title: Jeffrey Frederick

texts:
 (bass, mandolin, piano, guitar), Willis Allen (keyboards); Sport Arnold (drums, vocals); Darius (clarinet, sax, guitar), Johnny Fingers (lead guitar), B. B. Morse (later of Willie Nelson's band) (bass, vocals), Tommy Ward lap steel guitar, and the Horn Brothers, Dolph and Rookie Fisher (trombone and trumpet). The Jeffrey Frederick Band became wildly popular among the infamous saloons of Virginia City, the clubs of Reno and Lake Tahoe, and the bars of Dayton, Yerington and Fallon, Nevada. Later years
On New Year's Eve, 1983, <mask> married Kathryn Noel Bennett and informally adopted her children.Shortly after, <mask> and Kathryn acquired the infamous Dayton, Nevada saloon, The End Of The Trail. Owning the bar allowed <mask> to perform regularly while maintaining a stable family life. The <mask>s eventually wearied of running a bar, and <mask> returned to playing gigs, shuttling between Nevada and Portland. He was recording a new album with his Nevada band when he received a nearly fatal head injury in 1986. After a prolonged recuperation, he returned to writing and playing music as well as working a variety of jobs to help support his new family. In 1996, the <mask>s moved back to Portland, Oregon. <mask> reformed the Clams and began working with old colleagues and new musicians such as Turtle Vandemarr (Freak Mountain Ramblers, Christmas Jug Band, Anita Margarita and the Rattlesnakes, previously with Dan Hicks), Kevin "Bingo" Richey (Bingo Dream Band, Mojave Lords), and Jim Boyer (Freak Mountain Ramblers).Highly charismatic and an inveterate prankster, <mask> once again achieved near-legendary status both within and without the musical community. When he succumbed to

masks: Frederick Frederick Frederick Frederick Frederick Frederick Frederick Frederick


title: Jeffrey Frederick

type: original

texts:
 liver failure (related to treatment for his head injury) in March 1997, <mask>'s memorial service was attended by hundreds of mourners, including Portland's mayor, and the local PBS television station, KOPB, played videotapes of his performances continuously all day. He was survived by his wife, Kathryn, her children Robyn and Paul Bennett, his son, Jake Ray, his sister, Eileen Gilander, and his parents. <mask>'s surviving band members, protégés and admirers are currently recording a series of tribute albums highlighting his songwriting, the first of which was released by Frederick Productions in Fall, 2008. "To <mask> it wasn't a successful show unless he 'made 'em dance' and he always had us dancing." <mask>. Partial discography
Have Moicy!(as Michael Hurley, The Unholy Modal Rounders, <mask>, & The Clamtones) (1976), Rounder Records
Spiders In The Moonlight (1977), Rounder Records. Out of print, but a remastered and expanded version has been issued on CD as Resurrection of Spiders In The Moonlight (2007), Frederick Productions. I Make a Wish for a Potato (as "Holy Modal Rounders and Friends") (2003), Rounder Records
Jeffrey Frederick Band, Live At The Icehouse (2003), Frederick Productions
Oooh La La… Les Clams (2004), Frederick Productions
<mask>, Clamtones B.C (2005), Frederick Productions
St. Jeffrey's Day: The Songs of <mask>, Volume I (2008), Frederick Productions
Ole' Bunny Brown; Jeffry <mask> & the Clamtones (2019), Frederick Productions/Red Newt Records

Notes and references

External links
jeffreyfrederick.com, Facebook, MySpace profile

 Facebook

American country singer-songwriters
1950 births
1997 deaths
20th-century American singers
Singer-songwriters

masks:
Frederick
Frederick
Jeffrey
Kathryn Frederick
Jeffrey Frederick
Jeffrey Frederick
Jeffrey Frederick
Frederick


title: Lydia von Wolfring

texts:
<mask> (born 27 March 1867: died after 1920) was a Polish-born social reformer. She lived in Vienna for slightly more than ten years, between 1899 and 1910. During that time she emerged as a highly effective pioneering advocate for child protection. Life and works
<mask> was born in Warsaw, the elder of her father's two daughters by approximately two years. Warsaw at this time was an ethnically diverse city of some 250,000 inhabitants, and the administrative capital of "Congress Poland", a semi-detached state of the Russian empire. Of <mask>'s mother nothing is known. Her father, Dr. <mask> (1832-1906) was a professor of Ophthalmology at the University of Warsaw.His name suggests that the family may have been members of the city's German-speaking minority, but there are references to <mask> having spoken German, Russian, Polish, English and Italian. (She wrote articles in French, which many in Europe still regarded as the universal language at this time.) Vienna citizen registration records for 1910/11 (by which time her father had died) show her occupations as "Gutsbesitzerin" ("property owner") and "Schriftstellerin" ("author"):  she described herself as a "Kosmopolitin auf dem Gebiete der Philanthropie" ("cosmopolitan [woman] in the philanthropy sector"). There are indications that her health was never robust. Her first contact with Vienna came about through Michael Hainisch whom she met and got to know while both of them were undergoing a hydrotherapy cure at Kaltenleutgeben. Michael Hainisch, who later embarked on a successful career in national politics, was a son to the leading women's rights activist Marianne Hainisch. Much later, in a memoire, he would recall <mask> <mask> as "a girl both beautiful and brilliant".She was awakened to the subject of child protection during the winter of 1898/99 through reading the 1897 German-language edition of "Entartete Mütter. Eine psychisch-juridische Abhandlung" (loosely, "Degenerated mothers: a

masks:
Lydia von Wolfring
Lydia von Wolfring
Lydia
Emil von Wolfring
Lydia
Lydia von
Wolfring


title: Lydia von Wolfring

texts: psychological-juridical study") by Lino Ferriani. Ferriani was an Italian prosecuting magistrate based in Como. He had been troubled by cases he had encountered. <mask> reacted by getting in touch with Ferriani, whom she visited in March 1899. Under his guidance she studied the relevant literature and undertook an eight month research tour of northern Italy, Switzerland and France. She visited prisons, asylums, so-called correctional institutions and orphanages.She spoke to parents who had been convicted of child abuse. She went on to make a detailed study of child protection associations which had already been set up in the United States and in England in order to benchmark these for the future creation of a child protection office in Vienna integrated into the justice system. This auto-didactic approach to study and the acquisition of knowledge more broadly was not untypical among well informed young women impatient to learn more, at a time when university attendance was, in almost every case, accessible only to males. The decision to take a lead as a child protection activist in Austria was partly down to friendships and family connections that she and her sister already had to the country. There were more personal experiences that led her in the same direction. During a prison visit in Innsbruck she came across a case of boys aged between 10 and 12 being detained and left in solitary confinement simply in order to protect them from the adult prisoners, there being no more appropriate provision for juvenile offenders. A further trigger came from widely read press reports of two cases of child abuse leading to the deaths of victims.More broadly the reports triggered outrage among readers of mass-circulation newspapers who had previously been able to avoid awareness of the extreme outcomes to which such cases might lead. Today it must nevertheless be recognised that certain actions within the family which today would be widely seen in western Europe


title: Lydia von Wolfring

texts: as abusive were still completely normal during the final decades of the nineteenth century. Parents had a "right to punish" bad behaviour by their own children:  physical punishment was most frequently carried out by fathers. On 7 November 1899 <mask> arrived in Vienna armed with an impressive collection of facts and statistics. It is not clear whether she was accompanied by her aging father, or if he was already by this stage living in Vienna. It seems likely that her younger sister Sophie, who according to at least one source had married the ambitious  young university professor of psychology, Sigmund Fuchs (1859-1903) in 1896, was already living in the city. Sophie had met her husband while she was studying at the university medical faculty.<mask> had already, in June 1899, undertaken a culture-oriented trip to Paris during the course of which she had met the pioneering Vienna feminist Marianne Hainisch. From reports provided by Hainisch it is clear that the lengthy conversations  that they held that summer, <mask> Wolfring had already formulated a clear and detailed action programme to be implemented once she moved to Vienna. She arrived with the statutes and organisation plan for an Austrian child protection association fully worked through. She recruited child protection campaigners and co-workers, at least initially, from activist members of the women's movement in Vienna, which comprised women, such as herself, from the city's haute-bourgeoisie. She sustained close contacts, in particular, with Marianne Hainisch and Auguste Fickert. The inaugural meeting of the "Kinder-Schutz- und Rettungsgesellschaft" ("Child Protection and Rescue Society") was held in Vienna on 28 December 1899. <mask> delivered a lecture on the topic "How should we protect children from mis-treatment and Crime?".The lecture was subsequently featured in the Year Book for 1903 of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. She was offered but turned down the

masks:
Lydia
Lydia
Lydia von
Von Wolfring


title: Lydia von Wolfring

texts: presidency if the new association. This, in the judgement of supporters and admirers, was an error. She nevertheless accepted a critical organisational role as its "general secretary". High hopes accompanied the launch of the association, and by the time <mask> <mask> resigned from the executive committee in 1901 important progress had been made. There were 90 children being looked after in residential care, allocated between a house in Kritzendorf and two "villas" at Maria Enzersdorf (both locations being just outside Vienna). Later during 1901, becoming increasingly restless, she quit the "Kinder-Schutz- und Rettungsgesellschaft", keen to concentrate on social reform more broadly and to campaign - not without some success in the longer term - for child protection to be more firmly embedded in statute and, in the more immediate term, treated as a government priority.Implicitly, she seems to have taken the view that some of those calling the shots at the "Kinder-Schutz- und Rettungsgesellschaft" were excessively accepting about the status quo, and she began to gather friends around her in order to set up a new organisation. The "Pestalozziverein zur Förderung des Kinderschutzes und der Jugendfürsorge in Wien" ("Vienna Pestalozzi Association for the promotion of child protection and youth welfare") was launched in 1903. Residential care for abused and neglected children again became the priority, but expansion seems to have been driven by need rather than by criteria based on affordability:  finding the funds for the organisation's activities was a constant struggle. For as long as her health held out, <mask> was tireless in her fundraising efforts, while also pursuing her researches into the causes of social alienation affecting children. She continued to write articles and deliver lectures detailing the changes that were necessary in order to address society's pressing need for structured child protection. She pursued the demands, which she had first

masks:
Lydia von
Wolfring
von Wolfring


title: Lydia von Wolfring

texts:
 published in a 12-page booklet published in 1902, for an end to societal acceptance of fathers' rights to commit violence against children [as a disciplinary device]. In August 1907 she organised and led the first Austrian Child Protection Congress, which was held in Vienna.<mask> <mask> left Vienna in 1910, and little is known of her final years. Research in the Vienna citizen registration records discloses only that she left the city "on health grounds". Towards the end of her time in Vienna it is known that she  suffered a health breakdown and was required to undergo a major operation which failed to deliver a cure for her condition. It is known, also, that Tuberculosis was rife in Vienna during this period, and references have been found to her having "commuted between Switzerland and Warsaw, always stopping off in Vienna along the way" during the later years of her life. Her sister's young husband had died in 1903 and when her sister died in 1920 it was at Davos, a health resort well known at the time for the healing properties against Tuberculosis of its high-altitude mountain air. Irrespective of the state of her own health, <mask> <mask> was still alive in January 1920 when her name appeared as one of the originators of the announcement, which appeared in Vienna's daily newspaper, the Neue Freie Presse, of her sister's death. In that announcement she is identified as "<mask> v.Wolfring, Warschau", indicating that she had survived for long enough to experience Poland's return to independence.<mask> <mask>'s contributions did not go unnoticed abroad. Particular joy accompanied her acceptance of an honorary membership of the respected New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. It was an honour accorded to very few. Notes

References

1867 births

19th-century women educators
20th-century women educators
Austrian women essayists
Austrian feminists
Child welfare in Austria
Social reformers
Polish women activists

People from

masks:
Lydia von
Wolfring
Lydia von
Wolfring
Lydia
Lydia von
Wolfring


title: Leonardo Messina

texts:
<mask>Narduzzo" <mask> (born San Cataldo, September 22, 1955) is a Sicilian former mafioso who became a government informant or "pentito" in 1992. His testimony led to the arrest of over 200 mafiosi during the so-called "Operation Leopard" (). Messina has implicated several politicians and government officials with ties to Sicilian Mafia, in particular Giulio Andreotti, seven times Prime Minister for Italy. Early career
Born in San Cataldo, Caltanissetta, Messina was from a family of mafiosi going back a few generations. "I represent the seventh generation belonging to Cosa Nostra," he said. "I was affiliated not because I was a robber or because I was able to kill, but because I was bound to become a member by family tradition." He left elementary school and became involved in burglary.He was imprisoned several times. In April 1982 after serving four years for armed robbery he eventually became a "man of honour" in the local Mafia family of San Cataldo. Messina became a close friend of Giuseppe Madonia, the boss of Vallelunga – one of the most important Mafia families in the province of Caltanissetta and an ally of the Corleonesi. In 1984 he was arrested again for the killing of a drug dealer. He stayed in prison until 1989. After his release, he organized a drug trafficking ring for Giuseppe Madonia that covered several region in Italy. Madonia, in the meantime, had become the representative of the province of Caltanissetta in the Interprovincional Commission of Cosa Nostra.Arrest and pentimento
Messina was arrested in April 1992 and decided to become a government informant (pentito). He was the first mafioso to start collaborating after the Capaci massacre in which judge Giovanni Falcone, his wife and three men of his police escort were killed. He said he

masks:
Leonardo "
Messina


title: Leonardo Messina

texts:
 Prestifilippo and Vincenzo Puccio … all that’s left are men without character, who are their puppets." Public-sector contracts
An important part of <mask>’s testimony was information on how the Mafia maintained its grip on construction and public-sector contracts in Sicily, which some experts suggest is the Sicilian Mafia’s greatest source of income. He revealed the identity of Totò Riina's "minister of public works" Angelo Siino – a businessman who oversaw the Mafia’s public-sector contracts, collected the bribes, met the entrepreneurs and politicians, made the threats and, if necessary, ordered the killings. Messina himself was heavily involved negotiating the contracts as the underboss of the Mafia family with an aging leader, acting as the intermediary between business leaders and politicians. Government contracts were an important source of revenue and virtually nothing got built without Mafia approval and the necessary kickbacks. "The rule is that any firm starting a job on the territory of a family must contact a man of honour of that family, in order to establish … the percentage to be paid to the Mafia family, considering the overall value of the work," according to Messina.Masonic lodges played an important role to tie the necessary contacts. All the most senior Mafia bosses were affiliated to the Masonry, according to Messina, which represented a “meeting point for everyone”. Mafia and politics
Perhaps Messina's most devastating revelations were about the relations between Cosa Nostra and Italian politics. He was the first pentito to name Giulio Andreotti as the ultimate point of reference of a chain of political exchanges that should have adjusted the sentence of the Maxi Trial that had established Cosa Nostra a single hierarchical organisation


title: Leonardo Messina

texts:
 Carnevale to be removed from the case." Legacy
Although a mafioso of minor importance from the province of Caltanissetta, Messina’s early testimony about the links between Cosa Nostra and politics was of crucial importance at the time. The knowledge about the inner workings of the top echelon of Cosa Nostra, he obtained from Giuseppe Madonia – considered to be the number two of the Mafia around 1990. He was a key witness for the prosecution against the Mafia in the province of Caltanissetta. On December 4, 1992 he appeared before the Italian Parliamentary Antimafia Commission led by senator Luciano Violante. However, some of his declarations were far fetched.He claimed that there was Mafia Commission on a global scale, which has been discarded by most serious academics and law enforcement specialists. He also claimed Umberto Bossi and the League of the North, a political organization advocating the separation of Northern and Southern Italy, was a "creature" of the Sicilian mafia in order to set up a similar League of the South controlled by the Mafia. References

Jamieson, Alison (2000), The Antimafia. Italy’s Fight Against Organized Crime, London: MacMillan Press
Labrousse, Alain; Laurent Laniel and Alan A. Block (2002). The World Geopolitics of Drugs, 1998/1999, Dordrecht (Netherlands): Kluwer Academic Publishers
Lyman Michael D. and Gary W. Potter (2000). Organized Crime, Prentice-Hall
Paoli, Letizia (2003).Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style, New York: Oxford University Press
Stille, Alexander (1995). Excellent Cadavers. The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, New York: Vintage

External links
 Messina <mask>, short biography

1955 births
Living people
People from San Cataldo, Sicily
Gangsters from the Province of


title: Zalman Schachter-Shalomi

texts:
<mask> (28 August 1924 – 3 July 2014), commonly called "<mask>" (full Hebrew name: ), was one of the founders of the Jewish Renewal movement and an innovator in ecumenical dialogue. Early life
Born <mask> in 1924 to Shlomo and Hayyah Gittel Schachter in Żółkiew, Poland (now Ukraine), Schachter was raised in Vienna, Austria. His father was a liberal Belzer hasid and had Zalman educated at both a Zionist high school and an Orthodox yeshiva. Schachter was interned in detention camps under the Vichy French and fled the Nazi advance by fleeing to the United States in 1941. He was ordained as an Orthodox rabbi in 1947 within the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic community while under the leadership of the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, and served Chabad congregations in Massachusetts and Connecticut. In 1948, along with Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach, Schachter was initially sent out to speak on college campuses by the Lubavitcher Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson. In 1958, Schachter privately published what may have been the first English book on Jewish meditation.It was later reprinted in The Jewish Catalog, and was read by a generation of Jews and as well as some Christian contemplatives. Schachter left the Lubavitcher movement after experimenting with "the sacramental value of lysergic acid" from 1962. With subsequent rise of the hippie movement in the 1960s, and exposure to Christian mysticism, he moved away from the Chabad lifestyle. Career and work

From 1956 to 1975, Reb <mask> was based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, though he

masks:
Meshullam Zalman Schachter Shalomi
Reb Zalman
Meshullam Zalman Schachter
Zalman


title: Zalman Schachter-Shalomi

texts: through the merit of his Talmudic study.This tradition was not limited to Hasidism but also was applied to non-Hasidic rabbis such as Yechezkel Landau of Prague and the Gaon of Vilna. The Son or Grandson of the Tzaddik — This role applied to Hasidic Rebbes who would utilize ancestral merit of a Hasidic predecessor to invoke blessing. In Yiddish, the term eynikl (grandson) would sometimes be used. Often, this role involved the use of petitions at the gravesite of the Hasidic predecessor. Examples cited of this type include Boruch of Medzhybizh who was the grandson of the Baal Shem Tov, the founder of Hasidism. The Block Rebbe — This type is viewed to have developed in New York City from 1900 to 1940 and involved a grandfatherly role to local Jewish residents. The Kabbalist — This role, also known in Hebrew as the Ba'al M'kubal, involved expertise in the theoretical teachings of Jewish mysticism.Examples cited include Shneur <mask> of Lyady (the founder of Chabad Hasidism), Yisroel Hopstein (the Maggid of Kozhnitz), and Isaac of Komarno. The Spiritual Guide — This role, known in Hebrew as the Moreh Derekh ("Teacher of the Path"), reflects the Hasidic notion that Rebbe is the expert on matters of the Love anf Fear of God. The Hasidic Rebbe Aharon Roth reportedly insisted on the use of this term. While Schachter-Shalomi notes that Hasidim valued the living guide over the use of books, some Rebbes, such as Shalom Dovber of Lubavitch, wrote various tracts for different types of spiritual seekers. The Tzaddik of the Generation — This


title: Zalman Schachter-Shalomi

texts:
 role, known in Hebrew as Tzaddik HaDor, or Rashey Alafim ("Head of Thousands"), invokes the stature of Biblical leaders and is viewed mystically as the conduit of all blessing for the Jewish people of that generation. Death
<mask> Schachter-Shalomi died in 2014 at the age of 89. Honors
Rabbi <mask> Schachter-Shalomi was honored by the New York Open Center in 1997 for his Spiritual Renewal.In 2012 his book Davening: A Guide to Meaningful Jewish Prayer won the Contemporary Jewish Life and Practice Award (one of the National Jewish Book Awards). He was also recognized as a shaikh in the Sufi Order of Pir Vilayat Khan in the United States and in the Holy Land. In 2012, the Unitarian Universalist Starr King School for the Ministry awarded Schachter-Shalomi an honorary doctorate of theology, and he gave a popular series of lectures on the "Emerging Cosmology". Works
Schachter-Shalomi produced a large body of articles, books, audio and video recordings. His free-association homiletical style, typical of Hasidic-trained rabbis, and his frequent use of psychological terminology and computer metaphors are appreciated by many first-time readers. His publications include:

Personal life
Schachter-Shalomi was married four times and was the father of 11 children. At his passing, he was survived by his wife of 20 years, Eve Ilsen, along with children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren.References

External links

 Articles by Rabbi <mask> Schacter-Shalomi

 Index of Works by Rabbi <mask> Schachter Shalomi
 The Reb Zalman Legacy Project

masks: Zalman Zalman Zalman Zalman


title: Zalman Schachter-Shalomi

texts:
 Patheos interview with Reb <mask> on interfaith dialogue
 Beyond Jewish Triumphalism, an interview with Reb <mask> by Patheos
 Zalman M. Schachter Shalomi Collection, University of Colorado Boulder Libraries

1924 births
2014 deaths
American feminist writers
American Jewish Renewal rabbis
Jewish emigrants from Austria to the United States after the Anschluss
Austrian Orthodox Jews
Boston University alumni
Hebrew Union College alumni
Jewish American writers
Jewish Renewal rabbis
Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
LGBT rights activists from the United States
Male feminists
Naropa University faculty
Rabbis of Vienna
People from Zhovkva
Temple University faculty
Writers from Boulder, Colorado
Orthodox Jewish feminists
20th-century American rabbis
21st-century American rabbis
Polish emigrants to

masks: Zalman Zalman


title: Constant Nieuwenhuys

texts:
<mask> (21 July 1920 – 1 August 2005), better known as <mask>, was a Dutch painter, sculptor, graphic artist, author and musician. Early period
<mask> was born in Amsterdam on 21 July 1920 as the first son of Pieter Nieuwenhuijs and Maria Cornelissen. Their second son, <mask>, was born a year later. Both sons became artists although their parents had no apparent interest in art. As a young child <mask> drew passionately and showed great talent. He read literature with a special preference for poetry and played musical instruments. During his teenage years he learned to sing and to read music while in the church choir at the Ignatius Gymnasium, a prestigious Jesuit school in Amsterdam.In his later years, greatly inspired by gypsy music, he only played improvised music. He played guitar, violin and at 45 years of age also mastered playing the cimbalon. <mask> painted his first oil painting, De Emmaüsgangers, at age sixteen. It depicted the revelation of Jesus to two of his followers in Emmaus. With no money to buy materials he painted this painting on a jute sugar bag with pigments he had bought from a house painter. Many of <mask>'s early drawings and paintings are religiously inspired, due to his Jesuit schooling. Yet at the age of twenty <mask> turned his back on Catholicism.After one year studying at the Kunstnijverheidsschool (Arts and Crafts School), <mask> attended the Rijksakademie voor Beeldende Kunst (State Academy of Fine Arts) from 1939 to 1941. This education in craftmanship was put to use especially during his "New Babylon" period, when <mask> built

masks:
Constant Anton Nieuwenhuys
Constant
Constant
Jan Nieuwenhuys
Constant
Constant
Constant
Constant
Constant
Constant


title: Constant Nieuwenhuys

texts: many constructions and models. <mask> lived and worked in Bergen from 1941 to 1943. Through the Bergense School he was introduced to the work of Paul Cézanne, which impacted him deeply, as evident in Zelfportret (Self Portrait), 1942. On 13 July 1942 he married Matie van Domselaer, the daughter of the composer Jakob van Domselaer. The city of Bergen was evacuated by the Germans in 1943 and so <mask> and Matie moved back to Amsterdam. During this period <mask> went into hiding and refrained from registering at the Kulturkammer (Nazi Chamber of Culture) to avoid the Arbeitseinsatz (labour supply for the Germans).Because of this he was unable to conventionally exercise his craft or to buy art supplies. To paint <mask> used tablecloths and bed linen and had to rinse them out to start again. During the war <mask>'s brother in law, Jaap van Domselaer, moved into the apartment to hide from the 'Arbeitseinsatz.' He introduced <mask> to Plato, Spinoza, Descartes, Kant, Hegel and Marx. Especially the latter provided great inspiration to <mask> regarding his later ideas on art and society. During the winter famine of 1944 <mask>'s first son, Victor Nieuwenhuys, was born. After the war, <mask>, his wife and son moved back to Bergen only to return to Amsterdam in 1946 where they lived in an apartment across from the zoo Artis.When the war ended <mask> was able to expand and grow as an artist after years of captivity and limitations. He liberated himself artistically and experimented with multiple techniques of art-making. He was inspired by Cubism, especially by Georges

masks: Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant


title: Constant Nieuwenhuys

texts:
 Braque. In 1946 his daughter Martha was born, followed by his daughter Olga in 1948. CoBrA
In 1946 <mask> travelled to Paris for the first time where he met the young Danish painter Asger Jorn. The friendship between Jorn and <mask> later formed the basis for the avant-garde movement CoBrA. July 1948 <mask> founded Reflex  with Corneille, Karel Appel and his brother Jan Nieuwenhuys.The first edition of the magazine Reflex was published with a manifesto written by <mask>. For <mask> art had to be experimental. He had deducted this from the French word 'expérience' and believed that art springs from experience of the artist and is continuously changing. In the manifesto he stated that the process of creation is more important to the experimental artist than the work itself; it is a means to reach spiritual and mental enrichment. Also, the work of experimental artists is a mirror image of changes in the general perception of beauty. <mask>, Corneille and Appel, three totally different characters and artists, were united in their quest for innovation. They exhibited their work together and were often seen together in the European art scene.The wanderlust of the three is especially notorious. Later in the year 1948 on the terrace of café Notre Dame in Paris the Experimentele Groep in Holland linked up with Christian Dotremont and Joseph Noiret from Belgium and Asger Jorn from Denmark to form CoBrA, a name which was made by Dotremont, formed by the first letters of their hometowns: Copenhagen, Brussels and Amsterdam. The members opposed aesthetics in painting and

masks: Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant


title: Constant Nieuwenhuys

texts: bourgeois art in general. <mask> had already outlined their ideas in his manifesto in Reflex magazine. This manifesto contains another of his famous quotes: "A painting is not a structure of colours and lines, but an animal, a night, a cry, a man, or all of these together". <mask> was productive during the CoBrA period. White Bird (1948), Ladder (1949) and Scorched Earth I (1951) are some of his noted works from this period.At this time CoBrA published bulletin additional artists from several different disciplines joined their ranks. In 1948 <mask>, together with poet Gerrit Kouwenaar, published a poetry album Goede Morgen Haan. Additionally there were two large CoBrA exhibitions, one in Amsterdam in 1949 and one in Liège in 1951. The director of the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam (Municipal Museum of Amsterdam), Willem Sandberg, was very supportive of young artists and fully supported the CoBrA group by giving them seven large rooms to exhibit their work in. Most of the CoBrA works had been fairly small due to their lack of money and so Sandberg gave the artists an advance to create some larger works in the week before the exhibition. <mask>, Corneille, Appel and Eugène Brands created several large pieces of art that have become iconic for the movement. The architect Aldo van Eyck was commissioned to shape the exhibition.The works of art as well as the way they were presented give rise to harsh critique from press and public. A critic from Het Vrije Volk wrote: "Geklad, geklets en geklodder in het Stedelijk Museum" ("Smirch, twaddle and mess in the Municipal

masks: Constant Constant Constant Constant


title: Constant Nieuwenhuys

texts:
 Museum"). The CoBrA artists were considered scribblers and con artists. In the Liège exhibition in 1951, even larger than the Stedelijk exhibition, the CoBrA group dissolved itself and with its tenth edition bulletin publication. As Christian Dotremont, the international secretary, stated in Museum News in 1962 the group would rather "mourir en beauté" (die in beauty) than become a regular artist interest group. Situationist International

After CoBrA Constant's work became more abstract. Back in Amsterdam in the summer of 1952 he developed an interest in spatial architecture and three-dimensional works.With Aldo van Eyck, whom he met during his CoBrA time, he created a space for the exhibition 'Man and House' at the Urban Museum Amsterdam from 1952-1953. In 1954 he worked on a project with Gerrit Rietveld. Together they created a model house for warehouses de Bijenkorf. In 1952 <mask> received a scholarship from the Arts Council of Great Britain to study in London for three months. There he met, amongst others, Henry Moore, Anthony Hill, Kenneth Martin, Ben Nicholson, Barbara Hepworth, Roger Hilton and Victor Pasmore. He found the art climate in London very welcoming. As opposed to Paris, <mask> felt that art was judged more objectively.At that time <mask> lived near Kensington Gardens and as he walked through the bombed city every day he started to wonder how people live and how cities should be built. His stay in London raised his awareness of how the constructions that surround us influence us. He felt that the constructions of his time were mostly

masks: Constant Constant Constant


title: Constant Nieuwenhuys

texts: practical, immensely dull and provided no room to develop playful and creative lifestyles. In the summer of 1956 Asger Jorn invited <mask> to Alba, Piedmont, Italy, for a congress dedicated to 'Industry and the Fine Arts' initiated by 'Mouvement pour un Bauhaus Imaginiste' (International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus). At this congress <mask> presented his lecture Demain la poésie logera la vie in which he pleaded for a free architecture which could stimulate a creative lifestyle rather than impede it.In 1952 Debord had founded the Lettrist International for which he was a writer, filmmaker and strategic activist. The 'Lettrist International' were also at the Alba congress and they pleaded for a unitary urbanism (the synthesis of art and technology). Later that year <mask> visited Debord in Alba, which proved to be an inspiration for both.Debord wanted to establish an even more radical movement which would totally abandon the arena of fine art while solely focusing on questions of psychogeography, a total dissolution of boundaries between art and life. In 1957 he and Asger Jorn brought together the International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus and the Lettrist International by establishing Situationist International. They specifically denied their status as an art movement. <mask> did not join SI at that time. He objected to the SI on the ground that the movement seemed to be established mainly by artists who have their own interest at heart more than a common goal. When SI openly pleaded for 'unitary urbanism', as defined by <mask> and Debord, <mask>


title: Constant Nieuwenhuys

texts:
 joined. An intensive correspondence between him and Debord followed.<mask> wrote several theoretical articles for the French SI journal and staged events at several museums in Paris as well as the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam, where he showed his New Babylon series in 1959. The success of the New Babylon show in 1959 prompted SI to plan a group exhibition there in April–May 1960. This exhibition would never take place. Disagreements in the group resulted in a split and several expulsions. In 1960 <mask> left the group for the same reason he initially objected to joining. By 1961 no one remained of the original artistic core or tendency except Debord himself. though members more allied to the SI's political tendency remained.New Babylon

Back in Amsterdam after his stay in London, Nieuwenhuys started to focus mainly on architecture and the urban environment. The focal point of his work was finding out what potential added value art can provide in intensifying daily life, in which there is room for creative expression. He abandoned painting to work solely on his New Babylon project from 1956 to 1974. With New Babylon Nieuwenhuys envisioned a "world wide city for the future" where land is owned collectively, work is fully automated and the need to work replaced with a nomadic life of creative play. New Babylon is inhabited by homo ludens, who, freed from labor, will not have to make art, for he can be creative in the daily practice of his life. In Nieuwenhuys' own words:
The project of New Babylon only intends to give the minimum conditions for a behaviour that

masks: Constant Constant


title: Constant Nieuwenhuys

texts:
 must remain as free as possible. Any restriction of the freedom of movement, any limitation with regard to the creation of mood and atmosphere, has to be avoided.Everything has to remain possible, all is to happen, the environment has to be created by the activity of life, and not inversely. The New Babylon project consisted of a series of models, constructions, maquettes, collages, drawings, graphics and texts expressing <mask>'s theories of urban development and social interaction. A few examples of spatial constructions for which he used modern materials like stainless steel, aluminum and perspex are Het Ruimtecircus (1956) (Spatial Circus) and Het Zonneschip (1956) (Sunvessel). In 1974 the New Babylon project officially came to an end with a large exhibition in the Gemeentemuseum Den Haag. Because he lacked room to store the vast collection of constructions, maquettes, maps and structures he sold them all to the museum. In 1999 <mask>'s New Babylon: City for Another Life, opened at the Drawing Center in New York. It was his first solo exhibition in the United States and was curated by Mark Wigley.There was a symposium conducted in conjunction with the exhibition. According to the Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas, <mask> has made a lot of architects think with his New Babylon: "He was an example of courage". Colorism
<mask> returned to painting, watercoloring and graphics in 1969. Until the mid-1970s, the subjects of his imaginary world New Babylon still crowded his work. However, more and more, he was inspired by contemporary and political issues, including such

masks: Constant Constant Nieuwenhuys Constant


title: Constant Nieuwenhuys

texts:
 things as the Vietnam War, African famine and Kosovo refugees. Marxism was a strong influence. Rudi Fuchs said in his foreword to the Catalogue of Constant Paintings in 1995: "there are people who consider <mask>'s later work as a return to tradition.I, however, do not share this opinion. Because I consider his later development from the 1970s as greater penetration into the garden of painting." In the tradition of the Venetian Renaissance painters, Titian and Tintoretto, <mask> applied himself to the technique of colorism. Following this technique the artist doesn't make use of charcoal or pencil sketches but applies colour directly on the canvas with the paintbrush, constructing soft transitions instead of sharp contours. The most important feature of this technique is the way light is expressed in the painting by integrating it into the colour. This technique is laborious. The painting comes to life layer by layer.<mask> painted with oil on canvas and every layer he applied then needed to dry. In this period <mask> produced a mere three to four paintings per year. Public space

In 1949 <mask> decorated a garden wall in Tibirkelunde, Sjelland, Denmark. In 1963 The Gate of Constant was placed at the entry of a sports park in the west side of Amsterdam. <mask> designed the forty-foot-high concrete structure as a commission for the Municipality of Amsterdam. For almost three decades the structure adorned the entry in anonymity until Rita Doets, a former employee of the municipality, left money in her legacy to construct an information sign next to the gate.


title: Constant Nieuwenhuys

texts:
 <mask>'s widow, Trudy Nieuwenhuijs, was present at the inauguration.In 1966 <mask> designed a fountain for the Kooiplein in Leiden. For years the structure didn't function and slowly withered. When the square was redesigned in 1999, the fountain was repaired. New equipment made sure that the shoppers were not bothered by the water. Death
<mask> died on 1 August 2005 and was survived by his son and his three daughters, and by his widow and her daughter. Films
Gyromorphosis (1958), 7 min - In Gyromorphosis, film maker Hy Hirsh strives to display the kinetic qualities of the New Babylon structures of <mask> Nieuwenhuys. One by one he puts parts of the structures in motion and films the details with colored lighting having them overlap each other, appear and disappear.He creates a sensation of acceleration and suspense suggested by the work itself. Accompanying Simon Vinkenoog to <mask>'s New Babylon (1962), 15 min - Lies Westenburg visits <mask> at his studio with writer Simon Vinkenoog. Simon Vinkenoog and <mask> discuss the ideas behind the New Babylon project. <mask> oder der Weg nach New Babylon (1968), 55 min - For ten years <mask> worked on his New Babylon project as a reaction to the architectural and social reality. Film maker Carlheinz Caspari follows <mask> and his visions. Cobra, a revolt against order (1986), 50 min - Documentary by Jan Vrijman about the meaning and influence of the COBRA group, then and now. <mask>, Avant le Départ (2005), 82 min - <mask> died in the summer of 2005.Thomas Doebele and Maarten Schmidt filmed the artist during the last

masks: Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant


title: Constant Nieuwenhuys

texts:
 months of his life. They followed him and his dog, Tikus, on their daily stroll to the artist's studio, where he finished his last painting Le Piège. New Babylon de Constant (2005), 13 min - New Babylon visually captured by <mask>'s son Victor Nieuwenhuijs and Maartje Seyfert. Exhibitions
This is an incomplete list of <mask>'s exhibitions over the years:
 1940 at the Aalderink art gallery in Amsterdam (together with Hans Wiesman, first exhibition for Constant)
 1947 Santee Landweer art gallery in Amsterdam (first solo exhibition for <mask>)
 1953 For a spatial colorisme in the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam Constant with Aldo van Eijck
 1956 XXVIII Esposizione Biennale Internazionale d'Arte, Venice
 1959 II. Documenta, Kassel
 1959 Constant. Constructions and models Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
 1961 Niw (sic!) Babylon in the Stedelijk Museum Schiedam
 1964 4.Documenta, Kassel
 1964 Académie Royale, Kopenhagen
 1964–1965  '45-'85 Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
 1966 New Babylon at the Biennale of Venice (<mask> represented the Netherlands)
 1967 New Babylon in Kunstnernes Hus, Oslo
 1974 New Babylon, Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
 1974–1975 Constant. An illustration of freedom [drawings 1945-74], Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
 1978 Constant. Paintings 1969-77, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
 1980 Constant. Paintings 1940-1980, Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
 1985 Work from the period 1975-1985, Centraal Museum in Utrecht
 1985 Arbeiten auf Papier 1948-1985, in Kultur-historischen Museum der Stadt Bielefeldt
 1986 Constant 1945-1983, Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn
 1993 Constant. Drawings,


title: Constant Nieuwenhuys

texts:
 Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
 1994 Constant. Models / Constructions, Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
 1994–1995 Constant. Œuvreprijs 1994, Chabot Museum, Rotterdam
 1996 Constant: paintings 1948-1995, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam & Nordjyllands Kunstmuseum Ålborg
 1997 Situacionistes.Art, politica, urbanisme, Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona (MACBA)
 1998 Constant, etchings and lithographs, Museo de Bellas Artes de Caracas, Venezuela
 1998–1999 Constant - New Babylon, Witte de With (Centrum voor hedendaagse kunst), Rotterdam
 1999 Another City for Another Life: <mask>'s New Babylon, The Drawing Center, New York
 2001 Constant, une rétrospective, Musée Picasso Antibes
 2002 Constant. New Babylon, Documenta 11, Platform 5, Kassel Hauptbahnhof
 2004 Constant graphic, Cobra Museum
 2005–2006 Tribute to <mask>, Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
 2006 Play! The art of play, Cobra Museum
 2008–2009 Constant. In his studio, Stedelijk Museum Schiedam
 2009 Time as Matter. MACBA collection. New Acquisitions, Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona
 2009 Intensely Dutch, Art Gallery of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia
 2011 Klee und Cobra. Ein Kinderspiel, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern, Switzerland
 2012 Klee and Cobra.A Child's Play'', Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Humlebaek and Cobra Museum

Public collections
<mask>'s artworks can be found in the following public collections. 1960 Sikkens Award (together with Aldo van Eyck)
 1966 Premio Cardazzo at the Venice Biennale
 1971 Royal decoration of 'Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau' (refused)
 1974 David Röell Award for his work as a


title: Constant Nieuwenhuys

texts:
 draughtsman
 1985 Singer Award for his entire body of work
 1991 Resistance Award of the Foundation Artist Resistance 1942-1945
 1994 Oeuvre Award from Foundation Fund for Fine Arts, Design & Engineering

Further reading
This list does not include <mask>'s own writings. Klee and Cobra. A Child's Play. Michael Baumgartner en Kirsten Degel, Ludion, Amsterdam, 2012
 Constant. The late period. Trudy van der Horst, BnM publishers, 2008
 In Girum Imus Nocte et Consumimur Igni.The Situationist International (1957–1972). JRP|Ringier, Zürich, 2006
 Constant. Grafics. Waanders uitgevers/Editions Cercle d'Art, Zwolle/Paris, 2004
 CoBrA. The color of freedom. The Schiedam collection. NAi publishers, Rotterdam, 2003
 Après nous la Liberté.Constant and the artistic avant-garde in 1946-1960. Marcel Hummelink, academic thesis privately published, 2002
 The Activist Drawing Retracing. Situationist Architectures from <mask>'s New Babylon to Beyond. Edited by Catherine de Zegher and Mark Wigley, The Drawing Center, New York, 2001
 Constant. Une rétrospective. Musée Picasso, Antibe, 2001
 Constant. L'atelier d'Amsterdam.Jean-Clarence Lambert, Editions Cercle d'Art, Paris, 2000
 The Child in Cobra. Cobra Museum for modern art, Amstelveen, 2000
 Constant's New Babylon. The hyper-architecture of desire. Mark Wigley, Zero, Rotterdam, 1998
 The A of COBRA in word en image. 50 years Cobra. Jaski Art Gallery, Amsterdam, 1998
 Cobra. Copenhague.Bruxelles. Amsterdam. Art éxperimental 1948-1951. Musée cantonal des Beaux-Arts et Hirmer Verlag, Munich, 1997
 Constant. Schilderijen/Paintings


title: Constant Nieuwenhuys

texts:
 1948-195. Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, 1996
 <mask>. Aquarellen/Watercolors 1975-1995.Haags Gemeentemuseum, 1996
 Constant. Les Aquarelles. Jean-Clarence Lambert, Editions Cercle d'Art, Paris, 1994
 Cobra. Richard Miller, Nouvelles Éditions Françaises, Paris, 1994
 Constant. Les trois escpaces. Jean-Clarence Lambert, Editions Cercle d'Art, Paris, 1992
 New Babylon. Constant.Art et Utopie. Jean-Clarence Lambert, Editions Cercle d'Art, Paris, 1992
 Documents Relatifs À La Fondation De L'Internationale Situationiste 1948-1957. Éditions Allia, Paris, 1985
 Cobra 1948-1951. Éditions Jean-Michel Place, Paris, 1980
 Cobra. History, foreplay and meaning of a movement in art after the second world war. Willemijn Stokvis, De Bezige Bij, Amsterdam, 1980

References

External links
website bij <mask>'s son and his film 'New Babylon de Constant', bio with photos
management foundation Stichting "Fondation Constant" with bio and photos
Constants works and photos at 'not bored' a situationist site
Interview with <mask>, 2003
Constants works at Tate Galery
Constant texts on New Babylon a situationist site

1920 births
2005 deaths
Painters from Amsterdam
Situationists
20th-century Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
Dutch contemporary


title: Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon

texts:
<mask> (22 November 1693–27 May 1775) was a daughter of <mask>, Prince of Condé, and his wife, <mask>, légitimée de France, a legitimised daughter of King Louis XIV of France and his famous mistress, <mask>. She was the wife of <mask>, Prince of Conti. It was <mask>th who presented <mask>ur to the court of King Louis XV of France. <mask>th was the Duchess of Étampes in her own right, having succeeded to the title at the death of her aunt, <mask>, Dowager Duchess of Vendôme. The county of Sancerre, previously held by her brother Louis Henri I, Prince of Condé, also became her property in 1740 at his death. Biography
<mask>th was born on 22 November 1693, at the Palace of Versailles. As a member of the House of Bourbon-Condé, she was a princesse du sang.In youth, she was known at court as <mask>moiselle de Charolais, a style later borne by her younger sister. Her parents' second daughter, and third child, she was one of nine children. She was baptised in the chapel of Versailles on 24 November 1698 with her brother Louis Henri and her sister <mask>. Marriage
At the age of seventeen, it was suggested by her ambitious mother that she marry one of the king's grandsons, the young Duke of Berry. The marriage, however, did not take place due to the machinations of <mask>th's aunt, the Duchess of Orléans, who wanted the Duke for her own daughter, <mask> Élisabeth d'Orléans. On 9 July 1713, <mask>th married her first cousin Louis Armand <mask>, Prince of Conti, at Versailles. Her husband, who was three years younger than his bride, had become the Prince of Conti in 1709 upon the early death of his father François Louis, Prince of Conti.His mother was the pious Marie Thérèse <mask>, eldest granddaughter of Le Grand Condé.

masks:
Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon
Louis III de Bourbon
Louise Françoise de Bourbon
Madame de Montespan
Louis Armand II de Bourbon
Louise Élisabe
Madame de Pompado
Louise Élisabe
Marie Anne de Bourbon
Louise Élisabe
Made
Louise Anne
Louise Élisabe
Marie Louise
Louise Élisabe
de Bourbon
de Bourbon


title: Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon

texts:
 Her marriage was part of a double wedding between the Condé and Conti branches of the House of Bourbon; <mask>th's older brother Louis Henri <mask> married <mask>moiselle <mask>, Marie Anne <mask>-Conti. The ceremony took place in the newly built Royal Chapel of Versailles. Present at the wedding were her mother, paternal grandmother the Princess Palatine Anne, Dowager Princess of Condé; Charles, Duke of Berry, and his wife <mask> Élisabeth d'Orléans, her uncles Louis-Auguste <mask>, duc du Maine, Louis-<mask> <mask>, comte de Toulouse and Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, as well as her aunts Françoise-<mask> <mask>, Duchess of Orléans, and the two widowed Princesses of Conti, Marie Anne <mask> and Marie Thérèse <mask>. In August 1716, at the age of twenty-two, <mask>th contracted smallpox from her husband, whom she had been nursing through his illness. A year later she gave birth to her first child. She and her husband had five children.The Princess Palatine Elizabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Orléans (Madame), sister in law of Louis XIV and famous memoir writer, wrote of <mask>th circa 1719:

{{quote|She is a person full of charms, and a striking proof that grace is preferable to beauty. When she chooses to make herself agreeable, it is impossible to resist her. Her manners are most fascinating; she is full of gentleness, never displaying the least ill-humour, and always saying something kind and obliging. It is greatly to be regretted that she is not in the society of more virtuous persons, for she is herself naturally very good; but she is spoiled by bad company. She has an ugly fool for her husband, who has been badly brought up; and the examples which are constantly before her eyes are so pernicious that they

masks:
Louise Élisabe
de Bourbon
Made
de Conti
de Bourbon
Marie Louise
de Bourbon
Alexandre de
Bourbon
Marie de
Bourbon
de Bourbon
de Bourbon
Louise Élisabe
Louise Élisabe


title: Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon

texts:
 have corrupted her and made her careless of her reputation. Her amiable, unaffected manners are highly delightful to foreigners. Among others, some Bavarians have fallen in love with her, as well as the Prince Ragotzky; but she disgusted him with her coquetry...she does not love her husband, and cannot do so, no less on account of his ugly person than for his bad temper. It is not only his face that is hideous, but his whole person is frightful and deformed. She terrified him by placing some muskets and swords near her bed, and assuring him that if he came there again with his pistols charged, she would take the gun and fire upon him, and if she missed, she would fall upon him with the sword. Since this time he has left off carrying his pistols.}} <mask>th had several extramarital affairs, such as her liaison with the handsome Philippe Charles <mask> Fare. These infidelities incensed her husband, whose jealousy made him turn physically violent against his wife. He is reported to have hurt his wife to the point that she had to see a doctor on two separate occasions.After a particularly dramatic scene in the Conti household, the princess refused to live with her husband anymore and took refuge with her mother. Later she fled to a convent. According to Saint-Simon, she once said of her husband:

he could not make a prince du sang without her, while she could make one without him. The first years of her marriage were full of court cases at the Parlement de Paris against her husband due to his violent temper and her desire to leave him. In 1725, she consented to return to the Prince of Conti, who had her confined to the Château de l'Isle-Adam. She was able later, however, to convince him to allow her to return to

masks:
Louise Élisabe
de La


title: Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon

texts:
 Paris in order to give birth to her daughter, <mask>. Her husband died a year later.Due to his open support of the Scottish economist John Law who had implemented the introduction of paper money to France during the Régence of the young King Louis XV of France, her husband had made a fortune. Her husband died in 1727 at the Hôtel de Conti (quai Conti) in Paris due to a "chest swelling". <mask>th was known at court either as Madame la Princesse de Conti troisième or Madame la Princesse <mask>ti dernière douairière, in order to distinguish <mask>th from the other two widowed princesses of Conti still alive:
Marie Anne <mask> (1666–1739), the legitimised daughter of Louis XIV and <mask> La Vallière and wife of Louis Armand <mask> <mask>, Prince of Conti. She was known as Madame la Princesse de Conti première douairière as she was the first to be widowed in 1685. Her husband's Conti title fell upon his younger brother, <mask> <mask>, Prince of Conti. Marie Thérèse <mask> (1666–1732), the wife of François Louis <mask>, Prince of Conti and <mask>th's mother-in-law. She was known as Madame la Princesse de Conti seconde douairière after losing her husband in 1709.In 1733 <mask>th purchased a townhouse with an extensive garden on the rue Saint-Dominique in Paris from Françoise <mask> (widow of Louis Phélypeaux, Marquis de La Vrillière), and hired the architect Nicolas Simonnet to redecorate the interiors. At that time it also became known as the Hôtel de Conti. It is shown on the 1739 Turgot map of Paris as "H. de Conty". The Dowager Princess and her aunt the Dowager Duchess of Orléans joined forces in 1743 to arrange the marriage of her son to her first cousin, <mask> d'Orléans, and that of her daughter to <mask>'s

masks:
Louise Henriette
Louise Élisabe
de Con
Louise Élisabe
de Bourbon
Louise de
I de
Bourbon
François de
Bourbon
de Bourbon
de Bourbon
Louise Élisabe
Louise Élisabe
de Mailly
Louise Diane
Louise Diane


title: Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon

texts:
 nephew, the heir to the House of Orléans. This helped to somewhat smooth over the century-long feud between the House of Condé and House of Orléans, a feud fueled by the animosity between <mask>th's mother and aunt, the Princess of Condé and the Duchess of Orléans, both legitimised daughters of Louis XIV and <mask> Montespan. After the death of her mother in June 1743, she acquired the château de Louveciennes, which later reverted to the Crown. Louis XV in turn gave it to the successor of <mask> Pompadour, Madame du Barry.The Dowager Princess of Conti later also acquired the château de Voisins''. Later, in 1746, the Dowager Princess was asked by Louis XV to present his new mistress, the future <mask> Pompadour, at court. She attended the ball at Versailles in honour of the marriage of Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain to Louis, Dauphin of France in 1745. According to Nancy Mitford's <mask> Pompadour book, the proud Dowager Princess was annoyed at no one recognising her. She obliged the king in the hope that he would help her escape her debts, a tactic which worked. Just before her death, the princess gave her townhouse on the rue Saint-Dominique in Paris to her son, and she died there at the age of eighty-one, on 27 May 1775. She was buried at the Église Saint-Sulpice in Paris.She had just sold the Hôtel de Conti (rue Saint-Dominique) to her grandson Louis François <mask>-Conti who moved in in the next year. Issue

Ancestry

References

|-

1693 births
1775 deaths
People from Versailles
<mask>
<mask>
Dukes of Étampes
18th-century French women
17th-century French women
People of the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans
People of the Ancien Régime
<mask>
Etampes, Duchess of, <mask> <mask>
<mask>
Burials at

masks:
Louise Élisabe
Madame de
Madame de
Madame de
Madame de
de Bourbon
Louise Elisabeth
Louise Elisabeth
Louise Elisabeth
Louise Elisabeth
de Bourbon
Louise Elisabeth


title: Peter Schmeichel

texts: <mask>  (; born 18 November 1963) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He is best known for his most successful years at English club Manchester United, whom he captained to victory in the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final to complete the Treble. He also won the UEFA Euro 1992 with his country Denmark. Born in Gladsaxe, Copenhagen, <mask> was famous for his intimidating physique – at  tall and weighing close to  during his playing days – and wore specially made size XXXL football shirts. A fierce competitor, he was known for his loud, unstinting criticism of perceived mistakes by his defenders. Unusually for a goalkeeper, <mask> scored 11 goals during his career, including one for the national team. He is also the most capped player for the Denmark national team, with 129 games between 1987 and 2001.In addition to Euro 92, he played for his country at the 1998 FIFA World Cup and three additional European Championship tournaments. He captained the national team in 30 matches. He also represented Gladsaxe Hero, Hvidovre, Brøndby, Sporting CP, Aston Villa and Manchester City in a career that lasted from 1981 until 2003 and yielded 24 trophies. Regarded as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all-time, he was voted the IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper in 1992 and 1993, and in 2000, the IFFHS also ranked <mask> among the top 10 goalkeepers of the 20th century, and is argued by many to be the greatest goalkeeper in Premier League history alongside Petr Čech. In 2001, <mask> won a public poll held by Reuters, in which the majority of the 200,000 participants voted him as the best goalkeeper ever,

masks:
Peter Bolesław Schmeichel
Schmeichel
Schmeichel
Schmeichel
Schmeichel


title: Peter Schmeichel

texts:
 ahead of Lev Yashin and Gordon Banks. In 2003, <mask> was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in recognition of his impact on the English game. In March 2004, he was named as one of the "125 greatest living footballers", at the FIFA 100 celebrations.His son, Kasper, is also a professional goalkeeper, currently playing for Premier League side Leicester City and the Danish national team. Career

Early years
<mask> was born in the Søborggård parish of Gladsaxe, Denmark, to Inger, a Danish nurse, and Antoni "Tolek" <mask>, a Polish jazz musician. He held Polish citizenship until 1970 when he, his father, and his three sisters became Danish citizens. <mask> inherited his middle name – Bolesław – from his great-grandfather. He spent his early years in the town of Buddinge, Copenhagen, and began his football career playing for a team in the adjacent suburb of Høje-Gladsaxe. His first match came on 7 August 1972 at the age of 8. After a two-and-a-half-year unbeaten run, <mask> was approached by BK Hero, a team from a few divisions above Høje-Gladsaxe and with one of the largest youth football schemes in Denmark.BK Hero merged with Gladsaxe BK in 1979 to form Gladsaxe-Hero BK, and <mask> was presented with the opportunity to play for the Zealand FA's junior representative team. Eventually graduating to the Gladsaxe-Hero senior squad, <mask> met his first mentor in Svend Aage Hansen, the first team coach at the club, and later to become his father-in-law. With Gladsaxe-Hero already relegated from the Danish Third Division with three games to go, Hansen promoted Schmeichel and six others from the youth team for a

masks: Schmeichel Schmeichel Schmeichel Schmeichel Schmeichel Schmeichel Schmeichel


title: Peter Schmeichel

texts: match against IF Skjold Birkerød. The team lost 1–0, but <mask> received mentions in local newspapers for his personal performance. At the end of the season, Hansen explained to Schmeichel his plan for the future, which involved <mask> spending two more seasons with Gladsaxe-Hero BK before moving on to Hvidovre, playing for the Danish national team, and eventually having a successful career abroad. <mask> admits that he had received an offer to play for B 1903's youth team, but he turned it down as the club "seemed a bit boring". The following season Gladsaxe-Hero needed only to avoid defeat to Stubbekøbing to prevent relegation from the Danish National League.In the end, <mask> played one of the best games of his career and Gladsaxe-Hero won the match. At the end of the game, Hansen's daughter, Bente, ran onto the pitch and hugged <mask>. The two ended up going out as a couple, and they eventually got married. Before becoming a professional footballer, <mask> had to work a number of jobs to make ends meet. His first job came in the dyeing department of a textile factory, but safety concerns led to his resignation. He then spent 12 months as a cleaner at an old people's home, before taking up an office job with the World Wildlife Fund. He originally worked in the organisation's shops, but three weeks after he joined, the store manager left and <mask> was promoted to the position of sales manager.Soon after, <mask> was called upon to do his four weeks of compulsory military service. However, this coincided with Hvidovre's summer training camp in Portugal, which he was permitted to go on with the proviso that he

masks: Schmeichel Schmeichel Schmeichel Schmeichel Schmeichel Schmeichel Schmeichel Schmeichel


title: Peter Schmeichel

texts:
 completed his military service the following month. Nevertheless, the delicate organisational situation that arose between the WWF, the Danish defence department and Hvidovre prompted <mask> to give up working for the WWF. A job with his father-in-law's flooring firm came next, until he realised that his knees could not support his  frame for eight hours a day, and he was offered a job with the advertising firm owned by Hvidovre's chairman, Niels Erik Madsen. This was to be his last job outside football, as he was offered a contract with Brøndby the following spring. Professional career

Brøndby (1987–1991)
Despite the fifth best defence in the league, conceding 40 goals in 30 games, Schmeichel and Hvidovre finished in 14th place and were relegated in 1985. After only a single season, the club bounced right back to the 1st Division, but Schmeichel was lost by Hvidovre to Danish runners-up Brøndby IF before the 1987 season.Winning the Danish league in his first year, he joined a club which he helped turn into a success. He made his debut for the Danish national team in May 1987, under national manager Sepp Piontek, and was selected for the Euro 88 tournament, where he eventually became Denmark's starting goalkeeper, after initially serving as a back-up to Troels Rasmussen in Denmark's opening 3–2 defeat to Spain; Denmark lost both of their remaining two matches 2–0 to West Germany and Italy, however, and were eliminated in the first round of the competition. In all, <mask> and Brøndby won four championships in five seasons. The climax of his Brøndby career would come in the European 1991 UEFA Cup competition, which saw

masks: Schmeichel Schmeichel


title: Peter Schmeichel

texts:
 <mask> as an important part of the team that reached the semi-finals, keeping seven clean sheets in the competition. The club was eliminated from the tournament following a 2–1 away defeat to Roma with a last-minute goal by Rudi Völler. Following the tournament, <mask> was voted 10th in "The World's Best Goalkeeper 1991" poll by the IFFHS. Manchester United (1991–1999)

Following his showings on the international scene, Manchester United signed <mask> on 6 August 1991 for £505,000, a price described in 2000 by Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson as the "bargain of the century."It was mainly because at the time, <mask> was a relative unknown outside Denmark, especially within the United squad members. <mask> played the bulk of his career for United, eight years in total. With United, <mask> won five FA Premier League titles, three FA Cups, one League Cup, and the UEFA Champions League. Manchester United finished as runners-up in <mask>'s first season (also winning the Football League Cup for the first time in the club's history), but it was on the international stage that <mask> enjoyed his biggest success that year. In the Danish national team under new national manager Richard Møller Nielsen, <mask> was Denmark's starting goalkeeper at the Euro 92 tournament which they won. Although Denmark initially finished behind Yugoslavia in their qualification campaign for the final tournament, the latter nation were banned from the competition, while Denmark replaced them in the finals. <mask> made a string of important saves during the tournament, keeping a clean sheet in Denmark's opening 0–0 draw against England, and

masks: Schmeichel Schmeichel Schmeichel Schmeichel Schmeichel Schmeichel Schmeichel Schmeichel Schmeichel Schmeichel


title: Peter Schmeichel

texts: producing decisive stops against Eric Cantona and Jean-Pierre Papin in a 2–1 win over France to advance to the last four.In the semi-finals against defending champions the Netherlands, following a 2–2 draw after extra time, he stopped a penalty kick from Marco van Basten – the only miss of the shoot-out – which enabled Denmark to advance to the final in a 5–4 shootout victory. <mask> also made several decisive saves in the final, and even held a cross with one hand, keeping a clean sheet in his nation's 2–0 victory over Germany. For his performances throughout the season, he was elected "The World's Best Goalkeeper of 1992" by IFFHS. In the 1992–93 season, 22 clean sheets from <mask> helped United win the Premier League championship, the first time the club had won England's top trophy in 26 years. <mask> was once again named "The World's Best Goalkeeper" in 1993. In January 1994, <mask> fell out with Ferguson, as United had squandered a 3–0 lead to draw 3–3 with Liverpool. The two had a row where <mask> "said the most horrible things", and he was subsequently sacked by Ferguson.A few days later, <mask> made an improvised apology to the other players. Unknown to him, Ferguson was eavesdropping on this, and he let <mask> stay at Manchester United. <mask> and United repeated the Premier League championship win at the end of the season, also capturing the FA Cup. United were denied a domestic treble by losing the 1994 League Cup Final to Aston Villa, a game for which <mask> was suspended. At international level he suffered disappointment as Denmark failed to qualify for the 1994 FIFA World Cup. <mask> played for Denmark


title: Peter Schmeichel

texts: at Euro 96, hosted by England. The defending European Champions went out in the preliminary group stage, despite delivering results equivalent to the Euro 92 tournament in the first round.Following a match against Arsenal in November 1996, <mask> was accused of racism by Arsenal striker Ian Wright. During the game, <mask> and Wright had a number of controversies, and at the end of the game, the two players confronted each other on their way off the pitch. After the game, news emerged of a police inquiry into the incident, where it was alleged that <mask> had made a racist remark. After months of politicising by The FA and The PFA, who wanted a "converted" <mask> as their posterboy of the "Kick Racism out of Football" campaign, no evidence was found and the case was dropped. Under new national manager Bo Johansson, <mask> was a part of the Danish squad at the 1998 FIFA World Cup. He was one of the leading members of the Danish campaign, which ended in a 3–2 quarter-final defeat to Brazil. <mask> ended his Manchester United career on the highest note, when <mask> and United won the Treble, the FA Premier League title, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League, in the same season.In that year's FA Cup semi-final against Arsenal, <mask> saved a penalty kick by Dennis Bergkamp in the last minutes of the game (which <mask> revealed he was unaware of time), to send the game into extra time. In the absence of the suspended Roy Keane, he captained United in the UEFA Champions League final in May 1999. German opponents Bayern Munich had a 1–0 lead until the dying minutes of the game, when United received a corner kick. <mask> ran into


title: Peter Schmeichel

texts:
 the attack attempting to cause confusion, and Teddy Sheringham scored the equalising goal. A few seconds later, Ole Gunnar Solskjær scored the 2–1 winner for United to ensure that <mask>'s United career ended on the highest possible note. In an unforgettable celebratory moment, <mask> was shown cartwheeling gleefully in his area after Solskjær's winning goal. With his departure, Manchester United had trouble finding a replacement for him, going through several high-profile goalkeepers including Mark Bosnich, Massimo Taibi, Fabien Barthez, Tim Howard and Roy Carroll before finally buying Edwin van der Sar, who Sir Alex Ferguson considered the best goalkeeper to have played for the club since <mask>.<mask> played his 129th and last international against Slovenia in 2001. He kept a clean sheet in the match – something he had done, staggeringly, in 42 per cent of his appearances for Manchester United. <mask> will be remembered as far more than being the greatest goalie in the history of De Rød-Hvide and the Red Devils. Indeed, in a 2001 Reuters poll, he beat Lev Yashin and Gordon Banks to be named the finest keeper in football history. Despite being a goalkeeper, he would run into the attack on corner kicks if his team was behind. The sight of him going up for the corner was a great distraction to opposing defenders. He scored a goal in this fashion, for Man United, in a UEFA Cup match against Rotor Volgograd at Old Trafford in September 1995.He scored in the last minutes of the game to tie the match 2–2, though United were eliminated from the tournament on the away goals rule. Sporting CP (1999–2001)
Schmeichel decided

masks: Schmeichel Schmeichel Schmeichel Schmeichel Schmeichel


title: Peter Schmeichel

texts: to leave English football at the end of the 1998–99 season, as the gruelling 60-game season, which came with playing with a successful club, was threatening to undermine his high standards at the age of 36. Seeking a slower pace of football, he moved to Sporting CP, where he penned a two-year contract. In his first season with the club, he won the 1999–2000 Primeira Liga title, putting an end to the team's 18 years without a championship. At the end of the 1999–2000 season, <mask> and Sporting CP agreed to terminate his contract with a free transfer back to Manchester United verbally agreed. However, Sir Alex Ferguson called the deal off due to turning an eye to the "future", Fabien Barthez. The contract issue with Sporting CP was quickly resolved and he continued for a second season in Portugal.He scored his only goal for the Danish national team, a penalty kick in a 2–2 draw against Belgium, in a June 2000 warm-up match for Euro 2000. He represented Denmark at Euro 2000, where the team was eliminated in the group stage. He announced his retirement from the national team in February 2001, and played his final match (his 129th international appearance) two months later, captaining the side in a 3–0 friendly win over Slovenia at Copenhagen's Parken Stadium; he was substituted in the 65th minute to a standing ovation, replaced by long-time back-up <mask>r. His second year with Sporting was remarkable in that it was the first time in 14 years, since his Hvidovre days, that <mask>'s club had finished below second place in the league. <mask> stated his wish to activate a contract option of a further year at Sporting in

masks:
Schmeichel
Peter Kjæ
Schmeichel
Schmeichel


title: Peter Schmeichel

texts:
 January 2001, but eventually decided to leave the club when his contract expired in June 2001. Aston Villa (2001–2002)
<mask> returned to England with Aston Villa in July 2001, signing a one-year contract with the option to extend it by a further year. On 20 October 2001, <mask> became the first goalkeeper to score a Premier League goal, in a 3–2 defeat away to Everton; this feat has been repeated just five times since: by Blackburn Rovers' Brad Friedel on 21 February 2004, also from a corner kick; by Tottenham Hotspur's Paul Robinson from a free-kick on 17 March 2007; by Everton's Tim Howard on 4 January 2012; by Stoke City's Asmir Begović on 2 November 2013; and by Liverpool's Alisson on 16 May 2021.<mask> left Aston Villa after one season after he fell behind <mask> in the club's pecking order under new manager Graham Taylor, who had replaced John Gregory in February 2002. Manchester City (2002–2003)
In 2002, <mask> completed a move to Manchester City on a free transfer. He played only one season, in 2002–03. <mask>'s record in the Manchester derby is exceptional, in that he was never on the losing side. During his nine years with Manchester United, they were unbeaten against Manchester City, while in his single season with City, they won at Maine Road and drew at Old Trafford. Retirement
<mask> announced his retirement from football in April 2003. In December 1999, <mask> became the owner of his childhood club Hvidovre IF, but withdrew from the club in June 2002.<mask> worked as a pundit for the BBC after retiring, being a regular analyst on Match of the Day until 2005. He then began hosting live UEFA Champions

masks:
Schmeichel
Schmeichel
Schmeichel
Peter Enckelman
Schmeichel
Schmeichel
Schmeichel
Schmeichel
Schmeichel


title: Peter Schmeichel

texts:
 League matches on Danish television channel TV3+, with Preben Elkjær and Brian Laudrup the studio pundits. However, he still works occasionally as a pundit for the BBC. His popularity in Britain is perhaps best measured by Chesney Brown on the Manchester-based soap opera Coronation Street, naming his former dog (a Great Dane) "Schmeichel". He also took part in Soccer Aid, and played for the Rest of the World team, who lost 2–1 after he was substituted at half-time. <mask> was a contestant on the 2006 series of the BBC's popular Saturday night TV programme Strictly Come Dancing, but was voted out by the public on his 43rd birthday. He also appeared on The Weakest Link in the UK, but he was voted off as the weakest link in the first round.On 31 August 2007, an investor group including Schmeichel announced their intention to invest DKK 250 million (€33.5 million) in the football club Brøndby IF and make him sports director. This was announced in a press conference in Danish at a hotel in Copenhagen. The offer fell through when Brøndby failed to accept the offer within the group's deadline. In February 2007, he became the host in a new quiz, on TV3 named 1 mod 100 (the Danish version of 1 vs. 100). In 2008, he became the host of the European version of the Discovery Channel programme, Dirty Jobs. In April 2018, <mask>chel Show. He received criticism from Danish media for his appearance in it.Style of play
<mask> is widely regarded by pundits, as well as both former and current goalkeeping colleagues, as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time, and also as Denmark's greatest goalkeeper ever, and has been described as a

masks: Schmeichel Schmeichelhmei Schmeichel


title: Rashi Bunny

texts:
<mask> is an Indian theatre and cinema actress. She has performed in Bhisham Sahni's Madhavi, Manjula Padmanabhan's Hidden Fires, and Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince with director Arvind Gaur. <mask> was selected as "one of the 50 Icons: Emerging personality of India" by Sahara India group with Rahul Gandhi. <mask> also known for "I have a dream" theatre workshop for self-exploration and creative expression. She worked with Living Theatre Academy under Ebrahim Alkazi. She is guest faculty member at National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) and has lectured widely in schools, colleges, and institutes of repute in India and abroad. <mask> organized theatre workshops for children in schools and worked with  NGOs on social issues.Education

She completed higher secondary studies at Maharani Gayatri Devi School, Jaipur. She further studied at Sri Venkateshwara College, Delhi University and studied theater at University of Alabama and Rutgers University. Theatre training

<mask> did a children's theatre workshop at the National School of Drama. She participated in SNA Theatre Workshop, under Kanhai Lal at National Center for Performing Arts, Mumbai. After her graduation, <mask> pursued her training in Theatre Arts and Design at the University of Alabama and Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA. She is a recipient of a Young Artist Scholarship And Junior Fellowship from department of Culture HRD and Ruby Lloyd Artistic and Academic Excellence award and Best International Student Scholarship Award. She acted

masks:
Rashi Bunny
Rashi Bunny
Rashi Bunny
Rashi
Rashi
Rashi


title: Rashi Bunny

texts:
 as lead character in many plays, such as Beth Henley's Abundance and Jules Feiffer's Feiffer's People and worked with directors like Karma Ibsen, Ward Haarbauer, and Anne Carmichael.Theatre in India

On her return to India, she worked with Arvind Gaur to explore the new language for solo performances. <mask> acted in many plays with Asmita theatre. She received the Young Artist scholarship and worked under Shyamanand Jalan in Kolkata and was part of many productions, like Vijay Tendulkar's Khamosh! Adaalat Jaari Hai (Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe) and Char Sau Karod Bhullakar. Nabh Taaron Se Khandit Pulkit, translated from an American dark comedy, was her directorial debut at Padatik. Under the MHRD fellowship, she has written a thesis on Padmashri Ratan Thiyam's Theatre based in Manipur.Acting

 Bhisham Sahni's Madhavi, her first solo, directed by Arvind Gaur won accolades all over India and abroad. Manjula Padmanabhan's Hidden Fires was <mask>'s other solo directed by Arvind Gaur that has been selected by SKP as one of the best plays of year. It was performed for Queen's award project (UK) for Communal harmony. Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince (French: Le Petit Prince), solo by <mask> <mask> directed by Arvind Gaur. It is the only solo performance of The Little Prince in the world. Walking Through the Rainbow premiered in Chennai and deals with domestic abuse and other NRI issues. Mahesh Dattani's Tara and Final Solutions
Vijay Mishra's Tatt Niranjana
Swadesh Deepak's Court Martial and Sabse Udas

masks: Rashi Rashi Rashi Bunny


title: Rashi Bunny

texts:
 Kavita
Munshi Premchand's story Moteram ka Satyagrah adapted by Safdar Hashmi & Habib Tanvir
Rajesh Kumar's Me Gandhi Bolto
Street play- Teen Kanastar for Asmita theatre group, New Delhi well praised in World Social Forum

Design and direction

Founding director of Banjara Theatre group at IIT Kharagpur, she has designed and directed many plays such as:
Dharamvir Bharati's Srishti ka Aakhiri Admi
Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena's Bakri
Habib Tanvir's Gadhe
Manjula Padmanabhan's Hidden Fires

She directed many open-air productions like Daldal, Swaha-Swaha, Bandar Kaun, Girgit, Pahle Aap, Teen Apahij, Deewaren Kuchh Kehna Chahti Hain, and .For the Children's Theatre Wing of Banjara, she has written and directed musicals like Veer Abhimani, Aazadi Muft Nahin, TunTun TunTun Tana Bana, Education Gives Real Freedom, Gopi Gayan Bagha Bayen and Beda Dekho Ki. She conducted theatre workshop and directed the children's play Ujla Tota Sabz Pari, In the universe on a magical spree for Nehru Centre, Mumbai, 2007. <mask> worked with many schools of repute like with Kena Kamal Becha Malamal adapted from Badal Sircar's Bengali play Hathamaler Paar in Sahayadri School, J Krishnamurty Foundation, and Pune. Theatre festivals
These plays have been performed for theatre festivals, institutions and NGOs in India and abroad such as Bharat Rang Mahotsav, Muktibodh Natya Utsav, Vivechana National Theatre Festival, Fifth National Balaghat Theatre Festival, Mahindra's Old World Theatre Festival, World Dignity Forum, World Social Forum, Mumbai, The


title: Rashi Bunny

texts:
 with tradition at International Solo Theatre Festival Armenia for Madhavi play
"Colour of Nation" award at the International Theatre festival in Nizhnevartovsk Theatre Festival, Russia
Hidden Fires, best play of year selected by Sahitya Kala Parishad
Best International Student Scholarship Award, USA
"Ruby Lloyd Aspey Scholarship" for academic and artistic excellence, UAB Theatre Department, Birmingham
Outstanding participation certificate for Dance under Talent Search, USA
President's Honor roll for Academic Excellence, UAB, United States
Best International Student Award Scholarship, UAB, USA
Alpha Lambda Delta, National Academic Honor Society, USA
Dean's Honor list, Livingston College, New Jersey, USA
Award for Best Director for the Children's play “Kitne Taare, Kitne Bulb” at the National Science Drama Competition, Birla Industrial And Technological Museum, East Zonals

Critics' remarks

It was a delightful solo performance by <mask> <mask>, as she brought to fore a range of human emotions in Bhisham Sahni's MADHAVI... it is an experiment both in its presentation by the director Arvind Gaur and its enactment by the actor <mask>. The set and its use to my mind is indeed creative bordering on the genius. -The Hindu
The play was among the very rare meaningful theatre we get to watch in our city. Thought provoking, overwhelming, it left so many fighting their tears.Each person present would have identified with the double standards of our society, each person sitting there would have felt guilty of having reduced the

masks: Rashi Bunny Rashi


title: Rashi Bunny

texts:
 existence of a woman to a mere object, a commodity. Each woman would have relived some part of her life. -Hindustan Times
All women will be able to see a part of themselves in it. The relevance of the issue makes the time setting immaterial. Even though the play is based on mythology, Madhavi. It was a delightful solo performance by <mask> <mask>, as is contemporary in its presentation and style... -India Today
It's 'an actor's play'... The Kathavachan style has been adopted and the actor <mask> relates to the audience in day to day baat cheet...an intense and intimate theatre experience.-The Pioneer
The solo performance is an experiment. It's like taking people through a journey. Even the set design is very experimental. There are blank canvasses on the stage and different colours placed in earthen pots, that symbolize the different colours of life. -First City
The complex story of Madhavi, her trauma, tragedy, and conflicts were portrayed with great sensitivity by <mask> <mask>. The simplicity of set design, use of bamboo structures, canvasses & helped audiences to extend their imagination to grasp the diversity and multi dimensional directorial interpretation of the play. -Navbharat Times

Cinema

 Duvidha (Hindi) The cast includes Manoj Verma and <mask> <mask>; the director was Sharat Kumar.Personal

<mask> <mask>'s mother is an alumnus of National School of Drama. <mask>'s husband Dr. Parag Bhargava is a professor at IIT Bombay. Also read
Rang Prasang, National School of Drama's Theatre Magazine, July–August,

masks: Rashi Bunny Rashi Rashi Bunny Rashi Bunny Rashi Bunny Rashi


title: Rashi Bunny

texts:
 2007, page 30
'Vidusi Abhinatri' <mask> Bunny' by Jaidev Taneja (prominent drama critic)

References

External links
https://rashibunny.in
 About actor <mask> <mask>
 Theatre Workshop by Ms. <mask> <mask>
 The Hindu: Voice against violence

Indian stage actresses
Indian film actresses
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Living people
Delhi University alumni
Actresses from Mumbai
Year of birth missing (living

masks: Rashi Rashi Bunny Rashi Bunny


title: Brian Laudrup

texts:
<mask> (, born 22 February 1969) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a winger, forward or as a midfielder. Regarded as one the most talented players of his generation. He currently works as a football commentator, pundit and analyst on Kanal 5 and 6'eren. Along with former international goalkeeper Lars Høgh, Laudrup manages a football academy for marginalised youth. During his playing career which eventually stalled due to injury, Laudrup represented a number of European clubs. He started with Danish club Brøndby, winning two Danish championships in the late 1980s. He then played for German and Italian clubs, winning the 1993–94 Serie A as well as the 1994 UEFA Champions League title with Milan.He was a vital part of the Rangers team which dominated the Scottish Premier Division in the 1990s, winning three championships, among others. He won the 1998 UEFA Super Cup in his brief stint with English club Chelsea, and had a brief spell with Copenhagen in Denmark, before ending his career with Ajax in 2000. Laudrup also played 82 matches and scored 21 goals for the Denmark national team, and was a vital part of the Danish teams which won UEFA Euro 1992 and the 1995 Confederations Cup. Laudrup won the Danish Football Player of the Year award a record four times. He was named by FIFA as the fifth-best player in the world in 1992 and was named by Pelé as one of the top 125 greatest living footballers at the FIFA 100 ceremony in March 2004, alongside his older brother <mask>. Early life
<mask> was born into a football family – his father <mask> was a former Danish international, and his brother <mask> also became a Danish international. <mask> was born in Vienna when his father was playing for

masks:
Brian Laudrup
Michael Laudrup
Brian Laudrup
Finn Laudrup
Michael Laudrup
Brian Laudrup


title: Brian Laudrup

texts:
 Wiener SC.Club career

Brøndby
Laudrup began his senior career with Brøndby in Denmark. At Brøndby, he competed with later Danish internationals Claus Nielsen and Bent Christensen for a place in the starting line-up, and formed a great partnership with Nielsen. He won the 1987 and 1988 Danish First Division with the club. Halfway through the 1989 season, <mask>'s contract with Brøndby expired, and he agreed to join German club Bayer Uerdingen. The transfer fee was thought to be around DKK 8 million, the partition of which Brøndby and <mask>'s father and agent <mask> disagreed about. The Danish Football Union ruled in favor of Brøndby's claims of around DKK 3.9 million, but the Laudrups paid around DKK 3.3 million, and insisted on not paying the remainder. The case was eventually settled in March 1990.Uerdingen
Laudrup joined Uerdingen in order to play in a club with relative little pressure, and also looked to lean on fellow Dane Jan Bartram, who was already at the club. He scored 6 goals in 34 matches during the 1989–90 Bundesliga season, and impressed so much for both club and country that he was named Danish Player of the Year. Laudrup's performances in the Bundesliga were widely praised. At kickers biannual ranking of Bundesliga players, Laudrup was rated the league's second-best forward in the second highest category, international class, after Werder Bremen's New Zealander, Wynton Rufer. German sports magazine Sport Bild hailed Laudrup as the 1989–90 season's best signing, ahead of high-profile names including Uwe Bein, Stefan Kuntz and Thomas Strunz. As he felt the Uerdingen executives would not strengthen the Uerdingen team, Laudrup sought to leave the club in the summer of 1990. Bayern

masks:
Laudrup
Brian
Finn Laudrup


title: Brian Laudrup

texts:
 criticism of the younger Bayern players. He returned to the team in February 1992 and played the last 15 matches of the season as Bayern finished in tenth position. Despite the injury-hit season, Laudrup still finished the 1991–92 season being named Danish Player of the Year again for the second time, and finished fifth in the FIFA World Player of the year poll. Fiorentina
Laudrup's reputation began to grow and he fulfilled his lifelong ambition when he moved to Serie A (at the time, arguably the top league in the world) to sign for Fiorentina.Fiorentina started the 1992–93 season brilliantly, playing open, flowing and attacking football in the first part of the season. However, a change of manager in the second half of the season was the beginning of the end for Fiorentina. The team as a whole produced mediocre performances, and despite the presence of such other stars as Stefan Effenberg and Gabriel Batistuta, the club was unexpectedly relegated after more than 50-straight years playing in Serie A. Despite the relegation, Laudrup himself had a fairly solid season, and was loaned to Milan for the 1993–94 season. Loaned to Milan
<mask> was loaned to Milan for the 1993–94 season, which only saw him play a handful of matches throughout the season due to a squad rotation system at the club, and also because of the three foreigner rule at the time. The world class team of Milan at the time had seven foreigners, including Laudrup, Marcel Desailly, Jean-Pierre Papin, Dejan Savićević and Marco van Basten, which meant Laudrup was not always used. It was also manager Fabio Capello's very strict system where he preferred to play more defensive type players rather than the direct play preferred by Laudrup.However,


title: Brian Laudrup

texts: his winning his third Danish Player of the Year award. Laudrup missed a run of nine League games in the early part of season 1995–96 due to an injury sustained in international duty. He returned against Celtic in November 1995 and scored Rangers' first goal in a 3–3 draw at Ibrox. He was also now playing alongside Paul Gascoigne, and the pair were instrumental in Rangers winning their eighth league championship. Laudrup also made a big impact in the latter stages of the Scottish Cup that season. He scored the winning goal in the semi-final against Celtic, playing a one-two with Gordon Durie, before taking control of the ball on his chest and chipping it over the Celtic keeper. In the final against Hearts, Rangers won 5–1.Durie scored a hat-trick, the first-ever Rangers player to do so in the final, but it was <mask> who won the Man of the Match award, having provided assists for all three of Durie's goals, and scoring the other two himself. The game has since become known as the Laudrup Final. His third season at Rangers, 1996–97, saw another cup final goal, this time in a 4–3 win over Hearts in the 1996 Scottish League Cup Final. The season's most notable concern was Rangers bid to equal Celtic's record of nine consecutive league titles. With Rangers hampered by a series of niggling injuries to their main strikers, a greater burden for goalscoring was placed on Laudrup. He responded by scoring 16 goals in 33 league games, including the only goal against Celtic in a win in November 1996, and a headed goal in a 1–0 win in May 1997 away at Dundee United which clinched the league title and the club's bid for nine-in-a-row. His performances saw him win the Scottish Football Writers' award once again.His great


title: Brian Laudrup

texts: performances for Rangers and Denmark also made him win his fourth Danish player of the year. Laudrup was linked with a £5 million move to Ajax Amsterdam in the summer of 1997, but was persuaded to stay with Rangers for one more season to help their bid for a tenth successive league title. However, despite a bright start, the season ended up an anti-climax, with Laudrup failing to match the form of previous seasons. Rangers finished runners-up in the league behind Celtic, and ended the season trophy-less after losing to Hearts in the 1998 Scottish Cup Final. Laudrup left the club shortly afterwards. He later described his time at Rangers as "the four best years of my career". <mask> joined Chelsea in the summer of 1998.There was a possibility of Laudrup becoming a Manchester Utd player when Alex Ferguson phoned <mask> about coming to Old Trafford. Laudrup said: "I had to tell him that he called a day late, because I had just signed with Chelsea". However he very quickly had reservations, and tried to get out of his contract before he even kicked a ball for Chelsea, informing them about this prior to the 1998 World Cup. Chelsea were not accommodating and told Laudrup they would go to court or involve FIFA and UEFA if the contract was not honoured. Laudrup relented and become a Chelsea player, but was very open that he was unhappy in London and with the squad rotation system policy. "I would have thought twice about signing for Chelsea if I had known," he said. He added, "When I first discussed terms with Chelsea in February, nobody told me about this system if I'd known about it I would have brought it up" and concluded "I don't like the system of rotation."He made his debut as Chelsea won the 1998 UEFA Super

masks:
Chelsea Laudrup
Brian


title: Brian Laudrup

texts:
 Cup. He did not play many matches due to a combination of injury, the squad rotation system that Chelsea had where no player was guaranteed to be in the starting line up, and also because of his fall-out with the club. Laudrup provided an assist in the 4–3 victory against Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park after coming off the substitutes' bench to equalize 3–3. Laudrup provided another assist in the 2–0 victory against Middlesbrough at Stamford Bridge. <mask>'s only Chelsea goal came in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup to give Chelsea a valuable 1–0 away win against Copenhagen to send Chelsea through to the quarter-finals. It was also his last match for the London club. Manager Gianluca Vialli had no hesitation about playing Laudrup against Copenhagen despite his unhappiness at the club, stating "I've always had faith in <mask>.I knew before the game he was having a quite difficult time with all that was going on but he's been outstanding in training and previous matches and he responded very well. He's been professional and the goal was the right reward for him." After the tie, he ironically moved on to Copenhagen who had negotiated a deal during the time of their two games against Chelsea. Although <mask>'s time at Chelsea was brief, his performances were praised, and he kept a professional attituted when called into action despite being personally unhappy in London. Former Chelsea teammate Graham Le Saux later named Laudrup in his greatest ever XI. Copenhagen
Laudrup moved back to Denmark in the spring of 1999 for a brief spell with Copenhagen. Playing for the main rivals of former club Brøndby, he was unceremoniously booed by the home fans when he revisited Brøndby Stadium in March 1999, and was also harassed by

masks: Laudrup Brian Laudrup


title: Brian Laudrup

texts:
 fans from other Danish clubs.Ajax
Family problems resulted in Laudrup joining Ajax. Laudrup's registration had reverted to Chelsea after leaving Copenhagen, therefore Ajax and Chelsea had to negotiate a transfer fee. He said, "I had offers from 15 clubs and I have the feeling that Ajax is the right club for me. I didn't enjoy playing with FC Copenhagen. I had the same problems there that I had with Chelsea; I could not show more than 70% of my real self." Ajax head coach Jan Wouters, who spent a season with Laudrup at Bayern Munich, added, "I like <mask> a lot because he can adapt and play several positions." After one individually successful season from 1999 to 2000, scoring 15 goals in 38 matches, Laudrup could not play another season due to injuries.He was forced to retire from top-level football at age 31 after one of the most successful careers in Danish football. International career
<mask> made his international debut for the Denmark under-17 team in July 1984, and played six matches for the team until October that year. From October 1985 to August 1987, he played 12 matches and scored 6 goals for the under-19 team. He also represented the under-21s in five games from June 1987 to November 1988. He was called up for the senior Denmark national team by coach Sepp Piontek in April 1987 as a replacement for his brother Michael, but did not receive his debut. Senior debut
<mask> was included in the senior Danish "Olympic national team" of under-21 coach Richard Møller Nielsen, and took part in three qualification matches for the 1988 Summer Olympics. He made his debut on 18 November 1987, at age 18, in a 1–0 defeat to West Germany, with Bjarne Goldbæk also debuting in that match.<mask> scored his first

masks: Brian Laudrup Laudrup Laudrup