title: Siamanto

texts:
Atom Yarchanian (), better known by his pen name <mask> (Սիամանթօ) (15 August 1878 – August 1915), was an influential Armenian writer, poet and national figure from the late 19th century and early 20th century. He was killed by the Ottoman authorities during the Armenian genocide. Life

Yarchanian was born in 1878 in Agn, a town on the shores of the river Euphrates. He lived in his native town until the age of 14. He studied at the Nersesian School as a youth, where he developed an interest in poetry. The school's director encouraged him to continue developing his poetic talents. The director, Garegin Srvandztiants, gave him the name <mask>, after the hero of one of his stories.Atom would use this name for the remainder of his life. <mask> came from a middle-upper-class family. They moved to Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1891, where he continued his studies at the Berberian School, graduating in 1896, during the Hamidian massacres. Like many other Armenian intellectuals, he fled the country for fear of persecution. He ended up in Egypt where he became depressed because of the butchery that his fellow Armenians had to endure. In 1897, <mask> moved to Paris and enrolled in literature at the Sorbonne. He was captivated by philosophy and Middle Eastern literature.He had to work various jobs while pursuing his studies because of his difficult financial situation. He developed many ties with well-known Armenian personalities in and outside Paris. He enjoyed reading in French and in Armenian, and read many of the best works of his time. From Paris he moved to Geneva, and contributed to the Droshak newspaper, the organ of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. His first poetic works were published in this newspaper under such headlines as "Heroically" (Armenian: Դիւցազնօրէն) and "The Knight’s

masks: Siamanto Siamanto Siamanto Siamanto


title: Siamanto

type: original

texts:
 Song" (Armenian: Ասպետին Երգը). The paper detailed the destruction of his homeland, was highly critical of the Ottoman government, and demanded equal rights for Armenians and more autonomy. <mask> joined the cause and truly believed in an Armenia free of Ottoman oppression.Henceforth, many of his works and poems were highly nationalistic. <mask> fell ill in 1904, coming down with a case of pneumonia. He was treated at a hospital in Geneva and eventually fully recovered. For the next four years, he lived in various European cities such as Paris, Zurich, and Geneva. In 1908, along with many other Armenians, he returned to Constantinople after the proclamation of the Ottoman Constitution. However, in 1909, the Ottoman government made it clear that they were not safe by perpetrating the Adana massacre. <mask> was once again deeply affected by the bloodshed.These events led him to write his most noted work, Bloody News from my Friend (Armenian: Կարմիր լուրեր բարեկամէս). Works

Heroically (Armenian: Դիւցազնօրէն) was written starting in 1897 and finally printed in 1902 in Paris. It was a book about the hardships of Armenians living under the harsh Ottoman rule. Siamanto encouraged the youth to stand up for their rights and demand equality and justice. Sons of Armenia (Armenian: Հայորդիներ) was written between 1902 and 1908 and included three volumes. The first one was released in 1905 and dealt with the deep grief and mourning that many had to endure after the Hamidian massacres and other Turkish atrocities. Torches of Agony and Hope (Armenian: Հոգեվարքի եւ յոյսի ջահեր) was released in 1907 described in stunning details scenes of massacres, blood and anguish.He portrayed the deep thoughts and feelings of the victims and their daily torment. The plight of a whole people can be felt while reading

masks: Siamanto Siamanto Siamanto


title: Siamanto

texts:
 this work. The author successfully makes the reader feel for the characters and easily win their sympathy. Bloody News from My Friend (Armenian: Կարմիր լուրեր բարեկամէս) was written right after the Adana massacre of 1909. It is a poetic work reflecting the pain the author felt for his fellow countrymen. The Homeland’s Invitation (Armenian: Հայրենի հրաւէր) was printed in 1910 and released in the United States. He wrote about his yearning for his country and encouraged Armenians living abroad to return to their native soil."Saint Mesrop" (Armenian: Սուրբ Մեսրոպ), published in 1913, is a long poem dedicated to Saint Mesrop, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet. Writing style

<mask> was a pioneer in Armenian poetry. His style was new and unique, and the methodology was exceptional. His themes were very dark and dealt extensively with death, torture, loss, misery, and sorrow. He recounted scenes of massacres, executions by hanging, bloody streets, pillaged villages, etc. ; in other words, they dealt with the slaughter of Armenian men and women. The suffering of the people was continually tormenting him in turn.He spent many sleepless nights thinking about those who perished. Writing about their fate was his way of coping with the pain and making sure they were not killed in silence. Life for the Armenians was bleak under Ottoman rule and <mask>'s works described that fact of life very well. However, his poems and writings go beyond the pain. He wrote about hope, freedom from oppression, and the possibility of a better future. His ideas also went to revolutionary themes and revenge for the murdered. Siamanto had two sides to his writing: one of lamentation, and the other of resistance.It is from this ideology of resistance that his revolutionary beliefs grew. He was convinced that the road

masks: Siamanto Siamanto


title: Siamanto

texts:
 to salvation for his people was through armed struggle. He was hoping to ignite the revolutionary spirit in the younger generation of Armenians and to make them understand that indifference and inaction was not going to save them. He was so gripped with these troubles that he seldom wrote about himself, his personal life, love, or joy. <mask> had a very vivid imagination. The images he created can sometimes even feel a little out of the ordinary at times. He used many aspects from the symbolic school of thought in his works.He did not know modesty; we went to extremes both while writing about desperation or about hope. His consistency in his chosen themes went to show how passionately he felt for his cause. His works give a clear image of the spirit that existed at the time in the minds of many of the Armenian populace. Death

In 1910, he moved to the United States as an editor of Hairenik newspaper. After a year, he returned to Constantinople. In 1913 he visited Tiflis. On his way to his destination, he visited many landmarks associated with Armenian culture and history, including Mount Ararat, Khor Virap and Ejmiadzin.He was one of the Armenian intellectuals tortured and killed by the Ottomans in 1915 during the Armenian genocide. See also

Armenian notables deported from the Ottoman capital in 1915
Erukhan
Krikor Zohrab
Rupen Zartarian

References

 Translated from Armenian: N.A. Արդի հայկական գրականութիւն, Գ հատոր, [Modern Armenian literature, Volume III], 2003, pp. 68–74

External links

 ArmenianHouse.org biography of Siamanto
 Rendered into English verse by Alice Stone Blackwell

1878 births
1915 deaths
People from Kemaliye
University of Paris alumni
19th-century Armenian poets
Siamanto
Armenians of the Ottoman Empire
Armenian male poets
Survivors of the Hamidian massacres
Mount


title: Buzz Miller

texts:
Vernal "<mask>" <mask> (December 23, 1923 – February 23, 1999) was an American dancer who was equally at home on Broadway and in contemporary ballet and modern dance. Early life and Training

<mask>, known from boyhood as <mask>, was born in Snowflake, Arizona, a small town in Navajo County founded by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Raised in a family with three brothers and two sisters, he was educated in local schools. After graduation from high school, he joined the U.S. Army and spent two years as a front lines messenger on active duty in World War II. He was honorably discharged from military service after being injured in combat. In 1947, when he was 23 years old, he began his dance studies with Mia Slavenska, a glamorous Croatian ballerina, in Hollywood, California. After only nine months of study, he got his first professional dancing job.Professional career
Once he began training, <mask> soon showed an unusual talent for jazz dance and he quickly found employment as a professional dancer. He toured night clubs and cabarets in London and Paris with Kay Thompson and the Williams Brothers (1947) and in cities around the United States with the Jack Cole Dancers. Thereafter, he appeared in numerous Broadway shows and Hollywood films., demonstrating his facility for the quirky jazz-based choreography of Jack Cole and Bob Fosse. Broadway Shows
 1947 –  Magdalena: A Musical Adventure. A Brazilian folk operetta with music by Heitor Villa-Lobos. Choreography by Jack Cole. 1952  –  Two's Company.A musical revue with music by Vernon Duke and lyrics by Ogden Nash, starring Bette Davis. Choreography by Jerome Robbins. <mask> had featured billing, along with Nora Kaye and Maria Karnilova. 1953  –  Me and Juliet. A musical comedy by Richard Rodgers

masks:
Buzz
Miller
Vernal Miller
Buzz
Miller
Miller


title: Buzz Miller

texts: and Oscar Hammerstein, with dances and musical numbers arranged by Robert Alton. <mask> was a principal dancer, partnering Joan McCracken in "Keep It Gay," a dance number in act 1. 1953  –  Pal Joey.A revival of the 1940 musical by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart. Choreography by Robert Alton. With Harold Lang, Helen Gallagher, Elaine Stritch, and Bob Fosse. 1954  –  The Pajama Game. A musical with music and lyrics by Richard Adler and Jerry Ross, directed by George Abbott and Jerome Robbins. Choreography by Bob Fosse. The show was regularly stopped by applause for the dance number called "Steam Heat," performed by <mask>, Carol Haney, and Peter Gennaro.1956  –  Bells Are Ringing. A musical with book and lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green and music by Jule Styne. Directed and choreographed by Bob Fosse and Jerome Robbins. Starring Judy Holiday as a lovelorn telephone operator. <mask> played her friend Carl and was her partner in "Mu-cha-cha," the dance number that opens act 2. 1959  – Redhead. A murder-mystery musical set in Victorian London, with music and lyrics by Albert Hague and Dorothy Fields, directed and choreographed by Bob Fosse and Donald MacKayle.Created especially for Gwen Verdon in the title role. As the Jailer, <mask> was her partner in the dance number called "Pick-Pocket Tango." 1962  –  Bravo Giovanni. A musical conceived as a vehicle for opera star Cesare Siepi. With music by Milton Schafer and choreography by Carol Haney and <mask>. <mask> danced with Maria Karnilova in a big production number called "The Kangaroo." 1963  –  Hot Spot.A musical with music by Mary Rodgers and staging by Herbert Ross. A historic flop, in which <mask> danced with Carmen de Lavallade. 1964  –  Funny Girl. A blockbuster hit starring Barbra Streisand as comedienne

masks:
Miller
Buzz Miller
Miller
Miller
Buzz Miller
Miller
Miller


title: Buzz Miller

texts:
 Fanny Brice. Music by Jule Styne and lyrics by Rob Merrill. Choreography by Carol Haney and Jerome Robbins. <mask> danced with Streisand and the chorus in "Cornet Man," act 1, scene 6.Other performances
<mask> reprised his dancing role in The Pajama Game in the Hollywood film made in 1957. Doris Day and John Raitt played the leading roles. Other films in which <mask> appeared included On the Riviera (1951), There's No business Like Show Business (1954), Anything Goes (1956), and Justine (1969). Besides his work in films, he appeared on numerous American television shows, including Camera Three, The Ed Sullivan Show, and  The Arthur Godfrey Show. In 1955 and 1956 <mask> was a guest artist with Roland Petit's Ballets de Paris, with a leading role opposite Zizi Jeanmaire in La Chambre, a detective-story ballet with a scenario by Georges Simenon, and a featured role in Les Belles Damnées, with Violette Verdy. He also danced in the first Festival dei Due Mondi (Festival of the Two Worlds) in Spoleto, Italy, in 1957, as a representative of contemporary American culture in the performing arts. In New York during the 1960s he was favored by the modern dance choreographer John Butler, who cast him in Portrait of Billie (1961), inspired by the life of Billie Holiday, and in Catulli Carmina (Songs of Catullus, 1964), in which he originated the role of Caelius and later danced the principal role of the Roman poet Catullus.In both these works he danced opposite the lissome and beautiful Carmen de Lavallade, another Butler favorite. Choreography
In 1968, <mask> choreographed and associate directed Julie Bovasso's The Moon Dreamers at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club. He was then associate director for Bovasso's plays at La MaMa in 1971, 1974, and 1975. These included Schubert's

masks: Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller


title: Buzz Miller

texts:
 Last Serenade and Monday on the Way to Mercury Island in 1971, The Nothing Kid and Standard Safety in 1974, and Schubert's Last Serenade, The Final Analysis, and The Super Lover in 1975. Later years
In 1978, <mask> was a founding member and reconstructionist of the American Dance Machine, a company and briefly a school devoted to preserving the great dance numbers from Broadway and television shows. He was responsible for restaging Carol Haney's choreography for "Me and My Girl," first presented on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1962. He also taught master dance classes at many universities in the United States.He was regarded as one of the leading teachers of jazz dance in the country. Openly gay for most of his life, <mask> had a five-year liaison with Jerome Robbins in the 1950s. Thereafter, in 1957, he met Alan Groh and began a relationship that lasted for some thirty years, until Groh's death in 1996. <mask> himself died of emphysema in Manhattan in 1999. He was 76 years old. His archives and papers are held in the Jerome Robbins Dance Division of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts at Lincoln Center. References

External links
 Mimi Swartz, "Buzz and Alan" in The New Yorker, August 1998
 Norma Skurka, "An apartment that evolved" in The New York Times, September 23, 1973
 <mask>'s page on La MaMa Archives Digital Collections

1999 deaths
1923 births
American male dancers
American male musical theatre actors
People from Snowflake, Arizona
People from Manhattan
Military personnel from Arizona
United States Army personnel of World War II
20th-century American dancers
Gay men
LGBT dancers
LGBT military personnel
LGBT entertainers from the United States
LGBT people from Arizona
20th-century American male singers
20th-century American singers
20th-century LGBT

masks: Miller Miller Miller Miller


title: J. Arch Getty

texts:
<mask> (born November 30, 1950) is an American historian and professor at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), specializing in the history of Russia and the history of the Soviet Union. Life and career
<mask> was born in Louisiana and grew up in Oklahoma. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1972 and his Ph.D. from Boston College in 1979. <mask> was a professor at the University of California, Riverside, before moving to UCLA. <mask> is a <mask> Guggenheim Fellow, a Research Fellow of the Russian State University for the Humanities (Moscow) and has been Senior Fellow of the Harriman Institute (Columbia University) and the Davis Center (Harvard University). He was Senior Visiting Scholar at the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow. Research, ideas, and debates
Academic Sovietology after World War II and during the Cold War was dominated by the "totalitarian model" of the Soviet Union, stressing the absolute nature of <mask>'s power.The "revisionist school" beginning in the 1960s focused on relatively autonomous institutions which might influence policy at the higher level. Matt Lenoe described the "revisionist school" as representing those who "insisted that the old image of the Soviet Union as a totalitarian state bent on world domination was oversimplified or just plain wrong. They tended to be interested in social history and to argue that the Communist Party leadership had had to adjust to social forces." <mask> was one of a number of "revisionist school" historians who challenged the traditional approach to Soviet history, as

masks:
John Archibald Getty III
Getty
Getty
Getty
John Simon
Joseph Stalin
Getty


title: J. Arch Getty

texts: outlined by political scientist <mask> Friedrich, which stated that the Soviet Union was a totalitarian system, with the personality cult and almost unlimited powers of the "great leader" such as Stalin. In Origins of Great Purges, a book published in 1985, <mask> said that the Soviet political system was not completely controlled from the center and that Stalin only responded to political events as they arose. The book was a challenge to works by Robert Conquest and part of the debates between the "totalitarian model" and "revisionist school" of the Soviet Union. In an appendix to the book, <mask> also questioned the previously published findings that Stalin organized himself the murder of Sergey Kirov to justify his campaign of Great Purge.<mask> saw Stalin's rule as dictatorial but not totalitarian because the latter demanded an administrative and technological effectiveness that did not exist. The "totalitarian model" historians objected to the "revisionist school" of historians such as <mask> as apologetics for Stalin and accused them of downplaying the terror. Lenoe responded that "<mask> has not denied Stalin's ultimate responsibility for the Terror, nor is he an admirer of Stalin." During the debates in the 1980s, the use of émigré sources and the insistence on Stalin's engineering of Kirov's murder became embedded in the two sides' position. In a review of Conquest work on the Soviet famine of 1932–1933, especially The Harvest of Sorrow, <mask> wrote that Stalin and the Soviet Politburo played a major role, but "there is plenty of blame to go around. It must be shared by the tens of

masks:
Carl Joachim
Getty
Getty
Getty
Getty
Getty
Getty


title: J. Arch Getty

texts: thousands of activists and officials who carried out the policy and by the peasants who chose to slaughter animals, burn fields, and boycott cultivation in protest." In an 1987 review for the London Review of Books (LRB) about Conquest's work, <mask> wrote: "Conquest's hypothesis, sources and evidence are not new.Indeed, he himself first put forward his view two years ago in a work sponsored by the American Enterprise Institute. The intentional famine story, however, has been an article of faith for Ukrainian émigrés in the West since the Cold War. ... Conquest's book will thus give a certain academic credibility to a theory which has not been generally accepted by non-partisan scholars outside the circles of exiled nationalities. In today's conservative political climate, with its 'evil empire' discourse, I am sure that the book will be very popular." In the same LRB article, <mask> gave his interpretation of the events, which is in line with the "revisionist school" bottom-up approach. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the release of the Soviet archives, some of the heat has gone out of the debate, as "totalitarian model" and "revisionist" school merged into "postrevisionism" as a synthesis. <mask> was one of the most active Western historians researching the archives along with Lynne Viola.A 1993 study of archival data by <mask> et al. showed that a total of 1,053,829 people died in the Gulag from 1934 to 1953. In a 1993 study, <mask> wrote that the opening of the Soviet archives has vindicated the lower estimates put forth by the "revisionist school" scholars. Few oppose

masks: Getty Getty Getty Getty Getty


title: J. Arch Getty

texts:
 <mask>'s analysis, which has gained acceptance, of broad society's will and power to resist, with a degree of autonomy to the bureaucracy and other professional groups in opposition to Soviet central power, over that of totalitarianism through one-sided hierarchical processes in which a despotic leadership exercised violence on a passive population, which was also defenseless. His analysis of Stalin as a powerful yet having to work within an array of competing interests and powers, a cruel but ordinary mortal being who was not omnipotent nor a master planner, has been described as a representation of the banal evil described by Hannah Arendt. Published works

Books
 <mask>, J. <mask>; Manning, Roberta Thompson, eds. (1993).Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. .
 <mask>, J. <mask>; Naumov, Oleg V. (1993). The Central Party Archive: A Research Guide. Center for Russian and East European Studies at the University of Pittsburgh. <mask>, J. <mask> (1996) [1985]. Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933–1938 (9th reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. .
 <mask>, J. <mask>; Naumov, Oleg V. (1999).The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939. Yale University Press. .
 <mask>, J. <mask> (2008). Stalin's "Iron Fist:" The Times and Life of N. I. Yezhov. Yale University Press. .
 <mask>, J. <mask> (2013). Practicing Stalinism: Bolsheviks, Boyars, and the Persistence of Tradition. Yale University Press. . Articles
 <mask>, J. <mask> (January 1986)."Trotsky in Exile: The Founding of the Fourth

masks: Getty Getty Arch Getty Arch Getty Arch Getty Arch Getty Arch Getty Arch Getty Arch


title: J. Arch Getty

texts:
 International". Soviet Studies. XXXVIII (1): 24–35. <mask>, J. <mask>; Ritterspon, Gabor T.; Zemskov, Vicktor N. (October 1993). "Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Prewar Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence". The American Historical Review. 98 (4): 1017–1049.<mask>, J. <mask> (1998). "Afraid of Their Shadows: The Bolshevik Recourse to Terror, 1932–1938". In Hildermeier, Manfred; Mueller-Luckner, Elisabeth, eds. Stalinismus vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Neue Wege der Forschung [Stalinism before the Second World War (New Avenues of Research)]. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. <mask>, J. <mask> (January 1999)."Samokritika Rituals in the Stalinist Central Committee, 1933–1938". The Russian Review. 58 (1): 49–70. <mask>, J. <mask> (2000). "Mr. Ezhov Goes to Moscow: The Rise of a Stalinist Police Chief". In Husband, William, ed. The Human Tradition in Modern Russia.Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 157–174. <mask>, J. <mask> (January 2002). "'Excesses Are not Permitted:' Mass Terror Operations in the Late 1930s and Stalinist Governance". The Russian Review. 16 (1): 112–137.<mask>, J. <mask> (2005). "Stalin as Prime Minister: Power and the Politburo". In Davies, Sarah; Harris, <mask>, eds. Stalin: A New History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 83–107.Notes

References

External links
 Official webpage at the University of California, Los Angeles

1950 births
American biographers
Boston College alumni
Historians of communism
Historians of Russia
Living people
American male biographers
Stalinism-era scholars and writers
Writers from Louisiana
University of California, Los Angeles

masks: Getty Arch Getty Arch Getty Arch Getty Arch Getty Arch Getty Arch James


title: Johann Peter Petri

texts:
<mask>, nicknamed Old Black <mask> () or simply <mask> (Schwarzer <mask>), (born 24 March 1752 in Burgen near Bernkastel; died after 1812) was a robber and accomplice of Schinderhannes, the notorious highwayman. The name of the card game, Black Peter is probably derived from Petri. Life
His parents were <mask> and Christina Margaretha. Around 1780, <mask> married Maria Katharina Neumann, the daughter of innkeeper and charcoal burner, <mask> (c. 1723-1803). Maria was born in 1759 in Schmelz (today a district of Neuhütten, about  15 km from Hüttgeswasen) and lived from 1765 in the hamlet of Hüttgeswasen. It is no longer possible to determine where the marriage was contracted. With permission of Christian IV, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, Petri built a hut in Hüttgeswasen, next to his father-in-law's dwelling, in which he lived with his family for eleven years.At that time he worked as lumberjack and charcoal burner. The charcoal produced in Hüttgeswasen was needed for iron and copper smelting by the numerous smeltworks in the district (Amt) of Allenbach. In 1781, his first son, <mask> Conrad, ("Young <mask>") was born in Hüttgeswasen. The other children, Elisabeth Margaret (born 1784), John Christian (born 1787), Abraham (1788-1791), Catharine Elisabeth (1791-1792) and John Andrew (born 1792) were also born in Hüttgeswasen. The remaining three of altogether nine children were not from Hüttgeswasen: John George (born 1794/1795), Louise (born 1797/1798) and Leonard (born about 1803/1804). Old Black Peter's hut was burned down in 1792 during the French invasion. From this time he led an unsettled life with his family.The Petris left Hüttgeswasen and lived until 1811 in many places in the Hunsrück and on the right bank of the Rhine, especially in the area of the Odenwald. The

masks:
Johann Peter Petri
Peter
Black Peter
Peter
Johann Peter Petri
Black Peter
Johann Georg Neumann
Johann Peter
Black Peter


title: Johann Peter Petri

texts: father continued to work as a woodcutter, first for about six months for the villages of Beulich and Gondershausen, then for about a year in Schauren near Kempfeld, where he worked for someone in Hottenbach. After a six-month stay in Weiden near Hottenbach, he worked as a woodcutter at the glassworks in Soonwald for almost four years. After that he moved to Münchwald for six months and then again for a short time to the area on the right bank of the Nahe. Petri committed numerous criminal acts such as thefts, burglaries and robberies. Together with Schinderhannes he stole two horses in August 1798 in Ellern. On 12 August 1798, he and Schinderhannes murdered Jewish cattle dealer, Simon Seligmann, in the forest near the Thiergarten forester's house.Three years earlier, the victim had observed the married <mask> during a tryst  with the wife of Polecat James (Iltis-Jakob) in the forest and had told her husband, who then killed his unfaithful wife in a quarrel. <mask> was of medium stature and had a smooth and supposedly handsome face, coal-black hair and a dark side whiskers. Contemporaries described him, on the one hand, as a true predator, but on the other as a man who was moved to tears by the sight of a boy, probably because he thought of his children. During interrogations, Petri only incriminated thieves who had previously incriminated him and asked that this be noted in the minutes. He firmly believed that it would be advantageous to ask for a merciful punishment after confessing to each crime and was pleased when other crooks failed to do so. <mask> was also very vain. He often mentioned at a more mature age that he had been a very handsome man.When he talked about other members of his family, he always mentioned whether he was a handsome man or not. When he once

masks:
Black Peter
Petri
Petri


title: Johann Peter Petri

texts: received tight fitting legwear, he showed them to everyone with obvious pleasure. He liked to recount the love relationships from his younger days. On occasions he showed a pious disposition. But he also thought he was beginning to doubt whether there was a God because he had prayed so much and his situation had not improved. When he spoke of deceased relatives or acquaintances, he always added the words "the blessed". Old <mask> was often arrested and interrogated.At the beginning of year VII of the French Revolutionary Calendar, he was arrested in the Canton of Obermoschel and taken to Kaiserslautern and then Simmern. On the 29th Brumaire of year VII he broke out of the tower of Simmern and fled to the east of the Rhine into the Odenwald. In the spring of 1802 he stayed in the Soonwald, but escaped the authorities and, unlike his son, Young <mask>, did not stand trial in Mainz together with Schinderhannes. In the Odenwald he was once again active as a highwayman, burglar and thief. After the robbery of a stagecoach between Heppenheim and Weinheim on 1 May 1811, in which Swiss merchant, Hans Jacob Rieter, was beaten to death, the then 59-year-old <mask> was arrested in a general raid. Although he had been living in the Odenwald as a charcoal burner under the name <mask> for a long time and had nothing to do with the robbery, his true identity came to light in the course of the investigations through statements made by fellow prisoners. The former accomplice of Schinderhannes, who himself was executed in Mainz in 1803, was extradited to the French authorities in Mainz on 11 November 1811 for his old crimes, where he was sentenced to life imprisonment together with another member of the Schinderhannes gang, Franz Delis.<mask> probably died behind bars. After his death, his

masks:
Black Peter
Black Peter
Black Peter
Johannes Wild
Petri


title: Johann Peter Petri

texts:
 body was transferred to the Anatomical Institute of the University of Heidelberg, where allegedly his skeleton was also kept for a long time. Today the skeleton of <mask> is considered lost, while one attributed to Schinderhannes still exists in Heidelberg today. Family
Old <mask>'s children, as well as his wife Maria Katharina, who often took part in thefts, also became offenders. The son, <mask>, alias Young Black <mask>, an accomplice of Schinderhannes, was sentenced to 15 years in chains in Mainz. Another son, <mask> (nicknamed Charcoal Andrew) was sentenced to death for his involvement in the robbery of a stagecoach near Heppenheim in Mannheim, but this was commuted to life imprisonment because of his youth and inexperience. The sons John George <mask> and Leonard participated in thefts.The daughter Elisabetha Margaretha was sentenced in 1812 in Mannheim to six months imprisonment for complicity in a robbery, adultery and trickery. In 1813 the rest of the <mask> family was arrested in the Simmern arrondissement for begging and vagabondage. The wife of Old Black <mask> and a daughter later went into the poorhouse in Trier, where the latter fled. Nothing is known about her fate. Literature
 <mask>lein: Schinderhannes-Chronik, Mainz-Kostheim 2003
 <mask>lein: Schinderhannes-Ortslexikon, Mainz-Kostheim 2003
 Hans-Eugen Bühler: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Amtes Allenbach. 1. Teil.Die Bedeutung der Holzhauer- und Kohlenbrennerkolonie Hüttgeswasen zwischen 1600 und 1900, Birkenfeld 1984
 Ernst Probst: Der Schwarze Peter. Ein Räuber im Hunsrück und Odenwald, Mainz-Kostheim 2005

External links
 Der Schwarze Peter von Ernst Probst
 Burgen im Frohnbachtal: Der Schwarze Peter

References

German robbers
Criminals from Rhineland-Palatinate
Hunsrück
1752 births
19th-century

masks:
Black Peter
Black Peter
Peter Petri
Peter
Andrew Peter
Petri
Petri
Peter
Peter Bayer
Peter Bayer


title: Teemu Mäki

texts: <mask> (born 14 October 1967) is a Finnish artist, theatre director and writer. He was born in Lapua, and was one of the first Finnish artists to gain a doctorate (Finnish Art Academy 2005). In 2008–2013 he was the Professor of Fine Arts in Aalto University. Before and after that he has worked as a freelancer. As a visual artist <mask> started out as painter, then expanded his practice to include photography, installation, performance and videos. Since his doctorate (Academy of Fine Arts, Finland, 2005) <mask> has spent less time with visual arts and more with theatre, literature and artistic research. In recent years <mask> has concentrated on writing books and directing theatre pieces or films or pieces for radio.His most recent books are Miten olla mies tai nainen tai jotain muuta? (2021), a book of photos & texts, Poika ja pallo (2020), his fourth collection of poems, and Taiteen tehtävä (2017), a collection of essays on art and on art's philosophical and political potential and function in society. The latter book is a sequel to the written/theoretical part of his doctoral dissertation, Näkyvä pimeys – esseitä taiteesta, filosofiasta ja politiikasta / Darkness Visible – Essays on Art, Philosophy and Politics (2005/2007). <mask> sees himself as a moral relativist, atheist, vitalist and socialist. There seem to be certain pet themes that he keeps on returning to both in his artworks and also in his non-artistic writings and public speeches. Critique of consumer capitalism is certainly of them. Defending extreme freedom of speech is another.Demanding quick reduction of consumption of goods and natural resources in order to stop ecological catastrophe is third. Gender politics is maybe the fourth, as can be seen for example in the photo series How to Be a Woman or

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Teemu Tuomas Mäki
Mäki
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title: Teemu Mäki

texts:
 Man? and its accompanying text, in which Mäki writes that:

"That gender roles are products of culture is potentially both an oppressive and emancipatory fact. The oppressing side is that as gender roles are created and defined in by social and political forces, they can be – and usually are – as unequal, as unfair as any other structure in society. A stereotypical gender role in this sense is almost automatically a prison, that restricts a person's personality and/or enables him/her to restrict other peoples personalities. The benign and emancipatory side of the same thing is that a person is not at the mercy of his/her biological or cultural gender, one is not 'born to become a man (or a woman)', but can instead understand that his/her gender identity was and continually is formed by culture and s/he can and should take the steering wheel in this process – to be an active subject, not a printout of cultural prejudice." A more complex and perhaps the most important theme (to him) seems to be mortality.<mask> claims that all meaning and passion that human beings can attain is derived from and made possible by death. All of these themes are easy to detect both in Mäki's visual artworks, theatre works, poetry and also in his doctoral dissertation and in his non-artistic, regular column that he writes for the Finnish magazine Voima. The 'mortality as the source of life and passion' theme returns again in <mask>'s "Art and Research Colliding"-text, which was published in May 2014, on the internet, by the Journal for Artistic Research. <mask>'s artworks, writings and newspaper columns have provoked heated public debates. He has for example campaigned against criminalization of prostitution and claimed that as long as sex work is voluntary it's not worse than many other

masks: Mäki Mäki Mäki


title: Teemu Mäki

texts:
 jobs in capitalist labor market. He also claimed that the only way to guarantee that sex work is voluntary enough is by providing a good enough social security for all – instead of trying to criminalize and ban sex work. After his doctorate <mask> became active in the field of artistic research.In addition to his own research he tutors doctoral students, was first a member of the board of TAhTO (Doctoral Programme in Artistic Research) and then a member of the program's steering group (2012–2015). For some years he was also a member of the editorial team of RUUKKU (Studies in Artistic Research)]. Since 2018 <mask> is the chair person of The Artists' Association of Finland. Books by Teemu Mäki
 Miten olla mies tai nainen tai jotain muuta?. A book of photography with a text. Helsinki: Parvs, 2021. . https://parvs.fi/kirjat/teemu-maki/
 Poika ja pallo. A collection of poems.Helsinki: Gummerus, 2020. .
 Taiteen tehtävä. Essays. Helsinki: Into, 2017. .
 Äidin oma. A collection of poems. Helsinki: Like, 2016. .
 Maalarin silmin (pakko ei oo ku kualla), a book about painting. Helsinki: Into-kustannus & Lapua Art Museum 2014. (PDF).(EPUB). Rääkypönttö, a collection of poems. Helsinki: WSOY 2010. .
 Kuolevainen, a collection of poems. Helsinki: WSOY 2008. . Estonian translation, by Taavi Eelmaa: Surelik, ZA/UM 2015. .
 Darkness Visible – Essays on Art, Philosophy and Politics, (doctoral dissertation). Helsinki: Kuvataideakatemia / Finnish Art Academy 2007. .
 Näkyvä pimeys – esseitä taiteesta, filosofiasta ja politiikasta, (väitöskirja). Helsinki: Kuvataideakatemia & Like-kustannus 2005. .
 <mask> Mäki, Helsinki: Like-kustannus 2002. . Articles by <mask> <mask>
 Mäki, Teemu: Art and Research Colliding, published in JAR (Journal for Artistic Research), in May 2014.Mäki,

masks: Mäki Mäki Teemu Teemu Mäki


title: Teemu Mäki

texts:
 Teemu: A Practical Utopia, published in RUUKKU (Studies in Artistic Research), in October 2014. Theatre Works (as Director)
 ÉLIANE. Directed by <mask> Mäki & Maija Nurmio. Premiere at Vaba Lava Theater, Tallinn, Estonia, 14.1.2020. Homo Secundus — Marx's Revenge. Written by Miko Kivinen & <mask> Mäki. Directed by <mask> <mask>.Produced by Theatre Telakka, Dance Theatre Minimi and Tsuumi Dance Theatre. Premiere at Theatre Telakka, Tampere, Finland, 27.9.2019. The Gospel of Christmas / Jouluevankeliumi. Written & directed by <mask> Mäki. Premiere at Kiasma Theatre, Helsinki, 7.12.2018. Sinusta tulee koivu / You'll Be a Tree. Written & directed by <mask> Mäki.Premiere at STOA, Itäkeskus, Helsinki, 15.10.2017. The Judge's Wife / Tuomarin vaimo. An opera composed by Riikka Talvitie. Based on a script by Caryl Churchill. Directed by <mask> Mäki. Premiere at Balder's House, Helsinki, 16.3.2017. Transformations – Rewriting Masculinity / Otteita maskuliinisuuden sanakirjasta.Teemu Mäki & Transforces. Mad House Helsinki. Premiere 17.3.2016. Teoreema (Rakkausnäytelmä). Directed by Niina Hosiasluoma & Teemu Mäki. Teatteri Takomo, Helsinki. Premiere 28.3.2014.Woyzeckmaterial. Script by <mask> Mäki. Directed by <mask> Mäki & Arja Tiili, Viirus teater 2012, Helsinki. All Matters – No Escape / Kaikki Vaikuttaa (2. version). Directed by <mask> <mask> & Arja Tiili. Cultural Center Gloria & Malmitalo & Kanneltalo & STOA, Helsinki, 2011. Helsinki by Skoda.by Niina Hosiasluoma & <mask> <mask> & Pilvi Porkola. A Reality Research Center production. Premiere 9.8.2011. Harmoonia / Harmonia / Harmony. Script by <mask> <mask> (& Juha-Pekka Hotinen). Directed by <mask> <mask>. Von Krahl Theatre, Tallinn.Premiere 29.1.2008. Badminton Opera / Sulkapallo-ooppera. Composed by Max Savikangas.

masks: Teemu Teemu Teemu Mäki Teemu Teemu Teemu Teemu Teemu Teemu Mäki Teemu Mäki Teemu Mäki Teemu Mäki


title: Teemu Mäki

texts:
 Libretto by Juha-Pekka Hotinen & Teemu Mäki. Directed by Juha-Pekka Hotinen & Teemu Mäki. Kiasma Theatre, Helsinki, 2005. Films (as Director)
<mask> has made about forty audiovisual works, most of them short video art or media art works, but some of the more recent ones are longer and bigger productions, produced or commissioned by YLE, the Finnish Broadcasting Company.The most recent one of them is:
 REFUGEE CONVERSATIONS / PAKOLAISKESKUSTELUJA. A 92-minute documentary film written and directed by <mask> Mäki. Television premiere on YLE Teema (Finland) 11.4.2020. MADNESS AND CIVILIZATION / HULLUUS JA YHTEISKUNTA. A 56-minute docu-drama directed by <mask> <mask>. Based on a radio play written by Harri Virtanen and directed by Juha-Pekka Hotinen. Commissioned by YLE (Finland).Television premiere on YLE Teema (Finland) 2014. Controversies

As a student at the Academy of Fine Arts in Helsinki, in 1988 <mask> Mäki became notorious in Finland for a video art work titled Sex and Death, which includes a segment in which he killed a cat and masturbated over the cat's dead body. In 1991 <mask> was convicted of fraud and animal cruelty due to his giving an affidavit to a local animal rescue center, that he would treat the animal well and would not kill it without the rescue centre's permission. The court of appeal concluded, that the cat did not die quickly enough due to the poor quality of the axe used. The controversy was renewed in 2004, when the modern art museum Kiasma bought the video for its collection. After the second uproar in 2004 <mask> wrote an essay about the subject. References

External links

 Teemu Mäki's home page
  Tuomas Rantanen: Kaikki maailman koivut, yhtykää!Voima. 19.10.2017. <mask> Mäki

1967 births
Living people
People from Lapua
Finnish

masks: Mäki Teemu Teemu Mäki Teemu Mäki Mäki Teemu


title: Cuthbert

texts:
<mask> of Lindisfarne ( – 20 March 687) was an Anglo-Saxon saint of the early Northumbrian church in the Celtic tradition. He was a monk, bishop and hermit, associated with the monasteries of Melrose and Lindisfarne in the Kingdom of Northumbria, today in north eastern England and South Eastern Scotland. Both during his life and after his death he became a popular medieval saint of Northern England, with a cult centred on his tomb at Durham Cathedral. <mask> is regarded as the patron saint of Northumbria. His feast days are 20 March (Catholic Church, Church of England, Eastern Orthodox Church, Episcopal Church) and 4 September (Church in Wales, Catholic Church). <mask> grew up in or around Lauderdale, near Old Melrose Abbey, a daughter-house of Lindisfarne, today in Scotland. He decided to become a monk after seeing a vision on the night in 651 that St. Aidan, the founder of Lindisfarne, died, but he seems to have seen some military service first.He was quickly made guest-master at the new monastery at Ripon, soon after 655, but had to return with Eata of Hexham to Melrose when Wilfrid was given the monastery instead. About 662 he was made prior at Melrose, and around 665 went as prior to Lindisfarne. In 684 he was made bishop of Lindisfarne, but by late 686 he resigned and returned to his hermitage as he felt he was about to die. He was probably in his early 50s. Life

Origins and background
<mask> was born (perhaps into a noble family) in Dunbar, then in Anglo-Saxon Northumbria, and now in East Lothian, Scotland, in the mid-630s, some ten years after the conversion of King Edwin of Northumbria to Christianity in 627, which was slowly followed by that of the rest of his people. The politics of the kingdom were violent, and there were later episodes of pagan rule, while spreading understanding of

masks: Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert


title: Cuthbert

texts: Christianity through the kingdom was a task that lasted throughout <mask>'s lifetime. Edwin had been baptised by Paulinus of York, an Italian who had come with the Gregorian mission from Rome, but his successor Oswald also invited Irish monks from Iona to found the monastery at Lindisfarne where <mask> was to spend much of his life.This was around 635, about the time <mask> was born. The tension between the Roman and Celtic Christianity, often exacerbated by <mask>'s near-contemporary Wilfrid, an intransigent and quarrelsome supporter of Roman ways, was to be a major feature of <mask>'s lifetime. <mask> himself, though educated in the Celtic tradition, followed his mentor Eata in accepting the Roman forms, apparently without difficulty, after the Synod of Whitby in 664. The earliest biographies concentrate on the many miracles that accompanied even his early life, but he was evidently indefatigable as a travelling priest spreading the Christian message to remote villages, and also well able to impress royalty and nobility. Unlike Wilfrid, his style of life was austere, and when he could, he lived the life of a hermit, though still receiving many visitors. In <mask>'s time the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria included, in modern terms, part of northern England as well as parts of south-eastern Scotland on an intermittent and fluid basis as far north as the Firth of Forth. <mask> may have been from the neighbourhood of Dunbar at the mouth of the Firth of Forth in modern-day Scotland, though The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints ("Butler's Lives"), by Alban Butler records that he was fostered as a child near Melrose.Fostering is possibly a sign of noble birth, as are references to his riding a horse when young. One night while still a boy, employed as a shepherd, he had a vision

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title: Cuthbert

texts:
 of the soul of Aidan being carried to heaven by angels, and later found out that Aidan had died that night. Edwin Burton finds it a suggestion of lowly parentage that as a boy he used to tend sheep on the hills near that monastery. He appears to have undergone military service, but at some point he joined the very new monastery at Melrose, under the prior Boisil. Upon Boisil's death in 661, <mask> succeeded him as prior. <mask> was possibly a second cousin of King Aldfrith of Northumbria (according to Irish genealogies), which may explain his later proposal that Aldfrith should be crowned as monarch. Career

<mask>'s fame for piety, diligence, and obedience quickly grew.When Alchfrith, king of Deira, founded a new monastery at Ripon, <mask> became its praepositus hospitum or guest master under Eata. When Wilfrid was made abbot of the monastery, Eata and <mask> returned to Melrose. Illness struck the monastery in 664 and while <mask> recovered, the prior died and <mask> was made prior in his place. He spent much time among the people, ministering to their spiritual needs, carrying out missionary journeys, preaching, and performing miracles. After the Synod of Whitby, <mask> seems to have accepted the Roman customs, and his old abbot Eata called on him to introduce them at Lindisfarne as prior there. His asceticism was complemented by his charm and generosity to the poor, and his reputation for gifts of healing and insight led many people to consult him, gaining him the name of "Wonder Worker of Britain". He continued his missionary work, travelling the breadth of the country from Berwick to Galloway to carry out pastoral work and founding an oratory at Dull, Scotland, complete with a large stone cross, and a little cell for himself.He is also said to have founded St Cuthbert's Church in Edinburgh.


title: Cuthbert

texts:
 Hermit's life

<mask> retired in 676, moved by the desire for a more contemplative life. With his abbot's leave, he moved to a spot which Archbishop Eyre identifies with St Cuthbert's Island near Lindisfarne, but which Raine thinks was near Holburn, at a place now known as St Cuthbert's Cave. Shortly afterwards, <mask> moved to Inner Farne island, two miles from Bamburgh, off the coast of Northumberland, where he gave himself up to a life of great austerity. At first he received visitors, but later he confined himself to his cell and opened his window only to give his blessing. He could not refuse an interview with the holy abbess and royal virgin Elfleda, the daughter of Oswiu of Northumbria, who succeeded St Hilda as abbess of Whitby in 680. The meeting was held on Coquet Island, further south off the Northumberland coast.Election to the bishopric of Lindisfarne and death
In 684, <mask> was elected Bishop of Hexham at a synod at Twyford (believed to be present-day Alnmouth), but was reluctant to leave his retirement and take up his charge; it was only after a visit from a large group, including king Ecgfrith, that he agreed to return and take up the duties of bishop, but instead as Bishop of Lindisfarne, swapping with Eata, who went to Hexham instead. He was consecrated at York by Archbishop Theodore and six bishops, on 26 March 685. But after Christmas 686 he returned to his cell on Inner Farne Island, where he died on 20 March 687, after a painful illness. He was buried at Lindisfarne the same day, and after long journeys escaping the Danes his remains chose, as was thought, to settle at Durham, causing the foundation of the city and Durham Cathedral. The St Cuthbert Gospel is among the objects later recovered from St <mask>'s coffin, which is also an important artefact. Legacy

After <mask>'s

masks: Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert Cuthbert


title: Cuthbert

texts: death, numerous miracles were attributed to his intercession and to intercessory prayer near his remains. In particular, Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, was inspired and encouraged in his struggle against the Danes by a vision or dream he had of <mask>.Thereafter the royal house of Wessex, who became the kings of England, made a point of devotion to <mask>, which also gave a useful political message, as they came from opposite ends of the English nation. <mask> was "a figure of reconciliation and a rallying point for the reformed identity of Northumbria and England" after the absorption of the Danish populations into Anglo-Saxon society, as Michelle Brown puts it. The 8th-century historian Bede wrote both a verse and a prose life of St <mask> around 720. He has been described as "perhaps the most popular saint in England prior to the death of Thomas Becket in 1170." In 698 <mask> was reburied at Lindisfarne in the decorated oak coffin now usually meant by <mask>'s coffin, though he was to have many more coffins. In 995 the "community of <mask>" founded and settled at Durham, guided by what they thought was the will of the saint, as the wagon carrying his coffin back to Chester-le-Street after a temporary flight from a Danish invasion became stuck hard on the road. During the medieval period, <mask> became politically important in defining the identity of the people living in Northumbria north of Tees.Symeon noted that it was the 'people of St <mask>', that is, 'the whole people between the river Tees and the river Tweed', who waged an unsuccessful campaign against the Scots at the Battle of Carham in 1018. By the later 11th century the Bishops of Durham had established a semi-autonomous region known as the Liberty of Durham, later the Palatinate of Durham, between the Tyne and Tees. Within this area

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title: Cuthbert

texts:
 the Bishop of Durham had almost as much power as the king of England himself, and the saint became a powerful symbol of the autonomy the region enjoyed. The inhabitants of the Palatinate became known as the haliwerfolc, which roughly translates as "people of the saint", and <mask> gained a reputation as fiercely protective of his domain. For example, there is a story that at the Battle of Neville's Cross in 1346, the Prior of the Abbey at Durham received a vision of <mask>, ordering him to take the corporax cloth of the saint and raise it on a spear point near the battlefield as a banner. Doing this, the Prior and his monks found themselves protected "by the mediation of holy <mask> and the presence of the said holy Relic". Whether the story of the vision is true or not, the banner of <mask> was regularly carried in battle against the Scots until the Reformation, and it serves as a good example of how <mask> was regarded as a protector of his people.A modern interpretation of the Banner, designed by Northumbria University academic Fiona Raeside-Elliott and embroidered by local textile artist Ruth O'Leary, is now on display at the saint's shrine in Durham Cathedral. <mask>'s cult also appealed to the converted Danes who now made up much of the population of Kingdom of York, and was also adopted by the Normans when they took over England. <mask>'s shrine at Durham Cathedral was a major pilgrimage site throughout the Middle Ages, until stripped by Henry VIII's commissioners in the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Relics

According to Bede's life of the saint, when <mask>'s sarcophagus was opened eleven years after his death, his body was found to have been perfectly preserved or incorrupt. This apparent miracle led to the steady growth of <mask>'s posthumous cultus, to the point where he became the most

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title: Cuthbert

texts:
 popular saint of Northern England. Numerous miracles were attributed to his intercession and to intercessory prayer near his remains. In 875 the Danes took the monastery of Lindisfarne and the monks fled, carrying St <mask>'s body with them around various places including Melrose.After seven years' wandering it found a resting place at the still existing <mask>'s church in Chester-le-Street until 995, when another Danish invasion led to its removal to Ripon. Then the saint intimated, as it was believed, that he wished to remain in Durham. A new stone church—the so-called "White Church"—was built, the predecessor of the present grand Cathedral. In 999, his relics were enshrined in the new church on 4 September, which is kept as the feast of his translation at Durham Cathedral and as an optional memorial in the Catholic Church in England. In 1069 Bishop Æthelwine attempted to transport <mask>'s body to Lindisfarne to escape from King William at the start of the Harrying of the North

In 1104 <mask>'s tomb was opened again and his relics translated to a new shrine behind the altar of the recently completed Cathedral. When the casket was opened, a small book of the Gospel of John, measuring only 138 by 92 millimetres (5.4 × 3.6 inches), now known as the Saint <mask> Gospel (now British Library Additional MS 89000, formerly known as the Stonyhurst Gospel), was found. This is the oldest Western book to have retained its original bookbinding, in finely decorated leather.Also recovered much later were a set of vestments of 909–916, made of Byzantine silk with a "Nature Goddess" pattern, with a stole and decoration in extremely rare Anglo-Saxon embroidery or opus anglicanum, which had been deposited in his tomb by King Æthelstan (r. 927–939) on a pilgrimage while <mask>'s shrine was at Chester-le-Street.

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title: Cuthbert

texts:
 <mask>'s shrine was destroyed in the Dissolution of the Monasteries, but, unusually, his relics survived and are still interred at the site, although they were also disinterred in the 19th century, when his wooden coffin and various relics were removed. <mask>'s coffin (actually one of a series of several coffins), as reconstructed by Ernst Kitzinger and others, remains at the cathedral and is an important rare survival of Anglo-Saxon carving on wood. When the coffin was last inspected on 17 May 1827, a Saxon square cross of gold, embellished with garnets, in the characteristic splayed shape, used later as the heraldic emblem of <mask> in the arms of Durham and Newcastle universities, was found. Namesakes

The flag of County Durham since 2013 features the Cross of St <mask>, counterchanged in the county colours of blue and gold. The flag of Kirkcudbrightshire in Scotland since 2016 likewise features the Cross of St <mask>, whose name is the origin of the county's name. The Cross of St <mask> features as the principal charge on the coat of arms of the University of Durham, granted in 1843, blazoned Argent, a Cross of St <mask> Gules, on a canton Azure, a chevron Or, between three lions rampant of the first ('A red Cross of St <mask> on a silver shield, with three silver fighting lions around a gold chevron on a blue square in the top left-hand corner').The Cross also features in the arms of many of its constituent colleges. The University of Newcastle upon Tyne, formerly King's College in the University of Durham, also features St Cuthbert's Cross on its arms, originally granted in 1937. The Newcastle University arms are blazoned Azure, a Cross of St <mask> Argent, and on a chief of the last a lion passant guardant Gules. ('A silver Cross of St <mask> on a blue shield, with a red lion walking and

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title: Cuthbert

texts: looking towards you on the silver top third portion of the shield.') The cross of <mask> also features on the badges of the two Anglican secondary schools in Tyne and Wear, namely Dame Allan's Schools and Sunderland High School. St Cuthbert's Society, a college of Durham University established in 1888, is named after him and is located only a short walk from the coffin of the saint at Durham Cathedral. The Society celebrates St Cuthbert's Day on or around each 20 March with a magnificent feast."Cuth's Day", the annual college day, is celebrated in the Easter term with music, entertainment, festivities and drinking. Cuddy's Corse is a waymarked walking route between Chester-Le-Street and Durham Cathedral; it marks the journey between two of the last resting places of the coffin. Worksop College, founded as St Cuthbert's in 1895, was the last of the Woodard Schools to be opened. <mask> is also the namesake of St Cuthbert's College in Epsom, New Zealand; St Cuthbert's Day on 21 March is a day of school celebration. The school's houses are named after important locations in the life of the saint: Dunblane (yellow), Elgin (green), Iona (purple), Kelso (blue), Lindisfarne (white), Melrose (red), York (orange) and Durham (pink). St Cuthbert's High School, a Roman Catholic school in Newcastle upon Tyne, is named after the saint. St Cuthbert's Day is celebrated with Mass, and the school prayers include reference to their patron saint (always ending with the invocation "<mask>, pray for us").The school badge features a bishop's crook in reference to <mask>'s time as a bishop, as well as ducks, reflecting his love of the animals. St. Cuthbert's Co-operative Society (now Scotmid) opened its first shop in Edinburgh in 1859, and expanded to become one of the largest co-ops in Scotland. Its dairy used horse-drawn

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title: Cuthbert

texts:
 delivery floats until 1985, and between 1944 and 1959 employed as a milkman Sean Connery, who later played James Bond. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle holds <mask> as its patron saint, with the consecration of bishops in the diocese always taking place on 20 March, <mask>'s feast day in the Catholic Church. Many churches are named after <mask>. An Orthodox Community in Chesterfield, England has taken <mask> as their patron. Fossilised crinoid columnals extracted from limestone quarried on Lindisfarne, or found washed up along the foreshore, which were threaded into necklaces or rosaries, became known as St. <mask>'s beads.In Northumberland, the eider duck is known as the cuddy duck. While on the Farne Islands, <mask> instituted special laws to protect the ducks and other seabirds nesting on the islands. They still breed in their thousands off the Northumberland coast. In Cumbria, the civil parish and hamlet of Holme St Cuthbert are named after him, as is the parish church. It is a rural area, with one larger village and numerous smaller hamlets. St Cuthbert's Way is a long-distance walking route, one of Scotland's Great Trails. <mask> is remembered in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival on 20 March.See also
 Historia de Sancto Cuthberto by Bede
 St Cuthbert's Well in Bellingham, Northumberland
 Ushaw College (St Cuthbert's College, Ushaw) in County Durham
 Legend about his burial

Notes

Citations

References

Further reading

External links

 A Brief Life and History of St. Cuthbert by John Butcher, Melrose Historical Society
  ()
 St. Cuthbert Hagiography

634 births
687 deaths
7th-century English bishops
7th-century Christian saints
Bishops of Hexham
Bishops of Lindisfarne
History of Northumberland
Incorrupt saints
Colombanian saints
Northumbrian saints
People from

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title: Bob Westfall

texts:
Robert Barton "<mask>" <mask> (May 5, 1919 – October 23, 1980) was an American football fullback who played for the University of Michigan (1939–1941) and the Detroit Lions (1944–1947). He was a consensus first-team All-American in 1941 and a first-team All-Pro player in 1945. In 1987, <mask> was enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame. Biography
<mask> was born in 1919 in Hamtramck, Michigan. His father abandoned the family when <mask> was two years old which necessitated he and his older sister living in foster homes until his mother was able to move them to Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1924. There, <mask>'s mother worked 14-hour days in a laundry six days per week and the children worked, too, to make ends meet. At age 10 <mask> started as a caddy and worked other jobs while his sister sewed as they struggled to survive during the Great Depression.They lived in a tiny second-floor apartment on Greene Street "in the shadow of the Michigan Stadium"-a location perhaps affecting the future. Showing leadership at an early age, <mask> was the class president from 8th grade at Tappan Junior High School through the 12th grade at Ann Arbor High School. Demonstrating a remarkable talent for athletics, <mask> starred in football, basketball, baseball and track at Ann Arbor High School. Engaging in sports at all was remarkable due to severe bronchial asthma that affected him from the age of nine throughout his entire life. He was diagnosed by doctors at the University of Michigan Hospital as having one of the worst cases of asthma that they had ever encountered. Ted Kennedy, who played center in front of <mask> for the four years (1938–1941) they were at Michigan together recalled that <mask> "had asthma attacks so bad he could hardly breathe" but that "he was a very courageous player." "I remember,"
said Kennedy, "one night before a big Minnesota game-it was for the national championship-<mask> had an attack, and they wouldn't let him into health services-he didn't have the right cards or something like that.He had

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title: Bob Westfall

texts:
 to crawl home on his hands and knees that night, but he played the next day." <mask> was the first Ann Arbor High School graduate to play for the Wolverines since Hall of Famer John Maulbetsch in 1916. He was the starting fullback in every Michigan football game from 1939–1941. In his sophomore and junior years, he played in a backfield that also included Tom Harmon and Forest Evashevski. <mask> rushed for 1,864 yards on 428 carries (4.36 yards per carry) in 24 games (Michigan only played 8 games per season then and freshmen were not eligible for varsity play). This stood as a Michigan fullback career rushing record for 30 years. <mask>'s stocky build
<mask> was a stocky runner, listed in the Michigan program at five-feet, eight-inches tall and weighing 180 pounds (five-feet, seven-inches according to some reports).He actually was 5'6" tall and weighed 165-170 pounds. He had large powerful legs and one newspaper report called him Michigan's "chunky fullback" and noted that he was "generally recognized as the greatest exponent of the spinner play in collegiate ranks." Michigan Coach Fritz Crisler said of <mask>, "He has the finest running base I've ever seen in football, and he can run in all kinds of weather." 1940 season

In 1940, Michigan had two of the country's four leading ground gainers. Tom Harmon netted 852 yards, slightly better than <mask> who netted 808 rushing yards. Though <mask>'s rushing yards ranked him as the country's fourth leading ground gainer in 1940, his performance that year was initially overshadowed by teammate Harmon who led the country in scoring and won the Heisman Trophy. In October 1940, <mask> rushed for 152 yards on 37 carries in a 28-0 win over Illinois.Newspaper coverage of the game finally brought <mask> out of Harmon's shadow. The Associated Press opened its coverage of the game by focusing on <mask>: "A vengeful Michigan football team, with sure footed <mask> smashing thru the Illinois forwards on a slippery turf, crushed Coach <mask>'s eleven ..."  The Hearst

masks:
Westfall
Westfall
Westfall
Westfall
Westfall
Westfall
Westfall
Westfall
Westfall
Westfall
Bob Westfall
Bob Zuppke


title: Bob Westfall

texts:
 newspapers reported on <mask>'s performance this way: "In the general practice of watching out for Tom Harmon, the Michigan marvel, to start running, or for <mask>, the wily Illinois coach, to produce his miracles, no one at first paid much attention to Michigan's fullback, <mask>. That was a mistake." <mask> outshone Harmon again in a 20-13 win over Northwestern in November 1940. <mask> scored two touchdowns and, with three minutes to play, made "the defensive gem" of the game by tackling Red Hahnenstein a yard short of a first down on the Michigan seven-yard line. Under the headline "WESTFALL IS HERO OF THE HEATED GAME," the Associated Press reported that Red Grange was in attendance to watch Harmon try to break Grange's scoring record, "but <mask>, Michigan fullback, stole the show." By the end of the 1940 season, <mask> had begun to receive the attention of the press.An Associated Press feature on <mask> in mid-November noted:"Football fans in record numbers are paying their way to see Michigan's Tom Harmon playing his last season, but many of them are coming away from games with the question, 'Who's that guy, <mask>?' Outside the focus of the publicity spotlight, Bullet <mask>, a stocky 180-pound fullback, has matched All-America Tommy almost yard for yard by rushing this fall and in at least three games has stolen the show from his illustrious teammate." 1941 season
As a senior in 1941, <mask> was captain of the Michigan football team that went 6-1-1 and finished the season ranked No. 5 in the final Associated Press poll. In October 1941, the Associated Press published a feature story on <mask> in which they described him as follows: "<mask> is not a flashy type. The triple threat business is for the other boys. He doesn't kick; He doesn't pass.But, boy, how he can spin with that football. Captain <mask> is pudgy and built close to the ground. Once he gets rolling, look out!" In a November 1941 game against Columbia at Baker Field in New York City, <mask> scored three touchdowns for his highest

masks:
Westfall
Bob Zuppke
Bob Westfall
Westfall
Westfall
Bob Westfall
Westfall
Westfall
Westfall
Bob Westfall
Westfall
Westfall
Westfall
Bob
Westfall


title: Bob Westfall

texts: single-game point total. Crisler pulled <mask> early in the third quarter to avoid embarrassing Columbia. <mask>'s final game in a Michigan uniform was a 20-20 tie with Ohio State. <mask> rushed for 162 yards in the game, nearly as much as the entire Ohio State backfield combined.As Michigan had been favored, the Ohio State players celebrated on the field in Ann Arbor. <mask> walked over to the Buckeyes and handed them the battered game ball, reported to have been "a silent admission of the Buckeye's moral victory." Ohio State Coach Paul Brown said of <mask>'s act, "That was a nice gesture; the Ohio State-Michigan sportsmanship still holds." At the end of the 1941 season, <mask> was a consensus All-American, selected as the first-team fullback by Grantland Rice, the Associated Press ("AP"), United Press, All-America Board, Collier's, the Newspaper Enterprise Association ("NEA"), the International News Service, the Central Press Association, the New York Sun and the Walter Camp Football Foundation. He finished eighth in the Heisman Trophy voting. One of the All-America selectors, Harry Grayson writing for the NEA, explained the selection of <mask>:"<mask> is one of the slickest spinners the game has known. Fritz Crisier built the Michigan attack around <mask>.A fullback built close to the ground, <mask>'s 186 pounds is spread over no more than five feet eight inches. He averaged more than four yards per whack against the hardest kind of opposition. He fumbled only once in three years and then, in the Minnesota game this year, when he was bumped by a young wingback coming too shallow on a reverse. A bruising fullback, <mask> also skirted the ends, was a superlative blocker and a stout defender." <mask> was also selected to play in both major post-season all-star games. He was captain of the Eastern All-Stars in the New Year's Day East-West Shrine Game in New Orleans. The Shrine game was traditionally played in San Francisco but, less than a month after the attack on Pearl Harbor, it was moved to New Orleans

masks: Westfall Westfall Westfall Westfall Westfall Westfall Westfall Westfall Westfall Bob Westfall Westfall


title: Bob Westfall

texts:
 due to concerns about an attack on the West Coast.The game ended in a 6-6 tie, and <mask> was the leading rusher with 94 yards in 20 carries. The United Press called him "Michigan's human top" and tabbed him as one of the two brightest stars for the East. In July 1942, <mask> was voted as the starting fullback on the College All-American team in an annual game against the NFL championship team. <mask> was unanimously selected by the coaches of the Big Ten Conference. Service in World War II
In November 1941, the Associated Press ran a story about <mask> being rated as class 4-F and therefore ineligible for the draft. <mask> told reporters that a perforated eardrum and a tendency to asthma resulted in the 4-F classification. The AP noted: "Bullet <mask> may look like a physical wreck to his draft board but he's on his way to national recognition as at least one of the greatest fullbacks again this season."After Pearl Harbor was bombed on December 7, 1941, he enlisted in the Army Air Corps. In late December 1941, the Detroit Lions selected <mask> as their first-round pick (5th selection overall) in the 1942 NFL Draft. In February 1942, <mask> married his college sweetheart, Ruthmary Smith of Wayne, Michigan. At the time of his wedding, <mask> told reporters that after graduating in June, he might play for the Lions if the Army would not take him. In the summer of 1942, the Army did take <mask> despite his 4-F rating. <mask> was initially assigned to play for the Eastern All-Army football team, but he broke his left elbow after falling from a horse in August 1942. <mask> had played in the College All-Star game in late August unaware that his elbow was broken.In August 1943, an Army newspaper reported that <mask> had "washed out" of the Army Air Corps flight school because, "of all things, he was too nervous." According to another account, he "cracked up his plane while training." (In actuality, he suffered from air sickness which culminated in his damaging a training plane during an attempted landing.) <mask>

masks:
Westfall
Westfall
Westfall
Westfall
Westfall
Bob Westfall
Westfall
Westfall
Westfall
Westfall
Westfall
Westfall
Westfall
Westfall


title: Bob Westfall

texts:
 was subsequently reassigned to the Air Corps radio operator program at Scott Field in Illinois. In December 1943, <mask> received a medical discharge from the Army Air Corps while still stationed at Scott Field. He was reported to have been discharged as a result of bronchitis and asthma. Professional football player
<mask> returned to the University of Michigan in 1944 to complete his degree and
he also worked at the B-24 bomber plant in Willow Run, Michigan.Under wartime rules, he was eligible to play for the Michigan football team in the fall of 1944. However, newspapers reported that Big Ten officials were concerned that <mask> might play for the Wolverines in the season's early games while completing his degree, and then play for the Detroit Lions at the end of the 1944 season. The prospect of a player starting the year as a college player and then being paid to play professional football the same year was seen as a potential embarrassment to the conference. Through the summer months, newspapers reported on the "burning question whether <mask> would play for Michigan or the Detroit Lions." Lions coach Gus Dorais told the press, "Football salaries are paid for ability and gate appeal, and we are sure <mask> still has both. Naturally, we want <mask> and hope to sign him. He's 25 years old now, and we believe that if he's going to cash in on his football, now's the time."<mask> finally signed with Lions in August 1944, and played four seasons in the NFL from 1944–1947. In one of his early games in the NFL, <mask> ran for two touchdowns against the defending NFL champions, the Chicago Bears, in a game played at Wrigley Field. <mask>'s touchdowns against the Bears included a 75-yard touchdown sprint through the middle of the Bears line. As a rookie, he compiled 342 passing yards for 4  touchdowns, 277 rushing yards, 218 receiving yards, and 117 yards on punt and kickoff returns. He also had a 30-yard interception return in 1944. <mask> had his best season as a pro in 1945 when he was picked as a first-team

masks: Westfall Westfall Westfall Westfall Westfall Westfall Westfall Westfall Westfall Westfall


title: Bob Westfall

texts:
 All-Pro by the Associated Press. That year, he scored 54 points in nine games and ranked fourth in the NFL in touchdowns and sixth in scoring.Later years
After retiring from professional football in 1947, <mask> became a businessman in Adrian, Michigan. He was the secretary-treasurer of the Adrian Salvage Company from 1948–1953 and later served for 27 years as president of *Adrian Steel Company. He also coached a semi-pro football team in Adrian, Adrian Athletic Club (also known as The Big Reds), for three years from 1948–1950. Their record was 19-4-3 including a string of eighteen games without a loss. The 1950 team was undefeated, untied, and unscored-upon while outscoring the opposition 203-0. <mask> died in 1980 at age 61. In 1979 <mask> was selected by U of M officials as one of the 25 All-Time Great University of Michigan football players, which was announced on the TV program "Blue Magic", hosted by Tom Harmon.In 1982 <mask> was posthumously inducted into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor. In 1986, he was posthumously inducted into the Michigan Sports Hall of Fame (State of Michigan). He was posthumously inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1987. In 2000, he was named as a running back (Honorable Mention) to the University of Michigan All-Century Team and as a member of The Backfield of the Century for the years 1900–1999. In 2005, he was selected as one of the 100 greatest Michigan football players of all time by " Motown Sports Revival," ranking 75th on the all-time team. See also
 List of Michigan Wolverines football All-Americans
 University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor
 Michigan Sports Hall of Fame

References

1919 births
1980 deaths
All-American college football players
American football running backs
Detroit Lions players
Michigan Wolverines football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
Players of American football from Ann Arbor, Michigan
People from

masks: Westfall Westfall Westfall Westfall


title: Masatoshi Koshiba

texts:
was a Japanese physicist and one of the founders of neutrino astronomy. His work with the neutrino detectors Kamiokande and Super-Kamiokande was instrumental in detecting solar neutrinos, providing experimental evidence for the solar neutrino problem. <mask> won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002 (jointly with Raymond Davis Jr.) "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos". He was a senior counselor at the International Center for Elementary Particle Physics (ICEPP) and professor at the University of Tokyo. Early life
<mask> was born in Toyohashi in central Japan on September 19, 1926, to Toshio and <mask>. His father was a military officer. His mother died when he was three, leading to his father marrying his wife's elder sister.He grew up in Yokosuka, and completed his high school in Tokyo. It is mentioned that his initial interest was in studying German literature, but, ended up studying physics, spurred by a teacher's denigrating comments. He graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1951 and received a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Rochester, New York, in 1955. Career and research

<mask> started his career as a Research Associate at the Department of Physics, University of Chicago from July 1955 to February 1958, and was an associate professor at Institute of Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo from March 1958 to October 1963. While on leave from November 1959 to August 1962 he served as the acting director, Laboratory of High Energy Physics and Cosmic Radiation, Department of Physics, University of Chicago. At the University of Tokyo he became associate professor in March 1963 and then professor in March 1970 in the Department

masks:
Koshiba
Koshiba
Hayako Koshiba
Koshiba


title: Masatoshi Koshiba

texts:
 of Physics, Faculty of Science, and emeritus professor there in 1987. From 1987 to 1997, <mask> taught at Tokai University.In 2002, he jointly won the Nobel Prize in Physics for "pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos". (The other shares of that year's Prize were awarded to Raymond Davis Jr. and Riccardo Giacconi of the U.S.A.)

<mask>'s initial research was in cosmic rays. In 1969, he shifted into electron-positron collider physics, and was involved with the JADE detector in Germany, which helped confirm the Standard Model. Along with Masayuki Nakahata and Atsuto Suzuki, <mask> designed the Kamiokande experiment to detect proton decay, a prediction of grand unified theories. No proton decay was detected, but <mask> realized the detector could be made to detect neutrinos, and adapted the project accordingly, following the pioneering U.S. work of Davis. In the early 1970s, <mask> collaborated with Gersh Budker (1918-1977), the particle-accelerator electron cooling pioneer in the Soviet Union. This collaboration was cut short for unknown reasons but Budker died of heart attack a few years later.Through this experiment, he (and Davis in the U.S.) were able to confirm the prediction that neutrinos are generated during the nuclear fusion reaction in the sun. However, these experiments detected fewer neutrinos than had been expected. This deficit was called the solar neutrino problem. The deficit would be eventually explained by "neutrino oscillations", whose existence was confirmed by an enlarged version of Kamiokande, known as Super-Kamiokande, run under the direction of <mask>'s student Takaaki Kajita. In 1987, the Kamiokande experimental

masks: Koshiba Koshiba Koshiba Koshiba Koshiba Koshiba


title: Masatoshi Koshiba

texts:
 detector detected neutrinos from the supernova explosion (designated SN 1987A) outside the Milky Way, the Large Magellanic Cloud. His research was pioneering in the establishment of neutrino astronomy as a field of study. In 1996, with the promising results from Kaokande, the team operationalized a larger and more sensitive detector called Super-Kamiokande.With this detector, scientists was able to demonstrate strong evidence to prove that neutrinos changed from one type to another of three types during flight. This demonstration resolved the solar neutrino problem with the reasoning being that the early detectors could detect one type of neutrino rather than all three types. <mask> was a member of the Board of Sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, and also a foreign fellow of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences. He was a founding member of the Edogawa NICHE Prize Steering committee. Personal life
Koshiba married Kyoto Kato, an art museum curator, when he returned to Japan in the late 1950s. The couple had a son and a daughter. He died on November 12, 2020, at the Edogawa Hospital in Tokyo at the age of 94.Awards
Source(s):
1987 – Asahi Prize
1987 – Nishina Memorial Prize
1997 – Humboldt Prize
2000 – Wolf Prize in Physics
2002 – Nobel Prize in Physics
2002 – Panofsky Prize
2003 – Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics

Honors
Source(s):
1985 – Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1997 – Order of Culture
2002 – Honorary citizenship of Suginami
2002 – Honorary doctor of Meiji University
2002 – Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society. 2003 – Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun
2003 – In commemoration of the Nobel Prize-winning by <mask> Koshiba, Koshiba hall was

masks: Koshiba Masatoshi


title: Masatoshi Koshiba

texts:
 established at the University of Tokyo's School of science. 2003 – Honorary citizenship of Tokyo
2003 – Emeritus Professor of the University of Tokyo

Publications

See also
 Institute for Cosmic Ray Research
 Kamioka Observatory
 List of Japanese Nobel laureates
 List of Nobel Laureates affiliated with the University of Rochester
 List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Tokyo
 University of Rochester

References

External links
Prof. <mask> has won the Nobel prize. including the Nobel Lecture December 8, 2002 Birth of Neutrino Astrophysics

Freeview video 'An Interview with <mask> Koshiba' by the Vega Science Trust

1926 births
2020 deaths
Japanese Nobel laureates
Japanese physicists
Nobel laureates in Physics
People from Toyohashi
University of Chicago faculty
University of Tokyo faculty
University of Tokyo alumni
University of Rochester alumni
Tokai University faculty
Wolf Prize in Physics laureates
Fellows of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Order of Culture
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
Winners of the Panofsky Prize
Fellows of the American Physical


title: Don Aslett

texts:
<mask> (born 1935) is an American entrepreneur and author who specializes in cleaning and housekeeping products, services, and techniques. He co-founded Varsity House Cleaning Company, a house cleaning service, in 1957. After having been Varsity Contractors for years, it became Varsity Facility Services, a building service contractor, in 2011. It does business in the United States and Canada. He is considered a cleaning expert, and has written books about how to reduce the time spent cleaning by reducing clutter, selecting and organizing the efficient cleaning tools, and creating what he calls a self-cleaning house. In 2011, he opened the Museum of Clean in Pocatello, Idaho, a six-story building with a theater, art gallery, and collection of 6,000 artifacts. Both the museum and his house in Hawaii were designed to be low-maintenance and environmentally friendly, which resulted in an award from the state of Idaho for <mask>'s efforts with the museum.The cleaning products sold by Varsity are also  "green", or environmentally-friendly. Personal life
<mask> was born in 1935. His father raised wheat, beans, and potatoes. <mask> was from Twin Falls, Idaho, but grew up about  to the northeast in Dietrich, Idaho. He served a church mission for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Hawaiian Islands as a young man. He married Barbara about 1957, when he started the cleaning business. They have six children and, while they were growing up, he was a scoutmaster.The <mask>s have had a ranch in McCammon, Idaho, about  to the southeast of Pocatello, and a house in Hawaii, which was designed for energy conservation and to be low-maintenance. The house was photographed by the U.S. army to learn ways to create housing and barracks that are easy to maintain. <mask> is a devout Mormon, and was a bishop in the Marsh Creek Ward in the McCammon Idaho Stake. He is on the Idaho State University Museum board. Career

Varsity Facility

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Donald Andrew Aslett
Aslett
Aslett
Aslett
Aslett
Aslett


title: Don Aslett

texts:
 Services

While studying at Idaho State College (now Idaho State University), <mask> formed Varsity House Cleaning Company, a janitorial service in Pocatello, Idaho, with and Arlo Luke in 1957 to help pay his college tuition. <mask> described his role as "crazy entrepreneur" and Luke as the "strong facilitator". What began as a part-time business grew to employ 30 to 50 people.One of their first business clients was Mountain State Telephone and Telegraph, now CenturyLink. Before they graduated, both men had a house and four children. The name of the organization became Varsity Contractors at some point. <mask> received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Physical Education from Idaho State in 1963. He continued to operate the business, which employed 500 people, including college students. At that time, it operated in three states and was a janitorial, facilities services, and construction company. The company also offered landscaping services.The company had 2,500 employees and operated in 14 states in 1990. It was a full-service janitorial contractor with total revenues $190 million in 2006. Arlo Luke, who had been the president and CEO for 28 years stepped down in 2011. <mask> was also not involved in the daily management of the organization by 2013. In 2011, the company changed its name to Varsity Facility Services. Arlo's son, Eric became the company's president and CEO. Now, it operates in the United States and Canada as a "huge building service contractor specializing in regional and national facility portfolios", according to Lisa Ridgely of CleanLink.In 2013, it had offices in Canada and all 50 states and stores that sell their green products in 6 states. They employed 4,000 people at that time. Varsity is now headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. <mask> was inducted into the Idaho's Hall of Fame in 2010. Three years later, both Luke and <mask> received awards from the International Sanitary Supply Association. Author
<mask>,

masks: Aslett Aslett Aslett Aslett Aslett Aslett Aslett


title: Don Aslett

texts:
 considered a cleaning expert, has written 40 books on the subject, which have been published in 10 languages. Michael Boyer states that he is one of the most prolific writers of cleaning books, which cover a wide range of topics like removing clutter, caring for specific materials, eliminating spots, and establishing processes for cleaning.There are books for household and professional cleaning. <mask> says that the amount of time spent cleaning can be reduced 75% by if the homeowner were to reduce clutter, get the right cleaning tools, and make them accessible. One of his approaches is to develop a self-cleaning house, through the use of household items and flooring that are easy to maintain, and eliminating most of the dirt that comes into a house by taking one's shoes off at the door. Another way to manage cleanliness is to make each person responsible for cleaning up their own mess. He says that "even if President Bush stayed at my house, he'd know where the vacuum is." He has acquired the nicknames of the Sultan of Shine, <mask> of the John, and the Dean of Clean. Museum of Clean

In November 2011, <mask> opened the Museum of Clean in a six-story building in Pocatello, Idaho, in what had been a warehouse built in 1915.It has an art gallery, 88-seat theater, and a gift shop. The museum features 6,000 historical artifacts related to cleanliness. Some of the unique items include a horse-drawn vacuum cleaner (1902), an early washing machine (1945), and a 1,600-year-old bronze toothpick. Interactive exhibits teach children how to recycle, clean their room, make their bed, and sweep. In addition to teaching recycling, the museum also has information about how to reduce waste. It cost $6 million to establish the museum and six years to assemble its collection. It was featured in a CBS News story in its "On the Road" series in 2012.During an interview, <mask> states that "This is not a cleaning museum, it's the museum of clean." He

masks:
Aslett
Don Juan
Aslett
Aslett


title: Don Aslett

texts:
 believes that not being clean leads to depression, while removing clutter from ones' life means letting go of junk and a lifestyle of excess. He says, "nothing will change your life faster than when you throw away your junk. You have more time, you have more space, you feel better, you're healthier." In preparation for its opening, the building was renovated to be environmentally friendly. During the renovation, 80% of the materials that were removed were recycled. The landscaping was designed to require little water.The museum has non-reflective windows and exterior LED lights, which are energy-saving. Its electric bill is about 25% of what it would have been without the modifications. A rainwater collection system supplies water for landscaping and toilets and some of the building's energy is supplied from its passive solar system. In 2013, he received the Pollution Prevention Champion Award from the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality for the environmental-friendly building. Due to a grant from Monsanto, and in partnership with the Pocatello High School, a hydroponic greenhouse will be installed on the roof of the museum by 2017. It will teach students about green energy and how plants grow. Wind turbines and solar panels will generate power, such as to provide electricity for lights during the nighttime.Other
By the mid-1990s, <mask> was appearing on a number of television shows, like The Oprah Winfrey Show, and made 5,000 appearances to talk about cleaning. To make his talks more interesting, he seeks to entertain, covering topics such as "Make Your House Do the Housework" and "Clean in a Minute". He has also served as a motivational speaker. Notes

References

Further reading

External links
 Museum of Clean
 <mask>'s Cleaning Center

1935 births
Living people
Idaho State University alumni
American motivational speakers
Latter Day Saints from Idaho
People from Pocatello, Idaho
Writers from Idaho
20th-century American

masks:
Aslett
Don Aslett


title: James Hill (British Army officer)

texts: Brigadier <mask>,  (14 March 1911 – 16 March 2006) was a British Army officer, who served as commander of the 3rd Parachute Brigade, part of the 6th Airborne Division, during the Second World War. Born in Bath, Somerset, in 1911, <mask> was educated at Marlborough College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst before joining the British Army in 1931 and being commissioned into the Royal Fusiliers. He commanded a platoon for a short period, and was then attached to the command post of Field Marshal Lord Gort during the Battle of France in May 1940, where he oversaw the evacuation of Brussels as well as the beach at De Panne during the evacuation of Dunkirk. After a brief period of time in the Irish Free State, he volunteered for parachute training and joined the 1st Parachute Battalion, and was its commanding officer when its parent formation, the 1st Parachute Brigade, was deployed to North Africa. <mask> commanded the battalion during its first airborne operation in North Africa, dropping near the towns of Souk el-Arba and Béja, in Tunisia. It secured Beja and then sent out patrols to harass German troops, ambushing a convoy and inflicting numerous German casualties, and defended a bridge at Medjez el Bab, although it was eventually forced to retreat. <mask> was wounded during an attack by the battalion on Gue Hill, in which he attempted to capture three Italian tanks using his revolver; the crews of two were successfully subdued without incident, but the third opened fire and hit <mask> in the chest several times.He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) and the French Legion of

masks:
Stanley James Ledger Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill


title: James Hill (British Army officer)

texts:
 Honour for his service in North Africa and then evacuated back to England. There he took command of the 3rd Parachute Brigade in the newly formed 6th Airborne Division, and jumped with the brigade during Operation Tonga, the British airborne landings in Normandy on the night of 5/6 June 1944. After nearly being killed on D-Day, by an aircraft strafing his position, <mask> commanded the brigade throughout the rest of the time it was in Normandy, once leading a counter-attack during a German assault, later being awarded the first Bar to his DSO. After advancing to the Seine, the 6th Airborne Division was withdrawn to England in September 1944, but briefly served in the Ardennes in December during the Battle of the Bulge. <mask> then commanded 3rd Parachute Brigade during Operation Varsity, the Allied airborne assault over the River Rhine, where he was nearly killed by a glider containing his own personal Jeep. He then commandeered a motorcycle and rode alongside the brigade as the 6th Airborne Division advanced from the Rhine to the River Elbe, at the end of which he was awarded a second Bar to his DSO as well as the American Silver Star. After the war, he was briefly military governor of Copenhagen, for which he was awarded the King Haakon VII Liberty Cross, and also raised and commanded the 4th Parachute Brigade (Territorial Army).Retiring from the British Army in 1949, he became involved in a number of charities and businesses. <mask> died on 16 March 2006, aged 95. Early life
<mask> was born on 14 March 1911, in Bath, Somerset, the son of Major General <mask>. He was educated at Marlborough

masks:
Hill
Hill
James Hill
Hill
Walter Hill


title: James Hill (British Army officer)

texts:
 College, where he was the head of the college's Officer Training Corps, and then attended the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst; there he won the Sword of Honour and became captain of athletics. He joined the British Army in 1931, being commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant into the Royal Fusiliers (City of London regiment), the regiment which his father commanded. He ran the regimental athletic and boxing associations during his service with the regiment, and in 1936 transferred to the Supplementary Reserve in order to marry his first wife, Denys Gunter-Jones. For the next three years he worked as part of his family's ferry company.Second World War
When the Second World War began in September 1939, <mask> was recalled to his regiment and given command of the 2nd Battalion, Royal Fusiliers' advance party when the battalion left for France during the same month. The battalion was assigned to the 12th Infantry Brigade, part of the 4th Infantry Division. He then commanded a platoon for several months, when the battalion was stationed along the Maginot Line, before being promoted to the rank of Captain in January 1940 and joining the staff at Allied Headquarters. The Battle of France began in May 1940, by which time <mask> was attached to the command post of Field Marshal Lord Gort; during this period he was involved in planning the evacuation of the civilian population of Brussels, and also carried Gort's dispatches to Calais ordering the withdrawal of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). At the end of the campaign, he took command of the evacuation of the beach at La Panne, and was on the last destroyer

masks: Hill Hill


title: James Hill (British Army officer)

texts:
 would provide a number of opportunities for airborne operations.The War Office and Commander in Chief, Home Forces were won over by the argument, and agreed to detach the brigade from 1st Airborne Division and place it under the command of General Dwight D. Eisenhower, who would command all Allied troops participating in the invasion. After it had been brought to full operational strength, partly by cross posting personnel from the newly formed 2nd Parachute Brigade, and had been provided with sufficient equipment and resources, the brigade departed for North Africa at the beginning of November 1942. North Africa

As an insufficient number of transport aircraft were allocated to the brigade, it was only possible to transport the 3rd Parachute Battalion by air. The rest of the brigade arrived at Algiers on 12 November, with some of its stores arriving slightly later. By the evening, reconnaissance parties had travelled to the airfield at Maison Blanche, with the remainder of the brigade following on the morning of 13 November; it was quartered in Maison Blanche, Maison Carree and Rouiba. After several ambitious airborne operations were planned but then cancelled by British First Army, on 14 November it directed that a single parachute battalion would be dropped the next day near Souk el-Arba and Béja; the battalion was to contact French forces at Beja to ascertain whether they would remain neutral, or support the Allies; secure and guard the cross roads and airfield at Soul el Arba; and patrol eastwards to harass German forces. 1st Parachute Battalion was selected for the task, to which <mask>


title: James Hill (British Army officer)

texts: objected.The battalion had been forced to unload the vessel carrying its supplies and equipment itself, and had also to arrange its own transportation to Maison Blanche as no drivers were provided at Algiers; when it had arrived at Maison Blanche, it had been subjected to several Luftwaffe air raids that targeted the airfield. <mask> argued that as a result his men were exhausted, and he did not believe all of the battalion's equipment could be sorted out within twenty four hours; as such he asked for the operation to be postponed for a short period, but this was denied. <mask> faced further problems as he planned for the operation. The American pilots of the Dakota transport aircraft that would transport the battalion were inexperienced and had never conducted a parachute drop before, and there was no time for any training or exercises. There were also no photos of the airfield or the surrounding areas, and only a single, small scale map available for navigation. To ensure that the aircraft found the drop zone and delivered the battalion accurately, <mask> sat in the cockpit of the leading Dakota and assisted the pilot. The Dakotas were escorted by four American P-38 Lightning fighters, which engaged and drove off two roving German fighters, but as the Dakotas approached the Tunisian border they encountered thick clouds and were forced to turn back, landing at Maison Blanche at 11:00.It was decided that the battalion would conduct the operation the next day, which allowed the paratroopers to rest for a night. 1st Parachute Battalion took off on the morning of 16 November, and enjoyed excellent

masks: Hill Hill Hill