title: Mersha Nahusenay

texts:
 Catholic Mission currently headed by the friendly Mgr André who was recently promoted Bishop. Mission schools such as those founded by the French missionary Andre Jarosseau (Abba Endryas) trained a generation of young Ethiopians. Recent biographies (e.g. Ras Emru Haile Selassie) shed light on the importance of these schools. In his autobiography, Captain Alemayehu Abebe, one of the pioneers of Ethiopian aviation and the first black African pilot of a commercial jet airliner, wrote:
አቶ መርሻ ከነቤተሰቦቻቸው በሐረር ከተማ የታወቁና የተከበሩ የካቶሊክ ሃይማኖት ተከታይ ስለነበሩ ምንሴኘር አንድሬ ዣሩሶ በሚያስተዳድሩት የካቶሊክ ሚሲዮን ገብቼ በአዳሪነት እንድማር ተደረገ

English translation:

Since Ato <mask>, along with his family, was a well-known and respected follower of the Catholic faith in the city Harar, I was allowed to attend the mission school headed by Mgr Andre Jarousseau. Another important biography by Mickael Bethe-Selassié describes in detail the historic contributions of Catholic Ethiopians during the first half of the 20th century.Many, including <mask> <mask> and the author's uncle Berhane-Marqos Welde-Tsadiq, played a role in the modernization efforts of Emperors Menelik and Haile Selassié. The biographer argues that these Catholics form a distinct sub-group within the larger community of educated men also known as La Jeune Ethiopie. However, the historic ties between Catholic and Orthodox Christian intellectuals have also been stressed by Mickael as well other scholars. The Ethiopian Roman Catholic community, the first of whose members were converted in the late 19th century by Italian or French missionaries, such as Guglielmo Massaia and André Jarosseau, included

masks: Mersha Mersha Nahusenay


title: Mersha Nahusenay

type: original

texts:
 Zäwgä Haylu, who attended the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1900, and Märsha Nahu Sänay, who represented Menelik at the ceremony marking the completion of the Jibuti railway as far as the Ethiopian frontier in 1902. The community thus came into existence at the very same time as the emergence of the Young Ethiopians as a whole. The Catholic community was moreover influenced by the same factors - missionary education, travel to France or Italy, employment by foreigners, service on the railway, etc. -which gave birth, as we have seen, more generally to Young Ethiopianism.Death and legacy

<mask> retired in the mid-1920s, but he maintained contact with friends such as the missionary A. Jarousseau, according to historian Bahru Zewde. His retirement comes after a long public service of important contributions in four key areas: border and railway security, public administration, economic development and diplomacy. <mask> soon fell ill and was confined to bed for almost a decade. He died in his mid-eighties, during the Italian occupation, and was laid to rest in the city of Harar. <mask> nurtured a large family. He and his wife Tedeneqyalesh were blessed with eleven children: Beyene, Negest, Zewditu, Alemu, Worqe, Desta, Yosef, Marqos, Negatu, Zegeye, and Medemdemya. He encouraged his children to attend school and appreciate foreign languages.Beyene <mask>, his eldest child, spoke French fluently. Even his daughter (probably Zewditu) knew French. She read a welcome speech to Colonel Jean-Baptiste Marchand (1863–1934), the French officer and explorer who traveled through Harar in 1899, according to the missionary Martial

masks: Mersha Mersha Mersha Mersha


title: Mersha Nahusenay

texts: de Salviac. <mask> loved take his family to important public events. Martial describes how <mask>, a proud father, attended the opening ceremony of the Dawale railway station in 1900 surrounded by "a beautiful crowd of eight children." In the late 1890s, young Beyene, who was fluent in French, traveled to France and Italy with Andre Jarosseau. In 1903, on behalf of his father, he met in Dire Dawa with R.P.Skinner, the American diplomat sent by Theodore Roosevelt to sign a trade treaty with Menelik. <mask> himself was present, however, when the first-ever US diplomatic mission completed its visit and was preparing to leave Dire Dawa for Djibouti. In fact he conveyed a farewell message from the Emperor delivered over the phone from Addis. Beyene <mask> was later appointed by the emperor as head of the postal and telephone service opened in the frontier town of Dawale. During the period of uncertainty, following the emperor death, he stood on the side of those who campaigned to deny Lej Iyasu the throne, under the leadership of Fitawrari Tekle Hawaryat. In 1931, 'balambaras' Beyene was appointed director of the first Ethiopian School for Girls founded in Addis Abeba by Empress Menen. Prior to that, he was a member of the board for construction of the Dessie-Asseb road, a project undertaken by a team of Dutch engineers.Ato Denqu, husband of Negest <mask>, was appointed in 1907 as the chief of Dire Dawa's Post Office. He too traveled to Europe (e.g. Switzerland and Italy) to attend meetings of the International Postal Union after Ethiopia became a member in 1908. Many grandchildren and great-grandchildren live and work

masks: Mersha Mersha Mersha Mersha Mersha


title: Mersha Nahusenay

texts: in Ethiopia and around the world. The most notable descendant today, Ato Abinet Gebremeskel, is a successful businessman and philanthropist in Ethiopia. The author of this short biography (click here for Amharic version of the Bio), is the grandson of Zegeye <mask> and great-grandson of Mersha. <mask>'s legacy includes a street named after him in Kezira (Gezira), a subsection of Dire Dawa during the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie.He was remembered and honored when the railway city celebrated its 105th anniversary in December 2007. However, <mask> is still very much a forgotten hero. His biography remains unwritten and his distinguished service is poorly known by many scholars and students of Ethiopian history. In his book titled Pioneers of Change in Ethiopia: The reformist Intellectuals of the early twentieth century, Professor Bahru Zewde describes the contributions of many historic personalities of that dynamic era. The book does not mention <mask> as a pioneer. However, some of the reformist intellectuals discussed had either administered the offices he helped establish or occupied the positions he held before. Neggadras Gebrehiwot Baykedagn (c.1885-1918), arguably the foremost intellectual of the time, for example, was director of the Dire Dawa customs administration.Fitawrari Tekle Hawariat Tekle-Mariam (1884–1977), who later became governor of Jigjiga; credited for founding Asebe Teferi; and is best known for playing a prominent role in the drafting of the 1931 constitution, was chief of the railway station briefly during Lij Iyasu. He was also among the first Ethiopians to travel abroad for education. As a


title: Mersha Nahusenay

texts:
 matter of fact, shortly before the young Tekle Hawaryat departed for Russia, in 1896, <mask> gave him his blessings. We find the following interesting account in his autobiography,:
ጄልዴሳ ላይ ስንደርስ አቶ መርሻ ናሁ ሰናይ ከቤታቸው ወስደው ጋበዙኝ ። ያስቀሩኛል ብዬ ፈርቼ በቶሎ ወጣሁና ወደ ሰፈሬ ሮጥኩ ። ፀሓይ እንዳይጎዳኝ አስበው አቶ መርሻ ጥላ ገዝተው ሰጡኝ ። (ከወንድሜ ከሟቹ ገብረ ጻድቅ ጋር በጣም ይፋቀሩ ነበር) (p. 78)

English translation:

When we arrived at Jaldessa, Ato <mask> invited me for lunch at his residence. Because I was afraid that he might not let me travel overseas, I ran away as soon as I finished. Ato <mask>, however, bought me an umbrella so I could protect myself from the scorching sun. (He and my deceased brother Gebre Tsadiq were dear friends).The last few decades of the 19th century marked the beginning of a long period of modernization in Ethiopian history in the sense that they opened the door to new ways and better conditions of life and work. Significant achievements were recorded during the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie in areas such as manufacturing, transportation (e.g. aviation) and education. Trade and foreign direct investment continued to play a key role in the young economy. Despite some serious setbacks in the two decades after the 1974 popular revolution, primarily due to severe droughts and civil war but also bad policies, the country underwent a radical transformation. The revolution has ended the feudal (ባላባት) system paving the way for greater participation of people in political and economic activities. During the past several decades, Ethiopia has witnessed unprecedented economic development characterized by a strong government sector, expanding

masks: Mersha Mersha Mersha


title: Daniel Cross (footballer)

texts:
<mask> (born 30 March 1983) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the  and Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). A Charles Sutton Medallist with the Western Bulldogs, he finished his 249-game career with 210 games at the Western Bulldogs and 39 with Melbourne. He has served as the development and rehabilitation coach of the Melbourne Football Club since October 2015. AFL career

Early career (2002–2004)
<mask> was recruited by the Western Bulldogs with the 56th overall selection in the 2000 national draft. He made his AFL debut in a 19-point victory against  in round 10, 2002. Despite the Bulldogs winning the match, he managed only two disposals. He played a further three games for 2002.He played his first match for 2003 in round 4

masks:
Daniel Cross
Cross


title: Daniel Cross (footballer)

texts: against , but struggled to make a big impact. He was dropped after round 6 to the VFL to play with Weribee. After impressive performances with Werribee, <mask> was recalled to the Bulldogs side. His return to the Bulldogs side was good enough for him to keep his place in the side the following week, but after a disappointing performance against Richmond in round 17, he was again dropped. He was promoted to the AFL side in round 22, and managed 18 disposals, in what was an otherwise disappointing game for the Bulldogs due to losing by 84 points to the . He made the decision to stay with the Western Bulldogs for the 2004 season, despite only managing to play a total of ten games in his first three seasons. After playing just two games in the first ten weeks of the 2004 season, <mask> was able

masks: Cross Cross


title: Daniel Cross (footballer)

texts:
 to play the remaining twelve matches of the season and was named the round 19 nominee for the Rising Star after recording 28 disposals against  at the Telstra Dome.Key midfielder at Western Bulldogs (2005–2010)
The Western Bulldogs made an impressive start to the 2005 campaign under new coach Rodney Eade. The Bulldogs opened the season with a 32-point victory over , and he was vital in the win, collecting 24 possessions. He received his first ever Brownlow vote for his round 7 performance against Brisbane, where he recorded 29 possessions in the 23-point win. He finished the season with 563 disposals, and finished with the most handballs in the league with 384. <mask> reached his 50-game milestone in round 4 2006, against  where he collected 20 disposals in a 1-point victory over the Cats. He


title: Daniel Cross (footballer)

texts: played his first finals match against Collingwood in the elimination final where he registered 32 disposals in a 41-point victory, however the Bulldogs lost the next week to . His season comprised many high-disposal matches and he finished the season third overall for disposals and second overall for handballs in the league.He suffered a serious injury against  in round 11 2007 and missed the following six games. In his return match against , he collected 30 disposals. 2008 saw <mask> play a more integral role in the midfield, with Scott West suffering a long term injury. He played his 100th AFL game in round 15 against Melbourne, where he registered 25 disposals in a 31-point victory. He was one of the three Bulldogs players nominated for the 2008 MVP award, eventually won by Gary Ablett.


title: Daniel Cross (footballer)

texts: The Bulldogs made it to the preliminary final, in what was the best on-field season for the team to that point in <mask>' career, they lost the preliminary final to eventual runners up, Geelong, by 29 points. His season was rewarded with the Charles Sutton Medal as the club best-and-fairest, finishing 24 points ahead of Brownlow Medallist, Adam Cooney.He also received the inaugural Scott West award for the most courageous player and the Bruce Wilkinson award for the best player as voted by the trainers. In October 2008, he married long-time girlfriend Samantha Mallia. <mask> played every match of the 2009 season, where he accumulated a total of 581 disposals. The Western Bulldogs again made the preliminary final, but lost the match to  by 7 points. He underwent a double ankle reconstruction


title: Daniel Cross (footballer)

texts:
 courageous player at the AFL Players Association awards, which was eventually won by  captain, Jonathan Brown. During 2012, he shifted between the midfield and defense. He won the Scott West award for the second consecutive year. <mask> played the first eight games of 2013 before being dropped from the senior side, where he played for the Bulldogs reserves side, Williamstown, before earning a recall in round 19 against .In the week leading to the final round clash with Melbourne, it was announced the Bulldogs would not renew <mask>' contract, ending his 11-year playing career with the club, in addition, it was the first time in a decade he did not finish inside the top-10 for the best-and-fairest. Move to Melbourne (2014–2015)
In November 2013, <mask> signed with  as a delisted free agent on

masks: Cross Cross Cross


title: Daniel Cross (footballer)

texts:
 Vince and Lynden Dunn, he was also rewarded with the James McDonald award for best team man.<mask> was maintained in the leadership group for 2015 and played every match for the season, mainly across half-back. He recorded an equal career-high 39 disposals against  in round 22, however, three days later, it was announced Melbourne would not offer <mask> a contract extension and he subsequently announced his retirement effective after the round 23 match against . He was awarded the Ron Barassi Jnr leadership award for 2015 alongside Jack Trengove. In October, he accepted an off-field role to stay at Melbourne as development and rehabilitation coach from 2016 onward. He also acts as the team's runner on game day since 2016. Victoria Harbour incident
On 4 October 2007, <mask> and teammate Tom


title: Daniel Cross (footballer)

texts:
 Williams leaped into the water of Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong to rescue a schoolgirl attempting to commit suicide. Despite the girl not wanting to be saved, they hauled her to safety after hearing bystanders screaming for help.When they emerged from the harbour they both had minor bruises and cuts. Both were reported to be in good spirits after the incident. Following the incident, <mask> and Williams were awarded certificates of commendation by Hong Kong's Director of Marine. Statistics

|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 38 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 5 || 7 || 12 || 4 || 3 || 0.3 || 0.0 || 1.3 || 1.8 || 3.0 || 1.0 || 0.8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2003
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 38 || 6 || 0 || 1


title: Daniel Cross (footballer)

texts:
 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 9.8 || 12.5 || 22.3 || 5.3 || 3.5
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 249
! 34
!31
! 2113
! 3687
! 5800
! 1304
! 1082
! 0.1
!0.1
! 8.5
! 14.8
! 23.3
! 5.2
! 4.4
|}

References

External links

<mask>' profile from DemonWiki

Australian rules footballers from New South Wales
Western Bulldogs players
Melbourne Football Club players
Murray Bushrangers players
Williamstown Football Club players
Albury Football Club players
Charles Sutton Medal winners
1983 births
Living people
Australia international rules football team


title: Gérard DuBois

texts:
<mask> (born 1968) is a French illustrator. In 2017, he received the Hamilton King Award. <mask> works in a variety of styles, which have been described as a consistent and remarkable blend of beauty, passion, and intelligence. Early life and education
<mask>, an only child, grew up in Argenteuil, a suburban town north of Paris. No member of his family was artistic. The idea of art as a career option was introduced to <mask> at age fourteen, when the headmistress of his public school, having become aware of his drawings in notebooks, encouraged him to apply for advanced study at an art school in Paris. <mask> passed the aptitude tests required for admission and entered the school, a century-old institute in St. Germain des Prés, known to most as Rue Madame.Upon completion of his studies at Rue Madame, he enrolled for an advanced degree at École Supérieure des Arts Estienne, also in Paris. After completing his studies at École Estienne, and obliged to serve France for two years, in 1989 he would arrive in the Maritime provinces of Canada to serve as a graphic designer for the French Ministry of Cooperation where he worked at various magazines in Petit Rocher, New Brunswick, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, Caraquet, New Brunswick and Summerside, Prince Edward Island. Illustration career
<mask> would receive his first freelance illustration assignment after moving to Montreal in 1991 at the age of 23. The assignment would come from  Jocelyne Fournel at Montreal Magazine. Fournel would go on to hire <mask> at other publications such as L'Actualité. Although primarily noted for his extensive work as a book illustrator, his work has also appeared in The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Time magazine, GQ, Rolling Stone, The New Yorker,

masks:
Gérard DuBois
DuBois
DuBois
DuBois
DuBois
DuBois
DuBois


title: Gérard DuBois

texts:
 The Washington Post, Le Monde, The Guardian, Playboy, Newsweek, Entertainment Weekly, Harper's, The Atlantic and others. <mask> also illustrated an ongoing column for Time magazine by the editor Nancy Gibbs.as well as a weekly column called Gray Matter, a weekly opinion column for The New York Times Sunday Review by Mark R. Rank and Thomas A. Hirschl. In April 2018, Canada Post released the Gérard <mask> stamp as one of five in the Great Canadian Illustrators series. The illustration selected for the stamp was titled It's Not a Stream of Consciousness and was originally published by The New York Times, in a Gray Matter opinion column under the same title by Gregory Hickok, May 8, 2015. Awards

For illustration
In 2017 <mask> would win the Hamilton King Award from The Society of Illustrators, for Constructing the Modern Mind, art directed by Patricia Nemoto and Bernard Lee, at Scientific American

Silver Medal for What Would You Do? published by Brown Alumni Magazine, Case Circle of Excellence award, 2018

Gold Medal, for A sex life for priests?, art directed by Jocelyne Fournel at L'actualité, National Magazine Awards, 2017

Gold Medal for Giant milk brick, art directed by Mélanie Baillairgé at BBDO Montreal, Society of Illustrators, 2012

Gold Medal for Sacred Space, art directed by Emily Crawford and Andree Kahlmorgan at Time magazine, Society of Illustrators, 2011

Silver Medal for Digging For Dollars, art directed by Ted Keller at GreenSource Magazine, Society of Publication Designers, 2011

Gold Medal for NetworkerCover, art directed by Caren Rosenblatt, Society of Illustrators, 2009
Silver Medal, Society of Illustrators, 2006
Gold Medal, Society of Illustrators, 2005
Silver Medal, Society of Illustrators, 2004
2021

masks: DuBois DuBois DuBois


title: Gloria Richardson

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>. Clair Hayes; May 6, 1922 – July 15, 2021) was an American civil rights activist best known as the leader of the Cambridge movement, a civil rights struggle in the early 1960s in Cambridge, Maryland, on the Eastern Shore. Recognized as a major figure in the Civil Rights Movement, she was one of the signatories to "The Treaty of Cambridge", signed in July 1963 with Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, and state and local officials. It was an effort at reconciliation and commitment to change after a riot the month before. At the August 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, <mask> and five other women were honored by being seated on the stage at the Lincoln Memorial, but none of the women was invited to speak to the crowd. The next year <mask> married again and moved to New York City, where she worked locally in Harlem on civil rights and economic development. Early life and education

<mask>. Clair Hayes was born in 1922 to John and Mable (née St. Clair) Hayes in Baltimore, Maryland, the largest city in the state. Her mother was part of the affluent St. Clair family of Cambridge, Maryland, which owned and operated a successful grocery store and funeral home.Her ancestors had been free people of color since before the Civil War, and also owned extensive rental property. During the constraints of the Great Depression, the Hayes family moved to Cambridge, where Mable had grown up. One of Mable's uncles was a lawyer in the state of Maryland. Her family was also involved in politics. <mask>'s wealthy maternal St. Clair grandfather was elected to the Cambridge City Council, serving from 1912 to 1946. From a young age, <mask> had a strong personality nurtured by her parents and maternal grandparents. She developed a strong sense of community and started to form

masks:
Gloria Richardson Dandridge
Gloria St
Richardson
Richardson
Gloria St
Gloria
Gloria


title: Gloria Richardson

texts: her own views on such human rights issues as racism.She attended a neighborhood public school. Her parents encouraged her to speak up and to be comfortable in front of large groups, such as performing at Sunday school programs. The young Hayes pushed against what her parents considered to be respectable behavior for girls from well-to-do families. Her independence and persistence were later displayed also in her civil rights work. While aware of her family privileges, she realized that her college degree, her family’s social position, and their navigation of the color line in Cambridge did not provide her or her family with true protection. Her grandparents always taught her to value people for their actions and not for their socioeconomic status. The Hayes family was educated and relatively affluent, but still had suffered racial injustice.Most importantly, <mask>'s father John Hayes died of a heart attack due to the lack of nearby medical care accessible to blacks. It forced the young woman to realize that racism was a matter of life and death. Black males had been able to vote in Maryland since emancipation after the American Civil War. (Women were added when the 19th constitutional amendment became effective in 1920.) African Americans in the city of Baltimore were generally segregated into housing in one of five wards, the Second Ward. Within that ward, blacks had built up substantial religious and business communities. They still lived under Maryland state Jim Crow laws and customs in the city at large.Hayes earned a B.A. in sociology in 1942 from Howard University, a historically black university in Washington, DC. She became involved in social activism as a student protesting with others at the Peoples Drug store near campus because the store refused to hire Black workers.


title: Gloria Richardson

texts:
 In college, she also picketed a segregated Woolworth's store in the capital, where blacks were not allowed to have lunch at the in-store counter. People were surprised by her leadership and her status as a woman from an elite African-American family. They were used to dealing with poor black women who were less outspoken. Through her experiences in Washington, she realized that even 50 years of Black participation in the legal system had limited results.She could see that Cambridge was still highly segregated, and learned that Blacks suffered one of the highest unemployment rates for that size city. Return to Cambridge
After Hayes returned to Cambridge after college, she married <mask> and began to explore civil rights. When the city government hired black people as social workers, they were to serve only black clients in the all-black ward. After she was passed over for a social worker position in the "black" ward, she decided to focus on her family and civic work. In an interview with Robert Penn Warren for his book Who Speaks for the Negro? (1965), <mask> said that in Cambridge, blacks were "the last hired and first fired," a phrase applicable to minorities in other places as well. When she divorced from <mask>, she was a mother with two daughters.She worked at a pharmacy and grocery store owned by her family in a predominantly Black community. <mask> has said that her motherhood sparked her activist role. <mask> held a formal office in the Cambridge Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (CNCC). She also served as an adult adviser to the CNCC. At one point she was the only Black woman to head a local civil rights agency. When she became co-chair of the Cambridge Nonviolent Action Committee (CNAC), she began to identify goals  beyond desegregation. She sought economic and social

masks:
Harry Richardson
Richardson
Harry Richardson
Richardson
Richardson


title: Gloria Richardson

texts:
 justice in housing, education, job opportunity, and health care.While co-chairing CNAC, <mask> gained insight into who to trust in the process of negotiating the expansion of rights of the Black community in Cambridge. During her early activism, <mask> was arrested three times. When she was first arrested, Judge W. Laird described her tactics as "a disgrace to her family's name", attempting to shame her into silence. She continued to fight back harder. She was known for verbal attacks, describing national leaders as presenting "meaningless smiles" due to their failure to gain substantial change. Cambridge movement

In December 1961, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) sent Reginald Robinson and William Hansen to Cambridge to organize civil rights actions. SNCC had been contacted by activists in the city.The two young men started sit-ins in February to protest segregated facilities. They targeted movie theaters, bowling alleys, and restaurants. <mask>, <mask>'s daughter, was among students who supported the demonstrators. <mask> and Yolanda Sinclair, also mother of a protester, were among parents who wanted to show their support for these actions. In 1961, a Freedom Ride came to Cambridge. The black city council member had attempted to discourage the campaign by insisting that the city was already desegregated. At first <mask> rarely participated in civil disobedience, because she could not accept the original SNCC nonviolence rules.By 1962, the Civil Rights movement was picking up steam around the country. Students attempted to desegregate public facilities in Cambridge. At the time, the city had a population of around 11,000, of whom about one-third were Black. The initial protests, including picketing and sit-ins, were peaceful. Although White supremacists

masks:
Richardson
Richardson
Donna Richardson
Gloria
Richardson
Richardson


title: Gloria Richardson

texts: attacked demonstrators, police arrested the protestors. The protests did not yield results until <mask> was chosen to lead the movement and CNAC. On January 13, 1962, the city’s Black community held its first civil rights demonstration of the 1960s.Dozens of Black high school students, including <mask>’s daughter Donna, joined a number of young men and women from Baltimore’s Civic Interest Group (CIG) and Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and two members of the SNCC. This was a result of weeks of coordinated planning by Cambridge’s Black youths. It was viewed as the beginning of Cambridge’s civil rights movement. Initially, when <mask> wanted to get involved with the protests, her daughter Donna sent <mask> home until <mask> could guarantee that she would demonstrate nonviolently, as the other individuals had been trained to do. It was a commitment <mask> could not make at the time; therefore, she focused on working with the Black community’s secretive and highly efficient intelligence-sharing network, known as the “grapevine”. <mask> provided information to CIG and SNCC about how Cambridge’s political system operated and the opinions of the Black community. Her daughter acted as a spark in <mask>’s activist journey.Through witnessing various demonstrations in support of her daughter’s activism, <mask> struggled to remain silent in the face of counter-protestors that mocked the non-violent Civil Rights groups. <mask> was determined to involve herself in these social justice issues. At the time, she ran her family’s business, but she decided to become a student again. She attended workshops, and special sessions where activists methodically trained for non-violence, to withstand the hatred of mobs, who often used slurs and demeaning acts to prevent peaceful assembly. This was

masks: Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson


title: Gloria Richardson

texts: supposed to be secured by the Constitution. The March and April demonstrations resulted in a large caseload for the local court system where <mask> and other defendants were tried together. <mask> was one of more than 50 people who stood trial for charges of disorderly conduct.This became known as The Penny Trial and demonstrated how the Cambridge movement disrupted white elites’ racial comfort zones. On the issue of violence, <mask> had the outlook that violence is not necessarily the answer, but she does not condemn violence as she believes it is a residue of frustration. She once said that “revolts seemed to be the only thing that America understands, and the nation’s racial problems made revolts unavoidable”. In June 1962, <mask> was asked to help organize the Cambridge Nonviolent Action Committee (CNAC), the first adult-led affiliate of SNCC. She became its official spokesperson. The organization had initially formed in March of that year. After CNAC canvassed African-American communities in a survey, they expanded the goals to work for economic equality: to improve housing, education, employment, and healthcare.Many blacks struggled with low wages or unemployment. The Cambridge movement would be one of the first campaigns to focus on economic rights rather than putting the focus solely on civil rights. <mask> would also be one of the first leaders to publicly question nonviolence as a tactic. Due to the change in focus of the movement, protests demanded both economic and social equality as <mask> wanted to target discrimination and inequity in employment, poor wages, inferior schools, health care, and segregated facilities. <mask> said in a later interview on why she was committed to CNAC's leadership reflecting the community. "The one thing we did was to emphasize that while

masks: Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson


title: Gloria Richardson

texts:
 you should be educated, that education, degrees, college degrees were not essential [here]. If you could articulate the need, if you knew what that need was, if you were aware of the kinds of games that white folk play that was the real thing".In the summer of 1962, CNAC focused on voter registration and an effort to get out the vote. They wanted to replace state senator Frederick Malkus, who had opposed legislation that would have allowed additional industries into Dorchester County, Maryland. The lack of industrial jobs limited opportunities for the African-American community. <mask> was focused on determining the priorities of the Black community, reinforced by a lesson she learned from her grandfather which was to learn about the important issues the members of a community care about most. One of the first things she did was conduct a survey of the Black community to help determine priorities. Data was collected door-to-door and analyzed by faculty at Swarthmore College. The survey collected the following statistics as what residents considered to be the most pressing issue:

 42% considered it to be jobs
 26% considered it to be housing
 21% considered it to be improved schools
 6% considered it to be open accommodations
 5% considered it to be police brutality

Before collecting the data, <mask> expected public accommodations to be their biggest concern because it had been the main focus of the protest; however, after analyzing the results, CNAC began a multipronged campaign to encourage black voter registration, increase employment opportunities for black workers, and end racially segregated education by having black parents apply to transfer their children to white schools.As militant tactics increased and new demands were made, white resistance also increased. Two 15-year

masks: Richardson Richardson


title: Gloria Richardson

texts: Of Maryland, local black leadership-including <mask>, and elected Cambridge officials were all signatories. On June 13, 1963, another mass civil rights march was held. This time, the Black community in Cambridge came with protection. Armed men were protecting the demonstrators and they set up a perimeter around the Black community. The night after, a fight broke out between the White and Black community and there was an exchange of gunshots.Several people were wounded and some White businesses were set on fire. During this series of protests in 1963 is where the famous photograph of <mask> pushing aside the bayonet and rifle of a National Guardsman emerged from. As a result of the accumulation of protests and demonstrations, the administration of Gov. Milliard J. Tawes offered a plan of gradual desegregation. However, it was rejected by CNAC and Tawes responded by sending in the National Guard for three weeks. After the withdrawal of the National Guard, CNAC resumed protests. On July 12, a White mob attacked protesters sitting in at a restaurant.The Black residents fought back, but there was another attack later that night. After those incidents, Governor Tawes sent in the National Guard for nearly two years. This was the longest occupation of any community since the Reconstruction period after the American Civil War. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy arranged a settlement where if the CNAC agreed to stop protesting, then in return there would be an end to segregation in public accommodations, desegregation of public schools, construction of public housing, and implementation of a jobs program funded by the Federal government. This agreement did not last and ended almost immediately when the Dorchester Business and Citizens Association filed referendum petitions to overturn the


title: Gloria Richardson

texts: agreement. <mask> took a controversial stance on the issue as she announced that the CNAC would not be taking part in the referendum. A significant quote that encaptures <mask>’s view is when she said that “A first-class citizen does not beg for freedom.A first-class citizen does not plead to the white power structure to give him something that the whites have no power to give or take away. Human rights are human rights, not white rights”. On July 23, the Treaty of Cambridge was signed and it helped local activists secure victories in resources for public housing, the protection of voting rights, and the establishment of a body to investigate Civil Rights violations. During that period of time, national publications wrote stories and reports about why <mask> was ludicrous for opposing a citywide referendum because it supposedly allowed Cambridge citizens to vote on equal access to accommodations and housing. However, <mask> was firm in her belief that her White neighbours should not be deciding on Black rights. Ultimately, she was correct as the referendum was overwhelmingly shot down. The fight for desegregation also led to victories in union organizations that had failed previously.<mask> claimed that there would often be White members who wanted to educate themselves on the issue and would ask about the civil rights struggle. Many White workers were inspired by the CNAC campaign and recognized the power and leadership it represented. This helped to achieve a certain level of Black and White unity as White workers recognized that the Black struggle for freedom represented new power that would also benefit them. This resulted in an improvement in involvement. Previously, although the Cambridge local consisted of both Black and White members, they were unable to meet due to

masks: Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson


title: Gloria Richardson

texts: segregation. Now, the Black trade unionists, with support from White workers, asked CNAC to attend meetings. In fact, there was an incident where the White workers openly showed their support.In a large meeting at the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU) headquarters in New York, there were people who supported wage discrepancy that were sent to the meeting. When they started to argue, they accused <mask> of being a communist and wanted to remove her from the meeting. However, local white ILGWU members said, “Oh no. If she goes, all of us go,” demonstrating their support for <mask> and the CNAC. <mask> was selected as an honoree at the March on Washington on August 22, 1963. Before she arrived at the event, she was told that she could not wear jeans to the event. To <mask> and other SNCC members, wearing jeans represented their solidarity with the rural poor, and “it was the default uniform when they boycotted department stores for maintaining segregation”.However, she compromised and wore a jean skirt. When she arrived she realized her seat on the dais was missing. After finding a place to sit on the platform stage, <mask> was allowed to say “Hello,” to the crowd of more than 250,000, before her microphone was cut. <mask> played a big role in the Kennedy administration’s decision to work with the CNAC as she initiated a series of negotiations to help Cambridge residents come out from under Jim Crow. By the summer of 1963, she was living her “egalitarian philosophies concerning community organizing and democracy”, and she was willing to risk her family’s standing among the black elite to achieve CNAC’s goals. For these reasons, Cambridge’s black community acknowledged her as its leader, making her one of few women to achieve that position during the entire civil

masks:
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Gloria Richardson


title: Gloria Richardson

texts:
 rights movement. <mask> claimed that people working for the Kennedy administration tried to intimidate her into leaving the movement by threatening to reveal embarrassing gossip about her, including intimate details about her divorce and her affair.<mask> sent word to the administration that if the press ran that story, she would indeed resign from CNAC, but she would not go without a fight. In her personal life, she was not afraid of other people’s judgement, including her, at the time, uncommon decision to get a divorce. In December 1963 <mask> attended a national meeting of SNCC leaders in Atlanta, where they discussed the future direction of the organization. Present were Bob Moses, Charles Sherrod, Frank Smith, John Lewis, Courtland Cox, Michael Thelwell, Stokely Carmichael, Jim Forman, Dottie Zellner, Ivanhoe Donaldson, Marion Barry, and Joyce Ladner, as well as staff and volunteers. Ella Baker and Howard Zinn led questioning to help the mostly young leaders work toward their vision for activism. In Atlanta they discussed and planned for an extended voting rights program to be conducted in the South the next year, an election year. After Cambridge movement
On July 14, 1963, Governor Tawes met with <mask> and other leaders .He offered to integrate schools, ensure that a Black person was “hired in the State Employment Office, make an application for a federal loan for a “Negro housing project”, pass a public accommodations ordinance, and name a biracial commission to work on the other problems that could not be solved immediately by legislation”, in exchange for a year-long suspension of civil demonstrations. <mask> rejected committing to stopping demonstrations unless there was a full desegregation of schools and complete fairness in job opportunities. She said, “We wish to


title: Gloria Richardson

texts: make it unalterably clear that we will determine, and not the political structure of the city, who shall speak for the Negro community”. <mask> was criticized during and after the Cambridge movement on her role as a female leader. Many local and national figures said that she should have denounced the violence outright, but she continued to believe in self-defense. Later, <mask> was arrested again. Officials made one attempt to institutionalize her as mentally incompetent, but did not succeed.President John F. Kennedy described Cambridge as a town that had “lost sight of what demonstrations are about” because of the violence that had occurred. But <mask> believed that the people who had been provoked and had endured generations of segregation were going to resist until change was achieved in Cambridge. Such leaders as Martin Luther King Jr. and John Lewis urged <mask> to be “less confrontational and more compromising,” but <mask> refused to comply. She disagreed strongly with King, Kennedy, and many others who mistakenly thought that she was an advocate for violence. She believed in nonviolence as a first step in demonstrations, but encouraged physical force as self-defense if confronted with threats. People around her noted that if <mask> was on “your side, you didn’t need anybody else”. Many Black church leaderes distanced themselves from <mask>, and some movement and local civil rights activists also avoided associating with her.Some people believed her political approach was too intense, and her movement began to falter. <mask> was criticized by most radical Black male activists, who tended to be conservative in terms of gender roles. Her actions were perceived to be inappropriate for a woman. <mask>’s contribution helped to reshape the stereotypical role of women. She expanded

masks: Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson


title: Gloria Richardson

texts:
 the range of female involvement. She laid the groundwork for African Americans as female politicians and feminists, and people of the LGBTQ community. <mask> demonstrated that even women who lived in small towns have a voice.As a result of this movement, federal dollars began to flow to Cambridge facilities, including parks, schools, streets, public housing, and other projects. However, discrimination against the Black community continued despite the legal end of segregation. Later life
A month after the meeting with Governor Tawes, <mask> left Cambridge for New York City. She married Frank Dandridge, a photographer she had become acquainted with during the demonstrations, and settled with him there. In New York, <mask> worked at an advertising agency before taking a job with the New York City Department for the Aging. She helped ensure businesses complied with laws that affected seniors. <mask> also was advising the Black Action Federation (BAF), CNAC’s successor.BAF was established by former CNAC members because they felt that Cambridge’s “white power system was still impeding progress in all areas of Black residents’ lives”. While largely retiring from public life, she worked with Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited and Associated Community Teams. She retired in 2012 at age 90. In an interview with Gil Noble in 1982, <mask> explained her passion about helping student demonstrators at the beginning of the Cambridge movement. She said that "there was something direct, something real about the way kids waged nonviolent war. This was the first time I saw a vehicle I could work with". <mask> continued to pay attention and stay engaged in current politics and social justice events.In a 2021 interview with The Washington Post, <mask> recounted that she watched as outrage over the


title: Gloria Richardson

texts: murder of George Floyd prompted thousands to take to the streets. She was frustrated by what seemed like a lack of progress since her own work in the 1960s. But she was pleased by the diversity of persons who supported the racial justice movements. During the years of the Cambridge movement, fellow protestors were predominantly Black, but in the 21st century, she saw a mix of races marching together. She recalled that they marched until the governor called martial law because they believed that that was how to get attention and prevent protests about the same topics another 100 years from now. She believed that these actions remain necessary in America today where Black citizens continue to face inequities in the “criminal justice system, housing, health care, and other areas compared with their White counterparts”. Her legacy is less known than many other women in the movement such as Rosa Parks and Dorothy Height.Lopez Matthews Jr., a historian and digital production librarian at Howard University, believes that she is not well-known because “she was a woman who was feisty and who refused to back down. As a society, we tend not to value those traits in women”. However, those traits made <mask> a great leader in the civil rights movement, because she did not back down. In the biography, The Struggle is Eternal: <mask> and Black Liberation, the author, Joseph Fitzgerald, believes that <mask> was not in the Civil Rights movement for a career. Instead, she was in it solely for the purpose of advancing Black liberation. He believes this is the reason why <mask> stepped aside when she felt that she could be of no further meaningful use in the movement. <mask> just wanted to spread the message to others to fight for what they believed in, but to stop being so nice.In 2017, the state of

masks:
Richardson
Gloria Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson


title: Gloria Richardson

texts:
 Maryland honored her legacy by dedicating February 11 as “Gloria Richardson Day”. Although <mask> was not able to travel as planned to Cambridge’s historic Bethel AME Church to be recognized in person, she spoke to the packed church in a live remote broadcast from her apartment. Five months later, a fireside chat was facilitated by Kisha Petticolas, the co-founder of the Eastern Shore Network for Change (ESNC), at the Hyatt Regency Chesapeake Bay Resort in Cambridge. <mask> was a featured speaker at the Reflection’s banquet, where her remarks “brought 300 guests to their feet in a sustained standing ovation”. <mask> helped to establish a new image for Black women in the United States. She replaced the image of a long-suffering martyr with the image of a woman as a warrior. When <mask> was asked how she would like to be remembered, she replied: “I guess I would like for them to say I was true to my belief in black people as a race”.Today, there is a mural placed left of center next to Dorchester native and Underground Railroad conductor Harriet Tubman of <mask> boldly demanding justice. She died in New York on July 15, 2021. References

Bibliography

Further reading

Scholarly monographs

Fitzgerald, Joseph R. (2018). The Struggle Is Eternal: <mask> and Black Liberation, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. .

Journal articles

Dissertations and theses

Non-academic works

External links

 SNCC Digital Gateway: <mask>, Documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and grassroots organizing from the inside-out
 Cambridge MD, Movement 1962-1967, Provided by the Civil Rights Movement Archive website
 How <mask>’s Look of Righteous Indignation Became a Symbol of No Retreat, an article

masks:
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Gloria
Gloria Richardson
Gloria Richardson
Gloria Richardson


title: Gloria Richardson

texts:
 by Janelle Harris Dixon containing many photographs of and an extensive interview of <mask>, Smithsonian, February 9, 2022

1922 births
2021 deaths
20th-century African-American activists
Activists for African-American civil rights
Activists from Maryland
Activists from New York City
American civil rights activists
Civil rights movement
History of civil rights in the United States
Howard University alumni
People from Baltimore
People from Cambridge, Maryland
21st-century African-American


title: Albert Clinton Conner

texts:
<mask> (September 5, 1848 - April 13, 1929) was an American Impressionist painter who was an integral part of the Richmond Group of painters in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. After moving to California, <mask> helped found The Painters' Club of Los Angeles in 1906, which lay the groundwork for the creation of the California Art Club three years later in 1909. Early years
<mask> was born in Fountain City, Indiana on September 5, 1848. He was a self-taught painter who spent most of his career in Indiana. <mask> and his brother <mask> (1857-1905) founded the Rambler's Sketch Club (c.1881) along with Frank J. Girardin (1856-1945) and Micajah Thomas Nordyke (1847-1919), and soon added John Elwood Bundy (1853–1933) to their group. The Rambler's Sketch Club later metamorphosed into the Richmond Art Association (founded 1898, but had exhibited art in schools as early as 1896), which subsequently became the Richmond Art Museum. <mask> moved to the Los Angeles area in October 1887 and became involved in the local art scene, exhibiting in local galleries.His address is listed as 232 South Griffin Avenue in Los Angeles, CA. In circa 1909 he moved his family to Manhattan Beach, CA with his residence recorded as 609 13th St, Manhattan Beach, CA. The Painters' Club of Los Angeles
On the evening of March 17, 1906, eleven artists met at the studio  of William Swift Daniell (1865-1933) with the intention of forming an art club; that night The Painters' Club of Los Angeles was born. <mask> "Pops" <mask> was elected President of the new art club, and Antony Anderson, the first art critic for the Los Angeles Times, was selected to be the first Secretary and Treasurer. No women or

masks:
Albert Clinton Conner
Conner
Albert Clinton Conner
Albert Conner
Charles Conner
Albert Conner
Albert Clinton
Conner


title: Albert Clinton Conner

texts:
 sculptors were allowed, as the group was limited to male painters. "...the Painters’ Club has been formed...The president of the club is A.C<mask>."The Painters' Club of Los Angeles soon acquired a club gallery at Ford Smith & Little’s, No. 313 Broadway, and began to present one to two-month-long exhibits of members' work. (See Exhibitions below for a complete listing of <mask>'s work exhibited at Ford Smith & Little's.) After a break over the summer of 1907, The Painters’ Club held its first meeting of the year on November 20, 1907 at the home studio of <mask> <mask> on S. Griffin Ave. On November 26, 1907, <mask> is re-elected President of the club. The Painters' Club held two larger annual exhibitions; <mask> participated in both of them, held at the Blanchard Art Gallery. The First Annual Exhibition was held in late 1908; after that, on December 1, 1908, <mask> is unanimously re-elected president. The Second Annual Exhibition was held in late 1909.(For full details see Exhibitions below.) Soon after this, The Painters' Club is disbanded. The California Art Club
The California Art Club (CAC) was created almost in the same moment that The Painters' Club ended in December 1909. At this point, "Pops" <mask> was in his 60s, but he continued to exhibit with the new group, including venues like the Long Beach Public Library Art Gallery (1910), an exhibit at the new Royar and Neighbours Gallery (1912), a CAC Exhibition of Sketches (1912), a CAC Spring Exhibition (1912),

<mask> also participated in the four initial Annual CAC Exhibitions; the first two were held in 1911. The Second Annual exhibition pamphlet lists <mask> under a small category of exhibiting Honorary Members

masks:
. Conner
Albert Conner
Albert Clinton
Conner
Albert Conner
Conner
Conner
Conner
Conner
Conner


title: Albert Clinton Conner

texts:
 along with a handful of other members of The Painters' Club; elsewhere in the same pamphlet <mask> is also listed as Honorary President. Both the Third (1912) and Fourth (1913) Annual Exhibitions were first exhibited in Los Angeles and then traveled for a second showing to The San Francisco Institute of Art

<mask> often painted the coast near Manhattan Beach where he lived. In 1912, he was elected city treasurer of the newly incorporated town.<mask> died in Manhattan Beach on April 13, 1929. Memberships
The Painters' Club of Los Angeles (President - first and only)
California Art Club

Exhibitions
Ruskin Art Club (Los Angeles), 1905
Ford Smith & Little's, Dec. 1–31, 1906 (Painters' Club exhibit); <mask> exhibited "The Oaks […] A Gray Day." Ford Smith & Little's, Jan. 1-31, 1907 (Painters' Club exhibit); <mask> exhibited "A Mountain Stream" and "Foggy Morning." Ford Smith & Little's, Feb. 1-28, 1907 (Painters' Club exhibit); <mask> exhibited "The Rustic Bridge" and "Oak-strewn Mountain Side." Ford Smith & Little's, April 1–30, 1907 (Painters' Club exhibit); <mask> exhibited "Lake Elsinore" and "Study of Oaks." The First Annual Exhibition of The Painters' Club, Blanchard Art Gallery, Los Angeles, Oct. 7 – 22, 1908. <mask> exhibited two works, "Midwinter in the San Gabriel Valley" and "Across the Channel," the latter a marine painting.The Second Annual Exhibition of The Painters' Club, Blanchard Art Gallery, Los Angeles, Nov. 1-13, 1909. <mask> exhibited two oil paintings, "The Mesa Meadow" and "Along the Beach." 1st Annual Exhibit of the Chautauqua Association of Southern California, July 16 – Sept. 15, 1910, Long Beach Public Library Art Gallery, 101 Pacific Avenue,

masks: Conner Conner Conner Conner Conner Conner Conner Conner Conner


title: Albert Clinton Conner

texts:
 Long Beach, CA. <mask>'s work is unnamed. First Annual CAC Exhibition, Jan. 31 – Feb. 25, 1911, California Art Club Gallery and Club-Room, 10th and Figueroa Streets, Hotel Ivins, Los Angeles. <mask> exhibited two oil paintings, "Sunshine and Mist" and "Manhattan Beach." Royar and Neighbours Gallery, Feb. 5 – 25, 1912, No.744 Hill Street, Los Angeles. <mask> exhibited two unnamed oil paintings at the new gallery. Exhibition of Sketches, March 21 – 30, 1912, Blanchard Gallery, Los Angeles. <mask>'s work is unnamed. Second Annual CAC Exhibition, Nov. 22 – Dec. 6, 1911, Blanchard Gallery, Los Angeles. <mask> exhibited two paintings, "An Arroyo Memory" and "Where the Lupines Grow." He is listed in the exhibition pamphlet under a special category of Honorary Members along with a handful of other members of The Painters' Club; elsewhere in the same pamphlet <mask> is also listed as Honorary President.CAC Spring Exhibition, May 3 – 31, 1912, Friday Morning Club, Los Angeles. <mask> exhibited "A Shady Pool." Third Annual CAC Exhibition, Nov. 18 – Dec. 30, 1912, Blanchard Hall Gallery, Los Angeles. <mask> exhibited "A Shady Pool." The Third Annual Exhibition traveled for a second showing to The San Francisco Institute of Art, Dec. 8, 1912 – Jan. 2, 1913. Fourth Annual CAC Exhibition, October 20 – November 8, 1913, Blanchard Hall Gallery, Los Angeles. <mask> exhibited "Lupines."The Fourth Annual Exhibition traveled for a second showing to The San Francisco Institute of Art December 8–20, 1913. San Francisco Art Association, 1911–13
Gardena (CA) High School, 1933

Collections
Manhattan Beach Historical Society
Santa Fe Railway

Notes

1848 births
1929 deaths
American Impressionist


title: Michael Collins (footballer, born 1986)

texts:
<mask> (born 30 April 1986) is an English  football player and coach. He is currently the Lead u23s coach for Sheffield United. As a player, he has played club football for Huddersfield Town, Scunthorpe United, AFC Wimbledon, Oxford United, York City, Leyton Orient and F.C. Halifax Town; he also had a spell playing in India for I-League side Bengaluru and represented the Republic of Ireland under-18, under-19 and under-21 teams. Club career

Huddersfield Town
<mask> was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire. Having come through Huddersfield Town's academy, he made his first team debut in a 1–0 home win over Blackpool on 19 February 2005. <mask> made eight appearances in the 2004–05 season, with seven of them being starts.He signed a professional contract with the club on 11 May 2005. He made his first start of the 2005–06 season coming on as an 89th-minute substitute in a 3–1 home win over Swansea City on 13 August 2005. His first start came in a 4–2 away win in the League Cup over Chesterfield on 24 August 2005. <mask> scored his first goal on 18 February 2006 in a 5–0 win over Milton Keynes Dons. He came on as a substitute in the FA Cup third round tie in January 2006 against Premier League champions Chelsea, and set-up Gary Taylor-Fletcher for an equaliser. <mask> made 21 appearances in all competitions Huddersfield in 2005–06. <mask> made his first appearance of 2006–07 on the opening day of the season, coming on in the 66th minute in a 2–1 away defeat away to Gillingham.He made his first start of the season in a 2–0 defeat by Mansfield Town at home in the first round of the League Cup on 22 August 2006. His first league start of the season came on 26 August 2006 in a 1–1 draw at home with Nottingham Forest. <mask> scored his first goal of the season in a 2–1 away win over Port Vale on 21 October 2006. He scored in the last two matches of the season; first in a 4–2 win over Millwall on 21 April 2007 and then on the final day in a 3–1 win over

masks:
Michael Anthony Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins


title: Michael Collins (footballer, born 1986)

texts: Leyton Orient on 5 May. <mask> finished 2006–07 with 46 appearances in all competitions, starting 41 with five coming of the bench, scoring four goals. He scored his first league goal of 2007–08 in Huddersfield's 2–0 win over Yeovil Town at Huish Park on 2 February 2008. During 2007–08, Huddersfield manager Andy Ritchie tended to use <mask> as cover in right-back and right-midfield positions, but he mainly tended to use <mask> in tandem with Andy Holdsworth in Huddersfield's central midfield.On 16 February 2008, <mask> equalised Frank Lampard's goal on the stroke of half-time in the FA Cup fifth round at Stamford Bridge against Chelsea. However, Huddersfield lost the match 3–1. After being left out of the first-team squad for the most of the first part of 2008–09 by manager Stan Ternent, he was re-called to the team by caretaker manager Gerry Murphy to play in the FA Cup first-round tie at home to Port Vale. <mask> scored Huddersfield's equaliser, but was unable to prevent them losing 4–3. A week later, <mask> scored his first league goal of the season, with a 90th-minute winner in a 2–1 win at Elland Road against local rivals Leeds United. <mask> scored 10 goals in 2008–09, from 39 appearances. <mask> gained a red card in Huddersfield's first match of 2009–10 away to Southend United on 8 August 2009.His first goal of the season came in the 65th minute of Huddersfield's 2–1 home victory over Yeovil Town on 29 August 2009. <mask> was ruled out for the remainder of 2009–10 in April 2010, following surgery on a broken finger, but he returned as a substitute in the 2–1 defeat at Exeter City. He then came on as an 89th-minute substitute in the first leg of Huddersfield's play-off semi-final match with Millwall, and was an unused substitute in the second leg defeat at The Den on 18 May 2010. <mask> made 35 appearances in 2009–10, scoring three goals. Along with seven other players, he was added to the transfer list by manager Lee Clark in May

masks: Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins


title: Michael Collins (footballer, born 1986)

texts:
 2010. Scunthorpe United
<mask> joined Championship club Scunthorpe United on 6 July 2010 for an undisclosed fee on a three-year contract. On 20 February 2014, <mask> joined AFC Wimbledon on loan for the rest of the 2013–14 season.Oxford United
On 15 July 2014, <mask> signed a one-year deal at Oxford United, becoming new manager <mask>'s first signing. Appleton said: "<mask> has played 300 league games, most of them at a higher level, and will bring a little bit of know-how and quality to the squad." He made 43 appearances for Oxford, scoring twice, before joining their League Two rivals York City on 2 October 2015 on a one-month loan. <mask> left Oxford by mutual agreement on 7 January 2016, after failing to make any first-team appearances in the 2015–16 season. Bengaluru
On 21 January 2016, <mask> signed for I-League club Bengaluru. He played a total of 11 league matches for the Blues' and left the club in May 2016. Leyton Orient
On 28 October 2016, <mask> signed for Leyton Orient on a three-month contract.He turned down the offer of a new one-year contract with Orient at the end of 2016–17, after the club's relegation to the National League. F.C. Halifax Town
On 9 December 2017, <mask> came out of retirement to sign for his hometown club, F.C. Halifax Town of the National League. Alfreton Town
He returned to playing in December 2018 with Alfreton Town. International career
Qualifying through the parentage rule, <mask> made his international debut in a Republic of Ireland under-18 match in April 2003. He was the captain of the Irish under-19 squad and on 14 March 2007, he got his first call-up to the Republic of Ireland under-21 squad for a match against the Netherlands.However, he was forced to withdraw from the squad after picking up a shoulder injury in a league match for Huddersfield against Brighton & Hove Albion. <mask> made his under-21 debut against Germany in a friendly match at the Sportpark Ronhof in Fürth on 21 August 2007. His

masks:
Collins
Collins
Collins
Michael Appleton
Michael
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins


title: Michael Collins (footballer, born 1986)

texts:
 home debut came against Portugal at Turners Cross in Cork on 7 September 2007. On 15 May 2008, he scored his first goals for the under-21s in a 3–1 win over Malaysia in an Intercontinental Cup match in Malaysia. <mask> made six appearances scoring twice between 2007 and 2008. Coaching career

Bradford Under 18's
In July 2017, <mask> joined League One club Bradford City as their under-18s lead coach. Bradford head coach
He was appointed head coach of Bradford City on 18 June 2018, with Martin Drury and Greg Abbott named as his assistants.He won his first league game, 1-0 away at Shrewsbury, but won only one more game out of 7 in total, and  was sacked by the club on 3 September 2018. He later became a coach at Sunderland's Academy. Personal life
He is the cousin of professional rugby league players Scott Grix and Simon Grix. Career statistics

Managerial statistics

Honours
Scunthorpe United
Football League Two runner-up: 2013–14

Bengaluru
I-League: 2015–16

References

External links
<mask> profile at the Football Association of Ireland website

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Halifax, West Yorkshire
English footballers
English expatriate footballers
Republic of Ireland association footballers
Republic of Ireland expatriate association footballers
Republic of Ireland youth international footballers
Republic of Ireland under-21 international footballers
Association football midfielders
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
AFC Wimbledon players
Oxford United F.C. players
York City F.C.players
Bengaluru FC players
Leyton Orient F.C. players
FC Halifax Town players
English Football League players
I-League players
Bradford City A.F.C. non-playing staff
Expatriate footballers in India
English expatriate sportspeople in India
Irish expatriate sportspeople in India
English people of Irish descent
English Football League managers
Alfreton Town F.C. players
English football managers
Sunderland A.F.C. non-playing

masks:
Collins
Collins
Michael Collins


title: Asim Chaudhry

texts:
<mask> is a British comedian, writer, director and actor best known for playing Chabuddy G in the BBC mockumentary series People Just Do Nothing, which he co-created. For this role, he won a Royal Television Society Award and was nominated for two British Academy Television Awards. In 2015 and 2016, Chaudhry starred in the mockumentary Hoff the Record alongside David Hasselhoff. In 2018, Chaudhry appeared in series six of the panel show Taskmaster and starred in the television film Click & Collect alongside Stephen Merchant. At college, Chaudhry met Hugo Chegwin, Steve Stamp, and Allan Mustafa, with whom he created YouTube mockumentary videos about a fictional pirate radio station. This led to the group being commissioned for People Just Do Nothing. Chaudhry also authored How To Be a Man under the name Chabuddy G, and the group produced music as Kurupt FM.Chaudhry wrote and directed the short film Love Pool, and has appeared in Happy New Year, Colin Burstead, Wonder Woman 1984 and Black Mirror: Bandersnatch. Early life
<mask> <mask> is from Hounslow, London. In high school, Chaudhry made a play parodying the 1972 crime film The Godfather, called The Poppadom Father. On a media studies course at college, he met Hugo Chegwin, Steve Stamp, and Allan Mustafa. The group made a series of YouTube mockumentaries, filmed by Chaudhry, based on their experiences as DJs on a pirate radio station in London. The mockumentaries were seen by Ash Atalla, producer of the mockumentary series The Office, and Atalla commissioned the group to make the BBC Three series People Just Do Nothing. Career

People Just Do Nothing
Chaudhry co-created and starred in People Just Do Nothing, a BBC mockumentary sitcom which premiered in 2014.The series is largely

masks:
Asim Chaudhry
Asim
Chaudhry


title: Asim Chaudhry

texts:
 improvised. <mask> plays Chabuddy G, a failed entrepreneur with high ambitions who manages the group Kurupt FM. The character is partially based on <mask>'s father. The programme ended in 2018 after five series, as the group found it increasingly difficult to come up with new ideas. A film, People Just Do Nothing: Big in Japan, was released in 2021. A US remake is planned, in which <mask> will serve as an executive producer. Chaudhry won a 2017 Royal Television Society Award for Best Comedy Performance.He was nominated for two British Academy Television Awards for Best Male Comedy Performance, in 2017 and 2018. The show also won awards for Best Scripted Comedy at the 2017 BAFTAs and 2017 RTS Awards. <mask>, Hugo Chegwin, Steve Stamp, and Allan Mustafa also perform as the group Kurupt FM. Their single "Heart Monitor Riddem" was released in 2016 after featuring in People Just Do Nothing, and a music video shot by Chaudhry was released in 2018. Kurupt FM were signed to independent music label XL Recordings. Their single "Suttin Like That" was released in October 2017, and their mixtape The Lost Tapes was released in November 2017. <mask> has also released a comedy book, How to Be a Man, under the name Chabuddy G.

Film
In 2016, Chaudhry starred in the short film Donald Mohammed Trump as Donald Trump.The black comedy shows Trump inexplicably turning into an Asian man before a Republican Party rally. Though Chaudhry watched hours of Trump speaking in preparation, he was told by the director to instead play Trump as "a real person", so that the film could focus on the politics of the situation rather than Trump himself. Chaudhry also appeared in the comedy film Chubby Funny, about two struggling London actors, in which he played a corner

masks: Chaudhry Chaudhry Chaudhry Chaudhry Chaudhry


title: Asim Chaudhry

texts: shop owner. In February 2018, the 17-minute short film Love Pool was released, which Chaudhry wrote and directed. In Love Pool, single man Mark meets a woman while carpooling with the service Uber. The film was <mask>'s directorial debut, produced by DMC Film and released on the app Vero. It was inspired by a dinner party in which Chaudhry felt pressure from his friends to settle down, and by his carpooling experiences.<mask> plays the taxi driver, imagining the character as the "pissed off, sour, bitter cousin" of Chabuddy G—his character in People Just Do Nothing. The film won the 2018 People's Choice Award at Thunderdance, an independent film festival in London. In 2018, Chaudhry appeared in the comedy film Eaten by Lions, which is about half-brothers Omar and Pete who search for Omar's estranged father after their parents are eaten by lions. It premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival in June 2018. In a three-star review, Steve Bennett of Chortle called Chaudhry a "scene-stealer". On 24 December 2018, <mask> starred alongside Stephen Merchant in the BBC One television film Click & Collect, with a runtime of 53 minutes. The pair play Dev and Andrew, respectively, who travel  on a road trip on Christmas Eve to buy Andrew's daughter a Christmas present.Chaudhry took inspiration for Dev from a former neighbour who recognised him from the television and waved at Chaudhry when he was in the kitchen, which he could see from his living room window. Adam Starkey of Metro and Jasper Rees of The Telegraph gave the film four out of five stars. Rees commented that Chaudhry performed as Dev like "slipping into an old coat". Starkey praised the actors for "convincing, likeable performances" and wrote that Dev "takes the natural

masks: Chaudhry Chaudhry Chaudhry


title: Asim Chaudhry

texts:
 course from irritatingly vibrant neighbour to having a sympathetic, misunderstood circumstance for his enthusiasm". In 2018, Chaudhry appeared in the Ben Wheatley black comedy Happy New Year, Colin Burstead, playing Sham. The film had a limited release at film festivals before airing on BBC Two on 30 December; a BBC television series spin-off is planned for 2019. Neil Maskell stars as Colin Burstead, who hires a manor for a New Year celebration with his extended family.Sham is an estranged character who wallows in sorrow. Stephen Dalton of The Hollywood Reporter criticised <mask>'s character as one of several whose secondary subplots detract from the film. Chaudhry appeared in the interactive film Black Mirror: Bandersnatch, which was released on Netflix on 28 December 2018. Part of the science fiction anthology series Black Mirror, Bandersnatch allows the viewer to make choices that affect the resultant story. Most storylines involve the young programmer Stefan adapting a book into an adventure game and descending into madness. Chaudhry stars as Mohan Thakur, the founder of the video game company Tuckersoft. The film received a mostly positive critical reception.Chaudhry received racist comments following the episode, but said of the online response that "99.9% of the stuff is positive and lovely". He commented that he and his friends have all played through the film multiple times. Television
Chaudhry starred in the mockumentary Hoff the Record, which aired for twelve episodes on Dave in 2015 and 2016. The programme follows David Hasselhoff as he struggles to find work in the UK, with Chaudhry playing his driver. The show won an International Emmy Award for Best Comedy Series in 2016. In a four-star review of the first episode for


title: Asim Chaudhry

texts:
 The Telegraph, Michael Hogan called Chaudhry "the standout among the supporting cast". In 2017, Chaudhry appeared on the quiz show Celebrity Mastermind, finishing third of four.In April 2018, he appeared in an episode of Rob Beckett's Playing For Time, in which Rob Beckett plays a series of video games with his guest. In May 2018, Chaudhry played Arnab in the Channel 4 sitcom High & Dry. The six-episode series is about a group of people who survive a plane crash, and was filmed in the Seychelles. <mask> was a contestant on the sixth series of Dave panel show Taskmaster; the episodes premiered between May and July 2018. Taskmaster challenges its panellists to complete humorous and absurd tasks, such as "bring in the best liquid". The sixth series featured Chaudhry alongside Alice Levine, Liza Tarbuck, Russell Howard, and Tim Vine; it set record ratings for the programme, with an average viewership of 900,000. Sam Wollaston of The Guardian called Chaudhry "absolutely hopeless at everything, but hilariously and very likably so".In 2018, Chaudhry appeared on chat shows The Jonathan Ross Show and The One Show, with the latter appearance in a Christmas special. In 2019, Chaudhry appeared on the first episode of The Lateish Show with Mo Gilligan. In January 2021, Chaudhry was cast in the Netflix adaptation of The Sandman. Other
Chaudhry appears in British Airways' safety video as Director Chabuddy G. and in Riz Ahmed's album The Long Goodbye, also as Chabuddy G.

Filmography

Television

Film

Awards and nominations

Bibliography

Notes

References

External links

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
British people of Indian descent
Place of birth missing (living people)
British male comedians
British male


title: Amrik Singh

texts:
<mask> (1948 – June 6, 1984) was the President of the All India Sikh Students Federation.He was killed in the Indian Army's operation on the Golden Temple on June 6, 1984. <mask> was the son of <mask>e, the 13th leader of the Damdami Taksal. He was well versed in Gurbani and Sikh literature, and devoted much of his life to Sikh progressive activities. He had passed his Masters in Punjabi from Khalsa College in Amritsar after which he began research work on his Ph.D. thesis. <mask> was a prominent leader of the Damdami Taksal along with  <mask>e. He contested the 1979 Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) election, backed by Bhindranwale, but lost to <mask>l. On 26 April 1982, he led a campaign to get Amritsar the status of a "holy city".During the agitation, he was arrested on 19 July 1982 along with other members of the Damdami Taksal. Jarnail <mask>e began the Dharam Yudh Morcha to implement the Anandpur Resolution which primarily requested more autonomy for Punjab, arguing that it was being oppressed and treated unfairly by the Indian government. As part of the Morcha, he also demanded freedom for <mask> <mask> and other prominent Sikhs. Biography

Birth and family
<mask> <mask> was born in 1948 as the son of Giani Kartar <mask>e, the 13th leader of the Damdami Taksal. Manjit <mask> was his younger brother. Education
<mask> <mask> studied at Khalsa College and received his MA and was on his way to completing his PhD before pursuing promotion of Sikh teachings. Work with AISSF
<mask> <mask> was made president of the AISSF on July 2, 1978 at large AISSF meeting held at Tagore Theatre, Chandigarh.Building Gurdwara Shaheed Ganj in honor of the Sikhs massacred in 1978

<mask>

masks:
Amrik Singh
Amrik Singh
Giani Kartar Singh Bhindranwal
Amrik Singh
Jarnail Singh Bhindranwal
Jiwan Singh Umrananga
Singh Bhindranwal
Amrik
Singh
Amrik
Singh
Singh Bhindranwal
Singh
Amrik
Singh
Amrik
Singh
Amrik


title: Amrik Singh

texts:
 <mask> contributed significantly to opposing the Sant Nirankaris and to the building of the Gurdwara Shaheed Ganj, in B-Block Amritsar, at the spot where the 13 Sikh protesters were murdered by the Nirankaris. When no other organization came forth and the government refused to sell the land to <mask> <mask> and the AISSF the AISSF Sikhs began building the Gurdwara wall at night so they could claim the land by force. Sikh youth would spend the entire night building the wall and it would be knocked down by the police the next day. A stand off between the police and the AISSF began and the police threatened they would shoot anyone on site, they were met with resolve from <mask> <mask> who said they would do anything to raise the memorial for the martyred Sikhs. Eventually the police acceded to the demands of the Sikhs and the Gurdwara remains there today. Running for SGPC Elections
In the General House Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) elections of 1979, the first in 13 years, <mask> <mask> ran and lost to Jiwan Umramangal. <mask> <mask> was in the Dal Khalsa and Bhindranwale's group (who fielded about 40 candidates) running against the Akali Dal and ran for the SGPC Beas constituency.Notably one of The Dal Khalsa aim included establishing an independent Sikh State. Some elements of the Congress party supported and backed Dal Khalsa's and Bhindranwale's group so they could undermine the Akalis. Strikes and agitations
The AISSF held a strike on October 25, 1980 and another on November 14, 1980 to protest against the high bus fare increase and some other issues in such districts as Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Jalandhar, Patiala, Ludhiana with trains not being able to operate then. This

masks: Singh Amrik Singh Amrik Singh Amrik Singh Amrik Singh


title: Amrik Singh

texts: resulted in student-police clashes at numerous places causing the police to open fire at Dasuya and Jhabhal. On the November 14, 1980 strike against the bus fare increase organized by the AISSF there was jammed traffic in the province. The residents of the province provided full support for the Sikh students. Following these agitations all political parties joined the struggle against the increased bus fares.Some reports are there of police stations being attacked. The AISSF held numerous agitations, strikes, street riots against various causes and politicians. During the time of the bus fare agitations the AISSF also held numerous demonstrations against various political leaders including the chief minister of Punjab, Darbara <mask>. Some notable agitations including Sikh students besieging various Punjab ministers and lock themselves inside their offices or residences during early December 1980. The students responsible were arrested and tortured and more subsequent agitations was launched for the release of these students with these agitations were so forceful that the police release the students within a couple of days. The success of the AISSF, which this time numbered to a membership of 300,000 members, at one point compelled the non-government political parties to join in and hold a demonstration in front of the state secretariat at Chandigarh from making a speech, in January 1981. Thousands of AISSF volunteers joined the demonstration with more than a thousand being arrested and eventually police throwing tear-gas and also caning them, however the AISSF were successful in delaying the Punjab governor from making a speech making the government invite all the political parties for a


title: Amrik Singh

texts:
 dialogue.Anti-tobacco march
This issue of banning tobacco in and other improvements to Amritsar also put leeway to get the Sikh issues to mainstream politics. In May 1981 The AISSF alongside Dal Khalsa put forth to pass the bill of banning tobacco in the city of Amritsar, tobacco is strictly forbidden in Sikhism, this bill was originally introduced in 1977 by the Akali Dal for the 400 years founding of Amritsar celebrations. The AISSF gave an ultimatum to the Punjab government to ban tobacco in the city by March 30 or there would be an agitation. The Government of Punjab seemed to agree with the issue but they said that technically passing such a ban would be unconstitutional and therefore could not. Meanwhile, AISSF members forcibly started preventing merchants from selling tobacco and to add to the heat Harchand Longowal also publicly expressed his support for the ban. Opposition's pro-tobacco march
On May 29, 1981 thousands of Hindus marched in Amritsar to protest against the AISSF ban for tobacco demand. They carried sticks with lit cigarettes through the Amritsar bazaar, beating up Sikhs along the way and yelling provocative slogans.Bhindranwale's march
In response to the pro tobacco march, on May 31, 1981, the AISSF, Damdami Taksal, Dal Khalsa joined together led by Sant Jarnail <mask>wale and with over 20,000 supporters put out a procession. No major Akali leader participated in the march. The march went a route of about two and a half kilometres. Following the march there were eruptions of Hindu-Sikh clashes in Amritsar with the government then initiating new laws banning non-religious processions from taking place. These events died down once the government agreed to form a


title: Amrik Singh

texts:
 committee to discuss 'holy-city' status for Amritsar. Outcome
Holy-city status was not given to Amritsar however on February 27, 1983 the Prime Minister passed a law making meat, alcohol and tobacco sale prohibited in the areas around the Harmandir Sahib and the Hindu Durgiana temple in Amritsar. On September 10, 2016 Aam Aadmi Party leader Arvind Kejriwal promised 'holy-city' status to Amritsar as well as Anandpur Sahib on his visit to the city.He declared liquor, tobacco, cigarette and meat will be completely banned in these cities, it is notable the sales of such items are currently rampant in the city. Arrest

On July 19, 1982 <mask> <mask> was arrested for vehemently pleading the case of the arrested workers causing offense and attention to Chenna Reddy, the Governor of Punjab, as well as a possible connection in the attack on Joginder <mask>, a senior Nirankari leader. Sant Jarnail <mask> started a morcha (agitation) on July 19, 1982 for the immediate release of Bhai <mask> <mask> and had popular support throughout Punjab, including support from Akali Dal, Darbara <mask>, and the farmers of Majha's country side. Harcharan Longowal, leader of the Akali Dal than announced that his morcha would also be for the release of <mask> <mask> and the 45 original demands presented to Indira Gandhi. Upon news of Akali Dal's new morcha for the release of Bhai <mask> <mask>, Jarnail <mask> agreed to discontinue his agitation and join the Akali Dal's planned Dharam Yudh Morcha which began on August 4, 1982. <mask> <mask> was released in the summer of 1983 and subsequently honoured at the Akal Takht with flowered garland  (robes of honour). References

1948 births
1984 deaths
Indian Sikhs
Sikh

masks:
Amrik
Singh
Singh Sandhu
Singh
Amrik
Singh
Singh
Amrik
Singh
Amrik
Singh
Singh
Amrik
Singh


title: Tiburce Sébastiani

texts:
<mask>, viscount <mask>, was a French general and politician. He was born on 21 March 1786 in La Porta (Haute-Corse) and died on 16 September 1871 in Bastia (Haute-Corse). Deputy of Corsica from 1828 to 1837, and Peer of France, he was the brother of the Marshal of France and politician <mask>. Life

Youth
<mask> was born in La Porta (Haute-Corse) on 21 March 1786. He was the son of Joseph-<mask>, a wealthy tailor and craftsman, and of the signora Maria Pietra Francesca Alterice Franceschi. His older brother was the future Marshal of France and politician <mask>. <mask> would later marry Marie Laetitia Paravicini on 19 November 1817.In 1789, during the French Revolution, the Sébastiani family was forced to move to France to flee the revolutionary troubles in Corsica. <mask> was then a pupil of the National military Prytaneum of Paris, then of the Military School of Fontainebleau (Saint-Cyr), from where he left in October 1806 with the rank of Second lieutenant in the 1st regiment of Dragoons. Napoleonic Wars
He participated first in the expedition of Portugal led by General Junot, where he took part in the battle of Vimeiro, then in Spain, under the orders of his brother General <mask> (1809–1811), where he distinguished in the battles of Ciudad Real, Santa-Cruz, Talaveira, Almonacid, in the passage of the Sierra Morena (where he was elevated to the rank of Knight of the Legion of Honour on 23 June 1810) and in the take of Malaga. He received command of mobile columns, at the head of which he fought in turn the Spaniards and the English, notably at Motril, which he captured, and under the walls of Gibraltar. Called in 1812 to the Grande Armée, he

masks:
Jean André Tiburce
Sébastiani de La Porta
Horace Sébastiani
Tiburce Sébastiani
Marie Sébastiani
Horace Sébastiani
Tiburce
Tiburce
Horace Sébastiani


title: Tiburce Sébastiani

texts:
 having completely liberated Greece from the occupier. Upon returning from this campaign, he was promoted by king Charles X Commander of the Royal and Military Order of Saint-Louis and then, Grand Commander of the Order of the Redeemer by the new independent Greek State, in 1830. Following the July Revolution, Sébastiani was re-elected deputy (17 November 1830) by 22 votes (out of 37 voters), and received from the July Monarchy the rank of Lieutenant general on 27 February 1831. In 1832 he received command of the First Division of the Army of the North and campaigned in Belgium, where he attended the siege of Antwerp. Re-elected deputy, on 5 July 1831, in the first college of Corsica (Ajaccio), by 93 votes out of 97 voters, 148 registered, and then, on 5 July 1834, by 97 votes out of 98 voters, 150 registered, he did not cease support with his votes the government of king Louis-Philippe.Raised to the Peerage on 3 October 1837, he followed the same line of conduct at the Luxembourg Palace (seat of the Chamber of Peers), became commander of the military division of Marseille, and, in 1842, of that of Paris, which he kept until the eve of the French Revolution of 1848. <mask> Sébastiani withdrew to Corsica after the revolution of 1848 and remained away from politics. He was raised to the rank of Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour on 5 January 1845. He died in Bastia (Haute-Corse) on 16 September 1871. Decorations
 French decorations:
  Commander of the Royal and Military Order of Saint-Louis (22 February 1829). Knight of the Order of the Legion of Honour (23 June 1810). Officer of the Legion of Honour (18 February 1814).Commander of the Legion of


title: Tiburce Sébastiani

texts:
 Honour (16 November 1832). Grand-officer of the Legion of Honour (29 April 1833). Grand-croix of the Legion of Honour (5 January 1845). Foreign decorations:
  Grand-Commander of the Order of the Redeemer (Greece)
  Grand-commander of the Order of Leopold (Belgium)
  Viscount (30 June 1830). Pair de France on 3 October 1837

See also
 Morea expedition
 List of members of the Morea expedition (1828-1833)

Notes and references

Bibliography
 « Sébastiani (Jean André Tiburce, vicomte) », dans Adolphe Robert et Gaston Cougny, Dictionnaire des parlementaires français, Edgar Bourloton, 1889–1891 [détail de l’édition] [texte sur Sycomore] ;
 Sébastiani (Tiburce, vicomte), « Biographies et nécrologies des hommes marquants du XIXe siècle », Volume 2, p. 193, Victor Lacaine et H.-Charles Laurent, 1845. <mask> Tiburce, « Dictionnaire des colonels de Napoléon », pp. 787–788, Danielle and Bernard Quintin (preface by Jean Tulard), editions SPM-Lettrage, Paris, 2013.External links
 Resources related to his public life: Base Léonore ; Base Sycomore :
 (National Order of the Legion of Honour)
« List of the parliamentary terms of Jean, André, Tiburce Sébastiani (1786–1871) », base Sycomore, (French National Assembly). Defence Historical Service – Fort de Vincennes – Dossier S.H.A.T. Côte : 7 Yd 1 103. Cote S.H.A.T., state of services, distinctions on

People from Corsica
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Commanders of the Order of Saint Louis
Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
19th-century Viscounts of France
French generals
1786 births
1871 deaths
French military personnel of the


title: Cildo Meireles

texts: <mask> (born 1948) is a Brazilian conceptual artist, installation artist and sculptor. He is noted especially for his installations, many of which express resistance to political oppression in Brazil. These works, often large and dense, encourage a phenomenological experience via the viewer's interaction. <mask> was born in Rio de Janeiro in 1948. From an early age, <mask> showed a keen interest in drawing and spatial relations. He was especially interested in how this has been explored in animated film. His father, who encouraged <mask>' creativity, worked for the Indian Protection Service and their family traveled extensively within rural Brazil.In an interview with Nuria Enguita, Meireles described a time when he was "seven or eight" and living in the countryside that had a huge impact on him. He said that he was startled by an impoverished man wandering through the trees. The next day, the young Meireles went to investigate, but the man was gone and only a small but perfect hut the man had apparently made the night before remained. Meireles said that this hut "was perhaps the most decisive thing for the path [he] followed in life...The possibility one has of making things and leaving them for others." During his time in rural Brazil, <mask> learned the beliefs of the Tupi people which he later incorporated into some of his works in order to highlight their marginalization in, or complete disappearance from, Brazilian society and politics. Installations which contain allusions to the Tupi include Southern Cross (1969–70) and Olvido (1990). Meireles cites Orson Welles' 1938 radio

masks:
Cildo Meireles
Life Meireles
Meireles
Meireles
Meireles


title: Cildo Meireles

texts:
 broadcast War of the Worlds as one of the greatest works of art of the 20th century because it "seamlessly dissolved the border between art and life, fiction and reality."Recreating this concept of total audience investment was an important artistic goal of Meireles that is seen throughout his body of work. He began his study of art in 1963 at the District Federal Cultural Foundation in Brasilia, under the Peruvian painter and ceramist Felix Barrenechea. In the late 1960s, Meireles discovered the work of Hélio Oiticica and Lygia Clark, thereby introducing him to the Brazilian Neo-Concrete movement. These artists, as well as Meireles, were all concerned with blurring the boundary between what is art and what is life, and responding to current political situations within their pieces. Meireles unintentionally participated in a political demonstration in April 1964, when he was sixteen years old. He has cited this moment has his "political awakening" and began to take an interest in student politics. In 1967 he moved to Rio de Janeiro and studied at the Escola Nacional de Belas Artes.<mask> currently lives and works in Rio de Janeiro. Career

<mask> has stated that drawing was his main artistic medium until 1968, when he altogether abandoned expressionistic drawing in favor of designing things that he wanted to physically construct. A topic that he especially explored in his art was the concept of the ephemeral and the non-object, art that only exists with interaction, which prompted him to create installation pieces or situational art. This led to his Virtual Spaces project, which he began

masks: Meireles Meireles


title: Cildo Meireles

texts:
 in 1968. This project was "based on Euclidian principles of space" and sought to show how objects in space can be defined by three different planes. He modeled this concept as a series of environments made to look like corners in rooms. Following the military coup in 1964, <mask> became involved in political art.When <mask> was "first getting started as an artist," governmental censorship of various forms of media, including art, was standard in Brazil. Meireles found ways to create art that was subversive but subtle enough to make public by taking inspiration from Dadaist art, which he notes had the ability to seem "tame" and "ironic." In the early 1970s he developed a political art project that aimed to reach a wide audience while avoiding censorship called Insertions Into Ideological Circuits, which was continued until 1976. Many of his installation pieces since this time have taken on political themes, though now his art is "less overtly political." He was one of the founders of the Experimental Unit of the Museu de Arte Moderna in Rio de Janeiro in 1969 and in 1975, edited the art magazine Malasartes. In 1999, <mask> was honoured with a Prince Claus Award and in 2008 he won the Velazquez Plastic Arts Award, presented by the Ministry of Culture of Spain. Key Works

Red Shift (1967-84)
A large-scale, three-room exploration of an entirely red environment.The title of the installation refers both to the scientific concept of chromatic shift (or chromatic aberration) as well as to the idea of a "shift" as a displacement or deviation. The first room, called Impregnation, is approximately 50

masks: Meireles Meireles Meireles


title: Cildo Meireles

texts:
 installation are at first rather vague, like in the initial saturation of red in the first room and in the ink spill of the second room, in the third room this association with blood becomes much more explicit, creating a final, visceral reaction to the color within the participant. Art historian Anne Dezeuze has commented that the "cinematic" installation as a whole articulates a certain sense of menace within participants because of the intense repetition of the color red throughout the three rooms. Like most of <mask>' other artworks, Red Shift takes on political undertones when examined in light of Brazil's military dictatorship which lasted throughout the creation and exhibition of this piece. For instance, the red liquid pouring into the washbasin has been seen by some art historians as a visual representation of the blood of victims murdered by government authorities. Southern Cross (1969-70)
A minimalist sculpture, on a Lilliputian scale: <mask> calls it an example of “humiliminimalism” – a humble brand of minimalism. He wanted it to be even smaller, “but when [he] sanded it down to [his] nails, [he] lost patience and stopped at nine millimeters." Unlike most minimalist sculptures it is no mere object, but it is meant to be as richly symbolic, sensuous and potent as an amulet.Each half of the tiny 9mm by 9mm by 9mm cube is made of pine and oak. These two types of wood are considered sacred by the Tupi people of Brazil. The title refers to an unofficial geographical (and metaphysical) region that lies to the west of Tordesillas. According to <mask> in a statement he made about the


title: Cildo Meireles

texts:
 artwork in 1970, this region is "the wild side, the jungle in one's head, without the lustre of intelligence or reason...our origins." It is a place where "there are only individual truths." In the same statement, he notes that he wants Southern Cross to be perceived as a physical representation of the memory of the Tupi ("people whose history is legends and fables") and a warning to modernity of the growing self-confidence of the primordial which will eventually result in an overtaking of the urban by the natural. <mask>' statement is also political.It is a caution against indifference, especially against indifference towards Brazil's fading indigenous population. The tiny cube is meant to be placed alone in the middle of an empty room in order to emphasize the reality and the power of indigenous belief systems in the context of Eurocentric modernism. Insertions Into Ideological Circuits (1970-76)
An art project with political undertones that was designed to reach a mass-audience. This project manifested in multiple ways, two of the most well-known being the Coca-Cola project, and the Banknote project. Insertions Into Ideological Circuits was based upon three principles as defined by Meireles: 1) In society there are certain mechanisms for circulation (circuits); 2) these circuits clearly embody the ideology of the producer, but at the same time they are passive when they receive insertions into the circuit; 3) and this occurs whenever people initiate them. The goal of Insertions... was to literally insert some kind of counter-information or critical thought into a large system of


title: Cildo Meireles

texts:
 circulated information. Meireles inserted something that is physically the same, though ideologically different, into a pre-existing system in order to counteract the original circuit without disrupting it.The project was achieved by printing images and messages onto various items that were already widely circulated and which had value discouraging them being destroyed, such as Coca-Cola bottles (which were recycled by way of a deposit scheme) and banknotes. Meireles screen-printed texts onto the Coca-Cola bottles that were supposed to encourage the buyer to become aware of their personal role in a consumerist society. The project simultaneously conveyed anti-imperialist and anti-capitalist messages. Building off of that concept, <mask> also used money as a theme and produced his own replica banknotes and coins (1974–1978) which appeared very similar to genuine Brazilian and US currency but with zero denominations clearly written on them, e.g. Zero Dollar. Mieireles also wrote critiques of the Brazilian government on the banknotes, such as "Who killed Herzog?" (in reference to journalist Vladimir Herzog), "Yankees go home!"and "Direct elections." Through (1983-89)
A labyrinthine structure which invites the visitor to walk across eight tons of broken plate glass. The maze is composed of "velvet museum ropes, street barriers, garden fences, blinds, railings, and aquariums" and in the center of it is a three-meter ball of cellophane. <mask> notes that an essential part of Through is the sense of psychological unease that comes from the participant's realization of the different sensory


title: Cildo Meireles

texts:
 capacities and capabilities between the eyes and the body. For instance, the eyes can see through the glass parts of the work, but the body is physically impeded from passing through parts of the space. Furthermore, the sound of crunching glass underfoot while navigating the maze can be off-putting. He wanted the participant to experience psychological tension between the appreciation of the sonic and the appreciation of the visual.The work, Meireles says, "is based on the notion of an excess of obstacles and prohibitions." <mask> drew some of his inspiration for this installation from writer Jorge Luis Borges, whose subject matter sometimes included the concept of the labyrinth. <mask> also wanted the participant to experience feelings of awareness and attentiveness that come from walking a labyrinth. Babel (2001)
A tower of hundreds of radios, each just audible and tuned to stations of different languages to evoke resonances of the Tower of Babel in the Bible. In the story, before the destruction of the Tower of Babel by God, every person on Earth spoke the same language. <mask>' Babel acknowledges the multiplicity of language that resulted from the Tower's destruction in the story. The artwork contradicts the notion of one universal language, emphasizing that the pursuit of commonality is futile.Paul Herkenhoff points out that Babel also has autobiographical meaning for Meireles, as radio was a common method of widespread communication in Brazil during the artist's youth. The work also speaks to globalization. Meireles parallels the unity of humanity before the fall of the Tower of