title: Pedro de Valdivia

texts:
 control, acknowledging only the royal authority, an arrangement the Crown found acceptable. Secure now in his own domain, he pushed exploration southward and aided the development of the country by dividing the land among his ablest followers and parceling out the Indians in encomiendas. Chile possessed minerals, but Valdivia definitely subordinated mining to agriculture and stock raising. Still, the colony was not prosperous; gold was scarce and the Araucanians warlike.Destruction of Santiago
After an apparent peaceful period the Natives began to resist the invaders. Valdivia marched against the tribes and defeated them at Cachapoal. While away, on September 11, 1541, local people led by Michimalonco attacked Santiago. The defense of the city was led by <mask>'s mistress Inés <mask>. The Spaniards, desperate and willing to fight until death, were able to eventually push the Natives back; <mask> and his troops made it back just in time to relieve the capital. By the time the battle ended the entire town had been destroyed and burned to the ground, animals were killed and the fields and stores were decimated. Only a small amount of property was not destroyed, including a handful of seeds, two sows, one pig and a pair of chickens.<mask> organized his men into groups to keep watch over the crops and protect the city against attack. For the next two years, there were men always saddled and armed, ready to fight in case the Natives posed a threat to Spanish authority. This event meant a real setback for the conquest of the Chilean territory. The

masks:
Pedro
de Suárez
Valdivia
Valdivia


title: Pedro de Valdivia

type: original

texts:
 resistance of the Native people became stronger daily, and as the ship that he had constructed in Aconcagua was also destroyed by the natives, Valdivia sent in 1542 overland to Peru his lieutenant <mask> Monroy with five followers to seek reinforcements, but, on account of the disturbance in that country in consequence of the defeat of El Mozo Almagro by Cristóbal Vaca <mask>, Monroy could not obtain much aid, and returned in September 1543, with only seventy horsemen, also sending by sea a vessel with provisions and ammunition to the port of Aconcagua. Expanding the colony

In September 1543 new arms, clothes and other equipment arrived from Peru on the ship Santiaguillo; thanks to these new supplies, Valdivia was in the position to start the rebuilding of Santiago and to send an expedition, led by Juan Bohón, to explore and populate the northern region of Chile. This expedition founded La Serena halfway between Santiago and the northern Atacama Desert, in the valley of Coquimbo. Valparaíso, though used as a port by the Spaniards from the start, had no considerable population until much later.In 1544 Valdivia sent a naval expedition consisting of the barks San Pedro and Santiaguillo, under the command of Juan Bautista Pastene, to reconnoiter the southwestern coast of South America, ordering him to reach the Strait of Magellan. The expedition set sail from Valparaíso and although Pastene did not reach this goal, he explored much of the coast. He entered the  bay of San Pedro, and made landings at what are now known as Concepción and at

masks:
Alonso de
de Castro


title: Pedro de Valdivia

texts:
 Valdivia, which was later named in honor of the commander. Encountering severe storms further south, he then returned to Valparaiso. In February 1546 Valdivia himself set out, with sixty horsemen plus native guides and porters, and crossed the Itata River. He got to the Bío-Bío River where he planned to found another town. However, the party was attacked by Mapuche warriors at the Battle of Quilacura.Realizing that it would be impossible to proceed in such hostile territory with so limited a force, Valdivia wisely elected to return to Santiago shortly thereafter, after finding a site for a new city at what is now Penco and would become the first site of Concepción. Still, Valdivia managed to subdue the country between Santiago and the Maule River. Return to Peru

To secure additional aid and confirm his claims to the conquered territory, Valdivia returned in 1547 to Peru, leaving <mask> Villagra as governor in his stead. There he tried to gather more resources and men to continue the conquest. When the Gonzalo Pizarro rebellion began in Peru, the insurgents attempted unsuccessfully to win Valdivia to their side. Nonetheless, early in 1548 Valdivia joined the royal army of Viceroy <mask> la Gasca, and his military experience counted heavily in the victory of Xaquixahuana on April 9 of that year. In the battle, Valdivia met <mask> Carvajal, who just like him had also fought in the Italian Wars, been at the Sack of Rome and helped to defeat <mask> Almagro.Nonetheless, a discontented faction from Chile managed to have him tried in Lima, accused of

masks:
Francisco de
Pedro de
Francisco de
Diego de


title: Pedro de Valdivia

texts:
 tyranny, malfeasance of public funds and public immorality. One of the charges levelled against him was that he, being married, openly lived with Inés <mask> "...in the manner of man and wife and they sleep in one bed and they eat in one dish...". In exchange for being freed, and for his confirmation as Royal Governor, he agreed to relinquish her and to bring to Chile his wife, Marina Ortíz <mask>, who only arrived after Valdivia's death in 1554. He was also ordered to marry Inés off, which he did, upon his return to Chile in 1549, to one of his captains, <mask> Quiroga. As recognition for his services Valdivia was finally appointed as adelantado and won the royal assent to his coveted title of Governor of Chile, returning to the settlement with his position and prestige considerably strengthened. Arauco War

Between 1549 and 1553, after his arrival back in Santiago, Valdivia again undertook the conquest of southern Chile, but faced heavy resistance from the indigenous population. Valdivia had a clash with the warlike Araucanians beyond the Bio-Bio River in 1550 in which he defeated them but by no means broke their will to resist, a will that grew stronger when the conquistador established settlements in their territory.In spite of the fierce resistance at the Battle of Penco, he founded Concepción on March 3, 1550. Later he founded the more southern villages of La Imperial, Valdivia, Angol and Villarrica, in 1551 and 1552. The uprising of 1553
After a brief stay in Santiago, Valdivia returned to the south again in December 1552. To keep the

masks:
de Suárez
de Gaete
Rodrigo de


title: Pedro de Valdivia

texts:
 connection open between Concepción and the southern settlements, Valdivia had a number of forts built in Cordillera de Nahuelbuta. He moved against the Araucanians again in 1553 and built a fort at Tucapel. By the advice of the cacique Colocolo, the Araucanians united their efforts choosing as toqui (general-in-chief) the famous warrior Caupolicán. Valdivia had earlier captured and presumably made friends with Lautaro, an Araucanian youth who became his groom.Lautaro secretly remained true to his own people and rejoined them to show Caupolicán a means by which Valdivia could be defeated. Toward the end of 1553, the Araucanians under Lautaro revolted and they fell on the over-extended Spanish forces in the south. One of the first signs that a big rebellion was building was the attack on the fort at Tucapel, where they managed to destroy the fortress on December 2, 1553. <mask> was at Concepcion when he received notice of this event, and, believing that he could easily subdue the uprising, he hurried southward, sallying forth with only 40 men to stamp out the rebellion. Near the ruins of the fortress Valdivia gathered the remnant of the garrison. He was ambushed before arriving to his destination and the Battle of Tucapel would be Valdivia's last. As each successive wave of attackers was wiped out or beaten off by the Spaniards, Lautaro sent another, until the entire Spanish company was massacred.The dreaded conquistador was captured still alive along with a priest by the Mapuche. Death

There are many versions of how Valdivia's killing took


title: Pedro de Valdivia

texts: place. According to Jerónimo <mask>r, an author contemporary with the events, the execution of <mask> was personally ordered by Caupolicán, who had him killed with a lance and later his head, along with those of two of his bravest companions, were put on display. Another contemporary chronicler, <mask> Góngora Marmolejo writes that Valdivia offered as a ransom for his life the evacuation of all the Spanish settlements in the Mapuche lands and to give them large herds of animals, but this offer was rejected and the Mapuche first cut off his forearms, roasted and ate them in front of him before killing him and his accompanying priest. <mask> Ercilla refers that Valdivia was killed with the blow of a club, then with a knife a warrior cut open his breast and ripped his still quivering heart which was then handed to the toqui, who sucked its blood. The heart was passed round from one to another, and a drinking cup was made from his skull. The warriors keep running round the corpse brandishing their lances and uttering cries, while the rest of the assembly stamped with their feet until the earth shook.Yet another contemporary chronicler, <mask> <mask>, also wrote that <mask> offered to evacuate the lands of the Mapuche but says he was shortly thereafter killed with a large club by a vengeful warrior named Pilmaiquen, who said that Valdivia could not be trusted to keep his word once freed. Lobera also says that a common story in Chile at the time was that <mask> had been killed by forcing him to drink molten gold. According to an even later legend,

masks:
de Viva
Valdivia
Alonso de
Alonso de
Pedro Mariño
de Lobera
Valdivia
Valdivia


title: Pedro de Valdivia

texts:
 Lautaro took <mask> to the Mapuche camp and put him to death after three days of torture, extracting his beating heart and eating it with the Mapuche leaders. The fact remains that probably all the stories about his death are apocryphal, since none of Valdivia's party survived the battle, and the only witnesses that could be found were Indians that were captured in subsequent battles. A rare version about the mythologised life and death of the Inca Atahualpa tells of Atahualpa killing <mask> <mask>. This version was recorded by Tom Dillehay among the Mapuche of Araucanía. In literature
Valdivia was an educated man and wielded the pen as well as the sword.In 1552 Valdivia despatched Captain Jerónimo <mask> with a narrative of his exploits directly to the king Charles I. His twelve letters, addressed to the king and mostly preserved in the archives of the Indies, are models of a vigorous and fluent style, and of great historical interest. His career and death are treated in the epic poem La Araucana by <mask> Ercilla. He is also a major character in several historical novels, such as Inés y las raíces de la tierra, by María Correa Morande (1964); Ay Mamá Inés - Crónica Testimonial (1993) by Jorge Guzmán; Arauco: A Novel (2013), by John Caviglia; and Inés of My Soul () by <mask> (2006). See also

Jerónimo <mask>ete
<mask> Villagra
Francisco <mask>irre
Inés <mask>
Juan Jufré
Arauco War
Mapuche people
Lautaro
Caupolicán
Colocolo

References

Sources

External links

Explorers of Chile
Spanish conquistadors
Spanish explorers
Royal Governors of

masks:
Valdivia
Pedro de
Valdivia
de Alderete
Alonso de
Isabel Allende
de Alder
Francisco de
de Agu
de Suárez


title: Oscar Nemon

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; 13 March 1906 – 13 April 1985) was a Croatian sculptor who was born in Osijek, Croatia, but eventually settled in England. He is best known for his series of more than a dozen public statues of Sir Winston Churchill. Biography
<mask> was born into a close Jewish family in Osijek. He was the second child, and elder son, of Mavro Neumann, a pharmaceutical manufacturer, and his wife, Eugenia Adler. He was an accomplished artist from an early age, and began modelling with clay at a local brickworks. He exhibited early works locally in 1923 and 1924, while still at school. He obtained his baccalaureate in Osijek.He was encouraged by Ivan Meštrović to study in Paris, but he moved to Vienna instead. He applied to join the Akademie der bildenden Künste but failed to secure a place, and spent some time working at his uncle's bronze foundry in Vienna. While in Vienna, he met Sigmund Freud and made a sculpture of Freud's dog Topsy. He also made a sculpture of Princess Marie Bonaparte. Later in his life, <mask> changed his surname from Neumann. After a short period studying in Paris, he moved to Brussels in 1925 to study at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts, where he won a gold medal for his sculpture. Brussels became his home until 1939; he shared a house there with the painter René Magritte for much of the 1930s.He made the monument "June Victims" for his home city of Osijek in 1928, commemorating the murders of Pavle Radić, Đuro Basariček and Stjepan Radić in Belgrade in 1928; all three were Croatian members of the Yugoslav Parliament who were

masks:
Oscar Nemon
Oscar Neumann
Nemon
Nemon


title: Oscar Nemon

texts: fatally shot in the debating chamber by a Montenegrin Serb, Puniša Račić. <mask> returned to Vienna in 1931, to create a large seated sculpture of Freud, now in Hampstead. He staged a one-man exhibition of portrait heads at the Académie, including his Freud and a bust of Paul-Henri Spaak. He made portraits of King Albert I, Queen Astrid of the Belgians, Emile Vandervelde and August Vermeylen, and also exhibited at the Galerie Monteau in December 1934 and January 1939. Concerned by the approaching threat of Nazi Germany, he escaped to England in 1938, a year before the outbreak of the Second World War. He abandoned over a decade of work in progress in his studio, including a  clay model, "Le Pont". Most of his family remained in Europe and were murdered in the Holocaust.He married Patricia Villiers-Stuart, daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Patrick Villiers-Stuart, in 1939 and they lived firstly in Holywell Street in Oxford, and then Sandfield Road in Headington, before settling in Boars Hill. They had a son, Falcon and two daughters, Aurelia and Electra. Falcon had a varied career, first as a photographer, then as a film maker, and finally as a music promoter. Aurelia married the Conservative MP Sir George Young, and Electra married rock musician Phil May. He made a bust of Max Beerbohm in 1941 (now at Merton College, Oxford); Beerbohm taught him English. The growing family moved to Boars Hill, near Oxford, in 1941, first living in rented rooms, and then Nissen huts on land bought from Robert Graves which he named "Pleasant Land", after the words of the hymn


title: Oscar Nemon

texts:
 April 1985 at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford. The same year, a memorial exhibition was held at the Galerija Likovnih Umjetnosti in Osijek. Technique and legacy

His technique depended on modelling from life directly in clay, quickly making many small studies with no preliminary drawings. He produced works in clay (often fired into terracotta), plaster, and stone, but most of his finished works were cast bronze, often at the Morris Singer art foundry or occasionally at the Burleighfield art foundry (now merged).His house and studio, Pleasant Land, remained closed for 17 years after his death. It reopened in 2003 as a museum of his life's work, exhibiting many studies and models for his finished works. It also houses the archive of his papers. Other papers, relating to his sculptures of Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher, are held by the Churchill Archives Centre in Cambridge. Gallery

References
Gerald Taylor, "<mask>, <mask> (1906–1985)", rev., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. (Accessed 16 August 2007.) Biography of <mask> 1906–1985.References

External links

Official website
Churchill & Oscar Nemon - UK Parliament Living Heritage
<mask> 'Churchill's Sculptor' Talk by Aurelia Young

1906 births
1985 deaths
Austro-Hungarian Jews
British Jews
Croatian Austro-Hungarians
Croatian emigrants to England
Croatian Jews
Croatian sculptors
Jewish sculptors
Jews who immigrated to the United Kingdom to escape Nazism
People from Osijek
Yugoslav emigrants to the United Kingdom
20th-century sculptors
British people of

masks:
Nemon
Oscar
Oscar Nemon
Oscar Nemon


title: George Goring, Lord Goring

texts:
<mask>, <mask>ring (14 July 1608 – 1657) was an English Royalist soldier. He was known by the courtesy title <mask>ring as the eldest son of the first Earl of Norwich. Early life

<mask>, the eldest son of <mask>, 1st Earl of Norwich, was born on 14 July 1608. He married Lettice Boyle, the daughter of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork. Experience before the Civil Wars
His father-in-law, Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, procured for him a post in the Dutch Army with the rank of colonel. He was permanently lamed by a wound received at the Siege of Breda in 1637, and returned to England early in 1639, when he was made governor of Portsmouth. He served in the Bishops' Wars, and already had a considerable reputation when he was involved in the  "Army Plot" (1641).Officers of the army stationed at York proposed to petition the king and parliament for the maintenance of the royal authority. A second party was in favour of more violent measures, and <mask>, in the hope of being appointed lieutenant-general, proposed to march the army on London and overawe the Parliament during Strafford's trial (1641). This proposition being rejected by his fellow-officers, he betrayed the proceedings to Mountjoy Blount, 1st Earl of Newport, who passed on the information indirectly to John Pym in April. Lieutenant-General of Horse
Colonel <mask> was there upon called on to give evidence before the Commons, who commended him for his services to the Commonwealth. This betrayal of his comrades induced confidence in the minds of the parliamentary leaders, who sent him back to his

masks:
George Goring
Lord Go
Lord Go
Goring
George Goring
Goring
Goring


title: George Goring, Lord Goring

texts: Portsmouth command. Nevertheless he declared for the king in August. He surrendered Portsmouth to the parliament in September 1642 after the Siege of Portsmouth and went to the Netherlands to recruit for the Royalist army, returning to England in December.Appointed to a cavalry command by the Earl of Newcastle, he defeated Fairfax at Seacroft Moor near Leeds in March 1643, but in May he was taken prisoner at Wakefield on the capture of the town by Fairfax. In April 1644 he effected an exchange. At the Battle of Marston Moor, <mask> commanded the Royalist left, and charged with great success, but, allowing his troopers to disperse in search of plunder, was routed by Oliver Cromwell at the close of the battle. In November 1644, on his father's elevation to the earldom of Norwich, he became Lord Goring. The parliamentary authorities, however, refused to recognise the creation of the earldom, and continued to speak of the father as "<mask>" and the son as "General Goring". In August Goring had been despatched by Prince Rupert of the Rhine, who recognised his ability, to join Charles I in the south, and in spite of his dissolute and insubordinate character he was appointed to supersede Henry, Lord Wilmot, as lieutenant-general of the Royalist horse. He secured some successes in the west, and in January 1645 advanced through Hampshire and occupied Farnham; but want of money compelled him to retreat to Salisbury and thence to Exeter.The excesses committed by his troops seriously injured the Royalist cause, and his exactions made his name hated throughout the

masks:
Goring
Lord Goring


title: George Goring, Lord Goring

texts:
 west. He had himself prepared to besiege Taunton in March 1645, yet when in the next month he was desired by Prince Charles, who was at Bristol, to send reinforcements to Sir Richard Grenville for the siege of Taunton, he obeyed the order only with ill-humour. Later in April 1645 he was summoned with his troops to the relief of the king at Oxford. Lord <mask> had long been intriguing for an independent command, and he now secured from the king what was practically supreme authority in the west. It was alleged by the Earl of Newport that he was willing to transfer his allegiance once more to the parliament. It is not likely that he meditated open treason, but he was culpably negligent and occupied with private ambitions and jealousies. He was still engaged in desultory operations against Taunton when the main campaign of 1645 opened.For the part taken by <mask>'s army in the operations of the Naseby campaign see First English Civil War: Naseby Campaign. After the decisive defeat of the king, the army of Fairfax marched into the west and defeated <mask> in a disastrous fight at Langport on 10 July 1645. He made no further serious resistance to the parliamentary general, but wasted his time in frivolous amusements. Exile and command in Spain
In November 1645 he obtained leave to quit his disorganised forces and retire to France on the ground of health. His father's services secured him the command of some English regiments in the Spanish service. He died in Madrid after converting to Catholicism (in the care of the Jesuits) in July or August 1657.

masks: Goring Goring Goring


title: George Goring, Lord Goring

texts:
 Character assessment
Clarendon says of <mask> that he "would, without hesitation, have broken any trust, or done any act of treachery to have satisfied an ordinary passion or appetite; and in truth wanted nothing but industry (for he had wit, and courage, and understanding and ambition, uncontrolled by any fear of God or man) to have been as eminent and successful in the highest attempt of wickedness as any man in the age he lived in or before.Of all his qualifications dissimulation was his masterpiece; in which he so much excelled, that men were not ordinarily ashamed, or out of countenance, with being deceived but twice by him". Clarendon's assessment according to Florene Memegalos is untrustworthy as he appears to have blackened his name at court for personal reasons. Florene Memegalos also asserts from archive material in the Venice State records and other sources, that <mask>'s reputation stood mainly on his military abilities as a Royalist general and not just on  Clarendon's all too obvious character assassination of him. Notes

References
 This work in turn cites:

Dugdale's Baronage, where there are some doubtful stories of his life in Spain
Clarendon State Papers
Lord Clarendon, History of the Great Rebellion
Samuel Rawson Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War
Memegalos, Florene S. <mask>ring (1608-1657): Caroline Courtier and Royalist General. 1608 births
1657 deaths
English army officers
English expatriates in Spain
Cavaliers
Heirs apparent who never acceded
British courtesy barons and lords of Parliament
Military personnel of the

masks:
Goring
George Goring
George Go


title: Johanna Beyer

texts:
<mask> (July 11, 1888 – January 9, 1944) was a German-American composer and pianist. Biography

<mask> was born in Leipzig, Germany, but very little is known about her life prior to her move to the United States in 1923. She sang for three years at the Leipziger Singakademie and graduated from the Deutscher Konservatorien and Musikseminare, having studied piano, harmony, theory, counterpoint, singing, and dancing. Colleagues in New York recalled that her pianism and musicianship were excellent and that her musical training seemed traditional and solid. She spent 1911–1914 in America, though nothing is known of her activities during those years. Returning to the U.S. in 1923 (according to the biographical notes she provided in a Composers' Forum concert program), she studied at the Mannes College of Music, receiving two degrees by 1928. She taught piano to support herself, and may have taught at Greenwich House Music School, but struggled to make ends meet, resorting at times to WPA work and Ladies Home Aid.In the late 1920s or early thirties she began studying with Ruth Crawford, Charles Seeger, and Dane Rudhyar and in 1934 took Henry Cowell's percussion class at the New School for Social Research. Her musical life during these years was intertwined with Seeger, Crawford, Cowell, John Cage, and others in this modernist circle such

masks:
Johanna Magdalena Beyer
Johanna Beyer


title: Johanna Beyer

texts: as Jessie Baetz, a now-forgotten composer and painter who studied with <mask>. Her most intimate friendship was with Cowell; surviving correspondence reveals a tumultuous, and possibly romantic, relationship between the two composers. Beyer acted as Cowell's informal agent and secretary from 1936 to 1941 on a voluntary basis (only receiving partial compensation in 1941). Though she was largely ignored as a composer, she did have a number of important performances. The first was at the New School for Social Research in 1933, where her Three Songs for Soprano, Piano, and Percussion were performed. A year later, the second movement from her Suite for Clarinet and Bassoon, performed in one of Henry Cowell's New Music Society of California concerts in San Francisco, was perceived as a "doleful dull duet."Aaron Copland reviewed a New Music Quarterly Recording of the movement. John Cage performed two movements of her "Three Movements for Percussion" in his northwestern percussion tours during the late 1930s. In 1936 her skills in multiple media came to the fore in her play, The Modern Composer, for which she wrote the lyrics, composed the incidental music, choreographed the modern ballet, designed and created the costumes, slides, and advertisements, directed the production, and performed the piano part. The play was performed under the


title: Johanna Beyer

texts:
 Melodies, (New World Records 80678-2, 2008)
Three Songs for Soprano and Clarinet, Merlyn Quaife, soprano, Craig Hill, clarinet, on Sticky Melodies, (New World Records 80678-2, 2008)IV, performed by Essential Music, on The Aerial no. 3, (Non Sequitur Recordings, 1991)
Suite for Clarinet and Bassoon, movements 2 and 4 only, Rosario Mazzeo, clarinet, Raymond Allard, bassoon (New Music Quarterly Recordings 1413 side A [78rpm], 1938).Notes

Sources
Beal, Amy. <mask>. Urbana, Chicago, and Springfield: University of Illinois Press, 2015. Beal, Amy. "'Her Whimsy and Originality Really Amount to Genius': New Biographical Research on <mask>er," American Music Review 38/1 (Fall 2008), 1, 4-5, 12-13. Boland, Marguerite. "Experimentation and Process in the Music of <mask>er."Viva Voce 76 (2007), https://mugi.hfmt-hamburg.de/upload/<mask>er/BeyerBoland.pdf
Boland, Marguerite. "Le langage musical de <mask>er." Proceedings from Le Colloque Des Ponts vers L'Amérique I, Centre de recherches sur les arts et le language, EHESS (Paris, France), December 2006. http://cral.ehess.fr/docannexe/file/1077/marguerite_boland_le_langage_musical_de_johanna_beyer.pdf
Boland, Marguerite, and Larry Polansky. "Tempo Melodies in the Johanna Beyer Clarinet Suites (Fourth Movements)". Larry Polansky's Dartmouth website (accessed September 20, 2015). de Graaf, Melissa.

masks:
Johanna Beyer
Johanna Bey
Johanna Bey
Johanna Bey
Johanna Bey


title: Johanna Beyer

texts: "Intersections of Gender and Modernism in the Music of <mask>," Institute for Studies in American Music Newsletter 33/2 (Spring 2004), 8–9, 15 http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/isam/.de Graaf, Melissa. "'Never Call Us Lady Composers': Gendered Receptions in the New York Composers' Forum, 1935-1940," American Music 26/3 (Fall 2008), 277–308. de Graaf, Melissa. "The Reception of an Ultra-Modernist: Ruth Crawford's Experience in the Composers' Forum," in Ruth Crawford Seeger's Worlds: Innovation and Tradition in Twentieth-century American Music, eds. Ellie Hisama & Ray Allen. University of Rochester Press, 2006. Hinkle-Turner, Elizabeth."Lady Ada's Offspring: Some Women Pioneers in Music Technology," in Frau Musica (nova): Komponieren heute/Composing today, ed. Martina Homma, 25–33. Sinzig: Studio-Verlag, 2000. Hinkle-Turner, Elizabeth. Women Composers and Music Technology in the United States. Aldershot, Hants; Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishers, 2006. Lumsden, Rachel."'The Pulse of Life Today': Borrowing in <mask>'s String Quartet No. 2," American Music 35/3 (Fall 2017), 303–342. Polansky, Larry "The Choral and Chamber Music of <mask> Beyer". Liner notes to <mask> - Sticky Melodies. New World Records. Polansky, Larry, and John Kennedy. "'Total Eclipse': The Music of <mask> Beyer: An Introduction and Preliminary Annotated

masks:
Johanna Beyer
Johanna Beyer
Johanna Magdalena
Johanna Beyer
Johanna Magdalena


title: Johanna Beyer

texts:
 Checklist," The Musical Quarterly 80/4 (1996), 719–78.Reese, Kirsten. "Ruhelos: Annäherung an <mask> Beyer," Musiktexte: Zeitschrift fur Neue Musik'', nos. 81–82 (1999): 6–15. External links
 <mask> Beyer scores (the composer's manuscripts) in the Music Division of The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. 20th-century classical composers
German classical composers
Modernist composers
American women classical composers
American classical composers
Contemporary classical music performers
1888 births
1944 deaths
People from the Kingdom of Saxony
Musicians from Leipzig
German emigrants to the United States
Mannes School of Music alumni
Neurological disease deaths in New York (state)
Deaths from motor neuron disease
Pupils of Henry Cowell
Pupils of Charles Seeger
Pupils of Ruth Crawford Seeger
Women in electronic music
20th-century German composers
20th-century American women musicians
20th-century American composers
Sub Rosa Records artists
Olympic competitors in art competitions
20th-century women

masks:
Johanna Magdalena
Johanna Magdalena


title: James Dyson

texts:
<mask>  (born 2 May 1947) is a British inventor, industrial designer, farmer and billionaire entrepreneur who founded Dyson Ltd. He is best known as the inventor of the dual cyclone bagless vacuum cleaner, which works on the principle of cyclonic separation. According to the Sunday Times Rich List 2021, he is the fourth richest person in the UK with an estimated net worth of £16.3 billion. He served as the Provost of the Royal College of Art from August 2011 to July 2017, and opened a new University, the Dyson Institute of Engineering and Technology, on Dyson's Wiltshire Campus in September 2017. Early life and education
<mask> was born 2 May 1947 in Cromer, Norfolk, one of three children, and named after his grandfather, <mask>. He was educated at Gresham's School, an independent boarding school in Holt, Norfolk, from 1956 to 1965, when his father died of prostate cancer. He excelled at long-distance running: "I was quite good at it, not because I was physically good, but because I had more determination.I learnt determination from it." He spent one year (1965–1966) at the Byam Shaw School of Art, and then studied furniture and interior design at the Royal College of Art (1966–1970) before moving into engineering. It was while attending the Royal College of Art to study fine art that <mask> made the switch to industrial design due in part to the tutorage of the structural engineer Anthony Hunt. Early inventions
<mask> helped design the Sea Truck in 1970 while studying at the Royal College of Art. His first original invention, the Ballbarrow, was a modified version of a wheelbarrow using a ball instead of a wheel. This was featured on the BBC's Tomorrow's World television programme. Dyson stuck with the idea of a ball, inventing the Trolleyball, a trolley that launched boats.He then designed the Wheelboat, which could travel at speeds of 64 kilometres per hour (40 mph) on both land and water. Vacuum cleaners

In the late 1970s, <mask> had the idea of using cyclonic separation to create a vacuum cleaner that would not lose suction as it picked up dirt. He became frustrated with

masks:
Sir James Dyson
James Dyson
James Dyson
Dyson
Dyson
Dyson


title: James Dyson

texts: his Hoover Junior's diminishing performance: the dust bag pores kept becoming clogged with dust thus reducing suction. The cyclone idea came from a sawmill that used cyclone technology. Partly supported by his wife's salary as an art teacher, and after five years and about 5,127 prototypes, Dyson launched the "G-Force" cleaner in 1983. However, no manufacturer or distributor would handle his product in the UK, as it would have disturbed the valuable market for replacement dust bags, so <mask> launched it in Japan through catalogue sales. Manufactured in bright pink, the G-Force sold for the equivalent of £2,000.It won the 1991 International Design Fair Prize in Japan. He filed a series of patents for his dual cyclone vacuum cleaner EP0037674 in 1980. After his invention was rejected by the major manufacturers, <mask> set up his own manufacturing company, Dyson Ltd. In June 1993, he opened a research centre and factory in Malmesbury, Wiltshire. Dyson's breakthrough in the UK market came more than ten years after the initial idea, through a TV advertising campaign in which it was emphasised that, unlike most of its rivals, the Dyson vacuum did not require the continuing purchase of replacement bags. At that time, the UK market for disposable cleaner bags was £100 million. The slogan "say goodbye to the bag" proved more attractive to the buying public than a previous emphasis on the suction efficiency that its technology delivers.Ironically, the previous step change in domestic vacuum cleaner design had been the introduction of the disposable bag – users being prepared to pay extra for the convenience. The Dyson Dual Cyclone became the fastest-selling vacuum cleaner ever made in the UK, and outsold those of some of the companies that rejected his idea, becoming one of the most popular brands in the UK. In early 2005, it was reported that Dyson cleaners had become the market leaders in the United States by value (though not by number of units sold). Dyson licensed the technology in North America from 1986 to 2001 to Fantom Technologies, after which Dyson entered the market

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 directly. Following his success, other major manufacturers began to market their own cyclonic vacuum cleaners. In 1999, Dyson sued Hoover (UK) for patent infringement. The High Court ruled that Hoover had deliberately copied a fundamental part of his patented designs in making its Triple Vortex bagless vacuum cleaner range.Hoover agreed to pay damages of £4 million. In 2005, <mask> incorporated the wheel ball from his Ballbarrow concept into a vacuum cleaner, creating the Dyson Ball. This ball, rather than the static wheels on existing vacuums, enabled it to become more steerable, which was more useful for navigating around obstacles and corners. In mid-2014, <mask> personally appeared in Tokyo to introduce his "360 Eye" robotic vacuum cleaner. Dyson's initial entry into this market segment features 360° scanning and mapping for navigation, cyclonic dust separation, a custom-designed digital motor for high suction, tank treads for traction, a full-width brushroll bar, and user interface via a free iOS or Android app. Interviewed by Fast Company (May 2007), <mask> asserted the importance of failure in one's life, "I made 5,127 prototypes of my vacuum before I got it right. There were 5,126 failures.But I learned from each one. That's how I came up with a solution. So I don't mind failure. I've always thought that schoolchildren should be marked by the number of failures they've had. The child who tries strange things and experiences lots of failures to get there is probably more creative." Other inventions
In 2000, <mask> expanded his appliance range to include a washing machine called the ContraRotator, which had two rotating drums moving in opposite directions. The range was decorated in the usual bright Dyson colours, rather than the traditional white, grey or black of most other machines.It was not a commercial success and was discontinued in 2005. In 2002, Dyson created a realisation of the optical illusions depicted in the lithographs of Dutch artist M. C. Escher. Engineer Derek Phillips was able to accomplish the task after a year of work, creating a water sculpture in

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 which the water appears to flow up to the tops of four ramps arranged in a square, before cascading to the bottom of the next ramp. Called Wrong Garden, it was displayed at the Chelsea Flower Show in 2003. The illusion is accomplished with water containing air bubbles pumped through a chamber underneath the transparent glass ramps to a slit at the top from which the bulk of the water cascades down. This makes it appear that the water is flowing up, when really, a small amount of water diverted from the slit at the top flows back down the ramps in a thin layer. In October 2006 Dyson launched the Dyson Airblade, a fast hand dryer that uses a thin sheet of moving air as a squeegee to remove water, rather than attempting to evaporate it with heat.This allows faster drying, while using much less energy than traditional electrical hand dryers. Another product, launched on 18 October 2009, is a fan without external blades, which he calls the Air Multiplier. In addition to a cooling fan, a model which distributes electrically produced heat and an ultrasonic humidifier model are also available. In April 2016, Dyson launched the Dyson Supersonic, a hair dryer with a smaller motor located in the handle so as to provide better balance and smaller size, as well as quieter operation. Commenting on the launch, Vogue magazine said "as the first product to launch from Dyson's new UK state-of-the-art hair laboratory, we have high hopes for the future of our blow-dries." Research and development

In 2017 Dyson spent £7m a week on research and development of new products. The company is the UK's biggest investor in robotics and artificial intelligence research, employing over 3,500 engineers and scientists, and engaging in more than 40 university research programmes.Speaking to the Daily Telegraph, <mask> said, “We’re looking at more non-domestic products but we are not rushing to do lots of different things,” he said. “We are a private company so we can do it when we are ready.”

In November 2014, Dyson announced plans to invest a further £1.5bn into the research and development of new


title: James Dyson

texts:
 technology, including funding for an expanded campus at the Dyson UK headquarters in Malmesbury which will create up to 3,000 jobs. The then Prime Minister David Cameron, said: "Dyson is a great British success story and the expansion of the Malmesbury campus will create thousands of new jobs, providing a real boost to the local economy and financial security for more hardworking families. Investment on this scale shows confidence in our long-term economic plan to back business, create more jobs and secure a brighter future for Britain". In March 2016, Dyson announced a second new multimillion-pound research and development centre on a  former Ministry of Defence (MoD) site at Hullavington, Wiltshire. The company said it aimed to double its UK-based workforce in the next five or six years. Dyson said: "After 25 years of UK growth, and continuing expansion globally, we are fast outgrowing our Malmesbury Campus.To win in the world stage you have to develop new technology and develop great products and that's what we're doing here.". In September 2017, <mask> announced plans to produce an electric vehicle, aiming to be launched in 2020, investing £2bn of his own money. He assembled a team of more than 400 people for the project. According to reports, the vehicle was intended to be powered by a solid-state battery, Dyson having acquired the battery company Sakti3 in 2015. In October 2019, <mask> announced that the electric car project had been cancelled due to it not being commercially viable. In 2017, he launched the Dyson Institute of Engineering and Technology. Allegations of copyright infringement
Dyson has several times accused Chinese spies and students of copying technological and scientific secrets from the UK through the planting of software bugs and by infiltrating British industries, institutions, and universities after they left.He also complained that China benefits from stealing foreign designs, flouting of product copyrights and a two-speed patent system that discriminates against foreign firms with unreasonably longer times. Tax contribution and allegations of


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 avoidance

In the 2022 Tax List published by The Sunday Times in January 2022, Sir <mask> and family were listed 11th of the UK's 50 biggest taxpayers with a total of £101 million contributed for the last full year on record. The IPPR think tank noted that only two of those listed in the 2021 Sunday Times Rich List – <mask> and the Weston family – were listed in that year's Tax List. In the previous three years, <mask> had featured at 6th, 4th and 3rd in the Sunday Times Tax List, reportedly contributing a total of £345.8 million to the UK exchequer. <mask> publicly stated in 2008, "I think it's wrong to direct your business for tax reasons. Your business should be where you can do it best". However, his company Dyson Ltd, for a period in the late 2000s, set up several complex structures using a new parent company in Malta, and group financing companies in Luxembourg and the Isle of Man.It has been alleged the structures were used to generate tax deductions in the UK via intra-group financing and relied on deals with the Luxembourg tax authorities revealed in the 2014 Lux Leaks. <mask> denied the non-UK structures used created any tax benefit in the UK, telling the Guardian in 2014: "At no time did the [group's former] non-UK structure deliver any significant tax advantage and, of the entities in question all have been dissolved or are in a liquidation process". Europe

Pro-European Union
In 1998, <mask> was one of the chairmen and chief executives of 20 FTSE 100 companies who signed a statement published in The Financial Times calling on the government for early British membership of the Eurozone. He claimed that failure to join the euro would lead to the destruction of the British manufacturing base and said: "It does not mean that the jobs will go tomorrow but will drift abroad over a period and the longer-term future of Britain as a manufacturing nation will be blighted. Ministers had better understand that if we delay entry too long there may be nothing left to save." Claiming that the strength of the pound was affecting his company's profits on exports to France and

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 Germany, in February 2000 <mask> threatened to shift focus from his Malmesbury plant to a new plant set up in Malaysia because the government would not join the euro. He said: "We would expect to double in size in the next two years.We are talking about a £100 million investment and up to 2,000 jobs. I would like to make that investment in the UK. But it seems that is not going to be possible. The value of sterling means we are struggling to compete at home with cheap imports from Europe and the Far East. We do around £40 million worth of export business with France and Germany each year but we aren't making any money. If we joined the euro we would be on an even footing with our biggest trading partners." An editorial published in The Times responded: "Mr <mask>, a manufacturing version of Sir Richard Branson, likes complaining.Yesterday he was complaining that Britain's failure to join the euro and the resultant strong pound will force him to move abroad. Last week he blamed the price of land and planning delays in Wiltshire, but never mind. So where will he go? To Portugal, Italy or to an EU candidate such as Poland? No, Mr Dyson threatens to go to the Far East. Like so many entrepreneurs, he wants a cheap currency and low interest rates, but also low inflation, low wages, a flexible labour market and low regulation. He will not find them in the eurozone."Dyson again threatened to shift production abroad in November 2000, saying: "It's suicidal for the UK not to join the euro. Why should we go on exporting at a loss? We're facing unfair competition." In February 2002, Dyson announced that production was finally being shifted to the Far East. In August 2003, assembly of washing machines was also switched from Malmesbury to Malaysia. Pro-Brexit
Dyson was one of the most prominent UK business leaders to publicly support Brexit before the referendum in June 2016. Since the EU referendum, Dyson has stated that Britain should leave the EU Single Market and that this would "liberate" the economy and allow Britain to strike its own trade deals around the world.During 2016, 19% of


title: James Dyson

texts:
 Dyson Ltd exports went to EU countries (at WTO tariffs), compared with 81% to non-EU countries. In 2017, <mask> suggested that the UK should leave the EU without an interim deal and that "uncertainty is an opportunity". Previously, in 2014, <mask> had said he would be voting to leave the European Union to avoid being "dominated and bullied by the Germans". In November 2017, <mask> was critical of the UK government Brexit negotiations and said "we should just walk away and they will come to us". After it became public in January 2019, that Dyson's company was to move its headquarters from Malmesbury to Singapore, he was accused of hypocrisy regarding his campaign for Brexit. European Court of Justice
In November 2015, <mask> lost his case against EU energy labelling laws in the European General Court, however a subsequent appeal in the European Court of Justice said that the previous ruling had “distorted the facts” and “erred in law”. James Dyson Foundation

Dyson set up the James Dyson Foundation in 2002 to support design and engineering education; it now operates in UK, US and Japan.The foundation's aim is to inspire young people to study engineering and become engineers by encouraging students to think differently and to make mistakes. The foundation supports engineering education in schools and universities, as well as medical and scientific research in partnership with charities. It achieves this by funding different resources such as the "Engineering Box", a box filled with activities for a school to use as a teaching aid. The foundation loans the boxes to schools for four weeks free of charge, they are suitable for Key Stage 4 and above. The Engineering Box enables students to take apart and examine a Dyson DC22 Telescope vacuum cleaner. In addition, a school is allowed to retain a James Dyson Foundation teacher pack, and a copy of Genius of Britain, a Channel 4 TV series featuring Dyson, and design engineering posters. Other resources are also available.In May 2014, the foundation announced an £8m donation to create a technology hub at the University of Cambridge. The


title: James Dyson

texts:
 donation will also allow for a design and making lab to be developed for undergraduate engineering students. In March 2015, the foundation pledged a £12m donation to Imperial College London to allow the purchase of a Post Office building in Exhibition Road from the Science Museum. Imperial College will open the Dyson School of Design Engineering in this building, and teach a new four-year master's degree in design engineering. The foundation also supports the work of young designers through the <mask>on Award, an international design award that "celebrates, encourages and inspires the next generation of design engineers". It is run in 20 countries and is open to recent graduates in product design, industrial design and engineering. In June 2019, the foundation announced a donation of £18.75 million to Dyson's old school, Gresham's, for the building of a new science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics (STEAM) building.Honours and awards
 In 1997 <mask> was awarded the Prince Philip Designers Prize. <mask> was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1998 New Year Honours for services to industrial design. In 2000, he received the Lord Lloyd of Kilgerran Award. He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Bath in 2000. In 2005 <mask> was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng) and appointed a Royal Designer for Industry. <mask> was appointed Knight Bachelor in the 2007 New Year Honours for services to business. <mask> was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2015.<mask> was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM) in the 2016 New Year Honours for achievements in industrial design. In 2017 <mask> was awarded IEEE Honorary Membership. <mask> was provost of the Royal College of Art in London until 1 July 2017, having succeeded Sir Terence Conran in August 2011, and is patron of the Design & Technology Association. He was chair of the board of trustees of the Design Museum, "the first in the world to showcase design of the manufactured object", until suddenly resigning in September 2004, saying the museum

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 had "become a style showcase" instead of "upholding its mission to encourage serious design of the manufactured object". <mask> was elected an international member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2019, for development of advanced technologies and innovative products and for contributions to design and engineering education. Personal life
<mask> married Deirdre Hindmarsh in 1968. They have three children; two sons and a daughter.In 2003, <mask> paid £15 million for Dodington Park, a  Georgian estate in South Gloucestershire close to Chipping Sodbury. He and his wife own Domaine des Rabelles, near Tourtour, France, and a house in Chelsea, London. His vessel Nahlin is the largest British-flagged and -owned super yacht with an overall length of , and was ranked 36th in a 2013 survey of the world's 100 biggest yachts. <mask> owns two Gulfstream G650ER private jets registered G-VIOF and G-GSVI. He previously owned an older Gulfstream G650, registered G-ULFS  and currently owns a AgustaWestland AW-139 helicopter. In July 2019, <mask> spent £43 million on a  triplex flat at the top of the Guoco Tower, the tallest building in Singapore. He sold the flat in October 2020 for £36 million, and in April 2021 it was reported that he had moved his place of residence back to the UK.Dyson has also invested heavily into buying agriculture lands across Lincolnshire, Oxfordshire, and Gloucestershire. References

External links

1947 births
Living people
People from Cromer
People educated at Gresham's School
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
Alumni of the Byam Shaw School of Art
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Order of Merit
English inventors
Product designers
English industrial designers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
20th-century British businesspeople
21st-century British businesspeople
Businesspeople awarded knighthoods
English philanthropists
British Eurosceptics
English farmers
English landowners
Founders of academic

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title: John Reeves (judge)

texts:
<mask>  (born 2 January 1952) is a former Australian politician, lawyer and judge. He was a Labor member of the Australian House of Representatives from 1983 to 1984, a prominent barrister in Darwin afterwards, the author of the controversial 1999 Reeves Report on Aboriginal land rights in Australia. He served as a Judge of the Federal Court of Australia from November 2007 to January 2022. From 2007 to 2012 (until the appointment of Duncan Kerr), he was the only former politician serving on the Federal Court, and the only former politician serving on an Australian appellate court. Political career

<mask> was born in Stanthorpe, Queensland, and was admitted as a solicitor in 1975 after completing five years articles of clerkship and the Queensland Solicitors Admission Course. He moved to Alice Springs, where he worked as a solicitor, and became involved with the Labor Party. He won preselection to contest the Northern Territory seat in the House of Representatives for the 1983 federal election.He was elected amidst the election of the Hawke government, ending a 17-year hold on the seat by the Coalition (the Country Party until 1974, and the Country Liberal Party afterward). Another federal election was held the following year, however, and <mask> faced a strong challenge when the Chief Minister of the Northern Territory, Paul Everingham, resigned to challenge <mask>. Initially thought to have little chance against the popular Everingham, he closed the gap in the polls significantly during the campaign. Ultimately, he was defeated on the fourth count, losing by 1,800 votes. <mask> had moved to Darwin upon his election to parliament, and returned to his legal practice there after his 1984 defeat, being admitted to the bar the following year. He remained involved in the Labor Party, where he was heavily associated with the party's right-wing faction, and initially was a staunch ally of Opposition Leader Bob Collins. <mask> subsequently nominated and won the presidency of the Northern Territory branch of the ALP in 1985 over

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title: John Reeves (judge)

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 concerted opposition from the party's left wing.Though he remained ideologically aligned with Collins during his term as party president, <mask> announced in 1986 that he intended to run for the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly at the 1987 territory election, in a move that was widely seen as a prelude to a leadership challenge against Collins. He lost preselection for the highly marginal CLP seat of Jingili, and was forced to contest the less marginal seat of Casuarina, which he went on to lose to incumbent MLA Nick Dondas. <mask>' influence within the ALP began to wane significantly after 1987. A left-wing candidate, Warren Snowdon, won preselection for the federal seat for the 1987 federal election. <mask> strongly criticised Snowdon, stating that his victory was an "aberration" and urging the party not to shift to the left. Snowdon's supporters moved to gain control of the NT branch at the 1987 party conference, ousting both <mask> as party president and his ally Collins as delegate to the party's National Executive. <mask> attempted to make a political comeback at the 1990 territory election, but lost preselection for Casuarina and did not run for public office again.Legal career and the Reeves Report

<mask> developed a significant legal practice as a barrister in Darwin in the 1990s, and became increasingly distant from the Labor Party. In 1996, after his former rival Nick Dondas defeated Snowdon for the Northern Territory seat, he represented Dondas against a Court of Disputed Returns challenge by Snowdon. He was a close friend of Shane Stone, the CLP Chief Minister from 1995, and was appointed as a Queens Counsel by Stone in 1997. In 1997, Liberal Prime Minister <mask> announced an inquiry into the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976. <mask>, known to be the CLP's preferred appointee, was tipped the head the inquiry, and was duly appointed in October 1997. The appointment was criticised by Aboriginal groups both for his lack of judicial experience and his history of defending developers accused of desecrating

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title: John Reeves (judge)

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 Aboriginal sacred sites. The Reeves Report (full title The Aboriginal Land Rights Act (Northern Territory) 1976, Building on Land Rights for the Next Generation ), was released in August 1998, and advocated sweeping changes to land rights legislation, including the scrapping of permits for access to Aboriginal land, granting the Northern Territory Government compulsory acquisition powers over Aboriginal land, and scrapping the Aboriginal land councils in favour of a new body.It notably did not, however, recommend the abolition of the right for Aboriginal communities to veto proposed mining projects on their land, a change that the mining industry had been heavily lobbying for. The report was strongly opposed in Aboriginal communities across the territory at public hearings, with a copy of the report being publicly burned at Yuendumu and prominent Aboriginal leaders, including Galarrwuy Yunupingu and Alison Anderson, attacking the report in the media. It also received a lukewarm response in federal parliament, despite strong support from the Stone territory government; it was vigorously opposed by a number of prominent former Liberal politicians, including Malcolm Fraser, Ian Viner, Ian Wilson, Peter Baume, and Fred Chaney. A cross-party parliamentary committee in the House of Representatives unanimously declined to adopt the report's recommendations; it was also rejected by the corresponding committee in the Senate. None of its recommendations were enacted into law in the aftermath, but some were revived a decade later by the Howard government as part of the Northern Territory National Emergency Response. Appointment as a Judge of the Federal Court

<mask> remained a prominent figure in the Northern Territory legal community, serving as President of the Northern Territory Bar Association from 2000 to 2005 and Vice-President of the Australian Bar Association from 2003 to 2004. He also served as Deputy Chair of the Legal Practitioner's Complaints Committee, and as Chairman of the Northern Territory division of the Australian Red


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 Cross.He was also appointed to the taskforce of the Northern Territory National Emergency Response in 2007. <mask> was appointed to the Federal Court of Australia in November 2007, as one of the last judicial appointments of the Howard government. He was the first judge to be specifically based in Darwin, which had previously been served by interstate judges in an acting capacity. In March 2009, however, he was transferred to Brisbane, following concerns that the judicial workload in Darwin was not sufficient to warrant a resident judge, and a number of cases from which he had to withdraw due to potential conflicts of interest with his past legal work as a barrister. <mask> is one of only six politicians to have served in both the Parliament of Australia and the Federal Court of Australia, alongside Nigel Bowen, Robert Ellicott, Merv Everett, Tony Whitlam and Duncan Kerr. His notable decisions include (in no particular order); Stoddart v Boulton [2009] FCA 1108 regarding spousal privilege at common law in Australia and QGC Pty Limited v Bygrave [2011] FCA 1457 dealing with the role and registration of Indigenous Land Use Agreements. <mask> was also the docket Judge for the Australian Securities and Investment Commission's litigation in 2011–12 against the collapsed Storm Financial Ltd.The litigation also involved the Commonwealth Bank, Macquarie Bank and the Bank of Queensland. On 1 May 2009 <mask> was appointed as an Additional Judge of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory. <mask> travelled to both Darwin and Alice Springs in this capacity. <mask> retired from the Federal Court on 1 January 2022. See also
List of Judges of the Federal Court of Australia

References

1952 births
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Judges of the Federal Court of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Northern Territory
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Living people
Judges of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory
Australian Queen's Counsel
20th-century Australian

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title: Omar Epps

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<mask> (born July 20, 1973) is an American actor, rapper, and producer. He has been awarded nine NAACP Image Awards, two Teen Choice Awards, one MTV Movie Award, one Black Reel Award, and one Screen Actors Guild Award. <mask>'s film roles include Juice, Higher Learning, The Wood, In Too Deep, and Love & Basketball. His television work includes the role of Dr. Dennis Gant on the medical drama series ER, J. Martin Bellamy in Resurrection, Dr. Eric Foreman on the Fox medical drama series House from 2004 to 2012, and Isaac Johnson in the TV series Shooter from 2016 to 2018. Early life
<mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York. His parents divorced during his childhood and he was raised by his mother, <mask>, an elementary school principal. He lived in several Brooklyn neighborhoods while growing up (Bedford-Stuyvesant, East New York, and East Flatbush).Before he started acting, he belonged to a rap group called Wolfpack, which he formed with his cousin in 1991. He began writing poetry, short stories, and songs at the age of ten and attended the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts. Career
Early in his career, <mask> was most often cast in the roles of troubled teens and/or athletes. He made his feature film debut with rapper Tupac Shakur as the star of cinematographer Ernest Dickerson's directorial film debut Juice. <mask> followed up his performance in Juice as a DJ, by later playing a running back in the college football drama The Program alongside James Caan. <mask> starred in the film Deadly Voyage, and won the best actor award at the Monte

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texts: Carlo Television Festival for portraying Kingsley Ofusu in this true story about African stowaways. The following year, he switched to baseball as co-star of Major League II, taking over the role of Willie Mays Hayes from originator Wesley Snipes.His next athletic endeavor was playing a track and field star in John Singleton's Higher Learning, a look at the politics and racial tensions of college life. <mask> landed a role on the hit television drama ER for several episodes portraying Dr. Dennis Gant, a troubled surgical intern. After his television work on ER, <mask> returned to the big screen in 1997 with a brief turn as a giddy moviegoer on a date with a woman played by Jada Pinkett, who ends up an early victim of a psychopathic slasher in the blockbuster sequel Scream 2. Also in 1997, <mask> was the star of the fact-based HBO movie First Time Felon. He played a small-time criminal who goes through Chicago's boot camp reform system and undertakes a heroic flood rescue, only to then be faced with the adjustment of re-entering society with the mark of ex-con. In 1999 <mask> was cast as Linc in The Mod Squad. While The Mod Squad proved a critical and box-office bust, <mask>'s later 1999 effort The Wood offered him a serious and multi-dimensional role.Following a group of middle-class African Americans from youth to adulthood, The Wood, the debut effort from director-screenwriter Rick Famuyiwa, co-starred Richard T. Jones and Taye Diggs. Also in 1999, <mask> was featured alongside Stanley Tucci and LL Cool J, playing an undercover detective who finds himself caught up

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 in the illegal goings-on he is investigating in In Too Deep. 1999 also saw him lens the 1950s set murder mystery When Willows Touch, with James Earl Jones and Jada Pinkett Smith. In 2000, <mask> starred in Love & Basketball, featuring Alfre Woodard and Sanaa Lathan. He portrayed Quincy, the NBA hopeful who has a stormy relationship with an equally adept female basketball star Monica, played by Lathan. <mask> also had supporting roles in a series of films, including Dracula 2000, Big Trouble, and the telepic Conviction. He also had a leading role as a gangster in Brother, a movie by  Japanese actor/director Takeshi Kitano.In 2004, <mask> landed the role of drug-dealer-turned-prizefighter Luther Shaw, who falls under the tutelage of boxing promoter Jackie Kallen (Meg Ryan) in the biopic Against the Ropes. <mask> was a character in the video game Def Jam Fight for NY in 2004. Also in 2004, <mask> returned to television medical drama with his role as Dr. Eric Foreman on the Fox television series House. The role earned him a NAACP Image Award in 2007, 2008 and 2013 for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. In 2014, <mask> took on the role of agent J. Martin Bellamy in the ABC television series, Resurrection. The series focuses on a number of individuals who return from the dead, and change the lives of their families and friends in Arcadia, Missouri. In July 2020, <mask> starred in the Netflix psychological thriller Fatal Affair.Personal life
<mask> married singer Keisha Spivey, from the R&B group Total, in 2006. They have two children, daughter K'mari Mae and son

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 Amir. He also has a daughter, Aiyanna, from a previous relationship. He is fluent in Spanish and French. <mask> and actor/comedian Marlon Wayans are longtime friends and  high school classmates at LaGuardia High, both graduating in 1990. The 1997−1999 theme song used for the sitcom The Wayans Brothers was co-produced by <mask>, with Marlon and Shawn Wayans. In a 2018 interview, <mask> denied the long-standing rumor that he is related to fellow actor <mask>, saying, "Me and <mask> ain't related, though, we spoke like, 'Where you from?Where you from?'" <mask> authored an autobiographical book titled From Fatherless to Fatherhood that was released by Lulu Publishing in June 2018. <mask> serves on the Cultural Council of RepresentUs, a nonprofit organization that focuses on passing anti-corruption laws in the United States. In June 2020, he narrated an educational video for the organization about America's criminal justice system. Filmography

Film

Television

Discography
 <mask> Presents... The Get Back (2004)

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
Male actors from New York City
American male child actors
African-American male rappers
American male film actors
American male television actors
Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School alumni
Rappers from Brooklyn
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
African-American male actors
20th-century American rappers
21st-century American rappers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
20th-century African-American musicians
21st-century African-American

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title: Reuben H. Fleet

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<mask> (March 6, 1887 – October 29, 1975) was an American aviation pioneer,  industrialist and army officer. <mask> founded and led several corporations, including Consolidated Aircraft. Birth and early career
<mask> was born on March 6, 1887, to Lillian Waite and <mask> in Montesano, Washington. The <mask>s were a prosperous family; <mask> was city engineer and county auditor for Montesano, and owned large tracts of land in the Washington Territory. He also served as the city clerk. <mask> grew up in Grays Harbor, Washington. The Panic of 1893 wiped out the land holdings of the <mask>s and the family lived in much diminished conditions from the time <mask> was six until he was thirteen.At 15, <mask> attended Culver Military Academy where his uncle, <mask>, was superintendent. He spent his fourth and final year at the academy as the editor-in-chief of the cadet newspaper, the C.M.A. Vedette. Culver provided the equivalent of an associate degree, and after his graduation <mask> intended to continue his education at Stanford University. Deciding against going to Stanford immediately, in 1907 <mask> returned home, where he took the state teachers examination and began teaching all grades from first through eighth. After a number of months, <mask> set himself up as a realtor and resigned from teaching. It was also during this time that <mask> joined the Washington National Guard, as captain.In 1908, with a loan from Montesano State Bank for $1500, <mask> began investing in local real estate, which would eventually culminate in <mask> owning large tracts of timberland which he would subdivide and parcel out, often for railroad right-of-way or logging, for substantial profit. In March 1911, <mask>, a captain of a National Guard company, was ordered with his men to quell a civil disturbance organized by the Industrial Workers of the World, a militant labor organization. Later, from April through May <mask> and three other officers were assigned to San Diego, California, to keep track of the agitators

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title: Reuben H. Fleet

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 who had moved south from Washington and Oregon, heading to Mexico. So impressed was <mask> with San Diego and its climate that he told himself that he would arrange to have his business in San Diego if he could. The promise was kept 24 years later when he relocated the Consolidated plant to San Diego from Buffalo, New York

Army career
Anticipating the entry of the United States into World War I Fleet closed his office in March 1917 and reported to the training facility of the Aviation Section of the Signal Corps, United States Army, in San Diego. Commissioned in the Army as a major, <mask> graduated Junior Military Aviator No. 74.He was then assigned as acting commanding officer of the 18th Aero Squadron, Training. During the war in Europe <mask> was the executive officer for Flying Training, Signal Corps Aviation Section, stationed in Washington, D.C., with temporary duty in England. His commanding officer was Colonel '<mask>' Arnold. In May 1918 <mask> was tasked with setting up the first scheduled U. S. Air Mail between New York and Washington, D.C., the Aerial Mail Service being jointly operated by the Department of War and U.S. Post Office Department. <mask> was appointed Officer-in-Charge of the Aerial Mail Service in addition to his duties as executive officer for Flying Training. <mask> successfully petitioned President Wilson personally to suspend the expansion of the air mail service to Boston until better equipment and facilities were created. <mask> was in charge of the airmail service in 1918 when the famous 24-cent Inverted Jenny postage stamp was printed in error.It became one of the rarest collector stamps of United States postage. In 2013 the United States Postal Service commemorated this issue by printing 2,182,000 Souvenir sheets. Each had six of the stamps (repriced at $2) surrounded by period images. Dressed as a World War I-era aviator, <mask> appears in the lower left quadrant of the sheet. <mask>'s next assignment was as the Army Air Service's chief aviation

masks: Fleet Fleet Fleet Hap Fleet Fleet Fleet Fleet Fleet Fleet


title: Reuben H. Fleet

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 contracting officer, part of the Engineering Division, based at McCook Field. There he played key roles in the development of the turbocharger for aero applications and  the testing of a number of other aviation innovations, including the Loening PW-2A, the first American pursuit monoplane, and the de Bothezat helicopter. <mask> performed some of the flight testing himself.<mask> was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal for his service at McCook Field. With post-war budgets slashed and commissioned officers being reduced one rank <mask> felt he'd gone as far as he could in military aviation. On 30 November 1922, Thanksgiving Day, <mask>, his superior officer and the chief of the Power Plant Section announced to the press that they were resigning. Consolidated years
Upon resigning his commission <mask> accepted a position with Gallaudet Aircraft Company. <mask> arranged the merger between Gallaudet Aircraft Company and Dayton-Wright Company to create his own company, Consolidated Aircraft Company, in 1923. He hired Isaac Machlin Laddon, who had been in charge of design of heavy aircraft at McCook Field. One of his first goals was to secure the contract to design a twin-engine night bomber for the Army.Teaming with Sikorsky, they failed to win the competition with their S-37 design. Consolidated then went on to a long line of successful designs and lucrative contracts for seaplanes for the Navy. Starting with their XPY-1 of 1928, the company's string of successes culminated in one of the most numerous and successful seaplanes, the Consolidated PBY Catalina. Exploiting Fleet's experience in Army flight training, Consolidated produced a popular military training aircraft, the PT-11 (Consolidated Model 21) primary/advanced trainer. Leading Consolidated, Fleet founded or acquired a number of subsidiaries, including Fleet Aircraft to market civilian designs, Tonawanda Products Corporation to supply components, and Hall-Aluminum Aircraft Corporation. Among the companies acquired by Fleet during

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title: Reuben H. Fleet

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 time was the Thomas-Morse Aircraft which was failing yet had outstanding contracts to  deliver. Fleet selected San Diego, California to relocate Consolidated from Buffalo, New York, where winter weather restricted seaplane operations.The move occurred in 1935. In November, 1941 <mask> elected to sell a majority of his shares in Consolidated to Vultee Aircraft. The resulting company, Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation, became known as Convair. He continued on in the role of adviser and consultant for five more years. He also became a private consultant for Franklin D. Roosevelt. Consolidated went on to become a key supplier of heavy bombers with the widely produced B-24 Liberator playing a key role in the Allied strategic bombing campaigns, and the Convair B-36—the world's largest piston-engined bomber—filling a crucial gap in the Cold War years until jet-powered bombers became widely available. In August 1946, <mask> and his sister, Lillian, bought a parcel of land in Montesano and donated it to the city for use as a park named in honor of their parents.The city subsequently renamed Second Street to Fleet Street in their honor. Retirement and philanthropy
Leaving Consolidated, <mask> divided his time between his landmark home in Point Loma, California, the "Spanish Castle," and his residence in Palm Springs, California. During this time <mask> served on the California State Highway Commission. He was also active in the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences (IAS),  the professional society for aeronautical engineers and researchers in related fields. IAS was founded in 1932 and was the predecessor of today's AIAA. In 1961 <mask> founded the San Diego Aerospace Museum to commemorate President Kennedy's commitment to land a man on the moon within this decade. In 1965 <mask> was invested in the International Aerospace Hall of Fame, and his portrait now hangs along with the other inductees' in the Hall of Fame's gallery within the San Diego Air and Space Museum.In 1967, <mask>'s son, Sandy,

masks: Fleet Fleet Fleet Fleet Fleet Fleet Fleet


title: Reuben H. Fleet

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 founded the Fotomat Corporation. In the early 1970s, <mask> largely funded construction of The Bishop Center for Performing Arts at Grays Harbor College in Aberdeen, Washington, in honor of E. K. "Ned" and <mask> Bishop. Lillian was <mask>'s sister, and "Ned" Bishop, a logging tycoon in western Washington state, was an early investor in Consolidated Aircraft. The Bishops left their fortune to a foundation that funds operation of the Bishop Center. The Reuben H. Fleet Space Theatre, now the Reuben H. Fleet Science Center, was established in San Diego in 1973 after an initial gift by his son <mask> and the rest of the <mask> family. It was the first science museum to combine interactive science exhibits with a planetarium and very large screen theater based on the IMAX film format, setting the pattern that most major science museums have since adopted. Personal life
<mask> married Elizabeth Girton on April 29, 1908, and they settled in Montesano, Washington.They had two children, <mask> and David Girton <mask>; David later became an executive with Consolidated and a real estate developer, creator of the upscale Fleetridge neighborhood in San Diego. <mask> and Elizabeth were divorced in 1920. In 1931 he married Dorothy Mitchell, and they had three children, Preston "Sandy<mask>, <mask>, and <mask>. <mask> went on to found the Fotomat Corporation. <mask> and Dorothy were divorced in 1944. He married Eva May VanDenburgh in 1947. <mask> died in San Diego, California, on October 29, 1975, at age 88 from injuries related to a fall.He was buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery, Point Loma, San Diego, California. References

Further reading

1887 births
1975 deaths
Businesspeople from San Diego
Aviators from California
Aviation pioneers
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
Businesspeople from Washington (state)
United States airmail pilots
People from Montesano, Washington
Culver Academies alumni
Aviators from Washington (state)
20th-century American businesspeople
Burials at Fort Rosecrans

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title: Ted Honderich

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<mask> (born 30 January 1933) is a Canadian-born British professor of philosophy, who was Grote Professor Emeritus of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic, University College London. Biography
<mask> was born <mask> on 30 January 1933 in Baden, Ontario, Canada. An undergraduate at the University of Toronto, qualifying as B.A. (Hons) in Philosophy and English Literature, he came to University College London to study under the logical positivist and Grote Professor A. J. Ayer, graduating with a PhD in 1968. He has since lived in England and become a British citizen. After being a lecturer at the University of Sussex he became lecturer, reader, professor and then Grote Professor at University College London. He was visiting professor at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Yale and the universities of Bath and Calgary.He is author of many books and articles on such subjects as consciousness, determinism, qualia, functionalism, timings of sensory experiences, psychophysical intimacy, the correspondence theory of truth, Russell's theory of descriptions, time, causation, Mill's On Liberty, John Searle's view of free will and G. A. Cohen's defence of Marx's theory of history. He has also edited several series of philosophy books. He has been involved in controversy for his moral defence of Palestinian political violence, despite his justification of the founding and maintaining of Israel in its original 1948 borders. His papers in philosophical journals have been published in three volumes by Edinburgh University Press. He has appeared on radio and television, is the

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title: Ted Honderich

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 determinism is consistent with our freedom and moral responsibility; according to the second, it is inconsistent with them.Honderich considers Compatibilism's argument that our freedom consists in voluntariness, doing what we desire and not being coerced; hence its conclusion that determinism and freedom can go together. He also examines Incompatibilism's argument that our freedom consists in origination or free will, our choosing without our choosing's being caused; hence the conclusion that determinism and freedom are inconsistent. Honderich argues that both views are mistaken, since freedom as voluntariness and freedom as origination are each as fundamental to our lives. The real problem of the consequences of determinism is not choosing between the two traditional doctrines, but a more practical one:  trying to give up what must be given up, since we do not have the power of origination. <mask>'s rejection of both traditions has been taken up by other philosophers, many of whom find his criticisms decisive. Mind and brain
Honderich's Union Theory of mind and brain is defended in A Theory of Determinism. The Union Theory takes it as possible that conscious events like our choices and decisions are in a way subjective but are nevertheless physical rather than near-physical events.They stand in a kind of lawlike connection with neural events, sometimes called the supervenience of mental events on neural events. These psychoneural pairs, as Honderich calls them, are just effects of certain causal sequences, and are causes of our actions. This sort of physicalism, a


title: Ted Honderich

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 predecessor to the notion of supervenience, has since been succeeded in <mask>'s writings by the near-physicalism of Radical Externalism. Radical Externalism holds that perceptual consciousness does not have a nomic sufficient condition in a head but only a necessary one. Honderich argues that reflective and affective consciousness are different again. He also argues that this is consistent with contemporary neuroscience, rescues us from the argument from illusion or brain in a vat, and also from the dubious conclusions of sense-data theory and phenomenalism. The Principle of Humanity
<mask> argues that the Principle of Humanity is that what is right always consists in what, according to the best available knowledge and judgement, are actually rational steps, effective and not self-defeating ones rather than pretences, to the end of getting and keeping people out of bad lives.Bad lives are defined as those deprived of six fundamental human goods:  a decent length of life, bodily well-being, freedom and power in various settings, respect and self-respect, the goods of relationship, and the goods of culture. It is a consequentialist principle, but not the principle of utility, nor of course the claim that the ends justify the means. Honderich argues that the principle is fundamental to but not the whole of a morality of humanity. This, he claims, includes certain policies of equality and inequality and certain practices, one being a better democracy than we have. Honderich concludes that the Principle of Humanity is better supported than any other sort of moral principle, on

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title: Ted Honderich

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 the basis of both consistency and certain facts. He takes it that non-consequentialist reasons are not really reasons at all, nor, he says, does the Principle grant any distinction between acts and omissions. International right and wrong, democracy, terrorism
Following 9/11, Honderich published After the Terror.The author first lays out premises for what he terms the "bad lives" and "good lives", of those living in Africa and in rich countries respectively. With respect to bad lives, <mask> argues that our omissions have resulted in 20 million years of possible living-time lost by a certain sample of Africans. He also considers the creation of Israel in 1948 and records what he describes as the bad lives of Palestinians as a result of what is called the neo-Zionist expansion of Israel since the 1967 war. Honderich asks whether those in the rich societies do wrong in doing nothing about bad lives. He considers natural morality as well as our worked-out or philosophical moralities. Such outlooks as political realism and such ideologies as liberalism and libertarianism are also considered, as is what Honderich calls 'hierarchic democracy'. The Principle of Humanity is used to judge our moral responsibility for the many bad lives, which Honderich tells us is great.The Principle also condemns the terrorist killings of 11 September as hideous. The killings were not rational means to an end that was partly defensible. The West's subsequent attack on Afghanistan is excused. But the taking from Palestinians of at least their freedom in the last fifth of their homeland, historic


title: Ted Honderich

texts: Palestine, is condemned. <mask> writes:  '...the Palestinians have had a moral right to their terrorism as certain as was the moral right, say, of the African people of South Africa against their white captors and the apartheid state'. <mask> claims that we need to see the power of our societies as deadly. Americans, first of all, because of their unique power, need to think more carefully about their actions.He also argues that we should supplement our democracies with the transformations of the civil disobedience of Henry David Thoreau, Martin Luther King, Jr., Bertrand Russell, and those in Eastern Europe who brought down the wall. His later book, Humanity, Terrorism, Terrorist War:  Palestine, 9/11, Iraq, 7/7... begins by asking if analytic philosophy in considering large questions of right and wrong should proceed by embracing international law, human rights, just war theory or the like. <mask>, finding these means of judgement wanting, again takes up the Principle of Humanity. The book justifies and defends Zionism, defined as the creation of Israel in its original borders, but also reaffirms that Palestinians have had a moral right to their liberation—to terrorism within historic Palestine against what <mask> calls the ethnic cleansing of Neo-Zionism, the expansion of Israel beyond its original borders. After a further consideration of 9/11, there is an analysis of 10 reasons for what he calls 'our terrorist war' in Iraq. Honderich condemns the war as morally barbaric, given the foreseen and thus intentional killing of many innocents. In condemning the 7/7 terrorist

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title: Ted Honderich

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 attack on London, Honderich considers the importance of horror to morality.He also argues that Tony Blair and George W. Bush are friends rather than enemies of terrorism. The book ends with a postscript on the charge of anti-semitism against critics of neo-Zionism – a charge Honderich says is principally a part of Neo-Zionism or at least something insufficiently detached from it. In January 2011, Honderich wrote a letter to the Guardian on terrorism, in response to details released about the Israeli-Palestinian peace process:

Punishment
In Punishment:  The Supposed Justifications, Honderich surveys and analyses 14 traditional, backward-looking reasons for the justification of punishment by the state. Most have to do with desert or retribution, others with annulment or consent. All are found to be weak or worse. Honderich then argues that the strong tradition of punishment must have in it some real content or argument. This is found to be that punishment is justified by giving satisfaction to grievance-desires—doing no more than satisfying them.This, Honderich concludes, is the reality of retributivism, but it cannot be an effective justification of punishment. The Utilitarian prevention theory of punishment is also rejected, because it justifies certain victimisations. Mixed theories of punishment, drawing on backward-looking considerations as well as the notion of prevention, sometimes in terms of the reform of offenders, are also found to be untenable. Robert Nozick's theory in particular is examined. <mask>'s conclusion is that the long-running problem of the


title: Ted Honderich

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 justification of punishment is now dead. Its justification must be in terms of its consequences—in discouraging and licensing certain kinds of behaviour. The live issue is determining what these are.<mask>'s answer has to do with the Principle of Humanity. Punishment is or would be justified when it rationally takes forward the humanisation of our societies. He argues, on the basis of this, that most punishments are in fact wrong. Conservatism
<mask>'s book Conservatism begins with a general inquiry into the distinctions between British and American conservatism. He argues that one [British conservatism?] has to do with eternal values and therefore with reform rather than change, a view underpinning Edmund Burke's condemnation of the French Revolution and all conservatives since. Other distinctions [between British and American conservatism or conservatism and other systems?]have to do with the right kind of political thinking and with human nature, with particular doctrines of incentive and reward, and with certain freedoms, including those of private property. Given these distinctions which set conservatism apart from other views, Honderich asks what underlies and brings these distinctions together. What is the rationale or underlying principle of conservatism? The answer he gives is not just that the conservative tradition is selfish. Its self-interest, he argues, does not distinguish it from other political traditions. What does distinguish it, Honderich concludes, is that it lacks a moral principle to defend its self-interest. It is unique in its amorality.Conservatism


title: Ted Honderich

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 was enlarged as Conservatism:  Burke, Nozick, Bush, Blair? in 2005, and includes <mask>'s consideration of whether Britain's New Labour is truly in the conservative political tradition. Controversy
<mask> has been involved in controversy since the publication of his book After the Terror in 2002. <mask> arranged with Oxfam in Britain and the publisher of After the Terror, Edinburgh University Press, to have the £5,000 advance on royalties go to the charity, along with more money from the publishers. The Canadian newspaper The Globe and Mail suggested that Oxfam was taking money from a terrorist sympathiser, and it then declined the contributions, for which it was judged adversely in the British media. The book was published in a German translation. Micha Brumlik, director of a Holocaust centre and Professor of Pedagogy at Frankfurt University, demanded publicly that the book be withdrawn from sale by the publisher, Suhrkamp Verlag.Despite the declaration by the philosopher Jürgen Habermas, who had recommended the translation, that the book was not anti-semitic, it was withdrawn from sale. Honderich demanded the dismissal of Brumlik from his professorship, for violation of academic principle. There was a media furore in Germany. The book was retranslated and republished by an antizionist Jewish publishing house, Melzer Verlag. Other writings
Honderich wrote a number of papers in criticism of Donald Davidson's Anomalous Monism, and in particular made the objection that on certain assumptions the view is epiphenomenalist. The papers are reprinted in Mental Causation and the

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title: Ted Honderich

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 Metaphysics of Mind, edited by Neil Campbell. Earlier journal papers are about Austin's correspondence theory of truth, causation, time, Russell's theory of descriptions, and John Stuart Mill's essay On Liberty.<mask>'s philosophical autobiography, Philosopher:  A Kind of Life, is a personal and general picture of English academic life over several decades. An encyclopaedia edited by him, The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, is in its second edition. Selected publications
 Actual Consciousness, Oxford University Press, 2014. . Your Consciousness is What? Where?, forthcoming. Radical Externalism:  <mask>'s Theory of Consciousness Discussed, Anthony Freeman, Ed., Imprint Academic, 2006. . Humanity, Terrorism, Terrorist War:  Palestine, 9/11, Iraq, 7/7London:  Continuum, 2006. .Punishment, the Supposed Justifications Revisited, Pluto Press, 2005. Revised edition. On Determinism and Freedom, Edinburgh University Press, 2005. . Conservatism:  Burke, Nozick, Bush, Blair?, Pluto Press, 2005. Enlarged edition. .
 On Consciousness, Edinburgh University Press, 2004. Collected papers. . Terrorism for Humanity:  Inquiries in Political Philosophy, Pluto Press, 2004.Revised and retitled edition. .
 On Political Means and Social Ends, Edinburgh University Press, 2003. Collected papers. After the terror. Montreal : McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003. . Revised and expanded edition. How free are you? The Determinism Problem. 2nd ed.Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2002. .
 Philosopher : a kind of life. London : Routledge, 2001. .
 A Theory of Determinism:  The Mind, Neuroscience and


title: Ted Honderich

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 Life-Hopes, Oxford University Press, 1998. .  Republished in two paperbacks:  Mind and Brain and The Consequences of Determinism
 Three Essays on Political Violence, Blackwells, Political Violence, Cornell University Press, 1976.  . Original terrorism book, later revised in several editions. Punishment, the Supposed Justifications, Hutchinson, Harcourt Brace, 1969, , various later editions. Edited books
 Philosophers of Our Times, ed., Royal Institute of Philosophy Annual Lectures, 2015. . The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 1995. New Edition 2005. .The Philosophers:  Introducing Great Western Thinkers, excerpts from The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 1999. A. J. Ayer:  Writings on Philosophy, 6 volumes, Palgrave Macmillan Archive Press, 2005. . Morality and Objectivity:  A Tribute to J. L. Mackie, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985. . Philosophy Through Its Past, Penguin, 1984. Philosophy As It Is, co-edited with Myles Burnyeat, Allen Lane, Penguin. .
 Social Ends and Political Means, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976. . Essays on Freedom of Action, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973. . Articles
 A. J. Ayer, Psychoneural Pairs, Review of A Theory of Determinism, London Review of Books, 19 May 1988.Daniel Dennett, Coming to Terms With the Determined, Review of A Theory of Determinism, Times Literary Supplement, 4–10 November 1988. Harold Brown, Tim Crane, James Garvey, <mask>ich, Stephen Law, E. J. Lowe, Derek Matravers, Paul Noordhof, Ingmar Persson, Stephen Priest, Barry C. Smith, Paul Snowdon, Excerpts from articles by 12


title: Ted Honderich

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 philosophers in Radical Externalism, edited by Anthony Freeman, 2006. Jonathan Glover, Justifying Punishment, Review of Punishment, The Supposed Justifications, Inquiry, 1 June 1970. Enoch Powell, Sing a Song of Tories, Prejudiced and Wry, Review of Conservatism, The Independent, 1 July 1990. Richard Wolin, Are Suicide Bombings Morally Defensible? The Chronicle of Higher Education, 24 October 2003. Reply to Richard Wolin The Chronicle of Higher Education, 10 November 2003.'The Real Friends of Terror' and 'No Excuses for Terror', A Look at Two Television Programmes, with transcripts
 Catherine Wilson, Review of Philosopher:  A Kind of Life, Philosophy, October 2003. John Crace, Philosophy with Attitude, interview The Guardian'', 22 March 2003. References

External links
 <mask>ich Website at University College London, with


title: Judika Illes

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<mask> is an American author of esoteric non-fiction books, aromatherapist and tarot reader. Early life
Her background is Hungarian and she attributes a childhood spent in the culturally diverse Queens borough of New York City as a significant influence on her writing career. <mask> explains that her interest in divination began while playing with a Tarot deck at the age of six. Her first Tarot deck was the Builders of the Adytum (BOTA) deck, which she described in a 2005 interview as "formidable and very esoteric," an unusual starter for a child of her age. In an interview in 2016, <mask> reported that she still had the BOTA deck, which her sister had purchased for her from the Samuel Weiser Bookstore in New York City. During her teen years, Illes frequented New York bookstores such as Magickal Childe and Samuel Weiser's, known for their metaphysical and occult collections, and Latin botanicas Her love for esoteric books led to her interest in astrology, which began with Zolar's It's All in the Stars. She has a Bachelor of Arts in English and Communications from Rutgers College and earned a Graduate Certificate in Aromatherapy from the American College of Healthcare Sciences (previously known as the Australasian College of Health Sciences) in 1999.Career
Illes worked as a "telephone psychic" for Psychic Friends Network from 1991 to 1993. She went on to become a prolific author of reference books and contributed magazine articles in the ancient non-traditional arts. Her writing interests include folklore, folkways, mythology,  astrology,  spellcasting, spirit-working, herbalism and traditional healing. She also covers the subjects of the occult, magic, divination, spiritualism, fairies,

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title: Judika Illes

texts: witchcraft and the paranormal. A certified aromatherapy consultant, she has taught introductory courses on the subject at the Australasian College (2000–2002), and practices taromancy. Although she practices and teaches other forms of divination, she considers Tarot to be her "main practice" and has been reading Tarot cards professionally since the age of 26. She sometimes holds workshops relating to her books or other specialized subjects.In 2012, she gave a workshop on the use of symbols as part of the SIgils & Signs Art Show at Observatory in Brooklyn. She gives similar workshops and presentations intermittently throughout the year. The first complete book <mask> wrote was about traditional methods of enhancing fertility. It contained a chapter about magic spells, which a publisher asked her to expand into a book of its own, eventually published as Pure Magic: A Complete Course in Spellcasting. The manuscript about fertility was set aside, but in a 2011 interview by The Witches' Almanac, <mask> mentioned that she may eventually publish it under the title, Frogs and Pomegranates. After the release of The Encyclopedia of 5000 Spells, her publisher suggested an encyclopedia about witchcraft. A note of encouragement from the Non-Wiccan Witches Yahoo group persuaded her to accept the challenge, which led to The Element Encyclopedia of Witchcraft.According to <mask>, most encyclopedias about witchcraft were written by outsiders and "not really about witches or their craft." <mask> has been an occasional guest on George Noory's nightly radio broadcast, Coast to Coast AM, where she has discussed spellcasting, witchcraft and other occult subjects. She has also been featured as a guest on Ripley's

masks: Illes Illes Illes Illes