title: Emanuel K. Love

texts:
 Spelman College and more representation in the boards of trustees of the schools. In 1887, <mask>, White, and James C. Bryan were noted for calling for black leadership at the Atlanta Baptist Seminary. <mask>'s outspokenness led to his promotion to official leadership within the black Baptist church. In 1888, <mask> was elected president of the colored Baptist Foreign Mission convention in Nashville, Tennessee. Rev.M. W. Gilbert of Nashville was elected vice president, J. J. Spellman of Jackson, Mississippi secretary and J. E. Farrier of Richmond, Virginia treasurer. Also in 1888, <mask> was among the leaders of a group of 350 leading black Georgians met to push for education legislation and to opposed discrimination, particularly in chain gangs, Jim Crow laws on public transportation, lynch law, disenfranchisement, and jury selection. That year, he published a history of black Baptist churches in America. Baxley affair

In Thomasville and Savannah in the late 1870s and the 1880s, <mask> was lauded by the white Baptist community for his work. This support did not extend to the broader white community, nor did it continue in the late 1880s. In 1889, he  was among a delegation to travel from Georgia to attend the annual meeting of the black Baptist Foreign Mission Convention in Indianapolis. The train on the East Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia Railroad had only a first-class car and a smoking car.The delegates opposed smoking and drinking and desired to sit in a first-class car. They had been promised that a segregated first-class car would be provided, but it was not, and the black men found seats for themselves in the white first-class car. White passengers and rail conductors were unhappy and sent a telegram down the line informing people about the infraction. A black porter notified <mask> about the spread of the news, and once the train stopped at the next stop in Baxley, Georgia, a mob boarded the train and demanded the delegation leave. When they refused, they were attacked and beaten and <mask> believed that they would have been killed without the interference of the conductor. Five of the delegates including <mask> and Rev. C. K. Spratling

masks: Love Love Love Love Love Love Love Love


title: Emanuel K. Love

type: original

texts:
 pushed on and went to Indianapolis.They also published an article describing the event which was republished widely. At the convention, <mask> was elected president and Solomon T. Clanton, J. E. Jones, and J. E. Farrer officers while vice presidents were selected from the various states. A committee of nearly twenty men were selected to go to Washington and demand protection for blacks in the South taking special notice of the attack on <mask> and Spratling. The Convention also succeeded at pressuring the American Baptist Publication Society to promise to publish articles by black leaders Walter H. Brooks, William J. Simmons, and <mask> in its journal, the Baptist Teacher. When white leaders in the society reneged on this promise, the group organized the National Baptist Publishing Board to publish the writings of black Baptist leaders. American Baptist Publication Society leader Benjamin Griffith claimed that no affront was intended and endeavored to expand black representation in the society and in its publications. For their outspokenness, <mask> and the two others were forced out of the American Baptist Publication Board in 1889.Conflicts in the 1890s

In 1890, <mask> and Richard R. Wright Sr. were in a dispute with William White, Judson Lyons, Henry A. Rucker, and especially John H. Deveaux, who was in control of Georgia's African American Republic Party machinery. The dispute centered around leadership of the party district nomination conventions. Lyons, Rucker, and Deveaux were all supported by patronage of Booker T. Washington of the Tuskegee Institute and were identified with light-skinned elites, while <mask> and Wright (and Charles T. Walker) represented a "black" or "darker-skinned" faction, although skin color was not as important as political allegiance and ideology. Dispute within the Baptist church continued as well, and by 1890, <mask> and Bryan were calling for blacks to stop participating in the American Baptist Missionary Society's educational programs, although White was more friendly, and in 1892, the dispute led to separatism at the state convention. In 1893, a group within <mask>'s congregation at the First African Baptist


title: Emanuel K. Love

texts:
 Church in Savannah sought to remove <mask>. They made several charges of immorality against him, but were unable to establish their case. At the 1893 black state Baptist convention, cooperationists supported Charles T. Walker for president of the group while separatists supported <mask>.The accusations against <mask> complicated the issue, but he still won the election. As a result of the conflict within his church, about 1,000 members left to form another branch - since the total size of the congregation was as many as 5,000, this did not cripple the church. About this time William E. Holmes, before an opponent of <mask> and White, changed his position and supported the separatist cause. <mask>'s leadership in the church continued, however. In 1895, he was corresponding secretary of the Colored Baptist Foreign Mission Convention, with E. C. Morris president and S. T. Clanton and J. L. Dart as fellow officers. In 1896, <mask> was president of the separatist General Missionary Baptist Convention and continued to advocate black decision makers in prominent positions, especially in leadership of schools for black students. However, he was no longer in accord with William White.White was working with American Baptist Home Missionary Society secretary, Thomas J. Morgan, to repair the strains, but their work only further alienated <mask>, who was becoming increasingly supportive of black nationalism. In 1897, White was editor of the Georgia Baptist and succeeded in isolating <mask> in <mask>'s call for a separate, black Baptist college, although <mask> did succeed in gaining support for the Publishing Board of the National Baptist Convention. Republican politics

In 1896, Alfred Eliab Buck was the leader of the Georgia Republican Party. Buck was the president of the Republican State Convention in late April and presided over the electing of delegates to the 1896 Republican National Convention. There was dispute over the delegates, which Buck attempted to preempt by passing a "harmony" slate of delegates outside of standard procedure - <mask> would call it a "lilly white" slate, although it did include blacks. However, the slate did not include <mask>'s

masks: Love Love Love Love Love Love Love Love Love Love Love Love


title: Emanuel K. Love

texts:
 friend, Richard R. Wright Sr., who many believed would be a delegate. The convention erupted in protest and a representative of Buck's attempted to adjourn the meeting and the Buck faction left the hall.The <mask> and Wright faction remained and <mask> took the chair, electing a new slate of delegates, now including <mask> (and Buck but still not Wright). Eventually Wright was not selected as a delegate, but did attend as an alternate. Other activities
<mask>'s work in Georgia was widespread. He wrote or edited three Baptist journals: the Centennial Record, the Georgia Sentinel, and the Baptist Truth as well as two secular papers, the Augusta Weekly Sentinel and the Albany Watchman. The Augusta Sentinel Newspaper was a Republican paper cofounded by Richard R. Wright St, Rev. Charles T. Walker, and <mask>. <mask> later pushed to have Wright installed as president of Georgia's first black college.As a part of his journalism, he helped found the publication group for the black National Baptist Convention. He was also president of the Missionary Baptist Convention of Georgia and together with William E. Holmes, was instrumental in founding the Baptist school, Central City College in Macon, Georgia. He strongly condemned violence against blacks and many of his sermons were reprinted and widely distributed. One example of both was the November 5, 1893, "Sermon on Lunch Law and Raping". At the time of his death in 1900, <mask> was editor of the Baptist Truth, president of the Baptist Missionary Society, and treasurer of Central City College at Macon. He was chairman of the committee which secured the Georgia State Industrial College for Colored Youth for Savannah, now called Savannah State University. He was also a freemason.Death
<mask> died April 24, 1900. His funeral was at the First African Baptist church, where he was pastor, and he was buried at Laurel Grove cemetery. References

1850 births
1900 deaths
People from Perry County, Alabama
People from Savannah, Georgia
African-American Baptist ministers
Baptist ministers from the United States
Activists for African-American civil rights
Activists from Alabama
Baptists from Alabama
19th-century American


title: Nabaneeta Dev Sen

texts:
<mask> (Nôbonita <mask>) (13 January 1938 – 7 November 2019) was an Indian writer and academic. After studying arts and comparative literature, she moved to the USA where she studied further. She returned to India and taught at several universities and institutes as well as serving in various positions in literary institutes. She published more than 80 books in Bengali: poetry, novels, short stories, plays, literary criticism, personal essays, travelogues, humour writing, translations and children's literature. She was awarded the Padma Shri in 2000 and the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1999. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Calcutta (now Kolkata) into a Bengali family on 13 January 1938. She was the only child of the poet-couple <mask> (Narendra Deb 7 July 1888- 19 April 1971, son of Nagendra Chandra Deb) and <mask>, who wrote under the pen name <mask>.She was given her name by Rabindranath Tagore. Her childhood experiences included World War II air raids, seeing people starving in the Bengal famine of 1943, and the impact of large numbers of refugees arriving in Calcutta after the partition of India. She attended Gokhale Memorial Girls' School and Lady Brabourne College. She received her BA in English from University of Calcutta, and was a student of inaugural batch of the Department of Comparative Literature at Jadavpur University, from where she obtained her MA in 1958. She obtained another MA (with distinction) in comparative literature from Harvard University in 1961 and went on to receive a doctorate from Indiana University in 1964. Personal life

In 1959, she married Amartya <mask>, an economist and academician and then a Lecturer of Economics at the Jadavpur University, who would be awarded the Nobel prize four decades later. She moved to Britain with him and they became the parents of two daughters, Antara <mask> and Nandana <mask>. She then completed her post-doctoral research at the University of California at Berkeley and Newnham

masks:
Nabaneeta Dev Sen
Deb Sen
Dev Sen
Narendra Dev
Radharani Devi
Aparajita Devi
Sen
Dev Sen
Sen


title: Nabaneeta Dev Sen

texts:
 College, Cambridge University.After her divorce in 1976, she returned to Calcutta with her daughters. She had one adopted daughter Srabasti Basu. Her hobbies included reading, records, and travelling. In addition to Bengali and English, she could read Hindi, Oriya, Assamese, French, German, Greek, Sanskrit, and Hebrew. Career

Academic
<mask> was a writer in residence at several international artists' colonies, including Yaddo and MacDowell Colony in the United States; Bellaggio in Italy; and the Mishkenot Sha'ananim in Jerusalem. She held the Maytag Chair of Creative Writing and Comparative Literature at Colorado College, 1988–1989. She was a visiting professor and a visiting creative writer at several universities including Harvard, Cornell, Columbia, Chicago (USA), Humboldt (Germany), Universities of Toronto, British Columbia (Canada), Melbourne, New South Wales (Australia), and El Collegio de Mexico.She delivered the Radhakrishnan Memorial Lecture series (1996–1997) at Oxford University on epic poetry. In 2002, <mask> retired as Professor of Comparative Literature at Jadavpur University, Calcutta. She was a University Grants Commission Senior Fellow at University of Delhi. From 2003 to 2005, <mask> was the J. P. Naik Distinguished Fellow at the Centre of Women's Development Studies in New Delhi. She represented herself and India in many international conferences, both academic and literary, and at the Festival of India USA in 1986. Associations

She held executive positions in the International Comparative Literature Association (1973–1979), and the International Association of Semiotic and Structural Studies (1989–1994). <mask> was the Vice-President of the Bangiya Sahitya Parishad, an academy for Bengali literature.She was the founder and president of West Bengal Women Writers' Association. She was the founder secretary and later Vice-President of the Indian National Comparative Literature Association. She was a Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society

masks:
Dev Sen
Dev Sen
Dev Sen
Dev Sen


title: Nabaneeta Dev Sen

texts:
 of Great Britain. She was a member of the Advisory Board for Bengali, Sahitya Akademi from 1978 to 1982, as well as the Member and Convenor, Bharatiya Jnanpith Award Language Advisory Committee from 1975 to 1990. She also served as Member of the Jury of important literary awards including the Jnanpith Award, Saraswati Samman, Kabir Samman, and Rabindra Puraskar. Literary career
<mask> published more than 80 books in Bengali: poetry, novels, short stories, plays, literary criticism, personal essays, travelogues, humour writing, translations and children's literature. She worked with the treatment of women in world epics; she wrote several short stories presenting Sita in a different way from how she appears in the Ramayana.Her first collection of poems Pratham Pratyay (First Confidence) was published in 1959. Her second poetry collection Swagato Debdoot was published 12 years later. Her first novel Ami Anupam (I, Anupam) was published in 1976 in the Puja Issue of the Ananda Bazar Patrika. It is about urban middle class intellectuals who lead the youth in revolution and later contradict them during the Naxalite movement. <mask> dealt with a wide variety of social, political, psychological problems like the role of the intellectuals in the Naxalite movement (Ami Anupam, 1976), the identity crisis of Indian writing in English (1977), that of second generation non-resident Indians (1985), breakdown of the joint family, life in old age homes (1988), homosexuality (1995), facing AIDS (1999, 2002), child abuse, obsession, and uprootedness. Her first short story collection was Monsieur Hulor Holiday (Monsieur Hulo's Holiday, 1980). Her essays, such as Nati Nabanita (Nabaneeta the Actress, 1983), are considered the best of her prose writing by critic Sanjukta Gupta.Her best-selling Karuna Tomar Kon Path Diye (The Path of Thy Grace, 1978) has an account of a solo woman on pilgrimage to Kumbh Mela. Her travelogue Truck Bahoney Mac Mahoney depicts her ride on a

masks:
Dev Sen
Dev Sen


title: Nabaneeta Dev Sen

texts:
 ration truck across northeast India and Tibet in 1977. Her other notable works included Bama-bodhini,  Srestha kabita, and Sita theke suru. She was a well-known children's author in Bengali for her fairy tales and adventure stories, with girls as protagonist, having first written for children in 1979. She was the chief editor of Bengali in the Macmillan's Modern Indian Novels in English Translation series. Recognition
<mask> received many national and international awards and honours, including: Gouridevi Memorial Award, Mahadevi Verma Award (1992), Celli Award from Rockefeller Foundation (1993), Sarat Award from Bhagalpur University of Bihar (1994), Prasad Puraskar, Sahitya Akademi Award (1999). She has also received Rabindra Puraskar, Kabir Samman, Samskriti Award, Kamal Kumari National Award (2004), Mystic Kalinga Literary Award (2017), and the Big Little Book Award for children's literature in 2017, when the award focused on Bengali writing.She was awarded the Padma Shri (2000), the fourth highest civilian award by the Government of India. Death
She died on 7 November 2019 in Kolkata following cancer. References

External links

1938 births
2019 deaths
Amartya Sen
Presidency University, Kolkata alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
Bengali writers
Indian women novelists
Indian women poets
Writers from Kolkata
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali
Jadavpur University alumni
Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education
20th-century Indian novelists
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
20th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian women writers
Women writers from West Bengal
21st-century Indian women writers
21st-century Indian novelists
21st-century Indian poets
Poets from West Bengal
Novelists from West Bengal
Indiana University alumni
Indian children's writers
Indian short story writers
Indian travel writers
Indian humorists
Indian essayists
Indian literary critics
Indian dramatists and playwrights
Indian


title: Kim Hong-il (general)

texts:
<mask> (23 September 1898 – 8 August 1980) was a Korean independence activist and a general of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Korean War, who later became a diplomat and politician in South Korea. Born in North Pyongan, he did his early schooling in China and Korea, and had a brief career as a teacher before his connections with the nascent Korean independence movement led to his imprisonment. He fled into exile in China in 1918, and served in the Kuomintang's National Revolutionary Army from 1926 to 1948, following which he moved to the newly independent South Korea to join the Republic of Korea Army. He commanded South Korea's I Corps during the first year of the Korean War, and was then sent to Taipei as South Korea's ambassador to the Republic of China, which by then had retreated to Taiwan. His assignment there ultimately lasted nine years. He returned to South Korea in 1960 following the April Revolution which ended the rule of Syngman Rhee, and served briefly as Minister of Foreign Affairs under the Park Chung-hee junta. He ran for the National Assembly, first unsuccessfully in 1960 and 1963, and was then elected in 1967 and became a major figure in the opposition New Democratic Party.Being one of the most experienced and high-ranked among the officer corps that commanded the early Republic of Korea Army, he was nicknamed the "Five-star General". Early life and military career in China
<mask> was born on 23 September 1898 in Ryongchon County, North Pyongan Province. At age 15, shortly after the beginning of Japanese rule over Korea, he went to Fengtian (today Liaoning), China to attend a primary school there. He returned to Korea and at the age of 18 entered the  in Chongju. He later became an

masks:
Kim Hong il
Kim


title: Kim Hong-il (general)

texts: instructor at the Gyeongsin School in Sinchon County, Hwanghae Province, but his involvement in agitation against Japanese rule as a member of the alumni association of the Osan School resulted in his imprisonment. After his release, <mask> fled into exile in China in 1918. There, he was able to enter the Guizhou Military Academy thanks to an introduction by .In China he used a variety of aliases, including the Korean name Choe Se-pyeong () and the Chinese names Wang Hsiung (), Wang Yi-shu (), and Wang Fu-kao (). After his graduation in 1920 he proceeded to the Russian Far East to try to gain Russian support for the Korean independence movement, but faced numerous setbacks: first the fratricidal killings of the  in 1921, and then the withdrawal of Russian support in 1922. As a result, he crossed back into Northeast China late that year. He remained there for a few years, and briefly returned to teaching to make a living, taking up a post at the  established by  in the village of Mingdong (Myeongdong) in Helong County, Jilin. His alias Choe Se-pyeong itself embroiled him in a minor scandal in the village: it was rumoured he wanted to court a woman there whose surname was also Choe, but romance between individuals with the same surname was not encouraged in traditional Korean society, due to the possibility of violating the prohibition on marriage between people belonging to the same bon-gwan (clan). As a result, he revealed his real name to several people. However, Japanese secret police were increasingly active in Northeast China hunting down Korean partisans, and for his own safety <mask> left the region and went to Shanghai.In 1926, he joined the Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army. His second

masks: Kim Kim


title: Kim Hong-il (general)

texts:
 son <mask>-jai was born around this time. He participated in the Northern Expedition, and was later stationed at Wusong Fort and then the . While assigned to the latter post, at the request of <mask> of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, he provided Lee Bong-chang and Yun Bong-gil with the bombs used in 1932 in the Sakuradamon assassination attempt against Emperor Hirohito and the Hongkew Park attack on Japanese troops which killed General Yoshinori Shirakawa of the Shanghai Expeditionary Army. During the Shanghai War of 1932, he served as an intelligence officer with the 19th Route Army. In 1934, he was reassigned to the Luoyang branch of the Republic of China Military Academy, where he was in charge of a special course for Korean officer candidates in the ROC army. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, <mask> was promoted to the rank of major-general in 1939, and lieutenant general in May 1945.After the surrender of Japan, he continued to serve in the National Revolutionary Army for a few more years, and was assigned to the , in which capacity he organised the repatriation of Koreans from Northeast China to the Korean peninsula. In South Korea

Military career

In August 1948, <mask> moved to South Korea to join the newly formed Republic of Korea Army. He was assigned to be the principal of the Korea Military Academy. In 1949, he finished writing the Outline of National Defense, one of the earliest works of the new country's Ministry of National Defense regarding military strategy. After the outbreak of the Korean War on 25 June 1950, <mask> became the commander of the I Corps. During the First Battle of Seoul, the I Corps held a position at Kumchon, North Hwanghae, to the north of

masks:
Kim Young
Kim Koo
Kim
Kim
Kim


title: Kim Hong-il (general)

texts:
 Uijeongbu. Once he learned of the North Koreans' 28 June capture of Seoul, <mask> had his forces retreat to the south bank of the Han River and set up a defensive line, which they were able to hold for six days until 3 July when North Korea had recovered sufficiently from the demolition of the Hangang Bridge to begin sending tanks across the river.Historian Jongsuk Chay credited the time earned by this operation with "saving the Republic of Korea from communism". <mask> went on to fight in the Battle of Pusan Perimeter later that year. However, his conflicts with President Syngman Rhee and American military officers led to his discharge in March 1951. As a diplomat

<mask> arrived in Taipei, Taiwan on 3 November 1951 to begin his service as ambassador to the Republic of China. He remained in the position until 13 June 1960. On the occasion of his departure, General  presented him with the Order of the Cloud and Banner in recognition of his wartime military service to the Republic of China, as well as the second rank of the civilian Order of Brilliant Star. <mask> was one of a large number of high-level diplomatic personnel who resigned in the aftermath of the April Revolution, along with ambassador to the U.S.  and ambassador to Japan .In the aftermath of Park Chung-hee's May 1961 coup, <mask> served a brief term as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 21 May until his resignation on 21 July. He continued to play a role in foreign affairs after his resignation, and was dispatched to Niger in December 1961 as South Korea's representative to the celebrations for Niger's fourth Republic Day. In politics
<mask> made his first foray into electoral politics in the 1960 elections as a candidate for the Senate. He

masks: Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim


title: Kim Hong-il (general)

texts: announced his intention to run when he resigned from his ambassadorial post. He ran as an independent in the Seoul electoral district, facing off against multiple Democratic Party and Liberal Party candidates. He came in seventh place behind  (independent),  (independent), <mask>-o (Democratic),  (Democratic), Go Hui-dong (Democratic), and  (Democratic). In December 1961, <mask> was chosen as the ninth president of the .In 1962, he was awarded the Independence Medal of the Order of Merit for National Foundation. <mask> then ran again in the 1963 elections as one of six Korea Independence Party candidates. The party received 1.28% of all votes cast, and failed to secure any seats. <mask>'s objections to the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea later led him into further conflict with the Park regime. While the treaty negotiations were ongoing, <mask> co-authored a series of op-eds along with Association of Families of Patriotic Martyrs president Koo Sung-suh, former Minister of Justice , Christian philosopher Ham Seok-heon, former prime minister Byeon Yeong-tae, and linguist , which were published on the front page of the Kyunghyang Shinmun in February 1965. After the signing of the treaty in June, <mask> intensified his public activities in opposition to it. On 27 July, he became a founding member of the Citizens'  Council for the Protection of the Fatherland, which aimed to block ratification of the treaty.After he failed to achieve that goal, he issued a statement on behalf of the council calling for the National Assembly to be dissolved and a new general election to be held. Then on 27 August, <mask> and ten other Republic of Korea Reserve Forces officers issued another

masks:
Kim Dong
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim


title: Kim Hong-il (general)

texts: statement calling on the Armed Forces to "maintain political neutrality" in the face of increasing public turmoil relating to the treaty. Two days later, <mask> and three co-signers of that statement—former Minister of Defense , former Korean Central Intelligence Agency director , and former minister without portfolio Park Won-bin—were arrested and charged with criminal libel in relation to its contents, and were held at the Seoul Correctional Institute (the former Seodaemun Prison). Further charges of inciting rebellion were laid against the four on 7 September. <mask>'s three co-defendants were eventually released on ₩50,000 bail on 25 October, while <mask> himself was released on the official ground of severe illness. In 1967, <mask> became a founding member of the opposition New Democratic Party, and was elected to represent Mapo-gu in the National Assembly in the elections that year. In 1969 he was one of the founders of the , created in opposition to the constitutional referendum that year which allowed Park to run for a third term as president.He played a larger role in the May 1971 legislative elections, running as an at-large representative and also becoming the acting head of the New Democratic Party following the resignation of Yu Chin-san two weeks before the election. He won his election, and also became the official chairman of the New Democratic Party in July following its all-party convention. Throughout 1972, the New Democratic Party was riven by conflicts between <mask>'s faction, supported by party heavyweights <mask>-jung and , and the opposing pro-Yu Chin-san faction led by . Matters came to a head at the party convention in September, held in the absence of <mask>'s faction, which

masks:
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim Dae
Kim


title: Kim Hong-il (general)

texts:
 resulted in the return of Yu Chin-san as party chairman. <mask>'s faction issued a statement denouncing the results and declaring the convention illegal, but the National Election Commission refused <mask>'s application for an injunction against the Yu Chin-san faction. The following month, Park Chung-hee carried out his October Restoration self-coup and dissolved the National Assembly, and then just a month before the February 1973 elections, <mask>'s faction broke off from the New Democratic Party and established the . However, the Democratic Unification Party performed poorly, and only two of its candidates were elected, <mask> not among them.Following the election, Democratic Unification Party leaders expressed regret for participating, and <mask> pledged to dedicate the remainder of his life to fighting for the return of democracy. Later that year, he was one of thirty opposition politicians to sign a petition calling for constitutional reform and free elections, and in 1974 he became one of the founding members of the . Retirement and death
In 1977 <mask> was elected the sixth president of the , an organisation for Korean independence activists and their families. He was re-elected as the seventh president in 1979. <mask> died at his home in Hyochang-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul on 8 August 1980. He was survived by his wife Min Gyeong-ran and three sons. Although a public funeral had been planned, in the end <mask>'s family decided to hold a private funeral at their home, followed by a procession to the Seoul National Cemetery where he was buried.Pastor Kyung-Chik Han of Young Nak Presbyterian Church, the church of which <mask> had been a member, presided over the funeral. Roughly 1,500 people visited the

masks: Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim


title: Kim Hong-il (general)

texts:
 family home to pay their respects, including Chun Doo-hwan, United States Forces Korea commander John A. Wickham Jr., and fellow independence activist . Works

Notes

References

External links

 Photo gallery of <mask>'s grave at Seoul National Cemetery
 News photo of <mask>'s second son <mask>-jai (left) in 1960

1898 births
1980 deaths
People from Ryongchon County
Korean independence activists
Korean expatriates in China
National Revolutionary Army generals
South Korean generals
Military personnel of the Republic of China in the Second Sino-Japanese War
South Korean military personnel of the Korean War
Ambassadors of South Korea to Taiwan
Recipients of the Order of Brilliant Star
20th-century South Korean politicians
Foreign ministers of South Korea
Recipients of the Order of Merit for National Foundation
Members of the National Assembly (South Korea)
Burials at Seoul National

masks:
Kim
Kim
Kim Young


title: Mukhtar Auezov

texts:
<mask> (, Мұхтар Омарханұлы Әуезов, مۇحتار ومارحانۇلى اۋەزوۆ, ; , Muchtar Omarchanovič <mask>) (September 28, 1897 — June 27, 1961) was a Kazakh writer, a social activist, a Doctor of Philology, and an honored academic of the Soviet Union (1946). He was born on September 28, 1897 and raised in Semey (Kaskabulak). <mask>'s writings were influenced by the poet Abai. <mask>'s father and grandfather Omarkhan Auez both highly revered the poet, who was a neighbour and a friend of the Auezov family. His grandfather was a storyteller of folk tales, and taught his grandson to read and write. Life and family
Auezov was born in a nomadic Muslim family from an area known today as Abay District, in East Kazakhstan Province. His grandfather taught him how to read and write using both the Arabic and Cyrillic script for the Kazakh language.<mask> was educated at the Semipalatinsk Teacher's Seminary and Leningrad State University. <mask> is best known for his plays. The first play he authored was Enlik-Kebek, a story of two young lovers that resembles the story of Romeo and Juliet. He authored more than twenty plays that dealt with the

masks:
Mukhtar Omarkhanuli Auezov
Auezov
Auezov
Mukhtar
Auezov
Auezov


title: Mukhtar Auezov

texts: issues relevant to Socialism in Kazakhstan. After writing plays, <mask> changed his focus to writing novels. Two novels – Abay and The Path of Abay – dealing with the life of Kazakh poet Abai Qunanbaiuly were the product of the last twenty years of his life. <mask>'s other projects included drawing and translating literature into the Kazakh language.Some translations made by him include Nikolai Gogol's The Government Inspector and Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew. <mask> first studied in Kaskabulak, then later a Muslim madrasa in Semipalatinsk. At age of eleven, he moved to a nearby, five-year grammar school. His father Omarkhan died in 1900, and his mother Nurzhamal in 1912. The young <mask> was raised by his uncle Kasymbek and his grandfather Auez and grandmother Dinas. In 1907, after a year of study in the madrasa, he was sent to the large Russian school in Semipalatinsk. <mask> Auezov attended the Semipalatinsk Pedagogical Seminary after graduating from the City College.In the 1912–1913 academic year, <mask> finished the first seminary class with an award and went on to complete his studies at the Semipalatinsk

masks: Auezov Auezov Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar


title: Mukhtar Auezov

texts: Seminary in 1919. Around this time he began his acquaintance with Russian and other foreign classics of literature. At the same time, Auezov wrote short stories, poems and articles that began to be published. "The young Auezov, according to the testimonies of the pedagogues, was marked for his impeccable attention, extraordinary gifts, slim build and aristocratic self-belief. He was an extraordinary sportsman and represented “Yarysh F C”, which at the time was the best football team in the city." <mask> <mask> joined the faculty of a large state school, and he also worked holding various positions in the local government in Semipalatinsk with the Kazakh Central Executive Committee and in Orenburg. In the summer of 1917, Auezov married a 15-year-old girl named Raihan.They had a daughter together in 1918 who they named Mugamilya (she lived until 2009), and a year later, in 1919, a son (who died in infancy). They got divorced in 1920. In 1928 <mask> <mask> graduated from the Philological Faculty of Leningrad State University and completed his PhD at the University of Tashkent. During the 1930s, his endeavors as a

masks: Mukhtar Auezov Mukhtar Auezov


title: Mukhtar Auezov

texts:
 professional writer began to take off. <mask> <mask> died during an operation in Moscow on 27 June 1961. He was buried in the Central Cemetery, Almaty. On his grave there stands a bust created by Yevgeny Vuchetich.After his death in 1961, the Government of the Republic Kazakhstan decided to perpetuate the name of the writer. The Institute of Literature and Art of the Academy of Sciences was renamed as the Auezov Institute of Literature and Art of the Academy of Sciences. Kazakh State Academic Drama Theatre, a literary memorial museum, a school, a street and an urban area in Almaty also bear his name. Also the M. O. Auezov South Kazakhstan State University in Shymkent was named after him. Writings
Auezov wrote numerous essays, short stories, and plays (many translated into other languages) in different genres. In 1917, while he was studying at the seminary, he wrote “Enilik-Kebek" (a play based on folk legends). The "Enilik-Kebek" play and the story "Korgansyzdyn Kuni", which was written in 1921 demonstrated to the world his great talent as a writer.From 1923 he began to devote all his energy to the literary arts and to

masks: Mukhtar Auezov


title: Mukhtar Auezov

texts:
 work on the novel named “The Young Tribe”. In March 1961, Auezov embarked on a visit to India that included participation in the work of the III International Congress for Peace in Delhi together with a delegation headed by Nikolai Tikhonov.In June of that same year, he planned to visit England, the land of Shakespeare, but his untimely death meant that his wish to travel to England did not occur. On June 3, 1961, he traveled to Moscow for medical tests. On June 27, 1961 – his heart failed during a surgical operation. "Abai Zholy" (The path of Abai)

In his formative years, <mask> listened to the memories of his grandfather that told of Abai and Kunanbay. The destiny of <mask> Auezov was linked by many threads to the life of Abai the hero great inspiration of his life. Abai himself graced family celebrations, arranged for Auez to mark the birth of his grandson. Nurganym, one of the wives of Kunanbai father of Abai, was the sister of Auez.<mask> later became friends with the son of Abai Turagulom and married Camille, granddaughter of the great poet, that is the daughter of Magauov. <mask> met Dilda, the first wife of

masks: Mukhtar Mukhtar Mukhtar Auezov


title: Mukhtar Auezov

texts: Abai with whom he received a great deal of information. More information about Abai was forthcoming from Eigerim another of Abai’s life partners who survived her husband for more than a decade. <mask> Omarhanuly for 15 years wrote his famous four-volume epic historical novel called "Abai Joly". It was translated into Russian. In 1949 two books of the novel "Abai" received the first level award of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This epic, which ended with four books, was awarded the Lenin Prize.was translated into 30 languages, and received rave reviews from readers all over the world. "Abai Zholy" is one of the most popular and valuable novels written by <mask> Auezov. The first book of the series was published in 1942 and after five years in 1947 “Abai”, the second of the series was published, then came the third book in 1952 called “Abai aga” (Brother Abai). Finally, the fourth book was released in 1956. Later all of the books were repackaged and renamed as “Abai zholy” (The Path of Abai). The first book and second books each have 7 chapters and one epilogue. The third book has 6 chapters as has the Fourth

masks: Mukhtar Mukhtar


title: Mukhtar Auezov

texts:
 and one epilogue entire epic is divided into 20 short chapters each of which includes uniquely interesting situations.Each chapter’s name precisely demonstrates the psychological state of the events within the story. If we compare there is much more drama, tragedy, sadness and sorrow than positive and happy moments. In the first book we can clearly see how the young and inexperienced boy grows up and at the end of the fourth book we see how he became an adult and changed and who ultimately fails. <mask> <mask> wrote the libretto of the opera Abai. Filmography
 "Raihan" – 1940, Film of 8 parts. Studio, "Thumbnail". Screenplay: M<mask>; Director: M.Levin.; Operator: H.Nazaryants Cast: E.Omirzakov, D.Bokeeva, S.Kozhamkulov. "Abai әnderі" – 1945. Film in 10 parts. Studio "Kazakhfilm". Screenplay: M.<mask>, G. Roshal. ; Director: G.Roshal; Operator: G.Pyshkova; Artist: K.Hodzhikov; Cast: K.Kuanyshpaev, K.Badyrov, Sh.Aymanov, S.Kozhamkulov."Shyndagy Shynar" – 1966. Film in 10 parts. Studio "Kazakhfilm". Screenplay: K.Muhamedzhanov; Director: S.Hodzhikov; Operator: A.Ashrapov; Cast: S.Panov, G.Adilova, N.Zhanturin,

masks:
Mukhtar
Auezov
. Auezov
Auezov


title: Lowell Perry

texts:
<mask> (December 5, 1931 – January 7, 2001) was an American football player and coach, government official, businessman, and broadcaster. He was the first African-American assistant coach in the National Football League (NFL), the first African American to broadcast an NFL game to a national audience, and Chrysler's first African-American plant manager. He was appointed as the Commissioner of the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) by President Gerald Ford, holding that position from 1975 to 1976. He later served as the director of the Michigan Department of Labor from 1990 to 1996. He also served on the board of the NFL Board of Charities. Early years
<mask> was born in Ypsilanti, Michigan. His father, Lawrence C<mask>, was a dentist who graduated from the University of Michigan in 1920.<mask> was the youngest of four children. He grew up in Ypsilanti, where his father maintained a dental practice and was a respected civic leader. University of Michigan

<mask> attended the University of Michigan where he studied history. He played at the end position for the Michigan Wolverines football team from 1950 to 1952. <mask> was a two-way player who was a safety on defense and also handled punt returns for the Wolverines. After the 1951 season, he was selected as a second-team All-American by the Central Press Association and a third-team All-American by the United Press. He was also rated as the best defensive back in college football during the 1951 season.He was also selected by the Associated Press as a first-team All-Big Ten Player and by the United Press as a first-team player on its All-Midwest team. In three seasons for Michigan, <mask> had 71 receptions for 1,261 yards and nine touchdowns. <mask>'s three-year career total of 1,261 receiving yards was not exceeded by another Michigan player for a decade until Jack Clancy totaled 1,917 yards in four years from 1963 to 1966. <mask>'s highest single-game total came against

masks:
Lowell Wesley Perry
Perry
. Perry
Perry
Perry
Perry
Perry
Perry
Perry


title: Lowell Perry

texts:
 Indiana in 1951, with five catches for 165 yards. He had two additional touchdown catches against Indiana in 1952. His 165-yard game against Indiana was the Michigan single-game receiving record for 15 years, until Clancy had 197 yards against Oregon State in 1966. <mask> also returned 42 punts at Michigan for 351 yards, an average of 10.9 yards per return.Pittsburgh Steelers and military service
<mask> was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the eighth round (90th overall pick) of the 1953 NFL Draft. His professional football career was deferred due to Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) obligations. <mask> joined the United States Air Force, where he achieved the rank of second lieutenant. While serving in the Air Force, <mask> played on the Bolling Air Force Team that included Al Dorow, Tommy O'Connell, and Johnny Lattner. <mask> was named the outstanding football player in the military. In 1956, <mask> joined the Pittsburgh Steelers as an end. On his first play for the Steelers, <mask> ran 93 yards for a touchdown in a pre-season game against the Detroit Lions.In his first six NFL games, <mask> totaled 14 catches for 334 yards and two touchdowns, including a 75-yard touchdown catch against the Cleveland Browns. <mask> also returned 11 punts for 127 yards and nine kickoffs for 219 yards. In his sixth regular season game, <mask> sustained a fractured pelvis and dislocated hip that forced his retirement. Football writer Mark A. Latterman later wrote about witnessing <mask>'s career-ending injury:

A skinny 15 year-old boy and his dad were cheering the Pittsburgh Steelers new rookie star, <mask> as he roared whippet-like around the New York Giants' fabled 1956 defensive line and headed full-throttle for the open field. The boy's cheers turned to tears when Giants' star, Roosevelt Grier crunched <mask> from behind and linebacker Bill Svoboda hit him from the side simultaneously, filling the stadium with a sickening 'crack' which silenced the

masks:
Perry
Perry
Perry
Perry
Perry
Perry
Perry
Perry
Perry
Perry
Perry
Lowell Perry
Perry


title: Lowell Perry

texts:
 Steelers' faithful. I will never forget my sadness as the stretcher carried my new hero from the field. <mask>'s pelvis was fractured, his hip dislocated and he never played pro football again.<mask> was hospitalized at Pittsburgh's Mercy Hospital for 13 weeks after the injury. In June 1957, the Steelers hired <mask> as the team's ends coach, making him the NFL's first African American coach since Fritz Pollard in the 1920s. He worked as a scout for the Steelers in 1958. While working for  the Steelers, <mask> went to the Duquesne University law school. Government, broadcast, and business career
<mask> received a law degree from Detroit College of Law in 1960. That same year, he became a law clerk to U.S. District Court Judge Frank A. Picard (the Michigan Wolverines' quarterback from 1909 to 1910). In 1961, he accepted a job with the Chevrolet Division of General Motors in the personnel department of the gear and axle division.In 1962, he left Chevrolet to prosecute unfair labor practice charges for the National Labor Relations Board, a position he held until 1963. In 1963, <mask> began a 17-year career with Chrysler. He started as a personnel specialist. In April 1966, <mask> was hired as a color analyst for CBS Television to broadcast Steelers games alongside play-by-play man Joe Tucker. He was the first African-American to broadcast an NFL game to a national audience. After his stint as a television broadcaster, <mask> returned to Chrysler where he became a personnel manager in 1970. In 1973, he was appointed the plant manager of Chrysler's Eldon Avenue Axle Plant in Detroit.He was the first African American to hold the plant manager position at a U.S. automobile company. In 1975, <mask> was appointed by President Gerald Ford to be commissioner of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. At the ceremony in which <mask> was sworn in, President Ford spoke and made the following comments:

He first came to my attention when I saw his

masks: Perry Perry Perry Perry Perry Perry Perry Perry Perry Perry


title: Lowell Perry

texts:
 prowess on the gridiron at the University of Michigan. He made it and I didn't. He was really good and played not only exceptionally well at Ann Arbor but very well for the Pittsburgh Steelers. I have known <mask> over a period of time since then.I have always looked at his career, both in Government and with private employment, as an example of what a person can do who has got ability and the desire and the dedication. I think it's, in this instance, Government's gain to have <mask> with us, and Lynn Townsend probably is losing one of his very finest young people in his Chrysler organization. He served as EEOC commissioner until 1976. <mask> resigned from the EEOC after one year and returned to Chrysler. <mask> returned to government service in 1990 as director of the Michigan Department of Labor, a position he held for six years. In March 1996, Governor John Engler appointed him as the director of the Office of Urban Programs, a position that he held until his retirement in April 1999. Family and death
<mask> was married in January 1954 and had a daughter and two sons, one of whom is current New York Knicks basketball executive and former University of Michigan coach <mask>.<mask> died of cancer at a hospital in Southfield, Michigan, in January 2001. See also
 University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor

References

External links
<mask> Bio at Answers.com

1931 births
2001 deaths
African-American coaches of American football
African-American players of American football
Chairs of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Chrysler executives
Michigan Wolverines football players
National Football League announcers
Sportspeople from Ypsilanti, Michigan
Pittsburgh Steelers announcers
Pittsburgh Steelers coaches
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Players of American football from Michigan
United States Air Force officers
State cabinet secretaries of Michigan
Detroit College of Law alumni
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Military personnel

masks:
Lowell
Lowell
Perry
Perry
Perry
Scott Perry
Perry
Perry


title: George Washington

texts: <mask> (February 22, 1732, 1799) was an American soldier, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of the Continental Army, <mask> led the Patriot forces to victory in the American Revolutionary War, and presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which established the Constitution of the United States and a federal government. <mask> has been called the "Father of the Nation" for his manifold leadership in the formative days of the country. <mask>'s first public office was serving as official Surveyor of Culpeper County, Virginia from 1749 to 1750. Subsequently, he received his initial military training (as well as a command with the Virginia Regiment) during the French and Indian War. He was later elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses and was named a delegate to the Continental Congress. Here he was appointed Commanding General of the Continental Army.With this title, he commanded American forces (allied with France) in the defeat and surrender of the British at the Siege of Yorktown during the American Revolutionary War. He resigned his commission after the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783. Washington played an indispensable role in adopting and ratifying the Constitution of the United States. He was then twice elected president by the Electoral College unanimously. As president, he implemented a strong, well-financed national government while remaining impartial in a fierce rivalry between cabinet members Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. During the French Revolution, he proclaimed a policy of neutrality while sanctioning the Jay Treaty. He set enduring precedents for the office

masks:
George Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington


title: George Washington

texts:
 of president, including the title "Mr. President", and his Farewell Address is widely regarded as a pre-eminent statement on republicanism.Washington was a slaveowner who had a complicated relationship with slavery. During his lifetime he controlled a total of over 577 slaves, who were forced to work on his farms and wherever he lived, including the President's House in Philadelphia. As president, he signed laws passed by Congress that both protected and curtailed slavery. His will said that one of his slaves, William Lee, should be freed upon his death, and that the other 123 slaves must work for his wife and be freed on her death. She freed them during her lifetime to remove the incentive to hasten her death. He endeavored to assimilate Native Americans into the Anglo-American culture but fought indigenous resistance during instances of violent conflict. He was a member of the Anglican Church and the Freemasons, and he urged broad religious freedom in his roles as general and president.Upon his death, he was eulogized by Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee as "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen". <mask> has been memorialized by monuments, a federal holiday, various media, geographical locations, including the national capital, the State of Washington, stamps, and currency, and many scholars and polls rank him among the greatest U.S. presidents. In 1976 <mask> was posthumously promoted to the rank of General of the Armies of the United States. Early life (1732–1752)

The <mask> family was a wealthy Virginia planter family that had made its fortune through land speculation and the cultivation of tobacco. <mask>'s great-grandfather <mask> emigrated in 1656 from Sulgrave,

masks:
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
John Washington


title: George Washington

texts: Northamptonshire, England, to the English colony of Virginia where he accumulated  of land, including Little Hunting Creek on the Potomac River. <mask> was born on February 22, 1732, at Popes Creek in Westmoreland County, Virginia, and was the first of six children of Augustine and Mary Ball <mask>. His father was a justice of the peace and a prominent public figure who had four additional children from his first marriage to Jane Butler.The family moved to Little Hunting Creek in 1735. In 1738, they moved to Ferry Farm near Fredericksburg, Virginia on the Rappahannock River. When Augustine died in 1743, <mask> inherited Ferry Farm and ten slaves; his older half-brother Lawrence inherited Little Hunting Creek and renamed it Mount Vernon. <mask> did not have the formal education his elder brothers received at Appleby Grammar School in England, but did attend the Lower Church School in Hartfield. He learned mathematics, trigonometry, and land surveying and became a talented draftsman and map-maker. By early adulthood, he was writing with "considerable force" and "precision"; however, his writing displayed little wit or humor. In pursuit of admiration, status, and power, he tended to attribute his shortcomings and failures to someone else's ineffectuality.<mask> often visited Mount Vernon and Belvoir, the plantation that belonged to Lawrence's father-in-law William Fairfax. Fairfax became <mask>'s patron and surrogate father, and <mask> spent a month in 1748 with a team surveying Fairfax's Shenandoah Valley property. He received a surveyor's license the following year from the College of William & Mary. Even though <mask> had not served the customary apprenticeship, Fairfax appointed him surveyor of Culpeper County,

masks:
George Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington


title: George Washington

texts:
 Virginia, and he appeared in Culpeper County to take his oath of office July 20, 1749. He subsequently familiarized himself with the frontier region, and though he resigned from the job in 1750, he continued to do surveys west of the Blue Ridge Mountains. By 1752 he had bought almost  in the Valley and owned . In 1751, <mask> made his only trip abroad when he accompanied Lawrence to Barbados, hoping the climate would cure his brother's tuberculosis.<mask> contracted smallpox during that trip, which immunized him and left his face slightly scarred. Lawrence died in 1752, and <mask> leased Mount Vernon from his widow Anne; he inherited it outright after her death in 1761. Colonial military career (1752–1758)
<mask>'s service as adjutant general of the Virginia militia inspired his half-brother <mask> to seek a commission. Virginia's lieutenant governor, Robert Dinwiddie, appointed <mask> as a major and commander of one of the four militia districts. The British and French were competing for control of the Ohio Valley. While the British were constructing forts along the Ohio River, the French were doing the same—constructing forts between the Ohio River and Lake Erie. In October 1753, Dinwiddie appointed <mask> as a special envoy.He had sent <mask> to demand French forces to vacate land that was being claimed by the British. <mask> was also appointed to make peace with the Iroquois Confederacy, and to gather further intelligence about the French forces. <mask> met with Half-King Tanacharison, and other Iroquois chiefs, at Logstown, and gathered information about the numbers and locations of the French forts, as well as intelligence concerning individuals taken prisoner by the French. <mask> was given the nickname

masks:
Washington
Washington
Washington
Lawrence Washington
George
George Washington
Washington
George
Washington
Washington
Washington


title: George Washington

texts:
 Conotocaurius (town destroyer or devourer of villages) by Tanacharison. The nickname had previously been given to his great-grandfather <mask> in the late seventeenth century by the Susquehannock. <mask>'s party reached the Ohio River in November 1753, and were intercepted by a French patrol. The party was escorted to Fort Le Boeuf, where <mask> was received in a friendly manner.He delivered the British demand to vacate to the French commander Saint-Pierre, but the French refused to leave. Saint-Pierre gave <mask> his official answer in a sealed envelope after a few days' delay, as well as food and extra winter clothing for his party's journey back to Virginia. <mask> completed the precarious mission in 77 days, in difficult winter conditions, achieving a measure of distinction when his report was published in Virginia and in London. French and Indian War

In February 1754, Dinwiddie promoted <mask> to lieutenant colonel and second-in-command of the 300-strong Virginia Regiment, with orders to confront French forces at the Forks of the Ohio. <mask> set out for the Forks with half the regiment in April and soon learned a French force of 1,000 had begun construction of Fort Duquesne there. In May, having set up a defensive position at Great Meadows, he learned that the French had made camp seven miles (11 km) away; he decided to take the offensive. The French detachment proved to be only about fifty men, so <mask> advanced on May 28 with a small force of Virginians and Indian allies to ambush them.What took place, known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen or the "Jumonville affair", was disputed, and French forces were killed outright with muskets and hatchets. French commander Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, who carried a

masks:
John Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington


title: George Washington

texts: diplomatic message for the British to evacuate, was killed. French forces found Jumonville and some of his men dead and scalped and assumed <mask> was responsible. <mask> blamed his translator for not communicating the French intentions. Dinwiddie congratulated <mask> for his victory over the French. This incident ignited the French and Indian War, which later became part of the larger Seven Years' War. The full Virginia Regiment joined Washington at Fort Necessity the following month with news that he had been promoted to command of the regiment and colonel upon the regimental commander's death.The regiment was reinforced by an independent company of a hundred South Carolinians led by Captain James Mackay, whose royal commission outranked that of Washington, and a conflict of command ensued. On July 3, a French force attacked with 900 men, and the ensuing battle ended in <mask>'s surrender. In the aftermath, Colonel James Innes took command of intercolonial forces, the Virginia Regiment was divided, and <mask> was offered a captaincy which he refused, with the resignation of his commission. In 1755, <mask> served voluntarily as an aide to General Edward Braddock, who led a British expedition to expel the French from Fort Duquesne and the Ohio Country. On <mask>'s recommendation, Braddock split the army into one main column and a lightly equipped "flying column". Suffering from a severe case of dysentery, <mask> was left behind, and when he rejoined Braddock at Monongahela the French and their Indian allies ambushed the divided army. Two-thirds of the British force became casualties, including the mortally wounded Braddock.Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Gage, <mask>, still very ill, rallied the

masks: Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington


title: George Washington

texts: survivors and formed a rear guard, allowing the remnants of the force to disengage and retreat. During the engagement, he had two horses shot from under him, and his hat and coat were bullet-pierced. His conduct under fire redeemed his reputation among critics of his command in the Battle of Fort Necessity, but he was not included by the succeeding commander (Colonel Thomas Dunbar) in planning subsequent operations. The Virginia Regiment was reconstituted in August 1755, and Dinwiddie appointed <mask> its commander, again with the rank of colonel. <mask> clashed over seniority almost immediately, this time with John Dagworthy, another captain of superior royal rank, who commanded a detachment of Marylanders at the regiment's headquarters in Fort Cumberland. <mask>, impatient for an offensive against Fort Duquesne, was convinced Braddock would have granted him a royal commission and pressed his case in February 1756 with Braddock's successor, William Shirley, and again in January 1757 with Shirley's successor, Lord Loudoun. Shirley ruled in <mask>'s favor only in the matter of Dagworthy; Loudoun humiliated <mask>, refused him a royal commission and agreed only to relieve him of the responsibility of manning Fort Cumberland.In 1758, the Virginia Regiment was assigned to the British Forbes Expedition to capture Fort Duquesne. <mask> disagreed with General John Forbes' tactics and chosen route. Forbes nevertheless made <mask> a brevet brigadier general and gave him command of one of the three brigades that would assault the fort. The French abandoned the fort and the valley before the assault was launched; <mask> saw only a friendly fire incident which left 14 dead and 26 injured. The war lasted another four years, and

masks: Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington


title: George Washington

texts:
 <mask> resigned his commission and returned to Mount Vernon. Under <mask>, the Virginia Regiment had defended  of frontier against twenty Indian attacks in ten months. He increased the professionalism of the regiment as it increased from 300 to 1,000 men, and Virginia's frontier population suffered less than other colonies.Some historians have said this was <mask>'s "only unqualified success" during the war. Though he failed to realize a royal commission, he did gain self-confidence, leadership skills, and invaluable knowledge of British military tactics. The destructive competition <mask> witnessed among colonial politicians fostered his later support of a strong central government. Marriage, civilian, and political life (1755–1775)

On January 6, 1759, <mask>, at age 26, married Martha Dandridge Custis, the 27-year-old widow of wealthy plantation owner Daniel Parke Custis. The marriage took place at Martha's estate; she was intelligent, gracious, and experienced in managing a planter's estate, and the couple created a happy marriage. They raised John Parke Custis (Jacky) and Martha "Patsy" Parke Custis, children from her previous marriage, and later Jacky's children Eleanor Parke Custis (Nelly) and <mask> Parke Custis (Washy). <mask>'s 1751 bout with smallpox is thought to have rendered him sterile, though it is equally likely that "Martha may have sustained injury during the birth of Patsy, her final child, making additional births impossible."The couple lamented not having any children together. They moved to Mount Vernon, near Alexandria, where he took up life as a planter of tobacco and wheat and emerged as a political figure. The marriage gave <mask> control over Martha's one-third dower interest in the

masks:
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
George Washington
Washington
Washington


title: George Washington

texts: Custis estate, and he managed the remaining two-thirds for Martha's children; the estate also included 84 slaves. He became one of Virginia's wealthiest men, which increased his social standing. At <mask>'s urging, Governor Lord Botetourt fulfilled Dinwiddie's 1754 promise of land bounties to all-volunteer militia during the French and Indian War. In late 1770, <mask> inspected the lands in the Ohio and Great Kanawha regions, and he engaged surveyor William Crawford to subdivide it. Crawford allotted  to Washington; <mask> told the veterans that their land was hilly and unsuitable for farming, and he agreed to purchase , leaving some feeling they had been duped.He also doubled the size of Mount Vernon to  and increased its slave population to more than a hundred by 1775. <mask>'s political activities included supporting the candidacy of his friend <mask> Fairfax in his 1755 bid to represent the region in the Virginia House of Burgesses. This support led to a dispute which resulted in a physical altercation between <mask> and another Virginia planter, William Payne. <mask> defused the situation, including ordering officers from the Virginia Regiment to stand down. <mask> apologized to Payne the following day at a tavern. Payne had been expecting to be challenged to a duel. As a respected military hero and large landowner, <mask> held local offices and was elected to the Virginia provincial legislature, representing Frederick County in the House of Burgesses for seven years beginning in 1758.He plied the voters with beer, brandy, and other beverages, although he was absent while serving on the Forbes Expedition. He won the election with roughly 40 percent of the vote, defeating three other candidates with the help of

masks:
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
George William
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington


title: George Washington

texts:
 several local supporters. He rarely spoke in his early legislative career, but he became a prominent critic of Britain's taxation policy and mercantilist policies towards the American colonies starting in the 1760s. By occupation, <mask> was a planter, and he imported luxuries and other goods from England, paying for them by exporting tobacco. His profligate spending combined with low tobacco prices left him £1,800 in debt by 1764, prompting him to diversify his holdings. In 1765, because of erosion and other soil problems, he changed Mount Vernon's primary cash crop from tobacco to wheat and expanded operations to include corn flour milling and fishing. <mask> also took time for leisure with fox hunting, fishing, dances, theater, cards, backgammon, and billiards.<mask> soon was counted among the political and social elite in Virginia. From 1768 to 1775, he invited some 2,000 guests to his Mount Vernon estate, mostly those whom he considered people of rank, and was known to be exceptionally cordial toward his guests. He became more politically active in 1769, presenting legislation in the Virginia Assembly to establish an embargo on goods from Great Britain. <mask>'s step-daughter Patsy Custis suffered from epileptic attacks from age 12, and she died in his arms in 1773. The following day, he wrote to Burwell Bassett: "It is easier to conceive, than to describe, the distress of this Family". He canceled all business activity and remained with Martha every night for three months. Opposition to British Parliament and Crown

Washington played a central role before and during the American Revolution.His disdain for the British military had begun when he was passed over for promotion into the Regular Army. Opposed to

masks: Washington Washington Washington Washington


title: George Washington

texts: taxes imposed by the British Parliament on the Colonies without proper representation, he and other colonists were also angered by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 which banned American settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains and protected the British fur trade. <mask> believed the Stamp Act of 1765 was an "Act of Oppression", and he celebrated its repeal the following year. In March 1766, Parliament passed the Declaratory Act asserting that Parliamentary law superseded colonial law. In the late 1760s, the interference of the British Crown in American lucrative western land speculation spurred on the American Revolution. <mask> himself was a prosperous land speculator, and in 1767, he encouraged "adventures" to acquire backcountry western lands. <mask> helped lead widespread protests against the Townshend Acts passed by Parliament in 1767, and he introduced a proposal in May 1769 drafted by <mask> which called Virginians to boycott British goods; the Acts were mostly repealed in 1770.Parliament sought to punish Massachusetts colonists for their role in the Boston Tea Party in 1774 by passing the Coercive Acts, which <mask> referred to as "an invasion of our rights and privileges". He said Americans must not submit to acts of tyranny since "custom and use shall make us as tame and abject slaves, as the blacks we rule over with such arbitrary sway". That July, he and <mask> drafted a list of resolutions for the Fairfax County committee which <mask> chaired, and the committee adopted the Fairfax Resolves calling for a Continental Congress, and an end to the slave trade. On August 1, <mask> attended the First Virginia Convention, where he was selected as a delegate to the First Continental Congress, September 5 to

masks:
Washington
Washington
Washington
George Mason
Washington
George Mason
Washington
Washington


title: George Washington

texts:
 October 26, 1774, which he also attended. As tensions rose in 1774, he helped train county militias in Virginia and organized enforcement of the Continental Association boycott of British goods instituted by the Congress. The American Revolutionary War began on April 19, 1775, with the Battles of Lexington and Concord and the Siege of Boston. The colonists were divided over breaking away from British rule and split into two factions: Patriots who rejected British rule, and Loyalists who desired to remain subject to the King.General Thomas Gage was commander of British forces in America at the beginning of the war. Upon hearing the shocking news of the onset of war, <mask> was "sobered and dismayed", and he hastily departed Mount Vernon on May 4, 1775, to join the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia. Commander in chief (1775–1783)

Congress created the Continental Army on June 14, 1775, and Samuel and John Adams nominated <mask> to become its commander-in-chief. <mask> was chosen over John Hancock because of his military experience and the belief that a Virginian would better unite the colonies. He was considered an incisive leader who kept his "ambition in check". He was unanimously elected commander in chief by Congress the next day. <mask> appeared before Congress in uniform and gave an acceptance speech on June 16, declining a salary—though he was later reimbursed expenses.He was commissioned on June 19 and was roundly praised by Congressional delegates, including John Adams, who proclaimed that he was the man best suited to lead and unite the colonies. Congress appointed <mask> "General & Commander in chief of the army of the United Colonies and of all the forces raised or to be raised by them", and

masks: Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington


title: George Washington

texts: instructed him to take charge of the siege of Boston on June 22, 1775. Congress chose his primary staff officers, including Major General Artemas Ward, Adjutant General Horatio Gates, Major General Charles Lee, Major General Philip Schuyler, Major General Nathanael Greene, Colonel Henry Knox, and Colonel Alexander Hamilton. <mask> was impressed by Colonel Benedict Arnold and gave him responsibility for launching an invasion of Canada. He also engaged French and Indian War compatriot Brigadier General Daniel Morgan. Henry Knox impressed Adams with ordnance knowledge, and Washington promoted him to colonel and chief of artillery. At the start of the war, Washington opposed the recruiting of blacks, both free and enslaved, into the Continental Army.After his appointment, Washington banned their enlistment. The British saw an opportunity to divide the colonies, and the colonial governor of Virginia issued a proclamation, which promised freedom to slaves if they joined the British. Desperate for manpower by late 1777, Washington relented and overturned his ban. By the end of the war, around one-tenth of Washington's army were blacks. Following the British surrender, Washington sought to enforce terms of the preliminary Treaty of Paris (1783) by reclaiming slaves freed by the British and returning them to servitude. He arranged to make this request to Sir Guy Carleton on May 6, 1783. Instead, Carleton issued 3,000 freedom certificates and all former slaves in New York City were able to leave before the city was evacuated by the British in late November 1783.After the war <mask> became the target of accusations made by General Lee involving his alleged questionable conduct as Commander in Chief during the war that were

masks: Washington Washington


title: George Washington

texts:
 published by patriot-printer William Goddard. Goddard in a letter of May 30, 1785, had informed <mask> of Lee's request to publish his account and assured him that he "...took the liberty to suppress such expressions as appeared to be the ebullitions of a disappointed & irritated mind ...". <mask> replied, telling Goddard to print what he saw fit, and to let "... the impartial & dispassionate world," draw their own conclusions. Siege of Boston

Early in 1775, in response to the growing rebellious movement, London sent British troops, commanded by General Thomas Gage, to occupy Boston. They set up fortifications about the city, making it impervious to attack. Various local militias surrounded the city and effectively trapped the British, resulting in a standoff. As Washington headed for Boston, word of his march preceded him, and he was greeted everywhere; gradually, he became a symbol of the Patriot cause.Upon arrival on July 2, 1775, two weeks after the Patriot defeat at nearby Bunker Hill, he set up his Cambridge, Massachusetts headquarters and inspected the new army there, only to find an undisciplined and badly outfitted militia. After consultation, he initiated Benjamin Franklin's suggested reforms—drilling the soldiers and imposing strict discipline, floggings, and incarceration. <mask> ordered his officers to identify the skills of recruits to ensure military effectiveness, while removing incompetent officers. He petitioned Gage, his former superior, to release captured Patriot officers from prison and treat them humanely. In October 1775, King <mask> declared that the colonies were in open rebellion and relieved General Gage of command for incompetence, replacing him with General William Howe. The

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Washington
Washington
George III


title: George Washington

texts:
 Continental Army, further diminished by expiring short-term enlistments, and by January 1776 reduced by half to 9,600 men, had to be supplemented with the militia, and was joined by Knox with heavy artillery captured from Fort Ticonderoga. When the Charles River froze over, <mask> was eager to cross and storm Boston, but General Gates and others were opposed to untrained militia striking well-garrisoned fortifications.<mask> reluctantly agreed to secure the Dorchester Heights, 100 feet above Boston, in an attempt to force the British out of the city. On March 9, under cover of darkness, <mask>'s troops brought up Knox's big guns and bombarded British ships in Boston harbor. On March 17, 9,000 British troops and Loyalists began a chaotic ten-day evacuation of Boston aboard 120 ships. Soon after, <mask> entered the city with 500 men, with explicit orders not to plunder the city. He ordered vaccinations against smallpox to great effect, as he did later in Morristown, New Jersey. He refrained from exerting military authority in Boston, leaving civilian matters in the hands of local authorities. Invasion of Quebec (1775)

The Invasion of Quebec (June 1775 – October 1776, French: Invasion du Québec) was the first major military initiative by the newly formed Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.On June 27, 1775, Congress authorized General Philip Schuyler to investigate, and, if it seemed appropriate, begin an invasion. Benedict Arnold, passed over for its command, went to Boston and convinced General <mask> to send a supporting force to Quebec City under his command. The objective of the campaign was to seize the Province of Quebec (part of modern-day Canada) from Great Britain, and persuade

masks:
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Washington
Washington
Washington
George Washington


title: George Washington

texts:
 French-speaking Canadiens to join the revolution on the side of the Thirteen Colonies. One expedition left Fort Ticonderoga under Richard Montgomery, besieged and captured Fort St. Johns, and very nearly captured British General Guy Carleton when taking Montreal. The other expedition, under Benedict Arnold, left Cambridge, Massachusetts and traveled with great difficulty through the wilderness of Maine to Quebec City. The two forces joined there, but they were defeated at the Battle of Quebec in December 1775. Battle of Long Island

Washington then proceeded to New York City, arriving on April 13, 1776, and began constructing fortifications to thwart the expected British attack.He ordered his occupying forces to treat civilians and their property with respect, to avoid the abuses which Bostonian citizens suffered at the hands of British troops during their occupation. A plot to assassinate or capture him was discovered and thwarted, resulting in the arrest of 98 people involved or complicit (56 of which were from Long Island (Kings (Brooklyn) and Queens counties), including the Loyalist Mayor of New York David Mathews. Washington's bodyguard, Thomas Hickey, was hanged for mutiny and sedition. General Howe transported his resupplied army, with the British fleet, from Halifax to New York, knowing the city was key to securing the continent. <mask>, who ran the British war effort in England, believed it could be won with one "decisive blow". The British forces, including more than a hundred ships and thousands of troops, began arriving on Staten Island on July2 to lay siege to the city. After the Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, Washington informed his troops in his general orders of July9 that


title: George Washington

texts: Congress had declared the united colonies to be "free and independent states".Howe's troop strength totaled 32,000 regulars and Hessians auxiliaries, and <mask>'s consisted of 23,000, mostly raw recruits and militia. In August, Howe landed 20,000 troops at Gravesend, Brooklyn, and approached Washington's fortifications, as <mask> proclaimed the rebellious American colonists to be traitors. <mask>, opposing his generals, chose to fight, based upon inaccurate information that Howe's army had only 8,000-plus troops. In the Battle of Long Island, Howe assaulted <mask>'s flank and inflicted 1,500 Patriot casualties, the British suffering 400. <mask> retreated, instructing General William Heath to acquisition river craft in the area. On August 30, General William Alexander held off the British and gave cover while the army crossed the East River under darkness to Manhattan Island without loss of life or materiel, although Alexander was captured. Howe, emboldened by his Long Island victory, dispatched <mask> as "<mask>, Esq."in futility to negotiate peace. <mask> declined, demanding to be addressed with diplomatic protocol, as general and fellow belligerent, not as a "rebel", lest his men are hanged as such if captured. The Royal Navy bombarded the unstable earthworks on lower Manhattan Island. <mask>, with misgivings, heeded the advice of Generals Greene and Putnam to defend Fort Washington. They were unable to hold it, and <mask> abandoned it despite General Lee's objections, as his army retired north to the White Plains. Howe's pursuit forced <mask> to retreat across the Hudson River to Fort Lee to avoid encirclement. Howe landed his troops on Manhattan in November and captured Fort Washington, inflicting high

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George III
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
George Washington
Washington
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title: George Washington

texts:
 casualties on the Americans.<mask> was responsible for delaying the retreat, though he blamed Congress and General Greene. Loyalists in New York considered Howe a liberator and spread a rumor that <mask> had set fire to the city. Patriot morale reached its lowest when Lee was captured. Now reduced to 5,400 troops, <mask>'s army retreated through New Jersey, and Howe broke off pursuit, delaying his advance on Philadelphia, and set up winter quarters in New York. Crossing the Delaware, Trenton, and Princeton

<mask> crossed the Delaware River into Pennsylvania, where Lee's replacement John Sullivan joined him with 2,000 more troops. The future of the Continental Army was in doubt for lack of supplies, a harsh winter, expiring enlistments, and desertions. <mask> was disappointed that many New Jersey residents were Loyalists or skeptical about the prospect of independence.Howe split up his British Army and posted a Hessian garrison at Trenton to hold western New Jersey and the east shore of the Delaware, but the army appeared complacent, and <mask> and his generals devised a surprise attack on the Hessians at Trenton, which he codenamed "Victory or Death". The army was to cross the Delaware River to Trenton in three divisions: one led by <mask> (2,400 troops), another by General James Ewing (700), and the third by Colonel John Cadwalader (1,500). The force was to then split, with <mask> taking the Pennington Road and General Sullivan traveling south on the river's edge. <mask> first ordered a 60-mile search for Durham boats to transport his army, and he ordered the destruction of vessels that could be used by the British. <mask> crossed the Delaware River on Christmas night, December 25, 1776, while he personally

masks: Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington


title: George Washington

texts: risked capture staking out the Jersey shoreline. His men followed across the ice-obstructed river in sleet and snow from McConkey's Ferry, with 40 men per vessel. The wind churned up the waters, and they were pelted with hail, but by 3:00a.m.on December 26, they made it across with no losses. Henry Knox was delayed, managing frightened horses and about 18 field guns on flat-bottomed ferries. Cadwalader and Ewing failed to cross due to the ice and heavy currents, and awaiting <mask> doubted his planned attack on Trenton. Once Knox arrived, <mask> proceeded to Trenton to take only his troops against the Hessians, rather than risk being spotted returning his army to Pennsylvania. The troops spotted Hessian positions a mile from Trenton, so <mask> split his force into two columns, rallying his men: "Soldiers keep by your officers. For God's sake, keep by your officers." The two columns were separated at the Birmingham crossroads.General Nathanael Greene's column took the upper Ferry Road, led by <mask>, and General John Sullivan's column advanced on River Road. (See map.) The Americans marched in sleet and snowfall. Many were shoeless with bloodied feet, and two died of exposure. At sunrise, <mask> led them in a surprise attack on the Hessians, aided by Major General Knox and artillery. The Hessians had 22 killed (including Colonel Johann Rall), 83 wounded, and 850 captured with supplies. <mask> retreated across Delaware River to Pennsylvania and returned to New Jersey on January 3, 1777, launching an attack on British regulars at Princeton, with 40 Americans killed or wounded and 273 British killed or captured.American Generals Hugh Mercer and John Cadwalader were being driven back by the British when Mercer was

masks: Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington


title: George Washington

texts:
 mortally wounded, then <mask> arrived and led the men in a counterattack which advanced to within  of the British line. Some British troops retreated after a brief stand, while others took refuge in Nassau Hall, which became the target of Colonel Alexander Hamilton's cannons. <mask>'s troops charged, the British surrendered in less than an hour, and 194 soldiers laid down their arms. Howe retreated to New York City where his army remained inactive until early the next year. <mask>'s depleted Continental Army took up winter headquarters in Morristown, New Jersey while disrupting British supply lines and expelling them from parts of New Jersey. <mask> later said the British could have successfully counterattacked his encampment before his troops were dug in. The victories at Trenton and Princeton by Washington revived Patriot morale and changed the course of the war.The British still controlled New York, and many Patriot soldiers did not re-enlist or deserted after the harsh winter campaign. Congress instituted greater rewards for re-enlisting and punishments for desertion to effect greater troop numbers. Strategically, <mask>'s victories were pivotal for the Revolution and quashed the British strategy of showing overwhelming force followed by offering generous terms. In February 1777, word reached London of the American victories at Trenton and Princeton, and the British realized the Patriots were in a position to demand unconditional independence. Brandywine, Germantown, and Saratoga

In July 1777, British General John Burgoyne led the Saratoga campaign south from Quebec through Lake Champlain and recaptured Fort Ticonderoga intending to divide New England, including control of the Hudson River. However, General


title: George Washington

texts: Howe in British-occupied New York blundered, taking his army south to Philadelphia rather than up the Hudson River to join Burgoyne near Albany. Meanwhile, <mask> and Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette rushed to Philadelphia to engage Howe and were shocked to learn of Burgoyne's progress in upstate New York, where the Patriots were led by General Philip Schuyler and successor Horatio Gates.<mask>'s army of less experienced men were defeated in the pitched battles at Philadelphia. Howe outmaneuvered <mask> at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, and marched unopposed into the nation's capital at Philadelphia. A Patriot attack failed against the British at Germantown in October. Major General Thomas Conway prompted some members of Congress (referred to as the Conway Cabal) to consider removing <mask> from command because of the losses incurred at Philadelphia. <mask>'s supporters resisted, and the matter was finally dropped after much deliberation. Once the plot was exposed, Conway wrote an apology to <mask>, resigned, and returned to France. <mask> was concerned with Howe's movements during the Saratoga campaign to the north, and he was also aware that Burgoyne was moving south toward Saratoga from Quebec.<mask> took some risks to support Gates' army, sending reinforcements north with Generals Benedict Arnold, his most aggressive field commander, and Benjamin Lincoln. On October 7, 1777, Burgoyne tried to take Bemis Heights but was isolated from support by Howe. He was forced to retreat to Saratoga and ultimately surrendered after the Battles of Saratoga. As <mask> suspected, Gates' victory emboldened his critics. Biographer John Alden maintains, "It was inevitable that the defeats of <mask>'s forces


title: George Washington

texts:
 and the concurrent victory of the forces in upper New York should be compared." The admiration for <mask> was waning, including little credit from John Adams. British commander Howe resigned in May 1778, left America forever, and was replaced by Sir Henry Clinton.Valley Forge and Monmouth

Washington's army of 11,000 went into winter quarters at Valley Forge north of Philadelphia in December 1777. They suffered between 2,000 and 3,000 deaths in the extreme cold over six months, mostly from disease and lack of food, clothing, and shelter. Meanwhile, the British were comfortably quartered in Philadelphia, paying for supplies in pounds sterling, while Washington struggled with a devalued American paper currency. The woodlands were soon exhausted of game, and by February, lowered morale and increased desertions ensued. <mask> made repeated petitions to the Continental Congress for provisions. He received a congressional delegation to check the Army's conditions and expressed the urgency of the situation, proclaiming: "Something must be done. Important alterations must be made."He recommended that Congress expedite supplies, and Congress agreed to strengthen and fund the army's supply lines by reorganizing the commissary department. By late February, supplies began arriving. Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben's incessant drilling soon transformed Washington's recruits into a disciplined fighting force, and the revitalized army emerged from Valley Forge early the following year. <mask> promoted Von Steuben to Major General and made him chief of staff. In early 1778, the French responded to Burgoyne's defeat and entered into a Treaty of Alliance with the Americans. The Continental Congress ratified the treaty in May,

masks: Washington Washington Washington


title: George Washington

texts:
 which amounted to a French declaration of war against Britain. The British evacuated Philadelphia for New York that June and Washington summoned a war council of American and French Generals.He chose a partial attack on the retreating British at the Battle of Monmouth; the British were commanded by Howe's successor General Henry Clinton. Generals Charles Lee and Lafayette moved with 4,000 men, without <mask>'s knowledge, and bungled their first attack on June 28. <mask> relieved Lee and achieved a draw after an expansive battle. At nightfall, the British continued their retreat to New York, and <mask> moved his army outside the city. Monmouth was <mask>'s last battle in the North; he valued the safety of his army more than towns with little value to the British. West Point espionage

<mask> became "America's first spymaster" by designing an espionage system against the British. In 1778, Major Benjamin Tallmadge formed the Culper Ring at <mask>'s direction to covertly collect information about the British in New York.Washington had disregarded incidents of disloyalty by Benedict Arnold, who had distinguished himself in many battles. During mid-1780, Arnold began supplying British spymaster John André with sensitive information intended to compromise Washington and capture West Point, a key American defensive position on the Hudson River. Historians have noted as possible reasons for Arnold's treachery his anger at losing promotions to junior officers, or repeated slights from Congress. He was also deeply in debt, profiteering from the war, and disappointed by <mask>'s lack of support during his eventual court-martial. Arnold repeatedly asked for command of West Point, and <mask> finally agreed in August. Arnold met


title: George Washington

texts:
 André on September 21, giving him plans to take over the garrison. Militia forces captured André and discovered the plans, but Arnold escaped to New York.<mask> recalled the commanders positioned under Arnold at key points around the fort to prevent any complicity, but he did not suspect Arnold's wife Peggy. <mask> assumed personal command at West Point and reorganized its defenses. André's trial for espionage ended in a death sentence, and <mask> offered to return him to the British in exchange for Arnold, but Clinton refused. André was hanged on October 2, 1780, despite his last request being to face a firing squad, to deter other spies. Southern theater and Yorktown

In late 1778, General Clinton shipped 3,000 troops from New York to Georgia and launched a Southern invasion against Savannah, reinforced by 2,000 British and Loyalist troops. They repelled an attack by Patriots and French naval forces, which bolstered the British war effort. In mid-1779, Washington attacked Iroquois warriors of the Six Nations to force Britain's Indian allies out of New York, from which they had assaulted New England towns.In response, Indian warriors joined with Loyalist rangers led by Walter Butler and killed more than 200 frontiersmen in June, laying waste to the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania. Washington retaliated by ordering General John Sullivan to lead an expedition to effect "the total destruction and devastation" of Iroquois villages and take their women and children hostage. Those who managed to escape fled to Canada. <mask>'s troops went into quarters at Morristown, New Jersey during the winter of 1779–1780 and suffered their worst winter of the war, with temperatures well below freezing. New York Harbor was frozen


title: George Washington

texts: over, snow and ice covered the ground for weeks, and the troops again lacked provisions. Clinton assembled 12,500 troops and attacked Charlestown, South Carolina in January 1780, defeating General Benjamin Lincoln who had only 5,100 Continental troops. The British went on to occupy the South Carolina Piedmont in June, with no Patriot resistance.Clinton returned to New York and left 8,000 troops commanded by General Charles Cornwallis. Congress replaced Lincoln with Horatio Gates; he failed in South Carolina and was replaced by <mask>'s choice of Nathaniel Greene, but the British already had the South in their grasp. <mask> was reinvigorated, however, when Lafayette returned from France with more ships, men, and supplies, and 5,000 veteran French troops led by Marshal Rochambeau arrived at Newport, Rhode Island in July 1780. French naval forces then landed, led by Admiral Grasse, and <mask> encouraged Rochambeau to move his fleet south to launch a joint land and naval attack on Arnold's troops. <mask>'s army went into winter quarters at New Windsor, New York in December 1780, and Washington urged Congress and state officials to expedite provisions in hopes that the army would not "continue to struggle under the same difficulties they have hitherto endured". On March 1, 1781, Congress ratified the Articles of Confederation, but the government that took effect on March2 did not have the power to levy taxes, and it loosely held the states together. General Clinton sent Benedict Arnold, now a British Brigadier General with 1,700 troops, to Virginia to capture Portsmouth and conduct raids on Patriot forces from there; Washington responded by sending Lafayette south to counter Arnold's efforts.<mask> initially hoped to


title: George Washington

texts: bring the fight to New York, drawing off British forces from Virginia and ending the war there, but Rochambeau advised Grasse that Cornwallis in Virginia was the better target. Grasse's fleet arrived off the Virginia coast, and <mask> saw the advantage. He made a feint towards Clinton in New York, then headed south to Virginia. The Siege of Yorktown was a decisive Allied victory by the combined forces of the Continental Army commanded by General <mask>, the French Army commanded by the General Comte de Rochambeau, and the French Navy commanded by Admiral de Grasse, in the defeat of Cornwallis' British forces. On August 19, the march to Yorktown led by <mask> and Rochambeau began, which is known now as the "celebrated march". <mask> was in command of an army of 7,800 Frenchmen, 3,100 militia, and 8,000 Continentals. Not well experienced in siege warfare, <mask> often referred to the judgment of General Rochambeau and used his advice about how to proceed; however, Rochambeau never challenged <mask>'s authority as the battle's commanding officer.By late September, Patriot-French forces surrounded Yorktown, trapped the British army, and prevented British reinforcements from Clinton in the North, while the French navy emerged victorious at the Battle of the Chesapeake. The final American offensive was begun with a shot fired by Washington. The siege ended with a British surrender on October 19, 1781; over 7,000 British soldiers were made prisoners of war, in the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War. <mask> negotiated the terms of surrender for two days, and the official signing ceremony took place on October 19; Cornwallis claimed illness and was absent, sending General Charles O'Hara as his proxy.

masks: Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington


title: George Washington

texts:
 As a gesture of goodwill, Washington held a dinner for the American, French, and British generals, all of whom fraternized on friendly terms and identified with one another as members of the same professional military caste. After the surrender at Yorktown, a situation developed that threatened relations between the newly independent America and Britain. Following a series of retributive executions between Patriots and Loyalists, Washington, on May 18, 1782, wrote in a letter to General Moses Hazen that a British captain would be executed in retaliation for the execution of Joshua Huddy, a popular Patriot leader, who was hanged at the direction of the Loyalist Richard Lippincott.<mask> wanted Lippincott himself to be executed but was rebuffed. Subsequently, Charles Asgill was chosen instead, by a drawing of lots from a hat. This was a violation of the 14th article of the Yorktown Articles of Capitulation, which protected prisoners of war from acts of retaliation. Later, <mask>'s feelings on matters changed and in a letter of November 13, 1782, to Asgill, he acknowledged Asgill's letter and situation, expressing his desire not to see any harm come to him. After much consideration between the Continental Congress, Alexander Hamilton, Washington, and appeals from the French Crown, Asgill was finally released, where <mask> issued Asgill a pass that allowed his passage to New York. Demobilization and resignation

When peace negotiations began in April 1782, both the British and French began gradually evacuating their forces. The American treasury was empty, unpaid, and mutinous soldiers forced the adjournment of Congress, and Washington dispelled unrest by suppressing the Newburgh Conspiracy in March 1783; Congress


title: George Washington

texts: promised officers a five-year bonus.Washington submitted an account of $450,000 in expenses which he had advanced to the army. The account was settled, though it was allegedly vague about large sums and included expenses his wife had incurred through visits to his headquarters. The following month, a Congressional committee led by Alexander Hamilton began adapting the army for peacetime. In August 1783, Washington gave the Army's perspective to the committee in his Sentiments on a Peace Establishment. He advised Congress to keep a standing army, create a "national militia" of separate state units, and establish a navy and a national military academy. The Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783, and Great Britain officially recognized the independence of the United States. <mask> then disbanded his army, giving a farewell address to his soldiers on November 2.During this time, Washington oversaw the evacuation of British forces in New York and was greeted by parades and celebrations. There he announced that Colonel Henry Knox had been promoted commander-in-chief. Washington and Governor <mask> took formal possession of the city on November 25. In early December 1783, Washington bade farewell to his officers at Fraunces Tavern and resigned as commander-in-chief soon thereafter, refuting Loyalist predictions that he would not relinquish his military command. In a final appearance in uniform, he gave a statement to the Congress: "I consider it an indispensable duty to close this last solemn act of my official life, by commending the interests of our dearest country to the protection of Almighty God, and those who have the superintendence of them, to his holy keeping." Washington's resignation was acclaimed at

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George Clinton