title: Khalid Mahmud Arif

texts:
 and military adviser in East Pakistan

In 1965,  Arif, as a captain, served in the armoured corps along with then-Major Zia-ul-Haq and participated in the second war with India over the disputed Kashmir. Arif commanded an American M48 tank against the Indian Army.After the war, he was sent back to the military intelligence and stationed in East Pakistan as a military adviser to the East Pakistan Army. In 1967, he greatly aided towards troop redeployment of the Eastern Command in formulating a battle plan, codename: "Operation X-Sunderbans-1." The deployment, however, was non combative and it was only designed to form the basis for the operational combat plan. In 1969, he was later posted in GHQ Dhaka as a martial law officer under the government led by Governor Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan in 1969. During this stint, Arif reportedly relied a secretive message in his complied report in regards to the situation in East that ultimately warned off the consequences of the civil war. In March 1971, he witnessed the meeting with President Yahya Khan who decided the launch of the military operations  against the rebels in the East should take place. Arif took over the situation himself to control the law and order.About this meeting, <mask> described the meeting as: President Yahya took matters in his hands, thus good bye to civil bureaucracy. In East, he fought and led companies to fight the approaching Indian Army, and was captured by the Indian Army units who held him as war prisoner after the instrument of surrender was signed between Lieutenant-General A.A.K. Niazi and Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora, GOC-in-C of Eastern Command of Indian military in 1971. Command and staff appointments
His efforts and actions in the liberation war in East that accounted his bravery had earned admiration in Pakistan which led to Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto accepting recommendations to decorate Major <mask> with service award, Sitara-e-Basalat. In 1975, he was repatriated to Pakistan from the Wagha and

masks: Arif Arif


title: Khalid Mahmud Arif

type: original

texts:
 was allowed to resume his military service, being promoted as Lieutenant-Colonel. He testified in the War Enquiry Commission led by Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman, giving accounts of military intelligence failures took place in East. In 1976, he was promoted as Colonel and Brigadier in 1977, of which, he assumed the command of the 111th Brigade stationed in Islamabad; this command appointment lasted only eight months.The general elections held in 1977 saw the victory of Pakistan Peoples Party led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, caused the public agitation led by the conservative alliance whose politicians refused to accept the results amid alleged vote rigging. Brig. K. M<mask> ultimately leaked and informed Prime Minister Bhutto of covert coup d'état took place under his appointed-army chief General Zia-ul-Haq, but the latter refused to believe him. Acting upon warnings by Brig. <mask>, Bhutto did accept all demands by the conservative alliance but the coup d'état had already took place. After receiving orders from Lieutenant-General F.A. Chishti, GoC-in-C of X Corps, Brigadier <mask> rotated the 111th Brigade to take control of the civilian government in support of Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq and Chairman joint chiefs Mohammad Shariff.After the coup d'état was completed, General Zia's promoted Brigadier <mask> as Major-General and appointed him as Director-General of Military Intelligence (DGMI). In a views of Lieutenant-General Chishti who noted: "General Zia was lucky to have Major-General <mask> as his life long confidante. He had experience as a Martial Law Officer during General's Yahya's regime and handled matters efficiently." In 1979, he helped and aided in preparing a national security strategy against the Russian invasion of Afghanistan, after a meeting with President Zia-ul-Haq upon the latter's request. Vice Chief of Army Staff (1984–87)

A quintessential staff officer, Major-General <mask>'s career accelerated and gained reputation as an effective commander in the military

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title: Khalid Mahmud Arif

texts: intelligence. Major-General <mask> served in the military intelligence until 1983 when he promoted as Lieutenant-General and posted in a staff assignment in the Army GHQ. At the Army GHQ, he brought most qualified officers who had worked with him in the past assignments, and built up his reputation in army as an effective leader.On 11 March 1983, Lieutenant-General <mask>, alongside with Chairman Senate Ghulam Ishaq Khan, was invited by Munir Ahmad Khan, then-Chairman of PAEC, to witnessed the subcritical testing of an atomic device that took place in a hidden weapons-testing sites. Despite never effectively commanding the field assignments, he was named and appointed as Vice Chief of Army Staff under President Zia in 1984. Upon being promoted to four-star rank army general, he assumed the command of Pakistan Army as its Vice-Chief of Army Staff under President Zia. To many observers, this promotion, in fact, made General Arif the chief of army staff of the Pakistan Army with the entire commanding staff reporting to him. As an army chief, General <mask> played a crucial role towards the successful implementation of the secretive atomic bomb programme after removing the civilian administrator, Dr. Mubashir Hassan. Towards diplomacy with the United States, General Arif made frequent trips with United States, successfully convincing the Reagan administration to allow the secretive atomic bomb development by making it very clear to the United States that "[Pakistan] won't compromise on its nuclear weapons programme, but won't conduct a test to harm to relationship between two nations." In 1983, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) placed a mole near the Kahuta Research Laboratories but was thwarted by the ISI, which according to General Arif, the ISI took the mole to its secret museum to train its own spies in espionage operations.He was described as a very uptight and strict army officer by civilian scientists, specifically dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan in his memoirs, did not compromise on his morals and

masks: Arif Arif Arif


title: Khalid Mahmud Arif

texts:
 disciplines throughout his career. In 1984, General <mask>'s tenure also saw the commissioning of the Bell AH-1 Cobra Attack helicopters in the aviation corps. In 1986–87, he deployed and rotated the V Corps, with support from the Southern Air Command to deter the Indian Army's major military exercise that took place near Pakistan's border under supervision of General Sundarji, then-army chief of Indian Army. During this time, he refuted the claims made by dr. A.Q. Khan and immediately issued directives towards the policy of deliberate ambiguity over the clandestine atomic bomb programme. Post retirement

In 1987, General <mask> sought retirement from his military service and did not seek extension and handed over the army command to Lieutenant-General Mirza Aslam Beg who was promoted to the four-star rank and as an army chief. Upon retiring, he focused towards poetry and became a military historian when he authored the notable eyewitnessed and famed text on the military interference led General Zia-ul-Haq, Working with Zia, published in 1995.In 2001, he published Khaki Shadows: Pakistan 1947–1997, about the politics, government, and armed forces of  Pakistan during and shortly after the Cold War. In 2010, he authored another book, Estranged Neighbours: India, Pakistan (1947-2010) on the foreign relations of India and Pakistan. Gen (Retd) K M <mask> died on 6 March 2020 in ICU CMH Lahore due to Kidney disease. Works

References

1931 births
2020 deaths
Punjabi people
People from Jalandhar district
Edwardes College alumni
People from Kohat District
Pakistan Military Academy alumni
Pakistan Army Armored Corps officers
Military intelligence
People of East Pakistan
People of the Bangladesh Liberation War
Pakistani military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
Pakistani military writers
Pakistani prisoners of war
Pakistani generals
Military government of Pakistan (1977–1988)
Project-706 people
Pakistani memoirists
Pakistani military historians
Pakistani poets
Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz
Recipients


title: Hank Aaron

texts: <mask> (February 5, 1934 – January 22, 2021), nicknamed "Hammer" or "Hammerin' <mask>", was an American professional baseball right fielder who played 23 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), from 1954 through 1976. Widely regarded as one of the greatest baseball players in history, he spent 21 seasons with the Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves in the National League (NL) and two seasons with the Milwaukee Brewers in the American League (AL). His 755 career home runs broke the long-standing MLB record set by Babe Ruth and stood as the most for 33 years; <mask> still holds many other MLB batting records. He hit 24 or more home runs every year from 1955 through 1973 and is one of only two players to hit 30 or more home runs in a season at least fifteen times. In 1999, The Sporting News ranked <mask> fifth on its list of the "100 Greatest Baseball Players". In 1982, he was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility. <mask> was born and raised in and around Mobile, Alabama.<mask> had seven siblings, including Tommie <mask>, who played major-league baseball with him. He appeared briefly in the Negro American League and in minor league baseball before starting his major league career. By his final MLB season, <mask> was the last former Negro league baseball player on a major league roster. During his time in Major League Baseball, and especially during his run for the home run record, <mask> and his family endured extensive racist threats. His experiences fueled his activism during the civil rights movement. <mask> played the vast majority of his MLB games in right field, though he appeared at several

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Henry Louis Aaron
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title: Hank Aaron

texts:
 other infield and outfield positions. In his last two seasons, he was primarily a designated hitter.<mask> was an NL All-Star for 20 seasons and an AL All-Star for one season, and he holds the record for the most All-Star selections (25), while sharing the record for most All-Star Games played (24) with Willie Mays and Stan Musial. He was a three-time Gold Glove winner, and in 1957, he won the NL Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award when the Milwaukee Braves won the World Series. <mask> holds the MLB records for the most career runs batted in (RBIs) (2,297), extra base hits (1,477), and total bases (6,856). <mask> is also in the top five for career hits (3,771) and runs (2,174). He is one of only four players to have at least 17 seasons with 150 or more hits. <mask> is in second place in home runs (755) and at-bats (12,364), and in third place in games played (3,298). At the time of his retirement, <mask> held most of the game's key career power-hitting records.After his retirement, <mask> held front office roles with the Atlanta Braves, including the senior vice president. In 1988, <mask> was inducted into the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame. In 1999, MLB introduced the Hank <mask> Award to recognize the top offensive players in each league. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2002. He was named a 2010 Georgia Trustee by the Georgia Historical Society in recognition of accomplishments that reflect the ideals of Georgia's founders. <mask> resided near Atlanta until his death. Early life
<mask> was born in Mobile, Alabama, to <mask> Sr. and Estella (Pritchett) <mask>.He had seven siblings. Tommie <mask>, one of his

masks:
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
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Aaron
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Herbert Aaron
Aaron
Aaron


title: Hank Aaron

texts: brothers, also went on to play Major League Baseball. By the time <mask> retired, he and his brother held the record for most career home runs by a pair of siblings (768). They were also the first siblings to appear in a League Championship Series as teammates. While he was born in a section of Mobile referred to as "Down the Bay", he spent most of his youth in Toulminville. <mask> grew up in a poor family. His family could not afford baseball equipment, so he practiced by hitting bottle caps with sticks.He would create his own bats and balls out of materials he found on the streets. His boyhood idol was baseball star Jackie Robinson. <mask> attended Central High School as a freshman and a sophomore. Like most high schools, they did not have organized baseball, so he played outfield and third base for the Mobile Black Bears, a semipro team. <mask> was a member of the Boy Scouts of America. Although he batted cross-handed (as a right-handed hitter, with his left hand above his right), <mask> established himself as a power hitter. As a result, in 1949, at the age of 15, <mask> had his first tryout with an MLB franchise, the Brooklyn Dodgers; however, he did not make the team.After this, <mask> returned to school to finish his secondary education, attending the Josephine Allen Institute, a private high school in Alabama. During his junior year, <mask> joined the Prichard Athletics, an independent Negro league team, followed by the Mobile Black Bears, another independent Negro league team. While on the Bears, <mask> earned $3 per game ($ today), which was a dollar more than he got while on the Athletics. Negro league and minor league

masks: Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron


title: Hank Aaron

texts:
 career
On November 20, 1951, baseball scout Ed Scott signed <mask> to a contract on behalf of the Indianapolis Clowns of the Negro American League, where he played for three months. He started play as a ,  shortstop, and earned $200 per month. As a result of his standout play with the Indianapolis Clowns, <mask> received two offers from MLB teams via telegram, one from the New York Giants and the other from the Boston Braves. Years later, <mask> remembered:

I had the Giants' contract in my hand.But the Braves offered fifty dollars a month more. That's the only thing that kept Willie Mays and me from being teammates – fifty dollars. While with the Clowns he experienced racism. Of a time his team was in Washington, D.C. <mask> recalled

We had breakfast while we were waiting for the rain to stop, and I can still envision sitting with the Clowns in a restaurant behind Griffith Stadium and hearing them break all the plates in the kitchen after we finished eating. What a horrible sound. Even as a kid, the irony of it hit me: here we were in the capital in the land of freedom and equality, and they had to destroy the plates that had touched the forks that had been in the mouths of black men. If dogs had eaten off those plates, they'd have washed them.The Howe Sports Bureau credits <mask> with a .366 batting average in 26 official Negro league games, with five home runs, 33 runs batted in (RBIs), 41 hits, and nine stolen bases. The Braves purchased <mask>'s contract from the Clowns for $10,000, which GM John Quinn thought was a steal, as he stated that he felt that <mask> was a $100,000 property. On June 12, 1952, <mask> signed with

masks: Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron


title: Hank Aaron

texts: Braves' scout Dewey Griggs. During this time, he picked up the nickname "pork chops" because it "was the only thing I knew to order off the menu". A teammate later said, "the man ate pork chops three meals a day, two for breakfast". The Braves assigned <mask> to the Eau Claire Bears, the Braves' Northern League Class-C farm team. The 1952 season proved to be very beneficial for <mask>.Playing in the infield, <mask> continued to develop as a ballplayer and made the Northern League's All-Star team. He broke his habit of hitting cross-handed and adopted the standard hitting technique. By the end of the season, he had performed so well that the league made him the unanimous choice for Rookie of the Year. Although he appeared in just 87 games, he scored 89 runs, had 116 hits, nine home runs, and 61 RBIs. In addition, <mask> hit for a .336 batting average. During his minor league experience, he was very homesick and faced constant racism, but his brother, Herbert Jr., told him not to give up the opportunity. In 1953, the Braves promoted him to the Jacksonville Braves, their Class-A affiliate in the South Atlantic League.Helped by <mask>'s performance, the Braves won the league championship that year. <mask> led the league in runs (115), hits (208), doubles (36), RBIs (125), total bases (338), and batting average (.362). He won the league's Most Valuable Player Award, and had such a dominant year that one sportswriter was prompted to say, "<mask> led the league in everything except hotel accommodations." <mask>'s time with the Braves did not come without problems. He was one of the first African Americans to play in the league. The 1950s

masks:
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Aaron
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Henry Aaron
Aaron


title: Hank Aaron

texts: were a period of racial segregation in parts of the United States, especially the southeastern portion of the country. When <mask> traveled around Jacksonville, Florida, and the surrounding areas, he was often separated from his team because of Jim Crow laws.In most circumstances, the team was responsible for arranging housing and meals for its players, but <mask> often had to make his own arrangements. The Braves' manager, Ben Geraghty, tried his best to help <mask> on and off the field. Former Braves minor league player and sportswriter Pat Jordan said, "<mask> gave [Geraghty] much of the credit for his own swift rise to stardom." That same year, <mask> met his future wife, Barbara Lucas. The night they met, Lucas decided to attend the Braves' game. <mask> singled, doubled, and hit a home run in the game. On October 6, <mask> and Lucas married.In 1958, <mask>'s wife noted that during the offseason he liked "to sit and watch those shooting westerns". He also enjoyed cooking and fishing. <mask> spent the winter of 1953 playing in Puerto Rico. Mickey Owen, the team's manager, helped <mask> with his batting stance. Until then, <mask> had hit most pitches to left field or center field, but after working with Owen, <mask> was able to hit the ball more effectively all over the field. During his stay in Puerto Rico, Owen also helped <mask> transition from second base to the outfield. <mask> had not played well at second base, but Owen noted that <mask> could catch fly balls and throw them well from the outfield to the infield.The stint in Puerto Rico also allowed <mask> to avoid being drafted into military service. Though the Korean War

masks: Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron


title: Hank Aaron

texts:
 was over, people were still being drafted. The Braves were able to speak to the draft board, making the case that <mask> could be the player to integrate the Southern Association the following season with the Atlanta Crackers. The board appears to have been convinced, as <mask> was not drafted. MLB career
In 1954, <mask> attended spring training with the major league club. Although he was on the roster of its farm club, Milwaukee manager Charley Grimm later stated, "From the start, he did so well I knew we were going to have to carry him." On March 13, 1954, Milwaukee Braves left fielder Bobby Thomson fractured his ankle while sliding into second base during a spring training game.The next day, <mask> made his first spring training start for the Braves major league team, playing in left field and hitting a home run. This led <mask> to a major league contract, signed on the final day of spring training, and a Braves uniform with the number five. On April 13, <mask> made his major league debut and was hitless in five at-bats against the Cincinnati Reds' left-hander Joe Nuxhall. In the same game, Eddie Mathews hit two home runs, the first of a record 863 home runs the pair would hit as teammates. On April 15, <mask> collected his first major league hit, a double off Cardinals' pitcher Vic Raschi. <mask> hit his first major league home run on April 23, also off Raschi. Over the next 122 games, <mask> batted .280 with 13 homers before he suffered a fractured ankle on September 5.He then changed his number to 44, which would turn out to look like a "lucky number" for the slugger. <mask> would hit 44 home runs in four different seasons,

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title: Hank Aaron

texts:
 and he hit his record-breaking 715th career home run off Dodgers pitcher Al Downing, who coincidentally also wore number 44. At this point, <mask> was known to family and friends primarily as "Henry". Braves' public relations director Don Davidson, observing <mask>'s quiet, reserved nature, began referring to him publicly as "<mask>" in order to suggest more accessibility. The nickname quickly gained currency, but "Henry" continued to be cited frequently in the media, both sometimes appearing in the same article, and <mask> would answer to either one. During his rookie year, his other well-known nicknames, "Hammerin' Hank" (by teammates) and "Bad Henry" (by opposing pitchers) are reported to have arisen. Considerably later in his career, <mask> coined "Stone-fingers", which would prove a popular handle for one of baseball's more colorful characters, the famously distance-hitting but defensively challenged first baseman Dick Stuart, reportedly "delight[ing]" even its recipient.Sal Maglie recommended throwing low curveballs to <mask>. "He's going to swing and he'll go after almost anything," Maglie said of the Braves' slugger. "And he'll hit almost anything, so you have to be careful." Prime of his career

<mask> hit .314 with 27 home runs and 106 RBIs, in 1955. He was named to the NL All-Star roster for the first time; it was the first of a record 21 All-Star selections and first of a record 25 All-Star Game appearances. In 1956, <mask> hit .328 and captured the first of two NL batting titles. He was also named The Sporting News NL Player of the Year.In 1957, <mask> won his only NL MVP Award, as he had his first brush with the

masks: Aaron Aaron Hank Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron


title: Hank Aaron

texts: triple crown. He batted .322, placing third, and led the league in home runs and runs batted in. On September 23, 1957, in Milwaukee, <mask> hit a two-run walk-off home run against the St. Louis Cardinals, clinching the pennant for the Braves. After touching home plate he was carried off the field by his teammates. It is as of yet the only pennant-clinching walk-off home run in major league history in a non-playoff regular-season game. Milwaukee went on to win the World Series against the New York Yankees, the defending champions, 4 games to 3. <mask> did his part by hitting .393 with three homers and seven RBIs.On December 15, 1957, his wife Barbara gave birth to twins. Two days later, one of the children died. In 1958, <mask> hit .326, with 30 home runs and 95 RBIs. He led the Braves to another pennant, but this time they lost a seven-game World Series to the Yankees. <mask> finished third in the MVP race and he received his first of three Gold Glove Awards. During the next several years, <mask> had some of his best games and best seasons as a major league player. On June 21, 1959, against the San Francisco Giants, he hit three two-run home runs.It was the only time in his career that he hit three home runs in a game. In 1963, <mask> nearly won the triple crown. He led the league with 44 home runs and 130 RBIs and finished third in batting average. In that season, <mask> became the third player to hit 30 home runs and steal 30 bases in a single season, and the first player to record 40 home runs and 30 steals in a season. He again finished third in National League MVP voting. The Braves moved from Milwaukee to Atlanta after the

masks: Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron


title: Hank Aaron

texts:
 1965 season. On May 10, 1967, he hit an inside-the-park home run against Jim Bunning in Philadelphia.It was the only inside-the-park home run of his career. In 1968, <mask> was the first Atlanta Braves player to hit his 500th career home run, and in 1970, he was the first Atlanta Brave to reach 3,000 career hits. Home run milestones and 3,000th hit

During his days in Atlanta, <mask> reached several milestones; he was only the eighth player ever to hit 500 career home runs, with his 500th coming against Mike McCormick of the San Francisco Giants on July 14, 1968 — exactly one year after former Milwaukee Braves teammate Eddie Mathews had hit his 500th. <mask> was, at the time, the second-youngest player to reach the milestone. On July 31, 1969, <mask> hit his 537th home run, passing Mickey Mantle's total; this moved <mask> into third place on the career home run list, after Willie Mays and Babe Ruth. At the end of the 1969 season, <mask> again finished third in the MVP voting. In 1970, <mask> reached two more career milestones.On May 17, <mask> collected his 3,000th hit, in a game against the Cincinnati Reds, the team against which he played in his first major-league game. <mask> established the record for most seasons with thirty or more home runs in the National League. On April 27, 1971, <mask> hit his 600th career home run, the third major league player ever to do so. On July 13, <mask> hit a home run in the All-Star Game (played at Detroit's Tiger Stadium) for the first time. He hit his 40th home run of the season against the Giants' Jerry Johnson on August 10, which established a National League record for most seasons with

masks: Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron


title: Hank Aaron

texts:
 40 or more home runs (seven). At age 37, he hit a career-high 47 home runs during the season (along with a career-high .669 slugging percentage) and finished third in MVP voting for the sixth time. During the strike-shortened season of 1972, <mask> tied and then surpassed Willie Mays for second place on the career home run list.<mask> also drove in the 2,000th run of his career and hit a home run in the first All-Star game played in Atlanta. As the year came to a close, <mask> broke Stan Musial's major-league record for total bases (6,134), a record he was the most proud of, more than his home run record since it reflected his overall performance as a team player. <mask> finished the season with 673 career home runs. Breaking Ruth's record

<mask> himself downplayed the "chase" to surpass Babe Ruth, while baseball enthusiasts and the national media grew increasingly excited as he closed in on the 714 career home runs record. <mask> received thousands of letters every week during the summer of 1973, including hate mail; the Braves ended up hiring a secretary to help him sort through it. <mask> (then age 39) hit 40 home runs in 392 at-bats, ending the 1973 season one home run short of the record. He hit home run number 713 on September 29, 1973, and with one day remaining in the season, many expected him to tie the record.But in his final game that year, playing against the Houston Astros (managed by Leo Durocher, who had once roomed with Babe Ruth), he was unable to achieve this. After the game, <mask> said his only fear was that he might not live to see the 1974 season. He was the recipient of death threats and a large assortment


title: Hank Aaron

texts:
 of hate mail during the 1973–1974 offseason from people who did not want to see <mask> break Ruth's nearly sacrosanct home run record. The threats extended to those providing positive press coverage of <mask>. Lewis Grizzard, then-executive sports editor of the Atlanta Journal, reported receiving numerous phone calls calling journalists "nigger lovers" for covering <mask>'s chase. While preparing the massive coverage of the home run record, he quietly had an obituary written, afraid that <mask> might be murdered. Sports Illustrated pointedly summarized the racist vitriol that <mask> was forced to endure:

Is this to be the year in which <mask>, at the age of thirty-nine, takes a moon walk above one of the most hallowed individual records in American sport...?Or will it be remembered as the season in which <mask>, the most dignified of athletes, was besieged with hate mail and trapped by the cobwebs and goblins that lurk in baseball's attic? At the end of the 1973 season, <mask> received a plaque from the U.S. Postal Service for receiving more mail (930,000 pieces) than any person excluding politicians. <mask> received an outpouring of public support in response to the bigotry. Newspaper cartoonist Charles Schulz created a series of Peanuts strips printed in August 1973 in which Snoopy attempts to break the Ruth record, only to be besieged with hate mail. Lucy says in the August 11 strip, "<mask> is a great player... but you! If you break Babe Ruth's record, it'll be a disgrace!"Coincidentally, Snoopy was only one home run short of tying the record (and finished the season as such when Charlie Brown got picked off during Snoopy's

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title: Hank Aaron

texts: last at-bat), and as it turned out, <mask> finished the 1973 season one home run short of Ruth. Babe Ruth's widow, Claire Hodgson, denounced the racism and declared that her husband would have enthusiastically cheered <mask>'s attempt at the record. As the 1974 season began, <mask>'s pursuit of the record caused a small controversy. The Braves opened the season on the road in Cincinnati with a three-game series against the Cincinnati Reds. Braves management wanted him to break the record in Atlanta and was therefore going to have <mask> sit out the first three games of the season. But Baseball Commissioner Bowie Kuhn ruled that he had to play two games in the first series. He played two out of three and tied Babe Ruth's record on April 4, 1974, in his very first at-bat on his first swing of the season—off Reds pitcher Jack Billingham, but did not hit another home run in the series.The Braves returned to Atlanta, and on April 8, 1974, a crowd of 53,775 people showed up for the game — a Braves attendance record. The game was also broadcast nationally on NBC. In the fourth inning, <mask> hit home run number 715 off Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Al Downing. Although Dodgers outfielder Bill Buckner nearly went over the outfield fence trying to catch it, the ball flew into the Braves' bullpen, where relief pitcher Tom House caught it. While cannons were fired in celebration, two college students  sprinted onto the field and jogged alongside <mask> for part of his circuit around the bases, temporarily startling him. A young Craig Sager actually interviewed <mask> between third and home for a television station, WXLT (now WWSB-Channel 40)


title: Hank Aaron

texts:
 in Sarasota. As the fans cheered wildly, <mask>'s parents ran onto the field as well.Braves announcer Milo Hamilton, calling the game on WSB radio, described the scene as <mask> broke the record:
 "<mask>, in the second inning walked and scored. He's sittin' on 714. Here's the pitch by Downing. Swinging. There's a drive into left-center field. That ball is gonna be-eee... Outta here! It's gone!It's 715! There's a new home run champion of all time, and it's <mask>! The fireworks are going. <mask> is coming around third. His teammates are at home plate. And listen to this crowd!" Meanwhile, Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully addressed the racial tension—or apparent lack thereof—in his call of the home run:
"What a marvelous moment for baseball; what a marvelous moment for Atlanta and the state of Georgia; what a marvelous moment for the country and the world.A black man is getting a standing ovation in the Deep South for breaking a record of an all-time baseball idol. And it is a great moment for all of us, and particularly for <mask>... And for the first time in a long time, that poker face in <mask> shows the tremendous strain and relief of what it must have been like to live with for the past several months." Return to Milwaukee
On October 2, 1974, <mask> hit his 733rd home run in his last at-bat as a Braves player. <mask> commented after the game that it was his last time as a player in Atlanta as his contract had expired. While he considered retirement, he said that he was willing to return to baseball for another year. He had also said that he would be interested in serving as a team's general manager, someone who would make

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title: Hank Aaron

texts: decisions and not a “house boy”. The Braves offered <mask> a position with the team when he retired, but the role would be more in public relations, rather than one where he could evaluate talent.At the end of the season, <mask>, who had a prior relationship with Brewers owner Bud Selig, requested a trade to Milwaukee. He was acquired by the Milwaukee Brewers for Dave May thirty-one days later on November 2. Minor league right-handed pitcher Roger Alexander was sent to the Braves to complete the transaction at the Winter Meetings one month later on December 2. The trade re-united <mask> with former teammate Del Crandall, who was now managing the Brewers. He signed a two-year contract with the Brewers for $240,000 per year. Playing in the American League would allow <mask> to serve as a designated hitter rather than play in the field. On May 1, 1975, <mask> broke baseball's all-time RBI record, previously held by Ruth with 2,213.That year, he also played in his last and 24th All-Star Game (25th All-Star Game selection); he lined out to Dave Concepción as a pinch-hitter in the second inning. This All-Star Game, like the first one he played in 1955, was before a home crowd at Milwaukee County Stadium. <mask> hit his 755th and final home run on July 20, 1976, at Milwaukee County Stadium off Dick Drago of the California Angels, which stood as the MLB career home run record until it was broken in 2007 by Barry Bonds. Over the course of his record-breaking 23-year career, <mask> had a batting average of .305 and 163 hits a season, while averaging just over 32 home runs and 99 RBIs a year. He had 100+ RBIs in a season 15 times, including


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 a record of 13 in a row. Post-playing career

After the 1976 season, <mask> rejoined the Braves as an executive. On August 1, 1982, he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame, having received votes on 97.8 percent of the ballots, second only to Ty Cobb, who had received votes on 98.2% of the ballot in the inaugural 1936 Hall of Fame election.<mask> was then named the Braves' vice president and director of player development. This made him one of the first minorities in Major League Baseball upper-level management. In December 1980, <mask> became senior vice president and assistant to the Braves' president. He was the corporate vice president of community relations for Turner Broadcasting System, a member of the company's board of directors, and the vice president of business development for The Airport Network. On January 21, 2007, Major League Baseball announced the sale of the Atlanta Braves. In that announcement, Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig also announced that <mask> would be playing a major role in the management of the Braves, forming programs through major league baseball that will encourage the influx of minorities into baseball. <mask> founded the Hank Aaron Rookie League program.<mask>'s autobiography, I Had a Hammer was published in 1990. The book's title is a play on his nickname, "The Hammer" or "Hammerin' <mask>", and the title of the folk song "If I Had a Hammer". <mask> owned Hank Aaron BMW of south Atlanta in Union City, Georgia, where he included an autographed baseball with every car sold. <mask> also owned Mini, Land Rover, Toyota, Hyundai, and Honda dealerships throughout Georgia, as part of the Hank

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 Aaron Automotive Group. <mask> sold all but the Toyota dealership in McDonough in 2007. Additionally, <mask> owned a chain of 30 restaurants around the country. Later life and death
During the 2006 season, San Francisco Giants slugger Barry Bonds passed Babe Ruth and moved into second place on the all-time home run list, attracting growing media coverage as he drew closer to <mask>'s record.Playing off the intense interest in their perceived rivalry, <mask> and Bonds made a television commercial that aired during Super Bowl XLI, shortly before the start of the 2007 baseball season, in which <mask> jokingly tried to persuade Bonds to retire before breaking the record. As Bonds began to close in on the record during the 2007 season, <mask> let it be known that, although he recognized Bonds' achievements, he would not be present when Bonds broke the record. There was considerable speculation that this was a snubbing of Bonds based on the widespread belief that Bonds had used performance-enhancing drugs and steroids to aid his achievement. However, some observers looked back on <mask>'s personal history, pointing out that he had downplayed his own breaking of Babe Ruth's all-time record and suggesting <mask> was simply treating Bonds in a similar fashion. In a later interview with Atlanta sportscasting personality Chris Dimino, <mask> made it clear his reluctance to attend any celebration of a new home run record was based upon his personal conviction that baseball is not about breaking records, but simply playing to the best of one's potential. After Bonds hit his record-breaking 756th home run on August 7, 2007, <mask> made a

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title: Hank Aaron

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 surprise appearance on the JumboTron video screen at AT&T Park in San Francisco to congratulate Bonds on his accomplishment:

On January 5, 2021, <mask> publicly received a COVID-19 vaccination with the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine  at the Morehouse School of Medicine at Atlanta, Georgia. He and several other African American public figures, including activist Joe Beasley, Andrew Young, and Louis Sullivan did so to demonstrate the safety of the vaccine and encourage other black Americans to do the same.<mask> died in his sleep in his Atlanta residence on January 22 at the age of 86. The manner of death was listed as natural causes. Anti-vaccine activists Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and Del Bigtree have suggested that <mask>'s death was caused by receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. However, medical officials did not believe the COVID-19 vaccine had any adverse effect on his health. An emailed statement to AFP Fact Check from Fulton County medical examiner Karen Sullivan said that "There was no information suggestive of an allergic or anaphylactic reaction to any substance which might be attributable to recent vaccine distribution." His funeral was held on January 27, followed by his burial at South-View Cemetery. Tributes
Upon <mask>'s death, the sports world expressed their condolences to him.Many current or former athletes and team owners such as MLB Commissioner Rob Manfred, Magic Johnson, David Ortiz, Dusty Baker, Eduardo Pérez, Mike Trout, and Baseball Hall of Fame chairman Jane Forbes Clark paid tribute to him. Fans paid tribute to <mask> by placing flowers in front of the home run wall where he hit his 715th home run at the former site

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 of Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium. Politicians also paid tribute to him. Atlanta mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms released the following statement on his death:

“Derek, our family and I join the nation in sending heartfelt condolences to Mrs. Billye <mask>, the beautiful wife of Henry “<mask>” <mask> for nearly 50 years, and the entire family. This is a considerable loss for the entire city of Atlanta. While the world knew him as ‘Hammering <mask>’ because of his incredible, record-setting baseball career, he was a cornerstone of our village, graciously and freely joining Mrs. <mask> in giving their presence and resources toward making our city a better place. As an adopted son of Atlanta, Mr. <mask> was part of the fabric that helped place Atlanta on the world stage.Our gratitude, thoughts and prayers are with the <mask> family.”

Georgia governor Brian Kemp ordered flags in the state to be lowered half-staff in honor of him. US President Joe Biden paid tribute to <mask> by releasing a statement calling him "an American hero". He also received tributes from former presidents Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama. The Atlanta Braves honored <mask> during the 2021 season by including his jersey number 44 on the back of the team caps along with Phil Niekro's jersey number, 35 (who died one month earlier in December 2020). They also painted his jersey number 44 in the midfield at Truist Park. At game 3 of the 2021 World Series in Truist Park, a pregame ceremony was held honoring <mask> where his son <mask> Jr. threw out a ceremonial first pitch. Personal life

<mask>'s first marriage was to Barbara Lucas in

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 1953.They had five children: Gary, Lary, Dorinda, Gaile, and <mask>. He divorced Barbara in 1971 and married Billye Suber Williams on November 13, 1973. With his second wife, he had one child, Ceci. Despite being publicly and professionally known as "<mask>," <mask> preferred to go by his given name, "Henry." Religion
<mask> was Catholic, having converted in 1959 with his family. He and his wife first became interested in the faith after the birth of their first child, whom they baptized immediately. A friendship with a Roman Catholic priest later helped lead to <mask> and his wife's conversion.<mask> was known to frequently read Thomas à Kempis' 15th-century book The Imitation of Christ, which he kept in his locker. In an interview in 1991, <mask> credited the priest, Fr. Michael Sablica, with helping him grow as a person in the 1950s. "He taught me what life was all about. But he was more than just a religious friend of mine, he was a friend because he talked as if he was not a priest sometimes." Active in the civil rights movement, the priest encouraged <mask> to be more publicly vocal about causes he believed in. Sablica also encouraged him to "attend Mass every Sunday" during Spring Training, to which he responded with the racist realities of the day: "[In Bradenton], they won't let me go to Mass."Sablica said in an interview that he wouldn't have blamed <mask> if he stopped practicing, and <mask> indeed attended Friendship Baptist Church toward the end of his life—noting in his autobiography that he didn't remain Catholic for very long after converting. Hobbies and health
<mask> was a long-time fan of the Cleveland Browns,

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 having attended many games in disguise in their "Dawg Pound" seating section. in 1986 <mask> made a guest appearance in ‘Just Another Fox in the Crowd’, episode 30 of Crazy Like a Fox. <mask> lived in the Atlanta area. In July 2013, media reported that his home was burglarized with jewelry and two BMW vehicles having been stolen. The cars were later recovered. <mask> suffered from arthritis and had a partial hip replacement after a fall in 2014.Awards and honors
In 1982, <mask> was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame during his first year of eligibility. <mask> was awarded the Spingarn Medal in 1976, from the NAACP. In 1977, <mask> received the American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award. In 1988, <mask> was inducted into the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame for his time spent on the Eau Claire Bears, Milwaukee Braves, and Milwaukee Brewers. In 1999, major league baseball created the Hank <mask> Award, to commemorate the 25th anniversary of <mask>'s surpassing of Babe Ruth's career home run mark of 714 home runs and to honor <mask>'s contributions to baseball. The award is given annually to the baseball hitters voted the most effective in each respective league. That same year, baseball fans named <mask> to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed <mask> on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans. When the city of Atlanta was converting Centennial Olympic Stadium into a new baseball stadium, many local residents hoped the stadium would be named for <mask>. When the stadium was instead named Turner Field (after Atlanta Braves owner Ted Turner), a section of Capitol Avenue

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title: Hank Aaron

texts: running past the stadium was renamed <mask> Drive. The stadium's street number is 755, after <mask>'s total number of home runs; the 755 street number was retained for Turner Field's replacement, Truist Park. In April 1997, a new baseball facility for the AA Mobile Bay Bears constructed in <mask>'s hometown of Mobile, Alabama was named Hank Aaron Stadium. Georgia State University acquired Turner Field and has since rebuilt it as Center Parc Stadium, in 2017, and university officials plan to build a new baseball park on the former Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium site, incorporating the left field wall where <mask> hit his record-breaking home run. He was honored before the third game of 2021 World Series.On February 5, 1999, at his 65th birthday celebration, Major League Baseball announced the introduction of the Hank <mask> Award. The award honors the best overall offensive performer in the American and National League. It was the first major award to be introduced in more than thirty years and had the distinction of being the first award named after a player who was still alive. Later that year, he ranked fifth on The Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. In June 2000 Tufts University awarded <mask> an honorary Doctor of Public Service. In July 2000 and again in July 2002, <mask> threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, played at Turner Field and Miller Park now named American Family Field, respectively. On January 8, 2001, <mask> was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Bill Clinton.He

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texts: received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, from President George W. Bush in June 2002. In 2001, a recreational trail in Milwaukee connecting American Family Field with Lake Michigan along the Menomonee River was dedicated as the "Hank Aaron State Trail". <mask> attended the dedication. <mask> was on the Board of Selectors of Jefferson Awards for Public Service. In 2002, <mask> was honored with the "Lombardi Award of Excellence" from the Vince Lombardi Cancer Foundation. The award was created to honor Vince Lombardi's legacy and is awarded annually to an individual who exemplifies the spirit of the coach. <mask> dedicated the new exhibit "Hank Aaron-Chasing the Dream" at the Baseball Hall of Fame on April 25, 2009.Statues of <mask> stand outside the front entrance of both Turner Field and American Family Field. There is also a statue of him as an 18-year-old shortstop outside Carson Park in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, where he played his first season in the Braves' minor league system. He was named a 2010 Georgia Trustee by the Georgia Historical Society, in conjunction with the Governor of Georgia, to recognize accomplishments and community service that reflect the ideals of the founding body of Trustees, which governed the Georgia colony from 1732 to 1752. In 2011, the President of Princeton University Shirley M. Tilghman awarded an honorary Doctor of Humanities degree to <mask>. In November 2015, <mask> was one of the five inaugural recipients of the Portrait of a Nation Prize, an award granted by the National Portrait Gallery in recognition of "exemplary achievements in the fields of civil


title: Hank Aaron

texts: rights, business, entertainment, science, and sports." In January 2016, <mask> received the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette from Akihito, the Emperor of Japan. On April 14, 2017, <mask> threw out the first pitch at SunTrust Park now called Truist Park at 83 years old.The Elite Development Invitational, a youth baseball tournament organized by the Major League Baseball and the MLB Players Association to increase diversity in the sport, was renamed the Hank Aaron Invitational for the 2019 season. Atlanta-area sports teams plan to honor <mask> during the 2021 seasons. The Arthur Blank-owned Atlanta Falcons and Atlanta United FC, along with Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets have plans during their 2021 seasons to reserve 44 for <mask>. It is expected the Gwinnett County professional teams, the AAA Gwinnett Stripers (2021 season) and AA Atlanta Gladiators (2021-22 season), will also be involved in temporarily retiring <mask>'s 44. (The NBA's Atlanta Hawks had previously retired No. 44 for Pete Maravich.) Also in Atlanta, the Forrest Hill Academy was renamed the Hank Aaron New Beginnings Academy in April 2021.The alternative high school had been named after Nathan Bedford Forrest, a general in the Confederate Army and the Ku Klux Klan's first Grand


title: Henri Spondanus

texts:
<mask> (de Sponde) (born at Mauléon, in the French Department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, January 6, 1568; died at Toulouse, May 18, 1643) was a French Catholic jurist, historian and continuator of the Annales Ecclesiastici compiled by Cardinal Baronius, and Bishop of Pamiers. He was a convert from Calvinism. Biography

<mask>'s father, Ennico (Iñigo), was a Councilor and Private Secretary of Queen Jeanne d'Albret of Navarre. <mask> was born at Mauléon in Bearn on 6 January 1568. His mother was Salvia de Hosia of Bayonne, daughter of Martin de Hosia of Pamplona. At his baptism into the Calvinist church at Pau, baby <mask>'s godfather was <mask>, the future King of Navarre and France. At the age of eight, he began his studies at the Calvinist college of Orthez.His elder brother Jean was studying in Geneva, and in 1584 published a Latin translation of Homer. At the same time <mask>, inspired by the Psalms began to write poetry. After studying humanities, and becoming proficient in Latin and Greek, he followed his father into the service of the royal house of Navarre. In 1589 he was jurist at the Parlement of Tours, and was named a Councilor of King <mask> of Navarre, King <mask> of France. <mask> accompanied the royal ambassador of <mask> Navarre, Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas, to England and Scotland in 1597, and, upon his return, took up the study of Civil and Canon Law. It was said that he could recite the entire Institutes of the Emperor Justinian from memory. Conversion
Persuaded by the writings of Robert Bellarmine and convinced by the instructions of Cardinal Jacques Davy Duperron, who had also instructed <mask> IV, Sponde became a Catholic, officially converted by Fr.Louis Godebert, the Penitentiary

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 of Notre Dame de Paris, on 21 August 1595. His father had already converted to Catholicism from Calvinism in 1593. In 1600 <mask> was a member of the suite of Cardinal François de Sourdis who was sent to Rome as French ambassador and pilgrim in observance of the Holy Year of 1600. At Florence in December, Cardinal Duperron had the opportunity to recommend Sponde to the Cardinal Legate, Pietro Aldobrandini, the Pope's nephew, who was working to arrange a peace between <mask> of France and Charles Emmanuel of Savoy in the matter of the Marquesate of Saluzzo. In Rome he became the Assessor of Cardinal Cesare Baronius, the Vatican Librarian from 1597 to 1607. He was ordained priest in Rome at the Basilica of San Marco on 7 March 1606, by Claudio Sozomen, Bishop of Pola. After his immediate return to France, he received a letter from Cardinal Baronius, dated 31 August 1606, granting him permission to publish his epitome of the Annales Ecclesiastici.He was soon back in Rome, however, assisting Cardinal Baronius in seeing what turned out to be his last volume through the press. Baronius died on 30 June 1607, and Sponde undertook to continue the work on the Annales, which had only reached the twelfth century. Service in Rome
Pope Paul V then appointed him Corrector supplicationum in the office of the Apostolic Penitentiary. Frizon states that the appointment came after the appointment of Cardinal Scipione Caffarelli-Borghese as Major Penitentiary in 1610. Sponde was also named Rector of the French Church in Rome, San Luigi dei Francesi. As Rector, he was concerned at the apparent laxness and inattention on the part of the Chaplains appointed to the Church, and he attempted to apply a remedy. He suggested to the

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title: Henri Spondanus

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 the death. On 26 May 1628, Pope Urban VIII wrote him a letter congratulating him on his return to his diocese after having been driven out by the Huguenots. In 1634 he was given his nephew, Jean de Sponde, to be his Coadjutor Bishop, with the expectation of succeeding his uncle. On 31 October 1634 Bishop <mask> wrote his Last Will and Testament.In 1638 he obtained an order in council of Louis XIII, granting him 60,000 livres over a period of ten years for the reconstruction of the cathedral and the bishop's residence. Owing to ill-health, he attempted to resign his diocese in 1639, and retired to Paris; the resignation, however, was not accepted. Jean succeeded to the bishopric in 1641, and <mask> left Paris and retired to Toulouse, but Jean died on 31 March 1643. Bishop <mask> Sponde died in Toulouse on 18 May 1643. He was buried in the Cathedral of Saint-Étienne. Works
His writings are:

 Annales ecclesiastici Cæsaris Baronii in Epitomen redacti (Paris, 1612)
 Annales sacri a mundi creatione ad ejusdem redemptionem (Paris, 1637), an epitome of the "Annals" of Agostino Tornielli
 Annalium Baronii continuatio ab a. 1197 quo is desinit ad a.1622 (Paris, 1639). References

Sources
 Frizon, Pierre, <mask> Spondani in:

 Ott, Michael (1912). "<mask>ndanus". In: The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 2017-11-22. [an inept condensation of Frizon]
  [an epitome of Frizon]

  [= Histoire des évêques de Pamiers, 4]

External links

Acknowledgment

1568 births
1643 deaths
People from Navarre
People from Soule
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Calvinism
French jurists
French historians
Bishops of Pamiers
French male non-fiction writers
16th-century jurists
17th-century

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title: Robert Simpson (composer)

texts:
<mask> (2 March 1921 – 21 November 1997) was an English composer, as well as a long-serving BBC producer and broadcaster. He is best known for his orchestral and chamber music (particularly those in the key classical forms: 11 symphonies and 15 string quartets), and for his writings on the music of Beethoven, Bruckner, Nielsen and Sibelius. He studied composition under Herbert Howells. Remarkably for a living contemporary composer, a Robert Simpson Society was formed in 1980 by individuals concerned that <mask>'s music had been unfairly neglected. The society aims to bring <mask>'s music to a wider public by sponsoring recordings and live performances of his work, by issuing a journal and other publications, and by maintaining an archive of material relating to the composer. In 2021, he was featured as Composer of the Week on BBC Radio 3. Biography
<mask> was born in Leamington, Warwickshire.His father, <mask> <mask>, was a descendant of Sir James Young <mask>, the Scottish pioneer of anaesthetics; his mother, Helena Hendrika Govaars, was the daughter of Gerrit Govaars, founder of the , the Dutch arm of the Salvation Army. <mask> studied at Westminster School. He was intended for a medical career and studied in London for two years before his determination to be a musician gained the upper hand. A conscientious objector in World War II, he served with an ARP mobile surgical unit during the London Blitz, while taking lessons from Herbert Howells. Howells persuaded him to take the Durham University Bachelor of

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title: Robert Simpson (composer)

texts: Music degree, and in 1952 he gained the further degree of Doctor of Music from that university, the submitted work being his First Symphony. After the war <mask> lectured extensively and founded the Exploratory Concerts Society; in 1951 he joined the music staff of the BBC and became one of its best-known and most respected music producers, remaining with the corporation for nearly three decades. <mask> was a great champion of Havergal Brian's music, and under the BBC's auspices he produced many broadcasts featuring Brian's works.These included the mammoth "Gothic" Symphony in 1966 under Sir Adrian Boult, and in 1973 the 28th Symphony under Leopold Stokowski who, at the age of 91, was premiering a work written by a 91-year-old composer. In the latter part of his career as a BBC producer <mask> frequently clashed with the management of the organisation. In the 1970s he was one of those – Hans Keller and Deryck Cooke were others – who started the (unsuccessful) revolt against the report Broadcasting in the Seventies and its plan for "generic broadcasting" (i.e. separate networks for pop, classical and speech). A decade later <mask> was energetic in his opposition to a cost-cutting reorganisation that ultimately proposed the decommissioning of five of the eleven BBC orchestras. During the ensuing musicians' strike (which caused the cancellation of the first several weeks of the 1980 BBC Promenade Concerts) <mask> chose to disregard BBC staff regulations and discuss the matter with a national newspaper; he then

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texts: resigned from the corporation, publicly alleging a "degeneration of traditional BBC values in the scramble for ratings". (Hans Keller later described these criticisms as "demonstrable fact".)Had <mask> remained silent for a few more months he would have been able to retire with a full pension, but his feeling was that such a course would have compromised his principles. Abominating the ethos of Thatcherite Britain, in 1986 he moved to the Republic of Ireland, settling on Tralee Bay in Kerry. In 1991, he suffered a severe stroke during an English lecture tour, which caused damage to the thalamus and left him in debilitating pain for the remaining six years of his life. He died in Tralee in 1997, aged 76. <mask> married Bessie Fraser in 1946; she died in 1981, and the following year he married Angela Musgrave, a fellow BBC employee and relative of composer Thea Musgrave. His other great passions, outside music, were astronomy (he was a member of the British Astronomical Association and – unusually for an amateur – was made a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society) and pacifism, specifically addressed in the title of his Tenth String Quartet, For Peace. He was awarded many honours, including the Carl Nielsen Gold Medal, 1956 (for his book Carl Nielsen, Symphonist, published in 1952), and the Medal of Honor of the Bruckner Society of America, 1962.He refused appointment as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1980. In his letter of rejection, he wrote: "While I am most appreciative of the intended

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 honour, it could not properly be accepted by a determined republican in whom memory of the British Empire arouses no nostalgia." Politically, he was a lifelong socialist. Music

Dedicated as he was to renewing the classical tradition of a dynamic musical architecture built on the gravitational power of tonality, <mask> wrote very few small or occasional works and concentrated on large-scale genres. He wrote 11 symphonies as well as concertos for violin, piano, flute and cello. (The Violin Concerto was subsequently withdrawn.) His extensive output of chamber music comprised 15 string quartets, two string quintets, a clarinet quintet, piano trio, clarinet trio, horn trio, violin sonata and a number of non-standard chamber ensemble works as well as works for piano, a sonata for two pianos, and a major organ work entitled  (after the famous remark attributed to Galileo).He tended to avoid vocal music but his output includes two motets. Variation form was important to him, and in addition to variation-movements on his own themes he composed orchestral variations on themes of Nielsen and Johann Sebastian Bach, as well as a set of piano variations on a palindromic theme by Haydn to which he returned in his large-scale String Quartet No. 9, which is a series of 32 variations and a fugue on the same Haydn theme. String Quartets Nos. 4–6 can be regarded as variations upon the compositional processes, rather than the themes, of Beethoven's three Rasumovsky Quartets, Op. 59. Two significant features of <mask>'s oeuvre are


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 his ability to write long works entirely based on a single basic pulse, with faster or slower tempi being suggested by smaller or larger note-values, and the establishment of a dynamic tension between competing tonalities or intervals.Symphonies
"People who write symphonies do it because they feel able to: a lot of those who don't tell everyone else the symphony is dead ... The trouble is that the symphony as an abstraction does not exist: there may be exhausted symphonies and exhausted composers, but the response to a challenge to one's capacity for large-scale organisation and development – that can be exhausted only in individuals." <mask> is said to have written and destroyed four symphonies (one of which even used serial procedures) before his first published symphony. The official, published symphonies include the following:
 Symphony No. 1 (1951), doctorate thesis for the University of Durham
 Symphony No. 2 (1955–1956), dedicated to Anthony Bernard
 Symphony No. 3 (1962), dedicated to Havergal Brian
 Symphony No.4 (1970–1972), commissioned by the Hallé Orchestra
 Symphony No. 5 (1972), dedicated to the London Symphony Orchestra
 Symphony No. 6 (1977), dedicated to the renowned gynaecologist Ian Craft
 Symphony No. 7 (1977), dedicated to Hans Keller and his wife, the artist Milein Cosman
 Symphony No. 8 (1981), dedicated to the painter Anthony Dorrell
 Symphony No. 9 (1985–1987), dedicated to his wife, Angela
 Symphony No. 10 (1988), dedicated to Vernon Handley
 Symphony No.11 (1990), dedicated to


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 Matthew Taylor

From 1987 to 1996 Vernon Handley recorded all but one of the symphonies for Hyperion Records, with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (in 1, 3, 5 and 8), the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra (2, 4 and 9) and the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra (6, 7 and 10). The cycle was completed in 2003 when No. 11 was recorded by its dedicatee, Matthew Taylor, conducting the City of London Sinfonia. Concertos
 Violin Concerto (1959) A work of some forty minutes, dedicated to the violinist Ernest Element, withdrawn by the composer late in his life. <mask> had considered revising the work, and Matthew Taylor has reworked the composition to fulfil <mask>'s original intentions. Piano Concerto (1967) A one-movement twenty-minute work, falling into several sections and written for the pianist John Ogdon. The concerto is one of his most big-hearted and instantly accessible scores.Flute Concerto (1989) A one movement work of twenty-five minutes duration, commissioned by and dedicated to the flautist Susan Milan. The work embraces a calmness in the manner of Symphony No. 11. Cello Concerto (1991) A one-movement variation-form work of twenty-three minutes duration, commissioned by and dedicated to the cellist Raphael Wallfisch. The work begins vigorously and ends in an atmosphere of contemplative mystery. Quartets
<mask> composed 15 numbered string quartets; a quartet preceding this sequence was written as part of his course at Durham University and still exists there. He regarded Quartets Nos.1–3 as forming a

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texts: natural sequence, and Nos. 4–6 are a clearly distinct group related to three Beethoven quartets, though they can all be performed as entirely independent compositions. The second movement of No. 8 has the label Eretmapodites gilletti, and the quartet is dedicated to two people including the discoverer of the mosquito with that scientific name; the ninth quartet, from 1982, is a one-movement (but subdivided, with slow and scherzando sections) palindromic 32 Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Haydn; Number 10 is entitled "For Peace". (See the article by Malcolm MacDonald in the External Links.) In programme notes for a recital consisting of quartets nos. 1–3 at the Arts Council of Great Britain building in London SW1 on 11 February 1955, <mask> wrote that "although they were not consciously designed as a group, they nevertheless seem to fall into a natural sequence".In construction and tonality there are elements of an overall symmetry encompassing the three works. String Quartet No. 1 (1951–52) is in two movements, quick and slow; the second movement is a set of variations on a palindromic theme stated by the viola. There is a power-struggle by the opposed tonal centres of E flat and A: E flat is the focus of the first movement and beats off the challenge of A, the second movement theme starts and ends in E flat with a central climax in A; the variations work round to A major, in which key the work ends. The quartet is dedicated to George Enescu. String Quartet No. 2 (1953) is the shortest of all <mask>'s


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 quartets, playing for about 15 minutes.It is cast in a single movement and a single metronome mark, within which three themes (and three tempi) contest for dominance. String Quartet No. 3 (1953–54) is in two movements, slow and quick: an Adagio in C major and a pulsing Allegro deciso that works round to an affirmative E major. (<mask> made a transcription of this movement as an independent piece for full string orchestra.) <mask> stated that String Quartets Nos. 4–6, which are on a much larger scale than Nos. 1–3, constituted "a close study of Beethoven's three Rasumovsky quartets, Op.59; that is to say, the attempt to understand those great works resulted in, not a verbal analysis, but music". The three <mask> quartets offer, in his own idiom, "musical analogies" to the procedures of Beethoven's three quartets, but they can be performed without reference to the Beethoven and indeed without reference to each other. String Quartet No. 4 (1973)
 is dedicated to Basil Lam. The four movements – an Allegro, a Presto scherzo, an Andante sosteunto slow movement joining on without a break to an Assai vivace finale – correspond to the layout of Beethoven's op.59 no.1. String Quartet No. 5 (1974)
 is dedicated to Angela Musgrave, who became the composer's second wife.The four movements – an Allegro molto with a written-out literal repeat of the exposition, an Adagio, sempre semplice, an Allegretto vivace and a whirlwind Prestissimo finale – correspond to the layout of Beethoven's Op. 59, No. 2. String Quartet No. 6


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 (1975)
 is dedicated to the film-maker Barrie Gavin and his wife Jamila. Of the four movements, the first begins with an Adagio introduction exploring an enigmatic harmony, prefacing a large-scale Vivacissimo; the second is an intermezzo-like Con moto; grazioso ed intensivo, the third a complex Canon marked Molto tranquillo with an Allegretto grazioso middle section, and the finale is marked Molto rapido – these correspond to the layout of Beethoven's op.59 no.3, which begins with a slow introduction exploring a particular harmony and includes an archaic form (a Minuet) as its third movement. Quartets Nos.7 and 8 both explore the possibilities of the perfect fifth in shaping their themes, harmonies and tonalities. String Quartet No. 7 (1977)
 is dedicated to the organist Susi Jeans and written in celebration of the birth-centenary of her husband, the astronomer Sir James Jeans. The work is in a single movement and makes much use of the open strings of the instruments, whose tuning <mask> likened to the forces of gravitation. This leads the work to revolve around the circle of fifths. The slow opening Tranquillo and closing Tempo primo enclose a fast section, Vivace, intended to represent the pulsing energy of the universe. String Quartet No.8 (1979)
 is dedicated to the biologist and entomologist J.D. Gillett and his wife. There are four movements, the tonality of each being a fifth higher than that of its predecessor. The first is a large-scale fugue, Grave, molto intensivo, the second is a brief scherzo


title: Robert Simpson (composer)

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 (Molto vivace), 'suggesting the formidable delicacy' of the mosquito Eretmapodites Gilletti. The third is an intermezzo, Allegretto grazioso, played with mutes. The finale is a strenuous Risoluto e concentrato to balance the first movement. String Quartet No.9 (1982)
 is subtitled 32 Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Haydn and was dedicated to the Delmé Quartet, who commissioned it, on their 20th anniversary, which was also the 250th anniversary of the birth of Haydn. At about 57 minutes' duration, it is one of the longest continuous movements for string quartet ever written. The theme is the palindromic minuet which Haydn used in his Symphony No. 47 and Piano Sonata No.26. <mask> had already composed a set of piano variations on this minuet in 1948, and three of those variations are transcribed as variations I-III of the quartet. The 32 quartet variations take <mask>'s fascination with formal symmetry to a new extreme, though they are grouped to correspond to first movement, scherzo and slow movement. The free-form fugue forms the finale, gaining energy and speed as it proceeds.String Quartet No. 10 (1983)
 bears the title For Peace and was composed for the tenth anniversary of the Coull Quartet. <mask> said that the title "refers to its generally pacific character ... The music ... tries to define the condition of peace. This excludes aggression but not strong feeling." The three movements are a serene Allegretto, a very short Prestissimo scherzo and a concluding Molto adagio, longer than the other two


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 movements combined, which climaxes in a fugue and ends in a peaceful epilogue. String Quartet No.11 (1984)
 was also written for the Coull Quartet and shares some material with No. 10, but is much more turbulent and intense in character: <mask> said he was conscious of the influence of Beethoven's F minor Quartet, Op.95 in this work. Quartet No. 11 is in a single large movement and is concerned with salient intervals including the tritone and the major third. An opening Allegro molto is followed by a polyphonic Adagio, a large-scale Scherzo (Presto) and a concluding Molto adagio played pianissimo throughout. String Quartet No. 12 (1987)
 was commissioned for the 1988 Nottingham Festival.This work is in two large movements, a meditative and polyphonic Adagio and a Molto vivace combining the characters of scherzo and finale. String Quartet No. 13 (1989)
 was commissioned for the 1990 Cardiff Festival and was premiered there by the Delmé Quartet. It is dedicated to the BBC producer Graham Melville-Mason and his wife Alex. This is the shortest of <mask>'s later quartets (only No. 2 is shorter) and is in four concise movements, played without any break, in a fast-slow-fast-slow pattern. String Quartet No.14 (1990)
 is a large-scale work in the traditional four movements. The slow movement has been particularly praised for its meditative beauty. String Quartet No. 15 (1991)
  is a shorter work in one movement with three contrasting sections, an Adagio introduction and an Allegretto finale framing a large central


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 scherzo, marked Severo. The character of this quartet is turbulent and granitic, rather in the manner of String Quartet No. 11. Other chamber music
 Clarinet Quintet (1968)
 This is a large-scale work in five movements forming an arch shape – a central scherzo of some 800 bars is framed by two slow movements, which themselves are framed by two outer fast movements.The arch shape is completed by a slow introduction and a slow coda. The entire basis of the material for the work is outlined in the opening introduction, with the main theme having some sort of parallel with Beethoven's C sharp minor quartet. It is one of <mask>'s more subtle and enigmatic scores, with an epilogue of almost naive, diatonic fluidity and rising scales. Violin Sonata (1984)
 This is a two movement structure, the first movement a vigorous Allegro, and the second combining the characters of a slow movement, scherzo and finale. Throughout there is a conflict between G major and G minor – particularly guided by the intervals of a major third and a minor third, which are often combined and pushed against each other to create strange resonances – for example G to B flat in the low register of the piano, and B natural to D in the upper register. String Trio (1987)
 A three movement work. An opening Prelude (Presto) and a concluding Fugue (Volante) are separated by a central Adagio.It is dedicated to Jillian White of BBC Bristol. String Quintet No. 1 (1987)
 A long one-movement work alternating slow and fast sections. It contains some of the


title: Robert Simpson (composer)

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 most peaceful music the composer ever wrote. String Quintet No. 2 (1995)
 This was <mask>'s final work. Most of it was completed in 1991, before <mask> was paralysed with a stroke that left him in permanent pain, but the final coda was dictated to his wife several years later.It is one of <mask>'s most severe and dark scores, its structure is built on a minimal amount of material and there is an alternation between two tempo types – an austere, lyrical moderato and a knotty allegro. The slow, final coda is one of the darkest endings in all string chamber music literature. Compositions for brass band
 Energy (1971), Test Piece, Brass Band World Championships
 Volcano (1979), Test Piece, National Brass Band Championships of Britain
 The Four Temperaments, Suite for Brass Band (1983). The composer also re-orchestrated this work for orchestral brass. Introduction and Allegro on a Bass of Max Reger (1987)
 Vortex (1989)

Compositions for keyboard instruments
 Piano Sonata (1946)
 Variations and Finale on a Theme of Haydn for solo piano (1948)
 Michael Tippett, His Mystery for solo piano (1984)
 Eppur si muove, Ricercar and Passacaglia for organ (1985)
 Variations and Finale on a Theme by Beethoven for solo piano (1990)
 Sonata for Two Pianos (1980 rev. 1990)

Books and articles
As a writer on music (he would have disavowed the title 'musicologist'), <mask> was guided by his deep admiration for Tovey's ability to discuss a composer's sophisticated treatment of forms and keys in a manner that was accurate and

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 incisive without ever alienating the non-specialist reader. His earliest published writings were as a reviewer and critic; but before long his focus had shifted towards being an advocate for widely unappreciated or misunderstood composers like Anton Bruckner, Carl Nielsen and Jean Sibelius, as well as to the analysis of better-known figures (such as Beethoven) whenever he felt able to illuminate their work from a composer's perspective.His writings can usefully be divided into five categories: (i) books written by <mask>; (ii) books edited by <mask>; (iii) contributions to other books and collections; (iv) posthumous collections of articles; (v) individual articles, programme- and sleeve-notes, etc. Authored by <mask>
 Carl Nielsen: Symphonist (1952, rev. 1979). Bruckner and the Symphony (1963). Sibelius and Nielsen: a Centenary Essay (1965). The Essence of Bruckner: An Essay Towards the Understanding of his Music (1966; revised edition, 1992). Beethoven Symphonies (1970).The Proms and Natural Justice: A Plan for Renewal (with foreword by Sir Adrian Boult; 1980). <mask> on Beethoven: Essays, Lectures and Talks by R<mask>, Selected and Edited by Lionel Pike (1996)

Edited by <mask>
 The Symphony (2 Vols; Ed. R. <mask>; 1966). Besides writing the 'Introduction' to the first volume and the preludial essay 'Stravinsky, Hindemith and Others' of the second, <mask> added several pithy editorial footnotes to the chapters of his contributors. In addition, he wrote the essay on Rachmaninoff found in Volume 2. The

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title: Robert Simpson (composer)

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 chapters on Mendelssohn, Schumann, Brahms, and Dvořák were written by composer and conductor Julius Harrison, and the two-volume work is dedicated to Harrison's name. Contributions
 'Ianus Germinus: Music in Scandinavia' (1960), in Twentieth Century Music – an International Symposium of Essays on Current Trends in Music, Ed.R. Meyers. (1960; reissued 1968). Foreword to: Beethoven, Sibelius and the 'Profound Logic': Studies in Symphonic Analysis", by Lionel Pike (1978). 'Beethoven Concertos', in A Guide to the Concerto, Ed. <mask> (1988)
 'Carl Nielsen Now: A Personal View', in The Nielsen Companion, Ed. Mina F. Miller (1995). Foreword to: Experiencing Music (Musicians on Music, No.5), by Vagn Holmboe, Ed. and Trans. Paul Rapoport (1991). Various pieces
 'The Seventh Symphony of Bruckner: An Analysis' Music Review (1947): 178–187. 'More Reflections (After Composition)', Tempo No 144 (1983). Programme note for British premiere of original 1873 edition of Bruckner's Symphony No 3, Royal Philharmonic Society (9 December 1987). Program Notes for the Vanbrugh Quartet's Beethoven String Quartet cycle (19??).Sleeve notes for the Delme Quartet's recording of Bach's 'Die Kunst der Fuge' arr. R<mask> (19??). 'Fiftieth Birthday Essays': A Tribute to <mask>, with articles by Jascha Horenstein, <mask>, Hans Keller, Hugh Ottoway, Peter Dobson and Ainslee Cox. Edited by Edward Johnson for Triad Press (1971). Work as record producer
<mask> was also the producer for the first commercially available recordings of Havergal

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 Brian’s music. Symphonies Nos. 10 and 21, conducted by James Loughran and Eric Pinkett respectively, were recorded at the De Montfort Hall, Leicester in 1972.The music was performed by the Leicestershire Schools Symphony Orchestra and the LP was released by Unicorn Records to great critical acclaim in 1973. A special edition of the television programme Aquarius called The Unknown Warrior gave considerable coverage to the recording session and a camera crew also joined <mask> and members of the orchestra during a visit they made to the composer's home in Shoreham (see video links below). Following the success of the Unicorn issue, a second Brian album, also produced by <mask>, was recorded by the LSSO in 1974 at Hove Town Hall and Leicester De Montfort Hall with the conducting being shared by László Heltay and Eric Pinkett. This CBS release included the 22nd Symphony, Brian's setting of the 23rd Psalm (which clearly belongs to the mainstream British choral tradition of Vaughan Williams and Parry) and the English Suite Rustic Scenes which contains some highly original music. Writings

References

Further reading

External links
 Robert Simpson Society discography, bibliography and biographical information with a members' forum
 Article about <mask> by Malcolm MacDonald
 <mask> interview, 5 January 1991

1921 births
1997 deaths
Alumni of Durham University
English conscientious objectors
English classical composers
English musicologists
English pacifists
People from Leamington Spa
People educated at Westminster

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title: Mehdi Hashemi

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<mask> (1944 – 28 September 1987) was an Iranian Shi'a cleric who was defrocked by the Special Clerical Court. After the 1979 Iranian Revolution, he became a senior official in the Islamic Revolutionary Guards; he was executed by the Islamic Republic in its first decade. Officially he was guilty of sedition, murder, and related charges, but others suspect his true crime was opposition to the regime's secret dealings with the United States (see Iran–Contra affair). Background
<mask> was born in Qahderijan, near Isfahan, in 1944 to a well-established clerical family. <mask> was the brother of <mask>, Ayatollah Montazeri's son-in-law. In addition, he was the close confidant of Ayatollah Montazeri's son, Mohammad. <mask>avi dynasty in 1977 when SAVAK arrested him for the vigilante murder of "prostitutes, homosexuals, and drug traffickers".He was also accused of murdering a conservative cleric who had publicly insulted cleric khomeini, the Grand Ayatollah. During this time he was supported by opponents of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as an innocent victim framed by SAVAK, in an attempt "to tarnish the reputation of the clerical establishment." Upon his release from prison by the successor security agency SAVAMA, following the 1979 Iranian Revolution, <mask> was celebrated as a "religious hero." He remained associated with Ayatollah Montazeri, and after the Ayatollah's son and his friend, Mohammad, died in the bombing of the Islamic Republican Party headquarters in 1981, <mask> <mask> took control of Montazeri's armed followers. He followed Montazeri's interpretations of the Islamic revolution and its implementation during increasingly fractious and competing understandings within the ruling elite, which sought to circumscribe Montazeri's influence in Lebanon, and tighten the Iranian government's grip on its Lebanese Shi'a clients. This led to factional conflicts, as different Iranian factions promoted Hezbollah or Amal, another Shi'a group associated with the

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 Lebanese government. According to several sources, he came to head the liberation movements unit in the Islamic Revolutionary Guards, dealing with other minority Shi'a communities, including Lebanon's Hezbollah, then fighting the Israeli invasion, and Afghan mujahideen units, then fighting the Soviet–Afghan War.Some sources say <mask> ran an organization out of Montazeri's office which sought to export the Islamic revolution to other Shi'a areas; other sources say he was in charge of the "Bureau of Assistance to the Islamic Movements in the World", which was tasked with spreading the Islamic Revolution throughout the Middle East. Opposition to arms dealing with the US
<mask> opposed the Iranian government's efforts to obtain scarce weapons and spares for the Iran–Iraq War from the United States and Israel, and provide assistance to the Reagan Administration in releasing US citizens held hostage by Hezbollah in Lebanon. He leaked news of the dealings to the Lebanese news magazine Ash-Shiraa. The appearance of the story in the magazine's 3 November 1986 issue triggered a scandal in both Iran and the United States, as American government policy forbade selling weapons to Iran, and in Iran, America was condemned as "the Great Satan" and Israel as the "Little Satan". The dealings were known in the Western world initially as the "Irangate" "arms for hostages" scandal, or with the later diversion of funds, as the Iran-Contra Affair. Arrest
After <mask>'s followers kidnapped a Syrian official in Tehran in October 1986, and shortly before the public exposure of the Irangate scandal, the Iranian government announced <mask> had been arrested for treason along with 40 associates including his brother Hadi <mask>. He was stripped of his Hujjat al-islam title.His prosecution was handled by the Mohammad Reyshahri, the former judge of the military tribunals who had recently been appointed minister of intelligence. According to Reysharhri's Political Memoirs, Hashemi

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title: Mehdi Hashemi

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 had powerful patrons, and after a month-long investigation, all the interrogators "had obtained was a taped interview in which the wise guy [<mask> Hashemi] had cleverly planted deviant ideas." However many more months of "thorough" interrogation of Hashemi including the application of 75 lashes for lying, and confrontation with "damaging confessions" from his 40 accomplices including his brother, produced more. After eight months and three different taped interviews Hashemi produced a taped confession aired on national television and headlined in newspapers as "I am Manifest Proof of Deviation." In it he confessed to "storing weapons, forging documents, criticizing the government, and sowing dissension among seminary students" and the revolutionary guards. Answering his own question of why he had done these things he explained that "carnal instincts" (nafsaniyat) had enticed him into "illicit relations" (ravabat) with SAVAK and Satan. In regards to his work in Montazeri's bureau of assistance to the Islamic movements, in the world he said:
I now realize that despicable sinners like myself had no business inside the heir-designate's office.I thank God that I have been removed from that office. and pleaded with those who shared his "deviant ideas to return to the correct path..."

Khomeini revived the Special Clerical Court in 1987, particularly to try Hashemi. In August 1987, after the confession was made public, Hashemi was tried by a Special Clerical Court on charges of "sowing corruption on earth, inciting fitna, succumbing to Satan, and desecrating the martyrs of the Islamic Revolution." Specifically, according to Reyshahri, that meant raiding and abetting the Mojahedin having an ongoing relationship with SAVAK, smuggling opium from Afghanistan and eliminating one of Montazeri's rivals by "inducing the spread of cancer through his body." At the same time, Reyshahri took the opportunity to deny the "insidious notion" that Hashemi was being punished


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 because of his opposition to the McFarlane visit: "Those spreading this false rumor are helping the Black House [the White House]." Evidence that Hashemi was tortured to confess comes from an unsympathetic source. An anonymous Iranian author of a prison memoir described how all political prisoners in Iran at that time were under intense pressure to denounce their former political beliefs and comrades and as a result, they often "carefully scrutinized" the numerous video confessions of other prisoners prison officials played for the prisoners "to figure out which speakers had capitulated without much resistance and which had resisted to their utmost."Though mortal ideological enemies of Hashemi, when the author and her fellow leftists saw Hashemi on video, they "spontaneously said to themselves, 'He must have suffered unbearable tortures.'" Execution
<mask> was executed in Tehran in September 1987 before his verdict was announced. This was reportedly done to preclude the intervention on <mask>'s behalf by Montazeri, according to prosecutor Reyshahri. The execution was a blow to Ayatollah Montazeri, who had pleaded with Ayatollah Khomeini on Hashemi's behalf saying he had "known him inside out since our childhood. He is a devout Muslim, a militant revolutionary, and a great admirer of the Imam." On another note, one of Hashemi's few dozen co-defendants, Omid Najafabadi, who was a Revolutionary Court judge and the religious jurisprudent, or Hakem-e-Shaar, of Esfahan, was also executed; the others were all pardoned or given light sentences. References

External links
 video of trial after torture
 video of trial after torture
 video of trial after torture
 videos of trial after torture

20th-century executions by Iran
20th-century Iranian politicians
1944 births
1987 deaths
Executed Iranian people
Executed politicians
Iranian Shia Muslims
Iran–Contra affair
Islamic Republican Party politicians
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps officers
People from

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texts:
<mask> (13 June 1911 – 12 May 1960), known as <mask>, was a Pakistani diplomat. He was the son of the <mask>, and the father of <mask> IV. A socialite, racehorse owner and jockey, he was the third husband of actress Rita Hayworth. After being passed over for succession as <mask>, he served as the Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations from 1958 to 1960, where he became a vice president of the General Assembly. His first name was typically spelled "<mask>" in the press. The titles of prince and princess, which are claimed by children of the <mask> by virtue of their descent from the Qajar king Fath Ali Shah of the Persian Qajar dynasty, were recognized as courtesy titles by the British government in 1938. Birth and education

<mask> was born in Turin, Italy, the younger son and only surviving child of the <mask> and Cleope Teresa "Ginetta" Magliano.His father was born in Karachi, British India (now in modern-day Pakistan). His mother was Italian. His paternal grandfather was born in Iran. He had two brothers: Prince Giuseppe Mahdi Aga <mask> (who died in 1911) and, by his father's third marriage, Sadruddin Aga <mask>. <mask> <mask> was educated by private tutors in India and France during his childhood. He later trained in England as a lawyer. Military service and honours
In 1939, Prince <mask> Aga <mask> joined the French Foreign Legion and served with its cavalry division in Egypt and the Middle East.In 1940, he joined the Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry, becoming a lieutenant colonel in 1944. That same year, he participated in the Allied landing in the south of France with the United States Seventh Army, serving as a liaison officer with the rank of captain; for this, he was made an officer in the Legion of Honour in 1950. He also was awarded the Croix de Guerre and the United States Bronze Star Medal. <mask> <mask>

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 was installed as the 1st Colonel of the Regiment of the newly raised 4 Cavalry Regiment (1 November 1956), Pakistani Army in a military ceremony during 1957 and he retained this honor until his death. Ambassador of Pakistan to the United Nations
In November 1957 <mask> <mask> met President Iskander Mirza of Pakistan and was offered a post as the country's Ambassador to the United Nations. The formal announcement of the appointment was made on 6 February 1958. As a member of the United Nations Political and Security Committee representing Pakistan, <mask> <mask>'s brief U.N. posting was viewed with surprise by many observers, some of whom considered him "the Asian-African answer to Irene Dunne", an American movie star not known for her political skills, Dunne had recently been designated a member of the United States delegation at General Assembly, largely in recognition of her Republican fundraising efforts.He was elected as vice president of the United Nations General Assembly on 17 September 1958 and also served as chairman of the U.N.'s Peace Observation Committee. Personal life
Prince <mask> <mask> was famously a man-about-town in his youth. "I had been involved with several women", he gamely told a reporter when asked about his life. His list of affairs included high-profile lovers such as the British debutante Margaret Whigham, later Duchess of Argyll, and Thelma, Viscountess Furness, an American who was simultaneously involved with the Prince of Wales. Of his first wife, he remarked, "I was tired of trouble. Joan was a sane and solid girl, and I thought if I married her, I would stay out of trouble." First marriage
<mask> <mask> was named co-respondent in the Guinness v Guinness and <mask> divorce suit between Loel Guinness and his wife Joan Barbara Guinness.Joan Barbara Guinness (née Yarde-Buller, 1908–1997) was the

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 daughter of John Reginald Lopes Yarde-Buller, 3rd Baron Churston and the wife of Group Capt. Thomas Loel Guinness, a member of Parliament and a member of the family which built the vast Guinness breweries conglomerate. In 1935, Thomas Loel Guinness filed a suit for divorce against his wife, naming <mask> <mask> as the “third party” and citing as evidence the fact that his wife and <mask> <mask> had occupied a hotel room together from 17 May until 20 May 1935, and that his wife had told him that she "had formed an attachment for (<mask> <mask>) and desired her husband to divorce her". The case was uncontested, and <mask> <mask> was ordered to pay all costs. <mask> <mask> and Joan Barbara Guinness were married in Paris on 18 May 1936, a few days after Joan Guinness's divorce became absolute. Before the wedding, the bride converted to Islam and took the name Taj-ud-dawlah or "crown of the realm". The couple's first child, Prince Karim, was born in Geneva seven months later, on 13 December 1936, and is said to have been a premature child.The couple also had a second son, Prince Amyn Muhammad Aga <mask>, who was also born premature at seven months the following year. Joan Barbara also had a son by her previous marriage, Patrick Guinness. <mask> <mask> and Joan Barbara were divorced in 1949, in part due to his extramarital affairs with, among others, Pamela Churchill. After the divorce, Joan Barbara became the longtime mistress and eventual wife of the newspaper magnate Seymour Berry, 2nd Viscount Camrose. The American actress Rita Hayworth married <mask> <mask> within weeks of his divorce. Second marriage and divorce

On 27 May (civil) and 28 May (religious) 1949, in Cannes, France, <mask> <mask> married American film star Rita Hayworth, who left her film career to marry him. <mask> <mask> and his family were heavily involved in horse

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texts: racing, owning and racing horses.Hayworth had no interest in the sport, but became a member of the Del Mar Thoroughbred Club anyway. Her filly, Double Rose, won several races in France and finished second in the 1949 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. In 1951, while still married to Hayworth, <mask> was spotted dancing with the actress Joan Fontaine in the nightclub where he and his wife had met. Hayworth threatened to divorce him in Reno, Nevada, US. In early May, Hayworth moved to Nevada to establish legal residence to qualify for a divorce. She stayed at Lake Tahoe, Nevada with their daughter, saying there was a threat the child would be kidnapped. Hayworth filed for divorce from <mask> on 2 September 1951, on the grounds of "extreme cruelty, entirely mental in nature."Hayworth once said she might convert to Islam, but did not. During the custody fight over their daughter, Princess Yasmin Aga <mask>, born , the Prince said he wanted her raised as a Muslim; Hayworth (who had been raised a Roman Catholic) wanted the child to be a Christian. <mask> <mask> and Rita Hayworth divorced in 1953. Hayworth rejected his offer of $1,000,000 if she would raise Yasmin in the Muslim faith from age seven and allow her to go to Europe to visit with him for two or three months each year. "Nothing will make me give up Yasmin's chance to live here in America among our precious freedoms and habits," declared Hayworth. "While I respect the Muslim faith and all other faiths it is my earnest wish that my daughter be raised as a normal, healthy American girl in the Christian faith. There isn't any amount of money in the entire world for which it is worth sacrificing this child's privilege of living as a normal Christian girl here in the United States.There just isn't anything else in the world that can compare with her sacred chance to do that. And I'm going

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 to give it to Yasmin regardless of what it costs." Engagement
While still married to Rita Hayworth, <mask> began a relationship with American film and stage actress Gene Tierney, whom he was engaged to marry in 1952; while Gene mentioned their engagement a few times, it was never formally announced. His father, however, strongly opposed the union with another Hollywood actress. After a year-long engagement, Tierney separated from the Prince and moved back to the United States to tend to her mental health. In the late 1950s <mask> was known to start dating the fashion model Simone Micheline Bodin (who called herself Bettina Graziani). She was persuaded by Prince <mask> <mask> to retire from modelling and settle down.By the 1960s Bettina and Prince were engaged and expecting a child, whom she miscarried after being in a car accident. Inheritance Skips a Generation
On 12 July 1957, upon the reading of the will of the Aga <mask> III, <mask> <mask>'s eldest son, Karim Aga <mask>, then a junior at Harvard University, was named Aga <mask> IV and 49th Imam of the Ismailis. It was the first time that the descent from father to son was circumvented in the community's 1,300-year history. According to the Aga <mask>'s will, a statement of which was presented to the press by his secretary:
"In view of the fundamentally altered conditions in the world in very recent years due to the great changes that have taken place, including the discoveries of atomic science, I am convinced that it is in the best interests of the Shia Muslim Ismaili community that I should be succeeded by a young man who has been brought up and developed during recent years and in the midst of the new age, and who brings a new outlook on life to his office." Racehorse owner and breeder

<mask> <mask> was a famous owner and breeder of racehorses in France, England and

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