title: Adela Jušić

texts:
 for the Arts, the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs in partnership with the City Council, and the New York State Council on the Arts. Jonathan Blackwood, theoretician, writer and curator of contemporary art, describes the piece:

Silk lavander shirt (2016)
As a main element of the performance, the artist uses ICTY trial transcripts, the memoirs of Biljana Plavšić, her statements to the media, and other relevant materials. Biljana Plavšić, the former President of the Republic of Srpska, was indicted in 2001 by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes during Bosnian war. After pleading guilty and statement of repentance, the prosecutors dropped genocide charges against her, and sentenced her to 11 years.She served two thirds of her sentence in prison in Sweden and was released earlier. During her stay in prison in 2005, she published a voluminous memoirs in which she denied her previous confession. The idea of the performance was to point out to the contrast present in representation of Biljana Plavsic, her false repentance and light sentence she had received, disproportionate to the crimes she had committed. The title of the work was inspired by the quote about Biljana Plavšić of a prominent writer Slavenka Drakulić: Pale green, lavender, fuchsia, and dark blue seem to be her favorite colors; a silk shirt under her jacket part of her uniform. Works on partisan women and Second World War
<mask> <mask> has dedicated years to the research of participation of women in National Peoples Struggle, Women's Antifascist Front and their position in the aftermath of the Second World War. First central segment of her work is related to the portrayals of women partisans, their representation in NOB, women's narratives and their oral history. Such works include What has our struggle given us?(2013), which is a mixed media work inspired by the book Women heroes on life stories of 10 Bosnian heroines from World War II. Another example of  <mask>'s work is Unknown Partisan woman (2016). After the World War II

masks: Adela Jušić Jušić


title: Adela Jušić

type: original

texts:
 in Yugoslavia, Partisans whose names were not known were buried under the gravestone that instead of a name had words Unknown Partisan or Unknown Partisan woman engraved. <mask> created a replica of such gravestone with words: Unknown Partisan woman and put it in the park in the center of Sarajevo, near other historically important sites and across the building where notorious Beledija jail was, where many woman antifascists were held prisoners and tortured during the war. After almost a year, no city authorities or media gave attention to the gravestone. It is still on the same spot. The second central topic of her work is the relationship of the economy and the reproductive role of women during Socialism.<mask> compares the participation of women in Second World War through their mass mobilization and armed struggle, post-war participation of women in re-building of the state through their voluntary work and the big turnover of perception of women's work during 1950's when women are called into their natural roles as mother, housewives and nurturers. Some of the most notable works on this topic include: Labor of Love in collaboration with Andreja Dugandzic (2014), Here come the Women (2015), We long for work and toil in collaboration with Andreja Dugandzic (2014) and many more. As Jonathan Blackwood describes:

Archive of Anti-fascist Front of Women of BiH and Yugoslavia
<mask> <mask> and Andeja Dugandžić have started an online archive of Women's Antifascist Front of Yugoslavia and Women's Antifascist Front of BiH in 2015. This online platform consists of thousands of documents, photographs, interviews, transcripts, periodicals and books <mask>  <mask> and Andreja Dugandzic have been collecting for years in public archives, libraries and private collections. The archive was launched on 8 March, the International Women's day in 2015. The archive was launched as to:

As part of the archive a book as a collection of essays, works and illustrations called Izgubljena revolucija: AFŽ Između mita i zaborava was published and presented. The collection features a chapter on <mask>'s

masks: Jušić Jušić Adela Jušić Adela Jušić Jušić


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
<mask>, 1st <mask>, KB ( – 4 July 1551) was an English nobleman. He was the only son of the Tudor statesman <mask>, 1st Earl of Essex ( – 1540) and Elizabeth Wyckes (d. 1529). <mask>'s father <mask> rose from obscurity to become the chief minister of Henry VIII, who attempted to modernize government at the expense of the privileges of the nobility and church. He used his office to promote religious reform and was one of the strongest advocates of the English Reformation. In 1537, <mask> married Elizabeth, Lady Ughtred, widow of Sir Anthony Ughtred, sister to Jane Seymour and therefore became brother-in-law to Henry VIII and uncle to Edward VI. <mask> survived the dramatic fall from royal favour and subsequent execution of his father in 1540, as well as the ousting of his brother-in-law and patron, Edward Seymour in 1549. He became a wealthy landowner, owning land and property in several counties in England, mainly in Rutland and Leicestershire.<mask>'s family connections had provided him with wealth, property and privileges; however, it was through his own intelligence and ability, combined with the remarkable education and training provided by his father, that he was able to benefit from them, leaving his wife and family well provided for at his death. <mask> was succeeded by his eldest son, and heir, Henry. <mask> died in July 1551, the same month as Henry Brandon, the young Duke of Suffolk and his brother Charles. He may be the subject of two portrait miniatures by Hans Holbein the Younger. Early years
<mask> was born in London around 1520. Surviving letters suggest that the home where

masks:
Gregory Cromwell
Baron Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts: he lived with his father, mother and grandmother, Mercy Pryor, was a happy one. <mask>'s father, <mask>, had "The habit of not taking himself too seriously; the friendly and familiar atmosphere out of which this comes was evidently the atmosphere of <mask>'s house.And he seems to have early displayed that ready gratitude for kindness, that fidelity to those who had helped him, for which he became noted at home and abroad. People liked to go to his home and remembered their visit with pleasure." A successful merchant and lawyer, <mask> was a self-made man of relatively humble beginnings whose intelligence and abilities enabled him to rise to become the most powerful man in England next to the king. His own father, <mask>, had been a jack of all trades – a blacksmith, fuller and brewer who had, from time to time, come to the attention of the authorities. <mask> was sent to school as a boy, where he learned to read and write and was taught a little Latin. <mask> provided a more extensive education for his own son, <mask>. Thomas and Elizabeth had three surviving children – a son, <mask>, and two daughters, Anne and Grace.<mask>'s wife died early in 1529, and his daughters, Anne and Grace, are believed to have died not long after their mother. Provisions made for Anne and Grace in <mask>'s will, written on 12 July 1529, have been crossed out at a later date. <mask> had another daughter, Jane ( – 1580) whose early life is a complete mystery. According to Hilary Mantel, "<mask> had an illegitimate daughter, and beyond the fact that she existed, we know very little about her. She comes briefly

masks:
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Walter Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
 into the records, in an incredibly obscure way – she's in the archives of the county of Chester." Jane married William Hough ( – 1585), of Leighton in Wirrall, Cheshire, around 1550. William Hough was the son of Richard Hough (1505 – 1573/4) who was employed by <mask> from 1534 to 1540 as his agent in Chester.It is unknown what role Thomas and <mask> played in her life. However, it would be safe to say that, after her marriage, Jane did not share her father's religious beliefs. Jane and her husband William Hough were staunch Catholics who, together with their daughter, Alice, her husband, William Whitmore and their children, all came to the attention of the authorities as recusant Catholics in the reign of Elizabeth I.

<mask> came to share his father's interests and religious beliefs and was closely following the religious developments taking place in England while his father was in office. <mask>'s close friends, William Cecil and Ralph Sadler, were known adherents of the reformed faith. A letter written to <mask> by Henry Dowes in March 1540 reveals that he was deeply concerned about the recantation of the vicar of Stepney, William Jerome. In his report to his former pupil, Dowes noted that "your comaundemente hath fully persuaded me you to be nott a litle desyrous to receyve knowledge after what sorte he behaved himselfe, aswell concernyng his Recantation, as also the reste of thinges conteyned in his saide Sermon." After the deaths of his wife and daughters, <mask> was devoted to his son, <mask>, and his sister Catherine's son, Richard Williams (alias <mask>) and they were a close

masks:
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
 family.One of Richard's letters to his uncle bemoaned their separation from one another. He wrote that "I never more desired anything, than since your departure, to see you, nor thought time longer in your absence." <mask> was equally effusive in a letter where he asked only for his father's blessing, which he described as "more treasure unto me then all the abundance of worldly goods." <mask> remained close to his father and looked up to his older cousin, <mask>, who had distinguished himself by his military skill and gallantry. By the autumn of 1529, he had adopted the name <mask>. Richard must have been fond of his cousin, <mask>, leaving him "a great horse" in his will. Education
Be sure you shall have in him a wise quick piece
Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk

 <mask> ensured his son received the best possible education at Cambridge with a number of carefully selected tutors, often sending gifts to <mask> and his older companions, Nicholas Sadler and cousins, Christopher Wellyfed and another known only as Beresford, who were educated with him.<mask> was at Cambridge from 1528 to 1533. During his education, he resided in Pembroke Hall and Christ's College and at the homes of his father's friends and colleagues. It has been incorrectly asserted by early historians such as J. S. Brewer and R. B. Merriman and assumed by later historians like B.W. Beckingsale and David Loades that <mask> was fourteen or fifteen when he was being educated at Cambridge in 1528 and therefore born around 1514. This has led to negative speculation about the boy's character and abilities which can be

masks:
Gregory
Gregory
Richard Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts: disproved. <mask> was, in fact, beginning his education and not undertaking a degree at the end of his education. He did not obtain a degree at Cambridge.That would have been unusual for a gentleman's son at that time, unless he had been destined for a career in the church. Sir Henry Ellis stated that "The date of <mask>'s birth is not recorded, but it could hardly have been earlier than 1520." It appears that Henry Ellis was right and that <mask> was a small boy in 1528, no more than eight years old. Letters from <mask>'s supervisors, tutors and mentors during his education point to a year of birth of around 1520. As evidence that <mask> was very young in 1528, there are two letters written by John Chekyng, his tutor, to <mask>, describing a little boy who plays and who is learning to read and write. The first letter, written in July 1528, states that his son <mask> "is not now at Cambridge, but in the country, where he works and plays alternately ... He is now studying the things most conducive to the reading of authors, and spends the rest of the day in forming letters."A second letter from Chekyng, written in November 1528, notes that "Little <mask> is becoming great in letters." Another letter to <mask>, which can be dated to between September 1529 and Whitsuntide 1530, written by Margaret Vernon provides further proof of <mask>'s young age. Vernon wrote "You promised that I should have the governance of the child till he was 12 years old. By that time he shall speak for himself if any wrong be offered him, for as yet he cannot, except by my maintenance." After the death of his

masks:
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
 mother, <mask> was placed in the care of his father's friend, Margaret Vernon, Prioress of Little Marlow, in Buckinghamshire. At that time it was not unusual for gentlemen to place their young children in the care of nuns. As a rule the boys in nunneries were very young as it was not considered appropriate for them to stay with the nuns later than their ninth or tenth year.The nuns were permitted to educate only the girls. It was acceptable for young boys, up to the age of nine or ten, to be supervised by nuns, but not taught by them, and so they were usually accompanied by a male tutor. Margaret Vernon wrote to <mask> in 1528 stating that "Your son and his master are in good health, and now prosper in learning more in one day than before in a week, by reason of Nich. Saddelar, who is of very good conditions. Mr. Copland every morning gives each of them a laten, the which Nicholas doth bear away, as well <mask>'s lesson as his own, and maketh the same <mask> perfect against his time of rendering. The master takes such comfort that he is with them three times a day." <mask>'s older companion, Nicholas Sadler, may have been a younger brother or perhaps a cousin of Sir Ralph Sadler, <mask>'s personal secretary and close friend.Nicholas Sadler also had with him a "little gentlewoman", who Margaret wished permission to educate herself, to fill up her leisure intervals. While <mask> was at Cambridge, his tutors Included:

 John Chekyng – Fellow of Pembroke Hall, sophister, chosen 1519, reader of divinity, 1534. Henry Lockwood – Master of Christ's College, 1531–1548. John Hunt, (1514–1586) –

masks:
Gregory
Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
 Graduate of Cardinal College, Oxford, lawyer. <mask> was later placed under the care and supervision of his father's friends and allies,
 Rowland Lee, (died 1543) – Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. English Bishop. Educated at Cambridge, he received preferment under the patronage of Cardinal Wolsey, who employed him in the suppression of the monasteries (1528 – 29).He was greatly esteemed by Henry VIII and is believed to have performed the ceremony of Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn (1533). He was one of the first bishops to take the oath of supremacy recognizing Henry as Head of the Church. Sir Richard Southwell, (1504–1564) – Privy Councilor. Early in 1535, for some period, <mask> lived with Southwell in Woodrising Manor in Norfolk,
and
 Henry Dowes, (1501 – 1550) – the son of a wealthy Maldon merchant, who was mentor to <mask> for several years. He supervised his pupil's tuition in Latin, French and other subjects. Dowes appears to have kept up his relationship with <mask> after ceasing to be his mentor. In March 1540 he sent <mask> a detailed report of a sermon preached by the vicar of Stepney, William Jerome, which had included 'opprobrious words against the burgesses of the Parliament as calling them butterflies, dissemblers and knaves'.<mask> received dedications to three humanist works: Voluzenus's version of Cicero's Dream of Scipio; David Clapham's translation of Agrippa's Commendation of Matrimony and Sir Richard Morrison's translation of Vives' Introduction to Wisdom. In 1540, Sir Richard Morrison ( – 1556), an English humanist scholar and diplomat who was a protégé of <mask>,

masks:
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts: propagandist for Henry VIII, and then ambassador to the German court of Charles V for Edward VI, dedicated his translation of Introductio ad sapientiam by Juan Luis Vives to <mask>. Vives' devotional work, The Introduction to Wisdom, a companion piece to the Instruction, was translated into English by Sir Richard Morison in 1540 and dedicated to the son of <mask>. The translator is lavish in his praise of Vives: "This boke was gathered by Ludovicus Vives, a man greatly conversant in all good authours and excellentlye wel sene in all kindes of lerning." Vives' manual was extremely popular in the English schools, used as a textbook in the Tudor schools together with Lily's Grammar." Juan Luis Vives (1493–1540) was a Spanish humanist and educational theorist, who strongly opposed scholasticism and made his mark as one of the most influential advocates of humanistic learning in the early sixteenth century. His works are not limited to education but deal with a wide range of subjects including philosophy, psychology, politics, social reform and religion.<mask>, influenced by the humanist view of preparation for the active life, took great pains with his son's education, although the boy's studies were not always conducted along humanist lines. <mask> approved a curriculum including the study of the works of Erasmus, English and ancient history, music, and exercise with arms for <mask>. He provided for his son, the sort of education which Sir Thomas Elyot was advocating for the ruling class. In a letter to <mask>, Henry Dowes, <mask>'s preceptor, details how his son studied French, Latin,

masks:
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts: English, accounting, music and Roman and Greek history. He practised the longbow, played the lute and virginals and shared his father's love of hunting, hawking and riding. <mask> and his cousin, Christopher Wellyfed were permitted to indulge their love of hunting during breaks in their studies. <mask> promised his father that he would do his best at all times ... although he needed a little encouragement!On the whole, <mask>'s tutors seemed to be happy with his progress. In November 1528, John Chekyng advised his father that "Little <mask> is becoming great in letters." Margaret Vernon noted in 1529, that <mask> "is in good health, and is a very good scholar, and can construe his paternoster and creed. When you next come to me I doubt not that you shall like him very well." At that time, young children practised reading from religious texts, the primer, containing the Paternoster, Ave Maria, Creed and other common prayers and liturgical works like the antiphonal and the psalter. In the case of boys, the learning of Latin grammar also involved religious material. An elementary exercise might take the form of studying and analysing the basic prayers in their Latin forms, as <mask> is mentioned by Vernon, learning to translate the Paternoster and the Creed from Latin.The lure of the countryside could prove a distraction to an active boy, who needed to be pulled back into line. Henry Dowes wrote to <mask> in September 1534 explaining that he had used every effort to advance <mask> in his studies, but "forcause summer was spent in the service of the wild gods, it is so much to be regarded

masks: Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Cromwell Gregory


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts: after what fashion youth is brought up". However, by April 1535, Dowes was able to report to his father that "his improvement is greater than at any time here before, partly because he is brought into some awe and dread, and is ready to give himself to learning when required, partly because those things which formerly alienated his mind from study are now withdrawn." <mask> excelled in athletic pursuits. Dowes reported to <mask> in September 1535, that his son "for his recreation he useth to hawke and hunte, and shote in his long bowe, which frameth and succedeth so well with hime that he semeth to be therunto given by nature." Towards the end of <mask>'s education, the boy was to become an asset to his father and a help to his mentor, Rowland Lee, Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, in Ludlow. The bishop had written to <mask> on 19 January 1536 to ask for assistance, now that he had to "learn a new school, to play with pen and counters, for the King's grace's money."Believing that it would be difficult for him without some help, he asked <mask> to "please send me my lover Mr. <mask>, for though the thieves have hanged me in imagination, I trust to be even with them shortly." During his time in Wales, Rowland Lee came to be known as the "hanging bishop" for the harsh measures taken in an attempt to curb widespread lawlessness. One man, in particular, was impressed by the young man. Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, reported to <mask> in August 1536 that his son was in good health and, "sparing no horseflesh to run after the deer and hounds. I trust you will not be discontent that I now

masks: Gregory Cromwell Gregory Cromwell Cromwell Gregory Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
 cause him to forbear his book. Be sure you shall have in him a wise quick piece." It would appear that <mask>, and John More, the son of Thomas More, have been wrongly assumed to have been unintelligent, simply because they happened to be overshadowed by their extraordinary fathers.It is evident that <mask>'s son was a capable scholar, who besides mastering Latin, French and accounting, had learned to play the lute and virginals and excelled in the outdoor pursuits of riding, hunting with the longbow and hawking. He was athletic and therefore had much in common with his older cousin, the courtier <mask>. It is apparent that <mask> was an intelligent, well-educated and accomplished young man who must have been a source of pride to his father. <mask> had received an extensive education to prepare him for adult life. Now that his education was complete, he was ready to marry and begin a career in his father's service. Marriage and issue

In March 1537 Elizabeth, Lady Ughtred had written to <mask> from York to seek his favour in acquiring one of the soon-to-be dissolved monasteries. Aged about 19, she was the widow of Sir Anthony Ughtred, who had died in 1534: a younger daughter of Sir John Seymour, sister of Queen Jane Seymour and the future Protector Somerset.The opportunity was not lost on <mask> and he proposed instead that she marry his son and heir, <mask>. By June it appears that <mask>'s offer had been accepted, although <mask> had not been her only suitor. Sir Arthur Darcy had written to her on 15 June, regretting his loss: "If I do tarry here in the country, I would have been glad to

masks:
Gregory Cromwell
Cromwell
Richard Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Cromwell
Gregory


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts: have had you likewise, but sure it is, as I said, that some southern lord shall make you forget the North." The couple were married on 3 August 1537 at Mortlake. Historian Derek Wilson has observed that in marrying his son <mask> to the then queen's younger sister, <mask> became "related by marriage to the king, an event well worth recording for posterity by a portrait of his daughter-in-law." A portrait by Hans Holbein dated circa 1535–1540 exhibited at the Toledo Museum of Art as Portrait of a Lady, Probably a Member of the <mask> Family (1926.57), once thought to be Queen Catherine Howard, may instead depict the wife of <mask>. The lady is wearing a French hood, her sleeves are said to follow a style set by Anne of Cleves and she has wonderful blackwork decorating her cuffs.Born in around 1518, Elizabeth was probably in her 21st year in 1539 or 1540 and about the right age to be the sitter. The portrait may have been commissioned by <mask> between January 1540 and early June 1540 when Anne of Cleves was queen consort and before his arrest. It is also possible that a portrait of <mask> was painted at the same time and has not survived. It appears that Elizabeth had two children from her marriage to Ughtred. Sir Richard Southwell wrote to <mask> in August 1537 that he had seen "a child of my lady your daughter's at Wylberffosse nunnery, Yorksh., who was in good health at the writing of this." As the writer refers to my lady your daughter, he could only be referring to <mask>'s new daughter-in-law, Lady Ughtred, and the child was in Yorkshire, where she had been living in the years since

masks:
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
 her marriage. This child may have been Henry Ughtred, born around 1533, in Jersey, or Margery Ughtred of Kexby, Yorkshire, who married William Hungate of Burnby, Yorkshire.Elizabeth assured her new father-in-law that "which doth comfort me most in the world, that I find your lordship is contented with me, and that you will be my good lord and father the which, I trust, never to deserve other, but rather to give cause for the continuance of the same". It is unknown whether it was <mask> or Edward Seymour who suggested the match, but the marriage appears to have been happy and Elizabeth's brother and father-in-law were certainly on friendly terms. Edward Seymour, then Viscount Beauchamp, wrote to <mask> on 2 September 1537 to know how he has fared since the writer's departure. Wishes <mask> were with him, when he should have had the best sport with bow, hounds, and hawks and sends commendations to his brother-in-law and sister, adding "and I pray God to send me by them shortly a nephew." <mask> and Elizabeth had five children:

 <mask>, 2nd Baron <mask>, (1538 – 1592), married before 1560, Mary Paulet, daughter of John Paulet, 2nd Marquess of Winchester. The couple had three children:

 <mask>, 3rd Baron <mask>, ( – 27 April 1607), married first Elizabeth Upton (died 1592/3), of Puslinch, Devon, and then Frances Rugge (died 1631) of Felmingham, Norfolk, by whom he had a son, <mask>, 1st Earl of Ardglass and two daughters, Frances and Anne. Sir <mask>, married Frances, daughter of Sir Edward Griffin of Dingley, Northamptonshire.Katharine <mask> (d. 24 March 1621), married on 10 February 1581

masks:
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Henry Cromwell
Cromwell
Edward Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts: at North Elmham, Norfolk, Sir Lionel Tollemache, 1st Baronet, of Helmingham, Suffolk (before 14 December 1562 – 1612), son of Sir Lionel Tollemache and Susan Jermyn. They had a son, Sir Lionel Tollemache, 2nd Baronet. <mask> (1539 – bef. 1553.) <mask>, ( – died between February 1610 and April 1611), educated at St John's College, Cambridge. Married, August 1580, Katherine (died 1615/1616), daughter of Thomas Gardner of Coxford, 5 sons, 4 daughters. He was an English Member of Parliament during the reign of Elizabeth I.His diaries of proceedings in the House of Commons are an important source for historians of parliamentary history during the period when he was a member, and Sir John Neale draws heavily upon them in his groundbreaking study of Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments, vol. I (1559–1581), 1953, vol. II ( 1584–1601), 1957. Sir William Cecil (later Lord Burghley), a friend of his father, may have found him his seats at Fowey, Bodmin and Grampound, possibly by arrangement with the end Earl of Bedford at Fowey and Bodmin. His return at Preston in 1584 is accounted for by the patronage of Sir Ralph Sadler, chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, who was brought up in the household of <mask>'s grandfather, <mask>, 1st Earl of Essex. Neale has described <mask> as "the model type of parliamentarian, deeply versed in the history and procedure of the institution, though lacking in historical perspective; eminently responsible, but fearless in defence of liberty." He was a puritan, but his zeal did not cloud his judgment, which, with his knowledge of procedure, rendered him one of the most

masks:
Edward Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
 experienced committeemen of his time.He served on nearly 100 committees, and wrote journals covering the sessions of Parliament in 1572, 1576, 1581 and 1584, now in the library of Trinity College, Dublin. <mask>, (– ) wife of John Strode of Parnham, Dorset, son of Robert Strode and Elizabeth Hody. They had six children. <mask>, ( – 7 February 1562) on 11 November 1560 at Compton, Hampshire, married Richard Strode of Newnham, Devon, son of William III Strode (1512–1579) by his wife Elizabeth Courtenay, daughter and heiress of Philip Courtenay of Loughtor, a younger son of Sir Philip Courtenay (died 1488) of Molland in North Devon. They had one son, William Strode (died 1637), MP. Death of Queen Jane

Presumably, <mask> was still in his father's service, and he and his wife were living in one of <mask>'s many houses after the marriage, however, there is no mention of <mask> and Elizabeth in the records until the death of Queen Jane on 24 October 1537, less than three months after their wedding. On 12 November they took part in the late queen's funeral procession.<mask> and his cousin, <mask> carried banners; their wives were among the principal mourners. Her sister's death was not only a personal tragedy for Elizabeth, but it was to have long-term repercussions for the <mask>s, particularly for <mask>, that could never have been foreseen. Career and public life, 1537–1539
After his marriage, <mask> continued his training in his father's service. During his career, he held several offices, including:
 Justice of the Peace, Sussex, 1538
 Ranger, Rutland Forest, 1545
 Commissioner, Musters,

masks:
Katherine Cromwell
Frances Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Richard Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
 Leicestershire, 1546
 Commissioner, Relief, 1550
 various other commissions 1539–1551

Lewes
The couple's first child, Henry, was baptised 1 March 1538, probably at Hampton Court, where the Lady Mary almost certainly stood godmother. Shortly after the baptism, <mask> and his wife left for Lewes in Sussex, arriving with a large retinue at the former Cluniac Priory of St Pancras, recently acquired by <mask>. While in Sussex, <mask> became a justice of the peace, which was his first official position. The site and possessions of the Priory of St Pancras, Lewes were granted to <mask> and his heirs, on 16 February 1538.Their extent was considerable. The demolition of the monastery began without delay, however the Priory House was not demolished and was reserved as a place of residence for the new owner. In a letter to his father in April, <mask> gives the details of his arrival, and of the warm reception and presents given to him and his wife, by the families of the neighbourhood. However, the rats of Lewes had presents of their own, and in May, plague had broken out in the town. The couple left Lewes and hastily retreated to another of <mask>'s houses called "The Motte" about four miles away from the town. In late June, the king was expected to come to Lewes in his Progress. <mask> wrote to his father to inform him that the plague had not completely abated in the town.<mask> and his wife were to leave Sussex in 1539, and their household at Lewes was disbanded after <mask> was accused of a sex crime and refused his penance. Leeds Castle

After the appointment of <mask> as Constable of Leeds

masks:
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
 Castle, Kent, in January 1539, his son <mask> and his wife moved into the castle. <mask> and his wife lived mainly at Leeds Castle at <mask>'s expense from their arrival until his arrest in June 1540. Living there qualified <mask> for election as one of the knights of the shire for Kent to the Parliament of that year. His partner, the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, Sir Thomas Cheyne, presumably ensuring his return at the request of his father. It is notable that <mask> was under the age of majority of twenty-one. His election is to be seen as one move in <mask>'s campaign to ensure a "tractable" Parliament.Welcoming Anne of Cleves at Calais

<mask> was summoned to Parliament on 28 April 1539. In December 1539, during its second prorogation, he travelled to Calais to welcome Anne of Cleves. <mask> wrote several letters to his father at this time, detailing the difficulties of the crossing from Dover to Calais (a twelve-hour journey), reporting that many of the gentlemen with him were "extremely vexed with sickness" and assuring his father that he and the Lord Admiral were not among them. More than likely, this was his first time on board a ship and away from the English mainland. He describes his impressions at the first sight of Calais, how he has seen the castle and the blockhouses and other fortresses and recounts the delights of the feasting, entertainments and jousting while waiting for Henry VIII's new bride. <mask> also wrote to his wife from Calais, addressing her as his "loving bedfellow", describing the arrival of Anne of Cleves, and requesting news "as well of yourself as also

masks:
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts: my little boys, of whose increase and towardness be you assured I am not a little desirous to be advertised." The Admiral and his entourage spent about nine days in Calais before the arrival of Anne of Cleves, passing the time, in part, with tournaments and other amusements.Anne of Cleves arrived on Thursday 11 December. "She arrived within the English pale at Calais between 7 and 8 a.m., and was received by the lord Deputy, the Lieutenant of the Castle, the Knight Porter, and the Marshal of Calais, Sir George Carow, Captain of Resbanke, and the Captain of the Spears, well appointed with great horses, and with them the men of arms, in velvet coats and gold chains, and all the archers in the King's livery well appointed; "and so brought her towards Calais, a gentleman of arms of the King's and another of hers riding together." Within a mile of Calais, she was received by the earl of Southampton, Lord Admiral, with the lord William Howard, Sir Francis Brian, the lord Grey of Wilton, the lord Hastings, lord Clifford, lord Herbert, lord Tailbush, Sir Thomas Seymour, Sir Henry Knyvett, Mr. <mask>, with "xxiiij" gentlemen in coats of satin damask and velvet, besides the said lords, who wore three collars of cloth of gold and purple velvet and chains of gold, and 200 yeomen, &c., in the King's colours, red and blue cloth. "Then the King's ships off Newland as she came by them let 200 shots of guns", after which the town of Calais shot 300 pieces of ordnance. When she came to the Lantern Gate, she stayed and viewed the king's ships, the Lion and the Sweepstake, decked with 100 banners of silk and


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts: gold, wherein were 200 master gunners and mariners and 31 trumpets, "and a double drum that was never seen in England before"; and so her Grace entered into Calais. At her entry, 150 pieces of ordnance let out of the said two ships made such a smoke that one of her train could not see another. "Where stood in order on both sides the streets, like a lane, with 500 soldiers in the King's livery of the retinue of Calais, and the mayor of Calais with his brethren, and the commons of Calais, and the merchants of the Staple, stood in like manner in array, and made a lane wherethrough she passed to her lodging".There the mayor and his brethren came to her and gave her 50 sovereigns of gold, and the mayor of the Staple, 60. Next morning "she had a gun shot, justing and all other royalty that could be devised in the King's garrison;" and kept open household there for the 15 days that she remained." The Admiral had been instructed by Henry VIII to "cheer my lady and her train so they think the time short". Anne knew little English, so, with the assistance of an interpreter, he taught her to play "Sent" and other card games that the king enjoyed, with <mask> taking part. The journey to England was planned for Friday afternoon; however, the weather proved so rough that it was futile to think of crossing at that time. The Lord Admiral entertained Anne of Cleves on the Saturday by showing her the ship prepared for her passage, with the other ships in the harbour, gaily decorated and with men on the tops, shrouds, and yard-arms. Guns were shot off in her honour, and after a banquet there was jousting.The


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
 high winds and rough seas continued until Saturday the 27th, when the weather was favourable for the crossing and Anne of Cleves finally arrived in England, landing at Deal, in Kent. The Great London Muster, 1539

In 1539, in response to the potential threat of invasion by his Roman Catholic enemies, Charles V and Francis I, Henry VIII prepared for the worst by fortifying the coasts and fitting out his navy, and ordered a muster of all his male subjects, aged from sixteen to sixty. The Lord Mayor of London ordered a general muster of the citizens to be held at Mile End on Thursday, 8 May. It was a formidable display of the king's power – three divisions, each of five thousand men and their attendants marched through the city to the Palace of Westminster, where the King stood in his gatehouse, to see them as they passed by. The size of the muster was estimated, by the Lord Chancellor, Thomas Audley, to have been about sixteen and a half thousand men. <mask> played his part, sending a great number of men and weapons among the citizens of London. They were led by a veritable forest of pike-men, bowmen and gunners in the thousands, and followed by weaponry drawn on carts, moving through the city to parade past Henry VIII at Westminster.<mask>'s son and heir, <mask> and his nephew, <mask> rode with muster, together with Sir Christofer Norris, Master of the Ordinance, "and other of the Kinges servantes." They followed "the end of the last battell, rydinge on goodly horses and well apparayled." The Fall of <mask>, 1540

1540 was to be a year of triumphs and tears for the <mask> family. In

masks:
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Richard Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
 January, Elizabeth was appointed to the household of the new Queen, Anne of Cleves. In March, during a virtual witch-hunt against 'heretical' preachers by Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, <mask> requested Henry Dowes to write a letter detailing the recantation of William Jerome, Vicar of Stepney. This was significant, as Stepney was <mask>'s church, where he and his family worshipped. Gardiner was firing a warning shot in his rival's direction.Still rising in royal favour, <mask> was created Earl of Essex on 17 April, and his son, <mask> assumed the courtesy title of Lord <mask> (from his father's secondary title of Baron <mask>, of Wimbledon in the County of Surrey). The arms granted to <mask> were four coats, quarterly; 1st, quarterly, per fess indented, azure, and or, four lions passant, counterchanged; 2nd, per fess, or and gules, on a pale between two lis, azure, and two pelicans of the first, a pelican and lis, all counterchanged; 3rd, azure, on a fess, between three lions rampant, a rose, gules, between two Cornish choughs; 4th, Prior, as before, and the motto, "Faire mon devoir". On 18 April, <mask> was made Great Chamberlain. The May Day Jousts, 1540
In May 1540, <mask>, now <mask>,
 and his cousin <mask> took part in the May Day Jousts which were held at the Palace of Westminster. The jousts began on Saturday, 1 May, and lasted for a week. The jousts had been announced in France, Flanders, Scotland and Spain for all who would compete against the challengers of England. The challengers included Sir John Dudley, Sir Thomas Seymour, Sir Thomas Poyninge, Sir George Carew,

masks:
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Lord Cromwell
Richard Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
 Anthony Kingston, and <mask>.The challengers entered the lists that day richly dressed, their horses trapped in white velvet, with knights and gentlemen riding ahead of them, dressed in white velvet and white sarcenet, and all their servants in white sarcenet doublets and hose, in the Burgundian fashion. To joust against them, forty-six defendants entered, led by the Henry, Earl of Surrey, including Lord William Hayward, Lord Edward Clinton, Lord <mask>, and others, who were all richly dressed. After the jousting had ended the challengers rode to Durham Place, which was lavishly decorated, with great cupboards of plate on display and where they kept open household during the tournament. Delicious foods and drinks were plentiful and minstrels played continually. Elaborate feasts and suppers were provided there, which were attended by the King, the Queen and her ladies, all the court, and all other comers. The guests "were served every meal with their own servants after the manner of war, their drum warning all the officers of household against every meal." On the second day of the jousts, Mr. Anthony Kingston and <mask> were made knights.<mask> so impressed the king with his valour, that he was given a diamond ring from the king's own finger. A Gathering storm

The wave of success was to be short-lived for <mask>. Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, a traditionalist conservative, was determined to destroy his arch-enemy, <mask>, by accusing him of supporting heretical preachers, thereby undoing his programme of religious reforms. At the same time, <mask>'s political rival and religious

masks:
Richard Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Richard Cromwell
Richard Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts: conservative, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, who had pushed hard for the Act of Six Articles to be passed in Parliament, was rising in favour and fast becoming a threat. The Act of Six Articles, which reaffirmed certain Catholic principles in Henry VIII's Church of England, had been passed in May 1539. Henry VIII had now drawn a line in the sand on religious reform and <mask> found himself in an untenable position with regards to his reformist policies. French Ambassador, Charles de Marillac noted "the division among this King's ministers, who are trying to destroy each other."<mask>'s party seemed to have the upper hand, however the situation was about to take a turn for the worse. <mask> was safe only as long as he retained royal favour. However, the king had found his new wife Anne of Cleves particularly unappealing and as she was no longer of any political use he wanted a divorce. <mask> realised that a divorce would result in a massive loss of face for him as the promoter of the marriage and its associated political machinations and that it could lead not only to his ruin, but also to the end of the Reformation in England. He made the fatal mistake of hesitating when the king asked him to look to a solution to end the marriage. Taking advantage of the king's marital discontent and <mask>'s hesitation over the divorce, Gardiner and the Norfolk together came up with a plan to bring down the Earl of Essex. Norfolk used his pretty young niece, Catherine Howard, at court, to distract the king; and while Henry VIII was distracted, he and Gardiner plotted their rival's demise.Stephen

masks:
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
 Gardiner entertained the king and the girl in his episcopal palace, while their agents were searching for any damning evidence that could be used against <mask>. Feeling threatened, after the arrest of Bishop Sampson of Chichester, Gardiner and Norfolk decided to make a preemptive strike. "<mask> was accused of the sacramentarian heresy, or denial of the real presence. The charge with its overtones of anabaptism and anarchy, temporarily overbalanced Henry" and with the deposition by Wriothesley that implied <mask> was stalling over the divorce, the king was persuaded to order <mask>'s arrest. Henry was made to see his chief minister as an obstacle to Anne's removal and replacement by Catherine. Gardiner was more than happy to provide the king with the means to a speedy divorce and "false knaves", Richard Rich and Michael Throgmorton were easily procured to make further allegations to the king about the Earl of Essex." Arrest
<mask> was arrested suddenly at a council meeting at 3.00 p.m. on the afternoon of 10 June 1540, on trumped up charges of treason and heresy, taken to the Tower and his possessions seized.The French Ambassador Charles de Marillac described his arrest in the Council Chamber at Westminster. As soon as the Captain of the Guard declared his charge to make him prisoner, <mask> in a rage cast his bonnet on the ground, saying to the duke of Norfolk and others of the Privy Council assembled there that this was the reward of his services, and that he appealed to their consciences as to whether he was a traitor; but since he was treated thus he renounced all pardon, as he had

masks:
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts: never thought to have offended, and only asked the King not to make him languish long. Thereupon some said he was a traitor, others that he should be judged according to the laws he had made, which were so sanguinary that often words spoken inadvertently with good intention had been constituted high treason. The duke of Norfolk having reproached him with some "villennyes" done by him, snatched off the order of St George which he bore on his neck, and the Admiral, to show himself as great an enemy in adversity as he had been thought a friend in prosperity, untied the Garter. Then, by a door which opens upon the water, he was put in a boat and taken to the Tower without the people of this town suspecting it until they saw all the King's archers under Mr. Cheyney at the door of the prisoner's house, where they made an inventory of his goods. According to the sixteenth century chronicler Edward Hall, those who genuinely mourned <mask>'s arrest were far outnumbered by those who rejoiced. <mask>, who was courageous enough to implement radical changes in an inherently conservative society like England, was by no means a popular man.Marillac, reporting the news of <mask>'s arrest to Francis I, wrote that "considering that public affairs thereby entirely change their course, especially as regards the innovations in religion of which <mask> was principal author, the news seems of such importance that it ought to be written forthwith" and in another letter to Montmorency noted "the division among this King's ministers, who are trying to destroy each other. <mask>'s party seemed the strongest lately

masks: Cromwell Cromwell Cromwell Cromwell Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
 by the taking of the dean of the Chapel, bp. of Chichester, but it seems quite overthrown by the taking of the said lord <mask>, who was chief of his band, and there remain only on his side the abp. of Canterbury, who dare not open his mouth, and the lord Admiral, who has long learnt to bend to all winds, and they have for open enemies the duke of Norfolk and the others. The thing is the more marvellous as it was unexpected by everyone." <mask> would have been nearby, in the House of Commons, at Westminster, when his father was arrested and must have hastily sent word to his wife Elizabeth, who was at court attending Queen Anne. He and his wife found themselves in a very vulnerable position, and were faced with the possibility of their own arrest.Having been dependents of <mask>, they found themselves homeless—all <mask>'s houses, lands, money, and goods were seized by the king (Leeds Castle was soon in the hands of Sir Anthony St Leger)—and, no doubt, in dire financial straits. It is highly probable that Elizabeth's brother, Edward Seymour, then Earl of Hertford, interceded with the king on the couple's behalf, gave them advice, and provided them with a place to live, and that Sir Ralph Sadler was secretly sending news to <mask> about his father. <mask>'s marriage to Elizabeth—the sister of the late Queen Jane and his connection to Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, now a favourite of the Henry VIII—may have afforded him a degree of protection from the king's wrath. There is no record of <mask> or his wife being questioned in relation to <mask>'s arrest. Prisoner in the Tower

The case

masks:
Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
 against <mask> was weak; it was well known that <mask> favoured religious reform, though he had not proceeded any further with his programme of reforms than the king would allow, and his every act had been authorised by the king. <mask> had not broken any laws, contravened any statutes or disobeyed any royal proclamations. Therefore, he was condemned without a trial and his sentence was later confirmed by an act of attainder.There are no surviving records of <mask> and Elizabeth's movements at this time. From the day of <mask>'s arrest until 16 June, during which time he was formally questioned by Norfolk and Thomas Audeley, he gave written answers to questions and wrote detailed letters at the king's command, there was still a faint hope of a reprieve. However, on 17 June, the bill of attainder was heard in Parliament for the first time and <mask> would have known his terrible fate. Ominously, on a deposition to the king, he wrote "All these articles be tr[ue by the] death I shall die, and m[ore] as more plainly app[eareth by a] letter written with my [own hand] sent by Mr. Secretary [unto] the King's Highness." <mask> wrote a desperate letter from the tower to the king to plead his innocence and appeal to him to be merciful to his son and the rest of his family. "Sir, upon [my kne]es I most humbly beseech your most gracious Majesty [to be goo]d and gracious lord to my poor son, the good and virtu[ous lady his] wife, and their poor children"
According to John Foxe, Ralph Sadler alone dared to carry to the King his letter pleading for mercy. From this Letter we learn that Henry VIII sent

masks:
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
 <mask> money while in the Tower and it appears to have given him more than a hope of life.Moreover, <mask> was granted the extraordinary 'privilege' of being told of the charges against him and who his accusers were. When Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk was himself arrested in 1546, he "prayed the lords to intercede with the king, that his accusers might be brought face to face, to say what they had against him ; and he did not doubt but it should appear he was falsely accused. He desired to have no more favour than <mask> had, he himself being present when <mask> was examined." He added that <mask> "desired, if he might not see his accusers, that he might at least know what the matters were ; and if he did not answer truly to every point, he desired not to live an hour longer. He had always been pursued by great enemies about the king ; so that his fidelity was tried like gold." On 29 June, the act of attainder was passed in both houses of parliament and <mask>'s fate was sealed. It is not known whether <mask> was present in the House of Commons during the proceedings against his father.In July 1540, fearing for her family's future security, Elizabeth wrote the following letter of submission to Henry VIII:

"After the bounden duty of my most humble submission unto your excellent majesty, whereas it hath pleased the same, of your mere mercy and infinite goodness, notwithstanding the heinous trespasses and most grievous offences of my father-in-law, yet so graciously to extend your benign pity towards my poor husband and me, as the extreme indigence and poverty wherewith my said

masks:
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts: father-in-law's most detestable offences hath oppressed us, is thereby right much holpen and relieved, like as I have of long time been right desirous presently as well to render most humble thanks, as also to desire continuance of the same your highness' most benign goodness. So, considering your grace's most high and weighty affairs at this present, fear of molesting or being troublesome unto your highness hath disuaded me as yet otherwise to sue unto your grace than alonely by these my most humble letters, until your grace's said affairs shall be partly overpast. Most humbly beseeching your majesty in the mean season mercifully to accept this my most obedient suit, and to extend your accustomed pity and gracious goodness towards my said poor husband and me, who never hath, nor, God willing, never shall offend your majesty, but continually pray for the prosperous estate of the same long time to remain and continue." This undated letter is placed at the end of July 1540 in Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII. It is possible that it was written while <mask> was imprisoned in the Tower, as Elizabeth refers to her father-in-law, and not her late father-in-law. Moreover, it was customary at that time to write "may his soul God pardon" or something similar when referring to someone who had recently died, which she did not do. The letter may have been written on the advice of her brother or at the king's command.The king was inclined to be generous and Elizabeth was to be included in the future Queen Catherine Howard's household as one of her attendant ladies. Richard Hilles, a


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
 merchant, wrote in a letter dated 28 February 1541, "some think it was a like artifice in the King to confer his title and many of his domains while he was yet in prison upon his son <mask>, who was almost a fool, in order that he might the more readily confess his offences at execution." There is absolutely no evidence that <mask> was a fool, and much to prove that he was intelligent and accomplished. Moreover, <mask> was not created Baron <mask> by letters patent until December 1540 and did not receive any royal grants before February 1541. His courtesy title of <mask> was forfeit after his father's arrest, although he did continue to receive the profits from the property alienated to his use and his heirs by his father in November 1538. This property included the manors and lordships of Oakham and Langham (Rutland), Clapthorne, Hackleton and Piddington (Northamptonshire), and Blaston (Leicestershire), with the advowson of Blaston church, and the manors of North Elmham and Beetley (Norfolk). <mask> was still receiving the profits from Langham in April 1541, his entitlement was then being questioned and which was later resolved in his favour.Hilles' comments can be dismissed as unsubstantiated gossip, although there is always the possibility that the mercurial Henry VIII promised <mask>, while he was in the Tower, to be a "good and gracious lord" to his son. Death of <mask>
<mask>'s letter had moved the king, who had asked for it to be read to him three times. However, it was not enough to save his life. <mask> was beheaded on Tower Hill on 28 July 1540. Since Thomas was attainted, <mask>

masks:
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Cromwell
Lord Cromwell
Gregory
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts: could not succeed his father as Earl of Essex and Baron Cromwell (of Wimbledon in the County of Surrey). <mask> and Elizabeth were not implicated, although it took many months before their desperate situation was to be resolved. Their lives were still in danger from an increasingly paranoid king.It is unknown if <mask> and his family were present at <mask>'s execution or if permission was given by the king to bury his beloved father with dignity, as Sir Thomas More's family had, under the floor in the Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula in the Tower. Among those who genuinely mourned <mask>, beside <mask> and his family, were his protégés and close friends: Sir Ralph Sadler had lived in <mask>'s household as a boy, was educated by him and had known <mask> since he was born. <mask> was godfather to Sadler's first two sons. It was Sadler who managed to acquire Holbein's portrait of <mask> and keep it hidden during the remaining years of the reign of Henry VIII. The poet Sir Thomas Wyatt penned an eloquent lamentation of his personal loss. The verse speaks of a man who was not only his patron, but his friend, and confidant. The pillar perish'd is whereto I leant,The strongest stay of my unquiet mind;The like of it no man again can find,From east to west still seeking though he went,To mine unhap.For hap away hath rentOf all my joy the very bark and rind:And I, alas, by chance am thus assign'dDaily to mourn, till death do it relent.But since that thus it is by destiny,What can I more but have a woful heart;My pen in plaint, my voice in careful cry,My mind in woe, my body full of smart;And I myself,

masks:
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
 myself always to hate,Till dreadful death do ease my doleful state.Sir Thomas Wyatt

Aftermath
At the time of his arrest in 1540, <mask> was one of the wealthiest landowners in England. This was "the end result of an active decade buying and selling lands, augmented by large monastic and other royal grants." <mask> as his sole heir should have inherited a vast fortune. Instead, over the next few years his father's lands and property were distributed by the king to others. <mask>, his wife and their children faced an uncertain future. For several months after <mask>'s execution, Henry VIII remained convinced of his late chief minister's guilt and anyone who had been closely associated with the late Earl of Essex was regarded with suspicion and closely watched. Tensions within the court were running high.Matters came to a head on the evening of 17 January 1541, when Ambassadors Eustace Chapuys and Charles de Marillac reported to their masters that Sir Thomas Wyatt, Sir Ralph Sadler and unnamed others had been arrested. The following morning, they were taken from Hampton Court, with their hands bound, and accompanied by 24 archers, to the Tower. Marillac wrote to Montmorency that Thomas Wyatt "was led to the Tower so bound and fettered that one must think ill, for the custom is to lead them to prison free" noting that it "must be some great matter for he has for enemies all who leagued against <mask>, whose minion he was." Sir Ralph Sadler was able to clear himself and was released in a few days. Sir Thomas Wyatt was set free the following March, at the request of Queen Catherine Howard.

masks:
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
 Sadler must have provided some very persuasive evidence to his interrogators in the Tower, sufficient not only to secure his own release, but enough to convince the king to question his late chief minister's fate. The French ambassador, Marillac was to write to Montmorency on 3 March 1541 that Henry VIII had reproached his ministers for <mask>'s death, "saying that, upon light pretexts, by false accusations, they made him put to death the most faithful servant he ever had."It appears that Henry VIII no longer considered <mask> to have been guilty of the charges against him, that he had been misled by his councillors and now regretted the loss of an able minister. Peerage and knighthood
On 18 December 1540, less than five months after his father's execution, <mask> was created <mask> by letters patent, and summoned to Parliament as a peer of the realm. This title was a new creation, rather than a restoration of his father's forfeited barony. The arms he adopted were: quarterly, per fess, indented, azure and or, four lions passant counterchanged and his motto, "Faire mon devoir". He was now <mask>, 1st Baron <mask> in his own right. When <mask> was created Earl of Essex on 17 April 1540, his son, <mask> had assumed the courtesy title of <mask> from his father's secondary title, <mask>, 1st Baron <mask> (of Wimbledon in the County of Surrey). <mask> was never created Baron <mask> (of Wimbledon in the County of Surrey) in his own right and only held the courtesy title for a few weeks until his father's arrest and subsequent attainder, when the title was forfeited.Henry VIII granted Oakham to

masks:
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Baron Cromwell
Lord Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Lord Cromwell
Lord Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
 <mask> in July 1538 under the old title of the castle, lordship and manor, yet the grant seems to have referred only to the manor of Oakham with certain judicial rights in the soke and not to the dependent manors and fees of the barony. In November 1538 the manor was settled on <mask> and his wife Elizabeth, to hold for their lives, with remainder to their son, Henry. In this way it escaped forfeiture at the time of <mask>'s attainder and execution, and was held by his descendants. The following February <mask> received a royal grant of lands that had been owned by his late father. The grant included the house and site of the former priory of Launde, in Launde and Loddington, Leicestershire and lands specified in Loddington, Tilton on the Hill, and Launde as well as "lands enclosed within the said site, called 'Whadborowgh' or 'Wateborogh', belonging to the late monastery of St. James near Northampton", and a water-mill in Launde, the manor of Loddington, parcel of the possessions of the said late priory and also the rectory and advowson of the vicarage of Loddington. Launde Abbey in Leicestershire was to become the main family estate. It is a manor house built on the site of an Augustinian Priory founded in 1119.<mask> had bought Launde Abbey for £1500 but did not live to take up residence. <mask> completed the building of the manor house on the site of the priory and lived there with his family from 1541 until his death in 1551. <mask> was created a Knight of the Bath at the coronation of King Edward VI, on 20 February 1547. Later years
<mask> managed to avoid the pitfalls of the Tudor

masks:
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts: nobility. He did not participate in court politics and for the last ten years of his life he combined managing his estates and shire administration with attendance in the House of Lords where he had an excellent attendance record. He remained close to his cousin, Sir <mask>, his former preceptor Henry Dowes, Sir Ralph Sadler and William Cecil, who had been one of the Duke of Somerset's personal secretaries and Master of Requests in the Duke's household. Sir <mask> died only four years after <mask>.<mask> had become a very wealthy man, having accumulated vast amounts of land, in addition to the land given to him by his father in 1538, through several royal grants. In 1541, <mask> received a grant of property in Leicestershire and Northamptonshire of the "house and site, &c., of the late priory of Launde, in Launde and Lodyngton, Leic., and lands specified in Lodyngton, Tylton, and Launde; also lands enclosed within the said site, called "Whadborowgh" or "Wateborogh," belonging to the late monastery of St. James near Northampton, a water-mill in Launde, and the manor of Lodyngton, parcel of the possessions of the said late priory; also the rectory and advowson of the vicarage of Lodyngton." In Rutland, <mask> held the castle and the Manor of Oakham, the Manor of Langham, two windmills, three other mills, sixty messuages, twenty cottages with their appurtenances in Oakham, Langham and Flitteris, of the King in Capite, by Knights Service in Fee. Also the Manor of Lyddington, and land belonging to the late chantry at Manton, with their appurtenances in Lyddington, Belton and Wardley, Stoke Dry,

masks:
Richard Cromwell
Richard Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts: and Snelston, with the advowson of Wardley, of the King, by the rent of 14l 3 s 5 d ob. per annum for all services as appeared by Letters Patents granted by Edward VI. This last mentioned estate was for the lives of himself and Elizabeth his wife. In addition, from 1538, he owned the manors of Clapthorne, Piddington and Hackleton in Northamptonshire as well as the manors of North Elmham and Beetley in Norfolk,and from 1545, held the lease of a moiety of the manor of Rompney in the lordship of Newport, South Wales in survivorship (formerly granted to his father.)Though not very long, <mask>'s life was eventful. He lived through the last turbulent years of Henry VIII's reign, saw his queens and courtiers come and go, he survived the execution of his father, witnessed epidemics of plague and sweating sickness take away his friends and relations and lived through much political, social and religious upheaval. Although his exemption from attending the king in the war in France in 1544 might suggest illness or injury, he appears to have made a full recovery. During his time in the House of Lords, he participated in several high-profile proceedings, notably the attainders of Catherine Howard on 8 February 1542, as well as Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, in January 1547. In 1547 he participated in the funeral of Henry VIII, as one of the lords carrying the canopy over the late king's coffin. On 28 February 1549 he was present in the House of Lords when the bill of attainder was passed on his wife's brother Thomas Seymour and again in January 1550 during


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
 proceedings against his brother-in-law and patron Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset. Death and succession

<mask> died of sweating sickness on 4 July 1551 at his home, Launde Abbey, Leicestershire, and on 7 July 1551 was buried in a magnificent tomb in the chapel there.His wife was also ill but survived. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Henry. Henry's grandson, Thomas, 4th Baron <mask>, later 1st Viscount Lecale, was created Earl of Ardglass in the Irish peerage on 15 April 1645. The Barony of Cromwell was held by the 1st Viscount Lecale from 22 November 1624 and by the Earls of Ardglass from 15 April 1645 until 26 November 1687, when, on the death of Vere <mask>, 4th Earl of Ardglass and 7th Baron <mask>, both titles became extinct. Lady <mask> subsequently married, between 10 March and 24 April 1554, Sir John Paulet, later Lord St. John, eldest son of Sir William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester. She died 19 March 1568, and was buried 5 April in St Mary's Church, Basing, Hampshire. In culture
<mask> was played by actor Jack West in the Season 3 finale of Showtime cable television show The Tudors.In Wolf Hall, a novel by Hilary Mantel, which offers a sympathetic portrayal of the rise of <mask>, <mask> is depicted as a childlike, slightly inept but lovable young man. In Bring Up the Bodies, Mantel's acclaimed sequel to Wolf Hall, the portrayal is of a young man coming of age with confidence - still naive, but with potential; he is played in the BBC television adaptation by Tom Holland. In the stage production of Wolf Hall Part Two, <mask> (played by Benedict Hastings) is an intelligent

masks:
Gregory Cromwell
Cromwell
Essex Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory


title: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

texts:
 young man who understands why his father must be sometimes ruthless but is still young enough to be horrified by his father's actions, especially in the disposal of Anne Boleyn's "lovers". Notes

References

 at HathiTrust
(subscription required)

  at HathiTrust

in JSTOR

 (subscription required)

External links

 The Monument to <mask> in Launde Abbey Chapel Flickr
 Teri Fitzgerald, All that Glitters: Hans Holbein's Lady of the Cromwell Family
 Launde Abbey Leicestershire & Rutland Churches: A Photographic Journal
 Launde Abbey History
 The Priory of St Pancras, Lewes Lewes Priory Trust
 Sir Ralph Sadleir (1507-1587) and the Gossips

1520s births
1551 deaths
Peers of England created by Henry VIII
Deaths from sweating sickness
People from London
Gregory
English MPs 1539–1540
Knights of the Bath
16th-century English nobility
People from Loddington, Leicestershire
Barons


title: M. Grazia Speranza

texts:
<mask> (born 30 March 1957) is an Italian applied mathematician and operations researcher. Her research involves the application of mathematical optimization to problems including portfolio optimization and the combination of inventory management with vehicle routing. She is a professor of operations research in the faculty of economics and business of the University of Brescia, a former vice chancellor and dean at the university, the former president of the Association of European Operational Research Societies and the INFORMS Transportation Science and Logistics Society, and the president of the International Federation of Operational Research Societies. Education and early career
<mask> graduated from the University of Milan with a master's degree in applied mathematics in 1980 and a doctorate in applied mathematics in 1983. She arrived at the University of Brescia in 1990 after working as an assistant professor at the University of Milan from 1983 to 1987 and an associate professor at the University of Udine from 1987 to 1990. In 1994, she was promoted to full professor at the Faculty of Economics and business at the University of Brescia. Research area and interests
Resource allocation and project scheduling, logistics, portfolio optimization, combinatorial optimization, and vehicle routing have been the key areas of her scientific endeavor.Mixed integer programming models, computational complexity, worst-case analysis, exact (branch-and-cut and branch-and-price) and heuristic algorithms have been her primary areas of research. She has collaborated on scientific projects with both Italian and foreign colleagues, and she has co-authored publications with some

masks:
Maria Grazia Speranza
Speranza


title: M. Grazia Speranza

texts:
 of the greatest scholars like Hans Kellerer and Ulrich Pferschy of the University of Graz (Austria), Zsolt Tuza of the Hungarian Academy of Science - Budapest (Hungary), Dimitri Bertsekas of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (U.S.A.), <mask>, Gilbert Laporte, and Alain Hertz of the University of Montreal (Canada), <mask> of the Georgia Institute of Technology (U.S.A. (Canada). Administrative and society service

Committee appointments
She is a former president of the Association of European Operational Research Societies (EURO) from 2011 to 2012, and president of the INFORMS Transportation Science and Logistics Society (TLS) from 2013. She was the president of the International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS) for 2019–2021. University appointments
<mask> has served as the President of the Research Council at the University of Brescia (1998-2000) and later appointed as the Dean of the Faculty of Economics and business at the same university (2002-2008). She was appointed as the Deputy Rector of the university twice from 2000 to 2002 and again from 2017 to 2020. She has been serving as the president of the Research center on ‘Models for the economy and management of transport and logistics’ since 2006.Positions in boards of directors
She is the member of the Board of Directors of a2a, a multi-utility company and the 15th largest Italian company. She is also one of the Board of Directors of Fondazione Comunita’ Bresciana and Fondazione Nocivelli. Other memberships activities
She has coordinated several research initiatives that have received funding from the Ministry of Higher Education, the National Research Council, and the European

masks:
Michel Gendreau
Martin Savelsbergh
Maria


title: M. Grazia Speranza

texts:
 Union. In specifically, she led a study in "Industrial logistics" involving 12 research units as part of the National Research Council's Finalized Transportation Program 2. From 1990 to 1996, she served on the board of the Italian Operations Research Society. She has served on committees to evaluate PhD theses from institutions throughout the world, including Troyes (France), Trondheim (Norway), Lausanne (Switzerland), and Lancaster (England) (UK). Selected publications
She has over 366 articles published in journals with over 13360 citations.Peer-reviewed articles

 A sequential approach for a multi-commodity two-echelon distribution problem, (with C. Archetti, D. Cattaruzza, W. Gu, M. Ogier, F. Semet)
 Optimization models for fair horizontal collaboration in demand-responsive transportation (with E. Angelelli, V<mask>di)
 Optimization in multimodal distribution problems: a survey, to appear in European Journal of Operational Research (with C.Archetti, L.Peirano)
 A Kernel Search Heuristic for a Fair Facility Location Problem, to appear in Computers & Operations Research (with C. Filippi, G. Guastaroba, D. L. Huerta-<mask>noz, M. G. <mask>)
 A Kernel Search heuristic for the Multi-Vehicle Inventory Routing Problem, to appear in International Transactions of Operations Research (with C.Archetti, G. Guastaroba, D. Huerta-<mask>, <mask>. <mask>)
 System optimal routing of traffic flows with user constraints using linear programming, to appear in European Journal of Operational Research (with E. Angelelli, V. <mask>di, M. Savelsbergh)
 On single source capacitated facility location with cost and fairness objectives, European Journal of Operational Research 289,

masks:
. Moran
Mu
Speranza
Mu˜noz
M G
Speranza
Moran


title: M. Grazia Speranza

texts:
 959–974, 2021 (con C.Filippi, G.Guastaroba)
 A branch-and-cut algorithm for the inventory routing problem with pickups and deliveries, European Journal of Operational Research 282, 886–895, 2020 (with C. Archetti, M. Boccia, A. Sforza, M.G. <mask>, C. Sterle)
 Dynamic traveling salesman problem with stochastic release dates, European Journal of Operational Research 280, 832–844, 2020 (with C. Archetti, D. Feillet, A. Mor)
 Flexible two-echelon location routing, European Journal of Operational Research 277, 1124–1136, 2019 (with C. Archetti, L. C. Coelho, M. Darvish)

Books
Speranza is the co-author, with Renata Mansini and Włodzimierz Ogryczak, of the book Linear and Mixed Integer Programming for Portfolio Optimization (EURO Advanced Tutorials in Operational Research, Springer, 2015). Some of her other books are:
 Quantitative approaches to distribution logistics and supply chain management, Springer Science & Business Media, vol. 519, 2012 (with A. Klose, L.N. Van Wassenhove, eds)
 New trends in distribution logistics, Springer Science & Business Media, vol. 480, 2012 (with P. St¨ahly, eds)
 Advances in distribution logistics, Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, Springer-Verlag, vol.460, 2012 (with B. Fleischmann, J. van Nunen, P. St¨ahly, eds)
 Methodology, implementation and applications of Decision Support Systems, CISM Courses and Lectures 320, Springer Verlag, 1991 (with A.Lewandowski, P.Serafini, eds)

References

External links
Home page

Presentation to Operational Research Society Women in OR and Analytics Network

Living people
Operations researchers
University of Milan alumni
University of Milan faculty
University of Brescia
1957


title: John W. Kirklin

texts:
<mask> (April 5, 1917 – April 21, 2004) was an American cardiothoracic surgeon, general surgeon, prolific author and medical educator who is best remembered for refining <mask>'s heart–lung bypass machine via a pump-oxygenator to make feasible under direct vision, routine open-heart surgery and repairs of some congenital heart defects. The success of these operations was combined with his other advances, including teamwork and developments in establishing the correct diagnosis before surgery and progress in computerized intensive care unit monitoring after open heart surgery. After completing his undergraduate education at the University of Minnesota, <mask> gained admission to Harvard Medical School from where he graduated in 1942. He was a neurosurgeon during the Second World War, but later, after being appointed to the Mayo Clinic in 1950, specialised in the surgical treatment of congenital heart disease. From 1964 he led the surgical departments at the Mayo Clinic and from 1966 until retirement, held the same position at the University of Alabama School of Medicine (UAB). He performed the world's first successful series of open heart operations using the heart-lung machine. The Board of Governors at the Mayo Clinic approved the first eight operations, of which 4 (50%) survived.<mask> had the idea of training surgeon assistants as a new type of physician's assistant and started the UAB's Surgeon Assistant (SA) Training Programme in 1967. He was also the editor of The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and received a number of honorary degrees from universities around the world. He was president of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery in 1978. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Muncie, Indiana, in the United States, on April 5, 1917. His parents were Byrl <mask>, a radiologist, and Gladys Marie <mask>. He had one sister, Mary W<mask>. At the age of eight, he moved with his family to Minnesota, where his father became the first

masks:
John Webster Kirklin
John Gibbon
Kirklin
Kirklin
John Kirklin
Raymond Kirklin
Webster Kirklin
. Kirklin


title: John W. Kirklin

texts:
 director of radiology at the Mayo Clinic.Subsequently, he completed his undergraduate education at the University of Minnesota in 1938 after which, in 1942, he graduated from Harvard Medical School. He then carried out his internship at the University Hospital of Pennsylvania and finished his residency at the Mayo Clinic. Second World War
In 1944, <mask> began service with the United States Army with the rank of Captain and undertook neurosurgical training at O'Reilly General Hospital in Missouri. He served as an army neurosurgeon until he was discharged in 1946. Mayo Clinic

<mask>'s interest in neurosurgery changed to heart surgery and congenital heart disease under Robert Gross at the Boston Children's Hospital. In 1950, he was appointed to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. He later recalled writing notes "about how we would fix the inside of a heart if we could get there.We couldn't, of course, but being young, you dream!". In 1952, F. <mask>, at the University of Minnesota, used deep hypothermic circulatory arrest to visualize and directly close an atrial septal defect (ASD) in a five-year-old girl. In the same year, Kirklin formed a team of specialists including a cardiologist, a physiologist and an engineer to advance a cardiac surgical programme for the clinical application of a mechanical pump-oxygenator. Kirklin acquired <mask>'s pump-oxygenator blueprint after evaluating other devices. Gibbon had successfully closed an ASD in an 18-year-old woman on 6 May 1953, with use of his machine, the only successful procedure using the pump-oxygenator machine before Kirklin's work. Kirklin refined the heart-lung machine (screen type) originally developed by Gibbon, to the point that it allowed the person to receive oxygenated blood, temporarily providing a blood free environment to work on the heart. In 1954, Kirklin's  rival, C<mask> Lillehei used the technique of cross circulation to operate on an 11-month-old baby who died on the 11th day after

masks:
Kirklin
Kirklin
John Lewis
John Gibbon
. Walton


title: John W. Kirklin

texts: surgery.Usually using the parent for cross circulation, he performed 45 operations of ventricular septal defects (VSDs), ASDs and tetralogy of Fallot. 30 survived and 20 were still alive 50 years later. Following the experimental trial in dogs, which by 1955 had demonstrated a 90% survival following heart-lung bypass, <mask>'s team were granted permission by the governance of the Mayo Clinic to go ahead with a clinical trial in eight children, using the machine. In March 1955, the first child survived a repair of a VSD. In this planned series of clinical cases, a 50% survival was reported. This was the first clinical series of open heart surgeries performed with a mechanical pump-oxygenator. Prior to this, the conditions were predominantly fatal.He therefore performed the world's first successful series of open heart operations using the heart-lung machine. The Board of Governors at the Mayo Clinic approved the first eight operations, of which 4 (50%) survived. As a result, open heart surgeries and repairs of some heart defects could be performed under direct vision routinely and with a high degree of success. Kirklin's modifications and team work also allowed repairs of tetralogy of Fallot. Varying in style and character, Lillehei and Kirklin worked only 90 miles away from each other. During the 1950s and 1960s, the trend for ambitious trainee cardiac surgeons was to fly to Minneapolis to observe Lillehei and subsequently travel to the Mayo Clinic to then watch Kirklin. One such surgeon was Donald Ross.Initially, unsuccessful open heart surgery was frequently the result of errors in diagnosis and limited understanding of the anatomy and pathophysiology of the congenital heart defects that the surgeons were attempting to correct. Under <mask>'s leadership, other innovations contributing to better success at surgery included developments in establishing the correct diagnosis before surgery and in the progress of computerized intensive care unit monitoring after

masks: Kirklin Kirklin


title: John W. Kirklin

texts:
 open heart surgery. In 1960, he became Professor of Surgery and in 1964 he was appointed Chairman of the Department of Surgery at the Mayo Clinic. In 1961, Italian surgical trainee Giancarlo Rastelli received a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) scholarship and entered into a fellowship under Kirklin's guidance. University of Alabama

After years as the chair of the Department of Surgery at the Mayo Clinic, <mask> accepted the same position at the University of Alabama School of Medicine in 1966, succeeding Champ Lyons. He later recounted that he felt he would be more able to develop a department of surgery and the training of surgeons in Birmingham. He built the school and UAB Hospital system into one of the leaders in the health care industry, and UAB named its Kirklin Clinic in his honour.He was also the editor for The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and established a training programme for surgical assistants at UAB. In addition, Kirklin developed the use of technology for continuous monitoring of vital functions in the intensive care unit. Surgical assistants
Kirklin had the idea of training surgeon assistants as a new type of physician assistant in the late 1960s. He started the UAB's Surgeon Assistant (SA) Training Programme in 1967, with four students and enrolling his wife, <mask>, as the programme's first Academic Director. This was America's first formal educational programme to train surgeon assistants. Personal and family
Kirklin married physician Margaret Katherine Hair. They had three children, of which, one son, James K<mask> is a Cardiothoracic surgeon who became the Director of Cardiothoracic Transplantation at UAB and Director of the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery.Later life and legacy
<mask> retired in 1989. He died, aged 87, on April 21, 2004 following a head injury. During <mask>'s lifetime, almost one million heart operations had been performed around the world using the heart-lung bypass machine. The <mask> W.

masks:
Kirklin
Margaret Kirklin
. Kirklin
Kirklin
Kirklin
John


title: John W. Kirklin

texts:
 Kirklin Award for Professional Excellence is awarded by the American Association of Surgical Physician Assistants. Awards and honours
Among the awards and honours that <mask> received are:
Elected honorary FRCS England in 1970
The Lister Medal 1972, for his contributions to surgical science. The corresponding Lister Oration, given at the Royal College of Surgeons of England, was delivered on 11 April 1973, and was titled 'An Academic Surgeon's Work'. The American Heart Association Research Achievement Award, 1976
The Ray C. Fish Award (the medal of the Texas Heart Institute) 1977
The Rudolph Matas Award in Vascular Surgery
The Rene Leriche Prize of the International Society of Surgery and the American Surgical Association Medallion for Scientific Achievement

Between 1978 and 1979, he was president of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery.In addition, he received honorary degrees from a number of universities including the University of Munich, UAB, Indiana University, University of Bordeau and the University of Marseille. Selected publications
Kirklin had more than 700 publications to his name and with his colleague, Brian Barratt-Boyes, he authored the textbook Cardiac Surgery. Books
 The Tetralogy of Fallot from a surgical viewpoint, with Robert B. Karp, Philadelphia: Saunders (1970),
 Cardiac Surgery, Wiley, 1986. (With  Brian Barratt-Boyes)
 "The Surgical Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction", co-authored with James K<mask>, International Practice in Cardiothoracic Surgery, Springer Dordrecht (1986), pp. 1069–1079 ,

Articles

,

References

External links

UAB Press Release about Kirklin

1917 births
2004 deaths
American surgeons
Harvard Medical School alumni
University of Alabama at Birmingham people
United States Army officers
People from Muncie, Indiana
People from Rochester, Minnesota
Military personnel from Indiana
Physicians from Indiana
Physicians of the Mayo Clinic
History of heart surgery
20th-century surgeons
Military personnel

masks:
Kirklin
. Kirklin


title: Robert Rollinger

texts:
<mask> (born 17 September 1964 in Bludenz, Austria) is an ancient historian and Assyriologist, known for his works on Herodotus, the Persian-Achaemenid Empire, ancient empires and cross-cultural encountering in the ancient world. He is a full professor at the University of Innsbruck and a full member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW). Academic career

studied Ancient History, History, and Ancient Near East studies at the University of Innsbruck from 1984 to 1989, where he earned his MA in 1989 with an interdisciplinary thesis on Herodotus’ Babylonian Logos. 1993, he earned his Ph.D with. a dissertation focused on early forms of historical thinking in the Ur III-period. In. In 1999, he finished his habilitation on cultural connections between Greece and the Ancient Near East during the 8th and 5th century BCE.He was a lecturer, senior lecturer and reader in the department of Ancient History and Ancient Near Eastern Studies at   Innsbruck from 1990 until 2005. Since 2005, he has been holding the chair for “cultural interactions between the ancient Near East and the Mediterranean” in the department of Ancient History and Ancient Near Eastern Studies at the University of Innsbruck. His academic teachers were Reinhold Bichler and Karl Oberhuber. In 2007, he was a visiting professor at the University of Hildesheim. From 2010-2015, he was the Finland Distinguished Professor at the University of Helsinki in the Department of World Cultures where he headed the research project “Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East.” From


title: Robert Rollinger

texts:
 2006-2008 and 2010-2011, he was a visiting professor at the Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilisations at the Aga Khan University in London. From 2013-2017, he was chair of the “Melammu” project (an endeavor dedicated to studies on the “intellectual Heritage of Assyria and Babylonia on East and West”), which gathers together scholars with international renown. In 2019, the Getty Research Center in Los Angeles invited him to become a Getty Scholar.Since 2020, he holds the NAWA-chair at the University of Wrocław where he is the head of the international project “From the Achaemenid to the Roman Rule: Empires in Contexts – the Processes of Long Lasting.”

<mask> is editor and co-editor of numerous journals and series, among which are Oriens et Occidens (Franz Steiner Verlag), Classica et Orientalia (Harrassowitz), Studies in Universal and Cultural History (Springer), Philippika (Harrassowitz), Melammu Symposia (Austrian Academy of Science), Empires Through the Ages in Global Perspective (de Gruyter), and the Ancient History Bulletin, Ancient West & East. He is a member of international research groups hosted at the Collège de France and the Durham University, as well as a member of the core group of the European Network for the History of Ancient Greece. He is a full member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW), a corresponding member of the German Archaeological Institute (DAI), and a member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts. In recent years, his research has focused on the history of empires in the ancient Near


title: Robert Rollinger

texts:
 East and the Classical world as well as universal history with a comparative approach. He has published over 150 articles and is editor/co-editor of over 70 volumes. Selected publications
 Herodots Babylonischer Logos. Eine kritische Untersuchung der Glaubwürdigkeitsdiskussion an Hand ausgewählter Beispiele: Historische Parallelüberlieferung – Argumentationen – Archäologischer Befund – Konsequenzen für eine Geschichte Babylons in persischer Zeit, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft 84, Innsbruck 1993.Frühformen historischen Denkens. Geschichtsdenken, Ideologie und Propaganda im alten Mesopotamien am Übergang von der Ur-III zur Isin-Larsa Zeit (Alter Orient und Altes Testament 263), Münster. Alexander und die großen Ströme. Die Flussüberquerungen im Lichte altorientalischer Pioniertechniken (Classica et Orientalia 7), Wiesbaden 2013. <mask> and Christoph Ulf (eds. ), Das Archaische Griechenland: Interne Entwicklungen – Externe Impulse, Berlin 2004. Bruno Jacobs and <mask> (eds.), Der achaimenidische Hof / The Achaemenid Court (Classica et Orientalia 2), Wiesbaden 2010. Giovanni Lanfranchi and <mask> (eds. ), Concepts of Kingship in Antiquity. Proceedings of the European Science Foundation Preparatory Workshop Held in Padova, November 28 – December 1, 2007 (HANE/M X), Padua 2010. <mask> and Christoph Ulf (eds. ), Lag Troia in Kilikien? Der aktuelle Streit um Homers Ilias, Darmstadt 2011.<mask>, Brigitte Truschnegg and Reinhold Bichler (eds. ), Herodot und das Persische Weltreich – Herodotus and the Persian Empire (Classica

masks:
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger


title: Robert Rollinger

texts:
 et Orientalia 3) Harrassowitz-Verlag Wiesbaden 2011. Johannes Haubold, Giovanni B. Lanfranchi, <mask>, John Steele (eds. ), The World of Berossos (Classica et Orientalia 5), Wiesbaden 2013. Michael Gehler and <mask> (eds. ), Imperien in der Weltgeschichte. Epochenübergreifende und globalhistorische Vergleiche, 2 Volumes, Wiesbaden 2014.Giovanni Battista Lanfranchi, Raija Mattila, and <mask> (eds. ), Writing Neo-Assyrian History. Sources, Problems, and Approaches (State Archives of Assyria Studies 29), Penn State University Press 2019. Kai Ruffing, Kerstin Droß-Krüpe, Sebastian Fink, <mask> (eds. ), Societies at War (Melammu Symposia 10), Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press 2020. <mask>, Julian Degen and Michael Gehler (eds. ), Short-term empires in World History (Universalund kulturhistorische Studien / Studies in Universal and Cultural History), Wiesbaden: Springer 2020.Bruno Jacobs and <mask> (eds. ), A Companion to the Persian Achaemenid Empire, 2 volumes (Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World), Malden: John Wiley & Sons 2021, in press. References

 Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. <mask>er_english
 ÖAW Mitglieder Detail
 Papers of <mask> on academia.edu: <mask> | University of Innsbruck - Academia.edu

1964 births
Living people
People from Bludenz
Members of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
Austrian historians
20th-century historians
21st-century historians
Austrian Assyriologists
University of Innsbruck alumni
University of Innsbruck faculty
21st-century Austrian male writers
20th-century Austrian male writers
Historians of

masks:
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rolling
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger


title: Richard Lieber

texts:
<mask> (September 5, 1869 – April 15, 1944) was a German-American businessman who became the father of the Indiana state parks system. At his death, he could be considered the most powerful spokesman in the United States for the conservation of natural resources. Early life

He was born into privilege in Düsseldorf, Germany, in 1869. As a young child he was largely tutored, due to having an illness following a chest injury. He was also frequently in trouble due to his free-spirited nature. He spent time in London, England, following his graduation from secondary education, due to his parents' wanting him to learn the English language. While there he spent much of his time going to various museums and historical places; his liberal allowance from his parents meant plenty of time to learn English and do sightseeing.After his time in London, as two of his paternal uncles were living in Indianapolis, Indiana, he decided to go to the Hoosier state in 1891. This was with his parents' blessing: they feared he was gaining socialism's attitudes from his time in London after a Christmas trip back to Düsseldorf. His first job in America was working as a reporter for the Indiana Tribune, eventually marrying Emma Rappaport, the daughter of the owner. After the sale of the paper, he started his own personal businesses. Liking the freedom he felt in America, he publicly forsook his German citizenship. It was after a tour of Yosemite National Park in 1900 that he became a proponent of conservation. This was further increased by a month and a six-week tour of the Rocky Mountains of Idaho and Montana.He went as a delegate to a White House conference about conservation by Theodore Roosevelt. After meeting Roosevelt, he started a series of articles promoting conservation. Indianapolis being the site of the Fourth National Conservation Congress, with <mask> as chairman, certified his status as a major figure for conservation. It was there that <mask> met Woodrow Wilson, and from there they formed a partnership for

masks:
Richard Lieber
Lieber
Lieber


title: Richard Lieber

texts:
 American conservation. Beginning state parks

With the centennial of Indiana's statehood of 1916, <mask> thought that Indiana needed its own state parks like several other states. He encouraged Indiana Governor Samuel M. Ralston to start the State Parks Committee, with <mask> as chairman. With his twenty-man committee, he started acquiring parks, succeeding with McCormick's Creek and Turkey Run both opening on December 11, 1916, without any state funds (The Indianapolis Motor Speedway was a major private donor).In 1917, at the start of official American involvement in World War I, he was given the positions of Forestry Board secretary, Indiana State Parks Committee director, and Military Secretary to the Governor, and made a Colonel; he would forever be called "Colonel <mask>". These 1917 appointments were all done by governor James P. Goodrich. These were not easy decisions for the governor, due to World War I fueling anti-German sentiment in Indiana, and <mask> was not only German, but he had three brothers who were colonels in the German army. Lieber convinced Goodrich, the new governor and close friend, to create a Department of Conservation to unite all the various state groups that were involved in various natural causes; the department was stopped from forming by the Democratic legislature in 1917, but the new Republican one of 1919 created it. As the Conservation Commission Chairman until 1933, he saw the creation of ten state parks and five state memorials. Little state money was used; Lieber had a knack for inspiring private citizens to obtain money to acquire park areas that would later be turned over for state park use. Attendance at Indiana state parks rose to 623,000 in 1932, up from 33,000 in 1919.In 1934, despite the lack of people and wealth compared to other states, it was rated as one of the three best state park systems by the National Park Service. <mask> was increasingly asked to help in national endeavors. Indiana's park system, thanks to him, became a model for the rest of

masks: Lieber Lieber Lieber Lieber Lieber