title: Diane Abbott

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 attempted to be the Labour candidate for the 2016 London mayoral election, and backed the unsuccessful Britain Stronger in Europe campaign to retain UK membership of the European Union. After the 2019 general election, <mask> left the Shadow Cabinet. She remains in the House of Commons as a backbencher.Early life and career
<mask> was born to Jamaican parents in Paddington, London, in 1953. Her father worked as a welder and her mother as a nurse. Both of her parents left school at the age of 14. She attended Harrow County School for Girls (a grammar school) and then Newnham College, Cambridge, where she read history, achieving a lower second-class degree (2:2). At Cambridge, she was supervised by Sir Simon Schama. After university, <mask> became an administration trainee (a fast-track route to senior positions in HM Civil Service)  at the Home Office (1976 to 1978), and then a Race Relations Officer at the National Council for Civil Liberties (1978 to 1980). She was a researcher and reporter at Thames Television from 1980 to 1983, and then a researcher at the breakfast television company TV-am from 1983 to 1985.She was a press officer at the Greater London Council under Ken Livingstone from 1985 to 1986, and Head of Press and Public Relations at Lambeth Council from 1986 to 1987. Political career
<mask>'s career in politics began in 1982 when she was elected to Westminster City Council, serving until 1986. In 1983, she was active in the Labour Party Black Sections movement, alongside Bernie Grant, Paul Boateng and Keith Vaz, campaigning for greater African Caribbean and Asian political representation. In 1985, she unsuccessfully fought to be selected in Brent East, losing out to Ken Livingstone. In 1987, <mask> was elected to the House

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texts: of Commons, replacing the deselected serving Labour MP Ernie Roberts as MP for Hackney North & Stoke Newington. She was the first black woman to become an MP. <mask>'s speech on civil liberties, in the debate on the Counter-Terrorism Bill 2008, won The Spectator magazine's "Parliamentary Speech of the Year" award, and further recognition at the 2008 Human Rights awards.A speech by <mask> in a House of Commons debate on the Caribbean is included in Margaret Busby's 2019 anthology New Daughters of Africa. <mask> has served on a number of parliamentary committees on social and international issues and held shadow ministerial positions in successive Shadow Cabinets. For most of the 1990s, she also served on the Treasury Select Committee of the House of Commons. She went on to serve on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee. She gave birth to her son in October 1991, one year before the House of Commons introduced a crèche. She did not have maternity leave and was obliged to attend Parliament and vote throughout her pregnancy. Giving birth on a Monday, she was made to work until the Thursday before, and returned to parliament eight days later.<mask> chairs the All-Party Parliamentary British-Caribbean Group and the All-Party Sickle Cell and Thalassemia Group. She is the founder of the London Schools and the Black Child initiative, which aims to raise educational achievement levels amongst black children. In May 2010, <mask> was returned as MP for the constituency of Hackney North and Stoke Newington, with a doubled majority on an increased turn-out. She was again re-elected in 2015 with 62% of the vote. At Goldsmiths' College, on 26 October 2012, a jubilee celebration was held to honour <mask>'s 25 years in parliament, with a series of

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 contributions by Linton Kwesi Johnson, Kadija Sesay, Tunday Akintan and others. 2010 leadership election and frontbench role

On 20 May 2010, <mask> announced her intention to stand in the Labour leadership contest. She secured the necessary 33 nominations by 9 June, assisted by the withdrawal of left-wing candidate John McDonnell and support from David Miliband and Jack Straw, among others.On Saturday, 25 September 2010, Ed Miliband was announced as the new leader of the Labour Party, <mask> having been eliminated in the first round of voting after securing 7.24% of votes. <mask> was later appointed Shadow Minister for Public Health by Ed Miliband, taking shadow responsibility for a range of issues including children's health, maternity services, sexual health, tobacco, nursing, obesity and alcohol abuse. Following her move onto the front bench, the Telegraph said on 27 September 2011 that <mask> had "become one of Labour's best front bench performers". On the issue of abortion, <mask> has become a vocal "pro-choice" supporter, opposing moves towards changing abortion counselling policy, and reducing the abortion time limit. She resigned from a cross-party group on abortion counselling saying it was no more than a front to push forward an anti-abortion agenda without debate in parliament. In 2011, she voted in favour of military intervention in Libya. On 5 February 2013, following the Second Reading, <mask> voted in favour of the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Bill.Removal from the frontbench and 2015 London mayoral election

On 8 October 2013, <mask> was sacked as Shadow Public Health Minister in a reshuffle by Labour leader Ed Miliband, and replaced by Luciana Berger. On 23 June 2014, <mask> had stated she would consider standing in the

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 2016 London mayoral election as Mayor of London. On 30 November 2014, <mask> announced her intention to put herself forward to become Labour's candidate at the London mayoral elections in 2016. She was unsuccessful in her bid for Labour's 2015 London mayoral election nomination. She was one of 16 signatories of an open letter to Ed Miliband in January 2015 calling on the party to commit to oppose further austerity, take rail franchises back into public ownership and strengthen collective bargaining arrangements. Return to the frontbench
A close ally of Jeremy Corbyn, <mask> was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate him as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015. Following Corbyn's election as Labour leader, <mask> was appointed to the post of Shadow Secretary of State for International Development.On 27 June 2016, after the resignations of many of Labour's ministerial team in the aftermath of the Brexit referendum, <mask> was promoted to the position of Shadow Health Secretary. On 6 October 2016, after the resignation of Andy Burnham, <mask> was appointed Shadow Home Secretary. She was sworn of the Privy Council on 15 February 2017. 2017 general election

On 2 May 2017, during that year's general election campaign, Labour's pledge to recruit an extra 10,000 police officers was overshadowed by <mask>'s inability to give accurate funding figures. In an interview on LBC Radio with Nick Ferrari, she repeatedly struggled to explain how the promise would be funded. In the interview, <mask> frequently paused, shuffled her papers and gave out the wrong figures. When asked about her performance, the Labour leader, Jeremy Corbyn, insisted he was not embarrassed by what many pundits called a "car crash" interview.In a further interview

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texts: conducted by ITV on 5 May 2017, as the 2017 local elections results were being announced, <mask> was again unable to give accurate figures on the Labour party's performance suggesting that the party had a net loss of 50 seats. However, her figure was corrected by the interviewer who stated that Labour had in fact lost 125 seats, at which point <mask> said that the last figures she had seen were a net loss of around 100. Appearing on Andrew Marr's Sunday morning programme for the BBC on 28 May, <mask>'s apparent support for the IRA nearly 35 years ago came up, along with some parliamentary votes Marr thought questionable. These included her advocacy of the abolition of "conspiratorial groups" such as MI5 and Special Branch in the late 1980s, both of which she said had been successfully reformed. She defended a vote opposing the proscription of a list of groups, including al-Qaida, on the basis that some of the others had the status of dissidents in their country of origin and <mask> would have voted to ban al-Qaida in isolation. According to Sam Coates in The Times, this appearance was arranged without the consent of Labour's campaign team. On 5 June 2017, during a Sky News interview, <mask> was unable to answer questions about the Harris report on how to protect London from terror attacks.She insisted that she had read the report, but was unable to recall any of the 127 recommendations. When asked if she could remember the specific recommendations, <mask> said: "I think it was an important review and we should act on it." <mask> also denied reports that Corbyn and shadow chancellor John McDonnell were attempting to stop her from making broadcasts. The next day, <mask> withdrew at the last minute – citing illness – from a joint interview


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 on Woman's Hour on 6 June, in which she had been due to face her Conservative frontbench opposite number Amber Rudd. On 7 June, Corbyn announced that <mask> was "not well" and had stepped aside in her role as Shadow Home Secretary. Lyn Brown was temporarily assigned to replace her. Barry Gardiner said in a radio interview on LBC that <mask> had been diagnosed with having a "long-term" medical condition, and was "coming to terms with that".In spite of these controversies, <mask> was re-elected in her seat of Hackney North and Stoke Newington, receiving 75% of the constituency's votes with an increased majority of over 35,000. The following week it became known that <mask> had been diagnosed as suffering from type 2 diabetes in 2015. "During the election campaign, everything went crazy – and the diabetes was out of control, the blood sugar was out of control", she told The Guardian. Dealing with six or seven interviews in a row became problematic because she was not eating enough food, which forced a break upon her; however, the condition is back under control. <mask> returned to the role of Shadow Home Secretary on 18 June. Since 2017
On 2 October 2019, <mask> became the first black MP at the dispatch box at Prime Minister's Questions. She served as a temporary stand-in for the Leader of the Opposition, Jeremy Corbyn, while First Secretary of State Dominic Raab stood in for Prime Minister Boris Johnson.<mask> was a supporter of Speaker of the House of Commons John Bercow, and defended him from bullying allegations made by David Leakey. She was re-elected at the snap 2019 general election. On 23 February 2020, <mask> said she would be standing down as Shadow Home Secretary and leaving the frontbench upon the election of a new Labour


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 leader. She stood down on 5 April and was succeeded by Nick Thomas-Symonds. In April 2020, she was appointed to the Home Affairs Select Committee. In May 2021, she wrote in a Guardian article that if Labour was to lose the Batley and Spen by-election, Starmer should resign as Labour leader. She described the local elections as disappointing for Labour.<mask> criticised the shadow cabinet reshuffle later carried out by Keir Starmer. She told Sophy Ridge on Sky News that his demotion of Angela Rayner was "baffling". Memoirs
<mask>'s memoirs, A Woman Like Me, will be published by Viking in summer 2022, to mark her 35 years in parliament and to tell her story as the first black woman to become an MP. Media work
Until her appointment as a shadow minister in October 2010, <mask> appeared alongside media personality and former Conservative politician Michael Portillo on the BBC's weekly politics digest This Week. <mask> and Portillo have known each other since their schooldays, during which they appeared in joint school productions of Romeo and Juliet (although not in the title roles), and of Macbeth as Lady Macduff and Macduff respectively. In August 2012, the BBC Trust ruled that payments to <mask> for her appearances on This Week were made in breach of BBC guidelines that banned payments to MPs who were representing their political parties. For her part, <mask> had correctly declared the payments in the Parliamentary Register of Members' Interests.The Trust also said that <mask> had appeared on the show too often. <mask> is a frequent public speaker, newspaper contributor and TV performer, appearing on programmes including Have I Got News for You, Celebrity Come Dine with Me and Cash in the Celebrity Attic. <mask> was shortlisted for the

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 Grassroot Diplomat Initiative Award in 2015 for her work on London Schools and the Black Child, and remains in the directory of the Grassroot Diplomat Who's Who publication. Political positions
<mask> has a record of differing from some party policies, voting against the Iraq War, opposing ID cards and campaigning against the renewal of Britain's Trident nuclear weapons. Abortion rights
<mask> supported a number of pro-choice amendments to the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill (now Act) (along with Katy Clark MP and John McDonnell MP) – including in 2008 leading on the NC30 Amendment of the Abortion Act 1967: Application to Northern Ireland. Writing for The Guardian, <mask> argued that

When it comes to the right to choose, women in Northern Ireland are second-class citizens. They are denied the NHS treatment and funding for abortion that is permitted to every other woman in the United Kingdom.It was reported that the Labour Government at the time (in particular Harriet Harman) asked MPs not to table these pro-choice amendments (and at least until Third Reading) and then allegedly used parliamentary mechanisms in order to prevent a vote accordingly. Speaking in the debate in Parliament, <mask> criticised these "manoeuvres":

I speak against the programme motion because—and I say this with no pleasure—it and the order of discussion appear to be a shabby manoeuvre by Ministers to stop the full debate of some very important matters. I appreciate that Ministers did not intend this to be a Bill about abortion. I am open to the argument that we should have another piece of legislation that would enable a full debate on most of the matters in relation to abortion that have been raised as amendments and new clauses to the Bill, but there

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 is a special case for debating and voting on the particular new clause that I tabled to extend the 1967 Act to Northern Ireland. Saudi Arabia
<mask> criticised David Cameron's government for its continued support for Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen. In March 2016, <mask> wrote: "over the past year alone, Britain has sold around £6bn worth of weapons to Saudi Arabia, whose campaign in Yemen is targeting civilians – 191 such attacks have collectively been reported by the UN, HRW and Amnesty." European Union
Abbott voted against the Maastricht Treaty.She also voted against the Lisbon Treaty. <mask> campaigned and supported the Labour Party's official preference for the remain campaign in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. However, in January 2017, <mask> stated that Labour could oppose the bill to trigger Article 50 if Labour's amendments were rejected. She abstained from voting on the second reading of the Brexit Bill, after becoming ill hours before the vote, and later voted in favour at the third and final reading. Israel and Palestine conflict
During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, <mask> spoke at a Free Palestine rally in London condemning the Israeli occupation of Palestine. Windrush scandal
<mask> wrote to Sajid Javid demanding that he publish the figures for people caught up in the Windrush scandal, and also tell how many Commonwealth citizens lost their jobs, became homeless and were prevented from using public services. She wrote that "warm words are not enough", and maintained that transparency was needed to give the Windrush generation confidence ministers have come to grips with what is "clearly a systemic problem at the Home Office.In order to make good on your promise to do


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 right by the Windrush generation and begin to right this historic wrong, you must stop covering up the extent of the Windrush crisis and publish these figures. (...) It is unacceptable and frankly scandalous that the extent of the Windrush crisis is yet to be revealed and that the home secretary is still to publish these figures. As the Windrush scandal shows, the hostile environment inevitably catches our fellow citizens who are legally entitled to be here in its net. The government now needs to stop covering up the true human cost of the hostile environment." In August 2018, <mask> complained that there were still delays in settling Windrush claims, saying: "From the Windrush scandal to immigration detention, to these outrageous delays – it is long past time that the government takes responsibility for leaving people distressed and destitute." Comments about Mao Zedong
In 2008, during a BBC One This Week interview between <mask>, Michael Portillo and Andrew Neil about who was history's worst dictator, <mask> said about the Chinese leader Mao Zedong: "I suppose some people will judge that on balance Mao did more good than harm... He led his country from feudalism, he helped to defeat the Japanese and he left his country on the verge of the great economic success they are having now."She finished by saying: "I was just putting the case for Mao." Political controversies

Education of <mask>'s son
<mask>'s decision in 2003 to send her son to the private City of London School after criticising colleagues for sending their children to selective schools, which she herself described as "indefensible" and "intellectually incoherent", caused controversy and criticism. According to the Daily Mirror, she said: "I'd done a lot of work on how black


title: Diane Abbott

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 boys underachieve in secondary schools so I knew what a serious problem it was. I knew what could happen to my son if he was sent to the wrong school and got in with the wrong crowd. I realised they were subjected to peer pressure and when that happens it’s very hard for a mother to save her son. Once a black boy is lost to the world of gangs it's very hard to get them back and I was genuinely very fearful of what could happen." Her son contacted a radio phone-in to say that his mother was following his own wishes: "She's not a hypocrite, she just put what I wanted first instead of what people thought," he told LBC.He added that he had wanted to go private rather than attend a local state school in <mask>'s Hackney constituency. Register of Members' Interests
In 2004, following a complaint made by Conservative MP Andrew Rosindell, <mask> was investigated by the Committee on Standards and Privileges regarding payments she had received from the BBC. The committee found that she had failed to declare earnings of £17,300 in the Register of Members' Interests she had received for appearances on the television programme This Week. The Committee upheld the complaint and required <mask> to apologise to the House. Comments on race
In 1996, <mask> was criticised after she claimed that at her local hospital "blonde, blue-eyed Finnish girls" were unsuitable as nurses because they had "never met a black person before". In response, Marc Wadsworth, founder of the Anti-Racist Alliance, whose mother is Finnish, pointed out that the then-current Miss Finland, Lola Odusoga, was Black, of Nigerian and Finnish descent. "She's a black Finn like me," he said.<mask>'s position was supported by fellow Labour MP Bernie Grant: "Bringing someone here from Finland


title: Diane Abbott

texts: who has never seen a black person before and expecting them to have some empathy with black people is nonsense. Scandinavian people don't know black people—they probably don't know how to take their temperature". In 2010, defending her decision to send her son to a private school, she asserted that "West Indian mums will go to the wall for their children", prompting criticism about this perceived slight on white mothers. On 4 January 2012, <mask> tweeted that: "White people love playing 'divide and rule'. We should not play their game", which again led to widespread criticism, including accusations of racism. <mask> later apologised for "any offence caused", claiming that she had not intended to "make generalisations about white people"; she claimed in an interview with Andrew Neil that her tweet was referring to the history of the British Empire. The Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg called her comments a "stupid and crass generalisation".Nadhim Zahawi, Conservative MP, said: "This is racism. If this was a white member of Parliament saying that all black people want to do bad things to us he would have resigned within the hour or been sacked." Members of the public lodged complaints, but the Metropolitan Police stated that no investigation would be launched, and no charges would be brought against her, saying she "did not commit a criminal offence." On 11 May 2020, video evidence surfaced of <mask> making another very similar remark during an online conference call. She said: "We need unity between black, Asian, minority ethnic and Muslim people – we need the maximum public show of unity. Because time after time, in the past 32 years, I’ve seen efforts of people to organise disrupted by white people playing the 'divide and rule' card,

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 and this time we can't allow that to happen." IRA
In May 2017, The Sunday Times reported that <mask> backed the IRA in a 1984 interview with Labour and Ireland, a pro-republican journal.In the 1984 interview, <mask> criticised the Unionist population of Northern Ireland as an "enclave of white supremacist ideology comparable to white settlers in Zimbabwe", and called for their views to be ignored on the question of Unification, adding: "Ireland is our struggle — every defeat of the British state is a victory for all of us. A defeat in Northern Ireland would be a defeat indeed." In May 2017, while Shadow Home Secretary, she was asked by Andrew Marr whether she regretted her comments on the IRA. <mask> replied that "[i]t was 34 years ago and I've moved on". Charging fees for speeches to students
In 2017, <mask> was criticised after it emerged that in 2011, she charged the University of Birmingham £1,750 for a 50-minute speech. An online petition called on <mask> to repay the money to be used for educational purposes. Appearance alongside Chinese human rights abuse denier
In November 2020, <mask> apologised for appearing on a livestream with Li Jingjing, a journalist who works for the Chinese state-owned CGTN, who denied human rights abuses against the Uyghurs and suggested they were a "fiction" cooked up to try and start a "racial war".<mask> failed to challenge these remarks. Sasha Johnson comments
Following the shooting of Sasha Johnson, <mask> tweeted:

Black activist #SashaJohnson in hospital in critical condition after sustaining a gunshot wound to the head. Nobody should have to potentially pay with their life because they stood up for racial justice. The tweet was criticised by a Home Office source who accused <mask> of departing


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 from the facts and for stoking racial tensions after suggesting that the shooting was a racially motivated attack and targeted because of Johnson's activism. <mask> denies the claim the tweet inflamed racial divides. Stop the War Coalition statement
On 24 February 2022, following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, <mask> was one of 11 Labour MPs threatened with losing the party whip after they signed a statement by the Stop the War Coalition which questioned the legitimacy of NATO and accused the defensive alliance of "eastward expansion". All 11 MPs subsequently removed their signatures.Online abuse

In a Guardian article in February 2017, <mask> wrote about receiving racist and sexist abuse online every day, such as threats of rape. A few days later, in an interview with Sophy Ridge on Sky News, <mask> proposed a parliamentary inquiry into the sexist and racist abuse of MPs in social media and the way Twitter and Facebook investigate cases which arise. An Amnesty International report found that <mask> was the subject of almost half of all abusive tweets about female MPs on Twitter during the 2017 election campaign, receiving ten times more abuse than any other MP. Personal life
<mask> had a brief relationship with Jeremy Corbyn, who later became the Labour leader, when he was a councillor in north London in the late 1970s. In 1991, she married David P. Ayensu-Thompson, a Ghanaian architect. They had one son together, James (born October 1991 or 1992), before divorcing in 1993. <mask> chose her Conservative MP voting pair, Jonathan Aitken, as her son's godfather.In 2007, <mask> began learning the piano under the tutelage of Paul Roberts, Professor of Piano at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, for the BBC documentary TV


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 programme Play It Again. She performed Frédéric Chopin's Prelude No. 4 in E minor before an audience. In 2015, <mask> was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. In July 2019, <mask> called 999 after being "chased around her home" by her son, <mask>-Thompson. In relation to this incident, as well as subsequent incidents away from <mask>'s home, <mask> later pleaded guilty to 12 assaults and racially aggravated criminal damage. In September 2020, an authorised biography of <mask> was released, <mask>: The Authorised Biography, by Robin Bunce and Samara Linton, published by Biteback.In 2020, <mask> was invited to participate in Strictly Come Dancing. Speaking on BBC Radio Four's Today Programme, she said that she refused the invitation, pausing only "for about sixty seconds". Instead, she said that she will continue to do what she has done all of her life, speaking up on human rights, civil liberties, women's rights, and representing the people of Hackney. Written works

References

External links

 <mask> MP. Official constituency website

 "<mask>: You Ask The Questions", The Independent, 8 February 2010. <mask> profile, New Statesman

 Salman Shaheen, "An Interview with <mask>", The Third Estate, 1 September 2010. "<mask> – The first black woman to be elected to the House of Commons", Black History Month, 18 August 2015.|-

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1953 births
20th-century British women politicians
21st-century British women politicians
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
BBC people
Black British MPs

Black British women politicians
Councillors in the City of Westminster
European democratic socialists
English feminists
English people of Jamaican descent
English socialists
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English

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title: Willis Henry Bocock

texts: <mask> (1865–1947) was a prominent administrator and professor of Classics at the University of Georgia. One of the highlights of his career was his appointment as the first Dean of the newly formed University of Georgia Graduate School in 1910. Much of the present success of graduate programs at the University of Georgia can be traced to his visionary leadership. Throughout his career, <mask> maintained a reputation for excellence in scholarship and leadership. <mask> was, as were many members of the first graduate faculty, a Virginian. He was born in 1865, the son of a prominent Presbyterian clergyman. He attended school in Lexington, Virginia and at the Kemper School (later Kemper Military School) in Boonville, Missouri.<mask> entered Hampden-Sydney College in 1881. He graduated in 1884 with the degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Letters. After his graduation from Hampden-Sydney he spent a year at the University of Virginia and obtained diplomas in Latin and Greek. <mask> was a recipient of the now extinct Master of Arts degree from Hampden-Sydney. <mask> spent the year after he left the University of Virginia in Richmond as a school teacher. He was offered the position of professor of Greek at Hampden-Sydney in 1886, a position which he gleefully accepted. Hampden-Sydney president J. D. Eggleston wrote of <mask>: “I doubt whether Hampden-Sydney has ever had a more brilliant teacher than W. H<mask>.He was elected full professor when he was twenty-one.<mask> also attended the University of Berlin in the period 1892-93 and traveled throughout Europe. He was offered the chair of Professor of Ancient Languages at the University of Georgia in 1889. In 1894 separate professorships of Greek and Latin were

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title: Willis Henry Bocock

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 created. <mask> assumed the professorship of Greek and William Davis Hooper, another Hampden-Sydney graduate, assumed that of Latin. With the formation of the University of Georgia Graduate School in 1910, and <mask>’s appointment as dean, he assumed demanding administrative duties as well as maintaining excellence in teaching. <mask>’s career illustrates the problem with the lack of publications by nineteenth and early twentieth century faculty. <mask> was a talented and assiduous researcher, what he did not have is free time to compile his research.Thomas Walter Reed comments about this problem:
". . . that the inability of the University of Georgia and other Southern institutions to provide enough members of their faculties to make it possible for some members to have time in which to prepare and publish articles and books of great value, has resulted in a loss to American literature of many valuable contributions." This is certainly true of <mask>, although he made regular contributions to journals such as: Studies in Philology, Classical Review, and American Journal of Philology, he was never able to publish any extended work. <mask> developed an interest in international relations as a result of World War I. He was named Lecturer on International Relations by the University of Georgia Board of Trustees in 1931 and was a popular and prolific speaker on this subject. <mask> served as Dean of the Graduate School for eighteen years. In his tenure enrollment rose from twenty-four graduate students in 1913 to over two hundred in 1928.He stepped down in 1928, at the age of sixty-three, because he felt it was time for a younger man to assume the leadership role. He was succeeded by Roswell Powell Stephens of the

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 Mathematics Department. <mask> continued teaching and at his retirement in 1945, had served the University of Georgia for fifty-six years. He was noted as an exacting and systematic scholar. It was this outlook that he brought to the systematization of graduate education at the University of Georgia. <mask> and R. L. McWhorter taught, in 1910, a major graduate course in Greek which consisted of literary selections and exercises in grammar, written and spoken Greek, history, and poetry. The course description points out a problem with early graduate education at the University of Georgia that was common with many other institutions: “studied from sources so far as the library resources of the University permit.” <mask> also taught, by himself, “An Introduction to New Testament Greek.” These classes were in addition to undergraduate teaching and his duties as Dean.The New Testament Greek class was not offered after 1913 and after 1923, <mask> taught the major Greek class by himself. <mask> often decried the declining interest by students in Greek, symptomatic of this is the fact that the 1931-32 Graduate Bulletin notes: “For courses in Greek Literature, consult the professor.”207 After 1931, the Greek Literature class would be transformed into “Introduction of European Literature” which had a prerequisite of three years of college-level Latin. Greek literature was no longer studied in the original language but was now “Greek Literature in Translations.” In a memorial to <mask> in 1948, Robert Preston Brooks wrote:
"Mr. <mask> was an altogether charming companion. Few men were so perennially delightful. The depth and variety of his knowledge of literature, ancient and modern, and of world history and contemporary


title: Willis Henry Bocock

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 affairs was impressive; and he invariably expressed his views in perfect English. No one was ever bored in his presence." <mask> continued to serve the Graduate School after leaving the deanship.He served as a member of and advisor to the Graduate Council into the 1940s. He retired from the University of Georgia in 1945. <mask> married Bessie Perry Friend of Petersburg, Virginia in 1885. The <mask>s had two children: John Holmes <mask> and Natalie Friend <mask>. <mask> died October 31, 1947 in Richmond, Virginia. Notes

References
Boney, Frederick N. A Pictorial History of the University of Georgia. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 2000.Brinkley, John L. On This Hill: a Narrative of Hampden-Sydney College, 1774-1994. Hampden-Sydney, Virginia: Hampden-Sydney College, 1994. Brooks, Robert Preston. The University of Georgia under Sixteen Administrations, 1785-1955. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1956. Dyer, Thomas G. The University of Georgia: a Bicentennial History, 1785-1985. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1985.Knox, David K. Non Sibi Sed Aliis: The Dawn of the University of Georgia Graduate School. Athens, Georgia, 2004. Pierson, Mary Bynum Holmes. Graduate Work in the South. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1947. Reed, Thomas Walter.History of the University of Georgia. Unpublished Typescript. 19 vols., 4027 pp. Imprint: Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia, ca. 1949. The Hargrett Rare Book & Manuscript Library at the University of Georgia Main Library
University of Georgia Graduate School. Graduate School Bulletin.Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Graduate School, 1910-1950. External links

University of Georgia faculty
1865

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title: Francesco Bartolozzi

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<mask>  (21 September 1727, in Florence – 7 March 1815, in Lisbon) was an Italian engraver, whose most productive period was spent in London. He is noted for popularizing the "crayon" method of engraving. Early life
<mask> was born in Florence in 1727. He was originally destined to follow the profession of his father, a gold- and silver-smith, but he manifested so much skill and taste in designing that he was placed under the supervision of two Florentine artists, including Ignazio Hugford and Giovanni Domenico Ferretti who instructed him in painting. After devoting three years to that art, he went to Venice and studied engraving. He spent six years there working for Joseph Wagner, an engraver and printseller, before setting up his own workshop. Early career
His first productions in Venice were plates in the style of Marco Ricci, Zuccarelli.He then moved for a short time in 1762 to Rome, where he completed a set of engravings representing frescoes at Grottaferrata by Domenichino depicting the life of St Nilus. Those and his etchings of Old Master's works, began to draw attention throughout Europe. In 1763 he met Richard Dalton, the English Royal Librarian who was traveling in Italy looking for acquisitions for the King's collections. Dalton offered him an appointment as Engraver to the King; <mask> accepted and left for London in 1764. Career in London
He lived in London for nearly forty years. He produced an enormous number of engravings, including Clytie after Annibale Carracci, and of the Virgin and Child, after Carlo Dolci. A large proportion of them are from the works of Cipriani and Angelica Kauffman.<mask> also

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title: Francesco Bartolozzi

texts:
 contributed a number of plates to Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery. He also drew sketches of his own in red chalk. Soon after arriving in London, he was appointed 'Engraver to the King' (George III) with an annual salary of £300. He was elected a founding member of the Royal Academy. The new Academy's bylaws specifically excluded engravers but <mask> was so well esteemed that he was brought in as an Academician in the category of Painter. In 1802 he became the founding President of the short-lived Society of Engravers. While <mask> was not the original inventor of the crayon manner of engraving, he became a leading exponent that "stipple" method and it became associated with him.With that technique images are created by delicate dots rather than lines as in traditional etchings or engravings. <mask> added distinction to his work by using red (sanguine), orange and brown inks rather than common black ink. As his prominence grew, he took on students including Michele Benedetti, Ignatius Joseph van den Berghe, Thomas Cheesman, Lambertus Antonius Claessens, Daniel Gardner, Christiaan Josi, Johan Fredrik Martin, Conrad Martin Metz, Luigi Schiavonetti, John Keyse Sherwin, Heinrich Sintzenich, Peltro William Tomkins, Domenico Bernardo Zilotti, and Gavriil Skorodumov. His son Gaetano <mask>, born in 1757, also became an engraver and later fathered Madame Vestris a celebrated English actress, opera singer, and theater manager. Career in Lisbon
In 1802, <mask> accepted the post of director of the National Academy of Lisbon and moved there with the intention of reforming the royal press and producing an edition of the Portuguese epic poem

masks:
Bartolozzi
Bartolozzi
Bartolozzi
Stefano Bartolozzi
Bartolozzi


title: Francesco Bartolozzi

texts:
 The Lusiads (Os Lusíadas). By then he was in his seventies and delegated much of the work to one of his students. Despite his fame and prolific output, debts forced him to sell off most of his prints and possessions.<mask> died in his studio in 1815 and was buried in the common grave of a Lisbon church. Works
Ticozzi and Bryan both published lists of his output, including:

Original etchings
Abraham and the Angels. The Miracle of the Manna. Job abandoned by his Friends. Charity, an oval; inscribed Ipse feci . The Origin of Painting (1787). The Virgin and Infant; (circular).Etchings after masterworks
St. Francis of Sales triumphs over Heresy; after Ottavio Amiconi. St. Luke paints the Portrait of the Virgin; after Cantarini. The Adulteress before Christ; after Agostino Carracci. Roland and Olympia, Clytie, and other drawings in the Royal Collection after Annibale Carracci. A set of eight subjects; after Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione. Etchings after Cipriani
The Parting of Achilles and Briseis. Hector takes leave of Andromache.Chryseis restored to her Father. The Death of Dido. Jupiter and Juno on Mount Ida. Venus presenting the Cestus to Juno. Venus attired by the Graces . Tancred and Herminia and Tancred and Clorinda. Shakespeare crowned by Immortality.Morning for the Death of lord Rufsell. Engravings after Angelica Kauffman
Socrates in Prison. Penelope lamenting Ulysses. Telemachus and Mentor in the Isle of Calypso. Paulus Emilias educating his Children. Coriolanus appeased by his Family
  The Beautiful Rhodope in love with Aesope (1780s, inscription: From an original painting of the same size by Signora Angelica Kauffman.


title: Francesco Bartolozzi

texts:
 In the possession of Charles Boddam sun Esqv.)Others

A set of thirteen plates from the frescoes of Domenichino at Grottaferrata. A set of 33 drawings by Guercino in the Royal Collection. A set of Portraits after Hans Holbein the Younger, including two portraits of Henry and Charles Brandon, sons of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, Thomas More, Lady Meutas and Lord Mansfield. Portraits of Cignani and Pietro da Cortona; after Carlo Maratta. Bust of Michelangelo. A Collection of Gems, designed by various artists, engraved by <mask>. Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi; after Benjamin West.The Death of Lord Chatham; after John Singleton Copley. The Fair Moralist and her Pupil; after Richard Cosway. The Hours; after Maria Cosway, ('Vide Gray's Ode to Spring'). The Interview of Edgar and Elfrida after her Marriage with Athelwold. King John ratifying Magna Charta; after John Hamilton Mortimer. Mary, Queen of Scots, and her Son; after Federico Zuccaro. Prometheus’ liver devoured by Vulture; after Michelangelo.Rachel Hiding the Idols of Laban and Laocoon attacked by Serpents; after Pietro da Cortona. Queen Charlotte; after William Beechey.The Virgin and Infant; after Carlo Dolci. Notes

References

External links

 Guide to the <mask>zzi Collection 1781-1799 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

1727 births
1815 deaths
Artists from Florence
People from Fulham
Italian engravers
Italian etchers
Royal Academicians
<mask> family
18th-century engravers
18th-century Italian artists
19th-century engravers
19th-century Italian artists
19th-century male artists
Italian expatriates in England
Italian expatriates

masks:
Bartolozzi
Francesco Bartolo
Bartolozzi


title: Jan Zaanen

texts:
<mask> (born 17 April 1957) is professor of theoretical physics at Leiden University, the Netherlands. He is best known for his contributions to the understanding of the quantum physics of the electrons in strongly correlated material, and in particular high temperature superconductivity. <mask>'s areas of interest are in the search for novel forms of collective quantum phenomena realized in systems build from mundane constituents like electrons, spins, and atoms. He introduced the so-called Zaanen-Sawatzky-Allen diagram, the LDA+U band structure method and he became particularly well known for his discovery of the stripe instability of the doped Mott insulator. His present research is focused on the quantum critical point and unconventional phases of quantum matter. He is a well-known proponent of the application of Holographic principle to condensed matter physics. He is also well known for his many editorial contributions to the journals Nature and Science.He is currently on the board of reviewing editors of the latter journal and also editor of the Journal of High Energy Physics. Career
<mask> was born on 17 April 1957 in Leiden. He received his degree in Chemistry with honours in 1982 at the University of Groningen, where he also received his doctorate four years later, again with honours. He was under supervision with Spinoza prize winner George Sawatzky. After a postdoctoral fellowship at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research in Stuttgart, he worked for some years as a researcher at AT&T Bell Laboratories in the USA. In 1993 <mask> returned

masks:
Jan Zaanen
Zaanen
Jan Zaanen
Zaanen


title: Jan Zaanen

texts:
 to the Netherlands, where he worked at Leiden University as a Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) fellow. He has been a professor at Leiden since 2000.Furthermore, in 2004 he was appointed as a visiting professor for one year at Stanford University. In 2004-2005 he spent a year at Stanford University sponsored by the Fulbright Program and in 2006 he received the Spinoza Prize, the "Dutch Nobel prize", for his scientific accomplishments. Recently Zaanen is one of the driving forces behind the scientific cooperation between the fields of string theory and high-temperature superconductivity. In an interview with Dutch newspaper, De Volkskrant, he stated:

After winning the Spinoza Prize, it was no longer necessary to worry whether I was proving myself enough. You start looking at things you really like. Furthermore I wanted to prove that I was not too old to learn new things. String theory really is another ballgame than the rest of physics] and I'm proud that I was able to learn it.<mask> was a visiting professor of Theoretical Physics at the Ecole Normale Superieur, Paris, France. In 2012 and 2013 he respectively was a Solvay Professor of Physics at the Solvay Institute, Brussels, Belgium and a fellow of the Newton Centre at the University of Cambridge. At present he is Professor of theoretical physics at Leiden University. Since 2012 <mask> is member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. High-temperature superconductivity

Recently Zaanen is known for his contribution to the understanding of high-temperature

masks: Zaanen Zaanen


title: Jan Zaanen

texts:
 criticality

Recent publications
A. Mesaros, K. Fujita, H. Eisaki,  J.C. Davis, S. Sachdev, J<mask>, E.-A. Kim and M. Lawler, How topological defects couple the smectic and nematic electronic structure of the cuprate pseudogap states, Science, 426 (2011). R.J. Slager, A. Mesaros, V. Juricic and J<mask>, The space group classification of topological band-insulators, Nature Physics, 98 (2013). Y. Liu, K. Schalm, Y.-W. Sun and J. <mask>, Lattice potentials in holographic non Fermi-liquids: hybridizing local quantum criticality, Journal of High Energy Physics, 036 (2012).J<mask>, Holographic duality: stealing dimensions from metals, Nature Physics 9, 609 (2013)
L. Rademaker, Y. Pramudya, J<mask> and V. Dobrosavljevic, Influence of long-range interactions on charge ordering phenomena on a square lattice, Physical Review E 88, 032121 (2013)
L. Rademaker, J. van den Brink, H. Hilgenkamp and J<mask>, Enhancement of spin propagation due to interlayer exciton condensation, Physical Review B 88, 121101(R) (2013)
A.J. Beekman, K. Wu, V. Cvetkovic and J<mask>, Deconfining the rotational Goldstone mode: the superconducting quantum liquid crystal in 2+1 dimensions, Physical Review B 88, 024121(2013)

References

External links

Article from Startpagina Universiteit Leiden
Article from Science magazine
Article from Science Daily

1957 births
20th-century Dutch physicists
Leiden University faculty
Living people
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
People from Leiden
Spinoza Prize winners
Theoretical physicists
University of Groningen

masks:
. Zaanen
. Zaanen
Zaanen
. Zaanen
. Zaanen
. Zaanen
. Zaanen


title: Porter Rockwell

texts:
<mask> (June 28, 1813 or June 25, 1815 – June 9, 1878) was a figure of the Wild West period of American history. A lawman in the Utah Territory, he was nicknamed Old Port and The Destroying Angel of Mormondom. Rockwell served as a bodyguard, and was a personal friend, of Latter Day Saint movement founder Joseph Smith. After Smith's death in 1844, <mask> became a bodyguard of his successor, Brigham Young, and traveled with him and members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) to the Salt Lake Valley in the present-day U.S. state of Utah. Many people believed that <mask> was under divine protection. This, along with his reputation as a skilled marksman, resulted in the propagation of many legends and stories about him. Biography
<mask> was born in Belchertown, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, to Orin and <mask>, who were neighbors of the Smith family.He was a descendant of Edmund Rice, an early immigrant to Massachusetts Bay Colony. <mask> was eight years younger than Smith. While Smith was publishing the Book of Mormon, Rockwell picked berries at night and hauled wood into town to help pay for the publishing. In 1830, at 16-years old, <mask> was baptized into Smith's Church of Christ in Fayette, New York. Historically, the date of <mask>'s baptism is April 6, the day the church was organized, but original documents suggest a probable date of June 9. <mask> was the youngest member of the first group to be baptized into the church. On February 2, 1832, <mask> married Luana Beebe in Jackson County, Missouri, and was endowed in the Nauvoo Temple on January 5, 1846.<mask> killed many men as a gunfighter, a religious enforcer, and Deputy United States Marshal. According to legend, <mask> told a crowd listening to United States vice president Schuyler Colfax in

masks:
Orrin Porter Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Sarah Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell


title: Porter Rockwell

texts:
 1869, "I never killed anyone who didn't need killing", a quote used by actor John Wayne in a movie decades later. Boggs attempted assassination accusation

On the evening of May 6, 1842, Lilburn Boggs was shot by an unknown party who fired at him through a window as he read a newspaper in his study. He was badly wounded but survived. Boggs was the governor of Missouri who had signed the Executive Order 44 on October 27, 1838 known as the "Extermination Order" evicting Mormons from Missouri by violent and deadly means. <mask> was accused of attempted murder but the grand jury was unable to find sufficient evidence to indict <mask>, convinced in part by his reputation as a deadly gunman and his statement he "never shot at anybody, if I shoot, they get shot! ..."

A disaffected Mormon, John C. Bennett, claimed that Smith had offered a cash reward for the elimination of Boggs, and that Smith admitted <mask> did the deed.He went on to say <mask> made a veiled threat against Bennett's life if he publicized the story. After investigators questioned Smith about these accusations and <mask>'s involvement, Smith denied it could be <mask>. Asked how he could be so confident. Smith allegedly replied, "He's still alive, isn't he?" Smith vehemently denied Bennett's account, speculating Boggs, while campaigning for state senate, was attacked by an election opponent. Mormon writer Monte B. McLaws, in the Missouri Historical Review, supported Smith, answered, while there was no clear finger pointing to anyone, Boggs was running for election against several violent men, all capable of the deed, and there was no particular reason to suspect <mask>. Utah years
Following Smith's death, <mask> followed Brigham Young and the LDS Church to the Salt Lake Valley.In 1849, <mask> was appointed as deputy

masks: Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell Rockwell


title: Porter Rockwell

texts:
 marshal of Great Salt Lake City, and remained a peace officer until his death. He was well-known for his endurance, loyalty, and relentlessness. <mask> operated the Hot Springs Hotel and Brewery at the southern end of the Salt Lake Valley, in an area known as "Point of the Mountain". <mask>'s fame as a "mountain man" attracted the explorer, Richard Francis Burton. In 1860, on his trip across America to the west coast, Burton stopped to explore the Salt Lake City area. He stayed with Lysander Dayton in a village near the city, and Dayton invited <mask> to dinner. <mask> sent for a bottle of Valley Tan Whiskey, and he and Burton drank shot-for-shot into the night, with Rockwell outlining steps Burton should take for safety during his passage to Sacramento.<mask> advised Burton to carry a loaded double-barreled shotgun, sleep in a "dark camp" (unlit, miles from where supper was cooked), to never trust appearances, and to avoid the main trail, where "White Indians" (so-called because they were white robbers disguised as Indians to avert blame) preyed on travelers. <mask> died in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, of natural causes on June 9, 1878. He was buried in the Salt Lake City Cemetery. At the time of his death, <mask> had been a baptized Latter-day Saint longer than anyone living. His epitaph reads:

He was brave and loyal to his faith. True to the Prophet Joseph Smith. A promise made him by the prophet.Through obedience, it was fulfilled. At <mask>'s funeral, apostle Joseph F. Smith, nephew of Joseph Smith and future church president, spoke the following about <mask>:

They say he was a murderer; if he was, he was the friend of Joseph Smith and Brigham Young, and he was faithful to them, and to his covenants, and he has gone to Heaven and apostates can go to Hell ... <mask> was

masks:
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Death Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Porter Rockwell


title: Porter Rockwell

texts:
 yesterday afternoon ushered into Heaven clothed with immortality and eternal life, and crowned with all glory which belongs to a departed saint. He has his little faults, but <mask>'s life on earth, taken altogether, was one worthy of example, and reflected honor upon the church. Through all his trials, he never once forgot his obligations to his brethren and his God. Legacy
Rockwell served as a loyal, personal bodyguard to both Smith and later to Young. Separating fact from legends, folklore, and myths concerning Rockwell is difficult for historians, in large part because Rockwell was only semi-literate and kept no personal diary. Rockwell had the distinction of being the subject of a direct prophecy by Smith.After spending eight months in jail on charges of attempting to assassinate Boggs, <mask> traveled to Nauvoo, appearing unannounced at a Christmas party at Smith's home. After his identity was confirmed, Smith was moved to say:

I prophesy, in the name of the Lord, you—Orrin <mask>—so long as ye shall remain loyal and true to thy faith, need fear no enemy. Cut not thy hair, and no bullet or blade can harm thee. The promise echoes one given by an angel to the parents of the biblical Samson. <mask>, at one time, cut his hair. After hearing of a balding widow with typhoid fever, he offered his famous long hair to make a wig. The recipient of the hair was Agnes Coolbrith Smith Pickett, widow of Smith's brother, Don Carlos, and mother of Ina Coolbrith.Cultural influence
<mask>'s legacy is said to have inspired other famous American frontiersmen, including Wild Bill Hickok and Buffalo Bill. <mask> has also been portrayed on screen by John Carradine in the 1940 film Brigham Young, by James Coburn in the 1995 television film The Avenging Angel, and by Gyll Huff in the 1995 Trent

masks:
Porter
Rockwell
Porter Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell
Rockwell


title: Porter Rockwell

texts:
 Harris film Plan 10 from Outer Space. He was also the main character in the 1969 Death Valley Days episode called the "Son of Thunder" (1969). <mask> is portrayed by Corbin Allred in a supporting role in the 2019 film Out of Liberty. <mask> was the primary subject of the independent 1994 Rockwell

In 2010, a documentary called Stories from the Life of <mask> was created by Issimo Productions, which includes historical re-creations of events from the life of <mask>, as well as interviews with scholars and historians, including John W<mask>, great-great-grandson of <mask>. Two statues of Rockwell exist: one near the old site of his Hot Springs Hotel and Brewery near the Utah State Penitentiary, the other in Lehi, Utah, off of Main Street behind the "Porter's Place" restaurant which exists to celebrate his memory. The restaurant has since moved to Eureka, Utah.See also

 Bear River Massacre
 Alexander William Doniphan
 Hawken rifle
 Ironport (beverage)
 Liberty Jail
 List of bodyguards
 List of Old West gunfighters
 List of Old West lawmen
 Mormon folklore
 Perry, Utah
 Pioneer Village (Utah): Gun Collection
 This is the Place Monument
 Lauritz Smith
 Lot Smith
 Utah War

Notes

References

External links

"Did Orrin <mask> Shoot Lilburn Boggs, Governor of Missouri? ", Mormonism Researched by Kerry A. Shirts

1813 births
1878 deaths
American leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Bodyguards
Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery
Converts to Mormonism
Danites
Gunslingers of the American Old West
Latter Day Saints from Illinois
Latter Day Saints from Missouri
Latter Day Saints from New York (state)
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Leaders in the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)
Mormon pioneers
People of the Utah War
Religious leaders from Massachusetts
United States

masks:
Rockwell
Rockwell
Porter Rockwell
Rockwell
. Rockwell
Rockwell
Porter Rockwell


title: Isaiah Oggins

texts:
<mask> (also known as Ysai or Cy) (July 22, 1898 – 1947) was an American-born communist and spy for the Soviet secret police. After working in Europe and the Far East, <mask> was arrested, served eight years in the GULAG detention system, and was summarily executed on the orders of Joseph Stalin. Background

The third of four children, <mask> was born 1898 in the mill town of Willimantic, Connecticut, the son of Simon Melamdovich (who changed his name to "<mask>" in America) and his wife Rena, both Jewish immigrants from the Abolnik shtetl near Kovno (Kaunas), Lithuania. <mask>'s parents arrived in New York in 1888. They had three other children. <mask> entered Columbia University in February 1917 under current Jewish quota policies. Classmates included publishers Bennet Cerf, Donald Klopfer, and Richard Simon; historian Matthew Josephson; novelist Louis Bromfield, critic Kenneth Burke, and author William Slater Brown.Professors included John Erskine, George Odell, Robert Livingston Schuyler, and Charles A. Beard. After receiving his B.A. in History, he began a doctorate in History while working at history reader there, then in a night school in the New York Public School system. Career

In 1923, <mask> became a Communist by joining the Workers Party of America. The same year, he changed jobs to work for Yale University Press as a researcher. Soviet underground espionage

As of August 26, 1926, when he applied for his U.S. passport, <mask> had joined the Soviet  underground and was readying for his first overseas assignment, probably in Germany and France.In April 1928, his wife Nerma applied for her first U.S. passport. The couple departed from New York on May 5, 1928, for a villa in the Zehlendorf district of Berlin, Germany. They reported to Ignace Reiss. Their job was to maintain a low profile and inhabit their residence, so that other Soviet agents

masks:
Isaiah Oggins
Oggins
Oggins
Oggins
Oggins
Oggins
Oggins
Oggins


title: Isaiah Oggins

texts:
 could periodically use it as a safe house for various espionage related activities. To accomplish this mission, Cy and Nerma had to avoid any appearance of being interested in Communist politics; they had to avoid even reading Communist newspapers. Friend Sidney Hook spotted <mask> in the Gendarmenmarkt, as described in his autobiography Out of Step (1984). <mask> had to resist the temptation to have meetings with his old friend, although he did not always resist this temptation fully.<ref>
{{cite book
  | last = Hook
  | first = Sidney
  | title = Out of Step: An Unquiet Life in the 20th Century
  | url = https://archive.org/details/outofstepunquiet00hook/page/94
  | publisher = Harper and Row
  | year = 1984
  | pages = [https://archive.org/details/outofstepunquiet00hook/page/94 94–101, Chapter 8, "Encounter with Espionage]
  | isbn = 0-06-015632-5
  }}</ref>

The <mask>es moved from Berlin to Paris in the Spring of 1930.In Neuilly-sur-Seine, they watched White Russians, Trotskyites including Trotsky's Paris-based son, Lev Sedov, and the family of Michael Feodorovich Romanov. After exposure of l'affaire Switz (1933–1934, involving Robert Gordon Switz, Lydia Stahl, and Arvid Jacobson), the <mask>es left Paris (September 1934) and returned to the States with their young son Robin (b. 1931). After a brief stint in New York, they left for San Francisco. Leaving his wife and child behind, <mask> set off for China in September 1935, where he served through 1937. In Shanghai, <mask> reported to Grace and Manny Granich (brother of Mike Gold). In 1936, he worked in Dairen during the Manchukuo and traveled to Harbin.He reported to Charles Emile Martin (AKA George Wilmer, Lorenz, Laurenz, Dubois—born Matus Steinberg of Belgorod-Dnestrovsky) and wife Elsa Marie Martin (AKA Joanna Wilmer, Lora, Laura). (Martin later served in the Red Orchestra, spying on Nazi

masks:
Oggins
Oggins
Oggins
Oggins
Cy Oggins
Oggins


title: Isaiah Oggins

texts:
 Germany.) By October 1937, the Martins and <mask>es fled separately after Chiang Kai-shek attacked Manchuria in July. <mask> rejoined his wife and son in Paris in February 1938, only to leave again in May. Nerma Berman <mask> left Paris with their son in September 1939 and returned to New York. (The State Department believes he was stationed in France 1937-1938.) GULAG

On February 20, 1939, the Soviet NKVD arrested <mask> at the Hotel Moskva and took him to the Lubyanka, accusing him of being a traitor.His case received a hearing on January 5, 1940. Ten days later, he received a sentence of eight years. On the next day, <mask> shipped out to Norillag, where fellow inmates included Jacques Rossi. He became known there as "The Professor". Nerma Berman <mask> requested the U.S. Department of State to investigate her husband's disappearance. On April 15, 1942, the US Department of State indicated to the US embassy in Moscow "It is possible that he [<mask>] has been acting for years as an agent of a foreign power or of an international revolutionary organization. Nevertheless it is believed that in view of his American citizenship and of the Soviet agreement in 1933 to inform this Government of the arrest of American citizens, the failure to report his detention should not be ignored."On June 30, 1942, US Secretary of State Cordell Hull had the following telegram sent to the US ambassador in Moscow:     Washington, June 30, 1942—11 p.m.  327. Your 538, June 16, 1 p.m. Please take up this case informally with the Soviet authorities and since <mask> is an American citizen request permission for an American Foreign Service Officer to visit him as provided for in the 1933 agreement, or that <mask> be allowed to appear at the Embassy. Without at this time giving emphasis to the failure of the Soviet authorities, from the standpoint of commitments of the Soviet

masks: Oggins Oggins Oggins Oggins Oggins Oggins Oggins Oggins Oggins


title: Isaiah Oggins

texts:
 Government, to notify the Embassy of <mask>’ arrest, you may, however, express some surprise at such failure and may mention that your Government hopes that steps will be taken to prevent failures of a similar nature from taking place in the future. The Department is concerned as to the disposition made of <mask>’ passport. On December 8, 1942, <mask> received visits from American diplomats at the Butyrka prison in Moscow. By May 1943, the Soviets reneged on his release.During his time in the GULAG, <mask>' wife and son pled with US Secretary George C. Marshall to help gain his release. Death

In May 1947, it was decided to murder <mask> because the Soviets feared that if the spy were repatriated to the United States, as the US government had requested, he would defect and reveal Soviet secrets. By mid-summer, <mask> was taken to Laboratory Number One (the "Kamera"), where Grigory Mairanovsky injected him with the poison curare, which takes 10–15 minutes to kill. A death certificate claimed <mask> had died of "sclerosis" and had received burial in a Jewish cemetery in Penza. Aftermath

FBI investigation

An FBI investigation into the <mask> affair commenced in March 1943. After the defection of Igor Gouzenko, the name "<mask>" arose again in 1945–1946. On February 10, 1949, FBI investigators questioned Esther Shemitz, wife of Whittaker Chambers, about the <mask>es, as Esther Chambers and Nerma <mask> had both attended the Rand School and had worked at the ILGWU and The World Tomorrow magazine.Joint Russian–American investigation

In early 1992, the U.S. and Russia formed the U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs. Overseeing the investigation was Dmitri Volkogonov. On September 23, 1992, Boris Yeltsin handed an Oggins case dossier to American diplomat Malcolm Toon: <mask> had been liquidated on Stalin's orders. The Lost Spy

In 2008, Andrew Meier,

masks: Oggins Oggins Oggins Oggins Oggins Oggins Oggins Oggins Oggins Oggins Oggins Oggins


title: Isaiah Oggins

texts:
 formerly Moscow bureau chief for TIME magazine, published a biography of <mask> called The Lost Spy''. The book resulted from a decade of investigative research into the mysterious circumstances of <mask>' imprisonment and death. It included documentation from  Soviet, American, and Swiss archives

Requests to FSB

<mask>' son has continued to ask for information about his father's death from Soviet successor agencies like the Russian Federal Security Service (generally known by its Russian acronym "FSB"). Personal life

On April 23, 1924, he married Nerma Berman (1898–1995), a Rand School student and Communist activist, born in the Skapiskis shtetl (also near Kovno).She became secretary of the New York division of the National Defense Committee of the Rand School for Red Scare victims Scott Nearing and other professors. The Oggins had one son, Robin, born 1931. Nerma Berman <mask> drifted from job to job and lived in the New York City area. She retired in 1965 and lived for a time in the Lower East Side at the Henry Street Settlement. She later moved to Vestal, New York to be near her son. She died in Vestal on January 27, 1995. See also

 The Lost Spy: An American in Stalin's Secret Service
 Ignace Reiss
 Robert Gordon Switz
 Whittaker Chambers
 Sidney Hook

References

External links
 The Lost Spy: An American in Stalin's Secret Service

1898 births
1947 deaths
American communists
American communists of the Stalin era
American defectors to the Soviet Union
American people executed by the Soviet Union
American people imprisoned in the Soviet Union
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
American spies for the Soviet Union
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Foreign Gulag detainees
Jews executed by the Soviet Union
Jewish socialists
Krasnoyarsk Krai
People from Willimantic, Connecticut
Executed people from Connecticut
20th-century executions of

masks: Oggins Oggins Oggins Oggins


title: Eugeniusz Bodo

texts:
<mask> (born Bohdan Eugène Junod; 28 December 1899 7 October 1943) was a film director, producer, and one of the most popular Polish actors and comedians of the interwar period. He starred in some of the most popular Polish film productions of the 1930s, including His Excellency, The Shop Assistant (Polish: Jego ekscelencja subiekt), Czy Lucyna to dziewczyna?, and Pieśniarz Warszawy. A skilled singer, he became an icon of Polish musical comedy and a "symbol of Polish commercial cinema". In the late 1930s he also became a successful entrepreneur – co-owner of a successful film studio, café, and producers' company. Arrested by the Soviet NKVD in the aftermath of the German and Soviet invasion of Poland, he perished in the Soviet Gulag. Biography
Bohdan Eugène Junod was born on 28 December 1899. His birthplace is uncertain; sources name Warsaw, Łódź, and Geneva, Switzerland.His mother was Jadwiga Anna Dorota née Dylewska. His father, Teodor Junod, was a Swiss citizen who moved to Russian-held Poland and in 1903 settled in Łódź. There he opened a revue-cinema, Urania – the first permanent cinema theatre in that city. It was there that <mask> made his stage debut at the age of six. In 1917 Junod moved to Poznań where he joined "Teatr Apollo". In 1919 (under a new stage name of <mask> <mask>, the surname created from the initials of his own first name Bohdan and his mother's – Dorota) he started acting in various Warsaw-based theatres, variétés and cabarets (Qui Pro Quo, Perskie Oko and Cyrulik Warszawski being the most famous). He also played major roles in Warsaw-based "Teatr Polski" and Wilno-based "Teatr Lutnia".He is best known for his film roles; he played in more than thirty films. His screen debut was a 1925 silent film Rywale. With the advent of sound film <mask> in a matter of years became one of

masks:
Eugeniusz Bodo
Bodo
Eugeniusz
Bodo
Bodo


title: Eugeniusz Bodo

texts: the best-known Polish actors. Usually appearing in musical comedies, already in 1932 he was voted the King of Polish Actors by Film magazine's readers. His popularity rose following three mistaken identity comedies: 1933 His Excellency, The Shop Assistant, 1935 His Excellency, the Chauffeur (both directed by Michał Waszyński and co-starring Ina Benita) and 1934 Czy Lucyna to dziewczyna? (co-starring Jadwiga Smosarska). Always appearing well-dressed, in 1936 <mask> was awarded the title of King of Style by the readers of Film magazine.In 1931 <mask> became a co-founder of the B.W.B. film studio, and, in 1933, he opened a private producers' company "Urania", named after his fathers' cinema in Łódź. His best-known film was 1937 Piętro wyżej, which he wrote and produced himself. On 10 January 1939 <mask> with his business partner Zygmunt Woyciechowski opened a restaurant and a café – the "Café Bodo" – at Warsaw's prestigious Pierackiego street (modern Foksal). By that time his popularity reached far beyond the borders of Poland, to the extent that Yugoslavian press dubbed him Polish Maurice Chevalier. <mask> himself toured Germany promoting Polish-made feature films on that market. During the invasion of Poland he organized recitals for the Polish soldiers and civilians during the Siege of Warsaw.He then fled to Lwów, where he joined the Tea-Jazz band led by Henryk Wars. With that troupe he toured the Soviet Union in 1940, he also published a record containing Russian-language versions of his songs. Simultaneously he started efforts to leave the Soviet Union using his Swiss passport. However, shortly after the German invasion of the Soviet Union he was arrested by the NKVD and sentenced to 5 years of lager/labor camp as a result of NKVD Interrogation carried out by NKVD chief Pyotr Fedotov signed on 20

masks: Bodo Bodo Bodo Bodo


title: Eugeniusz Bodo

texts:
 October 1942 (source: documents sent to Poland by the Russian Red Cross in 1992). Initially imprisoned in Butyrki prison in Moscow, he was not released following the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement as the Soviet authorities argued that he was not a Pole but rather a Swiss citizen and hence the Amnesty for Polish citizens in the Soviet Union did not apply to him. <mask> <mask> starved to death on his way to a remote Soviet gulag camp, in Kotlas. He was declared dead on 7 October 1943.His whereabouts remained unknown for another 50 years, before the collapse of communism in 1989 the Soviets gave the false version that <mask> had been murdered by the Germans in 1941. This version is repeated even in some modern publications. It was only in 1991 that the Soviet authorities revealed his fate. The tragic circumstances surrounding <mask>'s death became the subject of a documentary by Stanisław Janicki Eugeniusz <mask>: Za winy niepopełnione (For Crimes Not Committed). The title of the 1997 documentary refers to a 1938 film in which <mask> starred. In October 2011 in Kotlas, where he died, a cenotaph in his honor was unveiled at a local cemetery. Films

 Rywale (as Geniuś) (1925)
 Czerwony błazen (1926)
 Uśmiech losu (as the dancer in a cabaret) (1927)
 Człowiek o błękitnej duszy (as the sculptor) (1929)
 Policmajster Tagiejew (as Markovskiy) (1929)
 Kult ciała (as Franciszek, Czesław's helper) (1930)
 Na Sybir (as the worker) (1930)
 Niebezpieczny romans (the main villain) (1930)
 Uroda życia (1930) (as Roszow) (1930)
 Wiatr od morza (as Otto) (1930)
 Bezimienni bohaterowie (as the police captain Szczerbic) (1932)
 Głos pustyni (as sheik Abdullah) (1932)
 Jego ekscelencja subiekt (Jurek, the title role) (1933)
 Zabawka (Kuźma, son of the forest worker) (1933)
 Czarna perła (as Stefan) (1934)
 Czy Lucyna to

masks: Eugeniusz Bodo Bodo Bodo Bodo Bodo


title: Madeleine A. Pickens

texts:
<mask> is a businesswoman and philanthropist who has lived in the United States since 1969. She is a developer of and stockholder in the Del Mar Country Club in Rancho Santa Fe, California, and the owner of the Mustang Monument: Wild Horse Eco-Resort near Wells, Nevada and the founder of Saving America's Mustangs. She is also a thoroughbred racehorse owner and breeder. She is the widow of American businessman <mask>. Paulson and former wife of multi-millionaire T<mask>. Background
<mask> was born <mask> on March 5, 1947 in Kirkuk, Kingdom of Iraq where her father, Bill Baker, was a British oil executive. He was also a golf course designer, who built a golf course in Kirkuk and cut down his golf clubs to teach the five-year old <mask> to play. After her family left Iraq, <mask> grew up in France and England, where Baker designed several courses.<mask> and her twin sister Christine, both British citizens, moved from England to the Bahamas in 1965. At some point she started using the name <mask>. <mask> modeled and worked as a flight attendant for Pan American Airlines in her twenties. She moved to Marina Del Rey, California in 1969 and went into business for herself, providing cabin service crews for corporate jets and special charter flights. In 1976, she was featured in an article in Black Belt magazine. She was married to Robert Richter, with whom she had a daughter, Dominique, in 1980. She met <mask>, the founder of Gulfstream Aerospace in 1983, and married him in 1988.In 1993 they bought the Del Mar Country Club in Rancho Santa Fe, California, where she drew upon her background to design and build the golf course. Upon Paulson's death in 2000, she and his children from his previous marriages disputed over the estate until 2003, at which time she was awarded in the settlement, among other assets, stock in the Country Club. In September 2015, the IRS filed suit against beneficiaries of Paulson's estate, including <mask>, for unpaid estate taxes. On

masks:
Madeleine Anne Pickens
Allen E
. Boone Pickens
Madeleine Pickens
Madeleine Baker
Madeleine
Pickens
Pickens
Madeleine Farris
Pickens
Allen Paulson
Pickens


title: Madeleine A. Pickens

texts:
 September 10, 2018, a judge ruled <mask> was not liable for the taxes. In 2005, she married Texas oilman T. Boone <mask>. Not long after their marriage, the couple traveled to New Orleans to rescue pets stranded during the evacuation from Hurricane Katrina and flew them to California and Colorado on a chartered cargo jet. They divorced early in 2013.In 2007, <mask> paid $35 million for a home on the beach in Del Mar; in 2010 she sued the city for ordering her to prune plants that were obstructing her neighbors' view. <mask> has sponsored several events at the Del Mar Country Club benefiting military organizations. In July 2016, <mask>, Jenny Craig, and Doug Manchester co-chaired a fundraiser for Donald Trump at the Del Mar Country Club in Rancho Santa Fe. Equine interests

<mask> is said to be a lifelong equestrian. She developed an interest in thoroughbred flat racing and with <mask>, she owned several race horses, including U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Cigar. She traded Cigar to husband <mask> for the filly, Eliza, the 1992 Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies winner and that year's Eclipse Award winner as American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly.<mask>' other horses included Fraise, who won the 1992 Breeders' Cup Turf;  Yokohama, winner of the 1997 Prix Foy at Longchamp Racecourse; and Rock Hard Ten, winner of the 2005 Santa Anita Handicap. <mask> and Jenny Craig owned Rock and Roll who won the 1998 Pennsylvania Derby and ran in the Kentucky Derby. <mask> also raced Miss Dominique, named for her daughter. After the settlement of Paulson's estate, <mask> no longer had colors to race, although she was still part owner of Rock Hard Ten and a few broodmares. She announced in June 2005 that, upon her marriage to T. Boone <mask>, her involvement with racing would be reduced. At the same time, she took up equine welfare causes when Old Friends Equine purchased Fraise and multiple Grade One winner Ogygian from their Japanese owners and she paid the $65,000 to

masks:
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Allen Paulson
Allen
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens
Pickens


title: Madeleine A. Pickens

texts: bring them back to retirement at the Old Friends facility in Georgetown, Kentucky. About a year after their marriage, the couple led the fight to close the last horse slaughterhouse in the United States.The slaughterhouses were closed due to Congress's prohibiting funds to pay inspectors in the year appropriations bills, but the Pickens worked for a more permanent solution by lobbying Congress to pass the American Horse Slaughter Prevention Act (AHSPA), which passed in the United States House of Representatives, but not in the Senate (in 2015, the AHSPA was folded into the proposed Safeguard American Food Exports Act). In recognition of their efforts, in 2007 <mask> and <mask> received the Equine Advocates' Safe Home Equine Protection Award. In the summer of 2008, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), was faced with a budget crisis in its free-roaming horse program due to the cost of maintaining 33,000 excess (unadopted) horses captured on public lands in holding facilities. The agency was considering implementing the options that Congress had provided for in amendments to the Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971, to either euthanize or sell the horses "without limitation" to any willing buyer. Since "any willing buyer" included those that would send the horses to slaughter in foreign countries, Pickens established "The National Wild Horse Foundation," to create a sanctuary for excess horses. On November 21, 2008, <mask> was named Person of the Week by ABC News due to her announcement that she would adopt and maintain, with private funds, all 33,000 horses at the sanctuary. However, shortly thereafter she stated that the recession forced many of the donors she hoped would help her pay for the venture backed out, and she requested the BLM pay her a yearly stipend of $500 per horse to maintain the horses.The BLM responded that it was not possible to enter into the contract she requested. In January 2010, <mask> hired three helicopters to

masks:
Madeleine
Boone Pickens
Pickens
Pickens


title: Madeleine A. Pickens

texts: view and photograph a BLM horse gather, and at one point they flew across the flight path of other helicopters being used to herd animals, leading to the accusation she had interfered with the gather. A year later, a $500,000 float she sponsored for the Tournament of Roses Parade depicted a Native American on a horse watching over several galloping horses. The day before the parade, the National Tribal Horse Coalition issued a news release objecting to the float for using "the symbolism of the North American Indians and horses to promote agendas in direct opposition to the tribes' position." Also in 2010, <mask> purchased property in Elko County in northeast Nevada; the 14,000 acre Spruce Ranch in the remote Goshute Valley for $2,570,000. Shortly afterwards, she purchased the Warm Creek Ranch which is located about 25 miles south of Wells, Nevada on Highway 93, adjacent to the northwest boundary of the 508,000 acre BLM Spruce Mountain grazing allotment. In March 2011, the BLM put out invitations for <mask> and others who wished to provide lands to maintain horses for the BLM in "Eco_Sanctuaries" to submit proposals for evaluation.Saving America's Mustangs, the formerly named National Wild Horse Foundation to which <mask> had transferred title to the Spruce Ranch, submitted a proposal to maintain horses, that the BLM agreed to evaluate in April 2012. In August 2012, the BLM published the proposal in the Federal Register but in June 2014 the evaluation stalled after scoping found issues that have yet to be resolved. Although she has purchased several hundred horses at risk of slaughter and maintains them on the private lands of the ranches, in 2014 Saving America's Mustangs leased the Spruce Allotment grazing permit to the Spruce Grazing Association that instead grazes cows. On December 21, 2017, the BLM announced it would be rounding up horses in the area of the Spruce allotment. On August 25, 2018, the BLM announced an emergency gather of 300 horses at

masks: Pickens Pickens Pickens


title: Madeleine A. Pickens

texts:
 Boone Spring within the allotment. Mustang Monument Eco-Resort

Initially, the Warm Creek Ranch headquarters was slated to be used as the "base of operations" for the eco-sanctuary. However, on September 11, 2012, <mask> made reference to plans for a luxury resort called the Mustang Monument: Wild Horse Eco-Resort.<mask> began converting the headquarters for the resort, and began renovating the old ranch house there to become a dining hall and kitchen. On April 3, 2013, the Elko County Commission approved a liquor license for the venture, and <mask> spent a million dollars on "Safari Tents" or Tee Pees for the guests. The eco-resort was open for business in the summer of 2014 and, among other things, offered horseback rides on BLM-administered public lands and using a road crossing BLM administered lands to the Spruce Ranch to take guests to see the horses kept there. <mask> states she was informed by the BLM in December of that year that she would need a permit to use the road and public lands for her commercial ventures and that she filed the application for the permit. <mask> claims that in October 2015 the BLM told her the paperwork had been misplaced, and her representative claims that the BLM requested trivial information to process the application. Also, Elko County officials determined that the food preparation facilities she planned did not meet the County health and safety codes, and required her to install a commercial kitchen. By February 2016 the BLM had not finished processing the permit application and the County's safety codes had not yet been met.The County required <mask> to, in case of fire, to put sprinkler systems in the lavishly furnished teepees, and because the town of Wells had, in 2008, suffered a major earthquake, she was required to modify the walk-in cooler in the kitchen to be earthquake-proof. <mask> issued a press release on February 10, 2016, stating the resort would not open for 2016, but although the Mustang Monument

masks: Pickens Pickens Pickens Pickens Pickens Pickens Pickens


title: Madeleine A. Pickens

texts:
 website stated she hoped to open in 2017 and having spent $25 million on the venture, she stated on September 1, 2016, she was "out of it" and would sell the Tee Pees. George Knapp, an investigative reporter for a Las Vegas television station, reported that <mask> said that she had made a bad decision and she would not spend more money on the venture. The webpage for Mustang Monument announced the facility was closed in 2016. In the beginning of 2019, Mustang Monument announced it has re-opened for the summer season. <mask> stated that her problems with acquiring the BLM permit are due to her being "a tall tree" that "catch(es) the wind." <mask>' representative suggested the real reasons for Elko County's safety requirements were due to local hostility to a wild horse sanctuary and because <mask> was from California, and Knapp, a Coast to Coast AM host that had Pickens' representative on as a guest in 2012, expanded upon that to imply that they were imposed because Pickens was "rich, blonde, female, and...from California."Adding to the conflicts in 2016, a lawsuit against Saving America's Mustangs and the Del Mar Country Club was filed for an alleged racially motivated hostile work environment at the Country Club and Mustang Monument in 2014. As of January 2017, that lawsuit was pending. Politics
Since 2010 Pickens has donated extensively to Republican political campaigns, including the Donald Trump presidential campaign and numerous state Republican parties. References

External links
 Mustang Monument's "Saving America's Mustangs" Webpage

1947 births
Living people
American female models
English emigrants to the United States
American racehorse owners and breeders
American women philanthropists
Businesspeople from California
Keepers of animal sanctuaries
American people of Lebanese descent
People from Kirkuk
Philanthropists from California
American women business executives
21st-century American businesspeople
Ranchers from Nevada
21st-century

masks: Pickens Pickens Pickens Pickens


title: Stephen Barrett

texts:
<mask> (; born 1933) is an American retired psychiatrist, author, co-founder of the National Council Against Health Fraud (NCAHF), and the webmaster of Quackwatch. He runs a number of websites dealing with quackery and health fraud. He focuses on consumer protection, medical ethics, and scientific skepticism. Biography

<mask> is a 1957 graduate of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and completed his psychiatry residency in 1961. In 1967 and 1968 he completed part of a correspondence course in American Law and Procedure at La Salle Extension University (Chicago). He was a practicing physician until retiring from active practice in 1993. , his medical license was listed as "Expired" in good standing: "No disciplinary actions were found for this license." A longtime resident of Allentown, Pennsylvania, <mask> now resides in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.In addition to webmastering his websites, <mask> was a co-founder, vice-president and a board member of the National Council Against Health Fraud (NCAHF). He is a scientific advisor to the American Council on Science and Health, and a fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI). From 1987 through 1989, he taught health education at Pennsylvania State University. <mask> was the consulting editor for the Consumer Health Library at Prometheus Books, and has been a peer-review panelist for  two medical journals. He has also served on the editorial board of Medscape and the Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine. According to his website, he "has written more than 2,000 articles and delivered more

masks:
Stephen Joel Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett


title: Stephen Barrett

texts:
 than 300 talks at colleges, universities, medical schools, and professional meetings. His media appearances include Dateline, Today, Good Morning America, Primetime, Donahue, CNN, National Public Radio, and more than 200 other radio and television talk show interviews."Quackwatch received the award of Best Physician-Authored Site by MD NetGuide, May 2003. In 1984, he received an FDA Commissioner's Special Citation Award for Public Service in fighting nutrition quackery. He was included in the list of outstanding skeptics of the 20th century by Skeptical Inquirer magazine. In 1986, he was awarded honorary membership in the American Dietetic Association. <mask> has been profiled in Biography Magazine (1998) and in Time (2001). The magazine Spiked included <mask> in a survey of 134 persons they termed "key thinkers in science, technology and medicine." When he was asked: "What inspired you to take up science?"he replied that his appreciation of medical science:

probably began when I took a college course in medical statistics, and learned what makes the difference between scientific thought and poor reasoning. Medical school brought me in touch with the rapid and amazing strides being made in the understanding and treatment of disease. My anti-quackery activities have intensified my interest and concern in distinguishing science from pseudoscience, quackery and fraud. Consumer information

The Quackwatch website is <mask>'s main platform for describing and exposing what he and other contributors consider to be quackery and health fraud. The website was part of Quackwatch,

masks: Barrett Barrett Barrett


title: Stephen Barrett

texts: Inc., a nonprofit corporation founded by <mask> that aims to "combat health-related frauds, myths, fads, fallacies, and misconduct." The non-profit was dissolved in 2008. <mask>'s writing is supplemented with contributions from many scientific, technical, and lay volunteers and includes numerous references to published research articles.<mask> defines quackery as "anything involving overpromotion in the field of health," and reserves the word fraud "only for situations in which deliberate deception is involved." <mask> has become a "lightning rod" for controversy as a result of his criticisms of alternative medicine theories and practitioners. <mask> says he does not criticize conventional medicine because that would be "way outside [his] scope." He states he does not give equal time to some subjects, and has written on his web site that "Quackery and fraud don't involve legitimate controversy and are not balanced subjects. I don't believe it is helpful to publish 'balanced' articles about unbalanced subjects." <mask> is at the forefront of exposing questionable aspects of chiropractic. <mask> is a strong supporter of the HONcode and has made efforts to improve compliance with its rules and to expose those who abuse it.A number of practitioners and supporters of alternative medicine oppose <mask> and Quackwatch for its criticism of alternative medicine. Donna Ladd, a journalist with The Village Voice, says <mask> relies mostly on negative research to criticize alternative medicine, rejecting most positive case studies as unreliable due to methodological flaws. According to

masks: Barrett Barrett Barrett Barrett Barrett Barrett Barrett Barrett Barrett


title: Stephen Barrett

texts:
 Ladd, <mask> insists that most alternative therapies "simply should be disregarded without further research. 'A lot of things don't need to be tested [because] they simply don't make any sense', he says, pointing to homeopathy, chiropractic, and acupuncture as examples of alternative treatments with no plausible mechanism of action." Both website reviews and various journal articles mention or use as references <mask>'s Quackwatch as a useful source for consumer information. However, other authors have critcised Quackwatch as being overly biased in its presentation. In February 2020, Quackwatch became part of the Center for Inquiry.CFI planned to maintain its various websites and to receive <mask>'s library later in the year. Selected publications

Articles for which <mask> was an author include:

 In 1985, <mask> was the author of the "Commercial hair analysis. Science or scam?" article in the Journal of the American Medical Association that exposed commercial laboratories performing multimineral hair analysis. He commented that in his opinion, "commercial use of hair analysis in this manner is unscientific, economically wasteful, and probably illegal." His report has been cited in later articles, including one which concluded that such testing was "unreliable." "A Close Look at Therapeutic Touch", Rosa L, Rosa E, Sarner L, <mask> SJ.(April 1, 1998). JAMA, Vol. 279, No. 13, pp 1005–1010. His (co)authored and (co)edited books include:

Consumer Health: A Guide to Intelligent Decisions, Barrett S, London William, Kroger M, Hall H, Baretz R (2013). (textbook, 9th ed.)

masks:
Barrett
Stephen Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett


title: Stephen Barrett

texts:
 McGraw-Hill,
Dubious Cancer Treatment, Barrett SJ & Cassileth BR, editors (2001).Florida Division of the American Cancer Society
Chemical Sensitivity: The Truth About Environmental Illness (Consumer Health Library), <mask>, SJ & Gots, Ronald E. (1998). Prometheus Books. The Health Robbers: A Close Look at Quackery in America, <mask>J, Jarvis WT, eds. (1993). Prometheus Books,
Health Schemes, Scams, and Frauds, <mask> SJ (1991). Consumer Reports Books,
Reader's Guide to Alternative Health Methods, Zwicky JF, Hafner AW, <mask>, Jarvis WT (1993). American Medical Association,
The Vitamin Pushers: How the "Health Food" Industry Is Selling America a Bill of Goods, <mask>J, Herbert V (1991).Prometheus Books,
Vitamins and Minerals: Help or Harm?, Marshall CW (1983). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins  (edited by <mask>, won the American Medical Writers Association award for best book of 1983 for the general public, republished by Consumer Reports Books). Collections of articles:

 Paranormal Claims: A Critical Analysis, 2007, edited by Bryan Farha, University Press of America, . Three of the eighteen chapters are written by <mask>. See also

 <mask> v. Rosenthal
 Consumer protection
 Debunker
 Evidence-based medicine
 Pseudoscience

References

External links
 Quackwatch.org – <mask>

1933 births
American health activists
American psychiatrists
American science writers
American skeptics
Critics of alternative medicine
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
La Salle Extension University alumni
Living people
Pennsylvania State University faculty
Writers from

masks:
Barrett
Barrett S
Barrett
Barrett S
Barrett S
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Stephen Barrett


title: Uğur Rıfat Karlova

texts:
<mask> (born August 2, 1980) is a Turkish-Taiwanese stand-up comedian, actor, TV host, showman and writer. Biography
Born in Izmit, <mask>'s family origins go back to the city of Karlová. He finished his primary school in his father's city of Hayrabolu / Tekirdag. Following that, his father sent him to Private Tekirdag College which was the first English private school in Tekirdag. After graduation, he continued his studies at the Tekirdag Tourism Profession High School. In 1998, he graduated from this school's Department of Accounting and Reception and in the same year he enrolled at the University of Mersin Anamur Vocational School in the Department of Hotel Management in German Language. <mask> got his degree in 2001 and in 2002 he entered Ankara University's Department of Chinese/Sinology, graduating in 2006.The same year he received a scholarship for studying in Taiwan. <mask> received his master's degree in the Department of Political Science at National Taiwan Normal University <mask> speaks fluent German, English (broken), Mandarin, Taiwanese (broken) and Turkish. He also completed script writing and acting courses from prestigious universities in Taiwan including Chinese Culture University and Taipei National University of Arts. <mask> is currently studying and developing his entertainment career in Taiwan. Television and stage career
<mask>'s television career started in Taiwan with a documentary movie named The History of Taiwan People in 2006. The producers saw him on the street and invited him for their film castings. <mask> was selected for the role of George Leslie Mackay, who was a dentist and missionary in 19th century Taiwan.FHM took <mask>'s pictures for Taiwan's FHM August 2008 issue in Eclipse commercial. The 22-episode TV series

masks:
Uğur Rıfat Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova
Karlova


title: Uğur Rıfat Karlova

texts: Faysal Agabey began in 2008 and <mask> did his first TV series appearance as good-hearted engineer Alaeddin who worked for survivors of the 1999 Golcuk earthquake in Turkey. This was the most expensive production of Taiwan's Buddhist channel 'Great Love TV' and nominated best drama in Seoul Drama Awards 2009. <mask> continued his commercial appearances in Te Quiero Diamond Watches, Taipei City Tourism Introduction, Nissan, Fubon Bank, Gigabyte and Ocean Spray TV advertisements. <mask> has appeared one of the most famous TV shows in Taiwan with many television celebrities such as Li Jing's Zhuang Shı Ye Zong Hui  talent show, Daxüe Sheng Le Mei the university talk show and with Taiwan television celebrities Aken, Nado and Taozı. <mask> is known for his Aaron Kwok and Stanley Huang imitations. These imitations were the first shows by a foreign entertainer in Taiwan.<mask> is using the stage name Wu Feng in Taiwan. He has taken  acting and script writing classes from Taipei University of Arts. <mask>'s another TV drama is for Hakka TV, The Pioneers. This is one of the biggest TV dramas of Hakka TV in Taiwan. In Hakka TV drama <mask> acts as a foreign researcher with another famous foreign actor and director Brook Hall. <mask>'s third TV drama role was a father in Taiwan's popular TV drama The Perfect Man which got high audience ratings and become Taiwan's one of the most popular drama in 2011. In this TV drama he was worked with famous artist such as Tian Xin and Yang Yi Zhan.The Perfect Man has helped <mask> to raise his popularity among Taiwan audience. <mask>'s first movie appearance is the movie Black and White as a foreign anchorman. <mask> also hosted a TV program for Taiwan's public television PTS. The name of the program is Jian Kang Suo Cha Dui,

masks: Karlova Karlova Karlova Karlova Karlova Karlova Karlova Karlova Karlova Karlova Karlova


title: Uğur Rıfat Karlova

texts:
 in this program <mask> has visited many hospitals and introduced many new developments on health technology. Since 2011 Rifat <mask> is hosting I-Walker travel show on Set TV. The show is the first foreign hosted prime time travel show in Taiwan's television history. In this show Rifat <mask> is traveling around Taiwan  and introduce different food, local people and Chinese culture.Nowadays I Walker show also started to send Rifat to other destinations such as Europe, Turkey and Hong Kong. Besides these TV shows, Rifat <mask> has hosted MTV Movie Chart TV show for over 80 episodes and became the first foreign TV host of MTV. He successfully interviewed Tom Cruise, Will Smith, Gore Verbinski, Jerry Bruckheimer etc. Hollywood stars. Rifat <mask> is still working hard to bring more creativity to entertainment industry in Asia and looking forward to grab new opportunities as a television and stage entertainer. 47th Golden Bell Award

Rifat <mask> is the first foreign artist who nominated and won the best travel host award in Golden Bell Awards history in Taiwan. The award went to Rifat <mask> in his first year of hosting I WALKER travel show on Set TV.9 of all judges voted for his performance in the show and praised his witty, unique style of hosting. During the ceremony he showed his red underwear to the press and the moment became the 3.popular news of that night in Yahoo Taiwan's page. He dedicated this award to co-workers, Mazu Goddess and his father. Stand up comedy
<mask> started his single stage performances at the Comedy Club Taipei which is the sole comedy club in Taiwan. He has performed more than 100 shows in the Mandarin Chinese language. He is one of the first foreigners to perform in the Chinese language in Taiwan and the world. He performs

masks: Karlova Karlova Karlova Karlova Karlova Karlova Karlova Karlova