title: Hillary Clinton

texts: lacked classified headers and were marked only with a small "c" in parentheses, described as "portion markings" by Comey. He also said it was possible <mask> was not "technically sophisticated" enough to understand what the three classified markings meant. The probe found <mask> used her personal email extensively while outside the United States, both sending and receiving work-related emails in the territory of sophisticated adversaries. Comey acknowledged that it was "possible that hostile actors gained access to Secretary <mask>'s personal email account". He added that "[although] we did not find clear evidence that Secretary <mask> or her colleagues intended to violate laws governing the handling of classified information, there is evidence that they were extremely careless in their handling of very sensitive, highly classified information". Nevertheless, Comey asserted that "no reasonable prosecutor" would bring criminal charges in this case, despite the existence of "potential violations of the statutes regarding the handling of classified information". The FBI recommended that the Justice Department decline to prosecute.On July 6, 2016, U.S. Attorney General Loretta Lynch—who had met privately with <mask> on June 27—confirmed that the probe into <mask>'s use of private email servers would be closed without criminal charges. On October 28, 2016, Comey notified Congress that the FBI had begun looking into newly discovered <mask> emails. Law enforcement officials said that while investigating allegedly illicit text messages from Anthony Weiner, husband of <mask> aide Huma Abedin, to a 15-year-old girl in North Carolina, they discovered emails related to <mask>'s private server on a laptop computer belonging to Weiner. On November 6, Comey notified Congress that the FBI had not

masks:
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Bill Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton


title: Hillary Clinton

type: original

texts:
 changed the conclusion it had reached in July. The notification was later cited by <mask> as a factor in her loss in the 2016 presidential election. The emails controversy received more media coverage than any other topic during the 2016 presidential election. In September 2019, the State Department finished its internal review into 33,000 emails that <mask> had turned over.The investigation that began in 2016 found 588 violations of security procedures and found that <mask>'s use of a personal email server increased the risk of compromising State Department information. In 91 cases, the culpability of sending classified information could be attributed to 38 people, but the review concluded there was "no persuasive evidence of systemic, deliberate mishandling of classified information". Clinton Foundation, Hard Choices, and speeches

When <mask> left the State Department, she returned to private life for the first time in thirty years. She and her daughter joined her husband as named members of the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation in 2013. There she focused on early childhood development efforts, including an initiative called Too Small to Fail and a $600 million initiative to encourage the enrollment of girls in secondary schools worldwide, led by former Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard. In 2014, <mask> published a second memoir, Hard Choices, which focused on her time as secretary of state. , the book has sold about 280,000 copies.<mask> also led the No Ceilings: The Full Participation Project, a partnership with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to gather and study data on the progress of women and girls around the world since the Beijing conference in 1995; its March 2015 report said that while "There has never been a better time in history to be born a woman ...

masks: Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton


title: Hillary Clinton

texts:
 this data shows just how far we still have to go." The foundation began accepting new donations from foreign governments, which it had stopped doing while she was secretary of state. However, even though the Clinton Foundation had stopped taking donations from foreign governments, they continued to take large donations from foreign citizens who were sometimes linked to their governments. She began work on another volume of memoirs and made appearances on the paid speaking circuit. There she received $200,000–225,000 per engagement, often appearing before Wall Street firms or at business conventions. She also made some unpaid speeches on behalf of the foundation. For the fifteen months ending in March 2015, <mask> earned over $11 million from her speeches.For the overall period 2007–14, the <mask>s earned almost $141 million, paid some $56 million in federal and state taxes and donated about $15 million to charity. , she was estimated to be worth over $30 million on her own, or $45–53 million with her husband. <mask> resigned from the board of the foundation in April 2015, when she began her presidential campaign. The foundation said it would accept new foreign governmental donations from six Western nations only. 2016 presidential campaign

On April 12, 2015, <mask> formally announced her candidacy for the presidency in the 2016 election. She had a campaign-in-waiting already in place, including a large donor network, experienced operatives and the Ready for Hillary and Priorities USA Action political action committees and other infrastructure. Prior to her campaign, <mask> had claimed in an interview on NDTV in May 2012 that she would not seek the presidency again, but later wrote in her 2014 autobiography Hard Choices that she had not decided.The campaign's headquarters were

masks: Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton


title: Hillary Clinton

texts: established in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Her campaign focused on: raising middle class incomes, establishing universal preschool, making college more affordable and improving the Affordable Care Act. Initially considered a prohibitive favorite to win the Democratic nomination, <mask> faced an unexpectedly strong challenge from democratic socialist Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont. His longtime stance against the influence of corporations and the wealthy in American politics resonated with a dissatisfied citizenry troubled by the effects of income inequality in the U.S. and contrasted with <mask>'s Wall Street ties. In the initial contest of the primaries season, <mask> only very narrowly won the Iowa Democratic caucuses, held February 1, over an increasingly popular Sanders — the first woman to win them. In the first primary, held in New Hampshire on February 9, she lost to Sanders by a wide margin. Sanders was an increasing threat in the next contest, the Nevada caucuses on February 20, but <mask> managed a five-percentage-point win, aided by final-days campaigning among casino workers.<mask> followed that with a lopsided victory in the South Carolina primary on February 27. These two victories stabilized her campaign and showed an avoidance of the management turmoil that harmed her 2008 effort. On March 1 Super Tuesday, <mask> won seven of eleven contests, including a string of dominating victories across the South buoyed, as in South Carolina, by African-American voters. She opened up a significant lead in pledged delegates over Sanders. She maintained this delegate lead across subsequent contests during the primary season, with a consistent pattern throughout. Sanders did better among younger, whiter, more rural and more liberal voters and states that held caucuses or


title: Hillary Clinton

texts: where eligibility was open to independents. <mask> did better among older, black and Hispanic voter populations, and in states that held primaries or where eligibility was restricted to registered Democrats.By June 5, 2016, she had earned enough pledged delegates and supportive superdelegates for the media to consider her the presumptive nominee. On June 7, after winning most of the states in the final major round of primaries, <mask> held a victory rally in Brooklyn becoming the first woman to claim the status of presumptive nominee for a major American political party. By campaign's end, <mask> had won 2,219 pledged delegates to Sanders' 1,832; with an estimated 594 superdelegates compared to Sanders' 47. She received almost 17 million votes during the nominating process, as opposed to Sanders' 13 million. <mask> was formally nominated at the 2016 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia on July 26, 2016, becoming the first woman to be nominated for president by a major U.S. political party. Her choice of vice presidential running mate, Senator Tim Kaine, was nominated by the convention the following day. Her opponents in the general election included Republican Donald Trump, Libertarian Gary Johnson and Jill Stein of the Green Party.Around the time of the convention, WikiLeaks released emails that suggested the DNC and the <mask> campaign tilted the primary in <mask>'s favor. <mask> held a significant lead in national polls over Trump throughout most of 2016. In early July, Trump and <mask> were tied in major polls following the FBI's conclusion of its investigation into her emails. FBI Director James Comey concluded <mask> had been "extremely careless" in her handling of classified government material. In late July, Trump gained his first lead over <mask> in major polls

masks: Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton


title: Hillary Clinton

texts: following a three to four percentage point convention bounce at the Republican National Convention. This was in line with the average bounce in conventions since 2004, although it was toward the low side by historical standards. Following <mask>'s seven percentage point convention bounce at the Democratic National Convention, she regained a significant lead in national polls at the start of August.In fall 2016, <mask> and Tim Kaine published Stronger Together, which outlined their vision for the United States. <mask> was defeated by Donald Trump in the November 8, 2016, presidential election. By the early morning hours of November 9, Trump had received 279 projected electoral college votes, with 270 needed to win; media sources proclaimed him the winner. <mask> then phoned Trump to concede and to congratulate him on his victory, whereupon Trump gave his victory speech. The next morning <mask> made a public concession speech in which she acknowledged the pain of her loss, but called on her supporters to accept Trump as their next president, saying: "We owe him an open mind and a chance to lead." Though <mask> lost the election by capturing only 232 electoral votes to Trump's 306, she won the popular vote by more than 2.8 million votes, or 2.1% of the voter base. She is the fifth presidential candidate in U.S. history to win the popular vote but lose the election.She won the most votes of any candidate who did not take office and the third-most votes of any candidate in history, though she did not have the greatest percentage win of a losing candidate. (Andrew Jackson won the popular vote by 10.4% but lost to John Quincy Adams). On December 19, 2016, when electors formally voted, <mask> lost five of her initial 232 votes due to faithless electors, with three of her Washington votes being

masks: Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton


title: Hillary Clinton

texts:
 cast instead for Colin Powell, one being cast for Faith Spotted Eagle, and one in Hawaii being cast for Bernie Sanders. Post-2016 election activities

In their respective roles as a former president and a former first lady, Bill and <mask> attended the inauguration of Donald Trump with their daughter, Chelsea. The morning of the inauguration <mask> wrote on her Twitter account, "I'm here today to honor our democracy & its enduring values, I will never stop believing in our country & its future." In October 2017, <mask> was awarded an honorary doctorate from Swansea University, whose College of Law was renamed the Hillary Rodham <mask> School of Law in her honor. In October 2018, <mask> and <mask> announced plans for a 13-city speaking tour in various cities in the United States and Canada between November 2018 and May 2019.<mask> was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in law (LLD) at Queen's University Belfast on October 10, 2018, after giving a speech on Northern Ireland and the impacts of Brexit at Whitla Hall, Belfast. In June 2018, Trinity College Dublin awarded her with an honorary doctorate (LLD). In September 2021 she was awarded an honorary doctorate of civil law by the University of Oxford. A package that contained a pipe bomb was sent to <mask>'s home in Washington, D.C., on October 24, 2018. It was intercepted by the Secret Service. Similar packages were sent to several other Democratic leaders and to CNN. Political actions
<mask> delivered a St. Patrick's Day speech in Scranton, Pennsylvania, on March 17, 2017.In it, alluding to reports that she had being seen taking walks in the woods around Chappaqua following her loss in the presidential election, <mask> indicated her readiness to emerge from "the woods" and become politically active again. However, the following month she

masks:
Hillary Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Hillary
Bill Clinton
Hillary
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton


title: Hillary Clinton

texts:
 confirmed she would not seek public office again. She reiterated her comments in March 2019 and stated she would not run for president in 2020. In May 2017, <mask> announced the formation of Onward Together, a new political action committee that she wrote is "dedicated to advancing the progressive vision that earned nearly 66 million votes in the last election". During 2017, she spoke out on a number of occasions against Republican plans to repeal the Affordable Care Act and replace it with the American Health Care Act, which she called "a disastrous bill" and a "shameful failure of policy & morality by GOP". In response to the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack, <mask> said the U.S. should take out Bashar al-Assad's airfields and thereby "prevent him from being able to use them to bomb innocent people and drop sarin gas on them". On April 28, 2020, <mask> endorsed the presumptive Democratic nominee, former Vice President Joe Biden, for president in the 2020 election and she addressed the 2020 Democratic National Convention in August.On October 28, 2020, <mask> announced that she was on the 2020 Democratic slate of electors for the state of New York. After Biden and Kamala Harris won New York State, thereby electing the Democratic elector slate, <mask> and her husband served as members of the 2020 United States Electoral College and cast the first of the state's electoral votes for Biden and Harris. Comments on President Trump
On May 2, 2017, <mask> said Trump's use of Twitter "doesn't work" when pursuing important negotiations. "Kim Jong Un ... [is] always interested in trying to get Americans to come to negotiate to elevate their status and their position". Negotiations with North Korea should not take place without "a broader strategic framework to try to get China, Japan, Russia, South


title: Hillary Clinton

texts:
 Korea, to put the kind of pressure on the regime that will finally bring them to the negotiating table with some kind of realistic prospect for change." While delivering the commencement speech at her alma mater Wellesley College on May 26, <mask> asserted President Trump's 2018 budget proposal was "a con" for underfunding domestic programs. On June 1, when President Trump announced the withdrawal of the U.S. from the Paris Agreement, <mask> tweeted that it was a "historic mistake".On September 29, 2019, in an interview with CBS News Sunday Morning, <mask> described Trump as a "threat" to the country's standing in the world; an "illegitimate president", despite having won the election; and a "corrupt human tornado". Comments on politics during the Biden administration

In March 2021, <mask> voiced her support for the United States Senate to abolish the Senate filibuster if it proves necessary to do so in order to pass voting rights legislation. <mask> called the Senate filibuster "another Jim Crow relic". Writing career

<mask>'s third memoir, What Happened, an account of her loss in the 2016 election, was released on September 12, 2017. A book tour and a series of interviews and personal appearances were arranged for the launch. What Happened sold 300,000 copies in its first week, less than her 2003 memoir, Living History, but triple the first-week sales of her previous memoir, 2014's Hard Choices. Simon & Schuster announced that What Happened had sold more e-books in its first-week than any nonfiction e-book since 2010.As of December 10, 2017, the book had sold 448,947 hardcover copies. An announcement was made in February 2017 that efforts were under way to render her 1996 book It Takes a Village as a picture book. Marla Frazee, a two-time winner of the Caldecott Medal, was announced


title: Hillary Clinton

texts:
 as the illustrator. <mask> had worked on it with Frazee during her 2016 presidential election campaign. The result was published on the same day of publication as What Happened. The book is aimed at preschool-aged children, although a few messages are more likely better understood by adults. In October 2019, The Book of Gutsy Women: Favorite Stories of Courage and Resilience, a book <mask> co-wrote with her daughter Chelsea, was published.In February 2021, <mask> announced that she was co-writing her first fiction book with Louise Penny. The book, a political mystery thriller, is titled State of Terror and was released in October 2021. <mask> has also written occasional op-eds in the years since her 2016 election defeat. In September 2018, The Atlantic published an article written by <mask> titled "American Democracy Is In Crisis". In April 2019, The Washington Post published an op-ed by <mask> calling for congress to be, "deliberate, fair, and fearless" in responding to the Mueller Report. In their November/December 2020 issue, Foreign Affairs published a piece by <mask> titled "A National Security Reckoning". On January 11, 2021, following the January 6 storming of the United States Capitol, an op-ed by <mask> titled "Trump should be impeached.But that alone won’t remove white supremacy from America." was published in The Washington Post. In July 2021, Democracy Docket published an op-ed by <mask> on Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election. Media ventures
<mask> collaborated with director Nanette Burstein on the documentary film <mask>, which was released on Hulu in March 2020. On September 29, 2020, <mask> launched an interview podcast in collaboration with iHeartRadio titled You and Me Both. <mask> is slated to be an executive producer of a

masks: Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Hillary Clinton Clinton


title: Hillary Clinton

texts:
 drama series about the fight for women's suffrage in the United States titled The Woman's Hour. The series, based upon Elaine Weiss' book of the same name, will air on The CW.Chancellor of Queen's University Belfast
On January 2, 2020, it was announced that <mask> would take up the position of Chancellor at Queen's University Belfast. <mask> became the 11th and first female chancellor of the university, filling the position that had been vacant since 2018 after the death of her predecessor, Thomas J. Moran. Commenting on taking up the position, she said that "the university is making waves internationally for its research and impact and I am proud to be an ambassador and help grow its reputation for excellence". Queen's Pro-Chancellor Stephen Prenter said that <mask> on her appointment "will be an incredible advocate for Queen's" who can act as an "inspirational role model". However, her inauguration was protested by some students. Political positions

Using her Senate votes, several organizations have attempted to measure <mask>'s place on the political spectrum scientifically. National Journals 2004 study of roll-call votes assigned <mask> a rating of 30 on the political spectrum, relative to the Senate at the time, with a rating of1 being most liberal and 100 being most conservative.National Journals subsequent rankings placed her as the 32nd-most liberal senator in 2006 and 16th-most liberal senator in 2007. A 2004 analysis by political scientists Joshua D<mask> of Princeton University and Simon Jackman and Doug Rivers of Stanford University found her likely to be the sixth-to-eighth-most liberal senator. The Almanac of American Politics, edited by Michael Barone and Richard E. Cohen, rated her votes from 2003 through 2006 as liberal or conservative, with 100 as the highest rating,

masks:
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
. Clinton


title: Hillary Clinton

texts: in three areas: Economic, Social and Foreign. Averaged for the four years, the ratings are: Economic = 75 liberal, 23 conservative; Social = 83 liberal, 6 conservative; Foreign = 66 liberal, 30 conservative. Total average = 75 liberal, 20 conservative. According to FiveThirtyEights measure of political ideology, "<mask> was one of the most liberal members during her time in the Senate." Organizations have also attempted to provide more recent assessments of <mask> after she reentered elective politics in 2015.Based on her stated positions from the 1990s to the present, On the Issues places her in the "Left Liberal" region on their two-dimensional grid of social and economic ideologies, with a social score of 80 on a scale of zero more-restrictive to 100 less-government stances, with an economic score of ten on a scale of zero more-restrictive to 100 less-government stances. Crowdpac, which does a data aggregation of campaign contributions, votes and speeches, gives her a 6.5L rating on a one-dimensional left-right scale from 10L (most liberal) to 10C (most conservative). In March 2016, <mask> laid out a detailed economic plan, which The New York Times called "optimistic" and "wide-ranging". Basing her economic philosophy on inclusive capitalism, <mask> proposed a "clawback" that would rescind tax relief and other benefits for companies that move jobs overseas; providing incentives for companies that share profits with employees, communities and the environment, rather than focusing on short-term profits to increase stock value and rewarding shareholders; increasing collective bargaining rights; and placing an "exit tax" on companies that move their headquarters out of America to pay a lower tax rate overseas. <mask> currently opposes the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), though previously


title: Hillary Clinton

texts: described it as "the gold standard" of trade deals. She supports the U.S. Export-Import Bank and holds that "any trade deal has to produce jobs and raise wages and increase prosperity and protect our security". As senator (2001–2009), her record on trade was mixed; she voted in favor of some trade agreements but not others.Given the climate of unlimited campaign contributions following the Supreme Court's Citizens United decision, <mask> called for a constitutional amendment to limit "unaccountable money" in politics. In July 2016, she "committed" to introducing a U.S. constitutional amendment that would result in overturning the 2010 Citizens United decision. On December 7, 2015, <mask> presented her detailed plans for regulating Wall Street financial activities in the New York Times. Accepting the scientific consensus on climate change, <mask> supports cap-and-trade, and opposed the Keystone XL pipeline. She supported "equal pay for equal work", to address current shortfalls in how much women are paid to do the same jobs men do. <mask> has explicitly focused on family issues and supports universal preschool. These programs would be funded by proposing tax increases on the wealthy, including a "fair share surcharge".<mask> supported the Affordable Care Act and would have added a "public option" that competed with private insurers and enabled people "50 or 55 and up" to buy into Medicare. On LGBT rights, she supports the right to same-sex marriage, a position that has changed throughout her political career. In 2000, she was against such marriages altogether. In 2006, she said only that she would support a state's decision to permit same-sex marriages, but opposed federally amending the Constitution to permit same-sex marriage. While running for president in 2007, she again reiterated


title: Hillary Clinton

texts: her opposition to same-sex marriage, although expressed her support of civil unions. 2013 marked the first time that <mask> expressed support for a national right to same-sex marriage. In 2000, she was the first spouse of a US president to march in an LGBT pride parade.In 2016, she was the first major-party presidential candidate ever to write an op-ed for an LGBT newspaper (Philadelphia Gay News). <mask> held that allowing undocumented immigrants to have a path to citizenship "s at its heart a family issue", and expressed support for Obama's Deferred Action for Parental Accountability (DAPA) program, which would allow up to five million undocumented immigrants to gain deferral of deportation and authorization to legally work in the United States. However, in 2014, <mask> stated that unaccompanied children crossing the border "should be sent back." She opposed and criticized Trump's call to temporarily ban Muslims from entering the United States. Expressing support for Common Core she said, "The really unfortunate argument that's been going on around Common Core, it's very painful because the Common Core started off as a bipartisan effort. It was actually nonpartisan. It wasn't politicized ... Iowa has had a testing system based on a core curriculum for a really long time.And  you see the value of it, you understand why that helps you organize your whole education system. And a lot of states unfortunately haven't had that and so don't understand the value of a core, in this sense a Common Core." On foreign affairs, <mask> voted in favor of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq in October 2002, a vote she later "regretted". She favored arming Syria's rebel fighters in 2012 and has called for the removal of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad. She supported the NATO bombing

masks: Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton


title: Hillary Clinton

texts:
 of Yugoslavia in 1999 and the NATO-led military intervention in Libya to oust former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi in 2011. <mask> is in favor of maintaining American influence in the Middle East. She has told the American Israel Public Affairs Committee, "America can't ever be neutral when it comes to Israel's security and survival."<mask> expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the 2006 Lebanon War and 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. In a 2017 interview, after a poison gas attack in Syria, <mask> said that she had favored more aggressive action against Bashar al-Assad: "I think we should have been more willing to confront Assad. I really believe we should have and still should take out his air fields and prevent him from being able to use them to bomb innocent people and drop sarin gas on them." In 2000, <mask> advocated for the elimination of the electoral college. She promised to co-sponsor legislation that would abolish it, resulting in the direct election of the president. She reiterated her position against the Electoral College as she cast her vote as an elector in the electoral college for Joe Biden in 2020. Religious views
<mask> has been a lifelong Methodist, and has been part of United Methodist Church congregations throughout her life.She has publicly discussed her Christian faith on several occasions, although seldom while campaigning. Professor Paul Kengor, author of God and <mask>: A Spiritual Life, has suggested that <mask>'s political positions are rooted in her faith. She often expresses a maxim often attributed to John Wesley: "Do all the good you can, by all the means you can, in all the ways you can." Cultural and political image

Over a hundred books and scholarly works have been written about <mask>. A 2006 survey by the New York Observer found "a

masks:
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Hillary Clinton
Clinton
Clinton


title: Hillary Clinton

texts: virtual cottage industry" of "anti-<mask> literature" put out by Regnery Publishing and other conservative imprints. Some titles include Madame Hillary: The Dark Road to the White House, <mask>'s Scheme: Inside the Next Clinton's Ruthless Agenda to Take the White House and Can She Be Stopped? : <mask> Will Be the Next President of the United States Unless ... Books praising <mask> did not sell nearly as well (other than her memoirs and those of her husband).When she ran for Senate in 2000, several fundraising groups such as Save Our Senate and the Emergency Committee to Stop Hillary Rodham <mask> sprang up to oppose her. Don Van Natta found that Republican and conservative groups viewed her as a reliable "bogeyman" to mention in fundraising letters, on a par with Ted Kennedy, and the equivalent of Democratic and liberal appeals mentioning Newt Gingrich. <mask> has also been featured in the media and popular culture in a wide spectrum of perspectives. In 1995, writer Todd S. Purdum of The New York Times characterized <mask> as a Rorschach test, an assessment echoed at the time by feminist writer and activist Betty Friedan, who said, "Coverage of <mask> is a massive Rorschach test of the evolution of women in our society." She has been the subject of many satirical impressions on Saturday Night Live, beginning with her time as the first lady. She has made guest appearances on the show herself, in 2008 and in 2015, to face-off with her doppelgängers. Jonathan Mann wrote songs about her including "The Hillary Shimmy Song", which went viral.She has often been described in the popular media as a polarizing figure, though some argue otherwise. In the early stages of her 2008 presidential campaign, a Time magazine cover showed a large picture of her with two checkboxes labeled "Love Her", "Hate

masks:
Clinton
Hillary
Hillary Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Hillary Clinton


title: Hillary Clinton

texts:
 Her". Mother Jones titled its profile of her "Harpy, Hero, Heretic: <mask>". Following <mask>'s "choked up moment" and related incidents in the run-up to the January 2008 New Hampshire primary, both The New York Times and Newsweek found that discussion of gender's role in the campaign had moved into the national political discourse. Newsweek editor Jon Meacham summed up the relationship between <mask> and the American public by saying the New Hampshire events, "brought an odd truth to light: though <mask> <mask> has been on the periphery or in the middle of national life for decades ... she is one of the most recognizable but least understood figures in American politics". Once she became secretary of state, <mask>'s image seemed to improve dramatically among the American public and become one of a respected world figure. Her favorability ratings dropped, however, after she left office and began to be viewed in the context of partisan politics once more.By September 2015, with her 2016 presidential campaign underway and beset by continued reports regarding her private email usage at the State Department, her ratings had slumped to some of her lowest levels ever. In March 2016, she acknowledged that: "I'm not a natural politician, in case you haven't noticed." Electoral history

2000 Senate election

2006 Senate election

2008 presidential election

2016 presidential election

Books and recordings

 It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us (1996).<mask> received the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 1997 for the book's audio recording. Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets (1998)
 An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History (2000)
 Living History (Simon & Schuster, 2003). The book set a first-week sales record for a nonfiction work,

masks:
Hillary
Clinton
Clinton
Hillary Rodham
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton


title: Hillary Clinton

texts:
 went on to sell more than one million copies in the first month following publication, and was translated into twelve foreign languages. Hard Choices (2014). The book has sold about 280,000 copies.With Tim Kaine, Stronger Together (2016)
 What Happened (Simon & Schuster, 2017, in print, e-book, and audio read by the author)
 With <mask>, The Book of Gutsy Women: Favorite Stories of Courage and Resilience (Simon & Schuster, 2019, in print, e-book, and audio)
 With Louise Penny, State of Terror is set to release on October 12, 2021, and be published by Simon & Schuster & St. Martin's


title: Sergei B. Chernyshev

texts:
<mask> (), born 4 August 1952, Bohodukhiv, Kharkiv Oblast, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic is a Russian philosopher, educator and expert in the field of organization and management science. Biography
Chernyshev was born into a military family and attended school in Akhtubinsk. After graduating from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in (1976), he worked as a management scientist at research centers and think tanks under the USSR State Committee for Science and Technology and the State Committee for Construction. From 1980 to 1987, he was an aide and academic advisor to the Chairman of the Committee of Youth Organizations of the USSR. Between 1983 and 1987,  Chernyshev co-authored a series of classified papers for the then Soviet leadership, in an attempt to develop a reformist ideology and a strategy of change to address the challenges facing the country. These papers were considered at over 100 meetings with leading figures in the Party and  the Government. In 1989, they were published (after being declassified) as a book, «After Communism» under the pseudonym «S.Platonov».Between 1985 and 1991, <mask> was a founding member of “Project Space Shield”, which aimed to draw up a political and economic framework for a space-based anti-ballistic missile system to be developed, built and deployed jointly by the US and USSR. The project was initiated from meetings with  executives of the «Heritage Foundation», a think tank closely associated with the Ronald Reagan administration. In 1987, Chernyshev co-founded the «Cultural Initiative Foundation», a body jointly established by the Soviet Cultural Foundation, the Peace Foundation, and the Soros Foundation, NY. For its first three years, Chernyshev led the organization as Executive Secretary of the Board. The foundation operated as an impact investing fund, supporting socially beneficial projects selected by competition. In the same year, the Council of Ministers of the USSR established a  new research center, under the umbrella of the Scientific Research Institute for External Economic Relations, with the

masks:
Sergei Chernyshev
Chernyshev


title: Sergei B. Chernyshev

texts: aim of further advancing the reformist ideas put forward in After Communism. In 1988 and 1989 this center, in collaboration with the Cultural Initiative Foundation, initiated and coordinated a major international program known as “The Open Sector in the Soviet Economy”.An international committee comprising experts from 16 countries was set up under the patronage of Council of Ministers chairman Nikolai Ryzhkov. Six different task forces brought together over 60 top officials from government ministries and agencies, as well as leading economists, lawyers and sociologists. The objective was to create and establish a system of inter-currency exchanges, locked into special economic zones built around economic growth poles, to facilitate modernization of the Soviet economic system and its evolutionary integration into the global economy. From 1989 to 1993, Chernyshev was President of Humanus, a think tank. In 1990, Chernyshev's work New Milestones (Новые Вехи) was published under his own name for the first time, in issue #1 for that year of the journal “Znamya”. Since 1991, he has been on the Board of the Foreign Policy Association, whose President is Soviet diplomat and former Foreign Minister <mask>kh. From 1993 to 1994, he was on the Academic Board of Intercenter, a British-Russian interdisciplinary center for the social sciences.In 1993, Chernyshev published the book Meaning: A Periodic System of its Elements. Between 1992 and 1995, Chernyshev conceived, compiled and edited a four-volume collection of essays, The Other "(‘Tertium Datur’). Readings on the  New Russian Public Identity". 1996-2006:  Professor and Head of the Institute for Corporate Entrepreneurship at  State University – Higher School of Economics. In 1996, together with Yaroslav Kuzminov and Gleb Pavlovsky, Chernyshev founded the Russian Institute. He has been CEO of the Institute since its inception. In 1997, the Russian Institute launched the Russian Journal, a daily online bulletin about culture, politics and society - the first of its kind in Russia.The Institute went on to deliver a number of


title: Sergei B. Chernyshev

texts:
 other online and offline projects. The Russian Journal team subsequently launched a series of popular online resources including lenta.ru, gazeta.ru and strana.ru. 1997-1998:  Advisor to First Deputy Chairman, MDM Bank; participated in the Financial Institutions Development Project (FIDP) of the World Bank and the EBRD. 1997-2000: Founding member of the non-governmental Millennium Committee, which later evolved into the Russian National Millennium Committee. 1999-2006: Conceived and co-founded the Center for Corporate Entrepreneurship, a non-profit partnership, serving as its CEO. In the summer of 2001 Chernyshev was an initiator, and an organizing committee and working group member, of the Civic Forum of Russia. From 2005 to 2011, Chernyshev became co-founder and chairman of the Advisory Board of Management Consulting Company No.1. From 2006 to 2008, <mask> was a partner in the ROEL Group management consultancy. In 2008, he directed a research project to analyze the efficiency of government property management in the industrial and energy sectors, commissioned by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russian Federation. From 2008 to 2010, he was an independent director of the IPF-AGRO management company. From 2009 to 2014, Chernyshev was on the Board of the Russian Association for International Co-operation (RAMS). From 2010 to 2014, he accepted a position on the Public Council of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russian Federation. From 2012 to 2015, he became Director of the Center for Corporate Entrepreneurship at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT).Since 2012, he has been Head of Research at the Laboratory of Institutional Project Engineering. Since 2013, he has been coordinator of the Working Group on Impact Investing. Since 2016, he has been on the Government Expert Council (Russia). Since 2016, he is part of the team of international blockchain platform EGaaS. He is the author of eight books (three of them co-authored) and over 170 articles

Higher School of Economics
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology alumni
1952 births
Living


title: Pete Smith (film producer)

texts:
<mask> (September 4, 1892 – January 12, 1979), known as <mask>, was an American producer
and narrator of "short subject" films. A native of New York City, <mask> began working as a publicist at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer during the 1920s. He later became involved with movie making. He is best known for his series of short movies, the <mask> Specialties, which were produced from the 1930s to the 1950s. <mask> produced and narrated more than 150 short movies which earned him two Best Live Action Short Film Academy Awards. In 1953, he was awarded an Academy Honorary Award for his short subjects. <mask>'s later years were spent in a Santa Monica convalescent home due to ill health.In January 1979, <mask> jumped to his death from the roof of the home. Early life and career
<mask> was born in New York City. He began his career as an aide for a vaudeville performers union. <mask> then worked as an editor and critic for a trade magazine before becoming a press agent. By 1915 he was doing movie publicity for Bosworth, Inc., followed by the Oliver Morosco Photoplay Co., Artcraft Pictures Corporation, and Famous Players-Lasky. He was one of the founding members of the Associated Motion Picture Advertisers. During 1925, <mask> was hired as the manager of publicity for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer by Louis B. Mayer.He was later recruited to overdub the actions of trained dogs for the studio's Dogville Comedies. <mask> would later narrate the studio's sports newsreels; he would embellish the action by running certain scenes in reverse, or adding his own commentary. <mask> Specialties
Both MGM and the movie-going public learned of <mask>'s flair for comedy, and he was given his own series, <mask> Specialties; he produced and narrated 150 short movie subjects for MGM from the 1930s to 1955. His distinctive tenor voice and nasal tone were very recognizable and a

masks:
Peter Schmidt
Pete Smith
Smith
Pete Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Pete Smith
Smith
Pete Smith


title: Pete Smith (film producer)

texts: trademark of the series. Most of <mask>'s movies were comedy documentaries, typically one reel (9 to 11 minutes long). Short-movie subjects in this era were part of the studios' exhibition packages, along with serials, animated cartoons, newsreels, travel documentaries, etc. Among the diverse topics <mask> featured by his short movies were Emily Post-style household hints, insect life seen through a microscope, military training and hardware (during World War II), and dancing lessons.There were even several "series-within-the-series", such as general-knowledge quizzes, professional-football news (in the days before widespread television), quirky features concerning different kinds of animals (for example, Donkey Baseball and Social Sea Lions), and "Goofy Movies" (playing antique silent dramas humorously). <mask> narrated a patriotic short movie for the U.S. Government, The Tree In a Test Tube (1943), filmed in color, featuring Laurel and Hardy in a demonstration of household wood products, with <mask> explaining the various exhibits for the viewer. During the 1940s, movie stuntman and actor Dave O'Brien became the primary actor of Pete Smith Specialties. The hapless O'Brien would personify everyday nuisances: dealing with pests at the movies, demonstrating pet peeves, tackling hazardous home-improvement projects, and other problems with which the audience could identify. O'Brien's scenes were silent, compelling O'Brien to express his satisfaction or frustration entirely in visual terms as narrator <mask> offered commentary. O'Brien knew the format so well that he also directed many of the short movies, using the name "David Barclay." He staged many of the sight gags himself, taking stupendous pratfalls for the camera.<mask> produced and narrated more than 150 short movies which earned him fourteen Academy Award nominations and two Best

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


title: Pete Smith (film producer)

texts:
 Live Action Short Film Academy Awards. At the 26th Academy Awards, <mask> was awarded an Academy Honorary Award "for his witty and pungent observations on the American scene in his series of Pete Smith Specialties." <mask> announced his retirement in 1954. The MGM unit that produced the Pete Smith Specialties was terminated the next year, a casualty of short movies' decreasing popularity at the time. Personal life
<mask>, under his birth name "<mask>. Schmid," married – on February 6, 1919, in Manhattan – Marjorie Ganss (1893–1958). They had one son, Douglas Mosely Schmid (1919–1984), who later became a technician for RKO. <mask> and Ganss remained married until her death in 1958.<mask>'s second marriage was to his secretary, Anne Dunston, whom he married in Las Vegas in October 1962. Later years and death

<mask> spent his later years in poor health at a convalescent home in Santa Monica, California. On January 12, 1979, <mask> committed suicide by leaping off the building's roof. <mask> was survived by his second wife, Anne, and his son Douglas. For his contribution to the movie industry, <mask> received a star symbol on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 1621 Vine Street. Selected filmography

Home media availability
<mask>’s short films are included as extras on DVDs of many classic Warner Home Video films of the era. These include:

 Menu - Morning Glory (1933)
 Goofy Movies, #1 - Midnight Mary (1933)
 Goofy Movies, #2 - Manhattan Melodrama (1934)
 Goofy Movies, #3 - Evelyn Prentice (1934)
 Goofy Movies, #4 - Sadie McKee (1934)
 Penny Wisdom - The Prisoner of Zenda (1937)
 Romance of Radium - Madame Curie (1943)
 Quicker 'n a Wink - Go West (1940)
 Wedding Bills - Strike Up the Band (1940)
 Flicker Memories - The Big Store (1941)
 How to Hold Your Husband - Back - Babes on Broadway (1941)
 Marines in the Making - Random Harvest (1942)

masks:
Smith
Smith
Smith
Peter J
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Pete Smith
Pete Smith


title: Ivan Ozerov

texts:
<mask> (pseudonym Ikhorov, 1869–1942) – Russian professor, financier, economist, urban planning specialist, prose writer. Biography

Born in 1869 in a peasant family. He studied at a two-year folk school and showed such abilities there that teachers strongly advised and helped his mother arrange <mask> at the Chukhloma city school, and then he studied at the Kostroma gymnasium for a Susanin scholarship (1881–1889). After graduating from high school with a gold medal, he entered the law faculty of Moscow University. Under the leadership of professor I. I. Yanzhula engaged in economic sciences. After graduating from Moscow University with a diploma of the 1st degree, he was appointed in November 1893 as a junior candidate for judicial positions in the Moscow Court of Justice and from January 1894 left at the Department of Financial Law to prepare for a professorship. From March 1895 – privat-docent of Moscow University.In January 1896 he was sent on a scientific mission to Europe. In (Germany), England, France and Switzerland, he collected materials about the features of the development of tax systems and the basic principles of financial law, customs policy, the relationship of entrepreneurs and wage workers, the evolution of cooperation and so on. In 1898 he received a master's degree for his thesis "Income tax in England and the economic and social conditions of its existence". In February 1900 he defended his doctoral thesis "The main trends in the development of direct taxation in Germany in connection with economic and social conditions" and was appointed first extraordinary (1901), and

masks:
Ivan Christoforovich Ozerov
Ivan


title: Ivan Ozerov

texts: creation of society, Ozerov did not give up lectures and convened something like an arbitration court of public figures, who found the lecturers useful. He told about his participation in the activities of the Company in detail in the book "Policy on the Work Issue in Russia over the past years".In the summer of 1907, <mask> was transferred to St. Petersburg University, while remaining at the same time a lecturer at Moscow University – was a private assistant professor at the faculty of law. He also taught at the Bestuzhev women's courses and at the highest women's courses of N. P. Raev in St. Petersburg, as well as at the Pedagogical Academy. In July 1911, he was again appointed an ordinary professor at Moscow University and headed the department of financial law until April 1917. At the same time, he was from October 1912 a supernumerary ordinary professor at the Moscow Commercial Institute, taught finance and a history of economic life and economics at the A. L. Shanyavsky Moscow city National University. Since 1914 – member of the legal test committee at Moscow University. Since 1909 – elected member of the State Council of the Academy of Sciences and universities. I. Kh.Ozerov spoke in many cities of Russia with public lectures. He took part in the work of various government commissions of the Ministry of Finance, trade and industry. With research and development goals going around Russia, getting acquainted with real production and banking activities, Ozerov gave entrepreneurs, engineers and accountants a wide variety of vital advice: "I saw that there was something to attach to the head


title: Ivan Ozerov

texts: torso or tail": so, he recommended that he buy a forest area in a paper mill so as not to depend on wood prices; cement plant – to build a driveway to use cheap Moscow region coals; Moscow Mayor – to use the coal burned in the mines near Moscow to light and heat the city. From January 1, 1914 – State Councilor; he was awarded the Order of St. Anne of the 2nd degree (1909) and the Order of St. Vladimir of the 4th degree (1912). In April 1917 he resigned from Moscow University. After the revolutionary year of 1917, the Ozerov, unlike many Russian bankers and entrepreneurs, did not follow in emigration and stayed in Russia, where he continued his scientific activities, in particular, he developed the concept of creating an agricultural bank, studied the financial problems of domestic and foreign trade, and studied the scientific organization of labor. In 1918, I. Kh.<mask> became the economic adviser to Hetman Skoropadsky in Ukraine. In 1919 he returned to Moscow. Lectured at the Industrial Institute. He served at the Institute for Environmental Research (since 1919), collaborated with the Financial and Economic Institute of the People's Commissariat of Finance. He taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences of Moscow State University (1920/1921); taught the course "Introduction to Financial Science". Cooperating with the Economist magazine of the industrial and economic department of the Russian Technical Society, he proposed effective, in his view, ways to get the country out of the chaos. In 1919–1921 he taught at the MFEU, taught the course "Fundamentals of Financial Science".In 1922, the


title: Ivan Ozerov

texts:
 possibility of expelling Ozerov on a "philosophical ships" was considered, but in the end the scientist was recognized as not dangerous. In 1927 he retired. He was arrested on January 28, 1930 and sentenced to capital punishment with the replacement of 10 years in prison. The whole of 1930 was in the Butyrka prison, then he served his sentence on Solovki and on the White Sea-Baltic Canal. In 1933, he was amnestied and he went to Voronezh, where his wife was exile. By a decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of June 19, 1935, his conviction was lifted and in 1936 he and his wife were settled in the Nursing House of Scientists in Leningrad. There Ozerov and died during the blockade of Leningrad; He was buried at Piskaryovsky cemetery.In St. Petersburg, in the Department of Manuscripts of the Public Library there are unpublished memories of Ozerov (F.541.Op.1.D..4). According to the conclusion of the USSR Prosecutor's office of January 21, 1991, it was fully rehabilitated. Economic views

At the beginning of the 20th century, I. Kh<mask> became famous for his numerous works on the modernization of the socio-economic and state system of Russia. Ozerov left behind more than 50 books, dozens of articles. <mask> was the author of the first and only before the revolution textbook "Fundamentals of Financial Science", which withstood five reprints. He is the author of the book "On the New Way.To the economic liberation of Russia, "" What does America teach us? "," The society of consumers. Historical sketch of their development in Western Europe, America and Russia "," Financial reform in

masks:
. Ozerov
Ozerov


title: Ivan Ozerov

texts:
 other habits," spoke in favor of switching from low-paid labor to highly paid. Ozerov was looking for more fair socially-organized forms of production and considered co-operation counter-monopoly. He believed that in a historical perspective, cooperation could make adjustments to the legal system, improve the budget, and reveal its potential.<mask> was the most consistent of the so-called consumer societies, capable of uniting different classes, reducing or completely blocking social tensions that inevitably grow under capitalism. According to him, in the consumer society "people of different classes, estates <...> come together for a common cause, and they learn to appreciate each other and respect. The upper classes will not be so indifferent to the demands of the working class, and the workers, in turn, will become familiar with the production mechanism, marketing conditions, market influence on him, and will make practical demands". It is noteworthy that the Old Believers entrepreneurship relied on the ideas of Ozerov in their successful entrepreneurial activity. Views on state intervention in the economy

Ozerov was convinced that much depends on the government, that the far-sighted government will build Russia's economic well-being "on its natural foundation – the well-being of the Russian peasant. Otherwise, all this economic development will be ephemeral. " The economic life of Russia under Nicholas II reminded Ozerov "the life of a player depending on the harvest and crop failure".Ozerov emphasized that without a reversal of the general economic policy of the Stolypin agrarian


title: Ivan Ozerov

texts:
 restaurants, traveled in second grade. However, this did not prevent him from giving in to various temptations: “he did not mind, in his words,“ drink and take a walk with ballerinas, ”he tried drugs, wrote screenplays for A. A. Khanzhonkov". In 1911, he bequeathed all of his capital to the economic education of the population, free distribution of millions of copies of his books and articles, "calling for creativity" in all villages, villages, parish governments, factories.In this act, he followed in the trail of a well-known entrepreneur-philanthropist Kh. S. Ledentsov, who was among the executors, fulfilling his testamentary will. Attitude towards revolutionary transformations

In 1915, Ozerov sharply criticized the current situation:

<mask>, more clearly than many (especially after the 1905 revolution), saw what misfortunes threatened Russia with the unresolved political, economic and social problems. The tsarist regime, he considered obsolete, barren, contrary to the interests of the country. In 1917, a scientist unflatteringly responded to the Provisional Government, whose ministers "did not argue about land reform, but about whether it was possible to allow meetings in the territory along which the trams pass and their rails run". In January 1918, Ozerov published in the newspaper "Our Time" an article entitled "Coming builders – cold and hunger." In it he writes:

Writings

Income tax in England and the economic and social conditions of its existence (1898; master's thesis);
"The main trends in the development of direct taxation in Germany" (1900; doctoral dissertation);
"What is a


title: Ivan Ozerov

texts:
 s. – 2 000 copies – . Volkov V. A., Kulikova M. V., Loginov V. S. Moscow professors of the XVIII – beginning of the XX centuries. Humanities and social sciences. – M .: Janus-K, 2006. – p. 180. – 300 p. – 2000 copies – .External sources
 М. Н. Барышников At the root of Russian institutionalism (from the creative heritage of I. Kh. Ozerov)
 M.N. Baryshnikov I. Kh. Ozerov: INSTITUTES, GROUP INTERESTS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY
 Evgeny Efimov Happy bitter life of <mask>v

References

1869 births
1942 deaths
20th-century Russian scientists
Russian economists
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class
Bankers of the Russian Empire
Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)
Economists of the Russian Empire
Soviet urban planners
Soviet rehabilitations
Victims of the Siege of Leningrad
Russian


title: Chris Doig

texts:
<mask> (born 13 February 1981) is a Scottish former professional footballer and assistant manager of Grimsby Town

As a player, he was a defender who played from 1996 until 2015. He started his career with Queen of the South, where he made four appearances before being signed by Nottingham Forest in 1997. Having made 93 appearances for Forest, he was released in 2005. He joined Northampton Town, who he had previously played for on loan. In his first permanent season with Northampton, <mask> won promotion to League One before being released by the club in 2009. After spells abroad with Central Coast Mariners in Australia and Pelita Jaya in Indonesia, he returned to England with Aldershot Town in 2011. He then moved to York City, with whom he won promotion to League Two after playing in the 2012 Conference Premier play-off Final.He was released in 2013 before signing for Grimsby Town, where he later became assistant to Paul Hurst. He later followed Hurst to Shrewsbury Town and Ipswich Town to continue as his assistant. Club career

Queen of the South
Born in Dumfries, Dumfries and Galloway, Doig started his career with hometown club Queen of the South as an Associated Schoolboy. Graduating from Queen's youth programme, he played four league games for the side. Nottingham Forest
In 1997, <mask> joined Nottingham Forest in the club's youth system, going on to sign a professional contract on 7 March 1998. At Forest, Doig played 92 games scoring one goal against Rotherham United. He enjoyed a successful spell on loan in 2003 at Northampton Town.Northampton Town
Doig signed for former club Northampton on 30 June 2005 and finished his first season with 45 appearances and three goals, as the side earned promotion to League One as League Two runners-up. He was retained as club captain by Stuart Gray when he took charge on 2 January 2007, due to Scott McGleish, former club captain, being transfer listed. Shortly before the match against Huddersfield

masks:
Christopher Ross Doig
Doig
Doig


title: Chris Doig

texts:
 Town in April 2007, <mask> came third in the club's Player of the Year awards, behind Jason Crowe and Mark Bunn. Doig penned a two-year contract that would expire in 2009. Having made 32 appearances and scored 1 goal in the 2008–09 season, he was released by Northampton, with the side having been relegated to League Two. Central Coast Mariners
On 9 June 2009 he signed a two-year contract with the Central Coast Mariners of the Australian A-League. Pelita <mask> left the Mariners after no regular game time in the 2010–11 season.He then signed with Indonesia Super League side Pelita Jaya in February 2011. Aldershot Town
After returning from Indonesia, Doig played two pre-season games for Wycombe Wanderers. After not being offered a deal by Wycombe he joined League Two side Aldershot Town on a month-by-month deal on 8 December 2011. York City

After his deal with Aldershot ended, <mask> began a trial with former his club Northampton. He eventually signed for Conference Premier club York City on a contract until the end of the 2011–12 season on 2 February 2012. He made his debut in York's 1–0 victory at home to Ebbsfleet United in the FA Trophy third round on 14 February. He played in the 2–1 victory over Luton Town in the 2012 Conference Premier play-off Final at Wembley Stadium, seeing the club return to the Football League after an eight-year absence with promotion to League Two.Having finished the season with 15 appearances for York he signed a new one-year contract with the club in July 2012. <mask> started York's 2012–13 opening game away at League One Doncaster Rovers in the League Cup first round on 11 August 2012, which the side lost 4–2 in a penalty shoot-out following a 1–1 draw after extra time. He then played in York's first Football League fixture since their promotion, a 3–1 defeat at home to Wycombe Wanderers on 18 August 2012. <mask> finished the season with 16 appearances, before being released by York on 30 April 2013.

masks:
Doig
Jaya Doig
Doig
Doig
Doig


title: Chris Doig

texts:
 Grimsby Town
<mask> signed for Conference Premier side Grimsby Town a one-year contract on 1 August 2013 as a player-coach, following a trial with the club. <mask> also took over as the club's reserve team manager. He made his debut in Grimsby's away fixture at Gateshead on 14 August 2013 and scored the winning goal in a 2–1 win, as he headed home from a Paddy McLaughlin cross.On 27 May 2014 <mask> signed a new contract as Grimsby's new player-assistant manager. International career
<mask> played for Scotland at schoolboy level before representing the under-18 team, making his debut as captain in a 3–0 defeat to France on 25 October 1999. He was capped again two days later to earn his second and last under-18 cap, with Scotland beating Armenia 2–1. <mask> made his under-21 debut less than a year later, coming on as a 63rd-minute substitute for Andrew Jordan in a 2–0 defeat to the Netherlands on 25 April 2000. His first start at under-21 level came in his next outing, which was a 1–1 draw with Northern Ireland on 29 May 2000. <mask> made his last under-21 appearance in a 3–1 defeat to Norway on 19 August 2003, meaning he finished his under-21 career with 14 caps. Coaching career
In 2014 <mask> was appointed as player/assistant manager at Grimsby Town under the stewardship of Paul Hurst.He later combined this role with managing the club's Reserve Team after he announced his retirement in the summer of 2015. When Hurst moved to League One side Shrewsbury Town in October 2016, <mask> was once again named as his assistant. <mask> later claimed he had no say on him or Hurst's departure from Grimsby to join The Shrews. <mask> added  "We got to the play-off places in League Two early in the season, then an offer came in for Paul to go to Shrewsbury, he went and I was included as part of the deal, and that’s the way it’s kind of gone. You’d need to ask Paul, but I think he knows I’m loyal and I’m honest, and I think he appreciates that. “When

masks: Doig Doig Doig Doig Doig Doig Doig Doig Doig Doig


title: Chris Doig

texts:
 we’ve moved, it’s not really been a decision for me to make, it’s been made for me. When I left Grimsby, it was Paul that phoned me and said ‘a deal’s been done, we’re both leaving.When we both left Shrewsbury, Paul phoned me again, ‘deal’s done, we’re both going’. Nothing for me to decide really, I was included in things without having any real say as such." On 30 May 2018, <mask> joined Paul Hurst as assistant manager at Ipswich Town. However, <mask> the pair on 25 October 2018 after achieving one win in the opening 14 games of the 2018/19 season. In May 2019 <mask> followed Hurst once more to Scunthorpe United, but the pair were dismissed on the 30 January 2020 with the club struggling in EFL League Two. On 30 December 2020, Hurst and <mask> returned to Grimsby, signing 18 month contracts and replacing Ian Holloway who had resigned seven days earlier. Career statistics

Honours
Northampton Town
Football League Two runner-up: 2005–06

York City
Conference Premier play-offs: 2011–12

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Dumfries
Scottish footballers
Scottish expatriate footballers
Scotland youth international footballers
Scotland under-21 international footballers
Association football defenders
Queen of the South F.C.players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Central Coast Mariners FC players
Pelita Bandung Raya players
Aldershot Town F.C. players
York City F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
Premier League players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
A-League Men players
Liga 1 (Indonesia) players
Expatriate soccer players in Australia
Expatriate footballers in Indonesia
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in Australia
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in Indonesia
Grimsby Town F.C. non-playing staff
Shrewsbury Town F.C.non-playing staff
Ipswich Town F.C. non-playing staff
Scunthorpe United F.C. non-playing

masks: Doig Doig Doig Doig


title: Samuel Kristian Lerik

texts:
<mask> was an Indonesian military officer, bureaucrat, and politician who served as the Mayor of Kupang from 1986 until 2007. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Surabaya, the capital of East Java, on 25 December 1945. He was the youngest child of L. Ch. P. <mask> and M. <mask>. He graduated from elementary school in 1957, junior high school in 1960, and senior high school in 1964. <mask> then attended the Animal Husbandry Faculty of the Udayana University, but dropped out several months later due to his interest in joining the Indonesian Army. He entered the Officer Candidate School in Cimahi after he dropped out and became a non-commissioned officer in 1965.Military career
<mask>'s first deployment in the military was in Kupang, where he became a section officer at the Wirasakti (East Nusa Tenggara) Military Resort Command. <mask> was rotated from his post two years later in 1967 and held the same position at the Belu Military District. <mask> returned to Kupang after three years and was put in command of a platoon in the city. As with other members of the armed forces at that time, <mask> joined the Golkar political organization after attending an indoctrination course held by Golkar in 1971. After holding command of a platoon in Kupang, <mask> underwent several other assignments in Kupang until 1980. He moved to Bali that year and became an officer at the Udayana Military Regional Command. He was reassigned in 1981 and became an assistant officer for American and European affairs in the army headquarters for three years.Speaker of the Kupang Regional People's Representative Council
Following his service in the army for two decades,

masks:
Samuel Kristian Lerik
Lerik
Lerik
Lerik Laisina
Lerik
Lerik
Lerik
Lerik
Lerik
Lerik


title: Samuel Kristian Lerik

texts:
 <mask> became an appointee from the Armed Forces to the Kupang Regional People's Representative Council. He was elected as the council's speaker and installed on 12 August 1984. Several years before the end of his speakership, <mask> was promoted from the rank of major to lieutenant colonel on 1 April 1986. He resigned from the speaker's office following his appointment as a mayor. Administrative Mayor of Kupang
<mask> became the administrative mayor of Kupang on 26 May 1986, replacing Messakh Amalo who had served as mayor since the city's formation in 1978. <mask> undertook several courses during this period, such as a course on national alert held by the Ministry of Home Affairs in 1988 and a course on city management in 1996. Works
<mask>'s early years as administrative mayor saw him focusing on resolving the city's hygiene problem.He also took steps to improve the city's layout by constructing various monuments and statues. He also set up additional street lamps around Kupang, with emphasis around the Solor and Lahi Lai Bessi Kopam subdistrict. He instructed a mass plantation of various trees all over Kupang in order to freshen up the city's arid and dry climate. <mask> conducted a review of the city's spatial planning legislation. He stated that most of the land which was initially intended as an open space in the city had hundreds of houses, markets, and public facilities build over it. <mask> then put forward a proposal to demolish the buildings but stated that he would observe the situation before starting the demolition process. The provincial government formed a team led by the Chairman of the Provincial Development Planning Agency S.

masks: Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik


title: Samuel Kristian Lerik

texts:
 Therik to research solutions for the problem.The team approved <mask>'s plan to demolish the buildings and the process began on 4 March 1992. However, the demolition was reduced in scope to just 58 buildings that had no permits. The demolition process of a particular building, the partially finished Timor Beach Hotel, was personally led by <mask> and the regent of Kupang, Paul Lawarihi. Despite the development during his term as administrative mayor, Lerik still failed to resolve water shortage, a problem that has plagued the city since its formation. Although the city has an abundant supply of water during rainfall, water supply often declined sharply during the dry season. As a result of this, the city often experienced clean water crises, with one of the worst occurring during <mask>'s term from September to November 1990. City status
Kupang was an administrative city during this period, meaning that the city has no legislative body and the mayor is responsible to its parent region's government instead of the provincial government.<mask> pushed to elevate the city's status into an autonomous city during his term and his efforts finally bore fruit after the Regional Autonomy Advisory Council listed the city as one of the cities that would be made autonomous. Preparations for the status upgrade began in February 1996, and a group of parliamentarians from the armed forces and Golkar conducted an inspection into the preparation process that month. The city officially became autonomous with the enactment of law regarding Kupang's status on 11 April 1996. <mask> became the city's first mayor in an acting capacity and he was sworn into office on 25 April

masks: Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik


title: Samuel Kristian Lerik

texts:
 1996. Mayor of Kupang

Election
After having an acting mayor for about a year, the city council decided to hold an internal election to choose a definitive mayor who would serve for a five-year term. The election was held at the end of March 1997 and saw <mask> winning with 15 out of 19 city council members voting in favor of him. <mask> was installed on 23 April 1997 by Minister of Home Affairs Yogie Suardi Memet.As <mask>'s first mayoral term was about to end, the city council began preparations to elect a new mayor. <mask> was nominated by the Golkar and the armed forces to serve for a second term as mayor, with bureaucrat Daniel Adoe as his running mate. The election, which was conducted on 23 March 2002, was held in three separate rounds. In the final round, <mask> and Adoe became the winner with 16 out of 30 city council members voting in favor of him. <mask>'s second-term victory became the subject of dispute when a city council member named Ferdinand "Ferry" A. T. Nonna resigned several hours after the election commenced. Ferry admitted that he had been bribed ten million rupiahs by an associate of <mask> and Adoe and that he resigned as part of his moral responsibility. Edwin Fanggidae, the chairman of Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle — the nominator of Lerik's opponent — branch in Kupang, stated that he had formed a team to investigate fraud allegations in the elections.Due to this dispute, <mask>'s inauguration was delayed, and he kept serving as mayor in an acting capacity. The results were confirmed several months later and <mask> was sworn in for a second term on 6 July 2002. <mask>'s 21-year rule over the city finally ended on 6

masks: Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik


title: Samuel Kristian Lerik

texts:
 July 2007 and Governor Piet Alexander Tallo became the acting mayor for about a month. 1998 riots
A few months after he was sworn into office, a religious riot occurred in Kupang. The riot was sparked after a group of people provoked masses standing in front of Kupang's main mosque, the At-Taqwa mosque. The provocateurs urged the masses to take revenge against church arsons by Muslims in Jakarta and Ketapang. The mob then set fire and ransack Bugis — a Muslim-majority ethnic — neighborhoods, markets, and kiosks.Eventually, several other larger buildings such as Muhammadiyah University, the Religious Bureau office, and several mosques, were also arsoned. As a result, transportation in Kupang went into a halt, with Kupang's main airport El Tari Airport being closed to prevent rioters from coming in and several ferry routes from Kupang being cancelled by port authorities. Access to main roads in Kupang were closed, food supply in the city began to decrease due to the closing of markets and neighborhoods in Kupang began organizing community patrol to prevent further riots. Lerik condemned the riots, stating that the riots was the worst incident the city had ever seen, and urged the responsible authorities to prosecuted the rioters. Corruption and nepotism
<mask>'s longevity in office was credited for his strong control of Kupang's civil service. Sylvia Tidey, an anthropologist from the University of Virginia, argued that Lerik was the manifestation of Bapakisme ("Fatherism") governance system that combined "strict authoritarianism with the clientelist dispersion of formal and informal favors to loyal subordinates". Most of Lerik's civilian appointment


title: Samuel Kristian Lerik

texts:
 was based on relations and favoritism instead of merits and achievement.An example of this could be seen in <mask>'s choice for the city secretary post — the third highest office in the city, Jonas Salean. Although Salean placed lowest in a competency test for the office, and lacking in skill, authority and seniority, <mask> appointed him for the office nonetheless. <mask> made Salean as one of his cronies, and eventually his "corruption friend" and "collusion friend". According to longtime civil servants in the city, <mask> was often seen to have bypassed Adoe — who was not part of Lerik's inner circle — in favor of Salean in decision making processes. Family
<mask> was married to Maria Louisa <mask> Adu during his service in Belu on 3 August 1969. The couple has four children, namely M. Dinah Charlota, Viktor, Endang Susilowati, and Gustaf Eliezer. His son Viktor became the Speaker of the Kupang city council from 2009 until 2011 and a member of the East Nusa Tenggara provincial council from 2014 until 2018.Viktor attempted to follow his father's footsteps and run as the Mayor of Kupang in 2012 and 2017, but his candidacy was rejected by the local electoral commission. Death
<mask> died at the Syaiful Anwar Hospital in Malang on 17 August 2010. Previously, <mask> had been treated for kidney failure in the hospital since December 2009, and an implant was installed in his bone six days before his death. His body was laid at the Kupang mayor's office a day after his death and was buried at the Dharmaloka Public Cemetery in Kupang on 19 August 2010. Legacy
A street in Kupang was named after <mask>. The central hospital of Kupang was renamed to S. K.

masks: Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik


title: Fred Schwarz

texts:
<mask>, MD (15 January 1913 – 24 January 2009) was an Australian physician and political activist who founded the Christian Anti-Communism Crusade (CACC). He made a number of speaking tours in the United States in the 1950s, and in 1960, he moved his base of operations to California. He was the author of the international bestseller, . Schwarz worked with his wife, <mask>, from abroad and, in his later years, at their Australian home in Camden, New South Wales, near Sydney. Early life
<mask> was born in Brisbane, Australia, the fourth of twelve children. His father was a Viennese Jew who emigrated to Australia after his conversion to Christianity. Schwarz obtained dual degrees in Arts and Science at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, and later completed a degree in medicine.He specialized as both a general practitioner and psychiatrist and from 1953 kept a private practice at home in the Sydney suburb of Strathfield. Career
In 1940, following a debate with an Australian communist, Schwarz felt compelled to study communist ideology. Eventually he became a recognised expert on Marxist-Leninist philosophy. He founded and was chairman of the not-for-profit Christian Anti-Communism Crusade (CACC), based originally in Sydney and later in Long Beach, California. He held that position until the late 1990s. During his time with the CACC, Schwarz gave lectures and seminars across the United States on the subject of communism, placing an emphasis on the role of education in understanding Marxism-Leninism from that movement's source documents by Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Mao Zedong, and others. Under Schwarz's leadership, the CACC financed an orphanage

masks:
Frederick Charles Schwarz
Lillian Schwarz
Schwarz


title: Fred Schwarz

texts:
 published in 1960 and sold over one million copies worldwide. His second book was The Three Faces of Revolution, published in 1972 by Capitol Hill Press. His third book was the autobiographical Beating the Unbeatable Foe: One Man's Victory over Communism, Leviathan, and the Last Enemy, published in 1996. The foreword reproduces a letter in which US President Ronald Reagan, with whom Schwarz had been friendly for many years, wrote (on 4 January 1990): "<mask>, you're to be commended for your tireless dedication in trying to ensure the protection of freedom and human rights."The book included accolades by William F. Buckley Jr., Reed Irvine, John Stormer, and others. In acknowledgement of Schwarz's influence upon Reagan's anticommunist policies and rhetoric, speechwriter Anthony R. Dolan sent Schwarz a copy of Reagan's Evil Empire speech with the note: “I thought you might like to see the oak tree that has grown from the acorn which you planted so many years ago.”

Though some critics and supporters have sought to depict Schwarz as right wing, he eschewed the label, stating in Time magazine, "We are not angels; we have neither right wings, left wings or any wings." He insisted that the purpose of his work was bipartisan opposition to Communism grounded in a knowledge of its fundamental doctrines. In 1936, while a student at the University of Queensland, Schwarz established the University of Queensland Medical Society (UQMS), a medical student's union. He pursued industrial action before and after his graduation, successfully ensuring better treatment and higher wages for graduating medical students. In Schwarz's obituary Derek H. Meyers wrote, "Although this


title: Fred Schwarz

texts:
 industrial action seemed scandalous to older doctors at the time, it is clear that every graduate of an Australian medical school since then owes a debt of gratitude to <mask>." As a notable authority on the ideology, Schwarz expressed sympathy for the appeal of Communism.Appearing on Firing Line with William F. Buckley, he asserted that arguments that Communists are unintelligent, "psychological misfits" are puerile, and that he considered the "Communist critique and analysis of capitalism" to be understandably persuasive to those convinced of capitalism's role in the creation of poverty and war. Schwarz was the father-in-law of leading Australian clinical cardiologist and medical scientist, Professor Murray Esler. References

External links
  - Interview conducted by William F. Buckley Jr. on television series Firing Line. Duration: 50 mins. Dr. <mask>, You Can Trust the Communists (To Be Communists) - excerpts from Schwarz' works
  - Semper Floreat, The University of Queensland Student Newspaper, October 26th 1944. 'Crusader Schwarz' (TIME magazine, 9 February 1962)
<mask>'s FBI files, hosted at the Internet Archive: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5
FBI files on the Dallas Freedom Forum, One of a series of "anti-communism schools" organized by <mask>rz: Headquarters file, Dallas Office file
FBI files on the Christian Anti-Communism Crusade: Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5, Part 6, Part 7, Part 8,  Houston office file, Omaha office file, San Antonio office file

1913 births
Australian activists
People from Brisbane
Australian psychiatrists
Australian people of Austrian-Jewish descent
Australian Christians
Australian anti-communists
2009 deaths
American

masks:
Fred
Fred Schwarz
Fred Schwarz
Fred Schwa


title: Richard Helms

texts: <mask> (March 30, 1913 – October 23, 2002) was an American government official and diplomat who served as Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) from 1966 to 1973. Helms began intelligence work with the Office of Strategic Services during World War II. Following the 1947 creation of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) he rose in its ranks during the presidencies of Truman, Eisenhower and Kennedy. Helms then was DCI under Presidents Johnson and Nixon, yielding to James R. Schlesinger in early 1973. As a professional, Helms highly valued information gathering (favoring the interpersonal, but including the technical, obtained by espionage or from published media) and its analysis while prizing counterintelligence. Although a participant in planning such activities, Helms remained a skeptic about covert and paramilitary operations. Helms understood the bounds of the agency role as being able to express strong opinions over a decision under review, yet working as a team player once a course was set by the administration.It was the duty of the DCI to keep official secrets from press scrutiny. While working as the DCI, Helms managed the agency following the lead of his predecessor John McCone. In 1977, as a result of earlier covert operations in Chile, Helms became the only DCI convicted of misleading Congress. Helms last post in government service was Ambassador to Iran from 1973 to 1977. Besides, Helms was a key witness before the Senate during its investigation of the CIA by the Church Committee in the mid-1970s, 1975 being called the "Year of Intelligence". This investigation was hampered severely by Helms having ordered the destruction of all files related to the


title: Richard Helms

texts:
 CIA's mind control program in 1973. Early career
<mask> began his career in intelligence by serving in the war-time Office of Strategic Services (OSS).Following the allied victory Helms was stationed in Germany, serving under Allen Dulles and Frank Wisner. In late 1945, President Truman terminated the OSS. Back in Washington, Helms continued similar intelligence work as part of the Strategic Services Unit (SSU), later called the Office of Special Operations (OSO). During this period, Helms focused on espionage in central Europe at the start of the Cold War, and took part in the vetting of the German Gehlen spy organization. The OSO was incorporated into the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) when it was founded in 1947. In 1950 Truman appointed General Walter Bedell Smith as the fourth director of Central Intelligence (DCI). The CIA became established institutionally within the United States Intelligence Community.DCI Smith merged the OSO (being mainly espionage, and newly led by Helms) and the rapidly expanding Office of Policy Coordination under Wisner (covert operations) to form a new unit to be managed by the deputy director for plans (DDP). Wisner led the Directorate for Plans from 1952 to 1958, with <mask> as his Chief of Operations. In 1953 Dulles became the fifth DCI under President Eisenhower. John Foster Dulles, Dulles' brother, was Eisenhower's Secretary of State. Under the DDP Helms was specifically tasked in the defense of the agency against the threatened attack by Senator Joseph McCarthy, and also in the development of "truth serum" and other "mind control" drugs per the CIA's controversial Project MKUltra. From Washington, Helms oversaw the Berlin

masks: Helms Helms


title: Richard Helms

texts:
 Tunnel, the 1953–1954 espionage operation which later made newspaper headlines. Regarding CIA activity, Helms considered information obtained by espionage to be more beneficial in the long run than the more strategically risky work involved in covert operations, which could backfire politically.Under his superior and mentor the DDP Wisner, the CIA marshaled such covert operations, which resulted in regime change in Iran in 1953 and Guatemala in 1954 and interference in the Congo in 1960. During the crises in Suez and Hungary in 1956 the DDP Wisner became distraught by the disloyalty of allies and the loss of a precious cold-war opportunity. Wisner left in 1958. Passing over Helms, DCI Dulles appointed <mask> as the new DDP, who had managed the U-2 spy plane. During the Kennedy presidency, Dulles selected Helms to testify before Congress on Soviet-made forgeries. Following the 1961 Bay of Pigs fiasco, President Kennedy appointed John McCone as the new DCI, and Helms then became the DDP. Helms was assigned to manage the CIA's role in Kennedy's multi-agency effort to dislodge Castro.During the Cuban Missile Crisis, while McCone sat with the president and his cabinet at the White House, Helms in the background supported McCone's significant contributions to the strategic discussions. After the 1963 coup in South Vietnam, Helms was privy to Kennedy's anguish over the killing of President Diem. A month later Kennedy was assassinated. Helms eventually worked to manage the CIA's complicated response during its subsequent investigation by the Warren Commission. Johnson presidency

In June 1966, <mask> was appointed director of Central Intelligence. At the White House

masks:
Richard Bissell
Helms


title: Richard Helms

texts:
 later that month, Helm was sworn in during a ceremony arranged by President Lyndon Baines Johnson. In April of the prior year, John McCone resigned as DCI.Johnson then had appointed Admiral William Raborn, well regarded for his work on the submarine-launched Polaris missile, as the new DCI (1965–1966). Johnson chose Helms to serve as deputy director of Central Intelligence (DDCI). Raborn and Helms soon journeyed to the LBJ Ranch in Texas. Raborn did not fit well into the institutional complexities at CIA, with its specialized intellectual culture. He resigned in 1966. As DCI, Helms served under President Johnson during the second half of his administration, then continued in this post until 1973, through President Nixon's first term. At CIA <mask> was its first Director to 'rise through the ranks'.The Vietnam War became the key issue during the Johnson years. The CIA was fully engaged in political-military affairs in Southeast Asia, both getting intelligence information and for overt and covert field operations. The CIA, for example, organized an armed force of minority Hmong in Laos, and in Vietnam of rural counterinsurgency forces, and of minority Montagnards in the highlands. Further, the CIA became actively involved in South Vietnamese politics, especially after Diem. "One of the CIA's jobs was to coax a genuine South Vietnamese government into being." Helms traveled to Vietnam twice, and with President Johnson to Guam. Vietnam: Estimates
In 1966, Helms as the new DCI inherited a CIA "fully engaged in the policy debates surrounding Vietnam."The CIA had formed "a view on policy but [was] expected to contribute impartially to the debate all the same." American


title: Richard Helms

texts:
 this Laotian struggle continued on the borderlands of the Vietnam War, DCI <mask> was blindsided when several senators began to complain that they had been kept in the dark about "CIA's secret war" in Laos. Helms recalls that three presidents, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon, had each approved the covert operation, the "secret war", and that 50 senators had been briefed on its progress, e.g., Senator Symington had twice visited Laos. Helms elaborates on the turnabout:

In 1970, it came as a jolt when, with a group of senators, Senator Stuart Symington publicly expressed his "surprise, shock and anger" at what he and the others claimed was their "recent discovery" of "CIA's secret war" in Laos. At the time I could not understand the reason for this about-face. Nor have I since been able to fathom it.Symington's "shock" in 1973 was "viewed with undisguised scorn in the agency." Ranelagh (1978) p. 425 note. Often such "congressional huffing and puffing was for public consumption only" with the CIA being "privately congratulated" later for its efforts in Laos.Ranelagh at 610 note. Israel: Six Day War
Liaison with Israeli intelligence was managed by James Jesus Angleton of CIA counterintelligence from 1953 to 1974. For example, the Israelis quickly provided CIA with the Russian text of Khrushchev's Secret Speech of 1956 which severely criticized the deceased Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin. In August 1966 Mossad had arranged for Israeli acquisition of a Soviet MiG-21 fighter from a disaffected Iraqi pilot. Mossad's Meir Amit later came to Washington to tell DCI Helms that Israel would loan America the plane, with its up-until-now secret technology, to find out how it flew.


title: Richard Helms

texts: June 1967. Four days before the sudden launch of that war, "a senior Israeli official" had privately visited Helms in his office and hinted that such a preemptive decision was imminent. Helms then had passed the information to President Johnson. The conflict reified America's "emotional sympathy" for Israel.Following the war, America dropped its careful balancing act between the belligerents and moved to a position in support of Israel, eventually supplanting France as Israel's chief military supplier. In the afternoon of the third day of the war, the American SIGINT spy ship USS Liberty, outfitted by the NSA, was attacked by Israeli warplanes and torpedo boats in international waters north of Sinai. This U.S. Navy ship was severely damaged with loss of life. The Israelis quickly notified the Americans and later explained that they "had mistaken the Liberty (455 feet long) for the Egyptian coastal steamer El Quseir (275 feet long). The US government formally accepted the apology and the explanation." Some continue to accept this position. Yet "scholars and military experts," according to author Thomas Powers, state that "the hard question is not whether the attack was deliberate but why the Israelis thought it necessary."About the Liberty Helms in his memoirs quotes the opinion of his deputy, DDCI Rufus Taylor, and mentions the conclusion of a board of inquiry. Then Helms adds, "I have yet to understand why it was felt necessary to attack this ship or who ordered the attack". On the morning of the sixth day of the war, President Johnson summoned <mask> to the White House Situation Room. Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin had called to threaten military intervention if


title: Richard Helms

texts:
 the war continued. Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara suggested that the Sixth Fleet be sent east, from the mid Mediterranean to the Levant. Johnson agreed. Helms remembered the "visceral physical reaction" to the strategic tension, similar to the emotions of the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis."It was the world's good fortune that hostilities on the Golan Heights ended before the day was out," wrote Helms later. LBJ: Tuesday lunch
As a result of the CIA's accurate prognosis concerning the duration, logistics, and outcome of the Six-Day War of June, 1967, Helms' practical value to the President, Lyndon Baines Johnson, became evident. Recognition of his new status was not long in coming. Helms soon took a place at the table where the president's top advisors discussed foreign policy issues: the regular Tuesday luncheons with LBJ. Helms unabashedly called it "the hottest ticket in town". In a 1984 interview with a CIA historian, Helms recalled that following the Six-Day War, he and Johnson had engaged in intense private conversations which addressed foreign policy, including the Soviet Union. Helms went on:

And I think at that time he'd made up his mind that it would be a good idea to tie intelligence into the inner circle of his policy-making and decision-making process.So starting from that time he began to invite me to the Tuesday lunches, and I remained a member of that group until the end of his administration. <mask>' invitation to lunch occurred about three-and-a-half years into Johnson's five-year presidency and a year into <mask>' nearly seven-year tenure as DCI. Thereafter in the Johnson administration, Helms functioned in proximity to high-level


title: Richard Helms

texts: policymaking, with continual access to America's top political leadership. It constituted the pinnacle of <mask>' influence and standing in Washington. Helms describes the "usual Tuesday lunch" in his memoirs. [W]e gathered for a sherry in the family living room on the second floor of the White House. If the President, who normally kept to a tight schedule, was a few minutes late, he would literally bound into the room, pause long enough to acknowledge our presence, and herd us into the family dining room, overlooking Pennsylvania Avenue.Seating followed protocol, with the secretary of state (Dean Rusk) at the President's right, and the secretary of defense (Robert McNamara, later Clark Clifford) at his left. General Bus Wheeler (the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff) sat beside the secretary of defense. I sat beside Dean Rusk. Walt Rostow (the Special Assistant for National Security Affairs), George Christian (the White House Press Secretary), and Tom Johnson (the deputy press secretary) made up the rest of the table. In CIA interviews long after the war ended, Helms recalled the role played in policy discussions. As the neutral party, Helms could come up with facts applicable to the issue at hand. The benefit of such a role was the decisiveness in "keeping the game honest".Helms comments that many advocates of particular policy positions will almost invariably 'cherry pick' facts supporting their positions, whether consciously or not. Then the voice of a neutral could perform a useful function in helping to steer the conversation on routes within realistic parameters. The out-sized political personality of Johnson, of course, was the dominating presence at


title: Richard Helms

texts: the war by sending large numbers of American combat troops to fight in South Vietnam, and ordered warplanes to bomb the North. Nonetheless, the military put stiff pressure on him to escalate further. In the "paper wars" that followed, Helms at CIA was regularly asked for intelligence reports on military action, e.g., the political effectiveness of bombing Hanoi. The military resented such review of its conduct of the war. The American strategy had become the pursuit of a war of attrition.The objective was to make the Viet Cong enemy suffer more losses than it could timely replace. Accordingly, the number of combatants fielded by the communist insurgency at any one time was a key factor in determining whether the course of the war was favorable or not. The political pressure on the CIA to conform to the military's figures of enemy casualties became intense. Under Helms CIA reports on the Viet Cong order of battle numbers were usually moderate; CIA also questioned whether the strategy employed by the U.S. Army would ever compel Hanoi to negotiate. <mask> himself was evidently sceptical, yet Johnson never asked for his personal opinion. This dispute between Army and CIA over the number of Viet Cong combatants became bitter, and eventually common knowledge in the administration. According to one source, CIA Director <mask> "used his influence with Lyndon Johnson to warn about the growing dangers of U.S. involvement in Vietnam."On the other hand, Stansfield Turner (DCI 1977–1981) describes Helms' advisory relationship to Lyndon Johnson as being overly loyal to the office of president. Hence, the CIA staff's frank opinions on Vietnam were sometimes modified before

masks:
Helms
Richard Helms


title: Richard Helms

texts:
 reaching President Johnson. At one point the CIA analysts estimated enemy strength at 500,000, while the military insisted it was only 270,000. No amount of discussion could resolve the difference. Eventually, in September 1967, the CIA under Helms went along with the military's lower number for the combat strength of the Vietnamese Communist forces. This led a CIA analyst directly involved in this work to file a formal complaint against DCI <mask>, which was accorded due process within the Agency. Vietnam: Phoenix

As a major element in his counterinsurgency policy, Ngo Dinh Diem (President 1954–1963) had earlier introduced the establishment of strategic hamlets in order to contest Viet Cong operations in the countryside.From several antecedents the controversial Phoenix program was launched during 1967–1968. Various Vietnamese forces (intelligence, military, police, and civilian) were deployed in the field against Viet Cong support networks. The CIA played a key role in its design and leadership, and built on practices developed by Vietnamese, i.e., the provincial chief, Colonel Tran Ngoc Chau.<ref>Cf., Tran Ngoc Chau, Vietnamese Labyrinth: Allies, Enemies, and Why the U.S. Lost the war (Lubbock: Texas Tech University 2013), foreword by Daniel Ellsberg, e.g., at 229 re CIA and Diem. Yet Colonel Chau caustically writes:

Yet, CIA was not officially in control of Phoenix, CORDS was. DCI Helms, however, in early 1968 had agreed to allow William Colby to take a temporary leave of absence from the CIA in order to go to Vietnam and lead CORDS, a position with ambassadorial rank. In doing so, Helms personally felt "thoroughly disgusted"... thinking Robert Komer had


title: Richard Helms

texts:
 was a foot and a half taller and a hundred pounds heavier than George, struck him a resounding clap on the back and caught his hand in an immense fist. Wrenching George's arm up and down with a pumping motion that might have drawn oil from a dry Texas well, Johnson congratulated him on the briefing, and on his services to the country and its voters.As he released George, he said, 'Anytime you want to talk to me, just pick up the phone and come over.' It was a vintage LBJ performance. Earlier, a group of foreign policy elders, known as The Wise Men, having first heard from CIA, then confronted Johnson about the difficulty of winning in Vietnam. The president was unprepared to accept their negative findings. "Lyndon Johnson must have considered March 1968 the most difficult month of his political career," wrote Helms later. Eventually this frank advice contributed to Johnson's decision in March to withdraw from the 1968 presidential election. Nixon presidency

In the 1968 Presidential election, the Republican nominee <mask>. Nixon triumphed over the Democrat, Vice President Hubert Humphrey.Shortly after the election, President Johnson invited President-Elect Nixon to his LBJ Ranch in Texas for a discussion of current events. There Johnson introduced Nixon to a few members of his inner circle: Dean Rusk at State, Clark Clifford at Defense, Gen. Earle Wheeler, and DCI <mask>s. Later Johnson in private told Helms that he had represented him to Nixon as a political neutral, "a merit appointment", a career federal official who was good at his job. Nixon then invited Helms to his pre-inauguration headquarters in New York City, where Nixon told Helms that he and J. Edgar

masks:
Richard M
Richard Helm