title: Sol Metzger

texts:
 considered one of the youngest and smallest teams in the country, averaging 169 pounds and 20 years of age. Even with the injuries and suspensions, Metzger and the Red and Black finished the season with an 8–2 record, the only losses coming mid season in back-to-back games against Yale and Pittsburgh. Metzger and the Red and Black went 7–3 in 1917 losing to West Virginia, Pittsburgh, and Notre Dame by a total of 13 points. The team was led by two future college football hall of fame members Wilbur "Pete" Henry, who was named All-American that year and Edgar Garbisch.After the 1917 season, several players enlisted in the military to serve in World War I. There were rumors that the administration was not happy with <mask>'s performance, but would allow him to coach the 1918 season. After the season, <mask> tried to enlist in for service in World War I. He was twice refused because of a leg injury he suffered during his tenure as West Virgian head football coach. After those rejections he took a position as an athletic director in the YMCA at Camp Dix where he organized athletic events for the military personnel. Union
In 1919, <mask> was named Director of Physical Activities at Union College in Schenectady, New York. In this position he was in charge of coaching the football team as well as developing basketball, baseball and track teams.In developing the athletic program after World War I, <mask>'s last coaching stop was at the University of South Carolina, where he went 31–20–2. Sports author and journalist
Even while coaching, Metzger's chief occupation was writing for magazine and newspapers. He focused mainly on sports and outdoor subjects including fishing and hunting. Many times he would illustrate his articles with his own drawings. He contributed articles to such magazines as Outing, Collier's Weekly, and The Saturday Evening Post. He wrote a

masks: Metzger Metzger Metzger Metzger


title: Sol Metzger

type: original

texts:
 syndicated column called "Touchdown Secrets" that was published by newspapers throughout the country.In addition he started a syndicate to provide newspapers articles written by himself as well as other journalists. World War I
At the beginning of the War many colleges and universities were questioning the value of athletic programs on campus. Metzger wrote a series articles that supported the continuation of athletics at colleges and universities. He argued athletes were more likely to enlist than the general student body. He also indicated that athletic programs help train students for the War effort. He wrote The New York Times that he regarded participating in athletics as a patriotic duty. Books
 1929 Putting Analyzed
 1931 How To Play Golf co-authored by Grantland Rice and Innis Brown ()
 1931 How To Watch Football

Family and later life
<mask> married Miss Mae Oakley of New York City and the couple had three children: John, Robert.and Joy. After retiring from coaching, Metzger moved to Atlantic City, New Jersey, where he resided the rest of his life. A resident of Ventnor City, New Jersey, he died there on January 18, 1932,  of erysipelas developed after surgery. Head coaching record

Football

References

External links

1880 births
1932 deaths
American football ends
American football quarterbacks
American sportswriters
Baylor Bears football coaches
Oregon State Beavers football coaches
Penn Quakers football coaches
Penn Quakers football players
South Carolina Gamecocks athletic directors
South Carolina Gamecocks football coaches
South Carolina Gamecocks men's basketball coaches
Union Dutchmen football coaches
Washington & Jefferson Presidents football coaches
West Virginia Mountaineers football coaches
Sportspeople from Atlantic City, New Jersey
People from Bedford, Pennsylvania
People from Ventnor City, New Jersey
Players of American football


title: Hans-Heinz Bollmann

texts:
Hans-<mask> (1 December 1889 – 9 July 1974) was a German operatic and operetta singer tenor. Life and career
Born in Hamburg, Hans-<mask> came from an old-established Hamburg merchant family. He actually wanted to become a dentist, but then studied singing in Hamburg and with Enrico Rosario in Milan. His artistic career began in 1912 at the municipal Theatre of Bochum. From 1913 to 1915 <mask> was engaged at the municipal Theatre of Wilhelmshaven. Afterwards he was drafted to the military service. After the end of the war he went to the municipal Theatre of Nuremberg.From 1921 to 1925 he belonged to the ensemble of the Hamburg opera house. In the 1925-1926 season he gave guest performances at the Staatsoper Unter den Linden. There he sang among others José in Carmen, Max in Der Freischütz, Rodolfo in La Bohème, Baron Lummer in Intermezzo by Richard Strauss, Pinkerton in Madama Butterfly, Hans in Smetana's The Bartered Bride and Count Almaviva in Il barbiere di Siviglia. At the end of the 1920s Bollmann turned increasingly to the operetta and sang at all large German-speaking operetta stages, among other things from 1927 to 1928 at the Theater des Westens, 1930 to 1931 at the Theater im Admiralspalast, 1935 to 1936 at the Berlin Neues Schauspielhaus (here in 1935 in the world premiere of Ball der Nationen

masks:
Heinz Bollmann
Heinz Bollmann
Bollmann


title: Hans-Heinz Bollmann

texts: (operetta) by Fred Raymond) and 1937 to 1938 at the Theater des Volkes (Berlin). From 1928 to 1932 he was at the Theater an der Wien, at which he took part in the premiere of Franz Lehár's operetta  in 1931, and at the  in the latter city. Furthermore, he gave a guest performance at the Raimund Theater in Vienna in 1938. The artist was a favourite singer of Franz Lehár.He sang with great success Danilo in The Merry Widow, the title hero in Paganini, Goethe in  and Armand in The Count of Luxembourg. In Berlin he sang in 1928 with Vera Schwarz as partner in La Barberina by Ascher. He also appeared more often as a guest at the Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz in Munich. <mask> also performed in Paris, London and the USA. In addition, he was an extremely successful film actor and singer in the 1930s (Die Lindenwirtin, (1930) with Käthe Dorsch, Der Bettelstudent, with Jarmila Novotná, Frasquita', with Heinz Rühmann and Le Postillon de Lonjumeau, with Leo Slezak). In 1951 he played in the film The Dubarry, with Sári Barabás, and two years later he appeared on stage for the last time in the opening performance of the new Hamburg Operettenhaus in Lehár's Lustiger Witwe. Bollmann sang gramophone records at Electrola/HMV,  and the Lindström brands Gloria, Odeon Records and Parlophone.He sang, in duet with the baritone


title: Hans-Heinz Bollmann

texts:
 Manfred Lewandowski, 1923-1928 cantor at the Friedenstempel in Berlin-Halensee and 1928-1938 chief cantor at the synagogue Lindenstraße in Berlin-Kreuzberg, the duet Der Tempel Brahmas strahlt from Bizet's opera Les pêcheurs de perles<ref>Homocord 4-8907 (mx. T.M. 52483-1) Les Pêcheurs de Perles (Bizet), duet The temple of Brahma shines: Hans Heinz <mask>, tenor and Manfred Lewandowsky, baritone with orchestra accompaniment, to be heard on, youtube.</ref>
but also, accompanied by the NS Reich Orchestra and Choir, the patriotic song  Mein Deutschland, du sollst du leben, du darf nicht untergeh'n. Recordings
 Electrola E.G. 389 / 8-42020 (mx. BW 270-III) Mattinata (Ruggiero Leoncavallo, lyrics by M. Reichardt) Hans Heinz <mask>, tenor performance with orchestra accompaniment. Berlin 1926.Electrola E.G. 390 / 8-42022 (mx. BW 610-I) Postillion-Liedfrom Le postillon de Lonjumeau (Adolphe Adam) Hans Heinz <mask>, tenor and Manfred Lewandowsky, Baritone with orchestra accompaniment, on youtube</ref>,. Gloria G.O. 10 354 (mx. Bi 783) Madame, Madame, sie sind mir nicht einerlei. Lied nach einem Motiv von [Ethelbert] Nevin (lyrics and music Billy Golwyn, N. Intrator u. Dr. Jos.Freudenthal)
 Gloria G.O. 10 556 (mx. H-62578-2) L’Africaine (G. Meyerbeer), Arie des Vasco: Land so wunderbar. Hans Heinz <mask> with

masks: Bollmann Bollmann Bollmann Bollmann


title: Hans-Heinz Bollmann

texts: theBerlin Symphony Orchestra. Conductor: Fritz Zweig. Homocord 4-3151 (mx. C 1356 D) „Mutterl-Lied“ from the operetta Die Schützenliesel (Edmund Eysler – Leo Stein and Karl Lindau) Hans Heinz <mask>, tenor, with Vienna Salon Chapel Franz Hausberger.Homocord 4-3732-I (mx. H-62 839) Du blonde Lindenwirtin vom Rhein. Foxtrot at the sound film Die Lindenwirtin (M. Krausz – B. Hardt-Warden) Hans Heinz <mask>, tenor und Manfred Lewandowsky, baritone with Orchestra accompaniement, (1937) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtBJyob4bIs youtube]</ref>, ca. March/April 1930. Homocord 4-3732-II (mx. H-62 840) Zu jeder Liebe gehört ein Gläschen Wein. Foxtrot aus dem Tonfilm Die Lindenwirtin (M. Krausz – B. Hardt-Warden) Hans Heinz <mask>, tenor with Orchestral Accompaniment.ca. March/April 1930. Homocord H-3953 (mx. H-83 277-2) Schön ist die Welt. Waltz song from the operetta of the same name (F. Lehár, Dr. F. Löhner) / (H-83 276-4) Liebste, glaub' an mich, denn ich liebe dich: Lied aus der Operette Schön ist die Welt (F. Lehár, Dr. F. Löhner) Hans Heinz <mask>, tenor with orchestra accompaniment. Odeon Rxx 80218 (mx. xxB 7065) O wie so trügerisch from Rigoletto (Verdi) Hans Heinz Bollmann tenor with orchestra accompaniment.Odeon Rxx 80460 (mx. xxB 7437) Wir sind allein nun (Die Hände in schweren Ketten). 2 acts duett


title: Hans-Heinz Bollmann

texts:
 (Azucena – Manrico) from Il trovatore 1. Teil (Verdi) / (mx. xxB 7438-II) dto., 2 parts. Chamber singer Sabine Kalter, lto. Hans Heinz <mask>, tenor.With orchestra accompaniment. Odeon O-25465 (mx. Be 11065) Du warst mir ein schöner Traum – Lied aus der Revue-Operette Ball der Nationen (music: Fred Raymond, lyrics: Günther Schwenn) hamber singer Hans Heinz <mask>, tenor, With orchestra accompaniment. Conducting: Kapellmeister Schmidt-Boelcke of the Metropol-Theater, Berlin. Parlophon B.49248 (mx. Bi 1812) Du bist meine Sonne. Song from the musical comedy Giuditta (music: Franz Lehar – lyrics: Paul Knepler and Fritz Löhner), Chamber singer Hans Heinz <mask> with orchestra.Conductor: Kapellmeister Otto Dobrindt. Filmography
 1930 Die Lindenwirtin
 1930 The Beggar Student
 1932 Friederike on IMDb
 1934 Frasquita
 1936 Le postillon de Lonjumeau
 1951 Die Dubarry

External links

 Hans Heinz <mask> on Film Portal
 Bollmann, Friedel on BMLO
 Klaus Ulrich Spiegel: Medienstar der „Silbernen Ära“ – Der populäre Tenor Hans Heinz Bollmann auf ku-spiegel.de
 http://grammophon-platten.de/e107_plugins/forum/forum_viewtopic.php?21200, with many pictures
 http://www.cyranos.ch/smboll-d.htm

References

German male film actors
German operatic tenors
1889 births
1974 deaths
Musicians from Hamburg
20th-century German


title: Cindy Kolodziejski

texts:
<mask> (born 1962 in Augsburg, Germany) is a contemporary ceramic artist living and working in Venice, California. She has been showing her work in solo and group exhibitions since 1986 in the United States, Europe, and Asia, and is represented in public and private collections domestically and abroad. Work
The bodies of Kolodziejski's vessels range from traditional forms such as teapots, urns, and tureens to adaptations of laboratory items such as beakers and separatory funnels. Some pieces are suspended from external frames; others are freestanding. She combines ornamentation from multiple sources, using slip-cast pieces molded from various objects and drawing from a wide variety of periods, styles, and uses. As Kolodziejski says:

I like to defy conventions about what goes with what. A vessel that ends up looking as though it sprang whole from the Victorian, the baroque, or the classical period will actually be a composite of forms as contemporary as a Windex bottle, as old-fashioned as a part from a 1930s lamp, as recognizable as watch gears.Yet the entire cast-and-assembled object will give the impression of going back at least a hundred years. <mask>'s ceramic vessels have smooth surfaces onto which she has painted figurative imagery. The content of this painting often features ironic formal, visual, and literal interplay, and frequently hinges on the use of suggestive puns. As Kolodziejski has said, "What I paint on one side

masks:
Cindy Kolodziejski
Kolodziejski


title: Cindy Kolodziejski

texts:
 metaphors hit viewers of both sexes below the belt. Sometimes a cucumber is just a cucumber and a pearl necklace is not slang for a blowjob, but Kolodziejski's promiscuous pitcher suggests otherwise. In another series, Kolodziejski has focused on biological and scientific imagery, painting skeletal structures, preserved animals, and various cellular groupings, for example.These images are often painted on ceramic forms in the shape of laboratory vessels such as separatory funnels suspended from metal clamps. <mask>'s most recent collection of sculpture is titled Reversal of Fountain. In recent years, Kolodziejski has won awards from the Virginia A. Groot Foundation, the J. Paul Getty Trust, the Durfee Foundation, and the City of Los Angeles. She received a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1986 from Otis Art Institute, where she studied with ceramist Ralph Bacerra. In 1999 she completed a Masters of Fine Arts at CSU Long Beach, having studied there with ceramist Tony Marsh. Notes

References

<mask>, <mask>. "Vessel as Canvas", Ceramics Monthly, September 1995, pp.55–59. Luecking, Stephen. Statement in <mask>ski, exhibition catalog published by Garth Clark Gallery, New York, New York in association with Frank Lloyd Gallery, Santa Monica, CA, 1999
Luecking, Stephen. "<mask>ski, Narrative Artist", Ceramics: Art and Perception, No. 40, 2000. pp. 84–88
Lauria, Jo. "Pluperfect: The Painted Narrative Vessels of <mask>ski", Ceramics: Art

masks:
Kolodziejski
Kolodziejski
Cindy
Cindy Kolodziej
Cindy Kolodziej
Cindy Kolodziej


title: Cindy Kolodziejski

texts:
 and Perception, No.19, 1995. pp. 56–60. Pagel, David. Review of <mask>ski exhibition at Frank Lloyd Gallery, Santa Monica, CA. Art Issues, September/October 1999, p. 53. Further reading

Book and catalogues
Clark, Garth. The Book of Cups, Abbeville Press, New York, 1990.__. The Eccentric Teapot, Abbeville Press, New York, 1989. __. The Artful Teapot. London: Thames & Hudson, 2001
Douglas, Mary F., ed. Allan Chasanoff Ceramic Collection, Charlotte, North Carolina: Mint Museum of Craft + Design, 2000. Everson Museum, Fiction, Function, Figuration: The 29th Ceramic National, Midstate Printing Corp. New York, 1993.Lauria, Jo. Color and Fire – Defining Moments in Studio Ceramics, 1950–2000. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, 2000. Luecking, Stephen. <mask>ski, Frank Lloyd Gallery, 1999. Pepich, Bruce and Jody Clowes. The Nude in Clay.Chicago: Perimeter Gallery, 1995. Peters, Lynn. Surface Decoration for Low-Fire Ceramics. Asheville, North Carolina: Lark Books, Asheville, 1999. Piche, Thomas, Jr. Everson Ceramic National 2000. Syracuse, New York: Everson Museum of Art, 2000. Scott, Paul.Painted Clay – Graphic Arts and the Ceramic Surface. London: A & C Black, 2001. Periodicals

Adkins, Gretchen, "The Tulip Vase," Ceramics: Art and Perception 1996, Issue 26. Clowes, Judy. "Foot, Belly, Shoulder, Lip," American Craft, June/July 1996. Duncan, Michael. "<mask>ski at Frank Lloyd," Art in America, February, 2000 p 137.Frank,

masks:
Cindy Kolodziej
Cindy Kolodziej
Cindy Kolodziej


title: Cindy Kolodziejski

texts:
 Peter. "Pick of the Week", LA Weekly, March 1–7, 2002. ___. "Pick of the Week" LA Weekly, March 18–24, 2005, p 	142. <mask>, <mask>. "Vessel as Canvas," Ceramics Monthly, Volume 43, 1995, pp. 55–59.Glueck, Grace. "Corporal Identity- Body Language". New York Times, December 19, 2003. Lauria, Jo. "Pluperfect – The Painted Narrative Vessels of <mask>ski," Ceramics Art and Perception, Issue 19/1995, pp. 56–60. Levin, Elaine."Exhibitions," American Ceramics 11/2 1994, p. 55. Luecking, Stephen. "Stories Seldom Told," American Ceramics 10/1, 1992, pp. 40, 42 (illus.) p. 45. ___. "<mask>ski Narrative Artist," Ceramics: Art and Perception, No.40, 2000. Roher, Trish Deitch. "<mask>ski: Tempestuous Teapots," Angeles, April 1990, pp. 54–57. Pagel, David. "<mask>ski at Frank Lloyd", Art Issues, September–October 1999, p. 53. ___."<mask>ski", Los Angeles Times, Section F, February 27, 1998. ___. "Computer Tools Added to the Artist's Palette", Los Angeles Times, Section F, February 15, 2002. Wilson, William. "Review," Los Angeles Times, Section F, September 9, 1997
"Portfolio: <mask>ski / Venice, CA," American Craft, Vol. 55, No. 1 1995, p. 57

External links
Garth Clark Gallery: artist's page on website for gallery in New York
<mask>ski page at Ryman Digital Gallery, faculty page on website of scholarship-based drawing program at USC
Short article in Feb 2000 Art in America by critic Michael Duncan

1962 births
Living people
Sculptors from

masks:
Kolodziejski
Cindy
Cindy Kolodziej
Cindy Kolodziej
Cindy Kolodziej
Cindy Kolodziej
Cindy Kolodziej
Cindy Kolodziej
Cindy Kolodziej


title: Doc Edgerton

texts:
Harold Eugene "<mask><mask> (April 6, 1903 – January 4, 1990), also known as Papa Flash, was an American scientist and researcher, a professor of electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is largely credited with transforming the stroboscope from an obscure laboratory instrument into a common device. He also was deeply involved with the development of sonar and deep-sea photography, and his equipment was used by Jacques Cousteau in searches for shipwrecks and even the Loch Ness Monster. Biography

Early years
<mask> was born in Fremont, Nebraska, on April 6, 1903, the son of Mary Nettie Coe and <mask>, a descendant of <mask>, the son of <mask>, one of the founders of Norwich, Connecticut and Alice Ripley, a great-granddaughter of Governor William Bradford (1590–1657) of the Plymouth Colony and a passenger on the Mayflower. His father was a lawyer, journalist, author and orator and served as the assistant attorney general of Nebraska from 1911 to 1915. <mask> grew up in Aurora, Nebraska. He also spent some of his childhood years in Washington, D.C., and Lincoln, Nebraska.Education

In 1925 <mask> received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln where he became a member of Acacia fraternity. He earned an SM in electrical engineering from MIT in 1927. <mask> used stroboscopes to study synchronous motors for his Sc.D. thesis in electrical engineering at MIT, awarded in 1931. He credited Charles Stark Draper with inspiring him to photograph everyday objects using electronic flash; the first was a stream of water from a faucet. In 1936 <mask> visited hummingbird expert May Rogers Webster. He was able to illustrate with her help that it was possible to take photographs of the birds beating their

masks:
Doc
" Edgerton
Edgerton
Frank Eugene Edgerton
Samuel Edgerton
Richard Edgerton
Edgerton
Edgerton
Edgerton
Edgerton


title: Doc Edgerton

texts:
 wings 60 times a second using an exposure of one hundred thousandth of a second.A picture of her with the birds flying around her appeared in National Geographic. Career

In 1937 <mask> began a lifelong association with photographer Gjon Mili, who used stroboscopic equipment, in particular, multiple studio electronic flash units, to produce strikingly beautiful photographs, many of which appeared in Life Magazine. When taking multiflash photographs this strobe light equipment could flash up to 120 times a second. <mask> was a pioneer in using short duration electronic flash in photographing fast events photography, subsequently using the technique to capture images of balloons at different stages of their bursting, a bullet during its impact with an apple, or using multiflash to track the motion of a devil stick, for example. He was awarded a bronze medal by the Royal Photographic Society in 1934, the Howard N. Potts Medal from the Franklin Institute in 1941, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1966, the David Richardson Medal by the Optical Society of America in 1968, the Albert A. Michelson Medal from the same Franklin Institute in 1969, and the National Medal of Science in 1973. <mask> partnered with Kenneth J. Germeshausen to do consulting for industrial clients. Later Herbert Grier joined them.The company name "Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier" was changed to EG&G in 1947. EG&G became a prime contractor for the Atomic Energy Commission and had a major role in photographing and recording nuclear tests for the US through the fifties and sixties. For this role <mask> and Charles Wykoff and others at EG&G developed and manufactured the Rapatronic camera. His work was instrumental in the development of side-scan sonar technology,

masks: Edgerton Edgerton Edgerton Edgerton


title: Doc Edgerton

texts: used to scan the sea floor for wrecks. <mask> worked with undersea explorer Jacques Cousteau, by first providing him with custom-designed underwater photographic equipment featuring electronic flash, and then by developing sonar techniques used to discover the Britannic. <mask> participated in the discovery of the American Civil War battleship USS Monitor. While working with Cousteau, he acquired the nickname in photographic circles: "Papa Flash".In 1974 <mask> worked with Paul Kronfield in Greece on a sonar search for the lost city of Helike, believed to be the basis for the legend of Atlantis. <mask> co-founded EG&G, Inc., which manufactured advanced electronic equipment including side-scan sonars, subbottom profiling equipment. EG&G also invented and manufactured the Krytron, the detonation device for the hydrogen bomb, and an EG&G division supervised many of America's nuclear tests. In addition to having the scientific and engineering acumen to perfect strobe lighting commercially, <mask> is equally recognized for his visual aesthetic: many of the striking images he created in illuminating phenomena that occurred too fast for the naked eye adorn art museums worldwide. In 1940, his high speed stroboscopic short film Quicker'n a Wink won an Oscar. <mask> was appointed a professor of electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1934. In 1956, <mask> was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.He was especially loved by MIT students for his willingness to teach and his kindness: "The trick to education", he said, "is to teach people in such a way that they don't realize they're learning until it's too late". His last undergraduate class, taught during fall semester 1977, was a freshman seminar titled "Bird

masks:
Edgerton
Edgerton
Doc Edgerton
Edgerton
Edgerton
Edgerton
Edgerton


title: Doc Edgerton

texts:
 and Insect Photography". One of the graduate student dormitories at MIT carries his name. In 1962, Edgerton appeared on I've Got a Secret, where he demonstrated strobe flash photography by shooting a bullet into a playing card and photographing the result. <mask>'s work was featured in an October 1987 National Geographic Magazine article entitled "<mask>: the man who made time stand still". Family
After graduating from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, <mask> married Esther May Garrett in 1928. She was born in Aurora, Nebraska on September 8, 1903 and died on March 9, 2002 in Charlestown, South Carolina.She received a bachelor's degree in mathematics, music and education from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. A skilled pianist and singer, she attended the New England Conservatory of Music and taught in public schools in Aurora, Nebraska and Boston. During their marriage they had three children: Mary Louise (April 21, 1931), William Eugene (8/9/1933), Robert Frank (5/10/1935). His sister, Mary Ellen <mask>, was the wife of L. Welch Pogue (1899–2003) a pioneering aviation attorney and Chairman of the old Civil Aeronautics Board. David Pogue, a technology writer, journalist and commentator, is his great nephew. <mask> remained active throughout his later years, and was seen on the MIT campus many times after his official retirement. He died suddenly on January 4, 1990 at the MIT Faculty Club at the age of 86, and is buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Legacy
On July 3, 1990, in an effort to memorialize Edgerton's accomplishments, several community members in Aurora, Nebraska decided to construct a "Hands-On" science center. It was designated as a "teaching museum," that would preserve <mask>'s work and artifacts, as well as feature the

masks:
Edgerton
Doc Edgerton
Edgerton
Edgerton
Death Edgerton
Doc


title: Doc Edgerton

texts:
 "Explorit Zone" where people of all ages could participate in hands-on exhibits and interact with live science demonstrations. After five years of private and community-wide fund-raising, as well as individual investments by <mask>'s surviving family members, the Edgerton Explorit Center was officially dedicated on September 9, 1995 in Aurora. At MIT, the Edgerton Center, founded in 1992, is a hands-on laboratory resource for undergraduate and graduate students, and also conducts educational outreach programs for high school students and teachers. Works
Flash! Seeing the Unseen by Ultra High-Speed Photography (1939, with James R. Killian Jr.). Boston: Hale, Cushman & Flint.Electronic Flash, Strobe (1970). New York: McGraw-Hill. Moments of Vision (1979, with Mr. Killian). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT. Sonar Images (1986, with Mr. Killian). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Stopping Time, a collection of his photographs, (1987).New York: H.N. Abrams. Photographs
Some of <mask>'s noted photographs are :
Milk Drop Coronet (1935)
Hummingbirds (1936)
Football Kick (1938)
 Gussie Moran's Tennis Swing (1949)
Diver (1955)
Cranberry Juice into Milk (1960)
Moscow Circus (1963)
Bullet Through Banana (1964)
.30 Bullet Piercing an Apple (1964)
Cutting the Card Quickly (1964)
Pigeon Release (1965)
Bullet Through Candle Flame (1973) (with Kim Vandiver)

Exhibitions
Flashes of Inspiration: The Work of <mask>, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2009. Seeing the Unseen: The High Speed Photography of Dr. <mask>lfini, Bristol. Curated by John Myers and Geoffrey Holt. Seeing the Unseen: Photographs and films by Harold E<mask>, The Pallasades Shopping Centre, Birmingham. A repeat organised by Ikon Gallery of the previous

masks:
Doc
Edgerton
Harold Edgerton
Harold Edgertonrno
. Edgerton


title: Doc Edgerton

texts:
 exhibition.Collections
<mask>'s work is held in the following public collection:
Museum of Modern Art, New York City: 29 prints (as of July 2018)
International Photography Hall of Fame, St.Louis, MO

See also

Air-gap flash

References

Further reading
 Bruce, Roger R. (editor); Collins, Douglas, et al., Seeing the unseen : Dr. Harold E<mask> and the wonders of Strobe Alley, Rochester, N.Y. : Pub. Trust of George Eastman House ; Cambridge, Massachusetts : Distributed by MIT Press, 1994. PBS Nova series: "Edgerton and His Incredible Seeing Machines". NOVA explores the fascinating world of Dr. <mask>, electronics wizard and inventor extraordinaire, whose invention of the electronic strobe, a "magic lamp," has enabled the human eye to see the unseen." Original broadcast date: 01/15/85

External links

The Edgerton Digital Collections website by the MIT Museum with thousands of photographs and scanned notebooks. The Edgerton Center at MIT
"Pre-World War II Photos" – Early photographs from Edgerton's laboratory, including water from the tap, MIT Collections
Biographical timeline

The Edgerton Explorit Center in Aurora, NE
The SPIE Harold E. <mask> Award
Guide to the Papers of Harold E. <mask>, MIT Institute Archives and Special Collections

National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

1903 births
1990 deaths
Pioneers of photography
People from Aurora, Nebraska
People from Fremont, Nebraska
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
MIT School of Engineering faculty
MIT School of Engineering alumni
National Medal of Science laureates
National Medal of Technology recipients
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
Howard N. Potts Medal recipients
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American photographers
Engineers

masks:
Edgerton
. Edgerton
Harold Edgerton
Edgerton
Edgerton


title: William A. Chanler

texts:
<mask> "Willie<mask> (June 11, 1867 – March 4, 1934) was an American soldier, explorer, and politician who served as U.S. Representative from New York. He was a son of <mask>. After spending several years exploring East Africa, he embarked on a brief political career. Chanler regarded it as an American obligation to be on the side of the people who fought for their independence, and during his life he participated in rebellions and independence struggles in Cuba, Libya, and Somalia. He provided support for insurgents in Venezuela, Turkey, and China. He maintained an active lifestyle even after losing his right leg in 1915. Late in life, he became a novelist and an outspoken antisemite.Family and early life
Born in Newport, Rhode Island, Chanler was third son of John Winthrop <mask> (1826–1877) of the Dudley–Winthrop family and <mask> Ward (1838–1875) of the <mask> family. Through his father, he was a great-great-great-grandson of Peter Stuyvesant and a great-great-great-great-grandson of Wait Winthrop and Joseph Dudley. Through his mother, he was a grandnephew of Julia Ward Howe (1819–1910), John Jacob <mask> III (1822–1890), and <mask> <mask>, Jr. (1829–1892). Chanler had ten brothers and sisters, including the politician Lewis Stuyvesant <mask> and the artist Robert Winthrop <mask>. His younger sister Margaret Livingston <mask> served as a nurse with the American Red Cross during the Spanish–American War. <mask>'s older brother Winthrop <mask> <mask> served in the Rough Riders in Cuba and was wounded at the Battle of Tayacoba. His eldest brother <mask> "<mask><mask> married novelist <mask> Louise Rives.His older sister <mask> Winthrop <mask> married author John Jay Chapman. <mask> and his siblings became orphans after the death of their mother in December 1875 and their father in October 1877, both to pneumonia. The children were raised at their parents' Rokeby Estate in Barrytown, New York. John Winthrop <mask>'s will provided $20,000

masks:
William Astor
" Chanler
John Winthrop Chanler
Chanler
Margaret Astor
Astor
Astor
William Backhouse
Astor
Chanler
Chanler
Chanler
William
Astor
Chanler
John Armstrong
Archie
" Chanler
Amélie
Elizabeth Astor
Chanler
Chanler
Chanler


title: William A. Chanler

texts:
 a year for each child for life (equivalent to $470,563 in 2018 dollars), enough to live comfortably by the standards of the time. Education
<mask> attended St. John's Military Academy in Ossining, New York, then Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire, and Harvard University, which he left on his twenty-first birthday in 1888, after he completed his sophomore year. While a student there he was elected to the Porcellian Club. Harvard later awarded him an honorary master's degree in 1895.Marriage and children

<mask> enjoyed theater, and in 1902 he saw actress <mask> in a production of A Country Girl starring C. Hayden Coffin at <mask> Daly's theater in London. <mask> was already well known after appearing in John Philip Sousa's operetta El Capitan (1896) starring DeWolf Hopper, as well as The Geisha (1896), The Circus Girl (1897), A Greek Slave (1899) and San Toy (1900 and 1902). <mask> was anxious to quit her stage career due to damage to her eyesight resulting from prolonged exposure to theatrical arc lights. After a brief courtship, she married <mask> on December 4, 1903 at St. George's Episcopal Church in Manhattan. They had two sons:

 <mask> <mask>, Jr. (1904–2002), published historian
 <mask> <mask> (1907–1994), public relations executive who in 1934 married Princess <mask> of Braganza, daughter of the Duke of Braganza and Princess Maria Theresa of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. He and Beatrice separated on good terms in 1909. <mask> became an author and a sculptor, studying under George Gray Barnard.She was president of two relief organizations, the Friends of Greece and the Committee of Mercy, and also managed the French Heroes Lafayette Memorial Fund. For her philanthropic work she was decorated as a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour and was awarded (posthumously) the Greek Order of the Phoenix. African explorations

Visit to Kilimanjaro, 1889–1890

A Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society of London, of the Imperial

masks:
Chanler
Chanler
Beatrice Ashley
Augustin
Ashley
Ashley
Chanler
William Astor
Chanler
Sidney Ashley
Chanler
Maria Antonia
Beatrice Ashley


title: William A. Chanler

texts:
 and Royal Geographical Society of Austria, and of the American Geographical Society of New York, <mask> first visited Africa in 1889–1890 in the company of his friends George Galvin (then only 15 years old)  and Royal Phelps Carroll. They traveled to Zanzibar and then to the coast of Kenya, going overland to Tsavo and then through lands inhabited by the Taveta people, where they encountered ornithologist <mask> <mask> and geologist Hans Meyer. They continued into Maasai territory to spend ten months near Mount Kilimanjaro. Chanler took with him a state-of-the-art Kodak camera designed to take four thousand photos without reloading, but upon his return it was discovered that the camera had not been properly loaded with film. After returning to the US, Chanler visited Wyoming in 1890 and became friends with Butch Cassidy, who escorted him to the Hole-in-the-Wall bandit hideout.Journey with Von Höhnel, 1892–1894
Between 1892 and 1894 he explored the territory in the vicinity of Mount Kenya with George Galvin and Ludwig von Höhnel, a lieutenant in the Austro-Hungarian Navy. Departing from Mkunumbi on September 18, 1892 they proceeded inland from the coast, mapping the Guasso Nyiro River, the Lorian Swamp, the Tana River, Lake Rudolph and then Lake Stefanie. They were the first westerners  to come into contact with the Bantu Tigania and Igembe Meru in this region (Carl Peters had passed to the south in 1889). On January 30, 1893 they were attacked by some 200 warriors of the Wamsara (a subgroup of the Meru), who retreated after killing three porters. In early February the expedition was stranded in what is now the Meru North District of Kenya because of the death of all of its 165 pack animals (probably due to trypanosomiasis) and the desertion of many of the 160 porters. On August 24, 1893 von Höhnel was gored by a rhinoceros in the groin and lower abdomen and was forced to return to Austria. <mask> himself came close to death from malaria

masks:
Chanler
William Louis
Abbott
Chanler


title: William A. Chanler

texts:
 before he finally succeeded in reaching Mombasa in February 1894.Out of about five hundred photos taken during the journey, 155 photographs taken by von Höhnel have survived. As part of the scientific contribution of the journey, Chanler collected numerous specimens of plants, animals and insects, including several new species of butterflies (Charaxes chanleri, Planema chanleri, Ypthima chanleri, and Cypholoba chanleri) and a small crocodile. Many of the African animals in the American Museum of Natural History were donated by him after being collected on this expedition. <mask>'s Falls on the Ewaso Ng'iro River and Chanler's Mountain Reedbuck (Redunca fulvorufula chanleri) were named for him. In the course of his African explorations Chanler became fluent in the Swahili language. In 1896, Chanler also published the first ethnographic description of the Cushitic Rendille, a community he would describe as "the most original and interesting of all the strange and different peoples met in East Africa". Although von Höhnel and Chanler remained lifelong friends, von Höhnel considered Chanler to be reckless:

It did not take me long to find out what an enterprising, high-spirited American Mr. <mask> was, and I realized that on this expedition I would have to be the mother of wisdom.Later on it was indeed a sight to watch my young traveling companion running risks that were not always commensurate with the object to be achieved. He often needed to be cautioned. Political and military career
<mask> was a delegate to the Democratic State Convention at Saratoga Springs, New York, in 1896 and in 1897; and was a member of the New York State Assembly (New York County, 5th Assembly District) in 1898. He worked enthusiastically to pass bills concerning the Sunday closing law for New York City saloons and amending the code regulating prize fights. A fervent supporter of the Cuban struggle for independence, <mask> wrote to his friend von Höhnel in early

masks: Chanler Chanler Chanler Chanler


title: William A. Chanler

texts:
 1898:

I sympathize with the Cubans in their gallant efforts on behalf of liberty and I, being an American, feel it necessary to do what I can to separate entirely this continent from Europe." In February 1898 he took a leave of absence in order to accompany a shipment of weapons and ammunition to the Caribbean together with Emilio Núñez. Among the guns were two M1895 Colt-Browning machine guns that Chanler had donated (Rubens states that they were Maxim-Nordenfelt guns).After the sinking of the USS Maine, when it appeared certain that war would break out, Chanler offered to resign from the assembly and was granted an indefinite leave of absence. In May 1898 <mask> was elected a sachem of the Tammany Society. Participation in the Spanish–American War
In April 1898, at the outset of the Spanish–American War, Chanler responded to President <mask>'s call for volunteers by forming a New York regiment, with the encouragement of Theodore Roosevelt, who was hoping to lead it as lieutenant colonel. Known as the "Tammany Regiment," it was to be equipped at Chanler's expense. In early May, Governor Frank S. Black informed Chanler that the volunteer quota had already been reached by the 1st U. S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiment and that the army was unwilling to accept volunteer infantry, although Chanler speculated that it was in fact a politically motivated move. Most of these men went on to serve in "Chanler's Rough Riders," led by <mask>'s older brother Winthrop. Chanler immediately volunteered his services to General Máximo Gómez and was given the rank of colonel in the nascent indigenous Cuban Army.Chanler selected ten men skilled in scouting and took them to Tampa, Florida in preparation for transport to Cuba. The group included <mask>'s brother Winthrop <mask> <mask>, his brother-in-law C. Temple Emmet, his friend George Galvin, fellow explorer Dr. <mask> <mask>, war correspondent (later Lieutenant) Grover Flint, and the German surgeon Dr.

masks:
Chanler
William McKinley
Chanler
Chanler
Astor
Chanler
William Louis
Abbott


title: William A. Chanler

texts:
 Maximilian Lund, as well as a grandson of General Hood, a great-grandson of Daniel Boone, and two former members of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show. On May 10, 1898, while <mask> was in Tampa, he was offered a commission as captain and assistant adjutant general on the staff of Major General Joseph Wheeler, which he accepted. He served as acting ordnance officer, Cavalry Division, Fifth Army Corps, from May 23 to August 23, 1898. In June and July 1898 he fought in the Battle of Las Guasimas, the Battle of El Caney, at San Juan Hill, and in the Siege of Santiago de Cuba, for which he received a commendation from Major General Wheeler for "gallantry in battle". He was honorably discharged on October 3, 1898. Election to Congress
On October 20, 1898 <mask> declared his candidacy for congress as a Democrat and in November he was elected to the Fifty-sixth Congress, defeating incumbent Lemuel Ely Quigg and serving as representative of New York's 14th congressional district from March 4, 1899 to March 3, 1901.During his term he introduced H.R. 9963, legislation to improve living conditions for American sailors. He expressed vocal support for the construction of the Panama Canal and the annexation of Hawaii as well as Cuba. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1900. In 1904 he declared his candidacy for governor of New York on the combined Democratic and Independence League ticket but later withdrew. He managed the successful campaign of his brother Lewis Stuyvesant <mask> for Lieutenant Governor of New York in 1906 as well as his unsuccessful bid for governor in 1908. Later life

Racehorses
An owner of thoroughbred racehorses, Chanler raced both in the United States and in France.His trainers included <mask>, U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Preston M. Burch, and <mask>'s friend, George Galvin. In 1896 he purchased the well-known broodmares Mannie Gray (dam of Domino) and Bandala (winner of the 1886 Mermaid Stakes). Other horses that

masks:
Chanler
Chanler
Chanler
Albert Cooper
Chanler


title: William A. Chanler

texts:
 Chanler owned included Hancock II, <mask>ian, Winona, Caldron, Tender, Cresson, Madelaine, Salvacea, Camilla, Nanon, Lady Dainty, Nasturtium, Escuriel, Salvatella, I Told You, Novena and Salama. In 1907 he purchased Olympian, a chestnut colt by Domino, out of Belle of Maywood by Lexington. Chanler took him to race in France where he disappeared during World War I. Following the war, <mask> moved his stable to the south of France and raced frequently in England and in Paris at the Saint-Cloud Racecourse, the Maisons-Laffitte Racecourse, Longchamp Racecourse and Tremblay Park.Among his most successful horses were Mandar (ridden by Matthew MacGee) and Seguridad, who won the Omnium Handicap in September 1932.

Business dealings and investments
  In 1902, Chanler purchased an iron mine in Pinar del Río Province and profits were initially robust enough that Chanler was able to loan $35 million to the Cuban government and purchase a house in Sands Point, New York. He also purchased the El Cobre Copper Mine near Santiago de Cuba, which had been abandoned since 1895. Chanler brought in Cornish miners to drain the flooded pit, however, they neglected to adequately secure the saturated ground and the entire Cobre Mine collapsed taking with it the beautiful church of Nuestra Senora de la Virgen de la Caridad. While visiting his Cuban mines Chanler was introduced to a local drink known as a "Daiquiri" which he later popularized in clubs in New York. Chanler was a member of the Knickerbocker Club, the Union Club, the Players Club, the Lambs Club, the New York Yacht Club, the Meadowbrook Polo Club, the Metropolitan Club, and The Brook Club. In 1903, he purchased two stone quarries and an ochre mine in Southern France and became president of the French firm Carrières Réunies de la Nièvre, which quarried Malvaux and  Verger stone for the American Church in Paris. In 1913, he invested in and became co-owner, together with <mask> Vanderbilt, of the

masks:
Aurel
Chanler
Alfred Gwynne


title: William A. Chanler

texts:
 Vanderbilt Hotel at 4 Park Avenue in New York City.After Vanderbilt died in 1915 in the sinking of the , <mask> became full owner. For several years the hotel was managed by <mask>'s friend, George Galvin. <mask>'s ex-wife <mask> <mask> executed a 400-foot-long frieze for the hotel's ground floor. Chanler's investments in real estate and foreign mining operations largely insulated him from the Wall Street crash of 1929, although towards the end of his life he began hoarding gold coins in his Paris home as insurance against currency fluctuations. Hearst lawsuit
In 1907, Chanler filed a lawsuit for criminal libel against newspaper owner <mask> Hearst for printing a story in The New York American on October 21 which implied that Chanler had engaged in the sexual abuse of girls together with actor and comedian Raymond Hitchcock. On October 23, <mask> filed suit and Hearst was arrested, then released on $1000 bail. As Hitchcock's trial progressed, it was revealed that the charges of sexual abuse were fabricated as part of a blackmail scheme.Hearst printed a full retraction and an apology on December 21, saying:

We have found that the story was absolutely without the slightest foundation in fact, and The American and Mr. Hearst now frankly and unreservedly state that the publication was without any justification whatever, and desire to express to Mr. <mask> our extreme regret. Hitchcock was acquitted by a jury on June 11, 1908. Support for foreign freedom fighters

Venezuela
In 1902, <mask> was approached by a group of Dutch investors, who were afraid that the Venezuelan President Cipriano Castro was about to default on a massive loan. They asked <mask> to stage a rebellion, which he did by raising a small army of "desperadoes, soldiers of fortune, cattle rustlers, bank robbers, gamblers, Indian scouts and fugitives," recruiting some through his acquaintance Butch Cassidy and others from Quantrill's Raiders. The mercenary army landed on the

masks:
Chanler
Chanler
Chanler
Beatrice Ashley
Chanler
William Randolph
Chanler
Chanler
Chanler
Chanler


title: William A. Chanler

texts:
 Venezuelan coast, marched inland and threatened to seize power, but the insurrection was called off when the president agreed to comply with the terms of his loans. In return for his help, <mask> was able to borrow funds for a project to provide a new sewage and water supply system to the city of Tampico, Mexico. The Sanibel
In 1904, <mask> purchased the yacht Sanibel on which he spent his honeymoon in the Caribbean.He is known to have invited Sun Yat-sen aboard to discuss his plans for overthrowing the Qing dynasty, as well as members of the Young Turk Movement who were organizing opposition to the Ottoman Empire. Libya
In 1910, Chanler went to Libya to fight for the Senussi against Italy in the Italo-Turkish War. In August 1911 he wrote to von Höhnel to ask him to order 15 Mauser pistols and 5,000 rounds of ammunition through arms dealer Basil Zaharoff. He then visited Constantinople where he was granted a Turkish commission as colonel of auxiliaries and a gift of 500,000 Turkish lira. Chanler arranged for weapons and supplies to be landed at isolated spots along the Libyan coast. Returning to Libya, Chanler wandered the desert in disguise, exhorting the Tuaregs and Tebou to resist Italian rule. Eventually he was granted a rare audience with <mask> as-Senussi who permitted him to recruit and train a unit of horsemen.On October 23, 1911 Arab cavalry commanded by <mask> ambushed and routed Italian troops landing at Benghazi. <mask> was forced to leave the country a few days later after drinking poisoned camel's milk. Somalia
In 1912, <mask> traveled to British Somaliland in present-day northwestern Somalia. There, he served until late 1913 as a military adviser to <mask> Hassan (the "Mad Mullah"), during the Somaliland Campaign, the Dervish State's struggle against the Italians, British and Ethiopians. <mask>'s recommendations may have influenced Hassan's forces to fight the British Somaliland Camel Corps at Dul Madoba on August 9, 1913

masks:
Chanler
Chanler
Ahmed Sharif
Chanler
Chanler
Chanler
Mohammed Abdullah
Chanler


title: William A. Chanler

texts:
 and later to sack the port at Berbera. Amputation
On December 8, 1913, <mask> was involved in a mysterious accident in France, during which he injured his right leg. Various reports suggested that <mask> had been in a car accident, or that he had been dueling with boxer Frank Moran and was shot (Chanler was backing Jack Johnson against Moran in the 1914 World Heavyweight Boxing Championship in Paris).<mask> was taken to the American Hospital of Paris where he underwent several surgeries, but the injury never healed and his right leg was amputated above the knee in late September, 1915. Chanler suffered from morphine addiction for several years after the amputation. He tried dozens of different articulated prosthetic limbs before settling on a single unjointed pylon, "a plain pegleg, like that of [my] ancestor Peter Stuyvesant." Philanthropy
In 1916, <mask>'s step-nephew Victor Chapman, an aviator with the Escadrille Lafayette, was killed in a dogfight in France—the first American pilot killed in the war. Chanler established the French Heroes Lafayette Memorial Fund, together with Theodore Roosevelt and Myron Herrick, to build schools, hospitals and asylums. In December 1916 <mask>, Scottish industrialist John C. Moffat and other philanthropists including Theodore Roosevelt, Joseph Choate, Clarence Mackay, George von Lengerke Meyer, John Grier Hibben, and Nicholas Murray Butler purchased the Château de Chavaniac, birthplace of the Marquis de Lafayette in Auvergne, to serve as a headquarters for the fund, which was managed by Chanler's ex-wife <mask> <mask>. The château served as a school, orphanage and preventorium for the care of pre-tubercular, frail and malnourished children, as well as a museum of the life and family of the Marquis de Lafayette.Publications and antisemitic beliefs
He moved to Paris in 1920 and, encouraged by the success of his 1896 travelogue Through Jungle and Desert, he published his first novel, A Man's Game, under

masks:
Chanler
Chanler
Chanler
Chanler
Chanler
Beatrice Ashley
Chanler


title: William A. Chanler

texts:
 the pseudonym John Brent. The book was based on Chanler's involvement in a plot to overthrow President Cipriano Castro during the Venezuela Crisis of 1902–03. Throughout the 1920s Chanler corresponded frequently with his old friend Ludwig von Höhnel, then living in retirement in Vienna, on the "Jewish world conspiracy" and the degree to which von Höhnel shared Chanler's antisemitic ideology, writing on March 22, 1923: "You don't seem disturbed by the fact that your town is overrun by Jews." Chanler accepted as authentic the widely recognized forgery, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, and he employed agents to compile dossiers on Jewish public figures in the US and other countries. In 1925 he published his second novel, The Sacrifice, under the pseudonym Robert Hart, in which Jewish conspirators were planning to take over Western culture and government. <mask>'s sister in law, Margaret Terry, married to his brother Winthrop <mask> <mask>, remarked in a memoir that late in life Chanler was "an ardent anti-Semite ... . [who] holds the Jews responsible for the World War" and that he "believes the Pope to be somehow run by the Jews, and many other things that cannot all be true." Chanler once wrote to Margaret:

Although [I am] as you know, a devout Christian, I have been helped a great deal by the Islamic faith, and lately I have been massaged by a Hindu Yoghi much to my benefit.I am so open-minded that I would, once at least, even listen to a ... . voodoo worshipper, a Mormon, or even a Holy Roller—but one religion I do bar, and that is the Hebrew. In 1928 <mask> wrote to then-governor of New York, Franklin D. Roosevelt, on his preoccupation with Jewish conspiracy, and stated that he was in confidential communication with anti-Jewish Arab leaders including the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem. In 1933 he wrote to his sister <mask> Winthrop <mask> on the "centralized Jewish control of world affairs," stating his belief that the British cabinet

masks:
Chanler
Astor
Chanler
Chanler
Elizabeth Astor
Chanler


title: William A. Chanler

texts:
 was under the control of the Fabian Society and Baron Israel Moses Sieff, who were enacting a secret plan to "Bolshevize" Great Britain and the United States, "which will result in the absolute loss of individual independence." Death
<mask> died on March 4, 1934 in Menton, Alpes-Maritimes, France. His remains were returned home for a lavish funeral held at St. Marks in the Bowery. He was buried in the Trinity Church Cemetery in New York City, near the graves of his father and grandfather. His widow died in 1946.References

External links

 Mitchell Charles Harrison, Prominent and progressive Americans: an encyclopædia of contemporaneous biography, Volume 2, Published by The New York Tribune, 1904. <mask>, <mask>, Through Jungle and Desert, Macmillan & Co., London, 1896. "In the footsteps of <mask> - Kenya 2011". Tommy "Mbogo" <mask> retraces <mask>'s steps in Kenya. "An American in Africa," by Richard Harding Davis, Harper's Magazine, March 1893, pp. 632–635. 1867 births
1934 deaths
19th-century explorers
19th-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American male writers
Activists from New York (state)
American amputees
American conspiracy theorists
American expatriates in France
American explorers
American filibusters (military)
American hoteliers
American male novelists
American racehorse owners and breeders
<mask>
<mask> Orphans
Burials at Trinity Church Cemetery
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Explorers of Africa
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
Harvard University alumni
<mask>
Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
New York (state) Democrats
People from Dutchess County, New York
People of the Italo-Turkish War
People of the Spanish–American War
Philanthropists from New York (state)
Phillips Academy alumni
Politicians from Newport, Rhode Island
<mask>tor
United States Army

masks:
Chanler
Chanler
William Astor
Chanler
Allen
Chanler
William Astor
Astor
William Astor
William As


title: Joan Sims

texts:
<mask> (9 May 1930 – 27 June 2001) was an English actress, best remembered for her roles in the Carry On films, appearing in 24 of the films from  Carry On Nurse (1959) to Carry On Emmannuelle (1978), including popular entries like Carry On Cleo (1964), Carry On Camping (1969) and Carry On Abroad (1972). On television, she is known for playing Gran in Till Death Us Do Part (1967–1975), Madge Kettlewell in Sykes (1972–1978), Mrs Wembley, the cook with a liking for sherry, in On the Up (1990–1992), and Madge Hardcastle in As Time Goes By (1994–1998). Early life and education
<mask> was born on 9 May 1930, the only child of <mask> (1888-1964), Station Master of Laindon railway station in Essex, and his wife <mask>, née Ladbrook (1898-1981). <mask>'s early interest in being an actress came from living at the railway station. She would often put on performances for waiting passengers. She decided that she wanted to pursue show business during her teens, and soon became a familiar face in a growing number of amateur productions locally. One of her first stage appearances was as Miranda Bute in the Langdon Players production of Esther McCracken's comedy Quiet Wedding in May 1946.In 1946, <mask> first applied to RADA, but her audition was unsuccessful. Her first audition included a rendition of Winnie the Pooh. She did succeed in being admitted to PARADA, the academy's preparatory school, and finally, on her fourth attempt, she graduated and was trained at RADA. She graduated from RADA in 1950 at the age of 19. One of her first stage performances was in the 1951 pantomime, The Happy Ha'penny, opposite Stanley Baxter at Glasgow's Citizens Theatre. Music career
During 1963, <mask> made several recordings. "Hurry Up Gran" / "Oh Not Again Ken" was issued as a single, followed by "Spring Song" / "Men".Both were produced by George Martin for the

masks:
Irene Joan Marion Sims
Sims
John Henry Sims
Gladys Marie Sims
Sims
Sims
Sims


title: Joan Sims

texts:
 Parlophone label but neither single made an impact on the UK Singles Chart. This did not deter her from releasing a third and final single during 1967, "Sweet Lovely Whatsisname" / "The Lass With the Delicate Hair". Again it failed to chart, and as a result the singles are now quite rare. As of 2009, both "Spring Song" and "Men" are available for the first time through iTunes and other download services, as well as on CD as part of re-issues of the comedy compilation albums Oh! What a Carry On! and Laugh A Minute. <mask> also featured on an original cast recording of The Lord Chamberlain Regrets in 1961, as well as The Water Gypsies.Personal life

<mask>, like her fellow Carry On star Kenneth Williams, never married. Williams, who was homosexual, did, however, propose a marriage of convenience to her, which she promptly declined. From 1958, she lived for three years with fellow actor Tony Baird but, every time her parents visited, she asked Baird to remove all of his belongings from their London flat. After she told her mother on a visit that she was living with Baird, her father wrote her a stern letter, condemning the relationship. <mask> replied, telling her parents that they had to come to terms with Tony being an extremely important part of her life. For the next six months she had no contact with her parents. <mask> was a devoted daughter and found the separation from her parents difficult.The relationship with Baird began to flounder, <mask> said, due to her success and Tony Baird's failure as an actor. <mask> writes Had house husbands been in vogue in those days we'd have made an excellent couple, since Tony was not very successful as an actor and I soon became the main breadwinner. If we had been able to accept that I would go out and earn the money and he would concentrate on running the home, things might have turned out

masks: Sims Sims Sims Sims Sims Sims


title: Joan Sims

texts:
 better... For three years I was besotted with this loveable reprobate, but then the icing on the cake began to chip off and the love started to wear thin. I was virtually keeping him and the friction of the situation was getting harder to bear. Of the break-up, which was finally triggered by <mask> returning from a tour to find Baird had not done any washing or housework, she wrote "I could tell that he was genuinely heartbroken, and so was I, but I had to do it for my own survival." Following this came a relationship with John Walters whom <mask> had known for a long time. He had been assistant stage manager for the play High Spirits, in which she appeared.They had had an 'innocent' romance at the time, but they embarked on a more serious relationship after <mask>'s break-up with Baird. However, <mask> never felt it would be a long-term relationship: John was a much moodier character than Tony. During what she described as the 'one broody phase of my life', they discussed marriage and children, but it came to nothing and the relationship, the last serious one of <mask>'s life, ended after around two years of living together. "I never married because the right person never came along... I leave others to seek for darker explanations. For me it's extremely simple!" Health

<mask> had depression for many of her later years.This was worsened by the deaths of her agent Peter Eade, her best friend Hattie Jacques and her mother, all within a two-year period, after which she fell into alcoholism. <mask> suffered from Bell's palsy in 1999 and fractured her hip in 2000, but recovered well. However, her alcoholism was beginning to dominate life in her rented Kensington flat, and she described herself as "the queen of puddings." After assessment by a doctor, she was offered a place in a rehabilitation centre, but declined. High Spirits
The

masks: Sims Sims Sims Sims Sims Sims Sims


title: Joan Sims

texts:
 tone of <mask>'s 2000 autobiography High Spirits is revealing (though not sensationalist), frank and sometimes mordant:

High Spirits concluded with <mask> in reflective and rueful mood. Having been disappointed to miss out on the part in a BBC adaptation of Vanity Fair, she is somewhat crestfallen to discover that there are only two entries on her 'Trivia' page on imdb.com. It ends:

Death
<mask> was diagnosed with diverticular disease in 1997 and she was admitted to hospital in November 2000, and complications of a routine operation caused her to slip into a coma.Her lifelong friend and stand-in, Norah Holland spoke of the doctors' amazement at her strength and courage throughout her final illness. On 27 June 2001, ten minutes before she died, Holland spoke to her gently about Kenneth Williams, Hattie Jacques and their time on the Carry On films. <mask> died from liver failure and diverticulitis, with diabetes and COPD cited as contributory factors. She was cremated at Putney Vale Crematorium, and her ashes scattered in the grounds there. Her authorised biography,  Too Happy A Face, by Andrew Ross,  was published in 2014. In popular culture
<mask> was played by Chrissie Cotterill in the 2000 television film, Cor, Blimey!, an adaptation of Terry Johnson's play Cleo, Camping, Emmanuelle and Dick, and by Beatie Edney in the 2006 television film Kenneth Williams: Fantabulosa! Selected filmography

Notes

Bibliography
 High Spirits by <mask> ()
 Too Happy A Face – The Authorised Biography of <mask> by Andrew Ross (, 978-1781961216)

External links

1930 births
2001 deaths
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Burials at Putney Vale Cemetery
Deaths from digestive disease
English film actresses
English television actresses
People from Laindon
20th-century English singers
British comedy actresses
20th-century English women

masks:
Sims
Sims
Sims
Sims
Sims
Joan Sims
Joan Sims


title: Praskovia Saltykova

texts:
Praskovia <mask> (; 12 October 1664 – 13 October 1723) was the tsaritsa of Russia as the only wife of joint-Tsar Ivan V of Russia. She was the mother of Empress Anna of Russia. She played an important part as the most senior woman of the Russian court in 1698–1712. Life
Praskovia Fyodorovna was by birth member of an old Saltykov family. Born as an elder daughter of  and of a certain Yekaterina Fyodorovna or of Anna Mikhailovna Tatishcheva

Empress
The marriage of Ivan V was arranged by his sister, the regent Sophia, who wished to ensure the next heir to the throne through Ivan and his faction of the family rather than from his half brother and co-Tsar, Peter. Sophia was at the time the ruler of Russia in place of the two Tsars: the underage Peter and the mentally challenged Ivan. Reportedly, Prince Vasily Golitsyn advised Sophia that when Ivan V had a son, she could appoint Ivan's son to be his co-regent and place Peter in a monastery, thus securing her regency for a much longer period.Ivan V himself reportedly showed no inclination toward marriage, but did as he was told, and Sophia in fact chose his bride. According to the Swedish diplomat Hildebrandt Horn, Praskovia was not willing to marry Ivan, but was forced to consent. She was selected as the bride of Tsar Ivan V in a traditional parade of potential candidates before him. This was the last use of this method to choose a tsaritsa in Russia. The wedding took place in the cathedral church on 9 January 1684, with the Patriarch John officiating as the ceremony. At the wedding, her father changed his name from Alexander Saltykov to Feodor in order to give Praskovia the patronymic Feodorovna, which was associated with the icon by Romanov and considered suitable for an empress. <mask> <mask> was at

masks:
Fyodorovna Saltykova
Praskovia
Saltykova


title: Praskovia Saltykova

texts:
 the time of her marriage described as a healthy Russian beauty, tall, with a full figure and long thick hair, fully corresponding to the contemporary Russian ideal of beauty.As a person, she was described as religious, superstitious and not very well educated. <mask> <mask> was reportedly particularly devoted to the Virgin icon of Yaroslavl, and the Virgin Mother Icon of Kazan. The marriage remained childless for five years. After five years, Praskovia started to have children, which was the reason why a marriage was arranged for Tsar Peter by his mother. Ivan V and Praskovia eventually had five daughters. Her lack of sons before a time when female succession was possible in Russia allowed Peter to usurp full power from Ivan more easily than may otherwise have been the case. Dowager Empress
In 1696, Ivan V died.Praskovia <mask> and her surviving three daughters retired from court and settled in the imperial country estate of Izmailovo outside Moscow. She was respectfully referred to in official documents as Her Majesty Tsarina Praskovia Feodorovna until her death. Praskovia had a long affair with the boyar , who was the head of her household and   entrusted with the affairs and economy of her court. Praskovia had great respect for her brother-in-law emperor Peter I, with whom she maintained a good relationship. Although she was  raised in the old Russian Terem culture, she adjusted to the Westernized reforms of Peter out of respect for his authority as Tsar, an office she regarded to be holy. She gave her daughters a Western education and hosted entertainment receptions for Western visitors in her residence, thereby discontinuing the Terem system which had required her to live secluded. This was a contrast to many of Peter's other female

masks: Praskovia Saltykova Saltykova


title: Praskovia Saltykova

texts:
 relatives.Peter responded with gratitude and always treated her with respect and consideration, and often visited her and her daughters. She had a friendly relationship to her sister-in-law Natalya, and helped her set up an amateur theater. She also helped Tsarina Evdokia to set up the celebrations of Tsar Peter's birthday and name day in her palace of Izmaylovo. In 1698, it is described how she arranged entertainment with music for the court. Despite her willingness to adjust to the Petrine reforms, however, her outwardly Westernized court was described as full of old superstition. One of her most influential courtiers was Timothy Arkhipovich, who acted as her holy fool in the old Russian tradition. At the fall and following execution of Tsarevich Alexei, <mask> <mask> was in fact implicated as a sympathizer of the Tsarevich and his conservative views, but Peter refused to act upon this because of his regard for her.Saint Petersburg
In 1708, Praskovia <mask>ylovo, which she often did. In contrast to many other female relations of Peter, Praskovia never refused to attend the Westernized entertainments, such as theater plays and masquerade balls, or to dress herself and her ladies-in-waiting in costumes on such occasions or to drink alcohol in gender-mixed parties, which was a part of Peter's reforms of upper class social and court life. During this period, after the divorce of Peter from his first wife and before his marriage to his next, Praskovia as well as Peter's sister ceremoniously acted as the first ladies of his court, as his new Western court needed a hostess for him to receive ambassadors and similar events in accordance with his desired Western standard. In 1712, she and her daughters attended the wedding of Peter I and the future

masks: Praskovia Saltykova Saltykovama


title: Praskovia Saltykova

texts:
 Catherine I of Russia. In accordance with her reverence for the Tsar's office, she did not protest his right to arrange marriages for her daughters. When her daughter Anna left for Courland, Peter arranged for Praskovia to visit with her in Riga.During her last years, Praskovia was affected by a deteriorating health and often visited spas for health reasons. In 1719, she visited the waters of Konchezerskoye, and the Olonets in 1721. During this period, she was also reported to drink very much. She received her eldest daughter Catherine when she escaped home to Russia from an abusive marriage in 1722. In 1722, the courtier Vasily Derevnina stole her letters to her lover Vasily Yushkov, and she had him illegally arrested and interrogated, during which he was severely abused. When Tsar Peter investigated the case, her servants who had acted on her orders were arrested and Yushkov was exiled to Nizhny Novgorod. The fate of Derevnina is unknown.<mask> Saltykova continued to participate in court life until her death, and hosted a birthday party for her youngest daughter shortly before her death. She was given a stately funeral by Tsar Peter, which became the first Imperial funeral hosted in the new capital of Saint Petersburg. Issue
 Maria Ivanovna (1689–1692)
 Feodosia Ivanovna (1690–1691)
 Ekaterina Ivanovna (1691–1733)
 Anna Ivanovna (1693–1740)
 Praskovia Ivanovna (1694–1731)

References

 Семевский М. И. Царица Прасковья. 1664—1723: Очерк из русской истории XVIII века. М., 1989. Первое издание — 1883. Other sources

|-

|-

|-

1664 births
1723 deaths
17th-century Russian people
18th-century Russian people
17th-century Russian women
18th-century Russian women
Praskovia Saltykova
Praskovia Saltykova
Burials at the Annunciation Church of the


title: Robert Metcalfe

texts:
<mask>fe's law, which describes the effect of a telecommunications network. Since January 2011, he has been Professor of Innovation and Entrepreneurship at The University of Texas at Austin. He is also the Murchison Fellow of Free Enterprise. <mask> has received various awards, including the IEEE Medal of Honor and National Medal of Technology and Innovation for his work developing Ethernet technology. In addition to his accomplishments, Metcalfe has made several predictions which failed to come to pass, separately forecasting the demise of the Internet, wireless networks, and open-source software during the 1990s. Early life
<mask> was born in 1946 in Brooklyn, New York.His father was a test technician who specialized in gyroscopes. His mother was a homemaker, but later became the secretary at Bay Shore High School. In 1964, Metcalfe graduated from Bay Shore High School to join the MIT Class of 1968. He finally graduated from MIT in 1969 with two S.B. degrees, one in electrical engineering and the other in industrial management from the MIT Sloan School of Management. He then went to Harvard for graduate school, earning his M.S. in applied mathematics in 1970 and his PhD in computer science (applied mathematics) in 1973.Career
While pursuing a doctorate in computer science, Metcalfe took a job with MIT's Project MAC after Harvard refused to let him be responsible for connecting the school to the brand-new ARPAnet. At MAC, Metcalfe was responsible for building some of the hardware that would link MIT's minicomputers with the ARPAnet. ARPAnet was initially the topic of his doctoral dissertation, but the first version was not accepted. His inspiration for a new dissertation came while working at Xerox PARC, where he read a paper about the ALOHA network at the University of Hawaii. He identified and fixed some of the bugs in the AlohaNet model and made his analysis part of a revised thesis, which finally earned him his Harvard

masks:
Robert Melancton Metcalfecal
Metcalfe
Robert Metcalfe


title: Robert Metcalfe

texts:
 standardization, and commercialization of Ethernet." In 1997, he was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering for the development of the Ethernet. In 2003 he received the Marconi Award for "For inventing the Ethernet and promulgating his Law of network utility based on the square of the nodes"

On March 14, 2003, Metcalfe received the National Medal of Technology from President Bush in a White House ceremony "for leadership in the invention, standardization, and commercialization of Ethernet".In May 2007, along with 17 others, <mask>, was inducted to the National Inventors Hall of Fame in Akron, Ohio, for his work with Ethernet technology. In October 2008, Metcalfe received the Fellow Award from the Computer History Museum "for fundamental contributions to the invention, standardization, and commercialization of Ethernet." Incorrect predictions
Metcalfe predicted in 1995 that the Internet would suffer a "catastrophic collapse" the following year; he promised to eat his words if it did not. During his keynote speech at the sixth International World Wide Web Conference in 1997, he took a printed copy of his column that predicted the collapse, put it in a blender with some liquid and then consumed the pulpy mass. He had tried to eat his words printed on a very large cake, but the audience would not accept this form of "eating his words." During an event where he talked about predictions at the eighth International World Wide Web Conference in 1999, a participant asked: what is the bet? He stated that there was no bet as he was not ready to eat another column.Metcalfe has harshly criticized open source software, and Linux in particular, predicting that the latter would be obliterated after Microsoft released Windows 2000:

The Open Source Movement's ideology is utopian balderdash [... that] reminds me of communism. [...] Linux [is like] organic software grown in utopia by spiritualists [...] When they bring


title: Robert Metcalfe

texts:
 organic fruit to market, you pay extra for small apples with open sores – the Open Sores Movement. When [Windows 2000] gets here, goodbye Linux. He later recanted to some extent, saying in a column two weeks later:

I am ashamed of myself for not resisting the temptation to take cheap shots in my column ... I should not have fanned the flames by joking about the Open Source initiative. He predicted that wireless networking would die out in the mid 1990s. :

After the wireless mobile bubble bursts this year, we will get back to stringing fibers ... bathrooms are still predominantly plumbed.For more or less the same reason, computers will stay wired. He predicted in 2006 that Windows and Linux would not be able to handle video:

<mask> recently gave a TV interview in which he stated that current operating systems (Windows and Linux) are outdated clunkers that won't be able to adequately handle the coming of "video internet" and suggests that new operating systems need to be developed to take hold in a few years. Selected publications
 "Packet Communication", MIT Project MAC Technical Report MAC TR-114, December 1973 (a recast version of Metcalfe's Harvard dissertation)
 "Zen and the Art of Selling", Technology Review, May/June 1992

References

External links

 A more detailed interview
 Why IT Matters
 Video Interview of <mask>fe on March 10, 2009 at the Computer History Museum

1946 births
Living people
American computer businesspeople
American computer scientists
American communications businesspeople
American electrical engineers
American manufacturing businesspeople
American technology chief executives
Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates
IEEE Medal of Honor recipients
Harvard University alumni
Ethernet
MIT School of Engineering alumni
MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
National Medal of Technology recipients
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Scientists

masks:
Bob Metcalfe
Robert Metcal


title: Judy O'Bannon

texts:
Judith "<mask>" O'Bannon Willsey (born April 30, 1935) is the former First Lady of the State of Indiana, serving in that role from January 13, 1997, to September 13, 2003, during the administration of her husband Governor Frank O'Bannon. She has been a leader in community development and historic preservation throughout much of her life, including having helped launch and then serving as chair of the Indiana Main Street program, and serving on the boards of the Indiana Landmarks foundation, the Indiana State Museum and the National Trust for Historic Preservation. She is also an Emmy-winning host and producer of the WFYI-TV public television series Communities Building Community and <mask>'Bannon's Foreign Exchange as well as several one-time specials. Personal life and education
Born Judith Asmus in Downers Grove, Illinois, her family moved to Indianapolis while she was a child. O'Bannon is a graduate of Shortridge High School in Indianapolis. She graduated Phi Beta Kappa with a bachelor's degree in social work from Indiana University. She was selected as a Rockefeller Theological Scholar and was the first woman to attend the Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary.Frank and <mask>'Bannon met on a blind date while both were at Indiana University. They were married on August 18, 1957, until his death on September 13, 2003. They have three children. On November 29, 2013, <mask> married attorney Donald Willsey. First Lady of Indiana

Communities Building Community
O'Bannon served as First Lady of the State of Indiana from January 13, 1997 until September 13, 2003. As First Lady, she led initiatives that were an outgrowth from her life-long advocacy and work in community development, historic preservation, education and the arts. During her husband's first term, O'Bannon launched the Hoosier Millennium: Communities Building Community initiative to encourage citizens across the state to use the upcoming calendar change of a new

masks:
Judy
Judy O
Judy O
Judy


title: Judy O'Bannon

texts:
 people with disabilities, raised more than $1.2 million in private funds to renovate of the Governor's Residence to make it accessible for people with disabilities. Building a Global Community
As First Lady, O'Bannon led three People to People Ambassador Program international delegations—Russia in 1999 and South Africa in 2001 and 2003—that included Indiana leaders in the areas of education, the arts, government, foundation leadership, health and HIV/AIDS and community development. Work with other First Ladies

During her years as First Lady, O'Bannon actively participated in the National Governor's Association's (NGA) Spouses' Program, including hosting seminars for governors' spouses' staff. She also co-hosted with her husband the 2003 NGA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis. O'Bannon was also active in joint initiatives with her colleagues in other states, including promoting reading and early childhood education alongside Ohio First Lady Hope Taft and Kentucky First Lady Judi Patton.Emmy Award winning producer and host

Working with WFYI-TV, O'Bannon helped develop the public television series Communities Building Community in 2003 as an outgrowth of her focus on communities as First Lady. O'Bannon served as the host, a co-producer and writer for the show. The series, which aired for three seasons, with additional one-time episodes airing later, featured stories from throughout the state highlighting the many ways Hoosiers "are working to strengthen their communities." In 2008, O'Bannon and co-producer Gary Harrison won the National Academy of Television Arts and Science's (NATAS) Lower Great Lakes Chapter's Emmy award for Regularly Scheduled Public Affairs Program for the Communities Building Community episode 301 "The Neighborhood." More recently, O'Bannon has hosted <mask>'Bannon's Foreign Exchange, which airs periodically on WFYI-TV, offering a collection of stories from various countries focused on "people who are finding new ways


title: Judy O'Bannon

texts:
 Christina Hale, who had served on Frank O'Bannon's Governor's Office staff.Honors and recognitions
In May 2015 the Indiana State Museum recognized O'Bannon with their Heritage Keeper Award for her many contributions to the museum and the State of Indiana. Additionally, the museum renamed its main hall as the Frank and <mask> O'Bannon Great Hall, recognition, in part, for the advocacy and support both O'Bannons had provided to the museum for over more than three decades (<mask>'Bannon has been a longtime member of the museum's Board of Directors, and Frank O'Bannon led efforts in the legislature and then as Lieutenant Governor and Governor to fund and ultimately build the new state museum building as the cornerstone of the White River State Park). In 2013, NUVO newsweekly honored O'Bannon's contributions to the community, the arts and culture with its Cultural Vision Award: Lifetime Achievement recognition noting that "...if anyone has earned the right to sit back and put her feet up, it is O'Bannon. But she'd rather kick up her heels  -  and that is, almost literally, what she continues to do as an elder stateswoman and community activist: traveling the state and the globe, giving speeches, asking questions and figuring out ways to solve global problems with local solutions." The Frank and <mask> O'Bannon Old Northside Soccer Park was renamed in 2004 by the City of Indianapolis to recognize the O'Bannons' contributions to the revitalization of the Old Northside Historic District, where they lived during the eight years he served as lieutenant governor. Girls, Inc. of Greater Indianapolis honored O'Bannon in 2008 with its Touchstone Award for her personal and professional achievements that serve to "inspire girls to be strong, smart and bold." As part of its O'Bannon Institute for Community Service, named after Frank O'Bannon, IvyTech Community College of Indiana (the community college system he advocated for and signed into law) created

masks:
Judy
Judy O
Judy


title: Judy O'Bannon

texts:
 the <mask> O'Bannon Youth Leadership Academy "to involve young leaders from diverse backgrounds and experiences in an innovative and creative program designed to foster civic commitment and engagement."On November 16, 2016, O'Bannon was honored by the Indiana Association for Community Economic Development for "a lifetime of moving communities forward" noting that "<mask> is a full-time advocate for neighborhoods and community development. With no budget for travel, no specific professional background and no mandate requiring her to do so, <mask> travels the state preaching the importance of neighborhood cooperation and community revitalization. She has chaired the Indiana Main Street Council since 1986, is active in local programs, and plays an important yet unseen role in keeping community development and related legislation alive in the Indiana General Assembly." Acknowledging her more than 50 years of personal work and public advocacy, it was announced on June 23, 2020, that O'Bannon would receive the Indiana Landmarks 2020 Williamson Prize for "outstanding leadership in historic preservation" at its virtual annual meeting on September 12, 2020. With the announcement, Indiana Landmarks noted "For five decades, the former first lady of Indiana has been a relatable leader, hands-on preservationist and vocal champion for the value of historic places. She helped launch the Indiana Main Street program, played an instrumental role in saving individual meaningful structures, engaged countless Hoosiers in preservation efforts, and produced an award-winning TV series demonstrating the impact preservation can have on communities." References

1935 births
Indiana University alumni
Television producers from Illinois
American women television producers
American publishers (people)
First Ladies and Gentlemen of Indiana
Living people
People from Downers Grove, Illinois
Editors of Indiana newspapers
Indiana Democrats
Women newspaper

masks: Judy Judy Judy


title: Kazi Nazrul Islam

texts: <mask> (, ; 24 May 1899 – 29 August 1976) was an Indian poet, writer and musician. In his final years he was also awarded Bangladeshi citizenship and was conferred with the title of national poet of the country. <mask> is regarded as one of  the greatest poet in bengali literature. He played a big part in bringing forth the Kallol movement in bengali literature. Popularly known as <mask>, he produced a large body of poetry and music with themes that included religious devotion and rebellion against oppression. <mask>'s activism for political and social justice earned him the title of "Bidrohi Kobi" (Rebel Poet). His compositions form the avant-garde music genre of <mask>l).Born into a Bengali Muslim Kazi family hailing from Burdwan district in Bengal Presidency (now in West Bengal), <mask> <mask> received religious education and as a young man worked as a muezzin at a local mosque. He learned about poetry, drama, and literature while working with the rural theatrical group Letor Dal, Leto being a folk song genre of West Bengal usually performed by the people from Muslim community of the region. He joined the British Indian Army in 1917 and was posted in Karachi. <mask> established himself as a journalist in Calcutta after the war ended. He criticised the British Raj and called for revolution through his poetic works, such as "Bidrohi" ("বিদ্রোহী", 'The Rebel') and  "Bhangar Gaan" ("ভাঙ্গার গান", 'The Song of Destruction'), as well as in his publication Dhumketu ('The Comet'). His nationalist activism in Indian

masks:
Kazi Nazrul Islam
Nazrul
Nazrul
Nazrul
Nazrul Geeru
Nazrul
Islam
Nazrul


title: Kazi Nazrul Islam

texts:
 independence movement led to his frequent imprisonment by the colonial British authorities. While in prison, <mask> wrote the "Rajbandir Jabanbandi" ("রাজবন্দীর জবানবন্দী", 'Deposition of a Political Prisoner').His writings greatly inspired Bengalis of East Pakistan during the Bangladesh Liberation War. <mask>'s writings explored themes such as freedom, humanity, love, and revolution. He opposed all forms of bigotry and fundamentalism, including religious, caste-based and gender-based. Nazrul wrote short stories, novels, and essays but is best known for his songs and poems. He introduced the ghazal songs in Bengali language and is also known for his extensive use of Arabic and Persian words in his works. Nazrul wrote and composed music for nearly 4,000 songs (many recorded on HMV and gramophone records), collectively known as Nazrul Geeti. In 1942 at the age of 43, he began to suffer from an unknown disease, losing his voice and memory.A medical team in Vienna diagnosed the disease as Pick's disease, a rare incurable neurodegenerative disease. It caused <mask>'s health to decline steadily and forced him to live in isolation. He was also admitted in Ranchi (Jharkhand) psychiatric hospital for many years. At the invitation of the Government of Bangladesh, <mask>'s family took him to Bangladesh and moved to Dhaka in 1972. They were awarded citizenship of People's Republic of Bangladesh. He died four years later on 29 August 1976 in Bangladesh. Early life
<mask> was born on Wednesday 24 May 1899 in the village of

masks: Nazrul Nazrul Nazrul Nazrul Nazrul


title: Kazi Nazrul Islam

texts: Churulia, Asansol Sadar, Paschim Bardhaman district of the Bengal Presidency (now in West Bengal, India).He was born into a Bengali Muslim Kazi family and was the second of three sons and a daughter. <mask>'s father <mask> Faqeer Ahmed was the imam and caretaker of the local Pirpukur mosque and mausoleum of Haji Pahlawan. <mask>'s mother was Zahida Khatun. <mask> had two brothers, <mask> Saahibjaan and <mask> Ali Hussain, and a sister, Umme Kulsum. He was nicknamed Dukhu Miañ (দুখু মিঞা literally, 'the one with grief', or 'Mr. Sad Man'). Nazrul studied at a maktab and madrasa, run by a mosque and a dargah respectively, where he studied the Quran, Hadith, Islamic philosophy, and theology.His father died in 1908 and at the age of ten, Nazrul took his father's place as a caretaker of the mosque to support his family. He also assisted teachers in the school. He later worked as the muezzin at the mosque. Attracted to folk theatre, Nazrul joined a leto (travelling theatrical group) run by his uncle Fazle Karim. He worked and travelled with them, learning to act, as well as writing songs and poems for the plays and musicals. Through his work and experiences, Nazrul began studying Bengali and Sanskrit literature, as well as Hindu scriptures such as the Puranas. Nazrul composed folk plays for the group, which included Chāshār Shōng ('the drama of a peasant'), and plays about characters from the Mahabharata including Shokunībōdh ('the Killing of Shakuni), Rājā Judhisthirer Shōng ('the drama of King Yudhishthira), Dātā Kōrno

masks: Nazrul Kazi Nazrul Nazrul Kazi Kazi


title: Kazi Nazrul Islam

texts:
 poetry. Although he never saw active fighting, he rose in rank from corporal to havildar (sergeant), and served as quartermaster for his battalion. During this period, Nazrul read extensively the works of Rabindranath Tagore and Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay, as well as the Persian poets Hafez, Omar Khayyam, and Rumi. He learned Persian poetry from the regiment's Punjabi Moulvi, practiced music, and pursued his literary interests. His first prose work, "Life of a Vagabond" ('Baunduler Atmakahini'''), was published in May 1919.His poem "Mukti" ("মুক্তি", 'Freedom') was published by the Bengali Muslim Literary Journal (Bangiya Mussalman Sahitya Samiti) in July 1919. Career

Kazi <mask> <mask> joined the army in late 1917. <mask> left the British Indian army in 1920 when the 49th Bengal Regiment was disbanded. and settled in Calcutta. He joined the staff of the Bangiya Mussalman Sahitya Samiti ("Bengali Muslim Literary Society"). He published his first novel Bandhan-hara (বাঁধন-হারা, 'Freedom from Bondage') in 1920, on which he continued to work over the next seven years. His first collection of poems, which included "Bodhan", "Shat-il-Arab", "Kheya-parer Tarani", and "Badal Prater Sharab", received critical acclaim.Nazrul grew close to other young Muslim writers, while working at the Bengali Muslim Literary Society, including Mohammad Mozammel Haq, <mask> Abdul Wadud, and Muhammad Shahidullah. <mask> and Muhammad Shahidullah remained close throughout their lives. He was a regular at the social clubs for Calcutta's

masks: Nazrul Islam Nazrul Kazi Nazrul


title: Kazi Nazrul Islam

texts: writers, poets, and intellectuals such as the Gajendar Adda and the Bharatiya Adda. Nazrul did not have the formal education of Rabindranath and as a result his poems did not follow the literary practices established by Rabindranath. Due to this he faced criticism from followers of Rabindranath. Despite their differences, Nazrul looked to Rabindranath Tagore as a mentor. In 1921, <mask> was engaged to Nargis, the niece of a well-known Muslim publisher, Ali Akbar Khan, in Daulatpur, Comilla.On 18 June 1921, the day of the wedding, upon public insistence by Khan that the term "Nazrul must reside in Daulatpur after marriage" be included in the marriage contract, Nazrul walked away from the wedding ceremony. Nazrul reached the peak of his fame in 1922 with Bidrohi (The Rebel), which remains his most famous work, winning the admiration of India's literary society for his description of a rebel. Published in the Bijli (বিজলী, "Lightning") magazine, the rebellious language and theme were well received, coinciding with the Non-Cooperation Movementthe first mass nationalist campaign of civil disobedience against British rule. Nazrul explores the different forces at work in a rebel, the destroyer, and the preserver who is able to express rage as well as beauty and sensitivity. He followed up by writing Pralayollas ('Destructive Euphoria'), and his first anthology of poems, the Agni-veena ("অগ্নি-বীণা", 'Lyre of Fire') in 1922, which enjoyed commercial and critical success. He also published a volume of short stories, the


title: Kazi Nazrul Islam

texts:
 Byathar Dan "ব্যথার দান" ('Gift of Sorrow'), and Yugbani ("যুগবাণী"), an anthology of essays. Nazrul started a bi-weekly magazine, Dhumketu ("ধূমকেতু", 'Comet') on 12 August 1922 that was critical of the British Empire.Earning the moniker of the "rebel poet", Nazrul aroused the suspicion of British Raj authorities. The Police raided the office of Dhumketu after it published "Anondomoyeer Agomone" ("আনন্দময়ীর আগমনে"), a political poem, in September 1922. <mask> was arrested on 23 January 1923 and charged with sedition. He presented a long argument in the court, an excerpt of what he said:

On 14 April 1923, he was moved from Alipore Jail to Hooghly Jail in Hooghly. He began a 40-day fast to protest mistreatment by the British jail superintendent, breaking his fast more than a month later and eventually being released from prison in December 1923. <mask> composed numerous poems and songs during his period of imprisonment. In the 1920s, the British Indian government banned many of his writings.Rabindranath Tagore dedicated his play "Basanta" to <mask> in 1923. <mask> wrote the poem "Aj Srishti Shukher Ullashe" to thank Tagore. His book Bisher Banshi ('The Flute of Poison'), published in August 1924, was banned by the British Raj. Bisher Banshi called for rebellion in India against the British Raj. Bisher Banshi was read and distributed in secret following the ban. <mask> was a critic of the Khilafat Movement in British India which he condemned as "hollow religious fundamentalism". His rebellious expression extended to


title: Kazi Nazrul Islam

texts: rigid orthodoxy in the name of religion and politics.He also criticised the Indian National Congress for not embracing outright political independence from the British Empire. Nazrul became active in encouraging people to agitate against British rule, and joined the Bengal state unit of the Indian National Congress. Along with Muzaffar Ahmed, Nazrul also helped organise the Sramik Praja Swaraj Dal (Workers and Peasants Party), a socialist political party committed to national independence and the service of the working class. On 16 December 1925, Nazrul began publishing the Langal ('Plough'), a weekly, and served as its chief editor. During his visit to Comilla in 1921, <mask> met a young Bengali Hindu woman, Pramila Devi, with whom he fell in love, and they married on 25 April 1924. Brahmo Samaj criticised Pramila, a member of the Brahmo Samaj, for marrying a Muslim. Muslim religious leaders criticized Nazrul for his marriage to a Hindu woman.He also was criticised for his writings. Despite controversy, <mask>'s popularity and reputation as the "rebel poet" increased significantly. With his wife and young son Bulbul, <mask> settled at Grace Cottage, Krishnanagar in Krishnanagar in 1926. His work began to transform as he wrote poetry and songs that articulated the aspirations of the working class, a sphere of his work known as "mass music". In what his contemporaries regarded as one of his greatest flairs of creativity, Nazrul vastly contributed in profusely enriching ghazals in Bengali, transforming a form of poetry

masks: Nazrul Nazrul Nazrul


title: Kazi Nazrul Islam

texts: written mainly in Persian and Urdu. <mask>'s recording of Islamic songs was a commercial success and created interest in gramophone companies about publishing his works. A significant impact of Nazrul's work in Bengal was that it made Bengali Muslims more comfortable with the Bengali arts, which used to be dominated by Bengali Hindus.His Islamic songs are popular during Ramadan in Bangladesh. He also wrote devotional songs on the Hindu Goddess Kali. <mask> also composed a number of notable Shyamasangeet, Bhajan and Kirtan, combining Hindu devotional music. In 1928, <mask> began working as a lyricist, composer, and music director for His Master's Voice Gramophone Company. The songs written and music composed by him were broadcast on radio stations across India, including on the Indian Broadcasting Company. Nazrul believed in the equality of women, a view his contemporaries considered revolutionary, as expressed in his poem Naari (women). <mask>'s poems strongly emphasised the confluence of the roles of both sexes and their equal importance to life.His poem "Barangana" (Prostitute) stunned society with its depiction of prostitutes who he addresses in the poem as "mother". In the poem, <mask> accepts the prostitute as a human being first, reasoning that this person was breastfed by a noble woman and belonged to the race of "mothers and sisters"; he criticises society's negative views on prostitutes. An advocate of women rights, Nazrul portrayed both traditional and nontraditional women in his work. He talked about the


title: Kazi Nazrul Islam

texts:
 working poor through his works such as the
poem:'Poverty'( Daridro). Nazrul wrote thousands of songs, known collectively as Nazrul Geeti. The exact number is uncertain. The complete text of 2,260 is known, and the first lines of 2,872 have been collected, but according to musicologist Karunamaya Goswami, it is popularly believed that the total is much higher.Goswami has written that some contemporaries put the number near 4,000. Religious beliefs
<mask> was born a Sunni Muslim, but engaged in religious syncretism so often such that he was seen by laymen as only a proud pluralist. <mask> wrote an editorial in Joog Bani in 1920 about religious pluralism,
In another article entitled Hindu Mussalman, published in Ganabani on 2 September 1922, he wrote that the religious quarrels were between priests and Imams and not between individual Muslims and Hindus. He wrote that the Prophets had become property like cattle but they should instead be treated like a light that is for all men. Nazrul criticized religious fanaticism, denouncing it as evil and inherently irreligious. He wrote about human equality in his writings. He also explored the philosophy of the Qur'an and Muhammad by writing about them.<mask> has been compared to William Butler Yeats by Serajul <mask>, Bengali literary critic and professor emeritus at the University of Dhaka, for being the first Muslim poet to create imagery and symbolism of Muslim historical figures such as Qasim ibn Hasan, Ali, Umar, Kamal Pasha, and Muhammad. His condemnation of extremism and

masks:
Nazrul
Nazrul
Nazrul
Islam Choudhury


title: Kazi Nazrul Islam

texts: mistreatment of women provoked condemnation from Muslim and Hindu fundamentalists who opposed his liberal views on religion. <mask>'s mother died in 1928, and his second son, Bulbul, died of smallpox the following year. His first son, Krishna Mohammad, had died prematurely. Pramila gave birth to two more sonsSabyasachi in 1928 and Aniruddha in 1931but Nazrul remained grief-stricken and aggrieved for a long time. His works changed significantly from the rebellious exploration of society to a deeper examination of religious themes. His works in these years led Islamic devotional songs into the mainstream of Bengali folk music, exploring the Islamic practices of namaz (prayer), roza (fasting), hajj (pilgrimage), and zakat (charity).He wrote the song "O Mon Romzaner Oi Rozar Sheshe" on fasting during Ramadan. This was regarded by his contemporaries as a significant achievement, as Bengali Muslims had been strongly averse to devotional music. Nazrul was not limited to Islamic devotional music but also wrote Hindu devotional music. He composed Agamanis, Bhajans, Shyama sangeet, and kirtan. Nazrul wrote over 500 Hindu devotional songs. Nazrul's poetry and songs explored the philosophy of Islam and Hinduism. Nazrul's poetry imbibed the passion and creativity of Shakti, which is identified as the Brahman, the personification of primordial energy.He also composed many songs of invocation to Lord Shiva and the goddesses Lakshmi and Saraswati and on the love of Radha and Krishna. <mask> was an exponent of humanism. Although a

masks: Nazrul Nazrul