title: Park Hyeon-Joo

texts:
 Education Foundation in 1998 and Mirae Asset Park Hyeon Joo Foundation in 2000 in order to fulfill his corporate social responsibility of 'Building a Caring Capitalist Society,’. He occasionally mentioned that he would like to become a successful philanthropist instead of becoming a successful magnate, and thinks that investing in the talented people is how the corporate is fulfilling the social responsibility in return of what the corporate has gained from the clients and the society as stated in his essay, ‘Money is beautiful flower’. Mirae Asset Park Hyeon Joo Foundation has continuously provided scholarships and economic education programs to the potential talented youth which has accumulated to 269,476 students for 18 years since the foundation (as of February 2019).The detailed programs are as follows:

 Mirae Asset domestic college scholarships:3,391
 Mirae Asset global exchange student scholarships: 5,117
 Mirae Asset global investment experts undergraduates/graduates scholarships/internship:
 Mirae Asset Shanghai camp support of children of the clients: 12,700
 Mirae Asset Shanghai camp support of underprivileged students: 1,839
 Mirae Asset other outreaching programs educating on the economy, finance, finance career path, etc. : 246,307

Personal donation
The scholarship programs of Mirae Asset Park Hyeon Joo Foundation founded in 2000 with his own wealth of USD 6.5 million has become one of the largest non-profit organization in South Korea. <mask> has been donating all his dividend payouts to the foundation every year since 2010. <mask> once again donated his entire 2018 dividend from the stakes of Mirae Asset Global Investment. In 2015, <mask> Joo who is deeply interested in job security of young people donated KRW 2 billion from his own wealth to Korea Youth Foundation. Mirae Asset Foundation in India
Park has also engaged in establishing Mirae Asset

masks:
Park
Park
Park Hon


title: Park Hyeon-Joo

type: original

texts:
 Foundation in Mumbai, India in order to facilitate qualitative educational environments and more opportunities for young people in India. Its incorporation date is January 3, 2018.Honors and awards

 2008: the 40th Best South Korean Executive awarded by Korea Management Association
 2009: the Master Entrepreneur by Ernst and Young
 2011: the 1st Best Investment Executive awarded by Korea Financial Investment Association
 2013: the 1st Entrepreneur Award by Maeil Economic Daily
 2015: the 17th Best Enterprise awarded by the Korean Academic Society of Business Administration
 2017: the 26th Best Dasan Award by Korea Economic Daily, Hankyung

Bibliography

Harvard Business School case study
The successful story of Park and Mirae Asset Financial Group in such a short period of time within a decade was the first Asian financial company to be selected by Harvard Business School as a case study. Mirae Asset: Korea's Mutual Fund Pioneer

Seoul National University case study - the case centre
Mirae Asset: A Disruptive Innovator in the Korean Financial Industry

Books about Park

 Money is a beautiful flower, <mask>on Joo, Kim Young Sa, 27 August 2007,
 <mask>on Joo, creating a better future, Chan-Sun Hong, Young-Am <mask>, Sung-Ju Oh, Sung-Ho Kim and Byung-Yoon Chung, Olim, 5 October 2007,

<mask>'s interviews

 Long-term investments requires trust, Nomura Research Institute, 12/10/2010
 For asset manager Mirae, a future beyond Korea, The Wall Street Journal, 01/10/2007
 24 years of financial industry, Mirae Asset Park Hyeon Joo, Shin-dong-a, 08/11/2004
 Interview of <mask> Joo, a founder of Mirae Asset Financial Group, Hankyung, 24/12/2015

References

External links
 Mirae Asset Financial Group
 Mirae Asset Global Investment
 Mirae Asset Daewoo
 Mirae Asset Venture Investment

1958 births
Living people
South Korean business executives
South Korean billionaires
South Korean

masks:
Park Hye
Park Hye
Park
Park
Park Hyeon


title: Eva Braun

texts:
<mask> (; 6 February 1912 – 30 April 1945) was a German photographer who was the longtime companion and later the wife of Adolf Hitler. The two first met in Munich when she was a 17-year-old assistant and model for his personal photographer, Heinrich Hoffmann; she began seeing Hitler often about two years later. <mask> took many of the surviving colour photographs and films of Hitler. She attempted suicide twice during their early relationship. By 1936, <mask> was a part of Hitler's household at the Berghof near Berchtesgaden, Bavaria, Germany and lived a sheltered life throughout World War II. She became a key figure within Hitler's inner social circle, but did not attend public events with him until mid-1944, when her sister Gretl married Hermann Fegelein, the SS liaison officer on his staff. As Nazi Germany was collapsing towards the end of the war, <mask> swore loyalty to Hitler and went to Berlin to be by his side in the heavily reinforced Führerbunker beneath the Reich Chancellery garden.As Red Army troops fought their way into the centre government district, on 29 April 1945, she married Hitler during a brief civil ceremony; she was aged 33 and he was aged 56. Less than forty hours later, they died by suicide in a sitting room of the bunker: <mask> by biting and swallowing a capsule of cyanide, and Hitler by a gunshot to the head. The German public was unaware of <mask>'s relationship with Hitler until after their deaths. Early life

<mask> was born in Munich and was the second daughter of school teacher Friedrich "Fritz" <mask> (1879–1964) and Franziska "Fanny" Kronberger (1885–1976); her mother had worked as a seamstress before her marriage. She had an elder sister, Ilse (1909–1979), and a younger sister, Margarete (Gretl) (1915–1987). <mask>'s parents were divorced in April 1921 but remarried in November 1922, probably for financial reasons

masks:
Eva Anna Paula Hitler
Braun
Braun
Braun
Braun
Braun
Eva Braun
Braun
Braun


title: Eva Braun

texts:
 (hyperinflation was plaguing the German economy at the time). <mask> was educated at a Catholic lyceum in Munich, and then for one year at a business school in the Convent of the English Sisters in Simbach am Inn, where she had average grades and a talent for athletics.At age 17, <mask> took a job working for Heinrich Hoffmann, the official photographer for the Nazi Party. Initially employed as a shop assistant and sales clerk, she soon learned how to use a camera and develop photographs. She met Adolf Hitler, 23 years her senior, at Hoffmann's studio in Munich in October 1929. He had been introduced to her as "Herr Wolff". <mask>'s younger sister, Gretl, also worked for Hoffmann from 1932 onward. The women rented an apartment together for a time. Gretl often accompanied <mask> on her subsequent trips with Hitler to Obersalzberg.Relationship with Hitler
Hitler lived with his half-niece, Geli Raubal, in an apartment at Prinzregentenplatz 16 in Munich from 1929 until her death in 1931. On 18 September of that year, Raubal was found dead in the apartment with a gunshot wound to the chest, an apparent suicide with Hitler's pistol. Hitler was in Nuremberg at the time. His relationship with Raubal—likely the most intense of his life—had been important to him. Hitler began seeing more of <mask> after Raubal's suicide. <mask> herself attempted suicide on 10 or 11 August 1932 by shooting herself in the chest with her father's pistol. Historians feel the attempt was not serious, but was a bid for Hitler's attention.After <mask>'s recovery, Hitler became more committed to her and by the end of 1932 they had become lovers. She often stayed overnight at his Munich apartment when he was in town. Beginning in 1933, <mask> worked as a photographer for Hoffmann. This position enabled her to travel—accompanied by Hoffmann—with Hitler's entourage as a photographer for the

masks: Braun Braun Braun Eva Braun Braun Braun Braun


title: Eva Braun

texts: Nazi Party. Later in her career, she worked for Hoffmann's art press. According to a fragment of her diary and the account of biographer Nerin Gun, <mask>'s second suicide attempt occurred in May 1935. She took an overdose of sleeping pills when Hitler failed to make time for her in his life.Hitler provided <mask> and her sister with a three-bedroom apartment in Munich that August, and the next year the sisters were provided with a villa in Bogenhausen at Wasserburgerstr. 12 (now Delpstr. 12). By 1936, <mask> was at Hitler's household at the Berghof near Berchtesgaden whenever he was in residence there, but she lived mostly in Munich. <mask> also had her own apartment at the new Reich Chancellery in Berlin, completed to a design by Albert Speer. <mask> was a member of Hoffmann's staff when she attended the Nuremberg Rally for the first time in 1935. Hitler's half-sister, Angela Raubal (Geli's mother), took exception to her presence there and was later dismissed from her position as housekeeper at the Berghof.Researchers are unable to ascertain if her dislike for <mask> was the only reason for her departure, but other members of Hitler's entourage saw <mask> as untouchable from then on. Hitler wished to present himself in the image of a chaste hero; in the Nazi ideology, men were the political leaders and warriors, and women were homemakers. Hitler believed that he was sexually attractive to women and wished to exploit this for political gain by remaining single, as he felt marriage would decrease his appeal. He and <mask> never appeared as a couple in public; the only time they appeared together in a published news photo was when she sat near him at the 1936 Winter Olympics. The German people were unaware of <mask>'s relationship with Hitler until after the war. <mask> had her own room adjoining Hitler's at both the Berghof and the Führerbunker complex

masks: Braun Braun Braun Braun Braun Braun Braun Braun Braun Braun


title: Eva Braun

texts: beneath the Reich Chancellery garden in Berlin. Biographer Heike Görtemaker wrote that women did not play a big role in the politics of Nazi Germany.<mask>'s political influence on Hitler was minimal; she was never allowed to stay in the room when business or political conversations took place and was sent out of the room when cabinet ministers or other dignitaries were present. She was not a member of the Nazi Party. In his post-war memoirs, Hoffmann characterized <mask>'s outlook as "inconsequential and feather-brained"; her main interests were sports, clothes, and the cinema. She led a sheltered and privileged existence and seemed uninterested in politics. One instance when she took an interest was in 1943, shortly after Germany had fully transitioned to a total war economy; among other things, this meant a potential ban on women's cosmetics and luxuries. According to Speer's memoirs, <mask> approached Hitler in "high indignation"; Hitler quietly instructed Speer, who was armaments minister at the time, to halt production of women's cosmetics and luxuries rather than instituting an outright ban. Speer later said, "<mask> will prove a great disappointment to historians."<mask> continued to work for Hoffmann after commencing her relationship with Hitler. She took many photographs and films of members of Hitler's inner circle, some of which were sold to Hoffmann for extremely high prices; she received money from Hoffmann's company as late as 1943. <mask> also held the position of private secretary to Hitler. This guise meant she could enter and leave the Chancellery unremarked, though she used a side entrance and a rear staircase. Görtemaker notes that <mask> and Hitler enjoyed a normal sex life. <mask>'s friends and relatives described <mask> giggling over a 1938 photograph of Neville Chamberlain sitting on a sofa in Hitler's Munich flat with the remark:

masks:
Braun
Braun
Braun
Eva Braun
Braun
Braun
Braun
Braun
Eva


title: Eva Braun

texts:
 "If only he knew what goings-on that sofa has seen." On 3 June 1944, <mask>'s sister Gretl married SS-Gruppenführer Hermann Fegelein, who served as Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler's liaison officer on Hitler's staff.Hitler used the marriage as an excuse to allow <mask> to appear at official functions, as she could then be introduced as Fegelein's sister-in-law. When Fegelein was caught in the closing days of the war trying to escape to Sweden or Switzerland, Hitler ordered his execution. He was shot for desertion in the garden of the Reich Chancellery on 28 April 1945. Lifestyle
When Hitler purchased the Berghof in 1933, it was a small holiday home on the mountain at Obersalzberg. Renovations began in 1934 and were completed by 1936. A large wing was added onto the original house and several additional buildings were constructed. The entire area was fenced off, and remaining houses on the mountain were purchased by the Nazi Party and demolished.<mask> and the other members of the entourage were cut off from the outside world when in residence. Speer, Hermann Göring, and Martin Bormann had houses constructed inside the compound. Hitler's valet, Heinz Linge, stated in his memoirs that Hitler and <mask> had two bedrooms and two bathrooms with interconnecting doors at the Berghof, and Hitler would end most evenings alone with her in his study before they retired to bed. She would wear a "dressing gown or house-coat" and drink wine; Hitler would have tea. Public displays of affection or physical contact were nonexistent, even in the enclosed world of the Berghof. <mask> took the role of hostess amongst the regular visitors, though she was not involved in running the household. She regularly invited friends and family members to accompany her during her stays, the only guest to do so.When Henriette von Schirach suggested that <mask> should go into hiding after

masks: Braun Braun Braun Braun Braun Braun


title: Eva Braun

texts:
 the war, <mask> replied, "Do you think I would let him die alone? I will stay with him up until the last moment ..." Hitler named <mask> in his will, to receive 12,000 Reichsmarks yearly after his death. He was very fond of her, and worried when she participated in sports or was late returning for tea. <mask> was very fond of Negus and Stasi, her two Scottish Terrier dogs, and they appear in her home movies. She usually kept them away from Hitler's German Shepherd, Blondi. Blondi was killed by one of Hitler's entourage on 29 April 1945 when he ordered that one of the cyanide capsules obtained for <mask> and Hitler's suicide the next day be tested on the dog. <mask>'s dogs and Blondi's puppies were shot on 30 April by Hitler's dog handler, Fritz Tornow.Marriage and suicide

In early April 1945, <mask> travelled from Munich to Berlin to be with Hitler at the Führerbunker. She refused to leave as the Red Army closed in on the capital. After midnight on the night of 28–29 April, Hitler and <mask> were married in a small civil ceremony within the bunker. The event was witnessed by Joseph Goebbels and Martin Bormann. Thereafter, Hitler hosted a modest wedding breakfast with his new wife. When <mask> married Hitler, her legal name changed to <mask>. When she signed her marriage certificate, she wrote the letter B for her family name, then crossed this out and replaced it with Hitler.After 1:00 pm on 30 April 1945, <mask> and Hitler said their farewells to staff and members of the inner circle. Later that afternoon, at approximately 3:30 pm, several people reported hearing a loud gunshot. After waiting a few minutes, Linge, accompanied by Hitler's SS adjutant, Otto Günsche, entered the small study and found the lifeless bodies of Hitler and <mask> on a small sofa. <mask> had bitten into a cyanide capsule, and Hitler had shot himself in the right temple with his

masks:
Braun
Braun
Braun
Braun
Braun
Braun
Braun
Braun
Eva Hitler
Braun
Braun
Braun


title: Eva Braun

texts:
 pistol. The corpses were carried up the stairs and through the bunker's emergency exit to the garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were burned during the Red Army shelling in and around the area. <mask> was 33 years old when she died. By 11 May, Hitler's dentist's assistant Käthe Heusermann and dental technician Fritz Echtmann identified dental remains as belonging to Hitler and <mask>.The remains of Joseph and Magda Goebbels, the six Goebbels children, General Hans Krebs, and Hitler's dogs were repeatedly buried and exhumed, with the last location being the SMERSH compound in Magdeburg, East Germany. Hitler and <mask>'s remains were alleged to have been moved as well, but this is most likely Soviet disinformation. There is no evidence that any bodily remains of Hitler or <mask>with the exception of the dental remainswere found by the Soviets. On 4 April 1970, a Soviet KGB team with detailed burial charts secretly exhumed five wooden boxes of remains in Magdeburg. The remains were thoroughly burned and crushed, after which the ashes were thrown into the Biederitz river, a tributary of the nearby Elbe. The rest of <mask>'s family survived the war. Her mother, Franziska, died at age 96 in January 1976, having lived out her days in an old farmhouse in Ruhpolding, Bavaria.Her father, Fritz, died in 1964. Gretl gave birth to a daughter—whom she named <mask>—on 5 May 1945. She later married Kurt Beringhoff, a businessman. She died in 1987. <mask>'s elder sister, Ilse, was not part of Hitler's inner circle. She married twice and died in 1979. References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

1912 births
1945 deaths
People from Munich
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
People of Nazi Germany
Hitler family
Shooting survivors
Suicides by cyanide poisoning
Suicides in Germany
Joint suicides by Nazis
Spouses of chancellors of

masks: Braun Braun Braun Braun Braun Eva Braun


title: Hammurabi

texts: Hammurabi () was the sixth king of the First Babylonian dynasty of the Amorite tribe, reigning from c. 1792 BC to c. 1750 BC (according to the Middle Chronology). He was preceded by his father, Sin-Muballit, who abdicated due to failing health. During his reign, he conquered Elam and the city-states of Larsa, Eshnunna, and Mari. He ousted Ishme-Dagan I, the king of Assyria, and forced his son Mut-Ashkur to pay tribute, bringing almost all of Mesopotamia under Babylonian rule. Hammurabi is best known for having issued the Code of Hammurabi, which he claimed to have received from Shamash, the Babylonian god of justice. Unlike earlier Sumerian law codes, such as the Code of Ur-Nammu, which had focused on compensating the victim of the crime, the Law of Hammurabi was one of the first law codes to place greater emphasis on the physical punishment of the perpetrator. It prescribed specific penalties for each crime and is among the first codes to establish the presumption of innocence.Although its penalties are extremely harsh by modern standards, they were intended to limit what a wronged person was permitted to do in retribution. The Code of Hammurabi and the Law of Moses in the Torah contain numerous similarities. Hammurabi was seen by many as a god within his own lifetime. After his death, Hammurabi was revered as a great conqueror who spread civilization and forced all peoples to pay obeisance to Marduk, the national god of the Babylonians. Later, his military accomplishments became de-emphasized and his role as the ideal lawgiver became the primary aspect of his legacy. For later Mesopotamians, <mask>'s reign became the frame of reference for all events occurring in the distant past. Even after the empire he built collapsed, he was still revered as a model


title: Hammurabi

texts:
 ruler, and many kings across the Near East claimed him as an ancestor.Hammurabi was rediscovered by archaeologists in the late nineteenth century and has since been seen as an important figure in the history of law. Reign and conquests

Hammurabi was an Amorite First Dynasty king of the city-state of Babylon, and inherited the power from his father, Sin-Muballit, in . Babylon was one of the many largely Amorite ruled city-states that dotted the central and southern Mesopotamian plains and waged war on each other for control of fertile agricultural land. Though many cultures co-existed in Mesopotamia, Babylonian culture gained a degree of prominence among the literate classes throughout the Middle East under Hammurabi. The kings who came before Hammurabi had founded a relatively minor City State in 1894 BC, which controlled little territory outside of the city itself. Babylon was overshadowed by older, larger, and more powerful kingdoms such as Elam, Assyria, Isin, Eshnunna, and Larsa for a century or so after its founding. However, his father Sin-Muballit had begun to consolidate rule of a small area of south central Mesopotamia under Babylonian hegemony and, by the time of his reign, had conquered the minor city-states of Borsippa, Kish, and Sippar.Thus <mask> ascended to the throne as the king of a minor kingdom in the midst of a complex geopolitical situation. The powerful kingdom of Eshnunna controlled the upper Tigris River while Larsa controlled the river delta. To the east of Mesopotamia lay the powerful kingdom of Elam, which regularly invaded and forced tribute upon the small states of southern Mesopotamia. In northern Mesopotamia, the Assyrian king Shamshi-Adad I, who had already inherited centuries old Assyrian colonies in Asia Minor, had expanded


title: Hammurabi

texts: his territory into the Levant and central Mesopotamia, although his untimely death would somewhat fragment his empire. The first few years of <mask>'s reign were quite peaceful. Hammurabi used his power to undertake a series of public works, including heightening the city walls for defensive purposes, and expanding the temples. In , the powerful kingdom of Elam, which straddled important trade routes across the Zagros Mountains, invaded the Mesopotamian plain.With allies among the plain states, Elam attacked and destroyed the kingdom of Eshnunna, destroying a number of cities and imposing its rule on portions of the plain for the first time. In order to consolidate its position, Elam tried to start a war between Hammurabi's Babylonian kingdom and the kingdom of Larsa. Hammurabi and the king of Larsa made an alliance when they discovered this duplicity and were able to crush the Elamites, although Larsa did not contribute greatly to the military effort. Angered by Larsa's failure to come to his aid, Hammurabi turned on that southern power, thus gaining control of the entirety of the lower Mesopotamian plain by . As Hammurabi was assisted during the war in the south by his allies from the north such as Yamhad and Mari, the absence of soldiers in the north led to unrest. Continuing his expansion, Hammurabi turned his attention northward, quelling the unrest and soon after crushing Eshnunna. Next the Babylonian armies conquered the remaining northern states, including Babylon's former ally Mari, although it is possible that the conquest of Mari was a surrender without any actual conflict.Hammurabi entered into a protracted war with Ishme-Dagan I of Assyria for control of Mesopotamia, with both kings making alliances with minor states in order to gain the upper


title: Hammurabi

texts:
 Hebrew University discovered a cuneiform tablet dating to the eighteenth or seventeenth century BC at Hazor in Israel containing laws clearly derived from the Code of Hammurabi. Legacy

Commemoration after his death
Hammurabi was honored above all other kings of the second millennium BC and he received the unique honor of being declared to be a god within his own lifetime. The personal name "<mask>-ili" meaning "Hammurabi is my god" became common during and after his reign.In writings from shortly after his death, Hammurabi is commemorated mainly for three achievements: bringing victory in war, bringing peace, and bringing justice. Hammurabi's conquests came to be regarded as part of a sacred mission to spread civilization to all nations. A stele from Ur glorifies him in his own voice as a mighty ruler who forces evil into submission and compels all peoples to worship Marduk. The stele declares: "The people of Elam, Gutium, Subartu, and Tukrish, whose mountains are distant and whose languages are obscure, I placed into [Marduk's] hand. I myself continued to put straight their confused minds." A later hymn also written in Hammurabi's own voice extols him as a powerful, supernatural force for Marduk:

I am the king, the brace that grasps wrongdoers, that makes people of one mind,
I am the great dragon among kings, who throws their counsel in disarray,
I am the net that is stretched over the enemy,
I am the fear-inspiring, who, when lifting his fierce eyes, gives the disobedient the death sentence,
I am the great net that covers evil intent,
I am the young lion, who breaks nets and scepters,
I am the battle net that catches him who offends me. After extolling Hammurabi's military accomplishments, the hymn finally declares: "I am Hammurabi, the king of


title: Hammurabi

texts:
 justice."In later commemorations, Hammurabi's role as a great lawgiver came to be emphasized above all his other accomplishments and his military achievements became de-emphasized. <mask>'s reign became the point of reference for all events in the distant past. A hymn to the goddess Ishtar, whose language suggests it was written during the reign of Ammisaduqa, Hammurabi's fourth successor, declares: "The king who first heard this song as a song of your heroism is Hammurabi. This song for you was composed in his reign. May he be given life forever!" For centuries after his death, Hammurabi's laws continued to be copied by scribes as part of their writing exercises and they were even partially translated into Sumerian. Political legacy

During the reign of Hammurabi, Babylon usurped the position of "most holy city" in southern Mesopotamia from its predecessor, Nippur.Under the rule of <mask>'s successor Samsu-iluna, the short-lived Babylonian Empire began to collapse. In northern Mesopotamia, both the Amorites and Babylonians were driven from Assyria by Puzur-Sin a native Akkadian-speaking ruler, . Around the same time, native Akkadian speakers threw off Amorite Babylonian rule in the far south of Mesopotamia, creating the Sealand Dynasty, in more or less the region of ancient Sumer. Hammurabi's ineffectual successors met with further defeats and loss of territory at the hands of Assyrian kings such as Adasi and Bel-ibni, as well as to the Sealand Dynasty to the south, Elam to the east, and to the Kassites from the northeast. Thus was Babylon quickly reduced to the small and minor state it had once been upon its founding. The coup de grace for the Hammurabi's Amorite Dynasty occurred in 1595 BC, when Babylon was sacked and conquered by the powerful Hittite

masks: Hammurabi Hammurabi


title: Hammurabi

texts: Empire, thereby ending all Amorite political presence in Mesopotamia. However, the Indo-European-speaking Hittites did not remain, turning over Babylon to their Kassite allies, a people speaking a language isolate, from the Zagros mountains region.This Kassite Dynasty ruled Babylon for over 400 years and adopted many aspects of the Babylonian culture, including <mask>'s code of laws. Even after the fall of the Amorite Dynasty, however, <mask> was still remembered and revered. When the Elamite king Shutruk-Nahhunte I raided Babylon in 1158 BC and carried off many stone monuments, he had most of the inscriptions on these monuments erased and new inscriptions carved into them. On the stele containing <mask>'s laws, however, only four or five columns were wiped out and no new inscription was ever added. Over a thousand years after <mask>bi became a major center of debate in the heated Babel und Bibel ("Babylon and Bible") controversy in Germany over the relationship between the Bible and ancient Babylonian texts. In January 1902, the German Assyriologist Friedrich Delitzsch gave a lecture at the Sing-Akademie zu Berlin in front of the Kaiser and his wife, in which he argued that the Mosaic Laws of the Old Testament were directly copied off the Code of Hammurabi.Delitzsch's lecture was so controversial that, by September 1903, he had managed to collect 1,350 short articles from newspapers and journals, over 300 longer ones, and twenty-eight pamphlets, all written in response to this lecture, as well as the preceding one about the Flood story in the Epic of Gilgamesh. These articles were overwhelmingly critical of Delitzsch, though a few were sympathetic. The Kaiser distanced himself from Delitzsch and his radical views and, in fall of 1904, Delitzsch was forced to

masks: Hammurabi Hammurabi Hammurabi Hammurabimura


title: Hammurabi

texts:
 give his third lecture in Cologne and Frankfurt am Main rather than in Berlin. The putative relationship between the Mosaic Law and the Code of Hammurabi later became a major part of Delitzsch's argument in his 1920–21 book Die große Täuschung (The Great Deception) that the Hebrew Bible was irredeemably contaminated by Babylonian influence and that only by eliminating the human Old Testament entirely could Christians finally believe in the true, Aryan message of the New Testament. In the early twentieth century, many scholars believed that Hammurabi was Amraphel, the King of Shinar in the Book of Genesis 14:1. This view has now been largely rejected, and Amraphael's existence is not attested in any writings from outside the Bible. Because of <mask>'s reputation as a lawgiver, his depiction can be found in several United States government buildings.Hammurabi is one of the 23 lawgivers depicted in marble bas-reliefs in the chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives in the United States Capitol. A frieze by Adolph Weinman depicting the "great lawgivers of history", including Hammurabi, is on the south wall of the U.S. Supreme Court building. At the time of Saddam Hussein, the Iraqi Army's 1st Hammurabi Armoured Division was named after the ancient king as part of an effort to emphasize the connection between modern Iraq and the pre-Arab Mesopotamian cultures. Minor planet 7207 Hammurabi is named in his honour. See also

 Babylonian law
 Cuneiform law
 Short chronology timeline
 Manusmṛti

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

 A Closer Look at the Code of Hammurabi (Louvre museum)

19th-century BC births
18th-century BC deaths
18th-century BC Babylonian kings
First dynasty of Babylon
Amorite kings
Ancient legislators
Year of


title: Venetia Stevenson

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; March 10, 1938) is an English-American film and television actress. Early life
Born in 1938 in London, England, as <mask>, she is the daughter of film director <mask> and actress Anna Lee. The family moved to Hollywood within a year of her birth after her father signed a contract with film producer David O. Selznick. When her parents divorced in 1944, she stayed with her father and new stepmother, Frances. After an education in exclusive Californian private schools, her theatrical debut was with her mother in Liliom, a play produced by the Sombrero Theater, in Phoenix, Arizona, in April 1955 and with the husband-and-wife team of Fernando Lamas and Arlene Dahl. A one-time Miss Los Angeles Press Club, <mask> was placed on contract by RKO Pictures in November 1956. Hedda Hopper named <mask> on her list of top movie newcomers in January 1957, alongside Jayne Mansfield.Hopper said of <mask>, then 18, she is "the most purely beautiful of all the new crop of stars." Film and television actress
On 13 March 1957, <mask> was cast in CBS's Playhouse 90 adaptation of Charley's Aunt, with Tom Tryon, Jackie Coogan, and Jeanette MacDonald. On 12 November 1957, <mask> appeared as Kathy Larsen in the episode "Trail's End" of the ABC/Warner Bros. Western series, Sugarfoot. In the story, Kathy is a former childhood sweetheart of Tom Brewster's, played by series star Will Hutchins, though <mask> is eight years younger than Hutchins. She is managing a dance hall to his consternation. Chris Alcaide plays the corrupt Clay Horton,

masks:
Venetia Stevenson
Joanna Venetia Inta Stevenson
Joanna Venetia Inta Stevenson
Robert Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson


title: Venetia Stevenson

texts: who forces Kathy to marry him so she cannot testify in court regarding Horton's numerous crimes. Barbara Stuart is cast as Muriel, Kathy's business partner.Gordon Jones plays Sugarfoot's lively friend, Wasco Wolters, who has a romantic interest in Muriel. This episode reveals that Tom Brewster spent his childhood in Vermont before coming to the Oklahoma Territory. <mask> subsequently appeared in two other Sugarfoot episodes, including "Brink of Fear" (1958) with fellow co-stars Jerry Paris, Harry Antrim, Allen Case, and Don Gordon. <mask> played Peggy McTavish in the film Darby's Rangers (1958), a Warner Bros. release in which she was paired with Peter Brown. She is one of the women pursued by actors cast as members of an American unit of the same name during World War II. The movie was directed by William Wellman. <mask>'s publicity machine continued to promote her.She was reported enjoying riding horses as an activity and playing table tennis. In November 1957, she won $300 in prizes at a horse show and participated at the National Horse Show at the Cow Palace in San Francisco. Around this time, she became the face on Sweetheart Stout cans and bottles; the brand marked the 50th anniversary of using her image in 2008. She appeared in the Western drama Day of the Outlaw (1959), starring Robert Ryan and Tina Louise. <mask> also had a primary role in the film version of the Studs Lonigan trilogy by James T. Farrell, brought to the screen in December 1960. Among the other motion pictures in which she appears are Island of Lost

masks: Stevenson Stevenson Stevenson Stevenson


title: Venetia Stevenson

texts:
 Women (1959), Jet Over the Atlantic (1959), The Big Night (1960), Seven Ways from Sundown (1960), The City of the Dead (or Horror Hotel, 1960), and The Sergeant Was a Lady (1961). <mask> appeared on television in episodes of Cheyenne (1957), Colt .45 (1958), 77 Sunset Strip (1958), The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet (1958), Lawman (1958), The Millionaire (1959), The Third Man (1959), and Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1960) alongside Burt Reynolds and Harry Dean Stanton.She appeared in Back to the Future Part II (1989) as the cover girl of the Oh Lala magazine. Sweetheart Stout

The same photo of <mask> has appeared on cans and bottles of Sweetheart Stout beer since 1958. Personal life

Marriages and relationships

<mask> married MGM actor-dancer Russ Tamblyn on Valentine's Day, 1956, shortly after her half-brother, actor Jeffrey Byron, was born to her mother. She was 17 when Tamblyn and she had their wedding in the Wayfarers Chapel in Palos Verdes. <mask> and Tamblyn divorced in April 1957, but the two remained friends. A widely reproduced photograph shows <mask> calmly walking down a Los Angeles street, seemingly unaware that Tamblyn is doing a spectacular backward aerial handspring a few inches away from her. <mask> had a year-long affair with actor Audie Murphy, which began when they co-starred in Seven Ways from Sundown in 1960.<mask> remarried, to Don Everly, in 1962 and retired from acting and modelling. She had often complained about how much she hated acting. The couple had two daughters, Stacy and Erin Everly, both

masks: Stevenson Stevenson Stevenson Stevenson Stevenson Stevenson Stevenson


title: Venetia Stevenson

texts:
 model/actresses, and a son, Edan Everly, a musician. She divorced Don Everly in 1970 and has not remarried. Erin, the ex-wife of rocker Axl Rose, was the inspiration for several Guns N' Roses songs, including "Sweet Child o' Mine", where she also appeared in the video. Friendships and publicity romances
Despite not having a starring role in a film before 1958, <mask> was incredibly popular in fan magazines. She was labelled "the most photogenic girl in the world" and went in rounds of dates; however, most of the men she went out with were only friends to her.In his 2005 autobiography, Tab Hunter Confidential: the Making of a Movie Star, Tab Hunter, with whom she frequently dated, admitted that she was a large part of his and his then-boyfriend, Anthony Perkins's, social life, "acting as a 'beard' when we double-dated." Although their relationship was an open secret in Hollywood, <mask> acted as a confidant for Perkins during the course of their romance. "[C]ertainly, we all knew Tony [Perkins] was gay," <mask> admitted to a Perkins biographer. "...We were real friends, and he would sleep over at my house in the same bed. But there was never, ever any... well, you know. If you have a friend of the opposite sex who's gay, it's just up in the air." References

External links

Living people
Actresses from London
British expatriates in the United States
English female models
English film actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
Western (genre) film actresses
The Everly Brothers
20th-century English

masks: Stevenson Stevenson Stevenson


title: Ip Man

texts:
<mask>, also known as <mask>, ( / 叶问; 1 October 1893 – 2 December 1972) was a Chinese martial artist and a grandmaster of the martial art Wing Chun. He had several students who later became martial arts masters in their own right, the most famous among them being Bruce Lee. Early life
<mask> was born as <mask>-man () to <mask>-dor () and Ng Shui () as the third of four children. He grew up in a wealthy family in Foshan (Fatshan), Guangdong (Kwangtung), and received traditional Chinese education, alongside his elder brother <mask>ak (), elder sister <mask>-mei () and younger sister <mask>-hum (). Ip started learning Wing Chun from Chan Wah-shun when he was 9 or 13. Chan was 57 at the time, and Ip became Chan's 16th and last student. Due to Chan's age, he was able to train Ip for only three years before suffering a mild stroke in 1909 and retiring to his village.Ip learned most of his skills and techniques from Chan's second most senior student, Ng Chung-sok (). At the age of 16, with help from his relative Leung Fut-ting, Ip moved to Hong Kong and there he attended school at St. Stephen's College, a secondary school for wealthy families and foreigners living in Hong Kong. Six months after moving to Hong Kong, a classmate of <mask>'s named Lai told him that a friend of Lai's father who was an expert in Kung Fu techniques was living with them, and had offered to have a friendly sparring match with Ip. At the time, Ip was undefeated so he eagerly accepted the challenge. He went to Lai's house on a Sunday afternoon and, after exchanging brief pleasantries, challenged the man to a duel. The man was Leung Bik and he easily overwhelmed <mask> <mask>. Incredulous at the speed with which he had been countered, Ip requested a second duel and was beaten again, just

masks:
Ip Man
Yip Man
Ip Man
Ip Kai
Ip Oi
Ip Kai g
Ip Wan
Ip Wan
Ip
Ip
Man


title: Ip Man

texts:
 as soundly.Discouraged by his defeat, <mask> left without a word and afterward was so depressed that he did not dare mention that he knew Kung Fu. A week later, Lai told him that the man he had fought was asking after him. <mask> replied that he was too embarrassed to return, at which point Lai told him that Leung Bik had highly praised his Kung Fu techniques and that he was the son of Leung Jan, who trained Ip's master Chan Wah-shun. Ip proceeded to train with Leung Bik, until Leung's death in 1911. Ip returned to Foshan in 1916 when he was 24 and became a police officer there for the Nationalist government. He taught Wing Chun to several of his subordinates, friends and relatives, but did not officially run a martial arts school. He married Cheung Wing-sing and they had several children: sons <mask> Chun and <mask> Ching and daughters Ip Nga-sum () and Ip Nga-wun ().<mask> was a member of the Kuomintang, and according to rumors, he joined the Central Bureau of Investigation and Statistics in its academy in Guizhou in 1938, after which he would have returned to Foshan as an undercover intelligence officer. However, the veracity of this has been disputed. <mask> went to live with Kwok Fu during the Second Sino-Japanese War and only returned to Foshan after the war, where he resumed his career as a police officer. Ip found some time to train his second son <mask> Ching during the year 1949. At the end of 1949 after the Chinese Communist Party won the Chinese Civil War, as Ip was a member of the Kuomintang, Ip, his wife and their elder daughter <mask> Nga-sum left Foshan for Hong Kong. Life in Hong Kong
<mask>, his wife Cheung and their daughter arrived in Hong Kong through Macau in 1950. His wife and daughter would later return to Foshan to retrieve

masks: Ip Ip Ip Ip Ip Ip Ip Ip Ip


title: Ip Man

texts:
 their identity cards.However, due to the closure of borders between China and Hong Kong in 1951, <mask> and Cheung were separated for good, with the latter remaining in Foshun until her death. Initially, <mask> <mask>'s teaching business was poor in Hong Kong because Ip's students typically stayed for only a couple of months. He moved his school twice: first to Castle Peak Road in Sham Shui Po, and then to Lee Tat Street () in Yau Ma Tei. By then, some of his students had attained proficiency in Wing Chun and were able to start their own schools. They would go on and spar with other martial artists to compare their skills, and their victories helped to increase Ip's fame. Around 1955, he had a mistress from Shanghai, who was referred to by his students simply as Shanghai Po (). Ip and this mistress also had an illegitimate son named Ip Siu-wah ().Meanwhile, in Foshan, his wife Cheung died of cancer in 1960. <mask> never formally introduced his mistress to his other sons, who eventually arrived in Hong Kong to reunite with him in 1962. In 1967, <mask> and some of his students established the Ving Tsun (Wing Chun) also pronounced as "Wing Chun" Athletic Association (). The main purpose of the Ving Tsun Athletic Association was to help <mask> tackle his financial difficulties in Hong Kong, which was due to his supposed regular use of opium. One of his former students, Duncan Leung, claimed that Ip used tuition money to support his opium addiction. Ip's mistress died of cancer in 1968, and their son later became a Wing Chun practitioner like his half-brothers. Death and legacy

Ip died on 2 December 1972 in his unit at 149 Tung Choi Street in Hong Kong, from laryngeal cancer, only seven months before the death of Bruce Lee, his most famous student.He was

masks: Ip Ip Man Ip Ip Ip


title: Ip Man

texts:
 buried at Wo Hop Shek, Hong Kong. Ip's legacy is the global practice of Wing Chun. Ip's notable students include  Chu Shong Tin, Wong Shun-leung, Bruce Lee, Moy Yat, Ho Kam Ming, Victor Kan, his nephew <mask>-kam and William Cheung. Ip wrote a history of Wing Chun. Many artefacts of his life are on display in the Ip Man Museum on the Foshan Ancestral Temple grounds. <mask> <mask> is portrayed in many films based on his life. Martial arts lineage

Wing Chun lineage according to Ip <mask>.Media portrayals

In the 1976 film Bruce Lee: The Man, The Myth, Ip <mask>'s eldest son <mask> Chun portrayed his father in a minor role as Bruce Lee's Wing Chun Sifu. <mask> <mask> was portrayed by Wang Luoyong in Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story in a 1993 American biographical drama film based on the life of Bruce Lee, who was one of Ip's students. In the 1999 film What You Gonna Do, Sai Fung? (a.k.a. 1959 某日某), he was portrayed by his son <mask> Chun again as a special appearance. Yu Chenghui portrayed <mask> <mask> in the 2008 Chinese television series The Legend of Bruce Lee, which was also based on the life of Bruce Lee. Ip Man, a Hong Kong film based on the life of Ip <mask>, starring Donnie Yen as the martial artist, was released in cinemas in 2008.The film takes a number of liberties with <mask>'s life, often for dramatic effect. <mask>'s eldest son <mask> Chun appears in the film and served as a consultant on the production, which focuses on <mask>'s life during the 1930s to the 1940s during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The sequel Ip Man 2 focuses on <mask>'s beginnings in Hong Kong and his students, including Bruce Lee. Ip <mask> has taught many other people. Amid a surge of Ip Man–related film projects in production, Donnie Yen told the Chinese media in March

masks:
Lo Man
Ip
Man
Man
Man
Ip
Ip
Man
Ip
Ip
Man
Man
Ip
Ip
Ip
Ip
Ip
Man


title: Ip Man

texts: 2010 that after Ip Man 2, he would no longer play the Wing Chun master, stating, "I would never ever touch any films related to Ip Man. This will be my final film on the subject. Whenever something becomes a success, everyone would jump on the bandwagon, this is very frightening.Did you know how many Ip Man films are in production? Under such condition, we would not progress, it'd only lead to over-saturation of the subject matter." Another Hong Kong film based on <mask> <mask>'s life, called The Legend Is Born – Ip <mask>, was released in June 2010. Herman Yau directed the film and it starred Dennis To as Ip <mask> and Seventeen band's Wen Junhui as his younger counterpart. <mask> Chun makes a special appearance in the film as Leung Bik. In the 2010 film Bruce Lee, My Brother, Ip <mask> was portrayed by Wong Chi-wai. Wong Kar-wai's The Grandmaster is a 2013 film starring Tony Leung as Ip <mask>.The film concentrates more on the end of an era in Chinese martial arts history as the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out. It was created in an almost biographical style, highlighting parts of history. In contrast with the other Ip Man–related projects, The Grandmaster is a more reflective film, focusing more on the musings and philosophies between martial arts and life, as well as Ip <mask>'s journey through the early 1930s to the early 1950s. The 2013 Chinese television series Ip Man, based on Ip <mask>'s life, was first aired on the television network Shandong TV from late February to mid March 2013. It was directed by Fan Xiaotian and starred Kevin Cheng as the eponymous character and Zhou Jianan as the younger counterpart. The 2013 Hong Kong film Ip Man: The Final Fight, directed by Herman Yau and starring Anthony Wong as Ip <mask>, focuses on Ip's later

masks: Ip Man Man Man Ip Man Man Man Man Man


title: Ip Man

texts:
 life in Hong Kong. Kevin Cheng from the 2013 television series Ip Man made a guest appearance as young Ip <mask>.<mask> Chun made a cameo appearance in the film. This film also focuses on the loyalty of Ip <mask>'s students towards their master. Despite Yen's statement in March 2010 that he no longer wanted to be involved in future films related to Ip Man, a new film to the same series, Ip Man 3, was released on 24 December 2015 with Yen once again reprising his role as Ip <mask>. In the 2018 action-comedy film Kung Fu League, Dennis To returned in the role of Ip <mask>, with three other martial artists Wong Fei-hung, Huo Yuanjia and Chen Zhen, whisked through time to teach martial arts to a modern day comic book artist caught in a love triangle. Later in the movie, he reveals he's actually an imposter, Ip Bit Man. In the 2019 film Ip Man and Four Kings, he was portrayed by Michael Tong. In this film he must fight the Four Kings before he can confront a human trafficking ring and avenge the death of one of his students.In the 2019 film Ip Man: Kung Fu Master, Dennis To reprised the role again as Ip <mask>, set during his time as a police officer in Guangzhou before the start of Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949. Donnie Yen reprised his role as Ip <mask> for the last time in Ip Man 4, which focused on <mask> <mask> coming to San Francisco to find a school for his son as he himself struggles with cancer. The film was released on 20 December 2019. See also

References

External links

Communication with Wing Chun Kung Fu System

1893 births
1972 deaths
Cantonese people
Chinese Wing Chun practitioners
Deaths from cancer in Hong Kong
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Martial arts writers
People from Foshan
Sportspeople from Guangdong
Wing Chun practitioners

masks: Man Ip Man Man Man Man Man Ip Man


title: Joel Anthony

texts:
<mask> (born August 9, 1982) is a Canadian former professional basketball player who played for the Miami Heat, Boston Celtics, Detroit Pistons, and San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He won two championships with the Heat in 2012 and 2013. He is the General manager of the Montreal Alliance of the Canadian Elite Basketball League (CEBL). Previously he was a player consultant for the Hamilton Honey Badgers. He is a former member of the Canada national team. College career
After attending Selwyn House School, Emmanuel Christian School, and Dawson College, <mask> was recruited by Pensacola Junior College in Pensacola, Florida, United States. After two years, he transferred to the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV).He led the team in blocks in his junior season in 2004–05; fourth overall in the Mountain West Conference, but redshirted the next season and did not play. Returning to help lead the Runnin' Rebels to a 30–7 season his senior year (2006–07), he was named Mountain West Conference defensive player of the year after finishing second in the NCAA's Division I in blocks-per-40-minutes (6.77), and first in the conference in blocked shots, blocks per game, and defensive win shares. (The D–I leader, Mickell Gladness, later became <mask>'s Miami Heat teammate.) The highlight in <mask>'s senior year was his only double-double of the season, a season-high 13-block, 11-rebound effort versus Texas Christian on February 7, 2007. Professional career

Miami Heat (2007–2014)
He signed a one-year deal (with an option for a second) with Miami in July 2007. He made 24 appearances that season, averaging 3.5 points and 3.9 rebounds. The following year <mask> made his NBA playoff debut during

masks:
Joel Vincent Anthony
Anthony
Anthony
Anthony
Anthony


title: Joel Anthony

texts:
 Miami's first round series with the Atlanta Hawks.Miami lost the series 4–3. He was re-signed by the Heat in July 2009. With Miami's high-profile free agent signings of LeBron James and Chris Bosh in July 2010 much hype surrounded the team with its new self-proclaimed "Big Three". On July 16, 2010, <mask> re-signed with the Miami Heat on a five-year, $18 million deal. Miami finished the 2010–11 NBA season second in the Eastern Conference behind the Chicago Bulls with a 58–24 record. The Heat cruised through the first three rounds of the playoffs before losing to the Dallas Mavericks 4–2 during the 2011 NBA Finals. <mask> averaged 1.3 points, 3.5 rebounds, and 20.5 minutes per game during the NBA Finals.The following season, <mask> won his first NBA title with the Miami Heat against the Oklahoma City Thunder in five games. <mask> won his second championship on June 20, 2013, when the Heat defeated the San Antonio Spurs in an intense seven game series. In the series, <mask> put up 2 points while playing 3.7 minutes. Boston Celtics (2014)
On January 15, 2014, a three-team trade was completed involving the Miami Heat, the Boston Celtics, and the Golden State Warriors. The Heat sent <mask>, a protected future draft pick received from Philadelphia in an earlier trade, and a 2016 second-round draft pick to the Celtics. In exchange, the Heat received Toney Douglas from the Warriors. The Warriors also received Jordan Crawford and MarShon Brooks from the Celtics as part of the deal.Detroit Pistons (2014–2016)
On October 17, 2014, <mask> was traded to the Detroit Pistons in exchange for Will Bynum. In 49 games for the Pistons in 2014–15, he averaged 1.8 points and 1.9 rebounds in 8.3 minutes per game. On July 20, 2015,

masks:
Joel Anthony
Anthony
Joel
Anthony
Anthony
Anthony
Anthony


title: Joel Anthony

texts:
 <mask> re-signed with the Pistons. On February 18, 2016, <mask> was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers in a three-team trade involving the Pistons and the Houston Rockets, where <mask> and a 2017 second-round pick went to Philadelphia, Donatas Motiejūnas and Marcus Thornton to Detroit, and the rights to Chukwudiebere Maduabum and a 2016 first-round pick to Houston. However, four days later, the Pistons rescinded their trade following a failed physical by Motiejūnas, forcing <mask> to return to the Pistons. On July 10, 2016, he was waived by the Pistons. San Antonio Spurs (2017)
After spending preseason with the San Antonio Spurs in October 2016, <mask> returned to the team in January 2017, signing a 10-day contract on January 23.He made his debut for the Spurs that night, recording four rebounds in five minutes off the bench in a 112–86 win over the Brooklyn Nets. He signed a second 10-day contract with the Spurs on February 2, then a rest-of-season contract on February 12. Milwaukee Bucks (2017)
On September 24, 2017, <mask> signed with the Milwaukee Bucks. He was waived on October 14 as one of the team's final preseason roster cuts. San Lorenzo de Almagro (2018–2020)
On February 27, 2018, <mask> signed with San Lorenzo of Argentina's Liga Nacional de Básquetbol (LNB), as a temporary replacement for injured power forward-center Matías Sandes. On October 29, 2018, <mask> re-signed with San Lorenzo as a replacement for Eric Dawson. National team career
During the summer of 2006, <mask> was selected to join the Canadian senior national team and participated with the squad, touring three European countries: Italy, Germany, and Slovenia.<mask> made his national team debut in the summer of 2008. He made a tremendous

masks: Anthony Anthony Anthony Anthony Anthony Anthony Anthony Anthony Anthony Anthony


title: Joel Anthony

texts:
 impact on the court for the Canadians, by setting both scoring and shot blocking records for an individual game. However, Canada failed to qualify for the Beijing Olympics. The following summer, <mask> participated in the 2009 FIBA Americas Championship. He helped lead Canada to a 4th-place finish, losing in the bronze medal game to Argentina. <mask> had his best performance in Canada's semi-final loss to Brazil, in which he posted team highs with 17 points and 8 rebounds. In the summer of 2010, <mask> once again competed for Canada in the 2010 FIBA World Championship.Canada lost all five of their games played, their worst ever performance in the international tournament. In August 2013, <mask> was again named to the Canadian national team, playing in the 2013 FIBA Americas Championship. Post-player career
On May 21, 2020, the Hamilton Honey Badgers of the Canadian Elite Basketball League (CEBL) announced that they had appointed <mask> as player consultant. Personal life
<mask> was raised by a single mother. His mother is Erene <mask> from the island of Antigua, who he listed on his biography as the person that made a difference in his life because she has been an inspiration to him. He also has a sister, Sherlette Pryce. He was able to attend Selwyn House School, a private school in Westmount, with the support of financial aid.He graduated from UNLV in December 2006 with a degree in university studies, and majoring in sociology and physical education. He is commonly referred to as "The Warden" by fans. The nickname started gaining traction on Twitter after the Heat beat the Knicks in New York on December 17, 2010, and fans credited <mask> for "locking up" Amar'e Stoudemire. However, his teammates refer to him

masks: Anthony Anthony Anthony Anthony Anthony Anthony Anthony Anthony


title: Louison Bobet

texts:
Louis "<mask>" <mask> (; 12 March 1925 - 13 March 1983) was a French professional road racing cyclist. He was the first great French rider of the post-war period and the first rider to win the Tour de France in three successive years, from 1953 to 1955. His career included the national road championship (1950 and 1951), Milan–San Remo (1951), Giro di Lombardia (1951), Critérium International (1951 & 52), Paris–Nice (1952), Grand Prix des Nations (1952), world road championship (1954), Tour of Flanders (1955), Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré (1955), Tour de Luxembourg (1955), Paris–Roubaix (1956) and Bordeaux–Paris (1959). Origins
<mask> was born one of three children above his father's baker's shop in the rue de Montfort, Saint-Méen-le-Grand, near Rennes. His father gave him a bicycle when he was two and after six months he could ride it 6 km. <mask>'s father was also called Louis and the son was called <mask> - little Louis - to avoid confusion The ending -on is a diminutive in French but outside Brittany Louison refers more usually to a girl. He was known as Louis in his early years as a rider, even as a professional, until the diminutive <mask> gained in popularity.His sister played table tennis, his brother Jean football, although he also became a professional cyclist. <mask> played both table tennis and football and became Brittany champion at table tennis. It was his uncle, Raymond, who was president of a cycling club in Paris who persuaded him to concentrate on cycling. <mask>'s first race was a 30 km event when he was 13. He came second in a sprint finish. He raced in his local area and won four events for unlicensed riders in 1941. He qualified for the final of the unofficial youth championship, the Premier Pas Dunlop in 1943 at Montluçon and came sixth.The winner was Raphaël Géminiani, who would become a professional team-mate and rival. <mask> is said to have carried messages for the Resistance during the second world war. After D-Day he joined the army and served in eastern

masks:
Louison
Bobet
Louis Bobet
Bobet
Louison
Louison
Louison
Bobet
Bobet


title: Louison Bobet

texts:
 France. He was demobilised in December 1945. Racing career

<mask> applied for racing licence on leaving the army and by error was sent one for an independent, or semi-professional. He benefited from the right to compete against professionals as well as amateurs. He came second in the Brittany championship and rode the national championship in Paris.There he came up against a veteran professional, Marcel Bidot, who on retirement became <mask>'s manager in the national team. <mask> left the field to catch two riders who had broken clear. He dropped one and outsprinted the other to become national champion. He turned fully professional for Stella, a bicycle factory in Nantes. Tour de France 1947

Stella was a small team that rode mainly in Brittany. In May 1947, however, two from the team rode the Boucles de la Seine race in Paris. He won alone by six minutes.It brought him an invitation to ride the Tour de France, at that time disputed by national and regional teams. The unexpected toughness of the race forced him to go home on the ninth day, in the Alps and to cry when the going got hard. It brought him the nickname "cry-baby" in the bunch and René Vietto referred to him as La Bobette, a mock feminisation of his name, for his tears and complaining. The historian Dick Yates wrote:

He brought down the scorn of the press and everyone quickly wrote off this 'cry-baby'. René Vietto was in the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification and he looked like he was going to win - he was a real man. As France forgot about him, <mask> went home to lick his wounds and listen to words of advice from his father. Tour de France 1948
The former rider, Maurice Archambaud, took over management of the team from Léo Véron and took a chance on <mask>.Much had changed since the previous summer and he took the lead after the third stage, which finished near Stella's factory in Nantes. <mask> lost the yellow jersey the following day but regained it by winning the sixth stage, to Biarritz. He had 20

masks: Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet


title: Louison Bobet

texts:
 minutes' lead over the veteran Italian, Gino Bartali as the race entered the Alps. And then happened one of the most outstanding periods in the history of the Tour. (See Gino Bartali for full story.) A political crisis in Italy threatened to overthrow the government and bring the country to anarchy. The prime minister asked Bartali to distract Italians by dominating the Tour.Bartali won three stages in a row and the Tour by 14 minutes. <mask>'s 20 minutes on Bartali was cut to a 32-minute deficit by the time the race finished in Paris. <mask> had twice worn the yellow jersey and won two stages, however, and with the money he won he moved to Paris and bought a drapery shop for his wife. Tour de France 1950
<mask> did not finish in 1949, struggling from the start. He dropped out on the first day in the mountains, along with four other members of the national team. In 1950 he won the national championship at Montlhéry south of Paris the week before the Tour and rode in the national team with Géminiani, the rider who had beaten him as a boy in the Premier Pas Dunlop. He and <mask> developed a rocky friendship, Géminiani's rough, instinctive character a contrast to the more thoughtful, quieter <mask>.The two argued frequently but remained friends. Géminiani, following the French habit of creating nicknames by doubling a syllable of a name referred to <mask> as Zonzon, a name that <mask> hated but tolerated. Géminiani had the confidence that <mask> lacked. <mask> and Géminiani were second and third early in the race. Both hoped to profit from the absence of Fausto Coppi, who was injured, but found themselves instead up against an unbeatable Ferdinand Kübler. <mask> finished third, winning the mountain competition. Tour de France 1953

<mask> rode the 1951 Tour in the blue-white-red of national champion again but cracked in the mountains.Jean Bidot, the manager, sent riders to help him but in the end abandoned him to concentrate on Géminiani, the best placed. <mask> came 20th, although with a

masks: Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet


title: Louison Bobet

texts:
 stage win. He lost 40 minutes on the last day in the mountains even though the race was taking it easy, Hugo Koblet already being unbeatable. Dick Yates said:

It was a terrible performance for a man of his class, but although he had suffered and suffered he had not given up the struggle. While this showed character, nobody was prepared to make allowances for it. 'He is just not a stage rider,' they said. 'He'll never win the Tour.No matter how brilliant you may be, if you're not consistent you haven't got a chance.' The sensitive <mask> was stung by this criticism. He had given his all for the Tour but everyone had turned against him. Even Jean Robic, who was not really in Bobet's class, was now more popular and it really hurt. And then in 1953, after a year without the Tour, Bobet left the field behind on a stage that crossed the Vars. He climbed the Col d'Izoard alone on roads still rutted and strewn with stones and when the gearing on his bicycle forced him to fight to keep it moving. The historian Bill McGann wrote:
Stage 18 is etched in the history of the Tour.It was 165km from Gap to Briançon... <mask> knew this was the time to strike. One of <mask>'s team-mates, Adolphe Deledda, went clear on the Vars with two other riders. <mask> stayed with the other leading climbers as they ascended the Vars. Spanish rider Jesus Lorono attacked. The alert and very capable <mask> jumped on his wheel and the pair disappeared up the mountain. <mask> was a good descender and dropped Lorono on the way down the Vars. Meanwhile, Deledda, upon being told that <mask> was on his way, eased up and waited for his captain.The two hooked up and took off across the 20km valley floor leading to the Izoard. In doing so they caught and then dispatched Deledda's two original breakaway companions. <mask> and Deledda, knowing the importance of the moment, were men on a mission. Deledda, fulfilling the team contract in both letter and especially in spirit, buried himself towing <mask> to the great mountain. <mask>

masks: Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet


title: Louison Bobet

texts:
 flew up the Izoard as if he had wings. <mask> had finally arrived as the premier stage racer in the world. As he crested the Izoard there was a very well known cycling fan by the side of the road.Fausto Coppi with his mistress, Giulia Locatelli (the "woman in white"), was watching the race. As he rode past the great man, <mask> shouted thanks to Coppi for coming. He won that day by more than five minutes in Briançon, took the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification, then won the time trial and finished the Tour with 14 minutes' lead. He was greeted in Paris by Maurice Garin, winner of the first Tour in 1903, celebrating the Tour's 50th anniversary. He had, however, won a Tour without stars. Kübler was not riding and nor was Coppi, who was standing on the Izoard to watch <mask> pass. Koblet was riding badly and dropped out after a crash.Bartali was too old. Yates' assessment is that "<mask> had won the Tour and won it well but the opposition was hardly top drawer. Tour de France 1954

The 1954 race was different, without Italians but with a strong team from Belgium. The race started fast and didn't ease up. <mask> took the lead after four days, then lost it on day  eight. The jersey changed hands until <mask> again dominated on the Izoard. Winning the time-trial cemented his lead and he got to Paris 15 minutes before Kübler A few weeks later he became world champion in Germany.He left Stella after eight years to ride for Mercier, the team riding bicycles carrying <mask>'s name and sold by him but made in the Mercier factory in St-Étienne. Tour de France 1955
<mask> completed his hat-trick of successive wins in 1955, having that year won the Tour of Flanders and Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré. The strongest French rider at first was Antonin Rolland and the manager, Marcel Bidot, asked the team to ride for him. Rolland, however, grew weaker as the race approached the Pyrenees. <mask> won the Tour but with a saddle boil that needed surgery. "His flesh was full of holes", said a

masks: Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet


title: Louison Bobet

texts:
 report. "Dead tissue had to be removed to within several millimetres of vital organs.Nobody dared speak the word 'cancer'" <mask> believed that enduring the sores during the Tour made him a lesser rider for the rest of his life. He learned to fly a plane while forced not to ride. Tour de France 1958
The 1958 was the last that <mask> finished. One account said:

He has 400,000 kilometres in his legs. He has conquered glory and fortune but he is badly ill. Despite the formal advice of his doctor, he has decided to ride the 1958 Tour de France. He will suffer.He knows that. In the heart of the gigantic rocks of the Cassé Déserte, Bob is arced on his bicycle, his kidneys crushed by the effort and his head, like a heavy, painful balance, oscillates above his handlebars. The sun beats down on him. Around him, the whole mountain smokes like a giant witch's cauldron. As he breathes, what burns his throat and his lungs is the dust that rises around him... Abandoned, alone, without help, streaming with sweat, he has no other weapon against his adversaries but the mountain, the bad weather and his crazy willpower. He came seventh.Personality
The most striking feature of <mask> the man rather than rider was his ambition to behave like a Hollywood matinée idol, a sort of David Niven character in a dinner suit tuxedo. It brought him much ribbing from other French riders. Géminiani says <mask>'s diffident and elegant manner made him less popular even in his own Brittany than the more rustic, forthright manners of other Breton people such as Jean Robic. The British professional Brian Robinson called <mask> "a private man and a little moody" and said he would sulk if things went wrong. The French journalist René de Latour said of <mask> in Sporting Cyclist that "he didn't look good on a bike" and that he had "the legs of a football [soccer] player". <mask> spoke out against French involvement in a war against communists in Indo-China. He said he wasn't a Marxist but a pacifist.Géminiani said Bobet lacked

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title: Louison Bobet

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 humility. "He really thought that, after him, there'd be no more cycling in France", he said. <mask> occasionally talked of himself in the third person. <mask> was driven by personal hygiene and refused to accept his first yellow jersey because it had not been made with the pure wool he believed the only healthy material for a sweating and dusty rider. Synthetic thread or blends were added in 1947 following the arrival of Sofil as a sponsor. Sofil made artificial yarn. The race organiser, Jacques Goddet wrote:
It produced a real drama.Our contract with Sofil was crumbling away. If the news had got out, the commercial effect would have been disastrous for the manufacturer. I remember debating it with him a good part of the night. <mask> was always exquisitely courteous but his principles were as hard as the granite blocks of his native Brittany coast. Goddet had to get Sofil to produce another jersey overnight, its logo still visible but artificial fabric absent. <mask>'s concern with hygiene and clothing was accentuated by frequent problems with saddle sores. Raymond Le <mask> was one of the first riders to employ a personal soigneur, taking his lead from Coppi.He took on Raymond Le Bert, a physiotherapist from St-Brieuc, as well as a secretary and a driver. Le Bert booked him hotel rooms between half-stages of the Tour, against the Tour's rules. Riders were supposed to use a dormitory provided for them. When the Tour insisted riders carry spare tyres, usually round their shoulders, Le Bert gave Bobet tubulars with the inner tubes taken out, useless to ride on but lighter to carry if that's what the rules insisted. Le Bert said he had met Coppi, whom <mask> admired for his "modern" techniques but refused to have anything to do with the Italian's suitcase of drugs. <mask> insisted he never took drugs. But the journalist and race organiser, Jean Leulliot, remembered a dinner organised by Jacques Goddet and Félix Lévitan, the organisers of the Tour de France, for the race's former

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 winners.Leulliot wrote:

One table attracted particular attention. Around it were Anquetil, Merckx and <mask>, 13 victories in the Tour between them. The conversation at the table was particularly lively and <mask> <mask> was being challenged for saying that he had never taken the slightest drug or stimulant. He was obliged to admit that he had drunk the small bottles prepared for him by his soigneur at the time without knowing exactly what they contained. Which produced laughter from Jacques Anquetil and Eddy Merckx. <mask> and Britain
Bobet presented prizes at the annual presentation of the British Best All-Rounder time-trial competition at the Royal Albert Hall, London, in 1954. He gave a yellow jersey to a veteran competitor, Vic Gibbons.<mask> flew from Paris to London in a de Havilland Dove chartered by a London timber-merchant and cycling enthusiast, Vic Jenner. Jock Wadley, the editor of Sporting Cyclist was with Jenner. He remember that the two Britons arrived at Le Bourget airport without having brought passports - but that immigration staff gave them no attention because they were too busy trying to get an autograph from <mask>. Retirement and death

<mask>'s career effectively ended when the car carrying him and his brother Jean crashed outside Paris in the autumn of 1960. <mask> <mask> had a succession of businesses after he stopped racing, including a clothes shop, but he became best known for investing in and developing the seawater health treatment of thalassotherapy. He had used it when recovering from his car crash. He opened the Louison Bobet centre beside the sea at Port du Crouesty at Quiberon.The Quiberon centre was purchased by Accor in 1984 and became the flagship of its Thalassa Sea & Spa brand. He fell ill, however, and died of cancer the day after his 58th birthday. Cancer had been speculated during the operation for his saddle boils. <mask> is interred in the cemetery of Saint-Méen-le-Grand, and there is a museum to his memory in the town, the idea of village

masks: Bobet Louison Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Bobet Louison Bobet Bobet


title: Ram Narayan

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<mask> (; born 25 December 1927), often referred to with the title Pandit, is an Indian musician who popularised the bowed instrument sarangi as a solo concert instrument in Hindustani classical music and became the first internationally successful sarangi player. <mask> was born near Udaipur and learned to play the sarangi at an early age. He studied under sarangi players and singers and, as a teenager, worked as a music teacher and travelling musician. All India Radio, Lahore, hired <mask> as an accompanist for vocalists in 1944. He moved to Delhi following the partition of India in 1947, but wishing to go beyond accompaniment and frustrated with his supporting role, <mask> moved to Mumbai in 1949 to work in Indian cinema. <mask> became a concert solo artist in 1956 and has since performed at the major music festivals of India. After sitar player Ravi Shankar successfully performed in Western countries, <mask> followed his example.He recorded solo albums and made his first international tour in 1964 to America and Europe with his older brother Chatur Lal, a tabla player who had toured with Shankar in the 1950s. <mask> taught Indian and foreign students and performed, frequently outside India, into the 2000s. He was awarded India's second highest civilian honour, the Padma Vibhushan, in 2005. Early life

<mask> was born on 25 December 1927 in Amber village, near Udaipur in northwestern India. His great-great-grandfather, Bagaji Biyavat, was a singer from Amber, and he and <mask>'s great-grandfather, Sagad Danji Biyavat, sang at the court of the Maharana of Udaipur. <mask>'s grandfather, Har Lalji Biyavat, and father, Nathuji Biyavat, were farmers and singers, Nathuji played the bowed instrument dilruba, and <mask>'s mother was a music lover. <mask>'s first language was Rajasthani and he learned Hindi and, later, English.At an age of about six, he found a small sarangi left by the family's Ganga guru, a genealogist, and was taught a fingering

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 technique developed by his father. <mask>'s father taught him, but was worried about the difficulty of playing the sarangi and its association with courtesan music, which gave the instrument a low social status. After a year, Biyavat sought lessons for his son from sarangi player Mehboob Khan of Jaipur, but changed his mind when Khan told him <mask> would have to change his fingering technique. <mask>'s father later encouraged him to leave school and devote himself to playing the sarangi. At about ten years of age, <mask> learned the basics of dhrupad, the oldest genre of Hindustani classical music, by studying and imitating the practice of sarangi player Uday Lal of Udaipur, a student of dhrupad singers Allabande and Zakiruddin Dagar. After Uday Lal died of old age, <mask> met travelling singer Madhav Prasad, originally of Lucknow, who had performed at the court of Maihar. With Prasad, <mask> enacted the ganda bandhan, a traditional ceremony of acceptance between a teacher and his pupil, in which <mask> swore obedience in exchange for being maintained by Prasad.He served Prasad and was taught in khyal, the predominate genre of Hindustani classical music, but returned to Udaipur after four years to teach music school. Prasad later visited <mask> and convinced him to resign his position and dedicate his time to improvement as a musician, although the idea of giving up a steady life was not well received by <mask>'s family. He stayed with Prasad and travelled to several Indian states until Prasad fell ill and advised him to learn from singer Abdul Wahid Khan in Lahore. Following Prasad's death in Lucknow, <mask> enacted the ganda bandhan with another teacher who gave him lessons, but soon left for Lahore and never performed the ritual again. Career
<mask> travelled to Lahore in 1943 and auditioned for the local All India Radio (AIR) station as a singer, but the station's music producer, Jivan Lal Mattoo, noticed grooves in <mask>'s fingernails:

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texts: sarangis are played by pressing the fingernails sideways against three playing strings, which strains the nails. Mattoo instead employed <mask> as a sarangi player. Traditionally, the sarangi is supposed to play after the singer and imitate the vocal performance, and play in the space between phrases.Mattoo advised <mask> and helped him contact khyal singer Abdul Wahid Khan, a rigorous teacher under whom <mask> learned four ragas through singing lessons. <mask> was allowed sporadic solo performances on AIR and began to consider a solo career. After the partition of India in 1947, <mask> moved to Delhi and played at the local AIR station. His work for popular singers increased his repertoire and knowledge of styles. <mask> played with the classical singers Omkarnath Thakur, Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Hirabai Badodekar, and Krishnarao Shankar Pandit, and he accompanied singer Amir Khan in 1948, when Khan sang for the first time at AIR Delhi following the partition. As an accompanist for vocalists, <mask> showed his own talent and came to the foreground. Singers of the city complained that he was not a dependable accompanist and too assertive, but he maintained he wanted to keep vocalists in tune and inspire them in a cordial contest.Other tabla (percussion) players and singers, including Omkarnath Thakur and Krishnarao Shankar Pandit, expressed admiration for <mask>'s playing. <mask> became frustrated with his supporting role for vocalists and moved to Mumbai in 1949 to work independently in film music and recording. He recorded three solo 78 rpm gramophone records for the British HMV Group in 1950 and an early ten-inch LP album in Mumbai in 1951, but the album was not in demand. The Mumbai film industry offered a good salary and obscurity for work that would have lowered his stature among classical musicians. For the next 15 years he played and composed songs for films, including Adalat, Gunga Jumna, Humdard, Kashmir Ki Kali, Madhumati, Milan,

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 Mughal-e-Azam, and Noorjehan. He was considered a desired choice of film music director O. P. Nayyar. <mask> performed in Afghanistan in 1952 and in China in 1954 and was well received in both countries.His first solo concert at a 1954 music festival in the Cowasji Jehangir Hall, Mumbai, was cut short when an impatient audience, waiting for performances by famous artists, drove him from the stage. <mask> pondered giving up the sarangi and becoming a singer. He later regained confidence, performed solo for smaller crowds, and was favourably received in his second attempt to play solo for a Mumbai music festival in 1956. He has since performed at the major music festivals of India. <mask> later gave up accompaniment; this decision carried a financial risk because interest in solo sarangi was not yet substantial. After sitar player Ravi Shankar successfully performed in Western countries, <mask> followed his example. He recorded solo albums and made his first international tour in 1964 to America and Europe with his older brother Chatur Lal, a tabla player who had toured with Shankar in the 1950s.The European tour included performances in France, Germany, sponsored by the Goethe-Institut, and at the City of London Festival, England. Beginning in the 1960s, <mask> often taught and gave concerts outside of India. On his Western tours he encountered interest in the sarangi because of its similarity to the cello and violin. The tabla player Suresh Talwalkar became a frequent accompanist for <mask> in the late 1960s. <mask> continued to perform and record in India and abroad for the next decades and his recordings appeared on Indian, American, and European labels. During the early 1980s he typically spent months each year visiting Western nations. <mask> performed less frequently in the 2000s and rarely in the 2010s.Style

<mask>'s style is characteristic of Hindustani classical music, but his choice of solo instrument and his background of learning


title: Ram Narayan

texts: from teachers outside his community are not common for the genre. He has stated that he aims to please the audience and create a feeling of harmony, and expects the audience to reciprocate by reacting to his playing. <mask>'s performances are strung together from the meditative and measured alap (non-metrical introduction) and jor (performance with pulse) in dhrupad style, followed by a faster and less reserved gat section (composition with rhythmic pattern provided by the tabla) in khyal style. He experimented with a style of jhala (performance with rapid pulse) developed by Bundu Khan, but considered it more appropriate for plucked instruments and stopped performing it. The gat section includes one or two parts with compositions. When two gats are used, the first one tends to be at a slow or medium tempo, and the second one is faster; the gats are usually performed in the 16-beat rhythmic cycle tintal. <mask> often completes performances with ragas associated with thumri (a popular light classical genre), which are referred to as mishra (Sanskrit: mixed) because they allow for additional notes, or with a dhun (song based on folk music).<mask> practices and teaches using a limited number of paltas, exercises in a small scale range that are used to prepare playing different numbers of notes per bow. Derived from paltas are lengthy note patterns called tans, which contain characteristic "melodic shapes" and are used by <mask> for fast playing. He uses his left (fingering) hand for runs and to play an extended melodic range, and his right (bowing) hand for rhythmic accentuations. <mask>'s fingering technique, his low right hand position, keeping the bow in a close to right angle to the string, and his use of the full bow length are unusual among sarangi players. <mask> is associated with the Kirana gharana (stylistic school of Kirana) through Abdul Wahid Khan, but his performance style is not strongly connected to it. Most of <mask>'s compositions

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 are from the singing repertoire of his teachers and were modified and adapted to the sarangi. He has created original compositions and in performance varies those he was taught.<mask> disfavors the creation of new ragas, but developed compound ragas, including those of Nand with Kedar and Kafi with Malhar. <mask> uses a sarangi obtained from Uday Lal and built in Meerut in the 1920s or 1930s in his concerts and recordings. He plays on foreign harp strings to produce a clearer tone. <mask> experimented with modifications to his instrument and added a fourth string, but removed it because it hindered playing. In the 1940s, he exchanged gut with steel for the first string and found it easier to play, but reverted to using only gut strings because the steel string altered the sound. A sarangi owned by <mask> is on display in a gallery of musical instruments of the Sri Shanmukhananda Fine Arts & Sangeetha Sabha in Mumbai as of December 2020. Contributions and recognition

<mask> increased the status of the sarangi to that of a modern concert solo instrument, made it known outside of India, and was the first sarangi player with international success, an example later followed by Sultan Khan.<mask>'s simplified fingering technique allows for glide (meend) and affected the modern sarangi concert style, as aspects of his playing and tone creation were taken up by sarangi players from <mask>'s recordings. <mask> taught at the American Society for Eastern Arts and the National Centre for the Performing Arts in Mumbai in the 1970s and 1980s, where he gave the first master class for sarangi. <mask> privately trained sarangi players, including his daughter Aruna <mask>, his grandson Harsh <mask>, and Vasanti Srikhande. He also taught sarod players, including his son Brij <mask>, as well as vocalists and a violinist. In 2002, he taught 15 Indian students and more than 500 students in the United States and Europe had studied with him. Indian music in


title: Ram Narayan

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 performance: a practical introduction, released in 1980 by Neil Sorrell in cooperation with <mask>, was described as "one of the best presentations on modern North Indian music practice" by Hans Neuhoff in Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart. <mask> argued that appreciation of the sarangi and him came only after acknowledgment by the Western audience.He attributed the lack of sarangi students to a lack of competent teachers and said that the Indian government should assist in preserving the instrument. The Pt (Pandit) Ram Narayan Foundation in Mumbai awards scholarships to sarangi students. <mask> has stated he was skeptical the sarangi would survive and said he would never give up promoting the instrument. <mask> received the national awards Padma Shri in 1976, Padma Bhushan in 1991, and Padma Vibhushan in 2005. The Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian honor, was presented by Indian President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. <mask> was awarded the Rajasthan Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for 1974–75 and the national Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for 1975, and was made a fellow of the Rajasthan Sangeet Natak Akademi for 1988–89. He received the Kalidas Samman from the Government of Madhya Pradesh for 1991–92 and was presented with the Aditya Vikram Birla Kalashikhar Puraskar in 1999 by P. C. Alexander, governor of Maharashtra.He received the Rajasthan Ratna for 2013, was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Honour – Classical at the 4th Gionne Star Global Indian Music Academy (GiMA) Awards 2014, and was awarded the Pandit Bhimsen Joshi Lifetime Achievement award for 2015–2016 in the field of classical music by the government of Maharashtra. The biographical film Pandit <mask>ayan – Sarangi Ke Sang was shown at the 2007 International Film Festival of India. Family and personal life

<mask> shared a close relationship with his older brother, Chatur Lal, who learned the tabla primarily to accompany his brother's sarangi playing. Lal studied under tabla

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 teachers in his youth, but later turned to farming. Lal visited <mask> 1948 in Delhi after <mask> had become a professional sarangi player, and <mask> convinced Lal to work as a tabla player at the local AIR station. Lal became an acclaimed musician, toured with instrumentalists Ravi Shankar and Ali Akbar Khan in the 1950s, and helped popularise the tabla in Western countries. When Lal died in October 1965, <mask> had difficulty performing and struggled with alcoholism, but overcame the addiction after two years.<mask> assisted his brother's four children after their father's death. Chatur Lal's son, Charanjit Lal Biyavat, is a tabla player and has toured Europe with <mask>. <mask>'s wife Sheela, a homemaker, came to Mumbai in the 1950s and they had four children. She died prior to 2001. His oldest son, sarod player Brij <mask>, was born on 25 April 1952 in Udaipur, and his daughter Aruna <mask> was born in 1959 in Mumbai. She was the first woman to give a solo sarangi concert and immigrated to Canada in 1984. Another son, Shiv, who is a year younger than Aruna, has learned to play the tabla, and toured Australia with his father.Brij <mask>'s son, Harsh <mask>, plays the sarangi. In 2009, <mask> performed at BBC's The Proms in the Royal Albert Hall, London, with Aruna, and he played at the 2010 Sawai Gandharva Music Festival, Pune, with Harsh. <mask> is a Hindu and has stated "music is my religion", arguing that there was no better access to divinity than music. He is based in Mumbai. Discography

Writings

Notes

References

External links

1927 births
20th-century Indian musicians
All India Radio people
Articles containing video clips
Hindustani instrumentalists
Indian Hindus
Indian male classical musicians
Living people
Musicians from Mumbai
People from Udaipur district
Rajasthani people
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak

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title: Sun Li-jen

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<mask>en  (; December 8, 1900November 19, 1990) was a Chinese Nationalist (KMT) general, a graduate of Virginia Military Institute, best known for his leadership in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. His military achievements earned him the laudatory nickname "Rommel of the East". His New First Army was known as the "Best Army under heaven" and credited with effectively confronting Japanese troops in the 1937 Battle of Shanghai and in the Burma Campaign, 1943–1944. Perhaps because of his foreign military training, he did not have the full confidence of Chiang Kai-shek. <mask> was relieved of battle command in the Chinese Civil War in 1946, and although he was made Commander in Chief in 1950 after the retreat of the Nationalist central government to Taiwan, he was given only ceremonial roles. He was charged with conspiracy in 1955 and spent his last thirty years under virtual house arrest. He was also known as <mask>-neng (孫仲能, Sūn Zhòngnéng; "Chung-neng" being his art name) and had the courtesy name Fu-min (撫民, Fǔmín).Biography

Early life
<mask>-jen was born in Jinnu, Lujiang, Chaohu, Anhui, with ancestry in Shucheng County. During the May Fourth Movement, he was part of the Scouts in the march at Tiananmen Square. In the same year (1919) he married Gong Xitao (龔夕濤) and was admitted in 1920 to Tsinghua University to study civil engineering. <mask> played basketball at Tsinghua, becoming a star. He led the Chinese team to a gold medal at the 1921 Far Eastern Championship Games. With a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship, he transferred to Purdue University in the United States to complete his senior year in 1923, where he graduated in 1924. He briefly

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 interned at Chicago Bridge & Iron Company in Chicago, Illinois.But patriotism motivated him to change career and pursue a military studies instead. China was in the middle of a nationalist drive to unite the divided country and to protect the nation against imperialists. <mask> decided that he could better serve his divided nation as a soldier rather than an engineer. He applied to the Virginia Military Institute. He graduated from VMI. In 1927 <mask> toured Europe and Japan to see the latest military organization and strategic thinking, then returned to China and became a corporal in the National Revolutionary Army and the Central Political Institute. He was then given command of the National Salt Gabelle Brigade, organized by Finance Minister T. V. Soong, which he made the KMT's best trained and equipped troops.Four of the regiments later became the New 38th Division. His training center was located in Duyun, in Guizhou province. Second Sino-Japanese War

<mask> led his troops fighting the Japanese during the Battle of Shanghai in 1937 and was badly wounded by mine fragments. After recovering, <mask> returned to lead his troops at the front. After two years training, <mask>'s New 38th Division was sent by Chiang Kai-shek into Burma to protect the Burma Road under General Zhang Zhen, commander of the 66th Army, together with General Du Yuming (5th Army) and General Gan Lichu (6th Army) as part of the Chinese Expeditionary Force. <mask> led the 113th Regiment as part of the 38th Division through difficult terrain to relieve 7,000 British forces trapped by the numerically superior Japanese in the Battle of Yenangyaung. His command included British artillery and 7th

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 Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom) tanks temporarily placed under his command by General Slim.For his gallantry at Yenangyaung, <mask> was honoured by King George VI with the Commander of the British Empire medal. Although unable to stop the Japanese from cutting the Burma Road, <mask> gained the respect of General William Slim, the commander of the British 14th Army. <mask> and his division retreated into India, while those of Du, against <mask>'s advice, retreated back into China and were badly mauled both by nature and by the Japanese. Early in 1943, after the successful retreat into India, <mask>'s division was incorporated in the New First Army, and became a part of 'X Force', the Chinese force under the command of Joseph Stilwell, the American commander of all American and Chinese troops in the "China Burma India Theater". The battle discipline of <mask>'s divisions reaffirmed Stilwell's respect for the Chinese soldier. His troops spearheaded the Burma Campaign, Stilwell's 1943 drive to reconquer North Burma and re-establish the land route to China by the Ledo Road. General Stilwell considered <mask> the most capable Chinese field commander in the entire war.In 1945, at the invitation of American General Dwight D. Eisenhower, <mask> toured the battlefields of Europe. He returned to China to lead the New First Army to Canton to accept the Japanese surrender. Chinese Civil War

The end of the war with Japan did not bring peace to China. <mask>'s New First Army was deployed to Manchuria, where the Soviet armies left the Communist forces in control of strategic areas and the Nationalists could find support only by enlisting local bandits and surrendered Japanese

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 troops. On May 20, 1946, <mask>'s troops defeated the People's Liberation Army to take a key railroad junction in the  Battle of Siping, but only after a month of fighting. General Lin Biao's communist troops had this saying: "As long as we don't have to fight the New 1st Army, we are not afraid of the Central Government's million troops." <mask> said that the PLA opposing the Nationalist army was like "flies attacking a tiger," but when the PLA had a growing series of local victories, Chiang Kai-shek's favorite Du Yuming repeatedly accused <mask> of insubordination.Chiang sensed that <mask> could not get the cooperation of Whampoa educated officers and replaced him with a general whom he considered more loyal. <mask> was returned to a command post in Nanjing in July 1947, as the deputy commander-in-chief of the Army and commanding general of the Army Training Command. The American Consul General in Mukden at that time, O. Edmund Clubb, later recalled that because of his American education <mask> was regarded as an outsider:  "personal loyalty was counted by the Nationalist regime as being more important than competence, and when you establish a standard like that you run into danger." Taiwan
As the commander of the Army Training Command and deputy commander of the Republic of China Army in 1947, <mask> moved one training facility to Taiwan, independent from the ongoing civil war. <mask> trained new officers and troops for the Nationalist government, hoping to change the tide of the civil war. The effort was too little, too late in comparison with the massive numbers of troops defeated, but one of the divisions he trained (201 Division of the 80th Army) was sent

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title: Sun Li-jen

texts: to Quemoy to help crush off the communist invasion in 1949. It was the front line defense force.In 1950, <mask> was named Commander in Chief of the Republic of China Army, while also serving as commander of the Taiwan Defense Command and of the Army Training Command. <mask> was well respected by the Americans, and rumors that the CIA sought a coup to replace Chiang Kai-shek with <mask> made Chiang and his son Chiang Ching-kuo eager to remove him from power. First, <mask> was reassigned as the ceremonial chief military adviser to Chiang Kai-shek in June 1954, preventing him from directly controlling any troops. In 1950, Chiang Ching-kuo became director of his father's secret police, a position he held until 1965. Chiang Ching-kuo, educated in the Soviet Union, initiated Soviet style military structure, reorganizing and Sovietizing the officer corps while instituting surveillance. <mask>-jen, who was educated at the American Virginia Military Institute, opposed this system. On May 25, one of General <mask>'s subordinates, Lieutenant-Colonel Kuo Ting-liang, was arrested by Chiang Ching-kuo's associate, internal security chief Mao Jen-feng, and tortured into admitting conspiracy with a communist agent.On August 20, 1955 <mask> was officially relieved from his duties and put under house arrest. A nine-person committee under Vice-President Chen Cheng was set up to investigate General <mask>'s involvement in the alleged spy case. The CIA also allegedly wanted to help <mask> take control of Taiwan and declare its independence. <mask>, in addition to being under suspicion of collaborating with the CIA, was also accused of negligence in allowing his subordinate to

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 participate in an alleged revolt involving Communist agents. One source suggests that the "plot" may simply have been a plan to present a petition to Generalissimo Chiang to do away with the army system of political commissars. More than 300 of <mask>'s close subordinates were placed under arrest and many more were relieved of their duties. <mask> remained under house arrest for more than three decades: he was not released until March 20, 1988, shortly after the death of Chiang Ching-kuo.He died in his Taichung home at the age of 89 (91 according to the Chinese calendar). His funeral was conducted with full military honors and with the presence of the Minister of National Defense and top generals. In 2001, <mask>'s reputation was cleared after a government investigation into the purported coup attempt. In January 2011, President Ma Ying-jeou formally apologized to <mask>-jen's family and <mask>'s house in Taichung was opened as a memorial hall and museum. Family
General <mask> was survived by his two sons <mask>-ping (孫天平) and <mask>-pin (孫安平), two daughters <mask>-ping (孫中平) and <mask>-ping (孫太平), and sister <mask>-jen (孫璧人). See also

Chinese Army in India

Notes

References and further reading
 <mask>-jen," in  ,pp. 165-167

External links
<mask> memorial website at National Tsing Hua University
Dedication to The Late General <mask> Jen, designed by his foster son Chieh Chung

1900 births
1990 deaths
Boxer Indemnity Scholarship recipients
Military personnel of the Republic of China in the Second Sino-Japanese War
National Revolutionary Army generals from Anhui
Politicians from Hefei
Purdue University alumni
Officers of the Legion of Merit
Tsinghua University

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