title: Zac Goldsmith

texts:
 (together with Jimmy Wales). He is a longstanding donor to the Soil Association. In 2007, he was a participant at the Soil Association Annual Conference, during which he competed in an organic fashion show on 25 January and afterwards debating on a Question Time panel on 27 January. Family and personal life

<mask> has been described as having a "soft voice and unhurried manner". Referring to <mask>'s actions in the 2016 Mayoral campaign, journalist Dave Hill described <mask> as "the courtly patrician who [would have] hired a heavy mob to do his fighting for him". After his father's death in 1997, <mask> is believed to have inherited between £200 million and £300 million out of the reported £1.2 billion estate. In a 2009 article in The Guardian, some tax experts speculated his income could amount to £5 million per year from the trust left to him alone.He was the second richest member in the 2010–2015 Parliament after Richard Benyon. He enjoys gambling; in 2004 he won £53,000 in a televised card game and he has had a financial stake in the Mayfair-based bookmakers Fitzdares. A backgammon and poker player, he also pursues other sporting interests including cricket. <mask> was married for ten years to Sheherazade Ventura-Bentley with whom he has three children: two daughters, Uma Romaine and Thyra, and a son, James. The couple married on 5 June 1999 at St Simon Zelotes Church in London. The <mask> couple separated in April 2009, and received a decree nisi on 10 May 2010. Sheherazade and <mask> were featured in Vanity Fair 67th Annual International Best-Dressed List among "Best-Dressed Couples".<mask> said in 2000 that he wore Savile Row suits which had belonged to his late father. His divorce from Ventura-Bentley was much covered


title: Zac Goldsmith

type: original

texts:
 in the gossip columns. <mask> married banking heiress Alice Rothschild in 2013 at London Wetland Centre in his constituency. They have a daughter, <mask>, born in July 2013. Their second child, a son named Max, was born in January 2016. On 25 April 2017, Alice gave birth to a daughter named Edie. Alice's sister, Kate Rothschild, and his brother, <mask>, had been married until 2012.He and his family live in Barnes. Awards

 In 2003, <mask> was awarded the Beacon Prize as Young Philanthropist of the Year for his contribution to environmental awareness and protection. In 2004, he received the Mikhail Gorbachev-founded Green Cross International's Global Green Award for International Environmental Leadership. In 2011, he was joint winner of the inaugural BusinessGreen Politician of the Year Award with Tim Yeo MP. In 2014, he was also awarded by The Patchwork Foundation for being The Best Conservative Newcomer MP of the Year. Ancestry
<mask> is a member of the prominent <mask> family. <mask>'s family has a long history in politics.His grandfathers were both Conservative Members of Parliament: his paternal grandfather, <mask>, was a Conservative MP, while his mother's father, The 8th Marquess of Londonderry, represented County Down as a Unionist MP in the British House of Commons, when he was still styled Viscount Castlereagh. His maternal great-grandfather, The 7th Marquess of Londonderry, was an Ulster Unionist politician. Another maternal ancestor was Robert, Viscount Castlereagh, Chief Secretary for Ireland and British Foreign Secretary. See also

 Family of Imran Khan
 List of people with non-domiciled status in the UK

 Bibliography

 Gummer, John; <mask>, <mask> (September 2007). Blueprint for a Green Economy – Submission to

masks:
Goldsmith
Dolly Goldsmith
Ben Goldsmith
Goldsmith
Goldsmith
Goldsmith
Goldsmith
Frank Goldsmith
Goldsmith
Zac


title: Zac Goldsmith

texts:
 the Shadow Cabinet. Conservative Quality of Life Policy Group''. Notes

References

Sources

External links

<mask> <mask> | Politics | The Guardian
<mask> <mask> | Financial Times

|-

|-

|-

1975 births
Living people
People from Barnes, London
English people of French descent
English people of Irish descent
People educated at Hawtreys
People educated at The Mall School
People educated at Eton College
People educated at the Cambridge Centre for Sixth-form Studies
Writers from London
British magazine editors
British philanthropists
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
English environmentalists
English male writers
Green thinkers
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs who were granted peerages
British Jews
Zac
British people of German-Jewish descent
English Jewish writers
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Conservative Party (UK) life peers
Life peers created by Elizabeth

masks: Zac Goldsmith Zac Goldsmith


title: Conrad Meit

texts:
<mask> or (usual in German) <mask> (1480s in Worms; 1550/1551 in Antwerp) was a German-born Late Gothic and Renaissance sculptor, who spent most of his career in the Low Countries. The royal tombs that were his largest works still had elaborate Late Gothic architectural frameworks by others, but Meit's figures were Renaissance in conception and style. Meit's work, with its delicately worked plasticity and pronounced corporality, brought an entirely new form of expression to Late Gothic church sculpture. The anatomy of his nude figures draws more from Albrecht Dürer than from classical sculpture. Later many of his works in Brussels, Antwerp, Tongerlo Abbey, and elsewhere were destroyed in the Reformation and French Revolution, leaving the three royal monuments at the then newly built Royal Monastery of Brou, Bourg-en-Bresse, as his outstanding surviving large works. A number of small works, including portrait busts in wood, and small statuettes in various materials have survived. The documented tombs and the signed alabaster statuette of Judith (illustrated below) are the main secure works for defining his style.Life and works
Meit's date of birth at Worms on the Rhine is unknown, and his early life and training are not recorded. He was employed at the court of Frederick III, Elector of Saxony before 1506 and came to work at the Wittenberg court at the request of Lucas Cranach the Elder, where he probably worked in Cranach's workshop between 1505 and 1511. He then went to Middelburg to work for Philip of Burgundy, the illegitimate son of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who was later to be suddenly made Bishop of Utrecht. From 1514 until her death in 1530 Meit was court sculptor to the Archduchess Margaret of Austria, the regent of the Netherlands, mainly based at Mechelen. In 1534 he moved to Antwerp, buying a house there and joining the Guild of St Luke there in 1536. Works

masks:
Conrad Meit
Conrat Meit


title: Conrad Meit

texts:
 lower one in alabaster. In the upper one she is shown as an older woman (she died at 50) in full state dress, wearing the crown-like archducal hat.Below she is shown in her youth, wearing a loose robe with her long hair unbound, and somewhat idealized. The two lower figures of the married couple vary the normal "transi" or cadaver tomb iconography, where a lower figure is shown as decayed remains, and connects to a broader theme of Resurrection in the abbey's art. Below their formal effigies, the couple are shown in their most perfect state, as they would be at the resurrection of the dead. To the north, the tomb of Margaret of Bourbon consists of a single effigy placed within an enfeu and lying upon a piece of black marble, with pleurants beneath, a traditional Burgundian feature. The princess is dressed in an ermine cloak and her feet rest on a greyhound, symbol of loyalty. Behind the effigy, putti bear escutcheons with the initials of Margaret and her husband. Other large works

When the young Philibert of Chalon, Prince of Orange died in war on 3 August 1530, his mother Philiberta of Luxembourg decided to honour him in the most grandiose way possible.After a princely funeral at Lons-le-Saunier on 25 October 1530, she hired <mask> and another famous artist of the time, Jean-Baptiste Mario of Florence, to create a fitting tomb. They began work at the church of Cordeliers de Lons-le-Saunier immediately after completing work on the tombs at Brou Abbey. Work on Philibert's unfinished tomb was abandoned in 1534 after Philiberta died and a fire destroyed the church; a portion remained visible in 1637 but it was later completely destroyed. The work included 25 life-size statues, now lost, and the Virgin and Child now at Brussels Cathedral. Another project for Tongerloo Abbey, just outside Antwerp, included 16 life-size statues, now lost, for which he received a payment in 1542. He


title: Conrad Meit

texts:
 but with others doing the casting. Fame
Meit placed his own portrait bust in the library of Margaret of Austria at Malines, which can be seen as a significant step in the development of the status of the artist. Meit's work was valued by both Albrecht Dürer, who met him in the Netherlands in 1520–21, and may also have known him from Germany, and Lucas Cranach the Elder.Dürer referred to him as the ...gute[…] bildtschniczer mit nahmen <mask>, desgleichen ich kein gesehen hab, der dienet des kaisers tochter, frau Margareth (the good sculptor named <mask>, the like of which I have not seen, who served the Emperor's daughter, lady Margaret). His reputation as an important sculptor stretched across the whole of northern Europe in the early Renaissance, but after his death both he and his sitters were lost to memory, unidentified by inscriptions on the works, and one figure was recorded in the 17th century as by Dürer, of an unidentified figure. It did not help that many works were lost, and that he memorialized the last of the Chalons Princes of Orange in the Brou tombs, and that these soon became sited in French territory, ruled by kings with no family interest in those buried there. Interest in his work revived in the late 20th century, especially in his statuettes, where "sculpture exists for its own sake in a manner unprecedented in the north, with no relation to or support by architecture". Notes

References
Belkin, Kristin. "Meit, <mask>." The Oxford Companion to Western Art.Ed. Hugh Brigstocke. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 21 Apr. 2015. subscription required
Burk, Jens Ludwig, "Conrat Meit, Margaret of Austria's Court Sculptor in Malines and Brou", PDF version, Centre des monuments nationaux (France)
Bernard Ceysson.La Escultura:La tradición de la escultura antigua desde el siglo XV al XVIII. Barcelona, Carroggio, 1996. .
Cohen, Kathleen, Metamorphosis of

masks: Conrad Conrad Conrad


title: Conrad Meit

texts:
 a Death Symbol: The Transi Tomb in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, 1973, University of California Press, , 9780520018440, google books
Fusco, Peter, et al., Masterpieces of the J. Paul Getty Museum: European Sculpture, 1997, Getty Publications, , 9780892365135, google books
Mueller, Theodor, Sculpture in the Netherlands, Germany, France, Spain: 1400–1500, 1966, (Pelican History of Art) Penguin Books
 Thornton, Dora, A Rothschild Renaissance: The Waddesdon Bequest, 2015, British Museum,
Woods, Kim W., "Meit, Conrat." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 21 Apr.2015. subscription required

Further reading
 Jacques Baudoin, La sculpture flamboyante en Bourgogne et Franche-Comté, éd. de Borée, 1993
 Renate Eikelmann (ed. ): Conrat Meit. Bildhauer der Renaissance – „desgleichen ich kein gesehen …“ Hirmer, München 2006,
 Constance Lowenthal: Conrat Meit. Ann Arbor (Michigan) Univ. Microfilms International, 1981; Originally: New York University PhD Dissertation. 1976
 von der Osten, G., and Vey, H., Painting and Sculpture in Germany and the Netherlands (1969)
 Marie-Anne Sarda et Magali Philippe, Le Monastère royal de Brou, Bourg-en-Bresse, Fondation BNP Paribas, 2005,
 Georg Tröscher: Conrat <mask> von Worms.Ein rheinischer Bildhauer der Renaissance. Urban, Freiburg im Breisgau 1927
 Exposition: Vivre et mourir à la Renaissance, la destinée européenne de Philibert de Chalon, Prince d'Orange (1502–1530) 20 September 2002 – 23 March 2003, Archaeological Museum of Lons le Saunier

External links

 Blogpost with good pictures
 Commemorative Exhibition, Conrat Meit Bildhauer der Renaissance at the Bavarian National Museum (in German, on Internet Archive)
 <mask>'s boxwood sculptures

People from Worms, Germany
15th-century German sculptors
16th-century German sculptors
German male sculptors
Early Netherlandish sculptors
Renaissance

masks:
Meit
Conrad Meit


title: Kamini Kaushal

texts:
<mask> (born Uma Kashyap, 24 February 1927) is an Indian actress who worked in Hindi films and television. She is noted for her roles in films such as Neecha Nagar (1946), which won the 1946 Palme d'Or (Golden Palm) at Cannes Film Festival and Biraj Bahu (1955), which won her the Filmfare Award for Best Actress in 1955. She played lead heroine in films from 1946 to 1963, wherein her roles in Do Bhai (1947), Shaheed (1948), Nadiya Ke Paar (1948), Ziddi (1948), Shabnam (1949), Paras (1949), Namoona (1949), Arzoo (1950), Jhanjar (1953), Aabroo (1956), Bade Sarkar (1957), Jailor (1958), Night Club (1958) and Godaan (1963) are considered her career's best performances. She played character roles since 1963, and was critically acclaimed for her performance in Shaheed (1965). She appeared in three films of Rajesh Khanna, namely Do Raaste (1969), Prem Nagar (1974), Maha Chor (1976), in Anhonee (1973) with Sanjeev Kumar and in eight films with Manoj Kumar namely Shaheed, Upkar (1967), Purab Aur Paschim (1970), Shor (1972), Roti Kapda Aur Makaan (1974), Sanyasi (1975), Dus Numbri (1976) and Santosh (1989). Early life
<mask> was born in Lahore. She is the youngest of two brothers and three sisters.She is the daughter of Prof. Shiv Ram Kashyap, Professor of Botany, University of Punjab at Lahore, British India (now in Pakistan). Prof. Kashyap is widely regarded as the father of Indian Botany. Her father was a distinguished botanist who discovered six species of plants. She was only seven when her father died on 26 November 1934. She did her B.A. (honors) in English literature from Government College in Lahore. She got an offer to act in films through Chetan Anand in 1946 with Neecha Nagar.Talking about her teenage years, she said in an interview, "I had no time to fool. I didn't have any crush. I was busy swimming, riding, skating and doing radio plays

masks:
Kamini Kaushal
Kamini Kaushal


title: Kamini Kaushal

texts:
 on Akashwani, for which I was paid Rs 10." When her elder sister died in a car accident, leaving behind two daughters, <mask> had to marry her brother-in-law, B.S. Sood in 1948. She set up home in Bombay where her husband was a chief engineer in Bombay Port Trust. Her elder sister's daughters are Kumkum Somani and Kavita Sahni.Kumkum Somani has written a book for children on Gandhi's philosophy and Kavita Sahni is an artist. <mask> had three sons after 1955, Rahul, Vidur and Shravan. In the 1950s, the couple lived in a spacious manor-type house "Gateside" in Mazagaon, which was allotted to her husband by BPT. Career
<mask> had been a stage actress in Delhi during her college days from 1942 to 1945. She worked as a radio child artist with the name "Uma" in Lahore before the Partition, from 1937 to 1940. She said in an interview about whether she wanted to be an actress in her childhood: "I come from a very intellectual family. My dad, S. R. Kashyap, was a professor at Government College, Lahore and the President of the Science Congress.He'd written about 50 books on botany. Growing up, our family concentrated more on knowledge, but he never deterred us from doing anything we wanted as long as it was positive." Though she had no dreams of joining the film industry while being in college, she was a fan of actor Ashok Kumar. Once she said in an interview: "We were to perform for the war relief fund in college. Ashok Kumar and Leela Chitins were the chief guests. After the show we went to meet him. I thought of having some fun.As he stood talking to the students, I pulled his hair from behind." Chetan Anand gave her the role of the leading heroine in his film Neecha Nagar. This movie was done by her before marriage and released in 1946. She quoted in an interview, when asked about why her name was changed from Uma to <mask>: "Chetan's wife Uma

masks: Kaushal Kamini Kamini Kamini


title: Kamini Kaushal

texts: Anand was also part of the film. My name also being Uma, he wanted a different name for me. I asked him to give me a name beginning with 'K' to match with the names of my daughters Kumkum and Kavita." She won an award at the Montreal Film Festival for her performance in her debut film.She quoted in an interview about how she got her debut film: "Ravi Shankar was new, he had not done music for anybody. It was Zohra Segal's debut. Uma Anand (Chetan's wife) was with us in college — we were together. Chetan had been teaching at The Doon School and got to me through my brother.". After Neecha Nagar, she returned to Lahore, but offers started coming in, hence she used to come for shooting from Lahore. After her sudden marriage in 1947, she settled in Bombay with her husband. She became the first leading heroine to continue working as lead film heroine after her marriage as well.<mask> was one of the first well educated heroines (BA in English) in Hindi cinema. She learnt Bharatnatyam at Mumbai's Sri Rajarajeswari Bharata Natya Kala Mandir, where Guru T. K. Mahalingam Pillai, doyen among nattuvanars taught. Since 1948, <mask> Kaushal worked with all the top leading men of her time, such as Ashok Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Dev Anand, Raaj Kumar and Dilip Kumar. In every film starring her as lead heroine, except when opposite Ashok Kumar, in the period 1947 to 1955, her name used to appear first in the credits before the leading hero's name appeared. Her pairing opposite Dilip Kumar was popular with audiences with box office hits such as Shaheed (1948), Pugree, Nadiya Ke Paar (1949), Shabnam (1949) and Arzoo (1950)). The popularity as an actress increased with Filmistan's Do Bhai (1947), aided by Geeta Roy's impassioned singing of songs such as "Mera sundar sapna", which, incidentally, was shot in a single take. <mask> was paired opposite Dev Anand in his

masks: Kamini Kamini Kamini


title: Kamini Kaushal

texts: very first success, Bombay Talkies' production Ziddi (1948), a light romance.The pair followed this up with Namoona. <mask> played the third angle to the Dev-Suraiya pair in Shayar. In Raj Kapoor's directorial debut Aag (1948), she did a cameo as one of his three heroines (Nargis and Nigar were the other two), whose relationship with the hero doesn't fructify. She also starred with Raj Kapoor in Jail Yatra. <mask> Kaushal was the first lead heroine for whom Lata Mangeshkar ever sang for and it was for the film Ziddi in 1948. <mask> quoted in an interview: "Lata sang for me in Ziddi for the first time. That was the first time she sang for the leading lady in a film.Before that, she sang for actresses in supporting roles. Shamshad Begum and Surinder Kaur — whose voices had more bass — used to sing my songs. On the music credits on the record, Lata's name was not mentioned. Instead, it was mentioned that Asha sang the songs — Asha was my screen name (in the film Ziddi). That's why people thought I had sung it. The playback singers - Kishore Kumar and Lata Mangeshkar recorded their first duet - "Ye Kaun Aya Re" together in the 1948 film Ziddi. Her other successful films as lead heroine in films from 1946 to 1963 include Paras (1949), Namoona, Jhanjar, Aabru, Night Club, Jailor, Bade Sarkar, Bada Bhai, Poonam and Godaan.<mask> became a producer and signed on then-matinee idol Ashok Kumar in Poonam and Night Club. She did lighthearted roles in Chalis Baba Ek Chor (1954) and also did serious tragedy genre  roles in Aas, Ansoo and Jailor. In the Sohrab Modi-directed Jailor (1958), <mask> gave a goosebump-raising performance as Modi's wife, who is pushed towards adultery by his ruthless tyranny. Trilok Jetley, who adopted Premchand's famous story Godaan on screen, put his film on hold, while <mask> was pregnant with her second child, because he

masks: Kamini Kamini Kamini Kamini Kamini Kamini


title: Kamini Kaushal

texts: wanted to capitalise on the softness in her voice. Pandit Ravi Shankar composed the score for her first (Neecha Nagar in 1946) and last (Godaan in 1963) films as a heroine. In 1965, she moved to playing character roles with a film called Shaheed. She made the transition from playing leading heroine roles to character roles very easily.Her performances were appreciated in Waris, Vishwas, Yakeen, Aadmi Aur Insaan,  Uphaar, Qaid, Bhanwar, Tangewala and Heeralaal Pannalaal. As a character artist she was a fixture in seven Manoj Kumar films - Shaheed (1965 film), Upkar, Purab Aur Paschim, Sanyasi, Shor, Roti Kapda Aur Makaan, Dus Numbari and Santosh (1989). <mask> has had a long stint in films with releases till 2014. She stunned audiences by playing a mercenary vamp with aplomb in the film Anhonee (1973). <mask> <mask> played mother to Rajesh Khanna in Prem Nagar in 1974, and in Maha Chor in 1976, and as sister in law to Khanna in Do Raaste. Dilip Kumar, in his biography, has admitted his attraction to her while they acted in films together, but <mask> rejected his proposal as she was already married to her elder sister's widower and was taking care of her elder sister's kids. Dilip said that she was his first love.<mask> quoted in an interview on this: "We were both shattered. We were very happy with each other. We shared a great rapport. But what to do? That's life. I can't dump people and say 'Enough now, I'm going!' I had taken on the girls.I wouldn't be able to show my face to my sister. My husband, a fine human being, understood why it happened. Everyone falls in love." She made a popular puppet show broadcast on the national channel at the time, "Doordarshan", which ran for a year (1989 to 1991), and was the first such children's series in Hindi. She stepped into writing children's stories. Her stories used to be published in the

masks: Kaushal Kamini Kaushal Kamini Kamini


title: Kamini Kaushal

texts:
 children's magazine Paraag, featuring the antics of 'Bunty', and 'Chotbhai' and 'Motabhai' – who were all loosely based on her own son and his cousin contemporaries. She dabbled in television doing serials such as Chand Sitare on Doordarshan.In 1986, <mask> made an animation film, Meri Pari. She appeared in "The Jewel in the Crown" (1984), a popular British television serial, as Aunt Shalini. <mask> worked in the highly popular serial Shanno Ki Shaadi, on STAR Plus. She played Bebe, the grandmother of Shanno, the main protagonist played by Divya Dutta. She also acted in Sri Adhikari Brothers' TV Serial Waqt Ki Raftaar (DD National). She said in an interview: "I, along with only few Indian heroines like Saroja Devi, Bhanumathi Ramakrishna, Sowcar Janaki, Mala Sinha, Moushumi Chatterjee, Padmini and Sharmila Tagore were the few who got married early and had success in the film industry even after our marriages as well as led a happy married life." Awards
 1956: Filmfare Award for Best Actress: Biraj Bahu
 1964: BFJA Awards for Best Supporting Actress (Hindi): Shaheed
 2011: Kalakar Awards: Lifetime Achievement
 2013: Kalpana Chawla Excellence Award
 2015: Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award
 2015: BBC's 100 Women.2020: Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress : Kabir Singh
 2020: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress : Kabir Singh (Nominated)

Filmography

Bibliography

References

External links

Indian film actresses
Indian television producers
Indian television actresses
Indian women television producers
1927 births
Living people
Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Actresses from Lahore
Actresses in Hindi cinema
People of British India
Kinnaird College for Women University alumni
Government College University, Lahore alumni
Filmfare Awards winners
Women television producers
BBC 100 Women
20th-century Indian

masks: Kaushal Kaushal


title: Lagmann mac Gofraid

texts:
<mask> mac Gofraid may have been an early eleventh-century ruler of the Kingdom of the Isles. He seems to have been a son of <mask> mac Arailt, King of the Isles, and was likely a member of the Uí Ímair kindred. According to mediaeval sources, Lagmann was closely associated with Óláfr Haraldsson, a future King of Norway. According one source, both men lent assistance to Knútr, son of Sveinn Haraldsson, King of Denmark, although it is possible that this account actually refers to Óláfr's campaigning in England several years beforehand. Lagmann and Óláfr are also recorded to have assisted Richard II, Duke of Normandy. The two are specified to have not only ravaged lands in Brittany on behalf of Richard, but were tasked to counter Richard's opponent Odo II, Count of Chartres. Lagmann's activities on the Continent may have arisen as a result of being forced from the Isles following the death of his possible brother Ragnall mac <mask>, King of the Isles in 1004 or 1005.Lagmann's son, Amlaíb, is recorded to have perished at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014. If Lagmann died at about this time as well, it could account for the record of Hákon Eiríksson assuming control of the Isles. King of the Isles

According to the eleventh-century Gesta Normannorum ducum, Knútr, son of Sveinn Haraldsson, King of Denmark sought military assistance from a king of the Noricorum named Óláfr, and a king of Suauorum named Lacman. Whilst Óláfr seems to be identical to Óláfr Haraldsson, there is otherwise no known Swedish king named Lagmann. In fact, Gesta Normannorum ducum appears to refer to a King of the Isles rather than a King of Sweden, with Suauorum likely being a form

masks: Lagmann Gofraid Gofraid


title: Lagmann mac Gofraid

texts: of Sudrorum. The Kingdom of the Isles was known in Old Norse as Suðreyjar, a term that means "Southern Islands", in reference to the Hebrides and Mann. The Gaelic personal name Lagmann is derived from the Old Norse lǫgmaðr ("lawman").The latter word originally referred to a profession, and was later adopted as a personal name. Although the name itself is historically found in the Isles as early the tenth century, it is not attested in Scandinavia proper. Corroboration that there was indeed a contemporaneous potentate from the Isles who bore the name is preserved by the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century Annals of Ulster and the eleventh- or twelfth-century Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib. These sources reveal that a prominent Islesmen named Amlaíb, described as the son of Lagmann mac Gofraid, fought and died at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014. The patronym accorded to Lagmann in these sources suggests that his father was <mask> mac Arailt, King of the Isles, and thus a brother of Ragnall mac <mask>, King of the Isles. It is conceivable that Lagmann's son led the Hebridean contingent at Clontarf. According to the twelfth-century Roman de Rou, and Gesta Normannorum ducum, after Lagmann and Óláfr assisted Knútr, the two were approached by Richard II, Duke of Normandy, who needed aid battling against Odo II, Count of Chartres.Lagmann and Óláfr are also stated to have campaigned on behalf of the Normans against the Bretons in Brittany where the two sacked Dol. It is possible that a record of this ravaging of Dol—and the unidentified coastal site of Hringsfjǫrðr—is preserved by Víkingarvísur, a piece of contemporary praise poetry composed by Sigvatr Þórðarson,

masks: Gofraid Gofraid


title: K. M. Panikkar

texts:
<mask> (3 June 1895 – 10 December 1963), popularly known as Sardar K. M<mask>, was an Indian statesman and diplomat. He was also a professor, newspaper editor, historian and novelist. He was born in Travancore, then a princely state in the British Indian Empire and was educated in Madras and at the University of Oxford. After a stint as professor at Aligarh Muslim University and later at University of Calcutta, he became editor of Hindustan Times in 1925. Later, he was appointed Secretary to the Chamber of Princes, whence he moved to Patiala State and then to Bikaner State as Foreign Minister and later became the latter's Prime Minister. When India achieved political independence, <mask> represented the country at the 1947 session of the UN General Assembly. In 1950, he was appointed Ambassador of India (the first non-Socialist country to recognise People's Republic of China) to China.After a successful tenure there, he went as Ambassador to Egypt in 1952. He was appointed a member of the States Reorganisation Commission set up in 1953. He was also India's Ambassador to France and a member of Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian parliament. He also served as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Kashmir and the University of Mysore. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> Parameswaran Namboodiri and Chalayil <mask> <mask> in the princely state of Travancore in 1895. He completed his basic studies at CMS College School, Kottayam and St. Paul's School, Vepery, Madras. Later on he joined Madras Christian College for intermediate classes.At MCC he was a contemporary of Puthezhath Raman <mask>, Nandyelath Padmanabha <mask> and Sadasiva Reddy among others. He left for England in April 1914 to read history at Christ Church,

masks:
Kavalam Madhava Panikkar
. Panikkar
Sardar Madhava Panikkar
Madhava
Panikkarathu
Kunjikutti
Kunjamma
Menon
Menon


title: K. M. Panikkar

texts:
 University of Oxford. After leaving Oxford, <mask> read for the bar at the Middle Temple, London. He was the first president of the Kerala Sahitya Academy. After his studies, <mask> travelled to Portugal and Holland to research the involvement of these countries with Malabar, the results of which were published in the books Malabar and the Portuguese (1929) and Malabar and the Dutch (1931). He was the maternal uncle of the noted poet, dramatist and lyricist <mask> Narayana Panicker. Career
On returning to India, he first taught at the Aligarh Muslim University and later at the University of Calcutta.He turned to journalism in 1925 as editor of the Hindustan Times. For the next 20 years, <mask> <mask> served the Princely States, becoming secretary to the chancellor of the Chamber of Princes. He also served as the foreign minister of the state of Patiala and as foreign minister of Bikaner, and became the dewan of Bikaner in 1944. He served in China until 1952, building a relationship with <mask>-shek, and remaining there through the Communist takeover in 1949 and the following period. He wrote of his experiences in the book In Two Chinas (1955). This period also saw the completion of his work Asia and Western Dominance (1953). He subsequently served as ambassador to Egypt (1952–1953), and France (1956–1959), before a severe stroke forced him to return to India.On recovering, he took up his academic career again, becoming Vice-Chancellor of Jammu and Kashmir University and later of Mysore University. During his political career <mask> continued to publish articles and poems, and also translated several Greek plays into Malayalam verse. He was a nominated member of Rajya Sabha from 1959 - 1961. Academics and scholarship
Early on

masks:
Panikkar
Panikkar
Kavalam
Madhava
Panikkar
Chiang Kai
Panikkar


title: K. M. Panikkar

texts: <mask> <mask> had cultivated an interest in Malayalam literature, and was a lifelong friend of the poet Vallathol Narayana <mask>on. He published scholarly works extensively and worked on ancient Indian history and more recent historical developments. Cambridge historian Arthur Hassall wrote that in his "long career as tutor of history at Christ Church" he had "never had a more brilliant student." <mask> <mask>'s interests stretched into diverse fields such as, art, notably novels, poetry and Kathakali and he wrote equally well in both Malayalam and English and published over 50 books and numerous articles.<mask> <mask>'s interest in European influence on Asia was reflected in his studies of the Portuguese and the Dutch in Malabar (in South India) and especially in his Asia and Western Dominance (1953). In Two Chinas (1955) revealed his sympathy with Communist

masks: Madhava Panikkar Men Madhava Panikkar Madhava Panikkar


title: Andries de Wet

texts:
<mask> (district of Carnarvon, Cape Colony, July 5, 1876 – Windhoek, South West Africa, April 26, 1930) was a South African soldier and founder of the Vrykorps in German South West Africa which tried to overthrow the British-aligned government of the Union of South Africa to establish German rule. Early life and education
<mask> was the son of the field cornet <mask> and his wife, Magdalena Judith Keet, and a cousin of General <mask> (Pieter was the brother of Christiaan's father, <mask>). His education began at a farm school followed by primary school in Carnarvon, after which he studied with A. G. Visser at the Memorial School of the Huguenots in Dal Josafat, where they became close friends. After graduation, he returned to his hometown to farm, though according to one source, he was hired by the Cape Colony government at a young age as a plunge dip inspector of cattle. Second Boer War
In 1895, he moved to the South African Republic, where he and his friend Koos Jooste made a name for themselves as record-setting champion cyclists on the Pretoria-to-Cape-Town race. In September 1899, he and Jooste helped Daniel Theron establish his cyclist scout corps. In December 1899, once he was promoted to a lieutenant, <mask> was ordered by Theron at the head of 25 men to the front at Colesberg and from there to Stormberg, Northern Cape.<mask> and Jooste criticized the government for not stationing troops in Colesberg and advocated an expedition to the northwestern districts of the Cape to foment anti-colonial rebellion and thereby cut off the British connection to the South. Initially refusing his counsel, the SAR government eventually adopted his plan. <mask>

masks:
Andries Gerhardus de Wet
De Wet
Pieter Gerhardus de Wet
Christiaan de Wet
Jacobus Ignatius de Wet
De Wet
De Wet
De Wet


title: Andries de Wet

texts:
 accompanied the expedition led by Gen. P. J. Liebenberg and Comm. Lucas Steenkamp, which set out by the end of January 1900. During February and March 1900, <mask> was active in organizing revolts in Prieska, Upington, and Kenhardt, and was promoted to commandant. The surrender of Gen.Piet Cronjé at Paardeberg on February 27, 1900, and the fall of Bloemfontein on March 13, 1900 obligated Republican forces to retreat quickly south of the Orange River. <mask> then helped defend the Orange Free State from British forces.He joined the Afrikaner Cavalry Corps when Comm. Abraham Malan founded it. Exile and return
With the dissolution of his unit, <mask> sailed for Europe out of Delagoa Bay. A serious surgery left him out of active service but he often spoke publicly about the war, championing a road through German South West Africa to help Boer representatives in Europe supply Boer troops in South Africa. By July 1901, he was well enough to return to the SAR with the help of its envoy, Willem Johannes Leyds. <mask> continued to function as the intermediary between Boer leadership at home and abroad. After a difficult trip through German South West Africa, he joined the commanders in the Cape in October 1901 and served on the staff of Gen. Jan Smuts, until a serious injury put him out of commission once more.At the end of the war, refusing to submit to British authority, he fled with Gen. Manie Maritz, Com. (later Gen.) Edwin A. Conroy, Com. Jacob Petrus Neser, and High Com. Hendrik Lategan to German South West Africa. From there, they sailed out from Swakopmund on July 30, 1902. Hugging the west coast of Africa, they called port in Victoria, Kamerun (then

masks:
De Wet
De Wet
De Wet
De Wet


title: Andries de Wet

texts:
 another German colony, where they boarded another ship traveling via Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Madeira, and Southampton to Hamburg, where he received a hero's welcome on German soil on August 29. The party travelled by train to Berlin where they hoped to meet their heroes, generals Christiaan <mask>, Koos <mask> Rey, and Louis Botha on the latter's European tour.However, the latter Boer generals would only visit the German capital afterwards, and therefore the company went to the Netherlands where Neser rented them rooms with money borrowed from Cape loyalist Jan du Plessis. While in a hospital, <mask> began and soon completed a book on his wartime experiences. The sources are unclear as to whether this is the same as Die Buren in der Kapkolonie im Kriege mit England ("Neighbors in Cape Colony at War with England," published in Munich, which he wrote Van Doomik and Du Plessis. <mask>, who accepted German citizenship, was already beginning to organize massive Boer settlement in German Southwest Africa. He had already negotiated with the German government for land where Boer refugees could live, but was stymied by lack of funds. In 1903, he returned to farm in South West Africa, still unwilling to live under the British flag, and became a leader in the local Afrikaner community. World War I

With the outbreak of World War I, <mask> enlisted in the Freikorps on September 9, 1914 in Windhoek, hoping among other things to free his homeland South Africa from British rule.Although the local Freikorps were short-lived, there was no comparable unit in any other German colonies. The all-volunteer corps was recruited from the already large Afrikaner

masks:
de Wet
de la
De Wet
De Wet
De Wet


title: Andries de Wet

texts: population. The Freikorps's goal was to support the Maritz rebellion that arose after the Union government sided with Great Britain at the outbreak of war in August 1914. The rebels strongly opposed the Union Defense Force (UDF) invasion of German South West Africa and saw British forces' diversion to other fields by the broader war as an opportunity to restore the independence of the Boer republics. The Freikorps operated independently but under the aegis of the German Imperial Forces, the so-called Schutztruppe. The German governor, Theodor Seitz, fully supported the Freikorps' efforts from a strategic point of view, believing the Boers could defeat Botha's government and provide a ready German ally in South Africa. Armed with ammunition, uniforms, materiel, and military support from the German government in Windhoek, the Freikorps joined the rebels in the Northwest Cape in their siege of Upington.<mask> journeyed with the Boer troops from Windhoek to Nakop, serving as captain and commander of the Freikorps regiment sent to join Gen. Maritz there, but soon resigned and was replaced by Cmdt. Stoffel Schoeman. Quickly and poorly trained for numerous battles against the much better equipped UDF, the Freikorps ultimately failed to gain the upper hand in Cape Colony. The members lacked discipline, the rebel leaders often fought among themselves, and contact with the German commanders on the other side of the border was almost completely lost. The last rebel units surrendered to the UDF on February 2 and February 3, 1915, and Seitz officially ordered the unit disbanded on February 15, effective March 1. After the rebellion was suppressed and the slight


title: Andries de Wet

texts:
 Freikorps incursion into the Northwest Cape ended, Botha's army had little trouble defeating the Schutztruppe and capturing Windhoek on May 9 without opposition. Only two months later, the German surrender was signed to the north, in Khorab.In South West Africa
<mask> returned to his farm and soon began participating in local politics. He helped found the United National South West Party and advocated in 1928 for the repatriation of the Dorslandtrekkers from Portuguese soil to South West Africa. Personal life
His marriage in 1903 in German South West Africa to Elisabeth Hagedom (or Hagdorn) (to whom he had been engaged in Germany a year before his return to Africa) produced four children. After her death, he married Elisabeth Catherina Ackerman, whom he later divorced but with whom he had a son. He was survived by his third wife, Anna Jacoba <mask>, and was buried in Windhoek. A street southeast of downtown Windhoek was named for him. Sources
 (af) Nienaber, P. J.1947. Afrikaanse biografiese woordeboek Deel 1. ("Afrikaner Biographical Dictionary Part 1") Johannesburg: L. en S. Boek- en Kunssentrum. (af) Krüger, D. W. (up to 1972) and Beyers, C.J. (since 1973). 1977. Suid-Afrikaanse Biografiese Woordeboek.("South African Biographical Dictionary") Cape Town: Tafelberg-Uitgewers. (en) Trümpelmann, G.P.J. and Potgieter, D.J. 1971. Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Nasionale Opvoedkundige Uitgewery Ltd.
 (en) Fighting with the Germans against their own people. URL accessed 3 October 2015.References

External links
(af) Afrikaner History, Namibia. URL accessed 3 October 2015. People of the Second Boer War
History of Namibia
1876

masks:
De Wet
van Heerden


title: George W. Trendle

texts:
<mask> (July 4, 1884May 10, 1972) was a Detroit lawyer and businessman best known as the producer of the Lone Ranger radio and television programs along with The Green Hornet and Sergeant Preston of the Yukon. Movie theaters
During the 1920s, <mask><mask> was a Detroit, Michigan, lawyer who had established a reputation as a tough negotiator specializing in movie contracts and leases. Trendle became involved in the Detroit area entertainment business in 1928 when local motion picture theater owner John H. Kunsky offered Trendle 25 percent ownership in exchange for his services. Kunsky had been an early investor in Nickelodeons beginning in 1905. In 1911, he built the first movie theater in Detroit. It was the second movie theater in the nation. By 1928, he owned twenty movie theaters, including four of the largest first-run theaters in Detroit.Kunsky was being driven out of the theater business when Adolph Zukor acquired the Detroit area film exchange known as the Cooperative Booking Office and began pressuring local theater owners to sell out to Paramount. <mask> negotiated to sell Kunsky's theatres for six million dollars. Zukor transferred the theaters to a Paramount subsidiary named United Detroit Theatres. In 1948, Paramount's monopoly became the focus of an antitrust suit initiated by the Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers (SIMPP). As part of the deal, <mask> and Kunsky were prohibited from reentering the movie business in Detroit. However, Zukor apparently recognized <mask>'s talents and hired him to manage the Paramount theaters in Detroit. <mask> is credited as having built the historic Alger Theater, which opened August 22, 1935, on Detroit's east side.Trendle was fired from the United Detroit Theatres for "negligence" in 1937. Radio and television stations
Trendle and Kunsky formed the Kunsky-Trendle Broadcasting Company

masks:
George Washington Trendle
George W
. Trendle
Trendle
Trendle
Trendle
Trendle


title: George W. Trendle

texts: in 1929 after purchasing Detroit radio station WGHP. The radio station's call letters were changed to WXYZ. <mask> was the president and Kunsky was the vice president of the company. Trendle was active as the station manager. Kunsky is rarely mentioned except as co-owner. WXYZ was initially affiliated with the Columbia Broadcasting System but became an independent station within a year.Trendle's partner, Kunsky, legally changed his name to King in 1936, and the Kunsky-Trendle Broadcasting Company became the King-Trendle Broadcasting Company. WXYZ improved its technical facilities through the 1930s, expanding its studios, raising its daytime power from 1,000 to 5,000 watts in the late 1930s, and increasing nighttime power to 5,000 watts in time for its mandated 1941 move from 1240 to 1270 kHz under the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement. In 1931, Kunsky-Trendle acquired WASH and WOOD in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The two stations merged facilities, including studios and transmitters, but retained both station licenses. WASH was on the air from 8 a.m. to noon, and WOOD from noon to midnight. WOOD-WASH became an NBC Red affiliate in 1935. King and Trendle decided to drop the WASH license in 1942, keeping the WOOD identification.In 1946, the newly formed American Broadcasting Company purchased the King-Trendle Broadcasting Company and its radio stations for $3.65 million. This sale was for the broadcast facilities (including WOOD, WXYZ, and the Michigan Regional Network) and a construction permit for what would later become WXYZ-TV (channel 7) but did not include ownership of Trendle's radio programs. The FCC approved ABC's purchase on July 18, 1946. In 1952, Paramount Theaters (owners of Kunsky and Trendle's former chain of Detroit area theaters) acquired ABC, including WXYZ. Trendle entered into a new partnership with long-term business


title: George W. Trendle

texts:
 Baking Company) as the first sponsor for the Lone Ranger series. This was a big account and helped to bring the show to nationwide syndication. Apparently, Campbell's contributions to the business were significant. He continued working for Trendle for the next twenty years and eventually became one of Trendle's business partners. Campbell reportedly kept a set of books to show employees that the company was losing money and could not afford to pay higher salaries. Trendle and Campbell often responded to employee requests for salary increases by downplaying their value to the company and threatening to fire them.This threat was particularly effective during the Depression. <mask> specified the music on WXYZ shows should be non-copyrighted classical so that the music was royalty-free. This is the reason that the William Tell Overture was adopted as the Lone Ranger theme and The Flight of the Bumble Bee became the theme for the Green Hornet show. New programming
In June 1932, <mask> decided to drop the network affiliation to operate WXYZ as an independent station. His station would produce its own radio drama series and broadcast locally produced music programs rather than pay for syndicated programs. Jim Jewell was hired as the station's dramatic director and supplied the actors from his own repertory company, the "Jewell Players." Freelance radio writer Fran Striker was hired to write many of these programs.The earliest dramatic radio series included Thrills of the Secret Service, Dr. Fang, and <mask>, Manhunter. Striker wrote many of the scripts and eventually became head of WXYZ's script department. Late in 1932, Trendle began discussing ideas to create a new radio series with a cowboy as the hero. He wanted a mysterious hero who would have the same type of appeal as Zorro or Robin Hood. The target audience included children, so Trendle

masks:
Trendle
Trendle
Warner Lester


title: George W. Trendle

texts: insisted on a wholesome hero with high moral standards. Violence and romance were to be minimized. Trendle worked out the basic concept of a masked vigilante, a lone Texas ranger with a big white horse, in staff meetings with Jim Jewell and studio manager Harold True.Then it was turned over to Fran Striker to flesh out the details and provide the scripts. His contributions included silver bullets and an Indian companion. The result was The Lone Ranger, which began broadcasting January 30, 1933, on WXYZ and the seven other stations of the Michigan Regional Network. The Lone Ranger was an almost immediate hit. In May, a free popgun was offered to the first 300 listeners to send a written request; the station received nearly 25,000 replies. In July, the Lone Ranger made a public appearance at a park and a crowd estimated at 70,000 gathered. Trendle recognized the value of the Lone Ranger and forced Striker and Jewell to sign over all rights.Along with the legal rights, <mask> claimed credit as the creator of the Lone Ranger. <mask> and his partners kept most of the profits from radio syndication, movie rights, and merchandising while Striker and Jewell were given little more than their salaries. By the beginning of 1934, the show was syndicated to WGN, Chicago, and WOR, Newark. Other stations soon followed. The live broadcasts were transmitted over telephone lines to the other stations. When the Mutual Broadcasting System was created in 1934, WXYZ became a charter member and the Lone Ranger program was featured on the Mutual Network. Although WXYZ dropped out to join NBC Blue about a year later, contractual obligations kept The Lone Ranger on Mutual until 1942, during this period The Lone Ranger was produced at WXYZ but heard in the Detroit area over Mutual's new affiliate, CKLW.It then switched to the NBC Blue Network, which became ABC in 1943.

masks: Trendle Trendle


title: George W. Trendle

texts:
 Trendle began producing Bob Barclay - American Agent. Bob Barclay was an undercover agent for the U.S. Government with a cover identity as a news correspondent. Trendle received complaints from the U.S. Government because the stories sounded too much like actual cases. The American press also complained that the series was hurting the real-life situation of <mask>s.Oatis was a reporter being held on espionage charges in Czechoslovakia. The series was cancelled at the end of its first season. In July 1954, Trendle sold the rights to the Lone Ranger to the Wrather Corporation for $3 million. The radio series ceased at that time, but the television series continued until 1957 with <mask> as the new executive producer. From 1955 to 1958, the radio program Challenge of the Yukon was adapted for television as Sergeant Preston of the Yukon. The series was produced by Trendle-Campbell-Meurer Inc. during its first two seasons but was sold to Jack Wrather Productions in 1957. Death
On May 10, 1972, <mask> died of a heart attack at the age of 87.He is buried in Detroit's Woodlawn Cemetery. References

Sources
 Dunning, John (1998). On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio. New York: Oxford University Press. Osgood, Dick (1981). Wyxie Wonderland: An Unauthorized 50-Year Diary of WXYZ Detroit. Ohio: Bowling Green University Press.Bisco, Jim (2005). “Buffalo's Lone Ranger: The Prolific Fran Striker Wrote the Book on Early Radio.“ Western New York Heritage, Vol 7, Number 4, Winter 2005. J Brian III. ”HI-YO SILVER“ The Saturday Evening Post. October 14, 1939

External links

The Miser of Motown: <mask>. Trendle
History of United Detroit Theaters
Michigan Radio Station History

1884 births
1972 deaths
American radio producers
Television producers from Ohio
Lone Ranger
People from Norwalk, Ohio
Burials in Michigan
Green Hornet
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery

masks:
William Oati
Jack Wrather
Trendle
George W


title: Ritesh Arya

texts:
<mask> is an Indian geologist known for finding water at multiple locations in the high-altitude cold and mountainous desert of  Ladakh, including the Siachen Glacier, which has made him a Guinness World Records holder. In 2014 he was Director Water and Geothermal Section at the International Sustainable Energy Organization (ISEO). Life
<mask> was born in Shimla on 20 Aug 1968. He had his primary education from St Edward Shimla and high school from St Marys Convent School  Kasauli. He did his pre-medical from DAV Chandigarh but soon realized that dissections on animals were not his cup of tea. He joined BSc (Hons School) in  Center of Advanced Study in Geology, Panjab University, Chandigarh and did his Masters and Ph.D. from there. He has an interest in fossils, groundwater, tectonics, climate, geothermal.Fossils
During his graduation days, he was inspired by Medlicott who had collected fossils from the Kasauli club in 1864. Since <mask> belonged to Kasauli he started collecting fossils during his graduation days which culminated in his Ph.D. degree but his love for fossils continued. His collection included fossils of leaves, flowers, stems, roots, vertebrates, molluscs, insect wings most of which were the first report from the Kasauli Himalayas . He presented his findings in  Seminar marking the 25th celebration of  Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology in 1993 and later in 1994 he also presented the same in the International Geological Correlation Program 355 on  Neogene evolution of Pacific Ocean gateways                                                                         Inter-University Seminar House, Kansai JAPAN organized by Prof Nishimura in Japan 1994. Groundwater
In 1993 he joined the Groundwater Organisation, Government of Himachal Pradesh as a hydrogeologist to explore groundwater resources in the Himalayas which

masks:
Ritesh Arya
Ritesh Arya
Arya


title: Ritesh Arya

texts:
 were earlier considered to devoid of groundwater resources. In 1996 he coined the word Hydrostratigraphy and divided the Himalayas into 7 hydrostratigraphic zones based on borewell samples. He prepared a Conceptual model to explain occurrences and movement of groundwater resources in the entire Himalayas and presented the same in 1996 International Geological Congress Beijing China
In 1995, following a request from the Dalai Lama to help in providing potable water to natives of Sonamling Tibetan Settlement in Choglamsar.These were those Tibetans who had fled Tibet following Chinese aggression in 1959 along with the Dalai Lama and settled in these high altitude cold mountain desert of the world. Arya successfully explored the region which was at that time considered to be devoid of groundwater. In 1997 Water Aid funded a project to find drinking water for around 5000 Tibetans living in and around Leh. This included Choglamsar, Spituk, Nyoma, Sumdo and Hanle. He left his government job and established his own company 'Arya Driller' in  working on a "No Water, No Money" basis. <mask> was part of the team who managed to find the required water, further drilled 25 borewells to make that water accessible. Arya then helped make drinking water available at Air Force Station Leh and  Thoise.He worked in close association with the scientists of the Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO) to provide water for irrigation for the Field Research Laboratory in Leh and Partapur. Groundwater based agriculture increased the production by 50% During Kargil War, he was exploring and provided groundwater to the troops stationed in Siachen, Kargil, Drass, Khumbathang Since 1999 he has been providing potable water in difficult terrains for the military bases and along the border across Ladakh including Thoise, Phobrang, Chushul, Partapur,


title: Ritesh Arya

texts:
 Sasoma, Rezang La and Tangtse. He also worked with civil authorities to provide water to the civil population and also under the Sadhbavana project. Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport, Batalik and DRDO laboratory aside, <mask> found water at nearly 50 locations connected to the Indian Army's XIV Corps. In 2003 <mask> made his name in the Guinness World Records for exploring and drilling the highest artesian condition (borewell) in the world at for the Indian Army. He presented his findings in World Water Week Stockholm in 2009

Geothermal
In 2008 he was in Oslo to present a paper at the International Geological Congress Oslo. In 2010 Research Council of Norway he was part of the INDNOR an Indo-Norway joint venture to study geothermal sites in Himalayas.He introduced Agneyodgara (lava Energy) and firmly believed that Geothermal energy alone can solve the energy problem in remote areas of Ladakh specially Chumathang and Puga in a sustainable way. This concept was rated among the Top 10 innovations in World Future Energy Summit 2010 Abu Dhabi. In 2010 he presented his paper on Geothermal as Tourist destination in Himalayas in World Geothermal Congress Bali Indonesia. He was able to explore and develop lukewarm water for Indian army @ Siachen Base camp with the aim to decrease dependency on fossil fuel

Climate
After the reports of Man-made Global warming were published by IPCC in 2007, <mask> who was working in Higher Himalayas was carefully observing the glacial remains, geological and geomorphological features, and the borewell samples and tried to relate it with paleoclimates. He found that majority of the glaciers had receded and become extinct in the Himalayas much before industrialization started and based on geological and geomorphological shreds of evidence proposed <mask>'s C Cycle on climate change  C cycles because the

masks: Arya Arya Arya Arya


title: Ritesh Arya

texts:
 geomorphic features he found in the granites of Ladakh Batholith represented alphabet C .  He concluded that Climate Change is a natural cyclic process consisting of warming and cooling cycles. Man creates pollution and not changes in Climate  He concluded that Global warming is the best part to be on this planet earth and did a TEDx talk "Enjoy Global Warming - Its the best part to be on this planet earth"

Floods
In 2010, Leh floods claimed more than 200 plus lives in night of 5 August. Dr Arya had predicted flash floods induced due to global warming in an International Seminar organized by Military Engineering Services in Leh and in 2010 he was trapped in the flash flood.He worked on the flood sites and based on the evidences collected he concluded that Leh floods were caused due to Reservoir Wall Rupture Mechanism paper was published in NIDM Journal Disaster & Development Vol. 5, No. 1 & 2, April & November 2011

Earthquakes
Arya based on geological evidences collected across the Himalayas from the foothills of the Shivalik to the Indus Tsangpo Suture Zone and beyond  firmly believed that Himalayas are accumulation of various geological formations consisting of various rocks of different geological ages representing different environment which have been placed side by side today by various forces of tectonics which moved the Indian plate towards Eurasian plate thereby squeezing the sediments of the Tethys Sea which was once separating India from the Tibetan landmass. Resulting in trusting of older formations over the younger formations thereby creating week zones leading to frequent seismic activities which we witness today. According to him “Hill stations near Chandigarh are geologically upside down hence prone to seismic activity”
<mask> discovered the signatures of paleoseismic activity in Spituk Leh Ladakh. He was able to


title: Nils Malmros

texts:
<mask> (born 1944), a Danish film director and screenwriter, is considered a leading auteur of realism in Danish cinema. <mask> is noted for his detailed focus on the common growing pains of adolescence and the loss of innocence, which he draws from his childhood experiences growing up in Århus, Denmark. His most notable films form a trilogy about schoolchildren in 1950s Århus: Lars-Ole 5c, Boys and Tree of Knowledge. The latter film, 1981's Tree of Knowledge (Kundskabens træ), is one of ten films listed in Denmark's cultural canon by the Danish Ministry of Culture. <mask>, self-educated as a filmmaker, is formally trained as a surgeon. In his film Facing the Truth (At kende sandheden), he performed all of the film's brain surgery sequences himself. <mask> is a 4-time recipient of the Bodil Award for Best Danish Film and a 3-time recipient of the Robert Award for Danish Film of the Year.Early life and medical training
<mask> Sigurd <mask> was born on 5 October 1944 in Århus, Denmark the son of , professor of neurosurgery at University of Aarhus, and Eli Cold. As a young man, <mask> wanted to be a furniture designer and applied for admission to architecture school in Copenhagen, but was not accepted. Instead, Malmros followed in the path of his father and, in 1965, began studying medicine. However, after viewing François Truffaut's Jules and Jim and reading a film analysis by Klaus Rifbjerg, <mask> became inspired to pursue film making. <mask> eventually completed his medical training and graduated from the Århus University medical school in 1988—after 23 years and the completion of five feature films. First films
In 1968, using his own money and his friends as actors, <mask> wrote and directed his first film: A Strange Romance (En mærkelig kærlighed). The film about the problems and philosophical

masks:
Nils Malmros
Malmros
Malmros
Malmros
Nils
Malmros
Malmros
Malmros
Malmros
Malmros


title: Nils Malmros

texts:
 discussions of some youths in Århus received a premiere at a Copenhagen theater but passed with little notice.After opening in Århus, critics panned the movie for being amateurish and a plagiarism of Truffaut. <mask> was hurt, but pushed forward with his next movie project: Lars-Ole, 5c. In 1969, <mask> sought financial support from the Danish Film Fund, first for script development of Lars-Ole, 5c, and again later for production. Both times he was turned down—the Film Fund would not support what they considered a children's movie. <mask> again self-funded his project. The movie revolved around the social life and development of a fifth-grade schoolboy. Malmros filmed on location at the Finsensgades Skole in Århus where he once attended, and he reduced costs by using children from the school as actors and extras."In 1971, he appealed for support to transfer the film from 16-mm to 35-mm and was again refused. The film premiered in 1973 to critical praise and was hailed as "a little film miracle." <mask>' treatment by the Danish Film Fund became a scandal and was discussed within the Danish parliament. Subsequently, the Film Fund was dissolved and replaced by the Danish Film Institute which awarded Malmros 335,000 dkk in settlement in 1974. In August of that year, <mask> won the Bodil Award for Best Danish Film for Lars-Ole, 5c. Professional career
The positive results and financial success of his Lars-Ole, 5c permitted <mask> to pursue his first professional film: Boys (Drenge). Once again, <mask> used his own childhood experiences to relate his story, this time about an Århus schoolboy's sexual development told in three phases from child to teenager to young man.The film premiered in 1977 and in 1978, <mask> won his second Bodil Award for Best Danish Film. In 1981, <mask> released the third film of his

masks: Malmros Malmros Malmros Malmros Malmros Malmros Malmros Malmros Malmros


title: Nils Malmros

texts: trilogy: Tree of Knowledge (Kundskabens træ). Like Lars-Ole, 5c and Boys, Tree of Knowledge was an examination of Danish schoolchildren in Århus during the 1950s. However, this time, the story revolved around the lives of 17 young teenagers during a two-year period. Shooting on location at the Århus Katedralskole where he went to school, <mask> took two years to film the action, so the cast members reflected the real life physical and emotional development of their characters. <mask> originally wanted to film over a four-year period but ran into financial difficulties with the film's funding from the Det Danske Filminstitut. The film received critical acclaim but garnered only two awards: a Bodil Award for Jan Weincke's cinematography and an audience prize at the Lübeck Nordic Film Days.However, Tree of Knowledge is one of the top 100 Danish films listed by the Danish Film Institute and is one of ten films listed in the cultural canon of Denmark by the Danish Ministry of Culture. <mask> made Beauty and the Beast (Skønheden og udyret) in 1983. The film describes the tensions between a father and daughter when he becomes over his daughter's developing relationships with boys. In 1984 <mask> won his third Bodil Award for Best Danish Film. The movie was also awarded the newly established Robert Award for Danish Film of the Year. He followed this with his 1989 film Århus by Night. The film was inspired by <mask>' experiences during the filming of Boys and many of the characters were obvious portraits of those involved from the earlier film.During filming <mask> came under criticism from the Actor's union for employing amateur actors. <mask> held a preview of the movie and was criticized for the surrealistic Freudian ending by reviewers, for example critic Klaus Rifberg. However, without Rifberg's knowledge,

masks: Malmros Malmros Malmros Malmros Malmros Malmros Malmros


title: Nils Malmros

texts: <mask> had seen the review and one week before the official premiere he removed the film's ending, thus shortening the film by 5 minutes. <mask> received pleasant but mild reviews of the film. In 1992, <mask> shifted from his usual milieu and made the dramatic tragedy Pain of Love (Kærlighedens Smerte). Departing from Malmros' usual sentimental view of childhood, the film tells a beautiful but bitter story about a young college student whose small setbacks in school and relationships lead her toward an inexorable descent into suicidal depression. The film won both the Bodil and Robert awards in 1993 for Best Danish Film.Both Anne Louise Hassing and Søren Østergaard received the same awards for their leading roles and both supporting actors received Bodil awards as well. For his next film, <mask> for the first time chose a story from outside of his childhood environs. Malmros' Barbara (1997) is an adaptation of the classic Danish novel by Jørgen-Frantz Jacobsen set in the Faroe Islands. The film about a minister who falls in love and marries a promiscuous woman received the Audience Award at the Rouen Nordic Film Festival as well as the 1998 Robert Award for Best Film. For his 2002 film, Facing the Truth (At kende sandheden), <mask> returned to his personal experience with semi-biographical tale about his father who was a pioneer in brain surgery. Shot in black-and-white documentary style, the film relates the hardships of a young neurosurgeon struggling through a medical lawsuit. <mask>, intent on the film's realism, used his surgical background by performing all of the film's brain surgery scenes himself.The film was nominated for the 2003 Bodil Award for Best Danish Film and <mask> accepted the 2003 Danish Film Academy's Robert Award for Film of the Year. In 2009, <mask> released another coming-of-age

masks: Malmros Malmros Malmros Malmros Malmros Malmros Malmros Malmros


title: Nils Malmros

texts:
 story, Aching Hearts (Kærestesorger). Filmed over a three-year period with teenagers in Viborg, the movie repeated the filming techniques and themes from <mask>' Tree of Knowledge. In 2013, <mask> wrote and directed Sorrow and Joy () about the tragic events in which his wife killed their 9-month-old daughter. It was selected as the Danish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 87th Academy Awards, but was not nominated. Personal life
<mask> married school teacher Marianne Tromholt on 5 June 1982. Tromholt suffers from bipolar disorder.In 1984, while on a home visit from Risskov Psychiatric Hospital and off her medication, Tromholt killed the couple's 9-month-old daughter with a kitchen knife. Tromholt received 18 months of hospital treatment after which Malmros obtained her release. Tromholt returned to teaching at the request of her students' parents. She retired from teaching in 2012, prior to the release of <mask>' 2013 film Sorrow and Joy which recounts the tragic events. <mask> <mask> – en auteur. Amanda 1991, s. 25-36. Lars Daneskov og Kim Kristensen: <mask> <mask>, portræt af en filmkunstner.Hovedland 1989. Finn Thrane: Interview med <mask> Mamros. Kosmorama 123-124/1974. John Mogensen: Kundskabens træ – en film bliver til. Centrum 1981. Søren Birkvad: Syndens huler. Kosmorama 157/1982.Oluf Gandrup og Peter Kirkegaard: Malmros' erindringsmagi – Bringing It All Back Home. MacGuffin 41-42/1982. Niels Olaf Gudme: Interview med <mask> <mask>. Tusind Øjne 47/1981. Henrik Jul Hansen: Fortiden på nethinden. Levende Billeder 7/1981. Klaus Rifbjerg: Kærligheden er en by i provinsen.Levende Billeder 8/1981. External links

 <mask> Malmos at danskfilmogtv.com (in Danish)

1944 births
Danish film directors
Danish male writers
Danish screenwriters
Living people
Male screenwriters
People from

masks: Malmros Malmros Malmros Malmros Nils Malmros Nils Malmros Nils Nils Malmros Nils


title: Man Ray

texts:
<mask> (born Emmanuel Radnitzky; August 27, 1890 – November 18, 1976) was an American visual artist who spent most of his career in Paris. He was a significant contributor to the Dada and Surrealist movements, although his ties to each were informal. He produced major works in a variety of media but considered himself a painter above all. He was best known for his pioneering photography, and he was a renowned fashion and portrait photographer. <mask> is also noted for his work with photograms, which he called "rayographs" in reference to himself. Biography

Background and early life

During his career as an artist, <mask> allowed few details of his early life or family background to be known to the public. He even refused to acknowledge that he ever had a name other than <mask>.<mask>'s birth name was Emmanuel Radnitzky. He was born in South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on August 27, 1890. He was the eldest child of Russian Jewish immigrants Melach "Max" Radnitzky, a tailor, and <mask> "Minnie" Radnitzky (née Lourie or Luria). He had a brother, Sam, and two sisters, Dorothy "Dora" and Essie (or Elsie), the youngest born in 1897 shortly after they settled in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. In early 1912, the Radnitzky family changed their surname to <mask>. <mask>'s brother chose the surname in reaction to the ethnic discrimination and antisemitism prevalent at the time. Emmanuel, who was called "<mask>" as a nickname, changed his first name to <mask> and gradually began to use <mask> as his name.<mask>'s father worked in a garment factory and ran a small

masks:
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Manya
Ray
Man Ray
Manny
Man
Man Ray
Man Ray


title: Man Ray

texts:
 tailoring business out of the family home. He enlisted his children to assist him from an early age. <mask>'s mother enjoyed designing the family's clothes and inventing patchwork items from scraps of fabric. <mask> wished to disassociate himself from his family background, but their tailoring left an enduring mark on his art. Mannequins, flat irons, sewing machines, needles, pins, threads, swatches of fabric, and other items related to tailoring appear in almost every medium of his work. Art historians have noted similarities between <mask>'s collage and painting techniques and styles used for tailoring. Mason Klein, curator of a <mask> exhibition at the Jewish Museum in New York, Alias <mask>: The Art of Reinvention, suggests that the artist may have been "the first Jewish avant-garde artist."<mask> was the uncle of the photographer Naomi Savage, who learned some of his techniques and incorporated them into her own work. First artistic endeavors

<mask> displayed artistic and mechanical abilities during childhood. His education at Brooklyn's Boys' High School from 1904 to 1909 provided him with solid grounding in drafting and other basic art techniques. While he attended school, he educated himself with frequent visits to the local art museums, where he studied the works of the Old Masters. After his graduation, <mask> was offered a scholarship to study architecture but chose to pursue a career as an artist. <mask>'s parents were disappointed by their son's decision to pursue art, but they agreed to rearrange the family's modest living quarters so that <mask>'s room could

masks:
Man Ray
Man Ray
Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Ray
Man Ray
Ray


title: Man Ray

texts:
 be his studio. The artist remained in the family home over the next four years.During this time, he worked steadily towards becoming a professional painter. <mask> earned money as a commercial artist and was a technical illustrator at several Manhattan companies. The surviving examples of his work from this period indicate that he attempted mostly paintings and drawings in 19th-century styles. He was already an avid admirer of contemporary avant-garde art, such as the European modernists he saw at Alfred Stieglitz's "291" gallery and works by the Ashcan School. However, with a few exceptions, he was not yet able to integrate these trends into his own work. The art classes he sporadically attended, including stints at the National Academy of Design and the Art Students League, were of little apparent benefit to him. When he enrolled in the Ferrer School in the autumn of 1912, he began a period of intense and rapid artistic development.New York

While living in New York City, <mask> was influenced by the avant-garde practices of European contemporary artists he was introduced to at the 1913 Armory Show and in visits to Alfred Stieglitz's "291" art gallery. His early paintings display facets of cubism. After befriending Marcel Duchamp, who was interested in showing movement in static paintings, his works began to depict movement of the figures. An example is the repetitive positions of the dancer's skirts in The Rope Dancer Accompanies Herself with Her Shadows (1916). In 1915, <mask> had his first solo show of paintings and drawings after he had taken up residence at an art

masks:
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray


title: Man Ray

texts: colony in Grantwood, New Jersey, across the Hudson River from New York City. His first proto-Dada object, an assemblage titled Self-Portrait, was exhibited the following year. He produced his first significant photographs in 1918, after initially picking up the camera to document his own artwork.<mask> abandoned conventional painting to involve himself with Dada, a radical anti-art movement. He published two Dadaist periodicals, that each only had one issue, The Ridgefield Gazook (1915) and TNT (1919), the latter co-edited by Adolf Wolff and Mitchell Dawson. He started making objects and developed unique mechanical and photographic methods of making images. For the 1918 version of Rope Dancer, he combined a spray-gun technique with a pen drawing. Like Duchamp, he worked with readymades—ordinary objects that are selected and modified. His Gift readymade (1921) is a flatiron with metal tacks attached to the bottom, and Enigma of Isidore Ducasse is an unseen object (a sewing machine) wrapped in cloth and tied with cord. Aerograph (1919), another work from this period, was done with airbrush on glass.In 1920, <mask> helped Duchamp make the Rotary Glass Plates, one of the earliest examples of kinetic art. It was composed of glass plates turned by a motor. That same year, <mask>, Katherine Dreier, and Duchamp founded the Société Anonyme, an itinerant collection that was the first museum of modern art in the U.S. In 1941 the collection was donated to Yale University Art Gallery. <mask> teamed up with Duchamp to publish one issue of New York Dada in 1920. For <mask>, Dada's

masks:
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray


title: Man Ray

texts:
 experimentation was no match for the wild and chaotic streets of New York. He wrote that "Dada cannot live in New York.All New York is dada, and will not tolerate a rival." In 1913, <mask> met his first wife, the Belgian poet Adon Lacroix (Donna Lecoeur) (1887–1975), in New York. They married in 1914, separated in 1919, and formally divorced in 1937. Paris

In July 1921, <mask> went to live and work in Paris, France. He soon settled in the Montparnasse quarter favored by many artists. His accidental rediscovery of the cameraless photogram, which he called "rayographs", resulted in mysterious images hailed by Tristan Tzara as "pure Dada creations". Shortly after arriving in Paris, he met and fell in love with Kiki de Montparnasse (Alice Prin), an artists' model and celebrated character in Paris bohemian circles.Kiki was <mask>'s companion for most of the 1920s. She became the subject of some of his most famous photographic images, and starred in his experimental films Le Retour à la Raison and L'Étoile de mer. In 1929, he began a love affair with the Surrealist photographer Lee Miller. She left him in 1932. <mask> was in a relationship with the Guadeloupean dancer and model Adrienne Fidelin from late 1934 until August 1940, the two parting ways after <mask> fled the Nazi occupation in France, while Adrienne chose to stay behind to care for her family. Unlike the artist's other significant muses, Fidelin has largely been written out of his life story. <mask> was a pioneering photographer in Paris for two decades between the wars.Significant members of the art world, such as

masks:
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Ray
Man Ray


title: Man Ray

texts: Pablo Picasso, Tristan Tzara, James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, Jean Cocteau, Salvador Dalí, Peggy Guggenheim, Bridget Bate Tichenor, Luisa Casati, and Antonin Artaud, posed for his camera. <mask>'s international fame as a portrait photographer is reflected in a series of photographs of Maharajah Yashwant Rao Holkar II and his wife Sanyogita Devi from their visit to Europe in 1927. His practice of photographing African objects in the Paris collections of Paul Guillaume and Charles Ratton and others led to several iconic photographs, including Noire et blanche. As Man Ray scholar Wendy A. Grossman has illustrated, "no one was more influential in translating the vogue for African art into a Modernist photographic aesthetic than <mask>." <mask> was represented in the first Surrealist exhibition with Jean Arp, Max Ernst, André Masson, Joan Miró, and Pablo Picasso at the Galerie Pierre in Paris in 1925. Important works from this time were a metronome with an eye, originally titled Object to Be Destroyed, and the Violon d'Ingres, a stunning photograph of Kiki de Montparnasse, styled after the painter/musician Ingres. Violon d'Ingres is a popular example of how <mask> could juxtapose disparate elements in his photography to generate meaning.<mask> directed a number of influential avant-garde short films, known as Cinéma Pur. He directed Le Retour à la Raison (2 mins, 1923); Emak-Bakia (16 mins, 1926); L'Étoile de Mer (15 mins, 1928); and Les Mystères du Château de Dé (27 mins, 1929). <mask> also assisted Marcel Duchamp with the cinematography of his film Anemic Cinema (1926), and <mask>

masks:
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Ray


title: Man Ray

texts:
 personally manned the camera on Fernand Léger's Ballet Mécanique (1924). In René Clair's film Entr'acte (1924), <mask> appeared in a brief scene playing chess with Duchamp. Duchamp, <mask>, and Francis Picabia were all friends and collaborators, connected by their experimental, entertaining, and innovative art. In the winter of 1933, surrealist artist Méret Oppenheim, known for her fur-covered teacup, posed nude for <mask> in a well-known series of photographs depicting her standing next to a printing press. With Lee Miller, his photographic assistant and lover, <mask> reinvented the photographic technique of solarization.Hollywood
The Second World War forced <mask> to return from Paris to the United States. He lived in Los Angeles from 1940 to 1951 where he focused his creative energy on painting. A few days after arriving in Los Angeles, <mask> met Juliet Browner, a first-generation American of Romanian-Jewish lineage. She was a trained dancer, who studied dance with Martha Graham, and an experienced artists' model. The two married in 1946 in a double wedding with their friends Max Ernst and Dorothea Tanning. In 1948 <mask> had a solo exhibition at the Copley Galleries in Beverly Hills, which brought together a wide array of work and featured his newly painted canvases of the Shakespearean Equations series. Later life
<mask> returned to Paris in 1951, and settled with Juliet into a studio at 2 bis rue Férou near the Luxembourg Gardens in St. Germain-des-Prés, where he continued his creative practice across mediums.During the last quarter century of his life, he returned to

masks:
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray


title: Man Ray

texts:
 a number of his iconic earlier works, recreating them in new form. He also directed the production of limited-edition replicas of several of his objects, working first with Marcel Zerbib and later Arturo Schwarz. In 1963, he published his autobiography, Self-Portrait (which was republished in 1999). He died in Paris on November 18, 1976, from a lung infection. He was interred in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris. His epitaph reads "unconcerned, but not indifferent". When Juliet Browner died in 1991, she was interred in the same tomb.Her epitaph reads "together again". Juliet organized a trust for his work and donated much of his work to museums. Her plans to restore the studio as a public museum proved too expensive; such was the structure's disrepair. Most of the contents were stored at the Pompidou Centre. Innovations
<mask> was responsible for several technical innovations in modern art, filmmaking, and photography. These included his use of photograms to produce surrealist images he called "Rayograms", and solarization (discovered with Lee Miller). His 1923 experimental film Le Retour à la raison was the first 'cine-rayograph', a motion picture made without the use of a camera.<mask>'s 1935 Space Writing (Self-Portrait) was the first light painting, predating Picasso's 1949 light paintings, photographed by Gjon Mili, by fourteen years. Accolades
In 1974, <mask> received the Royal Photographic Society's Progress Medal and Honorary Fellowship "in recognition of any invention, research, publication or other contribution which has resulted in an important advance in the

masks:
Man Ray
Ray
Man Ray


title: Man Ray

texts:
 scientific or technological development of photography or imaging in the widest sense." In 1999, ARTnews magazine named <mask> one of the 25 most influential artists of the 20th century. The publication cited his groundbreaking photography, "his explorations of film, painting, sculpture, collage, assemblage and prototypes of what would eventually be called performance art and conceptual art." ARTnews further stated that "<mask> offered artists in all media an example of a creative intelligence that, in its 'pursuit of pleasure and liberty', unlocked every door it came to and walked freely where it would." Art market
On 9 November 2017 <mask>'s Noire et Blanche (1926), formerly in the collection of Jacques Doucet, was purchased at Christie's Paris for €2,688,750 (US$3,120,658), becoming the 14th most expensive photograph to ever sell at auction. This was a record not only for <mask>'s work in the photographic medium but also for the sale at auction of any vintage photograph.Only two other works by <mask> in any medium have commanded more at auction than the price captured by the 2017 sale of Noire et blanche. His 1916 canvas Promenade sold for $5,877,000 on 6 November 2013, at the Sotheby's New York Impressionist & Modern Art Sale. And on 13 November 2017, his assemblage titled Catherine Barometer (1920), sold for $3,252,500 at Christie's in New York. Legacy
Self-Portrait was republished in 1999. In March 2013, <mask>'s photograph Noire et Blanche (1926) was featured in the US Postal Service's "Modern Art in America" series of stamps. Selected publications
 <mask> and Tristan

masks:
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray


title: Man Ray

texts:
 Tzara (1922). Champs délicieux: album de photographies.Paris: [Société générale d'imprimerie et d'édition]. <mask> (1926). Revolving doors, 1916–1917: 10 planches. Paris: Éditions Surrealistes. <mask>  (1934). <mask>: photographs, 1920–1934, Paris. Hartford, Connecticut: James Thrall Soby.Éluard, Paul, and <mask> (1935). Facile. Paris: Éditions G.L.M. Man <mask>  and André Breton (1937). La photographie n'est pas l'art. Paris: Éditions G.L.M. Man <mask> and Paul Éluard (1937).Les mains libres: dessins. Paris: Éditions Jeanne Bucher. <mask> (1948). Alphabet for adults. Beverly Hills, California: Copley Galleries. <mask> (1963). Self portrait.London: Andre Deutsch. <mask> and L. Fritz Gruber (1963). Portraits. Gütersloh, Germany: Sigbert Mohn Verlag. See also

 The Gift, 1921 sculpture

References and sources

References

Sources
Alexandrian, Sarane. <mask>; J. P. O'Hara;  (1973). Allan, Kenneth R. "Metamorphosis in 391: A Cryptographic Collaboration by Francis Picabia, <mask>, and Erik Satie" in Art History 34, No.1 (February 2011): 102–125. Baldwin, Neil. <mask>: American Artist; Da Capo Press;  (1988, 2000). Coleman, A. D. "Willful Provocateur"; ARTnews, May 1999. Foresta, Merry, et al. Perpetual Motif: The Art of <mask>. Washington: National Museum of American Art; New York: Abbeville Press, 1988.Grossman, Wendy A., Adina Kamien-Kazhdan, Edouard Sebline, and Andrew Strauss. <mask>—Human Equations: A Journey From Mathematics to Shakespeare; Hatje Cantz;  (2015). Heyd, Milly. "<mask>/Emmanuel Radnitsky: Who is Behind the Enigma of Isidore Ducasse? "; in Complex Identities:

masks:
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Ray
Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray


title: Man Ray

texts:
 Jewish Consciousness and Modern Art; ed. Matthew Baigell and Milly Heyd; Rutgers University Press;  (2001). Klein, Mason.Alias <mask>: The Art of Reinvention; Yale University Press;  (2009). Knowles, Kim, A Cinematic Artist: The Films of <mask> Ray. Bern; Oxford: Peter Lang;  (2009). Mileaf, Janine. "Between You and Me: <mask>'s Object to be Destroyed," Art Journal 63, No. 1 (Spring 2004): 4–23. Naumann, Francis.Conversion to Modernism: The Early Work of <mask>; Rutgers University Press;  (2003). External links

Works by <mask>, Official Licensing Archive. Searchable; over 1,000 photos
Man Ray Trust

"Man Ray Laid Bare" from Tate Magazine
<mask>’s Subtle Surrealistic Genius Women

Collection of <mask> short films

<mask> letters and album, 1922–1976. Research Library at the Getty Research Institute. Los Angeles
<mask> in the National Gallery of Australia's Kenneth Tyler collection

<mask> at The Jewish Museum

American contemporary painters
1890 births
1976 deaths
Abstract painters
Dada
American anarchists
American autobiographers
American cinematographers
American experimental filmmakers
American male screenwriters
American surrealist artists
Surrealist filmmakers
American expatriates in France
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Art Students League of New York alumni
Artists from Philadelphia
Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery
Jewish American artists
Jewish painters
Jewish American writers
People from Ridgefield, New Jersey
Photographers from New York (state)
American portrait photographers
20th-century American painters
20th-century male artists
American male

masks:
Man Ray
Man
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray
Man Ray


title: Brendon Hartley

texts:
<mask> (born 10 November 1989) is a New Zealand professional racing driver who is currently competing in the FIA World Endurance Championship with Toyota Gazoo Racing. He won the 2015 FIA World Endurance Championship, alongside his teammates Mark Webber and Timo Bernhard, and also went on to win the 2017 FIA World Endurance Championship alongside Bernhard and Earl Bamber. He won the 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans with Bamber and Bernhard and also the 2020 24 Hours of Le Mans with Sébastien Buemi and Kazuki Nakajima. He formerly competed in Formula One for Scuderia Toro Rosso, making his debut at the 2017 United States Grand Prix. Career

<mask> was born in Palmerston North in a family well integrated within motorsport. His father, Brian, had raced in many forms of motorsport, including Formula Atlantic. At the age of six, <mask> began his motor racing career in kart racing, following in his brother Nelson's footsteps.Six years later, he competed in his first full-scale race championship, competing in the Formula First category. <mask> finished the season in seventh. In 2003, he won that year's New Zealand Formula Ford Festival which resulted in him getting a drive for the following year's Formula Ford championship. In a car his brother had used the previous year, he started four races and won two of them. After a season in Formula Toyota New Zealand, <mask> moved to Europe, competing in the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 and Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup (NEC). He finished 14th and 10th in the Drivers' Championship in the Eurocup and North European Cup respectively, taking a podium position at Anderstorp in the latter. In his second year in Formula Renault, he stayed in the Eurocup, but moved from the NEC to the Italian championship.He took three wins in the Eurocup and three podiums in the Italian championship, and took the championship title in the Eurocup. In 2007 <mask> also made his Formula Three debut in the Masters of Formula 3 at Zolder event, finishing 4th. This

masks:
Brendon Hartley
Hartley
Hartley
Hartley
Hartley
Hartley


title: Brendon Hartley

texts: resulted in a test with A1 Team New Zealand and the role of the rookie driver for the series. In 2008, he competed in the British Formula 3 Championship for Carlin Motorsport, winning five times, and eventually finished the championship in third. He also competed in eight races in the Formula Three Euroseries for Carlin and RC Motorsport, and achieved two finishes in the points, although he was ineligible for points. In non-championship races, <mask> finished fifth at the Masters of Formula 3, and third at the Macau Grand Prix. After crashing in the qualification race, he started 20th on the grid and recorded the fastest race lap.He stayed with Carlin for the full F3 Euroseries in 2009, finishing eleventh despite missing two rounds due to Formula Renault 3.5 Series commitments. In that series, <mask> competed for the defending champion Tech 1 Racing team, and ended fifteenth in the championship. He was signed at Tech 1 for a full season of Formula Renault 3.5 in 2010, where he was partnered by Australian and fellow Red Bull Junior driver, Daniel Ricciardo. During the series' summer break it was announced that <mask> had been dropped from the Red Bull Junior Team. His seat was taken by British Formula 3 championship leader Jean-Éric Vergne. Despite the loss of his Red Bull backing, <mask> made his GP2 Series début at Monza in September, replacing Vladimir Arabadzhiev at the Coloni team. He scored a point in the season finale at Yas Marina to place 27th in the championship.For 2011, <mask> returned to Formula Renault 3.5, driving alongside Jan Charouz for the Gravity–Charouz Racing team. He also returned to GP2 for the eighth round of the series at Spa-Francorchamps, replacing Kevin Mirocha and driving alongside Johnny Cecotto Jr. in the Ocean Racing Technology team, for whom he had tested before the start of the season. He finished in fifth place in his first race with the team, and 19th in the overall championship. <mask> began the 2012 season without a drive, but returned to

masks: Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley


title: Brendon Hartley

texts:
 Ocean for the second round of the championship in Bahrain in place of Jon Lancaster. After the two rounds in Bahrain, he was in turn replaced by Víctor Guerin. He finished 25th in the championship. With no suitable single-seater drives available, <mask> joined the Murphy Prototypes sportscar team, which was competing in the LMP2 class in the European Le Mans Series.Following the cancellation of the second round of the ELMS championship (which would have been <mask>'s début event) and the series' future in doubt, Murphy was one of several ELMS teams invited to compete as a guest entry in the 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps, a round of the more prestigious FIA World Endurance Championship. Driving the team's Oreca 03-Nissan, <mask> finished tenth overall and third in the LMP2 class with teammates Warren Hughes and Jody Firth. The trio teamed up again for the 24 Hours of Le Mans, but retired from the race after completing 196 laps of the circuit. In October 2017, <mask> was offered a drive in Formula One by Toro Rosso for the United States Grand Prix which was held in Austin. <mask> replaced Pierre Gasly, who was absent contesting the Super Formula Championship final. It was <mask>'s F1 debut where he became the ninth New Zealander to race in Formula One. In November 2018, <mask> was released from the Toro Rosso team.In early May 2019, Toyota Gazoo Racing's WEC program announced that <mask> would be driving for the team for the full 2019/20 season, replacing the former occupant, Fernando Alonso. In August 2019, Geox Dragon Racing announced they had contracted <mask> for the 2019/20 Formula E season. Formula One

Red Bull Racing (2008–2010)
In February 2008, aged 18, <mask> got his first taste of Formula One. He was invited to perform a show run for Red Bull Racing in Riyadh. From here he performed the initial three-day shake-down test for Scuderia Toro Rosso's 2008 spec car, the STR3. In November 2008, it was announced he would be providing cover for Mark Webber, who had broken

masks: Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley


title: Brendon Hartley

texts:
 his leg in a cycling accident, by performing testing duties alongside permanent test driver Sébastien Buemi for Red Bull in the 2008 RB4 F1 car. For the  season, <mask> was appointed as official reserve driver for both the Red Bull Racing and Scuderia Toro Rosso teams.However, unable to get his mandatory superlicence approved until April 2009, he was replaced in this role by retired F1 driver David Coulthard for the first races in Melbourne and Sepang. <mask> made his debut as reserve and test driver at the Spanish Grand Prix on 8 May. He is the first New Zealander to achieve F1 driver status since Mike Thackwell in 1984. He was replaced in the role by fellow Red Bull Junior driver Jaime Alguersuari for the second half of the season. However <mask> did not return to the reserve driver role with Red Bull and Toro Rosso following Jaime Alguersuari's promotion to a race seat, preferring to focus on his F3 and Renault World Series. David Coulthard again took over the role. For the  season, <mask> was again appointed official reserve driver for both Red Bull Racing and Scuderia Toro Rosso.He shared the reserve driver duties with his Formula Renault 3.5 teammate, Australian Daniel Ricciardo. The two drivers shared the duties on a race-by-race basis until round six of the championship. Following this race, <mask>'s support from Red Bull was dropped, based on the fact he had not won a race in his season and a half in the championship. On 13 September 2012, he participated in the young driver test at Magny-Cours. He drove 87 laps for Mercedes on the final day, setting the third quickest time behind Jules Bianchi (Ferrari) and Rodolfo González (Force India). Mercedes (2012–2013)
<mask> said that the simulator development work and the test drive with Mercedes would give him a new opportunity to get back into Formula One. Toro Rosso (2017–2018)

<mask> made his Formula One début for Toro Rosso at the 2017 United States Grand Prix, replacing Pierre Gasly, who was absent to take part in

masks: Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley


title: Brendon Hartley

texts:
 the final round of the Japanese Super Formula Championship; he raced with the number 39.He qualified in 17th position after being eliminated during Qualifying 1, but started from 19th position due to engine penalties. He finished the race in 13th position, one lap down on race winner Lewis Hamilton. It was confirmed on 26 October that <mask> would remain a Toro Rosso driver for the remainder of the season, replacing Daniil Kvyat, and he chose 28 (the same number previously used by Will Stevens in 2015) as his permanent race number. On 16 November 2017 <mask> was confirmed by Toro Rosso as a full-time driver alongside Pierre Gasly for the  season. <mask> scored points at the Azerbaijan Grand Prix with tenth, German Grand Prix with tenth again and the United States Grand Prix with his highest finish in ninth. He finished the season in nineteenth place, four places and 25 points behind his teammate, albeit with two more non-finishes. On 26 November 2018 it was confirmed that <mask> would not continue with Toro Rosso for 2019.He was replaced by Thai driver Alexander Albon. Ferrari (2019)
On 4 February 2019, Scuderia Ferrari announced that <mask> would be one of their development drivers for the 2019 season, alongside former Manor and Sauber and current Formula E driver Pascal Wehrlein. Formula E
Following his exit from Formula One, <mask> reunited with Porsche for testing ahead of the manufacturer's debut in the championship. In August 2019, it was announced he would make his debut in the 2019–20 season with GEOX Dragon Racing, partnering Nico Müller. <mask> left the Dragon Racing team with immediate effect in July 2020. Since then, he has been replaced by Sérgio Sette Câmara. Sports prototypes

European Le Mans Series
<mask> was signed to drive an Oreca 03 for Murphy Prototypes in the 2012 and 2013 European Le Mans Series as well as the 2012 and 2013 24 Hours of Le Mans races.This was also complemented with a drive in the Rolex Sports Car Series for Starworks Motorsport in the

masks: Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley


title: Brendon Hartley

texts:
 Daytona Prototype category in 2013. He completed all but one round in that series due to a clash for the final round of the 2013 European Le Mans Series. FIA World Endurance Championship

Porsche announced <mask> as a factory driver of the Porsche 919 Hybrid in the FIA World Endurance Championship. Over the next four years, he won the 2015 and 2017 FIA World Endurance Championship. He also won the 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans and placed second in 2015 sharing the car with drivers including Timo Bernhard, former Formula One driver Mark Webber and fellow Kiwi Earl Bamber. After one year in Formula One, <mask> was back in 2019 1000 Miles of Sebring, replacing Jenson Button in SMP Racing. He finished the race on the podium, behind two Toyota TS050s.Weeks later, Toyota announced that he would be driving for the team for 2019/20 season replacing two-time Formula One world champion Fernando Alonso. WeatherTech SportsCar Championship
<mask> kept his ties with the American racing scene driving again for Starworks Motorsport in the 2014 and 2015 Daytona 24 Hours. In the 2016 Daytona 24 Hour he drove with Ford Chip Ganassi Racing. This tie saw him invited to drive for Chip Ganassi's Indycar team in 2018 but he had to decline due to securing a drive in Formula One with Toro Rosso. The 2017 WeatherTech SportsCar Championship saw him do three rounds for Extreme Speed Motorsports driving a Nissan Onroak DPi culminating in a victory at the 2017 Petit Le Mans. Racing record

Career summary

 <mask> was ineligible to score points. Complete Formula 3 Euro Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 As <mask> was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score championship points.Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One

masks: Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley