title: Mark Foster Gage

texts:
 Art Institute of Chicago, The High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The National Gallery of Art in Japan, Hiroshima City Museum of Contemporary Art, Frac Centre-Val de Loire in France, The Franz Mayer Museum in Mexico City, and Venice Biennale, Beijing Biennale, and Prague Biennale. His work has been featured in most major architectural publications as well as Vogue, Newsweek, Fast Company, Wired, USA Today, The New York Times, New York Magazine, Harper's Bazaar, Surface, and a recent twenty-five page feature in A+U. Television coverage of his work has aired on PBS, Fox, and MTV, and he was recently the subject of a documentary segment on the Travel Channel China's program 'Go as Far as You Can' which focuses on international innovators in creative fields. <mask> also writes about architecture and design in both academic and popular formats- including books, magazines, and journal articles. Projects and proposals

Proposal for 41 West 57th St, New York City, New York (2015)
Also referred to as the Khaleesi Tower, 41 West 57th St is the most famous of <mask>'s designs. If completed the tower would stand at an imposing 1,492 feet tall, housing ninety-one residential units across 102 stories.Retail stores, a two-story ballroom, and a restaurant would inhabit a sky lounge located on the sixty-fourth floor. Visitors would not be confined to the indoors, however, as four cantilevered balconies would allow individuals to emerge from the sixty-fourth floor lounge and overlook Central Park. The location of the proposal is especially interesting with regard to its exterior due to the development of the surrounding area. The Khaleesi Tower, if constructed, would be one of many luxury residential towers built in Midtown Manhattan, referred to as Billionaire's Row. While the press described the Khaleesi Tower as a "sumptuous crust of carved and gilded forms," an "acid fever dream,"

masks: Gage Gage


title: Mark Foster Gage

type: original

texts:
 and "what might happen if Michelangelo was brought back to life and commissioned to design a skyscraper," the surrounding towers, like Rafael Vinoly’s 432 Park Avenue and Roger Duffy’s 252 East 57th Street have been skewered for their simple designs. <mask> himself explained that his design for the Khaleesi Tower was an attempt "to try to find a cure for the bland and featureless modern glass-box structures that you find in nearly all cities worldwide." Nicola Formichetti Store, New York City, New York (2011)
<mask> has designed a series of retail stores for fashion designer Nicola Formichetti in New York City, Hong Kong, and Beijing, which showcased selected outfits from Lady Gaga.This series of projects led to his later collaboration with Formichetti on both an outfit for Lady Gaga and a line of cosmetic products for MAC Cosmetics which were sold internationally. The Nicola Formichetti Store, a pop-up shop constructed for the 2011 New York Fashion Week, utilizes "hundreds of robotically carved mirrored facets" to create a space to display many of the fashion pieces Nicola Formichetti designed for singer Lady Gaga. Books
<mask> <mask>: Projects and Provocations (monograph). Rizzoli Press, 2018
Designing Social Equality: Architecture, Aesthetics, and the Perception of Democracy. Routledge, 2018
Aesthetics Equals Politics: New Discourses Across Art, Architecture and Philosophy. MIT Press, 2019
 Aesthetic Theory: Essential Texts for Architecture and Design. W. W. Norton & Company, 2011
Composites, Surfaces and Software: High Performance Architecture, with Greg Lynn.Yale School of Architecture, 2010

References

Theorists
Architectural theoreticians
20th-century American architects
Yale School of Architecture faculty
Yale School of Architecture alumni
University of Notre Dame alumni
Living people
1973 births
People from Omaha, Nebraska
21st-century American

masks:
Gage
Foster Gage
Mark Foster
Gage


title: Johannes Lucius

texts:
<mask> (; ; September 1604 – 11 January 1679) was a Dalmatian historian, whose greatest work is De regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae ("On the Kingdom of Dalmatia and Croatia"), which includes valuable historical sources, a bibliography and six historical maps. Due to his critical approach, he is considered the founder of Croatian historiography. Born in September 1640 in Trogir in a noble family, <mask>nis confessoris episcopi Traguriensis et eius miracula [Life of St. John the Confessor, Bishop of Trogir] (1657) is an important source of Croatian, and especially Dalmatian, history between 11th and 13th centuries. His capital work is De regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae [On the Kingdom of Dalmatia and Croatia] (1662) in which he described the history of Dalmatia between the Roman times and 1480. The book contains the genealogy of Croatian dukes and kings and six historical Illyrian maps, regarded in Croatia as "the first Croatian atlas".The best known is map no. 6, Illyricum hodiernum [Present-day Illyricum], which <mask> dedicated to the Croatian ban Petar Zrinski, later included in Blaeu's Atlas Maior. In the book Memorie istoriche di Tragurio ora detto Traù [Historical testimonies about Trogir, now called Traù], he described the history of Trogir and Dalmatia to the mid 15th century. His book Inscriptiones Dalmaticae [Dalmatian Inscriptions] (1673) contains inscriptions and epigraphic monuments from Dalmatian heritage. In addition to his many other historical works, <mask> also engaged in archeology, geography, mathematics, physics, astronomy, construction and studying of ancient Christian monuments, Roman mosaics and inscriptions. He was a member of the Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome in whose catacombs he was buried after his death in January 1679. Today, <mask> is widely regarded in Croatia as "the father of modern Croatian historiography".Life and works

<mask> was the son of <mask> ()

masks:
Johannes Lucius
Luciusoan
Lucius
Lucius
Lucius
Johannes
Peter Lucius


title: Johannes Lucius

texts: and Clara Difnico (), born in Trogir, Venetian Dalmatia (now Croatia). After some schooling in his hometown, he went to Rome, where he spent two years, and then obtained his Ph.D. in ecclesiastical and civil law in the University of Padua. He returned to Trogir, and held various offices, but he returned to Rome in 1654. There he became a member of the Fraternity of Saint Jerome, and then its president. He participated in the work of many scientific academies of his age and wrote to scientists from Dalmatia, Italy and Europe. He wrote a number of historical works in Italian and Latin. His greatest and most famous work is De regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae (The Kingdom of Dalmatia and Croatia).The book was published after the war of Candia, a critical moment for the Republic of Venice. In his book <mask> pointed out the difference between the Romance and Slavic Dalmatia, the habits of the people and the cultural borderlines. It was first printed in Amsterdam in 1666. This book provides an overview of both, the history of Dalmatia and history of Croatia, from the prehistory to the 15th century. While his predecessors and contemporaries used suppositions as much as facts, <mask> founded his estimates on genuine sources. At the end of the book, he included certain valuable historical sources and a bibliography with his comments. The book had six historical maps.One of maps, the historical map Illyricum hodiernum (today's Illyria) was dedicated by Joan Blaeu, <mask>' publisher to the Croatian ban Petar Zrinski. Since everyone was looking up to antiquity, the Zrinski believed their ancestors were Roman aristocrats. <mask> showed them that their roots reached back to the famous medieval dukes of Šubićs noble family from Bribir. <mask> participated in the dispute about the authenticity of the text of Trimalchio's Banquet by the Roman satirist Petronius, which had been found in Trogir. He also published the

masks: Lucius Lucius Lucius Lucius Lucius


title: Johannes Lucius

texts:
 history of his home town in Memoriae istoriche di Tragurio, ora detto Trau ("Trogir in Historical Literature"; 1673). He also published a book of Roman inscriptions from Dalmatia, including the inscriptions collected by the famous Croatian poet and writer Marko Marulić. Shortly before his death, <mask> prepared the Statute of Trogir for printing.<mask> was never married. He resided in Rome until his death, and was buried there, in the Church of St. Jerome. A monument was erected to his memory in 1740. Significance
<mask> was the first Dalmatian historian who critically examined and used historical sources: documents and chronicles, inscriptions and last wills. His historical methodology was far ahead of his time. He corresponded with many famous people from Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik), especially Stefano Gradi, the head of the Vatican Library. His numerous letters, revealing him as a man of integrity and a skillful writer are a valuable fresco of the conditions of his time.<mask>' work, written in a lapidary and clear style, based on critical considerations, is the cornerstone of the modern historiography about Dalmatia. Today in Croatia, <mask> is considered the father of modern contemporary Croatian historiography. Works
The following are his principal published works:
De Regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae libri sex (6 vols., Venice, 1673);
Inscriptiones Dalmaticae, notae ad memoriale Pauli de Paulo, notae ad Palladium Fuscum, addenda vel corrigenda in opere de regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae, variae lectiones Chronici Ungarici manuscripti cum editis (Venice, 1673). References

External links

Ivan Lučić <mask> - father of Croatian historiography

1604 births
1679 deaths
17th-century historians
Historians from the Republic of Venice
Croatian historians
Venetian period in the history of Croatia
University of Padua alumni
People from Trogir
History of Dalmatia
Italian-language writers
Venetian

masks:
Lucius
Lucius
Johannes Lucius
Lucius
Lucius
Lucius


title: Tehshik Yoon

texts:
<mask> (born 20 June 1975) is a Canadian-born chemist who studies the new reaction methods for organic synthesis with the use of catalysis. Yoon currently is a professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the chemistry department. For his contributions to science, he has received numerous awards including the Beckman Young Investigator Award and National Science Foundation CAREER Award. Background
<mask> was born in Montreal, Quebec and grew up in Blacksburg, VA. As an undergraduate at Harvard University, he became fascinated by organic chemistry working in the laboratories of leading experts in contemporary asymmetric synthesis. Specifically, <mask> first experienced research in David A. Evans's lab studying stereocontrolled aldol reactions. After earning his A.B. in chemistry from Harvard in 1996, he proceeded to earn his M.S.under the guidance of Erick M. Carreira, who introduced Yoon to synthesis of complex natural products through applied photochemistry. Yoon was then accepted as Dave MacMillan's first graduate student, initially at UC Berkeley and later at Caltech, where he earned his Ph.D. investigating methods to control the stereochemistry of pericyclic reactions. He returned to Harvard in 2002 as a postdoc to research the use of hydrogen bonding urea catalysts in asymmetric synthesis in the laboratory of Eric Jacobsen. Independent career
Yoon has started his independent career in 2005 in the chemistry department at the University of Wisconsin-Madison where he has been ever since. His group specializes in studying the atomic level of control and molecular shape that can be manipulated by chemical synthesis. He has a research group that studies high energy and reactive molecules which convert into more stable molecules through chemical

masks:
Tehshik Peter Yoon
Yoon
Yoon


title: Tehshik Yoon

texts:
 reactions. Such molecules include radicals and electronically organic triplets to more complex structures.Research

Yoon's research lab at the University of Wisconsin-Madison focuses on developing new reaction methods for organic synthesis, especially those involving transition metal photochemistry, stereocontrolling, and dual catalysis. Overview

In particular, Yoon's group aims to leverage the ability of visible light–absorbing transition metal complexes to catalyze synthetic reactions. They investigate various mechanisms of photocatalytic activation, which differ from complex to complex depending on reactivity patterns of intermediates and their ability to be activated by sources of white light, including sunlight. Traditionally, chemists have used high-energy UV light to activate simple organic molecules, but Yoon's group focuses instead on expanding the application of visible light sources to synthesize increasingly complex target molecules. By providing strategies for activation of organic substrates that do not require specialized high-pressure UV photolysis apparatuses, these procedures are rendered more environmentally-friendly and widely available to synthetic and organic chemists. Significant Developments

One notable process explored by Yoon's research is the generation of photoreductants by irradiation of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ that can initiate desired cycloaddition. The group proved [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 to be an efficient photocatalyst for the formal [2+2] cycloaddition of enones and yields potential for development of new reaction protocols with reduced environmental impact.<mask>'s group has also researched into crossed intermolecular [2+2] heterodimerizations, proving the possibility of using two dissimilar enone substrates to successfully produce


title: Tehshik Yoon

texts:
 quenching experiments, it displays a method to estimate the length of these chains, to determine a lower limit for these chains and to diagnose inefficient initiation steps in photoredox reactions. Yoon demonstrated that the chain processes dominated the product formation of the three photoredox transformations. Awards and honors
2015 Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Award, granted by the Alexander Von Humboldt Foundation
2013 William H. Kiekhofer Distinguished Teaching Award, presented by University of Wisconsin-Madison
2010 Eli Lilly Grantee Award, conferred by Eli Lilly & Company
2010 Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award, granted by the Camille & Henry Dreyfus Foundation
2009 Amgen Young Investigator Award, sponsored by Amgen
2009 Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship, awarded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
2008 Cottrell Scholar Award, presented by Research Corporation for Scientific Advancement (RCSA)
2008 Beckman Young Investigator Award, granted by the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation
2007 NSF CAREER Award, initiated through the National Science Foundation CAREER Awards

Personal life
Yoon is openly gay and has been a vocal advocate for greater inclusion of and support for diverse members of the STEM community throughout his career.<mask> is a long time member of the UW-Madison Committee on LGBT Issues, which he chaired between 2013 and 2014. He has also given numerous invited lectures on topics relating to being LGBTQIA+ in STEM. <mask> lives in Madison, Wisconsin with his husband, Michael Velliquette, who is an artist. References

Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
California Institute of Technology alumni
Harvard College alumni
Living people
1975 births
LGBT scientists

masks: Yoon Yoon


title: Herbert H. Clark

texts:
<mask> (born 1940) is a psycholinguist currently serving as Professor of Psychology at Stanford University. His focuses include cognitive and social processes in language use; interactive processes in conversation, from low-level disfluencies through acts of speaking and understanding to the emergence of discourse; and word meaning and word use. <mask> is known for his theory of "common ground": individuals engaged in conversation must share knowledge in order to be understood and have a meaningful conversation (<mask>, 1985). Together with Deanna Wilkes-Gibbs (1986), he also developed the collaborative model, a theory for explaining how people in conversation coordinate with one another to determine definite references. <mask>'s books include Semantics and Comprehension, Psychology and Language: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics, Arenas of Language Use and Using Language. Education and academic career
<mask>, born in 1940, attended Stanford University until 1962 and received a B.A. with distinction.He attended Johns Hopkins University for post-graduate training, where he obtained his MA and his PhD, in 1964 and in 1966 respectively. The same year he finished his PhD, he completed his post-doctoral studies at the Linguistics Institute of UCLA. He has since worked at Carnegie-Mellon University, Stanford University. Scientific career

Semantics and pragmatics
<mask>'s early work explored theories of comprehension. He found that people interpret verb phrases, particularly eponymous verb phrases, against a hierarchy of information presumed to be common knowledge between the listener and the speaker. This hierarchy of beliefs is composed of
  The identity of the eponym,
  Acts by the eponym,
  Relevant acts of the eponym, and
  The type of act being referred to. For example, when a person instructed, “Do a Napoleon for the camera,” the listener would identify Napoleon, recognize acts that were done by Napoleon (such as smiling, saying ‘fromage’, or posing for paintings), and then use the context to identify the act being referred to (tucking one's hand into one's jacket.)Listeners would begin at

masks:
Herbert Herb Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark


title: Herbert H. Clark

texts:
 level 1 with the broadest constraint and then, with each new constraint at levels 2, 3, and 4, find it easier to identify what the speaker intended as the relevant act. Listeners would proceed on a context-centered (the situation and what would be the appropriate act) or eponym-centered (the eponym what would be a relevant act) basis to get to the right meaning. Out of the requests “Please do a George Conklin for the camera,” and “Please do a Napoleon for the camera,” it would be hardest to progress past level 1 for George Conklin, presuming one may not even know who he is, and easiest to progress to level 4 for Napoleon, since of the known acts associated with him relevant ones come to mind easily. Another important finding by <mask> was that salience is necessary for two people to understand exactly what is being referred to. Napoleon did eat and sleep during his lifetime, but saying, “Do a Napoleon at the kitchen table,” to mean “eat” would create comprehension problems, because the salience of the act is limited. Irony
In his study of irony, <mask> examined the pretense theory, which states that two speakers in a conversation do not announce the pretense they make when speaking with irony, but do nevertheless expect the listener to see through it. Thus, common ground must be had by both speakers in order for the effect of irony to work.Irony contains three important features: asymmetry of affect, victims of irony, and ironic tone of voice. Asymmetry of affect speaks to the higher likelihood of making ironic positive statements (“What a smart idea!” to a bad idea) than ironic negative statements (“What a stupid idea!” to a good one). Since those who are ignorant of irony would be more likely to cling to the general tendency of seeing the world in terms of success and excellence, these are the people that ironists pretend to be. Victims of irony are the people in conversation presumed not to understand the irony, such as the person that the speaker is pretending to be, or the person that could be the listener who wouldn't understand the irony in the speech. The ironic tone of voice is the voice a

masks: Clark Clark


title: Herbert H. Clark

texts:
 speaker takes on in lieu of his own in order to fully convey the pretense. Ironic tones of voices tend to be exaggerated and caricatured, like taking on a heavily conspiratorial voice when discussing a widely known piece of gossip. The Mention Theory of irony states that sentences or phrases that are used in ironic speech are not being used, but are rather being mentioned.An example of this would be a person taking on the pretense of being a weatherman on the local news and saying, “What lovely weather it is! Rain, rain, and rain,” with an exaggerated enthusiastic voice and not explicit statement of whom she's referencing. The speaker would not be using a sentence, in this case, but rather she would be mentioning what she has heard the weatherman say before. Taking on the pretense of an oblivious weatherman and saying, “What lovely weather it is!” when it is storming and dark outside is making mention of a phrase previously said by weathermen and expressing contempt toward it. Speech acts
One of <mask>'s better-known studies was on how to make requests that overcome an obstacle to compliance. In making requests, speakers analyze the greatest potential obstacle they see to getting the information that they want, and frame their requests in a way that overcomes them in the easiest manner possible. They can frame the request in 3 different ways: to design an indirect request conditional on the absence or elimination of the obstacle, to make broadly applicable conditional requests, or to approach an obstacle sideways.For example, if a speaker wants to know the time of the concert he is attending with his friend, he knows his friend may not remember. He will therefore make an indirect request conditional on the elimination of the obstacle and ask, “Do you remember what time the concert is tonight?” which will mean “Do you remember what time the concert is, and can you tell me?” Therefore, if the friend does not remember, he can simply answer “no.”

The second way is illustrated in more frequent and general situations where the obstacle isn't well known or specific. So if the speaker were to ask a


title: Herbert H. Clark

texts:
 that's not a dog, that's a weasel), then A has to reissue the reference. Completing the acceptance process may take several exchanges between the speakers. <mask> later developed his theory on discourse and how each speaker, or contributor, takes part in it with his or her partners.The most important element of common ground in discourse, he found, was the mutual understanding of each utterance by all partners. If speaker A makes an utterance that he believes will create common ground with speaker B but speaker B misheard it or misunderstood it, no progress on common ground has been made. A contribution can be made in two ways: collectively and individually. Both A and B adding what A said to their common ground is a collective act. A contributing and B registering the contribution are two distinctive individual acts. Therefore, discourse does not progress until both collectively and individually the discourse partners have accepted new references and established them as common ground. If A assumes the contribution was successful and adds what he said to the common ground he may continue to build upon what he believes was established, but B has not registered the contribution correctly, then they'll have to start over until all three steps are satisfied.One assumption of this model is the principle of least collaborative effort: participants in a contribution try to minimize the total effort spent on that contribution, both in the presentation and acceptance phases. The fewer exchanges between A and B to clarify references, the more successfully the common ground is being built. Common ground and grounding
<mask> began his work in common ground with studying the references in conversation between experts and novices. To develop references in discourse, speakers try to establish the mutual belief that all speakers understand the references to a criterion that is sufficient for the purpose of continuing the discourse. In a conversation between a physician and his patient, for example, the doctor may request, “Contract your deltoid,” making reference to a technical term that the patient may not know.


title: Herbert H. Clark

texts: If the patient doesn't know, he will ask, “My deltoid?” and the doctor will clarify, “Raise your right arm.” If the patient does know the reference, he will comply immediately. Throughout these exchanges, speakers supply and acquire expertise.<mask> test summarized the process into 3 stages: assessing (directly or in passing finding out the expertise level of the discourse partner), supplying (experts who are addressing novices can expand their contribution to explain the reference), and acquiring expertise (novices speaking to experts acquire knowledge and fill in the gaps during conversation). Perspective is also important to the conversations between experts and novices; as experts gain more expertise their understanding of the topic becomes more broad and abstract, taking on organization that novices cannot follow. When explaining certain concepts to novices, experts also have to take on the perspectives of novices to make the most effective references. In a different study, <mask> showed how coordinating beliefs in conversation shapes the effectiveness of references. When speaker A and speaker B are conversing, the references they use build common ground and allow them to make shorter inferences upon repeated use. So while the first reference may be “the dog with the pink leash next to the birch tree,” the second reference may become “the dog near the birch tree”, and the third may be “the birch tree dog”. But when a conversation partner C only listens to the conversation between A and B and doesn't participate, the references made earlier (although he heard all of them) are not as efficient when C switches places with B.As a matter of fact, he is treated like a novice in the conversation, despite having heard A and B use the references previously. Thus speakers redevelop common ground with new partners and create new references that both were presented with and accepted. Most recently <mask> studied how speakers monitor their addresses for understanding when giving directions, making references, or developing common ground. In a study where subjects used Legos to build copies of a prototype,

masks: Clark Clark Clark


title: Herbert H. Clark

texts:
 subjects were divided into builders and those who were instructing the building. Some were able to see each other clearly as well as each other's workspaces, while others’ views were obstructed in some way. The pairs of partners who could clearly see each other and the instructing and the building that was happening had more success with their process than the pairs who could not see each other. The ability to see the builder's workspace enabled the instructor to nod, point, and otherwise aid the builder in precise and efficient ways.Those who couldn't see the workspace made more errors, due to lack of affirmation by the instructor and the inability to check how successfully they were following directions. Lastly, those who listened to the instructions from an audiotape without an instructor present were even less efficient with their building. This finding demonstrated how a conversation is a collaborative process, and that speakers and listeners work together to achieve a common goal. The ability to interact to maintain common ground throughout discourse or any communicational process allows for both parties to feel like they're keeping up. Addressees and overhearers
Similarly to the Lego study, <mask> examined the differences in understanding and compliance between addressees and overhearers. In an experiment where one person told another person how to arrange 12 complex figures and a third person listened in, and all began the conversation as strangers with equal background information. Nevertheless, addressees were more accurate at following the directions and arranging the figures than the overhearers even though they heard exactly the same things.From this, <mask> concluded that the social process of interacting in conversation plays a central role in the cognitive process of understanding. If hearing the same words were enough to understand the directions, addresses and overhearers would have performed similarly. Since they did not, there is cause to conclude that understanding is part of a collaborative process. The process of grounding in a conversation happens at the point where both A


title: Herbert H. Clark

texts:
 and B find a perspective they can agree on. If C, the overhearer, understands this perspective then he keeps up; if he does not, then he is left behind. Since he's an overhearer, his understanding does not affect whether A and B continue on, and while they continue to build common ground for the remainder of the conversation, C is not following or understanding them. Disfluencies and strategies in speaking
<mask> worked with Jean E. Fox Tree to study the pronunciation of ‘the’ and ‘thee’ and their use in signaling problems while speaking.What they found was that the shorter pronunciation of ‘the’, phonetically thuh, was used far less frequently to show a problem in speech production. Only 7% of  were followed by a suspension of speech due to articulation errors, word retrieval, or choice of message consideration. However, the longer pronunciation, , was used 81% of the time to signal an immediate oncoming pause. was frequently followed by a pause and reformulation of speech and could also foreshadow the use of thuh before speech resumed its regular pace. 20% of the time  is used, speakers can repair the problem in time and continue without further disruption, but 80% of the time they deal with the problem by pausing, repeating the article, repairing what they were about to say, or abandoning the original plans for speech altogether. A similar study by the same researchers examined ‘uh’ and ‘um’ in spontaneous speaking. Like  and thuh, um and uh signal varying degrees of delay, which um creating a major pause and uh creating a minor one.Because of how they are incorporated into speech, such as specifically put to use at certain pauses in speech, attached as clitics onto other words, and prolonged for additional meaning, they have become a part of spontaneous speech that have meaning. What they argued was that um and uh are conventional English words and speakers plan for them, formulate them, and produce them just like any other vocabulary. Joint actions
Conversations as joint projects were where <mask> explored vertical and horizontal transitions prompted by dialogue. A horizontal transition, for


title: Herbert H. Clark

texts:
 example, would be speaker A beginning a stage of a conversation about a car he and speaker B saw. Until speaker B understands the car being referenced, the exchange will be horizontal within the same joint project of understanding the reference. Once B recognizes the reference and the car is no longer the joint action of the speakers, they have made a vertical transition in dialogue. <mask> proposed that m-hm, uh-huh, yeah, yes, and yep are all horizontal markers that do not interrupt the flow of the joint activity.They are used as continuers and display to the speaker that the listener is following the exchange and the speaker still has the floor. As long as horizontal markers are used, they are allowing the current speaker to continue with their action. Once the speaker's action is interrupted with side projects, such as clarifying what model car is being discussed or where it was seen, a vertical transition was made and is completed once the original speaker has the floor again. A digression by speaker can cause a vertical transition as well: by the way and as a matter of fact, and exits from the transition are prompted by anyway and so. Some words, like okay are universally used for a variety of transitions, like digression, vertical transition, and horizontal transition. Speakers understand and use these markers seamlessly and precisely in conversation to coordinate joint actions and maintain common ground for future direct reference. Language use and language users.In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds. ), Handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., pp. 179–231). New York: Harper and Row. <mask>, H. H., 1996. Using Language. Cambridge University Press, hardbound, , paperbound,

External links
 Personal website

Living people
Cognitive psychologists
Psycholinguists
Fellows of the Society of Experimental Psychologists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Stanford University Department of Psychology faculty
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Stanford University alumni
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
1940 births
People from Stanford, California
Fellows of the


title: Paz de la Huerta

texts:
<mask>ía <mask> (; born September 3, 1984), know professionally as <mask>, is an American actress and model. She had roles in the films The Cider House Rules (1999) and A Walk to Remember (2002), and played Lucy Danziger in the HBO drama series Boardwalk Empire. Early life
<mask>a was raised by her mother, with her older sister <mask> (born November 5, 1981), in the New York City neighborhood of SoHo, located in Lower Manhattan. Her parents are Spanish nobleman <mask>, 14th Duke of Mandas, Grandee of Spain and Judith Bruce. <mask>a was born with recurrent cystic hygroma under her arm, which she has had treated with multiple surgeries. Her mother worked as an authority on birth control and women's issues in Third World countries. She attended private Saint Ann's School in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, with fellow student and future fashion designer, Zac Posen, for whom she has since modeled.She also attended the performing arts camp Buck's Rock. <mask> Huerta spent summers with her father in Spain while attending high school. Career
<mask> Huerta began modeling in her adolescence and became a runway model before transitioning into film. She made her film debut with a small role in the 1998 romantic comedy The Object of My Affection, and the next year appeared opposite Michael Caine and Charlize Theron in The Cider House Rules. In 2002, she appeared opposite Shane West and Mandy Moore in A Walk to Remember, an American coming-of-age romantic drama film based on the <mask>' novel. In 2007, <mask> <mask> was cast in the role of Linda for the film Enter the Void, a psychedelic melodrama set in neon-lit nightclub environments of Tokyo. Director Gaspar Noé found her after holding auditions in New York City."I met <mask> and I really liked her. She had the profile for the character because she likes screaming, crying, showing herself naked—all the qualities for

masks:
María de la Paz Elizabeth Sof
Adriana de la Huerta y Bruce
Paz de la Huerta
De la Huert
Rafaela de la Paz
Inigo de la Huerta y Ozores
De la Huert
De la
De la
Nicholas Sparks
de la
Huerta
Paz


title: Paz de la Huerta

texts: it." In 2009, <mask> <mask> was cast in the HBO pilot Boardwalk Empire, set in Atlantic City during the Prohibition era, as Enoch "Nucky" Thompson's mistress, a former Ziegfeld Follies dancer. Boardwalk Empire was renewed for a second season, with <mask> Huerta returning as Lucy. Discussing the second season she said; "The first season was very different from the second season. With the first season, nobody really knew how the show was going to be received. With the second season, we had gotten lots of accolades and great reviews, so it was work, work, work, where we were shooting two episodes at a time."After the second season ended, <mask> <mask> and fellow co-stars Michael Pitt, Aleksa <mask>, and Dabney Coleman all departed the cast. In 2012, she commented on her departure from the series, stating she wanted to put her focus on other things. In 2013, she commented on how she would like to return to the hit series. "I’m still close with the producers. Terry (Terence Winter) always says it's possible for me to come back." Also adding; "I would love to come back with Lucy as a loving, doting mother." In 2011, Lana Del Rey, an American singer, received widespread attention when the music video for her single "Video Games" became a viral internet sensation.The video—directed and edited by Del Rey—included paparazzi footage of <mask> Huerta falling down while intoxicated. When asked if she was upset about the video, <mask> Huerta stated, "No, no. I don't get hung up about anything really. That's insignificant. I didn't really care." In April 2011, she was sued by MTV reality show actress Samantha Swetra after an altercation at a bar. <mask> Huerta was arrested, issued a desk appearance ticket, and released.In July 2011, she pleaded guilty to harassment and, in exchange, misdemeanor charges against her were reduced to a non-criminal violation. A judge ordered her

masks:
de la
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de la
de la
Huerta
Palladino
de la
de la
De la


title: Paz de la Huerta

texts: to complete 12 weeks of alcohol counseling, one day of community service, and to stay away from Swetra. In July 2011, <mask> <mask> signed on to play Abby Russell, the protagonist in the horror film Nurse 3D. A sequel for Nurse had been rumored by <mask> Huerta on her Twitter page with her stating that Nurse 2 would start shooting soon. However, In 2015, it was reported that <mask> <mask> was suing the filmmakers, for ruining her career and injuring her when a speeding ambulance driven by a stunt driver struck her while shooting. She was the cover model in Playboy in 2013. In 2014, she completed filming in Las Vegas for the movie Death in the Desert, cast as Margo and co-starring with Michael Madsen and <mask> Beesley.She also had a supporting role in the Canadian horror film The Editor. She later appeared in Louis Theroux's 2015 documentary My Scientology Movie when she "crashed" an interview. The next year, <mask> <mask> played Pepper in the drama film Bare, opposite Dianna Agron. The film follows a young woman living in a small desert town in Nevada, who becomes romantically involved with a female drifter who leads her into a life of drugs, stripping, and psychedelic spiritual experiences. Director Natalia Leite wanted to cast two women who were willing to be totally raw and exposed on camera in the leading roles. She stated: "I wanted to find two women who were very different from each other to put those two contrasting energies together." The film had a world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 19, 2015.Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that <mask> <mask> was perfectly cast for her role as Pepper, though the film has a "mundane storyline." John Stewart of The Slanted wrote, "The film is an wonderful departure for Glee’s Dianna Agron and her performance with <mask> <mask>a is sure to spark a lot more work in the future for both rising

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de la
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Shayla
de la
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de la
Huerta
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title: Paz de la Huerta

texts:
 stars." Me Too movement
<mask> <mask>, at the height of the Me Too movement, said in an interview with Vanity Fair that movie mogul Harvey Weinstein raped her on two occasions in 2010, once after demanding to enter her apartment and have a drink, and once showing up after she  had been subjected to repeated phone calls and had been drinking. <mask> Huerta came forward to police in 2017, within the New York state statute of limitations for rape in the first degree, and the New York District Attorney's Office was considering bringing charges against Weinstein. While charges have yet to be filed in <mask> <mask>'s case, Weinstein has been charged in New York with the rape of another woman. More than 75 women have accused Weinstein of sexual abuse; he has denied all allegations. In November 2018, <mask> Huerta filed a $60 million lawsuit in Los Angeles Superior Court accusing Weinstein of raping her in 2010 and then embarking on a campaign of harassment that she contends damaged her career.Personal life
<mask> Huerta lived in New York City in an apartment on Gay Street, and then moved into an apartment adjacent to her mother in the Tribeca neighborhood. She has a cobra tattooed in one leg and a crown in an arm, the latter as a tribute to her lineage. Filmography

Films

Television

Music videos

References

External links

 <mask> <mask>a: Behind the Nude, article at Focus Features' website
 Are You Ready for <mask>?, article at New York magazine's website
 Interview with <mask> <mask> by Imagine Fashion

1984 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from New York City
American child actresses
Female models from New York (state)
American film actresses
American people of Spanish descent
American people of Basque descent
American television actresses
People from SoHo, Manhattan
Saint Ann's School (Brooklyn)

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Huerta
De la
de la
Huerta
de la
De la
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Paz
Paz de
la Huerta


title: Masato Honda

texts:
<mask> (本田雅人, born November 13, 1962), is a Japanese saxophone player, composer, and multi-instrumentalist. Born in Nakamura City, Kochi Prefecture (now Shimanto City), he graduated from Kunitachi College of Music. He is most well known for being a member of the band T-Square and appearing on Cowboy Bebop's soundtrack with The Seatbelts. Biography

Early life and career
<mask> started playing the saxophone in the 3rd grade under the influence of his father, after trying out both the flute and clarinet. During his high school years at the Kochi Prefectural Nakamura High School he participated in a pop band where he played guitar and sang. Afterwards, he went to Kunitachi College of Music, where he studied classical saxophone until he won the 14th Yamano Big Band Jazz Contest in 1983. Afterwards, he turned his focus to jazz and fusion styles.In 1985, he graduated from Kunitachi College of Music at the top of his class and joined Nobuo Hara's Sharps and Flats. Afterwards, he worked as a session musician, notably working with Toshiki Kadomatsu, Hiroshi Sato, and the Katsumi Horii Project, and formed the group WITNESS with Masaharu Ishikawa and Jun Kajiwara. T-Square
The 1990 live, T-Square Live (featuring F1 Grand Prix Theme) theme was Honda's first time working with T-Square as a session musician. The then-current saxophonist Takeshi Itoh stepped down from the group to pursue a solo career soon after. <mask> debuted

masks:
Masato Honda
Masato Honda
Honda


title: Masato Honda

texts:
 as an official member in T-Square Live - "Farewell & Welcome" in 1991, which was Itoh's official send-off from the group. Prior to this, <mask> began recording his first studio album with T-Square in January 1991, New-S, where he composed the opening track, Megalith. It would release on March 21 that same year.Also in 1991, the group recorded the album Refreshest as T-Square and Friends, the first album under that name. It was composedly mainly of arrangements of previous songs, one of which was a version of It's Magic. Following the death of racing legend Ayrton Senna in 1994, T-Square released SOLITUDE, also as T-Square and Friends. David Liebman, Michael Brecker, and Mike Stern joined T-Square and Friends for the album Miss you in New York in 1995. After the album Blue in Red, <mask> left T-Square for unknown reasons and pursued a solo career. He participated in the 20th Anniversary Performance at Yaon de Asobu, and Farewell & Welcome Live 1998, which was recorded on April 28, 1998 and released on VHS the following July. Berklee alum Takahiro Miyazaki replaced him starting with the album Gravity, however Honda still contributed to it, playing on the song Japanese Soul Brothers.Other work
Honda has participated in the works of Shiro Sagisu, Ringo Sheena, Hiroshi Sato, Toshiki Kadomatsu, L'Arc-en-Ciel, Kukeiha Club, FictionJunction, Kohei Tanaka, Motoaki Furukawa, SunSet Swish, Nana Mizuki, Aiko, Yuji Toriyama,

masks: Honda Honda


title: Masato Honda

texts:
 <mask> has also been a member of the Blue Note Tokyo All-Star Jazz Orchestra that Miyashiro leads. <mask> has been in a number of other fusion acts besides T-Square such as Four of a Kind, which participated in the 2004 JVC Jazz Festival in Seoul, and Voice of Elements, which live-streamed performances because of the COVID-19 pandemic. In his 2008 solo album, Across the Groove, he featured jazz keyboardist Bob James. Also significant is his second solo album, Carry Out, in which he played every instrument and composed every song on the record. <mask> is a visiting professor at Showa University of Music. He was previously employed by Kunitachi College of Music as a professor of saxophone and jazz.His name was removed from the faculty list in 2020. Instruments
Honda has experience on a variety of instruments. Aside from the four main soprano, alto, tenor and baritone saxophones he has been observed playing the clarinet, flute, EWI, guitar, bass guitar, keyboards, trumpet, flugelhorn, trombone, and recorder. He also has ability as a jazz scat singer. On the alto saxophone he uses a refaced 7* Yanagisawa mouthpiece, as well as a model made specifically for him by the brand Saxz, and a Meyer 5M. He used a Selmer Mark VII saxophone for most of his career, but switched to the more renowned Mark VI at some point in the 2010s For his time in T-Square during the 90s, he primarily used a synthetic Fibracell reed, but now uses

masks: Honda Honda Honda


title: Masato Honda

texts:
 Vandoren's Green Java reeds. Discography

As leader
 Growin (A-Pro C&C, 1998)
 Carry Out (JVC, 1999)
 Real-Fusion (JVC, 2000)
 Illusion (JVC, 2000)
 Cross Hearts (JVC, 2001)
 What is Fusion (JVC, 2001)
 Crowded Colors (JVC, 2003)
 Assemble a Crew (JVC, 2004)
 Masato <mask> with Voice of Elements (Kang & Music, 2006)
 Across the Groove (RCA, 2008)
 Solid State Funk (Sony, 2009)
 Saxes Street (GRP, 2015)

With T-Square
 T-Square Live - Featuring F-1 Grand Prix Theme (1990)
 New-S (1991)
 T-Square Live - Farewell & Welcome (1991)
 Megalith (1991)
 Refreshest (1991)
 Impressive (1992)
 Human (1993)
 Summer Planet (1994)
 SOLITUDE (1994)
 Welcome to the Rose Garden (1995)
 Miss you in New York (1995)
 T-Square and Friends Live in Tokyo (1995)
 B.C.A.D.(1996)
 Blue in Red (1997)
 Farewell & Welcome Live 1998 (1998)
 20th Anniversary Performance at Yaon de Asobu (1998)
Gravity (1998)

With Four of a Kind

 Introducing Four of a Kind (2002)
 Four of a Kind (2002)
 Four of a Kind Live At Blue Note Tokyo And Osaka Blue Note (2002)
Four of a Kind II (2004)

With Witness

 Witness (1988)
 Witness Live (2005)

With B.B. Station

 B.B. Station Live at Roppongi Pit Inn (2000)
 Jazz'n Out Marlene Meets Masato <mask> (2007)

See also

 T-Square (band)
 Casiopea
 Eric Marienthal

References

1962 births
Living people
Japanese jazz composers
Japanese musicians
Japanese saxophonists
Japanese jazz saxophonists
Japanese jazz


title: Darren Murphy

texts:
<mask> (born 28 July 1985) is an Irish football manager and former footballer who played as a midfielder. He is the manager of League of Ireland First Division club Cobh Ramblers. <mask> started his playing career at Cobh Ramblers, progressing through the club's youth system before breaking into the first team during the 2003 season. He then joined Cork City in 2007, and spent two seasons at the club. In December 2008, he joined Stevenage and helped the team win the FA Trophy in his first season there. <mask> was part of the Stevenage team that earned back-to-back promotions from the Conference Premier into League One. He was released by Stevenage when his contract expired in May 2012.He subsequently joined Port Vale on a free transfer two months later. <mask> signed for Macclesfield Town in January 2013, but returned to Ireland two weeks later after tearing his calf muscle. Injury would disrupt the latter stages of his career, spending time with Woking in September 2013, before returning to Cork City two months later. He rejoined Cobh Ramblers in February 2015 and also played once for Avondale United. <mask> made the transition from playing to coaching, spending time as first-team coach at Cobh Ramblers, before being appointed as the team's under-19 manager in February 2021. After becoming interim manager of the first team in July 2021, <mask> was appointed first-team manager in September 2021. Early life
Born in Cork, Republic of Ireland, he is a native of Carrignavar.<mask> combined playing football alongside serving his electrical apprenticeship in Cork from 2003 to 2006. Playing career
<mask> started his career at Irish club Cobh Ramblers, as part of the club's youth system. He made his senior debut for Cobh Ramblers in an FAI Cup match against Shamrock Rovers in August 2002, three weeks after he had turned 17. <mask> suffered a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament during his time with the club, recovering from the injury to play 77 times over five years, scoring nine goals. <mask> signed for Cork City on a two-year contract in February 2007. He played regularly in the first

masks:
Darren Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy


title: Darren Murphy

texts:
 team during the latter stages of the 2007 season, making 32 appearances. Financial issues forced Cork City into examinership in <mask>'s second season with the club and he left the club when his contract expired at the end of the 2008 season.Stevenage
<mask> was offered a one-week trial with English Conference Premier club Stevenage in December 2008, which proved successful, signing for the club on a short-term contract on 16 December 2008. <mask> made his Stevenage debut in a 3–0 victory against Lewes at Broadhall Way. He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 win against Kettering Town, scoring from close-range to restore parity in the match. He made 20 appearances for the club during the 2008–09 season, during which he was sent-off twice in matches against Kidderminster Harriers and Cambridge United; the latter was rescinded. This meant that <mask> was able to play in the club's 2–0 FA Trophy Final victory against York City at Wembley Stadium on 9 May 2009, a competition in which he started six games. He played 24 times during the 2009–10 season as Stevenage won promotion to the Football League for the first time in the club's history. <mask> played his first game of the 2010–11 season on 9 August 2010, starting in Stevenage's 2–1 defeat to Portsmouth in the League Cup, scoring Stevenage's goal with a shot from outside the area that was deflected in.He was substituted at half-time after suffering a dislocated shoulder, and was ruled out of first-team action for a month. <mask> broke his leg whilst playing for Stevenage's reserve team against Colchester United reserves in September 2010. He underwent surgery on the injury and the club stated he would likely miss the remainder of the season. <mask> returned to the first team in the club's 1–0 away victory at Wycombe Wanderers on 12 March 2011, playing the first half of the match. He played nine games during the 2010–11 season, scoring once. This included three appearances in the 2010–11 League Two play-offs following Stevenage's sixth-placed finish. Following a 3–0 aggregate victory over Accrington Stanley, Stevenage earned

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy


title: Darren Murphy

texts:
 promotion to League One after a 1–0 victory against Torquay United at Old Trafford on 28 May 2011, with <mask> coming on as a 57th-minute substitute in the match.After making no first-team appearances during the first half of Stevenage's 2011–12 season due to a "succession of little injuries", <mask> joined League Two club Aldershot Town on a one-month loan agreement on 10 February 2012. He made his debut four days later in Aldershot's 1–0 home victory against Hereford United, Aldershot's first home win since December 2011. He made two further appearances during the loan, and returned to Stevenage in March 2012. <mask> struggled with hamstring, groin and ankle injuries and was not involved in the latter stages of Stevenage's season, making no appearances for the team during the season. He was released by Stevenage when his contract expired in May 2012. <mask> made 53 appearances in all competitions during his three years with the club. Port Vale
<mask> signed for League Two club Port Vale on a free transfer on 2 July 2012, signing a one-year contract.He made his debut from the substitute's bench on 25 August 2012, replacing Chris Shuker 74 minutes into a 3–1 victory over Morecambe at the Globe Arena. <mask> struggled with hamstring problems whilst the team moved up to second in the league table in his absence. He eventually made his full debut on 20 October 2012, in a 4–1 home victory against Wycombe Wanderers. On making his return to fitness, he speculated that "if there was a hell for footballers that's what you'd do, sit in the stand watching games injured." <mask> made only his third appearance of the season against Rochdale on 6 November 2012, but having entered the game as a substitute he was forced off injured after only a few minutes due to a recurrence of his calf injury. He left the club by mutual consent on 8 January 2013. Return to Non-League
Having initially planned on returning to Ireland, <mask> received a contract offer from Conference Premier club Macclesfield Town.He accepted the offer on 31 January 2013, signing a contract lasting until the end of the 2012–13

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy


title: Darren Murphy

texts:
 season. Two weeks into his time at Macclesfield, he tore his calf muscle in training and on 13 February 2013, having made no appearances for the club, his contract was cancelled by mutual consent. He returned to Ireland and trained with former club Cork City. <mask> wanted to resume his playing career in England and spoke to Graham Westley, his former manager at Stevenage, who agreed for him to spend pre-season at the club ahead of the 2013–14 season. He arranged with Westley to "play some games for another club, to regain my confidence and then return to Stevenage". He subsequently signed for Woking of the Conference Premier on 24 September 2013. He made his Woking debut the same day his signing was announced, playing the first 68 minutes in a 4–0 home defeat to Luton Town at Kingfield Stadium.<mask> made three appearances for Woking before injury curtailed his time at the club. Return to Ireland
<mask> returned to Cork City on a free transfer on 16 November 2013. He made his first appearance back at Cork on 10 March 2014, starting in a 4–0 home victory over Limerick in the League of Ireland Cup. <mask> made five appearances for the club during a season disrupted by injuries as Cork finished the 2014 season in second place in the League of Ireland Premier Division. He dislocated his shoulder in a pre-season friendly against Birmingham City in July 2014 and notified Cork City manager John Caulfield of his decision to retire from playing after the match. Having recovered from the shoulder injury, <mask> was offered the chance to come out of retirement and rejoin Cobh Ramblers of the League of Ireland First Division in February 2015, which he accepted, making one appearance towards the latter stages of the 2015 season. <mask> remained at Cobh Ramblers for just over two years, making eight first-team appearances during his second spell with the club.He also played once for Avondale United of the Munster Senior League in April 2017, appearing in a 2–0 League of Ireland Cup defeat against his former employers, Cobh Ramblers, on 4 April 2017. <mask> retired from playing and made the


title: Darren Murphy

texts:
 transition into coaching. Coaching career
During his playing career, <mask> combined his playing role alongside acting as a community and academy coach at Stevenage in 2011. He also served as a community coach at Port Vale. He earned his UEFA B Licence in 2017 and was issued his UEFA A Licence in 2019. <mask> was appointed as first-team coach at Cobh Ramblers in January 2015, a position he held until October 2016. He was appointed as manager of the Cobh Ramblers under-19 team in February 2021.He was named as interim manager of the Cobh Ramblers first team until the end of the season on 23 July 2021, following the exit of previous manager Stuart Ashton. He was given the role on a permanent basis on 16 September 2021, signing a contract until the end of the 2023 season. Style of play
<mask> was deployed as a midfielder throughout his career. His role in midfield was predominantly as a defensive midfielder, where he was tasked with breaking up opposition play. <mask> described himself as "never the best player", and what he lacked in the technical aspects of the game, he "compensated for" with his work ethic. Described as "an energetic, combative midfielder" and "tough-tackling", <mask> stated that his physical style of play contributed to the number of injuries he sustained during his playing career. Career statistics

A.The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals (including those as a substitute) in the FA Trophy, play-offs and FAI Cup. Honours
Stevenage
 FA Trophy: 2008–09; runner-up: 2009–10
 Conference Premier: 2009–10
 League Two play-offs: 2010–11

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Association footballers from Cork (city)
Republic of Ireland association footballers
Association football midfielders
Cobh Ramblers F.C. players
Cork City F.C. players
Stevenage F.C. players
Aldershot Town F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Macclesfield Town F.C.players
Woking F.C. players
League of Ireland players
National League (English football) players
English Football League players
Republic of Ireland football managers
Cobh Ramblers F.C. managers
League of

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy


title: Angela Davis

texts: <mask> (born January 26, 1944) is an American political activist, philosopher, academic, scholar, and author. She is a professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz. A Marxist, <mask> was a longtime member of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and is a founding member of the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism (CCDS). She is the author of over ten books on class, feminism, race, and the US prison system. Born to an African-American family in Birmingham, Alabama, <mask> studied French at Brandeis University and philosophy at the University of Frankfurt in West Germany. Studying under the philosopher Herbert Marcuse, a prominent figure in the Frankfurt School, <mask> became increasingly engaged in far-left politics. Returning to the United States, she studied at the University of California, San Diego, before moving to East Germany, where she completed a doctorate at the Humboldt University of Berlin.After returning to the United States, she joined the Communist Party and became involved in numerous causes, including the second-wave feminist movement and the campaign against the Vietnam War. In 1969, she was hired as an acting assistant professor of philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). UCLA's governing Board of Regents soon fired her due to her Communist Party membership; after a court ruled this illegal, the university fired her again, this time for her use of inflammatory language. In 1970, guns belonging to <mask> were used in an armed takeover of a courtroom in Marin County, California, in which four people were killed. Prosecuted for three capital felonies, including conspiracy to murder, she was held in jail for

masks:
Angela Yvonne Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis


title: Angela Davis

texts:
 over a year before being acquitted of all charges in 1972. She visited Eastern Bloc countries in the 1970s and, during the 1980s, was twice the Communist Party's candidate for vice president; at the time, she also held the position of professor of ethnic studies at San Francisco State University. Much of her work focused on the abolition of prisons and in 1997, she co-founded Critical Resistance, an organization working to abolish the prison–industrial complex.In 1991, amid the dissolution of the Soviet Union, she was part of a faction in the Communist Party that broke away to establish the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism. Also in 1991, she joined the feminist studies department at the University of California, Santa Cruz, where she became department director before retiring in 2008. Since then she has continued to write and remained active in movements such as Occupy and the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign. <mask> has received various awards, including the Soviet Union's Lenin Peace Prize. Accused of supporting political violence, she has sustained criticism from the highest levels of the US government. She has also been criticized for supporting the Soviet Union and its satellites. <mask> has been inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.In 2020, she was listed as the 1971 "Woman of the Year" in Time magazine's "100 Women of the Year" edition, which selected iconic women over the 100 years since women's suffrage in the United States of America from 1920. In 2020, she was included on Times list of the 100 most influential people in the world. Early life
<mask> was born on January 26, 1944, in Birmingham, Alabama. Her family

masks:
Davis
Davis
Angela Davis


title: Angela Davis

texts: lived in the "Dynamite Hill" neighborhood, which was marked in the 1950s by the bombings of houses in an attempt to intimidate and drive out middle-class black people who had moved there. <mask> occasionally spent time on her uncle's farm and with friends in New York City. Her siblings include two brothers, Ben and Reginald, and a sister, Fania. Ben played defensive back for the Cleveland Browns and Detroit Lions in the late 1960s and early 1970s.<mask> attended Carrie A. Tuggle School, a segregated black elementary school, and later, Parker Annex, a middle-school branch of Parker High School in Birmingham. During this time, <mask>'s mother, Sallye <mask>, was a national officer and leading organizer of the Southern Negro Youth Congress, an organization influenced by the Communist Party aimed at building alliances among African Americans in the South. <mask> grew up surrounded by communist organizers and thinkers, who significantly influenced her intellectual development. <mask> was involved in her church youth group as a child, and attended Sunday school regularly. She attributes much of her political involvement to her involvement with the Girl Scouts of the United States of America. She also participated in the Girl Scouts 1959 national roundup in Colorado. As a Girl Scout, she marched and picketed to protest racial segregation in Birmingham.By her junior year of high school, <mask> had been accepted by an American Friends Service Committee (Quaker) program that placed black students from the South in integrated schools in the North. She chose Elisabeth Irwin High School in Greenwich Village. There she was recruited by a communist youth group, Advance.

masks:
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Bell Davis
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title: Angela Davis

texts:
 Education

Brandeis University
<mask> was awarded a scholarship to Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, where she was one of three black students in her class. She encountered the Frankfurt School philosopher Herbert Marcuse at a rally during the Cuban Missile Crisis and became his student. In a 2007 television interview, <mask> said, "Herbert Marcuse taught me that it was possible to be an academic, an activist, a scholar, and a revolutionary." She worked part-time to earn enough money to travel to France and Switzerland and attended the eighth World Festival of Youth and Students in Helsinki.She returned home in 1963 to a Federal Bureau of Investigation interview about her attendance at the communist-sponsored festival. During her second year at Brandeis, <mask> decided to major in French and continued her intensive study of philosopher and writer Jean-Paul Sartre. She was accepted by the Hamilton College Junior Year in France Program. Classes were initially at Biarritz and later at the Sorbonne. In Paris, she and other students lived with a French family. She was in Biarritz when she learned of the 1963 Birmingham church bombing, committed by members of the Ku Klux Klan, in which four black girls were killed. She grieved deeply as she was personally acquainted with the victims.While completing her degree in French, <mask> realized that her primary area of interest was philosophy. She was particularly interested in Marcuse's ideas. On returning to Brandeis, she sat in on his course. She wrote in her autobiography that Marcuse was approachable and helpful. She began making plans to attend the University of Frankfurt for graduate work in philosophy. In 1965,

masks: Davis Davis Davis Davis


title: Angela Davis

texts:
 she graduated magna cum laude, a member of Phi Beta Kappa. University of Frankfurt

In Germany, with a monthly stipend of $100, she lived first with a German family and later with a group of students in a loft in an old factory.After visiting East Berlin during the annual May Day celebration, she felt that the East German government was dealing better with the residual effects of fascism than were the West Germans. Many of her roommates were active in the radical Socialist German Student Union (SDS), and <mask> participated in some SDS actions. Events in the United States, including the formation of the Black Panther Party and the transformation of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to an all-black organization, drew her interest upon her return. Postgraduate work
Marcuse had moved to a position at the University of California, San Diego, and <mask> followed him there after her two years in Frankfurt. <mask> traveled to London to attend a conference on "The Dialectics of Liberation". The black contingent at the conference included the Trinidadian-American Stokely Carmichael and the British Michael X. Although moved by Carmichael's rhetoric, <mask> was reportedly disappointed by her colleagues' black nationalist sentiments and their rejection of communism as a "white man's thing".She joined the Che-Lumumba Club, an all-black branch of the Communist Party USA named for revolutionaries Che Guevara and Patrice Lumumba, of Cuba and Congo, respectively. <mask> earned a master's degree from the University of California, San Diego, in 1968. She earned a doctorate in philosophy at the Humboldt University in East Berlin. Professor at University of California, Los

masks: Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis


title: Angela Davis

texts:
 Angeles, 1969–70

Beginning in 1969, <mask> was an acting assistant professor in the philosophy department at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Although both Princeton and Swarthmore had tried to recruit her, she opted for UCLA because of its urban location. At that time she was known as a radical feminist and activist, a member of the Communist Party USA, and an affiliate of the Los Angeles chapter of the Black Panther Party. In 1969, the University of California initiated a policy against hiring Communists.At their September 19, 1969, meeting, the Board of Regents fired <mask> from her $10,000-a-year post because of her membership in the Communist Party, urged on by California Governor Ronald Reagan. Judge Jerry Pacht ruled the Regents could not fire <mask> solely because of her affiliation with the Communist Party, and she resumed her post. The Regents fired <mask> again on June 20, 1970, for the "inflammatory language" she had used in four different speeches. The report stated, "We deem particularly offensive such utterances as her statement that the regents 'killed, brutalized (and) murdered' the People's Park demonstrators, and her repeated characterizations of the police as 'pigs. The American Association of University Professors censured the board for this action. Arrest and trial

<mask> was a supporter of the Soledad Brothers, three inmates who were accused and charged with the killing of a prison guard at Soledad Prison. On August 7, 1970, heavily armed 17-year-old African-American high-school student Jonathan Jackson, whose brother was George Jackson, one of the three Soledad Brothers, gained control of a courtroom in Marin County,


title: Angela Davis

texts: California.He armed the black defendants and took Judge Harold Haley, the prosecutor, and three female jurors as hostages. As Jackson transported the hostages and two black defendants away from the courtroom, one of the defendants, James McClain, shot at the police. The police returned fire. The judge and the three black men were killed in the melee; one of the jurors and the prosecutor were injured. Although the judge was shot in the head with a blast from a shotgun, he also suffered a chest wound from a bullet that may have been fired from outside the van. Evidence during the trial showed that either could have been fatal. <mask> had purchased several of the firearms Jackson used in the attack, including the shotgun used to shoot Haley, which she bought at a San Francisco pawn shop two days before the incident.She was also found to have been corresponding with one of the inmates involved. As California considers "all persons concerned in the commission of a crime, ... whether they directly commit the act constituting the offense, or aid and abet in its commission, ... are principals in any crime so committed", <mask> was charged with "aggravated kidnapping and first degree murder in the death of Judge Harold Haley", and Marin County Superior Court Judge Peter Allen Smith issued a warrant for her arrest. Hours after the judge issued the warrant on August 14, 1970, a massive attempt to find and arrest <mask> began. On August 18, four days after the warrant was issued, the FBI director J. Edgar Hoover listed <mask> on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitive List; she was the third woman and the 309th person to be listed. Soon after, <mask> became a fugitive and fled


title: Angela Davis

texts: California. According to her autobiography, during this time she hid in friends' homes and moved at night. On October 13, 1970, FBI agents found her at a Howard Johnson Motor Lodge in New York City.President Richard M. Nixon congratulated the FBI on its "capture of the dangerous terrorist <mask>." On January 5, 1971, <mask> appeared at Marin County Superior Court and declared her innocence before the court and nation: "I now declare publicly before the court, before the people of this country that I am innocent of all charges which have been leveled against me by the state of California." John Abt, general counsel of the Communist Party USA, was one of the first attorneys to represent <mask> for her alleged involvement in the shootings. While being held in the Women's Detention Center, <mask> was initially segregated from other prisoners, in solitary confinement. With the help of her legal team, she obtained a federal court order to get out of the segregated area. Across the nation, thousands of people began organizing a movement to gain her release. In New York City, black writers formed a committee called the Black People in Defense of <mask>.By February 1971 more than 200 local committees in the United States, and 67 in foreign countries, worked to free <mask> from jail. John Lennon and Yoko Ono contributed to this campaign with the song "<mask>". In 1972, after a 16-month incarceration, the state allowed her release on bail from county jail. On February 23, 1972, Rodger McAfee, a dairy farmer from Fresno, California, paid her $100,000 bail with the help of Steve Sparacino, a wealthy business owner. The United Presbyterian Church paid some of her legal defense

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 expenses. A defense motion for a change of venue was granted, and the trial was moved to Santa Clara County. On June 4, 1972, after 13 hours of deliberations, the all-white jury returned a verdict of not guilty.The fact that she owned the guns used in the crime was judged insufficient to establish her role in the plot. She was represented by Leo Branton Jr., who hired psychologists to help the defense determine who in the jury pool might favor their arguments, a technique that has since become more common. He also hired experts to discredit the reliability of eyewitness accounts. Other activities in the 1970s

Cuba
After her acquittal, <mask> went on an international speaking tour in 1972 and the tour included Cuba, where she had previously been received by Fidel Castro in 1969 as a member of a Communist Party delegation. Robert F. Williams, Huey Newton, Stokely Carmichael had also visited Cuba, and Assata Shakur later moved there after escaping from a US prison. Her reception by Afro-Cubans at a mass rally was so enthusiastic that she was reportedly barely able to speak. <mask> perceived Cuba as a racism-free country, which led her to believe that "only under socialism could the fight against racism be successfully executed."When she returned to the United States, her socialist leanings increasingly influenced her understanding of race struggles. In 1974, she attended the Second Congress of the Federation of Cuban Women. Soviet Union

In 1971, the CIA estimated that five percent of Soviet propaganda efforts were directed towards the <mask> campaign. In August 1972, <mask> visited the USSR at the invitation of the Central Committee, and received an honorary doctorate

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 from Moscow State University. On May 1, 1979, she was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet Union. She visited Moscow later that month to accept the prize, where she praised "the glorious name" of Lenin and the "great October Revolution". East Germany

The East German government organized an extensive campaign on behalf of <mask>.In September 1972, <mask> visited East Germany, where she met the state's leader Erich Honecker, received an honorary degree from the University of Leipzig and the Star of People's Friendship from Walter Ulbricht. On September 11 in East Berlin she delivered a speech, "Not Only My Victory", praising the GDR and USSR and denouncing American racism, and visited the Berlin Wall, where she laid flowers at the memorial for Reinhold Huhn (an East German guard who had been killed by a man who was trying to escape with his family across the border in 1962). <mask> said "We mourn the deaths of the border guards who sacrificed their lives for the protection of their socialist homeland" and "When we return to the USA, we shall undertake to tell our people the truth about the true function of this border." In 1973, she returned to East Berlin leading the US delegation to the 10th World Festival of Youth and Students. Jonestown and Peoples Temple
In the mid-1970s, Jim Jones, who developed the cult Peoples Temple, initiated friendships with progressive leaders in the San Francisco area including Dennis Banks of the American Indian Movement and <mask>. On September 10, 1977, 14 months before the Temple's mass murder-suicide, <mask> spoke via amateur radio telephone "patch" to members of his Peoples Temple living in Jonestown in Guyana. In her


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texts:
 statement during the "Six Day Siege", she expressed support for the People's Temple anti-racism efforts and told members there was a conspiracy against them.She said, "When you are attacked, it is because of your progressive stand, and we feel that it is directly an attack against us as well." Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and political prisoners in socialist countries

In 1975, Russian dissident and Nobel laureate Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn argued in a speech before an AFL-CIO meeting in New York City that <mask> was derelict in having failed to support prisoners in various socialist countries around the world, given her strong opposition to the US prison system. He said a group of Czech prisoners had appealed to <mask> for support, which Solzhenitsyn said she had declined. In 1972, Jiří Pelikán had written an open letter asking her to support Czech prisoners, which <mask> had refused, believing that the Czech prisoners were undermining the Husák government and that Pelikán, in exile in Italy, was attacking his own country. According to Solzhenitsyn, in response to concerns about Czech prisoners being "persecuted by the state", <mask> had responded that "They deserve what they get. Let them remain in prison." Alan Dershowitz, who also asked <mask> to support a number of imprisoned refuseniks in the USSR, said that she declined because she did not consider them political prisoners.Later academic career

<mask> was a lecturer at the Claremont Black Studies Center at the Claremont Colleges in 1975. Attendance at the course she taught was limited to 26 students out of the more than 5,000 on campus, and she was forced to teach in secret because alumni benefactors didn't want her to

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 indoctrinate the general student population with communist thought. College trustees made arrangements to minimize her appearance on campus, limiting her seminars to Friday evenings and Saturdays, "when campus activity is low". Her classes moved from one classroom to another and the students were sworn to secrecy. Much of this secrecy continued throughout <mask>'s brief time teaching at the colleges. In 2020 it was announced that <mask> would be the Ena H. Thompson Distinguished Lecturer for Pomona College's History Department, welcoming her back after 45 years. <mask> taught a women's studies course at the San Francisco Art Institute in 1978, and was a professor of ethnic studies at the San Francisco State University from at least 1980 to 1984.She was a professor in the History of Consciousness and the Feminist Studies departments at the University of California, Santa Cruz and Rutgers University from 1991 to 2008. Since then, she has been a distinguished professor emerita. <mask> was a distinguished visiting professor at Syracuse University in spring 1992 and October 2010, and was the Randolph Visiting Distinguished Professor of philosophy at Vassar College in 1995. In 2014, <mask> returned to UCLA as a regents' lecturer. She delivered a public lecture on May 8 in Royce Hall, where she had given her first lecture 45 years earlier. In 2016, <mask> was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters in Healing and Social Justice from the California Institute of Integral Studies in San Francisco during its 48th annual commencement ceremony. Political activism and speeches
<mask> accepted the Communist Party USA's nomination for vice president, as Gus Hall's running mate,

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title: Angela Davis

texts: in 1980 and in 1984.They received less than 0.02% of the vote in 1980. She left the party in 1991, founding the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism. Her group broke from the Communist Party USA because of the latter's support of the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt after the fall of the Soviet Union and tearing down of the Berlin Wall. <mask> said that she and others who had "circulated a petition about the need for democratization of the structures of governance of the party" were not allowed to run for national office and thus "in a sense ... invited to leave". In 2014, she said she continues to have a relationship with the CPUSA but has not rejoined. In the 2020 presidential election, <mask> supported the Democratic nominee, Joe Biden. <mask> is a major figure in the prison abolition movement.She has called the United States prison system the "prison–industrial complex" and was one of the founders of Critical Resistance, a national grassroots organization dedicated to building a movement to abolish the prison system. In recent works, she has argued that the US prison system resembles a new form of slavery, pointing to the disproportionate share of the African-American population who were incarcerated. <mask> advocates focusing social efforts on education and building "engaged communities" to solve various social problems now handled through state punishment. As early as 1969, <mask> began public speaking engagements. She expressed her opposition to the Vietnam War, racism, sexism, and the prison–industrial complex, and her support of gay rights and other social justice movements. In 1969, she blamed imperialism for the troubles oppressed


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 populations suffer:
We are facing a common enemy and that enemy is Yankee Imperialism, which is killing us both here and abroad. Now I think anyone who would try to separate those struggles, anyone who would say that in order to consolidate an anti-war movement, we have to leave all of these other outlying issues out of the picture, is playing right into the hands of the enemy.She has continued lecturing throughout her career, including at numerous universities. In 2001, she publicly spoke against the war on terror following the 9/11 attacks, continued to criticize the prison–industrial complex, and discussed the broken immigration system. She said that to solve social justice issues, people must "hone their critical skills, develop them and implement them." Later, in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, she declared that the "horrendous situation in New Orleans" was due to the country's structural racism, capitalism, and imperialism. <mask> opposed the 1995 Million Man March, arguing that the exclusion of women from this event promoted male chauvinism. She said that Louis Farrakhan and other organizers appeared to prefer that women take subordinate roles in society. Together with Kimberlé Crenshaw and others, she formed the African American Agenda 2000, an alliance of black feminists.<mask> has continued to oppose the death penalty. In 2003, she lectured at Agnes Scott College, a liberal arts women's college in Atlanta, Georgia, on prison reform, minority issues, and the ills of the criminal justice system. On October 31, 2011, <mask> spoke at the Philadelphia and Washington Square Occupy Wall Street assemblies. Due to restrictions on electronic amplification,

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texts: her words were human microphoned. In 2012, <mask> was awarded the 2011 Blue Planet Award, an award given for contributions to humanity and the planet. At the 27th Empowering Women of Color Conference in 2012, <mask> said she was a vegan. She has called for the release of Rasmea Odeh, associate director at the Arab American Action Network, who was convicted of immigration fraud in relation to her hiding of a previous murder conviction.<mask> supports the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign against Israel. <mask> was an honorary co-chair of the January 21, 2017, Women's March on Washington, which occurred the day after President Donald Trump's inauguration. The organizers' decision to make her a featured speaker was criticized from the right by Humberto Fontova and the National Review. Libertarian journalist Cathy Young wrote that <mask>'s "long record of support for political violence in the United States and the worst of human rights abusers abroad" undermined the march. On October 16, 2018, Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, presented <mask> with an honorary degree during the inaugural Viola Desmond Legacy Lecture, as part of the institution's bicentennial celebration year. On January 7, 2019, the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute (BCRI) rescinded <mask>'s Fred Shuttlesworth Human Rights Award, saying she "does not meet all of the criteria". Birmingham Mayor Randall Woodfin and others cited criticism of <mask>'s vocal support for Palestinian rights and the movement to boycott Israel.<mask> said her loss of the award was "not primarily an attack against me but rather against the very spirit of the indivisibility of justice." On January 25, the BCRI

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 reversed its decision and issued a public apology, stating that there should have been more public consultation. In November 2019, along with other public figures, <mask> signed a letter supporting Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn describing him as "a beacon of hope in the struggle against emergent far-right nationalism, xenophobia and racism in much of the democratic world", and endorsed him in the 2019 UK general election. On January 20, 2020, <mask> gave the Memorial Keynote Address at the University of Michigan's MLK Symposium. <mask> was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2021. Personal life
From 1980 to 1983 <mask> was married to Hilton Braithwaite. In 1997, she came out as a lesbian in an interview with Out magazine.By 2020, <mask> was living openly with her partner, the academic Gina Dent, a fellow humanities scholar and intersectional feminist researcher at UC Santa Cruz. Together, they have advocated for the abolition of police and prisons, and for black liberation and Palestinian solidarity. Representation in other media
The first song released in support of <mask> was "<mask>" (1971), by Italian singer-songwriter and musician Virgilio Savona with his group Quartetto Cetra. He received some anonymous threats. In 1972, German singer-songwriter and political activist Franz Josef Degenhardt published the song "<mask> Davis", opener to his 6th studio album Mutter Mathilde. The Rolling Stones song "Sweet Black Angel", recorded in 1970 and released on their album Exile on Main Street (1972), is dedicated to <mask>. It is one of the band's few overtly political releases.Its lines include: "She's a sweet black angel, not a

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 gun-toting teacher, not a Red-lovin' schoolmarm / Ain't someone gonna free her, free de sweet black slave, free de sweet black slave". John Lennon and Yoko Ono released their song "<mask>" on the album Some Time in New York City (1972) in support of <mask>, and a small photo of her appears on the album's cover at the bottom left. The jazz musician Todd Cochran, also known as Bayete, recorded his song "Free Angela (Thoughts...and all I've got to say)" in 1972. Tribe Records co-founder Phil Ranelin released a song dedicated to <mask>, "Angela's Dilemma", on Message From the Tribe (1972), a spiritual jazz collectible. References in other venues
On January 28, 1972, Garrett Brock Trapnell hijacked TWA Flight 2. One of his demands was <mask>'s release. In Renato Guttuso's painting The Funerals of Togliatti (1972), <mask> is depicted, among other figures of communism, in the left framework, near the author's self-portrait, Elio Vittorini, and Jean-Paul Sartre.In 1971, black playwright Elvie Moore wrote the play <mask> is Happening, depicting <mask> on trial with figures such as Frederick Douglass, Malcolm X, and H. Rap Brown as eyewitnesses proclaiming her innocence. The play was performed at the Inner City Cultural Center and at UCLA, with Pat Ballard as <mask>. The documentary <mask>: Portrait of a Revolutionary (1972) was directed by UCLA Film School student Yolande du Luart. It follows <mask> from 1969 to 1970, documenting her dismissal from UCLA. The film wrapped shooting before the Marin County incident. In the movie Network (1976), Marlene Warfield's character Laureen Hobbs appears to be modeled on <mask>. Also in 2018, a cotton T-shirt with <mask>'s face on it was

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 featured in Prada's 2018 collection.A mural featuring <mask> was painted by Italian street artist Jorit Agoch in the Scampia neighborhood of Naples in 2019. Biopic
In 2019, Julie Dash, who is credited as the first black female director to have a theatrical release of a film (Daughters of the Dust) in the US, announced that she would be directing a film based on <mask>'s life. Bibliography

Books

 If They Come in the Morning: Voices of Resistance (New York: Third Press, 1971), . <mask>: An Autobiography, Random House (September 1974), . Joan Little: The Dialectics of Rape (New York: Lang Communications, 1975)
Women, Race and Class, Random House (1981), . Women, Culture & Politics, Vintage (February 19, 1990), . The <mask> Y. <mask> Reader (ed.Joy James), Wiley-Blackwell (December 11, 1998), . Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday, Vintage Books (January 26, 1999), . Are Prisons Obsolete?, Seven Stories Press (April 2003), . Abolition Democracy: Beyond Prisons, Torture, and Empire, Seven Stories Press (October 1, 2005), . The Meaning of Freedom: And Other Difficult Dialogues (City Lights, 2012), . Freedom Is a Constant Struggle: Ferguson, Palestine, and the Foundations of a Movement, Haymarket Books (2015), . Herbert Marcuse, Philosopher of Utopia: A Graphic Biography (foreword, City Lights, 2019), .Interviews and appearances
 1971
 An Interview with <mask>. Cassette. Radio Free People, New York, 1971. Myerson, M. "<mask> in Prison". Ramparts, March 1971: 20–21. Seigner, Art. <mask>: Soul and Soledad.Phonodisc. Flying Dutchman, New York, 1971. Walker, Joe. <mask> Speaks. Phonodisc. Folkways Records, New York, 1971.

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 1972–1985
 "Black Journal; 67; Interview with <mask>," 1972-06-20, WNET.<mask> makes her first national television appearance in an exclusive interview with host Tony Brown, following her recent acquittal of charges related to the San Rafael courtroom shootout. "<mask> Talks about her Future and her Freedom". Jet, July 27, 1972: 54–57. <mask>, <mask>. I Am a Black Revolutionary Woman (1971). Phonodisc. Folkways, New York, 1977. Phillips, Esther.<mask> Interviews Esther Phillips. Cassette. Pacifica Tape Library, Los Angeles, 1977. Cudjoe, Selwyn. In Conversation with <mask>. Videocassette. ETV Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, 1985.21-minute interview. 1992–1997
 <mask>, <mask>. "Women on the Move: Travel Themes in Ma Rainey's Blues" in Borders/diasporas. Sound Recording. University of California, Santa Cruz: Center for Cultural Studies, Santa Cruz, 1992. <mask>, <mask>. Black Is... Black Ain't.Documentary film. Independent Television Service (ITVS), 1994. Interview <mask> (Public Broadcasting Service, Spring 1997)
 2000–2002
 <mask>, <mask>. The Prison Industrial Complex and its Impact on Communities of Color. Videocassette. University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, 2000. Barsamian, D. "<mask>: African American Activist on Prison-Industrial Complex".Progressive 65.2 (2001): 33–38. "September 11 America: an Interview with <mask>". Policing the National Body: Sex, Race, and Criminalization. Cambridge, Ma. : South End Press, 2002. 2011–2016
 The Black Power Mixtape 1967–1975, documentary film prominently featuring <mask> in a number of rarely seen Swedish interviews, released 2011. "Activist Professor <mask>" episode of Woman's Hour, BBC Radio 4, December 3,

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 2014.Criminal Queers, a fictional DIY film examining the relationship between the LGBT community and the criminal justice system, released 2015. 13th, documentary file about the 13th Amendment and history of the civil rights movement, released 2016. Archives
The National United Committee to Free <mask> Davis collection is at the Main Library at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California (A collection of thousands of letters received by the Committee and <mask> from people in the US and other countries.) The complete transcript of her trial, including all appeals and legal memoranda, has been preserved in the Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Library in Berkeley, California. <mask>'s papers are archived at the Schlesinger Library at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Records including correspondence, statements, clippings and other documents about <mask>'s dismissal from the University of California, Los Angeles due to her political affiliation with the Communist Party are archived at UCLA. See also
Africana philosophy
Marxist feminism

References

Further reading
Popular media

 Round table discussion.Chat-room users' interview with <mask>.

. Audio recording of <mask>. Interview. Video interview. Roberts, Steven V., "<mask>: The Making Of a Radical", New York Times, August 23, 1970. Books

Primary Sources
Donald Kalish papers, Box 4 and Box 7. UCLA Library Special Collections.External links

The New York Times archive of Davis-related articles, nytimes.com;
Angela Y. <mask> Papers, 1937-2017 MC 940. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Angela Y. <mask> Collection of the Schlesinger Library

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<mask> (June 9, 1922 – January 3, 2002) was an offensive tackle and defensive tackle for the New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers in the All-America Football Conference, New York Yanks of the National Football League, and the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Western Interprovincial Football Union. He lived in Waco, Texas, while he was a professional player. Texas A&M defensive tackle

He attended Texas A&M University, where he was a left tackle who wore #74. His first year as a varsity player was 1940. He weighed 255 pounds. and 6'4". <mask> was named the outstanding lineman in the Southwest Conference in 1941.That year, he led the Aggies to their second straight Cotton Bowl Classic appearance against Fordham University. In 1942 Texas A&M played the University of Alabama in the Cotton Bowl Classic. <mask> played left tackle for the South All-Stars who defeated the North, 24–7, in the North–South football game, on December 30, 1944. He was named captain of the Gray squad for the Blue–Gray Football Classic in December 1945. <mask> was selected as the captain of the College All-Stars for the 1946 College All-Star Game. The All-Stars played the Los Angeles Rams at Soldier Field, in August. <mask> placed second to Elroy Hirsch of the University of Wisconsin–Madison in voting for the most valuable player in the game.The All-Stars defeated the Rams 16–0. Military service

He was sworn into the service at halftime of the 1942 Cotton Bowl Classic. <mask> spent four and a half years in the Army Air Force. He attained the rank of captain, was awarded a Presidential Citation,
and two battle stars. In December 1944 <mask> was a tackle for the Randolph Field Ramblers, the best service team in Texas during World War II. They played the Second Air Force Superbombers of Colorado

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 Springs in the Treasury Bond Bowl, at the Polo Grounds. He also played for the Hawaiian Flyers in 1945.World War II gave <mask> a third chance to play in the Cotton Bowl Classic, and an opportunity to defeat the
University of Texas, which Texas A&M had not beaten since 1939. The Randolph Field Ramblers played the Texas Longhorns in the
Cotton Bowl Classic. All-America Football Conference career

<mask> was selected by the Chicago Bears in the annual draft of college football players, in Chicago, on December 22, 1941. He played his first professional game for the Brooklyn Dodgers against the Cleveland Browns. The Browns won 26–7 at Cleveland Stadium on October 6, 1946. <mask> helped account for the Dodgers' only score by recovering a Cliff Lewis fumble on the Browns' 6-yard-line, in the 3rd Quarter. <mask> recovered an Andy Dudish fumble early in the 1st Quarter during a November loss to the Buffalo Bisons.<mask> was named to the 1946 All-Pro second team picked by the Associated Press, on December 12. He was chosen, along with Bruiser Kinard, as one of two outstanding tackles named to the 1946 United Press All-America Conference All-Star Team. <mask> signed a three-year contract with Dodgers' general manager, Freddie Fitzsimmons, in March 1947. He had surgery for floating cartilage in his right knee at St. Vincent's Hospital, in December 1948. The Dodgers and New York Yankees merged in January 1949, reducing the AAFC to seven teams. The Yankee-Dodger aggregation played its home games in Yankee Stadium. <mask> scored a touchdown against the Buffalo Bills (AAFC) in September 1949.In a Brooklyn-New York 17–14 win, Frank Perantoni batted down a pass thrown by George Ratterman, at Civic Stadium. <mask> caught the ball and ran four yards into the end zone. NFL tackle

The

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 AAFC folded following the 1949 season. The Browns, 49ers, and Colts moved into the NFL for the 1950 season. The remainder of the AAFC players were taken by the NFL via draft. The New York Bulldogs changed their name to the New York Yanks. <mask> signed with the Yanks in 1950 as one of the players the team received from the AAFC Yankees.In October 1950 <mask> sacked Quarterback Frankie Albert of the San Francisco 49ers for a safety near halftime of a game at Yankee Stadium. New York won the game, 29–24, in a come from behind victory. <mask> jarred the ball from Tobin Rote of the Green Bay Packers during an October 20 contest in New York. The ball was recovered for a 1st Quarter touchdown by Jack Russell of the Yanks. Saskatchewan Roughriders

In July 1951 Yanks' owner, Ted Collins, initiated legal action against <mask> and guard George Brown. Both had signed contracts to play in Canada. One of <mask>'s opponents, Edmonton Eskimos quarterback Jackie Parker, was a rookie out of the University of Tennessee.He reflected about his fear of <mask> in a 1972 Winnipeg Free Press article. Parker's coach, Pop Ivy, instructed his staff to study film in hopes of finding a weakness in <mask>'s game. The coaches found a tendency in the way <mask> positioned his left foot when he lined up in a three point stance. When he intended to come straight ahead the tackle placed his left foot forward. When he wanted to cut left he positioned his left foot back. One of Parker's teammates, Johnny Bright, did not think the advance scouting of <mask> helped the Eskimos very much. After getting smashed for a loss by <mask>, Bright grumbled in the huddle, I guess we gotta learn to live with him.<mask> was ejected from a September 1951 game with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers for slugging Dick Pinkston

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