title: Cao Ren

texts:
 advantage, the battle concluded with Zhu Huan as the victor – <mask> lost not only over 1,000 men, but also two of his subordinates, Chang Diao (常雕) and Wang Shuang. Death
<mask> died on 6 May 223 at the age of 56 (by East Asian age reckoning). He was posthumously granted the title "Marquis Zhong" (忠侯), which literally means "loyal marquis". He was best remembered for his bravery and courage, which placed him above Zhang Liao among all of <mask>'s generals. Family
<mask>'s grandfather <mask> (曹褒) served as the Administrator (太守) of Yingchuan Commandery (潁川郡) in the Eastern Han dynasty. <mask>'s father <mask> (曹熾) also served as a Palace Attendant (侍中) and Changshui Colonel (長水校尉) in the Eastern Han dynasty, and was posthumously awarded the title "Marquis Mu of Chen" (陳穆侯) by <mask>.<mask>'s younger brother <mask> was also a general under <mask>. <mask>'s titles were inherited by his son <mask> (曹泰), who served as General Who Guards the East (鎮東將軍) and later had his marquis title changed to "Marquis of Ningling" (寗陵侯). <mask> was succeeded by his son <mask> (曹初). <mask>'s other sons (<mask>'s younger brothers) <mask> (曹楷) and <mask> (曹範) also received marquis titles. In popular culture

<mask> is featured as a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series. In the collectible card game Magic: The Gathering there is a card named "<mask>, Wei Commander" in the Portal Three Kingdoms set. See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

Notes

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century).Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi). Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu). Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian. 168 births
223 deaths
Generals under

masks:
Cao Ren
Cao Ren
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Bao
Cao Ren
Cao Chi
Cao Pi
Cao Ren
Cao Chun
Cao Cao
Cao Ren
Cao Tai
Cao Tai
Cao Chu
Cao Ren
Cao Tai
Cao Kai
Cao Fan
Cao Ren
Cao Ren


title: Eddie & JoBo

type: original

texts:
Ed Volkman and Joe "Bohannan" Colborn or more commonly known by their on-air names <mask>, are radio personalities in Chicago, Illinois. The duo are best known for their 26-year run at WBBM-FM, known on-air as B96, for 24 years from 1984 to 2008. They were fired from B96 in 2008 and were hired by WLS-AM as Saturday night talk show hosts in 2010. On March 10, 2011, it was announced that the duo would be returning to the CBS Radio Chicago cluster as the morning show on the new 104.3 K-HITS starting March 14, 2011. It was announced on December 6, 2012 <mask> & <mask> had their last day on 104.3 KHiTs. Subsequently, the two enjoyed a brief stint at WLS-AM as weekend hosts, but have not worked together on-air since 2012. <mask> currently serves as the afternoon drive host on WSSR while JoBo has since retired from radio.History

Joe Bohannon first signed on at WBBM-FM, known on-air as B96, in 1984 hosting an evening show as "JoBo In Chicago". Ed Volkman started at B96 in 1986 hosting the morning show along with Karen Hand and Mike Elston. Elston left B96 in 1988 and Bohannon was moved to mornings along with Volkman and Hand; the creation of "Eddie & JoBo". The duo enjoyed success in the late 1980s and early 1990s. They invited their listeners, who they dubbed "The Worlds Most Dangerous Audience", to assist in pranks such as cold water wake-up calls, the daily Twinkie check, and mattress attacks. Eddie & JoBo rode a wave of success, but on May 10, 1994, they were fired in the aftermath of a multimillion-dollar defamation lawsuit filed against them by former WMAQ-TV News anchor Joan Esposito. Esposito sued Eddie & JoBo in 1993 after JoBo falsely aired a statement that she had been impregnated by a member of the Chicago Bulls.Esposito eventually won a public apology and $1 million. It was then that B96

masks:
Eddie & JoBo
Eddie
JoBo
Eddie


title: Eddie & JoBo

texts: decided to move the morning drive in a new direction, asking the listeners to “choose” the new morning drive in what was known as “The B96 Morning Show Open Auditions” which ran through the summer of 1994. Terry Jacobs and Bill Cody were chosen by the listeners to be the successors of Eddie & JoBo. However, very few people warmed up to “T.J. & Wild Bill” and the number of listeners dropped when compared to <mask> & JoBo's show. Caving in to pressure from a campaign led by former co-workers and former on-air host Karen Hand, plus many phone calls and letters sent by Eddie & JoBo loyalists,  B96 announced on December 12, 1996, that <mask> & JoBo had been re-hired, and would be returning to host the morning drive along with Frankie “Hollywood” Rodriguez starting January 13, 1997, from 5–8 am. B96 began to see significant improvements in their morning drive ratings as the combo “Eddie & JoBo And Frankie” show and “Private Lives” slowly crept its way up the ratings.Afraid of another possible lawsuit, station management stepped in to exert more control over the show. They made on-air staff changes and imposed a taped delay, at times as long as 20 minutes. Every word spoken by the duo was closely monitored and had to be approved by a member of management prior to airing. In addition, a member of management had to be in the studio with Eddie & JoBo at all times or they could not broadcast. Eddie & JoBo adapted to the changes, and ratings continued to climb back to their former glory. Private Lives was dropped from morning drive in 1999 and Eddie & JoBo hosted from 5–10am under tight restrictions until May 29, 2002. Rival station WKSC-FM 103.5 made an offer to them to do morning drive unrestricted on their station.B96 pulled the show as a negotiation tactic in the hopes of keeping the show. Negotiations

masks: Eddie Eddie


title: Eddie & JoBo

texts:
 continued until July when B96 announced that <mask> & JoBo signed on with the station in a 7-year, $21 million deal that began immediately. Also, B96 agreed to drop all restrictions on the show. Eddie & JoBo resumed a live show on July 22, 2002. However, the show began to see a marked decline in ratings. Many attributed this to the station's overall severe decline in ratings ever since dropping its heavy dance music format for an all hip-hop & rap format in the late 1990s. Ever since abandoning dance music, B96 witnessed a steady decline from #1 in 1998, all the way down to #9, and even lower in recent years.On November 21, 2008, <mask>, <mask> and Erica were relieved of their morning show duties. Following <mask> and <mask>'s yearlong stint at WJMK-FM in Chicago, following the station's revamped "K-HITS" branding, the two's career remained dormant for several years before a possible resurgence in 2014. In June 2014, it was announced that a deal at WLS-FM for the two DJs was in the works, with the final stages of the contract being laid out and possibilities being up in the air. However, at the last minute, <mask> opted out of the contract, resulting in the station not wanting just <mask> to hold the position and the offer was terminated. The two assured the split was amicable and both remained friends. Both <mask> and JoBo served as the spokesmen for United Auto Insurance, a Chicago-based insurance company and have yet to reunite on the air in any form. As of 2019, <mask> currently hosts the afternoon drive on WSSR, and hosted the morning show on WFXF from 2018 to 2019, while <mask> has since retired from radio and currently resides in Freeport, IL.Career at WLS AM
After being fired in November 2008, Facebook groups were made petitioning for <mask> & <mask> to be put back on the air. B96 still

masks: Eddie Eddie JoBo Eddie JoBo JoBo Eddie Eddie Eddie JoBo Eddie JoBo


title: Eddie & JoBo

texts:
 aired the United Auto Insurance radio commercials until their contract expired. Months later, they served as fill-in personalities on the WLS-AM weekday talk show The Roe Conn Show. This led to their hiring by WLS as Saturday night hosts. Their show aired every Saturday night from 7-9pm, occasionally 9:30pm-Midnight. The show was dubbed "<mask> and Jobo's Saturday Night Talk Party," but was cancelled in 2012. CDs
B96 has released CDs from its many DJs and "mixmasters", the most notable being Too Kool Kris.Eddie, JoBo, and B96 released 2 CDs titled Eddie & JoBo Funny Songs Vol. 1 and Eddie & JoBo  Funny Songs Vol. 2. However, these CDs did not contain just songs, regardless of the fact that Eddie & JoBo had made enough songs to do so. Funny Songs Vol. 1 came out in 2001, in the Chicago area stores. It was released by MCA Records and sold at area stores.It was an enhanced computer CD and included parodies of songs by Backstreet Boys, Enrique Iglesias,  The Outhere Brothers, Ohio Players, Reality and others. Funny Songs Vol. 1 Track Listing
 Intro
 Sammy Sosa
 Psycho Shower
 Jazz Boys
 Mrs.  Pillafuff's Answering Machine Message
 Boom Boom Valpo
 Mrs. Pillafuff Searches For NSYNC Tickets
 Another Bite
 Marge  McDouche's Answering Machine Message
 Tonya
 Marge McDouche's Crab Love Test! Buy More Clothes
 Quit Blowing Fumes From Cigars
 Backstreet Boys Interview (Part 1)
 Backstreet Boys Interview (Part 2)
 Backstreet Boys Interview (Part 3)
 Backstreet Boys Interview (Part 4)
 Eddie & JoBo's Christmas Song

Other songs by Eddie & JoBo
"Ken Doll" (parody of "Barbie Girl" by Aqua), "Dumber Girls" (parody of "Summer Girls" by LFO) and
"Man, I Feel Like a Man!" (parody of "Man, I feel like a Woman" by Shania Twain). References

Radio in Chicago
American talk radio hosts
Living people
Year of birth


title: William C. C. Claiborne

texts:
<mask> ( 1773-1775 – 23 November 1817) was an American politician, best known as the first non-colonial governor of Louisiana. He also has the distinction of possibly being the youngest member of the United States Congress in U.S. history, although reliable sources differ about his age. <mask> supervised the transfer of Louisiana to U.S. control after the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, governing the "Territory of Orleans" from 1804 to 1812, the year in which Louisiana became a state. He won the first election for Louisiana's state Governor and served through 1816, for a total of thirteen years as Louisiana's executive administrator. New Orleans served as the capital city during both the colonial period and the early statehood period. Early life and career
<mask>.C<mask> was born in Sussex County, Virginia sometime between 1773~1775.His parents were Colonel <mask> and Mary Leigh <mask>. He was a descendant of Colonel <mask> (1600–1677), an English pioneer who was born in Crayford, Kent, England, and settled in the Colony of Virginia. <mask>borne studied at the College of William and Mary, then Richmond Academy. At age 16 he moved to New York City, which was then the seat of U.S. Congress, where he worked as a clerk under John Beckley, the clerk of the United States House of Representatives. He moved to Philadelphia with the Federal Government. <mask> then began to study law. Congressman from Tennessee
In 1794 <mask> moved to Tennessee to start a law practice.Governor John Sevier appointed <mask> to the Tennessee Supreme Court in 1796. In 1797, he resigned his appointment to the court and ran for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. He won, and succeeded Andrew Jackson, though he apparently was not yet twenty-five years of age as required by the United States Constitution. Earlier in 1797, he described his age to George Washington in vague terms: "Born, Sir, at a period, when every American Breast palpitated for freedom, I became early attached to civil Liberty. ..."

<mask> took

masks:
William Charles Cole Claiborne
Claiborne
William C
. Claiborne
William Claiborne
Claiborne
William Claiborne
Clai
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne


title: William C. C. Claiborne

texts:
 his seat in the House on November 23, 1797. State records apparently indicate that, when he took his seat, he was 24. Other sources speculate he was 22.His gravestone says he was 23. <mask> served in the House through 1801. The United States presidential election of 1800 was decided in the House of Representatives, due to a tie in the Electoral College, by which time <mask> had already turned 25 years old. Service in Mississippi Territory
<mask> was appointed governor and superintendent of Indian affairs in the Mississippi Territory, from 1801 to 1803. Although he favored acquiring some land from the Choctaw and Chickasaw, <mask> was generally sympathetic and conciliatory toward Indians. He worked long and patiently to iron out differences that arose, and to improve the material well-being of the Indians. <mask> was also partly successful in promoting the establishment of law and order in the region.From 1803 to 1804, he offered a two-thousand dollar reward to eliminate, once and for all, a gang of outlaws headed by the notorious Samuel Mason. Though he looked out for his constituents, his positions on issues indicated a national rather than regional focus. <mask> expressed the philosophy of the Republican Party and helped that party defeat the Federalists. When a smallpox epidemic broke out in the spring of 1802, <mask>'s actions resulted in the first recorded mass vaccination in the territory and saved Natchez from the disease. Louisiana territorial period
<mask> moved to New Orleans and oversaw the transfer of Louisiana to U.S. control after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Local French and Spanish inhabitants saw it for what it was, i.e., a military occupation which they resented, quoting in their remonstrances and meetings that they were no more than conquered subjects who had not been consulted. He governed what would become the state of Louisiana, then termed the "Territory of Orleans", during its period as a United States territory from 1804 until 1812.Relations with

masks: Claiborne Claiborne Claiborne Claiborne Claiborne Claiborne Claiborne Claiborne


title: William C. C. Claiborne

texts: Louisiana's Créole population were initially rather strained: <mask> was young, inexperienced, and unsure of himself, and at the time of his arrival spoke no French. The white elite were initially alarmed when <mask> retained the services of free people of color in the militia, who had served with considerable distinction during the preceding forty-year Spanish rule. <mask> bestowed a ceremonial flag and 'colors' on the battalion, an act which would enmesh him in a duel three years later. The duel was held in then-Spanish territory, near the current Houmas House plantation, with his arch-enemy <mask>. On June 8, 1807, the Governor was shot through one thigh, with the bullet lodging in the other leg. <mask>borne gradually gained the confidence of the French elite and oversaw the taking in of Francophone refugees from the Haitian Revolution. An event which is now said to have been the largest slave revolt in U.S. history, the 1811 German Coast Uprising, occurred while <mask> was the territorial Governor.However, the American government, over which he presided, had little participation in its suppression. The parish courts, dominated by wealthy planters, imposed quick convictions and sentencing of those black slaves who survived the fighting. Federal military forces arrived too late to either capture the slave rebels or prevent what amounted to their slaughter at the hands of the local militia: The powerful white planters along the Mississippi River. <mask> himself wrote at least twice to parish officials requesting that they refer cases to him for executive pardon or clemency, rather than accept the wholesale death sentences which were being handed out in Orleans Parish, as well as in St. Charles Parish and St. John the Baptist Parish. The only known beneficiaries of his pardon were two men named Theodore and Henry; however, no records exist of <mask> refusing any other pardon requests related to the rebellion. After the Republic of West Florida won a short-lived period of

masks:
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Daniel Clark
Clai
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne


title: William C. C. Claiborne

texts:
 independence (from Spain) in 1810, <mask>borne annexed the area to the Orleans Territory on the orders of President James Madison, who determined to consider it as part of the Louisiana Purchase. After Louisiana statehood
<mask> was the first elected governor after Louisiana became a U.S. state, winning the election of 1812 against Jacques Villeré, and serving from 1812 through 1816.On the eve of the War of 1812 he sent interpreter Simon Favre to the Choctaws to attempt to keep them out of the war. <mask> raised militia companies and negotiated the aid of Jean Lafitte to defend New Orleans from British attack late in 1814. After his term as governor, <mask> was elected to the United States Senate, serving from March 4, 1817, until his death on November 23, 1817, which was 20 years to the day after his first day in Congress. Death and legacy
<mask> died on November 23, 1817. The Louisiana Courier attributed <mask>'s demise to a "liver ailment". <mask> was buried at the St. Louis Cemetery Number 1, in New Orleans, then the most prestigious of the city's cemeteries. This was a controversial honor, as it is a Roman Catholic cemetery, while <mask>borne was Protestant.He was later re-interred at the Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans. Claiborne Parish, Louisiana, was named in his honor as were two U.S. counties: Claiborne County, Mississippi; and Claiborne County, Tennessee. The longest street in New Orleans was named in his honor: Claiborne Avenue. The Supreme Court case <mask> v. Police Jury established the three distinct governing structures of the U.S. in Louisiana. The decision was only made after <mask>'s death. The World War II Camp <mask> was named for him in 1939. This installation is still used today for training the Louisiana Army National Guard, particularly by the 256th Infantry Brigade for road marches and land navigation.The Claiborne Building is located in downtown Baton Rouge and serves as an administrative center for the Louisiana state government. In 1993, <mask> was

masks: Clai Claiborne Claiborne Claiborne Claiborne Claiborne Claiborne Clai Cborne Claiborne Cborne Claiborne


title: William C. C. Claiborne

texts:
 posthumously inducted into the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield. He was among the first thirteen inductees into the Hall of Fame. Family life and descendants
<mask>borne's first two wives, Eliza Wilson Lewis and <mask> Duralde, died of yellow fever in New Orleans, within five years of each other. The child of the first marriage, a little girl named <mask> <mask>, died the same day as her mother. The second marriage produced a son, <mask>.C<mask>, Jr.In 1812, Governor <mask> married a third time, to Suzette Bosque, daughter of Don Bartólome Bosque, a Spanish colonial official. Their child was Sophronië (or Sophronia) <mask>, who married Antoine James de Marigny, son of Bernard de Marigny. <mask> was the great-great-great-grandfather of fashion designer <mask>. <mask> was related to numerous individuals who served in Congress over several generations. He was the brother of Nathaniel Herbert <mask>, nephew of <mask>, uncle of John Francis Hamtramck <mask>, granduncle of James Robert <mask>, great-great-great granduncle of Lindy Boggs, and great-great-great granduncle of <mask> Pell. See also

List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

External links

1770s births
1817 deaths
People from Sussex County, Virginia
Claiborne family
American people of English descent
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
Democratic-Republican Party United States senators from Louisiana
Governors of Mississippi Territory
Governors of the Territory of Orleans
Governors of Louisiana
Democratic-Republican Party state governors of the United States
Louisiana Democratic-Republicans
Tennessee Democratic-Republicans
Territory of Orleans
Justices of the Tennessee Supreme Court
College of William & Mary alumni
Year of birth uncertain
American duellists
American shooting survivors
Burials at Metairie Cemetery
Members of the United States House of

masks:
Clai
Marie Clarisse
Cornelia
Tennessee Claiborne
William C
. Claiborne
Claiborne
Louise Claiborne
William Claiborne
Liz Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Thomas Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne


title: James Williams (musician)

texts:
<mask> (March 8, 1951 – July 20, 2004) was an American jazz pianist. Early life
<mask> was born March 8, 1951, in Memphis, Tennessee. He began his formal piano studies at age 13, and was subsequently an organist at Eastern Star Baptist Church in Memphis, a position he held for six years. He earned a B.S. in Music Education at Memphis State University, where he also formed solid friendships with fellow Memphis pianists Mulgrew Miller and Donald Brown. A devotee of the late Memphis pianist Phineas Newborn, Jr., <mask> took time to delve into his hometown's jazz heritage, associating with pianist Harold Mabern, bassist Jamil Nasser, and saxophonists George Coleman and Frank Strozier, among others. Later life and career
At 22, <mask> moved to Boston to accept a teaching position at the Berklee College of Music.A year later, he joined drummer Alan Dawson's group, which provided support in the Boston area for touring artists including Art Farmer, Milt Jackson, Sonny Stitt, Pat Martino, Jean Carn, Red Norvo, and Arnett Cobb. In 1977, <mask> recorded his first album as a leader, played his first concert featuring his original compositions, and first met Art Blakey. That encounter ultimately led to <mask>'s resigning from the Berklee faculty for a four-year, 10-album tenure with the Jazz Messengers, as part of a lineup which included Wynton Marsalis, Bobby Watson, Bill Pierce and Charles Fambrough. After leaving the Messengers in 1981, <mask> remained in Boston, re-joining Alan Dawson and also playing independently with such artists as Thad Jones, Joe Henderson, Clark Terry, Chet Baker and Benny Carter. In 1984, <mask> moved to New York, residing in Brooklyn and becoming deeply involved in the city's musical activities, omnipresent in jazz clubs not only as a performer but also as a devoted listener. He played, toured and recorded with such artists as Dizzy Gillespie, Ray Brown, George Duvivier, Art Farmer, Kenny Burrell,

masks:
James Williams
James Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
James
James
Williams


title: James Williams (musician)

texts: Elvin Jones, Freddie Hubbard and <mask>. As a leader, <mask>'s recordings include traditional piano–bass–drums trios; larger ensembles with several horns; jazz trio with the Boys Choir of Harlem and guest Dianne Reeves; a four-piano format with rhythm section; a sextet with a front line featuring three saxophonists; a classic setting for Clark Terry; a solo piano recital in the Maybeck series; and his last group, "Intensive Care Unit", a jazz-gospel ensemble featuring two vocalists, saxophone and rhythm section.After self-producing his own album Alter Ego for Sunnyside Records in 1984, he produced albums for several other musicians, including Phineas Newborn, Jr., Harold Mabern, Donald Brown, Billy Pierce, Bill Easley, Tony Reedus and Geoff Keezer. In 1993, <mask> focused his production activities under the umbrella of his company, Finas Sound Productions, Inc. The name is a phonetic tribute to Phineas Newborn, Jr., who pronounced his name "Fine'-us". Finas Sound produced numerous concerts and recordings, including its highly acclaimed "Musical Tributes" and "The Key Players" series, both held at Merkin Concert Hall in Manhattan. <mask> was a prolific composer. His pieces like "Arioso", "Black Scholars" and "Alter Ego" embody memorable melodies and snappy rhythmic construction. Second Floor Music publishes a folio of solo piano arrangements by <mask> for 13 of his original compositions.Several of his tunes appear on other artists’ albums, including those of Art Farmer, Kenny Barron, Victor Lewis, Gary Burton and Roy Hargrove. <mask> was a longtime educator. As early as 1975, in addition to his responsibilities at Berklee, he was a faculty member of the National Combo Camp. He also held a teaching position at the Hartt School of Music during the 1984–85 academic year, was a regular contributor to the International Association of Jazz Educators, and was artist-in-residence and presented clinics,

masks:
Tony Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams


title: James Williams (musician)

texts:
 demonstration-lectures and workshops at numerous institutions. He was a charter member of the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra under the direction of David Baker and Gunther Schuller. In 1999, he became Director of Jazz Studies at William Paterson University, succeeding Rufus Reid and Thad Jones in that position. He taught a full-time load of ensembles and lessons, hosted dozens of pre-concert interviews and performed on the campus's Jazz Room Series as well as with members of the classical faculty until his unexpected death of liver cancer in New York City in 2004.The <mask> Archive is now part of the Living Jazz Archives on the William Paterson campus, containing his LP collection, original manuscripts, hundreds of performance tapes, photos and awards. Blues band Lady Dottie and the Diamonds dedicated their debut album Livin' It Up (2007) to the memory of <mask>. Discography

As leader/co-leader
 1979: Everything I Love, The <mask> Quartet (Concord Jazz)
 1982: The Arioso Touch, The <mask> Trio (Concord Jazz)
 1984: Alter Ego (Sunnyside)
 1985: Progress Report (Sunnyside)
 1987: The Magical Trio 1 with Ray Brown, Art Blakey (Emarcy)
 1987: The Magical Trio 2  with Ray Brown, Elvin Jones (Emarcy)
 1989: Meet the Magical Trio (Emarcy)
 1990: Four Play (DIW) with Clifford Jordan, Richard Davis and Ronnie Burrage
 1991: Up to the Minute Blues with Joe Henderson (DIW)
 1991: <mask> Meets the Saxophone Masters with Joe Henderson, George Coleman, Bill Pierce (DIW)
 1994: Truth Justice & Blues, Intensive Care Unit (Evidence)
 1995: <mask> at Maybeck Vol. 42 (Concord)
 1997: Awesome! with Ray Brown Elvin Jones (DIW)
 1998: We've Got What You Need, Intensive Care Unit (Evidence)
 2003: Jazz Dialogues: Vol. 1 Willpower, Vol. 2 Focus, Vol.3 Out of Nowhere, Vol. 4 Music for a While

As sideman
With Karrin Allyson
 Ballads – Remembering John Coltrane (Concord Jazz, 2001)
With Art Blakey
 In My Prime Vol. 1 (Timeless,

masks:
James Williams
James Williams
James Williams
James Williams
James Williams
James Williams


title: Hassan Khaled

texts: <mask>  (Arabic:حسن خالد ;born in 1921 – 16 May 1989) was the leader of Lebanon's Sunni Muslim community. As a grand mufti, he presided over Islamic courts in Lebanon for 23 years, and served as Head of the Islamic Coalition, a body which included past and present prime ministers, Sunni parliamentary figures, and Sunni members of Lebanon's government. He was considered a moderate, and upon his assassination was named as the "father of moderation," as he worked throughout his career to bring unity to the warring factions of the Lebanese Civil War. <mask>'s assassination in 1989 was widely believed to be the work of Syria. <mask> was born in Beirut, French Lebanon, in 1921. He attended his primary school at Al Makkased Islamic schools in Beirut, continued his study of intermediate and secondary education at the Institute of Azhar Lebanon in Beirut, and pursued his university education at Al-Azhar University. at the Faculty of Theology in Cairo, where he obtained the bachelor's degree (BA) in 1946.He started his public life after graduating from legitimacy School in Beirut as a professor of Logic and Tawhid (Monotheism). In 1954 he was appointed as Deputy Chief Judge of Beirut, then in 1957 he was appointed as a judicial Judge in the province of Akkar in North Lebanon. Khaled then transferred in 1960 to the Mount Lebanon Legitimacy (sharia) Court district. He also headed the Higher Judicial Legitimacy Council in Lebanon, and presided over the Islamic Gathering, which was a weekly meeting that included the present and past Lebanese prime ministers, present and past Lebanese ministers, Muslim Parliamentary figures. He was also The

masks:
Hassan Khaled
Khaled
Life Hassan Khaled


title: Hassan Khaled

texts:
 Chairman of the higher Muslim Legitimacy Council in Lebanon, and the Vice-President of the founding Council of the Muslim World League in Mecca, and Vice-President of the International Islamic charity association in Kuwait, and a member of the Theology Council Association in Muslim world League in Makkah, a member of the Theology Assembly of the Organization of Islamic countries in Jeddah, and a member of Islamic Research Assembly in Egypt. He was unanimously elected by Islamic scholars, political leaders and opinion leaders in Lebanon as the Grand Mufti of Lebanon on 21 December 1966. His writings
Khaled wrote on many issues of Islam, including:
 Islam and its social and material interdependence in society.Inheritance in the Islamic Sharia (Legitimacy). Personal Status provisions of the Islamic Sharia(Legitimacy). Tales of Ramadan. course of the Islamic call in Lebanon during the 14th century AH. marriage to non-Muslims. definition Letter of Islam. Islam's position on paganism, Christianity and Judaism.views and positions. Madinah society before and after migration. Muslims in Lebanon and the civil war. Torah, the Bible and the Koran and science (A translation of Maurice Bokay's famous Book). martyr in Islam. Islam and its vision to after life. <mask> had a national role through chairing for many years the “Islamic Gathering,” a weekly political meeting that was held at Dar Alfatwa that gave its views on Lebanese politics during the civil war in Lebanon.He was personally involved as a representative of Lebanon in many Islamic and Arab conferences, or sent representatives to different Arab and world countries. Career

 Preaching


title: Hassan Khaled

texts:
 Grand Collar of the renaissance of the Jordanian-highest first-class medal in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan-1967.High medal from the president-the Republic of Chad. Decoration from the Soviet Union on the research of the cessation of nuclear armament on 14 August 1974. Islam Decoration (Girdanov) – Poland. Received several medals from the United States of America. Valuations
 Honorary doctorate in Cairo, after a lecture he delivered at Al-Azhar in the Hall of Imam Mohammed Abdo, during a dinner invitation from the late President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Honorary doctorate from the University Jin Ji, China. Family
Mufti <mask> was married to Salwa Balhawan and had nine children.Their names from oldest to youngest: Bahiyya, Saadeddine, Ammar, Mohammad, Hala, Hani, Hisham, Mazen, and Layla. Death
On 16 May 1989, a 300-pound (136 kg) car bomb was detonated next to <mask>'s car as he drove through Beirut. <mask> and 21 others were killed. Syrian intelligence is widely believed to be behind the assassination; <mask> had been a critic of Syrian intervention in Lebanon. As Khaled had been killed while returning from a meeting with anti-Syrian general Michel Aoun, his killing was believed to be a warning to all those who cooperated with Aoun. See also
 List of assassinated Lebanese people
 Sunni Muslim

References

External links
 <mask>d Foundations (in Arabic)

1921 births
1989 deaths
Assassinated Lebanese politicians
Deaths by car bomb in Lebanon
Lebanese Sunni Muslims
Lebanese imams
Lebanese judges
Sharia judges
Terrorism deaths in Lebanon
Lebanese terrorism victims
People murdered in Lebanon
Al-Azhar University alumni
Grand Muftis of

masks:
Hasan Khaled
Khaled
Khaled
Khaled
Hassan Khale


title: Kyansittha

texts: <mask> (, ; also spelt as Kyanzittha or Hti-Hlaing Shin; 1030 – 1112/13) was king of Pagan dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) from 1084 to 1112/13, and is considered one of the greatest Burmese monarchs. He continued the social, economic and cultural reforms begun by his father, King Anawrahta. Pagan became an internationally recognized power during his 28-year reign. The Burmese language and culture continued to gain ground. In his early life, <mask> was a popular and successful general who led Anawrahta's major military campaigns that founded the Pagan Empire. He was exiled twice in the 1070s and 1080s for his affair with Queen Manisanda. Kyansittha ascended to the Pagan throne in 1084 after suppressing a major Mon rebellion that killed King Saw Lu.His reign was largely peaceful. A great admirer of Mon culture, he pursued a conciliatory policy towards the Mon of the south, and continued the patronage of Mon language and culture at his court. It was in his reign that the synthesis of Burman, Mon, Pyu and Buddhist practices into a Burmese cultural tradition began to reach a level of maturity. The Burmese script began to be used alongside Pyu, Mon, and Pali. A peaceful Pagan grew wealthy from agriculture and trade, and large scale temple building began in earnest. Kyansittha completed Anawrahta's Shwezigon Pagoda and built his crowning achievement, the Ananda Temple. Pagan became a major center of Buddhist learning.Theravada Buddhism continued to gain ground although many Ari, Mahayana and Hindu practices continued to pervade. Pagan emerged a major power alongside the Khmer Empire in Southeast Asia, recognized as a sovereign kingdom by the Chinese Song Dynasty, and Indian Chola dynasty. Kyansittha is one of the most famous monarchs in Burmese history.

masks: Kyansittha Kyansittha


title: Kyansittha

texts:
 His life stories and exploits are still retold in Burmese literature, theater, and cinema. Early life
Much of Kyansittha's early life, like much of early Pagan history, is shrouded in legend. Many of the stories given in the Burmese chronicles attributed to Kyansittha are legends, with a heavy touch of literary flourish. Parentage
According to the chronicles, Kyansittha was born to Princess Pyinsa Kalayani of Wethali and Anawrahta, then a senior prince at the court of King Sokkate.He grew up away from Anawrahta's court after Anawrahta banished his mother who was pregnant with him to the countryside because Anawrahta was led to believe that she was not of royal blood. The chronicles also speculate that Kyansittha's real father might not be Anawrahta but Yazataman, the Pagan official who guarded Pyinsa Kalayani during her journey to Pagan. Nonetheless, the chronicles accept that he was a legal son of Anawrahta per Burmese customary law, which says a child born in wedlock is presumed to have been begotten by the husband. At any rate, a stone inscription at the Hledauk Pagoda in Taungbyon says that it was donated by <mask>, son of Anawrahta. Birth date
The chronicles do not agree on the dates regarding his life and reign. The table below lists the dates given by the four main chronicles. Moreover, according to Zata, considered the most accurate chronicle for the dates of the best-known Pagan and Ava kings, <mask> was born on 21 July 1030, and was about 19 years older than Saw Lu.Maha Yazawin says Kyansittha was about four years older but the two later chronicles Yazawin Thit and Hmannan say Kyansittha was about a year younger than Lu. If Hmannan is correct about Kyansittha's age at death, Kyansittha was born in 1041. Inconsistent chronicle


title: Kyansittha

texts:
 narratives
Furthermore, the chronicle narratives are filled with many inconsistencies. The chronicles claim that Anawrahta was already king when Pyinsa Kalayni was sent. But Anawrahta did not become king until 1044. Kyansittha had been born at least since 1030. Moreover, it was unlikely that the ruler of Wethali would have sent his daughter to Anawrahta who until 1044 was a prince but not to Sokkate, the king himself.The chronicles also claim that King Anawrahta tried to kill off all babies in the year that Kyansittha was born because his astrologers predicted that a new born would be king. Again, Anawrahta was not the king. The meaning of the name Kyansittha
Kyansittha's birth name is lost to history. According to the Shwezigon Pagoda inscriptions dedicated by Kyansittha himself, the name Kyansittha is a title given by  Anawrahta. The king gave him the title Kyansittha which means "the remaining/last standing soldier" because of the latter's knack for surviving in the battlefield. But according to historian George Coedes, it is a corruption of the Pali word, kalan cacsa, meaning "soldier-official".Military career (1057–1070s)
Kyansittha grew up in relative obscurity until Anawrahta recalled his son at a later point (likely by his early teens). At Anawrahta's court, he was a minor prince under the shadow of his elder half-brother Saw Lu, and served as a royal cadet in the Pagan army.Anawrahta soon recognized the ability of his son. According to tradition, in early 1057, the king made his teenage son one of four lead commanders in his invasion of Thaton Kingdom. (Anawrahta's appointment of <mask> as commander at such an early age indicates that Anawrahta considered Kyansittha his offspring. During the Burmese imperial era, only the royalty


title: Kyansittha

texts:
 were allowed to assume a senior position in the army at an early age. Commoners, who had to earn that privilege over years of service, were never that young.) Pagan's forces captured Thaton after a 3-months' siege in May 1057. Kyansittha became famous as one of the Four Paladins.Htin Aung 1967: 33

More recent research by historian Michael Aung-Thwin accepts Anawrahta's conquest of Lower Burma but argues that the chronicle narrative of the conquest of Thaton is a post-Pagan legend.Anawrahta went on found the Pagan Empire (also known as the First Burmese Empire) expanding his authority in all directions: northern Arakan in the west, Shan Hills in the north and east, and Tenasserim in the south. Kyansittha partook in all of Anawrahta's expeditions including one to the Nanzhao Kingdom, and in some cases (such as the Tenasserim campaign against the Khmer Empire) led them. Soon after the Thaton conquest, Kyansittha along with his three other "Paladins" were sent to take control of Tenasserim. The Four Paladins defeated the Khmer army, and Tenasserim became part of Pagan Empire from then on. In the early 1070s, Kyansittha was called into service to defend Pegu (Bago) against the raiders from the direction of Chiang Mai. The Pagan army easily drove out the raiders. The ruler of Pegu, whom Anawrahta had allowed to remain as viceroy for his cooperation in the 1057 conquest of Thaton, sent his young daughter, the lady Khin U, jewels and hair relics as presents for Anawrahta.On the journey to Pagan, Khin U was borne in a curtained litter, and Kyansittha rode at her side. During the long journey, they fell in love with each other so violently that the matter had to be reported to Anawrahta. It was the end of <mask>'s career. He was sent into exile by the


title: Kyansittha

texts:
 king.The Burmese chronicles report his exile with a touch of literary flourish. <mask> was brought bound into the presence, and Anawrahta taunted him for a time until with his anger rising, he hurled his fairy spear Areindama. But Kyansittha's hour had not yet come. The spear missed, grazing his skin and severing the ropes that bound him.He picked up the famous spear and fled never to return. His flight over hill and dale still forms a favorite subject of Burmese theater.Exile years (1070s–1082)
Kyansittha fled west, and at a time, he earned a living by tending horses. He finally settled at Kaungbyu (likely in the Sagaing District), and married Thanbula, niece of the head abbot of the local monastery. He was in his early 30s. He lived there for the remainder of Anawrahta's reign until 1077. In April 1077, Anawrahta died, and his son Lu succeeded. Lu, who had always viewed Kyansittha as a rival, reluctantly recalled Kyansittha to Pagan, at the urging of Shin Arahan, primate of Pagan, to help administer the kingdom.Kyansittha left a pregnant Thanbula at Kaungbyu. At Pagan, he soon renewed his affair with Khin U (now with the title of Manisanda), who was now a queen of Lu. Kyansittha was promptly exiled again, this time much farther away to Dala (modern-day Yangon). Pegu rebellion (1082–1084)
In 1082, Saw Lu faced a serious rebellion by his childhood friend Yamankan, whom he had appointed governor of Pegu. The king recalled Kyansittha to put down the rebellion. At a battle near Magwe, Lu was captured in November 1082 (Natdaw 444 ME). Ministers offered Kyansittha the crown.But he refused. Instead he personally tried to rescue Lu by breaking into the enemy camp at night. Seated on Kyansittha's shoulders and well on the way to safety, Lu thought


title: Kyansittha

texts:
 forgotten the pregnant wife he left in Kaungbyu when he first recalled to Pagan in 1078. Thanbula gave birth to a boy, and did not learn of Kyansittha's ascent to the throne right away. When she finally came to the Pagan to meet Kyansittha with their son, the king did not want to go back on his word.Instead he appointed the boy the titular lord of Arakan with the title of Yazakumar (Pali: Rajakumar, lit. King's son). Alaungsithu succeeded him. Death
<mask> died in either 1112 or 1113 after a long illness. He was either 82 or 83. Legacy
<mask> is regarded as one of the greatest Burmese monarchs for saving the nascent Pagan Empire and making it stronger. His continuation of Anawrahta's social, economic and religious policies transformed the kingdom to a major regional power.His reign is generally understood as the time when the assimilation of various cultural traditions (Mon, Pyu and Burman) began to meld into a common Burmese cultural tradition that would come to dominate the Irrawaddy valley. In popular culture
<mask> is remembered as a romantic warrior king. He was popular throughout his reign and after. His life stories and exploits are still retold in Burmese literature, theater, and cinema. In Mobile Legends: Bang Bang'', MOBA from Moonton, the character Minsitthar is based on Kyansittha. Commemorations
 Team Kyansittha is one of four student teams into which all students in every Burmese primary and secondary school are organized. The other three teams are named after the greatest Burmese heroes: Bayinnaung, Alaungpaya and Bandula.UMS Kyan Sittha, Myanmar Navy Frigate

Notes

References

Bibliography

Burmese monarchs
Pagan dynasty
Burmese generals
1030 births
1112 deaths
11th-century Burmese

masks: Kyansittha Kyansittha Kyansittha


title: Trường Chinh

texts:
<mask> (, born Đặng Xuân Khu; 9 February 1907, Xuân Trường District, Nam Định Province – 30 September 1988, Hanoi) was a Vietnamese communist political leader and theoretician. He was one of the key figures of Vietnamese politics. He played a major role in the anti-French colonialism movement and finally after decades of protracted war in Vietnam, the Vietnamese defeated the colonial power. He was the think-tank of the Communist Party who determined the direction of the communist movement, particularly in the anti-French colonialism movement. After the declaration of independence in September 1945, Trường <mask> played an important role in shaping the politics of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) and creating the socialist structure of the new Vietnam. During the transitional period in Vietnam between 1941 and 1956, <mask> was the General Secretary of the Communist Party as well as the real leader of the communist party in terms of designing strategies as well as implementing them. In 1957, after the failure of the Land Reform program, he was dismissed from his post of General Secretary and had less power.Hồ Chí Minh selected Lê Duẩn to succeed him as the General Secretary and he became the most powerful person after the 1960s. However, Trường <mask> was still an influential thinker in the Party during the Second Indochina War and after the reunification of Vietnam; he was head of state of Vietnam from 1981 to 1987. Following the death of Lê Duẩn in 1986, he succeeded Duẩn as top party leader. His last vital role was to carry forward the Đổi Mới renovation that still affects Vietnam to this day. Early life
Trường <mask> was named as Đặng Xuân Khu. He changed his name from Đặng Xuân Khu to Trường Chinh, which means Long

masks:
Trưng Chinh
Chinh
Tng Chinh
Chinh
Chinh


title: Trường Chinh

texts:
 March, in honor of the Long March which was the 6,000-mile military retreat of the Red Army of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) between 1934-1936 led by Mao Zedong. He was born on February 9, 1907, in the Hành Thiện village, Xuân Hồng sub-district, Xuân Trường district, Nam Định province (in the area of the Red River delta, 120 kilometers from Hanoi).He was the oldest son among five children of the Đặng family which was an important family of the village. His siblings were Đặng Thị Yên, Đặng Thị Uẩn, Đặng Thị Tường, and Đặng Xuân Đỉnh. He grew up in a Confucian family which was not wealthy. His family background and his father highly shaped his knowledge and influenced him to join the anti-colonial movement. He had learned Hán script (Classical Chinese) from his father and was sent to the district school. His grandfather, Đặng Xuân Bảng, was a Confucian intellectual who worked for the Nguyễn court under the reign of Emperor Tự Đức and published many books about history, literature and Confucian ideology written in Hán scripts. His father was Đặng Xuân Viện who was a famous Confucian scholar and wrote many history books.Unlike his grandfather, Viện was not interested to work for the Nguyễn court. Instead, he participated in the Đông Kinh Nghĩa thục (Tonkin Free School) movement against French colonialism in 1907. Trường <mask>'s mother was Nguyễn Thị Từ (1880-1964) who grew up in a Confucian mandarin family of the Nguyễn court. Trường <mask> married Nguyễn Thi Minh, who remained loyal and carried on the burden of looking after the family, especially her husband's family after he was jailed for his political beliefs. Leader of student movement
In the midst of the political and social transition in Indochina, particularly the

masks: Chinh Chinh


title: Trường Chinh

texts: spread of French educational system in the nineteenth century. Trường <mask> was sent to educate in the French school, which was the starting point for his political movement. In 1923, he was sent to Thành Chung secondary school, the first secondary school for the local people and taught in the Western educational system, located in Nam Định province.In the school, Trường <mask> was inspired by the French philosophers’ works such as Jean-Jacque Rousseau and Montesquieu as well as the French revolution in 1789 and the Chinese revolution in 1911. In Nam Định, he lived with a poor labour family who worked in the industrial factory. His childhood experience urged him to set up a student movement with his schoolmates, Nguyễn Văn Hoan, Đặng Châu Tệ, Phạm Năng Độ, Nguyễn Khắc Lương, and Nguyễn Đức Cảnh. This group, later on, joined the student movement in Tonkin. They published newspapers in order to spread their thoughts on the anti-colonial movement. In 1925, when Phan Bồi Châu, the respectful nationalist, was captured in China and brought back to Vietnam, Trường <mask> was in the second year in high school. He joined the nationalist movement and printed leaflets together with his friends demanding the release of Phan Bồi Châu.This was the first time he personally participated in a political movement. His second involvement was a year after that. In 1926, the death of Phan Chu Trinh (Phan Châu Trinh), the well-known nationalist, led to the huge protests all over Vietnam. Trường <mask> and his schoolmates asked a permission from the local authority to organize a mourning for Phan Chu Trinh. Trường <mask> became the head of the student movement in Nam Định and cooperated with other schools. Not only students but peasants, labourers,

masks: Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh


title: Trường Chinh

texts:
 and villagers numbering more than ten thousand also participated in the Phan Chu Trinh commemoration. The gathering turned violent and, as a result, Trường <mask> and other student leaders were taken away by the police together with more than 200 people.After this event, the French colonial administrators kept an eye on him. He quit school in Nam Định. After that, he did self-study and passed the secondary school level exam. He moved to Hanoi to pursue his study in Indochinese trade college (trường Cao đẳng Thương mại Đông Dương). In Ha Noi, he still focused on political movement with his friends from Nam Định and wrote for newspapers. Road to Communist Party
When Trường <mask> was in Ha Noi, he had an opportunity to choose his revolutionary path. In 1928, he joined the national salvation movement together with other Vietnamese young intellectuals.He read widely on Socialist works such as Marx and Engels, and Lenin. In 1929, he was one of first groups that founded the Communist Party of Indochina (1929-1930). He started to work on the Party's published works such as Búa Liềm newspaper and Người sinh viên newspaper aimed to educate the people on the Socialist path; at condemning the French colonial government and at arousing the local mass as to ally with the Party. However, in 1930, the Nghệ Tĩnh-Soviet movement and the Yên Bái mutiny started their own rebellion in Tonkin and this led the French colonial government to purge the political movement in Indochina. In 1930 Trường <mask> became member of the Communist Party of Vietnam and was appointed to the Committee's propaganda of the Central Committee of Communist Party of Indochina. He was caught on November, 14th 1930 and was sentenced to twelve years, but was released in

masks: Chinh Chinh Chinh


title: Trường Chinh

texts:
 1936. Although Trường <mask> was imprisoned for his political beliefs Hỏa Lò prison in Hanoi and deported Sơn La prison in Sơn La province for seven years, he was continuously active in the political movement.He was the leader of the Communist movement in the prisons where he published poems, articles, books about socialism and criticism of the Vietnam nationalist Party. The colonial prison significantly became the revolutionary school for most of the intellectual revolutionists and communists. After release from prison, he continued his political movement, especially through his books and newspaper articles. He was a journalist, a writer, and a socialist intellectual who used his writings under various pennames such as Trường <mask>, Sông Hồng, Tân Trào, T.C. and S.T. to fight the French colonial government since he was a teenager. He was also a strategist for the Indochinese Communist Party.Political roles and ideology
Trường <mask>'s ideology was inspired by Marxism and Leninism and he was influenced by Hồ Chí Minh, as seen from his works on including revolutionary ideology, political and revolutionary strategies as well as cultural strategies and policies. According to the Communist Party, Trường <mask> was "Ho Chi Minh's excellent student", although he did not always agree with Ho Chi Minh's ideas. There are two main arguments about Trường <mask>'s ideology. Firstly, his ideology was seen as radical and based on Mao Zedong Thought which is clearly evident in his published works and the pattern of the land reform program that he had borrowed from China. Secondly, it was a hybrid incorporating Marxism and Leninism that formed the core of Trường <mask>'s ideology which supported the anti-colonial movement and did not oppose

masks: Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh


title: Trường Chinh

texts:
 nationalism. His ideology firstly was influenced by the Soviet bloc, after that, China bloc, and was adopted in Vietnam contexts. First Secretary of the Communist Party
Trường <mask> played a significant role in the Communist Party during the critical time in building and strengthening the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP) power.Besides Hồ Chí Minh, he was a central figure of the ICP in the independence formation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV). In the 1940s, during the time that Hồ came back to Vietnam, <mask> <mask> was already well known among the cadres of the Communist Party. He was portrayed as the radical leader of the Pro-Chinese faction while Hồ led the Pro-Soviet faction. During the Second World War, Trường <mask> became the famous Communist leader in the north. He served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party during a crisis when the French eliminated the leaders of the anti-French movement. In 1941, Trường <mask> was elected as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Indochina. He was the party's second ranking leader after Hồ Chí Minh.He was chaired of Party's National Conference in northern Tuyên Quang Province, launching an uprising to seize power from the French and Japanese. In the following years, the party fought a war for independence against French colonists. August Revolution in 1945
When Trường <mask> became a leader in the anticolonialist movement, he also adopted the strategic theses of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). He therefore was the person who significantly determined the direction of the communist movement, as well as the think-tank in laying the foundation of modern Vietnam. In fact, he was highly regarded by the members and supporters of the communist

masks: Chinh Trường Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh


title: Trường Chinh

texts:
 movement. In addition, during the anti-colonial period, he and General Võ Nguyên Giáp developed a military strategy that enabled Vietnam to defeat the Japanese forces during the World War II. Trường <mask> emerged to play a crucial role in the August Revolution (Cách mạng tháng 8) in 1945.However, the political situation in the 1940s was divided into factionalism. The two factions consisted of Hồ Chí Minh's and Trường <mask>'s who obviously had different strategies, especially in the 1945 August Revolution. While Ho Chi Minh and his faction were based in Pác Bó in north Vietnam, Trường <mask> and his followers moved down to Hanoi and focused on the Red River delta. The center of the Communist movement, therefore, separated into two centers. After the success of the August Revolution in 1945 and until 1956, Trường <mask> faction was more powerful. The August Revolution was a major turning point and it led to the declaration of independence in September of the same year. On the day of Vietnam's declaration of independence, Trường <mask> was one of the leaders of the Communist Party who stood with Hồ Chí Minh at the Ba Đình Square in Hanoi.Land reform campaign in North Vietnam
A blot in Trường <mask>'s political life was the failure of the Land Reform campaign in the DRV between 1953 and 1956. The land reform campaign had a largely impact on Vietnamese society as it challenged the existing social and cultural structure. The land reform campaign was accompanied by extensive repression and excess, which resulted in the false imprisonment and execution of large numbers of people, many of whom were party members. The land reform was proposed and pushed by Trường <mask> as the Secretary of the Workers Party of Vietnam (Đảng Lao động

masks: Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh


title: Trường Chinh

texts: Việt Nam). He aimed to change Vietnam to a new society which was neither feudal nor colonial society. He started developing his ideas of the land reform together with Võ Nguyên Giáp in 1938. Both had published their work The Peasant Questions (Vấn đề dân cày) which critiqued the social structure in Vietnam and the peasants’ problems in Vietnam.That work is praised from the Communist Party as the foundation of the understanding about agricultural system and Vietnamese peasants’ life. Before the land reform, the party started implementing tax reduction policies to help farmers. However, later on, the goal was to expand the mass base by allocating land to the peasants who formed the majority in the country, as well as managing the feudal class. The land reform was debated among the party's leaders. Trường <mask> had already been criticized for his unwillingness to agree with other party leaders and for his support of China while other leaders relied on the Soviet Union as their role model. While Trường <mask> was persuaded by other party members to use the Soviet model, he claimed that Vietnam was able to learn from China's land reform experience. In Trường <mask>'s view, the party needed land reform to gain mass support by having a peasant revolution, overthrowing the landlords, and being a step in the liberation of Vietnam.The party accepted Chinese guidance, because of its close relationship with China's leader, Mao Zedong. Trường <mask> admired Mao's ideological strategies and he adopted Mao's land reform campaign. Scholars have different opinions towards the land reform in Vietnam. Firstly, the land reform in North Vietnam was actually considered as a radical program and the adaptation of the CCP model was implemented

masks: Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh


title: Trường Chinh

texts: between 1946-1953. The party leaders also used the land reform campaign "land to the tillers" for economic collectivization. However, another scholar pointed out that although Vietnam was mostly influenced by China, Vietnam's adaptation of the Chinese land reform had some differences to suit the Vietnamese context. The achievement of the revolution in China encouraged Vietnam to accept China as a model to design the policy and accept China as a consultant in policy implementation.Trường <mask> presented the guideline for the land reform in April 1953. The Party passed the land reform decree and provided material support to the farmers. The land reform also aimed to strengthen psychological strategy to gain the support of the peasants. It also aimed to increase productivity and strengthen the war efforts against France. On December 4, 1953, the Legislature passed the Land Reform Act (Luật Cải Cách Ruộng Đất), which marked a significant change as its implementation also purposed at eliminating the feudal system of landlords. Unlike in China, the land reform failed in Vietnam resulting in famine and widespread starvation. Over almost four years, many criticisms arose from the political leaders and Vietnamese peasants who claimed it a "bloodbath reform" because many people were killed and murdered.In addition, many people died from starvation. In 1956, more violence was reported which led to massive criticism and protests. The land reform was considered a failure of the communist party. Finally, the communist leaders had to terminate the land reform and Trường <mask> took responsibility by resigning from his post as General Secretary of the Communist Party. However, the land reform was a significant path for the Worker's Party and


title: Trường Chinh

texts: the rural structure. The land reform was successful in, at least, helping the rural peasants to own land. The achievement of the land reform program indicated from the mass support from more than 200,000 peasants who willingly delivered supplies and crossed from mountains to valleys to support the Viet Minh to fight against the French troops.Even though the land reform program was emphasized by many scholars as the failure of Trường <mask>, Hồ Chí Minh was the mainstay in pushing the program after he had sought advice from Stalin and Mao. After Hồ Chí Minh visited China and personally discussed it with Mao in 1950, the land reform program was finally launched in 1953. This period also marked the closest cordial relations between the CCP and the Worker's Party. Mao fully supported both advisor team led by Luo Guibo and provisions not only for the land reform program but also the war against the French. Criticism was leveled at Trường <mask> and the Communist Party. As a result, the massacres of the people, especially the landowners, were also severely criticized by party members. Many party members preferred to use the Soviet Union path instead.Finally, Hồ Chí Minh, on behalf of the Party apologized with tears for the Party's mistake and held Trường <mask> responsible. The failure of land reform in northern Vietnam was the turning point of the political faction. The Sino-Soviet split reduced China's influence in Hanoi. Trường <mask> resigned from his post of the secretary general of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Since then, Hồ Chí Minh supported Lê Duẩn, who later became the most powerful and longest-serving leader in Vietnam. In the 1960s, Lê Duẩn became the most powerful Communist leader while Trường <mask> was still on the


title: Trường Chinh

texts:
 list of the Politburo and a member of the central committee of the party. He still maintained his role in the party's think tank.Cultural ideology and strategy
After the declaration of independence in September 1945, Trường <mask> played an important role in shaping the administration of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam politically and economically, as well as creating the socialist structure and culture of the new Vietnam. He considered culture as a vital strategy for national liberation and nation-state building. In Vietnam, Trường <mask> was named as the architect of the foundation of the new culture of Vietnam because his cultural ideology had a great impact on Vietnamese society through many concrete ideas and policies. His works that have affected the Vietnamese society were the 1943 "Theses on Vietnam Culture (Đề Cương Văn hóa Việt Nam)" and the 1948 “the Marxism and Vietnamese Culture” (Chủ nghĩa Mác và vấn đề văn hóa Việt Nam). In the first work, "Theses on Vietnam Culture," Trường <mask> presented two main cultural patterns: the foundation of the new Vietnamese culture under the leadership of the Communist Party, and the use of art and cultural concepts as a weapon against national enemies. He argued that Vietnam had fallen under the influence of Chinese culture of feudalism, French colonialism and Japanese fascists. In order to liberate Vietnam from these cultures, the Party needed to create a new culture (văn hóa mới).The essence of the new culture focused on people and adopted a new democratic approach. The second work, "The Marxism and Vietnamese Culture," Trường <mask> suggested the cultural revolution as a tool to fight the French colonial government under the principle of Marxism. The significance of


title: Trường Chinh

texts: culture was equal with the military and economic battle fronts. These two works became the fundamental elements to Vietnam society and culture and brought big changes to Vietnam society, particularly after the 1945 August Revolution. The key tool in eliminating the enemies of the nation was the expansion of the new democratic culture into the French-occupied cultural space as well as making the new democratic culture a national culture at the same time. Cultural policy and the construction of the new culture of Vietnam significantly strengthened the nationalism through arts, performance, media and national history. Trường <mask> significantly built the Cultural Association for National Salvation in order to centralize artists who worked to publicize Party's ideology and appeal to local people for support.However, under the atmosphere of social restructuring was a large number of villagers who had some interactions with the landlord families became paranoid and fearful of the communists. The pressure to condemn the public's enemies finally led to the destruction of local social networks. Many people in North Vietnam were unable to withstand the pressure. Many of them committed suicide or escaped to South Vietnam. The process of creating a new cultural space was to equalize people's status including anti-feudal symbols and linguistic patterns. The new cultural pattern was not always successful although the Party forced it through the propaganda campaign. In some communities, many villagers still respected the condemned feudal people.The fundamental ideology of Trường Chinh influentially and violently affected north Vietnam, particularly during the land reform. The cultural impact of the land reform led to social turmoil in many


title: Trường Chinh

texts:
 communities. Particularly during the land reform, the Party's cadres were sent to the communities and violently wiped out what they believed was the feudal legacy and backwardness including superstition, feudal cultures such as clothes, old traditions, and norms. The landlords were charged with such offenses. Regardless of whether they were supporters of the Communist Party or not, they were judged as exploiters of the peasants. Furthermore, a group of the Communist supporters, called themselves as Nhân văn giai phẩm criticized the radical policy of Trường <mask>'s cultural ideology during the implementation of the Land Reform program. However, many people in this group were jailed or forced to use the labour in the backcountry.Đổi Mới (Renovation)
Vietnam was unified in 1975, and Trường <mask> was selected president in 1981. The economic renovation was credited to Nguyễn Văn Linh who succeeded General Secretary after Trường <mask> in 1986. However, Trần Nhâm writes that Trường <mask> was the first person who paved the way for economic renovation since 1968. In the midst of economic recession, scarcity and social crisis in the 1980s, the Central Committee received various reports about economic loss, inflations, and the increased social problems. Trường <mask> set up the research teams in order to collect and observe problems in local communities in the Central highland and in southern Vietnam as well as the success and failures from the old economic system. Trường <mask> came to be receptive to reformists and gradually sided with them after visits to the countryside in 1983. He used the research results to reform policies and presented them to the Sixth National Congress in 1986.He suggested that economic renovation was not


title: Trường Chinh

texts:
 enough to deal with the crisis that Vietnam encountered. The Party also needed to reform political and social policies. Furthermore, he asserted that production capacity needed to be increased. Although, Socialist ideology rejected Capitalism, it could not avoid the economic acceleration by increasing production capacity. Instead of focusing on industrial sector, the Party needed to support and increase agricultural production as the root of Vietnam society. In addition, the 1986 renovation (Đổi Mới) was driven by the changing world order that saw the collapse of the Socialist bloc and the domestic motivation within Vietnam, particularly among the Communist leaders. The economic renovation also affected areas such as politics in Vietnam and relationships among the Communist leaders, the vanishing financial support from the Soviet Union, the diplomatic policy in seeking for the economic cooperation within the region.In this economic transition, Trường <mask> was the new reformer as seen in the fellow communist leader Võ Văn Kiệt's writing in which he praised Trường <mask> as the only comrade who completely understood the real ideology of Socialism and also tried to principally adopt it in the society. However, he was replaced by Nguyễn Văn Linh at the Sixth National Congress in December 1986, part of a sweeping leadership change that marked the beginning of the Đổi mới (Renovation) period. Death
Throughout his life, Trường <mask> devoted himself to the political movement in spite of the failed land reform. His role had a great impact on the political struggles of the party as he was still the Party's think-tank throughout his whole life. Since he became the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam between 1941 and


title: Trường Chinh

texts:
 1956 and again between July and December 1986, he was also a member of the Politburo Political Party Committee from 1951 to 1986. He was the Chairman of the National Assembly from 1960 to 1981. After President Ho Chi Minh passed away in 1969, Trường <mask> continued his work with Lê Duẩn and Phạm Văn Đồng.After Lê Duẩn passed way in 1986, he became the highest ranking in the Communist Party as the President of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. He ended his career by initiating the successful economic renovation (Đổi Mới renovation) in 1986. He resigned as president in 1987 due to ill health. Trường <mask> died on September 30, 1988 aged 81. Honours and Awards
:
 Gold Star Order

:
 Order of Klement Gottwald (20 February 1982)

:
 Order of Lenin (22 January 1982)
 Order of the October Revolution (6 February 1987)

Works and publications
 1938: The Peasant Question (Vấn đề dân cày) (Co-author with Võ Nguyên Giáp)
 1943: Theses on Vietnam Culture (Đề cương văn hóa Việt Nam)
 1946: The August Revolution (Cách mạng Tháng Tám)
 1947: The Resistance Will Win (Kháng chiến nhất định thắng lợi)
 1948: The Marxism and Vietnamese Culture (Chủ nghĩa Mác và vấn đề văn hóa Việt Nam)
1969: Forward Along The Path Charted By K. Marx

References

Sources
 Bradley, Mark Philip. Imaging Vietnam and America: The Making of Post Colonial Vietnam, 1919-1950. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.Elliot, David W. P. Changing Worlds: Vietnam's Transition from the Cold War to Globalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Ninh, Kim Ngoc Bao. World Transformed: The Politics of Culture in Revolutionary Vietnam, 1945-1965. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2005. Nguyen, Lien-Hang T. Hanoi's War: An International History


title: Sir Anthony Ashley, 1st Baronet

texts:
<mask>, 1st Baronet, PC (1551 – 13 January 1628) was Clerk of the Privy Council, which was the most senior civil servant in the Privy Council Office. Ashley accompanied the fleet to Cádiz as a representative of the Queen. He distinguished himself by the capture of Cádiz and was knighted by Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex at Cádiz after the capture of the city. Ashley sat in several parliaments, and was highly distinguished by favor of Queen Elizabeth I of England. Ashley was the older brother of Robert Ashley, founder of Middle Temple Library (1565–1641) and Sir Francis Ashley of Dorchester (1569–1635). Sir Francis was the father-in-law of Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles, one of five members of the Long Parliament whom King Charles I attempted to arrest in 1642. Sir <mask> inherited the family estates at Wimborne St Giles on his cousin, Sir Henry Ashley III's death.Ashley family

The first known Ashleys originally came from Wiltshire, England, where they were lords of the manor of Ashley, at a very early period. Benedict of Ashley was born around the year 1260 in Ashley Place of Wiltshire in England. He lived during the reigns of King Henry II and King Edward I. In ancient and medieval times, the concept of surnames as we know them today was not very well developed. An individual either took the name of the village in which he lived (this would generally be the case for those starting with a "de"), or a derivative of his father's name, in the form of "fils de" (son of). The Ashley surname is taken from the name of the ancient ancestral homeland of Ashley in Wiltshire. There were only a few castles and churches built in the 11th century.Most were built out of wood and consisted of a simple

masks:
Sir Anthony Ashley
Anthony Ashley


title: Sir Anthony Ashley, 1st Baronet

texts: organic materials. Few from the time of Benedict survive today. The name of Benedict Ashley was recorded in medieval times, simply as the great-great-grandfather of Robert Ashley, who was the first Ashley to reside in Wimborne St Giles. He was the fifth great grandfather of <mask>-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury. Robert Ashley was married to Egidia Hamelyn, daughter of Sir John Hamelyn. Through this marriage, Ashley greatly increased his wealth, which included the ownership of a large family manor in Wimborne St Giles, East Dorset. Ashley thrived, expanding his land and holdings under King Henry IV of England.Ashley's two immediate successors, his son, Edmund Ashley (born c. 1425), and grandson, Hugh Ashley (born c. 1460), flourished as well. When Hugh Ashley died 29 April 1493, his estates transferred to his eldest son, Sir Henry Ashley I. Sir Henry Ashley I was married to Radegan Gilbert, daughter of Robert Gilbert of Somerset. Together, they had two sons, Henry II (his heir) and <mask> of Damerham. When Sir Henry Ashley I died on 1 March 1549, his son Henry II inherited the estate at Wimborne St Giles. Sir Henry Ashley II was married to Catherine Bassett, sister of Anne Bassett, both daughters of Sir John Bassett and Honor Grenville, Viscountess Lisle. Sir Henry II was knighted at the coronation of Queen Mary and appointed ranger of Alice Holt Forest.He was succeeded by his son, Henry Ashley III, who was gentleman pensioner to Queen Elizabeth. Sir Henry Ashley III died without heirs, and the family estates passed to Sir Henry's cousin, Sir <mask> of Wimborne St Giles. Sir <mask> of Wimborne St Giles was the son of Sir <mask> of Damerham and Dorothy Lyte of Lytes Cary in Somerset, the sister of

masks:
Anthony Ashley
Anthony
Anthony Ashley
Anthony Ashley
Anthony Ashley


title: Sir Anthony Ashley, 1st Baronet

texts:
 botanist Henry Lyte. Public life
<mask> was not born or raised expecting to inherit. His passion and pursuits focused on public employment. For many years, he had enriched himself in government service in support of the crown. He had served as Clerk of the Privy Council (1584–1609), He Served as M.P for Tavistock, in 1588 .   and in 1589, he accompanied the failed Drake–Norris Expedition, against Portugal as Royal Commissioner.At Oxford, with seventeen others, Ashley received the Degree of M.A. On the Queen's Visit, 27 Sept 1592. Capture of Cádiz

Ashley was Secretary of War for the Capture of Cádiz. He was knighted in June 1596, with others, by the Lords General of the expedition. Ashley sat in several parliaments and was distinguished by the favour of Queen Elizabeth. In April 1596, Spanish regiments took the town of Calais from French Huguenots, which geographically offered an advantageous place from which to prepare for an invasion of the British Isles. Before dawn of the imminent Spanish invasion, Queen Elizabeth ordered the attack on the Spanish fleet anchored at Cádiz.East Dorset noblemen and regular soldiers were commissioned by the monarch to supply troops, raising their quotas by indenture from a variety of sources. A Commission of Array was used to raise troops for a foreign expedition during this time, while various Militia Acts directed that (in theory) the entire male population who owned property and lands over a certain amount in value, was required to keep arms at home and periodically train or report to musters. The musters were usually chaotic affairs, used mainly by the William Paulet, 3rd Marquess of Winchester, Lord Lieutenant of Dorset and other officers to draw their pay


title: Sir Anthony Ashley, 1st Baronet

texts:
 and allowances, while the troops used the musters as an excuse for drinks after their military drills. On 13 June 1596 the English fleet set sail from Plymouth to Cádiz. Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham was the admiral commanding the English fleet, while the landing forces were under the command of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, Lord Thomas Howard, Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Francis Vere, Sir Conyers Clifford, and Sir George Carew, each commanding a squad. The proceedings of the generals and councils were recorded for the Queen by <mask>, who as Clerk of the Privy Council, was the most senior civil servant in the Privy Council Office. Ashley accompanied the fleet to Cádiz as a representative of the Queen.Ashley distinguished himself by the capture of Cadiz and was knighted by Essex at Cadiz after the capture of the city. While some of the 1st Earl of Shaftesbury's biographers have made the mistake of claiming that Sir <mask> served as "Secretary to the Council of War" to Queen Elizabeth, there was no such office in those days. However, Ashley did serve as Secretary to the Privy Council during the reign of King James I. Imprisonment for embezzlement
After his return in August, Sir Gelli Meyrick, a Welsh supporter of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and conspirator in Essex's rebellion was officially reported to have smuggled home some prize India hides. Sir <mask> brought charges against Meyrick of pilfering in connection with the goods captured from the enemy. He retaliated by accusing Ashley of far more serious offenses. On his return home, Ashley was charged with embezzlement, was imprisoned, and lived for some time in disgrace.Marriages and later life
Sir <mask> was married twice.

masks:
Anthony Ashley
Anthony Ashley
Anthony Ashley
Anthony Ashley


title: Sir Anthony Ashley, 1st Baronet

texts:
 His first wife was Jane Okeover, daughter of Philip Okeover of Okeover Hall. Jane was the widow of Sir Thomas Cokayne of Ashbourne and High Sheriff of Derbyshire. Sir <mask> and Jane were married about 1592 and had a daughter, Anne Ashley. About 1620, Ashley's daughter, Anne, married John Cooper of Rockbourne. Through this marriage, as the only child and heir of the Ashley family, the Ashley estates at Wimborne St Giles were conveyed to the Cooper family. As a condition of their marriage, Ashley had stipulated that if the family ever attained the peerage, the title would be that of Ashley.This agreement was made prior to the succession of either Ashley as 1st Baronet of Wimborne St Giles or John Cooper as 1st Baronet of Rockbourne. Sir John and Anne (Ashley) Cooper, in accordance with the agreement, became the parents of the celebrated statesman, Sir <mask>-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury. While he was christened Ashley-Cooper, his siblings and their descendants remained Coopers. Later in life, when Ashley inherited the Wimborne St Giles estate, he became a liberal benefactor of the parish. He rebuilt the parish church, and built and endowed alms houses for the relief of eleven senior citizens. He also introduced the cultivation of cabbages from Holland. In 1622, two years after his wife, Jane, died from smallpox, Sir <mask> married 19-year-old Philippa Sheldon.Philippa was the sister of Elizabeth Sheldon, who was married to Christopher (Kit) Villiers, 1st Earl of Anglesey, brother of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. Through this marriage, Ashley cemented a political alliance with the most powerful man at court. Baronet of Wimborne St Giles
On 3 July 1622, Sir <mask> was created 1st

masks:
Anthony
Anthony Ashley
Anthony
Anthony Ashley


title: Sir Anthony Ashley, 1st Baronet

texts:
 Baronet of Wimborne St Giles, By King James I  However, his liveliest interests rested in the grandchild born to inherit the ancient possessions of his house. He made arrangements to have him christened, in deviation from custom, with the hyphenated surname of <mask>-Cooper. Ashley died in London at His House in Holborn, Jan 1628, Aged 76 He is buried at, Wimborne St Giles Church, The parish church that he was the benefactor of rebuilding, At the foot of his fine canopied tomb monument is preserved, located inside the parish church, is the kneeling figure of his only daughter Anne, who married Sir John Cooper of Rockbourne. She was the mother of Sir <mask>-Cooper, later the first Earl of Shaftesbury. After Ashley died, his wife Philippa went on to marry Carew Raleigh, son of Sir Walter Raleigh, while his daughter, Anne, inherited the family estates at Wimborne St Giles, then conveyed to her husband, Sir John Cooper, 1st Baronet, of Rockbourne.<mask>-Cooper was seven years old when his grandfather died. Sexuality
According to Michael B. Young, Ashley's marriages came as a surprise to contemporaries as he was 'known to favor boys'. Vernacular verse of the period remarked that he had “left sodomy [to] marry [Philippa] Sheldon”, and made note of his interest in his wife's "black arse hole", suggesting that any child she had would be illegitimate. In his 1650 work, <mask> described Ashley as someone who just “never loved any but boyes.”

References

Clerks of the Privy Council
Knights Bachelor
People from Dorset
Baronets in the Baronetage of England
<mask>
1551 births
1628 deaths
English people of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
English MPs 1589
English MPs 1593
Members of the Parliament of England

masks:
Anthony Ashley
Anthony Ashley
Anthony Ashley
Anthony Weldon
Anthony


title: Ibn Abbas

texts:
<mask> (; c. 619– 687 CE), also known as <mask>, was one of the cousins of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He is considered to be the greatest mufassir of the Qur'an. He was the son of <mask> ibn Abd al-Muttalib, an uncle of Muhammad, and a nephew of Maymunah bint al-Harith, who later became Muhammad's wife. During the early struggles for the caliphate he supported Ali, and was made governor of Basra. He withdrew to Mecca shortly afterwards. During the reign of Muawiyah I he lived in Hejaz and often travelled to Damascus. After Muawiyah I died in 680 CE he fled to at-Ta'if, where he died in around 687 CE.'Abd Allah <mask> was highly regarded for his knowledge of traditions and his critical interpretation of the Qur'an. From early on, he gathered information from other companions of Muhammad and gave classes and wrote commentaries. Biography

Family
He was the third son of a wealthy merchant, ‘<mask> ‘Abd al-Muttalib, thus he was called <mask> (the son of <mask>). His mother was Umm al-Fadl Lubaba, who prided herself in being the second woman who converted to Islam, on the same day as her close friend Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, Muhammad's wife. The father of <mask> and the father of Muhammad were both sons of Shaiba ibn Hashim, better known as ‘Abdu’l-Muṭṭalib. Shaiba bin Hashim's father was Hashim ibn Abd Manaf, the progenitor of the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraish tribe in Mecca. 619–632: Muhammad's era
<mask> was born in 3 BH (619–620 CE) and his mother took him to Muhammad before he had begun to suckle.This event represented the beginning of a close relationship between them. As he grew up, he was by Muhammad's side doing different services

masks:
ʿAbdullah ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Abbas
ibn Abbas
Abbas ibn
Ibn Abbas
Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas


title: Ibn Abbas

texts:
 like fetching water for ablution (). He would pray () with Muhammad and follow him on his assemblies, journeys and expeditions. It is said that Muhammad would often draw him close, pat him on the shoulder and pray, "O God! Teach him (the knowledge of) the Book (Qur'an) ". Muhammad had also supplicated for him to attain discernment in religion. <mask> kept following Muhammad, memorizing and learning his teaching.Muhammad's statement

In , Muhammad fell into his last illness. During this period, the Hadith of the pen and paper was reported, with <mask> as the first-level narrator, at that time about twelve years old. Days after that, <mask> and Ali supported Muhammad's weight on their shoulder, as Muhammad was too weak to walk unaided. 632–634: Abu Bakr's era

Inheritance from Muhammad

<mask><mask> was thirteen years old when Muhammad died. After Abu Bakr came to power, <mask> and his father were among those who unsuccessfully requested part of Muhammad's inheritance. Abu Bakr said that he had heard Muhammad say that prophets do not leave inheritance behind as a divine rule. Continued education
After Muhammad's era, he continued to collect and learn Muhammad's teaching from Muhammad's companions (), especially those who knew him the longest.He would consult multiple Sahaba to confirm narrations, and would go to as many as thirty Companions to verify a single matter. Once he heard that a Sahaba knew a hadith unknown to him. In addition to his own scholarship, <mask> was a teacher. His house from where he taught became the equivalent of a university. One of his companions described a typical scene in front of his house:

He held classes on one

masks:
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Abbas
Ibn '
Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas


title: Ibn Abbas

texts:
 single subject each day. His classes covered topics such as tafsir, fiqh, Halal and Haraam, ghazawa, poetry, Arab history before Islam, inheritance laws, Arabic language and etymology. 634–644: Umar's era

Advising Umar
Umar often sought the advice of <mask>qas said:

656–661: Ali's era

Battle of Siffin

<mask> remained a staunch supporter of the fourth Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib, during Ali's war with Muawiyah, including at the Battle of Siffin.He had also been given the position of governor of Basra during Ali's reign as Caliph. A large group of Ali's army were discontented with the outcome of Ali's war with Muawiyah, and broke off into a separate group that became known as the Khawarij or Kharijites. <mask> played a key role in convincing a large number of them to return to Ali; 20,000 of 24,000 according to some sources. He did so using his knowledge of Muhammad's biography, in particular, the events of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. 680–683: Yazid's era
Sunnis believe that <mask> was in favour of the unity of the Muslims and hence did not revolt against rulers. He advised Husayn ibn Ali against his proposed expedition to Kufa that ended at Karbala. Wives and children
By a Yemenite princess named Zahra bint Mishrah, <mask> had seven children.<mask>, the first born, who was childless. Ali ibn Abdullah (died 736), who was the grandfather of the first two Abbasid caliphs, who replaced the Umayyads in 750. Muhammad, who was childless. Ubaydullah, who was childless. Al-Fadl, who was childless. (Riverine Sudanese trace their ancestry to al-Fadl through a son named Saeed, whose mother is said to be from the Ansar). Saad had two children
 Lubaba, who

masks:
Ibn Abbasaq
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Al Abbas


title: Ibn Abbas

texts:
 married Ali ibn Abdullah ibn Jaafar and had descendants.He had another daughter, Asma, by a concubine; she married her cousin Abdullah ibn Ubaydullah ibn <mask> and had two sons. Hadith transmitted by him
<mask> narrated that Muhammad said, "Two favours are treated unjustly by most people: health and free time." (from Sahih Bukhari, at-Tirmidhi, ibn Majah and al-Nasa'i)

<mask> reported: Muhammad said, "He who does not memorize any part from the Qur'an, he is like the ruined house." (from Tirmidhi)

On the authority of <mask>, who said, "One day I was behind (i.e. riding behind him on the same mount) the Prophet and he said to me: 'Young man, I shall teach you some words (of advice). Be mindful of Allah, and Allah will protect you. Be mindful of Allah, and you will find Him in front of you.If you ask, ask of Allah; if you seek help, seek help of Allah. Know that if the nation were to gather together to benefit you with anything, it would benefit you only with something that Allah had already prescribed for you, and if they gather together to harm you with anything, they would harm you only with something Allah had already prescribed for you. The pens have been lifted and the pages have dried." (from Tirmidhi)

Al Hakim records on the authority of <mask> that Muhammad advanced, carrying upon his back Hassan ibn Ali, and a man met him and said, 'an excellent steed thou ridest, lad!'. Muhammad replied, 'and he is an excellent rider.' Ali ibn Husam Adin (commonly known as al-Mutaki al-Hindi) records that <mask> narrated that Muhammad said the following about his deceased aunt Fatima, the mother of Ali: "I (Muhammad) put on her my shirt that she

masks:
Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
ibn Abbas
ibn Abbas


title: Ibn Abbas

texts:
 may wear the clothes of heaven, and I lay in her grave that I may lessen the pressure of the grave. She was the best of Allah’s creatures to me after Abu Talib".Legacy
As ʿAbd-Allah's knowledge grew, he grew in stature. Masruq ibn al Ajda said of him:
<mask> is highly respected by both Shia and Sunnis. The 1924 Cairo edition Quran adopted the chronological order of chapters promulgated by <mask>ās, which subsequently became widely accepted following 1924. His descendants

Views
<mask> viewed that Tafsir can be divided in four categories:
 The category the Arabs knew because of its language
 Those of ignorance, of which no one will be excused
 Those the scholars know
 Those no one knows except Allah ( )

Sunni view

Sunni view him as the most knowledgeable of the Companions in tafsir. A book entitled Tanwir al-Miqbas min Tafsir <mask> is tafsir, all explanations of which may go back to <mask>. Of all narrations transmitted by <mask>, 1660 were considered authentic () by the authors of the two Sahihs. Regarding <mask> giving verdicts () in favor of Nikah Mut'ah, most Sunnis view that Ali corrected him on the matter, while other view that "<mask> position on the permissibility of Mut'ah until his last day is proven" per the Hadith of <mask>-Zubayr and Mut'ah.Sunnis describe thus:

See also
List of Islamic scholars
Sunni view of the Sahaba

References

External links
Narrations from <mask> in Tasfir ibn Kathir
Hadith by <mask> <mask> Collected By Bukhari

Sahabah hadith narrators
Family of Muhammad
Quranic exegesis scholars
Islam articles needing attention
7th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
619 births
687 deaths
Banu <mask>
Rashidun governors

masks:
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abb
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Ibn al
Ibn Abbas
Abdullah Ibn
Abbas
Abbas


title: Nicholas Bethell, 4th Baron Bethell

texts:
<mask>, 4th Baron <mask> (19 July 1938 – 8 September 2007) was a British politician. He was a historian of Central and Eastern Europe. He was also a translator and human rights activist. He sat in the House of Lords as a Conservative from 1967 to 1999. He served as an appointed member of the European Assembly from 1975 to 1979, and as an elected Member of the European Parliament from 1979 to 1994, and from 1999 to 2003. Early life
Bethell's parents were <mask> (11 April 1904 – 17 October 1964) and Ann Margaret Frances (née Barlow; 27 September 1919 - 17 August 1996). His father was a stockbroker who served in the Royal Artillery in the Second World War.His father was the third son of <mask>, a banker and Liberal politician, who became 1st Baron <mask> in 1922. His mother was the daughter of Lieutenant Colonel Robert Barlow. His parents divorced in 1946. His mother subsequently remarried three times. Education
Bethell was educated at Harrow. He trained as a Russian interpreter during his National Service from 1956 to 1958, and studied Oriental Languages at Pembroke College, Cambridge, specialising in Arabic and Persian. He graduated in 1962, and befriended Polish students in Cambridge.He resumed his education at Cambridge as a mature student, and earned his PhD in 1987. Political and literary career
After he graduated, Bethell worked for the Times Literary Supplement from 1962 to 1964, and was a script editor for the BBC Radio Drama department from 1964 to 1967. The protest of 88 and Index on Censorship
Professor emeritus at Georgetown University  Peter

masks:
Nicholas William Bethell
Bethell
William Gladstone Bethell
John Bethell
Bethell


title: Nicholas Bethell, 4th Baron Bethell

texts:
 Reddaway describes in some detail the role of Bethell and his close acquaintance Alexander Dolberg in "sabotaging samizdat". In 1968, for instance, Bethell supplied The Sunday Times with the text of a long, anonymous protest against the invasion of Czechoslovakia (published by The Sunday Times on 11 September) which was signed, so he asserted, by "88 of the leading Moscow progressive writers". The BBC and Radio Liberty were offered the same text by Dolberg (under his pen name "David Burg") but, unlike The Sunday Times, did not agree to publicize it. At a time when prominent writers, scientists and public figures throughout the USSR had openly signed letters of protest against the January 1968 trial of Alexander Ginzburg and Yury Galanskov, and eight rights activists had demonstrated on 25 August that year on Red Square against the invasion of Czechoslovakia a few days earlier, the "anonymous protest" was regarded, at the least, as a hoax. Neither its author nor any more than three of its signatories were subsequently identified.One consequence of this debacle was that Michael Scammell rather than <mask> was chosen in 1971 to be director of Writers and Scholars International, the new NGO which founded the quarterly Index on Censorship periodical. House of Lords
<mask>'s father died in 1964, and he inherited the barony on the unexpected early death of his cousin Guy Anthony <mask>, 3rd Baron <mask> on 2 December 1967. He sat in the House of Lords as a Conservative until the House of Lords Act 1999 removed most hereditary peers from the chamber. He was

masks:
Nicholas Bethell
Nicholas Bethell
John Bethell
Bethell


title: Nicholas Bethell, 4th Baron Bethell

texts:
 disease in later life, dying at age 69. He was survived by his second wife, and his three sons. He was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son, <mask>, 5th Baron Bethell. Works
Wladyslaw Gomulka: his Poland and his communism, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969. The War Hitler Won, September 1939, London: A. Lane 1972. The Last Secret : forcible repatriation to Russia 1944-7, with introduction by Hugh Trevor-Roper, London : Deutsch, 1974.Russia Besieged, Alexandria, Va. : Time-Life Books, 1977. The Palestine Triangle: the struggle between the British, the Jews and the Arabs, 1935–48, London : Deutsch, 1979. Betrayed, London: Times Books, 1984; published in North America as The great betrayal: the untold story of Kim Philby's biggest coup, Toronto: Hodder & Stoughton, 1984. Spies and Other Secrets, 1994. Translations
Six Plays by Slawomir Mrozek. Elegy to John Donne, And Other Poems, London: Longmans 1967 by Joseph Brodsky. Cancer Ward by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, 1968.The Love Girl and the Innocent by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, 1969. The Ascent of Mount Fuji by Chingiz Aitmatov, 1975. References
Daily Telegraph obituary, 11 September 2007
Obituary, The Guardian, 11 September 2007
Obituary, The Independent, 13 September 2007
The Peerage

Notes

External links
Presentation of the Schuman Medal to Lord <mask> MEP (archived copy)

1938 births
2007 deaths
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
British activists
British anti-communists
Conservative Party (UK) MEPs
Conservative Party (UK) Baronesses- and Lords-in-Waiting
Deaths from Parkinson's

masks:
James Bethell
Bethell


title: Steve Owens (Missouri)

texts:
<mask> (born c. 1955) is an attorney and higher education leader. After serving in private practice with a large Kansas City--based law firm, he joined the University of Missouri System as General Counsel  2008. The UM System, headquartered in Columbia, Missouri, includes four doctoral granting public research universities and a fully integrated academic medical center. He served as Interim President of the UM System from January 2011 to February 2012 and then returned to his previous position as General Counsel. Later, he was named Interim Chancellor of the System’s flagship university, the University of Missouri-Columbia, and served in that position from November 2013 to February 2014 after which he again returned to his previous position as General Counsel. Among the events that occurred on his watch as president was the decision in 2011 for the university system's flagship school, the University of Missouri in Columbia, to move from the Big 12 Conference (which it had a relationship from its predecessor in 1907) to the Southeastern Conference. Early life
<mask> was born in Kansas City, Missouri and attended Glendale High School in Springfield, Missouri, where he was student body president.He was the third generation of his family to attend the University of Missouri. While at MU he was a member of the varsity tennis team and tapped into honor societies QEBH and Omicron Delta Kappa. After graduating from the University of Missouri in 1977 with a BS in Public Administration, <mask> attended Wake Forest University School of Law. He received his JD in 1980 and then clerked for the Honorable William Robert Collinson, United States Judge for the Western District of Missouri. In 1981 <mask> joined the Kansas City, Missouri law firm Stinson, Mag, & Fizzell (now Stinson LLP). While at the law firm, he was named partner; served on the firm's board of directors and its executive committee; and chaired the firm's litigation department and its complex litigation and class action division. He has been selected for "The Best Lawyers in America" and "The Kansas and

masks:
Steve Owens
Owens
Owens
Owens


title: Steve Owens (Missouri)

texts:
 Missouri Super Lawyers" peer listings and he has Martindale Hubble's highest ratings (AV Preeminent) for competence and ethics.As part of his private practice, <mask> and law partner Robert Lattinville launched a sports law group that grew to include Norm Stewart, Rick Majerus, Cheryl Burnett, Jackie Stiles and others as clients. <mask> and Lattinville were designated "Preferred Counsel" by the Women Basketball Coaches Association. University of Missouri
In January 2008, <mask> became General Counsel for the University of Missouri System. When university president Gary D. Forsee unexpectedly announced his resignation to care for his sick wife, <mask> was appointed Interim President of the university in January 2011. During the time <mask> was Interim President, the university faced an 8% reduction in state support and a projected $42 million revenue shortfall, but balanced its $2.7 billion budget and provided faculty and staff with their first pay raise in three years. Also during <mask>' tenure, the university's 50-year-old pension plan was reformed; student enrollment continued to grow; and the academic credentials of incoming student continued to improve. He also expanded the University's ethics hotline and promulgated a rule reiterating academic freedom for faculty and protecting classroom discussions for students.In 2011, while <mask> was Interim President, the longstanding and lucrative relationship between the University of Missouri-Columbia and the Big 12 athletic conference was thrown into turmoil after Texas A&M University announced it was moving to the SEC and the University of Oklahoma announced it would explore its options to realign with another athletic conference (the University of Nebraska and University of Colorado had left the year before). Looking to get stability for its athletic program and budget, <mask> worked with the university's governing board and campus leaders to move the school to the SEC. The university became a member of the SEC effective July 1, 2012. In November 2013, <mask> was named Interim Chancellor of the

masks: Owens Owens Owens Owens Owens Owens Owens Owens Owens