title: Edith Wilson

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<mask> ( Bolling, formerly <mask>; October 15, 1872 – December 28, 1961) was the first lady of the United States from 1915 to 1921 and the second wife of President <mask>. She married the widower <mask> in December 1915, during his first term as president. <mask> played an influential role in President <mask>'s administration following the severe stroke he suffered in October 1919. For the remainder of her husband's presidency, she managed the office of the president, a role she later described as a "stewardship," and determined which communications and matters of state were important enough to bring to the attention of the bedridden president. Early life
<mask> was born October 15, 1872, in Wytheville, Virginia, to circuit court judge William Holcombe Bolling and his wife Sarah "Sallie" Spears (née White). Her birthplace, the Bolling Home, is now a museum located in Wytheville's Historic District. Bolling was a descendant of the first settlers to arrive at the Virginia Colony.Through her father, she was also a descendant of Mataoka, better known as Pocahontas, the daughter of Wahunsenacawh, the paramount weroance of the Powhatan Confederacy. On April 5, 1614, Mataoka (then renamed as "Rebecca" following her conversion to Christianity the previous year) married John Rolfe, the first English settler in Virginia to cultivate tobacco as an export commodity. Their granddaughter, Jane Rolfe, married Robert Bolling, a wealthy slave-owning planter and merchant. John Bolling, the son of Jane Rolfe and Robert Bolling, had six surviving children with his wife, Mary Kennon; each of those children married and had surviving children.

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title: Edith Wilson

type: original

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 Additionally, she was related, either by blood or through marriage, to Thomas Jefferson, Martha Washington, Letitia Tyler and the Harrison family. <mask> was the seventh of eleven children, two of whom died in infancy. The Bollings were some of the oldest members of Virginia's slave-owning, planter elite prior to the American Civil War.After the war ended and slavery abolished, <mask>'s father turned to the practice of law to support his family. Unable to pay taxes on his extensive properties, and forced to give up the family's plantation seat, William Holcombe Bolling moved to Wytheville, where most of his children were born. The Bolling household was a large one, and <mask> grew up within the confines of a sprawling, extended family. In addition to eight surviving siblings, <mask>'s grandmothers, aunts and cousins also lived in the Bolling household. Many of the women in <mask>'s family lost husbands during the war. The Bollings had been staunch supporters of the Confederate States of America, were proud of their Southern planter heritage, and in early childhood, taught <mask> in the post-Civil War South's narrative of the Lost Cause. As was often the case among the planter elite, the Bollings justified slave ownership, saying that the persons that they owned had been content with their lives as chattel and had little desire for freedom.Education

<mask> had little formal education. While her sisters were enrolled in local schools, <mask> was taught how to read and write at home. Her paternal grandmother, Anne Wiggington Bolling, played a large role in her education. Crippled by a spinal cord injury, Grandmother Bolling

masks: Edith Edith Edith Edith Edith Edith Edith Edith


title: Edith Wilson

texts: was confined to bed. <mask> had the responsibility to wash her clothing, turn her in bed at night, and look after her 26 canaries. In turn, Grandmother Bolling oversaw <mask>'s education, teaching her how to read, write, speak a hybrid language of French and English, make dresses, and instilled in her a tendency to make quick judgments and hold strong opinions, personality traits <mask> would exhibit her entire life. William Bolling read classic English literature aloud to his family at night, hired a tutor to teach <mask>, and sometimes took her on his travels.The Bolling family attended church regularly, and <mask> became a lifelong, practicing Episcopalian. When <mask> was 15, her father enrolled her at Martha Washington College (a precursor of Emory and Henry College), a finishing school for girls in Abingdon, Virginia. William Holcombe Bolling chose it for its excellent music program. <mask> proved to be an undisciplined, ill-prepared student. She was miserable there, complaining of the school's austerity: the food was poorly prepared, the rooms too cold, and the daily curriculum excessively rigorous, intimidating, and too strictly regimented. <mask> left after only one semester. Two years later, <mask>'s father enrolled her in Powell's School for Girls in Richmond, Virginia.Years later, <mask> noted that her time at Powell's was the happiest time of her life. Unfortunately for <mask>, the school closed at the end of the year after the headmaster suffered an accident that cost him his leg. Concerned about the cost of <mask>'s education, William Bolling refused to pay for any additional schooling, choosing instead to

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 focus on educating her three brothers. While visiting her married sister in Washington, D.C., <mask> met Norman Galt (1864–1908), a prominent jeweler of Galt & Bro. The couple married on April 30, 1896, and lived in the capital for the next 12 years. In 1903, she bore a son who lived only for a few days. The difficult birth left her unable to have more children.In January 1908, Norman Galt died unexpectedly at the age of 43. <mask> hired a manager to oversee his business, paid off his debts, and with the income left to her by her late husband, toured Europe. First Lady of the United States

Re-marriage and early First Ladyship
In March 1915, the widow Galt was introduced to recently widowed U.S. President <mask> at the White House by Helen Woodrow Bones (1874–1951). Bones was the president's first cousin and served as the official White House hostess after the death of <mask>'s wife, <mask>. <mask> took an instant liking to Galt and proposed soon after meeting her. However, rumors that <mask> had cheated on his wife with Galt threatened the burgeoning relationship. Unsubstantiated gossip that <mask> and Galt had murdered the First Lady further troubled the couple.Distressed at the effect such wild speculation could have on the authenticity of the presidency and respectability of his personal reputation, <mask> proposed that <mask> Galt back out of their engagement. Instead, <mask> insisted on postponing the wedding until the end of the official year of mourning for Ellen Axson <mask>. <mask> married Galt on December 18, 1915, at her home in Washington, D.C. Attended by 40 guests, the groom's pastor, Reverend Dr. James H.

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 Taylor of Central Presbyterian Church, and the bride's, Reverend Dr. Herbert Scott Smith of St. Margaret's Episcopal Church, Washington, D.C., performed the wedding jointly. Hostessing and the First World War

As First Lady during World War I, <mask> <mask> observed gasless Sundays, meatless Mondays, and wheatless Wednesdays to set an example for the federal rationing effort. Similarly, she set sheep to graze on the White House lawn rather than use manpower to mow it, and had their wool auctioned off for the benefit of the American Red Cross. Additionally, <mask> became the first First Lady to travel to Europe during her term.She visited Europe with her husband on two separate occasions, in 1918 and 1919, to visit troops and to sign the Treaty of Versailles. During this time, her presence amongst the female royalty of Europe helped to cement America's status as a world power and propelled the position of First Lady to an equivalent standing in international politics. Though the new First Lady had sound qualifications for the role of hostess, the social aspect of the administration was overshadowed by war in Europe and abandoned after the United States formally entered the conflict in 1917. <mask> submerged her own life in her husband's, trying to keep him fit under tremendous strain, and accompanied him to Europe when the Allies conferred on terms of peace. Increased role after husband's stroke

Following his attendance at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, <mask> returned to the United States to campaign for Senate approval of the peace treaty and the League of Nations Covenant. However, he suffered a stroke in October

masks:
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title: Edith Wilson

texts: 1919 which left him bedridden and partially paralyzed. The United States never did ratify the Treaty of Versailles nor join the League of Nations, which had initially been <mask>'s concept.At the time, non-interventionist sentiment was strong. <mask> and others in the President's inner circle hid the true extent of the President's illness and disability from the American public. <mask> also took over a number of routine duties and details of the Executive branch of the government from the onset of <mask>'s illness until he left office almost a year and a half later. From October 1919 to the end of <mask>'s term on March 4, 1921, <mask>, acting in the role of First Lady and shadow steward, decided who and which communications and matters of state were important enough to bring to the bedridden president. <mask> later wrote: "I studied every paper sent from the different Secretaries or Senators and tried to digest and present in tabloid form the things that, despite my vigilance, had to go to the President. I, myself, never made a single decision regarding the disposition of public affairs. The only decision that was mine was what was important and what was not, and the very important decision of when to present matters to my husband."<mask> became the sole communication link between the President and his Cabinet. She required they send her all pressing matters, memos, correspondence, questions, and requests. <mask> took her role very seriously, even successfully pushing for the removal of Secretary of State Robert Lansing after he conducted a series of Cabinet meetings without the President (or <mask> herself) present. She

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 also refused to allow the British ambassador, Edward Grey, an opportunity to present his credentials to the president unless Grey dismissed an aide who was known to have made demeaning comments about her. She assisted President <mask> in filling out paperwork, and would often add new notes or suggestions. She was made privy to classified information, and was entrusted with the responsibility of encoding and decoding encrypted messages. Controversy
In My Memoir, published in 1939, <mask> justified her self-proclaimed role of presidential "steward," arguing that her actions on behalf of <mask>'s presidency were sanctioned by <mask>'s doctors; that they told her to do so for her husband's mental health.<mask> maintained that she was simply a vessel of information for President <mask>; however, others in the White House did not trust her. Some believed that the marriage between <mask> and Woodrow was hasty and controversial. Others did not approve of the marriage because they believed that Woodrow and <mask> had begun communicating with each other while Woodrow was still married to <mask>. In 1921, Joe Tumulty (<mask>'s chief of staff) wrote: "No public man ever had a more devoted helpmate, and no wife a husband more dependent upon her sympathetic understanding of his problems ... Mrs. <mask>'s strong physical constitution, combined with strength of character and purpose, has sustained her under a strain which must have wrecked most women". In subsequent decades, however, scholars were far more critical in their assessment of <mask>'s tenure as First Lady. Phyllis Lee Levin concluded that the effectiveness of <mask>'s policies

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 were unnecessarily hampered by his wife, "a woman of narrow views and formidable determination". Judith Weaver opined that <mask> underestimated her own role in <mask>'s presidency.While she may not have made critical decisions, she did influence both domestic and international policy given her role as presidential gatekeeper. Dr. Howard Markel, a medical historian, has taken issue with <mask>'s claim of a benign "stewardship". Markel has opined that <mask> "was, essentially, the nation's chief executive until her husband's second term concluded in March of 1921". While a widow of moderate education for her time, she nevertheless attempted to protect her husband and his legacy, if not the presidency, even if it meant exceeding her role as First Lady. This period of her life was dramatized in the 2021 historical fiction podcast Edith! starring Rosamund Pike. Later years
In 1921, <mask> retired with the former president to their home on S Street NW in Washington, D.C., nursing him until his death three years later.In subsequent years, she headed the Woman's National Democratic Club's board of governors when the club opened formally in 1924 and published her memoir in 1939. On December 8, 1941, one day after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war, taking pains to draw a link with <mask>'s April 1917 declaration of war. <mask> <mask> was present during Roosevelt's address to Congress. Twenty years later, in 1961, Mrs. <mask> attended the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy. <mask> died of congestive heart failure at age 89, on December 28, 1961. She was to have been the guest of

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Edith Wilson
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 honor that day at the dedication ceremony for the Woodrow Wilson Bridge across the Potomac River between Maryland and Virginia, on what would have been her husband's 105th birthday. She was buried next to the president at the Washington National Cathedral.Legacy
<mask> left her home to the National Trust for Historic Preservation, with a condition that it be made into a museum honoring her husband. The Woodrow Wilson House opened as a museum in 1964. To the Library of Congress, Mrs. <mask> donated first President <mask>'s presidential papers in 1939, then his personal library in 1946. The <mask> Bolling <mask> Birthplace Foundation & Museum in Wytheville, Virginia was established in 2008. The foundation has stabilized the First Lady's birthplace and childhood home; it had been identified in May 2013 by Preservation Virginia as an Endangered Historic Site. The foundation's programs and exhibits aspire to build public awareness "honoring Mrs. <mask>'s name, the contributions she made to this country, the institution of the presidency, and for the example she sets for women." The Foundation shares First Lady Mrs. <mask>'s journey "From Wytheville to The White House".In 2015, a former historic bank building in Wytheville, located on Main Street, was dedicated to the First Lady and bears her name. Adapted as the Bolling Wilson Hotel, it serves Wytheville residents and travelers alike. References

Bibliography
Caroli, Betty Boyd. First Ladies: From Martha Washington to Michelle Obama. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010. Foster, Gaines. Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South,

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 1865 to 1913.Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1988. Gould, Lewis L. American First Ladies: Their Lives and Their Legacy. Florence, Ky.: Taylor and Francis, 2001. Hagood, Wesley O. Presidential Sex: From the Founding Fathers to Bill Clinton. Secaucus, N.J.: Carol Pub., 1998. Hatch, Alden.<mask> <mask>. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1961. Hazelgrove, William Elliott. Madam President : The Secret Presidency of <mask>. Washington, D.C.: Regency Publishing, 2016. Klapthor, Margaret Brown and Black, Allida M. The First Ladies. Washington, D.C.: White House Historical Association, 2001.Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. Indians & English: Facing Off in Early America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000. Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. Settling with the Indians: the Meeting of English and Indian Cultures in America, 1580–1640. New York, NY: Rowman and Littlefield, 1980. Kupperman, Karen Ordahl.The Atlantic in World History. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2012. Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. The Jamestown Project. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007. Markel, Howard. "When a secret president ran the country," PBS News Hour (October 2, 2015)
Miller, Kristie.Ellen and <mask>: <mask>'s First Ladies. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2010. Lamb, Brian. Who's Buried in Grant's Tomb? : A Tour of Presidential Gravesites. New York: Public Affairs, 2010. Levin, Phyllis Lee.<mask> and Woodrow: The Wilson White House. New York: Scribner, 2001. Maynard, W. Barksdale. <mask>: Princeton to the Presidency. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2008. Mayo, <mask>. The Smithsonian Book of the First Ladies: Their Lives, Times, and Issues.New

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title: Edith Wilson

texts:
 York: Henry Holt and Company, 1994. McCallops, James S. <mask> Galt <mask>: The Unintended President. New York: Nova History Publications, 2003. Nordhult, J.W. Schulte. Woodrow Wilson: A Life for World Peace. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1991.Phifer, Gregg. Speech Monographs, Vol. 38 Issue 4 (Nov 1971). Robertson, Wyndham. Pocahontas: Alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants through Her Marriage at Jamestown, Virginia, in April 1614, with John Rolph, Gentleman. Richmond, VA: J W Randolph & English, 1887. Schneider, Dorothy and Schneider, Carl J.First Ladies: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Facts On File, 2010. Townshend, Camilla. Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma. New York, NY: Hill and Wang, 2004. Tribble, Edwin. ed.A President in Love : The Courtship Letters of <mask> and <mask> Galt. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1981. Tumulty, Joseph Patrick. <mask> as I Know Him. New York, NY:, Doubleday, Page & Co., 1921. Waldrup, Carole Chandler. Wives of the American Presidents.Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2006. Weaver, Judith L. "<mask>, <mask> as First Lady: A Study in the Power of Personality, 1919–1920," Presidential Studies Quarterly 15, No. 1 (Winter, 1985), pp. 51–76
Wertheimer, Molly Meijer. Inventing a Voice: The Rhetoric of American First Ladies of the Twentieth Century. Lanham, Md. : Rowman & Littlefield, 2004.<mask>, <mask> Galt. My Memoir. New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1939. Young, Dwight and Johnson, Margaret. Dear First Lady: Letters to the White House: From the Collections of the Library of Congress & National Archives. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2008. External links

<mask>

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 <mask> Birthplace

<mask> at C-SPAN's First Ladies: Influence & Image

1872 births
1961 deaths
19th-century American women
20th-century American women
American people of English descent
American people of Powhatan descent
Bolling family of Virginia
Burials at Washington National Cathedral
First Ladies of the United States
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title: Robert Furman

texts:
<mask> (August 21, 1915 – October 14, 2008) was a civil engineer who during World War II was the chief of foreign intelligence for the Manhattan Engineer District directing espionage against the German nuclear energy project. He participated in the Alsos Mission, which conducted a series of operations with the intent to place all uranium in Europe into Allied hands, and at the end of the war rounded up German atomic scientists to keep them out of the Soviet Union. He personally escorted half of the uranium-235 necessary for the Little Boy atomic bomb to the Pacific island of Tinian. He was also a key figure overseeing the construction of The Pentagon building. After the war he founded Furman Builders Inc., a construction company that  built hundreds of structures, including the Potomac Mills shopping mall in Woodbridge, Virginia. Early life
<mask> was born on August 21, 1915, in Trenton, New Jersey, one of five sons of William and <mask>. His father was a bank teller, and his mother worked as a riveter during World War II.He attended Princeton University and graduated in 1937 with a degree in civil engineering. He then worked for the Pennsylvania Railroad and a construction company in New York. World War II
In December 1940, <mask> was activated as a member of the United States Army Reserve and assigned to the Quartermaster Corps Construction Division, where he worked for Colonel Leslie R. Groves, Jr., supervising the day-to-day construction of The Pentagon. When the building was completed in 1943, Groves was reassigned to the "Manhattan Project" and brought his aide, <mask>, with him. In August 1943 <mask> was put in charge of an intelligence effort formed by Groves in response to concerns raised by atomic bomb project scientists about the German nuclear energy project. As director of intelligence, <mask> was responsible for ascertaining the progress the Germans were making. In December 1943, Groves sent <mask> to Britain to discuss the establishment of a London Liaison Office for the

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Leila Ficht Furman
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title: Robert Furman

texts: Manhattan Project and the British government, and to confer over coordinating the intelligence effort.<mask> sent the spy Moe Berg to Switzerland to meet the head of the German project, Werner Heisenberg. After chatting with Heisenberg at a cocktail party, Berg concluded that the Germans were a long way behind the Allied effort. <mask> travelled to Rome in June 1944, where he interviewed Italian scientists about the German project. When the Alsos Mission found documentation in office of Union Minière in Antwerp that indicated over 1,000 tons of refined uranium had been sent to Germany, but about 150 tons still remained at Olen, Belgium, Groves sent <mask> back to Europe with orders to secure the Olen cache. The Alsos Mission located 68 tons there, but another 80 tons was missing, having been shipped to France in 1940 ahead of the German invasion of Belgium. Groves had the Olen uranium shipped to England and, ultimately, to the United States. Documentation indicated that the missing uranium had been sent to Toulouse.An Alsos Mission team under Boris Pash's command reached Toulouse on October 1 and inspected a French Army arsenal with a Geiger counter. When the needle jumped near some barrels, they were inspected and found to be the 31 tons of uranium from Belgium. The 3342nd Quartermaster Truck Company was released from the Red Ball Express to retrieve the shipment. The barrels were collected and transported to Marseilles, where <mask> supervised their loading on a ship bound for the United States. In April 1945, Furman participated in Operation Harborage. The Alsos Mission and the 1269th Engineer Combat Battalion occupied  Haigerloch, where they found and destroyed a German experimental nuclear reactor, and recovered uranium and heavy water. The Alsos Mission took Heisenberg into custody on May 2.<mask> supervised his detention and that of nine other German scientists, who were taken to Rheims, then Versailles, and finally to the country estate of Farm Hall in England, where their

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 conversations were monitored and where they could not defect to the Soviet Union. In July 1945, <mask> personally escorted half of the uranium-235 necessary for the Little Boy atomic bomb to the Pacific island of Tinian. Accompanied by Captain James F. Nolan, a radiologist with Project Alberta, <mask> set out by car from Santa Fe to Albuquerque on July 14, then travelled by air to Hamilton Field, California. The men boarded the cruiser  at Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, and crossed the Pacific to Tinian, arriving on July 26. A few days after leaving Tinian, the Indianapolis was torpedoed and sunk by a Japanese submarine with the loss of over 800 men. Later life
<mask> left the army the year after the war ended and founded Furman Builders Inc. in Rockville, Maryland. The firm built hundreds of homes, schools and commercial buildings, including the Potomac Mills shopping mall in Woodbridge, Virginia, the Metropolitan Baptist Church in Washington, D.C., and the United States embassy in Nicaragua.He married Mary Eddy in 1952. They had four children: a son, David, and three daughters, Martha Keating, Julia Costello and Serena Furman. For the most part, <mask> kept quiet about his exploits during the war. He served as president of the local Rotary Club and sang baritone in a barbershop quartet. He retired in 1993, and died of metastatic melanoma on October 14, 2008 at Buckingham's Choice retirement community in Adamstown, Maryland at the age of 93. Notes

References

External links
2008 Video Interview with <mask> by Cynthia C. Kelly Voices of the Manhattan Project

1915 births
2008 deaths
Deaths from melanoma
Manhattan Project people
Businesspeople from Trenton, New Jersey
Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
United States Army officers
American military engineers
United States Army personnel of World War II
Engineers from New Jersey
20th-century American engineers
Deaths from cancer in Maryland
20th-century American businesspeople
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<mask>, <mask>,  (11 September 1882 – 11 November 1965), was a British teacher, trade unionist and Labour politician. He served as Home Secretary under Prime Minister Clement Attlee from 1945 to 1951, becoming the longest-serving Home Secretary of the 20th century. Early life
<mask> was born in Epsom, Surrey, the son of <mask>, a grocer of Nonconformist religious convictions, and his wife Agnes Mary (née <mask>). He was educated at Epsom National School, Dorking High School for Boys, Battersea Pupil Teachers' Centre, and Christ's College, Cambridge, where he studied natural sciences. He attended Cambridge through a Surrey county scholarship, which did not cover his living expenses, and he ran out of funds at university, dropping out without a degree at the end of his second year. Either through his family background or by a decision when a student, he became a Unitarian, and his religion consumed much of his time and effort later in life. Had he graduated from Cambridge, Ede might have pursued a career as a science master in the grammar or public school systems, but instead he became an assistant master at council elementary schools in Surrey from 1905 to 1914, mainly in Mortlake.He took an active part in the Surrey County Teachers’ Association (SCTA), part of the National Union of Teachers. He was active in the Liberal Party, and in 1908 was elected as a member of Epsom Urban District Council, as the youngest councillor in Surrey, and probably the youngest urban district councillor in the country. In 1914, <mask> stood for election to Surrey County Council and, as a council employee, had to resign his teaching post before

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Baron Chuter Ede
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 the poll. He was elected, and never worked as a teacher again. Much of his council work concentrated on education, as the SCTA wanted teacher representation on the Education Committee, to which, after a struggle, he was appointed. During the First World War he served in the East Surrey Regiment and Royal Engineers, reaching the rank of Acting Regimental Sergeant Major. He spent most of the War in France, probably working with poison gas.Early political career
During the war, <mask> joined the Labour Party, having been critical for some time of senior Liberal figures and of wartime establishment attitudes, and believing Labour better represented working people. He was selected as Labour candidate for Epsom in 1918, but was soundly defeated by a candidate who had been given the "Coalition Coupon". He was appointed assistant secretary of the SCTA, which provided some Union sponsorship for his county council work. He retained this post until he became a Government minister, and he gradually took over running the Association, as well as dominating education policy in Surrey, a county where population increases brought about the need for much new school building. <mask> chaired Epsom UDC in 1920. <mask> was first elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament (MP) for Mitcham, at a by-election in March 1923, which caused a considerable stir in the media. However, he lost the seat in December at the 1923 general election, and was defeated there again in 1924.<mask> eventually left Epsom UDC in 1927, having lived for some years in Mitcham. He returned to Parliament at the 1929 general election, for the Tyneside seat of

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 South Shields. In the short-lived Labour government of 1929-31, <mask> was appointed in 1930 to chair a government committee on educational standards in private schools. This reported in 1932, and <mask> gradually became the Labour Party's main specialist in the field of education, following the retirement from active politics of Charles Trevelyan, whose encouragement Ede had received, including through this appointment. <mask> had again lost his seat in Parliament at the 1931 election. He rejoined Epsom UDC (by now Epsom and Ewell UDC) in 1933, and chaired Surrey CC the same year. In 1934 <mask> became chairman of the London and Home Counties Joint Electricity Authority, of which he had been a member since 1928.He held this post until 1940. <mask> was re-elected to Parliament for South Shields at the 1935 general election, and held the seat until his retirement from the Commons at the 1964 general election. When Epsom and Ewell were awarded borough status in 1937, he was chosen as the "Charter Mayor", and led the activities celebrating the new Borough’s charter. He was appointed a deputy lieutenant for the county of Surrey. <mask> also became chairman of the British Electrical Development Association in 1937. <mask> showed great interest in the sciences and the uses to which they could be put, being also a keen photographer. He also contributed greatly to environmental protection in Surrey, encouraging extension of green belt, the purchase of property to prevent development, and building bypasses to restrict traffic in town centres.Education Minister
In the wartime coalition, <mask> was appointed on 15 May 1940 to junior

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title: James Chuter Ede

texts: ministerial office as Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Education, and served under two Conservative Presidents, first Herwald Ramsbotham, and then RA Butler. He adopted the work initiated by the Board’s civil servants under Sir Maurice Holmes to reform education and, with Butler, published a white paper on the subject. This covered several areas, including raising the school-leaving age to 15 or 16, abolishing parallel systems of elementary and secondary schooling from age 11, whether there should be separate schools for pupils with different aptitudes, how to assimilate public schools into the system, and the ‘dual system’ of state and religious schools in the public sector. With Butler, <mask> steered the Education Act 1944 through Parliament, and it is clear that his detailed knowledge of state education, which Butler lacked, was crucial to the success of this measure. The Act set the school-leaving age at 15 with effect from April 1947, with the long-term aim of raising it to 16, and made secondary education free, abolishing the term "elementary school". It established nursery schools and classes, along with provision for children needing special educational treatment. It provided for further education, medical treatment in schools, school meals and milk, and social, religious and physical education.Independent schools were put under a programme of inspection, a compulsory act of worship introduced, and the rôle and requirements of local education authorities made clear. There remained considerable cross-party respect between <mask> and Butler during their various later political activities. Home Secretary and

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 later career
Although he had expected to be appointed Minister of Education following the post-war Labour victory, <mask> was appointed Home Secretary in the 1945 Labour government of Clement Attlee, and remained in that post throughout. He was concurrently Leader of the House of Commons in 1951. He was responsible for restructuring several public services, through the Police Act 1946, the Fire Services Act 1947, the Civil Defence Act 1948, and the Justices of the Peace Act 1949. In addition, he was closely involved in the Children Act 1948, the British Nationality Act 1948, the Representation of the People Act 1948, and the Criminal Justice Act 1948. He used his experience in local government and education to decide the right level of local authority control for services he reconstituted – the Fire Service, Civil Defence and the police, which he organised into a more professional force, with training centres developing consistent standards.Inheriting child care services and magistrates’ courts operating piecemeal throughout the country, his reforms set up consistent procedures and practices. Changes to the electoral system in the Representation of the People Act finally established the principle of "one person, one vote" and single-member constituencies, for which in <mask>'s view there had been pressure from the time of the Civil War and through the era of Chartism to his own period. He abolished university seats, along with the business vote, two-member constituencies and the privileged electoral status of the City of London. The British Nationality Act established the single status of "Citizen of the United Kingdom and


title: James Chuter Ede

texts: Colonies", without regard to race or colour, so that all citizens of the UK and its colonies (there were few independent Commonwealth members at the time) continued to be equally able to live and work in the UK. The Criminal Justice Act abolished the sentences of hard labour, penal servitude and whipping, and established new arrangements for probation and the treatment of young offenders. It also ended the right of peers to be tried by the House of Lords. Attempts to amend it to abolish capital punishment were unsuccessful (see below).Ede established the Lynskey tribunal under Sir George Lynskey in 1948 to investigate allegations of corruption among ministers and civil servants. Changes he also brought about included ending the tradition that the Home Secretary attends royal births, which started following the rumours that <mask> II’s son was an impostor, smuggled into the royal birth chamber. Ede helped change the date of the Grand National horse race to a Saturday, and proposed that Remembrance Sunday be moved to a date in the summer, reflecting the different days on which the World Wars ended (this was not taken up). He arranged the naturalisation of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and was involved in the choice of Mountbatten as his British surname. <mask>'s diaries (largely neither transcribed nor published) give an account of his wartime activities from 1941 to 1945 in great detail, as well as shorter memoirs from his time as Home Secretary, which illustrate the wide range of duties and concerns which went with that office in the mid-20th century. At the suggestion of an historian who used them, with his permission,

masks: James Ede


title: James Chuter Ede

texts:
 in her research, he left most of them to the British Museum, of which he became a trustee – initially ex officio as Home Secretary, and then in his own right when he lost office. <mask> ceased to be in government when Labour lost the 1951 United Kingdom general election, and pursued other interests during his remaining 15 years in opposition.As well as his British Museum work, he became an active member of the BBC’s General Advisory Council, and held a leading rôle in the Unitarian church. In 1964 he left the Commons and was created a life peer as <mask>-<mask>, of Epsom in the County of Surrey on 1 January 1965. Unitarian Church
When Home Secretary, Ede expanded his activities in the Unitarian Church, addressing its General Assembly in 1947, and arranging for the Church to be represented at the Cenotaph memorial on Remembrance Sunday. He also spoke to various Unitarian congregations, and increased this activity after he left office in 1951. He attended congresses of the International Association for Liberal Christianity and Religious Freedom (IARF), and in 1955 was elected its President. In that connection, he paid more than one visit to North America. From 1957 to 1958, <mask> was President of the Unitarian General Assembly, and for a year he travelled tirelessly around the country, addressing different congregations.Capital punishment
In 1938, <mask> voted for a motion in favour of abolishing the death penalty for murder. This did not result in any change in the law but, when he was Home Secretary, his own Criminal Justice Bill in 1948 was successfully amended by MPs who wished to abolish hanging. However, by this time

masks:
Ede
Baron Chuter
Ede
Ede
Ede


title: James Chuter Ede

texts:
 <mask>, in line with the policy of the Attlee Government, opposed the reform. A person sentenced to hang was entitled to appeal to the Monarch for mercy, so in practice the Home Secretary, to whom the task was delegated, decided whether each execution should proceed. For a while he agreed to commute every death sentence to life imprisonment, but the House of Lords then rejected the amendment, and the Criminal Justice Act 1948 did not abolish capital punishment. He permitted hangings to continue. In 1950 Timothy Evans was convicted of murdering his own daughter, and Ede approved his death sentence.In 1953, after John Christie had been convicted and hanged for a murder committed in the same house (and it was clear he had committed several others), <mask> eventually concluded that he had made the wrong decision in regard to Evans. He took part in the campaign for a pardon for Evans, and ended his career supporting the cause of abolition. In November 1965, capital punishment for murder was abolished by the Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965, and Evans's body was transferred to consecrated ground, shortly before Ede's death. His campaign was described as "the last struggle of a liberal nonconformist of the old school". Family
Ede married Lilian Mary, daughter of Richard Williams, in 1917. They had no children, and she died in 1948, having been ill for some years. Lord Chuter-Ede survived her by 17 years and died at Ewell, Surrey, in November 1965, aged 83.Memorials
Chuter Ede Education Centre in South Shields is named after him. It was formerly a comprehensive school. There are also a ward in Epsom Hospital and a


title: Amzi L. Barber

texts:
<mask> (June 22, 1843 – April 17, 1909) was a pioneer of the asphalt industry in the United States, and an early participant in the automobile industry as well. He laid many of the roads in Westchester County, New York and was known as "The Asphalt King". Early life
<mask> was born on June 22, 1843 in Saxtons River, Vermont. He was the son of <mask> (1810–1901), a pastor of the Congregationalist Church, and Nancy Irene Bailey. He grew up in Ohio and attended Oberlin College, graduating in 1867. Career
After graduating from college, he briefly considered following his father's vocation in the ministry, but instead took a teaching position at Howard University. At Howard, he was "Principal of Normal and Preparatory Department" as well as Professor of Natural Philosophy and Acting Professor of Mathematics until his resignation in 1873.He graduated from Columbian University in Washington, DC in 1877. In late August 1902, the newly formed Consolidated National Bank elected <mask> L<mask>, <mask> G. Bloomingdale, and James Newcomb as directors. Real estate development
In 1873, abandoning teaching, <mask> developed LeDroit Park, a neighborhood adjacent to Howard University with his brother-in-law, <mask> (d. 1919). He named the neighborhood after his father-in-law, <mask> <mask>, but left out the (c) in his name. It was one of the first suburbs of Washington, and was developed and marketed as a "romantic" neighborhood with narrow tree-lined streets that bore the same names as the trees that shaded them, differing from the street names used in the rest of the city. Extensive focus was placed on the

masks:
Amzi Lorenzo Barber
Amzi Barber
Amzi Doolittle Barber
Amzi
. Barber
Lyman
Barber
Andrew Langdon
LeDct
Langdon


title: Amzi L. Barber

texts:
 landscaping of this neighborhood, as developers spent a large sum of money to plant flower beds and trees to attract high-profile professionals from the city. It was originally a whites-only neighborhood and was gated with guards to promote the security for its residents.In July 1888, students tore down the fences that separated the neighborhood in protest of its discriminating policies. In 1875, he developed the Le Droit Building at 800 F Street Northwest in Washington, D.C., across the street from the Old Patent Office Building, which in 2016 houses the Smithsonian American Art Museum and the National Portrait Gallery. As of 2004, the building houses the International Spy Museum. In 1892, he bought the property known as "Ardsley Towers" in Irvington, NY. The property was built by Cyrus W. Field for his son, whose financial difficulties made a sale of the property necessary. He developed the  property into Ardsley Park and Ardsley Country Club. Asphalt business
In 1878, he became actively involved with asphalt pavement work with his brother-in-law John J. Albright, a Buffalo industrialist.In 1880, <mask> partnered with U.S. Senator John Sherman for the purchase and sale of the "Stone" property, then on the outskirts of Washington D.C. This led to an interest in asphalt for paving city streets, after a government study determined it to be the best available method. He incorporated Barber Asphalt Paving Co. in 1883 to produce asphalt, and in 1887, secured a 42-year monopoly concession from the British Government for the Pitch Lake in Trinidad, the largest natural deposit of asphalt in the


title: Amzi L. Barber

texts:
 world. He was also managing director of Trinidad Lake Asphalt Co., Limited, incorporated in London in 1898. <mask> moved the Washington-based business to New York City, and it continued to expand, becoming, against <mask>'s wishes, part of an asphalt trust. By 1900, he had laid over 12 million square yards of Trinidad asphalt pavement in 70 American cities at a cost of $35 million.<mask> retired from the business in 1901, just before the trust collapsed, but returned to the industry in 1904. Locomobile
Barber also had an interest in automobile production, forming the Locomobile Company in 1898. The company at first produced small Stanley Steamer motor cars, which they initially sold for $600, with sales peaking at 1,600 cars in 1900. Locomobile later transitioned into selling internal-combustion automobiles. Personal life
In 1868, <mask> married his first wife, Celia M. Bradley of Geneva, Ohio, who died shortly thereafter in 1870. In 1871, he married <mask> <mask> (1844–1912) of Belmont, New York. Julia was first cousins with <mask> Clemens (1845–1904), the wife of <mask> Clemens (1835–1910), also known as Mark Twain.With Julia, he had five children, of which four reached adulthood: <mask>, <mask>, Bertha, and Rowland. <mask> died of pneumonia in April 1909 at the age of 66 at his home "Ardsley Towers" in Ardsley-on-Hudson, New York. At the time of his death, The New York Times estimated his wealth at "many millions." Residences and hobbies
As part of the purchase of the Stone" property in 1880, <mask> reserved the best piece of the property for his own use, and in 1886, commissioned

masks:
Barber
Barber
Barber
Barber
Julia Louise
Langdon
Olivia Langdon
Samuel Langhorne
LeDroit
Lorena
Barber
Barber


title: Amzi L. Barber

texts:
 architect Theophilus P. Chandler to design an imposing châteauesque Queen Anne mansion made of stone. It was located between 13th and 14th Streets and was one of Washington's most impressive mansions. <mask> named it Belmont, after his second wife's hometown. In 1913, Belmont was sold by his son to developer Harry Wardman and razed in 1915 to allow for construction of the Clifton Terrace Apartments.In 1889, he purchased the Cunard place on Staten Island, which he lived in during the summer with his family for four seasons. In 1891, he purchased the Robert L. Stuart mansion at 871 Fifth Avenue at Sixty-eight street in New York after the death of Stuart's widow, where his family spent part of each winter. The home on Fifth Avenue was later sold to William Collins Whitney around 1897. In 1906, <mask> an avid yachtsman, bought a 269-foot boat named the T.S.Y. Lorena, after his daughter. The yacht had a crew of 44 and comfortably held around 12 passengers. The United States government bought it from him for use in the First World War, and then scrapped it after the war.He was a trustee of Oberlin College from 1889 to 1909, and a director of Washington Loan and Trust. See also
Freelan Oscar Stanley & Francis Edgar Stanley
John Brisben Walker
Stanley Motor Carriage Company
Locomobile Company of America
Mobile Company of America
Irvington, New York
Barber, New Jersey

References

External links
"Scenes from the Past" The InTowner (November 2007)

1843 births
1909 deaths
People from Rockingham, Vermont
People from Irvington, New York
Consolidated National Bank people
19th-century American

masks: Barber Barber


title: Bil Keane

texts:
<mask> (October 5, 1922 – November 8, 2011), better known as <mask>, was an American cartoonist most notable for his work on the newspaper comic The Family Circus. It began in 1960 and continues in syndication, drawn by his son <mask>. Early life and education
<mask> was born in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania neighborhood of Crescentville, and attended parochial school at St. William Parish and Northeast Catholic High School. While a schoolboy, he taught himself to draw by mimicking the style of the cartoons published in The New Yorker. His first cartoon was published on May 21, 1936, on the amateur page of the Philadelphia Daily News. While in high school, his in-comic signature was spelled "<mask>", but early in his career, he omitted the second L from his first name "to be distinctive". Career

<mask> served in the U.S. Army from 1942 to 1945, drawing for Yank and creating the "At Ease with the Japanese" feature for the Pacific edition of Stars and Stripes.<mask> worked for the Philadelphia Bulletin as a staff artist from 1946 to 1959, where he launched his first regular comic strip Silly Philly. His first syndicated strip, Channel Chuckles, a series of jokes related to television, premiered in 1954 and ran until 1977. In 1959, the <mask> family moved to Paradise Valley, Arizona. <mask>'s daily newspaper panel The Family Circus premiered on February 29, 1960. <mask> was the president of the National Cartoonists Society from 1981 to 1983 and was the emcee of the Society's annual

masks:
William Aloysius Keane
Bil Keane
Jeff Keane
Keane
Bill Keane
Keane
Keane
Keane
Keane
Keane


title: Bil Keane

texts:
 awards banquet for 16 years. From 1981 to 1983, <mask> published the gag strip Eggheads in collaboration with his son Jeff, who now draws and writes The Family Circus and continues the strip with his own insight and humor. Like his father, <mask> has been president of the National Cartoonists Society (NCS), serving two consecutive terms (four years).The NCS is the organizing body that honors cartoonists with the Reuben Awards. <mask> <mask> died on November 8, 2011, at his home in Paradise Valley, Arizona (near Phoenix), at age 89. The cause of death was given as congestive heart failure. He was buried, alongside his wife, in the Holy Redeemer Cemetery of Phoenix, Arizona. Personal life
While stationed in Australia he met Thelma "Thel" Carne. <mask> and Thel were married in Brisbane, Queensland in 1948 and settled in Roslyn, Pennsylvania. Thel, the inspiration for the "Mommy" character in his long-running strip, died on May 23, 2008, from complications of Alzheimer's disease.They had five children: Gayle, Neal, Glen, Christopher and Jeff. Glen is an animator and has most notably worked for Walt Disney Animation Studios. Jeff is a cartoonist, having taken over his father's comic strip. Awards
<mask> was a four-time recipient of the National Cartoonists Society's Award for Best Syndicated Panel, winning in 1967, 1971, 1973 and 1974. In 1981, he was awarded the Inkpot Award. In 1982, <mask> was named the Society's Cartoonist of the Year and received its top honor, the Reuben Award. He

masks:
Keane
Jeff Keane
Bil
Keane
Bil
Keane
Keane


title: Bil Keane

texts:
 also received the Elzie Segar Award in 1982 for his unique contribution to the cartooning profession.In 1998, he became the tenth recipient of the Arizona Heritage Award, joining—among others—Barry Goldwater, Sandra Day O'Connor, Mo Udall and Erma Bombeck. <mask> was honored with the Silver T-Square Award from the National Cartoonist Society in 2002 for "outstanding dedication" to the Society and the cartooning profession. In 2008, <mask> was honored with the Sergio Award from the Comic Art Professional Society. Friends

<mask> had a close friendship with humorist and newspaper columnist Erma Bombeck. <mask> provided illustrations for Bombeck's book Just Wait Until You Have Children of Your Own! (1972), and considered himself instrumental in convincing Bombeck and her family to move to Arizona near his home. In 1996, he was a pall bearer at Bombeck's funeral.Stephan Pastis, creator of Pearls Before Swine, acknowledged he was good friends with <mask> and <mask>'s son, Jeff. Pastis has notably parodied The Family Circus in his own strip a number of times, and <mask> wrote a satirical "attack" on these jokes as a foreword for Pastis' Pearls collection Macho Macho Animals. <mask> switched with Scott Adams of Dilbert in the 1997 comic strip switcheroo. Adams said, "<mask> was a misunderstood creative genius who knew how to write for his target audience. He was also a great guy. I was a big fan." <mask> also counted fellow cartoonists Charles M. Schulz (Peanuts) and Mell Lazarus (Miss

masks: Keane Keane Keane Keane Keane Keane Keane Keane Bil Keane


title: Bil Keane

texts:
 Peach, Momma) as close friends.In 1994, the characters from The Family Circus made a "guest appearance" in <mask>'s Zippy the Pinhead comic strip. Griffith said, "I remembered <mask>'s affection for Zippy, so I decided to bite the bullet and call him to ask if, instead of me parodying his strip, he'd agree to jam with me..." The characters were drawn into the strip by <mask>, but the dialog was written by Griffith. Then, on March 7, 1995, Zippy made an appearance in a Family Circus panel, drawn in by <mask>. Griffith said Family Circus was "the last remaining folk art strip." Griffith said, "It's supposed to be the epitome of squareness, but it turns the corner into a hip zone." Books

Family Circus collectionsThe Family Circus (1961)The Family Circus Vol. 1 (1965)The Family Circus Vol.2 (1966)Sunday with the Family Circus (1966)The Family Circus (1967)I Need a Hug. (1968)Peace, Mommy, Peace! (1969)Wanna Be Smiled At? (1970)Peekaboo! I Love You! (1971)Look Who's Here! (1972)Can I Have a Cookie?(1973)Hello, Grandma? (1973)At Home with the Family Circus (1973)I'm Taking a Nap (1974)When's Later, Daddy? (1974)I Can't Untie My Shoes! (1975) Dolly Hit Me Back! (1975)Mine: And Yours, Too! (1975)Jeffy's Lookin' at Me (1976)Smile! (1976)Not Me!(1976)Quiet! Mommy's Asleep! (1977)Sunday with the Family Circus (1977)For This I Went to College? (1977)Where's PJ? (1978)Any Children? (1979)Dolly Hit Me Back! (1979)Not Me.(1980)Daddy's Little Helpers (1980)Good Morning, Sunshine! (1980)On Vacation

masks:
Bill Griffith
Bil
Keane
Bill Griffith


title: Bil Keane

texts:
 (1995)
Sing Me a Loveaby? (1995)
Daddy's Cap Is on Backwards (1996)
The Family Circus by Request (1998)

Special compilations
The Family Circus Treasury, foreword by Erma Bombeck (1977)
The Family Circus Album, foreword by Charles Schulz (1984)
The Family Circus is Us (1990)
Family Circus Library, Vol. 1 by The Library of American Comics (2009)
Family Circus Library, Vol. 2 by The Library of American Comics (2010)

Other cartoon collections

Channel Chuckles (1964)
Jest in Pun (1966)
Pun-Abridged Dictionary (1968)
More Channel Chuckles (1971)
It's Apparent You're a Parent (1971)
Deuce and Don'ts of Tennis (1975)
Eggheads written by <mask> <mask> and <mask> (1983)

Illustrated books
Just Wait Till You Have Children of Your Own! written by Erma Bombeck and <mask> <mask> (1971)
Hey, Father! written by Jeanne Marie Lortie, illustrated by <mask> <mask> (1973)
Daddy's Surprise Day written by Gale Wiersum, illustrated by <mask> <mask> (1980)
Ask Any Mother written by Jean B. Boyce, illustrated by <mask> <mask> (1991)
Just Ask Mom written by Jean B. Boyce, illustrated by <mask> <mask> (1996)
Just Like Home written by Jean B. Boyce, illustrated by <mask> <mask> (2001)

Footnotes

References

External links

<mask>'s biography at the Family Circus Website
<mask> <mask> biography at King Features Syndicate
Feature article on <mask> <mask> at St. Anthony Messenger Magazine Online
<mask> <mask> Cartoon collection of original cartoon artwork from 1954–1966 at Syracuse University's Special

masks:
Bil
Keane
Jeff Keane
Bil
Keane
Bil
Keane
Bil
Keane
Bil
Keane
Bil
Keane
Bil
Keane
Bil
Bil
Keane
Bil
Keane
Bil
Keane


title: Yoji Ito

texts:
was an engineer and scientist that had a major role in the Japanese development of magnetrons and the Radio Range Finder (RRF – the code name for a radar). Early years
<mask> was born and raised in Onjuku, then a fishing village in the Chiba prefecture of Japan. His father was the primary schoolmaster and encouraged his children to achieve science and mathematics excellence. After graduating in electrical engineering from the Tokyo Imperial University, <mask> was commissioned in the Imperial Navy and spent several years in assignments at sea. At the NTRI
Still in the Navy, <mask> was sent to Germany for graduate study where he was a student of Heinrich Barkhausen at the Dresden  Technische Hochschule. Upon completing his Doctor of Engineering degree there in 1929, he was promoted to the rank of Commander and assigned as a researcher at the Naval Technology Research Institute (NTRI) in the Meguro area of Tokyo. The NTRI had been formed in 1922, and was just becoming fully operational when Ito was sent there.Here first-rate scientists, engineers, and technicians were engaged in a wide variety of activities for advancing naval capabilities. At NTRI, Ito became involved with analyzing long-distance radio communications, and wanted to investigate the interaction of microwaves with the Kennelly-Heaviside layer (the ionosphere). He started a project using a Barkhausen-Kurz tube, then tried a split-anode cavity magnetron developed by Kinjiro Okabe at  Tohoku University, but the frequency was too unstable. In late 1932, believing that the magnetron would eventually become the primary source for microwave power, he started his own research in this technology, calling the device a magnetic electric tube. Partnerships
Tsuneo <mask> (no relationship to <mask> <mask>) at Tokoku University developed an 8-split-anode magnetron that produced about 10 W at 10 cm (3 GHz). Based on its appearance, it was named Tachibana (or Mandarin, an orange citrus fruit). Tsuneo <mask> joined the NTRI and continued his

masks:
Yoji Ito
Ito
Yoji Ito
Ito
Yoji
Ito
Ito


title: Yoji Ito

texts:
 research on magnetrons in association with <mask> <mask>.In 1937, they developed the technique of coupling adjacent segments (calling it push-pull), resulting in frequency stability, an extremely important magnetron breakthrough. Shigeru Nakajima, a younger brother of <mask> <mask> and a scientist at the Japan Radio Company (JRC), was also investigating magnetrons, primarily for the medical dielectric heating (diathermy) market. An alliance was made between NTRI and JRC for further magnetron development. In early 1939, led by <mask> <mask> they built a 10-cm (3-GHz), stable-frequency Mandarin-type magnetron (No. M3) that, with water cooling, could produce 500-W power. Magnetron
The configuration of the M3 magnetron was essentially the same as that used later in the device developed by Boot and Randall in early 1940, including the improvement of strapped cavities. Unlike the high-power magnetron in Great Britain, however, the initial device from the NTRI generated only a few hundred watts.During 1940, <mask> <mask> suggested that the magnetron be used in a microwave collision-avoidance system, assisting naval vessels to navigate in formation. The NTRI and JRC were funded for a demonstration, with the range (distance) to other vessels determined by frequency-modulating the magnetron. This effort was not successful, but it led to the NTRI attempting to find what the Germans were doing in this area. (Japan had joined Germany and Italy in a Tripartite Pact in 1936.) VHF
In late 1940. Commander <mask> led a technical-exchange mission to Germany. Fluent in the German language and holding a doctorate from Dresden Technische Hochschule, he was well received.Staying several months, he became aware of their pulse-modulated radio equipment for detecting and ranging, and immediately sent word back to Japan that this technology should be incorporated in the NTRI-JRC effort. On August 2, 1941, even before <mask> returned to Japan, funds were allocated for the initial development of a pulse-modulated Radio

masks: Yoji Ito Yoji Ito Yoji Ito Yoji Ito Ito Ito


title: Yoji Ito

texts:
 Range Finder (RRF – the Japanese code name for a radar). The Germans had not yet developed a magnetron suitable for use in such systems, so their equipment operated in the VHF region. At the NTRI, they followed the Germans and built a prototype VHF set operating at 4.2 m (71 MHz) and producing about 5 kW. This was completed on a crash basis, and in early September 1941, the set detected a bomber at a range of 97 km (61 mi). The system, Japan's first full radar, was designated Mark 1 Model 1 and quickly went into production. RRF
In parallel with the VHF work, <mask> Ito also returned to the magnetron applications, resulting in Japan's first pulse-modulated microwave RRF set.It operated at 10 cm (3 GHz) and produced a peak-power of 2.0 kW. A prototype was tested in October 1941, and several versions for surface ships and submarines were soon put into production. Naval officials favored the microwave sets because with very narrow beams they were less vulnerable to interception. Pearl Harbor
On December 7, 1941, Japan initiated an attack on Pearl Harbor, entering World War II. <mask> Ito was made a department head at the NTRI and was promoted to captain. In the war years, he was responsible for many developments in VHF RRF systems, but was most proud of his microwave equipment. He personally led the development of Japan's first airborne microwave RRF system.This was a 25-cm (1.2-GHz) set producing 2 kW and weighing about 70 kg (150 lb). It was designed for the Gekko night-fighter. He was also involved with Japan's countermeasures equipment, particularly receivers to warn when vessels or aircraft were being observed by American radars. Return to magnetrons
Development at the NTRI continued on magnetrons, resulting in higher and higher power. <mask> <mask> and others eventually came to believe that this device might be used as a weapon, encouraged by an earlier newspaper article telling of Nikola Tesla inventing a beam that would “bring down squadrons of aircraft 250 miles away.” In 1943, work

masks: Yoji Yoji Yoji Ito


title: Yoji Ito

texts:
 began in highest secrecy on a Ku-go (Death Ray) device. Laboratory
A special laboratory was set up near Shimada, in the Shizuoka Prefecture, for developing a high-power magnetron that, if not as powerful as Tesla had boasted, might at least incapacitate an aircraft. A number of Japan's leading physicists were involved.A 20 cm magnetron producing 100 kW was achieved, and by the end of the war a 1000 kW (1 MW) unit was undergoing preliminary testing. At that time, the development was terminated and the hardware as well as all documentation was destroyed. Disbanding of the Japanese military
With the surrender of Japan on August 15, 1945, all organizations, facilities, and projects related to the military in Japan were disbanded. Scientists and engineers, as well as military technical officers, engaged in communications and radar formed the base for Japan's future electronics industry. Captain <mask> <mask> was among this large group of individuals. Koden
In 1947, with the hope of making a peaceful contribution of technologies cultivated in his naval days, Dr. <mask> founded the Koden Electronics Company Co., Ltd., an affiliate of JRC. Among early products that they conceived was a series of radio direction finders for use in small boat navigation, along with an electronic fish-finder that revolutionized the Japanese commercial fishing industry.Unfortunately, <mask> died in 1955, but the firm continues as a worldwide supplier of marine electronic equipment. Reference notes

General references
 Nakagawa, Yasuzo; Radar and Related Weapons of World War II, translated and edited by Louis Brown, John Bryant, and Naohiko Koizumi, Aegean Park Press, 1997
 Swords, S. S.; Technical History of the Beginnings of Radar, Section 4.6, Peter Peregrinus, 1986
 Watson, Raymond C., Jr.; Radar Origins Worldwide, Chapter 7, Trafford Publishing, 2009
 Wilkinson, Roger I.; “Short survey of Japanese radar – Part I,” Trans. AIEE, Vol. 65, pp. 370–377, 1946

1901 births
1955 deaths
Japanese physicists
Japanese

masks: Yoji Ito Ito Ito


title: Greg Phillinganes

texts:
<mask> (born May 12, 1956) is an American keyboardist, singer-songwriter, and musical director based in Los Angeles, California. A prolific session musician, Phillinganes has contributed the role of keyboards to numerous albums representing a broad array of artists and genres. He has toured with notable artists, such as Stevie Wonder, Eric Clapton, David Gilmour and Toto, served as musical director for Michael Jackson, and has released two solo studio albums. Biography
<mask> was born on May 12, 1956, in Detroit, Michigan. He began playing a neighbor's piano by ear at the age of two, beginning lessons a few years later after his mother purchased a piano for him. He took lessons from two different instructors before his mother brought him to Misha Kotler, a Detroit Symphony Orchestra pianist who introduced the discipline and technique Phillinganes required to excel. Phillinganes credits Kotler with showing him proper hand posture and for influencing him to play with "a sense of dexterity and definition".Phillinganes was discovered by Stevie Wonder after drummer Ricky Lawson gave him a cassette of instrumental renditions of his own songs done by Phillinganes. Phillinganes auditioned for Wonder's band, Wonderlove, and subsequently played with them from 1976 to 1981. The year 1978 began a three-decade-long involvement with Michael Jackson and The Jacksons for Phillinganes. He arranged The Jacksons' 1978 album Destiny and played keyboard on the 1980s Triumph album. In the process, he became close with the Jackson family, accompanying them to Walt Disney World and referring to Katherine Jackson as "mom". He contributed to every one of Michael Jackson's solo albums, and cites the title track from 1982's Thriller as a classic example of his work. In an interview with Atlanta, Phillinganes recalled, "I did the synth bass part, those high-pitched synth parts, I did the Rhodes [keyboard] part and even did the pipe organ that Vincent Price does his rap over.It was crazy! When I listen to it now, I just think about all the fun we had creating all those layers in the studio." Although

masks:
Gregory Arthur Phillinganes
Gregory Arthur Phillinganes


title: Greg Phillinganes

texts: paid as a session musician for his contributions to Thriller, the best-selling album of all time, Phillinganes noted that he and the other participating musicians do not receive royalties. He was the musical director for Michael Jackson's Bad and Dangerous concert tours, as well as the Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special. He describes his involvement with the 30th Anniversary Special as particularly emotional considering his long history with the family. Phillinganes has spoken at length about how much of his life he had spent with the Jacksons, and Michael in particular. In 1981, Phillinganes released his first solo album, Significant Gains.The Boston Globe reviewer Richard Cromonic noted that Stevie Wonder's influence on the album's sound is pronounced, and praised the creativity of the compositions. He criticized the lyrics as being less creative, and said that Significant Gains might be too close to Wonder's sound, calling it "blatant emulation". While the album itself was not very successful, the song "Baby, I Do Love You" was a minor R&B hit. Three years later, <mask> released his follow-up album Pulse, which featured another minor hit (and perhaps his best-known solo hit), a cover of Yellow Magic Orchestra's song "Behind the Mask" (with additional lyrics written by Michael Jackson). This single was more successful on the dance music charts. When he later joined Eric Clapton's backing band, <mask> introduced the tune to Clapton, who covered it on his 1986 August album. Amidst his solo recordings and touring with Clapton throughout the 1980s and the early 1990s, he became well known as a prominent session musician for a multitude of different artists, performing on many hit albums of the time.His session work has continued into the present. In addition to Stevie Wonder, <mask> has worked and toured with other musicians including George Harrison, the Bee Gees, Donna Summer, Anita Baker, George Benson, Karen Carpenter, Eric Clapton, Donald Fagen, Aretha Franklin, Patti LaBelle, Michael Jackson, Richard Marx, Paul McCartney, Al Jarreau, Quincy Jones, and Stevie

masks:
Phillinganes
Phillinganes
Greg Phillinganes


title: Greg Phillinganes

texts:
 Nicks among others. In 1995 he played on the Joan Armatrading album What's Inside. Starting in 2005, Phillinganes filled in for the semi-retired David Paich on tour with the band Toto. He subsequently became a full-time member of the band and contributed to their album Falling in Between. He continued to tour as a member of Toto until the band became inactive in 2008. When Toto reformed in 2010 to resume touring and working on new material, <mask> had been replaced in the lineup by original keyboardist Steve Porcaro.Phillinganes served as the musical director for Cirque du Soleil's Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour for its entire run from 2011 to 2014. Phillinganes was Musical Director for the 2014 Women of Soul performance at The White House featuring, amongst others Aretha Franklin, Patti LaBelle, Ariana Grande and Jill Scott. In 2014 and 2015 he performed with Stevie Wonder again in the Songs in the Key of Life Tour, also serving "as the tour's Music Director." He toured with the European leg of David Gilmour's Rattle That Lock tour. Phillinganes won a 2015 Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Direction for his role as musical director for the television special "Stevie Wonder: Songs In The Key Of Life" and was music director for the 2016 Grammy Awards. (Funking Up My Life) (1978)With Eric Clapton Behind the Sun (1985)
 August (1986)
 Journeyman (1989)
 Pilgrim (1998)With Stevie Wonder Songs in the Key of Life (1976)
 Conversation Peace (1995)
 A Time to Love (2005)With The Pointer Sisters Special Things (1980)
 Black & White (1981)
 So Excited! (1982)
 Break Out (1983)

ReferencesCited sourcesOther sources'

External links
<mask>s NAMM Oral History Interview (2015)

1956 births
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American keyboardists
21st-century American male musicians
African-American rock musicians
African-American pianists
American organists
American session musicians
Cass Technical High School alumni
Living people
Musicians from Detroit
People from Detroit
Toto (band) members
20th-century American

masks:
Phillinganes
Greg Phillingane


title: Thomas B. Warren

texts:
<mask> (August 1, 1920 – August 8, 2000) was an American professor of philosophy of religion and apologetics at the Harding School of Theology in Memphis, Tennessee, USA, and was an important philosopher and theologian in the Churches of Christ during the latter half of the twentieth century. <mask> had been in failing health for many years when he died at the age of 80. Early life

<mask> was born in Carrizo Springs, Texas, USA. He was married to the former Faye C<mask> (1921–2001) in 1941. They had three children. <mask> served in the United States Air Force as an aerial navigator in World War II. Education

<mask> received a B.S.in mathematics from Abilene Christian College, the M.A. in religion from the University of Houston, and the M.A. and Ph.D. in philosophy from Vanderbilt University. His dissertation topic foreshadowed his long-time interest in apologetics: God and Evil: Does Judeo-Christian Theism Involve a Logical Contradiction? Teaching career

<mask> taught mathematics and Bible at Abilene Christian College, Abilene, Texas, USA during the 1946-47 academic year. From 1959-61 he chaired the Department of Bible at Fort Worth Christian College where he also served as President. At Freed-Hardeman College in Henderson, Tennessee, USA, <mask> chaired the Department of Bible from 1964-1971.His most fruitful academic appointment was as Professor of Philosophy of Religion and Apologetics at Harding Graduate School of Religion, where he served from 1971-79. He was co-founder and Dean of the Graduate School and Professor of Philosophy and Christian Doctrine and Apologetics at Tennessee Bible College in Cookeville, Tennessee, USA. In addition, <mask> served as minister of several Churches of Christ throughout his career. Philosophical research and debates

<mask>'s earliest published work in philosophy was modified from the final chapter of his Vanderbilt University dissertation and was published in 1972. In Have Atheists Proved There is No God?,

masks:
Thomas Bratton Warren
Warren
Warren
. Brauer
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren


title: Thomas B. Warren

texts:
 <mask> develops a version of a soul-making theodicy to answer J. L. Mackie's argument from evil against theism. <mask>'s chief claim to fame outside the Churches of Christ are his debates with Antony Flew and Wallace Matson on the existence of God, and his debate with Joe E<mask> on the adequacy of utilitarian ethics. The debate with Flew, a major proponent of atheism famous for his argument that theism is not falsifiable, was held at North Texas State University (now the University of North Texas) in Denton, Texas, USA from September 20–23, 1976.This was an exceptionally well attended debate, and Flew describes it as the best attended of his many debates with theists on the existence of God, with audiences each night ranging from 5,000-7,000 people. The Warren-Matson Debate took place in Tampa, Florida, USA from September 11–14, 1978. Matson, a professor of philosophy at the University of California at Berkeley was, like Flew, a long-time proponent of atheism. The Warren-<mask>art Debate took place at North Texas State University on November 3–6, 1980. <mask> has retired as Professor of Philosophy at the University of North Texas. Philosophical views

<mask> was a strong evidentialist on the issue of God's existence. He believed that there is proof beyond a reasonable doubt for the existence of God.In his two debates on the existence of God, <mask> prefers versions of the Teleological Argument for the existence of God, using (in his debate with Flew) the alveoli in the lungs and the process of oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange as proof for an intelligent designer; in his debate with Matson, he used the circulatory system. <mask> was also known for his logical traps, for example, his challenge to Flew to answer the question, "Which came first, a human mother or a human baby?" Flew struggled to answer <mask>'s question; however, Matson replied with, "When did Latin become French," arguing that in biological evolution, as in language, there are times

masks:
Warren
Warren
. Barnhart
Barnh
Barnhart
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren


title: Thomas B. Warren

texts:
 when it is difficult to assign a language (or a life form) into a specific category. In his theological writings, especially in his articles in the magazine he edited, The Spiritual Sword, <mask> argued that specific Christian beliefs, such as the resurrection of Christ and the inspiration of the Bible, could be proved by natural reason. Involvement in theological controversy

In the context of the Churches of Christ and the Restoration Movement, <mask> was a strict restorationist: he believed that the noninstrumental Churches of Christ followed the strict New Testament pattern of Christian doctrine, worship, and practice. He held that any deviation from that pattern by a church would exclude it from being part of the Christian community. <mask> consistently argued that members of the noninstrumental Churches of Christ are "the only Christians."This put <mask> at odds with more liberal leaders in the Churches of Christ such as Rubel Shelly, who argued that members of Christian bodies outside the Churches of Christ could also be Christians. <mask> also staunchly defended the traditional hermeneutic of the Churches of Christ: that only direct commands from the Bible, apostolic examples, or necessary (deductive) inferences from direct commands and examples were authoritative for Christians. This hermeneutic was consistent with <mask>'s strong epistemological rationalism. Another area of controversy in Churches of Christ in which <mask> played a role was the issue of divorce and remarriage. <mask>'s position was that a divorced individual could only be remarried if (1) the divorce was due to adultery, and (2) the individual desiring a second marriage was the innocent partner in the first marriage. Unless these two conditions were fulfilled, the remarried individual was not truly remarried, but "living in adultery." The proper action, according to <mask>, for that person is to return to his or her first spouse.<mask> was one of the first trained

masks:
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Legacy Warren


title: Thomas B. Warren

texts:
 philosophers to teach at colleges associated with churches of Christ. His debate with Flew on the existence of God is still known in many Fundamentalist and Evangelical Christian circles. He was an influential figure in the Churches of Christ from the 1940s through the early 1980s. Many of his writings are still read among members of the churches of Christ. <mask>'s influence remains strong. After <mask>'s death, a number of his former students and others influenced by his thought worked to establish a center in Christian apologetics. To the credit of those former students, there is now the Warren Apologetics Center in Parkersburg, WV., which produces apologetics material and can be found and accessed online - Warren Christian Apologetics Center (warrenapologetics.org).Selected writings

Christians Only and the Only Christians'''. Jonesboro: National Christian Press, 1986. Have Atheists Proved There is no God? Nashville: Gospel Advocate Company, 1972. Keeping the Lock in Wedlock: A Critical Analysis of the Doctrine of Dr. James D<mask> on Divorce and Remarriage. Jonesboro, AR: National Christian Press, 1980. Logic and the Bible.Jonesboro, AR: National Christian Press, 1982. Sin, Suffering, and God. Jonesboro, AR: National Christian Press, 1980. .

(with Joe E<mask>art). The Warren-<mask>nhart Debate on Christian Ethics versus Utilitarian (Psychological Hedonistic) Ethics. Jonesboro, AR: National Christian Press, 1981. (with Antony Flew). The Warren-Flew Debate on the Existence of God.Jonesboro, AR: National Christian Press, 1977. (with Wallace Matson). The <mask>son Debate on the Existence of God. Jonesboro, AR: National Christian Press, 1978. When is an Example Binding?'' Jonesboro, AR: National Christian Press, 1975. References

External links
 <mask><mask>
 Thomas Bratton <mask>

1920 births
2000 deaths
People from Carrizo Springs, Texas
American Christian theologians
Christian apologists
Analytic philosophers
Philosophers from

masks:
Warren
Warren
. Bales
. Barnh
Bar
Warren Mat
Thomas B
. Warren
Warren


title: Hugo Viana

texts:
<mask> (; born 15 January 1983) is a Portuguese retired professional footballer who played as a central midfielder. After starting out at Sporting CP he moved abroad at the age of 19, going on to have unassuming spells in England (Newcastle United) and Spain (Valencia) before settling back in his country with Braga. He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 165 matches and 23 goals, over six seasons. <mask> represented Portugal in two World Cups and Euro 2012, also appearing with the under-23s at the 2004 Summer Olympics. Club career

Sporting CP
Born in Barcelos, <mask> started his professional career at Sporting CP. There, he won the Young European Footballer of the Year award after an excellent debut season in the Primeira Liga. Newcastle United
On 20 June 2002, 19-year-old <mask> was signed by Newcastle United from the Premier League for €12 million (£8.5 million), his transfer fee becoming a record for the Magpies for a teenager by surpassing the £5 million paid to Nottingham Forest for England under-21 international Jermaine Jenas.The transfer was also a record for a player of his age, breaking the 1999 record held by Robbie Keane; Newcastle invested heavily in young players in that year, and chairman Freddie Shepherd reasoned by claiming consensus that he was the best young player in the world of football. The signing was also the first major deal between Portuguese agent Jorge Mendes and an English club. <mask> joined former Sporting manager Bobby Robson at his new team, and was mentored by veteran Gary Speed. He scored four goals in all competitions during his spell at St James' Park, against FK Željezničar Sarajevo and Feyenoord in the UEFA Champions League and Birmingham City and West Bromwich Albion in the

masks:
Hugo Miguel Ferreira Gomes Viana
Viana
Viana
Viana
Viana


title: Hugo Viana

texts:
 league. <mask> was unable to cement a starting position, as Speed – for whom Robson saw the Portuguese as a future replacement – was not declining with age, while Kieron Dyer, Jenas and Laurent Robert were also in form. He returned to Sporting on loan in July 2004. He found his old form and enjoyed a successful spell, even helping the Lions to the final of the UEFA Cup.Valencia
Viana moved to Valencia CF at the start of 2005–06, again on loan. In March 2006, reports stated that he had been signed on a permanent deal for £1.5 million. During his first season he struggled to claim a first-team spot, facing tough competition from the likes of David Albelda and Rubén Baraja, manager Quique Sánchez Flores' preferred duo; still, he featured in 19 league games, and displayed some flashes of talent that allowed him to preserve his place in the Portugal national squad. In a bid to secure first-team football, <mask> decided to join fellow La Liga side CA Osasuna on loan, on 13 July 2007. However, a serious injury during pre-season forced him out for four months. After recovering, he played all of the last three matches, helping to a narrow escape from relegation. In the 2008–09 campaign, <mask> took no part in manager Unai Emery's plans, being restricted to four UEFA Cup matches and two appearances in the Copa del Rey.Braga

On 31 July 2009, <mask> was loaned to S.C. Braga for one season, thus returning to Portugal after three years. As they led the league in its early stages, he scored his first goals upon returning to his country, hitting twice in a 3–1 home win over C.F. Os Belenenses on 30 August. On 31 October, he again found the net, from a free kick against S.L. Benfica in a 2–0 home victory where he received player of

masks: Viana Viana Viana Viana


title: Hugo Viana

texts:
 the match accolades. The Minho side eventually finished in a best-ever second place, losing the title to precisely this team in the last matchday, with the player making 28 appearances (six as a reserve, he lost his importance after the return of Uruguayan Luis Aguiar on loan). <mask> regained his starting position in 2010–11 under the same manager, Domingos Paciência, as Aguiar eventually leaving the club.On 6 March 2011, again from a direct free kick and against Benfica, he equalised for the hosts in an eventual 2–1 home win. He added nine games (all starts) in Braga's UEFA Europa League runner-up run. On 27 November 2011, in a game against FC Porto, <mask> displayed a white T-shirt with the words 'Gary – Rest In Peace', in a tribute to Speed, who had committed suicide earlier that day. Al Ahli and Al-Wasl
On 5 June 2013, Al Ahli Club from Dubai announced the signing of <mask> effective as of 1 July, when his contract with Braga expired. He made his debut on 30 August in the year's Arabian Gulf Super Cup at the Mohammed Bin Zayed Stadium, a penalty shootout victory after a goalless draw against Al Ain FC; his performance was described as "quiet" by The National, who attributed it to his unfamiliarity with the heat of the Middle Eastern summer. He totalled 39 appearances and three goals across his first season, helping the team conquer a domestic treble after adding the UAE Arabian Gulf League and the UAE League Cup. <mask> agreed to a deal with Al-Wasl F.C.of the same city and league, but the transfer was one of several declared void by the UAE Football Association for missing the 3 October 2014 deadline. It was completed the following 19 January. He retired on 13 October 2016, aged 33. Director
In May 2017, <mask>

masks: Viana Viana Viana Viana Viana


title: Hugo Viana

texts:
 was appointed director of football at Belenenses. He left his post six months later. <mask> returned to Sporting in 2018, in the same capacity. In August 2021, he was suspended for 15 days and fined €2,295 for insulting the refereeing team after a game against F.C.Famalicão held four months earlier. International career

<mask> made his debut with Portugal on 14 November 2001, in a 5–1 friendly defeat of Angola. Replacing suspended Daniel Kenedy in the last minute, he was an unused member at the 2002 FIFA World Cup, but missed UEFA Euro 2004 on home soil. Manager José Romão called him up for the under-23 team for the football tournament at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Greece; he and João Paulo were sent off in a 4–2 group stage elimination by Costa Rica. <mask> then returned to the senior side, and scored his only international goal on 12 October 2005 to conclude a 3–0 home win over Latvia in 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification; he appeared in two matches – both as a substitute – as the team came fourth at the finals in Germany. He was called as a last-minute replacement for injured Carlos Martins to the Euro 2012 squad, with the team already in training camp; he was unused in a run to the semi-finals but ended a five-year international exile in a pre-tournament friendly against Macedonia. Style of play
<mask> was known for his range of passing and his control of the ball, as well as for taking powerful shots from distance, including from free kicks.Conversely, his ability to contribute equally to defence was criticised by pundits. His comparative lack of pace meant that he struggled when placed on the left wing due to Newcastle's strength in central midfield. Charlie Woods, the scout who recommended him to the club,


title: Marcello Musto

texts:
<mask> (born 14 April 1976) is a Professor of Sociology at York University in Canada. He is acknowledged globally as one of the authors who has made significant contributions to the revival of Marx studies over the last decade. His major writings comprise four single-authored books, eleven edited volumes, and more than 40 journal articles and books chapters. His work has been translated worldwide in twenty-five languages. Education and Career
<mask> received a B.A. and M.A. in Political Science, and a Ph.D. degree in Philosophy and Politics, from the University of Naples "L'Orientale".He also earned a Ph.D. degree in Philosophy from the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, under the supervision of André Tosel. He was appointed Assistant Professor of sociological theory, at the department of Sociology of York University, in 2014. He was promoted to Associate Professor in 2016 and Professor in 2020. He has held visiting appointments at many universities around the world, including the University of Pisa, University of Helsinki, and Rikkyo University, and is a permanent Adjunct Professor at the Department of Philosophy of Nanjing University. His research has been supported by funding bodies in seven countries. Musto has disseminated his ideas through invited lectures and presentations at conferences, at more than 70 universities, in 20 countries. He is a freelance contributor to the newspapers Corriere della Sera, The Statesman, and La Razón, and is the editor of the book series Marx, Engels, Marxisms at Palgrave Macmillan and Critiques and Alternatives to Capitalism at Routledge.Scholarly Work
In Another Marx: Early Manuscripts to the International (2018) <mask> uses the most recent textual acquisitions of the Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe edition, to which he has dedicated several essays, to provide a critical re-examination of Marx's ideas on

masks:
Marcello Musto
Marcello Musto
Musto


title: Marcello Musto

texts: post-Hegelian philosophy, the materialist conception of history, research methods, working-class self-emancipation, and revolutionary theory. Divided in three parts – “Intellectual Influences and Early Writings”, “The Critique of Political Economy”, and “Political Militancy" – the book underlines the gulf between Marx's critical theory and the dogmatism of many twentieth century Marxisms. The Last Years of Karl Marx: An Intellectual Biography (2020) is a reassessment of Marx’s theoretical insights from the final, mostly unexplored, years of his life. Focusing on the period 1881-1883, <mask> dispels the myth that Marx ceased to write late in life, and challenges the long-standing misrepresentation of Marx as a Eurocentric and economistic thinker who was fixated on class conflict alone. <mask> argues that in this period Marx extended his research to new disciplines, political conflicts, theoretical issues and geographical areas, and demonstrates that he studied recent anthropological discoveries, analyzed communal forms of ownership in precapitalist societies, supported the struggle of the populist movement in Russia, and expressed critiques of colonial oppression in India, Ireland, Algeria and Egypt. For <mask>, from Marx’s late unpublished or previously neglected manuscripts and notebooks emerge an author markedly different from the one represented by many of his contemporary critics and followers alike. Among <mask>’s numerous edited volumes, four have been particularly praised for their rigor and high level of scholarship.Karl Marx’s Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy 150 Years Later (2008) is considered to be one of the most complete references to Marx’s best-known preparatory manuscript of Capital, the Grundrisse. The book demonstrates the relevance of the unfinished manuscript written between 1857 and 1858 to an

masks: Musto Musto Musto Musto


title: Marcello Musto

texts: understanding of Capital and analyzes why the numerous reflections on matters that Marx did not develop elsewhere in his oeuvre are important for an overall comprehension of his thought. <mask> and various international experts in the field also highlight the continuing explanatory power of Marxian categories for contemporary society. The third part of this collection, dedicated to the “Dissemination and Reception of Grundrisse in the World”, reconstructs the history of all the translations and interpretations of this text and has been described as an example of “wonderful scholarly madness”. Workers Unite! The International 150 Years Later (2014) is the first anthology ever made of the addresses, resolutions, and documents of the International Workingmen’s Association. In his lengthy introduction to this book, <mask> illustrates the foundations of labour movement history and presents the life of the "First International" differently from the ideological orthodoxy of Marxism-Leninism: not merely a creation of Marx but a complex organization with multiple tendencies contending for political hegemony.For <mask>, “the International helped workers to grasp that the emancipation of labour could not be won in a single country but was a global objective. It also spread awareness in their ranks that they had to achieve the goal themselves, through their own capacity for organization, rather than by delegating it to some other force; and that it was essential to overcome the capitalist mode of production and wage labour, since improvements within the existing system, though necessary to pursue, would not eliminate dependence on employers’ oligarchies”. The Marx Revival: Key Concepts and New Interpretations (2020) highlights the contemporary relevance of Marx through 22 essays from some of the most prominent contemporary Marxist scholars. They indicate the

masks: Musto Musto Musto


title: Marcello Musto

texts:
 areas where Marx’s theory requires most updating as a result of changes since his times, and the reasons why it is still of such relevance in today's world. In his own chapter “Communism”, <mask> argues that in his vision of post-capitalist society, “Marx attached a fundamental value to individual freedom, and his communism was radically different from the levelling of classes envisaged by many of his predecessors or from the political and economic uniformity pursued by many of his epigones”. One of <mask>’s most recent books is the anthology Karl Marx’s Writings on Alienation (2021). In the introduction to this volume, he argues that many authors who have written on alienation have erroneously based their interpretations on Marx’s early writings.By contrast, <mask> focuses his analysis on what he calls the “second generation” of Marx’s writings on alienation, i.e., the parts dedicated to this concept in the Grundrisse and in “Capital, Volume I: Book 1, Chapter VI, Unpublished”, and considers that Marx’s ideas comprised in his later economic works were far more extensive and resourceful than those of the early philosophical manuscripts. For Musto the diffusion of these theories not only paved the way for a notion of alienation different from the one hegemonic in sociology and psychology in the second half of the twentieth century but also provided “an anti-capitalist conception geared to the overcoming of alienation in practice”. Publications

Authored Books
The Last Years of Karl Marx: An Intellectual Biography, Stanford University Press, 2020. (Translated into Italian, Tamil, Portuguese [Brazil], Korean, German, Japanese, Arabic, Persian, Spanish, Portuguese [Portugal], Hindi, Indonesian, Turkish)

Another Marx: Early Manuscripts to the International, Bloomsbury Academic, 2018. (Translated into Japanese, Indonesian, Bengali)

Karl Marx.


title: Marcello Musto

texts:
 Biografia intellettuale e politica, 1857-1883 [Karl Marx: Intellectual and Political Biography, 1857-1883], Einaudi, 2018. (Translated into Hungarian, Spanish)

Ripensare Marx e i marxismi.Studi e saggi [Rethinking Marx and Marxisms: Studies and Essays], Carocci, 2011. (Translated into Korean)

Edited Books
Rethinking Alternatives with Marx: Economy, Ecology and Migration, Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. Karl Marx’s Writings on Alienation, Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. (Translated into Italian, Kurdish)

The Marx Revival: Key Concepts and New Interpretations, Cambridge University Press, 2020. (Translated into Italian)

(With S. Gupta and B. Amini) Karl Marx’s Life, Ideas, and Influences: A Critical Examination on the Bicentenary, Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. Marx’s Capital after 150 Years: Critique and Alternative to Capitalism, Routledge, 2019. (With G. Comninel and V. Wallis) The International After 150 Years: Labour Versus Capital, Then and Now, Routledge, 2015.Workers Unite! The International 150 Years Later, Bloomsbury Academic, 2014. (Translated into Italian, Portuguese, Tamil, Telugu, Hindu, French, Spanish)

Marx for Today, Routledge, 2012. (Translated into Spanish [Argentina], Chinese, Spanish [Spain])

Karl Marx, Introduzione alla critica dell’economia politica [Introduction to the Critique of Political Economy], Quodlibet, 2010. Karl Marx’s Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy 150 Years Later, Routledge, 2008. (Translated into Farsi, Chinese, Italian, Spanish)

Sulle tracce di un fantasma. L’opera di Karl Marx tra filologia e filosofia [In the Tracks of a Spectre: The Work of Karl Marx between Philology and Philosophy], Manifestolibri, 2005.(Translated into Spanish)

External links
<mask> <mask>'s Website

References

1976 births
Canadian political scientists
York University faculty
Italian emigrants to Canada
Writers from

masks: Marcello Musto


title: Loren Leman

texts:
<mask> (born December 2, 1950) is an American politician who served as lieutenant governor of Alaska, from 2002 to 2006. Before that, he served in both houses of the state legislature, and was elected as the Senate Majority Leader by the end of his term. He served in office in electoral politics from 1989 to 2006. When <mask> was elected as lieutenant governor in 2002, he was the first person of Alaska Native ancestry to be elected to statewide office in Alaska. He also has Russian-Polish ancestry. Early life and family

<mask> was born in Pomona, California, and grew up in Ninilchik, Alaska, in a Russian-speaking family of Alutiiq and Russian-Polish ancestry. They were commercial fishermen.He watched his father operate a fish trap during Territorial days, before this fishing method was outlawed by referendum in 1959. He subsequently has worked the family salmon setnet operation on Cook Inlet near Ninilchik. He longlined for halibut in Cook Inlet and harvested herring roe on kelp in Prince William Sound. Leman traces his long family history in Alaska to the marriage in Kodiak in 1798 between a Russian shipbuilder and an Alutiiq woman from Afognak. He graduated from Ninilchik High School in 1968. He received his bachelor's degree in civil engineering from Oregon State University in 1972 and master's degree in civil/environmental engineering from Stanford University in 1973. He and his wife Carolyn raised three children; Rachel, Joseph, and Nicole.Their younger daughter, Nicole, died in a hiking accident in New Zealand in December 2015. Political career

<mask> joined the Republican Party in Alaska and became politically active. He was elected in 1988 to the Alaska state house, representing west Anchorage and serving until 1993. He was known as a social conservative, pro-development,

masks:
Loren Dwight Leman
Leman
Leman
Leman


title: Loren Leman

texts:
 pro-business, environmentally-conscious, a supporter of Alaska's military and taxpayer-friendly. In 1992 he was elected to represent northwest Anchorage in the State Senate, serving from January 1993 to December 2002. In addition to other assignments, he chaired the Senate State Affairs, Labor & Commerce and Resources committees, and served on its Finance Committee. In his last term, he was elected as Senate Majority Leader.Lieutenant governor

In November 2002, <mask> became the first person of Alaska Native ancestry to be elected to statewide office when he won the position of Alaska's eighth lieutenant governor. In the fall of 2002 <mask> had campaigned to win the Republican nomination for lieutenant governor. His opponents were Gail Phillips, State Representative from Homer; Robin Taylor, State Senator from Wrangell; and Sarah Palin, who had been a mayor of Wasilla. <mask> won. Palin was a close second, within 2,000 votes. She later ran for Vice President on a ticket with Senator John McCain for president. As lieutenant governor, Leman continued his interests in budget discipline, education accountability, promoting wise use of Alaska's natural resources, and supporting the right to life.<mask> was an advocate for fiscal responsibility through adopting and following a five-year plan to reduce State spending by $250 million. A social conservative, he led efforts to require parental notification for girls seeking to have abortions and was a prime sponsor of a 1998 Alaska constitutional amendment that defined marriage as between one man and one woman. He was active on the multi-state Energy Council, Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, and Pacific States Legislative Task Force. He taught the Alaska constitution and legislative process to Boys and Girls State delegates,

masks: Leman Leman Leman Leman