title: Tommy Farr

texts:
 level of competition, seldom contested, may be summed up by <mask>, later on in life: "When I talk about that fight, my nose still bleeds." Later career
After the Louis fight, Farr was unsuccessful in several contests at Madison Square Garden, New York.These included a ten-round fight on 21 January 1938, against former heavyweight champion James J. Braddock, "the Cinderella Man". He also lost to Max Baer the same year, even though he had defeated him before. Farr returned to the UK early in 1939, enjoying a run of victories that year. He retired in 1940, but personal tragedies saw him lose his fortune. He ended up bankrupt, having to return to the ring at the age of 36 to make a living, during this time, he was taken under the wing of businessman Lesie T.Salts, the owner of Gwrych Castle. Farr later ran a pub in Brighton, Sussex in final retirement, and died on St. David's Day, 1986, aged 72. He is buried at Trealaw Cemetery.Musical Contender
In 2007, Contender, a musical based on Farr's career, was composed by Mal Pope and premiered at the United Nations building in New York, followed by a season at Swansea's Grand Theatre. A theme of the musical is that Farr's lack of success in the USA resulted wholly from his refusal to co-operate with fight-fixing mobsters and bookmakers. 250 pp. Myler P Ring of Hate: Joe Louis vs. Max Schmeling: The Fight of the Century Arcade Publishing (2005) This source contains a detailed report of Louis's fight with <mask>, at page 113. External links

 Fight record of <mask>
 The lineage of Thomas George

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Tommy Farr
Tommy Farr


title: Leonid Kharitonov (actor)

type: original

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<mask> (; 1930–1987) was a Soviet and Russian actor. He played in the films Private Ivan, Ivan Brovkin on the State Farm and Street Full of Surprises. Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1972). Life

He was born in Leningrad on 19 May 1930, and died in Moscow on 20 June 1987, aged 57. Career

Training
In early life he was ambivalent about an acting career. Although he took part in amateur productions, and in the ninth grade applied to theatre school, he nevertheless chose to study law for a year at university, while continuing theatrical performance in his spare time. "In the play The Inspector, he rocked the entire city of Leningrad; he played Bobchinsky and it was after this role that he again seriously considered an acting career."That summer, the Moscow Art School toured in Leningrad and offered auditions at his school. Kharitonov secretly attended, and was accepted. Overview of acting career
He graduated from the Nemirovich-Danchenko studio school at the Moscow Art Theatre in 1954. This was the Gorky Art Academic Theatre. After graduating from the studio school he continued working as an actor at the same theatre. He was an actor with the Academic Art Theatre in the name of M. Gorky, or Gorky Theatre, from 1954 to 1962, but then he left this theatre and in 1962–1963 he performed with the Theatre of Lenin Komsomol and with the Pushkin Theatre. But in 1963 he returned to the Gorky Art Academic Theatre.He was a film actor from 1954: his first role was Boris Gorikov in the movie School of Courage, while he was still an acting student. Early career and characterisations
In 1955, <mask> became a public idol after Private Ivan was screened throughout the country. He was the

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Leonid Vladimirovich Kharitonov
Kharitonov


title: Leonid Kharitonov (actor)

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 object of much fan mail, and appeared privately to many local audiences in clubs, schools, factories and stadia. "His fame was such that the actor could not walk down the street." <mask> was a multi-dimensional performer who created a new type of Russian cinematic character: the charming bad egg, which he developed in his characterisations of Brovkin, the policeman Vasya Shaneshkin and his later heroic characters. "It was skill, hard work, professionalism and above all perception which allowed this sophisticated actor to play so convincingly this simple country boy, Brovkin." Much of this was the effect of his training with the psychological acting school of MAT.Private Ivan was followed in 1958 by Ivan Brovkin on the State Farm (see critical commentary below). Later career
With age, <mask> appeared in fewer films; he did not relish playing older men. However, sometimes he does appear in later movies grey and stout. For this reason of gradual absence from movies, in the 1980s <mask> <mask> was almost forgotten as a film actor although he continued performing at his native Moscow Art Theatre, as was the case during almost all his acting life. Private life
In private life he was said to live modestly. He was married three times, first to Svetlana <mask> the character actress of the 1950s and 1960s. He met his second wife, the actress Gemma Osmolovskaya, on the set of The Street is Full of Surprises, and they had a son Alexei Khartionov who is now a scientist-programmer.His third wife was his student at the Moscow Art Theatre school. Illness
In later years <mask> was seriously ill. In the summer of 1980, during the Moscow Olympics, he suffered a first stroke. Then,

masks: Kharitonov Kharitonov Leonid Kharitonov Kharitonov Kharitonov


title: Leonid Kharitonov (actor)

texts:
 while filming From the Life of the Chief of Criminal Investigation on 4 July 1984 this was followed by a second stroke. His health could not bear the news of the crisis of the Moscow Art Theatre in the summer of 1987. On 20 June 1987, the day of its division into two parts which was a very hard and dramatic time for the theatre, <mask> died the same day from his third stroke which occurred in the drama theatre. He was buried in Moscow in plot number 50 of Vagankovskoye cemetery.Theatrical performances

The following is a selection of <mask>'s theatrical roles:

 The Forgotten Friend (1956) – GoshThe Pickwick Papers (1956) – JoeThe Lower Depths (1956) – AlyoshaThe Devil's Disciple (1957) – ChristyThe road through the Sokolniki (1958) – Aleshka Vronsky – image Three Fat Men (1961) – Dr. GasparMutiny (1977) – CaravanSo we will win! (1981) – FistWe, the undersigned – ExplorerThe Village Stepanchikovo – Evgraf EzhevikinPeace to the huts, war to the palacesDays of the Turbins – LariosikGoodbye, boys – Sasha KriegerDead Souls – ChichikovHouse number 6As he left, look – Fedor

Filmography
The following is a selection of his films:

He was a supporting actor in Vasyok Trubachyov i yego tovarishchi (1955) and the romance Otryad Trubachyova srazhayetsya (1957). He played Fedul VI in Fire, Water, and Brass Pipes (1968). He played the part of Dobchinsky in the comedy Incognito from St. Petersburg (1977). In 1979 he acted in Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears, and A Few Days from the Life of I. I. Oblomov. In Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears he appears in cameo as himself, as part of the setting for the character Rudolf (Yuri Vasilyev) who is a television cameraman and first lover

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title: Leonid Kharitonov (actor)

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 of the protagonist Ekaterina (Vera Alentova). <mask> was at that time ubiquitous on Soviet television, and therefore represented the contemporary celebrity media zeitgeist.This cameo part is not unimportant, as director Vladimir Menshov said: "The uniqueness of the movie Moscow does not believe in tears lies in the fact that there are no bit parts." He played the Tsar in Along Unknown Paths(1982). He acted in: Iz Zhizni Nachalnika Ugolovnogo Rozyska (1983); Auktsion (1983); Postoronnim Vkhod Razreshyon (1986); Khorosho Sidim! (1986). He was also in the movie New Year's Abduction which featured the song Dark-Eyed Cossack Girl, publicised by his namesake and friend the bass singer <mask> <mask>. Full filmography

 1954 Courage School (Boris Gorik)
 1955 Vasek trumpeter and his comrade (counsellor Mitya Bourtsev)
 1955 Private Ivan (Russian: Солдат Иван Бровкин) (Ivan Brovkin) - image
 1955 Son (Andrew Goriaev) - image
 1956 Good luck! (Andrey Averin)
 1957 Next to us (laid off workers)
 1957 Detachment Trubacheva fight (counsellor Mitya Bourtsev)
 1957 Street Full of Surprises (Vasya Shaneshkin)
 1959 Ivan Brovkin on the State Farm (Ivan Brovkin na tseline) (Ivan Brovkin)
 1960 Let Light (TV film, Efimkov)
 1961 Long day (Lesch, excavator)
 1961 Two lives (shoemaker)
 1962 How to make toast (short, Grechkin)
 1962 Kapron network (Valka, captain of the river tug Swan)
 1963 Pitiable fate (short)
 1964 All for you (Vorobushkin)
 1967 Places still here (naval)
 1968 Fire, Water, and Brass Pipes (Fedulov VI)
 1969 Robbery (TV)
 1969 New Year's Abduction (Новогоднее похищение)
 1972 Fakir hour (Trofim)
 1977 Incognito from St. Petersburg (Dobchinsky)
 1978 Incidental

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title: Leonid Kharitonov (actor)

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 passengers (companion to the mixed feed)
 1978 Vanity of vanities (James A.)1979 Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears (; translit. Moskva slezam ne verit) (<mask> Kharitonov)
 1979 A Few Days from the Life of I. I. Oblomov (Russian: Несколько дней из жизни И. И. Обломова) (Luka Savich)
 1979 Father and Son (Dorofeyka)
 1980 Houses for forest (Bogomolov)
 1980 Gigolo and Gigoletta
 1981 Charm with secrets (baleen whales)
 1982 Young Russia (Longinov)
 1982 Along Unknown Paths (Tsar Makar)
 1982 Charodei (Russian: Чародеи) (Amatin)
 1983 Auction (Yegorych)
 1983 Eternal Call (Yegor Kuzmich Dedyukhin)
 1983 Quarantine (military in the zoo)
 1983 From the life: head of criminal investigations (grandfather Stepan)
 1985 Bagrationi
 1986 Sitting good! (grandfather)
 1986 Inside allowed (neighbour Professor)

Cartoon voiceovers
1969 In a Country of Unlearned Lessons (Cat)

Reviews and critical commentaries

Von Geldern review
"Honor of being the first film to break postwar taboos went to the far more modest The Soldier Ivan Brovkin (1955), directed by Ivan Lukinskii and ignored by film historians. Essentially a story about a nice young Russian boy drafted into the war, the film de-elevated the war film to a level accessible to common viewers, without challenging them to confront its pain. Played by <mask> <mask>, whose lyrical performance of several songs from the movie made him an all-Soviet heart throb, Brovkin opened the way for more adventurous films. Similar in story line but very different in treatment was the 1959 film Ballad of a Soldier, directed by Grigory Chukhray, which uses the tale of a young soldier on leave from the war to convey its futility and tragedy.

masks: Leonid Leonid Kharitonov


title: Leonid Kharitonov (actor)

texts:
 "James von Geldern

Critical commentary on Ivan Brovkin Na Tseline poster
The 1958 poster on the left illustrates the innocent face of the Brovkin character as performed by the sophisticated actor Kharitonov.It does this by contrasting the bland expression of the face with the shockingly modern (for 1958) complementary colours of the composition. The pictorial style predates the complementary colourist Andy Warhol's first exhibition of 1962, and demonstrates that it was part of the source-culture for that artist's work, which he called "artificial colour". The idea of re-working printed portraiture with gouache paints goes back to the previous century to such artists as Degas. The greyed-out sketch of the supporting actors in the top half of the poster serves to represent and encourage the audience's pleasure at seeing the Brovkin character on screen again. The poster contains another compositional joke or trick, as it appears to ignore the rule of thirds on the vertical axis, while actually fulfilling that visual requirement on the horizontal axis, although discreetly. This cleverness again parallels <mask>'s clever but hidden acting skills. See also
Lists of Soviet films
List of highest-grossing films in the Soviet Union

References

External links
 Russian Wikipedia page for <mask> Vladimirovich <mask>: includes filmography in Russian

 Filmset photos of Kharitonov in Soldier Ivan Brovkin and Son

 Narod.ru: unofficial website for <mask> <mask> in Russian

1930 births
1987 deaths
Russian male actors
Soviet male film actors
Male actors from Saint Petersburg
Moscow Art Theatre School alumni
Burials at Vagankovo Cemetery
Honored Artists of the RSFSR
Deaths from

masks: Kharitonov Leonid Kharitonov Leonid Kharitonov


title: Hedley Verity

texts: <mask> (18 May 1905 – 31 July 1943) was a professional cricketer who played for Yorkshire and England between 1930 and 1939. A slow left-arm orthodox bowler, he took 1,956 wickets in first-class cricket at an average of 14.90 and 144 wickets in 40 Tests at an average of 24.37. Named as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1932, he is regarded as one of the most effective slow left-arm bowlers to have played cricket. Never someone who spun the ball sharply, he achieved success through the accuracy of his bowling. On pitches which made batting difficult, particularly ones affected by rain, he could be almost impossible to bat against. <mask> was born in Leeds and, from an early age, wished to play cricket for Yorkshire. After establishing a good reputation in local cricket, he signed a contract as a professional cricketer playing in the Lancashire League.His first season was not a success but, after moving clubs, he began to make a name for himself. Initially a medium-paced bowler, he switched to bowling spin in an attempt to secure a place in the Yorkshire team. When Wilfred Rhodes, the incumbent Yorkshire left-arm spinner, announced his retirement, <mask> had a successful trial in the team in 1930, and led the national bowling averages. In 1931, his first full season, he achieved the rare feat of taking all 10 wickets in an innings, against Warwickshire; the following year, he again took all 10 wickets, against Nottinghamshire, while conceding just 10 runs. The latter bowling figures remain a record in first-class cricket for the fewest runs conceded while taking all 10 wickets. He established himself as part of a strong bowling unit, which helped Yorkshire win

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 the County Championship seven times in his ten seasons with the club. In that time, <mask> was never lower than fifth in the bowling averages and took over 150 wickets in every year except his first.In 1931, he was chosen to play for England for the first time and rose to prominence during a tour to Australia in 1932–33. Afterwards, he played regularly for England and achieved the best performance of his career when he took 15 wickets against Australia in a Test match at Lord's in 1934. However, critics claimed he was ineffective on good batting pitches, and he was occasionally left out of the England team over the following years. Even so, he had one of the best records of any bowler against Donald Bradman, generally regarded as the greatest batsman in the history of cricket. <mask> continued to play for Yorkshire and England until 1939, when the outbreak of the Second World War ended his career. <mask> joined the Green Howards in 1939, and after training was posted overseas to India, Persia and Egypt, achieving the rank of captain. During the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943, he was severely wounded and captured by the Germans.Taken to the Italian mainland, he died in Caserta from his injuries and was buried there. Early years
<mask> was born in Headingley, an area of Leeds, on 18 May 1905. He was the eldest child of <mask> <mask>, who worked for a local coal company, and Edith Elwick, a Sunday school teacher. <mask> also had two sisters, Grace and Edith. The family moved to Armley, then to the more rural location of Rawdon. From an early age, <mask> watched Yorkshire play County Cricket matches at Leeds, Bradford and, during family holidays, Scarborough. Later, at

masks: Verity Verity Verity Verity Hedley Verity Verity Verity


title: Hedley Verity

texts: Yeadon and Guiseley Secondary School, <mask> played school cricket, bowling left-arm medium-paced deliveries; he maintained this style until 1929 and was capable of bowling both inswingers and outswingers.<mask> left school aged 14 to work for his father, who had established a coal business in Guiseley, and played cricket for Rawdon's second team. Success on the field persuaded <mask> to seek a career in professional cricket and a place in the Yorkshire team. While working for his father, he devoted increasing amounts of time to cricket practice. In 1921, <mask> made his debut for Rawdon in league cricket; some of his subsequent performances attracted the notice of the local press, and he took 29 wickets at an average of 13.80 that season. The following season, he was spotted by Yorkshire coach George Hirst and former England spinner Bobby Peel, who were talent scouting for Yorkshire, and given a trial in the cricket nets at Headingley. Peel realised <mask> was an intelligent bowler who had excellent control of where he pitched the ball, but believed he was not fast enough to be effective for Yorkshire. Meanwhile, critics in Rawdon began to see increased potential in his batting, which improved steadily; by 1924, the Yorkshire Evening Post described <mask> as "one of the most promising cricketers in the Leeds district".<mask> moved to play for Horsforth Hall Park in 1924, where his batting became more productive than his bowling. By 1926, when he scored a total of 488 runs and took 62 wickets to win the Yorkshire Council League prize for best junior bowler, his all-round potential secured a second trial at Yorkshire. Receiving coaching from Hirst, <mask> played several

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 matches for the Yorkshire Colts. He was given little bowling to do, suggesting that he was chosen more for his batting at this stage, and was near the bottom of the team's bowling averages. Yorkshire did not allocate him to a local club, their practice towards promising cricketers at the time. Hirst was nevertheless impressed by <mask> and recommended him to Accrington Cricket Club, a team in the Lancashire League looking for a professional cricketer. After a trial, <mask> signed a contract in September 1926.League professional
<mask> was unsuccessful during the 1927 season, his only one with Accrington. His bowling was less effective than the club had hoped; he endured spells where he took few wickets and was unable to implement the tactics or bowl in the style that the club expected. His batting average for the season was 5.25. The team, containing players far more experienced than <mask>, were unimpressed by his performances and unsympathetic to his difficulties, offering him little support in the field. Even so, the club were prepared to offer an improved contract for 1928, but he declined as Accrington had previously refused to release their players for county cricket. <mask> signed a contract with Middleton, a club in the Central Lancashire Cricket League. Limited in resources, the club paid him less than Accrington, but guaranteed his release to play for Yorkshire if he were selected.Playing with young teammates, <mask> worked hard to coach the players and develop team spirit. He made a modest start in his first season, and was initially rated as a useful but unimpressive all-rounder. A visit to the Yorkshire nets around this time prompted <mask> to alter his

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 bowling style. Wilfred Rhodes, Yorkshire's main spinner since 1898, was considering retirement; he and Hirst suggested that, as there were fewer spinners than medium-pace bowlers, <mask> was more likely to achieve selection if he switched to spin bowling. With the support of the Middleton team and committee, <mask> started bowling spin at the beginning of the 1929 season and immediately began to attract attention from counties, culminating in an unsuccessful nets trial for Warwickshire. Later in the season, when <mask> went to Headingley to watch Yorkshire play, he was asked to fill a vacancy in the Yorkshire Colts team. In the match, he took five wickets for seven runs in the second innings.By the end of the season, he had taken 100 wickets for Middleton and topped the Central Lancashire League bowling averages. For the 1930 season, <mask> received lucrative contract offers from several Lancashire League clubs, worth more than three times his Middleton salary. Although recently married and receiving little encouragement from the Yorkshire committee, he eventually rejected the offers. In the event, Middleton allowed <mask> to play for Yorkshire during 1930 and later released him from his contract. Cricket historian Derek Hodgson notes that <mask>'s years in the Lancashire Leagues "meant that he reached Yorkshire ... as a hardened and experienced performer". County cricketer

First-class debut

Early in 1930, Wilfred Rhodes announced that he intended to retire from first-class cricket at the end of the season. Several spin bowlers were considered as his replacement; Hirst, who watched them all bowl in the nets, considered <mask> the most impressive.<mask> made his


title: Hedley Verity

texts: first-class debut on 21 May 1930 in an early-season non-Championship match against Sussex. Rhodes, who missed the match, spent the game watching <mask> and seemed convinced afterwards that his successor had been found. Bowling in two innings, <mask> took three wickets for 96 in 46.1 overs; in the process, he won praise from the press, particularly for preventing the batsmen from scoring. Rhodes returned for the next match; <mask> appeared only once more in May, taking eight wickets in the match against Leicestershire, and once in June. In his fourth game, he took nine for 60 in the second innings against Glamorgan and 12 wickets in the match. Rain had damaged the pitch, making it difficult to bat against spinners. After this, <mask> played regularly alongside Rhodes, and, helped by a succession of rain-affected pitches, took a total of 64 wickets in 12 games at an average of 12.42, figures which placed him top of the national bowling averages.His best performance came against Hampshire when he took 13 wickets for 83 runs, including seven for 26 in the first innings. Rhodes and Emmott Robinson, the senior professionals in the Yorkshire team, discussed tactics with <mask> and his friend and teammate Bill Bowes, to analyse their errors. Bowes later wrote: "To Wilfred Rhodes and Emmott Robinson ... I owe most for what I learned of first-class cricket—and <mask> <mask> shared my debt." <mask> enjoyed long technical discussions with Rhodes and, according to Hirst, took in the advice "like a sponge takes water". Even successful performances were critiqued, including <mask>'s against Glamorgan and Hampshire. At the end of the season, critics in the press seemed convinced a

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 successor to Rhodes had been found, and <mask> was spoken of as a certainty to become an England regular.Test debut
When the 1931 season started, many critics and journalists watched <mask> closely to see how he compared to Rhodes. Their initial impressions were favourable as <mask> took five for 42 against the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in Yorkshire's first match of the season and five for 42 against Cambridge University. Then, in his fifth game, <mask> became only the second man, after Alonzo Drake, to take all 10 wickets in a single innings for Yorkshire. Against Warwickshire, on his 26th birthday, <mask> took 10 for 36 in the second innings, having taken three wickets in the first innings, to give Yorkshire an innings victory. <mask> followed this performance with five for 54 against Lancashire, but a week after his 10 wickets against Warwickshire, Frank Woolley hit four sixes from <mask>'s bowling as the Yorkshire bowler conceded 70 runs from 12 overs without taking a wicket. The rest of his season was successful. Favoured by pitches made receptive to his bowling by rain, he recorded impressive performances, earning selection for the Players against the Gentlemen at Lord's, where he took five wickets in the Gentlemen's first innings.He was also selected in the less prestigious Gentlemen v Players fixtures at The Oval and Scarborough and was awarded his county cap by Yorkshire. Having been watched by England selectors, and after taking 11 wickets for Yorkshire in their match against the touring New Zealand team, <mask> was selected in the final two Test matches of the series between England and the tourists. The first match was drawn after the New Zealand team


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 performed above expectations and England brought in four new players, one of whom was <mask>. On his debut, he took four wickets for 75 runs in the game. The Cricketer noted room for improvements in his technique but observed he could spin the ball well. England won the match and <mask> was retained for the final Test. However, rain disrupted the match and he did not bowl.In his first full season of first-class cricket, <mask> took 188 wickets at an average of 13.52, finishing on top of the Yorkshire bowling averages and second in the national averages. Yorkshire won the County Championship and, according to Wisden, owed much of their success to <mask>'s bowling. <mask> was selected as one of Wisden's Cricketers of the Year for his performances in the season. However, the citation said that despite his success and ability, he needed to improve the variety in the pace and flight of his bowling. World record

Yorkshire made a poor start to the 1932 season. The team lost heavily to Lancashire, for whom Eddie Paynter scored 152 runs and hit <mask> for five sixes. Although <mask> had figures of eight for 107, he was expected to be more successful as the pitch conditions were perfect for spin bowling.Neville Cardus wrote that his figures were "bad for the pitch. He can spin the ball keenly enough, but lacks a plan in his control of length. Moreover, he seldom gets the batsman guessing while the ball is in the air." However, Yorkshire improved their form in the rest of the season to retain the County title. Between them, <mask> and Bowes took 352 wickets in the season, and <mask> took 162 wickets at an average of 13.88 to finish second in the national bowling averages.

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 <mask>'s best performance of the season came at Headingley on 12 July, the third and final day of Yorkshire's match against Nottinghamshire. After heavy rain on the second day, Brian Sellers, the Yorkshire captain, closed his team's innings while they still trailed by 71 runs.When Nottinghamshire began their second innings, <mask> did not concede any runs from his first nine overs. Subsequently, the pitch became difficult to bat on as it dried in the sun and <mask> took all 10 wickets while 10 runs were hit from his bowling. Making the ball spin sharply, he took seven wickets in 15 deliveries, including a hat-trick. His bowling figures of 10 for 10 beat the previous record for fewest runs conceded while taking all 10 wickets, and remain the best bowling analysis in first-class cricket. He is the only Yorkshire bowler to take all 10 wickets in an innings on two separate occasions. Yorkshire won the match by 10 wickets. Despite <mask>'s success, he was not selected for any Gentlemen v Players matches, nor in the Test match against India.His only representative cricket came in a Test trial at the end of July, in which he did not bowl as the match was washed out by rain. <mask> had been advised by friends at the start of the season that he would need an exceptional performance to achieve selection on the 1932–33 Ashes tour of Australia; Alan Hill believes the performance against Nottinghamshire guaranteed <mask> would be chosen to tour. In the middle of August, <mask> was one of the last men added to the MCC team captained by Douglas Jardine. International cricketer

Bodyline tour

Jardine planned to use <mask> to contain the batsmen and prevent them scoring runs, while the


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texts: fast bowlers rested. However, <mask> was not expected to be a big success on the tour. The good batting conditions, the aggressive Australian approach to playing spin bowlers and <mask>'s lack of experience led critics to dismiss his potential contribution to the English bowling attack, but <mask> had a successful start to the tour. Assisted by overnight rain, he took seven for 37, including the wicket of Don Bradman, against a Combined XI, comprising some of the best Australian players.In the following game, against South Australia, <mask> took eight wickets, including five for 42 in the second innings. By now, the press had begun to pay attention to <mask>'s achievements, and former Australian batsman Clem Hill expressed his admiration for <mask>. Selected for the first Test on the strength of his early tour performances, <mask> bowled just 17 overs in the game, mainly being used to give the fast bowlers a rest. He did not take any wickets and <mask> himself believed he had bowled poorly. England won the match, using bodyline tactics which had first been used earlier in the tour. After the Test, the tourists travelled to Tasmania to play two matches against the state team. <mask> played in the second, and although rain interrupted play, restricting <mask> to five overs, he scored his first half-century in first-class cricket.However, he was left out of the team for the second Test and was replaced by Bill Bowes. England played four fast bowlers but Jardine had misjudged the playing surface; the Australian spinners were very effective on a slow-paced pitch and Australia levelled the series. <mask> regained his place in the team for the third Test, replacing Bowes. The

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texts: match was highly controversial owing to England's continued and increased use of bodyline tactics. <mask>'s main contributions to the match came from his batting: he shared partnerships worth over 90 runs in both innings, scoring 45 runs in the first innings and 40 in the second. He took one wicket in the game; after 16 wicketless overs in the first innings, <mask> dismissed Bradman in the second, his first Test wicket against Australia, and England won the match by 338 runs. After the third Test, the MCC played New South Wales again.Rain before the beginning of the third day affected the pitch; Bradman, possibly irritated by a minor show of bravado from <mask>, scored 71 in conditions which should have been perfect for the Yorkshireman, who took only two wickets. During the fourth Test, <mask> took few wickets but Wisden noted that he kept a good length and prevented the Australian batsmen scoring quickly. His batting was important once more. In their first innings, England had lost eight wickets, and were still 76 runs behind Australia's score when <mask> joined Paynter, who had left a hospital bed where he had been confined with tonsillitis. The two men scored 92 runs together, to give England a small lead. <mask> scored 23 not out in two-and-three-quarter hours, although he was lucky not to be dismissed several times. Australia were bowled out in their second innings and <mask> took two wickets; England scored the required runs to record a six-wicket win which ensured victory in the series—and the Ashes.<mask>'s bowling was most successful in the final Test, when Jardine allowed him to depart from his role of restricting the batsmen's scoring and bowl a more


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 attacking line and length in an attempt to take wickets. Having taken three for 62 in Australia's first innings, he took five for 33 in the second, assisted by a worn pitch that helped him to spin the ball. He dismissed Bradman for 71 and later took two wickets with successive deliveries. In the Test series, <mask> totalled 11 wickets at an average of 24.65, second in the bowling averages to Larwood. <mask> took three more wickets in his last matches of the tour, which included his appearance in one of the two Tests against New Zealand at the end of the tour. In all first-class games in Australia, he took 44 wickets at 15.86, leading the first-class bowling averages for the tourists; he took one further wicket in New Zealand. Wisden's tour report noted <mask>'s "fine bowling record" and that he performed well.Jardine, in a letter to <mask>'s father, wrote: "<mask> has come through his first tour triumphantly, no mean feat to start with the stiffest tour, but particularly for a slow left-hander. On and off the field, <mask> has been a real friend and a grand help to me". Series against West Indies
In the 1933 season, when Yorkshire won their third consecutive County Championship, <mask> took 190 wickets at an average of 13.43 to be fifth in the national averages; in eight matches he took 10 or more wickets, and achieved five wickets in an innings 18 times. In seven consecutive innings, he secured a total of 50 wickets, becoming only the third player to achieve this feat in first-class cricket. He also scored over 600 runs in the season, his highest aggregate to date, including three fifties—his first in English first-class cricket. <mask> represented the Players against

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 the Gentlemen and played in the first two of three Tests against the West Indies, taking four for 45 in the first match and capturing seven wickets at an average of 21.85 in the series. He was left out of the final game in favour of Charles Marriott, but in two other games against the tourists, <mask> took a total of 22 wickets.Against Essex, <mask> achieved another record by taking 17 wickets in a single day's play, the second of three players to achieve this feat, on a pitch damaged by rain. In contrast, against Surrey, Yorkshire conceded 560 runs and <mask>, frustrated at the lack of a declaration, first bowled extremely negatively and then bowled two underarm deliveries that the umpire called no-ball as <mask> had not informed the batsmen of his intention. This was an unusually public reaction for <mask> and his captain ordered him to resume normal bowling. At the end of the season, an MCC team toured India and played Tests there for the first time. Jardine was chosen as captain, and <mask> was the only other player from the Bodyline series to tour, although others declined an invitation. Tour of India

Jardine approached the tour with a competitive attitude and made thorough preparations. The match attendances were high and the public followed the cricket very closely.<mask> enjoyed the tour and established a lasting friendship with Charlie Barnett; <mask> helped Barnett to overcome his homesickness and to develop his understanding of cricket. <mask> was the leading first-class wicket-taker on the tour, although he was second in the team averages, with 72 wickets at an average of 15.54. In the first match of the tour against Sind, he took six for 46 and 10 wickets


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texts: in the game. His best figures were seven for 37 against the Viceroy's XI and he took five wickets in an innings on five occasions. Against an Indian XI, he achieved his then-highest first-class score of 91 not out. On the same ground, in the second Test match, <mask> took eight wickets in the drawn game and scored 55 not out, his maiden Test fifty. As England had won the first Test, the third and final match would decide the series.<mask> was again successful with the bat, scoring 42 and sharing a partnership of 97 with Jardine. Then with the ball, <mask> took seven for 49 as the Indian batsmen struggled against his accuracy. Four wickets in the second innings gave him eleven wickets for 153 in the match, the first time he had taken 10 or more wickets in a Test match. In the three Tests, <mask> took 23 wickets at an average of 16.82, leading the bowling averages for the series. Jardine, who retired from regular first-class cricket after the tour, had little patience with his fast bowlers on the tour. On one occasion, when they were having difficulty in the heat, Jardine said: "Thank God we have one bowler in the side"—referring to <mask>. The two men admired each other greatly.<mask> was impressed with the depth of Jardine's thinking on the game and his intelligence, enjoying tactical discussions with him on the voyage to Australia. According to Alan Hill, <mask> did not relish the Bodyline tactics on that tour but supported his captain's stance completely. <mask> even named his second son Douglas after Jardine. Jardine considered <mask> to be the best slow left-arm bowler of all time, writing: "I venture to doubt whether any other bowler of his type has proved such a


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 master on all kinds of wickets ... No captain could have a greater asset on his side than <mask>. He would make a great captain himself." Historian David Frith writes that <mask> was "probably the cricketer [Jardine] admired above all others", while Bob Wyatt believed the two men were very similar in outlook, temperament and desire to succeed. Series against Australia in 1934
In the 1934 season, <mask> took 150 wickets at an average of 17.63, placing him third in the national averages.That year, the Australians toured England and <mask> was selected for all five Test matches. Australia won the first game—<mask> took two wickets. At Lord's, in the second match, England scored 440 in their first innings but after the second day's play, Australia were well positioned, having reached 192 for two wickets. <mask> was the only bowler to trouble the batsmen and caught and bowled Bradman, who had scored a quick 36 runs. After rain fell overnight, the pitch changed to become helpful to spin; Wisden reported that: "although the wicket certainly helped [<mask>] considerably it could scarcely be described as genuinely sticky except for one period after lunch." On the third day, Australia lost their last eight wickets while scoring 92 runs. <mask> took six of the wickets to achieve bowling figures of seven for 61.The tourists just failed to score enough runs to make England bat again and were forced to follow on: Cardus wrote: "<mask> settled the issue like a great bowler". England wicket-keeper Les Ames believed this was crucial to an England victory, or the home team would have batted in very difficult conditions. When Australia batted again, <mask> took eight for 43, dismissing

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title: Hedley Verity

texts: Bradman a second time, to give him match figures of 15 for 104; 14 of the wickets came on the third day. Cardus believed the Australian batsmen played very badly against <mask>'s spin, while the Wisden correspondent wrote: "This amazing achievement would probably have been only possible to a man possessed of such length and finger-spin as <mask> ... <mask>'s length was impeccable and he made the ball come back and lift so abruptly that most of the Australians were helpless. The majority of them had had no experience in England of such a pitch, and they showed no ability or skill in dealing with bowling like that of <mask> under these conditions; their efforts at playing back were, to say the least, immature." Afterwards, this game became known in cricket circles as "<mask>'s match"; it was the only occasion in the 20th century when England beat Australia at Lord's, and their last such win for 75 years. The third match was played on a very good pitch for batting in extremely hot weather, and England did not have a strong bowling attack in the view of Wisden.England scored 627, of which <mask> scored 60 not out; Wisden commented that he batted slowly but well. Australia replied with 491 when they batted; <mask> took four for 78 in 53 overs and was able to prevent the batsmen scoring quickly. The match was eventually drawn. Cardus, in criticising the English bowlers in the game, wrote: "<mask> is apparently the only England bowler in existence at the present time—and he is not subtle on a hard wicket." Poor weather prevented an English defeat in the fourth Test, as Bradman and Bill Ponsford shared a partnership of 388 runs; <mask> took three wickets but, in doing so,


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 conceded 113 runs. The final, decisive game, was won by Australia, who therefore regained the Ashes. Bradman and Ponsford this time scored 451 runs together as their team totalled 701; <mask> was wicketless in the match and conceded 166 runs.Cardus, assessing the English bowling, regretted that England did not have a bowler capable of flighting the ball, a role usually performed by left-arm spinners. <mask> took 24 wickets in the series at 24.00, finishing second in the averages. Reviewing the series, Wisden editor Sydney Southerton wrote, "<mask>, apart from his one amazing performance at Lord's, could be complimented upon his steadiness rather than upon his effectiveness on hard wickets". <mask> also made other representative appearances in the season; Yorkshire dropped to sixth position, handicapped by the limited appearances of four players who were regularly absent at representative matches. Career in the mid-1930s
During the 1935 season Yorkshire regained the County Championship, and <mask> passed 200 wickets for the first time in his career, taking 211 at an average of 14.36 to finish third in the national averages. He took five wickets in an innings 22 times and had 10 or more wickets in seven matches. South Africa played England in a five-Test series that year and won the series 1–0.<mask> was selected in the first four games. In the first, his figures were three for 52 in 41 overs on a pitch which assisted spin bowlers. England were in a position of dominance when rain ruined the game. Shortly afterwards, the tourists defeated Yorkshire; in the second innings, Jock Cameron hit 30 runs from a single over bowled by <mask>. Arthur Wood, the Yorkshire


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texts: wicket-keeper, commented during the over: "Go on, <mask>, you have him in two minds. He doesn't know whether to hit you for four or six!" South Africa won the second Test match, their first Test win in England, although <mask> took six wickets in the match.In the third game, <mask> had bowling figures of two wickets for nine runs from 25 overs in the match and in the fourth, he took one for 72 from 40 overs. These two games were drawn, leaving England needing a victory in the final match. By now, <mask> had acquired a reputation for being unable to take wickets on good batting pitches. In the report on the fourth Test, Wisden's correspondent observed: "<mask> again failed to worry South Africa's batsmen". With victory essential, <mask> was dropped for the last match. He was replaced by off-spinner Johnnie Clay, regarded by critics as effective at flighting the ball. The Times correspondent wrote: "<mask> has not been impressive on firm wickets: he seems to have checked suddenly in a career which promised so well three seasons ago, and it is not surprising that he has been left out of this side."Nevertheless, he took 12 wickets at 20.83, leading the Test bowling averages for England. <mask> was not selected in any other representative cricket that season. The Yorkshire team played three first-class matches in Jamaica in early 1936. Yorkshire won the first game, Jamaica's first defeat at home in a first-class game for 10 years. <mask> took 10 for 106 in 57 overs. The other matches, played on very good batting wickets, were drawn. In the final game, <mask> scored 101, his only first-class century.Batting aggressively, he hit 10 fours and his second fifty runs came in just

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texts: over an hour. In total, <mask> took 16 wickets, averaging 22.50, and scored 195 runs at 48.75. In the 1936 English season, in which Yorkshire finished second to Derbyshire in the Championship, <mask> took 216 wickets, the highest seasonal total of his career, at an average of 13.18, which placed him second in the national averages. Against Kent, he returned nine wickets for 12 runs and took 15 wickets in the game, one of seven games in which he captured 10 or more wickets. In addition, he scored his highest aggregate of runs, accumulating 855 runs at an average of 31.66; at one point, <mask> led the Yorkshire batting averages. Playing for his county against the Indian touring team, <mask> achieved his highest first-class innings in England with 96 not out. He played in all three Test matches against India, a team which failed to live up to expectations and suffered internal divisions.G. O. B. "Gubby" Allen, the England captain, won the toss in the first Test and bowled first on the advice of <mask>, but the latter was less successful than expected and Allen later described this as one of the few occasions he saw him bowl poorly. India established a first innings lead, but were bowled out for 93 in their second innings and easily lost the match; <mask> took four for 17. The second Test was a draw in which he took four for 41 in the first innings and scored 66, his highest Test score. England won the final Test to take the series 1–0; <mask> took four wickets in the game. In the series he took 15 wickets at an average of 15.20, finishing top of the England bowling averages.He also appeared for the Players against the Gentlemen and in a Test trial for the North against the


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 South. Regarded as a certainty to tour Australia during the 1936–37, <mask> was among the first seven players selected and his name was announced before the second Test against India. Second tour to Australia
Under the captaincy of Allen, <mask> began the tour well. He took 16 wickets before the Tests began with best figures of five for 50 against Queensland, his only five wicket haul of the Australian leg of the tour. England won the first two Tests of the series, assisted by poor weather which altered pitch conditions in their favour. In the first match, England scored 358 and bowled Australia out for 234. Although <mask> took just one wicket, Wisden's correspondent praised him, reporting: "Among the bowlers ... <mask> must not be forgotten.In the first innings he bowled in his best form and contributed to many of [Bill] Voce's wickets ... So difficult was <mask> to score from that batsmen in desperation tried to get runs off Voce, with disastrous results to themselves." After England set Australia 381 to win, rain damaged the pitch; Allen and Voce bowled the home team out for 58. In the second Test, England won by an innings, again assisted by rain. <mask> took three wickets in the match, including that of Bradman. The turning point of the series was the third Test. On the first day, <mask> again dismissed Bradman and the England bowlers performed well in good batting conditions before rain altered the state of the pitch.Australia declared their innings closed at 200 for nine and after losing nine wickets for 76, England also declared, hoping to make Australia bat on a still-difficult pitch. In much easier batting conditions, Australia made 564, of which Bradman


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texts: scored 270. <mask> bowled nearly 38 eight-ball overs and took three for 79. Cardus wrote: "<mask> was magnificent ... In his absence Bradman might have scored another 100 runs. Nothing but consummate length and flight could have checked Bradman, in circumstances made for Bradman ... Every run from <mask> had to be earnt. It was beautiful bowling, delightful to the eye and intellect."Wisden's report said: "Voce and <mask> were outstanding England bowlers. The latter kept an immaculate length and allowed no batsman to take liberties with him." England were bowled out for 323 and lost the game. In an attempt to solve their problem in finding a reliable opening partnership in the series, England promoted <mask> to open the batting in the fourth Test. After Australia were bowled out for 288, <mask> and Barnett put on 53 runs together, England's best opening partnership of the series. Wisden praised <mask>'s defence but said he had not solved the problem of finding a partner for Barnett. England scored 330 but Australia's second innings of 433 left England needing 392.Barnett and <mask> began with a stand of 45, but England lost by 148 runs. In two innings, <mask> scored 19 and 17, but was wicketless in the match. Having levelled the series, Australia won the final match by a large margin to take the series 3–2. <mask> took just one wicket in the match. In the series, he took 10 wickets at an average of 45.50; in all first-class matches in Australia, he captured 28 wickets at 30.75 and secured 10 wickets at 18.20 in two matches in New Zealand at the end of the tour. The Wisden report on the tour said: "<mask> admirably performed the task of keeping one end closed and took


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 high honours for his consistently good work." The Times correspondent, noting the failure of the wrist spinners selected to tour, wrote: "Australia ... beat us because they have spin bowlers who make the ball truly spin.<mask> certainly never had a wicket on which to demonstrate his art, so exposing the fact that real spin bowling does not at the moment exist in England." During the 1937 season, <mask> played only one of the three Tests against the touring New Zealanders. He took two wickets, and although batsmen found it difficult to score from his bowling, he did not look dangerous and was left out of the remaining Tests in an attempt to strengthen the English bowling attack. He was not selected for the Players and his only other representative cricket was for the North against the South and for teams selected from those who had toured Australia during the English winter. Nevertheless, <mask> took 202 wickets at 15.67 which placed him third in the bowling averages. Ashes series of 1938
<mask> took 158 first-class wickets in 1938 at an average of 15.38, placing him third once more in the national averages; Bowes was second in the list and Yorkshire retained the Championship. After appearing in a trial match, <mask> played in all four Tests against Australia, during a series which was tied 1–1.In the first match, England scored 658 and according to Wisden, the new England captain Wally Hammond decided to keep <mask> in reserve in the expectation of making Australia follow-on; he bowled just 45 balls in Australia's first innings. Australia did follow-on, and in the second innings, <mask> bowled 62 overs to take three wickets for 102, bowling very accurately, but the


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texts: batsmen played him skilfully and the match was drawn. In the second match, <mask> took four for 103 out of an Australian total of 422, in reply to England's 494. After <mask> had taken two wickets in eight balls, Australia were in danger of having to follow-on, but Bill O'Reilly struck him for two consecutive sixes to remove the possibility. <mask> took two wickets in the second innings, but the match was drawn. After the third match was abandoned owing to rain, Australia won the fourth Test, held at Headingley, by five wickets to ensure the Ashes were retained. Wisden commented that: "At no time was the wicket easy for batting and Australia won largely because they possessed better spin bowling."<mask> took two wickets in the match, but some critics believed his bowling could have won the match had Hammond used him more effectively. In a match where the Australian spinner O'Reilly took 10 wickets, Hammond used his fast bowlers Bowes and Ken Farnes for the majority of both innings. Commentators believed Hammond over-used his fast bowlers; Cardus wrote: "Hammond's faith in fast bowling rather exceeded his faith in the arts of <mask> and Wright. The result was sad disillusionment." Barnett also said that Hammond refused to allow <mask> to alter his bowling tactics, when the Yorkshire bowler wished to aim for a worn area on the pitch. As neither side had established a winning lead in the series, the final match at The Oval was to be played to a finish, no matter how long it took. England scored a record team total of 903 runs and Australia were heavily defeated.<mask>, one of five Yorkshire players in the team, bowled 12 overs in the game and took two wickets. He also


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 played a part in the achievement of Len Hutton, who scored 364 runs, breaking the record for the highest individual innings in a Test match. As Hutton's innings began to assume epic proportions, <mask> stayed with him throughout the intervals, helping him to maintain concentration. On the Sunday of the match, when there was no play, <mask> arranged for Hutton to have a break by the sea to relax away from cricket. Hutton commented: "I owe [<mask>] the kind of debt that one can never fully repay ... His quiet, natural dignity was an immense source of strength to me throughout those long hours". The series was drawn; <mask> took 14 wickets at an average of 25.28, finishing second in the England bowling averages, behind Bowes. However, Charlie Barnett, who played in the series but disliked Hammond, believed that Hammond's poor tactical use of <mask> cost England potential victories in the second and fourth Tests.<mask> played no other representative cricket that season, but appeared once more against the Australians for H. D. G. Leveson-Gower's team which defeated the tourists by 10 wickets. Tour to South Africa and final season
In the winter of 1938–39, <mask> toured South Africa with the MCC team under Hammond's captaincy. He took 47 wickets at 19.93 in first-class games. In the first game of the tour, <mask> took 11 wickets against Griqualand West. In the Test matches, the batsmen played in a negative fashion, despite pitches that were very good for batting. High scoring games left the bowlers with expensive figures and <mask> had the best bowling average on either side, bowling accurately and reliably. He played in all five Test matches, taking 19 wickets at 29.05.The


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texts: first two matches were drawn: in the first innings of the opening Test, he took four for 61 in 44 eight-ball overs; in the first innings of the second Test, he took five for 70 in nearly 37 overs. England won the third match, the only result in the series and the fourth was also drawn. The final game was to be played without a time limit until there was a winner; after 10 days it had to be abandoned as the MCC had to catch a boat home. The match established a record at the time for the total number of runs scored in a first-class game, as both teams combined to post an aggregate of 1,981 runs. <mask> took four wickets and bowled 766 balls in the game, establishing a new record for deliveries in a first-class game. It proved difficult to score runs from <mask>'s bowling but the batsmen generally were very cautious. <mask>'s final first-class cricket came in the 1939 season which was overshadowed by the forthcoming war.Yorkshire won their third successive County Championship and the seventh of <mask>'s career. <mask> took 191 wickets at an average of 13.13, to top the bowling averages for the second time in his career. <mask>'s only representative cricket came in the first Test match against West Indies, when he took two wickets in the match. He was subsequently left out of the team for the second Test in favour of Tom Goddard, and did not play any more Test matches. However, Wisden's report on the third Test commented that his absence and that of several other bowlers left the English attack weaker. In a career total of 40 Tests, <mask> took 144 wickets at an average of 24.37 and scored 669 runs at an average of 20.90. With much of the end of the cricket season abandoned


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 prior to the expected outbreak of war, <mask> played his last match against Sussex.In the second innings, <mask> took seven wickets for nine runs on a rain-affected pitch to bowl Sussex out for 33 and take Yorkshire to a win, although the match was played in a strained, tense atmosphere. This was <mask>'s last performance in first-class cricket. In total, he had taken 1,956 wickets at an average of 14.90 and scored 5,603 runs at 18.07. Style and technique
As a bowler, <mask> delivered the ball at almost medium pace, faster than usual for a spinner. R. C. Robertson-Glasgow, a cricket writer and journalist, wrote "He is a scholarly bowler ... He is tall, and much stronger than his pace needs. His run up, longer than most of his kind, has a measured delicacy that you would expect from this fastidious and nearly prim craftsman.Only his delivery has a grace which mathematics can't explain." His main asset as a bowler was an ability to bowl straight and with great accuracy, on a good length. He could also make the ball bounce sharply. His most effective delivery curved through the air, pitched on middle and leg stump and spun away from the batsman, causing many of them to edge the ball into the slips. On rain-affected pitches he bowled more slowly, and was almost unplayable at times. However, the period in which <mask> played was notable for good batting pitches, and batsmen often dominated. In these conditions, <mask> prevented batsmen scoring runs and constantly tried new strategies to try to take wickets.<mask> also used different types of delivery to keep batsmen uncertain: he could bowl at a slower and faster pace to his normal style and occasionally bowled a much faster


title: Hedley Verity

texts: ball which regularly took wickets. <mask> never spun the ball very far, particularly after his second tour to Australia, and preferred to concentrate on bowling a good length. However, critics did not think that <mask> posed enough of a threat to batsmen and could be dull to watch. By the middle of his career, he had a reputation for being ineffective on good batting pitches, and was occasionally dropped from the England team for his lack of effectiveness. Even so, he only missed one Test against Australia and one against South Africa, the two strongest Test playing teams, after he made his debut. <mask> believed his performances in unfavourable conditions for his bowling had greater merit than his successes in favourable ones. He once said: "Do not praise me when I have taken 8 for 20 on a sticky wicket, but when I have got 2 for 100 on a perfect wicket."At times, <mask> almost seemed bored when bowling and performed less effectively, particularly if his side were winning without needing his contribution. Bowes once told the Yorkshire captain, Brian Sellers, that the way to get the best out of <mask> was to tell him that everything depended on him. <mask> earned the respect of Bradman, generally regarded as the greatest batsman to have played cricket, and enjoyed bowling at him. Bradman described <mask> as a great cricketer and wrote that throughout their respective careers, he "grew more and more to respect [<mask>] both as a gentleman and as a player." Robertson-Glasgow thought that <mask> was "one of only three or four bowlers who came to the battle with Bradman on not unequal terms". During the 17 Tests in which they faced each other, <mask> dismissed Bradman eight


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 times, more than any other bowler. Robertson-Glasgow believed that, but for <mask>, Bradman would have averaged over 150 in Tests instead of his actual batting average.In all first-class cricket, <mask> dismissed Bradman 10 times in total, on two occasions twice in the same game. Only Clarrie Grimmett equalled 10 first-class dismissals of Bradman. However, Bradman once said:  "I think I know all about Clarrie (Grimmett), but with <mask> I am never sure. You see, there's no breaking-point with him." <mask> is often cited as one of the greatest slow left-arm spinners to play the game. Robertson-Glasgow wrote: "We can only say that, in his own short time, he was the best of his kind." The writer considered <mask> may not quite have achieved the heights of some other great bowlers of his type, but "as a workman-artist, he will take some beating."Douglas Jardine rated him higher than any previous Yorkshire spinners, and Les Ames considered him the best left-arm spinner he had played against. Bradman wrote: "Undoubtedly he was one of the greatest slow left-handed spinners of all time. His record testifies to that. No Australian left-hander of that type was <mask>'s equal and of the Englishmen I saw ... there is no doubt that <mask> was as good or better than the others." As a batsman, <mask> occasionally showed potential to become good, but concentrated his energy on bowling. He modelled his batting on Herbert Sutcliffe, and Robertson-Glasgow wrote: "As a batsman, he looks like Sutcliffe gone stale. That is, pretty good."Military service

Training with the Green Howards
Since around 1937, <mask> had expected the outbreak of the Second World War and had prepared for it through

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texts: reading military literature. He and Bowes decided to enlist together, and after briefly serving in the Air Raid Precautions in Guiseley until Bowes' wife gave birth, they attempted to join the infantry. However, Bowes was hampered by an old knee complaint and later became a gunnery officer. After serving as a sapper in the Royal Engineers, <mask> was commissioned in January 1940 as a second lieutenant in the Green Howards, and later promoted to captain. Following a spell at the Infantry Training Centre, he was posted to the 1st Battalion. He served at the regimental depot in Richmond, North Yorkshire, where he was responsible for training recruits. In the spring of 1941, the battalion moved to Omagh in Northern Ireland for further training.<mask>'s Yorkshire and England teammate Norman Yardley was also in the 1st Battalion; the fame of these cricketers made an impression on the local population. Playing several cricket matches, <mask> frequently took wickets on rough pitches that were unsuitable for batting. There was even time for his appearance in a charity match at Lord's. In August, he returned to England and after a spell in London, he was posted overseas. The 1st battalion of the Green Howards transferred early in 1942 to Ranchi in India, where the climate badly affected <mask>'s health. After suffering from dysentery, he was weak and his doctors wished to send him home. However, he resumed his position and, by the end of the year, his battalion was sent to Persia.In March 1943, the battalion was posted to Kibrit Air Base in Egypt for training and then to Qatana in Syria. Here, preparations were finalised for the Allied invasion of Sicily. <mask> remained below

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 peak fitness and was struggling a little owing to his age. His commanding officers planned to withdraw him from front-line fighting and move him to a staff position at headquarters once the Sicily campaign had concluded. Death

The invasion of Sicily was initially successful until the Allied forces reached the plains outside Catania, where German forces put up strong resistance. The Green Howards, as part of the 15th Brigade, made a night attack on 19 July. However, conditions were more difficult than expected and the brigade came under heavy fire.<mask> commanded B Company, which was surrounded in the confusion. Attempting to secure the position, <mask> was hit in the chest by shrapnel and had to be left behind as the company retreated. The last order he gave was "keep going". Severely wounded and subsequently captured by the Germans, <mask> was taken to a field hospital and underwent an operation. Taken by boat across the Strait of Messina to the Italian mainland, <mask> first went to a hospital in Reggio Calabria and was then transported for two days by train to Naples. The German hospital was full, so <mask> was sent to the Italian hospital at Caserta. By this stage, <mask> was very ill and had another operation to relieve pressure from his rib onto his lung.The operation seemed successful but <mask> deteriorated rapidly over the following three days, bleeding heavily. He died on 31 July, and was buried with full military honours. His grave was later moved from the town's cemetery to the military cemetery established by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Bradman wrote in an obituary: "I cannot ever recall hearing <mask> utter a word of complaint or criticism


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 ... if reports of his final sacrifice be correct ... he maintained this example right to the end." When first-class cricket resumed in 1945, Yorkshire staged a memorial match for <mask> against Lancashire at Bradford Park Avenue, which resulted in a draw. Later, several Yorkshire players visited his grave; some members of the MCC team under Len Hutton's captaincy in 1954–55, including Hutton, journalists and former Yorkshire player Abe Waddington paid tribute there while en route for Australia. Personal life

<mask> married Kathleen Alice Metcalfe, a bookbinder and the daughter of a sales agent, on 7 March 1929.The two had known each other as children in Headingley and met again at a Rawdon youth club social event. They had two sons, first Wilfred, named after Wilfred Rhodes, and then George Douglas, named after George Hirst and Douglas Jardine. Shortly before the outbreak of the war, <mask> began to suffer from poor health, and the family planned a trip to South Africa in the English winter of 1939 to aid her recovery and so <mask> could take up one of several offers of a coaching job. In the last months before <mask> <mask> went overseas during the war, Kathleen joined him in Omagh and later in London just before he went away. The Hedley Verity, a branch of Wetherspoons in Leeds city centre, is named after <mask> and there is a Blue plaque on the house he was born in. Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

1905 births
1943 deaths
British Army personnel killed in World War II
Cricketers who have taken ten wickets in an innings
England Test cricketers
English cricketers
English cricketers of 1919 to 1945
Green Howards officers
Marylebone Cricket Club

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<mask><mask> (also known as <mask>; June 18, 1855 – June 27, 1923) was a Romanian politician, affiliated with the National Liberal Party, the Conservative Party and, after 1918, the People's Party. He served two terms as Minister of Religion and Public Instruction, one term as Minister of Agriculture, and another one as Interior Minister before World War I. His career peaked in 1918, when he was Minister of Foreign Affairs. A young lawyer who supported political reform, <mask> moved progressively to the right, and, ca. 1885, became involved with the political club Junimea. As a Conservative policymaker and disciple of Alexandru Marghiloman, he rewrote legislation on education reform and brought the Romanian Orthodox Church under the control of its high clergy. Like Marghiloman, Arion supported the Central Powers during most of World War I, a position which seemed to carry most weight during the 1918 armistice.His participation in the Marghiloman government recovered for Romania the region of Bessarabia, but the subsequent return of Ententist forces made him a political suspect. He spent the remainder of his life as a marginal. In addition to his presence in political life, <mask> was an art patron, university professor, and philanthropist. He was the brother of <mask>, and the father of Dinu C<mask>. Biography

Early life and career
The Arions were an old Wallachian family, first attested in Brăila ca. 1696, and integrated into the boyar aristocracy in the mid-18th century. Its reputation was stained by two members: <mask> Eracle <mask> and Anton I<mask>, who had committed massive bank fraud throughout the early 1870s.<mask> (born in Bucharest on June 18, 1855) and Virgil C<mask> were the sons of Appellate Judge <mask> <mask> and Sevastița, née Urlățeanu. <mask> C. followed in his father's footsteps, graduating in Law from the University of Paris (Doctorate in 1876) and in Political Science from Sciences Po. Upon his return to Romania, he was made

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. Arion
Constantin
Arion
. Arion
Constantin
. Arion
Constantin
Arion
Constantin


title: Constantin C. Arion

texts: Cabinet Secretary of Foreign Minister Vasile Boerescu, then head of Political Affairs, but left in 1881 to set up legal practice. Two years later, he was also employed by the University of Bucharest Faculty of Law, where he lectured in business and admiralty law. He received tenure in 1913, and became editor of the academic journal, Revista Critică de Drept, Legislație și Jurisprudență ("Critical Review of Law, Legislation and Jurisprudence"). Virgil had a similar career in law and academia, while a third brother, Scarlat <mask>, was a landowner and a Romanian consul in Bitola. C. C<mask> made his debut in politics as a National Liberal, ran in the elections of 1884, and was elected to the Assembly of Deputies in Ilfov County.At the time, he was dedicated to the cause of representative democracy, and paid homage to the leadership of Romanian radicalism. By the mid-1880s, C. C. Arion had become jaded with the ideals of liberalism, and was hostile toward National Liberal Premier, Ion Brătianu. During 1886, Arion, Take Ionescu and Nicolae Fleva were the main "United Opposition" agitators who tried to seal a pact with the Junimea conservatives, in an effort to topple the National Liberals. He first attended Junimea club meetings around 1885, when he met and befriended the Junimist leader, Titu Maiorescu. The group had past its prime, and, as Maiorescu recorded in his private notes, the sessions attended by Arion were "rather dull". The conservative association had been traditionally hostile toward Arion's "unproductive" and "lawyerly" liberalism. As Junimist poet-critic Mihai Eminescu once wrote, the Arion brothers were "the runts, the intellectual and moral plebs, ... everything basest and most degraded that one can expect to find in the cities of the Romanian nation".In later years, <mask> focused on his cultural projects. From 1896, he was president of the national school and public libraries board (Casa Şcoalelor), where he employed the services

masks:
Arion
. Arion
Arion


title: Constantin C. Arion

texts:
 of poet <mask>. His legal expertise was demanded in Romania v. Nicolae Georgescu, a cause célèbre for honor crime in Romania. <mask> represented the civil party, Aurelia Stelorian, whom Georgescu had vitriolaged; his adversary in court was another famous lawyer, Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea. <mask> and Delavrancea both were celebrity guests at the Bucharest lecture tour of Joséphin Péladan, the French mystic and novelist (1898). Conservative politico
Returning to public life as a "constitutionalist" conservative, <mask> joined Junimea and served as Minister of Religion and Public Instruction under Premier Petre P<mask>. His efforts centered on bringing the Romanian Orthodox Church under government control, with the purpose of regulating religious education.He oversaw the collecting and publishing historical documents, edited by Nicolae Iorga. <mask> made significant efforts to reverse the policies adopted by Spiru Haret, his National Liberal predecessor. He sacked Haret's favorites and replaced them with Junimea men, but also introduced legislation which made bureaucratic office incompatible with a teaching position. The two politicians also differed in matters of church policies. Haret had favored the married clergy over the elitist Romanian Synod, creating a Consistory to represent both sides. <mask> reversed that reform, and unwittingly prolonged the conflict well into the 20th century. After the Carp government was dissolved in 1901, Arion returned to academic life.He was still active with the constitutionalist Junimists, worked as editorial adviser for their magazine, Convorbiri Literare, and, in 1907, followed them into their merger with the Conservative Party. Answering Maiorescu's call, Arion and Delavrancea became political journalists for the main Conservative-Junimist daily, Epoca. By also appointing Arion at Convorbiri Literare, Maiorescu was reaffirming his directorial role. Arion and other new staff members were supposed to

masks:
George Coșbuc
Arion
Arion
Arion
. Carp
Arion
Arion


title: Constantin C. Arion

texts: undermine the editorial policies of Ioan Bogdan and Mihail Dragomirescu. Maiorescu dismissed Bogdan's previous management as a triumph of mârlănie ("churliness"), and hoped to reverse the trend. This period saw Arion networking and organizing political cabals. He personally intervened to ensure the full-time employment of aspiring jurists, including Paul Negulescu and his own nephew, Ion Peretz.He met and befriended Ion Luca <mask>, the Junimist political satirist. Together with <mask> and Delavrancea, <mask> could be seen dining at the Ploiești restaurant owned by <mask> Dobrogeanu-Gherea. From 1909, <mask> was also active as a philanthropist, serving on the board of Queen Elisabeth's charitable society, and as honorary president of the Romanian Artists' Society. <mask> was again appointed Public Instruction Minister in 1910, when <mask> was named Premier of a Conservative cabinet. He preserved this position after <mask> was replaced with Maiorescu, while also serving as head of Internal Affairs and Agriculture and Royal Domains. It fell on Arion to adopt the set of agricultural reforms that National Liberal politicians had been postponing ever since the Peasants' Revolt of 1907. At Public Instruction, he also granted religious and educational privileges to the Albanian-Romanian community.During the interval, he was elected honorary member of the Romanian Academy. <mask>'s mandate witnessed another outbreak of civic disobedience, this time centered on the public cult of liberal symbols, including images of Domnitor Alexander John <mask>. In order to avoid a showdown between the Conservatives and the National Liberals, <mask> agreed to inaugurate the Cuza monument of Iași. At the time, <mask> also made public his approval of Romanian irredentism, in respect to Bessarabia region (taken by the Russian Empire in 1812). He gave his approval to commemorative marches, and engaged in a publicized row with anti-irredentist Conservatives, such as Mayor

masks: Caragiale Caragiale Arion Constantin Arion Arion Carp Carp Arion Cuza Arion Arion


title: Constantin C. Arion

texts:
 Dimitrie Greceanu. <mask> slowly aligned his educational policies with Haret's principles. The "Arion Law", adopted by Parliament in 1912, established clear criteria for the promotion of teachers and academics, ensuring greater professionalization: teaching positions were granted on the basis of a solid scientific reputation in the respective field of expertise.However, the reform law became especially noted for its loopholes, which allowed senior teachers to reserve academic chairs in advance. World War I and after
<mask> was close to the Conservative leaders <mask> and Alexandru Marghiloman, and detested their competitor, Nicolae Filipescu. He became president of the Bucharest Conservative Club just shortly after the start of World War I. Under a National Liberal government, Romania remained a neutral country, a policy that was welcomed by the senior, "Germanophile", Conservatives: <mask>, Maiorescu, Marghiloman. They were hotly opposed by another Conservative faction, under Filipescu and Take Ionescu, who demanded engagement on the Entente side. As noted by his Conservative colleagues, <mask> was "an optimist" committed to the Entente, but followed Marghiloman's lead. Eventually, in June 1916, the government announced that Romania had joined the Entente, and a trans-party war cabinet was suggested.<mask> refused to be part of this project, declaring his sympathy for the Central Powers, and the Conservative Party split in half. <mask>'s brother Virgil and his son, Dinu (who was secretary of the Conservative Study Circle) shared his ideas on national politics. Following the German advance into southern Romania, C. C. Arion remained behind enemy lines, in Bucharest; the National Liberal cabinet and its Filipescu Conservative backers had relocated to a temporary home in Iaşi. He still represented Marghiloman's Conservative Club: traveling to Focșani, on the front line, he met representatives of the legitimate government and communicated to them

masks: Arion Arion Carp Carp Arion Arion Constantin


title: Constantin C. Arion

texts: the situation in Bucharest. He frequented the Germanophile circle of Raymund Netzhammer and Marthe Bibesco, with whom he discussed the idea of granting the Romanian throne to a Habsburg-Lorraine prince. <mask> was a more radical Germanophile: he agreed to take over as Minister of Public Instruction in the puppet government of Lupu Kostaki, answering to the occupiers. After the shock of the October Revolution and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Romania yielded to the Central Powers.Marghiloman was appointed Premier, and agreed to sign Romania's withdrawal from the war (May 1918). <mask>, as Marghiloman's "second fiddle" and Foreign Minister up until October 24, was one of the signatories of the Treaty of Bucharest. He was privately enthusiastic about the turn of events, since he believed that Romania would recover at the same time some of its irredenta, claimed from the Russian Republic, and the territories held by the Central Powers. In this capacity, he traveled to the Russian breakaway region of Bessarabia (or Moldavian Democratic Republic). Representing Romania, he witnessed the Bessarabian–Romanian union. He also made significant efforts to postpone the ratification of Marghiloman's surrender, allowing Romania to reenter the war on the Central Powers. While affiliated with Margiloman's Conservative Party, <mask> also joined the eclectic anti-liberal movement, or People's League (the future "People's Party"), whose leader was the war hero Alexandru Averescu.His son followed in his footsteps, running on the Conservative list in the 1918 elections. In early 1919, <mask> was arrested by the Romanian authorities, on charges of collaborationism. He was freed in short while, but virtually disappeared from public life until 1930. Despite his own displays of loyalty, C. C<mask> was also marginalized as a Germanophile by the returning National Liberals. <mask> was asked to explain himself before a university inquiry committee, but he never honored the

masks:
Virgil Arion
Arion
Arion
Virgil Arion
. Arion
Arion


title: Constantin C. Arion

texts:
 request. He died in Bucharest on June 27, 1923. He had been the recipient of various orders of merit: a Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown, the Order of the Redeemer, and the Order of St. Sava; a Grand Officer of the Order of Carol I, the Star of Romania, and the Legion of Honor.His son Dinu became a professional historian and lecturer at the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies. Notes

References

Lucian Boia, "Germanofilii". Elita intelectuală românească în anii Primului Război Mondial, Humanitas, Bucharest, 2010. Georgeta Filitti, "Arion (I)", in the Mihail Sadoveanu City Library Biblioteca Bucureștilor, Nr. 5/2008, p. 9-10; "Arion (II)", in Biblioteca Bucureștilor, Nr. 6/2008, pp. 9–11
 <mask> Gheorghe, Miliana Șerbu, Miniștrii de interne (1862–2007).Mică enciclopedie, Romanian Ministry of the Interior, 2007. Z. Ornea, Junimea și junimismul, Vol. I, Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1998. 1855 births
1923 deaths
Politicians from Bucharest
People of the Principality of Wallachia
Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church
Romanian nobility
National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875) politicians
Conservative Party (Romania, 1880–1918) politicians
People's Party (interwar Romania) politicians
Romanian Ministers of Agriculture
Romanian Ministers of Culture
Romanian Ministers of Education
Romanian Ministers of Finance
Romanian Ministers of Foreign Affairs
Romanian Ministers of Interior
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Members of the Senate of Romania
Junimists
Lawyers from Bucharest
Romanian philanthropists
Finance law scholars
Academic journal editors
Romanian magazine editors
Romanian opinion journalists
Romanian expatriates in France
Romanian people of World War I
University of Paris alumni
Sciences Po alumni
University of Bucharest faculty
Honorary members of the Romanian Academy
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Romania)
Grand Crosses of the Order of St. Sava
Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Grand Officers of the Order of the


title: James Larkin

texts: <mask> (28 January 1874 – 30 January 1947), sometimes known as <mask> or Big Jim, was an Irish republican, socialist and trade union leader. He was one of the founders of the Irish Labour Party along with <mask> and William O'Brien, and later the founder of the Irish Worker League (a communist party which was recognised by the Comintern as the Irish section of the world communist movement), as well as the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union (ITGWU) and the Workers' Union of Ireland (the two unions later merged to become SIPTU, Ireland's largest trade union). Along with Connolly and Jack White, he was also a founder of the Irish Citizen Army (ICA; a paramilitary group which was integral to both the Dublin lock-out and the Easter Rising). <mask> was a leading figure in the Syndicalist movement. <mask> was born to Irish parents in Liverpool, England. Growing up in poverty, he received little formal education and began working in a variety of jobs while still a child. He became a full-time trade union organiser in 1905.<mask> moved to Belfast in 1907, where he was involved in trade unionism and syndicalist strike action including organising the 1907 Belfast Dock strike. <mask> later moved south and organised workers in Dublin, Cork and Waterford, with considerable success. He founded the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union after his expulsion from the National Union of Dock Labourers for his taking part in strike action in Dublin against union instructions, this new union would quickly replace the NUDL in Ireland. He later moved to Dublin which would become the headquarters of his union and the focus of his union activity, as well as where the Irish Labour Party would be formed. He is perhaps best known for his role in organising the 1913

masks:
James Larkin
Jim Larkin
James Connolly
Larkin
Larkin
Larkin
Larkin


title: James Larkin

texts: strike that led to the Dublin lock-out. The lock-out was an industrial dispute over workers pay and conditions as well as their right to organise, and received world-wide attention and coverage. It has been described as the "coming of age of the Irish trade union movement".The Irish Citizen Army was formed during the lock-out to protect striking workers from police violence. Not long after the lockout <mask> assumed direct command of the ICA, beginning the process of its reform into a revolutionary paramilitary organisation by arming them with Mauser rifles bought from Germany by the Irish Volunteers and smuggled into Ireland at Howth in July 1914. In October 1914 <mask> left Ireland and travelled to America to raise funds for the ITGWU and the ICA, leaving Connolly in charge of both organisations. During his time in America, <mask> became involved in the socialist movement there, becoming a member of the Socialist Party of America. <mask> then became involved in the early communist movement in America, and he was later jailed in 1920 in the midst of the Red Scare after being found guilty of 'criminal anarchy'. He then spent several years at Sing Sing, before he was eventually pardoned by the Governor of New York Al Smith in 1923 and later deported. <mask> then returned to Ireland where he again became involved in Irish socialism and politics, both in the Labour Party and then his newly formed Irish Worker League.Connolly by this time had been executed for his part in the Easter Rising and <mask> mourned the passing of his friend and colleague. <mask> also formed the Workers' Union of Ireland (WUI) after he lost control of the ITGWU, the WUI was affiliated to Red International of Labour Unions (Promintern) soon after its formation. <mask> served as a

masks: Larkin Larkin Larkin Larkin Larkin Larkin Larkin Larkin


title: James Larkin

texts:
 Teachta Dála on three occasions, and two of his sons (<mask> Jnr and <mask>) also served as Teachta Dála. <mask> served as Labour Party deputy in Dáil Éireann from 1943 to 1944, leaving Dáil Éireann for the last time in 1944, and dying in Dublin in 1947. Catholic Archbishop of Dublin John Charles McQuaid gave his funeral mass, and the ICA in its last public appearance escorted his funeral procession through Dublin to his burial site at Glasnevin Cemetery. <mask> was respected by commentators both during and after his lifetime, with George Bernard Shaw describing him as the "greatest Irishman since Parnell", his friend and colleague in the labour movement <mask> describing him as a "man of genius, of splendid vitality, great in his conceptions, magnificent in his courage",  and Vladimir Lenin noting him as 'a remarkable speaker and a man of seething energy [who] performed miracles amongst the unskilled workers'. However other commentators have noted that <mask> was "vilified as a wrecker by former comrades", with anthologist Donal Nevin noting that some of <mask>'s actions, including his attacks on others in the labour movement, meant <mask> had "alienated practically all the leaders of the movement [and] the mass of trade union members" by the mid-1920s."Big Jim" <mask> continues to occupy a position in Dublin's collective memory and streetscape, with a statue of him unveiled on O'Connell Street in 1979. Early years
<mask> was said to have been born on 21 January 1876, and this was the date that he himself believed was accurate, however it is now believed that he was actually born  28 January 1874. He was the second eldest son of Irish emigrants, <mask>, from Drumintee and Mary Ann McNulty, from Burren, County Down. The impoverished <mask> family

masks:
James Larkin
Denis Larkin
Jim Larkin
Larkin
James Connolly
Larkin
Larkin
Larkin
Larkin
Larkin
James Larkin
Larkin


title: James Larkin

texts:
 lived in the slums of Liverpool during the early years of his life. From the age of seven, he attended school in the mornings and worked in the afternoons to supplement the family income, a common arrangement in working-class families at the time. At the age of fourteen, after the death of his father, he was apprenticed to the firm his father had worked for, but was dismissed after two years. He was unemployed for a time and then worked as a sailor and docker.By 1903, he was a dock foreman, and on 8 September of that year, he married Elizabeth Brown. From 1893, <mask> developed an interest in socialism and became a member of the Independent Labour Party. In 1905, he was one of the few foremen to take part in a strike on the Liverpool docks. He was elected to the strike committee, and although he lost his foreman's job as a result, his performance so impressed the National Union of Dock Labourers (NUDL) that he was appointed a temporary organiser. He later gained a permanent position with the union, which, in 1906, sent him to Scotland, where he successfully organised workers in Preston and Glasgow. <mask> campaigned against Chinese immigration, presenting it as a threat that would undercut workers, leading processions in 1906 in Liverpool with fifty dockers dressed as 'Chinamen', wearing faux-'pigtails' and wearing powder to provide a 'yellow countenance'. Organising Irish labour movement (1907–14)

Belfast Dock Strike
In January 1907, <mask> undertook his first task on behalf of the trade union movement in Ireland, when he arrived in Belfast to organise the city's dock workers for the NUDL.He succeeded in unionising the workforce, and as employers refused to meet the wage demands, he called the dockers out on strike in June. The Belfast Dock strike

masks: Larkin Larkin Larkin


title: James Larkin

texts:
 was soon joined by carters and coal men, the latter settling their dispute after a month. With active support from the Independent Orange Order and its Grand Master, R. Lindsay Crawford, urging the "unity of all Irishmen", <mask> succeeded in uniting Protestant and Catholic workers and even persuaded the local Royal Irish Constabulary to strike at one point, but the strike ended by November without having achieved significant success. Tensions regarding leadership arose between <mask> and NUDL general secretary <mask>. The latter's handling of negotiations and agreement to a disastrous settlement for the last of the strikers resulted in a lasting rift between Sexton and <mask>. Formation of Irish Transport and General Workers' Union and founding of the Irish Labour Party

In 1908, <mask> moved south and organised workers in Dublin, Cork and Waterford, with considerable success. His involvement, against union instructions, in a dispute in Dublin resulted in his expulsion from the NUDL.The union later prosecuted him for diverting union funds to give strike pay to Cork workers engaged in an unofficial dispute. After trial and conviction for embezzlement in 1910, he was sentenced to prison for a year. This was widely regarded as unjust, and the Lord-Lieutenant, Lord Aberdeen, pardoned him after he had served three months in prison. Also in 1908, Arthur Griffith during the Dublin carter's strike described <mask> as an "Englishman importing foreign political disruption into this country and putting native industry at risk". After his expulsion from the NUDL, <mask> founded the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union (ITGWU) at the end of December 1908. The organisation exists today as the Services Industrial Professional & Technical Union (SIPTU). It

masks:
Larkin
Larkin
James Sexton
Larkin
Larkin
Larkin
Larkin


title: James Larkin

texts:
 quickly gained the affiliation of the NUDL branches in Dublin, Cork, Dundalk, Waterford and Sligo.The Derry and Drogheda NUDL branches stayed with the British union, and Belfast split along sectarian lines. Early in the new year, 1909, <mask> moved to Dublin, which became the main base of the ITGWU and the focus of all his future union activity in Ireland. In June 1911, <mask> established a newspaper, The Irish Worker and People's Advocate, as a pro-labour alternative to the capitalist-owned press. This organ was characterised by a campaigning approach and the denunciation of unfair employers and of <mask>'s political enemies. Its columns also included pieces by intellectuals. The paper was produced until its suppression by the authorities in 1915. Afterwards, the Worker metamorphosed into the new Ireland Echo.In May 1912, in partnership with <mask> and William O'<mask> formed the Irish Labour Party as the political wing of the Irish Trades Union Congress. Later that year, he was elected to Dublin Corporation. He did not hold his seat long, as a month later he was removed because he had a criminal record from his conviction in 1910. Under <mask>'s leadership the union continued to grow, reaching approximately 20,000 members in the time leading up to the Dublin lock-out. In August 1913 during the lock-out, <mask> was described by Vladimir Lenin as a 'talented leader' as well as 'a remarkable speaker and a man of seething energy [who] has performed miracles amongst the unskilled workers'. Dublin Lockout, 1913

Build up to the lock-out, and its proceedings
In early 1913, <mask> achieved some successes in industrial disputes in Dublin and, notably, in the Sligo Dock strike; these involved frequent recourse to sympathetic strikes and blacking (boycotting)

masks:
Larkin
Larkin
Larkin
James Connolly
Brien Larkin
Larkin
Larkin
Larkin


title: James Larkin

texts: of goods. Two major employers, Guinness and the Dublin United Tramway Company, were the main targets of <mask>'s organising ambitions.Both had craft unions for skilled workers, but <mask>'s main aim was to unionise the unskilled workers as well. He coined the slogan "A fair day's work for a fair day's pay". <mask> advocated Syndicalism, which was a revolutionary brand of socialism. <mask> gained few supporters from within, particularly from the British Trade Union Congress who did not want strike action such as the lock-out to lead to a growth in radicalism. Guinness staff were relatively well-paid and enjoyed generous benefits from a paternalistic management that refused to join a lockout of unionised staff by virtually all the major Dublin employers. This was far from the case on the tramways. The chairman of the Dublin United Tramway Company, industrialist and newspaper proprietor William Martin Murphy, was determined not to allow the ITGWU to unionise his workforce.On 15 August, he dismissed 40 workers he suspected of ITGWU membership, followed by another 300 over the next week. On 26 August 1913, the tramway workers officially went on strike. Led by Murphy, over 400 of the city's employers retaliated by requiring their workers to sign a pledge not to be a member of the ITGWU and not to engage in sympathetic strikes. The resulting industrial dispute was the most severe in Ireland's history. Employers in Dublin engaged in a sympathetic lockout of their workers when the latter refused to sign the pledge, employing blackleg labour from Britain and from elsewhere in Ireland. Guinness, the largest employer in Dublin, refused the employers' call to lock out its workers but it sacked 15 workers who struck in sympathy. Dublin's workers, amongst the

masks: Larkin Larkin Larkin Larkin


title: James Larkin

texts: poorest in the whole of what was then the Great Britain and Ireland, were forced to survive on generous but inadequate donations from the British Trades Union Congress (TUC) and sources in Ireland, distributed by the ITGWU.For seven months the lockout affected tens of thousands of Dublin workers and employers, with <mask> portrayed as the villain by Murphy's three main newspapers, the Irish Independent, the Sunday Independent and the Evening Herald, and by other bourgeois publications in Ireland. Other leaders in the ITGWU at the time were <mask> and William O'Brien; influential figures such as Patrick Pearse, Constance Markievicz and William Butler Yeats supported the workers in the generally anti-Larkin Irish press. The Irish Worker published the names and addresses of strike-breakers, the Irish Independent published the names and addresses of men and women who attempted to send their children out of the city to be cared for in foster homes in Belfast and Britain. However, <mask> never resorted to violence. He knew it would play into the hands of the anti-union companies, and that he could not build a mass trade union by wrecking the firms where his members worked. A group including Tom Kettle and Thomas MacDonagh formed the Industrial Peace Committee to attempt to negotiate between employers and workers; the employers refused to meet them. <mask> and others were arrested for sedition on 28 August, and he was released on bail later that day.Connolly told the authorities "I do not recognise the English government in Ireland at all. I do not even recognise the King except when I am compelled to do so". On 30 August a warrant for <mask>'s arrest was put out claiming he had again been seditious and, had incited people to riot and to pillage shops. When

masks:
Larkin
James Connolly
Larkin
Larkin
Larkin


title: James Larkin

texts:
 a meeting called by <mask> for Sunday 31 August 1913 was proscribed, Constance Markievicz and her husband Casimir disguised <mask> in Casimir's frock coat and trousers and stage makeup and beard, and Nellie Gifford, who was unknown to the police, led him into William Martin Murphy's Imperial Hotel, pretending to be her stooped, deaf old clergyman uncle (to disguise his instantly recognisable Liverpool accent). <mask> tore off his beard inside the hotel and raced to a balcony, where he shouted his speech to the crowd below. The police – some 300 Royal Irish Constabulary reinforcing Dublin Metropolitan Police – savagely baton-charged the crowd, injuring between 400 and 600 people. MP Handel Booth, who was present, said that the police "behaved like men possessed.They drove the crowd into the side streets to meet other batches of the government's minions, wildly striking with their truncheons at everyone within reach ... The few roughs got away first, most respectable people left their hats and crawled away with bleeding heads. Kicking victims when prostrate was a settled part of the police programme." <mask> went into hiding, charged with incitement to breach the peace. <mask> was later re-arrested, charged with sedition and was handed a 7 months imprisonment. The Attorney General claimed <mask> had said: ‘People make kings and can unmake them. I never said ‘God Save the King’, but in derision.I say it now in derision.’ to a crowd of 8,000 people from the windows of Liberty Hall. The sentence was widely seen as unjust. <mask> was released about a week later. Formation of the Irish Citizen Army

The violence at union rallies during the strike prompted <mask> to call for a workers' militia to be formed to protect themselves against the police, thus


title: James Larkin

texts:
 <mask>, <mask>, and Jack White created the Irish Citizen Army. The Citizen Army for the duration of the lock-out was armed with hurleys (sticks used in hurling, a traditional Irish sport) and bats to protect workers' demonstrations from the police. Jack White, a former Captain in the British Army, volunteered to train this army and offered £50 towards the cost of shoes to workers so that they could train. In addition to its role as a self-defence organisation, the Army, which was drilled in Croydon Park in Fairview by White, provided a diversion for workers unemployed and idle during the dispute.End of the lock-out

The lock-out eventually concluded in early 1914 when calls by Connolly and <mask> for a sympathetic strike in Britain were rejected by the British TUC. <mask>'s attacks on the TUC leadership for this stance also led to the cessation of financial aid to the ITGWU, which in any case was not affiliated to the TUC. Although the actions of the ITGWU and the smaller UBLU were unsuccessful in achieving substantially better pay and conditions for the workers, they marked a watershed in Irish labour history. The principle of union action and workers' solidarity had been firmly established. Perhaps even more importantly, <mask>'s rhetoric condemning poverty and injustice and calling for the oppressed to stand up for themselves made a lasting impression. Not long after the lockout Jack White resigned as commander and <mask> assumed direct command of the ICA. Beginning the process of its reform into a revolutionary paramilitary organisation by arming them with Mauser rifles bought from Germany by the Irish Volunteers and smuggled into Ireland at Howth in July 1914.A written constitution was established stating the Army's principles as follows: "the

masks:
Larkin
James Connolly
Larkin
Larkin
Larkin
Larkin