title: Steven Soderbergh

texts: released on August 18, 2017, by Bleecker Street and Fingerprint Releasing, his own distribution and production company.Logan Lucky was met with widespread critical acclaim, Matt Zoller Seitz writing for Roger Ebert stated: "The odds seem stacked in Logan Luckys favor the instant you spot 'Directed by <mask>h' in the opening credits". In July 2017, it was revealed that Soderbergh had also secretly shot a horror film using iPhones titled Unsane, and starring Claire Foy and Juno Temple. The film was released on March 23, 2018, and received well by critics. His usage of an iPhone in 4K to film the movie was considered "inspirational to aspiring filmmakers" for breaking down the perceived costs associated with producing a feature film in the United States. The movie was well received by critics with Scott Meslow of GQ noting its relevance to the modern plight of women in patriarchal societies, it was called a "nerve-jangling modern-day Kafka story". In 2018, Soderbergh directed High Flying Bird, starring Andre Holland who played the role of a sports agent representing his rookie client with an intriguing and controversial business opportunity during an NBA lockout. The film began production in February 2018 and was released on February 8, 2019, by Netflix.Soderbergh's film The Laundromat is a political thriller about the international leak of the Panama Papers, written by Scott Z. Burns and based on the book Secrecy World, by Pulitzer Prize-winner Jake Bernstein. It stars Meryl Streep, Gary Oldman, Antonio Banderas, Jeffrey Wright, Matthias Schoenaerts, James Cromwell and Sharon Stone and premiered at the Venice Film Festival on September 1, 2019 before airing on Netflix. Soderbergh's 2020 film Let Them All Talk, was written by Deborah Eisenberg, and starred Meryl Streep, Candice Bergen, Gemma Chan, Lucas Hedges, and Dianne Wiest. It was shot in 2019, primarily aboard the ocean liner , and also in New York and the UK, and premiered on December 10, 2020, on HBO Max. No


title: Steven Soderbergh

type: original

texts:
 endeavors. In line with these washes, Soderbergh is liberal in his usage of montages as he believes that they are equally important story-telling as dialogue is. Soderbergh is known for having a combative relationship with Hollywood and the standards of studio filmmaking. Film critic Roger Ebert has commented in this stylistic antagonism, "Every once in a while, perhaps as an exercise in humility, <mask>h makes a truly inexplicable film... A film so amateurish that only the professionalism of some of the actors makes it watchable...It's the kind of film where you need the director telling you what he meant to do and what went wrong and how the actors screwed up and how there was no money for retakes, etc." In Ocean's Twelve (2004), he had actress Julia Roberts play the part of Tess, a character then forced to play a fictionalized version of Roberts. During the production stages of The Girlfriend Experience (2009) he cast adult film star Sasha Grey in the lead role. In Haywire (2011), Soderbergh cast and eventually launched the film career of professional mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter Gina Carano. Soderbergh's Logan Lucky (2017) made reference to his trilogy by alluding to an "Ocean's 7–11", noting the trilogy's influence on the Southern heist film. Soderbergh's films are centered on suspenseful and ambient soundscapes. A primary way he achieves suspenseful soundscapes is by introducing audio before visuals in cut scenes, alerting the viewer of a sudden change in tone.His frequent collaborations with composers Cliff Martinez, David Holmes, and most recently Thomas Newman, provide his films with "the thematic and sonic landscapes into which he inserts his characters." Method

Soderbergh's early films—on account of his youth and lack of resources—were primarily filmed on Super 8 and 16 mm film formats. A variety of his feature films have been shot using a diverse range of camera equipment. He filmed all of The Girlfriend Experience (2009) on a Red One camera, which


title: Steven Soderbergh

texts:
 tired of brands and they switch brands.I've never had a desire to be out in front of anything, which is why I don't take a possessory credit." In 2009, Soderbergh appeared before the Foreign Affairs Committee of the House of Representatives, and "cited the French initiative in asking lawmakers to deputize the American film industry to pursue copyright pirates," indicating he supports anti-piracy laws and Internet regulation. Personal life
Soderbergh is married to Jules Asner, whom he often credits for influencing his female characters. He has a daughter with his first wife, actress Betsy Brantley. Soderbergh lives in New York City. Filmography

 Awards, honors, and recognition
Soderbergh's entire filmography is routinely analyzed and debated by fans, critics, film academics, and other film directors. His early work—particularly his 1989 film, Sex, Lies, and Videotape—has been noted as foundational to the Independent Cinema movement.After directing his first film, <mask>'s relative youth and sudden rise to prominence in the film industry had him referred to as a "sensation", a prodigy, and a poster boy of the genre's generation. In 2002, he was elected first Vice President of the Directors Guild of America. After screening Sex, Lies, and Videotape at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival, Soderbergh was given the festival's top award, the Palme d'Or. At 26, he was the youngest solo director to win the award and second-youngest director after French directors Louis Malle and co-director Jacques Cousteau (Malle won it aged 23). For his script, Soderbergh received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay at the 62nd Academy Awards. Soderbergh was nominated twice for Best Director for two separate films at the 73rd Academy Awards, the first occurrence of such an event since 1938. Apart from his first nomination (Erin Brockovich), he won the award for Traffic.When the same thing happened at the Directors Guild of America Awards, the Associated Press called


title: Steven Soderbergh

texts:
 the category a "Soderbergh vs. Soderbergh" contest. Reception
Critical, public and commercial reception to a selection of <mask>'s directorial feature films as of December 26, 2020. As of 2018, <mask>'s entire feature filmography has grossed over US$2.2 billion worldwide in sales. Ocean's Eleven, Ocean's Thirteen, Out of Sight, Logan Lucky and No Sudden Move were named among the "88 Best Heist Movies of All Time" by Rotten Tomatoes. His film Out of Sight was listed as one of the best movies of the 1990s by Rolling Stone. ReferencesSources'''
 Waxman, Sharon (2005). Rebels on the Backlot: Six Maverick Directors and How They Conquered the Hollywood Studio System.New York: HarperEntertainment. .
 deWaard, Andrew, and R. Colin Tait (2013). The Cinema of <mask>derbergh: Indie Sex, Corporate Lies, and Digital Videotape. New York: Wallflower/Columbia University Press. Baker, Aaron (2011). <mask>h. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Gallagher, Mark (2013).Another <mask>h Experience: Authorship and Contemporary Hollywood. Austin: University of Texas Press. Wood, Jason (2002). <mask>h. Harpenden, UK: Pocket Essentials. Palmer, R. Barton, and <mask> (2011). The Philosophy of <mask>h''.Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. Further reading

External links

<mask>h Bibliography (via UC Berkeley)
<mask>h: Interviews

1963 births
American cinematographers
American documentary film producers
American film directors
American film producers
American male screenwriters
American people of Irish descent
American film directors of Italian descent
American people of Swedish descent
Best Directing Academy Award winners
Directors Guild of America Award winners
Directors of Palme d'Or winners
English-language film directors
Independent Spirit Award for Best Director winners
Living people
Louisiana State University Laboratory School alumni
Male actors from Atlanta
Male actors from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Male actors from Virginia
Writers from Atlanta
Writers from Baton Rouge,

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Soderbergh
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Steven So
Steven Soderberg
Steven Soderberg
Steven Soderberg
Steven Sanders
Steven Soderberg
Steven Soderberg
Steven Soderberg


title: Gavino Ledda

texts:
<mask> (; born 30 December 1938) is an author and a scholar of the Italian language and of Sardinian. He is best known for his autobiographical work Padre Padrone (1975). Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Siligo, in the Province of Sassari, Sardinia, into a poor family of shepherds. <mask>'s father made him leave school at the age of six, when he was only in the first year of his primary school education. Bursting into the classroom in the middle of a lesson, <mask>'s father justified his position by saying that he needed the boy's help for his agricultural work, as <mask> was his eldest son. In scenes that feature in Padre padrone, he went on to say that school was a luxury that poor shepherds could not afford, and demanded that his son be handed over to him. Although primary education had been compulsory in Italy since the Casati Act of 1859, <mask>'s father accused the authorities of wanting to make school compulsory while, according to him: "la povertà, quella è obbligatoria" ("poverty, that's compulsory") (quote from Padre padrone).Having only attended school for a few weeks, <mask> could not yet read or write. His father, to all intents and purposes, had condemned him to illiteracy, in the same way that he had been treated by his own father, who had removed him from school in a similar fashion. <mask>'s father promised him that he would be able to study when he was older, taking the elementary school leaving exams — usually taken at the end of five years of primary schooling — as an external candidate. <mask>'s father gradually introduced him to life as a herder, however his father's teachings were always given with a certain amount of brutality, and were often accompanied by beatings. Initially <mask>'s father allowed him to live in the village of Siligo together with his mother and his siblings, but he was soon sent to live at the family steading in the isolated

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Gavino Ledda
Ledda
Gavino
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title: Gavino Ledda

texts:
 Baddevrùstana, in order that he could run it by himself, leaving his father to concentrate on his work in Siligo. Baddevrùstana is only a few kilometres from Siligo, but the only means of transport the family had was a mule, so the journey seemed long to the young Ledda. Ledda, still a child, had difficulty getting used to living and working alone at Baddevrùstana, and the more intolerant and rebellious he became, the more violent his father's punishments were.On one occasion, for example, <mask>'s father tied him behind the mule and dragged him from Siligo to Baddevrùstana. On another occasion, his father chased him with a spiny branch, with which he thrashed him so much that he deformed his son's face. After this punishment, <mask>'s father became seriously concerned that he had irreparably damaged his son's health, and his eyes in particular. He took <mask> to Siligo and called a doctor who, despite the explanations put forward by <mask>'s parents, realised how the young boy's face was really damaged. The doctor threatened to report <mask>'s father if the incident ever reoccurred. <mask> spent the rest of his childhood and adolescence working under his father in a state of substantial slavery, and often forced to endure excessive amounts of work and stress. During <mask>'s adolescent years, his father decided to send the entire family to Baddevrùstana.<mask>'s younger brothers also began to work like him. Emancipation
<mask>'s emancipation from his "padre padrone" (the title of his biographical work has been translated into English as "My Father, My Master") began towards the end of his adolescence, when his father allowed him to take his elementary school exams as he had promised. Around the same period, his father's olive grove was destroyed by frost, and so <mask> and his brothers were denied the prospect of inheriting such valuable property. <mask> began to develop a passion

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title: Gavino Ledda

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 for learning and a dogged determination to free himself from his life as a poor, illiterate shepherd trapped in a backward environment. First, he planned to emigrate to the Netherlands, but this plan failed. In 1958, he joined the army, signing up for the recruit training programme. When he left Sardinia, he barely knew a word of standard Italian - when he did not know how to respond to the orders of a superior officer, he would get by with "Signorsì!"("Yes, Sir!"). Working and studying day and night, with the help of an officer and of a fellow soldier, <mask>'s level of Italian improved considerably. He took his middle school exams as an external candidate, and became a Sergeant Radio Operator at the communications school at Cecchignola, in Rome. In 1962, he left the army and returned to Sardinia to continue his studies. The fact that Ledda left the army was frowned on by his father and by others in Siligo, who thought that he was overconfident and too ambitious for a boy of his social class, and that he was bound to end up broke. As a sergeant who had passed his middle school exams, he would already have been well respected and admired as a self-made man, but he was already thinking about taking his secondary school exams and then even a university education. <mask>'s father argued with him several times, trying to dissuade him from taking his studies further.Nevertheless, he succeeded in passing his middle school exams in 1962. Despite this success, or perhaps because of it, the cruel attitude of the people of Siligo towards <mask> continued. Eventually, <mask> defied his father openly, claiming his independence. He put across to his father, in no uncertain terms, his world vision, his ideals and his plans, and explained why he no longer wished to be subject to his father's oppression. Thanks to the , the Italian government later granted him a life annuity. Studies
<mask> obtained

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title: Gavino Ledda

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 the high school diploma in 1964. He then enrolled at the Sapienza University of Rome and in 1969 obtained a degree in Linguistics.In 1970 he was admitted to Accademia della Crusca with Giacomo Devoto and in 1971 he was nominated assistant professor in Cagliari, Sardinia. Works
Padre padrone. L'educazione di un pastore (novel, 1975)
Lingua di falce (novel, 1977)
Le canne, amiche del mare (tale, 1978)
Aurum tellus (poems,1991)
I cimenti dell'agnello (tales and poems, 1995)

In April 1975, Feltrinelli published his masterpiece Padre Padrone (My Father, My Master) based on his own life and completed in 1974. The book was awarded with the Premio Viareggio and was published in forty languages. Based on the book, in 1977 Paolo and Vittorio Taviani directed Padre padrone (also known as Father and Master) for the Italian television, which won the Palme d'Or prize at the 1977 Cannes Film Festival. <mask> continues to work as a writer publishing other books, novels, tales and poems. In 1984 he also wrote and directed a movie named Ybris.Bibliography
Ernesto Ferrero, Il servo pastore all’Università, "La Stampa", 6 juin 1975;
Tullio De Mauro, Due libri all’interno del linguaggio, «L’Ora», 6 juin 1975;
Giulio Angioni, Il figlio di Abramo, in  Il dito alzato, Palermo, Sellerio, 2012. Maria Schäfer: Studien zur modernen sardischen Literatur. Die Menschen- und Landschaftsdarstellung bei Grazia Deledda, Salvatore Satta, Giuseppe Dessi und <mask> <mask>. Dissertation, Universität Saarbrücken 1986;
Dino Manca, Un caso letterario: Padre Padrone di Gavino Ledda, in D. MANCA, Il tempo e la memoria, Rome, Aracne, 2006, pp. 33–47;
A. M. Amendola, L'isola che sorprende. La narrativa sarda in italiano (1974 - 2006), Cagliari, 2007 . References

1938 births
Sardinian literature
Living people
People from Siligo
Viareggio Prize winners
20th-century Italian novelists
20th-century Italian male writers
Italian

masks: Ledda Gavino Ledda


title: David Gilmour

texts: <mask>  ( ; born 6 March 1946) is an English songwriter, guitarist, and singer who was a member of rock band Pink Floyd. He joined as guitarist and co-lead vocalist in 1967, shortly before the departure of founder member Syd Barrett. Pink Floyd achieved international success with the concept albums The Dark Side of the Moon (1973), Wish You Were Here (1975), Animals (1977), and The Wall (1979). By the early 1980s, they had become one of the highest-selling and most acclaimed acts in music history; by 2012, they had sold more than 250 million records worldwide, including 75 million in the United States. Following the departure of Roger Waters in 1985, Pink Floyd continued under <mask>'s leadership and released three more studio albums. <mask> has produced a variety of artists, such as the Dream Academy, and has released four solo studio albums: <mask>, About Face, On an Island, and Rattle That Lock. He is also credited for bringing singer-songwriter Kate Bush to public attention.As a member of Pink Floyd, he was inducted into the US Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996, and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. In 2003, <mask> was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). He was awarded with the Outstanding Contribution title at the 2008 Q Awards. In 2011, Rolling Stone ranked him number 14 in their list of the greatest guitarists of all time. He was also voted number 36 in the greatest voices in rock by Planet Rock listeners in 2009. <mask> has taken part in projects related to issues including animal rights, environmentalism, homelessness, poverty, and human rights. He has married twice and is the father of eight children.Early life and

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Gilmour
Gilmour
David Gilmour
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title: David Gilmour

texts:
 education
<mask> <mask> was born on 6 March 1946 in Cambridge, England. His father, <mask>, was a senior lecturer in zoology at the University of Cambridge, and his mother, Sylvia (née Wilson), trained as a teacher and later worked as a film editor for the BBC. At the time of <mask>'s birth they lived in Trumpington, Cambridgeshire, but in 1956, after several relocations, the family moved to nearby Grantchester Meadows. <mask>'s parents encouraged him to pursue his interest in music, and in 1954 he bought his first single, Bill Haley's "Rock Around the Clock". His enthusiasm was stirred the following year by Elvis Presley's "Heartbreak Hotel", and later "Bye Bye Love" by the Everly Brothers piqued his interest in the guitar. He borrowed a guitar from a neighbour, but never gave it back. Soon afterward, <mask> started teaching himself to play using a book and record set by Pete Seeger.At age 11, <mask> began attending Perse School on Hills Road, Cambridge, which he did not enjoy. There he met future Pink Floyd guitarist Syd Barrett and bassist Roger Waters, who attended Cambridgeshire High School for Boys, also situated on Hills Road. In 1962, <mask> began studying A-Level modern languages at the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology. Despite not finishing the course, he eventually learnt to speak fluent French. Barrett was also a student at the college, and he spent his lunchtimes practising guitar with <mask>. In late 1962, <mask> joined the blues rock band Jokers Wild. The band recorded a one-sided album and a single at Regent Sound Studio, in Denmark Street, west London, but only 50 copies of each were made.In August 1965, <mask> busked around Spain

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David Jon
Gilmour
Douglas Gilmour
Gilmour
Gilmour
Gilmour
Gilmour
Gilmour
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Gilmour


title: David Gilmour

texts:
 and France with Barrett and some other friends, performing songs by the Beatles. They were arrested on one occasion and destitute, which resulted in <mask> requiring treatment in a hospital for malnutrition. He and Barrett later trekked to Paris, where they camped outside the city for a week and visited the Louvre. During that time <mask> worked in various places, most notably as the driver and assistant for fashion designer Ossie Clark. <mask> travelled to France in mid-1967 with Rick Wills and Willie Wilson, formerly of Jokers Wild. The trio performed under the name Flowers, then Bullitt, but were not commercially successful. After hearing their covers of chart hits, club owners were reluctant to pay them, and soon after their arrival in Paris, thieves stole their equipment.While in France, <mask> contributed lead vocals to two songs on the soundtrack of the film Two Weeks in September, starring Brigitte Bardot. In May, <mask> briefly returned to London in search of new equipment. During his stay, he watched Pink Floyd record "See Emily Play" and was shocked to find that Barrett, who was beginning to suffer mental health problems, did not seem to recognise him. When Bullitt returned to England later that year, they were so impoverished that their tour bus was completely empty of petrol and they had to push it off the ferry onto the landing. Pink Floyd

Early years
In December 1967, Pink Floyd drummer Nick Mason invited <mask> to join the band to cover for the increasingly erratic Barrett. <mask> accepted; they initially intended to continue with Barrett as a non-performing songwriter. One of the band's business partners, Peter Jenner, said: "The idea was

masks: Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour


title: David Gilmour

texts: that Dave would ... cover for Barrett's eccentricities and when that got to be not workable, Syd was just going to write.Just to try to keep him involved." By March 1968, working with Barrett had become too difficult and he agreed to leave the band. <mask> took up lead vocal roles with keyboardist Richard Wright. After the successes of The Dark Side of the Moon (1973) and Wish You Were Here (1975), Roger Waters took greater control of the band, writing and singing lead on most of Animals (1977) and The Wall (1979). Wright was fired during the Wall sessions; the relationship between <mask> and Waters deteriorated during the making of the Wall film and the album The Final Cut. The final Pink Floyd performance of The Wall took place on 17 June 1981, at Earl's Court, London, which became Pink Floyd's last appearance with Waters for almost 25 years. The negative atmosphere surrounding the creation of The Wall album and film, compounded by The Final Cuts virtually being a Waters solo album, led <mask> to produce his second solo album, About Face, in 1984.He used it to express his feelings about a range of topics, from the murder of John Lennon to his relationship with Waters. <mask> toured Europe and the US along with support act the Television Personalities, who were dropped from the line-up after Dan Treacy revealed Syd Barrett's address on stage. Mason also made a guest appearance on the UK leg of the tour, which despite some cancellations eventually turned a profit. When he returned from touring, <mask> played guitar with a range of artists, and also produced the Dream Academy, who had a US top ten hit with "Life in a Northern Town" in 1986. 1985: <mask> becomes

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title: David Gilmour

texts:
 band leader

In 1985, Waters declared that Pink Floyd were "a spent force creatively" and left the band. <mask> and Mason responded with a press release stating that they intended to continue without him. <mask> assumed control of the group and produced the Pink Floyd album A Momentary Lapse of Reason in 1987, with contributions from Mason and Richard Wright.He felt Pink Floyd albums had become too driven by lyrics under Waters' leadership, and attempted to "restore the balance" of music and lyrics on Momentary Lapse. It was followed by The Division Bell in 1994. In 1986, <mask> purchased the houseboat Astoria, moored it on the River Thames near Hampton Court and transformed it into a recording studio. The majority of the two Pink Floyd albums released about this time, as well as <mask>'s 2006 solo album On an Island, were recorded there. On 2 July 2005, Waters temporarily reunited with <mask> to perform at Live 8. The performance caused a sales increase of Pink Floyd's album Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd. <mask> donated his profits to charities that reflect the goals of Live 8, saying: "Though the main objective has been to raise consciousness and put pressure on the G8 leaders, I will not profit from the concert.This is money that should be used to save lives." He called upon all Live 8 artists to donate their extra revenue to Live 8 fundraising. After the concert, Pink Floyd turned down an offer to tour the US for £150 million. In 2006, <mask> said that Pink Floyd would likely never tour or write material again. He said: "I think enough is enough. I am 60 years old. I don't have the will to work as much any more.Pink Floyd was an important part in my


title: David Gilmour

texts:
 life, I have had a wonderful time, but it's over. For me it's much less complicated to work alone." In December 2006, <mask> released a tribute to Barrett, who had died on 7 July of that year, in the form of his own version of Pink Floyd's first single "Arnold Layne". Recorded live at London's Royal Albert Hall, the single featured versions of the song performed by Wright and guest artist <mask>. The single peaked on the UK Top 20 singles chart at number nineteen. Since their Live 8 appearance in 2005, <mask> has repeatedly said that there will be no Pink Floyd reunion. With the death of Wright in September 2008, another reunion of the core group members became impossible.On 7 November 2014, Pink Floyd released The Endless River. <mask> stated that it would be Pink Floyd's last album, saying: "I think we have successfully commandeered the best of what there is ... It's a shame, but this is the end." There was no supporting tour, as <mask> felt it was "kind of impossible" without Wright. In August 2015, <mask> reiterated that Pink Floyd were "done" and that to reunite without Wright "would just be wrong". Mason said in 2018 that <mask> and Waters continued to be "at loggerheads" and argued over reissues: "I think the problem is Roger doesn't really respect <mask>. He feels that writing is everything, and that guitar playing and the singing are something that, I won't say anyone can do, but that everything should be judged on the writing rather than the playing."Roy Harper

<mask> has a long-standing association with Roy Harper, who was for a time managed by Pink Floyd's former managers Blackhill Enterprises, recorded for the same label, Harvest Records, and

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Gilmour
David Bowie
Gilmour
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Gilmour
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Gilmour


title: David Gilmour

texts:
 who appeared on the same bill as Pink Floyd at 1968's Midsummer High Weekend free concert in Hyde Park. Harper sang "Have a Cigar" on Pink Floyd's 1975 Wish You Were Here album, and sang the song with them at that year's Knebworth Festival. <mask> played on Harper's albums HQ (1975), The Unknown Soldier (1980) and Once (1990). Five of the ten songs on the second of these were co-compositions, one of which, "Short and Sweet", was first recorded for <mask>'s first solo album. Another, "You", also features Kate Bush, as does the title track on Once. In April 1984, Harper made surprise guest appearance at <mask>'s Hammersmith Odeon gig to sing "Short and Sweet". This was included in <mask>'s Live 1984 concert film.Harper also provided backing vocals on <mask>'s About Face album. While writing for About Face, <mask> had a tune, and asked Pete Townshend of The Who to supply lyrics. This Townshend did, but <mask> rejected them (Townshend would use both tune and lyrics, as "White City Fighting", on his 1985 White City: A Novel album, which features <mask> on that track, and on Give Blood). <mask> then asked Harper for lyrics, but rejected those also, deciding not to use the tune on the album after all. Eventually Harper used his version, "Hope", which has a markedly slower tempo, on his 1985 album with Jimmy Page, called Whatever Happened to Jugula?. Kate Bush

In the 1970s, <mask> received a copy of songwriter Kate Bush's demo tape from Ricky Hopper, a mutual friend of both families. Impressed, <mask> paid for Bush, then 16, to record three professional demo tracks to present to record companies.The tape was produced by <mask>'s friend Andrew Powell, who went on to

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title: David Gilmour

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 produce Bush's first two albums, and sound engineer Geoff Emerick. <mask> arranged for EMI executive Terry Slater to hear the tape, who signed her. <mask> is credited as executive producer on two tracks on Bush's debut album The Kick Inside, including her second single "The Man with the Child in His Eyes". He performed backing vocals on "Pull Out the Pin" on her fourth album The Dreaming, and played guitar on "Love and Anger" and "Rocket's Tail" on her sixth, The Sensual World. In March 1987, Bush, known for rarely performing live, sang "Running Up That Hill" at The Secret Policeman's Third Ball with <mask> on guitar. A three DVD set of The Secret Policeman's Balls benefit concerts, including their performance, was released in 2009. In 2002, she performed "Comfortably Numb", singing the part of the doctor, at <mask>'s concert at the Royal Festival Hall in London.Solo work
By the late 1970s, <mask> had begun to think that his musical talents were being underused by Pink Floyd. In 1978 he channelled his ideas into his first solo album, <mask>, which showcased his guitar playing and songwriting. Music written during the finishing stages of the album, but too late to be used, was incorporated into a song by Waters, which became "Comfortably Numb", included on The Wall. <mask> has recorded four solo studio albums, all four of which have charted in the US Top 40: his first peaked at No. 29 in 1978, About Face peaked at No. 32 in 1984, On an Island peaked at No. 6 in 2006, and Rattle That Lock peaked at No.5 in 2015. His live albums Live in Gdansk (2008) and Live at Pompeii (2017) peaked at number 26 and number 45, respectively. Taking time off from Pink Floyd's

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title: David Gilmour

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 schedule, <mask> also took up various roles as a record producer, sideman and sound engineer for acts including former bandmate Syd Barrett, Unicorn, Paul McCartney, Arcadia, Berlin, John Martyn, Grace Jones, Tom Jones, Elton John, Eric Clapton, B.B. King, Seal, Sam Brown, Jools Holland, Kirsty MacColl, The Who, Pete Townshend, Supertramp, Levon Helm, Robbie Robertson, Alan Parsons, Peter Cetera and various charity groups among others. In 1985, <mask> played on Bryan Ferry's sixth album Boys and Girls, as well as the song "Is Your Love Strong Enough" for the US release of the Ridley Scott–Tom Cruise film Legend. A music video for the latter was created, incorporating Ferry and <mask> into footage from the film (released as a bonus on the 2002 "Ultimate Edition" DVD release). Later that year, <mask> played with Ferry at the Live Aid concert at Wembley Stadium in London; his first collaboration with Ferry's keyboardist Jon Carin, later to tour with Pink Floyd.2000s
In 2001 and 2002, <mask> performed a total of six acoustic solo concerts in London and Paris, along with a small band and choir, which was documented on the In Concert release. On 24 September 2004, he performed a three-song set at the Strat Pack concert at London's Wembley Arena, marking the 50th anniversary of the Fender Stratocaster guitar. On 6 March 2006, <mask>'s 60th birthday, he released his third solo album, On an Island. It debuted at number 1 in the UK charts, and reached the top five in Germany and Sweden. The album earned <mask> his first US top-ten as a solo artist, reaching number six in Billboard 200. Produced by <mask> along with Phil Manzanera and Chris Thomas, the album features

masks: Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour


title: David Gilmour

texts: orchestrations by renowned Polish composer Zbigniew Preisner, and lyrics principally written by <mask>'s wife Polly Samson. The album featured <mask> and Graham Nash performing backing vocals on the title-track, Robert Wyatt on cornet and percussion, and Richard Wright on Hammond organ and providing backing vocals.Other contributors included Jools Holland, Georgie Fame, Andy Newmark, B. J. Cole, Chris Stainton, Willie Wilson, Rado 'Bob' Klose on guitar and Leszek Możdżer on piano. The album also featured <mask>'s debut with the saxophone. <mask> toured Europe, US and Canada from 10 March to 31 May 2006 to promote On an Island. There were ten shows in the US and Canadian leg of the tour. Pink Floyd alumnus Richard Wright, and frequent Floyd collaborators Dick Parry, Guy Pratt, and Jon Carin also accompanied him on the tour. More shows took place in Europe from July to August in 2006. In a press release to promote the tour, <mask> stated: "I'm rather hoping that with this tour announcement, people will believe me when I say, honestly, this is the only band I plan to tour with!"On 10 April 2006, On an Island was certified platinum in Canada, with sales of over 100,000 copies. A video recording of a show from <mask>'s solo tour, titled Remember That Night – Live at the Royal Albert Hall, was released on 17 September 2007. The double DVD, directed by <mask>, contains over five hours of footage, including an on-the-road documentary and guest appearances by <mask> and Robert Wyatt. The final show of <mask>'s On an Island tour took place at the Gdańsk Shipyard on 26 August 2006. The concert was held before a crowd of 100,000, and marked the twenty-sixth anniversary of

masks:
Gilmour
David Crosby
Gilmour
Gilmour
Gilmour
Gilmour
David Mallet
David Bowie
Gilmour


title: David Gilmour

texts:
 the founding of the Solidarity trade union. The show was recorded, resulting in a live album and DVD release: Live in Gdańsk. For the occasion <mask> performed with an orchestra, using the 38-piece string section of the Polish Baltic Philharmonic orchestra, conducted by Zbigniew Preisner.On 25 May 2009, he participated in a concert at the Union Chapel in Islington, London. The concert was part of the 'Hidden Gigs' campaign against hidden homelessness, which is organised by Crisis, a UK-based national charity campaigning against homelessness. In the concert he collaborated with the Malian musicians Amadou & Mariam. On 4 July 2009, he joined his friend Jeff Beck onstage at the Royal Albert Hall. <mask> and Beck traded solos on "Jerusalem" and closed the show with "Hi Ho Silver Lining". In August 2009, he released an online single, "Chicago – Change the World", on which he sang and played guitar, bass and keyboards, to promote awareness of the plight of Gary McKinnon. A re-titled cover of the Graham Nash song "Chicago", it featured Chrissie Hynde and Bob Geldof, plus McKinnon himself.It was produced by long-time Pink Floyd collaborator Chris Thomas. A video was also posted online. 2010s–present

On 11 July 2010, <mask> performed for the charity Hoping Foundation with Roger Waters in Oxfordshire, England. The performance was presented by Jemima Goldsmith and Nigella Lawson, and according to onlookers, it seemed that <mask> and Waters had ended their long-running feud, laughing and joking together along with their respective partners. Waters subsequently confirmed on his Facebook page that <mask> would play "Comfortably Numb" with him during one of his shows on

masks: Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour


title: David Gilmour

texts: his upcoming The Wall Live tour – <mask> performed the song with Waters on 12 May 2011 at The O2, London and, with Nick Mason, played with the rest of the band on "Outside the Wall" at the conclusion of the show. <mask> released an album with the Orb in 2010 entitled Metallic Spheres, on which he co-wrote every track and their subsequent parts, and produced, played guitar and sang. In 2011, Rolling Stone placed <mask> at number 14 in a list of the hundred greatest guitarists of all time.Graham Nash and Phil Taylor, <mask>'s guitar technician, both stated that <mask> was working on a new studio album to be completed during 2014, featuring Nash along with his long-time collaborator <mask>. On 29 October 2014, <mask> told Rolling Stone that his new album was "coming along very well", that "there's a few months work in it yet" and that he is "hoping to get it out this following year" (in 2015). In addition to the new album, <mask> confirmed that there would also be a tour, but not a massive 200-date tour, more like an "old man's tour", adding: "There haven't been many discussions about the tour. But places like Radio City Music Hall sound like the right sort of vibe for me." On 4 March 2015, <mask> announced a tour of the UK and Europe planned from September to October 2015, his first live tour in nine years, coinciding with the release of his fourth solo studio album. On 16 July 2015, the first tour dates in 10 years were announced for North America for March to April 2016. On 6 June 2015, <mask> previewed his fourth solo studio album at the Borris House Festival of Writing and Ideas in Carlow, Ireland and revealed that it would be titled Rattle That Lock.On 14

masks:
Gilmour
Gilmour
Gilmour
Gilmour
Gilmour
David Crosby
Gilmour
Gilmour
Gilmour
Gilmour


title: David Gilmour

texts:
 November 2015, <mask> was the subject of the BBC Two documentary <mask>: Wider Horizons, which was billed as "an intimate portrait of one of the greatest guitarists and singers of all time, exploring his past and present." On 31 May 2017, it was announced that <mask>'s new live album and film, Live at Pompeii, which documents the two shows he performed on 7 and 8 July 2016 at the Amphitheatre of Pompeii, would be shown at selected cinemas, for one night only, on 13 September. The album was released on 29 September 2017 and peaked at Number 3 on the UK Albums Chart. To celebrate the event, Mayor Ferdinando Uliano, made <mask> an honorary citizen of the city. In the EPK for Live at Pompeii, <mask> stated that he has several songs which are almost complete which did not make it onto Rattle That Lock. He also stated that he would tour again when the next album is released. From April 2020, <mask> appeared in a series of livestreams with his family, performing songs by Syd Barrett and Leonard Cohen.On 3 July he released "Yes, I Have Ghosts", his first single since 2015. Its lyrics were written by Samson and features his daughter Romany making her recording debut on backing vocals and harp. Musical style
<mask> credits guitarists such as Pete Seeger, Lead Belly, Jeff Beck, Eric Clapton, Jimi Hendrix, Joni Mitchell, John Fahey, Roy Buchanan, and Hank Marvin of the Shadows as influences. <mask> said: "I copied – don't be afraid to copy – and eventually something that I suppose that I would call my own appeared." In 2006, Guitar World writer Jimmy Brown said his playing was "characterised by simple, huge-sounding riffs; gutsy, well-paced solos; and rich, ambient

masks:
Gilmour
David Gilmour
Gilmour
Gilmour
Gilmour
Gilmour
Gilmour
Gilmour


title: David Gilmour

texts:
 chordal textures". Rolling Stone critic Alan di Perna praised <mask>'s guitar work as an integral element of Pink Floyd's sound. <mask>'s lead guitar style is characterised by blues-influenced phrasing, expressive note bends, and sustain.In 2006, <mask> said: "[My] fingers make a distinctive sound... [they] aren't very fast, but I think I am instantly recognisable." Pink Floyd technician Phil Taylor said: "It really is just his fingers, his vibrato, his choice of notes and how he sets his effects ... In reality, no matter how well you duplicate the equipment, you will never be able to duplicate the personality." <mask> also plays bass, keyboards, banjo, lap steel, mandolin, harmonica, drums, and saxophone. According to an interview with Rock Compact Disc, he played bass on many Pink Floyd records, such as the fretless bass on "Hey You". <mask> said: "Half the time I would play bass on the records because I would tend to do it quicker [than Waters] ... Rog used to come in and say 'thank you very much' to me once in a while for winning him bass-playing polls." Influence
According to MusicRadar, <mask> is "a household name among the classic rock crowd, and for a lot of younger guitar fans he's the only 1970s guitarist that matters.For many he's the missing link between Jimi Hendrix and Eddie Van Halen." Writing for the website, Billy Saefong stated <mask> "isn't as flashy as Jimi Hendrix or Jimmy Page on the stage, but his guitar work outshines most for emotion." In 1996, <mask> was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Pink Floyd. He has been ranked one of the greatest guitarists of all time by publications including Rolling Stone and The


title: David Gilmour

texts:
 Daily Telegraph. In January 2007, Guitar World readers voted <mask>'s solos for "Comfortably Numb", "Time" and "Money" among the top 100 greatest guitar solos. <mask> is cited by Marillion guitarist Steve Rothery as one of his three main influences. John Mitchell, the guitarist of bands including It Bites and Arena, also cites <mask> as an influence.In 2013, Gary Kemp, the guitarist and songwriter of Spandau Ballet (and also a member of Nick Mason's Saucerful of Secrets) argued that <mask>'s work on The Dark Side of the Moon "must make him the best guitar player in recent history". Charity work
<mask> has supported charities including Oxfam, the European Union Mental Health and Illness Association, Greenpeace, Amnesty International, the Lung Foundation, Nordoff-Robbins music therapy, Teenage Cancer Trust, and People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). In May 2003, <mask> sold his house in Little Venice to the ninth Earl Spencer and donated the proceeds worth £3.6 million to Crisis to help fund a housing project for the homeless. He has been named a vice-president of the organisation. He donated £25,000 to the Save the Rhino foundation in exchange for Douglas Adams's name suggestion for the album that became The Division Bell. On 20 June 2019, <mask> auctioned 120 of his guitars for charity, at Christie's in New York, including his Black Strat, his #0001 and early 1954 Stratocasters, and his 1955 Les Paul. The Black Strat sold for $3,975,000, making it the most expensive guitar ever sold at auction.The auction raised $21,490,750, with the proceeds going to the environmentalist charity ClientEarth. Personal life
<mask>'s first marriage was to


title: David Gilmour

texts:
 American-born model and artist Virginia "Ginger" Hasenbein, on 7 July 1975. The couple had four children: Alice (born 1976), Clare (born 1979), Sara (born 1983) and Matthew (born 1986). They originally attended a Waldorf School, but <mask> called their education there "horrific". In 1994, he married writer Polly Samson. His best man was his teenage friend and Pink Floyd album artwork designer Storm Thorgerson. <mask> and Samson have four children: <mask>'s adopted son Charlie (born 1989 to Samson and Heathcote Williams), Joe (born 1995), Gabriel (born 1997) and Romany (born 2002).Charlie's voice can be heard on the telephone to Steve O'Rourke at the end of "High Hopes" from The Division Bell. Gabriel performed piano on the song "In Any Tongue" on the 2015 album Rattle That Lock, making his recording debut. In 2011, Charlie was jailed for 16 months for violent disorder during a London protest against tuition fees. <mask> lives with his family on a farm near Wisborough Green, Sussex, and also has a home at Hove. He also spends time at his recording studio houseboat Astoria near Hampton Court. <mask> is an experienced pilot and aviation enthusiast. Under the aegis of his company, Intrepid Aviation, he amassed a collection of historical aircraft.He later decided to sell the company, which he had started as a hobby, feeling that it was becoming too commercial for him to handle. In a BBC interview, he stated:

<mask> does not believe in an afterlife and is an atheist. He has stated that he is left-wing. He said that his parents were "Proper Manchester Guardian readers ... Some of their friends went on the Aldermaston Marches. Mine never did to my knowledge, but they


title: David Gilmour

texts:
 were both committed to voting for the Labour Party." He described himself as a socialist, "even if I can't quite stick with party politics".In August 2014, <mask> was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in the Scottish independence referendum. In May 2017, <mask> endorsed Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn in the 2017 UK general election. He tweeted: "I'm voting Labour because I believe in social equality." <mask>'s net worth is £115 million, according to the Sunday Times Rich List 2018. Awards and honours

<mask> Novello Lifetime Contribution Award, recognising his excellence in music writing.Later that year, he was recognised for his outstanding contribution to music by the Q Awards. He dedicated his award to Pink Floyd keyboardist Richard Wright, who died in September 2008. On 11 November 2009, <mask> received an honorary doctorate from Anglia Ruskin University. Guitars

For <mask>'s 21st birthday, in March 1967, <mask>'s parents gave him his first Fender guitar, a white Telecaster with a white pickguard and a rosewood fretboard. He used this guitar when he joined Pink Floyd in 1968, with one of Barrett's Telecasters as a spare. The Black Strat

<mask> used the Black Strat, a Fender Stratocaster, in most Pink Floyd concerts and for every Pink Floyd studio album recorded between 1970 and 1983. <mask> bought it at Manny's Music in New York in 1970, after the band's US tour was cancelled due to the theft of their equipment in New Orleans.The guitar, which originally had a rosewood fretboard and a white pickguard, underwent a number of

masks: Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour Gilmourvor Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour


title: David Gilmour

texts:
 modifications, settling on a black pickguard and maple neck. It was auctioned for charity in 2019 for $3.9 million, making it one of the most expensive guitars ever sold at auction. Fender Black Strat Signature Stratocaster

In November 2006, Fender Custom Shop announced two reproductions of <mask>'s Black Strat for release on 22 September 2008. Phil Taylor, <mask>'s guitar technician, supervised this release and has written a book on the history of this guitar. The release date was chosen to coincide with the release of <mask>'s Live in Gdańsk album. Both guitars are based on extensive measurements of the original instrument, each featuring varying degrees of wear. The most expensive is the David Gilmour Relic Stratocaster which features the closest copy of wear on the original guitar.A pristine copy of the guitar is also made, the <mask> NOS Stratocaster. The 0001 Strat

The 0001 Strat is a Fender Stratocaster with a white body, maple neck, three-way pick up selector and an unusual gold colour scratch plate and hardware. <mask> bought it from guitar technician Phil Taylor, who had purchased it from Seymour Duncan. <mask> used the guitar in the 2004 Strat Pack show that commemorated the 50th anniversary of the Stratocaster at Wembley Arena along with one of his Candy Apple Red Stratocasters (famous for their appearances with <mask> from 1987 to 2004). It has the serial number 0001; however, prototypes had been constructed before this one. The origin of the guitar is unknown, and it is unknown whether it is the real 0001 Strat because the neck (which has the 0001 serial number on it) could have been taken off the original. The model was used as a spare and for

masks:
Gilmour
Gilmour
Gilmour
David Gilmour
Gilmour
Gilmour
Gilmour


title: David Gilmour

texts:
 slide guitar in subsequent years.In 2019, the 0001 Strat was sold at auction for $1,815,000, setting a new world auction record for a Stratocaster. <mask> also owns an early 1954 Stratocaster, believed to predate Fender's commercial release of the model. Other electric guitars

Along with the Fender models, <mask> has also used a Gibson Les Paul goldtop model with P-90 pick-ups during recording sessions for The Wall and A Momentary Lapse of Reason. It was used for the guitar solo on "Another Brick in the Wall, Part 2". <mask> also plays a Gretsch Duo-Jet, a Gretsch White Falcon, and a "White Penguin". He played a Bill Lewis 24-fret guitar during the Meddle and Dark Side of the Moon recording sessions, and a Steinberger GL model which was his main guitar during A Momentary Lapse of Reason recording sessions. Acoustics
<mask> has used many acoustic guitars, including a Gibson Chet Atkins classical model, and a Gibson J-200 Celebrity, acquired from John Illsley of Dire Straits.<mask> used several Ovation models including a Custom Legend 1619-4, and a Custom Legend 1613-4 nylon string guitar, both during The Wall recording sessions. Martin models used include a D-35, purchased in New York in 1971, and a D12-28 12-string. Steel guitar

<mask> used a pair of Jedson steel guitars and a Fender 1000 pedal steel frequently in the early 1970s. Originally purchased from a pawn shop while <mask> was in Seattle in 1970, the Jedson was used during recording of "One of These Days" from Meddle and "Breathe" and "The Great Gig in the Sky" from Dark Side of the Moon. <mask> also owns a Fender Deluxe lap steel, which he used during The Division Bell tour in 1994. <mask> also owns

masks: Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour Gilmour


title: David Gilmour

texts:
 a Champ lap steel model. Along with the Fender steel models <mask> has also used: a Gibson EH150, and two Jedson models: one red (1977-tuned D-G-D-G-B-E for "Shine On You Crazy Diamond, Parts 6–9", 1987–2006: Tuned E-B-E-G-B-E for "High Hopes") and one blonde.He also uses a ZB steel model. <mask> played pedal steel guitar on the album Blue Pine Trees by Unicorn. Bass guitars
<mask> has played the bass guitar both in the studio and onstage, and has played many bass models including: an Ovation Magnum, a Fender Bass VI, Fender Precision and Jazz bass models and a Charvel fretless (all used during The Wall recording sessions). During the 1991 Amnesty International concert <mask> used a Music Man Fretless Stingray bass while conducting the house band and again during Spinal Tap's performance of "Big Bottom". EMG DG20 Signature pickups
In 2004 EMG, Inc. released the DG20 Signature guitar pickup kit for the Fender Stratocaster. The set included three active pickups, an EXG Guitar Expander for increased treble and bass frequencies, and a SPC presence control to enhance earthiness and mid-range. The system came pre-wired on a custom 11-hole white pearl pickguard with white knobs.The kit was based on the configuration mounted on <mask>'s red Stratocaster during the Momentary Lapse of Reason and Division Bell tours. Discography

Studio albums
 <mask> Novello Award winners
Lead guitarists
Living people
Musicians from Cambridgeshire
Pedal steel guitarists
People educated at The Perse School
People from Cambridge
Pink Floyd members
Progressive rock guitarists
Slide guitarists
Weissenborn players
People from Grantchester
People from Trumpington
English male

masks:
Gilmour
Gilmour
Gilmour
Gilmour
Gilmour
David Gilmourvor


title: Alfred Twardecki

texts:
<mask> (born 4 February 1962) is a Polish historian of antiquity and translator. He works as curator at the Department of Ancient and Eastern Christian Art in the National Museum in Warsaw. He graduated in 1986 from the Department of History of Warsaw University. He served as assistant in the Chair of Ancient History of the Warsaw University from 1986 until 1992 when he started at the National Museum in Warsaw. He is the author of many articles and books about Ancient Greece, a scholarship holder of the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology of the University of Warsaw and Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD), guest of École française d'Athènes, director of the Cooperation Program between the Warsaw National Museum and the Kerch Republican Historic-Cultural Museum (Crimea, Ukraine). Since 2008 he is also director of Polish Archaeological Mission "Tyritake" of National Museum in Warsaw. The expedition is indefinitely suspended since year 2014.Since 1 February 2012 is curator in chief of the Collection of Ancient and Eastern Christian Art. Since 2016 he is also director of Polish Archaeological Mission "Olbia" (Pontic Olbia). Married, two kids. Bibliography
 Papers
 Grecja a Wschód w świetle liryki archaicznej, Meander, 7-8


title: Alfred Twardecki

texts:
 epitaph for Glykarion, son of Glykarion, son of Glykarion (KL 439), Bosporan readings X, Kerch (2009), p. 540-547.Priest and Poet? (CIRB 118), Bosporan readings XI, Kerch (2010), pp. 519–525
 Wieża Babel. Rzecz o językach i formach ich zapisu. [The Tower of Babel. Matter about languages and their ways of recording] wyd. Zamek Książąt Pomorskich w Szczecinie 2010 [Exhibition catalogue]: Język grecki [Greek]: pp.29–32, the catalogue notes: pp. 33, 35; Język łacński [Latin], pp. 48–51, the catalogue notes: pp. 52, 53, 55; Paleografia [Palaeography] pp. 56–59
 V.N. Zin’ko, A.V. Zin’nko, A<mask>, Yu.L.Belik, Issledovaniya Bosporskoi OAE [Badania Bosporskiej Konserwatorsko-Archeologicznej Ekspedycji], Arkheologichni Doslizhennya v Ukraini 2010, Institut Arkheologii NAN Ukrainy, Kiev (2011), pp. 117–118
 Greek Poetry in Bosporan Kingdom, Bosporan readings XII, Kerch (2011), pp. 458–463
 A Collegium of Hieroi in the Bosporan Kingdom? in: Pontika 2008, Recent Research on the Northern and Eastern Black Sea in Ancient Times. Proceedings of the National Conference, 21–26 April 2008, Kraków, BAR International Series 2240, 2011, Chapter 46, pp. 371–376
 Greek metric inscription about fountain construction (KL 1279=CIRB 913), Bosporan readings XIII,


title: Alfred Twardecki

texts:
 Kerch (2012), p. 501-507. New Greek Inscription and Graffito from Tyritake, [in:] Bosporan Readings XIV, The Cimmerian Bosporus and barbarian  world in the period of Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Kerch 2013, pp.545–551
  [Poetry of the Bosporan Kingdom and acculturation process of its elites], [in:] Świat starożytny. Państwo i społeczeństwo [Ancient World. State and society], red. Ryszard Kulesza, Marek Stępień, Elżbieta Szabat, Maciej Daszuta, Warszawa 2013, pp. 131–145
 Monika Dolińska, Tomasz Górecki, Andrzej Reiche, <mask>, Zbiory Sztuki Starożytnej i Wschodniochrześcijańskiej a wykopaliska archeologiczne Muzeum Narodowego w Warszawie [Collection of the Ancient and Eastchristian Art and archaeologic excavations of the National Museum in Warsaw], „Rocznik Muzeum Narodowego w Warszawie. Nowa Seria”, 2 (38), pp. 30–55
 The Ancient site of Tyritake in the Cimmerian Bosporus, Polish excavations 2008–2013 in: A. <mask> (ed.), Tyritake, Antique Site at Cimmerian Bosporus; Proceedings of the international conference, Warsaw, 27–28 November 2013, Warsaw 2014, pp. 15–46. An early Christian pendant amulet (?) in the collection of the National Museum in Warsaw – a philological approach in: Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization 17, Kraków 2013,

masks:
Alfred Twardecki
Twardecki


title: Alfred Twardecki

texts:
 pp. 365–369
 V. N. Zin’ko, A. V. Zin’ko, A<mask>, M. A. Kotin, Issledovaniya na gorodishche Tiritaka i khore Nimfeya [Research at the city Tiritake and the chora of Nymphaeum], in: Arkheologichni Doslidzhennya v Ukraini 2013 (Archeological Researches in Ukraine, 2013), Kiiv 2014, pps. 39-40
 <mask>, Hoplici. O sztuce wojennej starożytnej Grecji.Hoplites. On the art of war of ancient Greece [small guide for the exhibition], Warszawa, 2015
 <mask>, Evidence of Foreign Citizens in the Bosporan Inscriptions. A second approach, Bosporan Elite and its Culture, Papers of the International Round Table, November 22–25, 2016, Saint Petersburg, 2016, pp. 30–40
 <mask>, Polish excavations at Tyritake 2008–2014. A small revolution in archaic architecture w: The Black Sea in the Light of New Archaeological Data and Theoretical Approaches,  Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on the Black Sea in Antiquity held in Thessaloniki, 18–20 September 2015, ed. Manolis Manoledakis, Oxford, 2016, pp. 29–39
 Books
 Plutarch, Czy stary człowiek powinien zajmować się polityką ?(tłumaczenie i przypisy) w: Cyceron, Plutarch: Pochwała starości, Unia Wydawnicza "Verum", Warszawa 1996 [Plutarch, Whether an Old Man Should Engage in Public Affairs - translation

masks:
. Twardecki
Alfred Twardecki
Alfred Twardecki
Alfred Twardecki


title: Alfred Twardecki

texts:
 and commentary in: Cicero, Plutarch: a praise of the old-age]
 Mały słownik sztuki starożytnej Grecji i Rzymu, Unia wydawnicza "Verum", Warszawa 1998 [Small Dictionary of the Ancient Greek and Roman Art.] Version on-line (Prószyński i S-ka)
 Adam Łajtar, <mask>i, Catalogue des inscriptions Grecques du Musée National de Varsovie, Supplement II, The Journal of Juristic Papyrology, Varsovie 2003 [Catalogue of the Greek inscriptions in the National Museum in Warsaw] Version on-line at Prószyński i S-ka server
 Oswyn Murray, Narodziny Grecji [Early Greece], translation into polish: <mask>, Prószyński i S-ka, Warszawa 2004
 Wielki encyklopedyczny atlas. Historia świata, [World History Atlas], Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa, 2006 (translation of pp. 1–113)
 Galeria Sztuki Starożytnej. Egipt, Bliski Wschód. Przewodnik [Gallery of the Ancient Art. Egypt, Near East.Guidebook], Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie, Warszawa 2007 (description of Greek inscriptions, ostraka and papyri)
 T. Matkovskaya, A<mask>, S. Tokhtasev, A. Bekhter, Bosporan Funerary Stelae 2nd century BC - 3rd century AD, From the Collection of the Kerch History and Culture Reserve, Lapidary Collection, vol. III, book 2, part 1=Supplement I Bulletin of the National Museum in Warsaw,

masks:
Alfred Twardeck
Alfred Twardecki
. Twardecki


title: Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg

texts:
<mask> of Battenberg (24 October 1887 – 15 April 1969) was Queen of Spain as the wife of King Alfonso XIII from their marriage on 31 May 1906 until 14 April 1931, when the Spanish Second Republic was proclaimed. A Hessian princess by birth, she was a member of the Battenberg family, a morganatic branch of the House of Hesse-Darmstadt. She was the granddaughter of Queen <mask>. Unlike other members of the Battenberg family, who were accorded the lower rank of Serene Highness, <mask> was born with the rank of Highness due to a Royal Warrant issued in 1886 by Queen <mask>. Early life
Princess <mask> of Battenberg was born on 24 October 1887 at Balmoral Castle, in Scotland. Her father was Prince Henry of Battenberg, the fourth child and third son of Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine by his morganatic wife Countess Julia von Haucke, and her mother was Princess Beatrice, the fifth daughter of Queen <mask> of the United Kingdom and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Her mother, as the youngest child of the lonely queen, was kept "at home" with the court, which happened to be at Balmoral when she went into labour.<mask> was the last grandchild of a British monarch to be born in Scotland until Princess Margaret was born at Glamis Castle in Angus in 1930. As Prince Henry was the product of a morganatic marriage, he took his style of Prince of Battenberg from his mother, who had been created Princess of Battenberg in her own right. As such, Henry's children would normally have been born with the style "Serene Highness"; however, Queen <mask> had issued a Royal Warrant on 4 December 1886 granting the higher style of "Highness" to all sons and daughters of Prince Henry and Princess Beatrice, thus she was born Her Highness Princess <mask> of Battenberg. She was named for her grandmother <mask> and for her godmother Eugénie de Montijo, the Spanish-born French empress who lived in exile in the United

masks:
Victoria Eugenie Julia Ena
Victoria
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria


title: Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg

texts: Kingdom. To her family, and the British general public, she was known by a diminutive of the last of her names, as Ena. She was born in the 50th year of Queen <mask>’s reign, so she was called "the Jubilee baby". She was baptised in the Drawing Room at Balmoral.Her godparents were Empress Eugénie (represented by Princess Frederica of Hanover), the German Crown Princess (her maternal aunt; represented by the Duchess of Roxburghe), the Princess of Battenberg (her paternal grandmother; represented by the Marchioness of Ely), Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (her maternal aunt; represented by the Countess of Erroll), Prince Louis of Battenberg (her paternal uncle; represented by the Earl of Hopetoun) and the Duke of Edinburgh (her maternal uncle; represented by Sir Henry Ponsonby). <mask> grew up in Queen <mask>'s household, as the British monarch had reluctantly allowed Beatrice to marry on the condition that she remain her mother's full-time companion and personal secretary. Therefore, she spent her childhood at Windsor Castle, Balmoral, and Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. She was a bridesmaid at the wedding of her cousins, the Duke (later King George V) and Duchess of York on 6 July 1893. When she was 6, <mask> suffered a severe concussion when she was thrown off her pony at Osborne and hit her head on the ground. Queen <mask>'s physicians noticed "dangerous symptoms", such as "evident signs of brain pressure, probably a haemorrhage." Her aunt <mask>, Princess Royal, wrote, "it is so grievous that [<mask>ie] cannot take notice or open her eyes."<mask> was close to her grandmother Queen <mask>. She reflected that "having been born and brought up in her home, Queen <mask> was like a second mother to us. She was very kind but very strict, with old fashioned ideas of how children must be brought up." When <mask> said, "I think it is time for us to go to bed," Queen <mask> corrected her.

masks:
Victoria
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria
Victoria
Victoria Eugen
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria
Victoria
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria


title: Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg

texts:
 "Young woman, a princess should say, 'I think it is time for me to retire. Queen <mask> wrote that "I love these darling children so, almost as much as their own parent" and referred to <mask> as "the little treasure." Her father died while on active military service after contracting fever in Africa in 1896.After the death of Queen <mask> in 1901, the Battenbergs moved to London and took up residence in Kensington Palace. Engagement

In 1905, King Alfonso XIII of Spain made an official state visit to the United Kingdom. <mask>'s uncle, King Edward VII, hosted a dinner in Buckingham Palace, in honour of the Spanish king. Alfonso was seated between Queen Alexandra and Princess Helena, King Edward's sister. He noticed <mask>ugenie and asked who the dinner guest with almost white hair was. Everybody knew that King Alfonso was looking for a suitable bride and one of the strongest candidates was Princess Patricia of Connaught, another niece of King Edward. As Princess Patricia seemed not to be impressed by the Spanish monarch, Alfonso indulged his interest in <mask>ie, and so the courtship began.When Alfonso returned to Spain he frequently sent postcards to <mask>ie and spoke of her approvingly. His mother, Queen Maria Cristina, did not like her son's choice, in part because she considered the Battenbergs non-royal because of the obscure origin of Prince Henry's mother, and in part because she wanted her son to marry within her own family. Other obstacles to a marriage were religion (Alfonso was Roman Catholic, and <mask> was Anglican); and, the potential problem of haemophilia, the disease that <mask> had transmitted to some of her descendants. Eugenie's brother Leopold was a haemophiliac, so there was a 50% probability that <mask> would be a carrier, although the degree of risk was not yet known. Still, if Alfonso married her, their issue could be affected by the disease. Nonetheless, Alfonso was

masks:
Victoria
Victoria Eie
Victoria
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria E
Victoria Eugen
Victoria Eugen
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria
Victoria Eugenie


title: Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg

texts: not dissuaded. After a year of rumours about which princess Alfonso would marry, his mother finally acceded to her son's selection in January 1906 and wrote a letter to <mask>'s mother, telling her about the love Alfonso felt for her daughter and seeking unofficial contact with the king.Some days later at Windsor, King Edward congratulated his niece on her future engagement. Princess Beatrice and her daughter arrived in Biarritz on 22 January and stayed at the Villa Mauriscot where some days later King Alfonso met them. At the Villa Mauriscot, Alfonso and his future bride conducted a chaperoned, three-day romance. Then, Alfonso took <mask> and her mother to San Sebastián to meet Queen Maria Cristina. On 3 February, the king left San Sebastian to go to Madrid and <mask> and her mother went to Versailles where the Princess would be instructed in the Catholic faith: As the future Queen of Spain, she agreed to convert. The official reception of <mask> into the Catholic faith took place on 5 March 1906 at Miramar Palace in San Sebastián. The terms of the marriage were settled by two agreements, a public treaty and a private contractual arrangement.The treaty was executed between Spain and the United Kingdom in London on 7 May 1906 by their respective plenipotentiaries, the Spanish Ambassador to the Court of St. James's, Don Luis Polo de Bernabé, and the British Foreign Secretary, Sir Edward Grey, Bt. Ratifications were exchanged on 23 May following. Among other conditions, the treaty stipulated:BE it known unto all men by these Presents that whereas His Catholic Majesty Alfonso XIII, King of Spain, has judged it proper to announce his intention of contracting a marriage with Her Royal Highness Princess <mask>énie Julia Ena, niece of His Majesty Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, and daughter of Her Royal

masks:
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria Eug


title: Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg

texts: Highness the Princess Beatrice Mary <mask> (Princess Henry of Battenberg)…Article I. It is concluded and agreed that the marriage between His said Majesty King Alfonso XIII and Her said Royal Highness the Princess <mask>énie Julia Ena shall be solemnized in person at Madrid as soon as the same may conveniently be done. II. His said Majesty King Alfonso XIII engages to secure to Her said Royal Highness the Princess <mask>énie Julia Ena from the date of her marriage with His Majesty, and for the whole period of the marriage, an annual grant of 450,000 pesetas. His said Majesty King Alfonso XIII also engages, if, by the will of Divine Providence, the said Princess <mask>énie Julia Ena should become his widow, to secure to her, from the date of his death, an annual grant of 250,000 pesetas, unless and until she contracts a second marriage, both these grants having already been voted by the Cortes.The private settlements to be made on either side in regard to the said marriage will be agreed upon and expressed in a separate Contract, which shall, however, be deemed to form an integral part of the present Treaty…III. The High Contracting Parties take note of the fact that Her Royal Highness the Princess <mask>énie Julia Ena, according to the due tenor of the law of England, forfeits for ever all hereditary rights of succession to the Crown and Government of Great Britain… The treaty's reference to the forfeiture of <mask>énie's British succession rights reflected neither the British government's censure of the alliance nor any renunciation made by her. Rather, it was an explicit recognition of the fact that by marrying (and becoming) a Roman Catholic, <mask>énie lost any right to inherit the British crown as a consequence of Britain's Act of Settlement. This exclusion was personal and limited: those among her descendants who do not become Roman Catholic remain in the line of succession to the British

masks:
Victoria Feodore
Victoria Eug
Victoria Eug
Victoria Eug
Victoria Eug
Victoria Eug
Victoria Eug


title: Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg

texts: Throne. Despite this treaty, concern about the reaction to the marriage and to <mask>énie's conversion among Protestants was accommodated by the British government's decision that King Edward need not grant official consent to the marriage in his Privy Council, despite the fact that his niece was a British subject. Although the Royal Marriages Act of 1772 requires that descendants of King George II obtain the British sovereign's prior permission to marry by Order in Council, an exception exists for descendants of royal daughters who marry "into foreign families". Although the naturalisation of <mask>énie's father in the United Kingdom had been initiated in Parliament a week prior to his marriage to Princess Beatrice, the nuptials were completed before the naturalisation, thus the Government was able to take the position that <mask>ugénie was not bound by the Royal Marriages Act, and therefore the British king had legal authority neither to authorise nor forbid her marriage.The King did, however, issue a royal warrant which read: "Our Will and Pleasure is and we do hereby declare and ordain that from and after the date of this Warrant our Most Dear Niece Princess <mask>ugénie Julia Ena, only daughter of Our Most Dear Sister Beatrice Mary <mask> (Princess Henry of Battenberg) shall be styled entitled and called Her Royal Highness before her name and such Titles and Appellations which to her belong in all Deeds Records Instruments or Documents whatsoever wherein she may at any time hereafter be named or described. And We do hereby authorize and empower Our said Most Dear Niece henceforth at all times to assume and use and to be called and named by the Style, Title and Appellation of Her Royal Highness accordingly. Given at Our Court of Saint James's, the Third day of April 1906: in the Sixth Year of Our Reign. By His Majesty's Command. M Gladstone" Notice of this warrant was gazetted in the London

masks:
Victoria Eug
Victoria Eug
Victoria E
Victoria E
Victoria Feodore


title: Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg

texts:
 Gazette which read: "Whitehall 3 April 1906. The KING has been graciously pleased to declare and ordain that His Majesty's niece, Her Highness Princess <mask> Julia Ena, daughter of Her Royal Highness the Princess Beatrice Mary <mask>ore (Princess Henry of Battenberg), shall henceforth be styled and called "Her Royal Highness"; And to command that the said Royal concession and declaration be registered in His Majesty's College of Arms." Queen of Spain

Princess <mask> married King Alfonso XIII at the Royal Monastery of San Jerónimo in Madrid on 31 May 1906.Present at the ceremony were her widowed mother and brothers, as well as her cousins, the Prince and Princess of Wales. After the wedding ceremony, as the royal procession was heading back to the Royal Palace, an assassination attempt was made on the King and Queen when anarchist Mateu Morral threw a bomb from a balcony at the royal carriage. <mask>'s life was saved because, at the exact moment the bomb exploded, she turned her head in order to see St. Mary's Church, which Alfonso was showing her. She escaped injury, although her dress was spotted with the blood of a guard who was riding beside the carriage. A large statue in front of the Royal Monastery of San Jeronimo commemorates the victims of the bombing of 31 May 1906. After the inauspicious start to her tenure as Queen of Spain, <mask> became isolated from the Spanish people and was unpopular in her new land. Her married life improved when she gave birth to a son and heir-apparent to the kingdom, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias.However, while the baby prince was being circumcised, the doctors noted that he did not stop bleeding — the first sign that the infant heir had haemophilia. <mask> was the obvious source of the condition, which was inherited by her eldest and youngest sons. Contrary to the response of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia, whose son and heir by another granddaughter of

masks:
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria Feod
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria Eugenie


title: Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg

texts: Queen <mask> was similarly afflicted, Alfonso is alleged never to have forgiven <mask> nor to have come to terms with what had happened. In all, King Alfonso XIII and Queen <mask>ugenie had seven children, five sons and two daughters. Neither of their daughters is known to have been a carrier of haemophilia. After the births of their children, <mask>'s relationship with Alfonso deteriorated, and he had numerous affairs. It has been said that he had a dalliance with the Queen's cousin, Beatrice, Duchess of Galliera, but this is disputed.Then members of the king's circle spread rumours that Beatrice had been expelled because of her bad behaviour, which was not true. All this situation was very painful for the Queen, who could do nothing to help her cousin. <mask> devoted herself to work for hospitals and services for the poor, as well as to education. She was also involved in the reorganization of the Spanish Red Cross. In 1929, the city of Barcelona erected a statue of her in a nurse's uniform in honor of her Red Cross work (the statue has since been destroyed). Various Spanish landmarks have been named after <mask>ugenie. For instance, in 1909, Madrid's stately neoclassical bridge crossing the Manzanares River was named after her as the "Puente de la Reina Victoria".In 1912, the monumental opera house and theater "Teatro Victoria Eugenia" in San Sebastián, Spain, was named after her. In 1920, she launched the Spanish Navy Cruiser Reina Victoria Eugenia which was named after her. She was the 976th Dame of the Royal Order of Queen Maria Luisa. In 1923, the Pope conferred upon her the Golden Rose which was the first time this honor had been awarded to a British princess since 1555 when Pope Julius III conferred one upon Queen Mary I of England. She was also granted the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert by her grandmother, Queen <mask>. The Queen was also awarded the Spanish Red Cross Merit Order

masks:
Victoria
Victoria Eie
Victoria E
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria E
Victoria


title: Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg

texts:
 (First Class) and the jewelled breast star was paid for by a subscription undertaken by the Corps of Lady Nurses of the Spanish Red Cross. Exile
The Spanish royal family went into exile on 14 April 1931 after municipal elections brought Republicans to power in most of the major cities, leading to the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic.Alfonso XIII had hoped that his voluntary exile might avert a civil war between the Republicans and the Monarchists. The family went to live in France and later Italy. <mask> and Alfonso later separated, and she lived partly in the UK and in Switzerland. She purchased a chateau, the Vieille Fontaine, outside Lausanne. In 1938, the whole family gathered in Rome for the baptism at the Palazzo Malta of Alfonso and <mask>'s son Juan's eldest son, Juan Carlos, by Vatican Cardinal Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli (who stood in for the dying Pope Pius XI and would himself become Pope Pius XII in a few months). On 15 January 1941, Alfonso, feeling his death was near, transferred his rights to the Spanish crown to his son, the Count of Barcelona. On 12 February, Alfonso suffered a first heart attack.Alfonso died on 28 February 1941. In 1942  <mask> was obliged to leave Italy, having become persona non grata to the Italian government, according to Harold Tittmann, a U.S. representative at the Vatican at the time, for her "ill-disguised leanings to the Allied cause." <mask>ugenie returned briefly to Spain in February 1968, to stand as godmother at the baptism of her great-grandson, Infante Felipe, the son of Infante Juan Carlos and Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark. Felipe became King of Spain after his father, King Juan Carlos I, abdicated in June 2014. Death
<mask> died in Lausanne on 15 April 1969, aged 81, exactly 38 years after she had left Spain for exile. The funeral held in the church of Sacré Coeur, she was buried on the nearby cemetery Bois-de-Vaux

masks:
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria E
Victoria Eugenie


title: Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg

texts:
 in Lausanne. On 25 April 1985, her remains were returned to Spain and re-interred in the Royal Vault in the Escorial, outside Madrid, next to the remains of her husband, Alfonso XIII, and not far from her sons, Infante Alfonso, Infante Jaime, and Infante Gonzalo.Legacy

<mask>ugenie's great-grandson Felipe VI is the King of Spain. Her godchildren included the Prince of Monaco, Queen Fabiola of Belgium, and Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of Alba. <mask>'s Cartier tiara of diamonds set with pearls (or alternatively with emeralds) was left to her daughter, Infanta Maria Cristina, Countess of Marone. It is now worn by the Queen of Spain. In addition, her Ansorena fleur-de-lis tiara given to her by Alfonso XIII at her wedding has become the most important tiara in the Spanish Royal collection and is worn by the Queen of Spain for important state occasions. A sapphire ring owned by <mask>ugenie was sold at Sotheby's in May 2012 for $50,000. That same year, Sotheby's also sold at auction <mask>ie's diamond and pink conch shell bracelet by Cartier for the extraordinary price of $3.4 million.Arms

Other versions

Issue

Ancestry

References

Further reading

 "Franco at Bourbon Prince's Baptism", The Times, 9 February 1968, p. 4, column 4. "Queen <mask>ugénie, Granddaughter of Queen <mask> (Obituary)", The Times, 16 April 1969, p. 12, column E.

External links

 Royal House of Spain
 Treaty between the United Kingdom and Spain for the Marriage of His Majesty the King of Spain with Her Royal Highness Princess <mask>ugenie Julia Ena - 7 May 1906

|-

1887 births
1969 deaths
Alfonso XIII of Spain
Battenberg family
Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism
German princesses
House of Bourbon (Spain)
Ladies of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert
People from Marr
Grand Cordons of the Order of the Precious Crown
Scottish Roman Catholics
Spanish

masks:
Victoria E
Victoria Eugenie
Victoria E
Victoria Eugen
Victoria E
Victoria
Victoria E


title: Li Lin (prince)

texts:
<mask> (李璘) (died March 14, 757), né <mask> (李澤), formally the Prince of Yong (永王), was an imperial prince of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty. He was a son of Emperor Xuanzong, and after the general An Lushan had rebelled against Emperor Xuanzong's rule in 755, <mask> tried to occupy the region south of the Yangtze River and establish a separate regime, but was defeated and killed. Background
It is not known when <mask> was born. It is known, however, that he was the 16th of Emperor Xuanzong's 30 sons, and that his mother Consort Guo was the younger sister of the military governor (jiedushi) Guo Xuji (郭虛己). Consort Guo died when <mask> was only a few years old, and <mask> was raised by his older brother <mask>ng; it was said that at night, <mask>ng would hold <mask> in his arms. <mask> was said to be intelligent in his youth, but was ugly in appearance and had strabismus. In 725, Emperor Xuanzong created <mask> the Prince of Yong, and in 727 gave him the honorary title as the commandant at Jing Prefecture (荊州, roughly modern Jingzhou, Hubei).In 732, he was given the additional honorific title of Kaifu Yitong Sansi (開府儀同三司), and his name was changed to <mask>. Rebellion
In 755, the general An Lushan rebelled, and by 756 was approaching the Tang capital Chang'an, forcing Emperor Xuanzong to flee toward Jiannan Circuit (劍南, roughly modern Sichuan and Chongqing, headquartered) with his family—although <mask>ng (whose name had by now been changed to <mask>ng and who was crown prince) did not follow Emperor Xuanzong to Jiannan Circuit but instead went to Lingwu and was declared emperor there (as Emperor Suzong). Meanwhile, though, Emperor Xuanzong, who had not known that Emperor Suzong had taken imperial title, continued to issue edicts as

masks:
Li Lin
Li Ze
Li Lin
Li Ze
Li Ze
Li Ze
Li Sishe
Li Sishe
Li Ze
Li Ze
Li Ze
Li Lin
Li Sishe
Li He


title: Li Lin (prince)

texts: emperor, and on August 15, 756, he issued an edict giving <mask> and three other sons of his—<mask> and his younger brothers <mask> (李琦) the Prince of Sheng and <mask> (李珙) the Prince of Feng—responsibility zones for them to command over, with <mask>ng in overall command. (<mask> and <mask>, however, did not actually report to their command areas.) <mask>'s responsibility area were Shannan East (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan, Hubei), Lingnan (headquartered in modern Guangzhou, Guangdong), Qianzhong (黔中, headquartered in modern Chongqing), and Jiangnan West (江南西道, headquartered in modern Nanchang, Jiangxi) Circuits, with the officials Dou Shao (竇紹) and <mask>an as his assistants, and his headquarters set at Jiangling. Later, when Emperor Xuanzong heard about Emperor Suzong's ascension, he recognized Emperor Suzong as emperor and himself took the title of Taishang Huang (retired emperor). With the empire's transportation network disrupted by An's rebellion, the taxes and levies of the region south of the Huai River were all sent to Jiangling, allowing <mask> access to a great amount of wealth and ability to conscript tens of thousands of soldiers.His son <mask> (李瑒) the Prince of Xiangcheng was said to be brave and studied in military matters, and his strategist Xue <mask> (薛鏐) suggested to him that given the amount of wealth and territory he had, he should occupy Jinling (金陵, modern Nanjing), take over all of the territory south of the Yangtze River, and establish a separate regime similar to Eastern Jin. When Emperor Suzong heard this, he issued an order that <mask> return to Chengdu to accompany Emperor Xuanzong, but <mask> refused. This alarmed <mask>, who claimed to be ill and resigned, and then reported to Emperor Suzong's

masks:
Li Heng
Li Lin
Li Qi
Li Gong
Li He
Li Qi
Li Gong
Li Lin
Li Xi
Li Lin
Li Yang
Liu
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Xian


title: Li Lin (prince)

texts:
 then-location at Pengyuan (彭原, in modern Qingyang, Gansu). Both he and another official, Gao Shi (高適), then proposed strategies to stop <mask>'s plan. Around the new year 757, Emperor Suzong commissioned Gao as the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), and another general, Lai Tian (來瑱), as the military governor of Huainan West Circuit (淮南西道, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan), and instructed them to, along with Wei Zhi (韋陟) the military governor of Jiangdong Circuit (江東, headquartered in modern Suzhou, Jiangsu), to prepare to resist <mask>. On January 19, 757, <mask>, without any imperial permission, left Jiangling with a fleet, heading east on the Yangtze. <mask> (李希言) the governor of Wu Commandery (roughly modern Suzhou) then sent him a letter that treated him as an equal and addressed him by name, inquiring as for the reason for him to be heading east.<mask>, in anger, replied in a letter:

<mask> then ordered his generals Hun Weiming (渾惟明) to attack <mask>, and Ji Guangchen (季廣琛) to attack <mask> (李成式) the secretary general of Guangling Commandery (廣陵, roughly modern Yangzhou). He himself advanced to Dangtu (當塗, in modern Ma'anshan, Anhui). <mask> sent his subordinates Yuan Jingyao (元景曜) and Yan Jingzhi (閻敬之) and <mask> sent his subordinate <mask> (李承慶) to resist <mask>, but <mask>'s forces killed Yan, and Yuan and <mask> surrendered to <mask>. Meanwhile, Gao, Lai, and Wei rendezvoused at Anlu (安陸, in modern Xiaogan, Hubei) and public declared their intent to suppress <mask>'s rebellion. Meanwhile, <mask> had taken position in a city. The forces of the general <mask> (李銑, note different character than <mask>'s former assistant) and <mask> converged on the city, stopping north of

masks:
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Xiyan
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Xiyan
Li Chengshi
Li Xiyan
Li Chengshi
Li Chengqing
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Chengqing
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Xian
Li Lin
Li Chengshi


title: Li Lin (prince)

texts:
 the Yangtze River. In light of the pressure, <mask>'s subordinates Ji, Hun, and Feng Jikang (馮季康) deserted him.That night, when <mask>'s and <mask>'s forces lit torches to try to intimidate <mask>, <mask>'s forces responded by lighting torches as well, but <mask>, when he saw his own forces' torches, mistakenly thought that <mask>'s and <mask>'s forces had already crossed the Yangtze, and he panicked, fleeing out of the city at night, only returning in the day. He then took his remaining forces and headed east on ships. <mask>'s subordinate Zhao Kan (趙侃) gave chase, catching <mask> at Xinfeng (新豐, in modern Changzhou, Jiangsu), defeating <mask> and <mask>'s general Gao Xianqi (高仙琦) and causing <mask>'s forces to collapse. <mask> and Gao fled to Poyang (鄱陽, in modern Shangrao, Jiangxi) and gathered military supplies there, intending to flee to Lingnan. Huangfu Shen (皇甫侁) the examiner of Jiangnan West Circuit gave chase and captured <mask>. He then secretly put <mask> to death. <mask> was killed in battle.<mask>'s surviving family members were delivered to Chengdu. Emperor Suzong, because of the love he had for <mask>, chose not to publicly declare <mask> a rebel, and when he found out that Huangfu had put <mask> to death, he relieved Huangfu from his office and never gave him another one. <mask>'s sons <mask> (李儹), <mask> (李偵), <mask> (李儇), <mask> (李伶), and <mask> (李儀) were allowed to keep their titles. Ancestry

Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 107. New Book of Tang, vol. 82.Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 212, 214, 218, 219. Tang dynasty imperial princes
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Shannan East Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Lingnan Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Wutai Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Zhennan Circuit
8th-century

masks:
Li Lin
Li Xian
Li Chengshi
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Xian
Li Chengshi
Li Chengshi
Li Lin
Li Yang
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Yang
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Zan
Li Zhen
Li Xuan
Li Ling
Li Yi


title: Mae Murray

texts:
<mask> (born Marie Adrienne Koenig; May 10, 1885 – March 23, 1965) was an American actress, dancer, film producer, and screenwriter. <mask> rose to fame during the silent film era and was known as "The Girl with the Bee-Stung Lips" and "The Gardenia of the Screen". Early life
<mask> was born in New York City, the second-oldest child of Joseph and Mary (née Miller) Koenig. Her maternal grandparents had emigrated from France while her paternal grandparents had emigrated from Germany. She had two brothers, William Robert (born November 1889) and Howard Joseph (born January 1884). The family eventually moved to an apartment in the Lower East Side. In May 1896, Joseph Koenig, <mask>'s father, died from acute gastritis due to his alcoholism.To support the family, Mary Koenig took a job as a housekeeper for Harry Payne Whitney. Career

Stage
<mask> began acting on the Broadway stage in 1906 with dancer Vernon Castle. In 1908, she joined the chorus line of the Ziegfeld Follies, moving up to headliner by 1915. <mask> became a star of the club circuit in both the United States and Europe, performing with Clifton Webb, Rudolph Valentino, and John Gilbert as some of her many dance partners. Films
<mask> made her motion picture debut in To Have and to Hold in 1916. She became a major star for Universal, starring with Rudolph Valentino in The Delicious Little Devil and Big Little Person in 1919. At the height of her popularity, <mask> formed her own production company with her director, John M. Stahl.Critics were sometimes less than thrilled with her over-the-top costumes and exaggerated emoting, but her films were popular with movie-going audiences and financially successful. In 1925, <mask>, Leonard, and Stahl produced films at Tiffany Pictures, with Souls for Sables (1925), starring

masks:
Mae Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray


title: Mae Murray

texts:
 Claire Windsor and Eugene O'Brien, as the first film made by Tiffany. For a brief period of time, <mask> wrote a weekly column for newspaper scion William Randolph Hearst. At her career peak in the early 1920s, <mask>, along with such other notable Hollywood personalities as Cecil B. DeMille, Douglas Fairbanks, William S. Hart, Jesse L. Lasky, Harold Lloyd, Hal Roach, Donald Crisp, Conrad Nagel and Irving Thalberg was a member of the board of trustees at the Motion Picture & Television Fund – a charitable organization that offers assistance and care to those in the motion picture and television industries without resources. Four decades later, <mask> herself received aid from that organization. In the early 1920s, <mask> was painted by well-known Hollywood portrait painter Theodore Lukits. This work titled Symphony in Jade and Gold (The Actress Mae Murray) (1922, private collection, northern California) depicted <mask> nude, gazing in a mirror.It was exhibited at the Pacific Asia Museum in 1999 and two other venues as part of the exhibition Theodore Lukits, An American Orientalist. Decline

<mask> appeared in the title role in the Erich von Stroheim-directed film The Merry Widow (1925), opposite John Gilbert. When silent films gave way to talkies, she made an insecure debut in the new medium in Peacock Alley (1930), a remake of her earlier 1921 version Peacock Alley. In 1931, she was cast with newcomer Irene Dunne, leading man Lowell Sherman, and fellow silent screen star Norman Kerry in the talkie Bachelor Apartment. The film was critically panned at the time of release and <mask> made only one more film, High Stakes (1931), also with Sherman. A critical blow to her film career occurred after she married her fourth husband, David Mdivani, a Georgian man of minor

masks: Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray


title: Mae Murray

texts:
 aristocratic roots, whose brothers Serge and Alexis married actress Pola Negri and the heiress Barbara Hutton respectively. The couple married on June 27, 1926, and Mdivani became her manager, suggesting that his new wife ought to leave MGM.<mask> took her husband's advice and walked out of her contract with MGM, making a powerful foe of studio boss Louis B. Mayer. Later, she would swallow her pride and pleaded to return, but Mayer would not rehire her. In effect, Mayer's hostility meant that <mask> was blacklisted from working for the Hollywood studios. Meanwhile, in 1927, <mask> was sued by her then-masseuse, the famous Hollywood fitness guru Sylvia of Hollywood, for the outstanding amount of $2,125; a humiliating and detailed court case followed. Later years
In the 1940s, <mask> appeared regularly at Billy Rose's Diamond Horseshoe, a nightclub which specialized in a "Gay '90s" atmosphere, often presenting stars of the past for nostalgic value. Her appearances collected mixed reviews: her dancing (in particular the Merry Widow Waltz) was well received, but she was criticized for her youthful costumes and heavy makeup application, trying to conceal her age. In 1946, she taught ballroom dancing to young teenagers at a dance studio in Los Angeles.It was located on Crenshaw Blvd., near 48th Street. <mask>'s finances continued to collapse, and for most of her later life she lived in poverty. She was the subject of an authorized biography, The Self-Enchanted (1959), written by Jane Ardmore, that has often been incorrectly called <mask>'s autobiography. On the evening of February 19, 1964, 78-year-old <mask> was found disoriented in St. Louis, thinking that she had completed a bus trip to New York. <mask> explained to a Salvation Army officer that she had become lost trying to

masks: Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray


title: Mae Murray

texts:
 find her hotel, which she had forgotten the name of. She also refused bus fare back to Los Angeles as she claimed to have a ticket for the remainder of the journey in her purse, "if she could find it." Personal life

In September 1908, in Hoboken, New Jersey, while she was appearing in the Follies of 1908, <mask> married William M. Schwenker Jr. (born 1885), the unemployed son of a brewery-supply dealer, who cut off his son's allowance upon news of the wedding; they divorced in 1910.On December 18, 1916, she married former dancer and future Olympic bobsled champion Jay O'Brien. He had been married to Irene Fenwick. After divorcing O'Brien in 1918, <mask> wed movie director Robert Z. Leonard on August 18, 1918; they divorced on May 26, 1925. <mask> married her fourth husband, David Mdivani, on June 27, 1926. They had one child, Koran David Mdivani (1926-2018), before divorcing in 1933. Koran was later raised by Sara Elizabeth "Bess" Cunning of Averill Park, New York, who began taking care of him in 1936, when the child was recovering from a double mastoid operation (Cunning's brother Dr. David Cunning was the surgeon). When <mask> attempted to regain custody of her son in 1939, Cunning and her other brothers, John, Ambrose, and Cortland, refused, according to The New York Times, at which time <mask> and her former husband, Mdivani, entered a bitter custody dispute.It finally ended in 1940, with <mask> being given legal custody of the child and the court ordering Mdivani to pay $400 a month maintenance. However, Koran Mdivani continued to live with Bess Cunning, who adopted him in 1940 under the name Daniel Michael Cunning. Reportedly, Mdivani had managed to drain nearly all of <mask>'s money. Death

Many years later, <mask> moved into the Motion Picture House in Woodland


title: Mae Murray

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 Hills, a retirement community for Hollywood professionals. She died there on March 23, 1965 at the age of 79. She is interred in Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery, North Hollywood, California. For her contribution to the motion picture industry, <mask> has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6318 Hollywood Blvd.She was one of three actresses (Pola Negri and Theda Bara were the others) whose eyes were combined to form the Chicago International Film Festival's logo, a stark, black and white close-up of the composite eyes set as repeated frames in a strip of film. Filmography

References
Notes

Bibliography
 Jane Kesner Morris Ardmore, The Self-Enchanted: <mask>, Image of an Era. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959)
 "The Rise to Stardom of <mask>" by Jimmy Bangley in Classic Images August 1996 (Muscatine, Iowa: Muscatine Journal, 1996)
 F. Cugat, "<mask>'s Victory", Movie Weekly (August 19, 1922)
 Frances Marion, Off With Their Heads! (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1972)
 Adela Rogers St. Johns, "<mask>-A Study in Contradictions", Photoplay (July 1924), 43

External links

 <mask> at the Women Film Pioneers Project

 <mask> at Silents Are Golden
 <mask> Biography at Classic Images
 <mask> at Virtual History
write up on <mask> by Tammy Stone

1885 births
1965 deaths
20th-century American actresses
Actresses from New York City
American film actresses
Film producers from New York (state)
American people of German descent
American people of French descent
American silent film actresses
American stage actresses
Burials at Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
American women screenwriters
Ziegfeld girls
Women film pioneers
Screenwriters from New York (state)
American women film producers
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American

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Mae Murray


title: Devin Ebanks

texts:
<mask> (born October 28, 1989) is an American professional basketball player for Al-Manama of the Bahraini Premier League. The forward was selected 43rd overall by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 2010 NBA draft. He played college basketball for two seasons at West Virginia University. High school career
As a sophomore at Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School in Brooklyn, New York, Ebanks averaged 18 points, six rebounds and 1.3 assists per game. In his junior season, at St. Thomas More School in Connecticut, he averaged 23 points, five rebounds, four assists and three steals. In his senior season, Ebanks recorded an average of 23 points, 10 rebounds and 5 assists per game. He scored over 1,000 points in his two seasons at St. Thomas More.Ebanks received various honors while a prep player in high school. These honors included the Jordan Brand Classic All-Star Game in New York, playing AAU basketball, and being one of 30 players selected for the 2007 USA Basketball Development Festival at the U.S. Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs, Colorado. While at the camp, Ebanks averaged 28.2 points and 4.8 rebounds per game. Ebanks was widely regarded as one of the top high school players in the nation by scouting services, ranking 11th overall and 13th overall in the class by Rivals.com and Scout.com, respectively. He was being pursued by various colleges, such as Indiana, Memphis, Rutgers and Texas. Ebanks originally signed with the Indiana Hoosiers, but was released from his letter of intent after coach Kelvin Sampson was dismissed. Ebanks signed his letter of intent with Bob Huggins' West Virginia University.College career
At WVU,


title: Devin Ebanks

texts: recorded 11 points and 9 rebounds. In the following win over Rutgers, Ebanks had another double-double with 14 points and 11 rebounds. Ebanks had a consecutive double-double in the loss to Cincinnati with 12 points and 14 rebounds. He then had 10 points and 7 rebounds in a victory over South Florida.<mask>aul with 14 points and 14 rebounds. Ebanks ended the regular season against #6 Louisville with a season-high 16 points and 10 rebounds for his 10th double-double of the season. Following the 62–59 loss, Ebanks was named to the Big East all-rookie team. In the second round of the Big East Tournament against Notre Dame, Ebanks scored 7 points and had 5 assists to go with his season-high 18 rebounds. In the following round, defeating the #2 Pittsburgh Panthers 74–60, he had a season-high 20 points with 7 rebounds and 3 assists. In the semifinals, he led the team to overtime against #20 Syracuse, setting a new career-high with 22 points and he also had 6 rebounds, 3 assists and 3 steals in the 74–69 loss. <mask> was named to the first team All-Big East Tournament squad with his average of 16 points and 10 rebounds during the tenure.However, the Mountaineers lost in the first round of the NCAA Tournament to Dayton, 68–60, with Ebanks scoring 14 points and grabbing 12 rebounds. For his true freshman season, Ebanks averaged 10.5 points and 7.8 rebounds per game in his starting role. He had season-highs of 22 points against Syracuse and 18 rebounds against Notre Dame. He finished the year with double-point figures in 12 of his last 13 games with six double-doubles in those games. After some speculation, Ebanks announced he would return for

masks: EbanksP Ebanks