title: Archibald Alexander

texts:
 (1822–1899), who was a lawyer and one of the Trustees of Princeton University.<mask> died on October 22, 1851, at Princeton Township, New Jersey. Descendants
His grandson, William C<mask> (1848–1937), was an executive with the Equitable Life Assurance Society, author, and founder of Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity. His great-grandson, James Waddell <mask> (1888–1971), was a noted mathematician and topologist. Works
Christ's gracious invitation
Biographical sketches of the founder, and principal alumni of the Log college : together with an account of the revivals of religion, under their ministry
Outlines of moral science
Love to an unseen saviour
A history of the Israelitish nation, from their origin to their dispersion at the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans
A History of Colonization on the Western Coast of Africa (1846)
An address to candidates for the ministry : on the importance of aiming at eminent piety in making their preparation for the sacred office
Suggestions in vindication of Sunday-schools, but more especially for the improvement of Sunday-school books, and the enlargement of the plan of instruction
The evidences of Christianity
Thoughts on the education of pious and indigent candidates for the ministry
Thoughts on religious experience
Thoughts on religious experience' To which is added an appendix, containing "Letters to the aged," &c., &c
A discourse occasioned by the burning of the theatre in the city of Richmond, Virginia, on the twenty-sixth of December, 1811. By which lawful calamity a large number of lives were lost. Delivered in the Third Presbyterian church, Philadelphia, on the eighth day of January, 1812, at the request of the Virginia students attached to the medical class in the University of Pennsylvania
The canon of the Old and New Testaments ascertained
The canon of the Old and New Testaments ascertained; or, The Bible, complete, without the Apocrypha and unwritten traditions  (Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year

masks:
Alexander
. Alexander
Alexander II


title: Archibald Alexander

type: original

texts:
 1851 by A.W. Mitchell in the office of the Clerk of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.)Evidences of the authenticity, inspiration and canonical authority of the Holy Scriptures
Practical sermons to be read in families and social meetings
Practical truths
A brief compend of Bible truth
A brief outline of the evidences of the Christian religion
A dialogue between a Presbyterian and a "Friend"
A Memorial of Mrs. Margaret Breckinridge
Remarks on a paragraph in the Rev. Doctor Davidson's History of the Presbyterian Church in Kentucky : in reference to the character of the late Mr. John Lyle, ruling elder in the Timberridge Church, Virginia
The way of salvation familiarly explained : in a conversation between a father and his children
A pocket dictionary of the Holy Bible. Containing, a historical and geographical account of the persons and places mentioned in the Old and New Testaments: and also a description of other objects, natural, artificial, civil, religious, and military; together with a copious reference to texts of Scripture under each important word

Sermons

Notes

Sources

External links

 Works at Librivox Audio  of several of his books
"Sinners Welcome to Come to Jesus Christ" by <mask>
"The Day of Judgment" (Part I) (Part II) by <mask>
"Nature and Means of Growth in Grace" by <mask>
A Brief Compendium of Bible Truth (1846)
"The Lord's Day" by <mask>
"A Practical View of Regeneration" (Part I) (Part II) (Part III) by <mask>bituary for Henry Martyn <mask>
Thoughts on Religious Experience
"Practical Directions How to Grow in Grace and Make Progress in Piety" by <mask>
A Treatise On Justification by Faith by Dr. <mask>, D.D. 1772 births
1851 deaths
Presidents of Hampden–Sydney College
American Calvinist and Reformed theologians
American Presbyterian ministers
Presidents of Calvinist and Reformed seminaries
People from Princeton, New Jersey
Christian revivalists
Burials at Princeton Cemetery
People from Rockbridge County,

masks:
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander O
Alexander
Alexander
Archibald Alexander


title: Elisha Cuthbert

texts: <mask> (born 30 November 1982) is a Canadian actress and model. As a child actress, she made her first televised appearance as an extra in the Canadian horror-themed series for children Are You Afraid of the Dark? and co-hosted Popular Mechanics for Kids. She made her feature film debut in the 1997 Canadian family-drama Dancing on the Moon. Her first major lead role came in the 1998 drama film Airspeed (No Control) alongside Joe Mantegna. In 2001, she starred in the movie Lucky Girl, for which she received her first award, the Gemini Awards. After moving to Hollywood in 2001, she was cast as Kim Bauer in the series 24, her first big role in an American production, alongside Kiefer Sutherland.For this role, she was nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards twice. In 2003, she played Darcie Goldberg in the college comedy Old School and Carol-Anne in Love Actually. <mask> received wide recognition for her breakout role as Danielle in the 2004 teen comedy film The Girl Next Door, being nominated for Best Breakthrough Performance at the 2005 MTV Movie Awards, and for her next role as Carly Jones in the 2005 House of Wax, for which she received two nominations for the Teen Choice Awards, including Best Actress: Action/Adventure/Thriller. Subsequently, <mask> appeared in the lead role in the drama The Quiet (2005) and the horror Captivity (2007). This role, along with Are You Afraid of the Dark?, 24 series and House of Wax, established her as a scream queen. From 2011 to 2013, <mask> starred as Alex Kerkovich in the three seasons of the ABC comedy Happy Endings. From 2016 to 2020, she

masks:
Elisha Ann Cuthbert Phaneuf
Cuthbert
Cuthbert
Cuthbert


title: Elisha Cuthbert

texts:
 had a recurring role as Abby Phillips on the Netflix series The Ranch, before becoming a main cast member in the series' second season.She received praise for her performance on the Canadian comedy series Jann (2020), being nominated for the Canadian Screen Awards for Best Performance in a guest role. <mask> is considered a sex symbol and has appeared in numerous magazines, such as Maxim, Complex, and FHM. In 2013, Maxim magazine named her "TV's most beautiful woman". Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Calgary, Alberta, the daughter of Patricia, a housewife, and Kevin, an automotive design engineer. She grew up in Greenfield Park, Quebec. In 2000, she graduated from Centennial Regional High School and moved to Los Angeles at the age of 17. As a child, she participated in Girl Guide programs as a member of Girl Guides of Canada.Career

Early work
When she was nine, <mask> started modelling children's clothing and also became a foot model. She made her first televised appearance as an extra in the horror-themed series for children, Are You Afraid of the Dark? ; she later became a regular on the show. <mask> co-hosted Popular Mechanics for Kids with Jay Baruchel, filmed in Montreal. Her reporting captured the attention of Hillary Clinton, who invited her to the White House. <mask> landed a role in a feature film in the family drama Dancing on the Moon (1997). She appeared in other Canadian family films and in an airplane thriller, Airspeed.In 2000, <mask> co-starred in Believe, a Canadian film with Ricky Mabe. The following year she starred in the Canadian television movie,

masks:
Cuthbert
Elisha
Ann Cuthbert
Cuthbert
Cuthbert
Cuthbert
Cuthbert


title: Elisha Cuthbert

texts:
 Lucky Girl, and was awarded a Gemini Award for her performance. 2000s

Soon after moving to Hollywood she was cast as Kim Bauer, daughter of federal agent Jack Bauer in the television series 24. She appeared in the show's first three seasons, but not in its fourth; she guest-starred in two episodes in the fifth season. She also reprised her role as Kim Bauer in 24: The Game and again guest-starred in five episodes of the seventh season and in two episodes of the eighth season. She began her Hollywood film career with small roles in Old School which grossed $87 million. Her next film, Love Actually, earned $246.4 million worldwide.Her first break in a major film role was in 2004, The Girl Next Door. She played an ex–porn star, Danielle, opposite Emile Hirsch. She had reservations about taking the part but director Luke Greenfield persuaded her to accept the role. <mask> did research for the film speaking to adult actresses from Wicked Pictures and Vivid Entertainment. The film was compared to Risky Business although <mask> said her character was not directly based on Rebecca De Mornay's. Critics were divided; some praised the film for boldness, others, notably Roger Ebert, called it gimmicky and exploitative. Ebert wrote that he saw <mask>'s character as "quite the most unpleasant character I have seen in some time."The View London said: "<mask> is surprisingly good, too – aside from being drop dead gorgeous, she also proves herself a capable comic actress in the Cameron Diaz mould". <mask> won two nominations for the MTV Movie Awards for Best Kiss and Best Breakthrough

masks: Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert


title: Elisha Cuthbert

texts: Performance. In her next film, <mask> starred with Paris Hilton and Chad Michael Murray in the 2005 remake of the horror film House of Wax. In one scene, her character attempted to open her mouth while her lips were sealed with glue. For realism, she used Superglue over prosthetics. House of Wax was largely panned, critics citing a range of flaws. It was called "notable for having some of the most moronic protagonists ever to populate a horror film," though of those characters, critics tended to think <mask> "do the best."Though it received negative reviews the film was a box office success, which grossed $70 million worldwide. The Houston Chronicle cited <mask> as an exception. Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said of the film, "<mask> <mask>'s matter-of-fact, likable quality helps. Seeing her turn into wax would be as bad as seeing that happen to Glenda Farrell (the star of the 1933 version)." The Movie said: "The performances are always professional and understated in their believable cogency, particularly <mask>, a talented, beautiful young actress who has proven time and again just what a multilayered and promising future she has ahead of her. <mask> digs into the role of Carly with strength, determination, and horrified realism; you believe as you watch her that she is going through these things and forget all about the actor playing the part, which is the biggest compliment of all. Brian Orndorf of Filmjerk.com said: "[Paris] Hilton ... only plays her known personality in the film.She's overshadowed by the strong work from the rest of the cast, notably Chad

masks: Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert Elisha Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert


title: Elisha Cuthbert

texts: Michael Murray and especially <mask> <mask>, who gives the film a strong dose of enthusiasm with her Jamie Lee Curtis-esque performance." <mask> was nominated at Teen Choice Awards in two categories Choice Movie: Actress – Action / Adventure / Thriller and Choice Movie: Rumble. <mask>'s next film was the indie film The Quiet. She was a co-star and co-producer. She played Nina, a temperamental 17-year-old cheerleader who suffers sexual abuse by her father. <mask> looked to her younger cousin as her inspiration in portraying a teenager. The Quiet, distributed by Sony Pictures Classics, premiered at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival and received a limited release in Los Angeles and New York City on 25 August 2006 before expanding regionally in the US on September 1.<mask> initially wanted to play the part of the silent Dot however director Jamie Babbit cast Camilla Belle in the role instead after Thora Birch pulled out. Babbit reasoned "To me, Dot has to be someone you could believe would be invisible in high school. You look at <mask>, this beautiful woman with the most perfect body you've ever seen, and you think, there's no high school in America where this girl could be invisible. No matter how much hair and makeup I do, it's not going to happen." The Daily Californian conceded that "Despite the plot's failings, <mask> does a convincing job in her role, exuding an outer shell so tough that when her inner, softer layers emerge, it's a natural change of character. Empire Movies agreed, commenting "this is <mask> <mask>'s best film performance to date. <mask>'s Nina

masks: Elisha Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert Elisha Cuthbert Elisha Cuthbert Cuthbert


title: Elisha Cuthbert

texts: has the majority of the most graphic and disturbing dialogue in the film, especially during one particular lunchroom scene where the camera is close up on <mask> and Belle's faces."<mask> appeared in the music video for Weezer's "Perfect Situation" in early 2006, playing the group's fictional original singer who threw a tantrum that led to Rivers Cuomo, the roadie, becoming the band's frontman. She also had a small role in Paris Hilton's music video for the song "Nothing in This World". In 2007, <mask> appeared in Captivity, a thriller centered on a fashion model taunted by a psychopath who imprisons her in a cellar. She was nominated for a Razzie award as Worst Actress and Teen Choice Awards for Choice Movie Actress: Horror/Thriller for the movie. The film grossed $10.9 million at the box office. The critic Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star-Ledger said, "When, in the last few minutes, <mask> finally slipped her bonds and began looking for her tormentors, I knew exactly how she felt." The View London said: "The worst <mask> struggles to make her character sympathetic because the script doesn't give her anything to work with, while Daniel Gillies is too creepy-looking to convince as a potential love interest."In He Was a Quiet Man, <mask> played Vanessa, a quadriplegic; she starred alongside Christian Slater. The film was in limited release in 2007, and it was released on DVD in early 2008. The critic Peter Bradshaw in his review for The Guardian praised <mask>'s performance, writing that she "is very good". In 2008, <mask> appeared in My Sassy Girl, a remake of a Korean film,

masks: Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert


title: Elisha Cuthbert

texts:
 starring with Jesse Bradford. Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India said the "Elisha is cute and their zany affair keeps the reels rolling in an unusual love story with the usual heartbreak and happy home-comings". Although Lacey Mical (Callahan) Walker of Christian Spotlight on Entertainment was not impressed by Bradford performance, she praised <mask>'s, saying, "<mask> <mask>'s talent rises above the character she was given to play, and she almost saves the bitter first half with a stellar performance". Her next film was the family comedy, The Six Wives of Henry Lefay with Tim Allen, in which she played his daughter.She starred in the Canadian miniseries Guns. She was a judge in season two, episode two of Project Runway Canada. Designers were challenged to create a "party dress" for her. <mask> reprised her character Kim Bauer in the seventh season of 24 for five episodes. She was to star in the CBS drama pilot Ny-Lon, playing a New York literacy teacher/record-store clerk who embarks on a transatlantic romance with a London stockbroker. The project, based on a British series starring Rashida Jones and Stephen Moyer, was cancelled. In December 2009, ABC said <mask> had joined the cast of The Forgotten in a recurring role as Maxine Denver, a Chicago professional.It was expected for <mask> to play the role of Trixie in sports action- comedy film Speed Racer (2008), but Christina Ricci was eventually chosen. 2011–present
From April 2011 to May 2013, <mask> starred as Alex Kerkovich for three seasons on the ABC ensemble comedy Happy Endings alongside Eliza Coupe, Zachary

masks: Cuthbert Elisha Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert


title: Elisha Cuthbert

texts: Knighton, Adam Pally, Damon Wayans Jr., and Casey Wilson. Despite critical acclaim and having a cult following, the show was cancelled by ABC after the conclusion of its third season on 3 May 2013. <mask> was nominated for the Online Film & Television Association Award in 2012 and 2013 in the category of "Best Cast in a Comedy Series" and TV Guide Awards for Favorite Cast. The series was also nominated for 28 other awards including the Satellite Awards for Best Series comedy television or music. <mask>'s performance received positive reviews from critics. In 2013, she was regarded as a promising contender for an Emmy Award in the Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series category, however she was not nominated.In 2012, <mask> was host of the American Music Awards. In October 2012, she appeared in The Gaslight Anthem's music video "Here Comes My Man", playing the girlfriend of a man who mistreats her until she imagines a romantic relationship with a character in a film and chooses to end her real relationship. In 2013, she appeared on the cover of Maxim, which named her TV's Most Beautiful Woman. In February 2014, <mask> signed to play the female lead role in Liz Feldman and Ellen DeGeneres' new NBC sitcom pilot One Big Happy. <mask> stars as Lizzy, a lesbian who gets pregnant just as her straight male best friend Luke (played by Nick Zano) meets and marries the love of his life, Prudence. Six episodes of the show were ordered on 9 May 2014, and it debuted mid-season in early 2015. The series was cancelled after one season.In 2015, <mask> joined Seann William Scott in

masks: Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert


title: Elisha Cuthbert

texts:
 a sequel to the 2011 comedy Goon. Goon: Last of the Enforcers began production in June in Toronto. Liev Schreiber and Alison Pill reprised their roles from the first film. In 2016, <mask> joined the cast of Netflix's The Ranch, a comedy series. In 2020, she started the film Eat Wheaties!. She is set to star the horror movie The Cellar, Bandit and the comedy Friday Afternoon in the Universe. For her performance in the comedy series Jann (2020), she was nominated for the Canadian Screen Awards for Best Guest Performance.Public image

Since she began playing Kim Bauer, she has frequently been named to the magazines FHM and Maxim's annual lists of "hottest women". Her highest ranking was No. 4 in the 2008 UK Edition of FHM's 100 Sexiest Women in the World list. She was ranked No. 14 in 2003, No. 10 in 2004, No. 5 in 2005, No.22 in 2006, No. 10 in 2007, and No. 7 in 2009. The U.S. Edition ranked her No. 53 in 2003, No. 63 in 2004, and No.54 in 2006. <mask> was ranked No. 10 by AskMen.com readers in the list "Top 99 Women of 2007." In Maxims Hot 100 list, she was ranked No. 84 in 2002, No. 9 in 2003, No. 21 in 2004, No.92 in 2006, No. 25 in 2007, No. 6 in 2008, No. 43 in 2009, No. 65 in 2011, No. 34 in 2012, and No. 10 in 2013.The magazine also featured her in its Girls of Maxim Gallery. In 2013, the magazine named her the Most Beautiful Woman in Television. BuddyTV ranked her No. 33 on its TV's 100 Sexiest Women of 2011 list, No. 13 in 2012, and No. 30 in 2015. She was included in the list of The 15 Best Comedy Supporting Actresses of the 2011–2012 TV Season and 2012–2013 TV

masks: Cuthbert Cuthbert


title: Elisha Cuthbert

texts:
 Season.The Canadian Business named her one of the most powerful Canadians in Hollywood, and The New York Daily News listed her as one of the Sexiest Canadian celebrities of 2016. Complex has ranked her in The 25 Hottest Canadian Women, The 100 Hottest Women of the 2000s, The 25 Hottest Blonde Bombshell Actresses, and The 50 Hottest Celebrity Sports Fans. In 2013, GQ magazine listed her among The 100 Hottest Women of the 21st Century and The 100 Sexiest Women of Millennium. Personal life
<mask> has two younger siblings and enjoys painting, is an ice hockey fan. In 2005, she maintained a blog on the NHL website, though she did not post for most of the season. Marriage
<mask> and hockey player Dion Phaneuf, then the captain of the Toronto Maple Leafs, announced their engagement in September 2012, They married on 6 July 2013 at St. James Catholic Church in Summerfield, Prince Edward Island. Living in Ottawa during the hockey season, <mask> and Phaneuf spend their summers at their waterfront estate outside New London, Prince Edward Island in his parents' home province.The couple has one daughter together. Filmography

Film

Television

Web

Music videos

Video games

Awards and nominations

References

External links

20th-century Canadian actresses
21st-century Canadian actresses
1982 births
Actresses from Calgary
Actresses from Quebec
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian bloggers
Canadian child actresses
Canadian expatriate actresses in the United States
Canadian female models
Canadian film actresses
Canadian television actresses
Living people
People from Longueuil
Canadian

masks: Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert


title: Ding Ling

texts:
<mask> (; October 12, 1904 – March 4, 1986), formerly romanized as <mask>, was the pen name of Jiang Bingzhi (), also known as Bin Zhi (彬芷 Bīn Zhǐ), one of the most celebrated 20th-century Chinese women authors. She was awarded the Soviet Union's Stalin second prize for Literature in 1951. Early life

<mask> was born into a gentry family in Linli, Hunan province. Her father died when Ding was three. <mask>'s mother, who raised her children alone while becoming an educator, was <mask>'s role model, and she would later write an unfinished novel, titled Mother, which described her mother's experiences. Following her mother's example, <mask> became an activist at an early age. <mask> fled to Shanghai in 1920 in repudiation of traditional Chinese family practices by refusing to marry her cousin who had been chosen to become her husband.She rejected the commonly accepted view that parents as the source of the child's body are its owners, and she ardently asserted that she owned and controlled her own body. <mask> <mask> was influenced by progressive teachers at the People's Girls School, and by her association with modern writers such as Shen Congwen and the left-wing poet Hu Yepin, whom she married in 1925. She began writing stories around this time, most famously Miss Sophia's Diary, published in 1927, in which a young woman describes her unhappiness with her life and confused romantic and sexual feelings. Miss Sophia's Diary highlights <mask> <mask>'s close association and belief in the New

masks:
Ding Ling
Ting Ling
Ding Ling
Ding Ling
Ding
Ding Ling
Ding Ling
Ding
Ling
Ding
Ling


title: Ding Ling

texts:
 Woman movement which was occurring in China during the 1920's. In 1931, Hu Yepin was executed in Shanghai by the Kuomintang government for his association with the Communists. In March 1932 she joined the Chinese Communist Party, and almost all of her fiction after this time was in support of its goals. She was active in the League of Left-Wing Writers.Political persecution

Active in the Communist revolutionary cause, she was placed under house arrest in Shanghai by the Kuomintang for a three-year period from 1933 to 1936. She escaped, and made her way to the Communist base of Yan'an. There she became one of the most influential figures in Yan'an cultural circles, serving as director of the Chinese Literature and Arts Association and editing a newspaper literary supplement. <mask> <mask> struggled with the idea that revolutionary needs, defined by the party, should come before art. She objected to the gender standards at work in Yan'an and in 1940, wrote When I was in Xia Village, a short story about a woman forced into prostitution by the Japanese who later joins the Chinese Communist Party as a spy. It criticized the treatment of women within the party and challenged the supposed 'equality' between men and women that it failed to uphold. In 1942 she wrote an article in a party newspaper, titled Thoughts on March 8, questioning the party's commitment to change popular attitudes towards women.She satirized male double standards concerning women, saying they were ridiculed if they

masks: Ding Ling


title: Ding Ling

texts:
 focused on household duties, but also became the target of gossip and rumours if they remained unmarried and worked in the public sphere. She also criticized male cadres use of divorce provisions to rid themselves of unwanted wives. Her article was condemned by Mao Zedong and the party leadership, and she was forced to retract her views and undergo a public self-confession. Her main work in these years was the novel The Sun Shines Over Sanggan River, which she completed in 1948. It followed the complex results of land reform on a rural village. It was awarded the Stalin prize for Literature in 1951, and is considered one of the best examples of socialist-realist fiction. It did not, however, address gender issues.Always a political activist, in 1957 she was denounced as a "rightist", purged from the party, and her fiction and essays were banned. She spent five years in jail during the Cultural Revolution and was sentenced to do manual labor on a farm for twelve years before being "rehabilitated" in 1978. In her introduction to Miss Sophie's Diary And Other Stories, <mask> <mask> explains her indebtedness to the writers of other cultures:

I can say that if I had not been influenced by Western literature I would probably not have been able to write fiction, or at any rate not the kind of fiction in this collection. It is obvious that my earliest stories followed the path of Western realism... A little later, as the Chinese revolution developed, my fiction changed with the needs of the


title: Ding Ling

texts:
 age and of the Chinese people... Literature ought to join minds together... turning ignorance into mutual understanding. Time, place and institutions cannot separate it from the friends it wins... And in 1957, a time of spiritual suffering for me, I found consolation in reading much Latin American and African literature. Later years
A few years before her death, she was allowed to travel to the United States where she was a guest at the University of Iowa's International Writing Program.<mask> <mask> and her husband Chen Ming visited Canada in 1981 for 10 days, meeting with Canadian writers Margaret Laurence, Adele Wiseman, and Geoff Hancock; and even Canada's first female Lieutenant Governor, Pearl McGonigal for the province of Manitoba. <mask> <mask> died in Beijing on March 4, 1986. She authored more than three hundred works. After her "rehabilitation" many of her previously banned books such as her novel The Sun Shines Over The Sanggan River were republished and translated into numerous languages. Some of her short works, spanning a fifty-year period, are collected in I Myself Am A Woman: Selected Writings Of <mask> <mask>. Works

Collections
Zai hei’an zhong [In the Darkness]. 1928.Zisha riji [Diary of a Suicide]. 1928. Yige nüren [A Woman]. 1928. Shujia zhong [During the Summer Holidays]. 1928. Awei guniang [The Girl Awei].1928. Shui [Water]. 1930. Yehui [Night Meeting]. 1930. Zai yiyuan zhong [In the Hospital]. 1941.Ding Ling wenji [Works of Ding <mask>], Hunan Renmin Chubanshe.

masks: Ding Ling Ding Ling Ding Ling Ling


title: Ding Ling

texts:
 6 vols. 1982. Ding Ling xuanji [Selected Works of Ding <mask>], Sichuan Renmin Chubanshe. 3 vols. 1984. Fiction
Meng Ke.1927. Shafei nüshi riji. February 1928, Xiaoshuo yuebao (short story magazine); as Miss Sophia's Diary, translated by Gary Bjorge, 1981. Weihu. 1930. Muqin. 1930; as Mother, translated by Tani Barlow, 1989.1930 Chun Shanghai. 1930; as Shanghai, Spring, 1930, translated by Tani Barlow, 1989. Zai yiyuan zhong. 1941; as In the Hospital, translated by Gary Bjorge, 1981. Wo zai Xia cun de shihou. 1941; as When I Was in Xia Village, translated by Gary Bjorge, 1981. Taiyang zhao zai Sanggan he shang.Guanghua shudian. September 1948; as The Sun Shines Over Sanggan River, translated by Gladys Yang and Yang Xianyi, Panda Books, 1984. Du Wanxiang. 1978; as Du Wanxiang, translated by Tani Barlow, 1989. Further reading
 Chinese Writers on Writing featuring <mask> <mask>. Ed. Arthur Sze.(Trinity University Press, 2010). Alber, Charles J. Embracing the Lie: <mask> <mask> and the Politics of Literature in the PRC. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004. 1 copy. Barlow, Tani, "Gender and Identity in Ding <mask>'s 'Mother.'" Modern Chinese Literature 2, 2 (1986): 123–42.Barlow, Tani, The Question of Women in Chinese Feminism. Durham, Duke University Press, 2004. 1 copy. (contains material on Ding <mask>). Bjorge, Gary J. "'Sophia's Diary': An Introduction." Tamkang Review 5, 1 (1974): 97–110.Chang, Jun-mei. Ting <mask>, Her Life and Her Work. Taipei: Institute of International Relations, 1978.

masks: Ling Ding Ling Ding Ling Ling Ling Ling


title: Ding Ling

texts:
 Dien, Dora Shu-fang. "Ding <mask> and 'Miss Sophie's Diary': A Psychobiographical Study of Adolescent Identity Formation." Making Meaning of Narratives: The Narrative Study of Lives 6 Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 221–237. <mask> <mask> and Her Mother: A Cultural Psychological Study.Huntington, NY: Nova Science, 2001. Feng, Jin. "The 'Bold Modern Girl': <mask> <mask>'s Early Fiction." In *Feng, The New Woman in Early Twentieth-Century Chinese Fiction. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2001, 149–70. "The Revolutionary Age: <mask> <mask>'s Fiction of the Early 1930s." In Feng, The New Woman in Early Twentieth-Century Chinese Fiction.West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2001, 171–88. "<mask> <mask> in Yan'an: A New Woman within the Part Structure?" In Feng, The New Woman in Early Twentieth-Century Chinese Fiction. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2001, 189–96
Feuerwerker, Yi-tsi Mei. <mask> <mask>'s Fiction: Ideology and Narrative in Modern Chinese Literature. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1982. "The Changing Relationship between Literature and Life: Aspects of the Writer's Role in <mask> <mask> [Ting <mask>]."In Merle Goldman, ed. Modern Chinese Literature in the May Fourth Era. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977, 281–307. "Ting <mask>'s 'When I was in Sha Chuan (Cloud Village)'." Signs, Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2, 1 (1976): 255–79. "The Uses of Literature: <mask> <mask> in Yan'an." In W. Kubin and R. Wagner, eds., Essays in

masks: Ling Ding Ling Ding Ling Ding Ling Ding Ling Ding Ling Ding Ling Ling Ling Ding Ling


title: Ding Ling

texts:
 Contemporary Chinese LIterature and Literary Criticism.Bochum: Brockmeyer, 1981. Huang, Xincun. “Politics, Gender and Literary Writings: A Study of Ding <mask> in the Early 1940s.” Journal of Asian Culture 14 (1990): 33–54. Kubin, Wolfgang. "Sexuality and Literature in the People's Republic of China, Problems of the Chinese woman before and after 1949 as seen in <mask> <mask>'s 'Diary of Sophia' (1928) and Xi Rong's story 'An Unexceptional Post' (1962)." In Wolfgang Kubin and Rudolf G. Wagner, eds., Essays in Modern Chinese Literature and Literary Criticism. Bochum: Brockmeyer, 1982, 168–91.Lai, Amy Tak-yee. "Liberation, Confusion, Imprisonment: The Female Self in <mask> <mask>'s 'Diary of Miss Sophie' and Zhang Jie's 'Love Must Not Be Forgotten.'" Comparative Literature and Culture 3 (Sept. 1998): 88–103. Tang, Xiaobing. "Shanghai Spring 1930: Engendering the Revolutionary Body." In Chinese Modernism: The Heroic and the Quotidian. Durham: Duke UP, 2000, 97–130.Wang, Shunzhu. "The Double-Voiced Feminine Discouses in <mask> <mask>'s 'Miss Sophie's Diary' and Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God." Tamkang Review 27, 1 (1997): 133–158. Zhang, Jingyuan. "Feminism and Revolution: The Work and Life of <mask> <mask>." In Joshua Mostow, ed, and Kirk A. Denton, China section, ed., Columbia Companion to Modern East Asian Literatures. NY: Columbia UP, 2003, 395–400.Zhou Liangpei. <mask> <mask> zhuan (Biography of <mask> <mask>). Beijing: Beijing shiyue wenyi, 1993. See also

 Thoughts

masks: Ling Ding Ling Ding Ling Ding Ling Ding Ling Ding Ling Ding Ling


title: Ding Ling

texts:
 on March 8
When I was in Xia Village
Sanggan River

References

Footnotes

Ebrey, Patricia. Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge University Press, June 13, 1996. Solomon, Barbara H., "Other Voices, Other Vistas", A Mentor Book, March 1992

External links
 <mask> <mask>.A Portrait by Kong Kai Ming at Hong Kong Baptist University Library

1904 births
1986 deaths
20th-century Chinese women writers
Pseudonymous women writers
People's Republic of China novelists
Republic of China novelists
People from Changde
Short story writers from Hunan
International Writing Program alumni
20th-century Chinese short story writers
Chinese women short story writers
Victims of the Anti-Rightist Campaign
Republic of China short story writers
20th-century pseudonymous


title: Maria Rita Saulle

texts: <mask> was a professor of law and a judge in the Italian Constitutional Court from November 2005 until her death on 7 July 2011. <mask> was Full Professor of International Law and Human Rights in the Faculty of Political Sciences at the Sapienza University of Rome. She was director of the master's course on International Protection of Human Rights and founded a PhD in International Order and Human Rights. She was appointed judge of the Constitutional Court by the President of Italy on 4 November 2005. From 1981 to 1983 and from 1989 to 1990 she taught as full professor at the Faculty of Maritime Economy in Napíes, holding chairs in International Law, International Navigation Law and European Communities Law and heading the Institute of Public Law. In accordance with the wishes of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), in 1992 she created the first course at the University of Rome on the rights of migrants and refugees. This class is attended by 200 students annually.From 1983 to 1986 she taught European Community Law regularly at the Scuola Superiore della Pubblica Amministrazione (School of Public Administration). She lectured at conferences and meetings at Italian and foreign universities (including Milan, Turin, Trieste, Napíes, Salerno, Messina, Catania, Palermo, Rio de Janeiro, Oslo, Bonn, Luxembourg and Strasbourg) and international bodies (including the Council of Europe and the European Parliament). She served as chair of the Communication Committee of the UNESCO National Commission from 1990 to 2000 and as chair of the Human Rights Committee from 2000. She was a member of: the Interministerial Committee for Human Rights at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the Committee for Constitutional Culture at the Ministry of Public Education; the Observatory on Disability until 1994; the National Commission for Gender Equality at the Prime Minister's Office from 1984 to 1992. She served as expert advisor to the Minister for Community Policies from 1991 to 1993. She was the Italian delegate to working group charged with drafting the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child

masks:
Maria Rita Saulle
Career Saulle


title: James Edward Edmonds

texts:
Brigadier-General Sir <mask>  (25 December 1861 – 2 August 1956) was an officer of the Royal Engineers during the First World War. Edmonds became the Director of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence on 1 April 1919 and was responsible for the post-war compilation of the 28-volume Military Operations section of the History of the Great War. Edmonds wrote nearly half the volumes, including eleven of the 14 volumes dealing with the Western Front (Military Operations, France and Belgium). The final volume was published in 1949. Early life and education
<mask> was born in London in 1861 into a family that could trace its ancestry to Fowey in Cornwall. Edmonds was educated at King's College School, at Somerset House in the Strand, London. Edmonds claimed that his father taught him languages at breakfast, to the extent that he was familiar with German, French, Italian and Russian.Edmonds did not learn Latin or Greek but studied science and geology. Edmonds visited France when he was eight and saw Napoleon III, then returned two years later, soon after the end of the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871). In his unpublished memoirs, <mask> wrote that he was surprised to see that the Arc de Triomphe had not been demolished and that he became sceptical of the reports of war correspondents for the rest of his life. While Edmonds was in Amiens, still under German occupation, a Bavarian officer said "Ve haf beat de Franzmen, you vill be next" (sic). This determined Edmonds's father to teach both his sons German and to put them into the army. Edmonds's teachers encouraged him to study maths at Cambridge but when one of his friends passed third in the entrance exam to the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich (RMA Woolwich), Edmonds applied. In July 1879 Edmonds took the RMA Woolwich entrance exam, passed first was accepted for a place.At the end of the course Edmonds achieved the highest marks that instructors could remember, was awarded the Pollock Gold Medal for Efficiency and prizes for mathematics, mechanics, fortification, geometrical drawing, military history, drills and

masks:
James Edward Edmonds
James Edward Edmonds
Edmonds


title: James Edward Edmonds

texts:
 exercises and exemplary conduct. Edmonds won the Sword of Honour for the Best Gentleman Cadet and was mentioned by the commander-in-chief of the Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Army career

Royal Engineers

<mask> was commissioned into the Corps of Royal Engineers on 22 July 1881. Edmonds spent four years based in Chatham and a year in Malta studying submarine mining. Edmonds's intellect was recognised with the nickname Archimedes. After returning from Malta, <mask> was posted to Hong Kong with two companies of engineers to garrison the colony. The posting was uneventful and in 1888 <mask> returned to Chatham after sojourns in Japan, the US and Canada, to join the 38th Mining Company as Assistant Instructor.Apparently <mask>'s main duty was to play golf with the Chief Instructor in the afternoons. <mask> was promoted to captain in 1890 and returned to the RMA Woolwich as an instructor. Staff college
In 1895 <mask> took the entrance exam for the Staff College, Camberley and passed first again. Twenty-four candidates were chosen by application and eight men with near misses in the examinations entered by nomination, one of whom was Douglas Haig. Edmonds felt intellectually superior to his peers and wrote later that only George Macdonogh was an exception, who could also understand some of the more recondite subjects, like the decoding of cyphers. In his memoir, <mask> wrote that he was often paired with Haig because he was good with detail whereas Haig was a generalist. While at the college, <mask> co-wrote with his brother-in-law, W. Birkbeck Wood, "The History of the Civil War in the United States 1861–1865" which was published in 1905.The book was well received by reviewers who wrote that the book would be appealing to soldiers and to students of history alike. Like the later official histories of the Great War the book was full of statistical information, although the reviewer in the Times Literary Supplement thought that in this, the authors had gone a little too far. The book gave prominence to novel aspects of the war including the use of cavalry, battles of

masks: Edmonds Edmonds Edmonds Edmonds Edmonds Edmonds Edmonds Edmonds


title: James Edward Edmonds

texts:
 attrition and the training of volunteers to be disciplined soldiers. The book was in print for thirty years, by 1936 was in its fourth edition and was in use at West Point. <mask> passed out in 1899 at the top of his class and as one of the most successful students of the era but Colonel George Henderson predicted that it would be Haig who would become commander in chief. The Intelligence Division

<mask> was offered a post in the Intelligence Division of the General Staff in October 1899, ten days after the beginning of the Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902). <mask> became head of the Special Duties Section of the War Office (Section H) which was established soon after the outbreak of the war.Section H censored cable communications, spied on suspected agents, press correspondents and monitored adherence to the Geneva Conventions. Edmonds has a staff of one officer and a retired police detective with a budget of £200. The section later took on counter-intelligence and secret service work which entailed the dispatch of a small number of officers to South Africa to study topography, communications and Boer troop movements. The temporary Secret Section 13 (A), with a staff of three, kept watch on messages to South Africa and exports of ammunition. The section managed to intercept Dutch correspondence to South Africa but was prevented from accepting the offer by the captain of a rugby team to vandalise the London offices of a pro-Boer agent. <mask> was posted to South Africa in 1900 as Lord Kitchener's escort and was abroad for six years. In <mask>'s absence Colonel <mask> had worked on a new cypher for the War Office, training officers to use cyphers and break codes.At the end of the war, the Director General of Mobilisation and Military Intelligence, Major-General William Nicholson, lobbied to keep Secret Section 13 (A) but a committee of 1903 chaired by Lord Hardwicke refused to do this because it was felt to be necessary only in wartime, despite continental governments taking a different view. The section as disbanded and Section H renamed the Special Duties

masks:
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
James Trotter


title: James Edward Edmonds

texts:
 Section (MO3) in 1904 and left to drift. In 1906 <mask> returned to England and took over MO3, which in 1907 was renamed MO5 and until 1910 concentrated on counter-espionage, intelligence gathering and cryptography. Edmonds devised a code called double Playfair for communications with the Japanese and for British forces engaged in field operations. Edmonds drew up a list of experts in code-breaking and trained junior officers in cypher methods to create a reserve for times of war. Edmonds attempted to establish intelligence gathering by the British as an equivalent of the efforts being made by the French and Germans, who had been spying and counter-spying on each other since before the Franco-Prussian War. Edmonds took the view that in a modern war, old methods would be inadequate and in 1908 gave a lecture on tactical intelligence which compared the tasks of a field officer in a small war to that of their continental equivalents.In a European war, the British Army would need

field officers would find it far harder to get topographical data in Germany during hostilities and would have to rely on information gained during peace. In the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) the Japanese had the benefit of agents placed in Russia before the war, which contributed to the Japanese victory. <mask> advocated intelligence operations in Germany before a war but his efforts were hampered by the usual lack of money and War Office inexperience, whose early efforts were embarrassing failures. <mask> had most success in changing the Security Service, despite his reasons coming from a fantasy. The growing Anglo-German antagonism had led to a fashion for alarmist literature about German spies and invasion scares, several written by William Le Queux, one of <mask>'s friends. There were some German agents in Britain watching ports and dockyards but no centrally organised system of espionage; Germany was far more interested in France and Russia. Gustav Steinhauer of German naval intelligence () ran "poorly paid and clumsy agents".Invasion scares

Le Queux wrote The Invasion of 1910 in 1906, first

masks: Edmonds Edmonds Edmonds Edmonds


title: James Edward Edmonds

texts: serialised in the Daily Mail and then published in 17 languages, selling more than a million copies. In 1907 the The Morning Post splashed a story purporting that 90,000 German reservists and spies, with arms caches, were at large in Britain. Invasion scares whipped up public anxiety when the Germans accelerated their dreadnought building plans. The British government set up a sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence (CID) in 1907 to look into the possibility of a German invasion, which met 16 times from November 1907 to July 1908 and debunked the invasion panic. The Director of Military Operations, Major-General Sir Spencer Ewart did have to admit that the counter-intelligence system was inadequate and began a review. In October 1908 a new Official Secrets Act was drafted to allow arrests and searches without warrant, the registration of aliens (foreigners), the use of paid agents in Britain to unmask foreign spies and copying the German system instituted in 1866, in which a police or private detective under an intelligence officer ran spies abroad. Without peacetime preparations, Britain would enter a war "fatally handicapped".<mask> was suspicious of German intentions because several German friends told him that they had been approached by the German Imperial Admiralty () to report on the movements of warships, observe dockyards, arsenals, aircraft and munitions factories. In 1909 Le Queux published "Spies of the Kaiser" in which London and the east coast were full of German spies disguised as barbers, waiters and tourists. The denunciation of alleged spies increased and the cases were passed on to Edmonds who began to classify German visitors according to their proximity to important buildings and other structures, those who entertained parties of visiting Germans or tradesmen and photographers who lived near dockyards and ports. Richard Haldane, the Secretary of State for War (1905–1912), refused to credit the existence of a German spy network and few other members of the government took the scares seriously. Even Helmuth von Moltke the Younger, the Chief of


title: James Edward Edmonds

texts:
 the Great German General Staff (1906–1914) claimed that an invasion might be feasible but that supplying a landing force or re-embarking it would be impossible. In 1909 <mask> told Captain Vernon Kell, his deputy during his time in the Far East, that the commander of a German landing in East Anglia, would be better informed than a British general. Haldane was persuaded to another CID sub-committee to inquire about foreign espionage, at which Edmonds gave evidence.Viscount Esher said that Edmonds was

Haldane found the evidence more persuasive. The existing intelligence system could not quantify German spying or stop it. The sub-committee recommended that a secret service bureau be established and in August 1909 the new agency was set up within MO5. <mask> appointed Kell to run the agency. The government also created controls to monitor and limit the freedom of movement of aliens and increased powers under the Official Secrets Act to give more powers to the police against spies. After studying continental powers, the Metropolitan Police gained more powers of arrest and search. A conviction could be obtained on the evidence of suspicious behaviour and the burden of proof was placed on the accused.By the time that <mask> left MO5 in 1910 he had established a Secret Service section from a ramshackle, under-funded and poorly-organised group of temporary, part-time and amateur agents which resembled a modern intelligence gathering and counter-intelligence organisation. Despite being taken in by sensational tales of mass spying, Edmonds had laid the foundations of MI5 and MI6. Return to soldiering
After seven years in intelligence, Edmonds wanted a change and did not want to be subordinate to General Henry Wilson, the new DMO, towards whom, Edmonds harboured a certain enmity. Edmonds was offered the posts of commandant of the School of Military Engineering or General Staff Officer (Grade I) (GSO I, the divisional chief of staff) of the 4th Division. <mask> joined the 4th Division on 1 March 1911, despite being told that it was a bad career move to leave the War Office. <mask> had

masks: Edmonds Edmonds Edmonds Edmonds Edmonds


title: James Edward Edmonds

texts:
 gone on leave for three months before transferring during which he had translated French and Russian works on battlefield engineering. The division trained and in the corps manoeuvres of 1912, the 3rd Division and the 4th Division defeated I Corps which was under the command of Douglas Haig.An important part of the divisional training was the retreat, despite this being banned by the War Office. on the eve of the war, <mask> thought that his division was prepared but ill-equipped compared to the items he had seem in use in the German Army  when he attended the manoeuvres of 1908. The Germans had machine-guns flare pistols, trench mortars, ambulances, artillery telephones and field kitchens. The 4th Division was based at Great Yarmouth in August 1914, ready to repel a German invasion attempt. First World War

At the outbreak of the war in 1914, <mask> was chief-of-staff of the 4th Division of the Expeditionary Force (renamed British Expeditionary Force on the arrival in France of the Indian Expeditionary Force) but the strain of the Great Retreat following the Battle of Mons (23 August), led to his replacement in September, within a month of the opening of hostilities. He spent the remainder of the war as a staff officer at the BEF GHQ, during which time he gathered documents to be used in the Official History. <mask> needed to demonstrate great diplomacy to obtain information.He told his Australian counterpart, Charles Bean,

Later career

<mask> was a peer of Douglas Haig at the Staff College, who referred to him jovially as, "my dear Archimedes". Soon after Haig died in 1929, Lady Haig wrote to Edmonds, concerned about what the Official History would say. Edmonds wrote back saying, "You may be quite sure that I shall endeavour to write the history of his command as he would have wished". Basil Liddell Hart wrote of the volume of the Official History for March 1918 that Edmonds provided the facts but added a "subte twist" to them that risked the general reader jumping to a wrong conclusion. Edmonds had tried to do this while leaving facts in appendices and notes, parts of


title: James Edward Edmonds

texts:
 the book that Edmonds thought were unlikely to be read by lay readers but were available to be noticed by an informed reader. Edmonds told Liddell Hart that "many of your points passed through my mind but I had always space and the views of my comrades to consider" and hoped that in the future, historians would understand the constraints under which he wrote. <mask> is credited with the saying

The History of the Great War (1922–1948) produced by Edmonds has been criticised as propaganda for being too lenient on the British generals.It has been suggested that <mask>' favourable portrayal of Haig was a counterpoint to the scathing criticism delivered by the former British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George in his memoirs. In 1991, Denis Winter, a critic of Haig, acknowledged Edmonds' comprehensive understanding of British operations during the war but said,

Andrew Green in Writing the Great War: Sir <mask> and the Official Histories 1915–1948 (2003) considered the volumes of the Official History for Gallipoli, the Somme, 3rd Ypres and the German March offensive of 1918 and concluded that Edmonds had been far more objective than others had given him credit for and that

<mask> was knighted in the 1928 Birthday Honours. In 1939, he became Secretary of the Cabinet Office Historical Section, following the resignation of Colonel E. Y. Daniel and on 15 November 1939 the section moved to Lytham St Annes in Lancashire where it stayed until April 1942, then moved to the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth. <mask> died at Brecon House, Sherborne, Dorset, after a brief illness. Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Centre for First World War Studies: <mask> Edmonds

1861 births
1956 deaths
People educated at King's College School, London
Knights Bachelor
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
British Army generals of World War I
Royal Engineers officers
British military historians
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
British Army generals
Military

masks:
Edmonds
Edmonds
James Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
James Edward


title: Mary Matilda Betham

texts:
<mask>, known by family and friends as <mask> (16 November 1776 – 30 September 1852), was an English diarist, poet, woman of letters, and miniature portrait painter. She exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts from 1804 to 1816. Her first of four books of verses was published in 1797. For six years, she researched notable historical women around the world and published A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country in 1804. Early life
Betham was the eldest of 14 children born to Rev. <mask> of Stonham Aspal, Suffolk and <mask> of Eye, Suffolk. Her father researched and published books on royal and English baronetage genealogy.He was also a schoolmaster and the Anglican rector of Stoke Lacy, Herefordshire. Betham was baptised on 1 January 1777 and raised in Stonham Aspal. She is said to have had a happy childhood marred by poor health. She was largely self-educated in her father's library, but gleaned from it and his occasional tutelage an interest in history and literature. She claimed that a key loss of not having attending a school was that she did not learn the art of defending herself. From a young age, Betham would recite poetry and read of plays and history voraciously. She was sent out for sewing lessons "to prevent my too strict application to books."Betham learned to speak French during trips to London. Her younger brother was <mask> (1779–1853). As the family grew, family furnishings were sold to support it, and although she was not pushed out of the

masks:
Mary Matilda Betham
Matilda Betham
William Betham
Mary Damant
William Betham


title: Mary Matilda Betham

texts: Country, the culmination of six years of research.It included short biographies of <mask>, Cleopatra, East Indian Bowanny, Madame Roland, and other notable historical women from around the world. Four years later she published her second book of poetry. Betham was also a close friend of Robert Southey and his wife, of Anna Laetitia Barbauld and her husband, and of Charles and his sister <mask>. Other acquaintances in that period were Opie, Frances Holcroft, Hannah More, Germaine de Staël, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. She made portraits of the Coleridges and the Southeys and wrote a verse for the marriage of Emma Isola, an adopted daughter of Lamb, to Edward Moxon. Other works Betham published in magazines anonymously, while also giving public Shakespeare readings in London. Her best-received poem was Lay of Marie (1816), based upon the story of Marie de France, the medieval poet, written in couplets, included a scholarly appendix, as recommended by Southey, who said she was "likely to be the best poetess of her age."However, Betham gave up her literary career and returned to the country after a series of aggravations, a breakdown of health, misfortunes, and family circumstances. For instance, advertisements to promote her book spelled her heroine's name Mario and misspelled her name, many printed books had become mildewed, and she was in financial distress as the result of the advertising and publication costs. She became destitute and tried to gain employment painting portraits, which

masks:
Mary Magdalene
Mary


title: Mary Matilda Betham

texts:
 1830s was lost and remains unpublished. She was reported to be studying at the British Museum in the 1830s.In her later years Betham returned to London. and maintained her friendships, love of literature, wit, and her entertaining conversation and presence. However, it was hard for her to make a living. She was unable to obtain promised assistance in getting her manuscript for Crow-quill Flights printed. Betham had been rebuked when she asked friends for copies of poems that she had given them. Some of her manuscripts were accidentally burned at Stonham. <mask> died 30 September 1852 at 52 Burton Street in London, and was buried on the western side of Highgate Cemetery with her eldest sister, Theresa, who had died a year earlier.Some of her letters, along with a biographical sketch, appear in Six Life Stories of Famous Women (1880) by her niece, the novelist <mask>-Edwards, but <mask>-Edwards also burnt many of <mask>'s letters. Edwards published a biography of her in Friendly Faces of Three Nationalities. Works

Literary

 - sometimes attributed to <mask>am

Paintings
She exhibited the following paintings at the Royal Academy of Arts between 1804 and 1816:

Miss Armstrong, by 1808
F. F. Baker, Esq., by 1805
Harriot Beauclerk, Duchess of St Albans, by 1804
Miss B. <mask>, by 1811
Miss <mask>, by 1806
Mrs. J. <mask>, by 1816
Miss M. <mask>, by 1805
Mr. R. G. <mask>, by 1810
Mrs. R. G. <mask>, by 1816
Rev. <mask>, by 1810
Rev. <mask>, by 1812
Mr. Boughton, by 1806
Sir C. R. Boughton , by

masks:
Betham
Matilda Betham
Betham
Betham
Matilda Beth
Betham
E Betham
Betham
Betham
Betham
Betham
William Betham
William Betham


title: Mary Matilda Betham

texts:
 1806
Miss R. Boughton, by 1807
Miss Rouse Boughton, by 1805
Miss Chesshyre, by 1806
Mr. Cromie, by 1805
Miss A. Dove, by 1816
Miss Duncan, by 1810
George Dyer, poet, by 1807
Countess of Dysart, by 1804
Rt. Hon. Lady Fauconberg, by 1806
Mr. Finucane, by 1805
Gaiety, miniature, by 1808
Rt.Hon. Lady E. Gamon, by 1807
Mrs. Colonel Gardner, by 1816
Miss M. Graham, by 1807
Mr. Manners, by 1804
Miss Manners, by 1804
Portrait of a lady, by 1807
Portrait of a lady, by 1808
Portrait of Mr. de Venville, Mr. Southey the poet, and Messrs. C. and G. <mask>, by 1808
Mrs. Pymar, by 1812
Mr. Saxon, by 1807
Self portrait, by 1810
Rev. P. Stockdale, by 1811
Mrs. C. Thompson, by 1807
Master F. Thompson, by 1807
Lady Wilson, by 1806

The Dinner Party
In 1804, the male sculptor Kresilas was mistakenly identified as a woman named Cresilla by Betham, who thought "she" had been placed third behind Polykleitos and Phidias in a competition to sculpt seven Amazons for the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. So Kresilas was mistakenly included in artist Judy Chicago's symbolic history of women in Western civilization, The Dinner Party. See also
Isabella Beetham, her sister-in-law, a silhouette artist
Jane Beetham Read, her cousin, a miniature and silhouette portrait painter
<mask> (1779–1853), her brother, an English herald and antiquarian

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

(<mask>) <mask> at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)

1776 births
1852 deaths
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
English women

masks:
Betham
William Betham
Mary
Matilda Betham


title: Béla Tarr

texts: <mask> (born 21 July 1955) is a Hungarian filmmaker. Debuting with the film Family Nest (1977), <mask> began his directorial career with a brief period of what he refers to as "social cinema", aimed at telling mundane stories about ordinary people, often in the style of cinema vérité. Over the next decade, the cinematic style and thematic elements of his films changed. <mask> has been interpreted as having a pessimistic view of humanity; the characters in his works are often cynical, and have tumultuous relationships with one another in ways critics have found to be darkly comic. Autumn Almanac (1984) follows the inhabitants of a run-down apartment as they struggle to live together while sharing their hostilities. The drama Damnation (1988) was lauded for its languid and controlled camera movement, which <mask> would become known for internationally. Sátántangó (1994) and Werckmeister Harmonies (2000) continued his bleak and desolate representations of reality, while incorporating apocalyptic overtones; the former sometimes appears in scholarly polls of the greatest films ever made, and the latter received wide acclaim from critics.<mask> would later compete at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival with his film The Man from London, which opened to moderately positive reviews. Frequent collaborators with <mask> include novelist László Krasznahorkai, film composer Mihály Víg, cinematographer Fred Kelemen, actress Erika Bók, and <mask>'s then partner Ágnes Hranitzky, who is sometimes credited as a co-director of his last three works. After the release of his film The Turin Horse (2011), which made many year-end "best-of" critics' lists, <mask> announced his definitive retirement from feature-length film direction. In February 2013 he started a film school in Sarajevo, known as film.factory, leaving in 2016. He has since created an installation that features newly shot film

masks:
Béla Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr


title: Béla Tarr

texts:
 sequences, in a 2017 Amsterdam exhibition called Till the End of the World. Life
<mask> was born in Pécs, but grew up in Budapest. His parents were both in the theatre and film industry: his father designed scenery, while his mother worked as a prompter at a theatre for more than 50 years.At the age of 10, <mask> was taken to a casting session run by Hungarian National Television (MTV) by his mother, and he ultimately won the role of the protagonist's son in a TV drama adaptation of Tolstoy's The Death of Ivan Ilyich. Other than a small role in Miklós Jancsó's film Szörnyek évadja (Season of Monsters, 1986) and few one-glimpse cameos (such as in Gábor Bódy's Dog's Night Song [1983]), <mask> has sought no other acting roles. By his own account, initially he sought to become a philosopher, and considered film-making as something of a hobby. However, after making his 8mm short films, the Hungarian government would not allow <mask> to attend university so he instead chose to pursue film production. Early work

<mask> began to realize his interest in film making at the age of 16 by making amateur films and later working as a caretaker at a national House for Culture and Recreation. Most of his amateur works were documentaries, mostly about the life of workers or poor people in urban Hungary. His amateur work brought him to the attention of the Béla Balázs Studios (named in honor of the Hungarian cinema theorist who helped fund <mask>'s 1977 feature debut, Családi tűzfészek, which <mask> began filming at age 22.)He shot the film with little budget and using non-professional actors in six days. The film was faithful to the "Budapest school" or "documentarist" style popular at the time within Béla Balázs Studios, maintaining absolute social realism on screen. Critics found the film to suggest the influence of the American director John Cassavetes, although <mask> denied

masks: Tarr Tarr Tarr Tarr Tarr Tarr Tarr Tarr


title: Béla Tarr

texts:
 having seen any of Cassavetes's films prior to shooting Családi tűzfészek, which was released in 1979. After completing "Családi tűzfészek," <mask> began his studies in the Hungarian School of Theatrical and Cinematic Arts. The 1980 film Szabadgyalog (The Outsider) and the following year's Panelkapcsolat (The Prefab People) continued in much the same vein, with small changes in style. The latter was the first film by <mask> to feature professional actors in the leading roles. With a 1982 television adaptation of Macbeth, his work began to change dramatically.The film is composed of only two shots: the first shot (before the main title) is five minutes long, the second 67 minutes long. Later work
After 1984's Őszi almanach (Almanac of Fall), <mask> (who had written his first four features alone) began collaborating with Hungarian novelist László Krasznahorkai for 1988's Kárhozat (Damnation). A planned adaptation of Krasznahorkai's epic novel Sátántangó took over seven years to realize; the 415-minute film was finally released to international acclaim in 1994. After this epic he released the 35-minute Journey on the Plain in 1995, but fell into silence until 2000's Werckmeister Harmóniák (Werckmeister Harmonies). It was acclaimed by critics and the Festival circuit in general. Many, if not most, of the shots in these later films are around six to eleven minutes long. It is possible that for some, a month was spent on a single shot.In many of these shots the camera swoops, glides, pans, and/or cranes. Often it circles the characters, and sometimes even spans multiple scenes. A shot may, as in the opening of Sátántangó, travel with a herd of cows around a village, or follow the nocturnal peregrinations of a drunkard who is forced to leave his house because he's run out of alcohol. Susan Sontag has championed <mask> as one of the saviors of the modern cinema, saying she

masks: Tarr Tarr Tarr Tarr


title: Béla Tarr

texts:
 would gladly watch Sátántangó once a year. After Werckmeister Harmonies he began filming A Londoni férfi (The Man From London) an adaptation of a Georges Simenon novel. It was scheduled to be released at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival in May, but production was postponed because of the February suicide of producer Humbert Balsan. Additionally, there were disputes with other producers regarding a possible change in the film's financing.It premiered at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival and was released worldwide in 2008. <mask> then began working on a film called A torinói ló (The Turin Horse) which he has said will be his last. For many years, none of his work was available on DVD (except in Japan), but Werckmeister Harmonies and Damnation have been made available on a two-disc DVD in Europe, courtesy of Artificial Eye (who have also issued The Man From London) and both films are now available in North America on separate DVDs from Facets Video. <mask>'s early works; Family Nest, The Outsider, and The Prefab People are also available on DVD in the US, courtesy of Facets. Facets was supposed to release Sátántangó on DVD on 28 November 2006 but was delayed until 22 July 2008. Artificial Eye released the film on 14 November 2006. A comparison of the two DVD editions has been posted at DVD Beaver.In 2020, a 4K restoration of Sátántangó was released on Blu-ray by Curzon Artificial Eye and was made available for online streaming by the Criterion Channel. In September 2012, he received the BIAFF special award for lifetime achievement. In June 2017, he received the lifetime achievement at Sardinia Film Festival, XII edition. In July 2021, he executive-produced the Icelandic-Swedish-Polish horror-drama film Lamb, directed by his former student at film.factory, Valdimar Jóhannsson. It is due to be released on October 8th, 2021 by A24. Influence

Gus Van Sant often cites <mask> as a

masks: Tarr Tarr Tarr


title: Béla Tarr

texts:
 huge influence on his later work, beginning with Gerry when Van Sant began using very long uninterrupted takes. Cine Foundation International
In January 2011, <mask> joined the Board of Directors of the recently formed cinema foundation and NGO for human rights Cine Foundation International.In a press release dated 24 January 2011 <mask> made the following statement regarding the imprisonment of filmmakers Jafar Panahi and Mohammad Rasoulof:
Cinematography is an integral part of universal human culture! An attack against cinematography is desecrating universal human culture! This cannot be justified by any notion, ideology or religious conviction! Our friend, brother and esteemed colleague Jafar Panahi is in prison today, based on conjured and fictional accusations! Jafar did not do anything else than what is the duty of all of us; to talk honestly, fairly about our own country and loved ones, to show everything that surrounds us with tender tolerance and harsh austerity! Jafar’s real crime is that he did just that; gracefully, elegantly and with a roguish smile in his eyes! Jafar made us love his heroes, the people of Iran; he achieved that they have become members of our families!WE CANNOT LOSE HIM! This is our common responsibility, as despite all appearances we belong together. Personal views
<mask> is a critic of nationalism, and in a 2016 interview said, "Trump is the shame of the United States. Mr. Orbán is the shame of Hungary. Marine Le Pen is the shame of France. Et cetera." In a letter hung near the entrance to a pro-migration exhibition in front of the Hungarian Parliament, <mask> wrote, "We have brought the planet to the brink of catastrophe with our greediness and our unlimited ignorance.With the horrible wars we waged with the goal of robbing the people there. [...] Now we are confronted with the victims of our acts. We must ask the question: who are


title: Béla Tarr

texts:
 we, and what morality do we represent when we build a fence to keep out these people?" On his religious views, <mask> is an atheist. Filmography

Feature films
 Családi tűzfészek / Family Nest (1979)
 Szabadgyalog / The Outsider (1981)
 Panelkapcsolat / The Prefab People (1982)
 Őszi almanach / Almanac of Fall (1985)
 Kárhozat / Damnation (1988)
 Sátántangó / Satan's Tango (1994)
 Werckmeister harmóniák / Werckmeister Harmonies (2000)
 A londoni férfi / The Man from London (2007)
 A torinói ló / The Turin Horse (2011)

Television films
 Macbeth (1982)

Short films
 Hotel Magnezit (1978)
 Utazás az alföldön / Journey on the Plain (1995)
 Visions of Europe (film) (2004)
 segment: Prologue

Documentary films
 Az utolsó hajó / The Last Boat (1990, 31 min), segment from City Life
 Muhamed (2017, 10 min)
 Missing People (2019, 95 min)

Sources
 Ramón Andrés, «Nada. A propósito de El caballo de Turín de Béla Tarr», en Pensar y no caer Barcelona, Acantilado, 2016, pp. 195–220.Thorsten Botz-Bornstein, Organic Cinema: Film Architecture, and the Work of Bela <mask> (New York: Berghahn, 2017)
 Jacques Rancière, <mask> <mask> Bálint Kovács, The Cinema of Béla Tarr: The Circle Closes" (London: Wallflower, 2013)
 Ira Jaffe: Slow Movies, Countering the Cinema of Action'' (New York: Wallflower Press, 2014)

References

External links

 <mask> <mask> on the Board of Directors for Cine Foundation International
 Brightlightsfilm.com Interview
 Kinoeye Essay
 Declaration of Solidarity for Béla <mask>, by Fred Kelemen, FIPRESCI website, March 2005, retrieved 17 April 2006
 Vajramedia Presents: Sátántangó Berlinale 1994 Forum Documentation
 Tarr with His DFFB Film Students

1955 births
Hungarian atheists
Hungarian film directors
Hungarian screenwriters
Living people
People from Pécs
Hungarian experimental filmmakers
Hungarian filmmakers
Members of the Széchenyi Academy of Literature

masks: Tarr Tarr Béla Tarrás Béla Tarr Tarr


title: Leons Briedis

texts:
<mask> (16 December 1949 – 1 February 2020) was a Latvian poet, a novelist, an essayist, a literary critic and publisher, translator of prose and poetry from Latin, Russian, English, Romance languages (Romanian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, Catalan, Rhaeto-Romanic), Swahili (of Bantu peoples), Albanian and other languages. He was also an author of several musicals produced on the radio and staged at the biggest theatres in Latvia, script writer (author of several scripts, one short-length film is produced) wrote much for children (poems, prose, plays), author of song texts (in collaboration with the composer Raimonds Pauls, texts for ~150 songs), translated 10 plays staged at Latvian theatres and rendered in verse opera librettos (e.g., the opera by Benjamin Britten "The Small Chimney-Sweep"). Early life
After graduating the Sigulda Secondary School in 1968 he entered the Latvian State University, Day Department of the Latvian Language and Literature Faculty from which he was expelled in 1970 because of anti-Soviet activity without any right to acquire higher education within the territory of the Soviet Union. Despite this, in 1972 <mask> entered the Day Department of Spanish Language and Literature at the University of Chişinău in the Moldavian SSR which in 1974 he was forced to leave due to his links with Moldavian and

masks:
Leons Briedis
Leons Briedis


title: Leons Briedis

texts:
 Romanian democratically minded intelligentsia. From 1977 to 1979 he studied at the Higher Literary Courses of Maxim Gorky Literature Institute in Moscow the theory of translation and Africanistics. L<mask> for a long time has experienced the pressure of the Central Committee of the Latvian Communist Party and the VDK (KGB) of the Latvian SSR which was manifested as prohibition to publish his works for a certain period, to travel abroad or to take up an employment of ideological character (namely, in publishing houses, schools, editorial offices etc.). Family
Leons Briedis was married to Maria Briede-Macovei, whom he met in Chişinău, Moldova.They had two sons. Later life
<mask> <mask> published about 34 books of his own (poetry, prose, essays) as well as 49 books of translations. His poetry books are published in Russian, Romanian and Ukrainian languages, but in general his poetry is translated in practically all languages of Europe and nations of the former Soviet Union as well as many Asian languages (Turkish, Hebrew, Chinese, Japanese, Kirghiz, Uzbek). From 1974 <mask> was a member of the Latvian Writers' Union (several times also a member of the Board), and from 1987 he was a member of the international organisation of writers (poets, essayists, prosaists) — PEN Club. From 1993 to 1997 he was vice-president of the Latvian PEN

masks:
. Briedis
Leons
Briedis
Briedis


title: Leons Briedis

texts:
 Club. He worked in most diverse culture editions and was Head of poetry section of the newspaper "Literatūra un Māksla" (1986–1987), Editor-in-Chief of the cultural journal "Jaunās Grāmatas", culturological magazine "Grāmata" (1990–1992) and Editor-in- Chief of "Vārds", magazine of the Latvian Writers' Union (1993). In 1992 he founded a private culturological magazine "Kentaurs XXI" and was its Editor-in-Chief till May 2010.The magazine Kentaurs during its existence had not only secured a place and role of its own among other Latvian culture editions, but also acquired international acknowledgment. Several times it had represented Latvia at various international forums (Book Fairs of Munich and Göteborg, European Congress of Intellectuals in Paris, the 17th European Meeting of Cultural Journals in Tallinn etc.). Up to now 51 issues of the magazine "Kentaurs XXI" published by L<mask> had appeared. Since 1993 he was also the Director of a private Publishing House Minerva, which up to now published 67 humanities-related books of wide profile. Awards and honors
For his contribution to understanding of contemporary qualities of poetry, life, and society, <mask> received the "Ojārs Vācietis Award" from the Latvian Association of Writers in 1988. In 1989, at the Mihai Eminescu International Festival of Poetry in Romania, <mask> was rewarded

masks:
. Briedis
Briedis
Briedis


title: Leons Briedis

texts:
 with an "Honorary Diploma" of the Romanian Association of Writers. The Latvian National Administration for publishing, printing and circulation awarded <mask> with a diploma for the "Best Translation of the Year" – a selection of Grigore Vieru's poetry.In 1999, at the 10th International Poetic Festival dedicated to Lucian Blaga and held in Cluj – Napoca, Romania, L.<mask> received the "Special Award" for his translations of Romanian poetry and for popularization of Romanian culture in Latvia. L<mask> received the prize of the Romanian Writers' Union, but in 1992 for publication of the culturological magazine "Grāmata" — the Prize of the Ministry of Culture of Latvia. In 1997, he received the Award for Social Concord of the Soros Foundation — Latvia for special merit in promotion and development of multicultural relations between nations living in Latvia, since <mask> was one of the initiators of forming the Latvian Association of National Culture Societies and since 1988 actively participated in it. In 1999, he received the highest award of the Republic of Latvia, the Order of the Three Stars 3rd Class
In 2003, he received the award of the Republic of Portugal – the Order of Merit. In 2004, he received the award of the Latvian Writers Union for the best translation of the year – the poetry book of the Portuguese poet Eugenio de

masks:
Briedis
Briedis
. Briedis
Briedis


title: Yuri Kochiyama

texts:
was an American civil rights activist. Influenced by her Japanese-American family's experience in an American internment camp, her association with Malcolm X, and her Maoist beliefs, she advocated for many causes, including black separatism, the anti-war movement, reparations for Japanese-American internees, and the rights of political prisoners. Early life and education
<mask> was born on May 19, 1921, in San Pedro, California, to Japanese immigrants Seiichi Nakahara, a fish merchant entrepreneur, and Tsuyako (Sawaguchi) Nakahara, a college-educated homemaker, and piano teacher. She had a twin brother, Peter, and an older brother, Arthur. Her family was relatively affluent and she grew up in a predominantly white neighborhood. In her youth, she attended a Presbyterian church and taught Sunday school. Kochiyama attended San Pedro High School, where she served as the first female student body officer, wrote for the school newspaper, and played on the tennis team.She graduated from high school in 1939. She attended Compton College, where she studied English, journalism and art. Kochiyama graduated from Compton in 1941. Her life changed on December 7, 1941, when the Japanese Empire bombed Pearl Harbor. Soon after she returned home from church, FBI agents arrested her father as a potential threat to national security. He was in poor health, having just come out of the hospital. The FBI was suspicious of photographs of Japanese naval ships found in the family home and his friendship with prominent Japanese, including Ambassador Kichisaburō Nomura.Nakahara's six-week detention aggravated his health problems, and by the time he was released on January 20, 1942, he had become too sick to speak. Her father died


title: Yuri Kochiyama

texts:
 the day after his release. Soon after the death of her father, United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which forced out approximately 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry from the Pacific coast and interned them at various camps across the United States. <mask>, her mother, and her brother were "evacuated" to a converted horse stable at the Santa Anita Assembly Center for several months and then moved again to the War Relocation Authority internment camp at Jerome, Arkansas, where they lived for the next three years. While interned, she met her future husband, <mask>, a Nisei soldier fighting for the United States. The couple married in 1946. They moved to New York in 1948, had six children, and lived in public housing for the next twelve years.In 1960, Kochiyama and her husband moved their family to Harlem and joined the Harlem Parents Committee and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). Activist life

Kochiyama met the African-American activist Malcolm X, at the time a prominent member of the Nation of Islam, in October 1963 during a protest against the arrest of about 600 minority construction workers in Brooklyn, who had been protesting for jobs. Kochiyama joined his pan-Africanist Organization of Afro-American Unity. She was present at his assassination on February 21, 1965, at the Audubon Ballroom in Washington Heights, New York City, and held him in her arms as he lay dying—a famous photo appeared in Life capturing that moment. Kochiyama also had close relationships with many other revolutionary nationalist leaders including Robert F. Williams who gave Kochiyama her first copy of Chairman Mao's Little Red Book. Kochiyama became a mentor to the radical end of the

masks:
Yuri
Bill Kochiyama


title: Yuri Kochiyama

texts:
 Asian American movement that grew during and after the Vietnam War protests. As organizers of East Coast Japanese Americans for Redress and Reparations, <mask> and Bill advocated for reparations and a government apology for the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II, and spearheaded the campaign to bring the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians to New York.Additionally, Kochiyama founded the Day of Remembrance Committee in New York City to commemorate the day President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized Executive Order 9066, which caused the forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II. President Ronald Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act in 1988 which, among other things, awarded $20,000 to each Japanese American internment survivor. Kochiyama used this victory to advocate for reparations for African Americans. In later years, Kochiyama was active in opposing profiling of and bigotry against Muslims, Middle Easterners, and South Asians in the United States, a phenomenon she viewed as similar to the experience of Japanese Americans during World War II. In 1971, Kochiyama secretly converted to Sunni Islam, and began traveling to the Sankore mosque in Greenhaven Prison, Stormville, New York, to study and worship with Imam Rasul Suleiman. Kochiyama also taught English to immigrant students and volunteered at soup kitchens and homeless shelters in New York City. In Debbie Allen's television series Cool Women (2001), Kochiyama stated, "The legacy I would like to leave is that people try to build bridges and not walls."Advocacy
Kochiyama has been described as a woman of "complicated political beliefs" and at times "contradictory views" who


title: Yuri Kochiyama

texts: managed to combine support for both racial integration and separation. She admired Mao Zedong and Ho Chi Minh. Kochiyama supported the Peruvian Maoist guerrilla group Shining Path. She joined a delegation to Peru, organized by the American Maoist Revolutionary Communist Party, to gather support for Abimael Guzmán, the imprisoned leader of the Shining Path. Kochiyama stated "[t]he more I read, the more I came to completely support the revolution in Peru." <mask> in the mid-1960s joined the Revolutionary Action Movement, a black nationalist organization dedicated to urban guerrilla warfare which was one of the first organizations in the black liberation movement to attempt to construct an ideology based on a synthesis of the thought of Malcolm X, Marx, Lenin, and Mao Zedong. In 1968 she was one of the few non-blacks invited to join the Republic of New Africa which advocated the establishment of a separate black nation in the Southern United States.Kochiyama joined, and subsequently sided with, an RNA faction which felt that the need to build a separate black nation was even more important than the struggle for civil rights in Northern cities. After Kochiyama became a "citizen" of the RNA she decided to drop her "slave name" Mary and used only the name <mask>. Kochiyama founded and sustained the David Wong Support Committee, which after a fourteen-year battle succeeded in exonerating Wong of the murder of a fellow inmate. Kochiyama wrote letters to, fundraised for, and visited Wong in prison. Kochiyama supported people she saw as political prisoners and victims of FBI oppression. She worked on behalf of Mumia Abu-Jamal, an African-American activist sentenced to death in 1982 for the 1981 murder of

masks: Kochiyama Yuri


title: Yuri Kochiyama

texts: Philadelphia police officer Daniel Faulkner. She was a friend and supporter of Assata Shakur, an African-American activist and member of the former Black Liberation Army (BLA), who had been convicted of the first-degree murder of a New Jersey State Trooper before escaping from U.S. prison and receiving asylum in Cuba.She stated that to her Shakur was like "the female Malcolm [X] or the female Mumia [Abu-Jamal]." She also supported Marilyn Buck, a feminist poet, who was imprisoned for her participation in Shakur's 1979 prison escape, the 1981 Brink's robbery and the 1983 U.S. Senate bombing.<mask> was also in correspondence with Mtayari Shabaka Sundiata, her first teacher in the Republic of New Africa's (RNA) Nation Building class,  for six years while he was imprisoned. In 1977, Kochiyama joined a group of Puerto Ricans who took over the Statue of Liberty to draw attention to the movement for Puerto Rican independence. Kochiyama and other activists demanded the release of four Puerto Rican nationalists convicted of attempted murder—Lolita Lebrón, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Andres Figueroa Cordero, and Irving Flores Rodríguez—who in 1954 had opened fire in the House of Representatives, injuring five congressmen. The nationalists occupied the statue for nine hours before giving up peacefully when the police moved in. President Carter pardoned the attempted assassins in 1979. Kochiyama also supported Yū Kikumura, an alleged member of the Japanese Red Army, who was arrested in Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam in 1986 when he was found carrying a bomb in his luggage and subsequently convicted of planning to bomb a US Navy recruitment office in the Veteran's Administration building.Kochiyama felt Kikumura's 30-year


title: Yuri Kochiyama

texts:
 sentence was motivated by his political activism. Controversies
In response to the United States' actions following the 2001 September 11 attacks, Kochiyama stated that "the goal of the war [on terror] is more than just getting oil and fuel. The United States is intent on taking over the world" and "it's important we all understand that the main terrorist and the main enemy of the world's people is the U.S. government." Interviewed in 2003, she said, "I consider Osama bin Laden as one of the people that I admire. To me, he is in the category of Malcolm X, Che Guevara, Patrice Lumumba, Fidel Castro ... I thank Islam for bin Laden.America's greed, aggressiveness, and self-righteous arrogance must be stopped. War and weaponry must be abolished." Honors
In 2005, Kochiyama was one of 1,000 women collectively nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize through the "1,000 Women for the Nobel Peace Prize 2005" project. In 2010, she received an honorary doctorate from California State University, East Bay. On June 6, 2014, the White House honored Kochiyama on its website for dedicating "her life to the pursuit of social justice, not only for the Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) community, but all communities of color." In 2014, the Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center curated "Folk Hero: Remembering <mask>ma Through Grassroots Art", a digital exhibition it characterized as a "tribute". On May 19, 2016, the U.S. Google Doodle honored Kochiyama's 95th birthday, prompting both praise and criticism of Kochiyama and Google, with Senator Pat Toomey (R-Penn.)calling for a public apology from the company. March 2019 in conjunction with Women's History Month and International Women's Rights a public art project


title: Yuri Kochiyama

texts:
 was commissioned in downtown Grand Rapids, Michigan. It includes Kochiyama from the 2015 children's book, Rad American Women A - Z (by Kate Schatz, Illustrated by Miriam Klein Stahl). Death
Kochiyama died on June 1, 2014, at the age of 93 in Berkeley, California. Media appearances

 Kochiyama appeared as herself in the TV movie Death of a Prophet — The Last Days of Malcolm X in 1981. Kochiyama appeared in the award-winning documentary, All Power to the People! (1996), by Chinese-Jamaican-American filmmaker Lee Lew-Lee for ZDF-Arte, broadcast in 21 nations and the U.S. between 1996 and 2001.Kochiyama was the subject of the documentary film <mask>ma: Passion for Justice (1993) directed by Japanese-American filmmaker Rea Tajiri and co-produced by African-American filmmaker Pat Saunders. Kochiyama and her husband, <mask>, were featured in the documentary My America...or Honk if You Love Buddha by the Academy Award-nominated filmmaker Renee Tajima-Peña. Kochiyama was the subject, along with Angela Davis, of the documentary film Mountains That Take Wing (2010) by C.A. Griffith & H.L.T. Quan. Kochiyama's speeches were published in Discover Your Mission: Selected Speeches & Writings of <mask> (1998), compiled by Russell Muranaka. Kochiyama is the subject of a play, <mask> and Malcolm X, by Japanese American playwright, Tim Toyama.Kochiyama is the subject of the play Bits of Paradise by Marlan Warren (showcased at The Marsh Theater, San Francisco, 2008), as well as a documentary currently in production, What did you do in the War, Mama? : Kochiyama's Crusaders, a documentary film project that features interviews with Japanese American women internees (Producer: Marlan Warren). Kochiyama is mentioned in the Blue

masks:
Yuri Kochiya
Bill Kochiyama
Yuri Kochiyama
Yuri


title: Yuri Kochiyama

texts:
 Scholars' album Bayani on the title track and has a track titled in her honor in their 2011 album Cinemetropolis. Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 National Women's History Project article about Kochiyama
 Documentary in production about <mask>'s Crusaders

Videos

 Ladies of Awesome: <mask>ma
 part 1--<mask>ma: On Knowing Malcolm X

1921 births
2014 deaths
Twin people from the United States
Activists from California
American human rights activists
American Maoists
American Muslim activists
American people of Japanese descent
American Sunni Muslims
American women activists
Asian-American feminists
Converts to Sunni Islam from Protestantism
Japanese-American civil rights activists
Japanese-American internees
Proponents of Islamic feminism
People from San Pedro, Los Angeles
American socialist feminists
Women human rights activists
Transitional

masks:
Yuri Kochiayama
Yuri Kochiya
Yuri Kochiya


title: Baron von Ludwig

texts:
<mask> aka <mask> (6 October 1784 Sulz am Neckar – 27 December 1847 Cape Town), the son of a clerk in the ecclesiastical administration, he was a German-born pharmacist, businessman and patron of the natural sciences, noted for having started Cape Town's first botanic garden. Biography

Pharmacy career
<mask> served his pharmacy apprenticeship at Kirchheim near Stuttgart from where he went on to work in Amsterdam, first as apothecary and later as technician in a chemical laboratory . In 1805 he responded to an advertisement in an Amsterdam newspaper and applied for a post as pharmacy assistant to a certain Stuttgart-born Dr Liesching of Cape Town. <mask> was a former physician to the Württemberg regiment at the Cape. <mask>'s application was accepted and he sailed for the Cape in October 1805. His qualifications as pharmacist were approved in 1807 by a body set up to scrutinise the Cape medical and apothecary fraternities. <mask> was regarded as a physician.Business interests
In January 1816 <mask> married Alida Maria Burgers, widow of Carl Ferdinand Heinrich Altenstaedt. She had inherited a stately dwelling in St. George's Street, and a small but lucrative business from her husband who had been a brewer, and a tobacco and snuff merchant. The business continued to thrive and <mask> became one of the notables of the Cape community, in 1824 helping to found the South African Literary Society. The success of the business afforded him ample leisure time, so that he could indulge in his other interest, the collection of natural history specimens. <mask>, the Cape Town organist, accompanied him on a collecting trip to Swellendam in 1826. That

masks:
Carl Ferdinand Heinrich von Ludwig
Baron von Ludwig
Ludwig
Friedrich Ludwig Liesching
Ludwig
Ludwig
Ludwig
Ludwig
Ludwig Beil


title: Baron von Ludwig

texts:
 same year he shipped a collection of plants and insects to the Stuttgart Royal Museum, in recognition of which he was awarded a Knighthood of the Order of the Royal Crown of Württemberg, which entitled him to place the prefix 'von' in front of his surname. He took a larger collection of plants, insects, birds and mammals with him on an 1828 visit to Germany - for this he received an honorary Ph.D from the University of Tübingen.Botanical garden
On his return from Europe, <mask> bought about 3 acres of land in Kloof Street, Cape Town, and over the next couple of years planted the groundwork of a botanic garden. Besides large numbers of trees, shrubs and bulbs from Europe, America and Australia, he also included fruit trees, vegetables and crop plants. He introduced the Jacaranda tree to South Africa. Many of the species were indigenous, some acquired from Ecklon and Zeyher. The Irish botanist, Harvey, noted his appreciation of the easy access that was provided for studying the plants. Other prominent scientists such as Charles Bunbury and Joseph Dalton Hooker visited what had become known as Ludwigsburg Garden, while Lady Jane Franklin, who explored the garden in 1836, noted that even though only 3 acres in extent 'being well laid out with numerous divisions and paths' made it appear larger. The astronomer John Herschel used a camera lucida to sketch the developing site in 1834 (see drawing above).A certain Leibold was first superintendent of the garden from 1834–37, followed by James Bowie over the period 1838-42, and Thomas Draper 1843-47 until <mask>'s death. The botanist <mask>, later Colonial Botanist, prepared herbarium specimens from

masks:
Von Ludwig
Ludwig
Ludwig Pappe


title: Baron von Ludwig

texts:
 the garden plants. Cape explorations
Von <mask> made few long journeys exploring the Cape. In 1834 he and his wife visited Oudtshoorn, the nearby Cango Caves and the coastal town of Knysna, staying with the enigmatic George Rex. <mask> did however support the idea of exploring the interior and played an active role in the 'Cape of Good Hope Association for exploring Central Africa'. From Ecklon he acquired a collection of insects, from Andrew Smith he obtained rare birds, and plant specimens from Zeyher and Drège. His collections continued to be shipped to Stuttgart and Frankfurt, and he sent Cape bulbs and seeds to various organisations such as the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.In recognition of these contributions Curtis's Botanical Magazine dedicated an issue to him (Vol.62 of 1835) as was Harvey's 1838 Genera of South African Plants. European visit
In 1836 or 1837 <mask> again visited Europe and presented large collections of natural history items to various scientific organisations. Tübingen conferred an honorary M.D., Stuttgart granted freedom of the city, while the King of Württemberg elevated him to the nobility with the hereditary title of 'Freiherr' (Baron), made him a Knight Commander of the Royal Crown of Württemberg and presented him with a snuffbox 'richly set with diamonds'. While in Stuttgart he contacted Ferdinand Krauss, who had also started his career as an apothecary's apprentice, inviting him to the Cape. Since he had corresponded with him, he also visited William Jackson Hooker in Glasgow. South African journey
In February 1838 Baron <mask> and his daughters left Portsmouth, together with Krauss who had agreed

masks:
Ludwig
Ludwig
Von Ludwig
von Ludwig


title: Baron von Ludwig

texts:
 to go to South Africa. Their boat arrived in Table Bay on 7 May 1838.Krauss stayed with <mask> for seven months, preparing for his trip eastwards. The hospitality <mask> displayed to passing scientists and collectors was legendary - Joseph Burke had stayed with him when he arrived at the Cape in 1840. <mask> supported the cause of the Voortrekkers and on various occasions sent them boxes of vegetable seeds acquired from Germany and the Netherlands. <mask> continued with his active role in Cape affairs - he joined the committee of the Cape of Good Hope Agricultural Society in 1836 and that of the South African Public Library in 1843. He played a leading part in the founding of the Natal Cotton Company, the Cape of Good Hope Gaslight Company in 1845 and erecting a gasworks. South African Mining Company
Rich copper deposits were known to exist in Namaqualand since the days of Cape governor Simon van der Stel in 1685, but had received little attention because of the remoteness of the location and its severe conditions. Between 1836 and 1837 the English explorer Sir James Alexander launched an expedition to Namaqualand, sponsored by the Royal Geographical Society.A year later he attempted extraction of copper in the area but abandoned the operation due to logistical problems. Alexander’s failed attempts reawakened interest in the possibility of mining. The South African Mining Company, the country's first mining company, was founded on 21 March 1846, with <mask> <mask> as chairman, and a total of nine directors, all leading Cape Town businessmen. The location the company intended to mine was at 28° 40′ S, 17° 8′ E. Rich copper ore was found at

masks:
Von Ludwig
Von Ludwig
Von Ludwig
Von Ludwig
Baron von
Ludwig


title: Baron von Ludwig

texts:
 the site, but a general reluctance by shareholders to fund a project that was not producing immediate profit, led to the company's eventual demise. Legacy
After Baron <mask>'s death his garden was offered for sale to the Colonial Government, but the offer was declined, though a few plants were bought for the so-called official Botanic Garden which had not been developed and was in a state of neglect. Various horticulturalists, such as Thomas Draper and Carl Zeyher were employed, but either resigned or were discharged due to differences with the Botanic Garden Committee who were bent on profit. <mask> is commemorated in the plant species names Restio ludwigii, Tulbaghia ludwigiana, Hibiscus ludwigii and Hypoxis ludwigii.Among birds, <mask>'s bustard and the common square-tailed drongo (Dicrurus ludwigii) carry his name. Coats of arms
<mask> used at least two coats of arms. A bookplate, identifying him as 'C.F.H. von <mask> Phil Dr', shows the arms as a quartered shield. The first quarter shows a wheatsheaf on a golden field, the second a silver fleur de lis on a blue field, the third a crescent moon on a red field, and the fourth a rampant red lion on gold. Evidently this bookplate dates from between 1828 (when he was awarded the doctorate) and 1837 (when he was created a baron). New arms were granted to him together with the barony in 1837.They too were quartered, the first and fourth quarters showing a golden wheatsheaf on a blue background, and the second and third a silver fleur de lis on red. Related articles
List of natural history dealers

References

1784 births
1847 deaths
German emigrants to South Africa
Natural history

masks:
von Ludwig
Von Ludwig
Ludwig
Von Ludwig
Ludwig