title: Charles Grafly

texts: $22,500 for the project, and Trask commissioned Grafly to create the sculpture in 1913. <mask>'s plaster sketches are preserved at Wichita State University's Ulrich Museum of Art, and an early iteration of the work bordered on comical—a stalwart mother balancing screaming twin infants, one on each arm. <mask>'s final model went in another direction, granting the woman and her two naked toddlers a simple dignity. The casting took longer than expected, and the sculpture was not in place for the exhibition's March 2, 1915 opening. Set atop a 26-foot (7.9 m) stepped concrete base, the monument was dedicated on June 30, 1915.The Pioneer Mother monument, by <mask>, is a permanent bronze, a tribute by the people of the West to the women who laid the foundation of their welfare. It is to stand in the San Francisco Civic Center, where its masterful simplicity will be more impressive than in this colorful colonnade. It is a true addition to noteworthy American works of art and fully expresses the spirit of this courageous motherhood, tender but strong, adventurous but womanly, enduring but not humble. It has escaped every pitfall of mawkishness, stubbornly refused to descend to mere prettiness, and lived up to the noblest possibilities of its theme. The strong hands, the firmly set feet, the clear, broad brow of the Mother and the uncompromisingly simple, sculpturally pure lines of figure and garments are honest and commanding in beauty. The children, too, are modeled with affectionate sincerity and are a realistic interpretation of childish

masks:
Grafly
Grafly
Charles Grafly


title: Charles Grafly

type: original

texts:
 exchange.Lorado Taft claimed "there is no sculptor in this country who can make a finer bust". Critic Helen W. Henderson wrote:
The bust of Henry Lorenz Viereck, entomologist, is the unique work of <mask> in Washington. [D.C.] It is owned by the sitter. This bust, made about 1908, is one of the most successful of that series of portrait busts commenced by the sculptor a few years ago, and including at the present time, many distinguished artists, doctors, and specialists in other fields. In the department of portrait busts Grafly stands unrivalled in his generation. The head of Viereck is extremely typical of the quality and character of the sculptor's achievement. In the 1920s, Grafly created four busts of historical figures for the Hall of Fame for Great Americans, in Bronx, New York City.New York Custom House
<mask> modeled two of the colossal figures for the façade of the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House in Manhattan, New York City. His allegorical figure of England (1903–07) depicts a young Queen Victoria dressed in armor, holding the wand of Hermes and accompanied by the shield of St. George and a ship's wheel. His allegorical figure of France (1904–07) depicts a goddess crowned with a laurel wreath, holding a sceptre, a sheaf of wheat and a bronze statuette representing the Fine Arts, and accompanied by a Gallic rooster and a herm of the ancient god Dusios. Both figures were carved in limestone by the Piccirilli Brothers. Meade Memorial

The most prestigious commission of Grafly's career was the Major General George Gordon

masks:
Charles Grafly
Grafly


title: Charles Grafly

texts: Meade Memorial (1915–27), a monument for the National Mall in Washington, D.C. General Meade (1815–1872) had been commander of the decisive Union victory at Gettysburg, and the memorial was the gift of Pennsylvania to the nation. It was originally installed south of Pennsylvania Avenue, between 2nd and 3rd Streets NW—a site now mostly covered by the Capitol Reflecting Pool.This was opposite and slightly north of the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial. On January 21, 1915, President Woodrow Wilson signed a joint resolution of Congress creating the federal commission for the Meade Memorial. On November 23, 1915, the commission chose <mask> as sculptor and Simon & Bassett (later Simon & Simon) as architects for the project. <mask>'s sculpture program went through several iterations before it was granted preliminary approval by the D.C. Commission of Fine Arts, three years later. His design mixed the literal, the allegorical and the fantastical, and was granted final approval in January 1922. The memorial features eight figures grouped in a circle. The primary figure of General Meade, dressed in his Civil War uniform, faces south.He is flanked by six nude allegorical figures – Loyalty, Fame and Energy on the west side; Chivalry, Progress and Military Courage on the east side – representing qualities that Grafly "believed were necessary for the character of a great general". Facing north is the dark angel of War, "unchanged since war first ravaged the world", who wears a helmet, breastplate and cape, and before whom stands a knightly sword, ready to

masks: Grafly Grafly


title: Charles Grafly

texts:
 be taken up when necessary. "War... holds in his grim clutch two memorial tablets [on which are listed Meade's military battles]. His wings, in long sweeping curves, stretch toward the standard held by Loyalty... The side groups are thus outlined against the ominous shadow of the wings of War." Loyalty and Chivalry remove General Meade's "cloak of battle". "Loyalty also raises aloft over Meade's head a standard [ Legion eagle ] of wreaths and garlands, in commemoration of great achievement."The Piccirilli Brothers carved the figures from white Tennessee marble. The cylindrical base is gray granite, and its stepped circular platform is Milford pink granite. The memorial was dedicated on October 19, 1927. The Meade Memorial was dismantled in 1969, to make way for excavation of the 3rd Street Tunnel under the National Mall and construction of the Capitol Reflecting Pool. Following fourteen years in storage, the memorial underwent restoration, and was installed on the entrance plaza of the E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse in 1983, one block northwest of its original site. Pennypacker Memorial

Grafly was commissioned to create a memorial to Major General Galusha Pennypacker for Logan Square, Philadelphia. A valorous Civil War officer, Pennypacker had been promoted to general at age 22.<mask>'s concept was to depict him in the prime of his manhood—as a burly, bare-chested Roman general, flanked by tigers and straddling a chariot-like cannon. Grafly invited his former student Albert Laessle to model the tigers, and worked on the


title: Charles Grafly

texts:
 project, 1921–26, before setting it aside to complete the Meade Memorial. In 1934, five years after <mask>'s death, Laessle completed the Pennypacker Memorial based on his teacher's designs. Other honors
The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts awarded <mask> its 1899 Converse Gold Medal of Honor "for distinguished services to art and to the Academy". The National Sculpture Society awarded him its 1905 J. Q. A. Ward Prize.At its 1913 annual exhibition, PAFA awarded him the first Widener Gold Medal for Sculpture for his portrait bust of Thomas Anshutz. The Philadelphia Water Color Club awarded him its 1916 Lea First Prize (for drawing). The National Academy of Design awarded him its 1919 Watrous Gold Medal, for his portrait bust of Childe Hassam. The Chicago Art Institute awarded him its 1921 Potter Palmer Gold Medal for his portrait bust of Frank Duveneck, and the Concord Art Association awarded him its 1922 Medal of Honor for the same work. <mask> was a founding member of the National Sculpture Society (1893), served on its council, and was later elected a Fellow. He was elected an Associate of the National Academy of Design in 1902, and an Academician in 1905. (Robert Henri painted Grafly's NAD diploma portrait.)He was a member of the Philadelphia Art Club, the Architectural League of New York, the National Institute of Arts and Letters, and other arts organizations. Personal
Grafly married Frances Sekeles of Corinth, Mississippi, on June 7, 1895. They had one daughter, Dorothy (1896–1980), born in Paris during his sabbatical from

masks: Grafly Grafly Grafly


title: Charles Grafly

texts: PAFA. The <mask>s lived at 2140 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, and he had a studio at 2200 Arch Street. In 1905, Grafly bought property in Lanesville, Gloucester, Massachusetts, and built a house and studio that he named "Fool's Paradise". Favored PAFA students were invited to visit and use his studio. Following the 1917 death of sculptor Bela Pratt, Grafly taught (additionally) at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.He made "Fool's Paradise" his residence year-round, and commuted to Philadelphia or Boston by train. <mask>'s protégé, Walker Hancock, considered him "the pre-eminent instructor of sculpture in this country", and came to PAFA in 1920 specifically to study under him. Hancock won awards for his work as a student, two traveling scholarships and, after graduation, the 1925 Prix de Rome in sculpture. In April 1929, on the day Hancock returned to Philadelphia from the American Academy in Rome, he heard the news—<mask> had been struck by a hit-and-run driver the night before. During the ensuing days, even though he was gradually failing, we had the opportunity to talk about things that concerned him. Two things were very much on his mind. He asked me to make sure that the wreath behind the head of General Meade in the Meade Memorial in Washington would be freshly gilded.His other worry was that the landscaping around his statue of James Buchanan in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, had not been carried out. He wanted me to see that this was done. In the period of his hospitalization and suffering, Grafly told Mr. [John Andrew]


title: Charles Grafly

texts:
 Myers [Director of PAFA] that he wanted me to take his place as instructor of sculpture at the Pennsylvania Academy. He lived only two weeks after the accident. Hancock was among those who eulogized Grafly at his memorial service. The pall bearers at his funeral included former students Albert Laessle and Albin Polasek; and artists Hugh Breckenridge, Edward Redfield, Robert Henri and Albert Rosenthal. Legacy
Except for his sabbatical in 1895–96, <mask> taught at PAFA from 1892 to his death in 1929.Among his students were sculptors Eugene Castello, Nancy Coonsman, George Demetrios, Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller, Walker Hancock, <mask>, Albert Laessle, Paul Manship, Eleanor Mary Mellon, Louis Milione, Albin Polasek, Dudley Pratt, Lawrence Tenney Stevens, and Katherine Lane Weems. The collection of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts includes about twenty Grafly bronzes. The Ulrich Museum of Art at Wichita State University possesses more than two hundred of his works, mostly plaster casts, a bequest of <mask> Drummond (the artist's daughter). <mask> became an art critic and author. Her 1929 biography of her father, The Sculptor's Clay: <mask> (1862–1929), was reissued by Wichita State University in 1996. Selected works
Aeneas and Anchises (1893), Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington, Delaware. The sculpture depicts Aeneas carrying his aged father, Anchises, out of the burning city of Troy.The Vulture of War (1895–99), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Symbol of Life (1897), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine

masks:
Grafly
Charles Harley
Dorothy Grafly
Dorothy Grafly
Charles Grafly


title: Charles Grafly

texts:
 Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The young man leans on a scythe; the young woman holds an orb from which grows a stalk of wheat. From Generation to Generation (1897–98), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A youth and an old man walking side by side past a winged zodiac clock. Smith Memorial Arch, West Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Bust of Admiral David Dixon Porter (1898–1901)
Bust of John B. Gest (1901)
General John F. Reynolds (1901–02)
Fountain of Man (1901), Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, New York.In Much Wisdom (1902), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. A nude, helmeted goddess stands with a snake draped over her shoulders, looking into a hand mirror. Vérité (Truth) (1904), Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, Missouri. Mother and Child (1905, cast in bronze 1989), Charles Grafly Sculpture Garden, Wichita State University. Maidenhood (1906), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. An anatomical study, it was part of <mask>'s exhibit at the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition. U.S.Custom House, Manhattan, New York City, Cass Gilbert, architect. Allegorical figure of England (1903–07)
Allegorical figure of France (1904–07)
Ideal Head of a Woman (1908), Ulrich Museum of Art, Wichita State University. The Oarsman (1910), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Modeled at Grafly's Lanesville studio, probably as an anatomical study, it was part of his exhibit at the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition. Pioneer Mother Monument (1913–15), Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California. James


title: Charles Grafly

texts:
 Buchanan (1924–28), Buchanan Park, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Major General George Gordon Meade Memorial (1927), E. Barrett Prettyman Federal Courthouse, Washington, D.C.
Head of War (1921), Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City.Another cast is at the Art Institute of Chicago. Head of Chivalry (1927), Smithsonian American Art Museum. Major General Galusha Pennypacker Memorial (1921–34), Logan Circle, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Albert Laessle completed the monument from Grafly's designs. Portrait busts

Daedalus (1890), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1890. Exhibited at PAFA in 1891, and purchased by the Temple Fund.My Mother – Bust of <mask> (1892, cast in bronze 1990), Charles Grafly Sculpture Garden, Wichita State University. Icarus (1894, cast in bronze 1973), Charles Grafly Sculpture Garden, Wichita State University. Henry O. Tanner (1896), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. Hugh H. Breckenridge (1898), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Joseph R. DeCamp (1902), Philadelphia Museum of Art. Edward Hornor Coates (1903), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. W. Elmer Schofield (1905), National Academy of Design, New York City.The Surgeon—Portrait of Joseph Price (1906), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Emily Clayton Bishop (1907), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Edward W. Redfield (1909), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
William M. Paxton (1909), Museum of Fine Arts Boston. The Entomologist—Portrait of Henry L. Viereck (1909), Pennsylvania Academy of the


title: Charles Grafly

texts:
 Fine Arts. <mask> Lea (1910), Library Company of Philadelphia. Thomas P. Anshutz (1912), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Awarded PAFA's first Widener Gold Medal, in 1913.Frank Duveneck (1915), National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C.
Paul Wayland Bartlett (1916), National Academy of Design, New York City. Childe Hassam (1918), Philadelphia Museum of Art. Morris Gray (1923), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. Hall of Fame for Great Americans, Bronx, New York City
 James Buchanan Eads (1924)
 Jonathan Edwards (1926)
 David Glasgow Farragut (1927)
 John Paul Jones (1928)

Notes

Further reading
Drummond, <mask>, The Sculptor's Clay: <mask> (1862–1929), Edwin A Ulrich Museum of Art, Wichita State University Wichita, Kansas (1929, reprinted 1996). Moissaye Marans, "<mask>ly as Teacher", National Sculpture Review, vol. 21 (Fall 1972). Pamela H. Simpson, The Sculpture of <mask>, PhD.dissertation, (University of Delaware, 1974). Anne d'Harnoncourt, "<mask> (1862–1929)", Philadelphia: Three Centuries of American Art (Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1976), pp. 439–40. Susan James-Gadzinski and Mary Mullen Cunningham, "<mask>, 1862-1929", American Sculpture in the Museum of American Art of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA, 1997), pp. 118–41. External links

1862 births
1929 deaths
American architectural sculptors
Sculptors from Pennsylvania
Drexel University faculty
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts faculty
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni
School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Tufts faculty
Students

masks:
Henry Charles
Dorothy Grafly
Charles Grafly
Charles Graf
Charles Grafly
Charles Grafly
Charles Grafly


title: William Keogh

texts:
<mask> PC (1817– 30 September 1878) was an unpopular and controversial Irish politician and judge, whose name became a byword in Ireland  for betraying one's political principles. Background
He was born in Galway, son of <mask>, clerk of the Crown for Kilkenny,  and his wife Mary ffrench,  daughter of  Austin ffrench of Rahoon, near Galway. He went to Dr Huddard's school in Dublin, and graduated from the University of Dublin: he  was called to the Bar in 1840, and became Queen's Counsel  in 1849. No-one has ever questioned his intellectual abilities. He was a superb speaker both in public and private and he founded a well-known debating society, the Tail-end Club. He published several books on law, politics and literature, including a book on the prose writings of John Milton. Despite his later reputation for eccentricity and bad temper, as a young man he was considered  to be the best of company:  genial, good humoured and a superb conversationalist.He joined the Connaught circuit where he rapidly acquired a large practice, due less to any great legal skill than to his eloquence and  impressive presence; these gifts soon turned him towards politics. He married Kate Rooney, daughter of Thomas  Rooney,  a Galway surgeon, in  1841; they had one son, and a daughter Mary,  who married James Murphy (1823-1901), judge of the High Court, and had six children, including Edward Sullivan Murphy. Political career
In 1847 <mask> was elected MP for Athlone. In 1851 he was one of the  founders  of the Catholic Defence Association  which championed the cause of tenant reform; he was re-elected for  Athlone in 1852.In the latter year he helped found the Independent Irish Party, which was  popularly known as "the Pope's Brass Band". The new party  was pledged to repeal  the Ecclesiastical Titles Act and to further the cause of  tenant reform, and most crucially, its  members gave an explicit promise  not to take office but  instead to

masks:
William Nicholas Keogh
William Keogh
Keogh


title: William Keogh

texts:
 hold the balance of power at Westminster. In this they were at first successful, helping to vote out the administration of Lord Derby, who was replaced by Lord Aberdeen. Within months of promising  not to take office, Keogh (together with  his colleague John Sadleir) made the decision which destroyed his reputation  in his own lifetime and long  after his death: he accepted office in the Aberdeen Government, becoming first   Solicitor-General for Ireland, and  then Attorney-General for Ireland in 1855.His decision was seen by the Irish electorate  as an unforgivable betrayal of a solemn pledge and his name,  along with Sadleir's, entered the Irish political vocabulary. Even a century later, John A. Costello turned down the offer by Éamon de Valera to make him a Supreme Court judge on the ground that he "did not wish face charges of being another Sadleir or Keogh". Judicial career
In 1856 <mask> was appointed a judge of the Irish Court of Common Pleas. On the grounds of legal ability no one could dispute that he was highly qualified for judicial office, and in non-political cases he had a good reputation: if not a profound lawyer, he had the ability to quickly see the essential point of a case. Unfortunately his conduct as a judge did nothing to restore the damage to his reputation. He was a man of strong opinions, which were  always expressed forcefully, and his hot temper led to frequent quarrels with counsel. On one occasion Peter O'Brien, the future Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, was threatened with removal from Court.It must be said in Keogh's defence that, having recovered his temper, he apologised to O'Brien in open court in the presence of the assembled Bar. This suggests that Keogh, who as a young man had been famed for geniality and good humour, was not acting out of malice, but rather suffering from stress and ill-health. Keogh's conduct of the "Fenian Trials" of 1865–6 and the savage sentences which were


title: William Keogh

texts:
 handed down were much criticised, although his defenders said that Charles Kickham at least had been treated as leniently as the evidence allowed. Further damage was done to his reputation by his decision on the Galway election petition case of 1872, where <mask> Poer Trench, the unsuccessful candidate, petitioned to unseat the winner, John Philip Nolan, on the grounds of intimidation and undue pressure from the Catholic clergy. According to Delaney, Keogh's judgment took nine hours to read and "was delivered in an extremely biased manner and did nothing to enhance the reputation of the judiciary". Much of it seems to have been a diatribe against the Catholic hierarchy, which struck the audience as coming very strangely from a former member of the "Pope's Brass Band". There was a public uproar, and the Government had to move to defeat a motion in the House of Commons calling for Keogh's removal from the bench.On foot of the judgment the Government's Law Officers, much to their own embarrassment, felt obliged to prosecute Patrick Duggan, Bishop of Clonfert, and were clearly relieved when he was acquitted.Friendship with Father Healy
Keogh developed a close friendship with Father Healy of Little Bray and the two used to dine at each other's houses every week. Father Healy's broad mindedness and sense of humour struck a chord with the unconventional judge. Father Healy remained supportive of Keogh throughout Keogh's disputes with the Church and periods of mental illness. The following exchange was recorded by Father Healy's biographer:
"My dear Healy," said Keogh, with a very solemn face, "I'll do anything you wish - only name it. I'd turn Turk or Mohammedan if it serves you." "Turn Catholic," replied Healy. Last years and death
In his last years, Keogh showed increasing signs of eccentricity,  in the face of unrelenting  public hostility  from much of the Catholic population.His public  clash with Peter O'Brien, which


title: William Keogh

texts:
 probably occurred in 1877, suggests that his bad temper was the result of stress rather than ill nature, and the reminisces of Oliver Burke demonstrate  that he could still show considerable  charm and good humour on occasion.In 1878 he travelled abroad to Belgium and Germany  in an effort to regain his health, but on 19 August 1878 he attacked his valet with a straight razor in a fit of delirium, and was confined to a hospital. While he may have recovered his sanity, he continued to decline physically and died in Bingen am Rhein 30 September 1878. He was buried in Bonn. Reputation

Keogh's death did nothing to lessen  the hostility to him at home; the Irish newspapers heaped abuse on him, causing The Times of London to protest that in any country but Ireland his talents would have won him popularity and respect. There is no doubt of his intellectual gifts, while his  friends recalled the charm and good humour he had shown in his earlier years, and his son-in-law, Mr Justice  James  Murphy,  to whom he had been close,  championed him to the end. The picture of him in Burke's Anecdotes of the Connaught Circuit, published a few years after Keogh's death,  is largely favourable. However, as McCullagh points out, not many politicians so damage their reputations that they are still spoken of with contempt a century later; and despite Keogh's gifts,  one must conclude that much of  the damage to his reputation was self-inflicted.The inscription on the Cormack brothers memorial at Loughmore – placed there 32 years after <mask>'s death – was typical of the continuing hostility to him. Arms

References

External links

1817 births
1878 deaths
19th-century Irish people
Politicians from County Galway
Irish barristers
Solicitors-General for Ireland
Attorneys-General for Ireland
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Athlone
UK MPs 1847–1852
UK MPs 1852–1857
Justices of the


title: Bernardo Mercado

texts: <mask> (January 16, 1952 – June 11, 2021) was a heavyweight boxer briefly ranked as the top contender for the title of champion in 1980 by the WBC. Born in Montería, Colombia, <mask> won a bronze medal in the light-heavyweight category at the 1974 Central American and Caribbean Games. <mask> was once a sparring partner for Argentine heavyweight Oscar Bonavena, before turning professional on November 15, 1975. Of his first 20 bouts, the  power puncher won 17 by knockout, nine in the first round. <mask>'s first loss as a pro came in 1978, at the hands of future champion "Big" John Tate. He went on to fight other future champions Mike Weaver and Trevor Berbick, knocking Berbick out in the first round of their meeting on April 3, 1979. In 1980, he earned a seventh round technical knockout over dangerous contender and multiple-time world title challenger Earnie Shavers and was ranked as the number one contender to Larry Holmes' WBC belt.He was defeated in an elimination bout with former champion Leon Spinks by 9 round technical knockout. He would go on to fight such name fighters as Randall "Tex" Cobb and Jimmy Thunder (with whom he fought in his last bout on December 8, 1989).

masks:
Bernardo Mercado
Mercado
Mercado
Mercado


title: Tadeusz Szeligowski

texts:
<mask> (13 September 1896 - 10 January 1963) was a Polish composer, educator, lawyer and music organizer. His works include the operas The Rise of the Scholars, Krakatuk and Theodor Gentlemen, the ballets The Peacock and the Girl and Mazepa ballets, two violin concertos, chamber and choral works. As a music teacher, Szeligowski was very well established in Vilnius, Lublin, Poznań and Warsaw. He was also a respected music writer who frequently wrote for journals and magazines specialized in music such as the Kurier Wileński, Tygodnik Wileński, Muzyka and the Kurier Poznański. His achievements include the creation of the Poznan´ Philharmonic, where he served as its first director between the years 1947-1949, and the founding of the Poznań Musical Spring, one of the most important festivals of contemporary music at the time. Life and work

Musical education
<mask> was born on 13 September 1896 in Lemberg, then in Austro-Hungarian Galicia and now in western Ukraine. Szeligowski’s first music and piano teacher was his mother.Later he began studying music at the Conservatory of Music of the Polish Society in L'vov in the years 1910-1914, where he studied piano under the direction of Vilem Kurz, and then from 1918-1923 in Kraków, where he studied piano with H. Peters, and composition with Bolesław Wallek-Walewski.<ref>{{cite web|title=Szeligowski Tadeusz|last=Encyklopedia Muzyczna PWN|url=https://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyklopedia_Muzyczna_PWM/Szeligowski_Tadeusz|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> Szeligowski's further education included musicology with Zdzisław Jachimecki and law at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, where he received his doctorate in 1922. There he found work as repetiteur at the Kraków

masks:
Tadeusz Szeligowski
Tadeusz Szeligowski


title: Tadeusz Szeligowski

texts:
 large group of his graduates on composition include: Zbigniew Bargielski, Augustyn Bloch, Joanna Bruzdowicz, Wojciech Lukaszewski, <mask> Wojciech Maklakiewicz, Boleslaw Ocias, Witold Rudzinski, Marek Sart, Aleksander <mask> and Antoni Szuniewicz. As a music writer
Lvov’s musical scene at that time included a city opera, a symphonic orchestra, a music society and also a conservatory of music, and there Szeligowski was very active as a social organizer.Musicians such as Felix Weingartner and Oscar Nedbal usually visited the city and frequently performed works by Giuseppe Verdi and Richard Wagner. From 1951-1954 he served as chairman of the Polish Composers Union, and from 1953 he worked for the Board of Polish Music Publishers and the Central Pedagogical Office for Arts Education (COPSA). <mask> Szeligowski died in Poznań on 10 January 1963 and since 1965 he has been buried in the Poznań Skalka crypt of Merit. Awards

Szeligowski received numerous awards, among them:

Also, he received numerous prizes and awards, including:
 The City of Poznań Music Prize

Compositions

Instrumental

Orchestral worksThe Peasant King - Overture to the comedy of Piotr Baryka for orchestra (1926)Kaziuki - St. Casimir's Day, suite for orchestra (1928–29)Concerto for Orchestra (1930)Archaic Suite for orchestra (1930)Little Suite for orchestra (1931)Clarinet Concerto (1933)Andante for clarinet and orchestra (1933)Blue Bird - suite for orchestra (1936)Epitaph on the death of Karol Szymanowski for string orchestra (1937)Carol Suite for string orchestra (1939)Piano Concerto (1941)Suite for small orchestra of Lublin (1945)Kupałowa night - suite for orchestra (1945)Nocturno for orchestra (1947)Comedy Overture for

masks: Tadeusz Szeligowski Tadeusz


title: Tadeusz Szeligowski

texts:
 small symphony orchestra (1952)The peacock and girl ballet suite for orchestra (1953)Four Polish Dances for symphony orchestra (1954)

Chamber musicLithuanian Song for violin and piano (1928)String Quartet No. 1 (1928–29)Ricercar for 4 voices, instrumental or vocal (1931)String Quartet No. Says <mask> Szeligowski, Movement Music 1959
Podhajski, Marek; Tadeusz Szeligowski: counterpoint studies with Nadia Boulanger, Res Fact No. 8, PWM, Kraków 1977
Szantruczek, Tadeusz; Compose... and die.The thing about <mask> <mask>, Ars Nova, Poznan 1997
<mask>, <mask>; (biography), in: Encyclopedia of Music, ed. by A. Chodkowski, OWN, Warsaw 2001, p. 866
<mask>, <mask>; (biography), in: M. Hanuszewska B. Schaeffer, Polish Almanac of contemporary composers, PWM, Kraków 1982, p. 263-265
<mask>, <mask>; Studies and Memories, edited by F. Wozniak, Pomerania, Bydgoszcz 1987
<mask>, <mask>; Around the author and his works, ed. by T. Brodniewicz, J. Kempinski, J. Tatar, Ars Nova, Poznan 1998
<mask>, <mask>; The 10th anniversary of the composer's death, the materials of the scientific session, Academy of Music, Gdańsk 1973

ReferencesThis article is based on the translation of the corresponding article on the Polish Wikipedia. A list of all contributors can be found there at the History section''. External links

The Poznan School of Music

1896 births
1963 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Composers for piano
Chopin University of Music faculty
Musicians from Lviv
Polish male classical composers
Polish classical musicians
Polish classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Polish Romantic composers
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century male musicians
19th-century male musicians
Recipients of the State Award Badge

masks: Tadeusz Tadeusz Szeligowski Szeligowski Tadeusz Szeligowski Tadeusz Szeligowski Tadeusz Szeligowski Tadeusz Szeligowski Tadeusz


title: Tan Sitong

texts:
<mask> (, March 10, 1865 – September 28, 1898), courtesy name Fusheng (), pseudonym Zhuangfei (), was a well-known Chinese politician, thinker, and reformist in the late Qing dynasty (1644–1911). He was executed at the age of 33 when the Hundred Days' Reform failed in 1898. <mask> was one of the six gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform, and occupies an important place in modern Chinese history. To many contemporaries, his execution symbolized the political failure of the Qing dynasty's reformation, helping to persuade the intellectual class to pursue violent revolution and overthrow the Qing dynasty. Early life

<mask> was one of nine siblings and was born in Beijing, although his family originally came from Liuyang, Hunan Province. His father, <mask> (), was the governor of Hubei, and his mother, a traditional Chinese housewife named Xu Wuyuan (), was very strict with her children. <mask> spent his childhood in Beijing and his youth in Liuyang.He began his formal education at 5 and was tutored by a famous scholar called Ouyang Zhonggu () when he was 10. Although he was talented at essay writing, he objected to the conventional form of the essay that was required for examinations. As a result, he only achieved the title of "student member" (shengyuan; 生員), a very low educational level. At the age of 12, <mask>'s mother, eldest brother, and second eldest sister died within a span of five days due to diphtheria that had spread during a visit to a cousin. He also fell gravely ill but recovered three days later, which many people deemed to be a miracle. After <mask> lost his mother, his father’s concubine treated him badly. In 1879, <mask> studied under another scholar, Xu Qixian (), with whom he began a systematic study of representative works in Chinese, as well as natural science.In 1884, he left his home and

masks:
Tan Sitong
Tan Sitong
Tan Sitong
Tan Jixun
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan


title: Tan Sitong

texts:
 traveled to several different provinces of China, including Hebei, Gansu, Xinjiang, Shaanxi, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Shandong, and Shanxi. He composed more than 200 poems during the trip. At the age of 19, <mask> married a woman named Li Run () and had a son named <mask>heng (), who died within a year of being born. Reforming campaign

Background
National isolationism began in the late 18th century, and resulted in a wide technological gap between China and the Western world, which had exacerbated corruption among the feudal authorities. One effect of this gap was a push by Western countries to develop and invest in underdeveloped nations, including China. This led to the First Opium War between China and Britain, which ushered in a period of foreign invasion and colonization in China, at the time ruled by the Qing dynasty. During this time, Chinese intellectuals and officials sought ways to improve Chinese life and national prospects.In 1895, after a defeat by Japan in the First Sino-Japanese War, China was forced to sign the unequal Treaty of Shimonoseki, under which Taiwan was occupied and 250 million taels were paid to Japan. Astonished and indignant by the defeat, <mask> realized the necessity of a thorough reformation in China, and he and his colleagues searched for new approaches to improve national standing. In 1896, he wrote the poem My Feelings ():

世间无物抵春愁，合向苍冥一哭休。四万万人齐下泪，天涯何处是神州？Nothing in this world can withstand the longing for spring, These longings join together until they reach the shadowy netherworld in tears. The wailing 400 million people are asking the same question:Oh where, oh where on this earth can we find our divine China? Between 1896 and 1897, he finished writing a book called Ren Xue (仁学, Theory of Benevolence), which was considered to be the first

masks:
Tan
Tan Lans
Tan


title: Tan Sitong

texts:
 philosophical work of the Reform. In the book, he said absolute monarchy greatly oppressed human nature. In 1898, he founded a new academy called the South Academy, which attempted to introduce Reformation ideals in southern China, specifically the Hunan district.He later created the newspaper Hunan Report () to publicize the advantage of reform policies. Hundred Days Reform

Early in 1898, <mask> was introduced to Emperor Guangxu（光绪皇帝）, who was considering enacting reform policies. He was appointed a member of the Grand Council, and within two months the Hundred Days' Reform began with the issuing of an Imperial order titled Ming Ding Guo Shi (). However, some of the new policies appeared to challenge the existing interests of many government officials, which led to objections from Manchu aristocrats and they reported the case to Empress Dowager Cixi（慈禧太后）,  who was the de facto leader of the central authority as she was holding much more political leverage than the Emperor, even though he had been literally in power for more than two decades. As a result, the Reform policies did not gain wide and effective support officially. In September 1898, <mask> and his counterparts thought the Dowager and conservative officials were planning to interfere with the Reformation campaign, and he visited general Yuan Shikai（袁世凯）, in the hope that Yuan's army could support the Reformation Movement by murdering Ronglu (荣禄，a Manchu official who was in charge of the capital and its surrounding regions then) and imprisoning Cixi in the Summer Palace（颐和园）. After returning to Tianjin,  he immediately betrayed the Reform movement by divulging the conspiracy.Cixi was also informed that the reformists were trying to engage Itō Hirobumi (伊藤博文，a Japanese politician and reformist who was touring in China) as a government consultant

masks: Tan Tan


title: Tan Sitong

texts:
 and provide him with a certain amount of power, which worried her significantly about the dynasty's stability. As a result, Cixi returned to the Forbidden City（紫禁城） from the Summer Palace on Sep 21 and led a coup, where she seized the throne power from Emperor Guangxu and ordered the arrest of all those involved in the Reformation. The short-lived Reformation Movement ended 103 days after it began and it has been known ever since as the Hundred Days' Reform. Emperor Guangxu was imprisoned at Ying Tai (a tiny isiand in the middle of a lake) in Zhongnanhai, allowing Cixi to absolutely consolidate her public standing and authority. All the Reformation policies were abolished except for Jing Shi Da Xue Tang (京师大学堂), the first government-established tertiary educational institution in China’s history, which later on became Peking University. <mask> was arrested at the Guild Hall of Liuyang () in Beijing on September 24. He had been encouraged to escape to Japan, where the government had expressed sympathy for Reformist scholars.However, <mask> refused to go with the reason that his sacrifice would serve as a catalyst for Reformation ideals among the nation. His words on this were as follows:

各国变法，无不从流血而成。今中国未闻有因变法而流血者，此国之所以不昌者也。有之，请从嗣同始。Seen from the world, no successful reforms were made without bleeding. So far, within China, it has never been heard that anyone sacrificed his life to reform the nation, for which the country lacks prosperity. If there is anyone to be, just start from me. After being captured, <mask> was put in the Xing Bu Da Lao (刑部大牢), the jail belonging to the then-Ministry of Justice, and charged with treason and attempting a military coup. The legal inquiry process was interrupted by an abrupt order from the Emperor (effectively made by Cixi) calling for an immediate execution due to the

masks: Tan Tan Tan


title: Tan Sitong

texts:
 severity of his crimes. Consequently, <mask> was escorted to the Caishikou Execution Grounds outside Xuanwu Gate of Peking on the afternoon of September 28, 1898, where he was executed by beheading along with five others: Yang Shenxiu, Lin Xu, Liu Guangdi, Kang Guangren (younger brother of Kang Youwei), and Yang Rui.Historically, these men are called the six gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform. There were originally another two officials to be executed along with the six, Zhang Yinhuan and Xu Zhijing, but they survived the execution due to rescues by high-ranked officials and foreign interventions. <mask>'s last words on the execution ground are well-known in China, translated as follows:
有心杀贼，无力回天。死得其所，快哉! 快哉! Having got the intention to kill the robbers, I lacked the strength to transform my destiny. Sacrificing at the place where I should die, it is exciting! exciting!Death and legacy
After the execution, <mask>'s remains were collected and stored by some of his friends. In 1899, the remains were sent to and buried in his hometown, Liuyang, Hunan. His father, despite his disagreement with his son's reform efforts, was stripped of all official duties, and returned to his hometown, where he died three years later. <mask>'s wife, Li Run （李闰）, became active in promoting girls’ education and also volunteered as a foster mother in Hunan in her later years. She died in 1925, 14 years after the collapse of the Qing dynasty and 27 years after her husband's death. See also
Former Residence of <mask>ong
Lin Xu
Tang Caichang

References

External links

1865 births
1898 deaths
People from Wuwei
Philosophers from Gansu
19th-century Chinese philosophers
Qing dynasty politicians from Gansu
Executed Qing dynasty people
Executed people from Gansu
People executed by the Qing dynasty by decapitation
19th-century

masks:
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan Sit


title: José Sosa

texts:
<mask>

<mask> played for Estudiantes between 2002 and 2007. He was a favorite of interim coach Carlos Bilardo, and together with Marcelo Carrusca started helping the team improve their standing in the Argentine league. The highlight of his tenure with Estudiantes was being a key piece in the 7–0 defeat of derby rivals Gimnasia on 15 October 2006, and then his role in helping the team win their first league title since 1983 by scoring the equalizing goal from a free kick against Boca Juniors in the 2006 Apertura final playoff game. Bayern Munich
On 24 February 2007, a deal was announced between Estudiantes and Bayern Munich, in which <mask> would be transferred to Bayern Munich for an undisclosed fee. <mask> stayed with Estudiantes for the remainder of the Clausura 2007 tournament. On 29 October 2009, Bayern Munich announced that the Argentine midfielder will be loaned to his former club Estudiantes for the remainder of the season, even though he was not registered to play the 2009 World Club Championship finals.Napoli
On 30 August 2010, <mask> joined Italian side Napoli for €2 million fee (including €100,000 solidarity contribution to youth clubs of Sosa), signing a four-year deal. Metalist Kharkiv
On 26 July 2011, it was announced that <mask> had joined the Ukrainian team Metalist Kharkiv for €1.9 million. For his tenure with Metalist, <mask> adopted the number 11 jersey honoring his admired ex-teammate Juan Sebastián Verón, and has been instrumental in the team's successful Europa League campaign. On 28 June 2012, <mask> was named as the new captain of FC Metalist Kharkiv. On 1 January 2014, it was announced that he will join Atlético Madrid on six-month loan. With the Spaniards, he won the Spanish Liga and played in the 2014 UEFA Champions League Final against Real Madrid, coming on as a substitute, as Atlético lost 4–1 after extra time. Beşiktaş
On 31 August 2014, <mask> was signed by Turkish club Beşiktaş on loan from Metalist Kharkiv.On 15 October 2014, the club announced that the buying option has

masks:
José Ernesto Sosas
Sosa
Sosa
Sosa
Sosa
Jose Sosa
Sosa
Sosa
Sosa


title: José Sosa

texts:
 been used, making <mask>'s move to the Turkish side definitive, for €3.4 million. In the 2015–16 season, <mask> served 12 assists in 2015–16 Süper Lig, at least 4 more than any other player. Milan
On 17 August 2016, <mask> joined Italian club A.C. Milan for €7.5 million fee, signing a two-year deal. He made his debut for Milan on 27 August 2016, coming off the bench in the 80th minute during a 4–2 loss away against his former club Napoli. Following Riccardo Montolivo's long-term injury sustained in October 2016, <mask> assumed the role of a deep-lying playmaker, alternatively known as regista, operating in front of the team's defense line in 4–3–3 formation. Adapting to the change of position from his usual attacking midfielder role, he cited Juan Sebastián Verón as inspiration. Trabzonspor
On 8 September 2017, <mask> moved back to Turkey, joining Süper Lig club Trabzonspor on loan with an option to make the deal permanent until 2020.On 15 January 2018, Trabzonspor exercised the option and paid a €3.4 million fee to Milan. Fenerbahçe
On 22 August 2020, <mask> signed a two-year contract with another Süper Lig club, Fenerbahçe. He made his debut for Fenerbahçe on 11 September 2020, coming off the bench in the 77th minute against Çaykur Rizespor, and scored from the penalty spot in 87th minute. International career
<mask> played for Argentina Under-20 team during the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship. National coach Alfio Basile drafted <mask> for the senior national team on 28 February 2007. <mask> said to the press that he will "never forget this Tuesday" in which he achieved two of his childhood dreams (the transfer to a major European club and the call to the national team). He made his debut as a substitute at a friendly match against Mexico on 9 March 2007.He started his first match against Chile, on 18 April 2007. His first goal with the Albiceleste arrived on 23 January 2010, in a 3–2 win in a friendly match against Costa Rica, scoring the opening goal of the game with a header on 10 minutes. <mask>

masks: Sosa Sosa Sosa Sosa Sosa Sosa Sosa Sosa Sosa Sosa


title: Enisa Nikaj

texts:
<mask> (; born March 5, 1996), known professionally as <mask>, is an American singer, songwriter and model. She is best known for her singles "Burn This Bridge", "Love Cycle", "Count My Blessings" and "Tears Hit The Ground." She began her career in 2015 performing cover songs before releasing original music starting in 2016. In December 2019, she signed to Atlantic Records and rapper A Boogie wit da Hoodie's Highbridge The Label. Early life

<mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York to ethnic Albanian parents from Tuzi, Montenegro. Her father emigrated from the SFR Yugoslavia to the United States at age 25, and was later followed by her mother who married his father. <mask> is a middle child, and has an older and a younger brother, both of whom took up playing basketball while <mask> leaned towards music.She began singing at home as a young child. <mask> attended PS 130 The Parkside elementary school, where she participated in theater and the school choir, and was the valedictorian. At age seven, she played the role of Dorothy in a school play of The Wizard of Oz in the fourth grade. <mask> attended Edward R. Murrow High School, graduating in 2015. Rapper Joey Badass was one of her classmates. She attended Brooklyn College, graduating early with a bachelor's degree in business administration in 2018. She plays the piano, and has done internships at advertising and marketing agencies.She grew up listening to hip-hop artists such as Jay-Z and Usher in addition to Albanian music through her parents. <mask> began uploading cover songs on her YouTube channel in 2015. Musical career

2015–2019: Beginnings

In 2015, <mask> began performing cover songs to artists such as David Guetta and Sia ("Titanium"), Hozier ("Take Me To Church"), Justin Timberlake ("Cry Me A River") and Adele ("Hello"). After graduating from high school she had wanted to get into the music industry, and filmed her first video with a photographer friend who wanted to get into videography. Her cover of Hozier's song hit 100,000 views on YouTube within three months, while a reupload posted by a Facebook page amassed one million views in

masks:
Enisa Nikaj
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa
Enisa


title: Enisa Nikaj

texts:
 three days. <mask> has stated in interviews that her lack of connections in the industry prompted her to post herself performing cover songs as a way to showcase her talent and she hoped that it would grab the attention of a music producer or a manager. In 2016, she released her debut single "Burn This Bridge" on September 15, with the music video being released on November 23.<mask> had been inspired to write the song after being discouraged by someone in the industry who she thought would help her instead tell her that "I didn't have what it takes and I wasn't good enough basically ... I just took it out on the studio. I wrote a song and I was feeling it like 'I don't need you, I could do this on my own.'" The song went on to be used in a Beats Electronics advertisement starring soccer player Alex Morgan in June 2017. In 2017, she released her sophomore single "Glory Days" on May 26. It went on to be her first placement on a film soundtrack when it was featured in the opening scene of Miss Virginia (2019). <mask> released her third single "Freedom" on August 25, with the music video being released on September 10.She was featured on Statik Selektah's single "Ain't a Damn Thing Change," alongside G-Eazy and Joey Badass, released on November 30. In 2018, she released her fourth single "Reunite" and its music video on February 4. It was a tribute song to her uncle who had died years earlier. In May, <mask> graduated from Brooklyn College and began pursuing her music career full-time at age 22. On October 19, she teased a collaboration track with French singer Scridge, which went on to be "Karma (Remix)." Following prolonged delays, <mask> confirmed in June 2019 that the French label had canceled its release. After the track was leaked in October 2019, it was officially released on November 15.2019–2021: Record deal

Someone from Highbridge The Label heard <mask>'s music while at a Phillipe Chow restaurant in Manhattan, New York in 2017. A waiter had been playing <mask>'s song "Freedom" and introduced him to her music after being asked about it. <mask> was eventually invited to the studio by

masks: Enisa Enisa Enisa Enisa Enisa Enisa Enisa Enisa


title: Enisa Nikaj

texts:
 rapper A Boogie wit da Hoodie and his team in January 2018. Two years later, while she was speaking with RCA Records, <mask> had a chance encounter with A Boogie and was invited to the studio again to play her unreleased music. She was later introduced to higher-ups at Atlantic Records and was eventually offered a contract in May 2019, and subsequently signed her first record deal on December 6, 2019. In 2019, she released her fifth single "Wait For Love" and its music video on July 6. <mask> was featured on Termanology and Dame Grease's single "Travel The World," alongside Bun B, released on September 19, with the music video releasing on January 29, 2020.She released her sixth single "Something Beautiful" and its music video on December 15. It was a tribute to the victims of the 2019 Albania earthquake which had struck on November 26. In 2020, she released her seventh single "Love Cycle" and its music video on September 18. After it became viral and gained particular attention among Nigerian fans, she adopted the Nigerian-given name 'Eniola' in December 2020. <mask> released her eighth single "Dumb Boy" and its music video on November 20. She recorded the song at home due to the COVID-19 pandemic which forced her to become proficient with video editing and Ableton audio software. <mask> styled her own hair and makeup, and recorded, edited and color corrected all her video releases that year.In 2021, she was featured on Tanzanian singer Rayvanny's "Number One (Remix)" released on February 1, with the music video releasing on February 24. <mask> released her ninth single "Count My Blessings" and its music video on February 26. The song sampled Tunisian singer Saber Rebaï's rendition of "Sidi Mansour." <mask> released her single "Love Cycle (Remix)" featuring Nigerian singer Davido on March 26. She released her tenth single "Tears Hit The Ground" on July 4, which went on to serve as the lead single for her debut EP. 2022–present: Fake Love EP
On February 18, 2022, <mask> released her debut EP titled Fake Love. The music video for its single "One Thing" was released on January 28 and for "Get

masks: Enisa Enisa Enisa Enisa Enisa Enisa Enisa


title: Enisa Nikaj

texts:
 That Money" was released on February 18.Modeling career

<mask> was the cover model on the annual 2014 edition of Prom Guide magazine. In November 2013, she had been shortlisted as one of the top five contestants selected from nationwide submissions before gracing the cover in January 2014. After her foray into music in 2015, <mask> was approached through social media by record labels and managers. She chose to sign with Wilhelmina Models in January 2016 and was managed by Bobby Gutierrez. During this period, she appeared in fashion magazine editorials for C-Heads in February 2016, Vulkan in April 2016, Slimi in November 2016, and Twelv in October 2017. She has described her style as being "timeless and classic with a modern edge and a hint of Brooklyn attitude," and as being "more conservative. Rather than being flashy and all that.But it’s very New York City." <mask> describes the city as her biggest inspiration, stating, "I'm influenced just by walking down the street in SoHo, or on 5th Avenue. I just get influenced by so many people," and admires the style of Victoria Beckham. She appeared in the promotional campaign for Puma's "GRL PWR" Nova sneaker in January 2019. She appeared in editorials for Flaunt in March 2021, and Out Now in June 2021. Discography

Singles
 "Burn This Bridge" (2016)
 "Glory Days" (2017)
 "Freedom" (2017)
 "Reunite" (2018)
 "Something Beautiful" (2019)
 "Wait for Love" (2019)
 "Love Cycle" (2020)
 "Dumb Boy" (2020)
 "Count My Blessings" (2021)
 "Love Cycle (Remix)" (2021)
 "Tears Hit the Ground" (2021)

Extended play
 Fake Love (2022)

References

External links

1996 births
Living people
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
American people of Albanian descent
American people of Montenegrin descent
Montenegrin people of Albanian descent
American contemporary R&B singers
American soul singers
American women pop singers
American women singer-songwriters
Brooklyn College alumni
Edward R. Murrow High School alumni
Female models from New York (state)
Models from New York City
Singers from New York City
Singer-songwriters from New York

masks: Enisa Enisa Enisa


title: Emily Penrose

texts:
Dame <mask>,  (18 September 1858 – 26 January 1942) was an ancient historian and principal of three early women's university colleges in the United Kingdom: Bedford College from 1893 until 1898, Royal Holloway College from 1898 until 1907, and Somerville College, Oxford University from 1907 until 1926. She was the first woman to achieve First Class honours in Classics at Oxford University, and was instrumental in securing the admission of women as full members of the university in 1920. She became Oxford's first Dame in 1927. Early life and education
<mask> was born in London in 1858. She was the second of five siblings, and oldest daughter of <mask> and his wife Harriette Gibbes, the daughter of Francis Gibbes, a surgeon of Harewood in West Yorkshire. Her paternal grandmother was the well-known author <mask>, who published under the name Mrs Markham. <mask> studied in a private school in Wimbledon before studying languages in Versailles, Paris, Dresden and Berlin.She also trained as an artist with her father; a watercolour of the Parthenon attributed to her is in the collection of the British Museum. She lived with her family in Athens during 1886–87 while her father was director of the British School, during which time she kept a diary detailing her life in Athens and travels around Greece, and learned modern Greek. Her diary, now held at the British School, records her participation in the academic and social life of Athens, especially that of the foreign archaeological schools (which included the British School, the American School of Classical Studies, the German Archaeological Institute, and the French School). The British School also has at least one watercolour painting probably by her. <mask> read for her degree at Somerville College at the University of Oxford, where she started as a scholar of Greats (Classics) in 1889; this involved her learning both Latin and ancient Greek from scratch. At the time, Honour Moderations for Classics were not open to women, so she moved straight to Finals without taking any other examinations during her course of study. She chose to specialise in archaeology after her experiences in Athens, and in 1892 became the

masks:
Emily Penrose
Emily Penrose
Francis Cramer Penrose
Elizabeth Penrose
Penrose
Penrose


title: Emily Penrose

texts:
 first woman to achieve First Class honours in Greats (Classics).As women were not able to gain a degree from the University of Oxford at that time, she was awarded an ad eundem University of Dublin Master of Arts degree in 1904. These degrees were awarded by the University of Dublin regularly between 1904 and 1907, in recognition of the work of women whose own universities did not award degrees to women at the time. Career
Upon completing her undergraduate studies, <mask> was offered a post by Agnes Maitland, the principal of Somerville, designed to keep her at the college as a combined tutor, librarian and secretary, but instead moved to London. She taught for a short time as an extension lecturer in Oxford and London before being appointed as Principal of Bedford College in 1893. <mask> was the first principal at Bedford, combining the former roles of Lady Resident, responsible for resident students, and Lady Superintendent, responsible for day students. She was given the additional post of Professor of Ancient History in 1894, "without additional stipend". According to Margaret Tuke's history of the college, "It is a tribute to her character and statesmanship that, in spite of the limited sphere accorded to her by the authorities, she should have accomplished so much in so few years."<mask> then moved in 1898 to Royal Holloway College to become the college's second principal, following Matilda Bishop who had been its first. Bishop's resignation followed disagreement about Sunday Services with the college governors. During <mask>'s time as principal, the students' social life developed as their numbers increased, even though <mask> had an unexpected weakness of shyness. In her history of the college Caroline Bingham argued that "<mask>, in a formative decade, set the college on the path which it would follow successfully". She was instrumental in gaining the college admission to the newly formed University of London in 1900. This change led to increasing numbers of students studying for and being awarded London degrees, and a movement away from studying Oxford courses (where the female students at Royal Holloway were not allowed to receive degrees, but

masks: Penrose Penrose Penrose Penrose Penrose Penrose


title: Emily Penrose

texts: instead received only a notification that they had completed the class). In her final year as principal at Royal Holloway, eight of the students were awarded First Class University of London degrees <mask> was also the chairman of the classical board and a member of the senate council of the University of London.<mask> was followed as principal at Royal Holloway by Ellen Charlotte Higgins. In 1907 <mask> was appointed as Principal of Somerville College, Oxford, following the death of her predecessor, Agnes Maitland. Given her own academic qualifications, <mask> was described by the noted author and activist Vera Brittain in her history of Women's Education at Oxford as "the first genuine scholar among women [college] principals", and part of the significant transition towards colleges headed by figures with academic careers in their own right. In the beginning of her time at the college <mask> also served as the tutor for Greats in Classics, but eventually was forced by her administrative load to stop tutoring and focus on her work as college principal. <mask> was closely involved in the establishment of a university delegacy for women students in 1910, on which she served as an elected member. This delegacy led ten years later to the admission of women to full membership of the university. By 1914, under her influence, Somerville had stopped admitting students to the college who would not take the degree course, in order to build up a cohort of women students who were clearly qualified to receive degrees, a stance described as "forward-thinking."<mask> had also introduced an entrance examination for students seeking to join Somerville in 1908, making it the first women's college to do so. She was responsible for adding additional tutors, including Helen Darbishire and Margaret Hayes Robinson to the Somerville staff, and enabled tutors to become part of Somerville's council for the first time in 1921. <mask>'s work for women's education had her involved in multiple national committees on education: she became a member of the Advisory Committee on University Grants in 1911, the only female member of the Royal Commission on University Education in Wales in

masks: Penrose Penrose Penrose Penrose Penrose Penrose Penrose Penrose


title: Emily Penrose

texts:
 1916, and a member of the Royal Commission on the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge in 1919. <mask> became the statutory commissioner for the University of Oxford in 1923. During her time as Principal of Somerville, <mask> presided over many changes, including plans for new buildings, major constitutional changes and temporary accommodation of the college in Oriel College during World War I. She had responsibility for a range of war-time roles, including organization of the National Registration in  Oxford, and management of the Belgian Visitors' Committee. On her retirement in 1926, she was given a large sum as a farewell present, which she returned to the college to establish a student loan fund.She moved to London after her retirement, later moving to Bournemouth on the outbreak of World War II, where she died on 26 January 1942. Legacy

The success of the 1920 campaign to admit women as full members of the University of Oxford owed much to the diplomatic skills and academic reputation of <mask>. On her retirement in 1926, <mask> was awarded an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) by Oxford, the second woman given this title after Queen Mary; Sheffield University also awarded her an honorary Doctorate of Laws (LLD). In 1927 she was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire for her work for education, making her Oxford's first Dame, and made the first Honorary Fellow of Somerville College. A 1946 obituary of <mask> concluded on her qualities, "For all her masculine powers and feminine accomplishments, her great qualities were neither masculine nor feminine, but simply those that belong to great persons." <mask> was the subject of numerous photographs and portraits, including by Francis William Helps, Philip de László, and the Rhomaides Brothers. References

1858 births
1942 deaths
First women admitted to degrees at Oxford
Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford
Fellows of Somerville College, Oxford
Principals of Somerville College, Oxford
People associated with Bedford College, London
People associated with Royal Holloway, University of London
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Women classical scholars
British


title: Manuel Castells

texts:
<mask> (; ; born 9 February 1942) is a Spanish sociologist. He is well known for his authorship of a trilogy of works, entitled The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. He is a scholar of the information society, communication and globalization. <mask> is the Full Professor of Sociology, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), in Barcelona. He is also the University Professor and the Wallis Annenberg Chair Professor of Communication Technology and Society at the Annenberg School of Communication, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Additionally, he is the Professor Emeritus of Sociology and Professor Emeritus of City and Regional Planning at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught for 24 years. He is also a fellow of St. John's College at the University of Cambridge and holds the chair of Network Society at Collège d’Études Mondiales, Paris.The 2000–2014 research survey of the Social Sciences Citation Index ranks him as the world's fifth most-cited social science scholar, and the foremost-cited communication scholar. In 2012, <mask> was awarded the Holberg Prize, for having "shaped our understanding of the political dynamics of urban and global economies in the network society." In 2013, he was awarded the Balzan Prize for Sociology for "his wide-ranging and imaginative thinking through of the implications of the great technological changes of our time." In January 2020, he was appointed Minister of Universities in the Sánchez II Government of Spain, position he held until his resignation in December 2021. Biography

Early life

<mask> was born on February 9, 1942 in a small town in the La Mancha region of Spain. His parents, <mask> Adriaensens and Josefina Olivan Escartin were both civil servants. He also has a younger sister named Irene.The family’s residence in La Mancha was

masks:
Manuel Castells Oliván
Castells
Castells
Manuel Castells
Fernando Castells


title: Manuel Castells

texts:
 University, which he states has helped him feel more connected to his Catalan identity. <mask> is a Catalan nationalist, but not a separatist. He has expressed support for the Catalan Socialist Party. Academic career

At the age of twenty-four, Castells became an instructor in several Parisian universities, and would teach from 1967 to 1979. First, he taught at the Paris X University Nanterre (where he taught Daniel Cohn-Bendit).He was terminated from this position as a result of the 1968 student protests. He then taught at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales from 1970 to 1979. In 1979, the University of California, Berkeley appointed him as Professor of Sociology, and Professor of City and Regional Planning. In 2001, he was a research professor at the UOC-Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (Open University of Catalonia), Barcelona. Then, in 2003, he joined the University of Southern California (USC) Annenberg School for Communication, as a Professor of Communication and the first Wallis Annenberg-endowed Chair of Communication and Technology. Castells is a founding member of the USC Center on Public Diplomacy, and a senior member of the diplomacy center's Faculty Advisory Council and is a member of the Annenberg Research Network on International Communication. Castells divides his residence between Spain and the US.Since 2008, he has been a member of the governing board of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology. He has been the Minister of Universities in Spain since January 2020 until December 2021. Theoretical Contributions

The sociological work of <mask>s synthesises empirical research literature with combinations of urban sociology, organization studies, internet studies, social movements, sociology of culture, and political economy. About the origins of the network society, he posits

masks:
Castells
Manuel Castell


title: Manuel Castells

texts:
 society and massive international networks, it is becoming increasingly difficult to keep pace with the expansion of capitalism. Excluded communities respond by developing their own systems, which are often based in illicit economic activity. These illicit economic activities illustrate another of Castells’ points, that resistance to globalization is a result of the development of the information age.He explains this using an example:

Well, if I have no value for these global networks of power, finance, technology, then I build my own value, my own system. I build my family. I build my nation. I build my God. And, if I am not listened to, then I will become more and more enraged. Marxism

In the 1970s, as a still-growing intellectual, Castells centered his research and intellectual processes around the works of Karl Marx because he, “felt the need to communicate to the world of political change through its language – Marxism." <mask> developed his ideas by studying the works of several Marxists, including Louis Althusser.Althusser utilized a structuralist perspective in his works, which may also be seen in some of Castells’ earliest publications. For example, The Urban Question: A Marxist Approach was originally published (in French) in 1972, and is a major development in the field of urban sociology. This work emphasizes the role of social movements in the conflictive transformation of the city (cf. post-industrial society). Castells emphasizes that problems within cities do not exist in a social vacuum, and that they must be contextualized to be appropriately analyzed. Castells also introduced the concept of "collective consumption" (public transport, public housing, etc.) comprehending a wide range of social struggles—displaced from the economic stratum to the political stratum via state intervention.Castells


title: Manuel Castells

texts: no longer identifies as a Marxist. This shift in ideology occurred when he realized that the concepts he was interested in exploring could not be appropriately evaluated by Marxism. Marxism uses class as its major lens for examining social life, and Castells had become interested in ideas that could not be understood by considering class alone. By moving away from Marxism, Castells could explore the concepts of gender, urban social movements, and nationality in a more thoughtful way. He is still interested in ideas that are related to Marxism, such as social change, power relations, and technology, but has broadened his scope of how he approaches them as topics. <mask> has said that he prefers to think of theory as a tool, and Marxism is simply a tool that he uses less now. He has not renounced Marx, but has chosen different tools to analyze the social world with.The following quote exemplifies the expansion of Castells’ theoretical paradigm. When I left Spain again to go to Berkeley, I was no longer interested in correct answers but in relevant questions. I became more political when I left Marxism. I left the Parisian salons with wonderful categories that had nothing to do with reality and started relying more on my own observations. Transcending Marxist structures in the early 1980s, he concentrated upon the role of new technologies in the restructuring of an economy. In 1989, he introduced the concept of the "space of flows", the material and immaterial components of global information networks used for the real-time, long-distance co-ordination of the economy. In the 1990s, he combined his two research strands in The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, published as a trilogy, The Rise of the Network Society (1996), The Power of Identity (1997), and End of Millennium (1998); two years later, its


title: Manuel Castells

texts:
 worldwide, favourable critical acceptance in university seminars, prompted publication of a second (2000) edition that is 40 per cent different from the first (1996) edition.Critical Responses to Castells

Over the years, Castells’ work has been met with several noteworthy critiques. Some criticisms of Castells’ work compare his ideas to functionalism, in that they include some “abstract system-building.” In other words, there is a certain level of inattention to individuals, while sweeping generalizations are made about society. Additionally, Castells’ work includes observations about the intense global influence of informationalism. There is some discrepancy about how much of the globe is truly “dominated” by expansive informational networks. The global population is so diverse that there are many exceptions to the idea of complete global domination. These information networks have the potential to be useful “ideal types” for studying global relations, but one should exercise caution when using them to model the real world. <mask> has also been criticized for the conservatism that appears within his theories.He has noted that there is “little chance of social change” within the network society. This reveals a thought process that supports the status quo, which can be a problem for social change and justice movements. Related to this criticism, some scholars have found it peculiar that while <mask>’ theorizes quite a bit about global connection, he does not explore the potential of those global connections to establish an international system for the protection of human rights and cultural difference. Publications

<mask> is one of the world's most often-cited social science and communications scholars. <mask> is a sole author of 23 books and editor or co-editor of fifteen more, as well as over one hundred

masks:
Castells
Castells
Manuel Castells
Castells


title: Manuel Castells

texts:
 Age. OXFORD University Press (2014) (co-author, Pekka Himanen )
Rupture: the crisis of liberal democracy. Cambridge, UK, Polity Press (2018)

Journal Articles
 Social Uses of Wireless Communications: The Mobile Information Society, co-author of the paper for the International Workshop on Wireless Communication Policies and Prospects: A Global Perspective, USC, 8–9 October 2004. <mask>, M (2007) Communication, power and counter-power in the network society.International Journal of Communication 1(1): 238–66. Arsenault, A, and <mask>, M. 2008. The structure and dynamics of global multimedia business networks. International Journal of Communication 2707–48. Arsenault, A & Castells, M. (2008) Switching power: Rupert Murdoch and the global business of media politics: A sociological analysis. International Sociology 23(4): 488. References

Further reading
 Susser, Ida.The Castells Reader on Cities and Social Theory. Oxford, Blackwell (2002)
 <mask>, <mask>; Ince, Martin. Conversations with <mask>. Oxford, Polity Press (2003)
 Stalder, Felix. <mask> and the Theory of the Network Society. Oxford, Polity Press (2006)
 Howard, Phillip: Castells and the Media. Cambridge, Polity Press (2011)

External links

 Webpage of Castells at USC Annenberg
 Webpage of Castells at UC Berkeley (Professor Emeritus listing)
 Website devoted to his work, made by Open University of Catalonia
 Video stream of an hour long interview with Castells, conducted in 2001
 International Journal of Communication Academic journal co-founded by Castells, established in 2007
 <mask>' World of Communication, a <mask>s exclusive monthly article in Media Coolhunting.Audio: <mask> in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion programme The Forum
 Video Stream: <mask> October 2009 keynote at University of Oxford Internet Institute for the release of his

masks:
Castells
Castells
Castells
Manuel
Manuel Castells
Manuel Castells
Manuel Castells
Manuel Castell
Manuel Castells
Manuel Castells


title: Stanley Blystone

texts:
<mask> (August 1, 1894 – July 16, 1956) was an American film actor who made more than 500 films appearances between 1924 and 1956. He was sometimes billed as <mask> or <mask>. Early years
<mask> was born in Eau Claire, Wisconsin. He was a steel production engineer and worked in ore mines before he became an actor. Career
<mask> is best known for his appearance in Charlie Chaplin's Modern Times, playing Paulette Goddard's father, and several short films starring The Three Stooges. Some of his more memorable roles were in the films Half Shot Shooters, False Alarms, Goofs and Saddles, Three Little Twirps and Slaphappy Sleuths. His final appearance with the trio was Of Cash and Hash in 1955.He also appeared in several Laurel and Hardy films. Personal life and death
<mask> was married to Hollywood starlet Alma Tell (1898–1937). They had no children. <mask>'s brother <mask> (1892–1938) was a film director in Hollywood. <mask> was the third cousin of CNN correspondent <mask> and also the second cousin twice removed of George Carmack, who launched the Klondike gold rush. <mask> was strolling down a Hollywood sidewalk on July 16, 1956 when he collapsed, dying of a sudden heart attack. He was dressed as a cowboy for the Desilu The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp television series and was pronounced dead on arrival at Hollywood Receiving Hospital.He was buried at Pierce Brothers Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery, North Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. (1934) - Race Driver (uncredited)
 Looking for Trouble (1934) - Fire Officer (uncredited)
 A Very Honorable Guy (1934) - Man at Tea Party (uncredited)
 We're Not Dressing (1934) - Ship's

masks:
William Stanley Blystone
William Blystone
William Stanley
Blystone
Blystone
Blystone
Blystone
John Blystone
Stanley
Richard Blystone
Blystone


title: Azriel Hildesheimer

texts:
<mask> (also Esriel and Israel, ; 11 May 1820 – 12 July 1899) was a German rabbi and leader of Orthodox Judaism. He is regarded as a pioneering moderniser of Orthodox Judaism in Germany and as a founder of Modern Orthodox Judaism. Biography

Hildesheimer was born in Halberstadt, Province of Saxony, Kingdom of Prussia, the son of Rabbi Löb Glee Hildesheimer, a native of Hildesheim, Electorate of Hanover, a city near Hanover. He attended the Hasharat Zvi school in Halberstadt, and, from age seventeen, the Yeshiva of Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger in Altona;  Chacham Isaac Bernays was one of his teachers and his model as a preacher. While studying in yeshiva Hildesheimer also studied classical languages. In 1840 he returned to Halberstadt, took his diploma at the public Königliches Dom-Gymnasium, and entered the University of Berlin; he became a disciple of the dominant Hegelian school. He studied Semitic languages and mathematics, and continued his study in Talmud.In 1842 he went to Halle upon Saale where he earned his doctorate from the University of Halle-Wittenberg in 1844 under Wilhelm Gesenius and Emil Rödiger (, English: On the Right Kind of Bible Interpretation). He then returned to Halberstadt, where he married Henrietta Hirsch, whose dowry made them financially independent. In 1851 he became Rabbi of Eisenstadt (Kis Marton), Hungary (now located in Austria); the principal city of the Siebengemeinden or Sheva kehillot. His first notable act there was to found a parochial school, where correct German was used, and modern principles of pedagogy were adopted


title: Azriel Hildesheimer

texts: in teaching secular, as well as Jewish, subjects. Hildesheimer initially introduced limited secular studies in the elementary school; the older students received a secular education as well, but with a focus on mathematics and other subjects that would enhance their understanding of gemara. Next, Hildesheimer established a Yeshiva. The Yeshiva was unusual in that it was the only Orthodox institution where students were required to have a significant secular education before they were admitted.Also, the curriculum devoted time to studying Tanach and the Hebrew language. Despite this approach, within a few years the Yeshiva attracted a large number of pupils. After beginning with six students in 1851, the seminary had 128 students in 1868, including one from the United States. His son, Hirsch <mask>, was a professor there. In 1869 the Orthodox minority in Berlin was granted government permission to found a separate Orthodox synagogal congregation, the Israelitische Synagogen-Gemeinde Adass Jisroel zu Berlin (Israelite Synagogal Congregation of Adass Yisroel [עדת ישראל] in Berlin; extant from 1869 to 1939, and again since 1989), then comprising about 200 families. They were dissatisfied with Rabbi Joseph Aub, appointed in 1867 by the Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin (till 1869 the only Jewish congregation in Berlin). Adass Jisroel chose Hildesheimer to represent them as an "Orthodox rabbi of standing".Here, he similarly established a religious school and a yeshiva (Rabbinerseminar für das orthodoxe Judenthum in Berlin 1873–1880, then the name was shortened to


title: Eric Stenman

texts:
<mask> is an American record producer/engineer/mixer currently living in the Los Angeles area. <mask> has recorded projects with artists including AWOLNATION, Thrice, Saves The Day, Senses Fail, Deftones, Gameface, M.I.A., Will Haven, Lovedrug, Tokyo Police Club, Far, Irontom,  Dashboard Confessional,  and many others. <mask> grew up in Sacramento, CA and got his start playing guitar and/or bass in bands like Tinfed, Elegy, and Bureau of the Glorious. <mask> engineered his first sessions at John Baccigaluppi's (of TapeOp Magazine) Enharmonik Studios. From 2007 to 2017, <mask> was the Studio Manager/Chief Engineer at Red Bull Studios – Los Angeles. From 2017 to the present, <mask> has overseen AWOLNATION's recording studio in Malibu, California. 1 – Topshelf x Bloodcompany (2013) – Engineering, Mastering
 Party Supplies – Tough Love – Fool's Gold Records (2013) – Engineering

2012
 Thrice – Anthology – Workhorse Music/Vagrant Records (2012) – Mixing, Mastering
 Edward Sharpe & The Magnetic Zeros – One Love To Another Single – (2012) – Vagrant Records – Mastering
 Frankenweenie Unleashed!– Original Soundtrack – Walt Disney Records (2012) – Engineer, Mixer
 Your Favorite Trainwreck – Your Favorite Trainwreck –  (2012) Revelation Records – Producer, Mixer, Engineer
 School Of Seven Bells – Kiss Them For Me Single – (2012) Vagrant Records

masks:
Eric Stenman
Eric
Eric Stenman
Eric
Eric
Eric


title: Benjamin Peirce

texts:
<mask>  (; April 4, 1809 – October 6, 1880) was an American mathematician who taught at Harvard University for approximately 50 years. He made contributions to celestial mechanics, statistics, number theory, algebra, and the philosophy of mathematics. Early life
He was born in Salem, Massachusetts, the son of <mask> (1778–1831), later librarian of Harvard, and <mask> (1781–1868). After graduating from Harvard University in 1829, he taught mathematics for two years at the Round Hill School in Northampton, and in 1831 was appointed professor of mathematics at Harvard. He added astronomy to his portfolio in 1842, and remained as Harvard professor until his death. In addition, he was instrumental in the development of Harvard's science curriculum, served as the college  librarian, and was director of the U.S. Coast Survey from 1867 to 1874. In 1842, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society.He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London in 1852. Research
<mask> is often regarded as the earliest American scientist whose research was recognized as world class. He was an apologist for slavery, opining that it should be condoned if it was used to allow an elite to pursue scientific enquiry. Mathematics
In number theory, he proved there is no odd perfect number with fewer than four prime factors. In algebra, he was notable for the study of associative algebras. He first introduced the terms idempotent and nilpotent in 1870 to describe elements of these algebras, and he also

masks:
Benjamin Peirce
Benjamin Peirce
Lydia Ropes Nichols Peirce
Benjamin Peirce


title: Benjamin Peirce

texts:
 introduced the Peirce decomposition. In the philosophy of mathematics, he became known for the statement that "Mathematics is the science that draws necessary conclusions".Peirce's definition of mathematics was credited by his son, Charles Sanders <mask>, as helping to initiate the consequence-oriented philosophy of pragmatism. Like George Boole, Peirce believed that mathematics could be used to study logic. These ideas were further developed by his son Charles , who noted that logic also includes the study of faulty reasoning. In contrast, the later logicist program of Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell attempted to base mathematics on logic. Statistics
Peirce proposed what came to be known as Peirce's Criterion for the statistical treatment of outliers, that is, of apparently extreme observations. His ideas were further developed by his son Charles. Peirce was an expert witness in the Howland will forgery trial, where he was assisted by his son Charles.Their analysis of the questioned signature showed that it resembled another particular handwriting example so closely that the chance of such a match occurring at random, i.e. by pure coincidence, was extremely small. Private life

He was devoutly religious, though he seldom published his theological thoughts. Peirce credited God as shaping nature in ways that account for the efficacy of pure mathematics in describing empirical phenomena. Peirce viewed "mathematics as study of God's work by God's creatures", according to an encyclopedia. He was an avid


title: Benjamin Peirce

texts:
 juggler of diabolo and wrote about the physics of the game in Analytic Mechanics. He married Sarah Hunt Mills, the daughter of U.S.Senator Elijah Hunt Mills. Peirce and his wife had four sons and one daughter:
 James Mills <mask> (1834–1906), who also taught mathematics at Harvard and succeeded to his father's professorship,
 Charles Sanders <mask> (1839–1914), a famous logician, polymath and philosopher,
 <mask> <mask> (1844–1870), who worked as a mining engineer before an early death,
 Helen Huntington <mask> Ellis (1845–1923), who married William Rogers Ellis, and
 Herbert Henry <mask> (1849–1916), who pursued a career in the Foreign Service. Eponyms
The lunar crater Peirce is named for Peirce, as well as the asteroid 29463 <mask>peirce. Post-doctoral positions in Harvard University's mathematics department are named in his honor as <mask>e Fellows and Lecturers. The United States Coast Survey ship USCS Benjamin Peirce, in commission from 1855 to 1868, was named for him. Works
 An Elementary Treatise on Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, Boston: James Munroe and Company. Google Eprints of successive editions 1840–1862.Physical  and Celestial Mechanics, Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Google Eprint of 1855 edition. Linear Associative Algebra, lithograph by Peirce 1872. New edition with corrections, notes, and an added 1875 paper by Peirce, plus notes by his son Charles Sanders <mask>, published in the American Journal of Mathematics v. 4, 1881, Johns Hopkins University, pp. 221–226, Google Eprint and

masks:
Peirce
Peirce
Benjamin Mills
Peirce
Peirce
Davis Peirce
Benjamin
Benjamin Prc
Peirce


title: Benjamin Peirce

texts:
 as an extract, D. Van Nostrand, 1882, Google Eprint. 1872: A System of Analytical Mechanics, David van Nostrand & Company, link from Internet Archive

See also
 <mask> <mask> (1854–1914)
 Tachytrope, curve in which the law of the velocity is given. Developed by Peirce.Notes

References

 F. P. Matz, "B. O. Peirce: Biography," American Mathematical Monthly, 1895, № 2, 173–179. Google Eprint. S. R. Peterson, "<mask>: Mathematician and Philosopher," Journal of the History of Ideas, 16, 1955, 89–112. P. Meier and S. Zaibel, "<mask>eirce and the Howland Will", Journal of the American Statistical Association, 75, 1980, 497–506. <mask>, <mask> (1852), "Criterion for the Rejection of Doubtful Observations", Astronomical Journal II 45 and Errata to the original paper. Link pages for their non-PDF images of the article and its errata. <mask>, <mask> (1872, 1881), Linear Associative Algebra.Lithograph edition by Peirce 1872. New edition with corrections, notes, and an added 1875 paper by Peirce, plus notes by his son Charles Sanders <mask>, published in the American Journal of Mathematics v. 4, n. 1, 1881, Johns Hopkins University, pp. 221–226, Google Eprint,  JSTOR and as an extract, D. Van Nostrand, 1882, Google Eprint, Internet Archive Eprint. Peirce, <mask> (1878), "On Peirce's Criterion", Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, v. 13 (whole series), v. 5 (new series), for May 1877 – May 1878, Boston: Press of John Wilson and Son, pp. 348–351. Google  Eprint. JSTOR abstract.Peirce, Charles

masks:
Benjamin Osgood
Peirce
Benjamin Peirce
Benjamin P
Peirce
Benjamin
Peirce
Benjamin
Peirce
Benjamin


title: Benjamin Peirce

texts:
 Sanders (1870/1871/1873) "Appendix No. 21. On the Theory of Errors of Observation", Report of the Superintendent of the United States Coast Survey Showing the Progress of the Survey During the Year 1870, pp. 200–224. Coast Survey Report submitted February 18, 1871, published 1873 by the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Reports 1837–1965. NOAA PDF Eprint (link goes to 1870 Report's p. 200, PDF's p. 215). Reprinted in pp.140–160 of Writings of Charles S. Peirce: A Chronological Edition: Volume 3, 1872–1878, Christian J. W. Kloesel et al., eds., Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, . External links

 Grattan-Guinness, Ivor, and  Walsh, Alison (2005), "<mask>eirce", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta (ed. ), Eprint. O'Connor, John J., and Robertson, Edmund F. (2005), "<mask>eirce", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, Eprint. Hogan, Edward R. (2008), Of the Human Heart: A Biography of <mask>e, Lehigh University Press, catalog page discussion of Peirce. Scientific American, "<mask> Peirce", 23 October 1880, p. 257

1809 births
1880 deaths
Charles Sanders Peirce
Algebraists
Number theorists
American statisticians
American astronomers
19th-century American mathematicians
United States Coast Survey personnel
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Harvard University faculty
Harvard University alumni
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Salem, Massachusetts
Mathematicians from

masks:
Benjamin P
Benjamin P
Benjamin Prc
Benjamin


title: Ed Beatin

texts:
Ebenezer Ambrose "<mask>" <mask> (August 10, 1866 – May 9, 1925) was an American baseball player. He played five seasons in Major League Baseball as a left-handed pitcher for the Detroit Wolverines from 1887 to 1888 and the Cleveland Spiders from 1889 to 1891. A 20-game winner in both 1889 and 1890, <mask> was known for having the best "slow ball" in the game. He was also a member of the 1887 Detroit Wolverines team that won the National League pennant. Early years
<mask> was born in Baltimore, Maryland in 1866. He began his professional baseball career at age 20 with the Allentown Peanut Eaters in the Pennsylvania State Association. He appeared in 25 games for Allentown, threw 22 complete games, and compiled a 19–5 record with a 1.37 earned run average (ERA).Major league player

"The Beatin Case"
After his strong showing at Allentown, a dispute arose between three National League clubs (Detroit Wolverines, Cincinnati Red Stockings, and Indianapolis Hoosiers) over which had the rights to Beatin. The Indianapolis club claimed it had struck a deal with the Allentown club for Beatin's services in early July, and Detroit and Cincinnati both claimed to have struck deals for Beatin and catcher Tom Kinslow in late July. The dispute, referred to as "The Beatin Case", became front page material in the Sporting Life throughout the month of August 1887. Indianapolis manager Horace Fogel accused both Beatin and the Allentown directorate of having acted "very dishonorably" in the matter and suggested that "this Allentown youth is deserving of the blacklist."

masks: Ed Beatin Beatin Beatin


title: Ed Beatin

texts:
 In the end, only Cincinnati and Detroit pressed their claims at a hearing before baseball's Board of Arbitration. Detroit president Frederick K. Stearns testified and produced telegrams showing that he had closed deals with Beatin and Kinslow on July 20, seven days before Cincinnati claimed to have signed them. Detroit thus established priority to the players, and the Sporting Life described Cincinnati's case as having "proved decidedly weak."The Board issued its ruling in September 1887, finding in favor of Detroit. The "slow ball"
<mask>'s best pitch was his "slow ball." A report published in The Sporting Life stated:  "His slow ball has never been equaled by any pitcher living, it would set such batters as Delehanty, Beckley and Anson perfectly wild, and the little cuss would use it with the bases chock full and a heavy hitter at bat. I should expect my release if I lobbed a slow one at such times, but Beatin's teaser was the best thing in his repertoire." Another account, published in 1910, stated that Beatin threw his slow pitch with "the nerve of a wrestling promoter" and added: "Beatin had the most deliberate slow ball that ever wearied its way toward a plate. Cy Young, Mathewson, <mask>, Mordecai Brown, Addie Joss or any of the artists would gladly separate from $5000 for a loaf ball like Beatin's. The batter never knew when Beatin wound up whether the ball would come like [aviator] Johnny Moisant or an A.D.T.[messenger] boy." Teammate <mask> in 1905 opined that Beatin "had the most astonishing slow ball that was ever offered up to a

masks:
Beatin
Ed Walsh
Ed McKean


title: Ed Beatin

texts:
 batter." McKean recounted a story of Harry Stovey coming to bat against <mask> in the ninth inning of a game and being so confused by Beatin's slow ball that he swung once and missed, then swung again and hit the ball for what appeared to be a game-winning hit. However, the umpire ruled that the first swing counted as the third strike and an out. When Stovey protested, the umpire replied, "there is no rule allowing you two strikes at the same ball. You were out a full second before you made that hit!" Detroit Wolverines
<mask> pitched a four-hit complete game in his major league debut for Detroit on August 2, 1887, as the Wolverines beat Philadelphia by a score of 10-3.The headline for the game coverage in the Detroit Free Press read: "A GOOD BEATIN: Both Detroit and Philadelphia in Possession of One." <mask> pitched in only one other game for Detroit in 1887 and concluded his first major league season with a 1-1 record and a 4.00 ERA. During the 1888 season, <mask> appeared in 12 games for Detroit, all complete games. He compiled a 5-7 record and a 2.86 ERA. The team finished in fifth place with a 68-63 record. With high salaries owed to the team's star players, and gate receipts declining markedly, the team folded in October 1888 with the players being sold to other teams. <mask> was sold to the Cleveland Spiders along with three other players, including Larry Twitchell.Cleveland Spiders

In 1889, <mask> had the best season in his major league career. Despite playing for a sixth place team with a losing record, <mask> threw 35 complete games

masks: Beatin Beatin Beatin Beatin Beatin Beatin Beatin


title: Ed Beatin

texts:
 and compiled a 20-15 record. He ranked among the National League's pitching leaders with three shutouts (3rd), a Wins Above Replacement rating of 5.7 (6th), 126 strikeouts (8th), 20 wins (9th), and a 3.57 ERA (9th). In 1890, <mask> was the Spiders' top pitcher despite competition from rookie Cy Young. <mask> started 54 games in 1890 and threw 53 complete games, ranking fourth in the National League in both categories. On the other hand, he also led the league in hits (518) and earned runs (202) allowed. His win-loss record of 22-30 was hampered by the performance of a team that finished in seventh place with a 44-88 record.In 1891, Cy Young emerged as Cleveland's pitching ace, and <mask> sustained arm troubles, spending a portion of the season seeking treatment in Mount Clemens, Michigan. In all, <mask> started only four games for Cleveland in 1891. He compiled an 0-3 record as his ERA jumped to 5.28. He appeared in his final major league game on September 28, 1891. Later years
<mask> died in Baltimore in 1925 at age 58. He was buried at Oak Lawn Cemetery in Baltimore. <mask> was one of only two Major League Baseball players with the given name of Ebenezer.The other was second baseman, Abbie Johnson. Both went by names other than Ebenezer. (In addition to <mask> and Johnson, third baseman Joe Graves had the middle name, Ebenezer.) References

External links

1866 births
1925 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
19th-century baseball players
Baseball players from Baltimore
Detroit Wolverines players
Cleveland Spiders players
Allentown Peanut


title: William Waldorf Astor

texts:
<mask>Willy<mask>, 1st Viscount <mask> (March 31, 1848 – October 18, 1919) was an American-British attorney, politician, businessman (hotels and newspapers), and  philanthropist. Astor was a scion of the very wealthy <mask> family of New York City. He moved to Britain in 1891, became a British subject in 1899, and was made a peer as Baron Astor in 1916 and Viscount Astor in 1917 for his contributions to war charities. Early life and education
<mask> was born in New York City. He was the only child of financier and philanthropist <mask> (1822–1890) and Charlotte Augusta Gibbes (1825–1887). He studied in Germany and in Italy under the care of private tutors and a governess. He grew up in a cold and distant household.In his early adult years, <mask> returned to the United States and went to Columbia Law School, graduating with a LL.B. in 1875. He was called to the United States Bar in 1875. He worked for a short time in law practice and in the management of his father's estate of financial and real estate holdings. Personal life

Astor married Mary Dahlgren Paul (born 1858, died 22 December 1894) on 6 June 1878. She is buried in Trinity Church Cemetery Manhattan. They had five children:

 <mask> <mask>, 2nd Viscount Astor (born 19 May 1879, died 30 September 1952)
 Hon.<mask> (born 1880, died 5 May 1972), married soldier/politician Herbert Spender-Clay (1875–1937) in 1904. They had three daughters. John Rudolph <mask> (born & died 1881), buried in Trinity Church Cemetery. Lt. Col. John Jacob <mask>, 1st Baron <mask> of Hever (born 20 May 1886, died 19 July 1971)
 Gwendolyn Enid <mask> (born 1889, died 1902), no issue, buried in Trinity Church Cemetery. Politics
After

masks:
William Waldorf "
" Astor
Astor
Astor
William Waldorf Astor
John Jacob Astor III
Astor
Waldorf
Astor
Pauline Astor
Astor
Astor
Astor
Astor


title: William Waldorf Astor

texts:
 some time practicing law, Astor thought he had found his true calling and an opportunity to make a name for himself outside of his family's fortune by entering the political realm. In 1877, with his eyes set on the United States Congress, <mask> entered New York City politics as a Republican. He was elected as a member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co., 11th D.) in 1878; and of the New York State Senate (10th D.) in 1880 and 1881.<mask> was likely supported by the boss of the New York State Republican machine, Roscoe Conkling, with whom his family was involved. In 1881, <mask> was defeated by Roswell P. Flower as a candidate for the United States Congress. A second attempt at the seat also resulted in defeat. His shy nature could not handle the political attacks on his character. This was the end of his political career. The press used his political failures as fodder for harsh criticisms. In 1882, President Chester A. Arthur appointed <mask> Minister to Italy, a post he held until 1885.He told Astor, "Go and enjoy yourself, my dear boy." While living in Rome, <mask> developed a lifelong passion for art and sculpture. Move to England
Upon the death of his father in February 1890, <mask> inherited a personal fortune that made him the richest man in America. That year he initiated the construction of the luxurious Waldorf Hotel on the site of his former residence. At 13 stories high, it overshadowed the adjacent mansion of his aunt, socialite Caroline "Lina" Schermerhorn <mask>. Lina complained bitterly about this commercial establishment next door. However, in 1897, her son John Jacob <mask> IV persuaded her to move away and replaced their mansion with

masks: Astor Astor Astor Astor Astor Astor Astor Astor