title: Michael Cullen (politician)

texts:
 radical one).<mask> was made Associate Minister of Health, in an attempt reduce the effect of reforms on that sector. In 1989 he married fellow Labour MP Anne Collins. Opposition
When Labour lost the 1990 election – attributed to public anger at Douglas' reforms, and disarray within the Labour Party – <mask> returned to being Labour's spokesperson on social welfare. The following year he replaced David Caygill as Shadow Minister of Finance, <mask> being seen as more fiscally moderate to help blunt the growth of the newly formed Alliance party (which was made up largely of Labour dissidents). After Labour's narrow defeat at the 1993 election, Helen Clark won the leadership of the party. At the same time <mask> ran to replace her as deputy leader, but was defeated by Caygill by the narrow margin of 23 votes to 21. Before Labour's position in the polls improved, <mask> was also involved in an attempt to oust Clark as party leader, which was not successful.Soon after, when Caygill decided to retire from politics in 1996, <mask> took the deputy leader's post unopposed as well. <mask> has claimed to be happy with his position as second, saying that in terms of personality, he is "a number two sort of person". Many commentators agree, believing that <mask>'s strength lies more in administration than leadership. On 26 August 1999, <mask> was named by the Speaker Doug Kidd for saying that the National Member Max Bradford had lied, and that he was a "stooge" of the Employers Federation. Fifth Labour Government

Prior to the 1999 New Zealand general election, <mask> and his family moved to Napier, prompting him to stand down as Labour's candidate in his Dunedin South electorate at the upcoming election as it would have been to difficult to have a family base in Napier, while also being in Dunedin for electorate business and Wellington for Parliamentary business. After Labour MP Geoff Braybrooke signaled his intention to retire

masks: Cullen Cullen Cullen Cullen Cullen Cullen Cullen Cullen Cullen Cullen


title: Michael Cullen (politician)

type: original

texts:
 in 1999, <mask> expressed interest in running for Braybrooke's Napier electorate seat, although after Braybrooke reversed his decision <mask> decided to contest the 1999 election as a list only candidate. As Deputy leader <mask> was guaranteed the number 2 placing on Labour's list and Labour's electoral victory in 1999 resulted in <mask> easily being returned to Parliament as a List MP and becoming Minister of Finance.As Minister of Finance, <mask> delivered nine consecutive budget surpluses, the longest unbroken run by any finance minister since the 1940s. After the government's defeat in 2008, his successor Bill English praised the Labour government, telling reporters that New Zealand was starting from a “reasonable position” due to <mask>'s budgets “saving up for” a rainy day fund in dealing with the global financial crisis. After the 2002 election, the electoral support for Labour's junior coalition partner (the Progressive Party) was not sufficient to justify its leader holding the Deputy Prime Minister position, resulting in <mask> replacing Jim Anderton as Deputy Prime Minister. In 2005 Helen Clark appointed <mask> to the post of Attorney-General following the election of Margaret Wilson as Speaker of the House. His appointment became controversial because of his non-legal background (only one other non-lawyer had previously held the post) and because of his previous criticisms of the judiciary, including of the Chief Justice Dame Sian Elias. His term in the position ended following the 2005 general election. However, with the resignation of David Parker in March 2006, <mask> took over the position again.He had a reputation as one of the Labour Party's best parliamentary debaters, and is known for his sometimes "acerbic" sense of humour. Budget 2006

<mask> presented his seventh budget in 2006. <mask>'s guiding principle was, he stated, "The fool who spends on the upturn will find himself broke on the

masks:
Cullen
Cullen
Cullen
Cullen
Cullen
Cullen
Michael Cullen
Cullen
Cullen
Cullen
Cullen


title: Michael Cullen (politician)

texts:
 downturn". Budget 2007

Labour's eighth budget in 2007 reduced company tax from 33% to 30%
and introduced a 15% research and development tax credit. It also made a number of changes to the KiwiSaver scheme. Budget 2008

The New Zealand economy entered recession in December 2007. <mask>'s final budget was delivered in this context in May 2008; it reduced income tax on the first $9,500 earned from 15% to 12.5%, and the company tax rate from 30% to 29%.Resignation and retirement from politics
The day after the defeat of Labour in the 2008 general elections and Helen Clark's resignation as party leader, <mask> announced his resignation as deputy leader of the Labour Party. Phil Goff was elected the new leader and Annette King succeeded him as deputy leader. Goff appointed <mask> as Shadow Leader of the House and Spokesperson for Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations. When he resigned from Parliament in 2009 he was replaced as an MP from the party list by Damien O'Connor. Political views
<mask> identified as a social democrat. In 2004 <mask> declared his support for the monarchy of New Zealand, describing himself as "a sort of token monarchist in the Cabinet these days". However, in 2010 he repudiated that stance, taking the view that New Zealand should move towards a republic once the Queen's reign ends.<mask> voted in favour of the third reading of the Civil Union Bill 2004, which legalised civil unions in New Zealand. In 2020 he declared his support for the End of Life Choice Bill. Despite his opposition to a capital gains tax during his term as finance minister on grounds that it was "political suicide", as the head of the Tax Working Group appointed by Jacinda Ardern, he recommended one in 2019. <mask> changed his views and saw the tax as necessary to reduce inequality in New Zealand. Post politics
After leaving parliament, <mask> held a number of public roles, including serving on the Constitutional Advisory Panel,

masks: Cullen Cullen Cullen Cullen Cullen Cullen Cullen Cullen


title: Michael Cullen (politician)

texts:
 the Tax Working Group and chairing the boards of New Zealand Post and the Earthquake Commission. He was appointed to chair the Bay of Plenty District Health Board after the 2019 local elections. He also joined the board of retirement insurance business Lifetime Income.In March 2020, <mask> stood down from most of his public roles after announcing that he had been diagnosed with stage IV small-cell lung cancer. His memoir, Labour Saving, was published in June 2021. He died of the illness in Whakatāne on 19 August 2021, aged 76. Honours and awards

In 1990, <mask> was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal. On 16 December 2009, <mask> received an honorary LLD from the University of Otago in recognition of "his contributions as an Otago academic and as a respected and highly influential politician". In the 2012 Queen's Birthday and Diamond Jubilee Honours, <mask> was appointed Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit. Notes

References

Works cited

External links

New Zealand Parliament biography
New Zealand Labour Party biography
Executive Government biography

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

1945 births
2021 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Attorneys-General of New Zealand
Australian National University faculty
English emigrants to New Zealand
Politicians from London
Lawyers from London
New Zealand finance ministers
New Zealand Labour Party MPs
University of Canterbury alumni
University of Otago faculty
People educated at Christ's College, Christchurch
New Zealand list MPs
New Zealand MPs for Dunedin electorates
Deputy Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
Knights Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit
21st-century New Zealand politicians
New Zealand politicians awarded knighthoods
Naturalised citizens of New Zealand
Lakes District Health Board members
Bay of Plenty District Health Board members
Deaths from cancer in New

masks: Cullen Cullen Cullen Cullen


title: Samuel Hoare Jr

texts:
<mask> (9 August 1751 – 14 July 1825) was a wealthy British Quaker banker and abolitionist born in Stoke Newington, then to the north of London in the county of Middlesex. His London seat was Heath House on Hampstead Heath. He was one of the twelve founding members of the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade. Background
<mask>'s parents were <mask> (1716–1796), a London merchant from an Irish background, and Grizell Gurnell (c. 1722–1802), of Ealing. It was a numerous family, although the eldest son, Joseph, died at 25. His only surviving brother Jonathan, merchant of Throgmorton Street and partner in Gurnell, Hoare & Co, built Paradise House (now Clissold House and open to the public), a mansion in what became Clissold Park, across Stoke Newington Church Street from the family home in Paradise Row. Jonathan ran into financial difficulties, which led <mask> to attempt to assist him.One of their sisters married Thomas Bradshaw, a linen manufacturer in Ireland. Another, Mary, married the abolitionist Joseph Woods and bore the more famous botanist and architect son of the same name. The youngest sister Grizell (1757-1835) married Wilson Birkbeck in 1801, having stayed at home as nurse and companion to her father; as a wealthy 72-year-old widow, she married William Allen, another notable Quaker abolitionist, with whom she founded Newington Academy for Girls in 1824. Their elderly marriage was greeted by a satirical cartoon entitled "Sweet William & Grizzell–or–Newington nunnery in an uproar!!!" by Robert Cruikshank. Early life

<mask> was sent

masks:
Samuel Hoare Jr
Hoare
Samuel Hoare
Samuel Jr
Samuel Jr


title: Samuel Hoare Jr

texts:
 away to school when he was five years old, returning home only once a year. The school was in Penketh, between Warrington and Widnes on the Irwell, and was run by Gilbert Thompson.In his mid-teens he became apprenticed to Henry Gurney in Norwich, a woollen manufacturer. He had some connection with the Freshfield family there; James William Freshfield lived in Fleetwood House on Stoke Newington Church Street. He followed several branches of the <mask> family in pursuing a career in banking. He married Sarah (1757–1783), eldest daughter of <mask> (1723–1770) of the Gurney family in Norwich. Ninety friends and relatives witnessed their marriage. They lived first in Old Broad Street and could afford four servants without scrimping. Their children were <mask> (born 1777), Hannah (born 1779), and Grizell (known as Sophia or Sophy) (born 1781), and then a longed-for son, <mask> (1783–1847): "My brother was born January 14th, 1783.My father was so delighted with this event, that he hastened to his friend Mrs. Chorley that she might share his pleasure. "I have too much good news," he said, "for one day. The birth of a son, and peace concluded with America." Sarah died ten days later, and was buried at Winchmore Hill. The widower moved his family back to Stoke Newington, in the same street as his father, so that his sisters, particularly Grizell, could help with raising the children. Work
His main interests at this time were the abolition of the slave trade and the establishment of Sunday schools across the country. He was also involved in a plan to establish

masks:
Hoare
Samuel Gurney
Sarah Hoare
Samuel


title: Samuel Hoare Jr

texts: a free black colony in Sierra Leone.Many of his neighbours were abolitionists. From 1774 James Stephen spent his summers in Stoke Newington at the Summerhouse next to Fleetwood House. In 1772 he became a junior partner in the Lombard Street bank of Bland and Barnett, which became Barnett, Hoare & Co. The bank traded under the sign of the black horse. Further mergers followed, to form Barnetts, Hoares, Hanbury & Lloyd and ultimately in 1884, Lloyds Banking Company took over Barnetts, Hoares, Hanbury & Lloyd in a bid to gain a foothold in London and acquired the black horse sign which continues in use as the Lloyds Bank logo. The leading partner in Barnetts, Hoares, Hanbury & Lloyd, Edward Broadie <mask>, joined the Lloyds board of directors and became Deputy Chairman. In 1788 <mask> <mask> married Hannah Sterry, the 19-year-old daughter of Henry and Mary Sterry, of Bush Hill, Enfield and Hatton Garden.The family holidayed in Cromer, and kept up the connections with his first wife's relatives. Later his illness drove him to take the family to Bath, where a medical man advised him that the New River, running so close to Stoke Newington Church Street and Clissold Park, might be harming his health. In 1790 they moved to higher ground, to Heath House, a prominent mansion in Hampstead. In 1794 they became friends with Anna Laetitia Barbauld, and through her met Joseph Priestley. They knew Amelia Alderson, later Mrs Opie, Mary Knowles, the intimate of <mask>, and William Savery, a Philadelphia minister. In Bath in a later year he conversed with Hannah More.

masks:
Hoare
Samuel Hoare
Jr
Samuel Johnson


title: Samuel Hoare Jr

texts:
 Children and descendants
In 1802 his daughter Hannah married Thomas Marlborough Pryor.His son <mask> (1783–1847) learned banking in Lombard Street from 1803, and in 1806 he married Louisa Gurney (1784–1836) of Earlham Hall near Norwich. This connected the family to (Gurney's Bank), and also to Louisa's siblings Elizabeth Fry, prison reformer, Joseph John Gurney and <mask>, philanthropists, and Daniel Gurney, banker and antiquary. The marriage was strongly supported by <mask> <mask>. According to his daughter Sarah, "I know of no event which gave my father more pleasure than the engagement of his son to the daughter of his old friend. With perfect confidence in her principles, and a persuasion that she would make my brother happy, he was pleased with her being, like my mother, a Norfolk woman, and interested himself much in procuring for them an house at Hampstead that they might be established near him." His descendants included Sir <mask>, M.P., and Viscount Templewood. His banking firm later merged with those of Joseph John Gurney and Barclays to form part of Barclays Bank.The archaeologist Francis Pryor is his four times great-grandson. Beliefs
The historian Peter Brock notes that <mask> was not wholly convinced by Quaker pacifism and quotes him as saying that he "looked upon [war] in the present state of society as a necessary evil" and that it "is the duty of a man to defend his country". References

See also
List of abolitionist forerunners

1751 births
1825 deaths
English abolitionists
English Quakers
People from Stoke Newington
Quaker

masks:
Samuel
Samuel Gurney
Samuel Hoare
Jr
Samuel Hoare
Hoare


title: Christy Clark

texts: <mask> (born October 29, 1965) is a Canadian former politician who served as the 35th premier of British Columbia from 2011 to 2017. <mask> was sworn in as premier on March 14, 2011, after she won the leadership of the British Columbia Liberal Party in the 2011 leadership election on February 26, 2011. She was the second woman to serve as premier of British Columbia (BC), after Rita Johnston in 1991, and the first female premier in Canada to lead her party to a plurality of seats in two consecutive general elections. While she lost her own seat in her first election, she led the BC Liberals to win an additional five seats for a larger majority in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. Subsequently, an elected member of the Liberal Party caucus stepped aside so there could be a by-election in a riding, to provide her with a seat in the House. During her second election as leader, she led her party to win 43 out of 87 ridings. Due to a confidence and supply agreement between the British Columbia New Democratic Party (NDP) and BC Green Party, her party narrowly lost the confidence of the House, forcing her government's resignation.<mask> tried unsuccessfully to have Lieutenant Governor Judith Guichon reject the NDP's and Green Party's willingness to form a new government, requesting instead that Guichon call another election. <mask>'s decision to leave politics followed shortly after this. Following a period of repose, <mask> was hired by Bennett Jones, a law firm with offices in Vancouver, in May 2018, with more appointments to follow at other institutions and firms. <mask> served as a member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from 1996 to 2005, serving as deputy premier from 2001 to 2005 during the first term of Gordon Campbell's government. She left politics in 2005, and became the host of an afternoon radio talk show. At the time of her leadership victory, <mask> was not an MLA. She re-entered the legislature after winning a by-election on May 11, 2011, in Vancouver-Point Grey, the seat left vacant by Campbell.Her government was re-elected in the 2013 provincial election,

masks:
Christina Joan Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark


title: Christy Clark

texts:
 but <mask> was defeated by NDP candidate David Eby in her own riding of Vancouver-Point Grey. She was subsequently returned to the legislature in a by-election in Westside-Kelowna on July 10. In the 2017 provincial election, she was re-elected in Westside-Kelowna. The Liberals were reduced to 43 seats—one short of a majority. After the election, the Liberals entered negotiations with the Green Party of British Columbia, which held the balance of power in the legislature. On May 29, the Green Party reached a confidence and supply agreement with the NDP. <mask> subsequently recalled the Legislature, to present a throne speech.On June 29, 2017, her minority government was defeated 44–42, on a motion of non-confidence by the NDP–Green alliance. Subsequently, Lieutenant Governor Judith Guichon denied <mask>'s request for a snap election and instead asked NDP leader John Horgan to form a minority government. Horgan succeeded <mask> as the premier on July 18, and <mask> became leader of the Opposition. On July 28 that same year, <mask> announced that she was resigning as Liberal leader effective August 4 and leaving politics. Early life and family
<mask> was born on October 29, 1965, in Burnaby, British Columbia, the daughter of Mavis Audrey (née Bain) and <mask>. Her father was a teacher and a three-time candidate for the legislative assembly, and her mother, who was born in Glasgow, Scotland, was a marriage and family therapist in Vancouver. On June 8, 2016, <mask> recounted that, as a 13-year-old girl on her way to work at her first job, she was forcibly grabbed and pulled into some bushes; she also shared that she had been subject to other sexual offences throughout her life and that she had not felt able to share this until a campus sexual assault bill proposed by the Green Party came up.<mask> graduated from Burnaby South Senior Secondary before attending Simon Fraser University (SFU), the Sorbonne in France and the University of Edinburgh in Scotland to major in political science and religious studies. She did not graduate from any post-secondary institution. In 2001, <mask>

masks:
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Jim Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark


title: Christy Clark

texts:
 gave birth to her only child, Hamish Marissen-<mask>, with then husband Mark Marissen. <mask> was the second woman in Canadian history to give birth to a child while serving as a cabinet minister, after Pauline Marois, then a Quebec provincial minister, in 1985. Early political career

Opposition
<mask> was first elected to the legislative assembly in the 1996 election, representing the riding of Port Moody-Burnaby Mountain. During the next five years, she served as the Official Opposition critic for the environment, children and families and for the public service. She also served as the campaign co-chair for the BC Liberals during the 2001 election, in which the party won 77 of 79 seats in the legislative assembly.Government
Following the BC Liberal Party's election victory in 2001, Premier Gordon Campbell appointed <mask> Minister of Education and Deputy Premier. She brought in a number of changes that were claimed to increase accountability, strengthen parental power in the decision-making process, and provide parents greater choice and flexibility in the school system. These changes were unpopular amongst teachers, school board members, opposition politicians, and union officials who argued that the decision not to fund the pay increases agreed to by the government resulted in funding gaps. The changes made were challenged by the BC Teacher's Federation, and were later found to be unconstitutional. As Education Minister, <mask> sought to increase the independence of the BC College of Teachers against heavy opposition from the British Columbia Teachers' Federation. In 2002 the BC Liberals and Education Minister <mask> introduced Bills 27 & 28 forcing teachers back to work and banning collective bargaining. In 2011 the BC Supreme Court found Minister <mask>'s decision to do so unconstitutional.<mask> was deputy premier at the time of the privatization of BC Rail and resulting scandal. <mask> was also the co-chair of the 2001 Liberal campaign, which included a platform that specifically promised not to sell BC Rail. In 2009, Michael Bolton, defence attorney in the Basi-Virk

masks:
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Christy Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark


title: Christy Clark

texts:
 trial, alleged that <mask> had participated in the scandal by providing government information to lobbyist Erik Bornmann. These allegations were never proven or tested in court. Her brother <mask> was the subject of one of the warrants. Though confidential draft "Request for Proposal" documents relating to the bid process allegedly provided by Dave Basi were found in <mask>'s home no charges were laid against him. Dave Basi and Bob Virk, Liberal Party insiders were charged for accepting benefits from one of the bidders.<mask> has rebuffed talk of her links to the scandal as "smear tactics". At the time of the raids and associated warrants, her then-husband Mark Marissen was visited at home by the RCMP. Her husband was also not under investigation, and was told that he might have been the "innocent recipient" of documents then in his possession. In 2004, <mask> was appointed Minister of Children and Family Development after Minister Gordon Hogg was forced to resign. On September 17, 2004, <mask> quit provincial politics and did not seek re-election in the 2005 provincial election. She declared she wanted to spend more time with her three-year-old son. Campaign for mayor of Vancouver
On August 31, 2005, <mask> announced that she would seek the nomination of the Non-Partisan Association (NPA) to run for mayor in the Vancouver Civic Elections against local councillor Sam Sullivan.On September 24, 2005, she lost the NPA's mayoral nomination to Sullivan by 69 votes out of 2,100 cast. Sullivan was subsequently elected Mayor of Vancouver and in 2013 was elected a Liberal MLA while <mask> was premier. Radio show and columnist

<mask> hosted The <mask> Show, airing weekdays on CKNW 980 AM in Vancouver from August 27, 2007, until the time of her decision to enter the BC Liberal leadership election in December 2010. <mask> also served as a weekly columnist for the Vancouver Province and the Vancouver Sun newspapers during the 2005 provincial election and an election analyst for Global BC and CTV News Channel during the 2006 federal election. Leadership campaign

On December 8, 2010, <mask>

masks:
Clark
Bruce Clark
Bruce Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Christy Clark
Clark
Clark


title: Christy Clark

texts: officially announced her intent to seek the leadership of the BC Liberal Party. While <mask> had long been touted as a potential successor to BC Premier Gordon Campbell, she often claimed she had no further interest in a political career. Public polling conducted prior to and after the announcement of her candidacy showed that <mask> was the frontrunner to succeed Campbell as leader of the BC Liberals and premier.<mask> launched her leadership bid saying she wanted a "family-first agenda". During the campaign she tried to cast herself as an outsider from the current caucus, and as the only candidate who could provide the change voters were looking for. <mask>'s policy proposals included observing a provincial Family Day in February, establishing an Office of the Municipal Auditor General to monitor local government taxation, and to provide a more open government by holding 12 town hall meetings a year to hear from residents. Regarding the controversial Harmonized Sales Tax (HST), she campaigned early on to cancel the referendum scheduled for September 2011. She suggested a free vote in the legislature by MLAs, believing the HST referendum has little chance of success. "Let our MLAs do their jobs and let our MLAs vote down the HST. Do it by March 31 and get it over with and get on with life in B.C.", <mask> told a crowd of about 40 in Pitt Meadows. However, she eventually decided to continue with the planned referendum. Despite her perceived frontrunner status, backbench MLA Harry Bloy was the only sitting member of BC Liberal caucus to endorse her candidacy for leader. The majority of the caucus supported the campaigns of Kevin Falcon and George Abbott, who were each endorsed by 19 MLAs. While many saw <mask> as the best hope for the party there were fears that <mask>'s past background with the federal Liberal Party could fracture the party. The BC Liberals are not affiliated with any party at the federal level and is considered a "free-enterprise coalition" made up of both federal Conservatives and Liberals, and there were fears that right-wing supporters would move to the

masks: Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark


title: Christy Clark

texts:
 British Columbia Conservative Party which had started to make a comeback in the province after decades of dormancy. Her campaign faced questions regarding her involvement in the sale of BC Rail due to her cabinet position and family connection to people "mentioned prominently in court documents, including search warrants", with opposition members stating that she "wants to shut down the public's questions about the scandal".It was in the wake of the controversial Basi-Virk guilty pleas that ended the trial proceedings that she declared her candidacy for the party leadership on her radio show. <mask> had called for more questions to be answered about BC Rail, but since then has said that there is no need for a public inquiry, as have the other Liberal Party leadership contenders. At the leadership convention held on February 26, 2011, <mask> was elected leader of the BC Liberals on the third ballot, over former Health Minister Kevin Falcon. She won 52 per cent of the vote, compared to 48 per cent for Falcon. Premier of British Columbia (2011–2017)

<mask> was sworn in as premier of British Columbia on March 14, 2011, and unveiled a new smaller cabinet on the same day. At the time of her swearing in, she did not hold a seat in the legislature. <mask> ran in former Premier Gordon Campbell's riding of Vancouver-Point Grey and defeated NDP candidate David Eby by 595 votes.Her win marked the first time that a governing party won a by-election in 30 years. After <mask> became premier, the Liberal Party saw a bounce in support and lead in opinion polls, after falling behind the Official Opposition NDP under Campbell. However, the increase in support was short lived and within months the party had fallen behind the NDP once again. Several polls eventually showed a statistical tie between the Liberals and the minor Conservative Party, with support for each party in the low twenties, while support for the NDP was in the high 40s. Internal problems within the Conservative Party towards the end of 2012 saw the party bleed support to the Liberals. In the summer of 2012, several high-profile

masks: Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark


title: Christy Clark

texts:
 caucus members, including the Ministers of Education and Finance, announced they wouldn't seek re-election. Though Premier <mask> suggested she "expected" the resignations, the news shook her government.The Quick Wins ethnic outreach scandal, where the Liberals used government resources as part of their partisan ethnic outreach activities, generated public outcry. During her premiership, she was accused of conflict of interest by MLA and former BC Liberal cabinet minister John van Dongen in relation to the sale of BC Rail during her service as a cabinet minister in the Campbell government. In April 2013, B.C.’s Conflict of Interest Commissioner released a decision that <mask> had been in neither a real nor apparent conflict of interest. 2013 re-election
As the 2013 general election approached, polls showed that <mask> was one of the least popular premiers in Canada. Two months prior to the election, The Province newspaper's front page featured a column by pundit Michael Smyth with the banner headline: "If This Man Kicked A Dog He Would Still Win The Election." However, <mask> ran a "tightly-focused campaign that centred on jobs, LNG, and a 'debt free' B.C." During the leaders' televised debate, <mask> attacked NDP leader Adrian Dix for his "waffling position on the Kinder Morgan pipeline expansion".Dix's strategy of taking the "high road", similar to Jack Layton's successful approach in the 2011 federal election, left him vulnerable to "relentless [BC] Liberal attacks on the economic competence of his party". <mask> defied pollster predictions by leading her party to victory, its fourth consecutive mandate but her first, in the May 13, 2013 provincial election reversing a 20-point lead held by the BC NDP at the beginning of the campaign. However, she suffered personal defeat in Vancouver-Point Grey, losing her seat to NDP candidate David Eby by a margin of 785 votes. According to parliamentary precedent, she was entitled to remain premier, but had to win a by-election in order to sit in the Legislative Assembly. She did not rule out running in a riding outside the Lower

masks: Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark


title: Christy Clark

texts:
 Mainland in order to get back into the chamber, telling The Globe and Mail that she believed one reason she lost her own riding was that she was devoting so much time to serving the entire province. On June 4, <mask> announced she would run in a by-election for the safe Liberal seat of Westside-Kelowna to re-enter the Legislative Assembly. The incumbent MLA, government whip Ben Stewart, resigned in <mask>'s favour.<mask> won the by-election on July 10, 2013, taking more than 60 per cent of the vote over NDP candidate Carole Gordon. Race relations
In May 2014, <mask> gave a formal apology for 160 historical racist and discriminatory policies imposed against Chinese-Canadians:

While the governments which passed these laws and policies acted in a manner that [was] lawful at the time, today this racist discrimination is seen by British Columbians — represented by all members of the legislative assembly — as unacceptable and intolerable. The entire legislative assembly acknowledges the perseverance of Chinese Canadians that was demonstrated with grace and dignity throughout our history while being oppressed by unfair and discriminatory historical laws. In October 2014, the British Columbia government exonerated First Nations leaders who had been sentenced to be hanged in the Chilcotin War by Judge Begbie in 1864. <mask> stated, "We confirm without reservation that these six Tsilhqot'in chiefs are fully exonerated for any crime or wrongdoing." 2017 campaign

On September 14, 2016 the B.C. Liberal Party named executive director Laura Miller to be the party's campaign director for the May 9, 2017 provincial election.At the time, Miller was facing charges in Ontario for allegedly deleting emails while in service with the Dalton McGuinty provincial Liberal government, though she was later found not guilty. The BC Liberals planned a bridge to replace the Massey Tunnel. The Liberal government instituted taxes for Metro Vancouver property purchases by foreign buyers ("Foreign Buyers Tax"), and implemented a program of no-interest loans from the government to first-time home buyers. <mask>


title: Christy Clark

texts: campaigned on her government's economic track record, however the opposition NDP and Greens criticized her inaction on "lax political fundraising laws" and portrayed her as "beholden to big money interests", attacking the BC Liberals on "housing, transit and other affordability issues". While B.C. enjoyed strong economic growth and her government had five balanced budgets, B.C. was also "becoming behind the country’s most unequal province, socio-economically speaking, thanks to 37 per cent cuts to income tax levies, tightened rules for welfare eligibility, cuts to child-care subsidies, reductions in support for women’s centres and the doubling of post-secondary tuitions".Furthermore, <mask>'s approval ratings dropped due to her "ruthless, hyper-partisan style" which led to the perception that to her "winning always seemed so much more important than governing", in the wake of numerous scandals such as "ethnic outreach" and "triple delete" document destruction. <mask> also faced "relentless criticism over bottomless corporate and foreign donations that gave her party a four-fold advantage over the NDP, such that even The New York Times labelled B.C. the "wild west" of political cash and the province's elections agency referred its investigation to the RCMP". During her leadership of the B.C. Liberals, she had shifted them "so far to the right [with regards to environmental and energy policies] to appease its ascendant federal Conservative flank it is now unrecognizable from the centrist party led by Gordon Campbell, her predecessor". The combination of these controversies caused Liberal support in Metro Vancouver to collapse, as an estimated 100,000 voters switched from the Liberals to the Greens. Furthermore, a video of <mask> having a run-in with a disgruntled voter inside a North Vancouver grocery store went viral with the hashtag #IamLinda.In the 2017 general election, the BC Liberals held the largest number of seats (43), ahead of the NDP (41) and Greens (3), but they were one seat short of forming a majority in the Legislative Assembly. Return to the opposition and

masks: Clark Clark Clark


title: Christy Clark

texts:
 retirement
After the election, the Liberals entered negotiations with the Green Party of British Columbia, which held the balance of power in the legislative assembly, however on May 29, 2017, the Greens instead reached a confidence and supply agreement with the official opposition NDP, which on paper allowed the NDP to form a minority government by one seat. Although NDP leader John Horgan and Green Party leader Andrew Weaver did not have a close personal relationship, Weaver picked the NDP over the Liberals, citing <mask>'s dismantling of the province's climate change plan (that Weaver worked with then-Premier Gordon Campbell to develop prior to entering politics) plus support for energy companies and pipelines. Furthermore, Horgan reached out to Weaver personally while <mask> did not. Nonetheless, the Liberal government did not relinquish power yet, and <mask>'s new cabinet was sworn in on June 8, 2017. <mask> subsequently recalled the legislative assembly to test its confidence in her government, with a Speech from the Throne that included billions of dollars in new funding and key policies supported by the NDP and Greens. Critics saw the throne speech as a cynical way for the <mask> government to "desperately cling to power in selling out her party and its supporters in offering a de facto 'renewed' policy platform that stands in stark contrast to the last several years of the B.C.Liberal government and the still-warm corpse of the party’s election platform". <mask>'s gambit was regarded as unprincipled "because it’s disrespectful to voters who rely on parties as aggregators of ideas that lead to policies they like", noted that the 30 pledges were absent from the Liberals' election platform, but also the "dramatic conversion to an NDP/Green-light version of her party appear like an over-correction, given the modest shift in support" as the Liberals lost 4 percentage points of popular vote in the general election. However, both the NDP and Green Party leaders said they would not consider legislation by the Liberal minority government, and none of their MLAs broke ranks to


title: Christy Clark

texts:
 support the throne speech. On June 29, 2017, <mask>'s minority government was defeated 44–42 after Horgan introduced a no-confidence motion as an amendment to the throne speech. <mask> then asked Lieutenant Governor Judith Guichon for a new election, contending that an NDP minority government would be unstable due to the need for one of the NDP's members to become speaker. <mask> argued that this would force the speaker to frequently use his or her casting vote to break a large number of 43–43 ties. Guichon did not agree and refused to dissolve the legislature.<mask> then resigned as premier, and Guichon invited Horgan to form a minority government, which took office on July 18. On July 28, 2017, <mask> announced that she would resign as Liberal Party Leader and exit from politics, effective August 4. Federal politics

Missing and murdered indigenous women
Beginning in 2014, <mask> has expressed her support for a national inquiry into missing and murdered indigenous women and girls. On December 8, 2015 <mask> tweeted her support of the federal government's decision to call such a national inquiry. Senate
In December 2015, <mask> expressed her disappointment over Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's plans for a non-partisan senate, saying "appointing senators on merit will give legitimacy to an unelected, unaccountable upper house." She also expressed disappointment over the lack of representation from British Columbia, as of the 105-seat chamber, British Columbia has only six seats. References

External links

Official Biography, Office of the Premier

1965 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Canadian Anglicans
Canadian female first ministers
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian talk radio hosts
Deputy premiers of British Columbia
Education ministers of British Columbia
Leaders of the British Columbia Liberal Party
Members of the Executive Council of British Columbia
People from Burnaby
Premiers of British Columbia
Simon Fraser University alumni
Women MLAs in British Columbia
21st-century Canadian politicians
21st-century Canadian women

masks: Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark


title: Renato Peixe

texts:
<mask> (born 26 February 1979), commonly known as <mask> is a Brazilian professional football manager and former player who is currently in charge of EC São Bernardo. He played most of his career as a left back or midfielder, although he was capable of playing as a winger if needed. With over 120 caps, he has achieved cult status at Guaratinguetá. He is also the fifth most capped player in São Bernardo FC history, featuring in 125 matches and being the team captain in the club's first ever championship win. Club career

<mask> started his career at the youth ranks of Botafogo, playing as a midfielder, but he made his senior debut for Bragantino, playing in the 1999 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B. After leaving the Bragança Paulista club, he signed for Campeonato Potiguar side São Gonçalo in 2000. Under head coach Paulo Moroni, he ended up scoring three goals during the tournament and helping the club finish second overall.His play caught the attention of América de Natal, which promptly signed <mask> <mask> to play in the Copa João Havelange Group Yellow. He returned to São Gonçalo the next year, finishing the 2001 Campeonato Potiguar as the club's top scorer, netting five goals. Nevertheless, <mask> <mask>'s offensive style of play got him a move to Figueirense in the Série B. He became a starting midfielder under Gilmar da Costa, but lost his starting spot after suffering a groin injury. He was part of the roster that finished second and achieved promotion back to the first division. On 17 July 2002, he was released by Figueirense. He then signed for Fortaleza for the remainder of the year.He scored two goals in his Campeonato Cearense debut, leading his new club to a 3–1 win over Boa Viagem on 18 July. He would score again on 29 July, in a 3–1 victory over bitter rivals Ceará. <mask> <mask> played in 12 of the 29 games in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B as the Leão do Pici won promotion to the 2003 Série A. After brief spells with Coríntians de Caicó, ABC and Campinense, on 29 June

masks:
Renato da Cunha Pereira
Renato Peixe
Renato
Renato
Peixe
Renato
Peixe
Renato
Peixe


title: Renato Peixe

texts:
 2004 he joined Série C club Treze. <mask> <mask> was signed by Joinville on 8 November 2004, helping the club to a fourth place on the 2005 Campeonato Catarinense. He renewed his contract for the Série A2 later that year, in which Joinville were crowned champions. After a stint with Juventus, he joined Botafogo de Ribeirão Preto in 2006.Ferroviária
On 4 January 2007, <mask> <mask> was signed by Ferroviária, reuniting him with head coach Edison Só, with whom he had won the Paulista A3 with Botafogo de Ribeirão Preto. The one-year-deal saw him play in the Campeonato Paulista Série A3 and the Copa do Brasil, as well as in the Copa FPF. On 28 January, he made his debut away to Flamengo de Guarulhos as a late game substitute. He made his first start on February 17, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 win at the Fonte Luminosa against Catanduvense. <mask> would be named again in the starting lineup on 4 March in a 1–0 home win over XV de Piracicaba and on April 15 in a 3–3 away draw against Votoraty, as Ferroviária finished the first stage at the top of the table. On 2 May, he was once again named among the starters for the match against Linense, relegating then first-choice left back Fernando Luís to the bench. He was the in the starting lineup in all games for the remainder of the second stage, in which Ferrinha achieved promotion but didn't advance to the finals.For the 2007 Copa FPF, <mask> <mask> was moved to the midfield and given the number 10 shirt. On 1 August, he scored his lone goal for Ferroviária in a 2–2 draw with Botafogo de Ribeirão Preto at Santa Cruz. He was later moved back to defence by manager Edison Só for the remainder of the competition, failing to be constantly figured in the starting XI. São Bernardo
Série A3 side São Bernardo FC signed <mask> <mask> from Ferroviária for the 2008 season. He scored his first goal for the club on his Serie A3 debut against Independente de Limeira in a 1–1 away tie on 27 January 2008. On 8 March, <mask> <mask> scored his first

masks: Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe


title: Renato Peixe

texts: hat-trick for São Bernardo in a 4–1 win against Votoraty. <mask> became a valuable player for the club during the season, being played as a left winger by manager Lelo.He scored eight goals during the first stage and helped the club finish fourth, advancing to the second stage. On 17 May, <mask> <mask> opened the scoring for Bernô in a 3–1 home victory against Linense. Eight days later, he would score again against the same opponent, improving his goal tally to 10 on the year as his team won 4–1 at Gilbertão. São Bernardo took first place in a group that also featured Linense, Votoraty and Oeste Paulista, achieving promotion for the Série A2 for the first time and qualifying for the finals against Flamengo de Guarulhos. In the first leg of the Série A3 finals, on 8 June, <mask> <mask> scored from a free kick in the 39th minute to tie the game 1–1 at 1º de Maio. He would score again in the second leg, opening the scoring in the 24th minute, converting a penalty suffered by Raul. Flamengo would tie the game sixteen minutes later, giving the Guarulhos team the trophy, as they had the better overall record after the two legs ended in a tie.<mask> finished the Série A3 as the club's top goalscorer, finding the back of the net 12 times during the tournament. During the second half of the year, São Bernardo played in the Copa Paulista. The club's performance was not very positive, being eliminated in the first stage, having accumulated seven defeats in 14 games. <mask> would go on to score five more goals during the competition, bringing his season totals to 17. <mask> <mask> stayed with the São Bernardo do Campo club for the 2009 Campeonato Paulista Série A2. He was a starter in the first game of the year, a 1–2 home defeat to Rio Branco on 24 January 2009. He had an eventful game a week later against Ferroviária: he netted an own goal in the 28th minute, only to score from the penalty spot seven minutes later to tie the game, which would end 2–1, giving São Bernardo their first ever Série

masks: Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Renato Renato Peixe


title: Renato Peixe

texts:
 A2 win.He continued to be featured on the left wing after the departure of Lelo, only missing one  Série A2 match after picking up three yellow cards. However, his offensive production ended up being considerably smaller than previous season's, as he would only score again on 25 March in a 2–1 come-from-behind victory over Atlético Sorocaba. Under Luciano Dias, <mask> <mask> was given the number 10 shirt and was an undisputed starter for the beginning of the Copa Paulista later that year. But as the year went on, he fell out of favor with the new manager and was deemed surplus by the end of the year, prompting a move out of Tigre. He finished the season with 38 games played and 4 goals scored in all competitions. Guaratinguetá
<mask> joined newly promoted Série B side Guaratinguetá for the 2010 season. In his new club, he made the switch back to defence under coach Nedo Xavier and later Luís Carlos Martins.On 13 January 2010, he scored his first goal for Guará in his Série A2 debut for the club, in a 1–1 away draw to Votoraty. His display in that game put him in the Team of the Week. On 21 January he had an assist and scored a late game-winning goal to help his team overcome a one-goal deficit and defeat São Bento at Walter Ribeiro, earning him his second appearance in the Team of The Week. On 24 January, he led Guará to a 3–1 home win over Taquaritinga with two assists in the game, but was sent off before the final whistle, making him miss the next match. He made the Team of the Week for the third time on 13 February, following a 1–1 home draw against Linense. On 21 February, he had an assist and scored the third goal as Guaratinguetá beat Noroeste 3–0, winning him a fourth Team of the Week spot. On 17 April, <mask> scored in the 75th minute to secure an away draw in a derby against São José.He would later acknowledge that as one of the most important matches he scored on. His play helped Guaratinguetá win promotion to the state league first division after just one year in the second

masks: Renato Peixe Renato Peixe


title: Renato Peixe

texts:
 tier. <mask>'s seven goals during the tournament put him as the club's second top goalscorer, and he was voted by journalists as the best left-back of the tournament. Peixe would be a mainstay for Guará during the 2010 Série B as well. He scored twice in his first national match for the club on 8 May, helping Guaratinguetá to a 3–1 home win against Duque de Caxias, the first three points ever won by the Garça in Série B history. On 29 May he put on a decisive performance against Santo André, netting the first goal of the match and assisting Nenê on the second as his team won 3–1 at Dario Rodrigues Leite. He made 33 appearances for the club during the league, all of them as a starter on the left side of the defense, netting seven goals as Guaratinguetá avoided relegation by just one point.Mirassol
In December 2010, it was announced <mask> <mask> signed a short deal with Mirassol to play for the club during the Paulistão. On 16 January 2011, he made his debut against Ponte Preta, a game Mirassol went on to win 2–1. He played 74 minutes before being replaced by Diego. Although he was chosen as the starting left back for the first two games, <mask> was subbed out in both matches and was later relegated to the bench in favor of Diego. After 14 games, head coach Ivan Baitello put him in the starting lineup on April 3, as he played 72 minutes before being replaced by Marcelinho in a 0–1 loss to São Paulo at Arena Barueri. On 17 April, he played the full 90 minutes for the only time during his tenure with Mirassol, in a 0–3 away loss to Botafogo de Ribeirão Preto. Return to São Bernardo
His return to Tigre was announced on 31 May 2011, as he signed a one-year contract with the club, reuniting him with manager Luis Carlos Martins.<mask> made his Copa Paulista return for São Bernardo in a 1–2 defeat away to Juventus, playing the full 90 minutes as a left back. He scored his first two goals in his second spell at 1º de Maio on 7 August, leading Bernô to a 2–1 away win against São José. On 9

masks: Renato Renato Peixe Peixe Peixe


title: Renato Peixe

texts:
 November 2011, <mask> made his 100th São Bernardo appearance in a 0–2 loss to Comercial at Santa Cruz. <mask> started in 25 games and scored a total three goals, as São Bernardo was eliminated by Comercial in the Copa Paulista semifinals. <mask> <mask> was São Bernardo's team captain for the 2012 Paulista Série A2. He was a starter in their first game of the season, a 0–1 defeat against São Carlos. His first goal of the year was scored on 4 February, as he converted a penalty kick suffered by Danielzinho in a 1–2 home loss to Atlético Sorocaba.On 11 February, he helped Bernô win their first game of the season after five consecutive losses, scoring the third goal in a 4–2 victory against União São João. A week later, he scored from the penalty spot to secure a 1–0 win over Santacruzense. He scored again the following match, against Penapolense. On 5 May, after missing a penalty shot earlier in the first leg of the Série A2 finals against União Barbarense, <mask> <mask> converted an injury time penalty kick to tie the game at 1–1. After another draw in the second leg, São Bernardo won their first title in club history, as <mask> <mask> lifted the Paulista Série A2 trophy as team captain. He finished the tournament with six goals in 24 appearances. Return to Guaratinguetá
In June 2012, <mask> <mask> left São Bernardo for a second stint with Guaratinguetá in the Brasileirão Série B.He was named team captain on his return. He made his return for Guará on 16 June after coming on as a 67th-minute substitute in a 1–0 away defeat against Bragantino. Under new manager Pintado, <mask> <mask> started for the first time in a 1–1 draw against Avaí, on 23 June. His first goal came on 28 August against Criciúma, opening the scoring in a 2–1 home win. On 17 November, he set up the first goal and scored the second as Guaratinguetá beat Ipatinga 3–2 at Ipatingão. On 24 November, <mask> <mask> played a crucial part in helping Guaratinguetá escape relegation, as he scored a header against Barueri,

masks: Renato Renato Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe


title: Renato Peixe

texts:
 ensuring a 2–1 win in the last matchday, which moved the team out of the relegation zone. He ended his first season back with Guaratinguetá with four goals and one assist in 26 Série B appearances.He was a regular starter for the 2013 Paulista Série A2. On 23 January, <mask> <mask> scored Guaratinguetá's opening goal of the season and assisted Wellington Pimenta as their team started the year with a 3–1 away win against São Carlos. On 31 March 2013, <mask> <mask> made his 100th appearance with Guaratinguetá in a 0–0 home draw against Rio Claro, in the final matchday of the Série A2 first stage. He made 24 appearances and scored eight goals in Paulista Série A2, finishing as the club's joint-top goalscorer alongside strikers Jonatas Belusso and Douglas Tanque. <mask> <mask> played 29 matches in the 2013 Brasileirão Série B, having scored five goals and provided a single assist during the league. He was Guaratinguetá's second most capped player in the competition, behind goalkeeper Saulo and was the club's top goalscorer alongside Jonatas Belusso. Unlike in the previous season, Guaratinguetá didn't avoid relegation to Série C, finishing 17th on the table.Santo André
On 2 December 2013, <mask> <mask> became Santo André's third signing for the 2014 season. He made his first start for Ramalhão on 25 January in a 2–0 home win over his former team Guaratinguetá, being replaced in the 77th minute by Ramalho. On 12 April, <mask> <mask> scored for the first time for Santo André in a derby against bitter rivals São Caetano, netting the third goal in a 3–1 win. He was a regular starter for the club in the Série A2, having made 18 appearances and recording two assists as the club finished a respectable 6th place. São Caetano (loan)
As his wages were deemed too high for Copa Paulista standards, <mask> <mask> was loaned together with three more players to São Caetano for the 2014 Brasileirão Série C. At Anacleto Campanella, he was reunited with former Santo André manager Vilson Taddei. He made his

masks: Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe


title: Renato Peixe

texts:
 Azulão debut on 27 April against Guarani. <mask> <mask>'s only goal for São Caetano came on 24 August, as he scored from the penalty spot in a 2–0 home win over Caxias.He returned to Santo André at the end of the year. <mask> <mask> was a starter in 14 games for Ramalhão's 2015 Série A2 campaign, but failing to score a single goal. São José
On 25 June 2015, <mask> <mask> signed a six-month deal with São José. He made his Copa Paulista debut for the club on 18 July, playing the full 90 minutes in a goalless draw against Juventus. He made four more appearances as the Águia do Vale lost the following seven games and finished the cup with the worst record overall. Monte Azul
<mask> <mask> joined Monte Azul for the 2016 Paulista Série A2. He was reunited once again with Edison Só, his former manager at Botafogo and Ferroviária.On 20 February, <mask> <mask> made his debut in a 2–0 away defeat to Atlético Sorocaba. On 9 March, he scored from the penalty spot in a 2–1 win over Batatais, which was his only goal for Monte Azul. He made 13 appearances during the competition as Monte Azul finished 16th and was demoted to Série A3 the next season. São José dos Campos
In January 2017, aged 37, he signed for Paulista Série A3 club São José dos Campos, looking to provide veteran leadership to a group of youngsters. <mask> <mask> was named the club captain for the competition and was given the number 8 shirt. He made his debut on 29 January, playing the full 90 minutes and appearing as a playmaking midfielder in a 0–1 defeat to his former club Monte Azul. On 8 February <mask> <mask> scored his first São José dos Campos goal in a last-minute penalty kick to secure a 1–0 away win over Matonense.He was sent off in a 1–1 draw against Nacional on 20 February for insulting match official José Roberto Marques following a yellow card. After serving a one-game suspension, he was back in the starting lineup for the 5 March clash against Portuguesa Santista, scoring a penalty kick for the team's lone goal in a

masks: Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe


title: Renato Peixe

texts:
 1–3 loss. <mask> <mask> netted his third league goal for São José dos Campos on 19 March, scoring a last-minute equalizer from the penalty spot in a 1–1 home draw against Desportivo Brasil, helping his team move up one spot on the standings. He picked up a third yellow card during a 0–1 away defeat to Comercial on 26 March, which got him out of the next match against Inter de Limeira. He would go on to score twice in a 5–0 thrashing of Marília at Martins Pereira, netting the Tigre do Vale's third goal from a Michael pass into the 6-yard box in the 72nd minute, and the closing goal from a penalty kick, eight minutes later. He left São José dos Campos at the end of the 2017 Paulista Série A3, featuring in 17 league matches and scoring five goals, the second most in the team. The club, however, ended up being relegated, falling victim to the new Série A3 rules which were created to reduce the number of teams in the division.São José dos Campos finished 16th with 24 points in 19 games. Style of play
<mask> <mask> played most of his career as a left–sided full-back or wing-back. He was a very offensive-minded player, constantly making runs down the field and cutting inside to shoot. In spite of being a defender, he was a prolific goal scorer for both Treze and São Bernardo. Managerial career

São Bernardo FC
In May 2017, <mask> <mask> became assistant coach of São Bernardo, working alongside his former São Bernardo teammate Wilson Júnior. Wilson and <mask> also worked together at Monte Azul, as the former was head coach of the club and the latter was a player. São Bernardo played in the 2017 Brasileirão Série D, achieving a respectable 9th place in the final standings, after being eliminated by São José-RS in a penalty shootout in the third stage of the league.The team also did well the following season, narrowly missing promotion in the 2018 Campeonato Paulista Série A2 but not going past the second stage in the 2018 Copa Paulista. In October 2018, Wilson, <mask> and fitness coach Deivid

masks: Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Renato


title: Renato Peixe

texts:
 Marques signed with fellow Série A2 side Nacional, but after two months and no official matches, the trio returned to Tigre. On 10 February 2019, they were fired from São Bernardo, following a six-game winless streak to start the 2019 Paulistão Série A2. EC São Bernardo
Shortly after his dismissal from São Bernardo, he was signed by their crosstown rivals, EC São Bernardo. Initially, <mask> <mask> served as assistant coach under Oliveira and Régis Angeli. When Angeli resigned on 2 July 2019, <mask> <mask> took over as caretaker manager. His first game in charge was a 0–1 defeat against Grêmio Osasco in the Copa Paulista.On 12 July, he was named as the new manager of Esporte Clube São Bernardo. Under <mask> <mask>, the Cachorrão achieved their best ever Copa Paulista finish, reaching the semifinals before being eliminated by fellow ABC Region side and eventual champions São Caetano. <mask> <mask> led EC São Bernardo to the 2020 Campeonato Paulista Série A3 finals, winning promotion to the second division but missing the chance to win the league title. After losing six of the first eight games in the 2021 Campeonato Paulista Série A2, <mask> <mask> resigned as manager, following a 1–0 away defeat to Red Bull Brasil on 26 April. São José
On 1 May, <mask> <mask> was announced as the new head coach of São José, replacing Ricardo Costa. He left the club at the end of the 2021 Campeonato Paulista Série A3. EC São Bernardo (second stint)
On 23 July, <mask> <mask> was chosen to coach EC São Bernardo in the 2021 Copa Paulista.The club made it to the quarterfinals, being eliminated by their city rivals (and <mask> <mask>'s former club), São Bernardo Futebol Clube. Personal life
<mask> got his nickname Peixe during his years at Bragantino. As the club had another player with the same name as him, he got nicknamed Peixe (Fish, in Portuguese) due to being from Rio de Janeiro, where Peixe is a slang term meaning mate or pal. He was a Flamengo supporter during his childhood, and his footballing

masks: Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato


title: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

texts:
<mask> (born 19 July 1929) is a French historian whose work is mainly focused upon Languedoc in the Ancien Régime, particularly the history of the peasantry. One of the leading historians of France, <mask> has been called the "standard-bearer" of the third generation of the Annales school and the "rock star of the medievalists", noted for his work in social history. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Les Moutiers-en-Cinglais, Calvados. His father was <mask>,who would become  minister of Agriculture for Marshal Philippe Pétain and subsequently a member of the French resistance after breaking with the Vichy regime. <mask>rie described his childhood in Normandy growing up on his family estate in the countryside as intensely Catholic and royalist in politics. The <mask> family were originally the aristocratic <mask>ries, descended from a Catholic priest who fell in love with one of his parishioners, dropped out of the priesthood to marry her and was then ennobled by the Crown; the family dropped the aristocratic de from their surname at the time of the French Revolution. <mask>'s grandfather was a French Army officer of Catholic royalist views who was dishonorably discharged from the Army in 1902 for refusing orders from the anti-clerical government to close Catholic schools.Later, the former Captain <mask> <mask> returned to rural Normandy, was elected mayor of Villeray and was active in organising a union for rural workers. During his childhood, <mask> <mask>'s hero was Marshal Pétain. Marshal Pétain's fall from grace – from the hero of Verdun and one of France's most loved men to the reviled collaborator and one of France's most hated men, sentenced

masks:
Emmanuel Bernard Le Roy Ladurie
Le Roy Ladurie
Le Roy Ladurie
Jacques Le Roy Ladurie
Le Roy Ladu
Le Roy Ladurie
de Roy Ladu
Le Roy Ladurie
Le Roy
Ladurie
Le Roy
Ladurie


title: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

texts: to death for high treason for his collaboration with Germany – had a major influence on <mask> <mask>'s sense of history. Speaking of the rise and fall of Marshal Pétain from hero to traitor as an example of the vicissitudes of history, <mask> <mask> in a 1998 interview stated: "I have remained fascinated since then with what we call decline and fall. France is full of people who became very important, then became nothing. My fascination is probably due to the fact that my own family was once important and then became zero. There was a contrast between my own career and the feelings in my family."Because his father had been a minister in the Vichy government, his son grew up in an atmosphere of family shame and disgrace. The historian was educated in Caen at the Collège Saint-Joseph, in Paris at the Lycée Henri-IV and in Sceaux at the Lycée Lakanal. He was awarded an agrégation in history after studying at the École Normale Supérieure and a doctorat ès lettres from the University of Paris. <mask> <mask> has taught at the Lycée de Montpellier, the University of Montpellier, the École Pratique des Haute Études in Paris, the University of Paris and at the Collège de France, where he occupied from 1973 to 1999 the chair of History of Modern Civilization and became emeritus professor. <mask> <mask> was a member of the French Communist Party (PCF) between 1945 and 1956. His devoutly Catholic parents had expected him to become a Catholic priest and were scandalized that their son should become an ardent Communist and atheist. The Great Depression of the 1930s together with France's defeat in 1940 at the hands of Germany had caused many people in France to lose

masks:
Le Roy
Ladurie
Le Roy
Ladurie
Le Roy
Ladurie
Le Roy
Ladurie


title: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

texts: faith in both capitalism and liberal democracy.The leading role played by the French Communists in the Resistance during the German occupation and the willingness of many of the traditional French elites to support the Vichy regime together with the apparent success achieved by the Soviet regime's planned economy and its "scientific socialism" led <mask> <mask>, like many other people of his generation in France, to embrace Communism as the best hope for humanity. The PCF proudly billed themselves as the "party of 75,000 shot"-a reference to the claim that the Germans had shot 75,000 French Communists between 1941 and 1944 (the true figure was actually 10,000 French Communists executed by the Germans between 1941 and 1944); nevertheless the PCF had acquired tremendous prestige in 1940s France as a result of its role in the Resistance. The German occupation had been a profoundly traumatic experience for the French, not the least because unlike World War I, in which the Union sacrée proclaimed by Raymond Poincaré in 1914 had united the left and the right against the common German enemy, World War II had seen a civil war in France. The Resistance had fought not only the Germans, but also the police, gendarmes and the much feared Milice of the Vichy regime. The Milice were a collection of French fascists, gangsters and assorted adventurers used by the Vichy regime to hunt down and murder résistants, who in their turn assassinated members of the Milice. Given this background, in which many young French people had seen at first-hand the pretty streets, avenues and squares of French cities, towns and villages sullied by acts of outrageous cruelty and violence,

masks:
Le Roy
Ladurie


title: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

texts: <mask> <mask> described his generation as a scarred one, saying: "It was dangerous for young people during the war. If we are subjected to violence, we will in turn be violent towards others.It is like someone who is sodomised and then sodomises others." <mask> <mask> explained that he became a Communist as a reaction to his war-time experiences. When the Hungarian writer Arthur Koestler's 1940 novel Darkness at Noon was translated into French in 1949, <mask> <mask> saw it as confirming the greatness of Stalinism instead of the condemnation that Koestler had intended. Koestler's novel concerned a prominent Soviet Communist and Old Bolshevik named Rubashov who was arrested and charged with crimes against the Soviet Union that he did not commit, but which he willingly confessed to in a show trial after hearing an appeal to Party discipline. The character of Rubashov is generally believed to be modeled by Koestler on Nikolai Bukharin, a prominent Old Bolshevik and the leader of the "rightist" (i.e. moderate) faction in the Communist Party who was shot in 1938 after a show trial in Moscow which Bukharin confessed to a fantastic array of bizarre and improbable charges such as being an agent of foreign powers, sabotage, "wrecking", and working with <mask> from his exile in Mexico City and the "White Guard" leaders in Paris to overthrow Stalin. Bukharin's real crime had been to oppose Stalin in the post-<mask> succession struggle in the 1920s and to advocate continuing the New Economic Policy - which allocated control of the "commanding heights" of the Soviet economy to the state while allowing free enterprise in the rest of the economy - as a viable model for

masks:
Le Roy
Ladurie
Le Roy
Ladurie
Le Roy
Ladurie
Leon Trotsky
Lenin


title: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

texts: the future.It was not until 1928 when Stalin brought in the First Five Year Plan that full socialism arrived in the Soviet Union, a policy choice that Bukharin had opposed. The image of the Bukharin-like character Rubashov confessing to crimes that he did not commit in order to uphold the greatness of Communism in Darkness At Noon caused a sensation at the time, but the truth was rather more brutal and sordid: Bukharin had been psychologically "broken" after months of torture by the NKVD, and had been reduced to such a state that he was willing to "confess" to anything. <mask> Ladurie wrote in a 1949 essay about Darkness At Noon that: "Rubashov was right to sacrifice his life and especially his revolutionary honor so that the best of all possible regimes could be established one day". <mask> Ladurie was to subsequently admit that he had misunderstood the message of Darkness At Noon. At the height of the Cold War in the early 1950s, <mask> Ladurie described the atmosphere inside the Party as "une intensité liturgique". In 1955, <mask> Ladurie married Madeleine Pupponi with whom he had one son and one daughter. <mask> Ladurie left the PCF after doubts caused by the 1956 Hungarian Revolution became too much for him.<mask> <mask> was later to write that the sight of Soviet tanks crushing the ordinary people of Hungary in 1956 who were merely demanding basic human rights led him to abandon his optimism of the late 1940s that the Soviet Union represented the best hope of humanity and instead led him to the conclusion that communism was an inhumane, totalitarian ideology that oppressed people in the Soviet Union, Hungary and elsewhere. <mask> <mask>'s break

masks:
Le Roy
Le Roy
Le Roy
Le Roy
Le Roy
Le Roy
Ladurie
Le Roy
Ladurie


title: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

texts:
 with the PCF did not mean a break with the left: he joined the Socialist Party, running as a Socialist candidate in Montpellier in 1957, winning 2.5% of the vote. In 1963, a disillusioned <mask> Ladurie left the Socialists. <mask> Ladurie has often written for Le Nouvel Observateur, L'Express, and Le Monde  newspapers, and appeared on French television (in France, historians have far more social prestige than they do in the English-speaking world; to be a successful historian in France is to be something of a celebrity). Les paysans de Languedoc
Le Roy Ladurie first attracted attention with his doctoral thesis, Les paysans de Languedoc, which was published as a book in 1966 and translated into English as The Peasants of Languedoc in 1974. In this study of the peasantry of Languedoc over several centuries, Le Roy Ladurie employed a huge range of quantitative information such as tithe records, wage books, tax receipts, rent receipts and profit records, together with the theories of such thinkers as Ernest Labrousse, Michel Foucault, David Ricardo, Fernand Braudel, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Thomas Malthus, François Simiand, Sigmund Freud and Max Weber, to contend that the history of Languedoc was "l'histoire immobile." He argued that the history of Languedoc was marked by waves of growth and decline that in essence changed very little over the passage of time.<mask> Ladurie acknowledged his debt to Braudel, who had argued that it was climate and geography that shaped the course of history, but felt that Braudel had gone too far in regarding these factors as causal agents in history. Instead, <mask> Ladurie felt that culture and economics were just as important

masks:
Le Roy
Le Roy
Le Roy
Le Roy


title: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

texts:
 as the nature of the land and the weather. Influenced by the work of his mentor Fernand Braudel, <mask> Ladurie set out to write a histoire totale (total history) of Languedoc from the 15th to the 18th centuries that would integrate political, cultural, economic, social history and environmental history. <mask> Ladurie proposed that the determining feature of life in Languedoc was the culture of the people who lived there, arguing that the people of Languedoc could not break the cycles of advance and decline not so much because of technological factors, but because of the culture that prevented them from developing more progressive technology and farming practices. In Les paysans de Languedoc, <mask> Ladurie went against the prevailing Marxist view that dominated French historiography at the time that the history of early modern France from the 15th century to the 18th century was the ever-accelerating accumulation of property and wealthy by capitalists. Instead, <mask> Ladurie contended that in Languedoc there had been cycles of economic advance and decline from the 15th to the 18th centuries. According to <mask> Ladurie, there were several cycles, namely:
"the low water mark" in the 15th century when French society was still recovering from the massive death toll caused by the Black Death of the 14th century which had wiped out much of the population of France.As a consequence, there was social pressure on the survivors to have as many children as possible to repopulate France. With a growing population in the late 14th and 15th centuries, forests were cut down to make room for farms, while poorer land that had been neglected was reclaimed for the

masks:
Le Roy
Le Roy
Le Roy
Le Roy
Le Roy


title: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

texts: growing number of Languedoc peasants. The growing also meant that property was constantly being subdivided while wages declined. The first phase in turn led to the second phase, the "advance" of growing prosperity that lasted until 1530. After 1530, <mask> Ladurie maintained that the "stubborn inelasticity" of farming practices in Languedoc combined with a growing population led to a period of economic decline that lasted for the rest of the 16th century. Peasants planted more grain, but owing to a combination of cultural conservatism, a shortage of capital and a refusal to innovate, could not increase the productivity of the land to match the increasing population. The growing numbers of mouths to feed together with the "stubborn inelasticity" of Languedoc farming methods led a period of social misery with more and more struggling to survive on less and less.Many peasants moved to other provinces in a search of a better life while those that remained in Languedoc tended to get married at a later age in order to limit family size. In the 16th century, ordinary people in Languedoc  were all too aware that they were living in very tough times, but <mask> Ladurie wrote that they were "preoccupied to the point of self-immolation" with religious issues. The Reformation had badly divided ordinary people, and during the French Wars of Religion, Protestants and Catholics fought one another over the social domination of Languedoc society. Between 1562 and 1598, a series of civil wars took place in France between Catholics and Huguenots to determine whether France would be a Catholic or Calvinist nation: Frenchmen went about killing each other with much passion

masks:
Le Roy
Le Roy


title: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

texts: and fury, both sides being convinced that their faith was the one true faith and that France's salvation was literally in the balance. The Reformed Church had made great gains in the south of France, and as a result Languedoc, like many provinces in the south was the scene of especially vicious fighting during the Wars of Religion. <mask> Ladurie argued that it was the devastating effect of the civil wars in France that gave birth to both anti-tax revolts as the peasants objected to the increased taxes to which the series of civil wars gave rise and a widespread belief in witchcraft, which held out the promise of a more just society. <mask> Ladurie wrote that witchcraft represented the lingering survival of the beliefs of the ancient pagan religion before the conversion of Languedoc  to Christianity.The ancient Celts had thrown valuable objects into pools and streams to appease the powerful water spirits that were believed to live there while, later, the Romans had imported the belief in Dryads (woodland nymphs) and Naiads (water nymphs). Despite becoming nominally Christian, the people of Languedoc continued to do this for centuries. Peasant folklore had it that certain favored young women could be invited to join the sisterhood of the Naiads and that if they accepted the invitation by diving naked into the magical waters, they would be transformed into a sensuous Naiad who would be forever young. <mask> Ladurie suggested that these folktales about young women turning into Dryads or Naiads reflected both female fantasies of escape from the patriarchal society of 16th century Languedoc and a way for the peasants to "explain away" young women who had run

masks:
Le Roy
Le Roy
Le Roy


title: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

texts: away. Given the prevalence of such beliefs, many peasants took it for granted that certain women were witches who had magical powers and could talk to the spirits of the forest and the waters. During the period of the Wars of Religion, many ordinary people repulsed in equal measure by the brutal fanaticism of the Catholics and the Huguenots turned to these women, as a rejection both of the bloody mayhem caused by the Wars and of the existing social order which Christianity, whenever it be Protestant or Catholic, upheld. <mask> Ladurie wrote that the appeal of witchcraft with its glorification of the sensuous pleasures of the human body held out the promise of a "social inversion", which it failed to deliver upon.In studying the cultural and religious history of Languedoc, <mask> Ladurie was very different from many other Annales historians who usually ignored these aspects of history. <mask> Ladurie wrote that by the end of the 16th century, the "Malthusian curse" had fallen on Languedoc as the substantial population growth was not matched by increased productivity of the land to provide enough food for all the extra mouths. Starting in 1600, a third phase that <mask> Ladurie called "maturity" began. In the 17th century, the productivity of the land in Languedoc finally caught up with the growth in the population. Contrary to the claims of Marxist historians, <mask> Ladurie argued that there was little accumulation of wealth, as continuing agrarian conservatism and a major increase in what <mask> Ladurie called "parasitic phenomena" both retarded efforts to build up capital. The "parasitic phenomena" were the increasing taxes levied by the French Crown

masks:
Le Roy
Le Roy
Le Roy
Le Roy
Le Roy
Le Roy


title: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

texts: combined with increased tithes demanded by the Catholic Church and increased rents by landlords. Many Languedoc peasants went deeply into debt in an effort to pay all of these.The adverse climate of the 17th century, in which the Little Ice Age was at its height, together with the fact that France was constantly at war in the 17th century further contributed to the increasing misery of the peasantry of Languedoc. In the second half of the 17th century was what <mask> Roy Ladurie called the fourth phase of "the long period of recession". As the peasants struggled to pay their loans, taxes, tithes and rents, the economy of Languedoc went into a period of steep decline. This period of rising unemployment and poverty together with poor hygiene, unsanitary living conditions, emigration to other provinces of France, late marriages and a rise in birth control – as many men started to use primitive condoms – all led to a dramatic decline in the population of Languedoc. During this period, many wealthier families were able to embark upon land consolidation as they were able to buy the land of less successful families on the cheap. At the beginning of the 18th century, Languedoc society was, in <mask> Roy Ladurie's opinion, not far from where it had been two centuries earlier, thus making this entire period one of "l'historie immobile". <mask> Roy Ladurie saw this as the result of the inability of the farmers of Languedoc to increase the productivity of the land, writing: "Some have spoken of a natural ceiling on productive resources.But 'nature' in this case is actually culture; it is the customs, the way of life, the mentality of the people; it is a whole

masks: Le Le Le


title: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

texts: formed by technical knowledge and a system of values, by the means employed and the ends pursued". <mask> <mask> argued that, as a result, the unwillingness of the peasants of Languedoc to engage in technologically innovative farming techniques to increase the productivity of the land (as was happening during the same period in England) was the result of the "lack of the conscience, the culture, the morals, the politics, the education, the reformist spirit, and the unfettered longing for success" that characterized the entire culture of Languedoc during these centuries. However, <mask> <mask> pointed out that what he had traced was not a cycle in the proper sense as Languedoc did not return in the 18th century to where it had been in the 15th. Even though this was overall a period of economic stagnation, <mask> <mask> noted that were "islands" of growth and change in Languedoc. Some of the more enterprising farmers started to grow silk and vines, the latter laying the foundations of the Languedoc wine industry. Others switched over to cloth manufacture. In conclusion, <mask> <mask> argued that these economic changes together with the beginning of elementary schools in which the sons of farmers acquired some literacy, the decline of religious fanaticism and a "a general improvement in behavior" all come together to bring about the "economic takeoff" of the 18th century, when the cycles of decline and advance were finally broken.In <mask> <mask>'s view, there were "structures" comprising long-term and slowly changing material and mental patterns which underlined the more dramatic and, in his opinion, less important "conjoncture" of trends and events, upon

masks:
Le Roy
Ladurie
Le Roy
Ladurie
Le Roy
Ladurie
Le Roy
Ladurie
Le Roy
Ladurie


title: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

texts:
 which historians have traditionally focused. <mask> Ladurie wrote that what he was exploring in Les paysans de Languedoc was the relationship between the vie culturelle that was the "superstructure" of beliefs, politics and thought as it was changed slowly by the vie matérielle of the environment and geography that was the "base" on which the superstructure rested. Like Braudel, <mask> Ladurie believes that it is the history of the "structures" that really mattered, but unlike Braudel, <mask> Ladurie has expressed an interest in biography and the histoire événementielle (history of events), which Braudel dismissed as irrelevant. However, <mask> Ladurie stated that while studying histoire événementielle is interesting, it is the "structures" of French society that explain the course of French history. Montaillou

<mask> Ladurie's best-known work is Montaillou, village occitan de 1294 à 1324 (1975), a study of the village of Montaillou in the region of Languedoc in the south of France during the age of the Cathar heresy. Montaillou was a bestseller in both France and after its translation into English in the United States and Great Britain, and remains <mask> Ladurie's most popular book by far. As a result of the book, the previously little-known village of Montaillou became a popular tourist destination.In Montaillou, <mask> Roy Ladurie used the records of the Inquisition of Jacques Fournier, Bishop of Pamiers, to develop a multi-layered study of life in a small French village over the course of several years. <mask> Roy Ladurie used the records of interrogations conducted by Fournier to offer a picture of both the material and mental worlds of the

masks:
Le Roy
Le Roy
Le Roy
Le Roy
Le Roy
Le Roy
Le
Le


title: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

texts:
 inhabitants of Montaillou. Montaillou was much praised by reviewers in both France and the English-speaking world for its vivid, atmospheric recreation of the everyday life of the people of Montaillou in the early 14th century. Many critics have noted that for <mask> Ladurie, the village priest Father Pierre Clergue, an ardent womanizer whose vow of celibacy meant nothing and who apparently slept with most of the women of Montaillou seemed to be something of a hero for the historian. Clergue's affair with the local aristocrat and noted beauty, the Countess Béatrice de Planisoles formed one of the central stories that <mask> Roy Ladurie related in Montaillou with much sympathy for the doomed couple. Critics of <mask> Roy Ladurie have argued that the Holy Inquisition was an instrument of judicial repression for whom torture or the threat of torture were routine methods. The Canadian historian Norman Cantor argued that none of the people questioned by Fournier had appeared willingly before the Holy Inquisition, and that therefore the Fournier Register which <mask> Roy Ladurie had used as his main source for Montaillou is not reliable.Other critics have noted that the people questioned by Fournier spoke in Occitan, had their remarks written down in Latin and that <mask> <mask> had translated the text into French and have wondered if something has been lost in the translation. Resisting the "totalitarian temptation"
In France, the intelligentsia has more prestige than does the intelligentsia in the English-speaking world and as such, intellectuals are expected to take stands on the major issues of the day. In January 1978, <mask> <mask> was a founding member

masks:
Le Roy
Le
Le
Le
Le Roy
Ladurie
Le Roy
Ladurie


title: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

texts:
 of the Comité des intellectuals pour l'Europe des libertés (Committee of Intellectuals for a Europe of liberties), an anti-communist group of liberal French intellectuals opposed to the powerful influence of the French Communist Party on French intellectual life and the alliance of the Socialists and the Communists which they saw as a threat to French democracy. The Comité des intellectuals pour l'Europe des libertés was not a conservative group, and instead was opposed to Communism from a liberal vantage-point, declaring itself opposed to both "the unarticulated cry and pure revolt on one hand and absolute knowledge and totalizing ideology on the other", damning the "fatal socialist-statist equation" as offering the end of the Republic and everything it stood for. In its founding manifesto, the Comité des intellectuals pour l'Europe des libertés declared its intention "to defend the synonymy of these three words: Europe, culture, freedom". Significantly, the committee did not limit its remit to France or even Western Europe, instead proclaiming its intention to defend liberty in all of Europe, Western and Eastern. He analysed his political engagement and Communism in Ouverture, société, pouvoir: de l’Édit de Nantes à la chute du communisme (2004) and Les grands procès politiques, ou la pédagogie infernale (2002).Carnaval de Romans
Another work was Le Carnaval de Romans: de la chandeleur au mercredi des cendres (translated into English as Carnival in Romans) which dealt with the 1580 massacre of about twenty artisans at the annual carnival in the town of Romans-sur-Isère, France. In this book, <mask> Roy Ladurie used the only two surviving eyewitness


title: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

texts:
 accounts of the massacre (one of which was hostile towards to the victims of the massacre by Guérin, the other sympathetic yet often inaccurate by Piémond), together with such information as plague lists and tax lists, to treat the massacre as a microcosm of the political, social and religious conflicts of rural society in the latter half of the 16th century in France. This book provides an example of a micro-historical approach to the social structure of the town of Romans and tax rebellions in early modern France. Social history
Other more recent treatments of social history by <mask> Roy Ladurie have included La sorcière de Jasmin (translated into English as Jasmin's Witch) and Le siècle des Platter, 1499-1628 (translated into English as The Beggar and the Professor: A Sixteenth Century Family Drama). In Jasmin's Witch, <mask> Roy Ladurie following the lead of Carlo Ginzburg, who argued that the idea of witchcraft as held by peasants was very different from the idea of witchcraft held by judges and churchmen. To understand the "total social fact of witchcraft," <mask> Roy Ladurie used the 1842 poem Françouneto written by Jacques Boè and based on a traditional French peasant folk tale. <mask> Roy Ladurie contended that the poem contains many authentic traces of popular beliefs about witchcraft in rural France during the 17th and 18th centuries.<mask> Ladurie argued that the "crime" of the "witch" Françouneto was the violation of the unwritten social code of "limited wealth," namely that she increased her own wealth at the expense of others. In The Beggar and the Professor, <mask> Ladurie used the letters and memoirs of the Platter family to examine

masks:
Le
Le
Le
Le
Le Roy
Le Roy


title: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

texts:
 the social values of the 16th century, especially in regards to religion, medicine, crime, learning, and taxes. Another work of social history by <mask> <mask> was his 1982 book Love, Death, and Money in the Pays d'Oc, The French Peasantry: 1450-1660, which as it title indicates examined the views held by French peasants about love, death and money. Political history
Though best known for his work in "microhistory", <mask> Ladurie has also examined the political history of France between 1460 and 1774 in a two-volume history. The first volume was L'Etat royal: de Louis XI à Henri IV, 1460-1610 (translated into English as The French Royal State: 1460-1610). In this book, <mask> Ladurie argued that the major concerns of the French Crown were the economy, the Reformation and aristocratic politics, and that the main reasons for the growth of the French state was the need to raise revenue to pay for military expansion into Italy, Provence and Burgundy and its rivalry with Spain over mastery of western Europe. In the second volume, Ancien Régime: de Louis XIII à Louis XV, 1610-1774 (translated into English as The Ancien Régime), <mask> <mask> argued that there was a close connection between the domestic and foreign policies of the French Crown.In particular, <mask> <mask> argued that periods of authoritarianism in domestic policy coincided with periods of aggression in foreign policy, and that periods of liberalism in domestic policy coincided with periods of a pacific foreign policy. In order to pay for war, the French state had to increase taxation to raise the necessary funds. In Ancien Régime France, society was divided into three legal categories; the

masks:
Le Roy
Ladurie
Le Roy
Le Roy
Le Roy
Ladurie
Le Roy
Ladurie


title: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

texts: First Estate (the Catholic Church), the Second Estate (the nobility) and the Third Estate (the commoners). The first two estates, which comprised the more wealthier elements of French society were exempt from taxation and to make up the shortfall in revenue, the Third Estate was taxed more heavily than what had been the case if the tax burden in French society was spread with greater equality. <mask> Ladurie argued that because war was so expensive, the French state always had to drastically increase taxation in times of conflict. And that because of the highly unequal nature of the French tax system, the increased taxes had to be accompanied with increased repression to crush the social resistance generated by the higher taxes. The three men who dominated French politics in the 17th century, namely the Cardinal Richelieu, Cardinal Mazarin and King Louis XIV were all obsessed with winning  la gloire (the glory) of making France into the world's greatest power, which meant that the 17th century was a period of constant warfare where France was almost always at war with some other power to win la gloire.As a result, anti-tax revolts frequently broke out all over France in the 17th century as the Third Estate attempted to reject the oppressively heavy taxation needed to pay for the wars intended to win la gloire. All of the anti-tax revolts were crushed with ferocious brutality by the Crown to send the message that it was folly on the part of ordinary people to challenge the might of the French state. Despite certain lapses in the 1750s, <mask> Ladurie argued that the reign of King Louis XV was characterized by liberalism at home and peace abroad while the


title: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

texts:
 rule of Cardinal Richelieu and King Louis XIV was marked by aggression and authoritarianism. At the end of his two-volume history, <mask> Ladurie stated that the growth of popularity of Enlightenment ideas, anti-clericalism, and liberalism had by 1774 already placed France on the road to the French Revolution. The American historian Stuart Carroll commented that in these books of the 1990s, <mask> Ladurie was according the decisions individuals and histoire événementielle a level of importance in influencing history that he had rejected in his 1973 book Le Territoire de l'historien where he had claimed the quantitative methodology and the study of long-term structural changes had replaced histoire événementielle and biographies as the main focus of the work of a historian. Historiography
<mask>'s mentor was Fernand Braudel, a prominent member of the Annales School and one of the most prolific contemporary historians. At the beginning of the 1970s, Ladurie founded the movement of the "Nouvelle histoire" (New History).<mask> Ladurie is a leading champion of "microhistory," in which a historian uses the study of an event, locality, family or life to reveal the "structures" which underlie life in the particular period under study. Some, like Niall Ferguson, have questioned the value of "microhistory," arguing that it is wrong to assume that the study of one village or one incident in one town or one family reveals wider patterns of life in France, let alone the rest of Europe. Another line of criticism has centered around <mask> Ladurie's use of the term "structures." His critics contend that he has never clearly defined the term, nor explained why

masks:
Le Roy
Le Roy
Ladurie
Le Roy
Le Roy


title: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

texts:
 "structures" change over time, or even whether the "structures" <mask> Roy Ladurie purports to find exist. <mask> Roy Ladurie has also worked on the history of French regions (Histoire de France des régions, 2004) and on anthropometric history as well as on the impact of climate changes on human history. Besides writing books, <mask> Roy Ladurie is a prolific essayist writing on variety of subjects such as the utility of computers as method of historical research, rates of delinquency in the French Army in the 19th century, the spread of global diseases and the belief of French peasants that magic could be used to generate impotence. The latter was a reference to the widespread practice of French peasant men in the Middle Ages and the early modern period of paying witches to use their (supposed) magical powers to make their rivals in love go impotent.<mask> <mask> is also known as one of the first modern environmental historians because his work focused on human agency in environmental change, as well as environmental factors in human history. Works
Les Paysans de Languedoc - 1966
Histoire du climat depuis l'An Mil, 1967
Montaillou, village occitan, 1975,  (English),  (French)
Le Territoire de l'historien Vol. 1 - 1973
Le Territoire de l'historien Vol. 2 - 1978
Le Carnaval de Romans, 1579-1580 - 1980
L'État royal - 1987
L'Ancien Régime - 1991
Le Siècle des Platter (1499-1628), Le mendiant et le professeur - 1995
Saint-Simon, le système de la Cour - 1997
Histoire de la France des Régions - 2001
Histoire  des paysans français, de la peste noire à la Révolution - 2002
Histoire humaine et comparée du climat - 2004
Abrégé d'Histoire du climat -

masks:
Le
Le
Le
Le Roy
Ladurie


title: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

texts:
 2007

Endnotes

References
Barzun, Jacques Clio and the Doctors: Psycho-history, Quanto-history and History, Chicago, II: University of Chicago Press, 1974. Burke, Peter The French Historical Revolution: The Annales School, 1929-1989, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990. Cantor, Norman Inventing the Middle Ages: the Lives, Works and Ideas of the Great Medievalists in the Twentieth Century, New York: W. Morow, 1991. Carrard, P. "The New History and the Discourse of the Tentative: <mask> Ladurie's Question Marks" pages 1–14 from Clio, Volume 15, Issue #1, 1985.Carrard, P. Poetics of the New History: French Historical Discourse from Braudel to Chartier, Baltimore, M.D. : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Hartigan, F.X. "Montaillou" pages 275-283 from Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History, Volume 21, 1994. Himmelfarb, Gertrude The New History and the Old: Critical Essays and Reappraisals, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Lloyd, Christopher The Structures of History, Blackwell, Oxford, 1993. Newman, E.L. "<mask> Roy Ladurie's Magic: Jasmin's Witch" pages 285-292 from The Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History, Volume 21, 1994.Sonnino, P. "Les paysans de Languedoc: vingt-sept ans après" pages 293-300 from The Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History, Volume 21, 1994. Stone, Lawrence "In the Alleys of Mentalité" pages 20–23 from New York Review of Books, Volume 26, Issue #17, November 8, 1979. Willis, F.R. "The Contribution of the Annales School to Agrarian History: a Review Essay" pages 538-548 from Agricultural History, Volume 52, Issue #4,

masks:
Le Roy
Le


title: Philip S. Cifarelli

texts:
<mask><mask>, M.D., J.D. (July 18, 1935 – April 2, 2008) was an American physician and attorney in Orange County, California who established a legal medicine bioethics educational program at the Western University of Health Sciences in Pomona, California, formerly COMP. Early life
Dr<mask> was born in his parent's New York City home on July 18, 1935. The son of an Italian immigrant father, Dr. Cifarelli spent his youth in Jackson Heights, New York. In 1952 at 16 years of age he entered the Men's Light-Heavyweight Division of the Golden Gloves Boxing league where he earned an impressive winning record over a short boxing career in which he was never knocked down and lost only one bout. Throughout his young adulthood Dr. Cifarelli spent time working in the Roman Bronze Works foundry, the oldest and longest running foundry in America, in Brooklyn, New York, which was owned and operated by his maternal uncle and which produced some of the most notable bronze sculptures of the 20th Century, including the Heisman Trophy, the statue of Thomas Jefferson in the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C., the Iwo-Jima Memorial In Washington, D.C., the statue of Atlas at Rockefeller Center, New York and many other iconic pieces. It was there where Dr. Cifarelli developed an interest in bronze sculpture that lasted throughout his lifetime.Education and Early Medical Career
Dr. Cifarelli showed very little ability or interest in academics during his schooling through high school. Rather, he interacted with a "tough crowd" often getting into many physical confrontations all the way through high school—he barely graduated and had numerous disciplinary issues. Consequently, the high school guidance counselor recommended Cifarelli pursue a career involving manual labor and upon graduation gave him an application to the Sanitation

masks:
Philip S
. Cifarelli
. Cifarelli