title: Henry Woodward (colonist)

texts:
<mask> (c. 1646 – c. 1690), was a Barbados-born merchant and colonist who was one of the first white settlers in the Carolinas. He established relationships with many Native American Indians in the American southeast. He initiated trade, primarily in deerskins and slaves, with many Indian towns and tribes. Early life
Not much is known about <mask>'s early life. He is thought to have been born in Barbados. His father was <mask> and his mother was Esther Martin. In 1666, <mask> accompanied Captain Robert Sandford's exploration of the South Carolina coast.<mask> volunteered to remain in the Port Royal Sound vicinity and live among the Cusabo Indians, to establish relations and learn their language. For this he was granted, temporarily, "formall possession of the whole Country to hold as Tennant att Will" by the Lords Proprietors. Captured by Spanish
In 1667 <mask> was captured by the Spanish of Spanish Florida, taken to St. Augustine, Florida and held captive for about a year. As a prisoner he was well-treated. He professed Catholicism and was made official surgeon. During this time he learned about the thriving Spanish-Indian trading system. This experience helped him in rapidly establishing an trading system with local Indians after he regained his freedom.<mask> escaped in 1668, after the English buccaneer and privateer Robert Searle raided St. Augustine. For about two years <mask> served as surgeon on privateer vessels in the Caribbean before being shipwrecked on Nevis in August 1669. He then took passage on the Carolina fleet of 1669-1670, which established Charleston, South Carolina. <mask> became an interpreter and

masks:
Henry Woodward
Henry Woodward
William Woodward
Henry Woodward
Woodward
Woodward
Woodward
Woodward
Henry Woodward


title: Henry Woodward (colonist)

type: original

texts:
 Indian agent for the fledgling colony. Starting in 1670, <mask> began taking a series of expeditions into the interior, making contact with various Indian groups. While a few Spanish expeditions had explored the interior of the American southeast in the sixteenth century, <mask> was the first Anglo-American colonist to do so. Notably, <mask> was the last European to visit the paramount chiefdom of Cofitachequi in 1670.Westo and Shawnee
The Westo Indians were initially hostile to the new colony of South Carolina. In October 1674 some Westo Indians visited <mask>, who was widely known among the Indians, at St. Giles plantation on the head of the Ashley River. They requested he travel with them to their village (Hickauhaugau) on the Savannah River. During this visit <mask> initiated a trading relationship between Carolina and the Westo. While in Hickauhaugau <mask> witnessed the arrival of two Shawnee Indians. These Shawnee had probably migrated to the Apalachicola River region in the 1640s in order to trade with the Spanish and perhaps to escape the Iroquois wars in the north. Using sign language, the Shawnee warned the Westo of impending attack from the "Cussetaws, Checsaws, & Chiokees," earning the goodwill of the Westo.Later the Apalachicola Shawnee migrated to the Savannah River area, approached <mask> privately and established a relationship that eventually doomed the Westo. These Shawnee became known in South Carolina as the "Savannah" Indians. When war broke out between the Westo and South Carolina in 1679, the Savannah Shawnee assisted South Carolina. By 1680 the Westo had been decimated and the Savannah Shawnee

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Henry Woodward


title: Henry Woodward (colonist)

texts:
 moved into their lands along the lower Savannah River. In April 1677, South Carolina's Lords Proprietors, claiming a monopoly on Indian trade, forbade all trade with the Indians and the Spanish, except by their official agents. The destruction of the Westo left <mask> out of favor with the colony's Lords Proprietors. In 1682 <mask> got shot in the head but still manage to travel to England, where he not only obtained a pardon, but an official position as Indian agent for the Lords Proprietors.<mask> agreed to conduct the Indian trade for the proprietors in return for 20% of the profits. Stuarts Town and the Yamasee
A group of Scots founded a settlement, called Stuarts Town, in the Port Royal Sound area of South Carolina in 1684. The Scots of Stuarts Town and the English of Charles Town never got along. The Scots asserted their independence by initiating their own Indian trade, establishing a strong alliance with the powerful and newly arrived Yamasee Indians. In 1685, <mask> found himself arrested in Stuarts Town while passing through the area on mission to the "proto-Creeks" of the Chattahoochee River. His arrest was apparently due to the desire of Lord Cardross of Stuarts Town to control trade with the Creek. <mask> was soon released and seems to have assisted the Stuarts Town Scots and their Yamasee Indian allies.Although part of the English Charles Town faction, <mask> may have been Scottish himself. The Yamasee, backed by the Stuarts Town Scots, conducted a series of devastating raids on the Spanish mission province of Guale and then proceeded to invade the province of Timucua in Florida, bringing back many Indian

masks:
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Henry Woodward
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Woodward


title: Henry Woodward (colonist)

texts:
 slaves to sell to the Scots of Stuarts Town. <mask>, once back in Charles Town, was among those who loudly denounced the Stuarts Town settlement for these events. The Yamasee raids soon brought a Spanish counterattack that destroyed Stuarts Town. It is likely, however, that <mask> profited from the Yamasee raids, and even assisted. In denouncing the Scots he was probably taking the Charles Town side in the political dispute between Charles Town and Stuarts Town. By 1684 the Spanish mission province of Guale was in ruins and generally abandoned.Introduction of rice
<mask> is generally credited with introduction of viable rice crops to the colonies stemming from his time in Charles Town in 1685. Pirate trader John Thurber returned from a trip to Madagascar with a bag of seed rise which he gave as a gift to <mask>, whose experiments showed that the marshy soil was ideal for rice cultivation. Trade with Chattahoochee River Indians
Starting perhaps as early as 1675, and definitely by the mid-1680s, <mask> was traveling to the southwest of modern Georgia, visiting the Indian towns along the lower Chattahoochee River such as Coweta and Cussita (later to be key towns of the Creek Nation). He led a dozen other Charles Town traders to the Chattahoochee Indians. These traders took over the business after <mask>'s death. During these trips <mask> discovered some Chickasaw Indians who had married into the Chattahoochee River "proto-Creek" groups. The ties between the Chickasaw and the proto-Creeks were fairly strong, which helped the English to discover a new market among the Chickasaw to the far west.<mask> was involved in this

masks: Woodward Woodward Woodward Woodward Woodward Woodward Woodward Woodward


title: Henry Woodward (colonist)

texts:
 initial stage of English-Chickasaw relations, but he died before the first adventurous traders traveled to Chickasaw territory in the early 1690s. The lower Chattahoochee River region had previously been contacted by Spain and was considered a potential mission province known as the Apalachicola Province. A visit by <mask> in 1685 sparked a Spanish reaction. Lieutenant Governor Antonio Matheos led a force of 6 Spanish soldiers and as many as 200 gun-toting Apalachee Indians from Mission San Luis de Apalachee in western Florida to the lower Chattahoochee towns. The English traders hid or fled. The following year, 1686, Matheos returned with a larger force, marching from town to town and confiscating firearms, deerskins, and other trade goods. Matheos offered the towns of "Apalachicola Province" the chance to submit to Spanish authority.Eight towns did so. The four that did not, including Coweta and Cussita, were burned to the ground. Following this, the four towns grudgingly pledged their obedience to Spain. Within years, English traders from South Carolina were again active among these towns, but, in 1690, <mask> died in Charles Town. Legacy
<mask> was an ancestor of numerous colonial figures, politicians and businesspeople in South Carolina. A significant part of the Charleston planter and merchant elite was descended from him. Among his descendants is Ursula von der Leyen.References

External links
 Beginnings of the Fur Trade in the Carolinas, Native American Voices, Digital History. South Carolina colonial people
American fur traders
British explorers of North America
1640s births
1690s deaths
Explorers of the

masks:
Woodward
Henry Woodward
Henry Woodward


title: Caetano Veloso

texts:
<mask> (; born August 7, 1942) is a Brazilian composer, singer, guitarist, writer, and political activist. <mask> first became known for his participation in the Brazilian musical movement Tropicalismo, which encompassed theatre, poetry and music in the 1960s, at the beginning of the Brazilian military dictatorship that took power in 1964. He has remained a constant creative influence and best-selling performing artist and composer ever since. <mask> has won nine Latin Grammy Awards and two Grammy Awards. On November 14, 2012, <mask> was honored as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year. <mask> was one of seven children born into the family of José Telles Velloso (commonly known as Seu Zeca), a government official, and <mask> (known as Dona Canô). He was born in the city of Santo Amaro da Purificação, in Bahia, a state in the eastern area of Brazil, but moved to Salvador, the state capital, as a college student in the mid-1960s.Soon after that, <mask> won a music contest and was signed to his first label. He became one of the founders of Tropicalismo with a group of several other musicians and artists—including his sister Maria Bethânia—in the same period. However the Brazilian military dictatorship viewed <mask>'s music and political action as threatening, and he was arrested, along with fellow musician Gilberto Gil, in 1969. The two eventually were exiled from Brazil and went to London where they lived for two years. In 1972, <mask> moved back to his home country and once again began recording and performing. He later became popular outside Brazil in the 1980s and 1990s. Biography

<mask> was born in Santo Amaro da Purificação, Bahia, Brazil, the fifth of seven

masks:
Caetano Emanuel Viana Teles Veloso
Veloso
Veloso
Veloso
Veloso
Claudionor Viana Telles Veloso
Veloso
Veloso
Veloso
Veloso


title: Caetano Veloso

texts: children of José Teles <mask> (1901–1983) and Claudionor Viana Teles <mask> (1907–2012).His childhood was influenced greatly by artistic endeavors: he was interested in both literature and filmmaking as a child, but focused mainly on music. The musical style of bossa nova and João Gilberto, one of its most prominent exponents, were major influences on <mask>'s music as he grew up. <mask> was 17 years old when he first heard Gilberto, whom he describes as his "supreme master". He recognizes Gilberto's contribution to Brazilian music as new—"illuminating" the tradition of Brazilian music and paving the way for future innovation. <mask> moved to the Bahian port city of Salvador as a teenager, the city in which Gilberto lived, and a center of Afro-Brazilian culture and music. In 1965, <mask> moved again to Rio de Janeiro, with his sister Maria Bethânia, also a musician. Shortly after the move, <mask> won a lyrics contest for his composition "Um Dia" and was signed to Philips Records.On October 21, 1967, <mask> won fourth prize and gained a standing ovation at the third annual Brazil Popular Music Festival with his song "Alegria, Alegria". on which he was backed by São Paulo group Beat Boys; along with the performance of his friend Gilberto Gil, who was backed by psychedelic band Os Mutantes, this marked the first time that rock bands had performed at the festival. During this period, <mask>, Bethânia, Gilberto Gil, Gal Costa, Tom Zé, and Os Mutantes developed "Tropicalismo", which fused Brazilian pop with rock and roll and avant-garde music. <mask> describes the movement as a wish to be different - not "defensive" like the right-wing Brazilian military government, which

masks: Veloso Veloso Veloso Veloso Veloso Veloso Veloso Veloso Veloso Veloso


title: Caetano Veloso

texts: vehemently opposed the movement. Although Gil and <mask>'s performances at the 1967 MBP Festival were rapturously received, within a year, Tropicalismo had become a deeply divisive issue among Brazil's youth audience, with Marxist-influenced college students of the Brazilian left wing condemning Tropicalismo, because they believed it commercialized Brazilian traditional music by incorporating musical influence from other cultures, specifically the United States. The musical manifesto of the Tropicalist movement was the landmark collaborative LP Tropicália: ou Panis et Circencis ("Tropicalia: or Bread and Circuses"), issued in mid-1968, which brought together the talents of <mask>, Os Mutantes, Gilberto Gil, Tom Zé and Gal Costa, with arrangements by avant-garde composer-arranger Rogerio Duprat (who had studied with Pierre Boulez) and lyrical contributions from poet Torquato Neto. The album's group cover photograph depicted the collective holding a variety of objects and images, in a deliberate reference to the cover of The Beatles' Sgt.Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. The tensions between the Tropicalistas and the student left peaked in September 1968 with <mask>'s now-legendary performances at the third annual International Song Festival, held at the Catholic University in Rio, where the audience included a large contingent of students who were vehemently opposed to the Tropicalistas. When <mask> (backed by Os Mutantes) performed in the first round of the Festival's song competition on September 12, he was initially greeted with enthusiastic applause, but the situation soon turned ugly. Dressed in a shiny green plastic suit, festooned with electrical wires and necklaces

masks: Veloso Veloso Veloso Veloso


title: Caetano Veloso

texts: strung with animal teeth, <mask> provoked the students with his lurid costume, his sensual body movements and his startling new psychedelic music, and the performers were soon being bombarded with loud insults, jeers and boos from the students, who became even more incensed when American pop singer John Dandurand made a surprise appearance on stage during the song. The ideological conflict climaxed three days later on September 15 when <mask> returned for the second round of the competition, performing a specially-written new song entitled "É Proibido Proibir" ("It is Forbidden to Forbid"). The leftist students began hissing and booing as soon as <mask>'s name was announced, and when he began his performance, his overtly sexual stage moves and the experimental music of Os Mutantes again provoked a wild reaction – the students began booing so loudly that the performers could barely be heard, and a section of the crowd then stood up and turned their backs to the stage, prompting Os Mutantes to turn their backs on the audience. As the performance continued, the students pelted the stage with fruit, vegetables, eggs, paper balls and anything else that came to hand.<mask> then stopped singing and launched into an impassioned monologue, in which he excoriated the students for their conservatism. After being joined by Gilberto Gil, who came on stage to show his support, <mask> finished his diatribe by telling the students "...if you are the same in politics as you are in aesthetics, we’re done for!" and declaring he would no longer compete in music festivals. He then deliberately finished the song out of tune, angrily shouted "Enough!" and walked off arm-in-arm with Gil and Os

masks: Veloso Veloso Veloso Veloso Veloso


title: Caetano Veloso

texts:
 Mutantes. A studio version of the song was later released as a single, and the closing section of the tumultuous live performance featuring <mask>'s speech, was issued as the single's B-side. [103] Even though Tropicalismo was controversial among traditional critics, it introduced to Música popular brasileira new elements for making music with an eclectic style.<mask> studied philosophy at the Universidade Federal da Bahia, which influenced both his artistic expression and viewpoint on life. Two of his favorite philosophers were Jean-Paul Sartre and Martin Heidegger. <mask>'s leftist political stance earned him the enmity of Brazil's military dictatorship which ruled until 1985; his songs were frequently censored and some banned. <mask> and Gil were both arrested in February 1969 and held in prison for three months, followed by a further four months under house arrest; they were eventually released on condition that they leave the country, and spent the next few years in exile. He said that "they didn't imprison us for any song or any particular thing that we said," ascribing the government's reaction to its unfamiliarity with the cultural phenomenon of Tropicália—they seemed to say "We might as well put them in prison." The federal police detained the two and flew them to an unknown destination. Finally, <mask> and Gil lived out their exile in London, England.When <mask> was asked about his experience there he says, "London felt dark, and I felt far away from myself." Nevertheless, the two improved their music there and were asked to make a musical production with the producer Ralph Mace. Career

Musical career (1972–present)

<mask>'s work upon his return in 1972 was

masks: Veloso Veloso Veloso Veloso Veloso Caetano Veloso


title: Caetano Veloso

texts: often characterized by frequent merging not only of international styles but of Brazilian folkloric styles and rhythms as well. His popularity grew outside Brazil in the 1980s, especially in Greece, Portugal, France, and Africa. His records released in the United States, such as Estrangeiro, helped gain him a larger audience. To celebrate 25 years of Tropicalismo, <mask> and Gilberto Gil released a CD called Tropicalia 2 in 1993. One song, "Haiti", attracted people's attention during the time, especially because it included powerful statements about sociopolitical issues present in Haiti and also in Brazil.Issues addressed in the song included ethnicity, poverty, homelessness, and capital corruption in the AIDS pandemic. By 2004, he was one of the most respected and prolific international pop stars, with more than 50 recordings available including songs in film soundtracks of Michelangelo Antonioni's Eros, Pedro Almodóvar's Hable con ella, and Frida, for which he performed at the 75th Academy Awards but did not win. In 2002 <mask> published an account of his early years and the Tropicalismo movement, Tropical Truth: A Story of Music and Revolution in Brazil. His first all-English CD was A Foreign Sound (2004), which covers Nirvana's "Come as You Are" and compositions from the Great American Songbook such as "Carioca" (music by Vincent Youmans and lyrics by Edward Eliscu and Gus Kahn), "Always" (music and lyrics by Irving Berlin), "Manhattan" (music by Richard Rodgers and lyrics by Lorenz Hart), "Love for Sale" (music and lyrics by Cole Porter), and "Something Good" (music and lyrics by Richard Rodgers). Six of the seven songs on his third eponymous album, released in 1971,

masks: Veloso Veloso


title: Caetano Veloso

texts: were also in English. <mask> has contributed songs to two AIDS benefit compilation albums produced by the Red Hot Organization: Red Hot + Rio (1996) and Onda Sonora: Red Hot + Lisbon (1998). In 2011, he again contributed two songs to the Red Hot Organization's most recent compilation album, Red Hot + Rio 2.The two tracks include a remix of "Terra" by Prefuse 73 ("3 Mellotrons in a Quiet Room Version") and "Dreamworld: Marco de Canaveses”, in collaboration with David Byrne. His September 2006 album, Cê, was released by Nonesuch Records in the United States. It won two Latin Grammy Awards, one for best singer-songwriter and one for Best Portuguese Song, "Não Me Arrependo". With a total of nine Latin Grammy Awards and two Grammy Awards, <mask> has received more than any other Brazilian performer. On November 14, 2012, <mask> was also honored as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year. <mask> has been called "one of the greatest songwriters of the century" and "a pop musician/poet/filmmaker/political activist whose stature in the pantheon of international pop musicians is on par with that of Bob Dylan, Bob Marley, and Lennon/McCartney". In January 2016, <mask> <mask> was a featured artist at the convention of the Modern Language Association (MLA), in Austin, Texas.Before a SRO crowd, he was interviewed on stage by two luminaries in the field of poetry and poetics, Marjorie Perloff (emerita Stanford) and Roland Greene (Stanford, President of MLA at the time). Most of the discussion concerned music, from rock 'n' roll and samba to experimental composition. Videos of the event should be posted at MLA's site and the Stanford Arcade site. He also performed "Isto aqui, o que

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title: Caetano Veloso

texts:
 é?" at the 2016 Summer Olympics opening ceremony along with singers Anitta and Gilberto Gil after the parade of delegations in August 2016. In May 2018, <mask> performed at the Grand Final of the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest in the Portuguese capital, Lisbon, alongside 2017 winner Salvador Sobral. His live album Ofertório (Ao Vivo) (recorded with his sons Moreno, Zeca and Tom) was ranked as the 25th best Brazilian album of 2018 by the Brazilian edition of Rolling Stone magazine.Personal life
<mask> married fellow Baiana and actress Andrea Gadelha (or Dedé) on November 21, 1967, in a ceremony that reflected the air of the counterculture era. Their son Moreno was born on November 22, 1972. On January 7, 1979, their daughter Júlia was born 3 months premature; she died 11 days later. <mask>'s father died on December 13, 1983. <mask> separated from Dedé <mask> in 1983. In 1986 <mask> married Rio native Paula Lavigne, with whom he had two more sons, Zeca Lavigne <mask>, born March 7, 1992, and Tom Lavigne <mask>, born on January 25, 1997, in Salvador. Paula confirmed to Playboy magazine in 1998 that, "[Paula] was 13 years old when she lost her virginity to the musician, who was 40 years old at the time."<mask> has since been accused of pedophilia. This marriage lasted twenty years. Although separated since 2004, the two still work together. <mask>'s 1989 CD Estrangeiro includes songs ("Esse Amor, which means "This Love", and "Branquinha") inspired by and dedicated to, respectively, his ex-wife Dedé and his wife at the time, Paula Lavigne. <mask> is one of the few public atheist celebrities in Brazil. He was brought up in a religious Catholic family but left the faith early on.

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title: Caetano Veloso

texts:
 In an interview <mask> stated that he did not like to "lie to his own intelligence" by believing in God.In a separate interview <mask> generated controversy when he said that Brazil would be better off if most people in the country were to become irreligious or atheist. Despite this, two of <mask>'s sons have become members of the neo-Pentecostal Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, with <mask> attending his children's baptism, stating that "what is good for them is good for me." Musical style
<mask>'s home, Bahia, has had a decisive role in his music. He praises Bahia for its importance in Brazil's colonial period—when the Portuguese first came—as well as for Bahia's contribution to Brazilian music. He has cited among his musical influences Amália Rodrigues, Cole Porter, the Rolling Stones 1969 tour, and above all, João Gilberto. <mask> says that he is unable to make a comparison between his musical style in the 1960s, at the height of Tropicália, and his current work. He does note, however, that he has been able to accomplish music of a higher quality later in his career; that he is "better at everything."(1989), Masters of Contemporary Brazilian Song: MPB 1965–1985. Austin: University of Texas Press. Chapter 2 "Other Words and Other Worlds of <mask>

masks: Veloso Veloso Veloso Veloso Veloso Veloso Caetano


title: Tom Wise (politician)

texts:
<mask> (born 13 May 1948) is a former Independent and UKIP Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the East of England. A former police officer, he was elected in 2004 as a member of the UK Independence Party but later had the whip withdrawn when allegations of misuse of parliamentary expenses surfaced in The Sunday Telegraph. Following an inquiry carried out by the European Anti-Fraud Office, <mask> was formally charged with false accounting and money laundering by Bedfordshire Police. After initially pleading not guilty, he admitted the charges and was sentenced in November 2009 at Southwark Crown Court to a two-year term of imprisonment. He is thought to be the first MEP to be jailed for expenses fraud. Sentencing him, the judge said that <mask> had engaged in "deliberate and blatant dishonesty" and had set about to defraud the European Parliament almost as soon as he was elected. Early career
Born in Bournemouth, <mask> attended Bournemouth School between 1959 and 1965, before completing a Diploma in Public Speaking in 1967.He served with Dorset Police before embarking on a career in the food distribution and processing industry. He became the UK managing director of a German herbs and spices company. From 1981 to 1989 he was a member of the Liberal Party. Political career

UKIP
<mask> joined the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) in 1997. He served as office manager to Jeffrey Titford MEP, during this period he worked on the rules governing MEPs' expenses and gained an expertise in the system which he would later use to his advantage. He was the fourth-placed candidate on UKIP's candidate list in for the European Parliament elections in 1999, and also stood as the party's candidate in the 1997, 2001 and 2005 general elections for the South West Bedfordshire constituency. In the 2005 general election, he came fourth with 4.2% of the votes cast.He was elected as an MEP for UKIP in the 2004 European elections. He was UKIP's official spokesman on the Culture, Youth, Media and Sport Committee until his

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Thomas Harold Wise
Wise
Wise
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Wise


title: Tom Wise (politician)

texts:
 suspension by the party in February 2007. In his first speech to the Committee on 4 October 2004, <mask> criticised the proposed budget and drew allusions with Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels. In his maiden speech to the Parliament on 16 December 2004, <mask> blamed the European Union for creating unacceptable conditions for the transit of animals around Europe. <mask> also spoke out against the Proposed directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions

Independent
After losing the party whip in March 2007, <mask> continued as an Independent within UKIP's Independence/Democracy parliamentary grouping pending the outcome of the fraud inquiry. During his time as an MEP, <mask> disputed the genuine nature of the September 11th attacks. and labelled Russia-based businessman Alisher Usmanov, who is a shareholder of Arsenal F.C.a "gangster and racketeer"

Following the decision to press criminal charges against him, <mask> decided not to contest the 2009 European Parliament elections. He did however say that he wanted to stand as an MP in the 2010 General Election. Fraud conviction

Exposure
On 23 October 2005, a reporter for the Sunday Telegraph, Daniel Foggo, published an article accusing <mask> of claiming £36,000 a year from the European Parliament in the name of his researcher, Lindsay Jenkins, while only passing on about a sixth of that amount to her. According to now-repealed rules governing the payment of expenses and allowances to Members of the European Parliament, MEPs could claim up to £125,000 per year for assistants' wages, but this money must be paid either directly to the employees or to a third-party agent. The rules did not allow the funds to pass directly through the hands of MEPs themselves. Foggo later reported that <mask> had supplied the European Parliament's Payments Office with a "contract" including her name and details, which stipulated that the £36,000 allowance should be paid into an account named "Stags". This account, held with the Co-operative Bank, was in fact

masks: Wise Wise Wise Wise Wise Wise Wise Wise


title: Tom Wise (politician)

texts:
 <mask>'s own business account and its full name was "<mask> trading as Stags".The actual agreement between <mask> and Jenkins stated that she would receive monthly "retainer" payments of £500 for advice and statistical research, with any extra work to be paid on top. Bank documents obtained by Foggo showed that between November 2004 and October 2005, <mask> had paid £39,100 to this account, out of which Jenkins received £13,555. These funds were the only monies coming into the account. In another breach of the payment regulations, some of the £13,555 paid to Jenkins represented work done on behalf of other UKIP members, including party leader Nigel Farage who had agreed to fund the publication of a eurosceptic pamphlet by Jenkins. A further £19,000 was transferred from the account, some of which to pay off credit cards. On 29 October, <mask> admitted to breaching the rules and, to head off a scandal, agreed to repay £25,230. An internal UKIP inquiry was launched after the Parliament became aware of the affair, but no action was taken and the results of the investigation were kept secret.As Daniel Foggo later reported, UKIP's former leader, Roger Knapman, halted the inquiry after it uncovered serious wrongdoing, believing that the European Parliament would clear <mask>. Farage told reporter Daniel Foggo that <mask> "had committed a simple, silly error by making himself a "paying agent" for his own staff." Suspension from UKIP
On 23 February 2007, party sources at UKIP discovered that the European Parliament had passed the affair to OLAF, the European Anti-Fraud Office. A UKIP meeting was convened in Brussels on 28 February 2007 at which <mask> formally admitted to having spent £6,500 from the allowance on a dark green Peugeot 406 which he still drove, but refused to disclose how he had spent a further £13,000 of the funds. After a heated discussion, a decision was taken to remove the whip; both Knapman and fellow MEP Mike Nattrass challenged the decision and threatened to reconsider their futures in the party.

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title: Tom Wise (politician)

texts:
 Farage emphasised that, if cleared by the OLAF investigation, <mask> would be welcomed back into the party, adding that he thought "there is a great deal of public sympathy for us." <mask> was however suspended by the party.Following his suspension, <mask> spent a further £8,000 of the allowance in legal fees in contemplation of a libel case against Greg Lance-Watkins who had published claims on the Internet relating to <mask>'s activities. No action was ultimately brought against Lance-Watkins. Arrest and charges
On 20 June 2008, <mask> was arrested by Bedfordshire Police's Economic Crime Unit on suspicion of making a false instrument, obtaining money by deception by transfer and converting criminal property. He was bailed until 29 October. Bedfordshire Police made the arrest after having been contacted by OLAF. On 20 April 2009 the Crown Prosecution Service advised Bedfordshire Police to charge both <mask> and Jenkins with one count each of false accounting contrary to the Theft Act 1968 and one count each of money laundering contrary to the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002. Both were scheduled to appear before the City of Westminster Magistrates' Court in April 2009 to face the charges.<mask> indicated that he was innocent and would fight the charges which carry a maximum 14-year jail term. He is thought to be the first MEP to face criminal charges over the misuse of parliamentary funds, and the second former UKIP MEP after Ashley Mote to have faced criminal charges during a parliamentary session. Trial and conviction
<mask> appeared in court on 27 April 2009 and spoke only to confirm his name and plead not guilty. Jenkins also denied the charges. District Judge Daphne Wickham released both on conditional bail until 8 June. The case was transferred to Southwark Crown Court and charges specified: that <mask> and Jenkins "falsified a document, namely a contract for provision of services, an application for secretarial assistance allowance and invoices". Also, that they used funds "received from the European

masks: Wise Wise Wise Wise Wise Wise Wise Wise Wise


title: Tom Wise (politician)

texts:
 Parliament intended for use as payments for secretarial services."The three-week trial began on 2 November 2009. Judge Geoffrey Rivlin QC heard the prosecution argue that <mask> channelled parliamentary funds into an account he secretly controlled so that he could pay credit card debts and buy fine wines. He made separate payments of £2,228 and £1,260 to wine importers, and maintained the deception by asking Jenkins to sign blank documents which he completed later. But for his exposure, <mask> would, according to prosecutors, have claimed up to £180,000. On the third day of the trial, just before Nigel Farage was due to give evidence against him, <mask> began several hours of negotiations with his legal team after which he changed his plea to guilty and said he was entirely to blame for the fraud. This resulted in Jenkins being acquitted. He was sentenced on 10 November 2009 to two years imprisonment, the sentence having been reduced by one year on account of his guilty plea.In sentencing him, Judge Geoffrey Rivlin declared that:

The judge added that, in addition to jail, <mask> would also have to pay £30,000 towards the prosecution's costs. Personal life
<mask> is married to Janet and, until his imprisonment, lived in Linslade near Leighton Buzzard in Bedfordshire. He has two adult children. <mask> has a developed interest in wines, having followed courses arranged by the Wine & Spirit Education Trust and has reached "the level just below Master of Wine". References

External links
 Archived profile on European Parliament website

1948 births
Living people
9/11 conspiracy theorists
Criminals from Dorset
People educated at Bournemouth School
UK Independence Party parliamentary candidates
English fraudsters
UK Independence Party MEPs
MEPs for England 2004–2009
Prisoners and detainees of England and Wales
British politicians convicted of fraud
English politicians convicted of crimes
People convicted of money laundering
People from Bournemouth
People from Linslade
English conspiracy theorists
20th-century English

masks: Wise Wise Wise Wise Wise Wise


title: Hans Egede

texts:
<mask> (31 January 1686 – 5 November 1758) was a Dano-Norwegian Lutheran missionary who launched mission efforts to Greenland, which led him to be styled the Apostle of Greenland. He established a successful mission among the Inuit and is credited with revitalizing Dano-Norwegian interest in the island after contact had been broken for hundreds of years. He founded Greenland's capital Godthåb, now known as Nuuk. Background
<mask> was born into the home of a civil servant in Harstad, Norway, nearly  north of the Arctic Circle. His paternal grandfather had been a vicar in Vester Egede on southern Zealand, Denmark. <mask> was schooled by an uncle, a clergyman in a local Lutheran Church. In 1704 he travelled to Copenhagen to enter the University of Copenhagen, where he earned a Bachelor's degree in Theology.He returned to Hinnøya Island after graduation, and in April 1707 he was ordained and assigned to a parish on the equally remote archipelago of Lofoten. Also in 1707 he married Gertrud Rasch (or Rask), who was 13 years his senior. Four children were born to the marriage – two boys and two girls. Greenland
At Lofoten, Egede heard stories about the old Norse settlements on Greenland, with which contact had been lost centuries before. Beginning in 1711, he sought permission from Frederick IV of Denmark-Norway to search for the colony and establish a mission there, presuming that it had either remained Catholic after the Danish–Norwegian Reformation or been lost to the Christian faith altogether. Frederick gave consent at least partially to re-establish a colonial claim to the island. Egede established the Bergen Greenland Company () with $9,000 in capital from Bergen merchants, $200 from Frederick IV of Denmark and Norway, and a $300 annual grant from the Royal Mission College.The company was granted broad powers to govern the peninsula (as it was then

masks:
Hans Poulsen Egede
Hans Egede
Hans


title: Hans Egede

texts: considered to be), to raise its own army and navy, to collect taxes and to administer justice; the king and his council, however, refused to grant it monopoly rights to whaling and trade in Greenland out of a fear of antagonizing the Dutch. Haabet ("The Hope") and two smaller ships departed Bergen on 2 May 1721 bearing <mask>, his wife and four children, and forty other colonists. On 3 July they reached Nuup Kangerlua and established Hope Colony () with the erection of a portable house on Kangeq Island, which Egede christened the Island of Hope (Haabets Ø). Searching for months for descendants of the old Norse colonists, he found only the local Inuit people and began studying their language. A common myth states that, as the Inuit had no bread nor any idea of it, Egede adapted the Lord's Prayer as "Give us this day our daily seal". Egede at first tried the word "mamaq" but it does not mean "food", as <mask>e thought, but "how delicious!" This first attempt stems from 1724, when he had only been in the country for three years and he has probably often heard someone say "mamaq!"It was not long before he came up with the word "neqissat", "food". When Egede's son Poul published the four Gospels in print in 1744, he used the word "timiusaq". This word was already written down by <mask> in 1725 and is used by Greenlanders as an explanation of how bread looks. The old dictionaries suggest that at that time one could use the word “timia” in the sense of “bone marrow” or, as Samuel Kleinschmidt wrote in his dictionary in 1871, “the inner, porous part of the leg or Horn". “Timiusaq” therefore originally means “it which resembles bone marrow ”. Today, this word is used in it ecclesiastical languages in the sense of "wafer" and in North Greenland in the sense of "ship's custom". By the end of the first winter, many of the colonists had been stricken with scurvy

masks:
Egede
Hans Eged
Hans


title: Hans Egede

texts: and most returned home as soon as they could.<mask> and his family remained with a few others and in 1722 welcomed two supply ships the king had funded with the imposition of a new tax. His (now ship-borne) explorations found no Norse survivors along the western shore and future work was misled by the two mistaken beliefs  both prevalent at the time  that the Eastern Settlement would be located on Greenland's east coast (it was later established it had been among the fjords of the island's extreme southwest) and that a strait existed nearby communicating with the western half of the island. In fact, his 1723 expedition found the churches and ruins of the Eastern Settlement, but he considered them to be those of the Western. At the end of the year, he turned north and helped establish a whaling station on Nipisat Island. In 1724 he baptized his first child converts, two of whom would travel to Denmark and there inspire Count Zinzendorf to begin the Moravian missions. In 1728, a royal expedition under Major Claus Paarss arrived with four supply ships and moved the Kangeq colony to the mainland opposite, establishing a fort named Godt-Haab ("Good Hope"), the future Godthåb. The extra supplies also allowed Egede to build a proper chapel within the main house.More scurvy led to forty deaths and abandonment of the site not only by the Danes but by the Inuit as well. <mask>'s book The Old Greenland's New Perlustration () appeared in 1729 and was translated into several languages, but King Frederick had lost patience and recalled Paarss's military garrison from Greenland the next year. <mask>, encouraged by his wife Gertrud, remained with his family and ten sailors. A supply ship in 1733 brought three missionaries and news that the king had granted 2,000 rixdollars a year to establish a new company for the colony under Jacob Severin. The Moravians (their

masks: Egede Egede Egede


title: Hans Egede

texts:
 leader was Christian David) were allowed to establish a station at Neu-Herrnhut (which became the nucleus of modern Nuuk, Greenland's capital) and in time a string of missions along the island's west coast. The ship also returned one of Egede's convert children with a case of smallpox. By the next year, the epidemic was raging among the Inuit and in 1735 it claimed Gertrud Egede.<mask> carried her body back to Denmark for burial the next year, leaving his son Poul to carry on his work. In Copenhagen, he was named Superintendent of the Greenland Mission Seminary (Seminarium Groenlandicum) and in 1741 the Lutheran Bishop of Greenland. A catechism for use in Greenland was completed by 1747. He died on 5 November 1758 at the age of 72 in Stubbekøbing at Falster, Denmark. Legacy
Egede became something of a national "saint" of Greenland. The town of Egedesminde (lit. "Memory of Egede") commemorates him.It was established by <mask>'s second son, Niels, in 1759 on the Eqalussuit peninsula. It was moved to the island of Aasiaat in 1763, which had been the site of a pre-Viking Inuit settlement. Statues of <mask> stand watch over Greenland's capital in Nuuk and outside of Frederik's Church (Marmorkirken) in Copenhagen. His grandson and namesake <mask> Saabye also became a missionary to Greenland and published a celebrated diary of his time there. The Royal Danish Geographical Society established the Egede Medal in his honour in 1916. The medal is in silver and awarded 'preferably for geographical studies and researches in the Arctic countries'. <mask> also gave one of the oldest descriptions of a sea serpent commonly believed to have been a giant squid.On 6 July 1734 he wrote that his ship was off the Greenland coast when those on board "saw a most terrible creature, resembling nothing they saw before. The monster lifted its head so high that it seemed to be

masks:
Hans
Hans
Hans Egede
Hans Egede
Hans Egede


title: Hans Egede

texts:
 higher than the crow's nest on the mainmast. The head was small and the body short and wrinkled. The unknown creature was using giant fins which propelled it through the water. Later the sailors saw its tail as well. The monster was longer than our whole ship". A crater on the Moon is named after him: the Egede crater on the south edge of the Mare Frigoris (the Sea of Cold).<mask>'s statue at Frederick's Church in Copenhagen was vandalized with the word "decolonize" spray-painted on its base on June 20, 2020. Another Egede statue in Nuuk, Greenland was likewise vandalized on June 30, 2020. In a subsequent vote, 921 voted to keep the statue while 600 wanted it removed. Gallery

References

Sources
Bobé, <mask> Egede: Colonizer and Missionary of Greenland (Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger, 1952)
Ingstad, Helge. Land under the pole star: a voyage to the Norse settlements of Greenland and the saga of the people that vanished (translated by Naomi Walford, Jonathan Cape, London: 1982)
Garnett, Eve To Greenland's icy mountains; the story of <mask>, explorer, coloniser missionary (London: Heinemann. 1968)
Barüske, <mask> Egede und die Kolonisation Grönlands (Zeitschrift für Kulturaustausch, vol. 22 (1972) Nr.1)

External links

 <mask>e entry in online Norwegian history book (in Norwegian)
<mask>e on Norwegian stamp
SS Hans Egede

1686 births
1758 deaths
18th-century Norwegian clergy
University of Copenhagen alumni
People from Harstad
Danish explorers
Norwegian polar explorers
Scandinavian explorers of North America
Greenlandic polar explorers
City founders
Norwegian Lutheran missionaries
Lutheran missionaries in Greenland
Norwegian emigrants to Greenland
Norwegian Lutheran clergy
Greenlandic Lutheran clergy
18th-century Lutheran clergy
Danish translators
Norwegian translators
Translators to Inuit
Danish Lutheran missionaries
18th-century

masks:
Egede
Louis Hans
Hans Egede
Heinz Hans
Hans Eged
Hans Eged


title: Linden MacIntyre

texts:
<mask> (born May 29, 1943) is a Canadian journalist, broadcaster and novelist. He has won ten Gemini Awards, an International Emmy and numerous other awards for writing and journalistic excellence, including the 2009 Scotiabank Giller Prize for his 2009 novel, The Bishop's Man. Well known for many years for his stories on CBC's The Fifth Estate, in 2014 he announced his retirement from the show at age 71. His final story, broadcast on November 21, 2014, was "The Interrogation Room" about police ethics and improper interrogation room tactics. Life and career
One of three children of <mask> and Alice Donohue, he was raised in Port Hastings, Nova Scotia. The Donohue family was from Bay St. Lawrence, a small fishing community in northern Cape Breton, who were originally from Ireland. As a miner, his father was rarely at home.<mask> has said, "The old fellow decided the family would stay in the community and he would go away and stay as long as it took. ... My mother was a teacher and my sisters and I stayed with her." After high school, <mask> moved to Antigonish, Nova Scotia, where in 1964 he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree from St. Francis Xavier University. He also studied at St. Mary's University and the University of King's College in Halifax. From 1964 to 1967 he worked for the Halifax Herald as a parliamentary reporter in Ottawa. He continued in the same role with the Financial Times of Canada from 1967 to 1970. He was drawn back to Cape Breton after the death of his father in 1970 and for the next six years he lived there and worked as a correspondent for the Chronicle Herald.He joined the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in Halifax in 1976 and for three years he hosted a regional public affairs show called The MacIntyre File. It was with this program that he launched a successful legal challenge before the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia over access to affidavits and documents relating to search warrants. Later heard before the Supreme Court of Canada, the

masks:
Linden Joseph MacIntyre
Dan Rory MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre


title: Linden MacIntyre

texts:
 successful suit was a landmark case which set a precedent in support of public and media access to information in Canada. In 1980, <mask> moved to Toronto, where he still resides, to work as a producer and journalist and in 1981 he joined CBC's new flagship news program, The Journal. His work took him around the world preparing documentary reports on international affairs, preparing such notable features as 1981's "Dirty Sky, Dying Water" (about acid rain). From 1986 to 1988 he was host and national editor of CBC Radio's flagship show, Sunday Morning. In 1990 he was named co-host of the weekly investigative newsmagazine the fifth estate, with which he remained until 2014.In addition, he has been a frequent guest host of The Current on CBC Radio One. In 2014, <mask> decided to retire both to help spare at least one younger colleague from the pending 657 job cuts from the CBC and to illustrate the effect of the considerable budget cuts the CBC is enduring. Stories
For the fifth estate, he has written numerous investigative reports often with producer Neil Docherty. Many of the shows have also appeared on Frontline. Examples of his stories include:
 "To Sell a War" (1992). The film is about a public relations campaign to gain public opinion support for the First Gulf War. It won an International Emmy and a Gemini Award."The Trouble With Evan" (1994). This film, about the psychological abuse of a child by his parents, was introduced by <mask> when first broadcast as the saddest story he ever had to tell. Winner of an Anik Award, it was removed from competition at the Cannes Film Festival and banned in Canada for several years due to court orders on behalf of some of the subjects. "His Word Against History: The Stephen Truscott Story" (2000). It was a co-recipient (with other fifth estate documentaries) of the Michener Award for meritorious public service journalism. "The Scandal of the Century" (2001) about false accusations of sexual abuse in Saskatchewan (see Sheila

masks: MacIntyre MacIntyre MacIntyre


title: Linden MacIntyre

texts:
 Steele). "Terror and Tehran" (2002) about US policy in Iran.Transcript of an online discussion about the program from The Washington Post)
 "Toxic Company" (with Frontline and New York Times Television, 2003). An exposé of McWane, it won a Dupont/Columbia Silver Baton, the George Polk Award, the George Foster Peabody Award and the CBC's Wilderness award. The accompanying New York Times series, "Dangerous Business", won a Pulitzer Prize. "A Hail of Bullets" (2005) about the Mayerthorpe tragedy. "Brian Mulroney: The Unauthorized Chapter" (2007) about the Airbus affair. Personal life
During a fifty-day lockout by the CBC in 2005,  <mask> penned a memoir called Causeway: A Passage from Innocence, which he dedicated to his mother. He has five children including CBC New Brunswick producer Darrow <mask>.He married broadcaster Carol Off in 2000. Publications

Novels

His first three novels are called his Cape Breton Trilogy:
The Long Stretch, 1999
The Bishop's Man, 2009 - Winner of the 2009 Scotiabank Giller Prize - Winner of the 2010 Libris Fiction Book of the Year Award. Why Men Lie, 2012
Punishment, 2014
The Only Café, 2017
The Winter Wives, 2021

Non-fiction
Who Killed Ty Conn (with Theresa Burke), 2001
Causeway: A Passage from Innocence, 2006
The Wake: The Deadly Legacy of a Newfoundland Tsunami, 2019

References

External links
CBC profile, October 2011

Canadian newspaper journalists
Canadian male journalists
Canadian non-fiction writers
Canadian male novelists
Canadian television reporters and correspondents
Canadian people of Scottish descent
People from Inverness County, Nova Scotia
Writers from Toronto
St. Francis Xavier University alumni
1943 births
Living people
People from St. Lawrence, Newfoundland and Labrador
CBC Radio hosts
20th-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian journalists
21st-century Canadian journalists
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian male writers
Canadian Screen Award winning

masks: MacIntyre MacIntyre


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

texts:
<mask> (;  – 12 June 1937) nicknamed the Red Napoleon by foreign newspapers, was a Soviet general who was prominent between 1918 and 1937 as a military officer and  theoretician. After service in World War I of 1914-1917 and in the Russian Civil War of 1917-1923, from 1920 to 1921 he commanded the Soviet Western Front in the Polish–Soviet War. Soviet forces under his command successfully repelled the  Polish forces from Western Ukraine, driving them back into Poland, but the Red Army suffered  defeat outside of Warsaw, and the war ended in a  Soviet defeat. He later served as chief of staff of the Red Army from 1925 through 1928, as assistant in the  People's Commissariat of Defense after 1934 and as commander of the Volga Military District in 1937. He achieved the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1935. As a major proponent of modernization of  Soviet armament and army force structure in the 1920s and 1930s, he became instrumental in the development of Soviet  aviation, and of  mechanized and airborne forces. As a theoretician, he was a driving force behind the Soviet development of the theory of deep operations in the 1920s and 1930s.Soviet authorities accused Tukhachevsky of treason, and after confessing he was executed in 1937 during  Stalin's  military purges of 1936–1938. Early years

<mask> was born at Alexandrovskoye, Safonovsky District (in the present-day Smolensk Oblast of Russia), into a family of impoverished hereditary nobles. Legend states that his family descended from a Flemish count who ended up stranded in the East during the Crusades and took a Turkish wife before settling in Russia. His

masks:
Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky
Tukhachevsky


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

texts:
 great-grandfather <mask> (1793–1831) served as a colonel in the Imperial Russian Army. He was of Russian ethnicity. After attending the  in 1912, he moved on to the , whence he graduated in 1914. World War I
At the outset of the First World War he joined the Semyenovsky Guards Regiment (July 1914) as a second lieutenant, declaring:

I am convinced that all that is needed in order to achieve what I want is bravery and self-confidence.I certainly have enough self-confidence.... I told myself that I shall either be a general at thirty, or that I shall not be alive by then. Taken prisoner by the Imperial German Army in February 1915, Tukhachevsky escaped four times from prisoner-of-war camps and was finally held as an incorrigible escapee in Ingolstadt fortress in Bavaria. Prisoner in Ingolstadt
There he met Le Monde journalist Remy Roure and shared a cell with Captain Charles de Gaulle. Tukhachevsky played his violin, spouted nihilist beliefs and spoke against Jews, whom he called dogs who "spread their fleas throughout the world". Roure, under the pseudonym of Pierre Fervacque, wrote about his encounter with Tukhachevsky. He reported that Tukhachevsky highly praised Napoleon, and also in a certain conversation, Tukhachevsky said he hated Jews for bringing Christianity and the "morality of capital" to Russia.Roure then asked him if he was a socialist, and he replied:

According to Roure, Tukhachevsky said that he would only follow Lenin if he "de-europeanised and threw Russia into barbarism", but feared Lenin would not do that. After ranting about how he could use Marxism as a justification to secure the territorial aims


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

texts:
 on his old views, the assertion that he was a fully-fledged Bolshevik by the time he joined them is most likely not true. <mask>'s fifth escape met with success, and after crossing the Swiss-German border, carrying with him some small pagan idols, he returned to Russia in September 1917. Following the October Revolution of 1917, Tukhachevsky joined the Bolsheviks and went on to play a key role in the Red Army – despite his noble ancestry. During the Civil War

He became an officer in the newly established Red Army and rapidly advanced in rank because of his great ability. During the Russian Civil War, he was given responsibility for defending Moscow. The Bolshevik Defence Commissar, Leon Trotsky, gave Tukhachevsky command of the 5th Army in 1919, and he led the campaign to capture Siberia from the anticommunist White forces of Aleksandr Kolchak.Tukhachevsky used concentrated attacks to exploit the enemy's open flanks and threaten them with envelopment. According to <mask>'s close confidant Leonid Sabaneyev, in 1918, when he was in the service of the Military Department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, in his last overt display of neopaganism, Tukhachevsky drew up a project for destruction of Christianity and restoration of Slavic paganism. To this end, Tukhachevsky submitted a memo on declaring paganism as the state religion of the RSFSR, which although mocked, also received some serious discussion in the Small Council of People's Commissars, which commended Tukhachevsky for his "joke" and his commitment to atheism. Sabaneyev observed that Tukhachevsky seemed "as happy as a schoolboy who had just

masks: Tukhachevsky Tukhachevsky


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

texts:
 succeeded in a prank." He also helped defeat General Anton Denikin in the Crimea in 1920, conducting the final operations. In February 1920, he launched an offensive into the Kuban, using cavalry to disrupt the enemy's rear. In the retreat that followed, Denikin's force disintegrated, and Novorossiysk was evacuated hastily.In the final stage of the civil war, <mask> commanded the 7th Army during the suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion in March 1921. He also commanded the assault against the Tambov Republic between 1921 and 1922. British historian Simon Sebag Montefiore has described Tukhachevsky as being "as ruthless as any Bolshevik". He was known for using summary execution of hostages and poison gas in his suppression of peasant uprisings. During the Polish-Soviet War

Tukhachevsky commanded the Soviet invasion of Poland during the Polish-Soviet War in 1920. In the lead-up to hostilities, Tukhachevsky concentrated his troops near Vitebsk, which he theatrically dubbed, "The Gates of Smolensk". When he issued his troops orders to cross the border, Tukhachevsky said, "The fate of world revolution is being decided in the west: the way leads over the corpse of Poland to a universal conflagration.... On to Wilno, Minsk, and Warsaw -- forward!"According to Richard M. Watt, "The boldness of <mask>'s drive westward was the key to his success. The Soviet High Command dispatched 60,000 men as reinforcements, but Tukhachevsky never stopped to let them catch up. His onrushing armies were leaving behind greater numbers of stragglers every day, but Tukhachevsky ignored these losses. His supply services were in chaos and his rear


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

texts:
 scarcely existed as an organized entity, but Tukhachevsky was unconcerned; his men would live off the land. On the day his troops captured Minsk, a new cry arose--'Give us Warsaw!' Tukhachevsky was determined to give them what they wanted. All things considered, Tukhachevsky's performance was a virtuoso display of energy, determination, and, indeed, rashness."His armies were defeated by Józef Piłsudski outside Warsaw. It was during the Polish war that <mask> first came into conflict with Stalin. Both blamed the other for the Soviet failure to capture Warsaw. <mask> later lamented:

His book about the war was translated into Polish and published together with a book by Piłsudski. Reform of the Red Army

<mask> fervently criticised the Red Army's performance during the 1926 Summer manoeuvres. He criticised the officers’ inability to determine what course of action to take and communicate that with their troops especially harshly. Tukhachevsky noted that initiative among officers was lacking, that they responded slowly to changes in the situation and that communication was poor.This was not purely the officers’ fault as the only way of communication from local unit headquarters to the field positions was a single telephone line. In contrast German divisions mobilised shortly after during the interwar period had telephones, radio, horse, cycle and motorcycle messengers, signal lights and flags and pieces of cloth with which messages were to be conveyed mostly to aircraft. Tukhachevsky reached the position of 1st deputy commissar for defence to commissar for defence Kliment Voroshilov. Voroshilov disliked Tukhachevsky and

masks: Tukhachevsky Tukhachevsky Tukhachevsky


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

texts:
 would later be one of the initiators of the great purge which wouldn't benefit Tukhachevsky's safety. According to Zhukov it was Tukhachevsky and not Voroshilov who ran the ministry in practice. While Voroshilov disliked Tukhachevsky, his perception of military doctrine was nonetheless impacted significantly by Tukhachevsky's ideas. According to Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin regarded Tukhachevsky as his bitterest rival and dubbed him Napoleonchik (little Napoleon).Upon Stalin's ascension to Party leadership in 1929, he began receiving denunciations from senior officers who disapproved of Tukhachevsky's tactical theories. Then, in 1930, the Joint State Political Directorate forced two officers to testify that <mask> was plotting to overthrow the Politburo via a coup d'état. According to Montefiore:

Following this, <mask> wrote several books on modern warfare and, in 1931, after Stalin had accepted the need for an industrialized military, Tukhachevsky was given a leading role in reforming the army. He held advanced ideas on military strategy, particularly on use of tanks and aircraft in combined operations. Tukhachevsky took a keen interest in the arts, and became a political patron and close friend of composer Dmitri Shostakovich; they met in 1925 and subsequently played music together at the Marshal's home (Tukhachevsky played the violin). In 1936, Shostakovich's music was under attack following the Pravda denunciation of his opera Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk. However, Tukhachevsky intervened with Stalin on his friend's behalf.After <mask>'s arrest, pressure was put on Shostakovich to denounce him, but he was saved from


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

texts:
 doing so by the fact that the investigator was himself arrested. Theory of deep operation

<mask> is often credited with the theory of deep operation in which combined arms formations strike deep behind enemy lines to destroy the enemy's rear and logistics, but his exact role is unclear and disputed because of shortage of firsthand sources, and his published works containing only limited amounts of theory on the subject. The theories were opposed by some in the military establishment but were largely adopted by the Red Army in the mid-1930s. They were expressed as a concept in the Red Army's Field Regulations of 1929 and more fully developed in the 1935 Instructions on Deep Battle. The concept was finally codified into the army in 1936 in the Provisional Field Regulations of 1936. An early example of potential effectiveness of deep operations can be found in the Soviet victory over Japan at the Battle of Khalkhin Gol (Nomonhan), where a Soviet Corps under the command of Georgy Zhukov defeated a substantial Japanese force in August and September 1939. It is often stated that the widespread purges of the Red Army officer corps in 1937 to 1939 made "deep operations" briefly fall from favour.However, they were certainly a major part of Soviet doctrine after their efficacy was demonstrated by the Battle of Khalkin Gol and the success of similar German operations in Poland and France. They were used with great success during World War II on the Eastern Front, in such victories as the Battle of Stalingrad  and Operation Bagration. Fall

On November 20, 1935, <mask> was made a Marshal of the Soviet Union when he was 42. In


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

texts: January 1936, Tukhachevsky visited the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. Just before his arrest, Tukhachevsky was relieved of duty as assistant to Marshal Voroshilov and appointed military commander of the Volga Military District. Shortly after departing to take up his new command, he was secretly arrested on May 22, 1937, and brought back to Moscow in a prison van. Tukhachevsky's interrogation and torture were directly supervised by NKVD Chief Nikolai Yezhov.Stalin instructed Yezhov, "See for yourself, but Tukhachevsky should be forced to tell everything.... It's impossible he acted alone." According to Montefiore, a few days later, as Nikolai Yezhov buzzed in and out of Stalin's office, a broken Tukhachevsky confessed that Avel Yenukidze had recruited him in 1928 and that he was a German agent cooperating with Nikolai Bukharin to seize power. Tukhachevsky's confession, which survives in the archives, is dappled with a brown spray that was later found to be blood-spattered by a body in motion. Stalin commented, "It's incredible, but it's a fact, they admit it." On June 11, 1937, the Soviet Supreme Court convened a special military tribunal to try Tukhachevsky and eight Generals for treason. The trial was dubbed the Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization.Upon hearing the accusations, <mask> was heard to say, "I feel I'm dreaming." Most of the judges were also terrified. One was heard to comment, "Tomorrow I'll be put in the same place." At 11:35 that night, all of the defendants were declared guilty and sentenced to death. Stalin, who was awaiting the verdict with Molotov, Kaganovich and Yezhov, did not


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

texts:
 even examine the transcripts. He simply said, "Agreed." Within the hour, <mask> was summoned from his cell by NKVD captain Vasili Blokhin.As Yezhov watched, the former Marshal was shot once in the back of the head. Immediately afterward, Yezhov was summoned into Stalin's presence. Stalin asked, "What were <mask>'s last words?" Yezhov responded, "The snake said he was dedicated to the Motherland and Comrade Stalin. He asked for clemency. But it was obvious that he was not being straight, he hadn't laid down his arms." Aftermath

<mask>'s family members all suffered after his execution.His wife, Nina Tukhachevskaya, and his brothers Alexandr and Nikolai, both instructors in a Soviet military academy, were all shot. Three of his sisters were sent to the Gulag. His underage daughter was arrested when she reached adulthood and remained in the Gulag until the 1950s Khrushchev thaw. She lived in Moscow after her release and died in 1982. In his 1941 book, I paid Hitler, Fritz Thyssen claimed that members of the German military, especially Werner von Fritsch, contacted and tried to form an alliance with <mask> and that he wanted to remove Stalin from power. No evidence has surfaced that corroborates this. Although there was a Polish newspaper at the time that reported that a document from Fritsch had been seized from Tukhachevsky.Before Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech in 1956, Tukhachevsky was officially considered a fascist and fifth columnist. Soviet diplomats and supporters in the West enthusiastically promulgated this opinion. Then, on January 31, 1957, Tukhachevsky and his codefendants were declared innocent of all

masks: Tukhachevsky Tukhachevsky Tukhachevsky Tukhachevsky


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

texts: charges and were rehabilitated. Although <mask>'s prosecution is almost universally regarded as a sham, Stalin's motivations continue to be debated. In his 1968 book The Great Terror, British historian Robert Conquest accuses Nazi Party leaders Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich of forging documents that implicated Tukhachevsky in an anti-Stalinist conspiracy with the Wehrmacht General Staff, to weaken the Soviet Union's defence capacity. These documents, Conquest said, were leaked to President Edvard Beneš of Czechoslovakia, who passed them to Soviet Russia through diplomatic channels. Conquest's thesis of an SS conspiracy to frame Tukhachevsky was based upon the memoirs of Walter Schellenberg and Beneš.In 1989, the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union announced that new evidence had been found in Stalin's archives indicating German intelligence's intentions to fabricate disinformation about Tukhachevsky with the goal of eliminating him. "Knowledge of personal characteristics of Stalin - like paranoia and extreme suspicion, had been possibly highest factor in it." According to the opinion of Igor Lukes, who conducted a study on the matter, it was Stalin, Kaganovich and Yezhov who actually concocted Tukhachevsky's "treason" themselves. At Yezhov's order, the NKVD had instructed a known double agent, Nikolai Skoblin, to leak to Heydrich's Sicherheitsdienst (SD) concocted information suggesting a plot by Tukhachevsky and the other Soviet generals against Stalin. Seeing an opportunity to strike a blow at the Soviet military, Heydrich immediately acted on the information and undertook to improve on it.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

texts:
 Heydrich's forgeries were later leaked to the Soviets via Beneš and other neutral nations. While the SD believed that it had successfully fooled Stalin into executing his best generals, in reality, it had merely served as an unwitting pawn of the Soviet NKVD.Ironically, Heydrich's forgeries were never used at trial. Instead, Soviet prosecutors relied on signed "confessions" beaten out of the defendants. In 1956, NKVD defector <mask> Orlov published an article in Life Magazine with "The Sensational Secret Behind the Damnation of Stalin" as title. The story held that NKVD agents had discovered papers in the tsarist Okhrana archives proving Stalin had once been an informer. From this knowledge, the NKVD agents had planned a coup d'état with <mask> and other senior officers in the Red Army. According to Orlov, Stalin uncovered the conspiracy and used Yezhov to execute those responsible. The article lists the Eremin letter as documentary evidence that Stalin was part of the Okhrana, but most historians agree it's a forgery.Montefiore, who has conducted extensive research in Soviet archives, states:

According to Montefiore, Stalin had always known that the Red Army was the only institution that could have resisted his quest for absolute power. Stalin's paranoia about internal subversion and belief in his own infallible ability to detect traitors did the rest. Stalin and Yezhov orchestrated the arrest and execution of thousands of Soviet military officers after <mask> was shot. Ultimately, five of the eight generals who presided over <mask>'s "trial" were arrested and shot by the NKVD. According to Montefiore, Stalin's close

masks:
Aleksandr Mikhailovich
Tukhachevsky
Tukhachevsky
Tukhachevsky


title: René Lefèvre (actor)

texts:
<mask>, born <mask>, (6 March 1898 – 23 May 1991) was a French actor and writer. Throughout his career, he worked with several notable directors, like Jean Renoir, Jean-Pierre Melville, Jules Dassin, and <mask>. Career
Lefèvre made his debut in the 1920s when he acted in numerous films in small roles. His first film of note was Le Million, directed by <mask> in 1931. He later had the fortune of starring in the title role in The Crime of Monsieur Lange, directed by Jean Renoir. He kept appearing in films until the late 70s, landing a small role in Jean-Pierre Melville's Le Doulos in 1962. He died in 1991 in Poissy.

masks:
René Lefèvre
René Paul Louis Lefvre
René Clair
René Clair


title: Edwin D. Morgan

texts:
<mask> (February 8, 1811February 14, 1883) was the 21st governor of New York from 1859 to 1862 and served in the United States Senate from 1863 to 1869. He was the first and longest-serving chairman of the Republican National Committee. He was also a Union Army general during the American Civil War. A native of Massachusetts, <mask> was raised in Connecticut, trained as a merchant in Hartford, and served on the city council. He later moved to New York City, where he became a successful wholesale grocer and bond broker and served as an assistant alderman and member of the New York State Senate. Originally a Whig, he was one of the founders of the Republican Party, and he served as chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1856 to 1864 and 1872 to 1876. In 1858, <mask> was elected Governor of New York, and he served from 1859 to 1862.As governor during the American Civil War, <mask> supported the Union. Appointed a major general of volunteers in the Union Army, he commanded the military's Department of New York while serving as governor. In 1863, he was elected to the United States Senate, where he served one term. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1869, and the unsuccessful Republican nominee for governor in 1876. <mask> had been a patron of Chester A. Arthur at the start of Arthur's career; when Arthur became president, he nominated <mask> as United States Secretary of the Treasury. <mask> was confirmed by the Senate, but declined on the grounds of age and ill health. <mask> died in New York City in 1883, and was buried in Connecticut.Early life
<mask> was born on February 8, 1811 in Washington, Massachusetts, to Jasper and Catherine (Copp<mask>. The family moved to Windsor, Connecticut, where <mask> received his early education before attending Bacon Academy in Colchester. <mask> was a cousin of <mask>. Bulkeley, the Governor of Connecticut from 1889 to 1893. In addition, he was a cousin of Congressmen <mask><mask> and <mask>. Career
He began

masks:
Edwin Denison Morgan
Morgan
Morgan
Morgan
Morgan
Morgan
Morgan
Morgan
Morgan
) Morgan
Morgan
Edwin Morgan
Morgan G
Edwin B
. Morgan
Christopher Morgan


title: Edwin D. Morgan

texts:
 his business career as a grocer in Hartford, Connecticut. He became a partner with his uncle and served on the city council. In 1836, he moved to New York City and became a successful wholesaler, broker and banker.In 1843, <mask> organized E.D. Morgan & Company, an import house, in partnership with George D. <mask>, his cousin, and Frederick Avery, who left the firm a year later and was replaced by J.T. Terry. Solon Humphreys was taken in as a full partner in 1854 after working several years as an agent in St. Louis, Missouri. Largely through his connections, the firm became the principal agent for Missouri securities. Nearly two-thirds of the bonds issued by the State of Missouri from 1835 to 1860, plus a large share of securities of St. Louis, were sold through the house of <mask> – in all perhaps thirty million dollars worth. All the while the firm maintained its wholesale grocery trade.Political career
In 1849, <mask> was elected as a member of the New York City Board of Assistant Aldermen. He made a name for himself as chairman of the Sanitary Committee during the cholera epidemic of 1848. He was also a member of the New York State Senate from 1850 to 1853, and State Commissioner of Immigration. <mask> became highly influential in Republican politics of his time and twice served as chairman of the Republican National Committee, 1856 to 1864 and 1872 to 1876. From 1859 until 1862, he served as Governor of New York, elected in 1858 and 1860. He was appointed major general of volunteers in September 1861 and commanded the Department of New York until he resigned on January 3, 1863, serving simultaneously as governor and head of the military department. In February 1863, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, and served one term until 1869.In January 1869, he sought re-nomination, but was voted down by the Republican caucus of State legislators who instead nominated Ex-Governor Reuben E. Fenton. In 1876, <mask> ran again for Governor but was defeated by Democrat Lucius

masks: Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan


title: Edwin D. Morgan

texts:
 Robinson. In 1881, <mask> was nominated by President Chester A. Arthur as Treasury Secretary and was confirmed by the Senate, but declined the position. Personal life
In 1833, he married Eliza Matilda Waterman (b. 1810), daughter of Henry Waterman (1782–1854). Together, they had:

 <mask> <mask>, M.D. (1834–1879), who married Sarah Elizabeth Archer, daughter of Thomas Archer.Frederick Avery <mask> (1838–1841), died young
 Gilbert Henry <mask> (1843–1843), died young
 Caroline Matilda <mask> (1846–1847), died young
 Alfred Waterman <mask> (1847–1848), died young

Known for generous contributions to charities and causes, he contributed large sums to the Union Theological Seminary. <mask> died in New York City on February 14, 1883. He was buried at the Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford. Descendants
Through his son <mask>, he was a grandfather of <mask> <mask> (1854–1933), who married Elizabeth Mary Moran. Through his grandson, he was the 2x great-grandfather of <mask><mask> (1921–2001), businessman and Pioneer Fund director from 2000 to 2001. See also

List of American Civil War generals (Union)

Notes

References
Finding Aid to <mask><mask> Papers, 1833–1883 at the New York State Library. Retrieved January 4, 2016

Mr. Lincoln and New York: <mask><mask>
 Eicher, John H., and <mask>. Eicher, Civil War High Commands.Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . External links

1811 births
1883 deaths
People from Washington, Massachusetts
<mask> family
American people of Welsh descent
Republican Party United States senators from New York (state)
Republican National Committee chairs
Governors of New York (state)
Republican Party state governors of the United States
New York (state) Republicans
New York (state) Whigs
New York (state) state senators
New York City Council members
Politicians from Hartford, Connecticut
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Union state governors
Union Army generals
Burials at Cedar Hill Cemetery (Hartford, Connecticut)
Bacon Academy

masks:
Morgan
Edwin Denison
Morgan
Morgan
Morgan
Morgan
Morgan
Morgan
Edwin
Edwin Denison
Morgan III
Edwin D
. Morgan
Edwin D
. Morgan
Edwin D
. Morgan
David J
Morgan


title: Geoffrey Moull

texts:
<mask> is a Canadian professional conductor. He was principal conductor of the Bielefeld Philharmonic Orchestra and music director of the Thunder Bay Symphony Orchestra. Education
<mask> was born in London, Ontario, Canada and studied conducting with Kirill Kondrashin, Sergiu Celibidache and Martin Stephani. He holds a Bachelor of Music degree in performance from McGill University and post-graduate degrees in conducting and piano from the Hochschule für Musik Detmold in Germany. Career
<mask> was Principal Conductor and coach of the Trier Opera and Symphony Orchestra in Germany from 1986 to 1989, conducting both opera and concert performances, and was additionally responsible for the development of music education programs and school concerts. He was Associate Conductor of the Münster Symphony Orchestra and Opera from 1989 to 1992. The opera magazine Opernwelt presented <mask> with their 'Production of the Year' award in 1992 for Francesco Cavalli's "La Calisto".With his appointment as Principal Conductor of the Bielefeld Philharmonic Orchestra and Bielefeld Opera in Germany in 1992, <mask> became a part of the 'Bielefelder Opernwunder'. He initiated and conducted new productions of works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Giuseppe Verdi, Giacomo Puccini, Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss. <mask> was responsible for the reintroduction of a number of operatic pieces, including Robert Schumann's "Genoveva", Bohuslav Martinů's "Julietta" and Gustav Mahler's completion of Carl Maria von Weber's "Die drei Pintos". He also conducted works of 20th-century composers Kurt Weill, Franz Schreker and Ernst Krenek, and first performances of contemporaries Shulamit Ran, Nikolai Karetnikov and Michael Hirsch. Moull worked with stage directors John Dew, Jonathan Eaton, Hellmut Matiasek,

masks:
Geoffrey Moull
Geoffrey Moull
Moull
Moull
Moull
Moull


title: Geoffrey Moull

texts: Gabriele Rech and Katja Czellnik. With the Bielefeld Philharmonic Orchestra <mask> led concert performances of Ludwig van Beethoven and Johannes Brahms, introducing the Bielefeld concert audience to symphonic works of composers Bohuslav Martinů and Hugo Alfvén, and designing and conducting many family concert programs. From 2000 to 2009, <mask> was Music Director of the Thunder Bay Symphony Orchestra.During his tenure, the TBSO expanded its artistic activities and was financially stable, eventually performing about 50 concerts per season with an annual budget of $1.5 million. <mask> was responsible for programming and conducting five concert series (Masterworks, Classical Plus, Pops, Cabaret, Family), including complete cycles of the works of Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Dvorak, Brahms and Tchaikovsky. <mask> was also Music Director of the Thunder Bay Symphony Chorus, performing oratorios from Bach to Orff. Each year since 2001, the TBSO was recorded and broadcast nationally on CBC Radio Two. Those broadcasts included performances of Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 7, Robert Schumann's Violin Concerto with James Ehnes, Dmitri Shostakovich's Piano Concerto No. 1 with Marc-André Hamelin, Franz Schubert's Symphony No.6, Igor Stravinsky's Pulcinella, Samuel Barber's Cello Concerto with Denise Djokic and Harry Freedman's Manipulating Mario. The Thunder Bay Regional Arts Council presented its Award to Education in May 2003 to <mask> and the TBSO for innovative educational and outreach programs ("Community Bridges", "Side-by-Side", "Music in the Classroom" and "Stars of the Future") that attracted thousands of new audience members each year. Each season <mask> took the orchestra on a tour of Northwestern Ontario, bringing symphonic music to Kenora, Dryden, Fort

masks: Moull Moull Moull Moull Moull Moull


title: Geoffrey Moull

texts:
 Frances, Sioux Lookout, Red Lake, Marathon, Manitouwadge and Wawa. In 2008, <mask> and the TBSO collaborated with the Minnesota Ballet, performing Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker. On the occasion of <mask>'s final concert with the TBSO as Music Director in 2009, <mask>'s vision and the orchestra's accomplishments were lauded in an article in the Lake Superior News. Recordings
In 1993 <mask> recorded the world premiere of Nikolai Karetnikov's Till Eulenspiegel. In 1994 <mask> recorded Louis Spohr's Faust  for CPO with the Bielefeld Opera.This world-premiere recording attracted international attention and was released to critical acclaim. <mask> recorded Theo Loevendie's opera "Esmeé" for Donemus with the Bielefeld Opera in 1998. Loevendie composed the work for the Holland Festival; <mask> and the Bielefeld Opera were the first to perform the opera outside of the Netherlands, and the first to record it. In 2004, <mask> initiated a plan to produce a CD-recording with the Thunder Bay Symphony Orchestra. The resulting disc, "Variations on a Memory", features five contemporary compositions (works of John Estacio, Jeffrey Ryan, Regent Levasseur, Alexina Louie and Aris Carastathis) that have played a role in the development of the orchestra. In 2005, the CD was awarded an international distribution to radio broadcasters by the SOCAN Foundation and a Juno Award nomination for Jeffrey Ryan's Pangaea. The Canadian Music Centre announced that "Variations on a Memory" was their top seller for 2005, and the recording was praised by Gramophone magazine.Guest conducting
<mask> is a frequent guest conductor of orchestras and opera companies in Europe and North America, including the Radio Filharmonisch Orkest of the Netherlands, the Komische Oper Berlin, the Calgary Philharmonic

masks:
Moull
Moull
Moull
Moull
Moull
Moull
Moull
Moull
Geoffrey Moull


title: Geoffrey Moull

texts:
 Orchestra, the Staatsoper Hannover, the Meininger Hofkapelle, the CBC Radio Orchestra, the Orchestre National des Pays de la Loire, the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra, the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra, Opéra-Théâtre de Metz, Deutsche Oper am Rhein, the Orchestra of the Southern Finger Lakes, Grand Théâtre de la Ville de Luxembourg, the Kitchener-Waterloo Symphony, Orchestra London, Symphony Nova Scotia, the San Remo Symphony, the Springfield Symphony Orchestra, the Szombathely Symphony and the Internationale Maifestspiele Wiesbaden. Teaching positions
From 1985 to 1994 he was the director of a series of conducting seminars given by the Bavarian Music Council in Hof and Markt Oberdorf, Germany. From 1990 to 1992 <mask> was Music Director of the Musikhochschule Münster Symphony Orchestra at the University of Münster. In 1998, he gave master classes in operatic conducting, coaching and singing at the University of Southern California, and was guest conductor of the McGill Symphony Orchestra in 2000. From 2008 to 2009 <mask> was Mentor, Coach and Pianist of the Opera Program at Wilfrid Laurier University and in 2010 he was appointed Visiting Professor of the Hochschule für Musik Detmold. From 2010 to 2012 <mask> was Visiting Professor and Director of Orchestras at The University of Western Ontario. His responsibilities included conducting the UWO Symphony Orchestra, the UWO Chamber Orchestra, UWO Opera productions and teaching conducting and piano.References

Canadian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Male conductors (music)
Musicians from London, Ontario
Living people
McGill University School of Music alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Hochschule für Musik Detmold alumni
21st-century Canadian conductors (music)
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century

masks: Moull Moull Moull


title: Radu Beligan

texts:
<mask> (; 14 December 1918 – 20 July 2016) was a Romanian actor, director, and essayist, with an activity of over 70 years in theatre, film, television, and radio. On 15 December 2013, confirmed by Guinness World Records, the actor received the title of "The oldest active theatre actor" on the planet. He was elected honorary member of the Romanian Academy in 2004. One of the disciples of actress Lucia Sturdza-Bulandra and writer Eugène Ionesco, <mask> is generally regarded as one of the major names of the Romanian theatre with a complex repertoire, classic and modern. He played alongside important actors, with performances both in the country and abroad. Biography

<mask> was born in Galbeni, a village in the commune of Filipești, Bacău County, to a Romanian father and a  mother of Greek origins. In an interview for toateartele.com in 2011, <mask> declared that his paternal grandmother, <mask>, is the cousin of writer Ion Creangă.His mother, Eufrosina Moscopol, comes from the Greek family Moscopol, relating with famous interwar singer Jean Moscopol. After graduating from the Costache Negruzzi High School in Iași in 1937, he made his artistic studies at the Royal Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in Bucharest, where he was the student of Lucia Sturdza-Bulandra, one of the great figures of Romanian scene. Between 1937 and 1938 he also studied law and philosophy at the University of Bucharest, using college scholarship offered to pay his taxes at the Conservatory. Family
His first wife was Nineta Gusti, an actress, with whom he was married for fifteen years. His second wife was Dana Crivăț (1933–2012), with whom he has a daughter, Ana Maria, a writer; both mother and daughter defected to Germany in 1982 and emigrated to Australia the same year. His third wife was Marica <mask> (d.

masks:
Radu Beligan
Radu Beligan
Beligan
Radu Beligan
Ecaterina Beligan
Beligan


title: Radu Beligan

texts:
 1993), a writer, with whom he has three children: Lamia (b. 1966), an actress, Raluca and Alexandru, employee of the National Bank of Romania.Political activity
<mask> <mask> was a member of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party between 1969 and 1989 and deputy of the Great National Assembly between 1961–1975. Career
He debuted in theatre at the age of 20 years, in the play Crime and Punishment after Fyodor Dostoyevsky, directed by Mihai Zirra, on the stage of Muncă și Lumină Theatre in Bucharest. His first role in a film was that of A Stormy Night () after I. L. Caragiale, directed by Jean Georgescu (1943), and the last one The Afternoon of a Torturer (), directed by Lucian Pintilie (2001). He was professor at the Institute of Theatre and Film in Bucharest, director of the Comedy Theatre between 1961–1969 and director of the National Theatre between 1969–1990. In 2008, <mask> was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania, Grand Cross class. Activity as theatre actor

 2004 The Egoist by Jean Anouilh, directed by <mask> <mask>
 2001 Take, Ianke and Cadîr by Victor Ion Popa, directed by Grigore Gonţa
 1998 The Name of the Rose adapted from Umberto Eco, directed by Grigore Gonţa
 1998 Night Asilum by Maxim Gorki, directed by Ion Cojar
 1998 Pork Chops by Bertrand Blier, directed by Gelu Colceag
 1997 Supper by Jean-Claude Brinsville
 1997 The Sunshine Boys by Neil Simon, directed by Ion Lucian
 1995 Danaidae, directed by Silviu Purcărete
 1994 Harvey (play) by Mary Chase, directed by Tudor Mărăscu
 1990 Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? by Edward Albee, directed by Mircea Cornişteanu
 1989 Legacy by Titus Popovici, directed by Horea Popescu and Mihai Manolescu
 1987 The Double Bass by Patrick Süskind, directed by Grigore Gonţa
 1984 Hollywood Story by Neil Simon,

masks: Radu Beligan Beligan Radu Beligan


title: Joseph Szigeti

texts: <mask> (, ; 5 September 189219 February 1973) was a Hungarian violinist. Born into a musical family, he spent his early childhood in a small town in Transylvania. He quickly proved himself to be a child prodigy on the violin, and moved to Budapest with his father to study with the renowned pedagogue Jenő Hubay. After completing his studies with Hubay in his early teens, <mask> began his international concert career. His performances at that time were primarily limited to salon-style recitals and the more overtly virtuosic repertoire; however, after making the acquaintance of pianist Ferruccio Busoni, he began to develop a much more thoughtful and intellectual approach to music that eventually earned him the nickname "The Scholarly Virtuoso". Following a bout of tuberculosis that required a stay in a sanatorium in Switzerland, <mask> settled in Geneva, where he became Professor of Violin at the local conservatory in 1917. It was in Geneva that he met his future wife, Wanda Ostrowska, and at roughly the same time he became friends with the composer Béla Bartók.Both relationships were to be lifelong. From the 1920s until 1960, <mask> performed regularly around the world and recorded extensively. He also distinguished himself as a strong advocate of new music, and was the dedicatee of many new works by contemporary composers. Among the more notable pieces written for him are Ernest Bloch's Violin Concerto, Bartók's Rhapsody No. 1, and Eugène Ysaÿe's Solo Sonata No. 1. After retiring from the concert stage in 1960, he worked at teaching and writing until his death in 1973, at the age of

masks:
Joseph Szigeti
Szigeti
Szigeti
Szigeti


title: Joseph Szigeti

texts:
 80.Biography

Early life

<mask> was born <mask> "Jóska" Singer to a Jewish family in Budapest, Austria-Hungary. His mother died when he was three years old, and soon thereafter the boy was sent to live with his grandparents in the little Carpathian town of Máramaros-Sziget (hence the name Szigeti). He grew up surrounded by music, as the town band was composed almost entirely of his uncles. After a few informal lessons on the cimbalom from his aunt, he received his first lessons on the violin from his Uncle Bernat at the age of six. <mask> quickly showed a talent for the violin. Several years later, his father took him to Budapest to receive proper training at the conservatory. After a brief stint with an inadequate teacher, Szigeti auditioned at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music and was admitted directly into the class of Jenő Hubay, without the usual delays and formalities.Hubay, who had been a student of <mask> in Berlin, had by that time established himself as one of the preeminent teachers in Europe and a fountainhead of the Hungarian violin tradition. <mask> joined such violinists as Franz von Vecsey, Emil Telmányi, Jelly d'Arányi and Stefi Geyer in Hubay's studio. In those days, Europe produced a great many child prodigies, inspired by the phenomenal success of the young Czech virtuoso Jan Kubelík and formed by rigorous teaching and enthusiastic parents. The Hubay studio was no exception; <mask> and his fellow wunderkinder performed extensively in special recitals and salon concerts during their study at the Liszt Academy. He went to study at the Conservateur in Budapest for 2 years

masks:
Szigeti
Joseph
Szigeti
Joseph Joachim
Szigeti
Szigeti


title: Joseph Szigeti

texts:
 before his debut. In 1905, at the age of thirteen, <mask> made his Berlin debut playing Bach's Chaconne in D minor, Ernst's Concerto in F-sharp minor, and Paganini's Witches Dance. Despite the formidable program, the event received mention only by a photograph in the Sunday supplement of the Berliner Tageblatt captioned: "A Musical Prodigy: <mask>".<mask> spent the next few months with a summer theater company in a small Hungarian resort town, playing mini-recitals in between acts of folk operetta. In that same vein, the next year he played at a circus in Frankfurt, where he appeared under the pseudonym "Jóska Szulagi". Also in 1906, Hubay took <mask> to play for <mask> in Berlin. Joachim was impressed, and suggested that <mask> should finish his studies with him. <mask> declined the offer, both out of loyalty to Hubay and a perceived aloofness and lack of rapport between Joachim and his students. Broadening horizons
Soon after the meeting with Joachim, <mask> embarked on a major concert tour of England. Midway through the tour, in Surrey, he met a music-loving couple who effectively adopted him, extending an invitation to stay with them for an indefinite length of time.Throughout England, he gave many successful concerts, including the premiere of the first work dedicated to him: Hamilton Harty's Violin Concerto. Also during this time, <mask> toured with an all-star ensemble including legendary singer Dame Nellie Melba and pianists Ferruccio Busoni and Wilhelm Backhaus. Philippe Gaubert, a famous French flutist of the day, as well as the young singer John McCormack, were also part of these

masks:
Szigeti
Josef Szigeti
Szigeti
Szigeti
Joseph Joachim
Szigeti
Szigeti
Szigeti
Szigeti


title: Joseph Szigeti

texts:
 tours. The most significant of the new contacts was Busoni. The great pianist and composer became <mask>'s mentor during these formative years, and the two would remain close friends until Busoni's death in 1924. By <mask>'s own admission, before meeting Busoni his life was characterized by a certain laziness and indifference brought on by the then-typical life of a young prodigy violinist. He had grown accustomed to playing crowd-pleasing salon miniatures and dazzling virtuosic encores without much thought.He knew little of the works of the great masters; he could play them, but not fully understand them. As <mask> put it, Busoni—particularly through their careful study of Bach's Chaconne—"shook me once and for all out of my adolescent complacency". Illness and new beginnings
In 1913, <mask> was diagnosed with tuberculosis and was sent to a sanatorium in Davos, Switzerland to recover, interrupting his concert career. During his stay at the sanatorium, he became re-acquainted with the composer Béla Bartók, who was recovering from pneumonia. His doctor recommended to practice the violin 25 to 30 minutes a day. The two had known each other only in passing during their conservatory days, but now they began a friendship that would last until Bartók's death in 1945. He was allowed to visit to him for the last time in 1943 in the Mount Sinai Hospital with his illness worsening, reading Turkish poems while they spread out on his hospital bed.In 1917, having by then made a full recovery, at age 25 <mask> was appointed Professor of Violin at the Geneva Conservatory of Music. <mask> said that this

masks: Szigeti Szigeti Szigeti Szigeti Szigeti Szigeti


title: Joseph Szigeti

texts:
 job, although generally satisfying, was often frustrating due to the mediocre quality of many of his students. The years teaching in Geneva provided an opportunity for <mask> to deepen his understanding of music as an art, along with other aspects such as chamber music, orchestral performance, music theory and composition. Also during that time, <mask> met and fell in love with Wanda Ostrowska, a young woman of Russian parentage who had been stranded in Geneva by the Russian Revolution of 1917. They married in 1919. American debut

In 1925, <mask> met Leopold Stokowski and played the Bach Chaconne in D minor for him. Less than two weeks later, <mask> received a telegram from Stokowski's manager in Philadelphia inviting him to perform with the Philadelphia Orchestra later that year: it was his American debut.<mask> had never played with an American orchestra before, nor heard one, and later he wrote of suffering stage fright. He was taken aback by the American concert scene, and the way that its publicity and popularity driven agents and managers determined much of what was heard in American concert halls. He believed they were not interested in works by the great masters, but preferred the popular light salon pieces he had left behind in his prodigy days. (To the end of his life, <mask> loved to quote one memorable, cigar-chewing impresario who told him, with regard to Beethoven's Kreutzer Sonata, "Well, let me tell you, Mister Dzigedy—and I know what I’m talking about—your Krewtzer Sonata bores the pants off my audiences!") Maturity
By 1930, <mask> was established as a major international

masks: Szigeti Szigeti Szigeti Szigeti Szigeti Szigeti Szigeti


title: Joseph Szigeti

texts:
 concert violinist. He performed extensively in Europe, the United States and Asia, and made the acquaintance of many of the era's leading instrumentalists, conductors and composers. In 1939, to escape the war and Nazi persecution of the Jews, <mask> emigrated with his wife to the United States, where they settled in California.(A year later, Bartók also fled to America, and just two days after his arrival, he and <mask> played a sonata recital at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C.)

During the 1930s, 1940s and into the 1950s, <mask> recorded extensively, leaving a significant legacy. Notable recordings include the above-mentioned Library of Congress sonata recital; the studio recording of Bartók's Contrasts with Benny Goodman on clarinet and the composer at the piano; the violin concertos of Beethoven, Brahms, Mendelssohn, Prokofiev (No. 1) and Bloch under the batons of such conductors as Bruno Walter, Hamilton Harty and Sir Thomas Beecham; and various works by J.S. Bach, Busoni, Corelli, Handel and Mozart. One of his last recordings was of the Six Sonatas and Partitas for solo violin by Bach; although his technique had deteriorated noticeably by that time, the recording is prized for Szigeti's insight and depth of interpretation. In 1950, <mask> was detained at Ellis Island upon returning from a European concert tour and was held for several days, officially "temporarily excluded" from the country. The reasons for his detention remain unclear.The following year, he became a naturalized American citizen. Later years

During the 1950s, <mask> began to develop arthritis in his hands

masks: Szigeti Szigeti Szigeti Szigeti Szigeti