title: Richard Haking

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 December 1914 he was promoted to command the 1st Division from 21 December 1914, with the rank of major-general. His division took part in the Battle of Aubers Ridge (also known as the first Battle of Fromelles) in May 1915, where the three attacking divisions suffered a total of 11,600 casualties and where he argued for further attacks despite the clear failure of the first assault. His attacking brigades lost over 50% of their fighting strength in little over an hour. He was not blamed for what Simpson describes as the "flawed artillery plan and lack of artillery support" at Aubers Ridge. With the BEF expanding massively in size, <mask> was one of the divisional commanders (he was fourth in order of seniority after Thomas Morland, Henry Horne and Hubert Gough) whom Haig recommended to the Prime Minister, H. H. Asquith, on 8 July 1915 as suitable for command of corps and armies in due course, although only Horne and Gough attained the latter level of command. Western Front: Loos
On 1 September Haig recommended <mask>, as a known "thruster", for command of XI Corps, part of First Army.The promotion was not confirmed until 4 September as Sir John French, Commander-in-Chief BEF, was ill. <mask> would hold this command until the end of the war. Preparations and First Day
<mask>'s corps took part as a reserve in the Battle of Loos in September 1915. He later told the Official Historian, James Edward Edmonds, that he had thought Haig wanted XI Corps to fill the gap between Hubert Gough's I Corps and Henry Rawlinson's IV Corps in the offensive, not act as a reserve at all. Before the battle <mask> spoke to the men of 2nd Guards Brigade. One observer recorded that he "spoke very confidently, comparing the German line to the crust of a pie, behind which, once broken, he said, there is not much resistance to be expected. He ended up by saying "I don’t tell you this to cheer you up. I tell it you because I really believe it".He assured his commanders that there would be no German


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 resistance once their line had been broken (letter of Lt-Col Rowland Feilding to his wife, 16 September 1915). Although "everyone was too optimistic", <mask>'s promises to Regimental officers that there would be "very little opposition" were "altogether misleading" and a "most regrettable travesty of the real facts" (testimony of various colonels to the Official Historian in the mid-1920s). XI Corps were committed to battle (21st and 24th Division, both New Army formations, but not the Guards Division which was to be held back at first), tired and hungry after an overnight march to conceal their presence from the enemy, at 2.30pm on 25 September, the first day of the battle. Second Day
GHQ released the Guards Division to First Army control at 1.45pm on 26 September, and it spent the day marching up to the front. <mask> was ordered (at 11.30pm) to submit plans for it to attack the next day. The next day Haig wanted to call off the attack, but <mask> felt it would not be possible to do so in time. <mask> also lifted the artillery barrage off the German front positions to bombard more distant targets at 3pm, an hour before the attack was due to begin – Rawlinson, who visited him at 10am, thought this a bad idea, but kept his doubts to himself.Under pressure from Haig, XI Corps issued orders to 3 Guards Brigade that they were not to attack unless 2 Guards Brigade had already been successful, but these orders were not issued until the former had already left their trenches. XI Corps suffered another 8,000 casualties on the second day. Lloyd agrees with Prior & Wilson that the blame for the decision to continue the attack on the second day lies with Haig, although he points out that <mask> took his men forward without any doubts. Lloyd argues that Haking "proved unequal to the task" of welding XI Corps into a fighting formation. Poor relations between staff "do not reflect well on his managerial skills". Although <mask> was not personally responsible for the attacks on 25 and

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title: Richard Haking

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 26 September, he offered no dissent to Haig's plans and his subsequent plans shared Haig's underestimation of the enemy and "traditional" view of artillery (i.e. that it was an adjunct to the infantry attack, rather than grasping the importance of concentrated artillery fire in making such an attack possible).Ousting of Sir John French
The late release of <mask>'s XI Corps on the first day was thought – supposedly – to have thrown away a chance of breakthrough and decisive victory. French blamed poor First Army staffwork and traffic control, whilst Haig alleged that French had released the reserve too late. On the day itself Rawlinson had telephoned <mask> at 12.20pm urging him to get the reserves forward, and wrote on the telephone log that <mask> reported "traffic" difficulties. In a letter of 10 October <mask> blamed difficulties as his divisions moved through the administration areas of I Corps and IV Corps. However, <mask> later – after a meeting with Haig – claimed that this had been based on "memory of verbal statements made to (him)" by the commanders of 21st and 24th Divisions on the night of 25 September. He now wrote that "the most careful arrangements were made by First Army to ensure that the roads were kept clear". He then blamed "indifferent march discipline" (Haig was blaming the delay on "bad march discipline" – almost exactly the same phrase).In the final paragraph of his report he wrote that "there is none to blame except GHQ and they know it". Lloyd writes "it is hard to avoid the conclusion that Haking was deliberately falsifying or "cooking" his evidence to make it more palatable to (Haig)". Haig’s and <mask>’s slur was bitterly resented by a number of officers who later testified to the Official Historian in the 1920s about traffic congestion and poor direction by the Military Police. <mask> was also one of those who criticised French's deployment of the reserve to King George V when the King visited the front in October, as part of the moves which

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 led to French's enforced resignation. In Simpson’s view Loos was a "disaster" but "<mask> escaped censure on this occasion … he was … quick to back Haig in the subsequent intrigues against French, and after Haig became commander-in-chief the security of <mask>’s position was not in doubt". Subsequent attacks
A subsequent attack ensued on 13 October. In some respects, writes Lloyd, this was better-planned than what had gone before.<mask> insisted that the attacking brigades be given precise orders as to their objectives, and the direction and timing of their advance. Care was taken to see that troops were supplied with grenades, that they took machine guns forward with them, and that they kept communications trenches clear. 18-pounder guns were to be kept in the front line to give covering fire as the men went over the top, a tactic used at the Battle of Festubert earlier in the year, whilst at a First Army conference on 6 October it was agreed that XI Corps would be supported by "every available gun" and by smoke over a wide front (i.e. forcing the Germans to disperse their own fire). Attempts were also made to assimilate tactical lessons from recent assaults and in some divisions to train on scale models. On 10 and 12 October, divisional artillery concentrated on wire cutting whilst heavier guns concentrated on destroying enemy strongpoints. <mask> persuaded himself that the enemy were "shaken and disorganised" ("little more than wishful thinking" in Lloyd's view) and that enough artillery and gas was now available to win a decisive victory (in the event the bombardment did little damage to the German positions).Once again <mask> gave a series of highly optimistic speeches to the attacking brigades. However, on the day of the attack, and apparently at <mask>'s insistence, the heavy guns were again "lifted" from the German front line an hour before the 2pm attack, leaving them to be bombarded only by shrapnel – a tactic used by the Guards Brigade earlier in the battle.


title: Richard Haking

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 <mask> ignored advice from Haig (on the telephone on 28 September) to suggest that this had been a bad idea, although in accordance with Army doctrine at the time Haig once again delegated the decision to <mask> as the "man on the spot". <mask> appears to have thought that High Explosive fire might disperse British gas (although gas was, this time, being used as an adjunct to the attack rather than a decisive weapon in itself), but he also wanted to give the Germans "a chance to run away". Stuart-Wortley, GOC 46th Division, was under <mask>'s command for the attack. He later complained that he and his troops had been "hurried into the trenches" with barely enough time "to become acquainted with the actual position". <mask> overruled his wish to launch a careful step-by-step attack, telling him that he would "reach Fosse 8 without firing a shot".In Lloyd's description <mask> was "seriously misleading the troops under his command" or else "simply ignorant". The attack went so badly that Lt-Col J. C. Wedgwood MP sent a report to the Prime Minister. After Loos
The future Air Vice Marshal Philip Game, then serving as GSO1 to 46th Division, wrote frequently in letters to his wife (10, 11, 24 November, 8, 10, 20 December 1915) of how Haking interfered frequently with his planning. Game described Haking as "a vindictive bully" and "really impossible, untruthful, a bully and not to be trusted" (letters of December 1915 and April 1916). In May 1916 <mask> complained that a unit had "dirt on their clothes" – they had in fact just come out of the trenches. <mask> claimed in May 1916 that no division could be considered a fighting unit until they had carried out a successful trench raid. In John Bourne's view "Haking had already begun to achieve a reputation as something of a loose cannon … he did more than anyone in the BEF to encourage trench raids and "the spirit of the bayonet"".<mask> launched what John Bourne describes as "an unnecessary and unsuccessful attack" against a German

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 position called the Boar's Head (19–30 June 1916). Western Front: Fromelles

Planning
Haking suggested a First Army attack towards Fromelles, not towards Lille as originally planned. Bourne writes: "that (Fromelles) took place at all owed most to the ambition and willingness of <mask> to carry it out, and his unshakeable confidence that it would work. Fromelles is difficult to justify as the point for an attack, even a feint attack" as it was flat ground, broken up by water obstacles, and overlooked by Aubers Ridge. Fromelles lay near the boundary of Second and First Armies, opening the possibility of participation by Second Army, whose GOC Plumer was reluctant to mount a diversionary attack at Ypres or Messines. <mask>'s plan did not take into account the earlier failure on the same ground in May 1915. Haking "was most optimistic" about the upcoming Somme offensive (Millward War Diary, 22 June 1916).At a conference of his corps commanders (8 July) Monro (GOC First Army) said that the Battle of the Somme was progressing "favourably", but ordered <mask> to prepare a plan on the assumption that he was to be assisted by a division of Second Army and some extra artillery (on the same day 4th Australian Division was ordered south to the Somme but instructed to leave behind its artillery). <mask> presented a scheme to Monro (9 July) for a two-division attack over a front of 4,200 yards, aiming to capture part of Aubers-Fromelles Ridge, which lay a mile or so behind the German line. Monro initially rejected this plan in favour of a Canadian attack at Vimy Ridge, but after pressure from GHQ – caused by the movement of German reserves from Lille to the Somme sector – informed <mask> (13 July) that it was to go ahead. That day <mask>'s plan was approved at a conference at Choques, attended by Maj-Gen Butler (Deputy Chief of Staff, BEF) with Major Howard in attendance, Maj-Gen Barrow (Chief of Staff First Army) and Maj-Gen Harington (Chief of Staff Second Army). Plumer (GOC Second


title: Richard Haking

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 Army) also approved the plan at another meeting that day, and at another subsequent meeting, and it was agreed that the bombardment – by the equivalent of five or six division's worth of artillery – should start on 14 July, with a view to an attack on 17 July to capture and hold the German first line. <mask> now learned that Second Army were only allocating him the equivalent of two divisions' worth of artillery (that of 4th and 5th Australian Divisions), not three as promised. <mask> was also concerned at the shortage of ammunition and the inexperience of the Australian gunners.He therefore reduced the planned width of the attack to around 3,500 yards, apparently in the belief that he had sufficient artillery to cover this effectively. General Walker refused to let 1st Australian Division take part in Fromelles, for which insubordination he would most likely have been relieved had he been commanding British troops. Instead the 5th Australian Division under J. W. McCay took part – the division was inexperienced and had only been in France a short time. The attack was overlooked by a German fortification called the Sugar Loaf. Butler reiterated Haig's conditions that sufficient guns and ammunition for counter-battery work be available at a meeting with <mask>, Monro, Plumer, Barrow and Harington on 16 July, and at the meeting pointed out that intelligence reports of the movement of German reserves meant that the attack was no longer so urgently required. <mask> was, however, "most emphatic" that the troops were "worked up … ready and anxious" to attack and that a delay would be poor for morale. Butler again reiterated Haig's concerns in a memo (17 July).Preparation
<mask> told his divisional commanders (at a conference on the afternoon of 16 July) that he wanted to avoid a repetition of what had happened on the Somme on 1 July, when the Germans had had time to man their parapets before the British crossed No Man's Land. The artillery was to stay "on, not over" the German

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 positions until the infantry attacked (although he thought that the bombardment over a relatively narrow frontage would "reduce the defenders to a state of collapse before the assault"), and that the infantry were to be deployed in No Man's Land ready to "rush forward together" when the signal was given. <mask> issued a letter "to be read to all troops", although he "trust(ed) them not to disclose it to anyone". The letter gave details of the artillery bombardment, including plans for a feint – deepening of the range of the bombardment and "show(ing of) bayonets over the parapet" – to tempt the Germans from their front-line dugouts so that they could then be shelled again – and also disclosed that the objective was to be limited to the German first line. The plan was thus well known, even to "the Mademoiselles" behind the British lines, although in practice the Germans, holding the high ground, could see enough of the British lines to guess that an attack was coming. In the event the attack was postponed because of rain (which made it hard for artillery to register targets). <mask> opened his advanced corps HQ at Sailly at 6am on 17 July – a sign that he did not expect the attack to be postponed for long, let alone cancelled.At 8.30am he sent a despatch in which, contradicting the assurances he had given, he admitted that many of the Australian gunners had never fired on the Western Front before, and that many of the infantry were "not fully trained" and "do not appear to be very anxious for the attack to be delivered". Eventually the start times (11am for artillery, 6pm for the infantry attack) were fixed for 19 July. Although only the German front line was the target, plans were being discussed for further advances, possibly by night, in the event of complete success being achieved. Initial attack
A "surprise" attack was launched after an 11-hour bombardment, at 6pm on 19 July. He launched an attack by two divisions (61st British Division – consisted of 182nd, 183rd and

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 184th Brigades under the command of Major-General Colin Mackenzie – and 5th Australian Division) which cost 7,000 casualties. 18th and 14th Australian brigades managed to cross No Mans Land, but then suffered greater casualties in the retreat than in the original attack. 15th and 184th Australian brigades suffered severe casualties crossing No Mans Land for no result.Controversy over plans to renew the attack
A further attack at 9pm was cancelled by 61st Division, but one Australian battalion attacked alone and suffered severe casualties. This earned the undying disgust of the commander of the Australian 15th Brigade, Brigadier-General Harold 'Pompey' Elliott, who had seen 80% of his two assaulting battalions killed, wounded or captured by night-fall. The truth appears to be slightly more complicated. <mask>, in possession of incomplete information, initially ordered a renewal of the attack the next day. Having received fresh information about the three brigades of 61st Div. at 8.20pm he ordered the 9pm attack to be abandoned and that 183 and 184 brigades return to or remain in their own front line. The 5th Australian Division was ordered to consolidate its gains, ready to assist another attack by 61st Division the following morning, whilst McCay was ordered not to reinforce Elliott's 15th Brigade but rather to withdraw any survivors of the initial assault.These orders were then confirmed again by XI Corps HQ just after 9pm. Pompey Elliott received orders, time stamped 9.25pm, telling him that he might withdraw 59th Battalion if he thought its attack unlikely to succeed. Elliott later claimed in his notes on the battle that McCay had only learned at 8.35pm, from 61st Division, that the latter's attack had been cancelled, too late to stop 58th Battalion going forward, and that the blame therefore lay with Haking. Paul Cobb puts the blame with McCay and his staff for not processing Haking's orders quickly enough. Whilst 58th Australian Battalion were attacking, <mask>


title: Richard Haking

texts: changed his mind again on the basis of fresh information: McCay informed him that 8th and 14th Brigades were holding their positions in the German lines, whilst an RFC plane had misinterpreted flares, probably let off by Germans, as indicating the presence of BEF troops. At 10pm Haking's chief of staff, Brigadier-General W.H. Anderson, met with McCay and his chief of staff Lt-Col Wagstaff.<mask> now ordered British 184th Brigade to attack the Sugar Loaf at 3am to assist the Australians, whilst McCay was authorised to reinforce his forward positions. McCay had information about 8th and 14th Brigades, but sent a message (10.30pm) to Elliott's brigade asking for an update. Elliott was himself none the wiser – he knew that 60th Battalion were trying to hold their position in the German lines, but as yet had no information about 58th Battalion attack, and replied (at 11.30pm) that although he was concerned about German machine gun fire he was willing to make another attempt on the Sugar Loaf provided he was reinforced by 57th Battalion. An hour later Elliott learned of the failure of 58th Battalion attack, and notified McCay at once. Haking then cancelled the night attack at 12.10am after learning that 61st Division had suffered too many casualties already and that trenches were blocked with wounded men. A 5am conference was held at Sailly, with Monro, Mackenzie, McCay and Barrow. During the meeting an up-to-date report was received from 5th Australian Division HQ, and Monro and <mask> ordered that 14th Brigade was to be withdrawn from the German front line rather than reinforced.<mask> regarded the battle as over on 2pm on 20 July, when 5th Australian Division returned to the command of II ANZAC Corps. His advance Corps HQ at Sailly closed down an hour later. Monro and <mask> concurred with McCay's veto of a proposal (21 July) that an informal local truce be negotiated in the Australian sector to allow the wounded to be collected, although this was in accordance with official

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 GHQ policy at the time. Reports and recriminations
Four days after the battle, <mask>'s four-page report accompanied Mackenzie's paper to First Army Headquarters. He wrote that 61st Division was "not sufficiently imbued with the offensive spirit to go in like one man at the appointed time". He conceded that the Australian Division had "attacked in the most gallant manner and gained the enemy’s position" but added that they "were not sufficiently trained to consolidate the ground gained", a phrase which caused angst in the Australian press and was quoted by C. E. W. Bean in the Australian Official History. He claimed that "The artillery preparation was adequate.There were sufficient guns and sufficient ammunition" and that "the wire was properly cut and the assaulting Battalions had a clear run into the enemy’s trenches", omitting to mention that on 17 July he had mentioned that some gunners had never before fired on the Western Front, and that many of the casualties resulted from machine guns fired from positions that the bombardment had failed to suppress. He claimed that "the lessons to be learnt from the attack apply more to the Divisions which took part than to ordinary trained Divisions" ... "the attack, though it failed, ha(d) done both divisions a great deal of good" ... and that "with two trained Divisions the position would have been a gift after the artillery bombardment; with these two new Divisions there was a good chance of success but they did not quite attain it", omitting to mention that he had had a good Division (the 1st) in May 1915. He also wrote that "the attack … has done both Divisions a great deal of good" and also listed the chronology of dates and postponements, claiming that he had been "directed to attack". An intelligence report of 14 August wrote that no withdrawals of German troops had taken place from the Fromelles sector. Corrigan stresses that the battle "did prevent the Germans from shifting reserves south to the Somme battlefield, and


title: Richard Haking

texts: cannot be said to have been without point". By 26 July <mask> had received McCay's report and was more generous in his praise of the Australians, although he blamed 61st Division for failing to take the Sugar Loaf. Wilson (diary 30 July 1916) described Fromelles at the time as "a botch job".Captain Philip Landon testified to Edmonds in 1938 that it had been "as good an illustration as there was of the reckless extravagance in expenditure of life (italics in original) which ruled the minds of some of the subordinate commanders, like <mask>, at this stage of the war" ... "the weakness of GHQ lay in not seeing that a Corps Commander, left to himself, would also be tempted to win glory for his Corps by spectacular success, and would be prodigal in using the Divisions which passed through his hands for this purpose". Colonel E. R. Clayton later testified to Edmonds that Haking's "undue optimism was one of the direct causes of failure" of the attack at Fromelles. In the Official History Wilfrid Miles later wrote scathingly of the lack of preparation and the pointlessness of an attack by inexperienced troops, to seize a position which they could not possibly have held against counterattacks, and blames First Army for not cancelling the operation. Harold Elliott later (in 1930) criticised Haking for exaggerating the amount of artillery that would be available, and for attacking without surprise. He exonerated McCay and argued that <mask>, after Major Howard's report (which Haig had annotated to permit the attack only on condition that sufficient guns and ammunition were available) had persuaded Monro, who in turn persuaded Butler, and that Haking had been keen to win glory for himself. He also stressed how Haking had ignored suggestions from Monro that the attack be postponed because of the rain, and was scornful of <mask>'s after-battle report. Andy Simpson writes that Fromelles was "a costly failure" but "although the Australian Official Historian blamed Haking for the affair,

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 fault also lay with the First Army and the 5th Australian Division itself".Passed over for army command

Sheffield describes <mask> as acquiring a reputation as a "butcher" and an organiser of pointless "stunts". <mask> was one of the few First World War generals to have gained this label while the fighting was still taking place rather than after the war ended. However, it has also been claimed that he acquired the nickname amongst Australian troops from his propensity for ordering trench raids, and that "it is not even known how pejorative the appellation really was" given that amongst Australians " "bastard" is almost a term of affection"

His promotions may have resulted from Haig's patronage, but later attempts by Haig to obtain an Army command for him were unsuccessful. Monro (3 August 1916) recommended <mask> as his successor as GOC First Army. When it became known that <mask> was the front-runner, Wilson – who had been acting Army Commander earlier in the year and who was also considered for the promotion this time – wrote (5 August) "it only shows how hopelessly out of touch GHQ is with what we all think of Haking". Haig placed <mask> Robertson (10 August) said that the War Committee vetoed <mask>'s promotion.The command went instead to Horne. The affair may have caused a curtailing of Haig's powers to make senior appointments. <mask> believed that the Germans on the Somme were "very tired, confused & rather demoralised" and "in a bad way" (Wilson diary 29 August 1916). <mask> and his XI Corps took no part in the Somme, which Simpson argues "does not argue for much faith in <mask>’s competence … at general headquarters". <mask> was honoured with the Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in 1916. Later war
Liddell Hart later claimed that <mask> had reported Broadwood (57th Division) in early 1917 for "lack of fighting spirit". <mask> protested to Horne (GOC First Army) on 18 March 1917 about how he was expected to hold a four-division stretch of front

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title: Richard Haking

texts: with two divisions, putting too much strain on the units involved.Horne met with him personally to discuss his concerns. After being sent to reinforce the Italian Front following the disastrous Battle of Caporetto from November 1917 to March 1918, XI Corps was returned to the Western Front and was stationed at Béthune. It was almost immediately engaged by the assault in the German spring offensive of that year. Overall, the Corps protected the Channel ports, although some sections of the Corps were all but destroyed by the German "Georgette" Offensive. In particular the 2nd Portuguese Division suffered 7,000 casualties and 300 officers (out of a divisional strength of 20,000) in the Battle of Estaires. <mask> and his Corps "did well" in the halting of this offensive. <mask> was not a believer in "defence in depth", but Andy Simpson argues that this was not necessarily a bad thing, as 55th (West Lancashire) Division under his command – fresh troops holding old fortifications – were able to hold their positions and even establish a defensive flank despite the rout of the Portuguese division to their south.Lloyd George told the War Cabinet (11 April) that the Liberal War Committee (a committee of backbench MPs) had made "very serious protests" to him that afternoon against the retention of "incompetent" officers like Gough (who had just been sacked after his Fifth Army had borne the brunt of the German March Offensive) and Haking. Unlike Gough, <mask> retained his command. General Gomes da Costa later wrote (in O corpo de exercito portugues na Grande Guerra: A batalha do Lys) of "the esteem in which I held General <mask> … who always showed himself through his knowledge of the Portuguese language, extremely intelligent and clever, a fine soldier and a loyal friend". <mask> conducted a successful attack at La Bassee in June 1918. Simpson writes that his "performance continued to be far more convincing than earlier in the war". On 17 October 1918 his corps entered the line as


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 part of Birdwood's Fifth Army. Corrigan writes that that autumn <mask> "earned a high reputation in the British Offensive which ended the war" whilst Simpson writes that "(h)is promise before the First World War was never realised during it, but he undoubtedly showed far more skill with the soldiers of 1918 than with those under his command in 1915–16".<mask> was honoured with the Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1918. Post-war

After the war, in Corrigan's view, "his ... career was distinguished": he became chief of the British section of the Armistice Commission in 1918–1919, commander of the British military mission to Russia and the Baltic Provinces in 1919 and commander of Allied troops in the plebiscite area of East Prussia and Danzig in 1920, before becoming High Commissioner to the League of Nations in Danzig in 1921–1923. <mask> was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) in the 1921 New Year Honours. He became General Officer Commanding the British Troops in Egypt 1923–1927 and was promoted to full general in 1925. He retired in 1927. <mask> died of secondary colon cancer at Old Mill Cottage, Bulford, Wilts, on 9 June 1945. The funeral took place at Bulford on 12 June 1945, with military honours.His wealth at death was £5,579 12s 1d (around £200,000 at 2016 prices) as of 26 November 1945. Notes

References

Sources

External links

 Biography

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1862 births
1945 deaths
People from Halifax, West Yorkshire
Royal Hampshire Regiment officers
British Army generals of World War I
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Burmese War
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
British Army generals
Academics of the Staff College, Camberley
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Military


title: Laurel J. Brinton

texts:
<mask><mask> (born 1953) is an American-born Canadian linguist. Her research explores areas of Modern English grammar, historical change in English discourse markers, grammaticalization and lexification in English, corpus linguistics, and the pragmatics of English. Her body of linguistic research spans several decades, with a focus on English linguistics. Her premier work is Lexicalization and Language Change, which focuses on understanding the relationship between lexicalization and grammaticalization in language change. The book was the first to attempt a unified report of all existing approaches to lexicalization. She has made significant contributions in the areas of historical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics, especially with respect to historical corpora. She has completed a number of diachronic studies of the English language, including examinations of comment clauses and pragmatic markers, the latter of which has been taught as a university course with much discussion on her theories of pragmatics and discourse markers.She was part of the team who set up the Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles, 1st edition, in an online form. She is the daughter of Robert K<mask>. Her sisters are epidemiologist Louise A<mask> and author and educator Donna M<mask>. Academic credentials
Dr. Brinton received her B.A. in English Literature from

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title: Laurel J. Brinton

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 the University of California, Davis in 1975. Six years later, she received her Ph.D. in English with a linguistics emphasis from the University of California, Berkeley (1981) under the supervision of <mask>. Boyd. Her dissertation was entitled "The Historical Development of Aspectual Periphrases in English."She joined the faculty members at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, after completing her doctorate degree. In 1995, she obtained the rank of Professor. She formerly served as Associate Head of the English Department for Graduate Studies at the university from 1997-1999. She served as a co-editor of the Journal of Historical Pragmatics alongside Dawn Archer from April 2013 to December 2014. She is a current member of several journal editorial boards and has reviewed for widely-known journals such as Journal of English Linguistics, Language, Journal of Pragmatics, and English Language and Linguistics, the last of which she has been a co-editor of since 2015 alongside Bernd Kortman and Patrick Honeybone. She is currently a Professor and chair of the English Language Program in the Department of English at the University of British Columbia. Awards and distinctions
Brinton won the Killam Research Prize in 1998, and was awarded a Killam Faculty Research Fellowship in 2005, an award granted to "full professors at Canadian universities and


title: Laurel J. Brinton

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 research institutes, who have an outstanding reputation in their area of research.Publications
Authored books

<mask>, <mask>. The Evolution of Pragmatic Markers in English: Pathways of Change. Cambridge University Press, 2017, . <mask>, <mask>. & Arnovick, Leslie K. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford University Press, 2017 [2006], 3rd edition, . <mask>, <mask>.& Arnovick, Leslie K. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford University Press, 2011 [2006], 2nd edition, . <mask>, <mask>. & <mask>, Donna M. The Linguistic Structure of Modern English. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010 [2000], 2nd edition, . <mask>, <mask>. The Comment Clause in English: Syntactic Origins and Pragmatic Development.Cambridge University Press, 2008, . <mask>, <mask>. & Arnovick, Leslie K. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford University Press, 2006, . <mask>, <mask>. & Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. Lexicalization and Language Change.Cambridge University Press, 2005, . <mask>, <mask>. The Structure of Modern English: A Linguistic Introduction. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2000, . <mask>, <mask>. Pragmatic Markers in English: Grammaticalization and Discourse Functions. Walter de Gruyter, 1996, .<mask>, <mask>. The Development of English Aspectual Systems: Aspectualizer and Post-verbal Particles. Cambridge University Press, 1988. Edited

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title: Laurel J. Brinton

texts:
 books

<mask> <mask>. (ed.). English Historical Linguistics: Approaches and Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, 2017, .Adams, Michael, <mask>, <mask>. & Fulk R. D. (eds.). Studies in the History of the English Language VI: Evidence and Methods in Histories of English. Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2015, . Bergs, Alexander. & Brinton, <mask>.(eds.). English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. Volume 2, Walter de Gruyter, 2012, . Bergs, Alexander. & Brinton, <mask>. (eds.). English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook.Volume 1, Walter de Gruyter, 2012, . <mask>, <mask>. (ed.). Historical Linguistics 1999: Selected Papers from the 14th International Conference on Historical Linguistics. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2001, . <mask>, <mask>. & Akimoto, Minoji (eds.).Collocational and Idiomatic Aspects of Composite Predicates in the History of English. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1999, . Articles

<mask>, <mask>. 2014. "The extremes of insubordination: Exclamatory as if". Journal of English Linguistics 42(2). 93-113. doi:10.1177/0075424214521425

<mask>, <mask>.2014. "Comparative studies in early Germanic languages: With a focus on verbal categories". Diachronica 31(4). 564-570. doi: 10.1075/dia.31.4.05bri

<mask>, <mask>. & Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 2007. "Lexicalization and grammaticalization all over again".Historical

masks:
Brinton
Laurel J
Brinton
Laurel J
Laurel J
Laurel J
Brinton
Laurel J
Brinton
Laurel J
Brinton
Laurel J
Brinton
Laurel J
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Laurel J


title: Laurel J. Brinton

texts:
 Linguistics 2005. 3-19. doi:10.1075/cilt.284.03bri

Brinton, <mask>. 2001. "Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English". Journal of English Linguistics 29(4). 372–375. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/00754240122005512

Brinton, <mask>.1999. "<mask>, The perfect and the preterite in contemporary and earlier English". English Language and Linguistics 3(2). 353-370. doi: 10.1017/S1360674399220278

<mask>, <mask>. 1998. "Aspectuality and countability: A cross-categorial analogy". English Language and Linguistics 2(1).37-63. doi:10.1017/S136067430000068X

<mask>, <mask>. 1987. "The aspectual nature of states and habits". Folia Linguistica: Acta Societatis Linguisticae Europaeae 21(2-4). 195-214. doi:10.1515/flin.1987.21.2-4.195

<mask>, <mask>. 1987. "A linguistic approach to certain old English stylistic devices".Studia Neophilologica: A Journal of Germanic and Romance Languages and Literature 59(2), 177-185. doi:10.1080/00393278708587970

<mask>, <mask>. 1985. "Verb particles in English: Aspect or aktionsart?" Studia Linguistica  39(2). 157-168. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9582.1985.tb00750.x

References

Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Linguists from Canada
Women linguists
University of California, Davis alumni
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
University of British Columbia faculty
1953 births
American emigrants to

masks:
Laurel J
Laurel J
Johan Elsness
Brinton
Laurel J
Brinton
Laurel J
Brinton
Laurel J
Brinton
Laurel J


title: Donald Figer

texts:
<mask><mask> is an American astronomer and a professor in the College of Science of the Rochester Institute of Technology. He is also the director of RIT's Future Photon Initiative, Center for Detectors, and Rochester Imaging Detector Laboratory. His research interests include massive stars, massive star clusters, red supergiants, the Galactic center, and the development of advanced technologies for astrophysics and a broad range of applications. Early life and education
<mask><mask> was born in Euclid, OH, and attended Wickliffe City Schools through high school. While there, Richard Benz, Figer’s science teacher, made sure to inspire his passion, remarking that “When you have a student with that kind of passion for science research, the environment I can create is going to allow that to be channeled in that direction.”  Figer has a BA from Northwestern University, an MS from the University of Chicago, and a PhD from the University of California, Los Angeles. Research

Scientific research

Using the Hubble Space Telescope, Figer observed approximately one thousand stars in a young star cluster, the Arches Cluster, which is near the Galactic center. By measuring the initial mass function, he identified an upper limit of 150 solar masses to the masses of stars.His teams performed the first census of massive stars in both the Quintuplet Cluster and the Arches Cluster, finding that massive star clusters form in the present-day Galaxy, as opposed to the previous paradigm that suggested such clusters only formed at the time that the Galaxy formed. <mask> led a team to identify the Pistol star as one of the most massive stars known in the Galaxy using data that the team obtained using the Hubble Space Telescope. To a local newspaper, <mask> remarked that the Pistol star is one of the few stars that

masks:
Donald F
. Figer
Donald F
. Figer
Figer
Figer


title: Donald Figer

texts:
 appear in a state where stars bubble out much of their material and eject it. He said, “It’s a nice consistent picture to help us understand why massive stars eject their outer layers. The Pistol Star may be that rare stage between being normal and going on to its last death throes.” In the same interview, <mask> spoke about coming up with a good name for the star, stating, “‘Just before the press release, we were scratching our heads about what to call the star,’ Figer said, adding that its original name – QF134—wasn’t that sexy.” The star’s name comes from the nebula that surrounds it that looks similar to a pistol. Instrumentation development
<mask> has developed and used advanced instrumentation for astrophysics his whole career. He led the electronics development for a double-beam IR camera used at Lick Observatory.He and collaborators used this camera to make the first K-band spectral atlas of Wolf-Rayet stars and to search for massive stars near the Galactic center for his PhD thesis (A Search for Emission-line Star Near the Galactic Center). <mask> was the Principal Optical Designer for the Near Infrared Echelle Spectrograph (NIRSpec) for the Keck II Telescope while at UCLA. He and his team used this instrument to take infrared spectra of a massive obscured star cluster located in Antennae Galaxies, estimate the mass of the supermassive black hole located at the Galactic center, and survey the organic volatile species in comet C/1999 H1 (Lee), among many other projects. <mask> was one of the detector scientists working on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). He helped in many areas relating to JWST including developing the wavefront sensing deployment procedure and serving as an instrument scientist for JWST NIRCam. He also led the team at the Independent Detector Testing Laboratory

masks: Figer Figer Figer Figer


title: Donald Figer

texts:
 (IDTL), jointly operated by Space Telescope Science Institute and Johns Hopkins University, to assist NASA in choosing and operating near-infrared detectors on JWST. Current research
<mask><mask> currently leads the following projects.A Single Photon Sensing and Photon Number Resolving Detector for NASA missions (Collaboration with Dartmouth and sponsored by NASA): The objective of this project is to advance optical detector technology to the point where individual photons can be counted and be realized in a very large pixel format (Gigapixel per detector scale) but still maintains performance that is standard with the state-of-the-art devices of today. New Infrared Detectors for Astrophysics (Sponsored by National Science Foundation): The object of the overall project is to provide ground-based astronomers a new family of detectors that have very large formats, very low cost, and state-of-the-art performance through advancing technology on depositing HgCdTe on silicon wafers. Phase II is focused on building on the promising devices designed in Phase I and improving them. Key areas of focus are reducing randomly distributed pixels and implement process improvement to keep up with current standards. Career and skills
After obtaining a PhD, <mask> continued at UCLA as a Postdoctoral Scholar and then a Research Scientist, during which he served as  Principal Optical Designer and Local Project Scientist for the Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSPEC) for the Keck Telescope. <mask> then became an astronomer at the Space Telescope Science Institute where he co-founded, and became director of, the IDTL. <mask> was also a detector scientist for JWST.<mask> then moved to the Rochester Institute of Technology as a professor. Figer has advised many undergraduate and graduate students and Postdoctoral

masks:
Donald F
. Figer
Figer
Figer
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Figer


title: Donald Figer

texts:
 research scholars. Figer has professional training in project management, technical presentations, and principles of optical systems layout. He has become proficient in multiple circuits, mechanical, and optical design computer systems. He has also used many observatories, including HST, Chandra, Spitzer, KPNO, CTIO, Gemini, UKIRT, Kuiper Airborne Observatory, NASA Infrared Telescope Facility, Lick Observatory, Keck Observatory. Personal life
According to the New York Post,  <mask> was involved in a legal battle with his ex-wife, who wanted to have their daughter vaccinated against Covid-19 against Figer's wishes. The New York Post story says Figer "asked his ex not to rush to vaccinate their young daughter, saying there hadn’t been any studies conducted on the long-term side effects, according to court papers."A judged ruled that their daughter could be vaccinated. Media appearances

Honors and awards
RIT College of Science Outstanding Outreach Award (2012)
NASA JWST Project Team Award (2009)
RIT Million Dollar Club (2009)
Wickliffe High School Achievement Hall of Fame Inductee (2006)
NYSTAR Faculty Development Award (2005)
NASA Space Act Award (2004)
AURA STScI Technology and Innovation Award (2004)
UCLA Distinction in Teaching Award (1995)

Publications
Figer has published over 200 papers, having over 5,000 citations, and has been a referee for multiple prestigious journals, including Nature (Journal), Science (Journal), Astronomy & Astrophysics and Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. Some of his notable papers include:

References

External links
Future Photon Initiative
Center for Detectors
<mask>'s personal webpage

Living people
American astronomers
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Northwestern University alumni
Rochester Institute of Technology

masks:
Figer
Donald Figer


title: Karine Nahon

texts:
<mask> (; born December 6, 1972) is an Israeli information scientist in the area of information, technology and society. She holds a dual position as an associate professor in The Information School at University of Washington and the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya. In July 2017, <mask> was named #24 on Forbes' list of 50 Most Influential Women in Israel. Her co-authored book “Going Viral” was awarded Best Information Science Book Award by the Association for Information Science and Technology and the 2014 Outstanding Academic Title Award by the American Library Association. Biography
<mask> was born in Tel-Aviv to parents who immigrated from Lebanon before the outbreak of the Lebanese civil war. Her academic background is from various fields. She received a B.Sc.in computer science, B.A. in political science and M.Sc. and Ph.D. in management of information systems from Tel-Aviv University. She maintains a dual position as an associate professor faculty in the Information School at the University of Washington since 2004, and since 2010 in the Lauder School of Government, Diplomacy and Strategy at the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya in Israel. At the University of Washington she directs the Virality of Information research group. She is the first woman nominated to lead a track at the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. In Israel, <mask> serves on the editorial board of the Freedom of Information Movement, Wikimedia and the Internet Society.She is one of the leaders of the movement against the biometric database in Israel. The biometric database is still in its pilot

masks:
Karine Nahon
Nahon
Nahon
Nahon


title: Karine Nahon

texts:
 phase and <mask> appealed to the High Justice Court against its deployment. <mask> was included in TheMarker’s list of 100 most influential people in Israel and was also placed in Forbes' list of 50 Most Influential Women in Israel. Work
<mask> has published over 80 research publications in her area of work. Her work synthesizes empirical research literature with combination of information science, politics, sociology and internet studies. Her studies on information and society focus on power and politics of information. In this domain she has developed network gatekeeping theory and a framework of Information viralty.Network gatekeeping theory

<mask> <mask> has written a number of contemporary pieces on gatekeeping theories between disciplines. In 2008, she proposed a new way of looking at gatekeeping, merging the disciplines' of communication, information science, and management perspectives into a refined theory of gatekeeping. Traditional mass communication gatekeeping theory has focused on how we get news, however <mask>'s approach applies to all information. Nahon also adds new terms and redefines old terms in the framework (pp. 1496 – 1497)

 Gate – "entrance to or exit from a network or its sections." Gatekeeping – "the process of controlling information as it moves through a gate. Activities include among others, selection, addition, withholding, display, channeling, shaping, manipulation, repetition, timing, localization, integration, disregard, and delection of information."Gated – "the entity subjected to gatekeeping"
 Gatekeeping mechanism  "a tool, technology, or methodology

masks: Nahon Nahon Nahon Karine Nahon Nahon


title: Karine Nahon

texts:
 used to carry out the process of gatekeeping"
 Network gatekeeper – "an entity (people, organizations, or governments) that has the discretion to exercise gatekeeping through a gatekeeping mechanism in networks and can choose the extent to which to exercise it contingent upon the gated standing." This updated look at gatekeeping also poses a number of classifications including the bases for gatekeeping, mechanisms used in network gatekeeping, and types of authority of network gatekeepers. Additionally, Nahon introduces a typology for the gated. According to her approach, the gated can have four key attributes at different levels that determine how they can interact with the gate. These are (p. 1501):

 Political power in relation to the gatekeeper,
 Information production ability,
 Relationship with the gatekeeper,
 And alternatives in the context of gatekeeping. A typology of combinations of these characteristics then allows for evaluation of potential interactions between the gatekeeper and the gated based on the number and type of attributes an individual has. Her discussion about "the gated" resonates with audience gatekeeping in that both empowers the message recipients in the process of gatekeeping.Publications

 Nahon <mask> and Hemsley Jeff, 2013, “Going Viral”, Polity. UK: Cambridge. <mask> <mask> and Hemsley Jeff, 2014, “Political Blogs and Content: Homophily in the Guise of Cross-Linking”, American Behavioral Scientist (ABS), Vol. 58(10), pp. 1294–1313. <mask> <mask>, Jeff Hemsley, Shawn Walker and Muzammil Hussain, 2011, “Fifteen Minutes of Fame: The Power of Blogs in the

masks: Karine Nahon Karine Nahon Karine


title: Karine Nahon

texts:
 Lifecycle of Viral Political Information”, Policy & Internet, Vol. 3(1), Article 2.<mask> <mask>, 2011, “Network Fuzziness of Inclusion/Exclusion”, International Journal of Communication (IJoC), Vol. 5, pp. 756–772. Barzilai-<mask> <mask>, 2009, "Gatekeeping: A Critical Review", Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, Vol. 43, pp. 433–478. Barzilai-<mask> <mask>, 2008, "Towards a Theory of Network Gatekeeping: A Framework for Exploring Information Control", Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol.59(9), pp. 1493–1512. Barzilai-<mask> <mask>, 2006, “Gaps and Bits: Conceptualizing Measurements for Digital Divide/s”, The Information Society, Vol. 22(5), pp. 269–278. Barzilai-<mask> <mask> and Barzilai Gad, 2005, “Cultured Technology: Internet and Religious fundamentalism“, The Information Society, Vol. 21(1), pp.25–40. References

External links
 <mask> <mask>’s personal home page
 Going Viral: Polity Press

Israeli social scientists
Israeli women scientists
University of Washington faculty
Reichman University faculty
Israeli people of Lebanese-Jewish descent
Israeli Jews
Jewish scientists
Jewish writers
Tel Aviv University alumni
1972 births
Living

masks: Nahon Karine Nahon Karine Nahon Karine Nahon Karine Nahon Karine Karine Nahon


title: Gregor Robertson (footballer)

texts:
<mask> (born 19 January 1984) is a Scottish sports journalist and former professional footballer who played as a left back from 2002 to 2016. During his career, <mask> played for Nottingham Forest, Rotherham United, Chesterfield, Crewe Alexandra and Northampton Town and Grimsby Town. He has also represented Scotland at U21 level. Club career

Nottingham Forest
Born in Edinburgh, <mask> started his career as a junior in Heart of Midlothian's youth system but moved south of the border to join Nottingham Forest when he was 17 in February 2001. After progressing through the Reds' academy, <mask> made his debut in September 2003 against Tranmere Rovers in the League Cup, which Forest won on penalties after a goalless draw. He made his Championship league debut against local rivals Derby County four days later as a late substitute in a 1–1 draw at the City Ground. His full league debut came the following week against Preston North End in a 1–0 home defeat.On 28 May 2004, boss Joe Kinnear offered <mask> a new one-year deal. On 10 May 2005, he was released by manager Gary Megson. <mask> went on to make a total of 44 appearances for Nottingham Forest. Rotherham United
In June 2005 <mask> signed for League One Rotherham United on a free transfer. He made his debut in a 2–1 home defeat to Walsall in the opening fixture that season. <mask> spent two years at the club making a total of 56 appearances and scoring one goal in a 2–0 victory away to Swansea City at the Liberty Stadium. Chesterfield
Robertson joined League Two side Chesterfield on a two-year contract in June 2007.He made his debut in the Spireites opening league fixture of the season, a 0–0 draw away to Chester City. He netted his first goal for the club in a 3–1

masks:
Gregor Aedan Robertson
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Robertson


title: Gregor Robertson (footballer)

texts:
 win away at local rivals Mansfield Town that season, scoring direct from a corner kick. On 2 July 2009, he signed a new one-year deal, which kept him at the club until July 2011. On 4 October 2009 he scored an equaliser in the 15th minute in the 2–2 stalemate against Morecambe, latching on to Darren Currie's cross and volleying home from close range. In November 2009, <mask> suffered a double leg break in an innocuous tackle in a Football League Trophy tie at home to Carlisle. After a year on the sidelines he returned to action in November 2010 in a 2–0 FA Cup first round victory away to Harrow. On 8 June 2010, he signed a new one-year deal.<mask> went on to make a total of 23 appearances that season in Chesterfield's 2010/11 League Two winning campaign, enjoying a successful spell at centre half for much of it. However, he suffered an Achilles tendon rupture away to Hereford United in April, ruling him out for the last few games of the season and much of the next. <mask> returned to action in League One the next season in a 1–0 Boxing Day defeat away to Huddersfield Town and was part of the Football League Trophy winning squad that season. <mask> made a total of 133 appearances for Chesterfield, scoring three goals. Crewe Alexandra
In July 2012, <mask> joined League One side Crewe Alexandra, signing a two-year deal. On 16 January 2014, <mask> had his contract mutually terminated by the club after making 40 appearances in all competitions for The Alex. Northampton Town
On 4 February 2014, <mask> agreed to join League Two side Northampton Town on a deal until the end of the season.He played 15 League games in the club's successful battle against relegation, with the Cobblers guaranteeing their League Two status

masks: Robertson Robertson Robertson Robertson Robertson Gregor Robertson


title: Gregor Robertson (footballer)

texts:
 with a 3–1 victory over Oxford United on the final day of the season. <mask> signed a new one-year contract on 23 May 2014. <mask> was released by Northampton Town on 20 January 2015. Grimsby Town
On 26 January 2015, <mask> signed for Conference Premier side Grimsby until the end of the season. On 11 April 2015, he injured himself in the first half and had to be substituted at half time, in the 1–0 defeat against Wrexham. Scans revealed he had damage to his medial ligament meaning his campaign was likely to be over. Surprisingly, he made a comeback to the starting lineup, due to a hamstring injury sustained to Josh Gowling, Toto Nsiala reverted to his favored centre-back position having previously played at right-back while <mask> was injured, but during the 2015 Conference Premier play-off Final against Bristol Rovers at Wembley on 17 May 2015, he had to be substituted in the 72nd minute, being replaced by Daniel Parslow; following a 1–1 draw after extra time, Grimsby lost 5–3 in a penalty shoot-out.On 29 May 2015, <mask> agreed a new one-year deal with the club. He played in Grimsby's 3–1 victory over Forest Green Rovers in the 2016 National League play-off Final at Wembley, seeing Grimsby promoted to League Two after a six-year absence from the Football League. <mask> was released when his contract expired at the end of the season. International career
<mask> won a total of 15 caps, scoring two goals for Scotland U21s, including one match against Spain's U21 side featuring FIFA World Cup: 2010 winners Andrés Iniesta, Sergio Ramos and Cesc Fàbregas, which the Scots lost 3–1. On 16 August 2005, a Shaun Maloney corner was flicked on by club-mate Craig Beattie for <mask> to head the opener in the 3-1 comfortable

masks: Robertson Gregor Robertson Robertson Robertson Robertson Robertson Robertson


title: Gregor Robertson (footballer)

texts:
 win against Austria U21s. On 7 October 2005, he scored a header to put Scotland U21s into a 2–0 lead on 44 minutes, eventually losing 3–2 against Belarus U21s. Media career
Following his release from Grimsby, <mask> announced his retirement on Twitter.Since hanging up his boots, <mask> had moved into sports journalism and writes for The Times. Personal life
<mask> studied a three-year degree in professional sports writing and broadcasting, journalism at Staffordshire University, and worked at the Nottingham Post as part of a work placement, writing articles. He now works as a football writer, his work including a regular column in The Times newspaper. On 21 January 2022, <mask> pleaded guilty to headbutting an Uber driver in London on 10 May 2019. The driver had swerved a drunken <mask> who had staggered into the road and had kicked out at the car. Following a further altercation in a nearby petrol station <mask> had headbutted the man and punched his friend when he tried to intervene. Career statistics

Honours

Club
Chesterfield
League Two Champions, Promoted (1): 2010–11
Football League Trophy Champions (1): 2011–2012

Crewe Alexandra
Football League Trophy Champions (1): 2012–2013

Grimsby Town
National League Play-offs Winners (1): 2015–16

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Edinburgh
Scottish footballers
Scotland under-21 international footballers
Association football defenders
Heart of Midlothian F.C.players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Rotherham United F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Scottish sports

masks: Robertson Robertson Robertson Robertson Robertson Robertson


title: Susan Subtle

texts:
<mask> (December 30, 1941 – May 11, 2020) was an American curator, columnist, and product developer; known for her curatorial work focusing on recycled and outsider art. <mask> lived and worked in Berkeley, California until her death in May, 2020. Early life and education
Raised in Atlantic City, New Jersey, <mask> studied at the University of Wisconsin before receiving a degree in economics in 1963 from the University of Pennsylvania. After college, <mask> moved to the University of Oxford for graduate studies where she studied the labor politics of Yugoslavia. She did not complete her thesis and moved to Berkeley, California, in 1967. Work and life
<mask>'s work spanned many subjects from recycling, entertainment, west coast art, outsider art, innovative products, to general oddities. <mask> wrote columns and articles for numerous publications including "Best Bets" in New West Magazine, "The Subtle Shopper" and "Please Mr. Postman" in the San Francisco Chronicle, as well as other publications including the LA Times, Elle Decor, NY Post, Esquire, Ms. (magazine), and Oui Magazine.In 1970, horse breeder Edwin Janss Jr named a foal after <mask>. The daughter of Hot Curl and Hillary, <mask> had 48 Starts, 9 Wins, 6 Places, 7 Shows, and career earnings of $77,913. <mask>, the horse, retired in 1977. In 1993, Tony Warren authored a book, Foot of the Rainbow, and dedicated it to <mask>, the human. Curation

Hello Again! Subtle made her curatorial debut in 1997 with Hello Again!, a recycled art focused show, opening at the Oakland Museum. The show would travel, going on to show at Los Angeles Municipal

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Susan Subtle
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Susan Subtle
Susan Subtle


title: Susan Subtle

texts:
 Gallery, Texas International Museum of Art & Science, Vancouver Museum, and the McColl Center for Art + Innovation, in Charlotte.The show's core elements remained the same as it traveled with Subtle curating in additional art made by local artists. Chocolatier Joseph Schmidt Confections donated broken bits of chocolates which were served at the opening in Oakland in dialogue with the recycled nature of the show. Mildred Howard, Mark Bulwinkle, Clayton Bailey, Claire Graham, Jan Yager, Leo Sewell, Remi Rubel, Pippa Garner, and Valerie Hardy Raven were some of the featured artists of the show. The show was reviewed in ArtForum as a "Real Life Rock Greil Marcus’" Top Ten. We Are Not Alone: Angels and Other Aliens
Working as a guest curator with the American Visionary Art Museum and founder Rebecca Hoffberger, <mask> organized a show focused on artists who experienced the extraterrestrial in some shape and form. "We Are Not Alone" presented over 90 outsider artists—some who claimed to be abducted by aliens and some claiming to be visited by them and some who were outsider artists with extraterrestrial art or personality. The show ran at the museum in Baltimore, MD from Oct 2nd 1999 to Sept 3.2000. The artists included Adolf Wölfli, Albert Louden, Anselme Boix-Vives, Chris Hipkiss, August Walla, Raymond Materson, Ionel Talpazan, Edmund Monseil, Eugene Gabritschevsky, Francois Burland, Friedrich Schröder Sonnenstern, Johann Garber, Madge Gill, Oswald Tschirtner, Perifimou, Raphaël Lonné, Salvatore Bonura, Sava Sekulic. This show referenced the content of <mask>'s previous shows, presenting outsider and

masks: Subtle Subtle


title: Susan Subtle

texts:
 extraterrestrial art. Writing
<mask> began her journalism career in 1974 with an article in Esquire Magazine titled "Their Arts Belong to Dada" featuring west coast fashion and art. The article featured artists Clayton Bailey, Lowell Darling, Anna Banana, Ant Farm (group), Futzie Nutzle, Dr. Brute & Lady Brute, Mr. Peanut, Irene Dogmatic, AA Bronson, Captain Video, Flakey Rrose Hip, Henry Humble, The Gluers and Dickens Bascom, Don and Rae Davis, and T.R. Uthco. In 1975, <mask> wrote an article titled: "The Rockettes: 50 Years Old And Still Kicking" published by Ms. Magazine, photographed by Bud Lee and designed by Bea Feitler.From 1975 to 1982, <mask> wrote articles and columns for New West Magazine. From 1982 to 1985, <mask> wrote columns for the San Francisco Chronicle. In 1990, <mask> featured Creative Growth Art Center in the October issue of Elle Decor in an article tilted "Aimed Straight From The Heart". She reviewed the organization highly, comparing the style of art made at creative growth to outsider, primitive, naive, brut, and early-American folk art. Publications contributed to:

California Living
California Magazine
Des Moines Skywalker
Elle Decor
Esquire Magazine
Los Angeles Times
Metropolitan Home
Ms. Magazine
New Dawn
New West Magazine
NY Daily News Sunday Magazine
NY Post
Oui Magazine
San Francisco Chronicle
San Francisco Examiner
 San Francisco Garbage Company Newsletter
San Jose Mercury
WomenSports
Working Woman

<mask> contributed to three books. She originated, with Rod Kennedy, the concept for the book Atlantic City, 125 years of ocean madness: starring Miss America, Mr.

masks: Subtle Subtle Subtle Subtle Subtle Subtle


title: Susan Subtle

texts:
 Peanut, Lucy the Elephant, the High Diving Horse, and four generations of Americans cutting loose published in 1979. She co-wrote, with Ruth Reichl and Ken Dollar, The Contest Book: 299 Unusual Contests You Can Enter!!!!!published in New York by Harmony in 1979. She co-wrote, with Michael Lester, How to have fun with your body with Illustrations by Kim Deitch, published by Houghton Mifflin in 1986. Products
Subtle co-founded an art group and design company called Subtle Bananas with Valerie Hardy. They participated in exhibitions and designed business cards and stationery for clients. In 1974, <mask> wrote an article in the SF Examiner featuring the company. After the Subtle Bananas company, Subtle founded the Subtle Corporation. The Subtle Corp developed many products with the most successful product being the Subtles eyeglass cords, which employ a variety of creatures to help you hang onto your glasses.References

Product designers
American art curators
American women curators
1941 births
American women columnists
American columnists
Writers from Atlantic City, New Jersey
American women non-fiction writers
Writers from Berkeley, California
People from Berkeley, California
2020 deaths
21st-century American


title: José Celestino Mutis

texts:
<mask> (6 April 1732 – 11 September 1808) was a Spanish priest, botanist and mathematician. He was a significant figure in the Spanish American Enlightenment, whom Alexander von Humboldt met with on his expedition to Spanish America. He is one of the most important authors of the Spanish Universalist School of the 18th century, together with Juan Andrés or Antonio Eximeno. Life
He was born in Cádiz and baptized with the name <mask>. He began his medical studies at the College of Surgery in Cádiz, where he also studied physics, chemistry and botany. He graduated in medicine from the University of Seville on 2 May 1755. On 5 July 1757 he received his doctorate in medicine.From 1757 to 1760 he was interim professor of anatomy in Madrid. During those same years he continued to study botany at the Migas Calientes Botanical Gardens (now the Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid), and also astronomy and philosopher mathematics. After three years he decided to leave for America, as the private physician of the new viceroy of New Granada, Pedro Messía de la Cerda. He sailed on 7 September 1760, arriving at Santa Fe de Bogotá on 24 February 1761. During the long transatlantic passage he began writing his Diario de Observaciones, which he continued until 1791. From his arrival in the Viceroyalty, <mask> concentrated on his botanical studies, beginning work on an herbal and investigating for cinchona, which was considered a panacea for the treatment of all kinds of diseases. He wrote El Arcano de la Quina.Botanical expedition
Beginning in 1763, <mask> proposed to the king that he sponsor an expedition to study the flora and fauna of the region. He had to wait 20 years for the authorization, but in 1783 the king authorized his expedition (one of three royal botanical expeditions to the New

masks:
José Celestino Bruno Mutis y Bosio
José Celestino Bruno Mutis y Bosio
Mutis
Mutis


title: José Celestino Mutis

texts: World at about that time). In the interim, <mask> concentrated on commercial and mineralogical projects, not neglecting medicine. He also studied the social and economic conditions of the viceroyalty, and continued to expand his collection of flora and fauna. On 19 December 1772 he was ordained a priest. He was in regular correspondence with scientists in Spain and elsewhere in Europe, particularly Carl Linnaeus. <mask> led the Royal Botanical Expedition, established in 1783, for 25 years.It explored some 8,000 km2 in a range of climates, using the Río Magdalena for access to the interior. He developed a meticulous methodology that included the harvesting of the samples in the field together with detailed descriptions, including data on the surroundings of each species and its utility. Hundreds of plants were discovered and described. More than 8,000 plates, plus maps, correspondence, notes and manuscripts were sent to Spain. His museum consisted of 24,000 dried plants, 5,000 drawings of plants by his pupils, and a collection of woods, shells, resins, minerals, and skins. These treasures arrived safely at Madrid in 105 boxes, and the plants, manuscripts, and drawings were sent to the botanical gardens, where they were relegated to a tool-house. The Royal Botanical Expedition headquarters moved in two different occasions.Initially it was based on the municipality of La Mesa (now in the Department of Cundinamarca), then in November 1783 it was moved to Mariquita (Department of Tolima). Finally in 1791 it was moved to Santa Fe de Bogota. Much of the work was wasted because the results remained unedited and unanalyzed. Also, the collation between the notes and the plates was lost during the transfer to Spain. His work on the species and varieties of Chinchona had lasting

masks: Mutis Mutis


title: José Celestino Mutis

texts:
 influence. He determined the longitude of Bogotá by the observation of an eclipse of a satellite of Jupiter and was a major influence on the construction of the National Astronomical Observatory. In March 1762, at the inauguration of the chair of mathematics at the Colegio del Rosario, he expounded the principles of the Copernican system and of the experimental method of science, leading to a confrontation with the Church.In 1774 he had to defend the teaching of the principles of Copernicus, as well as natural philosophy and modern, Newtonian physics and mathematics, before the Inquisition. In 1784, he was elected a foreign member of the RSAOS Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Alexander von Humboldt visited <mask> in 1801, during his expedition to America. Humboldt stayed with <mask> for two months, and greatly admired his botanical collection. <mask> died in Bogotá on 2 September 1808, at age 76, a victim of apoplexy. Because much of his botanical work was lost or unpublished, he is known to history not as a great scientist, but as a great promoter of science and knowledge. Fields
Botany: He studied the flora of his surroundings, and produced a marvelous collection of plates of Colombian plants that are now located in the Royal Botanical Garden in Madrid.Linguistics: He studied the indigenous languages of the area. By order of King Charles III, he developed a series of elementary vocabularies of various languages (about 100 words in each language). King Charles was responding to a request from Czarina Catherine the Great to provide vocabularies of all the languages spoken in his realms, in order to develop a monumental dictionary of all the languages of the world. The dictionary was in fact published, but the compilers published it in alphabetical order, making it

masks: Mutis Mutis Mutis


title: José Celestino Mutis

texts:
 nearly impossible to consult. Other sciences, including important contributions to industrial processes, such as silver mining and the distillation of rum. Works
Diario de observaciones de José <mask> <mask>, 1760-1790, 2 vols. 2nd edition.Bogotá: Instituto Colombiano de Cultura Hispánica 1983
Escritos botánicos. María Paz Martín Fierro, ed. Editoriales Andaluzas Unidas 1985. Escritos científicos de José Celestino <mask>. Guillermo Hernández de Alba. 2nd ed. 2 vols.Bogotá: Instituto Colombiano de Cultura Hispánica 1983. Flora de la Real Expedición Botánica del Nuevo Reino de Granada. Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica 1954. Viaje a Santa Fe. Marcelo Frías Núñez, ed. Madrid: Historia 16. (1991)

Legacy

His likeness is well known to Spaniards, because his image was used on the 1992-2002 banknotes of 2,000 Pesetas.This was the first in a series of banknotes commemorating Spain in America. On the reverse was a drawing of the Mutisia clematis flower, named in his honor. He was also depicted in the 200 Colombian Pesos banknote between 1983 and 1992. <mask> <mask> Botanical Gardens, a park and center of scientific investigation, is named in his honor in Bogotá. It includes climate-controlled exhibits of the flora in all climate zones of Colombia. There is also an exhibit of 5,000 Colombian orchids, one of Colombia's most extensive. The official name of the town of Bahía Solano on Colombia's Pacific coast in the Department of Chocó is Puerto <mask>, in honor of <mask> <mask>.The airport there is Aeropuerto José Celestino Mutis, as well. This town is located north of the city of Buenaventura and north of the San Juan River, the largest river in South America to empty into the Pacific Ocean. In 1783 he hired Vicente Albán to commit paintings associated with the flora of

masks:
Celestino
Mutis
Mutis
José Celestino
Mutis
Mutis
José Celestino
Mutis


title: José Celestino Mutis

texts:
 Ecuador. His collection of plant specimens deposited in Paris at the National Museum of Natural History, France was curated by Alicia Lourteig. Other expeditions
The four expeditions authorized by King Charles III to the Spanish colonies were those of Hipólito Ruiz López and <mask> Pavón to  Peru and Chile (1777–88); <mask> to New Granada (1783–1808); Juan de Cuéllar to the Philippines (1786–97); and Martín Sessé y Lacasta to New Spain (1787–1803). See also
Spanish Universalist School of the 18th century
List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics
Spanish American Enlightenment

Further reading

Bleichmar, Daniela. Visible Empire: Botanical Expeditions & Visual Culture in the Hispanic Enlightenment.Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2012. Puente Veloso, S. "<mask> <mask>: physician, humanist," Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina 1986, vol. 103, no. 3, 411-36. San Pío Aladrén, Maria Pilar de, ed. <mask> y la Real Expedición del Nuevo Reyno de Granada. 2 vols.Madrid 1992. <

References

External links

Drawings of the  Royal Botanical Expedition online
National Astronomical Observatory
His biography at The Catholic Encyclopedia
<mask> <mask>. Polymath Virtual Library, Fundación Ignacio Larramendi
 Short biography
 His influence
 <mask> <mask> Botanical Garden official site

Colombian botanists
Spanish botanists
Catholic clergy scientists
Viceroyalty of New Granada people
1732 births
1808 deaths
Botanists active in South America
Linguists from Spain
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Del Rosario University faculty
University of Seville alumni
History of Colombia
People from Cádiz
18th-century Colombian people
19th-century Colombian people
18th-century Spanish mathematicians
18th-century botanists
19th-century botanists
18th-century Spanish

masks:
José Antonio
Mutis
José Celestino
Mutis
Mutis
José Celestino
Mutis
José Celestino
Mutis


title: S.V. Ghate

texts:
<mask> (December 14, 1896 – November 28, 1970), also known as S.V<mask>, was a freedom fighter and first General Secretary of the Communist Party of India. The Communist Party of India Karnataka State headquarters, Ghate Bhavan, is named in his honor. Biography

Early life
S.V<mask>e Brahmin family in Mangalore. With the assistance of his older brother, he attended St Aloysius College in Mangalore. He is quoted as saying that his reading of "Indian philosophy, including Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, and Vivekananda" were influential in his becoming a Communist stating, "The main thing in all the topics in philosophy is service of people."General Secretary of the Communist Party of India
In December 1925 the first Communist Conference of India was held at Kanpur with the leadership of Satya Bhakta that an amalgamation of many small left-wing parties allowed for the founding of an all-India organisation under the name of the “Communist Party of India”. During the first Communist Conference in India held at Kanpur in December 1925, there was a debate among the leaders on the appropriate name for the party. While Satya Bhakta opined that the party was to be named “Indian Communist Party”, other leaders such as S.V<mask>,  K.N. Joglekar, R.S. Nimbkar stressed that the general international norm was that it was called the Communist Party of this country or that country, hence, insisted that the party should be called the “Communist Party of India”. As a result of this, Satya Bhakta formed a separate party and called it the “National Communist Party” and the party was officially announced as the “Communist Party of India”.Finally, on December 26, 1925, the Communist Party of India was formed and <mask> was chosen as the first General Secretary. In 1927, <mask> became the first Communist to be elected as an All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) office bearer during the Kanpur session. <mask>'s accession to AITUC

masks:
Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate
. Ghate
. Ghatehad
. Ghate
Ghate
Ghate
Ghate


title: S.V. Ghate

texts:
 signalled a shift in the organisation's philosophy. Gradually, the Communist faction gained further influence over the organisation and were successful in reorienting it toward their ideology. When the Communist Party purchased an old military jeep from the Indian Army, <mask> would pick up Party staff and leaders and transport them to the Communist Party's Central Office. His fellow Communist Party members, including Chandra Rajeswara Rao, dubbed this jeep the GTS, or Ghate Transportation Service. Workers’ and Peasants' Party (WPP)

<mask> and colleagues transformed the Socialist Group within the Congress into a WPP in 1927, with S. S. Mirajkar as the general secretary, and soon spread to other provinces.<mask> also initiated Young Workers’ League. He played a crucial role in the Boycott Simon Commission movement of 1927-28. It was an upsurge in Bombay, and the Commission had to by-
pass Bombay on way to Poona. Seven
effigies were burnt for seven members of
the Commission. More than 50 thousand
people came out in a historic procession led
by the WPP. <mask> and Mirajkar met Shapurji Saklatvala when he came to Bombay in January 1927, and organized a huge public
reception in his honour. <mask> was in-charge of one of the centres of Girni Kamgar Union (GKU) during
the historic textile strike of 1928.He along
with Dange, Joglekar, NM Joshi and others was a member of the Central Strike Committee. The all India conference of WPP was held
in Albert Hall, Calcutta in December, 1928. Ghate played a central role. WPP also
brought out a massive demonstration before the Congress pandal, demanding
acceptance of resolution on full independence. Communist Party also held its meetings under his guidance. Meerut Conspiracy Case
In 1929, he was jailed in the Meerut Conspiracy Case. While in jail, Ghate was the leader of the Camp No.II prisoners, which included about 200 prisoners, mostly Sikhs, and about 160 Communists

masks: Ghate Ghate Ghate Ghate Ghate


title: S.V. Ghate

texts:
 and 30 socialists. When <mask> was jailed, Gangadhar Adhikari became the General Secretary of CPI. Next, when Adhikari was jailed, the CPI was forced underground. After going underground for several years, it successfully reorganised and PC Joshi took the reigns in 1935 as General Secretary. Later political activities
While working in Mangalore in 1934, workers from Kannur were influenced by <mask> and Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, the two prominent Mangalorean socialists, to form the Kannur Beedi Thozhilali Union (KBTU). In 1935, CPI adopted a Popular Front strategy to ally themselves with other anti-colonial agitators. In 1936, <mask> sought to develop the Communist Party in the Madras Presidency.When he reached Madras in 1936, he met with and sought to unite political leaders, including Malayapuram Singaravelu, V. Subbiah, P. Jeevanandham, K. Murugesan Anandan, B. Srinivasa Rao, and Puchalapalli Sundarayya. At that time, <mask> came to an agreement with Puran Chand Joshi and Jayaprakash Narayan that the CPI and Congress Socialist Party workers should join forces, and personally promised Narain to work to bring up CSP. At that time, became the editor of New Age. Later on, in 1937, <mask> went to Kerala, where he participated in the formation of the state's first Communist cell. <mask>, the national Communist leader, provided the requisite support for state activists E. M. S. Namboodiripad, P. Krishna Pillai, K. Damodaran, N. C. Sekhar to form the first Communist cell in the state. In March 1939, he was ordered to leave Madras and reside within Mangalore city limits. Despite complying with the order, in 1944 he was arrested and detained.Upon his arrest, he was transported to Deoli Detention jail where he was held with other prominent Communists who had interfered with the British. S.S. Mirajkar is quoted as saying, "When <mask> was taken away, Gangadhar Adhikari became secretary. When Adhikari was taken

masks: Ghate Ghate Ghate Ghate Ghate Ghate Ghate


title: S.V. Ghate

texts:
 away, I was made secretary and I continued for some time till I disappeared from the scene." The Three Ps Document
The Communist Party underwent a period of turmoil and dysfunction during which time leaders were put in jail and the organisation was forced to operate underground. During this tumultuous period, <mask> and his fellow leaders sought to unify the party. Writing under pseudonyms, <mask>, Shripad Amrit Dange, and Ajoy Ghosh — Purushottam, Prabodh Candra, and Prakash, respectively — released the "Three Ps Document" on September 30, 1950. The document sought to unify a party that had been brought to the brink of annihilation.It was written in opposition to both B. T. Ranadive's Ranadive Line, which sought to emulate the Russian Zhdanov Doctrine, and the Andhra Thesis, which advocated emulating the Communist Party of China's path. As the Three Ps Document put it, "The old leadership talked about the 'Russian way', the new leadership talks about [the] 'Chinese way'. The older leadership talked about 'revolutionary upsurge', the new leadership talks about 'civil war' ... Neither bothered to understand and analyse the situation in our own country." Instead, the Three Ps Document proposed an Indian path that took into account the local conditions and circumstances of India. Political Views
CPI leaders, including Ghate and Dange, whose base was with the working class and trade unions advocated for an end to the violent Telangana Rebellion and for participation in general elections. Personal life
<mask> is the uncle of the founder-president and former General Secretary of Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh, Prabhakar Ghate  and grand-uncle of Karnataka-state Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha General Secretary and Magnum Intergrafiks founder and Managing Director, Sudhir <mask>.References

1896 births
1970 deaths
Indian independence activists
Communist Party of India politicians from Karnataka
Indian trade

masks: Ghate Ghate Ghate Ghate


title: Herbert Ryman

texts:
<mask>. (June 28, 1910 – February 10, 1989) was an American artist and Disney Imagineer. Ryman worked in watercolor, oils, and pen & ink sketches. In 1953 <mask> drew the first illustrations of Walt Disney's vision of a theme park that eventually became Disneyland. Early years and education
<mask> was born on June 28, 1910 in Vernon, Illinois, son of Dr. <mask><mask> (1878-1918) and <mask> ( Norris, 1876-1963). His family moved to Decatur, IL when he was age 9. While attending Millikin University, he became deathly ill with scarlet fever. His mother was opposed to his artistic ambitions and wanted him to pursue a medical degree.But as his sickness worsened, she told him that he could attend the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. He graduated cum laude in 1932 from the Art Institute of Chicago. Career
In 1932 <mask> moved to California, where he found a job as a storyboard illustrator in the art department of Cedric Gibbons at Metro-Golden-Mayer Studios. For a period, during Hollywood's "golden age", he was the sole artist and illustrator for MGM  Studios. He helped design many major pictures for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and 20th Century Fox including the screen styling of David Copperfield,  A Tale of Two Cities,  Mutiny on the Bounty, and Anna Karenina. His work on The Good Earth project  inspired him to leave his job at MGM and tour China where he made many sketches. His last work at MGM was the Emerald City segment of The Wizard of Oz.In 1938 he returned to California, where he met Walt Disney as a result of an exhibit of <mask>'s works at the Chouinard Art Institute. Walt was so impressed with the paintings that he invited Herb to join the Walt Disney Studios (Burbank). Herb went on to serve as an art director for such feature-length animated films as Fantasia and Dumbo. In the late summer of

masks:
Herbert Dickens Ryman Jr
Ryman
Ryman
Herbert D
. Ryman
Cora Belle Ryman
Ryman
Ryman


title: Herbert Ryman

texts: 1941, <mask> toured with Walt Disney, other Disney Studio artists, and management personnel on a three-month "Good Will Tour of South America", through an invitation from Nelson Rockefeller, Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs. The tour was part of an Allied effort to maintain solid relations with southern countries in the Western Hemisphere. They traveled by aircraft and regional railway systems connecting the countries of Brazil, Bolivia, Guatemala,  Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, and Mexico. Production of the two Disney films Saludos Amigos and The Three Caballeros, resulted from this trip.<mask> had become acquainted with author Margaret Landon during his travels in Asia. After the end of World War II, when he heard that 20th Century Fox was developing a film based on Landon's 1944 novel Anna and the King of Siam, he informed Disney that he was leaving Walt Disney Productions to work on the 20th Century Fox film. At Fox, <mask> also worked on several other pictures, including Forever Amber, Down to the Sea in Ships, David and Bathsheba, The Black Rose, and The Robe. During the summers of 1949 and 1951, <mask> took a leave of absence from 20th Century Fox and travelled with the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus. Living among the performers and documenting the circus in his paintings, he became friends with Emmett Kelly. In 1955 Doubleday published The Tontine, a two volume novel written by Thomas B. Costain and illustrated by <mask>. Set in nineteenth-century England, the story centers around the fictional "Waterloo" tontine, established to benefit veterans of the Napoleonic wars.Among other plot twists, shareholders hire an actor to impersonate a dead nominee, and conspire to murder another member. After leaving the Disney organization, <mask> had remained friends with Walt Disney. On

masks: Ryman Ryman Ryman Ryman Ryman Ryman


title: Herbert Ryman

texts:
 September 26, 1953 he received an urgent request to meet with Disney. Disney asked <mask> to render the artwork for a Disney envisioned theme park. Disney and <mask> worked non-stop throughout the weekend creating a large pencil sketch and several other drawings illustrating the project. Roy Disney took the drawings and a six-page portfolio to New York to show investors the plan in order to secure financing used to develop Disneyland. Once financing was assured, Disney asked <mask> to rejoin the Disney Company.Disneyland became the centerpiece of his Disney career. Among his contributions were designs for Main Street, U.S.A., Sleeping Beauty Castle and New Orleans Square. Herb also contributed concepts for the Jungle Cruise, Pirates of the Caribbean, and for attractions featured at the 1964-65 New York World's Fair, including Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln. <mask> worked on many special projects at Disney over a five decade span. He was the chief designer of the Cinderella Castle at the Walt Disney World Resort. <mask> officially retired from The Walt Disney Company in 1971. He returned in 1976 as a consultant on Walt Disney World, Epcot Center including renderings and concept paintings for The American Adventure, the China Pavilion, and the Meet the World  attraction at Tomorrow Land at Tokyo Disneyland.His last project at Disney was contributing concept drawings for Main Street in the planned Euro Disneyland when he became ill. He is well known for his watercolors of the rugged California coasts around Carmel and Point Lobos, as well as for his paintings of the Ringling Brothers Circus, and portraits of Emmett Kelly and other well known people. Many of his paintings hang in Hollywood's most famed homes. Awards and legacy
<mask> was a member of the American Institute of Fine Arts, the Society


title: Herbert Ryman

texts:
 of Illustrators, and the California Art Club  where he was president in 1963. In 1990, <mask> was inducted [posthumously] into the Disney Legends program. His sister, Lucille Carroll, co-founded the Ryman-Carroll Foundation in his memory. In 2000 the Ryman-Carroll Foundation published "A Brush with Disney" a 252-page story of <mask>'s life with color illustrations by <mask> ().Personal life
<mask>'s ancestors came to the U.S. from Heidelberg, Germany. <mask>'s father,  Dr. <mask><mask> was born April 11, 1878 in Vernon, Illinois. He graduated from Kansas State Medical College, Lawrence, KS in 1907. He moved his family to Mt. Pulaski, Illinois in 1910. The U.S. entered World War I in April 1917 and Dr<mask> joined the Army Medical Reserve Corps the following September. He was commissioned a Captain in the Medical Corps 107th Field Artillery 28th Division and sent to the war front in France at his request.On Saturday afternoon, August 17, 1918 he was mortally wounded while ministering to a wounded comrade on the battlefield near St. Gilles, France. Refusing aid, he assisted in rendering and directing the treatment of three other soldiers. Though weakened by loss of blood, he showed utter disregard for his personal danger, refusing to accept treatment until the other wounded had been cared for. He later died at a nearby aid station. For his act of heroism he was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. His mother, Cora Belle Norris, was born July 6, 1876, in Pendleton County, Kentucky and was the great-granddaughter of President Zachary Taylor.After the death of her husband, Mrs. <mask> moved <mask> and his two sisters Lucille and Christine to Decatur, where she resumed her teaching career. She later was elected superintendent of the Macon

masks:
Herb Ryman
Ryman
Ryman
Ryman
Ryman
Herbert D
. Ryman
. Ryman
Ryman
Herbert


title: Herbert Ryman

texts:
 County Schools, where she served for 16 years. She retired in 1938 and moved to California to live with her son, <mask>. She died in Los Angeles, California, on January 9, 1963, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. <mask> lived for many years on Chandler Blvd in Van Nuys, California. He later moved to Sherman Oaks, California, where he died of cancer on February 10, 1989., 16 days after the death of  his oldest sister Christine Pensinger (1903-1989). Filmography

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
 David Copperfield, storyboard
 Mutiny on the Bounty, storyboard
 Anna Karenina, storyboard
 A Tale of Two Cities, storyboard
 The Good Earth, storyboard

Walt Disney  Productions
 Fantasia, Art Director - Pastoral Symphony sequence
 Dumbo, Art Director
 Saludos Amigos, Art supervision
 The Three Caballeros, Layout artist

Twentieth Century Fox
 Anna and the King of Siam
 Forever Amber
 Down to the Sea in Ships
 David and Bathsheba
 The Robe

Disney theme park attractions
<mask> drew many sketches and preparatory drawings for several Disney theme parks including:

The original attractions at Disneyland

 Sleeping Beauty Castle
  Main Street, USA
 Jungle Cruise
 Pirates of the Caribbean

The attractions of the 1964 New York World's Fair
 GE Carousel of Progress
 Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln
 It's a Small World
 Ford Magic Skyway

The attractions at Disney World

 Cinderella Castle
 Hall of Presidents

for EPCOT
 The American Adventure
 the China Pavilion of the World Showcase

The attractions at Tokyo Disneyland
 Meet the World

References

External links

1910 births
1989 deaths
American people of German descent
Artists from Los Angeles
Chouinard Art Institute alumni
Deaths from cancer in California
Disney imagineers
Disney people
People from Decatur, Illinois
People from Sherman Oaks, Los

masks:
Herbert
Ryman
Herbert Ryman


title: Valens

texts: <mask> (Ancient Greek: Οὐάλης) (328– 9 August 378) was Roman emperor from 364 to 378. He was the younger brother of the emperor Valentinian I, who gave Valens the eastern half of the Roman Empire to rule. Before 364, Valens had a largely unremarkable military career. In 378, <mask> was defeated and killed at the Battle of Adrianople against the invading Goths, which astonished contemporaries and marked the beginning of barbarian encroachment into Roman territory. As emperor Valens continually faced threats both internal and external. He defeated, after some dithering, the usurper Procopius in 366, and campaigned against the Goths across the Danube in 367 and 369. In the following years, Valens focused on the eastern frontier, where he faced the perennial threat of Persia, particularly in Armenia, as well as additional conflicts with the Saracens and Isaurians.Domestically, he inaugurated the Aqueduct of Valens in Constantinople, which was longer than all the aqueducts of Rome. In 376–77, the Gothic War broke out, following a mismanaged attempt to settle the Goths in the Balkans. Valens returned from the east to fight the Goths in person, but lack of coordination with his nephew, the western emperor Gratian (Valentinian I's son), as well as poor battle tactics, led to <mask> and much of the eastern Roman army dying at a battle near Adrianople in 378. Although <mask> is described as indecisive, impressionable, a mediocre general and overall "utterly undistinguished", he was also a conscientious and capable administrator, and a notable

masks:
Flavius Valens
Valens
Valens
Valens


title: Valens

texts:
 achievement of his was to significantly relieve the burden of taxation on the population. At the same time, his suspicious and fearful disposition, and excessive concern for personal safety, resulted in numerous treason trials and executions, which heavily stained his reputation. In religious matters, Valens favored a compromise between Nicene Christianity and the various non-trinitarian Christian sects, and interfered little in the affairs of the pagans. Early life and military career

<mask> and his brother Valentinian were born, in 328 and 321 respectively, to an Illyrian family resident in Cibalae (Vinkovci) in Pannonia Secunda.Their father Gratianus Funarius, a native of Cibalae, had served as a senior officer in the Roman army and as comes Africae. The brothers grew up on estates purchased by Gratianus in Africa and Britain. Valens served in the protectores domestici under the emperors Julian () and Jovian (). According to the 5th-century Greek historian Socrates Scholasticus, while serving as a protector domesticus, Valens refused pressure to offer pagan sacrifices during the reign of the polytheistic emperor Julian. <mask>'s elder brother Valentinian also joined the protectores, rising to tribunus in 357; he served in Gaul and in Mesopotamia during the reign of Constantius II (). According to the Chronicle of Jerome and the Chronicon Paschale, <mask>'s eldest nephew Gratian was born in 359 at Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica) to Valentinian's wife Marina Severa. In late 364, the reigning emperor Jovian, who had been a protector domesticus

masks: Valens Valens Valens


title: Valens

texts:
 under Constantius II and Julian and a primicerius domesticorum from 363, had on 27 June 363 been acclaimed augustus by the army at Maranga on the Tigris during Julian's Persian War, was hastening to Constantinople to secure his claim to the purple.According to one of Themistius's orations, on 1 January 364 Jovian staged a consular entry into Ancyra (Ankara) for the beginning of his first consulship, an honour he shared with his son Varronianus. He died during a stop at Dadastana. The emperor died on 17 February according  to the Latin historian Eutropius, but on the 19 February according to the According to Eutropius, Jovian was deified by consecratio as . Valentinian, a tribunus scholae secundiae scutariorum, owed his advancement to the deceased. In the history written by Latin historian Ammianus Marcellinus, Valentinian was summoned to Nicaea by a council of military and civil officials who acclaimed him augustus. According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana and the Chronicon Paschale, the date of his elevation was 25 February 364. According to the 5th-century Greek historian Sozomen, Valentinian was a Nicene Christian.<mask>, on the other hand, was an Arian Christian (a "Homoean"). Accession
Valentinian appointed his brother Valens tribunus stabulorum (or stabuli) on 1 March 364 and both brothers became Roman consul for the first time. According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Valentinian raised his brother <mask> to be his co-augustus on 28 March 364, at Constantinople. He was acclaimed augustus on 26 February, 364. It was the

masks: Valens Valens


title: Valens

texts:
 general opinion that Valentinian needed help to handle the cumbersome administration, civil and military, of the large and unwieldy empire, and, on 28 March of the same year, at the express demand of the soldiers for a second augustus, he selected his brother Valens as co-emperor at the Hebdomon, before the Constantinian Walls. Early reign
Both emperors were briefly ill, delaying them in Constantinople, but as soon as they recovered, the two augusti travelled together through Adrianople and Naissus to Mediana, where they divided their territories. Valentinian then went on to the West, where the Alemannic wars required his immediate attention.<mask> began his consulship in Constantinople and Valentinian took up his consulship in Mediolanum (Milan). <mask>'s wife Domnica may have become augusta in 364. Valens obtained the eastern half of the Empire: Greece, the Balkans, Egypt, Anatolia and the Levant as far as the border with the Sasanian Empire. <mask> was back in his capital of Constantinople by December 364. <mask> inherited the eastern portion of an empire that had recently retreated from most of its holdings in Mesopotamia and Armenia because of a treaty that his predecessor Jovian had made with Shapur II of the Sasanian Empire. Valens's first priority after the winter of 365 was to move east in hopes of shoring up the situation. Usurpation of Procopius: September 365–May 366
With Valens absent from the imperial city, Procopius, a maternal cousin of Julian, the last emperor of the Constantinian dynasty, was acclaimed augustus on 28

masks: Valens Valens Valens Valens