title: Sarah Bernhardt

texts:
 Bernhardt was also the subject and star of two documentaries, including <mask>t à Belle-Isle (1915), a film about her daily life at home. This was one of the earliest films by a celebrity inviting us into the home, and is again significant for the use it makes of contemporary art references in the mis-en-scene of the film. She also made Jeanne Doré in 1916. This was produced by Eclipse and directed by Louis Mercanton and René Hervil from the play by Tristan Bernard. In 1917 she made a film called Mothers of France (Mères Françaises). Produced by Eclipse it was directed by Louis Mercanton and René Hervil with a screenplay by Jean Richepin.As Victoria Duckett explains in her book Seeing Sarah Bernhardt: Performance and Silent Film, this film was a propaganda film shot on the front line with the intent to urge America to join the War. In the weeks before her death in 1923, she was preparing to make another motion picture from her own home, La Voyante, directed by Sacha Guitry. She told journalists, "They're paying me ten thousand francs a day, and plan to film for seven days. Make the calculation. These are American rates, and I don't have to cross the Atlantic! At those rates, I'm ready to appear in any films they make." However, she died just before the filming began.Painting and sculpture

Bernhardt began painting while she was at the Comédie-Française; since she rarely performed more than twice a week, she wanted a new activity to fill her time. Her paintings were mostly landscapes and seascapes, with many painted at Belle-Île. Her painting teachers were close and lifelong friends Georges Clairin and Louise Abbéma. She


title: Sarah Bernhardt

type: original

texts:
 far from admiring the talent of <mask>t. She is a woman who is very intelligent and knows how to produce an effect, who has immense taste, who understands the human heart, but she wanted too much to astonish and overwhelm her audience."He wrote that in her roles, "enchantment is smothered in artifice." <mask>'s performances were seen and appraised by many of the leading literary and cultural figures of the late 19th century. Mark Twain wrote, "There are five kinds of actresses. Bad actresses, fair actresses, good actresses, great actresses, and then there is <mask>t." Oscar Wilde called her "the Incomparable One", scattered lilies in her path, and wrote a play in French, Salomé, especially for her; it was banned by British censors before it could be performed. Shortly before he died, Wilde wrote: "The three women I have most admired in my life are <mask>, Lily Langtry, and Queen Victoria. I would have married any one of them with pleasure."After seeing a performance by Bernhardt in 1903, the British actress Ellen Terry wrote, "How marvelous <mask>t was! She had the transparence of an azalea with even more delicacy, the lightness of a cloud with less thickness. Smoke from a burning paper describes her more nearly." British author D.H. Lawrence saw Bernhardt perform La Dame aux Camelias in 1908. Afterward, he wrote to a friend:

Personal life

Paternity, date of birth, ancestry, name
The identity of Bernhardt's father is not known for certain. Her original birth certificate was destroyed when the Paris Commune burned the Hotel de Ville and city archives in May 1871. In her autobiography, Ma Double Vie, she describes meeting her

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Sarah Bernhardt
Sarah Bernhard
Sarah Bernhardt
Sarah Bernhard


title: Sarah Bernhardt

texts: father several times, and writes that his family provided funding for her education, and left a sum of 100,000 francs for her when she came of age.She said he frequently travelled overseas, and that when she was still a child, he died in Pisa "in unexplained circumstances which remain mysterious." In February 1914, she presented a reconstituted birth certificate, which stated that her legitimate father was one Édouard <mask>. On 21 May 1856, when she was baptised, she was registered as the daughter of "Edouard Bernhardt residing in Le Havre and Judith Van Hard, residing in Paris." A more recent biography by Helene Tierchant (2009) suggests her father may have been a young man named De Morel, whose family members were notable shipowners and merchants in Le Havre. According to Bernhardt's autobiography, her grandmother and uncle in Le Havre provided financial support for her education when she was young, took part in family councils about her future, and later gave her money when her apartment in Paris was destroyed by fire. Her date of birth is also uncertain due to the destruction of her birth certificate. She usually gave her birthday as 23 October 1844, and celebrated it on that day.However, the reconstituted birth certificate she presented in 1914 gave the date as 25 October. Other sources give the date 22 October, or either 22 or 23 October. Bernhardt's mother Judith, or Julie, was born in the early 1820s. She was one of six children, five daughters and one son, of a Dutch-Jewish itinerant eyeglass merchant, Moritz Baruch Bernardt, and a German laundress, Sara Hirsch (later known as Janetta Hartog or Jeanne Hard).


title: Sarah Bernhardt

texts:
 Judith's mother died in 1829, and five weeks later, her father remarried. His new wife did not get along with the children from his earlier marriage. Judith and two of her sisters, Henriette and Rosine, left home, moved to London briefly, and then settled in Le Havre, on the French coast.Henriette married a local in Le Havre, but Julie and Rosine became courtesans, and Julie took the new, more French name of Youle and the more aristocratic-sounding last name of Van Hard. In April 1843, she gave birth to twin girls to a "father unknown." Both girls died in the hospice in Le Havre a month later. The following year, Youle was pregnant again, this time with <mask>. She moved to Paris, to 5 rue de l'École-de-Médicine, where in October 1844, <mask> was born. Lovers and friends
Early in Bernhardt's career, she had an affair with a Belgian nobleman, Charles-Joseph Eugène Henri Georges Lamoral de Ligne (1837–1914), son of Eugène, 8th Prince of Ligne, with whom she bore her only child, <mask> (1864–1928). Maurice did not become an actor, but worked for most of his life as a manager and agent for various theatres and performers, frequently managing his mother's career in her later years, but rarely with great success.Maurice and his family were usually financially dependent, in full or in part, on his mother until her death. Maurice married a Polish princess, Maria Jablonowska, of the House of Jablonowski, with whom he had two daughters: Simone, who married Edgar Gross, son of a wealthy Philadelphia soap manufacturer; and Lysiana, who married the playwright Louis Verneuil. From 1864 to 1866, after Bernhardt left the Comédie-Française,

masks:
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Sarah
Maurice Bernhardt


title: Sarah Bernhardt

texts: novels by Marcel Proust. Indeed, Swann even references her by name in Remembrance of Things Past. <mask> is probably one of the actresses after whom Proust modelled Berma, a character present in several volumes of Remembrance of Things Past. Bernhardt took as lovers many of the male leads of her plays, including Mounet-Sully and Lou Tellegen.She possibly had an affair with the Prince of Wales, the future Edward VII, who frequently attended her London and Paris performances and once, as a prank, played the part of a cadaver in one of her plays. When he was King, he travelled on the royal yacht to visit her at her summer home on Belle-Île. Her last serious love affair was with the Dutch-born actor Lou Tellegen, 37 years her junior, who became her co-star during her second American farewell tour (and eighth American tour) in 1910. He was a very handsome actor who had served as a model for sculpture Eternal Springtime by Auguste Rodin. He had little acting experience, but Bernhardt signed him as a leading man just before she departed on the tour, assigned him a compartment in her private railway car, and took him as her escort to all events, functions, and parties. He was not a particularly good actor, and had a strong Dutch accent, but he was successful in roles, such as Hippolyte in Phedre, where he could take off his shirt. At the end of the American tour they had a dispute and he remained in the United States while she returned to France.At first, he had a successful career in the United States, and married film actress Geraldine Farrar, but when they split up his career plummeted. He committed suicide in 1934. <mask>'s broad

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title: Sarah Bernhardt

texts:
 and continued to harass Bernhardt. He attended one of her performances sitting in the first row, and made faces at her.Her current lover, Philippe Garnier, saw him and beat him. Later, he entered her house and ravaged the furniture. Bernhardt was a Roman Catholic, and did not want to divorce him. He continued to act, sometimes with success, particularly in a play by Georges Ohnet, Le Maître des Forges, in 1883. However, his morphine addiction continued to worsen. In August 1889, Bernhardt learned that he had taken an overdose of morphine in Marseille. She hurried to his bedside and nursed him until he died on 18 August 1889, at the age of 34.He was buried in Athens. Bernhardt sent a bust she had made of him to be placed on his tomb, and when she toured in the Balkans, always made a detour to visit his grave. Until the end of her life, she continued to sign official documents as "<mask>t, widow of Damala". Belle-Île

After her 1886–87 tour, Bernhardt recuperated on Belle-Île, a small island off the coast of Brittany, 10 miles south of the Quiberon peninsula. She purchased a ruined 17th-century fortress, located at the end of the island and approached by a drawbridge, and turned it into her holiday retreat. Between 1886 and 1922, she spent nearly every summer, the season when her theatre was closed, on Belle-Île. She built bungalows for her son Maurice and her grandchildren, and bungalows with studios for her close friends, the painters Georges Clairin and Louise Abbéma.She also brought her large collection of animals, including several dogs, two horses, a donkey, a hawk given to her by the Russian Grand Duke Alexis, an Andean


title: Sarah Bernhardt

texts:
 wildcat, and a boa constrictor she had brought back from her tour of South America. She entertained many visitors at Belle-Île, including King Edward VII, who stopped by the island on a cruise aboard the royal yacht. Always wrapped in white scarves, she played tennis (under house rules that required that she be the winner) and cards, read plays, and created sculptures and ornaments in her studio. When the fishermen of the island suffered a bad season, she organised a benefit performance with leading actors to raise funds for them. She gradually enlarged the estate, purchasing a neighboring hotel and all the land with a view of the property, but in 1922, as her health declined, she abruptly sold it and never returned. During the Second World War, the Germans occupied the island, and in October 1944, before leaving the island, they dynamited most of the compound. All that remains is the original old fort, and a seat cut into the rock where Bernhardt awaited the boat that took her to the mainland.Vegetarianism

Bernhardt was described as a strict vegetarian (what would later be termed vegan), as she avoided dairy, eggs and meat. Her diet consisted of cereal, fruit, nuts and vegetables. In 1913, The Literary Digest reported that she became vegetarian to lose weight and regain her figure. However, a 1923 biography of Bernhardt noted that she consumed fish and in her older years favoured Gruyère or Pont-l'Évêque cheese. The Jewish female body image
<mask>t's identity as a Jewish woman elicits a greater idea of the representation of Jewish women in film, cinema and theatre. The former representation of Jewish women revolved heavily


title: Sarah Bernhardt

texts: around notions of femininity and the Jewish body. However, looking at <mask>'s role as Salome, there is a relevant shift in the way Jewish women are portrayed, and viewed throughout theatrical performances and art.The ways in which the female Jewish body types are represented in 19th century art and theatrics provides a more in depth look into the work of <mask> as a modernising force of Jewish representation. Specifically, the role of Salome shapes the way the female body is admired and viewed by audiences. The famous paintings of Gustave Moreau embody this admiration of <mask>, Salome, and the female Jewish body. Moreau's paintings, popular in the late 1870s offered origins of a new female Jewishness and Jewish femininity that embodied notions of stereotypical Jewish identity. Based on the figure of Salome, Moreau created three famous paintings devoted to the subject, In which they attracted enormous crowds of more than 500,000 people. Moreau's paintings represented an eroticized Jewish body, one that made Salomé into a slender adolescent, the portraits transformed the image of the Jewish woman at large. The idea of Jewish femininity shifted away from the maternal and womanly features and instead led in the direction of the slender, lean, and girlish figure.As such, the effect is to foreground and frame an entirely different model of female beauty than that on offer in Orientalist representations of the Jewish woman. <mask>, whose rise to prominence paralleled Moreau's Salomé portraits, and whose career intersected when she accepted the lead role in Oscar Wilde's play in as Salome in 1894. Bernhardt was linked with a

masks:
Sarah Bernhardt
Sarah Barnhardt
Sarah Bernhardt
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title: Sarah Bernhardt

texts: quality of thinness. This quality was persistently foregrounded in the multiple representations of her proliferating in art, caricature, and photography. "Her thinness is really quite remarkable," wrote Henry James of Georges Clarin's 1876 Portrait of <mask> Bernhard, on display at the same salon where Moreau's Salomés made their debut." These arguments to her thinness, fed in with a general sense that as a Jew, Bernhardt was sickly, malnourished, diseased—perhaps syphilitic or tubercular, as Sander Gilman has argued. In response to these paintings and portrayals, Bernhardt made efforts to present herself as a star of fashion as well as of theatre, appropriating this label and resituating it on her own terms.To the perception that she was emaciated, sick, skeletal, Bernhardt responded by modeling sculptures of death's heads, had herself photographed in a coffin, and marketed the pictures. She made her thinness fashionable—by her flamboyant persona, in her role in dress reform, and in her writing and other public pronouncements. Gustave Moreau and Oscar Wilde created a mass of artistic decadence, and <mask> used this to influences a new model of Jewish female beauty. <mask> herself did much to shape the image of Jewish female beauty, seizing upon the means by which she, like so many Jewish women, was represented in order to make a new look her own. As such, she helped create a new style, a new fashion, which defined the Jewish woman for the next generations— one which combined clothing, jewellery, and especially what Pierre Bourdieu provocatively calls "bodily hexis" to create a new model of feminine beauty.-' As time passed,

masks:
Sarah
Sarah Bernhardt
Sarah Bernhardt


title: Sarah Bernhardt

texts:
 the image of Bernhardt and Salomé intertwined, and more and more Jewish women took up the role and modeled themselves on Oscar Wilde's character and <mask>t. Legacy

Mexican actress Virginia Fábregas (1871–1950) was nicknamed "The Mexican <mask>t." After Bernhardt's death, her theatre was managed by her son Maurice until his death in 1928.It kept its name until the occupation of Paris by the Germans in World War II, when, because of Bernhardt's Jewish ancestry, the name was changed to Théâtre de la Cité. The name was changed back to the Théâtre Sarah-Bernhardt in 1947, then in 1957 became the Théâtre des Nations. In 1968, it was renamed the Théâtre de la Ville, which is the name it has today. In 1876, Bernhardt constructed a large townhouse at 35 rue Fortuny in the 17th arrondissement, not far from Parc Monceau, for her family, servants, and animals. In 1885, when her debts mounted, she sold the house. Once her fortune was replenished by her tours abroad, she bought an even larger house at 56 avenue Pereire in the 17th arrondissement, where she died in 1923. The house was demolished in the 1960s and replaced by a modern apartment building.A plaque on the façade commemorates Bernhardt's earlier residence. In 1960, Bernhardt was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame with a motion pictures star located at 1751 Vine Street. To date, she is the earliest born person on the Walk (born in 1844), followed by Thomas Edison and Siegmund Lubin. In 2018, Roundabout Theatre Company produced Theresa Rebeck's play Bernhardt/Hamlet. In the play, Rebeck explores the controversy surrounding Bernhardt's decision to play Hamlet. The play

masks:
Sarah Bernhard
Sarah Bernhard


title: Sarah Bernhardt

texts:
 opened on Broadway in September at the American Airlines Theater for a limited run. It starred Janet McTeer as Bernhardt and it was directed by Moritz von Stuelpnagel.McTeer received a Tony Award nomination for portraying Bernhardt. <mask> and The New Women's Movement in Brazil
The new women's movement that took place in late nineteenth century and early twentieth century Brazil, was a movement built around a woman's ability to gain access to public spaces in Brazil. Among middle-class women, new opportunities and possibilities opened up for women allowing them professional positions in the workforce. Some women also found the acting profession to afford them freedom and independence. The theatre offered women an environment relatively free of social constraints. The profession of an actress held a controversial opinion within society. On one hand, high society embraced women who appeared in plays or opera representing a high culture.While on the other hand, female performers could suffer public scrutiny and gossip for leading unconventional lives. “The Eternal Feminine” was published 16 January 1886 by Revista Illstrada in Brazil six months prior to the first visiting of <mask>. “The Eternal Feminine” discussed advances of middle class and elite women in Brazil, citing expanding educational opportunities, acknowledging that women were capable of entering many new professions and industries that had previously been restricted to primarily men. "The Eternal Feminine" stated that “The bello sexo", as journalists so often called women, may move into new occupations, but their beauty, elegance, and eternal femininity needed to

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Sarah Bernhardt


title: Sarah Bernhardt

texts:
 remain in place.”

Bernhardt's performances in Brazil had lasting effects in the sense that they encouraged new notions of possibilities for women in a patriarchal and traditional society and in theatre. Bernhardt made use of an array of tropes assigned to women to create a public personality that afforded her freedom, independence, and immense popularity at home and abroad." Even her famous cross-dressing roles such as Hamlet intervened in the tension between the traditional woman and the New Woman. Bernhardt's ability to own her own theatre also speaks to the ways in which she embodies a new form of women.To quote the article <mask>'s Knee;

“In an era of debate about gender norms, Bernhardt's star image presented a similar fantasy scenario that fulfilled a need on the part of her public for unity, resolution, and reassurance. To her more socially conservative fans, Bernhardt appeased fears concerning the threat of the New Woman and the demise of female seduction as an everyday pleasure. She transcended the perceived conflict between the independent New Woman and the séductrice. [. . .] [S]he was a living example of Marguerite Durand's contention that a woman need not lose her femininity to compete in a man's world." Stage and film roles

Books by Bernhardt
 Dans les nuages: Impressions d'une chaise (1878)
 L'Aveu, drame en un acte en prose (1888)
 Adrienne Lecouvreur, drame en six actes (1907)
 Ma Double Vie (1907); translated as My Double Life: Memoirs of <mask>t (1907), William Heinemann (archive)
 Un Cœur d'Homme, pièce en quatre actes (1911)
 Petite Idole (1920); translated as The Idol of Paris (1921) (archive)
 Joli

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Sarah Barnhardt
Sarah Bernhard


title: Sarah Bernhardt

texts:
 Sosie (1921), Editions Nillson
  (1923); translated as The Art of the Theatre (1924)

Notes

References

Works cited

 William Heinemann/D. Appleton 1907 English-language edition: .Further reading
 Brandon, Ruth. Being Divine: A Biography of <mask>t. London: Mandarin, 1992. Duckett, Victoria. Seeing <mask>t: Performance and Silent Film. University of Illinois Press, 2015. .
 Garans, Louis, <mask>t: itinéraire d'une divine. Éditions Palatines, 2005,
 Léturgie, Jean and Xavier Fauche: <mask>t.Lucky Luke vol. 49. Dupuis, 1982. Lorcey, Jacques. <mask>, l'art et la vie. Paris: Éditions Séguier, 2005. 160 pages.Avec une préface d'Alain Feydeau. .

 Ockmann, Carol and Kenneth E. Silver. <mask>t: The Art of High Drama. New York: Yale University Press, 2005

External links

 <mask>t cylinder recordings, from the Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project at the University of California, Santa Barbara Library. Dangerous Women Project: Celebrating Transgressive Celebrity
 <mask> at the Literary Encyclopaedia
 <mask>t at Columbia University Women Film Pioneers Project
 The <mask>t Pages

 Loubat, Emmanuelle: Bernhardt, Sara, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Performances in Theatre Archive University of Bristol
 Sarah Bernhardt Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin. Bibliography
 Sarah Bernhardt Jewish Women's Archive
 Elie Edson press files on <mask>, 1910–1911, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
 Papers relating to <mask>t at the University of Exeter
Play Du Théâtre au Champ D'Honneur by <mask> on

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title: Morton Dean

texts:
<mask> (born August 22, 1935), better known as <mask>, is an American television and radio anchor, news correspondent and author. <mask> is a former weekend news anchor for CBS Evening News, as well as ABC’s Good Morning America. While a correspondent for CBS News for 20 years and ABC News for 14 years, his many assignments included the U.S. space program, political campaigns and the Vietnam War. <mask> reported on the Invasion of Grenada, the Falklands War and Cuba from the early days of the Castro regime up to the present. He reported on Iran during the hostage crisis, from Somalia during the U.S. intervention, the turmoil in Israel and the Palestinian Territory and the military action in Kosovo involving U. S. Marines. He covered Saddam Hussein’s Iraq, the NATO air attacks in Belgrade, the terror bomb blast on the USS Cole bombing in Yemen, the bombing of the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi and the U.S. retaliation in Sudan, as well as the first terrorist attacks on World Trade Center in 1993. <mask> is the author of two books and writer and director of American Medevac, a documentary which reconnects medevac crew members with some of the service members they had rescued during the Vietnam War.<mask> received numerous awards for his reporting, including a National Emmy Award, an Overseas Press Club Award and a UPI Golden Mike. Early life

<mask> was born on August 22, 1935 in Fall River, Massachusetts, the son of Joseph Dubitsky and Celia (Schwartz) Dubitsky. He is of Jewish descent. He attended B.M.C. Durfee High School in Fall River. In 1957, he earned a bachelor's degree in English from Emerson College in Boston. At Emerson, he was captain of the basketball team and president of his fraternity, Alpha Pi Theta; he also participated in The Berkeley Beacon student newspaper as well as the WERS radio station.He changed his name from Dubitsky to <mask> while in college. In 1977, he received a Doctor of law, honorary degree from his alma mater. In 1983, the television studio and

masks:
Morton Dean Dubitsky
Morton Dean
Dean
Dean
Dean
Dean
Dean
Dean


title: Morton Dean

texts:
 publications center at the high school was named the Morton Dean Television Studio in his honor and in 2011, <mask> was presented the key to the city of Fall River by former mayor Willian Flanagan. Early career

<mask> began his career in 1957 as a reporter and later news director at Westchester County, New York radio station WVIP which became the flagship station for the Herald Tribune Radio Network, a group of suburban AM and FM stations in New York State. In 1960, <mask> was program director of WVOX New Rochelle. From 1961 to 1964, he was a reporter for the radio station WBZ in Boston. In 1962, he won a UPI Broadcasters Association of Massachusetts Award.CBS
In 1964, <mask> joined WCBS-TV, the flagship station of the CBS Television Network, located in New York City as a reporter and anchor. In 1967, he moved to the CBS network and later succeeded Walter Cronkite as the principal space correspondent for CBS covering the U.S. space program, national politics and the Vietnam War. Vietnam

In 1971, during a six-month assignment in Vietnam for CBS Evening News, <mask> covered a combat medevac mission under fire. With cameraman Greg Cooke, they filmed a seven-minute segment that aired four days later on the CBS Evening News  with Walter Cronkite. A feature article about the medevac rescues during the Vietnam War and his experience as a news correspondent flying on these missions, was published in Smithsonian Air & Space Magazine. In 2015, <mask> and Cooke inspired by the memory of those events in 1971 produced and directed a documentary, American Medevac, which reunites the medevac crew with some of the service members they had rescued in 1971. CBS News Weekend Anchor

In late 1975, <mask> was named anchor of the CBS Sunday Night News, and later in 1976, moved to the CBS Sunday Evening News until 1984.He also anchored weekday afternoon and evening editions of the 90-second Newsbreak updates. At CBS, <mask> reported on the Iran hostage crisis in 1980, the Space Shuttle Columbia

masks: Dean Dean Dean Dean Dean Dean Dean Dean


title: Morton Dean

texts:
 missions, the Salvadoran Civil War in 1982, the U.S. Invasion of Grenada in 1983 and the Falklands War in 1982. Career between CBS and ABC

Starting in early 1985, <mask> anchored the Independent Network News newscast for about three years. In 1986, <mask> was one of forty semi-finalists in the "Journalist in Space Program" (cancelled following the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster) as a candidate from Connecticut. In 1987, <mask> filled in for Larry King on the nationally syndicated program the Larry King Show, a radio talk show which aired on the Mutual Broadcasting System. ABC

In September 1988, <mask> joined ABC News as a correspondent and covered the return to space following the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.<mask> reported for ABC World News Tonight with Peter Jennings and other ABC News broadcasts and was a substitute anchor for Ted Koppel on Nightline. In 1990, <mask> spent more than three months covering news events in the Mideast and was the first television journalist to report from inside Kuwait following the Iraqi invasion. For World News Tonight, he reported from the Middle East during the Gulf War and was on the scene of the first ground battle of Operation Desert Storm in January 1991. In addition, he covered the 1992 presidential election campaigns with in-depth coverage of the Ross Perot presidential campaign. In 1992, from Mogadishu, Somalia during the Somali Civil War and Operation Provide Relief, <mask> reported on the first American casualties and former U. S. President George H. W. Bush’s visit to the area. In 1993, <mask> was lead reporter on the first World Trade Center bombing by terrorists. <mask> was the first and only newsperson to see and report from inside the garage where the truck bomb detonated and later covered the investigation into the attack.Good Morning America

In 1993, <mask> became the news anchor on ABC’s "Good Morning America” and presented the newscasts on the morning show until 1996. He traveled to Nairobi to cover the 1998

masks: Dean Dean Dean Dean Dean Dean Dean Dean Dean Dean


title: Morton Dean

texts:
 United States embassy bombings and went to Sudan to cover, Operation Infinite Reach in August 1998 which sent cruise missile strikes on al-Qaeda bases in Afghanistan and a pharmaceutical factory in Sudan in retaliation for the American embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania. In 1999, <mask> reported from Kosovo for 30 days during the NATO air attacks during the Kosovo War which helped ABC News win an Emmy for its coverage of the conflict. In 2000, when a deadly terror bomb blasted the U.S.S. Cole in Yemen, he was dispatched as ABC's lead reporter. Post-ABC career

In 2002, <mask> narrated and hosted a series of documentaries for A&E and The History Channel. He reported and hosted a monthly 60-minute cable network science show and occasionally appeared on National Public Radio "Morning Edition” commenting on politics and terrorism.<mask> is a freelance writer, occasionally writing on subjects of personal interest, including stories about the Boston Red Sox and his latest journey to Cuba, 50 years after his 1959 interview with Fidel Castro. He is a member of the Vietnam War Commemoration Commission created by Presidential proclamation whose goal is to embrace those who served during the Vietnam era and also does pro bono work for Autism Speaks, the world largest autism awareness organization. Personal life

<mask> divides his time between homes in Ridgefield, Connecticut and Truro, Massachusetts. He lives with his second wife, Lonnie Reed; and is the father of two daughters and a son. Awards

<mask> has received many awards for his reporting, including a National Emmy, an Overseas Press Club Award and a UPI Golden Mike Award. In 1962, he won a UPI Broadcasters Association of Massachusetts Award for aiding in the capture of a murder suspect. In 1976, <mask> was part of the CBS News team that the Overseas Press Club, New York awarded the Radio Interpretation Award for Journalistic Achievement for "America in Vietnam".In 1981 at CBS News Sunday Morning, he received an Outstanding

masks: Dean Dean Dean Dean Dean Dean


title: Morton Dean

texts:
 Documentary Program Emmy for "Louis is 13". <mask> was nominated for a national Emmy Award for his reporting the gun battle in Kosovo involving U. S. Marines who were pinned down by snipers. In 2000, he was part of the ABC news team which won an Emmy Award for Outstanding News and Documentary Program Achievement for ABC 2000: The Millennium. Books

Hello World! (Co-Author), 1978. The Return to Glory Days (Co-Author), 1997. Trivia

<mask> is the only recipient of an honorary degree from the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Clown College.<mask> performs occasionally as a Ringling clown. "It's my Walter Mitty side," he told an interviewer. Quotes

"I try to get as much background and history as I can, says <mask>. "I try to find my own sources. I try to make an extra phone call. One way or another I try to find a nugget of information that might give me an edge." "I’ve made a career out of asking dumb questions.I mean, that’s our job—not to prove how smart we are but to elicit answers, and I think you sometimes have to ask what appears to be a dumb question. I am not out there to impress the audience that I have brilliant questions all the time. I am old-fashioned enough to believe that the idea is to get some news at the other end of the question." "I think that is the most difficult part of this business—covering a breaking story live…You are often out there ‘naked’ and you have to resist the pressure to give information that you’re not certain of and to give your own personal thoughts as opposed to what’s really going on." References

1935 births
Living people
American television news anchors
American television reporters and correspondents
American war correspondents
Emmy Award winners
CBS News people
ABC News personalities
American male non-fiction writers
Emerson College alumni
People from Fall River, Massachusetts
Jewish American journalists
60 Minutes correspondents
People from Ridgefield, Connecticut
People from Truro, Massachusetts
B.M.C. Durfee High School

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Morton Dean
Dean
Dean


title: Chandragupta Maurya

texts: <mask> (Sanskrit: चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य ;  ; ; reign: 321–297 BCE) was the founder of the Maurya Empire in ancient India. Chandragupta built one of the largest empires on the Indian subcontinent. <mask>'s life and accomplishments are described in ancient Greek, Hindu, Buddhist and Jain texts, but they vary significantly. <mask> was an important figure in the history of India, laying the foundations of the first state to unite most of India. <mask>, under the tutelage of Chanakya, created a new empire based on the principles of statecraft, built a large army, and continued expanding the boundaries of his empire until ultimately renouncing it for an ascetic life in his final years. Prior to his consolidation of power, Alexander the Great had invaded the North-West Indian subcontinent before abandoning his campaign in 324 BCE due to a mutiny caused by the prospect of facing another large empire, presumably the Nanda Empire. Chandragupta defeated and conquered both the Nanda Empire, and the Greek satraps that were appointed or formed from Alexander's Empire in South Asia.Chandragupta first gained regional prominence in the Greater Punjab region in the Indus. He then set out to conquer the Nanda Empire centered in Pataliputra, Magadha. Afterwards, Chandragupta expanded and secured his western border, where he was confronted by Seleucus I Nicator in the Seleucid-Mauryan War. After two years of war, Chandragupta was considered to have gained the upper hand in the conflict and annexed satrapies up to the Hindu Kush. Instead of

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Chandragupta Maurya
Chandragupta
Chandragupta Maurya
Chandragupta


title: Chandragupta Maurya

texts:
 prolonging the war, both parties settled on a marriage treaty between Chandragupta and Seleucus I Nicator's daughter Helena. Chandragupta's empire extended throughout most of the Indian subcontinent, spanning from modern day Bengal to Afghanistan across North India as well as making inroads into Central and South India. According to the Jain accounts dated to 800 years after his death, Chandragupta abdicated his throne and became a Jain monk, traveled away from his empire to South India and committed sallekhana or fasting to death.Contemporary Greek evidence however avers that Chandragupta did not give up performing the rites of sacrificing animals associated with Vedic Brahminism, an ancient form of Hinduism; he delighted in hunting and otherwise leading a life remote from the Jain practice of Ahimsa or nonviolence towards living beings. Chandragupta's reign, and the Maurya Empire, set an era of economic prosperity, reforms, infrastructure expansions, and tolerance. Many religions thrived within his realms and his descendants' empire. Buddhism, Jainism and Ajivika gained prominence alongside Vedic and Brahmanistic traditions, and minority religions such as Zoroastrianism and the Greek pantheon were respected. A memorial for <mask> Maurya exists on the Chandragiri hill along with a seventh-century hagiographic inscription. Historical sources

Chandragupta's life and accomplishments are described in ancient and historical Greek, Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain texts, though they significantly vary in detail. The


title: Chandragupta Maurya

texts: and includes stories of miraculous legends associated with him, such as a wild elephant appearing and submitting itself as a ride to him before a war. Justin's text notes <mask> and Chanakya defeated and removed Nanda from his rule. Megasthenes' account, as it has survived in Greek texts that quote him, states that Alexander the Great and Chandragupta met, which if true would mean his rule started earlier than 321 BCE. He is described as a great king, but not as great in power and influence as Porus in northwestern India or Agrammes (Dhana Nanda) in eastern India. The pre-4th century Hindu Puranic texts mostly mirror the Greek sources. These texts do not discuss the details of Chandragupta's ancestry, but rather cover the ancestry of the last Nanda king.The Nanda king is described to be cruel, against dharma and shastras, and born out of an illicit relationship followed by a coup. The Chanakya's Arthasastra refers to the Nanda rule as against the spiritual, cultural, and military interests of the country, a period where intrigue and vice multiplied. Chanakya states that Chandragupta returned dharma, nurtured diversity of views, and ruled virtuously that kindled love among the subjects for his rule. Hindu sources are inconsistent. One medieval commentator states Chandragupta to be the son of one of the Nanda's wives with the name Mura. Other sources describe Mura as a concubine of the king. Another Sanskrit dramatic text Mudrarakshasa uses the terms Vrishala and Kula-Hina (meaning - "not descending from a


title: Chandragupta Maurya

texts: peacocks, or Mora in Pali (Sanskrit: Mayura). The Buddhist texts are inconsistent; some offer other legends to explain his epithet.For example, they mention a city named "Moriya-nagara" where all buildings were made of bricks colored like the peacock's neck. The Maha-bodhi-vasa states he hailed from Moriya-nagara, while the Digha-Nikaya states he came from the Moriya clan of Pipphalivana. The Buddhist sources also mention that "Brahmin Chanakya" was his counselor and with whose support Chandragupta became the king at Patliputra. . He has also been variously identified with Shashigupta (who has same etymology as of Chandragupta) of Paropamisadae on the account of same life events. The 12th-century Digambara text Parishishtaparvan by Hemachandra is the main and earliest Jain source of the complete legend of Chandragupta. It was written nearly 1,400 years after Chandragupta's death. Canto 8, verses 170 to 469, describes the legend of <mask> and Chanakya's influence on him.Other Digambara Jain sources state he moved to Karnataka after renouncing his kingdom and performed Sallekhana – the Jain religious ritual of peacefully welcoming death by fasting. The earliest mention of Chandragupta's ritual death is found in Harisena's Brhatkathakosa, a Sanskrit text of stories about Digambara Jains. The Brhatkathakosa describes the legend of Bhadrabahu and mentions Chandragupta in its 131st story. However, the story makes no mention of the Maurya empire, and mentions that his disciple Chandragupta lived in and migrated from


title: Chandragupta Maurya

texts:
 among the Jain authors cast doubt on Jain sources. This Digambara Jain chronology, also, is not reconcilable with the chronology implied in other Indian and non-Indian sources. Historians such as Irfan Habib and Vivekanand Jha assign Chandragupta's reign to c. 322-298 BCE. Upinder Singh dates his rule from 324 or 321 BCE to 297 BCE. Kristi Wiley states he reigned between 320 and 293 BCE. Early life

The early life of <mask> Maurya is unclear and varies by source.According to the Sinhalese Buddhist tradition, Chandragupta's mother was pregnant when his father - who was the chief of the Moriya clan - was killed in a battle. His mother escaped to Patliputra with the help of her brothers. For Chandragupta's safety, his maternal uncles helped a cowherd adopt him. When Chandragupta grew up, the cowherd sold him to a hunter who employed him to tend cattle. According to the Digambara legend by Hemachandra, Chanakya was a Jain layperson and a Brahmin. When Chanakya was born, Jain monks prophesied that Chanakya will one day grow up to help make someone an emperor and will be the power behind the throne. Chanakya believed in the prophecy and fulfilled it by agreeing to help the daughter of a peacock-breeding community chief deliver a baby boy.In exchange, he asked the mother to give up the boy and let him adopt him at a later date. The Jain Brahmin then went about making money through magic, and returned later to claim young Chandragupta, whom he taught and trained. Together, they recruited soldiers and attacked the Nanda


title: Chandragupta Maurya

texts:
 mother goddesses (saptamatrika) inside. He concluded these goddesses were protecting the town people. The townspeople sought the disguised mendicant's advice on how to end the blockade of the army surrounding their town. Hemacandra wrote Chanakya swindled them into removing the mother goddesses. The townspeople removed the protective goddesses and an easy victory over the town followed. Thereafter, the alliance of Chandragupta and Parvataka overran the Nanda kingdom and attacked Patliputra with an "immeasurable army".With a depleted treasury, exhausted merit, and insufficient intelligence, the Nanda king lost. These legends state that the Nanda king was defeated, but allowed to leave Pataliputra alive with a chariot full of items his family needed. The Jain sources attest that his daughter fell in love at first sight with Chandragupta and married him. With the defeat of Nanda, <mask> Maurya founded the Maurya Empire in ancient India. Conquest of north-west regions

The Indian campaign of Alexander the Great ended before Chandragupta came into power. Alexander had left India in 325 BCE and assigned the northwestern Indian subcontinent territories to Greek governors. The nature of early relationship between these governors and Chandragupta is unknown.Justin mentions Chandragupta as a rival of the Alexander's successors in north-western India. He states that after Alexander's death, Chandragupta freed Indian territories from the Greeks and executed some of the governors. According to Boesche, this war with the


title: Chandragupta Maurya

texts:
 Chandragupta is known as Sandrakottos () and Androcottus (). However, some recent authors have disputed the identification of "Sandrokottus" of Greek accounts with <mask> Maurya. The king's epithets mentioned in the Sanskrit play Mudrarakshasa include "Chanda-siri" (Chandra-shri), "Piadamsana" (Priya-darshana), and Vrishala. Piadamsana is similar to Piyadasi, an epithet of his grandson Ashoka. The word "Vrishala" is used in Indian epics and law books to refer to non-orthodox people.According to one theory, it may be derived from the Greek royal title Basileus, but there is no concrete evidence of this: the Indian sources apply it to several non-royals, especially wandering teachers and ascetics. Empire

There are no records of Chandragupta's military conquests and the reach of his empire. It is based on inferences from Greek and Roman historians and the religious Indian texts written centuries after his death. Based on these, the North-West reach of his empire included parts of present-day Afghanistan that Seleucus I Nicator ceded to him including Kabul, Kandahar, Taxila and Gandhara. These are the areas where his grandson Ashoka left the major Kandahar rock edict and other edicts in the Greek and Aramaic languages. In the west, Chandragupta's rule over present-day Gujarat is attested to by Ashoka's inscription in Junagadh. On the same rock, about 400 years later, Rudradaman inscribed a longer text sometime about the mid second–century.Rudradaman's inscription states that the Sudarshana lake in the area was


title: Chandragupta Maurya

texts:
 essential to the pursuit of dharma (virtuous life) and adopted a policy of avoiding war with diplomacy yet continuously preparing the army for war to defend its interests and other ideas in the Arthashastra. Arts and architecture
The evidence of arts and architecture during <mask>'s time is mostly limited to texts such as those by Megasthenes and Kautilya. The edict inscriptions and carvings on monumental pillars are attributed to his grandson Ashoka. The texts imply the existence of cities, public works, and prosperous architecture but the historicity of these is in question. Archeological discoveries in the modern age, such as those Didarganj Yakshi discovered in 1917 buried beneath the banks of the Ganges suggest exceptional artisanal accomplishment. The site was dated to third century BCE by many scholars but later dates such as the Kushan era (1st-4th century CE) have also been proposed. The competing theories state that the art linked to <mask> Maurya's dynasty was learnt from the Greeks and West Asia in the years Alexander the Great waged war; or that these artifacts belong to an older indigenous Indian tradition.Frederick Asher of the University of Minnesota says "we cannot pretend to have definitive answers; and perhaps, as with most art, we must recognize that there is no single answer or explanation". Succession, renunciation, and death (Sallekhana)

The circumstances and year of Chandragupta's death are unclear and disputed. According to Digambara Jain accounts, Bhadrabahu forecast a 12-year famine

masks: Chandragupta Chandragupta


title: Chandragupta Maurya

texts: because of all the killing and violence during the conquests by <mask> Maurya. He led a group of Jain monks to south India, where <mask> Maurya joined him as a monk after abdicating his kingdom to his son Bindusara. Together, states a Digambara legend, Chandragupta and Bhadrabahu moved to Shravanabelagola, in present-day south Karnataka. These Jain accounts appeared in texts such as Brihakathā kośa (931 CE) of Harishena, Bhadrabāhu charita (1450 CE) of Ratnanandi, Munivaṃsa bhyudaya (1680 CE) and Rajavali kathe. Chandragupta lived as an ascetic at Shravanabelagola for several years before fasting to death as per the Jain practice of sallekhana, according to the Digambara legend.In accordance with the Digambara tradition, the hill on which Chandragupta is stated to have performed asceticism is now known as Chandragiri hill, and Digambaras believe that <mask> Maurya erected an ancient temple that now survives as the Chandragupta basadi. According to Roy, Chandragupta's abdication of throne may be dated to c. 298 BCE, and his death to c. 297 BCE. His grandson was emperor Ashoka who is famed for his historic pillars and his role in helping spread Buddhism outside of ancient India. Regarding the inscriptions describing the relation of Bhadrabahu and <mask> Maurya, Radha Kumud Mookerji writes,The oldest inscription of about 600 AD associated "the pair (yugma), Bhadrabahu along with Chandragupta Muni." Two inscriptions of about 900 AD on the Kaveri near Seringapatam describe the summit of a hill called Chandragiri as

masks: Chandragupta Chandragupta Chandragupta Chandragupta


title: Chandragupta Maurya

texts: marked by the footprints of Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta munipati. A Shravanabelagola inscription of 1129 mentions Bhadrabahu "Shrutakevali", and Chandragupta who acquired such merit that he was worshipped by the forest deities. Another inscription of 1163 similarly couples and describes them.A third inscription of the year 1432 speaks of Yatindra Bhadrabahu, and his disciple Chandragupta, the fame of whose penance spread into other words.Along with texts, several Digambara Jain inscriptions dating from the 7th–15th century refer to Bhadrabahu and a Prabhacandra. Later Digambara tradition identified the Prabhacandra as Chandragupta, and some modern era scholars have accepted this Digambara tradition while others have not,  Several of the late Digambara inscriptions and texts in Karnataka state the journey started from Ujjain and not Patliputra (as stated in some Digambara texts). Jeffery D. Long – a scholar of Jain and Hindu studies  says in one Digambara version, it was Samprati Chandragupta who renounced, migrated and performed sallekhana in Shravanabelagola. Long states scholars attribute the disintegration of the Maurya empire to the times and actions of Samprati Chandragupta – the grandson of Ashoka and great-great-grandson of <mask> Maurya. The two Chandraguptas have been confused to be the same in some Digambara legends. Scholar of Jain studies and Sanskrit Paul Dundas says the Svetambara tradition of Jainism disputes the ancient Digambara legends. According to a fifth-century text of the Svetambara Jains,


title: Chandragupta Maurya

texts: the Digambara sect of Jainism was founded 609 years after Mahavira's death, or in first-century CE.Digambaras wrote their own versions and legends after the fifth-century, with their first expanded Digambara version of sectarian split within Jainism appearing in the tenth-century. The Svetambaras texts describe Bhadrabahu was based near Nepalese foothills of the Himalayas in third-century BCE, who neither moved nor travelled with <mask> Maurya to the south; rather, he died near Patliputra, according to the Svetambara Jains. The 12th-century Svetambara Jain legend by Hemachandra presents a different picture. The Hemachandra version includes stories about Jain monks who could become invisible to steal food from royal storage and the Jain Brahmin Chanakya using violence and cunning tactics to expand Chandragupta's kingdom and increase royal revenues. It states in verses 8.415 to 8.435, that for 15 years as king, Chandragupta was a follower of non-Jain "ascetics with the wrong view of religion" (non-Jain) and "lusted for women". Chanakya, who was a Jain follower, persuaded Chandragupta to convert to Jainism by showing that Jain ascetics avoided women and focused on their religion. The legend mentions Chanakya aiding the premature birth of Bindusara, It states in verse 8.444 that "Chandragupta died in meditation (can possibly be sallekhana.)and went to heaven". According to Hemachandra's legend, Chanakya also performed sallekhana. According to V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar – an Indologist and historian, several of the


title: Chandragupta Maurya

texts:
 Digambara legends mention Prabhacandra, who had been misidentified as <mask> Maurya particularly after the original publication on Shravanabelagola epigraphy by B. Lewis Rice. The earliest and most important inscriptions mention Prabhacandra, which Rice presumed may have been the "clerical name assumed by Chadragupta Maurya" after he renounced and moved with Bhadrabahu from Patliputra. Dikshitar stated there is no evidence to support this and Prabhacandra was an important Jain monk scholar who migrated centuries after <mask> Maurya's death. Other scholars have taken Rice's deduction of <mask> Maurya retiring and dying in Shravanabelagola as the working hypothesis, since no alternate historical information or evidence is available about <mask>'s final years and death. Legacy
A memorial to <mask> Maurya exists on Chandragiri hill in Shravanabelagola, Karnataka.The Indian Postal Service issued a commemorative postage stamp honouring <mask> Maurya in 2001. In popular culture
 Mudrarakshasa is a political drama in Sanskrit by Vishakadatta composed 600 years after the conquest of Chandragupta – probably between 300 CE and 700 CE. D. L. Roy wrote a Bengali drama named Chandragupta based on the life of Chandragupta. The story of the play is loosely borrowed from the Puranas and the Greek history. Chanakya's role in the formation of the Maurya Empire is the essence of a historical/spiritual novel The Courtesan and the Sadhu by Dr. Mysore N. Prakash. Chandragupta is a 1920 Indian silent film about the Mauryan king.

masks: Chandragupta Chandragupta Chandragupta Chandragupta Chandragupta Chandragupta


title: Chandragupta Maurya

texts:
 Chandragupta is a 1934 Indian film directed by Abdur Rashid Kardar.Chandraguptha Chanakya is an Indian Tamil-language historical drama film directed by C. K. Sachi, starring Bhavani K. Sambamurthy as Chandragupta. Samrat Chandragupta is a 1945 Indian historical film by Jayant Desai. Samrat Chandragupt is a 1958 Indian historical fiction film by Babubhai Mistry, a remake of the 1945 film. It stars Bharat Bhushan in the titular role of the emperor. The story of Chanakya and Chandragupta was made into a film in Telugu in 1977 titled Chanakya Chandragupta. The television series Chanakya is an account of the life and times of Chanakya, based on the play "Mudra Rakshasa" (The Signet Ring of "Rakshasa"). In 2011, a television series called Chandragupta Maurya was telecast on Imagine TV.In 2016, the television series Chandra Nandini was a fictionalized romance saga. In 2018, a television series called Chandragupta Maurya portrays the life of <mask> Maurya. He is a leader of the Indian civilization in the Rise and Fall expansion of the 4X video game Civilization VI. Nobunaga the Fool, a Japanese stage play and anime, features a character named Chandragupta based on the emperor. In the 2001 film, Aśoka (film), directed by Santosh Sivan, Bollywood producer Umesh Mehra played the role of <mask> Maurya. See also

List of Indian monarchs
List of Jain Empires and Dynasties
Mauryan art
Shashigupta

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links

 Maurya and Sunga Art, N R Ray

3rd-century BC Indian


title: Glenn Babb

texts:
<mask> (born 4 June 1943) is a former politician and diplomat for the former apartheid government in South Africa. More recently he has been a businessman and entrepreneur. From 1985 to 1987 he had a high-profile posting in Canada where he was his government's ambassador to Ottawa and made frequent public statements against the anti-apartheid movement and in defence of his government and in opposition to the movement for economic sanctions on and disinvestment from South Africa that the Canadian government was leading internationally. <mask> was educated at Stellenbosch University and at Oxford having been awarded the Joerg Gosteli bursary. While at Oxford, he rowed with the Lincoln College VIII and was part of the first crew to attempt to beat the Guards' record of fifteen and half hours for rowing from Oxford to London. Thereafter he joined South Africa's Department of Foreign Affairs. He also earned a law degree from the University of South Africa with a distinction in Constitutional Law.Family
<mask> was born in Johannesburg to Eric Ware <mask> and Ora Constance Loverock, and was educated at St John's College, Johannesburg, a private school for boys. At St John's he was made Head of House and won the trophy for the best Drum Major in the Witwatersrand Command band competition. His maternal great-grandfather, Charles Doering, came from a prominent Ontario family (United Empire Loyalists) which owned the Doering Stock and Dairy Farm in Chesterville, Ontario. Charles Doering with his brother Frederick became the first dentists in Johannesburg. Frederick famously gave dental treatment to the imprisoned Leander Starr Jameson and his men after the Jameson Raid. Charles sent his son, Lawrence, to St John's College as a founder pupil in the Union Grounds. Five generations of his family have attended the same school.His paternal grandfather, Horace Edwin <mask>, was once the owner of The Kraal, a house in Orchards, Johannesburg, where Gandhi took refuge. He later served on the South African Boxing Board of Control. Boxing was very much part of the family culture

Marriage
<mask>

masks:
Glenn Robin Ware Babb
Babb
Glenn Babb
Babb
Babb
Glenn Babb


title: Glenn Babb

texts:
 married Tracey Dibb on 31 May 2003; <mask> has two sons and two daughters. Early career
<mask> worked as a schoolteacher in 1964 before continuing his education at Oxford University (Lincoln College). In 1967, he joined the Department of Foreign Affairs where he produced the book "Prison Administration in South Africa" while in the legal division of the Department. In 1969 he had his first overseas posting when he was assigned to the South African embassy in Paris where he served as secretary for three years. During this time he was made Chairman of the Young Diplomats Association of Paris.He returned to Pretoria in 1972 and was Training Officer with the Department. He authored the book "Training for the Diplomatic Service". In 1975, he returned to Paris where he was the embassy's counsellor and then in 1978, he moved to the South African embassy in Rome. Here he was asked to play cricket for the first Italian international team against the Indian Globetrotters and played in two matches. In 1981, he again returned to South Africa to become head of the Africa Desk at the Department of Foreign Affairs and held that position for four years. Ambassador to Canada
<mask>'s mission as Ambassador to Canada began in 1985 while South Africa was in crisis and international pressure on Pretoria was mounting. Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney threatened to break off diplomatic relations with the country when he spoke at the United Nations.During his two-and-a-half-year posting, <mask> appeared on Canadian television more than 132 times and even more frequently on radio. He heavily lobbied politicians, journalists, intellectuals and universities in support of the Reagan Administration's policy of "constructive engagement" rather than sanctions or divestment. <mask> referred to apartheid as a relatively "benign policy" and a means of controlling "urbanization" and claimed that sanctions would harm South African blacks more than the white minority. He also said of sanctions, "Whether you shoot the zebra in the white stripe or the black stripe," he said, "you are going to kill the

masks:
Glenn Babb
Babb
Babb
Babb
Babb


title: Glenn Babb

texts: zebra." He claimed that the disruption of mineral production in South Africa was in the interests of the Soviet Union and that South Africa was the only force standing in the way of an expansion of Soviet intervention in the African continent. Many of <mask>'s appearances across Canada were met with protests. In 1985, when he was speaking at the University of Toronto's Hart House, anti-apartheid activist Lennox Farrell hurled the debating society's ceremonial mace at him.In Montreal, when entering the private Mount Stephen club to give a speech, club members and <mask> were pelted with eggs and snowballs by protesters who called him "racist scum". In 1986, <mask> appeared on the CBC Radio program Sunday Morning to debate Montreal human rights lawyer Irwin Cotler. The appearance was picketed by 50 anti-apartheid activists. He was interviewed by the famous Jack Webster in Vancouver who told him: "You're doing very well, laddie". Elizabeth Grey of CBC spent a day with him and submitted her report for the broadcasting prize of 1985. His first interview after arrival in Ottawa was on "Crossfire" which immediately launched public interest in his frank and direct approach to what he regarded as the Canadian misapprehensions about South Africa's future. Southam News' E Kaye Fulton followed his activities through Canada for a week and wrote a thought-provoking article which caught the nuances of the South African diplomacy in transition.In an article in Fortune, <mask> compared South Africa's treatment of its black population with Canada's treatment of Native peoples. "The media reaction was phenomenal, and some Indian leaders said I was on the right track," said <mask> retrospectively. Accepting an invitation by Chief Louis Stevenson, <mask> made a high-profile visit to a First Nations reserve, the Peguis Band in Manitoba, with media in tow, in order to press his point. Thereafter, delegations from the Indian representative body, the Assembly of First Nations, visited South Africa and gave credence to the view that there was indeed a comparative advantage for South African blacks.

masks: Babb Babb Babb Babb Babb Babb


title: Glenn Babb

texts:
 In 1987 he addressed the Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario on the "Strategic Value of South Africa". Return to South Africa
In 1987, <mask> was recalled to South Africa to take over as head of the Africa division and deputy director-general of the Department of Foreign Affairs. As such, he initiated, after a meeting with President Sassou Nguesso of the Republic of the Congo, the Brazzaville talks for the withdrawal of South African troops from Angola and ending the country's involvement in the South African Border War.In the 1989 general election in South Africa, he entered politics as the ruling National Party's candidate in the constituency of Randburg. He was the first ever National Party candidate to share an election platform with a black person. President F.W. de Klerk made a point of visiting his constituency during polling day. He was eventually defeated by Wynand Malan, co-leader of the liberal Democratic Party. His was the only constituency which recorded an increase in voters for the NP which lost 31 seats in Parliament in the election. He was nevertheless appointed to a seat in the South African parliament by F.W.de Klerk who, as State President, had the constitutional right to fill four seats in the House of Assembly, the whites-only chamber of the tricameral Parliament, through direct appointment. While in Parliament, he formed the Felix Trust. Founded to promote peaceful race relations in South Africa, its first Trustees were Wendy Ackerman, Aggrey Klaaste, Peter Bedborough, Danie le Roux and Thijs Nel (and later Pieter Toerien): it donated a fountain "Peace in Africa" to the University of Pretoria, built ceramic housing with an innovative heating process and nominated Thuli Madonsela, Public Protector, for the Civil Courage Prize in New York where for the second time ever the Train Trust awarded an Honorable Mention to her. Between 1991 and 1992, he participated in the Mozambican peace negotiations in Rome between RENAMO and FRELIMO under the aegis of the Rome Sant' Egidio community. His role is mentioned positively in Sant' Egidio's report on the


title: Glenn Babb

texts:
 success of the Peace Protocol. During his ambassadorship in Rome, he was nominated to be South Africa's Commissioner at the Venice Biennale in 1993 and 1995. South Africa participated for the first time in three decades again in 1993 with an impressive exhibition of several artists' work called "Incroce del Sud" which received good reviews.He was also appointed in 1991 by the Board of the Non-Catholic Cemetery in Testaccio as the administrator of the cemetery and presided over the 200th anniversary of Shelley's birth - both Shelley and Keats are buried in the cemetery. He also served as Commissioner of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission in Italy. In 1995, <mask> left government service. Later that year he became chairman of AGIP Lubricants. From 1995 to 2002 he was a trustee of the Arthur Childe Army Award Trust. In 1997 he was appointed Director of the Cape Philharmonic Orchestra. A year later, he was appointed consultant to the government of the Western Cape and he continued in that role till 2002.In the same year, he was appointed Honorary Consul General of the Republic of Turkey with jurisdiction for the Western, Northern and Eastern Cape Provinces. In 1999 he arranged Profumo d'Italia Flavour of Italy with the backing of the Italian Ambassador and the Italian-South African Chamber of Commerce and Industry at the V&A Waterfront, a wide-ranging promotion of Italian goods which included a masked ball, two nights of opera, a gondola on the harbour, stands for Maserati and Alfa Romeo, two Italian film stars, Franco Nero and Claudia Pandolfi, who opened the Italian film evenings, Italian music in the Amphitheatre and Italian cooking and cheese-making lessons. Two million people visited the event. In 2005, his firm Babrius was appointed by the Secretariat of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of Countries [ACP] aligned to the EU to write a report, "Study on the Future of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of Countries" which was published in French and English by the ACP in Brussels on 13 February 2006

<mask> was chairman of the Owl Club, from 2006 to 2007, a

masks: Babb Babb


title: Glenn Babb

texts:
 gentlemen's club, in Cape Town. In 2010 he authored the monograph "Abubakr Effendi - A young Turk in Afrikaans" relating to the work of the Islamic scholar sent in the 19th Century by the caliph to instruct the Muslims of the Cape. He has also been active with various business pursuits such as long-lasting milk [PARMALAT], oil lubricants, manufacturing, a tourism service, manufacturing wine vats and owning an office support and internet service. In January 2009 <mask> was shortlisted for the position of Chief Executive Officer of NEPAD in the African Union.In December 2012 he published an article in the African Yearbook of Rhetoric on rhetorical action in diplomacy with specific reference to the relative fortunes of Indians in Canada and indigenous peoples in South Africa. This led to an interview on CBC Radio. In July 2014 <mask> was appointed chairman of the Ethics Committee of Southern Wind Shipyard and non-executive director of the company. In September 2015 <mask> organised the international Sol d'Oro Southern Hemisphere Olive Oil competition in Cape Town which ended with a gala prize-award evening at the residence of the first Italian ambassador to South Africa, Casa Labia. It was attended by the Premier of the Western Cape, Helen Zille, and the Minister of Agriculture, Alan Winde. He was elected Chairman of the Muizenberg Historical Conservation Society in December 2016. In October 2018 he was elected Trustee of the Fish Hoek Valley Museum.Publications
<mask> has published short stories and poetry, articles on legal subjects, and numerous other reports and articles, including:
Prison Administration in South Africa. Department of Foreign Affairs, 1968. Training for the Diplomatic Service. SA Institute for International Affairs, 1975. South Africa: Where we stand. C-FAR Canadian Issue Series, 1986. Il Capo: una delle prime citta d'acqua del Nuovo Mondo.Aquapolis Quarterly, International Centre Cities on Water, 2000, Vol 3–4. The Future of the African Caribbean and Pacific Group of Countries. ACP/28/012/06 Brussels, 13 Feb 2006. Abubakr Effendi: Among the Young Turks in

masks: Babb Babb Babb Babb


title: Sean Paul

texts:
<mask> OD (born 9 January 1973) known professionally as <mask>, is a Jamaican dancehall rapper and singer, who is regarded as one of the genre's most prolific artists. <mask>'s singles "Get Busy" and "Temperature" topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States and most of his albums have been nominated for the Grammy's Best Reggae Album, with Dutty Rock winning the award. <mask> has also been featured in many other singles including chart-toppers "Baby Boy" with Beyoncé, "What About Us" by The Saturdays, "Rockabye" by Clean Bandit and "Cheap Thrills" by Sia. Early life
<mask> was born in Kingston on 9 January 1973. His mother, Frances, is a painter. His paternal great-grandfather's Sephardic Jewish family immigrated from Portugal to Jamaica in the 17th century, while his paternal grandmother was Afro-Jamaican. His mother is of English and Chinese Jamaican descent.<mask> was raised as a Catholic, though he also attended the Jewish private school Hillel Academy in Jamaica. Many members of his family are swimmers. His grandfather was on the first Jamaican men's national water polo team. His father also played water polo for the team in the 1960s, and competed in long-distance swimming, while <mask>'s mother was a butterfly swimmer. <mask> played for the national water polo team from the age of 13 to 21, when he gave up the sport in order to launch his musical career. He attended Wolmer's Boys' School and the College of Arts, Science, and Technology, now known as the University of Technology, where he was trained in commerce with an aim of pursuing an occupation in swimming. Career

1994–2000: Stage One

Former manager and producer Jeremy Harding's brother told him about a singer at a small open mic event in Kingston who sounded a lot like Super Cat, the dancehall DJ and

masks:
Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques
Sean Paul
Paul
Paul
Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques
Paul
Paul
Paul


title: Sean Paul

texts:
 toaster.Harding eventually met the singer when <mask> came by his studio to ask for some advice. During the meeting <mask> recorded a vocal over Harding's rhythm track and in the process created the song "Baby Girl". <mask> began hanging out at the studio every day, and the pair collaborated on several more tracks. When they recorded "Infiltrate" they decided they had something good enough to get on the radio. As <mask> started to attract local attention, Harding began looking after his affairs. He later told HitQuarters that his support of <mask>'s fledgling career initially led him assuming the roles of "DJ, manager, road manager and security guard." <mask> made a cameo appearance in the 1998 film Belly on stage performing.He made a successful collaboration with DMX and Mr. Vegas, "Top Shotter", to the soundtrack of the film. In 2000, <mask> released his debut album, Stage One with VP Records. 2001–2004:  Dutty Rock

In 2002, <mask> continued his work with manager/producer Jeremy Harding, and after a joint venture deal with his label VP Records and Atlantic Records, announced the release of his second album, Dutty Rock. Pushed by the success of the singles "Gimme the Light" and the Billboard Hot 100 topper, "Get Busy", the album was a worldwide success, eventually selling over six million copies. The album Dutty Rock won the Reggae Album of the year at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards in 2004. "Get Busy" was also nominated for best Rap Song in that year. Simultaneously, <mask> was heard on Beyoncé's U.S. #1 single "Baby Boy" and Blu Cantrell's "Breathe", a chart hit in Europe.Both helped to push his reputation further still in the United States. This album also helped develop the genre of dancehall pop, a musical fusion between the rhythmic styles and melodies of dancehall and pop

masks: Paul Paul Paul Paul Paul Paul Paul Paul Paul


title: Sean Paul

texts:
 music. He appeared on Punk'd, 106 & Park, <mask> Respect, Making the Video ("Get Busy", "Gimme the Light", and "Like Glue") and his music videos have been broadcast on MTV and BET. 2005–2008: The Trinity

Paul's third album The Trinity was released on 27 September 2005. The album produced five big hits, "We Be Burnin', "Ever Blazin', "Give It Up to Me", "Never Gonna Be the Same" and the U.S. chart-topping smash hit "Temperature". The video of "Give It Up to Me" (featuring Keyshia Cole) was featured in the film Step Up in 2006. He was nominated for four awards at the 2006 Billboard Music Awards, including male artist of the year, rap artist of the year, hot 100 single of the year, and pop single of the year for "Temperature".He also won an American Music Award for "Give It Up to Me" beating Kanye West and Nick Lachey who were also nominated for the award. "Send It On" from The Trinity featured on the 2005 Vauxhall Corsa advert. <mask> often contributes his songs to various Riddim Driven albums by VP Records. In March 2007, he returned to Jamaica to perform at the Cricket World Cup 2007 opening ceremony. <mask> appears in the video game Def Jam: Fight for NY as part of Snoop Dogg's crew and again in the game's sequel, Def Jam: Icon. 2009–2010: Imperial Blaze

Imperial Blaze was released on 18 August 2009. The lead single, "So Fine", which was produced by Stephen "Di Genius" McGregor, premiered on <mask>'s website on 26 April 2009.The album consists of 20 tracks including "So Fine", "Press it Up", "She Want Me", "Private Party" which are party tracks and also love songs such as "Hold My Hand" (feat Keri Hilson), "Lately", "Now That I've Got Your Love" among others. Producers on the album include Don Corleone, Jeremy Harding, and <mask>'s brother Jason 'Jigzagula' Henriques. All the songs

masks:
Sean Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul


title: Sean Paul

texts:
 of the album were added to <mask>'s Myspace page on the day of release of the album. The album spawned eight music videos: "Always On My Mind (with Da'Ville)", "Give It to You (with Eve)", "Watch Them Roll", "Back It Up" (with Leftside), "(I Wanna See You) Push It Baby" (with Pretty Ricky), "Hit 'Em" (with Fahrenheit and his brother Jason "Jigzagula" Henriques), "Come Over" with Estelle, and also the video of his first single, "So Fine". <mask> appeared in Shaggy's video, "Save A Life", which also includes appearances from Elephant Man and Da'Ville, among others. In an effort to raise money for a children's hospital, Shaggy, <mask> and others had a benefit concert. All proceeds went towards getting new equipment and technology 'For Aid to the Bustamante Hospital for Children'.During the premiere for MNET's Big Brother Africa: All-Stars on 18 July 2010, he performed his songs "Temperature", "Hold My Hand", and "So Fine". 2011–2012: Tomahawk Technique

The first single "Got 2 Luv U" features vocals from American singer Alexis Jordan. It was released on 19 July 2011 by Atlantic Records. The song was written by <mask>, Ryan Tedder and Stargate and produced by Stargate. "She Doesn't Mind" is the second single from the album. It was written by <mask>, Shellback and Benny Blanco and was produced by Shellback and Benny Blanco. It was released on 29 September 2011 on NRJ and Skyrock (French radios), and to iTunes on 31 October.Like its proceeder, "Got 2 Luv U", it topped the charts in Switzerland, but it debuted at that spot. <mask> appeared on the Never Mind the Buzzcocks episode which aired on 21 November 2011. Tomahawk Technique was released on 18 September 2012 in the U.S. The album was nominated for the best reggae album in the 55th Grammy awards. <mask> is featured in the Simple Plan song

masks: Paul Paul Paul Paul Paul Paul Paul


title: Sean Paul

texts:
 "Summer Paradise". In 2011, <mask> released his first riddim called "Blaze Fia Riddim" under Dutty Rock Productions his own label. In 2012, <mask> was asked to team up with electronic artist Congorock and production/DJ duo Stereo Massive to feature vocals on their song "Bless Di Nation".2013–2016: Full Frequency

During 2013, <mask> worked on his sixth studio album Full Frequency, which was released on 18 February 2014. The first single on the album, "Other Side of Love", was released to iTunes on 10 June 2013. The second single, "Entertainment", which features 2 Chainz and Juicy J, was released on 25 June 2013. <mask> released the official remix to "Entertainment" on 3 September 2013 with an additional feature from Nicki Minaj. "Turn It Up" was released as a single in the UK on 20 October 2013. It was to be released in Germany on 22 November 2013. "Want Dem All" was released as a single in the U.S. on 5 November 2013.The album features guest appearances from Damian Marley, Iggy Azalea, Brick & Lace, Konshens, Nicki Minaj, 2 Chainz and Juicy J. Also in 2013, <mask> was featured on the single "What About Us" by British girl group The Saturdays. The single went straight to the top of the Official UK Charts with over 100,000 sales in its first week, becoming the fastest selling single of the year at the time of release. In January 2014, <mask> was the main international artist at Fiestas Palmares 2014 in Costa Rica. Also in 2014, <mask> was featured on the official English-language version of long-running Latin American chart topper "Bailando" by Enrique Iglesias featuring Gente de Zona and Descemer Bueno. The video for the English version was shot concurrently with the video for the Spanish version in Santo Domingo. The English version reached top 10 status in the United States and

masks:
Sean Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul


title: Sean Paul

texts:
 topping the charts of several other countries.<mask> appeared on the Apocalypse Soon EP by electronic group Major Lazer, on the track "Come On to Me", which was released as the second single from the album, after "Aerosol Can", a collaboration with Pharrell Williams. He also collaborated with Nigerian recording artist Timaya on a remix of his song "Bum Bum". An accompanying video directed by Shutah Films was released online on 11 April. The album was also nominated for Best Reggae Album at the Grammy's in 2015. But, in September 2014, <mask> confirmed that he had left Atlantic Records and will become an independent artist. On 6 July 2015, <mask> released the music video for his song "Take It Low" on the album Full Frequency. 2016–present: Mad Love the Prequel
Under new management of Jules Dougall of Dougall Group & Steve "Urchin," <mask> enjoyed a commercial resurgence in his career throughout 2016 after being featured on three largely successful hit singles by Australian singer Sia, girl band Little Mix and classical crossover group Clean Bandit.On 6 February 2016, <mask> performed in the opening ceremony of Pakistan Super League. On 11 February 2016, Sia released a remix version of her song "Cheap Thrills" featuring <mask>. The song became an international hit, reaching number one in more than 15 countries, including the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Sweden. On 11 April 2016, it was confirmed that <mask> would be featured on a track by Little Mix called "Hair", from their third album Get Weird. In June 2016, he signed with Island Records. In November 2016, <mask> cited Toots and the Maytals as inspiration when it comes to his own personal career longevity by saying, "I've seen some great people in my industry, you know, people like Toots... Toots and the

masks: Paul Paul Paul Paul Paul Paul Paul Paul


title: Sean Paul

texts:
 Maytals. Toots he's a great reggae artist and he's still doing it...He's up there in years and he's doing it. Those kind of artists inspire me. I know I'm just going to keep on doing music as long as I can." In October 2016, Clean Bandit released the song "Rockabye", which features <mask> and English singer Anne-Marie. It spent nine consecutive weeks at number one of the UK Singles Chart, and gained the coveted Christmas number one. On 18 November 2016, he released "No Lie" featuring Dua Lipa, which served as the lead single from his EP Mad Love The Prequel. It was announced that he would receive the Order of Distinction, Commander class (CD) from the Jamaican government on 21 October 2019, "for contribution to the global popularity and promotion of reggae music".In August 2019, <mask> was nominated alongside Drake, DJ Snake, and Snow for the 'Favorite Crossover Artist' category of the 2019 Latin American Music Awards

In February 2020, <mask> released a track recorded with Swedish singer and songwriter Tove Lo titled "Calling on Me". In March 2021, <mask> released his 7th studio album called Live N Livin under his own label Dutty Rock Productions. <mask>, Spice and Shaggy performed "Go Down Deh" on Good Morning America on June 11, 2021. Their performance was a part of the Caesars Rewards Summer Concert Series. On 15 June 2021, <mask>, Spice and Shaggy performed “Go Down Deh” on Jimmy Kimmel Live as a part of the Mercedes Benz Concert Series. On 18 June 2021, <mask>, Spice, and Shaggy performed live, and was interviewed by Wendy on The Wendy Williams Show. In Caribbean Heritage Month 2021, Spice, Shaggy and <mask> celebrated with “Go Down Deh” on Pix 11I New York.On 1 July 2021, International Reggae Day <mask>, Spice and Shaggy were interviewed live on ITV1's Good Morning Britain.

masks:
Paul
Paul
Paul
Sean Paul
Sean Paul
Sean Paul
Sean Paul
Sean Paul
Sean Paul


title: Sean Paul

texts:
 <mask> has suggested that Jamaican musicians making use of "hardcore patois", a mixture of English with several languages spoken in Jamaica, create a language barrier that prevents them from becoming successful in the United States and the United Kingdom. Personal life
In 2012, <mask> married his long-term girlfriend Jodi Stewart, a Jamaican TV host. In August 2016, it was announced that the couple was expecting their first child. On 26 February 2017, <mask> announced the birth of his son, Levi Blaze. Their second child, Remi, was born on 20 August 2019. Discography

 Stage One (2000)
 Dutty Rock (2002)
 The Trinity (2005)
 Imperial Blaze (2009)
 Tomahawk Technique (2012)
 Full Frequency (2014)
 Live N Livin (2021)
 Scorcha (2022)

Filmography

Films

Awards and nominations

Grammy Awards

!Ref.|-
| rowspan="3"|2004
| Himself
| Best New Artist
|
| rowspan="8"|
|-
| "Get Busy"
| Best Male Rap Solo Performance
|
|-
| Dutty Rock
| rowspan="5"|Best Reggae Album
|
|-
| 2006
| The Trinity
|
|-
| 2010
| Imperial Blaze
|
|-
| 2012
| Tomahawk Technique
|
|-
| 2015
| Full Frequency
|
|-
| 2017
| "Cheap Thrills" (with Sia)
| Best Pop Duo/Group Performance
|
|-

Other awards

References

External links

1973 births
21st-century Jamaican male singers
Living people
Atlantic Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Island Records artists
Jamaican dancehall musicians
Jamaican pop singers
Jamaican male water polo players
Jamaican rappers
Jamaican reggae singers
Jamaican Roman Catholics
Jamaican swimmers
Jamaican people of African descent
Jamaican people of Chinese descent
Jamaican people of English descent
Jamaican people of Jewish descent
Jamaican people of Portuguese descent
Mad Decent artists
MTV Europe Music Award winners
Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica
Sportspeople from Kingston,

masks: Paul Paul Paul


title: Eric Avila

texts:
<mask> (born November 24, 1987) is an American professional soccer player who has played as a midfielder and defender. Early life and education
<mask> was born on November 24, 1987, in San Diego, California, to Julio and <mask>. <mask> was raised in the Carlsbad and Encinitas area and started playing soccer with an American Youth Soccer Organization team. He later played club soccer for the San Diego Crusaders and La Jolla Nomads. With the Nomads, he helped the team to the 2002 US Club Soccer national championship. He attended La Costa Canyon High School for two years and played for their boys soccer program. He was named the CIF San Diego Section's Avocado League MVP as a sophomore for the Mavericks.He finished his last two years of high school with the United States U-17 Residency Program in Bradenton, Florida. Upon his return to California, <mask> was briefly a member of Chivas USA's U-19 club. Prior to enrolling in college, <mask> was ranked as the 2nd best midfielder and 6th best prospect overall in the class of 2005 by StudentSportsSoccer.com. <mask> was recruited with a scholarship to attend the University of California, Santa Barbara by head coach Tim Vom Steeg. <mask> was the marquee signing in a class that contained future professionals Chris Pontius, Alfonso Motagalvan, and Ryan Kenny. As a freshman on the UC Santa Barbara Gauchos men's soccer team in 2005, he started 21 games while scoring three goals and assisting on five more. <mask> was named to the College Soccer News All-Freshman First Team as well as being the Big West Conference Freshman of the Year.As a sophomore, <mask> started 25 games, scoring eight goals to go along with five assists. He scored the national championship-winning goal in the 2006 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer

masks:
Eric Humberto Avila
Avila
Maria Avila
Avila
Avila
Avila
Avila
Avila
Avila
Avila


title: Eric Avila

texts:
 Championship final over the UCLA Bruins. He was named to the All-College Cup team. As a junior, <mask> appeared in 20 games, starting 18 of them. He scored four more goals and added eight assists. He left UCSB to pursue a professional career at the conclusion of the season and finished his Gaucho career with 66 games played, 15 goals, and 18 assists. During his college years, <mask> also played in the USL Premier Development League for the San Fernando Valley Quakes and Ventura County Fusion.Club career

FC Dallas
Avila decided to forgo his senior season as professional clubs started to show interest. <mask> decided to sign a Generation Adidas contract and he was subsequently drafted in the 2nd Round (19th Overall) by FC Dallas in the 2008 MLS SuperDraft. <mask> made his MLS debut for FC Dallas as an 85th-minute substitute against the Houston Dynamo in a 1–1 tie on June 26, 2008. He earned his first MLS career assist on a header by Abe Thompson during stoppage time helping FC Dallas to a 1–1 tie against the Kansas City Wizards on July 4, 2008. and scored his first senior goal on June 20, 2009, in a game against Columbus Crew. During the 2010 MLS Cup Playoffs, he scored the winning goal in the 88th minute to give Dallas a win over Real Salt Lake in the first leg of the Western Conference semifinals, helping the Red Stripes win the series, 3–2, on aggregate as Dallas made its first-ever MLS Cup appearance. In December 2008, <mask> traveled to England with fellow FC Dallas teammates Bruno Guarda, Josh Lambo, and Anthony Wallace along with other Generation Adidas players for friendlies against the reserve squads of Chelsea, Reading, and Aston Villa. He graduated from the MLS Generation Adidas program at the end of the 2010 season.In July 2011 it was announced

masks: Avila Avila Avila Avila Avila


title: Eric Avila

texts:
 that <mask> had been transferred on a loan to F.C. Atlas for 6 months, but the loan deal fell through. Toronto FC
On August 2, 2011, FC Dallas traded <mask> to Toronto FC for Maicon Santos and an international roster spot (through the remainder of the 2011 season). Four days later <mask> made his debut for the team against D.C. United in a 3–3 away draw. <mask> scored his first goal for Toronto on August 27 in a 1–1 home draw against San Jose Earthquakes. <mask> scored his first goal of the 2012 season against Real Salt Lake April 28 in a 3–2 away defeat. Chivas USA
When <mask>'s contract expired at the end of the 2012 season he elected to participate in the 2012 MLS Re-Entry Draft.On December 14, 2012, <mask> was selected by Colorado Rapids in stage two of the draft. About a month later, <mask> was traded to Chivas USA for Nick LaBrocca. <mask> went on trial with C.D. Guadalajara of the Liga MX on two occasions but the club never signed him. There was also speculation that Santos Laguna were going to sign him but the negotiations seemed to stop. Orlando City
<mask> joined Orlando on a loan from Santos Laguna. He scored his first goal May 17, 2015 against LA Galaxy in which Orlando City SC won 4–0.<mask> made 21 appearances for Orlando in 2015, totaling 1,325 minutes of play. Tampa Bay Rowdies
On February 26, 2016, <mask> joined the Tampa Bay Rowdies on a one-year contract with a club option for 2017. Phoenix Rising
<mask> signed with Phoenix Rising FC on April 28, 2017. ASC San Diego
For the 2018 season he was on the roster at NPSL team ASC San Diego. International career
<mask> entered the US U17 Residency Program in Bradenton, Florida in the fall of 2003. He made his first appearance with US U-17's at the age of 15 against England. He went on to earn 9

masks: Avila Avila Avila Avila Avila Avila Avila Avila Avila Avila Avila Avila Avila Avila


title: Jack Heslop-Harrison

texts:
John Heslop-Harrison FRS FAAAS (10 February 1920 – 8 May 1998) was a British soldier and botanist. Early life and education
He was born in Middlesbrough to John William Heslop-Harrison and his wife Christian Henderson, the last of three children. His older brother was George Heslop-Harrison. Soon after John's birth, his father, at the time a teacher at Middlesbrough High School, accepted a position at the University of Durham as a lecturer in zoology, and the family moved to Birtley, his fathers place of birth. For seven years the family lived in a small wooden cabin formerly used to house World War I refugees until <mask>'s father, upon his promotion to Professor of Botany, felt rich enough to buy his own house. When he was four he attended the Elizabethville Infant School, later moving to the Elizabethville Elementary School until he was 11, when he was accepted into the Chester-le-Street Secondary School. He completed the Higher School Certificate Examinations in 1938, scoring highly in chemistry and physics but not highly enough in mathematics to win the State Scholarship he required to go to the universities of Oxford or Cambridge.He took the King's College Scholarship Examination as well, not doing well enough in chemistry to get in. After returning from a holiday in Rùm he found that one of the boys above him had dropped out, and he was now applicable for a scholarship of £60 a year to attend King's College, Newcastle, which he did in October 1938 to study chemistry, zoology and botany. University life
At university he was taught by Meirion Thomas and Kathleen B Blackburn, who had been a collaborator with his father. He also met


title: Abraham Kaufman

texts:
Dr. <mask> (Абрам Иосифович Кауфман,  b. November 22, 1885 – d. March 25, 1971) was a Russian-born medical doctor, community organizer and Zionist who helped protect some tens of thousands of Jews seeking safe-haven in East Asia from Nazi atrocities during World War II. As a consequence of his contacts with Japanese authorities during World War II and the Second Sino-Japanese War, he was kidnapped, arrested and imprisoned by Soviet authorities immediately after the war, and was interned in a Soviet Gulag penal labor camp from 1945 to 1956. Israeli authorities subsequently worked to expedite his immigration to Israel, where he was able to resume his medical practice. Early life

<mask> was born to <mask> in 1885 in Megilne (Мглине), a tiny Jewish village near Chernigov (ex-Chernihovsky Region –– бывшей Черниговской губернии) in Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire). He was a great grandson of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, who founded the Chabad movement. <mask> graduated from a traditional Gymnasium Institute (secondary school) in Perm, Russia, in 1903, where he became interested in Zionism. He then studied medicine from 1904 at the University of Bern, Switzerland, graduating and returning to Russia in 1908 or 1909.<mask> became an ardent Zionist, and while working in Perm after completing his medical degree he devoted all his spare time to supporting the movement, working under Dr. E. V. Chlenov (Е.В.Членов) in the Moscow region. He toured a number of cities lecturing on Zionism, and supervised the Hovevei Zion (хавевей-цион) organization, which was headed by his father Yosef. Move to China

<mask> emigrated to Harbin, China in 1912, and quickly became the community shtadlan

masks:
Abraham Josevich Kaufman
Abraham Kaufman
Yosef Zalmonovich Kaufman
Kaufman
Kaufman
Kaufman


title: Abraham Kaufman

texts:
 (organizer), active in many Jewish organizations. In 1914 he helped organize the EKOPO society (Jewish Committee for the Help of War Victims) to assist some 200,000 World War I refugees with shelter, food and medical care. In 1919 he became a Zionist leader in the Harbin Jewish community, and of Manchuria (called Manchukuo when it was occupied by Imperial Japan) more widely, in the 1930s. He became an integral part of the cultural organizations of Harbin Jewry. Between 1919 and 1945 he was variously:
 medical director of the Jewish hospital of Harbin
 chairman of the Harbin's Jewish community
 chairman of the Jewish National Fund and Keren Hayesod Zionist fundraising organizations
 board member of the World Zionist Organization and the Jewish Agency
 chairman of the Jewish Zionist organization of China
 president of the Hebrew Association of Harbin
 chief editor of the Evreiskaya Zhizn ("Jewish Life" – Еврейская жизнь) weekly Jewish magazine in Russian (1921–1943)
 chairman of the National Council of the Jews of Eastern Asia (Far East) in 1937

He was also the head of the Far Eastern Jewish Council (FEJ – Национального Совета) which he helped found, and also the Vaad Haleumi (Ваад-Галеуми), both founded in 1937 with the encouragement of Japanese officials such as Norihiro Yasue.Activities during the Holocaust

Befriended by Imperial Japanese Army Colonel Yasue and General Kiichirō Higuchi, the engineers of the later-named "Fugu Plan", <mask> organized three large conferences of the Far Eastern Jewish Council, which brought together Jews from across East Asia, and successfully appealed for his organization to be accepted under the umbrella of the World Jewish Congress. Through these


title: Abraham Kaufman

texts: conferences, he worked to encourage Jews from other parts of the region, and the world, to think of Manchukuo as a safe-haven for Jews, reassuring them, as his Japanese friends had assured him, that the Japanese were not anti-Semitic, nor inclined to be racially discriminatory against Jews. In May 1939, <mask> was invited on an official visit to Tokyo, where he visited many of the ministries of the Japanese government, met with a number of officials, and became one of the few foreigners to be honored with an imperial award. He used this opportunity to express to the government officials with whom he met the desires, needs and attitudes of the Jews of Manchukuo, and was reassured of the non-discriminatory attitude of the Japanese government. He formally thanked Prime Minister Nobuyuki Abe for the prejudice-free protection offered Jews in East Asia by the Japanese authorities, and suggested that the global Jewish community would be grateful should Japan create a safe haven in East Asia, and that in return the Jewish communities of East Asia would support Imperial Japan's vision for a new order in East Asia. By 1942, a great number of Jews had sought refuge in Japan from Eastern Europe, settling in Kobe before being moved to the Shanghai Ghetto in China. As early as 1941, the local Gestapo chief Josef Meisinger (The Butcher of Warsaw) visited the ghetto, and proposed plans to exterminate its Jewish population.<mask>, through his influence and contacts in the Japanese government, prevailed upon Tokyo to prevent Meisinger's plans being carried out. Ultimately, <mask> succeeded and Meisinger's schemes were rejected by Tokyo, but not before the doctor along with seven other Jewish community

masks: Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman


title: Abraham Kaufman

texts:
 leaders were arrested, imprisoned, and maltreated by the Kempeitai (Japanese military police) as traitors for accusing Japan of plotting genocide. All but one of the community leaders were released days or weeks after their arrests. Following his release, <mask> returned to Harbin, and to his activities with the Far Eastern Jewish Council, which included raising substantial donations to the severely impoverished Jewish community in Shanghai. Post–war arrest by the Soviets

In 1945, just days before the end of World War II, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and invaded Manchuria, overrunning Harbin. To celebrate the end of the war a short time later on August 21, the Soviets held a formal reception to which they invited the many minority leaders of the city, including Dr. <mask>. The Soviets then kidnapped him along with two of his colleagues, Anatoly Grigorievich Orlovsky (Анатолий Григорьевич Орловский), and Moses Gdalievich Zimin (Моисей Гдальевич Зимин)).They were subsequently arrested by the Soviet Red Army on charges of collaboration with foreign forces. <mask>'s former college roommate had been another notable Zionist, Chaim Weizmann, and a passport to Palestine was immediately issued for the doctor, but the Soviets refused to release him. The Jewish community organizers were taken to the Soviet Union, where <mask> was imprisoned in a Gulag labor camp for 11 years. Zimin would die during his imprisonment in the Soviet penal labor camp that he was interned in. Emigration to Israel

After <mask>'s release from the Gulag system in 1956, he moved to Karaganda, Kazakhstan, and on March 25, 1961, emigrated to Israel. He was joined by his son Theodore (Teddy) <mask>, who would later

masks: Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman


title: Abraham Kaufman

texts:
 hold a high position in the Israeli government. Dr. <mask> spent the remainder of his life practicing medicine, specializing in pediatrics under the Histadrut in Israel, and was buried there after he died in Tel Aviv in 1971.Family

<mask>'s wife also matriculated in medicine at the University of Bern. <mask>’s son Theodore became president of Association of Former Jewish Residents of China, and also the Israel-China Friendship Society. He and Heilongjiang Academy of Social Sciences Professor Qu Wei co-wrote “The Homesick Feeling of the Harbin Jews”. Theodore’s wife, Rasha Segerman, studied at the Shanghai Jewish School in her youth. See also

 East Asian Jews
 Hakkō ichiu
 History of the Jews in Japan
 History of the Jews in Kobe
 Jewish settlement in the Japanese Empire
 Shanghai Ghetto, organized by the Japanese Government during World War II

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Ben-Canaan, Dan. Nostalgia vs. Historical Reality, Heilongjiang University, School of Western Studies, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P.R.C., 2007.<mask>, <mask>, translation: Tzur, Benny. Camp Doctor: 16 Years in the Soviet Union, JewsOfChina.org website. Tokayer, Marvin & Swartz, Mary. "The Fugu Plan: The Untold Story of the Japanese and the Jews During World War Two", Weatherhill Inc., New York, 1979. Eber, Irene. Chinese and Jews: Encounters Between Cultures, Vallentine Mitchell, 2008, pg.14, , . 1885 births
1971 deaths
Ukrainian Jews
Chinese Jews
Jewish Chinese history
Jewish Japanese history
People of Manchukuo
Chinese Zionists
People who rescued Jews during the Holocaust
Ukrainian emigrants to Israel
Israeli Jews
Israeli people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to

masks: Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman Abraham