title: John Barham

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 June 2010, <mask> reunited with Quintessence when the band performed at the 40th Anniversary Glastonbury Festival.He subsequently produced their live album Rebirth: Live at Glastonbury 2010, for which he is also credited as a composer and liner-note writer. Citations

Sources

 Harry Castleman & Walter J. Podrazik, All Together Now: The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961–1975, Ballantine Books (New York, NY, 1976; ). Alan Clayson, George Harrison, Sanctuary (London, 2003; ). Joshua M. Greene, Here Comes the Sun: The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison, John Wiley & Sons (Hoboken, NJ, 2006; ). Peter Lavezzoli, The Dawn of Indian Music in the West, Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; ). Simon Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison, Hal Leonard (Milwaukee, WI, 2006; ). Mark Lewisohn, The Complete Beatles Chronicle: The Definitive Day-By-Day Guide to the Beatles' Entire Career, Chicago Review Press (Chicago, IL, 2010; ).Mojo: The Beatles' Final Years Special Edition, Emap (London, 2003). Nat Segaloff, Final Cuts: The Last Films of 50 Great Directors, BearManor Media (Duncan, OK, 2013; ). Ravi Shankar, Raga Mala: The Autobiography of Ravi Shankar, Welcome Rain (New York, NY, 1999; ). Bruce Spizer, The Beatles Solo on Apple Records, 498 Productions (New Orleans, LA, 2005; ). Richard Williams, Phil Spector: Out of His Head, Omnibus Press (London, 2003; ). World Music: The Rough Guide (Volume 2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific), Rough Guides/Penguin (London, 2000; ). English classical pianists
English classical composers
British music arrangers
English record producers
British music educators
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Living people
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
21st-century British conductors (music)
21st-century pianists
21st-century British male


title: Daniel Ellsberg

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<mask> (born April 7, 1931) is an American economist, political activist, and former United States military analyst. While employed by the RAND Corporation, <mask> precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of the U.S. government decision-making in relation to the Vietnam War, to The New York Times, The Washington Post and other newspapers. On January 3, 1973, <mask> was charged under the Espionage Act of 1917 along with other charges of theft and conspiracy, carrying a total maximum sentence of 115 years. Because of governmental misconduct and illegal evidence-gathering, and the defense by Leonard Boudin and Harvard Law School professor Charles Nesson, Judge William Matthew Byrne Jr. dismissed all charges against Ellsberg on May 11, 1973. <mask> was awarded the Right Livelihood Award in 2006. He is also known for having formulated an important example in decision theory, the Ellsberg paradox, his extensive studies on nuclear weapons and nuclear policy, and for having voiced support for WikiLeaks, Chelsea Manning, and Edward Snowden. <mask>f Palme Prize for his "profound humanism and exceptional moral courage."Early life and career

<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois, on April 7, 1931, the son of Harry and Adele (Charsky) <mask>. His parents were Ashkenazi Jews who had converted to Christian Science, and he was raised as a Christian Scientist. He grew up in Detroit and attended the Cranbrook School in nearby Bloomfield Hills. His mother wanted him to be a concert pianist, but he stopped playing in July 1948, two years after both his mother and sister were killed when his father fell asleep at the wheel and crashed the family car into a bridge

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 abutment. <mask> entered Harvard College on a scholarship, graduating summa cum laude with an A.B. in economics in 1952. He studied at the University of Cambridge for a year on a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship, then returned to Harvard for graduate school.In 1954, he enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps and earned a commission. He served as a platoon leader and company commander in the 2nd Marine Division, and was discharged in 1957 as a first lieutenant. <mask> returned to Harvard as a Junior Fellow in the Society of Fellows for two years. RAND Corporation and PhD
Ellsberg began working as a strategic analyst at the RAND Corporation for the summer of 1958 and then permanently in 1959. He concentrated on nuclear strategy and the command and control of nuclear weapons. <mask> completed a Ph.D. in economics from Harvard in 1962. His dissertation on decision theory was based on a set of thought experiments that showed that decisions under conditions of uncertainty or ambiguity generally may not be consistent with well-defined subjective probabilities.Now known as the Ellsberg paradox, this formed the basis of a large literature that has developed since the 1980s, including approaches such as Choquet expected utility and info-gap decision theory. <mask> worked in the Pentagon from August 1964 under Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara as special assistant to Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs John McNaughton. [At this point of Lyndon Johnson's escalation into the Vietnam War, <mask> would later discover the lies and subsequent cover-up of the "non-attacks" upon the USS Maddox, in the Gulf of Tonkin ("by North Vietnam"), which led to bombing raids into North Vietnam on August 2 and 4, 1964, under orders

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 by President Lyndon B. Johnson. This unprovoked attack upon North Vietnam followed Senator Barry Goldwater's presidential campaign statement where he stated that Johnson was soft on Communism, "no matter where it is!" Johnson's actions risked bringing Chinese forces into the war.] He then went to South Vietnam for two years, working for General Edward Lansdale as a member of the State Department. On his return from South Vietnam, <mask> resumed working at RAND.In 1967, he contributed to a top-secret study of classified documents on the conduct of the Vietnam War that had been commissioned by Defense Secretary McNamara. These documents, completed in 1968, later became known collectively as the "Pentagon Papers" (named after the "Pumpkin Papers" of the Hiss-Chambers Case). Through study of this body of US government records, <mask> came to understand about the Vietnam War that:
It was no more a "civil war" after 1955 or 1960 than it had been during the U.S.-supported French attempt at colonial reconquest. A war in which one side was entirely equipped and paid by a foreign power – which dictated the nature of the local regime in its own interest – was not a civil war. To say that we had "interfered" in what is "really a civil war," as most American academic writers and even liberal critics of the war do to this day, simply screened a more painful reality and was as much a myth as the earlier official one of "aggression from the North." In terms of the UN Charter and of our own avowed ideals, it was a war of foreign aggression, American aggression. Disaffection with Vietnam War
By 1969, <mask> began attending anti-war events while still remaining in his position at RAND.In April 1968, <mask> attended a Princeton conference

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title: Daniel Ellsberg

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 on "Revolution in a Changing World," where he met Gandhian peace activist Janaki Tschannerl from India, who had a profound influence on him, and Eqbal Ahmed, a Pakistani fellow at the Adlai Stevenson Institute later to be indicted with Rev. Philip Berrigan for anti-war activism. <mask> particularly recalls Tschannerl saying "In my world, there are no enemies", and that "she gave me a vision, as a Gandhian, of a different way of living and resistance, of exercising power nonviolently." He experienced an epiphany attending a War Resisters League conference at Haverford College in August 1969, listening to a speech given by a draft resister named Randy Kehler, who said he was "very excited" that he would soon be able to join his friends in prison. Ellsberg described his reaction:

Decades later, reflecting on Kehler's decision, <mask> said:

After leaving RAND, <mask> was employed as a senior research associate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Center for International Studies from 1970 to 1972. The Pentagon Papers

In late 1969, with the assistance of his former RAND Corporation colleague Anthony Russo, <mask> secretly made several sets of photocopies of the classified documents to which he had access; these later became known as the Pentagon Papers. They revealed that, early on, the government had knowledge that the war as then resourced could most likely not be won.Further, as an editor of The New York Times was to write much later, these documents "demonstrated, among other things, that the Johnson Administration had systematically lied, not only to the public but also to Congress, about a subject of transcendent national interest and significance". Shortly after <mask> copied the documents, he resolved to


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 meet some of the people who had influenced both his change of heart on the war and his decision to act. One of them was Randy Kehler. Another was the poet Gary Snyder, whom he had met in Kyoto in 1960, and with whom he had argued about U.S. foreign policy; <mask> was finally prepared to concede that Gary Snyder had been right, about both the situation and the need for action against it. Release and publication
Throughout 1970, <mask> covertly attempted to persuade a few sympathetic U.S. Senators—among them J. William Fulbright, chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and George McGovern, a leading opponent of the war—to release the papers on the Senate floor, because a Senator could not be prosecuted for anything he said on the record before the Senate. <mask> allowed some copies of the documents to circulate privately, including among scholars at the Institute for Policy Studies (IPS). <mask> also shared the documents with The New York Times correspondent Neil Sheehan, who wrote a story based on what he had received both directly from Ellsberg and from contacts at IPS.On Sunday, June 13, 1971, The New York Times published the first of nine excerpts from, and commentaries on, the 7,000 page collection. For 15 days, The New York Times was prevented from publishing its articles by court order requested by the Nixon administration. Meanwhile, while eluding an FBI manhunt for thirteen days, <mask> leaked the documents to The Washington Post. On June 30, the US Supreme Court ordered free resumption of publication by The New York Times (New York Times Co. v. United States). Two days prior to the Supreme Court's decision, <mask> publicly admitted his role in releasing the Pentagon Papers to the press. On June 29, 1971,

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title: Daniel Ellsberg

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 U.S. Senator Mike Gravel of Alaska entered 4,100 pages of the Papers into the record of his Subcommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds—pages which he had received from <mask> via Ben Bagdikian, then an editor at The Washington Post.Fallout
The release of these papers was politically embarrassing not only to those involved in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, but also to the incumbent Nixon administration. Nixon's Oval Office tape from June 14, 1971, shows H. R. Haldeman describing the situation to Nixon:

Rumsfeld was making this point this morning... To the ordinary guy, all this is a bunch of gobbledygook. But out of the gobbledygook comes a very clear thing.... You can't trust the government; you can't believe what they say; and you can't rely on their judgment; and the—the implicit infallibility of presidents, which has been an accepted thing in America, is badly hurt by this, because It shows that people do things the president wants to do even though it's wrong, and the president can be wrong. John Mitchell, Nixon's Attorney General, almost immediately issued a telegram to The New York Times ordering that it halt publication. The New York Times refused, and the government brought suit against it. Although The New York Times eventually won the case before the Supreme Court, prior to that, an appellate court ordered that New York Times temporarily halt further publication. This was the first time the federal government was able to restrain the publication of a major newspaper since the presidency of Abraham Lincoln during the U.S. Civil War.Ellsberg released the Pentagon Papers to seventeen other newspapers in rapid succession. The right of the press to publish the papers was upheld in The New York Times Co.


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 v. United States. The Supreme Court ruling has been called one of the "modern pillars" of First Amendment rights with respect to freedom of the press. In response to the leaks, Nixon White House staffers began a campaign against further leaks and against <mask> personally. Aides Egil Krogh and David Young, under the supervision of John Ehrlichman, created the "White House Plumbers", which would later lead to the Watergate burglaries. Richard Holbrooke, a friend of <mask>, came to see him as "one of those accidental characters of history who show the pattern of a whole era" and thought that he was the "triggering mechanism for events which would link Vietnam and Watergate in one continuous 1961-to-1975 story." Fielding break-in

In August 1971, Krogh and Young met with G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt in a basement office in the Old Executive Office Building.Hunt and Liddy recommended a "covert operation" to get a "mother lode" of information about <mask>'s mental state in order to discredit him. Krogh and Young sent a memo to Ehrlichman seeking his approval for a "covert operation [to] be undertaken to examine all of the medical files still held by Ellsberg's psychiatrist", Lewis Fielding. Ehrlichman approved under the condition that it be "done under your assurance that it is not traceable." On September 3, 1971, the burglary of Fielding's office—titled "Hunt/Liddy Special Project No. 1" in Ehrlichman's notes—was carried out by White House Plumbers Hunt, Liddy, Eugenio Martínez, Felipe de Diego and Bernard Barker (the latter three were, or had been, recruited CIA agents). The Plumbers found Ellsberg's file, but it apparently did not contain the potentially embarrassing information they sought, as they left it

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 discarded on the floor of Fielding's office. Hunt and Liddy subsequently planned to break into Fielding's home, but Ehrlichman did not approve the second burglary.The break-in was not known to <mask> or to the public until it came to light during <mask> and Russo's trial in April 1973. Trial and dismissal
On June 28, 1971, two days before a Supreme Court ruling saying that a federal judge had ruled incorrectly about the right of The New York Times to publish the Pentagon Papers, <mask> publicly surrendered to the United States Attorney's Office for the District of Massachusetts in Boston. In admitting to giving the documents to the press, <mask> said:
I felt that as an American citizen, as a responsible citizen, I could no longer cooperate in concealing this information from the American public. I did this clearly at my own jeopardy and I am prepared to answer to all the consequences of this decision. He and Russo faced charges under the Espionage Act of 1917 and other charges including theft and conspiracy, carrying a total maximum sentence of 115 years for <mask>, 35 years for Russo. Their trial commenced in Los Angeles on January 3, 1973, presided over by U.S. District Judge William Matthew Byrne Jr. <mask> tried to claim that the documents were illegally classified to keep them not from an enemy but from the American public. However, that argument was ruled "irrelevant".<mask> was silenced before he could begin. <mask> said, in 2014, that his "lawyer, exasperated, said he 'had never heard of a case where a defendant was not permitted to tell the jury why he did what he did.' The judge responded: 'Well, you're hearing one now'. And so it has been with every subsequent whistleblower under indictment". In spite of being

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 effectively denied a defense, <mask> began to see events turn in his favor when the break-in of Fielding's office was revealed to Judge Byrne in a memo on April 26;  Byrne ordered it to be shared with the defense. On May 9, further evidence of illegal wiretapping against <mask> was revealed in court. The FBI had recorded numerous conversations between Morton Halperin and <mask> without a court order, and furthermore the prosecution had failed to share this evidence with the defense.During the trial, Byrne also revealed that he personally met twice with John Ehrlichman, who offered him directorship of the FBI. Byrne said he refused to consider the offer while the Ellsberg case was pending, though he was criticized for even agreeing to meet with Ehrlichman during the case. Because of the gross governmental misconduct and illegal evidence gathering, and the defense by Leonard Boudin and Harvard Law School professor Charles Nesson, Judge Byrne dismissed all charges against <mask> and Russo on May 11, 1973 after the government claimed it had lost records of wiretapping against <mask>. Byrne ruled: "The totality of the circumstances of this case which I have only briefly sketched offend a sense of justice. The bizarre events have incurably infected the prosecution of this case." As a result of the revelations involving the Watergate scandal, John Ehrlichman, H. R. Haldeman, Richard Kleindienst, and John Dean were forced out of office on April 30, and all would later be convicted of crimes related to Watergate. Egil Krogh later pleaded guilty to conspiracy, and White House counsel Charles Colson pleaded no contest for obstruction of justice in the burglary.Halperin case
It was also revealed in 1973, during <mask>'s trial, that


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 the telephone calls of Morton Halperin, a member of the U.S. National Security Council staff suspected of leaking information about the secret bombing of Cambodia to The New York Times, were being recorded by the FBI at the request of Henry Kissinger to J. Edgar Hoover. Halperin and his family sued several federal officials, claiming the wiretap violated their Fourth Amendment rights and Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968. The court agreed that Richard Nixon, John Mitchell, and H. R. Haldeman had violated the Halperins' Fourth Amendment rights and awarded them $1 in nominal damages. Plumbers' Ellsberg neutralization proposal
<mask> later claimed that after his trial ended, Watergate prosecutor William H. Merrill informed him of an aborted plot by Liddy and the "Plumbers" to have 12 Cuban Americans who had previously worked for the CIA "totally incapacitate" <mask> when he appeared at a public rally. It is unclear whether they were meant to assassinate <mask> or merely to hospitalize him. In his autobiography, Liddy describes an "Ellsberg neutralization proposal" originating from Howard Hunt, which involved drugging <mask> with LSD, by dissolving it in his soup, at a fund-raising dinner in Washington in order to "have <mask> incoherent by the time he was to speak" and thus "make him appear a near burnt-out drug case" and "discredit him." The plot involved waiters from the Miami Cuban community.According to Liddy, when the plan was finally approved, "there was no longer enough lead time to get the Cuban waiters up from their Miami hotels and into place in the Washington Hotel where the dinner was to take place" and the plan was "put into abeyance pending another opportunity." Later activism


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 and views

Since the end of the Vietnam War, <mask> has continued his political activism, giving lecture tours and speaking out about current events. Reflecting on his time in government, <mask> has said the following, based on his extensive access to classified material:

The public is lied to every day by the President, by his spokespeople, by his officers. If you can't handle the thought that the President lies to the public for all kinds of reasons, you couldn't stay in the government at that level, or you're made aware of it, a week. ... The fact is Presidents rarely say the whole truth—essentially, never say the whole truth—of what they expect and what they're doing and what they believe and why they're doing it and rarely refrain from lying, actually, about these matters. Release of classified documents proposing 1958 nuclear attack on China
On May 22, 2021, during the Biden administration, The New York Times reported <mask> had released classified documents revealing the Pentagon in 1958 drew up plans to launch a nuclear attack on China amid tensions over the Taiwan Strait.According to the documents, US military leaders supported a first-use nuclear strike even though they believed China's ally, the Soviet Union, would retaliate and millions of people would perish. <mask> told The New York Times he copied the classified documents about the Taiwan Strait crisis fifty years earlier when he copied the Pentagon Papers, but chose not to release the documents then. Instead, <mask> released the documents in the Spring of 2021 because he said he was concerned about mounting tensions between the U.S. and China over the fate of Taiwan. He assumed the Pentagon was involved again in contingency planning for a nuclear strike


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 on China should a military conflict with conventional weapons fail to deliver a decisive victory. “I do not believe the participants were more stupid or thoughtless than those in between or in the current cabinet," said <mask>, who urged President Biden, Congress and the public to take notice. In releasing the classified documents, <mask> offered himself as a defendant in a test case challenging the Justice Department’s use of the Espionage Act of 1917 to punish whistleblowers. <mask> noted the Act applies to everyone, not just spies, and prohibits a defendant from explaining the reasons for revealing classified information in the public interest.Anti-war activism
In an interview with Democracy Now on May 18, 2018, <mask> was critical of U.S. intervention overseas especially in the Middle East, stating, "I think, in Iraq, America has never faced up to the number of people who have died because of our invasion, our aggression against Iraq, and Afghanistan over the last 30 years, since we first inspired a CIA-sponsored jihad against the Soviets there, and led to the invasion by the Soviets. What we've done to the Middle East has been hell." Activism against US-led war against Iraq

During the runup to the 2003 invasion of Iraq he warned of a possible "Tonkin Gulf scenario" that could be used to justify going to war, and called on government "insiders" to go public with information to counter the Bush administration's pro-war propaganda campaign, praising Scott Ritter for his efforts in that regard. He later supported the whistleblowing efforts of British GCHQ translator Katharine Gun and called on others to leak any papers that reveal government deception about the invasion. <mask> also testified at the 2004 conscientious


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 objector hearing of Camilo Mejia at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. <mask> was arrested, in November 2005, for violating a county ordinance for trespassing while protesting against George W. Bush's conduct of the Iraq War. He is a member of Campaign for Peace and Democracy.<mask> criticized the arrest of WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, who had exposed American war crimes in Iraq. Activism against US military action against Iran
In September 2006, <mask> wrote in Harper's Magazine that he hoped someone would leak information about a potential U.S. invasion of Iran before the invasion happened, to stop the war. <mask> called for further leaks following the release of information on the acceleration of U.S.-sponsored anti-government activity in Iran that was leaked to journalist Seymour Hersh. In November 2007, <mask> was interviewed by Brad Friedman on his blog in regard to former FBI translator turned whistle blower Sibel Edmonds. "I'd say what she has is far more explosive than the Pentagon Papers", <mask> told Friedman. In a speech on March 30, 2008 in San Francisco's Unitarian Universalist church, <mask> observed that House Speaker Nancy Pelosi does not have the authority to declare impeachment "off the table," as she had done with respect to George W. Bush. The oath of office taken by members of congress requires them to "defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic".He also pointed out that under Article VI of the U.S. Constitution, treaties, including the United Nations Charter and international labour rights accords that the United States has signed, become the supreme law of the land that neither the states, the president, nor the congress have the power to break. For example, if

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 the Congress votes to authorize an unprovoked attack on a sovereign nation, that authorization wouldn't make the attack legal. A president citing the authorization as just cause could be prosecuted in the International Criminal Court for war crimes. Support for American whistleblowers
On December 9, 2010, <mask> appeared on The Colbert Report where he commented that the existence of WikiLeaks helps to build a better government. On March 21, 2011, <mask>, along with 35 other demonstrators, was arrested during a demonstration outside the Marine Corps Base Quantico, in protest of Manning's current detention at Marine Corps Brig, Quantico. On June 10, 2013, <mask> published an editorial in The Guardian newspaper praising the actions of former Booz Allen worker Edward Snowden in revealing top-secret surveillance programs of the NSA. <mask> believes that the United States has fallen into an "abyss" of total tyranny, but said that because of Snowden's revelations, "I see the unexpected possibility of a way up and out of the abyss."In June 2013, <mask> and numerous celebrities appeared in a video showing support for Chelsea Manning. On June 17, 2010, <mask> was interviewed regarding the parallels between his actions in releasing the Pentagon Papers and those of Private First Class Chelsea Manning, who was arrested by the U.S. military in Iraq after allegedly providing to WikiLeaks a classified video showing U.S. military helicopter gunships strafing and killing Iraqis alleged to be civilians, including two Reuters journalists. Manning claimed to have provided WikiLeaks with secret videos of additional massacres of alleged civilians in Afghanistan, as well as 260,000 classified State Department cables. <mask> said that he fears


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texts: for Manning and for Julian Assange, as he feared for himself after the initial publication of the Pentagon Papers. WikiLeaks initially said it had not received the cables, but did plan to post the video of an attack that killed 86 to 145 Afghan civilians in the village of Garani. <mask> expressed hope that either Assange or President Obama would post the video, and expressed his strong support for Assange and Manning, whom he called "two new heroes of mine". Democracy Now!devoted a substantial portion of its program July 4, 2013, to "How the Pentagon Papers Came to be Published By the Beacon Press Told by <mask>lsberg & Others." <mask> said there are hundreds of public officials right now who know that the public is being lied to about Iran. They all took an oath to protect the Constitution of the United States, not the commander-in-chief, not superior officers. If they follow orders, they may become complicit in starting an unnecessary war. If they are faithful to their oath, they could prevent that war. Exposing official lies could however carry a heavy personal cost as they could be imprisoned for unlawful disclosure of classified information. In 2012, <mask> became one of the co-founders of the Freedom of the Press Foundation.<mask> is a founding member of the Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity. In September 2015 <mask> and 27 other members of VIPS steering group wrote a letter to the President challenging a recently published book, that claimed to rebut the report of the United States Senate Intelligence Committee on the Central Intelligence Agency's use of torture. In December 2015, <mask> publicly supported the Tor anonymity network, referencing its utility for whistle blowing in general for the

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 maintenance of democracy via the First Amendment. In spring of 2019, WikiLeaks players Assange and Manning resurfaced in the news - with Assange being arrested and carried out from the Ecuadorian embassy in London and Manning twice subpoenaed to testify. Weeks later, Assange was indicted on 18 charges under the 1917 wartime Espionage Act. In 2020, <mask> testified in defense of Assange during Assange's extradition hearings. <mask> has spoken out vociferously against the threats to press freedom from such whistleblower prosecution.Support for Occupy Movement
On November 16, 2011 <mask> camped on the UC Berkeley Sproul Plaza as part of an effort to support the Occupy Cal movement. The Doomsday Machine

In December 2017, <mask> published The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. He said that his primary job from 1958 until releasing the Pentagon Papers in 1971 was as a nuclear war planner for US Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon. He concluded that US nuclear war policy was completely crazy and he could no longer live with himself without doing what he could to expose it, even if it meant he would spend the rest of his life in prison. However, he also felt that as long as the US was still involved in the Vietnam War, the US electorate would not likely listen to a discussion of nuclear war policy. He therefore copied two sets of documents, planning to release first the Pentagon Papers and later documentation of nuclear war plans. However, the nuclear planning materials were hidden in a landfill and then lost during an unexpected tropical storm.His overriding concerns are as follows:
 As long as the world maintains large nuclear arsenals, it is not a matter of if, but when, a nuclear war


title: Daniel Ellsberg

texts: will occur. The vast majority of the population of an initiator state would likely starve to death during a "nuclear autumn" or "nuclear winter" if they did not die earlier from retaliation or fallout. If the nuclear war dropped only roughly 100 nuclear weapons on cities, as in a war between India and Pakistan, the effect would be similar to the "Year Without a Summer" that followed the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, except that it would last more like a decade, because soot would not settle out of the stratosphere as quickly as the volcanic debris, and roughly a third of the people worldwide not killed by the nuclear exchange would starve to death, because of the resulting crop failures. However, if more than roughly 2 percent of the US nuclear arsenal were used, the results would more likely be a nuclear winter, leading to the deaths from starvation of 98 percent of people worldwide not killed by the nuclear exchange. To preserve the ability of a nuclear-weapon state to retaliate from a "decapitation" attack, every country with nuclear weapons seems to have delegated broadly the authority to respond to an apparent nuclear attack. As an example of the third concern, <mask> discussed an interview he had in 1958 with a major, who commanded a squadron of 12 F-100 fighter-bombers at Kunsan Air Base, South Korea. His aircraft were equipped with Mark 28 thermonuclear weapons with a yield of 1.1 megatons each, roughly half the explosive power of all the bombs dropped by the US in World War II both in Europe and the Pacific.The major said his official orders were to wait for orders from his superiors in Osan Air Base, South Korea, or in Japan before ordering his F-100s into the air. However, the major also said that standard


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 military doctrine required him to protect his forces. That meant that if he had reason to believe that a war had already begun when his communications with Osan and Japan were broken, he was required to launch his dozen F-100s with their thermonuclear weapons. They never practiced that launch, because the risk of an accident was too great. <mask> then asked what might happen if he gave such launch orders and the sixth plane succumbed to a thermonuclear accident on the runway. After some thought, the major agreed that the five planes already in the air would likely conclude that a nuclear war had begun, and they would likely deliver their warheads to their preassigned targets. The "nuclear football" carried by an aide near the US President at all times is primarily a piece of political theater, a hoax, to keep the public ignorant of the real problems of nuclear command and control, he said.In Russia, this included a semi-automatic "Dead Hand" system, whereby a nuclear explosion in Moscow, whether accidental or by a foreign state or terrorists, would induce low-level officers to launch ICBMs toward targets in the US, presumed to be the origin of such attacks. The first ICBMs launched in this way "would beep a Go signal to any ICBM sites they passed over", which would launch those other ICBMs without further human intervention. Nuclear threats by the United States

<mask> also claimed that every president since Truman, with the possible exception of Ford, threatened the use of nuclear weapons. Some of these threats were implicit;  many were explicit. Many governmental officials and authors claimed that those threats made major contributions to achieving important policy objectives. <mask>'s examples are summarized in the


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 following table:

Awards and honors
<mask> is the recipient of the Inaugural Ron Ridenhour Courage Prize, a prize established by The Nation Institute and the Fertel Foundation. In 1978 he accepted the Gandhi Peace Award from Promoting Enduring Peace.On September 28, 2006 he was awarded the Right Livelihood Award for "putting peace and truth first, at considerable personal risk, and dedicating his life to inspiring others to follow his example". He received the Dresden Peace Prize in 2016. He received the Olof Palme Prize in 2018. Ellsberg Papers

The University of Massachusetts Amherst has acquired the papers of <mask>. Personal life
<mask> has been married twice. His first marriage was in 1952 to Carol Cummings, a graduate of Radcliffe (now Harvard College) whose father was a Marine Corps brigadier general. It lasted 13 years before ending in divorce (at her request, as he stated in his memoir Secrets).They have two children, <mask> and <mask>. In 1970, he married Patricia Marx, daughter of toy maker Louis Marx. They lived for some time afterward in Mill Valley, California. They have a son, <mask>, who is an author and journalist. Books
 <mask>, <mask> (2002). Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers. New York: Viking Press.Ann Wright, Susan Dixon (2008). Dissent: Voices of Conscience, Foreword by <mask>. Hawaii: Koa Books. Made Love, Got War: Close Encounters with America's Warfare State By Norman Solomon, Foreword by <mask>, September 2007 – Publisher: Polipoint Press
 E. P. Thompson, Dan Smith (ed.) (1981). Protest and Survive, Introduction by <mask>. New York: Monthly Review Press.Films
 The Pentagon Papers (2003) is a historical film directed by Rod Holcomb about the Pentagon Papers and <mask>'s

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Daniel Ellsberg
Daniel Ellsberg


title: Daniel Ellsberg

texts:
 involvement in their publication. The movie, in which he is portrayed by James Spader, documents <mask>'s life, starting with his work for RAND Corp and ending with the day on which the judge declared his espionage trial a mistrial. The Most Dangerous Man in America: <mask> and the Pentagon Papers (2009) a feature-length documentary by Judith Ehrlich and Rick Goldsmith traced the decision-making processes by which <mask> came to leak the Pentagon Papers to the press, The New York Times decision to publish, the fallout in the media after publication, and the Nixon Administration's legal and extra-legal campaign to discredit and incarcerate <mask>. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature and won a Peabody Award after its 2010 POV broadcast on PBS. Hearts and Minds, a 1974 documentary film about the Vietnam War with extensive interviews with Ellsberg. The Post is a 2017 historical drama film directed and co-produced by Steven Spielberg from a script written by Liz Hannah and Josh Singer about a pair of The Washington Post employees who battle the federal government over their right to publish the Pentagon Papers. In the movie, <mask> is portrayed by Matthew Rhys.The film also stars Tom Hanks as Ben Bradlee and Meryl Streep as Katharine Graham. The Boys Who Said NO!, a 2020 documentary film about the draft resistance movement during the Vietnam War, including interviews with Ellsberg where he talks about the impact resisters had on his decision to risk life in prison for releasing the Pentagon Papers. Directed by Oscar-nominated filmmaker Judith Ehrlich. See also

 Jack Anderson
 Thomas Andrews Drake
 Edward Snowden
 Chelsea Manning
 Julian Assange
 List of peace activists
 Tran Ngoc Chau

masks:
Ellsberg
Daniel Ellsberg
Ellsberg
Ellsberg
Ellsberg


title: Daniel Ellsberg

texts:
 Reality Winner
 Katharine Gun

References
7a. ^ PBS Bio on LBJ, part 1

Further reading
 Official name of the Pentagon Papers: History of United States Decision-Making Process on Vietnam Policy, 1945–1967
 The New York Times version of the Pentagon Papers: June 13, 14, 15 and July 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, 1971. Late in this year this edited version was published in the book The Pentagon Papers as published by N.Y. Times, Bantam Books, Toronto – New York – London, 1971
 United States-Vietnam Relations 1945–67, Department of Defense Study, 12 vols., Government Printing Office, Washington, 1971. This is the official and complete edition of the Pentagon Papers, published by the Government after the release by the press
 UNGAR, Sanford, The Papers and the Papers: An Account of the Legal and Political Battle over the Pentagon Papers, E.P.Dutton & Co, New York, 1972

External links

 The Pentagon Papers
 Espionage Act 1917
  The Truth-Telling Project – Project formed by <mask> for whistleblowers
 2006 Right Livelihood Award Recipient <mask>

 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine:

1931 births
Living people
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American anti–Iraq War activists
American anti–nuclear weapons activists
American anti–Vietnam War activists
American anti-war activists
American Book Award winners
American male non-fiction writers
American memoirists
American people of Jewish descent
American people of the Vietnam War
American political activists
American political writers
American whistleblowers
Articles containing video clips
American Ashkenazi Jews
Cranbrook Educational Community

masks:
Ellsberg
Daniel Ellsberg


title: Dallas John Baker

texts:
<mask> (born <mask> on 19 February 1968) is an Australian writer and academic noted for poetry, short stories and travel writing whose work deals with themes of alienation, otherness and sexuality. He is also known as <mask>, the name he used as a performance poet beginning in the 1980s. He has been repeatedly compared to Truman Capote and to David Sedaris. Angguish, who is openly gay, has also written plays and screenplays some of which have been produced. He is known for a lyrical style that foregrounds feeling and the use of powerful descriptive passages. Due to his evocative short stories, he has been variously described as Truman Capote's literary heir and as reminiscent of Carson McCullers, the much lauded Southern Gothic writer. His prose poetry has appeared in the journals Text, Lodestar Quarterly, Retort Magazine and Polari journal.His short stories have appeared in the book anthologies "Dumped", "Bend, Don't Shatter","Sensual Travels" and others. His collection of memoir and travel writing "Anywhere But Here", released in February 2006, received very strong reviews. In particular Graeme Aitken of Australian gay magazine DNA wrote:

<mask> <mask> "was born in Toowoomba, Queensland and this collection of stories is a mix of travel tales, memoir and fiction. The first section of the book, set in America’s Deep South, confirm [his] talent. The stories are highly atmospheric, off-beat and absorbing. Some have gay content, but not all of them. Local readers will be interested in the final section of stories, set in Australia with locales ranging from Byron Bay to the Darling Downs.It’s refreshing to read new gay-themed Australian work that isn’t set in Melbourne or Sydney." The review also noted that <mask> <mask> "demonstrates an enviable flair for storytelling." <mask> published a second book of travel writing in 2011 titled 'America Divine:

masks:
Dallas John Baker
Dallas John Angguish Baker
Dallas Angguish
Dallas John
Baker
Dallas John
Baker
Baker


title: Dallas John Baker

texts:
 Travels in the Hidden South'. This book focuses on travel in the South of the US, particularly New Orleans. The book explores folk religion practices of the South including voodoo, Southern Hoodoo and snake-handling among other things. America Divine has been described as 'what you'd get if Victor Frankenstein made a new monster by splicing together body parts of David Sedaris, Truman Capote, Bruce Chatwin and just a bit of Djuna Barnes'. Another reviewer wrote that Angguish is 'an impressively skilled writer' and 'something of a strange genius'.The same reviewer later hailed Angguish as Truman Capote's literary heir. Poetic style
In the eighties and nineties, under the nom de plume <mask>, <mask> performed at many spoken word events in Australia garnering a reputation as one of Australia's most enigmatic, queer spoken word performers. A recording of his spoken word piece "The Pugilist", set to music by composer Luke Monsour, was played on Australia's national youth radio broadcaster Triple J. <mask>'s poetry is in the tradition of queer poetics initiated by Walt Whitman and consolidated by Allen Ginsberg, a tradition that foregrounds the colloquial voice, a first person, personal point of view and the expression of an erotic and mystical vision. <mask>'s poetry is often highly evocative and self-reflexive, as in the passage below:

I am part libertine, part priest. I have dual yearnings. On the one hand I like solitude and introspection. I am a sky-gazer whose goals are universal.I crave the freedom of simplicity. On the other hand I am drawn to the communion of skin. I yearn to abandon myself, and thereby become free, in physical delight. These two impulses have often been at odds with each other. I struggle to find a balance. Much of <mask> <mask>'s poetry, written primarily to be spoken, deals with themes of eroticism, alienation and

masks:
Dallas Angguish
Baker
Baker
Baker
Dallas John
Baker


title: Dallas John Baker

texts:
 mysticism. The excerpt below, from his poem 'Embrace', is a good example:

As I walk away from your embrace I feel the cold shadow of your pupils falling on the small of my back where I have that tattoo which is an emblem against you and you fire those daggers from your eyes which embed themselves like anchors under the skin of my shoulder-blades and hook me to you with long tethers that are desire not wanting to let go, that are thin streams of poison, and when, in the night as I try to arm myself against you by whispering the long and perfect names of all of my Buddhist saints, you slip your arm under my head like a pillow and your breath comes in close to me like a breeze which has on it all the saltiness of sex and the sea...This passage illustrates <mask>'s use of the Beat Generation inspired flowing stream-of-consciousness style he deployed in a series of poems that fuse the paradigms of eroticism and (Tantric Buddhist) mysticism. <mask> spent five years as a Buddhist monk and is still committed to Buddhist practice. He has recently published papers in the scholarly journals Colloquy: Text, Theory, Critique, Creative Industries Journal, Text and Postscripts. These works are published under the name <mask> J. <mask>. Published works
I Go Far Away Sometimes (), published in 2014
America Divine: Travels in the Hidden South (), published in 2011
Anywhere But Here (), published in 2006
Irezumi (ASIN: B007TQEPKY), published in 2011
Cherry Blossom Bicycle Crazy (ASIN B007ZK7O5M), published in 2011
Bridge of Sighs (ASIN B007WN4P8G), published in 2012

References

External links

1968 births
Australian male short story writers
21st-century Australian poets
Australian gay writers
Living people
Australian male poets
Australian LGBT poets
21st-century Australian short story writers
21st-century Australian male writers
Gay academics
21st-century LGBT

masks: Baker Baker Dallas Baker


title: Frederick Rolfe

texts:
<mask> (surname pronounced  ), better known as Baron Corvo, and also calling himself <mask> (22 July 1860 – 25 October 1913), was an English writer, artist, photographer and eccentric. Life

<mask> was born in Cheapside, London, the son of a piano manufacturer. He left school at the age of fourteen and became a teacher. He taught briefly at The King's School, Grantham, where the then headmaster, Ernest Hardy, later principal of Jesus College, Oxford, became a lifelong friend. He converted to Roman Catholicism in 1886 and was confirmed by Cardinal Manning. With his conversion came a strongly-felt vocation to the priesthood, which persisted throughout his life despite being constantly frustrated and never realised. In 1887 he was sponsored to train at St Mary's College, Oscott, near Birmingham and in 1889 was a student at the Pontifical Scots College in Rome, but was thrown out by both due to his inability to concentrate on priestly studies and his erratic behaviour.At this stage he entered the circle of the Duchess Sforza Cesarini, who, he claimed, adopted him as a grandson and gave him the use of the title of "Baron Corvo". This became his best-known pseudonym; he also called himself "Frank English", "<mask>" and "A. Crab Maid", among others. More often he abbreviated his own name to "Fr. <mask>" (an ambiguous usage, suggesting he was the priest he had hoped to become). Rolfe spent most of his life as a freelance writer, mainly in England but eventually in Venice. He lived in the era before the welfare state, and relied on benefactors for support but he had an argumentative nature and a tendency to fall out

masks: Frederick William Serafino Austin Lewis Mary Rolfe


title: Frederick Rolfe

texts:
 spectacularly with most of the people who tried to help him and offer him room and board. Eventually, out of money and out of luck, he died in Venice from a stroke on 25 October 1913.He was buried on the Isola di San Michele, Venice. <mask>'s life provided the basis for The Quest for Corvo by A. J. A. Symons, an "experiment in biography" regarded as a minor classic in the field. This same work reveals that Rolfe had an unlikely enthusiast in the person of Maundy Gregory. Homosexuality

Rolfe was entirely comfortable with his homosexuality and associated and corresponded with a number of other homosexual Englishmen. Early in his life he wrote a fair amount of idealistic but mawkish poetry about boy martyrs and the like. These and his Toto stories contain pederastic elements, but the young male pupils he was teaching at the time unanimously recalled in later life that there had never been any hint of impropriety in his relations with them.As he himself matured, Rolfe's settled sexual preference was for late adolescents. Towards the end of his life he made his only explicit reference to his specific sexual age preference, in one of the Venice letters to Charles Masson Fox, in which he declared: "My preference was for the 16, 17, 18 and large." Grant Richards, in his Memories of a Misspent Youth (1932), recalls "<mask> Corvo" at Parson's Pleasure in Oxford – where scholars could bathe naked – "surveying the yellow flesh tints of youth with unbecoming satisfaction". Those of whom it is either speculated or surmised that they had sexual relations with Rolfe – Aubrey Thurstans, Sholto Osborne Gordon Douglas, John

masks:
Rolfe
Frederick Baron


title: Frederick Rolfe

texts: as In His Own Image (1901), in which ‘Don Friderico’ and his teenage acolytes embark on long walking tours in the Italian countryside, even as far from Rome as the eastern coast of Italy.The youths’ leader, the sixteen-year-old Toto, recounts tales of saints behaving like pagan gods. The stories are richly Catholic and unashamedly superstitious, and the saints who figure in them are hedonistic, vengeful and (though not licentious) entirely comfortable with nudity, diametrically opposite to any Protestant ideal of sainthood. Hadrian the Seventh (1904), with an original and compelling plot, is Rolfe's most famous novel. Rolfe portrays himself as an Englishman with a quintessentially English name, 'George Arthur Rose,' (after Saint George, King Arthur, and England's national flower) who, having originally been rejected for the priesthood, finds himself the object of a spectacular and highly improbable change of mind on the part of the church hierarchy, who then elect him to the papacy. Rose takes the name Hadrian VII and embarks upon a programme of ecclesiastical and geopolitical reform; the only English pope was Hadrian IV, and the last non-Italian pope had been Hadrian VI. More self-indulgently, he takes the opportunity to review his past life and to reward or punish his friends and acquaintances according to what he believes to be their just deserts. Hadrian is thus essentially an exercise in wish-fulfilment.Nicholas Crabbe (written 1900–1904, published 1958) tells the story of <mask>'s first attempts to achieve publication, with starring roles for Henry Harland, John Lane and Grant Richards. In this novel


title: Frederick Rolfe

texts: <mask> has given himself a new fictional name, 'Nicholas Crabbe,' and its plot is a blow-by-blow chronicle of events, reproducing many of the publishers' letters and Rolfe's replies to them. Nicholas Crabbe is an undistinguished novel, but it is rich in autobiographical detail. The Desire and Pursuit of the Whole (written 1910–1913, thought lost, found in Chatto & Windus's safe, published 1934) is set in Venice and reintroduces the reader to 'Nicholas Crabbe.' It has three interlocking plots: Crabbe’s efforts to get his books published, in the face of obstacles placed in their way by his friends and agents in England, and his consequent economic difficulties; his rescue of a sixteen-year-old girl from the Messina earthquake and employment of her as his assistant and gondolier, dressed in male garments to avoid scandal; and the transcendent beauty of Venice itself and the role it plays in the lives of its votaries. Extracts from the novel’s beautiful descriptions of Venice appear regularly in guidebooks and modern anthologies. Unlike <mask>’s other novels, this one ends happily, with a lucrative book contract and a declaration of love."The desire and pursuit of the whole" is the definition of love, according to Aristophanes in Plato's Symposium. In 1912, the year before his death, Rolfe began to write another autobiographical novel, The Freeing of the Soul, or The Seven Degrees (written 1912–1913, published 1995), of which only a few pages have survived. Set in the fifth century, the novel was to have as its protagonist a middle-aged Byzantine bishop named Septimius, preoccupied with the likelihood of

masks: Rolfe Rolfe


title: Frederick Rolfe

texts:
 principal characters in Rolfe's Toto stories, published first in The Yellow Book in 1895–96 and later collected in Stories Toto Told Me in 1898 and In His Own Image in 1901. Rolfe continued to indulge his interest in photography in Christchurch in Dorset in 1890–91, upon his return from Rome, and experimented with colour and underwater pictures. He began to lose interest, however, and really only took photography up again when he returned to Italy in 1908. His photographic career has been fully documented in Donald Rosenthal's book The Photographs of <mask> Baron Corvo 1860–1913, which was published in 2008. Painting

Rolfe never lost his conviction that he had been called to the Catholic priesthood.When he worked in his late teens and early twenties as a schoolmaster, and later when he tried his hand at painting and photography, he saw these as stop-gap occupations, means of earning an income until the Church authorities came to their senses and agreed with his own firm view that he had a priestly vocation. It was for this reason that Rolfe never undertook any formal training in either painting or photography. His paintings and designs, including several for the covers of his own books, were bold and surprisingly accomplished amateur efforts. He executed some of the most impressive of them when he was living in Christchurch in 1890 and 1891, including a small but striking oil painting of St Michael. From 1895 to 1899 he lived in Holywell in Flintshire in North Wales, where he painted some fourteen processional banners, commissioned by the parish priest there, Fr Charles Sidney Beauclerk. Rolfe painted the


title: Frederick Rolfe

texts:
 Henry Harland, Ronald Firbank, Graham Greene, and Alexander Theroux, and in his coinage of neologisms and use of the Ulysses story there is some perhaps coincidental prefiguring of the work of James Joyce. Bibliography

Rolfe's works include:

Tarcissus the Boy Martyr of Rome in the Diocletian Persecution [c.1880]
Stories Toto Told Me (John Lane: The Bodley Head, London, 1898)
The Attack on St Winefrede's Well (Hochheimer, Holywell, 1898; only two copies extant)
In His Own Image (John Lane: The Bodley Head, London, 1901. One Hundred Letters From <mask> <mask> to John Lane (Privately printed for Allen Lane, London, 1963)
A Letter to Claud (University of Iowa School of Journalism, Iowa City, 1964)
The Venice Letters A Selection (Cecil Woolf, London, 1966 [actually 1967])
The Armed Hands (Cecil Woolf, London, 1974)
Collected Poems (Cecil Woolf, London, 1974)
The Venice Letters (Cecil Woolf, London, 1974)

References

Further reading

 Benkovitz, Miriam. <mask>e: Baron Corvo.Putnam, New York, 1977. SBN: 399-12009-2. Benson, R. H., The Sentimentalists (1906), where the central figure is closely modelled on <mask> (who in turn pillories the novel as "The Sensiblist" in The Desire and Pursuit of the Whole)
 Bradshaw, David. "<mask>, <mask>" in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (consulted online). Connell, Brendan. The Translation of Father Torturo. Prime Books, 2005.Dedicated to Rolfe, this book is a clear homage to Hadrian the Seventh. Miernik, Mirosław Aleksander. <mask>, Rose, Corvo, Crabbe: The Literary Images of <mask>. Peter Lang Verlag, 2015. Johnson, Pamela Hansford. The Unspeakable Skipton.

masks:
Frederick William
Rolfe
Frederick Rolf
Rolfe
Rolfe
Frederick William
Rolfe
Frederick Rolfe


title: Frederick Rolfe

texts:
 Macmillan, 1959; Penguin Books (No.1529) 1961.<mask>'s life as source for the characterisation of Daniel Skipton. Norwich, John Julius. Paradise of Cities: Venice and its Nineteenth Century Visitors. Penguin, 2004. Reade, Brian (ed.). Sexual Heretics; Male Homosexuality in English literature from 1850–1900 – an anthology. London, Routledge, Keegan and Paul, 1970.Rosenthal, Donald, The Photographs of <mask> Baron Corvo 1860–1913, Asphodel Editions, 2008. Scoble, Robert. The Corvo Cult: The History of An Obsession, Strange Attractor, London, 2014;
 Scoble, Robert. Raven: The Turbulent World of Baron Corvo, Strange Attractor, London, 2013,
 Symons, A.J.A. The Quest for Corvo. Cassell, London, 1934. Donald Weeks.Corvo. Michael Joseph, London, 1971. Woolf, Cecil. A Bibliography of <mask> Baron Corvo The Soho Bibliographies, Rupert Hart-Davis, London, 1972 (Second Edition)
 Woolf, Cecil and Sewell, Brocard (eds). New Quests for Corvo. Icon books, London, 1965. External links

 Archival material at
Finding aid to David Roth Martyr Worthy collection of <mask> Rolfe papers at Columbia University.Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Finding aid to Stuart B. Schimmel collection of <mask> papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Finding aid to Columbia University collection of <mask>e papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. 1860 births
1913 deaths
Burials at Isola di San Michele
Translators of Omar Khayyám
19th-century English novelists
20th-century English novelists
English short story writers
English historians
English historical novelists
Photographers from

masks:
Rolfe
Frederick Rolfe
Frederick Rolfe
Frederick William
Frederick Rolfe
Frederick Rolf


title: Molissa Fenley

texts:
<mask> is an American choreographer, performer and teacher of contemporary dance. Early life and education
<mask> (née <mask>) was born in Las Vegas, Nevada on November 15, 1954. She is the youngest of three children born to Eileen Allison Walker and <mask>. At the age of six months <mask> and her family moved to Ithaca, NY where her father was a professor of Agricultural Extension at Cornell University. At the age of six, her family moved to Ibadan, Nigeria where her father worked for the US State Department's USAID program. <mask> attended high school in Spain, and at 16 returned to the US where she received her BA in Dance from Mills College in 1975. Immediately after graduating from Mills, <mask> moved to New York City to begin her career as a choreographer and dancer.Career

Early career
Upon arriving in New York City in 1975, Fenley trained with Merce Cunningham, Viola Farber and studied at the Erick Hawkins School. During her first years in New York Fenley danced for several choreographers including Carol Conway and Andrew deGroat. She began creating her own work and formed Molissa Fenley and Dancers in 1977. After a tour of European festivals in 1980 her work began to receive more critical attention in the United States and abroad. Her early career (1977–1987) was focused on presenting ensemble work. Fenley and her dancers displayed remarkable stamina through complex patterning and sustained passages of intense speed, exemplified in works such as Energizer (1980). In addition to more traditional dance classes, Fenley and her dancers did workouts that included running, calisthenics and weight training in order to achieve the strength and endurance needed to execute her physically demanding choreography.<mask> has maintained this aesthetic of athletic virtuosity throughout her career. Solo Work
In 1987 she disbanded her ensemble and made a shift to performing solo works, often in collaboration with visual artists including Kiki Smith, Richard Long

masks:
Molissa Fenley
Molissa Fenley
Avril Molissa Fenley
John Morris Fenley
Fenley
Fenley
Fenley
Fenley


title: Molissa Fenley

texts:
 and Tatsuo Miyajima and composers such as Philip Glass, Laurie Anderson, Pauline Oliveros. It was during this period that she created her seminal work, State of Darkness (1988), which was commissioned by the American Dance Festival in Durham, N.C. Set to Igor Stravinsky's Le Sacre du Printemps, this 35 minute solo received critical acclaim for both its physical rigor, innovative use of Stravinsky's score and intense sense of ritual drama. Fenley reconstructed State of Darkness in 1999 at the request of New York City Ballet principal dancer Peter Boal, and again in 2007 for Pacific Northwest Ballet. State of Darkness received a Bessie Award for both Fenley's original performance in 1989 and for Boal's reconstruction in 1999. Current Work
After a decade of solo work, Fenley began creating ensemble pieces performed by herself and her company. She continues to create and perform in the United States and abroad.<mask> has maintained a long-time collaboration with composer Philip Glass and continues to collaborate with visual artists, composers and writers. Recent works include The Vessel Stories (2011), choreographed to music by Glass and featured at the Days and Nights Festival in Carmel, CA, and Credo in Us (2011) set to the John Cage piece of the same name and performed at the Mills College Art Museum and the Judson Memorial Church in New York City. Over the course of her career <mask> has created over 90 works, which have been presented in the United States, South America, Europe, Australia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Her work has been commissioned by the Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Company, Seattle Dance Project, Marymount Manhattan College, The American Dance Festival, Deutsche Opera Ballet of Berlin, Robert Moses' Kin, The Foundation for Contemporary Performance Arts, the William Hale Harkness Foundation, The New National Theater, Tokyo, The Ohio Ballet, Australian Dance Theater, The Brooklyn Academy of Music,

masks: Fenley Fenley


title: Molissa Fenley

texts:
 Barnard/Columbia, Repertory Dance Theater, Oakland Ballet, and Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival. In 2015 Seagull Press/University of Chicago published Rhythm Field: The Dance of <mask> <mask> about her life and work. She has created over 90 works since founding her company Molissa Fenley and Dancers in 1977. Recent works in include: Archeology in Reverse and Artifact in 2018,  Untitled (Haiku) and Some phrases I'm hoping Andy would like in 2019,  and The Cut Outs (Matisse) in 2020 with longtime collaborator and poet Bob Holman on   In 2020, Fenley revisited her 1988 work State of Darkness, setting the solo on Jared Brown, Lloyd Knight, Sara Mearns, Shamel Pitts, Annique Roberts, Cassandra Trenary and Michael Trusnovec.Recognition and Professional Affiliations
<mask>'s contribution to her field has been recognized with awards in the United States and internationally. She is an eleven-time recipient of the National Endowment for the Arts Choreography Fellowship. <mask> received a Bessie Award for Choreography in 1985 for her work Cenotaph and again in 1988 for State of Darkness. <mask> received a 2000 Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award. She is a Guggenheim Fellow (2008), a Fellow of the American Academy in Rome (2008) and recipient of the American Masterpieces Initiative from the National Endowment of the Arts (2010). <mask> is a member of many professional arts organizations such as the Atlantic Center for the Arts, American Dance Guild, Asian Cultural Council, CHIME Mentorship program, Dance USA, International Dance Council and New York Live Arts. She is the Executive Director of the Momenta Foundation which she founded in 1986.Mills College and Higher Education Teaching
In addition to being one of Mills College's most esteemed alumna, Fenley worked as a professor in Mills College Dance Department faculty from 1999 to 2020. She began as a Distinguished Visiting Professor in 1999 and became an Associate Professor of Dance in 2006. She

masks: Molissa Fenley Fenley Fenley Fenley Fenley


title: Molissa Fenley

texts:
 was made Full Professor in 2013. Fenley taught courses in technique, choreography and oversaw MFA candidates' thesis projects. Additionally, Fenley often set work on Mills College's Repertory Dance Company. She was awarded the Mills College Sarlo Excellence in Teaching Award in 2011. Extensive archives from Fenley's career are held at the F.W.Olin Library's Special Collections on Mills campus. <mask> has taught as a Visiting Lecturer at New York University's Experimental Theater Wing, University of Georgia at Athens and University of Utah. She worked as a Resident Artist for the Baryshnikov Arts Center, The Atlantic Center for the Arts, The American Academy in Rome, Bard College, The Hotchkiss School, The Asian Cultural Council in Tokyo, Yaddo, the Bogliasco Foundation, Djerassi, and Harvard University. She has taught repertory workshops at Bennington College, Barnard/Columbia and Hunter College. Personal life
<mask> resides in New York, NY and Ventura County, CA. She is married to painter Roy Fowler. Major works

The Cut-Outs (Matisse) (2020), Created in collaboration with poet Bob Holman and composer Keith Patchell

Some phrases I'm hoping Andy would like (2019), Choreographed as a tribute to the late choreographer Andrew de Groat

 Untitled (Haiku) (2019), Created in collaboration with poet Joy Harjo and composer Larry Mitchell

 Artifact (2018), Created for dancer Peiling Kao.This work premiered as part of Kao's solo works concert Honolulu, HI. Archeology in Reverse (2018), Created in collaboration with artist Catherine Wagner. Video and sound by Michael Mersereau. Commissioned by the Mills College Art Museum

The Vessel Stories (2011), music by Philip Glass

The Prop Dances (2010)
Pieces of Land, props by Jene Highstein, music by Jason Hoopes
94 Feathers, props by Merrill Wagner, music by Cenk Ergün
Mass Balance, prop by Todd Richmond, music by Cenk Ergün
Planes in Air, props by Roy Fowler, music by Joan Jeanrenaud
Prop Dance #5, props by Keith


title: Molissa Fenley

texts:
 Stravinsky. Commissioned by the American Dance Festival. Subsequently, reconstructed for Peter Boal (1999), commissioned by Lincoln Center and for the Pacific Northwest Ballet, (2007) danced in alternation by Rachel Foster, James Moore and Jonathan Porretta

In Recognition (1988), music by Philip Glass. Commissioned by Serious Fun Festival, Lincoln Center

Separate Voices (1987), a group work performed in silence. Commissioned by The Joyce Theater

A Descent into the Maelstrom (1986) music by Philip Glass, set design by Eamon D"Arcy, direction by Matthew McGuire, commissioned by the Adelaide Festival and performed by the Australian Dance Theatre

Geologic Moments (1986), with composers Philip Glass and Julius Eastman.Commissioned by the Brooklyn Academy of Music, Next Wave Festival

Feral (1986), music by Robert Lloyd, commissioned by the Ohio Ballet

Cenotaph (1985), with composer Jamaaladeen Tacuma and text by Eric Bogosian. Commissioned by Jacob's Pillow

Esperanto (1985), with composer Ryuichi Sakamoto. Commissioned by Tsurumoto Room, Tokyo

Hemispheres (1983), with composer Anthony Davis and visual artist Francesco Clemente. Commissioned by the Brooklyn Academy of Music, Next Wave Festival

Eureka (1982), with music by Peter Gordon. Commissioned by Dance Theater Workshop

Gentle Desire (1981), with music by Mark Freedman. Commissioned by the American Dance Festival

Peripheral Vision (1981), with music by Mark Freedman

Energizer (1980), with music by Mark Freedman. Commissioned by Dance Theater Workshop

Boca Raton (1980), extended dance mix by Paul Alexander of Talking Heads.Decor by Steven Keister

Mix (1979), Commissioned by The Kitchen for Video, Music and Dance

Video Clones (1979), video and performance work with Keith Haring

References

External links
 <mask> Fenley

American choreographers
Living people
Mills College faculty
People from Las Vegas
Mills College alumni
Bessie Award winners
1954 births
American expatriates in


title: Gerald Massey

texts:
<mask> (; 29 May 1828 – 29 October 1907) was an English poet and writer on Spiritualism and Ancient Egypt. Early life
<mask> was born near Tring, Hertfordshire in England to poor parents. When little more than a child, he was made to work hard in a silk factory, which he afterward deserted for the equally laborious occupation of straw plaiting. These early years were rendered gloomy by much distress and deprivation, against which the young man strove with increasing spirit and virility, educating himself in his spare time, and gradually cultivating his innate taste for literary work. He was attracted by the movement known as Christian socialism, into which he threw himself with whole-hearted vigour, and so became associated with Frederick Denison Maurice and Charles Kingsley. Later life

From about 1870 onwards, <mask> became increasingly interested in Egyptology and the similarities that exist between ancient Egyptian mythology and the Gospel stories. He studied the extensive Egyptian records housed in the Assyrian and Egyptology section of the British Museum in London where he worked closely with the curator, Dr. Samuel Birch, and other leading Egyptologists of his day, even learning hieroglyphics at the time the Temple of Horus at Edfu was first being excavated.Writing career

<mask>'s first public appearance as a writer was in connection with a journal called the Spirit of Freedom, of which he became editor, and he was only twenty-two when he published his first volume of poems, Voices of Freedom and Lyrics of Love (1850). These he followed in rapid succession with The Ballad of Babe Christabel (1854), War Waits (1855), Havelock's March (1860), and A Tale of

masks:
Gerald Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey


title: Gerald Massey

texts: Eternity (1869). In 1889, <mask> published a two-volume collection of his poems called My Lyrical Life. He also published works dealing with Spiritualism, the study of Shakespeare's sonnets (1872 and 1890), and theological speculation. It is generally understood that he was the original of George Eliot's Felix Holt. <mask>'s poetry has a certain rough and vigorous element of sincerity and strength which easily accounts for its popularity at the time of its production. He treated the theme of Sir Richard Grenville before Tennyson thought of using it, with much force and vitality.Indeed, Tennyson's own praise of <mask>'s work is still its best eulogy, for the Laureate found in him a poet of fine lyrical impulse, and of a rich half-Oriental imagination. The inspiration of his poetry is a combination of his vast knowledge based on travels, research and experiences; he was a patriotic humanist to the core. His poem "The Merry, Merry May" was set to music in 1894 by the composer Cyril Rootham and then in a popular song by composer Christabel Baxendale. <mask> was a believer in spiritual evolution; he opined that Darwin's theory of evolution was incomplete without spiritualism:The theory contains only one half the explanation of man's origins and needs spiritualism to carry it through and complete it. For while this ascent on the physical side has been progressing through myriads of ages, the Divine descent has also been going on – man being spiritually an incarnation from the Divine as well as a human development from the animal creation. The cause of the development is spiritual. Mr. Darwin's theory does not in the least militate against ours – we think it

masks: Massey Massey Massey Massey


title: Gerald Massey

texts: necessitates it; he simply does not deal with our side of the subject.He can not go lower than the dust of the earth for the matter of life; and for us, the main interest of our origin must lie in the spiritual domain. In regard to Ancient Egypt, <mask> first published The Book of the Beginnings, followed by The Natural Genesis. His most important work is Ancient Egypt: The Light of the World, published shortly before his death. Like Godfrey Higgins a half-century earlier, <mask> believed that Western religions had Egyptian roots. <mask> wrote,The human mind has long suffered an eclipse and been darkened and dwarfed in the shadow of ideas the real meaning of which has been lost to moderns. Myths and allegories whose significance was once unfolded in the Mysteries have been adopted in ignorance and reissued as real truths directly and divinely vouchsafed to humanity for the first and only time! The early religions had their myths interpreted.We have ours misinterpreted. And a great deal of what has been imposed on us as God’s own true and sole revelation to us is a mass of inverted myths. One of the more important aspects of <mask>'s writings were his assertions that there were parallels between Jesus and the Egyptian god Horus, primarily contained in the book The Natural Genesis first published in 1883. <mask>, for example, argued in the book his belief that: both Horus and Jesus were born of virgins on 25 December, raised men from the dead (<mask> speculates that the biblical Lazarus, raised from the dead by Jesus, has a parallel in El-Asar-Us, a title of Osiris), died by crucifixion and were resurrected three days later. These assertions have influenced various

masks: Massey Massey Massey Massey Massey Massey


title: Gerald Massey

texts:
 later writers such as Alvin Boyd Kuhn, Tom Harpur, Yosef Ben-Jochannan, and Dorothy M. Murdock. Christian ignorance notwithstanding, the Gnostic Jesus is the Egyptian Horus who was continued by the various sects of gnostics under both the names of Horus and of Jesus. In the gnostic iconography of the Roman Catacombs child-Horus reappears as the mummy-babe who wears the solar disc.The royal Horus is represented in the cloak of royalty, and the phallic emblem found there witnesses to Jesus being Horus of the resurrection. Criticism
Christian theologian W. Ward Gasque, a PhD from Harvard and Manchester University, sent emails to twenty Egyptologists that he considered leaders of the field – including Kenneth Kitchen of the University of Liverpool and Ron Leprohon of the University of Toronto – in Canada, the United States, Britain, Australia, Germany and Austria to verify academic support for some of these assertions. His primary targets were Tom Harpur, Alvin Boyd Kuhn and the Christ myth theory, and only indirectly <mask>. Ten out of twenty responded, but most were not named. According to Gasque, <mask>'s work, which draws comparisons between the Judeo-Christian religion and the Egyptian religion, is not considered significant in the field of modern Egyptology and is not mentioned in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt or similar reference works of modern Egyptology. Gasque reports that those who responded were unanimous in dismissing the proposed etymologies for Jesus and Christ, and one unspecified Egyptologist referred to Alvin Boyd Kuhn's comparison as "fringe nonsense." However, Harpur's response to Gasque quotes leading contemporary Egyptologist Erik

masks: Massey Massey


title: Gerald Massey

texts:
 Hornung that there are parallels between Christianity and ancient Egypt, as do the writings of biblical expert Thomas L. Thompson.Theologian Stanley E. Porter has pointed out that <mask>'s analogies include a number of errors. For example, <mask> stated that 25 December as the date of birth of Jesus was selected based on the birth of Horus, but the New Testament does not include any reference to the date or season of the birth of Jesus. The earliest known source recognizing 25 December as the date of birth of Jesus is by Hippolytus of Rome, written around the beginning of the 3rd century, based on the assumption that the conception of Jesus took place at the Spring equinox. Hippolytus placed the equinox on 25 March and then added 9 months to get 25 December, thus establishing the date for festivals. The Roman Chronography of 354 then included an early reference to the celebration of a Nativity feast in December, as of the fourth century. Porter states that <mask>'s serious historical errors often render his works nonsensical. For example, <mask> states that the biblical references to Herod the Great were based on the myth of "Herrut" the evil hydra serpent, while the existence of Herod the Great can be well established without reliance on Christian sources.See also

 Alvin Boyd Kuhn
 Christ myth theory
 The Pagan Christ
 Tom Harpur

References

External links

Ancient Egypt, Light of the World, 12 books on Egypt. Works by <mask>, edited by Jon Lange. Africa Within, many of <mask>'s articles and poems relating to Egypt. 1828 births
1907 deaths
Chartists
Christ myth theory proponents
Critics of religions
English male poets
English socialists
English

masks:
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Gerald Massey
Massey


title: A. G. van Hamel

texts:
<mask> (5 July 1886 – 23 November 1945) was a Dutch scholar, best known for his contributions to Celtic and Germanic studies, especially those relating to literature, linguistics, philology and mythology. He is not to be confused with his uncle, <mask> (1842 – 1907), who was a theologian, professor of French and editor of De Gids. Early life and education

<mask> was born on 5 July 1886 in Hilversum. Having completed secondary education at the municipal grammar school (now Barlaeus Gymnasium) in Amsterdam, <mask> went on to study Dutch language and literature at the University of Amsterdam (UvA) between 1904 and 1908. In addition, he attended colleges and private schools in Ireland and Germany. An avid student, he published articles in Propria Cures on (early) Germanic and Celtic studies, subjects which would later become his special field of expertise. In 1911, he was awarded a doctorate, cum laude, for his research on De oudste Keltische en Angelsaksische geschiedbronnen (‘The oldest Celtic and Anglo-Saxon historical sources’) under the supervision of R.C.Boer. Early career (1910–1923)

<mask>'s early career was characterised by a number of ebbs and flows, in which his ambition to obtain an academic chair of his preference was thwarted by either controversy or misfortune. In 1910, Van Hamel taught Dutch at the municipal grammar school in Middelburg, but felt unhappy about his position and low pay. In 1912, an attempt to obtain the chair of English professor at the UvA failed as he was openly accused of a poor

masks:
Anton Gerard van Hamel
Anton Gerard van Hamel
Van Hamel
Van Hamel
Van Hamel


title: A. G. van Hamel

texts:
 grasp of English. The same year, he was teaching Dutch again, then at the Erasmiaansch Gymnasium in Rotterdam. New prospects emerged during the First World War, when he received the post of extraordinary professor of Dutch language and literature at the University of Bonn. However, troublesome experiences with the German government led <mask> to return to The Netherlands — ostensibly in order to visit his ill father, but he did not return to Germany.In 1917, he found a position as librarian at the Netherlands School of Commerce (Nederlandsche Handels-Hoogeschool) in Rotterdam. His nomination in 1918 for the chair of Dutch language and literature held by Jan te Winkel at the UvA projected him unfavourably into the spotlight, as several linguists voiced their objections, often in favour of another scholar of their choice. <mask> remained librarian, though he saw opportunity to combine his work with a private teaching position of Celtic at Leiden University. In 1921, he moved from Rotterdam to Den Haag, being appointed librarian of the Peace Palace. Chair of early Germanic and Celtic studies (1923)

1923 finally saw a breakthrough in <mask>'s career. After eleven years of fruitless endeavours and cul-de-sacs, he obtained the Chair of early Germanic studies at the State University of Utrecht. Significantly, Celtic studies were added to the chair's curriculum at his special request, as he was convinced, and convinced others, that the two disciplines were closely related.His improved situation enabled him to devote

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Van Hamel
Van Hamel
Van Hamel


title: A. G. van Hamel

texts:
 his time and energy more fully to the publication of text editions and critical studies. In 1925, <mask> became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen). Late 1930s – Second World War
A new personal crisis unfolded towards the close of the 1930s, when <mask>'s writing output came to a standstill. The interruption was related to political developments which were spreading over Europe, but possibly also to his homosexual nature. During the Second World War and the German occupation of the Netherlands, A.G<mask> <mask> came to be active again, but the new situation stood in the way of communication with foreign contacts and greatly limited his prospects at publication. After the academic crisis of 1943, when the Germans had unsuccessfully attempted to impose a ‘declaration of loyalty’ on all students and faculty members, <mask>'s work for the university was quickly slimmed down and he therefore focused on his publications instead. Death
About six months after the liberation of The Netherlands, <mask> was suddenly hospitalised for an emergency surgery due to an intestinal disease.He died on 23 November 1945 in Utrecht, in narcosis, aged 59. Select bibliography
1911. De oudste Keltische en Angelsaksische geschiedbronnen. Middelburg (dissertation)
1912. “On Anglo-Irish Syntax.” Englische Studien 45. 1914. “On Lebor <mask>.” Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 10.1915-16. E.M. Post en Hirschfeld (Tds. N.T.L. dl. 34)
1915-6. “The foreign notes

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Van Hamel
Van Hamel
. van
Hamel
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Gabála


title: A. G. van Hamel

texts:
 in the three Fragments of Irish Annals.” Revue Celtique 36. 1–22.1923. Het Gotisch handboek. Haarlem. 1925-1945 Editorial work for Neophilologus
1926. “De accentuatie van het Munster-Iersch.” In: Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, afdeling Letterkunde, 61 A. Amsterdam. 287–324. 1927."The battle of Leitir Ruide." Revue Celtique 44. 59–67. 1929. “Hengest and his namesake.” In Studies in English philology: a miscellany in honor of Frederick Klaeber, eds. Kemp Malone and Martin B. Ruud. Minneapolis.159–71. 1929. "On Vọlundarkviða." In: Arkiv för nordisk filologi 45: 150–67. 1930. "The Celtic Grail." Revue Celtique 47.340–82. 1932. Ed. Lebor Bretnach: the Irish version of the Historia Britonum ascribed to Nennius. Edited from all the manuscripts. Dublin. 1932."Ođin Hanging on the Tree." Acta philologica Scandinavica 7. 200–88. 1933. Compert con Culain and other stories. Mediaeval and Modern Irish 3. Dublin: DIAS.1936 for 1934. Aspects of Celtic mythology. Sir John Rhys Memorial Lecture. Proceedings of the British Academy 20. 207–48. 1935-1936. "The Saga of Sorli the Strong."Acta philologica Scandinavica. Tidsskrift for nordisk sprogforskning 10. 265–95. 1936. "Gods, Skalds and Magic." Saga-book of the Viking Society 11. 129–52.1936. "The Conception of Fate in Early Teutonic and Celtic Religion." Saga-book of the Viking Society 11. 202–14. 1936. “The Old-Norse version of the Historia Regum Britanniae and the text of <mask> of Monmouth.” Études Celtiques 2: 197–247. 1938.“The text of Immram


title: A. G. van Hamel

texts:
 Curaig Maíldúin.” Études Celtiques 3: 1-20. 1940. Ed. De tuin der goden. Retellings of a wide variety of myths, intended for a wide audience. 1941. Immrama.Mediaeval and Modern Irish 10. Dublin. 1943. “<mask> Britannië en Aneirin.” Neophilologus 28:3: 218–28. 1944. “Keltische letterkunde.” In Algemene literatuurgeschiedenis. Part 2.1946. Primitieve Ierse taalstudie. Mededelingen van de Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen. Stichting A.G. van Hamel voor Keltische studies
A Dutch organisation founded in 1991 for the promotion of Celtic studies, particularly in The Netherlands, has named itself after and in honour of the Dutch scholar: Stichting A.G. <mask>el voor Keltische studies ('A.G. van Hamel Foundation for Celtic studies'). Its regular activities include the organisation of lectures, notably the 'Van Hamel Lecture' and an annual colloquium, and the publication of a Dutch quarterly called Kelten. Notes

References
Marc Schneiders, biography at Inghist, Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis.From Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland 5 (Den Haag 2002)
In Memoriam by Maartje Draak (in Dutch)

Further external links
Stichting A.G. van Hamel voor Keltische studies (A.G. van Hamel Foundation for Celtic studies)]

1886 births
1945 deaths
Celtic studies scholars
University of Amsterdam alumni
Linguists from the Netherlands
Dutch philologists
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Mythographers
Utrecht University faculty
People from Hilversum
20th-century linguists
20th-century

masks:
Arthur van
van Ham


title: Nathan Clifford

texts:
<mask> (August 18, 1803 – July 25, 1881) was an American statesman, diplomat and jurist. <mask> is one of the few people who have served in all three branches of the U.S. federal government. He represented Maine in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1839 to 1843, then served in the administration of President James K. Polk as the  U.S. Attorney General from 1846 to 1848 and as the U.S. Ambassador to Mexico from 1848 to 1849. In the latter office, he signed the Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo. In 1858, President James Buchanan appointed <mask> to be an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. <mask> served on the Supreme Court until his death in 1881.Early life and education
<mask> was born on August 18, 1803 in Rumney, New Hampshire to Deacon <mask> and his wife Lydia (née Simpson). He was the eldest and only son of seven children. His family were of old Yankee stock. As a young girl in 1672, his great-great-grandmother Ann Smith was an accuser of Goody Cole, the only woman in New Hampshire convicted of witchcraft. He attended the public schools of that town, then the Haverhill Academy in New Hampshire, and finally the New Hampton Literary Institute (now known as the New Hampton School). Early career
After teaching school for a time, he studied law in the offices of Josiah Quincy III and was admitted to the bar in Maine in 1827, establishing his first practice in Newfield, Maine. He served in the Maine House of Representatives from 1830–34 and served as Speaker of the House from 1833–34.He was then Maine Attorney General from 1834–38, when he entered national politics. U.S. House of Representatives (1839–43)
Initially, <mask> ran for the Senate and lost. Then, <mask> was elected as a Democratic Representative to the 26th and 27th Congresses, serving March 4, 1839 through March 3, 1843. In Washington, he followed the Democratic party line on policies, and was a strong supporter of the Van Buren administration. <mask> was opposed to a high tariff,

masks:
Nathan Clifford
Clifford
Clifford
Clifford
Clifford
Nathaniel Clifford
Clifford
Clifford
Clifford


title: Nathan Clifford

texts:
 supported internal improvements, endorsed state banking, and was in favor of federal retrenchment. He also criticized abolition, saying that its supporters were well intentioned but denounced the "mean and incendiary schemes of political Abolitionists." Due to re-redistricting and political infighting, <mask> was not a candidate for re-election in 1842.Polk administration

U.S. Attorney General (1846–48)
In 1846, President James K. Polk appointed him 20th Attorney General of the United States after his predecessor, John Y. Mason, returned to being Naval Secretary. <mask> served in Polk's Cabinet from October 17, 1846, to March 17, 1848. Ambassador to Mexico (1848–49)
<mask> resigned his post with the Justice Department to become the U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Mexico, serving from March 18, 1848, to September 6, 1849. It was through <mask> that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was arranged with Mexico, by which California became a part of the United States. A Whig Presidential victory meant that <mask> was recalled to the United States. Following his service in the diplomatic corps, <mask> resumed the practice of law in Portland, Maine.Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (1858–81)

Appointment
On December 9, 1857, President James Buchanan nominated <mask> as an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court, to a seat vacated by Benjamin R. Curtis. <mask>'s nomination came in the immediate wake of the Dred Scott v. Sandford decision and was hotly contested. As a longtime partisan Democrat, the opposition labeled <mask> a political hack and a "doughface" — a Northern man with Southern sympathies. Anti-slavery representatives in the United States Senate fiercely opposed <mask> due to his pro-slavery record. After a 34 day-long confirmation process, the U.S. senate narrowly confirmed <mask> on January 12, 1858, by a  vote. He was sworn into office on January 21, 1858. At the time <mask> joined the Court, all but one

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title: Nathan Clifford

texts:
 of the justices were affiliated with the Democratic Party.By 1872, <mask> had outlived his Democratic colleagues, and his new Republican colleagues tended to outvote him for his remaining nine years on the Court. Therefore, about one-fifth of all his opinions were in dissent. He wrote the majority opinion in 398 cases. His opinions were comprehensive essays on law and have sometimes been criticized as overly lengthy and digressive. Legal philosophy
<mask> rarely declared any legal philosophy about the Constitution, but believed in a sharp dividing line between federal and state authority. One admirer, United States Senator James Bradbury, said <mask>'s view was that the Constitution was not an "elastic instrument to be enlarged or impaired by construction, but to be fairly interpreted according to its terms, and sacredly maintained in all its provisions and limitations, as the best guaranty for the perpetuity of our republican institutions." <mask> supported a mechanical jurisprudence adhering to the strict text of the Constitution.<mask>'s fields of expertise were commercial and maritime law, Mexican land grants, and procedure and practice. <mask>'s major contribution to constitutional interpretation may have been his dissent in Loan Association v. Topeka rejecting "natural law" or any ground other than clear constitutional provision as a basis for the Court to use to strike down legislative acts. Civil War
During the Civil War, <mask> remained loyal to the Union. He distrusted federal authority, but generally upheld federal power as far as was necessary to prosecute the war. Some exceptions were the Prize Cases, where he joined the dissent in arguing that the blockade of the Confederacy was illegal without a declaration of war, and Ex parte Milligan, where he joined the majority to limit the use of military tribunals to prosecute citizens when civilian courts were available. Reconstruction
During Reconstruction, <mask> continued his skepticism of

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Clifford
Justice Clifford
Clifford
Clifford
Clifford
Clifford
Clifford
Clifford


title: Nathan Clifford

texts:
 the federal government, now unrestrained by any consideration for the exigencies of wartime emergency powers. He more readily voted to limit federal power and make it easier for the South to rejoin the Union.In Cummings v. Missouri and Ex parte Garland, <mask> joined the majority in outlawing test oaths as part of the conditions of returning to the Union. Legal Tender cases
Perhaps <mask>'s most prominent declaration against exercise of federal authority came in the Legal Tender cases. The cases dealt with the Legal Tender Act of 1862, passed to permit the issuance of paper money to pay war debts and establishing that paper currency would be valid as legal tender. In Hepburn v. Griswold (1870), a debtor whose note was made prior to the Act's passage challenged its application to her debt. <mask> joined the majority in a 5–3 decision holding that the Legal Tender Act could not constitutionally apply to preexisting debts. Almost immediately after Griswold, the composition of the Supreme Court changed. Terminally ill Justice Robert Grier, who had joined the majority in Hepburn, resigned.President Ulysses S. Grant filled his seat with William Strong. The Court was also expanded by an Act of Congress from eight to nine members, with Joseph Bradley filling the new seat. This change had an immediate impact on the pending case Knox v. Lee (1871). The case dealt with remuneration for goods confiscated by the Confederate Army. The lower court ruled that the plaintiff must be repaid in paper money and that the defendant had to pay the difference in the valuation of the goods in gold to greenbacks. <mask>, joined by Justices Field and Nelson, dissented from the grant of certiorari, stating publicly, "I dissent from the order of the Court in these cases, especially from that part of it which opens for re-argument the question whether... the Legal Tender Act is constitutional as to contracts made before its passage—as I hold that the question is conclusively

masks:
Clifford
Clifford
Clifford
Justice Clifford


title: Nathan Clifford

texts:
 settled by the case of Hepburn vs Griswold..."

On May 1, 1871, the Court ruled 5–4 to overturn Hepburn v. Griswold and find the Legal Tender Act constitutional — facially and as applied to pre-existing debt. The four justices who formed the majority in Hepburn (minus the late Justice Grier) all dissented in Knox.The new justices, Bradley and Strong, were the deciding factor. <mask> submitted an 18,000 word dissent, angered that the Court would reverse its opinion in such a short amount of time. He also argued that the Legal Tender Act was facially unconstitutional, arguing that only hard money (gold and silver) with intrinsic value could serve as legal tender. Reconstruction amendments
<mask> held to a limited interpretation of the Reconstruction amendments. He joined the majority in the Slaughter-House Cases (1873), which distinguished state and federal citizenship and held that the Fourteenth Amendment only protects the narrower rights of federal citizens. In Hall v. DeCuir (1878), <mask> wrote a separate concurrence to uphold segregation on steamships, coining the phrase "equality is not identity." His concurrence may have foreshadowed the principle of "separate but equal" laid down after his death, in Plessy v. Ferguson (1893).Compromise of 1877

<mask> was president of the Electoral Commission convened in 1877 to determine the outcome of the 1876 presidential election. <mask> voted for fellow Democrat Samuel Tilden, but Rutherford B. Hayes won by a single vote. <mask> believed that the commission erred in nullifying Tilden's apparent victory and never accepted Hayes as the lawful president. Still, he signed off on Hayes' order for inauguration. In this instance <mask> put the country before his strong party beliefs, and his personal hope of having a Democratic president choose his successor. By 1877, <mask>'s mental faculties had declined and impaired his ability to be an effective Justice. Justice Samuel Miller wrote that <mask>'s mental

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Clifford
Clifford
Justice Clifford
Clifford
Clifford
Clifford
Clifford
Clifford
Clifford


title: Nathan Clifford

texts:
 deterioration was "obvious to all of the Court" and "in the work we do, no man ought to be there after 70."(<mask> was 74.) In 1880, <mask> experienced a stroke that, according to Miller, "rendered him a babbling idiot." He did not participate in any cases during that year, but still refused to step down, hoping that a Democratic president would be elected in 1880 and appoint a successor. He died on July 25, 1881, his successor on the bench, Horace Gray, instead being appointed by Republican president Chester Arthur. Personal life
As a young lawyer in Newfield, <mask> met his wife, Hannah Ayer. They had six children. Death and legacy
<mask> died on July 25, 1881, in Cornish, Maine, and is interred in Evergreen Cemetery in Portland.The <mask> Elementary School in Portland is named for him. <mask>'s son, William Henry <mask>, was a successful lawyer and an unsuccessful candidate for the Maine State House of Representatives. His grandson, also named <mask>, was also a lawyer and briefly president of the Maine State Senate. See also
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

References

Further reading
<mask>, Philip G., <mask>, Democrat from 1803 to 1881, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1922. External links

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1803 births
1881 deaths
19th-century American diplomats
19th-century American judges
19th-century American politicians
Ambassadors of the United States to Mexico
American Congregationalists
American Unitarians
Burials at Evergreen Cemetery (Portland, Maine)
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Maine Attorneys General
Maine Democrats
Maine lawyers
People from Rumney, New Hampshire
People from Newfield, Maine
Polk administration cabinet members
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Maine
Speakers of the Maine House of Representatives
United States federal judges appointed by James Buchanan
United States Attorneys General
Justices of the Supreme Court of the

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Clifford
Clifford
Clifford
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Nathan Clifford
Clifford
Clifford
Nathan Clifford
Clifford
Nathan Clifford


title: Orianthi

texts:
<mask> (born 22 January 1985), known mononymously as Orianthi, is an Australian musician, singer and songwriter who rehearsed in 2009 with Michael Jackson in preparation for his This Is It concert series, and performed with Alice Cooper's touring band. Her 2009 debut single "According to You" peaked at No. 3 in Japan, No. 8 in Australia and No. 17 in the US; her second album, Believe, received a worldwide release in late 2009. The same year, she was named one of the "12 Greatest Female Electric Guitarists" by Elle magazine. She also won the "2010 Breakthrough Guitarist of the Year" award hosted by Guitar International magazine.Life and career

Early life
<mask> Penny Panagaris was born in Adelaide, Australia to Greek parents. She began playing piano at the age of three and, at the encouragement of her father, moved to acoustic guitar at the age of six. When she was eleven, she took up electric guitar and left her school, Mercedes College, enrolling at Cabra Dominican College. She also attended St Peter's Collegiate Girls' School for a short period. At the age of 15, she turned her focus to writing songs and so began her professional career. She has been playing in bands since the age of 14 and performed in her first stage show for Steve Vai at the age of 15. Orianthi met and jammed with Carlos Santana when she was 18.He invited Orianthi to get up and jam with him at soundcheck then later asked if she would join him on stage that night to jam at his Adelaide concert, Memorial Drive on 30 March 2003. Orianthi independently released her debut studio album, Violet Journey in 2005, composing all the material, contributing guitar, vocals, and drums on most cuts. She produced and mixed the final product at her home studio. Carlos Santana brought Orianthi to Paul Reed Smith's attention which led to her endorsement. Orianthi

masks:
Orianthi Penny Panagaris
Orianthi