title: Ethan Nordean

texts:
<mask>, also known as Rufio Panman, is an American right wing political activist. He is a leader of the Proud Boys, an   He played a prominent role in the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, and was arrested on four criminal charges weeks later. A U.S. judge released <mask> to home confinement pending trial, citing weak evidence presented by federal prosecutors that he had personally engaged in violence. In March 2021, a federal grand jury indicted <mask> and three other Proud Boys members for conspiracy. Activism

In mid-2017, <mask> started attending rallies in Seattle and Portland, Oregon organized by the far right Patriot Prayer group. According to Dave Neiwert, a journalist and author who covers far right political groups, "He's particularly noteworthy for the extraordinary levels of thuggish violence he brings to these events". On June 30, 2018, <mask> and other members of the Proud Boys participated in a demonstration in Portland organized by Joey Gibson, founder of Patriot Prayer.Police declared the event a riot after violent street fighting broke out amid tensions between anti-fascist activists and Patriot Prayer supporters. Video showed <mask> shoving one counter protester to the ground before another approached with a metal baton. <mask> was wearing shin guards on his forearms and deflected the baton, then punched the man in the face, knocking him to the ground unconscious. According to a police report, the counter-protester was hospitalized with a concussion. Following that incident, a meme featuring video of that punch went viral, and Gavin McInnes, founder of the Proud Boys, praised <mask>'s role in the violent episode, calling it "the turning point in our war against antifa". McInnes compared it to the assassination of Archduke Franz

masks:
Ethan Nordean
Nordean
Nordean
Nordean
Nordean
Nordean
Nordean
Nordean


title: Ethan Nordean

type: original

texts:
 Ferdinand, which triggered World War I. The footage of the incident was used in recruiting videos for the Proud Boys that featured special effects and dramatic music.By October 2019, five of the most popular videos had over 1.5 million views on YouTube. Shortly thereafter, <mask> was interviewed at length on The Alex Jones Show, with the video playing constantly in the background. During his interview with Jones, <mask> said "Like Gavin McInnes says, violence isn't great, but justified violence is amazing." Describing left-wing counter-protesters, <mask> told Jones and his audience that "these are no longer people who are necessarily Americans, per se, but they're kind of anti-American" and "you just have to eliminate them as a threat". Joe Rogan discussed <mask>'s role in the violent incident on his podcast, in a segment about antifa and street fighting. <mask> was later interviewed by Alex Jones a second time. <mask> set up a private Facebook page to vet the fighting abilities of Proud Boys recruits.Despite complaints in 2018, Facebook declined to take down that page. Rise to Proud Boys leadership

<mask> was designated "Proud Boy of the Week"  by the group's magazine. On November 25, 2018, the Proud Boys released their revised bylaws on Scribd with the names of the top leadership supposedly redacted. Due to a technical error, the names could be recovered, and <mask> was listed as a member of the eight man "Elder Chapter", the top level leadership group, under his alias, Rufio Panman. In the years that followed, <mask> took a leading role as an organizer of Proud Boys events and rallies. Devin Burghart, president of the Institute for Research & Education on Human Rights, said, "He's been helping map the direction of the organization and recruiting members ... In

masks: Nordean Nordean Nordean Nordean Nordean Nordean Nordean Nordean Nordean


title: Ethan Nordean

texts:
 no small part, he's been responsible for moving the group even more to the extreme far right and on a more violent path forward."<mask> operated a video podcast called "Rebel Talk with Rufio". Following the 2020 U.S. presidential election

On December 11, 2020, <mask> was on the stage during a demonstration before the December 12 Stop The Steal rally in Washington, DC, alongside Roger Stone and fellow Proud Boys leader Enrique Tarrio. Infowars personality Owen Shroyer also spoke to the crowd, claiming that the Supreme Court had stabbed people in the back. On December 27, 2020, <mask> posted on Parler, saying "Anyone looking to help us with safety/protective gear, or communications equipment it would be much appreciated, things have gotten more dangerous for us this past year, anything helps". On January 4, 2021, <mask> posted a video on his Rebel Talk with Rufio podcast that was captioned, "Let them remember the day they decided to make war with us". In the runup to the events at the Capitol on January 6, Proud Boys leader Enrique Tarrio urged the Proud Boys to set aside their usual black and yellow garb, and attempt to blend in with the crowd. Biggs and <mask> echoed his call on social media.Participation in the 2021 Capitol attack

A video documentary produced by the Wall Street Journal showed that, on January 6, <mask> and fellow Proud Boys leader Joe Biggs from Florida commanded a mob of about 100 Proud Boys members and supporters who assembled east of the United States Capitol Building. A video livestreamer who is a member of the Proud Boys described Biggs and <mask> as "Two men on a mission, with about 500 behind them ready to kick some butt for the benefit of this country". They marched south past the Library of Congress and the Supreme Court building, and

masks: Nordean Nordean Nordean Nordean Nordean Nordean Nordean


title: Ethan Nordean

texts:
 circled around the Capitol complex, approaching from the southwest. The Proud Boys contingent constituted a "a large proportion of the first wave" that reached the Capitol, and one Proud Boys member used a seized police shield to break a window to gain access to the building. Prosecutors alleged <mask> was a chief organizer of a mob of about 100 Proud Boys that marched through Washington before the breach of the Capitol. Arrest and aftermath
According to prosecutors, on January 8, Nordean posted an image of a Capitol Police officer shooting pepper spray at rioters. The caption read, "If you feel bad for the police, you are part of the problem..." On February 3, <mask> was arrested and charged with four federal crimes, including obstructing an official proceeding, aiding and abetting injury to government property, disorderly conduct and knowingly and violently entering a restricted building.If convicted on all four charges, <mask> could be sentenced to up to 40 years in prison. On February 7, federal judge Beryl Howell denied <mask>'s bail request, and ordered him to be returned to Washington, DC pending trial. Prosecutors argued that "There is no reason to believe that Defendant, or any of his Proud Boy associates, are any more interested in 'complacency,' or any less interested in fomenting rebellion, than they were on January 5," adding, "If nothing else, the events of January 6, 2021, have exposed the size and determination of right-wing fringe groups in the United States, and their willingness to place themselves and others in danger to further their political ideology." On March 3, 2021, Howell ordered <mask> released to home detention with GPS monitoring pending trial, finding that though he "indisputably participated" in the Capitol assault, the government's

masks: Nordean Nordean Nordean Nordean Nordean


title: Ethan Nordean

texts:
 evidence of specific acts of violence and property damage was "weak." Before ruling, the judge noted that evidence clearly showed <mask> had been heavily involved in organizing the Proud Boys on January 6, 2021. Prosecutors included in a May 2021 court filing a Telegram message <mask> had sent expressing a sense of betrayal, lamenting that Trump had pardoned "a bunch of degenerates as his last move and shit on us on the way out" and "now I've got some of my good friends and myself facing jail time cuz we followed this guys lead and never questioned it." Personal life

<mask> has lived in or near Auburn, Washington his entire life.He is married and has one child. His father, <mask>, owns and operates restaurants in Des Moines and Buckley in Washington state, and <mask> formerly worked in the family business. A dedicated bodybuilder, he also operated a now-defunct business in 2017 called Bangarang Elite Supplements that sold protein powder. <mask>'s alias derives from a character in the 1991 Peter Pan movie Hook. In June, 2020 <mask>'s father issued a statement calling his son's beliefs "misguided" and reported, "<mask>  no longer works for our restaurants." Following the storming of the Capitol and his son's arrest, he issued another statement that said, "We have tried for a long while to get our son off the path which led to his arrest today — to no avail. <mask> will be held accountable for his actions."References

External links
 American Hate – a documentary film featuring <mask>

2021 United States Capitol attack
American fascists
Neo-fascists
Proud Boys
People from Auburn, Washington
Political violence in the United States
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal

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Nordean
Nordean
Nordean
Michael Nordean
Ethan
Nordean
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Ethan
Ethan
Ethan Nordean


title: Maddy English

texts:
<mask> (February 22, 1925 – August 21, 2004) was a third basewoman who played from  through  in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at , 130 lb., English batted and threw right-handed. At age eighteen, she became one of the youngest founding member of the league. English played all nine of her AAGPBL seasons with the Racine Belles. She anchored third base for the Belles and usually batted second in the batting order. A three-time All-Star, she helped the Belles win three pennants and two championships in the AAGPBL, by combining a sharp defense, opportune hitting, and a flashy base running. A natural teacher who cared most about being on a baseball diamond, she excelled as an educator, teaching a variety of subjects for over 30 years after retiring from baseball.Early life
A native of Everett, Massachusetts, English was the daughter of Ambrose Tobias <mask>, a pipe-fitter and longtime Everett city official, and Anna (née Henneberry) English. Her older brother, Edward, was a high school star third baseman who saw his professional baseball dreams truncated by military service during wartime. She attended parochial grammar schools and graduated from Everett High School, and was a competent athlete in any sport she could find to play. Although there were no organized girls interscholastic sports, English began participating in pickup softball games at age ten on Boston area playgrounds. In 1939 she joined a Massachusetts 14-year-old softball team, which competed against opponents from Connecticut and New York in summer exhibitions. Like her brother, she played at third base and had a strong throwing arm. <mask> and her Bay State teammates were coached by some players of the Boston Bruins hockey team, and they played their home games on the concrete floor of the Boston Garden when the Bruins and the Boston Celtics

masks:
Madeline Katherine English
English
English


title: Maddy English

texts:
 basketball team were out of the town.In 1943, a baseball scout impressed after seeing English play in the 1939 summer exhibitions, invited her to a tryout at Wrigley Field in Chicago, Illinois. During World War II, Philip K. Wrigley was in charge both of the Wrigley Company and the Chicago Cubs Major League Baseball club. Wrigley decided to found the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League as a promotional sideline to maintain the public interest in baseball as the military draft was depleting Major League rosters of first-line players. By sending out scouts and setting up try-outs in dozens of major cities, Wrigley attracted hundreds of women from all over United States and Canada who were eager to play in the new professional league. Of these, only 280 were invited to the final try-outs in Chicago where 60 were chosen to become the first women to ever play professional baseball. English was one of them, and was assigned to the Racine Belles of Wisconsin, one of four original AAGPBL teams. AAGPBL career
English enjoyed many firsts in her illustrious baseball career.She was one of the original 60 players in the league, and her team, the Belles, won the first AAGPBL Championship Title in 1943, defeating the Kenosha Comets three games to none. From 1943 to 1945, the league had not yet developed an All-Star contest. Was in 1946, for the first time, when the team's managers voted to select the best players to join the All-Star Team. <mask> became the first AAGPBL third base player to be named an All-Star, a distinction that she repeated in 1948 and 1949. Her most productive season came in 1948, when she posted career-highs in batting average (.231), hits (95), doubles (16), triples (eight) and home runs (five). <mask> tied a league record by stealing seven bases in a 1947 single game, but she also responded in pressure situations.

masks: English English


title: Maddy English

texts:
 master's degree in 1962, and continued to participate in athletics programs. She worked as a recreation leader in Everett. Through her involvement with the Boston Swim Association, she was provided an opportunity to demonstrate her talents in basketball and softball. After that, she returned to Everett to commence a 27-year career at Parlin Junior High School, spending 10 years as a classroom and physical education teacher, and 17 years as the school's guidance counselor and advised the students on future educational and career paths.She retired in 1984. In 1980, former AAGPBL player June Peppas motivated a group of friends and began assembling a list of names and addresses of her former pals. Her initiative turned into a newsletter and resulted in the league's first-ever reunion in Chicago, Illinois in 1982. Stemming from that reunion, a Players Association was formed in 1987 and many former AAGPBL players continued to enjoy reunions, which became annual events in 1998. Regularly, English attended the reunions of the association and collaborated on many aspects of its purposes. In November 1988, <mask>, along with her former teammates and opponents, received their long overdue recognition, when the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York dedicated a permanent display to the All American Girls Professional Baseball League. The association was largely responsible for the opening of the exhibition.English also has been inducted into the Boston University Athletics Hall of Fame, the Women in Sports Hall of Fame, and the Sports Museum of New England. A League of Their Own
In 1992, filmmaker Penny Marshall premiered her film A League of Their Own, which was a fictionalized account of activities in the AAGPBL. Starring Geena Davis, Tom Hanks, Madonna, Lori Petty and Rosie O'Donnell, this film brought a rejuvenated interest


title: Maddy English

texts:
 to the women's baseball. While the film does not use real names, Marshall seemed to be aiming for realism, as her film includes fake newsreel footage and pseudo-documentary present day scenes at the beginning and end of the story. A League of Their Own itself was inspired by the 1987 documentary of the same title, written and produced by Kelly Candaele, one of the five sons of Helen Callaghan, who in 1945 won the AAGPBL batting championship with a .299 average. English, like many of her colleagues, was relatively unknown until the film was exhibited for the first time. The Marshall's film, now considered by many to be among the top ten baseball-themed films ever made, prompted the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum to host in 2003 a 15th Anniversary Reunion of the AAGPBL induction, in order to honor the actual women who played the game and inspired it.English attended to the event, between many others. She described her career to a very attentive audience of nearly 200 people, and said what it was like for the Belles to win two AAGPBL championship series in 1943 and 1946. She fondly recalled her whopping salaries that were considered good money in those days. Finally, she recalled the impact that the women had on the national pastime and the nation as a whole during those perilous times. The same year, the town of Everett dedicated her the Madeline English School, a pre-kindergarten to eighth grade school. A few months later, <mask> died in her homeland of Everett at the age of 79, following complications from cancer. Sources

1925 births
2004 deaths
Sportspeople from Everett, Massachusetts
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League players
Racine Belles (1943–1950) players
Baseball players from Massachusetts
Deaths from cancer in Massachusetts
20th-century American women
20th-century American people
21st-century American


title: Donovan Bailey

texts:
<mask>  (born December 16, 1967) is a retired Jamaican-Canadian sprinter. He once held the world record for the 100 metres. He recorded a time of 9.84 seconds to win the gold medal at the 1996 Olympic Games. He was the first Canadian to legally break the 10-second barrier in the 100 m. Particularly noted for his top speed, <mask> ran  in his 1996 Olympic title run, the fastest ever recorded by a human at the time. He was inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 2004 as an individual athlete and in 2008 as part of the 1996 Summer Olympics 4x100 relay team. In 2005, he was also inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame. Early life
<mask> was born in Manchester Parish, Jamaica on December 16, 1967 as the fourth of five sons to George and <mask>.Before going to Mount Olivet Primary School, he would take care of his family's chickens, goats, and pigs. <mask> was fast when he was a young boy, with his former teacher Claris Lambert recounting that "He showed his athletic skills from grade one. He always came first in races." <mask> immigrated to Canada at age 12 and played basketball before graduating from Queen Elizabeth Park High School in Oakville, Ontario. During high school, his brother, O'Neil, won 4 Ontario Provincial titles in the long jump. <mask> was exceptionally fast as well, clocking 10.65 seconds in the 100m at the age of 16. However, his main interest was in basketball.After graduating in June 1984, <mask> attended Sheridan College, for which he played basketball during the 1986-1987 school year. He graduated from Sheridan with a degree in Business Administration. <mask> then began working as a property and marketing consultant for an importing and exporting clothing company. Career

Early career
It was only in 1990 that <mask> decided to begin racing

masks:
Donovan Anthony Bailey
Bailey
Donovan Anthony Bailey
Daisy Bailey
Donovan
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey


title: Donovan Bailey

texts:
 professionally; after watching the 1990 Canadian Track and Field Championships, he realized that most of the men competing were men he had beaten in high school. He began training as a 100m sprinter part-time, whilst working as a stockbroker. In 1991, he won the 60 metres at the Ontario Indoor Championships, and at the 1991 Pan American Games in Havana, Cuba, <mask> anchored Canada's 4 × 100 metres relay team, to a silver medal. In 1992, <mask> finished second in the 100m at the national championships.From 1993-1994, he competed for Fenerbahçe Athletics. During this time, he claimed a bronze in the 100m and a silver in the 200m at the 1993 national championships, a silver in the 100m and gold in the 4 × 100 metres at the 1994 Francophone Games in Paris, and a gold medal in the 4×100m at the 1994 Commonwealth Games in Victoria, British Columbia. However, despite his impressive performances at a national level, he was only chosen as an alternate for the 4x100m at the 1993 World Championships in Stuttgart. American coach Dan Pfaff, who coached <mask>'s high school friend Glenroy Gilbert at Louisiana State University and listened to <mask>'s complaints, was impressed by <mask>'s performances considering his terrible form and fitness. Pfaff invited <mask> to train with him and Gilbert at LSU, and with just 3 months of training together, <mask> shaved 3 tenths of a second off of his 100m personal best; his time of 10.03 seconds was the third fastest in Canadian history. 1995: Breakthrough
On April 22, 1995, <mask> made history by breaking the 10-second barrier for the first time in the 100m, becoming the 18th man and 2nd Canadian to legally do so. His time of 9.99 seconds was just 4 hundredths shy of Ben Johnson's record of 9.95.In July, he broke Johnson's record with 9.91 at the

masks: Bailey Bailey Bailey Bailey Bailey Bailey Bailey Bailey


title: Donovan Bailey

texts:
 national championships, the fastest time of the year, effectively asserting his name as a favorite for the gold medal at the World Championships in Gothenburg later that year. <mask> went on to win the title in 9.97 seconds, then followed it up by anchoring Canada to their first world championship gold in the 4x100m. 1996: Olympic History
With a world title now under his belt, <mask> was highly considered to be a favorite for the Olympic title in Atlanta that July. As a precursor to the centennial Olympics, <mask> broke the indoor 50 m world record during a competition in Reno, Nevada in 1996. He was timed at 5.56 seconds. Maurice Greene later matched that performance in 1999, but his run was never ratified as a world record. <mask> was officially selected to represent Canada at the 1996 Summer Olympics after winning his 3rd consecutive national title in the 100m.On July 27, after a very disrupted start to the race, <mask> won the Olympic 100m title setting a new world record of 9.84 seconds. During the race, he hit a top speed of 12.10 m/s (43.6 km/h or 27.1 mph), which was the fastest top speed ever recorded by a human being at the time. Many Canadians felt <mask>'s victory restored the image of Canadian athletes, after the exposure of Ben Johnson's history of doping. At the time, <mask> was only the second person after Carl Lewis to hold all the major titles in the 100m concurrently (World Champion, Olympic Champion & World Record Holder). 6 days later, he completed the 100m/4x100m double once again, anchoring Canada to their first ever Olympic 4x100m title in a national record of 37.69 seconds. World's Fastest Man

In May 1997 he raced against Michael Johnson in a 150 m race at Toronto's then-SkyDome in a bid to truly determine who the world's fastest man was. Earlier in the

masks: Bailey Bailey Bailey Bailey Bailey Bailey Bailey


title: Donovan Bailey

texts:
 spring of 1997, Johnson began performing television promotions in which he billed himself as "the world's fastest man" as a result of his 200 meters world record, despite the fact that the 100 m world record holders are traditionally given that unofficial title.<mask> initially refused to take part, stating that "the world's fastest man was decided in Atlanta." <mask> ended up participating and won with a time of 14.99 seconds, receiving $1.5 million. 1997 World Championships
At the 1997 World Championships in Athens, <mask> attempted to defend his 100m title, but was beaten by Maurice Greene and was forced to settle for the silver medal in 9.91 seconds. However, along with his Canadian teammates, he was able to defend Canada's 4x100m title in 37.86 seconds, the fastest time of the year. One of his last meets of the season was at the ISTAF Berlin; after finishing 2nd in the 100m, <mask> ran the first leg of the "Dream Team II" in the 4x100m relay: Carl Lewis' last race of his career. With Leroy Burrell on the 2nd leg, Frankie Fredericks on the 3rd, and Lewis on the anchor, the team won in 38.24 seconds, a meeting record. 1998 Goodwill Games
<mask> and the 4 x 100 metre Canadian relay team won a silver medal with a time of 38.23 at the 1998 Goodwill Games in New York, finishing behind the United States.<mask> ruptured his Achilles tendon while playing basketball during the post season of 1998, which effectively began the end of his athletics career. 1999 Pan American Games and World Championships
<mask> won a silver medal with the Canadian 4 x 100 metre relay team with a time of 38.49 at the 1999 Pan American Games in Winnipeg, finishing behind Brazil. The silver medal matched his first international medal he won eight years earlier at the 1991 Pan American Games in the 4 x 100


title: Donovan Bailey

texts:
 metre relay and it would be his final international medal. <mask> was part of the Canadian 4 x 100 metre relay team at the  1999 World Championships in Seville but the team was disqualified in the first round of heats. 2000 Summer Olympics and 2001 World Championships
He made a second attempt in the 2000 Summer Olympics, but suffered from pneumonia and dropped out during the rounds. He retired from the sport in 2001 after the World Championships in Edmonton, having been a three-time World and 2 time Olympic champion. Post-retirement
After racing, <mask> started his own company called DBX Sport Management which helps amateur athletes find a way to promote themselves.He also started a sport injury clinic in Oakville, Ontario. He has been inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame twice: in 2004 as an individual, and in 2008 as part of the 1996 Summer Olympics 4 × 100 relay team. In August 2008 <mask> began work as a track commentator for CBC Television at the 2008 Summer Olympics. He estimated that had Usain Bolt not slowed down near the end of the 100m dash (which he still won in record time), he could have set a time of 9.55 seconds. He returned as the track analyst for CBC's coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics. In 2010, <mask> was one of the recipients of the Top 25 Canadian Immigrant Awards presented by Canadian Immigrant Magazine. In 2016, he was made a member of the Order of Ontario.In 2017, Canada's Walk of Fame honoured him with a star. In 2018, it was reported that <mask> had provided his entire athlete's trust of $3.75 million to Aird & Berlis lawyer Stuart Bollefer, who invested it in what was determined to be a tax evasion scheme by the Canadian government. <mask> lost the full amount due to the scheme, however the courts ordered Aird & Berlis to pay all outstanding

masks: Bailey Bailey Bailey Bailey Bailey Bailey


title: Martin Wesley-Smith

texts:
<mask>  (10 June 1945 – 26 September 2019) was an Australian composer with an eclectic output ranging from children's songs to environmental events. He worked in a range of musical styles, including choral music, operas, computer music, music theatre, chamber and orchestral music, and audiovisual pieces which bring words, music and images together. He often worked with his librettist brother, Peter Wesley-Smith. He was one of the pioneers of computer, or electronic, music. Two main themes dominated Wesley-Smith's music: the life, work and ideas of Lewis Carroll, and the plight of the people of East Timor. Life
Wesley-Smith was born, one of twin boys, in Adelaide. He had two other brothers.His parents were part of the Adelaide establishment. His father was the Academic Registrar of the University of Adelaide, and his mother was a teacher and a presenter of the ABC's radio program Kindergarten of the Air. He studied composition at the University of Adelaide. From his student days, Wesley-Smith was a rebel, moonlighting on the banjo with a folkie band, the Wesley Three, when his teachers would have preferred he focus on his classical studies. His teachers included Peter Maxwell Davies, Jindrich Feld, Sandor Veress and Richard Meale. Wesley-Smith and his twin brother, Peter, were both conscripted to go to Vietnam, but avoided military service by undertaking studies until conscription ended. He earned his D.Phil.from the University of York in England. Wesley-Smith lived in the Kangaroo Valley south of Sydney, where he was a member of the Kangaroo Valley-Remexio Partnership which supports projects in East Timor. He died there on 26 September 2019, aged 74. His work is being jointly archived by the National Library of Australia and the National Film and Sound Archive. Musical career
Wesley-Smith returned


title: Martin Wesley-Smith

texts:
 Wesley-Smith described as "a piece about the West Papuan people and their thirst for freedom". Performances
Wesley-Smith led an electronic music and audio-visual performing group, watt, from 1976 to 1998. The group performed internationally, as well as in a regular series of concerts in Sydney. He was also musical director of TREE, a group whose final environmental event was held at Wattamolla Beach in Sydney's Royal National Park in 1983. The Song Company has performed his work in Amsterdam, den Bosch, Denmark, Gent, Groningen, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Portugal, as well as throughout Australia.Awards

Don Banks Music Award
The Don Banks Music Award was established in 1984 to publicly honour a senior artist of high distinction who has made an outstanding and sustained contribution to music in Australia. It was founded by the Australia Council in honour of Don Banks, Australian composer, performer and the first chair of its music board. |-
| 1987
| <mask>-Smith
| Don Banks Music Award
|
|-

 1997: Paul Lowin Composition Award for the music drama Quito
 1998: AM for services to "music, as a composer, scriptwriter, children's songwriter, lecturer, presenter of multi-media concerts and a member of various Australia Council boards and committees"
  2014  Ordem de Timor Leste

Selected works
Alice in the Garden of Live Flowers (for seven harps) (2008)
Pi in the Sky (1971 opera)
The Wild West Show (1971)
Machine (1972)
Kdadalak (For the Children of Timor) (1977)
Who Killed Cock Robin (1979, for chamber choir)
For Marimba and Tape (1983)
Snark-Hunting (1984, for flute, keyboards, percussion, 'cello & tape)
Venceremos! (1984, for tape and transparencies)
Boojum! in concert : nonsense, truth and Lewis Carroll (1986; with Peter Wesley-Smith)
Quito (1994, documentary music drama; with Peter Wesley-Smith)
X


title: Martin Wesley-Smith

texts:
 (1999, multimedia piece for clarinet and CD ROM)
Welcome to the Hotel Turismo (2000, multimedia piece for cello, or bass clarinet, and CD ROM)
Weapons of Mass Distortion (2003, an audio-visual piece for clarinet in B flat & Macintosh computer)
A Luta Continua (2005, oratorio for baritone, girls' choir and orchestra; with Peter Wesley-Smith)
Papua Merdeka (2007 – audio-visual piece for bass clarinet and Macintosh computer)

Notes

External links
 Biography at Australian Music Centre
 List of works in Australian Music Centre collection
 Transcript of interview broadcast on Australia's Radio National 18 May 2002
 Article on Wesley-Smith and music education

References
 Ford, Andrew (1993), Composer to composer : conversations about contemporary music . Magson, Linda, Introduction to Australian music
"<mask> and Peter Wesley-Smith" (Interview by Andrew Ford) on The Music Show, 2005-06-11 Accessed: 2008-02-23
A <mask> Wesley-Smith Retroctive, Featuring "Quito" (2007) Accessed: 2008-02-23
 Plush, Vincent (2008) "Martin Wesley-Smith: An Appreciation" in The Tears of Timor: Martin Wesley-Smith: Music and Politics (Program), Canberra, National Film and Sound Archive
The Tears of Timor: Martin Wesley-Smith: Music and Politics (Program), Canberra, National Film and Sound Archive, 2008
Westwood, Matthew (2008) "Independence movements" in The Australian, 2008-02-22 Accessed: 2008-02-23
Opera Glass

1945 births
2019 deaths
Electroacoustic music composers
Australian opera composers
Members of the Order of Australia
21st-century classical composers
20th-century classical composers
Alumni of the University of York
Twin people from Australia
Australian male classical composers
20th-century Australian male musicians
20th-century Australian musicians
21st-century Australian male musicians
21st-century Australian

masks: Martin Martin


title: Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti

texts:
<mask>-Tikriti (17 February 1951 – 15 January 2007) (), also known as <mask>-Tikriti, Barasan Ibrahem Alhassen and <mask>, was one of three half-brothers of Saddam Hussein, and a leader of the Mukhabarat, the Iraqi intelligence service. Despite falling out of favour with Saddam at one time, he was believed to have been a close presidential adviser at the time of his capture by U.S. forces. On 15 January 2007, <mask> was hanged for crimes against humanity. He was decapitated by the hangman's rope after errors were made calculating his body weight and length of drop from the platform. High position in Iraqi government
<mask> was a leading figure in the Mukhabarat, the intelligence service that performed the role of secret police from the 1970s, and later took over as director. During his time in the secret police, <mask> played a key role in the Iraqi regime's execution of opponents at home and assassinations abroad. He was also known for his ruthlessness and brutality in purging the Iraqi military of anyone seen as disloyal.<mask> became Iraq's representative to the United Nations in Geneva—including the UN Human Rights Committee—in 1989. He was in Geneva for almost a decade, during which he is believed to have managed clandestine accounts for Saddam's overseas fortune. This task was then taken over by a network of foreign brokers, since the Iraqi President had decided that no one in Iraq could be trusted with the task. U.S. officials characterized <mask> as a member of what they called "Saddam's Dirty Dozen", responsible for torture and mass murder in Iraq. <mask> was the five of clubs (queen of hearts according to CNN) in the U.S military's most-wanted Iraqi playing cards. Post-invasion
<mask> was among the

masks:
Barzan Ibrahim Hassan al
Barazan Ibrahim al
Barzan Hassan
Barzan
Barzan
Barzan
Barzan
Barzan
Barzan
Barzan


title: Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti

texts:
 leadership figures U.S. forces targeted during the Iraq War. In April 2003, warplanes dropped six satellite-guided bombs on a building in the Iraqi city of Ramadi, west of Baghdad, where he was thought to be.U.S. Army Special Forces captured <mask> alive on 17 April 2003; the news was publicly confirmed late summer 2003, with <mask> surrounded by a large entourage of bodyguards in Baghdad. He was turned over to Iraq's Interim Government on 30 June 2004, and arraigned on 1 July 2004. Trial and courtroom charges

<mask>'s trial started on 19 October 2005. He was a defendant in the Iraq Special Tribunal's Al-Dujail trial, and Abd al-Semd al-Husseini was his defense counsel. In the first stage of the trial, <mask> stood before a five-judge panel for the Dujail Massacre. He was charged for crimes against humanity, simultaneously with seven other former high officials (Taha Yassin Ramadan, Saddam Hussein, Awad Hamed al-Bandar, Abdullah Kadhem Roweed Al-Musheikhi, Ali Daeem Ali, Mohammed Azawi Ali and Mizher Abdullah Roweed Al-Musheikhi). They were said to have ordered and overseen the killings, in July 1982, of more than 140 Shiite men from Dujail, a village 35 miles north of Baghdad.The men were allegedly killed in retribution after an 8 July 1982 attack on the presidential motorcade as it passed through the village. It was alleged that, in addition to the killings, hundreds of women and children from the town were jailed for years in desert internment camps, and that date palm groves, which sustained the local economy and were the families' livelihood, were destroyed. During the first court session on 19 October 2005, <mask> pleaded not guilty. During his trial, he became known for his angry outbursts in court and

masks: Barzan Barzan Barzan Barzan Barzan


title: Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti

texts: was ejected on several occasions. In the weeks following the first audience, serious security concerns for the defense team of Saddam and the other accused became apparent. On 21 October 2005, 36 hours after the first hearing, a group of unidentified armed men dragged one of the defense attorneys from his office in east Baghdad and shot him dead. A few days later, a second lawyer was killed in a drive-by shooting, and a third, injured in that attack, subsequently fled Iraq for sanctuary in Qatar.As a result, calls for the trial to be held abroad were heard. The defense lawyers, supported by the Iraqi Bar Association, imposed a boycott on the trial until their security concerns were met with specific measures. A few days before the trial was to resume, the defense team announced that it had accepted offers of protection from Iraqi and U.S. officials and would appear in court on 28 November 2005. The agreement is said to have included the same level of protection offered to the Iraqi judges and prosecutors, with measures such as armored cars and teams of bodyguards. After a short court session on 28 November 2005, during which some testimony regarding the killings in Dujail was presented, Judge Rizgar Mohammed Amin ordered a one-week adjournment until 5 December, to grant the defense teams time to find new counsel. On 12 March 2006, the prosecutor announced that if Saddam Hussein and his seven co-defendants were sentenced to death in the Dujail case, the sentence would be carried out as soon as possible. Thus, the other cases for which they were indicted would not be heard in court.On 19 June 2006, the prosecutor asked the court, in his closing arguments, that the death penalty be imposed upon <mask>, Saddam, and


title: Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti

texts:
 Ramadan. On 5 November 2006, <mask> was sentenced to death by hanging. Appeals
A sentence of death or life imprisonment generates an automatic appeal. On 3 December 2006, the defense team lodged an appeal against the verdicts for <mask>, Saddam, and al-Bander, who had been sentenced to death. On 26 December 2006, the appeals chamber confirmed the verdict and the death sentence against <mask>. In November 2006, Iraqi President Jalal Talabani appealed for <mask> to be moved to medical facilities to receive treatment for his spinal cancer. <mask> originally made an appeal from his cell to U.S. President George W. Bush and to Talabani for treatment, referring to the latter as an "old friend".Botched execution
On 15 January 2007, the death sentence was carried out. <mask>, along with co-defendants Saddam Hussein and the former Chief Justice of the Iraqi Revolutionary Court al-Bandar, were sentenced to death by hanging. <mask> was originally scheduled to hang on 30 December with Saddam (as he and al-Bandar wished) but due to the Eid, lack of time, and lack of a helicopter to deliver them, as well as international pressure, the hangings were postponed to 15 January. <mask>'s sentence was carried out at 03:00 local time (00:00 UTC) on 15 January 2007. His death was confirmed at 3:05/00:05 UTC. <mask> was decapitated by the long drop, the accidental result of the hangman using a rope that was too long. As with Saddam's hanging, <mask>'s and al-Bandar's counsel was not allowed to attend.Reaction to the execution
On 15 January, U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice said in a news conference with the Egyptian foreign minister: "We were disappointed there was not greater dignity given to the accused under these

masks: Barzan Barzan Barzan Barzan Barzan Barzan Barzan Barzan Barzan Barzan


title: Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti

texts:
 circumstances." In a press briefing by British Prime Minister Tony Blair's official spokesman, in response to a question as to Blair's reaction to the "botched hanging" in Iraq, the spokesman said: "In terms of the death penalty in Iraq, our position on the death penalty is well known, and we had made that position known to the Iraqi Government again since the death of Saddam Hussein. However, Iraq is a sovereign Government, and therefore has a right under international law to decide its own policy on the death penalty." <mask>'s son-in-law, Azzam Saleh Abdullah, said: "We heard the news from the media. We were supposed to have the information a day earlier, but it seems that the government does not know the rules." He said the execution reflected the hatred felt by the Shiite-led government: "They still want more Iraqi bloodshed. To hell with democracy."See also
Omar al-Tikriti – <mask> <mask>-Tikriti's nephew
Execution of Saddam Hussein
Capital punishment in Iraq
Hanging – section on "long drop" method
U.S. list of most-wanted Iraqis

References

External links
globalsecurity article on <mask> <mask>-Hasan al-Tikriti
Saddam’s Half-Brother <mask> Al-Tikriti Captured by DEBKAfile, 20 April 2003

1951 births
2007 deaths
21st-century executions by Iraq
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region politicians
Deaths by decapitation
Executed military leaders
Iraqi generals
Iraqi people convicted of crimes against humanity
Executed Iraqi people
People executed by Iraq by hanging
People executed for murder
People from Tikrit
Permanent Representatives of Iraq to the United Nations
Tulfah family
People executed for crimes against humanity
Iraqi politicians convicted of crimes
Capital punishment in Iraq
Directors of

masks:
Barzan
Barzan
Ibrahim al
Barzan
Ibrahim El
Barzan


title: Dmitri Hvorostovsky

texts:
<mask> (, ; 16 October 1962 – 22 November 2017) was a Russian operatic baritone. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Krasnoyarsk in Siberia during a time when the city was mostly closed to foreigners. An only child, he was raised mostly by his grandmother and a grandfather who, according to <mask>, was a war veteran suffering from alcoholism. His father, an engineer, and his mother, a gynecologist, both had extremely time-consuming careers and were often only around on the weekends and holidays. He studied at the Krasnoyarsk School of Arts under , who, in turn, was brought up by M.N. Rioli-Slovtsova – wife of an outstanding Russian tenor P.I. Slovtsov and made his debut at Krasnoyarsk Opera House, in the role of Marullo in Rigoletto.Career
<mask> came to international prominence in 1989 when he won the BBC Cardiff Singer of the World competition, beating local favourite Bryn Terfel in the final round. His performance included Handel's "Ombra mai fu" and "Per me giunto...O Carlo ascolta" from Verdi's Don Carlos. His international concert recitals began immediately (London debut, 1989; New York 1990). His operatic debut in the West was at the Nice Opera in Tchaikovsky's The Queen of Spades (1989). In Italy, he made his debut at La Fenice as Eugene Onegin, a success that sealed his reputation, and made his American operatic debut with the Lyric Opera of Chicago (1993) in La traviata. In 1992, he made his debut at the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden as Riccardo in Bellini's I puritani. He subsequently sang at virtually every major opera house, including the Metropolitan Opera (debut 1995), the Berlin State Opera, La Scala and the Vienna State Opera.He was especially renowned for his portrayal of the title character in Tchaikovsky's

masks:
Dmitri Aleksandrovich Hvorostovsky
Hvorostovsky
Dmitri
Hvorostovsky


title: Dmitri Hvorostovsky

texts:
 Eugene Onegin; The New York Times described him as "born to play the role." In 2002, <mask> performed at the Russian Children's Welfare Society's major fund raiser, the "Petrushka Ball". He was an Honorary Director of the charity. A tall man with a striking head of prematurely silver hair, <mask> achieved international acclaim as an opera performer as well as a concert artist. He was one of People magazine's 50 most beautiful people, a rare occurrence for a classical musician. His high, medium-weight voice had the typical liquid timbre of Russian baritones. A recital programme of new arrangements of songs from the World War II era, Where Are You My Brothers?, was given in the spring of 2003 in front of an audience of 6,000 at the Kremlin Palace in Moscow, and seen on Russian Television by over 90 million viewers.The same programme was performed with the St. Petersburg Symphony Orchestra for survivors of the Siege of Leningrad on 16 January 2004. In later years, <mask>'s stage repertoire almost entirely consisted of Verdi operas such as Un ballo in maschera, La traviata and Simon Boccanegra. In 2009 he appeared in Il trovatore in a David McVicar production at the Metropolitan Opera with Sondra Radvanovsky. Awards
<mask> won First Prizes at both the Glinka Vocal Competition in 1987 and the Toulouse Singing Competition in 1988. Winning the BBC Cardiff Singer of the World competition in 1989 brought him international prominence. His highest awards in Russia include the Glinka State Prize in 1991 and the People's Artist of Russia honorary title in 1995. Personal life
In 1989, <mask> married a ballerina, Svetlana.He adopted her daughter Maria, and they had two children, Daniel and Alexandra. They split up in 1999. His second wife was the Swiss

masks: Hvorostovsky Hvorostovsky Hvorostovsky Hvorostovsky Hvorostovsky


title: Dmitri Hvorostovsky

texts:
 soprano Florence Illi of French and Italian descent. They had two children, Nina and Maxim. In June 2015, <mask> announced that he had been diagnosed with a brain tumour and cancelled all his performances through August. Family representatives said that he would be treated at London's cancer hospital Royal Marsden. In spite of his illness, <mask> returned to the stage at the Metropolitan Opera in September as Count di Luna in Il trovatore for a run of three performances opposite Anna Netrebko.He received strong reviews from both critics and audiences for his performance. Death

<mask> died on 22 November 2017 in London of brain cancer, which had been diagnosed over two years earlier. A service was held in Moscow on 27 November. <mask> was cremated and some of his ashes were buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow, and the rest in his hometown of Krasnoyarsk. Recordings
<mask> made many CD recordings, first with Valery Gergiev for Philips and then with Constantine Orbelian for Delos, and a number of his performances were filmed. 2003
 Passione di Napoli (2001, Delos)

References

External links

 Hvorostovsky Foundation
 Performances, Operabase
 Dmitri Hvorostovsky Virtual Archive
 Early interview with <mask> <mask> by Bruce Duffie, 23 September 1993 (at the time of his American Operatic debut in Chicago)

1962 births
2017 deaths
People from Krasnoyarsk
Russian operatic baritones
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class
Deaths from brain tumor
Deaths from cancer in England
Neurological disease deaths in England

People's Artists of Russia
Österreichischer Kammersänger
Russian National Music Award winners
20th-century Russian male  opera singers
21st-century Russian  male opera singers
Burials at Novodevichy

masks: Hvorostovsky Hvorostovsky Hvorostovsky Hvorostovsky Hvorostovsky Dmitri Hvorostovsky


title: Emperor Hui of Jin

texts:
<mask> of Jin (; 259 - January 8, 307), personal name Sima Zhong (司馬衷), courtesy name Zhengdu (正度), was the second emperor of the Jin dynasty (266–420). <mask> was a developmentally disabled ruler, and throughout his reign, there was constant internecine fighting between regents, imperial princes (his uncles and cousins), and his wife Empress Jia Nanfeng for the right to control him (and therefore the imperial administration), causing great suffering for the people and greatly undermining the stability of the Western Jin dynasty, eventually leading to rebellions of the Five Barbarians that led to Jin's loss of northern and central China and the establishment of the competing Sixteen Kingdoms. He was briefly deposed by his granduncle Sima Lun, who usurped the throne himself, in 301, but later that year was restored to the throne and continued to be the emperor until 307, when he was poisoned, likely by the regent Sima Yue. Life prior to ascension
Sima Zhong was born to Sima Yan and his wife Yang Yan in 259 AD, while Sima Yan was still the assistant to his father, the Cao Wei regent Sima Zhao. He was their second son, but after the early death of his older brother Sima Gui (司馬軌), he became the oldest surviving son. It is not known when his developmental disabilities became apparent, but, in any case, after Sima Zhao died in September 265, and Sima Yan subsequently forced the Cao Wei emperor Cao Huan to abdicate to him in February 266 (which ended Cao Wei's reign and started Jin's as Emperor Wu), he made the seven-year-old Prince Zhong crown prince in 267 AD. As Crown Prince Zhong grew in age, his developmental disabilities became clear to his parents and the imperial officials alike.He learned how to write and speak, but appeared to be unable to make logical decisions on his own at all. Once, when he

masks:
Emperor Hui
Emperor Hui


title: Emperor Hui of Jin

texts:
 in place.) In 289, as Emperor Wu neared death, he considered whom to make the regent for Crown Prince Zhong. He considered both Empress Yang's father Yang Jun and his uncle Sima Liang the Prince of Ru'nan, the most respected of the imperial princes. As a result, Yang Jun became fearful of Sima Liang and had him posted to the key city of Xuchang (許昌, in modern Xuchang, Henan).By 290, Emperor Wu resolved to let Yang and Sima Liang both be regents, but after he wrote his will, the will was seized by Yang Jun, who instead had another will promulgated in which Yang alone was named regent. Emperor Wu died soon thereafter, and Crown Prince Zhong ascended the throne as <mask>. Crown Princess Jia became empress, and Prince Yu became crown prince. Reign
During his 17-year reign, <mask> would come under the control of a number of regents, never being able to assert authority on his own. The rough succession order of the regents were:
 Yang Jun: 290–291
 Sima Liang/Wei Guan: 291
 Empress Jia Nanfeng: 291–300
 Sima Lun: 300–301
 Sima Jiong: 301–302
 Sima Ai: 302–304
 Sima Ying: 304
 Sima Yong: 304–306
 Sima Yue: 306–307

Regency of Yang Jun
Yang Jun quickly showed himself to be autocratic and incompetent, drawing the ire of many other nobles and officials. He tried to appease them by making many bestowments of titles and honors among them, but this only brought further contempt for his actions. He knew <mask>'s empress Jia Nanfeng to be strong-willed and treacherous, so he tried to put people loyal to him in charge of all the defense forces of the capital Luoyang, and also ordered that all edicts not only be signed by the emperor but also by Empress Dowager Yang before they could be promulgated.Empress Jia, however, wanted to be involved in the government, and was angry that she was constantly rebuffed by Empress

masks:
Emperor Hui
Emperor Hui
Emperor Hui


title: Emperor Hui of Jin

texts:
 Dowager Yang and Yang Jun. She therefore conspired with the eunuch Dong Meng (董猛) and the generals Meng Guan (孟觀) and Li Zhao (李肇) against the Yangs. She tried to include Sima Liang into the conspiracy, but Sima Liang declined; instead, she persuaded <mask>'s brother, Sima Wei the Prince of Chu, to join her plan. In 291, after Sima Wei returned to Luoyang from his defense post (Jing Province (荊州, modern Hubei and Hunan)) with his troops, a coup went into progress. Empress Jia, who had her husband easily under her control, had him issue an edict declaring that Yang Jun had committed crimes and should be removed from his posts. It also ordered Sima Wei and Sima Yao (司馬繇) the Duke of Dong'an to attack Yang's forces and defend against counterattacks. Quickly, it became clear that Yang was in trouble.Empress Dowager Yang, trapped in the palace herself, wrote an edict ordering assistance for Yang Jun and put it on arrows, shooting it out of the palace. Empress Jia then made the bold declaration that Empress Dowager Yang was committing treason. Yang Jun was quickly defeated, and his clan was massacred. Empress Dowager Yang was deposed and imprisoned (and would die in 292 in imprisonment). Sima Liang was recalled to serve as regent, along with the senior official Wei Guan. Regency of Sima Liang and Wei Guan
To appease those who might have been angry and had overthrown Yang Jun, Sima Liang also widely promoted those who participated in the plot, and more than a thousand men were created marquesses. He and Wei, however, did try to get the government on track, but Empress Jia continued to interfere with governmental matters.They also became concerned about the violent temper of Sima Wei and therefore tried to strip him of his military command, but Sima Wei persuaded Empress Jia to let him keep his military


title: Emperor Hui of Jin

texts:
 command. Sima Wei's assistants Qi Sheng (岐盛) and Gongsun Hong (公孫宏) thereafter falsely told Empress Jia that Sima Liang and Wei planned to depose the emperor. Empress Jia, who had already resented Wei for having suggested that the heir selection be changed during Emperor Wu's reign, desired more direct control over the government, and therefore resolved to initiate a second coup d'état. In summer 291, Empress Jia had <mask> personally write an edict to Sima Wei, ordering him to have Sima Liang and Wei removed from their offices. His forces thereby surrounded Sima Liang and Wei's mansions, and while both men's subordinates recommended resistance, they each declined and were easily captured. Contrary to the edict's terms, both were killed—Sima Liang with his heir Sima Ju (司馬矩) and Wei with nine of his sons and grandsons. Qi then suggested to Sima Wei to take the opportunity to massacre Empress Jia's relatives and take over the government himself, but Sima Wei hesitated— at the same time, Empress Jia came to the realization that if the murders of Sima Liang and Wei could be traced to her instigation, that would bring a political firestorm' also that Sima Wei could not be easily controlled.She therefore publicly declared that Sima Wei had falsely issued the edict. Sima Wei's troops abandoned him, and he was captured and executed. Sima Liang and Wei were posthumously honored. From this point on, Empress Jia became the undisputed power behind the throne for several years. Regency of Empress Jia
Empress Jia was now in control in close association with several advisors that she trusted—the capable official Zhang Hua, her cousins Pei Wei and Jia Mo (賈模), and her nephew Jia Mi (originally named Han Mi but posthumously adopted into the line of Jia Chong's son Jia Limin (賈黎民)). She also closely associated with


title: Emperor Hui of Jin

texts: her distant cousin-once-removed Guo Zhang (郭彰), her sister Jia Wu (賈午), and <mask>'s concubine Zhao Chan (趙粲). She lacked self-control, and was violent and capricious in her ways, but Zhang, Pei, and Jia Mo were honest men who generally kept the government in order.However, as she grew increasingly unbridled in her behavior (including committing adultery with many men and later murdering them to silence them), Zhang, Pei, and Jia Mo considered deposing her and replacing her with Crown Prince Yu's mother Consort Xie, but they hesitated and never took actual action. After Jia Mo died in 299, it became even harder to control her actions. In 296, the Di and Qiang of Qin (秦州, modern eastern Gansu) and Yong (雍州, modern central and northern Shaanxi) started a major rebellion against Jin Dynasty, and they supported the Di chieftain Qi Wannian to be emperor. In 297, the Jin general Zhou Chu (周處), without support from the central government, was easily defeated by Qi. A large group of refugees, most of Di ancestry, stricken by the famine that resulted from the warfare, fled south into Yi Province (modern Sichuan and Chongqing), led by Li Te. (Several years later, they would eventually be forced into rebellion and peel away from Jin rule.) In 299, Meng Guan was able to defeat Qi, but Qi foreshadowed much more serious non-Han rebellions of the future.Later in 299, the mid-level official Jiang Tong (江統) would petition Empress Jia to have the five non-Han ethnicities (the Wu Hu) removed from the empire proper and relocated to regions outside the empire, but Empress Jia did not accept his suggestions. The relationship between Empress Jia and Crown Prince Yu had always been an uneasy one. Empress Jia's mother Guo Huai had constantly advised Empress Jia to treat Crown Prince Yu well, as her own son, and she advocated


title: Emperor Hui of Jin

texts:
 strategist Sun Xiu became the paramount authority. Regency of and usurpation by Sima Lun
Sima Lun restored the late Crown Prince Yu's reputation and had his son, Sima Zang (司馬臧), created crown prince. However, Sima Lun himself had designs on the throne, and he and Sun Xiu became partial to placing those who favored them in power. <mask>'s brother, Sima Yun (司馬允) the Prince of Huai'nan, correctly determined what Sima Lun's ambitions were, and as a result, Sima Lun and Sun tried to strip Sima Yun's military command. When Sima Yun read the edict ordering him to turn over the troops, he saw that it was Sun Xiu's handwriting—and became enraged and started a rebellion with his troops. Initially, he had successes against Sima Lun's troops and was almost able to capture Sima Lun's mansion, during the course of one day.Late in the day, Chen Zhun (陳準), who secretly supported Sima Yun, persuaded <mask> to give him a banner that showed imperial support and was able to deliver it to Sima Yun, but his messenger, a friend of Sima Lun's son Sima Qian (司馬虔), instead tricked Sima Yun into receiving the banner and, as he did, cut off his head. His troops disbanded after his death. After defeating Sima Yun, Sima Lun became ever more intent on usurping the throne. Late in 300, after Sun Xiu's suggestion, Sima Lun was granted the nine bestowments. However, Sima Lun and his sons were themselves foolish and unintelligent, and Sun was the actual person in charge of the government. In the winter, Sun had the granddaughter of his distant relative and friend Sun Qi (孫旂), Yang Xianrong, married to <mask> to be his empress. Also in winter 300, the governor of Yi Province, Zhao Xin (趙廞), a relative of Empress Jia, rebelled and tried to occupy Yi Province to be his own domain.He associated with Li Te and his brother Li Xiang (李庠),


title: Emperor Hui of Jin

texts: and they soon were able to take over Yi Province. However, he then became suspicious of the Li brothers' abilities, and he killed Li Xiang after Li Xiang suggested that he declare himself emperor. Li Te, in anger, took his troops and killed Zhao. Li then welcomed the new Jin governor Luo Shang to the provincial capital Chengdu (成都, in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), but maintained an uneasy relationship with Luo and Luo's main strategist, Xin Ran (辛冉), a former friend of his who deeply suspected his intentions. In spring 301, Sima Lun had <mask> yield the throne to him, and gave <mask> the honorific title of retired emperor (太上皇). In order to appease those who might be angry at his usurpation, he rewarded many people with honors. Sun, in particular, was issuing edicts based on his own whims.Suspecting three key princes – Sima Jiong the Prince of Qi (<mask>'s cousin and the son of <mask>'s uncle, Prince You of Qi), Sima Ying the Prince of Chengdu (<mask>'s brother), and Sima Yong the Prince of Hejian (the grandson of <mask>'s great-granduncle Sima Fu the Prince of Anping), each of whom had strong independent military commands—Sun sent his trusted subordinates to be their assistants. Prince Jiong refused and declared a rebellion to restore <mask>. Prince Ying, Sima Ai the Prince of Changsha (<mask>'s brother), and Sima Xin (司馬歆) the Duke of Xinye (the son of a granduncle of <mask>) all declared support for Prince Jiong. Prince Yong initially sent his general Zhang Fang with intent to support Sima Lun, but then heard that Princes Jiong and Ying had great forces, and so declared for the rebels instead. Sima Lun's forces were easily defeated by Princes Jiong and Ying's forces, and after just declaring himself emperor for three months, Sima Lun was captured by officials in Luoyang who declared for the rebellion

masks:
Emperor Hui
Emperor Hui
Emperor Hui
Emperor Hui
Emperor Hui
Emperor Hui
Emperor Hui
Emperor Hui
Emperor Hui


title: Emperor Hui of Jin

texts:
 as well, and forced to issue an edict returning the throne to <mask>. He was then forced to commit suicide. Sun and other associates of Sima Lun were executed.Some thought that a power balance that Emperor Wu had hoped for at his death might be restored, as Princes Jiong and Ying were each given regent titles (and awarded the nine bestowments, in one rare case where the nine bestowments were not signs of an impending usurpation, although Prince Ying declined the bestowments), and many talented officials were promoted into important positions. However, the Princes Jiong and Ying were actually apprehensive of each other's power, and Prince Ying decided to yield the central government regency to Prince Jiong at the time and return to his defense post at Yecheng. Regency of Sima Jiong
Meanwhile, Luo Shang ordered that the Qin/Yong refugees go home and that they surrender all property that they pillaged during the wars of Zhao's rebellion. This caused great burden and fear on the refugees, and Li Te requested a one-year extension; Luo agreed, but Xin Ran and other officials under Luo were unhappy and secretly planned an attack on Li. Li, anticipating that this might happen, was prepared, and he defeated Xin's forces easily. In the capital, Sima Jiong became arrogant based on his accomplishments. He had his sons created princes, and ran the matters of the central government from his mansion, rarely visiting the emperor or attending the imperial meetings.He enlarged his mansion to be as large as the palace, and he entrusted matters to people who were close to him, and would not change his ways even when some of his more honest associates tried to change his behavior. When <mask>'s grandsons Sima Zang and Sima Shang (司馬尚), successive crown princes, died in childhood, leaving <mask> without male descendants


title: Emperor Hui of Jin

texts:
 by 302, Sima Ying was considered the appropriate successor, but Sima Jiong chose to bypass him by recommending the seven-year-old Sima Qin (司馬覃) the Prince of Qinghe (<mask>'s nephew and the son of his brother Sima Xia (司馬遐)) as the crown prince, with intent to easily control the young Crown Prince Qin. Sima Jiong became suspicious of Sima Yong the Prince of Hejian—because Sima Yong had initially wanted to support Sima Lun, until he saw that Sima Lun's cause was hopeless. Sima Yong knew of Sima Jiong's suspicion, and started a conspiracy; he invited Sima Ai the Prince of Changsha to overthrow Sima Jiong, believing that Sima Ai would fail; his plan was then to, in conjunction with Sima Ying, start a war against Sima Jiong. Once they were victorious, he would depose <mask> and make Sima Ying the emperor, and then serve as Sima Ying's prime minister. In winter 302, Sima Yong declared his rebellion, and Sima Ying soon joined, despite opposition from his strategist Lu Zhi (盧志). Hearing that Sima Ai was part of the conspiracy as well, Sima Jiong made a preemptive strike against Sima Ai, but Sima Ai was prepared and entered the palace to control <mask>.After a street battle, Sima Jiong's forces collapsed, and he was executed. Sima Ai became the effective regent, but in order to reduce opposition, he submitted all important matters to Sima Ying, still stationed at Yecheng. Regency of Sima Ai
Sima Ai, of the princes, appeared to be the only one who saw the importance of formally honoring <mask> while maintaining resemblance to impartial governance. He continued to try to share power with Sima Ying. Meanwhile, in Yi Province, in 303, Luo Shang, after causing Li Te to be ready by offering a truce, made a surprise attack against Li's forces and killed him. Li's forces fell under the command of his brother Li

masks:
Emperor Hui
Emperor Hui
Emperor Hui
Emperor Hui


title: Emperor Hui of Jin

texts:
 Liu, who died later that year as well and was succeeded by his nephew Li Xiong. Under Li Xiong's command, the refugee forces were able to defeat not only Luo's forces but also reinforcements sent by Jing Province (荊州, modern Hubei and Hunan).At the same time of Li's successes, many agrarian rebellions also started throughout the empire, including one that defeated the forces of the powerful Sima Xin the Prince of Xinye and killed him. In fall 303, Sima Yong, dissatisfied that his plan did not come to fruition, persuaded Sima Ying to again join him against Sima Ai. While Sima Yong and Sima Ying had overwhelming force, their forces could not score a conclusive victory against Sima Ai. Sima Yong's forces were about to withdraw in spring 304 when Sima Yue the Prince of Donghai, the grandson of a great-granduncle of Emperor <mask>, believing that Sima Ai could not win this war, arrested him and delivered him to Sima Yong's general Zhang Fang, who executed Sima Ai cruelly by burning him to death. Sima Ying became in effective control of the government, but continued to control it remotely from Yecheng. Regency of Sima Ying
Once Sima Ying became in effective control of the government, he deposed Crown Prince Qin and made himself crown prince instead, and he also deposed Empress Yang—the first of four times she would be deposed during a duration of two years. He became arrogant and extravagant, and the people became disappointed.Seeing this, Sima Yue decided to resist; he welcomed Empress Yang and Crown Prince Qin back to their positions, and, in <mask>'s name, set out to attack Sima Ying. His forces were defeated by Sima Ying's, and he fled, leaving <mask> in Sima Ying's hands at Yecheng. Sima Yong's forces entered Luoyang and deposed Empress Yang and Crown Prince Qin again. Wang Jun, the military commander

masks:
Hui
Emperor Hui
Emperor Hui


title: Emperor Hui of Jin

texts:
 of You Province (幽州, modern Beijing, Tianjin, and northern Hebei), who had an uneasy relationship with Sima Ying up to this point, then declared war against Sima Ying and headed south with his troops, allied with various Xianbei and Wuhuan tribes. Sima Ying found it difficult to resist them, and he sent one of his subordinates, the Xiongnu noble Liu Yuan, to his own tribesmen to ask them to join him. Once Liu left, however, Sima Ying's forces collapsed. When Liu heard this, instead of bringing his forces to Sima Ying's aid, he declared independence and entitled himself the Prince of Han—claiming rightful inheritance of Han Dynasty, as he claimed to be descended from a Han princess who had married a Xiongnu chanyu – and thus establishing Han Zhao.(A month earlier, Li Xiong had declared himself independent of Jin as well, as the Prince of Chengdu, establishing Cheng Han; these two states would be the first two of the Sixteen Kingdoms.) Sima Ying fled back to Luoyang with <mask>, but now with no forces backing him. Sima Yong, in control of the situation, decided to directly take control without using Sima Ying any longer, and Sima Ying was removed from the crown prince position and replaced with another brother of <mask>'s – Sima Chi the Prince of Yuzhang, who was considered studious and humble. Sima Yong also had Zhang Fang forcibly move <mask> to Chang'an (in modern Xi'an, Shaanxi), directly under his own grasp. However, a number of high-level officials remained in Luoyang and formed a separate government that was partially allied with and partially rivalling Sima Yong's. Regency of Sima Yong
Sima Yong tried to appease possible opposing forces by promoting all of the major princes and warlords, but his promotions did not have the desired effect. Meanwhile, Han Zhao attracted those Han and non-Han


title: Emperor Hui of Jin

texts:
 agrarians and tribesmen disappointed in Jin rule, and began to grow in size and power.At the same time, however, the Jin infighting continued. In the fall of 305, Sima Yue declared yet another rebellion, this time against Sima Yong, claiming that Sima Yong had improperly forced <mask> to move the capital. Various provincial governors and military commanders were forced to be on one side or the other. The war was initially inconclusive. In early 306, after a few victories by Sima Yue, Sima Yong became fearful, and he executed Zhang to seek peace; Sima Yue refused. By summer 306, Sima Yong was forced to abandon both Chang'an and <mask>, and Sima Yue's forces welcomed Emperor <mask> back to Luoyang and restored Empress Yang. Also in 306, both Li Xiong and Liu Yuan declared themselves emperors, even more clearly breaking from Jin.Regency of Sima Yue and death
Sima Yue served as regent for Emperor <mask> for several months until winter 306 when, for an unknown reason, Emperor <mask> was poisoned while eating bread. (Historians commonly accept Sima Yue as the culprit, but the motive is not clear.) Thus ended the reign of an emperor who suffered much and under whose reign the Jin dynastic system came crashing down, even though he himself should probably not be blamed for it. Crown Prince Chi succeeded him (as Emperor Huai) and would try to restrengthen the empire, but it was too late for Jin by that point. It would end up losing northern and central China to Han Zhao and be forced to relocate to southern China, continued in a branch line of the imperial clan. Book of Jin (Jin Shu). 259 births
307 deaths
Monarchs who abdicated
Jin dynasty (266–420) emperors
Murdered Chinese emperors
Assassinated Chinese people
People murdered in China
Royalty and nobility with disabilities
4th-century Chinese

masks:
Emperor Hui
Emperor Hui
Hui
Hui
Hui


title: Jean Izamo

texts:
<mask>-<mask> (died January 1966) was the head of the gendarmerie of the Central African Republic. He was killed following the Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état. Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état

Central African Republic President David Dacko, <mask>'s cousin, took over the country in 1960, and Bokassa, a military officer in the French army, joined the CAR army in 1962. By 1965, the country was in turmoil—plagued by corruption and slow economic growth, while its borders were breached by rebels from neighboring countries. Dacko obtained financial aid from the communist People's Republic of China, but despite this support, the country's problems persisted. Bokassa made plans to take over the government; Dacko became aware of this, and countered by forming the gendarmerie headed by <mask> of the Sara ethnic group, who quickly became Dacko's closest adviser. Tensions between Dacko and Bokassa increased.In December, Dacko approved a budget increase for <mask>'s gendarmerie, but rejected the budget proposal for Bokassa's army. At this point, Bokassa told friends he was annoyed by Dacko's treatment and was "going for a coup d'état". Dacko planned to replace Bokassa with <mask> as his personal military adviser, and wanted to promote army officers loyal to the government, while demoting Bokassa and his close associates. Bokassa realized he had to act against Dacko quickly, and worried that his 500-man army would be no match for the gendarmerie and the presidential guard. He was also concerned the French would intervene to aid Dacko, as had occurred after the 23 February 1964 coup d'état in Gabon against President Léon M'ba. After receiving word of the coup from the country's military chief of staff, Omar Bongo, officials in Paris sent paratroopers to Gabon in a matter of hours and M'ba was quickly restored to power. Bokassa found substantive support from his co-conspirator, Captain Alexandre Banza, who was commander of the Camp Kassaï military base in northeast Bangui, and, like Bokassa, had served in the French army in posts around the

masks:
Jean
Henri Izamo
Jean Bédel Bokassa
Izamo
Izamo
Izamo


title: Jean Izamo

texts:
 world.Banza was an intelligent, ambitious and capable man who played a major role in planning the coup. By December, many people began to anticipate the potential turmoil that would result. Dacko's personal advisers alerted him that Bokassa "showed signs of mental instability" and needed to be arrested before he sought to bring down the government, but Dacko failed to heed these warnings. Execution of the coup

Early in the evening of 31 December 1965, Dacko left the Palais de la Renaissance to visit one of his ministers' plantations southwest of the capital. At 22:30, Captain Banza gave orders to his officers to begin the coup: one of his captains was to subdue the security guard in the presidential palace, while the other was to take control of Radio-Bangui to prevent communication between Dacko and his followers. Bokassa called <mask> at his headquarters, asking him to come to Camp de Roux to sign some papers that needed his immediate attention. <mask>, who was at a New Year's Eve celebration with friends, reluctantly agreed and traveled in his wife's car to the camp.Upon arrival, he was confronted by Banza and Bokassa, who informed him of the coup in progress. When asked if he would support the coup, Izamo said no, leading Bokassa and Banza to overpower him and hold him in a cellar. At midnight on 1 January 1966, Bokassa and Banza organized their troops and told them of their plan to take over the government. Bokassa claimed that Dacko had resigned from the presidency and given the position to <mask>, then told the soldiers that the gendarmerie would take over the CAR army, which had to act now to keep its position. He then asked the soldiers if they would support his course of action; the men who refused were locked up. At 00:30, Banza, Bokassa and their supporters left Camp de Roux to take over the capital. They encountered little resistance and were able to take Bangui.Bokassa and Banza then rushed to the Palais de la Renaissance, where they tried to arrest Dacko, who was nowhere to be found. Bokassa began to

masks: Izamo Izamo Izamo


title: Jean Izamo

texts:
 panic, as he believed the president had been warned of the coup in advance, and immediately ordered his soldiers to search for Dacko in the countryside until he was found. Dacko was not aware of the events taking place in the capital. After leaving his minister's plantation near midnight, he headed to Simon Samba's house to ask the Aka Pgymy leader to conduct a year-end ritual. After an hour at Samba's house, he was informed of the coup in Bangui. Dacko was arrested by soldiers patrolling Pétévo Junction, on the western border of the capital. He was taken back to the presidential palace, where Bokassa hugged the president and told him, "I tried to warn you—but now it's too late".President Dacko was taken to Ngaragba Prison in east Bangui at around 02:00. In a move that he thought would boost his popularity in the country, Bokassa ordered prison director Otto Sacher to release all prisoners in the jail. Bokassa then took Dacko to Camp Kassaï at 03:20, where the president was forced by Banza to resign from office. Banza wanted to kill Dacko, but Bokassa would not allow it, believing that Dacko had not yet outlived his usefulness. Later, Bokassa's officers announced on Radio-Bangui that the Dacko government had been toppled and Bokassa had taken over control. Death
Bokassa often claimed that he seized power to prevent <mask> from doing the same. For this reason, along with director of the Presidential security service Prosper Mounoumbaye, Bokassa considered Izamo a particularly dangerous individual and "did not rest until they were eliminated".Attempting to escape, he was taken out of his cellar, moved to Camp de Roux, and then to Ngaragba Prison at roughly 10 January. At the end of January, Izamo died from mistreatment and neglect. Notes

References
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Year of birth missing
1966 deaths
Executed military personnel
Central African Republic torture victims
Chiefs of police
Central African Republic military personnel
Date of birth missing
Place of birth missing
Date of death missing
Place of death


title: Harvey Kurtzman

texts: <mask> (; October 3, 1924 – February 21, 1993) was an American cartoonist and editor. His best-known work includes writing and editing the parodic comic book Mad from 1952 until 1956, and illustrating the Little Annie Fanny strips in Playboy from 1962 until 1988. His work is noted for its satire and parody of popular culture, social critique, and attention to detail. <mask>'s working method has been likened to that of an auteur, and he expected those who illustrated his stories to follow his layouts strictly. <mask> began to work on the New Trend line of comic books at EC Comics  in 1950. He wrote and edited the Two-Fisted Tales and Frontline Combat war comic books, where he also drew many of the carefully researched stories, before he created his most-remembered comic book, Mad, in 1952. <mask> scripted the stories and had them drawn by top EC cartoonists, most frequently Will Elder, Wally Wood, and Jack Davis; the early Mad was noted for its social critique and parodies of pop culture.The comic book switched to a magazine format in 1955, and <mask> left it in 1956 over a dispute with EC's owner William Gaines over financial control. Following his departure, he did a variety of cartooning work, including editing the short-lived Trump and the self-published Humbug. In 1959, he produced the first book-length work of original comics, the adult-oriented, satirical Jungle Book. He edited the low-budget Help! from 1960 to 1965, a humor magazine which featured work by future Monty Python member and film director Terry Gilliam and the earliest work of underground cartoonists such as Robert Crumb and Gilbert Shelton. He brought Help! to an end after the success of the risqué

masks:
Harvey Kurtzman
Kurtzman
Kurtzman
Kurtzman
Kurtzman


title: Harvey Kurtzman

texts:
 Playboy feature Little Annie Fanny began to take up his time.While Annie Fanny provided much of his income for the rest of his career, he continued to produce an eclectic body of work, including screenwriting the animated Mad Monster Party? in 1967 and directing, writing and designing several shorts for Sesame Street in 1969. From 1973, <mask> taught cartooning at the School of Visual Arts in New York. His work gained greater recognition toward the end of his life, and he oversaw deluxe reprintings of much of his work. The Harvey Award was named in <mask>'s honor in 1988. He was inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1989, and his work earned five positions on The Comics Journals Top 100 Comics of the 20th Century. Personal and professional history

Early life (1924–1942)

<mask> spoke little of his parents in interviews, and not much is known of their pre-American lives.<mask> and Edith  Sherman grew up in Ukraine in Odessa, and were literate urbanites. They belonged to the city's large Jewish community, one that suffered generations of antisemitic oppression, and the city had fallen into economic hardship following the Russian Revolution. Shortly after World War I David emigrated to New York and Edith soon followed in what she called "a desperate journey" escaping the new Soviet Union. There the non-observant pair married in a civil ceremony. The first of their two sons, Zachary, was born April 8, 1923. <mask> was born on October 3, 1924, in a tenement building on 428 East Ninety-Eighth Street in Brooklyn in New York City. David joined the Christian Science church, and when he suffered a bleeding ulcer he turned to prayer to cure it; he died from it

masks:
Kurtzman
Kurtzman
Harvey Kurtzman
David Kurtzman
Harvey Kurtzman


title: Harvey Kurtzman

texts: on November 29, 1928, at age 36.The family was in such desperate financial straits that their mother placed the <mask> brothers in an orphanage for three months until she secured work as a milliner. Several months later, Edith remarried to Russian-Jewish immigrant Abraham Perkes, who worked in the printing industry as a brass engraver. The <mask> boys kept their surname, while their mother took that of Perkes. The couple had a son Daniel on February 17, 1931. In 1934, the family moved to the more upscale Bronx, where the family lived at 2166 Clinton Avenue. Perkes was not wealthy, but managed to provide for his family during the Great Depression of the 1930s. He was a trade unionist, and the couple read the communist newspaper Daily Worker.Perkes brought young <mask> to work, and encouraged him to help with design and drawing and to think of himself as a professional artist. Though he was a shy boy his teachers recognized <mask>'s intelligence in grade school and allowed him to skip a grade. He displayed artistic talent early and his sidewalk chalk drawings drew the attention of children and adults, who gathered around to watch him draw. He called these strips "Ikey and Mikey", inspired by Goldberg's comic strip Mike and Ike. His stepfather also had an interest in art and took the boys to museums. His mother encouraged his artistic development and enrolled him in art lessons; on Saturdays, he took the subway to Manhattan for formal art instruction. His parents had him attend the left-leaning Jewish Camp Kinderland, but he did not enjoy its dogmatic atmosphere.Though not ashamed of their Jewish heritage, neither of the <mask> brothers agreed to have a Bar Mitzvah. <mask>

masks: Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman


title: Harvey Kurtzman

texts:
 fell in love with comic strips and the newly emerging comic books in the late 1930s. Unsatisfied with what he found in his parents' newspapers, he searched through garbage cans for the Sunday comics sections of his neighbors' newspapers. He admired a wide variety of strips, including Hamlin's Alley Oop, Caniff's Terry and the Pirates, Gould's Dick Tracy, Foster's Prince Valiant, Raymond's Flash Gordon, and Capp's Li'l Abner. He found Will Eisner's comic book The Spirit a "standard by which other comic books would be measured", and called Eisner "the greatest ... a virtuoso cartoonist of a kind who had never been seen before". Eisner's page layouts had considerable influence on <mask>'s work. At 14 <mask> won a cartooning contest for which he received a dollar and had his cartoon published in Tip Top Comics 36 (April 1939).Future collaborator Jack Davis had won the same contest a few issues earlier. After winning the annual John Wanamaker Art Contest, <mask> received a scholarship to attend high school at The High School of Music & Art. Future colleagues Will Elder, Al Feldstein, Al Jaffee, John Severin, and Charles Stern  also attended the school. <mask> graduated at 16 in 1941 and went on to Cooper Union on a scholarship. <mask> left after a year to focus on making comic books. Early career (1942–1949)

<mask> met Alfred Andriola in 1942, encouraged by a quote in Martin Sheridan's Classic Comics and their Creators where Andriola offered help to aspiring cartoonists. <mask> made an appointment, but Andriola's response to his work was discouraging—he told <mask> to give up on cartooning.<mask> called this meeting "one of the worst days of  life", though he ignored

masks: Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman


title: Harvey Kurtzman

texts: Andriola's advice and continued to peddle his portfolio. <mask> continued to do odd jobs in 1942 until he got his first break in the comics industry at Louis Ferstadt's studio, which produced comics for Quality, Ace, Gilberton, and the Daily Worker. His first published work there was assisting on issue #5 (September 1942) of Gilberton's Classic Comics, which features an adaptation of Moby Dick. His first pencil job appeared in Four Favorites #8 (December 1942). He produced a large amount of undistinguished work in 1942 and 1943, which he later called "very crude, very ugly stuff", before he was drafted in 1943 for service in World War II. <mask> trained for the infantry, but was never sent overseas. He was stationed in Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas.He illustrated instruction manuals, posters, and flyers, and contributed cartoons to camp newspapers, and newsletters. While there, he was invited by publisher and cartoonist L. B. Cole to draw the "Black Venus" superheroine, packaged for publisher Rae Herman's Orbit Publications. In 1944, he did work for several local publications while stationed in North Carolina, and had several gag cartoons in Yank by the end of October 1945. The quantity of work allowed <mask> to hone his style, which became more refined and distinct. After his discharge following the war, <mask> found competition fierce in the comics industry, as freelancing replaced the system of packaging shops. He applied to the newspaper PM, but his portfolio was rejected by cartoon editor Walt Kelly. After a series of short-lived assignments and partnerships, <mask> got together with former Music and Art alumni Will Elder and Charles

masks: Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman


title: Harvey Kurtzman

texts: Stern.They opened Charles William Harvey Studio in 1947, but had difficulty getting work. The three had little business sense. <mask> managed the bills. In their Broadway studio, which <mask> kept open until the end of 1951, they sublet space to cartoonists such as John Severin, Dave Berg, and René Goscinny. <mask> had been doing crossword puzzles for publisher Martin Goodman since early in his career. A distant relative of Goodman's, Stan Lee, worked as an editor for Goodman's Timely Comics (a precursor to Marvel Comics). He offered <mask> work doing one-page fillers, work that paid little.Lee named the strip Hey Look!, and <mask> produced 150 episodes of it from 1946 until 1949. At a Music and Art reunion in early 1946 <mask> met Adele Hasan, who was one of the staff members at Timely and was dating Will Elder. She fell for <mask>, confiding to Al Jaffee that he "was the kind of kind  like to marry". Later in the year, Timely ran a "Now You Can Be the Editor!" contest whose ballots Hasan was assigned to sort through. She was disappointed that readers did not enjoy <mask>'s Hey Look! as much as she did.She "stuffed the ballot box" in <mask>'s favor, which prompted an astonished Stan Lee to assign <mask> more work. <mask> was given the talking animal feature Pigtales at regular freelance rates, as well as miscellaneous other assignments. As <mask> stopped by the Timely offices more frequently, he and Adele would flirt, and eventually started dating. She left Timely for college that autumn, and corresponded frequently with <mask>; soon she dropped out of college and the two married that September. In 1948 <mask> produced a Sunday comic strip, Silver Linings, which ran

masks: Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Harvey Kurtzman Kurtzman


title: Harvey Kurtzman

texts:
 infrequently in the New York Herald Tribune between March and June. Lee had Hey Look! brought to an end in 1949 so <mask> could concentrate on longer features for Timely's family-oriented line.<mask> was assigned artwork duties for the Lee-scripted Rusty, an imitation of Chic Young's comic strip Blondie, but was disappointed with this type of work and began looking for other employment. He sold episodes of the one-pagers Egghead Doodle and Genius to Timely and Al Capp's Toby Press on a freelance basis. He also sold longer pieces to Toby, including episodes of his Western parody Pot Shot Pete, a short-lived series that hinted at the pop-culture satire <mask> was to become known for. <mask> came across Charles Biro's Crime Does Not Pay, a comic book <mask> describes as reading with "the same excitement ... that  felt about the underground comic books of twenty years later". These stories presented a view of reality quite different from the escapist entertainment typical of comics of the day, and was to influence the war and social drama work <mask> was soon to do at EC Comics. EC and Mad (1949–1956)

<mask> continued to shop his work around, and produced work for Ace/Periodical, Quality, Aviation Press, Timely, and the magazines Varsity and Parents. He did a number of children's books, four of which were collaborations with René Goscinny.He brought some samples of educational comics into the EC Comics offices—"EC" had originally stood for "Educational Comics" when it was run by Max Gaines, but his son Bill changed the company's focus and name to "Entertaining Comics" when he inherited the business. Gaines liked <mask>'s Hey Look! samples but had no immediate use for his

masks: Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman


title: Harvey Kurtzman

texts: particular skills. Gaines directed <mask> to his brother, David, who gave him some low-paying work on Lucky Fights it Through, a two-fisted cowboy story with an educational health message about syphilis. With the doors to EC open to him <mask> started getting regular work from the publisher in 1950. That spring, EC's "New Trend" line of horror, fantasy, and science fiction comics began, and <mask> contributed stories in these genres. His income doubled over the previous year's.In late 1950, he began writing and editing an adventure title, Two-Fisted Tales, which he proposed as a comic book in the vein of Roy Crane's popular comic strip, Captain Easy. The comic book differed in offering realistic stories in place of Crane's idealism, a degree of realism not yet seen in American comics. The war stories of Frontline Combat followed in mid-1951. The stories were not only about modern war, but also derived from deep in history, such as the Roman legions and Napoleonic campaigns. <mask> rejected the idealization of war that had swept the US since World War II. He spent hours in the New York Public Library in search of the detailed truth behind the stories he was writing, sometimes taking days or weeks to research a story. His research included interviewing and corresponding with GIs taking a ride aboard a rescue plane, and sending his assistant Jerry DeFuccio for a ride in a submarine to gather sound effects.(DeFuccio's first field report from this assignment was a 10-word telegram to <mask> reading "MANY BRAVE HEARTS ARE ASLEEP IN THE DEEP GLUB GLUB.") The stories gave a sympathetic look to both sides of a conflict, regardless of nationality or ethnicity. He sought to tell


title: Harvey Kurtzman

texts: what he saw as the objective truth about war, deglamorizing it and showing its futility, though the stories were not explicitly anti-war. <mask> was given a great deal of artistic freedom by Gaines, but was himself a strict taskmaster. He insisted that the artists who drew his stories not deviate from his layouts. The artists generally respected <mask>'s wishes out of respect for his creative authority, but some, like Bernie Krigstein and Dan Barry, felt their own artistic autonomy impinged upon. Those who worked for EC received payment based on output.<mask>'s laborious working methods meant he was less prolific than fellow EC writer and editor Al Feldstein, and <mask> felt financially underappreciated for the amount of effort he poured into his work. He was financially burdened with a mortgage and a family. He also detested the horror content of the books Feldstein was producing, and which consistently outsold his own work. He believed these stories had the same sort of influence on children that the chauvinism of war comics which he believed he worked hard against in his own work. Remembering <mask>'s humor work from the 1940s, Gaines proposed a humor magazine to increase <mask>'s income, as he believed it would take far less time and effort to research. Mad debuted in August 1952, and <mask> scripted every story in the first twenty-three issues. The stories in Mad targeted what <mask> saw as fundamental untruths in the subjects parodied, inspired by the irreverent humor found in college humor magazines.They were developed in the same incremental way <mask> had developed for the war stories, and his layouts were followed faithfully by the artists who drew them—most


title: Harvey Kurtzman

texts: frequently, Will Elder, Jack Davis and Wally Wood. Mad did not have instant success, but found its audience by the fourth issue, which quickly sold out. The issue featured the Wood-drawn "Superduperman", a parody of Superman and Captain Marvel, including the copyright infringement lawsuit that National Periodicals (now DC Comics) had recently brought against Fawcett Comics. National, the owners of Superman's copyright, threatened to file another lawsuit over the parody. EC and National shared the same lawyer, who advised Gaines to quit publishing parodies. While Gaines was weighing this advice, <mask> discovered a legal precedent that backed Mads right to parody. Gaines hired the author of that precedent to write a brief substantiating EC's position, but the lawyer sided with National.Gaines consulted a third lawyer, who advised Gaines to ignore the threat and continue publishing parodies. National never filed suit. When <mask> parodied National's Batman character just four issues later, the spoof included six separate picket signs, posters and other notices proclaiming that "Batboy and Rubin" was a comedic imitation (e.g. "Not a spittoon, not a cartoon, not a harpoon, but a LAMPOON!") Parodying specific targets became a staple of Mad. Beginning April 1954, the bimonthly Mad went monthly after the cancelation of Frontline Combat, whose sales had flagged when the Korean War ended. Soon, large numbers of Mad imitators sprang up from other publishers, as well as from EC itself with the Feldstein-edited Panic.<mask> poured himself into Mad, putting as much effort into it as he had into his war books. This defeated the purpose of having an easy-to-produce third book, but with

masks: Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman


title: Harvey Kurtzman

texts: Frontline Combats cancelation, <mask> focused on Mad. During the early 1950s, <mask> became one of the writers for Dan Barry's relaunched Flash Gordon daily comic strip. He scripted two sequences for the strip, with portions pencilled by Frank Frazetta. The strip soon became one of Mads targets in "Flesh Garden! ", drawn by Wood, who had earlier assisted Barry on the Flash Gordon strip. In 1954, <mask> dreamed up a full-color, 100-page adaptation of Dickens' A Christmas Carol called Marley's Ghost, and proposed the project to Simon & Schuster and other publishers.The proposal included seven finished pages, as well as a page redone by Jack Davis in case publishers' rejections were due to <mask>'s drawing style. The ambitious project did not find a willing publisher, as comics were still seen as too low-brow for such lavish treatment. Since the 1940s, crime and horror comics had been drawing fire from those worried about a rise in juvenile delinquency. The Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency brought pressure on such comic books in 1954, and EC, one of the major purveyors of such fare, found their wares being refused by their distributor. Gaines brought those titles to an end and tried to replace them with the New Direction line, but by autumn 1955 the only remaining EC title was Mad. Gaines had just allowed <mask> to change Mads format to a magazine in July, in order to keep him at EC after <mask> had received an offer of employment from Pageant magazine. <mask> had long dreamed of joining the slick magazine publishing world, and had been trying to convince Gaines to publish Mad in a larger, more adult format.The August issue of Pageant featured an article "Now

masks: Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman


title: Harvey Kurtzman

texts:
 Comics Have Gone Mad", and Pageants publisher Alex Hillman offered <mask> a job. With the prospect of losing his lone editor and writer, Gaines gave in to <mask>'s demands. The magazine-format twenty-fourth issue of Mad (July 1955) was more successful than anticipated, and had to be reprinted, an unusual occurrence in magazine publishing. The new presentation was ambitious, and included meticulously rendered advertisement parodies and text pieces by humorists such as Ernie Kovacs, Stan Freberg, and Steve Allen. It was around this time that <mask> introduced Mads gap-toothed mascot and his slogan, "What, me worry? ", whom Feldstein later named Alfred E. Neuman. Elsewhere, the one-time cartoonist Hugh Hefner had become a media mogul by the mid-1950s with his Playboy magazine.He had admired <mask>'s Mad, and met <mask> in New York to express his appreciation. He told <mask> that if he were ever to leave Mad, a place would be waiting for him in the Hefner empire. With this promise to back him, <mask> demanded legal control of Mad from Gaines in the form of stocks. Reluctant to lose the editor of his sole remaining publication, Gaines offered a 10% share. As this would not give <mask> the control he wanted, <mask> countered with a demand for 51%. Gaines refused, and the two parted ways. <mask> contacted Hefner and Gaines hired Al Feldstein to edit Mad.Trump, Humbug and Jungle Book (1957–1959)

Hefner employed <mask> from April 1956. The slick, full-color Trump appeared on newsstands in January 1957. Cartoonists who contributed to Trump included Mad regulars such as Elder, Wood, Davis, and Jaffee, as well as Russ Heath and newer artists such as Irving Geis, Arnold Roth, and

masks: Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman Kurtzman


title: Harvey Kurtzman

texts: R. O. Blechman. Writers Mel Brooks, Roger Price, Doodles Weaver, and Max Shulman also made contributions. The fifty-cent magazine was a luxurious, more risqué version of Mad, and sold well. Unfortunately, Hefner began to have financial problems, and canceled Trump after its second issue. The magazine had been a success in the market, but had already accrued $100,000 in expenses, about which Hefner quipped, "I gave <mask> an unlimited budget, and he exceeded it."Hefner delivered the news in person to <mask>—in the hospital where his third child, Elizabeth, was being born. Adele said it was the only time she had seen her husband cry. <mask> later said that Trump was the closest he ever came to producing "the perfect humor magazine". While the Trump artists were mulling over the situation in the Playboy offices, Roth approached with a bottle of scotch. By the time they left the office, the group had agreed to embark on a publishing venture of their own: Humbug. The publication was financed and run by the artists who created it, though none of the group had business experience. Only artist Jack Davis became an equal shareholder and the only salaried employee despite declining to financially back the project; his participation was considered vital to its success.The others would joke in years to come that Davis was the only one to make any money from Humbug. With <mask> in the lead the reinvigorated, close-knit group set out to produce a classy publication in the vein of college humor magazines, but aimed at a general readership. Along with the pop-cultural satire that had been the staple of Mad and Trump, Humbug included more topical and political satire, mostly from writers

masks:
Harvey Kurtzman
Kurtzman
Kurtzman
Kurtzman