title: Michael L. Williams

texts:
 13, 2011, Hutchison announced that she would not run for re-election in 2012. In July 2011, <mask> decided not to run for the Senate, but to seek the new 25th Congressional district seat. <mask> finished fifth among twelve candidates in the House primary, having polled 5,387 votes (10.5 percent). The leading candidate, <mask>, with 12,888 votes (25.1 percent), then won the party runoff and the general election. Personal life

<mask> is a 1971 graduate of Robert E. Lee High School in Midland.He is the son of public school teachers. He earned bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. He also obtained his law degree from the USC Law School in Los Angeles. He is married to <mask>, who resides in Arlington, Texas. He is a brother of the University of Texas chapter of Sigma Phi Epsilon. <mask> is a past Honorary State Chairman of Big Brothers Big Sisters of Texas, which helps to enrich, encourage, and empower children through safe, positive, one-to-one mentoring relationships. He also has served in a volunteer capacity as the general counsel of the Republican Party of Texas, the chairman of the Texas Juvenile Probation Commission and on the board of directors of the Arlington Chamber of Commerce, the Texas Public Policy Foundation, and Our Mother of Mercy Catholic School.References

1953 births
African-American people in Texas politics
Living people
Members of the Railroad Commission of Texas
People from Midland, Texas
People from Arlington, Texas
Texas lawyers
Texas Republicans
Robert E. Lee High School (Midland, Texas) alumni
USC Sol Price School of Public Policy alumni
USC Gould School of Law alumni
United States Department of Education officials
United States Department of the Treasury officials
United States Department of Justice officials
African-American Catholics
Catholics from Texas
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American

masks:
Williams
Williams
Roger Williams
Williams
Donna Williams
Williams


title: Rapolas Skipitis

type: original

texts:
<mask> (31 January 1887 – 23 February 1976) was a Lithuanian attorney and politician. In 1920–1922, he was Minister of the Interior and was later elected to the Second and Third Seimas. After the 1926 coup d'état, he chaired the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union (1927–1928), Society for the Support of Lithuanians Abroad (1932–1940), and several other Lithuanian organizations. He also edited several newspapers, including Ūkininko balsas (1925–1928), Trimitas (1927–1928), Namų savininkas and Pasaulio lietuvis (1937–1940). At the start of World War II, he retreated to Germany and joined the Lithuanian Activist Front. He was reserved the seat of Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Provisional Government of Lithuania. After the war, he settled in Chicago where he was active in Lithuanian American cultural life.Biography

Education and World War I
<mask> was born in 1887 to a family of peasants. His parents decided to educate him hoping that he would become a priest. He graduated from Palanga Progymnasium in 1904 and Šiauliai Gymnasium in 1909. In Palanga, he met priest Julijonas Jasienskis who introduced him to the banned Lithuanian-language press. Already as a school student, he participated in public life by taking part in the protests of the Russian Revolution of 1905 and joining various student activities. He organized aid to political prisoners by forging Russian passports. For these activities he was arrested for a few days in 1908, but released.He continued his studies at the University of Moscow in medicine (1909–1910) and law (1910–1916). Skipitis joined aušrininkai (socialist-leaning student organization) and contributed articles to its magazine Aušrinė. In 1911–1915, he chaired the Lithuanian Student Society of Moscow. In March 1917, he was one of the founders of the Democratic National Freedom League (known as Santara), a moderate liberal party, and became its secretary and editor of its newspaper Santara. He was elected to the Council of the Lithuanian

masks:
Rapolas Skipitis
Skipitis


title: Rapolas Skipitis

texts:
 Nation and later the Supreme Lithuanian Council in Russia. In January 1918, together with Augustinas Voldemaras, he was sent as a Lithuanian representative to the Ukrainian People's Republic in Kiev. It was a dangerous journey as it took him across the Soviet–Ukrainian front, and the mission was brief as the Red Army captured Kiev in February 1918.He returned to Voronezh, but learned that many members of the Supreme Lithuanian Council were arrested. He then bribed a Russian official for a permit to return to Lithuania. Political career
<mask> returned to Lithuania in May 1918 and took up teaching in Šiauliai. However, by the end of the year he became a judge in the newly formed Lithuanian judiciary system first in Šiauliai and, when the city was captured by the Soviets during the Lithuanian–Soviet War, in Kaunas. From 6 March 1919 to becoming Minister of the Interior in June 1920, he worked as a public prosecutor. Once, when due to financial difficulties, the Lithuanian government did not pay wages to court officials, <mask> personally borrowed 12,000 German Papiermarks to pay the wages. He was active in organizing the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union which sent him to Šiauliai in November 1919 to organize the partisan staff for combat with the West Russian Volunteer Army (Bermontians) during the Lithuanian Wars of Independence.In fall 1919, he was sent as an official investigator into reports that Povilas Plechavičius' partisans executed Communist civilians near Skuodas and Seda. According to the report of Steponas Kairys to the Lithuanian government, Plechavičius' men killed about 50 Bolsheviks in January–April 1919. Skipitis did not deny the executions but concluded that Plechavičius served Lithuanian interests. He was one of the drafters of the election law to the Constituent Assembly of Lithuania. At the time, there were very few Lithuanians with legal education (later, in his memoirs, Skipitis claimed that there were no more than 20). As such, Prime

masks: Skipitis Skipitis


title: Rapolas Skipitis

texts:
 Minister Kazys Grinius invited him to become the Minister of the Interior on 19 June 1920. At the time, the ministry was in charge of numerous areas, including civil administration, local self-government, public security, border protection, infrastructure maintenance and development, social services, taxes, citizenship, health services, etc.All of these areas had to be built and organized in the difficult and chaotic post-war years. In the 1923 election, <mask> was elected to the Second Seimas (parliament) as a candidate of the Lithuanian Popular Peasants' Union. In 1925, Santara was reorganized as the Farmers' Party and <mask> became its chairman and editor of its weekly newspaper Ūkininkų balsas (Voice of Farmers). He was elected in the 1926 elections to the Third Seimas as a candidate of the Farmers' Party. During the 1926 coup d'état, <mask> and Vaclovas Sidzikauskas mediated between the deposed government and the new regime of Antanas Smetona, taking care to observe constitutional formalities. In the new government of Augustinas Voldemaras, <mask> was offered the post of Minister of the Interior, but refused. After the coup, Seimas was dissolved in 1927 and the Farmer's Party was banned in 1928.Work with Lithuanians abroad

From 1922, Skipitis had a private attorney practice. From April 1927 to June 1928, he was chairman of the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union. He was also active in other societies such as the Society for the Support of Higher Education Students (Aukštųjų mokyklų lietuviams moksleiviams šelpti draugija), which he chaired in 1927–1928, the Union of Lithuanian Homeowners' Associations (Lietuvos namų savininkų draugijų sąjunga), and the Council of Attorneys, of which he was a member in 1932–1940. In April 1933, Skipitis organized electricity boycott in Kaunas to force the local electricity producer, a monopoly controlled by a Belgian corporation, to lower the prices from up to 1.35 Lt/kWh to 0.82 Lt/kWh. He edited weekly magazine Namų

masks: Skipitis Skipitis Skipitis Skipitis


title: Rapolas Skipitis

texts:
 savininkas (Homeowner) in 1937–1940. In February 1932, he was one of the co-founders of the Society for the Support of Lithuanians Abroad (Draugija užsienio lietuviams remti) and became its chairman. Thousands of Lithuanians had emigrated to United States and South America mostly due to economic reasons.The society sought to encourage the emigrants to maintain their Lithuanian traditions and increase their economic ties with Lithuania by supporting Lithuanian-language schools, libraries, press. The society also wanted to establish a unifying global Lithuanian organization and <mask> raised an idea to organize the first Lithuanian World Congress. To that end, in early 1935, he visited Lithuanian communities in United States and South America advertising the congress which was held on 11–17 August 1935 in Kaunas. The congress was accompanied by various sport competitions, concerts, exhibitions, etc. Two Lithuanian American basketball players, Konstantinas "Connie" Savickas and Juozas Knašas, remained in Lithuania and trained the fledgling Lithuania men's national basketball team. During the congress, delegates from eight countries established the Union of World's Lithuanians (Pasaulio lietuvių sąjunga), chaired by Skipitis, to develop cultural and economic ties between Lithuania and the communities abroad. The union published, and Skipitis edited, 63 issues of Pasaulio lietuvis magazine (The World's Lithuanian) in 1937–1940.World War II and after
Skipitis work and activities were interrupted by the Soviet occupation in June 1940. Fearing an arrest by the NKVD, he fled to Nazi Germany in fall 1940. He left his wife and two daughters in Lithuania and they were deported to Siberia during the June deportation. In Berlin, he joined Kazys Škirpa and became one of the co-founders of the Lithuanian Activist Front (LAF) in November 1940. He was appointed chairman of the LAF commission on Lithuanians abroad. In April 1941, when plans were drawn for the June


title: Rapolas Skipitis

texts:
 Uprising, Skipitis was reserved the seat of the Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Provisional Government of Lithuania. However, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Gestapo did not allow Skipitis to leave Berlin and he never joined the uprising in Lithuania.In July 1941, <mask>, Ernestas Galvanauskas, and Petras Kalvelis petitioned Škirpa to close LAF in Berlin. Škirpa responded by officially dismissing the three from LAF. Skipitis continued to be involved with anti-Soviet resistance. In 1942, he briefly and secretly visited Kaunas to discuss creation of a unified resistance organization (such organization, the Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania or VLIK, was established in November 1943). In July 1943, he delivered a petition to the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories asking to release Lithuanian intellectuals imprisoned at the Stutthof concentration camp as reprisal for the failure to raise a Lithuanian Waffen-SS legion. In May 1944, when the Gestapo arrested most of the leaders of VLIK in Lithuania, it was decided to establish VLIK section in Berlin. Its members were Mykolas Krupavičius, <mask>, and Vaclovas Sidzikauskas.In 1946, <mask> emigrated to United States and settled in Chicago. There he continued active public life. He worked at Naujienos newspaper, chaired the Society of Lithuanian Attorneys (Lietuvos teisininkų draugija) in 1949–1955, re-joined VLIK and Lithuanian Riflemen's Union when they moved to United States in 1955 and 1956, respectively. He contributed articles to Lithuanian American press and to the Lithuanian Encyclopedia. He published two volumes of memoirs, Building Independent Lithuania (Nepriklausomą Lietuvą statant, 1961) and Independent Lithuania (Nepriklausoma Lietuva, 1967). References

1887 births
1976 deaths
Members of the Seimas
Ministers of Internal Affairs of Lithuania
Lithuanian lawyers
Lithuanian emigrants to the United States
Moscow State University

masks: Skipitis Skipitis Skipitis


title: Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1738)

texts:
Archduchess <mask> of Austria (<mask>; 6 October 1738 – 19 November 1789) was the second child of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, and <mask>, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia. As a child, and for a time the eldest surviving child, she was heiress presumptive, but she suffered from ill health and physical disability, and did not marry. In 1766 she became abbess of the Frauenstift in Prague. Soon thereafter she moved to Klagenfurt and remained there for the rest of her life. Her palace in Klagenfurt, the Mariannengasse, now houses the Episcopal Palace. Biography

Early life
Archduchess <mask> (known as <mask>) was born on 6 October 1738 at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, the center of the vastly powerful Habsburg Monarchy. As the second but eldest surviving daughter of <mask>, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, and Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, she was heiress presumptive of the hereditary lands of the Austrian Habsburgs between 1740 and 1741, until her younger brother Joseph (later to be the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II) was born.Her mother gave her the customary education of the princely courts at that time. <mask>'s musical talents were highly encouraged, but not her humanities talents. <mask> was the child least respected and loved by <mask>—her younger brother Joseph and sisters <mask> and <mask> always received the attention and care of the Empress: Joseph because he was the male heir, Liesl because she was considered the most beautiful of the daughters, and Mimi because she was the undisputed favorite child of her mother. Reign of <mask>
<mask> was highly intelligent but physically disabled. She suffered from bad health, worsened by the drafty and cold rooms of the Hofburg Palace. In 1757 she contracted pneumonia and almost died, the last rites being called for her. Although she survived, her breathing capacity was permanently damaged, and she also developed a fusion of her spine which caused her to have a lump on her back.After that

masks:
Maria Anna
Maria Anna Josepha Antonia
Maria Theresa
Maria Anna
Marianna
Maria Theresa
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Theresa
Maria Elisabeth
Maria Christina
Maria Theresa
Maria Anna


texts:
 time, she began to have a close relationship with her father, and reportedly became Francis I's favourite child. She shared his interest in science and conducted experiments in chemistry and physics. Despite being disabled, <mask> often played important roles in major events of state, including acting as sponsor at the christening of her youngest sister Marie Antoinette. In July 1765 the whole Imperial family traveled to Innsbruck for the wedding of the second-oldest son, Leopold. They halted in Klagenfurt, where <mask> visited the small monastery that belonged to the Order of Saint Elisabeth, established there in 1710. The encounter with the sisters was to be a turning point in <mask>'s life. Thea Leitner explains that the Archduchess became enthusiastic for the monastic life because the nuns didn't care about appearances and <mask> always lived with the fear of being ridiculed because of her hump.The death of Emperor Francis I on 18 August 1765 was a devastating blow for <mask>. Because her mother was unable to find a royal husband for her, in 1766 <mask> was made Princess-Abbess of the Theresian Imperial and Royal Convent for Noble Ladies (Frauenstift) in Prague with the promise of 80,000 florins per year. Despite the opposition of her mother, she decided to give up the Prague position and became an abbess in Klagenfurt with a smaller provision. A palace for her was built by Nicolò Pacassi near the monastery as her residence, the construction of which was completed in 1771. To the abbess of the convent, she wrote:

Gott hat mir die Gnade gegeben, die Welt und ihre Eitelkeit zu erkennen, und dadurch mir die Stärke erteilt, mein Leben nicht als Klosterfrau, doch in der Einsamkeit und im Dienste der Nächsten zu schließen. Ich habe dazu Klagenfurt ausgewählt, und zwar Sie und ihre frommen Schwestern, hoffend, dass mein unvollkommener Wert durch Ihre guten Beispiele angeeifert, meine Seligkeit mir gewiss versichert wird. "God has

masks:
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Anna


texts:
 given me the grace to know the world and its vanity, and thereby given me the strength to close my life not as a nun, but in solitude and in the service of neighbors.I have thus selected Klagenfurt, specifically you and your pious sisters, hoping that—my imperfect value spurred on by your good examples—my salvation is certainly assured to me." During the time prior to her final move to Klagenfurt, <mask> completed her father's coin collection (which later became part of the Vienna Museum of Natural History) with the help of her mentor Ignaz von Born, and established her own mineral and insect collection. She financed social projects, archaeological exhumations, artists and scientists. <mask> also wrote a book about her mother's politics. Her watercolors and drawings were praised in the professional world. <mask> was made an honorary member of the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna in 1767 and elected member of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze in 1769. Despite her talents and intelligence, <mask> was disliked by high society because her scientific interests were considered unsuitable for her gender, but she was appreciated by the scientific and art world.Reign of Joseph
Empress <mask> died on 29 November 1780, and four months later, <mask> moved permanently to Klagenfurt. She quickly developed a deep friendship with Xaveria Gasser, Abbess of the convent. Thanks to the generous financial support of the Archduchess the monastery hospital could soon be extended, and her own personal physician supervised the patients of the hospital. She also provided welfare assistance in the municipality of Klagenfurt. Her friends were nuns, artists, scientists, and nobles, including the Carinthian iron industrialist Maximilian Thaddäus von Egger. Some of them belonged to the Freemasons. In 1783, the Klagenfurt Masonic Lodge was founded with a dedication "to charitable <mask>na" (Zur wohltätigen Marianna) as she was called.<mask> devoted herself in

masks:
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Theresa
Maria Anna
Marian
Maria Anna


texts:
 Klagenfurt to her scientific interests. She discovered her love for archeology: she donated 30,000 florins for excavations at Zollfeld and also took part in the excavations herself. Close to her younger sister <mask>, the two lived together in the same convents until their deaths. While her youngest sister, Marie Antoinette, was traveling on her way to Versailles in 1770, she stayed at Klagenfurt for one night. From the winter of 1788 <mask>'s health deteriorated further. Her shortness of breath became worse and she could hardly move without a wheelchair. She died on 19 November 1789 in the presence of her closest friends.Reportedly, her last words were:

Es ist wohl ein gutes Land, ich hab es immer lieb gehabt. Es sind gute Menschen, mit denen ich vergnügt lebte und die ich hart verlasse. "It is indeed a good country, I've had always loved it. There are good people with whom I lived happily and I leave them reluctantly." <mask> left her entire inheritance (amounting to more than 150,000 guilders) to the monastery of Klagenfurt. Her brother, Emperor Joseph II, deducted the inheritance tax from the income. Her palace is now home to the Prince Bishop's residence, in the Mariannengasse.Gallery

Ancestry

References

Bibliography

 Thea Leitner: Habsburgs vergessene Kinder. Piper, München 1996,
 Friedrich Weissensteiner: Die Töchter Maria Theresias. Kremayer & Scheriau, Wien 1991,
 Constantin von Wurzbach: Habsburg, <mask> (1738–1789) in: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, vol. 7. Imperial and Royal Court and State Printing House, Vienna 1861, p 26. online

External links
 Personalities of Klagenfurt
 Habsburg-Lothringen, <mask> in: austria-forum.org

1738 births
1789 deaths
18th-century Austrian people
18th-century Austrian women
Austrian princesses
Knights of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
Burials at the Imperial Crypt
Natural history collectors
Daughters of emperors
Children of Maria Theresa
House of

masks:
Maria Elisabeth
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Anna


title: Deno Geanakoplos

texts:
<mask> () was a renowned scholar of Byzantine cultural and religious history and Italian Renaissance intellectual history and the Bradford Durfee Professor Emeritus of Byzantine History, Renaissance History, and Eastern Orthodox Church History at Yale University. He was the author of 13 books and over 100 articles and was considered one of the foremost Byzantine scholars in the world. He was the father of Yale Economist and Professor <mask>. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1916 in Minneapolis, Minnesota to parents of Greek ancestry. He studied music before becoming a historian. He earned a diploma in violin from the Juilliard School of Music in 1939 and then played in the first violin section in the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra under Dimitri Mitropoulos. Simultaneously, he pursued a B.A.in history from the University of Minnesota, receiving it in 1941. In 1942, he enlisted in the U.S. Army with a school friend, Sydney Ahlstrom, both of whom eventually became history professors at Yale. <mask> was sent to North Africa, where he learned French, and then was in the first wave of American soldiers to reach Sicily, where he learned Italian. Becoming increasingly interested in Italian culture, he managed to enroll and complete the Dottore in lettere at the University of Pisa in 1946, writing his dissertation in Italian. Leaving the Army as a captain, he returned to the symphony and the University of Minnesota,

masks:
Deno John Geanakoplos
John Geanakoplos
Geanakoplos
Geanakoplos


title: Deno Geanakoplos

texts:
 where he was awarded an M.A. in 1946. He enrolled in the Graduate School of Harvard University in 1947, completing his Ph.D. in history in 1953, meanwhile serving as concertmaster of the Harvard-Radcliffe Symphony Orchestra.Career
Professor <mask>’s first teaching positions were at Brandeis University and at the Greek Theological Seminary in Boston. From 1954 to 1967, he taught medieval history at the University of Illinois, before joining the faculty at Yale, where he remained until his retirement in 1987. After his son John joined the Yale economics faculty in 1980, they became only the third father-son pair to be tenured professors concurrently in the university’s history. <mask> <mask> was elected president of the American Society of Church History in 1983 and was a fellow of the Medieval Academy of America, the American Historical Association and the Renaissance Society of America. In 1975 he was awarded the title of Archon “Teacher of the People” by the Patriarch of the Greek Orthodox Church in Constantinople. <mask>'s numerous books include: Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258-1282: a study in Byzantine-Latin relations (Harvard University Press, 1959), Greek scholars in Venice: studies in the dissemination of Greek learning from Byzantium to Western Europe (Harvard University Press, 1962), Byzantium and the Renaissance: Greek scholars in Venice: studies in the dissemination of Greek learning from

masks: Geanakoplos Deno Geanakoplos Geanakoplos


title: Deno Geanakoplos

texts:
 Byzantium to Western Europe (Archon Books, 1973), Interaction of the "sibling" Byzantine and Western cultures in the Middle Ages and Italian Renaissance: (330-1600) (Yale University Press, 1976), Medieval Western Civilization and the Byzantine and Islamic worlds: Interaction of three cultures (D.C. Heath, 1979), Byzantium: Church, Society, and Civilization Seen Through Contemporary Eyes (University of Chicago Press, 1984), Constantinople and the West: Essays on the Late Byzantine (Palaeologan) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman Churches (University of Wisconsin Press, 1989). His research showed the pivotal role that Byzantine scholars who emigrated to Italy played in unlocking and interpreting ancient Greek texts vital to the Italian Renaissance, systematically documenting their interactions in the West.He deeply probed the encounters between the Greek and Roman churches over centuries of recurring schism and attempted reunion, including the Councils of Lyons, Basel and especially Florence, during which the churches agreed to reconcile. Personal life
His brother Christie John <mask>, who died in 2005, was professor of chemical engineering at the University of Minnesota. He was married to Effie <mask>, a clinical social worker and instructor in psychiatry at the Yale Child Study Center, for 48 years. She predeceased him in 2001. His son <mask> is the current James Tobin Professor of Economics at Yale

masks:
Geanakoplos
Geanakoplos
John Geanakoplos


title: Alfred Richard Allinson

texts:
<mask> (1852–1929) was a British academic, author, and voluminous translator of continental European literature (mostly French, but occasionally Latin, German and Russian) into English. His translations were often published as by A.R<mask>, <mask><mask>, or <mask>. He was described as "an elusive literary figure about whom next to nothing is known; the title-pages of his published works are really all we have to go on." <mask> was born in December 1852 in Newcastle upon Tyne. He attended Lincoln College, Oxford, beginning in 1872, from which he took a Bachelor of Arts degree on 14 June 1877, and a Master of Arts degree in 1882. After graduation he worked as an assistant school master and a librarian.He was also a meteorological hobbyist. He was living in Newcastle, Northumberland in 1901, and in St Thomas, Exeter in Devon in 1911. He died in December 1929 in the London Borough of Hackney. Career
His early works as a translator included a number of works of French erotica for Paris-based speciality publisher Charles Carrington in the late 1880s and 1890s. Later he branched out into mainstream French literature, including works of various serious and popular authors. He participated with other translators in two ambitious early twentieth century projects to render the works of Anatole France and Alexandre Dumas into English. He also translated a number of children's books and historical works, and, late in his career, a number of volumes of the sensationalist Fantômas detective novels.<mask>'s sole work of note as an original author was The Days of the Directoire (1910), a historical and social portrait of France during the period of the French Revolution. His

masks:
Alfred Richard Allinson
. Allinson
Alfred R
. Allinson
Alfred Allinson
Life Allinson
Allinson


title: Alfred Richard Allinson

texts:
 aim in this work was "to present a vivid account of the extraordinary years from 1795 to 1799, when the Five Directors ruled France from the Palace of the Luxembourg; to portray the chief actors of those stirring times; and to draw a picture of the social conditions prevailing in capital and country after the tremendous changes of the Revolution." Significance
<mask>'s primary importance to literature is in helping to introduce French authors Alexandre Dumas and Anatole France to a broad English audience. Several of his translations of their works were the first into English, and a number of these remain the only English versions. In the case of Anatole France, his were the English versions authorised by the original writer. Selected bibliography

Original works
The Days of the Directoire (1910) (Internet Archive e-text)

Edited works
Waverley, or 'Tis Sixty Years Since, by Sir Walter Scott (1892)

Translated works
Note: publication dates shown are those of the translation, not of publication in the original language. Works of Alexandre Dumas

Acté, a Tale of the Days of Nero (1905) – first English translation
The Adventures of Captain Pamphile and Delaporte's Little Presents (Le capitaine Pamphile) (1905)
Amaury (1904)
Bontekoe (1904)
Captain Marion (1906) – 1st English translation
Captain Pamphile (1904)
The Castle of Eppstein (Le château d'Eppstein) (1904) – first English translation
Catherine Blum, and Other Stories (1922?)Cécile; or, The Wedding Gown (Cécile) (1904)
The Chevalier d'Harmental
Chicot the Jester (La dame de Monsoreau) (1921)
Conscience (Conscience l'innocent) (1902) – first English translation
The Convict's Son and Other Stories (Fils du


title: Alfred Richard Allinson

texts:
 forçat, M. Coumbes) (1922)
The Corsican Brothers (Frères corses) (1904)
Crop-Eared Jacquot and Other Stories (1903) – first English translation
The Dove (1906) – 1st English translation
The Duke of Savoy's Page (Page du duc de Savoie)
Pt. 3. 1: The Great Massacre (1921)
Pt. 2: Henri de Navarre (1921)
The Reminiscences of Antony ; and Marianna (1905)
The Regent's Daughter (Fille du régent)
Pt. 1. Hélène de Chaverny (1907)
Pt. 2.The Tragedy of Nantes (1908)
Robin Hood, the Outlaw (1904)
Samuel Gelb – 1st English translation
The Snowball (1903)
Sultanetta (1903)
The Three Musketeers (Les Trois Mousquetaires) (1903)
Twenty Years After (Vingt Ans Après) (1904)
The Two Dianas (Les deux Diane)
Pt. 1. The Taking of Calais (1909)
Pt. 2. The Chatalet (1921)
The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later (Le Vicomte de Bragelonne, ou Dix ans plus tard) (1904)
Pt. 1. Louise de la Vallière
Pt.2. The Man in the Iron Mask
The Wild-Duck Shooter – 1st English translation
The Wolf-Leader (Le Meneur de loups) (1904)

Works of Anatole France
The Aspirations of Jean Servien (Les désirs de Jean Servien) (1912)
The Crime of Sylvestre Bonnard (Le Crime de Sylvestre Bonnard)
The Garden of Epicurus (Le jardin d'Epicure) (1908)
The Gods Are Athirst (Les dieux ont soif) (1913)
The Human Tragedy (L'Humaine Tragedie) (1917) (previously pub. as part of The Well of Saint Clare)
Little Sea Dogs, and Other Tales of Childhood (co-translated with J. Lewis May) (1925)
Marguerite and Count Morin, Deputy; together with <mask> Vigny and The Path of Glory (1927) (co-translated with J. Lewis May)
The Merrie Tales of Jacques Tournebroche, and Child Life in Town and Country (Les contes de Jacques


title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts: <mask> (March 14, 1854 – June 1, 1925) was an American politician who served as the 28th vice president of the United States from 1913 to 1921 under President Woodrow Wilson. A prominent lawyer in Indiana, he became an active and well known member of the Democratic Party by stumping across the state for other candidates and organizing party rallies that later helped him win election as the 27th governor of Indiana. In office, he attempted to implement changes from his progressive agenda to the Constitution of Indiana, but his efforts proved controversial and were blocked by the Indiana Supreme Court. <mask>'s popularity as Indiana governor, and the state's status as a critical swing state, helped him secure the Democratic vice presidential nomination on a ticket with Wilson in 1912 and win the subsequent general election. An ideological rift developed between the two men during their first term leading Wilson to limit <mask>'s influence in the administration. <mask>'s brand of humor caused Wilson to move his office away from the White House, further isolating him. <mask> was targeted in an assassination attempt in 1915 for supporting intervention in World War I.During <mask>'s second term he delivered morale-boosting speeches across the nation during the war and became the first U.S. vice president to hold cabinet meetings, which he did while Wilson was in Europe during peace negotiations. As he was president of the United States Senate, a small number of anti-war Senators kept it deadlocked by refusing to end debate. To enable critical wartime legislation to be passed, <mask> had the body adopt its first procedural rule allowing filibusters to be ended by a two-thirds majority vote—a variation of this rule remains in effect. <mask>'s vice

masks:
Thomas Riley Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall


title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts:
 presidency is most remembered for a leadership crisis following a stroke that incapacitated Wilson in October 1919. Because of their personal dislike for <mask>, Wilson's advisers and wife Edith sought to keep him uninformed about the president's condition to prevent him from assuming presidential powers and duties. Many people, including cabinet officials and Congressional leaders, urged <mask> to become acting president, but he refused to forcibly assume Wilson's powers out of fear of the implications of establishing such a precedent. Without strong leadership in the executive branch, the administration's opponents defeated the ratification of the League of Nations treaty and effectively returned the United States to an isolationist foreign policy.<mask> ended his time in office as the first vice president since Daniel D. Tompkins, nearly a century earlier, to serve two full terms. <mask> was known for his wit and sense of humor. One of his most enduring jokes provoked widespread laughter from his Senate colleagues during a floor debate. Responding to Senator Joseph Bristow's catalog of the nation's needs, <mask> quipped that, "What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar." After his terms as vice president, he opened an Indianapolis law practice where he authored several legal books and his memoir, Recollections. He continued to travel and speak publicly. <mask> died in 1925 after suffering a heart attack while on a trip to Washington, D.C.Early life

Family and background
<mask>'s paternal grandfather, <mask>, immigrated to Indiana in 1817 and settled on a farm in present-day Whitley County. He became wealthy when a moderate deposit of oil and natural gas was discovered on his farm; when he sold the property in 1827 it earned

masks:
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title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts: $25,000, $ in 2015 chained dollars. The money allowed him to purchase a modest estate and spend the rest of his life as an active member of the Indiana Democratic Party, serving as an Indiana State Senator, party chairman, and financial contributor. He was also able to send his only child, Daniel, to medical school. <mask>'s mother, Martha Patterson, was orphaned at age thirteen while living in Ohio and moved to Indiana to live with her sister on a farm near the <mask>s'  home. Martha was known for her wit and humor, as her son later would be. Martha and Daniel met and married in 1848.<mask> <mask> was born in North Manchester, Indiana, on March 14, 1854. Two years later, a sister was born, but she died in infancy. Martha had contracted tuberculosis, which Daniel believed to be the cause of their infant daughter's poor health. While <mask> was still a young boy, his family moved several times searching a good climate for Daniel to attempt different "outdoor cures" on Martha. They moved first to Quincy, Illinois in 1857. While the family was living in Illinois, <mask>, a supporter of the American Union and a staunch Democrat, took his four-year-old son, <mask>, to the Lincoln and Douglas debate in Freeport in 1858. <mask> later recalled that during the rally he sat on the laps of Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln, alternating between the two candidates when they were not speaking, and remembered it as one of his earliest and most cherished memories.The family moved to Osawatomie, Kansas, in 1859, but the frontier violence caused them to move to Missouri in 1860. Eventually, Daniel succeeded in curing Martha's disease. As the American Civil War neared, violence spread into Missouri during the Bleeding Kansas incidents. In October 1860

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Thomas Riley
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Daniel Marshall
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title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts:
 several men led by Duff Green demanded that <mask> provide medical assistance to the pro-slavery faction, but he refused, and the men left. When the <mask>s' neighbors warned that Green was planning to return and murder them, the family quickly packed their belongings and escaped by steamboat to Illinois. The <mask>s remained in Illinois only briefly, before relocating to Indiana, which was even farther from the volatile border region. Education

On settling in Pierceton, Indiana, <mask> began to attend public school.His father and grandfather became embroiled in a dispute with their Methodist minister when they refused to vote Republican in the 1862 election. The minister threatened to expel them from the church, to which <mask>'s grandfather replied that he would "take his risk on hell, but not the Republican Party". The dispute prompted the family to move again, to Fort Wayne, and convert to the Presbyterian church. In Fort Wayne, <mask> attended high school, graduating in 1869. At age fifteen his parents sent him to Wabash College, in Crawfordsville, where he received a classical education. His father advised him to study medicine or become a minister, but neither interested him; he entered the school without knowing which profession he would take upon graduation. During college <mask> joined the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity, participated in literary and debating societies, and founded a Democratic Club.He secured a position on the staff of the college newspaper, the Geyser, and began writing political columns defending Democratic policies. In 1872 he wrote an unfavorable column about a female lecturer at the school, accusing her of "seeking liberties" with the young boys in their boarding house. She hired lawyer Lew Wallace, the author of

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title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts:
 Ben-Hur, and filed a suit demanding that <mask> pay her $20,000 for libel. <mask> traveled to Indianapolis to find a defense lawyer and employed future United States President Benjamin Harrison, then a prominent Indianapolis lawyer. Harrison had the suit dropped by showing that the charges made by <mask> were probably true. In <mask>'s memoir, he wrote that when he approached Harrison to pay his bill, his lawyer informed him that he would not charge him for the service, but instead gave him a lecture on the ethics of making such charges public. <mask> later recalled that he took the advice to heart, and was never again accused of making comments that could be considered libelous.<mask> was elected to Phi Beta Kappa during his final year at college. He graduated in June 1873, receiving the top grade in fourteen of his thirty-six courses in a class of twenty-one students. Because of his libel case, he had become increasingly interested in law and began seeking someone to teach him. At that time, a common way to become a lawyer was to apprentice under a practicing attorney. <mask>'s great-uncle Woodson <mask> began to help him, but the younger <mask> soon moved to Columbia City, Indiana, to live with his parents. <mask> read law in the Columbia City law office of Walter Olds, a future member of the Indiana Supreme Court, for more than a year and was admitted to the bar on April 26, 1875. Law practice

<mask> opened a law practice in Columbia City in 1876, taking on many minor cases.After gaining prominence, he accepted William F. McNagny as a partner in 1879 and began taking many criminal defense cases. The two men functioned well as partners. McNagny was better educated in law and worked out their legal arguments. <mask>, the superior orator,

masks: Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall


title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts: argued the cases before the judge and jury. Their firm became well known in the region after they handled a number of high-profile cases. In 1880 <mask> ran for public office for the first time as the Democratic candidate for his district's prosecuting attorney. The district was a Republican stronghold, and he was defeated.About the same time, he met and began to court Kate Hooper, and the two became engaged to marry. Kate died of an illness in 1882, one day before they were to be wed. Her death was a major emotional blow to <mask>, leading him to become an alcoholic. <mask> lived with his parents into his thirties. His father died in the late 1880s and his mother died in 1894, leaving him with the family estate and business. In 1895, while working on a case, <mask> met Lois Kimsey who was working as a clerk in her father's law firm. Despite their nineteen-year age difference, the couple fell in love and married on October 2.The <mask>s had a close marriage and were nearly inseparable, and spent only two nights apart during their nearly thirty-year marriage. <mask>'s alcoholism had begun to interfere with his busy life before his marriage. He arrived at court hung-over on several occasions and was unable to keep his addiction secret in his small hometown. His wife helped him to overcome his drinking problem and give up liquor after she locked him in their home for two weeks to undergo a treatment regimen. Thereafter, he became active in temperance organizations and delivered several speeches about the dangers of liquor. Although he had stopped drinking, his past alcoholism was later raised by opponents during his gubernatorial election campaign. <mask> remained active in the Democratic party after his 1880 defeat and began stumping for other

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title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts:
 candidates and helping to organize party rallies across the state.His speeches were noted for their partisanship, but his rhetoric gradually shifted away from a conservative viewpoint in the 1890s as he began to identify himself with the growing progressive movement. He became a member of the state Democratic Central Committee in 1904, a position that raised his popularity and influence in the party. <mask> and his wife were involved in several private organizations. He was active in the Presbyterian Church, taught Sunday school, and served on the county fair board. As he grew wealthy from his law firm he became involved in local charities. An enthusiastic Mason in Columbia City Lodge No. 189 in the Grand Lodge of Indiana, he was a governing member of the state's York Rite bodies, awarded the thirty-third degree of the Scottish Rite in 1898, and became an Active member of the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction's Supreme Council in 1911.He remained a passionate Freemason until his death and served on several Masonic charitable boards. After his death, the $25,000 cost of erecting his mausoleum in Indianapolis' Crown Hill Cemetery was gratefully paid for by the Scottish Rite NMJ Supreme Council. Governorship (1909–1913)

Campaign

In 1906, <mask> declined his party's nomination to run for Congress. He hinted, however, to state party leaders that he would be interested in running for Indiana governor in the 1908 election. He soon gained the support of several key labor unions, and was endorsed by Louis Ludlow, a reporter for the Indianapolis Star. Despite this support, <mask> was a dark horse candidate at the state convention. Initially, <mask>, Indiana Democratic Party boss, did not support him because of <mask>'s support of prohibition.Taggart

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title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts:
 wanted the party to nominate anti-prohibitionist <mask>, but the prohibitionist and anti-Taggart factions united with <mask>'s supporters. To oppose L. Ert Slack, a temperance candidate, Taggart persuaded <mask>'s delegates to support <mask> and give him the votes he needed to win the nomination. <mask>'s opponent in the general election was Republican Congressman James E. Watson, and the campaign focused on temperance and prohibition. Just as it began, the Republican-controlled state government passed a local-option law that allowed counties to ban the sale of liquor. The law became the central point of debate between the parties and their gubernatorial candidates. The Democrats proposed that the local-option law be changed so that the decision to ban liquor sales could be made at the city and township level. This drew support from anti-prohibitionists, who saw it as an opportunity to roll back prohibition in some areas, and as the only alternative available to the total prohibition which the Republican Party advocated.The Democratic position also helped to retain prohibitionists' support by allowing prohibition to remain enacted in communities where a majority supported it. The Republican Party was in the midst of a period of instability, splitting along progressive and conservative lines. Their internal problems proved to be the deciding factor in the election, giving <mask> a narrow victory: he received 48.1 percent of the vote to Watson's 48.0 percent. He was the first Democratic governor in two decades. Democrats also came to power in the Indiana House of Representatives by a small margin, though Republicans retained control of the Indiana Senate. Progressive agenda

<mask> was inaugurated as Governor of Indiana on January 11, 1909.

masks:
Samuel Ralston
Marshall
Ralston
Marshall
Marshall
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Marshall


title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts: Since his party had been out of power for many years, its initial objective was to appoint as many Democrats as possible to patronage positions.<mask> tried to avoid becoming directly involved in the patronage system. He allowed the party's different factions to have positions and appointed very few of his own choices. He allowed Taggart to manage the process and pick the candidates, but signed off on the official appointments. Although his position on patronage kept peace in his party, it prevented him from building a strong political base. During his term, <mask> focused primarily on advancing the progressive agenda. He successfully advocated the passage of a child labor law and anti-corruption legislation. He supported popular election of U.S.Senators, and the constitutional amendment to allow it was ratified by the Indiana General Assembly during his term. He also overhauled the state auditing agencies and claimed to have saved the government millions of dollars. He was unsuccessful in passing the rest of the progressive platform agenda items or persuading the legislature to call a convention to rewrite the state constitution to expand the government's regulatory powers. <mask> was a strong opponent of Indiana's recently passed eugenics and sterilization laws, and ordered state institutions not to follow them. He was an early, high-profile opponent of eugenics laws, and he carried his opposition into the vice-presidency. His governorship was the first in which no state executions took place, due to his opposition to capital punishment and his practice of pardoning and commuting the sentences of people condemned to execution. He regularly attacked corporations and used recently created antitrust laws to attempt to break several large

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title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts:
 businesses.He participated in a number of ceremonial events, including laying the final golden brick to complete the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 1909. <mask>'s constitution

Rewriting the state constitution became <mask>'s central focus as governor, and after the General Assembly refused to call a constitutional convention he sought other ways to have a new constitution adopted. He and Jacob Piatt Dunn, a close friend and civic leader, wrote a new constitution that increased the state's regulatory powers considerably, set minimum wages, and gave constitutional protections to unions. Many of these reforms were also in the Socialist Party platform under its leader, Terre Haute native Eugene V. Debs. Republicans believed <mask>'s constitution was an attempt to win over Debs' supporters, who had a strong presence in Indiana. The constitution also allowed direct-democracy initiatives and referendums to be held. The Democratic controlled assembly agreed to the request and put the measure on the ballot.His opponents attacked the direct-democracy provisions, claiming they were a violation of the United States Constitution, which required states to operate republican forms of government. The 1910 midterm elections gave the Democrats control of the Indiana Senate, increasing the constitution's chances of adoption. <mask> presented it to the General Assembly in 1911 and recommended that they submit it to voters in the 1912 election. Republicans opposed the ratification process, and were infuriated that the Democrats were attempting to revise the entire constitution without calling a constitutional convention, as had been called for in the state's two previous constitutions. <mask> argued that no convention was needed because the existing

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title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts:
 constitution did not call for one. Republicans took the issue to court and the Marion County Circuit Court granted an injunction removing the constitution from the 1912 ballot. <mask> appealed, but the Indiana Supreme Court upheld the decision in a judgment which stated that the Constitution of Indiana could not be replaced in total without a constitutional convention, based on the precedent set by Indiana's first two constitutions.<mask> was angry with the decision and delivered a speech attacking the court and accusing it of overstepping its authority. He launched a final appeal to the United States Supreme Court but left office in January 1913 while the case was still pending. Later that year, the court declined the appeal, finding that the issue was within the sole jurisdiction of the state courts. <mask> was disappointed with the outcome. Subsequent scholars such as Linda Gugin and legal expert James St. Claire have called the process and the document "seriously flawed" and argued that had the constitution been adopted, large parts would probably have been ruled unconstitutional by the federal courts. Vice presidency (1913–1921)

Election

The Indiana constitution prevented <mask> from serving a consecutive term as governor. He made plans to run for a United States Senate seat after his term ended, but another opportunity presented itself during his last months as governor.Although he did not attend the 1912 Democratic National Convention in Baltimore, his name was put forward as Indiana's choice for president. He was suggested as a compromise nominee, but William Jennings Bryan and his delegates endorsed Woodrow Wilson over Champ Clark, securing the nomination for Wilson. Indiana's delegates lobbied to have <mask> named the vice


title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts:
 presidential candidate in exchange for supporting Wilson. Indiana was an important swing state, and Wilson hoped that <mask>'s popularity would help him carry it in the general election. He had his delegates support <mask>, giving him the vice presidential nomination. <mask> privately turned down the nomination, assuming the job would be boring given its limited role. He changed his mind after Wilson assured him that he would be given plenty of responsibilities.During the campaign, <mask> traveled across the United States delivering speeches. The <mask> ticket easily won the 1912 election because of the division between the Republican Party and the Progressive Party. <mask> was not fond of Wilson, as he disagreed with him on a number of issues. Although Wilson invited <mask> to cabinet meetings, <mask>'s ideas were rarely considered for implementation, and <mask> eventually stopped attending them regularly. In 1913, Wilson broke with longstanding tradition and met with senators to discuss policy. Previous presidents had used the vice president as an intermediary, but Wilson did not trust <mask> with delicate business. In his memoir, <mask>'s only negative comment towards Wilson was, "I have sometimes thought that great men are the bane of civilization, they are the real cause of all the bitterness and contention which amounts to anything in the world".Their relationship was described as one of "functioning animosity". Senate developments

<mask> was not offended by Wilson's lack of interest in his ideas, and considered his primary constitutional duty to be in the Senate. He viewed the vice presidency as a legislative role, not an executive one. When he presided over the Senate, emotions sometimes ran high. During a debate on the Mexican

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Wilson Marshall
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title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts: border crisis in 1916, <mask> threatened to expel certain senators from the chamber for their raucous behavior, but did not carry through on the threat. On several occasions, he ordered the Senate gallery cleared. He voted eight times to break tie votes.In the debates leading up to World War I, a number of isolationist senators filibustered bills that Wilson considered important. The filibusters lasted for weeks and twice lasted for over three months. Wilson and the bills' supporters requested that <mask> put a gag-order in place to cut off debate, but he refused on ethical grounds, allowing a number of bills to be defeated in hopes that opposition would eventually end their filibuster. Among the defeated bills was one allowing merchant ships to arm themselves, and another allowing the US government to make direct arms sales to the Allies. Despite their victories, the small group of senators continued to lock up the senate to prevent any pro-war legislation from passing. In response, <mask> led the Senate to adopt a new rule on March 8, 1917, allowing filibusters to be broken by two-thirds of voting Senators. This replaced the previous rule that allowed any senator to prolong debate as long as he desired.The rule has been modified several times, most prominently that the current rule requires three-fifths of all Senators, not only the ones voting. As <mask> made little news and was viewed as a somewhat comic figure in Washington because of his sense of humor, a number of Democratic party leaders wanted him removed from the 1916 reelection ticket. Wilson, after deliberating, decided keeping <mask> on would demonstrate party unity; thus in 1916 <mask> won reelection over the still divided Republican Party and became the first vice president

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title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts:
 re-elected since John C. Calhoun in 1828, and Wilson and <mask> became the first president and vice president team to be re-elected since Monroe and Tompkins in 1820. Assassination attempt

On the evening of July 2, 1915, Eric Muenter, a one time German professor at Harvard and Cornell universities, who opposed American support of the Allied war effort, broke into the U.S. Senate and, finding the door to the Senate chamber locked, laid dynamite outside the reception room, which happened to be next to <mask>'s office door. Although the bomb was set with a timer, it exploded prematurely just before midnight, while no one was in the office. (Muenter may not have been specifically targeting the vice president.). On July 3, Muenter (who went under the pseudonym Frank Holt) burst into the Glen Cove, New York home of Jack Morgan, son of financier J.P. Morgan, demanding that he stop the sale of weapons to the Allies.Morgan told the man he was in no position to comply with his demand; Muenter shot him twice non-fatally and escaped. Muenter was later apprehended and confessed to attempted assassination of the vice president. <mask> was offered a personal security detachment after the incident, but declined it. <mask> had been receiving written death threats from numerous "cranks" for several weeks. "Some of them were signed," <mask> told the press, "but most were anonymous. I threw them all into the waste basket." <mask> added that he was "more or less a fatalist" and did not notify the Secret Service about the letters, "but that he naturally was startled when he heard of the explosion at the Capitol."World War I

During <mask>'s second term, the United States entered World War I.  <mask> was a reluctant supporter of the war, believing the country to

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title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts:
 be unprepared and feared it would be necessary to enact conscription. He was pleased with Wilson's strategy to begin a military buildup before the declaration of war, and fully supported the war effort once it had begun. Shortly after the first troops began to assemble for transport to Europe, Wilson and <mask> hosted a delegation from the United Kingdom in which <mask> became privy to the primary war strategy. However, he was largely excluded from war planning and rarely received official updates on the progress of military campaigns. He usually received news of the war through the newspapers. Wilson sent <mask> around the nation to deliver morale-boosting speeches and encourage Americans to buy Liberty Bonds to support the war effort. <mask> was well suited for the job, as he had been earning extra money as a public speaker while vice president, and gladly accepted the responsibility.In his speeches, he cast the war as a "moral crusade to preserve the dignity of the state for the rights of individuals". In his memoir, he recalled that the war seemed to drag on "with leaden feet", and that he was relieved when it finally ended. As the war neared its end, <mask> became the first vice president to conduct cabinet meetings; Wilson left him with this responsibility while traveling in Europe to sign the Versailles treaty and to work on gathering support for his League of Nations idea. Wilson became the first president to deliver a treaty to the Senate in person when he presented it to <mask> during a morning session. Morrison

<mask>'s wife, Lois, was heavily involved in charitable activities in Washington and spent considerable time working at the Diet Kitchen Welfare Center providing free meals to impoverished children. In 1917 she became


title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts:
 acquainted with a mother of newborn twins, one of whom was chronically ill. The child's parents were unable to get adequate treatment for their son's condition.Lois formed a close bond with the baby, named Clarence Ignatius Morrison, and offered to take him and help him find treatment. She and <mask> had been unable to have children, and when she brought the baby home, <mask> told her that she could "keep him, provided he did not squall". <mask> grew to love the boy and wrote that he "never walked the streets of Washington with as sure a certainty as he walked into my heart", and, as the boy grew older, that he was "beautiful as an angel; brilliant beyond his years; lovable from every standpoint". The <mask>s never officially adopted Morrison because they believed that to go through the procedure while his parents were still living would appear unusual to the public. Wanting to keep the situation private, they instead made a special arrangement with his parents. President Wilson felt obliged to acknowledge the boy as theirs and sent the couple a note that simply said, "With congratulations to the baby. Wilson".Morrison lived with the <mask>s for the rest of his life. In correspondence they referred to him as <mask>, but in person they called him Izzy. Lois took him to see many doctors and spent all her available time trying to nurse him back to health, but his condition worsened and he died in February 1920, just before his fourth birthday. His death devastated <mask>, who wrote in his memoir that Izzy "was and is and ever will be so sacred to me". Succession crisis

President Wilson experienced a mild stroke in September 1919. On October 2, he was struck by a much more severe stroke that left him partially paralyzed and almost certainly

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title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts: incapacitated. Wilson's closest adviser, Joseph Tumulty, did not believe <mask> would be a suitable acting president and took precautions to prevent him from assuming presidential powers and duties.Wilson's wife Edith strongly disliked <mask> because of what she called his "uncouthed" disposition, and also opposed his assumption of presidential powers and duties. Tumulty and the First Lady believed that an official communication from Wilson's staff on his condition would allow <mask> to trigger the constitutional mechanism allowing him to become acting president, and made sure no such communication occurred. After <mask> demanded to know Wilson's status so that he could prepare for the possibility of becoming president, they had a reporter from the Baltimore Sun brief <mask> and inform him that Wilson was near death. <mask> later said that "it was the first great shock of my life", but without an official communication on Wilson's condition, he didn't believe he could constitutionally assume presidential powers and duties. On October 5, Secretary of State <mask> was the first official to propose that <mask> forcibly assume presidential powers and duties. Other cabinet secretaries backed Lansing's request. Congressional leaders of both parties also sent private communications to <mask>, who was cautious in accepting their support.After consulting with his wife and his long-time personal adviser, Mark Thistlethwaite, he privately refused to assume Wilson's duties and become acting president. The process for declaring a president incapacitated was unclear at that time, and he feared the precedent that might be set if he forcibly removed Wilson from his powers and duties. <mask> wanted the president to voluntarily allow his powers to devolve to

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title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts: the vice president, but that was impossible given his condition and unlikely given Wilson's dislike for <mask>. The vice president informed the cabinet that he would assume Wilson's powers and duties only in response to a joint resolution of Congress calling on him to do so or an official communication from Wilson or his staff asserting his inability to perform his duties. Wilson was kept secluded by his wife and personal physician and only his close advisers were allowed to see him; none would divulge official information on his condition. Although <mask> sought to meet with Wilson to determine his condition, he was unable to do so. He instead relied on vague updates received through bulletins published by Wilson's physician.Believing that Wilson and his advisers would not voluntarily transfer power to the vice president, a group of Congressional leaders initiated <mask>'s requested joint resolution. However, senators opposed to the League of Nations treaty blocked the joint resolution in hopes of preventing the treaty's ratification. These senators believed that as acting president <mask> would make several key concessions that would allow the treaty to win ratification. Wilson, in his present condition, was either unwilling or unable to make the concessions, and debate on the bill had resulted in a deadlock. On December 4, Lansing announced in a Senate committee hearing that no one in the cabinet had spoken with or seen Wilson in over sixty days. The senators seeking to elevate <mask> requested that a committee be sent to check on Wilson's condition, hoping to gain evidence to support their cause. Dubbed the "smelling committee" by several newspapers, the group discovered Wilson was in very poor health, but seemed to have recovered enough


title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts: of his faculties to make decisions.Their report ended the perceived need for the joint resolution. At a Sunday church service in mid-December, in what <mask> believed was an attempt by other officials to force him to assume the presidency, a courier brought a message informing him that Wilson had died. <mask> was shocked, and rose to announce the news to the congregation. The ministers held a prayer, the congregation began singing hymns, and many people wept. <mask> and his wife exited the building, and made a call to the White House to determine his next course of action, only to find that he had been the victim of a hoax, and that Wilson was still alive. <mask> performed a few ceremonial functions for the remainder of Wilson's term, such as hosting foreign dignitaries. Among these was Albert I, King of the Belgians, the first European monarch to visit the United States.Edward, Prince of Wales, the future monarch of the United Kingdom, spent two days with <mask> and received a personal tour of Washington from him. First Lady Edith Wilson performed most routine duties of government. She reviewed Wilson's communications and decided what to share with him and what to delegate to others. The resulting lack of leadership allowed the administration's opponents to prevent ratification of the League of Nations treaty. They attacked the treaty's tenth article, which they believed would allow the United States to be bound in an alliance to European countries that could force the country to return to war without an act of Congress. <mask> personally supported the treaty's adoption, but recommended several changes, including the requirement that all parties to it acknowledge the Monroe Doctrine and the United States' sphere of influence, and that the


title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts:
 tenth article be made non-binding. Wilson began to recover by the end of 1919, but remained secluded for the remainder of his term, steadfast in his refusal or inability to accept changes to the treaty.<mask> was prevented from meeting with him to ascertain his true condition until his final day in office. It remains unclear who made executive decisions during Wilson's incapacity, but it was likely the first lady with the help of the presidential advisers. Later life and death

<mask> had his name entered as a candidate for the presidential nomination at the 1920 Democratic National Convention. He made arrangements with <mask> to have a delegation sent from Indiana to support his bid, but was unable to garner support outside of the Hoosier delegation. Ultimately he endorsed the Democratic nominees, James M. Cox for president and Franklin D<mask> for vice president, but they were defeated by the Republican ticket of Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge. On their election, <mask> sent a note to Coolidge offering him his "sincere condolences" for his misfortune of having been elected vice president. <mask> considered returning to Columbia City after leaving office, but instead bought a home and opened a law practice in Indianapolis, where he believed there would be better business opportunities.Harding nominated him to serve on the Lincoln Memorial Commission in 1921, and then to a more lucrative position on the Federal Coal Commission in 1922; <mask> resigned from both commissions in 1923. He spent over a year writing books on the law and his Recollections, a humorous memoir. The latter book was completed in May 1925 and subsequent historians have noted it as unusual, even for its time, for not disclosing any secrets or attacking any of

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Thomas Taggart
. Roosevelt
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title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts:
 <mask>'s enemies. <mask> remained a popular public speaker, and continued to travel to give speeches. The last he delivered was to high school students in the town of his birth. While on a trip to Washington D.C., <mask> was struck by a heart attack while reading his Bible in bed on the night of June 1, 1925. His wife called for medical assistance, but he died before it arrived.He was 71. A service and viewing was held in Washington two days later and was attended by many dignitaries. <mask>'s remains were returned to Indianapolis, where he lay in state for two days; thousands visited his bier. His funeral service was held June 9, and he was interred in Crown Hill Cemetery, next to the grave of his adopted son Morrison "Izzy" <mask>. <mask> moved to Arizona and remained widowed the rest of her life, living on her husband's pension and the $50,000 she earned by selling his memoir to the Bobbs-Merrill publishing company. She died in 1958 and was interred next to her husband. Humor

<mask> was known for his quick wit and good sense of humor.On hearing of his nomination as vice president, he announced that he was not surprised, as "Indiana is the mother of Vice Presidents; home of more second-class men than any other state". One of his favorite jokes, which he delivered in a speech before his departure for Washington, D.C., to become vice president, recounted a story of a man with two sons. One of the sons went to sea and drowned and the other was elected vice president; neither son was ever heard from again. On his election as vice president, he sent Woodrow Wilson a book, inscribed "From your only Vice". <mask>'s humor caused him trouble during his time in Washington. He was known to greet citizens walking by his office on the White House tour

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Lois Marshall
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title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts:
 by saying to them, "If you look on me as a wild animal, be kind enough to throw peanuts at me." This prompted Wilson to move <mask>'s office to the Senate Office building, where the Vice President would not be disturbed by visitors.In response to Alexander Graham Bell's proposal to the board of the Smithsonian Institution to send a team to excavate for ruins in Guatemala, <mask> suggested that the team instead excavate around Washington. When asked why, he replied that, judging by the looks of the people walking on the street, they should be able to find buried cave-men no more than six feet down. The joke was not well received, and he was shut out of board meetings for nearly a year. <mask>'s wit is best remembered for a phrase he introduced to the American lexicon. While presiding over a Senate session in 1914, <mask> responded to earlier comments from Senator Joseph L. Bristow that provided a long list of what he felt the country needed. <mask> reportedly leaned over and muttered to one of his clerks, "What this country needs is more of this; what this country needs is more of that" and quipped loudly enough for others to overhear, "What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar." <mask>'s remark was popularized and widely circulated among a network of newspapers.Other accounts later embellished the story, including the exact situation that prompted his comment. In 1922 <mask> explained that the five-cent cigar was a metaphor for simpler times and "buckling down to thrift and work." Legacy

The situation that arose after the incapacity of Wilson, for which <mask>'s vice-presidency is most remembered, revived the national debate on the process of presidential succession. The topic was already being discussed when Wilson left for


title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts:
 Europe, which influenced him to allow <mask> to conduct cabinet meetings in his absence. Wilson's incapacity during 1919 and the lack of action by <mask> made it a major issue. The lack of a clear process for presidential succession had first become an issue when President William Henry Harrison died in office in 1841, but little progress had been made passing a constitutional amendment to remedy the problem. Nearly fifty years later, after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed, allowing the vice president to assume the presidential powers and duties any time the president was rendered incapable of carrying out the powers and duties of the office.Historians have varied interpretations of <mask>'s vice presidency. Claire Suddath rated <mask> as one of the worst vice presidents in American history in a 2008 Time magazine article. Samuel Eliot Morison wrote that had <mask> carried out his constitutional duties, assumed the presidential powers and duties, and made the concessions necessary for the passage of the League of Nations treaty in late 1920, the United States would have been much more involved in European affairs and could have helped prevent the rise of Adolf Hitler, which began in the following year. Morison and a number of other historians claim that <mask>'s decision was an indirect cause of the Second World War. <mask>, one of <mask>'s biographers, wrote that although <mask>'s assumption of presidential powers and duties would have made World War II much less likely, modern hypothetical speculation on the subject was unfair to <mask>, who made the correct decision in not forcibly removing Wilson from his duties, even temporarily. Electoral history

1912 United

masks:
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Charles Thomas
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall


title: Thomas R. Marshall

texts:
 States presidential election

1916 United States presidential election

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

 Denslow, William R. (1957 – Revised, reprint edition: 2007) 10,000 Famous Freemasons, Vol. 3.Cornerstone Book Publishing. .

  – Introduction by Mark O. Hatfield (for full citation from the Senate website, see printer option at the bottom of the webpage). Jehs, <mask>., "<mask><mask>: Mr. Vice President, 1913–1921," in

Further reading

External links

<mask> <mask> papers, Rare Books and Manuscripts, Indiana State Library

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1854 births
1925 deaths
20th-century vice presidents of the United States
Candidates in the 1912 United States presidential election
1912 United States vice-presidential candidates
1916 United States vice-presidential candidates
Burials at Crown Hill Cemetery
Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees
Governors of Indiana
Indiana Democrats
Indiana lawyers
Writers from Indiana
American Presbyterians
People from Columbia City, Indiana
Vice presidents of the United States
Wabash College alumni
Woodrow Wilson administration cabinet members
Democratic Party vice presidents of the United States
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
People from North Manchester, Indiana
People from Princeton, Indiana
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading

masks:
Randall W
Thomas R
. Marshall
Thomas Riley
Marshall


title: Phil Harder

texts:
<mask> is a music video director and commercial director represented by Bob Industries in Santa Monica, California. <mask> was also a director at Quentin Tarantino's A Band Apart Commercials and Music Videos where he directed award-winning commercials for clients including The Gap. According to co-founder and executive producer Michael Bodnarchek, "<mask> is one of the most creative directors I have worked with in my career." He also had a music video company Harder/Fuller Films, from 1985 to 2005. In the 1980s, Harder was in the band Breaking Circus, as well as a founding member of Big Trouble House, a rock trio active throughout the 1990s. Harder was the cinematographer on the Japanese feature film Yoko, The Cherry Blossom shot in Tokyo. (Gap Ad)

1999
Barenaked Ladies – "Get in Line"
The Cranberries – "Just My Imagination"
Dovetail Joint – "Level on the Inside"
Ben Lee – "Cigarettes Will Kill You"
Moist – "Breathe"

2000
Barenaked Ladies – "Pinch Me"
Foo Fighters – "Next Year"
Macy Gray – "Why Didn't You Call Me" (Target Ad)
Incubus – "Stellar"
Chantal Kreviazuk – "Faraway"

2001
Barenaked Ladies – "Too Little Too Late"
The Honeydogs – "Sour Grapes"
Incubus – "Drive"
Incubus – "Wish You Were Here"
Mansun – "Fool"
Matchbox Twenty – "Mad Season"
Pulp – "The Trees"
Remy Zero – "Save Me"

2002
Local H – "Half Life"
Mad at Gravity – "Walk Away"
Chitlin' Fooks featuring Carol Van Dyk – "The Battle"
The Dollyrots – "Tease Me, Pet Me" (Hewlett-Packard Ad)
Low – "Canada"
Matchbox Twenty – "Disease"

2003
Barenaked Ladies – "Another Postcard"
Liz Phair – "Why Can't I?"

masks:
Philip Harder
Phil
Phil


title: Rubén Torres Llorca

texts:
<mask> (born March 3, 1957, in Havana, Cuba) is a Cuban artist specializing in painting, drawing, sculpture, collages, and photography. He studied from 1972 to 1976 at the Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes "San Alejandro" in Havana and from 1976 to 1981, studied at the Instituto Superior de Arte (ISA), also in Havana. <mask> resided in Mexico City, Mexico from 1990 to 1993  and has resided in Miami, Florida, since 1993. Selected solo exhibitions
 2015 "Better Days Ahead" Juan Ruiz Gallery, Miami, Florida
 2012 "One of Us Can Be Wrong and Other Essays" Juan Ruiz Gallery, Miami, Florida. 2010 "Figure 1 to 20" Now Contemporary Art, Wynwood, Miami, Florida. 2009 "Los Peores Hombres Cuentan las Mejores Historias" Praxis, New York, New York. 2008 "The Names Have Been Changed to Protect the Guilty" Museo de Arte de Puerto Rico (MARP), San Juan, Puerto Rico.2008 "Manual de Carpinteria China" Praxis, Wynwood, Miami, Florida. 2007 "Una Historia Para Niños Basada en un Crimen Real", Centro Cultural Español, Coral Gables, Florida. 2006 "Pagador de Promesas", Galeria Thomas Cohn, São Paulo, Brazil. 2006 "Easy to Build/Modelo Para Armar" Frost Museum, Miami, Florida
 2005 "If They Pay You For It ", Praxis International, Coral Gables, Florida
 2004 "Take This Waltz", Byron Cohen Gallery, Kansas City, Mo
 2002 "Si Pierdo la Memoria que Pureza", Locust Projects, Miami, Florida
 2001 "Secret Life", Gary Nader Fine Arts, Coral Gables, Florida
 2000 "Last News From Havana", Byron Cohen Gallery, Kansas City,

masks:
Rubén Torres Llorca
Torres


title: Rubén Torres Llorca

texts: 2004. "New Art From Cuba" by Luis Camnizer, University of Texas press, 2003. "Gotan" by Ruben <mask>, Der Bruke Editions, 1998. "Oral History Interview" by Juan Martinez, Smithsonian Archives of American Art, 1998."So Quiet in Here" by Carolina Ponce De Leon, Published by El Museo del Bario, NY, 1998. "Ruben Torres Llorca" by Carlos Monsivais y Ivan de la Nuez, Published by Ninart, Mexico


title: Yoshida Shōin

texts:
, commonly named , was one of Japan's most distinguished intellectuals in the late years of the Tokugawa shogunate. He devoted himself to nurturing many ishin shishi who in turn made major contributions to the Meiji Restoration. Early life

Born Sugi Toranosuke in Hagi in the Chōshū region of Japan, he was the second son of Sugi Yurinosuke (1804–1865), a modest rank Samurai and his wife Kodama Taki (1807–1890). Yurinosuke had two younger brothers, <mask> and Tamaki Bunnoshin. Sugi Toranosuke's eldest brother was Sugi Umetarō (1828–1910), his four younger sisters were Sugi Yoshiko (later Kodama Yoshiko) (1832–1924), Sugi Hisa (later Odamura Hisa) (1839–1881), Sugi Tsuya (1841–1843), and Sugi Fumi (later Katori Miwako) (1843–1921), his youngest brother was Sugi Toshisaburō (1845–1876). Sugi Toranosuke was later adopted at the age of four by Yoshida Daisuke and was renamed to Yoshida Shōin. The process of adopting younger sons from the Sugi house was established generations before Shoin's birth.To avoid financial insolvency, the Sugi house controlled two additional samurai lineages-the Tamaki and the Yoshida lineages. The oldest male became the Sugi heir and the younger Sugi sons were adopted by the Tamaki and Yoshida lines as their heirs-to ensure the Sugi succession was protected, this required the head of the house in the Yoshida line and most generations the Tamaki line to remain unmarried. Daisuke, already in ill health, died one year later at the age of 28, leaving Yoshida Shoin as the heir of the Yoshida lineage at five years of age. His house was also the instructor to the daimyō in military studies. Due to Shōin's young age, four men were appointed to represent the Yoshida


title: Yoshida Shōin

texts:
 house as instructors. Shōin's younger uncle, Tamaki, set about accelerating Shōin's education to prepare the boy for his eventual duties to be trained as a Yamaga instructor. In 1839 at the age of 9, he was taught by a military art instructor at Meirinkan.At the age of 11, his talent was recognized for his excellent performance for his lecture to the daimyō Mōri Takachika. At the age of 13, he led the Chōshū forces to conducted a Western fleet extermination exercise. In 1845, he received a lecture on the Naganuma Military Arts by Yusuke Yamada. In 1851, he went to Edo and studied the Western military science under Sakuma Shōzan and Asaka Gonsai. In 1851, he studied under Miyabe Teizō and Yamaga Sosui from the Higo Domain. This period of intense study suggests a formative experience that shaped Shōin into an educator and activist that helped spur the Meiji Restoration. Rewards of Punishment
At the end of 1851, Yoshida left for a four-month trip across Northeastern Japan.He had been granted verbal permission from the Chōshū government but left before receiving his written permission in an act of defiance. This act of defiance was a serious offense known as dappan or "fleeing the han". He returned to Hagi in 1852. His punishment from the daimyō was costly but sweet for Shōin. He was stripped of his samurai status and his stipend of 57 koku with it. His father, Sugi Yurinosuke, was appointed as his guardian. Shōin was then granted 10 years of leisure in which he could study in any part of Japan that he chose.On January16, 1853, <mask> Shōin was granted permission to return to Edo to continue his studies. His timing for his return to Edo turned out to coincide with Matthew Perry’s


title: Yoshida Shōin

texts:
 arrival in Japan. Attempt to escape and imprisonment
Matthew Perry visited Japan in 1853 and 1854. Several months after Perry's arrival at Uraga, Sakuma Shōzan petitioned the Bakufu to allow promising candidates to go to the United States to study the ways of the West. The petition was denied but Sakuma and Shoin resolved that Shoin would stow away onboard Perry's ship to visit the west for study. Shortly before Perry left, <mask> and a friend went to Shimoda where Perry's Black Ships were anchored, and tried to gain admittance. They first presented a letter asking to be let aboard one of his ships.Then, in the dead of night <mask> tried to secretly climb aboard the ship . Perry's troops noticed them, and they were refused. Shortly thereafter, they were caged by Tokugawa bakufu troops. Even in a cage, they managed to smuggle a written message to Perry. <mask> Shōin was sent to a jail in Edo, then to one in Hagi where he was sentenced to house arrest. <mask> had never introduced himself to Perry, who never learned his name. While in jail, he ran a school.After his release, he took over his uncle's tiny private school, Shōka Sonjuku to teach the youth military arts and politics. Since he was forbidden from travelling, he had his students travel Japan as investigators. By 1858, Ii Naosuke, the bakufu Tairō who signed treaties with the Western powers, began to round up sonnō jōi rebels in Kyōto, Edo, and eventually the provinces. Many of <mask> Shoin's followers were caught up in the dragnet. That year, <mask> Shōin put down the brush and took up the sword. When Ii Naosuke sent a servant to (unsuccessfully) ask the emperor to support one of his treaties with the foreigners, <mask>

masks: Yoshida Yoshida Yoshida Yoshida Yoshida Yoshida Yoshida


title: Yoshida Shōin

texts:
 Shōin led a revolt, calling on rōnin to aid him, but received very little support. Nonetheless, he and a small band of students attacked and attempted to kill Ii's servant in Kyoto.The revolt failed, and <mask> Shoin was again imprisoned in Chōshū. Death
In 1859, Chōshū was ordered to send its most dangerous insurgents to Edo's prisons. Once there, <mask> Shōin confessed the assassination plot, and, from jail, continued to plot the rebellion. He did not expect to be executed until the Tokugawa executed three of his friends. In October 15, he asked for a piece of tissue paper to clear his nasal passage, then recited his final death poem: 'Parental love exceeds one's love for his parents. How will they take the tidings of today?'. Two days later in October 17, he was informed of his death sentence.When it was <mask>'s turn in November 21, he was brought to an open courtyard adjacent to the prison, and led to the scaffold. With perfect composure he kneeled atop a straw mat, beyond which was a rectangular hole dug in the rich, dark earth to absorb the blood. Upon his death by decapitation, his executioner Yamada Asaemon said that he died a noble death. He was 29 years old. After his execution, he was first buried by Itō Hirobumi and his Chōshū comrades near the execution site. In 1863, he was later reburied by his supporters at Wakabayashi, Edo. Posthumous influence
At least five of his students, Takasugi Shinsaku, Katsura Kogorō, Inoue Kaoru, Itō Hirobumi and Yamagata Aritomo later became widely known, and virtually all of the survivors of the Sonjuku group became officers in the Meiji Restoration.Takasugi led rifle companies against the shōguns army when it failed to conquer

masks: Yoshida Yoshida Yoshida


title: Yoshida Shōin

texts:
 Chōshū in 1864, rapidly leading to the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate. Itō Hirobumi became Japan's first prime minister. Legacy
In 1882, <mask> Shōin was enshrined at Shōin shrine in Wakabayashi, Setagaya-ku (35-1), in Tokyo, and the current shrine's main building was built in 1927, as well as in his birthplace Hagi, Yamaguchi Prefecture (山口県萩市椿東1537). In 1888 <mask> was enshrined into the Yasukuni Shrine and was posthumously awarded Senior Fourth Rank by 1889. Shoin University was named after him. There are two other universities whose names include Shoin in Japan, but they are unrelated to him. Hana Moyu is a 2015 Japanese television drama NHK Taiga drama series that premiered on January 4, 2015, and ended on December 13, 2015.The series starred Mao Inoue who portrayed Sugi Fumi, a younger sister of Yoshida Shōin. The role of Yoshida Shōin was played by actor Yūsuke Iseya. References

  National Geographic Magazine (June, 1984). Article Readers (1) Prof. Albert Craig; Harvard Yenching Institute, (2) Prof. History Dept., Kyoto University, (3) Prof. Thomas Huber, Duke University. External links

 Robert Louis Stevenson on <mask> Shōin (Yoshida Torajirō) – see . Yoshida Shoin – Daily quotes in English and Japanese
 yoshida-shoin.com – About <mask> Shoin (Japanese)
 http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/CivilizationUnknown/id/1277
 http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/91.html

1830 births
1859 deaths
Japanese politicians
People of Bakumatsu
Meiji Restoration
People executed by Japan by decapitation
19th-century executions by Japan
Executed Japanese people
People from Yamaguchi Prefecture
People from Chōshū domain
19th-century Japanese philosophers
19th-century

masks: Yoshida Yoshida Yoshida Yoshida


title: Rebecca Adlington

texts:
<mask>  (born 17 February 1989) is a British former competitive swimmer who specialised in freestyle events in international competition. She won two gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the 400-metre freestyle and 800-metre freestyle, breaking the 19-year-old world record of Janet Evans in the 800-metre final. <mask> was Britain's first Olympic swimming champion since 1988, and the first British swimmer to win two Olympic gold medals since 1908. After winning her first World Championship gold over 800 metres in 2011, along with silver in the 400 metres at the same meet, she won bronze medals in both the women's 400-metre and 800-metre freestyle events in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. On 5 February 2013, <mask> retired from all competitive swimming, at the age of 23. Since retiring as a competitor, she has worked for BBC TV as a swimming pundit at the Olympic Games and World Aquatics Championships, and made various other media appearances. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, where she attended The Brunts School, which became known as Brunts Academy from 2012.She started swimming with Sherwood Colliery Swimming Club, and was selected for the Nottinghamshire County Elite Squad (Nova Centurion Swimming Club). She swam in local swimming leagues for Nottingham Leander Swimming Club, having taken part in the National Speedo 'B' Final in May 2010. <mask>'s great-uncle was former Derby County goalkeeper <mask>, and she is a keen Derby supporter. Personal life
In 2005, <mask>'s sister, Laura, was affected by encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain. Her sister recovered over time, but its impact inspired <mask> to say in 2012: "It made me more determined. It makes me train harder". <mask> became an Ambassador of the Encephalitis Society in 2009, to help raise awareness of the illness.In 2014, <mask> married former swimmer Harry Needs. The couple had a daughter together, born in

masks:
Rebecca Adlington
Adlington
Adlington
Adlington
Adlington
Terry Adlington
Adlington
Adlington
Adlington
Adlington


title: Rebecca Adlington

texts:
 2015. In March 2016, <mask> announced her separation from Needs. On 4 March 2021, <mask> and boyfriend Andy Parsons announced the birth of their son. She announced on the 5th of September 2021 that the couple had married. Competitive career
<mask> represented Great Britain in the 2008 Summer Olympics, competing in the 400-metre freestyle and 800-metre freestyle events. She was also scheduled to swim in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay but was rested in the heat and the team failed to qualify for the final.In the heats of the 400-metre freestyle, she broke the Commonwealth record with a time of 4:02.24. On 11 August 2008, she won an Olympic gold medal in the same event, with a time of 4:03.22, overtaking Katie Hoff of the United States in the last 20 metres. She was the first woman to win swimming gold for Great Britain since Anita Lonsbrough in 1960. She was the first British swimmer to win more than one gold medal at a single Olympic Games since Henry Taylor won three in 1908. In 2009, <mask> said she suffered with the expectation placed on her ahead of the World Aquatics Championships in Rome, and although she swam a personal best she won only bronze in the 400-metre freestyle. She added a second bronze in the 4×200-metre freestyle. In her favourite event, the 800-metre freestyle she gained fourth place.In 2010, <mask> won the 400-metre freestyle at the European Swimming Championships in Budapest but again failed to win a medal in her favoured 800-metre freestyle, finishing seventh. She won bronze as part of the 4×200-metre freestyle relay team. At the Commonwealth Games in New Delhi, she won a "bonus" bronze medal in the 200-metre freestyle, and was part of the English record setting 4×200-metre freestyle relay team that also won bronze. In the 800-metre freestyle, <mask> led from start to finish to win her first Commonwealth Games gold medal. In the 400-metre freestyle, <mask> won comfortably to earn a second gold

masks: Adlington Adlington Adlington Adlington Adlington Adlington Adlington


title: Rebecca Adlington

texts:
 medal and repeat her Olympic double. She ended the season ranked No. 2 in the 400-metre freestyle and No.1 in the 800-metre freestyle. At the 2011 World Aquatics Championships, <mask> won the 800-metre freestyle gold medal, beating Lotte Friis over the final 50 metres, and silver in the 400-metre freestyle behind world record-holder Federica Pellegrini of Italy. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, <mask> won bronze in the 400-metre freestyle in a time of 4:03.01. and another bronze in the women's 800-metre freestyle in a time of 8:20.32. After the Games, <mask> said that she would no longer undertake the 800-metre race, and would not compete in Rio. Records set
<mask> set a new British, Commonwealth, European and Olympic record of 8:18.06 in the preliminary heats of the women's 800-metre freestyle on 14 August 2008. She went on to win the Olympic 800-metre freestyle final on 16 August 2008 in a world record time of 8:14.10, her second gold of the tournament, a full six seconds ahead of the silver medalist, and two seconds ahead of the former world record which had been set by Janet Evans when <mask> was 6 months old. At the time, this was swimming's longest standing world record.Personal bests and records held
Long course (50 m)

Short course (25 m)

Recognition

In 2008 after her post-Olympic homecoming, in a special ceremony at Mansfield's Civic Centre headquarters, <mask> was presented with a pair of gold-coloured Jimmy Choo shoes by Tony Egginton, then the executive mayor. In November 2008, <mask> was named as the Sports Journalists' Association's Sportswoman of the Year, receiving her trophy at a ceremony in the City of London from the Princess Royal, herself a former winner of that award. On 14 December 2008, she was voted third in the BBC Sports Personality of the Year award. <mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2009 New Year Honours list, followed in December 2009 by

masks: Adlington Adlington Adlington Adlington Adlington Adlington Adlington Adlington


title: Rebecca Adlington

texts:
 an honorary degree as Master of Arts from the University of Nottingham in recognition of her outstanding contribution to British sport. The Sherwood Swimming Baths in Adlington's hometown of Mansfield, where she began swimming as a child, was renamed the Rebecca Adlington Swimming Centre when it reopened after refurbishment in January 2010. The Yates Bar in Mansfield was renamed the Adlington Arms in her honour, although it soon reverted to its original name. The 2012 Olympic torch relay was routed through Mansfield Woodhouse where it was affected by a heavy thunderstorm before a scheduled lunch break at the Rebecca Adlington Swimming Centre.One of the Class 395 high-speed trains operated by Southeastern, used to provide a 140-mph London-to-Kent link and the Javelin shuttle service for visitors to the 2012 London Olympic Games, was named after <mask>. Several other British Olympians also received this honour. Tram 231 on the Nottingham Tram system was named after <mask> in 2016. Television
Adlington was a guest panellist on the ITV lunchtime chat show Loose Women on 25 March, 17 April and 22 May 2014. She was a contestants in Series 3 of The Jump, but withdrew on 7 February 2016 having dislocated her shoulder during training. At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio, <mask> formed part of the BBC presenting team for the swimming events, along with Helen Skelton and Mark Foster. She repeated this role at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships, the 2018 European Championships, and the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo among others.I'm a Celebrity...

<mask> participated in the thirteenth series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, which began airing on 17 November 2013 and was held in Australia. She finished in 6th place, being voted out by the public on 6 December 2013. Guest appearances
The Charlotte Church Show (28 August 2008) – Guest
All Star Family Fortunes (18 September 2010) – Contestant
A League of Their Own (2

masks: Adlington Adlington Adlington Adlington


title: Rebecca Adlington

texts:
 November 2012) – Panellist
I Love My Country (14 September 2013) – Guest
Celebrity Come Dine with Me (16 December 2013) – Contestant
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (19 December 2013) – Contestant, with Kian Egan
The Chase: Celebrity Special (28 December 2013) – Contestant
A Question of Sport: Super Saturday (12 July 2014) – Guest
8 Out of 10 Cats (13 October 2014) – Guest
Desert Island Discs BBC Radio 4 (14 June 2015) – Interviewed at length as the guest 'castaway'. Celebrity MasterChef (16 August 2017) – Contestant

See also
 List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
 List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (women)
 List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (women)
 World record progression 800 metres freestyle

References

External links

 Official <mask> Website
 British Olympic Association athlete profile
 British Swimming athlete profile
 British Swimming results and rankings database entry

|-

1989 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Mansfield
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for England
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for England
English Olympic medallists
English female swimmers
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
British female freestyle swimmers
World record setters in swimming
Laureus World Sports Awards winners
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
Olympic swimmers of Great Britain
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Olympic gold medalists in swimming
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (British TV series)


title: Pola Uddin, Baroness Uddin

texts:
<mask>, <mask>, ( খান; Romanized: Manzila Pôla <mask>; born 17 July 1959) is a British life peer, Labour Party member and community activist of Bangladeshi descent. In 2009 she was included on The Guardian's Muslim Women Power List for Britain. Early life
<mask> was born in Rajshahi, Rajshahi Division, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). She moved with her parents to the United Kingdom in 1973, when she was 13 years of age, and she grew up in the East End of London. She attended the Plashet School in East Ham, and was educated at the University of North London, where she earned a degree in social work. Political career
<mask> started her professional career by creating and leading community working groups in the late 1970s. In 1980, she started working as a Youth and Community worker with the YWCA, and then a Liaison Officer for Tower Hamlets Social Services, and Manager of Tower Hamlets Women's Health Project.She then began working for Newham social services in 1988. In 1990, <mask> was elected a Labour councillor in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, the first Bengali woman to hold such an office of a local authority in the United Kingdom. She was the Deputy Leader of Tower Hamlets council from 1994 to 1996. In 1997, she applied to be the Labour parliamentary candidate for the Bethnal Green and Bow constituency, but did not reach the shortlist. Appointed a Labour "working peer" by Tony Blair, she was raised to the peerage as Baroness <mask>, of Bethnal Green in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, for life by Letters patent in the afternoon of 18 July 1998, at the House of Lords. She was the youngest woman on the benches and the only Muslim and Asian woman to be appointed to the House of Lords. She was invited to the House of Lords for her contribution to the advancement of women and disability rights, swearing in by saying "Almighty Allah" as she took her seat in the parliament.Since entering the House of Lords she has supported a handful of initiatives. <mask> has been long campaigning for the increase of skills of Asian women living in Britain. She created the first

masks:
Manzila Pola Khan Uddin
Baroness Uddin
Uddin
Uddin
Uddin
Uddin
Uddin
Uddin