title: Sarah Paulson

texts:
 starring in the FX anthology series American Horror Story, playing different characters in many of the show's 10 seasons. For her performances in the series, she received five Primetime Emmy Award nominations and won two Critics' Choice Television Awards.In 2016, she portrayed real life prosecutor Marcia Clark in first season of the anthology series American Crime Story, subtitled The People v. O. J. Simpson, for which she garnered critical acclaim and numerous accolades, including the Primetime Emmy Award and the Golden Globe Award. In 2020, <mask> appeared in the FX limited series Mrs. America, and began starring as Nurse Mildred Ratched in the Netflix psychological thriller series Ratched. In 2021, she returned to American Crime Story to portray Linda Tripp in the third season of the show, subtitled Impeachment. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Tampa, Florida, on December 17, 1974, the daughter of Catharine Gordon (née Dolcater) and Douglas Lyle <mask> II. She spent her early life in South Tampa until her parents' divorce when she was five. After her parents' separation, she relocated with her mother and sister to Maine, then to New York City. Her mother worked as a waitress, and <mask> lived in Queens and Gramercy Park before settling in Park Slope.She recalled of this period, "My mom was 27 years old [when we moved]. She didn't know a single person in New York City. She got a job at Sardi's Restaurant. [...] She was so brave to be basically a debutante in Tampa, Florida, having a cotillion and a coming out balland she picked up and brought her two kids to the greatest city in the world, not knowing anyone. My mom's kind of my hero that way." Throughout her childhood, <mask> spent

masks:
Paulson
Sarah Catharine
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson


title: Sarah Paulson

type: original

texts:
 her summers with her father in Florida, who was an executive at a Tampa door manufacturing company. She attended P.S.29 and Berkeley Carroll School in Brooklyn before attending Manhattan's Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School and the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. Career

1994–2007

<mask> began working as an actress right out of high school. She appeared in the Horton Foote play Talking Pictures at the Signature Theatre, and in an episode of Law & Order in 1994. The next year <mask> appeared in the Hallmark television film Friends at Last (1995) opposite Kathleen Turner, playing the adult version of Turner's character's daughter. She also starred in the short-lived television series American Gothic (also 1995), playing the ghost of a murdered woman. In 1997, <mask> made her feature film debut in the independent thriller film Levitation, playing a woman who discovers she is pregnant after an anonymous sexual encounter. Leonard Klady of Variety noted that <mask> and her co-stars are "not supported by the script", concluding: "Levitation is a grim, convoluted saga of identity and belonging.An ill-fitting combination of melodrama and magic realism, the indie effort will have a decidedly difficult time in the theatrical arena." In 1997, <mask> was a featured actress (Janice/Nina) in the two-part episode "True Romance" of Cracker, which starred Robert Pastorelli. She also appeared Off-Broadway in a fall 1998 production of Killer Joe. She subsequently played Elisa Cronkite in The WB comedy-drama series Jack & Jill (1999). The same year, she was also cast opposite Juliette Lewis and Diane Keaton in the drama The Other Sister, playing the lesbian sister of a developmentally-disabled woman in San

masks: Paulson Paulson Paulson Paulson Paulson


title: Sarah Paulson

texts: Francisco, and in a supporting part playing a hostage in the comedy Held Up, opposite Jamie Foxx. The following year, she had a small supporting role in the comedy What Women Want, starring Mel Gibson and Helen Hunt. <mask> had a minor recurring role in the HBO series Deadwood (2005–2006), and was a focal character in an episode of the FX series Nip/Tuck.She starred as the main character in the NBC series Leap of Faith. She was then cast in the period comedy Down with Love (2003) in a central role, portraying the friend and editor of a writer (portrayed by Renee Zellweger). In 2004, she had a supporting role in the ABC series The D.A., which was cancelled after only four episodes. In the spring of 2005, <mask> starred in a revival of The Glass Menagerie on Broadway, opposite future American Horror Story co-star Jessica Lange. Ben Brantley of The New York Times deemed the production as "misdirected and miscast... reality never makes an appearance in this surreally blurred production." Later that year, <mask> appeared Off-Broadway in a production of Colder Than Here, opposite Lily Rabe (also her future co-star on American Horror Story). The production received an unfavorable review from Variety, with critic Dave Rooney writing: "Rabe speaks in an affected monotone while <mask>son has the measured, upward-inflected delivery of a children's TV presenter... this mannered, melancholy play elicits a mainly impassive response, which is no small obstruction in a work dealing with loss."Also in 2005, <mask> had a small role in the Joss Whedon-directed science fiction film Serenity. In the 2006–07 television season, <mask> co-starred in NBC's Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, playing Harriet Hayes, one

masks:
Paulson
Paulson
Paulson
Sarah Paul
Paulson
Paulson


title: Sarah Paulson

texts:
 of the stars of the show-within-a-show. This role earned her a nomination for Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film. In December 2008, <mask> appeared in the screen adaptation of Will Eisner's comic book The Spirit, playing an updated version of the character Ellen Dolan. 2008–2015

In 2008, ABC cast <mask> in the pilot Cupid, which was ordered to series. It was a remake of the 1998 series starring Jeremy Piven and Paula Marshall. In the new version, <mask> starred opposite Bobby Cannavale.It debuted in late March 2009 on ABC but was cancelled on May 19, 2009, after six episodes. In February 2010, <mask> was cast as the circa 1982 mother of main character Meredith Grey, on the ABC drama Grey's Anatomy, appearing in a flashback sequence in a season-six episode. She then played Nicolle Wallace in the HBO film Game Change (2012), based on events of the 2008 U.S. presidential election campaign. For her performance, she earned Primetime Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations. In the spring of 2010, she starred in Donald Margulies's Collected Stories alongside Linda Lavin on Broadway. The same year, <mask> filmed the independent drama Martha Marcy May Marlene, in which she starred opposite Elizabeth Olsen and Hugh Dancy, portraying the wealthy sister of a woman who has escaped a cult. The film was released in the fall of 2011.Simultaneously, <mask> guest-starred in three episodes of the FX anthology series American Horror Story, playing medium Billie Dean Howard. <mask> returned the following year for season two, American Horror Story: Asylum, in which she played a new character, Lana Winters, a writer who is committed to an asylum for being

masks: Paulson Paulson Paulson Paulson Paulson Paulson Paulson


title: Sarah Paulson

texts:
 a lesbian. During this time, she also played the supporting role of Mary Lee in the acclaimed 2012 drama film Mud, starring Matthew McConaughey. <mask> returned to theater in March 2013, appearing in an Off-Broadway production of Talley's Folly opposite Danny Burstein. She then starred in the third season of American Horror Story, titled Coven (2013) as Cordelia Foxx, a witch who runs an academy for other young witches. The same year, she starred as Mary Epps, an abusive slave-owner, in the historical drama film 12 Years a Slave. The film was a critical success, earning numerous accolades.In 2014, <mask> appeared in the fourth season of series of American Horror Story, titled Freak Show, playing the roles of conjoined twin sisters Bette and Dot Tattler, who are members of a circus freak show. She returned for the fifth season, subtitled Hotel, in the role of Hypodermic Sally, the ghost of a drug addict trapped in a Hollywood hotel. She also reprised the character of Billie Dean Howard in the last episode of the season, making a crossover appearance. During this time, <mask> also took on the role of Abby Gerhard in the Todd Haynes-directed romantic drama Carol (2015), a period piece in which she played the supporting role of Cate Blanchett's close friend. 2016–present

Beginning in February 2016, <mask> starred in the first season of the true crime anthology series American Crime Story, subtitled The People v. O.J. Simpson, portraying prosecutor Marcia Clark. She garnered widespread critical acclaim for her performance and won various awards, including the TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama, the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie, and

masks: Paulson Paulson Paulson Paulson


title: Sarah Paulson

texts: the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film.In June 2016, the Human Rights Campaign released a video in tribute to the victims of the Orlando nightclub shooting; in the video, <mask> and others told the stories of the people killed there. In the fall of 2016, she starred in the sixth iteration of American Horror Story, subtitled Roanoke; in it, she was cast in the dual roles of British actress Audrey Tindall and tortured wife and yoga instructor Shelby Miller, the latter of whom is portrayed by Tindall's character in My Roanoke Nightmare, a documentary within the series. She also reprised her role of Lana Winters in the final episode of Roanoke, in which the character makes a crossover appearance. After completing Roanoke, <mask> appeared in the series' seventh season, Cult (2017), in which she played restaurant owner Ally Mayfair-Richards, as well as Susan Atkins in the 10th episode of the season. She also starred as Geraldine Page in one episode of the first season of drama anthology series Feud (2017), which chronicles the turbulent working relationship between actresses Bette Davis and Joan Crawford. <mask> was then cast in the heist film Ocean's 8 (2018), co-starring with Cate Blanchett, Sandra Bullock, Anne Hathaway, Mindy Kaling, Awkwafina, and Rihanna. The film was a commercial success, grossing nearly $300million at the worldwide box office.In 2017 she was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. <mask> returned for the eighth season of American Horror Story, titled Apocalypse, which premiered on September 12, 2018. In Apocalypse, <mask> reprised both the Murder House and Coven roles of Billie Dean Howard and Cordelia Foxx,


title: Sarah Paulson

texts:
 respectively, and also starred as the villainous Miss Wilhemina Venable. In addition to appearing as three characters, <mask> also directed one of the season's episodes, marking her directorial debut. She played Sandra Bullock's character's sister, Jessica, in the drama horror film Bird Box, which was released on Netflix in December 2018. In 2019, <mask> starred as Dr. Ellie Staple in the superhero thriller film Glass, Xandra in the drama film The Goldfinch, and Dr. Zara in the animated adventure film Abominable. <mask> then starred as Alice Macray in the FX limited drama series Mrs. America, which premiered in April 2020.She also starred as Clarissa Montgomery in the HBO satirical comedy television film Coastal Elites, which premiered in September 2020. In September 2017, it was announced that <mask> would star as a younger version of Nurse Mildred Ratched, the villain of the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and its acclaimed 1975 film adaptation, in the Netflix drama series Ratched, a prequel to the novel which would portray the character's origins. The first season was released on September 18, 2020. In November 2020, <mask> starred in the thriller film Run, opposite Kiera Allen. It went on to become the most watched original film on streaming platform Hulu. In 2021, she portrayed Linda Tripp in the third season of the true crime anthology series American Crime Story, subtitled Impeachment. In 2021 she returned to American Horror Story for its tenth season, after being absent for the ninth season.In February 2022 it was announced that <mask> had been tapped to portray author Glennon Doyle in a TV series based on Doyle's memoir, Untamed. In the media
In 2017, Time magazine named

masks: Paulson Paulson Paulson Paulson Paulson Paulson


title: Sarah Paulson

texts:
 <mask> one of the 100 most influential people in the world. In 2018, <mask> was ranked one of the best dressed women by fashion website Net-a-Porter. Personal life
Paulson lives in Los Angeles. She is a supporter of the Democratic Party. She was diagnosed with melanoma on her back when she was 25, though the growth was removed before the cancer could spread. Addressing her sexuality, Paulson called it "a fluid situation" and later said, "If my life choices had to be predicated based on what was expected of me from a community on either side, that's going to make me feel really straitjacketed, and I don't want to feel that."She dated actress Cherry Jones, who is 18 years older than her, from 2004 to 2009. She had dated only men before this relationship, including her former fiancé, playwright Tracy Letts. Since early 2015, she has been in a relationship with actress Holland Taylor, who is 32 years older than her. Filmography

Paulson appeared in such films as What Women Want (2000), Down with Love (2003), Serenity (2005), The Notorious Bettie Page (2005), The Spirit (2008), Martha Marcy May Marlene (2011), New Year's Eve (2011), Mud (2012), Game Change (2012), 12 Years a Slave (2013), Carol (2015), Blue Jay (2016), The Post (2017), Ocean's 8 (2018), Bird Box (2018), Glass (2019), Abominable (2019), and Run (2020). On television, Paulson starred in American Gothic (1995–1996), Jack & Jill (1999–2001), Deadwood (2006), Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip (2006–2007), Cupid (2009), American Horror Story (2011–present), American Crime Story (2016–present), Mrs. America (2020), and Ratched (2020–present). <mask> has also appeared on Broadway in the plays The Glass Menagerie (2005) and Collected Stories

masks: Paulson Paulson Paulson


title: Sarah Paulson

texts:
 (2010), and the off-Broadway plays Crimes of the Heart (2008) and Talley's Folly (2013). Awards and nominations

<mask> has accumulated nominations for seven Primetime Emmy Awards, five Golden Globe Awards, and two Screen Actors Guild Awards, receiving one of each for her role in the limited series The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story.She was also nominated for her work on other television programs, such as the comedy-drama series Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, the political drama film Game Change, and the horror anthology series American Horror Story. For her performance in the Academy Award-winning period drama film 12 Years a Slave, she was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

1974 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Maine
Actresses from New York City
Actresses from Tampa, Florida
American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Best Miniseries or Television Movie Actress Golden Globe winners
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School alumni
LGBT actresses
LGBT actors from the United States
LGBT people from Florida
LGBT people from New York (state)
People from Park Slope
People from Gramercy Park
People from Queens, New York
Florida Democrats
New York (state) Democrats
California Democrats
Maine


title: Aaron Worms

texts:
<mask> was a chief rabbi of Metz and a Talmudist; the son of Abraham Aberle, he was born July 7, 1754, in Geislautern, a small village near Völklingen (some say Kaiserslautern); died at Metz, May 2, 1836. Biography
<mask> came from a family of rabbis and was destined for a rabbinical career. He received his early education from his father, Abraham Aberle, and afterwards was sent to Metz, the nearest city having a rabbinical college. This institution was directed by Chief Rabbi Loeb Günzburg (known by this main work, Sha'agat Aryeh), with whom <mask> gained such high favor that at the early age of fifteen he was allowed to deliver a lecture on a  subject in the synagogue of Metz. Through Günzburg's instrumentality, he was appointed in 1777 to the rabbinate of Kriechingen in German Lorraine. Having lived in that town for seven years, he returned to Metz, where, after the death of Günzburg on June 23, 1785, <mask> was chosen principal of the rabbinical college. For many years he officiated as associate rabbi and deputy chief rabbi, and on June 12, 1832, was unanimously elected chief rabbi.The government confirmed his election, although he had not mastered French as required by the law regulating the appointment of rabbis. Four years later he died, revered and beloved by both Orthodox and Progressive Jews. <mask> was so conservative in his views that even in his practical life he did not acquire a thorough knowledge of the language of his country, and still regarded the Zohar as a sacred book and as the composition of Simeon ben Yoḥai. Nevertheless, he gave expression to opinions that in

masks:
Aaron Worms
Worms
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron


title: Aaron Worms

texts: some measure prepared the way for Jewish reforms. <mask>'s son-in-law was Yehuda Meir Lambert, who succeeded him as Chief Rabbi of Metz and opened a rabbinic school in the city and was an fierce opponent against Reform Judaism. So greatly was <mask> influenced by the French Revolution that he even dressed himself in the uniform of the National Guard and, to accord with military regulation, removed his beard. <mask> fully realized that the Jews, in receiving rights, had also duties to fulfil; and in a sermon preached during the Revolutionary period, he strongly rebuked the Jews for their aversion to handicrafts, and, as an example for them, apprenticed his son Elijah to an artisan.As a member of the Grand Sanhedrin convened by Napoleon, he delivered an impressive address on the "Relations of the Jews to Non-Jews according to Rabbinic Law," in which he demonstrated that the Talmudic opinions concerning the heathen should not be used as guides in the regulation of practical life under the conditions that existed then. Again, in purely Jewish affairs, in questions concerning rites and ceremonies, he showed himself remarkably broad-minded. Upon the occasion of his taking the oath as chief rabbi, administered by the government officials, his hat was handed him to cover himself. He refused it with a smile, saying: "God does not wish to impose upon us the duty of approaching Him bareheaded; but if we do so voluntarily, so much the better!" This cannot be regarded simply as a bon mot; for he did not hesitate publicly to declare himself in accord with the reform tendencies which were then

masks: Aaron Worms Aaron


title: Aaron Worms

texts:
 beginning to force their way into the synagogue. Reform tendencies
<mask> was perhaps the only conservative rabbi of that period who expressed the opinion that it was better to pray in the vernacular than to mutter Hebrew prayers without understanding their meaning. On this ground, he refused to join the agitation against the reforms of the Hamburg Temple.His insight into the necessity of a reform in divine service is further shown by his protest against the custom of interrupting the ritual prayers by the insertion of , of whose authors he often spoke derisively. Such a man could not be a friend of superstitious customs, and he made a vigorous stand against them. He looked also with a critical eye upon other customs which he did not regard as obligatory on the mere ground of usage, and more than once he remarked, with an undertone of bitterness, that Moses Isserles (the ReMA) desired to force all Jewry under the yoke of Polish customs; but he saw no reason why German and French Jews should yield. In an article in the 2010 edition of the journal Yerushaseinu, it has been argued vehemently that <mask> in no way a supporter of reform and instead was an ardent supporter of preserving custom and  as is evident throughout his works, and instead was the subject of slander after his death. As for opposition to Isserles' rulings, German and French rabbinic authorities for centuries were opposed to changing their customs to that of the ReMA, as the German and French Jewish customs long preceded him and were primarily based on the rulings of the Ashkenazic . As for wanting to remove some of the

masks: Worms Worms


title: Aaron Worms

texts:
 , <mask> was hardly the first rabbi in favor of doing so, and by the 1800s most of Polish Jewry had stopped saying  except on the High Holidays, and the question of interrupting the prayers with  was hardly a new one. As for questioning certain customs, <mask> was certainly not the first rabbinic source to do so.He felt that some of the customs were superstitious had no source in the  and ran counter to Jewish behavior. Each of the customs he questions were similarly questioned by other authorities. A biography of <mask> is found in the Chida's work Shem Hagedolim, who avoided entries on anyone of questionable character or one straying from "Orthodox" Judaism. <mask> was the author of "Meore Or" (Flashes of Light), Metz, 1789-1830. This work, published anonymously (the author modestly limiting himself to a mere suggestion of his name), is the only one of its kind. It contains critical remarks as well as comments on most of the treatises of the Talmud and on a considerable part of the "Oraḥ Ḥayyim" section of the , which exhibit a thoroughly scientific spirit as well as an extraordinary acumen. A Christian admirer of <mask> said that half of that work would be sufficient to open the gates of any European academy to its author.In addition to this, <mask> published short notes on the  and the Passover  (Metz editions). With the exception of a Bible commentary which has not been published, <mask>'s other numerous manuscripts were destroyed in compliance with his wishes as expressed in his will. References

1754 births
1836 deaths
18th-century German rabbis
Clergy from Metz
People from

masks: Aaron Aaron Worms Aaron Worms Worms Aaron


title: Pei Yaoqing

texts:
<mask> (; 681–743), courtesy name Huanzhi (), formally Marquess Wenxian of Zhaocheng (), was a poet and politician of the Chinese Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. He had a friendly relationship with fellow chancellor Zhang Jiuling, and when another chancellor, Li Linfu, managed to convince Emperor Xuanzong that both Zhang and <mask> were engaging in factionalism, both were removed, although <mask> continued to serve in important positions in the imperial administration until his death in 743. He was known for improving the food transportation system between the capital Chang'an and the eastern capital Luoyang, obviating the need for the emperor to periodically move between the two capitals. Background
<mask> was born in 681, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong. He was from "The Wu Pei from south" of the prominent Pei clan of Hedong. <mask>'s grandfather <mask> () served as a county magistrate during Tang, and his father <mask>zhen () served as a prefectural prefect. <mask> was said to be intelligent well-learned even in childhood, being able to read complex text when he was only a few years old.He later passed a special imperial examination for boys, and in his youth became an assistant secretary at the Palace Library. He later served as the communications for Emperor Gaozong's son Li Dan the Prince of Xiang. Li Dan respected him, and made him and his colleague Wei Liqi () consultants. After Li Dan, a former emperor, returned to the throne in 712 (as Emperor Ruizong), he made <mask> Guozi Zhubu (), the secretary general at the imperial university. During Emperor Xuanzong's reign
Early in the Kaiyuan era (713-741) of Emperor Ruizong's son Emperor Xuanzong, <mask> <mask> was made the magistrate of Chang'an County—one of the two

masks:
Pei Yaoqing
Pei
Pei
Pei Yaoqing
Pei Yaoqing
Pei Shen
Pei Shou
Pei Yaoqing
Pei
Pei
Yaoqing


title: Pei Yaoqing

texts: counties making up the Tang capital Chang'an. At that time, Chang'an County put governmental funds in trust with rich households to have them manage the funds for the government, leading to much trouble for both government and the people. <mask> ended the practice and retrieved the funds from the rich households, reducing both corruption and burden on these households.He served as magistrate of Chang'an County for two years, and it was said that he drew a balance between strictness and laxity. When he left that office, the people missed him greatly. In 725, <mask> became the prefect of Ji Prefecture (濟州, roughly modern Liaocheng, Shandong). That year, Emperor Xuanzong offered sacrifices to heaven and earth at Mount Tai, and as he went through the various prefectures, the prefectural prefects were rushing to offer him tributes—but Emperor Xuanzong was impressed by three prefects—Wang Qiu (), Cui Mian (), and <mask>, who offered no luxury items—and in <mask>'s case, what he offered was several hundred suggestions, all of which were aiming toward correcting Emperor Xuanzong's behavior. Emperor Xuanzong was particularly impressed with one of the suggestions, which stated, "If you cause great harm to the people, then you cannot say that the realm is peaceful." Emperor Xuanzong promoted the three of them—in <mask>'s case, to be the prefect of the more important Ding Prefecture (定州, roughly modern Baoding, Hebei). At the time that his promotion was announced, he was overseeing a project to repair the Yellow River levees.Instead of departing immediately for Ding Prefecture, he delayed his departure to make sure that the levees would be complete. He later successively served as the prefect of Xuan (宣州, roughly modern Xuancheng, Anhui) and Ji (冀州, roughly modern Hengshui, Hebei,

masks: Pei Pei Pei Pei Pei


title: Pei Yaoqing

texts:
 note different prefecture than his previous post) Prefectures, before being recalled to Chang'an to serve as the deputy minister of census (戶部侍郎, Hubu Shilang). In 732, Emperor Xuanzong commissioned his second cousin Li Hui () the Prince of Xin'an to command an army against Khitan and Xi tribes which would not submit to Tang suzerainty, with <mask> as Li Hui's deputy. After Li Hui scored a major victory over both the Khitan and the Xi, Emperor Xuanzong ordered <mask> to tour the Xi tribes that were submissive and which had participated in the campaign, to award a large amount of silk to them. <mask>, realizing that such a journey would be filled with danger as other tribes might become aware and might attack, proceeded quickly on the trip and divided his train into several groups, awarding the silk quickly and then returning to Tang territory. Indeed, hearing about <mask>'s tour, Eastern Tujue and Shiwei forces launched a raid against him, but by the time that they arrived, <mask> had already returned to Tang territory. In winter 732, he was made the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (), which encompassed Chang'an.In fall 733, there was much raining in the Guanzhong region (i.e., the region around Chang'an), causing flooding and rise in food prices. Emperor Xuanzong considered going to the eastern capital Luoyang, to decrease the need to requisition food supplies, and he summoned <mask> to discuss with him. <mask> suggested revising the food shipment scheme at that time to reduce the need for such journeys. <mask>'s proposal included several points:

 At that time, most of the food supply was coming from south of the Yangtze River and were shipped by ships from the region, which were unfamiliar with the waters in the Yellow River region, the journeys were often slow, often

masks: Pei Pei Pei Pei Pei Pei Pei Pei


title: Pei Yaoqing

texts: causing thefts or embezzlement. Under <mask>'s proposal, a large food storage would be built at Hulao, where Bian River (汴水, a major shipping route from the Yangtze to the Yellow) joined Yellow River, and the ships from the Yangtze region would offload their supplies at Hulao. The food supply would then be shipped from Hulao to Luoyang on either the Yellow River or the Luo River (洛水, flowing near Luoyang). One large food storage would be built on each side of Sanmenxia.The food supplies intended for Chang'an would be shipped from Luoyang to Sanmenxia and stored there. A road would be built from Sanmenxia upstream to the Wei River, allowing food to be shipped on land when the water flow was unsuitable for shipping on water. Once the food supply had been shipped to the Wei River either on land or on water, the food could then be shipped easily to Chang'an. Emperor Xuanzong agreed with the proposal. Later that year, when he removed the chancellors Xiao Song and Han Xiu from their chancellor positions, he made <mask> and Zhang Jiuling new chancellors to succeed them. Specifically, <mask> was made Huangmen Shilang (), the deputy head of the examination bureau of government (門下省, Menxia Sheng) with the chancellor de facto designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (). He was also made the director of food supply shipments (轉運使, Zhuanyun Shi).In 734, Zhang proposed that private citizens be allowed to mint money. <mask> opposed, pointing out that the quality of the coins would be greatly reduced. Emperor Xuanzong, with opposition also from Liu Zhi, decided not to allow private minting. Later that year, <mask> was made Shizhong (), the head of the examination bureau and a post considered one for a chancellor. Pursuant to <mask>'s proposal, a shipping station was built at the

masks: Pei Pei Pei Pei Pei Pei


title: Pei Yaoqing

texts:
 point where the Yellow River and the Bian River joined, with two large food storages—Heyin Storage () to the east and Boyai Storage () to the west. At Sanmenxia, Jijin Storage () was built to the east, and Yan Storage () was built to the west. A road 18 li long (roughly nine kilometers) was built from Sanmenxia to the Wei River.With <mask>'s plan implemented, the government received considerably savings during the next three years, and <mask>'s subordinates suggested that he submitted the surpluses to the emperor as a tribute. <mask> stated, "This is money saved for the government. How can I use it to ingratiate the emperor?" Instead, he saved the money for future transportation improvements. By 736, however, <mask> was caught in the middle of palace intrigue, with fellow chancellor Li Linfu beginning to gain favor at the expense of <mask> and Zhang, who were friendly with each other. At that time, there were several incidents for which the blunt Zhang had offended either Emperor Xuanzong—who was described to have begun to tire of governance and started seeking luxuries in earnest—or Li Linfu, who was described to be ingratiating the emperor:

 In fall 736, when Emperor Xuanzong was at Luoyang, he had set to return to Chang'an on March 7, 737. However, at that time, an incident occurred where there were strange apparitions appearing in the Luoyang Palace, and Emperor Xuanzong did not want to stay at Luoyang.On or right before November 9, 736, he summoned the chancellors to ask them whether he could depart for Chang'an immediately. <mask> and Zhang, pointing out the fact that it was harvest season and that the imperial train would interfere with harvest, requested a one-month delay. After <mask> and Zhang exited, however, Li Linfu remained personally and stated his

masks: Pei Pei Pei Pei Pei Pei Pei


title: Pei Yaoqing

texts: agreement with the departure, arguing that the farmers could be compensated by relieving their taxes. Emperor Xuanzong was pleased and immediately departed for Chang'an. Emperor Xuanzong was, then, impressed with Niu Xianke, the military governor (jiedushi) of Shuofang Circuit (朔方, headquartered in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia), wanted to make him the minister of defense. Zhang, who pointed out that Niu was not well-learned and had started from the ranks of low-level administrators—contrary to the Tang tradition of going through the imperial examinations—opposed, and then further opposed the creation of a title. Eventually, despite Zhang's opposition, Emperor Xuanzong, with concurrence from Li LInfu, created Niu the Duke of Longxi.Li LInfu was associating with Emperor Xuanzong's favorite concubine Consort Wu and trying to have Emperor Xuanzong make her son Li Mao () the Prince of Shou crown prince to replace Emperor Xuanzong's then-crown prince Li Ying, who had long lost Emperor Xuanzong's favor. With Zhang strenuously opposing such a move, Li Ying remained in his position. The deputy minister Xiao Jiong (), whom Li Linfu recommended, was demoted on the suggestion of Zhang and Zhang's friend Yan Tingzhi (), who further offended Li Linfu by refusing to meet with him. Soon thereafter, there was an incident where Wang Yunyan (), the husband of Yan's ex-wife, was accused of corruption. Yan tried to intercede on Wang's behalf, and this was discovered. Li Linfu thus made accusations to Emperor Xuanzong that Zhang and <mask> were engaging in factionalism. Around the new year 737, Emperor Xuanzong removed <mask> and Zhang from their chancellor posts, making them Chengxiang () -- the heads of the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng) instead.Niu was made chancellor to replace them,

masks: Pei Pei


title: Pei Yaoqing

texts:
 serving with Li Linfu. At the same time, <mask> was created the Marquess of Zhaocheng. Later in 737, there was an incident in which the Yang Jun () the prefect of Yi Prefecture (夷州, roughly modern Zunyi, Guizhou), was accused of corruption and received a death sentence. Emperor Xuanzong commuted the sentence to caning for 60 times and exile to Gu Prefecture (古州, roughly modern Lạng Sơn Province, Vietnam). <mask> submitted a petition, pointing out that while caning instead of death was grace already, public caning nevertheless was undignified for someone who had been an honored official. Emperor Xuanzong agreed and commuted the caning as well. In 740, Emperor Xuanzong, impressed at the military accomplishments of the general Gai Jiayun (), the military governor of Hexi (河西, headquartered in modern Wuwei, Gansu) and Longyou (隴右, headquartered in modern Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai) Circuits, summoned him to the capital to reward him and commissioned him to plan an attack on Tufan.Gai, happy about the imperial favor, lingered in Chang'an and did not immediately depart. <mask> submitted a petition, pointing out that while Gai was brave, he was becoming arrogant and unattentive in light of imperial favors. He suggested that Gai's commission be cancelled, or, in the least, that Emperor Xuanzong order Gai to immediately return to his command. Emperor Xuanzong did the latter. Later, as <mask> predicted, Gai was unable to prevail over Tufan. <mask> continued to serve as Pushe for the next several years. He died in 743 and was given posthumous honors.Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 98. New Book of Tang, vol. 127. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 212, 213, 214. 681 births
743 deaths
Tang dynasty poets
Chancellors under Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
Tang dynasty diplomats
Mayors of


title: Issa Rae

texts:
Jo-<mask> (born January 12, 1985), credited professionally as <mask>, is an American actress, writer, and producer. <mask> first garnered attention for her work on the YouTube web series Awkward Black Girl. Since 2011, <mask> has continued to develop her YouTube channel, which features various short films, web series, and other content created by black people. <mask> has achieved wider recognition as the co-creator, co-writer, and star of the HBO television series Insecure (2016–2021), for which she has been nominated for multiple Golden Globes Awards and Primetime Emmy Awards. Her 2015 memoir, titled The Misadventures of Awkward Black Girl, became a New York Times best-seller. In 2018, <mask> was included in the annual Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world. <mask> has also starred in feature films, with roles in the drama The Hate U Give (2018), the fantasy comedy Little (2019), the romance The Photograph (2020), and the romantic comedy The Lovebirds (2020).She will also voice Jessica Drew / Spider-Woman in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (Part One) (2022). <mask> provided the voice work for the short film Hair Love, which won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 2020. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Los Angeles, California. Her father, Abdoulaye Diop, is a pediatrician and neonatologist from Senegal, and her mother, Delyna Diop (née Hayward), is a teacher from Louisiana. Her parents met in France, when they were both in school. She has four siblings. Her father has a medical practice in Inglewood, California.The family lived in Dakar, Senegal, for a short period during her childhood. She was raised mostly in Potomac, Maryland, where she grew up with "things that aren't considered 'black,' like the swim team and street hockey and Passover dinners with Jewish best friends." When Diop was in sixth grade, her family moved to the affluent View Park-Windsor Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles, where she attended a predominantly black middle school. Diop graduated

masks:
Issa Rae Diop
Issa Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Jo Issa
Rae Diop


title: Issa Rae

texts:
 from King Drew Magnet High School of Medicine and Science, where she started acting. Her parents divorced when she was in high school. Diop is fluent in French. In 2007, Diop graduated from Stanford University with a Bachelor of Arts in African and African-American Studies.As a college student, she made music videos, wrote and directed plays, and created a mock reality series called Dorm Diaries for fun. At Stanford, Diop met Tracy Oliver, who helped produce Awkward Black Girl and starred on the show as Nina. After college, Diop received a theater fellowship at The Public Theater in New York City. Oliver and Diop started taking classes together at the New York Film Academy. Diop worked odd jobs and at one point was struggling to decide between business school and law school, but eventually abandoned both ideas when Awkward Black Girl started taking off in 2011. Career

Awkward Black Girl

<mask>'s web series Awkward Black Girl premiered on YouTube in 2011. The show follows the life of J (played by <mask>) as she interacts with co-workers and love interests who place her in uncomfortable situations.The story is told through a first-person narrative as J usually reveals how she feels about her circumstances through voice-over or dream sequence. The series eventually went viral through word of mouth, blog posts, and social media, resulting in mainstream media coverage and attention. In an effort to fund the rest of the first season, <mask> and producer Tracy Oliver decided to raise money for the series through Kickstarter. On August 11, 2011, they were awarded $56,269 from 1,960 donations and released the rest of season one on <mask>'s YouTube channel. <mask> eventually partnered with Pharrell and premiered season two of the series on his YouTube channel, iamOTHER. <mask> also began releasing other content on her original channel, predominantly created by and starring people of color. In 2013, Awkward Black Girl won a Shorty award for Best Web Show.<mask> created Awkward Black Girl because she felt the

masks: Rae Rae Rae Rae Rae Rae Rae


title: Issa Rae

texts:
 Hollywood stereotypes of African-American women were limiting and she could not relate to them:

I've always had an issue with the [assumption] that people of color, and black people especially, aren't relatable. I know we are. By using YouTube as her forum, <mask> was able to have autonomy of her work because she writes, films, produces, and edits most of her work. <mask>'s other shows—Ratchet Piece Theater, The "F" Word, Roomieloverfriends, and The Choir, among others—also focus on African-American experiences that are often not portrayed in the mainstream media. Insecure

In 2013, <mask> began working on a comedy series pilot with Larry Wilmore, in which she would star. The series, about the awkward experiences of a contemporary African-American woman, was eventually titled Insecure. HBO picked up the pilot in early 2015 and it was subsequently greenlit.Since its release in 2016, the series has received critical acclaim; Eric Deggans of NPR wrote that "<mask> has produced a series that feels revolutionary just by poking fun at the life of an average, twenty-something black woman." In 2017, the American Film Institute selected Insecure as one of the top 10 Television Programs of the Year. For her acting work on the show, <mask> has received two Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy in 2017 and 2018, as well as a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2018. In 2018,  at the 77th annual Peabody Awards, Insecure was honored for "creating a series that authentically captures the lives of everyday young, black people in modern society." On November 14, 2016, HBO renewed the show for a second season. The second season premiered on July 23, 2017. On August 8, 2017, it was announced that the show was renewed for a third season, which premiered on August 12, 2018.Season five premiered October 24, 2021. The final episode of Insecure aired December 26, 2021. Film work
Released in 2020, The Photograph follows the

masks: Rae Rae Rae Rae Rae


title: Issa Rae

texts:
 journey of <mask>'s character, Mae Morton, and LaKeith Stanfield's character Michael Block, as the two search for the backstory of Mae's mother. The New York Times mentioned this film as “an unabashedly old-school love story”. The Empire said that  “The Photograph is an African-American romance that, for the most part, feels relatable and true”. Released in 2020, The Lovebirds directed by Michael Showalter, <mask> played the role of Leilani. The film starred Kumail Nanjani, who played Jibran, Leilani's boyfriend.Throughout the film, the couple struggles to maintain their relationship and during this, they face an eventful murder. <mask>'s first book, a memoir titled The Misadventures of Awkward Black Girl, was released in 2015 and became a New York Times best-seller. In the book, she chronicles her life through a series of humorous anecdotes and opens up about her personal struggle with not fitting in, and not being considered "black enough" at times. Other work
On October 11, 2019, Google announced that <mask> would be an additional voice to the Google Assistant. Users could make Google Assistant speak in <mask>'s voice by saying "Ok Google, talk like Issa." Issa's Voice was available until Friday, October 1, 2021. Also in 2019, <mask>, through her newly launched record label "Raedio," partnered with Atlantic Records to produce "Kinda Love" by singer-rapper TeaMarrr.In March 2021, <mask>'s production company, Hoorae, signed a five-year film and television deal with WarnerMedia. Personal life
<mask>'s birth name, <mask>, comes from a combination of the names of her grandmothers: Joyce and Isseu. Her middle name, <mask>, is after an aunt, who was an artist. <mask> married her longtime partner, Louis Diame, a Senegalese businessman, in a private ceremony in France in July 2021. <mask> first wore her engagement ring publicly on the cover of Essence magazine's April 2019 issue. Activism
<mask> has used her platform to bring attention to police violence and brutality against African-Americans. Following

masks:
Issa
Rae
Book Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae
Jo Issa
Rae
Rae
Rae
Rae


title: Issa Rae

texts:
 the police shooting of Alton Sterling in 2016, she raised $700,000 for the Sterling Family Trust to help pay for the Sterling children to attend college.<mask> is an advocate for civil rights and women's rights movements. Her work includes themes of equality and social justice. She works closely with organizations like the ACLU, BLD PWR, and Black Lives Matter. Her show Insecure has changed the public perception of the South Los Angeles community by highlighting Black businesses. In the media
In 2012, <mask> was included on the annual Forbes '30 Under 30''' list in the entertainment section. In May 2015, <mask> appeared on the cover of Essence'' magazine's Game Changers issue, alongside Shonda Rhimes, Ava DuVernay, Debbie Allen, and Mara Brock Akil. <mask> expressed her desire for more people of color working in production behind the scenes to make a lasting impact in the television industry.On the red carpet at the 2017 Emmy Awards, <mask> told reporters, "I'm rooting for everybody black." The quote went viral and appeared on T-shirts and in the song "Sue Me" by the rapper Wale. Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos

Awards and nominations

Works and publications

References

External links

 <mask> <mask> on Instagram

1985 births
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
Actresses from Maryland
African-American actresses
African-American screenwriters
American people of Senegalese descent
Screenwriters from California
African-American women writers
American women screenwriters
American YouTubers
Living people
People from Potomac, Maryland
People from View Park–Windsor Hills, California
Stanford University alumni
Web series directors
Web series producers
Writers from Los Angeles
Screenwriters from Maryland
American women television writers
American television writers
21st-century American screenwriters
Forbes 30 Under 30 recipients
African-American female comedians
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American

masks: Rae Rae Rae Rae Rae Issa Rae


title: Fabian von Schlabrendorff

texts:
<mask>dorff (; 1 July 1907 – 3 September 1980) was a German jurist, soldier, and member of the German resistance against Adolf Hitler. From 1967 to 1975 he was a judge of the German Federal Constitutional Court. Biography

Early life
Schlabrendorff was born on 1 July 1907 in Halle. He was the son of <mask>f (born Berlin, 1854, died Detmold, 1923) by his marriage to <mask> (1874–1944), a great-great-granddaughter of William I, Elector of Hesse by his mistress Rosa Dorothea Ritter. He was trained as a lawyer, later joining the German Army. As a reserve lieutenant-colonel (Oberstleutnant der Reserve), he was promoted to serve as adjutant (Ordonnanzoffizier) to Colonel <mask> in January 1941, a major leader in the resistance against Adolf Hitler, and held this position until July 1944. Attempts to kill Hitler
He joined the resistance and acted as a secret liaison between Tresckow in Russia and Ludwig Beck, Carl Goerdeler, Hans Oster, and Friedrich Olbricht in Berlin, taking part in various coup d'état plans and plots.On 13 March 1943, during a visit by Adolf Hitler to Army Group Centre Headquarters in Smolensk, Schlabrendorff smuggled a time bomb, disguised as bottles of Cointreau, onto the aircraft which carried Hitler back to Germany. The bomb detonator failed to go off, however, most likely because of the cold in the aircraft luggage compartment. Schlabrendorff managed to retrieve the bomb the next day and elude detection. Schlabrendorff was arrested following the failed 20 July 1944 Plot. He was sent to Gestapo prison where he was tortured, but refused to talk. While imprisoned he met fellow imprisoned co-conspirators Wilhelm Canaris, Hans Oster,

masks: Fabian Ludwig Georg Adolf Kurt von Schlabren


title: Fabian von Schlabrendorff

texts:
 <mask> Hassell, Johannes Popitz, Carl Goerdeler, Josef Mueller, and <mask> Falkenhausen. He was brought before the People's Court of Nazi Germany (Volksgerichtshof) on the 3rd of February 1945.However, while Schlabrendorff was awaiting trial, the courtroom took a direct hit from a bomb during an American air raid led by Lt. Col. Robert Rosenthal. The bomb killed Roland Freisler, the president of the People's Court, who was found crushed by a beam, still clutching Schlabrendorff's file. Schlabrendorff did not escape, however, and was arraigned before the court again the following month, now headed by Wilhelm Crohne, the vice president of the People's Court. Following an intense defence, conducted by himself on both legal and procedural grounds (claiming his torture had made the process outrageously unworthy of justice) and in an exceptionally rare instance in its final nine months of existence, the People's Court acquitted <mask>rendorff on 16 March 1945. His death was later demanded by Hitler's decree, but the order was defied insofar that it was never carried out. After his second trial, Schlabrendorff was moved from one concentration camp to another: Sachsenhausen and Flossenbürg, then Dachau near Munich. In late April 1945 he was transferred to Tyrol together with about 140 other prominent inmates of Dachau, where the SS-Guards fled after being confronted by a regular German Wehrmacht unit led by Wichard <mask>sleben and told to stand down by the Supreme Commander of all SS troops in Italy, who took responsibility for the order.Schlabrendorff was eventually liberated by the Fifth U.S. Army on 5 May 1945. After the war
As was revealed only 60

masks:
Ulrich von
Alexander von
von Schlab
von Alven


title: Fabian von Schlabrendorff

texts:
 years after the fact, Schlabrendorff wrote analyses for the US secret service OSS about the leadership of the Wehrmacht and about war crimes committed by the Nazis. OSS head William J. Donovan then questioned him personally. When Donovan became adviser to the American delegation of lawyers at the Nuremberg trials after the dissolution of the OSS, he included Schlabrendorff on his staff. Schlabrendorff convinced Donovan that it was not the Germans but the Soviet secret service NKVD that had murdered some 4000 Polish officers in the Katyn forest. Donovan then had the Americans block the Soviet attempt to add Katyn to the list of German war crimes. Schlabrendorff was admitted to the Protestant Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg), in which he served as Captain of the Order (legal counsellor to the Herrenmeister, head of the Order) from 1957 to 1964.From 1 September 1967 until 7 November 1975, he was a judge of the Federal Constitutional Court of West Germany, the country's supreme constitutional court, serving in its second senate. Schlabrendorff died on 3 September 1980. Family

He married Luitgarde <mask>, born at Frankenstein in Silesia (now Ząbkowice Śląskie, Poland) in 1939 and had the following children:
 Herzeleide <mask>f (born Berlin, 28 February 1940), married to  (b. Hamburg, 15 June 1939 – 2 May 2006), four children. Dieprand Ludwig Carl Hans-Otto <mask>f (born Stettin, 18 May 1941), married to <mask> Polenz (born Karlsruhe, 10 June 1950), one child. Jürgen-Lewin <mask> Schlabrendorff (born Lasbeck, 3 February 1943), married to Beate Everth (born Meldorf, 6 November 1946), and had two children. <mask> <mask> Schlabrendorff (born

masks:
von Bismarck
von Schlabrendorf
von Schlabrendorf
Eva von
Hans von
Fabian Gotthard
Herbert von


title: Fabian von Schlabrendorff

texts:
 Berlin, 23 December 1944), married to María de la Cruz Caballero y Palomero (b. Plasencia, 20 December 1954), two children. <mask> Schlabrendorff (born Buch am Forst, 12 November 1948), married Christian Eick (born Baden-Baden, 7 July 1947), three children; married to Gottfried <mask>.Carl Joachim Henning <mask>dorff (born Wiesbaden, 18 September 1950), married to Mechthild <mask>t, with two children. Quote
"To prevent this success of Hitler in all circumstances and by all means, even at the expense of a heavy defeat of the Third Reich, was our most urgent task. (Diesen Erfolg Hitlers unter allen Umständen und mit allen Mitteln zu verhindern, auch auf Kosten einer schweren Niederlage des Dritten Reiches, war unsere dringlichste Aufgabe.)" – from his book, Offiziere gegen Hitler (Officers Against Hitler), Zurich: Europa-Verlag, 1946, p. 38. Published works

  English translation of the 1946 book by <mask>rendorff. Honours
 1967: Great Cross of Merit of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1968: Honorary doctorate awarded by the University of Göttingen (Dr. iur. h.c.)

Bibliography
 .See also
 Assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler

References

External links

1907 births
1980 deaths
Failed assassins of Adolf Hitler
Protestants in the German Resistance
German resistance members
German judges
German Army officers of World War II
People from Halle (Saale)
People from the Province of Saxony
Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors
Flossenbürg concentration camp survivors
Dachau concentration camp survivors
Members of the 20 July plot
German torture victims
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of

masks:
Maria von
von Bismarck
von Schlabren
von Hüls
von Schlab


title: Roy Ngerng

texts:
<mask> (; born 9 May 1981), is a Singaporean blogger and activist. In 2015, Ngerng was found guilty of defaming Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. In his blog, he had accused the PM of being a "thief" and criminally misappropriating monies paid by citizens to the state-administered Central Provident Fund. The judge ruled that the accusation is malicious and "one of the gravest that can be made against any individual, let alone a head of government". Ngerng was ordered to pay defamation damages of S$150,000. In the 2015 general election, Ngerng joined a Reform Party team to contest against the prime minister in Ang Mo Kio constituency, but lost with only 21.4% of votes, the second lowest of all GRCs contested. In 2016, Ngerng relocated to Taiwan.Early life

Ngerng's father is a chai tow kway seller while his mother is a retired factory worker. Ngerng lived with them and his younger sister in a four-room Housing Development Board flat in Sembawang. Ngerng also has an elder sister. Before 2000, the Ngerng family lived in a two-room flat near the now-defunct Hong Dao Primary School, which Ngerng had attended. Ngerng's family were unaware of his blogging activities until the events of May 2014. Ngerng states that his interest in people and their interactions started in primary school when he witnessed instances of racism. At the age of 15, Ngerng revealed his homosexuality to friends, but described facing resultant discrimination.He went on to study in Serangoon Junior College, where he took art as an GCE Advanced Level subject and won an award for topping his level in geography and art in his first year. Ngerng majored in sociology at the National University of Singapore, where he participated in its community service club helping autistic or hyperactive children and people with mental disorders. Ngerng started his sociopolitical blog, The Heart Truths, in 2012. He was found liable in October 2014 of defaming Lee Hsien Loong, the Prime Minister of


title: Roy Ngerng

texts:
 Singapore, in a blog post. <mask> is also noted for his protests at Hong Lim Park campaigning against Singapore's Central Provident Fund. As a result of the events surrounding him, Ngerng was ranked by Yahoo Singapore as the top Singapore newsmaker of 2014. In 2015, Ngerng was found guilty of defaming Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.In his blog, he had accused the PM of being a "thief" and criminally misappropriating monies paid by citizens to the state-administered Central Provident Fund. The judge stated that the accusation is "one of the gravest that can be made against any individual, let alone a head of government". Ngerng was ordered to pay defamation damages of S$150,000. Career

After graduation, Ngerng worked for six months with Autism Partnership, an organisation working with families with autistic children. Ngerng then joined the Health Promotion Board’s Communicable Diseases department for six years, working on campaigns and presenting at international conferences, and winning an Employee of the Year award for innovation in 2011. In 2012, he joined Tan Tock Seng Hospital as a contract patient coordinator, where he fronted a campaign to promote the understanding of the lives of HIV-infected people. On 10 June 2014, Ngerng was sacked from his job at Tan Tock Seng Hospital for "conduct incompatible with the values and standards expected of employees" and for misusing resources for personal pursuits.Ngerng described the sacking as "politically motivated". NGO Maruah expressed concern on the manner of punishment and the reasons for doing so. In the same month, a 71-year-old man, Loh Thiam Hock, was jailed for four weeks for vandalising public property in support of Ngerng. Politics

In August 2015, Ngerng was part of the Reform Party six-member team contesting Ang Mo Kio Group Representation Constituency in the 2015 general election. On 21 May 2014, Ngerng applied to be a Nominated Member of Parliament (NMP), with the proposal being


title: Roy Ngerng

texts:
 submitted by fellow blogger Han Hui Hui. Ngerng was ultimately not selected as an NMP in August 2014. The People's Action Party team headed by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong defeated the Reform Party by 135,115 to 36,711 (78.63% to 21.37%) in the election.Taiwan
Since October 2016, Ngerng has been residing in Taipei after he was terminated from his previous job. In 2018, Ngerng took part in an Al Jazeera documentary, Singapore: The House that Lee Built. The documentary is <mask>'s first media appearance since his participation in the 2015 Singapore general election and reveals a snippet of Ngerng's life in Taiwan. Controversies

Libel suit over CPF blog post (2015)

On 15 May 2014, Ngerng made a post entitled "Where Your CPF Money Is Going: Learning From The City Harvest Trial" on his blog the Heart Truths. Within the post, Ngerng created a chart which mapped the relationships between Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, the Central Provident Fund (CPF), the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), Temasek Holdings and the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC). Ngerng claimed there was an "uncanny resemblance" between this chart and another chart by news agency Channel News Asia regarding the relationship among City Harvest Church leaders, who were being charged with misappropriating funds. The CPF has been described as "a forced savings scheme" for Singaporeans with "monthly contributions into the fund" to be saved for retirement, or for expenses on "property, healthcare, and their children's education", while the GIC has been described to have "indirectly invested" funds from the CPF.On 18 May, Lee's lawyer, Senior counsel Davinder Singh of Drew & Napier, stated that the blog post alleged that Lee "is guilty of criminal misappropriation of the monies paid by Singaporeans to the CPF" and that the allegations were "false and baseless". It was demanded that Ngerng issue an apology and take down the blog post within three days, as well


title: Roy Ngerng

texts: as pay damages and legal fees, failing which Ngerng could be sued for defamation. On 19 May, <mask> took down the offending blog post but did not apologise and said that the offending article was a call for greater transparency on the CPF, the GIC and Temasek Holdings. He then posted another blog post entitled "Your CPF: The Complete Truth And Nothing But The Truth". Around this time, Singapore human rights non-governmental organisation Maruah called for Lee to rebut the points made in Ngerng's blog post. After an extension for the deadline for Ngerng's written response was granted, Ngerng apologised "unreservedly" on 23 May, admitting that his allegation was "false and completely without foundation". Ngerng also asked that he not pay for damages and legal fees, while requesting an "open dialogue" with Lee on the CPF.Ngerng's appeal to drop damages and costs was rejected. On 26 May, Singh sent a letter to Ngerng, saying that four further blog posts by Ngerng and a 24 May YouTube video showed that Ngerng's apology was not "genuine". If Ngerng did not take down this material, aggravated damages would be claimed. Ngerng agreed to remove the additional posts and video. On 27 May, Ngerng offered S$5,000 in damages "with each party to bear their own costs", which was rejected by Singh as "derisory". Meanwhile, Singh said that Ngerng had once again "misled" Lee and the public by not removing his YouTube video as agreed upon, claimed that the video was merely made private, and alleged that Ngerng had sent two emails with links to the posts and video to "a far wider audience" including local and international media. In response, Ngerng's lawyer, M Ravi, claimed no knowledge of the emails.On 29 May, Lee filed a defamation lawsuit against Ngerng. In response, Ngerng made an online plea for help in settling his legal fees through crowdfunding, leaving instructions on how to transfer money to his bank account. Within a week, Ngerng said that he had raised


title: Roy Ngerng

texts: more than his targeted S$70,000. It was later reported that Ngerng had managed to raise more than S$110,000 from over a thousand contributions. While Lee did not address the case directly, he wrote on Facebook that "freedom of speech does not come free from the need to be responsible for what one says, either online or offline". Singaporean writer Catherine Lim has criticised the lawsuit against Ngerng. On 17 June, Ngerng's defence was filed in court by his lawyer, M Ravi, who stated that Ngerng had never intended to accuse Lee of criminal misappropriation of CPF funds.In July 2014, Lee applied for summary judgment for the case. In a 4 August affidavit, <mask> argued that his blog post had been misunderstood, and that he was merely asking for more transparency and accountability for CPF monies. In August, it was also reported that Ngerng was working part-time at his father's chai tow kway stall. At a 19 September closed hearing, Lee's lawyers asserted that Ngerng had "no defence" and asked for an injunction, while Ngerng's lawyer, M Ravi, argued that the blog post was not defamatory if read in its entirety. On 7 November, the High Court found Ngerng liable of defamation with damages to be assessed, which was the first such ruling in Singapore over a purely online article. The court ruled that there was "no triable defence" and "no doubt that it is defamatory to suggest that the plaintiff is guilty of criminal misappropriation". An injunction against Ngerng was granted, barring him from publishing future similar accusations regarding Lee and the CPF.Ngerng expressed disappointment at the verdict, but maintained that he would "still continue to speak up on the CPF and other issues that concern Singaporeans". On 12 January 2015, the High Court ordered Ngerng to pay Lee S$29,000 for costs of legal fees and related expenses; with damages yet to be settled. After missing the payment deadline twice, Ngerng paid on 6 February after a public spat with


title: Lord Nicholas Hervey

texts:
Lord <mask> () (26 November 1961 – 26 January 1998) was a British aristocrat and political activist. He was the second son of <mask>, 6th Marquess of Bristol, but the only child by his second wife, the heiress Lady Juliet Wentworth-Fitzwilliam. As his elder half-brother was unmarried he was heir presumptive to the Marquessate. At Yale University, he founded the Rockingham Club, a society for aristocracy and royalty. He died in 1998. Origins
Lord <mask>'s father was <mask>, 6th Marquess of Bristol (1915–1985) of Ickworth House in Suffolk, a very wealthy aristocrat once described as "Mayfair's No. 1 Playboy," in a series of "life story" articles he wrote after serving a jail sentence for jewel robbery, a crime he claimed he had committed for a dare.Lord <mask>'s mother, his father's second wife whom he had married in 1960 he being her first husband, was Lady Juliet Wentworth-Fitzwilliam the only child and sole heiress of the very wealthy Peter Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 8th Earl Fitzwilliam (d.1948) who died in a small aircraft crash when she was aged 13. Also killed was his intended second wife, Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington, a daughter-in-law of the Duke of Devonshire and a sister of US President John F. Kennedy. Lady Juliet thus inherited her father's estate of estimated value £45 million, and later managed the family stud farm. After his father's death in 1985 Lord <mask> was thus the heir presumptive to the title and any entailed estates of the Marquess of Bristol after his unmarried and childless elder half-brother <mask>, 7th Marquess of Bristol (1954–1999), who inherited in 1985, the only child of his father's first marriage. <mask> and John were fond of one another. <mask> was also the heir presumptive of the vast Fitzwilliam inheritance, through his mother. When <mask> was eleven years old, his mother divorced his

masks: Frederick William Charles Nicholas Wentworth Hervey


title: Lord Nicholas Hervey

texts:
 father and re-married to his 60-year-old friend, Somerset de Chair (d. 1996) by whom five years later she had a daughter, Helena de Chair, who in 2007 married Jacob Rees-Mogg.In 1996 his mother re-married for a third time and is now known as Lady Juliet Tadgell. <mask>'s father also re-married, to his private secretary, Yvonne Sutton by whom he had three further children, <mask>, 8th Marquess of Bristol (born 1979), who inherited in 1999 and at whose Roman Catholic christening <mask> had been a godfather, and two daughters Lady <mask> and Lady <mask>. Education and clubs
<mask> was known as a keen traditionalist. He was educated at Eton, Yale and the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. Eton
At Eton he was "an industrious boy with plenty of initiative" who took part in the House debate and during his last two-halves (terms) was in the House Library (i.e., a house prefect), founded and was president of the Burlington Society, a fine arts society with an emphasis on modern art and was a member of the Agricultural and Political Societies. He left Eton at Christmas 1979 with A-levels in French, Spanish and Economics. Yale
At Yale he took a degree in History of Art, requiring six years to graduate, which occurred in 1986.In 1981 whilst at Yale he founded the Rockingham Club, social club for descendants of royalty and aristocracy, which was later modified to allow membership to the children of the "super-wealthy". The Club and <mask> were profiled in Andy Warhol's Interview magazine but the Club was dissolved shortly thereafter in 1986. <mask>' older half-brother John, a homosexual, was posthumously reported to be a special friend of Andy Warhol. <mask> was a member, through his mother, of the Turf Club, a London gentlemen's club connected to horse racing. Monarchist League and politics

He was a leading member of the International

masks:
Nicholas
Frederick Hervey
Nicholas
Victoria Hervey
Isabella Hervey
Nicholas
Nicholas Hervey
Nicholas
Nicholas


title: Lord Nicholas Hervey

texts:
 Monarchist League, founded by his father. He was elected President of its International Youth Association (under 21s) in February 1979 and recruited numerous new members. In 1985 he became a Vice-Chancellor of the League proper, and on 1 April 1986 made the formal toast to the guests Armin, Prince of Lippe and his wife at the League's Annual Dinner in the Cholmondeley Room of the House of Lords.In later years he allowed his membership and vice-chancellorship to lapse. Through the League, which his father had subsidised for many years, he became friendly with Gregory Lauder-Frost, who introduced him to numerous right-wing conservative activities. One such event, on 25 September 1989, was the Western Goals Institute dinner at Simpson's-in-the-Strand, chaired by Lord Sudeley, for the President of El Salvador, Alfredo Cristiani, and his inner cabinet. Illness, bankruptcy, and death
In 1983 Lord <mask> was diagnosed with mild schizophrenia which was treated with medication. His mental health worsened when
it was discovered that the principal heirs of the unentailed estate of his father, who had died in 1985, were not <mask> and his elder brother, the latter who had however inherited Ickworth House and a large fortune, but rather his third wife and her young children. <mask> and John launched a lawsuit to have the will overturned. In 1991 <mask> voluntarily underwent treatment in a clinic and was forced to declare bankruptcy due to debts to his lawyers of £38,000 which his trustees refused to fund, His own mother, while on the Sunday Times Rich List (in 2003 her wealth was estimated at £45,000,000), did not act to prevent the bankruptcy, which appears to have triggered his entry into the clinic.She subsequently declared that "he was never himself again" after the clinic stay. <mask> suffered severe depression and became increasingly

masks: Nicholas Nicholas Nicholas Nicholas Nicholas


title: Lord Nicholas Hervey

texts:
 reclusive. His landlady said that he "drew no shred of comfort from the high rank and great riches to which he was born" and that "he was a recluse, in the sense that he was heavily sedated and slept all day – a typical schizophrenic. He was very quiet, very Old Etonian. He was a nice guy, but very 'out of it'. Nobody visited him here, except sometimes we would hear someone come and take him out to dinner." Lord <mask> died on 26 January 1998 at the age of 36; the cause was suicide by hanging.He never married and had no children. His half-brother, <mask>, 7th Marquess of Bristol, died less than a year later, also unmarried and childless, having been a habitual heroin addict for many years. References
Notes

Citations

External links
 Bats in the family belfry: a review of The House of Hervey published in The Spectator, 12 May 2001

Further reading
 Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage edited by Peter Townend, 105th edition, London, 1970. De-la-Noy, Michael. The House of Hervey. London, 2001. <mask>, <mask>.The Monarchist League Today and its Role and Goals for the Future, in The Monarchist, July 1979, no. 55, UK
 — — The [Monarchist League] Youth Association Spreading its Wings, in The Monarchist, July 1981, no. 59, UK
 Iovine, Juli V. Lipsticks and Lords: Yale's New Look, in The Wall Street Journal, 4 August 1987, p. 1. Ray, Jonathan, Rake's Progress in the New Statesman, 30 October 2000, vol. 13, issue 629, p. 56. Utley, Tom, article on <mask> in The Daily Telegraph, London, 29 January 1998, (see also news item the previous day). 1961 births
1998 deaths
British monarchists
People educated at Eton College
Suicides by hanging in England
Younger sons of marquesses
Alumni of the Royal Agricultural University
<mask>
People with schizophrenia
History of mental health in the United Kingdom
Royalty and nobility with disabilities
1998

masks:
Nicholas Hervey
John Hervey
Hervey
Lord Nicholas
Hervey
Nicholas


title: F. Chris Garcia

texts:
F<mask> (born April 15, 1940) is an educator, scholar, researcher, author, public opinion pollster and higher education administrator. From 2002-2003, he served as the president of University of New Mexico. <mask> was the first native New Mexican Hispanic to serve as a college dean, academic vice-president and president at the University of New Mexico. Early life and education
<mask> was born April 15, 1940 in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He was the first of six children born to <mask> and Crucita A<mask>. His christened name was <mask>. <mask> was baptized at San Ignacio Church in Martineztown, an Albuquerque neighborhood, where his father was raised.<mask> is a 13th generation native New Mexican, descended from Juan Lopez Holguin, who came from the Extremadura community of Spain with the Juan de Oñate expedition to settle in the Santa Fe, New Mexico area in 1598. His tenth grandfather, <mask> Vigil was a member of the Diego de Vargas group that re-entered Santa Fe, New Mexico in 1692. <mask> first attended St. Francis Catholic Xavier School on south Broadway, close to his maternal grandmother's home where he spent the first seven years of his life. In 1947, his family moved to the north valley of Albuquerque. He graduated from Valley High School in 1957. A few days after graduating from high school, <mask> joined the New Mexico Air National Guard (NMANG) and went to eleven weeks of basic training at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas. He served a six-year term in the NMANG.After completing basic training, <mask> matriculated at the University of New Mexico. He was a charter member of the initial General Honors Program. As <mask> proceeded through college, his interest in human behavior channeled him toward the social sciences, and he majored in Government and Citizenship, earning a BA in 1961. Interested in education and teaching from an early age, he hoped to become a high school teacher and continued at UNM to earn a master's degree in Government and Education with a Secondary Education certificate. After doing student teaching at his alma mater high school, <mask> was encouraged to continue his education so that he could teach at the college level. <mask> was accepted at the

masks:
. Chris Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Flaviano Perea Garcia
. Garcia
Flaviano Cresencio Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Francisco Montez
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia


title: F. Chris Garcia

texts:
 University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) and began his studies in political science there in 1964. Later, he transferred to the newly instituted doctoral program in political science at the University of California at Davis (UCD) where he was awarded a Ph.D. in 1972.Beginning: A family and career
On September 2, 1967, <mask> married Sandra Dorine Galloway, also an Albuquerque native and a graduate of Valley High school and the University of New Mexico. Since <mask> had obtained a faculty position in the Political Science department at the University of New Mexicoin the fall of 1970, he and his wife moved back to Albuquerque in the summer of 1970. <mask> began his academic career while completing his doctoral dissertation on the development of political orientations of Mexican American children in California. He was hired as an Assistant Professor of Political Science to teach courses in American Politics, Public Opinion, Political Socialization and New Mexico Government. <mask> also originated and taught courses in Politics and Education, The Politics of Ethnic Groups and Chicano Politics. <mask> initially also had an appointment as an Assistant Director at the Division of Government Research in the Institute of Social Research and Development (ISRAD). The <mask>'s first child, Elaine Louise, was born on May 18, 1971, and their second daughter, Tanya Crucita arrived on November 10, 1974.Professor
Based on his research, publications and teaching, <mask> was awarded tenure and promoted from Assistant Professor to Associate Professor in 1974. Based on his continued scholarship he was promoted to Full Professor in 1978. He is one of the pioneers researching and writing in the field of Hispanic/Latino politics. His recognition as a scholar in this area as well as in campaigns, elections and New Mexico politics led to his being sought out for commentary and analysis by local, national and international media. After many years as a productive scholar, his accomplishments as a teacher, researcher and scholar were recognized as he was awarded the title of Distinguished Professor of Political Science. He retired from full-time teaching in 2007, but continued with his scholarly writings and

masks: Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia


title: F. Chris Garcia

texts:
 taught a course in US Political Cultures on a part-time basis until 2011. While active in the political science profession he was very involved in its professional organizations.He served on several executive councils and committees of the American Political Science Association, Western Political Science Association, Western Social Science Association, Southwestern Social Science Association and American Association for Public Opinion Research. He was elected as Vice-President of the American Political Science Association (1994-1995) and President of the Western Political Science Association (1977-1978). <mask> is also a member of Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi, Pi Sigma Alpha and Golden Key honorary fraternities. Pollster
In 1973, he and two colleagues formed Zia Research Associates, a public opinion polling organization. This was the first full-service opinion survey research firm in the state of New Mexico. Zia Research enjoyed remarkable success as it accurately analyzed and projected the results of campaigns and elections in the state of New Mexico for the next twenty-five years. While his wife Sandy took over management of the firm, <mask> supplied political, historical and election commentary and analysis on local and national television stations as well as for the national and international press.Administration
Although one of his doctoral study fields was public administration, <mask> did not plan to enter the administrative profession, nor did he suspect that his study would be of use when he made an unplanned entry into higher education administration. In 1975, he was asked to be an Assistant Dean in the College of Arts and Sciences. A year later he was promoted to Associate Dean. After a nationwide search, he was selected as Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, and he served in that position from July 1980 through December 1986 In that position he was the CEO and CFO of twenty academic departments and several institutes, centers and museums in the areas of the physical sciences, social sciences and humanities. <mask> was the first Hispanic American to be the Dean of the college. <mask> was persuaded to submit his application for the position of Vice-President for Academic

masks: Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia


title: F. Chris Garcia

texts:
 Affairs, and after a national search, he was selected as the AVP, a position in which he served from January 1987 to July 1990. He returned to the political science faculty, but was called back to serve as an interim Provost twice—from January 1993 to July of that year and again from August 1998 to January 2000.In 2002, a faculty petition requested that the Regents appoint <mask> to the UNM Presidency. Although reluctant to return to administration, he was honored by this demonstration of collegial support and accepted a one-year term of service, 2002-2003. He was the first Hispanic American to be president of UNM. After completing his term, and having a sabbatical, he returned to the political science department. Research and publications
<mask> is the author, co-author, editor or co-editor of more than sixty books, monographs, chapters, articles and reviews. His twelve books include: The Political Socialization of Chicano Children (1973); The Chicano Political Experience (1977); Latinos and the Political System (1988); Latino Voices: Mexican, Puerto Rican and Cuban Perspectives on American Politics (1992); Pursuing Power: Latinos and the Political System (1997); Hispanics and the US Political System: Moving into the Mainstream (2008), and four editions of New Mexico Government (1976, 1981, 1994, 2006). He has presented numerous papers and served as a discussant at many professional conferences and conventions and has been a consultant to many civic, political and educational organizations, including the Educational Testing Service.His involvement in the most extensive research project was as Co-Principal Investigator in the first nationally representative study of the political attitudes and behaviors of Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cuban Americans—the Latino National Political Survey. The multi-year project (1987-1993) received over $2 million of grant support and involved door-to-door, in-person interviews of over 2,817 Latinos and 598 non-Latinos nationwide. Awards and honors
<mask> is the recipient of several awards and recognitions. References

Living people
1940 births
University of New Mexico presidents
University of New Mexico alumni
University of California, Davis

masks: Garcia Garcia Garcia


title: Mattia Battistini

texts:
<mask> (27 February 1856 – 7 November 1928) was an Italian operatic baritone. He was called "King of Baritones". Early life

<mask> was born in Rome and brought up largely at Collebaccaro di Contigliano, a village near Rieti, where his parents had an estate. His grandfather, Giovanni, and uncle, Raffaele, were personal physicians to the Pope and his father, Cavaliere <mask>, was a professor of anatomy at the University of Rome. <mask> attended the Collegio Bandinelli and later the Istituto dell' Apollinare. <mask> dropped out of law school to study with Emilio Terziani (who taught composition) and with Venceslao Persichini (professor of singing) at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia—then the Liceo Musicale of Rome. <mask> worked with conductor Luigi Mancinelli and the composer Augusto Rotoli, and he consulted with baritone Antonio Cotogni, in an effort to refine his technique.Early career

Most of the following information about <mask> <mask>'s performance venues, dates and roles is drawn from The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera (second edition, 1980), edited by Harold Rosenthal and John Warrack, and The Record of Singing (Volume One, 1977), by Michael Scott. A 22-year-old Battistini made his operatic début at the Teatro Argentina, Rome, as Alfonso in Donizetti's La favorita on 11 December 1878. However, this date is erroneously given by many reference books and articles as correct, but reveals careless and repeated copying from faulty sources. It has been proven by the painstaking research of Jacques Chuilon that the date should most likely be replaced by Saturday, 9

masks:
Mattia Battistini
Battistini
Luigi Battistini
Battistini
Battistini
Battistini
Mattia
Battistini


title: Mattia Battistini

texts: November 1878. For full argumentation please see page 7 of the definitive Battistini biography <mask> <mask>, King of Baritones and Baritone of Kings, 2009 (The Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Md, USA), translation by E. Thomas Glasow; also to be found on page 17 of the author's original French edition Battistini, le dernier divo, 1996 (Editions Romillat, Paris). During the first three years of his professional career he toured Italy, honing his voice and gaining invaluable experience by singing principal roles in such varied operas as La forza del destino, Il trovatore, Rigoletto, Il Guarany, Gli Ugonotti, Dinorah, L'Africana, I Puritani, Lucia di Lammermoor, Aïda, and Ernani. He participated, too, in several operatic premières.In 1881 he went to Buenos Aires for the first time, touring South America for more than 12 months. On his return trip, he appeared in Barcelona and Madrid where he sang Figaro in Rossini's comic masterpiece Il Barbiere di Siviglia. His success in this was enormous and it marked the beginning of his ascent to major operatic stardom. In 1883, he undertook his first visit to the Royal Opera House at London's Covent Garden, where he appeared as Riccardo in Vincenzo Bellini's I Puritani in a stellar cast containing Marcella Sembrich, Francesco Marconi and Edouard de Reszke. He also sang opposite Adelina Patti, the leading soprano of her era, in other Covent Garden productions. In such exulted and entrenched company there was not much attention paid to a new, unheralded young baritone! However, he would receive much greater réclame in London during subsequent Covent

masks: Mattia Battistini


title: Mattia Battistini

texts:
 Garden appearances in 1905–1906, when the now mature performer established himself as a darling of Edwardian-era high society due to his dashing vocalism and polished off-stage demeanour.Unlike his initial London experience, when <mask> made his debut at the important Teatro San Carlo in Naples in 1886, he scored an immediate triumph. Two years later, he once more sailed to Buenos Aires to fulfil a series of singing engagements; but this proved to be his last trans-Atlantic excursion, and he never appeared again in South America. He avoided North America, too, despite receiving overtures from the management of the New York Metropolitan Opera, where <mask>'s core repertoire was allocated in his absence to the Italian baritones Mario Ancona, Giuseppe Campanari, Antonio Scotti and, after 1908, Pasquale Amato. <mask> is said to have developed a permanent horror of oceanic travel due to his adverse experiences on that particularly rough 1888 voyage to Buenos Aires. Eighteen Eighty-Eight was a memorable year for <mask> in another way, however, for it proved to be the year of his début at Italy's foremost opera house—La Scala, Milan. La Scala's audiences acclaimed him and he was re-engaged for the next season. The Russian years

From 1892 onwards, <mask> established himself as an immense favourite with audiences at Russia's two imperial theatres in Saint Petersburg and Moscow: the Mariinsky and the Bolshoi respectively.He returned to Russia regularly, appearing there for 23 seasons in total, and touring extensively elsewhere in eastern Europe, using Warsaw as his stepping-stone. He would

masks: Battistini Battistini Battistini Battistini Battistini


title: Mattia Battistini

texts: journey to Warsaw, Saint Petersburg, Moscow and Odessa like a prince, travelling in his own private rail coach with a retinue of servants and innumerable trunks containing a vast stage wardrobe renowned for its elegance and lavishness. Indeed, the composer Jules Massenet was prepared to adjust the role of Werther for the baritone range, when <mask> elected to sing it in Saint Petersburg in 1902, such was the singer's prestige. The industrious <mask> also appeared with some regularity in Milan, Lisbon, Barcelona, Madrid, Berlin, Vienna, Prague, Budapest and Paris (where he sang for the first time in 1907). But his many social connections in Russia, and the favour that he enjoyed with the imperial family and the nobility, ensured that Russia—more than perhaps even Italy—became his artistic home prior to the outbreak of the First World War, in 1914. The war led to the destruction, by the Bolsheviks in 1917, of the Tsarist regime and the aristocratic society which had enriched touring Italian opera stars like <mask> and his tenor compatriots Francesco Tamagno, Francesco Marconi and Angelo Masini. This history-shaping political development, coupled with <mask>'s refusal to sing in the Americas, meant that his career after the war's conclusion in 1918 was confined to Western Europe.Incidentally, <mask>'s choice of bride had befitted his esteemed social status in Tsarist Russia and the West: he married a Spanish noblewoman, Doña Dolores de Figueroa y Solís, who was the offspring of a marquis and a cousin of Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val. In January 1900, <mask> and a young Russian admirer,

masks: Battistini Battistini Battistini Battistini Battistini Battistini


title: Mattia Battistini

texts:
 Varvara Grigorievna Kovalensky (1878–1946), had a son Petya (1900–1972). For around ten years, <mask> and Varvara corresponded and worked out details of Petya's upbringing, eventually enrolling him at the Collegio Nazareno under the name Pietro Kovalensky. Though mother and father never married (<mask> was already married and a devout Catholic) and broke off contact, they did reconcile after Varvara's husband Vladimir Mrosovsky died. By that point, Petya (now known by Peter Mrosovsky) had finished school in England and graduated from Cambridge, where he had been friends with Nabokov, even introducing him to James Joyce's Ulysses with a first edition smuggled from Paris. Final years and death

<mask> formed his own company of singers following the 1914–1918 war. He toured with them and appeared frequently in concerts and recitals.He sang in England for the final time in 1924, and gave his last concert performance one year before his death. His voice was reportedly still steady, responsive and in good overall condition. His last singing engagement occurred in Graz, Austria, on 17 October 1927. He withdrew to his estate at Collebaccaro di Contigliano, Rieti, dying there from heart failure  on 7 November 1928. <mask> also taught voice in later years; among his pupils were the Basque baritone Celestino Sarobe and the Greek baritone Titos Xirellis. Recordings

<mask>'s initial sequence of records were cut in Warsaw in 1902 for the Gramophone and Typewriter Company. He then, in the 1906–1924 period, recorded extensively for the Gramophone Co Ltd and its associated companies.His records were


title: Mattia Battistini

texts:
 issued in the USA by Victor. <mask>'s last recording session took place during February 1924. The earliest of his discs feature a piano accompanist but his later sung offerings were backed by a small band of orchestral musicians and, occasionally, a few choristers. Selected reissues

On vinyl long-playing disc

EMI, the original producer, issued a complete Battistini collection late in the LP era, skillfully remastered from the original 78-rpm shellac discs by audio technician Keith Hardwick. On compact disc

<mask> <mask>: The Complete Recordings 1898–1924, 6 CDs, Marston Records 2015 (USA). The Complete Recordings: <mask> <mask>, Volume 1 (1902–1911), Romophone (UK). <mask> <mask>: a recital of arias by Mozart, Flotow, Donizetti, Gounod, Verdi, Ambroise Thomas, Preiser—Lebendige Vergangenheit (Austria).<mask> Battistini: Il Re dei Baritoni, Preiser—L.V. Austria; a 2-CD edition that boasts a discerningly chosen and well transferred cross-section of the singer's large recorded output. <mask> <mask>, Volumes 1–3, Pearl (UK). <mask> <mask> Rarities, Volumes 1–2, Symposium (UK). This singer is found, too, on many historical CDs devoted to vocal compilations. An appreciation of his recordings

<mask> <mask> was esteemed as one of the greatest of singers and even a cursory acquaintance with his many discs will make it clear why he was so celebrated by his contemporaries. Amongst the arsenal of vocal weapons that he displays on record were the perfect blending of his registers coupled with the sophisticated use of ornamentation, portamento and fil di voce, as well as an array rubato and

masks: Battistini Mattia Battistini Mattia Battistini Mattia Battistini Mattia Mattia Battistini Mattia Battistini Mattia Battistini


title: Mattia Battistini

texts: legato effects.His art was perfected before the advent of "passion-torn-to-tatters" verismo opera in the 1890s, and together with the likes of Pol Plançon and Mario Ancona (and, to a lesser extent, Alessandro Bonci), he represented the twilight of the art of male bel canto singing on disc. Fortunately the sound of <mask>'s clear, high-placed and open-throated baritone voice took well to the primitive acoustic recording process with only his very lowest notes sounding pallid. He also handled the trying conditions of the early sound 'studios', with their boxy confines and wall-mounted recording funnel, much better than did many of his contemporaries, who often felt inhibited or intimidated by their uninspiring surroundings. His singing was considered to be 'old-fashioned', even in the circa-1900 era. Consequently, his discs provide a retrospective guide to Italian singing practice of the early-to-mid-19th century (the era of Gaetano Donizetti and Vincenzo Bellini)—as well as exemplifying the "grand manner" style of vocalism for which much Romantic operatic music was written. <mask> delivers this kind of music in a virile, bold and patrician way. He is not averse, however, to showing off his voice by prolonging top notes or embellishing the written score with a liberality that might surprise 21st-century listeners who are imbued with the modern notion that a composer's work is sacrosanct.For some inexplicable reason he eschews on disc one of the key vocal ornaments at the disposal of all thoroughly schooled 19th-century bel canto singers: the trill. Perhaps <mask>'s most historically

masks: Battistini Battistini Battistini


title: Mattia Battistini

texts:
 illuminating recording is that of "Non mi ridestar", the Italian version of "Pourquoi me reveiller", a tenor aria from Massenet's Werther. Massenet transposed the protagonist's role downwards for baritone in a special version made especially for <mask>, harking back to an age when composers tailored their musical parts to fit the talents of one singer, and a singer of <mask>'s stature could make almost any modifications seem acceptable. For those listeners sampling <mask>'s discography for the first time, his touchstone recorded performances include versions of arias from Don Sebastiano, Macbeth, Don Carlos, Tannhäuser and L'Africana—plus a scintillating series of excerpts of Don Carlo's scenes from Ernani, arguably his greatest part, which he committed to wax in 1906. For an evaluation of <mask>'s technique, style and legacy on disc, see his entry in Volume One of Michael Scott's survey The Record of Singing (published by Duckworth, London, 1977, ). Bibliography

Elsa Boscardini, of the Istituto Eugenio Cirese in Rieti, has published a number of pamphlets about <mask>, namely:
<mask> <mask>, breve profilo storico-biografico (1980);
L'arte di <mask> <mask> (1981);
<mask> <mask> entusiasma le platee umbre (1993);
<mask> Battistini, il favorito di Pietroburgo (1994);
Mattia Battistini, interprete delle melodie di Donizetti (1998); plus
Dolores Figueroa y Solís, la esposa de Mattia Battistini (written in Spanish and illustrated). See also the following books:

Celletti, Rodolfo (1996): The History of Bel Canto.Oxford & London, Oxford University Press;

Celletti, Rodolfo (1964): Le

masks: Battistini Battistini Battistini Battistini Battistini Mattia Battistini Mattia Battistini Mattia Battistini Mattia


title: Mattia Battistini

texts:
 grandi voci. Rome, Istituto per la collaborazione culturale;

Chuilon, Jacques (1996): Battistini Le Dernier Divo. Paris, Romillat, AND, an English-language edition of Chuilon's detailed book, translated by E. Thomas Glasow, with a new preface by Thomas Hampson, and including a CD with 19 titles, and numerous rare photos from Chuilon's private collection, namely, Chuilon, Jacques (April 2009): <mask> <mask>, King of Baritones and Baritone of Kings, Lanham, MD, USA, Scarecrow Press ;

Fracassini, G. (1914): <mask> Battistini. Milano, Barbini;

Karl Josef Kutsch and Leo Riemens, editors (2000): Großes Sängerlexikon Basel, Saur;

Lancellotti, A (1942): Le voci d' oro. Rome, Palombi;

Monaldi, G (1929): Cantanti Celebri. Rome, Tiber; and

Palmeggiani, Francesco (1977): <mask> <mask>, il re dei baritoni Milano, Stampa d' Oggi Editrice, 1949 (reprinted with discography, W.R. Moran, editor, New York, Arno Press). References

External links
 History of the Tenor / <mask> <mask> / Sound Clips and Narration 1989

1856 births
1928 deaths
Italian operatic baritones
People from the Province of Rieti
19th-century Italian male opera singers
20th-century Italian male opera singers
Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia

masks: Mattia Battistini Mattia Mattia Battistini Mattia Battistini


title: Annie Coolidge Rust

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<mask> (?–?) was a 19th-century American educator from the U.S. state of Virginia. A proponent of the Froebelian method, she focused on kindergarten training schools, playground courses, and a mother's course. She is remembered for Miss <mask>'s Froebel School of Kindergarten Normal Classes. She is remembered as the founder of the Miss <mask>'s Froebel School of Kindergarten Normal Classes. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Richmond, Virginia, one of a family of nine children. Her father, <mask>, a successful hardware merchant in Richmond, was a native of Salem, Massachusetts.The mother, born Phoebe Cutler Chamberlain, was from New Hampshire, but had moved to Boston with her parents when she was a child. She was well educated and very active in church affairs in Boston. The parents agreed that a part of each year should be passed in Boston, the rest of the time being in spent at their Southern home in Richmond. While their children were still young, the family removed to Cambridge, Massachusetts, and, after some of the children were graduated from the Cambridge schools, the family removed to Boston. The mother believed that it would be important for <mask> to have a knowledge of the Froebelian principles of education, known as the Kindergarten System. While visiting a friend in Cambridge one day, she learned of a Kindergarten and Normal Class, which Madame Matilda H. Kreige and her daughter, Alma Kreige, from Berlin, had opened in Boston, they having been requested by their teacher, Baroness Bertha von Marenholtz-Bülow, to come to the US and introduce this system of education. <mask> entered the school as a pupil in one of the first Normal Classes, and after a successful course of study, was graduated in June.Career
A summer kindergarten was offered to <mask>, which she accepted, she being one of the first pupils of Madame Kreige to teach. In the following autumn, an opportunity to teach a private kindergarten with a large salary was offered her in the West, which she accepted. Access was also given her to the private libraries of the influential people of the city. At the approach of spring, <mask> found that the climate did not agree with her, and felt

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