title: Mary Ellen Pleasant

texts:
 Railroad. They coordinated transportation through contacts in Nantucket and New Bedford, Massachusetts, Ohio, and perhaps New Orleans. Smith was an agent for The Liberator, an anti-slavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison. She was likely to have attended Anti-Slavery Society meetings in Nantucket, led by Anna Gardner, during and after her marriage.Smith, who had been abusive to <mask>, died after around four years of marriage. <mask> was left an estate worth tens of thousands of dollars. She continued their work as a conductor on the Underground Railroad, for three or four years. It was dangerous work and she was harassed for helping runaways and ultimately had to leave the east coast. They were in danger from slavers, as well as subject to prosecution and imprisonment under
the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 and the later act of 1850 that imposed new penalties on those in the Underground Railroad. During that time, she returned to Nantucket for a short period after her husband's death. Edward Gardner had helped transport fugitives to their freedom, and he helped <mask> manage her husband's estate after his death.At some point, <mask> developed a relationship with John James <mask>, who was a former slave. He had been the Creole foreman of her husband's plantation or a waiter in New Bedford, Massachusetts. During their marriage, he worked a cook-seaman. They were married around 1848. She had a baby daughter from one of her husbands named Elizabeth "Lizzie" J. Smith in the late 1840s. Lizzie was likely left behind on the east coast as <mask> established herself in San Francisco. Lizzie later made the journey west with Mrs. Martha

masks: Pleasant Pleasant Pleasant Pleasant Pleasants Pleasant


title: Mary Ellen Pleasant

type: original

texts:
 Steele of Boston.A number of fellow abolitionists from Boston, Philadelphia, and New Bedford migrated west to California around 1850; There were more than 700 people, at least 25 of whom were Hussey and Gardner family members, who left Nantucket for the gold coast in 1849. She sailed on a ship to New Orleans, where she arranged for the flight of enslaved people, took cooking lessons, and was said to have taken lessons from Voodoo Queen Marie Laveau. She arrived in San Francisco in 1849, or in April 1852 on the steamer Oregon, after traveling through Panama. She left New Orleans just as she was about to be captured for her Underground Railroad feats. The voyage to California took about four months. California Gold Rush and civil rights
The California Gold Rush (1848–1855) provided a unique opportunity for blacks. As one African American miner wrote to his wife, "This is the best place for black folks on the globe.All a man has to do is to work, and he will make money." Many blacks were made rich through prospecting. Since only one out of ten pioneers coming to the state were women, <mask> realized that she could seize a very lucrative opportunity to cook and provide lodging for the miners. There was a wrinkle. Americans southerners also made a run for the Gold Coast, taking their enslaved people with them. There were slave catchers and slaveholders who came looking for runaways. Governor Peter Hardeman Burnett was such a southerner who wanted to eliminate all blacks from the state.In addition, there was a California law that allowed any black person to be sold into slavery if they did not have appropriate papers. Money-making
When she


title: Mary Ellen Pleasant

texts:
 arrived in San Francisco, word had spread that she would be arriving in San Francisco and she was met by a group of men who got into a bidding war to engage her as a cook. She is said to have had $15,000 () in gold coins when she arrived in San Francisco. She managed her money cleverly. She exchanged gold into silver through Panama $1,000 at a time when the value of gold was high. She deposited silver into a bank, and took it out in gold, she said that she "was able to turn my money over rapidly". She put some of her money into a number of banks.She also divided money between a black Baptist minister, Thomas Randolph; William West of West & Harper, and Frank Langford with a 10% interest rate. She worked as a live-in domestic and made investments based upon conversations that she overheard from wealthy men as she attended to them during meals and conferences. She established boarding houses, a string of laundries, and brothels. She was a co-founder of the Bank of California and she established several restaurants, including the Case and Heiser. John James <mask> was a sea-cook, who was often at sea during their 30-year marriage. He worked with her for more than two decades as an abolitionist. He also worked in the fight against discrimination in the 1860s.He died in 1877. Philanthropy, civil rights, and schemes

The more that she made, the more that she had to share to help people in need. For her own safety, she initially went by the name Mrs. <mask>, rather than <mask>, and was considered by her neighbors to be a white landlady and cook. She was Mrs. <mask> to former slaves who worked at any of her businesses, which included livery

masks:
Pleasant
Ellen Smith
Pleasant
Pleasant


title: Mary Ellen Pleasant

texts: stables, a dairy farm, a tenant farm,  and a money-lending business. She was careful to keep her name out of Underground Railroad–related transactions; however, among other abolitionists, she was known as Mrs. <mask>(s).Among the transactions that she made during Underground Railroad activities, she assisted fugitive slaves obtain safe transportation, housing, and jobs. She funded her efforts through the monies that she had left from her first husband's estate. When she came to California, it was possible for fugitive slaves to be apprehended from other states and blacks who were unable to give testimony in courts. She became a "one woman social agency" that provided for the transportation of black men and women to California. Once there, she ensured their daily needs were met until they were employed or had established businesses, both of which she helped them accomplish. She helped William Marcus West establish a boarding house that doubled as a safe house for runaways as was her house, and that of wealthy white home owners. She helped enslaved people, who traveled with their owners, to escape while in California.She attained legal resources for black people when attempts were made to extradite them out of California and return them to slavery. For instance, she paid for legal fees and housing for Archy Lee during his case of 1857, in which a judge from Texas ultimately ruled against California's state constitution and for the slaveholder. Since testimony of African Americans was not allowed in court, she worked and funded the repeal of the banned-testimony law. She campaigned for the end of slavery in the state. She became known as the


title: Mary Ellen Pleasant

texts:
 "Mother of civil rights in California" for her efforts. She helped women of any ethnicity, who were at significant risk on their own in the early San Franciscan days, by helping them with housing and clothing, as well as advising them about how to carry themselves and dress. She also helped women find homes for their children, if they could not support them.She arranged marriages between wealthy men and her "protégés", who kept detailed records about the men's activities—illegitimate children, infidelities, and political and financial shenanigans—which may have been used for blackmail. Harpers Ferry

She left San Francisco from 1857 to 1859 to help John Brown. She was said to have actively supported his cause with money and work. There was a note from her in his pocket when he was arrested after the Harpers Ferry Armory incident, but as it was only signed with the initials "MEP" (which were misread as "WEP") she was not caught. She returned to San Francisco to continue her work there, where she was known as the "Black City Hall." When the abolitionist John Brown was hanged on December 2, 1859, for murder and treason, a note found in his pocket read, "The ax is laid at the foot of the tree. When the first blow is struck, there will be more money to help."Officials most likely believed it was written by a wealthy Northerner who had helped fund Brown's attempt to incite, and arm, an enormous slave uprising by taking over an arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia. No one suspected that the note was written by <mask>. <mask> told Davis, "Before I pass away, I wish to clear the identity of the party who furnished John Brown with most of his money

masks: Pleasant Pleasant


title: Mary Ellen Pleasant

texts:
 to start the fight at Harpers Ferry and who signed the letter found on him when he was arrested." The sum she donated was $30,000 (). She has said that it was the "most important and significant act of her life". Post-war life

With her fortune and the exorbitant money she made as a cook, ten times what she could have made in the east, she invested in a number of businesses in California that served the miners, like laundries, lodging, and Wells Fargo. She developed a long-lasting partnership with Thomas Bell, a white banker and investor in the east.Her investments and businesses, made her and Thomas Bell $30 million () by 1875. After the end of the war, she invested in the same types of businesses, but more luxurious accommodations, which drew the elite. After the end of the war, she began to identify herself as a woman of color, such as in the city directory. She stopped working as a housekeeper to have more time to spend on civil rights activities, including housing for blacks, establishing black schools, and repealing or fighting against Jim Crow laws. She established a 1,000-acre ranch in Sonoma County called Beltane Ranch (now Calabazas Creek Open Space Preserve) in 1890 and 1891. In the spring of 1865, her daughter Lizzie married R. Berry Phillips at the African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) Zion Church in San Francisco followed by a reception. (<mask> herself was Catholic.)Legal cases

Streetcar lawsuits
<mask> successfully attacked racial discrimination in San Francisco public conveyances after she and two other black women were ejected from a city streetcar in 1866. She filed two lawsuits. The first, against the Omnibus Railroad


title: Mary Ellen Pleasant

texts:
 Company, was withdrawn after the company promised to allow African-Americans to board their streetcars. The second case, Pleasant v. North Beach & Mission Railroad Company, went to the California Supreme Court and took two years to complete. In the city, the case outlawed segregation in the city's public conveyances. She won in part due to the testimony of a white woman who had hired <mask>, who the woman called "Mamma", for domestic work years ago. Although the woman saw <mask> as a friend, their relationship and the use of the endearment, "Mamma" was twisted in the newspapers.At the State Supreme Court, the damages awarded against her at the trial court were reversed, having been found excessive. The publicity of this case highlighted her differences from others: a woman of mixed ancestry, who lived her life boldly before her time, and who had a significant change in class from the time of her birth. <mask> was regularly called the derogatory slur "Mammy <mask>" by local whites. The press also called her "Mammy" <mask> but she did not approve: "I don't like to be called mammy by everybody. Put. that. down.I am not mammy to everybody in California. I received a letter from a pastor in Sacramento. It was addressed to Mammy <mask>. I wrote back to him on his own paper that my name was Mrs. <mask><mask>. I wouldn't waste any of my paper on him." Sharon v. Sharon
A court battle with Sarah Althea Hill and Senator William Sharon, involved the breakup of their arrangement and whether there were damages. They had a contractual relationship in which Sharon agreed to pay $500 each month to her so that they could sleep together from

masks:
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Mary E
. Pleasant


title: Mary Ellen Pleasant

texts:
 time-to-time.Hill and <mask> understood it as marriage contract (kept secret for political and other reasons) and that now Sharon wanted to be rid of her. <mask> paid Hill's legal fees. David Terry was one of her lawyers who became emotionally involved in the case. <mask> was accused by Sharon's lawyer and the press of having sinister intentions and manipulating Hill to drum up the case. The trial received national attention in the press, much of which was unpleasant. There were unsubstantiated claims that <mask> tried to poison Sharon's food and cast spells over him. She was presumed to have an evil intention for listening to Hill's concerns, as if "confiding one's secrets in a mammy was simply what well-brought-up white ladies do."When she was called to the stand <mask> was "articulate, measured, and consistent", not overly kindly nor evil as she had been portrayed. Ultimately Justice Stephen J. Field ruled for Sharon. By this time Hill had married David Terry, who went into a rage at the verdict and was sentenced to six months in jail. In August 1889, Terry was killed by a bodyguard that Justice Field had hired for protection. Although there are some reports that this destroyed <mask>'s reputation, within San Francisco she was still respected and remembered fondly for her efforts. The number of friends dwindled over the years as some moved out of town and others were dead.The culture of the city had changed quite a bit from the pioneering days when <mask> was a force to be reckoned with. The Bell family
She lived the last 20 years of her life in a 30-room mansion that spanned two San Francisco city blocks. In 1880, she had fifteen

masks: Pleasant Pleasant Pleasant Pleasant Pleasant Pleasant Pleasant


title: Mary Ellen Pleasant

texts:
 people living in her house. There were five members of Thomas Bell's family, including his wife Terressa (or Teresa) Bell, and their children Frederick, <mask> and Viola S. Bell. Aside from herself, the rest were servants and a five-year-old boy. While the Bells and Pleasant lived together, <mask> controlled the combined Bell and Pleasant money. If Teresa wanted money, she asked <mask> for the money, who thought about it and, if the request seemed reasonable, she checked in with Thomas Bell for his reaction.After Thomas Bell died in 1892, the cumulation of events meant that she had lost most of her estate. She still had her investments, but she was cash-poor, and the courts declared that <mask> was insolvent. That same year, she had donated today's equivalent of about $10,000 to help found Saint Mary's College. Teresa, who had emotional and mental instability, claimed that tens of thousands of dollars had been stolen by <mask> and that her husband had been manipulated. When the case went to trial it was difficult to discern what were Bell's and what were <mask>'s assets, because the transactions were so entwined. <mask> could show that she paid for construction of her mansion, but she left it either because it was ruled that ownership should be transferred to Teresa or <mask> complied with Teresa's to leave the house in 1899. As soon as she made arrangements, she moved into a six-room apartment on Webster Street and began a legal crusade of her own to recover her property, including a diamond collection.The case was not settled by the time of <mask>'s death. Final days
She lived on Webster Street in San Francisco with a maid. She was

masks:
Mary Tessa
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant


title: Mary Ellen Pleasant

texts:
 visited by the Bell children there. They called her "Auntie" and she called them "Dear". She turned down an offer by a reporter to pay generously for her stories of people from the past, because she said she would never betray her friends. She became quite weakened and near death and a friend, Olive Sherwood, took her to her house, the Lyman Sherwood residence on Filbert Street. She died there on January 11, 1904, and was interred at Tulocay Cemetery in Napa, California.Her gravesite is marked with a metal sculpture and the site was dedicated on June 11, 2011, and her gravestone contains the words "She was a friend of John Brown", as she had requested before her death. Her former mansion was demolished and has been replaced by the Mary Ellen Pleasant Memorial Park. Posthumous recognition
<mask> has been featured or mentioned in several works of fiction. Michelle Cliff's 1993 book Free Enterprise is subtitled "A Novel of <mask> <mask>" and features her abolitionist activities. The ghost of <mask> <mask> is a character in the 1997 novel Earthquake Weather, by Tim Powers. Karen Joy Fowler's historical novel Sister Noon, published in 2001, features <mask> as a central character, and Thomas Bell and Teresa Bell as secondary characters. <mask>'s life has also been discussed in film and television, including in the 2008 documentary Meet Mary Pleasant, and a segment of a 2013 episode of the Comedy Central series Drunk History in which <mask> was portrayed by Lisa Bonet.In 1974, the city of San Francisco designated eucalyptus trees that <mask> had planted outside her mansion at the southwest corner of Octavia and Bush streets in San Francisco as a

masks:
Pleasant
Mary Ellen
Pleasant
Mary Ellen
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant


title: Mary Ellen Pleasant

texts:
 Structure of Merit. The trees and associated plaque are now known as Mary Ellen <mask> Memorial Park, which is the smallest park in San Francisco. Her burial site has been designated a "Network to Freedom" site by the National Park Service. Pleasant Street on Nob Hill is named for her. Notes

References

Further reading

 Guide to the Mary Ellen Pleasant Financial Correspondence and Notes. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California. <mask> "Mammy" <mask> (1814–1904) from the Nantucket Historical Association's Digital Exhibition Embroidered Narratives 2, Notable Nantucket Women by Susan Boardman

 Newspaper clipping

1815 births
1904 deaths
Burials in California
People of the California Gold Rush
African-American abolitionists
Underground Railroad people
19th-century African-American activists
19th-century American businesspeople
Activists for African-American civil rights
Activists from San Francisco
African-American businesspeople
African-American memoirists
African-American non-fiction writers
American autobiographers
American civil rights activists
19th-century American memoirists
19th-century American slaves
American social reformers
African-American Catholics
20th-century African-American people
Roman Catholic

masks:
Pleasant
Mary Ellen
Pleasant


title: Dumitru Cornilescu

texts:
<mask> (4 April 1891 – 1975) was a Romanian archdeacon who produced a popular translation of the Bible into Romanian, published in 1921. Although referred to as "<mask>", he was never ordained as a Romanian Orthodox priest. After his conversion, he served as a Protestant minister. <mask>'s translation is the most popular version of the Bible among Romanian Protestants. Early life
<mask> was born in Slașoma, Mehedinți County, the son of a teacher. Both his grandfathers were Orthodox priests. He studied at the Central Seminary from 1904, quickly becoming noted for his scholarly diligence.He felt that existing Romanian versions of the Bible, notably the Bucharest Bible of 1688, were written in an archaic form of the language and that a modern version was badly needed. In 1913 he became a Romanian language tutor to Rev. John Howard Adeney who was the Anglican priest in Bucharest, and also agent for the British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS), and in this way <mask> started a relationship with the Bible Society. In 1914 <mask> became a monk so that he could concentrate on translating. His work was supported financially by the Princess Ralu Callimachi, a Moldavian noblewoman, who was also a supporter of the Bible Society. His version of the Psalms appeared in 1920, followed by the New Testament in 1921, and, later in the same year, the full Bible. The printing was paid for through Bible Society friends in Switzerland and England.Bibles

1924 Cornilescu Bible
From 1923 to 1924 <mask> lived in London, where he worked on the revision of the Bible with the Bible Society. The revised edition was published in 1924. <mask> gave his text to the Bible Society, and the text was adopted as the official BFBS Bible text for Romania, and this is basically the main Cornilescu Bible which is used in Romania today. Controversies
Initially the Bible was widely circulated, but by 1924 a number of objections had been raised by Orthodox

masks:
Dumitru Cornilescu
Father Cornilescu
Cornilescu
Cornilescu
Cornilescu
Cornilescu
Cornilescu
Cornilescu


title: Dumitru Cornilescu

texts:
 priests and theologians. For example the Greek word presbyteroi was translated literally as prezbiteri (elders) and not preoți (priests), a decision that was seen as a threat to the Orthodox belief in apostolic succession. <mask>'s translation was not approved by the Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church. By the early 1930s, its huge success led the Orthodox religious authorities to try to stop its dissemination in rural areas.To this end, they appealed to Gheorghe Mironescu, the Minister of the Interior, who in 1933 prohibited the Bible's distribution in Romanian villages. However the translation had the support of many people, including King Carol II. The controversy prompted the creation of an approved Orthodox version, translated by Vasile Radu and Grigorie Pișculescu, published in 1938 (revised 1968 and 1975). In 1924 another controversy occurred when Scripture Gift Mission (SGM) reproduced the text without permission of <mask> nor the Bible Society, and <mask> made it clear that he wanted his text to be published only by the Bible Society. Because of the opposition, <mask> left the Orthodox Church. Along with Tudor Popescu (a former priest at the Cuibul cu barză Church in Bucharest), he founded the Evangelical Church of Romania, which initially met in the hall of the Anglican Church. His translation became the standard Protestant version in Romania and had numerous reprints and editions.1931 Cornilescu Bible
From 1927 <mask>ilescu (Cornilescu literal translation). Later life
Following the strong doctrinal differences between <mask> and other theologians of the time, and the emergence of the ultra-orthodox and fascist Iron Guard, <mask> was advised by Patriarch Miron Cristea to leave Romania for a period, which he did in 1923. He moved to Switzerland, settling briefly in Montreux before moving to England for two years. Afterwards, he returned to Switzerland, where he married and had a son.Then the war

masks: Cornilescu Cornilescu Cornilescu Cornilescu Cornilescurn Cornilescu Cornilescu


title: Dumitru Cornilescu

texts:
 and the post-war Communist take over of Romania gave him no incentive to return. He lost his Romanian citizenship and became a Swiss national. From 1947 to 1953 his brother Prof. <mask> ran the Bible Society offices in Bucharest. On 8 February 1971, <mask> <mask> was made a Honorary Life Governor of the British and Foreign Bible Society, in recognition of the translation which he had done for the Bible Society. He died in Switzerland in 1975, survived by his wife Anne and son, and was buried in Clarens-Montreux Cemetery, where his wife Anne was also buried in 2007. Legacy
All <mask>'s letters and correspondence about his translation work for the Bible Society are preserved in the BFBS archives at Cambridge University. Today his Bibles are copyright the British and Foreign Bible Society, operating in Romania through the Interconfessional Bible Society of Romania.The Cornilescu Bible has been digitised and corrected by the Bible Society, and they brought out a special 90th anniversary definitive edition of the Cornilescu Bible in 2014. The story of <mask>, the Bible Society and his translation was published as book by Emanuel Conțac in November 2014. A modern revision of the Cornilescu Bible is now underway by the Bible Society. The pilot edition of the revision project, containing Genesis, Mark, John and Romans, was published in November 2016. The introduction of the edition offers a comprehensive explanation of the methods and criteria used by the translators. See also
 Bible translations into Romanian

References

External links
 Interconfessional Bible Society of Romania

1891 births
1975 deaths
People from Mehedinți County
Romanian theologians
Converts to Protestantism from Eastern Orthodoxy
Former Romanian Orthodox Christians
Romanian Protestant clergy
Translators of the Bible into Romanian
20th-century translators
20th-century Christian biblical scholars
European biblical scholars
Romanian biblical

masks:
George Cornilescu
Dumitru
Cornilescu
Cornilescu
Cornilescu


title: Kevin Hardy (linebacker)

texts:
<mask> (born July 24, 1973) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Jacksonville Jaguars, Dallas Cowboys, and Cincinnati Bengals. He played college football at the University of Illinois. Early years
<mask> attended William Henry Harrison High School, where he received numerous awards and accolades as a high school football player. As a senior, he posted 127 tackles (47 solo), 2 interceptions, 32 receptions for 610 yards and 13 touchdowns, 55 carries for 410 yards, returned 6 punts for 42 yards and 15 kickoffs for 344 yards. He received All-Evansville, City Player of the Year, All-Southern Indiana and Conference and Region Player of the Year honors. He also was a cum laude honor roll student, competed in basketball and ran track. His teammates included future NBA players Calbert Cheaney, Walter McCarty and also future college coach Chris Lowery.College career
<mask> accepted a football scholarship from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. As a redshirt freshman, he had 67 tackles (third on the team), 4 sacks and 7 tackles for loss. As a sophomore, he started all 11 games at "drop" linebacker. He totaled 78 tackles (fourth on the team), 2 sacks, 8 tackles for loss, 2 passes defensed and one forced fumble. As a junior, he registered 80 tackles (8 for loss), one sack, 2 interceptions and one pass defensed. During his time at Illinois, the Fighting Illini had a number of outstanding linebackers. In the 1994 season, the four linebackers in coach Lou Tepper's 3–4 defense were <mask>, fellow Butkus Award winner Dana Howard, Simeon Rice and John Holecek.Because of this, <mask> was often overlooked, as he was not prolific in accumulating tackles like Howard, or in quarterback sacks as was Rice, who as a "rush linebacker" played on the line of scrimmage like a defensive end. As a senior, he was recognized as being among the very best linebackers in college football, winning the

masks:
Kevin Lamont Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy


title: Kevin Hardy (linebacker)

texts:
 Dick Butkus Award and receiving consensus first-team All-American honors. He started every game at "drop" linebacker, finishing with 105 tackles (second on the team), 11 sacks, 15 tackles for loss, 5 forced fumbles, 3 interceptions (tied for the team lead) and 3 passes defensed. He had 18 tackles (13 solo) against Michigan State University. He made 3 sacks against Indiana University. <mask> finished his career ranked ninth on the Illinois All-time list with 330 tackles, fourth in sacks with 18, and fourth in tackles for loss with 38. He was a business major and was initiated as a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity.Professional football

Jacksonville Jaguars
<mask> was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars with the second overall choice in the 1996 NFL Draft, signing a six-year $14.8 million contract with a six million dollar signing bonus. <mask>'s fellow linebacker at Illinois, Rice, was selected with the third overall choice. <mask> became the first defensive rookie in franchise history to start on opening day, going on to start 15 games at strongside linebacker. He recorded 130 tackles (second on the team), 5.5 sacks (third in the NFL among rookies), 7 quarterback hurries, 2 interceptions (tied for the team lead), 7 passes defensed, 2 forced fumbles, one fumble recovery and was named to the NFL All-Rookie team. In 1997, he was limited with injuries, starting 11 out of 13 games at strongside linebacker. He tallied 73 tackles (3 for loss), 2.5 sacks, 5 quarterback hurries and one pass defensed. He suffered a sprained left medial collateral ligament against the Dallas Cowboys, missing 3 contests and seeing limited action in several games the remainder of the season because of the injury.He was able to start the wild card playoff game against the Denver Broncos, collecting 8 tackles. In 1998, with the signing of free agent Bryce Paup, he was moved to weakside linebacker and started all 16 games. He had a franchise record 186

masks: Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy


title: Kevin Hardy (linebacker)

texts:
 tackles, while also making 1.5 sacks, 10 quarterback hurries, 2 interceptions, 7 passes defensed, 2 forced fumbles and one fumble recovery. He set a franchise record (for postseason or regular season) with 23 tackles in the Divisional playoff game against the New York Jets, while also having a sack and a forced fumble. In 1999, <mask> Lake ad Tony Brackens as the first Jaguars defensive players named to the Pro Bowl. He had 16 tackles against the Cleveland Browns. He made 13 tackles, 4 quarterback hurries and one forced fumble against the Cincinnati Bengals. In 2000, he registered 149 tackles (led the team), 3 sacks, 16 quarterback pressures, 6 tackles for loss, one interception, 16 passes defensed, 2 forced fumbles and 2 fumble recoveries. He had 11 tackles and one sack against the New York Giants. In 2001, he was moved back to strongside linebacker, but injured his knee in the ninth game of the season. At the time he had 98 tackles (second on the team), 5 1/2 sacks (tied for third on the team), 9 quarterback pressures, 4 passes defensed and one fumble recovery.It would be his last game with the Jaguars, who eventually moved him to the injured reserve list, due to needing a microfracture surgery which was thought to be career threatening, because in those days not many players fully recovered from this medical procedure. He left as the franchise's All-time tackles leader, after playing six seasons, which included four trips to the NFL playoffs. Dallas Cowboys
On April 14, 2002, the Dallas Cowboys gambled that he could return from the complex surgery and signed him as an unrestricted free agent, counting $2.5 million in his first year and structuring the rest of the $23 million contract with a $5.025 million option in the second year. <mask> recovered from his injury and played for the Cowboys in the 2002 NFL season, finishing the season ranked third on the team in both total (114) and solo tackles (73), while making 2

masks: Hardynell Hardy


title: Kevin Hardy (linebacker)

texts:
 sacks, 18 quarterback pressures, 8 tackles for loss, 10 passes defensed and 3 forced fumbles. He played outside linebacker, lining up as a defensive end in some passing downs. Because of salary cap issues, he was released on February 27, 2003, in order to avoid a $5.025 million option bonus. Cincinnati Bengals
On March 6, 2003, he signed a four-year, $14 million contract with the Cincinnati Bengals as an unrestricted free agent, to be the Bengals new middle linebacker, after playing outside linebacker in his previous seasons.<mask> was an integral part of the Bengals' defense, starting all 16 games, leading the team in defensive snaps played (1,030 of 1,038 for 99.2%) and was second on the team in tackles (91). In 2004, he was moved to strongside linebacker after the signing of free agent Nate Webster, starting 14 games and making 84 tackles. The Bengals terminated <mask>'s contract in a salary-cap move on May 3, 2005. <mask> finished his career with 742 tackles (563 solo), 36 sacks, 43.5 tackles for loss, 11 forced fumbles, seven fumble recoveries, 45 pass deflections, five interceptions for 59 yards, and one touchdown in 134 games. NFL statistics

Personal life
<mask> currently resides in Jacksonville, Florida. In August 2007, he built his South Beach club venture, Dream Nightclub, centered around a motto that "reality is overrated." "I've been around and entertained people all my life, so I made a business out of it" said <mask>.In 2019, <mask> listed his 7 bedroom, 8.5 bath, 10,000 square foot Jacksonville mansion for sale at a price of $3,175,000. References

External links
 ESPN.com player card

1973 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Evansville, Indiana
Players of American football from Indiana
All-American college football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football linebackers
Illinois Fighting Illini football players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Dallas Cowboys players
Cincinnati Bengals

masks: Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy


title: José Siurob

texts:
<mask> better known as <mask> (Querétaro, November 6, 1886 – Mexico City, November 5, 1965) was a Mexican military general who participated in the Mexican Revolution. He was governor of the state of Querétaro, Guanajuato and the territory of Quintana Roo. He was also head of the Department of Public Health under President Lazaro Cardenas del Rio and at the same time head of the Central Federal District. Early life
Born in the city of Querétaro on November 14, 1886. Son <mask> and Guadalupe Ramirez Gutierrez. Military career

He made a career in medicine at the National School of Medicine, he graduated but once the fight. He supported the Madero and constitutionalist movements.He was founder and president of the Liberal Constitutionalist Party. Among the political positions he held was four times elected federal deputy and governor of Guanajuato and Querétaro. In Quintana Roo was governor of federal territory, commander of the military zone and founder of the Bank of the Army. He stressed as secretary of Health and Welfare and head of the Central Federal District. For reasons of health he retired from politics in 1945, during his tenure as Director of Social Services of the Army. He died in Mexico City in 1965. Studies
He studied basic education in the Catholic High School of Querétaro.He later studied at the National School of Medicine, where he earned his degree in 1912. There he also began his political life as a student leader, organized the first demonstrations against the administration of President Porfirio Díaz. He returned to Querétaro to get his degree. There he set up his private practice, where in addition to serving low-income people, supported them to buy their medicines. Mexican Revolution
He was founder and President of the Liberal Constitutionalist Party. He joined the armed movement of Venustiano Carranza as a doctor in the Army Corps Northeast. After the triumph of the movement, claimed his right to the state government, he belongs under the Plan of Guadalupe, but having been the forces of Don

masks:
José María Siurob Ramírez y Gutiérrez
José Siurob Ramírez
Emiliano Siurob Cosío


title: José Siurob

texts:
 Pablo González who occupied Querétaro, was postponed to give the post to Colonel Federico Montes, Guanajuato.When the split Villista, then-Lieutenant happened Colonel <mask> was in Veracruz with President Carranza, and formed the Army of operations commanded the Gral. Alvaro Obregon and it would end with Villismo, he was given the rank of Colonel and command of Brigadier General Escobedo, adding the group forces commanded by General. Fortunato Maicote. He was in the Battle of Peon, near San Juan del Rio, and it was his soldiers who occupied Querétaro early April 16, 1916, Dr. Siurob assuming the governorship of the state. Subsequently, politically motivated they determined that the government will exchange the Guanajuato Querétaro, which he held until 1917. Political career
From 1917 to 1925 he was Federal Deputy for the District of Cadereyta. From 1926 until 1928 he was Governor of the Territory of Quintana Roo, and he forming the magnificent city of Payo Obispo, current Chetumal, capital of the territory, and the absolute pacification thereof, to take Chan Santa Cruz is due, the holy city of the Maya.He left the government of the territory of Quintana Roo to serve as Governor of the Federal District for a little over a year, and then Head of the Department of Public Health from 1935 to 1938 and again from 1939 to 1940. His tenure in the Ministry for the inauguration highlighted large social projects. He initiated the construction of hospitals in Ixtlan de Juarez and Arcela and adapted and repaired the Leprosy Hospital Sarabia. He continued the work of the quarantine station in Manzanillo and Dr. Pedro Lopez Leprosy Zoquiapan. He also finished the Institute of Tropical Diseases. At the end of his office, he had left traces initiated and guidelines for the General Hospital. In the army he reached the highest rank of Major general.For reasons of health he retired from politics in 1945, as Director of Social Services of the Army. Governor of the Federal Territory of Quintana Roo (1927–1930). General brigade and medical.


title: Andrea Hannos

texts: <mask> (born May 8, 1973) is a former Canadian professional road and track racing cyclist who first entered sport in track and field, specializing in the long and triple jump. She attended high school at Little Flower Academy in Vancouver, BC, and graduated in 1991 after winning the triple jump event at the BC high school track and field provincial championships. She then went on to compete in track and field for the Kajaks Track & Field Club and the University of British Columbia Thunderbirds while earning a Bachelor of Science in Cell Biology. She placed ninth in the triple jump at the 1995 Canadian Track and Field Championships in Montreal. Later, as a collegiate cyclist, she attended Midwestern State University in Wichita Falls, Texas, obtaining a Master of Science degree in biology. <mask> first raced her bike in 1996 and a year later was selected by Cycling Canada for the 1997 Tour Cycliste Féminin, the women's version of the Tour de France. She represented Canada at the 1998 XVI Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and was the only Canadian cyclist to compete in four events—the road race, individual time trial, individual pursuit and points race.In the points race, she won the final sprint to finish in a

masks:
Andrea Hannos
Hannos


title: Andrea Hannos

texts: three-way tie for fourth place but, after tie-breaking procedures, officially finished in sixth place. <mask> has many career wins including gold in the criterium at the 2002 Canadian National Road Cycling Championships, one of ten career Canadian national championship medals. She notably finished third overall in general classification (GC) at the 2002 Redlands Bicycle Classic in California. Coached by her father, Sandor (Alex<mask>, an accomplished cyclist originally from Hungary, Hannos often trained and raced with her younger sister. In 1998, the sisters were recruited by Midwestern State University and offered athletic scholarships to race for the school cycling team. Over the next few years, the sisters won a total of nine US collegiate national championship (division I) events on the road and on the velodrome for Midwestern State University. Both sisters also raced for the American cycling team, Verizon Wireless, in 2001.<mask> retired from professional cycling at the end of 2004 after racing three seasons for the UCI team Équipe Cycliste RONA from Québec. In 2011, she helped manage the Vancouver-based Trek Red Truck p/b Mosaic Homes Women's Cycling Team alongside mountain bike cross country Olympic silver medalist,

masks:
Hannos
) Hannos
Hannos


title: Rana Bahadur Shah

texts:
<mask>, King of Nepal () (1775–1806) was the King of Nepal from 1777 to 1799. In 1777, he succeeded to the throne after the death of his father, King <mask>. He ruled under the regencies of his mother, Queen Rajendra Rajya Lakshmi Devi (died on 13 July 1785 from tuberculosis), and then of his uncle, <mask>. During this time, the kingdom expanded by conquest to include the Garhwal and Kumaon regions, now part of India. He imprisoned his uncle, <mask>, who died in jail. Reign
The premature death of <mask> (reigned 1775–77), the eldest son of Prithvi <mask>, left a huge power vacuum that remained unfilled for decades, seriously debilitating the emerging Nepalese state. <mask>'s successor was his son, <mask> (reigned 1777–99), aged two and one-half years at his accession.The acting regent until 1785 was Queen Rajendralakshmi, followed by <mask> (reigned 1785–94), the second son of Prithvi <mask>. Court life was consumed by rivalry centered on alignments with these two regents rather than on issues of national administration, and it set a bad precedent for future competition among contending regents. The exigencies of Sino-Nepalese War in 1788–92 had forced <mask> to temporarily take a pro-British stance, which had led to a commercial treaty with the British in 1792. Meanwhile, <mask>'s youth had been spent in pampered luxury. In 1794 King <mask> <mask> came of age, and his first act was to re-constitute the government such that his uncle, <mask>, had no official part to play. In mid 1795, he became infatuated with a

masks:
Rana Bahadur Shah
Pratap Singh Shah
Bahadur Shah
Bahadur Shah
Pratap Singh Shah
Narayan Shah
Pratap Singh Shah
Rana Bahadur Shah
Bahadur Shah
Narayan Shah
Bahadur Shah
Rana Bahadur
Rana Bahadur
Shah
Bahadur Shah


title: Rana Bahadur Shah

texts:
 Maithili Brahman widow, Kantavati Jha, and married her on the oath of making their illegitimate half-caste son (as per the Hindu law of that time) the heir apparent, by excluding the legitimate heir from his previous marriage. By 1797, his relationship with his uncle, who was living a retired life, and who wanted to seek refuge in China on the pretext of meeting the new emperor, had deteriorated to the extent that he ordered his imprisonment (on 19 February 1797) and his subsequent murder (on 23 June 1797).Such acts earned <mask> notoriety both among courtiers and common people, especially among Brahmins. Being ranodatta was the eldest son but not made king of Nepal

That same year in 1797, Girvan Yuddha Bikram <mask> was born and was immediately declared the crown prince. However, within a year of Girvan's birth, Kantavati contracted tuberculosis; and it was advised by physicians that she perform ascetic penances to cure herself. To make sure that Girvan succeeded to the throne while Kantavati was still alive, <mask>, aged just 23, abdicated in favor of their son on 23 March 1799, placing his first wife, Raj Rajeshwari, as the regent. He joined his ailing wife, Kantavati, with his second wife, Subarnaprabha, in ascetic life and started to live in Deopatan, donning saffron robes and titling himself Swami Nirgunanda. This move was also supported by all the courtiers who were discontented of his wanton and capricious behavior. It was around this time that both Bhimsen Thapa and his father Amar Singh Thapa (sanu)

masks:
Rana Bahadur
Shah
Rana Bahadur


title: Rana Bahadur Shah

texts:
 were promoted from subedar to the rank of sardar, and Bhimsen began to serve as the ex-King's chief bodyguard.However, <mask>'s renunciation lasted only a few months. After the inevitable death of Kantavati, <mask> suffered a mental breakdown during which he lashed out by desecrating temples and cruelly punishing the attendant physicians and astrologers. He then renounced his ascetic life and attempted to re-assert his royal authority. This led to a direct conflict with almost all the courtiers who had pledged a holy oath of allegiance to the legitimate King Girvan; this conflict eventually led to the establishment of a dual government and to an imminent civil war, with Damodar Pande leading the military force against the dissenting ex-King and his group. Since most of the military officers had sided with the courtiers, <mask> realized that his authority could not be re-established; and he was forced to flee to the British-controlled city of Varanasi in May, 1800. Exile in Varanasi: 1800–1804

As <mask> <mask>'s best friend and advisor, Bhimsen Thapa also accompanied him to Varanasi. <mask>'s retinue included his first wife, Rajrajeswori, while his second wife, Subarnaprabha, stayed back in Kathmandu to serve as the regent.Since <mask> was willing to do anything to regain his power and punish those who had forced him to exile, he served as a focal point of dissidenting factions in Varanasi. He first sought help from the British in exchange for which he was willing to concede a trading post in Kathmandu and grant

masks:
Rana Bahadur
Rana Bahadur
Rana Bahadur
Rana Bahadur
Shah
Rana Bahadur
Rana Bahadur


title: Rana Bahadur Shah

texts: them certain percentage of the tax revenue. However, the British were in favor of working with the existing government in Nepal, rather than risk the uncertainties of restoring an exiled ex-King to power. The Kathmandu Durbar was willing to appease the British and agreed to sign a commercial treaty so long as the wayward <mask> and his group were held in India under strict British surveillance. This arrangement was kept a secret from <mask> and his group; but when they eventually became aware of the strictures on their movement, and hence the treaty, they were incensed at the British as well as the proponents (Damodar Pande and his faction) of this treaty in Nepal. An elaborate intrigue was set in motion with the aim of splitting the unity of courtiers in Kathmandu Durbar and fomenting anti-British feelings. A flurry of letters were exchanged between the ex-King and individual courtiers in which he tried to set them up against Damodar Pande and tried to woo them by promises of high government positions, which they could hold for their entire life, and which could be inherited by their progeny.Meanwhile, Rajrajeshowri, fed up of her debauch husband, left Varanasi, entered the border of Nepal on 26 July 1801, and taking advantage of the weak regency, was slowly making her way towards Kathmandu with the view of taking over the regency. Back in Kathmandu the court politics turned complicated when Mul Kaji (or chief minister) Kirtiman Singh Basnet, a favorite of the Regent Subarnaprabha, was secretly assassinated on 28

masks:
Rana Bahadur
Rana Bahadur


title: Rana Bahadur Shah

texts:
 September 1801, by the supporters of Rajrajeswori. In the resulting confusion many courtiers were jailed, while some executed, based solely on rumors. Bakhatbar Singh Basnet, brother of assassinated Kirtiman Singh, was then given the post of mul kaji During his tenure as the mul kaji, on 28 October 1801, a Treaty of Commerce and Alliance was finally signed between Nepal and East India Company that led to the establishment of the first British Resident, Captain William O. Knox, who was reluctantly welcomed by the courtiers in Kathmandu on 16 April 1802. The primary objective of Knox's mission was to bring the trade treaty of 1792 into full effect and to establish a "controlling influence" in Nepali politics. Almost eight months after the establishment of the Residency, Rajrajeshowri finally managed to assume the regency on 17 December 1802. Return to Kathmandu

After Rajrajeshowri took over the regency, she was pressured by Knox to pay the annual pension of 82,000 rupees to the ex-King as per the obligations of the treaty, which paid off the vast debt that <mask> <mask> had accumulated in Varanasi due to his spendthrift habits.The Nepalese court also felt it prudent to keep <mask> in isolation in Nepal itself, rather than in the British controlled India, and that paying off <mask>'s debts could facilitate his return at an opportune moment. Rajrajeshowri's presence in Kathmandu also stirred unrest among the courtiers that aligned themselves around her and Subarnaprabha. Sensing an imminent hostility, Knox aligned

masks:
Rana Bahadur
Shah
Rana Bahadur
Rana Bahadur


title: Rana Bahadur Shah

texts:
 himself with Subarnaprabha and attempted to interfere with the internal politics of Nepal. Getting a wind of this matter, Rajrajeshowri dissolved the government and elected new ministers, with Damodar Pande as the mul kaji, while the Resident Knox, finding himself persona non grata and the objectives of his mission frustrated, voluntarily left Kathmandu to reside in Makwanpur citing a cholera epidemic. Subarnaprabha and the members of her faction were arrested. Such open display of anti-British feelings and humiliation prompted the Governor General of the time Richard Wellesley to recall Knox to India and unilaterally suspend the diplomatic ties. The Treaty of 1801 was also unilaterally annulled by the British on 24 January 1804.The suspension of diplomatic ties also gave the Governor General a pretext to allow the ex-King <mask> to return to Nepal unconditionally. As soon as they received the news, <mask> and his group proceeded towards Kathmandu. Some troops were sent by Kathmandu Durbar to check their progress, but the troops changed their allegiance when they came face to face with the ex-King. Damodar Pande and his men were arrested at Thankot where they were waiting to greet the ex-King with state honors and take him into isolation. After <mask>'s reinstatement to power, he started to extract vengeance on those who had tried to keep him in exile. On April 25, 1806, he was beheaded by his half-brother, Sher <mask>. <mask>'s death was followed by the Bhandarkhal massacre.See also
Nepali Mandir
Pratap

masks:
Rana Bahadur
Rana Bahadur
Rana Bahadur
Bahadur Shah
Rana Bahadur


title: Rana Bahadur Shah

texts:
 <mask>
Girvan Yuddha Bikram <mask>

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links
 Royal Court of Nepal – Official Site
 <mask> <mask> biography – Nepal Home Page

|-

1775 births
1806 deaths
Nepalese monarchs
Child rulers from Asia
Nepalese Hindus
Hindu monarchs
18th-century monarchs in Asia
<mask>khtiyars
People of the Nepalese unification
People from Kathmandu District
Monarchs who

masks:
Singh Shah
Shah
Rana Bahadur
Shah
Rana Mu


title: Norma Matheson

texts:
<mask> (September 13, 1929 – July 28, 2019) was an American politician, political strategist, activist, and conservationist who served as the First Lady of Utah from 1977 until 1985. <mask>, the wife of former Governor Scott M<mask>, was considered a pioneer for women in Utah politics and the matriarch of the <mask> political family. Her prominent role in state politics earned her the nickname "godmother" of the Utah Democratic Party. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born <mask> in Nephi, Utah, on September 13, 1929, to Leo and Ardella Warenski. Her father was a rural doctor. As a child, she moved with her parents to Philadelphia and San Francisco so her father could attend medical school to become an obstetrician. The family returned to live in Salt Lake City, where Warenski attended the city's East High School.She met her future husband, Scott M<mask>, at the age of 16 while both were students at East High School. <mask> received her bachelor's degree in zoology from the University of Utah. On August 25, 1951, she married <mask> while he was still studying at Stanford Law School. The couple moved back to Utah and constructed a home next to her parents house. They had four children - <mask> Jr. (born 1953), <mask>, <mask> (born 1960), and <mask>. <mask> raised the children while serving as president of the League of Women Voters. Career
<mask> worked as a Salt Lake County prosecutor and a lawyer for the Union Pacific Railroad before entering politics in 1976.That same year, incumbent Utah Governor Cal Rampton declined to seek re-election for a potential fourth term, leading <mask> to enter the gubernatorial election. By her own accounts, <mask> was the last in her family to endorse her husband's decision

masks:
Norma Louise Matheson
Matheson
. Matheson
Matheson
Matheson
Norma Louise Warenski
. Matheson
Matheson
Scott Matheson
Scott Matheson
Lu Matheson
Jim Matheson
Tom Matheson
Norma Matheson
Scott Matheson
Scott Matheson
Norma Matheson


title: Norma Matheson

texts: to enter the race. <mask> served as First Lady of Utah from 1977 to 1985 during the two terms of her husband. Matheson focused on projects related to children, the elderly and education during her tenure as first lady. She visited every senior center in Utah to call attention to issues affecting the state's senior citizen population. <mask> also oversaw the restoration of the Utah Governor's Mansion, the official residence of the Governor and their families. Years after leaving the position, <mask> also assisted then-Governor Mike Mike Leavitt and First Lady Jackie Leavitt with their restoration efforts of the governor's residence following a fire in 1993.<mask> was diagnosed with multiple myeloma in 1989, which was believed to have been caused by radioactive fallout from nuclear testing in nearby Nevada. Scott M<mask> died from the illness on October 7, 1990, at just 61-years old, leaving the former first lady a widow. At the time of his death, <mask> was quoted as saying, "All I wanted was 10 more years." Following her husband's death, <mask> continued to champion numerous political, civic, environmental, and philanthropic causes. She was highly active as a political strategist for the national and state Democratic Party, earning her the nickname "matriarch" of the Utah Democratic Party. Matheson recruited and campaigned for candidates for state and national office. Meghan Holbrook, head of the state party, credited Matheson with the success of both of the party and the <mask> family in politics, calling her "politically shrewd", saying, "She could play three-dimensional chess.I know she advised her sons, and their father was a terrific man, but I think <mask> had the political instinct in the family.

masks:
Norma Matheson
Matheson
Matheson
Scott Matheson
. Matheson
Matheson
Matheson
Matheson
Norma


title: Norma Matheson

texts: And all in a velvet glove." In 2000, <mask> recommended her son, <mask> Jr., as a candidate for Utah's 2nd congressional district during a brainstorming session. Scott won the 2000 congressional race and served seven terms in the United States House of Representatives. <mask> served as a longtime member of the board of directors for The Nature Conservancy, an environmental organization. During her tenure, The Nature Conservancy acquired wetlands outside Moab, Utah, which are now protected as the Scott M. Matheson Wetlands Preserve. <mask> also advocated for the creation of new national monuments in Utah.In 1996, she joined President Bill Clinton at the declaration ceremony for the creation of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, despite local controversy surrounding the plan. Additionally, <mask> served on the board of directors for the Grand Canyon Trust, which works to preserve the region surrounding the Grand Canyon and the Colorado Plateau. <mask> also served on a number of other civic, governmental, education and philanthropic boards and committees. These included the Utah Governor's Commission on Aging, Salt Lake League of Women Voters, the Utah Women's Legislative Council, the Alliance for Unity, the USU Botanical Center, the Hogle Zoo, and University of Utah School of Nursing. She also headed the Scott M. Matheson Leadership Forum, named for her husband, where she conducted interviews for Matheson Leadership Scholarship candidates, including for Ben McAdams. McAdams credited the scholarship awarded by <mask> with launching his political career as the Mayor of Salt Lake County and a U.S. Representative, "Receiving it gave me the opportunity to pursue politics and public policy and to

masks:
Norma Matheson
Scott Matheson
Matheson
Norma Matheson
Matheson
Matheson
Matheson


title: Norma Matheson

texts:
 endeavor to follow in their very large footsteps." In 2013, <mask> partnered with former Republican Utah Governor Mike Leavitt and businesswoman Gail Miller to create "Count My Vote", a bipartisan effort to push for state electoral reform.Leavitt, <mask>, Miller, and their organization successfully lobbied for a new law allowing open primary elections in Utah. <mask>, Leavitt, and his wife, former Utah first lady Jackie Leavitt, worked alongside each other on other projects over several decades, including electoral reform, voting rights legislation, and the preservation of the governor's mansion. Leavitt called <mask> "one of Utah's greatest first ladies" and " stalwart Utahn" following her death in 2019. <mask> remained active until her diagnosis with leukemia. She died from complications of the illness on July 28, 2019, at the age of 89. <mask> was survived by her four children -  United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit judge <mask> Jr., <mask>, former U.S. <mask>, and <mask>; her brother, Jim Warenski; nine grandchildren, and three great-grandchildren. Tributes poured in from across Utah's political spectrum, including from Republican Gary Herbert, who called her "the perfect teammate" for Governor <mask> during both their careers.<mask> was buried next to her husband in Parowan City Cemetery in Parowan, Utah. Her memorial service was held at This Is The Place Heritage Park in Salt Lake City on September 1, 2019. References

1929 births
2019 deaths
First Ladies and Gentlemen of Utah
Women in Utah politics
Activists from Utah
American conservationists
American environmentalists
Utah Democrats
University of Utah alumni
The Nature Conservancy
People from Salt Lake City
21st-century American

masks:
Norma Matheson
Matheson
Matheson
Matheson
Matheson
Matheson
Scott Matheson
Lu Matheson
Jim Matheson
Tom Matheson
Matheson
Norma Matheson


title: Barnaby Edwards

texts:
<mask> (born 20 August 1969) is a British actor, writer, director and artist. He is known as a performer for the British science-fiction television series Doctor Who, in the role of a Dalek operator. He has also written, directed, produced or performed in over 80 Big Finish Doctor Who audio stories. Alongside frequent radio and voice over work, <mask> has narrated over 40 unabridged audiobooks for Audible.com and others. Early life
<mask> graduated from the University of Exeter in 1991 with a degree in Fine Art and French. He subsequently went on to train at the Guildford School of Acting, where he won the Postgraduate Award for Acting in 1992. Career
<mask> has worked in the theatre, television, radio and audio plays, as a director and writer.<mask> is also an artist and his pictures hang in galleries and private collections across Europe as well as being exhibited widely within the UK. Following a successful show at the Blue Lias gallery in Lyme Regis, <mask> was asked to form one third of the Three West Country Artists exhibition in 1998. The Kingfisher Gallery in Devon held a major exhibition of his work encompassing nearly thirty new paintings, and in 2006 he exhibited a selection of pieces at the FSA Summer Exhibition. <mask> regularly lectures on art history and art techniques, both in Britain and farther afield. He has given talks on subjects as diverse as European Narrative Painting, Pastel Techniques, Victorian Sea Paintings, Life Drawing, and Greek and Roman Myths in Western Art. He also gives practical tuition both to individuals and to groups, including art workshops on landscape, figure and still life. In 2010, <mask> set up Textbook

masks:
Barnaby Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Barnaby
Edwards
Edwards


title: Barnaby Edwards

texts:
 Stuff, specialising in audiobooks of classic short stories and poems.Readers include Miriam Margolyes, Andrew Sachs, Peter Guinness, John Sessions, Nicholas Pegg and David Soul. The company distributes via iTunes, Amazon and other online distributors. In November 2013 he appeared in the one-off 50th anniversary comedy homage The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot. Beginning in 2016, <mask> narrated the audiobook editions of The Bernicia Chronicles, a series of historical novels by author Matthew Harffy. – Robot Waiter

Doctor Who audio plays (Eighth Doctor)
Storm Warning – Rathbone
Sword of Orion – Digley
The Stones of Venice – Pietro
Minuet in Hell – Scott
Shada – Professor Caldera
Horror of Glam Rock – Bendy Roger
Human Resources – Clive
Max Warp – Announcer
Brave New Town – The Voice
Grand Theft Cosmos – The Guardian
Sisters of the Flame – Galactinet
Hothouse – Newsreader
The Eight Truths – Newsreader
Worldwide Web – Newsreader

Other audio plays
Bernice Summerfield: Beyond the Sun – Leon
Bernice Summerfield: Walking To Babylon – John Lafayette
Bernice Summerfield: Birthright – John Lafayette
Cyberman: Scorpius – Paul Hunt
Cyberman: Fear – Paul Hunt
Cyberman: Conversion – Paul Hunt
Cyberman: Telos – Paul Hunt
Cyberman 2: Outsiders – Paul Hunt
Cyberman 2: Terror – Paul Hunt
Cyberman 2: Machines – Paul Hunt
Cyberman 2: Extinction – Paul Hunt

Directing

Television/film/video
Bacardi: The Making of a Commercial
The Dolphin Myth
In-store Credit

Theatre
Cinderella
Puss in Boots
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
Aladdin
The Winslow Boy
Office Suite
Absent Friends
English Sketches
Kicking Bardom
"Mad Men r Crazy"

Audiobooks (drama)

 The Waringham


title: Eusebius

texts:
{{Infobox saint
| honorific_prefix= Saint
| name = <mask> of Caesarea
| image = St. <mask> T'oros Roslin Gospels.png
| caption = Icon portrait of the church historian <mask> of Caesarea as a saint from T'oros Roslin Gospel manuscript in Armenia dated 1262
| titles = The Father of Church History
| venerated_in = Syriac Orthodox Church<ref>"The Church Historian and Metropolitan of Caesarea for twenty five years is included, on the list, among the Syrian martyrs and those who vouched for true faith (Wace & Piercy, 1999)." from Cor-Episcopo K. Mani Rajan's 'Martyrs, Saints, and Prelates of the Syriac Orthodox Church Volume 2 published in 2012 on his website: http://rajanachen.com/download-english-books/ </ref>
| feast_day = May 30 (ancient Syrian Church) February 29 (Syrian Orthodox) June 21 (Roman Catholic; Suppressed by Pope Gregory XIII)Multiple references for this day as the feast of St. <mask> in multiple Roman Catholic martyrologies and lectionaries, as recorded by Henri Valois, or Valesius in his Testimonies of the Ancients in Favor of Eusebius and translated by Phillip Schaff https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.iv.html
| influences = Origen, St. Pamphilus of Caesarea, St. Constantine the Great, Sextus Julius Africanus, Philo, Plato
| influenced = St. Palladius of Galatia, St. Basil the Great, Rufinus of Aquileia, St. Theodoret of Cyrus, Socrates of Constantinople, Sozomen, Evagrius Scholasticus, Gelasius of Cyzicus, Michael the Syrian, St. Jerome, Philostorgius, Victorius of Aquitaine, Pope St. Gelasius I, Pope Pelagius II, Henri Valois, George Bull, William

masks: Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius


title: Eusebius

texts:
 Cave, Samuel Lee, J.B. Lightfoot, Henry Wace
}}
Eusebius of Caesarea (;  ;  260/265 – 30 May 339), also known as Eusebius Pamphili (from the ), was a Greek historian of Christianity, exegete, and Christian polemicist. In about AD 314 he became the bishop of Caesarea Maritima in the Roman province of Syria Palaestina. Together with Pamphilus, he was a scholar of the biblical canon and is regarded as one of the most learned Christians during late antiquity. He wrote Demonstrations of the Gospel, Preparations for the Gospel and On Discrepancies between the Gospels, studies of the biblical text. As "Father of Church History" (not to be confused with the title of Church Father), he produced the Ecclesiastical History, On the Life of Pamphilus, the Chronicle and On the Martyrs.He also produced a biographical work on Constantine the Great, the first Christian Roman emperor, who was augustus between AD 306 and AD 337. Although <mask>' works are regarded as giving insight into the history of the early church, he was not without prejudice, especially in regard to the Jews, for while "<mask> indeed blames the Jews for the crucifixion of Jesus, he nevertheless also states that forgiveness can be granted even for this sin and that the Jews can receive salvation." Some scholars question the accuracy of <mask>' works. For example, at least one scholar, Lynn Cohick, dissents from the majority view that <mask> is correct in identifying the Melito of Peri Pascha with the Quartodeciman bishop of Sardis. Cohick claims as support for her position that "Eusebius is a notoriously unreliable


title: Eusebius

texts:
 historian, and so anything he reports should be critically scrutinized." <mask>' Life of Constantine, which he wrote as a eulogy shortly after the emperor's death in AD 337, is "often maligned for perceived factual errors, deemed by some so hopelessly flawed that it cannot be the work of Eusebius at all." Others attribute this perceived flaw in this particular work as an effort at creating an overly idealistic hagiography, calling him a "Constantinian flunky" since, as a trusted adviser to Constantine, it would be politically expedient for him to present Constantine in the best light possible.Sources
Little is known about the life of <mask>. His successor at the See of Caesarea, Acacius, wrote a Life of Eusebius, a work that has since been lost. <mask>' own surviving works probably only represent a small portion of his total output. Beyond notices in his extant writings, the major sources are the 5th-century ecclesiastical historians Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret, and the 4th-century Christian author Jerome. There are assorted notices of his activities in the writings of his contemporaries Athanasius, Arius, <mask> of Nicomedia, and Alexander of Alexandria. <mask>' pupil, <mask> of Emesa, provides some incidental information. Early life
Most scholars date the birth of <mask> to some point between AD 260 and 265.He was most likely born in or around Caesarea Maritima.Louth, "Birth of church history", 266; Quasten, 3.309. Nothing is known about his parents. He was baptized and instructed in the city, and lived in Syria Palaestina in 296, when Diocletian's army passed through

masks: Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius


title: Eusebius

texts: the region (in the Life of Constantine, <mask> recalls seeing Constantine traveling with the army).Wallace-Hadrill, 12, citing Vita Constantini 1.19. <mask> was made presbyter by Agapius of Caesarea. Some, like theologian and ecclesiastical historian John Henry Newman, understand <mask>' statement that he had heard Dorotheus of Tyre "expound the Scriptures wisely in the Church" to indicate that <mask> was Dorotheus' pupil while the priest was resident in Antioch; others, like the scholar D. S. Wallace-Hadrill, deem the phrase too ambiguous to support the contention. Through the activities of the theologian Origen (185/6–254) and the school of his follower Pamphilus (later 3rd century – 309), Caesarea became a center of Christian learning. Origen was largely responsible for the collection of usage information, or which churches were using which gospels, regarding the texts which became the New Testament.The information used to create the late-fourth-century Easter Letter, which declared accepted Christian writings, was probably based on the Ecclesiastical History [HE] of <mask> of Caesarea, wherein he uses the information passed on to him by Origen to create both his list at HE 3:25 and Origen's list at HE 6:25. <mask> got his information about what texts were accepted by the third-century churches throughout the known world, a great deal of which Origen knew of firsthand from his extensive travels, from the library and writings of Origen. On his deathbed, Origen had made a bequest of his private library to the Christian community in the city. Together with the books of his

masks: Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius


title: Eusebius

texts: patron Ambrosius, Origen's library (including the original manuscripts of his works) formed the core of the collection that Pamphilus established. Pamphilus also managed a school that was similar to (or perhaps a re-establishment of) that of Origen. Pamphilus was compared to Demetrius of Phalerum and Pisistratus, for he had gathered Bibles "from all parts of the world". Like his model Origen, Pamphilus maintained close contact with his students.<mask>, in his history of the persecutions, alludes to the fact that many of the Caesarean martyrs lived together, presumably under Pamphilus. Soon after Pamphilus settled in Caesarea (ca. 280s), he began teaching <mask>, who was then somewhere between twenty and twenty-five. Because of his close relationship with his schoolmaster, <mask> was sometimes called <mask> Pamphili: "<mask>, son of Pamphilus". The name may also indicate that <mask> was made Pamphilus' heir. Pamphilus gave <mask> a strong admiration for the thought of Origen. Neither Pamphilus nor <mask> knew Origen personally; Pamphilus probably picked up Origenist ideas during his studies under Pierius (nicknamed "Origen Junior") in Alexandria.<mask>' Preparation for the Gospel bears witness to the literary tastes of Origen: <mask> quotes no comedy, tragedy, or lyric poetry, but makes reference to all the works of Plato and to an extensive range of later philosophic works, largely from Middle Platonists from Philo to the late 2nd century. Whatever its secular contents, the primary aim of Origen and Pamphilus' school was to promote sacred learning. The library's biblical and

masks: Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius


title: Eusebius

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 theological contents were more impressive: Origen's Hexapla and Tetrapla; a copy of the original Aramaic version of the Gospel of Matthew; and many of Origen's own writings. Marginal comments in extant manuscripts note that Pamphilus and his friends and pupils, including <mask>, corrected and revised much of the biblical text in their library. Their efforts made the hexaplaric Septuagint text increasingly popular in Syria and Palestine. Soon after joining Pamphilus' school, <mask> started helping his master expand the library's collections and broaden access to its resources. At about this time <mask> compiled a Collection of Ancient Martyrdoms, presumably for use as a general reference tool.In the 290s, <mask> began work on his most important work, the Ecclesiastical History, a narrative history of the Church and Christian community from the Apostolic Age to <mask>' own time. At about the same time, he worked on his Chronicle, a universal calendar of events from the Creation to, again, <mask>' own time. He completed the first editions of the Ecclesiastical History and Chronicle before 300. Bishop of Caesarea

<mask> succeeded Agapius as Bishop of Caesarea soon after 313 and was called on by Arius who had been excommunicated by his bishop Alexander of Alexandria. An episcopal council in Caesarea pronounced Arius blameless. <mask> enjoyed the favor of the Emperor Constantine. Because of this he was called upon to present the creed of his own church to the 318 attendees of the Council of Nicaea in 325.However, the anti-Arian creed from Palestine prevailed, becoming the basis

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title: Eusebius

texts:
 for the Nicene Creed. The theological views of Arius, that taught the subordination of the Son to the Father, continued to be controversial. Eustathius of Antioch strongly opposed the growing influence of Origen's theology, as the root of Arianism. <mask>, an admirer of Origen, was reproached by Eustathius for deviating from the Nicene faith. <mask> prevailed and Eustathius was deposed at a synod in Antioch. However, Athanasius of Alexandria became a more powerful opponent and in 334 he was summoned before a synod in Caesarea (which he refused to attend). In the following year, he was again summoned before a synod in Tyre at which <mask> of Caesarea presided.Athanasius, foreseeing the result, went to Constantinople to bring his cause before the Emperor. Constantine called the bishops to his court, among them <mask>. Athanasius was condemned and exiled at the end of 335. <mask> remained in the Emperor's favour throughout this time and more than once was exonerated with the explicit approval of the Emperor Constantine. After the Emperor's death (c. 337), <mask> wrote the Life of Constantine, an important historical work because of eyewitness accounts and the use of primary sources. Works

Of the extensive literary activity of <mask>, a relatively large portion has been preserved. Although posterity suspected him of Arianism, <mask> had made himself indispensable by his method of authorship; his comprehensive and careful excerpts from original sources saved his successors the painstaking labor of original research.Hence, much has been preserved, quoted by <mask>, which

masks: Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius


title: Eusebius

texts:
 otherwise would have been lost. The literary productions of <mask> reflect on the whole the course of his life. At first, he occupied himself with works on biblical criticism under the influence of Pamphilus and probably of Dorotheus of Tyre of the School of Antioch. Afterward, the persecutions under Diocletian and Galerius directed his attention to the martyrs of his own time and the past, and this led him to the history of the whole Church and finally to the history of the world, which, to him, was only a preparation for ecclesiastical history. Then followed the time of the Arian controversies, and dogmatic questions came into the foreground. Christianity at last found recognition by the State; and this brought new problems – apologies of a different sort had to be prepared. Lastly, <mask> wrote eulogies in praise of Constantine.To all this activity must be added numerous writings of a miscellaneous nature, addresses, letters, and the like, and exegetical works that extended over the whole of his life and that include both commentaries and an important treatise on the location of biblical place names and the distances between these cities. Onomasticon

Biblical text criticism

Pamphilus and <mask> occupied themselves with the textual criticism of the Septuagint text of the Old Testament and especially of the New Testament. An edition of the Septuagint seems to have been already prepared by Origen, which, according to Jerome, was revised and circulated by <mask> and Pamphilus. For an easier survey of the material of the four Evangelists, <mask> divided his edition of the

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 New Testament into paragraphs and provided it with a synoptical table so that it might be easier to find the pericopes that belong together. These canon tables or "Eusebian canons" remained in use throughout the Middle Ages, and illuminated manuscript versions are important for the study of early medieval art, as they are the most elaborately decorated pages of many Gospel books. <mask> detailed in Epistula ad Carpianum how to use his canons. Chronicle

The Chronicle ( (Pantodape historia)) is divided into two parts.The first part, the Chronography ( (Chronographia)), gives an epitome of universal history from the sources, arranged according to nations. The second part, the Canons ( (Chronikoi kanones)), furnishes a synchronism of the historical material in parallel columns, the equivalent of a parallel timeline. The work as a whole has been lost in the original Greek, but it may be reconstructed from later chronographists of the Byzantine school who made excerpts from the work, especially George Syncellus. The tables of the second part have been completely preserved in a Latin translation by Jerome, and both parts are still extant in an Armenian translation. The loss of the Greek originals has given the Armenian translation a special importance; thus, the first part of Eusebius' Chronicle, of which only a few fragments exist in Greek, has been preserved entirely in Armenian, though with lacunae. The Chronicle as preserved extends to the year 325. Church History

In his Church History or Ecclesiastical History, Eusebius wrote the first surviving history of the Christian


title: Eusebius

texts:
 Church as a chronologically ordered account, based on earlier sources, complete from the period of the Apostles to his own epoch.The time scheme correlated the history with the reigns of the Roman Emperors, and the scope was broad. Included were the bishops and other teachers of the Church, Christian relations with the Jews and those deemed heretical, and the Christian martyrs through 324. Although its accuracy and biases have been questioned, it remains an important source on the early church due to <mask>'s access to materials now lost. Life of Constantine
Eusebius' Life of Constantine (Vita Constantini) is a eulogy or panegyric, and therefore its style and selection of facts are affected by its purpose, rendering it inadequate as a continuation of the Church History. As the historian Socrates Scholasticus said, at the opening of his history which was designed as a continuation of <mask>, "Also in writing the life of Constantine, this same author has but slightly treated of matters regarding Arius, being more intent on the rhetorical finish of his composition and the praises of the emperor than on an accurate statement of facts." The work was unfinished at <mask>' death. Some scholars have questioned the Eusebian authorship of this work.Conversion of Constantine according to Eusebius

Writing decades after Constantine had died, <mask> claimed that the emperor himself had recounted to him that some time between the death of his father – the augustus Constantius – and his final battle against his rival Maxentius as augustus in the West, Constantine experienced a vision in


title: Eusebius

texts: which he and his soldiers beheld a Christian symbol, "a cross-shaped trophy formed from light", above the sun at midday.<mask> of Caesarea, Vita Constantini, 1.29 Attached to the symbol was the phrase "by this conquer" (), a phrase often rendered into Latin as "in hoc signo vinces". In a dream that night "the Christ of God appeared to him with the sign which had appeared in the sky, and urged him to make himself a copy of the sign which had appeared in the sky, and to use this as a protection against the attacks of the enemy." <mask> relates that this happened "on a campaign he [Constantine] was conducting somewhere". It is unclear from <mask>'s description whether the shields were marked with a Christian cross or with a chi-rho, a staurogram, or another similar symbol. The Latin text De mortibus persecutorum contains an early account of the 28 October 312 Battle of the Milvian Bridge written by Lactantius probably in 313, the year following the battle. Lactantius does not mention a vision in the sky but describes a revelatory dream on the eve of battle. <mask>'s work of that time, his Church History, also makes no mention of the vision.The Arch of Constantine, constructed in AD 315, neither depicts a vision nor any Christian insignia in its depiction of the battle. In his posthumous biography of Constantine, <mask> agrees with Lactantius that Constantine received instructions in a dream to apply a Christian symbol as a device to his soldiers' shields, but unlike Lactantius and subsequent Christian tradition, <mask> does not date the events to October 312 and does not


title: Eusebius

texts:
 connect Constantine's vision and dream-vision with the Battle of the Milvian Bridge. Minor historical works
Before he compiled his church history, <mask> edited a collection of martyrdoms of the earlier period and a biography of Pamphilus. The martyrology has not survived as a whole, but it has been preserved almost completely in parts. It contained:
 an epistle of the congregation of Smyrna concerning the martyrdom of Polycarp;
 the martyrdom of Pionius;
 the martyrdoms of Carpus, Papylus, and Agathonike;
 the martyrdoms in the congregations of Vienne and Lyon;
 the martyrdom of Apollonius. Of the life of Pamphilus, only a fragment survives. A work on the martyrs of Palestine in the time of Diocletian was composed after 311; numerous fragments are scattered in legendaries which have yet to be collected.The life of Constantine was compiled after the death of the emperor and the election of his sons as Augusti (337). It is more a rhetorical eulogy on the emperor than a history but is of great value on account of numerous documents incorporated into it. Apologetic and dogmatic works
To the class of apologetic and dogmatic works belong:
 The Apology for Origen, the first five books of which, according to the definite statement of Photius, were written by Pamphilus in prison, with the assistance of <mask>. <mask> added the sixth book after the death of Pamphilus. We possess only a Latin translation of the first book, made by Rufinus. A treatise against Hierocles (a Roman governor), in which <mask> combated the former's glorification of Apollonius of Tyana in a work entitled A


title: Eusebius

texts: Truth-loving Discourse (Greek: Philalethes logos); in spite of manuscript attribution to <mask>, however, it has been argued (by Thomas Hagg and more recently, Aaron Johnson) that this treatise "Against Hierocles" was written by someone other than <mask> of Caesarea. Praeparatio evangelica (Preparation for the Gospel), commonly known by its Latin title, which attempts to prove the excellence of Christianity over every pagan religion and philosophy.The Praeparatio consists of fifteen books which have been completely preserved. <mask> considered it an introduction to Christianity for pagans. But its value for many later readers is more because Eusebius studded this work with so many lively fragments from historians and philosophers which are nowhere else preserved. Here alone is preserved Pyrrho's translation of the Buddhist Three marks of existence upon which Pyrrho based Pyrrhonism. Here alone is a summary of the writings of the Phoenician priest Sanchuniathon of which the accuracy has been shown by the mythological accounts found on the Ugaritic tables. Here alone is the account from Diodorus Siculus's sixth book of Euhemerus' wondrous voyage to the island of Panchaea where Euhemerus purports to have found his true history of the gods. And here almost alone is preserved writings of the neo-Platonist philosopher Atticus along with so much else.Demonstratio evangelica (Proof of the Gospel) is closely connected to the Praeparatio and comprised originally twenty books of which ten have been completely preserved as well as a fragment of the fifteenth. Here <mask> treats of the


title: Eusebius

texts:
 concluded that the Theophania was probably written shortly after 324. Others have suggested a date as late as 337.A polemical treatise against Marcellus of Ancyra, the Against Marcellus, dating from about 337;
 A supplement to the last-named work, also against Marcellus, entitled Ecclesiastical Theology, in which he defended the Nicene doctrine of the Logos against the party of Athanasius. A number of writings, belonging in this category, have been entirely lost. Exegetical and miscellaneous works
All of the exegetical works of <mask> have suffered damage in transmission. The majority of them are known to us only from long portions quoted in Byzantine catena-commentaries. However these portions are very extensive. Extant are:
 An enormous Commentary on the Psalms;
 A commentary on Isaiah, discovered more or less complete in a manuscript in Florence early in the 20th century and published 50 years later;
 Small fragments of commentaries on Romans and 1 Corinthians. <mask> also wrote a work Quaestiones ad Stephanum et Marinum, On the Differences of the Gospels (including solutions).This was written for the purpose of harmonizing the contradictions in the reports of the different Evangelists. This work was recently (2011) translated into the English language by David J. Miller and Adam C. McCollum and was published under the name Eusebius of Caesarea: Gospel Problems and Solutions. The original work was also translated into Syriac, and lengthy quotations exist in a catena in that language, and also in Arabic catenas. <mask> also wrote treatises on the biblical past; these three

masks: Eusebius Eusebius Eusebius


title: Eusebius

texts:
 treatises have been lost. They were:

 A work on the Greek equivalents of Hebrew Gentilic nouns;
 A description of old Judea with an account of the loss of the ten tribes;
 A plan of Jerusalem and the Temple of Solomon. The addresses and sermons of <mask> are mostly lost, but some have been preserved, e.g., a sermon on the consecration of the church in Tyre and an address on the thirtieth anniversary of the reign of Constantine (336). Most of <mask>' letters are lost.His letters to Carpianus and Flacillus exist complete. Fragments of a letter to the empress Constantia also exists. Doctrine

Eusebius is fairly unusual in his preterist, or fulfilled, eschatological view. Saying "the Holy Scriptures foretell that there will be unmistakable signs of the Coming of Christ. Now there were among the Hebrews three outstanding offices of dignity, which made the nation famous, firstly the kingship, secondly that of prophet, and lastly the high priesthood. The prophecies said that the abolition and complete destruction of all these three together would be the sign of the presence of the Christ. And that the proofs that the times had come, would lie in the ceasing of the Mosaic worship, the desolation of Jerusalem and its Temple, and the subjection of the whole Jewish race to its enemies....The holy oracles foretold that all these changes, which had not been made in the days of the prophets of old, would take place at the coming of the Christ, which I will presently shew to have been fulfilled as never before in accordance with the predictions" (Demonstratio Evangelica VIII). From a

masks: Eusebius Eusebius


title: Eusebius

texts:
 dogmatic point of view, <mask> stands entirely upon the shoulders of Origen. Like Origen, he started from the fundamental thought of the absolute sovereignty (monarchia) of God. God is the cause of all beings. But he is not merely a cause; in him everything good is included, from him all life originates, and he is the source of all virtue. God sent Christ into the world that it may partake of the blessings included in the essence of God. <mask> expressly distinguishes the Son as distinct from Father as a ray is also distinct from its source the sun.<mask> held that men were sinners by their own free choice and not by the necessity of their natures. <mask> said:
The Creator of all things has impressed a natural law upon the soul of every man, as an assistant and ally in his conduct, pointing out to him the right way by this law; but, by the free liberty with which he is endowed, making the choice of what is best worthy of praise and acceptance, he has acted rightly, not by force, but from his own free-will, when he had it in his power to act otherwise, As, again, making him who chooses what is worst, deserving of blame and punishment, because he has by his own motion neglected the natural law, and becoming the origin and fountain of wickedness, and misusing himself, not from any extraneous necessity, but from free will and judgment. The fault is in him who chooses, not in God. For God has not made nature or the substance of the soul bad; for he who is good can make nothing but what is good. Everything is good which is according to nature. Every rational soul has naturally a


title: Eusebius

texts:
 good free-will, formed for the choice of what is good. But when a man acts wrongly, nature is not to be blamed; for what is wrong, takes place not according to nature, but contrary to nature, it being the work of choice, and not of nature.A letter <mask> is supposed to have written to Constantine's daughter Constantina, refusing to fulfill her request for images of Christ, was quoted in the decrees (now lost) of the Iconoclast Council of Hieria in 754, and later quoted in part in the rebuttal of the Hieria decrees in the Second Council of Nicaea of 787, now the only source from which some of the text is known. The authenticity or authorship of the letter remains uncertain. Nicene Creed
In the June 2002 issue of the Church History journal, Pier Beatrice reports that Eusebius testified that the word homoousios (consubstantial) "was inserted in the Nicene Creed solely by the personal order of Constantine." Assessment
 Socrates Scholasticus (a 5th-century Christian historian), writing in his own Church History, criticized the Life of Constantine, stating that <mask> was "more intent on the rhetorical finish of his composition and the praises of the emperor, than on an accurate statement of facts". Edward Gibbon openly distrusted the writings of Eusebius concerning the number of martyrs, by noting a passage in the shorter text of the Martyrs of Palestine attached to the Ecclesiastical History (Book 8, Chapter 2) in which <mask> introduces his description of the martyrs of the Great Persecution under Diocletian with: "Wherefore we have decided to relate nothing concerning them


title: Eusebius

texts: except the things in which we can vindicate the Divine judgment. ...We shall introduce into this history in general only those events which may be useful first to ourselves and afterwards to posterity." In the longer text of the same work, chapter 12, Eusebius states: "I think it best to pass by all the other events which occurred in the meantime: such as ... the lust of power on the part of many, the disorderly and unlawful ordinations, and the schisms among the confessors themselves; also the novelties which were zealously devised against the remnants of the Church by the new and factious members, who added innovation after innovation and forced them in unsparingly among the calamities of the persecution, heaping misfortune upon misfortune.I judge it more suitable to shun and avoid the account of these things, as I said at the beginning." When his own honesty was challenged by his contemporaries, Gibbon appealed to a chapter heading in <mask>' Praeparatio evangelica (Book XII, Chapter 31) in which <mask> discussed "that it will be necessary sometimes to use falsehood as a remedy for the benefit of those who require such a mode of treatment." Although Gibbon refers to <mask> as the "gravest" of the ecclesiastical historians, he also suggests that <mask> was more concerned with the passing political concerns of his time than with his duty as a reliable historian. Jacob Burckhardt (19th century cultural historian) dismissed <mask> as "the first thoroughly dishonest historian of antiquity". Other critics of <mask>' work cite the panegyrical tone of the Vita, plus the omission


title: Eusebius

texts:
 of internal Christian conflicts in the Canones, as reasons to interpret his writing with caution. Alternate views have suggested that Gibbon's dismissal of <mask> is inappropriate:
 With reference to Gibbon's comments, Joseph Barber Lightfoot (late 19th century theologian and former Bishop of Durham) pointed out that <mask>' statements indicate his honesty in stating what he was not going to discuss, and also his limitations as a historian in not including such material. He also discusses the question of accuracy."The manner in which <mask> deals with his very numerous quotations elsewhere, where we can test his honesty, is a sufficient vindication against this unjust charge." Lightfoot also notes that <mask> cannot always be relied on: "A far more serious drawback to his value as a historian is the loose and uncritical spirit in which he sometimes deals with his materials. This shows itself in diverse ways. He is not always to be trusted in his discrimination of genuine and spurious documents." Averil Cameron (professor at King's College London and Oxford) and Stuart Hall (historian and theologian), in their recent translation of the Life of Constantine, point out that writers such as Burckhardt found it necessary to attack <mask> in order to undermine the ideological legitimacy of the Habsburg empire, which based itself on the idea of Christian empire derived from Constantine, and that the most controversial letter in the Life has since been found among the papyri of Egypt. In Church History (Vol. 59, 1990), Michael J. Hollerich (assistant professor at the Jesuit Santa


title: Eusebius

texts:
 Clara University, California) replies to Burckhardt's criticism of Eusebius, that "Eusebius has been an inviting target for students of the Constantinian era.At one time or another they have characterized him as a political propagandist, a good courtier, the shrewd and worldly adviser of the Emperor Constantine, the great publicist of the first Christian emperor, the first in a long succession of ecclesiastical politicians, the herald of Byzantinism, a political theologian, a political metaphysician, and a caesaropapist. It is obvious that these are not, in the main, neutral descriptions. Much traditional scholarship, sometimes with barely suppressed disdain, has regarded <mask> as one who risked his orthodoxy and perhaps his character because of his zeal for the Constantinian establishment." Hollerich concludes that "the standard assessment has exaggerated the importance of political themes and political motives in <mask>'s life and writings and has failed to do justice to him as a churchman and a scholar". While many have shared Burckhardt's assessment, particularly with reference to the Life of Constantine, others, while not pretending to extol his merits, have acknowledged the irreplaceable value of his works which may principally reside in the copious quotations that they contain from other sources, often lost. Bibliography

 <mask> of Caesarea. Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History) first seven books ca.300, eighth and ninth book ca. 313, tenth book ca. 315, epilogue ca. 325. Migne, J.P., ed. Eusebiou tou Pamphilou, episkopou tes en Palaistine Kaisareias ta


title: Eusebius

texts: euriskomena panta (in Greek). Patrologia Graeca 19–24.Paris, 1857. Online at Khazar Skeptik  and Documenta Catholica Omnia. Accessed 4 November 2009. McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. Church History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1.Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent and CCEL. Accessed 28 September 2009. Williamson, G.A., trans. Church History.London: Penguin, 1989. Contra Hieroclem (Against Hierocles). Onomasticon (On the Place-Names in Holy Scripture). Klostermann, E., ed. Eusebius' Werke 3.1 (Die griechischen christlichen Schrifsteller der ersten (drei) Jahrhunderte 11.1. Leipzig and Berlin, 1904). Online at the Internet Archive.Accessed 29 January 2010. Wolf, Umhau, trans. The Onomasticon of Eusebius Pamphili: Compared with the version of Jerome and annotated. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1971. Online at Tertullian. Accessed 29 January 2010. Taylor, Joan E., ed.Palestine in the Fourth Century. The Onomasticon by <mask> of Caesarea, translated by Greville Freeman-Grenville, and indexed by Rupert Chapman III (Jerusalem: Carta, 2003). De Martyribus Palestinae (On the Martyrs of Palestine). McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. Martyrs of Palestine. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1.Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent and CCEL. Accessed June


title: Eusebius

texts: 9, 2009. Cureton, William, trans. History of the Martyrs in Palestine by <mask> of Caesarea, Discovered in a Very Antient Syriac Manuscript.London: Williams & Norgate, 1861. Online at Tertullian. Accessed September 28, 2009. Praeparatio Evangelica (Preparation for the Gospel). Demonstratio Evangelica (Demonstration of the Gospel). Theophania (Theophany). Laudes Constantini (In Praise of Constantine) 335.Migne, J.P., ed. Eusebiou tou Pamphilou, episkopou tes en Palaistine Kaisareias ta euriskomena panta (in Greek). Patrologia Graeca 19–24. Paris, 1857. Online at Khazar Skeptik . Accessed 4 November 2009. Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans.Oration in Praise of Constantine. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent.Accessed 19 October 2009. Vita Constantini (The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine) ca. 336–39. Migne, J.P., ed. Eusebiou tou Pamphilou, episkopou tes en Palaistine Kaisareias ta euriskomena panta (in Greek). Patrologia Graeca 19–24. Paris, 1857.Online at Khazar Skeptik . Accessed 4 November 2009. Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Life of Constantine. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace.Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 9 June 2009. Cameron, Averil and Stuart Hall, trans. Life of Constantine. New York: Oxford


title: Eusebius

texts:
 Kevin Knight.Online at New Advent and CCEL. Accessed 19 October 2009. Origen.De Principiis (On First Principles). See also
 Church Fathers
 Constantine I and Christianity
 Early Christianity
 Fifty Bibles of Constantine
 Travelogues of Palestine

 Notes

 References
 Citations

 Sources

 Sabrina Inowlocki & Claudio Zamagni (eds), Reconsidering Eusebius: Collected papers on literary, historical, and theological issues (Leiden, Brill, 2011) (Vigiliae Christianae, Supplements, 107). Further reading

External links
WMF project links

Primary sources
 Church History (Eusebius); The Life of Constantine (Eusebius), online at ccel.org. History of the Martyrs in Palestine (Eusebius), English translation (1861) William Cureton. Website tertullian.org.<mask> of Caesarea, The Gospel Canon Tables
 <mask>, Six extracts from the Commentary on the Psalms. Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes complete Greek text of <mask>' works

Secondary sources
 "Eusebius" in New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1917)
 <mask> of Caesarea at the Tertullian Project
 Extensive bibliography at EarlyChurch.org
 Chronological list of <mask>'s writings

260s births
339 deaths
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