title: Carlton R. Rouh

texts:
 Japanese rifle fire from within. Emerging from the dugout, he was immediately assisted by two Marines to a less exposed area, but while receiving first aid, was further endangered by an enemy grenade which was thrown into their midst. Quick to act in spite of his weakened condition, he lurched to a crouching position and thrust both men aside, placing his own body between them and the grenade and taking the full blast of the explosion himself. His exceptional spirit of loyalty and self-sacrifice in the face of almost certain death reflects the highest credit upon First Lieutenant <mask> and the United States Naval Service. /S/ FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT

Silver Star citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Private First Class <mask> <mask> (MCSN: 0-351122), United States Marine Corps, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity while a member of Company M, Third Battalion, Fifth Marines, FIRST Marine Division, during action against enemy Japanese forces on Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, 9 October 1942. While under tremendous hostile fire, Private First Class <mask>, with cool courage and utter disregard for his own personal safety, unhesitatingly volunteered assisting in the transportation of injured personnel to assisting in the transportation of injured personnel to the company aid station until he, himself, was wounded by enemy fire.His heroic conduct, maintained at great risk in the face of grave danger, was in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

<mask>h, <mask> "Cobber" at TracesOfWar.com

1919 births
1977 deaths
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
United States Marine Corps officers
Recipients of the Silver Star
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
People from Lindenwold, New Jersey
Military personnel from

masks:
Rh
Carlton Robert
Rouh
Rouh
Rou
Carlton Robert


title: Hugh O'Donnell (labor leader)

type: original

texts:
<mask><mask>" O'Donnell (c. 1869-19??) was an American steel mill worker and labor leader. He is best remembered as the chairman of the Homestead Strike Advisory Committee during the Homestead Steel Strike of July 1892. Biography

Early years

<mask>'Donnell came to work at the Carnegie Steel Company works at Homestead, Pennsylvania in 1886, at the age of 17. After 6 months in the sheet metal mill he moved to the Homestead works' mill which produced 119-inch steel plate, in which he worked as a heater. O'Donnell joined the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers and was a member of that organization's Lodge No.125. At the time of the Homestead labor dispute, O'Donnell was employed as a mill worker, and not as a professional trade union functionary. Leadership of the Homestead strike

O'Donnell was named chairman of the Advisory Committee, the workers' organization in charge of coordination of the strike. In this capacity he had cautioned against violence and trespassing upon company property in an attempt to keep the company from availing itself of judicial injunction or the seizing of the moral high ground. The Advisory Committee established its headquarters on the third floor of the Bost Building, located at the corner of Eighth Avenue and Heisel Street in Homestead. Events of July 6

At 10:30 pm on July 5, 1892, some 300 employees of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency arrived by rail at Bellevue, about five miles south of Pittsburgh along the Ohio River. These were put aboard two specially equipped barges, laden with 300 pistols and 250 Winchester rifles, and pulled by tugboat up the river to Homestead.Strike leaders, who assigned lookouts to keep a watch

masks:
Hugh "
Hughey
Hugh O


title: Hugh O'Donnell (labor leader)

texts: along rivers and rail routes, were apprised by telegram at 2:30 am of July 6 that barges had departed for the steel works and ten minutes later a warning alarm was sounded, echoed by whistles throughout the town. Chaos ensued and O'Donnell immediately lost control of the defense of the steelworks, which was spontaneously led by residents of Homestead. Armed strikers assembled at the steelworks and shots were fired at the tugboat pulling the barges, one of which shattered a window in the pilothouse. Some of those coming forward in impromptu leadership roles included Margaret Finch, the feisty widow of a steelworker who operated the Rolling Mill House saloon, English immigrant laborer William Foy, and open-hearth skilled worker Anthony Soulier. As dawn began to break at 4:00 am, a crowd had gathered along the riverbank next to a barbed wire fence which ran from the plant to the river, which had been erected by the company some weeks earlier. The barges were pushed ashore at 4:30, to a cascade of angry shouts and a hail of stones, many of which were thrown by the hundreds of wives of strikers who had assembled. Gangplanks were lowered and William Foy and Capt.Frederick H. Heinde, commander of the Pinkerton landing operation, tensely faced off amidst mutual threats. A fracas erupted, with clubs wielded and shots were fired, with both Foy and Heinde hit by bullets. The Pinkertons began firing their rifles repeatedly into the crowd, with armed strikers answering in kind, and for the next ten minutes a pitched gun battle was waged; several strikers and two Pinkertons were mortally wounded, with dozens of others injured, including <mask>'Donnell, who was grazed by a bullet to his


title: P. K. Yonge

texts:
<mask> (May 27, 1850 – August 9, 1934), usually given as P. K<mask>, was a businessman and civic leader. A resident of Pensacola, he was a prominent Floridian. A founding member of the Florida Board of Control (the governing body of the State University System of Florida, Florida's public university system), he served on that board for almost 30 years as a member and chairman. The P.K. Yonge Developmental Research School in Gainesville is named for him. Yonge was associated with the Southern State Lumber Company and its predecessors and served as president and manager of the corporation. The company was one of Florida's largest lumber firms at the time, with its headquarters in Pensacola.An active citizen of Pensacola for nearly half a century, Yonge served as alderman from 1905 to 1909, and was president of the Chamber of Commerce in 1908. He received his LL. D. degree from the University of Florida in 1921. He was Phi Kappa Phi at the University of Florida, Phi Beta Kappa at the University of Georgia and a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Yonge family history in Georgia and Florida
P. K. Yonge was the son of Chandler Cox <mask>, a distinguished lawyer and public leader. Yonge's ancestor, <mask>, Sr., (b. 1713, London) emigrated from England to South Carolina, where he pursued a career as a surveyor.In 1754, Henry, along with William Gerard de Brahm, was appointed Joint Surveyor of Georgia, and later became Surveyor General of the province. He served in the lower house of the General Assembly and as a member of the Governor's Council. His son, <mask>, Jr., had begun a career in law but because of his Loyalist leanings was forced to leave Georgia when the American Revolution broke out in

masks:
Philip Keyes Yonge
. Yonge
Yonge
Henry Yonge
Henry Yonge


title: P. K. Yonge

texts:
 1776. He made his way to St. Augustine, capital of East Florida, where he gained employment in service of the Crown, serving as acting Attorney General; and eventually being appointed Secretary and Registrar General of the Bahamas in 1788. Because of his Loyalist sympathies, in 1778 <mask>, Sr., with his sons <mask> and William John, was banished from Georgia as well by the rebel usurpers of the colony's government. They took a ship headed to the Bahamas, but it was seized by a British privateer who conveyed them to St. Augustine. P. K. <mask>'s father, Chandler Cox <mask>, was born at Fernandina in 1818, when it was still a Spanish possession.The elder Yonge became a lawyer and was only twenty years old when he served as assistant secretary of the first Florida constitutional convention held in 1838 at St. Joseph. In 1843, <mask> was elected to the Florida state senate, and in 1845 he was appointed by President <mask> as the United States district attorney for Florida. When Florida seceded and joined the Confederacy he served in the same capacity for the Confederate States; later he was commissioned as a quartermaster in the Confederate Army with the rank of major and stationed at Tallahassee. Early years
<mask>'s son, <mask> <mask>, was born on May 27, 1850 in Marianna, Florida. In 1859, the family moved to Pensacola, where both men spent the rest of their lives. P. K<mask> was educated by tutors and in private schools, and finished his education at the University of Georgia at Athens. He attended the University of Georgia, his father's alma mater, receiving a Bachelor's degree in 1871, and his Master of Arts and Bachelor of Laws degrees in 1872.He was scholarly enough to be elected a member of the

masks:
Henry Yonge
Philip
Yonge
Yonge
Chandler Yonge
Polk
Chandler Yonge
Philip Keyes
Yonge
. Yonge


title: P. K. Yonge

texts:
 national honor society, Phi Beta Kappa. He served as British vice consul's clerk at Pensacola in 1872–73, and as acting British vice consul in 1873–74. By 1875 <mask> was engaged in the real estate and insurance business rather than the practice of law, and in 1876, he got into lumber manufacture and export, in which he was active for over fifty years. On December 13, 1876, he married Lucie C. Davis at Pensacola. Career in the timber and lumber industry and public service

In 1876, P. K<mask> became secretary of the Muscogee Lumber Company, a position he held until 1889 when the business was taken over by the Southern States Land & Timber Company, of which he was made corporate assistant manager and manager of its New York office. In 1892 he was appointed superintendent of the company's Muscogee Mills; when the Southern States Land & Timber Company went into receivership in 1895, he was appointed agent for the receivers and had full charge of company affairs until 1898 when the Southern States Lumber Company was organized to take over the business. In that year <mask> was elected vice president and general manager of the company and in 1903 he became its president, a position he held until 1930, when all the timber on its land, over 400,000 acres, had been cut, and the company was dissolved.He then retired from business at age eighty. Yonge founded a demonstration farm and ranch called Magnolia Farms in 1899, located twenty miles northwest of Pensacola along the Perdido River near Muscogee, but just over the Alabama state line. This enterprise was owned by the Southern States Lumber Company under the supervision of himself and Oscar Williams, its superintendent, and later included a dairy that eventually

masks:
Yonge
. Yonge
Yonge


title: P. K. Yonge

texts:
 developed one of the South's premier herds of Jersey dairy cattle. With consolidation of Florida state schools in 1905, <mask> was appointed a member of their Board of Control, the governing body of the state university system of Florida. He served, except for one term, until his retirement in 1933 at the age of eighty-three, and was its chairman for the last twenty years. Florida Historical Society and later years
P. K<mask> was a charter member of the reorganized Florida Historical Society in 1902 and served as its president from 1932 until his death in 1934. He was an active collector of Florida historical materials and assembled a vast collection of books and documents that his son, Julien C<mask>, inherited and further expanded.<mask> later donated the collection, which formed the nucleus of the P.K. Yonge Library of Florida History, to the University of Florida. <mask>'s wife, Lucie C. Davis, died in 1932. A life-long member of the Episcopal Church, he was survived by five of his nine children. <mask> died in Pensacola on August 9, 1934, and was buried there in St. Michael's cemetery

P. K. <mask> was designated a Great Floridian by the Florida Department of State in the Great Floridians 2000 Program. A plaque attesting to the honor is located at the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (formerly the P.K. Yonge School), on Palafox Street in Pensacola.References
  This article incorporates some text from a publication History of Florida: Past and Present, Historical and Biographical, Harry Gardner Cutler, Lewis Publishing Company, 1923, p. 243, now in the public domain. The original text has been edited. 1850 births
1934 deaths
University of Georgia alumni
Education in Florida
People from Pensacola,

masks:
Yonge
. Yonge
. Yonge
Julien Yonge
Yonge
Yonge
Yonge


title: Ross Lowell

texts:
<mask> (July 10, 1926 – January 10, 2019) was an American inventor, photographer, cinematographer, lighting designer, author and entrepreneur who changed the film production industry with two inventions: a widely used quick-clamp lighting mount system, and gaffer tape. He founded Lowel-Light, a manufacturer of highly portable lighting equipment used in TV, film and stage lighting, with 20 patents filed by <mask>. <mask> was the cinematographer for the Academy Award-winning short A Year Toward Tomorrow (1966), and he won an Academy Award for Technical Achievement in 1980 for his compact lighting system. The same year, he was nominated for Best Short Film, Live Action for his 14-minute film Oh Brother, My Brother (1979), depicting two of his young children. In 1987 <mask> was awarded the John Grierson Gold Medal by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), "in recognition of his many achievements, inventions, and innovative developments in the field of lightweight lighting and of grip equipment." <mask> worked on hundreds of documentaries, short films and television commercials. From 1972 he taught stage lighting at New York University and various professional seminars, and in 1992 he wrote a book about lighting, Matters of Light and Depth.Early career
<mask> was born in 1926 in New York City to Leo and <mask>. He joined the United States Navy to serve during and after World War II as a military photographer (1945–1946). He studied filmmaking at the University of California, Los Angeles, starting in 1948, then at the University of South Carolina in 1949. In 1955, <mask> was a student at a summer workshop at Haystack Mountain School of Crafts; his photographs from that time illustrate the 2019 book In the Vanguard: Haystack Mountain School of Crafts, 1950-1969. <mask> worked in the film and television industries as a cameraman, lighting director and cinematographer. Lowel-Light
In 1957–1958, CBS documentary filmmaker Stephen E. Fleischman was producing an episode for Walter Cronkite's The

masks:
Ross Kohut Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Juliet Lowell
Lowell
Lowell


title: Ross Lowell

texts:
 20th Century television series. The episode, titled "The Delinquents: The Highfields Story" (1959), included many scenes shot at Highfields, the former Lindbergh estate in New Jersey, where an experimental program was underway to rehabilitate juvenile delinquents.Fleischman hired <mask> to install a temporary and unobtrusive lighting system at Highfields, one which would stay in place for a few weeks of filming. <mask> invented a swiveling ball-and-clamp system for mounting lights, and he reworked Johnson & Johnson's Permacel duct tape product by combining the Permacel adhesive with a silver fabric backing to create gaffer tape which could hold a flat metal plate to a window. A ball joint attached to the plate could mount a small portable floodlight fixture. The gaffer tape would resist heat and stay in place for months without leaving a residue when removed. The "Delinquents" episode aired in January 1959, and <mask> started the Lowel-Light company later that year. Lowel-Light manufactured and sold the compact lighting solutions he had developed. The company was based out of his Stamford, Connecticut, home in the early days.The first products used high-intensity light bulbs which did not last very long, and there were few accessories. Over time, Lowel-Light introduced more accessories to create a portable lighting system for location photography. A 1983 issue of the magazine Industrial Photography declared, "When <mask> invented the original Lowel-light, he probably didn't have any idea that his small light would have such a big influence on the working habits of both still and film workers." Lighting book
In 1992, <mask> produced the instructional book Matters of Light and Depth: Creating Memorable Images for Video, Film and Stills Through Lighting, published by Broad Street Books of Philadelphia. The book, composed of topical essays organized into eight chapters, was recommended by photography lighting expert Jon Falk before it came out. John Jackman, in his 2004 lighting book Lighting for Digital Video

masks:
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Ross Lowell
Lowell


title: Ross Lowell

texts:
 and Television, cites <mask>'s book as a "classic" of the trade, and quotes <mask>: "It is all too easy to confuse effects with effective lighting, startling images with unforgettable ones, quantity of foot-candles with quality of light." Still photography
<mask>'s still photography work was exhibited twice in 2010.In May, his series titled "Time Trails" was shown at Pound Ridge Library. Five months later, a series of his works was shown outdoors at Ward Pound Ridge Reservation in New York, the exhibit titled "Forest of Possibilities". The 24 images, each enlarged to about  and printed by National Geographic Imaging, were hung from trees in the forest of the nature preserve. Personal life
<mask> was married four times. His first wife was the former Anita Kregal; they were married for ten years and had a daughter, Lisa. <mask>'s third wife, Carol, bore him three sons: Josh (b. 1972), Evan (b.1976), and Brett (b. 1980). <mask> and <mask> produced the 1979 short film Oh Brother, My Brother depicting Josh and Evan. On the "Acknowledgements & Dedications" page of his 1992 book, <mask> thanked New York flash photography author Jon Falk for introducing him to "publishers Ed Moran and Marilyn Shapiro of Broad Street Books." <mask> would later marry Marilyn. In 2007 through their film company Big UP Productions, Josh and Brett produced a film about rock climbing titled King Lines, which won an Emmy for best sports documentary. In 2019, <mask>'s fourth wife Marilyn Shapiro-<mask> reported that he had died in Pound Ridge, New York, at the age of 92.He was survived by his four children, ten grandchildren, a sister and two nieces. References

External links

Time Trails, an outdoor photography exhibition
Obituary in Digital Photography Review

1926 births
2019 deaths
Academy Award for Technical Achievement winners
American cinematographers
20th-century American inventors
United States Navy personnel of World War II
People from New York City
Photographers from New York (state)
University of California, Los Angeles

masks:
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Ross
Carol Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell


title: Earle Graser

texts:
<mask> (March3, 1909April8, 1941) was an American radio actor at radio station WXYZ, Detroit, Michigan. He was best known as the voice of the Lone Ranger from April 1933 to April 1941. Early life

<mask> was born in the manufacturing city of Berlin (now known as Kitchener) in Waterloo County, Ontario, under the name Earl Walter Grasser. His parents were Solomon Grasser and Mary Anne Klemmer, who had both been born in rural townships in the county. Earl's great-grandfather, William Grasser, was born in Germany, but moved to Canada and worked as a farmer. Earl's father, Solomon, had worked as a farm laborer, but later became a salesman at a grocery store. Berlin was a city notable for its contemporary German culture and heritage, and during the First World War, it was a focal point for anti-German sentiment in Canada.This was symbolized by the renaming of the city in 1916 from Berlin to Kitchener, after Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener. In 1918, Solomon got a new job as the manager for A&P's stores in Detroit, Michigan, and moved his family there with him. At some point after this, <mask> changed his name, modifying Earl to <mask> and abbreviating the Germanic Walter as "W." Graser graduated from a Detroit high school and attended Wayne University (now Wayne State University) in Detroit, where he earned an A.B. in oratory, drama, and interpretive reading. He also studied law for two years, earning an LL.B. (Bachelor of Laws). While working at WXYZ, he continued taking graduate classes and earned a M.A.in speech. During high school he worked part-time as a drugstore soda jerk and delivered groceries. <mask> had always wanted a nickname, but never had one until he asked his friends to call him "Barney". He got the name from a horse that pulled the grocery wagon.

masks:
Earle Graser
Graser
Earle
Earle
Earle


title: Earle Graser

texts:
 (His name was Earl Grasser until it was changed to <mask> some time after 1918.) In the summer of 1928, he got a job at the Michigan Theater, part of the Kunsky Theatre chain owned by John Kunsky and George Trendle. He was an usher, doubling as the announcer for the next organ selection, and occasionally had small parts in live stage shows.In the summer of 1931, he joined a traveling show that was performing in Michigan. The company would set up a tent for two nights, performing "The Haunted House" and "Your Uncle Dudley". In 1932, Graser was hired as a bit player by dramatic productions director James Jewell of Detroit radio station WXYZ. For recreation, he enjoyed swimming, badminton and gardening. He sang bass in his church choir. He listed his ambitions: own a farm in Connecticut, play Hamlet and  teach elocution and drama at a small Eastern college. The Lone Ranger

The Lone Ranger radio series premiered on January 30, 1933.Graser was one of five actors who auditioned to take over the role of the Lone Ranger. According to new reports, others had voiced the role before Graser: Jack Deeds "who lasted only a few weeks"; George Stenius (later known as George Seaton), James Jewell for one performance, and Brace Beemer; the latter became the narrator of the program. Graser was chosen to play the part of The Lone Ranger, beginning April 16, 1933. Since this was during the days of live radio broadcasts, Graser had two understudies ready to play his part, but he never missed a performance. Three times a week, he was heard on 150 stations of the Mutual Network and on scores of independent radio stations. Each show was performed three times for live broadcasts to different time zones. Beginning in 1938, the third performance was recorded on transcription disk for


title: Earle Graser

texts:
 including New Zealand, Mexico, Canada and locations in South America. After his death, Graser's role as the Lone Ranger finally became widely publicized. He was buried in Detroit's Grand Lawn Cemetery. In 2002, his home was designated as a site on the National Register of Historic Places. The marker reads --

              Site on the National Register of Historic Places

          On the hillside north of this cemetery was the home of
          <mask> and his wife Jean. <mask> (1909–1941) Radio’s Original "Lone Ranger"

          Few people knew <mask> by his given name.Millions knew him as the
          voice of radio theatres first great character – the Lone Ranger –
          from 1933 to 1941

          <mask> resided here until his death in a tragic auto accident a few
          blocks down Grand River. May we remember him with a hearty  "HI Yo Silver Away"

Beemer took over as the voice of The Lone Ranger from 1941 to the end of the series in 1955. Most of <mask>'s performances came before the use of transcription disks and modern audiences better remember his successor's in the role of the Lone Ranger. However, his voice continued to be heard. The radio and television series continued using his recorded voice for the famous "Hi Yo, Silver" shout. References

"HI-YO SILVER" by J Brian III - The Saturday Evening Post October 14, 1939
"LONE RANGER DEAD, AUTO HIT TRAILER" - New York Times, Wednesday, April 9, 1941

External links
Lone Ranger on the Radio

Canadian emigrants to the United States
American male radio actors
1909 births
1941 deaths
Lone Ranger
Wayne State University alumni
20th-century American male actors
People from Kitchener, Ontario
Male actors from Detroit
Male actors from Ontario
Road incident deaths in Michigan
Canadian people of German

masks:
Earle Graser
Earle Graser
Earle
Earle
Earle Graser


title: Hermann Matern

texts:
<mask> (June 17, 1893 in Burg bei Magdeburg  – January 24, 1971 in Berlin) was a German communist politician (KPD) and high ranking functionary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany and statesman in the German Democratic Republic. Life and early career

Early political activities
<mask> was the son of a social democratic worker and himself worked as a tanner. He joined the Socialist Youth Workers and later the Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1911. He later resigned from the SPD when the party accepted war loans. During the first World War he served as a soldier in France. In 1918, he joined the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) and was a participant in the November Revolution and a member of the Workers' and Soldiers' Council  Here he was elected commander of the guard regiment in Magdeburg. From 1919 to 1926 he worked as a tanner in Burg, became a member of the KPD and became KPD chairman in Burg, works council chairman, honorary city council and from 1926 to 1928 KPD trade union secretary.He was a member of the Gau Board and the Reich Tariff Commission of the German Leather Workers' Association. From 1928 to 1929 he attended the International Lenin School in Moscow and was then political leader of the KPD in Magdeburg for Magdeburg-Anhalt until 1931 and then until 1933 political leader of the East Prussia district. In the years 1932 and 1933 he was a member of the Prussian state parliament. Arrest and exile
After the rise of the Nazi regime, <mask> was arrested in 1933. In September 1934 he managed to escape from the Stettin-Altdamm prison. He emigrated to Czechoslovakia, then via Switzerland to France. It was here in 1935 that he met his future wife Jenny, who followed him from then on and also became a politician.In the Lutetia district (1935 to 1936) he was involved in the attempt to create a popular front against the Nazi regime. His escape took him via Belgium to the Netherlands, Norway and finally

masks:
Hermann Matern
Matern
Matern


title: Hermann Matern

texts:
 Sweden. In the spring of 1941 he moved to Moscow. He became a member of the National Committee for Free Germany. Later he was a teacher at the Central Anti-fascist School in Krasnogorsk. Return to Germany
On May 1, 1945 he returned to Germany with Anton Ackermann's group. He was one of the signatories of the programmatic appeal of the Central Committee of the KPD of June 11, 1945.Until 1946 he was the first secretary of the district leadership of Saxony of the KPD. After the unification of the SPD and KPD in the Soviet zone of occupation from 1946 to 1948 together with Karl Litke chairman of the regional association of Greater Berlin of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). From 1946 to 1950 he was a member of the central secretariat of the party executive, from October 21, 1948 chairman of the Central Party Control Commission (ZPKK) and from 1950 member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED . In the Politburo, he was responsible for controlling the “Traffic Department” of the Central Committee, which was responsible for the secret connections to the KPD in West Germany, which was illegal from 1955, and later to the DKP, and for the financing of these parties. As one of the leading politicians he participated in the Marxist–Leninist orientation of the SED. From 1949 he was a member of the Provisional People's Chamber, from 1950 to 1954 as vice-president, then as the first deputy of the president and from 1957 to 1960 as chairman of the standing committee for the local representations. He was a member of the National Defense Council of the GDR .<mask> had been a member of the International Federation Resistance of Fighters General Council from 1963 . <mask> was convinced of the SED's claim to leadership. At the 7th All-German Workers' Conference in Leipzig in 1958, he said:“To have state power in your hands is of great importance. [...] We never think of giving up workers' and peasants' power again. We will

masks: Matern Matern


title: Hermann Matern

texts:
 not allow anyone to run for election who wants to rebuild capitalism. [...] That is why there is no opposition based on bourgeois ideas. " <mask>'s urn was buried in the memorial of the socialists in the Zentralfriedhof Friedrichsfelde in Berlin-Lichtenberg.Awards and honours

 1953 and 1969 Karl Marx Order
 1955 Patriotic Order of Merit in Gold
 1960 Order of Banner of Labor
 1963 Honorary title Hero of Labor
 1965 Gold medal for the Patriotic Order of Merit
 1967 Order of the Star of the Friendship of Nations
 1968 Order of Lenin (USSR)
 1968 Order of the Patriotic War II degree (USSR)

The German Post Office of the GDR issued a special stamp on the occasion of his 80th birthday on June 13, 1973. Many streets, schools and factories bore the name of <mask> in the GDR. The 8th Fighter Squadron of the Air Force of the National People's Army (LSK / LV) in Marxwalde had had his name since 1972, as did the technical school of the Ministry of the Interior of the GDR in Heyrothsberge. A plaque on the enclosure of Wackerbarth Castle still commemorates the meeting of Soviet politicians and military officials (Anastas Mikoyan and Ivan Konev) with German politicians (<mask>, Kurt Fischer and Rudolf Friedrichs) in May 1945. Publications

 Berlin und Deutschland. Reden zu Problemen der Zeit. Berlin, 1947.1947 das Jahr größter Entscheidungen. Unsere Aufgaben im neuen Jahr. Rede auf der Funktionärskonferenz der SED am 5. Januar 1947. Berlin 1947. Der Weg. Frieden, Freiheit, Wohlstand.Berlin 1948. Die Rolle Ernst Thälmanns bei der Schaffung der revolutionären Massenpartei der Arbeiterklasse. Referat a. d. Propagandistenkonferenz d. Abteilung Propaganda beim ZK der SED am 14. und 15. Juli 1951 in Berlin. Berlin 1951. Breite Entfaltung von Kritik und Selbstkritik. Diskussionsbeitrag auf der 2.Parteikonferenz der SED, Berlin, 9.–12. Juli 1952. Berlin 1952. (Hrsg. ): Weissbuch über den Generalkriegsvertrag. Leipzig 1952. Über die Durchführung

masks:
Matern
Matern
Hermann Matern


title: Hermann Matern

texts:
 des Beschlusses des ZK der SED „Lehren aus dem Prozess gegen das Verschwörerzentrum Slansky“.13. Tagung des ZK der SED, 13.-14. Mai 1953. Berlin 1953. Die unerschütterliche Einheit und Geschlossenheit der Partei – Quelle ihrer Macht und Siege! Bericht der Zentralen Parteikontrollkommission auf dem IV. Parteitag der SED vom 30.März bis 6. April 1954. Berlin 1954. Deutschland in der Periode der Weltwirtschaftskrise 1929–1933. Der Kampf der Kommunistischen Partei Deutschlands um die Aktionseinheit der Arbeiterklasse gegen die Gefahr des Faschismus und des Krieges. Berlin 1956. Deutschland in der Periode der relativen Stabilisierung des Kapitalismus 1924–1929.Der Kampf des deutschen Proletariats unter Führung der KPD gegen das Wiedererstarken des deutschen Imperialismus. Berlin 1956. Erich Weinert: Das Nationalkomitee Freies Deutschland 1943–1945. Bericht über seine Tätigkeit und seine Auswirkung. Mit einem Geleitwort von <mask>. Rütten & Loening, Berlin 1957. Aus dem Leben und Kampf der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung.Dietz, Berlin 1958. Der Parteitag der SPD und die Politik der SED zur Herstellung der Aktionseinheit der deutschen Arbeiterklasse im Kampf gegen die atomare Aufrüstung und für die Bildung einer Konföderation beider deutschen Staaten. Berlin 1958. Im Kampf für Frieden, Demokratie und Sozialismus. Ausgewählte Reden und Schriften. Berlin 1963

References

1893 births
1971 deaths
Socialist Unity Party of Germany members
Socialist Unity Party of Germany politicians
Communist Party of Germany politicians
Independent Social Democratic Party politicians
International Lenin School alumni
National Committee for a Free Germany members
Members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
Members of the Provisional Volkskammer
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold
Recipients of the Banner of Labor
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
German atheists
Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Soviet


title: Theodor Weissenberger

texts: <mask> (21 December 1914 – 11 June 1950) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II and a fighter ace credited with 208 enemy aircraft shot down in 375 combat missions. The majority of his victories were claimed near the Arctic Ocean in the northern sector of the Eastern Front, but he also claimed 33 victories over the Western Front. He claimed eight of these victories over the Western Allies while flying the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter. Born in Mühlheim am Main in the German Empire, <mask>, who had been a glider pilot in his youth, volunteered for service in the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany in 1936. Following flight training, he was posted to the heavy fighter squadron of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) in 1941. He claimed his first aerial victory over Norway on 24 October 1941. After 23 aerial victories as heavy fighter pilot, he received the German Cross in Gold and was then posted to Jagdgeschwader 5 (JG 5—5th Fighter Wing) in September 1942.There he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 13 November 1942 after 38 aerial victories. In June 1943, <mask> was appointed Staffelkapitän of 7. Staffel of JG 5. Following his 112th aerial victory, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 2 August 1943. He was appointed Staffelkapitän of 6. Staffel in September 1943 and in March 1944 he was given command of II. Gruppe of JG 5 which was operating in Defense of the Reich missions.In June 1944 he took command of I. Gruppe of JG 5

masks:
Theodor Weissenberger
Weissenberger
Weissenberger


title: Theodor Weissenberger

texts: reconnaissance aircraft shot down at 21:07. A flight of 25 to 30 enemy bombers and torpedo bombers was then spotted at 21:50. Weissenberger claimed an Ilyushin Il-2 "Sturmovik" at 21:54, his 100th aerial victory. He was the 43rd Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. The Staffel returned to its airfield at 22:19 without having sustained any losses during the encounter. <mask> alone had claimed seven victories during this mission, taking his total to 104 victories. He achieved "ace-in-a-day" status for the fourth time on 25 July 1943, claiming aerial victories numbers 108 to 112.Following his 112th victory, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves () on 2 August 1943, the 266th member of the Wehrmacht to be so honored. The presentation was made by Adolf Hitler at the Wolf's Lair, Hitler's headquarters in Rastenburg, present-day Kętrzyn in Poland. Five other Luftwaffe officers were presented with awards that day by Hitler, Hauptmann Egmont Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld, Hauptmann Manfred Meurer, Hauptmann Heinrich Ehrler, Oberleutnant Joachim Kirschner, Hauptmann Werner Schröer were also awarded the Oak Leaves, and Major Helmut Lent received the Swords to his Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves. <mask> was placed in command of 6. Staffel on 14 September 1943 and in October and November added five more victories to his score, four of which were achieved on 3 November over the Rybachy Peninsula. At the end of 1943, II. Gruppe (2nd Group) was ordered to relocate further

masks: Weissenberger Weissenberger


title: Theodor Weissenberger

texts: south to the front near Nevel, Leningrad and Lake Ilmen.Relocating from Pskov, 6. Staffel arrived at their new airfield at Idritsa on 11 November 1943 and was in action again on 17 November. In January 1944, II. Gruppe was subordinated to Luftflotte 2 (2nd Air Fleet) in the middle sector of the Eastern Front in support of the defensive battles at Vitebsk. The Staffel flew combat missions from Orsha and Polotsk. Between 10:50 to 10:58 on 1 February 1944, <mask> achieved his fifth "ace-in-a-day", taking his total to 124. On 28 February, he claimed his 140th aerial victory.At the end of February 1944, II. Gruppe relocated again to Polotsk and then to Jakobstadt, present-day Jēkabpils in Latvia, and on 16 March <mask> claimed his 141st victory. Among his four victories claimed on 20 March were three Il-2 ground attack aircraft. On 25 March 1944, another "ace-in-a-day" achievement saw his total increase to 153 aerial victories. In late March 1944, II. Gruppe was transferred to the far north again, and was based at Alakurtti. Here they defended against the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive.<mask> was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of II. Gruppe of JG  5 on 26 March 1944. He claimed three aircraft shot down on 4 April, and four more on 9 April, taking his victories from 159 to 162. At the end of April 1944, II. Gruppe relocated to Jakobstadt, withdrawing from the Arctic Front for the last time. On 17 May he claimed victories 169 to 172, and the next day shot down three Yakovlev Yak-9s,


title: Theodor Weissenberger

texts: Bernay – Évreux. During this mission, he shot down a Hawker Typhoon at 18:24 near Trouville and another one two minutes later. They were then tasked with a fighter bomber mission on 14 July, attacking enemy positions near Caen. After a number of ground strafing attacks they themselves came under attack of numerous Supermarine Spitfires and P-47s. Flying at a height of , Weissenberger managed to shoot down one Spitfire  south of Bayeux. The commanding general of II. Jagdkorps (2nd Fighter Corps), Generalleutnant Alfred Bülowius, accompanied by Oberstleutnant Herbert Ihlefeld inspected II.Gruppe at their airfield in Frières on 15 July 1944. On 17 July, <mask> led his Gruppe on a number of missions in the combat area near Caen without encountering any enemy aircraft. On their last mission of the day, having taken off at 19:00, they encountered enemy fighter bombers near Caen – Le Mesnil. During aerial combat, the Gruppe lost three pilots without any success for themselves. On 19 July 1944, I. Gruppe was tasked with flying top cover for Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" and Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter". During this mission, Weissenberger claimed four aerial victories. At 20:22 he shot down his first Typhoon of the mission north of Lisieux, another Typhoon one minute later and his third at 20:25 northwest of Cormeilles.His fourth victory was over a North American P-51 Mustang, shot down at 20:35 near Charleval. On 25 July 1944, the Gruppe was again tasked with a combat air patrol mission in the


title: Theodor Weissenberger

texts:
 greater Caen area. Weissenberger received the order to take off at 10:30 and at 11:00 they spotted Spitfires in the vicinity of Rouen. In the ensuing aerial encounter at an altitude of , Weissenberger shot down a Spitfire  south of Rouen. This was his 199th aerial victory. Two minutes later, at 11:02, he shot down his 200th opponent. Weissenberger left the Gruppe on 30 July 1944 and went on vacation to Bad Wiessee.His I. Gruppe was withdrawn from combat and moved to Wunstorf for a period of rest and conversion training to the Bf 109 G-14. The ground personnel were transferred to II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 6 (JG 6—6th Fighter Wing). Conversion training ended in October 1944 and I. Gruppe was disbanded shortly after and became III. Gruppe (3rd Group) of JG 6 on 14 October. On 24 October 1944 <mask> was ordered to Königsberg in der Neumark, present-day Chojna in Poland. At Königsberg, he was given command of the newly forming I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 7 "Nowotny" (JG 7—7th Fighter Wing).Flying the Messerschmitt Me 262
JG 7 "Nowotny" was the first operational jet fighter wing in the world and was named after Walter Nowotny, who was killed in action on 8 November 1944. Nowotny, a fighter pilot credited with 258 aerial victories and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds (), had been assessing the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet aircraft under operational conditions. JG 7 "Nowotny" was equipped with the Me 262, an aircraft which was heavily armed and


title: Theodor Weissenberger

texts: faster than any Allied fighter. General der Jagdflieger (General of the Fighter Force) Adolf Galland hoped that the Me 262 would compensate for the Allies' numerical superiority. On 12 November 1944, the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL—Air Force High Command) ordered JG 7 "Nowotny" to be equipped with the Me 262. Galland appointed Oberst Johannes Steinhoff as its first Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander). JG 7 "Nowotny" was initially formed with the Stab (headquarters unit) and III.Gruppe  at Brandenburg-Briest from the remnants of Kommando Nowotny. I. Gruppe was created on 27 November from pilots and personnel from II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing) and placed under the command of <mask>. Weissenberger's appointed Staffelkapitäne in I. Gruppe were Oberleutnant Hans Grünberg, Oberleutnant Fritz Stehle, and Oberleutnant Hans Waldmann, commanding 1.–3. Staffel respectively. On New Year's Day 1945, Weissenberger married his teenage-love Cilly Vogel in Langenselbold near Hanau. Best man at his wedding was his former JG 5 comrade and friend Walter Schuck.Schuck succeeded Waldmann as Staffelkapitän of the 3. Staffel following the latter's death in a flying accident on 18 March 1945. <mask> was promoted to Major on 1 January 1945 and replaced Steinhoff as Geschwaderkommodore of JG 7 "Nowotny" shortly after. Both Galland and Steinhoff, among others, were relieved of their commands in the aftermath of the Fighter Pilots' Revolt in early 1945. Under his command, JG 7


title: Lawrence Durrell

texts:
<mask> (; 27 February 1912 – 7 November 1990) was an expatriate British novelist, poet, dramatist, and travel writer. He was the eldest brother of naturalist and writer <mask>. Born in India to British colonial parents, he was sent to England at the age of eleven for his education. He did not like formal education, but started writing poetry at age 15. His first book was published in 1935, when he was 23. In March 1935 he and his mother and younger siblings moved to the island of Corfu. <mask> spent many years thereafter living around the world.His most famous work is The Alexandria Quartet, published between 1957 and 1960. The best-known novel in the series is the first, Justine. Beginning in 1974, <mask> published The Avignon Quintet, using many of the same techniques. The first of these novels, Monsieur, or the Prince of Darkness, won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize in 1974. The middle novel, Constance, or Solitary Practices, was nominated for the 1982 Booker Prize. By the end of the century, <mask> was a bestselling author and one of the most celebrated writers in England. <mask> supported his writing by working for many years in the Foreign Service of the British government.His sojourns in various places during and after World War II (such as his time in Alexandria, Egypt) inspired much of his work. He married four times, and had a daughter with each of his first two wives. Early years in India and schooling in England
<mask> was born in Jalandhar, British India, the eldest son of Indian-born British colonials Louisa (who was Anglo-Irish) and

masks:
Lawrence George Durrell
Gerald Durrell
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title: Lawrence Durrell

texts:
 <mask> <mask>, an engineer of English ancestry. His first school was St. Joseph's School, North Point, Darjeeling. He had three younger siblings— two brothers and a sister. Like many other children of the British Raj, at the age of eleven, <mask> was sent to England for schooling, where he briefly attended St. Olave's Grammar School before being sent to St. Edmund's School, Canterbury. His formal education was unsuccessful, and he failed his university entrance examinations.He began to write poetry seriously at the age of fifteen. His first collection, Quaint Fragments, was published in 1931, when he was 19. <mask>'s father died of a brain haemorrhage in 1928, at the age of 43. His mother brought the family to England, and in 1932, she, <mask>, and his younger siblings settled in Bournemouth. There, he and his younger brother Gerald became friends with Alan G. Thomas, who had a bookstore and would become an antiquarian. Adult life and prose writings

First marriage and <mask>'s move to Corfu
On 22 January 1935, <mask> married Nancy Isobel Myers (1912–1983). It was the first of his four marriages.<mask> was always unhappy in England, and in March of that year he persuaded his new wife, and his mother and younger siblings, to move to the Greek island of Corfu. There they could live more economically and escape both the English weather, and what <mask> considered the stultifying English culture, which he described as "the English death". That same year <mask>'s first novel, Pied Piper of Lovers, was published by Cassell. Around this time he chanced upon a

masks:
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title: Lawrence Durrell

texts: copy of Henry Miller's 1934 novel Tropic of Cancer. After reading it, he wrote to Miller, expressing intense admiration for his novel. <mask>'s letter sparked an enduring friendship and mutually critical relationship that spanned 45 years. <mask>'s next novel, Panic Spring, was strongly influenced by Miller's work, while his 1938 novel The Black Book abounded with "four-letter words... grotesques,... [and] its mood equally as apocalyptic" as Tropic.In Corfu, <mask> and Nancy lived together in bohemian style. For the first few months, the couple lived with the rest of the <mask> family in the Villa Anemoyanni at Kontokali. In early 1936, <mask> and Nancy moved to the White House, a fisherman's cottage on the shore of Corfu's northeastern coast at Kalami, then a tiny fishing village. <mask>'s friend Theodore Stephanides, a Greek doctor, scientist, and poet, was a frequent guest, and Miller stayed at the White House in 1939. <mask> fictionalised this period of his sojourn on Corfu in the lyrical novel Prospero's Cell. His younger brother <mask>, who became a naturalist, published his own version in his memoir My Family and Other Animals (1954) and in the following two books of Gerald's so-called Corfu Trilogy, published in 1969 and 1978. Gerald describes <mask> as living permanently with his mother and siblings—his wife Nancy is not mentioned at all.<mask>, in his turn, refers only briefly to his brother Leslie, and he does not mention that his mother and two other siblings were also living on Corfu in those years. The accounts cover a few of the same

masks:
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title: Lawrence Durrell

texts:
 topics; for example, both Gerald and <mask> describe the roles played in their lives by the Corfiot taxi driver Spyros Halikiopoulos and Theodore Stephanides. In Corfu, <mask> became friends with Marie Aspioti, with whom he cooperated in the publication of Lear's Corfu. Pre WW2: In Paris with Miller and Nin
In August 1937, <mask> and Nancy travelled to the Villa Seurat in Paris to meet Henry Miller and Anaïs Nin. Together with Alfred Perles, Nin, Miller, and <mask> "began a collaboration aimed at founding their own literary movement. Their projects included The Shame of the Morning and the Booster, a country club house organ that the Villa Seurat group appropriated "for their own artistic . . .ends." They also started the Villa Seurat Series in order to publish <mask>'s Black Book, Miller's Max and the White Phagocytes, and Nin's Winter of Artifice. Jack Kahane of the Obelisk Press served as publisher. <mask> said that he had three literary uncles: T. S. Eliot, the Greek poet George Seferis, and Miller. He first read Miller after finding a copy of Tropic of Cancer that had been left behind in a public lavatory. He said the book shook him "from stem to stern". <mask>'s first novel of note, The Black Book: An Agon, was strongly influenced by Miller; it was published in Paris in 1938.The mildly pornographic work was not published in Great Britain until 1973. In the story, the main character <mask> struggles to escape the spiritual sterility of dying England and finds Greece to be a warm and fertile environment. World War 2

Breakdown of marriage
At the

masks:
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Durrell
Durrell
Durrell
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Lawrence Lucifer


title: Lawrence Durrell

texts:
 outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, <mask>'s mother and siblings returned to England, while he and Nancy remained on Corfu. In 1940, he and Nancy had a daughter, Penelope Berengaria. After the fall of Greece, <mask> and Nancy escaped via Crete to Alexandria, Egypt. The marriage was already under strain, and they separated in 1942. Nancy took the baby Penelope with her to Jerusalem.During his years on Corfu, <mask> had made notes for a book about the island. He did not write it fully until he was in Egypt towards the end of the war. In the book Prospero's Cell, <mask> described Corfu as "this brilliant little speck of an island in the Ionian," with waters "like the heartbeat of the world itself". Press attaché in Egypt and Rhodes; second marriage
During World War Two, <mask> served as a press attaché to the British embassies, first in Cairo and then Alexandria. While in Alexandria he met Eve (Yvette) Cohen (1918–2004), a Jewish Alexandrian. She inspired his character Justine in The Alexandria Quartet. In 1947, after his divorce from Nancy was completed, <mask> married Eve Cohen, with whom he had been living since 1942.The couple's daughter, Sappho Jane, was born in Oxfordshire in 1951, and named after the ancient Greek poet Sappho. In May 1945, <mask> obtained a posting to Rhodes, the largest of the Dodecanese islands which Italy had taken over from the disintegrating Ottoman Empire in 1912 during the Balkan Wars. With the Italian surrender to the Allies in 1943, German forces took over most of the islands and held onto them as besieged fortresses

masks: Durrell Lawrence Durrell Durrell Durrell Durrell Durrell


title: Lawrence Durrell

texts:
 until the war's end. Mainland Greece was at that time locked in civil war. A temporary British military government was established in the Dodecanese at war's end, pending sovereignty being transferred to Greece in 1947, as part of war reparations from Italy. <mask> set up house with Eve in the little gatekeeper's lodge of an old Turkish cemetery, just across the road from the building used by the British Administration. (Today this is the Casino in Rhodes' new town.)His co-habitation with Eve Cohen could be discreetly ignored by his employer, while the couple gained from staying within the perimeter security zone of the main building. His book Reflections on a Marine Venus was inspired by this period and was a lyrical celebration of the island. It avoids more than a passing mention of the troubled war times. British Council work in Córdoba and Belgrade; teaching in Cyprus
In 1947, <mask> was appointed director of the British Council Institute in Córdoba, Argentina. He served there for eighteen months, giving lectures on cultural topics. He returned to London with Eve in the summer of 1948, around the time that Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia broke ties with Stalin's Cominform. <mask> was posted by the British Council to Belgrade, Yugoslavia, and served there until 1952.This sojourn gave him material for his novel White Eagles over Serbia (1957). In 1952, Eve had a nervous breakdown and was hospitalised in England. <mask> moved to Cyprus with their daughter Sappho Jane, buying a house and taking a position teaching English literature at the Pancyprian

masks: Durrell Durrell Durrell Durrell


title: Lawrence Durrell

texts:
 Gymnasium to support his writing. He next worked in public relations for the British government during the local agitation for union with Greece. He wrote about his time in Cyprus in Bitter Lemons, which won the Duff Cooper Prize in 1957. In 1954, he was selected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. <mask> left Cyprus in August 1956.Political agitation on the island and his British government position resulted in his becoming a target for assassination attempts. Justine and The Alexandria Quartet
In 1957, <mask> published Justine, the first novel of what was to become his most famous work, The Alexandria Quartet. Justine, Balthazar (1958), Mountolive (1958), and Clea (1960), deal with events before and during the Second World War in the Egyptian city of Alexandria. The first three books tell essentially the same story and series of events, but from the varying perspectives of different characters. <mask> described this technique in his introductory note in Balthazar as "relativistic." Only in the final novel, Clea, does the story advance in time and reach a conclusion. Critics praised the Quartet for its richness of style, the variety and vividness of its characters, its movement between the personal and the political, and its locations in and around the ancient Egyptian city which <mask> portrays as the chief protagonist: "The city which used us as its flora—precipitated in us conflicts which were hers and which we mistook for our own: beloved Alexandria!"The Times Literary Supplement review of the Quartet stated: "If ever a work bore an


title: Lawrence Durrell

texts:
 instantly recognizable signature on every sentence, this is it." In 2012, when the Nobel Records were opened after 50 years, it was revealed that <mask> had been nominated for the 1961 Nobel Prize in Literature, but did not make the final list. In 1962, however, he did receive serious consideration, along with Robert Graves, Jean Anouilh, and Karen Blixen, but ultimately lost to John Steinbeck. The Academy decided that "<mask> was not to be given preference this year"—probably because "they did not think that The Alexandria Quartet was enough, so they decided to keep him under observation for the future." However, he was never nominated again. They also noted that he "gives a dubious aftertaste … because of [his] monomaniacal preoccupation with erotic complications." Two further marriages and settling in Languedoc
In 1955 <mask> separated from Eve Cohen.He married again in 1961, to Claude-Marie Vincendon, whom he met on Cyprus. She was a Jewish woman born in Alexandria. <mask> was devastated when Claude-Marie died of cancer in 1967. He married for the fourth and last time in 1973, to Ghislaine de Boysson, a French woman. They divorced in 1979. <mask> settled in Sommières, a small village in Languedoc, France, where he purchased a large house on the edge of the village. The house was situated in extensive grounds surrounded by a wall.Here he wrote The Revolt of Aphrodite, comprising Tunc (1968) and Nunquam (1970). He also completed The Avignon Quintet, published from 1974 to 1985, which used many of the same motifs and styles found in his metafictional

masks: Durrell Durrell Durrell Durrell Durrell


title: Lawrence Durrell

texts:
 Alexandria Quartet. Although the related works are frequently described as a quintet, <mask> referred to it as a "quincunx." The opening novel, Monsieur, or the Prince of Darkness, received the 1974 James Tait Black Memorial Prize. That year, <mask> was living in the United States and serving as the Andrew Mellon Visiting Professor of Humanities at the California Institute of Technology. The middle novel of the quincunx, Constance, or Solitary Practices (1981), which portrays France in the 1940s under the German occupation, was nominated for the Booker Prize in 1982. Other works from this period are Sicilian Carousel, a non-fiction celebration of that island, The Greek Islands, and Caesar's Vast Ghost, which is set in and chiefly about the region of Provence, France.Later years, literary influences, attitudes and reputation
A longtime smoker, <mask> suffered from emphysema for many years. He died of a stroke at his house in Sommières in November 1990, and was buried in the churchyard of the Chapelle St-Julien de Montredon in Sommières. He was predeceased by his younger daughter, Sappho Jane, who took her own life in 1985 at age 33. After <mask>'s death, it emerged that Sappho's diaries included allusions that her father raped her. <mask>'s government service and his attitudes
<mask> worked for several years in the service of the Foreign Office. He was senior press officer to the British embassies in Athens and Cairo, press attaché in Alexandria and Belgrade, and director of the British Institutes in Kalamata, Greece, and Córdoba, Argentina. He was also

masks: Durrell Durrell Durrell Durrell Durrell Durrell


title: Lawrence Durrell

texts:
 director of Public Relations in the Dodecanese Islands and on Cyprus.He later refused an honour as a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George, because he felt his "conservative, reactionary and right-wing" political views might be a cause for embarrassment. <mask>'s works of humour, Esprit de Corps and Stiff Upper Lip, are about life in the diplomatic corps, particularly in Serbia. He claimed to have disliked both Egypt and Argentina, although not nearly so much as he disliked Yugoslavia. <mask>'s poetry
<mask>'s poetry has been overshadowed by his novels, but Peter Porter, in his introduction to a Selected Poems, calls <mask> "One of the best [poets] of the past hundred years. And one of the most enjoyable." Porter describes <mask>'s poetry: "Always beautiful as sound and syntax. Its innovation lies in its refusal to be more high-minded than the things it records, together with its handling of the whole lexicon of language."British citizenship
For much of his life, <mask> resisted being identified solely as British, or as only affiliated with Britain. He preferred to be considered cosmopolitan. Since his death, there have been claims that <mask> never had British citizenship, but he was originally classified as a British citizen as he was born to British colonial parents living in India under the British Raj. In 1966 <mask> and many other former and present British residents became classified as non-patrial, as a result of an amendment to the Commonwealth Immigrants Act. The law was covertly intended to reduce migration from India,

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title: Lawrence Durrell

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 Pakistan, and the West Indies, but <mask> was also penalized by it and refused citizenship. He had not been told that he needed to "register as a British citizen in 1962 under the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962." As The Guardian reported in 2002, <mask> in 1966 was "one of the best selling, most celebrated English novelists of the late 20th century" and "at the height of his fame."Denied the normal citizenship right to enter or settle in Britain, <mask> had to apply for a visa for each entry. Diplomats were outraged and embarrassed at these events. "Sir Patrick Reilly, the ambassador in Paris, was so incensed that he wrote to his Foreign Office superiors: 'I venture to suggest it might be wise to ensure that ministers, both in the Foreign Office and the Home Office, are aware that one of our greatest living writers in the English language is being debarred from the citizenship of the United Kingdom to which he is entitled.'" Legacy
After <mask>'s death, his lifelong friend Alan G. Thomas donated a collection of books and periodicals associated with <mask> to the British Library. This is maintained as the distinct <mask> Collection. Thomas had earlier edited an anthology of writings, letters and poetry by <mask>, published as  Spirit of Place (1969). It contained material related to <mask>'s own published works.An important documentary resource is kept by the Bibliothèque Lawrence Durrell at the Université Paris Ouest in Nanterre. Letters and essays
 A Key to Modern British Poetry (1952)
 Art & Outrage: A Correspondence About Henry Miller Between Alfred

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title: Lawrence Durrell

texts:
 Perles and <mask> (1959)
 <mask> and Henry Miller: A Private Correspondence (1962) edited by George Wickes
 Spirit of Place: Letters and Essays on Travel (1969) edited by Alan G. Thomas
 Literary Lifelines: The Richard Aldington—<mask> Durrell Correspondence (1981) edited by Ian S. MacNiven and Harry T. Moore
 A Smile in the Mind's Eye (1980)
 "Letters to T. S. Eliot" (1987) Twentieth Century Literature Vol. 33, No. 3 pp. 348–358. The <mask>-Miller Letters: 1935–80 (1988), edited by Ian S. MacNiven
 Letters to Jean Fanchette (1988), edited by Jean Fanchette
 From the Elephant's Back: Collected Essays & Travel Writings (2015), edited by James Gifford

Editing and translating
 Six Poems From the Greek of Sikelianós and Seféris (1946), translated by <mask>
 The King of Asine and Other Poems (1948), by George Seferis and translated by <mask>, Bernard Spencer, and Nanos Valaoritis
 The Curious History of Pope Joan (1954; revised 1960), by Emmanuel Roídes and translated by <mask>
 The Best of Henry Miller (1960), edited by <mask>
 New Poems 1963: A P.E.N. Anthology of Contemporary Poetry (1963), edited by <mask>
 Wordsworth; Selected by <mask> (1973), edited by <mask>

Notes

Further reading
Biography and interviews

 Bowker, Gordon.Through the Dark Labyrinth: A Biography of <mask>. New York: St. Martin's P, 1997. Chamberlin, Brewster. A Chronology of the Life and Times of <mask>. Corfu: Durrell School of Corfu, 2007. Commengé, Béatrice. Une vie de paysages.Paris: Verdier, 2016. <mask>, <mask>. The Big Supposer: An Interview with Marc Alyn. New York: Grove P,

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title: Lawrence Durrell

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 1974. Haag, Michael. Alexandria: City of Memory. London and New Haven: Yale U P, 2004.[Intertwined biographies of <mask>, E. M. Forster and Constantine Cavafy in Alexandria.] Haag, Michael. Vintage Alexandria: Photographs of the City 1860–1960. Cairo and New York: The American U of Cairo P, 2008. [Includes an introduction on the historical, social and literary significance of Alexandria, and extensively captioned photographs of the cosmopolitan city and its inhabitants, including <mask> and people he knew.] MacNiven, Ian. <mask>—A Biography.London: Faber and Faber, 1998. Todd, Daniel Ray. An Annotated, Enumerative Bibliography of the Criticism of <mask>'s Alexandria Quartet and his Travel Works. New Orleans: Tulane U, 1984. [Doctoral dissertation]
 Ingersoll, Earl. <mask>: Conversations. Cranbury: Ashgate; 1998.Critical Studies
 Alexandre-Garner, Corinne, ed. <mask> Revisited : <mask> Revisité. Confluences 21. Nanterre: Université Paris X, 2002. Alexandre-Garner, Corinne, ed. <mask>: Actes Du Colloque Pour L'Inauguration De La Bibliothèque Durrell. Confluences 15.Nanterre: Université Paris-X, 1998. Alexandre-Garner, Corinne. Le Quatuor D'Alexandrie, Fragmentation Et Écriture : Étude Sur Lámour, La Femme Et L'Écriture Dans Le Roman De <mask>rrell. Anglo-Saxon Language and Literature 136. New York: Peter Lang, 1985. Begnal, Michael H., ed. On Miracle Ground: Essays on the Fiction of <mask>.Lewisburg: Bucknell U P, 1990. Clawson, James M. <mask> Re-read : Crossing the Liminal in <mask>'s Major Novels. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson U P, 2016. Cornu,

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Lawrence Durrell


title: Lawrence Durrell

texts: Marie-Renée. La Dynamique Du Quatuor D'Alexandrie De Lawrence Durrell: Trois Études. Montréal: Didier, 1979. Fraser, G. S. <mask>: A Study.London: Faber and Faber, 1968. Friedman, Alan Warren, ed. Critical Essays on <mask>. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1987. Friedman, Alan Warren. <mask> and "The Alexandria Quartet": Art for Love's Sake. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1970.Gifford, James. Personal Modernisms: Anarchist Networks and the Later Avant-Gardes . EdmontonL U Alberta P, 2014. Herbrechter, Stefan. <mask>, Postmodernism and the Ethics of Alterity. Postmodern Studies 26. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1999.Hoops, Wiklef. Die Antinomie Von Theorie Und Praxis in <mask>s Alexandria Quartet: Eine Strukturuntersuchung. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1976. Isernhagen, Hartwig. Sensation, Vision and Imagination: The Problem of Unity in <mask>'s Novels. Bamberg: Bamberger Fotodruck, 1969. Kaczvinsky, Donald P. <mask>'s Major Novels, or The Kingdom of the Imagination.Selinsgrove: Susquehanna U P, 1997. Kaczvinsky, Donald P., ed. Durrell and the City: Collected Essays on Place. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson U P, 2011. Keller-Privat, Isabelle. « Between the lines »: l’écriture du déchirement dans la poésie de <mask>. Paris: Presses Universitaires de Paris Ouest, 2015.Lampert, Gunther. Symbolik Und Leitmotivik in Lawrence Durrells Alexandria Quartet. Bamberg: Rodenbusch, 1974. Lillios, Anna, ed. <mask> and the Greek World. London: Associated U Presses, 2004. Moore, Harry T., ed.The World of <mask>. Carbondale: Southern Illinois U P, 1962. Morrison, Ray. A Smile in His Mind's Eye: A Study of

masks:
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Lawrence Durrell
Lawrence Durrell
Lawrence Durrell
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Lawrence Durrell
Lawrence Durrell
Lawrence Durrell
Lawrence Durrell
Lawrence Durrell


title: Lawrence Durrell

texts:
 the Early Works of <mask>. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 2005. Pelletier, Jacques. Le Quatour D'Alexandrie De Lawrence Durrell.<mask>'s Alexandria Quartet. Paris: Hachette, 1975. Pine, Richard. <mask>: The Mindscape. Corfu: Durrell School of Corfu, revised edition, 2005. Pine, Richard. The Dandy and the Herald: Manners, Mind and Morals From Brummell to <mask>.New York: St. Martin's P, 1988. Raper, Julius Rowan, et al, eds. <mask>: Comprehending the Whole. Columbia: U of Missouri P, 1995. Rashidi, Linda Stump. (Re)constructing Reality: Complexity in <mask>'s Alexandria Quartet. New York: Peter Lang, 2005.Ruprecht, Walter Hermann. Durrells Alexandria Quartet: Struktur Als Belzugssystem. Sichtung Und Analyse. Swiss Studies in English 72. Berne: Francke Verlag, 1972. Sajavaara, Kari. Imagery in <mask>'s Prose.Mémoires De La Société Néophilologique De Helsinki 35. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1975. Sertoli, Giuseppe. <mask>. Civilta Letteraria Del Novecento: Sezione Inglese—Americana 6. Milano: Mursia, 1967. Potter, Robert A., and Brooke Whiting.<mask>: A Checklist. Los Angeles: U of California, Los Angeles Library, 1961. Thomas, Alan G., and James Brigham. <mask>: An Illustrated Checklist. Carbondale: Southern Illinois U P, 1983. Critical articles
 Zahlan, Anne R. "Always Friday the Thirteenth: The Knights Templar and the Instability of History in <mask>'s The Avignon Quintet." Deus Loci: The Lawrence Durrell Journal NS11 (2008–09): 23–39.Zahlan, Anne R. "Avignon Preserved: Conquest and Liberation in <mask>'s Constance." The Literatures of War. Ed. Richard

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title: Lawrence Durrell

texts:
 Pine and Eve Patten. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2009. 253–276. Zahlan, Anne R. "City as Carnival: Narrative as Palimpsest: <mask>'s The Alexandria Quartet."The Journal of Narrative Technique 18 (1988): 34–46. Zahlan, Anne R. "Crossing the Border: <mask>'s Alexandrian Conversion to Post-Modernism." South Atlantic Review 64:4 (Fall 1999). Zahlan, Anne R. "The Destruction of the Imperial Self in <mask>'s The Alexandria Quartet." Self and Other: Perspectives on Contemporary Literature XII. University Press of Kentucky, 1986. 3–12.Zahlan, Anne R. "The Most Offending Souls Alive: Ruskin, Mountolive, and the Myth of Empire." Deus Loci: The Lawrence Durrell Journal NS10 (2006). Zahlan, Anne. R.  "The Negro as Icon: Transformation and the Black Body" in <mask>'s The Avignon Quintet. South Atlantic Review 71.1 (Winter 2006). 74–88. Zahlan, Anne.R. "War at the Heart of the Quincunx: Resistance and Collaboration in <mask>'s Constance." Deus Loci: The Lawrence Durrell Journal NS12 (2010). 38–59. External links

The International Lawrence Durrell Society A non-profit educational organization promoting the works and study of <mask> Durrell
Durrell 2012: The <mask> Centenary Centenary event website
Durrell Celebration in Alexandria

Articles

"<mask> in the ambiguous white metropolis": an essay on the Alexandria Quartet, Times Literary Supplement (TLS), 27 August 2008. 1912 births
1990 deaths
People from Jalandhar
British male poets
British male dramatists and playwrights
Incestual abuse
Child sexual abuse in France
English dramatists and

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Lawrence Durrell
Lawrence Durrell
Lawrence Durrell
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Lawrence Durrell


title: Jennifer Lawrence

texts: <mask> (born August 15, 1990) is an American actress. The world's highest-paid actress in 2015 and 2016, her films have grossed over $6 billion worldwide to date. She appeared in Times 100 most influential people in the world list in 2013 and the Forbes Celebrity 100 list from 2013 to 2016. During childhood, <mask> performed in church plays and school musicals. At 14, she was spotted by a talent scout while vacationing in New York City with her family. She moved to Los Angeles and began her acting career in guest roles on television. Her first major role was that of a main cast member on the sitcom The Bill Engvall Show (2007–2009).She made her film debut in a supporting role in the drama Garden Party (2008), and had her breakthrough playing Ree Dolly, a poverty-stricken teenage girl, in the coming-of-age independent mystery drama Winter's Bone (2010). <mask>'s career progressed with starring roles as the mutant Mystique in the X-Men film series (2011–2019) and Katniss Everdeen in The Hunger Games film series (2012–2015). The latter made her the highest-grossing action heroine of all time. <mask> has received a number of accolades for various films, including her three collaborations with filmmaker David O. Russell. Her performance as a young widow with an unnamed mental disorder in the romance film Silver Linings Playbook (2012) won her the Academy Award for Best Actress, making her the second-youngest Best Actress winner at 22. She won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for playing an unpredictable wife in the black comedy American Hustle (2013). <mask> also received Golden Globe Awards for both of these films, and for her

masks:
Jennifer Shrader Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence


title: Jennifer Lawrence

texts:
 portrayal of businesswoman Joy Mangano in the biopic Joy (2015).A series of negatively reviewed films, including Passengers (2016) and Red Sparrow (2018), and the subsequent media scrutiny of her choices of roles led to a small break from acting. She returned in 2021 with the satirical black comedy Don't Look Up. <mask> identifies as a feminist and advocates for women's reproductive rights. In 2015, she founded the Jennifer Lawrence Foundation, which advocates for the Boys & Girls Clubs of America and the Special Olympics. She formed the production company Excellent Cadaver in 2018. She is an active member of the nonpartisan nonprofit anti-corruption organization, RepresentUs, and has served as a spokesperson in its videos about protecting democracy. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born on August 15, 1990 in Indian Hills, Kentucky to Gary, a construction company owner, and Karen (née Koch), a summer camp manager.She has two older brothers, Ben and Blaine. Her mother raised her to be "tough" like her brothers, and would not allow her to play with other girls in preschool, as she deemed her "too rough" with them. <mask> was educated at the Kammerer Middle School in Louisville. She did not enjoy her childhood due to hyperactivity and social anxiety, and considered herself a misfit among her peers. She has said that her anxieties vanished when performing on stage and that acting gave her a sense of accomplishment. Her school activities included cheerleading, softball, field hockey and basketball, which she played on a boys' team coached by her father. Growing up, <mask> was fond of horseback riding and frequently visited a local horse

masks:
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title: Jennifer Lawrence

texts:
 farm.She has an injured tailbone as a result of being thrown from a horse. When her father worked from home, she performed for him, often dressing up as a clown or ballerina. She had her first acting assignment at age nine, playing a prostitute in a church play based on the Book of Jonah. For the next few years she continued taking parts in church plays and school musicals. <mask> was 14 and on a family vacation in New York City when she was spotted on the street by a talent scout, who arranged for her to audition for talent agents. Her mother was not keen on her pursuing an acting career, but she briefly moved her family to New York to let <mask> read for roles. After her first cold reading, the agents said that hers was the best they had heard from someone so young; however, her mother convinced her that they were lying.<mask> said her early experiences were difficult because she felt lonely and friendless. She signed with CESD Talent Agency, which convinced her parents to let her audition for roles in Los Angeles. While her mother encouraged her to go into modeling, she insisted on pursuing acting, which she considered a "natural fit" for her abilities, and turned down several modeling offers. She dropped out of school at 14 without receiving a General Educational Development (GED) or diploma. She has described herself as "self-educated" and said that her career was her priority. Between her acting jobs in the city, she made regular visits to Louisville, where she was an assistant nurse at her mother's camp. Career

Early roles and breakthrough (2006–2010)

<mask> began her acting career with a minor role in the TV pilot Company Town (2006),

masks: Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence


title: Jennifer Lawrence

texts: which never aired and was never sold.She followed it with guest roles in several television shows, including Monk (2006) and Medium (2007). She received her first part as a series regular on the TBS sitcom The Bill Engvall Show, in which she played Lauren, the rebellious teenage daughter of a family living in suburban Louisville, Colorado. The series premiered in 2007 and ran for three seasons. Tom Shales of The Washington Post considered her a scene stealer in her part, and David Hinckley of the New York Daily News wrote that she was successful in "deliver[ing] the perpetual exasperation of teenage girls". <mask> won a Young Artist Award for Outstanding Young Performer in a TV Series for the role in 2009. <mask> made her film debut in the 2008 drama film Garden Party, in which she played a troubled teenager named Tiff. She then appeared in director Guillermo Arriaga's feature film debut The Burning Plain (2008), a drama narrated in a hyperlink format.She was cast as the teenage daughter of Kim Basinger's character, who discovers her mother's extramarital affair. She shared the role with Charlize Theron, who played the older version of her character. Mark Feeney of The Boston Globe described her role as "a thankless task", but Derek Elley of Variety praised her as the production's prime asset. Her performance earned her the Marcello Mastroianni Award for Best Emerging Actress at the 2008 Venice Film Festival. The same year, she appeared in the music video for the song "The Mess I Made" by Parachute. In 2008, she starred in Lori Petty's drama The Poker House as the oldest of three sisters living with a drug-abusing mother. Stephen Farber of The

masks: Lawrence Lawrence


title: Jennifer Lawrence

texts:
 Hollywood Reporter opined that <mask> "has a touching poise on camera that conveys the resilience of children".She won an Outstanding Performance Award at the Los Angeles Film Festival for her performance in the film. <mask>'s breakthrough role came in Debra Granik's independent drama Winter's Bone (2010), based on the novel of the same name by Daniel Woodrell. The film featured her as 17-year-old Ree Dolly, a poverty-stricken teenage girl in the Ozark Mountains who cares for her mentally ill mother and younger siblings while searching for her missing father. She traveled to the Ozarks a week before filming began to live with the family on whom the story was based, and in preparation for the role, she learned to fight, skin squirrels, and chop wood. David Denby of The New Yorker asserted that the film "would be unimaginable with anyone less charismatic", and Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote that "her performance is more than acting; it's a gathering storm. <mask>'s eyes are a roadmap to what's tearing Ree apart." The production won the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival.The actress was awarded the National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance, and received her first nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama and Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role as well as for the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, becoming the second-youngest Best Actress nominee at the time. Worldwide recognition (2011–2013)

In 2011, <mask> took on a supporting role in Like Crazy, a romantic drama about long-distance relationships,


title: Jennifer Lawrence

texts: starring Anton Yelchin and Felicity Jones. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times considered the film to be an "intensely wrought and immensely satisfying love story" and credited all three performers for "making their [characters'] yearning palpable". She then appeared again with Yelchin in Jodie Foster's The Beaver, alongside Foster and Mel Gibson. Filmed in 2009, the production was delayed due to controversy concerning Gibson and earned less than half of its $21 million budget. After her dramatic role in Winter's Bone, <mask> looked for something less serious, and found it with her first high-profile release—Matthew Vaughn's superhero film X-Men: First Class (2011)—a prequel to the X-Men film series. She portrayed the shapeshifting mutant Mystique, a role played by Rebecca Romijn in the earlier films.Vaughn cast <mask>, as he thought that she would be able to portray the weakness and strength involved in the character's transformation. For the part, <mask> lost weight and practiced yoga. For Mystique's blue form, she had to undergo eight hours of makeup, where latex pieces and body paint were applied to her otherwise nude body, as Romijn had done on the other films. This process required <mask> to report to set at 2 a.m. She was intimidated in the role as she admired Romijn. Writing for USA Today, Claudia Puig considered the film to be a "classy re-boot" of the film series, and believed that her "high-spirited performance" empowered the film. With worldwide earnings of $350 million, X-Men: First Class became <mask>'s highest-grossing film at that point. In 2012, <mask> starred as Katniss Everdeen in The Hunger Games, an adaptation of the first

masks: Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence


title: Jennifer Lawrence

texts: book in author Suzanne Collins' Hunger Games trilogy.Set in a post-apocalyptic future, the series tells the story of the teenage heroine Everdeen as she joins rebel forces against a totalitarian government after winning a brutal televised annual event. Despite being an admirer of the books, <mask> was initially hesitant to accept the part, because of the grand scale of the film. She agreed to the project after her mother convinced her to take the part. She practiced archery, rock and tree climbing, and hand-to-hand combat techniques, and other physically demanding activities for the role. While training for the part, she injured herself running into a wall. The Hunger Games garnered positive reviews, with <mask>'s portrayal of Everdeen being particularly praised; Roger Ebert described the film as "an effective entertainment," and found <mask> to be "strong and convincing in the central role." Similarly, Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter called her an "ideal screen actress", believing that she had embodied the Everdeen of the novel, and added that she "anchors [the film] with impressive gravity and presence".With worldwide revenues of over $690 million, The Hunger Games became a top-grossing film featuring a female lead, making <mask> the highest-grossing action heroine of all time. The film's success established her as a global star. Later in 2012, <mask> played Tiffany Maxwell, a young widow with an undisclosed mental disorder (probably intended to be borderline personality disorder), in David O. Russell's romantic comedy-drama Silver Linings Playbook. The film is an adaptation of Matthew Quick's novel of the same name, and follows her

masks: Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence


title: Jennifer Lawrence

texts: character as she finds companionship with Pat Solitano Jr. (played by Bradley Cooper), a man with bipolar disorder. <mask> was drawn to her character's complex personality, explaining, "She was just kind of this mysterious enigma to me because she didn't really fit any basic kind of character profile. Somebody who is very forceful and bullheaded is normally very insecure, but she isn't." While Russell initially found her too young for the part, she convinced him to cast her via a Skype audition.She found herself challenged by Russell's spontaneity as a director, and described working on the project as the "best experience of [her] life". Richard Corliss of Time magazine wrote: "Just 21 when the movie was shot, <mask> is that rare young actress who plays, who is, grown-up. Sullen and sultry, she lends a mature intelligence to any role." Peter Travers opined that <mask> "is some kind of miracle. She's rude, dirty, funny, foulmouthed, sloppy, sexy, vibrant, and vulnerable, sometimes all in the same scene, even in the same breath." She won the Golden Globe, Screen Actors Guild Award and the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her performance, becoming—at age 22—the second-youngest Best Actress winner. Her final film of the year was alongside Max Thieriot and Elisabeth Shue in Mark Tonderai's critically panned thriller House at the End of the Street.In January 2013, <mask> hosted an episode of the NBC late-night sketch comedy Saturday Night Live. The Devil You Know, a small-scale production that she had filmed for in 2005, was her first release of 2013. She then reprised the role of Everdeen in The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, the


title: Jennifer Lawrence

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 second installment in the Hunger Games series. While performing the film's underwater stunts, <mask> suffered from an ear infection that resulted in a brief loss of hearing. Writing for The Village Voice, Stephanie Zacharek believed that the actress' portrayal of Everdeen made her an ideal role model, stating that "there's no sanctimony or pretense of false modesty in the way <mask> plays her." With box office earnings of $865 million, Catching Fire remains her highest-grossing film to date. In the same year, <mask> took on a supporting role in David O. Russell's ensemble black comedy crime American Hustle as Rosalyn Rosenfeld, the neurotic wife of con man Irving Rosenfeld (played by Christian Bale).Inspired by the FBI's Abscam sting operation, the film is set against the backdrop of political corruption in 1970s New Jersey. She did little research for the role, and based her performance on knowledge of the era from films and television shows she had watched. Geoffrey Macnab of The Independent found <mask> to be "brilliant", "funny and acerbic" in her part, and highlighted an improvised scene in which she aggressively kisses her husband's mistress (played by Amy Adams) on the lips. For her performance, she won the Golden Globe and BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actress, and received her third Screen Actors Guild Award and Academy Award nominations, her first in the supporting category. This made her the youngest actor to accrue three Oscar nominations. Continued success and subsequent career fluctuations (2014–present)

<mask> played Serena Pemberton in Susanne Bier's depression-era drama Serena (2014), based on the novel of the same name by Ron


title: Jennifer Lawrence

texts: Rash. In the film, she and her husband George (played by Bradley Cooper) become involved in criminal activities after realizing that they cannot bear children.The project was filmed in 2012, and was released in 2014 to poor reviews. <mask> then reprised the role of Mystique in X-Men: Days of Future Past, which served as a sequel to both X-Men: The Last Stand (2006) and X-Men: First Class (2011). The film received positive reviews and grossed $748.1 million worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing film in the X-Men series to that point. Justin Chang of Variety praised her look in the film but thought she had little to do but "glower, snarl and let the f/x artists do their thing". <mask>'s next two releases were the final installments of The Hunger Games film series, Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014) and Part 2 (2015). For the soundtrack of the former film, she recorded the song "The Hanging Tree", which charted on multiple international singles charts. In a review of the final installment in the series, Manohla Dargis of The New York Times drew similarities between Everdeen's journey as a rebel leader and <mask>'s rise to stardom, stating that the actress "now inhabits the role as effortlessly as breathing, partly because, like all great stars, she seems to be playing a version of her 'real' self."Both films grossed over $650 million worldwide. <mask> worked with David O. Russell for the third time on the biopic Joy (2015), in which she played the eponymous character, a troubled single mother who becomes a successful businesswoman after inventing the Miracle Mop. During production in Boston, the press reported on a disagreement between <mask> and Russell


title: Jennifer Lawrence

texts: that resulted in a "screaming match". She said their friendship made it easier for them to disagree, because people fight when they really love each other. The film was not as well-received as their previous collaborations, but <mask>'s performance was unanimously praised; critic Richard Roeper found it to be her best work since Winter's Bone, terming it "a wonderfully layered performance that carries the film through its rough spots and sometime dubious detours." She won her third Golden Globe for it, and was nominated for another Academy Award for Best Actress, becoming the youngest actor in history to accrue four Oscar nominations. <mask> began 2016 by providing the narration for A Beautiful Planet, a documentary film that explores Earth from the International Space Station.She played Mystique for the third time in X-Men: Apocalypse (2016). The film received mixed reviews, with a consensus that it was overfilled with action that detracted from the story's themes and the cast's performances. Helen O'Hara of Empire deemed it a letdown from the previous installments of the series and criticized <mask> for making her character too grim. Despite this, she was awarded Favorite Movie Actress at the 43rd People's Choice Awards. <mask> was paid $20 million to star in the science fiction romance Passengers (2016), and received top billing over co-star Chris Pratt. The film featured Pratt and <mask> as two individuals who wake up ninety years too soon from an induced hibernation on a spaceship bound for a new planet. She felt nervous performing her first sex scene and kissing a married man (Pratt) onscreen; she drank alcohol to prepare herself for


title: Jennifer Lawrence

texts: filming those scenes.Passengers was met with underwhelming reviews, much to the surprise of its cast and crew, but <mask> defended the film by calling it a "tainted, complicated love story." Darren Aronofsky's psychological horror film mother! was <mask>'s sole release of 2017. She played a young wife who experiences trauma when her home is invaded by unexpected guests. <mask> spent three months rehearsing the film in a warehouse in Brooklyn, despite her reluctance to rehearsals in her previous assignments. The intense role proved grueling for her; she was put on supplemental oxygen when she hyperventilated one day, and also dislocated a rib. Mother!polarized audiences and prompted mass walkouts. The film was better received by critics; Walter Addiego of the San Francisco Chronicle labeled it "assaultive" and a "deliberate test of audience endurance", and credited <mask> for "never allow[ing] herself to be reduced simply to a howling victim." The following year, she starred as Dominika Egorova, a Russian spy who makes contact with a mysterious CIA agent (played by Joel Edgerton), in <mask>'s espionage thriller Red Sparrow, based on Jason Matthews' novel of the same name. In preparation for the part, she learned to speak in a Russian accent and trained in ballet for four months. Having been the victim of a nude photo hack, the actress found herself challenged by the sexuality in her role but said that performing the nude scenes made her feel empowered. Eric Kohn of IndieWire disliked the film's denouement, but praised the performances of <mask> and Charlotte Rampling, remarking that "the considerable talent on display is [the film's] constant

masks:
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title: Jennifer Lawrence

texts:
 saving grace." In 2019, <mask> made her fourth and final appearance as Mystique, in the superhero film Dark Phoenix, which emerged as a critical and box-office failure.Following roles in a series of critical disappointments, <mask> took a break from acting. She felt unsatisfied with her films, wanted to avoid constant scrutiny by the media, and focused on domestic activities during this period. Wanting to work with director Adam McKay since she was 19, <mask> returned to film in 2021 in his black comedy Don't Look Up for Netflix for a reported salary of $25 million. The film, a "slapstick apocalypse", had her and costar Leonardo DiCaprio play two astronomers attempting to warn humanity about an extinction-level astroid. For the role, <mask> received a red dye job and an undercut; in an interview with Vogue, she said that she extensively researched the typical look of aspiring astrophysicists. Reviews for the film were mixed, but critics were unanimous in their praise for the performances of <mask> and DiCaprio, who were described as "powerhouse" by Ian Sandwell of Digital Spy and "a delight to watch" by Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV. <mask> earned a fifth Golden Globe nomination for the film.With streams of more than 152 million hours in a week, the film broke the record for the biggest week of views in Netflix history. Upcoming projects
<mask> will next produce and star in Lila Neugebauer's independent drama Red, White and Water which will be distributed by A24. She will portray the mafia informant Arlyne Brickman and Hollywood talent agent Sue Mengers in Paolo Sorrentino's film adaptation  of Teresa Carpenter's book Mob Girl and untitled biopic,

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title: Jennifer Lawrence

texts:
 respectively. <mask> will additionally star in and produce Luca Guadagnino's film adaptation of the novel Burial Rites, about the last woman to be executed for murder in Iceland. She will also star in the comedy film No Hard Feelings, co-written and directed by Gene Stupnitsky and distributed by Sony Pictures. <mask> is also set to play Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes in the biographical drama film Bad Blood, written and directed by Adam McKay, based on the 2018 book Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Start Up by John Carreyrou. Artistry and public image
In 2012, the review website IndieWire described <mask>'s off-screen persona as "down-to-earth, self-deprecating, unaffected".Adam McKay, who directed <mask> in Don't Look Up, considered her "a strong, funny truth-teller" woman. "No one has more beautiful anger than Jen", Mckay said, "When she unleashes, it is a sight to behold." An IGN writer described her as a "sharp", "funny" and "quirky" actress who liked to "stay grounded" despite her considerable success. <mask> has said she finds acting "stupid" in comparison to life-saving professions like doctors, and therefore does not believe in being "cocky" about her accomplishments. In 2012, Rolling Stone called <mask> "the most talented young actress in America". Her The Hunger Games co-star Donald Sutherland find her an "exquisite and brilliant actor", and favorably compared her craft to that of Laurence Olivier. David O. Russell, who directed <mask> in Silver Linings Playbook, American Hustle and Joy, has praised her effortless acting that makes her performances look easy.She has played roles in both high-profile, mainstream productions


title: Jennifer Lawrence

texts: and low-budget independent films, and appeared in a range of film genres. She did not study acting and has not been involved in professional theater. She has said she bases her acting approach on her observations of people around her. She said in 2010 that she did not "invest any of [her] real emotions" or take home any of her characters' pain. She went on to say that "I don't even take it to craft services" and has never shared her characters' experiences, relying instead on her imagination: "I can't go around looking for roles that are exactly like my life… If it ever came down to the point where, to make a part better, I had to lose a little bit of my sanity, I wouldn't do it. I would just do comedies." <mask> has become one of the world's highest-paid actresses.The Daily Telegraph reported in 2014 that she was earning $10 million per film. In 2013, Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world, Elle labeled her the most powerful woman in the entertainment business, and Forbes ranked her as the second most powerful actress, behind only Angelina Jolie. In 2014, Forbes named her the second-highest-paid actress in the world with earnings of $34 million, and cited her as the most powerful actress, ranking at number 12 on the magazine's Celebrity 100 list; she appeared on the list again in 2015 and 2016. In 2015, <mask> was named "Entertainer of the Year" by Entertainment Weekly—a title she also won in 2012—and was recognized as the highest-grossing action heroine in Guinness World Records for starring in the Hunger Games series. In 2015 and 2016, Forbes ranked her as the world's highest-paid actress, with annual


title: Jennifer Lawrence

texts:
 earnings of $52 million and $46 million, respectively. In the following two years, it ranked her as the world's third and fourth highest-paid actress, with respective earnings of $24 million and $18 million. The Hollywood Reporter listed <mask> among the 100 most powerful people in entertainment from 2016 to 2018. , her films have grossed over $6 billion worldwide.<mask> appeared on Victoria's Secret's listing of the "Sexiest Up-and-Coming Bombshell" in 2011, Peoples Most Beautiful People in 2011 and 2013, Maxims Hot 100 from 2011 to 2014, and was placed at number one on FHMs 100 Sexiest Women list in 2014. From 2013 to 2015, she was featured on Glamours annual listing of the best dressed women, topping the list in 2014. During Raf Simons's tenure at Dior, <mask> became a celebrity ambassador for the brand, appearing in advertisement campaigns for its fashion and perfumes. She frequently wears Dior to red carpet events such as film premieres and award ceremonies. She wore a custom Dior bridal gown on her wedding day. Other ventures

<mask> identifies as a feminist, a concept she argues should not intimidate people "because it just means equality". She has promoted body positivity among women.In 2015, she wrote an essay for Lenny Letter criticizing the gender pay gap in Hollywood, describing her own experiences in the industry, such as the lesser pay she received for her work on American Hustle in comparison to her male co-stars. In a 2015 interview with Vogue, she condemned Kentucky county clerk Kim Davis for her opposition to same-sex marriage. <mask> was raised a Republican and voted for John McCain in the 2008 presidential election, but has


title: Jennifer Lawrence

texts: since been critical of the party. <mask> strongly opposed Donald Trump's presidency, stating in 2015 that his election would "be the end of the world". She endorsed Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election. <mask> joined the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 2011. She has lent her support to several charitable organizations, such as the World Food Programme, Feeding America, and the Thirst Project.Along with her The Hunger Games co-stars Josh Hutcherson and Liam Hemsworth, she partnered with the United Nations to publicize poverty and hunger. She organized an early screening of The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013) to benefit Saint Mary's Center, a disabilities organization in Louisville, and raised more than $40,000 for the cause. She partnered with the charity broadcast network Chideo to raise funds for the 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games by screening her film Serena (2014). She also collaborated with Omaze to host a fundraising contest for the games as part of the premiere of The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014). In 2015, <mask> teamed with Hutcherson and Hemsworth for Prank It FWD, a charitable initiative to raise money for the nonprofit organization DoSomething. That year, she also launched the Jennifer Lawrence Foundation, which supports charities such as the Boys & Girls Clubs of America and the Special Olympics. In 2016, she donated $2 million to the Kosair Children's Hospital in Louisville to set up a cardiac intensive care unit named after her foundation.She is a board member of RepresentUs, a nonprofit seeking to pass anti-corruption laws in the United States. In 2018, she collaborated with 300 women

masks: Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence