title: Hamid Karzai

texts: and helped to drive Najibullah's regime from the city. <mask> also helped negotiate the defection of five hundred of Najibullah's soldiers. When Najibullah's pro-Soviet government collapsed in 1992, the Peshawar Accords agreed upon by the Afghan political parties established the Islamic State of Afghanistan and appointed an interim government to be followed by general elections. <mask> accompanied the first mujahideen leaders into Kabul after President Najibullah stepped down in 1992.He served as Deputy Foreign Minister in the government of Burhanuddin Rabbani. Karzai was arrested, however, by Mohammad Fahim (who would later become <mask>'s Vice President) on charges of spying for Gulbuddin Hekmatyar in what <mask> claimed was an effort to negotiate between Hekmatyar's forces and Rabbani's government. Karzai fled from Kabul in a vehicle provided by Hekmatyar and driven by Gul Rahman. When the Taliban emerged in the mid-1990s, Karzai initially recognized them as the legitimate government because he thought that they would stop the violence and corruption in the country. He was requested by the Taliban to serve as their ambassador, but refused, telling friends that he felt Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) was wrongly using them. <mask> then wanted to represent the Taliban government for the UN, but the Taliban leader did not trust Karzai due to him having many links with westerners. <mask> lived in the Pakistani city of Quetta among many other Afghan refugees, where he worked to reinstate former Afghan king Zahir Shah, meeting the king in Italy several times.He also visited the western embassies including the U.S. embassy in Islamabad several times, talking with UN diplomat Norbert

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 Holl, and attempted to gain American support for "modern, educated Afghans" to weaken the Taliban's views. <mask>'s father was reportedly annoyed with him for not making clear-cut choices and wanting to be friends with everyone. In July 1999, <mask>'s father, Abdul Ahad <mask>, was shot dead early in the morning while returning home from a mosque in Quetta. Reports suggest that the Taliban carried out the assassination. Following this incident, <mask> took over as khan of the tribe and decided to work closely with the anti-Taliban Northern Alliance, which was led by Ahmad Shah Massoud. In 2000 and 2001, he travelled to Europe and the United States to help gather support for the anti-Taliban movement. "Massoud and Karzai warned the United States that the Taliban were connected with al Qaeda and that there was a plot for an imminent attack on the United States, but their warnings went unheeded.On September 9, 2001, two days before the September 11 attacks in the US, Massoud was assassinated by al Qaeda agents in a suicide bombing." As the U.S. Armed Forces were preparing for a confrontation with the Taliban in September 2001, <mask> began urging NATO states to purge his country of al-Qaeda. He said in a BBC interview, "These Arabs, together with their foreign supporters and the Taliban, destroyed miles and miles of homes and orchards and vineyards... They have killed Afghans. They have trained their guns on Afghan lives... We want them out." President and chairman of a transitional administration

<mask> had been a US CIA contact, and was well regarded by the CIA. After the 7 October 2001 launch of Operation Enduring Freedom, the United Front (Northern Alliance) worked with teams of U.S. special


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 forces and together they overthrew the Taliban regime and mustered support for a new government in Afghanistan.<mask> and his group were in Quetta, where they began a covert operation. Later, many would claim that at this moment the US decided that <mask> should be the next leader of Afghanistan. Before entering Afghanistan, he warned his fighters:

<mask> gather several hundred fighters from his tribe, but were attacked by the Taliban. <mask> barely survived, and used his contacts with the CIA to call for an airlift. On 4 November 2001, American special operation forces flew Karzai out of Afghanistan for protection. On 5 December 2001, <mask> <mask> and his group of fighters survived a friendly fire missile attack by U.S. Air Force pilots in southern Afghanistan. The group suffered injuries and was treated in the United States; <mask> received injuries to his facial nerves, as can sometimes be noticed during his speeches.In December 2001, political leaders gathered in Germany to agree on new leadership structures. Under 5 December Bonn Agreement, they formed an Interim Administration and named Karzai Chairman of a 29-member governing committee. He was sworn in as the leader on 22 December. The loya jirga of 13 June 2002 appointed <mask> as Interim President of the new position as President of the Afghan Transitional Administration. Former members of the Northern Alliance remained extremely influential, most notably Vice President Mohammed Fahim, who also served as the Defense Minister. Karzai re-enacted the original coronation of Ahmad Shah Durrani at the shrine of Sher-i-Surkh outside Kandahar, where he had leaders of various Afghan tribes, including a descendant of the religious leader (Sabir

masks: Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Hamid Karzai Karzai Karzai


title: Hamid Karzai

texts: Shah) who originally selected Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747, as key players in this event. Further evidence that <mask> views himself fulfilling a Durrani monarch's role arises from statements furnished by close allies within his government.His late brother, Ahmed Wali <mask>, made statements to a similar effect. As part of his efforts to unite Afghanistan's ethnicities, <mask> favored an Afghan dress that combines traditional design features from the various ethnics – Pashtun-style long shirt and loose trousers, an outer robe popular among the Tajiks and Uzbeks, and most distinctively a karakul hat worn by highlanders from the valley of Panjshir. In 2002 designer Tom Ford, who worked at the time for Gucci, was quoted calling Karzai "the most chic man in the world". After <mask> was installed into power, his actual authority outside the capital city of Kabul was said to be so limited that he was often derided as the "Mayor of Kabul". The situation was particularly delicate since <mask> and his administration have not been equipped either financially or politically to influence reforms outside of the region around Kabul. Other areas, particularly the more remote ones, have historically been under the influence of various local leaders. <mask> has been, to varying degrees of success, attempting to negotiate and form amicable alliances with them for the benefit of Afghanistan as a whole, instead of aggressively fighting them and risking an uprising.In 2004, he rejected an international proposal to end poppy production in Afghanistan through aerial spraying of chemical herbicides, fearing that it would harm the economic situation of his countrymen. Moreover, <mask>'s younger brother, Ahmed Wali <mask> –

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 who partially helped finance <mask>'s presidential campaign – was rumored to be involved in narcotic deals. James Risen of The New York Times and others stated that Ahmed Wali <mask> may have been involved in the Afghan opium and heroin trade. This was denied by <mask>, who called the charges political propaganda and stated he was a "victim of vicious politics." 2004 Afghan presidential election

When <mask> was a candidate in the October 2004 presidential election, he won 21 of the 34 provinces, defeating his 22 opponents and becoming the first democratically elected leader of Afghanistan. Although his campaigning was limited due to fears of violence, elections passed without significant incident. Following an investigation by the United Nations of alleged voting irregularities, the national election commission in early November declared <mask> winner, without a runoff, with 55.4% of the vote.This represented 4.3 million of the total 8.1 million votes cast. The election took place safely in spite of a surge of insurgent activity. <mask> was sworn in as President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on 7 December 2004, at a formal ceremony in Kabul. Many interpreted the ceremony as a symbolically important "new start" for the war-torn nation. Notable guests at the inauguration included the country's former King, Zahir Shah, three former U.S. presidents, and U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney. Presidency

First term (2004–2009)
After winning a democratic mandate in the 2004 election, it was thought that <mask> would pursue a more aggressively reformist path in 2005. However, <mask> has proved to be more cautious than was expected.After his new administration took over in 2004, the economy of


title: Hamid Karzai

texts: Afghanistan began growing rapidly for the first time in many years. Government revenue began increasing every year, although it is still heavily dependent on foreign aid. During the first term in Karzai's presidency, public discontent grew about corruption and the civilian casualties in the 2001–14. In May 2006, an anti-American and anti-Karzai riot took place in Kabul which left at least seven people dead and 40 injured. In May 2007, after as many as 51 Afghan civilians were killed in a bombing, Karzai asserted that his government "can no longer accept" casualties caused by U.S. and NATO operations. In September 2006, <mask> told the United Nations General Assembly that Afghanistan has become the "worst victim" of terrorism. Karzai said terrorism is rebounding in his country, with militants infiltrating the borders to wage attacks on civilians.He stated, "This does not have its seeds alone in Afghanistan. Military action in the country will, therefore, not deliver the shared goal of eliminating terrorism." He demanded assistance from the international community to destroy terrorist sanctuaries inside and outside Afghanistan. "You have to look beyond Afghanistan to the sources of terrorism," he told the UN General Assembly, and "destroy terrorist sanctuaries beyond" the country, dismantle the elaborate networks in the region that recruit, indoctrinate, train, finance, arm, and deploy terrorists. These activities are also robbing thousands of Afghan children of their right to education, and prevent health workers from doing their jobs in Afghanistan. In addition, he promised to eliminate opium-poppy cultivation in his country, which is possibly helping fuel the ongoing Taliban insurgency. He has


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 repeatedly demanded that NATO forces take more care to avoid civilian casualties when conducting military operations in residential areas.In a September 2006 video broadcast, <mask> stated that if the money wasted on the Iraq War had been actually spent on rebuilding Afghanistan, his country would "be in heaven in less than one year". 2009 re-election and second term

On the eve of 20 August presidential election, <mask> seemed at once deeply unpopular but also likely to win the majority of the votes. He was blamed by many for the failures that plagued the reconstruction of Afghanistan after the toppling of the Taliban government in 2001, from the widespread corruption and the resurgence of the (neo-)Taliban to the explosion of the poppy trade. His unpopularity and the likelihood of his victory formed an atmosphere with a kind of national demoralization, which could discourage many Afghans from voting and dash hopes for substantial progress after the election. In this second presidential election, <mask> was announced to have received over 50% of the votes. The election was tainted by lack of security, low voter turnout and widespread ballot stuffing, intimidation, and other electoral fraud. Two months later Karzai accepted calls for a second round run-off vote, which was scheduled for 7 November 2009.On 2 November 2009, <mask>'s run-off opponent, Abdullah Abdullah, withdrew from the race and election officials announced the cancellation of the run-off race. <mask>, the only remaining contender, was declared the winner a short time later. <mask> presented his first list of 24 cabinet nominees to the Afghan parliament on 19 December 2009; however, on 2 January 2010, the parliament rejected 17 of


title: Hamid Karzai

texts: these. According to the parliament, most of the nominees were rejected due to having been picked for reasons other than their competency. A member of parliament said that they had been picked largely based on "ethnicity or bribery or money." On 16 January 2010, the Afghan parliament rejected 10 of the <mask>'s 17 replacement picks for the cabinet. MPs complained that <mask>'s new choices were either not qualified for their posts or had close connections to Afghan warlords.Despite the second setback, by mid-January <mask> had 14 out of the 24 ministers confirmed, including the most powerful posts at foreign, defense and interior ministries. Shortly afterward, the parliament began its winter recess, lasting until 20 February, without waiting for <mask> to select additional names for his cabinet. The move not only extended the political uncertainty in the government but also dealt <mask> the embarrassment of appearing at the London Conference on Afghanistan with nearly half of his cabinet devoid of leaders. Since late 2001 <mask> has been trying for peace in his country, going as far as pardoning militants that lay down weapons and join the rebuilding process. However, his offers were not accepted by the militant groups. In April 2007, <mask> acknowledged that he spoke to some militants about trying to bring peace in Afghanistan. He noted that the Afghan militants are always welcome in the country, although foreign insurgents are not.In September 2007, <mask> again offered talks with militant fighters after a security scare forced him to end a commemoration speech. <mask> left the event and was taken back to his palace, where he was due to meet visiting Latvian President Valdis Zatlers. After the

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 meeting, the pair held a joint news conference, at which <mask> called for talks with his Taliban foes. "We don't have any formal negotiations with the Taliban. They don't have an address. Who do we talk to?" <mask> told reporters.He further stated: "If I can have a place where to send somebody to talk to, an authority that publicly says it is the Taliban authority, I will do it." In December 2009 Karzai announced to move ahead with a Loya Jirga (large assembly) to discuss the Taliban insurgency in which the Taliban representatives would be invited to take part in this Jirga. In January 2010, Karzai set the framework for dialogue with Taliban leaders when he called on the group's leadership to take part in the jirga to initiate peace talks. A Taliban spokesman declined to talk in detail about Karzai's offer and only said the militants would make a decision soon. In April 2010, Karzai urged Taliban insurgents to lay down their arms and air their grievances while visiting a violent northern province, adding that foreign forces would not leave the country as long as fighting continued. In July 2010, Karzai approved a plan intended to win over Taliban foot soldiers and low-level commanders. In mid-August 2013, Attorney General Mohammad Ishaq Aloko was said to have been fired after meeting with Taliban officials in the U.A.E.after being told not to meet with them. However, unnamed senior cabinet officials tried to persuade Karzai to not fire him, while an official in Aloko's office denied the dismissal saying instead that he was at the Presidential Palace "celebrating Independence Day." Foreign relations

<mask>'s relations with NATO countries was strong, especially with the United States, due to the

masks: Karzai Karzai Karzai


title: Hamid Karzai

texts: fact that it was the leading nation helping to rebuild war-torn Afghanistan. Karzai enjoyed a very friendly and strong strategic partnership with the United States, despite various disagreements. The U.S. had supported him since late 2001 to lead his nation. He has made many important diplomatic trips to the United States and other NATO countries. In August 2007, <mask> was invited to Camp David in Maryland, USA, for a special meeting with U.S. President George W. Bush.The United States has set up a special envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan, which is headed by Marc Grossman. His task is to serve as a mediator and solve issues between the three nations. However, in later years the relations between U.S. and Karzai had become strained, particularly Karzai had been very critical of U.S. military because of their high-level of civilian casualties. In 2019 he described a "major fight" he had with American military officials back in 2007, when Karzai repeatedly told them: "If you want to fight terrorism and bad people, I won’t stop you, but please leave the Afghan people alone". In a retrospective interview, Karzai claimed he felt that he was being used as a tool by the United States. Further strain in relations with the United States resulted in 2014, when Afghanistan, joined Cuba, Nicaragua, North Korea, Syria, and Venezuela as the only countries to recognize the Russian annexation of Crimea. The United States, European countries, and most other nations wholeheartedly condemned the Russian takeover, as well as the validity of the subsequent Crimean Referendum on its annexation to Russia.Citing "the free will of the Crimean people," the office of President <mask> <mask> said, "We respect the decision

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texts: the people of Crimea took through a recent referendum that considers Crimea as part of the Russian Federation." Karzai's relations with neighboring Pakistan were good, especially with the Awami National Party (ANP) and Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). He often describes his nation and Pakistan as "inseparable twin brothers", a reference to the disputed Durand Line border between the two states, despite the many border skirmishes that occurred during his presidency. In December 2007, <mask> and his delegates traveled to Islamabad, Pakistan, for a usual meeting with Pervez Musharraf on trade ties and intelligence sharing between the two Islamic states. Karzai also met and had a 45-minute talk with Benazir Bhutto on the morning of 27 December, hours before her trip to Liaquat National Bagh, where she was assassinated after her speech. After Bhutto's death, Karzai called her his sister and a brave woman who had a clear vision "for her own country, for Afghanistan, and for the region – a vision of democracy, prosperity, and peace." In September 2008, Karzai was invited on a special visit to witness the swearing-in ceremony of Asif Ali Zardari, who became the President of Pakistan.Relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan have improved after the PPP party took over in 2008. The two nations often make contacts with one another concerning the war on terrorism and trade. Pakistan even allowed NATO forces stationed in Afghanistan to launch attacks on militant groups in Pakistan. This was something strongly opposed by the previous government of Pakistan. The two states finally signed into law long-awaited Afghanistan–Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement in 2011, intended to improve trade. <mask> acknowledges

masks: Karzai Karzai


title: Hamid Karzai

texts: Pakistan's meddling in Afghanistan's wars, but said in a 2015 interview that Afghanistan wants a "friendly relationship but not to be under Pakistan's thumb." <mask> believed that Iran is a friend although the U.S. often claims that neighboring Iran is meddling in Afghanistan's affairs.In 2007, <mask> said that Iran, so far, had been a helper in the reconstruction process. He acknowledged in 2010 that the Government of Iran had been providing millions of dollars directly to his office. In October 2007, <mask> again rejected Western accusations against Iran, stating, "We have resisted the negative propaganda launched by foreign states against the Islamic Republic, and we stress that aliens' propaganda should not leave a negative impact on the consolidated ties between the two great nations of Iran and Afghanistan." <mask> added, "The two Iranian and Afghan nations are close to each other due to their bonds and commonalities, they belong to the same house, and they will live alongside each other for good." Some international criticism has centered around the government of <mask> in early 2009 for failing to secure the country from Taliban attacks, systemic governmental corruption, and widespread claims of electoral fraud in the 2009 Afghan presidential election. <mask> staunchly defended the election balloting, stating that some statements criticizing the balloting and vote count were "totally fabricated." He told the media that, "There were instances of fraud, no doubt...There were irregularities... But the election as a whole was good and free and democratic." He further went on to say that, "Afghanistan has its separate problems and we have to handle them as Afghanistan finds it feasible... This


title: Hamid Karzai

texts: country was completely destroyed... Today, we are talking about fighting corruption in Afghanistan, improved legal standards... You see the glass half empty or half full. I see it as half full. Others see it as half empty." A 2019 Washington Post report described Karzai as ruling a "corrupt" government that was tolerated by the United States.In June 2010, <mask> travelled to Japan for a five-day visit where the two nations discussed a new aid provided by the hosting nation and the untapped mineral resources recently announced. <mask> invited Japanese companies such as Mitsubishi and others to invest in Afghan mining projects. He told Japanese officials that Japan would be given priority in the bid to explore its resources. He stated, "morally, Afghanistan should give access as a priority to those countries that have helped Afghanistan massively in the past few years." While in Japan, <mask> also made his first visit to Hiroshima to pray for the atomic bomb victims. Japan has provided billions of dollars in aid to Afghanistan since the beginning of 2002. On 16 July 2014, President <mask> held a special cabinet meeting where he condemned the Israeli attacks on Gaza and the killings of civilians while pledging $500,000 USD in aid to Gaza.Relations between <mask> and India have always been friendly; he attended university there. Afghanistan–India relations began getting stronger in 2011, especially after the death of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan. In October 2011, <mask> signed a strategic partnership agreement with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. During his speech at the RK Mishra Memorial in New Delhi, <mask> told the audience that "The signing of the strategic partnership with India is not

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 directed against any country. It is not directed against any other entity. This is for Afghanistan to benefit from the strength of India." Assassination attempts

Many people have plotted to assassinate Karzai in the last decade, especially the Taliban's Quetta Shura and the Taliban-allied Haqqani network which allegedly receives support and guidance from Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) spy network.As recent as October 2011, while <mask> was visiting India to sign an important strategic partnership agreement with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Afghan agents of the National Directorate of Security (NDS) arrested 6 people in Kabul for planning to assassinate <mask>. Among those involved in the assassination plot were four Kabul University students and one of its professors, Dr. Aimal Habib, as well as Mohibullah Ahmadi who was one of the guards outside the Presidential Palace in Kabul. The alleged group of assassins were associates of al Qaida and the Haqqani network, and were paid $150,000 by Pakistani-based Islamic terrorists. A U.S. official said that "Our understanding is that the threat against President <mask> was real, was credible, but it was only in the early stages of planning." The following is a list of other failed assassination attempts:
 5 September 2002: An assassination attempt was made on Karzai in the city of Kandahar. A gunman wearing the uniform of the new Afghan National Army opened fire, wounding Gul Agha Sherzai (former governor of Kandahar) and an American Special Operations officer. The gunman, one of the President's bodyguards, and a bystander who knocked down the gunman were killed when <mask>'s American bodyguards returned fire.Some pictures of the

masks: Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai


title: Hamid Karzai

texts: United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group (DEVGRU) responding to the attempt have surfaced. 16 September 2004: An attempted assassination on <mask> took place when a rocket missed the helicopter he was flying in while en route to the city of Gardez in eastern Afghanistan. 10 June 2007: Taliban insurgents attempted to assassinate <mask> in Ghazni where he was giving a speech to elders. Insurgents fired approximately 12 rockets, some of which landed  away from the crowd. <mask> was not hurt in the incident and was transported away from the location after finishing his speech. 27 April 2008: Insurgents, reportedly from the Haqqani network, used automatic weapons and rocket-propelled grenades to attack a military parade that <mask> was attending in Kabul. <mask> was safe, but at least three people were killed, including a parliamentarian, a ten-year-old girl and a minority leader, and ten injured.Others attending the event included government ministers, former warlords, diplomats and the military top brass, all of whom had gathered to mark the 16th anniversary of the fall of the Afghan communist government to the mujahideen. Responding to the attack during the ceremony, the UN said the attackers "have shown their utter disrespect for the history and people of Afghanistan." Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid claimed responsibility for the attack, stating, "We fired rockets at the scene of the celebration." He went on to say there were 6 Taliban at the scene and that 3 were killed. "Our aim was not to directly hit someone," Mujahed said when asked if the intention was to kill Karzai. "We just wanted to show to the world that we can attack anywhere we want to". The ability of the attackers

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 to get so close to Karzai suggested they had inside help.Defense minister Wardak confirmed that a police captain was connected with the group behind the assassination attempt and that an army officer supplied the weapons and ammunition used in the attack. Warlord insurgent Gulbuddin Hekmatyar also reportedly claimed responsibility. Relations with the Taliban
In a 2013 interview with Al Jazeera <mask> <mask> called the Taliban his 'brothers'. He claimed that the Afghan government and Afghan people did not want to eliminate the Taliban, but rather reintegrate the Taliban into society. It was not the first time he called the Taliban his brothers. Previously he called them brothers during his victory speech in 2009, a day after he was declared president. Attack on Taliban training camp
On 14 September 2015, provincial police chief Gen. Daud Ahmadi claimed that <mask> <mask> had stopped an attack on a Taliban training camp in Logar province of Afghanistan.The camp was used as a launching pad and a military operation was being planned to deal with the camp. However, Karzai stopped them from attacking the camp. Ahmadi further claimed there were around 200 militants who were being trained at the camp at that time. Post-presidency
After the 2017 Nangarhar airstrike, Karzai condemned his successor, President Ashraf Ghani, labeling him a traitor. Following the fall of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan to the Taliban on 17 August 2021, the leader of the Taliban-affiliated Hezb-e-Islami party Gulbuddin Hekmatyar met with <mask> and Abdullah Abdullah, Chairman of the High Council for National Reconciliation and former Chief Executive, in Doha, seeking to form an interim government with the Taliban. Personal

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 life and tribal lineage

In 1999, <mask> <mask> married Zeenat Quraishi, a gynaecologist by profession who was working as a doctor with Afghan refugees living in Pakistan. They have a son, Mirwais, who was born in January 2007, a daughter, Malalai, born in 2012 and another daughter, Howsi, born in March 2014 in Gurgaon, India.He became a father once again at the age of 58 when another daughter was born in September 2016 in Apollo Hospital, New Delhi. According to a declaration of his assets by an anti-graft body, Karzai earns $525 monthly and has less than $20,000 in bank accounts. Karzai does not own any land or property. <mask> has six brothers, including Mahmood <mask> and Qayum <mask>, as well as Ahmed Wali <mask>, deceased, who was the representative for the southern Afghanistan region. Qayum is also the founder of the Afghans for a Civil Society. <mask> has one sister, Fauzia <mask>. The family owns and operates several successful Afghan restaurants on the East Coast of the United States and in Chicago.In initial biographical news reporting, there was confusion regarding his clan lineage; it was written that his paternal lineage derived from the Sadduzai clan. This confusion might have arisen from sources stating he was chosen as the tribal chief of the Popalzai. Traditionally, the Popalzai tribe has been led by members of the Sadozais. The first King of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Durrani, was the leader of the Sadozais, and the Sadozai lineage continued to rule Afghanistan until 1826 when the Barakzais ascended to the throne. <mask> is believed to be from the Shamizai subtribe of the Popalzais. His grandfather, Khair <mask>, was a head of the Popalzai tribe from Kandahar who relocated to

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 Kabul and ran the business of a guest house. This allowed Karzai's father Abdul Ahad, to gain a foothold in the royal family, and subsequently, the parliament.These actions and upwards movement within the Popalzai tribal system, led to the Karzai family furnishing a viable Shamizai clan alternative to Sadozai leadership in the aftermath of the Soviet invasion when the Sadozai clan failed to provide a tribal leader. He is often seen wearing a Karakul hat, something that has been worn by many Afghan kings in the past. Following the Fall of Kabul in 2021, <mask> decided to remain in Kabul with his daughters and he appealed to the Taliban to respect his life and that of his family as well as the civilians in Afghanistan. While he met with Hekmatyar to discuss the formation of a future Afghan government, it is unclear whether Karzai will serve any role in such. On 27 August 2021, prominent activist Fatima Gailani criticized him whereas the United States urged the Taliban to include him in the new government along Abdullah Abdullah. On 1 September 2021, sources close to the Taliban said that it was "unlikely" for Karzai to be part of the new government, with a spokesperson for the group saying that the group was "ready to recruit them", referring also to Abdullah Abdullah but added that the Taliban did not want "old horses" in apparent reference to Karzai. Honorary degrees and awards

Over the years <mask> <mask> has become a well recognized figure.He has received a number of awards and honorary degrees from famous government and educational institutions around the world. The following are some of his awards and honoraria. A commemorative medallion of 11 September 2001 attacks from the United States


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 House of Representatives, presented to him by member of the House Jack Kingston on 29 January 2002. In June 2002, received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member James Earl Jones at the Achievement Summit at Dublin Castle in Dublin, Ireland. An honorary doctorate in literature from Himachal Pradesh University in India, his alma mater, on 7 March 2003. In June 2003, <mask> was created an Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George by Queen Elizabeth II. On 4 July 2004, <mask> was awarded the Philadelphia Liberty Medal in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.In his acceptance speech, Karzai stated: "Where Liberty dies, evil grows. We Afghans have learned from our historical experiences that liberty does not come easily. We profoundly appreciate the value of liberty...for we have paid for it with our lives. And we will defend liberty with our lives." On 22 May 2005, received an honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from Boston University. On 25 May 2005, received an honorary degree from the Center for Afghan Studies at the University of Nebraska — Omaha. On 25 September 2006, received an honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from Georgetown University.In June 2012, received an honorary Doctorate from Nippon Sport Science University. Lovely Professional University conferred an honorary Doctorate on Karzai on 20 May 2013

Controversies
In August 2011, Karzai pardoned dozens of child would-be suicide bombers, and in February 2012 some of the pardoned children were re-arrested attempting to commit suicide bombings in Kandahar Province. <mask> has been accused of nepotism, corruption, electoral fraud, and being involved with his late half brother


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 Ahmed Wali <mask> in the drug trade. Electoral fraud
Under Karzai's administration, electoral fraud was so apparent that Afghanistan's status as a democratic state came into question. Furthermore, a special court set up personally by Karzai in defiance of constitutional norms sought to reinstate dozens of candidates who were removed for fraud in the 2010 parliamentary elections by the Independent Electoral Commission. Financial ties with CIA and the government of Iran
On 28 April 2013, The New York Times revealed that from December 2002 up to the publication date, <mask>'s presidential office was funded with "tens of millions of dollars" of black cash from the CIA in order to buy influence within the Afghan government. The article stated that "the cash that does not appear to be subject to the oversight and restrictions."An unnamed American official was quoted by The New York Times as stating that "The biggest source of corruption in Afghanistan was the United States." On 17 June 2013, Senator Bob Corker put a hold on $75 million intended for electoral programs in Afghanistan after his inquiries of 2 May, 14 May and 13 June to the Obama Administration regarding the CIA "ghost money" remained unanswered. <mask> also admitted that his office received millions of dollars in cash from the Iranian government. <mask> stated that the money was given as gifts and intended for renovating his Presidential Palace in Kabul. "This is transparent. This is something that I've even discussed while I was at Camp David with President Bush." Corruption

According to The New York Times, many members of the <mask> family have mixed their personal interests with that of the state, and become hugely influential and


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 wealthy by murky means.In 2012 Afghanistan was tied with Somalia and North Korea at the bottom of Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index, and it ranked 172/175 in 2014. Mahmoud <mask>, the brother of President <mask>, was implicated in the 2010 Kabul Bank crisis. Mahmud <mask> was the 3rd largest shareholder in the bank with a 7% stake. Kabul Bank incurred huge losses on its investments in villas in Palm Jumeirah in Dubai. The real estate investments were registered in the name of Kabul Bank chairman, Sherkhan Farnood. Mahmud <mask> bought one such villa from Farnood for 7 million dirhams using money borrowed from Kabul Bank and in a matter of months sold it for 10.4 million dirhams. Mahmud <mask>'s purchase of the 7% stake in Kabul Bank was also financed entirely through money lent by Kabul Bank with the shares as collateral.<mask> has admitted that there is widespread corruption in Afghanistan, but has blamed the problem largely on the way contracts are awarded by the international community, and said that the "perception of corruption" is a deliberate attempt to weaken the Afghan government. Unocal connection
There has been much debate over <mask>'s alleged consultant work with Unocal (Union Oil Company of California since acquired by Chevron in 2005). In 2002, when <mask> became the subject of heavy media coverage as one of the front runners to lead Afghanistan, it was reported that he was a former consultant for them. Spokesmen for both Unocal and <mask> have denied any such relationship, although Unocal could not speak for all companies involved in the consortium. The original claim that <mask> worked for Unocal originates from a 6 December 2001 issue of the French

masks: Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai


title: Hamid Karzai

texts:
 newspaper Le Monde,  Barry Lane UNOCAL's manager for public relations states in an interview on the website Emperor's Clothes that, "He was never a consultant, never an employee. We've exhaustively searched through all our records." Lane however did say that Zalmay Khalilzad, the former United States Ambassador to the United Nations, was a Unocal consultant in the mid-1990s.Taliban connection
In October 2013, <mask>'s administration and the Afghanistan Intelligence agency were found to be communicating with the Pakistani Taliban about the shifting of power that was expected to occur if the U.S. Forces withdrew in 2014. <mask> himself was in London at the time of the discovery, to participate in talks with Pakistan and the U.S. on the possible location of Taliban leader Mullah Baradar. At the time, it was unknown if <mask> was directly involved or even knew of such communications. In May 2021, <mask> spoke with German newspaper Der Spiegel, where he expressed his sympathy with the Taliban, criticized the role of the United States in Afghanistan and praised the role of the European Union, at the same time, saying that the future of Afghanistan relies heavily on neighbor Pakistan. He also considered the Taliban "victims of foreign forces" and said that Afghans were being used to be "each against the other." In November 2021, he told Yalda Hakim of BBC News that he considered the Taliban as "brothers".View on ISIS in Afghanistan

<mask> <mask>, during an interview with Voice of America, claimed that ISIS in Afghanistan is a tool for the United States. He further claimed that he does not differentiate at all between ISIS and the United States. During an interview with Fox News, <mask> <mask> claimed

masks: Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Hamid Karzai Hamid Karzai


title: Hamid Karzai

texts:
 that ISIS in Afghanistan is a product of the United States. Karzai claimed that he routinely received reports regarding unmarked helicopters dropping supplies to support the terror faction. He asked for an explanation from the United States regarding the unmarked helicopter flights. He also claimed that the United States had made Afghanistan a testing ground for its weapons. Later on during an interview with Al Jazeera, <mask> <mask> again criticized the United States.He accused the United States of working with ISIS in Afghanistan. Moreover he said that the United States government had allowed ISIS to flourish in Afghanistan and that it had used ISIS as an excuse to drop the GBU-43 (Mother of all Bombs) in Afghanistan. <mask> <mask> accused Pakistan of supporting ISIS during an interview with ANI. In popular culture
 In the movie War Machine, Karzai was portrayed by Ben Kingsley. See also

 List of presidents of Afghanistan
 Politics of Afghanistan
 Mahmoud <mask>
 Ahmed Wali Karzai
 Kabul Bank crisis
 Afghan Peace Jirga 2010
 <mask> <mask> International Airport

References

Books/Articles
 Dam, Bette. A Man and a Motorcycle, Ipso Facto Publ., Sept. 2014. Dam, Bette."The Misunderstanding of <mask> <mask>", Foreign Policy, Oc.t 3, 2014. External links

1957 births
21st-century heads of state of Afghanistan
Presidents of Afghanistan
Living people
Hamid
Afghan exiles
Afghan expatriates in Pakistan
Afghan anti-communists
Habibia High School alumni
Himachal Pradesh University alumni
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Mujahideen members of the Soviet–Afghan War
Pashtun people
People from Kandahar Province
Afghan Sunni Muslims
Anti-communism in

masks: Hamid Karzai Hamid Karzai Karzai Hamid Karzai Hamid Karzai


title: John Lazar

texts:
<mask> (1 December 1801 − 8 June 1879) was an actor and theatre manager in Australia. He was Mayor of Adelaide from 1855 to 1858. <mask> was born in Edinburgh, a son of <mask>, stockbroker, and his wife Rachel née <mask>, and may have been brought up in London. He had considerable stage experience in England, and there is no reason to doubt advertisements which reported him playing at Covent Garden and Drury Lane. <mask>, his wife Julia, née Solomon, and their seven children emigrated to Sydney aboard Lady Macnaghten, giving his occupation as tailor. The ship had an outbreak of typhus on board, resulting in the death of around 60 passengers including three of the <mask> children, and some four weeks were to elapse in quarantine before they reached Sydney on 14 April 1837. He immediately joined Mrs. Barnet Levy (or Levey)'s Theatre Royal company, his first appearance being as Shylock on 18 May 1837.He was well received by both the audience (in part no doubt out of sympathy as a passenger on that voyage) and critics. He served as manager of the Theatre Royal until it was closed perfunctorily by the new owner, Joseph Wyatt, on 24 March 1838,
He was then engaged at the new Royal Victoria Theatre on Pitt Street as actor and stage-manager until the end of 1840, when he was engaged to appear in Adelaide at the newly completed Queen's Theatre. In Adelaide
The theatre opened on 11 January 1841 with <mask> playing Othello. He had in Sydney been praised for his Shylock, but his Othello was criticised on account of his Cockney Jewish accent and his lisp, and Adelaide reviewers were parsimonious in their praise. <mask> took over management of the Queen's Theatre, taking a lease from late July 1841 but after months of losing money dismissed his company and converted the seating to something more appropriate to public meetings. He did not renew the lease. Back to Sydney
The supremacy of the "Victoria" in Sydney was challenged by Joseph Simmons and his (Royal) City Theatre on Market Street, which opened in March 1843.<mask> returned to

masks:
John Lazar
History Lazar
Abraham Lazar
Lazarus
Lazar
Lazar
Lazar
Lazar
Lazar


title: John Lazar

texts:
 Sydney that same month aboard the brig Dorset to resume management of the old theatre, which took effect the following May. He left in 1844 following a dispute with owner Joseph Knight, returned in 1845 when Knight sold his interest in the theatre, and left again in December 1846. In Adelaide again
In 1848 <mask> returned to Adelaide, now prosperous thanks largely to the valuable copper discoveries at Burra and elsewhere, and became associated with George Selth Coppin, who had established the New Queen's Theatre in a building adjoining the old Queen's Theatre. <mask> and Coppin then remodeled the old theatre, which they reopened as the Royal Victoria Theatre (no connection with the previous theatre of the same name) on 23 December 1850. This period marked the climax of his theatrical career, achieving a greater degree of popularity than he had enjoyed previously; he even received praise as a comedian. <mask>'s involvement in the theatre lessened. He established a jeweller's and silversmith's business in Hindley Street, Adelaide, and became involved in civic affairs.He was elected Alderman for the Gawler ward of the Adelaide City Council in December 1853, filling the vacancy left by the resignation of Alderman J. M. Solomon. He was mayor of Adelaide from 1855 to 1858, and stood for re-election as Alderman in December 1859 but was defeated by Councillor Cox. He was also involved with the Adelaide Jewish community, and a founding member of the Adelaide Hebrew congregation, and sang Kol Nidrei at their first Yom Kippur service in 1848. In 1853 <mask> and Coppin built the 400-seat Port Theatre in Port Adelaide, next to Coppin's White Horse Cellar. Later life
In 1863 he emigrated to New Zealand where he was appointed Town Clerk in Dunedin. He became Town Clerk in Hokitika in 1866. He was also promoted to Country Treasurer and then Provincial Treasurer.He was active in the local Jewish community and synagogue and the Freemasons. He died there on 8 June 1879 and is buried in the Hokitika Cemetery. Personal

<mask> married Julia

masks: Lazar Lazar Lazar Lazar Lazar


title: John Lazar

texts:
 Solomon (c. 1806 – 26 December 1880), daughter of London furriers, in London on 2 November 1825. Although <mask> was to work closely with Emanuel and Vaiben Solomon in Adelaide, there is no reason to believe she was related to them. Their surviving children (Mary, <mask>, and Priscilla died en route to Sydney) were:
<mask> (c. 1827 – 1897), a star performer from an early age, had a considerable career as a dancer and actress. She accompanied her parents in their various travels until 13 November 1850, when she and violinist Andrew Moore eloped and married at Trinity Church, Adelaide. They had a daughter Julia Moore and a son <mask>, a well-known theatrical agent.<mask> (c. 1829 – 23 February 1893) married Elizabeth Wisdom (c. 1825 – 30 April 1910) in 1854. He was also associated with the theatre in Australia. They had a son <mask> and daughters <mask>, who married William Hubert in 1875 and moved to Sydney, and Catherine "Kate" <mask>, who married <mask> Goldney in 1873, then Robert Fulton in 1904, lived in Hindmarsh, South Australia. <mask> (1838 – 14 November 1883) was lessee and manager of Theatre Royal, Sydney, 1876–1878? 1875 – 1 February 1882? and died in a lunatic asylum. <mask> (c. 1838 – 8 August 1926) married Simeon Alexander Moss (died 11 April 1913) on 9 December 1885
<mask> died in Hokitika, New Zealand on 8 June 1879.His portrait in oils is held at the Freemasons' Hall, Adelaide. Julia died at her mother's home "Oeta", Queen Street (formerly Piper Street), Woollahra, New South Wales on 26 December 1889. References

Theatre people from Edinburgh
1801 births
1879 deaths
Australian jewellers
Australian people of Scottish-Jewish descent
Jewish Australian male actors
Australian theatre managers and producers
Jewish mayors
Jewish Australian politicians
Mayors and Lord Mayors of Adelaide
Scottish emigrants to colonial Australia
Scottish Jews
19th-century male actors
19th-century Australian politicians
Burials at Hokitika Cemetery
Scottish emigrants to New Zealand
Jewish New Zealand history
19th-century Australian

masks:
Lazar
Lazarus
Rachel Lazar
John Moore
Abraham Lazar
John Lazar
Julia Lazar
Lazar
Francis John
Samuel Lazar
Victoria Lazar
Lazar


title: Donna Haraway

texts: <mask><mask> (born September 6, 1944) is an American Professor Emerita in the History of Consciousness Department and Feminist Studies Department at the University of California, Santa Cruz, United States. She is a prominent scholar in the field of science and technology studies, described in the early 1990s as a "feminist and postmodernist". <mask> is the author of numerous foundational books and essays that bring together questions of science and feminism, such as "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century" (1985) and "Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective" (1988). Additionally, for her contributions to the intersection of information technology and feminist theory, <mask> is widely cited in works related to Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). Her Situated Knowledges and Cyborg Manifesto publications in particular, have sparked discussion within the HCI community regarding framing the positionality from which research and systems are designed. She is also a leading scholar in contemporary ecofeminism, associated with post-humanism and new materialism movements. Her work criticizes anthropocentrism, emphasizes the self-organizing powers of nonhuman processes, and explores dissonant relations between those processes and cultural practices, rethinking sources of ethics.<mask> criticizes the Anthropocene because it generalizes us as a species. However, she also recognizes the importance of it recognizing humans as key agents. <mask> prefers the term Capitalocene which defines capitalism's relentless imperatives to expand itself and

masks:
Donna J
. Haraway
Haraway
Haraway
Haraway
Haraway


title: Donna Haraway

texts:
 grow, but she does not like the theme of irreversible destruction in both the Anthropocene and Capitalocene. <mask> has taught Women's Studies and the History of Science at the University of Hawaii (1971-1974) and Johns Hopkins University (1974-1980). She began working as a professor at the University of Santa Cruz in 1980 where she became the first tenured professor in feminist theory in the United States. <mask>'s works have contributed to the study of both human–machine and human–animal relations. Her works have sparked debate in primatology, philosophy, and developmental biology.Haraway participated in a collaborative exchange with the feminist theorist Lynn Randolph from 1990 to 1996. Their engagement with specific ideas relating to feminism, technoscience, political consciousness, and other social issues, formed the images and narrative of <mask>'s book Modest_Witness for which she received the Society for Social Studies of Science's (4S) Ludwik Fleck Prize in 1999. She was also awarded the Section on Science, Knowledge and Technology's Robert K. Merton award in 1992 for her work Primate Visions:Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science. In 2000, Haraway was awarded the Society for Social Studies of Science's John Desmond Bernal Prize for her distinguished contributions to the field of science and technology studies. Haraway serves on the advisory board for numerous academic journals, including differences, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, Contemporary Women's Writing, and Environmental Humanities. Biography

Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on September 6, 1944, in Denver, Colorado. Haraway's

masks:
Haraway
Haraway
Haraway
Donna Jeanne
Haraway


title: Donna Haraway

texts:
 father, Frank O<mask>, was a sportswriter for The Denver Post and her mother Dorothy Mcguire <mask>, who came from a heavily Irish Catholic background, died from a heart attack when Haraway was 16 years old.Although she is no longer religious, Catholicism had a strong influence on her as she was taught by nuns in her early life. The impression of the Eucharist influenced her linkage of the figurative and the material. Haraway attended high school at St. Mary's Academy in Cherry Hills Village, Colorado. Growing up around her father's adoration for sports writing is a major part of her love for writing. The two of them would have dinner conversations about words and their fascination with them. Another impact on Haraway's writing came from the wars she experienced throughout her life, considering she was born at the end of World War II and grew up during the Cold War. Education

Haraway majored in Zoology, with minors in philosophy and English at the Colorado College, on the full-tuition Boettcher Scholarship.After college, Haraway moved to Paris and studied evolutionary philosophy and theology at the Fondation Teilhard de Chardin on a Fulbright scholarship. She completed her Ph.D. in biology at Yale in 1972 writing a dissertation about the use of metaphor in shaping experiments in experimental biology titled The Search for Organizing Relations: An Organismic Paradigm in Twentieth-Century Developmental Biology, later edited into a book and published under the title Crystals, Fabrics, and Fields: Metaphors of Organicism in Twentieth-Century Developmental Biology. Later work

Haraway was the recipient of several scholarships. Alluding

masks:
. Haraway
Haraway


title: Donna Haraway

texts: to the Cold War and post-war American hegemony, she said of these, "...people like me became national resources in the national science efforts. So, there was money available for educating even Irish Catholic girls' brains." In 1999, Haraway received the Society for Social Studies of Science's (4S) Ludwik Fleck Prize. In September 2000, Haraway was awarded the Society for Social Studies of Science's highest honor, the J. D. Bernal Award, for her "distinguished contributions" to the field.<mask>'s most famous essay was published in 1985: "A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the 1980s" and was characterized as "an effort to build an ironic political myth faithful to feminism, socialism, and materialism". In <mask>'s theses, "Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective" (1988), she means to expose the myth of scientific objectivity. <mask> defined the term "situated knowledges" as a means of understanding that all knowledge comes from positional perspectives. Our positionality inherently determines what it is possible to know about an object of interest. Comprehending situated knowledge "allows us to become answerable for what we learn how to see". Without this accountability, the implicit biases and societal stigmas of the researcher's community are twisted into ground truth from which to build assumptions and hypothesis. <mask>'s ideas in "Situated Knowledges" were heavily influenced by conversations with Nancy Hartsock and other feminist philosophers and activists.Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science, published

masks: Haraway Haraway Haraway Haraway


title: Donna Haraway

texts:
 in 1989 (Routledge), focuses on primate research and primatology: "My hope has been that the always oblique and sometimes perverse focusing would facilitate revisions of fundamental, persistent western narratives about difference, especially racial and sexual difference; about reproduction, especially in terms of the multiplicities of generators and offspring; and about survival, especially about survival imagined in the boundary conditions of both the origins and ends of history, as told within western traditions of that complex genre". Currently, <mask> is an American Professor Emerita in the History of Consciousness Department and Feminist Studies Department at the University of California, Santa Cruz, United States. She lives North of San Francisco with her partner Rusten Hogness. In an interview with Sarah Franklin in 2017, Haraway addresses her intent to incorporate collective thinking and all perspectives: "It isn't that systematic, but there is a little list. I notice if I have cited nothing but white people, if I have erased indigenous people, if I forget non-human beings, etc. I notice on purpose. I notice if I haven't paid the slightest bit of attention ... You know, I run through some old-fashioned, klutzy categories.Race, sex, class, region, sexuality, gender, species. I pay attention. I know how fraught all those categories are, but I think those categories still do important work. I have developed, kind of, an alert system, an internalized alert system." Major themes

"A Cyborg Manifesto"

In 1985, <mask> published the essay "Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the 1980s" in Socialist

masks:
Donna Haraway
Haraway


title: Donna Haraway

texts: Review. Although most of <mask>'s earlier work was focused on emphasizing the masculine bias in scientific culture, she has also contributed greatly to the feminist narratives of the twentieth century. For Haraway, the Manifesto offered a response to the rising conservatism during the 1980s in the United States at a critical juncture at which feminists, to have any real-world significance, had to acknowledge their situatedness within what she terms the "informatics of domination."Women were no longer on the outside along a hierarchy of privileged binaries but rather deeply imbued, exploited by and complicit within networked hegemony, and had to form their politics as such. According to <mask>'s "Manifesto," "there is nothing about being female that naturally binds women together into a unified category. There is not even such a state as 'being' female, itself a highly complex category constructed in contested sexual scientific discourses and other social practices". As stated, "In Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (1991), <mask> introduces the figure of the cyborg, an “impure” creature who scrambles orderly divisions between the natural and artificial/technical, and the human and the non-human/animal". A cyborg does not require a stable, essentialist identity, argues Haraway, and feminists should consider creating coalitions based on "affinity" instead of identity. To ground her argument, Haraway analyzes the phrase "women of color", suggesting it as one possible example of affinity politics. Using a term coined by theorist Chela Sandoval, Haraway writes that "oppositional consciousness" is comparable with a

masks:
Haraway
Haraway
Donna Haraway


title: Donna Haraway

texts: cyborg politics, because rather than identity it stresses how affinity comes as a result of "otherness, difference, and specificity".<mask>'s cyborg is a set of ideals of a genderless, race-less, more collective, and peaceful civilization with the caveat of being utterly connected to the machine. Her new versions of beings reject Western humanist conceptions of personhood and promote a disembodied world of information and the withering of subjectivity. The collective consciousness of the beings and their limitless access to information provides the tools with which to create a world of immense socio-political change through altruism and affinity, not biological unity. In her essay, <mask> challenges the liberal human subject and its lack of concern for collective desires which leaves the possibility for wide corruption and inequality in the world. Furthermore, the cyborg's importance lies in its coalition of consciousness, not in the physical body that carries the information/consciousness. A world of beings with a type of shared knowledge could create a powerful political force toward positive change. Cyborgs can see "from both perspectives at once."In addition, <mask> writes that the cyborg has an imbued nature toward the collective good. Haraway explains that her "Manifesto" is "an effort to build an ironic political myth faithful to feminism, socialism, and materialism." She adds that "Cyborg imagery can suggest a way out of the maze of dualisms in which we have explained our bodies and our tools to ourselves." Haraway is serious about finding future ways towards equality and ending dominating behavior; however, the cyborg itself

masks: Haraway Haraway Haraway


title: Donna Haraway

texts:
 is not as serious of an endeavor for her as the idea of it is. Haraway creates an analogy using current technologies and information to imagine a world with a collective coalition that has the capabilities to create grand socio-political change. Haraway's "Manifesto" is a thought experiment, defining what people think is most important about being and what the future holds for increased artificial intelligence. Gender, Work, & Organization's author Agnes Prasad's piece Cyborg Writing as a Political Act: <mask> <mask> in Organization Studies elaborates on how Haraway's writing contributes to the greater feminist community."This essay, almost immediately, became a watershed text for feminist theory and for, what was at the time, the inchoate field of feminist science studies. Interweaving ideas that were playful and imaginative with an incisive critique of the totalizing essentialism that was the ironic hallmark of the myriad strands of the second-wave feminist movement — encompassing, but not limited to, Marxist, psychoanalytic and radical feminist approaches — Haraway conscientiously articulates the politics of a monstrous creature of the post-gender world: the cyborg." Cyborg feminism

In her updated essay "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century", in her book Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (1991), Haraway uses the cyborg metaphor to explain how fundamental contradictions in feminist theory and identity should be conjoined, rather than resolved, similar to the fusion of machine and organism in cyborgs. The manifesto is also an important feminist critique

masks:
Reading Donna
Haraway


title: Donna Haraway

texts:
 of capitalism by revealing how men have exploited women's reproduction labor, providing a barrier for women to reach full equality in the labor market. "Situated Knowledges"

"Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective" sheds light on Haraway's vision for a feminist science. The essay originated as a commentary on Sandra Harding's The Science Question in Feminism (1986) and is a reply to Harding's "successor science". Haraway offers a critique of the feminist intervention into masculinized traditions of scientific rhetoric and the concept of objectivity.The essay identifies the metaphor that gives shape to the traditional feminist critique as polarization. At one end lies those who would assert that science is a rhetorical practice and, as such, all "science is a contestable text and a power field". At the other are those interested in a feminist version of objectivity, a position <mask> describes as a "feminist empiricism". <mask> argues for an epistemology based in "situated knowledges," which synthesizes aspects of these two traditions. <mask> posits that by acknowledging and understanding the contingency of their position in the world, and hence the contestable nature of their claims to knowledge, subjects can produce knowledge with greater objectivity than if they claimed to be neutral observers. Primate Visions

<mask> also writes about the history of science and biology. In Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science (1990), she focused on the metaphors and narratives that direct the science of primatology.She asserted that there is a tendency to


title: Donna Haraway

texts:
 of technoscientific world-building. I also want feminist—activists, cultural producers, scientists, engineers, and scholars (all overlapping categories) — to be recognized for the articulations and enrollment we have been making all along within technoscience, in spite of the ignorance of most "mainstream" scholars in their characterization (or lack of characterizations) of feminism in relation to both technoscientific practice and technoscience studies. Make Kin not Population: Reconceiving Generations
Haraway created a panel called 'Make Kin not Babies' in 2015 with five other feminist thinkers named: Alondra Nelson, Kim TallBear, Chia-Ling Wu, Michelle Murphy, and Adele Clarke. The panel's emphasis is on moving human numbers down while paying attention to factors, such as the environment, race, and class. A key phrase of hers is "Making babies is different than giving babies a good childhood." This led to the inspiration for the publication of Making Kin not Population: Reconceiving Generations, by <mask> and Adele Clarke, two of the panelist members. The book addresses the growing concern of the increase in the human population and its consequences on our environment.The book consists of essays from the two authors, incorporating both environmental and reproductive justice along with addressing the functions of family and kinship relationships. Speculative fabulation
Speculative fabulation is a concept that is included in many of <mask>'s works. It includes all of the wild facts that won't hold still, and it indicates a mode of creativity and the story of the Anthropocene. Haraway stresses how this doesn't mean it isn't a fact.


title: Donna Haraway

texts:
 In Staying with the Trouble, she defines speculative fabulation as "a mode of attention, theory of history, and a practice of worlding," and she finds it an integral part of scholarly writing and everyday life. In <mask>'s work she addresses a feminist speculative fabulation  and its focusing on making kin instead of babies to ensure the good childhood of all children while controlling the population. Making Kin not Population: Reconceiving Generations highlights practices and proposals to implement this theory in society.Plantationocene
Together with scholar Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, Haraway coined Plantationocene as an alternative term to the proposed epoch Anthropocene that centers human activities in the transformation of the planet and its negative effect on land use, ecosystems, biodiversity, and species extinction. Tsing and Haraway point out that not all humans equally contribute to the environmental challenges facing our planet. They date the origin of the Anthropocene to the start of colonialism in the Americas in the early modern era and highlight the violent history behind it by focusing on the history of plantations. The Spanish and the Portuguese colonists started importing models of plantations to the Americas by the 1500s which they have previously developed a century earlier in the Atlantic Islands. These models of planation were based on migratory forced labor (slavery), intensive land usage, globalized commerce, and constant racialized violence, all have transformed the lives of humans and non-humans worldwide. Current and past plantations provide an important note of the histories of colonialism, capitalism, and


title: Donna Haraway

texts:
 racism which can't be separated from environmental issues that made some humans more at risk to warming temperatures, rising seawater levels, toxicants, and land disposition than others. The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness
The companion Species Manifesto is to be read as a “personal document”.This work was written to tell the story of cohabitation, coevolution and embodied cross-species sociality. <mask> argues that humans ‘companion’ relationship with dogs can show us the importance of recognizing differences and ‘how to engage with significant otherness'. The link between humans and animals like dogs can show people how to interact with other humans and nonhumans. Haraway believes that we should be using the term "companion species" instead of "companion animals" because of the relationships we can learn through them. Critical responses to <mask>

<mask>'s work has been criticized for being "methodologically vague" and using noticeably opaque language that is "sometimes concealing in an apparently deliberate way". Several reviewers have argued that her understanding of the scientific method is questionable, and that her explorations of epistemology at times leave her texts virtually meaning-free. A 1991 review of <mask>'s Primate Visions, published in the International Journal of Primatology, provides examples of some of the most common critiques of her view of science:

This is a book that contradicts itself a hundred times; but that is not a criticism of it, because its author thinks contradictions are a sign of intellectual ferment and vitality.This is a book that systematically distorts and


title: Donna Haraway

texts:
 selects historical evidence; but that is not a criticism, because its author thinks that all interpretations are biased, and she regards it as her duty to pick and choose her facts to favor her own brand of politics. This is a book full of vaporous, French-intellectual prose that makes Teilhard de Chardin sound like Ernest Hemingway by comparison; but that is not a criticism, because the author likes that sort of prose and has taken lessons in how to write it, and she thinks that plain, homely speech is part of a conspiracy to oppress the poor. This is a book that clatters around in a dark closet of irrelevancies for 450 pages before it bumps accidentally into its index and stops; but that is not a criticism, either, because its author finds it gratifying and refreshing to bang unrelated facts together as a rebuke to stuffy minds. This book infuriated me; but that is not a defect in it, because it is supposed to infuriate people like me, and the author would have been happier still if I had blown out an artery. In short, this book is flawless, because all its deficiencies are deliberate products of art. Given its assumptions, there is nothing here to criticize. The only course open to a reviewer who dislikes this book as much as I do is to question its author's fundamental assumptions—which are big-ticket items involving the nature and relationships of language, knowledge, and science.Another review of the same book, appearing in a 1990 issue of the American Journal of Primatology, offers a similar criticism of <mask>'s literary style and scholarly methods:

There are many places where an editorial hand appears absent altogether.


title: Donna Haraway

texts: Privilege of Partial Perspectives", Feminist Studies, 14 (1988) 575–599. Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science, Routledge: New York and London, 1989.Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature, New York: Routledge, and London: Free Association Books, 1991 (includes "A Cyborg Manifesto"). "A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies", Configurations, 2 (1994) 59–71. Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium.FemaleMan©Meets_OncoMouse™: Feminism and Technoscience, New York: Routledge, 1997 (winner of the Ludwik Fleck Prize). How Like a Leaf: A Conversation with <mask><mask>, Thyrza Nichols Goodeve, New York: Routledge, 1999. The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness, Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2003. When Species Meet, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007. The Haraway Reader, New York: Routledge, 2004, .Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene, Durham: Duke University Press, 2016. Manifestly Haraway, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2016. "Teddy Bear Patriarchy: Taxidermy in the Garden of Eden, New York City, 1908-36," Social Text, no. 11 (Winter 1984/1985): 19-64. "Signs of Dominance: From a Physiology to a Cybernetics of Primate Society, C.R. Carpenter, 1930-70," Studies in History of Biology 6 (1983): 129-219. "The Biological Enterprise: Sex, Mind, and Profit from Human Engineering to Sociobiology," Radical History Review, no.20, (spring/summer, 1979): 206-37. "The Biopolitics of Postmodern Bodies: Determinations of Self in Immune System Discourse," differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural

masks:
Donna J
. Haraway


title: Donna Haraway

texts:
 Studies 1, no. 1 (1989): 3-43. "The Promises of Monsters: Reproductive Politics for Inappropriate/d Others," Larry Grossberg, Cary Nelson, and Paula Treichler, eds., Cultural Studies (New York: Routledge, 1992), pp. 295–337. "Ecce Homo, Ain't (Ar'n't) I a Woman, and Inappropriate/d Others: the Human in a Posthumanist Landscape," Joan Scott and Judith Butler, eds., Feminists Theorize the Political (New York: Routledge, 1992), pp. 87–101."Otherworldly Conversations, Terran Topics, Local Terms," Science as Culture (London), 3, no. 1 (1992): 59-92. Making Kin not Population: Reconceiving Generations, <mask><mask> and Adele Clarke, Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2018.  .

See also
 A Cyborg Manifesto
 Cyborg anthropology
 Ecofeminism
 Postgenderism
 Posthumanism
 Postmodernism
 Sandy Stone
 Techno-progressivism
 Feminist technoscience
 Judith Butler

Sources
 Burow-Flak, Elizabeth, "Background Information on Cyborg Manifesto", 17 September 2000. Cachel, Susan. "Partisan primatology. Review of Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science", American Journal of Primatology, 22 (1990) 139–142. Campbell, Kirsten, "The Promise of Feminist Reflexivities: Developing <mask>'s Project for Feminist Science Studies", Hypatia, 19:1 (2004) 162–182.Cartmill, Matt. "Book  Review - Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the world of Modern Science", International Journal of Primatology, 12 (1991) 67–75. Carubia, Josephine M., "Haraway on the Map", Semiotic Review of Books, 9:1 (1998) 4–7. Clarke, Adele, and <mask>, editors. Making Kin Not Population. Prickly Paradigm Press, 2018. “<mask>.” The European Graduate

masks:
Donna J
. Haraway
Donna Haraway
Donna Haraway
Donna Haraway


title: Donna Haraway

texts:
 School, https://egs.edu/biography/donna-haraway/.Elkins, Charles, "The Uses of Science Fiction", Science Fiction Studies, 17 (1990) 269–272. "Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science", in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, pub. 9 August 2000, rev. 5 August 2015. Ferguson, Anne and Hennessy, and Rosemary and Nagel Mechthild. “Feminist Perspectives on Class and Work.” Edited by Edward N Zalta, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University, 2019, Author and Citation Information for "Feminist Perspectives on Class and Work". Franklin, Sarah.“Staying with the Manifesto: An Interview with <mask>.” Theory, Culture & Society, vol. 34, no. 4, July 2017, pp. 49–63, doi:10.1177/0263276417693290. Flanagan, Mary and Austin Booth, Reload: Rethinking Women + Cyberculture, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002. Delphine, Gardey, "The Reading of an Œuvre. <mask>: The Poetics and Politics of Life", Feministische Studien, 32 (2014) 86–100.doi:10.1515/fs-2014-0109
 Hamner, M. Gail, "The Work of Love: Feminist Politics and the Injunction to Love", in Joerg Rieger (ed. ), Opting for the Margins: Postmodernity and Liberation in Christian Theology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. <mask>, <mask>. “Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Plantationocene, Chthulucene: Making Kin.” Environmental Humanities, Duke University Press, 1 May 2015, https://doi.org/10.1215/22011919-3615934. <mask>, <mask>, "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology and Socialist-‐Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century", in D. Bell and B.M. Kennedy (eds), The Cybercultures Reader, London: Routledge, 2000, pp. 291–324.<mask>, <mask>. The Haraway Reader. New York: Routledge, 2003.

masks:
Donna Haraway
Donna Haraway
Haraway
Donna
Haraway
Donna
Haraway
Donna


title: Donna Haraway

texts: Print. Kunzru, Hari, "You Are Cyborg", in Wired Magazine, 5:2 (1997) 1–7. Lederman, Muriel. “<mask>.  <mask>; and Thyrza Nichols Goodeve.How Like a Leaf: An Interview with <mask><mask>.” Isis, vol. 93, no. 1, 2002, pp. 164–165., doi:10.1086/343342. Library of Congress, "Books and Pamphlets Including Serials and Contributions to Periodicals: Current Registrations A–L, January–June 1973", Catalog of Copyright Entries, 3rd ser., 1, pt. 1, no. 1 (1975) 674.Retrieved February 16, 2015. “Making Kin Not Population.” University of Chicago Press, 1 July 2018, Making Kin not Population. Mann, Douglas. Understanding Society: a Survey of Modern Social Theory. Oxford University Press, 2011. O'Riley, Patricia Ann, Technology, Culture, and Socioeconomics: A Rhizoanalysis of Educational Discourses, New York: Peter Lang, 2003. Packman, Carl, [ "God(desses) and the Jouissance of Woman, or The (Cyborg) Future of Enjoyment"].Russon, Anne, "Deconstructing Primatology? ", Semiotic Review of Books, 2:2 (1991): 9–11. Rua M. Williams and Juan E. Gilbert. 2019. Cyborg Perspectives on Computing Research Reform. In Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Paper alt13, 1–11.Sandoval, Chela, "New Sciences: Cyborg Feminism and the Methodology of the Oppressed", in C. H. Gray (ed. ), The Cyborg Handbook, New York: Routledge, 1995, pp. 407–422. Senft, Theresa M. "Reading Notes on <mask>'s 'Cyborg Manifesto'", October 21, 2001. Retrieved February 1, 2006. Truman, Sarah E. “SF! Haraway's Situated Feminisms and Speculative Fabulations in English Class.”

masks:
Donna J
Haraway
Donna J
. Haraway
Donna Haraway


title: Donna Haraway

texts:
 Studies in Philosophy and Education, vol.38, no. 1, 2018, pp. 31–42, SF! <mask>'s Situated Feminisms and Speculative Fabulations in English Class. Vanderwees, Chris. “Companion Species under Fire: A Defense of <mask>’s The Companion Species Manifesto.” Nebula: A Journal of Multidisciplinary Scholarship. 6.2 (2009): 73-81.Weigel, Moira. “Feminist Cyborg Scholar <mask>: 'The Disorder of Our Era Isn't Necessary'.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 20 June 2019, Feminist cyborg scholar <mask>way: ‘The disorder of our era isn't necessary’. Young, Robert M, "Science, Ideology and <mask>way", Science as Culture, 2 (1992) 165–207. Citations

External links

 <mask>way Faculty Webpage at UC Santa Cruz, History of Consciousness Program
 <mask>: Storytelling for Earthly Survival, a film by Fabrizio Terranova

1944 births
Living people
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
American socialists
Colorado College alumni
American feminist writers
Feminist studies scholars
Historians of science
People from Denver
Primatologists
Posthumanists
Postmodern feminists
American socialist feminists
University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
American women philosophers
Yale University alumni
Metaphor theorists
American women sociologists
American sociologists
Philosophers of science
Philosophers of technology
Philosophers of religion
Philosophers from Hawaii
Philosophers from California
Philosophers of mind
American transhumanists
University of Hawaiʻi faculty
Johns Hopkins University faculty
American Book Award winners
American people of Irish descent
Zoology
Philosophers from Colorado
21st-century American

masks:
Haraway
Donna Haraway
Donna Haraway
Donna Hara
Donna Hara
Donna Hara
Donna Haraway


title: S. Subramania Iyer

texts:
<mask>  (; 1 October 1842 – 5 December 1924) was an Indian lawyer, jurist and freedom fighter who, along with Annie Besant, founded the Home Rule Movement. He was popularly known as the "Grand Old Man of South India". On completion of his schooling in Madurai, <mask> qualified as a lawyer and went on to practice as a lawyer in Madurai and Madras, before being appointed a Judge of the Madras High Court, in 1891. He also served as the first Indian Chief Justice of the Madras High Court, before retiring in 1907. Early life and education

<mask> was born in Madurai in the Madras Presidency, British India on 1 October 1842. His father <mask> (1794–1844) was the legal agent of the Raja of Ramnad's zamindari, but died when <mask> was barely two years old. He had his early education at the English Mission School, Madurai, joining the Zilla School, Madurai, in 1856, from which institution he completed his schooling.As his mother was not willing to send him to Madras for a higher education, <mask> <mask> decided to join the administrative service. He served as a clerk in the Deputy Collector's Office, Madurai, Deputy Collector's Office, Ramnad, and the Collector's Office, Madurai. While working in the Collector's Office, he studied privately for the Pleader's Examination and stood first among the successful candidates. Though unable to secure a '<mask>ad' to practice, he was appointed the Public Prosecutor, when the Criminal Penal Code came into force, in 1862. Desiring to practice as a lawyer, he studied privately for the Matriculation Examination and passed the same in 1865, followed by the First Arts (F.A.) examination in 1866. Two years later, in 1868, he passed the B.L.examination from Presidency College, Madras, standing first (in the Second Class) among all successful candidates. He served as an apprentice under J. C. Mill, Barrister-at-Law, and thus qualified himself to practice

masks:
Sir Subbier Subramania Iyer
Subramania Iyer
Subramania Iyer
Sooravally Subbier Aiyer
Subramania Iyer
Subramania
Iyer
San


title: S. Subramania Iyer

texts:
 as a Vakil. Professional career
Practising as a Vakil at Madura from 1869 to 1885, he appeared in some important cases, the most notable among them being the Ramnad Zamindar's Case and the Meenakshi Temple Funds Misappropriation Case. While at Madura, he also earned a reputation as a public worker, being appointed a Municipal Commissioner of Madura and a member of the Local Board, besides being elected a member of the Devasthanam Committee of the Meenakshi Temple at Madura. He presented an 'Address of Welcome', on behalf of the people of Madura, to the Prince of Wales, who visited Madura in 1875. In 1877, he gave evidence and pleaded for the necessity of protecting tenants from arbitrary eviction by the landlords, before the Famine Commission when it visited Madura. He also served as the Vice-Chairman of the Madura Municipality, from 1882 until his departure for Madras."After his wife, Lakshmi's death in 1884, he shifted to Madras, where he emerged as a formidable rival to the redoubtable lawyers Bhashyam Aiyangar and Eardley Norton. Recognising his merit, the Government appointed him Government Pleader and Public Prosecutor in 1888, the first Indian to be appointed so. As Government Pleader, he appeared in two sensational cases – the Nageswara Iyer Forgery Case and the Tirupati Mahant Case. He was appointed an Acting Judge in 1891 and continued in that position until being appointed a Judge of the Madras High Court in January 1895, succeeding Sir Muthuswamy <mask> to the bench of that Court. As Judge, amongst other cases, he presided over the insolvency court which investigated into the crash of a Madras bank, Arbuthnot & Co, in 1906. He also acted as the Chief Justice of the Madras High Court in 1899, 1903 and 1906, the first Indian to do so. After serving as a judge of the Madras High Court for 12 years, he resigned on 13 November 1907 due to failing sight, and was


title: S. Subramania Iyer

texts:
 succeeded by Mr. Chettur <mask> Nair.He presented the Welcome Address to the Prince of Wales, in 1914, on behalf of the public of Madras. Political career

<mask> <mask> was nominated a member of the Legislative Council of Madras by the Government, in 1884 and left a creditable record as a non-official member of the Council although the rules did not permit non-official members to play a very useful role. Serving as a member of the Malabar Land Tenure Committee (1885), largely due to his initiative, an act was passed providing compensation for tenants' improvement in Malabar. Nominated for a second time, <mask> <mask> made his association with the council as useful as possible under the system extant then. One of the founding members of the Indian National Congress, he led the Madras delegation to its first session at Bombay, in December 1885, where he seconded a resolution proposed by K. T. Telang urging the increase of the elected element in the Legislative Councils and for councillors to be given real and effective powers, and where he made the following statement, as published in the annals of the Indian National Congress of 1885:

He used to attend sessions of the Congress until he became a Judge of the High Court and contributed in no small measure to the strengthening of the Congress's organisation in the Madras Presidency. He was close to Sir Arthur Lawley, whom he is held to have substantially influenced and assisted in his administration of the Madras Presidency, in a private capacity. As Chairman of the Reception Committee, he welcomed the delegates to the 29th session of the Indian National Congress held at Madras in 1914.He presided over a public meeting at Madras in 1915 organised to welcome Mr. M. K. Gandhi just then returned from South Africa. Welcoming Mr. Gandhi, he suggested the lines on which national work in India should proceed:

He agreed to serve as

masks: Sankaran Subramania Iyer Subramania Iyer


title: S. Subramania Iyer

texts:
 the Honorary President of the All India Home Rule League established in Madras on 1 September 1916, by Mrs. Annie Besant, whose arrest was ordered on 16 June 1917, by Lord Pentland, Governor of Madras. As President of the League, he took up the cause of Mrs. Besant and her colleagues and started a movement for their release, which occasioned his rupture with the Government. Immediately after Mrs. Besant was interned, Sir <mask> <mask> wrote a letter to Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States of America describing British Rule in India and appealing for the sympathy and support of the American Government and people, in which he stated:

Subjected to scathing criticism in the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the Secretary of State, Edwin Montagu, and the Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford, rebuked him when he met them in Madras in 1918 to make a representation on the proposed political reforms. A few days later, Sir <mask> <mask> renounced his knighthood and returned the insignia to the Government. Academic interests and career
His interest in the scholarly aspects of law led to his residence, the Beach House on the Marina at Mylapore, being used for the "Saturday Club" that met at 11 a. m. every week, between 1888 and 1891, with all leading members of the Madras Bar participating, and cases being critically analysed. At one of these meetings it was decided to start 'The Madras Law Journal', which was inspired by the then recently established periodicals the 'Law Quarterly Review', started by Sir Frederick Pollock in England in 1885 and 'The Harvard Law Review' established by the Harvard Law School Association in 1887.During his tenure as Judge of the Madras High Court he introduced the practice of referring to American jurisprudence in addition to the English, which had been the sole point of reference until then. He was nominated Senator of the Madras University in 1885

masks: Subramania Iyer Subramania Iyer


title: S. Subramania Iyer

texts:
 independence movement. The Suddha Dharma Mandala or 'Pure Religion Society' resulted in a rift between himself and the Theosophical Society, since he desired to provide a rival world leader to Jiddu Krishnamurti, the favoured champion of the Society. Honours
The Government awarded a Certificate of Merit to <mask> <mask> on 1 January 1877 as a mark of their appreciation of his services to the public, on the occasion of the Proclamation Durbar at Delhi. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire, in 1890, and was elevated to a Knight-Commander of the same order on New Year's Day, 1900. In 1893, he had the title of Dewan Bahadur conferred upon him. Death and progeny
He died on 5 December 1924 and was survived by three sons borne to him by his wife Lakshmi.Legacy
The Mani Iyer Hall in Triplicane was built by the Theosophists in his memory and named after him. He is also commemorated by a statue, unveiled in 1935, outside the Senate House of the Madras University. Notes

References

Splendid saga of TNSC Bank:Centenary of stellar growth  By: V SUNDARAM, News Today, 27 November 2007
Bibliographic Guides: Publications of Suddha Dharma Mandala  By: David Reigle, Eastern Tradition, 2007
 The Theosophist October 1911 – January 1912, Google Books
 Indian Judges: Biographical & Critical Sketches By Brojendra Mitter, 1932. Indian Politics Since the Mutiny By Sir Chirravoori Yajneswara Chintamani, 1940. Role of Tamil Nadu in the Freedom Movement, From India's Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) Text Book
 Founding of the Home Rule League

1842 births
1924 deaths
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Indian knights
Indian Theosophists
19th-century Indian lawyers
Presidency College, Chennai alumni
People from Madurai
Chief Justices of the Madras High Court
20th-century Indian judges
20th-century Indian lawyers
Vice Chancellors of the

masks: Subramania Iyer


title: Sir Thomas Chapman, 7th Baronet

texts:
<mask>, 7th Baronet (6 November 1846 – 8 April 1919), was an Anglo-Irish landowner, the last of the Chapman baronets of Killua Castle in County Westmeath, Ireland. For many years he lived under the name of <mask>, taking the name of his partner, Sarah Lawrence, the mother of his five sons, one of whom was T. E. Lawrence, 'Lawrence of Arabia'. Early life and background
<mask> was born in 1846, the second of the three sons of William Chapman (1811–1889) and his wife Louisa, daughter of Colonel Arthur Vansittart (1775–1829), of Shottesbrooke, and the grandson of Sir <mask>, 2nd Baronet. The family belonged to the Anglo-Irish landowning class and for generations its members had married into families of a similar standing in England and Ireland. With regard to the family's origins, Debrett's Baronetage (1918) commented:

<mask> was brought up to lead the life of a country gentleman, at a house called South Hill, near the village of Delvin, County Westmeath, Ireland, a modest property of some 170 acres, and also at the family's town house in Dublin. He was educated in England, at Eton College. Life
As a younger son, it was expected that Chapman would run, rather than own, the family's estates, and from 1866 to 1868 he learnt about estate management at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester.However, his elder brother, William Eden Chapman (born 1844), an officer in the 15th Hussars, died in May 1870, leaving Chapman as the heir. The third brother, Francis Vansittart Chapman, was then trained to manage the estates. On 24 July 1873, Chapman married Edith Sarah Hamilton (b ca 1847), daughter of George Augustus

masks:
Sir Thomas Robert Tighe Chapman
Thomas Robert Lawrence
Thomas Chapman
Thomas Chapman
Thomas Chapman


title: Sir Thomas Chapman, 7th Baronet

texts: Rochfort-Boyd, JP, DL, of Middleton Park, County Westmeath, and they had four daughters, Eva Jane Louisa (born 1874), Rose Isabel (born 1878), Florence Livia (born 1880) and Mabel Cecele (born 1881). In the late 1870s, the Chapmans took on as a governess a capable and cheerful young woman known as Sarah Lawrence. By this time, Edith Chapman had become zealously religious, subjecting members of her household to frequent prayer meetings and disapproving of many of their pleasures, while Chapman himself had become a heavy drinker. He fell in love with Sarah Lawrence, who was younger than him by some fifteen years. One of Chapman's daughters later recalled that her father usually had a dour manner, but whenever Sarah Lawrence entered a room, he became "all gay".Lawrence, who had been born on 31 August 1861 in Sunderland, County Durham, had been registered at birth under the surname of her unmarried mother, Elizabeth Junner, who at the time was working as a servant in the house of <mask>, a Lloyd's surveyor, and his son John Lawrence is thought to have been Sarah Lawrence's father. In 1885, Lawrence became pregnant. She went to live in rooms in Dublin which Chapman got for her, and in December 1885 a son was born and christened Montagu Robert. Chapman stayed with his wife, while seeing Lawrence and his son, until Edith Chapman found out what had happened (the Chapmans' butler, while in a Dublin grocer's shop, heard a young woman give her name as Mrs <mask> – he recognised the woman as Sarah Lawrence). He then left his wife to live with Lawrence. He took her to live at Tremadog, Carnarvonshire (now Gwynedd),

masks:
Thomas Lawrence
Thomas Chapman


title: Sir Thomas Chapman, 7th Baronet

texts:
 North Wales, and their second illegitimate son, christened <mask> and later known as 'Lawrence of Arabia', was born there in August 1888. The couple stayed only a short time in Tremadog, and soon moved on, to Kirkcudbright in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright in Scotland, then to Dinard in Brittany, the Isle of Wight, and the New Forest, choosing places where their English neighbours were unlikely to recognise him.They had nine children altogether, but three of them died young, leaving five sons and a daughter who survived infancy. In 1896, still unmarried and going under the name of Mr and Mrs Lawrence, the couple arrived in Polstead Road, Oxford. The purpose of this move was largely to enable them to educate their sons, despite limited means. Chapman lived a life of leisure and spent much of his time with his sons. He was a photographer, hunted, spoke good French, was interested in medieval architecture, taught his sons carpentry, and even in old age would quote from Homer and Horace. He bought smart new bicycles and liked to cycle long distances. In 1914, Chapman succeeded his cousin Sir Benjamin Rupert Chapman, 6th Baronet (1865–1914), to the baronetcy.He died on 8 April 1919 in Oxford and was buried at Wolvercote Cemetery. As he left no legitimate male heirs, the Chapman Baronetcy of Killua Castle became extinct. Chapman's son T. E. Lawrence had already become world-famous, following the Arab Revolt of 1916. Another of his surviving sons, A. W. Lawrence (1900–1991) became notable as an archaeologist and art historian. Money affairs in exile
On 30 March 1888, Chapman assigned his life interest in his


title: Sir Thomas Chapman, 7th Baronet

texts:
 was left of the family's land in Ireland was sold in 1949 and then came to some .Descendants

Chapman had four daughters: Eva Jane Louisa (b. 1874); Rose Isabel (b. 1878); Florence Lina (b. 1880) and Mabel Cecele (b. 1881). Chapman's eldest son, Montagu Robert Lawrence (1885–1971), became a physician and was a medical missionary in China. His second son, Colonel <mask> Lawrence, died childless in a motorcycle accident in 1935, while his third and fourth sons, William George Lawrence (1889–1915) and Frank Helier Lawrence (1893–1915), also childless, were killed during the First World War.Second Lieutenant William George Lawrence died on 23 October 1915 while serving with the 13th Sqdn. Royal Flying Corps and the Oxford and Bucks Light Infantry; he is buried at St Souplet British Cemetery. Second Lieutenant Frank Helier Lawrence died on  9 May 1915 while serving with the 3rd Bn. attd. 1st Bn. Gloucestershire Regiment; he is commemorated on the Le Touret Memorial. His fifth son, Arnold Walter Lawrence (1900–1991), married Barbara Thompson in 1925 and had one child, Jane Helen Thera Lawrence (1926–1977).In 1947, she married James Macdonald Cassels (1924–1994), who became Lyon Jones Professor of Physics in the University of Liverpool in 1960, and they had two children,  Alistair Lawrence Cassels (1952) and Suzanna Kennedy Cassels (1958). Sarah Lawrence died in 1959, aged 98, in the Acland Nursing Home, Oxford. Notes

1846 births
1919 deaths
Alumni of the Royal Agricultural University
Baronets in the Baronetage of Ireland
People educated at Eton College
T. E. Lawrence
English landowners
19th-century British


title: Wang Dan (dissident)

texts:
<mask> (born February 26, 1969) is a leader of the Chinese democracy movement and was one of the most visible student leaders in the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. He holds a Ph.D. in history from Harvard University, and from August 2009 to February 2010, <mask> taught cross-strait history at Taiwan's National Chengchi University, as a visiting scholar. He then taught at National Tsing Hua University until 2015. Besides conducting research on related topics, <mask> is still active in promoting freedom and democracy in China. Based in the United States, he travels the world to garner support from Overseas Chinese communities as well as from the public at large. He is a friend of fellow activists <mask> and Liu Gang. Biography
<mask> was born in 1969.He was a politically active student at the Peking University department of history, organizing "Democracy Salons" at his school. When he participated in the student movement that led to the 1989 peaceful protest, he joined the movement's organizing body as the representative from Peking University. As a result, after the Tiananmen Square protests, he immediately became the "most wanted" on the list of 21 fugitives issued. <mask> went into hiding but was arrested on July 2 the same year, and sentenced to four years imprisonment in 1991. After being released on parole in 1993, he continued to write publicly (to publications outside of mainland China) and was re-arrested in 1995 for conspiring to overthrow the Communist Party of China and was sentenced in 1996 to 11 years. However he was released early and exiled to the United States of America (see below). <mask> resumed his university studies, starting school at Harvard University in 1998 and completing his master's in East Asian history in 2001 and a Ph.D. in 2008.He also performed research on the development of democracy in Taiwan at Oxford University in 2009. He is currently the chairman of the Chinese Constitutional Reform Association. <mask> was interviewed and appeared in the

masks:
Wang Dan
Wang
Wang
Wang Juntao
Wang Dan
Wang
Wang
Wang


title: Wang Dan (dissident)

texts:
 documentary The Beijing Crackdown and the movie Moving the Mountain, about the Tiananmen Square protests. He also featured prominently in Shen Tong's book Almost a Revolution. He was banned from setting foot on mainland China with his passport expiring in 2003. He attempted to visit Hong Kong in 2004, but was rejected. At that time he was invited by the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China to talk about politics ahead of the 15th anniversary of the June 4 crackdown.Due to a typhoon, <mask> finally landed in Hong Kong for the first time, though he was confined to the airport's restricted zone as he had no Hong Kong visa. Arrest and incarceration
Following the People's Liberation Army's crackdown on the protests, <mask> was placed on a list of the 21 most wanted student leaders of the protests. Imprisoned on July 2, 1989, <mask> spent nearly two years in custody before his trial in 1991. <mask> was charged with spreading counterrevolutionary propaganda and incitement. He was sentenced to 4 years in prison; a relatively mild sentence compared to other political prisoners in China at this time. This short sentence was thought to be caused by two things: the government was unsure of what to do with so many students, and felt pressure due to their high-profile nature. While incarcerated, <mask> spent two years at Qincheng Prison, known for its high number of political prisoners.Despite the usual cramped conditions, because of his high-profile case, <mask> was given his own cell. <mask> was released in 1993, just months before the end of his sentence. <mask> himself has noted this was most likely related to China’s first bid for the Olympic Games since he and 19 other political prisoners were released only a month before the International Olympic Committee was to visit. Almost immediately after his release in 1993 <mask> began to promote democracy in China and contacted exiled political activists in the United States. He was arrested for a second time in

masks:
Wang
Wang Dan
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang Dan
Wang