title: Charles Carroll of Carrollton

texts:
 part of an unsuccessful diplomatic mission, which also included Benjamin Franklin and Samuel Chase, that Congress sent to Quebec in hopes of winning the support of French Canadians. <mask> served in the Maryland Senate from 1781 to 1800.He was elected as one of Maryland's inaugural representatives in the United States Senate but resigned from the United States Senate in 1792 after Maryland passed a law barring individuals from simultaneously serving in state and federal office. After retiring from public office, he helped establish the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Ancestry

The <mask> family were descendants of the Ó Cearbhaill lords of Éile (Lords of Ely) in King's County (now County Offaly), Ireland. <mask>'s grandfather was the Irish-born <mask> the Settler (1660–1720) from Litterluna; he was a descendant of Daniel O'<mask> of Aghagurty Clareen, three miles south of Kinnitty, and a clerk in the office of Lord Powis. <mask> left his native Ireland around 1659 and emigrated to St. Mary's City, capital of the colony of Maryland, in 1689, with a commission as attorney general from the colony's Catholic proprietor, <mask>, 3rd Baron Baltimore. <mask> the Settler was the son of Daniel O'<mask> of Litterluna. The "O'" in Irish surnames was often dropped with the anglicisation policies adopted by the English administration in Ireland.<mask> the Settler had a son, born in 1702 and also named <mask>. To distinguish himself from his father he was known as <mask> of Annapolis. Early life

<mask> was born on September 19, 1737, in Annapolis, Maryland, the only child of <mask> of Annapolis (1702–1782) and Elizabeth

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title: Charles Carroll of Carrollton

type: original

texts:
 Brooke (1709–1761). He was born illegitimate, as his parents were not married at the time of his birth, for technical reasons to do with the inheritance of the <mask> family estates. They eventually married in 1757. The young <mask> was educated at a Jesuit preparatory school known as Bohemia Manor in Cecil County on Maryland's Eastern Shore. At age 11, he was sent to France, where he continued in Jesuit schools, first at the College of St. Omer in Northern France and later the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, graduating in 1755.He continued his studies in Europe and read law in London before returning to Annapolis in 1765. <mask> of Annapolis granted Carrollton Manor to his son, <mask> of Carrollton. It is from this tract of land that he took his title "<mask> of Carrollton." Like his father, <mask> was a Catholic and as a consequence was barred by Maryland statute from entering politics, practicing law and voting. This did not prevent him from becoming one of the wealthiest men in Maryland (or indeed anywhere in the Colonies), owning extensive agricultural estates, most notably the large manor at Doughoregan, Hockley Forge and Mill, and providing capital to finance new enterprises on the Western Shore. American Revolution

Voice for independence
<mask> was not initially interested in politics, and in any event Catholics had been barred from holding office in Maryland since the 1704 act seeking "to prevent the growth of Popery in this Province". But as the dispute between Great Britain and her American colonies intensified in the early 1770s, <mask> became a powerful voice for independence.In 1772, he

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title: Charles Carroll of Carrollton

texts:
 engaged in a debate, conducted through anonymous newspaper letters, maintaining the right of the colonies to control their own taxation. Writing in the Maryland Gazette under the pseudonym "First Citizen," he became a prominent spokesman against the governor's proclamation increasing legal fees to state officers and Protestant clergy. Opposing <mask> in these written debates and writing as "Antillon" was Daniel Dulany the Younger, a noted lawyer and loyalist politician. In these debates, <mask> argued that the government of Maryland had long been the monopoly of four families, the Ogles, the Taskers, the Bladens and the Dulanys, with Dulany taking the contrary view. Eventually word spread of the true identity of the two combatants, and <mask>'s fame and notoriety began to grow. Dulany soon resorted to highly personal ad hominem attacks on "First Citizen", and <mask> responded, in statesmanlike fashion, with considerable restraint, arguing that when "Antillon" engaged in "virulent invective and illiberal abuse, we may fairly presume, that arguments are either wanting, or that ignorance or incapacity know not how to apply them". Following these written debates, <mask> became a leading opponent of British rule and served on various committees of correspondence.In the early 1770s <mask> appears to have embraced the idea that only violence could break the impasse with Great Britain. According to legend, <mask> and Samuel Chase (who would also later sign the Declaration of Independence on Maryland's behalf) had the following exchange:
Chase: "We have the better of our opponents; we have completely written them

masks: Carroll Carroll Carroll Carroll Carroll Carroll Carroll


title: Charles Carroll of Carrollton

texts:
 down." <mask>: "And do you think that writing will settle the question between us?" Chase: "To be sure, what else can we resort to?" <mask>: "The bayonet. Our arguments will only raise the feelings of the people to that pitch, when open war will be looked to as the arbiter of the dispute." Continental Congress
Beginning with his election to Maryland's committee of correspondence in 1774, <mask> represented the colony in most of the pre-revolutionary groups.He became a member of Annapolis' first committee of safety in 1775. <mask> was a delegate to the Annapolis Convention, which functioned as Maryland's revolutionary government before the Declaration of Independence. In early 1776, the Congress sent him on a four-man diplomatic mission to the Province of Quebec, in order to seek assistance from French Canadians in the coming confrontation with Great Britain. <mask> was an excellent choice for such a mission, being fluent in French and a Catholic and therefore well suited to negotiations with the French-speaking Catholics of Quebec. He was joined in the commission by Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Chase, and his cousin <mask>. The commission did not accomplish its mission. <mask> was elected to the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, and remained a delegate until 1778.He arrived too late to vote in favor of the Declaration of Independence but was present to sign the official document that survives today. After both Thomas Jefferson and John Adams died on July 4, 1826, <mask> became the last living signatory of the Declaration of Independence. His signature reads "<mask> of Carrollton" to distinguish him from

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title: Charles Carroll of Carrollton

texts:
 his father, "<mask> of Annapolis," who was still living at that time, and several other <mask>s in Maryland, such as <mask>, Barrister, and his son <mask>, Jr., also known as "<mask> of Homewood." He is usually referred to this way by historians. At the time, he was the richest man in America and had much to lose by identifying himself on the document. Throughout his term in the Second Continental Congress, he served on the board of war. <mask> also gave considerable financial support to the American Revolutionary War.Senator
<mask> returned to Maryland in 1778 to assist in the formation of a state government. <mask> was re-elected to the Continental Congress in 1780, but he declined. He was elected to the Maryland Senate in 1781 and served there until 1800. In November 1779, The Maryland House of Delegates moved to pass a bill confiscating the property of those who had sided with the Crown during the Revolution. <mask> opposed this measure, questioning the motives of those who pressed for confiscation and arguing that the measure was unjust. However, such moves to confiscate Tory property had much popular support and eventually, in 1780, the measure passed. When the United States government was created, the Maryland legislature elected him to the first United States Senate.In 1792, Maryland passed a law that prohibited any man from serving in the state and national legislatures at the same time. Since he preferred to be in the Maryland Senate, he resigned from the U.S. Senate on November 30, 1792. Attitude toward slavery
The <mask> family were
slaveholders, and <mask> was reputedly the largest single

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title: Charles Carroll of Carrollton

texts:
 owner of enslaved people at the time of the American Revolution. <mask> was opposed in principle to slavery, asking rhetorically: "Why keep alive the question of slavery? It is admitted by all to be a great evil." However, although he supported its gradual abolition, he did not free his own enslaved people. <mask> introduced a bill for the gradual abolition of slavery in the Maryland Senate, but it did not pass.In 1828, aged 91, he served as president of the Auxiliary State Colonization Society of Maryland, the Maryland branch of the American Colonization Society, an organization dedicated to returning black Americans to lead free lives in African states such as Liberia. Later life and legacy

<mask> retired from public life in 1801. After Thomas Jefferson became president, he had great anxiety about political activity and was not sympathetic to the War of 1812. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1815. <mask> came out of retirement to help create the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1827. In 1828, he commissioned the Phoenix Shot Tower and laid its corner stone, which was the tallest building in the United States until the Washington Monument was constructed. His last public act, on July 4, 1828, was the laying of the "first stone" (cornerstone) of the railroad at almost 91 years of age.He was admitted as an honorary member of The Society of the Cincinnati in the state of Maryland in 1828. Unlike hereditary members, honorary members are not eligible to be represented by a living descendant. In May 1832, he was asked to appear at the first Democratic Party Convention but did not

masks: Carroll Carroll Carroll Carroll


title: Charles Carroll of Carrollton

texts:
 attend on account of poor health. <mask> died on November 14, 1832, at age 95, in Baltimore. He holds the distinction of being the oldest lived Founding Father. He had outlived four of the first six U.S. presidents. His funeral took place at the Baltimore Cathedral (now known as the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary), and he is buried in his Doughoregan Manor Chapel at Ellicott City, Maryland.<mask> is remembered in the third stanza of the former state song Maryland, My Maryland. Thou wilt not cower in the dust,
Maryland! My Maryland! Thy beaming sword shall never rust,
Maryland! My Maryland! Remember <mask>'s sacred trust,
Remember Howard's warlike thrust –
And all thy slumberers with the just,
Maryland! My Maryland!Named in his honor are counties in Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, Ohio, and Virginia as well as two Louisiana parishes, East and West Carroll. Cities and towns named for him are in Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, and New York, as well as neighborhoods in Brooklyn and Tampa. Charles Carroll Middle School in New Carrolltown, Maryland; Charles Carroll High School in the Port Richmond neighborhood of Philadelphia; and Carroll University in Waukesha, Wisconsin, are named in his honor. In 1876, the Centennial Exhibition held to commemorate the birth of the United States was held in Philadelphia. The Catholic Abstinence Union of America commissioned the Catholic Total Abstinence Union Fountain for the Centennial Exhibition. The fountain was commissioned and created by sculptor Herman Kim to

masks: Carroll Carroll Carroll


title: Charles Carroll of Carrollton

texts:
 promote American morality, and the centerpiece of the fountain is a statue of Moses. There are four other statues that surround it, making up the points of the Maltese cross: <mask>, Father Mathew, Commodore John Barry, and Archbishop <mask>.The fountain is located in West Fairmount Park. In 1903, the state of Maryland added a bronze statue <mask> to the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall Collection. Sculpted by Richard E. Brooks, it is located in the Crypt. In 1906, the University of Notre Dame constructed a residence hall known as Carroll Hall. Paca-<mask> House at St. John's College is named for <mask> and his fellow signer of the Declaration of Independence, William Paca. The World War II Liberty Ship  was named in his honor. Family

<mask> married Mary Darnall (1749–1782), known as Molly, on June 5, 1768.She was a granddaughter of Henry Darnall (<mask> was a great grandson of Darnall). They had seven children before Molly died in 1782, but only three survived infancy:
 <mask> (1770–1846), who married Richard Caton (1763–1845), an English immigrant who became a Baltimore merchant. From 1820 to 1832, <mask> would winter with the Catons in Baltimore. Their daughters were:
 Marianne Caton (1788–1853), who married Robert Patterson (brother of Elizabeth Patterson Bonaparte). After his death, she married Anglo-Irish statesman Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley (1760–1842), who was the brother of the legendary military commander Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, who was believed to have been previously Marianne's paramour. Elizabeth Caton (1790–1862), who married Sir George

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John Carroll
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Mary Carroll
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title: Charles Carroll of Carrollton

texts:
 Strafford, 8th Baron Strafford. Louisa Caton  (1793–1874), who married Col. Sir Felton Bathurst-Hervey, 1st Baronet.After his death, she married Francis D'Arcy-Osborne (later the 7th Duke of Leeds). Emily Caton (1794/5-1867), who married John McTavish (1788–1852), who served as British Consul to Baltimore. They were parents of four children including Mary Wellesley McTavish (1826–1915), The Hon. Mrs Henry George Howard (of the Earls of Carlisle). <mask> Jr. (1775–1825) (sometimes known as <mask> of Homewood because he oversaw its design and construction), married Harriet Chew (1775–1861) from Philadelphia. Harriet was the daughter of Benjamin Chew, the chief justice of Pennsylvania, and her sister married John Eager Howard, who had served in the Senate with <mask> of Carrollton. <mask>. reportedly consumed up to two quarts of brandy a day.This led to erratic behavior that resulted in his separation from Harriet. Catherine ("Kitty") <mask> (1778–1861), who married Robert Goodloe Harper (1765–1826), a lawyer and U.S. senator. Today, <mask>'s descendants continue to own Doughoregan Manor, the largest parcel of land in Howard County, Maryland, with over 1,000 acres (4 km2) of valuable but historically preserved land in Ellicott City, Maryland. Anne Marie Becraft's grandmother, a free Black, worked as a housekeeper for <mask> and was likely his concubine; <mask> presented Anne Marie's father with several of the <mask> family's prized relics, paintings, and other keepsakes just before <mask>'s death in 1832. <mask>'s signature
In the 1940s, newspaper journalist John Hix's syndicated comic Strange as It Seems

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title: Charles Carroll of Carrollton

texts: published an interesting, but apocryphal, explanation for <mask>'s distinctive signature on the Declaration of Independence. Every member of the Continental Congress who signed this document automatically became a criminal, guilty of sedition against King George III. <mask>, because of his wealth, had more to lose than most of his companions.Some of the signators, such as Caesar Rodney and Button Gwinnett, had unusual and distinctive names which would clearly identify them to the King; other signators, with more commonplace names, might hope to sign the Declaration without incriminating themselves. According to Hix, when it was <mask>'s turn to sign the Declaration of Independence, he rose, went to John Hancock's desk where the document rested, signed his name "<mask>" and returned to his seat. At this point another member of the Continental Congress, who was prejudiced against <mask> because of his Catholicism, commented that <mask> risked nothing in signing the document, as there must be many men named <mask> in the colonies, and so the King would be unlikely to order <mask>'s arrest without clear proof that he was the same <mask> who had signed the Declaration. <mask> immediately returned to Hancock's desk, seized the pen again, and added "of Carrollton" to his name. In fact, <mask> had been appending "of Carrollton" to his signature for over a decade, the earliest surviving example appearing at the end of a September 15, 1765, letter to his English friend William Gibson. Carrollton Manor was the name of a tract of more than twelve thousand acres in Frederick County, Maryland, which the <mask> family

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title: Charles Carroll of Carrollton

texts:
 leased to tenant farmers. See also

1840s Carrollton Inn
Annapolis Convention (1774–1776)
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
Carrollton Manor
Maryland in the American Revolution
O'<mask>

References

Further reading
 Birzer, Bradley J.(2010). American Cicero: The Life of <mask>, Intercollegiate Studies Institute. Breidenbach, Michael D. (2013). 'Conciliarism and American Religious Liberty, 1632–1835' (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cambridge). <mask>, <mask>. Unpublished Letters of <mask> of Carrollton and of his Father, <mask> of Doughoregan, United States Catholic Historical Society, 1902. Gleeson, John.1913 'History of the Ely O'Carroll Territory'

 Leonard, Lewis A. Life of <mask> of Carrollton, Moffat, Yard and Company, 1918. Rowland, Kate Mason. The Life of <mask> of Carrollton, 1737–1832, Vol. 2, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1898. Sergeant, John.Eulogy on <mask> of Carrollton: Delivered at the Request of the Select and Common Councils of the City of Philadelphia, December 31, 1832, L.R. Bailey, 1833. Smith, Ellen Hart. <mask> of Carrollton. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University 	Press, 1942. External links
. Retrieved November 2010.Quotes by <mask>. Retrieved November 2010. "<mask> of Carrollton and Revolutionary Religious Toleration: The Making of a Founder". Article by Matthew Wigler in the Journal of the American Revolution. Retrieved February 2017. A Moment in Time Archives: <mask> of Carrollton. Retrieved November 2010.Homewood House Museum. Retrieved November 2010. Research into Homewood House. Retrieved November 2010. Biography by Rev. <mask>. Goodrich, 1856.

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title: Charles Carroll of Carrollton

texts:
 Retrieved November 2010.ZENIT: How <mask> Influenced U.S. Founding Fathers (Part 1) and (Part 2) (interview with Scott McDermott; McDermott mentions various facts about <mask>). Retrieved November 2010. Catholic Encyclopedia: <mask> of Carrollton

<mask> of Carrollton historical marker
 The Society of the Cincinnati

1737 births
1832 deaths
Politicians from Annapolis, Maryland
People of colonial Maryland
Charles
American people of Irish descent
American Roman Catholics
Continental Congressmen from Maryland
Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence
Pro-Administration Party United States senators from Maryland
Maryland Federalists
Presidents of the Maryland State Senate
American people in rail transportation
American slave owners
American colonization movement
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
Burials in

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Carroll
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Charles Carroll


title: Hideo Tokoro

texts:
<mask> (born August 22, 1977) is a Japanese mixed martial artist who last competed in the Bantamweight division. A professional competitor since 2000, Tokoro has also formerly competed for Vale Tudo Japan, ZST, Shooto, Rings and K-1 Hero's. He is notable for holding the record for most weight divisions competed in by a professional MMA fighter, at seven, ranging from flyweight through to heavyweight. Mixed martial arts career
Tokoro got his first contact with mixed martial arts in 1999, joining Kenichi Yamamoto's Power of Dream gym. He debuted in Titan Fighting Championship in 2000 and moved to multiple promotions, among them Fighting Network Rings, Shooto, ZST and K-1, the latter of which signed him up for its Hero's MMA promotion. Up to that point, as fighting wasn't enough to make a living, Tokoro had worked part-time as a janitor, an aspect which K-1 promoted heavily in order to show him as a humble, hard-working underdog figure. Hero's
Tokoro had his debut in Hero's in 2005 in the Lightweight Grand Prix Quarterfinal.He went against the well regarded Alexandre Franca Nogueira, and shocked pundits by knocking him out with a spinning backfist at the end of a fast-paced, back and forth match.


title: Hideo Tokoro

texts: Tokoro advanced round against Shooto veteran Caol Uno, but he was controlled and damaged for a unanimous decision loss. On December 31, 2005, <mask> faced Royce Gracie from the Gracie family at the K-1 Premium Dynamite!!! event in a much publicized match. The bout had special stipulations, as Royce had demanded no judge decision and 10-minute rounds, and was fought at openweight, with the Brazilian outweighing Tokoro by 40 lbs. Still, <mask> gave an excellent performance, controlling the stand-up and forcing Gracie to play conservatively on his own field of strength. Immediately landing a punch combo and a high kick, the Japanese passed the first round in Gracie's guard, slamming him several times and bloodying his opponent's face with ground and pound, while Gracie kept himself active with heel kicks and short hammerfists.At the second, <mask> fell in bad position upon trying a spinning kick, becoming entangled in a series of reversals both in the clinch and on the ground and being forced to defend a rear naked choke, but he ended the match again attacking Royce's guard. The match ended in a draw as stipulated, but Tokoro was seen by many as a moral victor, which boosted his popularity. At K-1

masks: Tokoro Hideo Tokoro


title: Hideo Tokoro

texts:
 Premium Dynamite!!! 2006, <mask> faced another member of the Gracie family, this time Royce's brother, Royler, more similar to Tokoro in size and under regular rules. The Brazilian was successful in taking the fight to the mat, but Tokoro counterattacked from the bottom with unceasing submission attempts. Returning to their feet, Gracie tried to clinch, but Hideo landed a heavy jumping knee and knocked Royler down with punches. The Japanese would be momentarily thwarted after failing a flying Kimura lock attempt, but he swept Gracie and controlled him for the rest of the match, winning a unanimous decision.<mask> also participated in Dynamite!! USA in 2007, submitting Brad Pickett by armbar. Also in 2007, <mask> faced Rings legend Kiyoshi Tamura at the Dynamite!!! event. The heavier Tamura capitalized on his striking and wrestling advantage to control the bout, which forced Tokoro to absorb punishment and use every opportunity to scramble to try to get his game. At the third round, Tamura tried a Kimura lock, and although he couldn't twist the arm, he stretched it. <mask> refused to tap out, but the match was eventually called off by submission.Dream
Tokoro competed in Dream's Featherweight Grand

masks: Tokoro Tokoro Tokoro Tokoro


title: Hideo Tokoro

texts:
 Prix where he lost in the first round to Daiki Hata, but was brought back into the tournament and defeated Abel Cullum in the second round, before losing to Hiroyuki Takaya in the semi-finals. Tokoro faced Antonio Banuelos in the opening Bantamweight Grand Prix round at Dream 17 at Saitami Super Arena in Saitama, Japan, on Sept. 24. He lost the fight via split decision. <mask> lost to Yusup Saadulaev in a tournament reserve bout on December 31, 2011, at Fight For Japan: Genki Desu Ka Omisoka 2011 via KO (slam) in the first round. Vale Tudo Japan
Tokoro faced Rumina Sato at Vale Tudo Japan 2012 on December 24, 2012. <mask> defeated Sato by TKO in the first round. He then faced Taylor McCorriston at Vale Tudo Japan: VTJ 2nd on June 22, 2013.Tokoro won the fight via heel hook submission. In his latest fight, Tokoro faced UFC veteran Will Campuzano at Vale Tudo Japan: VTJ 3rd on October 5, 2013. He lost the fight via split decision. Other promotions
Fighting outside of Vale Tudo Japan, <mask> faced Victor Henry at Grandslam MMA: Way of the Cage on July 13, 2014. He lost the fight via second-round TKO. Bellator MMA
<mask> made his Bellator debut against LC Davis on March 27, 2015 at Bellator 135. He


title: Hideo Tokoro

texts:
 lost the back-and-forth fight via split decision.Rizin Fighting Federation
In his debut for the Rizin Fighting Federation, Tokoro faced Kizaemon Siaga on December 29, 2015. He won the fight via submission due to an arm bar in the first round. In his second fight for the promotion, Tokoro faced Kron Gracie on September 25, 2016 at Rizin World Grand-Prix 2016: First Round. He lost the fight via submission in the first round. In his third fight for the promotion, Tokoro faced Asen Yamamoto on December 31, 2016 at Rizin World Grand-Prix 2016: Final Round. He won the fight via submission in the first round. In his next fight for Rizin, Tokoro faced Kyoji Horiguchi in the first round of the Rizin Bantamweight Grand Prix on July 30, 2017 at Rizin 6.He lost the fight via knockout in the first round. <mask> returned to MMA, after a three year hiatus, to fight the Olympic wrestling silver medalist Shinobu Ota at Rizin 26. He won the fight by submission, snatching an armbar midway through the second round. Fighting style
Tokoro uses a style described as "breakneck paced" and "exciting." A skilled grappler, he works at high-speed on the ground and takes all risks with bold submission attempts, often leaving


title: Nicolaas Bloembergen

texts:
<mask> (March 11, 1920 – September 5, 2017) was a Dutch-American physicist and Nobel laureate, recognized for his work in developing driving principles behind nonlinear optics for laser spectroscopy. During his career, he was a professor at Harvard University and later at the University of Arizona and at Leiden University in 1973 (as Lorentz Professor). Bloembergen shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics along with Arthur Schawlow and Kai Siegbahn because their work "has had a profound effect on our present knowledge of the constitution of matter" through the use of laser spectroscopy. In particular, Bloembergen was singled out because he "founded a new field of science we now call non-linear optics" by mixing "two or more beams of laser light... in order to produce laser light of a different wave length" and thus significantly broaden the laser spectroscopy frequency band. Early life
Bloembergen was born in Dordrecht on March 11, 1920, where his father was a chemical engineer and executive. He had five siblings, with his brother Auke later becoming a legal scholar. In 1938, Bloembergen entered the University of Utrecht to study physics.However, during World War II, the German authorities closed the university and Bloembergen spent two years in hiding. Career

Graduate studies

Bloembergen left the war-ravaged Netherlands in 1945 to pursue graduate studies at Harvard University under Professor Edward Mills Purcell. Through Purcell, Bloembergen was part of the prolific academic lineage tree of J. J. Thomson, which includes many other Nobel Laureates, beginning with Thomson himself (Physics Nobel, 1906) and Lord Rayleigh (Physics Nobel, 1904), Ernest Rutherford (Chemistry Nobel 1908), Owen Richardson (Physics Nobel, 1928), and finally Purcell (Physics, Nobel 1952). Bloembergen's other influences include John Van Vleck (Physics Nobel, 1977) and Percy Bridgman (Physics Nobel, 1946). Six weeks before his arrival, Purcell and his graduate students Torrey and Pound discovered nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Bloembergen was hired to develop the first NMR machine. At Harvard he


title: Nicolaas Bloembergen

texts:
 attended lectures by Schwinger, Van Vleck, and Kemble.Bloembergen's NMR systems are the predecessors of modern-day MRI machines, which are used to examine internal organs and tissues. Bloembergen's research on NMR led to an interest in masers, which were introduced in 1953 and are the predecessors of lasers. <mask> returned to the Netherlands in 1947, and submitted his thesis Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation at the University of Leiden. This was because he had completed all the preliminary  examinations in the Netherlands, and Cor Gorter of Leiden offered him a postdoctoral appointment there. He received his Ph.D. degree from Leiden in 1948, and then was a postdoc at Leiden for about a year. Professorship
In 1949, he returned to Harvard as a Junior Fellow of the Society of Fellows. In 1951, he became an associate professor; he then became Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics in 1957; Rumford Professor of Physics in 1974; and Gerhard Gade University Professor in 1980.In 1990 he retired from Harvard. In addition, Bloembergen served as a visiting professor. From 1964 to 1965, Bloembergen was a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1996–1997, he was a visiting scientist at the College of Optical Sciences of the University of Arizona; he became a professor at Arizona in 2001. Bloembergen was a member of the Board of Sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and Honorary Editor of the Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials. Laser spectroscopy

By 1960 while at Harvard, he experimented with microwave spectroscopy. Bloembergen had modified the maser of Charles Townes, and in 1956, Bloembergen developed a crystal maser, which was more powerful than the standard gaseous version.With the advent of the laser, he participated in the development of the field of laser spectroscopy, which allows precise observations of atomic structure using lasers. Following the development of second-harmonic generation by Peter Franken and others in 1961, Bloembergen studied how when one bombards matter with a focused and high-intensity beam of photons, a new


title: Nicolaas Bloembergen

texts:
 structure of matter is revealed. This he termed the study of nonlinear optics. In reflection to his work in a Dutch newspaper in 1990, Bloembergen said: "We took a standard textbook on optics and for each section we asked ourselves what would happen if the intensity was to become very high. We were almost certain that we were bound to encounter an entirely new type of physics within that domain". From this theoretical work, Bloembergen found ways to combine two or more laser sources consisting of photons in the visible light frequency range to generate a single laser source with photons of different frequencies in the infrared and ultraviolet ranges, which extends the amount of atomic detail that can be gathered from laser spectroscopy. Awards
He was awarded the Lorentz Medal in 1978.He received the Bijvoet Medal of the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research of Utrecht University in 2001. Bloembergen shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics with Arthur Schawlow, along with Kai Siegbahn. The Nobel Foundation awarded Bloembergen and Schawlow "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy". Personal life and death
Bloembergen met Huberta Deliana Brink (Deli) in 1948 while on vacation with his university's Physics Club. She was able to travel with <mask> to the United States in 1949 on a student hospitality exchange program; he proposed to her when they arrived in the States, and were married by 1950 on return to Amsterdam. They were both naturalized as citizens of the United States in 1958. They had three children.<mask> died on September 5, 2017, at an assisted living facility in his hometown Tucson, Arizona of cardiorespiratory failure, at the age of 97. Biography
In 2016 a Dutch biography was published, and in 2019 an English one. Legacy
On March 11, 2020, the day of Bloembergen's 100th birthday, a team of researchers at the University of New South Wales published an article in Nature, demonstrating for the first time the successful coherent control of the nucleus of a single atom using only electric fields, an idea first proposed by Bloembergen back in

masks: Bloembergen Bloembergen


title: Elmer Grey

texts:
<mask>, FAIA (April 29, 1872 – November 14, 1963) was an American architect and artist based in Pasadena, California. <mask> designed many noted landmarks in Southern California, including the Beverly Hills Hotel, the Huntington Art Gallery, the Pasadena Playhouse and Wattles Mansion. He is credited with being one of the pioneers in the development of the new American architecture in the early 20th century, with a focus on harmony with nature and eliminating features not belonging to the local climate and conditions. <mask> was also a noted artist whose paintings are in the permanent collection of the Chicago Art Institute. Architectural career

Career in the Midwest

<mask> was born in Chicago and educated in the Milwaukee public schools. He did not attend college and worked for the Milwaukee architectural firm of Ferry & Clas from 1887-1899. In 1890, the 18-year-old <mask> won first prize in a competition for the design of a water tower and pumping station sponsored by a New York architectural publication.While at Ferry & Clas, he assisted in the design of the Milwaukee Central Library and the Wisconsin Historical Society in Madison, Wisconsin. When <mask> went into practice on his own, he first attracted attention for his design of a summer home he built for himself on a bluff overlooking Lake Michigan at Fox Point, Wisconsin. <mask>'s Fox Point house was a great hit, being published widely in magazines and leading to <mask>'s elevation to Fellow of the

masks:
Elmer Grey
Grey
Grey
Grey
Grey
Grey
Grey
Grey


title: Elmer Grey

texts:
 American Institute of Architects. Health problems

Another major commission during his years in Wisconsin was the Christian Science church in Milwaukee. It was shortly after those plans were finished that <mask> later recalled that "my health broke down completely." <mask> wrote that his health problems had more to do with "nerves" rather than anything purely physical. <mask> abandoned his Milwaukee practice and traveled to Florida, Philadelphia and then to Las Vegas, seeking to regain his health.He took up work on a ranch, hoping the hard work would build his strength. He eventually moved to California, spending time swimming, rowing, playing tennis and fishing on Catalina Island. When he read of a job working on a Hollywood citrus ranch for $25 a month plus board, he took the position. Partnership with Myron Hunt

In 1904, <mask> became friends with a fellow Midwestern architect, Myron Hunt. The two rode horses together on Sunday mornings in Pasadena and formed a partnership in that city as Hunt and <mask>. <mask> later wrote that he began by working only a short time each day "until my nerves got in better shape." <mask>'s health again failed during the early years of his partnership with Hunt, and he took a long trip to the South Sea Islands.Yet, it was during his partnership with Hunt that <mask> produced some of his finest work. The two designed fine residences for the wealthy of Pasadena and also worked on larger projects, including schools, churches

masks: Grey Grey Grey Grey Grey Grey Grey Grey


title: Elmer Grey

texts: and hotels. In 1905, The Architectural Record published articles on both <mask> and Hunt, noting: "Both Mr. Hunt and Mr. <mask> stand for the attempt to naturalize in this country the best traditions of European architecture. Mr. <mask>, for instance, believes that a very genuine American style is in the process of making; but that as yet it is only in its infancy." From 1907-1908, Hunt & Grey designed a Beaux Arts mansion for railroad and finance magnate, Henry Huntington, in San Marino. The mansion, built with reinforced concrete, tile walls and a slab roof, was not completed until 1911. In his book, "Houses of Los Angeles," Sam Watters wrote that the Huntington structure was "unique in Los Angeles for the ambition of its house."While a French influence was requested by Mrs. Huntington, Hunt & Grey also added elements of a new California architecture by including a red-tile roof, unornamented plaster walls, and sage green window trim. The Huntington mansion was later converted into the main art gallery of the cultural center built around the Huntington Library. Hunt & Grey's larger commissions included work for Throop Institute in Pasadena, the school which would soon become California Institute of Technology. In 1911, they began plans for the new campus of Occidental College in the Eagle Rock district of Los Angeles. They also designed a dormitory and other structures for Claremont College and a master expansion plan for Pomona College. Association with

masks: Grey Grey Grey


title: Elmer Grey

texts:
 the Arts and Crafts movement

In 1906, Hunt & Grey designed a home for Dr. Guy Cochran near Downtown Los Angeles that Gustav Stickley's The Craftsman magazine dubbed the "very best" of their work, with enormous windows "looking out upon the terrace and garden, giv[ing] such a sense of relationship between the two that there is almost no feeling of being enclosed within walls."The Craftsman referred to Hunt & Grey as "pioneers in the development of the new American architecture," which was "but a series of individual plans adapted to the climatic conditions and to the needs of daily living" and in harmony "with the natural environment and contour of the landscape." The house reflected <mask>'s vision of California bungalow architecture, which he described in 1907 as follows:"The best California bungalow schemes involve a garden or large outdoor living space, incorporated as an integral part of the plan. By this we mean that the main rooms of the house are arranged to face this out-of-door living space ... It was once considered absurd to plan a house with the kitchen toward the street, but now not so in California ... the street side of [a man's] domicile is merely the side through which he enters." In 1910, as the American Craftsman movement was in full bloom in Southern California, <mask> wrote that California architecture was distinctive because local architects were simply trying to be "natural"—not so much "because our architects have striven to be

masks: Grey Grey


title: Elmer Grey

texts:
 unique in their designing as because they have tried to eliminate features not belonging to this climate and to local conditions." <mask> also emphasized simplicity, once writing that "the greatest fault that can be found with the architecture of Southern California is that which may be found with all American architecture to a greater or lesser extent, namely, a lack of simplicity." Though often associated with the Craftsman movement, <mask>'s structures reflect a wide variety of styles, including Beaux Arts, Mission Revival and English Tudor.One <mask> biographer wrote: "While <mask> shared a number of beliefs with Stickley and the Arts and Crafts movement, his catholic, traditionalist taste and disposition would not allow him to become an exponent of any one movement. The woodsy, informal image of the Arts and Crafts house was simply one of many that he might employ. Like Charles and Henry Greene, he transformed the low-art Arts and Crafts dwelling into a sophisticated high-art object." Later career

After his partnership with Hunt dissolved in 1910 or 1911, <mask> went on to design the Pasadena Playhouse, the Beverly Hills Hotel, the Lincoln Shrine in Redlands, three buildings for the First Church of Christ Scientist, and many residences. After completing his first Christian Science church, <mask> published an article about church design in which he wrote:

"The commercial spirit of our age is so inclined to be a mad race for the 'almighty dollar,' and

masks: Grey Grey Grey Grey Grey Grey


title: Elmer Grey

texts:
 commercial structures are so often built with the idea of obtaining the most show for the least money that when religious organizations build they should show that their aims are higher. The trend of preachment or sermon in all churches is for the things of lasting value, the real as against the seeming; so when a church builds, it should show that it believes in putting such preachments into practice, that it demands the real in architecture instead of that which only seems so." The church <mask> designed for the First Church of Christ, Scientist in Los Angeles was later used by Jim Jones and his Peoples Temple immediately prior to the 1978 Jonestown tragedy.Artist and author
<mask> was also an artist who painted in both oils and watercolors. He painted Southern California landscapes, and his watercolors are on permanent exhibit at the Chicago Art Institute. <mask> also wrote numerous articles on architecture and philosophy. For several years in the 1920s, <mask>'s nervous condition again forced him to cease working as an architect, though he returned to his practice in 1929. During the 1930s, he also tried to obtain work as a set designer in Hollywood. <mask> moved his practice to Florida in 1941, where he was an instructor in mechanical drawing and also painted a 35-foot frieze at the Naval Air Station in Jacksonville, Florida, depicting five episodes in the history and development of Florida. <mask> later returned to Pasadena in his retirement; he died


title: Elmer Grey

texts:
 in November 1963 at age 91 in the Pasadena mansion he had built for himself.<mask>'s architectural works

<mask>'s major works include:

To 1906
 Sixth Church of Christ, Scientist, Milwaukee, Wisconsin,  on the NRHP in Milwaukee
 Edith Daniels House, Arcadia, CA (1904)
 Livingston Jenks House, San Rafael, CA (1904)
 Astronomer's House (aka The Monastery) and other buildings, Mount Wilson Observatory, Mount Wilson, CA (1904) (with Myron Hunt)
 Thomas H. Foote House, East Colorado Street, Pasadena, CA (1905) (with Myron Hunt)
 J.W. Gillespie House, Montecito, CA (with Myron Hunt)
 Livingston Jenks House,  1000 Vallejo, Russian Hill, San Francisco, CA (1905)
 Ingraham Hotel, Ingraham and Orange Streets, Los Angeles, CA (1906–08) (with Myron Hunt)
 Dr. Guy H. Cochran House, Loma Drive, Los Angeles (1906) (with Myron Hunt)
 Henry E. Huntington Cottage, Clifton, CA (between Redondo and San Pedro) (1906) (with Myron Hunt)

1907
 Paine House, Pasadena, CA (1907) (with Myron Hunt)
 L.H. Nares House, Beverly Hills, CA (1907) (with Myron Hunt)
 Wattles Mansion, 1824 N. Curson Ave., Hollywood, Los Angeles, CA (1907)
 Valley Hunt Clubhouse, South Orange Grove and Palmetto Avenues, Pasadena, CA (1907) (with Myron Hunt)
 Walter Ransome Leeds House, Berkeley Square, Los Angeles, CA (1907) (with Myron Hunt)
 Chester Montgomery House, Berkeley Square, Los Angeles, CA (1907) (with Myron Hunt)
 William R. Burke House, Berkeley Square, Los Angeles, CA (1907) (with Myron Hunt)


title: Elmer Grey

texts:
 Bel-Air Bay Club, 16801 Pacific Coast Highway Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, CA (1927)
 Charles J. Wild House, Fremont Place, Los Angeles, CA (1930)
 Lincoln Shrine, Redlands, CA (1932)
 Charles J. Wild House, Altadena, CA (c. 1932)
 Mrs. J.M. Goss Studio, Pasadena, Ca (c. 1932)
 Margaret Coleman Studio, S. Madison Ave., Pasadena, CA (1933)

References

Further reading
More detailed biographical information about <mask> can be found in a ten-part series published by Architect & Engineer magazine from November 1932 through August 1933 under the title, "Vicissitudes of a Young Architect." See also Robert Craik McLean, "The Work of <mask>, Architect, FAIA," published by The Western Architect in August 1916. External links

1871 births
1963 deaths
American ecclesiastical architects
American residential architects
American Neoclassical architects
Arts and Crafts architects
Beaux Arts architects
Neoclassical architects
Spanish Revival architects
Spanish Colonial Revival architects
Architects from Pasadena, California
Artists from Pasadena, California
Architects from Milwaukee
20th-century American

masks:
Grey
Elmer Grey


title: Jimmy Garrison

texts:
<mask> (March 3, 1934 – April 7, 1976) was an American jazz double bassist. He is best remembered for his association with John Coltrane from 1961 to 1967. Career
<mask> was raised in both Miami and Philadelphia where he learned to play bass. <mask> came of age in the 1950s Philadelphia jazz scene, which included fellow bassists Reggie Workman and Henry Grimes, pianist McCoy Tyner and trumpeter Lee Morgan. Between 1957 and 1962, <mask> played and recorded with trumpeter Kenny Dorham; clarinetist Tony Scott; drummer Philly Joe Jones; and saxophonists Bill Barron, Lee Konitz, and Jackie McLean, as well as Curtis Fuller, Benny Golson, Lennie Tristano, and Pharoah Sanders, among others. In 1961, he recorded with Ornette Coleman, appearing on Coleman's albums Ornette on Tenor and The Art of the Improvisers. He also worked with Walter Bishop, Jr. and Cal Massey during the early years of his career.He formally joined Coltrane's quartet in 1962, replacing Workman. The long trio blues "Chasin' the Trane" is one of his first recorded performances with Coltrane and Elvin Jones. <mask> performed on many Coltrane recordings, including A Love Supreme. After John Coltrane's death, <mask> worked and recorded with Alice Coltrane, Hampton Hawes, Archie Shepp, Clifford Thornton and groups led by Elvin Jones. <mask> also worked with Ornette Coleman during the 1960s, first recording with him in 1961 on Ornette on Tenor. He and Elvin Jones recorded with Coleman in 1968, and have been credited with eliciting more forceful playing than usual from Coleman on the

masks:
James Emory Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
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Garrison


title: Jimmy Garrison

texts:
 albums New York Is Now! and Love Call.In 1971 and 1972, <mask> taught as a Visiting Artist at Wesleyan University and Bennington College. Personal life
<mask> had four daughters and a son. With his first wife Robbie he had three daughters, Robin, Lori and Italy based jazz vocalist <mask>. With his second wife, dancer and choreographer Roberta Escamilla <mask>, he had Maia Claire, and jazz bassist <mask>. <mask> died of lung cancer on April 7, 1976. Music and playing style

<mask> was known for his inventive and melodic basslines, often using broken time and avoiding straight quarter notes as in a traditional walking bassline, to suggest the time and pulse rather than to outright play it. He was also known for his frequent use of double stops, and for strumming the strings of the bass with his thumb.<mask> would often play unaccompanied improvised solos, sometimes as song introductions prior to the other musicians joining in, and occasionally used a bow. <mask> had a uniquely heavy and powerful gut string tone, and possessed excellent technique, intonation, and timing. Discography

As leader
1963: Illumination! with Elvin Jones (Impulse!) As sideman
With Lorez Alexandria
 For Swingers Only (Argo, 1963)
With Bill Barron
 The Tenor Stylings of Bill Barron (Savoy, 1961)
With Walter Bishop Jr. Speak Low (Jazztime, 1961)
With Benny Carter
 Further Definitions (Impulse!, 1961)
With Ornette Coleman
 Ornette on Tenor (Atlantic, 1961)
 New York Is Now! (Blue Note, 1968)
 Love Call (Blue Note, 1968)
 The Art of the Improvisers (Atlantic, 1970)
With

masks:
Garrison
Garrison
Joy Garrison
Garrison
Matt Garrison
Jimmy Garrison
Garrison
Garrison
Garrison


title: Steven Angelo

texts:
<mask><mask> (born June 8, 1952 in Somerville, Massachusetts) is a former state representative and Town Manager. Early life
<mask> was elected to Town Meeting in 1971 while he was still in college. Following his graduation, <mask> worked as a teacher in the Saugus, Massachusetts school system, teaching history and law. In 1978, he challenged thirty year incumbent Belden Bly for the 9th Essex District seat in the Massachusetts House of Representatives. He lost by only 318 votes. In 1980, Bly did not run for re-election and <mask> once again ran for the seat. He defeated Lawrence Means and Christie Serino for the Democratic nomination and defeated Republican Clayton Trefry in the general election.State Representative
While in the House he served as the House Chairman of the Natural Resources and Agriculture Committee (1985–1996), and the Government Regulations Committee (1995–1996). <mask> co-authored the Solid Waste Law which mandated that acid gas scrubbers be placed on the incinerator in Saugus. The law also began what became the state's curbside recycling program. Additionally, he pushed through laws on Acid Rain, Massachusetts State Revolving Fund, Wildlife Under the Wetlands, Hazardous Waste, Land Stamp, Tidelands, Open Space Acquisition, Underground Petroleum Storage, and the Cape Cod Commission. He served as Chairman of the Special Commission on Hazardous Waste, the Special Commission on Low Level Radioactive Waste, and the Special Commission on Solid Waste. <mask> receive Legislator of the Year awards and special awards from many organizations

masks:
Steven V
. Angelo
Angelo
Angelo
Angelo
Angelo
Angelo


title: Steven Angelo

texts: including the Massachusetts Municipal Association, US Conservation Service, Massachusetts Audubon, the Environmental League of Massachusetts, Massachusetts Lobstermen's Association, Massachusetts Marine Trade Association, the MSPCA, Bay State Gas Retailer's Association, Massachusetts Conservation Commissions, Massachusetts Association of Private schools, and many others. Although in House leadership for twelve years, <mask> resigned his position when he was on the losing side of a leadership fight (1996) which resulted in the election of Thomas Finneran as House Speaker.Although he was re-elected in 1996 and 1998, <mask> was not again to serve in House leadership due to conflicts with Finneran and his new leadership team. He was appointed to the position permanently in December 1998. He continued serving as State Representative. During his tenure as Saugus Town Manager, the town completed the renovation of Saugus Town Hall. Additionally, ground was broken and the new Public Safety Complex, combining the Police and Fire commands was completed. The facilities at Stackpole football field were rebuilt and the clubhouse was named for Edna Winslow who had been a vocal and enthusiastic supporter of Saugus High school sports. <mask> successfully led the ef  fort to pass a tax override to plan and complete the building of a New Veterans Memorial School.The school remains the only new school building constructed in the last 40 years, in Saugus. <mask> also lobbied for and received state and federal funds to dredge the Saugus River, a project that had lingered

masks: Angelo Angelo Angelo Angelo


title: Steven Angelo

texts:
 since the 1960s. In the four years he was town manager, <mask> had record surpluses (one million plus a fiscal year), improved the Town's bond rating, and increased the size of the town's stabilization fund. <mask> resigned from the job in August 2002 for "personal reasons". In June 2003, the State Ethics Commission found that <mask> had used his position to secure preferential treatment for selectman Kelleher following Kelleher's January 4, 2002 traffic stop. The Commission decided not to pursue formal action against <mask>. Kelleher and Felix were each fined $2,000.Winsted Town Manager
From December 2003–November 2005, <mask> served as Town Manager of Winsted, Connecticut. During that period, <mask> was successful in cleaning up Highland Lake and successfully dealt with a large deficit in the budget he inherited. He also was successful in passing a small capital outlay budget to deal with Winsted's deteriorating infrastructure. He resigned on November 9, 2005, citing his health. Atkinson Town Administrator
On September 15, 2008, he was hired to serve as the Town Administrator of Atkinson, New Hampshire. He resigned on January 21, 2009 due to his reluctance to sell his home in Falmouth, Massachusetts and family issues. See also
 1989–1990 Massachusetts legislature

References

1952 births
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Politicians from Somerville, Massachusetts
People from Saugus, Massachusetts
People from Falmouth, Massachusetts
Massachusetts Democrats
Merrimack College alumni
Living people
Town Managers of Saugus,

masks: Angelo Angelo Angelo Angelo Angelo Angelo


title: Christine Chubbuck

texts:
<mask> (August 24, 1944 – July 15, 1974) was an American television news reporter who worked for WTOG and WXLT-TV in Sarasota, Florida. She was the first person to die by suicide on a live television broadcast. Early life
<mask> was born in Hudson, Ohio, the daughter of Margaretha D. "Peg" (1921–1994) and <mask> (1918–2015). She had two brothers, Greg and Tim. Chubbuck attended the Laurel School for Girls in Shaker Heights, a suburb of Cleveland. During her years at Laurel, she jokingly formed a "Dateless Wonder Club" with other "rejected" girls who did not have dates on Saturday night. Chubbuck attended Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, for one year, majoring in theater arts, then attended Endicott College in Beverly, Massachusetts, before earning a degree in broadcasting at Boston University in 1965.Career

Early work
<mask> worked for WVIZ in Cleveland between 1966 and 1967, and attended a summer workshop in radio and television at New York University in 1967. That same year, she worked in Canton, Ohio, and, for three months, at WQED-TV in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, as an assistant producer for two local shows, Women's World and Keys to the City. In 1968, Chubbuck left WQED to spend four years as a hospital computer operator and two years with a cable television firm in Sarasota, Florida. Immediately before joining ABC affiliate WXLT-TV (now WWSB), she worked in the traffic department of WTOG in St. Petersburg. Several years before her death, Chubbuck had moved into her family's summer cottage on Siesta Key, Florida. The Washington Post later reported that she had painted the bedroom and canopied bed to look like that of a young teenager. After Chubbuck's parents were divorced, her mother

masks:
Christine Chubbuck
Christine Chubbuck
George Fairbanks Chubbuck
Chubbuck


title: Christine Chubbuck

texts:
 reading her newscast contained a complete script of her program, including not only the shooting, but also a third-person account to be read by whichever staff member took over the broadcast after the incident. He said her script called for her condition to be listed as "critical". Chubbuck was taken to Sarasota Memorial Hospital, where she was pronounced dead fourteen hours later. Upon receiving the news, a WXLT staffer released the information to other stations using Chubbuck's script. For a time, WXLT aired reruns of the TV series Gentle Ben in place of Suncoast Digest.Aftermath
<mask>'s body was cremated. The funeral ceremony was held on the beach, where her ashes were scattered into the Gulf of Mexico. Approximately 120 people attended, including local officials who had appeared on her show. Three songs by Chubbuck's favorite singer, Roberta Flack, were played. Presbyterian minister Thomas Beason delivered the eulogy, stating, "We suffer at our sense of loss, we are frightened by her rage, we are guilty in the face of her rejection, we are hurt by her choice of isolation and we are confused by her message." <mask>'s show, Suncoast Digest, stayed on the air for several years with new hosts. Simmons, the station director, said Chubbuck's suicide was unrelated to the station."The crux of the situation was that she was a 29-year-old girl who wanted to be married and who wasn't," he said in 1977. The broadcast of Chubbuck's death has not been seen since its airing, and numerous theories on what happened to the recording have been advanced. One was that the station owner Robert Nelson kept it, and it was in the possession of his widow, Mollie. It was confirmed in June 2016 that the recording

masks: Chubbuck Chubbuck


title: Christine Chubbuck

texts:
 of <mask>'s death exists and had indeed been in Robert Nelson's possession, but was handed over to a "very large law firm" for safekeeping by Mollie Nelson. She has no plans to make it publicly available. In 2007, <mask> spoke publicly about his sister for the first time since 1974 in an E! television special.In 2021, an amateur audio recording of the incident was found and posted on YouTube. Many users verified the authenticity of the audio by comparing it to pre-existing recordings of Chubbuck's voice. The recording includes the gunshot and the reaction of the as-of-yet unidentified individual who recorded the incident. In popular culture

In 2003, Christopher Sorrentino published "Condition", a short story based on <mask>'s suicide, in the literary magazine Conjunctions. In 2016, two films about Chubbuck played at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival. The first, <mask>, was directed by Antonio Campos, and starred Rebecca Hall as <mask> and Michael C. Hall as George Peter Ryan. The second was the documentary Kate Plays Christine, which depicts actress Kate Lyn Sheil's preparation for the part of Chubbuck.See also

 Network, a 1976 fictional film in which a newscaster is murdered on air. R. Budd Dwyer, a Pennsylvania politician who fatally shot himself in front of TV news cameras in 1987. Daniel V. Jones, an American man who died by suicide on live television in front of news helicopters in 1998. Alison Parker and Adam Ward, a reporter and photojournalist who were murdered during a live television broadcast on August 26, 2015, at Bridgewater Plaza, Moneta, Virginia. Notes

References

External links

<mask>uck: Tragedy In The News (2012)
<mask>uck: The Saga Continues (2016)

1944 births
1974

masks:
Chubbuck
Greg Chubbuck
Chubbuck
Christine
Christine Chubbuck
Christine Chubb
Christine Chubb


title: Pál Joensen

texts:
<mask> (born 10 December 1990) is a Faroese elite swimmer. He was born in Vágur, Suðuroy, Faroe Islands. He has won World and European Championship medals. His bronze medal in the men's 1500 metre freestyle at the 2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) in Istanbul was the first medal won by a Faroese swimmer at the World Aquatic Championships. He competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics for Denmark in three events: 400 metre freestyle, 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay and 1500 metre freestyle. As a Faroese athlete, he competed for Denmark as the Faroe Islands do not have a separate Olympic body. Joensen holds many of the national swimming records for the Faroe Islands; and these records are not only in freestyle.In short course swimming he holds most of the records in breaststroke, butterfly and individual medley too. Personal life
Born in the Faroe Islands, he moved to Copenhagen in August 2012, where he swims at the Danish National Training Centre. He is now swimming for Aalborg Svømmeklub and for the Faroe Islands. While in the Faroe Islands he had to train in a 25 m short course pool, because there was no 50 m pool in the Faroe Islands. He was training with Susvim (Susvim is short for Suðuroyar Svimjifelag, which means Suduroy Swimming Club). His trainer in the Faroe Islands was Jón Bjarnason. International swimming career

FINA World Championships 2007
At the 2007 World Aquatics Championships in Melbourne, Australia, Joensen competed in five individual events –


title: Pál Joensen

texts:
 50 m, 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 800 m freestyle and 1500 m freestyle.He did not proceed past the heats stage in any of the events. Island Games 2007
<mask> Joensen won five gold medals and one bronze medal at the 2007 Island Games in Rhodes. Men's 200 m freestyle, gold, 1:53.60
 Men's 400 m freestyle, gold, 4:00.23
 Men's 1500 m freestyle, gold, 15:48.25
 Men's 4×50 m freestyle relay, gold, 1:36.01
 Men's 4×50 m medley relay, gold, 1:47.71
 Men's 4×100 m medley relay, bronze, 4:00.38

European Junior Swimming Championship 2008
<mask> <mask> won 3 gold medals at the 2008 European Junior Swimming Championships in Belgrade. Pál won the gold medals in 400 m, 800 m and 1500 m freestyle. Joensen finished in 17th in the 1500 m freestyle with a time of 15.21.37 m, 18th in 800 m freestyle with a time of 8:01.50 and 22nd in the 400 m freestyle with a time of 3:48.93. FINA World Cup 2009 in Moscow
At the World Cup in Moscow on 7 November 2009 <mask> Joensen won the men's 1500 m freestyle (14:32.64)  short course (25 m) beating his own national record of 14:39.99 set in December 2008. He also broke the Nordic record, which was set by the Dane Mads Glæsner at the World Cup in Stockholm 2008.FINA World Cup 2009 in Stockholm
At the World Cup in Stockholm on 11 November 2009 <mask> <mask> won silver in the men's 1500 m freestyle short course (25 m). His time was 14:32.59, which was new Nordic record. He broke his own record, which he sat 4 days earlier in Moscow. FINA World Cup 2009 in

masks: Pál Pál Joensen Pál Pál Joensen


title: Pál Joensen

texts:
 Berlin
On 15 November 2009 <mask> Joensen won silver in the men's 1500 m freestyle short course (25 m) at the World Cup 2009 in Berlin. His time was 14:32.15, which was new Nordic record, breaking his own record, which he sat 4 days earlier at the World Cup in Stockholm. European Short Course Swimming Championships 2009
<mask> Joensen participated in the European Short Course Swimming Championships in Istanbul, 2009 in 400 M Freestyle and 1500 M Freestyle. Joensen qualified for the final in the 400 M Freestyle, but did not participate in the final.<mask> swam in the 1500 M Freestyle final, finishing in 7th place; his time was 14:38.00. The gold medallist in the race was Jan Wolfgarten from Germany, who swam a time of 14:20.44, silver was won by Federico Colbertaldo from Italy and the bronze medal by Mads Glæsner from Denmark. Glæsner swam with a time of 14:26.74, which was new Nordic Record, breaking <mask>'s record. Joensen recaptured the Nordic record in the Men's 1500 M Freestyle on Short Course in November 2009, but in Istanbul in December 2009 Glæsner beat Joensen's Nordic Record. Gold and Bronze at the Telkom SA National Aquatic Championships 2010 in Durban
Pál <mask> participated in the long course 800 M freestyle and 1500 M freestyle for men in Durban at the Telkom SA National Aquatic Championships 2010. He won gold in 800 M freestyle with the time 7:58.92. Chad Ho from South Africa was number two with the time 8:09.04 and John Ellis from South Africa was number

masks: Pál Pál Joensen Joensen Joensen


title: Pál Joensen

texts:
 three with the time 8:14.99.A few days later on 17 April 2010 Joensen swam in the final in 1500 Freestyle for men, he was number three with the time 15:21.84. The winner was Heerden Herman from South Africa with the time 15:06.75 and number two was Mark B. Randall with the time 15:09.75. Great London Swim 2010 – Elite Races
<mask> <mask> participated in the British Gas Great London Swim 2010, which was held on 3 July 2010. He came finished fourth with a time of 16:47.45. The winner was Thomas Lurz from Germany with the time 16:42.57. Number two was Ky Hurst from Australia and number three was Petar Stoichev from Bulgaria. This was the first time <mask> Joensen tried to compete in open water swimming.He normally competes in indoors swimming pools. 2010 European Aquatics Championships – Silver Winner

<mask> Joensen participated in the 2010 European Aquatics Championships in Budapest. On 10 August 2010, in the heats of the men's 1500 m freestyle he qualified for the final with the second best time, which was 15:04.05. Samuel Pizzetti from Italy swam with the best time, 15:03.32. The final was on 11 August 2010. Sébastien Rouault from France won gold, <mask> <mask> won silver, he swam his best time ever (14:56.90) and set a new Nordic record. Gold, silver and bronze winners all swam managed to swim sub-15:00 minutes.The results for the three first swimmers:

 1 Sébastien Rouault, France, 14:55.17. 2 <mask> <mask>, Faroe Islands, 14:56.90. 3 Samuel Pizzetti, Italy, 14:59.76.

masks: Pál Joensen Pál Pál Pál Joensen Pál Joensen


title: Pál Joensen

texts:
 FINA World Cup 2010 in Berlin
<mask> <mask> won two silver medals at the World Cup in Berlin in October 2010. On 30 October 2010 he won silver in the men's 400 meters freestyle (on short course); his time was 3:44.45. The winner was the German swimmer Paul Biedermann who swam a time of 3:42.31. On 31 October 2010, Joensen won silver in the men's 1500 meters freestyle (on short course) with the time 14:47.39.The winner was Job Kienhuis from the Netherlands, he swam a time of 14:40.11. FINA World Cup 2010 in Moscow
<mask> <mask> won two gold medals in Moscow at the 2010 FINA Swimming World Cup. In the short course 400 meters freestyle on 2 November 2010, he won with a time of 3:45.56. The silver medallist was the Russian Evgeny Kulikov with the time 3:45.83, and Alexandr Selin won bronze with the time 3:46.29. The following day, on 3 November 2010, Joensen won gold in the men's 1500 meters freestyle with a time of 14:50.66. The Russian Sergey Bolshakov won silver with a time of 14:53.85 and Sergiy Frolov from Ukraine won bronze with the time 14:54.27. FINA World Cup 2010 in Stockholm
<mask> <mask> swam in the final of the men's 400 meters freestyle at the 2010 FINA Swimming World Cup in Stockholm on 6 November 2010.He won bronze by swimming 3:46.13. Paul Biedermann from Germany took gold in the time 3:41.27 and Yannick Agnel from France won silver in the time 3:41.42. 2011 Island Games on Isle of Wight
<mask> Joensen participated in 15 swimming events at the  2011 Islands

masks: Pál Joensen Pál Joensen Pál Joensen Pál


title: Pál Joensen

texts:
 Games on Isle of Wight in the period 25 June to 1 July 2011. Joensen won 8 gold, 4 silver and 1 bronze medals. Men's 100m Freestyle, gold, 51.16
 Men's 200m Freestyle, gold, 1:49.83
 Men's 400m Freestyle, gold, 3:54.02
 Men's 1500m Freestyle, gold, 15:28.85
 Men's 400m Medley, gold, 4:23.10
 Men's 200m Breast, gold, 2:15.96
 Men's 4×50m Freestyle (relay), gold 1:33.59 (the others were Magnus Jákupsson, Heðin Lisberg Olsen and Pauli Øssursson Mohr
 Men's 4 × 100 m Freestyle, relay, gold, 3:23.10
 Men's 100m Medley, individual, silver, 58.81
 Men's 200m Medley, individual, silver, 2:03.18
 Men's 4×50m Medley, relay, silver, 1:43.23
 Men's 4 × 100 m Medley, relay, silver, 3:47.81
 Men's 100m Breast, bronze, 1:03.78

2011 World Championship
In July 2011 Pál Joensen participated in 800m and 1500m freestyle at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai. On 26 July he made it to the finals in 800m freestyle with the second best time 7:45.55 which was new Faroese and Nordic record. On 27 July he swam in the final, he was 5th with the time 7:46.51.On 30 July he swam in the second heat in the men's 1500m freestyle, he swam with the sixth best time of all the heats (14:56.66), which was new Nordic and Faroese record and 15 seconds under the qualification time for the Olympic Games 2012. On the following day, 31 July 2011, <mask> Joensen swam in the final. He was fourth, he swam in the time 14:46.33, improving the Nordic and Faroese records from the day before by more than 10


title: Pál Joensen

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 seconds. Joensen qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics, fulfilling a career dream, by swimming 25 seconds under the qualification time, which was 15:11.83. He swam for Denmark at the Olympics, because the Faroe Islands are not recognized as an independent country and therefore the islands can't participate at the Olympics. 2011 FINA Swimming World Cup
On 15 and 16 October 2011 <mask> Joensen participated in two events in World Cup in Stockholm, Sweden. He won gold in the men's 1500 m freestyle in the time 14:52.00 and bronze in the men's 400 m freestyle in the time 3:45.50.<ref>Omegatiming.com FINA/ARENA Swimming World Cup 2011, 15-16 October 2011, Men's 400m Freestyle.</]</ref>

2011 European Short Course Swimming Championships
In December 2011 Joensen participated in the 2011 European Short Course Swimming Championships, which was held in Szczecin in Poland.He qualified for the finals in 400 m freestyle with the time 3:42.37. In the final, he was fourth, in a time of 3:41.05. Joensen swam in the fastest heat in the men's 1500 m freestyle, and in the final he was 5th, with a time of 14:37.83. 2012 Danish Open
In March 2012 <mask> participated in Danish Open in Bellahøj in Denmark. On 22 March 2012 he won gold in 400 m freestyle in the time 3:46.84, which was new Faroese record. He also qualified for the 2012 Olympics in 400 m freestyle, having already qualified in the 1500 m freestyle. On 23 March 2012 he won gold in the men's 200 m freestyle with the time 1:48.98,

masks: Pál Joensen


title: Pál Joensen

texts:
 which was new Faroese record.Gold in 200 m freestyle with the time 1:48.98 (New Faroese record)
 Gold in 400 m freestyle with the time 3:46.84 (New Faroese record)
 Gold in 1500 m freestyle with the time 15:04.39

2012 Summer Olympics in London
<mask> <mask> competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London in three events: 400 metre freestyle, 4 x 200 metre freestyle relay and 1500 metre freestyle. He competes for Denmark at the 2012 Summer Olympics, the Faroe Islands can't participate at the Olympics. His results:
 10th in the men's 400 metre freestyle with the time 3:47.36. 13th in the men's 4 x 200 metre freestyle relay (with Daniel Skaaning, Anders Lie and Mads Glæsner. The team set a new Danish record in the event.) Nr. 17 in the men's 1500 metre freestyle.2012 FINA World Swimming Championships on Short Course
In December 2012 Joensen competed at the World Swimming Championships on Short Course in Istanbul. On 14 December he competed in the men's final in 400 metre freestyle. He placed 6th in a time of 3:42.23. On the last day, 16 December 2012, he competed in the men's 1500 m freestyle. He originally took bronze in the time 14:36.93, the Danish swimmer Mads Glæsner won in the time 14:30.01, Italian Gregorio Paltrinieri took silver in the time 14:31.13. Drug testing later revealed that Glæsner committed a doping violation at the meet, and was stripped of his medals in Istanbul in June 2013, elevating Joensen to silver in the 1500M. However, upon appeal to the Court of


title: Pál Joensen

texts:
 Arbitration for Sport, Glaesner's 1500-meter freestyle gold medal was reinstated based on the fact that a test after that race, two days after his initial positive test following the 400-meter free, was clean.He still forfeited the 400-meter freestyle bronze, which he did not appeal. This means that Joensen's medal position was returned to bronze. Joensen's bronze medal was his first medal from a World Championship, it is also the first time a swimmer from the Faroe Islands has won a medal at a World Championship in swimming. 2013 European Short Course Swimming Championships in Herning
<mask> participated at the 2013 European Short Course Swimming Championships in Herning. He won a silver medal in the men's 1500 m freestyle. Silver in 1500 m freestyle with the time 14:35.99
 21st in 400 m freestyle with the time 3:45.92
 26th in 200 m freestyle with the time 1:47.03

100 individual Gold Medals at the Faroese Swimming Championships
In May 2014 <mask> first won his 100th gold medal in individual swimming competitions. A few minutes later he won one more gold medal reaching 101 individual gold medals won in the Faroese Championships.He won 15 gold and one silver at the 2014 Faroese Swimming Championship. 2014 Bergen Swim Festival
 Gold in 400 m freestyle with the time 3:45.45

2014 Mare Nostrum  International Swimming Meeting of Monte Carlo
 Silver in 400 m freestyle with the time 3:50.41

2014 European Aquatics Championship 2014 in Berlin
<mask> <mask> competed at the

masks: Joensen Joensen Pál Joensen


title: Pál Joensen

texts:
 2014 European Aquatics Championships in Berlin in August 2014. He competed in 1500 m freestyle and in 800 m freestyle. On 20 August he took silver in 1500 m freestyle in the time 14:50.59. The winner was Gregorio Paltrinieri, who sat new European record in the time 14:39.93. Silver in 1500 m freestyle with the time 14:50.59. Silver in 800 m freestyle with the time 7:48.49.2014 FINA World Swimming Championships on Short Course
 4th in 1500 m freestyle with the time 14:26.54 which was Faroese and Nordic record
 17th in 400 m freestyle with the time 3:42.31

Honours

 2015 – <mask> Høll which is the first 50-meter swimming pool in the Faroe Islands was named after him
 2013 – Sportsperson of the Year, chosen by Kringvarp Føroya (no award was given from 2010 to 2012)
 2009 – Sportsperson of the Year, chosen by the National Radio and Television Station of the Faroe Islands, Kringvarp Føroya
 2008 – Sportsperson of the Year, chosen by Kringvarp Føroya
 2007 – Sportsperson of the Year, chosen by Kringvarp Føroya

References

 SwimmingWorldMagazine.com
 Island Games 2009 in Åland

Further reading

External links

 Susvim, The Suduroy Swimming Association
 SSF.fo, The Faroese Swimming Association
 Svimjing.com

Faroese male freestyle swimmers
1990 births
Living people
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers of Denmark
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
People from Vágur
European Aquatics Championships


title: Eden Donatelli

texts:
<mask> (born July 19, 1970) is a Canadian short track speed skating coach and former athlete. Donatelli is an Olympic medalist and ten-time championship medalist in the sport. Born in Mission, British Columbia, Donatelli became the youngest ever athlete to make the Canadian Senior National Team at only 15 years of age. During her career, Donatelli medaled in ten different World Championships from 1986 to 1992. In the 1988 Winter Olympics, while short track speed skating was still a demonstration sport, she won Silver in the women's 500m event. After retiring from skating, Donatelli married English speed skater and coach Julian Green, and has three children. Together with her husband and father, <mask> coaches the Ridge Meadows Racers in Maple Ridge, British Columbia.Awards
 1983 - BCSSA Athlete of the Year Award
 1986 - Canada Tribute to the Champions World Ring Award
 1986 - BCSSA Athlete of the Year Award
 1987 - Canada Tribute to the Champions World Ring Award
 1987 - Government of Canada Tribute to the Champions
 1987 - BC Junior Athlete of the Year Award
 1988 - Premiere's Award for Achievement
 1988 - BC Junior Athlete of the Year Award
 1988 - Inducted into the Mission, BC Olympic Hall of Fame
 1990 - Premiere's Award for Achievement
 1993 - Inaugurated into SSC hall of Fame 1993
 1994 - BC racing number retired
 2000 - Inducted into the BC Sports Hall of Fame

Early life
At thirteen months old, <mask> began skating at the local ice rink in Mission. Her mother was teaching her 3-year-old brother to skate and she didn't know what to do with <mask> while she had her brother on the ice, so she decided to teach them both at the same time. <mask> figure skated at the Mission arena at age 3 and then switched to speed skating at age 4. Her father, George, having coached hockey

masks:
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Eden
Eden
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title: Eden Donatelli

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 for several years, was her speed skating coach. Her mother, Jane schooled her in Highland Dancing giving <mask> plyometric strength and an advantage on the ice. Together they forged a team that quickly made <mask> the fastest skater in her own age class and often more senior age classes too. She often competed with children two or three years her senior just to challenge her abilities!Despite being the fastest female for the BC Canada Winter Games Team in 1983, <mask> was not permitted to compete due to her young age; a rule that has since been challenged and defeated by Human Rights Law. That same season she qualified for the Canadian National Training Team at the age of 13 years! As a result, she was never on a provincial team and went directly to representing both BC and Canada at World Championships. At age 15 <mask> competed in her first World Championships. At age 16 she won a gold medal in the 500m at the World Championships in Montreal, Quebec. At the age of 17 Canadian Team rules forced her to move to Quebec to live and train at the National Training Center in order to be part of the Olympic relay team. Not speaking French fluently and living alone in a strange province was extremely difficult for <mask>, but she overcame to win silver (500m) and bronze (3000m relay) Olympic medals at the 1988 Olympic games in Calgary.Finally, after two years the National High Performance Committee permitted <mask> to be coached by her father again at home in Mission. Personal life

Overview
<mask> excelled in her home environment and skated at two Olympic games, seven World Championships, Multiple International events and Canadian Championships. It was there that she met her husband, Julian, also a speed skater representing Great Britain, at some of the same events. <mask>'s

masks: Eden Eden Eden Eden Eden Eden Eden Eden


title: Eden Donatelli

texts: participation in the National Team program meant that she had to miss a great deal of high school. In the summer of grade 10, <mask> completed English 11 and Algebra 11 by correspondence so that she would have two less courses to complete during the school year. In the summer of grade 11, she completed grade 12 English by correspondence and then moved to Montreal to train for the ’88 Olympic games. While in Montreal, <mask> completed the rest of her grade 12 courses by correspondence and graduated with her class in 1988.<mask> attended McGill University in 1988/89 and then moved back to BC to live and train. She took courses at the University of British Columbia and Fraser Valley College. In 1992, after marrying British Olympic Speed Skater Julian Green, <mask> moved to Calgary. She was accepted into the Faculty of Education and made the decision to retire from skating in order to focus on her studies. <mask> completed her Bachelor of Education at the University of Calgary in 1995. Also in 1995 <mask> moved back to Mission, British Columbia and began teaching grade 1 at John Maclure Community School in Abbotsford, British Columbia. <mask> completed a Post Baccalaureate Diploma in Curriculum and Instruction at Simon Fraser University in 1998.She also became a Reading Recovery Teacher in 1999. <mask> received a master's degree in curriculum and instruction from SFU in 2000. <mask> excelled in speed skating at a time when no other BC female had qualified to the National Short Track Team. <mask> was also the only female Anglophone on the Canadian team for many years. She regularly competed against Sylvie Daigle, Natalie Lambert, Susan Auch, Maryse and Annie Perrault, Isabelle Charest and Christine Boudrias. As a young Long Track skater <mask>'s main competition was Catriona LeMay

masks: Eden Eden Eden Eden Eden Eden Eden Eden Eden Eden Eden


title: Eden Donatelli

texts:
 (Doan). Her sport was notwell known or well televised and as such she had little or no sponsorship to offset her costs.This meant that her family bore the brunt of her travelling, equipment, and training expenses, as well as those of her father/coach. <mask> benefited from the support of her home community of Mission, as well as the Mission Racers Speed Skating Club. She also had many wonderful coaches: Clara Overend, Dennis Brain, Sandra Clements, Larry Lewin, and of course, her father, <mask>. Feeling a need to share her experiences to children, <mask> was part of the Athlete's Motivation Excellence Program 1988-1991. She also began coaching after retiring from competition in 1992. She currently coaches with her dad and her husband at three local clubs (Maple Ridge, Sardis and Langley). Aside from coaching six days a week, <mask> presents regularly at Abbotsford District teaching conferences and has presented at teaching conferences in Vancouver and Victoria.Legacy
Many rules and laws have been re-thought and re-worded due to her exemplary achievements at such a young age, thus smoothing the difficult road ahead for future generations of young speed skaters. Her inspiring feats have encouraged many young girls and boys to take up the sport of short track speed skating and her coaching skills continue to help them reach their dreams. References
 Coaches of The Ridge Meadows Speed Skating Association

External links
 World Short Track Championships Overall Standings

1970 births
Living people
Canadian female short track speed skaters
Speed skating coaches
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Olympic bronze medalists for Canada
Short track speed skaters at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1988 Winter Olympics
People from Mission, British Columbia
Sportspeople from

masks:
Eden
George Donatelli
Eden
Eden


title: Ibn Hazm

texts:
Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Saʿīd ibn Ḥazm (; also sometimes known as al-Andalusī aẓ-Ẓāhirī; 7 November 994 – 15 August 1064 [456 AH]) was an Andalusian Muslim polymath, historian, jurist, philosopher, and theologian, born in the Caliphate of Córdoba, present-day Spain. Described as one of the strictest hadith interpreters, <mask> was a leading proponent and codifier of the Zahiri school of Islamic thought and produced a reported 400 works, of which only 40 still survive. In all, his written works amounted to some 80 000 pages. Described as one of the fathers of comparative religion, the Encyclopaedia of Islam refers to him as having been one of the leading thinkers of the Muslim world. Personal life

Lineage
<mask>'s grandfather Sa'id and his father, Ahmad, both held high advisory positions in the court of Umayyad Caliph Hisham II. Scholars believe that they were Iberian Christians who converted to Islam. Upbringing
Having been raised in a politically and economically important family, <mask>m mingled with people of power and influence all his life.He had access to levels of government by his adolescence that most people then would never know throughout their whole lives. Those experiences with government and politicians caused <mask>m to develop a reluctant and even sad skepticism about human nature and the capacity of human beings to deceive and to oppress. His reaction

masks:
Ibn Hazm
Ibn Hazm
Ibn Haz
Ibn Haz


title: Ibn Hazm

texts:
 was to believe that there was no refuge or truth except with an infallible God and that with men resided only corruption. He was thus known for his cynicism regarding humanity and a strong respect for the principles of language and sincerity in communication. Career
<mask>m lived among the circle of the ruling hierarchy of the Caliphate of Córdoba government. His experiences produced an eager and observant attitude, and he gained an excellent education at Córdoba. After the death of the grand vizier, al-Muzaffar, in 1008, the Caliphate of Iberia became embroiled in a civil war that lasted until 1031 and resulted in its collapse of the central authority of Córdoba and the emergence of many smaller incompetent states, the taifas.<mask>'s father died in 1012. <mask> was frequently imprisoned as a suspected supporter of the Umayyads. By 1031, <mask> retreated to his family estate at Manta Lisham and had begun to express his activist convictions in the literary form. He was a leading proponent and codifier of the Zahiri school of Islamic thought, and he produced a reported 400 works, but only 40 still survive.<ref>Camilla Adang, This Day I have Perfected Your Religion For You: A Zahiri Conception of Religious Authority, pg. 19. Taken from Speaking for Islam: Religious Authorities in Muslim Societies. Ed.Gudrun Krämer and Sabine Schmidtke. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2006.</ref> His

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Ibn Hazm
Ibn Hazm
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title: Ibn Hazm

texts:
 political and religious opponents gained power after the collapse of the caliphate and so he accepted an offer of asylum from the governor of the island of Majorca in the 1040s. He continued to propagate the Zahiri School there before he returned to Andalusia. Contemporaries coined the saying "the tongue of <mask>m was a twin brother to the sword of al-Hajjaj", an infamous 7th century general and governor of Iraq. <mask> became so frequently quoted that the phrase "<mask>fi'i 30. Around the age of thirty, he finally settled with the Zahiri School.Adang, "From Malikism to Shafi'ism to Zahirism: The Conversions of <mask>zm", p. 73-87. Conversions islamiques. Identites religieuses en Islam mediterraneen, ed. Mercedes Garcia-Arenal. Paris: 2001.He is perhaps the most well-known adherent of the school and the main source of extant works on Zahirite law. He studied the school's precepts and methods under Abu al-Khiyar al-Dawudi al-Zahiri of Santarém Municipality and was eventually promoted to the level of a teacher of the school himself. In 1029, both were expelled from the main mosque of Cordoba for their activities. Works

Much of <mask>m's substantial body of works, which approached that of Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari and As-Suyuti's, was burned in Seville by his sectarian and political opponents. His surviving works, while criticised as repetitive, didactic and abrasive in

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title: Ibn Hazm

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 style, also show a fearless irreverence towards his academic critics and authorities. <mask>m wrote works on law and theology and over ten medical books. He called for science to be integrated into a standard curriculum.In Organization of the Sciences, he diachronically defines educational fields as stages of progressive acquisition set over a five-year curriculum, from language and exegesis of the Qur'an to the life and physical sciences to a rationalistic theology. Detailed Critical Examination
In Fisal (Detailed Critical Examination), a treatise on Islamic science and theology, <mask> promoted sense perception above subjectively flawed human reason. Recognizing the importance of reason, as the Qur'an itself invites  reflection, he argued that reflection to refer mainly to revelation and sense data since the principles of reason are themselves derived entirely from sense experience. He concludes that reason is not a faculty for independent research or discovery, but that sense perception should be used in its place, an idea that forms the basis of empiricism. Jurisprudence
Perhaps ibn Hazm's most influential work in the Arabic, selections of which have been translated into English, is now The Muhalla (المحلى بالأثار), or The Adorned Treatise. It is reported to be a summary of a much longer work, known as Al-Mujalla (المجلى). Its essential focus is on matters of jurisprudence

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title: Ibn Hazm

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 or fiqh (فقه), but it also touches of matters of creed in its first chapter, Kitab al-Tawheed (كتاب التوحيد), whose focus is on credal matters related to monotheism and the fundamental principles of approach to divine texts.One of the main points that emerges from the masterpiece of jurisprudencial thought is that <mask>m rejects analogical reasoning (qiyas قياس) but prefers a far more direct and literal approach to the texts. Logic
<mask>m wrote the Scope of Logic, which stressed on the importance of sense perception as a source of knowledge. He wrote that the "first sources of all human knowledge are the soundly used senses and the intuitions of reason, combined with a correct understanding of a language". <mask>m also criticized some of the more traditionalist theologians who were opposed to the use of logic and argued that the first generations of Muslims did not rely on logic. His response was that the early Muslims had witnessed the revelation directly, but later Muslims have been exposed to contrasting beliefs and so the use of logic is necessary to preserve the true teachings of Islam. The work was first republished in Arabic by Ihsan Abbas in 1959 and most recently by Abu Abd al-<mask> Aqil al-Zahiri in 2007. Ethics
In his book, In Pursuit of Virtue, <mask> had urged his readers:
Do not use your energy except for a cause more noble than yourself.Such a cause cannot be

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Ibn Haz
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title: Ibn Hazm

texts:
 found except in Almighty God Himself: to preach the truth, to defend womanhood, to repel humiliation which your creator has not imposed upon you, to help the oppressed. Anyone who uses his energy for the sake of the vanities of the world is like someone who exchanges gemstones for gravel. Poetry
A poem or fragment of a poem by him is preserved in <mask> al-Maghribi's Pennants of the Champions:
You came to me just before
the Christians rang their bells. The half-moon was rising
looking like an old man's eyebrow
or a delicate instep. And although it was still night
when you came a rainbow
gleamed on the horizon,
showing as many colours
as a peacock's tail. Medicine
<mask>m's teachers in medicine included al-Zahrawi and <mask>-Kattani, and he wrote ten medical works, including Kitab fi'l-Adwiya al-mufrada mentioned by al-Dhahabi. Views
Language
In addition to his views on honesty in communication, <mask>m also addressed the science of language to some degree.He viewed the Arabic language, the Hebrew language and the Syriac language as all essentially being one language which branched out as the speakers settled in different geographic regions and developed different vocabularies and grammars from the common root. He also differed with many Muslim theologians in that he did not view Arabic as superior to other languages since the Qur'an does not describe Arabic as such. <mask>m

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Ibn al
Ibn Haz
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title: Ibn Hazm

texts:
 viewed that there was no proof for claiming any language was superior to another. Literalism
<mask>m was well known for his strict literalism and is considered the champion of the literalist Zahirite school within Sunni Islām. A commonly-cited example is his interpretation of the first half of verse 23 in the Qur'anic chapter of Al-Isra prohibiting one from saying "uff" to one's parents. <mask>m said that half of the verse prohibits only saying "uff", not hitting one's parents, for example. However, he considered that hitting them is prohibited by the second half of the verse as well as verse 24 which command kind treatment of parents.<mask>m, al-Ihkam fi Usul al-Ahkam, vol.7, pg. 976. Ed. Mahmud Hamid Uthman. Cairo: Dar al-Hadith, 2005. Philosophy
<mask>'s works lightly touched upon the traditions of Greek philosophy. Agreeing with both Epicurus and Prodicus of Ceos, he stated that pleasure brings happiness in life and that there is nothing to fear in death.He believed that these philosophical traditions were useful but not enough to build an individual's character properly, and he stated that the Islamic faith was also necessary. The concept of absolute free will was rejected by <mask>m, as he believed that all of an individual's attributes are created by God. Shia
<mask>m was highly critical of the Shia. He said about the sect:"The Persians possessed a great kingdom and an

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Ibn Haz
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title: Ibn Hazm

texts:
 upper hand above all other nations. They magnified the danger they posed [to others nations] by calling themselves al-Ahrār (the free ones) and al-Asyād (the noble ones). As a result, they considered all other people their slaves. However, they were afflicted with the destruction of their empire at the hands of the Arabs whom they had considered a lesser danger among the other nations [to their empire].Their affairs became exacerbated and their afflictions doubled as they plotted wars against Islam various times. However, in all of their plots, Allāh made the Truth manifest. They continued to plot more useful stunts. So, some of their people accepted Islām only to turn towards Shī'ism, with the claim of loving Ahl al-Bayt (the family of the Prophet) and abhorrence to the oppression against 'Alī. Then, they traversed upon this way until it led them away from the path of Guidance [Islām]." Reception
Muslim scholars, especially those subscribing to Zahirism, have often praised <mask>m for what they perceive as his knowledge and perseverance. Yemeni preacher Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i was one of <mask>'s admirers in recent times, holding the view that no other Muslim scholar had embodied the prophetic tradition of the Muhammad and the Sahaba.Similarly, Pakistani cleric Badi' ud-Din Shah al-Rashidi taught <mask>'s book Al-Muhalla to students in Masjid al-Haram, while living in Mecca.

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Ibn Hazm


title: Ibn Hazm

texts:
 al-Wadi'i himself taught Al-Muhalla in Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, while in Medina. Abu Abd al-<mask> Aqil al-Zahiri, the primary biographer of <mask> in the modern era, has authored a number of works on <mask>'s life and career, many published through <mask>'s printing press which is named after <mask>zm. Modernist revival of <mask>'s general critique of Islamic legal theory has seen several key moments in Arab intellectual history, including Ahmad Shakir's re-publishing of Al-Muhalla, Muhammad Abu Zahra's biography of <mask>, and the re-publishing of archived epistles on legal theory by Sa'id al-Afghani in 1960 and Ihsan Abbas between 1980 and 1983. See also
 Hazm (name)
 Miguel Asín Palacios

References

Sources
 The Ring of the Dove by <mask>m, translation and preface by A. J. Arberry
 al-Fasl fi al-milal wa-al-ahwa' wa-al-nihal, by <mask>m. Bairut: Dar al-Jil, 1985
 Abenházam de Córdoba y su Historia crítica de las ideas religiosas vols. 1–5, by Miguel Asín Palacios.Madrid, 1928–1932
 Muslim writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible : from <mask> to <mask>, by Camilla Adang. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996. <mask> et la polémique islamo-chrétienne dans l´histoire de l´Islam, by Abdelilah Ljamai. Leiden: Brill, 2003. <mask> Khilal Alf Aam, by Abu Abd al-<mask> Aqil al-Zahiri. Lebanon: Dar al-Gharab al-Islami, 1982.303 pages. Kitab al-'axlaq wa-s-siyar ou Risala fi mudawat an-nufus

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Rahman Ibn
Ibn Hazm
Ibn Hazm
Ibn Aqil
Ibn Ha
Ibn Hazm
Ibn Ham
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Ibn Haz
Ibn Rabban
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Ibn Hazm
Ibn Hazam
Rahman Ibn


title: Ibn Hazm

texts:
 wa-tahdib al-'axlaq wa-z-zuhd fi r-rada'il / Ibn Hazm al-'Andalusi; introd., éd. critique, remarques par Eva Riad. Uppsala : Univ. ; Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksell international (distr. ), 1980. The Zahiris, Their Doctrine and Their History: a contribution to the history of Islamic theology by Ignaz Goldziher, trans.and ed. Wolfgang Behn. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1971. "Ibn Hazm of Cordova: on Porphyry's Isagoge", by Rafael Ramón Guerrero, in J. Meirinhos - O. Weijers (eds. ): Florilegium mediaevale. Études offertes à Jacqueline Hamesse à l'occasion de son éméritat, Louvain-La-Neuve, FIDEM, 2009, pp.525–540. External links

 Biodata at MuslimScholars.info

 The original Arabic manuscript of Tawq Alhamama
 Global webpost <mask> Hazm and female prophethood
 Muslim Heritage Biography
 Britannica.org Encyclopædia Britannica article on <mask>m
 Polemics (Muslim-Jewish), Camilla Adang, Sabine Schmidtke: Andalusi <mask>, who was known for his rather indiscriminate vilification of opponents, even if they were Muslims. '', p. 6, in "Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World", ed. Norman Stillman
  The Position of <mask>zm about Asharism by at-tawhid.net

994 births
1064 deaths
Hazm
11th-century Muslim theologians
Al-Andalus writers
Atharis
Critics of Shia Islam
Hadith scholars
Islamic philosophers
Mujaddid
People from Córdoba, Spain
Scholars of the Umayyad Caliphate of

masks:
Ibn
Ibn Haz
Ibn Ḥazm
Ibn Ha


title: Rudolf Ferscha

texts:
<mask> (born 23 June 1961 in Vienna) is an Austrian banker and business executive who was previously an executive board member of Goldman Sachs Bank in Frankfurt and of Deutsche Börse AG, one of Germany's top 30 listed companies. He also served as CEO of Eurex and as Chairman of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Ferscha holds a law degree from the University of Vienna. Career

Early career
Originally a banking and corporate finance lawyer in Vienna. He became a managing director of EFB, Erste Finanz-Beratung, a subsidiary of Erste Bank, in 1988, advising on international project finance and corporate finance. From 1990 to 1997 Ferscha was running Erste Bank's London office, including capital markets and derivatives trading subsidiary First Austrian International, an FSA regulated securities house. Ferscha became responsible for group-wide treasury and asset/liability management of Erste Bank in 1994.Goldman Sachs
In 1997 Ferscha joined the Goldman Sachs Group LLP, initially in London, and in 1998 joined Goldman Sachs oHG Bank's management board in Frankfurt, as finance director and chief operating officer. He also became the co-managing director of their Frankfurt derivatives and warrants sales and trading. Eurex/Deutsche Börse AG
Ferscha joined Deutsche Börse AG as an executive board member from Goldman Sachs, their investment bankers, shortly before the company's IPO. From 2000 to 2005 he was CEO of Eurex, then the world's largest Futures Exchange, co-owned 50/50 (profit distribution: 80/20) by Deutsche Börse AG and SWX Swiss Exchange respectively, and CEO of Eurex Clearing AG as well as CEO of the Swiss derivatives exchange Eurex Zürich. From 2003 he ran the Xetra division of Deutsche Börse AG and served as Chairman of the Management Board of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. The Eurex and Xetra divisions accounted for more than half of Deutsche Börse AG's revenues. Ferscha focused on profitability, global distribution, and on organic growth.The extension to foreign markets yielded market