title: Rod Laver

texts: Tennis. In the early 1970s, <mask> lost his grip on the major tournaments.He played only five Grand Slam tournaments from 1970 through 1972. This was partly because of his contracts with NTL and WCT. But on the WCT tours, he remained the leading player and by far the leading prize money winner. In 1970, <mask> won 15 titles and US$201,453 in prize money, including the rich "Tennis Champions Classic" and five other big events (Sydney Dunlop Open, Philadelphia, Wembley, Los Angeles, South African Open). Those were the equivalent of the modern day ATP Masters Series and most had 8 or more of the world's top ranked players participating. With only two majors played by all the best players (Wimbledon and the US Open), there was no clear-cut World No. 1 in 1970.Wimbledon champion Newcombe, US champion Rosewall, and <mask> (who won the most titles and had a 3–0 win-loss record against Newcombe and a 5–0 record against Rosewall) were ranked the highest by different journalists and expert panels. The panel of 10 international journalists who voted for the 'Martini and Rossi' Award, ranked Rosewall No. 1 with 97 points over <mask> (89 pts) and Newcombe (81 pts). The panel of 12 journalists which made the WCT draw for 1971 ranked <mask> 1st, Rosewall 2nd and Newcombe 3rd. Rex Bellamy ranked <mask> No. 1, with Rosewall No. 2.Judith Elian of L'Equipe Magazine (Paris) and Rino Tommasi placed Rosewall No. 1, while Robert Geist co-ranked Rosewall, <mask> and Newcombe No. 1. Newcombe later wrote in his autobiography "Newk-Life On and Off the Court" (2002) that the top honour for 1970 belonged to Laver. Lance Tingay, John


title: Rod Laver

type: original

texts: McCauley and Bud Collins. ranked Newcombe ahead of Rosewall and <mask>. In 1971 he won seven titles, including the Italian Open in Rome on clay over Jan Kodeš, the reigning French Open champion.<mask> successfully defended his title at the "Tennis Champions Classic", winning 13 consecutive winner-take-all matches against top opponents and US$160,000. For the year, <mask> won a then-record US$292,717 in tournament prize money and became the first tennis player to surpass US$1 million in career prize money. In 1971 and 1972, <mask> finished as the points leader of the WCT tournament series but lost the playoff finals at Dallas to Rosewall. The last match is rated as one of the best of all time and drew a TV audience of over 20 million. In 1972, <mask> cut back his tournament schedule, partly because of back and knee injuries and his tennis camp businesses, but he still won five titles that year. In 1973, <mask> won seven titles and successfully participated in the semifinals and final of the Davis Cup, where he won all six of his rubbers for Australia. In 1974 <mask> won six titles from 13 tournaments and ended the year as World No.4 based on the ATP point system. At 36, he was the oldest player during the Open Era to have been included in the year-ending top five. In 1975, <mask> set a record for WCT tournaments by winning four titles and 23 consecutive matches but in 1976, he semi-retired from the main tour, playing only a few selected events. He also signed with World Team Tennis, where he became "Rookie of the Year" at the age of 38 but won five titles overall that season. Overall, despite turning 30 just

masks: Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver


title: Rod Laver

texts:
 months after the Open Era began, <mask> had tremendous success, winning 74 singles titles, which remains seventh most of the era. Plus, like most players of his day, he regularly played doubles, winning 37 titles. <mask>'s career earnings were approximately $1,540,000.Rivalries

<mask> had a long-running, friendly rivalry with Ken Rosewall between 1963, when he started out as a pro, and 1976, when both were semi-retired from the main tour. Including tournaments and one-night stands, they played over 130 matches, all of them as professionals, with some results from the barnstorming pro tours lost or badly recorded. Overall a match score of 89–75 in favour of <mask> can be documented. Against the older Pancho Gonzales, whom he played 1964 to 1970 on the pro tour, <mask> had a lead of 43–22. <mask> had another, even longer rivalry with his fellow Queenslander Roy Emerson. They met first on the senior amateur tour in 1958 and dominated the amateur circuit until 1962, before <mask> turned pro. When open tennis arrived in 1968, Emerson joined the pro tour, and had many new battles with <mask>.Overall the score is 49–18 in favour of <mask>, with 7–2 in major Grand Slam tournaments. <mask> had also many battles with Lew Hoad in his first years on the pro circuit 1963–1966. Although he lost the first eight matches in January 1963, <mask> later in the year began to turn around their rivalry, and until 1966, he had built a 38–21 lead. Against Arthur Ashe, <mask> had a head-to-head lead of 21–3, winning all of the first 18 matches. Ashe's first win came in 1974, when <mask> was 35. Another younger rival in the Open Era was

masks: Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver


title: Rod Laver

texts:
 John Newcombe, whom <mask> led 16–5 in their head-to-head score. Davis Cup
<mask> helped Australia win the Davis Cup four consecutive times from 1959 to 1962.In 1973, professionals were permitted to play in the Davis Cup for the first time, and <mask> was on a winning team for the fifth time, claiming two singles and a doubles rubber in the final as Australia beat the United States 5–0. Australia were crowned Davis Cup champions in each of the five seasons <mask> played in the competition. <mask> won 16 out of 20 Davis Cup singles matches and all four of his doubles. Playing style

Although of a slightly short and medium build (1.73 m/5 ft 8"), <mask> developed a technically complete serve-and-volley game, with aggressive groundstrokes to back it up. Commentator Dan Maskell described him as "technically faultless". His left-handed serve was well disguised and wide swinging. His groundstrokes on both flanks were hit with topspin, as was the attacking topspin lob, which <mask> developed into a weapon.His stroke technique was based on quick shoulder turns, true swings, and accurate timing. His backhand, often hit on the run, was a point-ender that gave him an advantage. <mask> was very quick and had a strong left forearm. Rex Bellamy wrote, "The strength of that wrist and forearm gave him blazing power without loss of control, even when he was on the run and at full stretch. The combination of speed and strength, especially wrist strength, enabled him to hit ferocious winners when way out of court." At the net, he had forcing volleys, often hit as stroke volleys. Especially on the backhand, he could hit sharp


title: Rod Laver

texts:
 underspin angles as well.He was difficult to lob, because of his springing agility, and when forced to retreat, he could come up with a vicious counterpunch. As an amateur, <mask> was a somewhat flashy player, often a late starter. He had to learn to control his adventurous shot-making and integrate percentage tennis into his game when he turned professional. In his prime, he could adapt his style to all surfaces and to all conditions. <mask> had a strong record in five-set-matches, often turning things around with subtle changes of tactics. Tennis legacy

<mask> is widely regarded as one of the greatest tennis players in the history of the sport. <mask> was ranked the world No.1 amateur in 1961 by Lance Tingay and in 1962 by Tingay and Ned Potter. <mask> was the number one professional in some rankings in 1964, in all rankings from 1965 to 1969 and in some rankings in 1970. Jack Kramer, the long-time tennis promoter, ranked <mask> only in the "second echelon" of great players, just behind the six best. He writes that although <mask> was "absolutely unbeatable for a year or two late in the 1960s", a "careful comparison" could be made between <mask> and the somewhat older Gonzales and that Kramer is "positive that Gonzales could have beaten <mask> regularly." Kramer's main argument for downgrading <mask> is that, "Ken Rosewall beat <mask> in those two World Championship of Tennis finals and that was a title <mask> really wanted." Kramer sees as evidence of Gonzales' superiority over <mask> the fact that Gonzales defeated <mask> in a  five-set match before 15,000 spectators in New York City's Madison Square

masks: Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver


title: Rod Laver

texts: Garden in January 1970, when Gonzales was 41 years old and <mask> was still considered the World No. 1 player.On the other hand, Gonzales was still a top ten player when this match took place and <mask> subsequently won this event, beating Gonzales in a straight-sets semifinal. Overall, his head-to-head-record with Gonzales was either 35–19 or 38–21 in favour of <mask>, depending on the source. <mask> was 12–5 against Gonzales during the Open Era, although Gonzales was then in his late thirties. In 1975, Don Budge ranked his top five players of all time and rated <mask> number five behind Vines, Kramer, Perry and Tilden. In 1978, Ellsworth Vines ranked his all time top 10 in Tennis Myth and Method and rated <mask> number four behind Budge, Kramer and Gonzales. Many experts disagree with Kramer's assessment of <mask>. For example, Dan Maskell, John Barrett, Joe McCauley, Ted Schroeder, and Tony Trabert rank <mask> as the best of all time.Schroeder has been quoted by Alan Trengove as saying, "You take all the criteria – longevity, playing on grass and clay, amateur, professional, his behaviour, his appearance – in all criteria, <mask>'s the best player of all time." Trabert said in January 2008, "I still maintain that <mask> is the best player who ever played the game because he's done something no one has ever done in the 120 or 140-year history of our sport: he won the Grand Slam as an amateur and he won the Grand Slam as a pro. If someone in some other sport held a world record no one else had, you would say that person was the best in that sport. So in my view, you've got to say <mask> is the best player of

masks:
Laver
Laver
Laver
Laver
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Laver
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title: Rod Laver

texts: all time." Similarly, the tennis author Peter Bodo wrote in May 2008, "Give him credit? Shoot, the only real issue is whether the GOAT [Greatest of All Time] argument is a debate at all, given that posting those two Slams puts <mask> in a league of his own." Other experts cite the fact that during his amateur, touring professional, and Open Era careers, <mask> won a record 184 singles titles.He also holds the record for most titles won in a single year during the amateur era (22 in 1962), during the touring pro era (19 in 1967), and during the Open Era (18 in 1969). After turning professional in 1963, <mask> won the U.S. Pro Tennis Championships five times and the Wembley Pro Championship four times from 1964 to 1967. In 1967, <mask> won a "Professional Grand Slam" by winning all four of the major professional tournaments: the US Pro Championships, the Wembley Pro Championships, the French Pro Championship, and the Wimbledon Pro. <mask> came out on top in various experts polls for the best of all time. In 1986, the US magazine Inside Tennis polled 37 experts, which resulted in a computerised tournament. <mask> ranked first on this list ahead of John McEnroe, Don Budge, Kramer, Björn Borg, Gonzales, Tilden, Jimmy Connors, Fred Perry, and Lew Hoad.In a poll by the Associated Press in 2000, <mask> was voted "The Male Tennis Player of the Century", ahead of Pete Sampras, Tilden, Borg, Budge, McEnroe and Hoad (tied), Rosewall and Roy Emerson (tied), and Kramer. In an article in Tennis Week in 2007, the tennis historian Raymond Lee statistically analysed the all-time best players. <mask> topped his list ahead of


title: Rod Laver

texts: Tilden and Borg (tied), Roger Federer, Gonzales, Rosewall, Budge, Ivan Lendl, Connors, Sampras, McEnroe, and Kramer. In 2009 it was written that <mask> "is considered by most folks who saw him play and many who've heard of his accomplishments, to be as great a tennis player that ever lived—current players included.". In July 2017, tennis player Roger Federer called <mask> the greatest of all-time. In 1989, Bud Collins wrote, "I remain unconvinced that there ever was a better player than <mask>". Thirteen years later, however, as editor of the "Total Tennis, The Ultimate Tennis Encyclopedia", Collins was more guarded.He wrote that <mask> would "be known as possibly the greatest player ever", but also said that Gonzales was "probably as good as anyone who ever played the game, if not better"—and called Tilden "perhaps the greatest player of them all". In an August 2006 article for MSNBC, Collins ranked <mask> as one of the five top men's tennis stars of all time, along with Tilden, Gonzales, Borg, and Sampras. He pointed to Tilden's "phenomenal .938 winning percentage", and said "If I had to choose someone to play for my life it would be Pancho Gonzalez", praised Borg's uncanny transition from the French Open to Wimbledon, cited Sampras's "assault on the citadels of the past", and called <mask> "in my eyes, the greatest player ever". In 1973, the ATP's computer rankings were established. <mask> attained his highest ranking on that computer of World No. 3 in 1974. <mask>'s highest year-end ranking by the ATP was World No.4 in 1974. <mask> semi-retired from the main professional tennis tour in 1975 while still being

masks:
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Rod Laver
Rod Laver
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Laver
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title: Rod Laver

texts: ranked in the top 10. In terms of yearly prize money won, <mask> was the leader from 1964 until 1971. The number of tournament singles titles that <mask> won during his career varies depending on the source. The ATP credits <mask> with 72 Open Era titles while "Total Tennis: The Ultimate Tennis Encyclopedia" (edited by Bud Collins), give him 47 or 54 titles during the Open Era. Collins credits him with 184 titles in amateur, professional, and open competition, without listing them in detail. <mask>'s eleven Grand Slam singles titles currently place him tied with Borg for sixth place on the all-time list.Among his contemporaries, only Emerson won more Grand Slam singles titles during his career (12 to <mask>'s 11), though more recently Federer, Nadal, Sampras, and Djokovic have surpassed this number. <mask> also won eight Major doubles titles. <mask> is the only player to have twice won all four Grand Slam singles tournaments during the same calendar year – the Australian Open, US Open, and Wimbledon. Because none of the Majors were played on hardcourts in <mask>'s era, he never won a Grand Slam tournament on that surface. The tennis landscape today is different as half of the year's Majors are played on hardcourts. Only six players have won Major titles on clay, grass and hardcourts: Jimmy Connors, Mats Wilander, Andre Agassi, Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic. Federer, Nadal and Djokovic are the only players in history to have simultaneously held Grand Slam tournament titles on the three surfaces.Previous observations change substantially if we also consider professional grand slam majors, which


title: Rod Laver

texts:
 were played on three different surfaces (clay, grass and wood/parquet), and wherein <mask>, like Rosewall, excelled. Furthermore, the ATP Performance Zone website lists his (partial) career win/loss percentage on hardcourt as .813, on carpet as .766, on grass as .827 and on clay as .764. <mask> was unable to compete in the Grand Slam tournaments during his professional career between 1963 and 1968 and it is argued he would likely have won more titles had he been able to do so. Sports columnist Malcolm Knox of the Sydney Morning Herald assesses the effect of <mask>'s ban on competing in Grand Slams. He states: "..if grand slams are taken as the benchmark, consider this. <mask> won 11 of the 16 grand slam titles he contested in his prime. The pro tour put him out of 20 grand slams from age 23 to 28".Based on this he puts <mask> and Rosewall in "a class of two". Honours
The hall at the Rockhampton Tennis Association's Victoria Park precinct in Wandal where <mask> competed until the age of 14 was named the Rod Laver Hall upon its completion in December 1963 in recognition of his Grand Slam win the previous year. In 1969, <mask> was awarded the ABC Sportsman of the Year Award. He was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1981. He was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1985 and upgraded to a Legend of Australian Sport in 2002. He is also an Australian Living Treasure. In 1998, <mask> received the Philippe Chatrier Award (the ITF's highest accolade) for his contributions to tennis and in 2000, Centre Court at the National Tennis Centre in Melbourne was renamed <mask> Arena.<mask> was

masks: Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Laver Rodver Laver


title: Rod Laver

texts:
 named as a Queensland Great in June 2005. In 2009, he was inducted into the Queensland Sport Hall of Fame. Also in 2009, as part of the Q150 celebrations, <mask> was named one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland. Bronze busts of <mask> and Margaret Court by sculptor Barbara McLean were unveiled at Melbourne Park in 1993 upon their induction into the Australian Tennis Hall of Fame. Another bronze bust of <mask>, also by McLean, was installed on the banks of the Fitzroy River in Rockhampton's city centre which was unveiled by <mask> and Rockhampton City Council deputy mayor Dell Bunt on 7 December 2002. There was some concern raised by the local community when the bust was removed in 2016 during the riverbank redevelopment. However, the bust was re-installed upon the completion of the redevelopment which was officially opened in 2018, with the recreational precinct on the low bank being named Rod Laver Plaza.A bronze statue of <mask> by sculptor Lis Johnson was unveiled at Melbourne Park prior to the 2017 Australian Open. Post-retirement
On 27 July 1998, <mask> suffered a stroke while being interviewed by ESPN-TV in the United States for their SportsCentury 20th Century sports retrospective series. He was hospitalised for a month and suffered from memory and speech difficulties after the stroke, but recovered over the course of the following year. In 2000, the centre court at Melbourne Park, which today hosts the Australian Open, was named the <mask> Arena in his honour. In 2003, <mask>, along with his fellow Australian tennis superstar Margaret Court, was honoured with his portrait on a postage stamp by the

masks:
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title: Rod Laver

texts:
 "Australia Post Australian Legends Award". <mask> returned to his native country to present Roger Federer in 2006 and 2017, Rafael Nadal in 2009, and Novak Djokovic in 2012, the Norman Brookes Challenge Cup, which is awarded to the Men's Singles winner of the Australian Open. He was present at Wimbledon to witness Federer make tennis history, when he surpassed Pete Sampras' record by winning his 15th Grand Slam Title.After the short-lived reintroduction of knighthoods in Australia in 2014, there were calls for <mask> to be knighted within the Order of Australia. In 2016 he was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia, by which time knighthoods had again been abolished and the Companion was the highest honour available in the Order. <mask> resides in Carlsbad, California, and attended San Diego Chargers games on occasion. On October 1, 2017, he was inducted into the Southern California Tennis Hall of Fame. Performance timeline

<mask> joined the professional tennis circuit in 1963 and as a consequence was banned from competing in the amateur Grand Slams until the start of the Open Era at the 1968 French Open. Career statistics and records

All-time tournament records
 Records in bold indicate peerless achievements. Combined tours: NTL, WCT and Grand Prix

Notes on sources: John Bercow's book Tennis Maestros: The Twenty Greatest Male Tennis Players of All Time confirms in chapter 9 <mask>'s titles for the following years 1962 (22), 1965 (17), 1966 (16), 1967 (19), 1970 (15), 1971 (7), 1972 (5), 1973 (7), 1974 (6).The ITF confirms titles in 1975 (5) titles. Open Era records

See also

 All-time tennis

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title: Rod Laver

texts:
 records – men's singles
 Open Era tennis records – men's singles

Notes

References

Sources

 Bercow, John (2014). Tennis Maestros: The Twenty Greatest Male Tennis Players of All Time, Biteback Publishing, ASIN: B00KPSCV40
 Bellamy, Rex (1990). Love Thirty. Three Decades of Champions. Heldman, Julius. The Style of <mask>.In

 Newcombe, John; Writer, Larry (2002). Newk – Life on and Off the Court. Sutter, Michel (1992). Vainqueurs-Winners 1946–1991 (forewords by Arthur Ashe and Mark Miles). Trengove, Alan (2003). Advantage Australia. <mask> and Margaret Court: Legends of the Grand Slam.External links

 Official Wimbledon website profile
 BBC profile

Living people
1938 births
Australian Championships (tennis) champions
Australian Championships (tennis) junior champions
Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire
Australian male tennis players
Australian Open (tennis) champions
Companions of the Order of Australia
French Championships (tennis) champions
French Open champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' doubles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doubles
International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees
People from Carlsbad, California
Professional tennis players before the Open Era
Queensland Greats
Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Sportspeople from Rockhampton
Tennis people from Queensland
United States National champions (tennis)
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
Wimbledon

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Rod Laver


title: Clarence Budington Kelland

texts:
<mask> "Bud" <mask> (July 11, 1881 – February 18, 1964) was an American writer. He once described himself as "the best second-rate writer in America". Although largely forgotten now, Kelland had a long career as a writer of fiction and short stories, stretching from 1913 to 1960. He was published in many magazines, including The Saturday Evening Post and The American Magazine. A prolific writer, his output included sixty novels and some two hundred short stories. His best known juvenile works were the Mark Tidd series and the Catty Atkins series, while his best known adult work was the Scattergood Baines series. Other notable adult books by Kelland include Conflict (1920), Rhoda Fair (1925), Hard Money (1930), Arizona (1939), and Dangerous Angel (1953).Kelland was the "literary idol" of the teenaged John O'Hara. He was referred to in a 1995 installment of Harlan Ellison's television commentary, Harlan Ellison's Watching for the program Sci-Fi Buzz, wherein Ellison laments what he perceives as a prevailing cultural illiteracy

Kelland's work resulted in some thirty Hollywood movies, including Speak Easily (1932) starring Buster Keaton. Opera Hat, a serial from The American Magazine, was the basis for the film Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) starring Gary Cooper. Opera Hat later was turned into the short-lived television series Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1969–70), and the movie Mr. Deeds (2002).One of Kelland's best-known characters was featured in the Scattergood Baines series of six films from 1941 to 1943, starring Guy Kibbee. Biography

Kelland was born in Portland, Michigan, and attended public schools in Detroit. After completing two years of high school, he took a job in a chair

masks:
Clarence Budington
Kelland


title: Clarence Budington Kelland

texts: factory, studying law at night. He earned a law degree from Detroit College of Law in 1902, but practiced law for less than a year. From 1903 to 1907, he worked at the Detroit News as a reporter, political editor, and Sunday editor. Kelland married Betty Caroline Smith in 1907, and at the urging of his father-in-law, left the newspaper business and moved to Vermont for a short period to run a clothespin mill with his brother. By 1907, he had returned to Detroit to work for The American Boy magazine, beginning as a proofreader, and moving up to become editor.Circulation grew from 90,000 at the beginning of his tenure, to 360,000 in 1915 when he left the magazine. From 1913 to 1915, he also lectured on juvenile literature and writing at the University of Michigan. Kelland had two sons with Betty, Thomas Smith <mask> (1910–1989), and Horace Kendall <mask> (1913–2010). Tom Kelland also wrote for a living, working a newspaper reporter in New York. Kelland made the news during the Great Depression when he refused to pay a $3,313 bill from dressmaker Hattie Carnegie, Inc., for purchases by his wife from February 27, 1931, to February 27, 1932, stating he was not liable for payment because the purchases were not "necessaries". His wife supported him, stating that she, not he, should have received the bill. Kelland lost the action, and had to pay the full amount.In that same year, Kelland was director of the Bank of North Hempstead in Port Washington, New York. The bank failed, tying up most of his securities. Kelland bought a house in Phoenix, Arizona, in 1937, and became active in national politics at about the same time. He was politically active as a Republican, serving as the

masks: Kelland Kelland


title: Clarence Budington Kelland

texts:
 (1925)
Mark Tidd in Egypt (1926)
Mark Tidd in Sicily (1928)
Mark Tidd in Palestine (serialized in American Boy 1926-1927)
Mark Tidd in Paris (serialized in American Boy 1929-1930)
Mark Tidd Back Home (serialized in American Boy 1931)

Catty Atkins juvenile series
Catty Atkins (1920)
Catty Atkins, Riverman (1921)
Catty Atkins, Sailorman (1922)
Catty Atkins, Financier (1923)
Catty Atkins, Bandmaster (1924)

Scattergood Baines series
Scattergood Baines (1921)
Scattergood Returns (1940)
Scattergood Baines Pulls the Strings (1941)

Other books

Quizzer No. 20, Being Questions and Answers on Insurance (1911)
Thirty Pieces of Silver (1913)
The American Boy's Workshop: Each Subject by an Expert (ed.) Deeds Goes to Town, a movie based on his book Opera Hat

References

"<mask>ington Kelland Checklist, Chronological List of 64 books," https://web.archive.org/web/20040831022054/http://home.earthlink.net/~tidd/list.html accessed 13 October 2012 18:18 U.T.C. External links

<mask> Budington Kelland Web Site
<mask> Budington Kelland books checklist
<mask> Budington Kelland Magazine list The FictionMags Index
Harlan Ellison interview

1881 births
1964 deaths
American magazine editors
American newspaper journalists
20th-century American novelists
Arizona Republicans
People from Portland, Michigan
People from Long Island
Writers from Phoenix, Arizona
University of Michigan faculty
Novelists from New York (state)
Writers from Detroit
American male novelists
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from Michigan
Novelists from Arizona
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
Old

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Clarence Bud
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Clarence


title: Barlaam of Seminara

texts:
<mask> of Seminara (Bernardo Massari, as a layman), c. 1290–1348, or <mask> of Calabria () was a southern Italian scholar (Aristotelian scholastic) and clergyman of the 14th century, as well as a humanist,  philologist and theologian. When Gregorios Palamas defended Hesychasm (the Eastern Orthodox Church's mystical teaching on prayer), Barlaam accused him of heresy. Three Eastern Orthodox synods ruled against him and in Palamas's favor (two "Councils of Sophia" in June and August 1341, and a "Council of Blachernae" in 1351). Early life
<mask> was born in what is now the comune of Seminara, Calabria. Despite the general belief that <mask> converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Martin Jugie argues that he was in fact of Greek origin, baptized and brought up in the tradition. Early career

Bernardo moved to Constantinople in the 1320s, where he soon gained entrance into ecclesiastical and political circles, especially those around the emperor Andronicus III Palaeologus, who gave him a teaching position at the university. He was made Basilian monk at the monastery of Sant'Elia di Capassino and assumed the name Barlaam.Eventually, he was made the Hegumen (abbot) of the Monastery of Our Savior, and two confidential missions on behalf of the emperor were entrusted to him. Colin Wells characterizes Barlaam as "brilliant but sharp-tongued", describing him as "thoroughly versed in the classics, an astronomer, a mathematician, as well as a philosopher and

masks: Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam


title: Barlaam of Seminara

texts:
 a mathematician. However, according to Wells, "this formidable learning was coupled with an arrogant, sarcastic manner, so caustic at times that he put off even friends and allies." During the years 1333–1334, Barlaam undertook to negotiate the union of churches with the representatives of Pope John XXII. For this occasion he wrote twenty-one treatises against the Latins in which he opposed papal primacy and the filioque doctrine. Emperor Andronicus III sent Barlaam on important diplomatic missions to Robert the Wise in Naples and to Philip VI in Paris. In 1339, he was sent to the exiled Pope Benedict XII at Avignon  to suggest a crusade against the Turks and to discuss the union of churches, but he was not successful in this endeavour.On this occasion he met Petrarch. Returning to Constantinople, Barlaam worked on commentaries on Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite under the patronage of John VI Kantakouzenos. Early conflict between <mask> and Palamas
Around 1336, Gregory Palamas received copies of treatises written by <mask> against the Latins, condemning their insertion of the Filioque into the Nicene Creed. Although this stance was solid Eastern Orthodox theology, Palamas took issue with <mask>'s argument in support of it, since Barlaam declared efforts at demonstrating the nature of God (specifically, the nature of the Holy Spirit) should be abandoned, because God is ultimately unknowable and undemonstrable to humans. Thus, Barlaam asserted that

masks: Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam


title: Barlaam of Seminara

texts:
 it was impossible to determine from whom the Holy Spirit proceeds. According to Sara J. Denning-Bolle, Palamas viewed Barlaam's argument as "dangerously agnostic". In his response titled "Apodictic Treatises", Palamas insisted that it was indeed demonstrable that the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father but not from the Son.A series of letters ensued between the two but they were unable to resolve their differences amicably. The Hesychast controversy

In contrast to Palamas' teaching that the "glory of God" revealed in various episodes of Jewish and Christian Scripture (e.g., the burning bush seen by Moses, the Light on Mount Tabor at the Transfiguration) was in fact the uncreated Energies of God (i.e., the grace of God), <mask> held that they were created effects, because no part of God whatsoever could be directly perceived by humans. The Eastern Orthodox interpreted his position as denying the renewing power of the Holy Spirit, which, in the words of various Eastern Orthodox hymns, "made apostles out of fishermen" (i.e., makes saints even out of uneducated people). In his anti-hesychastic works Barlaam held that knowledge of worldly wisdom was necessary for the perfection of the monks and denied the possibility of the vision of the divine life. <mask>'s attack on Hesychasm
Steven Runciman reports that, infuriated by Palamas' attacks against him, Barlaam vowed to humiliate Palamas by attacking the Hesychast teaching for which Palamas had become

masks: Barlaam Barlaam


title: Barlaam of Seminara

texts: the chief proponent. Barlaam visited Thessalonica, where he made the acquaintance of monks who followed the Hesychast teachings. Runciman describes these monks as ignorant and lacking a real understanding of the Hesychast teaching.<mask> issued a number of treatises mocking the absurdity of the practices which he reported included, "miraculous separations and reunions of the spirit and the soul, of the traffic which demons have with the soul, of the difference between red lights and white lights, of the entry and departure of the intelligence through the nostrils with the breath, of the shields that gather together round the navel, and finally of the union of Our Lord with the soul, which takes place in the full and sensible certitude of the heart within the navel." Barlaam said that the monks had claimed to see the divine essence with bodily eyes, which he viewed as sheer Messalianism. When asked about the light which they saw, the monks told him that it was neither of the superessential Essence nor an angelic essence nor the Spirit itself, but that the spirit contemplated it as another hypostasis. Barlaam commented snidely, "I must confess that I do not know what this light is. I only know that it does not exist." According to Runciman, Barlaam's attack struck home. He had shown that, in the hands of monks who were inadequately instructed and ignorant of the true Hesychast teaching, the psycho-physical precepts of Hesychasm could produce


title: Barlaam of Seminara

texts:
 "dangerous and ridiculous results".To many of the Byzantine intellectuals, Hesychasm appeared "shockingly anti-intellectual"  Barlaam nicknamed the Hesychasts "Omphaloscopoi" (the navel-gazers); the nickname has coloured the tone of most subsequent Western writing about the Byzantine mystics. However, <mask>'s triumph was short-lived. Ultimately, the Byzantines had a deep respect for mysticism even if they didn't understand it. And, in Palamas, Barlaam found an opponent who was more than his equal in knowledge, intellect and expository skills. The Triads
In response to <mask>'s attacks, Palamas wrote nine treatises entitled "Triads For The Defense of Those Who Practice Sacred Quietude". The treatises are called "Triads" because they were organized as three sets of three treatises. The Triads were written in three stages.The first triad was written in the second half of the 1330s and are based on personal discussions between Palamas and Barlaam although Barlaam is never mentioned by name. Gregory's teaching was affirmed by the superiors and principal monks of Mt. Athos, who met in synod during 1340–1. In early 1341, the monastic communities of Mount Athos wrote the Hagioritic Tome under the supervision and inspiration of Palamas. Although the Tome does not mention <mask> by name, the work clearly takes aim at Barlaam's views. The Tome provides a systematic presentation of Palamas' teaching and became the fundamental textbook for Byzantine mysticism.


title: Barlaam of Seminara

texts: Barlaam also took exception to the doctrine held by the Hesychasts as to the uncreated nature of the light, the experience of which was said to be the goal of Hesychast practice, regarding it as heretical and blasphemous.It was maintained by the Hesychasts to be of divine origin and to be identical to the light which had been manifested to Jesus' disciples on Mount Tabor at the Transfiguration. <mask> viewed this doctrine of "uncreated light" to be polytheistic because as it postulated two eternal substances, a visible and an invisible God. <mask> accuses the use of the Jesus Prayer as being a practice of Bogomilism. The second triad quotes some of <mask>'s writings directly. In response to this second triad, <mask> composed the treatise "Against the Messalians" linking the hesychasts to the Messalians and thereby accusing them of heresy. In "Against the Messalians", Barlaam attacked Gregory by name for the first time. Barlaam derisively called the Hesychasts omphalopsychoi (men with their souls in their navels) and accused them of the heresy of Messalianism, also known as Bogomilism in the East.According to Meyendorff, Barlaam viewed "any claim of real and conscious experience of God as Messalianism". In the third Triad, Palamas refuted <mask>'s charge of Messalianism by demonstrating that the Hesychasts did not share the antisacramentalism of the Messalians nor did they claim to physically see the essence of God with their eyes. According to John

masks: Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam


title: Barlaam of Seminara

texts:
 Meyendorff, "Gregory Palamas orients his entire polemic against <mask> the Calabrian on the issue of the Hellenic wisdom which he considers to be the main source of <mask>’s errors." Hesychast councils at Constantinople
It became clear that the dispute between <mask> and Palamas was irreconcilable and would require the judgment of an episcopal council. A series of six patriarchal councils was held in Constantinople on 10 June 1341, August 1341, 4 November 1344, 1 February 1347, 8 February 1347, and 28 May 1351  to consider the issues. The dispute over Hesychasm came before a synod held at Constantinople in May 1341 and presided over by the emperor Andronicus III. The assembly, influenced by the veneration in which the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius were held in the Eastern Church, condemned <mask>, who recanted.The ecumenical patriarch insisted that all of <mask>'s writings be destroyed and thus no complete copies of <mask>'s treatise "Against Messalianism" have survived. Barlaam's primary supporter Emperor Andronicus III died just five days after the synod ended. Although <mask> initially hoped for a second chance to present his case against Palamas, he soon realised the futility of pursuing his cause, and left for Calabria where he converted to the Roman Church and was appointed Bishop of Gerace. Later career
After leaving Constantinople, <mask> was received into the Latin Church at Avignon in 1342 and was consecrated Bishop of Gerace. In 1346, he

masks: Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam


title: Barlaam of Seminara

texts:
 was appointed Papal Ambassador to Constantinople but, his mission having ended in failure, he returned to Gerace where he died in 1348. Legacy

Barlaam, by his upbringing and philosophy, spanned the gap between the Christian East and West. Though he was never able to synthesize both traditions in a satisfactory manner, he did end up influencing both.The Zealots of Thessalonica were influenced by <mask>'s teachings, and his arguments affected the dogmatic definition of Hesychasm in the Eastern Church. A master of the Greek language, he taught Petrarch some rudiments of Greek. Critics see <mask>'s elevation of philosophy above theology as being the reason for his condemnation by the Eastern Church:

Barlaam overestimated the significance of philosophy for theology, asserting that only through philosophy could humanity arrive at perfection. He thus denied the renewing power of the Holy Spirit, which makes saints even out of uneducated people, as it made the fishermen apostles. Being a humanist, Barlaam placed emphasis on created means of salvation (e.g., philosophy and knowledge) and reduced the role of the grace of the Holy Spirit. According to Fr. John Meyendorff, "Gregory Palamas orients his entire polemic against <mask> the Calabrian on the issue of the 'Hellenic wisdom' which he considers to be the main source of Barlaam’s errors."To this day, the issues which Barlaam raised are treated by Eastern Orthodox theologians:

<mask>'s views – that we


title: Barlaam of Seminara

texts:
 cannot really know Who the Holy Spirit is exactly (an outgrowth of which is agnosticism), that the ancient Greek philosophers are superior to the Prophets and the Apostles (since reason is above the vision of the Apostles), that the light of the Transfiguration is something which is created and can be undone, that the hesychastic way of life (i.e. the purification of the heart and the unceasing noetic prayer) is not essential – are views which express a supra-scholastic and, subsequently, a secularised point of view of theology. Saint Gregory Palamas foresaw the danger that these views held for Orthodoxy and through the power and energy of the Most Holy Spirit and the experience which he himself had acquired as a successor to the Holy Fathers, he confronted this great danger and preserved unadulterated the Orthodox Faith and Tradition. See also
 Gregory Acindynus
 Byzantine scholars in the Renaissance
 Essence-Energies distinction
 Hesychasm
 Light of Tabor

References

Bibliography
Works by <mask>
 Giannelli, Ciro. "Un progetto di Barlaam per l'unione delle chiese." In Miscellanea Giovanni Mercati, vol. 3, "Studi e Testi," no.123. Vatican City, 1946. See pages 157–208 for excerpts from his writings. Migne, J.-P., ed. Patrologia Graeca, vol. 151. Paris, 1857.Includes excerpts from the Discourse to Pope Benedict XII and the Advisory Discourse. Schiro, Giuseppe, ed. <mask> Calabro: Epistole greche. Palermo, 1954
John Chamber, Barlaam monachi


title: Barlaam of Seminara

texts:
 logistice (1600), a critical translation of the Logistica

Works About <mask>
 Christou, Panagiotis C. "<mask>." In Threskeutikē kai ēthikē enkuklopaideia, vol. 3, cols.624–627. Athens, 1963. Jugie, Martin. "<mask> de Seminara." In Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. 6, cols. 817–834.Paris, 1932. <mask>, John. "Un mauvais théologien de l'unité au quatorzième siècle: Barlaam le Calabrais." In L'église et les églises, 1054–1954, vol. 2, pp. 47–65. Chevetogne, 1955."Barlaam the Calabrian" from Science and Its Times. Thomson Gale, 2005–2006. External links
 Gregory Palamas: Historical Timeline
 Notes on the Palamite Controversy and Related Topics-Part I by Fr. John Romanides
 Notes on the Palamite Controversy and Related Topics-Part II
 The Humanist Quest for a Unity of Knowledge and the Orthodox Metaphysics of Light by Bishop Auxentios of Photiki
 Knowledge, Prayer, and Vision by St. Gregory Palamas

1290 births
1348 deaths
People from the Province of Reggio Calabria
Italian Renaissance humanists
Greek Renaissance humanists
14th-century Italian Roman Catholic theologians
Greek Roman Catholics
People excommunicated by the Greek Orthodox Church
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy
Former Greek Orthodox Christians
14th-century Byzantine people
14th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
14th-century Eastern Orthodox clergy
Medieval Thessalonica
Anti-Hesychasm
Criticism of Eastern Orthodox Church
Ambassadors to

masks: Barlaam Barlaam Barlaam Meyendof


title: Sushil Kumar

texts:
<mask> (born 26 May 1983) is a former Indian wrestler. He carried the Indian flag at the opening ceremony of 2012 London Olympics. His 2008 Olympic medal was second for India in wrestling, and the first since Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav's bronze medal at the 1952 Summer Olympics. In July 2009, he received the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna – India's highest honour for sportspersons. On 3 October 2010, <mask> handed the Queen's Baton to Prince Charles in the Queen's Baton Relay for the 2010 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony. <mask> won the gold medal in the 74 kg division at the 2014 Commonwealth Games. Career

<mask> started training in pehlwani  at the Chhatrasal Stadium's akhada at the age of 14.He was trained at the akhada by Yashvir and Ramphal, later by Arjuna awardee Satpal and then at the Indian Railways camp by Gyan Singh and Rajkumar Baisla Gurjar. After switching to freestyle wrestling <mask>'s first success came at the World Cadet Games in 1998 where he won the gold medal in his weight category, followed by a gold at the Asian Junior Wrestling Championship in 2000. Moving out of the junior competitions, in 2003 <mask> won the bronze medal at the Asian Wrestling Championships and a gold at the Commonwealth Wrestling Championships. <mask> placed fourth at the 2003 World Championships, but this went largely unnoticed by the Indian media as he fared badly in the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, placing 14th in the 60 kg weight class. He won gold medals at the Commonwealth wrestling championships in 2005 and 2007. He placed seventh in the 2007 World Championships and won a bronze medal at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. He won a silver medal at the 2012 Summer

masks:
Sushil Kumar
Kumar
Sushil
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar


title: Sushil Kumar

texts:
 Olympics, becoming the first person to win two Olympic medals for independent India.<mask> was awarded the Arjuna Award in 2006 and a coveted Padma shree by the Indian Government in 2011. 2008 Beijing Olympics
<mask> lost to Andriy Stadnik in the first round of the 66 kg freestyle wrestling event, leaving his medal hopes hinging on the repechage. He defeated Doug Schwab in the first repechage round and Albert Batyrov in the second round. In the bronze medal match on 20 August 2008, <mask> beat Leonid Spiridonov 3:1. <mask> disclosed that he had no masseur during the three bouts he won within a span of 70 minutes to take the bronze. The team manager Kartar Singh who is a former Asian Games medallist acted as the masseur for him. 2010 World Wrestling Championships, Moscow
At the 2010 World Wrestling Championships <mask> became the first Indian to win a world title in wrestling.He beat the local favourite Alan Gogaev of Russia 3–1 in the finals in the 66 kg category. 2010 Commonwealth Games, Delhi
<mask> won gold medal at the 2010 Commonwealth Games held in Delhi on 10 October 2010. He beat Heinrich Barnes 7–0 in the finals in the 66 kg freestyle wrestling category. The bout was stopped by the referee in the second round. Earlier, in the semifinals, <mask> defeated Famara Jarjou 3–0 within 9 seconds. In the quarterfinals, <mask> defeated Muhammad Salman 10–0 in 46 seconds. 2012 London Olympics

<mask> won a silver medal after losing the final to Tatsuhiro Yonemitsu.Earlier, he had entered the final amid some controversy by beating Kazakhastan's Akzhurek Tanatarov in the semifinal. The Kazakh athlete claimed that <mask> had bitten his ear, which was denied by the latter.

masks: Kumar Kumar Kumar Kumar Kumar Kumar Kumar Kumar Kumar Kumar


title: Sushil Kumar

texts:
 <mask> was the Olympic flag bearer for India at the opening ceremony. This win made him the first Indian to win 2 individual Olympic Medals since India's Independence. 2014 Commonwealth Games, <mask> defeated Qamar Abbas in the 74 kg final to win the gold medal at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland. He won in 107 seconds by fall. 2018 Commonwealth Games, Gold Coast, Australia
<mask> won gold in 74 kg category on 12 April 2018, Thursday, beating South Africa’s Johannes Botha in the final that lasted 80 seconds thus achieving a feat of winning 3 gold medals in 3 consecutive Commonwealth Games.International competition

Summer Olympics

World Championship

Personal life
<mask> was born in Baprola village, near Najafgarh in South West Delhi. His father, Diwan Singh, was a driver in MTNL Delhi, while his mother, Kamla Devi, is a housewife. <mask> was inspired to take up wrestling by his father, himself a wrestler, and his cousin Sandeep. Sandeep later stopped competing as the family could only support one wrestler. <mask> trained in pehlwani wrestling at the akhada (wrestling school) in the Chhatrasal Stadium from the age of 14. With minimal funds and poor training facilities for wrestling in India, even for the 2008 Olympic team, his family made sure he obtained the necessary dietary supplements by sending him tinned milk, ghee and fresh vegetables. He is a devoted Hindu and strict vegetarian.He has completed his Graduation (B.P.E.) and Post-Graduation (M.P.E.) from Noida College of Physical Education, Dadri. <mask> is presently employed with the Indian Railways as an assistant commercial manager. Commercial endorsements and media

<mask> endorses brands such

masks:
Kumar
Glasgow Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar


title: Sushil Kumar

texts:
 as Mountain Dew, Eicher tractors, and the National Egg Coordination Committee which earns him  annually. He refused the offer of  to appear in a surrogate ad for a leading liquor brand. He appeared in the Indian documentary film Carve Your Destiny by Anubhav Srivastava.<mask> also served as a judge on MTV India's reality television series MTV Roadies. Other media appearances include in The Kapil Sharma Show and Comedy Nights with Kapil. Awards, rewards and recognition
 Arjuna Award, 2005
 Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna award (joint), India's highest sporting honour. Padma Shri, 2011
 For the bronze medal at 2008 Beijing Olympics
  cash award and promotion to Assistant Commercial Manager from chief ticketing inspector by Railway Ministry (his employer)
  cash award from the Delhi Government. award by the Haryana Government. cash award by the Steel Ministry of India. cash award by R K Global
DSP Rank in Haryana police department.K Global. cash award by the Maharashtra State Government. cash award from MTNL. For the gold medal at 2010 World Wrestling Championships
  cash award from Indian Railways (his employer) & out-of-turn promotion from his current position of Asst. Commercial Manager. cash award from Sports Authority of India, (Government of India). cash award from the Delhi Government
 For the silver medal at 2012 London Olympics
  cash reward from the Delhi Government
  cash reward from the Haryana Government
  cash reward from the Indian Railway
 Land area in Sonipat for Wrestling academy by the Haryana Government.cash award from ONGC. Ongoing case
Delhi Police arrested <mask> <mask> in connection with the murder of former junior national wrestling champion Sagar

masks: Kumar Sushil Kumar


title: Sushil Kumar

texts:
 Dhankhar during a brawl in the Chhatrasal Stadium on 4 May 2021. After arresting <mask>, Delhi Police presented him in Rohini court and the court ordered a six-day remand of <mask> to Delhi police. In October 2021, a judge ordered <mask> continue to be held without bail. The decision was reached after arguments from both sides, and a review of evidence from the prosecution, including a video taken by an alleged accomplice of a man purported to be <mask> engaged in the attack. See also

 India at the 2008 Summer Olympics
 Wrestling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 66 kg
 Wrestling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 66 kg
Wrestling

References

External links

1983 births
Indian male sport wrestlers
Living people
Olympic wrestlers of India
People from South West Delhi district
Sport wrestlers from Delhi
Sport wrestlers from Haryana
Wrestlers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Wrestlers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Wrestlers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Wrestlers at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Wrestlers at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Wrestlers at the 2006 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Asian Games medalists in wrestling
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India
Indian Hindus
Olympic medalists in wrestling
Olympic bronze medalists for India
Olympic silver medalists for India
Recipients of the Khel Ratna Award
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports
World Wrestling Championships medalists
Asian Games bronze medalists for India
Commonwealth Games medallists in wrestling
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Wrestlers at the 2018 Asian Games
Asian Wrestling

masks: Kumar Kumar Kumar Kumar


title: Jake Garn

texts:
Edwin Jacob "<mask>" <mask> (born October 12, 1932) is an American politician and member of the Republican Party who served as a United States senator representing Utah from 1974 to 1993. Garn became the first sitting member of Congress to fly in space when he flew aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery as a payload specialist during NASA mission STS-51-D (April 12–19, 1985). Prior to his time in Congress, he served as the mayor of Salt Lake City. Early life and education
The son of a World War I pilot, Garn was born in Richfield, Utah. Garn also attended East High School, Clayton Middle School, and Uintah Elementary School. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in business and finance from the University of Utah in 1955 and was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity. Career
Senator Garn is a former insurance executive.He served in the United States Navy as a Martin P5M Marlin pilot. He also served as a pilot of the 151st Air Refueling Group of the Utah Air National Guard, where he flew the Boeing KC-97L and KC-135A. He retired as a colonel in April 1979. He was promoted to brigadier general after his Space Shuttle mission. He had flown 17,000 hours in military aircraft when he flew in space. Before his election to the Senate, <mask> served on the Salt Lake City commission for four years and was elected as the mayor in 1971, entering office in 1972. He was the last Republican to hold that office to date.<mask> was active in the Utah League of Cities and Towns and served as its president in 1972. In 1974, Garn was the first vice-president of the National League of Cities, and he served as its honorary president in 1975. <mask> was first elected to the Senate in 1974, succeeding retiring Republican Wallace Bennett, father of later Senator Robert Bennett. <mask> was re-elected to a second term in November 1980 with 74 percent of the vote, the largest victory in a statewide race in Utah history. <mask> was

masks: Jake Garn Garn Garn Garn Garn Garn


title: Jake Garn

texts:
 re-elected a second time in 1986. Though strongly anti-abortion on the issue of abortion, <mask> joined U.S. Representative Henry Hyde of Illinois in resigning from the board of the United States Pro-Life Political Action Committee when the executive director of the organization, Peter Gemma, issued a "hit list" to target certain lawmakers who supported abortion rights. <mask> and Hyde, the author of the Hyde Amendment, which limited abortions financed by Medicaid, said that "hit lists" are counterproductive because they create irrevocable discord among legislators, any of whom can be subject to a "single issue" attack of this kind by one interest group or another.Gemma said that he was surprised by the withdrawal of Garn and Hyde from the PAC committee but continued with plans to spend $650,000 for the 1982 elections on behalf of anti-abortion candidates. Garn was chairman of the Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee and served on three subcommittees: Housing and Urban Affairs, Financial Institutions, and International Finance and Monetary Policy. He also was a member of the Senate Appropriations Committee and served as chairman of the HUD-Independent Agencies Subcommittee. He served on four other Appropriations subcommittees: Energy and Water Resources, Defense, Military Construction, and Interior. Garn served as a member of the Republican leadership from 1979 to 1984 as secretary of the Republican Conference. His Institute of Finance has been called a "hot tub of influence peddling." <mask> retired from the Senate in 1992.He is a supporter of the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact. Savings and loan
As chairman of the Senate Banking Committee, Garn was co-author of the Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982, the law that partially deregulated the savings and loan industry and attempted to forestall the looming Savings and Loan crisis. Spaceflight
<mask> asked

masks: Garn Garn Garn Garn


title: Jake Garn

texts:
 pilot who had more flight hours than anyone in the Astronaut Office". Fellow 51-D payload specialist Charles D. Walker—who also suffered from space sickness on the flight despite having flown before—stated that:

The <mask>n Mission Simulator and Training Facility, NASA's prime training facility for astronauts in the Shuttle and Space Station programs, is named after him. Upon his return, he co-wrote the 1989 novel Night Launch. The book centers around terrorists taking control of the Space Shuttle Discovery during the first NASA–USSR Space Shuttle flight. Personal life
Garn married Hazel Rhae Thompson in 1957. Together, they had four children: Jacob, Susan, Ellen, and Jeffrey.Hazel died in an automobile accident in 1976. In 1977, <mask> married Kathleen Brewerton, who had a son, Brook, from a previous marriage. <mask> and Kathleen had two children together, Matthew and Jennifer. Kathleen died on May 31, 2018. He is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In February 1980, Garn was honored by the Freedoms Foundation of Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, along with U.S. Ambassador Shirley Temple, actor James Stewart, singer John Denver, and Tom Abraham, a businessman from Canadian, Texas, who worked with immigrants seeking to become U.S. citizens.In 1986, Garn donated a kidney to his 27-year-old daughter, Susan, who was experiencing progressive kidney failure as a result of diabetes. References

External links

 Spacefacts biography of <mask>
 Page with true origin of "Garn scale"

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1932 births
American astronauts
American astronaut-politicians
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Living people
Mayors of Salt Lake City
United States Air Force generals
United States Navy officers
United States senators from Utah
University of Utah alumni
Utah Republicans
Republican Party United States senators
Organ transplant donors
People from Richfield, Utah
Space Shuttle program

masks:
Jakear
Garn
Jake
Jake Garn


title: Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber

texts:
<mask> (July 14, 1911 – February 2, 1998) was a German-born Jewish-American nuclear physicist. She earned her PhD from the University of Munich, and though her family suffered during The Holocaust, <mask> was able to escape to London and later to the United States. Her research during World War II was classified, and not published until 1946. She and her husband, <mask>, spent most of their post-war careers at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Early life
<mask> was born in Mannheim, Germany on July 14, 1911. She attended public school, and it is there that she developed an interest in science. Unusual for the time, her parents supported this interest — possibly because her father had wanted to be a chemist before being forced to support his family with the death of his father.Goldhaber's early life was filled with hardship. During World War I she recalled having to eat bread made partially of sawdust, and her family suffered through the hyperinflation of postwar Germany, although it did not prevent her from attending the University of Munich. Education
At the University of Munich <mask> quickly developed an interest in physics. Although her family had supported her early interest in science, her father encouraged her to study law at Munich. In defense of her decision to study physics <mask> told her father, “I’m not interested in the law. I want to understand what the world is made of.”

As was usual for students at the time, <mask> spent semesters at various other universities including the University of Freiburg, the University of Zurich, and the University of Berlin (where she would meet her future husband) before returning to the University of Munich. Upon returning to Munich <mask> took up a position with Walter Gerlach to perform her thesis research.In her thesis <mask> studied the effects of stress on magnetization. She graduated in 1935 and published her thesis in 1936. With the rise to power of the Nazi party in 1933, <mask> faced

masks:
Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber
Gertrude
Maurice Goldhaber
Gertrude Scharff
Gertrude
Gertrude
Gertrude
Gertrude
Gertrude
Gertrude


title: Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber

texts:
 increasing difficulties in Germany because of her Jewish heritage. During this time her father was arrested and jailed, and although he and his wife were able to flee to Switzerland upon his release, they later returned to Germany and were murdered in The Holocaust. <mask> remained in Germany until the completion of her Ph.D. in 1935, at which point she fled to London. Although <mask>'s parents did not escape the Nazis, her sister Liselotte did. Career
For the first six months of her stay in London, <mask> lived off the money she made from selling her Leica camera, as well as money earned from translating German to English.<mask> found that having a Ph.D. was a disadvantage as there were more spots for refugee students than for refugee scientists. She wrote to 35 other refugee scientists looking for work, and was told by all but one that there were already too many refugee scientists already working. Only Maurice Goldhaber wrote back offering any hope, stating that he thought she might be able to find work in Cambridge. <mask> was able to find work in George Paget Thomson's lab working on electron diffraction. Although she had a post-doctoral position with Thomson, <mask> realized that she was not going to be offered a real position with him and so looked for other work. In 1939 <mask> married <mask>. She then moved to Urbana, Illinois to join him at the University of Illinois.The state of Illinois had strict anti-nepotism laws at the time which prevented <mask>er from being hired by the university because her husband already had a position there. <mask> was granted neither salary nor laboratory space, and worked in Maurice's lab as an unpaid assistant. Since Maurice's lab was only set up for nuclear physics research, <mask>er took up research in that field as well. During this time <mask> and Maurice Goldhaber had two sons: Alfred and Michael. Goldhaber was eventually given a soft-money line by the department to help support her

masks:
Gertrude
Gertrude
Gertrude
Gertrude
Gertrude
Gertrude
Gertrude
Maurice Goldhaber
Gertrude Goldhab
Gertrude
Gertrude Goldhab
Gertrude


title: Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber

texts:
 research. Goldhaber studied neutron-proton and neutron-nucleus reaction cross sections in 1941, and gamma radiation emission and absorption by nuclei in 1942. Around this time she also observed that spontaneous nuclear fission is accompanied by the release of neutrons — a result that had been theorized earlier but had yet to be shown.Her work with spontaneous nuclear fission was classified during the war, and was only published after the war ended in 1946. <mask> and Maurice Goldhaber moved from Illinois to Long Island where they both joined the staff of Brookhaven National Laboratory. At the laboratory she founded a series of monthly lectures known as the Brookhaven Lecture Series which is still continuing . Honors
 1947 — elected as a fellow of the American Physical Society
 1972 — elected to National Academy of Sciences (the third female physicist to be so honored)
 1982 — Long Island Achiever’s Award in Science
 1984 — Phi Beta Kappa visiting scholar
 1990 — Outstanding Woman Scientist Award from the New York Chapter of the Association for Women Scientists

Legacy
In 2001, Brookhaven National Laboratory created the <mask> and <mask> Distinguished Fellowships in her honor. These prestigious Fellowships are awarded to early-career scientists with exceptional talent and credentials who have a strong desire for independent research at the frontiers of their fields. References

Bibliography

External Links

 Archival papers held at the Leo Baeck Institute at the Center for Jewish History: Gertrude S. Goldhaber Collection

1911 births
1998 deaths
American nuclear physicists
Experimental physicists
American women physicists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Brookhaven National Laboratory staff
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
20th-century German physicists
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
20th-century American women scientists
Women nuclear physicists
Fellows of the American

masks:
Gertrude
Gertrude
Maurice Goldhaber


title: Johan Scheffer

texts: <mask> (born 7 February 1948, in Jakarta) is a former member of the Victorian Legislative Council for the Labor Party. He was originally elected to the Legislative Council in 2002 for Monash Province, becoming only the second Labor member to represent that electorate since its creation in 1937. When Monash Province was abolished in 2006, he was successful in winning one of the five seats in the newly created Eastern Victoria Region of the Legislative Council. <mask> joined the Australian Labor Party (ALP) in 1991 and shortly after joined its Socialist Left faction. He was active in the Victorian Branch, holding positions of Local FEA (Federal Electorate Assembly) Secretary and State Conference Delegate for the Federal electorate of Melbourne Ports (renamed Macnamara in 2019). He was elected to the party’s State Administrative Committee and to the Agenda Committee (1996-2009), playing a key role in reorganising the policy development process through the active participation of the party’s rank and file, factional groups, affiliated unions, the Parliamentary wing and adoption by State Conference. <mask> joined with other like-minded party members in efforts to stamp out branch stacking that had become rife, especially in electorates winnable for Labor.He was an active campaigner in exposing breaches of Party rules and bringing complaints to the Party’s Disputes Tribunal. In 1993 <mask> joined the staff of the Federal Member for Melbourne Ports, Hon Clyde Holding MHR, until Holding’s retirement in 1998, when Scheffer joined the staff of Victorian MP, Hon Barry Pullen MLC in the then seat of Melbourne Province. Pullen did not contest the 1999 Victorian election, making way for Gavin Jennings, who was elected to represent the seat in 1999 as part of the new Labor Government lead by Steve Bracks. <mask> was appointed an adviser to Jennings, in his role as Cabinet Secretary (1999-2002). In 2002, <mask> nominated

masks:
Johan Emiel Scheffer
Johan Scheffer
Johan Scheffer
Johan Scheffer
Johan Scheffer
Johan Scheffer


title: Johan Scheffer

texts:
 for the seat of Monash Province in the Victorian Legislative Council. After a bitter pre-selection battle, he won the nomination and was elected to the Council in the Victorian State election of 30 November 2002. During his 12 years in the Parliament, <mask> focussed on promoting community understanding of Labor’s program.He pushed for reforms that would address global warming and protect the environment; strengthen industrial rights and worker conditions; advance the development of environmentally sustainable urban planning; reduce gender inequality; eliminate family violence; enhance LGBT rights and understanding; protect women’s reproductive rights; build cohesive local communities including harmonious ethnic and religious groups. <mask> lead the campaign to lay underground power lines from the Latrobe Valley to the Victorian Desalination Plant to protect farming in South Gippsland. He advocated for major and long-term investment in the Latrobe Valley to protect livelihoods after the inevitable decommissioning of the Valley's coal mines. <mask> chaired a number of Joint Investigatory Committees of the Parliament, including the Drugs and Crime Prevention Committee, the Family and Community Services Committee and the Law Reform Committee. He also served on the Economic Development, Infrastructure and Outer Suburban/Interface Services and Education Committees. Early Life

<mask> was born in Batavia (Jakarta) in the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) on 7 February 1948 to Cornelis <mask> and Aleida Charlotte Maria Eugenie <mask>y. His family on both sides had lived in Java since the middle of the nineteenth century.On his mother’s side, his antecedents are of mixed Javanese and European background, whereas on his father’s side they are of Dutch origin. <mask>’s early immersion in Indonesian and Dutch cultures, as well as his dual nationality has given him an international outlook and a suspicion of

masks:
Johan Scheffer
Scheffer
Johan Scheffer
Johan Scheffer
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title: Johan Scheffer

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 nationalism. <mask>’s early years were spent in Java and the Netherlands. After settling in The Hague in 1949, the family departed from the Netherlands in 1952 for Australia, intending to move from there to Malaya. Aleida and Cornelis were people of strong political opinions, engaged in the cross currents of their historical moment, especially the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies and their support of independence from Dutch colonialism. The adversities his parents experienced as immigrants in Australia influenced Scheffer's understanding of immigration, ethnicity and class struggle. He attended Gardenvale Infant School, St Kilda Primary School and Elwood High School, matriculating in 1966.He enrolled for a Bachelor of Arts degree at Monash University, majoring in literature. During his time at university he was active in student politics and participated in a number of campaigns, including the resistance and mobilisation against Australian and US involvement in the Vietnam War. His university studies of literature, philosophy, classical civilisation, history and politics introduced Scheffer to cultural studies, the history of ideas and the struggle for political emancipation, and to Marxism and the socialist tradition, which shaped his understanding of history and class struggle. Career

<mask> completed his teacher training at the University of Melbourne in 1972 and taught history and geography at Bourke Hall, the Junior School of Xavier College, in 1973. In 1974 and 1975 he taught English literature at the De La Salle College, Malvern. He taught politics, literature, history and English at University High School from 1976 until 1984 and was an activist member of the Victorian Secondary Teachers Association (VSTA). By the late 1970s Scheffer had joined the Australian Communist Party (CPA).<mask> was a program consultant in the Australian Schools Commission’s Disadvantaged Schools Program

masks:
Johan Scheffer
Johan Scheffer
Johan Scheffer


title: Johan Scheffer

texts:
 (1984-1988) and for a time, a member of the Program’s Ministerial Advisory Committee. He worked in the inner city suburbs of Flemington, North Melbourne, Carlton and Fitzroy and was active in local government issues in the City of Melbourne. In 1988 he was appointed State Manager of the Out of Schools Hours Child Care Program that was located in the Women’s Employment Branch within the Victorian Department of Labour. This program was a Victorian Government strategy to support the Keating Government’s efforts to facilitate women’s career and employment opportunities. In 1992 <mask> was appointed researcher within the Victorian Department of the Premier and Cabinet’s Social Justice Consultative Council. With the fall of the Victorian Labor Government in 1992 and the election of the reactionary, neo-liberal Government of Jeff Kennett, the period of Labor reform lead by Premiers John Cain and Joan Kirner was at an end. With little prospect of actively contributing to progressive reform through working in the bureaucracy, <mask> resigned from the Victorian Public Service in 1992 to join the staff of the Hon Clyde Holding MHR in 1993 until Holding’s retirement in 1998, after which he joined the staff of the Hon Barry Pullen, Member for the Victorian Legislative Council seat of Melbourne until Pullen’s retirement, when the seat was won by Gavin Jennings.From 1999 until 2002, <mask> was an advisor to the Hon Gavin Jennings MP, Cabinet Secretary in the first Labor Government of Premier Steve Bracks, after which he was himself elected to the Legislative Council of the Parliament of Victoria, retiring at the election of 2014. Personal Life

<mask> lives in Melbourne, Australia, with his partner, Angela Palmer. They have two sons and one granddaughter. References

1948 births
Living people
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council
21st-century

masks:
Scheffer
Scheffer
Johan Scheffer
Johan Scheffer


title: Percy Faith

texts:
<mask> (April 7, 1908 – February 9, 1976) was a Canadian bandleader, orchestrator, composer and conductor, known for his lush arrangements of pop and Christmas standards. He is often credited with popularizing the "easy listening" or "mood music" format. He became a staple of American popular music in the 1950s and continued well into the 1960s. Though his professional orchestra-leading career began at the height of the Swing Era, he refined and rethought orchestration techniques, including use of large string sections, to soften and fill out the brass-dominated popular music of the 1940s. Biography
<mask> was born and raised in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He was the oldest of eight children. His parents, <mask> and Minnie, née Rottenberg, were Jewish.He played violin and piano as a child, and played in theatres and at Massey Hall. After his hands were badly burned in a fire, he turned to conducting, and his live orchestras used the new medium of radio broadcasting. <mask> moved from Canada to Great Neck, New York and became a U.S. citizen. Beginning with stations CKNC and CKCL, <mask> was a staple of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's live-music broadcasting from 1933 to 1940, when he resettled in Chicago, Illinois. In the early 1940s, <mask> was orchestra leader for the Carnation Contented program on NBC. From 1948-1949 he also served as the orchestra leader on the CBS radio network program The Coca-Cola Hour (also called The Pause That Refreshes). The orchestral accordionist John Serry Sr. collaborated with <mask> in these broadcasts.In 1945, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He made many recordings for Voice of America. After working briefly for Decca Records, he worked for Mitch Miller at Columbia Records, where he turned out dozens of albums and provided arrangements

masks:
Percy Faith
Faith
Abraham Faith
Percy
Faith
Faith
Faith


title: Percy Faith

texts: for many of the pop singers of the 1950s, including Tony Bennett, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis for Mathis's 1958 Christmas album titled Merry Christmas, and Guy Mitchell for whom <mask> co-wrote with Carl Sigman Mitchell's number-one single, "My Heart Cries for You". His most famous and remembered recordings are "Delicado" (1952), "The Song from Moulin Rouge" (1953) and "Theme from A Summer Place" (1959), which won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year in 1961. <mask> remains the only artist to have the best selling single of the year during both the pop singer era ("Song from Moulin Rouge") and the rock era ("Theme from A Summer Place"); and he is one of only three artists, along with Elvis Presley and The Beatles, to have the best selling single of the year twice. The B-side of "Song from the Moulin Rouge" was "Swedish Rhapsody" by Hugo Alfvén. In 1961 his fame in Sweden rose exponentially as his work Mucho Gusto became the theme music for the sports broadcasts of Sveriges Radio.Though <mask> initially mined the worlds of Broadway, Hollywood and Latin music for many of his top-selling 1950s recordings, he enjoyed popularity starting in 1962 with his orchestral versions of popular rock and pop hits of the day. His Themes for Young Lovers album was a top seller during this era and introduced the <mask> sound to a younger generation of listeners. With the success of Columbia record-mate Ray Conniff's chorus and orchestra during this same time, <mask> began using a chorus (usually all female in most of his recordings, but used a mixed chorus on his albums Leaving on a Jet Plane and I Think I Love You, which were released in 1970 and 1971 respectively) in several popular albums from the mid-1960s on. <mask>'s first single with a female chorus, "Yellow Days," was a substantial hit in the MOR (Middle

masks: Faith Faith Faith Faith Faith Faith


title: Percy Faith

texts:
 of the Road) easy listening radio format of the mid-1960s. <mask> continued to enjoy airplay and consistent album sales throughout the early 1970s, and received a second Grammy award in 1969 for his album Love Theme from 'Romeo and Juliet'. Though best known for his recording career, <mask> also occasionally scored motion pictures, and received an Academy Award nomination for his adaptation of the song score for the Doris Day musical feature, Love Me or Leave Me. His other film scores included romantic comedies and dramatic features such as Tammy Tell Me True (1961), I'd Rather Be Rich (1964), The Third Day (1965) and The Oscar (1966).<mask> also composed the theme for the NBC series The Virginian. With the advent of harder rock sounds in the 1970s, <mask>'s elegant arrangements fell out of favour with the listening and record-buying public, although he continued to release albums as diverse and contemporary as Jesus Christ Superstar and Black Magic Woman. He released one album of country music and two albums of disco-oriented arrangements toward the end of his forty-year career, his last recording being a disco-style reworking of "Theme from a Summer Place", titled "Summer Place '76", which was a minor and posthumous hit. <mask> died of cancer in Encino, California, and was interred in the Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery in Culver City, California. <mask> had two children, Marilyn and Peter, with his wife Mary (née Palange), whom he married in 1928. She died in Los Angeles in 1997. Discography

Albums
<mask> placed 21 albums on the Billboard Hot 200 best sellers chart through 1972, making him one of the more successful easy listening acts sales wise.1963's Themes for Young Lovers was by far his biggest seller, peaking at #32 on the chart and followed by three sequel albums "for young

masks:
Faith
Faith
Faith
Faith
Faith
Faith
Percy Faith


title: John M. Hull

texts:
<mask> (22 April 1935 – 28 July 2015) was Emeritus Professor of Religious Education at the University of Birmingham. He was the author of a number of books and many articles in the fields of religious education, practical theology and disability. The latter interest arose from his experiences, and personal and theological reflections, on becoming blind in mid-career. He edited the British Journal of Religious Education for 25 years, and co-founded the International Seminar on Religious Education and Values, of which he was general secretary for 32 years, and president emeritus at the time of his death. After retirement he pursued a further interest as Honorary Professor of Practical Theology at the Queen's Foundation for Ecumenical Theological Education, Birmingham, England. Early life
<mask> was born in Corryong, Victoria, Australia, the son of <mask> (born in Leicester, England, U.K.), a Methodist minister, and <mask>, a teacher. He received a general arts degree from the University of Melbourne and became a school teacher, but after three years teaching at Caulfield Grammar School, Melbourne, whilst also obtaining a post-graduate BEd, he moved to England in 1959 to study theology at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, followed by Cheshunt College.He became domiciled in the UK in 1962. Work on religious education
After Cambridge and four years as head of religious education at a London grammar school, <mask> moved to Birmingham to train religious education teachers, first at Westhill College, then at the University of Birmingham, which awarded him a PhD in theology in 1969. From 1971 to 1996 he was editor of the British Journal of Religious Education, and he remained a member of its UK editorial board until 2009. He served two terms as president of the National Christian Education Council. In 1978 he was the co-founder with <mask>. Peatling (US) of the International Seminar on Religious Education and Values, by its 2012 session an association of over 240 religious education scholars from 36 countries, which

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John Martin Hull
John Hull
John Eaglesfield Hull
Madge Enid Hull
Hull
John H


title: John M. Hull

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 meets in a different country every other year. He was its general secretary from 1978 to 2010, when he was appointed president emeritus. In 1989, <mask> was appointed to a personal chair as Professor of Religious Education in the University of Birmingham, the first such in the United Kingdom.In 1990 he was also appointed dean of its Faculty of Education and Continuing Studies. In his time in Birmingham, he wrote many papers and contributed over 50 chapters to books. Books on religious education which he wrote or edited include:
Sense and Nonsense about God (1974). Study guide for older secondary and college students on the philosophy of religion. School Worship: An Obituary (1975). Seminal discussion of the philosophy and practice of school worship; arguing that it should be replaced by an assembly devoted to spiritual and moral development of the school. New Directions in Religious Education (1982).Seventeen outstanding articles from the British Journal of Religious Education, selected and commented on by Journal Editor <mask>. Studies in Religion and Education (1984). A collection of <mask>'s academic articles published between 1969 and 1982. What Prevents Christian Adults from Learning? (1985). "When we find that Christian adults often seem to stop learning and developing in their faith, one must ask why." The Act Unpacked: The Meaning of the 1988 Education Reform Act for Religious Education (1989).Drew attention to the world religions approach of the legislation, whereas publicity had focussed on the Christianity aspect. Mishmash: Religious Education in Multi-Cultural Britain, a study in metaphor (1991). The debate on the 1988 Education Reform Act had used this metaphor of disgusting food to attack a world religions approach to religious education. This booklet analyses this rhetoric, tracing it back to an elitist view. God-Talk With Young Children: Notes for Parents & Teachers (1991). Thirty-three conversations with children, mostly about God; with interpretation and suggestions. A Gift to the Child

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Hull


title: John M. Hull

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 (1991)(with others).Teachers' Source Book. Utopian Whispers: Moral, Religious and Spiritual Values in School (1998). BJRE editorials, originally written and now selected by <mask>; covering a period of major changes in religious education in Britain. Glaube und Bildung (2000). Some of <mask>'s writings on 'Faith and Education', edited and translated into German. (Book not available in English.) <mask> lectured on religious education or the consideration of disability in many countries.For example, in the three years after he became a professor emeritus at the University of Birmingham in 2002, he spoke at meetings in Canada, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Malta, The Netherlands, Norway, Taiwan and the United States, as well as at many events in England. In 1992, <mask> received the William Rainey Harper Award of the Religious Education Association of the United States and Canada, given for outstanding contributions to the study of religion in society, especially religious education. A festschrift was commissioned to mark his 70th birthday: Education, Religion, and Society: Essays in Honour of <mask><mask> (2005). Another book has been published as a tribute to "his exceptional academic achievements in the field of religious education": Religious Education as Encounter: A Tribute to <mask><mask> (2009). In 2006 the University of Cambridge awarded <mask> the higher doctorate of Litt.D. in respect of his published works on religious education. His work has also been recognised internationally by the award of the honorary doctorates of Hon.D.Theol.(Frankfort) and Dr.H.C. (Free University of Amsterdam). Work on blindness and disability
<mask> became blind in 1983, and beyond his academic work on religious education was best known as the author of the autobiographical account of blindness, Touching the Rock: An Experience of Blindness (1990). This was later republished with additional material as On Sight and Insight: A Journey into the World of Blindness (1997); which tends to emphasise features of the state of

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John Hull
Hull
Hull
Hull
John M
. Hull
John M
. Hull
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Hull


title: John M. Hull

texts:
 blindness rather than the experience of losing sight. Of this work, the neurologist and writer on disability Oliver Sacks commented in The New Yorker, "There has never been, to my knowledge, so minute and fascinating (and frightening) an account of how not only the outer eye, but the 'inner eye', gradually vanishes with blindness; of the steady loss of visual memory, visual imagery, visual orientation, visual concepts... of the steady advance or journey... into the state which he calls 'deep blindness'." <mask>'s experiences led him into further consideration of blindness and disability, particularly in a Christian context on which he wrote a number of challenging articles. He also wrote another book, In the Beginning there was Darkness: A Blind Person’s Conversations with the Bible (2001) in which he interpreted the Bible as the product of a sighted culture, with a negative attitude towards blindness.In 1988, <mask> initiated Cathedrals through Touch and Hearing, a scheme which has provided 17 English cathedrals with wooden models and elevated ground plans for the benefit of blind visitors. In 2003 the Vice President of the Republic of China presented him with a Global Love of Life Award given by the Chou Ta-Kuan Cultural and Education Foundation of Taiwan to honour those who have contributed to the cause of disabled people or have overcome personal disability. Work on practical theology
<mask> read theology at Cambridge University from 1959 to 1962, and received a PhD in theology from the University of Birmingham in 1969, for a study of the background to the miracles of Jesus, in the magical world of the first century. This was the basis of his book of the same title, Hellenistic Magic and the Synoptic Tradition (1974). Alongside his work on religious education, he was concerned with the theology of education, the theology of disability, and the theology of Christian mission, including a critique of money. Some of <mask>'s writings on the last subject have been edited and translated into German, and

masks: Hull Hull Hull Hull


title: John M. Hull

texts:
 published as Gott und Geld ('God and Money') (2000). (Book not available in English.)After becoming a professor emeritus at the University of Birmingham, his research and teaching interests turned to issues of practical theology. In 2004 he took up a post at the Queen's Foundation for Ecumenical Theological Education, Birmingham, as Honorary Professor in Practical Theology. There he was involved with the training of students for the Anglican and Methodist ministries, particularly in the area of prophetic ministry which concerns leadership on questions of social justice – questioning and criticising society in the name of the God of justice and peace. He was the author of Mission-Shaped Church: A Theological Response (2006), a serious theological evaluation of the framework within which the Anglican policy document "Mission-Shaped Church" is presented, raising questions about the concepts of kingdom, church, gospel and mission. <mask> died on 28 July 2015 in hospital after a serious fall at his home in Birmingham four days earlier. He had celebrated his 80th birthday with friends and family three months before. Heralded as a brilliant thinker, he was survived by his wife and five children.See also
 Notes on Blindness – a documentary film on his diary of the experience
 List of Caulfield Grammar School people

References

External links
 <mask>'s website with information on his work and life
 International Seminar on Religious Education and Values website
 The Queen's Foundation for Ecumenical Theological Education website
 British Journal of Religious Education website

1935 births
2015 deaths
People from Corryong
British educational theorists
Blind academics
Australian disability rights activists
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
Fellows of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
University of Melbourne alumni
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Australian emigrants to England
Australian people of English descent
Australian Christian theologians
British

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Death Hull
Hull


title: Bob Schul

texts:
Robert Keyser "<mask>" <mask> (born September 28, 1937) is a former American long-distance runner. , he is the only American to have won an Olympic gold medal in the 5000 m, at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Early career
<mask>, born and raised on a farm in West Milton, Ohio, was born with asthma, which bothered him throughout his career. As told by his brother Larry he started running as a child against his brothers in Indian relays where one would start at the back of the pack and work to get to the front. This would come to be one of the tactics he would later use in his running. He started running for his school in seventh grade and continued through high school (4:34.4 mile). He continued his collegiate career in 1956, at Miami University in Ohio, where he broke the school record in the mile as a sophomore running 4:12.1.He joined the Air Force and for a year had limited training because of Air Force schooling. In May 1960, he was assigned to Oxnard AFB in California and Max Truex (himself a world class distance runner, who placed sixth in the Olympic 10,000 meters that year) became his commanding officer. In June, after one month of good training, <mask> ran the USA championships; he placed fifth in his trial race, running 3:55 for 1500 meters. In 1961, Truex introduced <mask> to Hungarian coach Mihály Iglói. Under Iglói's training, <mask> finished third at the national championships in the 3000 m steeplechase. In 1962, he ran well indoors at two miles, with only one American, Jim Beatty, running faster. However, after several poor races that spring, <mask> was diagnosed with mononucleosis and spent three months in an Air Force hospital.The next winter,

masks: Bob Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul


title: Bob Schul

texts:
 <mask> became the US Indoor Champion, running 13:39.3 for three miles. A few weeks later, he ran the third fastest indoor two miles ever (8:37.5), though losing to Beatty's world record time of 8:30.7. With a partially torn soleus muscle, <mask> placed third in the Pan American Games at 5K, but the injury kept him from competing in the U.S. Championships. 1964 success

Returning to Miami University in the fall of 1963, <mask> continued using Iglói's training methods, with some innovations. The highlights of his 1964 indoor season were a new American record time for three miles, 13:31.4 (then the second fastest indoor time in the world), and two wins over 10,000 meters world record holder Ron Clarke of Australia. <mask> posted an extremely impressive outdoor season in 1964, not losing a single race  and beating among others Bruce Kidd, Gerry Lindgren, Billy Mills, Bill Baillie, and Bill Dellinger. <mask> first broke the American record in the 5000m at Compton, running 13:38.0.<mask> did not run in the NCAA Championships that year, as he thought it unfair for a twenty-six-year-old to be running against younger opponents. He won both the US Championship and the separately held Olympic Trials that year. On August 29, 1964, <mask> set a new world record for two miles of 8:26.4, eclipsing the previous mark of 8:29.6 by Michel Jazy of France. For the first time Track and Field News and Sports Illustrated picked an American to win a distance race, as <mask> went to the Games having both the best time in the world in the 5000m and the new two-mile world record. The Olympic final was held in heavy rain. In the last lap, Jazy appeared poised to take the gold, as he had opened up

masks: Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul Schul


title: Bob Schul

texts:
 a ten-meter lead on the back stretch; however, <mask> ran an impressive 37.8 for the last 300 meters on a muddy track. He caught Jazy 50 meters before the finish line, and pulled away for a clear victory to take the gold medal.Injuries and retirement

After returning home, <mask>'s knee was hurting and he could not run for four months. Using a YMCA pool and stationary bicycle throughout the winter, he resumed running in March 1965. With only three months of training, <mask> won the US Championship again in 1965, this time over three miles again, setting a new American record of 13:10.4. He stated afterward, "it was the toughest race I ran and won." <mask> never managed to regain his 1964 level again, though he did run personal bests over the metric distances of 1500 meters (3:40.7) and 3000 meters (7:59.9) in Europe. In August 1965, <mask>'s knee began hurting again and he decided to retire. He resumed training in 1967 for fitness purposes and this led him to the 1968 Olympic trials at South Lake Tahoe.With numerous injuries and limited training, he still managed to place fifth in the final. In that final, he had an asthma attack after a few laps and struggled throughout, fainting as he crossed the finish line. In 1971, for one year, <mask> served as the national coach for Malaysia and then moved back to the U.S., re-settling in Ohio. In his spare time he continued to train club athletes. In 1978, the Air Force sent all their top distance runners to Wright Patterson Air Force Base to train under <mask>. After a year of training, many of the athletes reduced their times enough to compete in National events. <mask> himself participated in road races along with his club


title: Bob Schul

texts:
 athletes until the age of sixty, when his right leg and back problems prevented further racing.Along the way, <mask> became a top masters runner (33.55 for 10,000 m and 76:00 for half marathon at age fifty; 17:56 for 5,000 m at age 60). In October 2007, <mask> had his right hip replaced. <mask> was employed at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio, as its men's and women's cross country and track coaches from 1996 to 2007. References

Bibliography

Training book

External links

1937 births
Living people
People from West Milton, Ohio
Track and field athletes from Ohio
American male long-distance runners
American male steeplechase runners
American male middle-distance runners
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1963 Pan American Games
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field
Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Miami RedHawks men's track and field athletes
Indiana University alumni
Cornell University faculty
American masters athletes
Wright State Raiders track and field coaches
Wright State Raiders cross country coaches
Medalists at the 1963 Pan American

masks: Schul Schul Schul


title: Elsie Hillman

texts:
<mask> (December 9, 1925 – August 4, 2015) was a Pittsburgh based philanthropist and a former Republican National Committeewoman. She was the wife of billionaire industrialist <mask>. During her life, Hillman helped to advance the careers of a number of moderate Republican politicians to state and national offices. Among the politicians whose careers she fostered are President George H. W. Bush, Senator John Heinz, and Pennsylvania governors Dick Thornburgh and Tom Ridge. She worked with Democrats and Republicans on civil rights, women’s rights, and jobs in the Pittsburgh region. Known for her down-to-earth nature and sense of humor, Pittsburghers regularly encountered "<mask>" in her signature headband, as she was active as a philanthropist and civic leader in the city and region. Early life
<mask> was born in Fox Chapel, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh, to Thomas Jones Hilliard and Marianna Talbott Hilliard.She was raised in the Fox Chapel and Hampton Township areas of Allegheny County before her family moved into the City of Pittsburgh. <mask>'s mother served on the boards of non-profit organizations, volunteered to spot aircraft over Pittsburgh during WWII, and headed up the citywide effort to raise money to buy mobile kitchens and hospital equipment for war-bombed England. <mask> began her own volunteering by cleaning instruments for surgeries at Eye and Ear Hospital in Pittsburgh, selling War Bonds, and knitting socks for soldiers. During her elementary and upper school years, Hillman attended the Ellis School in Pittsburgh and the Ethel Walker School in Connecticut. After she graduated from high school, Hillman went to Westminster Choir College in Princeton, N.J. to study piano and voice. (Her grandmother, Catherine Hauk Talbott, founded the college, which now is part of Rider University.) By then, she had fallen in love with <mask>, a U.S. Navy pilot whom she had met years earlier in Pittsburgh.They were wed in 1945. The Hillmans lived in New York and Texas, returning to the City of Pittsburgh at the end of the war. Political life
Hillman first ventured into

masks:
Elsie Hilliard Hillman
Henry Hillman
Elsie
Hillman
Hillman
Elsie Hillman
Henry Hillman


title: Elsie Hillman

texts:
 some of those who opposed Scranton.Scranton ultimately lost the nomination to Senator Barry Goldwater, who would go on to be defeated in the general election by Lyndon Johnson. Hillman worked to elect Senator Hugh Scott, who had led the Republican National Committee and would rise to the position of Senate Minority Leader. With Scott’s encouragement, she ran for the position of chair of the Allegheny County Republican Party and was elected to the job in 1967—the first woman elected to head the party of an urban area. It was during her time as party chair that she worked to field winning candidates and develop connections with her counterparts across the state of Pennsylvania, including the members of the Republican State Committee of Pennsylvania. During and after her tenure as party chair, Hillman worked to advance moderate candidates who supported civil rights and women’s rights—urging them to run, helping them to organize their campaigns (often staffing them, as a volunteer), and connecting them with the leaders of organized labor and other influential groups. She and her family made extensive contributions to campaigns as well, eventually establishing a political action committee to support moderate candidates. She was also known as a supporter of abortion rights.In 1975, the State Committee of Pennsylvania elected <mask> to the Republican National Committee (RNC). She served as a national committeewoman until 1996. She work on George H. W. Bush's 1980 campaign and helped him win the Pennsylvania primary. Ronald Reagan won the party nomination, but Bush was his vice-presidential running mate. She was honored as "Woman of the Year" for 1982 by Vectors/Pittsburgh. In 2002, she was named to the PoliticsPA list of "Sy Snyder's Power 50." In 2003, she was named to the PoliticsPA "Power 50" list.She was named to the PoliticsPA list of "Pennsylvania's Most Politically Powerful Women." In 2010, Politics Magazine named her one of the most influential Republicans in Pennsylvania, calling her the "grand dame of big tent Republican politics." Philanthropy
She was chair of the Elsie