title: Hsieh Su-wei

texts:
 hard-court season for singles and doubles. Her best singles result came at the Japan Open, where she was the defending champion and the number-one seed for the first time in a WTA singles tournament in her career. However, she was upset by Nao Hibino in the quarterfinals.In doubles, she made the final of the Pan Pacific Open with her sister <mask> Yu-chieh, where they were beaten by fellow-Taiwanese siblings Latisha Chan and Angel Chan. However, she and Strýcová came into the WTA Finals on a three-match losing streak after posting consecutive first-round losses in Wuhan and Beijing. Seeded second, the pair dropped their opening match to Dabrowski and Xu, but beat Barbora Krejčíková and Kateřina Siniaková, and Stosur and Zhang in their next two matches to finish first in the Purple Group. They defeated the No. 8 seeds Anna-Lena Grönefeld and Demi Schuurs in the semifinals, but were beaten by the defending champions, Babos and Mladenovic, in the final. Hsieh finished the year ranked No. 32 in singles and No.4 in doubles, her first top-ten finish since 2014. 2020: Back to No. 1 in doubles
Hsieh and Strýcová won the first tournament of the year at Brisbane. They followed that up with an appearance in the final at the Australian Open, where they lost to Babos and Mladenovic. Two more tournament victories followed in February: at Dubai and Doha. As a result, Hsieh regained her No. 1 doubles ranking for the first time since 6 July 2014.Her gap of 5 years, 6 months and 28 days between being her separate No. 1 doubles rankings is the second longest in history behind Martina Hingis gap of 15 years, 9 months, and 30 days, which


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

type: original

texts:
<mask>na (; 26 November 1847 – 13 October 1928), known before her marriage as Princess <mask> of Denmark, was a Danish princess who became Empress of Russia as spouse of Emperor Alexander III. Her eldest son became the last Russian monarch, Emperor Nicholas II of Russia – she lived for 10 years after Bolshevik functionaries killed him and his immediate family in 1918. Appearance and personality
Dagmar was known for her beauty. Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge said that Dagmar was "sweetly pretty" and commented favorably on her "splendid dark eyes." Her fiancee Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich was enthusiastic about her beauty. He wrote to his mother that "she is even prettier in real life than in the portraits that we had seen so far. Her eyes speak for her: they are so kind, intelligent, animated."When she was tsarevna, Thomas W. Knox met her at Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia's wedding and wrote favorably about her beauty compared to that of the bride, Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He wrote that Dagmar was "less inclined to stoutness than the bride, she does not display such a plumpness of shoulder, and her neck rises more swan-like and gives fuller play to her finely formed head, with its curly hair and Grecian outline of face." He also commented favorably on "her keen, clear, and flashing eyes." Dagmar was intelligent. When considering Dagmar for her second son Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Queen Victoria judged that "Dagmar is cleverer [than Alexandra]... she is a very nice girl." When she married, she didn't know how to speak any Russian. However, within a few years, she mastered the language and was so proficient that her husband

masks:
Maria Feodorov
Dagmar


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts: wrote to her in Russian.She told an American minister to Russia that "the Russian language is full of power and beauty, it equals the Italian in music, the English in vigorous power and copiousness." She claimed that "for compactness of expression," Russian rivaled "Latin, and for the making of new words is equal to the Greek." Dagmar was very fashionable. John Logan, a visitor to Russia, described her as "the best dressed woman in Europe." He claimed that Empress Elisabeth of Austria "excelled her in beauty" but that "no one touched" her "in frocks." Charles Frederick Worth, a Parisian couturier, greatly admired her style. He said, "Bring to me any woman in Europe-- queen, artiste, or bourgeoise-- who can inspire me as does Madame Her Majesty, and I will make her confections while I live and charge her nothing."Dagmar was very charming and likable. After meeting her, Thomas W. Knox wrote, "No wonder the emperor likes her, and no wonder the Russians like her. I like her, and I am neither emperor nor any other Russian, and never exchanged a thousand words with her in my life." <mask> Bock, the daughter of Pyotr Stolypin, wrote, "kind, amiable, simple in her discourse, <mask>vna was an Empress from head to toe, combining an inborn majesty with such goodness that she was idolized by all who knew her." Meriel Buchanan wrote that she possessed a "gracious and delightful charm of manner." Andrew Dickson White, the U.S. minister to Russia, said that she was "graceful, with a most kindly face and manner" and that she was "in every way cordial and kindly." Nadine Wonar-Larsky, her lady-in-waiting, noted that "her smile cheered everyone and her gracious manner always suggested a

masks:
Maria von
Maria Fedoro


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts:
 touch of personal feeling which went straight to the hearts of her subjects.She also possessed that priceless royal gift of never forgetting a face or name." Early life

Princess Marie Sophie Frederikke Dagmar was born at the Yellow Palace, an 18th-century town house at 18 Amaliegade, immediately adjacent to the Amalienborg Palace complex in Copenhagen. Her father was Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, a member of a princely cadet line. Her mother was Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel. She was baptised as a Lutheran and named after her kinswoman Marie Sophie of Hesse-Kassel, Queen Dowager of Denmark as well as the medieval Danish queen, Dagmar of Bohemia. Her godmother was Queen Caroline Amalie of Denmark. Growing up, she was known by the name Dagmar.Most of her life, she was known as <mask>vna, the name which she took when she converted to Orthodoxy immediately before her 1866 marriage to the future Emperor Alexander III. She was known within her family as "Minnie". In 1852 Dagmar's father became heir-presumptive to the throne of Denmark, largely due to the succession rights of his wife Louise as niece of King Christian VIII. In 1853, he was given the title Prince of Denmark and he and his family were given an official summer residence, Bernstorff Palace. Dagmar's father became King of Denmark in 1863 upon the death of King Frederick VII. Due to the brilliant marital alliances of his children, he became known as the "Father-in-law of Europe." Dagmar's eldest brother would succeed his father as King Frederick VIII of Denmark (one of whose sons would be elected as King of Norway).Her elder, and favourite, sister, Alexandra married Albert Edward,


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts:
 the Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VII) in March 1863. Alexandra, along with being queen consort of King Edward VII, was also mother of George V of the United Kingdom, which helps to explain the striking resemblance between their sons Nicholas II and George V. Within months of Alexandra's marriage, <mask>'s second older brother, Wilhelm, was elected as King George I of the Hellenes. Her younger sister was Thyra, Duchess of Cumberland. She also had another younger brother, Valdemar. During her upbringing, Dagmar, together with her sister Alexandra, was given swimming lessons by the Swedish pioneer of swimming for women, Nancy Edberg; she would later welcome Edberg to Russia, where she came on royal scholarship to hold swimming lessons for women. Engagements and marriage
  Due to the rise of Slavophile ideology in the Russian Empire, Alexander II of Russia searched for a bride for the heir apparent, Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich, in countries other than the German states that had traditionally provided consorts for the tsars. In 1864, Nicholas, or "Nixa" as he was known in his family, went to Denmark and proposed to Dagmar.Her future mother-in-law <mask> (Marie of Hesse) gave her a pearl necklace and Nicholas gave her diamonds. In total, the betrothal gifts Dagmar received from her future in-laws cost 1.5 million rubles. Dagmar unsuccessfully asked her future father-in-law to help Denmark against Prussia over the disputed territory of Schleswig-Holstein. In a letter, she asked Alexander II of Russia: "Use your power to mitigate the terrible conditions which the Germans have brutally forced Papa to accept... the sad plight of my fatherland, which makes my heart

masks:
Dagmar
Maria Alexandrovna


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts: heavy, has inspired me to turn to you." As Nicholas continued on his journey to Florence, Dagmar and Nicholas exchanged daily love letters for months. When he grew ill, Nicholas sent fewer letters and Dagmar teasingly asked him if he had fallen in love with "a dark-eyed Italian." In April, Nicholas grew gravely ill with cerebrospinal meningitis.Alexander II of Russia sent a telegram to Dagmar: "Nicholas has received the Last Rites. Pray for us and come if you can." On 22 April 1865, Nicholas died in the presence of his parents, brothers, and Dagmar. His last wish was that Dagmar would marry his younger brother, the future Alexander III. Dagmar was devastated by Nicholas' death. Nicholas' parents struggled to "pull Princess Dagmar away from the corpse and carry her out." She was so heartbroken when she returned to her homeland that her relatives were seriously worried about her health.She had already become emotionally attached to Russia and often thought of the huge, remote country that was to have been her home. Many were sympathetic towards Dagmar. Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge wrote of "poor dear Minny's sorrow and the blight which has fallen upon her young life." Queen Victoria wrote "how terrible for poor Dagmar... the poor parents and bride are most deeply to be pitied." Alexander II of Russia and <mask>na had grown fond of Dagmar, and they wanted her to marry their new heir, Tsarevich Alexander. In an affectionate letter, Alexander II told Dagmar that he hoped she would still consider herself a member of their family. <mask>na tried to convince Louise of Hesse-Kassel to send Dagmar to Russia immediately, but Louise insisted that Dagmar must "strengthen her

masks:
Maria Alexandrov
Maria Alexandrov


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts:
 a balcony. Catherine Radziwill described the occasion: ”rarely has a foreign princess been greeted with such enthusiasm… from the moment she set foot on Russian soil, succeeded in winning to herself all hearts.Her smile, the delightful way she had of bowing to the crowds…, laid immediately the foundation of …popularity"

Dagmar converted to Orthodoxy and became Grand Duchess <mask>vna of Russia. The lavish wedding took place on  in the Imperial Chapel of the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg. Financial constraints had prevented her parents from attending the wedding, and in their stead, they sent her brother, Crown Prince Frederick. Her brother-in-law, the Prince of Wales, had also travelled to Saint Petersburg for the ceremony; pregnancy had prevented the Princess of Wales from attending. After the wedding night, Alexander wrote in his diary, "I took off my slippers and my silver embroidered robe and felt the body of my beloved next to mine... How I felt then, I do not wish to describe here. Afterwards we talked for a long time." After the many wedding parties were over the newlyweds moved into the Anichkov Palace in Saint Petersburg where they were to live for the next 15 years, when they were not taking extended holidays at their summer villa Livadia in the Crimean Peninsula.<mask> and Alexander had an exceptionally happy marriage. She was widely recognized as "the only person on the face of the earth in whom the Autocrat of all the Russias puts any real trust. In his gentle consort, he has unlimited confidence." Despite her anti-Russian sentiments, Queen Victoria wrote favorably about <mask> and Alexander's marriage. She wrote that "[<mask>] seems quite happy and

masks:
Maria Feodoro
Maria
Maria
Maria


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts:
 contented with her fat, good-natured husband who seems far more attentive and kind to her than one would have thought....I think they are very domestic and happy and attached to each other; he makes a very good husband." Tsesarevna

<mask>vna was beloved by the Russian public. Early on, she made it a priority to learn the Russian language and to try to understand the Russian people.Baroness Rahden wrote that "the Czarevna is forming a real, warm sympathy for that country which is receiving her with so much enthusiasm." In 1876, she and her husband visited Helsinki and were greeted by cheers, most of which were "directed to the wife of the heir apparent." <mask> rarely interfered with politics, preferring to devote her time and energies to her family, charities, and the more social side of her position. She had also seen the student protests of Kiev and St. Petersburg in the 1860s, and when police were beating students, the students cheered on <mask>vna to which she replied, "They were quite loyal, they cheered me. Why do you allow the police to treat them so brutally?" Her one exception to official politics was her militant anti-German sentiment because of the annexation of Danish territories by Prussia in 1864, a sentiment also expressed by her sister, Alexandra. Prince Gorchakov remarked about that policy that 'it is our belief, that Germany will not forget that both in Russia and in England [sic] a Danish Princess has her foot on the steps of the throne".<mask>na suffered a miscarriage in 1866 in Denmark while she was horseback riding. <mask> arranged the marriage between her brother George I of Greece and her cousin-in-law Olga Constantinovna of Russia. When George

masks:
Maria Feodoro
Maria
Maria Feodoro
Maria Feodorov
Maria


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts: visited St. Petersburg in 1867, she contrived to have George spend time with Olga. She convinced Olga's parents of her brother's suitability. In a letter, her father Christian IX of Denmark praised her for her shrewd arranging of the marriage: "Where in the world have you, little rogue, ever learned to intrigue so well, since you have worked hard on your uncle and aunt, who were previously decidedly against a match of this kind." On 18 May 1868, <mask> gave birth to her eldest son, Nicholas. Her next son, Alexander Alexandrovich, born in 1869, died from meningitis in infancy.She would bear Alexander four more children who reached adulthood: George (b. 1871), Xenia (b. 1875), Michael (b. 1878), and Olga (b. 1882). As a mother, she doted on and was quite possessive of her sons. She had a more distant relationship with her daughters.Her favorite child was George, and Olga and Michael were closer to their father. She was lenient towards George, and she could never bear to punish him for his pranks. Her daughter Olga remembered that "mother had a great weakness for him." <mask>'s relationship with her father-in-law, Alexander II of Russia, deteriorated because she did not accept his second marriage to Catherine Dolgorukov. She refused to allow her children to visit their grandfather's second wife and his legitimized bastards, which caused Alexander's anger. She confided in Sophia Tolstaya that "there were grave scenes between me and the Sovereign, caused by my refusal to let my children to him." At a Winter Palace reception in February 1881, she refused to kiss Catherine and only gave Catherine her hand to kiss.Alexander II was furious and chastised his daughter-in-law: “Sasha

masks: Maria Maria


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts:
 is a good son, but you – you have no heart". In 1873, <mask>, Alexander, and their two eldest sons made a journey to the United Kingdom. The imperial couple and their children were entertained at Marlborough House by the Prince and Princess of Wales. The royal sisters <mask> and Alexandra delighted London society by dressing alike at social gatherings. The following year, <mask> and Alexander welcomed the Prince and Princess of Wales to St. Petersburg; they had come for the wedding of the Prince's younger brother, Alfred, to Grand Duchess <mask>na, daughter of Tsar Alexander II and the sister of the tsarevich. Empress of Russia

On the morning of 13 March 1881, <mask>'s father-in-law Alexander II of Russia was killed by a bomb on the way back to the Winter Palace from a military parade. In her diary, she described how the wounded, still living Emperor was taken to the palace: "His legs were crushed terribly and ripped open to the knee; a bleeding mass, with half a boot on the right foot, and only the sole of the foot remaining on the left."Alexander II died a few hours later. After her father-in-law's gruesome death, she was worried about her husband's safety. In her diary, she wrote, "Our happiest and serenest times are now over. My peace and calm are gone, for now I will only ever be able to worry about Sasha." Her favorite sister, the Princess of Wales, and brother-in-law Prince of Wales, stayed in Russia for several weeks after the funeral. Alexander and <mask> were crowned at the Assumption Cathedral in the Kremlin in Moscow on 27 May 1883. Just before the coronation, a major conspiracy had been uncovered, which cast a pall over the celebration.Nevertheless, over

masks:
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria Alexandrov
Maria
Maria


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts: 8000 guests attended the splendid ceremony. Because of the many threats against <mask> and Alexander III, the head of the security police, General Cherevin, shortly after the coronation urged the Tsar and his family to relocate to Gatchina Palace, a more secure location 50 kilometres outside St. Petersburg. The huge palace had 900 rooms and was built by Catherine the Great. The Romanovs heeded the advice. <mask> and Alexander III lived at Gatchina for 13 years, and it was here that their five surviving children grew up. Under heavy guard, Alexander III and <mask> made periodic trips from Gatchina to the capital to take part in official events. <mask> was a universally beloved Empress.Duchess Cecilie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin wrote that <mask>'s "bearing, her distinguished and forceful personality, and the intelligence which shone in her face, made her the perfect figure of a queen... She was extraordinarily well-loved in Russia, and everyone had confidence in her... and [was] a real mother to her people." <mask> was active in philanthropic work. Her husband called her "the Guardian Angel of Russia." As Empress, she assumed patronage of the Marie Institutions that her mother-in-law had run: It encompassed 450 charitable establishments. In 1882, she founded many establishments called Marie schools to give young girls an elementary education. She was the patroness of the Russian Red Cross. During a cholera epidemic in the late 1870s, she visited the sick in hospitals.<mask> was the head of the social scene. She loved to dance at the balls of high society, and she became a popular socialite and hostess of the Imperial balls at Gatchina. Her daughter Olga commented, "Court life

masks: Maria Maria Maria Maria Maria Maria Maria


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts: had to run in splendor, and there my mother played her part without a single false step". A contemporary remarked on her success: "of the long gallery of Tsarinas who have sat in state in the Kremlin or paced in the Winter Palace, Marie Feodorovna was perhaps the most brilliant". Alexander used to enjoy joining in with the musicians, although he would end up sending them off one by one. When that happened, <mask> knew the party was over. As tsarevna, and then as tsarina, <mask>vna had something of a social rivalry with the popular Grand Duchess Marie Pavlovna, wife of her Russian brother-in-law, Grand Duke Vladimir.This rivalry had echoed the one shared by their husbands, and served to exacerbate the rift within the family. While she knew better than to publicly criticise both the Grand Duke and Duchess in public, <mask>na referred to Marie Pavlovna with the caustic epithet of "Empress Vladimir." Nearly each summer, <mask>, Alexander and their children would make an annual trip to Denmark, where her parents, King Christian IX and Queen Louise, hosted family reunions. <mask>'s brother, King George I, and his wife, Queen Olga, would come up from Athens with their children, and the Princess of Wales, often without her husband, would come with some of her children from the United Kingdom. In contrast to the tight security observed in Russia, the tsar, tsarina and their children relished the relative freedom that they could enjoy at Bernstorff and Fredensborg. The annual family meetings of monarchs in Denmark was regarded as suspicious in Europe, where many assumed they secretly discussed state affairs. Bismarck nicknamed Fredensborg "Europe’s Whispering Gallery" and accused

masks:
Maria
Maria Feodoro
Maria Feodorov
Maria
Maria


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts: Queen Louise of plotting against him with her children.<mask> also had a good relationship with the majority of her in-laws, and was often asked to act as a mediator between them and the tsar. In the words of her daughter Olga: "She proved herself extremely tactful with her in-laws, which was no easy task". During Alexander III's reign, the monarchy's opponents quickly disappeared underground. A group of students had been planning to assassinate Alexander III on the sixth anniversary of his father's death at the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. The plotters had stuffed hollowed-out books with dynamite, which they intended to throw at the Tsar when he arrived at the cathedral. However, the Russian secret police uncovered the plot before it could be carried out. Five students were hanged in 1887; amongst them was Aleksandr Ulyanov, older brother of Vladimir Lenin.The biggest threat to the lives of the tsar and his family, however, came not from terrorists, but from a derailment of the imperial train in the fall of 1888. <mask> and her family had been at lunch in the dining car when the train jumped the tracks and slid down an embankment, causing the roof of the dining car to nearly cave in on them. When <mask>'s eldest sister Alexandra visited Gatchina in July 1894, she was surprised to see how weak her brother-in-law Alexander III had become. At the time <mask> had long known that he was ill and did not have long left. She now turned her attention to her eldest son, the future Nicholas II, for it was on him that both her personal future and the future of the dynasty now depended. Nicholas had long had his heart set on marrying Princess Alix of Hesse and by

masks: Maria Maria Maria Maria


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts:
 Rhine, a favourite grandchild of Queen Victoria. Despite the fact that she was their godchild, neither Alexander III nor <mask> approved of the match.Nicholas summed up the situation as follows: "I wish to move in one direction, and it is clear that Mama wishes me to move in another – my dream is to one day marry Alix." <mask> and Alexander found Alix shy and somewhat peculiar. They were also concerned that the young Princess was not possessed of the right character to be Empress of Russia. Nicholas's parents had known Alix as a child and formed the impression that she was hysterical and unbalanced, which may have been due to the loss of her mother and youngest sister, Marie, to diphtheria when she was just six. It was only when Alexander III's health was beginning to fail that they reluctantly gave permission for Nicholas to propose. Empress Dowager

On 1 November 1894, Alexander III died aged just 49 at Livadia. In her diary <mask> wrote, "I am utterly heartbroken and despondent, but when I saw the blissful smile and the peace in his face that came after, it gave me strength."Two days later, the Prince and Princess of Wales arrived at Livadia from London. While the Prince of Wales took it upon himself to involve himself in the preparations for the funeral, the Princess of Wales spent her time comforting grieving <mask>, including praying with her and sleeping at her bedside. <mask>na's birthday was a week after the funeral, and as it was a day in which court mourning could be somewhat relaxed, Nicholas used the day to marry Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt, who took the name Alexandra Feodorovna. As Empress Dowager, <mask> was much more popular than either Nicholas or

masks:
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria Feodorov
Maria


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts: Alexandra. During her son's coronation, she, Nicholas, and Alexandra arrived in separate carriages. She was greeted with "almost deafening" applause. A visiting writer Kate Kool noted that she "provoked more cheering from the people than did her son.The people have had thirteen years in which to know this woman and they have learned to love her very much." Richard Harding Davis, an American journalist, was surprised that she "was more loudly greeted than either the Emperor or the Czarina." Once the death of Alexander III had receded, <mask> again took a brighter view of the future. "Everything will be all right", as she said. <mask> continued to live in the Anichkov Palace in St. Petersburg and at Gatchina Palace. In May 1896, she travelled to Moscow for the coronation of Nicholas and Alexandra. As a new Imperial Train was constructed for Nicholas II in time for his coronation, Alexander III's "Temporary Imperial Train" (composed of the cars that had survived the Borki disaster and a few converted standard passenger cars) was transferred to the Empress Dowager's personal use.During the first years of her son's reign, <mask> often acted as the political adviser to the Tsar. Uncertain of his own ability and aware of her connections and knowledge, Tsar Nicholas II often told the ministers that he would ask her advice before making decisions, and the ministers sometimes suggested this themselves. It was reportedly on her advice that Nicholas initially kept his father's ministers. <mask> herself estimated that her son was of a weak character and that it was better that he was influenced by her than someone worse. Her daughter Olga remarked upon her influence: "she had never


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts: before taken the least interest … now she felt it was her duty. Her personality was magnetic and her zest of activity was incredible. She had her finger on every educational pulse in the empire.She would work her secretaries to shreds, but she did not spare herself. Even when bored in committee she never looked bored. Her manner and, above all, her tact conquered everybody". After the death of her spouse, <mask> came to be convinced that Russia needed reforms to avoid a revolution. According to courtier Paul Benckendorff there was a scene when <mask> asked her son not to appoint the conservative Wahl as minister for internal affairs: "during which one [the empress dowager] almost threw herself at his [the tsar's] knees' begging him not to make this appointment and to choose someone who could make concessions. She said that if Nicholas did not agree, she would 'leave for Denmark, and then without me here let them twist your head around'". Nicholas did appoint her favored candidate, and she reportedly told her favoured candidate the liberal reformist Peter Sviatopolk-Mirsky to accept by saying: "You must fulfil my son’s wish; If you do, I will give you a kiss".After the birth of a son to the tsar the same year, however, Nicholas II replaced his mother as his political confidant and adviser with his wife, Empress Alexandra. <mask>na's grandson-in-law, Prince Felix Yusupov, noted that she had great influence in the Romanov family. Sergei Witte praised her tact and diplomatic skill. Nevertheless, despite her social tact, she did not get along well with her daughter-in-law, Tsarina Alexandra, holding her responsible for many of the woes that beset her son Nicholas and the

masks:
Maria
Maria
Maria Feodorov


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts: Russian Empire in general. She was appalled with Alexandra's inability to win favour with public, and also that she did not give birth to an heir until almost ten years after her marriage, after bearing four daughters. The fact that Russian court custom dictated that an empress dowager took precedence over an empress consort, combined with the possessiveness that <mask> had of her sons, and her jealousy of Empress Alexandra only served to exacerbate tensions between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law. Sophie Buxhoeveden remarked of this conflict: "Without actually clashing they seemed fundamentally unable … to understand one another", and her daughter Olga commented: "they had tried to understand each other and failed.They were utterly different in character, habits and outlook". <mask> was sociable and a good dancer, with an ability to ingratiate herself with people, while Alexandra, though intelligent and beautiful, was very shy and closed herself off from the Russian people. By the turn of the twentieth century, <mask> was spending increasing time abroad. In 1906, following the death of their father, King Christian IX, she and her sister, Alexandra, who had become queen-consort of the United Kingdom in 1901, purchased the villa of Hvidøre. The following year, a change in political circumstances allowed <mask>na to be welcomed to England by King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra, <mask>'s first visit to England since 1873. Following a visit in early 1908, <mask>vna was present at her brother-in-law and sister's visit to Russia that summer. A little under two years later, <mask>na travelled to England yet again, this time for the funeral of her brother-in-law, King Edward

masks:
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria Feodorov
Maria
Maria Feodoro
Maria Feodorov


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts: VII, in May 1910.During her nearly three-month visit to England in 1910, <mask>na attempted, unsuccessfully, to get her sister, now Queen Dowager Alexandra, to claim a position of precedence over her daughter-in-law, Queen Mary. Empress <mask>vna, the mistress of Langinkoski retreat, was also otherwise a known friend of Finland. During the first russification period, she tried to have her son halt the constraining of the grand principality's autonomy and to recall the unpopular Governor-General Bobrikov from Finland to some other position in Russia itself. During the second russification period, at the start of the First World War, the Empress Dowager, travelling by her special train through Finland to Saint Petersburg, expressed her continued disapprobation for the russification of Finland by having an orchestra of a welcoming committee play the March of the Pori Regiment and the Finnish national anthem "Maamme", which at the time were under the explicit ban from Franz Albert Seyn, the Governor-General of Finland. In 1899, <mask>'s second son, George, died of tuberculosis in the Caucasus. During the funeral, she kept her composure, but at the end of the service, she ran from the church clutching her son's top hat that been atop the coffin and collapsed in her carriage sobbing. In 1892, <mask> arranged Olga's disastrous marriage to Peter, Duke of Oldenburg.For years Nicholas refused to grant his unhappy sister a divorce, only relenting in 1916 in the midst of the War. When Olga attempted to contract a morganatic marriage with Nikolai Kulikovsky, <mask>vna and the tsar tried to dissuade her, yet, they did not protest too vehemently. Indeed, <mask>na was one of the few

masks:
Maria Feodorov
Maria Feodoro
Maria
Maria
Maria Feodoro
Maria Feodorov


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts:
 people who attended the wedding in November 1916. In 1912, <mask> faced trouble with her youngest son, when he secretly married his mistress, much to the outrage and scandal of both <mask>na and Nicholas. <mask>vna disliked Rasputin and unsuccessfully tried to convince Nicholas and Alexandra to send him away. She considered Rasputin a dangerous charlatan and despaired of Alexandra's obsession with "crazy, dirty, religious fanatics. She was concerned that Rasputin's activities damaged the prestige of the Imperial family and asked Nicholas and Alexandra to send him away.Nicholas remained silent and Alexandra refused. <mask> recognized the empress was the true regent and that she also lacked the capability for such a position: "My poor daughter-in-law does not perceive that she is ruining the dynasty and herself. She sincerely believes in the holiness of an adventurer, and we are powerless to ward off the misfortune, which is sure to come." When the Tsar dismissed minister Vladimir Kokovtsov in February 1914 on the advice of Alexandra, <mask> again reproached her son, who answered in such a way that she became even more convinced that Alexandra was the real ruler of Russia, and she called upon Kokovtsov and said to him: "My daughter-in-law does not like me; she thinks that I am jealous of her power. She does not perceive that my one aspiration is to see my son happy. Yet I see we are nearing some kind of catastrophe and the Tsar listens to no one but flatterers… Why do you not tell the Tsar everything that you think and know… if it is not already too late". World War I
In May 1914 <mask>vna travelled to England to visit her sister.While she was in London, World War I broke

masks:
Maria
Maria Feodorov
Maria Feodoro
Maria
Maria
Maria Feodoro


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts: out (July 1914), forcing her to hurry home to Russia. In Berlin the German authorities prevented her train from continuing toward the Russian border. Instead she had to return to Russia by way of (neutral) Denmark and Finland. Upon her return in August, she took up residence at Yelagin Palace, which was closer to St. Petersburg (renamed Petrograd in August 1914) than Gatchina. During the war she served as president of Russia's Red Cross. As she had done a decade earlier in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, she also financed a sanitary train. During the war, there was great concern within the imperial house about the influence Empress Alexandra had upon state affairs through the Tsar, and the influence Grigori Rasputin was believed to have upon her, as it was considered to provoke the public and endanger the safety of the imperial throne and the survival of the monarchy.On behalf of the imperial relatives of the Tsar, both the Empress's sister Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna and her cousin Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna had been selected to mediate and ask Empress Alexandra to banish Rasputin from court to protect her and the throne's reputation, but without success. In parallel, several of the Grand Dukes had tried to intervene with the Tsar, but with no more success. During this conflict of 1916–1917, Grand Duchess <mask>na reportedly planned a coup d'état to depose the Tsar with the help of four regiments of the imperial guard which were to invade the Alexander Palace, force the Tsar to abdicate and replace him with his underage son under the regency of her son Grand Duke Kirill. There are documents that support the fact that in this critical situation,


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts: <mask>na was involved in a planned coup d'état to depose her son from the throne in order to save the monarchy. The plan was reportedly for <mask> to make a final ultimatum to the Tsar to banish Rasputin unless he wished for her to leave the capital, which would be the signal to unleash the coup. Exactly how she planned to replace her son is unconfirmed, but two versions are available: first, that Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia would take power in <mask>'s name, and that she herself would thereafter become sole empress of Russia (like Catherine the Great did over 100 years prior); the other version further claims that Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia would replace the Tsar with his son, the heir to the throne, <mask>'s grandson Alexei, upon which <mask> and Paul Alexandrovich would share power as regents during his minority. <mask> was asked to make her appeal to the Tsar after Empress Alexandra had asked the Tsar to dismiss minister Polianov.Initially, she refused to make the appeal, and her sister-in-law Grand Duchess <mask>na stated to the French Ambassador: "It’s not want of courage or inclination that keeps her back. It's better that she don’t. She’s too outspoken and imperious. The moment she starts to lecture her son, her feelings run away with her; she sometimes says the exact opposite of what she should; she annoys and humiliates him. Then he stands on his dignity and reminds his mother he is the emperor. They leave each other in a rage". Eventually, she was however convinced to make the appeal.Reportedly, Empress Alexandra was informed about the planned coup, and when <mask>vna made the ultimatum to the Tsar, the empress convinced him to order

masks:
Maria Feodorov
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria Pavlov
Maria Feodoro


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts:
 his mother to leave the capital. Consequently, the Empress Dowager left Petrograd to live in the Mariinskyi Palace in Kiev the same year. She never again returned to Russia's capital. Empress Alexandra commented about her departure: "it’s much better Motherdear stays … at Kiev, where the climate is better and she can live as she wishes and hears less gossip". In Kiev, <mask> engaged in the Red Cross and hospital work, and in September, the 50th anniversary of her arrival in Russia was celebrated with great festivities, during which she was visited by her son, Nicholas II, who came without his wife. Empress Alexandra wrote to the Tsar: "When you see Motherdear, you must rather sharply tell her how pained you are, that she listens to slander and does not stop it, as it makes mischief and others would be delighted, I am sure, to put her against me…” <mask> did ask Nicholas II to remove both Rasputin and Alexandra from all political influence, but shortly after, Nicholas and Alexandra broke all contact with the Tsar's family. When Rasputin was murdered, part of the Imperial relatives asked <mask> to return to the capital and use the moment to replace Alexandra as the Tsar's political adviser.<mask> refused, but she did admit that Alexandra should be removed from influence over state affairs: "Alexandra Feodorovna must be banished. Don’t know how but it must be done. Otherwise she might go completely mad. Let her enter a convent or just disappear". Revolution and exile
Revolution came to Russia in 1917, first with the February Revolution, then with Nicholas II's abdication on 15 March. After travelling from Kiev to meet with her deposed son, Nicholas II, in Mogilev, <mask>

masks: Maria Maria Maria Maria Maria


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts: returned to the city, where she quickly realised how Kiev had changed and that her presence was no longer wanted. She was persuaded by her family there to travel to the Crimea by train with a group of other refugee Romanovs.After a time living in one of the imperial residences in the Crimea, she received reports that her sons, her daughter-in-law and her grandchildren had been murdered. However, she publicly rejected the report as a rumour. On the day after the murder of the Tsar's family, <mask> received a messenger from Nicky, "a touching man" who told of how difficult life was for her son's family in Yekaterinburg. "And nobody can help or liberate them – only God! My Lord save my poor, unlucky Nicky, help him in his hard ordeals!" In her diary she comforted herself: "I am sure they all got out of Russia and now the Bolsheviks are trying to hide the truth." She firmly held on to this conviction until her death.The truth was too painful for her to admit publicly. Her letters to her son and his family have since almost all been lost; but in one that survives, she wrote to Nicholas: "You know that my thoughts and prayers never leave you. I think of you day and night and sometimes feel so sick at heart that I believe I cannot bear it any longer. But God is merciful. He will give us strength for this terrible ordeal." <mask>'s daughter Olga Alexandrovna commented further on the matter, "Yet I am sure that deep in her heart my mother had steeled herself to accept the truth some years before her death." Despite the overthrow of the monarchy in 1917, the former Empress Dowager <mask> at first refused to leave Russia.Only in 1919, at the urging of her sister, Queen Dowager

masks: Maria Maria Maria


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts:
 Alexandra, did she begrudgingly depart, fleeing Crimea over the Black Sea to London. King George V sent the battleship HMS Marlborough to retrieve his aunt. The party of 17 Romanovs included her daughter the Grand Duchess Xenia and five of Xenia's sons plus six dogs and a canary. After a brief stay in the British base in Malta, they travelled to England on the British battleship , and she stayed with her sister, Alexandra. Although Queen Alexandra never treated her sister badly and they spent time together at Marlborough House in London and at Sandringham House in Norfolk, <mask>, as a deposed empress dowager, felt that she was now "number two," in contrast to her sister, a popular queen dowager, and she eventually returned to her native Denmark. After living briefly with her nephew, King Christian X, in a wing of the Amalienborg Palace, she chose her holiday villa Hvidøre near Copenhagen as her new permanent home. There were many Russian émigrées in Copenhagen who continued to regard her as the Empress and often asked her for help.The All-Russian Monarchical Assembly held in 1921 offered her the locum tenens of the Russian throne but she declined with the evasive answer "Nobody saw Nicky killed" and therefore there was a chance her son was still alive. She provided financial support to Nikolai Sokolov, who studied the circumstances of the death of the Tsar's family, but they never met. The Grand Duchess Olga sent a telegram to Paris cancelling an appointment because it would have been too difficult for the old and sick woman to hear the terrible story of her son and his family. Death and burial
In November 1925, <mask>'s favourite sister, Queen Alexandra, died. That was


title: Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

texts:
 the last loss that she could bear. "She was ready to meet her Creator," wrote her son-in-law, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, about <mask>'s last years. On 13 October 1928 at Hvidøre near Copenhagen, in a house she had once shared with her sister Queen Alexandra, <mask> died at the age of 80, having outlived four of her six children.Following services in Copenhagen's Russian Orthodox Alexander Nevsky Church, the Empress was interred at Roskilde Cathedral. In 2005, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark and President Vladimir Putin of Russia and their respective governments agreed that the Empress's remains should be returned to St. Petersburg in accordance with her wish to be interred next to her husband. A number of ceremonies took place from 23 to 28 September 2006. The funeral service, attended by high dignitaries, including the Crown Prince and Crown Princess of Denmark and Prince and Princess Michael of Kent, did not pass without some turbulence. The crowd around the coffin was so great that a young Danish diplomat fell into the grave before the coffin was interred. On 26 September 2006, a statue of <mask>vna was unveiled near her favourite Cottage Palace in Peterhof. Following a service at Saint Isaac's Cathedral, she was interred next to her husband Alexander III in the Peter and Paul Cathedral on 28 September 2006, 140 years after her first arrival in Russia and almost 78 years after her death.Issue

Emperor Alexander III and <mask>na had four sons and two daughters:

Legacy
The Dagmarinkatu street in Töölö, Helsinki, and the Maria Hospital, which also previously operated in Helsinki, are named after Empress <mask>vna. In the 1997 American animated film Anastasia,

masks:
Maria
Maria
Maria Feodoro
Maria Feodorov
Maria Feodoro


title: Alfred Wagenknecht

texts:
<mask> (August 15, 1881 – August 26, 1956) was an American Marxist activist and political functionary. He is best remembered for having played a critical role in the establishment of the American Communist Party in 1919 as a leader of the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party. Wagenknecht served as executive secretary of the Communist Labor Party of America and the United Communist Party of America in 1919 and 1920, respectively. Biography

Early years

<mask>, called "Wag" (pronounced "Wog") by many of his friends, was born August 15, 1881, in Görlitz, Imperial Germany, the son of <mask>, a shoemaker. The family emigrated to the United States in 1884, and thus the German-born Wagenknecht essentially grew up as an American, living in Cleveland before departing as a young man for Washington state, on the West Coast. The Wagenknecht family was politically radical from <mask>'s early years, with his father making a cash donation to the colonization fund established by the fledgling Social Democracy of America in November 1897. Political activity in Washington state

Wagenknecht was drawn to radical politics at an early age, elected Organizer of the Pike Street Branch of Local Seattle, Socialist Party of America in 1903.In this capacity he organized speakers for the branch, coordinated "street meetings" designed to bring socialist ideas to passersby by means of soapbox speakers, and organized social events such as music recitals and dances. The next year saw Wagenknecht serving as the Press Agent for Local Seattle. He was an active member in the party's radical Pike Street Branch, which engaged in a long-running battle with the moderate Central Branch throughout the decade. In 1905 Wagenknecht married Hortense Allison, sister of party comrade Elmer Allison. Wagenknecht was prominent in the ongoing free speech fights which local Seattle had with city officials over the right to speak in public and hold meetings on

masks:
Alfred Wagenknecht
Alfred Wagenknecht
Ernst Wagenknecht
Alfred


title: Alfred Wagenknecht

texts:
 city streets and sidewalks. Wagenknecht was elected to the State Committee of the Socialist Party of Washington (SPW) in 1905 and was the paid Local Secretary-Treasurer of a newly reorganized Local Seattle in 1906. In 1907, with the return of Hermon F. Titus's left wing publication, The Socialist, to Seattle, Wagenknecht left the employ of Local Seattle and went to work for Titus as Business Manager for his publication.<mask> was a delegate of the SPW to the 1908 National Convention of the Socialist Party, where he fought a bitter battle with a representative of a moderate faction of the old Local Seattle organization which had been deprived of its charter by the State Committee for "political fusionism" late in 1906. The pair argued their cases on the floor of the convention for 20 minutes each, with the body ultimately deciding not to intervene against the left wing State Committee. In 1912 he was elected Assistant State Secretary of the SPW. As was the case for many rank-and-file party members of the day, <mask>  was a regular candidate for public office on the Socialist ticket, running for US Congress in 1906, for Seattle Comptroller in 1908, and for Congress again in 1912 when the party's first choice, John Wanhope, stepped aside. In July 1913, <mask> became Editor of the Everett, Washington Socialist weekly The Commonwealth. Move to Ohio

Shortly after assuming editorship of The Commonwealth, <mask> decided to move along, going to work for the National Office of the Socialist Party of America as a National Organizer. In 1914, he was elected to the governing National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party for the first time.After his stint in Chicago came to a close, <mask> moved his family back to Ohio, where he was elected State Secretary of the Socialist Party of Ohio in 1917, serving through 1919. He was also a delegate to the pivotal 1917 Emergency National Convention of the SPA, held at the

masks: Wagenknecht Wagenknecht Wagenknecht Wagenknecht Wagenknecht


title: Alfred Wagenknecht

texts: Planters' Hotel in St. Louis, Missouri, at which the St. Louis Program against the war in Europe was adopted. After American entry into the war, <mask>'s unyielding antimilitarism brought him into conflict with the law. State Secretary <mask> was indicted along with Local Cuyahoga County head C. E. Ruthenberg and Ohio State Organizer Charles Baker for allegedly obstructing the draft. The trio were tried together and found guilty and sentenced to 1 year in the State Penitentiary on July 21, 1917. This decision was upheld by the US Supreme Court on January 15, 1918, and the three were not released until after completion of the sentence (less time off) on December 8, 1918. While still in jail <mask> was selected by the June 14–16, 1918 state convention of the Socialist Party of Ohio as the party's nominee for Ohio Secretary of State in the November election.Upon his release, "Wag" was elected to the National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party and worked for National Office running the party's Propaganda Department. He was an early and fierce adherent of the Left Wing Manifesto authored by Louis C. Fraina and was active in the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party, the organized faction seeking to "win the Socialist Party for the Left Wing." <mask> ran for National Executive Secretary of the Socialist Party in 1919 and was the leading vote-getter in the race, which was ultimately annulled by the outgoing NEC on account of purported voting irregularities by the language federations of the party. Wagenknecht and the Left Wing attempted to establish themselves as a parallel National Executive Committee despite the outgoing NEC's refusal to officially tabulate the vote, and the "new NEC" met one time in Chicago in August in an attempt to assert authority over the party apparatus, with Wagenknecht declaring himself "Executive Secretary Pro Tem." This effort was rebuffed by sitting Executive Secretary Adolph

masks: Wagenknecht Wagenknecht Wagenknecht Wagenknecht


title: Alfred Wagenknecht

texts:
 Germer and the party's Regular faction, however. Communist Labor Party founder

<mask> was not eligible to participate in the seminal 1919 Emergency National Convention of the SPA owing to the expulsion of the Socialist Party of Ohio from the party for their endorsement of the Left Wing Manifesto, which was portrayed by the Regular-dominated outgoing NEC as an automatic violation of the party constitution. Consequently, <mask> cleverly rented a room downstairs from the SPA's convention at Machinists' Hall in Chicago and ran a parallel convention to the official one upstairs — a gathering which was joined by a steady stream of disgruntled Left Wing delegates bolting from the official gathering.Wagenknecht presided over this alternative convention, which on August 31, 1919, declared itself to be the founding convention of the Communist Labor Party. This convention elected Wagenknecht as National Secretary of the CLP, a role which he maintained throughout the organization's brief history. The CLP was devastated by the raids of the US Department of Justice headed by A. Mitchell Palmer and his Special Assistant, J. Edgar Hoover, coordinated actions which began in the fall of 1919 and reached their zenith with a mass operation conducted during the evening of Jan. 1/2, 1919. The CLP was driven underground, local organizations broken up into secret "groups" of no more than 10 members who met furtively, using pseudonyms and attempting to avoid detection by the authorities. Wagenknecht was known variously as "Paul Holt," "A.B. Mayer," "A.B. Martin," and "U.P.Duffy" during the "underground years" of 1920–1923. In April 1920, Wagenknecht's former prisonmate turned Executive Secretary rival C. E. Ruthenberg left the Communist Party of America (CPA) along with a number of co-thinkers and a big portion of the organization's cash. This Ruthenberg-CPA and Wagenknecht's CLP finally determined to achieve the organizational unity

masks: Wagenknecht Wagenknecht


title: Alfred Wagenknecht

texts:
 demanded by the Communist International at a secret convention held at Bridgman, Michigan, at the end of May 1920. This gathering determined to retain <mask> as executive secretary of the new organization, called the United Communist Party (UCP), assigning the important role of Editor of the party's official newspaper, The Communist, to Ruthenberg. Wagenknecht also served on the UCP's Editorial Committee and on the three-member Unity Committee which continued to negotiate a merger agreement with the remaining CPA organization, headed by Charles Dirba. Unity with this group was finally forged at a May 1921 secret convention held at the Overlook Mountain House hotel near Woodstock, New York. Confusingly, this new unified organization retained the name "Communist Party of America," the same moniker shared by the Dirba majority and the Ruthenberg minority organizations.The merger of the UCP meant the end of Wagenknecht's tenure as an executive secretary. From June 1921, Wagenknecht served as the Manager of the unified CPA's "legal" weekly newspaper, The Toiler, with Wagenknecht's brother-in-law, Elmer Allison editing the publication. In 1922, a legal "mass organization" called the Friends of Soviet Russia was established by the unified CPA, and <mask> was named by the CEC of the party to head it. He also sat on the Central Executive Committees of the (underground) unified CPA and the party's "Legal Political Party" — the Workers Party of America (WPA) — from 1922 to 1923, when the underground party was finally dissolved. Thereafter, Wagenknecht was made the District Organizer for the tiny Wilkes Barre district of the WPA, with this job beginning in May 1923. Communist Party functionary

In 1924, Wagenknecht worked as a "Director of Special Campaigns" for the WPA, managing the fund-raising drive for The Daily Worker. Wagenknecht seems to have been difficult for both the Pepper-Ruthenberg-Lovestone and the


title: Alfred Wagenknecht

texts: Foster-Cannon-Lore factions and was shipped off to the Philippines to organize trade unions on behalf of the Red International of Labor Unions (RILU) late in 1924.Later, <mask> turned his hand to film, producing and co-starring in the silent film The Passaic Textile Strike, a semi-fictional account of the 1926 strike of 16,000 textile workers at Passaic, New Jersey, initially led by <mask> and other American Marxist and Communist leaders. <mask> was touted for the role of business manager of the Daily Worker in the last years of the 1920s as the "most competent comrade for the position" by the minority faction headed by William Z. Foster and Alexander Bittelman. He was bypassed for the responsible position by a rapid succession of three others, however, who were selected for the post based upon their loyalty to the majority faction headed by Executive Secretary Jay Lovestone. Lovestone singled his factional opponent <mask> out for special criticism in the last pamphlet he published as head of the CPUSA, Pages from Party History, recalling <mask>'s "hesitation" and "wavering" over the "fundamental principle of splitting the Socialist Party" a decade earlier. <mask> was the executive secretary of the American section of the Comintern aid organization Workers International Relief in 1929 — a job which in June took him to Gastonia, North Carolina, to the scene of the acrimonious Loray Mill Strike. Wagenknecht was attempting to reestablish a tent colony of mill strikers which had been disbursed by local authorities.Instead, on June 12, <mask> was himself arrested. Wagenknecht separated from his wife Hortense in 1930 and was finally divorced in January 1948. With the coming of the Great Depression in 1929 and its deepening in subsequent years, the CPUSA began placing great emphasis on attempting to organize and mobilize unemployed workers. In November 1930, <mask> was placed in charge of the National Campaign

masks: Wagenknecht Wagenknecht Wagenknecht Wagenknecht Wagenknecht Wagenknecht Wagenknecht Wagenknecht


title: Alfred Wagenknecht

texts:
 Committee for Unemployment Insurance, a single-purpose mass organization of the party aimed at organizing around the issue of unemployment insurance. The group conducted a massive petitioning campaign which rapidly gathered what were claimed to be 1.4 million signatures, which Wagenknecht and a delegation of 140 presented to Congress on February 10, 1931. The petition caused the House of Representatives to take up the matters of the Communists and their issue on the floor the next day, with conservatives arguing for efforts to deport alien radicals from America, while progressives such as Rep. Fiorello LaGuardia of New York argued in favor of unemployment insurance legislation as a means of curbing revolutionary sentiment. In 1933, Wagenknecht served as the executive secretary of the National Committee to Aid Victims of German Fascism, a CP-sponsored "mass organization."In the fall of that year he ran for the New York State Assembly in District 14. <mask> was the State Chairman of the Communist Party in Missouri from 1938 to 1941 and in Illinois from 1941 to 1945. Death and legacy

<mask> remained a Communist Party loyalist for the rest of his days, dying on August 26, 1956  in Illinois and honored at his passing with a full-page photograph inside the front cover of Political Affairs, the theoretical monthly of the Communist Party USA. Footnotes

Works

 "The Struggle Against Unemployment in the USA," International Press Correspondence, March 26, 1931, pp. 340–341. Further reading
  Theodore Draper, The Roots of American Communism. New York: Viking Press, 1957.See also

 Socialist Party of Washington

External links

1881 births
1956 deaths
People from Görlitz
People from the Province of Silesia
German emigrants to the United States
Socialist Party of America politicians from Ohio
Members of the Communist Labor Party
Communist Party USA politicians
Politicians from Seattle
American socialists
American


title: Lokenath Brahmachari

texts:
<mask> was a Bengali spiritual master and yogi, considered to be one of the most influential gurus of oriental philosophy. Early life
Loknath was born as Loknath Ghoshal at Chaurasi Chakla (in present-day West Bengal) on Janmashtami (the birthday of Lord Krishna) in 1730 in a Bengali Brahmin family to Ramnarayan Ghoshal (father) and Kamaladevi (mother). He was the fourth of their children. As was the convention of his times, his parents had pledged to send one of their sons to be a sannyasi. When he was 10, Loknath's father approached Pandit Bhagavan Ganguly, a local householder yogi, to be his son's teacher. Bhagavan Ganguly immediately saw the potential of divinity in young Loknath and readily agreed to take him in as his disciple. Loknath left his parents and started his spiritual training with Bhagavan Ganguly shortly thereafter.Also accompanying him on his spiritual expedition was his friend Benimadhav. In the realm of religious world the name of Shree Shree Loknath <mask> Baba bears the top dignity among the saints who sacrificed their body and mind at the altar of great perseverance in order to achieve the salvation of life. The descendant of this great saint was the inhabitant of the province of West Bengal in Barasat, Chakla in 1730 (18th Bhadra, 1137 Bangabda) of India. His father's name was Shree Ramnarayan Ghoshal and the name of his mother was Shrimati Kamala Debi. Baba Loknath was fourth son of their parents. The father of Loknath was religious minded and he always cherished an ambition that one of his sons would be monk who would rescue his generation as well as mankind. After the first

masks:
Baba Lokenath Brahmachari
Brahmachari


title: Lokenath Brahmachari

texts:
 After long day they came down at lowland of the Eastern corner of India after crossing the high summits of Himalaya through Tibet and China. At last they reached at forest full of tigers at the hill of Chandranath. One day Benimadhab expressed his desire to Loknath to witness the temple of Kamakhya.Almost after so many years the two close companies took adieu from each other after traveling thousands of miles West-North and South-East of the earth. Benimadhab set for the city of Kamakhya and Baba Loknath took decision to go to the East Bengal (Bangladesh) where his after wards works were pending. Return to Bengal
<mask> returned to Bengal in 1866 and settled down at Baradi, near Dhaka (present-day Bangladesh), where he built a small thatch out of mud and bamboo using his own hands. This would later grow to be his ashram for the rest of his life. The plot of land was donated by Dengu Karmakar, whom Baba had saved from a conviction in the past. Unlike many other sages and mystics of his times, Baba preferred to keep a low profile and avoided any kind of publicity. Nonetheless, he would help and heal anyone who visited him, irrespective of their caste, creed, or color.His fame inevitably spread far and wide, and the ashram at Baradi slowly started attracting devotees from all over the world. One day Baba Loknath sat on the hill tracts of Chandra Nath in Chittagong, Bangladesh he marked a Yogi sat under a tree in the mood of meditation. His sitting place was confined in jungle, suddenly all the jungle began to burn with fire and that yogi was attacked with fire. That yogi was "Bejoy Krishna Goswami". As the


title: Lokenath Brahmachari

texts:
 preceptor. However Dengu Karmakar lives long more. Myths and legends
Not much is known about <mask>'s personal life, which has always remained shrouded in mystery.Several folklores exist about his miraculous powers and magical abilities. He is said to have lived until 160 and remains one of the most prominent examples of the human longevity myth. Baba stood taller than 7 feet in height and had a very thin, lanky disposition. Decades of sadhana in the High Himalayas had given him the ability to tolerate extremely cold temperatures without any warm clothing. In his later years, he is also said to have completely given up sleeping and would even not blink. Since he never turned anybody down, he was also known as the Wish tree. Death and legacy
Baba went into a samadhi with his eyes wide open on 1 June 1890 (19 Joishtho 1297 BS).He was surrounded by his disciples at his Baradi Ashram. Comforting his mourning devotees shortly before his death, Baba promised to continue being available to anyone who prayed and asked for help, even after his death and forever. One of his famous quotes roughly transliterates as: "Whether it is at war, or in the woods, or on the water; if you are ever in danger, remember me, and I shall save you." In Bengali: "রণে বনে জলে জঙ্গলে, যখনই যেখানে বিপদে পড়িবে, আমাকে স্মরণ করিবে আমি তোমাদের রক্ষা করিব।"

<mask> continues to be a revered spiritual figure in India and abroad, well more than a century after his death. After his death the Nag Zaminder of Baradi to have consent of Baba Loknath allotted a plot that was a Cremation Ground situated on the bank of the River Chagal Baghini in

masks:
Baba Lokenath
Baba Lokenath


title: Ollie Cline

texts:
<mask> (December 31, 1925 – May 12, 2001) was a college and professional American football fullback who played for the Ohio State Buckeyes, Cleveland Browns and Detroit Lions in the 1940s and 1950s. A standout high school athlete in his hometown of Fredericktown, Ohio, <mask> attended Ohio State University starting in 1944. He became the football team's primary fullback that year as the school went unbeaten and was ranked second in the nation in the AP Poll. The following year, <mask> was named the most valuable player in the Big Ten Conference, rushing for 936 yards as Ohio State built up a 7–2 record and was ranked 12th in the AP Poll. Following a brief stint in the U.S. Army at the end of World War II, <mask> returned to Ohio State for a final season in 1947. <mask> began his professional career by signing with the Browns, a team in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) coached by former Ohio State head coach Paul Brown. Cleveland won all of its games and the AAFC championship in 1948 while Cline served as a backup to fullback Marion Motley.Cleveland traded <mask> to the Buffalo Bills, where he spent the 1949 season, and joined the Lions in 1950 when the AAFC folded. The Lions won the NFL Championship Game in 1952 and 1953, beating the Browns both times. <mask> then retired from football and earned a master's degree in education. He later worked at a variety of school systems in Ohio and Arizona. <mask> was inducted into the Ohio State Varsity O Hall of Fame and was named to the Ohio State Football All-Century Team in 2000. He died in 2001. Early life and college career

<mask> grew up in Fredericktown, Ohio and attended the local Fredericktown High School, where

masks:
Oliver Monroe Cline
Cline
Cline
Cline
Cline
Cline
Cline
Cline
Cline


title: Ollie Cline

texts: he played on the football team as a back.In a 1942 game against Mount Gilead High School, he scored seven touchdowns and kicked two extra points, scoring 44 total points in a 79–6 victory. After graduating from high school, <mask> attended Ohio State University and played on the school's football team starting as a freshman in 1944. Although he was overshadowed by teammate Les Horvath, who won the Heisman Trophy that year, <mask> was the team's starting fullback and ran for 221 yards on 65 carries, scoring 39 points. The Buckeyes won the Big Ten Conference championship with an undefeated 9-0 record and were ranked second in the country in the AP Poll. The 1945 season was the most productive of <mask>'s college career. He led the Big Ten in rushing with 936 yards, at the time a school record, and scored nine touchdowns. <mask> rushed for 229 yards in a November game against the University of Pittsburgh, setting an Ohio State single-game record that stood for 27 years until Archie Griffin broke it in 1972.The Buckeyes finished with a 7–2 record for third in the Big Ten and were ranked 12th in the AP Poll. <mask> was awarded the Chicago Tribune Silver Football, given to the most valuable player in the Big Ten. He was named a second-team All-American by the Associated Press and a third-team All-American by the Football Writers Association of America. <mask> was accepted for military service before the 1945 season, but was not called up for duty until the following February. <mask>, who had been passed over by the U.S. Army twice because of a punctured ear drum, was sent to Camp Atterbury, a training base in Indiana. When the war ended, <mask> returned to Ohio State in 1947

masks: Cline Cline Cline Cline Cline Cline Cline Cline


title: Ollie Cline

texts:
 and rushed for 332 yards and two touchdowns in eight games. The team finished the season with a 2–6–1 record.Professional career

<mask> decided to begin his professional career in 1948 despite that he had a year of college eligibility remaining. The move upset some Ohio State supporters worried about the team's loss of talent, but <mask> said he wanted to go pro because he was getting married and needed to start making money. He had been drafted by the National Football League's Chicago Bears, but signed instead with the Cleveland Browns of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), a team coached by former Ohio State coach Paul Brown. "I plan to be married in June," <mask> said at the time. "I feel I have a great opportunity with the Browns, and I've always wanted to play for Paul Brown. I feel that I have made the only logical decision." Although Brown's tenure as Ohio State coach predated <mask>'s career there, Brown said he had followed <mask> with interest."<mask> isn't big, as pro fullbacks go, but he can run – and I like 'em when they can run," Brown said. In the Browns, <mask> joined a team that had won the AAFC championships 1946 and 1947 behind an offensive attack that featured quarterback Otto Graham, fullback Marion Motley and ends Dante Lavelli and Mac Speedie. Serving as a backup to Motley, <mask> ran for 129 yards in 1948, when Cleveland went undefeated and won the AAFC championship for the third time in a row. Despite <mask>'s ties to Brown and Ohio State, Cleveland traded him to the Buffalo Bills after the season. He responded by turning in the best year of his professional career, running for 518 yards and three touchdowns. The Bills faced the Browns

masks: Cline Cline Cline Cline Cline Ollie Cline Cline Cline


title: Ollie Cline

texts:
 three times that year, tying twice and losing once in a playoff game. Buffalo finished with a 5–5–2 record and did not reach the league championship game.The AAFC folded after the 1949 season, but three teams were merged into the NFL: the Browns, Baltimore Colts and San Francisco 49ers. With the folding of the Bills, <mask> was placed in the 1950 AAFC Dispersal Draft and taken in the second round (No. 19 overall) by the New York Giants, but was traded by New York to the Detroit Lions for end Kelly Mote. <mask> played for the Lions for four seasons. Led by quarterback Bobby Layne and halfback Doak Walker, the Lions won the NFL championship in 1952 and 1953, beating the Browns both times. Later career and death

After his playing career, <mask> received a master's degree in education from Ohio's Wittenberg University in 1965. His educational career took him to posts at school systems in Springfield, Ohio, Sidney, Ohio, Mount Vernon, Ohio and Prescott, Arizona.By the early 1970s, he was principal of North Union High School in Richwood, Ohio. He also served as the dean of men at Urbana College in Urbana, Ohio. <mask> was inducted into the Ohio State Varsity O Hall of Fame and named to the Ohio State Football All-Century Team in 2000. He died in 2001. His hometown of Fredericktown declared January 20, 2001 "Ollie Cline Day" in his honor. References

Bibliography

1925 births
2001 deaths
American football running backs
Buffalo Bills (AAFC) players
Cleveland Browns (AAFC) players
Detroit Lions players
Ohio State Buckeyes football players
People from Mount Vernon, Ohio
People from Fredericktown, Ohio
Military personnel from Ohio
United States Army personnel of World War

masks: Cline Cline Cline Cline


title: W. B. Yeats

texts:
<mask> (13 June 186528 January 1939) was an Irish poet, dramatist, writer and one of the foremost figures of 20th-century literature. He was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival and became a pillar of the Irish literary establishment who helped to found the Abbey Theatre, and in his later years served two terms as a Senator of the Irish Free State. A Protestant of Anglo-Irish decent, <mask> was born in Sandymount and was educated in Dublin and London and spent childhood holidays in County Sligo. He studied poetry from an early age, when he became fascinated by Irish legends and the occult. These topics feature in the first phase of his work, lasting roughly from his student days at the Metropolitan School of Art in Dublin until the turn of the 20th century. His earliest volume of verse was published in 1889, and its slow-paced and lyrical poems display debts to Edmund Spenser, <mask> and the poets of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. From 1900 his poetry grew more physical, realistic and politicised.He moved away from the transcendental beliefs of his youth, though he remained preoccupied with some elements including cyclical theories of life. He had became the chief playwright for the Irish Literary Theatre in 1894, and early on promoted younger poets such as Ezra Pound. <mask> was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1923, his major works include 1928's The Tower and Words for Music Perhaps and Other Poems, published in 1932. Biography

Early years
<mask> <mask> was born in Sandymount in County Dublin, Ireland. His father, <mask> <mask> (1839–1922), was a descendant of Jervis <mask>,

masks:
William Butler Yeats
Yeats
Percy Bysshe Shelley
Yeats
William Butler
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John Butler
Yeats
Yeats


title: W. B. Yeats

texts: a Williamite soldier, linen merchant, and well-known painter, who died in 1712. <mask>, Jervis's grandson and <mask>'s great-great-grandfather, had in 1773 married <mask> of a landed family in County Kildare. Following their marriage, they kept the name <mask>.Mary was of the <mask> of Neigham (pronounced Nyam) Gowran family, descended from an illegitimate brother of The 8th Earl of Ormond. At the time of his marriage, <mask>'s father, <mask>, was studying law, but would later pursue art studies at Heatherley School of Fine Art, in London. <mask>'s mother, Susan Mary Pollexfen, came from Sligo, from a wealthy merchant family, which owned a milling and shipping business. Soon after <mask>'s birth, the family relocated to the Pollexfen home at Merville, Sligo, to stay with her extended family, and the young poet came to think of the area as his childhood and spiritual home. Its landscape became, over time, both personally and symbolically, his "country of the heart". So too did its location by the sea; <mask> stated that "by marriage with a Pollexfen, we have given a tongue to the sea cliffs". The <mask> family were highly artistic; his brother Jack became an esteemed painter, while his sisters Elizabeth and Susan Mary—known to family and friends as Lollie and Lily—became involved in the Arts and Crafts movement.<mask> was raised a member of the Protestant Ascendancy, which was at the time undergoing a crisis of identity. While his family was broadly supportive of the changes Ireland was experiencing, the nationalist revival of the late 19th century directly disadvantaged his heritage and informed his

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Mary Butler
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William
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title: W. B. Yeats

texts: outlook for the remainder of his life. In 1997, his biographer R. F. Foster observed that Napoleon's dictum that to understand the man you have to know what was happening in the world when he was twenty "is manifestly true of W.B.Y." <mask>'s childhood and young adulthood were shadowed by the power-shift away from the minority Protestant Ascendancy. The 1880s saw the rise of Charles Stewart Parnell and the home rule movement; the 1890s saw the momentum of nationalism, while the Irish Catholics became prominent around the turn of the century. These developments had a profound effect on his poetry, and his subsequent explorations of Irish identity had a significant influence on the creation of his country's biography. In 1867, the family moved to England to aid their father, John, to further his career as an artist.At first, the <mask> children were educated at home. Their mother entertained them with stories and Irish folktales. John provided an erratic education in geography and chemistry and took <mask> on natural history explorations of the nearby Slough countryside. On 26 January 1877, the young poet entered the Godolphin School, which he attended for four years. He did not distinguish himself academically, and an early school report describes his performance as "only fair. Perhaps better in Latin than in any other subject. Very poor in spelling".Though he had difficulty with mathematics and languages (possibly because he was tone deaf), he was fascinated by biology and zoology. In 1879 the family moved to Bedford Park taking a two-year lease on 8 Woodstock Road. For financial reasons, the family

masks: Yeats Yeats William


title: W. B. Yeats

texts: returned to Dublin toward the end of 1880, living at first in the suburbs of Harold's Cross and later in Howth. In October 1881, <mask> resumed his education at Dublin's Erasmus Smith High School. His father's studio was nearby and <mask> spent a great deal of time there, where he met many of the city's artists and writers. During this period he started writing poetry, and, in 1885, the Dublin University Review published <mask>'s first poems, as well as an essay entitled "The Poetry of Sir Samuel Ferguson". Between 1884 and 1886, <mask> attended the Metropolitan School of Art—now the National College of Art and Design—in Thomas Street.In March 1888 the family moved to 3 Blenheim Road in Bedford Park  where they would remain until 1902. The rent on the house in 1888 was £50 a year. He began writing his first works when he was seventeen; these included a poem—heavily influenced by <mask> Shelley—that describes a magician who set up a throne in central Asia. Other pieces from this period include a draft of a play about a bishop, a monk, and a woman accused of paganism by local shepherds, as well as love-poems and narrative lyrics on German knights. The early works were both conventional and, according to the critic Charles Johnston, "utterly unIrish", seeming to come out of a "vast murmurous gloom of dreams". Although <mask>'s early works drew heavily on Shelley, Edmund Spenser, and on the diction and colouring of pre-Raphaelite verse, he soon turned to Irish mythology and folklore and the writings of <mask>. In later life, <mask> paid tribute to <mask> by describing him as one of the "great artificers

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title: W. B. Yeats

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 of God who uttered great truths to a little clan".In 1891, <mask> published John Sherman and "Dhoya", one a novella, the other a story. The influence of <mask> is evident in <mask>'s theory of aesthetics, especially in his stage plays, and runs like a motif through his early works. The theory of masks, developed by <mask> in his polemic The Decay of Lying can clearly be seen in <mask>'s play The Player Queen, while the more sensual characterisation of Salomé, in <mask>'s play of the same name, provides the template for the changes <mask> made in his later plays, especially in <mask>le's Strand (1904), Deirdre (1907), and his dance play The King of the Great Clock Tower (1934). Young poet

The family returned to London in 1887. In March 1890 <mask> joined the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, and with Ernest Rhys co-founded the Rhymers' Club, a group of London-based poets who met regularly in a Fleet Street tavern to recite their verse. <mask> later sought to mythologize the collective, calling it the "Tragic Generation" in his autobiography, and published two anthologies of the Rhymers' work, the first one in 1892 and the second one in 1894. He collaborated with Edwin Ellis on the first complete edition of <mask>'s works, in the process rediscovering a forgotten poem, "Vala, or, the Four Zoas".<mask> had a lifelong interest in mysticism, spiritualism, occultism and astrology. He read extensively on the subjects throughout his life, became a member of the paranormal research organisation "The Ghost Club" (in 1911) and was especially influenced by the writings of Emanuel Swedenborg. As early as 1892,

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texts:
 he wrote: "If I had not made magic my constant study I could not have written a single word of my <mask> book, nor would The Countess Kathleen ever have come to exist. The mystical life is the centre of all that I do and all that I think and all that I write." His mystical interests—also inspired by a study of Hinduism, under the Theosophist Mohini Chatterjee, and the occult—formed much of the basis of his late poetry. Some critics disparaged this aspect of <mask>'s work. His first significant poem was "The Island of Statues", a fantasy work that took Edmund Spenser and Shelley for its poetic models.The piece was serialized in the Dublin University Review. <mask> wished to include it in his first collection, but it was deemed too long, and in fact, was never republished in his lifetime. Quinx Books published the poem in complete form for the first time in 2014. His first solo publication was the pamphlet Mosada: A Dramatic Poem (1886), which comprised a print run of 100 copies paid for by his father. This was followed by the collection The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems (1889), which arranged a series of verse that dated as far back as the mid-1880s. The long title poem contains, in the words of his biographer R. F. Foster, "obscure Gaelic names, striking repetitions [and] an unremitting rhythm subtly varied as the poem proceeded through its three sections":
We rode in sorrow, with strong hounds three,
<mask>, Sceolan, and Lomair,
On a morning misty and mild and fair. The mist-drops hung on the fragrant trees,
And in the blossoms hung the bees.We rode in sadness above Lough Lean,
For our best

masks: Blake Yeats Yeats Bran


title: W. B. Yeats

texts: were dead on Gavra's green. "The Wanderings of Oisin" is based on the lyrics of the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology and displays the influence of both Sir Samuel Ferguson and the Pre-Raphaelite poets. The poem took two years to complete and was one of the few works from this period that he did not disown in his maturity. Oisin introduces what was to become one of his most important themes: the appeal of the life of contemplation over the appeal of the life of action. Following the work, <mask> never again attempted another long poem. His other early poems, which are meditations on the themes of love or mystical and esoteric subjects, include Poems (1895), The Secret Rose (1897), and The Wind Among the Reeds (1899). The covers of these volumes were illustrated by <mask>'s friend Althea Gyles.During 1885, <mask> was involved in the formation of the Dublin Hermetic Order. The society held its first meeting on 16 June, with <mask> acting as its chairman. The same year, the Dublin Theosophical lodge was opened in conjunction with Brahmin Mohini Chatterjee, who travelled from the Theosophical Society in London to lecture. <mask> attended his first séance the following year. He later became heavily involved with the Theosophy and with hermeticism, particularly with the eclectic Rosicrucianism of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. During séances held from 1912, a spirit calling itself "Leo Africanus" apparently claimed it was <mask>'s Daemon or anti-self, inspiring some of the speculations in Per Amica Silentia Lunae. He was admitted into the Golden Dawn in March 1890 and took the magical motto

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title: W. B. Yeats

texts:
 —translated as 'Devil is God inverted'.He was an active recruiter for the sect's Isis-Urania Temple, and brought in his uncle George Pollexfen, Maud Gonne, and Florence Farr. Although he reserved a distaste for abstract and dogmatic religions founded around personality cults, he was attracted to the type of people he met at the Golden Dawn. He was involved in the Order's power struggles, both with Farr and Macgregor Mathers, and was involved when Mathers sent Aleister Crowley to repossess Golden Dawn paraphernalia during the "Battle of Blythe Road". After the Golden Dawn ceased and splintered into various offshoots, <mask> remained with the Stella Matutina until 1921. Maud Gonne

In 1889, Yeats met Maud Gonne, a 23-year-old English heiress and ardent Irish nationalist. She was eighteen months younger than <mask> and later claimed she met the poet as a "paint-stained art student." Gonne admired "The Island of Statues" and sought out his acquaintance.<mask> began an obsessive infatuation, and she had a significant and lasting effect on his poetry and his life thereafter. In later years he admitted, "it seems to me that she [Gonne] brought into my life those days—for as yet I saw only what lay upon the surface—the middle of the tint, a sound as of a Burmese gong, an over-powering tumult that had yet many pleasant secondary notes." <mask>'s love was unrequited, in part due to his reluctance to participate in her nationalist activism. In 1891 he visited Gonne in Ireland and proposed marriage, but was rejected. He later admitted that from that point "the troubling of my life began". <mask> proposed to

masks: Yeats Yeats Yeats Yeats Yeats


title: W. B. Yeats

texts: Gonne three more times: in 1899, 1900 and 1901. She refused each proposal, and in 1903, to his dismay, married the Irish nationalist Major <mask>.His only other love affair during this period was with Olivia Shakespear, whom he first met in 1894, and parted from in 1897. <mask> derided <mask> in letters and in poetry. He was horrified by Gonne's marriage, at losing his muse to another man; in addition, her conversion to Catholicism before marriage offended him; <mask> was Protestant/agnostic. He worried his muse would come under the influence of the priests and do their bidding. Gonne's marriage to <mask> was a disaster. This pleased <mask>, as Gonne began to visit him in London. After the birth of her son, Seán <mask>, in 1904, Gonne and <mask> agreed to end the marriage, although they were unable to agree on the child's welfare.Despite the use of intermediaries, a divorce case ensued in Paris in 1905. Gonne made a series of allegations against her husband with <mask> as her main 'second', though he did not attend court or travel to France. A divorce was not granted, for the only accusation that held up in court was that <mask> had been drunk once during the marriage. A separation was granted, with Gonne having custody of the baby and <mask> having visiting rights. <mask>'s friendship with Gonne ended, yet, in Paris in 1908, they finally consummated their relationship. "The long years of fidelity rewarded at last" was how another of his lovers described the event. <mask> was less sentimental and later remarked that "the tragedy of sexual intercourse is the perpetual virginity of the soul."The

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title: W. B. Yeats

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 relationship did not develop into a new phase after their night together, and soon afterwards Gonne wrote to the poet indicating that despite the physical consummation, they could not continue as they had been: "I have prayed so hard to have all earthly desire taken from my love for you and dearest, loving you as I do, I have prayed and I am praying still that the bodily desire for me may be taken from you too." By January 1909, Gonne was sending <mask> letters praising the advantage given to artists who abstain from sex. Nearly twenty years later, <mask> recalled the night with Gonne in his poem "A Man Young and Old":
My arms are like the twisted thorn
And yet there beauty lay;
The first of all the tribe lay there
And did such pleasure take;
She who had brought great Hector down
And put all Troy to wreck. In 1896, <mask> was introduced to Lady Gregory by their mutual friend Edward Martyn. Gregory encouraged <mask>'s nationalism and convinced him to continue focusing on writing drama. Although he was influenced by French Symbolism, <mask> concentrated on an identifiably Irish content and this inclination was reinforced by his involvement with a new generation of younger and emerging Irish authors. Together with Lady Gregory, Martyn, and other writers including J. M. Synge, Seán O'Casey, and Padraic Colum, <mask> was one of those responsible for the establishment of the "Irish Literary Revival" movement.Apart from these creative writers, much of the impetus for the Revival came from the work of scholarly translators who were aiding in the discovery of both the ancient sagas and Ossianic poetry and the


title: W. B. Yeats

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 more recent folk song tradition in Irish. One of the most significant of these was Douglas Hyde, later the first President of Ireland, whose Love Songs of Connacht was widely admired. Abbey Theatre

In 1899, <mask>, Lady Gregory, Edward Martyn and George Moore founded the Irish Literary Theatre to promote Irish plays. The ideals of the Abbey were derived from the avant-garde French theatre, which sought to express the "ascendancy of the playwright rather than the actor-manager à l'anglais." The group's manifesto, which <mask> wrote, declared, "We hope to find in Ireland an uncorrupted & imaginative audience trained to listen by its passion for oratory ... & that freedom to experiment which is not found in the theatres of England, & without which no new movement in art or literature can succeed." <mask>'s interest in the classics and his defiance of English censorship were also fueled by a tour of America he took between 1903 and 1904. Stopping to deliver a lecture at the University of Notre Dame, he learned about the student production of the Oedipus Rex.This play was banned in England, an act he viewed as hypocritical as denounced as part of 'British Puritanism'. He contrasted this with the artistic freedom of the Catholicism found at Notre Dame, which had allowed such a play with themes such as incest and parricide. He desired to stage a production of the Oedipus Rex in Dublin. The collective survived for about two years but was unsuccessful. Working with the Irish brothers with theatrical experience, <mask> and Frank Fay, <mask>'s unpaid but independently wealthy secretary Annie Horniman, and the

masks: Yeats Yeats Yeats William Yeats


title: W. B. Yeats

texts: leading West End actress Florence Farr, the group established the Irish National Theatre Society. Along with Synge, they acquired property in Dublin and on 27 December 1904 opened the Abbey Theatre. <mask>'s play Cathleen ni Houlihan and Lady Gregory's Spreading the News were featured on the opening night.<mask> remained involved with the Abbey until his death, both as a member of the board and a prolific playwright. In 1902, he helped set up the Dun Emer Press to publish work by writers associated with the Revival. This became the Cuala Press in 1904, and inspired by the Arts and Crafts Movement, sought to "find work for Irish hands in the making of beautiful things." From then until its closure in 1946, the press—which was run by the poet's sisters—produced over 70 titles; 48 of them books by <mask> himself. <mask> met the American poet Ezra Pound in 1909. Pound had travelled to London at least partly to meet the older man, whom he considered "the only poet worthy of serious study." From that year until 1916, the two men wintered in the Stone Cottage at Ashdown Forest, with Pound nominally acting as <mask>'s secretary.The relationship got off to a rocky start when Pound arranged for the publication in the magazine Poetry of some of Yeats's verse with Pound's own unauthorised alterations. These changes reflected Pound's distaste for Victorian prosody. A more indirect influence was the scholarship on Japanese Noh plays that Pound had obtained from Ernest Fenollosa's widow, which provided <mask> with a model for the aristocratic drama he intended to write. The first of his plays modelled on Noh was At


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 the Hawk's Well, the first draft of which he dictated to Pound in January 1916. The emergence of a nationalist revolutionary movement from the ranks of the mostly Roman Catholic lower-middle and working class made <mask> reassess some of his attitudes. In the refrain of "Easter, 1916" ("All changed, changed utterly / A terrible beauty is born"), <mask> faces his own failure to recognise the merits of the leaders of the Easter Rising, due to his attitude towards their ordinary backgrounds and lives. <mask> was close to Lady Gregory and her home place of Coole Park, County Galway.He would often visit and stay there as it was a central meeting place for people who supported the resurgence of Irish literature and cultural traditions. His poem, "The Wild Swans at Coole" was written there, between 1916 and 1917. He wrote prefaces for two books of Irish mythological tales, compiled by Lady Gregory: Cuchulain of Muirthemne (1902), and Gods and Fighting Men (1904). In the preface of the latter, he wrote: "One must not expect in these stories the epic lineaments, the many incidents, woven into one great event of, let us say the War for the Brown Bull of Cuailgne or that of the last gathering at Muirthemne." Politics

<mask> was an Irish nationalist, who sought a kind of traditional lifestyle articulated through poems such as 'The Fisherman'. But as his life progressed, he sheltered much of his revolutionary spirit and distanced himself from the intense political landscape until 1922, when he was appointed Senator for the Irish Free State. In the earlier part of his life, <mask> was a member of the Irish


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 Republican Brotherhood.In the 1930s <mask> was fascinated with the authoritarian, anti-democratic, nationalist movements of Europe, and he composed several marching songs for the Blueshirts, although they were never used. He was a fierce opponent of individualism and political liberalism and saw the fascist movements as a triumph of public order and the needs of the national collective over petty individualism. On the other hand, he was also an elitist who abhorred the idea of mob-rule, and saw democracy as a threat to good governance and public order. After the Blueshirt movement began to falter in Ireland, he distanced himself somewhat from his previous views, but maintained a preference for authoritarian and nationalist leadership. D. P. Moran called him a minor poet and "crypto-Protestant conman." Marriage to Georgie Hyde-Lees

By 1916, <mask> was 51 years old and determined to marry and produce an heir. His rival, <mask>, had been executed for his role in the 1916 Easter Rising, so <mask> hoped that his widow, Maud Gonne, might remarry.His final proposal to Gonne took place in mid-1916. Gonne's history of revolutionary political activism, as well as a series of personal catastrophes in the previous few years of her life—including chloroform addiction and her troubled marriage to <mask>—made her a potentially unsuitable wife; biographer R. F. Foster has observed that <mask>'s last offer was motivated more by a sense of duty than by a genuine desire to marry her. <mask> proposed in an indifferent manner, with conditions attached, and he both expected and hoped she would turn him down. According

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texts: to Foster, "when he duly asked Maud to marry him and was duly refused, his thoughts shifted with surprising speed to her daughter." Iseult Gonne was Maud's second child with Lucien Millevoye, and at the time was twenty-one years old. She had lived a sad life to this point; conceived as an attempt to reincarnate her short-lived brother, for the first few years of her life she was presented as her mother's adopted niece. When Maud told her that she was going to marry, Iseult cried and told her mother that she hated <mask>.When Gonne took action to divorce <mask> in 1905, the court heard allegations that he had sexually assaulted Iseult, then eleven. At fifteen, she proposed to <mask>. In 1917, he proposed to Iseult but was rejected. That September, <mask> proposed to 25-year-old Georgie Hyde-Lees (1892–1968), known as George, whom he had met through Olivia Shakespear. Despite warnings from her friends—"George ... you can't. He must be dead"—Hyde-Lees accepted, and the two were married on 20 October. Their marriage was a success, in spite of the age difference, and in spite of <mask>'s feelings of remorse and regret during their honeymoon.The couple went on to have two children, Anne and Michael. Although in later years he had romantic relationships with other women, Georgie herself wrote to her husband "When you are dead, people will talk about your love affairs, but I shall say nothing, for I will remember how proud you were." During the first years of marriage, they experimented with automatic writing; she contacted a variety of spirits and guides they called "Instructors" while in a trance. The

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 spirits communicated a complex and esoteric system of philosophy and history, which the couple developed into an exposition using geometrical shapes: phases, cones, and gyres. <mask> devoted much time to preparing this material for publication as A Vision (1925). In 1924, he wrote to his publisher T<mask> Laurie, admitting: "I dare say I delude myself in thinking this book my book of books". Nobel Prize

In December 1923, <mask> was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation".He was aware of the symbolic value of an Irish winner so soon after Ireland had gained independence, and sought to highlight the fact at each available opportunity. His reply to many of the letters of congratulations sent to him contained the words: "I consider that this honour has come to me less as an individual than as a representative of Irish literature, it is part of Europe's welcome to the Free State." <mask> used the occasion of his acceptance lecture at the Royal Academy of Sweden to present himself as a standard-bearer of Irish nationalism and Irish cultural independence. As he remarked, "The theatres of Dublin were empty buildings hired by the English travelling companies, and we wanted Irish plays and Irish players. When we thought of these plays we thought of everything that was romantic and poetical because the nationalism we had called up—the nationalism every generation had called up in moments of discouragement—was romantic and poetical." The prize led to a significant increase in the sales of his

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