title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts:
 proclamation against seditious writings in May 1792. Booksellers and printers bore the brunt of this law, the effects of which came to a head in the 1794 Treason Trials. <mask> testified, publicly distancing himself from Paine and Barlow, despite the fact that the defendants were received sympathetically by the juries. Poetry
During the 1790s alone, <mask> published 103 volumes of poetry – 37% of his entire output in the genre.The bestselling poetical works of Cowper and Erasmus Darwin enriched <mask>'s firm. Darwin's innovative The Botanic Garden (1791) was particularly successful: <mask> paid him 1,000 guineas before it was ever released and bought the copyright from him for £800, a staggeringly large sum. The poem contains three "interludes" in the form of dialogues between a poet and his bookseller. The bookseller asks the poet what Tyson calls "leading questions" in order to elucidate the poet's theory of poetry. Tyson comments "that although the flat questions of the practical-minded bookseller may be meant to parody <mask>'s manner, most likely Darwin did not have him or any other particular bookseller in mind". After the success of The Botanic Garden, <mask> published Darwin's work on evolution, Zoonomia (1794–96); his treatise A Plan on the Conduct of Female Education (1797); Phytologia; or, the Philosophy of Agriculture and Gardening (1800); and his poem The Temple of Nature (1803). According to Braithwaite, The Temple of Nature was Zoonomia in verse and "horrified reviewers with its warring, factious, overly materialistic view of the universe".<mask> continued to publish the poetic works of Aikin and Barbauld as well as those of George Dyer, <mask>, James

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title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

type: original

texts:
 Hurdis, Joel Barlow, Ann Batten Cristall and Edward Williams. Most of the poets that <mask> promoted and published are not remembered today. However, in 1793, <mask> published William Wordsworth's An Evening Walk and Descriptive Sketches; he remained Wordsworth's publisher until a disagreement separated them in 1799. <mask> also put out Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Fears of Solitude (1798). They were apparently close enough friends for Coleridge to leave his books at <mask>'s shop when he toured Europe. <mask> had a working relationship with illustrator William Blake for nearly twenty years: <mask> commissioned around 100 engravings from Blake – more than any other publisher – including the second edition of Wollstonecraft's Original Stories from Real Life (1791) and Darwin's Botanic Garden. <mask> may also have had some connection with Blake as a writer, judging from galley proofs of his French Revolution (1791).Yet, in An Island in the Moon, Blake represents <mask> as "a bookseller without aesthetic values whose repetitive questions reveal his ignorance". Translations
As part of his endeavour to expose the public to more foreign-language works, <mask> facilitated the translation of educational texts, serious fiction, and philosophy (he was less interested in translating popular novels). In particular, he promoted the translation of the works of persecuted French Girondins, such as Condorcet's Outlines of an Historical View of the Progress of the Human Mind (1795) and Madame Roland's An Appeal to Impartial Posterity (1795), which he had released in English within weeks of its debut in France. His publication of a translation of Constanin Volney's deistic Les Ruines, ou

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts:
 méditations sur les révolutions des empires (1791) quickly became a bestseller. <mask> also had some of the most prominent French children's literature translated, such as the works of Madame de Genlis. <mask>'s most significant contribution in this area was his promotion of German-language literature. Fuseli encouraged him to publish translations of important new German authors, such as Goethe and Schiller.<mask> was one of the few British publishers arranging for the translation of German moral philosophy in the 1790s, and his most important translated publication was arguably Johann Herder's Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit (1776), which introduced many of the historical and anthropological methods of thought already present on the Continent to Britons. Instead of attempting to faithfully reproduce texts, almost all of <mask>'s translators followed the 18th-century practice of freely adapting their texts, for example by substituting "British" counterparts of "German" examples. Analytical Review and other periodicals

<mask>'s first periodicals, Gospel Magazine (1766–? ), The Universal Museum and Complete Magazine (1765–1770), and The Monthly Record of Literature (1767), like many 18th-century journals, lasted only a short while, but his later attempts were much more successful. In 1783, he financed the first quarterly medical periodical in London, the London Medical Journal, founded by Samuel Foart Simmons, a prominent physician. Explaining the journal's goals, Simmons wrote that it would provide "an account of new medical books and useful discoveries in physic, and at the same time be a repository for original essays". The journal lasted until 1790

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts: when it was replaced by another <mask> venture, Medical Facts and Observations, which ran until 1797.In 1788, <mask> and Thomas Christie, a Unitarian, liberal, and classicist, founded the Analytical Review. It was a gadfly publication, which offered readers a summary and analysis of the flood of new publications issuing from the presses at the end of the 18th century and provided a forum for radical political and religious ideas. Although it aimed at impartiality, its articles were often critical of the Pitt administration and supportive of the French revolutionaries. Tyson calls it "the most outspoken journal of its day", but Chard argues that it was "never particularly strident and certainly not radical". It was also instrumental in promoting scientific, philosophical, and literary foreign-language publications, particularly those in German and French. Compared to <mask>'s earlier periodicals, which were generally "marginal sectarian efforts", the Analytical Review was quite popular. At 1,500 copies per issue, it did not have the circulation of the Gentleman's Magazine, which averaged around 4,550, but it was influential despite its more limited readership.Its conservative counterpart and nemesis was the Anti-Jacobin Review, established specifically to counteract the effects of the Analytical and other radical media outlets. The Analytical was suspended at the end of 1798 following the deaths of Christie and Wollstonecraft in 1796 and 1797 respectively, and the retirement of other contributing editors. In 1796 <mask> joined in a venture to start The Monthly Magazine. Founded by his neighbour Richard Phillips and edited by his friend John Aikin, it was associated with

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title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts:
 Dissenting interests and was responsible for importing much German philosophical thought into England. According to Marilyn Butler, it "combined many of the best features of the periodicals of the century. It was a miscellany, but more intellectual and much more bookish than the [Gentleman's Magazine]; hospitable to readers, it nevertheless high-mindedly projected an ideal of liberal, middle-class intellectuality that anticipates both the innovative writing and projected readership" of Blackwood's and Fraser's. Changing political winds
With the beginning of the violence of the Reign of Terror (1793–94), those in Britain who had initially supported the French Revolution began to rethink their position and the government became increasingly concerned about the possibility of a British revolution akin to that of the French.The ardour of radicalism that had prevailed in the early 1790s dissipated. Booksellers were arrested and tried for seditious libel, and many of <mask>'s authors either stopped writing or became more conservative. Only a few, like Paine, veered further left. After being forced to testify at the trial of Paine and Thomas Hardy, <mask> published fewer incendiary works, among them Joel Barlow's Advice to the Privileged Orders (1792). Braithwaite describes it as "without doubt the most extreme that <mask> ever published (taking him immoderately close to what he later, jokingly, described as a 'hanging' offence)". However, once it became clear that Barlow, like Paine, was becoming radicalized, <mask> refused to publish any more of his works. In 1794 <mask> even considered emigrating to America with Priestley to escape the increasing pressure he felt from

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title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

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 conservatives and the government.1798: Trial and imprisonment
Following the publication of Paine's provocative Rights of Man in 1791, a sedition law was passed in Britain and, in 1798, <mask> and several others were put on trial for selling Gilbert Wakefield's A Reply to Some Parts of the Bishop Llandaff's Address to the People of Great Britain, a Unitarian work attacking the privileged position of the wealthy. The indictment against <mask>, written on a six-foot parchment roll, read in part:

Braithwaite explains, "an English jury, in effect, was being asked to consider whether <mask>'s intentions as a bookseller were really as dangerous and radical as those of Thomas Paine". An issue of the Analytical Review was even offered as evidence against <mask>. Despite having retained Thomas Erskine as his lawyer, who had successfully defended Hardy and Horne Tooke at the 1794 Treason Trials, and character references from George Fordyce, Aikin, and Hewlett, <mask> was fined £50 and sentenced to six months imprisonment at King's Bench Prison in February 1799. Braithwaite speculates:

<mask>'s friends accused Erskine of using the trial as a political platform and not thinking of the best interests of his client. <mask>'s imprisonment was not harsh; being relatively wealthy, <mask> rented a home for himself within the prison, where he continued to hold his weekly soirées. Although <mask> still believed in the free exchange of ideas and was not embittered by his stay in prison, his publishing habits changed dramatically.After he was released, <mask> published very few political works and none were controversial. Other booksellers followed suit, and <mask>'s friend, Unitarian

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 minister Theophilus Lindsey, wrote that "<mask>'s fate deters them all". <mask> lost authors after the trial and experienced a noticeable decline in business. Furthermore, he gained fewer new authors, his stalwarts like Priestley began to complain that he was not attending to their business, and he was forced to cease publishing the Analytical Review. 1800s: Declining years and death
As publishing began to change its form in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, large publishing houses pushed out small, independent booksellers. <mask> did not attempt to form or join one of these new firms. In the late 1790s and early 19th century, <mask>'s business declined, particularly as his relatives, John Miles and Roland Hunter, began to take over the daily operations; Miles was uninterested in the business, and Hunter did not have <mask>'s commercial sense or his ability to choose successful manuscripts.In January 1806, <mask>'s premises were wracked by a second fire, destroying the building and all of his stock. Although not as active in routine business, <mask> still took an interest in political events. For example, he spearheaded the efforts of the booksellers of London and Westminster to appeal a new copyright law in 1808. Moreover, although <mask> did not publish controversial political works after his imprisonment, he still undertook important publishing ventures. For example, he administered the publication of a forty-five volume work entitled The British Essayists, edited by Alexander Chalmers; the complete works of <mask>; and a ten-volume set of Shakespeare. <mask> published in more congers during the last decade of his life than at any other time. He also

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Johnson
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Samuel Johnson
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title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts:
 occasionally published important new authors, such as the political economist Thomas Malthus, whose Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) sparked a long debate between idealists and pragmatists.His emphasis on educational books continued or even increased as his interest in publishing contentious political works diminished. He also continued to support his friends, as with Godwin, who needed financial rescue after his play, Faulkener, cost him £800. <mask>'s authors became increasingly frustrated with him towards the end of his life, Wakefield calling him "heedless, insipid, [and] inactive" and Lindsey describing him as "a worthy and most honest man, but incorrigably  neglectful often to his own detriment". Priestley, by then in Pennsylvania, eventually broke off his forty-year relationship with the publisher, when his book orders were delayed several years and <mask> failed to communicate with him regarding the publication of his works. Most of the authors who became upset with <mask> were those writing religious or literary works, the riskiest publishing ventures. Death
Afflicted by a "chronic respiratory disease" for many years, <mask> died at his home and office on 20 December 1809, at the age of 71. The exact nature of his malady is unclear, but his great-nephew Miles wrote to Maria Edgeworth that <mask> was incapacitated with "spasms" and "asthma" near the end of his life.Never having married, he bequeathed his business concerns to his great-nephews, Hunter and Miles (Hunter took over the business, but could not retain <mask>'s impressive author list and floundered due to his lack of business "acumen"). <mask>'s remaining £60,000 fortune was shared among

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title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

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 friends and family: for example, he willed a £200 annuity to Fanny Imlay, daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft, and £100 to one of <mask>'s sons. <mask> was buried at Fulham, where he had rented a country home since 1804, under an epitaph by his life-long friend Henry Fuseli:

According to Chard, <mask>'s obituaries, both those written by his friends and those not, "consistently stress his generosity and his principles", particularly his integrity. William Godwin's obituary of 21 December 1809 in the Morning Chronicle was particularly eloquent, calling <mask> an "ornament to his profession" and praising his modesty, his warm heart, and the integrity and clarity of his mind. Legacy

<mask> published more books in more fields than any other publisher of his time: "virtually every giant of the second half of the eighteenth century in medicine, science, religion, philosophy, political thought, education, and poetry published at least one work with <mask>". <mask>'s publications helped to "demystify medicine" for the public and were integral to the scientific revolution. His periodical, the Analytical Review, can be seen as a precursor to the New Statesman.By the end of his career, <mask> had acquired a majority or monopoly share in the ownership of the works of: Shakespeare, Milton, Alexander Pope, <mask>, Richard Steele, <mask>, and all of the major novelists of the period (except Samuel Richardson). <mask> was known for fostering the development of new writers without worrying about maximizing profits, and for printing works on principle, even if he knew they would make little money. His risky publication of Joel Barlow's Advice to the Privileged Orders (1792), for example,

masks:
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Johnson
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title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts: sold 600 copies and barely broke even. He was also instrumental in the creation of the female professional writer, a role that began opening to women only at the end of the 18th century in Britain. By nurturing the writings of Anna Laetitia Barbauld, Charlotte Smith, Mary Hays, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Maria Edgeworth, he gave women the opportunity to demonstrate that they could be both successful and significant authors. Additionally, he published works promoting women's equality, such as Hays's An Appeal to the Men of Great Britain (1798), which called for an end to the tyrannical rule of men over women; <mask>'s Analytical Review reviewed the work extensively and approvingly. <mask> was remarkably adept at recognizing new writing talent and making innovative works appealing to the public.More importantly, he functioned as a catalyst for experimentation by bringing disparate authors together. While <mask> promoted his authors, he retreated into the background himself. His friend John Aikin explained that he had "a decided aversion to all sorts of puffing and parade"; <mask>'s unassuming character has left historians and literary critics sparse material from which to reconstruct his life. For 200 years, it was assumed that all of <mask>'s business records and correspondence had been destroyed, but in the early 1990s, one of his "letter books" was discovered in an old desk. It contained copies of letters written to business associates as well as friends from 1795 to 1809. His letters to other publishers discuss "paper, printing, engraving costs, delivery dates, breaches of copyright, binding charges and accounts" whereas his letters to friends include missives to


title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts:
 Priestley, Maria Edgeworth, Erasmus Darwin, Charlotte Smith, and others. This material has allowed scholars to theorize more concretely about <mask>'s life and work.<mask>'s publications were rarely luxury goods: he priced his merchandise competitively, but always within the reach of the middle class, the audience he most wanted to serve. One way that he reduced costs was by printing texts in the provinces and then importing them to London; many of Priestley's works, for example, were printed locally in Birmingham. <mask> did not take great care with the printing of many of his books; they are full of errors and poorly bound. But as they were often printed extremely quickly to respond to a particular event, this was expected by his contemporaries. Before <mask>'s generation of booksellers, publishers were not highly respected; <mask>'s sterling reputation helped publishing to become a more reputable business. His advocacy of cheap books, his desire to foster extensive provincial and foreign connections are all a part of why <mask> has been called "the most important publisher in England from 1770 until 1810". Publishing statistics
According to Chard, in the 48 years of his career, <mask> published around 2,700 imprints, averaging 56 per year.About half of these were pamphlets (e.g. sermons, religious tracts, political leaflets) and many were reprints; therefore he averaged around 20 to 30 new books per year. About 25% of his publications were of anonymous authors; these were usually political or religious works. He published more religious works than any other genre (1,067 titles). <mask> made roughly 750 copies for each print run, although many of his political and

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title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

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 religious works would have been printed in editions of 250, as their topics were often ephemeral. Notes

Bibliography
 Aikin, John. "Biographical account of the late Mr. <mask>".The Gentleman's Magazine 79 (1809): 1167–68. Braithwaite, Helen. Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent: <mask> and the Cause of Liberty. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. .
 Butler, Marilyn. "Culture's Medium: the Role of the Review". The Cambridge Companion to British Romanticism. Ed.Stuart Curran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. .
 Chard, Leslie. "Bookseller to publisher: <mask> and the English book trade, 1760–1810". The Library. 5th series. 32 (1977): 138–154. Chard, Leslie."<mask>: Father of the Book Trade". Bulletin of the New York Public Library 78 (1975): 51–82. Chard, Leslie. "<mask> in the 1790s". Wordsworth Circle 33.3 (2002): 95–101. Esterhammer, Angela. "Continental literature, translation, and the <mask> circle".Wordsworth Circle 33.3 (2002): 101–104. Gaull, Marilyn. "<mask>: Literary Alchemist". European Romantic Review 10.3 (1999): 265–278. Hall, Carol. "<mask>". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved on 30 April 2007. Hall, Carol. "<mask> (London 1761–1809)". The British Literary Book Trade, 1700–1820. Eds.J. K. Bracken and J. Silver. New York: Gale Group, 1995. Holmes, Richard. Footsteps: Adventures of a Romantic Biographer. New York: Viking, 1985. .
 Lau, Beth. "William Godwin and the <mask> Circle: the evidence of the diaries".Wordsworth Circle 33.3 (2002): 104–109. Mandell, Laura. "<mask>'s Lessons for men: producing the professional woman writer". Wordsworth Circle 33.3 (2002): 108–113. Mann, Phyllis. "Death of a London

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title: Joseph Johnson (publisher)

texts:
 bookseller". Keats–Shelley Memorial Bulletin 15 (1964): 8–12.Rowe, Mortimer. The History of Essex Hall. London: Lindsey Press, 1959. Full text reproduced here. Smyser, Jane Worthington. "The trial and imprisonment of <mask>, bookseller". Bulletin of the New York Public Library 77 (1974): 418–435.Tomalin, Claire. "Publisher in prison: <mask> and the book trade". Times Literary Supplement (2 December 1994): 15–16. Tyson, Gerald P. <mask>: A Liberal Publisher. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1979. .*
 Uglow, Jenny. "The Lunar Men: Five Friends Whose Curiosity Changed the World." Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2002.Zall, P. M. "The cool world of Samuel Taylor Coleridge: <mask>, or, The perils of publishing". Wordsworth Circle 3 (1972): 25–30. 1738 births
1809 deaths
British magazine publishers (people)
English prisoners and detainees
English booksellers
English Dissenters
English Unitarians
Male feminists
Publishers (people) from London
Deaths from respiratory

masks:
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Joseph Johnson
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title: Eric Frank Russell

texts:
<mask> (January 6, 1905 – February 28, 1978) was a British author best known for his science fiction novels and short stories. Much of his work was first published in the United States, in John W. Campbell's Astounding Science Fiction and other pulp magazines. <mask> also wrote horror fiction for Weird Tales and non-fiction articles on Fortean topics. Up to 1955 several of his stories were published under pseudonyms, at least Duncan H. Munro and Niall(e) Wilde. Biography
<mask> was born in 1905 near Sandhurst in Berkshire, where his father was an instructor at the Royal Military College. <mask> became a fan of science fiction and in 1934, while living near Liverpool, he saw a letter in Amazing Stories from Leslie J. Johnson, another reader from the same area. <mask> met up with Johnson, who encouraged him to embark on a writing career.Together, the two men wrote a novella, "Seeker of Tomorrow", that was published by F. Orlin Tremaine in the July 1937 number of Astounding Stories. Both <mask> and Johnson became members of the British Interplanetary Society. <mask>'s first novel was Sinister Barrier, cover story for the inaugural, May 1939 issue of Unknown—Astoundings sister magazine devoted to fantasy. It is explicitly a Fortean tale, based on Charles Fort's famous speculation "I think we're property", <mask> explains in the foreword. An often-repeated legend has it that Campbell, on receiving the manuscript for Sinister Barrier, created Unknown primarily as a vehicle for the short novel (pp. 9–94). There is no real evidence for it, despite a statement to that effect in the first volume of Isaac Asimov's autobiography, In Memory Yet Green.His second novel, Dreadful Sanctuary (serialized in Astounding

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texts: during 1948) is an early example of conspiracy fiction, in which a paranoid delusion of global proportions is perpetuated by a small but powerful secret society. There are two different and mutually incompatible accounts of <mask>'s military service during World War II. The official, well-documented version is that he served with the Royal Air Force, with whom he saw active service in Europe as a member of a Mobile Signals Unit. However, in the introduction to the 1986 Del Rey Books edition of <mask>'s novel Wasp, Jack L. Chalker states that <mask> was too old for active service, and instead worked for Military Intelligence in London, where he "spent the war dreaming up nasty tricks to play against the Germans and Japanese", including Operation Mincemeat. <mask>'s biographer John L. Ingham states however that "there is nothing, absolutely nothing, in his R.A.F. record to show that he was anything more than a wireless mechanic and radio operator". <mask> took up writing full-time in the late 1940s.He became an active member of British science fiction fandom and the British representative of the Fortean Society. He won the first annual Hugo Award for Best Short Story in 1955 recognizing his humorous "Allamagoosa" as the year's best science fiction. The 1962 novel The Great Explosion won a Prometheus Hall of Fame Award in 1985—the third naming of two works to the libertarian science fiction hall of fame. The 1957 novel Wasp has been a finalist for the honor, which is now limited to one work per year. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted <mask> in 2000, its fifth class of two deceased and two living writers. Into Your Tent, a thorough and detailed biography of <mask> by John L. Ingham,

masks: Russell Russell Russell Russell Russell Russell Russell


title: Eric Frank Russell

texts:
 was published in 2010 by Plantech (UK). Writings

<mask>'s full-length fiction includes the following:
 Sinister Barrier (1939)
 Dreadful Sanctuary (1948)
 Sentinels From Space (1953), based on the earlier magazine story The Star Watchers (1951)
 Three to Conquer (1956), based on the earlier magazine serial Call Him Dead (1955)
 Men, Martians and Machines (1955), containing four related novellas
 Wasp (1958)
 Next of Kin (1959), published earlier as The Space Willies (1958)
 The Great Explosion (1962)
 With a Strange Device (1964), also published as The Mindwarpers.<mask> also wrote a large number of shorter works, many of which have been reprinted in collections such as Deep Space (1954), Six Worlds Yonder (1958), Far Stars (1961), Dark Tides (1962) and Somewhere a Voice (1965). His short story "Allamagoosa"  (1955), which was essentially a science-fictional retelling of a traditional tall story called "The Shovewood", won the Hugo Award for Best Short Story. <mask> wrote numerous non-fiction essays on Fortean themes, some of which were collected in a compendium of Forteana entitled Great World Mysteries (1957). His second non-fiction book was The Rabble Rousers (1963), a sardonic look at human folly including the Dreyfus affair and the Florida land boom. He also wrote Lern Yerself Scouse: The ABZ of Scouse (1966) under the pseudonym "Linacre Lane". Two omnibus collections of <mask>'s science fiction are available from NESFA Press: Major Ingredients (2000), containing 30 of his short stories, and Entities (2001) containing five novels. John Pelan's Midnight House published Dark Tides, a collection of <mask>'s horror and weird fiction, in 2006.The 1995 novel Design for Great-Day, published as by Alan

masks: Russell Russell Russell Russell Russell


title: Eric Frank Russell

texts:
 Dean Foster and <mask> <mask>, is an expansion by Foster of a 1953 short story of the same name by <mask>. Writing style and themes
<mask> had an easy-going, colloquial writing style that was influenced in part by American "hard-boiled" detective fiction of the kind popularized by Black Mask magazine. Although British, <mask> wrote predominantly for an American audience, and was often assumed to be American by readers. Much of <mask>'s science fiction is based on what might be described as Fortean themes, with Sinister Barrier and Dreadful Sanctuary the most notable examples. Another common theme is the single resourceful human pitted against a ponderous alien bureaucracy, as in the novels Wasp and Next of Kin, as well as several shorter works. <mask> is sometimes categorized as a humorous writer, and Brian Aldiss describes him as John W. Campbell's "licensed jester". However, <mask>'s humour generally has a satirical edge, often aimed at authority and bureaucracy in its various forms.On other occasions, for example in the short stories "Somewhere a Voice" and "The Army Comes to Venus", his work has a deeper and more serious tone, in which the spiritual aspects of humanity's endeavours and aspirations shine through. Critical reception
Scott Connors, reviewing <mask>'s book Darker Tides, stated that " <mask>'s prose displays a rare sense of irony and wit...and does the reader the  compliment of presenting the story in an indirect fashion so that he has an  investment in the tale." Carl Sagan wrote that <mask>'s stories were examples of "desperately need[ed] exploration of alternative futures, both experimental and conceptual". Cultural influences

<mask>'s short story "Jay Score" (1941) is unusual

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 amongst the pulp fiction of its time in presenting a black character, the ship's doctor, without any racial stereotyping. Indeed, this story and its sequels (collected in Men, Martians and Machines) may be considered an early example of the science fiction subgenre in which a spaceship is crewed by a multi-ethnic, mixed human/non-human, complement (cf. the much later Star Trek). <mask> also appears to have originated the colloquial initialism "MYOB" for "mind your own business", which appears frequently in the novella "... And Then There Were None" (Astounding, June 1951) and in the novel The Great Explosion based upon it.In 1970, <mask> was paid £4689 by the Beatles's company Apple Corps for the motion picture rights to his novel Wasp, the contract being signed on behalf of Apple by Ringo Starr. The film was never made, but it remained one of the most lucrative deals <mask> ever made. See also

 Study in Still Life - story by <mask>
 Tower of Hanoi - which features in his story "Now Inhale"

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 <mask> <mask> at The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
 Review of Major Ingredients
 "Shadow Man" fan site by Narrelle Harris
 Past Masters: Let Me Be Frank, or Welcome to the Allamagoosa Russell-Palooza by Bud Webster, at Galactic Central
 And then there were none (1951)—the internet host notes "Anarchy in action—an excellent model of an anarchist or free society"

1905 births
1978 deaths
English short story writers
20th-century English novelists
English horror writers
English science fiction writers
Weird fiction writers
Fortean writers
Forteana
Hugo Award-winning writers
People from Sandhurst, Berkshire
Science Fiction Hall of Fame inductees
English male

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title: Victor Potel

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<mask> (October 12, 1889 – March 8, 1947) was an American film character actor who began in the silent era and appeared in more than 430 films in his 38-year career. Career
<mask> was born in Lafayette, Indiana in 1889, and his acting career goes back almost to the beginning of the commercial film industry in the United States. He made his first silent film in 1910, a comedy short filmed in Chicago by Essanay Film Manufacturing Company called A Dog on Business. <mask> continued to make films for Essanay, appearing in dozens of films every year, including most of the Broncho Billy series, and played a character called "Slippery Slim" in 80 movies. He also appeared in Universal Pictures' "Snakeville" series. <mask>'s first talking picture was Melody of Love, starring Walter Pidgeon, made for Universal in 1928, and in the sound era he continued to work continuously and constantly, playing small parts and sometimes uncredited bit parts, all primarily comic roles due to his height () and gawkiness. In addition to acting, on several occasions <mask> also wrote and directed.In the 1920s he directed two silent shorts, The Rubber-Neck in 1924 and Action Craver in 1927, and contributed the story for Saxophobia in 1927. In the following decade, in the sound era, he was the dialogue director for The Big Chance (1933), and wrote the story for Inside Information in 1934). In 1935 he provided continuity and dialogue for Million Dollar Haul and the screenplay for Hot Off the Press. In the 1940s, Potel was part of Preston Sturges' unofficial "stock company" of character actors, appearing in nine films written and directed by Sturges. <mask> continued to work right up until his death on March 8, 1947. The final film he worked on, Relentless finished

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title: Karel Appel

texts:
<mask> (; 25 April 1921 – 3 May 2006) was a Dutch painter, sculptor, and poet. He started painting at the age of fourteen and studied at the Rijksakademie in Amsterdam in the 1940s. He was one of the founders of the avant-garde movement CoBrA in 1948. He was also an avid sculptor and has had works featured in MoMA and other museums worldwide. Childhood
<mask> was born on 25 April 1921 in his parents' house at Dapperstraat 7 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. As a child he was often called 'Kik'. On the ground floor his father, <mask>, had a barbershop.His mother, born Johanna Chevalier, was a descendant of French Huguenots. <mask> <mask> had three brothers. At fourteen, <mask> produced his first real painting on canvas, a still life of a fruit basket. For his fifteenth birthday, his wealthy uncle <mask> Chevalier gave him a paint set and an easel. An avid amateur painter himself, Chevalier gave his namesake some lessons in painting. Career
From 1940 to 1943, during the German occupation, <mask> studied at the Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten in Amsterdam, and it was there he met the young painter Corneille and, some years later, Constant; they became close friends for years. His parents opposed his choice to become an artist, leading him to leave home; this was also necessary because he needed to hide from the German police so that he would not be picked up and sent to Germany to work in the weapons industry.<mask> had his first show in Groningen in 1946. In 1949 he participated with the other CoBrA artists in the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam; this generated a huge scandal and many objections in the press and public. He was

masks:
Christiaan Karel Appel
Christiaan Karel Appel
Jan Appel
Karel
Appel
Appel
Karel
Appel
Appel


title: Karel Appel

texts: influenced by Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, and the French brute-art artist Jean Dubuffet. In 1947 he started sculpting with all kinds of used materials (in the technique of assemblage) and painted them in bright colors: white, red, yellow, blue, and black. He joined the  together with the young Dutch painters  Anton Rooskens, Theo Wolvecamp, and Jan Nieuwenhuys. Later the Belgian writer Hugo Claus joined the group. In 1948 <mask> joined CoBrA (coined by the Belgian poet Christian Dotremont from the initials of the members' home countries' capital cities: Copenhagen, Brussels, Amsterdam) together with the Dutch artists Corneille, Constant, and Jan Nieuwenhuys (see also Aart Kemink).The new art of the CoBrA group was not popular in the Netherlands, but it found a warm and broad welcome in Denmark. By 1939, Danish  artists had already started to make spontaneous art and one of their sources of inspiration was Danish and Nordic mythology. It was also in Denmark that the CoBrA artists started cooperating by collectively painting the insides of houses, which encouraged and intensified the exchange of the typical 'childish' and spontaneous picture language used by the CoBrA group. <mask> used this very intensively; his 1949 fresco 'Questioning Children' in Amsterdam City Hall caused controversy and was covered up for ten years. As a result of this controversy and other negative Dutch reactions to CoBrA, <mask> moved to Paris in 1950 and developed his international reputation by travelling to Mexico, the USA, Yugoslavia, and Brazil. He also lived in New York City and Florence. His first American gallery exhibition took place in 1954 at

masks: Appel Appel Appel


title: Karel Appel

texts:
 the Martha Jackson Gallery.The following year his painting Child and Beast II (1951) was included in the influential exhibition, The New Decade at the Museum of Modern Art which featured the work of twenty-two European painters and sculptors including newcomers like Francis Bacon, Jean Dubuffet, and Pierre Soulages. He is particularly noted for his mural work. After 1990 he became much more popular in the Netherlands; he had several big shows in Amsterdam and Bruxelles, organized by director Rudy Fuchs. Also, the CoBrA-museum in Amstelveen organized several shows featuring his work. He became the most famous Dutch CoBrA artist. <mask>'s work has been exhibited in a number of galleries, including the Anita Shapolsky Gallery in New York City, Galerie Lelong in Paris, Galerie Ulysses in Vienna, and Gallery LL in Amsterdam. Death

<mask> died on 3 May 2006 in his home in Zürich, Switzerland.He suffered from a heart ailment. He was buried on 16 May 2006 at the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, France. Years before his death, <mask> established the Karel Appel Foundation, whose purpose is "to preserve [<mask>'s] artworks, to promote public awareness and knowledge of <mask> <mask>'s oeuvre, and to supervise publication of the Oeuvre Catalogue of the paintings, the works on paper, and the sculptures." In 2002 a number of <mask>'s works went missing on the way to his foundation, an event that was not to be resolved before his death. However, in 2012 the works were found in a disused UK warehouse and returned to the foundation. In the wake of his death, the Foundation (based in Amsterdam) functions as his official estate in addition to its

masks: Appel Appel Appel Appel Karel Appel Appel


title: Karel Appel

texts:
 primary service as an image archive. The U.S. copyright representative for the Karel Appel Foundation is the Artists Rights Society.Gallery

Public collections

Among the public collections holding works by <mask> <mask>  are:
 Museum de Fundatie, Zwolle, The Netherlands
 Aboa Vetus & Ars Nova, Turku, Finland
 Art Gallery of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
 Rijksmuseum, The Netherlands
 The Phillips Collection, Washington DC, USA
 Gallery Delaive, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
 Frances Lehman Loeb Art Center, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
 Art Museum of Southeast Texas, Beaumont, Texas

Bibliography
<mask>, <mask>: Psychopathological Notebook. Drawings and Gouaches 1948–1950. Bern – Berlin: Verlag Gachnang & Springer, 1999. References

Further reading
 Kuspit, Donald (2010). "Titanic Power: <mask> Appel in the Tradition of the New". Psychodrama: Modern Art as Group Therapy. London: Ziggurat.pp. 13–45. .
Tapié, Michel; Amsterdam (Netherlands). Stedelijk Museum. <mask> <mask> (Publisher: Amsterdam, author, 1955) OCLC 11554905 (Worldcat link)

External links

Karel Appel Foundation

<mask> <mask>, Dutch Expressionist Painter, Dies at 85 in the New York Times (obituary)
<mask> <mask> in The Guardian (obituary)
images of painting art of <mask> <mask>

Art Signature Dictionary – See <mask> <mask>'s signature

Art Informel and Tachisme painters
1921 births
2006 deaths
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Dutch male sculptors
Modern painters
Modern sculptors
Painters from Amsterdam
20th-century Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
Abstract painters
School of Paris
Commanders of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
20th-century Dutch sculptors
Dutch

masks: Karel Appel Appel Karel Karel Karel Appel Karel Appel Karel Appel Karel Appel Karel Appel


title: Ibrahim al Qosi

texts:
<mask>i () (born July 1960) is a Sudanese citizen and paymaster for al-Qaeda. Qosi was held since January 2002 in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camps, in Cuba. His Guantanamo Internment Serial Number is 54. <mask>i was held at Guantanamo for approximately ten years and six months; he was charged with low-level support of al-Qaeda. After pleading guilty in a plea bargain in 2010, in the first trial under the military commissions, and serving a short sentence, <mask> was transferred to Sudan by the Obama Administration in July 2012. He was to be held in custody and participate in Sudan's re-integration program for former detainees before being allowed to return to his hometown. Some years after his release, <mask> moved to Yemen and joined Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), appearing in video releases by the group and reportedly taking a leadership role in it.In November 2019, the Rewards for Justice Program offered $4 million for information leading to the identification or location of Al Qosi. Background

<mask> <mask> was born in 1960 in Atbara, Sudan. He has a brother named Abdullah. He is married to one of Abdullah Tabarak's daughters, and has two daughters. In 1990, <mask> was recruited by Sudanese jihadists and later traveled to Afghanistan via UAE and Pakistan, where he trained at a training camp outside of Khost. Two years later, he returned to Khartoum and worked in currency trading. In 1995, he went to Chechnya via Syria, Azerbaijan and Dagestan, where he fought in the First Chechen War as a mortar operator.A year later, he went back to Afghanistan where he aided in the fight against the Northern Alliance from 1998 to 2001. However, he was captured by the Pakistani authorities while trying to cross the Afghan-Pakistani borders on 15 December 2001 near Parachinar, Pakistan. Then he was detained in a prison in Peshawar until 27 December, before being held in US custody at a Kandahar detention facility. Later on, he was transferred

masks:
Ibrahim Ahmed Mahmoud al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed Mahmoud al Qos
Qosi
Al Qosi
Ibrahim Al
Qosi
Qosi


title: Ibrahim al Qosi

texts:
 to Guantanamo on 13 January 2002. <mask> was the first captive to face charges before a Guantanamo military commission. He was not accused of being a member of al Qaeda's leadership, only of simple support tasks, like cooking. After pleading guilty in a plea bargain, he was sentenced in July 2010.He was transferred to Sudan in July 2012 after completing a shortened sentence, and was to participate in Sudan's re-integration program for former detainees. Official status reviews

Originally the Bush Presidency asserted that captives apprehended in the "war on terror" were not covered by the Geneva Conventions, and could be held indefinitely, without charge, and without an open and transparent review of the justifications for their detention. In 2004, the United States Supreme Court ruled, in Rasul v. Bush, that Guantanamo captives were entitled to being informed of the allegations justifying their detention, and were entitled to try to refute them. Office for the Administrative Review of Detained Enemy Combatants

Following the Supreme Court's ruling the Department of Defense set up the Office for the Administrative Review of Detained Enemy Combatants. A summary of evidence memo listing allegations justifying his detention was prepared for his Combatant Status Review Tribunal on September 4, 2004. Scholars at the Brookings Institution, led by Benjamin Wittes, listed the captives still
held in Guantanamo in December 2008, according to whether their detention was justified by certain
common allegations:

 <mask> Mahmoud <mask> was listed as one of the captives who had faced charges before a military commission. <mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... are members of Al Qaeda."<mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... traveled to Afghanistan for jihad." <mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... took military or terrorist training in Afghanistan." <mask>

masks:
Qosi
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qosi
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed


title: Ibrahim al Qosi

texts:
 Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... fought for the Taliban." <mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... were at Tora Bora." <mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the captives who was an "al Qaeda operative". <mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the captives "who have been charged before military commissions and are alleged Al Qaeda operatives." <mask> Mahmoud <mask>i was listed as one of the "82 detainees [who] made no statement to CSRT or ARB tribunals or made statements that do not bear materially on the military's allegations against them."Habeas petition
A petition of habeas corpus was filed on Al Qosi's behalf. Following the United States Supreme Court's ruling in Rasul v. Bush (2004) that detainees had the right under habeas corpus to an impartial tribunal to challenge their detention, more than 200 captives had habeas corpus petitions filed on their behalf. Congress passed the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 (DTA) and the Military Commissions Act of 2006 (MCA) at the request of the Bush administration, which suspend their access to the US civilian justice system and shift all responsibility to military tribunals. In September 2007, the Department of Defense published the unclassified dossiers arising from the Combatant Status Review Tribunals of 179 captives. The Department of Defense withheld the unclassified documents from Al Qosi's Tribunal without explanation. On June 12, 2008, in its landmark ruling in the Boumediene v. Bush habeas corpus petition, the United States Supreme Court determined that the MCA was unconstitutional for attempting to deprive the captives' of their constitutional right to habeas corpus. It ruled that detainees could access the US federal courts directly.Formerly secret Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessment

On April 25, 2011, whistleblower organization WikiLeaks published formerly secret assessments drafted by Joint Task Force Guantanamo analysts.

masks:
al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qos


title: Ibrahim al Qosi

texts:
 Al-Qosi's assessment was eleven pages long, and was drafted on November 15, 2007. It was signed by camp commandant Mark H. Buzby. The report noted that <mask>i had been "compliant and non-hostile to the guard force and staff." Charged before military commissions

On February 24, 2004, <mask>i was named in documents for the first military commissions to be held for detainees. The U.S. alleged that he joined al-Qaeda in 1989 and worked as a driver and bodyguard for Osama bin Laden, as well as working as a quartermaster for al-Qaeda. He was also alleged to have been the treasurer of a business which was an al-Qaida front.He was indicted along with Ali Hamza Ahmed Sulayman <mask>. The indictment allowed the detainees to consult with military defense lawyers assigned by the government to prepare their defenses. <mask> was charged with conspiracy to commit war crimes, including attacking civilians, murder, destruction of property, and terrorism. Lieutenant Colonel Sharon Shaffer USAF (Judge Advocates Group) was appointed as <mask>i's defense lawyer on February 6, 2004. On August 27, 2004 Shaffer complained that the Prosecution was not providing her with the information she needed for her defense of <mask>i. She said that <mask>i had informed her that the quality of translation at his military commission was insufficient for him to understand what was happening. She told the Tribunal that she had to resign as <mask>i's attorney.According to the Voice of America, Chief Prosecutor Colonel Robert L. Swann assured the commission that: "...all resources will be devoted to obtaining the most accurate translations possible." On November 9, 2004, legal action against Qosi was suspended, The US District Court Justice James Robertson had ruled, in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, that the military commissions violated international agreements to which the United States was a signatory, including part of the Geneva Conventions. This ruling applied to all four of the detainees who had been charged by the military

masks:
al Qos
al Qos
al Bahlul
Al Qosi
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos


title: Ibrahim al Qosi

texts:
 commission. In 2005, a three-judge appeals panel overturned Robertson's ruling, setting the commissions back in motion. In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006),  the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the president lacked the constitutional authority to establish military the military commissions, and that only Congress could do so. Congress subsequently passed the Military Commissions Act of 2006, which included provisions to suspend the access of detainees to habeas corpus in the US courts. On February 9, 2008, <mask> and Ali Hamza Suleiman Al Bahlul were charged before the Congressionally authorized Guantanamo military commissions authorized by the Military Commissions Act of 2006.Phoning home
 <mask> Qosi was among those who was granted access to telephone privileges. On May 22, 2008, Lieutenant Colonel Nancy Paul, the Presiding Officer of his Commission ordered that <mask> Qosi be permitted his first phone call home. While it was reported that the phone call was made, this was in error. Qosi had declined to leave his cell to meet with Commander Suzanne Lachelier, his assigned legal counsel, and the Camp's security rules do not permit her going to his cell to talk to him—so they have never discussed his case. During a preliminary hearing, <mask> <mask> told Paul he does not want to be represented by an American lawyer. He said that he had been unable to hire the lawyer of his choice because he had been isolated in Guantanamo, and had been unable to contact his family since his detention. Later that day, Commander Pauline Storum, a Guantanamo spokesman, reported that the call had been completed, and that he had spoken with his family for an hour.On May 23, 2008, Storum sent an apology by e-mail to reporters to retract her claim the phone call had been completed. I misspoke when I confirmed that <mask>i's call was complete. In clarifying the current status of the detainee phone program, I misunderstood the information I was given, and inaccurately conveyed that <mask>i's call was completed. I

masks:
al Qosi
Ibrahim al
Ibrahim al
Ibrahim Al
Qosi
al Qos
al Qos


title: Ibrahim al Qosi

texts:
 apologize for the error. <mask>-Qosi's appointed counsel, Suzanne Lachelier, told Carol Rosenberg, of the Miami Herald, that she was surprised to learn, through press reports, that the call had been completed. She said she had only begun to initiate the co-ordination with the Red Cross to arrange for his family to be set up to receive the call when she learned the call had already been completed. According to Rosenberg:

The original statement Thursday struck some observers as extraordinary -- for both its speed and the coordination between the separate bureaucracies of the prison camp and the war court.The Department of Defense had until July 1, 2008, to arrange the phone call. The US Supreme Court ruled in Boumediene v. Bush (2008) that the Military Commissions Act of 2006 was unconstitutional, as it suspended the right of habeas corpus of detainees. Military commissions were suspended. July 2009 hearing

On July 15, 2009, <mask>i had his first hearing that year. According to Carol Rosenberg, writing in the Lakeland Ledger, the electronic audio management equipment the court had been supplied with in 2008 initially failed to function properly. Rosenberg reported that <mask>i's defense team was concerned that the Prosecution was imposing improper delays, and noted they had told the Presiding Officer. Continuance
The Barack Obama Presidency was granted a continuance on October 21, 2009.Congress had amended the MCA, passing the Military Commissions Act of 2009, and the Department of Defense needed to create regulations to implement it. The military commissions for five other captives were granted continuances, until November 16, 2009. <mask> Qosi did not attend this hearing. New charges rejected, status determination scheduled
On December 3, 2009, Paul ruled that the charges against Al Qosi should be limited to crimes he was alleged to have committed in Afghanistan. She ruled that crimes he was alleged to have committed when al Qaeda was based in Sudan were beyond the mandate of the

masks:
Ibrahim al
al Qos
al Qos
Ibrahim al


title: Ibrahim al Qosi

texts:
 military commission system. Carol Rosenberg, writing in the Miami Herald, reported that Paul scheduled hearings for January 6, 2010, to determine whether Al Qosi met the eligibility criteria as an illegal enemy combatant as laid out in the Military Commissions Act of 2006. Only if he was classified under that status would the military commission have jurisdiction to try him.Rosenberg described Paul as the first Presiding Officer of a Military Commission to address the changes that US Congress set in place when passing the Military Commissions Act of 2009. Andrea Prasow, a senior counsel with Human Rights Watch, was critical of Paul for proceeding with the Commission, although the government had not completed drafting the rules of procedure under the act. Guilty Plea
On July 7, 2010, <mask>i entered a guilty plea under a plea bargain deal, the details of which have not been publicly released. His sentencing was set for August 9, 2010. On August 11, 2010, a military jury at Guantanamo recommended that <mask>i serve 14 years in prison. Appeal dismissed
Other individuals who, like <mask>i, had pleaded guilty to "providing material support for terrorism", had their convictions overturned on appeal. Appeals courts ruled that the charge was not a crime at the time the acts were committed.In 2014, Al-<mask>'s military-appointed lawyer, Mary McCormick, attempted to have <mask>i's conviction overturned, following the precedent of the over-turning the convictions of other men convicted of the same charge. The United States Court of Military Commission Review first declined to provide funds for McCormick to travel to Sudan to consult with <mask>i, and then ruled that she could not prove she had an attorney-client relationship, on his behalf. Finally, the USCMCR ruled that since McCormick couldn't prove she had an attorney-client relationship she wasn't authorized to file motions on <mask>i's behalf. On May 1, 2015, three Judges of the DC Circuit Court of Appeals confirmed that McCormick couldn't

masks:
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos
Qosi
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos


title: Ibrahim al Qosi

texts:
 prove she had an attorney-client relationship. Steve Vladeck, a professor of Law who specializes in security matters, described the decision by the USCMCR to withhold funds from McCormick so she could renew contact with <mask>i because she could not document that she remained in contact with him as "somewhat circular". Repatriation
When <mask>i was transferred to Sudan by the Obama Administration on July 11, 2012, his lawyer Paul Reichler said <mask>i will enter a Sudan government "re-integration program:"

<mask>i was held in Sudan's capital, Khartoum, during the initial period of his re-integration. He was eventually transferred to his home town of Afbara.Nine other former Guantanamo detainees went through the reintegration program with no sign of recidivism. Recidivism
In December 2015, <mask> (as Sheikh Khubayb <mask>) was featured in a video released by al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, which he reportedly joined in 2014. The footage showed him and other al-Qaeda veterans encouraging "individual jihad". He gave a 12-page interview on the life and legacy of Osama bin Laden in the AQAP magazine "Inspire" Spring 2016 issue (#15). In October 2021, Qosi threatened the United States with attacks and praised <mask> Hasan. See also
 List of fugitives from justice who disappeared

References

External links
 "Bin Laden’s cook is moved to isolation in Gitmo", Al Arabiya, 10 October 2010
 "Military Commissions", Human Rights First blog
Human Rights First; The Case of <mask> Mahmoud <mask>, Sudan, Human Rights First
"Former bin Laden cook reaches secret sentencing deal with U.S. government", Washington Post, 9 August 2010
"Bin Laden Cook Accepts Plea Deal at Guantánamo Trial" Andy Worthington, 8 July 2010
"Sentencing of detainee stalls at Guantanamo", Washington Post'', August 2010

1960 births
Living people
Al-Qaeda leaders
Sudanese al-Qaeda members
People from Khartoum
Detainees of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Fugitives
Prisoners and detainees of the United States military
Sudanese

masks:
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos
al Qos
al Qosi
al Sudani
Nidal
Ibrahim Ahmed
al Qosi


title: Li Fan (Tang dynasty)

texts:
<mask> (李藩) (754 – November 20, 811), courtesy name Shuhan (叔翰), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xianzong. Background
<mask> was born in 754, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. His family was part of the prominent Li clan of Zhao Prefecture (趙州, in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) — not part of the same clan as the Tang dynasty's imperial <mask> clan, but which is considered one of the five most prominent Han clans of Northern Wei. It traces its ancestry to the prominent Warring States period State of Zhao general <mask> whilst the line includes officials of the Qin dynasty, the Han dynasty, Cao Wei (a country of the Three Kingdoms period), the Jin dynasty (266–420), the Former Yan or Later Yan, the Northern Wei, the Northern Qi, the Sui dynasty, and the Tang dynasty. <mask>'s great-grandfather <mask> (李至遠) served as a deputy minister and prefect during the reign of Wu Zetian (r. 690–705), whilst his grandfather <mask> (李畬) served as a supervisorial official at the Ministry of Rites during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. Both <mask> and <mask> were known for their virtuosity. During Emperor Dezong's reign
Young and first fame
<mask>'s father <mask> (李承) served as a circuit governor during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong's great-grandson Emperor Dezong.<mask> himself was said to be quiet, careful, attentive to his appearance, and studious in his youth. When <mask> died in 783, he left

masks:
Li Fan
Li Fan
Li
Li Mu
Li Fan
Li Zhiyuan
Li She
Li Zhiyuan
Li She
Li Fan
Li Cheng
Li Fan
Li Cheng


title: Li Fan (Tang dynasty)

texts:
 <mask> substantial wealth. When relatives arrived to mourn <mask>, he allowed to take things as they wished, and thereafter continued to be charitable with the wealth; within several years, the wealth that <mask> left was spent, and the household was poor. When <mask> was in his 40s, he was not yet serving as an official, and he was studying at Yang Prefecture (揚州, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu). He did not even have enough money for his household's use. He was much resented by his wife as a result, but he did not mind this. When Du Ya (杜亞) served as the defender of the eastern capital Luoyang, as he had been friendly with <mask>, he invited <mask> to serve as a secretary under him.While <mask> served under Du, there was an occasion when there was a major robbery at Luoyang. False accusations were laid against Du's officer <mask> Yun (令狐運), and Du believed the accusations, tortured <mask>, and extracted a confession. <mask> knew that <mask> was innocent and argued on his behalf; when his arguments were rejected, he resigned. When the real robber, Song Jutan (宋瞿曇), was eventually captured, <mask> became famous. Zhang succession crisis, consenquencies, and minor issues
Later, Zhang Jianfeng the military governor (Jiedushi) of Xusihao Circuit (徐泗濠, headquartered in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu) invited <mask> to serve on his staff. In or before 800, when Zhang grew ill, one of his subordinates, Du Jian (杜兼) the prefect of one of Xusihao's prefectures, Hao

masks:
Li Fan
Li Cheng
Li Cheng
Li Fan
Li Cheng
Li Fan
Li Fan
Linghu
Linghu
Li Fan
Linghu
Li Fan
Li


title: Li Fan (Tang dynasty)

texts: Prefecture (濠州, in modern Chuzhou, Anhui), was plotting to succeed Zhang, and therefore, without Zhang's orders, arrived at Xusihao's capital Xu Prefecture (徐州). <mask> rebuked him and stated that if Du did not return to Hao Prefecture immediately, he would report this to the imperial government; Du, in fear, did so.When Zhang died in spring 800, the imperial government initially was set to commission Wei Xiaqing (韋夏卿) to succeed him, but the Xu Prefecture forces rebelled and supported Zhang's son Zhang Yin (張愔) as his successor. After forces commanded by Du You the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered at Yang Prefecture) and Zhang Pi (張伾) the prefect of Si Prefecture (泗州, in modern Huai'an, Jiangsu) were both defeated by Xu Prefecture troops, the imperial government capitulated and allowed Zhang Yin to become military prefect (團練使, Tuanlianshi) of Xu Prefecture but took the other two prefectures and merged them into Huainan Circuit. Thereafter, <mask> left Xu Prefecture and returned to Yang Prefecture. Du Jian, angry at how he felt <mask> took away his chance to control Xusihao, submitted an accusation to Emperor Dezong accusing <mask> of having encouraged the rebellion of the Xu Prefecture troops. Emperor Dezong, in anger, issued an edict to Du You ordering him to execute <mask>. Du You, however, did not have the heart to do so. He showed the edict to <mask>, who indicated that he did not fear death.Du You, however, submitted a

masks:
Li
Li
Li
Li Fan
Li
Li


title: Li Fan (Tang dynasty)

texts:
 petition defending <mask>. Emperor Dezong, still not believing <mask>'s faithfulness, summoned him to the capital Chang'an to meet him personally. After meeting <mask>, due to <mask>'s relaxed attitude and elegance, concluded that <mask> was not guilty of treason, made him Mishu Lang (秘書郎), an official at the Palace Library. At that time, the official Wang Chun (王純) was powerful, and he tried to invite <mask> to a meeting, intending to promote <mask> if <mask> showed submission, but <mask> refused to meet him. Meanwhile, <mask>'s fellow junior officials Wang Zhongshu (王仲舒), Wei Chengji (韋成季), and Lü Dong (呂洞) were then having many associates and often met to drink. They knew of <mask>'s reputation and invited him to join them. He joined them once but, disliking how they gamed and used frivolous language, refused to join them again.<mask> later became Zhuke Yuanwailang (主客員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of rites (禮部, Lǐbu), and yet later became Yousi Yuanwailang (右司員外郎), a low-level official under one of the secretaries general at the executive bureau of government (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng). During Emperor Shunzong's reign
In 805, Emperor Dezong died and was succeeded by his son Emperor Shunzong. When Emperor Shunzong, in turn, created his son <mask> crown prince. While <mask> was not yet emperor, Wang Chun nevertheless changed his name to Wang Shao (王紹) to observe naming taboo, and the popular sentiment at the time believed that it was

masks:
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li Chun
Li Chun


title: Li Fan (Tang dynasty)

texts:
 inappropriate for him to have done so — as <mask> was not emperor. <mask>, however, opined, "Every dynasty in history was undermined by those officials who did not understand what is important. What Wang Shao did was not unusual." During Emperor Xianzong's reign
Offices in the capital
Later in 805, Emperor Shunzong, who was severely ill, passed the throne to <mask> (as Emperor Xianzong).<mask> was soon made <mask> Yuanwailang (吏部員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部, Lìbu, note different tone than the ministry of rites), and then promoted to <mask> Langzhong (吏部郎中), a supervisorial official at the ministry of civil service affairs. He was in charge of commissioning low-level officials, but on one occasion, he, after being misled by his messengers, was said to have made inappropriate commissions. He was thereafter demoted to be Zhuzuo Lang (著作郎), a supervisorial official at the archival bureau. He later was made the deputy principal of the imperial university (國子從業, Guozi Congye), and then imperial attendant (給事中, Jishizhong). As part of his duties, he reviewed drafts of imperial edicts. Whenever he saw what he believed to be improprieties in the edicts, he would write his comments on the yellow paper used for edict itself. When the officials in charge requested that, instead of doing so, he wrote on white paper and attached it to the draft edict, he responded, "Then I would be writing a petition, not correcting the

masks:
Li Chun
Li Fan
Li Chun
Li Fan
Libu
Libu


title: Li Fan (Tang dynasty)

texts:
 edict."The chancellor Pei Ji often recommended <mask> as having the abilities to be a chancellor. A frank Chancellor
In 809, as Emperor Xianzong believed that Zheng Yin was too silent to be chancellor, he removed Zheng and made <mask>xia Shilang (門下侍郎), the deputy head of the examination bureau (門下省, Menxia Sheng), and chancellor de facto with the title Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事). It was said that <mask> was open in his talks, hiding nothing from what he knew, and was much respected by Emperor Xianzong. Later in 809, based on the recommendations of <mask> and Pei, Emperor Xianzong entered into a peace treaty with Tufan. In 810, there was an occasion when Emperor Xianzong and the chancellors talked about gods and pondered whether they existed. <mask>, guessing that Emperor Xianzong was beginning to ponder to follow alchemists' suggestions to take various medications to seek immortality, pointed out that Qin Shi Huang and Emperor Wu of Han both failed in their efforts to achieve immortality, and that Emperor Xianzong's ancestor Emperor Taizong had fallen ill from such medicines. <mask> advised Emperor Xianzong to seek peace in the realm and refuse the alchemists' overtures, stating to Emperor Xianzong that he would achieve the lifespan of the mythical Emperor Yao and Emperor Shun if he did so.<mask> also advocated frugality. Opposition to regional governor's pretensions
Also in 810, Wang E (王鍔) was set to be commissioned as the military

masks:
Li
Li Men
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li


title: Li Fan (Tang dynasty)

texts:
 governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), and wanted an honorary chancellor title, so he bribed many of Emperor Xianzong's close associates. Emperor Xianzong thus issued a secret edict to <mask> and fellow chancellor Quan Deyu ordering that Wang E be given the honorary chancellor title. <mask> drafted such an edict and then crossed out the words "and chancellor" in Wang's commission to show his opposition. Quan, who also opposed Wang's commission, was nevertheless dismayed and stated, "You can oppose it, but how is crossing out the words on the edict appropriate?" <mask> responded, "This is urgent. If the edict were issued, then it cannot be retracted.The sun is setting. How can we have enough time to oppose it?" After <mask>'s and Quan's oppositions were heard by Emperor Xianzong, the matter of giving Wang the honorary chancellor title was dropped. Fall and death in honors
Late in 810, Pei resigned on account of illness, and in spring 811, <mask> was made chancellor to replace Pei, over <mask>'s opposition. <mask> thus resented <mask>. After he arrived at Chang'an, while meeting Emperor Xianzong, he argued that, during the time that <mask> was chancellor and following the death of Wu Shaocheng,  it was inappropriate that the warlord Wu Shaoyang was allowed to inherit the military governorship of Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan). It was said that <mask>'s argument caused Emperor Xianzong to be

masks:
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li Jifu
Li Fan
Li Jifu
Li Fan
Li Fan
Li Jifu


title: Li Fan (Tang dynasty)

texts:
 displeased, and, several days later, <mask> was removed as chancellor and made the head of the household of Emperor Xianzong's son and crown prince, <mask>ng.Several months later, Emperor Xianzong began to miss <mask> and summoned him to have discussions with him. In 811, <mask> was made the prefect of Hua Prefecture (華州, in modern Weinan, Shaanxi), but before he could depart Chang'an, he died and was given posthumous honors. The popular comment at the time was that he was not as capable as Pei and not as stern as Wei Guanzhi, but that he was nevertheless admired for his integrity. Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 148. New Book of Tang, vol. 169.Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 235, 237, 238. 754 births
811 deaths
Chancellors under Emperor Xianzong of

masks:
Li Fan
Li Ni
Li Fan
Li Fan


title: Ignacy Hryniewiecki

texts:
<mask> or Ignaty Ioakhimovich Grinevitsky (, , ;  — March 13, 1881) was a Polish member of the Russian revolutionary society Narodnaya Volya. He gained notoriety for participating in the bombing attack to which Tsar Alexander II of Russia succumbed. Hryniewiecki threw the bomb that fatally wounded the Tsar and himself. Having outlived his victim by a few hours, he died the same day. <mask> and his accomplices believed that the assassination of Alexander II could provoke a political or social revolution to overthrow the tsarist autocracy. Many historians consider the assassination a Pyrrhic victory, since instead of ushering in a revolution, it strengthened the resolve of the state to crush the revolutionary movement, leading to the movement's decline in the 1880s. <mask>'s role in the assassination has sometimes been cited as the earliest occurrence of suicide terrorism.Life

Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in 1855–6, in Bobruysky Uyezd of Minsk Governorate (present-day Klichaw District, Mogilev Region), to a large family which hailed from Grodno Governorate. He was the son of a Catholic landowner who was of the Polish gentry. According to his former comrade Lev Tikhomirov, "He (scil. Hryniewiecki) called himself a Litvin, and not a Pole." Tikhomirov considered him a Russified Pole, and further added that he was equally fluent in Russian and Polish. At one point when Hryniewiecki was reproached for not participating in the Polish movements,  he replied: "When you start partisan fighting, I will be with you. But for the moment, when you do nothing, I shall work for Russia's freedom."In 1875, Hryniewiecki graduated from a gymnasium in Byelostok with the highest academic rank, and in autumn he left for Saint Petersburg to enroll in mechanical engineering at the Saint

masks:
Ignacy Hryniewiecki
Hryniewiecki
Hryniewiecki
Ignacy
Hryniewiecki


title: Ignacy Hryniewiecki

texts:
 Rysakov, instead of returning to the palace posthaste, the Tsar decided to survey the spot where the explosion had occurred. He said "Thank God, I escaped injury," in answer to the anxious inquires of his entourage.As his curiosity was satisfied, he decided to drive away and proceeded to walk back towards the carriage. At this point, Tsar had come to less 1.5 meters from Hryniewiecki, who was leaning against the railing by the canal fence and carrying a bomb wrapped in a handkerchief. Hearing the Tsar's expression of gratitude, according to some sources <mask> shouted: "It is too soon to thank God yet". He turned to face the Tsar and raised both arms and threw a bomb at his feet. Alexander suffered severe wounds and died at 3:30 PM on that day. Reportedly, <mask>'s bomb claimed many more casualties than the first, with one bystander being fatally wounded. Following the explosion, the third bomber Ivan Emelyanov rushed to the scene to see if Hryniewiecki could still be spirited away in the chaos, but found him lying gravely wounded and unconscious from the blast.Hryniewiecki was taken to the nearby infirmary attached to the Winter Palace. At 9 PM he regained consciousness before he drew his last breath. According to the medical examiner's report he only once abruptly said "I don't know" to the police at his bedside who had been questioning him about his name and rank. Refusing to disclose any information, he died from his wounds at 10:30 PM. Aftermath

<mask>'s identity was established only posthumously in April 1881. During the trial of the tsaricides, he was simply referred to as "the person who died on March 1, and lived under the false name of Elnikov." During his post-arrest confession, Andrei Zhelyabov refused to identify his body.Rysakov, the first bomb-thrower and

masks: Hryniewiecki Hryniewiecki Hryniewiecki


title: Ignacy Hryniewiecki

texts:
 turncoat, had only known Hryniewiecki by his party pseudonyms, and was thus unable to reveal his true name. His surname was first revealed by the arrested member of People's Will, Kolodkevich. This was further corroborated and supplemented by members of St. Petersburg Technological Institute, as well as by his relations in his hometown. <mask> and his fellow conspirators had hoped that the assassination would precipitate a political or social revolution. However, it instead impelled Alexander III to step up state repression and abrogate many of his predecessor's reforms. Numerous arrests depleted the executive committee, which together with the intensified police surveillance dealt serious blows to the movement. Many historians have therefore regarded the assassination as a Pyrrhic victory and a prelude to the decline of the revolutionary movement in the 1880s.The role of a bomb-thrower was known to carry with it the likelihood of death, and the designated bomb-throwers such as Hryniewiecki took that role knowingly, and accepted a suicide mission. Hryniewiecki is therefore sometimes considered to be the first suicide bomber. A chapel and later the Resurrection Cathedral (in popular parlance, "the Savior on the Blood") was erected on the spot of Alexander's assassination on Catherine Canal. In May 1975, the bridge near the scene of the incident was named after Hryniewiecki as the Grinevitsky Bridge, until it was renamed Novo-Konyushenny Bridge in 1998. References

Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography

1850s births
1881 deaths
People from Klichaw District
People from Bobruysky Uyezd
People of the Russian Empire of Polish descent
Revolutionaries of the Russian Empire
Criminals of the Russian Empire
Russian Empire regicides
Suicide


title: Katie Cannon

texts:
<mask> (1950–2018) was an American Christian theologian and ethicist associated with womanist theology and black theology. In 1974 she became the first African-American woman ordained in the United Presbyterian Church (USA). She is credited with founding womanist theology and ethics as a field. Early life
Born on January 3, 1950, <mask> spent her childhood in Kannapolis, North Carolina, a racially segregated community where she could not use local facilities such as the YMCA, swimming pool or library. She was the daughter of the late <mask> and Corine L<mask>, the first woman to work at the Cannon Mills in Kannapolis. Both her parents were elders in the Presbyterian Church. She had six brothers and sisters.Education and career
<mask> graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree from Barber–Scotia College, followed by a Master of Divinity from Johnson C. Smith Theological Seminary, and master's and Doctor of Philosophy degrees from Union Theological Seminary in New York. <mask> was ordained on April 24, 1974, in Shelby, North Carolina, by the Catawba Presbytery, in the Synod of Catawba, becoming the first African-American woman to be ordained in the United Presbyterian Church (USA). <mask> worked at Ascension Presbyterian Church in East Harlem, New York. <mask> began teaching at Union Presbyterian Seminary in Richmond in 2001. She held the position of the Annie Scales Rogers Professor of Christian Social Ethics. Prior to joining the faculty at Union Presbyterian Seminary, <mask> was on the faculties of Temple University, Episcopal Divinity School, and Harvard Divinity School. She was also the Lilly Distinguished Visiting Professor of Religion at Davidson College and the Sterling Brown Visiting Professor in Religion and African American Studies at

masks:
Katie Geneva Cannon
Cannon
Esau Cannon
. Cannon
Cannon
Cannon
Cannon
Cannon
Cannon


title: Katie Cannon

texts:
 Williams College.In 2012, <mask> began serving as executive director of the Squaring the Womanist Circle Project at Union Presbyterian Seminary. Following from the research results produced by the project, <mask> worked with the administration of Union Presbyterian Seminary and several foundations to establish The Center For Womanist Leadership at Union Presbyterian Seminary. The center is the first of its kind at any theological academic institution in the United States. From 2004 to 2008, she served as president of the Society for the Study of Black Religion. <mask> received the distinguished professor award from Spelman College, the Lucy Craft Laney Award at the Black Presbyterian Bicentennial Celebration, and was a professor-scholar honoree at the National Black Church Summit at Emory University. She received the  Beautiful Are The Feet Award from the Samuel DeWitt Proctor Conference. The American Academy of Religion honored <mask> with its 2011 Excellence in Teaching Award.In 2018, <mask> was honored at the Presbyterian Church (USA)'s General Assembly, receiving the Excellence in Theological Education Award. As her last living testament, <mask> founded and organized the Center for Womanist Leadership at Union Presbyterian Seminary in April 2018, which was later endowed and renamed The Katie Geneva Cannon Center for Womanist Leadership. <mask> died on August 8, 2018. Influence on Womanist Theology and Ethics
<mask> is widely regarded as one of the founders of womanist theology and ethics. In reflecting on her legacy, scholar Traci C. West notes <mask>'s emphasis on using black women's embodied knowledge as a source for ethical reflection. In her analytical approach, one finds a sharp conceptualization of both the strength and vulnerability of

masks: Cannon Cannon Cannon Cannon Cannon Cannon Cannon Cannon Cannon


title: Katie Cannon

texts:
 black women especially evident in their collisions with white supremacy. <mask>'s scholarship reveals the ugliness of white racism and how it preys on black women's human vulnerabilities.To reveal the ugliness demands courage because it is so painful. The reflective process of unravelling the impact of racist patterns, as well as the commitment to remaining focused on them and inviting others to do so too, requires scholarly and spiritual stamina. <mask>'s work provides us with historically rooted, geopolitically situated, and intimate examples of black women's epistemological strength. She depicts black women's embodied knowledge as a creative force. The task of the womanist ethicist, she insisted, is to uncover and comprehend it.<mask>'s first full-length book, Black Womanist Ethics, published in 1988, was a groundbreaking text, and is considered to have launched the field of womanist ethics. Publications
God's Fierce Whimsy: The Implications of Feminism for Theological Education. Pilgrim Press, 1985
Inheriting Our Mothers' Gardens: Feminist Theology in Third World Perspective.Letty M. Russell,  Ada Maria Isasi-Diaz, Kwok Pui-lan, and <mask> <mask>, editors. Westminster John Knox Press, 1988. .
 <mask>'s Canon: Womanism and the Soul of the Black Community. Continuum, 1998. . Published in 1998 by the Continuum International Publishing Group, <mask> argues the importance of womanism from a religious, literary and political perspective. Through a series of essays, <mask> continually reviews the role that gender, race and class have held in the formation of black feminist consciousness. Through looking at the intersection between African American women's lived experience of oppression, and faith, <mask> explains  how African American women  how found

masks:
Katie Cannon
Katie Cannon
Cannon
Katie Geneva
Cannon
Katie
Cannon
Cannon
Cannon


title: Katie Cannon

texts:
 themselves in a position of moral guides not just in the African American tradition but also America. Black Womanist Ethics, Oxford University Press, 1988
Teaching Preaching: Isaac Rufus Clark and Black Sacred Rhetoric.Continuum, 2007. .
 Womanist Theological Ethics: A Reader. <mask> <mask>, Emilie M. Townes, and Angela D. Sims, editors. Westminster John Knox Press, 2011. . The Oxford Handbook of African American Theology, Oxford University Press, 2014
 <mask>'s Canon: Womanism and the Soul of the Black Community, 25th Anniversary Revised and Expanded Edition. Fortress, 2021. .

References

External links

1950 births
2018 deaths
African-American theologians
African-American Christians
American women academics
American Christian theologians
Presbyterian Church (USA) teaching elders
Barber–Scotia College alumni
Interdenominational Theological Center alumni
Union Presbyterian Seminary faculty
Union Theological Seminary (New York City) alumni
Womanist theologians
Womanist writers
People from Kannapolis, North Carolina
Temple University faculty
Episcopal Divinity School faculty
Harvard Divinity School faculty
American women non-fiction writers
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women
21st-century African-American women
African-American women

masks:
Katie Geneva
Cannon
Katie


title: Edward T. Hall

texts:
<mask>, Jr. (May 16, 1914 – July 20, 2009) was an American anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher. He is remembered for developing the concept of proxemics and exploring cultural and social cohesion, and describing how people behave and react in different types of culturally defined personal space. <mask> was an influential colleague of Marshall McLuhan and Buckminster Fuller. Biography
<mask> was born in Webster Groves, Missouri and taught at the University of Denver, Colorado, Bennington College in Vermont, Harvard Business School, Illinois Institute of Technology, Northwestern University in Illinois and others. The foundation for his lifelong research on cultural perceptions of space was laid during World War II, when he served in the U.S. Army in Europe and the Philippines. From 1933 through 1937, <mask> lived and worked with the Navajo and the Hopi on Native American reservations in northeastern Arizona, the subject of his autobiographical West of the Thirties. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1942 and continued with field work and direct experience throughout Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.During the 1950s he worked for the United States State Department, at the Foreign Service Institute (FSI), teaching inter-cultural communications skills to foreign service personnel, developed the concept of "high context culture" and "low context culture", and wrote several popular practical books on dealing with cross-cultural issues. He is considered a founding father of intercultural communication as an academic area of study. Throughout his career, <mask> introduced a number of new concepts, including proxemics, monochronic time, polychronic time, and high-context and low-context cultures. In his second book, The Hidden Dimension (1966), he describes the culturally specific temporal and spatial dimensions that surround each of us, such as the physical distances people maintain in different

masks:
Edward Twitchell Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall


title: Edward T. Hall

texts: contexts. In The Silent Language (1959), <mask> coined the term "polychronic" to describe the ability to attend to multiple events simultaneously, as opposed to "monochronic" individuals and cultures who tend to handle events sequentially. In the 1960s, <mask> published his theory of proxemics, the study of the human use of space, creating a new field of research investigating the nature of personal and public space, and how it may differ between cultures. In 1976, he released his third book, Beyond Culture, which is notable for having developed the idea of extension transference; by an extension, he simply means any technological item, from clothes to laptops.He brings to our attention the fact that these 'extensions' only help us perform certain functions, but they as extensions will never quite be able to carry out these functions by themselves (for example, think about computers, airplanes, etc. We can fly with airplanes, but we can't on our own and nor can airplanes fly 'on their own'). His biggest claim is that culture itself is an extension of man. Extensions also exist in their own evolutionary realm, as well. That is, they evolve on their own and do not directly influence human evolution. The 'transference' of 'extension transference' is a term he coined to describe when people regard a symbol to actually be its referent. The clearest example of this would be language; like when people do not realize that words are merely symbolic to their referents.For example, there is nothing inherently watery about the physical object water, at least in terms of the symbolic acoustic properties that are produced when someone utters water. Evidence for this would be the fact that across languages there are thousands of unique words that all refer to water. Culture, as an extension, is also a good example; extension transference of culture happens naturally when people are unaware of the extent to which culture shapes how

masks: Hall Hall


title: Edward T. Hall

texts:
 they perceive time and space, or that culture shapes their perception of them at all. Time and space are the two prominent aspects that <mask> in particular focuses on in many of his works. He died at his home in Santa Fe, New Mexico on July 20, 2009. Influence
According to Nina Brown, the work of <mask> was so groundbreaking that it created a multitude of other areas for research. One of the most widely sought after topics of anthropology is an idea that was first introduced by <mask>: Anthropology of Space.Brown goes on to mention that the Anthropology of Space has essentially opened the door to dozens of new topics. Along with influencing the Anthropology of Space, <mask>'s research had a substantial influence on the development of intercultural communication as a research topic. Since at least 1990, he has been acknowledged frequently for his role in introducing nonverbal aspects of communication, specifically proxemics, the study of the social uses of space, the investigation of communication between members of different cultures. For example, Robert Shuter, a well-known intercultural communication researcher, commented: "<mask>'s research reflects the regimen and passion of an anthropologist: a deep regard for culture explored principally by descriptive, qualitative methods... The challenge for intercultural communication... is to develop a research direction and teaching agenda that returns culture to preeminence and reflects the roots of the field as represented in <mask>'s early research." What was particularly innovative about <mask>'s early work is that instead of focusing on a single culture at a time, or cross-cultural comparison, as was typical in 1950s’ anthropology, he responded to the needs of his students at the Foreign Service Institute of the Department of State to help them understand interactions between members of different cultures. <mask> points out that the only environment in which classroom

masks:
Hall
Hall
Edward Hall
Hall
Edward Hall
Edward Hall
Hall
Hall


title: Edward T. Hall

texts:
 dialogue is encountered is simply in the classroom, ergo it served the students little use when actually in the foreign country of interest.At the same time, and in response to the same students, he narrowed his focus from an entire culture, as was then standard within anthropology, to smaller moments of interaction. Colleagues working with him at FSI at the time included Henry Lee Smith, George L<mask>r, Charles F. Hockett, and Ray Birdwhistell. Between them, they used descriptive linguistics as a model for not only proxemics but also kinesics and paralanguage. See also
Symbolic interactionism

Books

 The Silent Language (1959)
 The Hidden Dimension (1966)
 The Fourth Dimension In Architecture: The Impact of Building on Behavior (1975, co-authored with Mildred <mask>)
 Beyond Culture (1976)
 The Dance of Life: The Other Dimension of Time (1983)
 Handbook for Proxemic Research
 Hidden Differences: Doing Business with the Japanese
 An Anthropology of Everyday Life: An Autobiography (1992, Doubleday, New York)
 Understanding Cultural Differences: Germans, French and Americans (1990, Yarmouth, Maine)
 West of the Thirties. Discoveries Among the Navajo and Hopi (1994, Doubleday, New York etc.) References

Bibliography

External links

 <mask><mask>: Proxemic Theory, 1966 by Nina Brown
 <mask>. <mask> and the History of Intercultural Communication: The United States and Japan by Everett M. Rogers, William B. Hart and Yoshitaka Miike
 Ariane Laroux : Portraits Parlés, Entretiens et portraits d'<mask>. <mask> aux éditions de l'Age d'Homme (2006)

Obituary, NYTimes

1914 births
2009 deaths
People from Webster Groves, Missouri
American anthropologists
American sociologists
University of Denver faculty
Bennington College faculty
Harvard Business School faculty
Northwestern University faculty
Illinois Institute of Technology faculty
Columbia University alumni
Cultural anthropologists
Environmental psychologists
20th-century

masks:
. Trage
Reed Hall
Edward T
. Hall
Edward T
Hall
Edward T
Hall


title: Jocelyn Lee Hardy

texts:
Major <mask>Hoppy<mask>, MC with Bar, (10 June 1894 – 30 May 1958) was a British Army officer famed in Britain for his courage on the battlefield and repeated escapes from German prisoner of war camps during the First World War. Between 1920 and 1922 he served in Dublin as part of the British counter-insurgency against republican forces during the Irish War of Independence and is considered one of the most ruthless and effective British intelligence officers combating the IRA who subsequently accused him of brutality. He retired from the army to become a successful writer. His nickname, "Hoppy", stemmed from the loss of a leg in combat during the final months of World War One. Fitted with a prosthesis, he trained himself to disguise the fact, by walking at a very quick pace, almost completely disguising the notion that he had a wooden leg. Early life
<mask> was born 10 June 1894 in Kensington, London to Howard and <mask>. His father was a wool merchant from County Down.<mask> later joined the Connaught Rangers, gaining his commission and joining the 2nd battalion at Aldershot in January 1914. First World War

Capture
<mask> first saw action on 24 August 1914 when his unit served as a rearguard to cover the retirement of the 5th Infantry Brigade in action at Le Grand Fayt, France. By 26 August, <mask> and a group of 19 men led by a Captain Roche found themselves cut off and took shelter in a house being used as a makeshift hospital in the village of Maroilles. During the night, a large force of Germans entered the town, and the next day

masks:
Jocelyn Lee "
" Hardy DSO
Jocelyn Lee Hardy
Katherine Hardy
Jocelyn Hardy
Hardy
Hardy


title: Jocelyn Lee Hardy

texts:
 <mask>'s group were discovered and taken prisoner, among 286 men listed as missing in the action. Prisoner of war
On 21 September 1914, <mask> was promoted to lieutenant whilst a prisoner of war. He made twelve escape attempts from POW camps succeeding in actually escaping on five separate occasions. In early 1915, he attempted to escape from Halle Camp, near Leipzig, by breaking through a brick wall into an adjacent ammunition factory.After five months' work, the project proved impracticable. In the summer of 1915, he was transferred to Augustabad Camp, near Neu Brandenburg, and 10 days later managed to slip away from a bathing party outside the camp, together with a Russian officer. In what was a difficult journey, they covered the  to the Baltic coast. They swam a river, were nearly recaptured once, but eventually reached Stralsund. Once there, they nearly managed to get the crew of a Swedish schooner to give them passage, but were arrested at the last moment. <mask> was returned to Halle, and joined an unsuccessful attempt with a group of Russian officers to break down a wall. He then made a solo escape attempt by picking locks and breaking through a skylight before sliding down a rope onto the street.From here he slipped into the rain and darkness. He spoke enough German to make his way by train to Bremen. Here, broken down by cold and hunger, he was recaptured by the Germans. He was then transferred to Magdeburg, where he escaped with a Belgian officer using "subterfuge, audacity and good fortune". They reached Berlin by train and went

masks: Hardy Hardy Hardy


title: Jocelyn Lee Hardy

texts: on to Stralsund. From there, they crossed to the island of Rugen, but were arrested before they could find a fishing boat to take them to Sweden. His next prisoner of war camp was Fort Zorndorf, from where escape was virtually impossible.Nevertheless, he made several attempts, and one nearly succeeded when, with two others, he almost got out disguised as a German soldier. And on another occasion he managed to break away from his guards while being marched to the kommandatura, and got as far as the train before being recaptured. On 1 January 1917, <mask> was promoted to the rank of captain. He spent another nine months in this camp, before he was transferred to Schweidnitz in Silesia. Within a short period of his arrival, he broke out with Captain Willie Loder-Symonds, Wiltshire Regiment. Carrying forged police passes, they climbed a wire fence, scaled a glass topped wall, and caught a train. They were able to travel across Germany via Dresden, Leipzig, Cologne and Aachen.Then by tram to Richterich, and reached the safety of the Netherlands within 2 days of getting out of Schweidnitz. A fellow prisoner wrote of this escape:<mask>, had, together with another officer, just escaped over the frontier. They were in a camp in Silicia, [sic] and had travelled over five hundred miles through Germany. After escaping, in some civilian clothes, which they had managed to get into the camp, they walked to a nearby railway station, and <mask>, having learned to speak German fluently since his captivity, bought a ticket at the railway station for Berlin. The


title: Jocelyn Lee Hardy

texts: first part of their journey was uneventful, but after leaving Berlin, they were asked for their passports, and <mask>, who had helped us to make the passports at Fort Zorndorff, and had made for himself and his comrade passports, had an anxious moment while the official was examining it. But after turning the passport over several times, the official was satisfied, and gave it back, and they were safe again for the time being. A little later, however, <mask>'s comrade was taken very ill, no doubt from the effects of his long imprisonment, and for some time it looked as if the people in the carriage would notice something wrong, as unfortunately he could not speak any German.At several other places along the line they had to leave the carriage, and in some cases had to change trains to get away from one or other who had become too inquisitive. In the end they arrived at Aachen, when again their passport was examined, and as before, the officials were evidently satisfied that it was bona fide, and let them pass. After leaving the station at Aachen, they boldly walked through the town, and hiding themselves in a forest near the frontier, they managed to crawl into Holland during the night. Nobody was more pleased than myself to hear of <mask>'s escape, as he had made many attempts, and certainly deserved to succeed. On 5 March 1918, <mask> boarded at boat at Rotterdam after  years as a prisoner of war. The boat sailed a week later and <mask> returned to England, where he was received by King George V at Buckingham Palace on 18 March. Captain

masks: Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy


title: Jocelyn Lee Hardy

texts:
 Loder-Symonds of the Wiltshire Regiment was killed in a flying accident a short time later as he joined the RFC on his return to England.Later war service
In April 1918, <mask> transferred to the 2nd Battalion Inniskilling Fusiliers. On 1 August 1918, he was awarded the Military Cross on the Ypres front for leading a fighting patrol which engaged a group of enemy soldiers, killing one and causing the rest to flee. <mask> then used rapid fire to silence one of two German machine guns firing on the patrol before he was wounded by a grenade. <mask> ordered the rest of the patrol to retreat back to their lines whilst he remained to drag his badly wounded sergeant back  to safety. The wording for his decoration declared, "Throughout the operation he set a splendid example to his men, and also obtained valuable information as to the enemy's dispositions". On 2 October 1918, <mask> led a counter-attack near Dadizeele, during which he was shot in the stomach and received such severe wounds to his leg that it had to be amputated. He was evacuated back to England and was still in hospital when the war ended a short time later.He was fitted with an artificial limb and his resulting rapid manner of walking to disguise this earned him the nickname "Hoppy". Marriage
On 1 November 1919, <mask> married Kathleen Isabel Hutton-Potts in London. On 30 January 1920, <mask> was awarded a bar to his Military Cross, and the Distinguished Service Order "in recognition of gallant conduct and determination displayed in escaping or attempting to escape from captivity".

masks: Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy