title: Francis Reginald Statham

texts:
 found itself repeatedly embarrassed by Statham's reports. Evelyn Ashley, the under-Secretary for colonies, resolved to dispose of the man his office dubbed "that pestilent journalist". In 1887, Statham's criminal past was revealed and made public by the Colonial Office, which even presented it in the House of Commons, causing Statham severe repercussions and immense difficulties.These were compounded by a libel suit that was filed against him by the Colonial Office, for his writings. He then lost a libel suit from J.W. Shepstone. He resigned as editor on 31 August 1887 intending to go to England to clear his name. Natal Advertiser (1888-1890)
After another brief spell in England and a failed attempt to reinstate himself and his reputation there, he returned again to southern Africa and served as editor to the Natal Advertiser, which was based in Durban. Here he attacked the new "British South Africa company" which he saw as simply a new vehicle of imperialism in southern Africa. In 1889, Statham's predictions of the situation in that year - printed a decade earlier in 1879 - were unearthed and reprinted verbatim, due to their extraordinary accuracy.The North (1890-1895)
<mask> briefly moved to the Transvaal Republic where he edited the Transvaal Observer (1890-1891), and afterwards The Independent in Kimberley (1891–93). He had in fact been attracted to The Independent due to its name, but he quickly found out that it was in fact committed to a pro-Rhodes policy. The Star in Johannesburg offered him an editorship position, but he refused due to its pro-Rhodes agenda, preferring unemployment to endorsing an ideology he hated. For the next few years he subsisted on occasional income from articles he wrote, and lived in poverty. Writings in Europe (1895-1899)
<mask> returned to


title: Francis Reginald Statham

type: original

texts:
 Europe in 1895, as representative of the Transvaal Republic, and served as the republic's press attaché in London. His writings were intent on refuting the propaganda which was filling the British press at the time with regards to the South African situation. He prophesied that the Jameson Raid would be followed by a renewed imperial attempt to incorporate the Boer republics.His propaganda work during the Boer war led to trouble with the police again, this time as a spy, as he was followed and his mail watched. At this time, he wrote the fiery political books Mr Magnus (1896), In South Africa as It Is (1897), Paul Kruger and his Times (1898) and The South African Crisis: the Truth about the Transvaal (1899), in which he attacked Cecil Rhodes, De Beers, and the chartered British South Africa Company (BSAC). The British government's granting of the BSAC's royal charter to occupy and administer what became Rhodesia was, <mask> wrote, "the most extraordinary usurpation of power ever perpetrated, since the Popes gave over the Peruvians into the hands of Pizarro". Later life
In later life he tried to work as a music professor and composed several music pieces, such as South African National Songs, While Table Mountain Stands (his proposed national anthem for the Cape Colony), Volkslied (anthem for the Transvaal). In addition to his anthems for the various states of southern Africa, he composed Komt broeders komt! as a proposed anthem for a united South Africa. He died of kidney failure in Surrey in March 1908.References

 F. R. Statham, My life's record: A fight for justice. Gibbings & Co., 1901. 1844 births
1908 deaths
19th century in Africa
19th-century South African people
People from Everton
People from Natal
British newspaper editors
Writers from Liverpool
South African


title: P. T. Usha

texts:
P. T<mask> (; born 27 June 1964) is a retired Indian track and field athlete. She was born in Kuttali, Kozhikode, Kerala. She has been associated with Indian athletics since 1979. She is often called the "Queen of Indian track and field". Career
<mask> was first noticed in 1977 by O. M. Nambiar, an athletics coach, at a sports prize-distribution ceremony. In an interview with Rediff.com in 2000, he recalled, "What impressed me at first sight about Usha was her lean shape and fast walking style. I knew she could become a very good sprinter."The same year, he began coaching her. Quick results followed when she won six medals at the inter-state meet for juniors, in Kollam in 1978, with four gold medals in 100 m, 200 m, 60 m hurdles and high jump, silver in long jump and bronze in 4 x 100 m relay. In the year's Kerala State college meet, she won 14 medals. She went on to win multiple medals at the 1979 National Games and 1980 National inter-state meet setting many meet records. At the senior inter-state meet in Bangalore in 1981, Usha clocked 11.8 seconds in the 100 m and 24.6 seconds in the 200 m setting national records in both. At the 1982 New Delhi Asian Games, she won silver medals in 100 m and 200 m, clocking 11.95 s and 25.32 s. At the 1983 Open National Championships in Jamshedpur, she broke the 200 m national record again clocking 23.9 s, and with 53.6 s, set a new national record in 400 m. At the Asian Championships in Kuwait City the same year, she won gold in 400 m.

1984 Los Angeles Olympics

Usha's best moment came at the 1984 Los

masks:
. Usha
Usha


title: P. T. Usha

texts:
 replicated her Jakarta Championships performance at the 1986 Seoul Asian Games. She won the 100 metres silver with a time of 11.67 seconds losing the gold to Lydia de Vega. The 200 metres gold came in 23.44, 400 metres gold in 52.16 and 4 x 400 m relay gold in 3:34.58, all of which were new Games records.At the Games, British athletics coach Jim Alford said of her, "Usha is a first class athlete, a tough competitor and a terrific runner to watch. She has all the potential. Given careful guidance, she can be world class." Later stage

From 1983–89, Usha garnered 13 golds at ATF meets. In the 10th Asian Games held at Seoul in 1986, Usha won 4 gold medals and 1 silver medal in the track and field events. She also won five gold medals at the 6th Asian Track and Field Championship in Jakarta in 1985. Her medals at the same meet is a record for a single athlete in a single international meet.Currently she is committee head of Indian Talent organization which conducts the National Level Indian Talent Olympiad examinations in schools across India. Achievements

 She represented India in 4 x 100 metres relay together with  Valdivel Jayalakshmi, Rachita Mistry, and E.B. Shyla at the 1998 Asian Championships in Athletics where her team won the gold medal on way to setting the current national record of 44.43 s.

Personal life
She studied in Providence Women's College in Kozhikode. <mask> married V. Srinivasan, an inspector with Central Industrial Security Force, in 1991. The couple has a son. Advisor
Currently, she is a member of the Board of Advisors


title: Abigail Satinsky

texts:
<mask> (born 1981) is an American arts organizer, curator and writer on socially engaged art. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1981, the daughter of <mask> and Dinah Vaprin. She earned a Bachelor of Fine Art in 2003 from Carnegie Mellon University and a Master of Arts, dual degree in Modern Art History and Arts Administration and Policy in 2009 from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Her thesis, submitted to the Department of Art History, Theory and Criticism, and Department of Art Administration and Policy, was on the collaborative work of Group Material (from 1976 to 1996). Her partner is Anthony Romero. Career
As a curator and programmer, her interest has been in championing interdisciplinary, process-based, and under-recognized artists’ work, artist-run and collaboratively organized community projects, and highlighting how artists have worked within and in solidarity with social movements. She is a founding member of InCUBATE, a research collaborative on art economies, and co-initiator of Sunday Soup, an international micro-granting project.<mask> co-founded and acted as co-director (along with Bryce Dwyer, Matthew Joynt and Roman Petruniak) of inCUBATE, a research group that curated, initiated and co-produced artist projects out of a Chicago store front from 2007 to 2009. InCUBATE became known for its Sunday Soup series, a micro-granting program which hosted dinner parties and used the proceeds to fund community-based artist projects voted on by the dinner guests. InCUBATE’s work has been shown nationally, including Creative Time, Eyebeam Center for Art and Technology in New York, CEPA Gallery in Buffalo, SKYDIVE in Houston, Autzen Gallery at Portland State University, the Devos Museum at Northern Michigan University and the Smart Museum of Art in Chicago. From 2010 to 2015, she worked at Threewalls as associate director, where she edited two editions of Phonebook, in 2011 and 2015 (a national directory of artist-run spaces and projects). During this time she

masks:
Abigail Satinsky
Abigail Bette Satinsky
Daniel Satinsky
Satinsky


title: Abigail Satinsky

texts:
 co-founded the Hand-in-Glove conference with Shannon R. Stratton, Bryce Dwyer and Elizabeth Chodos, and was one of the co-founders of Common Field, national initiatives on advocacy for small to mid-size nonprofits and grassroots artist projects, and Community Supported Art, a program to sell affordable artist editions modeled after Community Supported Agriculture. <mask> has worked with artists on solo exhibitions and projects while associate director at Threewalls, including Brandon Alvendia, Irina Botea (nominated for best time-based format by the International Association for Art Critics in 2014), Harold Mendez, Seth Kim-Cohen, Jaime Davidovich (with Daniel Quiles), Latham Zearfoss, ACRE TV, Rozalinda Borcila, Brian Holmes, Ashley Hunt, taisha paggett, Faith Wilding, and Mary Patten. She organized more than 100 programs over her time there which included artists and scholars Fred Moten, e-flux library, Laurie Palmer, Lane Relyea, Mary Jane Jacob, Daniel Joseph Martinez, and Michael Brenson.She also co-organized MDW Fair, an independent art fair showcasing Midwest artists and space. She has taught on socially engaged art and curatorial practice at University of Illinois at Chicago, the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Moore College of Art and Design and Tyler School of Art at Temple University. She is curator of exhibitions and programs at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Tufts University. Selected exhibitions and projects

 Radio Silence (2017-2018) (producer) with artist Michael Rakowitz and curator Liz Thomas with Mural Arts Philadelphia, a seven-episode radio broadcast and large-scale performance on Independence Mall in Philadelphia. Meadow Mansions (2016), an exhibit featuring the 18th century Mount Pleasant mansion in Fairmount Park. The group exhibition was commissioned by Fairmount Park Conservancy, Philadelphia Parks and Recreation, Audubon Pennsylvania, and the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and funded by ArtPlace with Design. A Modest Occupation (2013), The


title: Abigail Satinsky

texts:
 Luminary in St. Louis, MO, Transformer Gallery in Washington DC and Threewalls in Chicago.Publishing
In 2014 <mask> edited the book, Support Networks, part of the Chicago Social Practice History series (edited by Mary Jane Jacob and Kate Zeller in the Department of Exhibitions and Exhibition Studies at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago). She has published essays and articles on online platforms such as Art Practical and Temporary Art Review, and for organizations such as Open Engagement. She is a regular contributor to the Bad at Sports podcast and her writing has appeared in the Journal of Aesthetics and Protest, AREA Chicago, and Proximity Magazine. She contributed to podcast conversations with Bad at Sports which were collected in two edited volumes, Say It While You Still Mean It: Conversations on Art and Practice, Volumes 1 and 2, published by Open Engagement in Print. She was editor of the book Support Networks, published by the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and University of Chicago Press, which chronicles socially engaged art in Chicago over the last one hundred years. <mask> has also co-authored essays and blog posts on the subject of socially-engaged art with partner Anthony Romero. Awards
She was a Fellow, John Nicholas Brown Center, Brown University, Providence, RI.In 2016, she received the Art Journal Award for distinguished writing from College Art Association for her essay "Movement Building for Beginners". References

External links
ART of the MOOC: Activism and Social Movements (video, 7:27)
Should You Care About the Art World? ~ Visiting Artist Presentation at ACRE (video, 1:13:09)
Valuing Labor in the Arts, Appropriate Technologies (essay)
Strategies of Sustainability Panel Discussion, Hand in Glove Conference, New Orleans, October 18, 2013. (video, 11:53)
 Creative Time Summit (video, 8:08)
 Rhizome Interview with InCUBATE (transcript)
 Art21 Interview (transcript)

American art curators
American women curators
Living people
1981 births
21st-century

masks: Satinsky Satinsky


title: Charles Bennett (fighter)

texts: <mask> 'Krazy Horse' <mask> (born November 23, 1979) is an American mixed martial artist currently competing in the featherweight division. He is also a bare-knuckle boxer who is currently signed to Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship (BKFC). Characterized by his unpredictable and explosive fighting style and persona, <mask> has been a professional competitor since 1999, with time spent in PRIDE Fighting Championships, Rizin FF, EliteXC, King of the Cage, World Extreme Fighting, and ShoXC. Although he has never won a championship in MMA, <mask> has gained a considerable cult following among fans. <mask> was born in Gainesville, Florida, and is the second-oldest boy of 11 siblings. <mask> lived in Gainesville for the first eight years of his life before moving to Ocala, Florida to live with his father after his mother was arrested on a drug charge. <mask> had a troubled upbringing as he came from a broken home, often getting into fights, and both of his parents abused crack cocaine.Growing up, <mask> was a self-described "black sheep" of the family, but was very athletic and was a talented football player in high school, where he played running back, linebacker, and was even a defensive lineman despite his small stature. However, <mask> was kicked off of the team during his sophomore year. During his junior year, his father kicked him out of the house. <mask> eventually dropped out of high school, and turned his attention to selling narcotics. In between jail stints, he found a newspaper advertisement for a mixed martial arts gym in Ocala, and decided to sign up and join the gym. His coaches were very impressed with his speed and strength, but at the time, <mask> was still dealing drugs. Eventually, <mask> stopped selling narcotics, and focused on mixed martial arts, motivated by the birth of his first child to change his lifestyle—although he continued to be arrested on drug charges until 2011.<mask> also credits King of the Cage owner Terry

masks:
Charles Daniel
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Background Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett


title: Charles Bennett (fighter)

texts:
 Trebilcock Jr. in helping turn his life around. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
In September 1999 and at only 19 years old, <mask> made his professional debut or a regional promotion in Atlanta, Georgia, competing in the lightweight weight class, where he lost to John Swift via submission. In his next bout a year later, he received his first professional win after he knocked out Todd Carney with a slam in the first round at the New Blood Conflict event for World Extreme Fighting. In <mask>'s second WEF bout, he lost to Rich Clementi after tapping out to strikes in the first round. <mask> won his next two fights via strikes , before making his King of the Cage debut at KOTC 10 against Duane Ludwig. <mask> lost after he submitted due to exhaustion in the second round. <mask> then won 9 of his next 10 fights, including a win over former U.S. Marine Gerald Strebendt via submission due to strikes.His four-fight winning streak was snapped by future Pancrase Featherweight Champion Takumi Nakayama via submission. Pride Fighting Championship and King of the Cage
With a record of 12-5, <mask> signed with Japanese promotion Pride Fighting Championships, making his promotional debut against Takanori Gomi at Pride FC: Bushido 5 on October 14, 2004, in what was also <mask>'s overseas debut. <mask> lost via kimura within the first round. After a return to King of the Cage in which he achieved mixed results, <mask> returned to Pride at Pride FC: Bushido 7 on May 22, 2005, defeating Yoshiro Maeda via knockout just under two minutes in the first round. On September 25, <mask> made his next appearance for the promotion at Pride FC: Bushido 9 , losing a bout to Dokonjonosuke Mishima by submission in the first round. After failing to capture the King of the Cage Bantamweight Championship fight against future WEC Featherweight Champion Urijah Faber, <mask> fought at Pride FC: Shockwave 2005 against Japanese fighter Ken Kaneko, and won via armbar submission. After

masks: Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett


title: Charles Bennett (fighter)

texts:
 winning the bout, <mask> tackled the referee, who in response pulled out a yellow card.After his bout with Kaneko, <mask> was involved in a backstage altercation with Cristiano Marcello, a member of the Chute Boxe Academy. In a video posted on Chute Boxe's official website, <mask> is seen attacking Marcello. <mask> supposedly insulted the Chute Boxe Academy and Wanderlei Silva, prompting a scuffle between Marcello and <mask>. <mask> charged at Marcello while throwing punches, and both men went to the ground, where Marcello put <mask> to sleep with a triangle choke before the fight was broken up. After he woke up he proceeded to knock Wanderlei Silva out with a sucker punch. On June 4, 2006, <mask> made his last appearance for the organization in at Pride FC: Bushido 11  against Tatsuya Kawajiri. <mask> lost the bout via kneebar submission in the first round.He held a record of 2-3 with the promotion. EliteXC
On February 10, 2007, <mask> made his debut for EliteXC, at the company's inaugural event EliteXC: Destiny against KJ Noons. <mask> defeated Noons via knockout in an upset. Later career and other ventures
In 2004, <mask>, along with fighters Din Thomas and Aaron Riley, appeared in the Chris Fuller film Loren Cass. In September 2010, <mask> showed up at the tryouts for The Ultimate Fighter: Team GSP vs. Team Koscheck, but did not make it to the final cast. Return to MMA
In October 2015, after being away from the sport for nearly three years, <mask> returned to active MMA competition for his former organization, King of the Cage.<mask> fought six times in the next eleven months, and posted a record of four wins and two losses. In September 2016, <mask> made an appearance for Rizin Fighting Federation, and competed in the featherweight division. He defeated Minoru Kimura by technical knockout in 7 seconds of the first round at the Rizin World Grand Prix 2016: 1st Round. Bare-knuckle fighting

Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship
On August 25, 2018,

masks: Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett


title: Charles Bennett (fighter)

texts:
 <mask> faced Michael McDonald at a Bare Knuckle FC event. He lost the fight via TKO in the 4th round with 10 seconds left. <mask> made his sophomore appearance in the sport against Johnny Bedford at Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship 9: Lobov vs. Knight 2 on November 16, 2019. He lost the fight via second-round technical knockout due to a hand injury.He then faced Tyler Goodjohn at Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship 15: Shewmaker vs. O'Bannon on December 11, 2020. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. Gamebred Fighting Championship
On June 18, 2021, <mask> faced Jason Knight for the main event of Jorge Masvidal's Gamebred Fighting Championship (GFC), a typical MMA bout but contested bare-knuckle style. <mask> knocked down Knight early, and opened up a cut on his face, but would be taken down and submitted with a rear-naked choke in round one. On October 1, 2021, <mask> faced Rob Emerson in the co-main event of Gambred FC 2. He lost by knockout with 24 seconds left in the first round. Legal troubles
Between 1999 and 2009, he was arrested 14 times on charges that included: selling cocaine, burglary, aggravated battery on a pregnant woman, and possession of MDMA.The charge of aggravated battery on a pregnant woman relating to an incident from 2002 was dropped; he was found guilty on two drug charges in 2000 and 2001, and was also found guilty for another aggravated battery in 2008, which stemmed from a domestic dispute. On January 16, 2011, <mask> was training at a gym in Bernalillo County, New Mexico, and got into a physical altercation with a teammate. According to a police report, tempers flared between the two, and the other fighter knocked down <mask>, who then got dressed and left the building. However, <mask> unexpectedly returned 15 minutes later armed with a heavy piece of steel, and attacked the fighter from behind. He was charged with aggravated battery. In 2013, he was again arrested for battery. Personal life
<mask> is divorced and has

masks: Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett


title: Béatrice Galinon-Mélénec

texts:
<mask> (born 1949) is a French semiotician. She is professor emeritus of communication studies, specializing in the fields of anthropology of communication and the analysis of the non-verbal dimension of interpersonal communication situations. Her approach to the interpretation of signs is based on the new wave of semiotics, known as anthroposemiotics where embodied semiotics takes a central position. Biography
Galinon-Mélénec studied economics at the University of Toulouse, obtaining a doctorate from the University of Paris V-Sorbonne University of Sorbonne in Education Sciences in 1988 under the supervision of the sociologist, Gabriel Langouët. She was appointed associate professor at the Institut des Sciences de l'Information et de la Communication in 1989 at Bordeaux Montaigne University, and in 2002 became a University Professor of Information and Communication Sciences at University of Le Havre, at Le Havre's Institute of Technology. At Bordeaux, she contributed to the launch in 1992, then to the development of the journal Communication & Organisation. She set up the CDHET (Research Network for Communication and Human Development, Enterprises and Territories), a research group which in 2000 opened up to interdisciplinary and inter-university research into the relationship between animal behavior and human behavior.Since 2008, she has been a permanent member of the joint research unit (UMR) of the Centre national de la recherche scientifique CNRS-IDEES 6266 (National Centre for Scientific Research – Identities


title: Béatrice Galinon-Mélénec

texts:
 which includes the processes which lead to the perception and interpretation of the trace. Sign-traces, relational embodied semiotics, anthroposemiotics
With the observation that everything that is potentially visible cannot necessarily be seen, <mask> Galinon-Mélénec starts from the hypothesis that signs only appear to individuals who are predisposed to receive them; this depends on their body-traces, i.e. a body in which is recorded every consequence of the individuals' interactions with the environments they have passed through over time. For the author, a human being's body-trace, (there is no separation between the body and the mind) possesses a plasticity which is the result of the interactions with the surroundings in which he/she lives (nature, culture, techniques, society, etc.) The interactions of a body with its surroundings, being specific to each individual, the resulting body-trace is recorded in a difference, which modulates the reception of what is perceptible. To signify that the perception and interpretation of the sign are the consequences, the author suggests the term sign-trace.The interpretation that each human makes of the real arises from anthroposemiotics in which the signs appear as the result of an interaction between an individual's body-trace and reality. This is assumed to exist in itself ("the reality itself") and is only accessible to humans through their body and a human's interpretation can therefore only be an "anthropo-centred reality". "Relational embodied semiotics", which


title: Béatrice Galinon-Mélénec

texts:
 body-trace of Ichnos-Anthropos and the reality-trace of the world. With the anthropological Human-Trace paradigm, <mask> Galinon-Mélénec sets the figurative stage of homo (sapiens or otherwise) from any era whose body carries traces (ichnos) of the past (his or those of humans who have preceded him) and whose present relationship with the world participates permanently in the production of a future integrating the "consequence-traces" of his present actions. As the "Human-Trace" term was circulated and appropriated by other authors, it lost the paradigmatic dimension initially sought by the author. The effect of this being a preference for the Greek translation of "Ichnos-Anthropos" for instances referring to it in the strict sense of the paradigm. Influence
There has been a growing interest in the terms "human trace", "body-trace" and "sign-trace". Nevertheless, if reference is made to certain indexing tools like Google Scholar, citations lead us to conclude that their uses in French articles in the humanities between 2008 and 2018 were more often linked to the evocative power of the words that form them than the systemic, dynamic and multi-scale perspective that they encompass for their author.The traces of digital consultations of the works and publications reveal a 60% readership in academia and various geographical horizons: The United States, Canada, Brazil, The United Kingdom, Italy, Romania, Spain, Morocco, Tunisia, Senegal, South Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, India, The Philippines, Turkey, Mauritius,


title: Martin Škrtel

texts:
<mask> (born 15 December 1984) is a Slovak professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Slovak First Football League club Spartak Trnava. He is a former player and captain of the Slovakia national team. Škrtel previously played for FK AS Trenčín and Zenit Saint Petersburg, before joining Liverpool for £6.5 million in January 2008. After eight-and-a-half years with Liverpool, where he played 319 official games and scored 18 goals, he joined Fenerbahçe. He has won the Russian Premier League and the League Cup, as well as being named Slovak Footballer of the Year four times. Škrtel made his international debut for Slovakia in 2004 and has earned a total of 104 caps, making him the third most capped player of his country at the time of his retirement in 2019, behind Marek Hamšík and Miroslav Karhan. He also retired as Slovakia's 10th best international scorer with 6 goals, sharing the spot with Július Šimon and Miroslav Stoch.He represented the country as they reached the last 16 at both the 2010 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2016. Early life
Škrtel was born in Handlová. Club career

FK AS Trenčín
Škrtel started his professional career at FK AS Trenčín, where he played 44 games and scored 8 goals for them between 2001 and 2004. Zenit Saint Petersburg
Škrtel made his debut for Zenit Saint Petersburg in a Russian Cup match on 31 July 2004. He said that the presence of Slovak and Czech players helped him to adjust to his new team. He played 113 times and scored 5 goals for the club, winning the Russian Premier League title in the 2007 season. Valencia, Tottenham Hotspur, Everton and Newcastle United were all reported to be interested in his services, but he ended up signing for Liverpool in the January 2008 transfer window.Liverpool

2007–08 season

Škrtel joined Liverpool on 11 January 2008 on a four-and-a-half-year contract for a transfer fee of £6.5 million. On completion of the deal, then Liverpool


title: James J. Connell

texts:
Lieutenant Commander <mask><mask> (6 May 1939 – 14 January 1971) was an American naval aviator. Born in Wilmington, Delaware, <mask> served in the United States Navy as a naval aviator. During the Vietnam War, <mask> was shot down and captured, eventually dying in captivity. He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross, with <mask>'s decoration being the highest award for valor bestowed on a Delawarean during the Vietnam War. Biography
<mask><mask> was born on 6 May 1939 in Wilmington, Delaware. He attended Salesianum School in Wilmington, graduating as part of the Class of 1957 before enrolling in the Annapolis Naval Academy. <mask> trained as a naval aviator at Annapolis, graduating in the Class of 1961 and receiving his designation as a naval aviator in June 1962.According to his Class' Lucky Bag, <mask> was active in the Annapolis Foreign Relations Club and was interested in the field of criminal law. Following his graduation from the naval academy, <mask> was assigned to Naval Air Station Whiting Field as a flight instructor. After a year at Whiting Field, he was reassigned to a replacement air group at Naval Air Station Lemoore in Fresno, California. In August 1964 he was assigned to the navy's VA-55 attack squadron, with which unit <mask> served aboard  and . In the summer of 1966, <mask> and his squadron (operating from USS Ranger) were participating in Operation Iron Hand, a series of strikes intended to suppress North Vietnamese SAM missile sites. On 15 July 1966, <mask> (flying an A4E-Skyhawk) and a flight of three other aircraft were involved in a strike against several SAM sites near the Sông Hồng River (also known as the Sông Cái or Red River) south of Hanoi. During the attack, the flight encountered heavy anti-aircraft fire; pulling away from the first target, one pilot reported seeing a chute, indicating a Skyhawk had been shot down.Soon after, <mask> re-established radio contact with his flight and confirmed that he had been shot

masks:
James J
. Connell
Connell
Connell
Connell
James J
. Connell
Connell
Connell
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title: James J. Connell

texts:
 down. He also reported that he had only received minor injuries during his ejection. Due to the remoteness of the area and the large concentrations of North Vietnamese forces nearby, rescue was deemed impossible and <mask> was quickly captured by the North Vietnamese. Following his capture, <mask> was interned as one of dozens of American airmen prisoners of war (POWs) in North Vietnam; as the North Vietnamese government did not consider the captured Americans to qualify as proper POWs under the terms of the Geneva Convention, the captured airmen were often subjected to harsh conditions while in captivity. While imprisoned in North Vietnam, <mask> was noted by multiple other POWs to have resisted his captors attempts to coerce (often via the use of torture) confessions out of him; Bud Day, another American POW, described <mask> as a "hard resister", and several other prisoners noted that <mask>'s resistance often resulted in him being subjected to harsher-than-average treatment by the North Vietnamese. At one work camp near Hanoi—referred to as "The Zoo" by some prisoners—<mask> was kept in almost continuous solitary confinement, only able to keep in communication with other prisoners via the use of a system of signals. On 14 January 1971, an incident occurred that resulted in <mask>'s death, though many fellow prisoners did not know of his fate until the end of the conflict.Following the repatriation of American POWs in early 1973, <mask>'s death was confirmed. His remains were repatriated on 6 March 1974 and were interred at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery in San Diego. Acting upon the testimony of his fellow POWs, <mask> was posthumously promoted to Lieutenant-commander and awarded the Navy Cross for valor. According to one source, <mask>'s Navy Cross was the highest award for valor bestowed on a Delawarean during the Vietnam War. Legacy
Despite his status as a highly decorated casualty of war, multiple sources have commented on <mask>'s

masks: Connell Connell Connell Connell Connell Connell Connell Connell Connell Connell Connell


title: James J. Connell

texts:
 relative obscurity in his home state of Delaware. In 2018, efforts by one Bill Coll (a retired Navy commander who had graduated from Salesianum several years after <mask>) to have <mask> recognized by Salesianum resulted in renewed interest in <mask>'s story. As a result of Coll's efforts, <mask> was added to Salesianum's hall of fame as a distinguished alumnus.In a ceremony on Veterans Day 2018, Delaware governor <mask> posthumously awarded <mask> the Order of the First State, Delaware's highest honor. In attendance at the ceremony were US senators Chris Coons, Tom Carper, and retired Air Force Colonel Murphy Neal <mask>, whom had himself been held as a POW in Vietnam and had heard of <mask>'s story. The award was presented to <mask>'s widow, <mask> Robertson, and other members of his family. Lt. Commander <mask>'s name is represented on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, DC, and on the Delaware Vietnam War Memorial in Wilmington, Delaware. He is also commemorated on the USNA Virtual Memorial Hall, a project documenting the lives of various graduates of Annapolis Naval Academy. Personal life
Prior to his service in Vietnam, <mask> married his wife, <mask>.The couple had two children before <mask>' loss. Following the death of her husband, <mask> actively participated in panels and discussions with POW family members. Awards

Military
<mask> received the following medals:
Navy Cross
Legion of Merit
Distinguished Flying Cross
Prisoner of War medal

Civic
Order of the First State - the State of Delaware's highest award, presented posthumously to <mask> in 2018. Notes

References

External links

1939 births
1971 deaths
People from Wilmington, Delaware
Military personnel from Delaware
United States Naval Academy alumni
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Vietnam War prisoners of war
United States Navy personnel of the Vietnam War
Aviators from Delaware
Salesianum School alumni
American military personnel killed in the Vietnam

masks:
Connell
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John Carney
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Jones
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Jenny Connell
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Jenny Connell
James
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title: Veronique Renard

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<mask> (Jutphaas, 26 May 1965) is a Dutch author and visual artist. She is also known as Pantau, a name that was adopted after meeting the Dalai Lama at an audience at his home in McLeodganj, Dharamsala, India in 2000. The name Pantau (also written in Roman as Phentok) means "to be helpful" or "beneficial". Pantao () is also a Chinese name for a flat, small peach, reputed to be food for Taoist fairies. Early life
Renard was raised and educated in the Netherlands. She is the daughter of Annie Garda Van Unen (born 1931), a former senior accountant of the Breda Candy Company FAAM, and Wilhelmus (Wim<mask> (1931–2009), a businessman who founded the REACS Company in 1956. Renard is a descendant of the German composer/conductor Paul Albin Stenz who was awarded the Gold Medal of Orange-Nassau by Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands.One year prior to his death in 1918 he was naturalized as a Dutch citizen. <mask>'s grandfather, Johannes (Paul) <mask> was a cityscape painter in Rotterdam. Renard speaks (in order of fluency) Dutch, English, German, French, Thai and Tibetan. Gender reassignment
In 1982, at the age of 17, <mask> transitioned to being a woman with the support of her family, friends and people in her hometown. <mask>'s mother renamed her Véronique. In 1983, <mask> was granted permission by a court in Utrecht to change her legal name, she added her second name Françoise (after her best friend), and third name Caroline (after Caroline Cossey, a British model who appeared in the 1981 James Bond-film For Your Eyes Only with Roger Moore). Initially unaware of the phenomenon of transsexualism and gender reassignment surgery (GRS), <mask> conveyed in her 2007 memoir that the international media attention around Cossey in 1982 regarding her transition helped Renard to self-diagnose her own

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Vronique Françoise Caroline Renard
) Gerardus Renard
Renard
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title: Veronique Renard

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 gender dysphoria.The day after reading about Cossey in a Dutch tabloid, <mask> consulted her doctor and shortly after, the Amsterdam Gender Team. <mask> was diagnosed with Klinefelter's syndrome, having 47 chromosomes (XXY). Females have an XX chromosomal makeup, and males an XY. Renard started hormone replacement therapy soon after. She completed her physical transition 18 months later in 1984. <mask> was one of the first 150 persons to receive contemporary GRS in the Netherlands. Louis Gooren, a professor of endocrinology at the special chair of transsexology at the Free University Amsterdam, guided her through the process.The medical team involved in her GRS included plastic surgeons Auke de Boer and J. Joris Hage as well as gynecologists C. Jager and A. Drogendijk. In 1984, at age 18, <mask> learned from the Amsterdam Gender Team that she was most likely the youngest person in the world to receive complete contemporary GRS. In October 1984, the Dutch Government granted <mask> permission to have her gender corrected on her birth certificate. <mask> is most likely the first post-operative trans woman in the world to be legally recognized as a female. In the early 1980s, Louis Gooren, a professor, put pressure on the Dutch parliament to discuss the option of legal recognition of post-operative transsexuals in the Netherlands. The Netherlands became the first country in the world to legally and fully recognise post-operative transsexuals by accepting a new law in 1985. Fearing rejection and discrimination, Renard never volunteered to mention her gender reassignment to friends, colleagues and lovers.Career

1982–1999
<mask> started her career in 1982 working for a local travel agency. Thereafter she was employed as a management assistant with Philips Electronics and Mercedes Benz. As

masks: Renard Renard Renard Renard Renard Renard Renard


title: Veronique Renard

texts: from 1984 she held various functions with the University of Utrecht. In 1987 she moved to working as the personal assistant of the vice president of Amdahl Netherlands. In 1989 <mask> was hired by Amdahl’s main competitor IBM. As she felt dissatisfied with IBM’s corporate atmosphere, she found new employment with TNT-XP. <mask> left the company  after 6 months.In 1990, while working as a temp for ExpoConsult, she was contacted by a business partner of ExpoConsult, the US-based publisher Conway Data Inc. The president asked her to set up a European branch office, launch a European edition of their business magazine Site Selection, and represent the organisation at international events. She also functioned as the administrator of Industrial Development Research Council (IDRC) Europe. In 1994 <mask> left the company in order to concentrate on her academic studies. She attained a Ph.D. in Dutch Literature in 1997. In 1997 <mask> started working as an office manager for Lucent Technologies. Five months later, <mask> was informed by one of her colleagues that there were rumours within the organisation regarding <mask>’s alleged transsexualism and upcoming lay-off.Renard threatened Lucent to take them to court, accusing them of discrimination. The dispute was settled out of court. <mask>’s last employment started in January 1999 as an office and relocation manager with Davilex, a fast-growing computer game company which was in the process of building a new head office. Days after <mask> successfully completed the company’s relocation project, the president asked her to leave the company. <mask> received word that the board of directors found out about her transsexualism. <mask> threatened Davilex to take them to court and make a major media hype out of her dismissal. Davilex and Renard's

masks: Renard Renard Renard Renard Renard Renard Renard Renard Renard Renard


title: Veronique Renard

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 lawyers eventually settled the case out of court.2000–present
In the spring of 2000, <mask> moved to the hometown of the exiled Dalai Lama in the Indian Himalayas. There she focused on her activities as a writer and pro-Tibet activist. Concerned with the well-being of the Tibetan people and preservation of Tibetan culture, <mask> hopes to create more awareness regarding the Tibetan plight by means of the written word. In 2000 and 2001 she published three books in English, in India and Nepal regarding the Tibetan Freedom Struggle (Pantau in Dharamsala, The Fire of Hell, Pantau in India). A Dutch version of her autobiography Pantau in India has also been published in the Netherlands and Belgium in 2003. In 2006, Pantau in India has also been published in the English in the United States. In June 2007, <mask> published her follow-up memoir, Pholomolo - No Man No Woman.This book focuses on her experiences with gender dysphoria. After living in the Himalayas for nearly seven years, <mask> moved to Thailand in October 2006. In November 2009, <mask> signed a book deal with the American publisher PD Publishing. Pantau Foundation
In May 2000, <mask> established the Pantau Foundation to raise funds and help destitute Tibetan refugee children living in exile in India. Together with her Dharamsala-based spokesperson, Jonathan Blair, and New York-based friends Bobby John Parker Jr. and Sebastian Bond, the foundation supports a growing number of Tibetan children. Personal life
<mask> had numerous romantic relationships, some of which she describes in her memoirs including Malicious Mistake (1985) and Pholomolo - No man No Woman (2007). Several ended when her gender identity as a trans woman was revealed.In 1992, during a business trip to the French Riviera, she met a young British aristocrat


title: Veronique Renard

texts:
 residing in Paris, the son of a billionaire. Though deeply in love with each other, the man  was forced by his parents to end his relationship with her in order to marry a British lady (aristocrat). As part of her spiritual journey in the Himalayas, Renard practiced celibacy and abstinence between November 2001 and March 2005. During a vacation in Thailand in the winter of 2005 she started dating a Thai physician of Chinese descent. Renard returned to India three months later but finally decided to immigrate to Thailand. Renard lived in Bangkok for 5 years before she returned to the Netherlands in 2011. Works
 Pantau in Dharamsala, (2000) English edition published by Everest Press, New Delhi, India
 The Fire of Hell, by Lobsang Yonten and <mask> <mask> (2001), published by Pilgrims Publishers, New Delhi, India
 Pantau in India, (2001), First English edition published by Pilgrims Publishers, New Delhi, India
 Pantau in India, (2003), Dutch edition published by Aspekt Publishers, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
 Pantau in India, (2006), Revised English edition published by IUniverse, Lincoln, New York, Shanghai
 Pholomolo - No man No Woman (2007), English edition published by IUniverse, Lincoln, New York, Shanghai

References

External links
 <mask> <mask>'s personal website
 <mask> <mask>'s Press & Media page An overview of newspaper, magazine articles, books, and press releases, in both the Dutch and the English.1965 births
Living people
20th-century Dutch women writers
20th-century Dutch writers
LGBT writers from the Netherlands
LGBT memoirists
People from Nieuwegein
Intersex women
Transgender and transsexual artists
Transgender and transsexual women
Transgender and transsexual writers
Tibet freedom activists
Dutch painters
21st-century Dutch women writers
21st-century Dutch

masks: Veronique Renard Veronique Renard Veronique Renard


title: Roman Polanski

texts: <mask> ( ;  ;  born Raymond Thierry Liebling on 18 August 1933) is a Polish and French film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor. His Polish–Jewish parents moved the family from Paris back to Kraków in 1937. Two years later, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany starting World War II and the family found themselves trapped in the Kraków Ghetto. After his mother and father were taken in raids, <mask> spent his formative years in foster homes under an adopted identity, surviving the Holocaust. <mask>'s first feature-length film, Knife in the Water (1962), was made in Poland and was nominated for the United States Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. In the United Kingdom he directed three films, beginning with Repulsion (1965). In 1968, he moved to the United States and cemented his status by directing the horror film Rosemary's Baby (1968).A turning point in his life took place in 1969, when his pregnant wife, actress Sharon Tate, and four friends were brutally murdered by members of the Manson Family. He made Macbeth (1971) in England and Chinatown (1974) back in Hollywood. In 1977, <mask> was arrested and charged with drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl. As a result of a plea bargain, he pleaded guilty to the lesser offence of unlawful sex with a minor. In 1978, upon learning that the judge planned to reject his plea deal and impose a prison term instead of probation, he fled to Paris. As a result, <mask> is a fugitive from the U.S. criminal justice system. After fleeing to Europe, <mask> continued directing.His other critically acclaimed films include Tess (1979), The Pianist (2002), The Ghost Writer (2010), Venus in Fur (2013),

masks:
Roman Polanski
Polanski
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Polanski


title: Roman Polanski

texts:
 and An Officer and a Spy (2019). During his career <mask> has received five Oscar nominations, winning the Academy Award for Best Director in 2003 for The Pianist. He has also received two Golden Globe Awards, two BAFTAs, a Palme d'Or of the 2002 Cannes Film Festival in France, as well as multiple Césars. Early life
<mask> was born in Paris; he was the son of Bula "Bella" (née Katz-Przedborska) and Mojżesz Liebling, a painter and manufacturer of sculptures, who after World War II was known as Ryszard Polański. <mask>'s father was Jewish and originally from Poland; <mask>'s mother, born in Russia, had been raised Roman Catholic and was of half Jewish ancestry. His mother had a daughter, Annette, by her previous husband. Annette managed to survive Auschwitz, where her mother was murdered, and left Poland forever for France.<mask>'s parents were both agnostics. <mask> later stated that he was an atheist. World War II
The Polański family moved back to the Polish city of Kraków in early 1937, and were living there when World War II began with the invasion of Poland. Kraków was soon occupied by the German forces, and the racist and anti-Semitic Nuremberg Laws made the Polańskis targets of persecution, forcing them into the Kraków Ghetto, along with thousands of the city's Jews. Around the age of six, he attended primary school for only a few weeks, until "all the Jewish children were abruptly expelled," writes biographer Christopher Sandford. That initiative was soon followed by the requirement that all Jewish children over the age of twelve wear white armbands with a blue Star of David imprinted for visual identification. After he was expelled, he

masks: Polanski Polanski Polanski Polanski Polanski Polanski


title: Roman Polanski

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 would not be allowed to enter another classroom for the next six years.<mask> then witnessed both the ghettoization of Kraków's Jews into a compact area of the city, and the subsequent deportation of all the ghetto's Jews to German death camps. He watched as his father was taken away. He remembers from age six, one of his first experiences of the terrors to follow:

His father was transferred, along with thousands of other Jews, to Mauthausen, a group of 49 German concentration camps in Austria. His mother was taken to Auschwitz, and was killed soon after arriving. The forced exodus took place immediately after the German liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto, a real-life backdrop to <mask>'s film The Pianist (2002). <mask>, who was then hiding from the Germans, remembered seeing his father being marched off with a long line of people. Polanski tried getting closer to his father to ask him what was happening and managed to get within a few yards.His father saw him, but afraid his son might be spotted by the German soldiers, whispered (in Polish), "Get lost!" Polanski escaped the Kraków Ghetto in 1943 and survived with the help of some Polish Roman Catholics, including a woman who had promised Polanski's father that she would shelter the boy. Polanski attended church, learned to recite Catholic prayers by heart, and behaved outwardly as a Roman Catholic, although he was never baptized. His efforts to blend into a Catholic household failed miserably at least once, when the parish priest visiting the family posed questions to him one-on-one about the catechism, and ultimately said, "You aren't one of us". The punishment for helping a Jew in German-occupied

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title: Roman Polanski

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 Poland was death. As he roamed the countryside trying to survive in a Poland now occupied by German troops, he witnessed many horrors, such as being "forced to take part in a cruel and sadistic game in which German soldiers took shots at him for target practice." Author Ian Freer concludes that Polanski's constant childhood fears and dread of violence have contributed to the "tangible atmospheres he conjures up on film."By the time the war ended in 1945, a fifth of the Polish population had been killed, with the vast majority of the victims being civilians. Of those deaths, 3 million were Polish Jews, which accounted for 90% of the country's Jewish population. According to Sandford, <mask> would use the memory of his mother, her dress and makeup style, as a physical model for Faye Dunaway's character in his film Chinatown (1974). After the war
After the war, he was reunited with his father and moved back to Kraków. His father remarried on 21 December 1946 to Wanda Zajączkowska (whom Polanski had never liked) and died of cancer in 1984. Time repaired the family contacts; Polanski visited them in Kraków, and relatives visited him in Hollywood and Paris. Polanski recalls the villages and families he lived with as relatively primitive by European standards:

He stated that "you must live in a Communist country to really understand how bad it can be.Then you will appreciate capitalism." He also remembered events at the war's end and his reintroduction to mainstream society when he was 12, forming friendships with other children, such as Roma Ligocka, Ryszard Horowitz and his family. Introduction to movies
<mask>'s fascination with cinema began very

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title: Roman Polanski

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 early when he was around age four or five. He recalls this period in an interview:

After the war, he watched films, either at school or at a local cinema, using whatever pocket money he had. <mask> writes, "Most of this went on the movies, but movie seats were dirt cheap, so a little went a long way. I lapped up every kind of film." As time went on, movies became more than an escape into entertainment, as he explains:
 He was above all influenced by Sir Carol Reed's Odd Man Out (1947) - "I still consider it as one of the best movies I've ever seen and a film which made me want to pursue this career more than anything else ...I always dreamt of doing things of this sort or that style. To a certain extent I must say that I somehow perpetuate the ideas of that movie in what I do." Early career in Poland

<mask> attended the National Film School in Łódź, the third-largest city in Poland. In the 1950s, <mask> took up acting, appearing in Andrzej Wajda's Pokolenie (A Generation, 1954) and in the same year in Silik Sternfeld's Zaczarowany rower (Enchanted Bicycle or Magical Bicycle). <mask>'s directorial debut was also in 1955 with a short film Rower (Bicycle). Rower is a semi-autobiographical feature film, believed to be lost, which also starred <mask>. It refers to his real-life violent altercation with a notorious Kraków felon, Janusz Dziuba, who arranged to sell Polanski a bicycle, but instead beat him badly and stole his money.In real life, the offender was arrested while fleeing after fracturing <mask>'s skull, and executed for three murders, out of eight prior such assaults which he had committed. Several other short films made during his study


title: Roman Polanski

texts:
 at Łódź gained him considerable recognition, particularly Two Men and a Wardrobe (1958) and When Angels Fall (1959). He graduated in 1959. Film director

1960s

Knife in the Water (1962)
<mask>'s first feature-length film, Knife in the Water, was also one of the first significant Polish films after the Second World War that did not have a war theme. Scripted by  Jerzy Skolimowski, Jakub Goldberg, and <mask>, Knife in the Water is about a wealthy, unhappily married couple who decide to take a mysterious hitchhiker with them on a weekend boating excursion. Knife in the Water was a major commercial success in the West and gave <mask> an international reputation. The film also earned its director his first Academy Award nomination (Best Foreign Language Film) in 1963.Leon Niemczyk, who played Andrzej, was the only professional actor in the film. Jolanta Umecka, who played Krystyna, was discovered by <mask> at a swimming pool. <mask> left then-communist Poland and moved to France, where he had already made two notable short films in 1961: The Fat and the Lean and Mammals. While in France, <mask> contributed one segment ("La rivière de diamants") to the French-produced omnibus film, Les plus belles escroqueries du monde (English title: The Beautiful Swindlers) in 1964. (He has since had the segment removed from all releases of the film.) However, Polanski found that in the early 1960s, the French film industry was xenophobic and generally unwilling to support a rising filmmaker of foreign origin. Repulsion (1965)
Polanski made three feature films in England, based on original scripts written by himself and Gérard Brach, a frequent collaborator.Repulsion


title: Roman Polanski

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 (1965) is a psychological horror film focusing on a young Belgian woman named Carol (Catherine Deneuve). The film's themes, situations, visual motifs, and effects clearly reflect the influence of early surrealist cinema as well as horror movies of the 1950s—particularly Luis Buñuel's Un chien Andalou, Jean Cocteau's The Blood of a Poet, Henri-Georges Clouzot's Diabolique and Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho. Cul-de-sac (1966)
Cul-de-sac (1966) is a bleak nihilist tragicomedy filmed on location in Northumberland. The tone and premise of the film owe a great deal to Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot, along with aspects of Harold Pinter's The Birthday Party. The Fearless Vampire Killers/Dance of the Vampires (1967)
The Fearless Vampire Killers (1967) (known by its original title, "Dance of the Vampires" in most countries outside the United States) is a parody of vampire films. The plot concerns a buffoonish professor and his clumsy assistant, Alfred (played by <mask>), who are traveling through Transylvania in search of vampires. The Fearless Vampire Killers was Polanski's first feature to be photographed in color with the use of Panavision lenses, and included a striking visual style with snow-covered, fairy-tale landscapes, similar to the work of Soviet fantasy filmmakers.In addition, the richly textured color schemes of the settings evoke the paintings of the Belarusian-Jewish artist Marc Chagall, who provides the namesake for the innkeeper in the film. The film was written for Jack MacGowran, who played the lead role of Professor Abronsius. Polanski met Sharon Tate while making the film; she played the role of the local innkeeper's daughter. They were


title: Roman Polanski

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 married in London on  1968. Shortly after they married, <mask>, with Tate at his side during a documentary film, described the demands of young movie viewers who he said always wanted to see something "new" and "different". Rosemary's Baby (1968)
Paramount studio head Robert Evans brought Polanski to America ostensibly to direct the film Downhill Racer, but told Polanski that he really wanted him to read the horror novel Rosemary's Baby by Ira Levin to see if a film could be made out of it. Polanski read it non-stop through the night and the following morning decided he wanted to write as well as direct it.He wrote the 272-page screenplay in slightly longer than three weeks. The film, Rosemary's Baby (1968), was a box-office success and became his first Hollywood production, thereby establishing his reputation as a major commercial filmmaker. The film, a horror-thriller set in trendy Manhattan, is about Rosemary Woodhouse (Mia Farrow), a young housewife who is impregnated by the devil. <mask>'s screenplay adaptation earned him a second Academy Award nomination. On 9 August 1969, while <mask> was working in London, his pregnant wife, Sharon Tate, and four other people were murdered at the <mask>' residence in Los Angeles by cult leader Charles Manson's followers. 1970s

Macbeth (1971)
Polanski adapted Macbeth into a screenplay with the Shakespeare expert Kenneth Tynan. Jon Finch and Francesca Annis played the main characters.Hugh Hefner and Playboy Productions funded the 1971 film, which opened in New York and was screened in Playboy Theater. Hefner was credited as executive producer, and the film was listed as a "Playboy Production". It was

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title: Roman Polanski

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 controversial because of Lady Macbeth's being nude in a scene, and received an X rating because of its graphic violence and nudity. In his autobiography, <mask> wrote that he wanted to be true to the violent nature of the work and that he had been aware that his first project following Tate's murder would be subject to scrutiny and probable criticism regardless of the subject matter; if he had made a comedy he would have been perceived as callous. What? (1973)
Written by <mask> and previous collaborator Gérard Brach, What? (1973) is a mordant absurdist comedy loosely based on the themes of Alice in Wonderland and Henry James.The film is a rambling shaggy dog story about the sexual indignities that befall a winsome young American hippie woman hitchhiking through Europe. Chinatown (1974)

<mask> returned to Hollywood in 1973 to direct Chinatown (1974) for Paramount Pictures. The film is widely considered to be one of the finest American mystery crime movies, inspired by the real-life California Water Wars, a series of disputes over southern California water at the beginning of the 20th century. It was nominated for 11 Academy Awards, including those for actors Jack Nicholson and Faye Dunaway. Robert Towne won for Best Original Screenplay. It also had actor-director John Huston in a supporting role, and was the last film <mask> directed in the United States. In 1991, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant" and it is frequently listed as among the best in world cinema.The Tenant (1976)
<mask> returned to Paris for his

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title: Roman Polanski

texts:
 next film, The Tenant (1976), which was based on a 1964 novel by Roland Topor, a French writer of Polish-Jewish origin. In addition to directing the film, <mask> also played a leading role of a timid Polish immigrant living in Paris. Together with Repulsion and Rosemary's Baby, The Tenant can be seen as the third installment in a loose trilogy of films called the "Apartment Trilogy" that explores the themes of social alienation and psychic and emotional breakdown. In 1978, <mask> became a fugitive from American justice and could no longer work in countries where he might face arrest or extradition. Tess (1979)
He dedicated his next film, Tess (1979), to the memory of his late wife, Sharon Tate. It was Tate who first suggested he read Tess of the d'Urbervilles, which she thought would make a good film; he subsequently expected her to star in it. Nearly a decade after Tate's death, he met Nastassja Kinski, a model and aspiring young actress who had already been in a number of European films.He offered her the starring role, which she accepted. Her father was Klaus Kinski, a leading German actor, who had introduced her to films. Because the role required having a local dialect, <mask> sent her to London for five months of study and to spend time in the Dorset countryside to get a flavor of the region. In the film, Kinski starred opposite Peter Firth and Leigh Lawson. Tess was shot in the north of France instead of Hardy's England and became the most expensive film made in France up to that time. Ultimately, it proved a financial success and was well received by both critics and the public. <mask> won France's César Awards for Best Picture and Best

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title: Roman Polanski

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 Director and received his fourth Academy Award nomination (and his second nomination for Best Director).The film received three Oscars: best cinematography, best art direction, best costume design, and was nominated for best picture. At the time, there were rumors that <mask> and Kinski became romantically involved, which he confirmed in a 1994 interview with Diane Sawyer, but she says the rumors are untrue; they were never lovers or had an affair. She admits that "there was a flirtation. There could have been a seduction, but there was not. He had respect for me." She also recalls his influence on her while filming: "He was really a gentleman, not at all like the things I had heard. He introduced me to beautiful books, plays, movies.He educated me." On an emotional level, she said years later that "he was one of the people in my life who cared, ... who took me seriously and gave me a lot of strength." She told David Letterman more about her experience working with <mask> during an interview. 1980s

In 1981, <mask> directed and co-starred (as Mozart) in a stage production of Peter Shaffer's play Amadeus, first in Warsaw, then in Paris. The play was again directed by <mask>, in Milan, in 1999. Pirates (1986)
Nearly seven years passed before <mask>'s next film, Pirates, a lavish period piece starring Walter Matthau as Captain Red, which the director intended as an homage to the beloved Errol Flynn swashbucklers of his childhood. Captain Red's henchman, Jean Baptiste, was played by Cris Campion.The film is about a rebellion the two led on a ship called the Neptune, in the seventeenth century. The screenplay was written by <mask>, Gérard Brach, and


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 John Brownjohn. The film was shot on location in Tunisia, using a full-sized pirate vessel constructed for the production. It was a financial and critical failure, recovering a small fraction of its production budget and garnering a single Academy Award nomination. Frantic (1988)
Frantic (1988) was a Hitchcockian suspense-thriller starring Harrison Ford and the actress/model Emmanuelle Seigner, who later became <mask>'s wife. The film follows an ordinary tourist in Paris whose wife is kidnapped. He attempts, hopelessly, to go through the Byzantine bureaucratic channels to deal with her disappearance, but finally takes matters into his own hands.1990s

Bitter Moon (1992)
In 1992 <mask> followed with the dark psycho-sexual film Bitter Moon. Death and the Maiden (1994)
In 1994 <mask> directed a film of the acclaimed play Death and the Maiden. The Fearless Vampire Killers (1997)
In 1997, <mask> directed a stage version of his 1967 film The Fearless Vampire Killers, which debuted in Vienna followed by successful runs in Stuttgart, Hamburg, Berlin, and Budapest. On  1998, <mask> was elected a member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts. The Ninth Gate (1999)
The Ninth Gate is a thriller based on the novel El Club Dumas by Arturo Perez-Reverte and starring Johnny Depp. The movie's plot is based on the idea that an ancient text called "The Nine Gates of the Kingdom of Shadows", authored by Aristide Torchia along with Lucifer, is the key to raising Satan. 2000s

The Pianist (2002)
In 2001, Polanski filmed The Pianist, an adaptation of the World War II autobiography of the same name by Polish-Jewish musician Władysław Szpilman.Szpilman's experiences as a


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 persecuted Jew in Poland during World War II were reminiscent of those of <mask> and his family. While Szpilman and <mask> escaped the concentration camps, their families did not, eventually perishing. When Warsaw, Poland, was chosen for the 2002 premiere of The Pianist, "the country exploded with pride." According to reports, numerous former communists came to the screening and "agreed that it was a fantastic film." In May 2002, the film won the Palme d'Or (Golden Palm) award at the Cannes Film Festival, as well as Césars for Best Film and Best Director, and later the 2002 Academy Award for Best Director. Because <mask> would have been arrested in the United States, he did not attend the Academy Awards ceremony in Hollywood. After the announcement of the Best Director Award, Polanski received a standing ovation from most of those present in the theater.Actor Harrison Ford accepted the award for <mask> and then presented the Oscar to him at the Deauville Film Festival five months later in a public ceremony. <mask> later received the Crystal Globe award for outstanding artistic contribution to world cinema at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival in 2004. Oliver Twist  (2005)
Oliver Twist is an adaptation of Charles Dickens' novel, written by The Pianists Ronald Harwood and shot in Prague. <mask> said in interviews that he made the film as something he could show his children and that the life of the young scavenger mirrored his own life, fending for himself in World War II Poland. 2010s

The Ghost Writer (2010)
The Ghost Writer, a thriller focusing on a ghostwriter working on the memoirs of a character based loosely on former British prime


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 minister Tony Blair, swept the European Film Awards in 2010, winning six awards, including best movie, director, actor and screenplay. When it premiered at the 60th Berlinale in February 2010, <mask> won a Silver Bear for Best Director, and in February 2011, it won four César Awards, France's version of the Academy Awards. The film is based on a novel by British writer Robert Harris.Harris and <mask> had previously worked for many months on a film of Harris's earlier novel Pompeii, a novel that was actually inspired by <mask>'s Chinatown. They had completed a script for Pompeii and were nearing production when the film was cancelled due to a looming actors' strike in September 2007. After that film fell apart, they moved on to Harris's novel, The Ghost, and adapted it for the screen together. The cast includes Ewan McGregor as the writer and Pierce Brosnan as former British Prime Minister Adam Lang. The film was shot on locations in Germany. In the United States, film critic Roger Ebert included it in his top 10 picks for 2010 and states that "this movie is the work of a man who knows how to direct a thriller. Smooth, calm, confident, it builds suspense instead of depending on shock and action."Co-star Ewan McGregor agreed, having said about <mask> that "he's a legend ... I've never examined a director and the way that they work so much before. He's brilliant, just brilliant, and absolutely warrants his reputation as a great director." Carnage (2011)
<mask> shot Carnage in February/March 2011. The film is a screen version of Yasmina Reza's play God of Carnage, a comedy about two couples who meet after their children get in a fight at school, and


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 how their initially civilized conversation devolves into chaos. It stars Kate Winslet, Jodie Foster, Christoph Waltz and John C. Reilly. Though set in New York, it was shot in Paris.The film had its world premiere on 9 September 2011 at the Venice Film Festival and was released in the United States by Sony Pictures Classics on 16 December 2011. Co-stars Jodie Foster and Kate Winslet commented about <mask>'s directing style. According to Foster, "He has a very, very definitive style about how he likes it done. He decides everything. He decided every lens. Every prop. Everything.It's all him." Winslet adds that "<mask> is one of the most extraordinary men I've ever met. The guy is 77 years old. He has an effervescent quality to him. He's very joyful about his work, which is infectious. He likes to have a small crew, to the point that, when I walked on the set, my thought was, 'My God, this is it?'" Also noting that style of directing, New York Film Festival director Richard Pena, during the American premiere of the film, called <mask> "a poet of small spaces ... in just a couple of rooms he can conjure up an entire world, an entire society."<mask> makes an uncredited cameo appearance as a neighbor. Venus in Fur (2013)

<mask>'s French-language adaptation of the award-winning play Venus in Fur, stars his wife Emmanuelle Seigner and Mathieu Amalric. <mask> worked with the play's author, David Ives, on the screenplay. The film was shot from December 2012 to February 2013 in French and is <mask>'s first non-English-language feature film in forty years. The film premiered in competition at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival on 25 May 2013. Based on a True

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 Story  (2017)

<mask>'s Based on a True Story is an adaptation of the French novel by bestselling author Delphine de Vignan. The film  follows a writer (Emmanuelle Seigner) struggling to complete a new novel, while followed by an obsessed fan (Eva Green).It started production in November 2016 from a script adapted by <mask> and Olivier Assayas. It premiered out of competition at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival on 27 May 2017 and opened in France on 1 November 2017. An Officer and a Spy (2019)
<mask>'s next film, An Officer and a Spy, centers on the notorious 19th century Dreyfus affair, The film stars Jean Dujardin as French officer Georges Picquart and follows his struggle from 1896–1906 to expose the truth about the doctored evidence that led to Alfred Dreyfus, one of the few Jewish members of the French Army's general staff, being wrongly convicted of passing military secrets to the German Empire and sent to Devil's Island. The film is written by Robert Harris, who is working with <mask> for the third time. It co-stars Louis Garrel as Dreyfus, Mathieu Amalric, Olivier Gourmet and Polanski's wife Emmanuelle Seigner. It is being produced by Alain Goldman's Legende Films and distributed by Gaumont. Filming began on 26 November 2018 and was completed on 28 April 2019.Although set in Paris, the film was first scheduled to shoot in Warsaw in 2014, for economic reasons. However, production was postponed after <mask> moved to Poland for filming and the U.S. Government filed extradition papers. The Polish government eventually rejected them, by which time new French film tax credits had been introduced, allowing the film to shoot on location in Paris. It


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 was budgeted at €60m and was again set to start production in July 2016, however its production was postponed as <mask> waited on the availability of a star, whose name was not announced. In a 2017 interview <mask> discussed the difficulty of the project:

It had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on 30 August 2019. It received a standing ovation and won the Grand Jury Prize. It is scheduled to be released in France on 13 November 2019, by Gaumont.The film has received backlash due to the plot of the film relating to <mask>'s sexual abuse case and further accusations of harassment and assault. 2020s

Fifth César Award for Best Director
In February 2020, <mask> won Best Director at France's 2020 Cesar Awards. Neither <mask> nor the cast and crew of An Officer and a Spy (J'accuse) attended the awards ceremony hosted at the Salle Pleyel in Paris. <mask> said that he will not submit himself to a "public lynching" over rape accusations he denies. Addressing the accusations of sexual assault leveled at him, he said, "Fantasies of unhealthy minds are now treated as proven facts." This is <mask>'s fifth Best Director Cesar win, the record for a single director; he previously won for Tess, The Pianist, The Ghost Writer, and Venus in Fur. Prior to the awards ceremony, Polanski released a statement, saying, "For several days, people have asked me this question: Will I or won't I attend the Cesar ceremony?The question I ask in turn is this: How could I?. [...] The way the night will unfold, we already know in advance," he continued. "Activists have already threatened me with a public lynching, some have announced protests in front of the Salle

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texts: Pleyel. Others intend to make it a platform to denounce (the) governing body. It promises to look more like a symposium than a celebration of cinema." <mask> said he was skipping the ceremony in order to protect his team as well as his wife and children, who "have been made to suffer injuries and affronts." Making reference to the recent media scandal that led to the Cesar board's mass resignation, <mask> added: "The press and social media have presented our 12 nominations as if they were gifts offered to us by the academy's board of directors, as some authoritarian gesture that had forced their resignations.Doing so undermines the secret vote of the 4,313 professionals who alone decide the nominations and the more than 1.5 million viewers who came to see the film." Despite <mask>'s absence from the awards ceremony, his nomination and win sparked protests due to the rape charges that he still faces. The protestors held up signs with slogans like "Shame on an industry that protects rapists." Police clashed with protestors, even firing tear gas upon them. Actions were also taken by celebrities, such as Adèle Haenel, Noémie Merlant, and Celine Sciamma who walked out of the awards. Many other celebrities and feminists spoke out against Polanski online, such as NousToutes, a French feminist collective, who called the win "shameful", and Jessica Chastain tweeted, "I Fucking Stan" in regard to the protests. At the same time some celebrities came to his defense, like actress Fanny Ardant, who said, "When I love someone, I love them passionately.And I love <mask>ki a lot... a lot... So I'm very happy for him. Then, I understand that not everyone agrees but

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texts: long live freedom!" and actress Brigitte Bardot who said, "Thankfully <mask> exists and he is saving cinema from its mediocrity! I judge him on his talent and not on his private life! I regret never having shot with him!". The actor Lambert Wilson called the protest campaign against Polanski "abominable public lynching", as did Isabelle Huppert, who stated that "lynching is a form of pornography".Likewise, Polanski's alleged victim Samantha Geimer criticized the protesters as "very opportunistic", and said that "If you want to change the world today, you do it by... demanding people be held accountable today, not by picking someone who is famous and thinking that if you demonise him for things that happened decades ago that somehow that has any value in protecting people and changing society". In an interview to promote the film, <mask> admitted: "I am familiar with many of the workings of the apparatus of persecution shown in the film... I can see the same determination to deny the facts and condemn me for things I have not done. Most of the people who harass me do not know me and know nothing about the case." In October 2020, <mask> went back to Poland and paid respects to a Polish couple who helped him hide and escape the Nazis. Stefania and Jan Buchala were recognized by Yad Vashem, Israel's Holocaust memorial, as "Righteous Among the Nations". <mask> recalled Stefania Buchala as being an "extremely noble" and courageous person.In April 2021, it was announced that <mask> will direct The Palace, a drama about the guests at a Swiss luxurious hotel on New Year's Eve 1999. <mask> co-wrote the screenplay with fellow Polish director Jerzy


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 Skolimowski, who also co-wrote <mask>'s first feature, Knife in the Water, in 1962. Rai Cinema and Eliseo Entertainment will produce the film. Personal life
In 1959, <mask> married actress Barbara Kwiatkowska-Lass. She starred in his short film When Angels Fall. The couple divorced in 1961. <mask> met actress Sharon Tate while filming The Fearless Vampire Killers, and during the production, the two of them began dating.On  1968, <mask> and Tate married in London. In February 1969 <mask> and Tate began renting a Los Angeles home. In August, while <mask> was in Europe working on a film, Tate remained home, eight-and-a-half months pregnant. The Manson Family cult broke into the home late in the evening of August 8 and proceeded to murder Tate and four others. Tate's unborn child was posthumously named Paul Richard <mask>. Charles Manson, along with members of the cult, was arrested in late 1969, eventually tried, and found guilty in 1971 of first-degree murder. <mask> has said that his absence on the night of the murders is the greatest regret of his life.He wrote in his autobiography: "Sharon's death is the only watershed in my life that really matters", and commented that her murder changed his personality from a "boundless, untroubled sea of expectations and optimism" to one of "ingrained pessimism ... eternal dissatisfaction with life". Polanski was left with a negative impression of the press, which he felt was interested in sensationalizing the lives of the victims, and indirectly himself, to attract readers. He was shocked by the lack of sympathy expressed in various news stories:

Among the media-generated sensationalism were rumors that

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 claimed Tate and her visitors were taking drugs, despite the coroner's announcing that no traces of drugs were found after Tate's autopsy. For years afterward, notes Sandford, "reporters openly speculated about the Polanskis' home life" and their personalities in order to create more media gossip about the private lives of Hollywood celebrities. In 1989, Polanski married actress Emmanuelle Seigner. They have two children, daughter Morgane and son Elvis. Polanski and his children speak Polish at home.In May 2018, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences voted to expel <mask> from its membership. The same year, his wife Emmanuelle Seigner rejected the invitation to join the Academy, denouncing the "hypocrisy" of a group that expelled <mask>. Legal history
In 1977, <mask> was arrested and charged with drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl. As a result of a plea bargain, he pleaded guilty to the lesser offence of unlawful sex with a minor. In 1978, after learning that the judge planned to reject his plea deal and impose a prison term instead of probation, he fled to Paris. A number of other women have later accused <mask> of raping them when they were teenagers. An Interpol red notice was issued for his arrest, and he rarely leaves France.Sexual abuse case

On 11 March 1977, three years after making Chinatown, <mask> was arrested at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel for the sexual assault of 13-year-old Samantha Gailey. Gailey had modeled for <mask> during a Vogue photoshoot the previous day around the swimming pool at the Bel Air home of  <mask> was indicted on six counts of criminal behavior, including rape. At his arraignment, he pleaded not


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 guilty to all charges. Many executives in Hollywood came to his defense. Gailey's attorney arranged a plea bargain in which five of the six charges would be dismissed, and <mask> accepted. As a result of the plea bargain, Polanski pleaded guilty to the charge of "unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor", and was ordered to undergo 90 days of psychiatric evaluation at California Institution for Men at Chino. Upon release from prison after 42 days, Polanski agreed to the plea bargain, his penalty to be time served (the time he had already served in jail) along with probation.However, he learned afterward that the judge, Laurence J. Rittenband, had told some friends that he was going to disregard the plea bargain and sentence <mask> to 50 years in prison: "I'll see this man never gets out of jail," he told Polanski's friend, screenwriter Howard E. Koch. Gailey's attorney confirmed the judge changed his mind after he met the judge in his chambers:

Polanski was told by his attorney that "the judge could no longer be trusted" and that the judge's representations were "worthless". Polanski decided not to appear at his sentencing. He told his friend, producer Dino De Laurentiis, "I've made up my mind. I'm getting out of here." the day before sentencing, Polanski left the country on a flight to  where he had a home. One day later, he left for  As a French citizen, he has been protected from extradition and has lived mostly in France since then.Since he fled the United States before final sentencing, the charges are still pending. In 1988, Gailey sued <mask>. Among other things, the suit alleged sexual assault, false imprisonment, seduction of a minor, and


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texts: intentional infliction of emotional distress. In 1993, <mask> agreed to settle with his victim. In August 1996, <mask> still owed her $604,416; court filings confirm that the settlement was completed by 1997 via a confidential financial arrangement. The victim, now married and going by the name Samantha Geimer, stated in a 2003 interview with Larry King that the police and media had been slow at the time of the assault to believe her account, which she attributed to the social climate of the era. In 2008, she stated, "I don't wish for him to be held to further punishment or consequences."On 26 September 2009, <mask> was arrested while in Switzerland at the request of United States authorities. The arrest brought renewed attention to the case and stirred controversy, particularly in the United States and Europe. <mask> was defended by many prominent individuals, including Hollywood celebrities and European artists and politicians, who called for his release. American public opinion was reported to run against him, and polls in France and Poland showed that strong majorities favored his extradition to the United States. <mask> was jailed near Zürich for two months, then put under house arrest at his home in Gstaad while awaiting the results of his extradition appeals. On 12 July 2010, the Swiss rejected the United States' request, declared Polanski a "free man" and released him from custody. An Interpol red notice was issued in 1978 after he fled the United States, limiting his movements to France, Switzerland, and Poland.His name is no longer found on Interpol's wanted list. During a television interview on 10 March 2011, Geimer blamed the media,


title: Roman Polanski

texts: reporters, the court, and the judge for having caused "way more damage to me and my family than anything <mask>ki has ever done", and opined that the judge was using her and <mask> for the media exposure. In January 2014, newly uncovered emails from 2008 by a Los Angeles County Superior Court Judge, Larry P. Fidler, indicated that if <mask> returned to the United States for a hearing, the conduct of the judge who had originally presided over the case, Laurence A. Rittenband, might require that <mask> be freed. These emails were related to a 2008 documentary film by Marina Zenovich. In late October 2014, Polanski was questioned by prosecutors in Kraków. On 30 October 2015, Polish judge Dariusz Mazur denied a request by the United States to extradite <mask> (a dual French-Polish citizen) for a full trial, claiming that it would be "obviously unlawful". The Kraków prosecutor's office declined to challenge the court's ruling, agreeing that Polanski had served his punishment and did not need to face a U.S. court again.Poland's national justice ministry took up the appeal, arguing that sexual abuse of minors should be prosecuted regardless of the suspect's accomplishments or the length of time since the suspected crime took place. In a December 2016 decision, the Supreme Court of Poland dismissed the government's appeal, holding that the prosecutor general had failed to prove misconduct or flagrant legal error on the part of the lower court. Preparations for An Officer and a Spy had been stalled by the extradition request. On 3 May 2018, <mask> was removed from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, with the decision referencing the case.

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 <mask> has blamed Harvey Weinstein for the renewed focus on his sexual abuse case in the 2000s and claimed that Weinstein tried to brand him a "child rapist" to stop him from winning an Oscar in 2003. In a 2018 interview with Quillette, Samantha Geimer (previously Gailey) gave her thoughts on the case:

In her book, Geimer states: "As wrong as he was to do what he did, I know beyond a doubt that he didn't look at me as one of his victims. Not everyone will understand this, but I never thought he wanted to hurt me; he wanted me to enjoy it.He was arrogant and horny. But I feel certain he was not looking to take pleasure in my pain." In the interview, Geimer clarifies some of the notions that have been written in the media: "...why do others insist I must suffer, and that if I do not display the correct amount of agony and shame, that there must be something wrong with me? I don't have to be injured to prove what <mask> did was wrong. His intent was certainly not to injure or frighten me. People don't like facts that don't fit with their preconceptions." Towards the end of the interview she concludes:

Documentary films
In 2008, the documentary film by Marina Zenovich, <mask>ki: Wanted and Desired, was released in Europe and the United States where it won numerous awards.The film focuses on the judge in the case and the possible reasons why he changed his mind. It includes interviews with people involved in the case, including the victim, Geimer, and the prosecutor, Roger Gunson. Geimer said that the judge "didn't care what happened" to her or <mask>, but "was orchestrating some little show", while Gunson added, "I'm not surprised that <mask> left

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 under those circumstances, ... it was going to be a real circus." Former Los Angeles County Deputy District Attorney David Wells, whose statements were the most damning against <mask>, and who said he advised the judge to imprison Polanski, admitted that he lied about those statements, and said that to the press to "play up" his own role. In December 2009, a California appellate court discussed the film's allegations as it denied <mask>'s request to have the case dismissed. While saying it was "deeply concerned" by the allegations, and that the allegations were "in many cases supported by considerable evidence", it also found that "Even in light of our fundamental concern about the misconduct ... flight was not Polanski's only option. It was not even his best option."It said dismissal of the case, which would erase <mask>'s guilty plea, would not be an "appropriate result", and that he still had other legal options. In September 2011, the documentary film Roman Polanski: A Film Memoir had its world premiere in Zürich, Switzerland. During an interview in the film, he offers his apology to Geimer: "She is a double victim: My victim, and a victim of the press." On this occasion, he collected the lifetime achievement award he was to have received at the time of his arrest two years earlier. Vanity Fair libel case
In 2004, <mask> sued Vanity Fair magazine in London for libel. A 2002 article in the magazine claimed that Polanski promised he would "make another Sharon Tate out of you" in an attempt to seduce a Scandinavian model while he was travelling to Tate's funeral. He received supporting testimony from Mia Farrow, and Vanity Fair "was unable to


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 prove that the incident occurred".<mask> was awarded £50,000 in damages plus some of his legal costs. Matan Uziel libel case
In December 2017, Polanski filed a ₪1.5 million suit in Herzliya Magistrates' Court against Israeli journalist and filmmaker Matan Uziel. Polanski maintained that Uziel, through his website, www.imetpolanski.com, falsely reported that five women had come forward to accuse him of raping them. <mask> was suing for libel and defamation of character. Herzliya Magistrates' Court rejected <mask>'s request to be exempt from appearing in court after filing the libel suit. While <mask> gave various reasons for his inability to appear, the presiding judge, Gilad Hess, dismissed them one by one and ordered Polanski to pay Uziel ₪10,000 in costs. In November 2018, it was published that Polanski decided to drop the lawsuit, and was ordered by the court to pay Uziel ₪30,000 (US$8,000) for court costs.The court accepted Uziel's request that the suit not be dropped, but rather that it be rejected, making <mask> unable to sue Uziel again over the same issue in the future. In late December 2019, in <mask>'s interviews with Paris Match and Gazeta Wyborcza, the latter accused Matan Uziel of carefully orchestrating the attacks on his character and for playing a major role in designing an international campaign to besmirch his name and reputation in order to make his career fall from grace. Charlotte Lewis
In 2010, British actress Charlotte Lewis said that <mask> had "forced himself" on her while she was auditioning for a role in Paris in 1983, when she was 16 and he was 50. In 1999, Lewis had given a very different account of events in an


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 interview with the UK's News of the World, which was unearthed by the French daily Libération. In that interview, Lewis asserted that she had a six-month tryst with <mask> when she was 17: "I knew that <mask> had done something bad in the United States, but I wanted to be his mistress," Lewis said, according to Liberation. "I wanted him probably more than he wanted me." Lewis never mentioned any sexual abuse, and she said that their relationship ended when <mask> introduced her to Warren Beatty, and she claimed that they soon began an affair.She was cast in <mask>'s 1986 film Pirates, appeared at the Cannes film festival on his arm years after the alleged incident, and in an interview the year of the film's release, Lewis stated, "I'd love to have had a romantic relationship with [<mask>], and a physical one. You can't help falling in love with him. But he didn't want me that way." Additional allegations, 2017 onwards
In October 2017, a woman named Renate Langer interviewed by Swiss police said Polanski raped her in Gstaad when she was 15, in 1972. That same month, Marianne Barnard accused Polanski of having assaulted her in 1975, when she was 10 years old. In November 2019, French actress Valentine Monnier said Polanski violently raped her at a ski chalet in Gstaad in 1975. Filmography

Awards and nominations

Notes

References

Bibliography

 <mask>, <mask> (1973) <mask>'s What?From the original screenplay, London: Lorrimer. 91p. <mask>, <mask> (1973) What?, New York: Third press, 91p,
 Polanski, <mask> (1975) Three film scripts: Knife in the water [original screenplay by Jerzy Skolimowski, Jakub Goldberg and <mask>; translated by Boleslaw

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 Sulik]; Repulsion [original screenplay by <mask> and Gerard Brach]; Cul-de-sac [original screenplay by <mask> and Gerard Brach], introduction by Boleslaw Sulik, New York: Fitzhenry and Whiteside, 275p,
 Polanski, <mask> (1984) Knife in the water, Repulsion and Cul-de-sac: three filmscripts by <mask>ki, London: Lorrimer, 214p,  (hbk)  (pbk)
 <mask>, <mask> (1984, 1985) Roman by Polanski, New York: Morrow. , London: Heinemann. London: Pan. 456p. (hbk)  (pbk)
 <mask>, <mask> (2003) Le pianiste, Paris: Avant-Scene, 126p,
 Visser, John J.2008 Satan-el: Fallen Mourning Star (Chapter 5). Covenant People's Books. Young, Jordan R. (1987) The Beckett Actor: Jack MacGowran, Beginning to End. Beverly Hills: Moonstone Press

 Further reading
 Bugliosi, Vincent, with Gentry, Kurt, (1974) Helter Skelter, The Shocking Story of the Manson Murders, Arrow, London. Cronin, Paul (2005) <mask>: Interviews, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. 200p
 Farrow, Mia (1997). What Falls Away: A Memoir, New York: Bantam.Feeney, F.X. (text); Duncan, Paul (visual design). (2006). <mask>, Koln: Taschen. Jacke, Andreas (2010): <mask>—Traumatische Seelenlandschaften, Gießen: Psychosozial-Verlag. ,
 Kael, Pauline, 5001 Nights At The Movies, Zenith Books, 1982. King, Greg, Sharon Tate and The Manson Murders, Barricade Books, New York, 2000.Moldes, Diego:

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<mask> (1853–1931) (FRIBA) was a British architect, born in Brixton, Surrey, in October 1853. His parents were Christopher and <mask>. He was articled to Charles Henry Driver (1832–1900), whose offices were at 7 Parliament Street, London SW1, and who is best known as the architect for the Victoria Embankment and Abbey Mills. <mask> began his career as an architect working on a number of commissions in south London. In 1880 Sussex House, on the corner of Tooting Bec Gardens and Ambleside Avenue, was constructed as the Sussex House School (now residential). He designed a number of terraces around Mitcham Lane and Streatham station in what Pevsner calls a 'competent Queen Anne style'. At that time he favoured the use of dark red brick often carved into swags and floral designs.He was the architect for the 1880 Sussex House, on Garrads Rd, Wandsworth

In 1891 <mask> lived with his wife Elizabeth (born in Dublin) at 21 Carfax, Horsham, and in 1897 he designed the Westminster bank in the town's main square – one of his many commissions for this bank. Major works

<mask>'s best known work is St Paul's Studios on Talgarth Road, London, W14 in 1890 which have much in common with the hundreds of other domestic studios constructed towards the end of the 19th century. St Paul's studios were built by <mask> for James Fairless, a fineart publisher, to house bachelor artists. <mask> had previously built a similar house on the same street, at number 151, for Sir Coutts Lindsay, founder of the Grosvenor Gallery, which was the main showroom for

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 artists of the aesthetic movement such as Whistler. Sir Edward Burne-Jones painted his last canvas there, and his son, also a painter, lived there for many years. The spaces for art and life at St Paul's Studios comprised three rooms on the ground floor, a studio 30 feet long and 22 ft wide () with a  ceiling on the top floor, and a basement flat (which was originally for the housekeeper). In 2003, one of these studios was on the market at £1,100,000 – one thousand times the cost of its original construction.In 2007, another was on the market for £1,200,000. £220,000 in 1993 article on artists' studios in London

In 1895 his office was at 22 Chancery Lane, London but he had also been present in Horsham since 1891 at the latest. Most of his work is in London, although he also designed banks, a community centre and library at Cowfold in Sussex and St James's church at Littlehampton. In 1899 (KD) his partner was Percy Dean Lodge (who may have worked at Horsham only). From 1903, when this partnership was dissolved, until 1907 he was alone and then from 1907 to 1921 C R B Godman joined him and also his son, C W <mask>. Father and son remained partners after 1921 in London only. Lit: BAL Biog file

In 1896 he designed an electricity transformer sub-station adjacent to the Roman Catholic church at the junction of Tooting Bec Gardens and Streatham High Road in Lambeth.It was built in coarse rubble with ashlar dressings in what is called a '15th century Gothic style' with large traceried windows. The building is listed but in 2012


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 appears to be in a poor state of repair. Also on Streatham High Road, <mask> designed a number of grand shopping parades in the 1880s and 90s, one of the finest being The Triangle (Nos. 324-342) which has a dramatic roofline of Dutch gables, a curved fish-scale tiled roof to No. 324 and elevations of red brick with horizontal stone banding. In 1897 <mask> was commissioned by Sir Henry Harben, President of the Prudential Assurance Co., to design a convalescence home on the sea front at Rustington, Sussex. Pevsner describes this as '...dashing free-Wren design done with enough panache to give it a life of its own – a very good seaside building'.This is listed grade II. As well as St Paul's Studios, one of <mask>'s finest buildings is the Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex (still intact) (1902–04) and an associated chapel which incorporates Art Nouveau designs and motifs. This was commissioned by the London County Council as a replacement for the London Hospital for Consumption and Diseases of the Chest formerly at 7 Fitzroy Square, London W1. The chapel is listed grade II*. Later works

Whilst living for many years in Horsham, <mask> also lived in Sutton at least from 1911 in Cambourne Road and in 1922 designed a new house for his family at Cotlands, 86 Mulgrave Road, Sutton, in a style which for the first time included influences of the Modern Movement. He died here in 1931. He clearly knew Sutton well because he also designed Russettings, a house for George Smith, in 1899, at 25 Worcester Road, Sutton, which is now the

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