner interfered with the match. <mask> also feuded with Bobby Fulton, squaring off against the former Fantastic in a series of hardcore matches. On March 11, 2018, at XICW "March Madness & Mayhem" in Fraser, Michigan, <mask> lost the XICW Xtreme Intense Title to Kongo Kong. Promoting
<mask> was a promoter for the Xtreme Pro Wrestling promotion. Under his promotion, XPW moved from California to Philadelphia and featured many former ECW stars. In mid-2005, <mask> conceived and, alongside Jeremy Borash, promoted and booked Hardcore Homecoming, a series of Extreme Championship Wrestling reunion events. The first event occurred on June 10, two days before World Wrestling Entertainment's own ECW reunion show, ECW One Night

masks:
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Shane Douglas
Douglas
Douglas


title: Shane Douglas

texts:
 Stand.The final show occurred on November 5. On April 9, 2009, it was announced that Martin and Nite Owl Production were to promote a follow up to Hardcore Homecoming called November to Remember: The Final Chair Shot. Originally, the event was to occur in 2008 on the anniversary of the original Hardcore Homecoming event, but the date was rescheduled to coincide with an American Cancer Society charity event hosted by <mask>' former valet Francine. <mask> was scheduled to headline the Extreme Reunion event scheduled for April 28, 2012. Unbeknownst to WWE, <mask> appeared in the audience on the March 19, 2012 episode of Raw to promote the event, but was escorted out of the arena by security after causing a disturbance. Personal life
In 1993 during his first stint with World Championship Wrestling, he began teaching emotional support classes, economics, and the history of the United States at a high school. While not wrestling, Martin works as a motivational speaker.Martin married Michelle Burke on August 17, 1987. They divorced on November 24, 1994. Five years later, Martin married Carla Marie Reeves on August 13, 1999. Their first son, Connor, was born in April 2001, and their second son, Caden Andrew, was born on December 6, 2005. Soon after his second son was born, Martin checked himself into a drug rehabilitation program due to a painkiller addiction. Since 2006, Martin has remained drug-free. He discussed this on Steve Austin's podcast during a two-part episode in April 2015.Martin and his wife divorced in 2017. Martin produced, choreographed and played himself in the 2013 film Pro Wrestlers vs Zombies. In July 2016, Martin was named

masks: Douglas Douglas Douglas


title: Shane Douglas

texts:
 part of a class action lawsuit filed against WWE which alleged that wrestlers incurred traumatic brain injuries during their tenure and that the company concealed the risks of injury. The suit was litigated by attorney Konstantine Kyros, who has been involved in a number of other lawsuits against WWE. The lawsuit was dismissed by US District Judge Vanessa Lynne Bryant in September 2018. During his second reign, the promotion was renamed Extreme Championship Wrestling. <mask> held the title an additional two times after these events.Luchas de Apuestas record

Notes

See also
 Extreme Rising
 NWA World Title Tournament
 The Revolution
 The Triple Threat

References

<mask> F.A.Q. Solie's title histories
Interview
Interview

External links

1964 births
American color commentators
American male professional wrestlers
Bethany College (West Virginia) alumni
ECW Heavyweight Champions/ECW World Heavyweight Champions
ECW World Television Champions
Living people
NWA/WCW/WWE United States Heavyweight Champions
NWA World Heavyweight Champions
People from New Brighton, Pennsylvania
Professional wrestlers from Pennsylvania
Professional wrestling announcers
Professional wrestling promoters
Sportspeople from Pittsburgh
The Dangerous Alliance members
WWF/WWE Intercontinental

masks:
Douglas
Shane Douglas


title: Philipp Hildebrand

texts:
<mask> (born 19 July 1963) is a Swiss banker who has been serving as a vice chairman of BlackRock since 2012. <mask> was the head of the Swiss central bank, the Swiss National Bank (SNB), from 2010 until he resigned on 9 January 2012 after controversy surrounding his wife's currency trading. He had been a member of the central bank's governing board since 2003. Early life and education
<mask> attended the University of Toronto, Oxford University's Lincoln College, and the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva. He was part of a group of students that helped out during the Annual Meetings of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. There, he met leading international government officials and bankers. Career in the private sector
In 1994 <mask> began his professional career at WEF.He subsequently worked at Moore Capital Management, a hedge fund in New York and London, where he met his wife. He then worked as head of hedge funds for Union Bancaire Privée in Geneva and Vontobel in Zurich. Career at the SNB
<mask> was said to be the "youngest ever policy maker" when he joined the SNB in 2003. Prior to his resignation from the SNB, <mask> was a member of the board of directors of the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, as well as vice-chairman of the Financial Stability Board. From 2008, he was a member of the Group of Thirty. Controversy around the 2009/2010 exchange rate interventions
<mask> was attacked after losses arising from SNB's exchange rate interventions between March 2009 and June 2010. In this period, the SNB accumulated foreign currency reserves worth over 200 billion Swiss francs (Codes: CHF, SFr).As the Swiss franc has appreciated, the interventions caused losses on SNB foreign currency positions equivalent to 26.5 billion Swiss francs in 2010 and 11.7 billion Swiss francs in the first six months of 2011. The SNB has defended these interventions as they made

masks:
Philipp Michael Hildebrand
Hildebrand
Hildebrand
Hildebrand
Hildebrand
Hildebrand
Hildebrand


title: Philipp Hildebrand

texts:
 “sense at the zero lower bound when the traditional monetary policy instrument is exhausted”. Some international press and financial market analysts considered the interventions a “costly failure”. The People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei (SVP) / Union Démocratique du Centre (UDC)) and the magazine Weltwoche were critics of <mask>, demanding his resignation. Prominent figures of other parties supported <mask> and emphasized the political independence of the SNB. In an article titled “With Unsteady Hand”, Switzerland's major business magazine Bilanz criticized Mr. <mask>'s leadership of SNB, citing his limited experience and saying that Mr. <mask>'s actions in large parts seem to be the result of his eagerness to appeal to the public. Pegging of the Swiss Franc to the Euro since 6 September 2011
<mask> is considered a driving force behind the pegging of the Swiss Franc to the Euro announced on 6 September 2011.The central bank commits to undertake transactions to cap the value of the franc against the euro at a maximum of 1.20. In early August, the euro fell to near parity, at 1.00749, against the franc. After initial cautious reactions by analysts, the decision of the Swiss National Bank to aim to keep the Swiss Franc: Euro rate above 1.20 is considered to have been a success. 2011 personal foreign exchange trading and resignation
In August, 2011, <mask>'s wife Kashya made a CHF 60,000 ($64,400) profit on a currency transaction. At the time, <mask> reported the transaction to the SNB and moved to prevent future such trades with Bank Sarasin. His wife asserted her independent finance and banking experience as the basis for the "almost ridiculously cheap" trade. In January, 2012, <mask> denied accusations of insider trading in relation to the transaction, resisted calls for his resignation and called the coverage "a smear campaign".He said that his political foes endangered the secrecy laws and

masks:
Hildebrand
Hildebrand
Hildebrand
Hildebrand
Hildebrand
Hildebrand
Philipp Hildebrand
Hildebrand


title: Philipp Hildebrand

texts: "the interests of Switzerland" with the accusations. "I made mistakes" in not canceling the trade, which profited from the SNB's decision to intervene in the currency markets two days later "but I always acted in line with the rules", he said. The profit in the later report was said to be CHF 75,000. A whistleblower alleged to have released the information about the trade has been fired and faces criminal investigations under Swiss banking secrecy laws. Kashya, who runs an art gallery in Zurich and previously traded currencies, made two other transactions – the three totaled $2 million principal amount – but the other two "didn’t break central bank rules because they were more than six months apart". <mask> "told reporters he had donated all profits made from ... currency deals to a Swiss charitable organization [and] ... said the Swiss central bank’s rules already meet European standards. Germany’s ... Handelsblatt newspaper questioned this.'If <mask> had been the guardian of the euro, and not the franc, then the European Central Bank’s rules would have given [him] no other option but to resign', the paper wrote." The whistleblower was reported to have given the trade information to Christoph Blocher, vice president of the SVP, and Blocher was one of the lead voices calling for <mask>'s resignation after the disclosure. Die Zeit in a strongly worded commentary downplayed any wrongdoing on <mask>'s part, stressing the evidence was "stolen" and the resignation came only "to maintain credibility" of SNB. <mask> announced his resignation on January 9, 2012 stating that “Credibility is a central banker’s most valuable asset,” and that the accusations came “during a time when total focus is needed on the duties.”  He also resigned his posts at the Bank for International Settlements and the International Monetary Fund. He issued a statement that included copies of E-Mails between his wife, himself, and his

masks: Philipp Hildebrand Hildebrand Hildebrand Hildebrand


title: Philipp Hildebrand

texts:
 banker, showing that he was aware of the controversial trade shortly after the order had been given by his wife, but failed to request that it be immediately cancelled. <mask> was succeeded by vice chairman and interim SNB head Thomas Jordan. On 7 March an independent audit by KPMG of financial transactions by all members of the governing board of the bank found no breach of regulations occurred.Later career
In 2012, <mask> served as a senior visiting fellow at Oxford University’s Blavatnik School of Government. In 2020, the Swiss government nominated <mask> as its candidate to succeed Angel Gurría in the position of Secretary-General of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for a five-year term. By February 2021, he withdrew his candidacy, citing insufficient levels of support among OECD member countries. Other activities
 Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford, Member of the International Advisory Board
 British Museum, Member of the Board of Trustees
 University of Toronto, Member of the International Leadership Council
 International Monetary Fund (IMF), Member of the Board of Governors (2010–2012)

Recognition
 2011 – "Central Bank Governor of the Year 2012", awarded by The Banker

Personal life
<mask> was a member of the Swiss national swimming team in the 1980s, and he was Swiss national champion in 1983 and 1984. His partner is Margarita Louis-Dreyfus, the Russian-born Swiss billionaire businesswoman, chairman of Louis Dreyfus and the former owner of Olympique de Marseille football team. On 4 January 2016, it was announced that she is pregnant with twin girls, and is due to give birth in early April. Isabella and Arina were born on 20 March 2016.References

1963 births
Living people
Chairmen of the Board of Swiss National Bank
Swiss male swimmers
University of Toronto alumni
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies alumni
Group of

masks: Hildebrand Hildebrand Hildebrand Hildebrand


title: David Aaronovitch

texts:
<mask> (born 8 July 1954) is an English journalist, television presenter and author. He is a regular columnist for The Times and the author of Paddling to Jerusalem: An Aquatic Tour of Our Small Country (2000), Voodoo Histories: the role of Conspiracy Theory in Modern History (2009) and Party Animals: My Family and Other Communists (2016). He won the Orwell Prize for political journalism in 2001, and the What the Papers Say "Columnist of the Year" award for 2003. He previously wrote for The Independent and The Guardian. Early life and education
Aaronovitch is the son of communist intellectual and economist <mask>, and brother of actor <mask> and author and screenwriter <mask>. His parents were atheists whose "faith was Marxism", according to Aaronovitch, and he is ethnically half Jewish and half Irish. He has written that he was brought up "to react to wealth with a puritanical pout".Aaronovitch attended Gospel Oak Primary School until 1965, Holloway County Comprehensive (now Holloway School) until 1968, and William Ellis School from 1968 to 1972, all in London. He studied Modern History at Balliol College, Oxford. Aaronovitch completed his education at the Victoria University of Manchester, graduating in 1978 with a 2:1 BA (Hons) in History. While at Manchester, Aaronovitch was a member of the 1975 University Challenge team that lost in the first round after answering most questions with the name of a Marxist ("Trotsky", "Lenin", "Karl Marx" or "Che Guevara"). The tactics were a protest against the fact that the University of Oxford and Cambridge University were allowed to enter each of their colleges into the contest as a separate team, even though the colleges were

masks:
David Morris Aaronovitch
Sam Aaronovitch
Owen Aaronovitch
Ben Aaronovitch


title: David Aaronovitch

texts:
 not universities in themselves. <mask> was initially a Eurocommunist, and was active in the National Union of Students (NUS). There he got to know the president at the time, Charles Clarke, who later became Home Secretary.<mask> himself succeeded Trevor Phillips as president of the NUS from 1980 to 1982. He was elected on a Left Alliance ticket. Career in journalism
Aaranovitch began his media career in the early 1980s as a television researcher and later producer for the ITV programme Weekend World. In 1988, he began working at the BBC as founding editor of the political current affairs programme On the Record. He moved to print journalism in 1995, working for The Independent and Independent on Sunday as chief leader writer, television critic, parliamentary sketch writer and columnist until the end of 2002. He began contributing to The Guardian and The Observer in 2003 as a columnist and feature writer. <mask>'s columns appeared in The Guardians G2 section.His desire for his pieces to appear on the main comment pages, according to Peter Wilby, was reportedly vetoed by the section editor, Seumas Milne, although <mask> himself does not know if Milne was involved in the decision. Since June 2005, he has written a regular column for The Times. He has also been a columnist for The Jewish Chronicle. In addition, <mask> has written for a variety of other major British news and opinion publications, such as the New Statesman. In addition, he has written for New Humanist, and is an "honorary associate" of its publisher, the Rationalist Association. <mask> also presents or contributes to radio and television programmes, including the BBC's Have I Got News for You and BBC News

masks: Aaronovitch Aaronovitch Aaronovitch Aaronovitch Aaronovitch Aaronovitch


title: David Aaronovitch

texts:
 24. In 2004 he presented The Norman Way, a three-part BBC Radio 4 documentary looking at régime change in 1066.<mask> also hosted the BBC series The Blair Years (2007), which examined the prime ministership of Tony Blair. Some journalists were unimpressed with Aaronovitch or dismissed the series. Political views
<mask> gave strong support for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Since the invasion he has taken the view that it liberated Iraqis, and has played down the significance of Iraq's putative weapons of mass destruction. However, he wrote in 2003: "If nothing is eventually found, I – as a supporter of the war – will never believe another thing that I am told by our government, or that of the US ever again. And, more to the point, neither will anyone else. Those weapons had better be there somewhere."On 7 September 2018, he labelled people who ask him about the article "lamebrains". He remains a strong supporter of former Prime Minister Tony Blair.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/coffeehouse/2013/09/david-aaronovitch-syria-vote-shows-ed-miliband-is-a-vulture-not-a-leader/|title=<mask>itch: Syria vote shows Ed Miliband is a 'vulture' not a eader'|last=Nelson|first=Fraser|work=The Spectator|date=5 September 2013}}</ref>

In late 2005, Aaronovitch was co-author, with Oliver Kamm and journalist Francis Wheen, of a complaint to The Guardian, after it published an apology to Noam Chomsky for an interview by Emma Brockes, in which she asserted that Chomsky had denied the Srebrenica massacre.Brockes, Emma (31 October 2005). "The Greatest Intellectual? ", The Guardian (London); the background was that Chomsky complained that Brockes' article was defamatory in

masks:
Aaronovitch
Aaronovitch
David Aaronov


title: David Aaronovitch

texts:
 be reversed as the number of older voters, who typically voted for Britain to leave the European Union, gradually die. Personal life

Aaronovitch lives in London with his wife and three daughters. He is a supporter of Tottenham Hotspur Football Club.Works Paddling to Jerusalem: An Aquatic Tour of Our Small Country (Fourth Estate, 2000) No Excuses for Terror, a 45-minute documentary film that "criticizes how the anti-Israel views of the far-left and far-right have permeated the mainstream media and political discourse. "Blaming the Jews, a 45-minute documentary film that evaluates anti-Semitism in Arab media and culture.God and the Politicians, 28 September 2005, a documentary film that looks at the important question of the increasing religious influence on politics in the UKVoodoo Histories: The Role of Conspiracy Theory in Shaping Modern History, Jonathan Cape, 2009,  Published in the US in 2010 by Riverhead Books, Party Animals: My Family and Other Communists''. Jonathan Cape, 2016. References

External links

<mask> on Twitter
<mask>vitch's Guardian; columns
 <mask> column in The Times

Interview with Aaronovitch on "New Books in History"
<mask>itch blog

1954 births
Living people
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester
BBC newsreaders and journalists
Contestants on University Challenge
Critics of conspiracy theories
English columnists
English communists
English humanists
English male journalists
English people of Irish descent
English people of Jewish descent
Former Marxists
People educated at Holloway School
People educated at William Ellis School
People from Hampstead
Presidents of the National Union of Students (United

masks:
David Aaronovitch
David Aaromo
David Aaronovitch
David Aaronov


title: Matt Marquardt

texts:
<mask> (born July 19, 1987) is a retired Canadian ice hockey left winger. He most recently played for the Jacksonville Icemen of the ECHL. Marquardt was selected by the Columbus Blue Jackets in the 7th Round (194th Overall) of the 2006 NHL Entry Draft. Playing career

Major junior
A native of North Bay, Ontario, Marquardt wasn't selected in his Ontario Hockey League (OHL) draft year. Instead, Moncton Wildcats head coach, Ted Nolan, enticed him to come east and play in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), for the 2005–06 season. The Wildcats couldn't be happier, as Marquardt improved and garnered more ice time as the season progressed, finishing with 25 points, 16 of which were goals. The bruiser was one of the team's many unsung heroes during the 2006 Memorial Cup tournament.With the departure of several high-end prospects to a variety of AHL destinations, and coach Nolan to the National Hockey League (NHL), Marquardt had an unexpected surge in offensive production, in his second season with Moncton. He was top on the team in both goals and total points. 19 of his 41 goals that season, came while on the powerplay. After beginning the 2007–08 season with Moncton, he was traded at the deadline to the Baie-Comeau Drakkar. Marquardt registered a career-high 43 goals, split between his time at Moncton and Baie-Comeau, during the regular season. Baie-Comeau would be eliminated in the opening round of the 2008 Memorial Cup playoffs, by Rimouski Océanic. Professional
On May 27, 2008, his rights were traded from Columbus to the Boston Bruins, in exchange for defenceman Jonathan Sigalet Two days later, Marquardt signed a 3-year NHL Entry Level contract with the Bruins, on May


title: Matt Marquardt

texts: 29.<mask> was assigned to Boston's AHL affiliates, the Providence Bruins, for the 2008–09 season. He made his professional debut on October 8, 2008, in a game against the Lowell Devils. His first professional season with Providence saw Marquardt appear in 71 regular season games, finishing with 22 points. He would also record 9 postseason contests, appearing in the 2009 Calder Cup Playoffs. He registered his first pro playoff assist and first goal, on May 13, and May 16, 2009, respectively. Providence were eliminated in the Conference finals, by eventual champions, the Hershey Bears. During the 2009–10 season, Marquardt was briefly assigned to Providence's ECHL affiliation, the Reading Royals, on December 29, 2009.He played in 3 games for the Royals, scoring one goal and tallying one assist. He was later recalled by Providence, on January 8, 2010. Marquardt would be reassigned back to the Royals again on February 25, playing in a further 6 games, adding another assist. On March 2, his rights were traded from Boston to the Edmonton Oilers, in exchange for Cody Wild. Marquardt transferred teams accordingly, and made his debut with the Springfield Falcons, playing in 4 games. He would later be assigned to the Falcons' ECHL affiliates, the Stockton Thunder on March 23, playing in 7 regular season contests, scoring one goal and tallying one assist. He would go on to play in the Thunder's postseason, playing in the 2010 Kelly Cup playoffs, Marquardt played in 15 games, collecting 10 points.Stockton were eliminated in the Conference finals by the Idaho Steelheads. On September 20, following a four-day stint at the 2010 Edmonton Oilers training camp, Marquardt was assigned to the


title: Simon McTavish (fur trader)

texts:
<mask>avish Street and the McTavish Reservoir in Montreal are named for him. His home and monument in the Golden Square Mile were longstanding landmarks in Montreal. Renowned for his generosity, when the Chief of the Clan MacTavish had fallen on hard times and was forced to sell their seat, Dunardry, McTavish bought it back for the clan and gave his eldest son employment in Montreal. Highlands Background
In 1751, <mask> was born at Stratherrick in the Scottish Highlands, the son of John McTavish (1701–1774), tacksman of Garthbeg, who bore the arms of the McTavishes of Garthbeg. His mother, Mary Fraser (1716–1770) of Garthmore, was descended through <mask> of Dunchea and the Frasers of Foyers, from an illegitimate son of the 1st Lord Lovat.McTavish's father had fought as an officer with the Jacobite armies at the Battles of Culloden and Falkirk Muir, and he was one of the few who were specifically named as to not receive a pardon from George II after the Jacobites were defeated. In 1757, General <mask> of Lovat appointed John McTavish a Lieutenant in his newly raised 78th Fraser Highlanders. Apparently changing his name to 'Fraser' so as to escape the authorities, <mask>'s father went with the regiment to Nova Scotia and fought for the British at the Battle of Louisburg, where he was severely wounded and left. Unable to fight at the Battle of Quebec, he was only well enough to be sent home "as an act of charity to him and his family" in 1761. <mask>'s two elder brothers were taken into the care of their father's friend, Dugald MacTavish of Dunardry, Chief of the Clan MacTavish, and in 1764, at the age of thirteen, young <mask> was sent to New York with his sister and her husband, Hugh Fraser (1730-1814) of Brightmoney, Captain in the 78th Fraser Highlanders.

masks:
Simon McTavishT
Simon McTsh
Simon Fraser
Simon Fraser
Simon
Simon
Simon


title: Simon McTavish (fur trader)

texts:
 North American fur trade

Having found an apprenticeship with a Scots merchant at New York, McTavish recognized the opportunities offered by the fur trade. By 1769, he was working for himself and in 1772 he went into partnership with William Edgar (1736-1820) at Detroit.In the Niagara Region, it was said he started trading in deerskins and muskrats, and only later became involved with the more valuable furs. Over the next few years, McTavish prospered in the trading of furs, and in 1773, with a new partner, James Bannerman, he extended his operations to Grand Portage on Lake Superior. At that important fur trade rendezvous, while other American traders concentrated on the south and west, McTavish understood that he would have access to fur pelts that were found in much greater quantity and were of better quality in the colder climate north west of the Great Lakes. Although at the time the Hudson's Bay Company controlled the prime north-westerly areas for fur trapping, there was still a relatively lucrative route from Montreal westward via the Ottawa River and out across Georgian Bay and the Great Lakes Region and into Manitoba. Most of the trade at Grand Portage went through Montreal. In 1775–76, McTavish had the great fortune to winter at Detroit, well stocked with trade goods for the next season, he made an expedition with George McBeath. The American Continental Army occupied Montreal that winter, preventing the Montreal traders from getting their goods to Grand Portage in the summer of 1776.This enabled McTavish, with little competition, to obtain furs which he valued at £15,000 and took to England to sell in a high market. Montreal

In the meantime, the Americans had withdrawn from Quebec, and <mask> transferred his operations to Montreal. He