title: Wolf Wigo

texts:
 and international play
<mask> was chosen for the United States National Water Polo team in 1993. In 1996, he became the first player from east of the Rockies to make the US Olympic team in water polo since 1956. <mask> competed in the Olympic Games in 1996, 2000 and 2004, and was team captain from 2001 to 2004. In 2000 at Sydney, Australia, he was the team's leading scorer with 16 goals. <mask> helped the U.S. Men's National Team win the 1997 FINA Men's Water Polo World Cup. Between the 2000 and the 2004 Olympics <mask> was a star on the Ethnikos Piraeus team in Athens, Greece.<mask> is still active in USA Water Polo's Premier League, playing for the New York Athletic Club team. He netted 3 goals in the 2006 final game, notching a second consecutive Premier League championship for the NYAC. Other distinctions include:
Top US scorer at 1995 (22 goals in 8 games) & 1993 World University Games. Leading overall scorer in 1995 US Olympic festival. Leading US scorer at 1993 Junior World Championships. Coaching career
<mask> served as an assistant coach at Stanford in 1995,1996, and again later in 2001 when the Cardinal won the NCAA Championship. He was head coach for the Saddleback El Toro Water Polo Club for two years, and became the UC Santa Barbara men's water polo coach in April 2005 and women's water polo coach in May 2008.He is also now the technical director of the Santa Barbara Premier Water Polo Club program. <mask> Hoffman Award for the school's top senior male athlete.Three-time USA Water Polo Male Athlete of the Year, (1999, 2000, and 2003). First Team All-World by NBC Sports and USA Water Polo (2000). Inducted into the USA Water Polo Hall of Fame (2011). Personal
His given name is <mask>, reportedly from a character in James Fenimore Cooper's novel The Heidenmauer. After college, <mask> worked as an equity options trader at the Pacific Stock Exchange in San Francisco (1996–2000). For most of the four years he made trades for Cole Roesler Capital Management until about 2:30 p.m., then went to either Stanford, or across the bay to

masks: Wigo Wigo Wigo Wolf Wigo Wigo Wigoiff Wolfgang Wigo


title: Wolf Wigo

type: original

texts:
 Cal for his water polo workouts. Every Friday, he would head from the trading floor to the airport, fly south to train with the US National Team all weekend, then back home Sunday night.<mask> and his wife Barbara have a daughter, Athena, born during the Athens 2004 Olympic games. His father, <mask>, is the former executive director of US Water Polo, and now CEO of the International Swimming Hall of Fame in Ft Lauderdale, Florida. Drac and Janson, <mask>'s younger brothers, have signed national letters of intent to play water polo at Stanford in Fall 2006. The <mask> twins played for Northeast High School in Oakland Park, Florida, reaching the Florida state championship game in 2004 and helping Northeast win the state title in 2005 and 2006. In December 1998, <mask> was in his father's backyard pool trying to win a bet with his 12-year-old twin brothers that he couldn't swim 20 laps underwater. He blacked out from lack of oxygen—because he hyperventilated too much before he got into the water. His father dived in, pulled him out and performed CPR, saving his life.<mask>'s mother, Dawn Young, an actress and filmmaker in New York City, made him the subject of a 2004 award-winning documentary, Beneath The Surface, about his rise in the water polo world to compete in three Olympics. <mask> is the co-founder of KAP7 International, Inc., a water polo equipment company. See also
 List of men's Olympic water polo tournament top goalscorers

References

External links

 <mask>'s U.S. Olympic Team bio
 UCSB Coaching Announcement

1973 births
Living people
The Bronx High School of Science alumni
Stanford Cardinal men's water polo players
American male water polo players
Olympic water polo players of the United States
Water polo players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
American water polo coaches
UC Santa Barbara Gauchos men's water polo coaches
Universiade medalists in water polo
Universiade gold medalists for the United States
American sports

masks:
Wolf
Bruce Wigo
Wolf
Wigo
Wigo
Wigo
Wigo
Wolf Wigo


title: Kurt Enoch

texts:
<mask> (22 November 1895 – 15 February 1982) was a German-born publisher who co-founded Albatross Books in Germany and Penguin Books Inc. and New American Library in the United States, bringing high-quality paperback fiction and non-fiction to the mass market in those countries. Early life
<mask> was born in Hamburg, then part of the German Empire, on 22 November 1895. He was the son of <mask> (1860–1934), an entrepreneur and publisher, and his wife, Rosa. His parents were from a liberal Jewish background and encouraged their son to study literature and devote himself to his education. After graduating from school and working as a volunteer in the Gselliussche Buchhandlung, a bookshop in Berlin, the First World War began and he joined the German army and was sent to the Western front on 27 November 1915. Gebrüder Enoch Verlag
Returning from the war in December 1918, <mask> began to help in the family business, which comprised a printing company named Gebrüder Enoch Verlag (English, "Enoch Brothers Press"), a book and magazine distribution enterprise and a publishing company. He progressively came to realize that he was mainly interested in the profession of publishing rather than in printing.For this reason his father decided that the focus of the family business should henceforth be publishing and that the printing plant should be sold. <mask> completed a doctorate at the University of Hamburg and took over the family business from his father, whose health was declining. He strived for a national profile for the publishing business by seeking out important writers and talented new writers and adding foreign translations and books about other parts of the world to the catalogue. Albatross Books

In

masks:
Kurt Enoch
Kurt Enoch
Otto Enoch
Kurt Enoch
Kurt Enoch


title: Kurt Enoch

texts:
 1932 <mask> joined the English translator John Holroyd-Reece and the German publisher Max Christian Wegner to found a publishing house with the name Albatross Books in Hamburg and launched a paperback book series named the Albatross Modern Continental Library. Similarly to the long established Tauchnitz Editions, this new series published inexpensive English-language reprints of American and British authors and sold them in all parts of the world except the British Empire. The list included highbrow authors (such as Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and D.H. Lawrence), middlebrow authors (such as Richard Aldington) and lowbrow writing (including detective fiction). However, the Albatross Modern Continental Library stood out in the marketplace "with an eye for design and colour", which included the introduction of colour-coding for different categories of books "in the form of fully saturated covers: red for crime, blue for romance, yellow for literary novels and essays, purple for biography and history, green for travel, orange for short stories", improved typography and modern editorial policies.These bright and modern looking volumes sold in vast numbers. The series was soon outselling Tauchnitz Editions and in 1934 Albatross Books assumed editorial control of Tauchnitz. <mask> would act as the sole distributor for the series. Flight from Germany and France
The coming to power of the National Socialists meant that <mask> with his Jewish background found it increasingly difficult to work as a publisher in Germany. For that reason he transferred his shares in the company to his business partner Christian Wegner. He also arranged for the distribution of Albatross titles outside Germany to be handled through

masks: Enoch Enoch Enoch


title: Kurt Enoch

texts:
 a newly founded firm that would be located in Paris and headed by himself. When war broke out in 1939, <mask> was briefly interned in France.With the German occupation of France, he realized he had to give up his publishing company and flee, and he managed to obtain entry visas for himself, his wife and his two daughters to the United States. They fled across the Pyrenees and through Spain and Portugal and finally arrived in the United States on 12 October 1940. Penguin Books Inc.
After his arrival in the U.S., <mask> quickly set about getting in touch with colleagues in the American publishing world, including Fred Melcher of Publishers Weekly, "Ben Huebsch of Viking, Charles Scribner of the Scribner family house and Bennett Cerf of Random House". Unlike certain other German emigre publishers in the United States including <mask> and Helen Wolff who concentrated on publishing European classics and works from writers recently exiled from Nazi-ruled countries, <mask> eagerly sought available opportunities in the existing American market. He noted that there was limited access to books outside the larger cities of the United States, a gap that the firm Pocket Books was attempting to fill with inexpensive "mass market" fiction paperbacks. <mask> believed there was an untapped opportunity to publish paperbacks of non-fiction, of more sophisticated fiction, and of the classics. <mask> suggested to the British publisher Allen Lane that Penguin Books should move from just having an American sales agency for its British publications to setting up as a publisher in the United States.Lane agreed and Penguin Books Inc. was established with <mask> as vice-president and Lane and Ian Ballantine as business

masks: Enoch Enoch Kurt Enoch Enoch Enoch Enoch


title: Kurt Enoch

texts:
 partners. The new firm was profitable but profits were small. At the end of the Second World War Ballantine wanted to take the Penguin Inc. list down-market and compete with mass market publishers like Pocket Books. When he was rebuffed, he left and went to set up Bantam Books, leaving <mask> in charge of Penguin. Then Allen Lane, unannounced, brought in Victor Weybright to work in an executive role in Penguin Inc. "In fact Weybright had the impression that he was being brought in to run it." After some initial wariness, <mask> and Weybright came to respect each other's talent and work well with each other as partners in Penguin's American branch. In spite of the firm's increasing success, Lane was not satisfied: he disliked "<mask>'s and Weybright's cover pictures and editorial choices" which violated his "more puritanical standards and personal taste" and his desire that Penguin Inc. be a mirror image of Penguin in the United Kingdom.New American Library
In 1948, after two years of acrimonious relations with Lane, Enoch and Weybright bought out the Penguin equity in the company (except for the Penguin and Pelican trademarks which they surrendered) and renamed it as The New American Library Library of World Literature (which would be more commonly referred to over the years as the New American Library or NAL in short). <mask> was president of NAL until 1960. Under his watch it published reprints of literary value, paperback editions of classics, and non-fiction for general readers and for classroom use and a number of prestigious book series including Signet Books, Signet Classics and Mentor Books. In 1960 Enoch and Weybright sold the New American Library to the Times Mirror Company of Los Angeles.

masks: Enoch Enoch Enoch Enoch


title: Kurt Enoch

texts:
 <mask> joined the Times Mirror Board of Directors. Martin Levin, president of the Association of American Publishers, summed up the achievements of the New American Library under the tutelage of <mask>, as follows:

New American Library was a brilliant concept well ahead of its time. <mask> brought his special skills to this line of books.He demonstrated that the classics, from Shakespeare to '1984,' and Mickey Spillane, William Styron and James Bond, could all live comfortably on one publishing list. His special pride was that this company flourishes today as it did when he was its first president. Life after the NAL
After selling NAL, <mask> remained active in public life, supporting the importance reading and publishing. In 1962 <mask> and five other American booksellers visited the Soviet Union as part of a U.S. State Department cultural exchange program. He served on the American Book Publishers Council, the National Book Committee and the Franklin Book Program. He wrote numerous articles on the "paperback revolution" and its importance in providing millions of ordinary citizens with access to quality books with tough and independent thinking at a modest and affordable price. Retirement
In 1967 <mask> retired from the Times Mirror Book Division.In 1968 he opened a business in New York City specializing in publishing. He died on 15 February 1982 while on holidays in Puerto Rico. Personal life
<mask> married Hertha Rehse Frischmann in late 1921. They had two daughters, Ruth and Mirjam (later known as Miriam). In 1934 Hertha passed away from tuberculosis. He married Margaret "Marga" M. Heinemann in early 1937. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1948.References

Essays and articles by

masks:
Enoch
Enoch
Kurt Enoch
Enoch
Enoch
Enoch
Enoch


title: Kurt Enoch

texts:
 <mask>
 <mask>, "The Paper-Bound Book: Twentieth-Century Publishing Phenomenon", in: The Library Quarterly, Volume XXIV, July 1954. "An evaluation of the economic organization, editorial problems, and social role of paper-bound publishing. With a list of paperback publishers, and famous authors, important books, anthologies and reference works available in this form." <mask>, contrib., Book Publishing in the U.S.S.R.: reports of the Delegations of U.S. Book Publishers Visiting the U.S.S.R.: October 21-November 4, 1970 [and] August 20-September 17, 1962. Cambridge, Mass. :  Harvard Univ. Press, 1971.Delegation of U.S. Book Publishers 1962: Curtis G. Benjamin, <mask>, Robert W. Frase, Storer B. Lunt, M. R. Robinson, W. B. Wiley. Delegation 1970: Robert L. Bernstein, Mark S. Carroll, Robert W. Frase, Edward J. McCabe Jr., W. Bradford Wiley. <mask>, "Paperback Revolution Described", Austin Statesman, 22 August 1963. Further reading
 Richard Abel and William Gordon Graham, eds., Immigrant Publishers: The Impact of Expatriate Publishers in Britain and America in the 20th Century, New Brunswick, NJ, Transaction Publishers, 2009; Routledge, 2017. Jeremy Lewis, Penguin Special: The Life and Times of Allen Lane, New York, Penguin Books, 2005. J. E. Morpurgo, Allen Lane, King Penguin: A Biography, London, Hutchinson, 1979. Al Silverman, The Time of Their Lives: The Golden Age of Great American Book Publishers, Their Editors and Authors, New York, Truman Talley Books/St.Martin's Press, 2008. Michele K. Troy, "Behind the Scenes at the Albatross Press: A Modern Press for Modern Times", in: John Spiers, ed., The Culture of the Publisher's Series, Volume One: Authors, Publishers and Taste, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

masks:
Kurt Enoch
Kurt Enoch
Kurt Enoch
Kurt Enoch
Kurt Enoch


title: Kurt Enoch

texts:
 Michele K. Troy, Strange Bird: The Albatross Press and the Third Reich. Yale University Press, 2017. External links
 Strange Bird: The Albatross Press and the Third Reich - Michele K. Troy discusses the Albatross Press and <mask> at the Library of Congress. 1898 births
1982 deaths
German book publishers (people)
American book publishers (people)
Penguin Books people
Businesspeople from Hamburg
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United


title: Eorpwald of East Anglia

texts:
<mask>; also Erpenwald or Earpwald, (reigned from  624, assassinated c. 627 or 632), succeeded his father Rædwald as ruler of the independent Kingdom of the East Angles. <mask> was a member of the East Anglian dynasty known as the Wuffingas, named after the semi-historical king Wuffa. Little is known of <mask>'s life or of his short reign, as little documentary evidence about the East Anglian kingdom has survived. The primary source for <mask> is the Ecclesiastical History of the English People, written by Bede in the 8th century. Soon after becoming king, <mask> received Christian teaching and was baptised in 627 or 632. Soon after his conversion he was killed by Ricberht, a pagan noble, who may have succeeded him and ruled for three years. The motive for <mask>'s assassination was probably political as well as religious.He was the first early English king to suffer death as a consequence of his Christian faith and was subsequently venerated by the Church as a saint and martyr. In 1939, a magnificent ship-burial was discovered under a large mound at Sutton Hoo, in Suffolk. Although Rædwald is usually considered to have been buried with the ship (or commemorated by it), another possibility is Eorpwald. Alternatively, he might also have had his own ship-burial nearby. Background and family

By the beginning of the 7th century, southern England was almost entirely under the control of the Anglo-Saxons. These peoples, who are known to have included Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians, began to arrive in Britain in the 5th century. By 600, a number of kingdoms had begun to form in the conquered territories,

masks: Eorpwald Eorpwald Eorpwald Eorpwald Eorpwald Eorpwald


title: Eorpwald of East Anglia

texts: including the Kingdom of the East Angles, an Anglo-Saxon kingdom which today includes the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk.Almost no documentary sources exist about the history of the kingdom before the reign of Rædwald, who reigned until about 624. Sources of information include the names of a few of the early Wuffing kings, mentioned in a short passage in Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, written in the 730s. In 616, Rædwald defeated and killed Æthelfrith of Northumbria in the Battle of the River Idle and then installed Edwin as the new Deiran king. Whilst Edwin had been an exile at Rædwald's court, he had had a dream where he was told that if he converted to Christianity, he would become greater than any that had ruled before him. Steven Plunkett relates that, according to the version of events as told in the Whitby Life of St Gregory, it was Paulinus who visited Edwin and obtained his promise to convert to Christianity in return for regal power. After Edwin emerged as the ruler of Deira, with its centre at York, he became accepted as king of the northern Northumbrian province of Bernicia. Following his victory over the Northumbrians, Rædwald was not only king of the East Angles, but also the most powerful king amongst the rulers of the various English kingdoms, occupying the role which was later described by the term Bretwalda.He is thought by many to have been buried in the sumptuous ship burial at Sutton Hoo. <mask> was the son of Rædwald by a wife whose name is not recorded. He had at least one brother, Rægenhere, and another sibling, Sigeberht, may also have been his


title: Eorpwald of East Anglia

texts:
 brother. Rædwald used the letters R and E when naming two of his own sons (as did his own father when he and his younger brother Eni were named), which suggests that <mask> was the younger sibling and would only have become Rædwald's heir after his elder brother Rægenhere was slain in battle in 616. It is unclear whether, as Bede understood, Sigebert and <mask> were brothers, or whether they shared the same mother but not the same father, as was stated by the 12th-century chronicler William of Malmesbury. According to the historian Barbara Yorke, Sigebert may have been a member of a different line of Wuffings who, as his rival, was forced into exile, in order to ensure that <mask> became king. Accession and conversion to Christianity

<mask> was still a pagan when he became king of the East Angles, following the death of Rædwald in around 624.D. P. Kirby maintains that Sigeberht fled from East Anglia to Gaul during the internal strife that followed <mask>'s accession and that the new king's paganism created tension between Christian and pagan factions within the kingdom, which resulted in a reduction in his influence. In 627, Edwin undertook the conversion of the peoples of Northumbria, Lindsey and East Anglia and at his prompting <mask> was, according to Bede, "persuaded to accept the Christian faith and sacraments". It can be calculated that this event occurred in 627, taking into account the years that Felix of Burgundy was known to have held the East Anglian bishopric. In contrast, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded that <mask>'s baptism took place during 632: "Her wæs Eorpwald gefullod", ("Here

masks: Eorpwald Eorpwald Eorpwald Eorpwald Eorpwald Eorpwald Eorpwald


title: Eorpwald of East Anglia

texts:
 Eorpwald was baptized"). It is not known whether <mask> was baptised in East Anglia, Northumbria or Kent, but it is very likely that Edwin, now the senior ruler, was present as his sponsor. Higham suggests that because of the lack of proper facilities in East Anglia, it is likely that he was baptised by Paulinus at Edwin's centre of authority in Northumbria. The manner of <mask>'s conversion indicated that he was a subordinate king and that Edwin was his overlord.Following his baptism, Edwin's Northumbrian priests were in a position to be able to suppress pagan practices in Eorpwald's kingdom and convert the East Anglians. The conversion had the general political benefit of bringing the entire eastern seaboard from Northumbria to Kent, with the exception of Essex, under the dominion of Edwin and his Christian allies. Death and sainthood
The conversion of Eorpwald's kingdom did not result in the establishment of any ecclesiastical infrastructure, such as the establishment of a see within the kingdom. Bede reported that soon after his conversion, <mask> was slain (occisus) by a heathen (uiro gentili) named Ricberht and that after he was killed, the kingdom reverted to heathen rule (in errore uersata est) for three years. <mask> was the first English king to be killed because of his Christian faith. The circumstances are not recorded, so that it is not known whether Ricberht represented an internal East Anglian opposition to Christian rule, or if he was an emissary from abroad wishing to diminish Edwin of Northumbria's influence over the East Angles. The return of East Anglia to pagan rule does not

masks: Eorpwald Eorpwald Eorpwald Eorpwald


title: Eorpwald of East Anglia

texts:
 necessarily mean that there was an overt struggle between the worship of the Anglo-Saxon gods and the worship of Christ, but could express a reaction against Christianity amongst the East Angles, prompted by Edwin's rise to power and his subsequent dominance over their king.The ancestry of Ricberht is unknown and it is unclear as to whether he ever ruled after he killed <mask>, but in 630 or 631, three years after <mask>'s assassination, Sigeberht returned from exile in Gaul and became king of the East Angles. At Sutton Hoo (near Woodbridge, in Suffolk) is the site of two 6th-7th century Anglo-Saxon cemeteries, where it is believed that members of <mask>'s dynasty were entombed under large earth mounds. Several East Anglian kings, including <mask>, have been suggested as possible candidates for the occupant of the burial site under Mound 1, discovered in 1939. Martin Carver has speculated that historians could use regal lists and other sources of information to identify the occupants, whilst acknowledging that no material evidence exists to support the theory that <mask> or other members of his family are buried there. He has used <mask>'s relationship as the son of Rædwald to place him in either Mound 1 or 2. According to Fleming's Complete History of the British Martyrs, published in 1904, King <mask> was venerated as a saint and a martyr by the English Church. His feast day is not known.References

Sources

Further reading

External links

627 deaths
East Anglian saints
East Anglian monarchs
7th-century murdered monarchs
7th-century Christian saints
7th-century English monarchs
Year of birth


title: Benedict II, Archbishop of Esztergom

texts:
<mask> (; died after July 1261) was a Hungarian prelate in the 13th century, who served as Archbishop of Kalocsa from 1241 to 1254, and as Archbishop of Esztergom from 1253 to 1261. As one of the most influential prelates following the Mongol invasion of Hungary, he held the office of royal chancellor for two decades, from 1240 until his death. Early career
His origin is uncertain, but he was definitely born into a wealthy noble family, as one of his relatives was a certain comes Peter. In contemporary records, his name is referred to with the honorary title of "magister", demonstrating his education and skills in science. He first appears as vice-chancellor and provost of Buda in January 1238, holding both positions until 18 June 1240. His "friend", Bartholomew, Bishop of Veszprém ceded certain tithe to the provostry of Buda. On 25 June 1240, he is already styled as royal chancellor.He functioned in this capacity for more than two decades until his death, the longest time of any office-holders during the Age of Árpáds. Simultaneously, <mask> was elected provost of Székesfehérvár too, serving in this dignity until 1243. Shortly after the election, the chapter petitioned the case to the Holy See to request <mask>'s confirmation from Pope Gregory IX, who appointed John of Civitella on 25 February 1241 to conduct the procedure. In his reply, the pope called <mask> as an "educated, diligent and honest man", finding him fit for the position. After the disastrous Battle of Mohi in April 1241, <mask> fled together with king Béla IV and the royal court to the Dalmatian coast, and stayed there until the withdrawal of the Mongols from Hungary in 1242. Archbishop of Kalocsa
Archbishop Ugrin Csák was killed in the Battle of Mohi. <mask> was already styled as

masks: Benedict Benedict Benedict Benedict Benedict Benedict


title: Benedict II, Archbishop of Esztergom

texts: archbishop-elect in September 1241, when the royal court resided in Transdanubia yet.However, theologian József Udvardy considered that royal charter as a forgery. When the court arrived to Dalmatia by February 1242, Thomas the Archdeacon again referred to him as archbishop-elect. Udvardy argued <mask>'s title meant a broad interpretation and merely Béla's wish, as the cathedral chapter was unable to meet under the chaotic conditions and a royal document issued in August 1242 states that there was sede vacante in the episcopal see of Kalocsa. The canonical election of <mask> took place in the autumn of 1242, according to Udvardy. the newly elected Pope Innocent IV confirmed the episcopate of <mask> on 15 July 1243. The Archdiocese of Kalocsa suffered heavy damages due to the ravages of the Mongols, who left behind destroyed villages, depopulated regions, ruined churches and monasteries. As a result, <mask> decided to settle the friars of the Augustinian Order.In addition, <mask> intended to acquire lands and estates for his archbishopric; he bought the half of the village Füzegy, near to Szond in Bács County (Vizić and Sonta in Serbia, respectively) from local lord Gregory Monoszló, who was forced to sell to the archdiocese because of its right of pre-emption in 1252. Béla IV also donated a certain land of Pechul to <mask>, who also took care of the disabled child of Csama, the deceased landowner. Preparing for a new Mongol invasion, the Hungarian king abandoned the ancient royal prerogative to build and own castles, promoting the erection of new fortresses during his reign. The pope sent a letter to <mask> to entrust him and his suffragan bishops by defining places to build castles in the territory of the archdiocese. During several lawsuits regarding

masks: Benedict Benedict Benedict Benedict Benedict Benedict Benedict


title: Benedict II, Archbishop of Esztergom

texts: ecclesiastical estates, <mask> frequently acted as a mediator between the Holy See and the Hungarian royal court. When Béla IV filed a complaint that Zlaudus Ják was elected Bishop of Veszprém without his consent in 1245, which "contradicted the old customary law". Innocent instructed <mask> of Kalocsa to investigate the case in February 1245.According to his letter, Stephen Báncsa, Archbishop of Esztergom confirmed Zlaudus' election despite the king's opposition. Béla did not recognize the election and ignored Zlaudus in the royal council (his charters refer to the Diocese of Veszprém "in vacancy"). The conflict has been resolved by December 1245. When Philip Türje was elected Bishop of Zagreb in 1248, <mask>, as the metropolitan archbishop, confirmed the election, despite that one of the canons Albert challenged the legitimacy of the process. Thereafter Albert petitioned to the Holy See, but Pope Innocent confirmed <mask>'s decision on 26 October 1248. Like his predecessors, <mask> also had to deal with the question of Bogomilism. In the summer of 1246, <mask> requested the Holy See to allow a crusade to be launched against the Bosnian Church.In response, Pope Innocent appointed him as a papal legate to Bosnia. As a response to the request of Béla IV and Ponsa, Bishop of Bosnia, Pope Innocent IV decided to put the Bosnian Church under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Kalocsa in 1252. This decision provoked the schism of the Bosnian Christians, who refused to submit to the Hungarians and broke off their relations with Rome. Beside his function of royal chancellor, <mask> was also styled as "chief judge of the Jews" in 1251. He served as ispán and "royal governor" of Syrmia County in 1253 too, when ruled over a counterfeiting case. Archbishop of


title: Benedict II, Archbishop of Esztergom

texts:
 Esztergom

Stephen Báncsa was created Cardinal Bishop of Praeneste (Palestrina) by Pope Innocent IV in December 1251, becoming the first Hungarian cardinal. Báncsa remained in the position of archbishop at least until 20 October 1252.Thereafter, he temporarily left Hungary for Rome. Even so, upon his personal request, he continued to serve as Administrator of the Archdiocese of Esztergom. However, he wanted to return to Hungary because of financial difficulties and climatic inconveniences. However, Báncsa's efforts in this direction failed. The Esztergom Chapter elected <mask> as their archbishop sometimes before May 1253. <mask> was submitted by Béla IV himself to the position. The king requested the pope to confirm it in a letter dated May 1253.Later, he repeated his request in October. Simultaneously, Innocent granted Báncsa the privilege of returning to Esztergom, and continuing his administration of that diocese, until the next Feast of All Saints (November 1). At that point he was to resign the Church of Esztergom to a prelate of the Kingdom of Hungary of his choice, and return to the Papal Curia by Christmas 1253. If he did not return by that date, the bishopric of Palestrina was to be considered vacant, according to the pope's instruction. Báncsa did not achieve his purpose, as the legitimacy of his administration was not recognized in Hungary; finally, the election of <mask> was confirmed by Pope Innocent on 25 February 1254. <mask> was advised, however, that during his episcopate, he should not give away pensions or prebends without the express permission of the Holy See. As compensation, Stephen Báncsa was granted annual 300 silver denari from the archdiocese's income.Thus Báncsa was forced to return to Rome. <mask> had to borrow 3500 silver

masks: Benedict Benedict Benedict Benedict Benedict


title: Benedict II, Archbishop of Esztergom

texts:
 denari during his translation from Kalocsa to Esztergom. On 11 March 1254, Pope Innocent sent his pallium through his procurators, provost Peter and vicar Reynold. <mask> was present, when Pope Innocent IV mediated a peace treaty between Béla IV and Ottokar II of Bohemia, which was signed in Pressburg (present-day Bratislava, Slovakia) on 1 May 1254. He was granted the vineyard of Vadkert (today Érsekvadkert, lit. "Archbishop's Wild Garden") and the right of collection of tithe beyond the Drava river by Béla in 1255. <mask> had several conflicts with the local burghers, who were allowed to live in Esztergom Castle.As a result, Béla IV resettled them to their old homes, and the archdiocese was granted the royal palace and the surrounding ancient castrum on 17 December 1256 (the phrase "Holy Crown" first appears in this donation letter). Simultaneously, the king ordered the construction of reinforced stone walls around the town of Buda and  set his own royal palace on the top of the protecting hills of Buda, creating a new royal capital in the decades between 1247 and 1265. <mask> held a national synod in Esztergom in the same year (1256), where several bishops and, among others, Blessed Eusebius, the First Provincial of the Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit (first mentioned in this capacity) attended, but its resolutions did not survive. Pope Alexander IV donated the privilege of annual 40-day indulgence to the visitors of the St. Adalbert Cathedral of Esztergom on the occasion of the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul in 1257. <mask> died in the second half of 1261, last mentioned by contemporary records in July. References

Sources

1261 deaths
Archbishops of Esztergom
Archbishops of Kalocsa
13th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in

masks: Benedict Benedict Benedict Benedict


title: Allan Savory

texts:
<mask> (born 15 September 1935) is a Zimbabwean scientist, livestock farmer, and president and co-founder of the Savory Institute. He originated Holistic management, a systems thinking approach to managing resources. Savory advocates using bunched and moving livestock to what he claims mimics nature, as a means to heal the environment, stating "only livestock can reverse desertification. There is no other known tool available to humans with which to address desertification that is contributing not only to climate change but also to much of the poverty, emigration, violence, etc. in the seriously affected regions of the world." "Only livestock can save us." He believes grasslands hold the potential to sequester enough atmospheric carbon dioxide to reverse climate change.Praised by cattle farmers, his controversial ideas have sparked opposition from academics; ranging from debate on evidence for treatment effects to the scope of the potential impact for carbon sequestration. Savory received the 2003 Banksia International Award and won the 2010 Buckminster Fuller Challenge. Prince Charles called him "a remarkable man" and noted farmer Joel Salatin wrote, "History will vindicate <mask> as one of the greatest ecologists of all time." In contrast, James E. McWilliams described Savory as having "adherence to scientifically questionable conclusions in the face of evidence to the contrary". George Monbiot said of him, "his statements are not supported by empirical evidence and experimental work, and that in crucial respects his techniques do more harm than good." However, this comment has been subject to criticism in a later article published in The Guardian by Hunter Lovins, titled "Why George Monbiot is wrong: grazing livestock can save the world". Life

Education
<mask> was educated in South Africa at what was then the University of Natal, gaining a B.Sc.in Biology and Botany in 1955. Early work in southern

masks:
Clifford Allan Redin Savory
Allan Savory
Savory


title: Allan Savory

texts:
 Africa

According to <mask>, he has worked on the problem of land degradation (desertification) as early as 1955 in Northern Rhodesia, where he served in the Colonial Service as Provincial Game Officer, Northern and Luapula Provinces. He also claims to have continued this work in Southern Rhodesia first as a research officer in the Game Department, and even claims to have been an independent scientist and international consultant. He advocated for slaughtering large numbers of elephants up until 1969 based on the idea that they were destroying their habitat. His research, which he claims was validated by a committee of scientists, led to the government culling approximately 40,000 elephants in following years. However, this did not reverse the degradation of the land. He has called the decision to advocate for the slaughter of large numbers of elephants "the saddest and greatest blunder of my life."This unnecessary massacre, brought about by interpreting supposed research data to fit the prevailing world-view that too many animals causes overgrazing and overbrowsing, led to Savory becoming determined to solve the problem, which eventually led to his development of the holistic framework for decision-making and to holistic planned grazing, and to his book, Holistic Management: A New Decision Making Framework, written with his wife Jody Butterfield. Savory was influenced by earlier work of French agronomist André Voisin who said that overgrazing resulted from the amount of time plants were exposed to animals, not from too many animals in any given area. Savory saw this as a solution to overgrazing, and believed that overgrazing was caused by leaving cattle too long and returning them too soon, rather than the size of the herd. At the time of Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965, Savory was a Captain in the part-time Territorial Army unit, the 4th Battalion Royal Rhodesia Regiment. He opposed UDI


title: Allan Savory

texts:
 quietly and continued to serve and formed a tracking unit that became the Tracker Combat Unit (TCU) and later some of the TCU joined the Selous Scouts. Political involvement
<mask> was elected to the Rhodesian Parliament representing Matobo constituency in the 1970 election. After resigning from the Rhodesian Front in protest over its racist policies and handling of the war, in 1973 Savory reformed the defunct Rhodesia Party formerly led by Sir Roy Welensky.In June 1973, Savory publicly stated, "If I had been born a black Rhodesian, instead of a white Rhodesian, I would be your greatest terrorist." Although he urged white Rhodesians to understand why he would feel this, the reaction to this statement led to <mask>'s ousting from the Rhodesia Party. In 1977, non-racist moderate white parties united in opposition to Ian Smith in what was known as the National Unifying Force (NUF) led by Savory. The NUF party won no seats in the 1977 election, and Savory relinquished leadership to Tim Gibbs, son of Rhodesia's last governor. Savory continued to fight Ian Smith and his policies, in particular opposing the Internal Settlement under Bishop Abel Muzorewa. In 1979, due to conflicts with the Smith government, Savory left Rhodesia and went into self-imposed exile to continue his scientific work. Move to the Americas
After leaving Zimbabwe, Savory worked from the Cayman Islands into the Americas, introducing holistic planned grazing as a process of management to reverse desertification of 'brittle' grasslands by carefully planning movements of dense herds of livestock to mimic those found in nature, allowing sufficient time for the plants to fully recover before re-grazing.<mask> immigrated to the US, and with his wife Jody Butterfield founded the Center for Holistic Management in 1984. Its name was later changed to the Savory Center and later Holistic Management International. In 2009 <mask> left HMI and formed the

masks: Savory Savory Savory Savory


title: Allan Savory

texts:
 Savory Institute. <mask>, Butterfield and philanthropist Sam Brown formed the Africa Centre for Holistic Management, based in Zimbabwe in 1992 on  of land <mask> donated for the benefit of the people of Africa as a learning/training site for holistic management. Personal life
When not travelling the world spreading his message, <mask> and Butterfield split their time between their house in Albuquerque and a thatched-roof complex of mud huts in the African bush in Zimbabwe. He frequently goes barefoot. Holistic management advocacy
His 2013 TED Talk, "How to green the desert and reverse climate change," attracted millions of views and was followed up by the release of his TED Book, The Grazing Revolution: A Radical Plan to Save the Earth.In his TED Talk <mask> asks, "What are we going to do?" Savory advocates using high technology to develop alternative energy sources and to reduce or eliminate future emissions. He supports grass fed beef and vehemently opposes industrial livestock production. Savory condemns the practice of slash-and-burn cultivation of forests and grasslands, saying that it "leaves the soil bare, releasing carbon, and worse than that, burning one hectare of grassland gives off more, and more damaging, pollutants than 6,000 cars. And we are burning in Africa, every single year, more than one billion hectares of grasslands, and almost nobody is talking about it." One billion hectares is an area greater than that of the Sahara desert. Praise and criticism
Thousands of farmers, ranchers, pastoralists and various organizations are working globally to restore grasslands through the teaching and practice of holistic management and holistic decision making.This includes conservation projects in the US, Africa, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Canada, and Australia in which various NGOs, government agencies and universities are practicing holistic management and its holistic planned grazing  to reverse


title: Allan Savory

texts: desertification using livestock as the main agent of change to restore the environment, increase ground cover, soil organic matter and water retention, replenish streams, and combat biodiversity loss. In 2003 Australia honored Savory with the Banksia International Award "for the person doing the most for the environment on a global scale" and in 2010, Savory and the Africa Centre for Holistic Management won The Buckminster Fuller Challenge, an annual international design competition awarding $100,000 "to support the development and implementation of a strategy that has significant potential to solve humanity's most pressing problems". Although Savory's approach to the problem of desertification has met resistance from scientists (see  "Criticism" section in Holistic grazing article), three 2007 and 2010 studies document soil improvement as measured by soil carbon, soil biota, water retention, nutrient-holding capacity, and ground litter on grazed land using multi-pasture grazing methods compared to continuously grazed land. There is also evidence that multi-pasture grazing methods may increase water retention compared to non-grazed land. However, George Wuerthner, writing in The Wildlife News in a 2013 article titled, "<mask>: Myth And Reality" stated, "The few scientific experiments that Savory supporters cite as vindication of his methods (out of hundreds that refute his assertions), often fail to actually test his theories. Several of the studies cited on HM web site had utilization levels (degree of vegetation removed) well below the level that Savory actually recommends." In his TED talk, Savory claimed that holistic grazing could reduce carbon dioxide levels to pre-industrial levels in a span of 40 years.According to Skeptical Science, "it is not possible to increase productivity, increase numbers of cattle and store carbon using any grazing strategy, never-mind Holistic Management [...] Long term


title: Donny Cates

texts:
<mask> (born September 14, 1984) is an American comic book writer, artist, and podcaster, known for his work on titles like Venom, Thanos, Doctor Strange, and Thor. Early life
<mask> was born in Dallas, Texas. Raised in Garland, Texas, <mask> states that he was taught to read by his father using comic books. <mask> graduated from Garland High School and attended the Savannah College of Art and Design, where he would meet future artistic collaborators Tradd Moore and Geoff Shaw. <mask> majored in sequential art, but left the school after being accepted into a Marvel internship program. While interning, <mask> stole a Diamond Distributors Gem Award awarded to Astonishing X-Men #1. At the advice of Marvel editor Mark Peniccia, <mask> left the program after a year to pursue writing his own comics.After a chance meeting with a Dark Horse Comics staffer at C2E2, <mask> was given the opportunity to write short stories for the company. Career
<mask>' first comic work was a short story in Dark Horse Presents vol. 2 #24, released in August 2013. Co-written by himself and Eliot Rahal, the title of this story was Hunter Quaid: Armageddon Outta Here. It was followed up three issues later with Hunter Quaid: The Only Things We Have to Fear… are Nazis and Creepy Monsters. Satisfied with these stories, Dark Horse gave <mask> the green light for later projects like Buzzkill, The Ghost Fleet and The Paybacks. Between 2016 and 2017 <mask> also wrote stories for IDW Publishing, including an

masks:
Donny Cates
Donny Cates
Cates
Cates
Cates
Cates
Cates
Cates
Cates
Cates
Cates


title: Donny Cates

texts:
 entry in Star Trek: Waypoint and a one-shot, Star Trek: Deviations.<mask> eventually began writing for Image Comics, where he released God Country. With this title he attracted the attention of editors at Marvel, who offered him a contract. His first long-term Marvel works were runs on Doctor Strange and Thanos. After the success of these titles, <mask> was given writing duties on Venom, where he was paired with artist and podcaster Ryan Stegman. This led to him penning multiple company-wide events, including Absolute Carnage and King in Black. Personal life
<mask> currently lives in Austin, Texas with his wife, comic artist Megan Hutchinson. The two host a comic review podcast, The Devil’s AdvoCATES Book Club.Bibliography

Aftershock Comics

 Babyteeth (with Garry Brown, June 2017–ongoing)
 Volume 1 (collects #1-5, tpb, with Garry Brown, 120 pages, 2017, )
 Volume 2 (collects #6-10, tpb, with Garry Brown, 120 pages, 2018, )
 Volume 3 (collects #11-15, tpb, with Garry Brown, 120 pages, 2019, )
 Year One (collects #1-10, hc, 240 pages, 2019, )
 Relay #1–6 (co-plotter with Zack Thompson, with Andy Clarke and Dalibor Talajic, May 2018–April 2019) collected as Relay Vol. 1: Reality Denied (tpb, 144 pages, 2019, )

Dark Horse Comics

 Dark Horse Presents vol. 2 #24: "Hunter Quaid: Armageddon Outta Here" (co-writer with Eliot Rahal, with Melissa Curtin, May 2013)
 Dark Horse Presents vol. 2 #27: "Hunter Quaid: The Only Things We Have to Fear... Are Nazis and Creepy Monsters"

masks: Cates Cates Cates


title: Donny Cates

texts:
 (co-writer with Eliot Rahal, with Melissa Curtin, August 2013)
 Buzzkill (co-writer with Mark Reznicek, 4-issue limited series, with Geoff Shaw, September–December 2013) collected as Buzzkill (tpb, 104 pages, 2014, ; republished by Image Comics in 2017, )
 The Ghost Fleet (8-issue limited series, with Daniel Warren Johnson, November 2014–June 2015) collected as The Ghost Fleet: The Whole Goddamned Thing (tpb, 144 pages, 2017, )
 Dark Horse Presents vol. 3 #11: "The Paybacks: Downhill Ski" (co-writer with Eliot Rahal, with Geoff Shaw, January 2015) collected in The Paybacks Collection (tpb, 224 pages, 2018, )
 The Paybacks vol. 1 (September–December 2015) collected in The Paybacks Collection
 Volume 1: Payback's A Bitch (co-writer with Eliot Rahal, collects #1-4, with Geoff Shaw, 104 pages, )

Heavy Metal

 Interceptor (6-issue limited series, with Dylan Burnett, January–May 2016) collected as Interceptor Vol. 1 (tpb, 144 pages, 2019, )
 The Paybacks vol.1 (January–July 2018) collected as Doctor Strange by <mask> <mask> (hc, 360 pages, 2019, )
 Volume 1: God of Magic (collects #381-385, tpb, with Gabriel Hernandez Walta and Niko Henrichon, 136 pages, )
 Volume 2: City of Sin (collects #386-390, tpb, with Niko Henrichon, Frazer Irving, and Chip Zdarsky, 112 pages, )
 Thanos vol. 2 #13–18; Annual #1 (with Geoff Shaw, January–June 2018) collected in Thanos Wins (tpb, 160 pages, 2018, )
 Doctor Strange: Damnation (co-writer with Nick Spencer, 4-issue limited series, with

masks: Donny Cates


title: Leela Majumdar

texts:
<mask> ( Lila Mojumdar), (26 February 1908 – 5 April 2007) was a Bengali writer. Early life
Born to Surama Devi and Pramada Ranjan Ray (who was the younger brother of Upendra Kishor Ray Choudhuri), Leela spent her childhood days at Shillong, where she studied at the Loreto Convent. Surama Devi had been adopted by Upendra Kishor Ray Choudhuri . Lila's grandfather had left his younger two daughters in care of his friends after his wife died. The eldest daughter was sent to a boarding house. Her maternal grandfather was Ramkumar Bhattacharya, who later became a sannyasi and was christened Ramananda Bharati. He was the first among Indians to visit Kailash and Mansarovar and wrote a travelogue Himaranya.In 1919, her father was transferred to Calcutta, and she joined St. John's Diocesan School from where she completed her matriculation examination. She ranked second among the girls in the matriculation examinations in 1924. She stood first in English (literature) both in her honours (graduation) and Master of Arts examination at the University of Calcutta. The family she belonged to made a notable contribution towards children's literature. Sunil Gangopadhyay says that while the Tagore family enthused everybody with drama, songs and literature for adults, the Ray Chaudhuri family took charge of laying the foundations of children's literature in Bengali. Formative years
She joined Maharani Girls' School at Darjeeling as a teacher in 1931. On an invitation from Rabindranath Tagore she went and joined the school at Santiniketan, but she stayed only for about one year.She joined the women's section of Asutosh College in Calcutta but again did not continue for long. Thereafter, she spent most of her time as a writer. After two


title: Leela Majumdar

texts:
 Khoka's famed aunt Padipishi. For a special Mahila Mahal (women's section) series of All-India Radio, dealing with the "natural and ordinary problems" in the everyday life of a girl growing up in a typical, middle-class, Bengali family, she created Monimala, the story of a "very ordinary girl" whose grandmother starts writing to her from when she turns 12, continuing into her marriage and motherhood. Family
She was married in 1933 to Dr. Sudhir <mask>, a renowned dentist who was a graduate of Harvard Dental School. For two decades she devoted herself to housekeeping.Her son Ranjan (b.1934)  is also a dentist and daughter Kamala (b. 1938) is married to Monishi Chatterjee, an oil engineer and grandson of first female painter of Bengal school- Sunayani Devi. Her husband died in 1984. Apart from her children, she had, at the time of her death, two grandsons, two granddaughters and three great-grandchildren. She had also won the Suresh Smriti Puraskar, Vidyasagar Puraskar, Bhubaneswari Medal for lifetime achievement, and Ananda Puraskar. She has been awarded the Deshikottama by Visva Bharati, and honorary D.Litt. by Burdwan, North Bengal and Calcutta Universities.Legacy
In 2019, a documentary film has been made on Lila Majumdar entitled "Peristan - The World of Lila Majumdar ". References

1908 births
2007 deaths
Bengali writers
Bengali-language writers
Bengali detective fiction writers
Writers from Kolkata
Recipients of the Rabindra Puraskar
Bengali–English translators
English–Bengali translators
University of Calcutta alumni
University of Calcutta faculty
Indian children's writers
20th-century translators
Women writers from West Bengal
20th-century Indian novelists
20th-century Indian women writers
Novelists from West


title: Chris Hadfield

texts: <mask>  (born August 29, 1959) is a Canadian retired astronaut, engineer, singer, and fighter pilot. The first Canadian to perform extravehicular activity in space, <mask> has flown two Space Shuttle missions and served as commander of the International Space Station (ISS). Prior to his career as an astronaut, <mask> served in the Canadian Forces for 25 years as an Air Command fighter pilot. <mask> was inspired as a child when he watched the Apollo 11 Moon landing on TV. He attended high school in Oakville and Milton in southern Ontario and earned his glider pilot licence as a member of the Royal Canadian Air Cadets. After joining the Canadian Armed Forces, he earned an engineering degree at Royal Military College (RMC). He learned to fly various types of aircraft in the military and eventually became a test pilot, flying several experimental planes.As part of an exchange program with the United States Navy and United States Air Force, he obtained a master's degree in aviation systems at the University of Tennessee Space Institute. In 1992, <mask> was accepted into the Canadian astronaut program by the Canadian Space Agency. He first flew in space in November 1995 as a mission specialist aboard , visiting the Russian space station Mir. He flew again in April 2001 on , when he visited the ISS and walked in space to help install the Canadarm2. In December 2012, he flew for a third time aboard Soyuz TMA-07M to join Expedition 34 on the ISS. When this expedition ended in March 2013, he became the commander of the ISS as part of Expedition 35, responsible for a crew of five astronauts and helping to run dozens of scientific experiments dealing with the impact of low gravity on human biology. During this mission, he chronicled life on board the space station by taking pictures of the Earth and posting them on various social media platforms.He was a guest on television news and talk shows and gained popularity by playing the ISS's guitar in space. <mask> returned to Earth in May 2013 when the mission ended. He announced his

masks:
Chris Austin Hadfield
Hadfield
Hadfield
Hadfield
Hadfield
Hadfield


title: Chris Hadfield

texts:
 retirement shortly after returning, capping a 35-year career as a military pilot and astronaut. Personal life
<mask> was born in Sarnia, Ontario. His parents are Roger and <mask>, who live in Milton, Ontario. <mask> was raised on a corn farm in southern Ontario. He was a member of a Wolf Cub Pack that met at the Milton Fairgrounds.He became interested in flying at a young age and in being an astronaut at age nine when he saw the Apollo 11 Moon landing on television. He is married to his high-school girlfriend Helene, and they have three adult children: Kyle, Evan and Kristin <mask>. <mask> used to be a ski instructor at Glen Eden Ski Area before becoming a test pilot. <mask> is of northern English and southern Scottish descent. He is a devoted fan of the Toronto Maple Leafs and wore a Leafs jersey under his spacesuit during his Soyuz TMA-07M reentry in May 2013. After the 2012 NHL Lockout ended, <mask> tweeted a photo of himself holding a Maple Leafs logo, and stated he was "ready to cheer [his team] on from orbit". He sang the Canadian National Anthem during the Toronto Maple Leafs and Montreal Canadiens game on January 18, 2014, at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto.Education and military career
<mask> attended White Oaks Secondary School in Oakville, Ontario until his senior year and then graduated as an Ontario Scholar from Milton District High School in 1977. As a member of the Royal Canadian Air Cadets, he earned a glider pilot scholarship at age 15 and a powered pilot scholarship at age 16. After graduating from high school in 1978, he joined the Canadian Armed Forces and spent two years at Royal Roads Military College followed by two years at the Royal Military College, where he received a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering in 1982. He also conducted his post-graduate research at the University of Waterloo in 1982. Before graduating, he also underwent basic flight training at CFB Portage la Prairie. In 1983, he took honours as the top graduate from Basic Jet Training at CFB Moose Jaw, and then went on to

masks:
Hadfield
Eleanor Hadfield
Hadfield
Hadfield
Hadfield
Hadfield
Hadfield
Hadfield


title: Chris Hadfield

texts:
 train as a tactical fighter pilot with 410 Tactical Fighter Operational Training Squadron at CFB Cold Lake, flying the Canadair CF-116 Freedom Fighter and the McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet. After completing his fighter training, <mask> flew CF-18 Hornets with 425 Tactical Fighter Squadron, flying intercept missions for NORAD.He was the first CF-18 pilot to intercept a Soviet Tupolev Tu 95 long-range bomber in the Canadian Arctic. In the late 1980s, <mask> attended the US Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base and served as an exchange officer with the US Navy at Strike Test Directorate at the Patuxent River Naval Air Station. His accomplishments from 1989 to 1992 included testing the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet and LTV A-7 Corsair II aircraft; performing research work with NASA on pitch control margin simulation and flight; completing the first military flight of F/A-18 enhanced performance engines; piloting the first flight test of the National Aerospace Plane external burning hydrogen propulsion engine; developing a new handling qualities rating scale for high angle-of-attack test; and participating in the F/A-18 out-of-control recovery test program. In May 1992, <mask> graduated with a master's degree in aviation systems from the University of Tennessee Space Institute, where his thesis concerned high-angle attack aerodynamics of the F/A-18 Hornet fighter jet. In total, <mask> has flown over 70 different types of aircraft. NASA experience

<mask> was selected to become one of four new Canadian astronauts from a field of 5,330 applicants in June 1992. Three of those four (Dafydd Williams, Julie Payette and <mask>) have flown in space.The fourth candidate, Michael McKay, resigned as an astronaut in 1995. <mask> was assigned by the CSA to the NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas in August, where he addressed technical and safety issues for Shuttle Operations Development, contributed to the development of the glass shuttle cockpit, and supported shuttle launches at the Kennedy Space Center, in

masks: Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield


title: Chris Hadfield

texts: Florida. In addition, <mask> was NASA's chief CAPCOM (capsule communicator), the voice of mission control to astronauts in orbit, for 25 Space Shuttle missions. From 1996 to 2000, he represented CSA astronauts and coordinated their activities as the chief astronaut for the CSA. He was the director of operations for NASA at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center (GCTC) in Star City, Russia from 2001 until 2003. Some of his duties included co-ordination and direction of all International Space Station crew activities in Russia, oversight of training and crew support staff, as well as policy negotiation with the Russian Space Program and other International Partners. He also trained and became fully qualified to be a flight engineer cosmonaut in the Soyuz TMA spacecraft, and to perform spacewalks in the Russian Orlan spacesuit.<mask> is a civilian CSA astronaut, having retired as a colonel from the Canadian Armed Forces in 2003 after 25 years of military service. He was chief of robotics for the NASA Astronaut Office at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas from 2003 to 2006 and was chief of International Space Station Operations from 2006 to 2008. In 2008 and 2009, he trained as a back-up to Robert Thirsk on Expedition 21. In May 2010, <mask> served as the commander of the NEEMO 14 mission aboard the Aquarius underwater laboratory, living and working underwater for fourteen days. NASA announced in 2010 that <mask> would become the first Canadian commander of the International Space Station, leading Expedition 35 after its launch on December 19, 2012. His craft docked with the station on December 21. He remained on the station for five months, transferring control to Pavel Vinogradov and departing on May 13, 2013.In June 2013, one month after completing his third trip to space, <mask> announced his retirement from the Canadian Space Agency, effective July 3, 2013. <mask> stated that after living primarily in the United States since the 1980s for his career, he would be moving back to Canada, "making good on a

masks: Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield


title: Chris Hadfield

texts:
 promise I made my wife nearly 30 years ago—that yes, eventually, we would be moving back to Canada." He noted that he plans to pursue private interests outside government there. <mask> is enthusiastic about the prospects for a crewed mission to Mars, and when asked in 2011 if he would consider being the first to visit even if the journey to Mars were one-way, he said "I would be honoured to be given the opportunity." Space flights

STS-74

<mask> served as Mission Specialist 1 on STS-74 in November 1995. It was NASA's second space shuttle mission to rendezvous and dock with the Russian Space Station Mir. During the flight, the crew of Space Shuttle Atlantis attached a five-tonne docking module to Mir and transferred over 1,000 kg of food, water, and scientific supplies to the cosmonauts.<mask> flew as the first Canadian to operate the Canadarm in orbit, and the only Canadian ever to board Mir. STS-100

In April 2001, <mask> served as mission specialist 1 on STS-100, International Space Station (ISS) assembly Flight 6A. The crew of Space Shuttle Endeavour delivered and installed Canadarm2, the new Canadian-built robotic arm, as well as the Italian-made resupply module Raffaello. During the 11-day flight, <mask> performed two spacewalks, which made him the first Canadian to ever leave a spacecraft and float freely in space. During his first spacewalk <mask> experienced severe eye irritation due to the anti-fog solution used to polish his spacesuit visor, temporarily blinding him and forcing him to vent oxygen into space. In total, <mask> spent 14 hours, 50 minutes outside, travelling 10 times around the world during his spacewalk. International Space Station

On December 19, 2012, <mask> launched in the Soyuz TMA-07M flight for a long duration stay on board the ISS as part of Expedition 35.He arrived at the station two days later, as scheduled, and became the first Canadian to command the ISS when the crew of Expedition 34 departed in March 2013. On May 12, 2013, he turned over command of the ISS, and returned home

masks: Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield


title: Chris Hadfield

texts:
 aboard the Soyuz spacecraft on May 13. He received significant media exposure during his time on the ISS, and ended his time on the station by paying tribute to David Bowie with a rendition of "Space Oddity". Social media
<mask> has a social media presence, with over 2,400,000 Twitter followers . He created one of the top Reddit ask me anything (AMA) threads of all time on February 17, 2013. He also maintains accounts on Facebook, Tumblr, and YouTube. His exchanges with William Shatner and other Star Trek actors have received media coverage.<mask> has been described by Forbes as "perhaps the most social media savvy astronaut ever to leave Earth". <mask> enlisted the help of his son Evan to manage his social media presence. They work in tandem to share information over the internet about aspects of life as an astronaut, both the scientific and the mundane. Music
During his free time on Expedition 35, <mask> recorded music for an album, using the Larrivée Parlor guitar previously brought to the ISS. The first song recorded in space, "Jewel in the Night", was released via YouTube on Christmas Eve 2012. His collaboration with Ed Robertson of Barenaked Ladies and the Wexford Gleeks, Is Somebody Singing?—sometimes shortened I.S.S.—was aired on the CBC Radio program Q and released by CBC Music online on February 8, 2013. <mask> sang Is Somebody Singing along with singers across Canada for the national Music Monday program.<mask> has been credited musically on his brother <mask>'s albums. He also has performed with his brother the "Canada Song", which was released on YouTube on Canada Day, 2014. On May 12, 2013, after handing over command of the ISS, but before returning home, <mask> released a music video recorded on the ISS of a modified rendition of "Space Oddity" by David Bowie. , the video has over 45 million views on YouTube. The performance was the subject of a piece by Glenn Fleishman in The Economist on May 22, 2013, analysing the legal implications of publicly performing a copyrighted work of music while in Earth

masks:
Hadfield
Hadfield
Hadfield
Hadfield
Hadfield
Hadfield
Dave Hadfield
Hadfield


title: Chris Hadfield

texts:
 orbit. In October 2015, <mask> released Space Sessions: Songs From a Tin Can, an album of songs that he had recorded on the International Space Station. Post-retirement
In October 2013 <mask> was interviewed by Maclean's magazine and appeared on its cover wearing face make-up to "replicate Bowie's famed image from the cover of his Aladdin Sane album."<mask> wrote an article for the December 2013 edition of Wired magazine in which he reflects on his time spent on the International Space Station. On October 8, 2013, the University of Waterloo announced that <mask> will join the university as a professor for a three-year term beginning in the Fall of 2014. <mask>'s work is expected to involve instructing and advising roles in aviation programs offered by the Faculty of Environment and Faculty of Science, as well as assisting in ongoing research regarding the health of astronauts with the Faculty of Applied Health Sciences. <mask>'s 2013 autobiography, An Astronaut's Guide to Life on Earth: What Going to Space Taught Me About Ingenuity, Determination, and Being Prepared for Anything deals with his professional life and work, and with numerous examples from the lead-up to his command of Expedition 35. The book was a New York Times bestseller and was also the bestselling book in Canada on a Canadian subject. In 2017, <mask> hosted the BBC show Astronauts: Do You Have What It Takes? alongside Kevin Fong and Iya Whiteley, where 12 contestants compete to earn <mask>'s approval and recommendation as a candidate for future applications to become an astronaut.The challenges involved replicated real tests carried out by the different Space Agencies at facilities in Europe and America, including hypoxia and centrifuge training, with contestants eliminated each week. <mask> hosted a web series about space exploration on the video platform MasterClass. On February 9, 2021 Virgin Galactic announced that <mask> would be joining their Space Advisory Board to help "provide advice to senior management as the company moves forward to open

masks: Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield Hadfield


title: Chris Hadfield

texts:
 space for the benefit of all." <mask> will be joined by former astronaut Sandra Magnus and Chief Scientist of Cubic Corporation David A. Whelan. Special honours and affiliations

<mask> is the recipient of numerous awards and special honours. These include appointment to the Order of Ontario in 1996, as an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2014, receipt of the Vanier Award in 2001, NASA Exceptional Service Medal in 2002, the Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002, and the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012. He is also the only Canadian to have received both a military and civilian Meritorious Service Cross, the military medal in 2001 and the civilian one in 2013.In 1988, <mask> was granted the Liethen-Tittle Award (top pilot graduate of the USAF Test Pilot School) and was named US Navy Test Pilot of the Year in 1991. He was inducted into Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame in 2005 and commemorated on Royal Canadian Mint silver and gold coins for his spacewalk to install Canadarm2 on the International Space Station in 2001. Further, the Royal Military College granted <mask> an honorary Doctorate of Engineering in 1996 and he was presented with an honorary Doctorate of Laws from Trent University three years later. In 2013, <mask> was presented with an Honorary Diploma from Nova Scotia Community College. Upon his taking command of the International Space Station, Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, sent <mask> a personal message of congratulations, stating "I am pleased to transmit my personal best wishes, and those of all Canadians, to Colonel <mask> as he takes command of the International Space Station..."
In 2016 he was recognized as a Genius 100 Visionary  and contributed his vision of the future in the 3D publishing milestone '"Genius: 100 Visions of the Future."' His affiliations include membership in the Royal Military College Club, Society of Experimental Test Pilots, Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute, and serving as honorary patron of Lambton College, former trustee of Lakefield College School, board member of the

masks:
Hadfield
Hadfield
Hadfield
Hadfield
Hadfield
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Christopher Hadfield


title: Chris Hadfield

texts:
 International Space School Foundation, and executive with the Association of Space Explorers. In Sarnia, the city airport was renamed to Sarnia Chris Hadfield Airport in 1997 and there are two public schools named after him – one in Milton, Ontario and the other in Bradford, Ontario.The NASA Marshall Space Flight Center-run rocket factory at Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, where he briefly worked, and an asteroid 14143 Hadfield are also named after him. In 2005, 820 Milton Blue Thunder Squadron was renamed 820 Chris Hadfield Squadron in honour of <mask>, who was a cadet there from 1971 to 1978. The Town of Milton also named a municipal park and street after <mask>. In 2014, his name was added to the Wall of Honour at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario. In 2020, the newly discovered Andrena <mask>i, a species of bee, was named in his honour. Bibliography

Books

Essays and reporting

Discography

Albums

<mask> also participates as a vocalist and guitarist for the astronaut band Max Q. See also
 List of University of Waterloo people

References

Further reading

External links

 NASA astronaut biography
 CSA astronaut biography
 Spacefacts biography of <mask>
 Video of <mask> on The Agenda with Steve Paikin, "Are We Bound for Space?"panel discussion with Lawrence Krauss, Donna Shirley, <mask>, Karl Schroeder and Robert D. Richards
 <mask>field You Tube Channel

 "What I learned from going blind in space" (TED2014)

1959 births
Living people
Aquanauts
Canadian astronauts
Canadian guitarists
Canadian memoirists
Canadian people of English descent
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Commanders of the International Space Station
Crew members of the International Space Station
Members of the Order of Ontario
Officers of the Order of Canada
People from Sarnia
Royal Canadian Air Force officers
Royal Military College of Canada alumni
Sandford Fleming Award recipients
Test pilots
University of Tennessee at Martin
Wired (magazine) people
Space Shuttle program

masks:
Hadfield
Hadfield
Hadfield
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Chris Hadfield
Chris Hadfield
Chris McKay
Chris Had


title: Hedvig Lindahl

texts:
<mask> (born 29 April 1983) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Spanish Primera División club Atlético Madrid. She previously played club football in Sweden for Damallsvenskan clubs including Malmö FF, Linköpings FC, Kristianstads DFF and Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC as well as Chelsea in the English FA WSL. Since making her international debut in 2002, <mask> has accrued over 177 caps for the Sweden women's national football team. On 3 August 2014, <mask> played her 100th cap for Sweden women's national football team against England. On 17 September 2015, <mask> played her 113th cap and thereby broke Elisabeth Leidinge's record to become the most capped Swedish female goalkeeper. She has kept goal for Sweden at the UEFA Women's Championship, the FIFA Women's World Cup and the Olympic Games. <mask> was the Swedish women's goalkeeper of the year in 2004, 2005, 2009, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019.She won the 2015 Diamantbollen, after being one of three nominations for Damallsvenskan's Most Valuable Player in 2014. In 2016, <mask> was one of 5 nominees for Women's PFA Players' Player of the Year and was also picked for the WSL Team of the Year. Early career
At the age of 13 <mask> decided to focus on becoming a professional football player. Previously <mask> had played both as a forward and a goalkeeper, but eventually concentrated on goalkeeping. <mask>, who was raised in Marmorbyn, was selected to play on the Sörmland team. This was a temporary team for which the best age group football players in Södermanland were selected to play. <mask>'s national team career began in 1998 when as a part of the Sörmland team she participated at an Elite Girls Camp in Halmstad.There she was selected for the Allstar Team, where

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Lindahl
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Lindahl


title: Hedvig Lindahl

texts:
 the best football players born −83 participated. Each 15-year-old footballer was measured on a five-point scale. <mask> received rarely awarded full marks; five out of five. Club career
<mask> started her club career at Gropptorps IF, outside Katrineholm in Södermanland, a boys' team. <mask> then played for Torp IF, DFK Värmbol and Tunafors SK. She moved into the Damallsvenskan with Malmö FF Dam in 2001 after being scouted by Malmö and Sweden national youth team coach Elisabeth Leidinge. During her three seasons at Malmö, <mask> faced strong competition from the national team goalkeeper at the time Caroline Jönsson.She finished the 2003 season on loan to IF Trion, then spent five seasons with Linköpings FC, joining Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC in 2009. Despite 21 shutouts in 43 matches during two seasons with Göteborg, coach Torbjörn Nilsson did not renew <mask>'s contract. Instead she moved to ambitious Kristianstads DFF in time for the 2011 season. <mask> signed for London-based FA WSL club Chelsea Ladies in December 2014. After four "clean sheets" in her first five games, Chelsea coach Emma Hayes hailed <mask> as the best goalkeeper in the WSL. At the 2015 FA Women's Cup Final, staged at Wembley Stadium for the first time, <mask> kept goal in Chelsea's 1–0 win over Notts County. It was Chelsea's first major trophy.In October 2015 she also started Chelsea's 4–0 win over Sunderland which secured the club's first FA WSL title and a League and Cup "double". In April 2019, <mask> announced she would depart Chelsea at the end of the 2018–19 campaign after four seasons with the club. On 17 July 2019, <mask> signed a one-year deal with Wolfsburg. International career
<mask> was on the U21 national team as of 1998 and subsequently progressed to the full

masks: Lindahl Lindahl Lindahl Lindahl Lindahl Lindahl Lindahl Lindahl Lindahl Lindahl Lindahl


title: Hedvig Lindahl

texts: Swedish women's national team. Despite her position as second goalkeeper at club level, <mask> gained the confidence of the then national team coach Marika Domanski-Lyfors, which led to <mask>'s 2002 debut in the senior women's national team and a silver medal in the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup. <mask> has indicated that her senior international debut came in January 2002, a 5–0 win over England in a behind closed doors match in La Manga. Proud of her debut "clean sheet", she has expressed irritation at reports which sometimes confuse that match with Sweden's 6–3 win over England at the Algarve Cup six weeks later.After moving to Linköpings and securing first team football at club level, <mask> began to compete more equally with Caroline Jönsson and Sofia Lundgren for appearances at international level. She understudied Jönsson at the 2004 Olympics. By the time of UEFA Women's Euro 2005 in England, <mask> was Sweden's first choice goalkeeper and played in all three group games, as well as the extra-time semi final defeat to rivals Norway. Incoming national team coach Thomas Dennerby retained <mask> and she featured at both the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup and 2008 Olympics in China and UEFA Women's Euro 2009 in Finland. She remained Sweden's number one goalkeeper for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup in Germany, where Sweden came third, and the 2012 London Olympics. In September 2012, <mask> suffered an anterior cruciate ligament injury while playing for Kristianstad. She was recalled to new coach Pia Sundhage's national squad in May 2013, ahead of UEFA Women's Euro 2013 in Sweden.During <mask>'s absence Kristin Hammarström had taken over the national team's goalkeeper position and remained in place as hosts Sweden lost 1–0 to Germany in the

masks: Lindahl Lindahl Lindahl Lindahl Lindahl Lindahl Lindahl Lindahl


title: Hedvig Lindahl

texts:
 semi-final. In September 2014, <mask> underwent elective double hip surgery for an impingement that she had been suffering from since late 2013. Although she had been in pain throughout the year, she played one of her best seasons. She chose the surgery as she was determined to play in the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup and did not want to risk her body failing during the tournament, if selected. Delaying the surgery would also have carried with it the risk of a double hip replacement for <mask> in the future. She was called back to the national squad for the 2015 Algarve Cup. At the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, <mask> was back as Sweden's first choice goalkeeper.In the team's 4–1 second round loss to Germany, she made several saves to prevent an even heavier defeat. In November 2015, <mask> won the Diamantbollen, the award for Sweden's female player of the year. Personal life
<mask> suffers from vitiligo and has to apply high factor sunscreen before and during matches. She married her wife Sabine in 2011. They have two children together born in 2014 and 2017. <mask>'s father was a footballer for IFK Norrköping in the 1970s. She speaks fluent English.Women players
FA Women's Super League players
Expatriate women's footballers in England
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in England
Swedish expatriate footballers
FIFA Century Club
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in football
People with vitiligo
Women's association football goalkeepers
2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players
VfL Wolfsburg (women) players
Atlético Madrid Femenino players
Primera División (women) players
Expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Footballers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2020

masks: Lindahl Lindahl Lindahl Lindahl Lindahl Lindahl


title: Gifford Pinchot

texts: <mask> (August 11, 1865October 4, 1946) was an American forester and politician. He served as the 4th Chief of the U.S. Division of Forestry, as the 1st head of the United States Forest Service, and as the 28th Governor of Pennsylvania. He was a member of the Republican Party for most of his life, though he joined the Progressive Party for a brief period. Born into the wealthy Pinchot family, <mask> embarked on a career in forestry after graduating from Yale University in 1889. President William McKinley appointed <mask> as the head of the Division of Forestry in 1898, and <mask> became the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service after it was established in 1905. <mask> enjoyed a close relationship with President Theodore Roosevelt, who shared Pinchot's views regarding the importance of conservation. After William Howard Taft succeeded Roosevelt as president, <mask> was at the center of the Pinchot–Ballinger controversy, a dispute with Secretary of the Interior Richard A. Ballinger that led to <mask>'s dismissal.The controversy contributed to the split of the Republican Party and the formation of the Progressive Party prior to the 1912 presidential election. <mask> supported Roosevelt's Progressive candidacy, but Roosevelt was defeated by Democrat Woodrow Wilson. <mask> returned to public office in 1920, becoming the head of the Pennsylvania's forestry division under Governor William Cameron Sproul. He succeeded Sproul by winning the 1922 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election. He won a second term as governor through a victory in the 1930 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, and supported many of the New Deal policies of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. After the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment,

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Gifford Pinchot
Gifford Pinchot
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Pinchot
Pinchot
Pinchot
Pinchot
Pinchot


title: Gifford Pinchot

texts:
 <mask> led the establishment of the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board, calling it "the best liquor control system in America.” He retired from public life after his defeat in the 1938 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, but remained active in the conservation movement until his death in 1946. Early life and education, 1865 through 1890

<mask> <mask> was born in Simsbury, Connecticut on August 11, 1865.He was named for Hudson River School artist Sanford Robinson <mask>. <mask> was the oldest child of James W<mask>, a successful New York City interior furnishings merchant, and Mary Eno, daughter of one of New York City's wealthiest real estate developers, Amos Eno. James and Mary were both well-connected with prominent Republican Party leaders and former Union generals, including family friend William T. Sherman, and they would frequently aid Pinchot's later political career. <mask>'s paternal grandfather had migrated from France to the United States in 1816, becoming a merchant and major landowner based in Milford, Pennsylvania. His mother's maternal grandfather, Elisha Phelps, and her uncle, John S. Phelps, both served in Congress. Pinchot had one younger brother, Amos, and one younger sister, Antoinette, who later married British diplomat Alan Johnstone. Pinchot was educated at home until 1881, when he enrolled in Phillips Exeter Academy.James made conservation a family affair and suggested that <mask> should become a forester, asking him just before he left for Yale in 1885, "How would you like to become a forester?" At Yale, Pinchot became a member of the Skull and Bones society, played on the football team under coach Walter Camp, and volunteered with the YMCA. With the encouragement of his

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. Pinchot
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title: Gifford Pinchot

texts:
 parents <mask> continued to pursue the nascent field of forestry after graduating from Yale in 1889. He traveled to Europe, where he met with leading European foresters such as Dietrich Brandis and Wilhelm Philipp Daniel Schlich, who suggested that Pinchot study the French forestry system. Brandis and Schlich had a strong influence on <mask>, who would later rely heavily upon Brandis' advice in introducing professional forest management in the U.S. Pinchot studied at the French National School of Forestry in Nancy and returned to the United States in late 1890. Early career, 1890–1910

Early roles

<mask> landed his first professional forestry position in early 1892, when he became the manager of the forests at George Washington Vanderbilt II's Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina. The following year, Pinchot met John Muir, a naturalist who founded the Sierra Club and would become <mask>'s mentor and, later, his rival.<mask> worked at Biltmore until 1895, when he opened a consulting office in New York City. In 1896, he embarked on a tour of the American West with the National Forest Commission. <mask> disagreed with the commission's final report, which advocated preventing U.S. forest reserves from being used for any commercial purpose; Pinchot instead favored the development of a professional forestry service which would preside over limited commercial activities in forest reserves. In 1897, <mask> became a special forest agent for the United States Department of the Interior. Lead forester

Head of the Division of Forestry

In 1898, <mask> became the head of the Division of Forestry, which was part of the United States Department of Agriculture. <mask> is known for reforming the management

masks: Pinchot Pinchot Pinchot Pinchot Pinchot Pinchot Pinchot Pinchot Pinchot


title: Gifford Pinchot

texts: and development of forests in the United States and for advocating the conservation of the nation's reserves by planned use and renewal. His approach set him apart from some other leading forestry experts, especially Bernhard E. Fernow and Carl A. Schenck.In contrast to <mask>'s national vision, Fernow advocated a regional approach, while Schenck favored private enterprise effort. <mask>'s main contribution was his leadership in promoting scientific forestry and emphasizing the controlled, profitable use of forests and other natural resources so they would be of maximum benefit to mankind. He coined the term conservation ethic as applied to natural resources. Under his leadership, the number of individuals employed by the Division of Forestry grew from 60 in 1898 to 500 in 1905; he also hired numerous part-time employees who worked only during the summer. The Division of Forestry did not have direct control over the national forest reserves, which were instead assigned to the U.S. Department of Interior, but Pinchot reached an arrangement with the Department of Interior and state agencies to work on reserves. In 1900, <mask> established the Society of American Foresters, an organization that helped bring credibility to the new profession of forestry, and was part of the broader professionalization movement underway in the United States at the turn of the twentieth century. Pursuant to the goal of professionalization, the <mask> family endowed a 2-year graduate-level School of Forestry at Yale University, which is now known as the Forest School at the Yale School of the Environment.It became the third school in the U.S. that trained professional foresters, after the New York State College of Forestry

masks: Pinchot Pinchot Pinchot Pinchot


title: Gifford Pinchot

texts:
 at Cornell and the Biltmore Forest School. Central to his publicity work was his creation of news for magazines and newspapers. Chief of the United States Forest Service

<mask>'s friend, Theodore Roosevelt, became president in 1901, and <mask> became part of the latter's informal "Tennis Cabinet". <mask> and Roosevelt shared the view that the federal government must act to regulate public lands and provide for the scientific management of public resources. In 1905, Roosevelt and <mask> convinced Congress to establish the United States Forest Service, an agency charged with overseeing the country's forest reserves. As the first head of the Forest Service, Pinchot implemented a decentralized structure that empowered local civil servants to make decisions about conservation and forestry. <mask>'s conservation philosophy was influenced by ethnologist William John McGee and utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham, as well as the ethos of the Progressive Era.Like many other Progressive Era reformers, <mask> emphasized that his field was important primarily for its social utility and could be best understood through scientific methods. He was generally opposed to preservation for the sake of wilderness or scenery, a fact perhaps best illustrated by the important support he offered to the damming of Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park. <mask> used the rhetoric of the market economy to disarm critics of efforts to expand the role of government: scientific management of forests and natural resources was profitable. While most of his battles were with timber companies that he thought had too narrow a time horizon, he also battled the forest preservationists like John Muir, who were deeply opposed to

masks: Pinchot Pinchot Pinchot Pinchot Pinchot Pinchot Pinchot


title: Gifford Pinchot

texts:
 commercializing nature. <mask>'s policies also aroused opposition from ranchers, who opposed regulation of livestock grazing in public lands. The Roosevelt administration's efforts to regulate public land led to blowback in Congress, which moved to combat "Pinchotism" and reassert control over the Forest Service. In 1907, Congress passed an act prohibiting the president from creating more forest reserves.With <mask>'s help, President Roosevelt responded by creating 16 million acres (65,000 km²) of new National Forests (which became known as "midnight forests") just minutes before he lost the legal power to do so. Despite congressional opposition, Roosevelt, <mask>, and Secretary of the Interior James R. Garfield continued to find ways to protect public land from private development during Roosevelt's last two years in office. <mask>–Ballinger controversy

<mask> continued to lead the Forest Service after Republican William Howard Taft succeeded Roosevelt in 1909, but did not retain the level of influence he had held under Roosevelt. After taking office, Taft replaced Secretary of the Interior James Rudolph Garfield with Richard Ballinger. When Ballinger approved of long-disputed mining claims to coal deposits in Alaska in 1909, Land Office agent Louis Glavis broke governmental protocol by going outside the Interior Department to seek help from Pinchot. Concerned about the possibility of fraud in the claim, and skeptical of Ballinger's commitment to conservation, <mask> intervened in the dispute on behalf of Glavis. In the midst of a budding controversy, Taft came down in favor of Ballinger, who was authorized to dismiss Glavis.Though Taft hoped to avoid further controversy, <mask> became determined


title: Gifford Pinchot

texts:
 to dramatize the issue by forcing his own dismissal. After <mask> publicly criticized Ballinger for several months, Taft dismissed <mask> in January 1910. Pinchot maneuvered behind the scenes to ensure the appointment of his ally, Henry S. Graves, as the new head of the Forest Service. Fire Storm of 1910 and the Descent of the Forest Service
Pinchot hand-picked William Greeley, the son of a Congregational minister, who finished at the top of that first Yale forestry graduating class of 1904, to be the Forest Service's Region 1 forester, with responsibility over 41 million acres (170,000 km2) in 22 National Forests in four western states (all of Montana, much of Idaho, Washington, and a corner of South Dakota). [3]

One year after the Great Fire of 1910, the religious Greeley succeeded in receiving a promotion to a high administration job in Washington. In 1920, he became Chief of the Forest Service. The fire of 1910 convinced him that Satan was at work, the fire converted him into a fire extinguishing partisan who elevated firefighting to the raison d'être — the overriding mission — of the Forest Service.[3] Under Greeley, the Service became the fire engine company, protecting trees so the timber industry could cut them down later at government expense. Pinchot was appalled. The timber industry successfully oriented the Forestry Service toward policies favorable to large-scale harvesting via regulatory capture, and metaphorically, the timber industry was now the fox in the chicken coop. [25] <mask> and Roosevelt had envisioned, at the least, that public timber should be sold only to small, family-run logging outfits, not to big syndicates. Pinchot had always preached of a "working forest" for

masks: Pinchot Pinchot Pinchot


title: Gifford Pinchot

texts:
 working people and small-scale logging at the edge, preservation at the core. In 1928 Bill Greeley left the Forest Service for a position in the timber industry, becoming an executive with the West Coast Lumberman's Association. [26]

When Pinchot traveled west in 1937, to view those forests with Henry S. Graves, what they saw "tore his heart out."Greeley's legacy, combining modern chain saws and government-built forest roads, had allowed industrial-scale clear-cuts to become the norm in the western national forests of Montana and Oregon. Entire mountainsides, mountain after mountain, were treeless. "So this is what saving the trees was all about." "Absolute devastation", <mask> wrote in his diary. "The Forest Service should absolutely declare against clear- cutting in Washington and Oregon as a defensive measure", <mask> wrote. [27]

Later career, 1910–1935

Progressive Party

At Roosevelt's request, <mask> met Roosevelt in Europe in 1910, where they discussed <mask>'s dismissal by Taft. Roosevelt subsequently expressed disappointment with Taft's policies and began to publicly distance himself from Taft.Along with <mask> and several other individuals, <mask> helped establish the Progressive Party, which nominated Roosevelt for president in the 1912 United States presidential election. The Pinchots represented the more ideologically left wing faction of the party, and they frequently feuded with financier George Walbridge Perkins. Though <mask> campaigned extensively for Roosevelt, Roosevelt and Taft were both defeated by Democrat Woodrow Wilson. <mask> continued to affiliate with the Progressives after the 1912 election, working to build the party in Pennsylvania. He ran as the Progressive nominee

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title: Gifford Pinchot

texts:
 in the 1914 U.S. Senate election, but was defeated by incumbent Republican Senator Boies Penrose. The Progressive Party collapsed after Roosevelt refused to run in the 1916 presidential election, and <mask> subsequently re-joined the Republican Party. He supported Republican Warren G. Harding's successful campaign in the 1920 presidential election, but, despite some speculation that he would be appointed as Secretary of Agriculture, did not receive a position in Harding's administration.Continued Conservation

After leaving office in 1910, <mask> took up leadership of the National Conservation Association (NCA), a conservationist non-governmental organization that he had helped found the previous year. The organization, which ceased operations in 1923, never attracted as many members as <mask> had initially hoped, but its efforts affected conservation-related legislation. Later in the 1920s, Pinchot worked with Senator George W. Norris to build a federal dam on the Tennessee River. Pinchot had appointed William Greeley during his tenure at the Forest Service, and Greeley became Chief of the Forest Service in 1920. Under Greeley, the forest service became a figurative fire engine company, protecting trees so the timber industry could cut them down later at government expense. <mask> had always preached of a "working forest" in which working people would engage in small-scale logging, while the forests would be preserved, and he was appalled by the large-scale logging undertaken by large syndicates. Pinchot had a more favorable view of Greeley's successor, Robert Y. Stuart, and his influence played a key role in blocking several plans to transfer of the Forest Service out of the Department of


title: Gifford Pinchot

texts:
 Agriculture.First term as Governor of Pennsylvania

Governor William Cameron Sproul appointed <mask> as chairman of the Pennsylvania Forest Commission in 1920. As chairman, <mask> coaxed a major budget increase from the legislature, decentralized the commission's administration, and replaced numerous political appointees with professional foresters. He narrowly won the three-candidate Republican primary in Pennsylvania's 1922 gubernatorial election, and went on to defeat Democrat John A. McSparran in the general election. <mask>'s victory over his Republican opponents owed much to his reputation as a staunch teetotaler during the early period of Prohibition; he was also boosted by his popularity with farmers, laborers, and women. Pinchot focused on balancing the state budget; he inherited a $32 million deficit and left office with a $6.7 million surplus. Pinchot and engineer Morris Llewellyn Cooke pursued ambitious plans to regulate Pennsylvania's electric power industry, but their proposals were defeated in the state legislature. <mask> emerged as a potential contender for the Republican nomination in the 1924 presidential election following the death of President Harding, as many progressive Republicans hoped Pinchot could unseat Harding's successor, Calvin Coolidge.<mask>'s presidential chances were badly damaged by his role in settling the 1923 United Mine Workers coal strike, as he received the blame for a subsequent increase in coal prices, and Coolidge ultimately won the 1924 presidential election. Constitutionally barred from seeking a second term, <mask> ran in the 1926 Senate election in Pennsylvania. Facing strong opposition from anti-Prohibition "wets" and the conservative wing of the

masks: Pinchot Pinchot Pinchot Pinchot Pinchot Pinchot


title: Gifford Pinchot

texts:
 Republican Party, <mask> was defeated by Congressman William Scott Vare in the Republican primary. Vare went on to defeat former Labor Secretary William Wilson in the general election, but in his capacity as governor <mask> refused to certify the results of the election, claiming that Vare had illegally bought votes. The Senate refused to seat Vare and the seat would not be filled until the appointment of Joseph R. Grundy in 1929. Second term as governor of Pennsylvania

With the backing of Senator Grundy, <mask> launched a bid for the Republican nomination in the 1930 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election. Relying once again on support from women and rural voters, <mask> defeated Francis Shunk Brown, the candidate of Vare's Philadelphia machine, and Thomas Phillips, a former congressman who was enthusiastically supported by the state's wet forces.Despite some defections by some  Republicans, <mask> went on to narrowly defeat Democrat John Hemphill in the general election. Taking office in the midst of the Great Depression, <mask> would face persistently high unemployment levels and sharply declining revenues during his second term. Pinchot prioritized fiscal conservatism and avoided major budget increases, but he also sought ways to help the impoverished and unemployed. He presided over the passage of a bill to provide state money for indigent care and initiated various infrastructure projects. He cooperated with President Franklin Roosevelt, despite Roosevelt's being a Democrat and Prohibition opponent. Under Governor <mask>'s leadership, Pennsylvania welcomed the Civilian Conservation Corps, which established 113 camps to work on public lands in Pennsylvania (second only to California). Working