title: Fallon Taylor

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 $116,785 in season earnings. She won $15,925 at the NFR; She won the Home of Champions (Red Lodge, Montana), the Mandan (North Dakota) Rodeo Days, the Williams Lake (British Columbia) Stampede, the Mother Lode Round-Up (Sonora, California), the Avi River Stampede PRCA Rodeo (Fort Mohave, Arizona), the Texas Stampede (Allen), the State Fair of Louisiana Pro Rodeo (Shreveport), the Austin County Fair and Rodeo (Bellville, Texas) and the Odessa Rodeo Festival (Tampa, Florida); She was the co-champion at the Sandhills Stock Show and Rodeo (Odessa, Texas) and the NILE Pro Rodeo (Billings, Montana). Babyflo performed so well that she was named PRCA/WPRA AQHA Barrel Racing Horse of the Year. Season 2014
She won her first WPRA World Champion title after winning $276,441 in 2014; she finished second in the Average at the NFR with a total time of 145.10 on ten runs; she placed in 8 out of 10 rounds winning Rd. 1 and 4; she won a total of $144,970 at the NFR; she won the Tri-State Rodeo (Amarillo, Texas), the Dayton (Iowa) Championship Rodeo, the Crossett (Arkansas) Riding Club 66th Annual PRCA Rodeo, the Black Hills Roundup (Belle Fourche, South Dakota), the Pioneer Days Rodeo (Clovis, New Mexico), the Southwestern International PRCA Rodeo (El Paso, Texas), the Silverton (Texas) Buck Wild Days Rodeo, the Canyonlands PRCA Rodeo (Moab, Utah), the Clovis (California) Rodeo, the Rio Grande Valley Livestock Show and Rodeo (Mercedes, Texas), Parada Del Sol (Scottsdale, Arizona), Avi River Stampede (Fort Mohave, Arizona) and the Leesville (Louisiana) Lions Club Rodeo.This year <mask> won the NFR, her first and only time so far. In the third round, she started wearing a helmet, which gave her a confidence boost. Season 2015
She won the Rowell Ranch Rodeo in Castro Valley,


title: Fallon Taylor

type: original

texts:
 California. She placed second at the Helotes Festival in Helotes, Texas. She placed second at the Champions Challenge in Logandale, Nevada. <mask>'s earnings for the 2015 season are $187,578. Of that, $90,750 was earned in the 2015 NFR.She placed 6th in the World Standings that year. She placed in seven of ten rounds at the NFR. She placed 10th of 15 barrel racers in the NFR Finals. Career summary
As of 2016, <mask> has earned $903,647 in her career. She has one World Barrel Racing Championship in 2014. She qualified for the NFR in 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2013, 2014, and 2015. <mask> and her horse became the third world champions to win a title who start by going to the left barrel rather than the right barrel.Ardith Bruce and Red won going to the left in 1964; and Lindsay Sears and Martha won twice in 2008 and 2011 going to the left. Season 2017
<mask> competed in 20 rodeos this season and was in the top 52 in the World Standings. <mask> competed another time at the Fort Worth Stock Show and Rodeo in 2017 having never won this rodeo before. It's one of the biggest rodeos on the PRCA circuit, and everyone wants to win this one. <mask> claimed the second round with a great run. Then she came into the Championship Run on Saturday night, February 4, in a close race, to win it with a tad more than 2/10s of a second lead over the nearest competitor. When it was <mask>'s turn to run, the best time was 16.8 seconds.<mask> and Babyflo managed to run it in at 16.62 seconds to take the lead and win the event. <mask> pocketed more than $16,000 during her stay in Fort Worth. Awards
 2019 Thoroughbred Makeover Barrel Racing Champion
 2018 AQHA Barrel Racing World Championship
 2014 World Barrel Racing Champion
 2013-2015 Jerry Ann <mask> Best Dressed Award at NFR
 7 NFR

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title: Fallon Taylor

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 Qualifications

Horses
Flo's Heiress is nicknamed BabyFlo. BabyFlo is a 14-year-old Chestnut mare as of 2020. BabyFlo is 14.2 hands and was born and raised on <mask>'s ranch. She is by Dr. Nick Bar and out of Flowers and Money. 2013 PRCA/WPRA AQHA Barrel Racing Horse of the Year>
 2012 PRCA/WPRA AQHA Reserve Barrel Racing Horse of the Year
Flos Nick Nack.Flos Nick Nack is a 16-year-old mare as of 2020. She is by Dr. Nick Bar and out of Flowers and Money. Clothing line
In 2014, <mask>, started up clothing line Ranch Dress’n. They initially included rodeo apparel including jeans, T-shirts, and saddle accessories. Ranch Dress'n also sells athletic wear, caps, outerwear, and youth clothing. Filmography

 Killing Time, video (2009)
 The Loop, TV series (2006)
 The Rusty Trombone - Samantha (2006)
 High Hopes - Bobbie (2006)
 Four Kings - Britney - One Night Stand Off, TV series (2006)

Personal life
<mask> currently resides in Whitesboro, Texas. <mask> graduated from the University of North Texas (Denton).<mask> first became known for unorthodox manner of dressing while competing and her jockey-like style of riding. However, her personality and style incurred many changes throughout the years. <mask>'s social media following is one of the largest in rodeo, at about one-half million, whom she calls Flomies. References

Bibliography

External links

 <mask> - YouTube
 <mask> Travels to a Rodeo and a Jumping Show! - YouTube
 <mask> - Why I get so Nervous
 <mask> Breaking the Stigma of Wearing Helmets
 All Breed Pedigree
 <mask> and Babyflo figurines – Big Country Farm Toys
 Babyflo Breyer Horse

1982 births
Sportspeople from Florida
Living people
American barrel racers
American female equestrians
Sportspeople from Tampa, Florida
Sportspeople from Texas
21st-century

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title: Toshiharu Ikeda

texts:
(23 February 1951 – 26 December 2010) was a Japanese film director and screenwriter who worked in pink film and mainstream cinema. He won the award for Best Director at the 6th Yokohama Film Festival for Mermaid Legend. Life and career

Early career - Nikkatsu
Ikeda graduated from the literature department of Waseda University in 1974, but became involved in filmmaking while still a student. According to Ikeda, his entry into the film industry was accidental, the result of a drunken barroom bet. His first job was at a small independent production company, Ishihara Productions, but he later moved to the major studio Nikkatsu, which at the time produced only films of the Roman porno genre, big budget versions of the pink film. At both companies, he began working as an Assistant Director, whose duties could include anything from cleaning floors to shaving actresses at a time when it was illegal to show even the slightest hint of pubic hair in Japanese media. Ikeda continued as an Assistant Director at Nikkatsu throughout the 1970s in such films as Flower and Snake (1974), Wife to be Sacrificed (1974) and Noble Lady: Bound Vase (1977), all directed by Masaru Konuma.<mask> made his debut as a director at Nikkatsu with the 1980 film, Sukeban Mafia which the Weissers call "satirical, rousing, sexy and character-driven." Later in 1980, Ikeda directed his second Roman porno feature for Nikkatsu, Sex Hunter, which the studio considered too rough and vulgar. For "penance", Nikkatsu sent him to


title: Toshiharu Ikeda

texts:
 Okinawa and told him to include some romance for his next film, Blue Lagoon: A Summer Experience, which had a standard boy-girl plot. Ikeda's last project for Nikkatsu was the 1981 Angel Guts: Red Porno, the fourth film in the six part Angel Guts series. Ikeda was brought in at the last minute when the original director dropped out and had only a month to shoot the film. Ikeda had a dispute with actress Jun Izumi about a nude shot in the film and when Nikkatsu cut the scene, Ikeda left the company feeling that they had failed to support him. Director's Company and Evil Dead Trap
After leaving Nikkatsu, Ikeda joined a number of other young directors in the Director's Company, a production company founded in 1982.<mask>'s first film with the Director's Company was the 1984 Mermaid Legend which is considered by many to be his finest work and which garnered a Best Director award for Ikeda at the 1985 Yokohama Film Festival. A year later, Ikeda made Scent of a Spell, also for the Director's Company, a mystery about a newspaperman who saves a girl from suicide but discovers that she may not be as innocent as she seems. The screenplay was by Takashi Ishii who had also written the scripts for the Angel Guts series while he and Ikeda were together at Nikkatsu. Ishii also penned the script for Ikeda's 1988 Evil Dead Trap, called Japan's first "splatter movie", and credited with being the first Japanese modern horror film. Although usually said to have been influenced by Sam Raimi’s The Evil


title: Toshiharu Ikeda

texts:
 works of Sakunosuke Oda and starred Norito Yashima and Eriko Sato. It had been reported that Ikeda was fighting depression in his later years and a body found floating in the sea near Shima in the Mie Prefecture on December 26, 2010 was identified as his in late January 2011.His death may have been from an accidental fall or suicide but Ikeda had expressed a wish to die in the Shima area. Filmography

Theatrical films - Director
  (Mar. 1980, Nikkatsu)
  (Oct. 1980, Nikkatsu)
  (July 1981, Nikkatsu)
  (Dec. 1981, Nikkatsu)
  (April 1984, Director's Company / ATG)
  (May 1984, Toei Central Films)
  (Dec. 1985, Director's Company)
  (May 1988, JHV)
 Misty (Nov. 1991, Toho)
  (June 1992)
  (June 1993)
  (Oct. 1997, Toei)
  (June 2001)
  (2004)
  (Nov. 2008)

V-Cinema - Director
  (Mar. 1990)
  (Mar. 1990)
 ごきぶり商事痛快譚　愛の五億円ぶるーす (Feb. 1991)
  (May 1991)
 監禁逃亡　禁断の陵辱 (Jan. 1995)
  (Sept. 1995)
  (Jan. 1996)
 監禁逃亡　性奴隷 (June 1997)
  (May 1998)
 監禁逃亡　地獄に咲いた女 (May 1999)
 無頼　人斬り五郎 (Oct. 1999)
 暴力商売 (Apr. 2001)
 暴力商売２ (June 2001)
 暴力商売　金融餓狼伝 (Feb. 2002)
 暴力商売　金融餓狼伝２ (Apr. 2002)
  (Jan. 2003)
  (Mar.2003)

Sources
 <mask>, Toshiharu. (1998). Interviewed in Asian Cult Cinema, #18. Weisser, Thomas. (1998). "Asian Cult Cinema Report: Film, News and Gossip", in Asian Cult Cinema, #22, 1st Quarter, 1999, p. 4-6. (American premier of Evil Dead Trap)

References

1951 births
2010 deaths
Japanese film directors
Pink film directors
Japanese screenwriters
People from Yamagata Prefecture
Waseda University


title: Fritz Kern

texts:
<mask> (28 September 1884 - 21 May 1950) was a German medievalist historian who became involved in politics. He held teaching chairs on History at Frankfurt (Main) University between 1914 and 1922, and at Bonn University between 1922 and 1946. Life

Provenance
<mask> - always identified in sources simply as <mask> - was born into an upper middle-class Catholic family in Stuttgart. Both his parents came from legal-administrative "establishment" families, and were members of what would have been considered Württemberg's "minor aristocracy". <mask> (1854–1932), his father, was a senior government administrator who later became a "Staatsrat" (loosely, "national councillor") for the Kingdom of Württemberg. His mother, born Marie von Hufnagel (1860–1944), was a daughter of Georg Ludwig von Hufnagel (1825–1900), a lawyer who towards the end of his career served as senate president (in this instance a senior judicial position) in Stuttgart. <mask> had a sister who was four years younger than he was and a brother who was eleven years his junior.Formal education
Following two years in a pre-school, <mask> was still only 8 when he was enrolled at Stuttgart's prestigious Karls-Gymnasium, a "humanist" secondary school with a strong focus on Greek and Roman culture in its curriculum. He continued to attend this school for ten years. <mask> was a scholarly pupil, winning many prizes including one, in 1902 for a speech he delivered as part of the celebrations for of the emperor's birthday, on the intriguing subject "Frederick the Great as Crown Prince". After passing his school final exams, during 1902/03 he spent two terms at the University of Lausanne studying Jurisprudence, out of respect for his family's traditions. Lausanne was chosen

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Max Friedrich Ludwig Hermann Kern
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Hermann von Kern
Fritz Kern
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Kern


title: Fritz Kern

texts: both on account of its climate and the perceived purity of the lakeside air,  thought likely to reduce his tendency to Bronchitis and in order that he might perfect his French. However, in 1903 he decided he wished to become not a lawyer but an historian. His father agreed to this change of direction only with the greatest reluctance.There followed six terms as a history student, of which the first two were spent studying at Tübingen where he was taught by Georg von Below (1858 - 1927), who became a life-long friend. Von Below had a reputation as a fierce defender of prevailing traditions of political and constitutional historiography: he was more than happy to share with students his own fascination with the precision of the legalistic presentational style habitually involved with constitutional history. In 1904 <mask> moved to the Friedrich Wilhelm University (as the Humboldt was known at that time) in Berlin. Here he passed through the school of Karl Zeumer (1849 - 1914), a noted specialist in legal history. Another tutor at Berlin by whom he was particularly strongly influenced was Dietrich Schäfer, an old fashioned German nationalist whose lectures on medieval history positively glowed with enthusiasm as he related the deeds and exploits of the more heroic among the German emperors of the medieval period. Schäfer was an unapologetic advocate of the "Greater Germany" solution to the problem (from the perspective of Berlin) of what to do about Austria. On 15 August 1906, still aged only 22, <mask> received his doctorate at Berlin for a piece of work entitled "Dorsualkonzept und Imbreviatur.Zur Geschichte der Notariatsurkunde in Italie". His dissertation earned him a "magna cum laude" certification from the assessors and a

masks: Kern Kern


title: Fritz Kern

texts:
 "valde laudabilis" commendation from his own supervisor. It was published towards the end of that same year as a book. His doctoral research concerned the history of deeds issued by notaries in Italy: it was supervised by Michael Tangl (1864 – 1921). Academic progression
Over the next two and a half years <mask> made a number of lengthy "archive study trips", visiting France and England in 1908 and, possibly most importantly, Italy during the first part of 1909. Between 1906 and 1908, working under the auspices of Karl Zeumer he was employed as a research assistant for the long-running Monumenta Germaniae Historica project, on which scholars were by this time working on the third volume. <mask>'s old tutor, Karl Zeumer, had taken responsibility for the period covered by the reign of Charles IV - roughly the third quarter of the fourteenth century.Zeumer was in failing health and losing his sight. <mask> provided extensive practical help in terms of collating, transcribing and publishing primary source document. During his foreign visits over this period he was able to work both on the Monumenta Germaniae Historica and on his own complementary researches which concerned the evolution of state institutions and political developments more generally in Medieval France. His marriage towards the end of 1909 prompted the realisation that he could not afford to lead a life of total independence. <mask> received his habilitation (higher academic qualification) on 10 November 1909, this time from the University of Kiel. The qualification opened up the path to a life-long university career, and he now accepted an academic post at Kiel as a "Privatdozent" (sub-professorial tutor). The post involved no class teaching duties, and he was

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title: Fritz Kern

texts:
 for the most part able to determine his own academic timetabling.There were also important developments in his personal life at this time. He earned his habilitation with a piece of work on the early centuries of French expansionist policy up till 1308 ("Grundlagen der französischen Ausdehnungspolitik bis zum Jahre 1308"). The dissertation was published in book form in 1910. Although it highlights its author's formidable skills as a meticulous researcher and interpreter of sources, the book also repeatedly discloses elements of the underlying Franco-German antagonism which were features of the intensified Franco–German rivalry that followed the Franco-Prussian War, but which post-1945 appear as distractions in a work focused on developments in the Medieval period. It is fair to add that during the id-1920s, apparently influenced by the foreign policy approach of Gustav Stresemann, <mask> came round to a more mainstream view of the evolution of the France during the medieval period, seeing the issues in the context of European political evolution more broadly. With regard to the twentieth century, however, his fevered preoccupation with Franco–German enmity would endure. In 1913, despite his relative youth, <mask> was offered and accepted an extraordinary professorship at Kiel.Government service
In July 1914 he accepted the offer of a full professorship in Medieval and Modern History at the newly launched University of Frankfurt. At 30, he was the youngest of the university's professors. Weeks later, war broke out. For <mask> it became an over-riding duty to seek out men of political influence and make himself available for "political" work:  between 1914 and 1918 he undertook government work, at times in place of and at

masks:
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Fritz Kern
Fritz Kern


title: Fritz Kern

texts: times in parallel with, his university responsibilities. Under-secretary of State Zimmermann persuaded the university authorities that <mask>'s first term at the new university should be replaced by a "holiday" whereby his linguistic abilities and familiarity with "abroad" might be used in the service of the imperial state. His initially assignment on behalf of the Foreign Ministry involved travelling to Rome where he worked on influencing the press. (Italy entered the war only in May 1915, following careful negotiation and calculation by the government over which side to back.)There were also briefer missions on behalf of the German Foreign Ministry to Bucharest and Constantinople. <mask> was also able to engage in networking during his time working for the foreign ministry, becoming acquainted with Foreign Minister von Bülow, who later turned out to be a valuable political ally. After working for some weeks as a simultaneous interpreter among the prisoners of war being held at the processing facility at Döberitz, in August 1915 he took charge of setting up and then running an "archive" for the "Nachrichten-Offizier-Berlin" (NOB: loosely, "military intelligence service in Berlin"). Although described in some sources as an archive, the department he headed up also specialised in various other document related activities, involving coded messaging, helping to brief German intelligence operatives sent to work abroad and producing false identity papers for them. Between 1916 and 1918 he was in effect commuting on a slightly irregular basis between Berlin and the family home at Kronberg, at the end of the local railway line into Frankfurt, ten miles away. Given the stress and pressures of combining family duties with two


title: Fritz Kern

texts: demanding parallel careers in different parts of the country, his health - never robust - deteriorated:  during several months directly following the war he largely absented himself from the public sphere, and was seriously ill during the winter of 1918/1919. During the war and directly after it <mask> became an increasingly vocal and fervent advocate of an intensely nationalist-conservative position, grappling passionately with the "war guilt" question.Notably, he teamed up with Grand admiral von Tirpitz during 1918/19 to compose an autobiographical memoir on behalf of the latter. The access afforded to the private papers and insights of a "larger than life" figure who had known the emperor well, served in the imperial navy - mostly in the upper ranks - for more than half a century, and combined his naval service with ministerial office for nearly two decades, was an invaluable resource for <mask> as an historian and as a constant participant on the fringes of politics. On a personal level the two remained firm friends till von Tirpitz died, in 1930. The Tirpitz memoire was viewed by critics as explosive because of the way, they thought, it carefully sought to put the role of the German military in an "appropriate" light. The book also highlighted the importance of sustaining Germany as a bulwark on behalf of western Europe against "Bolshevism". (The former Russian empire was undergoing its own Civil War agonies throughout this period.) Despite his support for conservatism, <mask> was careful to steer clear of the extremist right.Nevertheless, at least during the immediate post-war period, <mask> was no admirer of the new republican order, and viewed the emergence of democratic institutions and practices during 1918/1919

masks: Kern Kern Kern Kern


title: Fritz Kern

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 with deep misgivings. After the war
December 1919 marked a reinvigorated return to political engagement as <mask> became the producer of Die Grenzboten, a weekly (or sometimes fortnightly) literary and political magazine steeped in the still potent National liberalism that had emerged during the nineteenth century. His own contributions dealt with characteristic passion about the tragic denouement of the war, returning frequently to material included in the Tirpitz memoire. Over the next few years he engaged in politics through his parallel career as a journalist and commentator. Meanwhile, in 1922 he moved down-river, from Frankfurt to the University of Bonn, where Friedrich von Bezold, by now aged 73, had retired the previous year. <mask> succeeded to the Bonn History professorship. His wife and children remained in the family home just outside Frankfurt for more than a year, but in July 1923 a suitable newly constructed "professor house" became available for rent in the Baumschulwäldchen quarter of the town and they joined him in Bonn.The period was one of domestic and international crisis, with the value of money collapsing and French forces still occupying the Rhineland as the government in Paris sought to exploit problems over reparations as justification for the permanent annexation of this coal-rich part of Germany, or at least the permanent conversion of it into a quasi-autonomous "buffer state" under French influence. Towards the end of 1923 <mask> was involved in obtaining weapons from the army for the students "defending themselves against Rhineland separatists" who had launched an anti-government insurrection in Aegidienberg and the surrounding countryside. The background to the incident is one of desperate

masks:
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Kern
Kern


title: Fritz Kern

texts: economic austerity coupled with considerable political complexity and disagreement over finding a way ahead:  <mask>'s interest was presumably fuelled by the fact that the so-called Siebengebirge ("seven hills") insurrection took place a short distance upriver from Bonn where he was now working. During the middle and later 1920s various events took place which went some way towards "normalising" Germany's relations with the rest of Europe. These included the conclusion, in 1922, of the Treaty of Rapallo with Russia and the various Locarno Treaties of 1925, along with the Dawes Plan of 1925 and the Young Plan of 1929 which dealt with the war reparations issue. Through this period, and even more clearly during the early 1930s, <mask>'s own attitudes to the international situation also evolved. He became increasingly committed to cultural exchange and mutual understanding between nations and peoples, and to the need for pan-European reconciliation.As economic crisis was followed by destructive levels of unemployment, political polarisation and parliamentary deadlock, during the run-up to 1933, <mask> in his journalism and teaching became preoccupied with preventing a National Socialist government from coming to power in Germany. Any retreat from his traditionalist ultra-conservatism remained at best ambivalent, however. During the early months of the Hitler government the security services were principally concerned with targeting communists. <mask> was clearly no communist. Nevertheless, he had for many years been warning Germans against Hitler, and as the nature of the regime became ever clearer he was clearly, as a known opponent of the National Socialists in some danger. Between 1933 and 1944 <mask> remained in Germany,

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 choosing a form of "Inner emigration" which, especially before 1939, seems to have involved staying in Bonn and focusing on his university responsibilities. Twelve Hitler years
It is known that, as early as 1934, <mask> was closely associated with the anti-government resistance group set up at the University of Bonn by the Communist doctoral student Walter Markov.He continued to support Markov's group even after Markov himself was arrested, sentenced, and in 1936 imprisoned, despite the associated dangers to himself. War returned in September 1939. <mask> was keen to rush to Berlin and make himself available to go back to his "old job" - presumably a reference to his work between 1915 and 1918, running an archive for the intelligence department on behalf of the Combined Military High Command ("Oberkommando der Wehrmacht" / OKW). In Berlin he found that a group of conservative traditionalists under the leadership of Vice-Admiral Wilhelm Canaris and General Major Hans Oster had already set in place a clandestine opposition to the government's war preparations, which within the higher echelons of the military establishment were widely deplored or mistrusted. Subsequently, <mask> also came into contact with the Prussian Finance Minister Johannes Popitz and other members the so-called Wednesday Society. At some point <mask>'s willingness to work for the military success of Nazi Germany evolved into a position of opposition to the war, and he was persuaded to remain quietly in Bonn. he was never among the leaders of the anti-war movement, however.His personal life was also in crisis, as he was forced to accept that his elder daughter was incurably ill and would never be able to support herself. In 1941 <mask> and Bertha <mask>

masks:
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Kern
Kern
Kern
Fritz
Kern


title: Fritz Kern

texts: were divorced. <mask> remarried later that year. At around the same time his entire library was destroyed by enemy bombs. As far as can be determined, between 1941 and 1944 <mask> underwent a form of self-imposed internal exile, trying to keep out of the way of the authorities and avoiding contact with opposition groups or anyone else of possible significance to the security services. He did not simply remain in Bonn, however, but seems to have left the Rhineland as frequently and for as long as the opportunities allowed. The late summer and autumn of 1941 he spent on the shores of the Bodensee.During the summer of 1942 he spent two months in Slovakia (which was a German puppet state through the war years). Between August and October 1943 he took an extended summer vacation near Graz where, thanks to contacts sustained through the 1930s, he was able to use a library and call upon the services of research assistants. In October 1943 he arranged for his extensive accumulation of "research materials" to be conveyed to Öblarn, a remote village in the mountains between Graz and Salzburg, and in August 1944 he joined them there. However, he subsequently arranged to have his family and surviving worldly goods sent to Kißlegg, close to the Bodensee and the frontier with Switzerland. Between 1942 and 1944 Canaris and Oster played a desperate double-game as members of the military establishment who were also in touch with British intelligence. Johannes Popitz went a step further, conducting secret talks during the summer of 1943 with Heinrich Himmler, attempting to persuade the government "minister for almost everything" to turn his back on the leader and take part in attempts to negotiate with the Americans and British in order to

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title: Fritz Kern

texts:
 obtain an "acceptable peace". With the benefit of hindsight it is clear that the hopes of the Canaris group were far-fetched.Nevertheless, it is apparent that in or before October 1944 <mask> became a member of the resistance group. Popitz, Canaris and Oster were all unmasked and during the closing weeks of the war executed for their treason. Through a sense of duty, by the time the University of Bonn was destroyed in a bomb attack on 18 October 1944, <mask> was back in town. He survived the destruction and made his way to Berlin, but before Christmas 1944 was back in Kißlegg. In February 1945 <mask> entrusted his German assets to the custody of a lawyer in the border-town of Lindau, and on 27 April he crossed into Switzerland. Two days the Swiss authorities arranged for <mask>'s wife and child to be "most gently kidnapped" (to quote the English language term used in an allied report of the matter) and bought across the frontier to join him. Had <mask> been aware that the German surrender was less than two weeks away, and that he would be banned from returning to Germany for the next three years, it is far from certain that he would have chosen the "emigration" option.Swiss exile
After May 1945 the eastern third of Germany became parts of Poland and the Soviet Union while the western two thirds were divided between the principal allied powers into four military occupation zones. The military occupation authorities saw no reason to prioritize the return of exiled Germans, which was accordingly prohibited by default. It was not the 1918-style armistice that <mask> had anticipated and for which he had been prepared. In Switzerland he had no money and no work permit. Instead of a quick return home he was stuck in Basel with his

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title: Fritz Kern

texts: wife and their youngest child, surviving on the small amounts of income that his wife was able to earn from domestic work in the homes of strangers (which was allowed without a work permit). It was a period of acute privation. Optimistic that they would soon be allowed home, <mask> remained near the frontier, in Basel.As far as hunger and his always delicate health permitted, he worked in the libraries there on his latest academic preoccupations. After accepting that the enforced Swiss exile was not coming to an end any time soon he moved to Fribourg, settling near the university. He was able to obtain some support for historical research work from the Societas Verbi Divini in Posieux-Froideville, having already established a relationship of trust with the society's large Vienna Mission in the course of his travels and studies during happier times. The principal product of his studies during this period was a much expanded version of his 1932 essay "Anfangen der Weltgeschichte" which would be published posthumously as "Die Anfänge der Weltgeschichte. Ein Forschungsbericht und Leitfaden" in 1953. Meanwhile, on 17 November 1945 the University of Bonn was permitted to re-open, and "that part of the teaching body remaining intact" were invited to present themselves to a commission of enquiry established by the university senate in order that any necessary "cleansing" ("denazification") requirements might be determined. <mask> was self-evidently still "intact" and he expressed the hope that he might be permitted to return on a special train being organised by "the Quakers", and so resume his teaching duties for the Summer 1946 term.However, he had been personally isolated from colleagues (and from virtually everyone else) during


title: Fritz Kern

texts: the war years, and his flight to Switzerland had opened him up to suspicion and bureaucratic hurdles. As it became clear that the university was in no hurry to welcome him, and his health continued to deteriorate, he instead applied for early retirement. During 1945/46 he had undergone three surgical interventions in connection with a long-standing kidney disease. 1947 was a year of medical urgency thanks to an inflamed appendix which was deemed inoperable on account of the weakened condition of his heart. The alternative treatment, involving a savagely light diet, kept him alive for three more years, but his deteriorating health was nevertheless by this stage a continuing concern. <mask>'s retirement took effect at the end of term in July 1946, while he himself was still in Switzerland. Due to lengthy denazification procedures on which the British military authorities insisted, the retirement process took a further nine months, and so formally took effect only on 1 April 1947, by means of a letter dated 17 April 1947 and supplied by the appropriate ministry department.<mask> now hoped and believed that his return to Germany could no longer be deferred. Meanwhile, after a long period of "preparation", in the first part of 1948 he signed a contract with Francke Verlag, a publishing house in Bern, for a ten volume "Historia Mundi" ("History of the World"). Ideas for the project had evidently been forming in his mind for many years, and securing the publication contract represented the fulfilment of a longstanding ambition: in the event the work would not be published during his lifetime, however. There were further delays before <mask> was able to resume his German residency. He was now in receipt of income in Germany now


title: Fritz Kern

texts:
 including, presumably, his university pension, but for the first eight months following his formal retirement any money he received in occupied Germany was directed into a special closed account due to inscrutable financial regulations imposed by the British military authorities, the ambiguities of which were copper-plated with ultra-cautious interpretations inferred by nervous German officials. It was only on 17 August 1948 that <mask> was able to enter the French occupation zone of Germany, thanks to the intervention of his old friend Jean de Pange who arranged for his invitation to join a History Symposium in Speyer, after which the payments began to flow again, though they continued to be subjected to a 10% deduction by the authorities until the currency reforms of 9 May 1949. By that time, however, he was at least no longer prevented from returning to Germany.Detoxifying history teaching
In Autumn 1948, notwithstanding the bureaucratic hurdles involving visas and other documentation and the continuing deductions on his currency receipts, <mask> felt well enough to undertake a major round trip in connection with the ten volume "Historia Mundi" for which he was making preparations. Between 20 September and 14 November he visited Amsterdam, Brussels, London and Paris, renewing old contacts and setting up new ones. In December he spent more time in Paris. In January 1949 he visited Bonn and Düsseldorf in order to try and resolve "salary
issues" before setting off on a second round trip on 19 January in connection the "Historia Mundi" project. This time his trip, lasting around seven weeks, took him to Strasbourg, London, Paris and Madrid. During the second half of March 1949, while he was passing through Baden-Baden and


title: Fritz Kern

texts:
 Speyer, he was contacted by Raymond Schmittlein, the general director for Cultural Affairs in the French zone, with an invitation to become involved in a project for the "detoxifying" German history books used in the schools. <mask> elaborated the idea into the plan that had already set out in August 1948 at the Speyer History Symposium, for a new "Institute for European History" to be based in Mainz, with a "Universal History" department which he would head up and a "Religious History" department to be led by Joseph Lortz.In place of the destructive nationalist polemical approach to history that had prevailed across Europe for so long, the idea was to present a universal-historical perspective, grounded in the "Historia Mundi" on which <mask> was already working. The "Institute for European History" was established in 1950. <mask> lived long enough to be its founding director, with Lortz serving as co-director. The "Historia Mundi" idea was taken forward by others. Death
<mask> died in a Mainz hospital on 21 May 1950. Work
A focus of <mask>'s work was the study of the comparative legal and constitutional history in the Medieval period and the universal history of humanity. His major work, "Gottesgnadentum und Widerstandsrecht im früheren Mittelalter" (loosely, "The Grace of God and Rights to Resist in the Early Middle Ages"), published originally in 1914, reset the compass, and remains influential more than a century later.He intended it as a "comparative constitutional history of the Middle Ages" and an investigation of the "interconnections between law and the world vision". The underlying theme of the book is defined by the author in its 1914 introduction as "the relationship between ruler and the people in the creation

masks:
Kern
Fritz Kern
Kern
Fritz Kern
Kern


title: Fritz Kern

texts: of government, its implementation and its termination". An English edition, entitled "Kingship and law", followed in 1939. In 1954, after <mask> had died, Rudolf Buchner produced a new German edition of the work. Extremely influential in its day was <mask>'s substantial essay "Recht und Verfassung im Mittelalter" (loosely, "Law and Constitution") which appeared in 1919, and in which he sought to show how the law derives from that which is "old and good". His universal historical treatise "Die Anfänge der Weltgeschichte" ("Beginnings of World History") appeared first in 1933. After 1945 <mask> comprehensively reworked the text.The book showcases the cultural framework that <mask> had by this time developed, whereby he sought to supersede the old historical prisms of bourgeois-liberal evolutionism together with biologically derived social darwinism. It was perhaps a reflection of the work's vast ambitions that only the first part was completed. It presents "a guide to the centuries and millennia of base culture" and was published posthumously in 1953. By the early 1960s <mask>'s intensively forensic approach to sources had fallen out of fashion, while his interpretations, which a generation earlier might have been deemed merely "conservative-traditionalist", were being critiqued, if at all, merely as "old-fashioned". <mask>'s earlier published work, setting out a curiously deterministic vision of the expansion, during the early and middle medieval periods, of what later became the highly centralised French state, became a standard work and has in some ways retained the respect of subsequent scholars more effectively than some of his more recent and more ambitiously scoped works. For German scholars there is an obvious contrast

masks:
Kern
Kern
Kern
Kern
Fritz Kern
Kern


title: Fritz Kern

texts:
 to be drawn with the success of the decentralised evolution of the Holy Roman empire and its successors. Nevertheless, the patterns identified by <mask> also attract dissent.In 2009 Jean-Marie Moeglin wrote an essay in which he evaluated and dismissed as "myth" <mask>'s thesis of a French "expansionist policy" during the medieval period at the expense of "the empire". Personal
In 1909 <mask> became engaged to and then married Bertha the sixth recorded child and youngest daughter of the recently deceased philosopher Eduard von Hartmann (1842–1906). The marriage would be followed in due course by the births of two daughters,  and Gisela, along with one son, Berthold. <mask>'s first marriage ended in divorce in 1941. Later that same year he married Elisabeth Charlotte Ahrens (1904 - ), the daughter of Dr. Reinhold Ahrens, a health official from Remscheid. The marriage was followed by the birth of the couple's son, <mask>'s fourth recorded child and second son. Published output (selection)

 Dorsualkonzept und Imbreviatur.Zur Geschichte der Notariatsurkunde in Italien, doctoral dissertation, Berlin 1906. Die Anfänge der französischen Ausdehnungspolitik bis zum Jahr 1308. Mohr, Tübingen 1910.
 als Herausgeber: Acta Imperii Angliae et Franciae ab anno 1267 ad annum 1313. Dokumente vornehmlich zur Geschichte der auswärtigen Beziehungen Deutschlands. Mohr, Tübingen 1911 (reprinted. Olms, Hildesheim and others 1973, ). Gottesgnadentum und Widerstandsrecht im früheren Mittelalter.Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Monarchie (= Mittelalterliche Studien. vol. 1, H. 2, ). Koehler, Leipzig 1914 (7th edition, unchanged reprint of the 2nd edition of 1954. Produced by Rudolf Buchner. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1980, ).

masks:
Kern
Kern
Fritz Kern
Fritz Kern
Fritz Kern


title: Fritz Kern

texts:
 Dante.4 Vorträge zur Einführung in die Göttliche Komödie. Mohr, Tübingen 1914. Humana civilitas (Staat, Kirche und Kultur). Eine Dante-Untersuchung (= Mittelalterliche Studien. vol. 1, section 1). Koehler, Leipzig 1913.Recht und Verfassung im Mittelalter. In: Historische Zeitschrift. vol. 120, 1919, pp. 1–79, , (Special rerelease of the 1952 edition. Books on Demand, Norderstedt 2008, ). Stammbaum und Artbild der Deutschen und ihrer Verwandten.Ein kultur- und rassengeschichtlicher Versuch. Lehmann, München 1927. Die Anfänge der Weltgeschichte. Ein Forschungsbericht und Leitfaden. Teubner, Leipzig u. a. 1933. Geschichte und Entwicklung (Evolution).Aus dem Nachlass herausgegeben von Liselotte <mask>. Francke, Bern 1952. Notes

References

People from Stuttgart
German medievalists
Goethe University Frankfurt faculty
University of Kiel faculty
University of Bonn faculty
German resistance members
1884 births
1950


title: Jackie McDonald

texts:
John "<mask><mask> (born 2 August 1947) is a senior Northern Irish loyalist and the incumbent Ulster Defence Association (UDA) brigadier for South Belfast, having been promoted to the rank by former UDA commander Andy Tyrie in 1988, following John McMichael's killing by the Provisional IRA in December 1987. He is also a member of the organisation's Inner Council and the spokesman for the Ulster Political Research Group (UPRG), the UDA's political advisory body. Ulster Defence Association
Born in Belfast, Northern Ireland into a Protestant family, <mask> attended Larkfield Secondary School later known as Balmoral High School in South Belfast. He lives in the south Belfast housing estate of Taughmonagh. His paramilitary activities have attracted considerable publicity from the media, and he was the subject of interviews by journalist Peter Taylor for the latter's book Loyalists. Described by journalist Rosie Cowan as the UDA's most powerful player, he is an outspoken critic of former Ulster Freedom Fighters' notorious brigadier, Johnny Adair. He joined the UDA in 1972 about a year after it was formed in Belfast as an umbrella organisation for loyalist vigilante groups.These groups, such as the Woodvale Defence Association (WDA) and Shankill Defence Association (SDA), had sprung up in loyalist areas following the outbreak of The Troubles in the late 1960s as a means of protecting their local communities from attacks by nationalists. He was a member of the Taughmonagh C Battalion South Belfast Brigade. He was already a senior UDA member when he played a part in the Ulster Workers Council Strike, helping people on his south Belfast

masks:
Jackie
" McDonald
McDonald


title: Jackie McDonald

texts:
 housing estate obtain food, medicine, transport and other necessities during the general strike which had brought Northern Ireland to a standstill in May 1974. At this time he held a job as dispatches manager for the Balmoral Furniture Company in the Shankill Road. It had been the target of a Provisional IRA bomb in December 1971, in which four people had died, including two infants. According to author Ian S. Wood, <mask> was almost killed during the strike when Military Police fired upon the hijacked vehicle he was driving in a chase along the Lisburn Road into Sandy Row. When receiving his social security payments during the strike, <mask> received a military salute from his boss when he walked into the latter's office wearing his complete UDA combat uniform.Brigadier
In the mid-1980s, <mask> became part of UDA "fundraiser" Jim Craig's large protection racket. In 1988, just after the death of UDA's South Belfast brigadier John McMichael, who was blown up in a booby-trap car bomb planted by the Provisional IRA outside his home in Lisburn, Supreme Commander Andy Tyrie promoted <mask> to the rank of brigadier. He subsequently assumed command of McMichael's South Belfast brigade having previously served as his second-in-command. Described by Peter Taylor as an "effective and popular commander", many people, however considered <mask> to have been one of Craig's "henchmen in the latter's profitable racketeering business." According to Steve Bruce Tyrie's appointment of <mask> as Brigadier helped to hasten Tyrie's own downfall due to the distaste with which <mask> was then regarded by a number of leading UDA figures. Due to his

masks: McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald


title: Jackie McDonald

texts:
 reputation as a racketeer and his close association with the widely disliked Craig and his equally loathed deputy and minder Artie Fee, a number of UDA modernisers, who were the chief critics of Tyrie, released statements to both the local media and BBC Newsnight condemning <mask>'s appointment. <mask> admitted to Taylor: "Through not being able to get a job anywhere else and not being able to look after my own family and being part of the organisation that needed the money, eventually I did [join Craig] yes."The same year <mask> took over the South Belfast brigade, Andy Tyrie resigned as UDA commander and James Craig was put permanently out of the picture. The latter was shot dead in the "Bunch of Grapes" pub in east Belfast by two masked gunmen from the UDA (using their cover name "Ulster Freedom Fighters") in October 1988 for "treason". It was claimed by younger elements within the UDA that he had set up John McMichael to be targeted by the IRA. <mask> was arrested in 1989, and sentenced to 10 years imprisonment in the Maze Prison for extortion, blackmail and intimidation in January 1990. Following his imprisonment he was replaced as brigadier by Alex Kerr. He was released in 1994. Return to power
Returning to his role as brigadier after Kerr defected to the Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) group which was founded by Billy Wright in 1996, <mask> found himself in 1997 facing the possibility of a loyalist feud with the local Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), with whom he had previously been on good terms.In June 1997, the son of murdered UDA man, James Curtis Moorehead, shot and killed his father's killer, the UVF's Robert "Basher"

masks: McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald


title: Jackie McDonald

texts:
 Bates (who was also part of the Shankill Butchers gang, led by Lenny Murphy), leading to the Shankill Road UDA "exiling" the young killer to Taughmonagh. UVF members began to prowl <mask>'s Taughmonagh stronghold looking for the killer, and a clash between the Donegall Pass UVF and the Sandy Row UDA looked imminent as relations deteriorated both in South Belfast and throughout Northern Ireland as a whole. <mask> did not want a war with the UVF and, according to authors <mask> and Jim Cusack, ultimately negotiated a settlement whereby the killer would be housed on the edge of Taugmonagh and told to keep a low profile. The UDA gave its support to the Belfast Agreement in 1998 although <mask> was one of three Inner Council members – the others being John Gregg and Billy McFarland – who was less convinced about its merits, particularly the prospect of Sinn Féin entering any power-sharing executive. Nonetheless <mask> did not advocate a return to armed struggle and in late 1999 when it became clear that a feud between the UVF and LVF was about to begin he joined fellow brigadiers McFarland, Gregg and Jim Gray in announcing that the UDA would not be getting involved. Such sentiments were not echoed by west Belfast brigadier Johnny Adair however as he saw the LVF as close allies and resented the UVF. Clashes with Johnny Adair
<mask> grew further apart from Adair as the year 2000 progressed.Whilst supporting the Orange Order's desire to march through nationalist areas, <mask> was a lot less enthusiastic than Adair about getting involved in the Drumcree conflict. He had grown weary of seeing the mainstream unionist parties seek to ally

masks:
McDonald
McDonald
Henry McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald


title: Jackie McDonald

texts: themselves to loyalist paramilitaries when it was expedient only to sever any links as soon as the relationship no longer suited them. Similarly he was unconvinced by a series of vandalism attacks on loyalist areas in Belfast in late June by three carloads of "republicans", feeling that the missile throwing youths were actually members of Adair's C Company sent to stir up sectarian hatred and win support for Adair's Drumcree strategy. <mask> was one of a number of brigadiers to accept Adair's invitation to a "Loyalist Day of Culture" on the Shankill Road on 19 August 2000 but was shocked to find that C Company had used the day to drive UVF members and their families from the road, even attacking the homes of such UVF "elder statesmen" as Gusty Spence and Winston Churchill Rea. At the culmination of the day, <mask> and other brigadiers, as well as Deputy Lord Mayor of Belfast Frank McCoubrey, were brought onto a makeshift stage where C Company members emerged and fired machine guns into the air in a show of strength. <mask> however retained his earlier attitude towards feuding with the C Company UDA, and along with McFarland and Gray, told his men to leave the Shankill that evening. <mask> promptly contacted his opposite number in the South Belfast UVF and concluded a pact that their members would not attack each other.Even when the initial feud cooled, the enmity between <mask> and Adair continued to simmer and in Inner Council meetings the two frequently clashed as, according to one veteran loyalist, "<mask> was the only one with the balls to stand up to him". Nonetheless when Adair was released from prison on 15 May 2002,

masks: McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald Jackie


title: Jackie McDonald

texts: <mask>, arguing that he deserved a second chance and hoping that his return to prison may have mellowed him, was one of the brigadiers to appear at Adair's Boundary Way home and welcome him back in front of the television cameras. The public show of bonhomie between <mask> and Adair did not result in improved relations in the long term. On 14 September 2002, East Belfast LVF man Stephen Warnock was killed by the Red Hand Commando and immediately afterwards Adair, seeing an opportunity to strike back at a rival, went to his family home to inform visiting LVF members that the killing had been actually ordered by Jim Gray. On Adair's encouragement, an LVF hit team waited for Gray to appear at Warnock's house where, after he paid his respects to the family, he was shot in the face as he left. Gray was seriously injured but survived the attack. <mask> called a crisis meeting of brigadiers, including Adair, at Sandy Row but it failed to reach a conclusion as Adair denied involvement in the attack on Gray.As soon as the meeting was over, Adair drove to Ballysillan in north Belfast to meet with allies in the LVF, although he was unaware that a mainstream UDA team were following him and recording his movements. When <mask> was told about this second meeting he secured agreement with the other brigadiers that Adair should be expelled from the UDA. Tension simmered for the next few months with little real fighting although <mask> threw a ring of steel around his Taughmonagh stronghold and even obtained an air raid siren to be sounded if any C Company members attempted to enter the estate. The killing of John Gregg and his associate Rab


title: Jackie McDonald

texts:
 Carson by C Company in Sailortown on 1 February 2003 however finally led to a showdown, with <mask> taking charge of the anti-Adair faction. <mask> quickly got word to A and B Company of the West Belfast UDA, covering the Highfield estate and Woodvale areas of the Greater Shankill and nominally under Adair's command, that Adair was to be removed and secured the loyalty of these two groups. He also told them to set up an office on the Shankill's Heather Street Social Club as a safe house where members of C Company could defect back to the mainstream UDA. At around 1 a.m. on 6 February 2003, about 100 heavily armed UDA members invaded the lower Shankill and set upon the twenty or so members of C Company who had remained loyal to Adair.For his part Adair fled the scene with his family and his close ally John White, ending his spell in charge on the Shankill. Several weeks later <mask> organised a "battle of the bands" (competition between loyalist flute bands) at which he made it clear that unity had been re-established. He then received a standing ovation from those present as, marching behind a masked man carrying an AK 47, <mask> led the other five brigadiers onto the stage. When asked by Peter Taylor whether he had any regrets about his past involvements, <mask> replied:

I have certainly. I would say without a shadow of doubt the worst thing that ever happened to  South Belfast, John McMichael and myself especially, was that Jim Craig ever had anything to do with our organisation. Subsequent activity

<mask> remains a member of the UDA's Inner Council and is also the spokesman for its political advisory body, the Ulster

masks: McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald


title: Jackie McDonald

texts: Political Research Group (UPRG). Politically he always considered former Ulster Democratic Party (UDP) spokesman Davy Adams to be his main political advisor.He has in recent years turned his attention to community-building activities and helping former loyalist prisoners as a full-time organiser of the John McMichael Centre in Belfast's Sandy Row district, named after his deceased friend and former comrade. Beginning in 2003, <mask> has held peace talks with Irish president Mary McAleese and her husband Martin. In 2004, he was part of a loyalist delegation which met with Taoiseach Bertie Ahern in Dublin. In 2010, to the surprise of many people, he stated that the Orange Order should walk away from the Garvaghy Road dispute unless the residents of the contentious parade route give their consent for the march to take place. He also criticised republicans and Sinn Féin for manipulating the parades issue. <mask> met Sinn Féin president Gerry Adams in person for the first time in June 2010, although the two had spoken previously over the telephone. The meeting, which went well, took place at the family home of Harry Haggan, a loyalist community worker who had just died.<mask> and Adams had both called at the Haggan home to offer their condolences to the deceased man's family. On 18 May 2011, <mask> led a delegation of UDA brigadiers to the ceremony at the Irish National War Memorial Gardens in Islandbridge, Dublin where Queen Elizabeth II laid a wreath during her three-day visit to the Republic of Ireland. <mask>, who said he was proud and felt honoured to have participated in the event made the following statements to the Irish


title: Jackie McDonald

texts:
 Times:

It shows that there is a relationship and an association between Northern Ireland and the Republic. People need to be aware of the similarities and the sacrifices, especially in the wars. I think it is a time for them to come together and appreciate each other's pasts and give ourselves all a better future. I always thought "The Troubles" would never end in my lifetime, and in many ways they still haven't really, but there is a kind of peace. We need to build on that.He travels on a Republic of Ireland passport. His picture and details were published on far right website Redwatch when he attended an anti-racist protest in 2009. Commenting on Martin McGuinness running for election in the 2011 Irish presidential election, <mask> stated that Unionists had nothing to fear from it and any Unionist that opposed it was hypocritical. In October 2011 after accepting an invitation to attend an event in Belfast City Hall to unveil a new portrait of famous Irish republican and trade union leader James Connolly he was later forced to withdraw his attendance at the event. The reason for the withdrawal was attributed to an angry backlash from senior UDA leaders angry at the Sinn Féin mayor of Belfast Niall Ó Donnghaile's decision to remove photos of the Royal Family from his office. Criticising young loyalists in November 2011, he suggested they were too interested in drinking alcohol and using drugs than caring about their future. In a further verbal attack, he lambasted some loyalist band members for attacking each other when drunk and when there are no Catholics in the vicinity.To some surprise <mask> in 2012 labelled The Twelfth

masks: McDonald McDonald


title: Jackie McDonald

texts:
 as "the worst day of my year". He cited the excess consumption of alcohol by followers and supporters of the parades in Belfast causing violence on occasions. He also noted that if the parades had an outward route only without having a return route the potential for disorder would be decreased. The comments were condemned by other loyalists and were said to have driven a further wedge between the wider UDA and its North Antrim and Londonderry Brigade, which had been the source of some dissident activity. <mask> is the most senior UDA brigadier, and author Jon Moran credits him with restoring order to the organisation due to his prominent role in bringing about the downfall of Johnny Adair. He and the South Belfast Brigade have long taken a hard-line stance against drugs and drug-dealing in south Belfast. He confirmed this is an interview with Ian S. Wood: "We do take as hard a line as we can in South Belfast".References

External links
 http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/00135/jackie_135302t.jpg <mask>
 https://www.theguardian.com/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,2763,888432,00.html
 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3420391.stm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070301184425/http://www.fortnight.org/grant429.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200737/http://www.socialistdemocracy.org/RecentArticles/RecentLoyalismAndBritishPolicy.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090810210803/http://www.hopenothate.org.uk/2009/The-continuing-shame-of-post-conflict-Northern-Ireland.php

Ulster Defence Association members
Paramilitaries from Belfast
Loyalists imprisoned during the Northern Ireland conflict
Living

masks:
McDonald
Jackie McDonald


title: Robert Hofstadter

texts:
<mask> (February 5, 1915 – November 17, 1990) was an American physicist. He was the joint winner of the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics (together with Rudolf Mössbauer) "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his consequent discoveries concerning the structure of nucleons". Biography
<mask> was born into a Jewish family in New York City on February 5, 1915, to Polish immigrants, <mask>, a salesman, and Henrietta, née Koenigsberg. He attended elementary and high schools in New York City and entered City College of New York, graduating with a B.S. degree magna cum laude in 1935 at the age of 20, and was awarded the Kenyon Prize in Mathematics and Physics. He also received a Charles A. Coffin Foundation Fellowship from the General Electric Company, which enabled him to attend graduate school at Princeton University, where he earned his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees at the age of 23.His doctoral dissertation was titled "Infra-red absorption by light and heavy formic and acetic acids." He did his post-doctoral research at the University of Pennsylvania and was an assistant professor at Princeton before joining Stanford University. Hofstadter taught at Stanford from 1950 to 1985. In 1942 he married Nancy Givan (1920–2007), a native of Baltimore. They had three children: Laura, Molly (who was disabled and not able to communicate), and Pulitzer Prize-winner Douglas Hofstadter. Opus

Thallium-activated sodium iodide gamma ray detector
In 1948 Hofstadter filed a patent on this for the detection of ionizing radiation by this crystal. These detectors are widely used for gamma ray detection to this

masks:
Robert Hofstadter
Hofstadter
Louis Hofstadter


title: Robert Hofstadter

texts:
 day.Coining of the fermi (unit) and 1961 Nobel Lecture

<mask> coined the term fermi, symbol fm,
in honor of the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi (1901–1954), one of the founders of nuclear physics, in Hofstadter's 1956 paper published in the Reviews of Modern Physics journal, "Electron Scattering and Nuclear Structure". The term is widely used by nuclear and particle physicists. When Hofstadter was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics, it subsequently appears in the text of his 1961 Nobel Lecture, "The electron-scattering method and its application to the structure of nuclei and nucleons" (December 11, 1961). Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and EGRET Telescope
In his last few years, Hofstadter became interested in astrophysics and applied his knowledge of scintillators to the design of the EGRET gamma-ray telescope of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory named for fellow Nobel Laureate in Physics (1927), Arthur Holly Compton. Stanford University's Department of Physics credits Hofstadter with being "one of the principal scientists who developed the Compton Observatory." Awards and honors

 1958, elected to National Academy of Sciences. 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics, joint winner with Rudolf Mössbauer, "for his [Hofstadter's] pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his consequent discoveries concerning the structure of nucleons."Stanford University has an annual lecture series named after Hofstadter, the <mask> Memorial Lectures, which consists of two lectures each year, one oriented toward the general public and the other oriented toward scientists. 1984 Golden Plate Award of the American

masks:
Robert Hofstadter
Robert Hofstadter


title: Robert Hofstadter

texts:
 Academy of Achievement. See also
 Fermi (unit)
 The Big Bang Theory popular TV sitcom supposedly named one of its main characters, <mask>, after Hofstadter. References

Further reading
 <mask>, <mask>, "The electron-scattering method and its application to the structure of nuclei and nucleons", Nobel Lecture (December 11, 1961)
 <mask>, <mask>, "<mask>er's speech at the Nobel Banquet", The Nobel Foundation, Stockholm, December 10, 1961. Publication list
Technical reports:
Hofstadter, R. "Detection of Neutrons with Scintillation Counters", Brookhaven National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (November 1948). Hahn, B., Ravenhall, D. G. and R. <mask>. "High-energy Electron Scattering and the Charge Distributions of Selected Nuclei," Stanford University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), Office of Naval Research and United States Air Force, (October 1955).Chambers, E.E. and R. <mask>. "The Structure of the Proton", Stanford University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Energy Research and Development Administration), Office of Naval Research and United States Air Force (April 1956). <mask>, R. "Structure in the Proton and the Neutron", Stanford University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (June 1958). Collard, H., <mask>, R., Hughes, E. B., Johansson, A., Yearian, M. R., Day, R. B. and R. T. Wagner. "Elastic Electron Scattering from Tritium and Helium-3", Stanford University, United States

masks:
Leonard Hofstadter
Hofstadter
Robert
Hofstadter
Robert
Robert Hofstadt
Hofstadter
Hofstadter
Hofstadter
Hofstadter


title: Robert Hofstadter

texts:
 Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Office of Naval Research, Air Force Research Laboratory, (October 1964). <mask>, R. "K-edge Subtraction Angiography with Synchrotron X-Rays: Final Technical Report, (February 1, 1984 to January 31, 1987)", Stanford University, United States Department of Energy, (September 1987).External links
  including his Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1961 The Electron-Scattering Method and Its Application to the Structure of Nuclei and Nucleons
<mask>er: An Oral History, Stanford Historical Society Oral History Program, 1985. 1915 births
1990 deaths
Nobel laureates in Physics
American Nobel laureates
20th-century American physicists
City College of New York alumni
Experimental physicists
National Medal of Science laureates
American nuclear physicists
American people of German-Jewish descent
Jewish American scientists
Jewish physicists
Scientists from New York City
Princeton University alumni
Stanford University Department of Physics faculty
University of Pennsylvania staff
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Physical

masks:
Hofstadter
Robert Hofstadt


title: Angus McPhee

texts:
<mask> or MacPhee (1916–1997) was a Scottish Outsider Artist, who lived as a young man in the community of Eochar (Sc.Gaelic: Iochdar) on the island of South Uist, part of the Outer Hebrides. He  made his art by weaving found vegetation, such as grasses, into extraordinary garments. He also used sheep's wool picked from barbed wire fences, and leaves. MacPhee created most of his work whilst in the Craig Dunain Hospital near Inverness. He chose not to speak for 50 years. Biography
MacPhee was born into a crofting family from Eochar/Iochdar, South Uist (Outer Hebrides), although he was actually born in Nettlehole, west of Glasgow, whilst his father worked as a hired hand before returning to Uist to settle when <mask> was 7. As a young boy on the croft, he learnt how to make ropes and horse-harness from the abundant marram grass or muirineach on the island.He showed some skills playing music and singing, loved horses, but otherwise appeared to be a normal child of a poor crofting family. Although as a young child he was brought up in a Scots English-speaking community, on the island he soon became a fluent speaker of Gaelic. MacPhee served with the Lovat Scouts, and rode on horseback to join them at Beaufort Castle, where the horse was sold for £70. <mask> was garrisoned in the Faroe Islands during World War II, where he became increasingly mentally ill. No one knew what caused this illness. He returned home on the croft, but he became mute, sullen and self-absorbed. His family noticed his animals became neglected, and soon he was moved to Larbert

masks:
Angus McPhee
Angus
Angus


title: Angus McPhee

texts: Asylum. He was diagnosed with schizophrenia in 1946, and spent much of the rest of his life in Craig Dunain Hospital.He fell largely silent and according to Joyce Laing, an art therapist who came across MacPhee in the 1970s, he didn't speak for more than 50 years. There is some uncertainty about how totally mute MacPhee actually was, and the first full biography of MacPhee, by Roger Hutchinson shows there was evidence that MacPhee spoke a little to a few close friends in Craig Dunain, in Gaelic. Whatever, the fact seems to be that he remained largely silent for 50 years. Described as 'the quiet big man', he was admitted to the farm ward of the hospital, Kinmylies House. There he tended the animals and worked on the lands. He was a steady and hard worker and had a particular affection for horses. During his free time, MacPhee wandered the hospital grounds in search of materials and created objects woven mostly from grass, sheep wool and beech leaves.He made garments, hats, caps, pouches, harnesses and the like, which he liked to hide under the bushes. He was completely silent as to their purpose. In the 1990s, as part of the movement to return psychiatric patients to the community, <mask> was moved back to South Uist, and lived until his death in the Old People's Nursing Home in Daliburgh within an hours' drive of his remaining family. Joyce Laing recalls visiting him and showing him a photograph of a favourite horse. To her surprise <mask> briefly spoke, commenting on the horse. She hoped that he might eventually reveal his story to her but within

masks: Angus Angus


title: Angus McPhee

texts:
 a short time he died. Work and influence

 In 1977 he was found as an inmate of Craig Dunain by Joyce Laing, an art therapist.Under the influence of Jean Dubuffet and others, she was searching, with the playwright Tom McGrath, for 'Art Brut' artists. Laing was able to rescue a number of pieces of work by MacPhee which are now in the collection of the Pittenweem 'Art Extraordinary Gallery'. She wrote the book <mask>hee: Weaver of Grass for an April 2000 exhibition for the Taigh Chearsabhagh Art Trust in Lochmaddy, and she continued to visit MacPhee until his death. In Roger Hutchinson's 'The Silent Weaver' he develops a case for seeing MacPhee's weaving as a way of <mask> finding his way back to a kind of health or mental equilibrium by creatively using traditional craft skills and developing them into a unique form of expression. In 1997 the Mackenzie Sisters included a self-written song 'A'fighe le feur' (Weaver of Grass) on their first album Camhanach, inspired by the unusual story of <mask>. Sung in Gaelic the English translation of the opening is "Have you ever heard a stranger sound than <mask> knitting with grass?". In 2004 Donnie Munro (ex-Runrig) included his song 'Weaver of Grass' inspired by the story of <mask> in his album 'Fields of the Young'.In 2004, a documentary was made of his life by Nick Higgins: Hidden Gifts: The Mystery of <mask> (IMDB), which won the 2005 Britspotting award. This includes some home-movie footage of <mask> back in Uist, towards the end of his life. In 2011 a new book entitled The Silent Weaver by Roger

masks:
Angus McP
Angus
Angus MacPhee
Angus MacPhee
Angus MacPhee
Angus MacPhee
Angus


title: Angus McPhee

texts:
 Hutchinson was published, the fullest and best researched account yet of MacPhee's life and his place as an artist. His story has also been developed as a theatre production, called 'Angus – Weaver of Grass', by Horse and Bamboo Theatre which has toured extensively in the Highlands and Islands during the summers of 2012 and 2013, also appearing in London, Oxford and Lancashire. The Caithness fibre artist, Joanne B Kaar, has worked alongside Horse + Bamboo Theatre on their production, and directly with Joyce Laing. In the process she has rediscovered the techniques used by <mask> and has recreated some of his garments both for the theatre production, for the collection in Pittenweem, and for Scottish Museums. In 2011/2012 artist Mike Inglis incorporated textures and outfits directly influenced by the stories and artefacts of <mask> into his 65-metre permanent Public Art wall installation in Inverness.He is currently developing a new body of work entitled "Chasing the Ghost of <mask>" supported by Creative Scotland and University of Edinburgh research grants which further develops themes surrounding Scottish identity and culture as well as his obsession with <mask> and it will be shown in 2014. References

 The Weaver of Grass, biography, Weaver of Grass exhibition, Am Baile Gaelic village

External links
 Am Baile: work
 Weaver of Grass blog
 Joanne B Kaar blog
 Mike Inglis website

1916 births
1997 deaths
Scottish artists
Outsider artists
People with schizophrenia
Outsider art
British Army personnel of World War II
People from Uist
Lovat Scouts

masks:
Angus MacPhee
Angus
Angus McPhee
Angus


title: Meletius of Antioch

texts:
 Meletius attended the synod of Seleucia in the autumn of 359, and then subscribed to the Acacian (Homoean) formula.Early in 360 he became bishop of Antioch, succeeding Eudoxius, who had been translated to the see of Constantinople. Early the following year (361), he was in exile. According to an old tradition, supported by evidence drawn from Epiphanius of Cyprus and John Chrysostom, this was due to a sermon preached before the emperor Constantius II, in which he revealed Homoousian views. This explanation, however, is rejected by G. F<mask>s on the grounds that the sermon contains nothing inconsistent with the Acacian position favoured by the court party; on the other hand, there is evidence of conflicts with the clergy, quite apart from any questions of orthodoxy, which may have led to the bishop's deposition. Meletius believed that truth lay in delicate distinctions, but his formula was so indefinite that it is difficult to grasp it with precision. He was neither a thorough Nicene nor a decided Arian. The successor of Meletius was Euzoeus, an Arian.In Antioch itself Meletius continued to have adherents, who held separate services in the apostolic church in the old town. The Meletian schism was complicated, moreover, by the presence in the city of another anti-Arian sect, stricter adherents of the Homoousian formula, maintaining the tradition of the deposed bishop Eustathius and governed at this time by the presbyter Paulinus. The synod of Alexandria (362) sent deputies to attempt an arrangement between the two anti-Arian churches; but before they arrived Paulinus had been consecrated bishop by Lucifer of Calaris. When in consequence of the emperor Julian's contemptuous policy Meletius returned, he found himself as one of three rival bishops. Second and third exiles
Athanasius of


title: Roberto G. Fernández

texts:
<mask><mask> (born 24 September 1951) is a Cuban American novelist and short story writer. He is noted for his grotesque satires of the Cuban American community, especially in his English-language novels, Raining Backwards and Holy Radishes! In 2001, he was named the Dorothy Lois Breen Hoffman Professor of Modern Languages and Linguistics at Florida State University. Biography

Early life
<mask>'s family immigrated to the States in 1961, when <mask> was 10. He grew up in Miami, which he now considers his home, although he lives and teaches in Tallahassee, Florida. Literary work
<mask> has been said to be part of the Cuban American avant-garde. His writing is said to engage the links among history, exile, personal, and collective identity, and simultaneously defamiliarize them through parody and pastiche, counteracting in such a move the underlying poignancy of the diasporic experience.<mask> is known for the way he satirizes the Cuban community in Miami. One critic says that he "has mastered like no other the carnivalesque art of portraying grotesquely a community in a perpetual state of crisis". For instance, Raining Backwards depicts a generation "caught between two cultural worlds that they do not fully understand and to which they do not fully belong". Although <mask>'s first two books, written in Spanish, were "well received within the Cuban exile literary community", he did not gain wide critical attention until he published in English. Published works
 Cuentos sin rumbo [Aimless Tales] (story collection; 1975)
 La vida es

masks:
Roberto G
. Fernández
Fernández
Fernández
Fernández
Fernández
Fernández


title: Roberto G. Fernández

texts:
 un special [Life is a Bargain] (1982)
 La montaña rusa [The Roller Coaster] (story cycle; 1985)
 Raining Backwards (1988)
 Holy Radishes! (1995)
 En la ocho y la doce [The Corner of Eighth and Twelfth] (2001)
 Entre dos aguas (2007)
 Short stories include "Wrong Channel", "The Brewery", "Is in the Stars" and "It’s not Easy"

Awards
Cintas Foundation Fellowship (1986–87)
Florida Arts Council Fellowship (1993)

See also

 Cuban American literature
List of Cuban American writers
List of famous Cuban-Americans. References

Critical studies in English
as of April 2012:

Water as Creator and Destroyer of Dreams and (Hyper)Realities: Hydro Symbolism in the Works of <mask><mask> By: David de Posada, http://labelmelatin.com, Volume II, Spring 2012.Operational (Hyper)realities in the Exilic Labyrinth: <mask><mask>'s Construction and Destruction of Identity through Parodic Simulacra By: David de Posada. In: DeRosa, Simulation in Media and Culture: Believing the Hype. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books; 2011. pp& nsbs; 187–197. Cuban; American Literature: Suspicion of a Rupture in the Assimilation Pattern? By: Humberto López Cruz. In: N: <mask>, The Hyphenate Writer and the Legacy of Exile. New York: Bordighera Press; 2010. pp.85–97. Three Waves of Immigration Waving of Immigration:Waving (Wavene) the Flag of Patriotic Fervor By: William O. Deaver. In: <mask>, The Hyphenate Writer and the Legacy of Exile. New York: Bordighera Press; 2010. pp. 67–84. Operatic Transposition and the Romantic Aesthetic in the Works of <mask><mask> By: David de

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Roberto G
. Fernández
Roberto G
. Fernández
Giordano
Giordano
Roberto G
. Fernández


title: Roberto G. Fernández

texts:
 Posada, "Caribe: Revista de Cultura y Literatura", 11.2 (2009): 23–42. Treacherous Pilgrimages: Identity and Travel in <mask><mask>'s The Augustflower By: Rafael Miguel Montes.In: <mask>, Tolchin, and Brahlek, Florida Studies Proceedings of the 2005 Annual Meeting of the Florida College English Association. Newcastle upon Tyne, England: Cambridge Scholars; 2006. pp. 218–27
Memory and Desire in Exile: The Narrative Strategies of Raining Backwards By: Arlene <mask>-Watanabe; Caribe: Revista de Cultura y Literatura, 2004 Summer; 7 (1): 25–42. La tríada Belle Glade, Miami, Xawa: Tres nombres, tres culturas y un solo espacio novelesco en la narrativa de <mask>. <mask> By: Jorge Febles, Hispanic Journal, 2004 Spring–Fall; 25 (1–2): 225–41. <mask><mask> (1951–) By: <mask>. Irizarry, In: West-Durán, Herrera-Sobek, and Salgado, Latino and Latina Writers, I: Introductory Essays, Chicano and Chicana Authors; II: Cuban and Cuban American Authors, Dominican and Other Authors, Puerto Rican Authors. New York: Scribner's; 2004. pp. 591–611
Janus Identities and Forked Tongues: Two Caribbean Writers in the United States By: Rosanna Rivero Marín.New York: Peter Lang; 2004. viii, 153 pp. (book)
Is Memory the Amnesia You Like? Some Remarks on Self-Invention and the Presence of Caribbean Literature in North America By: Wolfgang Binder, GRAAT: Publication des Groupes de Recherches Anglo-Américaines de l'Université François Rabelais de Tours, 2003; 27: 293–99. Geographies of Identity in Cuban American Narrative By: Antonia Domínguez Miguela, In: <mask>

masks:
Roberto G
. Fernández
Glassman
Guerrero
Roberto G
Fernández
Roberto G
. Fernández
Guillermo B
Alonso Gallo


title: Roberto G. Fernández

texts:
 and Domínguez Miguela, Evolving Origins, Transplanting Cultures: Literary Legacies of the New Americans. Huelva, Spain: Universidad de Huelva; 2002. pp. 267–75
The Intercepted Space: Desired and Summed Identity in Holly [Holy] Radishes by Cuban American Writer, <mask>. <mask> By: Clementina R. Adams, Diáspora: Journal of the Annual Afro-Hispanic Literature and Culture Conference, 2001; 11: 66–71. Generational Conflicts in Raining Backwards by <mask>. <mask> By: Henry Pérez, Publications of the Arkansas Philological Association, 2000 Fall; 26 (2): 33–44.Memories of Cuba in <mask><mask>'s Raining Backwards By: Henry Pérez, Publications of the Arkansas Philological Association, 1998 Fall; 24 (2): 47–57. Intimate Dwellings: Meditations on Shelter and Sheltered Meditations in <mask><mask>'s Coquina House By: William O. Deaver, Jr.; RLA: Romance Languages Annual, 1998; 10 (2): 529–33. Holy Radishes! Image is Everything By: William O., Deaver, Jr. In: Berry, NAHLS Bringing the World Together. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan; 1997. pp. 218–29
From Polyglossia to Disglossia: Defining Chronotope, Authority, and Subversion in Raining Backwards By: William O. Deaver, Jr.; RLA: Romance Languages Annual, 1997; 9: 448–52.The Prodigal Son in the Structure of Raining Backwards, Crazy Love, and Latin Jazz By: William O. Deaver, Jr.; Americas Review: A Review of Hispanic Literature and Art of the USA, 1996 Fall–Winter; 24 (3–4): 179–90. A Technological Novelty in Raining Backwards: The Creation of a Virtual Reality By: Humberto López Cruz,

masks:
Roberto G
Fernández
Roberto G
Fernández
Roberto G
. Fernández
Roberto G
. Fernández


title: Roberto G. Fernández

texts:
 Americas Review: A Review of Hispanic Literature and Art of the USA, 1996 Fall–Winter; 24 (3–4): 191–200. Menippean Satire and Skaz in Raining Backwards By: William O. Deaver, Jr.; Confluencia: Revista Hispánica de Cultura y Literatura, 1996 Fall; 12 (1): 168–77. Structure, Theme, Motif, and Dialogue in Raining Backwards By: William O. Deaver, Jr.; Chattahoochee Review: The DeKalb College Literary Quarterly, 1996 Summer; 16 (4): 100–12. Raining Backwards: Stylization and Mimicry By: William O. Deaver, Jr.; RLA: Romance Languages Annual, 1995; 7: 446–49. American Contradictions: Interviews with Nine American Writers By: Wolfgang Binder (ed.). Hanover, NH: University Press of New England; 1995.A Connecticut Yankee in Cuban Miami: Reflections on the Meaning of Underdevelopment and Cultural Change By: Juan Leon, Michigan Quarterly Review, 1994 Fall; 33 (4): 690–701. A Character's Indictment of Authorial Subterfuge: The Parody of Texts in <mask>. Fernandez's Fiction By: Jorge Febles, In: Cancalon and Spacagna, Intertextuality in Literature and Film. Gainesville: University Press of Florida; 1994. pp. 21–35
Raining Backwards: Colonization and the Death of a Culture By: William O. Deaver, Jr.; The Americas Review: A Review of Hispanic Literature and Art of the USA, 1993 Spring; 21 (1): 112–18. English and Spanish Pop Songs as Part of Character Speech: Cultural Hybridity in <mask>. <mask>'s Raining Backwards By: Jorge Febles, IN: Ryan-Ransom, Imagination, Emblems and Expressions: Essays on Latin American, Caribbean, and Continental

masks:
Roberto G
Roberto G
Fernández


title: Roberto G. Fernández

texts:
 Culture and Identity. Bowling Green, OH: Popular; 1993. pp. 99–108
Gender in Exile: Mothers and Daughters in <mask><mask>'s Raining Backwards By: Mary S. Vásquez, IN: Whitlark and Aycock, The Literature of Emigration and Exile.Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press; 1992. pp. 79–85
Family, Generation, and Gender in Two Novels of Cuban Exile: Into the Mainstream? By: Mary S. Vásquez, The Bilingual Review/La revista bilingüe, 1991 Jan–Apr; 16 (1): 23–34. The Fantastic and the Grotesque in the Fiction of <mask>: The Case of Raining Backwards By: Mary S. Vásquez, Confluencia: Revista Hispanica de Cultura y Literatura, 1990 Fall; 6 (1): 75–84. Parody, Intertextuality and Cultural Values in <mask><mask>' Raining Backwards By: Mary S. Vásquez, The Americas Review: A Review of Hispanic Literature and Art of the USA, 1990 Summer; 18 (2): 92–102. Transcending the Culture of Exile: Raining Backwards By: <mask> Ibieta, In: Bevan, Literature and Exile. Amsterdam: Rodopi; 1990. pp.67–76

External links
Arte Público bio
Henry Pérez, "Culture and Sexuality: Women in Raining Backwards"

1951 births
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American writers of Cuban descent
American male novelists
Florida State University faculty
Hispanic and Latino American novelists
Living people
Hispanic and Latino American short story writers
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists

masks:
Roberto G
. Fernández
Roberto Fernández
Roberto G
. Fernández
Gabriella


title: William Henry Bragg

texts:
<mask>  (2 July 1862 – 12 March 1942) was an English physicist, chemist, mathematician, and active sportsman who uniquely shared a Nobel Prize with his son <mask> – the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics: "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays". The mineral <mask>ite is named after him and his son. He was knighted in 1920. Biography

Early years
<mask> was born at Westward, near Wigton, Cumberland, England, the son of <mask>, a merchant marine officer and farmer, and his wife Mary née Wood, a clergyman's daughter. When <mask> was seven years old, his mother died, and he was raised by his uncle, also named <mask>, at Market Harborough, Leicestershire. He was educated at the Grammar School there, at King William's College on the Isle of Man and, having won an exhibition (scholarship), at Trinity College, Cambridge. He graduated in 1884 as third wrangler, and in 1885 was awarded a first class honours in the mathematical tripos.University of Adelaide
In 1885, at the age of 23, <mask> was appointed (Sir Thomas) Elder Professor of Mathematics and Experimental Physics in the University of Adelaide, Australia, and started work there early in 1886. Being a skilled mathematician, at that time he had limited knowledge of physics, most of which was in the form of applied mathematics he had learnt at Trinity. Also at that time, there were only about a hundred students doing full courses at Adelaide, of whom less than a handful belonged to the science school, whose deficient teaching facilities <mask> improved by apprenticing himself to a firm of instrument makers. <mask> was an able and popular lecturer; he encouraged the formation of the student union, and the attendance, free of charge, of science teachers at his lectures. <mask>'s interest in physics developed, particularly in the field of electromagnetism. In 1895, he was visited by Ernest Rutherford, en route from New Zealand to Cambridge; this was the commencement of a lifelong friendship. <mask> had a keen interest in the new

masks:
Sir William Henry Bragg
Lawrence Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Robert John Bragg
Bragg
William Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg


title: William Henry Bragg

texts: discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen.On 29 May 1896 at Adelaide, <mask> demonstrated before a meeting of local doctors the application of "X-rays to reveal structures that were otherwise invisible". Samuel Barbour, senior chemist of F. H. Faulding & Co., an Adelaide pharmaceutical manufacturer, supplied the necessary apparatus in the form of a Crookes tube, a glass discharge tube. The tube had been obtained at Leeds, England, where Barbour visited the firm of Reynolds and Branson, a manufacturer of photographic and laboratory equipment. Barbour returned to Adelaide in April 1896. Barbour had conducted his own experiments shortly after return to Australia, but results were limited due to limited battery power. At the University, the tube was attached to an induction coil and a battery borrowed from Sir Charles Todd, <mask>'s father-in-law. The induction coil was utilized to produce the electric spark necessary for <mask> and Barbour to "generate short bursts of X-rays".The audience was favorably impressed. <mask> availed himself as a test subject, in the manner of Röntgen and allowed an X-ray photograph to be taken of his hand. The image of the fingers in his hand revealed "an old injury to one of his fingers sustained when using the turnip chopping machine on his father's farm in Cumbria". As early as 1895, Professor <mask>. (later <mask>) <mask> was working on wireless telegraphy, though public lectures and demonstrations focussed on his X-ray research which would later lead to his Nobel Prize. In a hurried visit by Rutherford, he was reported as working on a Hertzian oscillator. There were many common practical threads to the two technologies and he was ably assisted in the laboratory by Arthur Lionel Rogers who manufactured much of the equipment. On 21 September 1897 <mask> gave the first recorded public demonstration of the working of wireless telegraphy in Australia during a lecture meeting at the University of Adelaide as part of the Public Teachers' Union conference.<mask> departed Adelaide in

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Bragg
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Bragg
William H
Sir William
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg


title: William Henry Bragg

texts: December 1897, and spent all of 1898 on a 12-month leave of absence, touring Great Britain and Europe and during this time visited Marconi and inspected his wireless facilities. He returned to Adelaide in early March 1899, and already on 13 May 1899, <mask> and his father-in-law, Sir Charles Todd, were conducting preliminary tests of wireless telegraphy with a transmitter at the Observatory and a receiver on the South Road (about 200 metres). Experiments continued throughout the southern winter of 1899 and the range was progressively extended to Henley Beach. In September the work was extended to two way transmissions with the addition of a second induction coil loaned by Mr. Oddie of Ballarat. It was desired to extend the experiments cross a sea path and Todd was interested in connecting Cape Spencer and Althorpe Island, but local costs were considered prohibitive while the charges for patented equipment from the Marconi Company were exorbitant. At the same time <mask>'s interests were leaning towards X-rays and practical work in wireless in South Australia was largely dormant for the next decade. The turning-point in <mask>'s career came in 1904 when he gave the presidential address to section A of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science at Dunedin, New Zealand, on "Some Recent Advances in the Theory of the Ionization of Gases".This idea was followed up "in a brilliant series of researches" which, within three years, earned him a fellowship of the Royal Society of London. This paper was also the origin of his first book Studies in Radioactivity (1912). Soon after the delivery of his 1904 address, some radium bromide was made available to <mask> for experimentation. In December 1904 his paper "On the Absorption of α Rays and on the Classification of the α Rays from Radium" appeared in the Philosophical Magazine, and in the same issue a paper "On the Ionization Curves of Radium", written in collaboration with his student Richard Kleeman, also appeared. At the end of 1908, <mask>

masks: Bragg Bragg Bragg Bragg Bragg


title: William Henry Bragg

texts:
 returned to England. During his 23 years in Australia "he had seen the number of students at the University of Adelaide almost quadruple, and had a full share in the development of its excellent science school." He had returned to England on the maiden voyage of the SS Waratah, a ship which vanished at sea on its second voyage the next year.He had been alarmed at the ship's tendency to list during his voyage, and had concluded that the ship's metacentre was just below her centre of gravity. In 1911, he testified his belief that the Waratah was unstable at the Inquiry into the ship's disappearance. University of Leeds

<mask> occupied the Cavendish chair of physics at the University of Leeds from 1909 until 1915. He continued his work on X-rays with much success. He invented the X-ray spectrometer and with his son, <mask>, then a research student at Cambridge, founded the new science of X-ray crystallography, the analysis of crystal structure using X-ray diffraction. World War I

Both of his sons were called into the army after war broke out in 1914 . The following year he was appointed Quain Professor of physics at University College London.He had to wait for almost a year to contribute to the war effort: finally, in July 1915, he was appointed to the Board of Invention and Research set up by the Admiralty. In September, his younger son Robert died of wounds at Gallipoli. In November, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with elder son <mask>. The Navy was struggling to prevent sinkings by unseen, submerged U boats. The scientists recommended that the best tactic was to listen for the submarines. The Navy had a hydrophone research establishment at Aberdour Scotland, staffed with navy men. In November 1915, two young physicists were added to its staff.Bowing to outside pressure for using science, in July 1916, the Admiralty appointed <mask> as scientific director at Aberdour, assisted by three additional young physicists. They developed an improved directional hydrophone, which convinced the Admiralty

masks:
Bragg
Lawrence Bragg
William Lawrence
Bragg


title: William Henry Bragg

texts:
 of their usefulness. Late in 1916, <mask> with his small group moved to Harwich, where the staff was enlarged and they had access to a submarine for tests. In France, where scientists had been mobilized since the beginning of the war, the physicist Paul Langevin made a major stride with echolocation, generating intense sound pulses with quartz sheets oscillated at high frequency, which were then used as microphones to listen for echoes. Quartz was usable when vacuum tubes became available at the end of 1917 to amplify the faint signals. The British made sonar practicable by using mosaics of small quartz bits rather than slices from a large crystal. In January 1918, <mask> moved into the Admiralty as head of scientific research in the anti-submarine division.By war's end British vessels were being equipped with sonar manned by trained listeners. Inspired by <mask>'s methods for locating enemy guns by the sound of their firing, the output from six microphones miles apart along the coast were recorded on moving photographic film. Sound ranging is much more accurate in the sea than in the turbulent atmosphere. They were able to localize the sites of distant explosions, which were used to obtain the precise positions of British warships and of minefields. University College London
After the war he returned to University College London, where he continued to work on crystal analysis. Royal Institution
From 1923, he was Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution and director of the Davy Faraday Research Laboratory. This institution was practically rebuilt in 1929–30 and, under <mask>'s directorship many valuable papers were issued from the laboratory.In 1919, 1923, 1925 and 1931 he was invited to deliver the Royal Institution Christmas Lecture on The World of Sound; Concerning the Nature of Things, Old Trades and New Knowledge and The Universe of Life respectively. The Royal Society and the coming war
<mask> was elected President of the Royal Society in 1935. The physiologist A. V. Hill was

masks:
Bragg
Bragg
William Lawrence
Bragg
Bragg


title: William Henry Bragg

texts:
 Biological Secretary and soon ACG Egerton became Physical Secretary. During World War I all three had stood by for frustrating months before their skills were employed for the war effort. Now the cause of science was strengthened by the report of a high level Army committee on lessons learned in the last war; their first recommendation was to "keep abreast of modern scientific developments". Anticipating another war, the Ministry of Labour was persuaded to accept Hill as a consultant on scientific manpower. The Royal Society compiled a register of qualified men.They proposed a small committee on science to advise the Committee on Imperial Defence, but this was rejected. Finally in 1940, as <mask>'s term ended, a Scientific Advisory Committee to the War Cabinet was appointed. <mask> died in 1942. Honours and awards
<mask> was joint winner with his son, <mask>, of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1915: "For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-ray". <mask> was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1907, vice-president in 1920, and served as President of the Royal Society from 1935 to 1940. He was elected as a member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium on 1 June 1946. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1917 and Knight Commander (KBE) in the 1920 civilian war honours.He was admitted to the Order of Merit in 1931. Matteucci Medal (1915)
 Rumford Medal (1916)
 Copley Medal (1930)
 Franklin Medal (1930)
 John J. Carty Award of the National Academy of Sciences (1939)

Private life
In 1889, in Adelaide, <mask> married Gwendoline Todd, a skilled water-colour painter, and daughter of astronomer, meteorologist and electrical engineer Sir Charles Todd. They had three children, a daughter, Gwendolen and two sons, <mask>, born in 1890 in North Adelaide, and Robert. Gwendolen married the English architect Alban Caroe, <mask> taught <mask> at the University of Adelaide, and Robert was killed in the Battle of Gallipoli. <mask>'s

masks:
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Lawrence Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
William Lawrence
Bragg
William
Bragg


title: William Henry Bragg

texts:
 wife, Gwendoline, died in 1929. <mask> played tennis and golf, and as a founding member of the North Adelaide and Adelaide University Lacrosse Clubs, contributed to the introduction of lacrosse to South Australia and was also the secretary of the Adelaide University Chess Association. <mask> died in 1942 in England and was survived by his daughter Gwendolen and his son, Lawrence.Legacy
The lecture theatre of King William's College (KWC) is named in memory of <mask>; the Sixth-Form invitational literary debating society at KWC, the Bragg Society, is also named in his memory. One of the school "Houses" at Robert Smyth School, Market Harborough, Leicester, is named "<mask>" in memory of him being a student there. Since 1992, the Australian Institute of Physics has awarded The Bragg Gold Medal for Excellence in Physics for the best PhD thesis by a student at an Australian university. The two sides of the medal contain the images of Sir <mask> and his son Sir <mask>. The Experimental Technique Centre at Brunel University is named the Bragg Building. The Sir William Henry <mask> Building at the University of Leeds opened in 2021. In 1962, the Bragg Laboratories were constructed at the University of Adelaide to commemorate 100 years since the birth of Sir <mask><mask>.The Australian Bragg Centre for Proton Therapy also in Adelaide, Australia is expected to be completed in late 2013. It is named for both father and son and will offer radiation therapy for cancer patients. In August 2013, <mask>'s relative, the broadcaster Melvyn <mask>, presented a BBC Radio 4 programme "<mask> on the Braggs" on the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics winners. Publications
 <mask> <mask>, <mask> <mask>, "X Rays and Crystal Structure", G. Bell & Son, London, 1915. <mask> <mask>, The World of Sound (1920)
 <mask> <mask>, The Crystalline State – The Romanes Lecture for 1925. Oxford, 1925. <mask> <mask>, Concerning the Nature of Things (1925)
 <mask> <mask>, Old Trades and New Knowledge (1926)
 <mask> <mask>, An Introduction to Crystal

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. Bragg
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William Henry
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William Lawrence
Bragg
William Henry
Bragg
William Henry
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William Henry
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William Henry
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William Henry
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