title: Stanley Kubrick

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 did he have unanimously positive reviews upon the release of a film—for Paths of Glory. Writing and staging scenes

Film author Patrick Webster considers Kubrick's methods of writing and developing scenes to fit with the classical auteur theory of directing, allowing collaboration and improvisation with the actors during filming. Malcolm McDowell recalled Kubrick's collaborative emphasis during their discussions and his willingness to allow him to improvise a scene, stating that "there was a script and we followed it, but when it didn't work he knew it, and we had to keep rehearsing endlessly until we were bored with it". Once Kubrick was confident in the overall staging of a scene, and felt the actors were prepared, he would then develop the visual aspects, including camera and lighting placement.Walker believes that <mask> was one of "very few film directors competent to instruct their lighting photographers in the precise effect they want". Baxter believes that <mask> was heavily influenced by his ancestry and always possessed a European perspective to filmmaking, particularly the Austro-Hungarian empire and his admiration for Max Ophuls and Richard Strauss. Gilbert Adair, writing in a review for Full Metal Jacket, commented that "Kubrick's approach to language has always been of a reductive and uncompromisingly deterministic nature. He appears to view it as the exclusive product of environmental conditioning, only very marginally influenced by concepts of subjectivity and interiority, by all whims, shades and modulations of personal expression". Johnson notes that although Kubrick was a "visual filmmaker", he also loved words and was like a writer in his approach, very sensitive to the story itself,


title: Stanley Kubrick

type: original

texts:
 which he found unique. Before shooting began, Kubrick tried to have the script as complete as possible, but still allowed himself enough space to make changes during the filming, finding it "more profitable to avoid locking up any ideas about staging or camera or even dialogue prior to rehearsals" as he put it. <mask> told Robert Emmett Ginna: "I think you have to view the entire problem of putting the story you want to tell up there on that light square.It begins with the selection of the property; it continues through the creation of the story, the sets, the costumes, the photography and the acting. And when the picture is shot, it's only partially finished. I think the cutting is just a continuation of directing a movie. I think the use of music effects, opticals and finally main titles are all part of telling the story. And I think the fragmentation of these jobs, by different people, is a very bad thing". Kubrick also said: "I think that the best plot is no apparent plot. I like a slow start, the start that gets under the audience's skin and involves them so that they can appreciate grace notes and soft tones and don't have to be pounded over the head with plot points and suspense tools."Directing

<mask> was notorious for demanding multiple takes during filming to perfect his art, and his relentless approach was often extremely demanding for his actors. Jack Nicholson remarked that Kubrick would often demand up to fifty takes of a scene. Nicole Kidman explains that the large number of takes he often required stopped actors from consciously thinking about technique, thereby helping them enter a "deeper place". Kubrick's high take ratio was considered by some critics as "irrational"; he firmly believed

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title: Stanley Kubrick

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 further added, "Kubrick had his own approach to film-making. He wanted to see the actor's faces.He didn't want cameras always in a wide shot twenty-five feet away, he wanted close-ups, he wanted to keep the camera moving. That was his style." Similarly, Malcolm McDowell recalls the long discussions he had with Kubrick to help him develop his character in A Clockwork Orange, noting that on set he felt entirely uninhibited and free, which is what made Kubrick "such a great director". Kubrick also allowed actors at times to improvise and to "break the rules", particularly with Peter Sellers in Lolita, which became a turning point in his career as it allowed him to work creatively during the shooting, as opposed to the preproduction stage. During an interview, Ryan O'Neal recalled Kubrick's directing style: "God, he works you hard. He moves you, pushes you, helps you, gets cross with you, but above all he teaches you the value of a good director. <mask> brought out aspects of my personality and acting instincts that had been dormant ... My strong suspicion [was] that I was involved in something great".He further added that working with Kubrick was "a stunning experience" and that he never recovered from working with somebody of such magnificence. Cinematography

Kubrick credited the ease with which he filmed scenes to his early years as a photographer. He rarely added camera instructions in the script, preferring to handle that after a scene is created, as the visual part of film-making came easiest to him. Even in deciding which props and settings would be used, Kubrick paid meticulous attention to detail and tried to collect as much background material as possible, functioning rather like what he described as


title: Stanley Kubrick

texts: "a detective". Cinematographer John Alcott, who worked closely with Kubrick on four of his films, and won an Oscar for Best Cinematography on Barry Lyndon, remarked that Kubrick "questions everything", and was involved in the technical aspects of film-making including camera placement, scene composition, choice of lens, and even operating the camera which would usually be left to the cinematographer. Alcott considered Kubrick to be the "nearest thing to genius I've ever worked with, with all the problems of a genius". Among Kubrick's innovations in cinematography are his use of special effects, as in 2001, where he used both slit-scan photography and front-screen projection, which won Kubrick his only Oscar for special effects.Some reviewers have described and illustrated with video clips, <mask>'s use of "one-point perspective", which leads the viewer's eye towards a central vanishing point. The technique relies on creating a complex visual symmetry using parallel lines in a scene which all converge on that single point, leading away from the viewer. Combined with camera motion it could produce an effect that one writer describes as "hypnotic and thrilling". The Shining was among the first half-dozen features to use the then-revolutionary Steadicam (after the 1976 films Bound for Glory, Marathon Man and Rocky). <mask> used it to its fullest potential, which gave the audience smooth, stabilized, motion-tracking by the camera. <mask> described Steadicam as being like a "magic carpet", allowing "fast, flowing, camera movements" in the maze in The Shining which otherwise would have been impossible. <mask> was among the first directors to use video assist during filming.At the time he began using it in 1966, it

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title: Stanley Kubrick

texts: other phase of filmmaking ... Editing is the only unique aspect of filmmaking which does not resemble any other art form—a point so important it cannot be overstressed ... It can make or break a film". Biographer John Baxter stated that "Instead of finding the intellectual spine of a film in the script before starting work, Kubrick felt his way towards the final version of a film by shooting each scene from many angles and demanding scores of takes on each line.Then over months ... he arranged and rearranged the tens of thousands of scraps of film to fit a vision that really only began to emerge during editing". <mask>'s attention to music was an aspect of what many referred to as his "perfectionism" and extreme attention to minute details, which his wife Christiane attributed to an addiction to music. In his last six films, Kubrick usually chose music from existing sources, especially classical compositions. He preferred selecting recorded music over having it composed for a film, believing that no hired composer could do as well as the public domain classical composers. He also felt that building scenes from great music often created the "most memorable scenes" in the best films. In one instance, for a scene in Barry Lyndon which was written into the screenplay as merely, "Barry duels with Lord Bullingdon", he spent forty-two working days in the editing phase. During that period, he listened to what LoBrutto describes as "every available recording of seventeenth-and eighteenth- century music, acquiring thousands of records to find Handel's sarabande used to score the scene".Nicholson likewise observed his attention to music, stating that <mask> "listened constantly to music until he discovered something he


title: Stanley Kubrick

texts:
 felt was right or that excited him". <mask> is credited with introducing Hungarian composer György Ligeti to a broad Western audience by including his music in 2001, The Shining and Eyes Wide Shut. According to Baxter, the music in 2001 was "at the forefront of <mask>'s mind" when he conceived the film. During earlier screening he played music by Mendelssohn and Vaughan Williams, and <mask> and writer Clarke had listened to Carl Orff's transcription of Carmina Burana, consisting of 13th century sacred and secular songs. Ligeti's music employed the new style of micropolyphony, which used sustained dissonant chords that shift slowly over time, a style he originated. Its inclusion in the film became a "boon for the relatively unknown composer" partly because it was introduced alongside background by Johann Strauss and Richard Strauss. In addition to Ligeti, Kubrick enjoyed a collaboration with composer Wendy Carlos, whose 1968 album Switched-On Bach—which re-interpreted baroque music through the use of a Moog synthesizer—caught his attention.In 1971, Carlos composed and recorded music for the soundtrack of A Clockwork Orange. Additional music not used in the film was released in 1972 as Wendy Carlos's Clockwork Orange. <mask> later collaborated with Carlos on The Shining (1980). The opening of the film employs Carlos' rendering of "Dies Irae" (Day of Wrath) from Hector Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique. Personal life

<mask> married his high-school sweetheart Toba Metz, a caricaturist, on May 29, 1948, when he was 19 years old. The couple lived together in Greenwich Village and divorced three years later in 1951. He met his second wife, the Austrian-born dancer and theatrical designer Ruth Sobotka, in 1952.They

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title: Stanley Kubrick

texts: lived together in New York City's East Village beginning in 1952, married in January 1955 and moved to Hollywood in July 1955, where she played a brief part as a ballet dancer in <mask>'s film, Killer's Kiss (1955). The following year, she was art director for his film, The Killing (1956). They divorced in 1957. During the production of Paths of Glory in Munich in early 1957, <mask> met and romanced the German actress Christiane Harlan, who played a small though memorable role in the film. <mask> married Harlan in 1958 and the couple remained together for 40 years, until his death in 1999. Besides his stepdaughter, they had two daughters together: Anya Renata (April 6, 1959 – July 7, 2009) and Vivian Vanessa (born August 5, 1960). In 1959, they settled into a home at 316 South Camden Drive in Beverly Hills with Harlan's daughter, Katherina, aged six.They also lived in New York City, during which time Christiane studied art at the Art Students League of New York, later becoming an independent artist. The couple moved to the United Kingdom in 1961 to make Lolita, and <mask> hired Peter Sellers to star in his next film, Dr. Strangelove. Sellers was unable to leave the UK, so Kubrick made Britain his permanent home thereafter. The move was quite convenient to Kubrick, since he shunned the Hollywood system and its publicity machine and he and Christiane had become alarmed with the increase in violence in New York City. In 1965, the Kubricks bought Abbots Mead on Barnet Lane, just south-west of the Elstree/Borehamwood studio complex in England. Kubrick worked almost exclusively from this home for 14 years where, he researched, invented special effects techniques, designed ultra-low light lenses for specially


title: Stanley Kubrick

texts: modified cameras, pre-produced, edited, post-produced, advertised, distributed and carefully managed all aspects of four of his films. In 1978, Kubrick moved into Childwickbury Manor in Hertfordshire, a mainly 18th-century stately home, which was once owned by a wealthy racehorse owner, about  north of London and a 10-minute drive from his previous home at Abbotts Mead.His new home became a workplace for Kubrick and his wife, "a perfect family factory" as Christiane called it, and Kubrick converted the stables into extra production rooms besides ones within the home that he used for editing and storage. A workaholic, Kubrick rarely took a vacation or left England during the forty years before his death. LoBrutto notes that Kubrick's confined way of living and desire for privacy has led to spurious stories about his reclusiveness, similar to those of Greta Garbo, Howard Hughes and J. D. Salinger. Michael Herr, Kubrick's co-screenwriter on Full Metal Jacket, who knew him well, considers his "reclusiveness" to be myth: "[He] was in fact a complete failure as a recluse, unless you believe that a recluse is simply someone who seldom leaves his house. <mask> saw a lot of people ... he was one of the most gregarious men I ever knew and it didn't change anything that most of this conviviality went on over the phone." LoBrutto states that one of the reasons he acquired a reputation as a recluse was that he insisted in remaining near his home but the reason for this was that for Kubrick there were only three places on the planet he could make high quality films with the necessary technical expertise and equipment: Los Angeles, New York City or around London. He disliked living in Los Angeles and thought London a


title: Stanley Kubrick

texts:
 superior film production center to New York City.As a person, <mask> was described by Norman Lloyd as "a very dark, sort of a glowering type who was very serious". Marisa Berenson, who starred in Barry Lyndon, fondly recalled: "There was great tenderness in him and he was passionate about his work. What was striking was his enormous intelligence but he also had a great sense of humor. He was a very shy person and self-protective but he was filled with the thing that drove him twenty-four hours of the day." Kubrick was particularly fond of machines and technical equipment, to the point that his wife Christiane once stated that "<mask> would be happy with eight tape recorders and one pair of pants". Kubrick had obtained a pilot's license in August 1947 and some have claimed that he later developed a fear of flying, stemming from an incident in the early 1950s when a colleague was killed in a plane crash. Kubrick had been sent the charred remains of his camera and notebooks which, according to Duncan, traumatized him for life.<mask> also had a strong mistrust of doctors and medicine. Death

On March 7, 1999, six days after screening a final cut of Eyes Wide Shut for his family and the stars, <mask> died in his sleep at the age of 70, suffering a heart attack. His funeral was held five days later at Childwickbury Manor, with only close friends and family in attendance, totaling about 100 people. The media were kept a mile away outside the entrance gate. Alexander Walker, who attended the funeral, described it as a "family farewell, ... almost like an English picnic", with cellists, clarinetists and singers providing song and music from many of his favorite classical compositions. Kaddish, the Jewish prayer

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title: Stanley Kubrick

texts:
 typically said by mourners and in other contexts, was recited. A few of his obituaries mentioned his Jewish background.Among those who gave eulogies were Terry Semel, Jan Harlan, Steven Spielberg, Nicole Kidman and Tom Cruise. He was buried next to his favorite tree on the estate. In her book dedicated to <mask>, his wife Christiane included one of his favorite quotations of Oscar Wilde: "The tragedy of old age is not that one is old but that one is young." Legacy

Cultural impact

Part of the New Hollywood film-making wave, <mask>'s films are considered by film historian Michel Ciment to be "among the most important contributions to world cinema in the twentieth century", and he is frequently cited as one of the greatest and most influential directors in the history of cinema. Leading directors, including Martin Scorsese, Steven Spielberg, Wes Anderson, George Lucas, James Cameron, Terry Gilliam, the Coen brothers, Ridley Scott, and George A. Romero, have cited Kubrick as a source of inspiration, and additionally in the case of Spielberg and Scott, collaboration. On the DVD of Eyes Wide Shut, Steven Spielberg comments that the way Kubrick "tells a story is antithetical to the way we are accustomed to receiving stories" and that "nobody could shoot a picture better in history". Orson Welles, one of <mask>'s greatest personal influences and favorite directors, said that: "Among those whom I would call 'younger generation', Kubrick appears to me to be a giant."<mask> continues to be cited as a major influence by many directors, including Christopher Nolan, Todd Field, David Fincher, Guillermo del Toro, David Lynch, Lars von Trier, Tim Burton, Michael Mann, and Gaspar Noé. Many filmmakers imitate Kubrick's


title: Stanley Kubrick

texts:
 inventive and unique use of camera movement and framing, as well as his use of music, including Frank Darabont. Artists in fields other than film have also expressed admiration for Kubrick. English musician and poet PJ Harvey, in an interview about her 2011 album Let England Shake, argued that "something about [...] what is not said in his films...there's so much space, so many things that are silent – and somehow, in that space and silence everything becomes clear. With every film, he seems to capture the essence of life itself, particularly in films like Paths of Glory, 2001: A Space Odyssey, Barry Lyndon...those are some of my favorites." The music video for Kanye West's 2010 song "Runaway" was inspired by Eyes Wide Shut. Pop singer Lady Gaga's concert shows have included the use of dialogue, costumes, and music from A Clockwork Orange.Tributes

In 2000, BAFTA renamed their Britannia lifetime achievement award the "Stanley Kubrick Britannia Award", joining the likes of D. W. Griffith, Laurence Olivier, Cecil B. DeMille, and Irving Thalberg, all of whom have annual awards named after them. <mask> won this award in 1999, and subsequent recipients have included George Lucas, Warren Beatty, Tom Cruise, Robert De Niro, Clint Eastwood, and Daniel Day-Lewis. Many people who worked with Kubrick on his films created the 2001 documentary <mask>: A Life in Pictures, produced and directed by Kubrick's brother-in-law, Jan Harlan, who had executive produced Kubrick's last four films. The first public exhibition of material from Kubrick's personal archives was presented jointly in 2004 by the Deutsches Filmmuseum and Deutsches Architekturmuseum in Frankfurt, Germany, in cooperation with Christiane <mask> and Jan Harlan

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Stanley Kubrick
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title: Stanley Kubrick

texts: / The Stanley Kubrick Estate. In 2009, an exhibition of paintings and photos inspired by Kubrick's films was held in Dublin, Ireland, entitled "<mask>brick: Taming Light". On October 30, 2012, an exhibition devoted to Kubrick opened at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) and concluded in June 2013. Exhibits include a wide collection of documents, photographs and on-set material assembled from 800 boxes of personal archives that were stored in Kubrick's home-workplace in the UK.Many celebrities attended and spoke at the museum's pre-opening gala, including Steven Spielberg, Tom Hanks and Jack Nicholson, while <mask>'s widow, Christiane, appeared at the pre-gala press review. In October 2013, the Brazil São Paulo International Film Festival paid tribute to Kubrick, staging an exhibit of his work and a retrospective of his films. The exhibit opened at the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) in late 2014 and ended in January 2015. Kubrick is widely referenced in popular culture; for example, the TV series The Simpsons is said to contain more references to Kubrick films than any other pop culture phenomenon. When the Directors Guild of Great Britain gave Kubrick a lifetime achievement award, they included a cut-together sequence of all the homages from the show. Several works have been created that related to Kubrick's life, including the made-for-TV mockumentary Dark Side of the Moon (2002), which is a parody of the pervasive conspiracy theory that Kubrick had been involved with the faked footage of the NASA moon landings during the filming of 2001: A Space Odyssey. Colour Me Kubrick (2005) was authorized by Kubrick's family and starred John Malkovich as Alan Conway, a con artist who had assumed

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Stanley Ku
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title: Stanley Kubrick

texts: Kubrick's identity in the 1990s.In the 2004 film The Life and Death of Peter Sellers, <mask> was portrayed by <mask>; the film documents the filming of Dr. Strangelove. In April 2018, the month that marked the 50th anniversary of 2001: A Space Odyssey, the International Astronomical Union named the largest mountain of Pluto's moon Charon after Kubrick. From October 2019 to March 2020, the Skirball Cultural Center hosted an exhibition called Through a Different Lens: <mask> Photographs, a show focusing on <mask>'s early

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title: Jim Goldberg

texts:
<mask> (born 1953) is an American artist and photographer, whose work reflects long-term, in-depth collaborations with neglected, ignored, or otherwise outside-the-mainstream populations. Among the many awards <mask> has received are three National Endowment of the Arts Fellowships in Photography, a Guggenheim Fellowship, the Henri Cartier-Bresson Award, and the Deutsche Börse Photography Prize. His works have been exhibited, published, and collected internationally. <mask> is Professor Emeritus at the California College of the Arts, and has been a member of the Magnum Photos agency since 2002. He currently lives and works in the greater Bay Area. Artistic career
<mask> is best known for his photography books, multi-media exhibitions, and video installations, among them: Rich and Poor (1985), Nursing Home, Raised by Wolves (1995), Hospice, and Open See (2009). His work often examines the lives of neglected, ignored, or otherwise outside-the-mainstream populations through long-term, in depth collaborations which investigate the nature of American myths about class, power, and happiness.<mask> is part of an experimental documentary movement in photography, using a straightforward, cinéma vérité approach, based on a fundamentally narrative understanding of photography. The individuality of the subjects emerges in his works, "forming a context within which the viewer may integrate the unthinkable into the concept of self. Thus portrayed, this terrifying other is restored as a universal." <mask>'s work was featured with that of Robert Adams and Joel Sternfeld in a 1984 exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art entitled "Three Americans"; the exhibition was described as "a show of politically charged and socially conscious images." His 1985 book Rich and Poor,

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Jim Goldberg
Goldberg
Goldberg
Goldberg
Goldberg
Goldberg


title: Jim Goldberg

texts: re-released by Steidl in an expanded edition in 2014, includes photographs of people in their homes along with handwritten comments by them about their lives. For example, the handwriting under the photograph reproduced on the front cover reads "I keep thinking where we went wrong. We have no one to talk to now, however, I will not allow this loneliness to destroy me,— I STILL HAVE MY DREAMS.I would like an elegant home, a loving husband and the wealth I am used to. Countess Vivianna de Bronville." Although the book received one mixed review shortly after publication, other reviews were positive, and it was later selected as one of the greatest photobooks of the 20th century. The photographs in a 1986 exhibition of <mask>'s The Nursing Home Series were accompanied by handwritten text by the nursing home residents who were the subjects of the photographs. A review of a 1990 exhibition Shooting Back: Photography by and About the Homeless at the Washington Project for the Arts characterized the exhibition as "Issue Art" and characterized <mask> as "a superior Issue Artist because he's a superior artist." A major mixed-media exhibition by <mask> concerning at risk and homeless youth in California entitled Raised by Wolves began traveling in 1995 and was accompanied by a book of the same title. A review of the exhibition at the Corcoran Gallery of Art noted that <mask> made reference to other artists and photographers; used photographs, videos, objects, and texts to convey meaning; and "let his viewers feel, in some corner of their psyches, the lure of abject lowliness, the siren call of pain."Although the accompanying book received one mixed review shortly after publication, it was described as "a heartbreaking novel with pictures", and in The Photobook: A

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title: Jim Goldberg

texts: History, Martin Parr and Gerry Badger praised it as "complex and thoughtful." A 1999 mixed media installation at the San Francisco Arts Commission gallery entitled "57/78/97" explored race relations in the United States, including the Little Rock Crisis of 1957, the 1978 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke decision, and the year following the passage of California Proposition 209 (1996) concerning affirmative action. Selected photographs from a series by <mask> called "Open See," concerning refugees, immigrants, and trafficked people, were first exhibited in San Francisco in 2007. One review stated that the photographs may leave the viewer "paralyzed by uncertainty about what might alleviate the injustices" depicted. Part of the series came to be known as "Open See", and <mask>'s book of that title was published in 2009 by Steidl. In 2013 <mask> was an artist in residence at Yale University Art Gallery with Donovan Wylie. They each created a body of work based in New Haven.In Candy, <mask>, a New Haven native, creates a multilayered photo-novel of aspiration and disillusionment, interspersing Super 8 film stills, images of New Haven’s urban landscape, annotated Polaroid portraits, and collaged archival materials to explicate the rise and fall of American cities in the 20th century. <mask> considers New Haven’s quest to become a “model city” of America, contrasting its civic aspirations with its citizens’ lived realities. <mask> is a Professor Emeritus of Photography and Fine Arts at the California College of the Arts from 1987-2014 and has been a full member of the Magnum Photos agency since 2006. He lives and works in the Bay Area. His fashion, editorial and advertising work has appeared in numerous publications including W, Details, Flaunt, The

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Goldberg
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Jim Goldberg
Goldberg
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title: Jim Goldberg

texts:
 New York Times Magazine, Esquire, Rebel, GQ, The New Yorker and Dazed and Confused. Education
<mask> studied at San Francisco Art Institute with Larry Sultan, a conceptually oriented photographer. Publications

Publications by <mask>
Rich and Poor.New York: Random House, 1985. .
Göttingen, Germany: Steidl, 2014. . Expanded edition. Raised by Wolves. Zurich and New York: Scalo, 1995. . It Ended Sad, But I Love Where it Began. Kin series, book 4. Oakland, CA: These Birds Walk, 2007.Open See. Göttingen, Germany: Steidl, 2009. .
 134 Ways to Forget. Kamakura, Japan: Super Labo, 2011. . Edition of 700 copies. Proof. New York: International Center of Photography, 2013. . Zine format. Edition of 1000 copies.Polaroids from Haiti. One Picture Book 84. Portland, OR: Nazraeli, 2014. . The Last Son. Kanagawa, Japan: Super Labo, 2016. .
Candy. New Haven, CT: Yale, 2017. . A two-volume set with Donovan Wylie's A Good and Spacious Land. Ruby Every Fall.Paso Robles: Nazraeli Press, 2016. Edition of 100 copies. Raised By Wolves Bootleg. Self-published, 2016. Edition of 500 copies. Darrell and Particia. San Francisco: Pier 24 Photography, 2018.Edition of 1,500 copies. Gene. Self-published. Edition of 250 copies. Fingerprint. London: Stanley/Barker, 2020. Box set of 45 facsimile Polaroids.Publications paired with others
Candy. New Haven, CT: Yale, 2017. . A two-volume set with Donovan Wylie's A Good and Spacious Land. Publications with contributions by <mask>
Hospice: a photographic inquiry. Boston: Little, Brown, in association with the Corcoran Gallery of Art and National Hospice Foundation, 1996. . With Nan Goldin, Sally Mann, Jack Radcliffe, and Kathy Vargas. War is only half the story: the Aftermath Project. Volume 1. New York: Aperture, 2008. . With Wolf Böwig.Here. San

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title: Jim Goldberg

texts:
 Photographic Arts, San Diego, CA. 1989: Capp Street Project, San Francisco, CA.1989: University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX. 1990: Shooting Back: Photography by and About the Homeless, Washington Project for the Arts, Washington, D.C.
1990: Art at the Anchorage, Creative Time, New York. 1991: Art in General, New York. 1995: Raised by Wolves, Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; Museum of Design Zürich, Switzerland. 1996: <mask>: Raised by Wolves, Parco Gallery, Tokyo, Japan; PaceWildenstein/MacGill, New York; Addison Gallery of American Art, Andover, United States. 1997: Raised by Wolves, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA; Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA; Pace/Wildenstein/MacGill, Los Angeles, CA. 1999: 57/78/97, San Francisco Arts Commission Gallery, San Francisco, CA.2004: Two Stories, Pace/MacGill Gallery, New York. 2005: In the Open See, Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto, Canada. 2007: The New Europeans, Stephen Wirtz Gallery, San Francisco, CA. 2009: Raised By Wolves, Rencontres d'Arles, Arles, France. 2009: Open See, The Photographers' Gallery, London. 2009: Open See, Fondation Henri Cartier-Bresson, Paris. 2010: <mask>, Parco 2, Pordenone Contemporary Art Exhibition Site Via Bertossi, Pordenone, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy, November 2010 – January 2011.2011: Here.,'' Pier 24 Photography, San Francisco, CA, May 2011 – January 2012

Collections
<mask>'s work is held in the following public collections:

References

External links
Biography from Stephen Bulger Gallery
Biography from Stephen Wirtz Gallery

1953 births
Living people
American photographers
Magnum photographers
Artists from the San Francisco Bay Area
San Francisco Art Institute alumni
Western Washington University alumni
Artists from

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Jim Goldberg
Jim Goldberg
Goldberg


title: Avard Fairbanks

texts:
<mask> (March 2, 1897 – January 1, 1987) was a 20th-century American sculptor. Over his eighty-year career, he sculpted over 100 public monuments and hundreds of artworks. <mask> is known for his religious-themed commissions for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) including the Three Witnesses, Tragedy of Winter Quarters, and several Angel Moroni sculptures on LDS temple spires. Additionally, <mask> sculpted over a dozen Abraham Lincoln-themed sculptures and busts among which the most well-known reside in the U.S. Supreme Court Building and Ford's Theatre Museum. From a young age, <mask> was a talented artist. At 13 years old, he attended the Art Students League of New York on scholarship and his work was displayed at the National Academy of Design a year later. In 1913, he studied abroad in Paris at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts where he was the youngest student admitted to the French salons.He taught sculpture at several universities and attended medical school at the University of Michigan where he earned a doctorate in anatomical studies in order to better represent the human body in his art. Life

Early life and education
<mask> Tennyson <mask> was born on March 2, 1897, in Provo, Utah. He was the last and eleventh child of the artist <mask> and Lilly Annetta Huish. <mask> was introduced to art by his father and brother J. Leo <mask>. His first piece of art was a small, clay rabbit that won first prize in the 1909 Utah State Fair. However, after the judge learned of <mask>'s young age, he revoked the prize. <mask> joined his father in New York City to copy art pieces at the Metropolitan Museum, where he was reluctantly received by the curators due to his inexperience.However, he showed great skill and was called a "young Michelangelo" by the New York Herald, which led to other commissions for <mask> such as

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Avard
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John Fairbanks
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title: Avard Fairbanks

texts:
 animal models for the Bronx Zoological Gardens. There, he was instructed by Anna Hyatt Huntington and Charles R. Knight. He attended the Art Students League of New York on scholarship at age 13, instructed by James Earle Fraser. By the age of 14, his art was displayed at the National Academy of Design. He promptly returned to Utah after 18 months studying in New York, to prepare to study art abroad. <mask> and his father tried to obtain as many commissions as possible to pay for his study abroad. Among these commissions was a lion he sculpted out of butter for the Utah State Fair, channeling the butter sculpture fable of Antonio Canova.This sculpture attracted a large audience and was well received. In 1913, <mask> studied at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris, instructed by Jean Antoine Injalbert. Additionally, he studied at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière, the Académie Colarossi, and the École Moderne. He became the youngest student admitted to the French Salon; however, his studies were cut short due to World War I. <mask> and his father escaped Europe on the last train out of Paris and the last spots available on the boat Ansonia leaving Liverpool, returning to New York with only fifteen cents between the two of them. Career
After returning from Paris, <mask> <mask> continued his artistry in Utah, focusing on clay modeling while completing high school. Some of <mask>'s pieces were displayed in the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in the Palace of Fine Arts. In 1915, he received his first major commission sculpting statues and an elaborate frieze on the Laie Hawaii Temple for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with his brother J. Leo.<mask>'s romantic interest Beatrice Maude Fox, from Taylorsville, Utah, joined him in Hawaii. They married on June 25, 1918 in Honolulu, Hawaii. After the project was finished

masks: Fairbanks Fairbanks Fairbanks Avard Fairbanks Fairbanks Fairbanks


title: Avard Fairbanks

texts: in 1918, <mask> and Fox returned to Utah and <mask> enrolled in the University of Utah. Due to his extensive artistic training, he took other academic courses and did not complete course study in art. In 1920, he became an assistant professor of art at the University of Oregon, teaching sculpture. <mask> took a sabbatical to study at Yale University, earning a Bachelor's of Fine Arts degree and returned to instruct at University of Oregon. <mask> was offered a Guggenheim Fellowship to study art in Europe.Bringing his wife and four children along, he studied in England, France, and Italy; however, he spent most of his time in Florence, Italy. <mask> studied underneath Dante Sodini. He created work for Arciconfraternita della Misericordia during this time as well as sculptures in the theme of spring and motherhood. When <mask> returned in 1928, he taught a summer class at Seattle Art Museum#History. In 1929, he received a Master of Fine Arts degree from the University of Washington where he would construct the 91st Division Monument. In 1933, <mask>, joined by his father and brother, created the Mormon Display for the Columbian Exposition in Chicago. <mask> sculpted, his brother made stained glass, and his father painted.<mask> and his family moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan where he attended medical school, earning an MA and a Ph.D. degree in Anatomy in 1933 and 1936 respectively from the University of Michigan. He did this in order to better and more accurately represent the human body in his work. He began to use anatomical techniques in his subsequent artworks. He was appointed professor of sculpture at the University of Michigan in 1930 and taught sculpture there until 1948. While <mask> was living in Ann Arbor, he served for a time as the president of the branch of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints there. In 1947, <mask> created the Fine

masks: Fairbanks Fairbanks Fairbanks Fairbanks Fairbanks Fairbanks Fairbanks Fairbanks Fairbanks Fairbanks Fairbanks


title: Avard Fairbanks

texts:
 Arts Department at the University of Utah. He was appointed Dean and Professor of Fine Art at the College of Fine Arts at The University of Utah, 1948 to 1955.He retired as dean in 1955, but continued teaching at the University of Utah for 10 years. At the University of Utah his conservative philosophy was that "modern abstraction was part of an international communist conspiracy." In 1965, he became a resident sculptor, fine arts consultant, and lecturer at the University of North Dakota. After working at the University of North Dakota, <mask> retired, spending the rest of his life creating commissioned works. <mask> died in Salt Lake City on January 1, 1987. Works

Religious

<mask> <mask> sculpted the statues of the Angel Moroni on the Washington D.C. Temple in Kensington, Maryland, the Denver Colorado Temple, the Jordan River Utah Temple, the Mexico City, Mexico Temple, Seattle Washington Temple and the São Paulo Brazil Temple. Many of the sculptures on Temple Square in Salt Lake City are by <mask>, including the Three Witnesses Monument.<mask> also sculpted the "Tragedy of  Winter Quarters" at the Winter Quarters Historical Site. This project was particularly meaningful to him because his ancestors suffered in Winter Quarters when it was an encampment. <mask> created a monument at the Priesthood Restoration Site in Oakland Township, Pennsylvania of the restoration of the Aaronic Priesthood. He created a sculpture of the restoration of the Melchizedek priesthood for the Mormon Pavilion at the 1964 New York World's Fair. Although most of his later work was free-standing sculptures, <mask> did create several friezes for the Harold B. Lee Library on Brigham Young University campus. Historical
In the 1920s <mask> <mask> sculpted the St. Anthony's Doughboy which resides in Keefer Park in Idaho. While <mask> was a member of the faculty of the University of

masks: Fairbanks Fairbanks Avard Fairbanks Fairbanks Fairbanks Fairbanks Fairbanks Avard Fairbanks Fairbanks


title: Avard Fairbanks

texts: Oregon, he created his Oregon Trail sculpture.Around 1925–26, he designed several bas relief panels, cast in bronze, for large doors of the United States National Bank Building in Portland. The door's panels represent ideals of American life such as "Knowledge and Service", "Domestic Welfare", and "Progress through Direction". <mask> made a statue of Lycurgus and was consequently knighted by King Paul of Greece. Other monuments he created include the Pony Express, Pioneer family (at the Bismarck State Capitol), Daniel Jackling (at the Utah State Capitol), and Prime Minister of Canada McKenzie King (at Ottawa Parliament buildings). He also did multiple statues of Abraham Lincoln at Ford Theater and the U.S. Supreme Court (including The Chicago Lincoln) and The Resolute Lincoln at Lincoln's New Salem. Additionally, he designed and sculpted a George Washington statue at the Washington State Capitol Building. Other prominent figures he sculpted included John Burke, Esther Morris, and Marcus Whitman which resides in the National Capitol Building.He created the Pegasus sculpture in the northeast garden at the Meadow Brook Hall in Rochester Hills, Michigan. He also created an Ezra Meeker bust for the University of Oregon and a tabernacle door for the Altar of St. Mary's Cathedral in Eugene, Oregon. Additionally, <mask> constructed a 200-pound bronze medallion to commemorate the Oregon Trail. Three of his sculptures are in the United States Capitol, two of them in National Statuary Hall and one in a corridor; seven other statues are placed in Washington, DC. The state capitols in Washington, North Dakota, Utah and Wyoming, as well as numerous other locations, also have his works. Possibly his most widely distributed artistic contribution was the charging ram symbol of the Dodge automobile. Other radiator ornaments he designed included the Winged Mermaid of the

masks: Fairbanks Fairbanks


title: Avard Fairbanks

texts:
 Plymouth and a Griffin for the Hudson automobiles.Family
<mask> <mask>'s father was John B<mask>, an artist who also had studied in Paris art academies and was briefly an art professor at Brigham Young Academy. His mother, Lilly Annetta Huish, died on May 12, 1898, about a year after he was born as a result of an injury related to a fall she had while she was carrying fourteen-month-old <mask>. <mask>'s brother J. Leo <mask> was also an artist who had studied both painting and sculpture in the Paris art academies; <mask> considered his brother his first instructor and his mentor. <mask> <mask> had eight biological sons. Justin served as director of the art department at Eastern Arizona University. Jonathan Leo <mask> was the curator of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts in the early 1990s. Jonathan served as director of art and architecture for Salt Lake City Schools until he was appointed Professor of Art and Chairman of the Art Department at Oregon State University at Corvallis, Oregon.Elliot was a dean at the College of Eastern Utah. Eugene, Virgil, David, and Grant became physicians. <mask> Jr. was a physicist and inventor. His second eldest son, Eugene F<mask>, compiled 10 books using archival material to illustrate his father's sculpture career. According to Abbott's book, My Return, <mask> also briefly served as a foster parent to Jack Henry Abbott. In 1956, after completing the Lycurgus in Sparta, <mask> and his wife adopted two young Greek sisters. Awards and honors
<mask> <mask> was a member of many organizations and societies, including National Sculpture Society, the Architectural League of New York, the International Institute of Arts and Letters, the Protetore Della Contrada Della Torre da Siena, Italy, and the Circolo Delgi Artisti di Firenzi.He was also an honorary member of the Society of Oregon Artists. <mask> was awarded Herbert Adams

masks:
Avard
Fairbanks
. Fairbanks
Fairbanks
Avard
Fairbanks
Fairbanks
Avard
Fairbanks
Fairbanks
Avard
. Fairbanks
Fairbanks
Fairbanks
Avard
Fairbanks
Fairbanks


title: Avard Fairbanks

texts:
 Memorial Medal by the National Sculpture Society for his contributions to American sculpture. Additionally, Paul of Greece awarded <mask> a medal of the Knights of Thermopylae. <mask> received an honorary doctorate of fine arts from Lincoln College and the Lincoln Diploma of Honor from Lincoln Memorial University. Moreover, he received the Sesquicentennial Commission of the Congress of the United States. See also
 Mormon art
 Ortho R. <mask>, nephew

Notes

Further reading

External links

Avard <mask> official website
Avard <mask> official website created by <mask> which includes lists of major works and locations, a sculpture sales gallery, and a list of books about <mask>
A tribute website to <mask>
An archived tribute website to <mask> created by <mask> which includes descriptions and histories of <mask>'s major works

Avard T. <mask> papers, MSS 5866 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University
Avard Fairbanks's personal papers collection which includes correspondence, lecture notes, addresses, sketches, and drawings
<mask>, Avard, Life of Avard T. <mask>, Sculptor,(MSS 7396), L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University. Original manuscript of a <mask> unpublished biography by <mask>

1897 births
1987 deaths
Artists from Provo, Utah
American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
American Latter Day Saint artists
Sculptors from Utah
University of Michigan Medical School alumni
University of Michigan faculty
University of Oregon faculty
University of Utah faculty
University of Washington alumni
Yale University alumni
Art Students League of New York alumni
20th-century American sculptors
American male sculptors
National Sculpture Society members
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Latter Day Saints from Michigan
Latter Day Saints from Oregon
Sculptors from New York (state)
Harold B. Lee library-related 20th

masks:
Fairbanks
Fairbanks
Fairbanks
Fairbanks
Fairbanks
Eugene Fairbanks
Fairbanks
Fairbanks
Fairbanks
Jefferson Fairbanks
Fairbanks
Fairbanks
Fairbanks
Fairbanks
Fairbanks
Eugene Fairbanks


title: Deuce McAllister

texts:
Dulymus Jenod "<mask>" <mask> (born December 27, 1978) is a former American football running back who played eight seasons for the New Orleans Saints in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Ole Miss and was drafted by the Saints in the first round of the 2001 NFL Draft. <mask> was selected to two Pro Bowls in his career and won Super Bowl XLIV in 2009. As of 2010, he lives in Metairie, Louisiana. He is currently a color commentator for the Saints on radio flagship WWL (AM), having taken over from Hokie Gajan in June 2016, as well as for college football games on SEC Network. <mask> also serves as an athletic consultant for St. Martin's Episcopal School. College career
<mask> played college football for the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss).He had a record-breaking career for the Rebels. <mask> is the only player in the history of Ole Miss to record three seasons with at least 1,000 all-purpose yards. He finished his college career with Ole Miss records for carries (616), yards (3,060), rushing touchdowns (36), total touchdowns (41) points (246) and 100-yard games (13). Professional career

2001 NFL combine

New Orleans Saints
<mask> was drafted by the Saints in the first round (23rd overall) of the 2001 NFL Draft. He became the starting running back after Ricky Williams was traded. He went on to rush for over 1,000 yards in three straight seasons (a first in Saints' history). As of 2005, he ranks first in team record books with 5,586 rushing yards and 44 touchdowns and is first with 22 100-yard games, including a franchise-record nine straight contests in 2003.The Saints were 14-8 when he rushed for 100 yards in a single

masks: Deuce McAllister McAllister McAllister McAllister McAllister McAllister


title: Deuce McAllister

texts: game, and <mask> has added 212 receptions for 1,577 yards and four touchdowns. <mask> threw a touchdown pass on December 9, 2001 vs. the Atlanta Falcons. In 2003, he finished second in the NFC in rushing and fourth in the league with a career-high 1,641 yards on 351 carries which is second in club history (RB George Rogers, 1,674 yards, 1981). Including the 516 yards on a career-high 69 receptions, <mask> posted 2,157 yards that season to set a club record and rank second in the NFC. All of these accomplishments were an encore to 2002, when in his first year as a starter he led the conference with 1,388 rushing yards, scored 16 TDs and was voted to the Pro Bowl. <mask> was placed on injured reserve on October 10, 2005, after suffering a torn anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee, and returned to the roster for the 2006 season. While <mask> remained the starter, he shared time in the backfield for the first time in his career with the Saints' first-round draft pick Reggie Bush.In his first-ever play-off start (January 16, 2007) <mask> rushed for 143 yards on 21 carries with one touchdown and had 4 catches for 20 yards and another touchdown as New Orleans defeated Philadelphia, 27–24 to earn its first-ever NFC Championship Game appearance in the team's 40-year history. On September 24, 2007, during a game against the Tennessee Titans, <mask> tore his ACL in his left knee. The injury resulted in <mask> being placed on injured reserve, thereby missing the remainder of the 2007 season. <mask> returned to action on September 14, 2008 against the Washington Redskins, carrying the ball twice for 10 yards. <mask> scored his first rushing touchdown in a

masks: McAllister McAllister McAllister McAllister Deuce McAllister McAllister McAllister McAllister McAllister


title: Deuce McAllister

texts:
 regular season game since December 24, 2006 in the September 28, 2008 game against the San Francisco 49ers. <mask> set the all-time rushing touchdown record for the New Orleans Saints with a score against the Green Bay Packers on November 24, 2008. The Saints released <mask> on February 17, 2009 due to salary cap problems.After sitting out the entire 2009 regular season, <mask> was re-signed by the Saints on January 15, 2010—just one day before their divisional round playoff game against the Arizona Cardinals, to serve as the honorary captain. "<mask> <mask> has always embodied the spirit of the New Orleans Saints and the city of New Orleans," Saints head Coach Sean Payton said in a statement regarding <mask> rejoining the team. "We’re excited to have him back with the team and to have him lead us out on to the field tomorrow." Less than a week later, however, <mask> announced his plan to formally retire from the NFL at the conclusion of the playoffs. Although he did not play, McAllister was on the Saints' roster when they defeated the Colts in Super Bowl XLIV, and was also given a championship ring. <mask> was one of the players that tested positive for an ingredient found in the weight loss product Star Caps, though he retired well before the matter was officially resolved in April 2011. NFL career statistics

Personal life
<mask> runs the Catch 22 Foundation, which is dedicated to under-privileged youth and adolescents in the Gulf South Region.He previously owned Deuce McAllister Nissan, a car dealership in Jackson, Mississippi, which filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2009. He was sued by Nissan Finance, which alleged that the dealership had defaulted

masks: McAllister McAllister McAllister Deuce McAllister McAllister McAllister McAllister McAllister


title: Deuce McAllister

texts:
 on its payments. <mask>'s Louisiana home was auctioned off by the Sheriff's office shortly after. In 2012, a settlement with Nissan was ordered by a judge, however in January 2013, Nissan again sued claiming <mask> still has not paid the settlement claim. He filed a civil suit against Razzoo Bar and Patio, a Bourbon Street nightclub, after a Mardi Gras 2004 incident in which he claimed he was assaulted by the club's bouncers. The two sides came to a confidential settlement in 2009. In March 2017, St. Martin's Episcopal School announced that <mask> joined its athletic department as an athletic consultant.On July 19, 2018, New Orleans' Fox affiliates WVUE-TV announced that <mask> would join the station as a Saints analyst in addition to his WWL Radio duties, replacing the retired Jim Henderson. He also owns and operates the Ole Saint restaurant and sports bar chain with locations at 132 Royal Street in the French Quarter of New Orleans and in Boomtown Casino on the Gulf Coast in Biloxi, Mississippi. <mask> was inducted as an honoris causa initiate into Omicron Delta Kappa at the University of Holy Cross in 2020. References

External links
 <mask> <mask> Nissan

1978 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
American football running backs
College football announcers
Doping cases in American football
National Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League announcers
New Orleans Saints announcers
New Orleans Saints players
Ole Miss Rebels football players
People from Lena, Mississippi
People from Luling, Louisiana
Players of American football from Mississippi
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American

masks: McAllister McAllister McAllister McAllister McAllister Deuce McAllister


title: Nyanatiloka

texts:
Ven. <mask> (19 February 1878, Wiesbaden, Germany – 28 May 1957, Colombo, Ceylon), born as Anton Walther Florus Gueth, was one of the earliest westerners in modern times to become a Bhikkhu, a fully ordained Buddhist monk. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 19 February 1878 in Wiesbaden, Germany, as Anton Walther Florus Gueth. His father was Anton Gueth, a professor and principal of the municipal Gymnasium of Wiesbaden, as well as a private councillor. His mother's name was Paula Auffahrt. She had studied piano and singing at the Royal Court Theatre in Kassel. He studied at the Königliche Realgymnasium (Royal Gymnasium) in Wiesbaden from 1888 to 1896.From 1896 to 1898 he received private tuition in music theory and composition, and in playing the violin, piano, viola and clarinet. From 1889 to 1900 he studied theory and composition of music as well as the playing of the violin and piano at Hoch’sches Conservatorium (Hoch Conservatory) in Frankfurt. From 1900 to 1902 he studied composition under Charles-Marie Widor at the Music Academy of Paris (Paris Conservatoire). His childhood was happy. As a child Nyanatiloka had a great love of nature, of solitude in the forest, and of religious philosophical thought. He was brought up as a Catholic and as a child and adolescent he was quite devout. He went to church every evening and absorbed himself in the book The Imitation of Christ by Thomas à Kempis.As a child he wanted to become a Christian

masks:
Nyanatiloka Mahathera
Nyanatiloka


title: Nyanatiloka

texts:
 orchestras in France, Algeria, and Turkey. In 1902, intending to become a Buddhist monk in India, he travelled from Thessaloniki to Cairo by way of Palestine. After earning the necessary money by playing violin in Cairo, Port Said and Bombay, he travelled to Sri Lanka. Early years as a Buddhist monk
In 1903, at the age of 25, <mask> briefly visited Sri Lanka and then proceeded to Burma to meet the English Buddhist monk Bhikkhu Ananda Metteyya.In Burma he was ordained as a Theravada Buddhist novice (samanera) at the Nga Htat Kyi Pagoda under Venerable U Asabha Thera in September 1903. As a novice he first stayed with Ananda Metteyya for a month in the same room. In January or February 1904 he received full acceptance into the Sangha (upasampada) with U Kumara Mahathera as preceptor (upajjhaya) and became a bhikkhu with the name of Ñāṇatiloka. Although his preceptor was a renowned Abhidhamma reciter, he learned Pali and Abhidhamma mostly by himself. Later in 1904 he visited Singapore, perhaps with the intention to visit the Irish monk U Dhammaloka. At the end of 1904 he left Rangoon to go to Upper Burma together with the Indian monk Kosambi Dhammananda, the later Harvard scholar Dharmananda Damodar Kosambi. In a cave in the Sagaing Mountains they practised concentration and insight meditation under the instructions of a monk who was reputed to be an arahant.Desiring to deepen his study of Pali and the Pali scriptures, he went to Sri Lanka in 1905.


title: Nyanatiloka

texts: In 1905–06 <mask> stayed with the Siamese prince monk Jinavaravamsa, (layname Prince Prisdang Jumsai, who had earlier been the first Siamese Ambassador for Europe) in palm leaf huts on the small island of Galgodiyana near Matara, which Jinavaravamsa called Culla-Lanka ("Small Lanka"). Pictures of <mask> and Jinavaravamsa taken at this monastery suggest that they were doing meditation of the nature of the body by way of observing skeletons or were contemplating death. At Culla-Lanka Nyanatiloka ordained two laymen as novices (samanera). The Dutchman Frans Bergendahl, the troubled son of a rich merchant, was given the name Suñño and the German Fritz Stange was given the name Sumano. In the summer of 1906 <mask> returned to Germany to visit his parents. Sumana, who was suffering from consumption and had to get treatment, also went with him.They returned to Sri Lanka in October. At the end of 1906 <mask> returned to Burma alone, where he continued to work on translating the Anguttara Nikaya. He stayed at Kyundaw Kyaung, near Rangoon, in a residence built for Ananda Metteyya and him by the rich Burmese lady Mrs Hla Oung. He also stayed in Maymo in the high country. At Kyundaw Kyaung he gave the novice acceptance to the Scotsman J.F. McKechnie, who got the Pali name Sasanavamsa. This name was changed to Sīlācāra at his higher ordination.<mask> also gave the going forth (pabbajja) to the German Walter Markgraf, under the name Dhammanusari, who soon

masks: Nyanatiloka Nyanatiloka Nyanatiloka Nyanatiloka Nyanatiloka


title: Nyanatiloka

texts:
 disrobed and returned to Germany. Markgraf became a Buddhist publisher and founded the German Pali Society (Deutsche Pali Gesellschaft), of which <mask> became the Honorary President. In 1906, <mask> published his first Buddhist work in German, Das Wort des Buddha, a short anthology of the Buddha's discourses arranged by way of the framework of the Four Noble Truths. Its English translation, The Word of the Buddha became one of the most popular modern Buddhist works. It has appeared in many editions and was translated into several languages. <mask> also started on his translation of the Aṅguttara Nikaya. He gave his first public talk, on the Four Noble Truths, in 1907.It was given on a platform in front of the Pagoda of Moulmein. <mask> spoke in Pali and a Burmese Pali expert translated. Plans for a Theravada Buddhist monastery in Europe
Upon returning to Germany, Markgraf planned to found a Buddhist Monastery in the southern part of Switzerland and formed a group to realise this aim. Enrico Bignani, the publisher of Coenobium: Rivista Internazionale di Liberi Studi from Lugano had found a solitary alpine hut at the foot of Monte Lema Mountain, near the village of Novaggio overlooking Lake Maggiore, and <mask> left Burma for Novaggio at the end of 1909 or the beginning of 1910. The architect Rutch from Breslau had already designed a monastery with huts for monks, and the plan was that Bhikkhu Sīlācāra and other disciples were to join Nyanatiloka


title: Nyanatiloka

texts:
 there. <mask>'s stay and plans drew a lot of attention from the press and several journalists visited him to write about him and the planned monastery. However, <mask> suffered heavily from bronchitis and malnutrition, and after half a year left Novaggio with the German monk candidate Ludwig Stolz, who had joined him at Novaggio, to try to find a better place in Italy or North Africa.In Novaggio he worked on his Pali-grammatik (Pali Grammar) and his translation of the Abhidhamma text called Puggalapaññatti (Human Types). Italy, Tunisia, Lausanne
In Italy, <mask> first stayed with a lawyer in a town near Turin. After the lawyer tried to persuade <mask> and his companion Stolz to make harmoniums to make their living, they left to Rome, where they stayed with the music teacher Alessandro Costa. From Rome they went to Naples and took a ship to Tunis, where they stayed with Alexandra David-Néel and her husband for a week. Then they went on Gabès, where they were told to leave Tunisia by policemen. After visiting David-Néel again, they left for Lausanne, where they stayed with Monsieur Rodolphe-Adrien Bergier (1852-?) in his Buddhist hermitage called "Caritas".At Caritas, the glass painter Bartel Bauer was accepted by <mask> as a novice called Koññañño. Soon after Koññañño left to Sri Lanka for further training, the American-German Friedrich Beck and a young German called Spannring came to Caritas. After two more unsuccessful visits to Italy in search


title: Nyanatiloka

texts:
 of a suitable place for a monastery, <mask>, Spannring, Stolz, Beck, and perhaps also Bergier, left to Sri Lanka from Genoa on 26 April 1911 to found a monastery there. Founding of the Island Hermitage
After arriving at Sri Lanka, <mask> stayed in a hall built for Koññañño in Galle. Ludwig Stolz was given novice ordination at a nearby monastery and given the name Vappo. From Koññañño, <mask> heard about an abandoned jungle island in a lagoon at the nearby village of Dodanduva that would be a suitable place for a hermitage. After inspecting the snake-infested island and getting approval of the local population, five simple wooden huts were built.Just before the beginning of the annual monk's rainy season retreat (vassa) of 1911 (which would have been started the day after the full moon of July), <mask> and his companions moved to the Island. The hermitage was named Island Hermitage. The island was bought by Bergier in 1914 from its Burgher owner and donated to Nyanatiloka. In September 1911 Alexandra David-Néel came and studied Pali under <mask> at the Island Hermitage while staying with the monastery's chief supporter, Coroner Wijeyesekera. Visitors such as Anagarika Dhammapala and the German ambassador visited the Island Hermitage during this period. Several Westerners—four Germans, an American-German, an American, and an Austrian—were ordained at the Island Hermitage between 1911 and 1914. Stolz who had followed <mask> from Europe was ordained

masks: Nyanatiloka Nyanatiloka Nyanatiloka Nyanatiloka Nyanatiloka Nyanatiloka


title: Nyanatiloka

texts:
 as a novice at the island in 1911 and was ordained under the name Vappo in Burma in 1913.In 1913 <mask> started a mission for the Sri Lankan "outcastes", Rodiya, beginning in the area of Kadugannava, west of Kandy. Some of the rodiya lived and studied on the Island Hermitage. The son of the Rodiya chieftain was accepted by <mask> as a novice with the name Ñaṇaloka. After the death of <mask> he became the abbot of the Island Hermitage. Nyantiloka mentions that there were reproaches because of the caste egalitarianism at the Island Hermitage

Sikkim
<mask> travelled to Sikkim in 1914 with the intention to travel on to Tibet. In Gangtok he met the Sikkimese scholar translator Kazi Dawa Samdup and the Maharaja. He then travelled on to Tumlong monastery where Alexandra David-Néel and Sīlācāra were staying, and returned to Gangtong the next day.Because of running out of finances <mask> had to return to Ceylon. He returned to Sri Lanka accompanied by two Tibetans, who became monks at the Island Hermitage. World War I
In 1914, with the outbreak of World War I, <mask> along with all Germans in British colonies, was interned by the British. First he was allowed to stay at the Island Hermitage, but was then interned in the concentration camp at Diyatalawa. From there he was deported to Australia in 1915, where he mostly stayed at the prison camp at Trial Bay. He was released in 1916 on the condition that he would return to Germany. Instead he traveled by way


title: Nyanatiloka

texts:
 of Hawaii to China in order to reach the Theravada Buddhist Burmese tribal areas near the Burmese border, where he hoped to stay since he could not stay in Burma or Sri Lanka.After China joined the war against Germany, he was interned in China and was repatriated to Germany in 1919. Japan
In 1920, after being denied re-entry into British ruled Sri Lanka and other British colonies in Asia, <mask> went to Japan with his German disciples Bhikkhu Vappo (Ludwig Stolz) and Sister Uppalavaṇṇā (Else Buchholz). He taught Pali and German at Japanese universities for five years, including at Taisho University where he was assisted by the legendary eccentric Ekai Kawaguchi, and at Komazawa University where he taught with President Yamagami Sogen (山上曹源), who had also studied Pali in Sri Lanka. He also met with Japanese Theravada monks, but could not stay in any monasteries in Japan. He lived through the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, which destroyed Tokyo, but was surprised to see universities reopen just two months later. <mask> continued working on his translations of Pali texts during this period. In 1921 he visited Java, where he contracted Malaria, and Thailand, where he apparently hoped to stay since it was a Theravada Buddhist country.Although he was given a pass and visa by the Thai ambassador in Japan, he was arrested in Thailand on suspicions of being a spy and was deported after a few weeks. By way of China he returned to Japan. Return to Sri Lanka

masks: Nyanatiloka Nyanatiloka


title: Nyanatiloka

texts:
 and Island Hermitage
In 1926, the British allowed <mask> and his other German disciples to return to Sri Lanka. The Island Hermitage, which had been uninhabited for many years, was overgrown by the jungle and had to be rebuilt. The period from 1926 to 1939 was the period during which the Island Hermitage flourished most. Scholars, spiritual seekers, adventurers, diplomats and high ranking figures such as the former King of Saxony visited and stayed during this period. Anagarika Govinda, the later Lama Govinda came in 1928 and with <mask> founded the International Buddhist Union (IBU), which stopped functioning after Govinda converted to Tibetan Mahayana and Vajirayana Buddhism a few years later.During the period from 1931 to 1939 there were many ordinations at the Island Hermitage, mostly of Germans. Nyanaponika (Sigmund Feniger), who became a well known Buddhist writer and scholar, and Nyanakhetta (Peter Schönfeldt), who later became a Hindu Swami called Gauribala, ordained as novices in 1936 and as bhikkhus in 1937. They both had a German Jewish background. All applicants for ordination were taught Pali by <mask>, who considered a working knowledge of Pali indispensable for a proper understanding of Theravada Buddhism since the translations of Buddhist texts at that time were often faulty. World War II
In 1939, with the British declaration of war against Nazi Germany, <mask> and other German-born Sri Lankans were again interned, first again at

masks: Nyanatiloka Nyanatiloka Nyanatiloka Nyanatiloka


title: Nyanatiloka

texts:
 Diyatalawa Garrison in Sri Lanka and then in India (1941) at the large internment camp at Dehradun. Last Years, 1946–1957
In 1946, <mask> and his German disciples were permitted by the British to return to Sri Lanka, where they again stayed at the Island Hermitage. In 1949 the well known Western Buddhist monks, Nanamoli, Nyanavira were ordained under <mask>.In December 1950, <mask> became a citizen of the newly independent Ceylon. For health reasons he moved to the Forest Hermitage in Kandy in 1951. Vappo and Nyanaponika soon followed him. In 1954, <mask> and his disciple Nyanaponika were the only two Western-born monks invited to participate in the Sixth Buddhist council in Yangon, Burma. Nyanaponika read out <mask>'s message at the opening of the council. <mask> also served as the first Patron of the Lanka Dhammaduta Society (later renamed as the German Dharmaduta Society) which was founded by Asoka Weeraratna in Colombo, Sri Lanka on 21 Sept. 1952. <mask> attended and spoke at the Public Meeting held at Ananda College, Colombo on 30 May 1953  which was presided by Hon.C.W.W.Kannangara, then Minister of Local Government, to make public the findings of the survey carried out by Asoka Weeraratna (Founder and Hony. Secretary of the Lanka Dhammaduta Society) on the current state of Buddhist activities in Germany and the prospects for sending a Buddhist Mission to Germany before the Buddha Jayanthi celebrations in 1956. <mask>'s Message to the

masks: Nyanatiloka Nyanatiloka Nyanatiloka Nyanatiloka Nyanatiloka Nyanatiloka Nyanatiloka Nyanatiloka


title: Nyanatiloka

texts:
 Society dated 25 May 1953  contained in a Booklet entitled ' Buddhism in Germany ' by Asoka Weeraratna, was distributed at this Meeting, which was largely attended and comprised a very representative gathering of leading Buddhists. <mask> also resided temporarily at a new Training Centre for Buddhist Missionary work in Germany that was opened by the Lanka Dhammaduta Society in Dalugama, Kelaniya in 1953. Ven. Ñânaponika (German) and the (then) newly arrived Upasaka Friedrich Möller from Germany were also temporarily resident together with <mask> at this Training Centre. Friedrich Möller was the last disciple of <mask>.At the age of forty-three, Möller was accepted as a novice by Nyaṇatiloka on 19 September 1955, taking the Pāli name Ñāṇavimala. He was later known as Ven. Polgasduwe Ñāṇavimala Thera. Death
<mask> died on 28 May 1957, in Colombo, Sri Lanka. At that time <mask> was resident at the Sanghavasa located on the newly opened premises of the German Dharmaduta Society at 417, Bullers Road (later known as Bauddhaloka Mawatha), Colombo 07. This was his last place of residence prior to his death. He was given a state funeral which had the then Prime Minister of Sri Lanka, Hon.S.W.R.D Bandaranaike delivering the funeral oration. The proceedings of the funeral were broadcast live over Radio Ceylon and a memorial stone was erected for him. Biography
The English translation of <mask>'s German autobiography – covering his life from his childhood


title: Nyanatiloka

texts:
 Germany to his return to Ceylon in 1926 after banishment; finished by <mask> in 1948, but probably based on a draft written in 1926 - was published as part of The Life of <mask>: The Biography of a Western Buddhist Pioneer (written and compiled by Bhikkhu Nyanatusita and Hellmuth Hecker, BPS, Kandy, 2009 View online.) This comprehensive biography contains an introduction, large bibliography, list of disciples, biography of Nyanaponika, photographs, and detailed information on the early history of early German and Western Buddhism. Work
English titles by Nyanatiloka:
 Word of the Buddha: an Outline of the Ethico-philosophical System of the Buddha in the Words of the Pali Canon (1906, 1927, 1967 (14th ed. ), 1981, 2001) freely available online
 Guide through the Abhidhamma-Pitaka (1938, 1957, 1971, 1983, 2009)
 Buddhist Dictionary : Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines (1952, 1956, 1972, 1980, 1988, 1997, 2004)
 Buddha's Path to Deliverance : a Systematic Exposition in the Words of the Sutta Pitaka (1952, 1959, 1969, 1982, 2000)
 Fundamentals of Buddhism: Four Lectures (1994)
Influence of Buddhism on a People (Bodhi Leaves No. 2)
Significance of Dependent Origination (Wheel Publication No.140)

Autobiography and biography
 The Life of <mask>: The Biography of a Western Buddhist Pioneer Bhikkhu Nyanatusita and Hellmuth Hecker (Kandy, 2009)View online. <mask> also translated important Theravadin Pali texts into German including:
 the Anguttara


title: Nyanatiloka

texts:
 http://www.bps.lk/wheels_library/wh_420_422.html. Pariyatti (2008). The  (1954–1956). Retrieved 19 Dec 2008 from "Pariyatti" at http://www.pariyatti.org/ResourcesProjects/Treasures/ChatthaSangayana/tabid/78/Default.aspx. Perera, Janaka (28 May 2007)."Pioneering Western Buddhist monks forgotten" at "The Buddhist Channel." Retrieved 19 Dec 2008 from "Buddhist Channel" at http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=43,4202,0,0,1,0. External links
 <mask> Mahathera (1st ed. 1952; 2nd rev. ed. 1956; 3rd rev. ed.1972; 4th rev. ed. 1980; repr. 1988). Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society. Retrieved 19 Dec 2008 from "BuddhaNet" at http://www.buddhanet.net/budsas/ebud/bud-dict/dic_idx.htm.<mask> Mahathera (1994). Fundamentals of Buddhism: Four Lectures (Wheel Nos. 394/396). Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society. Retrieved 19 Dec 2008 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nyanatiloka/wheel394.html. <mask> Mahathera (14th ed., 1967). The Word of the Buddha.Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society. Retrieved 20 Dec 2008 from "BuddhaNet" at http://buddhanet.net/budsas/ebud/word-of-buddha/wobtoc.htm or http://www.urbandharma.org/pdf/wordofbuddha.pdf
Ven <mask>’s message to the German Dharmaduta Society (May, 1953)
Ven. <mask> Maha Thera (1878-1957)
A Palavra do Buddha, 2013 (Portuguese)

Theravada Buddhism writers
Theravada Buddhist monks
German Theravada Buddhists
German


title: John Mahoney

texts:
<mask> (June 20, 1940 – February 4, 2018) was an English-born American actor. He is known for playing Martin Crane on the NBC sitcom Frasier (1993–2004), and won a Screen Actors Guild Award for the role in 2000. Mahoney started his career in Chicago as a member of the Steppenwolf Theatre Company alongside <mask>, Gary Sinise, and Laurie Metcalf. He received the Clarence Derwent Award as Most Promising Male Newcomer in 1986. Later that year, his performance in the Broadway revival of <mask>'s The House of Blue Leaves earned him a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play. Mahoney first became known for his roles in such films as <mask>'s romantic comedy Moonstruck (1987), Barry Levinson's comedy Tin Men, <mask>' sports drama Eight Men Out (1988), Cameron Crowe's romantic drama Say Anything... (1989), the Coen brothers' Barton Fink (1991), and The Hudsucker Proxy (1994), Clint Eastwood's In the Line of Fire (1993), and Rob Reiner's political romance The American President (1995). He additionally had voice roles in Antz (1998), The Iron Giant (1999), Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001), and Kronk's New Groove (2005).In television, Mahoney also made appearances on Cheers, 3rd Rock from the Sun, ER, In Treatment, Hot in Cleveland, and Foyle's War. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Blackpool, England on June 20, 1940, the seventh of eight children. His father, Reg, was a baker who played classical piano, and his mother, Margaret (née Watson), was a housewife who loved reading. His paternal grandfather was Irish. The family had been evacuated to Blackpool from their home city of Manchester when it was heavily bombed during the Second World War. Mahoney started school at St Joseph's College. After the war, the family moved back to

masks:
Charles John Mahoney
John Malkovich
John Guare
John Patrick Shanley
John Sayles
Charles John
Mahoney


title: John Mahoney

texts:
 Manchester, where Mahoney grew up in the suburb of Withington and discovered acting at the Stretford Children's Theatre.His parents' marriage was not happy. They would not speak to each other for long periods of time—and when they did, it often led to heated arguments. The family situation, combined with the war, fueled Mahoney's interest in acting and he vowed to leave Manchester. Mahoney moved to the United States aged 18 in March 1959, when his older sister Vera (a war bride living in rural Illinois) agreed to sponsor him. He studied at Quincy University before joining the United States Army. After graduating from Quincy, he lived in Macomb, Illinois, and earned his Master's degree in English from Western Illinois University, where he went on to teach English in the late 1960s before settling in Forest Park, Illinois, and later in Oak Park, Illinois. He became a U.S. citizen in 1971 and served as editor of a medical journal through much of the 1970s.Career

Early work
Dissatisfied with his career, Mahoney took acting classes at St. Nicholas Theatre, which inspired him to resign from his day job and pursue acting full-time. After a stage production in Chicago in 1977, <mask> encouraged him to join the Steppenwolf Theatre. He did so and went on to win the Clarence Derwent Award as Most Promising Male Newcomer in 1986. Gary Sinise said in an interview for Bomb Magazine that Lyle Kessler's play Orphans in 1985 "kicked <mask>, Kevin Anderson and Terry Kinney off into the movie business" after their Steppenwolf performance of the play for which he won the Derwent Award and the Theatre World Award. Mahoney won Broadway's Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play in 1986 for his performance in <mask>re's The House of Blue

masks:
John Malkovich
John Mahoney
John Gua


title: John Mahoney

texts:
 Mahoney provided the voice of Dr. Robert Terwilliger, Sr. (Sideshow Bob's father) in The Simpsons episode "Funeral for a Fiend." This reunited him with his Frasier co-stars Kelsey Grammer (Sideshow Bob) and David Hyde Pierce (Cecil, Sideshow Bob's brother). Post-Frasier
<mask> co-starred as the Old Man in the Broadway revival of Prelude to a Kiss at the American Airlines Theater in a limited-run engagement running from previews on February 17, 2007, through to April 29, 2007. He appeared as an elderly drag queen in the ER season 13 episode "Somebody to Love," and co-starred with Steve Carell (himself a veteran of Chicago theater) as the father of Carell's character in Dan in Real Life. In March 2008, he opened in the world premiere of Better Late at the Northlight Theatre. He was also the narrator for Midwest Airlines commercials. Mahoney also made two appearances on USA's Burn Notice in the second (2009) and third (2010) season finales.His character, referred to only as "Management," is a senior intelligence agency official who is the apparent main mover of the conspiracy which blacklisted Michael Westen. Mahoney joined the cast of In Treatment for the series' second season (2009) as a frenetic CEO who is overwhelmed by his personal and professional responsibilities and experiences chronic physical anxiety attacks. In 2010, he made a guest appearance on $#*! My Dad Says as homophobic retired naval officer Lt. Commander Wally Durham. Beginning in April 2011, Mahoney began rehearsing The Outgoing Tide, a new play by Bruce Graham at Northlight Theatre in Skokie, Illinois (suburban Chicago). The play also stars fellow Chicago actors Rondi Reed and Thom Cox.In 2011, he had two guest appearances on Hot in Cleveland as Roy, a waiter


title: John Mahoney

texts:
 me.Please help me to use all these gifts and talents to their fullest. And please accept this performance as a prayer of praise and thanks to you," prior to each of his performances. Mahoney would also say prayers upon waking up and before going to sleep daily, and would repeatedly pray "Dear God, please help me to treat everybody – including myself – with love, respect, and dignity." Death
Mahoney died in a Chicago hospice on February 4, 2018, of complications from throat cancer, originally diagnosed in 2014. He was 77 years old. According to his friend Anna D. Shapiro, "He was fragile and he was supposed to be having a routine procedure. But having just beat Stage 3 throat cancer, I think he was just too weak... by the time he did The Rembrandt [a play at Steppenwolf Theatre] he was clean of cancer... but other health issues came up and he was just too fragile."Filmography

Film

Television

Accolades

Notes

References

External links

 NBC biography: <mask>y
 Centerstage.net: <mask>y
 Q&A: <mask>y at Broadway.com

1940 births
2018 deaths
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
American Roman Catholics
Clarence Derwent Award winners
Deaths from cancer in Illinois
Deaths from throat cancer
English emigrants to the United States
English people of Irish descent
Male actors from Manchester
Male actors from Lancashire
Male actors from Chicago
Medical journal editors
People from Bispham, Blackpool
People from Withington
Quincy University alumni
Steppenwolf Theatre Company players
Tony Award winners
United States Army soldiers
Western Illinois

masks:
John Mahone
John Mahone
John Mahone


title: Hugo Moser (scientist)

texts:
<mask> (1924–2007), was a Swiss research scientist and director of the Neurogenetics Research Center at the Kennedy Krieger Institute. <mask> was also University Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics at Johns Hopkins University. His research on peroxisomal disorders achieved international recognition. Early life
<mask> was born in Bern, Switzerland, the son of Maria and <mask><mask>. He grew up in Berlin. His father was of Jewish background and a prominent art dealer in Berlin. His mother was Austrian.Within a month of Hitler taking power in Germany the family left Berlin. <mask> spent his high school years in the Netherlands. Three months prior to the invasion of the Netherlands his mother arranged their timely escape from the Nazis. The family fled via Italy and Spain to Cuba. In 1940, the family arrived in the US, first living in Baltimore, where the family owned paintings exhibited in the Baltimore Museum of Art, then moved to New York City. Survivor guilt plagued <mask> for having escaped the Holocaust without harm. His aunt and uncle, who were not able to leave the Netherlands, died in a German concentration camp.He devoted his life to working for the less privileged and disenfranchised. Education

<mask> attended Harvard as a pre-med student until he was drafted into the army. After discharge he went to medical school at Columbia University. At Columbia Presbyterian he was influenced by the chairman of medicine, Robert F. Loeb. He taught <mask> “two laws of therapeutics: if something doesn't work, try something else, and if something does work, keep on doing it”. This principle later influenced his work on  adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). After two years of residency at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital during the Korean War, he volunteered for the Army.When back in the states, <mask> returned to Harvard

masks:
Hugo Wolfgang Moser
Moser
Moser
Hugo L
. Moser
Hugo
Moser
Hugo Moser
Hugo
Moser


title: Hugo Moser (scientist)

texts:
 to get an advanced degree in biochemistry. He took two years of course work and became the first fellow of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS). Career

<mask> worked on lipid chemistry with Dr. Manfred Karnofsky, until becoming a resident in neurology at  Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), where he established a neurochemistry program. <mask> set up the test for urinary sulfatides and compared the composition of urinary lipids with that of brain in metachromatic leukodystrophy. <mask> spent formative years in the research laboratories of the neurochemist Jordi Folch-Pi and Marjorie Lees at McLean Hospital. At McLean Hospital he interviewed Ann Boody for a position in his laboratory. This proved to be the beginning of a long and successful professional and marital partnership between the two.In the early research years, <mask> and Boody worked on lysosomal disorders. They were the first to describe the presence of cholesterol sulfate in the human brain. They further investigated the role of steroid sulfatases in metachromatic leukodystrophy and multiple sulfatase deficiency, and they identified acid ceramidase as the enzyme deficient in Farber's disease. In 1964, <mask> returned to the Joseph P. Kennedy research laboratories at MGH, and with Mary Efron and her junior faculty staff, Harvey Levy and Vivian Shih, he started screening programs for amino acid disorders and lysosomal disorders. When training with other neurologists under Dr. Ray Adams at the Fernald State School in Waltham, Massachusetts, <mask> became interested in providing better services for persons with developmental and physical disabilities. He was appointed research director and later superintendent of the Fernald State School. He also founded and directed the Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center for research and training in

masks: Moser Hugo Moser Moser Moser Moser


title: Hugo Moser (scientist)

texts:
 mental retardation.During this time he became a Harvard University Professor of Neurology at MGH, and established a model of a close link between clinical practice, training and community services for the developmentally disabled and bench research. ALD research
In 1976, <mask> accepted the position of president of the Kennedy Krieger Institute and professor of Neurology and Pediatrics at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore. Here he was able to merge areas of service, training and research. Dr. Yasuo Kishimoto, who had helped Kuni Suzuki make the discovery of elevated very long chain fatty acids in Adrenoleukodystrophy brains at Albert Einstein College of Medicine,  followed <mask> from the Shriver Center to the Kennedy Institute. With Kishimoto's help, <mask> and <mask> developed the first assay for ALD in fibroblasts In 1981, they developed the plasma assay. <mask> worked with Jim Powers for many years defining the phenotypic variation in ALD. Jack Griffin, then a fellow at NIH in endocrinology, first described the adult form of ALD.Beyond establishing the diagnostic testing for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, <mask> also contributed to the discovery of the gene for X-ALD. During an interview with the American Neurological Association, he recalled how a post-doc by the name of Patrick Aubourg had come from Paris to work in his lab. Aubourg began working on the gene abnormality at Kennedy Krieger. However, it was Aubourg's work with Jean-Louis Mandel in Strasbourg that finally led to identification and mapping of the gene. As soon as diagnostic testing was established, <mask> began to fight for treatment of patients with ALD. Together with the parents’ association United Leukodystrophy Foundation he provided support and guidance for families stricken by this devastating illness. Back in 1982, Johns Hopkins

masks:
Moser
Moser
Hugo
Ann Moser
Moser
Moser
Moser


title: Hugo Moser (scientist)

texts:
 performed the first bone marrow transplantation in ALD.However, it wasn't until Aubourg transplanted a very mildly involved patient with his nonidentical twin as a donor, that bone marrow transplantation had a successful outcome. <mask> went on to collaborate a great deal with the University of Minnesota, where Bill Krivit and Charlie Peters developed a unique method of transplantation of ALD boys. <mask>'s clinical partners Sakkubai Naidu and Gerald Raymond worked together with him on these clinical trials in ALD patients. Lorenzo's oil
One of <mask>'s longest endeavors was his work on Lorenzo's oil. It began with his relationship with Augusto and Michaela Odone, the parents of Lorenzo Odone, the namesake for Lorenzo's oil. <mask> had diagnosed their son with the plasma assay. With the boy's subsequent decline, <mask> had suggested dietary therapy and immunosuppression, which turned out not to be successful and contributed to frustration and tension between the Odones and <mask>.Together, they organized a symposium at Kennedy Krieger where Dr. Bill Rizzo presented data that showed that adding oleic acid (C-18 monounsaturated) to fibroblast cultures of ALD patients would reduce their fatty acids. Odone made an independent intellectual computation – namely that the use of erucic acid, which is C-22:1 (C-22 monounsaturated), would increase the effectiveness – and Lorenzo's oil was developed. Controlled studies, however, indicate that Lorenzo's oil is not effective at treating symptomatic ALD, although it may delay the onset of symptoms if taken before they set in. References

External links

American neurologists
1924 births
2007 deaths
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
Harvard University alumni
McLean Hospital people
Swiss emigrants to the

masks: Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser


title: Conrad Veidt

texts:
<mask> (; 22 January 1893 – 3 April 1943) was a German actor best remembered for his roles in the films Different from the Others (1919), The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920), and The Man Who Laughs (1928). After a successful career in German silent films, where he was one of the best-paid stars of UFA, he and his new Jewish wife Ilona Prager were forced to leave Germany in 1933 after the Nazis came to power. The couple settled in Britain, where he took British citizenship in 1939. He appeared in many British films, including The Thief of Bagdad (1940), before emigrating to the United States around 1941, which led to his being cast as Major Strasser in Casablanca (1942). Early life

<mask> was born on 22 January 1893 in his parents' home at Tieckstraße 39 in Berlin to Amalie Marie (née Gohtz) and <mask>, a former military man turned civil servant. Veidt would later recall, “Like many fathers, he was affectionately autocratic in his home life, strict, idealistic. He was almost fanatically conservative.” By contrast, Amalie was sensitive and nurturing.<mask> was nicknamed 'Connie' by his family and friends. His family was Lutheran, and <mask> was baptized on 26 March 1893. He was later confirmed in a ceremony at the Protestant Evangelical Church in Alt-Schöneberg, Berlin on 5 March 1908. <mask>'s only sibling, an older brother named Karl, died in 1900 of scarlet fever at the age of 9. The family spent their summers in Potsdam. Two years after Karl's death, <mask>'s father fell ill and required heart surgery. Knowing that the family could not afford to pay the lofty fee that accompanied the surgery, the doctor charged only what the family could comfortably

masks:
Hans Walter Conrad Veidt
Hans Walter Conrad Veidt
Philipp Heinrich Veidt
Veidt
Veidt
Veidt
Veidt


title: Conrad Veidt

texts: pay.Impressed by the surgeon's skill and kindness, <mask> vowed to "model my life on the man that saved my father's life" and he wished to become a surgeon. His hopes for a medical career were thwarted, though, when in 1912 he graduated without a diploma and ranked 13th out of 13 pupils and became discouraged over the amount of study necessary for him to qualify for medical school. A new career path for <mask> opened up in 1911 during a school Christmas play in which he delivered a long prologue before the curtain rose. The play was badly received, and the audience was heard to mutter, "Too bad the others didn't do as well as Veidt." <mask> began to study all of the actors he could and wanted to pursue a career in acting, much to the disappointment of his father, who called actors 'gypsys' and 'outcasts'. With the money he raised from odd jobs and the allowance his mother gave him, Veidt began attending Berlin's many theatres. He loitered outside of the Deutsches Theater after every performance, waiting for the actors and hoping to be mistaken for one.In the late summer of 1912 he met a theatre porter who introduced him to actor Albert Blumenreich, who agreed to give Veidt acting lessons for six marks. He took ten lessons from him before auditioning for Max Reinhardt, reciting Goethe's Faust. During Veidt's audition, Reinhardt looked out of the window the entire time. He offered <mask> a contract as an extra for one season's work, from September 1913 to August 1914 with a pay of 50 marks a month. During this time, he played bit parts as spear carriers and soldiers. His mother attended almost every performance. His contract with the Deutsches Theater was

masks: Veidt Veidt Veidt Veidt


title: Conrad Veidt

texts:
 renewed for a second season, but by this time World War I had begun, and on 28 December 1914, <mask> enlisted in the army.In 1915, he was sent to the Eastern Front as a non-commissioned officer and took part in the Battle of Warsaw. He contracted jaundice and pneumonia, and had to be evacuated to a hospital on the Baltic Sea. While recuperating, he received a letter from his girlfriend Lucie Mannheim, telling him that she had found work at the Front Theatre in Libau. Intrigued, <mask> applied for the theatre as well. As his condition had not improved, the army allowed him to join the theatre so that he could entertain the troops. While performing at the theatre, his relationship with Mannheim ended. In late 1916, he was re-examined by the Army and deemed unfit for service; he was given a full discharge on 10 January 1917.<mask> returned to Berlin where he was readmitted to the Deutsches Theater. There, he played a small part as a priest that got him his first rave review, the reviewer hoping that "God would keep <mask> from the films." or "God save him from the cinema!" Career

From 1917 until his death, <mask> appeared in more than 100 films. One of his earliest performances was as the murderous somnambulist Cesare in director Robert Wiene's The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920), a classic of German Expressionist cinema, with Werner Krauss and Lil Dagover. His starring role in The Man Who Laughs (1928), as a disfigured circus performer whose face is cut into a permanent grin, provided the (visual) inspiration for the iconic Batman villain the Joker. <mask> starred in other silent horror films such as The Hands of Orlac (1924), also directed by Robert Wiene, The

masks: Veidt Veidt Veidt Veidt Veidt Veidt


title: Conrad Veidt

texts:
 Student of Prague (1926) and Waxworks (1924), in which he played Ivan the Terrible.<mask> also appeared in Magnus Hirschfeld's film Anders als die Andern (Different from the Others, 1919), one of the earliest films to sympathetically portray homosexuality, although the characters in it do not end up happily. He had a leading role in Germany's first talking picture, Das Land ohne Frauen (Land Without Women, 1929). He moved to Hollywood in the late 1920s and made a few films there, but the advent of talking pictures and his difficulty with speaking English led him to return to Germany. During this period, he lent his expertise to tutoring aspiring performers, one of whom was the later American character actress Lisa Golm. Emigration
Veidt fervently opposed the Nazi regime and later donated a major portion of his personal fortune to Britain to assist in the war effort. Soon after the Nazi Party took power in Germany, by March 1933, Joseph Goebbels was purging the film industry of anti-Nazi sympathizers and Jews, and so in April 1933, a week after <mask>'s marriage to Ilona Prager, a Jewish woman, the couple emigrated to Britain before any action could be taken against either of them. Goebbels had imposed a "racial questionnaire" in which everyone employed in the German film industry had to declare their "race" to continue to work.When <mask> was filling in the questionnaire, he answered the question about what his Rasse (race) was by writing that he was a Jude (Jew). <mask> was not Jewish, but his wife was Jewish, and <mask> would not renounce the woman he loved. Additionally, <mask>, who was opposed to antisemitism, wanted to show solidarity with the German


title: Conrad Veidt

texts:
 Jewish community, who were in the process of being stripped of their rights as German citizens in the spring of 1933. As one of Germany's most prominent actors, <mask> had been informed that if he were prepared to divorce his wife and declare his support for the new regime, he could continue to act in Germany. Several other leading actors who had been opposed to the Nazis before 1933 switched allegiances. In answering the questionnaire by stating he was a Jew, Veidt rendered himself unemployable in Germany, but stated this sacrifice was worth it as there was nothing in the world that would compel him to break with his wife. Upon hearing about what <mask> had done, Goebbels remarked that he would never act in Germany again.After arriving in Britain, <mask> perfected his English and starred in the title roles of the original anti-Nazi versions of The Wandering Jew (1933) and Jew Süss (1934), the latter film was directed by the exiled German-born director Lothar Mendes and produced by Michael Balcon for Gaumont-British. He naturalised as a British subject on 25 February 1939. By this point multi-lingual, Veidt made films both in French with expatriate French directors and in English, including three of his best-known roles for British director Michael Powell in The Spy in Black (1939), Contraband (1940) and The Thief of Bagdad (1940). Later career in the US

By 1941, he and Ilona had settled in Hollywood to assist in the British effort in making American films that might persuade the then-neutral and still isolationist US to join the war against the Nazis, who at that time controlled all of continental Europe and were bombing the United Kingdom. Before leaving

masks: Veidt Veidt Veidt


title: Conrad Veidt

texts:
 the United Kingdom, Veidt gave his life savings to the British government to help finance the war effort. Realizing that Hollywood would most likely typecast him in Nazi roles, he had his contract mandate that they must always be villains. He starred in a few films, such as George Cukor's A Woman's Face (1941) where he received billing under Joan Crawford's and Nazi Agent (1942), in which he had a dual role as both an aristocratic German Nazi spy and the man's twin brother, an anti-Nazi American.His best-known Hollywood role was as the sinister Major Heinrich Strasser in Casablanca (1942), a film which began pre-production before the United States entered World War II. Commenting about this well-received role, <mask> noted that it was an ironical twist of fate that he was praised "for portraying the kind of character who had forced him to leave his homeland". Personal life
<mask> enjoyed sports, gardening, swimming, golfing, classical music, and reading fiction and nonfiction (including occultism; <mask> once considered himself a powerful medium). He was afraid of heights and flying, and disliked interviews and wearing ties. In a September 1941 interview with Silver Screen, <mask> said, I see a man who was once for years studying occult things. The science of occult things. I had the feeling there must be – something else.There are things in our world we cannot trace. I wanted to trace them. The power we have to think, to move, to speak, to feel – is it electricity, I wanted to know? Is it magnetism? Is it the heart? Is it the blood? When the body dies, where is all that?Where is the power that made the body live? No one can tell me it is not somewhere. If you