title: Keith Raniere

texts:
 conducted in Anchorage, Alaska, hosted by Salzman. The following January, Snyder traveled to New York State to visit Raniere and other NXIVM leaders.Snyder's mother recalled that her daughter "had come to believe she was responsible for the Columbia shuttle disaster" and "thought <mask> was incredible". Snyder, accompanied by her partner Heidi Clifford, signed up for a second sixteen-day course in Anchorage. On February 6, 2003, the tenth day of the second seminar, Snyder reportedly began claiming to be pregnant with Raniere's child, a claim allegedly corroborated by Clare Bronfman. Clifford recalled: "I was told [by a NXIVM instructor] not to bring her to the hospital. That's what makes me feel really bad." Snyder was last seen leaving this session of the course. Her vehicle was discovered two days later in Seward, Alaska, 120 miles from Anchorage.Police recovered a note that read: "I attended a course called Executive Success Programs ... based out of Anchorage, AK, and Albany, NY. I was brainwashed and my emotional center of the brain was killed/turned off. I still have feeling in my external skin, but my internal organs are rotting ... I am sorry life, I didn't know I was already dead. May we persist into the future." A separate page added: "No need to search for my body." A witness at Raniere's 2019 trial testified that after Snyder disappeared, Raniere paid $24,000 to obtain the password to her email account.2003 Forbes exposé

In October 2003, <mask> was featured, cloaked in shadows, on the cover of Forbes magazine, accompanied by the appellation "The World's Strangest Executive Coach". The "devastating" cover

masks: Keith Raniere


title: Keith Raniere

type: original

texts:
 story, penned by Michael Freedman and entitled "Cult of Personality", has been described as "a gold mine of previously unpublished information". The story discussed <mask>'s title "Vanguard" and detailed his previous shuttered business, Consumers' Buyline, and included a quote from Edgar Bronfman accusing the organization of being a cult. Vanity Fair subsequently reported on the Forbes article's impact within the group: "People at NXIVM were stunned. Expecting a positive story, the top ranks had spoken to Forbes, including <mask>, Salzman, and Sara Bronfman. What upset them above all were Edgar Bronfman's remarks." According to Vanity Fair, the article was a turning point in <mask>'s relationship with Edgar Bronfman: That,' says one woman, 'was when Edgar Bronfman became NXIVM's enemy.A witness at <mask>'s trial later testified that Bronfman's computer was compromised and his emails monitored by group members for a period of years. Commodities trades
Barbara Bouchey spent $1.6 million covering losses of commodities trades which Raniere made in her name. From January 2005 until late 2007, Raniere lost nearly $70 million in commodities trading. Raniere suggested to Clare Bronfman that the losses were due to market manipulation by her father. Beginning in August 2005, the Bronfman sisters covered the losses, ultimately using $150 million of their funds in support of <mask> and his organization. Collaborations with the Dalai Lama
 Eager to distance themselves from "cult" allegations in the press, NXIVM members sought the endorsement of the Dalai Lama, spending $2 million on the project. Eight years later, it was revealed

masks: Raniere Raniere Raniere Raniere Raniere


title: Keith Raniere

texts:
 that, in 2009, Sara Bronfman had a sexual relationship with Lama Tenzin Dhonden, the Dalai Lama's gatekeeper who arranged the appearance; and who, as a monk, had taken a vow of celibacy.Amid accusations of corruption, Dhonden was replaced. On May 6, 2009, the Dalai Lama traveled to Albany to give a talk; during the event, he presented <mask> with a white scarf onstage. The Dalai Lama additionally wrote the foreword to the book The Sphinx and Thelxiepeia, which <mask> co-authored in 2009. The prior year, <mask> had co-authored his first book, Odin and The Sphinx. Mass resignations and public allegations
In 2009, a group of <mask>'s associates (called the "NXIVM Nine") broke with <mask> and his organization, citing "concerns about unethical practices and the alleged abuse of his leadership status to sexually manipulate women in the organization." One of the dissenters, Barbara Bouchey, had been Raniere's partner for nine years. In March 2010, Raniere learned that inner-circle member Daniela had kissed another man.According to 2019 trial testimony, upon hearing the news, <mask> locked himself in a bathroom. Thereafter, he ordered that Daniela be confined to a room with only a mattress and video cameras, where she was held for almost two years. In November 2010, Vanity Fair published an article titled "The Heiresses and the Cult" in which Raniere's former partner Toni Natalie recalled that Raniere "had insisted she keep the body of her dead puppy in her garage freezer and look at it daily." That same month, The New York Post reported on the existence of a video in which Raniere is heard telling two followers: "I've had

masks: Raniere Raniere Raniere Raniere Raniere Raniere


title: Keith Raniere

texts:
 people killed because of my beliefsor because of their beliefs." In a 2010 Albany Times Union article, NXIVM former coaches characterized students as "prey" for Raniere to satisfy either his gambling or sexual proclivities. In 2011, Toni Natalie filed documents in federal court alleging that she had been repeatedly raped by Raniere. Departure of Kristin Keeffe
Kristin Keeffe was a longtime partner of Raniere and mother of his son Gaelyn.The child, born in 2007, had earlier been reported to be an orphan adopted by <mask> and Keeffe, rather than their biological child. In 2010, it was reported that <mask> had ordered that the child be kept away from peers and that he was being cared for by nannies speaking five different languages. In February 2014, Keeffe broke with <mask> and his group. After she fled the region with her son, an email bearing her name explained: "I have full sole legal custody of Gaelyn. <mask> was experimenting on him. I had to get Gaelyn away." Keeffe publicly described Raniere as "dangerous".In 2015, it was reported that Keeffe had alleged that Raniere directed Canadian investigative firm Canaprobe to obtain financial information on six federal judges and a US senator from the State of New York as well as a reporter, an editor, and the publisher of the Times Union. That same year, Keeffe further alleged that Raniere had planned to lure his critics to Mexico with an invitation to an anti-cult conference; once in Mexico, the critics were to be arrested on false charges by order of a judge who had been bribed. Patent infringement litigation
In 2015, <mask> personally sued AT&T and Microsoft, alleging

masks: Raniere Raniere Raniere Keith Raniere


title: Keith Raniere

texts:
 they had infringed on his patents. The following year, the case was dismissed with prejudice. The trial court ruled that Raniere's "conduct throughout this litigation, culminating in his untruthful testimony at the hearing on the motion to dismiss, demonstrates a pattern of obfuscation and bad faith." Raniere was sanctioned and ordered to pay $450,000 in attorneys fees. Sexual relationship with minors
At Raniere's trial, court testimony, WhatsApp messages, and sexually explicit photos of a minor presented by the prosecution as evidence suggest starting from 2005, Raniere was sexually involved with a 15-year-old girl named Camila.Camila confirmed the allegations in her victim impact statement at <mask>'s sentencing, stating that she met Raniere when she was 13-year-old and began a sexual relationship with him two years later. The ongoing relationship with <mask> has caused her lasting physical and emotional scars, including battling an eating disorder ever since Raniere directed her to maintain a low weight. Camila was also asked to join DOS, the secret subgroup Raniere created in NXIVM. Camila's entire family were members of NXIVM. She finally left NXIVM in 2017 with the help of her sister Daniela. Raniere had sexual relationships with both Camila's sisters. All three sisters got pregnant at different times and had abortions at the suggestion of Raniere.Her sister Daniela testified at the trial that she was groomed by <mask> while she was still underage. He began a sexual relationship with her days after her 18th birthday. When Daniela told Raniere she was interested in another man, he assigned Lauren Salzman (the

masks: Raniere Raniere Raniere


title: Keith Raniere

texts: daughter of NXIVM president Nancy Salzman) to help her "learn from her mistakes" in solitary confinement. Daniela was kept in a room in her family home for two years, with only a mattress on the floor, a pen, and paper. Even though Daniela was in the same house as her family, the only person she had contact with was Salzman. In 2012, Daniela agreed to return to her home country and was left at the border with little money and no personal documents. She slowly rebuilt her life and got a copy of her birth certificate with the help of an attorney at a human rights commission.After years of estrangement, Daniela reconnected with some of her family members when they left NXIVM. At <mask>'s trial, Daniela said: "as I built a world, it was only after that I was able to look back at the world I was in and realized the monstrosity that it had been." In a 2012 Times Union exposé, an unnamed woman said she had a sexual relationship with Raniere when she was 12 and 13 years old. She met <mask> in 1990 when her mother worked for Raniere's multi-level marketing company Consumers' Buyline Inc. Raniere offered to tutor her in Latin and algebra and soon began a sexual relationship with her. The sexual relationship took a psychological toll on her. She started skipping school and running away from home and eventually received counseling for victims of sex abuse. She filed a State Police report against Raniere in 1993.The woman spent 20 years working to feel comfortable in relationships and told the Times Union: "[Raniere] took my innocence. I can never get that back." At <mask>'s trial, prosecutors introduced evidence of Raniere


title: Keith Raniere

texts:
 discussing his views on sexual assault and child sexual abuse. DOS: allegations of sex slavery and branding
In 2015, Raniere created a secret subgroup within NXIVM, "Dominus Obsequious Sororium" (DOS). DOS operated with levels of "slaves" headed by "masters". Slaves were expected to recruit slaves of their own, becoming masters themselves. Slaves owed service not only to their own masters but also to masters above them in the DOS pyramid.An estimated 150 women joined DOS. <mask> was the only male in DOS and sat at the top of the pyramid as the "grandmaster". DOS first members and Raniere's inner circle include Allison Mack, Nicki Clyne, and Lauren Salzman, all of whom are also his sexual partners. Raniere relied on his inner circle members to carry out his orders and build the DOS pyramid group. DOS masters recruited women by telling them that they were joining a women-only organization that would empower them and eradicate purported weaknesses that the NXIVM curriculum taught were common in women. Raniere's status as the leader of DOS was concealed from new members. Before joining DOS, women were required to provide "collateral", which included highly damaging personal information, sexually explicit photos or videos, and rights to personal assets.Slaves were told that their collateral will be released if they leave DOS or tell anyone about DOS's existence. Raniere maintained command and control over DOS members with the collateral collected from them. DOS masters directly or implicitly required their slaves to engage in sexual activity with Raniere. Raniere prefers "exceptionally thin" women DOS members were forced to


title: Keith Raniere

texts: adhere to extremely restrictive diets and document every food they ate. The extreme diet caused women to stop menstruating and their hair to fall out. DOS slaves were severely sleep-deprived, were forced to participate in "readiness drills", and subjected to corporal punishment. Slaves were required to provide service for their masters, from running errands to cleaning their homes.Some women were branded in their pelvic areas using a cauterizing pen with Raniere's initials. The branding was performed by NXIVM member Dr Danielle Roberts at Allison Mack's home. The DOS branding ritual followed a script created by Raniere. Slaves were required to be fully naked, with the ceremonies filmed and used as more collateral on the DOS slaves. Only Raniere's inner circle members knew the brand was his initials. New members were told the brand was a "symbol of the elements" and were unaware that it was Raniere's initials. At <mask>'s trial, prosecutors introduced a 2016 recording of a private meeting with DOS inner circle members in which Raniere stated: "the monogram as it is right now is very directly related to my initials."The group discussed how to obscure the connection to Raniere's initials from new members. At <mask>'s trial, a DOS slave testified that when she finally confronted Raniere, he told her that DOS was "a walk in the park", saying, "You guys think you have it so bad. But this is nothing compared to other alternative subculture groups." On June 5, 2017, Frank Parlato was the first to report that there was a secret sorority called DOS and the women known as "slaves" were branded with Raniere's initials, using a hot

masks: Raniere Raniere


title: Keith Raniere

texts:
 cauterizing pen. On October 18, 2017, The New York Times published a story about the slaves and branding and reported that the slaves were required to provide nude photos or other potentially damaging information about themselves if they wished to join. Arrest, trial and conviction

In the wake of The New York Times article, Raniere fled to Mexico, accompanied by a few members of his inner circle. A search warrant was issued for <mask>'s email account on January 18, 2018.An agent of the FBI filed a criminal complaint and an arrest warrant against <mask> with the US District Court for the Eastern District of New York on February 14, 2018. <mask> was arrested by Mexican Federal Police authorities in a luxury villa outside Puerto Vallarta in March 2018. Lauren Salzman later recalled that the arrest interfered with a planned group sex session; when police arrived, she and Raniere barricaded themselves in the master suite, with Raniere attempting to hide in a walk-in closet. <mask> was then transferred to custody in New York after appearing in federal court in Fort Worth, Texas. Raniere was indicted on a variety of charges related to DOS, including sex trafficking, conspiracy for sex trafficking, and conspiracy to commit forced labor. The indictment alleged that at least one woman was coerced into sex with Raniere, who forced DOS members to undergo the branding ritual alleged by former DOS member Sarah Edmondson and others. United States Attorney Richard Donoghue stated that Raniere "created a secret society of women with whom he had sex and had branded with his initials, coercing them with the threat of releasing their

masks: Raniere Raniere Raniere Raniere


title: Keith Raniere

texts:
 highly personal information and taking their assets."<mask>'s federal trial began on May 7, 2019. Prosecution witnesses included Lauren Salzman; NXIVM film-maker Mark Vicente; victims "Sylvia", "Daniela", and "Nicole"; and cult educator Rick Alan Ross. The defense rested without calling any witnesses. On June 19, 2019, the jury found Raniere guilty on all charges after five hours of deliberation. <mask> was found guilty of:
 Sexual exploitation of a child and possession of child pornography with regard to minor victim "Camila";
 Sex trafficking of "Nicole"; attempted sex trafficking of "Jay";
 Identity theft against Edgar Bronfman, James Loperfido, Ashana Chenoa, "Marianna", and Pam Cafritz;
 Trafficking for labor and services of "Daniela"; forced labor of "Nicole";
 Conspiracy to alter records for use in an official proceeding; and
 Sex trafficking conspiracy, forced labor conspiracy, racketeering conspiracy, and wire fraud conspiracy. On October 27, 2020, federal judge Nicholas Garaufis sentenced Raniere to 120 years in prison and fined him $1.75 million. <mask> began serving his 120-year sentence at United States Penitentiary, Lewisburg, a medium-security penitentiary in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.On January 22, 2021, <mask> was transferred to a maximum-security prison, United States Penitentiary, Tucson, in Tucson, Arizona. His earliest possible release date is June 27, 2120, when he would be 160 years old. Homicide speculation
A number of Raniere's alleged lovers suffered untimely deaths. Gina Hutchinson was found dead of a gunshot wound to the head. Kristin Snyder disappeared and was last seen at a NXIVM event.


title: Keith Raniere

texts:
 Live-in girlfriends Barbara Jeske and Pam Cafritz both died from what was diagnosed as cancer at the time but is alleged to have actually been subtle poisoning. <mask>'s partner Kristin Keeffe survived cervical cancer.In 2009, <mask> was filmed claiming, "I've had people killed because of my beliefs." In 2019, Investigation Discovery aired a documentary titled "The Lost Women of NXIVM", speculating that Raniere committed homicide. According to that program, a woman who lived with Raniere and developed bladder cancer submitted a hair sample that reportedly revealed the evidence of dangerous levels of bismuth and barium. Civil lawsuit
In January 2020, <mask> and several other NXIVM individuals were named as defendants in a civil lawsuit filed in federal court by 80 former NXIVM members. The lawsuit details allegations of fraud and abuse and charges the NXIVM organisation with being a pyramid scheme, exploitation of its recruits, conducting illegal human experiments, and making it "physically and psychologically difficult, and in some cases impossible, to leave the coercive community." In the media
 Investigation Discovery released a documentary titled The Lost Women of NXIVM; it premiered December 8, 2019. In it, Frank Parlato examines the deaths of four women who had connections to NXIVM.HBO released a docuseries about NXIVM titled The Vow; it premiered on August 23, 2020. References

1960 births
20th-century American criminals
21st-century American criminals
American businesspeople convicted of crimes
American male criminals
American motivational speakers
American people convicted of child pornography offenses
American


title: Judith Coplon

texts:
<mask> (May 17, 1921 – February 26, 2011) was a spy for the Soviet Union whose trials, convictions, and successful constitutional appeals had a profound influence on espionage prosecutions during the Cold War. In 1949, three major cases against communists started in the United States: that of <mask> (1949–1967), that of Alger Hiss and Whittaker Chambers (1949–1950), and that of the Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders (1949–1958). Background

<mask> was born on May 17, 1921, in Brooklyn, New York. Her father <mask> was a toymaker and mother Rebecca Moroh a milliner. She went to public school Joseph F. Lamb (PS 206) in Brooklyn, New York. In high school she won an award for a good-citizenship award and a full scholarship to Barnard College. At Barnard, she majored in history and joined the Young Communist League.In 1943, she graduated cum laude. She was recruited for Soviet espionage at Columbia University by Flora Wovschin and Marion Davis Berdecio. Career

In 1944, <mask> obtained a job in the US Department of Justice. She transferred to the Foreign Agents Registration section, where she had access to counter-intelligence information, and was allegedly recruited as a spy by the NKGB at the end of 1944. Espionage

Evidence later emerged that <mask> was recruited as a Soviet spy during the early months of 1945. <mask> had a meeting with Vladimir Pravdin, the NKVD station chief in New York City on January 4, 1945. Pravdin was impressed by <mask> who was described as "very serious, shy, profound girl, ideologically close to us."He went on to argue:       We have no doubts about the sincerity of her desire to work with us. In the course of the conversation (<mask>) underlined how much she appreciated the credit we gave to her and that, now knowing for whom she was working, she would redouble her efforts. At the very first

masks:
Judith Coplon Socolov
Coplon
Judith Coplon
Samuel Coplon
Coplon
Coplon
Coplon
Coplon
Coplon


title: Judith Coplon

texts:
 stage of her work (<mask>) thought she was helping the local compatriots (the CPUSA).... She thought the stuff acquired by her couldn't represent an interest to the compatriots but could for an organization like the Comintern or another institution bearing a relationship to us. She added that she hoped she was working specifically for us, since she considered it the highest honor to have an opportunity to provide us with modest help." Soon she was recruited as a Soviet spy (codenamed Sima). <mask> became one of the NKVD's most valued sources. Her main attention was focused on the main Justice Department counterintelligence archive that collected information from the various government agencies: FBI, OSS, and naval and army intelligence.She passed to her NKVD contact a number of documents from the archive. That included FBI materials on Soviet organizations in the United States and information on leaders of the Communist Party of the United States. Detection

She came to the attention of the FBI as a result of a Venona message in late 1948. <mask> was known in both Soviet intelligence and the Venona files as "SIMA." She was the first person tried as a result of the Venona project, but for reasons of security, the Venona information was not revealed at her trial. FBI Special Agent Robert Lamphere testified at her trial that suspicion had fallen on <mask> because of information from a reliable "confidential informant." An extensive counterintelligence operation planted a secret document for her to pass to the Soviets.FBI agents arrested <mask> on March 4, 1949, in Manhattan, as she met with Valentin Gubitchev, a KGB official employed by the United Nations while she was carrying what she believed to be secret US government documents in her purse. Trials and appeals

<mask>'s attorney was Archibald Palmer and Gubitchev's was

masks: Coplon Coplon Coplon Coplon Coplon Coplon


title: Judith Coplon

texts:
 Abraham Pomerantz. <mask> was convicted in two separate trials, one for espionage that began on April 25, 1949 and another for conspiracy along with Gubitchev in 1950. Both convictions were later overturned, in 1950 and 1951 respectively, on appeal. The appellate court, sitting in New York, concluded that while the evidence showed that she was guilty, FBI agents had lied under oath about the bugging. Moreover, the opinion said that the failure to get a warrant was not justified. The court overturned the verdict, but the indictment was not dismissed.In the appeal of the Washington trial, the verdict was upheld, but because of the possible bugging, a new trial became impossible. For political and evidentiary reasons, it never took place. The legal irregularities ensured that she was never retried, and the government ultimately dropped the case in 1967 along with the return of her bail money of $40,000. National attention

The <mask> trials commanded nationwide attention. After her arrest but before her trials, <mask> received earnest attention from the media. For example, Gertrude Samuels wrote for The New York Times, questioning the situation:    Why do some people become traitors? What turns some native-born Americans, as well as naturalized citizens, into Benedict Arnolds and Quislings?What motivates them to betray their country and themselves?... Samuels examines four kinds of traitors: professional, people loyal to their birth lands, crackpots, and idealists. In this last group, she named Elizabeth Bentley and Whittaker Chambers. To understand this group, she argues, one must understand their drive for social justice—reasons "beyond FBI jurisdiction" while "few judges are bothered by motivations." NYT Book Review editor Sam Tanenhaus wrote in March 2011: At the time of her trial, Ms. <mask> drew a great deal of interest,

masks: Coplon Coplon Coplon Coplon


title: Judith Coplon

texts:
 particularly in the lively tabloid press of the day. A 27-year-old cum laude graduate of Barnard, employed in the internal security section of the Justice Department, she seemed the model postwar "government girl," fetchingly clad in snug sweaters and New Look skirts . .  [with the] sort of attention Lindsay Lohan's courtroom appearances attract today. Personal life and death

In 1950 <mask> married one of her attorneys, Albert Socolov, and they remained married until her death in 2011.The couple had four children. Once the trials concluded, <mask> disappeared from the public space. She went on to pass a master’s degree in education, published bilingual books and taught creative writing to women in prison. See also
 Preceding case: Hollywood Ten (1947)
 Concurrent cases:
 Hiss–Chambers Case (1949–1950)
 Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders (1949–1958)
 House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC)

References

Further reading

 John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1999) pp. 157–160
 Robert J. Lamphere and Tom Shachtman, The FBI-KGB War: A Special Agent's Story (Random House, New York, 1986) pp. 97–124
 Marcia Mitchell and Thomas Mitchell, The Spy Who Seduced America: Lies and Betrayal in the Heat of the Cold War – The <mask> Story (Invisible Cities Press, Montpelier, 2002)
 Alexander Vassiliev and Allen Weinstein, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America – The Stalin Era (Random House, New York, 1999) pp. 277–279, 298

Barnard College alumni
1921 births
Place of birth missing
2011 deaths
Place of death missing
American spies for the Soviet Union
American people in the Venona papers
McCarthyism
Anti-communism in the United States
20th-century American Jews
American people convicted of spying for the Soviet Union
21st-century

masks:
Coplon
Judith Coplon
Judith Coplon


title: Algernon Thomas

texts:
<mask>  (3 June 1857 – 28 December 1937) was a New Zealand university professor, geologist, biologist and educationalist. He was born in Birkenhead, Cheshire, England in 1857 and died in Auckland, New Zealand in 1937. He is best known for his early research (1880–83) into the life cycle of the sheep liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica), a distinction he shared with the German zoologist Rudolf Leuckart, his report on the eruption of Tarawera (1888) and his contribution to the development of New Zealand pedagogy. Background and education
<mask> was born in Birkenhead, Cheshire, on 3 June 1857, the sixth child and second son of Edith Withiell Phillips (1826–1909) and her husband <mask> (1823–1909), an accountant and, later, senior partner in the Manchester practice Thomas, Wade, Guthrie & Co. Both his parents came from Redruth in Cornwall. His elder brother <mask>, (1850–1892), a Gray's Inn barrister by profession, obtained early recognition as Librarian of the Oxford Union (1874) and, subsequently, for his work as secretary of the Library Association of the United Kingdom (1878–1890) and for his 1888 edition of The philobiblon of Richard de Bury. Two of his elder sisters, <mask> (1852–1919) and <mask> (1854–1929), actively promoted secondary education for women, notably as foundation headmistresses respectively of Sydenham High School (1887) and Edgbaston Church of England College for Girls (1886).In 1861, <mask>' family moved to Manchester where he was educated privately before being sent as a boarder to Ockbrook School in Derby. He subsequently followed his brother to Manchester Grammar School. Inclined to scientific studies

masks:
Sir Algernon Phillips Withiel Thomas
Thomas
John Withiell Thomas
Ernest Chester Thomas
Clara Irene Thomas
Lilias Landon Thomas
Thomas


title: Algernon Thomas

texts: from an early age, <mask> profited from his attendance at Manchester Grammar during the regime of its reforming high master, Frederick Walker who had a reputation for ensuring that his pupils achieved the highest academic distinctions. Awarded a Brackenbury Natural Science Scholarship by Balliol College, he matriculated at Oxford on 20 October 1874, aged 17. Studying under Robert Clifton (physics), Henry Smith (mathematics), Joseph Prestwich (geology), WW Fisher (chemistry), Henry Acland (human anatomy) and George Rolleston (biology), he obtained a second in mathematical honour moderations in 1876 and a first in natural sciences in the honour finals in 1877, taking his BA in 1878. In 1879 he was awarded a Burdett-Coutts scholarship in geology, undertaking post-graduate study in Italy (Stazione Zoologica, Naples), France, Switzerland and Germany (Philipps-Universität Marburg). He took his MA in 1881.In late 1879, Rolleston, the Linacre professor of anatomy and physiology, appointed <mask> junior demonstrator in human and comparative anatomy at the University Museum, Oxford, in succession to Edward Bagnall Poulton. His responsibilities included practical teaching of microscopic preparations, dissecting and practical classes in embryology as well as lecturing; his pupils included Frank Beddard (1858–1925) and Halford Mackinder (1861–1947). Under Rolleston's somewhat erratic supervision – his health was failing – <mask> was commissioned by the Royal Agricultural Society to investigate the sheep liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica), a parasite flatworm that in the winter of 1879–80 had caused the loss of some three million sheep

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas


title: Algernon Thomas

texts:
 in England. <mask>' preliminary results, which, critically, established the basic life cycle of the parasite, were published in 1881 and 1882, with his analysis and conclusions appearing in 1883. He was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society of London in 1882. Emigration to New Zealand
Notwithstanding his father's relative wealth, his academic success and the overt support of Acland and the master of Balliol, Benjamin Jowett, <mask> was unclear as to where he might gain more remunerative employment subsequent to his appointment to the museum. In October 1882, following a number of disappointments, he applied successfully for the professorship of natural science at the soon-to-be-formed Auckland University College (AUC), a constituent college of the University of New Zealand.Selected on the recommendations of <mask> and Archibald Geikie, he delivered his first professorial lecture, 'a special discourse "On the Liver-parasite in Sheep"' alongside Acland at the University of Oxford in February 1883. <mask>, accompanied by his younger sister Lucie <mask> (1862-1932), departed from London on 8 March 1883 on the SS Orient. Transferring to the SS Rotomahana in Melbourne, they arrived in Auckland on 1 May 1883 to find that, contrary to what <mask> had been led to believe at his interview, facilities were somewhat less than rudimentary. Until 1885 when Parliament passed the Auckland University College Reserves Act, AUC was the only university college in New Zealand without either an endowment or a dedicated campus. As well as having to establish a new department encompassing geology, botany and zoology in - to quote Beatrice

masks:
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas Huxley
Thomas
Vernon Thomas
Thomas


title: Algernon Thomas

texts: Webb - 'quaint ramshackle wooden buildings', <mask> was also required to teach mathematics following the drowning of George Walker, the professor of mathematics. Not only was Auckland the physical and intellectual antithesis of Oxford but there was also considerable antagonism to the very existence of the college among Auckland's dominant commercial class with the Auckland Chamber of Commerce calling for its funding to be diverted to more profitable purposes on the grounds that 'a University is for the few and that consequently its usefulness is circumscribed.' Aside from having to lecture and research, the scientific professorial staff were also required to locate suitable premises, assemble books, specimen, apparatus and teaching materials, establish laboratories, undertake fieldwork and, notwithstanding the absence of any support staff, administer their departments.<mask> was also elected chair of the Professorial Board and in that capacity delivered the inaugural address at the opening of AUC on 21 May 1883. In addition, there was an expectation that they would also examine secondary students, give public lectures, provide reports on scientific matters to various branches of government and be active participants in the city's intellectual life. <mask> joined the Auckland Institute and Museum in June 1883, and was elected to its council in 1884 and its presidency in 1886, a position he held again in 1895 and between 1903 and 1905. In his first year of membership he delivered two lectures at the Institute: 'Remarks on specimens from the Naples Zoological Station' and 'Remarks on Mr Caldwell's researches on the


title: Algernon Thomas

texts: development of the lower mammals of Australia' and for the next decade he continued to deliver up to three lectures a year. Subsequently, he was appointed chairman of the Trustees of the Museum and, in that position, played a significant role both in establishing the museum's scientific reputation and in ensuring it was suitably housed and maintained. In the summer vacation following his arrival, between January and March 1884, <mask> travelled throughout New Zealand meeting colleagues at the other two university establishments, notably <mask> Parker (1850–1897), professor of biology and curator of the University Museum at the University of Otago and Frederick Hutton (1836–1905), professor of biology at Canterbury University College. The visit both enabled him to assess the status of science in the country and provided him with the empirical basis on which he developed a teaching programme best suited to the needs of his students.It also opened up an informal network of local scientific researchers; he became particularly close to Parker with whom he initiated a research project focussing on the embryology of the Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). While <mask> had good relations with his peers, his connection with the New Zealand scientific establishment, as embodied by James Hector, director of both the Colonial Museum and the New Zealand Geological Survey, manager of the New Zealand Institute and editor of its Transactions, was less congenial. Hector seems to have avoided meeting <mask> during his first visit to Wellington, leaving <mask> to observe merely that the Colonial Museum was 'old-fashioned' in appearance. The

masks:
Thomas
Thomas Jeffery
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas


title: Algernon Thomas

texts: influential Hector, a medical doctor by training, distrusted university-trained natural scientists recently arrived from the metropolis, such as <mask> and Parker. It was a view shared by James McKerrow, the surveyor general and a protégé of Hector's, who observed of <mask> and his colleague Frederick Douglas Brown, the professor of chemistry at AUC, that 'They are I fancy like some other learned men I have seen from Home, who have to unlearn a good deal after they come to the colony, and get quit of a deal of self-complacency. A very common notion of new arrivals, is, that Colonials are a sort of unkempt inferior race which it is the privilege and duty of them – the learned men – to make stepping stones of.' For their part, Parker, <mask> and Brown were not so much keen to step on 'colonials', but rather unimpressed by the descriptive, unanalytical, nature of the prevailing scientific methodology and sceptical of the rigour of its practitioners, many of them self-trained.Hector's animus against the academic scientists is suggested by his failure to publish many of the papers submitted to him in his capacity as editor of the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. These tensions coalesced in June 1886 when the largest volcanic event in modern New Zealand history occurred at Mount Tarawera, 24 kilometres south east of Rotorua in the North Island. Following the eruption, the government commissioned Hector to provide a scientific report on the occurrence and its consequences. Undertaking a fleeting visit around the site he produced a report arguing that the eruption was, essentially, non-volcanic and of


title: Algernon Thomas

texts:
 little scientific interest. As R F Keam remarks, 'No geologist today would accept Hector's model of the occurrence' and, even then, the deficiencies of the Hector report aroused criticism. In an effort to defuse the matter William Lanarch, the minister of mines, commissioned Hutton, <mask> and Brown to further report on the eruption. While Hutton evinced a degree of impatience in promulgating his opinion, <mask> was more circumspect and thorough in his fieldwork and his report, published two years later and separately from that of Hutton, was, in Keam's opinion, 'the polished product of meticulous research'; he further notes that '<mask> would have been glad that he had distanced himself from Hutton's ideas on the matter'.Research and teaching
Notwithstanding the topicality of and his interest in geological matters, the wide scope of <mask>'s academic responsibilities made it impossible for him to specialise. Almost immediately after his arrival he was requested by both colonial and municipal authorities to undertake investigations into a diverse range of biological and geological subjects ranging from parasitic diseases affecting rabbits in the Wairarapa district and the life history of flounder to analyses of water quality in Auckland. In a discussion of <mask>' report on the rabbit control problem, Paul Star notes that while he 'did not find a satisfactory disease, ... the publication of his reports introduced many colonists to a scientific approach'. <mask>' lack of specialisation has led some New Zealand historians, such as Keith Sinclair, to assert that he was not a researcher of any significance. Much of this

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas


title: Algernon Thomas

texts: argument is anachronistic and demonstrates a failure either to comprehend the aims, purpose and function of applied scientific research at the end of the nineteenth century or to understand the circumstances under which <mask> would have been able to research at the level he had become accustomed to in Europe. Nonetheless, <mask> did produce significant research outputs, particularly during his first two decades at the university; between 1883 and 1903 he published thirteen scientific papers ranging in scope from observations on volcanic rocks of the Taupo district, notes on Tuatara embryology and an account of the prothallium of Phylloglossum. Although not present for the preliminary meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) held in Sydney in November 1886 he was a foundation member and in 1888 was elected an ordinary member of the Association's ruling body and, with Parker, Honorary Local Secretary for New Zealand.At the AAAS conference held in Melbourne in 1890 he presided over the biological section, delivering an address lamenting the deficient state of scientific pedagogy, particularly at secondary level, the need for public scientific research and the failure of museums in some of the Australasian colonies to recognise their public role noting that 'It is over 30 years since Darwin pointed out how important and intimate were the relations of living beings to their environment. His teaching infused new life into the study of Biology but the enthusiasm does not seem to have extended to museums. One would think that the Origin of Species had never entered the doors of a museum.

masks: Thomas Thomas


title: Algernon Thomas

texts: Most museums seem to be arranged chiefly, though most inadequately, with regard to the wants of the specialist, and the general public are scarcely thought of. It was, effectively, a statement of what <mask> hoped to achieve in his work in New Zealand. <mask>' primary focus at AUC was on teaching and his research clearly informed his pedagogy. While University of New Zealand degrees were initially set and examined in the United Kingdom, he developed courses in both biology and geology that focussed on the local condition and emphasised fieldwork.His early students effectively developed those areas in which he had undertaken preliminary research. <mask> appears to have been an inspiring teacher. Alan Mason notes with respect to his teaching of geology that he was responsible 'for an explosion of talent, noting that of the six senior scholars in geology between 1894 and 1903, five of them were from Auckland. Moreover, 'the Auckland achievement becomes even greater when we realise that of the three colleges in existence ... the Auckland college was the smallest and the poorest. The success came from a student base of less than forty i.e. an average of four first year students entering the department each year. Furthermore, in contrast to his southern counterparts, <mask> was the sole teacher of botany, zoology and geology.'<mask>'s success as a teacher was not restricted to geology. His zoology students included Richard William Allen, MA (1899), Wooldridge Memorial Scholar in Physiology (1902) at Guys Hospital, gold medalist material medica, University of London (1902), Gull student in pathology (1904), MB BS University of

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas


title: Algernon Thomas

texts:
 London (1905), who became 'a brilliant Harley Street specialist' and author of Vaccine therapy; its theory and practice (1910). In botany, John Ernest Holloway FRS, MSc (1905), DSc (1917) developed and extended <mask>'s initial investigation into primitive ferns; and Kathleen Maisey Curtis, BA (1913) was the first New Zealand woman to win an 1851 Scholarship for study at the University of London where she was awarded a DSc in 1919. A mycologist at the Cawthorn Institute in Nelson, she was the first female fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand. Other students who distinguishing themselves included Elsie Mary Griffin, MA (1906), subsequently a key figure in the YWCA in both New Zealand and Australia. Writing to <mask> in 1912, Griffin observed that while he might think her 'a horrid "suffragette"' indulging in 'all kinds of bold & "unwomanly" things', she found her 'scientific training of immense value' in her work. Conservation and horticulture
<mask>' pragmatic approach to his teaching anticipated the development of an understanding of New Zealand's natural environment based on scientific method rather than on the fragmented observation of phenomena.Moreover, <mask> was not averse to criticising the focus of the British-set examinations conducted under the aegis of the University of New Zealand, arguing for example with A H Green, Prestwich's successor as professor of geology at Oxford, that while a general knowledge of British geology was useful for New Zealand students of the subject, the focus should be on the geology of their country. <mask>' recognition of the unique qualities of New Zealand biota paved the


title: Algernon Thomas

texts: way for his advocacy of environmental conservation measures; while far from being the first to propose the preservation of the country's indigenous fauna and flora, his methodological approach laid the foundation for more scientific assessments of what had hitherto been proposed for preservation on the basis of 'natural curiosities'. As early as 1886 he was among those arguing at the Auckland Institute the necessity of introducing measures to conserve the rapidly diminishing indigenous bird population. In 1891, <mask> moved a resolution at the Christchurch meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, seconded by G M Thomson, encouraging the preservation of the native fauna and flora of New Zealand. His motion declared the need for 'the formation of one or more Reserves where the fauna (and also the flora) could be protected from the destruction which, it is well known, is overtaking so many of the rare and more interesting species'. After considerable legislative inertia, his lobbying led to the formation of a conservation reserve on Hauturu-o-Toi (Little Barrier Island) in October 1894 'as a reserve for birds in time of peace, and for defence purposes in time of fighting'. In April 1894, emboldened by the success of this move, he advocated the preservation of the native flora and fauna of the nearby Waitākere Ranges and subsequently was the chief speaker in a delegation that sought to persuade the Auckland City Council to acquire the region as a scenic reserve.He was supporter and later chairman of the Auckland Scenery Preservation Society (1899), one of the earliest conservation pressure


title: Algernon Thomas

texts: groups in the country. On taking up his appointment at AUC, <mask> initiated a scheme where, in the absence of any such facility in Auckland, the college grounds – such as they were – would be developed as a precursor botanical garden of indigenous flora. This engagement with applied science prompted an interest in horticulture and in 1890 he acquired a denuded ten acre (4 hectares) section in the Auckland suburb of Epsom which he and his wife Emily developed into an extensive garden while retaining its key geological feature, a remnant lava field of the nearby Maungawhau volcanic cone. <mask> designed a garden that with its winding paths, lookouts and naturalistic arrangement, while echoing the form and structure of gardens he had observed in southern Italy during his 1879 visit, was planted primarily with New Zealand flora. It seems probable that this was among the first pakeha gardens to employ indigenous flora as the dominant feature of a horticultural landscape. <mask>' initiative in reintroducing indigenous planting was emulated by a number of his neighbours, such as the surgeon Sir Carrick Robertson and the businessman Sir William Goodfellow, and encouraged the preservation of the remnant Almorah lava forest, named for a nearby street. <mask> was also responsible for designing the grounds of the nearby Auckland Grammar School (1916) and, most probably, was involved in the design of the grounds of Auckland's other grammar schools.As a development of his interest in applied botany, <mask> also became interested in the hybridisation of daffodils for which he gained both local and international recognition.


title: Algernon Thomas

texts:
 Educational developments
From the time of his arrival in Auckland, <mask> evinced a particular interest in educational issues outside of his college responsibilities. He was keenly interested in technical education matters, notably agricultural science. In 1888 he addressed these issue in a series of provocative lectures and articles published in newspapers throughout the country in which he argued that given its dependence on mining and agriculture, New Zealand could only benefit from the proper teaching of agricultural botany and chemistry at primary, secondary and tertiary levels. His articles in the New Zealand Herald suggest both an awareness of the work of Arthur Acland's educational reform lobby group, the National Association for the Promotion of Technical and Secondary Education and a recognition that this work had significant relevance to New Zealand. The association was an Oxford creation – Acland himself was an honorary fellow of Balliol College – and many of those involved with it had served as lecturers with the university extension programme at Toynbee Hall in London's East End. In a statement that retains contemporary significance, <mask> opined that 'The true way ... to protect the interests of the working classes is to afford them opportunities of acquiring such knowledge and skill as will enable them to hold their own in competition with the rest of the world.'Perhaps surprisingly given its conservative ideology, the Herald editorialised its support for <mask>' progressive proposals, observing that 'Professor <mask> is distinctly of the present and of the future, as indeed his colleagues are, and it

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas


title: Algernon Thomas

texts: is on the fact that our professors have thoroughly caught the temper of the times, and have brought themselves in touch with the onward spirit of colonial life, that the best hopes are based that our University institutions will prove to be the most influential and valuable of our educational agencies.' He also initiated a series of lectures on agricultural science at the AUC specifically aimed at teachers and farmers. For some years after, in the absence of any official activity, he provided advice and delivered lectures on agricultural matters to a wide range of agricultural organisations throughout the country. <mask>, along with Brown, was also behind an ultimately successful move to establish a school of mines at AUC in 1906. By 1910 the AUC school had morphed into what Sinclair describes as 'a covert School of Engineering', a move that despite opposition from the University of New Zealand became official in 1923. <mask>'s educational concerns prompted his appointment to the Auckland Grammar School Board in 1899, chaired by George Maurice O'Rourke who was also chairman of the AUC council. He was immediately elected vice-chairman and, in 1916, chairman in which position he served until his death in 1937 making him the second longest-serving chairman in Auckland Grammar’s history.<mask>' chairmanship of the board coincided with the last six years of James Tibbs' long period as headmaster of Auckland Grammar School. The younger <mask> had been a contemporary of Tibbs at Oxford and, given that both took mathematics honours, they were probably acquainted. But where Tibbs chafed under the provisions of the 1914 Education


title: Algernon Thomas

texts:
 Act, <mask> seems to have relished the opportunity it provided to develop the Grammar Schools as intellectual powerhouses. Under <mask>' dominant influence the Board expanded the number of schools under its control from one, housed on an inadequate inner-city site, to five, all housed in new, well-equipped premises: Auckland Girls' Grammar School (1909); Auckland Grammar School (1915); Epsom Girls' Grammar School (1917); Mt Albert Grammar School (1922); and Takapuna Grammar School (1927). In contrast to his successors as chair of the Auckland Grammar School Board, <mask> played a highly visible role in the activities of the schools until his death. He was a vice-chairman of the Dilworth Trust Board, the body responsible for Dilworth School, between 1906 and 1937 and a member of the Auckland Teachers' Training College Committee of Advice between 1906 and 1914. <mask> was a member of the Senate of the University of New Zealand between 1899 and 1903 and, again, between 1921 and 1933.He was also a member of the AUC council between 1919 and 1925. He was the Bishop of Waiapu's nominated member of the St John's Theological College Board of Governors between 1910 and 1911. Public science
In October 1913, a newly elected Reform government introduced legislation into the New Zealand Parliament creating a governmental scientific advisory body, the Board of Science and Art. Ross Galbreath asserts that the government intended that the board's primary function was to manage the Dominion (formerly Colonial) Museum and to publish scientific journals and reports, but its members appear to have had greater ambitions. Along with six


title: Algernon Thomas

texts:
 others, <mask> was appointed to the board by an Order in Council in 1915. He appears to have played a significant role in galvanising its activities, notably in calling for 'a central advisory board' for science and industry. But early moves to establish a scientific advisory body modelled on the British Department of Scientific and Industrial Research failed due to the absence of any significant political support.It was only with the visit in 1926 of Frank Heath, permanent secretary of the British DSIR, along with a decision by the British Empire Marketing Board to fund agricultural research in New Zealand, that a body to advise on the promotion of science in industry, also known as the DSIR, was formed. Personal life
Notwithstanding the suggestion of Francis Dillon Bell, the New Zealand Agent General in London 'that a Mrs Professor would be a very great addition to the colony', <mask> arrived in New Zealand a bachelor although there are indications he had an unsuccessful shipboard romance on the outward voyage. He was accompanied by his younger sister Lucie <mask> (1862–1932) who would act as his hostess and housekeeper until February 1885. Soon after his arrival, he purchased a villa at Narrow Neck on Auckland's North Shore. On 19 November 1887 he married Emily Sarah Nolan Russell (1867–1950), the third of six daughters of Mary Ann Nolan (1834–1931) and her husband John Benjamin Russell (1834–1894), an Auckland solicitor. The Russells were a well-connected Auckland family: J B Russell's practice, Russell & Campbell, was – and, as Russell McVeagh, remains – one of Auckland's leading legal firms; his eldest brother was

masks:
Thomas
Thomas
Vernon Thomas


title: Algernon Thomas

texts:
 the lawyer, politician and financier <mask>. <mask> was a well-educated, travelled, woman of progressive ideas; in 1895 she was nominated unsuccessfully by the Auckland, Devonport and Ponsonby Schools Committees for a seat on the Auckland Education Board.Unfortunately in 1905 and, again, in 1908 she experienced a specific acute reactive disorder that led to her being admitted to Ashburn Hall, a private asylum in Dunedin. She remained there until March 1950 when she was transferred to Kingseat Hospital near Auckland, shortly before her death. <mask>, a lifelong cigarette smoker, died suddenly in Auckland on 28 December 1937. The <mask>es had four children: three sons, Acland Withiel (1888–1962), Norman Russell Withiel (1891–1969), Arthur Edward Withiel (1904–1992); and a daughter, Mary Wynfrida Withiel (1893–1974). Honours
Besides being a fellow of the Linnean Society of London (FLS, 1882), <mask> was a fellow of the Geological Society (FGS, 1888), a fellow of the New Zealand Institute (1905), and after its transmogrification from an Institute into a royal society, an original fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand, (FRSNZ, 1919) and an honorary fellow of the New Zealand Institute of Horticulture (1936). Following his resignation from the chair of biology and geology at Auckland University College in 1913 he was made professor emeritus by the college senate. He was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal in 1935.In the 1937 George VI Coronation Honours <mask> was made Knight Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) for services to education, a then extraordinary distinction

masks:
Thomas Russell
Emily Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas


title: Algernon Thomas

texts:
 for a New Zealander. Pallbearers at his funeral included the Hon Peter Fraser, minister of education and later prime minister in the first Labour administration. The Austrian naturalist and explorer Andreas Reischek named New Zealand's westernmost lake in Fiordland (45°59'14.3"S 166°30'09.8"E) after <mask> in 1887. Following his death, the executors of his estate gifted 100 acres (42 hectares) of land at Piha to the Auckland City Council; this was supplemented in 1963 by the gift of Lion Rock (Te Piha), an eroded 16-million-year-old volcanic neck, that was acquired by two of his sons, Acland and Norman, from Te Kawerau in 1941. These gifts were commemorated in 2008 with the naming of a part of the gift as the Sir Algernon <mask> Green. In 1968, largely on the initiative of Sir Douglas Robb, chancellor of the University of Auckland, the university's new biological sciences building was named in his honour. Following the subdivision of his garden, a road formed through the property (primarily through what had been his 'cow paddock') was named Withiel Drive in his memory, as was a 0.7 hectare reserve donated to the Auckland City Council in 1949 by his son Norman, which was based on a remnant of the Maungawhau lava field that he had preserved, Withiel Thomas Park.Select publications

Reports
 'Report on parasitic diseases in sheep in New Zealand', in Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives (1886), 3, H-23. Report on the eruption of Tarawera and Rotomahana, NZ (Wellington: Government Printer, 1888). 'Interim report on parasitic diseases affecting rabbits in the Wairarapa district', in Appendices to the


title: Algernon Thomas

texts:
 Melbourne, ed by W Baldwin Spencer (Sydney: the Association, 1890), 100–109. 'Preliminary note on the development of the Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatum)', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 48:292–295 (1890), 151–156. 'On the preservation of the native fauna and flora of New Zealand', New Zealand Journal of Science, 1:2 (1891),
 'Preliminary account of the prothallium of Phylloglossum, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 69:451–458, (1901), 285–291. 'On the prothallium of Phylloglossum''', Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 34 (1901), 402–408. 'The affinity of Tmesipteris with the Spenophyllales, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 69:451–458, (1901), 343–350. 'An alga-like fern prothallium', Annals of Botany, OS16: 61, (1902), 165–170. 'Report on the fossils of the Manaia Hill Beds (Coromandel)', in C Fraser and J Adams, 'The geology of the Coromandel subdivision, Hauraki, Auckland', Bulletin of the New Zealand Geological Survey'', 4 (1907), 49–50.References

External links
 University of Auckland Library record for <mask> <mask> papers. Library Search University of Auckland Library record for <mask> <mask> geology field notebooks and lecture notes, 1873–1914. Auckland War Memorial Museum Library record for <mask> <mask>. 1857 births
1937 deaths
New Zealand Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
People from Birkenhead
English emigrants to New Zealand
New Zealand biologists
People educated at Manchester Grammar School
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
Fellows of the Geological Society of London
Fellows of the Royal

masks: Algernon Thomas Algernon Thomas Algernon Thomas


title: Mark Rydell

texts:
<mask> (born Mortimer H<mask>; March 23, 1929) is an American actor, film director, and producer. He has directed many Academy Award-nominated films including The Fox (1967), The Reivers (1969), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Rose (1979), The River (1984), and For the Boys (1991). He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Director for On Golden Pond (1981). Actor
Rydell initially trained in music. As a youth, he wanted to be a conductor. He said he left music because of the proliferation of drugs among the musicians: "Heroin was the drug of choice," he said. "Knowing that I have an addict's personality in that a little is good but a lot is better, I knew I was in danger.So I went back to college and went to the Neighborhood Playhouse". He studied acting at The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre in New York City. His first significant roles were as Walt Johnson on The Edge of Night, and as Jeff Baker on As the World Turns, which he played from December 12, 1956, to 1962. The role of Jeff was a particularly popular role with the audience. During the series run he directed Roots off broadway in 1961. In 1962, <mask> declined to sign another long-term contract at ATWT, and producers had his character die in a car crash. He later won plaudits for his role of violent Jewish mob kingpin Marty Augustine in Robert Altman's The Long Goodbye (1973).His most recent significant film role was in Woody Allen's Hollywood Ending (2002). TV director
<mask> moved into directing television and soon became very successful. He did episodes of Mr. Novak, Ben Casey, The Reporter, Slattery's People, I Spy, The Wild Wild West, The Long, Hot Summer, and Gunsmoke. He said later: "I come from the school of sitting around the table for two weeks examining every detail

masks:
Mark Rydell
. Rydell
Rydell
Rydell


title: Mark Rydell

texts:
 of the material, working out relationships with the actors, so they know what they are doing, bringing them to locations, so they can get comfortable." Feature films
<mask>'s first feature as director was The Fox (1967) which was a box-office hit, in part due to its then-rare lesbian content. He signed a multi picture contract with the film's producer Raymond Stross but disliked working with him and says he ended up paying out four times his fee for the picture to get out of the contract. Nonetheless he credits Stross for starting his film career.He directed Steve McQueen in The Reivers (1969). <mask> and friend Sydney Pollack, who had known each other since they were both actors, formed a company, Sanford Productions, and  signed a six picture contract with the Mirisch Brothers. They were going to make Good Luck Miss Wycoff but it was not made. <mask> directed John Wayne in The Cowboys (1972). He made a romantic comedy, Cinderella Liberty (1973), with James Caan and Marsha Mason. Around this time he said he did not want to make genre movies: "I want to create my own genre." He was reunited with Caan on Harry and Walter Go to New York (1976) which was a box-office flop, and directed the pilot episode of Family (1976).<mask> directed The Rose (1979), starring Bette Midler, which was a huge hit. So too was On Golden Pond (1981), starring Henry Fonda and Katharine Hepburn, for which <mask> received an Oscar nomination as Best Director. "I'm this week's heat," he joked at the time. He was going to make a film based on the play Nuts but instead did  The River (1984), with Mel Gibson and Sissy Spacek. It was not a commercial success. Neither was <mask>'s next film, For the Boys (1991), with Caan and Midler. <mask> made the TV movie McBride and Groom (1993)

masks: Rydell Rydell Rydell Rydell Rydell Rydell Rydell


title: Mark Rydell

texts:
 and the feature Intersection (1994).He directed the TV movies Crime of the Century (1996), which starred Isabella Rossellini and Stephen Rea and James Dean (2001), which earned actor James Franco a Golden Globe award. <mask> also acted in the movie, playing Jack L. Warner (head of Warner Bros). He was credited as executive producer on An Unfinished Life (2005). In 2006, Rydell directed the movie Even Money. His last credit to date was an episode of Masters of Science Fiction, "A Clean Escape". Three years later – working with actor Martin Landau and screenwriter/playwright Lyle Kessler – he produced an education seminar, The Total Picture Seminar. The two-day event covers the disciplines of acting, directing, and writing for film.The three have worked together as a team for many decades at The Actors Studio teaching and coaching professional actors, writers, and directors. In 2010, <mask> joined the Advisory Board of Openfilm, an online video sharing site created to help aspiring independent filmmakers. He executive produced the documentary A Coup in Camelot (2015). Personal life
Mortimer H<mask> was born on March 23, 1928, to a Jewish family in New York City. <mask> married actress Joanne Linville in 1962. The couple had two children, Amy and Christopher, both actors. <mask> and Linville divorced in 1973.<mask> had another son, Alexander, from his second marriage to documentary producer <mask>. That union ended in divorce in 2007. 1929 births
Living people
Film producers from New York (state)
American male film actors
American male soap opera actors
Film directors from New York City
Jewish American male actors
Male actors from New York City
Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre alumni
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American

masks:
Rydell
Rydell
. Rydell
Rydell
Rydell
Rydell
Esther Rydell


title: Harold Ruggles-Brise

texts:
Major General Sir <mask>  (17 March 1864 – 24 June 1927) was a British Army officer in the Second Boer War and First World War, and a good amateur cricketer. Early life
<mask> was born on 17 March 1864, the fifth son of Sir Samuel Brise Ruggles-Brise, of Spains Hall, Essex, and his wife Marianne Weyland Bowyer-Smith, daughter of Sir Edward Bowyer-Smith, 10th Baronet, of Hill Hall, Essex. His eldest brothers were Archie (who inherited Spains Hall) and Evelyn (later Sir Evelyn Ruggles-Brise, chairman of the Prison Commission). Unlike his elder brothers who went to Eton College, <mask> was educated at Winchester College, where he was in the Rev J. T. Bramston's House, and at Balliol College, Oxford. At Oxford, Ruggles-Brise obtained a Second Class in Classical Moderations and his cricket Blue in 1883. Military career
After Oxford, Ruggles-Brise entered the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, passing out in 1885, and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Grenadier Guards. He served with the 2nd Battalion, Grenadier Guards, as battalion adjutant of the 3rd Battalion 1893–94, and as adjutant of the Guards Depot at Caterham 1895.He then studied at the Staff College, Camberley from 1896–97. Boer War
Promoted to captain in 1897, Ruggles-Brise served with the 2nd Battalion, Grenadier Guards at Gibraltar before being appointed brigade major to the infantry brigade at Gibraltar in March 1899. In October that year he and his

masks:
Harold Goodeve Ruggles Brise
Harold Ruggles Brise
Harold


title: Harold Ruggles-Brise

texts:
 After his active service in 1914 he was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB). During the First World War he was mentioned in despatches five more times, and afterwards was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the King's Birthday Honours of June 1919 (thereby becoming Sir <mask>-Brise).In addition, he was made a Commander of the Belgian Order of Leopold, a Commander of the French Legion of Honour, and awarded the French Croix de Guerre. Cricket career
Ruggles-Brise was an all-round sportsman, considered an excellent shot and a good tennis player. He was best known for his cricketing prowess as a right-hand batsman and medium-pace bowler. He was in the Winchester XI 1880–82 and played for Oxford University Cricket Club in 1883, winning his Blue. The following year he played for the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). His first-class career for Oxford and MCC consisted of eight matches, in which he scored 278 runs at an average of 18.53 with a highest score of 73. He took one wicket.He also played twice for Essex in non-first-class matches. As a serving officer he played regularly for the Household Brigade team. Family
In 1895 Ruggles-Brise married music expert Lady Dorothea Stewart Murray  (1866–1937), elder daughter of the 7th Duke of Atholl. They had no children. Ruggles-Brise died at the age of 63 on 24 June 1927 of pneumonia contracted after playing tennis a few days before.


title: John Jackson Miller

texts:
<mask> (born January 12, 1968) is an American science-fiction author, comic book writer, and commentator, known for his work on the Star Wars franchise and his research into comic book circulation history, as presented in the Standard Catalog of Comic Books series and the Comichron website. Early life
<mask> attended high school with Nerdist founder and entertainer Chris Hardwick. Career
A collector of comics and publisher of mini-comics since childhood, <mask> began as editor of the trade magazine Comics Retailer in 1993. Following the introduction of Magic: The Gathering, he added games to its coverage, changing the title to Comics & Games Retailer in 2001. In 1998, <mask> was appointed managing editor of Comics Buyer's Guide; he served as the first editor of Scrye following its purchase by Krause Publications in 1999. He produced much work for Comics Buyer's Guide magazine, and following the 2002 launch of the Standard Catalog of Comic Books line, worked pricing and other content from those books back into the magazine. His first professional comics work appeared in 2003 in Crimson Dynamo for Marvel Comics, which led to a run on Iron Man (#73/418 – 85/430).He writes a regular column called Longbox Manifesto for regular comics magazine Comics Buyer's Guide. In 2007, he launched Comichron, a website devoted to comic-book circulation history and research. <mask> was hired as a writer for the video game Sword of the New World. In early 2008, he launched a fantasy webcomic with artist Chuck Fiala called Sword & Sarcasm. In 2008, he wrote

masks:
John Jackson Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller


title: John Jackson Miller

texts:
 the Dark Horse comic-book adaptation of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. In 2009, he was announced as the scripter for Mass Effect: Redemption, the first comic-book series based on the video game Mass Effect, launching in January 2010. He cowrote two more storylines, Mass Effect: Evolution and Mass Effect: Invasion.In 2013 he wrote his first novel in a non-licensed universe, Overdraft: The Orion Offensive, for 47North. The work was originally released over several weeks as a Kindle Serial. Star Wars work
In 2005, <mask> wrote a one-shot issue of Star Wars: Empire for Dark Horse Comics, featuring Darth Vader as the main character. Next year, as part of Dark Horse relaunching their Star Wars comic line, <mask> started writing the ongoing Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic comic series,  a spin-off prequel of the video game of the same name. The series proved a major success among fans and lasted for 50 issues, before coming to a conclusion in 2010. In August 2008, Wizards of the Coast released a Knights of the Old Republic guidebook for its Star Wars Roleplaying Game, which <mask> co-wrote. <mask> also wrote several short story tie-ins to the series, published on the StarWars.com website (no longer available).This prose work eventually led to <mask> writing the Star Wars: Lost Tribe of the Sith e-book series, released for free between 2009–2012 and eventually continuing with a prose collection and the comic series of the same name in 2012. In 2010 <mask> began writing the Star Wars: Knight Errant comic series.

masks: Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller


title: John Jackson Miller

texts:
 Following Dark Horse changing the format of their series, it is not ongoing, but instead published as independent story arcs, separated from each other by several months. A Knight Errant novel was released in early 2011 by Del Rey, taking place between the first and second arcs of the comic series – this was <mask>'s first professional novel. Most recently, 2012 saw a continuation of the Knights of the Old Republic storyline with a mini-series entitled War. In October 2012, Del Rey announced that <mask> would write Star Wars: Kenobi, a novel about Obi-Wan Kenobi's life on Tatooine. The book was released on August 27, 2013 in hardcover, and debuted at #12 on the New York Times hardcover bestseller list.<mask> subsequently wrote Star Wars: A New Dawn, which was published in 2014, a prequel to the animated television series Star Wars Rebels, which premiered on Disney XD in fall the same year. It was the first novel of the new canon that replaced what is now known as Star Wars Legends. <mask> also wrote the short story "The Ride", part of the short story collection Canto Bight that was released in December 2017 as part of a marketing program for the movie Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Partial bibliography
Crimson Dynamo #1–6 (Marvel Comics, 2003–2004)
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull #1–2 (Dark Horse Comics, 2008)
Iron Man #73–85 (Marvel Comics, 2003–2004)
Mass Effect: Evolution #1–4 (Dark Horse Comics, 2011)
Mass Effect: Invasion #1–4 (Dark Horse Comics, 2011)
Mass Effect: Redemption #1–4 (Dark Horse Comics, 2010)
Star Wars:

masks: Miller Miller Miller Miller


title: Robert Stivers (photographer)

texts:
<mask> (born November 17, 1953) is an American fine-art photographer. His work is collected by museums from New York to Paris and Cologne and shown in galleries worldwide. Best known for his captivating images and darkroom technique, The New Yorker describes his work as “Ghostly black-and-white images whose theatricality smartly complements their mystery.”

Early years

<mask> was born in Palo Alto, California to collegiate parents. His father had received a Ph.D. in civil engineering from Stanford and had a notable career as an aerospace engineer, while his mother had graduated summa cum laude from Stanford and went on to be politically involved in California. At a very young age he moved with his family to Pasadena, California where he attended Polytechnic Private School. <mask> attended the University of California in Irvine and received his B.A. in 1976 studying history.During his time at UC, he took a dance class at the Jimmie DeFore Dance Center and, after graduating, decided to move to New York City in the late 1970s to pursue a career as a dancer. In 1980, he performed with the Joffrey Ballet in New York City  in a role in Moses Pendleton’s revival of the old Dadaist ballet, Relâche. He suffered a severe back injury that forced him to stop dancing for some time. Following his injury, <mask> enrolled in graduate school at New York University where he studied Arts Management. He graduated in 1981 and began working at the American Ballet Theatre. Photography career

1980s

After spending several years in California, <mask> decided to do something he felt was more purposeful. He began to meet photographers in his late twenties and ended up becoming an artists’ representative in Los Angeles in 1983 for commercial photographers.He still felt like his creativity was being suppressed, but took the opportunity to learn about photography, studio lighting and printing. In 1987, he took a photography class, titled “Finding your Own Vision,” at UCLA under the instruction of famous art photographer Jo Ann Callis and was inspired to pursue fine-art photography. With a new inspiration and

masks:
Robert Stivers
Robert Stivers
Stivers
Stivers
Stivers


title: Robert Stivers (photographer)

texts:
 passion in 1988, at the age of 35, he began focusing on building his photography portfolio while living in Santa Monica. 1990s

<mask> relocated to Santa Fe in 1991, where he utilized his dance background in his photographic and film work. He would use a Super 8 camera to film himself dance. <mask> said, “I'd walk around on stage with my dance unfolding and the movie camera on fixed focus.” He started to take still images of the monitor displaying his films and began to play with the framing and focus of these images. This body of work became known as ‘Series 5’ and was shown at his first solo show in New York at Yancey Richardson Gallery in 1997.These photographs are also presented in his first book from Arena Editions, <mask>: Photographs that was released in 1997. The Village Voice describes <mask>’ images from ‘Series 5’ as “Livid figures nearly engulfed by a velvety, almost palpable darkness that are both ominous and gorgeous. More theatrical than Bill Jacobson’s similarly isolated-and-soft-focus apparitions, these pictures suggest spiritual visions.”

2000s

<mask>’ second book Listening to Cement was published by Arena Editions in 2000. The book is composed of photographs from his ‘Series 6’ works, which included sea- and cloudscapes and architectural views, moving the viewer between indoors and outdoors. <mask>’ third book Sestina was published by Camera Work AG in 2003. This monograph was very successful and printed in 16-inch by 20-inch format. The book features rich bronze-toned prints of frayed objects and dream-like scenarios.<mask>’ fourth book Sanctum was published by Twin Palms in 2007. The book's essay was written by Eugenia Parry, who describes the work as “figments of his material philosophy of escape.”

In 2010, <mask> came out with a series called Craving the Seamstress, in which he photographed objects he found throughout the house of his ex-wife, whom he calls a “collector of curiosities.”

His newest book, The Art of Ruin, was published by Twin Palms in the spring of 2015 with an essay by Steven Brown. Style

Trend Magazine describes <mask>’ work as “darkly

masks:
Stivers
Stivers
Robert Stivers
Stivers
Stivers
Stivers
Stivers
Stivers
Stivers


title: Robert Stivers (photographer)

texts:
 romantic images infused with a certain mystery that have made him one of our foremost contemporary photographers.”
He works with gelatin silver and platinum prints to create his unique images. Since he began shooting in 1987, he has used Hasselblad medium-format cameras to capture his captivating photographs. In 1993 <mask> stepped away from printing clear photographs and began his unique signature process of using a sharply focused negative that is then manipulated in the darkroom to create intriguing, out-of-focus, blurry images. This effect causes intentional loss of clarity to achieve sensual, dream-like works akin to early Pictorialism at the turn of the twentieth century. <mask> remarks that the photographs mirror his own process of self-transformation and re-creation.His distorting power reinvigorates classical tropes like nudes, sculpture, texture and architecture. Collections

<mask>’ photographs have entered such collections as those of The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, the Bibliothèque nationale de France, the Fogg Museum at Harvard University, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Brooklyn Museum of Art, the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, the Museum of Contemporary Photography in Chicago, and the Museum Ludwig in Cologne. <mask>’ work is also collected by some notable Hollywood names such as Ellen DeGeneres, Charlize Theron, Olivia Wilde and Donna Karan, to name a few. Selected books
<mask>: Photographs (Santa Fe: Arena Editions, 1997). Listening to Cement (Santa Fe: Arena Editions, 2000). Sestina (New York: Channel Photographics, 2004). ; -lc (clamshell)
Sanctum (Santa Fe: Twin Palms, 2007).The Art of Ruin (Santa Fe: Twin Palms, 2015). ; -s (signed)

References

External links
Official website
Collection at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Solo exhibit at Akron Art Museum
Collection at the Fogg Museum
Collection at the Museum of Contemporary Art

Artists from Santa Fe, New Mexico
Photographers from California
People from Palo Alto, California
1953 births
Living people
Fine art

masks:
Stivers
Stivers
Robert Stivers
Stivers
Robert Stivers


title: Jemaine Clement

texts:
<mask> (born 10 January 1974) is a New Zealand actor, comedian, musician and filmmaker. With Bret McKenzie, as the Grammy Award-winning comedy duo Flight of the Conchords, he has released several albums and created comedy series for both the BBC and HBO. For the comedy series, he received six Primetime Emmy nominations. He has had featured parts in films such as Dinner for Schmucks (2010), Men in Black 3 (2012), People Places Things (2015), Humor Me (2017) and The Festival (2018). He has also done voice-work for Despicable Me (2010), Rio (2011), Rio 2 (2014), Moana (2016) and The Lego Batman Movie (2017). In 2014, he made his directorial debut with What We Do in the Shadows, which he also co-wrote, co-directed and co-starred in with Taika Waititi, and later adapted into a show for FX Television series of the same name. Early life
<mask> was born on 10 January 1974 in Masterton in the Wairarapa, and was raised there in a working class family by his mother and grandmother Maikara with his two brothers.<mask> is Ngāti Kahungunu, and a direct descendant of the rangatira Iraia Te Whaiti, his great-great-great grandfather. His Pākehā father, Robert, was employed at the freezing works and struggled from alcoholism, leaving home when <mask> was a child. Robert would later become a stained glass artist in Midhurst, Taranaki; <mask> would later reconnect with his father as an adult and now enjoys a "strong and loving" relationship with him. <mask>’s mother and grandmother were strong influences on him as a child, inspiring his sense of humour. Despite having a strong connection to his Māori ethnicity through visiting relatives regularly on trips to various marae, bans on the Māori language being spoken in schools meant <mask> grew up in an almost entirely English-speaking environment. He has talked of his regrets about this and has emotionally spoken

masks:
Jemaine Atea Mahana Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
Jemaine
Clement
Clement


title: Jemaine Clement

texts:
 of the physical abuse his grandmother suffered at school for speaking te reo Māori. He attended Makoura College in Masterton.After finishing school he moved to Wellington, where he studied drama and film at Victoria University of Wellington. There he met Taika Waititi, with whom he went on to form So You're a Man and The Humourbeasts. In 2004, the Humourbeasts toured New Zealand in a stage show titled The Untold Tales of Maui, a reworking of the traditional Maori legends of Māui. The duo received New Zealand's highest comedy honour, the Billy T Award. During his time in university, he also met Bret McKenzie, with whom he performed in Edinburgh, thus forming Flight of the Conchords. Career

Music
<mask> and McKenzie have toured internationally and released four CDs: Folk the World Tour in 2002, The Distant Future EP in 2007 (winner of 2008 Grammy for Best Comedy  Album),  Flight of the Conchords in 2008 and I Told You I Was Freaky in 2009. In 2005 the Conchords produced Flight of the Conchords, a six-part comedy radio programme on BBC Radio 2.They appeared on Late Night with Conan O'Brien, the Late Show with David Letterman and The Late Late Show. After appearing in 2005 on HBO's One Night Stand, the Conchords were offered their own 12-part HBO series, Flight of the Conchords, which was based on their earlier BBC radio series of the same name. Its first season ran from June to September 2007, and was renewed for a second season, which aired on HBO in the US from January to March 2009. In December 2009, the Conchords announced the show would not have a third season. Film and television
<mask> has appeared in several feature films. His debut was in the kung fu comedy Tongan Ninja, directed by New Zealander Jason Stutter. He has worked with Stutter on two more movies to date: the low budget ghost comedy Diagnosis: Death and the drama

masks: Clement Clement


title: Jemaine Clement

texts: Predicament, based on the book by late New Zealand novelist Ronald Hugh Morrieson.<mask> also has a role in American comedy Gentlemen Broncos, directed by Napoleon Dynamites Jared Hess. This role landed him a nomination for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male. Though Gentlemen Broncos was almost universally panned by critics, some singled out <mask>'s performance for praise. In 2010, he voiced Jerry in Despicable Me and appeared in the film Dinner for Schmucks. In 2011, he voiced Nigel in Rio, and in 2012 he appeared as the primary antagonist Boris the Animal in Men in Black 3. In 2012, <mask> co-wrote, co-directed, and starred in a vampire mockumentary titled What We Do in the Shadows with Taika Waititi. It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on 19 January 2014.He also reprised his role as Nigel in Rio 2. <mask> has starred in television commercials internationally and provided voiceovers for many others in New Zealand. On 5 February 2006, Outback Steakhouse began running a series of television commercials starring <mask> during Super Bowl XL in which <mask> pretends to be Australian and feigns an Australian accent. One of the long-running gags of Flight of the Conchords is the traditional rivalry between New Zealand and Australia and the differences between their accents. The campaign ended in July 2006. <mask> has been involved in award-winning radio work. In 1999, <mask> was a Radio Awards Winner as writer for Trashed, for Channel Z, Wellington.In 2000, he was given a Special Radio Awards Commendation for The Sunglass Store. Besides his television work on Flight of the Conchords, <mask> was a writer and cast member of the television shows Skitz and Tellylaughs in New Zealand. <mask>, with fellow Conchord member Bret McKenzie, guest starred as a pair of camp counselors in "Elementary School Musical", the season

masks: Clement Clement Jemaine Clement Clement Clement Clement Clement Clement Clement


title: Jemaine Clement

texts:
 premiere of the 22nd season of The Simpsons, which aired on 26 September 2010. <mask> also played the role of a prisoner in a Russian gulag in the 2014 film Muppets Most Wanted, a sequel to The Muppets (2011). <mask> was featured as one of 2008's "100 Sexiest People" in a special edition of the Australian magazine Who. Fellow Conchord member McKenzie appeared on the same list. In 2015, <mask> voiced a "mind-reading fart" on an episode of the Adult Swim animated series Rick and Morty, where he performed the song "Goodbye Moonmen".<mask> also starred in the independent film, People Places Things, which received positive reviews. In 2016, <mask> lent his voice to Tamatoa, a giant coconut crab, in the Disney animated film Moana, both in English, and the Māori dub. He based the character's voice on that of David Bowie. In 2017, <mask> played Oliver Bird in the FX TV series Legion. He also voiced Sauron in The Lego Batman Movie. Personal life
<mask>'s whānau did not have a car when he was a boy, and as a result he has never learnt to drive. In August 2008, <mask> married his longtime girlfriend, theatre actress and playwright Miranda Manasiadis.Their son, Sophocles Iraia, was born in October 2008 in New York City and is named after <mask>'s Greek great-grandfather Sophocles, and his ancestor Iraia te Whiti. They live in Wellington. Filmography

Film

Television

Discography

Radio

Awards and nominations

Notes

References

External links

 NZ on screen profile
 BBC Radio 2

1974 births
Living people
20th-century New Zealand male actors
21st-century New Zealand male actors
Flight of the Conchords members
Grammy Award winners
New Zealand Māori musicians
New Zealand male comedians
New Zealand male film actors
New Zealand male Māori actors
New Zealand male television actors
New Zealand male voice actors
New Zealand musicians
Ngāti

masks: Clement Clement Clement Clement Clement Clement Clement Clement Clement


title: Sir James Wylie, 1st Baronet

texts:
<mask>, 1st Baronet (Russian: Я́ков Васи́льевич Ви́ллие Yakov Vasilyevich Wylie) (13  November 1768 — 2 March 1854), was a Scottish physician who served as a battlefield surgeon and court physician in the Russian Empire from 1790 until his death in 1854, and as President of the Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy from 1808 to 1838. He is considered one of the organizers of military medicine in Russia. Biography
<mask> was born on 13 or 20 November 1768 in Tulliallan by Kincardine-on-Forth, Scotland. He was the second of five children of Janet Meiklejohn and her husband, a church minister named William Wylie. After leaving school Wylie was apprenticed to the local doctor. In 1786 he matriculated at the University of Edinburgh, and studied there until 1789, and later applied his learning from the medical teaching there and the design of the recently opened Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. He finally received the degree of Doctor of Medicine from King's College, Aberdeen, only in 1794.In 1790 Wylie was invited to Russia by Dr John Rogerson (1740—1828), from Dumfries, who was a court physician to Catherine the Great. He entered the Russian service as senior surgeon in the Eletsky Infantry Regiment. Wylie was surprised that only officers received medical assistance and other ranks were thus succumbing to infections or malaria. Wylie participated in the Polish–Russian War of 1792 and in military operations against the Kościuszko Uprising, culminated in the Battle of Praga, as battlefield surgeon. And on 12 January 1793, Wylie (known in Russia as Yakov Viliye) was given a

masks:
Sir James Wylie
James Wylie


title: Sir James Wylie, 1st Baronet

texts:
 operations in the field. He also attended the mortally wounded General Prince Pyotr Bagration, Commander-in-Chief of the 2nd Russian Army. On 27 August 1813 at Dresden he amputated the mortally wounded General Moreau's legs, which were shattered by a cannon shot as he was talking to the Tsar. Wylie accompanied Alexander I during his visit to England in 1814, and was knighted by the Prince Regent, becoming <mask> Wylie, on 2 July 1814, at the special request of the Tsar. Wylie was created a baronet in the name and on behalf of George III.On 2 February 1824 his title was recognized by the State Council of the Russian Empire, making him the only baronet in the country's history. Wylie attended Alexander I at the Congress of Verona in 1822, and was with the Tsar during his last tour to the South of Russia, which was ended by Alexander's death at Taganrog on 1 December 1825. The Scottish doctor continued to enjoy imperial confidence under Alexander's brother and successor, Nicholas I. During the Russo-Turkish War (1828–29), Wylie by then aged 60 took part in several battles leading the medical corps. In 1841 he was promoted to the rank of Actual Privy Councilor (II grade of the Table of Ranks). Wylie had become a wealthy man when he died at Saint Petersburg on 2 March 1854, and was buried at the Volkovo Lutheran Cemetery, with full imperial honours. Contribution to Russia's military medicine
During the Napoleonic Wars in 1812, Russian military doctors worked as part of a coherent system, with a high level of organization in evacuating the wounded from the battlefield


title: Sir James Wylie, 1st Baronet

texts:
 Commander

France
 Legion of Honour, Chevalier (1807 or 1809)

Prussia
 Order of the Red Eagle, 2nd class (1835)

Württemberg
 Order of the Crown, Commander, (1818)

Memory

In his will, Wylie had attempted to leave his fortune to the Tsar but was challenged by the British Government as outwith the laws regarding funding foreign powers. Some £50,000 was shared among his wider family as he had no wife nor direct heirs. But Wylie had successfully bequeathed a considerable fortune of 1.5 million rubles for the construction of a hospital attached to the Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy. The ensemble of its five buildings was finished in 1873. Before the October Revolution of 1917 it was known as the Mikhailovskaya Baronet Wylie Clinical Hospital. Nowadays the former hospital hosts several departments of the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy.A monument to Sir <mask> designed by architect Andrei Stakenschneider and sculptor David Jensen was erected in 1859 in front of the main building the Medical and Surgical Academy in Saint Petersburg. In 1949 — 1951 by decision of the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy headship it was removed to the courtyard of the former Clinical Hospital built with Wylie's funds. Wylie was depicted by Leo Tolstoy as a character in his epic novel «War and Peace». Works
 On the American Yellow Fever, St. Petersburg, 1805 [in Russian]
 Pharmacopœia Castrensis Ruthenica, 1808-1812-1818-1840 [in Latin]
 Practical Observations on the Plague, Moscow, 1829 [in Russian]
 Rapport officiel à Sa Majesté Impériale sur la valeur comparée des


title: Sir James Wylie, 1st Baronet

texts:
 méthodes thérapeutiques appliquées dans les hôpitaux militaires et à Saint-Pétersbourg aux sujets atteints de la maladie épidémique dite le choléra morbus, avec des observations pratiques sur la nature du fléau et sur ce que l'on apprend par l'ouverture des cadavres, St. Petersburg, 1831 [in French]
 Description de l'ophthalmie qui a sévi parmi les troupes, St. Petersburg, 1835 [in French]

References

 Robert Hutchison, A Medical Adventurer. Biographical Note on Sir <mask>, Bart., M.D., 1758 to 1854. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 06/1928; 21(8):1406–1408.A. A. Novik, V. I. Mazurov, P. A. Semple, The life and times of Sir <mask> Bt., MD., 1768–1854, body surgeon and physician to the Czar and chief of the Russian Military Medical Department. Scottish Medical Journal, 1996 Aug; 41(4):116-20. V. P. Tyukin, L. P. Churilov, Yakov Vasilyevich Wylie: Half a Century at Head of the Russian Medicine, Medicina v XXI veke, No. 4 (5), 2006, pg 100 — 107 [in Russian]
 E. I. Zaytsev, Yakov Vasilyevich Wylie (1768–1854), Vestnik Khirurgii im. I. I. Grekova, vol. 168, No.4, 2009, pg 9 — 10 [in Russian]
 Mary McGrigor, The Tsar's Doctor: The Life and Times of Sir <mask> (Edinburgh: Birlinn General, 2010)
 L.P. Churilov, Y. I. Stroyev, V. P. Tyukin, Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 Baronet Yakov Vasilyevich Wylie and the Russian Medicine, Zdorovye — osnova chelovecheskogo potentsiala: problemy i puti ih resheniya, vol. 7, No. 2, 2012, pg 974 — 995 [in Russian]

1768 births
1854 deaths
18th-century Scottish people
18th-century Scottish medical doctors
Alumni of the

masks:
James Wylie
James Wylie
James Wylie


title: James Ellison (motorcyclist)

texts:
<mask> (born 19 September 1980) is an English motorcycle racer. After two seasons (2017 with McCams and 2018 with Tag) on a Yamaha R1, <mask> expected to retire at the end of 2018, but in 2019 again competed in the British Superbike Championship series aboard a BMW S1000RR, before parting company with his team half-way through the season in August. He then joined another British Superbike team for the remainder of the 2019 season, starting from the September event at Oulton Park, on the ex-Danny Kent machine, previously an ex-Leon Camier 2016 MV Agusta F4. After racing during 2013 with Milwaukee Yamaha run by Shaun Muir Racing in British Superbikes, for 2014 <mask> joined Lloyds British GBmoto team, and rode a Kawasaki ZX-10R alongside veteran Chris Walker. <mask> is a double European Superstock champion, World Endurance champion and has previously participated in World Supersport, MotoGP, and the American AMA Superbike series. His brother Dean is a former motorcycle racer. Career

Early career
<mask> started racing motorcycles at the age of 15, riding 80 cc machines.After racing in junior championships such as Superteen, he entered the European Superstock series in 1999, winning the title in 2000 and 2001. In 2002, he raced in the Supersport World Championship, before winning the Endurance World Championship in 2003. British Superbike Championship (2004)
For 2004, <mask> switched to the British Superbike Championship. He rode a Yamaha YZF-R1 for the privateer Jentin team. He finished 11th overall, and won the privateer cup for independent riders. As well as the British Superbike Championship season, he received two wild-card entries in the Superbike World Championship, at Silverstone and Brands Hatch. Notably, <mask> finished fifth in the second of two races at Brands Hatch.Towards the end of 2004, <mask> was asked to race for the WCM MotoGP

masks:
James Desmond Ellison
Ellison
Ellison
Ellison
Ellison
Ellison
Ellison
Ellison


title: James Ellison (motorcyclist)

texts:
 team after their regular rider, Chris Burns, was injured. He finished 13th at Qatar, and the team signed him for the full 2005 season. MotoGP World Championship (2005–2006)

In 2005, he scored seven points whilst riding an underpowered bike, but impressed with his attitude and ability. For 2006 he switched to the Tech 3 Yamaha team. At Philip Island he made history as the first rider to switch bikes mid-race, onto a bike with wet weather tyres. He later finished 16th and out of the points-scoring positions. He said that he was "disappointed" with the balance of the Yamaha M1 bike that season, and that his bike lacked a chassis modification to cure chatter, which the three other Yamaha riders had been riding.AMA Superbike Championship (2007)
<mask>'s contract with Tech 3 Yamaha was not renewed for following season. He then made the move across the pond and raced in AMA Superbike in the United States for the Corona Honda team in 2007. He had a best finish of 5th at the wet Daytona circuit, in what was a difficult season in the AMA. Return to British Superbike
<mask> returned to British Superbikes for 2008, with the Hydrex Bike Animal team He took his first ever BSB podium in race 2 of round 2 at Oulton Park. After finishing the season with a podium finish at Brands Hatch on 12 October 2008, <mask> announced that he would be leaving the Hydrex Bike Animal team, and three days later, it was announced that <mask> has signed a contract with GSE Racing to ride their Yamaha YZF-R1 for the 2009 season. He took his first career win in round 3 of the series at Donington Park. At the end of 2009, the title sponsor of GSE Racing, Wrigleys UK, opted not renew their backing of the team.After failing to find an alternative backer, GSE Racing pulled out of the championship, leaving <mask> without a ride for the 2010 British Superbike Championship. On 7

masks: Ellison Ellison Ellison Ellison Ellison


title: James Ellison (motorcyclist)

texts:
 February, <mask> confirmed that he had agreed a contract with the Swan Honda team to ride in the 2010 championship. <mask>'s season was closely documented in the film I, Superbiker. The 2010 started promising when <mask> scored a win and a podium at the first two races at Brands Hatch, but he crashed and injured during the next round, missing the next three rounds. He won another race and finished the season in seventh place, missing the qualifying for the Showdown just for points. In 2011, <mask> with an Honda, raced part-time the championship and finished the season in 16th place, scoring a podium. In 2013, <mask> raced with a Yamaha and finished the season in a strong fourth place, scoring 589 points, 54 less than Champion Alex Lowes, and winning three races.In 2014, <mask> joined Kawasaki and suffered an injury mid-season and he was forced to withdraw almost half of the season. He was anyway classified in 8th place and he scored some podiums also. In 2015, <mask> finished in third place, scoring 614 points and winning three races with the Kawasaki, 89 points less than Series Champion Josh Brookes. In 2016, <mask> finished the championship once again in third place, with 610 points, 59 less than champion Shane Byrne. He won the last two races at the season finale at Brands Hatch. In 2017, <mask> finished the British Superbike Championship in ninth place, scoring 139 points, winning a race. Retirement and Managerial Career
During 2018, <mask> rode with Anvil Hire Yamaha, intending to retire from competition at season-end, but signed with Smiths BMW Racing for 2019.After the Thruxton event in August it was announced they would part ways, after disappointing results with a total score of 23 points. He then joined another British Superbike team for the remainder of the 2019 season, starting from the September event at Oulton Park, on the

masks: Ellison Ellison Ellison Ellison Ellison Ellison Ellison Ellison Ellison Ellison