title: Alejandro Junco de la Vega

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 Reforma and the newspaper became popular among the middle class. Role in Mexico's democratization
In the 1990s, Grupo Reforma helped loosen the control and censorship that had long been imposed on the media by the Mexican government. The ethics and integrity that Junco brought to Mexican journalism, along with Grupo Reforma's commitment to exposing fraud and corruption, helped pave the way for democracy and put an end to 70 years of one-party rule in Mexico. American academics and journalists have lauded Grupo Reforma for the role it has played in the advancement of independent journalism in Mexico over the last 40 years. Former IAPA president Edward Seaton says that Junco's newspapers "ushered in a different ethical standard for journalism" and states that "[w]ithout <mask>'s contributions, I believe Mexico would not be the vibrant democracy it is today." Sallie Hughes, a professor of journalism at University of Miami, refers to Reforma as a "change leader" and says that its launch was "a watershed event in Mexico City journalism." And MIT professor Chapell Lawson has said that Junco's work "changed the rules of Mexican journalism."Transparency laws and judicial reform
In the early 2000s, <mask> helped lead the Oaxaca Group (an initiative that brought together media outlets, legal experts, academics, and NGOs) to convince Mexico's political leaders to approve a landmark federal transparency law. The freedom-of-information legislation gave journalists, investigators, and ordinary citizens access to government information that had been denied to them for decades. <mask> was also part of a campaign against government censorship throughout the early 2000s. He publicly denounced defamation charges that government officials (such as former Mexico City mayor Rosario Robles) had levied against him

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Alejandro Junco
Junco
Junco


title: Alejandro Junco de la Vega

type: original

texts:
 and his reporters. His efforts persuaded legislators to decriminalize the expression of ideas. Grupo Reforma's news coverage and active participation through organized forums eventually persuaded Mexican legislators to approve a 2008 judicial reform that instituted public trials and put greater emphasis on due process rights. Exposing drug-related crime
In 2006, President <mask> moved his family to Austin, Texas to keep them safe. while he commuted to Monterrey to continue leading the company. Between 2010 and 2012, five El Norte offices in Monterrey were attacked with grenades, bombs, and gunfire. In February 2011, cartel members kidnapped an El Norte distributor and burned the papers he was transporting. They instructed him to tell the newspaper's directors to "stop... or we're going to blow them up."Soon after that, three masked men entered the El Norte office in San Pedro Garza García and set it on fire. In 2012, <mask> told CNN that the Mexican government was refusing to investigate the cartel attacks on his newspapers. "We have the impression that local and federal authorities don't take the threats and attacks seriously," he said. Despite the threats and the violence, <mask> continued to publish articles exposing criminal activity. He often did so without reporters' bylines in order to ensure their safety. In a 2009 interview with Terry Gross, <mask> stated, "We have every reason in the world to drop the stories, and we have every reason to look the other way, but we have resolved to continue to report all we know about the problem and continue to ask questions. And we hold to the faith that if we ask enough of them, we may finally come upon a solution."References

Living people
Mexican journalists
Male journalists
Mexican newspaper chain founders
1948 births
Maria Moors Cabot Prize

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Felipe Calderónco
Junco
Junco
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title: Tyson Chandler

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<mask> (born October 2, 1982) is an American former professional basketball player and player development coach for the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). <mask> was drafted directly out of high school as the second overall pick of the 2001 NBA draft by the Los Angeles Clippers, then was immediately traded to the Chicago Bulls. He has also played for the New Orleans Hornets, Charlotte Bobcats, Dallas Mavericks, New York Knicks, Phoenix Suns and Los Angeles Lakers. As starting center for Dallas, he played an integral role in the franchise's first NBA championship in 2011. <mask> was named to the NBA All-Defensive Team three times. While with New York, he was voted the NBA Defensive Player of the Year in 2012, when he was also named to the All-NBA Third Team. He won gold medals with the US national team in the 2010 FIBA World Championship and the 2012 Summer Olympics.Early life and high school career
<mask> was born to <mask> and Vernie Threadgill, though he did not meet his father Frank until later in his life. He grew up in a family farm in Hanford, California, just south of Fresno, California. <mask> began playing basketball at the age of three years on a basket <mask>'s grandfather, Cleotis, fixed on a tree. <mask> grew up doing farm work such as milking cows, slopping pigs, and cultivating crops. At the age of nine years, <mask> and his mother moved to San Bernardino, California; he was already nearly six feet tall. As a child, <mask> was teased because of his height; children on his school basketball team joked that he was older than he really was, and that he had been left back several times in school. As a freshman, <mask> enrolled at Dominguez High School in Compton, California, a school known for its athletics, producing basketball players such as Dennis Johnson and Cedric Ceballos.In his freshman year, <mask> made the varsity team and played with

masks:
Tyson Cleotis Chandler
Chandler
Chandler
Chandler
Frank Chandler
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Chandler
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title: Tyson Chandler

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 future NBA player Tayshaun Prince, who was then a senior. With the Dominguez Dons, <mask> became a teenage sensation; current players such as DeMar DeRozan watched him play and claimed "he was like Shaq". Point guard Brandon Jennings, who was a ball boy for Dominguez at the time, said, "You'd see the girls around <mask>, the Escalade he drove, and you wanted to be like him". <mask> earned accolades from Parade Magazine and USA Today and was selected to the McDonald's High School All-America Team. As a freshman, he was profiled on current affairs TV program 60 Minutes. In his junior year, <mask> averaged 20 points, 12 rebounds, 6 assists and 3 blocks. In his senior year, <mask> led Dominguez to a state championship and a 31–4 record, averaging 26 points, 15 rebounds, and 8 blocks a game.<mask> was recruited by several universities and considered UCLA, Arizona, Syracuse, Memphis, Kentucky and Michigan. <mask> then declared for the 2001 NBA draft as a prep-to-pro. Professional career

Chicago Bulls (2001–2006)
<mask> was selected by the Los Angeles Clippers with the second overall pick in the 2001 NBA draft, before being immediately traded to the Chicago Bulls for former No. 1 overall pick Elton Brand. The Bulls placed their rebuilding efforts on the backs of two teenagers in <mask> and Eddy Curry. <mask>'s 2003–04 season saw him appear in a career-low 35 games. He missed two months early in the season with a bad back, before missing the final weeks of the season after landing hard on his back on March 27 against the Atlanta Hawks.In September 2005, <mask> signed a six-year deal with the Bulls. In July 2006, the Bulls looked to deal away <mask>, who had five years and $54 million left on his contract, in order to pursue Ben Wallace. New Orleans Hornets (2006–2009)

On July 14, 2006, <mask> was traded to the New Orleans Hornets in exchange for P. J. Brown and J. R. Smith. <mask> led the NBA

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title: Tyson Chandler

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 in offensive rebounds in both 2006–07 and 2007–08, ranking second in the league in rebounds per game in 2006–07 and third in rebounds per game in 2007–08. He also ranked second in the NBA in field goal percentage in 2007–08 (.623) and would have led the league at .624 in 2006–07 but fell four field goals short of the statistical minimum to qualify. On February 17, 2009, <mask> was traded to the Oklahoma City Thunder in exchange for Chris Wilcox, Joe Smith and the draft rights to DeVon Hardin.After examining <mask>'s left big toe however, the Thunder determined that the risk of re-injury was too great and did not give <mask> a clean bill of health. As a result, on February 18, the trade was rescinded and <mask> was sent back to the Hornets. <mask> appeared in just 45 games during the 2008–09 season, missing 29 of the team's final 44 games due to left ankle injuries. <mask> finished the 2008–09 season as the franchise's all-time leader in field goal percentage (.611) and rebounds per game (11.3), while ranking fifth in total rebounds despite playing just 197 career games with the team (2,225). Charlotte Bobcats (2009–2010)
On July 28, 2009, <mask> was traded to the Charlotte Bobcats in exchange for Emeka Okafor. In his lone season with the Bobcats, <mask> played in 51 games (starting 27) and averaged 6.5 points, 6.3 rebounds and 1.1 blocks despite being hampered by a stress reaction in his left foot that caused him to miss 29 games. Dallas Mavericks (2010–2011)

On July 13, 2010, <mask> was traded, along with Alexis Ajinça, to the Dallas Mavericks in exchange for Erick Dampier, Eduardo Nájera, Matt Carroll and cash considerations.<mask> was the perfect fit during his first season with the Mavericks, anchoring their defense on a team with Dirk Nowitzki, Jason Terry and Jason Kidd. He was credited with giving the Mavericks the 'toughness' and defensive intensity that they sorely lacked,

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title: Tyson Chandler

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 earning selection to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team for his efforts. He helped them reach the 2011 NBA Finals, where they faced the Miami Heat. In Game 4 against the Heat, with Nowitzki under the weather and ailing backup center Brendan Haywood unable to stay in the game, <mask> had 13 points and 16 rebounds in an 86–83 win that tied the series at 2–2. He grabbed nine offensive boards, with eight coming after the first quarter. The Mavericks went on to defeat the Heat in six games, with <mask> winning his first and only championship. Following the 2010–11 season, <mask> was tipped to be a highly sought-after free agent.He was heavily courted by the Golden State Warriors and Houston Rockets among other teams. While they were keen to retain him, the Mavericks were cautious not to overextend on <mask> and risk missing out on Dwight Howard or Deron Williams in 2012. As a result, they offered only a two-year deal to <mask>, which he declined. Mavericks owner Mark Cuban infamously broke-up the championship-winning team, choosing to add Lamar Odom, Vince Carter and Delonte West instead of bringing back <mask>, J. J. Barea and DeShawn Stevenson. At the time, Cuban chose to proceed cautiously in the era of a new collective bargaining agreement, believing that financial flexibility (and not locking in veterans to long-term deals that would eat up future cap space) was more valuable than trying to repeat as champions. In August 2016, <mask> noted that if the Mavericks had not broken up the 2011 championship-winning team, they would have gone on to win back-to-back titles in 2012. New York Knicks (2011–2014)

On December 10, 2011, <mask> was acquired by the New York Knicks via sign-and-trade as part of a three-team trade, joining the Knicks on a reported four-year, $58 million contract.With <mask> anchoring the middle, New York's defense improved markedly in 2011–12. After finishing 22nd in

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title: Tyson Chandler

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 defensive efficiency in 2010–11, the Knicks finished fifth in defensive efficiency in 2011–12. <mask> finished the season with a league-leading 67.9 field-goal percentage, the third highest in league history at the time behind only Wilt Chamberlain with 72.7 in 1972–73 and 68.3 in 1966–67. In May 2012, he was named the NBA Defensive Player of the Year and earned NBA All-Defensive Second Team honors. He became the first player in franchise history to win Defensive Player of the Year, and joined Alvin Robertson (1986) and Dikembe Mutombo (1995) as defensive players of the year on the Second All-Defensive Team. Due to a different voting system for All-Defensive, Oklahoma City's Serge Ibaka was the forward on the first team, while Orlando's Dwight Howard was the center. Additionally, <mask> was named to the All-NBA Third Team.In January 2013, <mask> was named an NBA All-Star for the first time in his 12-year career, earning selection as an Eastern Conference reserve for the 2013 NBA All-Star Game. In early February, he tied a franchise record with three straight 20-rebound games, becoming the first Knicks player to have 20 in three straight games since Willis Reed in December 1969. On February 27, he had 16 points and a career-best 28 rebounds in a 109–105 win over the Golden State Warriors. In May 2013, he was named in the NBA All-Defensive First Team, becoming the first Knicks player to earn first-team honors since Charles Oakley in 1994. Marred by injury early in the 2013–14 season, it took <mask> some time to get his rhythm back. A right knee injury suffered on November 5 against the Charlotte Bobcats and an upper respiratory illness endured in early January resulted in <mask> appearing in just 55 games. Second stint with Dallas (2014–2015)
On June 25, 2014, <mask> was traded back to the Dallas Mavericks along with Raymond Felton in exchange for Shane Larkin, Wayne Ellington, José

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title: Tyson Chandler

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 Calderón, Samuel Dalembert, and two second round picks in the 2014 NBA draft.The move reunited <mask> with championship comrades Dirk Nowitzki and J. J. Barea, as well as coach Rick Carlisle. In 75 games during the 2014–15 season, <mask> averaged a double-double with 10.3 points on 66.6 percent shooting and 11.5 rebounds, in addition to 1.2 blocks. With his third season averaging a double-double while shooting at least 60 percent from the field, <mask> matched Wilt Chamberlain and joined Artis Gilmore as the only players in league history to accomplish this at least three times in their careers (DeAndre Jordan has since accomplished this feat). With a career field goal percentage of 59.1 percent at the end of the 2014–15 season, <mask> had the second-highest field goal percentage in NBA history among those with at least 2,000 makes, trailing only Gilmore. Phoenix Suns (2015–2018)
On July 9, 2015, <mask> signed a four-year, $52 million contract with the Phoenix Suns. On November 27, he suffered a strained right hamstring against the Golden State Warriors. He subsequently missed eight games.On January 21, <mask> grabbed a season-high 20 rebounds in a 117–89 loss to the San Antonio Spurs. Two days later, in a 98–95 win over the Atlanta Hawks, <mask> tied a Suns record with 27 rebounds, including 17 in the first half, and also had 13 points and a season-high five assists. His 27 rebounds equaled the record total set by Paul Silas in 1971, and his 13 offensive boards set a franchise record. <mask> also became the first Suns player in franchise history to record consecutive 20-rebound games. On December 11, 2016, <mask> had 14 points and 21 rebounds in a 120–119 overtime loss to the New Orleans Pelicans. Two days later, he grabbed a season-best 23 rebounds in a 113–111 overtime win over the New York Knicks. With his third 20-rebound game of the season on January 3 in a 99–90 win over the Miami


title: Tyson Chandler

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 Heat, <mask> became the first Suns player with three-plus in a season since Charles Barkley (5) in 1993–94.On January 21, in a 107–105 win over the New York Knicks, <mask> set a team record by grabbing 15-plus rebounds in seven consecutive games. One night after setting the mark, <mask> ended his franchise record and career high of consecutive 15-plus rebound games at seven with nine rebounds against the Toronto Raptors. His best stretch of the season came between January 19–24, where he had three games of over 16 points (averaging 17.25) and over 16 rebounds (averaging 14.5), including scoring a season-high 22 points twice. <mask> appeared in 47 of the Suns' first 57 games before being deactivated following the All-Star break. <mask> reportedly told Suns management at the trade deadline he did not want to be dealt, and they acquiesced to his wishes. During the 2017–18 season, <mask> battled through a neck injury that sidelined him periodically for 36 total games. On January 14, 2018, <mask> grabbed 14 rebounds against the Indiana Pacers to become the 40th player in league history to reach 10,000 for his career.He played in just 46 games in 2017–18, including missing the final month of the season. After starting the 2018–19 season with a reduced role due to the arrival of rookie Deandre Ayton, <mask> and the Suns reached a buyout agreement on November 4, 2018. Los Angeles Lakers (2018–2019)
On November 6, 2018, <mask> signed with the Los Angeles Lakers. Houston Rockets (2019–2020)
On July 19, 2019, <mask> signed with the Houston Rockets. National team career

<mask> was named first alternate on the United States national team which competed in the 2008 Beijing Olympics. <mask> was a member of the United States team at the 2010 FIBA World Championship, a team that finished 9–0 in the tournament and won the gold medal, the USA's first world championship since 1994. He played in all nine

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title: Tyson Chandler

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 World Championship games as a backup center, averaged 2.6 ppg and 2.7 rpg, shot 64.3 percent from the field, and blocked five shots.<mask> was chosen to play for the United States team in the 2012 London Summer Olympics, and was named the team's starting center. The United States team finished undefeated in the tournament and won the gold medal over Spain with a 107–100 victory. <mask> played 9 minutes, and made 1 of 2 shots from the field. He ended the game with two points, which were the first points scored during the game. Coaching career
In the summer of 2021, <mask> became a player development coach for the Dallas Mavericks. Personal life
Until the age of 10, <mask> grew up with his grandfather on a farm in central California. His sister, Erica, played basketball at Pepperdine University.He has three brothers: Terrell, Tervon, and Ryan. His paternal grandmother is of German descent. <mask> is the son of <mask> and the late Vernie Re Threadgill. <mask> and his wife Kimberly were married in 2005. They have three children. <mask> and his wife organized a charity to help New Orleans families who suffered from Hurricane Katrina. The charity helped purchase "small things" (as <mask> said) for the families' homes: TVs, stoves, microwaves, refrigerators, pots, pans etc.The wives of <mask>'s teammates helped in the efforts. He was the subject of a limited edition 100 copy zine titled "<mask>". The zine was created in fall 2011 by Camilla Venturini and the photographer Ari Marcopoulos, and was the subject of a lengthy article in the Wall Street Journal. In 2016, <mask> joined UNICEF Kid Power as a UNICEF Kid Power Champion for a mission in Uganda, in an effort to fight global malnutrition and as well as raise awareness among kids, via the world's first "wearable for good". <mask> and his wife Kimberly separated in August 2021. In September 2021, his wife Kimberly filed for divorce citing

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Chandler
Chandler
Chandler
Chandler
Frank Chandler
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Chandler
Chandler
Chandler
Tyson Chandler
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title: Reginald L. Jones

texts:
<mask> (January 21, 1931 – September 24, 2005) was a clinical psychologist, college professor, and a founding member and past president of the Association of Black Psychologists. He is best known for his work in special education and the psychology of African Americans. Early life and family
<mask> was born in Clearwater, Florida on January 21, 1931 to his mother, Naomi Henry, a homemaker, and his father, <mask>, a musician. His parents were never married and he had a younger half-brother and half-sister, both of whom were the children of his mother and stepfather. During his childhood, Florida was still racially segregated and experiences with discrimination were common. Nevertheless, <mask> grew up with a supportive community of neighbors and family members. <mask> and his family were avid readers of two Black newspapers, the Pittsburgh Courier and the Miami Times.He grew up surrounded by frequent discussions on race, racial differences, and the accomplishments of notable Black figures. <mask> also recalls spending summers visiting Pennsylvania, where his father would fervently introduce him to all kinds of people as an attempt to educate him in the "ways of the world." His exposure to diverse issues of race and humanity would go on to inform his career and professional interests. <mask> was married twice. He first married to Johnette Turner, an artist he met at Ohio State University, and had three daughters with her. In 1988, he married his second wife, Michele Woods, and was the stepfather to her two children. Education
<mask> grew up attending a Black public elementary school and went to Booker T. Washington High School.He enrolled in Morehouse College in 1948 for his undergraduate education, intending to major in chemistry. However, after a semester of chemistry courses, <mask> discovered his interest and talent for psychology. Evelyn Barnett was the only Psychology professor at Morehouse and was one of <mask>'s first influencers in his psychology career. <mask> was also able to take several off-campus courses at Spelman College, Atlanta University, and Clark College. In 1952, he received

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Reginald Lanier Jones
Jones
Moses Jones
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Jones
Jones
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Jones
Jones


title: Reginald L. Jones

texts:
 his bachelor's degree in Psychology from Morehouse. Afterwards he enrolled for the graduate clinical psychology program at Wayne University and completed his thesis on ethnocentrism within White individuals. After completing his MA, in 1954, he was drafted into the U.S. Army as a clinical psychologist.During his two years in the army, <mask> was stationed at Fort Campbell, Kentucky and Bad Cannstatt, Germany. <mask> then enrolled in the doctoral program in the Department of Psychology and Educational Psychology at Ohio State University. He was advised by John Horrocks, a developmental psychologist. <mask> attributes his expertise to the program's comprehensiveness and breadth, which allowed him to apply psychological principles to his more specialized research in Black psychology and special education. He received his Ph.D in psychology from Ohio State University in 1959. Career
<mask> was employed at 9 different higher education institutions during his 33-year academic career. Immediately after receiving his Ph.D, he chose to accept a Research Assistant Professor position at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio.In 1963, he moved to Fisk University in Nashville to become an Assistant Professor of Psychology. He stayed for a year and advises the master's theses of William Hayes, Moses Johnson, and Angela Owens. He had a brief summer appointment with Indiana University before moving to UCLA in 1964 as an Assistant Professor of Education. There, <mask> worked with Frank M. Hewett to develop a Ph.D program in special education. Until then, there was no doctoral program in special education at any of the University of California campuses. <mask> helped develop and teach courses in areas of gifted and retarded education, recruit faculty for the program, and form partnerships with California State University, Los Angeles. In 1966, he returned to Ohio State University as an Associate Professor of Psychology.After just two years, he was promoted to full professorship with tenure and was also appointed to Vice Chair for Staff Development. <mask> then accepted professorship at University of California,

masks: Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones


title: Reginald L. Jones

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 Riverside in their new School of Education. He was a faculty member for two years before becoming the Department Chair. In 1971, <mask> moved his career abroad to become Director of the University Testing Center at Halle Sellassie I University in Ethiopia. He spent his two years there mostly responsible for developing admissions tests to the university. He then accepted a position as Professor of African American Studies and Education at the University of California, Berkeley where he spent 17 years - the longest he spent at any one university. In addition to being a professor, he eventually held other academic and administrative positions at UC Berkeley.Finally, he left UC Berkeley in 1991 and <mask> ended his career at Hampton University as a Department Chair and Professor of Psychology. He stayed at Hampton until 2001 when he decided to retire. <mask>'s primary research interests were the education of exceptional children and the psychology of African Americans. His extensive experience at numerous universities helped lay the groundwork for both fields. Apart from his career as a professor, <mask> was also one of the founding members of the Association of Black Psychologists and the Association's president from 1971 to 1972. As a leader in establishing Black psychology, <mask> was active in pushing the American Psychological Association to provide more support for Black students, faculty, and the community at large. He was highly successful in receiving grants to support minority students and special education research.<mask> also contributed to the public sector by being part of President-elect Bill Clinton's Council of Advisors's Education Transition Team, and President Nixon's Task Force on Mental Health. Historical context
<mask>'s influence in Black psychology came at a time when the Black Power Movement sought Black empowerment and recognition for the Black community. In mainstream psychology, studies often concluded that Black-White differences were due to deficiencies in Black people. In an interview, <mask> explains the problem with this framework:
Now, the research always has the

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title: Reginald L. Jones

texts:
 middle-class black child compared to the lower-class white child. Nobody ever talked about the middle-class blacks or upper middle-class blacks. Everything was lower class, and that’s a problem of methodology. It’s a methodological flaw in the research because you need to have comparable social classes and comparable races to make a valid comparison.That was never done. So, what happened, since the government was pouring tens of millions of dollars into studying the black child in relationship to the middle-class white child—there were hundreds, probably thousands, of research studies—they all concluded that on whatever dimension was studied, practically, the black child was deficient in some way. (<mask>, 2003)

Thus, the impetus for establishing the Association of Black Psychologists and for writing Black Psychology was to re-evaluate these biases and legitimize Black psychology as a field created by and for the Black community. Black Psychology
First published in 1972, <mask> wrote Black Psychology an anthology of works from prominent Black psychologists such as Joseph White, Adelbert Jenkins, and Robert Williams, that seemed "positive and relevant to what might be called black psychology.". This seminal book presented the major approaches to establishing Black psychology, and called for rejecting using the White middle class as the psychological norm and for studying the strengths instead of the weaknesses of Black people. Later editions of the book would shift from critiquing mainstream psychology to including more original theory and research. In the third edition, published in 1991, a section called "Deconstruction" was devoted to critically evaluating the accuracy and validity of mainstream literature.At the time, hundreds of studies concluded that African Americans have an external locus of control and had less ability to delay gratification, meaning that African Americans have less control of their impulses. Articles in "Deconstruction" presented studies that debunked these conclusions. On the contrary, a section titled "Reconstruction" was devoted to analyzing the strengths of Black

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title: Reginald L. Jones

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 people and maintaining psychological well-being while living in a racist society. The fourth edition introduced more research with an Afrocentric perspective, the idea that African culture is ultimately what forms the basis for African American culture and psychology. Honors
<mask> has received a number of awards and fellowships during his career as a psychologist. Some of his most notable honors include:

• Fellow, American Psychological Association
• Distinguished Career Contributions to Education and Training in Psychology Award, American Psychological Association, 2003
• Lifetime Achievement Award for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues, American Psychological Association, 2003
• Scholarship Award, Association of Black Psychologists, 1979, 1986, 1999
• Berkeley Citation, University of California, Berkeley, 1991
• Distinguished Psychologist Award, Association of Black Psychologists, 1989
• Citation for Distinguished Achievement, Ohio State University
• J.E. Wallace Wallin Award, Council for Exceptional Children
• Education Award, American Association on Mental Retardation

Selected publications
<mask> has published and edited more than 200 articles, 20 books, and 28 instructional videotapes.Some of his most notable books include:

• <mask>, R. L. (2004). Black psychology . Cobb & Henry Publishers. • <mask>, R. L. (1996). Handbook of tests and measurements for Black populations (Vol. 2). Cobb & Henry.• <mask>, R. L. (1989). Black adult development and aging. Cobb & Henry Publishers. • <mask>, R. L. (1984). Attitudes and Attitude Change in Special Education: Theory and Practice. The Council for Exceptional Children. ERIC Publications.• <mask>, R. L. (1976). Mainstreaming and the Minority Child. • <mask>, R. L. (1971). Problems and Issues in the Education of Exceptional Children. • <mask>, R. L. (1970). New Directions in Special Education. See also
• Educational psychology
• Joseph White (psychologist)

References

African-American psychologists
1931 births
2005 deaths
American psychologists
20th-century psychologists
20th-century African-American people
21st-century

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title: Lily Safra

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<mask> ( Watkins, formerly Cohen, formerly Monteverde, formerly Bendahan; born 30 December 1934) is a Brazilian-Monegasque billionaire, philanthropist, and socialite who attained considerable wealth through her four marriages. By September 2020, her net worth was estimated at $1.3 billion according to Forbes. <mask> has a significant art collection and owns the historic Villa Leopolda on the French Riviera. In 2018, <mask> ranked #1756 on the Forbes World's Billionaires list, with wealth listed at US $1.3 billion. Biography
<mask> was born <mask> on 30 December 1934 in Porto Alegre, Brazil. She is the daughter of Wolf White Watkins, a Czechoslovak railway engineer who moved to South America, and Annita Noudelman de Castro, a Uruguayan of Russian Jewish ancestry. She grew up in Rio de Janeiro but moved with her family to Uruguay.At age 17, she met and married Mario Cohen, an Argentine hosiery magnate of Italian-Jewish descent. They had three children. <mask> and Cohen divorced in the early 1960s. In 1965, she married Alfredo "Freddy" Monteverde, formerly Greenberg. He was a Romanian Jewish immigrant who fled Europe in 1939. He was a leader in the Brazilian household appliance distribution business, where he established the Ponto Frio brand. He and <mask> adopted a child.In 1969, Monteverde committed suicide. According to biographer Isabel Vincent, Monteverde left all his assets to his wife. A month after his death, <mask> moved to London. Her late husband's banker, <mask>, helped her secure control over her late spouse's entire fortune. She dated <mask> for some time, but the romance ended. <mask>'s family, who is of Sephardic Jewish descent, did not approve of his relationship with <mask>, who was of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. In 1972, Monteverde married businessman Samuel Bendahan, also a Sephardic Jew, and a man of more modest means.They separated after two weeks, and she divorced him after one year of marriage. In 1976, Monteverde married <mask> after all. The prominent banker was of Lebanese Jewish (Mizrahi) origin and a naturalized Brazilian citizen. He founded Republic

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Edmond Safra


title: Lily Safra

texts:
 National Bank of New York. The couple divided their time among homes in New York City, Monaco, Geneva, and the Villa Leopolda on the French Riviera. On 2 December 1999, <mask> and <mask> gained Monegasque citizenship. <mask> was killed in Monaco in a fire that was determined to be arson.His death attracted considerable media interest because of his wealth and position. <mask> "apparently felt so safe here that he did not have his bodyguards stay the night when he slept in Monaco". Ted Maher, a former Green Beret who was <mask>'s bodyguard and nurse, was accused of starting the fire. His lawyer, Michael Griffith, has said that Maher started the fire in order to gain acceptance from <mask> and that "It was a stupid, most insane thing a human being could do. He did not intend to kill Mr. <mask>. He just wanted Mr. <mask> to appreciate him more. He loved Mr. <mask>.This was the best job of his life." Maher was convicted and sentenced to eight years in jail. The case is considered controversial; even after his eight-year imprisonment, Maher has maintained his innocence. <mask> left 50% of his assets to several charities, with the remainder divided among his family members and wife <mask>, who received $800 million. Lady Colin Campbell's novel Empress Bianca (2005) was considered to be a defamatory roman à clé by <mask>'s solicitor, Anthony Julius. Reacting to the legal threat in the United Kingdom, its publishers, Arcadia, withdrew the book and destroyed unsold copies. A revised edition of the book was later published in the United States.Philanthropy and art collection
<mask> supports numerous foundations, organizations, and charities. In 1977 she, her husband <mask>, and Nina Weiner founded the International Sephardic Education Foundation. She chairs The Edmond J. Safra Foundation  which supports medical research and humanitarian relief. The Edmond J. Safra Foundation Center for Ethics has been established at Harvard; most recently she donated over $12 million to create a cross-disciplinary research laboratory on institutional corruption. <mask> supports the American Red Cross

masks:
Lily
Edmond Safra
Safra
Edmond Safra
Safra
Safra
Safra
Safra
Safra
Safra
Lily
Safra
Lily Safra
Edmond Safra
Safra


title: Lily Safra

texts: and helped the Hurricane Katrina victims in 2005; she is on the board of the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's research, and is a member of the Chairman's Council of the Museum of Modern Art. Through the Edmond J. Safra Philanthropic Foundation, she helped found the Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities at the University of Haifa.The Foundation and Mrs. <mask> also helped create the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences at the Hebrew University. <mask> ensured the completion of the Edmond J. Safra Synagogue in Manhattan. In connection with the 2005 sale at Sotheby's of furniture and art from her collection, <mask> donated $3 million to charities in New York which she and her husband had supported for many years, along with a gift to Dillard University in New Orleans to help them rebuild after Hurricane Katrina. Sotheby's announced in 2011 that an auction of Mr. and Mrs. <mask>'s collections, including furniture, artwork, silverware, and decorative objects, took place in New York City. In 2009, <mask> was honored by the Elton John AIDS Foundation with its “An Enduring Vision” award for her long-time support. In October 2013, <mask> donated $1 million in support of the foundation's grant-making programs. That same year, <mask> contributed $16 million toward Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital in Tel Hashomer.She also donated $5 million toward the One Laptop Per Child project. She established the Edmond J. Safra Family Lodge, for patients battling illnesses, as well as their families, at the National Institutes of Health near Washington DC. In July 2010, she donated 8 million euros to the Institute for Brain and Spinal Cord Injuries in Paris. In the same year, she promised the Claude Pompidou Foundation a donation of 7 million euros for the construction and completion of the Claude Pompidou Institute for Alzheimer’s research and treatment in the city of Nice, France. The Institute was inaugurated and welcomed its first patients in 2014. <mask> is a Patron of Hope and Homes for Children in the UK and a supporter of

masks: Safra Safra Safra Safra Safra Safra Safra Safra


title: Lily Safra

texts:
 its work for children in Romania

On 3 February 2010 at an auction in London, <mask> acquired L'Homme qui marche I, a life-sized bronze sculpture by Alberto Giacometti of a man, for £65 million (US$104.3 million). The purchase became one of the most expensive works of art and the most expensive sculpture ever purchased.In May 2012, Christie's Geneva hosted an auction of 70 pieces of <mask>’s personal jewelry collection. The 'Jewels for Hope' sale included 18 pieces by JAR, the largest personal collection designed by the jeweler ever to be sold. The entire profits from the sale were donated to 32 charitable institutions around the world in the fields of healthcare, education, religion and culture, including the Elton John AIDS Foundation and Hope and Homes for Children in Romania. In April 2019, <mask> pledged €10 million towards the restoration of Notre-Dame de Paris after the fire. Honors
Legion d'honneur, Officier (2011)
King's College London, Honorary Fellow
Honorary chair, International Sephardic Education Foundation. Honorary Doctorate from Haifa University
Courtauld Institute of Art, Honorary Fellow
Honorary Doctorate from Imperial College London
Honorary Doctorate from Brandeis University
Honorary Doctorate from Technion – Israel Institute of Technology (12 December 2018). References

External links
 Edmond J. Safra Philanthropic Foundation
 Wall Street Journal Donor of the Day: Mrs. <mask>

1938 births
Living people
Brazilian art collectors
Brazilian billionaires
Brazilian expatriates in France
Brazilian expatriates in Monaco
Brazilian expatriates in Switzerland
Brazilian Ashkenazi Jews
Brazilian people of English descent
Brazilian people of Russian-Jewish descent
Brazilian people of Uruguayan descent
People of Uruguayan-Jewish descent
Brazilian philanthropists
Fellows of King's College London
Female billionaires
Harvard University people
Jewellery collectors
Jewish philanthropists
People from Rio Grande do Sul
<mask> family
Monegasque billionaires
Monegasque philanthropists
Monegasque people of English descent
Monegasque art collectors
Brazilian women

masks:
Safra
Safra
Safra
Lily Safra
Safra


title: Alejandra Bogue

texts:
<mask> (born May 16, 1965 in Mexico City) is a Mexican actress, comedian, television host, and vedette. Biography

Early life
She was born on May 16, 1965 in Mexico City, Mexico. From her childhood, Bogue claims to have defined her feminine identity. She was raised by her mother and her grandmother and she attended Colegio del Tepeyac, a boys' school in Mexico City. It was precisely during the performance of a school play that Bogue was able to interpret a female character for the first time, which affirmed her artistic vocation and her gender identity. Later, she studied at the Liceo de México and at Colegio Decroly. In the early 1980s, Bogue began to participate in shows where she performed impersonations of figures such as Annie Lennox, Nina Hagen, Cyndi Lauper and Madonna.At that time, Bogue meets Mónica <mask> Naná, a transgender woman, who serves as her mentor. In 1984 she began working in transvestite shows at the Le Baron nightclub, in the south of Mexico City. In 1985, Bogue participated in the contest Valores Juveniles del Travestismo, obtaining first place. In that same year, Bogue moved to Acapulco where she was part of the transvestite show that was represented at the Gallery nightclub. It was around this time that she began her transition to become <mask>. In 1988, she returned to Mexico City, joining the Kitsch Company, a theatrical company that presented cabaret shows in the famous nightclub known as 9, located in the Zona Rosa of Mexico City. Bogue continued with her facet as a model and came to pose for the lens of photographers such as Adolfo Pérez Butrón and Armando Cristeto.In that facet of her career, Bogue appeared in the Mexican versions of magazines such as Vogue and Elle. Career
In 1990, while Bogue was working as a host at the Bugambilia nightclub in Mexico City, photographer Adolfo Pérez Butrón recommended her to American photographer Joel-Peter Witkin.

masks:
Alejandra Bogue Gómez
Alejandra
Alejandra


title: Alejandra Bogue

texts: <mask> is invited to pose for Witkin's lens. The photograph was titled Man with a Dog. In 1992, <mask> posed for the second time for Witkin's lens in the Three Kinds of Woman photograph. In 1991, Bogue made her debut as actress in the play Baal by Bertolt Brecht. Bogue immersed herself in the theater for the rest of the 1990s.In 1993, she participated in Mishima, directed by Abraham Oceransky. In 1994, Bogue joined La Fábrica, a theater group founded by Rosario Armenta. Bogue also entered the ballet school of the dancer Mercedes Limón. In 1998 she acted in the play The Maids, by Jean Genet, under the direction of Adriana Roel, together with Patricia Reyes Spíndola and Pilar Pellicer. Thanks to her participation in this montage, Bogue won the prize as Female Revelation from the AMCT (Mexican Association of Theater Critics). In 1999 she starred in the play Dos Gardenias, where she was directed by Reyes Spíndola. In the 1990s, Bogue also entered the world of performance accompanying the musician DJ.Chrysler. She participated with Chrysler in several performances, including the opening act of a David Bowie concert in Mexico City in 1997. Between 2000 and 2002, Bogue participated in the cabaret drag queen show El show de las Hermanas Vampiro. In 2001, Bogue began to collaborate with the television host Horacio Villalobos on the TV Show Válvula de escape, on the Telehit music channel, owned by the Televisa Network. In that same year, Bogue performed a small role in the film Frida, a Hollywood production, directed by Julie Taymor and starring Salma Hayek. In 2002, Bogue joined Desde Gayola, a comedy TV show created by Villalobos. In this television show, Bogue gained great popularity by playing the characters of La Tesorito (a parody of the Mexican actress and singer Laura León), Tearruina Fernández (parody of the Mexican television host Talina Fernández), and Sonia Infame (parody of the

masks: Bogue Bogue


title: Alejandra Bogue

texts: Mexican actress Sonia Infante), among others.At the same time, Bogue held the position of Costume Coordinator for Telehit. Desde Gayola also toured the country with cabaret shows. Bogue participated in Desde Gayola: El Show, between 2003 and 2004, and Había una Vez...Desde Gayola, between 2005 and 2006. Bogue also acted in two chapters of the antology television show Mujer, Casos de la Vida Real produced by Silvia Pinal for Televisa (2002 and 2004). Parallel to her work on television, in 2003 Bogue starred in the comic film Sin ton ni Sonia, by Carlos Sama. At the beginning of 2006, Bogue left Desde Gayola. At the end of the same year, Bogue joined Guau!, a television show broadcast by Telehit and focused on issues of the LGBT community.In that same year, Bogue returned to the theater with the show of cabaret No soy Madonna, pero soy La Bogue, a kind of biographical monologue to the rhythm of Madonna's greatest musical hits.In 2008, Bogue got the opportunity to present her first television show: Que show con <mask> <mask>, through the Telehit signal. <mask> served as the show's producer and creative. The show was a comedy show in which Bogue sang, danced, did impersonations, conducted interviews, and performed comedy skits. Among the characters that Bogue created for her sketches are Betty BO5 (representation of an actress in decline, with alcoholism and drug addiction problems); Wendy Citlally (makeup artist whose Bible are the gossip magazines), Matalina Vil (parody of the character Catalina Creel from the Mexican telenovela Cuna de lobos), and La Madrota (portrait of an alcoholic and decadent sex worker). El The show ran for four seasons, spanning six years. The show is the first television program to be fully starred by a transgender woman in Latin America. In 2010, Bogue was selected to be part of the Mexican theatrical version of the film Todo sobre mi madre by Pedro

masks: Alejandra Bogue Bogue


title: Alejandra Bogue

texts: Almodóvar, with the character of La Agrado (played in the film by the Spanish actress Antonia San Juan).The play premiered with great box office success at the Teatro de los Insurgentes in Mexico City on March 27, 2010. Thanks to her performance, Bogue won the award for best female co-performance by the APT (Association of Theater Journalists). In 2012, Bogue was invited to be part of the transgender panel at the Global Cross Atlantic Summit, organized by Equality Milan and The Harvey Milk Foundation in Italy. In 2013 <mask> makes a special appearance in the films Tercera Llamada, by Francisco Franco and Instructions Not Included, directed by and starring Eugenio Derbez. In 2014, the actress joined various theatrical productions of the projects Microteatros and Teatro en Corto in Mexico City. In that year, she also acted in some chapters of the webnovela Ana la chica bolera, by Eduardo Solo. In 2015, the actress participated in the Mexican telenovela Amor de barrio, produced by Televisa.In 2016, Bogue posed for the third time for photographer Joel-Peter Witkin, twenty-five years after he posed for his lens for the first time. The photograph was titled The Soul Has No Gender. In 2017, <mask>'s photographs for Witkin were part of Trisha Ziff's book and documentary Witkin & Witkin. In 2017, Bogue starring the play Zuleyka Montes, directed by Gustavo Sanders. In that same year, she became the host of the online LGBT content and comedy show Diva divergente. In 2018, Bogue entered the world of television dubbing by giving voice to a character in the Latin American version of the American television series Pose, broadcast on Fox Premium. In 2019, Bogue participates in the film El viaje de Keta, directed by Julio Bekhor.In early 2020, Bogue releases a series of capsules and content through her official YouTube account. The content is divided into two spaces: Confesiones de Madame, where


title: Engelbert II of Berg

texts:
Count <mask> of Berg, also known as <mask>, <mask> of Cologne, <mask> I, Archbishop of Cologne or <mask> of Berg, Archbishop of Cologne (1185 or 1186, Schloss Burg – 7 November 1225, Gevelsberg) was archbishop of Cologne and a saint; he was notoriously murdered by a member of his own family. Early life
<mask> was born in 1185 or 1186 in Schloss Burg (present ), the younger son of Count <mask> of Berg and his wife Margarete of Guelders. He was educated at the cathedral school in Cologne. From 1198 (at the age of twelve or thirteen) he held the office of provost of St. George in Cologne and from 1199 to 1216 he also held the office of cathedral provost at Cologne Cathedral. He further acquired at various times a number of other provostships: in Cologne, Aachen, Deventer and Zutphen. He was elected Bishop of Münster in 1203 but he declined because of his age. <mask> was excommunicated by Pope <mask> in 1206, on account of his support for his cousin Adolf of Altena, archbishop of Cologne, in the interests of Philip of Swabia against Otto of Brunswick but was pardoned in 1208.In 1212, as an act of penance for his earlier rebellion, he took part in the Albigensian Crusade. He gave his allegiance to the future <mask>, Holy Roman Emperor, after the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. Archbishop of Cologne and after

<mask> was elected Archbishop of Cologne as <mask> I on 29 February 1216 and was consecrated on 24 September 1217, in which office he remained until his violent death. <mask> came to enjoy the trust of <mask>, Holy Roman Emperor, becoming

masks:
Engelbert II
Saint Engelbert
Engelbert
Engelbert
Engelbert I
Engelbert
Engelbert I
Engelbert
Innocent III
Frederick II
Engelbert
Engelbert
Engelbert
Frederick II


title: Engelbert II of Berg

texts: imperial administrator (Reichsverweser) in 1220 and guardian of the Emperor's son Henry. In 1222, Engelbert crowned twelve-years-old Henry as King of the Romans in Aachen. <mask> remained Henry's tutor and guardian until his death. It is not clear to what extent <mask> was personally involved with the , a treaty with the ecclesiastical princes, which Frederick signed on 26 April 1220, although as Administrator of the German Kingdom () he must have had at least some input.Clearly, however, in the increased powers it gave to all ecclesiastical princes it was of benefit also to the archbishops of Cologne, and the establishment and development of the new powers was part of <mask>'s archiepiscopal strategy. When <mask> succeeded, the rights and territories of the archdiocese were in bad order, following a long period of civil unrest in Germany. He engaged himself at once in a series of campaigns and strategies to win them back and safeguard them, principally against the Dukes of Limburg and their allies the County of Cleves. <mask> in turn set up alliances with Brabant and Namur. <mask> also defended his personal inheritance as Count of Berg against Duke Waleran <mask> of Limburg. In 1218 <mask>'s elder brother Count Adolf VI of Berg died on the Fifth Crusade without a male heir. Waleran considered himself entitled to inherit the County of Berg because his son Henry was married to Irmgard of Berg, Adolf's only daughter.According to the Salic law, however, <mask> was the heir. He won the dispute in two feuds. In 1220 a peace was concluded and

masks: Engelbert Engelbert Engelbert Engelbert Engelbert Engelbert III Engelbert Engelbert


title: Engelbert II of Berg

texts:
 determined to protect the nuns' interests and sought to bring Frederick to justice. On 7 November 1225 while they travelled together to Cologne from a judicial hearing in Soest, <mask> was killed, possibly by Frederick, in a defile near present-day Gevelsberg near Schwelm. It seems probable that a group of disaffected nobility was behind the attack which may have been intended to take Engelbert captive rather than kill him. <mask>'s body was taken to Cologne on a dung-cart, and when examined, found to have forty-seven wounds.Veneration
<mask>'s body was buried in Cologne Cathedral on 24 February 1226 by order of Cardinal Conrad of Urach, the papal legate, who declared him a martyr, though a formal canonization did not take place. His remains are preserved today in a Baroque shrine prepared on the authority of Ferdinand of Bavaria, archbishop of Cologne, who in 1618 also ordered the celebration of his feast on 7 November. See also

Notes

References

This article is in part based on a translation of the article in the German Wikipedia

Further reading

  An article on the murder of Engelbert 1225

External links

 Biography on genealogie-mittelalter.de
 07. November 1225 from the Exhibition NRW 2000
http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/76425

 The death of Archbishop <mask> of Cologne, poem by Annette von Droste-<mask>bert 01
13th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Holy Roman Empire
Counts of Berg
German Roman Catholic saints
House of Limburg-Stirum
Burials at Cologne Cathedral
13th-century Christian saints
Recipients of papal

masks: Engelbert Engelbert Engelbert Engelbert Hlshoffgel


title: Mickey Munday

texts:
<mask> (born June 29, 1945) is an American former drug trafficker and former associate of Colombia's Medellin Cartel during the growth phase in cocaine trafficking, 1975–1986. Munday was featured in the 2006 Rakontur documentary, Cocaine Cowboys. Internationally renowned for his abilities to circumvent law enforcement's efforts to capture and arrest him by boat or airplane during Miami's cocaine epidemic, Munday was often referred to as the "MacGyver" of cocaine smugglers. Now known as "The last surviving "Cocaine Cowboy," Munday makes his living as an actor, writer, speaker and storyteller. His latest CD, Tall Tales, is a collection of adventurous anecdotes re-told by Munday about his days as a smuggler. In April 2018, a federal judge sentenced Munday to a 12-year prison sentence after he was found guilty on auto fraud-conspiracy charges. Early life
Munday was born and raised in Miami, Florida.His father, George "Sunny" <mask> was a professional football player, who played four seasons in the NFL and was a machine shop owner. His mother, Dorothy Duncan, was a former Miss Ohio beauty queen and school teacher, who taught at North Miami Junior High school until her retirement in 1976. <mask> has one sibling, a younger brother. When Munday was 13 years old, his father put him to work at the family-owned concrete business, M Block. There he learned how to manufacture and design concrete ventilation, benches, tables, fences, and stepping stones. In 1971, Munday took over M Blocks after his father became ill and subsequently retired. He ran the company until 1978, closing it after a rapid decline in construction in Florida.From 1972 through 1978, Munday owned and operated several different businesses simultaneously. In 1972, he opened Mike's Bike Shop, specializing in high-performance motorcycles. In 1975, he opened Ultimate Boats, a custom boat manufacturing company specializing in open fish and speed boats. In 1980, he founded LC Towing. Introduction to trafficking
The sudden death of a close friend, in 1978, left Munday

masks:
Mickey Munday
Munday
Mickey


title: Mickey Munday

texts:
 Florida, where he enjoys his local celebrity status as the last surviving "Cocaine Cowboy" and was coined by Miami New Times reporter Gus Garcia Roberts as "A South Florida Local Treasure". The Telegraph'''s Jacqui Goddard reports that Munday lived a low-key, frugal lifestyle both during his heyday as a drug trafficker and does so presently:

While his cocaine cohorts cruised Miami in Lamborghinis and Ferraris, Munday largely eschewed the flashy lifestyle that his tens of millions of dollars in fees could have bought him, figuring that it was better not to draw attention to himself. He channelled most of his cash into buying property, which was all forfeited after he was prosecuted.He now lives what he admits is a "frugal existence" in Miami, getting around on a pedal bicycle with his fashion-defying long, blond hair flowing behind him, his look perhaps more Dog the Bounty Hunter than Miami Vice. Munday became the last "Cocaine Cowboy" standing "who is still alive and not behind bars" following Griselda Blanco's murder in September 2012. Current career
<mask> is currently in prison. Before that he made a living as an actor, writer, speaker and storyteller. He also works occasionally as a resource for SOUTHCOM (US Military's Southern Command)'s research partnership with Florida International University. In that capacity, he has twice been invited to speak to members of such crime-fighting agencies as the DEA, the FBI, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S. Coast Guard, police, and armed forces, to share information helpful to counter-narcotics and counter-terrorism strategies. In 2016, Munday converted a vacant lot near his North Miami home into a community park that he named "Love-Lock Park".In April 2018, <mask> was convicted in an inter-state auto fraud-conspiracy and sentenced to 12 years in prison

See alsoCocaine Cowboys''
Medellín Cartel

References

External links

Facebook
Twitter

1945 births
People from Miami
Medellín Cartel traffickers
American drug traffickers
Living people
People from North Miami,

masks: Munday Munday


title: Abdel Bari Atwan

texts:
<mask> ( , Levantine pronunciation: ; born 17 February 1950) is the editor-in-chief of Rai al-Youm, an Arab world digital news and opinion website. He was the editor-in-chief of the London-based pan-Arab newspaper Al Quds Al Arabi from the founding of the paper in 1989 until July 2013. Early life and career background
<mask> was born on 17 February 1950 in Deir al-Balah, a Palestinian refugee camp in the Gaza Strip. His parents Zilfa and <mask> lived in Isdud. He was one of their 11 children. After receiving his primary school education at the camp, his schooling was continued first in Jordan in 1967, and then in Cairo, Egypt. In 1970 he entered Cairo University where he studied journalism and received a diploma in English-Arabic translation.After his graduation, he started work as a journalist, initially with the Al Balaagh newspaper in Libya, then with Al Madina in Saudi Arabia. In 1978, he moved to London, where he has lived since then, and assumed a job with Asharq Al Awsat, a Saudi-owned international daily. In 1980, he set up the London office of Al Madina and in 1984 returned to Asharq Al Awsat. In 1989, Al Quds Al Arabi was founded by expatriate Palestinians and <mask> <mask> was offered the job as editor-in-chief, which he held until 2013. The paper is known for its Arab nationalism and advocacy of the Palestinian cause. It has been banned and censored repeatedly in several Arab countries for vocal criticism of what the paper alleges is their autocratic rule and excessive deference to Israel and the United States. As editor of Al Quds Al Arabi, <mask> <mask> became a public figure; he is a regular guest on Dateline London on BBC World, Sky News, Al Jazeera English and CNN World, as well as on several Arabic-language networks.He has contributed articles to British newspapers

masks:
Abdel Bari Atwan
Abdel Bari Atwan
Muhammad Atwan
Abdel
Bari Atwan
Abdel
Bari Atwan


title: Abdel Bari Atwan

texts:
 including The Guardian, The Mail on Sunday, and The Herald (Glasgow). He is a columnist for Gulf News. He has written four books. Islamic State: The Digital Caliphate was published by Saqi Books and the University of California Press in 2015. <mask> has also contributed chapters and essays to several academic and specialist books and journals. Known for his lively delivery, <mask> regularly gives talks and lectures around the world at a variety of events and venues from the Edinburgh Festival to Harvard University. Bin Laden interview
In 1996, <mask> <mask> interviewed Osama bin Laden.He had to travel through the mountains, dressed in Afghan clothing. He later called the experience his "most frightening trip". His impression of bin Laden was that he is "a phenomenon, extreme". <mask>'ida <mask> states, "I do not endorse or in any way support al-Qa'ida's agenda" and "I utterly condemn the attacks on innocent citizens in the West". Political opinions

September 11 attacks
On the fifth anniversary of the September 11 attacks <mask> said: "The events of 11 September will be remembered as the end of the US empire. This is because all empires collapse when they pursue the arrogance of power".Al-Qaeda
Atwan has repeatedly expressed his view that the war on terror is the root cause for the creation of numerous regional Al-Qaeda offshoots. At the second Dubai Debates on 31 May 2011, he stated: "We used to have one address for Al Qaeda. [...] Tora Bora, Tora Bora main square, Tora Bora highroad, the third cave on the left. [...] Now we have Al Qaeda in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen, Iraq, Somalia and in the Islamic Maghreb". 2003 invasion of Iraq
He expressed sympathy with the insurgency against the US-led 2003 invasion of Iraq. Commenting on former president Saddam Hussein's extrajudicial

masks:
Atwan
Atwan
Abdel
Bari Atwan
Atwana
Atwan
Atwan


title: Abdel Bari Atwan

texts:
 execution he said that he would "go to the gallows with his head held high, because he built a strong united Iraq without sectarianism". Later on, Atwan claimed that Saddam Hussein mentioned that "a nation which has <mask> <mask> will not be defeated", before his execution.Israel
Speaking about the potential for a retaliatory attack by Iran in the event it was attacked by Israel, in an interview on Lebanese television in June 2007, <mask> stated, "If the Iranian missiles strike Israel, by Allah, I will go to Trafalgar Square and dance with delight". He further stated in the case of war, Iran would retaliate against its Arab neighbors, American bases in the Gulf and "Allah willing, it will attack Israel, as well". In March 2008, <mask> said that the Mercaz HaRav shooting, in which a Palestinian gunman killed eight students (aged 15 to 26), "was justified". He added that the Mercaz HaRav yeshiva is responsible for "hatching Israeli extremists and fundamentalists" and that the celebrations in Gaza following the attack symbolized "the courage of the Palestinian nation". A vocal critic of what he describes as Israel's "racist" and "apartheid" treatment of Palestinians, <mask> has advocated a peaceful, non-violent settlement to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. In his memoir, A Country of Words, <mask> says, "We have to learn to live together in peace and co-operation in a multi-cultural society in one democratic secular state for two people. One state for both peoples governed by a representative democracy and on an equal footing.We manage it here in London, it is working in South Africa, and there is enough room for everyone in Palestine. I respect the Jewish people and their religion. I do not want to destroy Israel but I do want to end racism and the current Apartheid system". According to

masks:
Abdul Bari
Atwan
Atwan
Atwan
Atwan
Atwan


title: Abdel Bari Atwan

texts:
 his personal website, <mask> has been banned by Israeli authorities from visiting the Palestinian territories since 2000. As a result, he was neither able to visit his ill mother nor attend her funeral after she died in 2003. <mask> described the attacks on Israelis in Eilat
as correcting "This attack put the spotlight back on the most important struggle – that for the honor of the Arab and Islamic nation... Resistance is a legitimate right as long as land is occupied and the people and holy places are humiliated...the course of the Arab revolutions and refocused them on the most dangerous disease, namely Israeli tyranny. This disease is the cause of all the defects that have afflicted the region for the past 65 years".In an interview which aired on the Lebanese Al Mayadeen TV channel on 31 January 2015 (as translated by MEMRI), Atwan stated that "Jihad must be directed, first and foremost, against the Israeli enemy...All our guns must be turned toward that enemy, regardless of our differences, because this is the only thing that unites us". Atwan also declared that "Arabs who do not think that Israel is an enemy are neither Arabs nor Muslims". In another Al Mayadeen interview translated by MEMRI, broadcast in August 2021, Atwan contended that the American evacuation of Afghanistan presaged  what will soon happen to Israel, suggesting that Israelis should start "learning how to swim" because their "only option" will be to flee from Israel into the Mediterranean Sea "like rats fleeing a sinking ship". 2011 Libyan civil war
On 17 April 2011, speaking on BBC News Channel's Dateline London, Atwan claimed that post-revolutionary Libya would become "a hotbed of extremists'. On 4 September 2011, Mustafa Abdul Jalil, chair of the NTC, the interim free Libyan government, in an attempt to damage

masks: Atwan Atwan


title: Abdel Bari Atwan

texts:
 Atwan's reputation as a commentator, alleged that documentary proof had emerged that Atwan was on the payroll of Gaddafi. Atwan reiterated that there is no truth in this baseless allegation and is currently suing Mustafa Abdul Jalil for defamation in the UK courts. Iran's military satellite (Noor)
On 7 May 2020, Atwan mentioned in regards to Iran's recent launched military satellite to space, that: it will change the region's equations.This Arab analyzer added: Noor (satellite) will observe each American ant, and each Israeli mosquito on the Earth; and with this achievement, Iran can monitor all American and Israeli troops on the ground. Brisbane visa affair
In a scheduled visit to the Brisbane Writers Festival in September 2007, <mask>'s visa was reported as being blocked by the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO). Subsequently, this turned out to be over-enthusiastic reporting. According to ASIO, Atwan's application had been delayed by the Australian Intelligence for less than four weeks, ASIO said "It is false to suggest it's anything to do with the media campaign or conspiracy theories, We had to seek some additional information. Dr <mask>'s application was treated like everybody else's". Criticism
Following an October 2003 article in which <mask> claimed that the U.S. is to blame for the Arab world's hatred of it, a Yemenite journalist and columnist for the London Arabic-language daily Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, Munir Al-Mawari, stated: "The Abd Al <mask>wan on CNN is completely different from the <mask> <mask> on the Al Jazeera network or in his Al Quds Al Arabi daily. On CNN, <mask> speaks solemnly and with total composure, presenting rational and balanced views.This is in complete contrast with his fuming appearances on Al Jazeera and in Al Quds Al Arabi, in which he

masks:
Atwan
Atwan
Atwan
Bari At
Abdel
Bari Atwan
Atwan


title: Abdel Bari Atwan

texts:
 whips up the emotions of multitudes of viewers and readers". In response to Atwan's legitimization of the Mercaz HaRav shooting in March 2008, Lior Ben-Dor, a spokesman at the Israeli Embassy in London, said: "The problem is that when addressing the British public, he tends to hide his true opinions and ideology – his support for terror and the murder of civilians. This article reveals <mask>'s real colors, a supporter of fundamentalism and terror, and hence he should be treated accordingly". Resignation
On 9 July 2013, <mask> stated in his final editorial at Al-Quds Al-Arabi that he was resigning from his two posts as editor-in-chief and as chairman of the board. Entitled "Dear Readers...Goodbye until we meet soon, God Willing", his editorial explained that external pressures had influenced his decision. He chronicled his own journey and the reasons behind the unprecedented success of Al Quds Al Arabi. He stated that over a period of a quarter of a century, he had received death threats from the "Arab, Foreign, and Israeli security services".He insisted that he had never compromised on his ideals and took pride in his profession, "leaving with his head held high". Books
 The Secret History of Al-Qa'ida, <mask> <mask>, Little Brown (2006),
 A Country of Words: The Life of <mask> <mask>wan: A Palestinian Journey from the Refugee Camp to the Front Page, <mask> <mask>, SAQI (25 September 2008),
 After Bin Laden: Al-Qa'ida, The Next Generation, <mask> <mask>, SAQI (10 September 2012),
 Islamic State: The Digital Caliphate, <mask> <mask>, University of California Press (8 September 2015),

References

External links

 Official blog

1950 births
Living people
People from Deir al-Balah Governorate
Palestinian Arab nationalists
Palestinian journalists
Palestinian Muslims
Palestinian

masks:
Atwan
Atwan
Abdel
Bari Atwan
Abdel
Bari At
Abdel
Bari Atwan
Abdel
Bari Atwan
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Bari Atwan


title: John Bunion Murray

texts:
<mask> (<mask> (also spelled Murry; 1908–1988) was an abstract expressionist painter from Glascock County, GA. His work has been shown among folk art exhibitions and is included at the American Folk Art Museum and the Smithsonian American Art Museum, and has been featured in many museum exhibitions, including "Self-Taught Genius" at AFAM and "When the Stars Begin to Fall" at the Studio Museum. His work is best known for its codified use of colors and improvised script, called "spirit script," which could only be translated by the artist. Early life
<mask> (J.B.) <mask> was born to <mask><mask> and Moriah Macrae M. Bass in Glascock County, Georgia in the remote town of Mitchell. He attended school for one month at the age of six, then spent the rest of his life as a general farm laborer. <mask> was unable to read or write in English. He married his neighbor, Chloe Kitchens, in his early twenties. <mask> built a house in the neighboring town of Sandersville.He and his wife had eleven children, five of which died within <mask>'s lifetime. By the time he was in his fifties, his wife had left him. Aside from doctor's visits and weekly services at the Mineral Springs Baptist Church, <mask> lived in virtual isolation for the remaining two decades of his life. He died in 1988 from prostate cancer. Religion and art
At the age of 70, <mask> began what art historian William Arnett has called "one of the most remarkable and unlikely art 'careers' in the southern vernacular field" after he and his wife separated. After a decade of

masks:
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J B ) Murray
John Bunion
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title: John Bunion Murray

texts: living alone, <mask> dislocated his hip, and was forced to retire from farming and seek new existential perspectives. His first creations were shrine-like piles of found materials, rocks, and other debris strategically placed throughout his yard to repel evil that <mask> believed loomed over all facets of life.He then began painting car parts, televisions, and other reflective material that he would then affix to his home in another effort to reflect evil and protect his home. The tradition of adorning one's yard with sculptures and totems, otherwise known as the "yard show," was a very common practice among African American artists, particularly from the south eastern United States. Other artists from northern Georgia, such as Eldren M. Bailey, Dilmus Hall, Ralph Griffin, and Howard Finster all created prominent yard shows. In 1978, <mask> experienced a religious vision while watering his potatoes which inspired him to produce a remarkable body of abstract paintings and drawings in the last decade of his life. Seeing an eagle descend from the sun, <mask> believed that he had been granted a privileged religious insight, which was to be the inspiration for his work as an artist. When I started, I prayed and prayed. And the Lord sent a vision from the sun.Everything I see is from the sun. He showed me signs and seasons and he tells me. He turned around and gave me a question to ask Him and I asked Him to see me mother. He brought her before me and two brothers... See, Spirit will talk with Spirit. And when I left there

masks: Murray Murray Murray Murray


title: John Bunion Murray

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 [the hospital], the eagle crossed my eye—a Spiritual Eagle. The Eagle can see farther than any bird in the world and that's why I can see things other people can't see. When I see between here and the sun is in a twinkle.It was then that I began to write these letters. Different writing represents different languages and folks. It's the Language of the Holy Spirit, direct from God"

Illiterate, <mask> developed his own personal style of seemingly unintelligible asemic writing, which he called "spirit script," that he inscribed onto his drawings and paintings. <mask>'s writing gave him a power he believed could be used for benediction and protection of himself and others. As a part of the process, <mask> kept a bottle of what he called "holy water" on a table by his bedside, which he would raise towards the sky whenever he prayed. <mask> believed that if a person with a pure heart read his "writing" while looking through the bottle of holy water, that person would read messages from God. During the last few years of his life, as his reputation as a mystic grew, <mask> would receive visitors on his property who requested ritual readings of the holy water.When writing these holy messages, <mask> would often hold the bottle of holy water in one hand and write with the other, keeping his hand as limp as possible, and letting the holy spirit guide it. This process of automatic writing was recorded in a documentary directed and produced by Judith McWillie of the University of Georgia toward the end of his life. Although other

masks: Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray


title: John Bunion Murray

texts: deeply religious artists wrote in asemic script, such as Joe Light's pseudo-Arabic and James Hampton's Phoenician-like script, <mask> was the only artist known to read and decipher his writings through water. Many scholars have written about West African spiritual and religious influences on religious practices of the African American descendants of enslaved peoples in the southeastern United States. <mask>'s work differs from other visionary work in that it has no formal narrative components, and relies primarily on sacred scripts. Thus, despite <mask>'s commitment to the Baptist Church, scholars have connected <mask>'s practice with Afro-Islamic traditions. Islamic traditions in western and northern Africa venerate writing, studying and memorizing the Koran and other sacred texts as a power bestowed on man by Allah and can constitute forms of worship.Interpretation and intercession of sacred texts are used to heal practitioners spiritually and physically. Furthermore, some Afro-Islamic mystic leaders dissolve the written words of sacred texts or the name of Allah in water then pour the solution into a small vial, which the practitioner drinks or wears in secret around their neck. In his own way, and without lending credit to the similarity, <mask> reflected these Islamic practices when he wrote his prophetic "spirit scripts" and interpreted them through his small glass of water for visiting practitioners. <mask> distrusted people who did not believe in God; in his mind, most people had strayed from the Lord's path and


title: John Bunion Murray

texts:
 were therefore potentially harmful. He also believed that destructive evil spirits populated the world, and thus much of the artwork he created served a protective purpose. His paintings and painted objects functioned as a shield to ward off such harmful forces. His house never became a cite for collectors or art historians, as other folk artists' houses had been.However, as his notoriety progressed, a small group of private patrons began exchanging his completed paintings for new supplies and discouraging him from engaging with other interested collectors. It is unknown how much <mask> was compensated for his work, if at all. At the end of his career, he had produced nearly 2,000 paintings. Art historian Mary Padgelek, who wrote a book about <mask>'s life and works, has also written a musical about him: Visionary Man, which was presented at the Hudson Mainstage Theater in 2014. Exposure
Two people helped expand <mask>'s range of materials and exposure to viewers. One was his general practitioner, Dr. William Rawlings, a local doctor in Sandersville. The other was Andy Nasisse, an art professor and the University of Georgia.<mask> and Dr. William Rawlings met as a result of a routine check up for a minor illness. <mask> believed that Rawlings offered more than just physical healing, so he frequented Rawling's office for mental and spiritual advice. Along with these visits, <mask> would send hundreds of paintings and spirit scripts to Rawlings, who then began to supply <mask> with higher quality art materials. <mask>

masks: Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray


title: John Bunion Murray

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 went from painting on discarded building material with house paint purchased at the local convenience store to painting with tempura paints, markers, watercolors, oil paint sticks, etc. <mask>'s greatest advocate may have been Krista Lamar, Dr. Rawling's wife. She bought supplies for Rawlings to give to <mask> and even introduced <mask> to Andy Nasisse, an art professor and the University of Georgia.Through Nasisse, <mask> was introduced to Phyllis Kind, of the Phyllis Kind Gallery, in New York. After she agreed to represent <mask> in her gallery, his work became internationally known and exhibited around the world.Once he was diagnosed with prostate cancer in the mid-1980's, he began to make work furiously, feeling as though he was running out of time. This and <mask>'s increased exposure to medical drawings and hospitals, in accordance with his treatment, altered his work in the last four to five years of his life. His work focused more on warfare and biological uncertainty which <mask> felt stirring within him. As a result, his once iconic, compartmentalized style began to blur and serpentine shapes manifested over the background. He died at the Memorial Hospital in Washington County, GA on 18 September 1988. Subject and materials
<mask>'s lexicon of colors was confined to primary colors, white, and black for the majority of his career. Each color held a specific meaning.Red represented torment or evil, blue represented "good" and positive strength, and yellow and gold indicated a divine presence or energy such as


title: John Bunion Murray

texts:
 God himself or the sun. White was often added among these colors to denote spiritual purity and black was seldom added to denote death or the afterlife. <mask> uses color and "spirit script" in tandem to create "spirit works," what he called his paintings, which showcased the battles between good and evil that <mask> saw unfolding in everyday life. His "spirit works" contained messages for visitors and viewers that <mask> alone could interpret. His colors and calligraphy were often compartmentalized into horizontal or vertical registers and square or rectangular spaces. Many historians also note horror vacui in <mask>'s work. His paintings deviate from the known American Folk Art repertoire in that there is very little representation or interpretation of life.There is no wildlife, Biblical characters, political or patriotic themes, and no narrative obvious to the viewer. Nearly all of <mask>'s works were completed on paper, whether that be napkins, receipt paper, construction paper, or poster board using pens, colored pencils, felt-tip markers, and acrylic paint. Exhibitions and permanent collections
<mask>'s work has been shown in the following exhibitions:

 Baking in the Sun: Visionary Images from the South, 13 Jun.- 31 Jul 1987, University Art Museum, Lafayette, LA. Outside the Mainstream; Folk Art in Our Time. May–August 1988, High Museum of Art at Georgia Pacific Center, Atlanta, GA.
 Afro-American Folk Artists. 30 Jul.- 7 Aug. 1988, Berman Gallery, Atlanta, GA. Gifted Visions:Black American Folk Art, 1988, Atrium


title: John Bunion Murray

texts:
 2012, Boca Raton Museum of Art, Boca Raton, FL. Pure Folk: Celebrating the Folk Art Society of America. 14 Sep.- 10 Nov. 2012, Barbara Archer Gallery, Atlanta, GA.
 Voodoo Child: J.B<mask> and Mary Smith. 2013, abcd, le galerie, Paris, FR.When the Stars Begin to Fall: Imagination in the American South. 27 Mar- 29 Jun, 2014, Studio Museum in Harlem, New York, NY. <mask>'s works are in the permanent collections of the following museums:

 Metropolitan Museum of Art
 Minneapolis Institute of Art
 Ackland Art Museum
 Smithsonian American Art Museum
 American Folk Art Museum

References

Relevant literature
 Judith McWillie and Grey Gundaker. No Space Hidden: The Spirit of African American Yardwork (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2005) pp. 39, 40, 168–171. Clifton-James, Licia E. 2016. Making the connection: JB <mask> and the scripts and forms of Africa.University of Missouri-Kansas City: doctoral dissertation. External links
 http://www.folkartmuseum.org/?t=images&id=4381
 http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artwork/?id=86323
 http://www.cargofolkart.com/Artist%20Pages/J.B.%20Murry.htm
 http://www.folkstreams.net/film,219
 http://galleristny.com/2014/03/terms-of-art-looking-at-the-american-south-studio-museum-considers-the-insider-outsider-divide/
 https://issuu.com/cavinmorris/docs/two_transcend-jbm_catalog_safarova_

1908 births
1988 deaths
American abstract artists
American folk art
20th-century American painters
Outsider artists
Painters from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Glascock County,

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. Murray
Murray
Murray


title: Anant Krishna Shastry

texts: Dr. A. K<mask> (<mask>) was an Indian historian in the state of Karnataka, India. He was the first scholar to extensively study and research manuscripts called 'Kadata'. He also studied more than a hundred thousand palm leaf and paper manuscripts. Kadatas are from the 15th century to the 19th century, and unique in how they are made. Kadata is a long sheet of cloth, seasoned with charcoal paste mixed with tamarind seed powder, dried and folded in the form a book. It opens out like a roll. Soapstone pencils were used to write.The history of Kadata goes back to the 4th century BC. Nearchus, an officer in Alexander The Great's army, mentions about Indians writing on a well-beaten cloth. A large number of Kadatas are preserved at the Sringeri Math in Sringeri, Karnataka. Dr. <mask>'s research focuses on social, political, economic and religious aspects of Sringeri Dharmasamsthana in particular and Karnataka in general, during this time period. Dr. <mask>'s major work involves reading, translating/transliterating from "modi kannada" Modi alphabet - an old Kannada script, and generating source material from these manuscripts. He has written several large volumes of source material books that capture these documents verbatim with commentary and analysis. Due to his work on Kadatas, he

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title: Anant Krishna Shastry

texts:
 is fondly known as "Kadata <mask>" in Karnataka's history circles.He has presided over several state and national level history seminars. He was a professor of history at MES's M. M. College of Arts and Science, Sirsi, affiliated to Karnatak University, Dharwad, from 1964 to 1998. Life and education
Dr<mask> was born on 17 March 1940 in Sirsi. He completed his education in Sirsi and Dharwad. Primary Education in K. E. Board High School in Dharwad
 B.A. (Hons.) from Karnatak College, Dharwad, 1961
 M.A.(History)  from Karnatak University, Dharwad, 1963
 Ph.D. from Karnatak University, Dharwad, 1976

Books and research
Academic
 A History of Shringeri:  Karnatak University, Dharwad. 1st edition 1982, 2nd edition 1999. Sringeri Dharmasamsthana (Kannada) : Sringeri Matha, 1983
 Sringeriya Itihasa (Kannada) : Karnatak University, Dharwad. of India
 Banavasi: Resting on past glory
 ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯದಲ್ಲೂ ಚರಿತ್ರೆ ಮಿಳಿತ - ಡಾ.ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಿ, ವಿಜಯ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಪತ್ರಿಕೆ, ೪ ಫೆಬ್ರುವರಿ ೨೦೧೪
 ಮಠಗಳು ಸಮಾಜದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಮರಸ್ಯ ಮೂಡಿಸಲಿ, ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿ ವಾರ್ತೆ, ೩ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೧೪
 Book on amazon.com - The Records of the Sringeri Dharmasamsthana

1940 births
2020 deaths
20th-century Indian historians
People from Uttara Kannada
Karnatak University alumni
Kannada-language writers
Indian male writers
Poets from Karnataka
Scholars from

masks:
Shastry
. Shastry


title: Ernest Willard Gibson

texts: <mask> (December 29, 1872June 20, 1940) was an American politician and lawyer from Vermont. A Republican, he served in both the United States House of Representatives (1923-1933) and United States Senate (1933-1940). A native of Londonderry, Vermont, <mask> graduated from Black River Academy (1891) and Norwich University (BS, 1894, MA, 1896). From 1894 to 1898, <mask> was principal of the high school in Chester, Vermont. While working as a principal, <mask> studied law with Eleazer L. Waterman and James Loren Martin attended the University of Michigan Law School. He was admitted to the bar in 1899 and began to practice in Brattleboro. <mask> gained his initial political experience as a Chester Village Trustee (1895 to 1898).While practicing law, he served as Windham County Register of Probate and Deputy Clerk of Vermont's United States District Court. He subsequently won terms in the Vermont House of Representatives (1906) and Vermont Senate (1908). During his State Senate term, <mask> was the body's President pro tempore. <mask> served as judge of Brattleboro's Municipal Court from 1906 to 1910. From 1899 to 1908 <mask> served in the Vermont National Guard. Enlisting as a private, he received his commission as an officer in 1901. From 1906 to 1908 he served on the staff of Governor Fletcher D. Proctor with the rank of colonel.He served again from 1915 to 1923, and took part in the Pancho Villa Expedition after Joining the 1st Vermont Infantry Regiment as a captain. During World War I, <mask> was commander of Company I, 1st Vermont Infantry, which was later federalized as the 57th Pioneer Infantry Regiment. <mask> remained in the National Guard after the war, and retired as a colonel after he won a seat in the U.S. House. In 1912, <mask> became a leader of the Progressive movement in Vermont, but remained loyal to the Republican Party, which

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title: Ernest Willard Gibson

texts:
 enabled him to serve as a bridge between the two groups. He served as Windham County State's Attorney from 1919 until 1921 and was Secretary of Civil and Military Affairs (chief assistant) at the start of Governor James Hartness's term in 1921. In November 1923, <mask> was elected to the United States House of Representatives from Vermont's 2nd district. he continued to win reelection until 1932, when the 2nd District was eliminated and Vermont became one at-large district, <mask> was elected to represent it.After the 1933 death of Senator Porter H. Dale, <mask> was appointed to fill the vacancy. He was elected in 1934 to complete Dale's term, and in 1938 won election to a full six-year term. <mask> served in the Senate until his death. <mask> was buried at Morningside Cemetery in Brattleboro. Early life
<mask><mask> was born in Londonderry, Vermont, on December 29, 1872, the son of Saville (Stowell) and William L<mask>. He attended local schools, and was a graduate of Black River Academy, where his classmates included Calvin Coolidge. He graduated from Norwich University with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1894, and was a member of the Theta Chi fraternity.He received his Master of Arts degree from Norwich in 1896. He studied law with Eleazer L. Waterman and James Loren Martin, attended the University of Michigan Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1899. Early career
<mask> was a high school principal in Chester from 1894 until 1898. He served as a Chester Village Trustee from 1895 to 1898. He was a trustee of Norwich University from 1899 to 1909 and again from 1919 to 1935, and served as vice president of the board of trustees. <mask> received an honorary LL.D. from Norwich in 1926.A Republican, after becoming an attorney he practiced in Brattleboro, where he also served as the Windham County Register of Probate and Deputy Clerk of

masks:
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. Gibson
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title: Ernest Willard Gibson

texts:
 Vermont's United States District Court. From 1904 to 1911 he was a lecturer on constitutional law at Norwich University. In 1906 he was elected to the Vermont House of Representatives. In 1908 he was elected to the Vermont State Senate, and served as President pro tempore. From 1906 to 1910 <mask> served as Brattleboro's Municipal Court Judge. In 1910 he ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for lieutenant governor. <mask> became a leader of the Progressive movement in Vermont, which ultimately led to creation of a recognized faction within the Vermont Republican Party, the Aiken-Gibson Wing.The Aiken-Gibson Wing was more liberal than the party establishment, which had been led for years by conservative business interests including the Smith family of St. Albans, the Fairbanks family of St. Johnsbury, and the Proctor family of Proctor. Despite his Progressive views, <mask> remained loyal to the Republicans and worked to keep Vermonters with similar views in the party. To that end, in 1912 he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention. <mask> served as Windham County State's Attorney from 1919 until 1921, and was Secretary of Civil and Military Affairs (chief assistant) to Governor James Hartness in 1921. Military service
From 1899 to 1908 <mask> served in the Vermont National Guard. Enlisting as a private, he was commissioned in 1901. From 1906 to 1908 he served on the staff of Governor Fletcher D. Proctor as a colonel.He served again from 1915 to 1923. Joining the 1st Vermont Infantry Regiment as a captain, he served in the Pancho Villa Expedition in 1915 and 1916. <mask> also served in World War I. As captain and commander of Company I, 1st Vermont Infantry (later federalized as the 57th Pioneer Infantry Regiment), <mask> served at Camp Bartlett, Camp Greene, and Camp Wadsworth, South Carolina before departing for France in

masks: Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson


title: Ernest Willard Gibson

texts:
 September, 1918. The 57th Pioneer Infantry provided replacement troops for the 83rd Division, with <mask> and a handful of soldiers left to reorganize the regiment and prepare it for a scheduled for deployment to the front lines. The Armistice occurred before the unit moved, and <mask> returned to the United States. At the end of the war he was stationed at Camp Devens, where he received his discharge in March, 1919.<mask> remained in the National Guard, and retired as a colonel upon winning election to Congress. United States Representative
In November 1923, <mask> was elected to the United States House of Representatives (Sixty-eighth United States Congress), filling the vacancy caused when Porter H. Dale resigned Vermont's 2nd district seat to become a United States Senator. He was reelected to the Sixty-ninth, and the four succeeding Congresses, serving from November 6, 1923, until his resignation on October 19, 1933. Vermont lost a House district as a result of the 1930 census, and in 1932 <mask> was elected as Vermont's at-large Congressman, defeating Loren R. Pierce in the primary, and going on to win the general election. Governor John E. Weeks had run for the 1st district seat in 1930, and indicated that if elected it would be the capstone of his career and he would not run in 1932, thus avoiding the possibility that two incumbents would run against each other for the at-large seat. During his House tenure, <mask> was chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of the Treasury (Sixty-ninth Congress) and the Committee on Territories (Seventy-first Congress). United States Senate
In November 1933, <mask> was appointed to the United States Senate, filling the vacancy created by the death of Porter H. Dale.He was elected in 1934 to complete Dale's term, and elected to a full term in 1938. <mask> served in the Senate from

masks: Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson


title: Ernest Willard Gibson

texts:
 November 21, 1933, until his death on June 20, 1940. He died in Washington, D.C., and was interred at Morningside Cemetery in Brattleboro. <mask> married Grace Fullerton Hadley on November 25, 1896. They had four children, Frank Hadley <mask> (1899–1922), <mask> <mask>. (1901–1969), <mask> (1903–1947) and Preston Fullerton <mask> (1908–1955). Preston F<mask> was a lawyer who was active in Republican politics and served as judge of Brattleboro's municipal court. <mask><mask> Jr. succeeded his father temporarily in the Senate and later served as Governor of Vermont and Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Vermont.The younger <mask>'s children included <mask><mask> III, an associate justice of the Vermont Supreme Court. See also
 List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)

References

External links

 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress: GIBSON, <mask>, (1872 - 1940)
 The Political Graveyard: <mask>, <mask> (1872-1940)
 Govtrack.us: Sen. <mask>

 (<mask> gave the dedicatory address; he can be seen at the 49 second mark seated third from the left in the foreground.) 1872 births
1940 deaths
Norwich University alumni
University of Michigan Law School alumni
National Guard of the United States officers
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of World War I
Vermont lawyers
Vermont Republicans
Members of the Vermont House of Representatives
Vermont state senators
Presidents pro tempore of the Vermont Senate
Vermont state court judges
State's attorneys in Vermont
Military personnel from Vermont
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Vermont
United States senators from Vermont
Republican Party United States senators
Burials in Vermont
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Vermont National Guard personnel
People from

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Ernest Willard
Ernest Gibson
Gibson


title: David Miller (political theorist)

texts:
<mask>  (born 8 March 1946) is an English political theorist. He is Professor of Political Theory at the University of Oxford and an Official Fellow of Nuffield College, Oxford. He previously lectured at the University of Lancaster and the University of East Anglia. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Cambridge, and his Bachelor of Philosophy and Doctor of Philosophy degrees from the University of Oxford. Previous works include Social Justice, On Nationality and Citizenship and National Identity. <mask> is known for his support of a modest form of liberal nationalism. Contribution
In Principles of Social Justice <mask> proposes a pluralist account of social justice, arguing that there can be no single measure of justice.This puts him in opposition to theorists such as Robert Nozick or John Rawls, who both argue for some sort of 'unifying theory' in understandings of justice. He claims that 'social justice' (defined as the 'just' distribution of benefits and burdens within society) can only be defined in reference to our 'considered judgements'. That is, philosophy must come from lived experience and empirical evidence. This is what leads him to argue for multiple sources of justice as in his opinion people believe in a range of rationales for justice. <mask> states that the most 'just' distribution depends on the type of relationship between the people involved. In 'solidaristic communities,' where people identify themselves as holding a shared culture or belief, distributions should be made in accordance with need (e.g. family or church group).In 'instrumental associations', where people are acting together with a common purpose but each for their own good (and not necessarily sharing a common identity or 'conception of the good'), justice is best served by allocating by desert (e.g. in the workplace). Contributions should be recognised with proportionate rewards. In 'citizenship', where people are related

masks:
David Leslie Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller


title: David Miller (political theorist)

texts:
 through political and legal structures, equality should prevail (e.g. in countries). His definition of equality involves equal status for members by the allocation of equal civil, political and social rights. Equal social rights entails the equal ability to make use of the political and civil rights, and therefore demands a welfare state and some redistribution of wealth.In On Nationality and Citizenship and National Identity <mask> defends a moderate, liberal form of nationalism, which he views as an important factor in maintaining support for welfare states (including institutions such as the British National Health Service). The nation state, he argues, performs the role of replicating the social solidarity found in local communities at the level of states in which populations are largely anonymous. He argues that we have greater ethical duties to our co-nationals than nationals of other states: "nations are ethical communities ... The duties we owe to our fellow-nationals are different from, and more extensive than, the duties we owe to humans as such". Criticisms
<mask>'s work has been subject to numerous criticisms and replies, for instance a special issue of the journal Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy on 'Nationalism and Global Justice – <mask> and His Critics' (Vol. 11, no. 4).<mask>'s arguments lead to tricky situations if more than one relationship could be said to exist (for example, two family members who also work together). He does not give any 'lexical ordering' to his proposals, but does work through a wide range of scenarios arguing that in each situation, a 'just' understanding of the relationship can trump and maintain a wider social justice. In the context of citizenship and state organisation, his proposal of civil, political and social equality leads to a strong redistributive state with a 'universal' welfare system. Critiques of <mask> point out that he leaves the details, and

masks:
Miller
Miller
David Miller
Miller
Miller