title: Ignazio Danti

texts:
 Gradi, Bishop of Stagno (1584). Shortly before his death Pope Sixtus V summoned him to Rome to assist in the erection of the grand obelisk in the piazza of the Vatican.Besides the works already mentioned, <mask> was the author of Trattato del'uso e della fabbrica dell'astrolabo con la giunta del planifero del Raja; Le Scienze matematiche ridotte in tavole, also a revised and annotated edition of La Sfera di Messer G. Sacrobosco tradotta da Pier Vincenzio <mask>. The first mentioned work deals with the use and construction of the astrolabe and is one of the oldest instructions for scientific instruments. <mask> wrote the first Italian treatise on this topic to accompany the book. <mask> died at Alatri on 10 October 1586, three years into his service. In 1588, Giovanni Antonio Magini was chosen to occupy the chair of mathematics at the University of Bologna, over Galileo. Works

See also

List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics

References

External links and additional sources

 (for Chronology of Bishops)
 (for Chronology of Bishops)
 Egnatio <mask>, Les deux règles de la perspective pratique de Vignole, 1583, Pascal Dubourg Glatigny, Paris, 2003, . <mask> <mask> at the Catholic Encyclopedia

Mark Rosen, The Mapping of Power in Renaissance Italy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of <mask> <mask> in .jpg and .tiff format. 1536 births
1586 deaths
People from Perugia
16th-century Italian mathematicians
16th-century Italian cartographers
16th-century Italian astronomers
Italian Dominicans
16th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
Bishops in Lazio
Catholic clergy scientists
Italian scientific instrument makers
Bishops appointed by Pope Gregory

masks: Danti Danti Danti Danti Danti Ignazio Danti Ignazio Danti


title: Gertrude Robinson Smith

type: original

texts:
<mask> (July 13, 1881 – October 22, 1963) was an arts patron, philanthropist and a founder of the Berkshire Symphonic Festival, which came to be known as Tanglewood. At the height of the Great Depression, <mask> gathered the human resources and secured the financial backing that supported the festival's early success. Her leadership from the first concerts in August 1934 through the mid-1950s has been recognized as foundational to assuring the success of one of the world's most celebrated seasonal music festivals. Early life
<mask> was the daughter of <mask> and Jeannie Porter Steele. She was born in New York City on July 13, 1881. Her father was a prosperous corporate lawyer and director of Allied Chemical. Her father was an active member of the New York Bar Association and was active in helping to write what is today's corporate law.After World War I, <mask> <mask> wrote many articles advocating the forgiveness of war debts for which he received the French Legion of Honor. Other material relates primarily to United States Tax laws. Her mother was the child of wealthy American parents and raised primarily in Paris. She had two sibling, sisters Elsa, who died in childhood, and Hilda, who married Lyman Beecher Stowe, the grandson of Harriet Beecher Stowe. <mask>'s childhood was spent largely between New York City and Paris. Life in the Berkshires
As World War I raged in Europe, the <mask> family moved their summer vacations from France to the Berkshire Hills of western Massachusetts. During the Gilded Age, the region had been highly favored by families of prominence and wealth.The Great Depression had taken its toll on the Berkshire's summer colony, but it was still popular with families whose fortunes were intact. Her father purchased an estate in the Glendale section of Stockbridge near Chesterwood the home of his friend sculptor Daniel Chester French. By now in her mid-thirties, <mask> would not

masks:
Gertrude Robinson Smith
Smith
Gertrude Robinson Smith
Charles Robinson Smith
Charles Robinson
Smith
Gertrude
Smith
Smith


title: Gertrude Robinson Smith

texts:
 sit out the War in the safety of her family's new estate. She and Edith Wharton joined forces to organize medical supplies for the troops in France. Traveling to Europe in a blacked-out ship, she flew over the front lines to help deliver the supplies. She also took some of the first aerial photographs of active combat which were published by the New York Times and New York Herald Tribune. In recognition of her fund raising to buy Ice Trucks to deliver blood to wounded soldiers, <mask> was made a chevalier of the French Legion of Honor.In 1919 with the help of her friend Miriam Oliver and a few local artisans, <mask> constructed her own residence on the family's Stockbridge property. With her cultured background and formidable presence, she became a well known personality among the region's rich and famous summer residents. First concert season
In the spring of 1934 <mask> was approached by Henry Kimball Hadley, a composer and the Associate Conductor of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. While he was in the Berkshires seeking support for his dream of creating a summer classical music concert series, fortune smiled when he was referred to <mask>. Her passionate appreciation of classical music, confident take charge reputation and circle of wealthy friends quickly led to a brief inaugural series of concerts that summer. Berkshire historian Carole Owens recounts <mask>'s ready response to the challenge, "<mask>, a woman of girth, guts and money, seemingly without pausing for breath, set about launching a cultural institution in a midst of a depression. She did it in three months.In August 1934 the first outdoor concerts called the Berkshire Symphonic Festival took place." These first concerts were held in the Interlaken neighborhood of Stockbridge on the grounds of an estate owned by Daniel Hanna, son of Cleveland industrialist Mark Hanna. Tanglewood

Following the initial success of the 1934 and 1935

masks:
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Robinson Smith


title: Gertrude Robinson Smith

texts:
 summer concerts, <mask> and Hadley began to plan for an annual seasonal festival. In 1936 the venue moved to Holmwood, the home of Margaret Vanderbilt in nearby Lenox. That season saw the Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO) replace the New York Philharmonic Orchestra as the festival's crown jewel. Under the direction of Serge Koussevitzky the BSO gave its first concert in the Berkshires on August 13, 1936. In 1937 the site changed to "Tanglewood", an estate donated by Mrs. Gorham Brooks and Miss Mary Aspinwall Tappan."Tanglewood" took its name from Tanglewood Tales, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, while he lived in a cottage located on the estate. In 1937 a powerful summer storm gave <mask> the opportunity to transform a drenching rain into a triumph the following summer. Her take charge determination took center stage as recalled in a 1990 Berkshire Magazine article titled “Madame Chairman”: A now infamous episode revealing <mask>’s strength of character occurred on the night of August 12, 1937, when a thunderstorm stopped the festival performance of Wagner’s "Ride of the Valkyries". A "Boston Globe" article recounts how <mask> strode purposefully to the stage when the concert stopped and addressed the record crowd of 5,000, haranguing: “Now do you see why we must have a permanent building for these concerts?”  In minutes, more than $30,000 was raised. The thunderstorm and <mask> Saarinen designed Music Shed opened the following season on August 4, 1938. <mask>'s speech at the dedication was recorded and archived, so can still he heard. Nearly eighty years later, the venerable Koussevitzky Music Shed continues to serve as Tanglewood's main stage.Legacy
<mask> <mask>'s persuasive confidence and relentless hard work helped to create and lead Tanglewood through the success of its early years. Efforts by <mask> and her cadre of wealthy patrons and music lovers were essential to the development of what has

masks:
Smith
Smith
Robinson Smith
Robinson Smith
Smithel
Smith
Gertrude Robinson
Smith
Smith


title: Gertrude Robinson Smith

texts:
 become a multi-faceted festival of performance and musician training. Writing in the August 27, 2012 edition of the New Yorker Magazine on the occasion of Tanglewood's seventy-fifth anniversary, Alex Ross recalls a pivotal moment Tanglewood emerged from the Berkshire Symphonic Festival, which originally offered the New York Philharmonic as its main attraction. <mask> <mask>, a formidable local philanthropist who campaigned for women’s welfare and reportedly threw a mean curveball, was the festival’s leading patron, and when the Philharmonic lost interest <mask> turned instead to Koussevitzky, who seized on her notion that the enterprise could become an American version of the Salzburg Festival. Ambitious and bold, <mask>'s vision of an annual summer music festival comparable to the Salzburg Festival, has met and exceeded expectations from those first Depression era Berkshire summers. In 1966 the festival was expanded to include a highly regarded instructional program for young musicians, the Boston University Tanglewood Institute. Concerts by these gifted young musicians draw large audiences.<mask>'s cultured background, commanding presence and organizational talents served her well as President of the Berkshire Symphonic Festival from 1934 through 1955. Through these first two decades she led a fledgling festival to the enduring success and international acclaim enjoyed by Tanglewood today. <mask> <mask> died on October 22, 1963 in New York City at New York Hospital. She had suffered a stroke a month earlier. References

External links
 <mask> <mask> speaks at the Dedication of Tanglewood’s historic Music Shed Retrieved December 19, 2015
 The Grand Dames of Berkshire Music, by Carole Owens Retrieved June 25, 2016

American patrons of music
1881 births
1963 deaths
People from New York City
People from Stockbridge, Massachusetts
Philanthropists from New York (state)
20th-century American

masks:
Gertrude Robinson
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Gertrude Robinson
Smith
Gertrude Robin
Smith


title: Timothy Tyson

texts:
<mask><mask> (born 1959) is an American writer and historian from North Carolina who specializes in the issues of culture, religion, and race associated with the Civil Rights Movement of the twentieth century. He has joint appointments at Duke University and the University of North Carolina. He has won numerous teaching awards, as well as recognition for creative and experimental courses. In one, he took students on a tour of sites of important civil rights events in the South. His books have won the Frederick Jackson Turner Award, James A. Rawley Prize (OAH), the 2007 University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award in Religion, and the Southern Book Award. In addition, two of his books, Robert F. Williams, 'Black Power,' and the Roots of the Black Freedom Struggle (1998) and Blood Done Sign My Name (2004), have been adapted as films, and the latter also as a 2008 play. In 2017 <mask> published The Blood of Emmett Till, which was longlisted for the National Book Award.Early life and education
<mask> was born in North Carolina. His parents are <mask>, a Methodist minister, and <mask>, a school teacher. In his youth, the family was living in Oxford, North Carolina, in 1970, when Henry Marrow, a 23-year-old black veteran, was killed by three white men. The suspects were acquitted by an all-white jury. Blacks organized a boycott of white businesses in the mostly segregated town, and achieved integration after 18 months. <mask>'s father was driven out of his church because of his support of the civil rights movement. <mask> attended the University of North Carolina at Greensboro and graduated with a B.A.at Emory University in 1987. He earned his PhD in history at Duke University in 1994. Teaching career
<mask> began his teaching career at Duke University, where he taught "United States History from the New Deal to the Present" for two years while finishing his doctorate in 1994. During that time, he was named Research Fellow at the Center for Ethical Studies at Duke University, for his work, "Dynamite: A Story from the Second Reconstruction in South Carolina," which was later published in Glenda Gilmore, et al., Jumpin' Jim Crow: The New Southern Political

masks:
Timothy B
. Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Vernon Tyson
Martha Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson


title: Timothy Tyson

texts: History (Princeton University Press, 2000.) He won the Mattie Russell Teaching Fellowship for his course, "And Still I Rise: African American Culture in the Twentieth Century." In 1994, <mask> became assistant professor of Afro-American Studies at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he taught "Introduction to Afro-American History," "Race and American Politics," and "Freedom Stories: Writing Movement History." He won the Lilly Teaching Award for 1996–97.With three colleagues, professors Craig Werner and Steve Kantrowitz, and graduate assistant Danielle McGuire, <mask> led a series of busloads of students from Madison to Chicago, Illinois; Nashville, Tennessee; and then on to Birmingham, Selma, and Montgomery, Alabama; Jackson, Hattiesburg, and Duck Hill, Mississippi; and New Orleans, Louisiana, to explore and discuss the civil rights histories of these cities. Called Freedom Ride: The Sites and Sounds of the Civil Rights Movement, it won the 2002 Best Course Award from the North American Association of Summer Sessions. <mask> became full professor of Afro-American Studies. From 2002 to the present, <mask> was named Distinguished Lecturer by the Organization of American Historians. <mask> was selected as a John Hope Franklin Senior Fellow at the National Humanities Center in 2004-05. He returned to Duke University, where he serves as Senior Research Scholar at the Center for Documentary Studies, with secondary appointments in the Duke Divinity School and the Department of History. At the Divinity School, <mask> teaches about race, religion and civil rights in the South.He also has a position in the Department of American Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. In 2007, <mask> taught an experimental course entitled "The South in Black and White," which met at Hayti Heritage Center in downtown Durham, for students of Duke, North Carolina Central University, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. In the fall of 2008, <mask> and Mary D. Williams, a leading gospel singer, led a community-based course in Wilmington, called "Wilmington in Black and White." Meeting at the historic Williston School, participants

masks: Tyson Tyson Tyson Tyson Tyson Tyson Tyson Tyson


title: Timothy Tyson

texts:
 explored the ways that Southern history and culture may illuminate efforts at racial reconciliation and healing in one community. Blood Done Sign My Name
<mask>'s books include Blood Done Sign My Name (2004), published by Crown, a memoir and history of the killing by whites of Henry Marrow, a black Army veteran, in Oxford, North Carolina in 1970. The book explores the African-American reaction to acquittal of the suspects by the all-white jury. There was violence, but also organized protests: a march to the capital and an 18-month boycott of white businesses that achieved eventual integration in the town.<mask> drew from research that he did in the 1990s and completed as his master's thesis. The Blood of Emmett Till
The Blood of Emmett Till by <mask><mask> published in 2017 reexamines events from 1955. Law agencies and historians have investigated the Till case for years. Now <mask><mask> has a shocking Revelations. <mask> the crafty author got the reaction from the audience he wanted when he released his book, The Blood of Emmett Till in 2017. <mask> stated in his book a shocking confection, that the women in question recanted her statement made under oath in 1955. <mask> stated all over the news networks and in his book promotions, that the women in question changed her statement.After the release of <mask>’s book with the recanted statement, it prompted a new investigation to <mask>’s claim. The Department of Justice’s Civil Rights Division, the United States Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of Mississippi, and the Mississippi District Attorney’s Office, Fourth District and the FBI to look into the truthfulness of Tyson’s claim. The FBI interviewed <mask> and his assistant. The FBI looked at all of <mask>’s recorded and sparsely written notes. <mask> nor his assistant could produce any evidence that XXXX change her testimony. A mistake made by <mask> a Research Scholar and his assistant, or a Blatant Fabrication. The FBI did not fine sufficient evidence where XXXX recanted anything.After a three-year invitation at Taxpayers’ expense, the FBI closed the Emmett Till case in December 2021

Reception
 2005, the book won the Southern

masks:
Tyson
Tyson
Timothy B
. Tyson
Timothy B
. Tyson
Timothy Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson


title: Timothy Tyson

texts:
 Book Award and was a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award. 2006, <mask> was awarded the Grawemeyer Award in Religion, which carries a $200,000 cash prize, by the Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary. His book has been selected by dozens of college and community reading programs, including University of North Carolina, Villanova University, the University of Iowa, Guilford College, the University of North Carolina-Asheville, and Greensboro College, and also "One Book, One Community" reading programs in Wilmington, Rocky Mount, Wake County, and other North Carolina communities. Adaptations
 The Hollywood screenwriter and director Jeb Stuart, best known for The Fugitive and Die Hard, wrote a screenplay based on Blood Done Sign My Name and directed the movie of the same name. It was filmed in Shelby, Charlotte, Gastonia, Monroe, and Statesville, North Carolina, in the summer of 2008. Nate Parker, the star of The Great Debaters, plays Benjamin Chavis. Rick Schroder of NYPD Blue stars as <mask>, a Methodist minister.An independent film, Blood Done Sign My Name was released in February 2010. Mike Wiley, playwright and actor, adapted the book as a play by the same name; Blood Done Sign My Name (2008) premiered at Duke University's Shaefer Theater. It was also produced at the city hall in Oxford, North Carolina on February 13, 2009, where it played to a packed house that gave it a standing ovation. Work on Robert F. Williams
In 1998, <mask> published the article, "Robert F. Williams, 'Black Power,' and the Roots of the Black Freedom Struggle", in the Journal of American History. The following year, he published the book Radio Free Dixie: Robert F. Williams and the Roots of Black Power (1999). It won the Frederick Jackson Turner Prize for best first book in U.S. history from the Organization of American Historians, as well as the James A. Rawley Prize (OAH) for best book on the subject of race. Sandra Dickson and Churchill Roberts adapted the material as Negroes with Guns: Rob Williams and Black Power, a documentary film produced at the University of Florida's Documentary Institute.It was broadcast on national television in February

masks:
Tyson
Vernon Tyson
Tyson


title: Timothy Tyson

texts:
 2007. Negroes with Guns, for which <mask> served as lead consultant, won the Erick Barnouw Award for best historical film from the Organization of American Historians. Work on Wilmington Race Riot
<mask>'s first book, Democracy Betrayed: The Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 and Its Legacy (1998), was co-edited with David S. Cecelski. Its publication marked the centennial of the massacre and coup d'état in Wilmington. It won the Outstanding Book Award from the Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights in North America. In 2006, <mask> wrote a special section, "Ghosts of 1898," on the events in Wilmington for the Charlotte Observer and the Raleigh News and Observer. This 16-page special section was widely distributed.Soon afterward, the North Carolina General Assembly passed legislation to require teaching in public schools about the white supremacy campaigns and the Wilmington Race Riot of 1898. "Ghosts of 1898" won an Excellence Award from the National Association of Black Journalists. Wake County School Board protest
<mask> was arrested on June 15, 2010 by Raleigh police on charges of second-degree trespassing. He, along with Rev. William Barber, the President of the North Carolina Chapter of the NAACP, and two others protested recent decisions by the Wake County school board by taking over the seats of several school board members. They were opposing the school board's decision to change its diversity policy, based on busing students to try to balance socio-economic diversity. In consideration of parents' concerns, the school board recently decided to change to a community school system, where students can attend schools close to where they live.<mask> believes this will lead to de facto segregation because of residential patterns. References

External links
 Duke University Faculty Profile
 NPR Interview
 NPR's On The Media

1959 births
Living people
Emory University alumni
University of North Carolina at Greensboro alumni
People from Oxford, North Carolina
Duke University alumni
Duke University faculty
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Historians of the United States
American male

masks: Tyson Tyson Tyson Tyson Tyson


title: David Redden

texts:
<mask> is a retired American auctioneer. He spent his entire career, from 1974 to 2016, with Sotheby's where he was a vice-chairman and was Sotheby's longest serving auctioneer. He has also chaired the boards of several American and British preservation and educational organizations. Early life
<mask> was born in 1949 in Canton, China (now named Guangzhou), where his father served as an American consul for the US State Department. Nine months later he and his parents were withdrawn by the State Department as the Red Army advanced on Canton and transferred to Haifa, Israel. His father eventually became American consul general in London and Rome, where <mask> spent much of his youth and education, receiving his high school diploma from St. Stephen's School in Rome. He later graduated from the Art History program at Wesleyan University, where he participated in anti-Vietnam War demonstrations.Auction career
<mask> began his auction career as a catalog trainee at Sotheby's in 1974. He initially joined the company in order to learn more about his passion, collecting. By 1975 he was an auctioneer. Between his start at Sotheby's and the mid-1990s, Redden created numerous new auction categories for the company, including the specialty categories such as “space-memorabilia”, “baseball memorabilia, comic books, arcade machines, and computerized animation art.” Early in his career, in the late 1970s, he was appointed the director of PB-84, Sotheby's satellite auction house that focused on lower-priced items and unusual collecting categories. He later also became credited with developing the Internet strategy for Sotheby's in the late 1990s when he became chairman of Sothebys.com. <mask> is best known as the manager and auctioneer for many of Sotheby's most celebrated live auctions. <mask> served as a vice-chairman of Sotheby's from February 2000 to 2016, when he retired.He was also the Worldwide Chairman of Sotheby's Books and Manuscripts. As an auctioneer <mask>'s sales included two first printings of the U.S. Declaration of Independence,

masks:
David Redden
Redden
Redden
Redden
Redden
Redden
Redden


title: David Redden

texts: the Collections of the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, the Empress Josephine's copy of Redoute's Les Liliacees containing the original watercolors, the Estate of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis; a series of popular auctions for the Walt Disney Company; the largest, most complete, and best preserved Tyrannosaurus rex fossil ever recovered known as “Sue”; the most valuable coin ever sold, the 1933 Double Eagle; the Bay Psalm Book, the first book printed in America; the world's most valuable stamp, the British Guiana 1¢ Magenta; Albert Einstein's manuscript on Special Relativity, a moon lander (still on the moon), three returned space capsules, and the first sale of luna rocks brought back from the Moon; the manuscript of the Magna Carta now in the National Archives; two of the greatest book sales of the 20th century, the library of H. Bradley Martin and the Garden Ltd. Collection; the Nelson Bunker Hunt sale of Ancient Coins, the Four Battleflags of the Revolution, the George Catlin Native American portraits collected in the 19th century by Benjamin O'Fallon, and the Bomberg Talmud from the Valmadonna Library. Several books have been written about his sales including Tyrannosaurus Sue by Steve Fiffer, Illegal Tender by <mask>, and The One-Cent Magenta by James Barron. Other notable auctions include: The Barry Halper Collection of Baseball Memorabilia, The Washington-Lafayette Cincinnati Medal, James Naismith's manuscript for The Rules of Basketball, The Guidon (flag) from the Battle of Little Bighorn, Robert Kennedy's copy of The Emancipation Proclamation signed by Lincoln, and Treasure from the SS Central America. Privately, Redden sold Gilbert Stuart's Lansdowne Portrait of George Washington to the Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery,  the papers of Martin Luther King Jr. to the city of Atlanta and the nine Forbes family Fabergé Imperial Easter Eggs. He was also involved in the discovery of the missing first half on the manuscript for Huckleberry Finn.Upon his retirement, <mask> was the longest-serving auctioneer in Sotheby's

masks:
David Tripp
Redden


title: David Redden

texts:
 history. Collusion scandal
In the 1990s Sotheby's and Christie's colluded on auction commissions and other business practices. <mask>, who had no prior knowledge of the crime, was the first staff member at either Christie's or Sotheby's to speak out publicly decrying the criminal activities of the leadership of the two firms. Acting
<mask> performed in the following films:

 Jane Austen in Manhattan
 Gossip Girl: Season 3, Episode 3 "The Lost Boy"
 A Late Quartet
 W.E. Boards and philanthropy
<mask> has served as chairman of the following boards: Scenic Hudson, Black Rock Forest, which has created the David Redden Conservation Science Fund which awards grants to scientists of all ages and supports lectures and seminars; The Olana Partnership, the Hudson Highlands Nature Museum, the American Trust for the British Library, and St. Stephen's School in Rome, Italy. He also served on the boards of the Hudson Highlands Land Trust, the Chelsea Square Conservancy, Friends of Hudson River Park, Madison Square Boys & Girls Club, and the Theater Institute at Storm King. While serving as Chairman of Scenic Hudson, he led $50 million in preservation efforts and land acquisitions.He and his wife have donated conservation easements over a portion of their Storm King Mountain property to the Hudson Highlands Land Trust. For many years he was a sought-after auctioneer for charity benefits. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
In 2017 <mask> was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The physical decline has prevented <mask> from completing the editing of his very extensive Private Diary of a Sotheby’s Auctioneer. In 2019 his family created the David <mask> ALS Fund to benefit research and treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis at Columbia University. Personal life
In 1978 <mask> married Jeannette, currently a Commissioner of the Palisades Interstate Park. They have two children, Stephen and Clare.References

Living people
People from Guangzhou
Sotheby's people
Wesleyan University alumni
American auctioneers
American philanthropists
1949

masks: Redden Redden Redden Redden Redden Redden Redden


title: Anders Westenholz

texts:
<mask> (October 21, 1936 – November 21, 2010) was a Danish psychologist and writer. Overview
<mask> became a student in 1955, and a psychologist in 1969. From 1969-76 he was employed by Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening (English: The Confederation of Danish Employers). He's been included in the prestigious Danish book of biographies, Kraks Blå Bog (English: Krak's Blue Book). He's been granted financial support or backing from Statens Kunstfond (English: Danish Arts Agency) eight times throughout his career as a writer. In 1974 he received the RAI Prix Italia for his radio play Skriget fra Golgatha (English: The Scream from Golgatha). In 1981 he received Gyldendals Boglegat (English: Gyldendal's Book Grant) and in 1988 Johannes Ewalds Legat (English: Johannes Ewald's Grant).His works
<mask>' works are generally divided into four groups: works of fiction, works on psychology, biographical works on Danish Sumatra rubber plantation manager Vilhelm Jung and works on his own famous great aunt Karen Blixen's life and works. He is credited as the ideas man behind two episodes of the popular Danish TV-series Huset på Christianshavn, namely #64, Karlas kald (English: Karla's Calling), scripted by Karen Smith and #68, Dagen efter dagen derpå (English: The Day after the Following Day), scripted by Henning Bahs. As a writer of fiction he has written poetry, short stories, novels and plays (mostly for radio), and in genres he has dealt with both social realism and the fantastic. During his authorship he has experimented a lot with genres and language structures, which led famous Danish

masks:
Anders Westenholz
Anders Westenholz
Anders Westenholz


title: Anders Westenholz

texts:
 writer and critic Poul Borum (1934–1996) to write about him in a review: "<mask> is difficult to read, but worth every effort". It's the fantastic genres that dominate <mask>' authorship, and he is one of the first Danish writers to seriously deal with fantasy, and he has also touched upon new age as a genre. And not just with youngsters, who he sometimes writes to, as a target group. Together with for instance Erwin Neutzsky-Wulff he is among the few Danish writers to write fantastic literature (fantasy, sci-fi, horror etc.)for mature readers. Apart from his work as a writer of his own accord, <mask> has also worked as a translator. In this regard he will probably be best known for his translations of the American D&D-related fantasy series DragonLance Chronicles and DragonLance Legends by Margaret Weis & Tracy Hickman as well as a number of works by Stephen King among others. Bibliography

Works of fiction
 Polyp (English: Polyp), novel, 1968
 Martyrium (English: Martyrdom), novel, 1970
 [Title unknown], short story in the anthology Og: en tekstantologi (English: And: A Text Anthology), 1971
 Det syvende æg (English: The Seventh Egg), novel, 1972
 Stueantennen (English: The Indoor Aerial), radio play, 1972
 Venskab, evt. ægteskab (English: Friendship, Possibly Marriage), radio play, 1972
 Skriget fra Golgatha (English: The Scream from Golgatha), radio play, 1973
 Glasmuren (English: The Glass Wall), novel, 1981
 Solen er kommet nærmere: digtcyklus (English: The Sun Has Come Closer: Cycle of Poems), poetry, 1983
 Den gamle fra havet (English: The Old One from the Sea),


title: Robert Johnson (1745–1833)

texts:
<mask>Bob<mask> (1745–1833) was an Irish barrister, politician and judge. He sat in the Irish House of Commons and was a judge of the Court of Common Pleas (Ireland). In 1803 he published a number of attacks on various members of the Irish Government in the form of a series of letters written under the pseudonym "Juverna". The letters caused a major scandal, and  after some delay <mask> was identified as the author. He was prosecuted after some  further delay and convicted of seditious libel. He was spared a prison sentence but forced to resign from the Bench, and retired into private life, where he continued his feud with the Dublin administration. His motives for writing the Juverna letters are unclear, although he had made a similar anonymous attack on a senior Irish judge, Christopher Robinson, in 1779.Biography
He was born in Dublin, eldest son of <mask>, an apothecary who practiced on Fishamble Street, and who  was  described
as  a "decent, orderly apothecary
and  a good, orthodox,
hard-praying Protestant". Thomas was  rather self-conscious  about  his  relatively  humble  origins,  which may be why, when he was almost 60,  he qualified as a physician. <mask> (1760-1845), also an  MP and a High  Court judge,  was <mask>'s youngest  brother. He was regarded as by far  the  abler lawyer of the two, but his career was hampered by <mask>'s disgrace. <mask> married Susan Evans,  daughter  of John  Evans of Dublin in 1778 (William married her sister). They  had  one daughter Margaret, who  married  her cousin <mask> Alloway of Ballyshaneduff, County Laois, and had at least six children. Career

He entered Middle Temple in 1774 and was called to the Bar in 1776.He took silk in 1791, and was appointed counsel to the Revenue Board. His political  patron in the  1790s was Arthur Hill, 2nd Marquess of Downshire. The   leading statesman Henry Grattan, who  knew  the <mask> family  well, noted cynically that <mask>'s father  attributed  Bob's success to the  goodness

masks:
Robert (
) Johnson
Johnson
Thomas Johnson
William Johnson
Robert
Robert
Robert
William Johnson
Johnson
Johnson


title: Robert Johnson (1745–1833)

texts:
  of Providence, whereas everyone else attributed it to the goodness of the Marquess of Downshire. Others  thought  his rise to be due at least partly  to his notorious servility to those in power. He held office as Recorder of Hillsborough. He was also  Barracks  Master for Dublin, a non-professional  office
which made him something of an object  of ridicule,  as it was considered demeaning for a barrister to hold it. Due to  Downshire's patronage  he also served as MP for Hillsborough.He  was  opposed to  Catholic Emancipation, and in the aftermath of the Irish Rebellion of 1798 he criticised the authorities for excessive leniency to the rebels. He supported the Act of Union 1800, and  thereby lost the patronage of Lord Downshire, who was  one of the strongest opponents of Union,  and damaged his career in the process. Downshire  committed  suicide  in 1801: according to his family  this  was as a result of his loss of political influence. <mask> served briefly in the last session of the pre-Union Irish Parliament as member for Philipstown, and was made a judge of the Common Pleas in 1801, shortly after the Union took effect. He was not highly regarded as a lawyer ("deficient in knowledge" was the general view), and his promotion,   which was very badly  received by the   legal profession, was undoubtedly
his reward for supporting the Act of Union. He received compensation for the loss of his previous offices of Revenue counsel and  the embarrassing  role of Barracks Master. He had a town house in Dublin city centre and a house at Milltown in south County Dublin; he also had a country residence at the Derries, or Ballyshaneduff, near Ballybrittas, County Laois,
which was built by his son-in-law.After  his  disgrace  he lived  for
a time  in  Paris. He was a member of the popular drinking club, The Monks of the Screw (or Order of Saint Patrick), which had been founded about 1780 by John Philpot Curran. The Juverna affair
In 1803 the radical  English


title: Robert Johnson (1745–1833)

texts:
 journalist William Cobbett published a series of letters in his weekly newspaper
The Political Register, written by an author calling himself "Juverna". The name Juverna (or "Iverna") is a variant of "Hibernia", and was used by certain Irish nationalists as a poetic symbol for Ireland. The "Juverna" letters attacked the Irish executive with great venom, and were  sympathetic to the
recentlyrics executed <mask>. They were extremely well-informed about the Irish judiciary, suggesting that the author was himself a judge. Suspicion fell at first on <mask>'s colleague on the Court of Common Pleas, Luke Fox, who was noted for his  bad temper  and violent outbursts  in Court.However in a personal interview with William Downes, 1st Baron Downes, the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, Fox was able to convince Downes of his innocence. Further inquiries proved <mask> to be the author: he may have fallen under suspicion because many years earlier he had published a similar attack on a long-serving High Court judge, Christopher Robinson, under another pseudonym,  "Causidicus". <mask> was highly
intelligent,  and  could  be an agreeable  companion  enough, but  he  had few  friends or admirers: Daniel O'Connell  probably spoke for many when he described him as "dishonest". His appointment
to  the Bench  had been  greeted with  general  condemnation by the legal profession, and his notorious servility to  the powerful  aroused  contempt. His  case accordingly aroused very little sympathy. Apprehension of Offenders Act
He pleaded for leniency (presumably after confessing to having written the letters), but the authorities took a severe view of the matter, and a warrant was issued for his arrest to stand trial in England for seditious libel. This  was made possible
by the  recent passage of an Act of Parliament, the Apprehension of Offenders Act 1804, which provided that a warrant issued in England could be transmitted to Ireland and there endorsed  for  execution by a justice

masks:
Robert Emmet
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson


title: Robert Johnson (1745–1833)

texts:
 of the peace.Though  its enactment was certainly convenient  for  the  prosecution, there  is no real evidence that, as  the
Government's critics alleged, it was passed to deal specifically with the <mask> case. Arrest and trial

<mask> did everything possible to evade prosecution, petitioning each of his judicial colleagues in vain to cancel the warrant. Finally Downes, losing patience, had him arrested and sent to London for trial. Downes, who was a very stern man, told <mask> that his attempt to evade justice was as serious a matter as the libel itself. After some further delay he was convicted of seditious libel in the autumn of 1805, but was spared a prison sentence. He was forced to resign from the Bench the following year,  although rather surprisingly he was given a pension of £1200. Last years

The rest of his long life was spent in retirement at the Derries, his daughter's country house in  County Laois.He became increasingly eccentric, and made spirited  attacks on  whichever Government was in power. In his last years it was said that he talked endlessly about military matters, of which in fact he knew nothing. On his death his estates passed to his grandson <mask> Alloway (1810-1877); his  daughter <mask> Alloway had died the previous year. Sources
Ball, F. Elrington The Judges in Ireland 1221-1921 London John Murray 1926
Burke, John and Burke, Bernard "Landed  Gentry of Great Britain and Ireland" London Henry Colburn 1849
Cole, G.D.H. The Life of William Cobbett Routledge reprint 2011
Hart, A.R. A History of the King's Serjeants-at-law at law in Ireland Dublin Four Courts Press 2000
Memoirs of the life and times of the  Right Hon. Henry Grattan Vol.5 1846
Nash, Michael L. The Removal of Judges under the Act of Settlement 1701 Glion Institute of Higher Education 2007
Woods, C.J. "<mask>, <mask>" Cambridge Dictionary of Irish Biography

Notes

1745 births
1833 deaths
Members of the Middle Temple
Lawyers from Dublin (city)
Justices of the Irish Common

masks:
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Robert Morellet
Margaret Johnson
Johnson
Robert


title: Michele Giambono

texts:
<mask>, known as <mask> ( 1400 Venice – c. 1462 Venice) was an Italian painter, whose work reflected the International Gothic style with a Venetian influence. He designed the mosaics of the Birth of the Virgin and Presentation in the Temple (St. Mark's, Venice). His best known paintings are the Man of Sorrows (Metropolitan Mus.) and the St. Peter (National Gall. of Art, Washington, D.C.). Biography

Early life
<mask>, known as <mask> was born in Venice c. 1400. His grandfather and father were painters.Personal life
He was married in 1420. There is no known portrait of Giambono and little is known of his personal life. Early career
He was an artist of the International Gothic style of art prevalent in Europe during the last half of the 14th century and the early years of the 15th century and decorated frames and wood in gold and polychromy. Originally known for his mosaic designs located in the Mascoli Chapel, San Marco, Venice, he is also now recognized as an accomplished panel painter. <mask> died in Venice in 1462. Art

Style
The International Gothic style is characterized by elegant and graceful figures with noble men and women wearing elaborate jewelry and richly embroidered clothes, featuring masses of curled hair and highly complex head pieces. “Landscapes and architectural settings were miniaturize; however, details of nature- leaves, flowers, insects, birds- are rendered with near microscopic

masks:
Michele Taddeo di Giovanni Bono
Giambono
Michele Taddeo di Giovanni Bono
Giambono
Death Giambono


title: Michele Giambono

texts:
 detail".Artwork of the period is typified by the use of light, bright colors especially gold used in “manuscripts and panel paintings, tapestries and polychromed sculpture”. Art influences
<mask> was active as an artist between 1420 and 1462 and was a follower of Jacobello del Fiore (c. 1385 – c. 1439), Gentile da Fabriano (c. 1360- c 1450) Pisanello. Selected works

Mosaics
Birth of the Virgin (1431–1433) Mascoli Chapel, San Marco, Venice

On the left vault in the Mascoli Chapel are two mosaics depicting the life of the Virgin, the Birth and the Presentation. The Birth panel shows “fanciful architecture, obliquely placed” similar to the backgrounds found in art work by Gentile da Fabriano. A group of people stand at the front of the building and surround the infant child. The mosaic has elaborate decorative elements that give the appearance of "complexity and detailed observation". The Visitation (c. 1451) Mascoli Chapel, San Marco, Venice

On the opposite side of the vault in Mascoli Chapel the life cycle of the Virgin is continued with the Visitation and Dornition of the Virgin.The style of these two panels differs from that used in the Birth and Presentation. As seen in the Visitation the building has several classical triangular shaped construction elements above horizontal structures with rounded arches and Corinthian capitals associated with the Florentine Renaissance style. The facades are centrally


title: Michele Giambono

texts:
 Dotto stipulated that the painting be similar to the one previously painted by Antonio Vivarini and Giovanni d'Alemagna for the church of San Pantalon, Venice. Notes

Further reading
Hartt, Frederick, Wilkens, David, (2010). History of Italian Renaissance Art 7th Edition, Pearson.Land, Norman E.. “<mask>, <mask>” in Grove Dictionary of Art, ed. Jane Turner, Macmillan and Co., 32 vols., London, 1996, vol. 12:  579–581. Reprinted in Encyclopedia of Italian Renaissance and Mannerist Art, ed. Jane Turner, 2 vols. London, 2000, 1: 657–660. __.“<mask>’s ‘Coronation of the Virgin’ for S. Agnese in Venice:  A New Proposal,” Burlington Magazine, 119 (March 1977): 167-174. __. “Two Panels by <mask> and Some Observations on St. Francis and the Man of Sorrows in Fifteenth-Century Venetian Painting,” Studies in Iconography, 6 (1980): 29–51. __. “A New Proposal for <mask>’s Altarpiece for S. <mask> in S. Daniele in Friuli,” Pantheon, 39, 4 (1981):  304–309. __. “The Master of the San Marino ‘Saints’ and Other Followers of <mask>,” Acta Historiae Artium, 28, fasc.1-2 (1982): 23-38. __.“A New Panel by <mask> and a Reconstructed Altarpiece,” Apollo, 119 (March 1984):  160–165. __.“<mask>, Cennino Cennini and Fantasia,” Konsthistorisk tidskrift, 55, 2 (1986):  47–53. Stokstad, Marilyn, (2004). Medieval Art 2nd Edition, Boulder CO, Westview Press. Stokstad, Marilyn, (2008). Art History 3rd Edition, Pearson.References

External

masks:
Giambono
Michele
Michele Giambono
Michele Giambono
Michele Giambono
Michele
Michele Giambono
Michele Giambono
Michele Giambono


title: Clement Attlee

texts: <mask>, 1st <mask>,  (3 January 18838 October 1967) was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1935 to 1955. He was Deputy Prime Minister during the wartime coalition government under Winston Churchill, and served twice as Leader of the Opposition from 1935 to 1940 and from 1951 to 1955. Attlee was born into an upper-middle-class family, the son of a wealthy London solicitor. After attending the public school Haileybury College and the University of Oxford, he practised as a barrister. The volunteer work he carried out in London's East End exposed him to poverty and his political views shifted leftwards thereafter. He joined the Independent Labour Party, gave up his legal career, and began lecturing at the London School of Economics. His work was interrupted by service as an officer in the First World War.In 1919, he became mayor of Stepney and in 1922 was elected Member of Parliament for Limehouse. Attlee served in the first Labour minority government led by Ramsay MacDonald in 1924, and then joined the Cabinet during MacDonald's second minority (1929–1931). After retaining his seat in Labour's landslide defeat of 1931, he became the party's Deputy Leader. Elected Leader of the Labour Party in 1935, and at first advocating pacificism and opposing re-armament, he became a critic of Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler and Mussolini in the lead-up to the Second World War. Attlee took Labour into the wartime coalition government in 1940 and served under Winston Churchill, initially as Lord Privy Seal and then as Deputy Prime Minister from 1942. As the European front of WWII reached its conclusion, the war cabinet headed by Churchill was

masks:
Clement Richard Attlee
Earl Attlee


title: Clement Attlee

texts:
 general election, he sent British troops to fight alongside South Korea in the Korean War. Attlee had inherited a country close to bankruptcy after the Second World War and beset by food, housing and resource shortages; despite his social reforms and economic programme, these problems persisted throughout his premiership, alongside recurrent currency crises and dependence on US aid. His party was narrowly defeated by the Conservatives in the 1951 general election, despite winning the most votes. He continued as Labour leader but retired after losing the 1955 election and was elevated to the House of Lords; where he served until his death in 1967. In public, he was modest and unassuming, but behind the scenes his depth of knowledge, quiet demeanour, objectivity and pragmatism proved decisive. He is often ranked as one of the greatest British prime ministers.Attlee's reputation among scholars has grown, thanks to his creation of the modern welfare state, and the establishment of the NHS. He is also commended for continuing the special relationship with the US and active involvement in NATO. As of 2022, Attlee remains the longest serving Leader of the Labour Party. Early life and education
Attlee was born on 3 January 1883 in Putney, Surrey (now part of London), into an upper middle-class family, the seventh of eight children. His father was <mask> (1841–1908), a solicitor, and his mother was Ellen Bravery Watson (1847–1920), daughter of Thomas Simons Watson, secretary for the Art Union of London. His parents were "committed Anglicans" who read prayers and psalms each morning at breakfast. Attlee grew up in a two-storey villa with a large garden and tennis court, staffed by three servants and a gardener.His father, a political Liberal,


title: Clement Attlee

texts:
 wounded, being hit in the leg by shrapnel while storming an enemy trench during the Battle of Hanna. He was sent firstly to India, and then back to the UK to recover. On 18 December 1916 he was transferred to the Heavy Section of the Machine Gun Corps, and 1 March 1917 he was promoted to the temporary rank of major, leading him to be known as "<mask>" for much of the inter-war period. He would spend most of 1917 training soldiers at various locations in England.From 2 to 9 July 1917, he was the temporary commanding officer (CO) of the newly formed L (later 10th) Battalion, the Tank Corps at Bovington Camp, Dorset. From 9 July, he assumed command of 30th Company of the same battalion; however, he did not deploy to France with it in December 1917, as he was transferred back to the South Lancashire Regiment on 28 November. After fully recovering from his injuries, he was sent to France in June 1918 to serve on the Western Front for the final months of the war. After being discharged from the Army in January 1919, he returned to Stepney, and returned to his old job lecturing part-time at the London School of Economics. Marriage and children
Attlee met Violet Millar while on a long trip with friends to Italy in 1921. They fell in love and were soon engaged, marrying at Christ Church, Hampstead, on 10 January 1922. It would come to be a devoted marriage, with Attlee providing protection and Violet providing a home that was an escape for Attlee from political turmoil.She died in 1964. They had four children:
 Lady Janet Helen (1923–2019), she married the scientist Harold Shipton (1920–2007) at Ellesborough Parish Church in 1947. Lady Felicity Ann (1925–2007), married the business executive John Keith Harwood (1926–1989) at Little Hampden in


title: Clement Attlee

texts: retain their seats, along with George Lansbury and Stafford Cripps. Accordingly, Lansbury was elected Leader unopposed with <mask> as his deputy. Most of the remaining Labour MPs after 1931 were elderly trade union officials who could not contribute much to debates, Lansbury was in his 70s, and Stafford Cripps another main figure of the Labour front bench who had entered Parliament in 1931, was inexperienced. As one of the most capable and experienced of the remaining Labour MPs, Attlee therefore shouldered a lot of the burden of providing an opposition to the National Government in the years 1931–35, during this time he had to extend his knowledge of subjects which he had not studied in any depth before, such as finance and foreign affairs in order to provide an effective opposition to the government. Attlee effectively served as acting leader for nine months from December 1933, after Lansbury fractured his thigh in an accident, which raised Attlee's public profile considerably. It was during this period, however, that personal financial problems almost forced Attlee to quit politics altogether. His wife had become ill, and at that time there was no separate salary for the Leader of the Opposition.On the verge of resigning from Parliament, he was persuaded to stay by Stafford Cripps, a wealthy socialist, who agreed to make a donation to party funds to pay him an additional salary until Lansbury could take over again. During 1932–33 Attlee flirted with, and then drew back from radicalism, influenced by Stafford Cripps who was then on the radical wing of the party, he was briefly a member of the Socialist League, which had been formed by former Independent Labour Party (ILP) members, who opposed the ILP's disaffiliation from the main


title: Clement Attlee

texts:
 there was no point in "watering down Labour's socialist creed in order to attract new adherents who cannot accept the full socialist faith. On the contrary, I believe that it is only a clear and bold policy that will attract this support". In the late 1930s, Attlee sponsored a Jewish mother and her two children, enabling them to leave Germany in 1939 and move to the UK.On arriving in Britain, Attlee invited one of the children into his home in Stanmore, north-west London, where he stayed for several months. Deputy Prime Minister

<mask> remained as Leader of the Opposition when the Second World War broke out in September 1939. The ensuing disastrous Norwegian Campaign would result in a motion of no confidence in Neville Chamberlain. Although Chamberlain survived this, the reputation of his administration was so badly and publicly damaged that it became clear a coalition government would be necessary. Even if Attlee had personally been prepared to serve under Chamberlain in an emergency coalition government, he would never have been able to carry Labour with him. Consequently, Chamberlain tendered his resignation, and Labour and the Conservatives entered a coalition government led by Winston Churchill on 10 May 1940, with Attlee joining the Cabinet as Lord Privy Seal on 12 May. Attlee and Churchill quickly agreed that the War Cabinet would consist of three Conservatives (initially Churchill, Chamberlain and Lord Halifax) and two Labour members (initially himself and Arthur Greenwood) and that Labour should have slightly more than one third of the posts in the coalition government.Attlee and Greenwood played a vital role in supporting Churchill during a series of War Cabinet debates over whether or not to negotiate peace terms with


title: Clement Attlee

texts:
 to serve in Attlee's cabinet, was appointed Minister of Education. The Attlee government proved itself to be a radical, reforming government.From 1945 to 1948, over 200 public Acts of Parliament were passed, with eight major pieces of legislation placed on the statute book in 1946 alone. Domestic policy
Francis (1995) argues there was consensus both in the Labour's national executive committee and at party conferences on a definition of socialism that stressed moral improvement as well as material improvement. The Attlee government was committed to rebuilding British society as an ethical commonwealth, using public ownership and controls to abolish extremes of wealth and poverty. Labour's ideology contrasted sharply with the contemporary Conservative Party's defence of individualism, inherited privileges, and income inequality. On 5 July 1948, <mask>e replied to a letter dated 22 June from James Murray and ten other MPs who raised concerns about West Indians who arrived on board the . As for the prime minister himself, he was not much focused on economic policy, letting others handle the issues. Health

Attlee's Health Minister, Aneurin Bevan, fought hard against the general disapproval of the medical establishment, including the British Medical Association, by creating the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948.This was a publicly funded healthcare system, which offered treatment free of charge for all at the point of use. Reflecting pent-up demand that had long existed for medical services, the NHS treated some 8 and a half million dental patients and dispensed more than 5 million pairs of spectacles during its first year of operation. Welfare
The government set about implementing the wartime plans of Liberal William Beveridge for


title: Clement Attlee

texts:
 house-building programme was carried out with the intention of providing millions of people with high-quality homes. The Housing (Financial and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1946 increased Treasury subsidies for the construction of local authority housing in England and Wales. Four out of five houses constructed under Labour were council properties built to more generous specifications than before the Second World War, and subsidies kept down council rents. Altogether, these policies provided public-sector housing with its biggest-ever boost up until that point, while low-wage earners particularly benefited from these developments. Although the Attlee government failed to meet its targets, primarily due to economic constraints, over a million new homes were built between 1945 and 1951 (a significant achievement under the circumstances) which ensured that decent, affordable housing was available to many low-income families for the first time ever. Women and children
A number of reforms were embarked upon to improve conditions for women and children. In 1946, universal family allowances were introduced to provide financial support to households for raising children.These benefits had been legislated for the previous year by Churchill's Family Allowances Act 1945, and was the first measure pushed through parliament by <mask>'s government. Conservatives would later criticise Labour for having been "too hasty" in introducing family allowances. A Married Women (Restraint Upon Anticipation) Act was passed in 1949 "to equalise, to render inoperative any restrictions upon anticipation or alienation attached to the enjoyment of property by a woman", while the Married Women (Maintenance) Act 1949 was enacted with the intention of improving the


title: Clement Attlee

texts:
 only safeguarded wage levels, but also ensured that workers were provided with accommodation.A number of regulations aimed at safeguarding the health and safety of people at work were also introduced during Attlee's time in office. Regulations issued in February 1946 applied to factories involved with "manufacturing briquettes or blocks of fuel consisting of coal, coal dust, coke or slurry with pitch as a binding substance", and concerned "dust and ventilation, washing facilities and clothing accommodation, medical supervision and examination, skin and eye protection and messrooms". Nationalisation
<mask>'s government also carried out their manifesto commitment for nationalisation of basic industries and public utilities. The Bank of England and civil aviation were nationalised in 1946. Coal mining, the railways, road haulage, canals and Cable and Wireless were nationalised in 1947, and electricity and gas followed in 1948. The steel industry was nationalised in 1951. By 1951 about 20 per cent of the British economy had been taken into public ownership.Nationalisation failed to provide workers with a greater say in the running of the industries in which they worked. It did, however, bring about significant material gains for workers in the form of higher wages, reduced working hours, and improvements in working conditions, especially in regards to safety. As historian Eric Shaw noted of the years following nationalisation, the electricity and gas supply companies became "impressive models of public enterprise" in terms of efficiency, and the National Coal Board was not only profitable, but working conditions for miners had significantly improved as well. Within a few years of nationalisation, a number of progressive measures had been


title: Clement Attlee

texts:
 to encourage the arts. The Ministry of Education was established under the 1944 Act, and free County Colleges were set up for the compulsory part-time instruction of teenagers between the ages of 15 and 18 who were not in full-time education. An Emergency Training Scheme was also introduced which turned out an extra 25,000 teachers in 1945–1951. In 1947, Regional Advisory Councils were set up to bring together industry and education to find out the needs of young workers "and advise on the provision required, and to secure reasonable economy of provision". That same year, thirteen Area Training Organisations were set up in England and one in Wales to coordinate teacher training. Attlee's government, however, failed to introduce the comprehensive education for which many socialists had hoped.This reform was eventually carried out by Harold Wilson's government. During its time in office, the <mask> government increased spending on education by over 50 per cent, from £6.5 billion to £10 billion. Economy

The most significant problem facing Attlee and his ministers remained the economy, as the war effort had left Britain nearly bankrupt. The war had cost Britain about a quarter of her national wealth. Overseas investments had been used up to pay for the war. The transition to a peacetime economy, and the maintaining of strategic military commitments abroad led to continuous and severe problems with the balance of trade. This resulted in strict rationing of food and other essential goods continuing in the post war period to force a reduction in consumption in an effort to limit imports, boost exports, and stabilise the Pound Sterling so that Britain could trade its way out of its financial state.The abrupt end of the American Lend-Lease


title: Clement Attlee

texts: programme in August 1945 almost caused a crisis. Some relief was provided by the Anglo-American loan, negotiated in December 1945. The conditions attached to the loan included making the pound fully convertible to the US dollar. When this was introduced in July 1947, it led to a currency crisis and convertibility had to be suspended after just five weeks. The UK benefited from the American Marshall Aid program in 1948, and the economic situation improved significantly. Another balance of payments crisis in 1949 forced Chancellor of the Exchequer, Stafford Cripps, into devaluation of the pound. Despite these problems, one of the main achievements of Attlee's government was the maintenance of near full employment.The government maintained most of the wartime controls over the economy, including control over the allocation of materials and manpower, and unemployment rarely rose above 500,000, or 3 per cent of the total workforce. Labour shortages proved a more frequent problem. The inflation rate was also kept low during his term. The rate of unemployment rarely rose above 2 per cent during Attlee's time in office, whilst there was no hard-core of long-term unemployed. Both production and productivity rose as a result of new equipment, while the average working week was shortened. The government was less successful in housing, which was the responsibility of Aneurin Bevan. The government had a target to build 400,000 new houses a year to replace those which had been destroyed in the war, but shortages of materials and manpower meant that less than half this number were built.Nevertheless, millions of people were rehoused as a result of the <mask> government's housing policies. Between August 1945 and December 1951, 1,016,349 new homes


title: Clement Attlee

texts:
 were completed in England, Scotland, and Wales. When the <mask> government was voted out of office in 1951, the economy had been improved compared to 1945. The period from 1946 to 1951 saw continuous full employment and steadily rising living standards, which increased by about 10 per cent each year. During that same period, the economy grew by 3 per cent a year, and by 1951 the UK had "the best economic performance in Europe, while output per person was increasing faster than in the United States". Careful planning after 1945 also ensured that demobilisation was carried out without having a negative impact upon economic recovery, and that unemployment stayed at very low levels. In addition, the number of motor cars on the roads rose from 3 million to 5 million from 1945 to 1951, and seaside holidays were taken by far more people than ever before.A Monopolies and Restrictive Practices (Inquiry and Control) Act was passed in 1948, which allowed for investigations of restrictive practices and monopolies. Energy
1947 proved a particularly difficult year for the government; an exceptionally cold winter that year caused coal mines to freeze and cease production, creating widespread power cuts and food shortages. The Minister of Fuel and Power, Emanuel Shinwell was widely blamed for failing to ensure adequate coal stocks, and soon resigned from his post. The Conservatives capitalised on the crisis with the slogan 'Starve with Strachey and shiver with Shinwell' (referring to the Minister of Food John Strachey). The crisis led to an unsuccessful plot by Hugh Dalton to replace Attlee as Prime Minister with Ernest Bevin. Later that year Stafford Cripps tried to persuade Attlee to stand aside for Bevin. These plots petered out after Bevin


title: Clement Attlee

texts: engines in September 1947 and March 1948. The agreement included an agreement not to use them for military purposes.The price was fixed under a commercial contract; a total of 55 jet engines were sold to the USSR in 1947. However, the Cold War intensified during this period and the Soviets, who at the time were well behind the West in jet technology, reverse-engineered the Nene and installed their own version in the MiG-15 interceptor. This was used to good effect against US-UK forces in the subsequent Korean War, as well as in several later MiG models. After Stalin took political control of most of Eastern Europe, and began to subvert other governments in the Balkans, Attlee's and Bevin's worst fears of Soviet intentions were realised. The <mask> government then became instrumental in the creation of the successful NATO defence alliance to protect Western Europe against any Soviet expansion. In a crucial contribution to the economic stability of post-war Europe, Attlee's Cabinet was instrumental in promoting the American Marshall Plan for the economic recovery of Europe. He called it, one of the "most bold, enlightened and good-natured acts in the history of nations".A group of Labour MPs, organised under the banner of "Keep Left" urged the government to steer a middle way between the two emerging superpowers, and advocated the creation of a "third force" of European powers to stand between the US and USSR. However, deteriorating relations between Britain and the USSR, as well as Britain's economic reliance on America following the Marshall Plan, steered policy towards supporting the US. In January 1947, fear of both Soviet and American nuclear intentions led to a secret meeting of the Cabinet, where the decision was made to press


title: Clement Attlee

texts:
 government declared on 1 October 1949 that it would exchange diplomats with any country that ended relations with the Chinese Nationalists, Britain became the first western country to formally recognise the People's Republic of China in January 1950.In 1954, a Labour Party delegation including Attlee visited China at the invitation of then Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai. Attlee became the first high-ranking western politician to meet Mao Zedong. India and Pakistan
Attlee orchestrated the granting of independence to India and Pakistan in 1947. Attlee in 1928–1934 had been a member of the Indian Statutory Commission (otherwise known as the Simon Commission). He became the Labour Party expert on India and by 1934 was committed to granting India the same independent dominion status that Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa had recently been given. He faced strong resistance from the die-hard Conservative imperialists, led by Churchill, who opposed both independence and efforts led by Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin to set up a system of limited local control by Indians themselves. Attlee and the Labour leadership were sympathetic to the Congress movement led by Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, and Pakistan movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah.During the Second World War, <mask> was in charge of Indian affairs. He set up the Cripps Mission in 1942, which tried and failed to bring the factions together. When the Congress called for passive resistance in the "Quit India" movement of 1942–1945, it was Attlee who ordered the arrest and internment for the duration of tens of thousands of Congress leaders and crushed the revolt. Labour's election Manifesto in 1945 called for "the advancement of India to responsible self-government",


title: Clement Attlee

texts:
 a "national humiliation" but it was necessitated by urgent financial, administrative, strategic and political needs. Churchill in 1940–1945 had tightened the hold on India and imprisoned the Congress leadership, with Attlee's approval. Labour had looked forward to making it a fully independent dominion like Canada or Australia.Many of the Congress leaders in the India had studied in England, and were highly regarded as fellow idealistic socialists by Labour leaders. <mask> was the Labour expert on India and took special charge of decolonisation. Attlee found that Churchill's viceroy, Field Marshal Wavell, was too imperialistic, too keen on military solutions, and too neglectful of Indian political alignments. The new Viceroy was Lord Mountbatten, the dashing war hero and a cousin of the King. The boundary between the newly created states of Pakistan and India involved the widespread resettlement of millions of Muslims and Hindus (and many Sikhs). Extreme violence ensued when Punjab and Bengal provinces were split. Historian Yasmin Khan estimates that between a half-million and a million men, women and children were killed.Gandhi himself was assassinated by a Hindu activist in January 1948. Attlee also sponsored the peaceful transition to independence in 1948 of Burma (Myanmar) and Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Palestine

One of the most urgent problems facing Attlee concerned the future of the British mandate in Palestine, which had become too troublesome and expensive to handle. British policies in Palestine were perceived by the Zionist movement and the Truman administration to be pro-Arab and anti-Jewish, and Britain soon found itself unable to maintain public order in the face of a Jewish insurgency and a civil war. In response to the


title: Clement Attlee

texts:
 increasingly unpopular mandate, Attlee ordered the evacuation of all British military personnel and handed over the issue to the United Nations, a decision which was widely supported by the general public in Britain. African colonies
The government's policies with regard to the other colonies, particularly those in Africa, focused on keeping them as strategic Cold War assets while modernising their economies. The Labour Party had long attracted aspiring leaders from Africa and had developed elaborate plans before the war.Implementing them overnight with an empty treasury proved too challenging. A major military base was built in Kenya, and the African colonies came under an unprecedented degree of direct control from London. Development schemes were implemented to help solve Britain's post-war balance of payments crisis and raise African living standards. This "new colonialism" worked slowly and had failures such as the Tanganyika groundnut scheme. 1950 election

The 1950 election gave Labour a massively reduced majority of five seats compared to the triple-digit majority of 1945. Although re-elected, the result was seen by Attlee as very disappointing, and was widely attributed to the effects of post-war austerity denting Labour's appeal to middle-class voters. With such a small majority leaving him dependent on a small number of MPs to govern, Attlee's second term was much tamer than his first.Some major reforms were nevertheless passed, particularly regarding industry in urban areas and regulations to limit air and water pollution. 1951 election
By 1951, the <mask> government was exhausted, with several of its most senior ministers ailing or ageing, and with a lack of new ideas. Attlee's record for settling internal differences in


title: Clement Attlee

texts:
 reasons.At one time, Attlee had favoured Aneurin Bevan to succeed him as leader, but this became problematic after Bevan almost irrevocably split the party. In an interview with the News Chronicle columnist Percy Cudlipp in mid-September 1955, Attlee made clear his own thinking together with his preference for the leadership succession, stating:

Attlee, now aged 72, contested the 1955 general election against Anthony Eden, which saw Labour lose 18 seats, and the Conservatives increase their majority. He retired as Leader of the Labour Party on 7 December 1955, having led the party for twenty years, and on 14 December Hugh Gaitskell was elected as his replacement. Retirement
He subsequently retired from the House of Commons and was elevated to the peerage as <mask> and Viscount Prestwood on 16 December 1955, taking his seat in the House of Lords on 25 January. He believed Eden had been forced into taking a strong stand on the Suez Crisis by his backbenchers. In 1958, he was, along with numerous notables, to establish the Homosexual Law Reform Society. The society campaigned for the decriminalisation of homosexual acts in private by consenting adults, a reform which was voted through Parliament nine years later.In May 1961, he travelled to Washington, D.C. to meet with President Kennedy. In 1962, he spoke twice in the House of Lords against the British government's application for the UK to join the European Economic Community ("Common Market"). In his second speech delivered in November, Attlee claimed that Britain had a separate parliamentary tradition from the Continental European countries that composed the EEC. He also claimed that if Britain was a member, EEC rules would prevent the British government from planning the economy


title: Clement Attlee

texts:
 and that Britain's traditional policy had been outward looking rather than Continental. He attended Winston Churchill's funeral in January 1965. He was elderly and frail by that time, and had to remain seated in the freezing cold as the coffin was carried, having tired himself out by standing at the rehearsal the previous day. He lived to see the Labour Party return to power under Harold Wilson in 1964, but also to see his old constituency of Walthamstow West fall to the Conservatives in a by-election in September 1967.Death
Attlee died peacefully in his sleep of pneumonia, at the age of 84 at Westminster Hospital on 8 October 1967. Two thousand people attended his funeral in November, including the then-Prime Minister Harold Wilson and the Duke of Kent, representing the Queen. He was cremated and his ashes were buried at Westminster Abbey. Upon his death, the title passed to his son Martin Richard <mask>, 2nd Earl <mask> (1927–1991). It is now held by <mask>'s grandson John Richard <mask>, 3rd Earl Attlee. The third earl (a member of the Conservative Party) retained his seat in the Lords as one of the hereditary peers to remain under an amendment to Labour's House of Lords Act 1999. Attlee's estate was sworn for probate purposes at a value of £7,295, (equivalent to £ in ) a relatively modest sum for so prominent a figure, and only a fraction of the £75,394 in his father's estate when he died in 1908.Legacy

The quotation about Attlee, "A modest man, but then he has so much to be modest about", is commonly ascribed to Churchill—though Churchill denied saying it, and respected Attlee's service in the War cabinet. Attlee's modesty and quiet manner hid a great deal that has only come to light with historical reappraisal. Attlee himself

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title: Clement Attlee

texts: is said to have responded to critics with a limerick: "There were few who thought him a starter, Many who thought themselves smarter. But he ended PM, CH and OM, an Earl and a Knight of the Garter". The journalist and broadcaster Anthony Howard called him "the greatest Prime Minister of the 20th century". His leadership style of consensual government, acting as a chairman rather than a president, won him much praise from historians and politicians alike. Christopher Soames, the British Ambassador to France during the Conservative government of Edward Heath and cabinet minister under Margaret Thatcher, remarked that "Mrs Thatcher was not really running a team.Every time you have a Prime Minister who wants to make all the decisions, it mainly leads to bad results. Attlee didn't. That's why he was so damn good". Thatcher herself wrote in her 1995 memoirs, which charted her beginnings in Grantham to her victory at the 1979 general election, that she admired Attlee, writing: "Of <mask>e, however, I was an admirer. He was a serious man and a patriot. Quite contrary to the general tendency of politicians in the 1990s, he was all substance and no show". Attlee's government presided over the successful transition from a wartime economy to peacetime, tackling problems of demobilisation, shortages of foreign currency, and adverse deficits in trade balances and government expenditure.Further domestic policies that he brought about included the creation of the National Health Service and the post-war Welfare State, which became key to the reconstruction of post-war Britain. Attlee and his ministers did much to transform the UK into a more prosperous and egalitarian society during their time in office with reductions in poverty and a rise in the


title: Clement Attlee

texts:
 he was voted the most successful British Prime Minister of the 20th century by a poll of 139 academics organised by Ipsos MORI. A blue plaque unveiled in 1979 commemorates Attlee at 17 Monkhams Avenue, in Woodford Green in the London borough of Redbridge. Attlee was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1947. Attlee was awarded an Honorary Fellowship of Queen Mary College on 15 December 1948. Statues of <mask>e

On 30 November 1988, a bronze statue of <mask>e was unveiled by Harold Wilson (the next Labour Prime Minister after Attlee) outside Limehouse Library in Attlee's former constituency. By then Wilson was the last surviving member of Attlee's cabinet, and the unveiling of the statue would be one of the last public appearances by Wilson, who was by that point in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease; he died at the age of 79 in May 1995.Limehouse Library was closed in 2003, after which the statue was vandalised. The council surrounded it with protective hoarding for four years, before eventually removing it for repair and recasting in 2009. The restored statue was unveiled by Peter Mandelson in April 2011, in its new position less than a mile away at the Queen Mary University of London's Mile End campus. There is also a statue of <mask>e in the Houses of Parliament that was erected, instead of a bust, by parliamentary vote in 1979. The sculptor was Ivor Roberts-Jones. Honours

Arms

Religious views
Although one of his brothers became a clergyman and one of his sisters a missionary, Attlee himself is usually regarded as an agnostic. In an interview he described himself as "incapable of religious feeling", saying that he believed in "the ethics of Christianity" but not "the mumbo-jumbo".When asked whether he was an agnostic,

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title: Clement Attlee

texts:
 Attlee replied "I don't know". Francis Williams' A Prime Minister Remembers, based on interviews with Attlee, was published in 1961. Attlee's other publications

 The Social Worker (1920)
 Metropolitan Borough Councils Their Constitution, Powers and Duties – Fabian Tract No 190 (1920)
 The Town Councillor (1925)
 The Will and the Way to Socialism (1935)
 The Labour Party in Perspective (1937)
 Collective Security Under the United Nations (1958)
 Empire into Commonwealth (1961)

Further reading

Biographical

 Beckett, Francis. Clem <mask> (1998) – updated and revised and expanded edition, Clem <mask>: Labour's Great Reformer (2015)
 Bew, John. Citizen Clem: A Biography of Attlee, (London: 2016, British edition); <mask>: The Man Who Made Modern Britain (New York: Oxford U.P. 2017, U.S. edition). Burridge, Trevor.<mask>: A Political Biography, (1985), scholarly
 Cohen, David. Churchill & Attlee: The Unlikely Allies who Won the War (Biteback Publishing, 2018), popular. Crowcroft, Robert. Attlee's War: World War II and the Making of a Labour Leader (IB Tauris, 2011). Harris, Kenneth. Attlee (1982), scholarly authorised biography. Howell, David.Attlee (2006)
 Jago, Michael. <mask>: The Inevitable Prime Minister (2014)
 Pearce, Robert. <mask> (1997), 206pp
 Thomas-Symonds, Nicklaus. Attlee: A Life in Politics (IB Tauris, 2010). Whiting, R. C. "<mask>, <mask>, first <mask> (1883–1967)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011 accessed 12 June 2013 doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30498

Biographies of his cabinet and associates

 Rosen, Greg. ed. Dictionary of Labour Biography.(Politicos Publishing, 2002);
 Morgan, Kenneth O. Labour people: leaders and lieutenants, Hardie to Kinnock (1987). Scholarly studies

 Addison,

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texts:
 Paul. No Turning Back: The Peaceful Revolutions of Post-War Britain (2011) excerpt and text search
 , detailed coverage of nationalisation, welfare state and planning. Crowcroft, Robert, and Kevin Theakston. "The Fall of the Attlee Government, 1951." in Timothy Heppell and Kevin Theakston, eds. How Labour Governments Fall (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013).PP 61–82. Francis, Martin. Ideas and policies under Labour, 1945–1951: building a new Britain (Manchester University Press, 1997). Golant, W. "The Emergence of <mask> as Leader of the Parliamentary Labour Party in 1935." Historical Journal 13#2 (1970): 318–332. in JSTOR

 Jackson, Ben. "Citizen and Subject: <mask>’s Socialism."History Workshop Journal (2018). Vol. 86 pp 291–298. online. Jeffreys, Kevin. "The Attlee Years, 1935–1955." The Labour Party.Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. 68–86. Kynaston, David. Austerity Britain, 1945–1951 (2008). Mioni, Michele. "The Attlee government and welfare state reforms in post-war Italian Socialism (1945–51): Between universalism and class policies." Labor History 57#2 (2016): 277–297.DOI:10.1080/0023656X.2015.1116811
 Morgan, Kenneth O. Labour in Power 1945–1951 (1984), 564 pp. Ovendale, R. ed., The foreign policy of the British Labour governments, 1945–51 (1984) ·
 Pugh, Martin. Speak for Britain! : A New History of the Labour Party (2011) excerpt and text search

 Swift, John. Labour in Crisis: <mask>tlee & the Labour Party in Opposition, 1931–1940 (2001)
 Tomlinson, Jim. Democratic Socialism and Economic Policy: The Attlee Years, 1945–1951 (2002) Excerpt and text search
 Weiler, Peter."British Labour and the cold war: the foreign policy of the Labour governments, 1945–1951." Journal of British Studies 26#1 (1987): 54–82. in JSTOR

External links

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title: Clement Attlee

texts:
<mask> – Thanksgiving Speech 1950 – UK Parliament Living Heritage
 More about <mask>e on the Downing Street website. Annotated bibliography for <mask>e from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

Drawing of <mask>e in the UK Parliamentary Collections

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National Council for Civil

masks:
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title: Joyce Grenfell

texts:
<mask> OBE (née Phipps; 10 February 1910 – 30 November 1979) was an English diseuse, singer, actress and writer. She was known for the songs and monologues she wrote and performed, at first in revues and later in her solo shows. She never appeared as a stage actress, but had roles, mostly comic, in many films, including Miss Gossage in The Happiest Days of Your Life (1950) and Police Sergeant Ruby Gates in the St Trinian's series (from 1954). She was a well-known broadcaster on radio and television. As a writer, she was the first radio critic for The Observer, contributed to Punch and published a volume of memoirs. Born to an affluent Anglo-American family, <mask> had abandoned early hopes of becoming an actress when she was invited to perform a comic monologue in a West End revue in 1939. Its success led to a career as an entertainer, giving her creations in theatres in five continents between 1940 and 1969.Life and career

Early years
Born in Montpelier Square, Knightsbridge, London, Grenfell was the daughter of an American socialite, Nora Langhorne (1889–1955), one of five daughters of Chiswell Langhorne, an American railway millionaire, and of the architect Paul Phipps (1880–1953), the grandson of Charles Paul Phipps and a second cousin of the diseuse Ruth Draper, in whose professional footsteps she followed. The Phipps family were wealthy clothiers, whose success allowed them to join the gentry of their native Wiltshire. Nancy Astor was one of her maternal aunts; Grenfell often visited her at the Astors’ home of Cliveden and lived in a cottage on the estate, a mile from the main house, in the early years of her marriage. <mask> had an upper middle-class London childhood. Among her friends was Virginia Graham, with

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title: Joyce Grenfell

texts:
 whom she kept up a lifelong correspondence, and who wrote Grenfell's biography in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Grenfell attended the Francis Holland School in central London, and the Claremont Fan Court School, in Esher, Surrey. She then went to a finishing school in Paris at the age of 17, After this she enrolled at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, but found the hard work of learning the craft of acting less glamorous than she had imagined and left after a single term.She supposed at the time that this "was the finish of my dreams of becoming an actress". In May 1928 she was presented as a débutante at Buckingham Palace. In 1927 she had met Reginald Pascoe <mask> (1903–1993), a mining executive and later a lieutenant colonel in the King's Royal Rifle Corps. They were married two years later at St Margaret's, Westminster and remained together until her death nearly 50 years later. They were a devoted couple: <mask> looked after his wife's financial and business affairs, and his encouragement gave her strong support. After she became a celebrity she unobtrusively made sure that he was never seen as a mere adjunct to her. They were unable to have children of their own.First professional years
In the late 1930s <mask> contributed verses to Punch and helped to entertain her aunt's guests at Cliveden. After one lunch, J. L. Garvin, the editor of The Observer, engaged her as the paper's first radio critic. At an informal supper given by the BBC producer Stephen Potter in January 1939, she agreed to his request to entertain her fellow guests with a monologue of her own devising. This was "Useful and Acceptable Gifts", in which she played a gauche lecturer at a meeting of the Women's Institute. The

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Reggie Grenfell
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title: Joyce Grenfell

texts:
 cast of a West End production of the American comedy Junior Miss after the first three days of rehearsal, finding that onstage she could only perform looking straight at an audience, and could not "act sideways", although she found some film acting roles "fun to do". In the later years of the war Grenfell toured in the UK for ENSA, sometimes with Addinsell accompanying her at the piano. In late 1943 the head of ENSA, Basil Dean, invited the two to tour troop camps and hospitals in North Africa, the Middle East and elsewhere. Addinsell's health was too fragile to permit him to accept, and Grenfell recruited Viola Tunnard, later better known as a close colleague of Benjamin Britten.In 1944 and 1945 they performed in Algeria, Malta, Sicily, Italy, Iran, Iraq, India, and Egypt. Post-war
Back in London <mask> wrote the song "Du Maurier" (music by Addinsell) and the monologue "Travelling Broadens the Mind", both of which she performed in Noël Coward's first post-war revue, Sigh No More (1945). Coward had been a family friend since Grenfell was a girl. At first he had viewed her transition from amateur to professional with some doubt, Within a few years he had come to recognise her professionalism, her skill as a performer ("good in all she does on the stage") and the quality of her monologues, even if "she shouldn't write lyrics." In addition to her own two numbers, she sang Coward's comic catalogue of domestic disasters "That is the End of the News", "disguised as a schoolgirl with pigtails, all my make-up off, a shiny face and a terrible grin." After the 1947 revue Tuppence Coloured, Grenfell developed new sketches including the first of her six Nursery School monologues, with the harassed teacher's recurring cry to one of


title: Joyce Grenfell

texts:
 her unseen charges, "George – don't do that...." In the 1951 revue Penny Plain she performed her "Joyful Noise" (music by Donald Swann), a parody of an amateur choir ("And some of us cannot sing much, And some can't sing at all, But how we love our outings to the Royal Albert Hall"). After this, Grenfell and Tunnard made another tour entertaining British troops in North Africa.<mask> Requests the Pleasure (1954) was her first more or less solo West End show (there were three dancers providing interludes between Grenfell's numbers). The Stage commented that any doubts that Grenfell could sustain a solo evening were quickly dispelled:

After two provincial tours and a year in London she took the show to Broadway, where it had a sell-out eight-week run. For this show there was a pit band of eight players directed by William Blezard. In later shows Grenfell simplified the format further, dispensing with dancers and band, and being accompanied only by Blezard at the piano. During the 1950s and 1960s Grenfell appeared in films in roles including Miss Gossage in The Happiest Days of Your Life (1950), Police Sergeant Ruby Gates in  the St Trinian's series, Mrs Barham in The Americanization of Emily and Hortense Astor in The Yellow Rolls Royce. Away from the theatre, Grenfell served as a member of the influential Pilkington Committee on Broadcasting from 1960 to 1962, and was president of the Society of Women Broadcasters and Writers. The rest of <mask>'s stage career was in a series of solo shows in London and on tour.Between 1957 and 1970 she gave her show <mask> in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Singapore, Switzerland and the United States, as well as around Britain and in the West End. Her last live performance

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title: Joyce Grenfell

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 was at Windsor Castle for the Queen's Waterloo Dinner in 1973. Last years and legacy
Soon after the Windsor Castle show <mask> was taken ill with an eye condition, which was subsequently diagnosed as cancer. As a convinced Christian Scientist (like her aunt Nancy), she was averse to doctors and hospitals. Her husband did not share her beliefs and prevailed on her to undergo treatment. The eye had to be removed and replaced with a glass one. After this <mask> did not return to the stage, but gave talks for charitable organisations and appeared frequently on the BBC television programme Face the Music.In October 1979 she became seriously ill and died a month later, on 30 November 1979, just before her golden wedding anniversary. She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium on 4 December and her ashes scattered there. On 7 February 1980 a memorial service was held at Westminster Abbey. <mask> was created an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1946 for her war work. It was confirmed after her death that she would have been made a Dame Commander (DBE) in the 1980 New Year Honours List. In 1998, the Royal Mail memorialised <mask> with her image on a postage stamp as part of a series of stamps celebrating five comedians, drawn by Gerald Scarfe. <mask>'s widower, <mask>, died in Chelsea, London, in 1993, aged 89.In 2002 her friend Janie Hampton published a biography, <mask>. Maureen Lipman has often toured with the one-woman show Re: Joyce!, which she co-wrote with James Roose-Evans. In it she recreates some of Grenfell's best-known sketches. Lipman also presented the radio programme Choice Grenfell, compiled from Grenfell's writings. Roose-Evans also edited Darling Ma, a 1997 collection of Grenfell's letters to

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title: Frank Hamilton (musician)

texts:
<mask> (born August 3, 1934) is an American folk musician, collector of folk songs, and educator. He co-founded the Old Town School of Folk Music in Chicago, Illinois. As a performer, he has recorded for several labels, including Folkways Records. He was a member of the folk group The Weavers in the early 1960s, and appeared at the first Newport Folk Festival in 1959. He was the house musician – playing guitar and other folk instruments – for Chicago's Gate of Horn, the nation's first folk music nightclub. After many years of teaching, playing, and singing in California he married a third time, and with his wife relocated to Atlanta, where he performs on banjo, guitar (many styles, including jazz), ukulele, voice, and other instruments and co-founded the Frank Hamilton School in 2015. Early days
<mask> was an only child.His father, <mask> <mask>, died before his son's birth; he had been a California socialist philosopher, genius street-corner orator, and mentor to Jack London. His mother, Judith Bley Strawn <mask>, then married Phil Street, who had been a good friend of <mask>'s father; he encouraged his stepson's songwriting. That marriage ended when <mask> was 12, and he never saw Street again. Classical music was what <mask>, aka Strawn-<mask>, first heard: he listened as his mother taught classical piano in their Los Angeles home. His mother – who changed her name from Gladys Antoinette to Judith after seeing the actress Judith Anderson perform – supplemented her income as a dance accompanist. As a teenager <mask> developed an interest in the labor movement, playing jazz trombone with Local 47 at Club 47, and also with the Los Angeles City College jazz band. He was especially influenced by Louis Armstrong and Charlie Parker, and learning guitar, studying jazz guitar with Sam Surace.He began learning and collecting folk songs, with a special

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title: Frank Hamilton (musician)

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 interest in the music of the American South; he spent much of the late 1940s and early 1950s traveling there, performing in bars and on street corners. He returned to Los Angeles in 1953, and with Jack Elliott and Guy Carawan formed The Dusty Road Boys, who toured the Midwest. At Will Geer's artist colony in Topanga, California. he played with Woody Guthrie; he also met Bess Lomax Hawes there, absorbing her teaching methods. Chicago Old Town School of Folk Music
In 1956, at the Gate of Horn folksong nightclub in Oak Park, Illinois, <mask> met Win Stracke, who took an interest in his teaching career. In Dawn Greening's dining room in Oak Park, <mask> began teaching a group of 15 instrumentalists. In 1957 <mask>, Stracke and Greening recruited teachers and an organizer, rented a space, and founded the Old Town School of Folk Music.<mask> taught guitar and banjo and served as unofficial dean. Several hundred prospective students, performers, and educators attended the first session, and famous singers and folklorists – without compensation – began performing during the Second Half. Among them were Pete Seeger, Odetta, Studs Terkel, Doc Watson, Mahalia Jackson, Bill Monroe, the Weavers, and Jean Ritchie. Second Half, which follows the class lessons, is essential to the Old Town School method: both teachers and students sing and play together at their own level, and especially talented men and women are invited to perform. The School continues to promote the spontaneity, playful joyousness, improvisation, personal relationships, and progressive ideals which are hallmarks of <mask>'s teaching. Atlanta years
After decades of living in California, in 1985 <mask> married Mary Susan Doyle Smith; she became a supportive stepmother to his son Evan from an earlier marriage. Mary worked for Delta Airlines, and <mask> relocated with her to Atlanta.She

masks: Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton


title: Frank Hamilton (musician)

texts:
 accompanied him on guitar, banjo, ukulele, and autoharp, and she also taught guitar. The occasion for the founding of the Frank Hamilton Folk School was Mary's sudden death in 2014. Bob Bakert, a friend of <mask>'s, volunteered to serve as Master of Ceremonies for the memorial concert for her, at Steve's Live Music in Sandy Springs. Concerned for <mask>'s well-being, and having heard of his interest in starting a second folk music school in Atlanta, Bakert suggested helping him achieve that goal; <mask> responded positively. Together, they co-founded the Frank Hamilton School in the fall of 2015 in Atlanta, but the school soon outgrew its first location; this had also occurred in Chicago. Shelley Satonin-Hershkovits was the Executive Director of the School at Oakhurst Baptist Church in Decatur until 2021. Under the current leadership of <mask> and Maura Hill Nicholson the school now meets in eight-week sessions at the Gillespie Building at Decatur Legacy Park.Nicholson teaches fiddle and various other classes, and <mask> rotates teaching several classes including advanced guitar, ukulele, swing, and music theory. Discography

VOCAL
 "Folk Festival at Newport" Vol 3, Vanguard Records VRS 9063 and VDS 2054 stereo
 "A Folksinger's Folksinger" Concertdisc Records M-1054
 "<mask> Sings Folk Songs" Folkways Records FA-2437
 "Long Lonesome Home," 1999
 "Music From the Newport Folk Festival" Folkways Records FA-2431
 "Nonesuch and Other Folksongs" (with Pete Seeger) Folkways Records FA-2439
 "The Twelve String Story" Horizon Records (subsidiary A and M Records)
 "The Weavers Reunion at Carnegie Hall" 1963, Vanguards Records VRS-9139, VSD-2150 stereo

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texts:
 links
Old Town School History with <mask> Retrieved March 20, 2014
Frank Hamilton School Retrieved November 22, 2018
 Retrieved March 20, 2014
 Retrieved November 22, 2018

American folk musicians
American folk singers
American male singer-songwriters
American banjoists
American folk-song collectors
Fast Folk artists
Singers from Chicago
Folk musicians from Chicago
Old Town School of Folk musicians
Living people
The Weavers members
1934 births
Singer-songwriters from