title: Charles III of Spain

texts:
 order to oppose the small but powerful pro-Austrian party in Naples, a new council was formed under the direction of Tanucci that resulted in the arrest of more than 800 people.In April Maria Theresa addressed the Neapolitans with a proclamation in which she promised pardons and other benefits for those who rose against the "usurpers", meaning the Bourbons. The participation of Naples and Sicily in the conflict resulted, on 11 August in the decisive Battle of Velletri, where Neapolitan troops directed by <mask> and the Duke of Castropignano, and Spanish troops under the Count of Pledges, defeated the Austrians of Lobkowitz, who retreated with heavy losses. The courage shown by <mask> caused the King of Sardinia, his enemy, to write that "he revealed a worthy consistency of his blood and that he behaved gloriously". The victory at Velletri assured <mask> the right to give the title Duke of Parma to his younger brother Infante Felipe. This was recognized in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle signed in 1748; it was not until the next year that Infante Felipe would officially be the Duke of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla. Impact of rule in Naples and Sicily

<mask> left a lasting legacy on his kingdom, introducing reforms during his reign. In Naples, <mask> began internal reforms that he later continued in peninsular Spain and the ultramarine Spanish Empire.His chief minister in Naples, Bernardo Tanucci, had a considerable influence over him. Tanucci had found a solution to <mask>'s acceding to the throne, but then implemented a major regalist policy toward the Church, substantially limiting the privileges of the clergy, whose vast possessions enjoyed tax


title: Charles III of Spain

type: original

texts: exemption and their own jurisdiction. His realm was financially a backward, underdeveloped stagnant agrarian economy, with 80% of the land being owned or controlled by the church and therefore tax-exempt. Landlords often registered their properties with the church to benefit from tax exemptions. Their rural tenants were under their landlords' control rather than royal jurisdiction. Taxes were collected by tax farming through low paid employees who supplemented their income by the exploitation of their position. "Smuggling and corruption were institutionalized at all levels."<mask> encouraged the development of skilled craftsmen in Naples and Sicily, after centuries of foreign domination. <mask> is recognized for having recreated the "Neapolitan nation", building an independent and sovereign kingdom. He also instituted reforms that were more administrative, more social and more religious than the kingdom had seen for a long time. In 1746 the Inquisition was introduced in domains bought by the Cardinal Spinelli, though this was not popular and required intervention by <mask>. <mask> was the most popular king the Neapolitans had had for many years. He was very supportive of the people's needs, regardless of class, and has been hailed as an Enlightenment king. Among the initiatives aimed at bringing the kingdom out of difficult economic conditions, <mask> created the "commerce council" that negotiated with the Ottomans, Swedes, French, and Dutch.He also founded an insurance company and took measures to protect the forests, and tried to start the extraction and exploitation of the natural resources. On 3 February 1740, King <mask> issued a proclamation

masks: Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles


title: Charles III of Spain

texts:
 containing 37 paragraphs, in which Jews were formally invited to return to Sicily, from where they had been brutally expelled in 1492. This move had a little practical effect: though a few Jews did come to Sicily, though there was no legal impediment to their living there, they felt their lives insecure, and they soon went back to Turkey. Despite the King's goodwill, the Jewish community of Sicily which had flourished in the Middle East was not re-established. Still, this was a significant symbolic gesture, the King clearly repudiating a past policy of religious intolerance. Moreover, the expulsion of the Jews from Sicily had been an application of the Spanish Alhambra Decree - which would be repudiated in Spain itself only much later. The Kingdom of Naples remained neutral during the Seven Years' War (1756–1763).The British Prime Minister, William Pitt wanted to create an Italian league where Naples and Sardinia would fight together against Austria, but <mask> refused to participate. This choice was sharply criticized by the Neapolitan Ambassador in Turin, Domenico Caraccioli, who wrote:

"The position of Italian matters is not more beautiful; but it is worsened by the fact that the King of Naples and the King of Sardinia, adding troops to larger forces of the others, could oppose itself to the plans of their neighbors; to defend itself against the dangers of the peace of the enemies themselves they were in a way united, but they are separated by their different systems of government." With the Republic of Genoa in relations are stretched: Pasquale Paoli, general of Corsican pro-independence rebels, was an officer of the Neapolitan army and the


title: Charles III of Spain

texts:
 Genoese one suspected that he received the assistance of the kingdom of Naples. He constructed a collection of palaces in and around Naples. <mask>nso where the Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso was located in Spain. Caserta was also much influenced by his wife, the very cultured Maria Amalia of Saxony. The site of the palace was also far away from the large volcano of Mount Vesuvius, which was a constant threat to the capital, as was the sea. <mask> himself laid the foundation stone of the palace amid many festivities on his 36th birthday, 20 January 1752. Other buildings he had built in his kingdom were the Palace of Portici (Reggia di Portici), the Teatro di San Carlo—constructed in just 270 days—and the Palace of Capodimonte (Reggia di Capodimonte); he also had the Royal Palace of Naples renovated. He and his wife had the Capodimonte porcelain Factory constructed in the city. He also founded the Ercolanesi Academy and the Naples National Archaeological Museum, which still operates today.During his rule the Roman cities of Herculaneum (1738), Stabiae and Pompeii (1748) were re-discovered. The king encouraged their excavation and continued to be informed about findings even after moving to Spain. Camillo Paderni who was in charge of excavated items at the King's Palace in Portici was also the first to attempt in reading obtained scrolls from the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum. After <mask> departed for Spain, Minister Tanucci presided over the Council of Regency that ruled until Ferdinand reached 16, the age of majority. King of Spain, 1759–1788
<mask> was not expected to ascend to the throne of Spain, since his father had sons from his

masks: Charlesdefo Charles Charles Charles


title: Charles III of Spain

texts:
 first wife who was more likely to rule. As the first son of his father's second wife, <mask> benefited from his mother's ambition that he has a kingdom to rule, an experience that served him well when he ascended to the throne of Spain and ruled the Spanish Empire. Accession to the Spanish throne

At the end of 1758, <mask>'s half brother Ferdinand VI was displaying the same symptoms of depression that their father used to suffer from.Ferdinand lost his devoted wife, Barbara of Portugal, in August 1758, and fell into deep mourning for her. He named <mask> his heir presumptive on 10 December 1758 before leaving Madrid to stay at Villaviciosa de Odón, where he died on 10 August 1759. At that point, <mask> was proclaimed King of Spain under the name of <mask> of Spain. He gained the title, respecting the third Treaty of Vienna that stated he would not be able to join the Neapolitan and Sicilian territories to the Spanish throne. Continued connection to Italy
<mask> was later given the title of Lord of the Two Sicilies. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, that <mask> had not ratified, foresaw the eventuality of his accession to Spain; thus Naples and Sicily went to his brother Philip, Duke of Parma, while the possessions of the latter were divided between Maria Theresa (Parma and Guastalla) and the King of Sardinia (Plaisance). Determined to maintain the hold of his descendants on the court of Naples, <mask> undertook lengthy diplomatic negotiations with Maria Theresa, and in 1758 the two signed the Fourth Treaty of Versailles, by which Austria formally renounced the Italian Duchies.<mask> <mask> of Sardinia, however, continued to pressure on the possible gain

masks:
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles III
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles Emmanuel
III


title: Charles III of Spain

texts:
 of Plaisance and even threatened to occupy it. In order to defend the Duchy of Parma from <mask>'s threats, <mask> deployed troops on the borders of the Papal States. Thanks to the mediation of Louis XV, <mask> renounced his claims to Plaisance in exchange for financial compensation. <mask> thus assured the succession of one of his sons and, at the same time, reduced <mask>'s ambitions. According to Domenico Caracciolo, this was "a fatal blow to the hopes and designs of the king of Sardinia". The eldest son of <mask>, Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria, had learning difficulties and was thus taken out of the line of succession to any throne; he died in Portici, where he had been born, in 1747. The title of Prince of Asturias was given to <mask>, the second-born.The right of succession to Naples and Sicily was reserved for his third son, Ferdinand; he would stay in Italy while his father was in Spain. <mask> formally abdicated the crowns of Naples and Sicily on 6 October 1759 in favor of Ferdinand. <mask> left his son's education and care to a regency council composed of eight members, which would govern the kingdom until the young king was 16 years old. <mask> and his wife arrived in Barcelona on 7 October 1759. Ruler of Spain

His twenty years in the Italian Peninsula had been very fruitful, and he came to the throne of Spain with significant experience. Internal politics, as well as diplomatic relationships with other countries, underwent complete reform. <mask> represented a new type of ruler, who followed Enlightened absolutism.This was a form of absolute monarchy or despotism in which rulers embraced the principles of the Enlightenment, especially

masks:
Charles Emmanuel
Charles
Charles Emmanuel
Charles
Charles Emmanuel
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles


title: Charles III of Spain

texts: its emphasis upon rationality, and applied them to their territories. They tended to allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and the press, and the right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, sciences, and education. <mask> shared these ideals with other monarchs, including Maria Theresa of Austria, her son Joseph, and Catherine the Great of Russia. The principles of the Enlightenment were applied to his rule in Naples, and he intended to do the same in Spain though on a much larger scale. <mask> went about his reform along with the help of the Marquis of Esquilache, Count of Aranda, Count of Campomanes, Count of Floridablanca, Ricardo Wall and the Genoan aristocrat Jerónimo Grimaldi. Under <mask>'s reign, Spain began to be recognized as a nation state rather than a collection of kingdoms and territories with a common sovereign.This was a long process that his Bourbon predecessors had initiated. Philip V had abolished the special privileges (fueros) of the Kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia, subordinating them to the Crown of Castile and ruled by the Council of Castile. In the Nueva Planta decrees, Philip V also disbanded the Generalitat de Catalunya, abolished its Constitutions, banned the Catalan language from any official use and mandated the use of Castilian Spanish in legal affairs. He incorporated these formerly privileged entities into the Cortes of Castile, in effect, the Cortes of Spain. When <mask> became king of Spain, he further solidified the standing of the nation as a single political entity. He created the national anthem and a flag, a capital city worthy of the name, and the construction of a network of coherent roads

masks:
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles III


title: Charles III of Spain

texts:
 converging on Madrid. On 3 September 1770 <mask> declared that the Marcha Real was to be used in official ceremonies.It was <mask> who chose the colors of the present flag of Spain: two red stripes above and below a central yellow stripe double in width and the arms of Castile and León. The flag of the military navy was introduced by the king on 28 May 1785. Until then, Spanish vessels sported the white flag of the Bourbons with the arms of the sovereign. <mask> replaced it due to his concern that it looked too similar to the flags of other nations. Military conflicts

Bourbon Spain, like their Habsburg predecessors, were drawn into European conflicts, not necessarily to Spain's benefit. The traditional friendship with Bourbon France brought about the idea that the power of Great Britain would decrease and that of Spain and France would do the opposite; this alliance was marked by a Family Compact signed on 15 August 1761 (called the "Treaty of Paris"). <mask> had become deeply concerned that British success in the Seven Years War would upset the balance of power, and they would soon seek to declare war against the Spanish Empire as well.The French government ceded its largest territory in North America, New France to Britain as a result of the conflict. In early 1762, Spain entered the war. The major Spanish objectives to invade Portugal and capture Jamaica were both failures. Britain and Portugal not only repulsed the Spanish attack on Portugal, but captured the cities of Havana, Cuba, a strategic port for all of Spanish America, and Manila, in the Philippines, Spain's stronghold for its Asian trade and colony of strategic islands. <mask> wanted to

masks:
Charles III
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles III


title: Charles III of Spain

texts:
 territories. During the war, Spain recovered Menorca and West Florida in several military campaigns, but failed in their attempt to capture Gibraltar.Spanish military operations in West Florida and on the Mississippi River helped the Thirteen Colonies secure their southern and western frontiers during the war. The capture of Nassau in the Bahamas enabled Spain to also recover East Florida during peace negotiations. The Treaty of Paris of 1783 confirmed the recovery of the Floridas and Menorca and restricted the actions of British commercial interests in Central America. Domestic political policies

<mask>che and Duke of Grimaldi, who supported reforms by the Count of Campomanes. The Count of Floridablanca was an important minister late in <mask>'s reign, who was carried over as minister after <mask>'s death. Also important was the Count of Aranda, who dominated the Council of Castile (1766-1773).His internal government was, on the whole, beneficial to the country. He began by compelling the people of Madrid to give up emptying their slops out of the windows, and when they objected he said they were like children who cried when their faces were washed. At the time of his accession to Spain, <mask> named secretary to the Finances and Treasurer the Marquis of Esquillache and both realized many reforms. The Spanish Army and Navy were reorganized despite the losses from the Seven Years War. <mask> also eliminated the tax on flour and generally liberalized most commerce. Despite this action, it provoked the overlord to charge high prices because of the "monopolizers" speculating on the bad harvests of the previous years. On 23 March 1766, his attempt to

masks: Charlesquila Charles Charles Charles Charles


title: Charles III of Spain

texts: force the madrileños to adopt French dress for public security reasons was the excuse for a riot (Motín de Esquilache), during which he did not display much personal courage.For a long time after, he remained at Aranjuez, leaving the government in the hands of his minister the Count of Aranda. Not all his reforms were of this formal kind. The Count of Campomanes tried to show <mask> that the true leaders of the revolt against Esquilache were the Jesuits. The wealth and power of the Jesuits were very large; and by the royal decree of 27 February 1767, known as the Pragmatic Penalty of 1767, the Jesuits were expelled from Spain, and all their possessions were confiscated. His quarrel with the Jesuits, and the memory of those with the Pope while he was King of Naples, turned him towards a general policy of restriction of what he saw as the overgrown power of the Church. The number of reputedly idle clergy, and more particularly of the monastic orders, was reduced, and the Spanish Inquisition, though not abolished, was rendered torpid. In the meantime, much-antiquated legislation that tended to restrict trade and industry was abolished, and roads, canals, and drainage works were established.Many of his paternal ventures led to little more than the wasting of monies, or the creation of hotbeds of jobbery; on the whole, however, the country prospered. The result was largely due to the king who, even when ill-advised, did at least work steadily at his task of government. <mask> also sought to reform Spanish colonial policy, in order to make Spain's colonies more competitive with the plantations of the French Antilles (particularly the French colony of

masks: Charles Charles


title: Charles III of Spain

texts: Saint-Domingue) and Portuguese Brazil. This resulted in the creation of the "Códigos Negros Españoles", or Spanish Black Codes. The Black Codes, which were partly based on the French Code Noir and 13th-century Castilian Siete Partidas, aimed to establish greater legal control over slaves in the Spanish colonies, in order to expand agricultural production. The first code was written for the city of Santo Domingo in 1768, while the second code was written for the recently acquired Spanish territory of Louisiana in 1769. The third code, which was named the "Código Negro Carolino" after <mask> himself, divided the freed black and slave populations of Santo Domingo into strictly stratified socio-economic classes.In Spain, he continued with his work trying to improve the services and facilities of his people. He created the Luxury Porcelain factory under the name of Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro in 1760; Crystal followed at the Real Fábrica de Cristales de La Granja and then there was the Real Fábrica de Platería Martínez in 1778. During his reign, the areas of Asturias and Catalonia industrialized quickly and produced much revenue for the Spanish economy. He then turned to the foreign economy looking towards his colonies in the Americas. In particular, he looked at the finances of the Philippines and encouraged commerce with the United States, starting in 1778. He also carried out a number of public works; he had the Imperial Canal of Aragon constructed, as well a number of routes that led to the capital of Madrid, which is located in the center of Spain. Other cities were improved during his reign; Seville for example saw the introduction of many new


title: Charles III of Spain

texts:
 structures such as hospitals and the Archivo General de Indias.In Madrid, he was nicknamed "el Mejor Alcalde de Madrid" (the Best Mayor of Madrid). <mask> was responsible for granting the title "Royal University" to the University of Santo Tomás in Manila, which is the oldest in Asia. In the capital, he also had the famous Puerta de Alcalá constructed along with the statue of Alcachofa fountain, and moved and redesigned the Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid. He had the present National Art Museum of Queen Sofia (named in honor of the present Queen of Spain, born Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark) built, as well as the renowned Museo del Prado. At Aranjuez he added wings to the palace. He created the Spanish Lottery and introduced Christmas cribs following Neapolitan models. During his reign, the movement to found "Economic Societies" (an early form of Chamber of Commerce) was born.The Royal Palace of Madrid had undergone many alterations under his rule. It was in his reign that the huge Comedor de gala (Gala Dining room) was built during the years of 1765–1770; the room took the place of the old apartments of Queen Maria Amalia. He died in the palace on 14 December 1788. Ruler of the Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire has been called "improbable," since Iberian Spain had been poor and did not have natural endowments, but its empire was huge and far-flung, starting in the late fifteenth century. Most of the European portions of the empire, which had come under the control of the Spanish monarchy when the first Habsburg monarch <mask> of Spain became king in 1516. Those territories were separated from it, leaving huge possessions in Spanish America and

masks:
Charles
Charles I


title: Charles III of Spain

texts:
 the Philippines, which <mask> ruled. Centralizing rule and raising revenue
The policies that centralized the Spanish state on the Iberian peninsula were extended to its overseas territories, especially after the end of the Seven Years' War, when Havana and Manila were captured (1762–63) by the British.<mask>'s predecessors on the throne had begun reforming the relationship between the Iberian metropole Spanish American and Philippine possessions, to create a centralized and unified empire. The Seven Years' War had demonstrated to <mask> that Spain's military was insufficient for a war with Britain. Military defense of the empire was a top priority, an expensive but necessary undertaking. With the 1763 peace treaty ending the Seven Years' War, Spain regained its ports of Havana, Cuba, and Manila, in the Philippines. Esquilache needed to find revenue to support the establishment of a standing military and fortification of ports. To raise funds, the sales tax alcabala was increased from 2% to 5%. To increase trade, Havana and other Caribbean ports were allowed to trade with other ports within the Spanish empire, not full trade, but comercio libre was freer trade.With the expansion, Spain hoped to undermine Britain's secret trade with Spanish America, and gain more revenue for the Spanish crown. <mask> sent José de Gálvez as inspector general (visitor) to New Spain in 1765 to find ways to extract further revenue from its richest overseas possession and to observe conditions. The position gave sweeping powers to its holder, sometimes greater than that of the viceroy. Following his return to Spain in 1771, Gálvez became Minister of the Indies and proceeded

masks:
Charles III
Charles
Charles
Charles


title: Charles III of Spain

texts:
 with sweeping administrative changes, replacing the old system of governance with administrative districts (intendancies) and strengthening centralized crown control. Expulsion of the Jesuits, 1767

<mask>'s Italian minister Esquilache was hated in Spain, seen as a foreigner, and responsible for policies that many Spaniards opposed. Bread riots in 1766, known as the Esquilache Riots, pinned the blame on the minister, but behind the uprising, the Society of Jesus was seen as the real culprit. After exiling Esquilache, <mask> expelled the Jesuits from Spain and its empire in 1767.In Spanish America, the impact was significant, since the Jesuits were a wealthy and powerful religious order, owning lucrative haciendas that produced revenue funding its missions on the frontier and its educational institutions. For American-born Spaniards, at a stroke, the most wealthy and prestigious religious order that educated their sons and accepted a chosen few into their ranks were consigned to Italian exile. Jesuit properties, included thriving haciendas, were confiscated, the colleges educating their sons closed, and frontier missions were turned over to other religious orders. Politically, culturally, and economically the expulsion was a blow into the fabric of the empire. Personal life

<mask> received the strict and structured education of a Spanish Infante; he was very pious and was often in awe of his domineering mother, who according to many contemporaries, he resembled greatly. The Alvise Giovanni Mocenigo, Doge of Venice and Ambassador of Venice to Naples declared that "...he received an education removed from all studies and all applications in order to be

masks: Charles Charles Charles


title: Charles III of Spain

texts: able to govern himself" (...tenne sempre un'educazione lontanissima da ogni studio e da ogni applicazione per diventare da sé stesso capace di governo). He was educated in printmaking (remaining an enthusiastic etcher), painting, and a wide range of physical activities, including a future favourite of his, hunting.Sir Horatio Mann, a British diplomat in Florence noted that he was greatly impressed at the fondness <mask> had for the sport. His physical appearance was dominated by the Bourbon nose that he had inherited from his father's side of the family. He was described as "a brown boy, who has a lean face with a bulging nose", and was known for his happy and exuberant character. <mask>'s mother Elisabeth Farnese sought potential brides for her son, when he was formally recognized as King of Naples and Sicily. It was impossible to get an Archduchess of Austria as a bride, so she looked to Poland, choosing Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony, a daughter of the newly elected Polish king <mask> and his (ironically) Austrian wife Maria Josepha of Austria. Maria Josepha was a niece of Emperor <mask>; the marriage was seen as the only alternative to an Austrian marriage. Maria Amalia was only 13 when she was informed of her proposed marriage.The marriage date was confirmed on 31 October 1737. Maria Amalia was married by proxy at Dresden in May 1738, with her brother Frederick Christian of Saxony representing <mask>. This marriage was looked upon favorably by the Holy See and effectively ended its diplomatic disagreement with <mask>. The couple met for the first time on 19 June 1738 at Portella, a village on the frontier of the kingdom near Fondi. At court,

masks:
Charles
Charles
Augustus III
Charles
Charles
Charles


title: Charles III of Spain

texts:
 festivities lasted till 3 July. As part of the celebration, <mask> created the Order of Saint Januarius—the most prestigious order of chivalry in the kingdom. He later had the Order of Charles III created in Spain on 19 September 1771.The first crisis that <mask> had to deal with as king of Spain was the death of his beloved wife Maria Amalia. She died unexpectedly at the Palace of Buen Retiro on the eastern outskirts of Madrid, aged 35, on 27 September 1760. She was buried at the El Escorial in the royal crypt. The example of his actions and works was not without effect on other Spanish nobles. In his domestic life, King <mask> was regular, and was a considerate master, though he had a somewhat caustic tongue and took a rather cynical view of humanity. He was passionately fond of hunting. During his later years he had some trouble with his eldest son and daughter-in-law.He was buried at the Pantheon of the Kings located at the Royal Monastery of El Escorial. Legacy
The rule of <mask> has been considered the "apogee of empire" and not sustained after his death. <mask> ascended the throne of Spain with considerable experience in governance, and enacted significant reforms to revivify Spain's economy and strengthen its empire. Although there were European conflicts to contend with, he died in 1788, months before the eruption of the French Revolution in July 1789. <mask> did not equip his son and heir, <mask> with skills or experience in governance. <mask> continued a number of policies of his more distinguished father, but was forced to abdicate by his son Ferdinand VII of Spain and then imprisoned by Napoleon Bonaparte who invaded Spain in 1808. The

masks:
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles III
Charles III
Charles III
Charles IV
Charles IV


title: Charles III of Spain

texts:
 arms used by <mask> while King of Spain were used until 1931 when his great-great-great grandson Alphonso <mask> lost the crown, and the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed (there was also a brief interruption from 1873 to 1875).Felipe VI of Spain, Spain's current monarch, is a direct male-line descendant of <mask>  and a descendant by four of his great-great-grandparents. Felipe VI is also a descendant of Maria Theresa of Austria. Charles III University of Madrid, established in 1989 and one of the world's top 300 Universities, is named after him. Family

Issue

Ancestry

Heraldry

Further reading

 Chávez, Thomas E. <mask> and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002. Henderson, Nicholas. "<mask> of Spain: An Enlightened Despot," History Today, Nov 1968, Vol. 18 Issue 10, p673-682 and Issue 11, pp 760–768
 Herr, Richard."Flow and Ebb, 1700-1833" in Spain: A History, ed. Raymond Carr. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000. Herr, Richard. The Eighteenth Century Revolution in Spain. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1958. Lößlein, Horst.2019. Royal Power in the Late Carolingian Age: <mask> the Simple and His Predecessors. Cologne: MAP. Stein, Stanley J. and Barbara H. Stein. Apogee of Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of <mask> III, 1759–1789. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2003. Thomas, Robin L. Architecture and Statecraft: <mask> of Bourbon's Naples, 1734-1759 (Penn State University Press; 2013) 223 pages

References

External links

 Historiaantiqua.Carlos III; (Spanish) (2008)

1716 births
1788 deaths
18th-century Spanish monarchs
18th-century Kings of

masks:
Charles
XIII
Charles the
Spain
Charles III
Charles III
Charles
Charles


title: Mason Raige

texts:
<mask> is an American professional wrestler who competes in North American independent promotions including Mikey Whipwreck's New York Wrestling Connection as well as WWE developmental territories Ohio Valley Wrestling, Derby City Wrestling and Ohio Championship Wrestling. He has also appeared in World Wrestling Entertainment as an on-camera personality in early 2007, most notably as one of The Undertaker's druids at WrestleMania 23 as well appearing on Monday Night Raw as one of Vince McMahon's personal security guards. Career

Early life and career
As a child growing up in Farmingville, New York, Raige was a fan of Hulk Hogan during the "rock 'n wrestling connection"-era often watching WWF Superstars of Wrestling and WWF Wrestling Challenge as well as attending events at Nassau Coliseum during the 1980s. He graduated from the State University of New York at Oswego with a degree in communications studies and philosophy in 1994 and began teaching English and journalism in Smithtown High School. During this time, after watching MTV's Tough Enough series, Raige became interested in a career in professional wrestling and began training at the now-defunct Critical Mass Pro Wrestling in Hicksville, Long Island on January 7, 2003. Training with Team Taz graduate John Curse, Mike Mayhem and Mikey Whipwreck among others, he began wrestling in the New York area with NWA Cyberspace and the New York Wrestling Connection during the next two years. In November 2004, he wrestled on the first MXW Pro Wrestling show.After appearing on the cover of Newsday on an article for the Hicksville wrestling school, he left his teaching job and began wrestling full-time. He later started


title: Mason Raige

texts:
 Van Lemer, MEGA and The Angus Brothers in the annual 10-man "Psycho Circus" elimination match on January 27 and to "The Big Deal" Daniel Rodimer at an OVW television taping several days later. The following month, he defeated Vinny Viagra for the OCW Heavyweight Championship in Ashland, Kentucky on February 3, 2007. On March 19, Raige again appeared on Monday Night Raw appearing with Vince McMahon in several backstage segments as one of McMahon's personal security guards. After losing to Chet the Jett and Steve Lewington in a dark match with Scott Cardinal on March 21, he again appeared at WrestleMania 23 as one of The Undertaker's druids and as part of Melina's entourage on Monday Night Raw the following night.After a second appearance with The Undertaker at SmackDown on April 6, he would successfully defend the OCW Heavyweight Championship against Tank Toland the following night. He would also defeat Jacob Duncan in a dark match at an OVW television taping on May 23 and teaming with Von Lilas at a Derby City Wrestling event defeated Lennox Lightfoot and Dre Blitz on June 27. Championships and accomplishments
New York Wrestling Connection
NYWC Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NYWC Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Dickie Rodz

Ohio Championship Wrestling
OCW Heavyweight Championship (2 time)  defeated Vinnie Viagra and JD Michaels. Media
Watch Me...Because You Can't Stop Me. Perf. <mask>ge. DVD.MasonRaige.com, 2006. References

External links
Profile at Online World of Wrestling
Other Superstars - Mason Raige
CageMatch.de - Mason Raige

Living people
American male professional wrestlers
1972 births
People from Farmingville, New York
Sportspeople from


title: Simon Kuznets

texts:
<mask> (; ; April 30, 1901 – July 8, 1985) was an American economist and statistician who received the 1971 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development." <mask> made a decisive contribution to the transformation of economics into an empirical science and to the formation of quantitative economic history. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in the Russian Empire, today Belarus in the town of Pinsk to Lithuanian-Jewish parents, in the year 1901. He completed his schooling, first at the Rivne, then, Kharkiv Realschule of present-day Ukraine. In 1918, <mask> entered the Kharkiv Institute of Commerce where he studied economic sciences, statistics, history and mathematics under the guidance of professors P. Fomin (political economy), A. Antsiferov (statistics), V. Levitsky (economic history and economic thought), S. Bernstein (probability theory), V. Davats (mathematics), and others. Basic academic courses at the Institute helped him to acquire "exceptional" erudition in economics, as well as in history, demography, statistics and natural sciences. According to the institute's curriculum, development of the national economies had to be analyzed in the wider context of changes in connected spheres and with involvement of proper methods and empirical data.There he began to study economics and became exposed to Joseph Schumpeter's theory of innovation and the business cycle. At the turn of 1920–1921 years, the normal course in the institute was interrupted by the events of the Civil War and reorganizations undertaken by the Soviet authorities in the sphere of the higher education. There is no precise information whether <mask> continued his studies at the institute, but it is known that he joined the Department of Labor of UZHBURO (South Bureau) of the Central Council of Trade Unions. There he published his first scientific paper, "Monetary wages and salaries of factory workers in Kharkov in 1920"; he explored the dynamics of different types of wages by industries in

masks:
Simon Smith Kuznets
Kuznets
Simon Smith Kuznets
Kuznets
Kuznets


title: Simon Kuznets

texts:
 Kharkov and income differentiation, depending on the wage system. Emigration to the United States
In 1922, the <mask> family emigrated to the United States. <mask> then studied at Columbia University under the guidance of Wesley Clair Mitchell. He graduated with a B.S.in 1923, M.A. in 1924, and Ph.D. in 1926. As his magister thesis, he defended the essay "Economic system of Dr. Schumpeter, presented and analyzed", written in Kharkiv. From 1925 to 1926, <mask> spent time studying economic patterns in prices as the Research Fellow at the Social Science Research Council. It was this work that led to his book "Secular Movements in Production and Prices", defended as a doctoral thesis and published in 1930. In 1927, he became a member of the research staff of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), where he worked until 1961. From 1931 until 1936, <mask> was a part-time professor at the University of Pennsylvania.In 1937 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. He was elected to the Pi Gamma Mu social science honor society chapter at the University of Pennsylvania and actively served as a chapter officer in the 1940s; becoming a full-time professor 1936 until 1954. In 1954, <mask> moved to Johns Hopkins University, where he was Professor of Political Economy until 1960. From 1961 until his retirement in 1970, <mask> taught at Harvard. Apart from that, <mask> collaborated with a number of research organizations and government agencies. In 1931–1934, at Mitchell's behest, <mask> took charge of the NBER's work on U.S. national income accounts, given the first official estimation of the US national income. In 1936, <mask> took the lead in establishing the Conference on Research Income and Wealth, which brought together government officials and academic economists, engaged in the development of the U.S. national income and product accounts, and in 1947 helped to establish its international counterpart, the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.During the Second World War, between 1942 and 1944, <mask> became the associate director of the Bureau of Planning and Statistics, War

masks: Kuznets Kuznets Kuznets Kuznets Kuznets Kuznets Kuznets Kuznets Kuznets Kuznets


title: Simon Kuznets

texts:
 Production Board. He took part in works aimed to assess the capacity to expand military production. Researchers used national income accounting together with a rough form of linear programming to measure the potential for increased production and the sources from which it would come and to identify the materials that were binding constraints on expansion. After the War, he worked as an advisor for the governments of China, Japan, India, Korea, Taiwan, and Israel in the establishment of their national systems of economic information. <mask> cooperated with the Growth Center of Yale University, the Social Science Research Council (SSRC). He guided extensive research holding a number of positions in research institutions, such  as the Chairman of the Falk Project for Economic Research in Israel, 1953–1963; member of the Board of Trustees and honorary chairman, Maurice Falk Institute for Economic Research in Israel, from 1963; and Chairman, Social Science Research Council Committee on the Economy of China, 1961–1970. <mask> was elected as the President of the American Economic Association (1954), President of the American Statistical Association (1949), an honorable member of the Association of Economic History, the Royal Statistical Society of England and a member of the Econometric Society, the International Statistical Institute, the American Philosophical Society, the Royal Swedish Academy, a corresponding member of the British Academy.He was awarded the Medal of Francis Walker (1977). <mask> died on July 8, 1985, at the age of 84. In 2013 The Kharkiv National University of Economics where he studied in 1918–1921 was named after him (<mask>nets Kharkiv National University of Economics). Impact on economics
His name is associated with the formation of modern economic science as an empirical discipline, the development of statistical methods of research and the emergence of quantitative economic history. <mask> is credited with revolutionising econometrics, and this work is credited with fueling the so-called Keynesian revolution. <mask>' views and scientific methodology were highly influenced  by methodological settings received

masks:
Kuznets
Kuznets
Simon Kuznets
Simon Kuz
Kuznets
Kuznets


title: Simon Kuznets

texts:
 by him in Kharkiv and fully shared by Mitchell for the statistical, inductive construction of hypotheses in economics and its empirical testing. <mask> treated a priori and speculative conceptions with deep skepticism.At the same time, Kuznets tended to analyze economy in connection with the wider context of historical situation, demographic, and social processes, a method that was peculiar to the Kharkiv academics at the beginning of the 20th century. <mask> was influenced by the work of such leading theorists as Joseph A. Schumpeter (who probed the relationship between technological change and business cycles), A. C. Pigou (who identified circumstances under which markets failed to maximize economic welfare), and Vilfredo Pareto (who propounded a law governing the distribution of income among households). <mask> was closely familiar with  the economics of Russia and Ukraine of the early 20th century. In the 1920s, he reviewed and translated the papers of Kondratiev, Slutsky, Pervushin, Weinstein. who were then little known in the West. Historical series of economic dynamics and Kuznets cycles, or "long swings"
The first major research project in which <mask> was involved was the study of long series of economic dynamics in the USA undertaken in the mid-1920s. The collected data covered the period from 1865 to 1925, and for some indices achieved 1770.Applying for the analysis of time series approximating Gompertz and logistic curves, <mask> found that the characteristics of the curves with reasonable accuracy described the majority of economic processes. Fitting trend curves to data and analysis of the time series, comparison of theoretical and empirical levels, allowed him to identify medium-term extended cycles of economic activity, which lasted 15–25 years and had an intermediate position between the Kondratyev "long waves" and short business cycles. Aspiring to determine the nature of these cycles, <mask> analyzed the dynamics of population, the construction industry performance, capital, national income data and other variables. These movements became known among economists and economic historians as "Kuznets cycles", and

masks: Kuznets Kuznets Kuznets Kuznets Kuznets Kuznets


title: Simon Kuznets

texts:
 alternatively as "long swings" in the economy's growth rate (following the work of Moses Abramovitz [1912–1999]). Kuznet cycles are special case of Kondratiev wave. National income accounts
In 1931, at Mitchell's behest, <mask> took charge of the NBER's work on U.S. national income accounts. In 1934, an assessment of the national income of the United States for the period 1929–1932 was given; further, it was extended to 1919–1938, and then, until 1869.Although <mask> was not the first economist to try this, his work was so comprehensive and meticulous that it set the standard in the field. <mask> had success to solve numerous problems ranging from lack of sources of information and bias assessments, to the development of the theoretical concept of national income. <mask> achieved a high precision in calculations. His works allowed us to analyze the structure of the national income, and expose to detailed study a number of specific problems of the national economy. Improved methods for calculating the national income and related indicators have become classics and formed the basis of the modern system of national accounts. Having  analyzed the distribution of income among different social groups, <mask> put forward the hypothesis that in countries, which were on the early stages of economic development, income inequality increased first, but as far as national economy was growing, it tended to decrease. This assumption formed the basis of so-called "Kuznets curve" empirical conception.<mask> helped the U.S. Department of Commerce to standardize the measurement of GNP. He disapproved, however, of its use as a general indication of welfare, writing that "the welfare of a nation can scarcely be inferred from a measure of national income." Exploring the formation of the national income, <mask> studied proportions between output and income, consumption and savings, etc. After analyzing the long-term data sets of economic conditions for 20 countries, <mask> revealed long-term trends in capital / output ratios, shares of net capital formation, net investment, and so on. Collected and systematized data allowed exposing to empirical

masks: Kuznets Kuznets Kuznets Kuznets Kuznets Kuznets Kuznets Kuznets


title: Simon Kuznets

texts:
 testing a number of existing hypotheses. In particular, this concerned premises of the Keynes theory – Keynes' 1936 absolute income hypothesis. The hypothesis gave birth to what would become the first formal consumption function.However, <mask> shook the economic world by finding that Keynes' predictions, while seemingly accurate in short-run cross-sections, broke down under more rigorous examination. In his 1942 tome Uses of National Income in Peace and War, published by the National Bureau of Economic Research, <mask> became the first economist to show that the Absolute Income Hypothesis gives inaccurate predictions in the long run (by using time-series data). Keynes had predicted that as aggregate income increases, so will marginal savings. <mask> used new data to show that, over a longer span of time (1870s – 1940s) the savings ratio remained constant, despite large changes in income. This paved the way for Milton Friedman's permanent income hypothesis, and several more modern alternatives such as the life-cycle hypothesis and the relative income hypothesis. Economic growth
By the end of the Second World War <mask> moved into a new research area, related to the tie between changes in income and growth. He proposed a research program that involved extensive empirical studies on the four key elements of economic growth.The elements were demographic growth, growth of knowledge, in-country adaptation to growth factors, and external economic relations between the countries. The general theory of economic growth should explain the development of advanced industrial countries, and the reasons that prevent the development of backward countries, include both market and planned economies, large and small, developed and developing countries, consider the impact on growth of foreign economic relations. He collected and analyzed statistical indicators of economic performance of 14 countries in Europe, the U.S. and Japan for 60 years. Analysis of the materials led to the advancement of a number of hypotheses relating to various aspects of the mechanism of economic growth, concerning the level and variability of growth, structure of the GNP

masks: Kuznets Kuznets Kuznets Kuznets


title: Simon Kuznets

texts:
 and distribution of labor, the distribution of income between households, the structure of foreign trade. <mask> founded the historically grounded theory of economic growth. The central theme of these empirical studies is that the growth of the aggregated product of the country necessarily implies a profound transformation of the whole of its economic structure. This transformation affects many aspects of economic life – the structure of production, sectoral and occupational structure of employment, the division of occupations among family and market activities, the income structure, size, age structure and spatial distribution of the population, cross-country flows of goods, capital, labor and knowledge, the organization of industry and governmental regulation.Such changes, in his opinion, are essential for overall growth and, once started, shape, constrain or support the subsequent economic development of the country. <mask> made a profound analysis of the impact on economic growth by demographic processes and characteristics. His major thesis, which argued that underdeveloped countries of today possess characteristics different from those that industrialized countries faced before they developed, helped put an end to the simplistic view that all countries went through the same "linear stages" in their history and launched the separate field of development economics – which now focused on the analysis of modern underdeveloped countries' distinct experiences. <mask> curve
Among his several observations which sparked important theoretical research programs was the Kuznets curve, an inverted U-shaped relation between income inequality and economic growth (1955, 1963). In poor countries, economic growth increased the income disparity between rich and poor people. In wealthier countries, economic growth narrowed the difference. By noting patterns of income inequality in developed and underdeveloped countries, he proposed that as countries experienced economic growth, the income inequality first increases and then decreases.The reasoning was that in order to experience growth, countries had to shift from agricultural to industrial

masks: Kuznets Kuznets Kuznets


title: Simon Kuznets

texts:
 sectors. While there was little variation in the agricultural income, industrialization led to large differences in income. Additionally, as economies experienced growth, mass education provided greater opportunities which decreased the inequality and the lower income portion of the population gained political power to change governmental policies. He also discovered the patterns in savings-income behavior which launched the life-cycle-permanent-income hypothesis of Modigliani and Friedman. He conducted his research for many years and finally published his findings in 1963. Historical and economic works of the 1970s
In his historical and economic studies of the 1970s, <mask> expressed the idea of an interaction between science and technology (innovations), and institutional shifts, as well as the role of factors external to the economy, such as those caused by the moral and political climate in society, and their impact on the progress and results of economic growth. <mask> was awarded by the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (aka, the Nobel Prize in Economics) in 1971 "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development".Selected publications
 "Secular Movements in Production and Prices: Their Nature and Their Bearing upon Cyclical Fluctuations". (New York and Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1930). "National Income and Capital Formation, 1919–1935". (1937)
 "National Income and Its Composition, 1919–1938". (1941) Assisted by Lillian Epstein and Elizabeth Jenks https://www.nber.org/chapters/c4224
 "Economic Growth and Income Inequality". American Economic Review 45 (March): 1–28. (1955)
 "Quantitative aspects of the economic growth of nations, VIII: The distribution of income by size", Economic Development and Cultural Change, 11, pp.1–92. (1963)
 "Modern Economic Growth: Rate, Structure, and Spread". (1966)
 "Toward a Theory of Economic Growth, with Reflections on the Economic Growth of Modern Nations". (1968)
 "Economic Growth of Nations: Total Output and Production Structure".

masks: Kuznets Kuznets


title: Simon Kuznets

texts:
 (1971)
 "Population, Capital and Growth". (1973)

See also

 Capital formation
 Gross domestic product
 Information Revolution
 List of economists
 List of Jewish Nobel laureates
 <mask> Kharkiv National University of Economics

References

Further reading
 Ben-Porath Y. <mask> in Person and in Writing // Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 36, No.3 (Apr., 1988), pp. 435–447. Grinin, L., Korotayev, A. and Tausch A. (2016) Economic Cycles, Crises, and the Global Periphery. Springer International Publishing, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London, ; https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783319412603
 Hoselitz B. F. Bibliography of <mask> // Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Jan., 1983), pp.433–454. Kapuria-Foreman V., Perlman M. An Economic Historian's Economist: Remembering <mask> // The Economic Journal, 105 (November), 1995, p. 1524–1547. Street J. H. The Contribution of <mask><mask> to Institutionalist Development Theory // Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Jun., 1988), pp. 499–509. External links

 New School for Social Research.With partial bibliography and web links. <mask>'s Nobel Prize lecture. Fogel, Robert, 2000, "<mask><mask>: 1901–1985," NBER Working Paper No. 7787. National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

1901 births
1985 deaths
Nobel laureates in Economics
American Nobel laureates
Writers from Kharkiv
Jews of the Russian Empire
Ukrainian Jews
Soviet Jews
Soviet emigrants to the United States
Jewish American social scientists
American statisticians
Institutional economists
Development economists
Presidents of the American Statistical Association
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Harvard University faculty
20th-century American economists
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Presidents of the American Economic Association
Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association
Social Science Research Council
National Bureau of Economic Research
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
People from Pinsk
Columbia University School of General Studies alumni
Columbia Graduate School

masks:
Simon Kuznets
Simon Kuznets
Simon Kuznets
Simon Kuznets
Simon S
. Kuznets
Kuznets
Simon S
. Kuznets


title: Jan Willem Spruyt

texts:
<mask> (4 July 1826 – 8 September 1908), also known as <mask> and <mask>roon Spruijt (birthname), was a South African civil servant, lawyer and statesman of Dutch descent. Spruyt was government secretary (1856–1862) and several times acting state president of the Orange Free State, and state secretary of the South African Republic (1866–1869). <mask> grew up in the Netherlands, studied law, but did not complete his studies, and worked as a schoolteacher, before coming to South Africa. Here he practised as law agent in private practice in both Boer republics. Soon after his arrival he was also quickly enrolled in the administration of the Orange Free State, and attained a powerful position as government secretary. In this capacity he stood in for state president M.W. Pretorius several times in the period 1860–1862.In the third quarter of the nineteenth century several many Afrikaner politicians and government officials served in both Boer republics. So did <mask>, who finished his career as state secretary of the South African Republic. Biography

Early life and migration
Spruyt was the son of Jacobus Spuyt (1796–1839), a Dutch medical doctor, and Antje Landskroon. Both the <mask> and Landskroon families stood in a tradition of medical practice, and three of the four brothers Spruyt had were doctors in the Netherlands. <mask> himself trained as a lawyer at Leiden University, but probably did not finish his studies. He went on to work as a schoolteacher in the village of Oosterwolde in the north of the Netherlands. It was here that professor U.G.Lauts recruited him for South Africa in 1851. Lauts was one of a group of Dutchmen, interested in the development of good education in the new Boer settlements in South Africa. As such, <mask>

masks:
Jan Willem Spruyt
Jan Willem Sprujt
Jan Willem Landsk
Spruyt
Spruyt
Spruyt
Spruyt
Spruyt


title: Jan Willem Spruyt

texts:
 was one of the many Dutch immigrants that settled in the new Boer republics around the middle of the nineteenth century. Arriving in Delagoa Bay on a ship with J.A. Smellekamp as supercargo – he later became a well-known figure in South Africa – and his two travel companions and fellow migrants, Hendrik van der Linden and W.P.J. Poen, he travelled across the Lebombo Mountains in an ox-cart into the Transvaal. In March 1852 <mask> was appointed schoolteacher in the town of Rustenburg.Because of disputes among the Dutchmen in the Transvaal, more specifically between Rev. Dirk van der Hoff and J.A. Smellekamp, who had now also settled there, Spruyt moved to the Orange Free State, where he established himself in Bloemfontein. Civil servant in the Orange Free State
In Bloemfontein Spruyt worked as clerk of the Landdrost (1854–1855), and in that capacity he acted as secretary of the Volksraad on two occasions (September 1854 and February 1855), also filling in as Government Secretary. On the strength of his capacities Spruyt was appointed clerk to the State President in September 1855. Soon after, during the illness of Government Secretary Groenendaal, Spruyt again took up that position. In October 1856 he was appointed to the vacancy and succeeded J. Groenendaal as Government Secretary of the Orange Free State.Spruyt was regarded by his colleagues as an accurate civil servant, but as a lesser politician and statesman, reason that he was not appointed Acting State President when State President Boshoff went on leave in 1858. However, Boshoff trusted <mask> fully, and he allowed him to represent the presidency in meetings of the Volksraad on several occasions in 1861 and 1862. Later Spruyt acted as State President during the absences of

masks: Spruyt Spruyt


title: Jan Willem Spruyt

texts:
 President Pretorius from Bloemfontein. Although general opinion had it that Spruyt was a man of lesser qualities, on his resignation he was praised by State President Pretorius as very loyal and accurate in his work. As civil servant, Spruyt made an impact on the nascent state apparatus of the Orange Free State. He designed the coat of arms of the state, and laid the foundation of the model state the Orange Free State was to become in later years. Having worked in secretarial functions for the State President himself (as clerk), but also as a servant of parliament, the government, and the State, Spruyt left a clear mark on the early administration and its organisation.Spruyt was also sensitive to good labour relations within the state apparatus, and propagated a rise in the officials' salaries. In this he did not succeed, however, and eventually the matter of the salaries instigated his own resignation. <mask> felt that his salary was insufficient to live on with a family, and tendered his resignation. Law agent, publisher, state secretary
After his resignation he established himself as law agent (wetsagent) in Bloemfontein, and acted as publisher of the Dutch language weekly paper De Tijd. Staatkundig Nieuws- en Advertentieblad voor den Oranje-Vrijstaat (The Times. Political Newspaper and Advertiser for the Orange Free State), started by H.A.L. Hamelberg as a competitor to the English language newspaper The Friend.In 1865 Spruyt was declared insolvent, and he subsequently moved back to the Transvaal. Here the government of the South African Republic appointed him State Secretary in November 1866 on the advice of State President Pretorius. This appointment lasted till 1869. In 1870 Spruyt returned to the Orange Free State and to


title: Ed Belfour

texts:
<mask> (born April 21, 1965) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. Belfour was born in Carman, Manitoba and grew up playing hockey. He played junior hockey for the Winkler Flyers before going to the University of North Dakota where he helped the school win the NCAA championship in the 1986–87 season. The following year, Belfour signed as a free agent with the Chicago Blackhawks (after not being picked in the draft) alternating time between them and the Saginaw Hawks of the International Hockey League. Many regard Belfour as an elite goaltender and one of the best of all-time. His 484 wins rank fifth all-time among NHL goaltenders. Belfour was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in the 2011 class, his first year of eligibility.In addition Belfour is one of only two players to have won an NCAA championship, an Olympic Gold medal, and a Stanley Cup (the other such player is Neal Broten). His characteristic face mask earned him the sobriquet "<mask> the Eagle", and some of his quirks and off-ice antics earned him the nickname "<mask>". After wearing #30 for his tenure with the Blackhawks, Belfour switched to #20 while a member of the San Jose Sharks as a tribute to Vladislav Tretiak, his goaltending coach and mentor from the Blackhawks. He would wear this for the rest of his playing career. Playing career

Juniors and College
Belfour played for three seasons in the Manitoba Junior Hockey League with the Winkler Flyers, helping the team to a first-place finish in 1986. As the starting goalie for the top team, Belfour finally received some notoriety and he joined the North Dakota Fighting Sioux for the 1986–87 season. The 21-year-old Belfour was a freshman, older than many of the upper-classmen on his team.He won 29 games that year, helping UND set a new NCAA record with 40 wins on the year and win the

masks:
Edward John Belfour
Eddie
Crazy Eddie


title: Ed Belfour

texts:
 National Title. After the season Belfour, as an undrafted player, was able to sign with any team and signed with the Chicago Blackhawks. Minors and International
For his first professional season, Belfour played for the Saginaw Hawks of the IHL. He won 32 games for the team and helped them reach the IHL semifinals. The following season saw Belfour split his time between the IHL and NHL, playing 23 games with the parent club. He was returned to Saginaw where he helped the team to a 2nd-place finish in the conference but faltered in the postseason and the Hawks were bounced in the first round. Rather than return to Saginaw, Belfour played the 1989–90 season with the Canadian national men's hockey team.He was recalled by the Blackhawks for their postseason run and produced a 4–2 record with a 2.49 GAA, far better numbers than the other two Blackhawk netminders. Chicago Blackhawks
The next season, 1990–91, <mask> became the starting goalie, and had a strong rookie season. He notched 43 victories in 74 games (both NHL rookie and Blackhawk team records), finished the season with a 2.47 GAA and 4 shutouts. He also led the league in Save% (.910). It was the last time a goalie led the league in Wins, Save%, and GAA until Carey Price achieved the feat in the 2014–2015 season. For his success, he received the Calder Memorial Trophy for outstanding play by a rookie, and is the first person to receive the award under the Makarov Rule because he was a year under the new cutoff age of eligibility (26), the Vezina Trophy for best goaltender and the William M. Jennings Trophy for fewest team goals-against. He was also a finalist for the Hart Memorial Trophy as the league's most valuable player, the first rookie goaltender to do so.He would win the Vezina Trophy and Jennings Trophy again in 1993, and the Jennings Trophy once more with


title: Ed Belfour

texts:
 Chicago in 1995. Belfour helped lead the Blackhawks to the Stanley Cup Finals in the 1991–92 season, where they lost in 4 games to the Pittsburgh Penguins. However, by the 1995–96 season, tension was forming between Belfour and backup goalie Jeff Hackett, very similar to the tension between Belfour and his former backup, Dominik Hašek, which led to Hašek's trade to Buffalo. Belfour was traded to the San Jose Sharks midway through the 1996–97 season after turning down a contract extension from the Hawks. Belfour finished his tenure with the Blackhawks ranking among the team leaders in many goaltending categories. Belfour finished third among all Blackhawk goalies in games played (415) and wins (201) in both categories ranking behind Hall of Famers Tony Esposito and Glenn Hall. Belfour also ranks fourth in shutouts (30), and second in assists (17).Belfour easily ranks as the Blackhawks' goalie leader in penalty minutes, with 242. Esposito, who played in more than twice as many games and minutes as Belfour, had only 31. Faced with losing <mask> as an unrestricted free agent on July 1, 1997, the Chicago Blackhawks traded Belfour to the San Jose Sharks on January 25, 1997 for right wing Ulf Dahlén, defenseman Michal Sýkora, goalie Chris Terreri, and a conditional second-round draft pick in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft. San Jose Sharks and Dallas Stars
Following a dismal half-season with the Sharks, Belfour signed as a free agent with the Dallas Stars on July 2, 1997. During the season, Belfour played 61 games and had a 1.88 GAA as his team won the Presidents' Trophy and made it to the Western Conference Finals only to lose to the Detroit Red Wings. The next season, the Stars repeated their regular season championship and Belfour won his fourth William M. Jennings Trophy. In the playoffs, Belfour won duels against past Vezina- and


title: Ed Belfour

texts:
 Stanley Cup-winning goaltenders Grant Fuhr and Patrick Roy, respectively.The Stars won the Stanley Cup, beating the Buffalo Sabres in six games, capped by an incredible goalie duel against former backup Dominik Hašek that ended in a 2–1 win in the third overtime. Belfour made 53 saves to Hašek's 50, and for the entire Finals, had a 1.26 GAA to Hašek's 1.68. Belfour backstopped his team to another consecutive finals appearance, winning his second seven-game Western Conference final duel against the Colorado Avalanche's Patrick Roy. The Stars lost the Cup in double-overtime to the New Jersey Devils. Belfour had 4 shutouts in that playoffs, including a triple-overtime blanking of the Devils in game five of the finals series. During the 2001–02 season, the Stars began to play poorly and there was a falling out between then-Stars coach Ken Hitchcock and GM Bob Gainey. After a poor season, the Stars decided not to re-sign Belfour and named Marty Turco the starting goalie for the next season.Toronto Maple Leafs
On July 2, 2002, Belfour signed as a free agent with the Toronto Maple Leafs after then Leafs goaltender, Curtis Joseph, chose to sign with the Detroit Red Wings. Belfour rebounded after a dismal season with the Stars, winning a franchise-record 37 games and helping his new team finish second in the Northeast Division. His 2.26 GAA ranked 11th in the league. During the season, he was invited to play in the mid-season All-Star Game in Florida, but a back injury forced him to miss the event. On April 1, he earned his 400th career win in a match against the Devils. In the playoffs, Belfour posted a 2.71 GAA and a .915 Save% in seven games in an opening-round loss to the Flyers. On April 16 in Game Four at the Air Canada Centre, <mask> made 72 saves before losing 3–2 on an overtime goal by Mark Recchi.Belfour finished as


title: Ed Belfour

texts:
 runner-up for the Vezina Trophy, won that year by the Devils' Martin Brodeur. In 2003–04, he posted a 34-19-6 record in 59 games as the Maple Leafs finished fourth overall in the conference standings. He recorded a 2.13 GAA and a .918 save percentage along with ten shutouts. On April 3 in the final game of the season, Belfour posted a 6–0 shutout over the Senators to secure home ice advantage in the opening round of the playoffs. That shutout gave him 10 on the season, setting a new personal best. In the playoffs, Belfour posted three shutouts in the opening round against the Senators, setting a record for shutout streaks in a series. However, in the second round, former teammate Jeremy Roenick eliminated the Leafs by putting a game 6 overtime goal past Belfour.<mask> did not play during the NHL lockout in 2004–05, instead taking a minority stake in the projected Dallas Americans team in the proposed revival of the World Hockey Association while recovering and rehabilitating himself from primarily back-related injuries. The team had folded by October, 2004. On November 28, 2005, <mask> won his 447th career NHL game, moving him into a tie with Terry Sawchuk for 2nd place in career wins. <mask> made 34 saves in the 2–1 win over the Florida Panthers. On December 19, 2005, <mask> moved past Sawchuk with a 9–6 win over the New York Islanders at the Air Canada Centre. He was honoured in a special pre-game ceremony on December 23, 2005, before a game against the Boston Bruins at the Air Canada Centre; the Leafs went on to win the game. At the end of the 2005/06 season, Belfour had a record of 457-303-111 in the regular season, and 88–68 in the playoffs.On July 1, 2006, Maple Leafs General Manager John Ferguson, Jr. released Belfour to free agency after a lacklustre 22-22-4 record and a 3.29 GAA. Florida Panthers
On July 25,

masks: Belfour Belfour Ed Belfour


title: Ed Belfour

texts:
 Miami-Dade County jail on $1,500 bond. On January 28, 2020, Belfour was arrested and booked into the Warren County Regional Jail after an early morning incident at the Kentucky Grand Hotel and Spa in downtown Bowling Green, Kentucky. Belfour was charged with third-degree criminal mischief and alcohol intoxication in a public place. Belfour damaged hotel property, and was "manifestly under the influence of alcohol to a point he was a danger to himself and others," according to the police report.In his post-playing career he was inducted as a member of Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame  The Manitoba Junior Hockey League also awards a trophy named after Belfour to its top goaltender each season. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honours

See also
List of NHL goaltenders with 300 wins

References

External links

 <mask> biography at HockeyGoalies.org

1965 births
Living people
Calder Trophy winners
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Sweden
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Canadian people of French descent
Chicago Blackhawks players
Dallas Stars players
Florida Panthers players
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Leksands IF players
Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
National Hockey League All-Stars
NCAA men's ice hockey national champions
North Dakota Fighting Hawks men's ice hockey players
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic ice hockey players of Canada
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
People from Carman, Manitoba
Saginaw Hawks players
San Jose Sharks players
St. Louis Blues coaches
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Undrafted National Hockey League players
Vezina Trophy winners
William M. Jennings Trophy winners
Winkler Flyers players
AHCA Division I men's


title: Sergio Pérez

texts:
<mask> (; born 26 January 1990), nicknamed "Checo", is a Mexican racing driver who races in Formula One for Red Bull Racing, having previously driven for Sauber, McLaren, Force India, and Racing Point. He won his first Formula One Grand Prix at the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix, breaking the record for the number of starts before a race win at 190. <mask> was a member of the Ferrari Driver Academy until 2012. He made his Formula One debut driving for Sauber during the 2011 season. He took his first Formula One podium at the 2012 Malaysian Grand Prix with Sauber. Due to his young age and performance, he was referred to as "The Mexican Wunderkind". <mask> joined McLaren for the 2013 season, but the team did not score a single podium finish.Subsequently, for the 2014 season, the team decided to replace <mask> with Kevin Magnussen. Force India signed <mask> for the 2014 season with a €15 million contract. He remained with Force India when the team went into administration in 2018 and reformed as the Racing Point team 2019. In 2019, Racing Point signed a three-year extension with <mask>. In September 2020, Racing Point announced that <mask> would be leaving the team at the end of the season as Sebastian Vettel, a four-time F1 world champion, had been signed to replace him. In December, <mask> signed with Red Bull Racing for the 2021 season, following his maiden Formula One win at the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix; Verstappen's teammate, Alex Albon, was demoted to test and reserve at Red Bull. <mask> then won the 2021 Azerbaijan Grand Prix with the team and secured the second Formula 1 Grand Prix win of his career.Personal life
Born in Guadalajara, Jalisco, <mask> is the youngest child of <mask> Garibay and Marilú Mendoza de

masks:
Sergio Michel Pérez Mendoza
Pérez
Pérez
Pérez
Pérez
Pérez
Pérez
Pérez
Pérez
Pérez
Antonio Pérez


title: Sergio Pérez

texts:
 <mask>; he also has an older sister Paola and an older brother Antonio, a retired stock car racing driver who competed in the NASCAR Mexico Series. <mask> is married to Carola Martínez, and they have two children. <mask> is a Roman Catholic. Both <mask> brothers are association football fans, stating that they thought about leaving car racing to play professionally. The brothers are friends of Mexican international Javier Hernández. In an interview in 2012 for the official Formula One website, <mask> revealed that if he had not been a driver he would have liked to be a lawyer. In November 2012, <mask> unveiled the Checo Pérez Foundation to support orphans and children with cancer.His sister Paola was the foundation's president. Early career

Karting
<mask> began his career at the age of 6 years in karting in 1996. In his first year of competition he achieved four victories in the junior category at the end of the year and claimed the runner-up spot in the category. In 1997, he participated in the karting Youth Class, where he was the youngest driver in the category and earned a win, five podiums and finished fourth in the championship. The following year, he returned to compete in the junior category, where he had eight wins; and at the end of the campaign, he became the youngest driver to become champion of the category. He also participated in several races in Shifter 125 cc and competed in Master Kadets, where he finished on the podium. In 1999, he raced in the 80 cc Shifter category, where he took three wins and finished third in the championship.<mask> also became the youngest driver to win a competition in the category, after obtaining special permission from the Federation to participate in the 80

masks: Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez


title: Sergio Pérez

texts:
 cc Shifter. In 2000, he raced in the Shifter 80 cc Championship, and also participated in three races in the Shifter 125 cc category which was part of the Telmex Challenge. However, <mask> was not satisfied with the results and the following season, was up for another championship, this time on the 125cc Shifter Regional, and once again was the youngest driver to compete in the category. With all these achievements, the Mexican driver caught the attention of scouts for Escuderia Telmex. With six wins in 2002, <mask> finished as the national runner-up in the Shifter 125 cc category, and participated in the global race Shifter 80 cc, in Las Vegas, where he qualified fifth and finished in 11th place. In 2003, he was leading both championships in the 125 cc category but withdrew from the last seven races, which proved to be a disappointment in his title aspirations. However, he finished in third place in Telmex Challenge, in addition to winning the Cup runner-up in Mexico.In the same year, he was also invited to attend the Easy Kart 125 Shootout, where he competed against drivers from around the world and managed to qualify in first place to eventually take the checkered flag, while he was the youngest in the category. Skip <mask> competed in the United States-based Skip Barber National Championship in 2004. Driving for a team sponsored by Mexican telecommunications company Telmex, he finished eleventh in the championship. Formula BMW
<mask> moved to Europe in 2005 to compete in the German Formula BMW ADAC series. He was allowed to live in a restaurant owned by his team manager for four months. He finished fourteenth in the championship, driving for 4speed Media, and improved to sixth position the following

masks:
Pérez
Pérez
Barber Pérez
Pérez


title: Sergio Pérez

texts:
 year. A1 Grand Prix
In the 2006–07 A1 Grand Prix season, <mask> took part in a single round of the championship for A1 Team Mexico.He was the third-youngest driver to take part in the series. Formula Three
<mask> switched to the British Formula 3 Championship for 2007. <mask> relocated his residence to Oxford. He competed in the National Class – for older chassis – with the T-Sport team, winning the championship by a comfortable margin. In the process, he won two-thirds of the races and a similar proportion of pole positions, and finished all but two races on the podium. For 2008, he and T-Sport graduated to the premier International Class of the championship, where he was one of the few drivers to be equipped with a Mugen Honda engine. After leading the championship early in the season, he eventually finished fourth in the drivers' standings.GP2 Series

<mask> drove for the Campos Grand Prix team in the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series, partnering Russian driver Vitaly Petrov. He was the first Mexican driver to compete at this level of motorsport since Giovanni Aloi took part in International Formula 3000 in 1990. He won his first GP2 Asia Series race at Sakhir, winning from lights-to-flag in the sprint race having started from pole position. He added a second win at Losail, during the sprint race of the night meeting in Qatar. He moved to Arden International for the main 2009 GP2 Series, driving alongside fellow Formula Three graduate Edoardo Mortara. <mask> finished twelfth in the standings, with a best result of second coming at Valencia. In the off-season, he contested two rounds of the 2009–10 GP2 Asia Series for Barwa Addax, ahead of a 2010 main series campaign with the team.He won five races, and finished

masks: Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez


title: Sergio Pérez

texts:
 second in the standings behind Pastor Maldonado. Formula One

Sauber (2011–2012)

2011 season

On 4 October 2010, Sauber announced that <mask> would join the team in , replacing Nick Heidfeld. Sauber subsequently announced a partnership with <mask>'s sponsor Telmex. He became the fifth Mexican to compete in Formula One, and the first since Héctor Rebaque competed between 1977 and 1981. He also became a member of the Ferrari Driver Academy scheme in October 2010. <mask> finished seventh in his first race, the , impressing observers by stopping to change tyres only once, becoming the only driver in the field to make fewer than two stops. However, both Sauber cars were subsequently disqualified for infringing technical regulations.He failed to repeat the result in Malaysia where body parts flew off Sébastien Buemi's Toro Rosso car and into the electrical system of <mask>'s Sauber, forcing his retirement. The  saw him start in 12th position and he struggled during the race as well as making contact with several drivers en route to 17th. He followed that up with fourteenth in Turkey, before a ninth-place finish in Spain – ahead of teammate Kamui Kobayashi in tenth – to take his first Formula One points. During the third part of qualifying for the , <mask> lost control of his car upon exiting the circuit's tunnel section, swung to the right and crashed into the barrier, before sliding across the chicane and hitting the TecPro barrier with a heavy side impact. He was seen holding his hands around his head in an attempt to protect it just before the final impact. The session was suspended, and marshals and medical personnel extricated <mask> from his car. A Sauber team spokesman said that he was conscious and able

masks: Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez


title: Sergio Pérez

texts:
 to talk after the accident, and had been taken to the circuit's medical centre.He suffered a sprained thigh and concussion, and did not take part in the race the following day, on medical grounds. After taking part in the first practice session of the , <mask> did not feel well enough and decided not to take any further part, and was replaced by Pedro de la Rosa. <mask> returned for the  and finished eleventh after attempting to run the race on a one-stop strategy. He took a career-best seventh at the  and eleventh in Germany. After a fifteenth place in Hungary, he retired in Belgium with suspension failure. This was followed by a gearbox failure while running seventh in Italy, before he scored a point in Singapore after losing ninth place to Felipe Massa. In Japan he took eighth place, before a sixteenth-place finish in Korea, tenth in India, and an eleventh-place finish in Abu Dhabi.He finished sixteenth in the Drivers' Championship with fourteen points. On 28 July, it was announced that <mask> would remain with Sauber into the  season, alongside teammate Kobayashi. On 13 September, <mask> tested for Ferrari as part of the Ferrari Driver Academy in a Ferrari F60, Ferrari's car from the  season. <mask> conducted the test with fellow academy member Jules Bianchi. 2012 season

<mask> started the season with eighth place at the , losing several places on the final lap due to excessively-worn tyres. In the second round at Malaysia, he went on to battle with Fernando Alonso for the win. In the dying laps of the race he was able to close the gap to 0.5 seconds, but was not able to make the pass as he went wide at turn 14 and fell back, finishing 2.2 seconds behind Alonso in second.Many observers praised his


title: Sergio Pérez

texts: performance despite his late-race error, taking Sauber's best result as an independent team. This drive won him plaudits and fuelled speculation of a move to Ferrari in the near future. However, <mask> later told reporters that he expected to stay with Sauber until at least the end of the 2012 season. At the 2012 Chinese Grand Prix, he qualified a career-best eighth, but finished the race in eleventh place after problems with pit strategy and also his car's clutch. He finished outside the points in the next three races – despite recording the fastest lap in Monaco, before <mask> achieved his second career podium at the , finishing the race in third place, having started fifteenth. In the , <mask> qualified in fifteenth place, citing a handling imbalance and the car feeling "unpredictable" as reasons for the gap to Kobayashi in seventh. He improved to ninth place in the race, but raised poor qualifying form as an issue for the team.On lap 12 of the , he collided with Pastor Maldonado, forcing him to retire with broken suspension. He later criticised the Venezuelan, claiming "Everybody has concerns about him" before adding, "He is a driver who doesn't know that we are risking our lives and has no respect at all". Maldonado received a double penalty in the form of a reprimand and a €10,000 fine after the race. <mask> later added: "Just look at the last races. He ruined Hamilton's race (in Valencia), he ruined my race in Monaco by doing stupid things. I don't understand why the stewards don't take a serious decision with him. With Pastor they're not doing anything that will teach him a lesson."For the , <mask> started in 17th position but was able to make his way through the field, and ultimately finished the


title: Sergio Pérez

texts:
 race in 6th place. At the , he made it into Q3 and qualified fifth fastest. A penalty for Maldonado subsequently promoted <mask> to a career-best fourth on the grid. In the race, he was forced to retire in the first turn of the first lap after Romain Grosjean caused a spectacular accident. Grosjean crashed his car into Lewis Hamilton creating a domino effect which involved five cars. Also involved in the accident were, the championship leader Fernando Alonso and <mask>'s teammate Kamui Kobayashi. <mask> took his third podium at the .On Saturday, he failed to qualify for Q3 and was twelfth on the grid. On Sunday, he climbed through the field to second place, passing on track, among others, Kimi Räikkönen, Nico Rosberg, Felipe Massa and Alonso. Unlike most of the drivers in the field, <mask> started the race on hard tyres and changed to the medium tyres on lap 29, allowing him to lead the Grand Prix for five laps. As a result, <mask> and his car's outstanding tyre management got him well into the points, and ultimately, to a podium finish. Ultimately, he finished the season in tenth place in the Drivers' Championship with 66 points, 6 more than teammate Kobayashi. McLaren (2013)

2013 season

On 28 September 2012, Lewis Hamilton's decision to leave McLaren for Mercedes in 2013 was announced, and <mask> was subsequently confirmed as Hamilton's replacement. He also replaced Hamilton in McLaren's cartoon Tooned.This also ended <mask>' association with Ferrari, as he was released from its driver academy. In the season-opening race in Australia, <mask> qualified 15th and finished in 11th position, later describing the weekend as "difficult" for himself and the team as a whole. He started the  from ninth on the


title: Sergio Pérez

texts:
 grid, and finished the race in the same position, scoring his first points for McLaren. He also achieved the fastest lap of the race, having pitted for fresh tyres. In the Bahrain GP, he started 12th on the grid and finished 6th ahead of Ferrari's Fernando Alonso (8th) and his teammate Jenson Button (10th), with whom he had a fierce duel in which they touched on a couple of occasions, increasing the competition between drivers in McLaren on the following races. After the Bahrain Grand Prix, Jenson Button said of <mask>'s driving style:

At the 2013 Monaco Grand Prix <mask> performed several aggressive overtaking moves, before retiring after colliding with Kimi Räikkönen. Following the incident Räikkönen said that <mask> should be "punched in the face".<mask> recorded a season-best fifth-place finish in India, finishing four seconds shy of the podium, a result that left him "extremely satisfied". <mask> confirmed on 13 November 2013 that he would be leaving McLaren at the end of the season to be replaced by Kevin Magnussen. On 12 December 2013 (exactly a month after it was announced he would leave McLaren), Force India confirmed that <mask> would join Nico Hülkenberg in their driver line-up for 2014 in a 15 million Euro deal. Force India (2014–2018)

On 12 December 2013, <mask> had his drive for Force India in  confirmed. 2014

In the , he finished 11th but was moved up to 10th to get his first point for Force India due to Daniel Ricciardo being disqualified for breaching fuel limits. He failed to start the , after his car encountered gearbox issues before the start of the race. Nevertheless, a week later in the , he was able to score Force India's first podium since , holding off Ricciardo's Red Bull for a

masks: Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez


title: Sergio Pérez

texts:
 third-place finish.At the , <mask> started 16th and after gaining four places at the start, was able to overtake both McLarens and Daniil Kvyat's Toro Rosso to finish 9th. Outqualifying his teammate for a second time, <mask> started in the tenth position for the  however a first-lap collision with Jenson Button meant an early retirement for the first time in the season. At the , <mask> was again fighting for another podium finish until the car suffered braking issues, later resulting in losing the third-place position to both Red Bulls. On the last lap, he was involved in a collision with Felipe Massa, who crashed into the back of his Force India sending both cars heavily into the barriers. <mask> was subsequently given a five-place grid penalty for the next race, as the stewards decided he changed his racing line, causing Massa to crash into him. At the , <mask> set his third fastest lap of his career whilst also giving Force India their third fastest lap in their history. On 7 November 2014, before the , Force India announced that <mask> would remain with the team for the  season.<mask> stated that contract negotiations were "ongoing", in regards to a further contract extension. The deal was officially confirmed at the , with <mask> signing a new two-year contract, until the end of the  season. 2015

The 2015 season started with a 10th place for <mask> in Australia, followed by a 13th in Malaysia, an 11th in China and an eighth in Bahrain. He came fifth in Belgium and sixth in Italy. His best race of the season was in Russia, where he scored his first podium of 2015 and Force India's third-ever. He finished the 2015 championship in ninth, his highest championship position to date, with 78 points. He

masks: Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez


title: Sergio Pérez

texts:
 outscored teammate Hülkenberg by 20 points.Besides the podium finish in Russia, he managed three further top-five finishes in Belgium, the US and Abu Dhabi; he scored 63 of his 78 points in the final nine rounds. In the second half of the season, he out-qualified his teammate in six of the last nine races and eight times throughout the season. 2016

<mask> experienced a difficult start to the season for the first four races due to an uncompetitive VJM09, but scored points with a ninth-place in Russia. Upgrades were introduced in Barcelona with a seventh-place finish indicating an improvement in the team's form. In Monaco, <mask> scored his sixth (and Force India's fourth) podium finish in wet and changing conditions and moved to ninth in the Drivers' Championship standings. Tyre management played a significant role but in contrast to previous occasions he pitted as many times as Ferrari and Red Bull, at times catching up with the front runners and managing to hold Sebastian Vettel in fourth at a comfortable distance. In the European Grand Prix in Baku <mask> once again finished third, recovering from a gearbox change penalty as a result of a crash during free practice, having been fast enough to qualify on the front row.Despite having to start from seventh on the grid he made his way up to fourth before passing Kimi Räikkönen on the last lap of the race for third, making it his second podium in three races. 2017

After the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix, <mask> confirmed he has committed to Force India for the 2017 season. He remained with the Indian team for a fourth consecutive season alongside new teammate Esteban Ocon, ending speculation of a possible move to Williams, Renault or Haas. He was very

masks: Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez


title: Sergio Pérez

texts:
 consistent with his highest finish in 2017 a fourth place in Spain after two rivals collided at the start, and a third retired mid-race with a power unit failure. He ended his streak of 17 points finishes as he ended up colliding with Daniil Kvyat in Monaco. He had a moment with his teammate in Canada when he would not allow his teammate through, who thought he could challenge Daniel Ricciardo for 3rd. He was again knocked out in Baku where he thought he could challenge for the win before colliding with Ocon.He finished 7th in Austria and moved up to 6th in the standings after Max Verstappen was out of the race on the first lap. He dropped to 7th in the championship after finishing 9th in Britain, behind his teammate and Verstappen finished 4th. He remained 7th in the standings for the rest of the season. 2018

<mask> finished the first three races of the season outside the points. He then achieved his eighth career podium finish at the Azerbaijan Grand Prix, finishing 3rd after an incident-strewn race. He passed then-championship leader Sebastian Vettel for 3rd place with a few laps to go, making him the first driver to finish on the podium twice at the Baku City Circuit (in 2016 and 2018). Another points finish came with 9th place in Spain.In France, he retired from the race with an engine failure. Three consecutive points finishes followed, with 7th-place finishes in Austria and Germany. After the Hungarian Grand Prix, Force India was put into administration. This was caused by a group of creditors (including <mask>) taking legal action against the team. <mask> said that this action was taken to save the team and its employees from a winding-up order instigated by other creditors, which would have

masks: Pérez Pérez Pérez


title: Sergio Pérez

texts:
 resulted in the team's collapse. Shortly before the Belgian Grand Prix, Force India's assets were purchased by a consortium of investors led by Lawrence Stroll, father of Williams driver Lance Stroll. The team was re-admitted into the championship as a new team—Racing Point Force India—keeping <mask> and Ocon as their drivers.At the Belgian Grand Prix, the team came back strong with <mask> and Ocon qualifying 4th and 3rd, and finishing 5th and 6th, respectively. <mask> took seven points finishes from nine races in the second half of the season. However, he faced criticism after a poor performance in Singapore. He collided with his teammate Ocon on the opening lap, causing Ocon to crash into a wall and retire from the race. He also collided with Sergey Sirotkin, an action that resulted in a drive-through penalty. He later stated that he thought his penalty was "fair". He later suffered a brake failure and retired from his home race in Mexico.He ended the season in 8th place in the championship with 62 points, finishing ahead of teammate Ocon and being the only non-Mercedes, Ferrari or Red Bull driver to finish on the podium that season. Racing Point (2019–2020)

2019

The 2019 season saw Racing Point Force India become Racing Point, retaining <mask> as a driver. He was joined at the team by former Williams driver Lance Stroll. Racing Point saw 2019 as a transitional season, with much of the work on that year's car being disrupted by the administration events of the previous year. A strong start to the season, including a 6th-place finish in Azerbaijan, was followed by a string of eight races without points, the longest such string of his career. This included the rain-affected German Grand Prix, where he


title: Sergio Pérez

texts:
 crashed out early in the race whilst teammate Stroll briefly led the race and eventually finished 4th. In a similar manner to 2018, <mask> fared far better during the second half of the season.Except for a retirement in Singapore due to an oil leak, he scored points in every race after the summer break, including a strong 6th-place finish in Belgium. Many of these points finishes came from low initial grid positions, including a 7th-place finish in Italy after starting 18th, 8th in Japan from 17th, and 10th in the United States after starting from the pit lane. He finished the season in 10th place in the championship with 52 points, comfortably ahead of teammate Stroll. 2020

<mask> had signed a contract extension with Racing Point, for whom he was meant to continue racing until the end of 2022. Three days before the , he tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus which causes COVID-19. Due to this, he was unable to participate in the British Grand Prix. He was temporarily replaced by Nico Hülkenberg.It was confirmed that he would also miss the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix, as he had again tested positive for COVID-19. After testing negative for COVID-19 after the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix, <mask> returned to race at the Spanish Grand Prix, he qualified fourth and finished the race in fifth position. In September 2020, <mask> announced that he would be leaving Racing Point at the end of the 2020 season. He would be replaced by Sebastian Vettel as Racing Point become Aston Martin for the  season. <mask> achieved his ninth F1 podium at the Turkish Grand Prix. After qualifying third in the rain, <mask> passed Max Verstappen and went from third to second, only behind his teammate Lance Stroll, starting with


title: Sergio Pérez

texts:
 full wet rain tyres and changing for intermediate tyres on lap 10 of 58. <mask> inherited the lead after Stroll made a pitstop, and on lap 37 he got overtaken by Lewis Hamilton for the lead.The podium was Hamilton, <mask> and Sebastian Vettel. <mask> was 3rd for the majority of the Bahrain Grand Prix after starting 5th, but an MGU-K electrical issue struck with only a few laps to go, forcing him to pull over and retire the car with flames billowing out of the power unit. Since <mask> announced his departure from Racing Point there was support from the media for him, with The Race saying it will be a "huge injustice were Perez not to be on the 2021 grid.". Ex F1 driver turned Sky Sports F1 commentator/pundit Martin Brundle also echoed similar thoughts in his online column review the 2020 Turkish Grand Prix where Perez finished second and suggested that Perez "should be on Red Bull Racing's radar" to partner Max Verstappen in place of Alex Albon. <mask> won his first race at the Sakhir Grand Prix, becoming Formula 1's 110th race winner. On the first lap, <mask> was hit by Leclerc and went from 2nd place to 18th and last. On lap 64 he took the lead and won the race ahead of Esteban Ocon and teammate Stroll.This was the first win for a Mexican driver since Pedro Rodríguez won the 1970 Belgian Grand Prix 50 years prior. Red Bull (2021–)

<mask> raced for Red Bull Racing in 2021, replacing Alex Albon - who was demoted to the role of reserve and test driver  - and partnering Max Verstappen. At the 2021 Bahrain Grand Prix, <mask> made his debut with the Red Bull Racing team finishing in 5th place. During qualifying on Saturday he came 11th. During the formation lap for the race, his car switched off due to an


title: Sergio Pérez

texts: electrical failure. He managed to reset his RB16B before having to start the race from the pitlane. At the 2021 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix, <mask> qualified on the front row in 2nd place, just 0.035 seconds behind polesitter Lewis Hamilton, outqualifying his teammate Max Verstappen in P3.It was his first time starting on the front row in his career. At the 2021 Azerbaijan Grand Prix, <mask> qualified in 7th place, starting in 6th place due to a grid penalty for Lando Norris. In the race he made a strong start, moving up to 3rd place by lap 8. In the pit stop window, he then passed Lewis Hamilton to take 2nd place. Having stayed in this position for most of the race, <mask> moved into the lead following a tyre failure for teammate Max Verstappen on lap 47. With the race restarting on lap 50, he remained in the lead for the final 2 laps to take the second win of his career and his first for Red Bull. At the 2021 French Grand Prix, <mask> qualified in 4th place, starting behind Mercedes driver Valtteri Bottas.In the race, he conserved his tyres up to lap 24. Due to his fresher tyres, he then passed Bottas to take 3rd place on lap 49. It was the first time in his career that he scored podiums on consecutive weekends. At the 2021 Styrian Grand Prix, <mask> qualified in 5th place, starting in 4th behind McLaren's Lando Norris after a penalty for Valtteri Bottas. He passed Norris early but lost a position to Bottas after a slow pitstop. Unable to pass the Mercedes, <mask> then switched strategies and pitted for fresh tyres and chased down Bottas in the final stages. He made up a 20-second deficit to catch Bottas on the final lap, but was unable to pass his rival for a 3rd consecutive finish on the podium and