title: Rudy Boesch

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 Manthey and Benjamin "Coach" Wade. In a 2015 retrospective interview, Probst said that the first season's outcome, when the "most likable and root-worthy guy" <mask> failed to win and the villainous Hatch did, established that the game's appeal to viewers did not depend upon the personal qualities of the victor and helped explain the show's long-lasting appeal. On October 27, 2010, <mask> was one of 14 initial inductees to the Commando Hall of Honor at Macdill Air Force Base.<mask> hosted the annual Rudy Run SEAL Challenge on Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek to raise funds for the charity Naval Special Warfare Foundation. He was represented by the Premier Speakers Bureau. <mask>'s perceived slurs towards homosexuals irked some, going back to the initial Survivor season. He was criticized for ostensibly homophobic comments he made both in 2012 at the 50th Anniversary of the SEALs and in 2013 at the season finale of Survivor: Caramoan. By 2015, <mask> was living in a retirement community in Virginia Beach and leading his fellow residents in exercise-based activities. Death
By August 2019, <mask> suffered from Alzheimer's disease and required around-the-clock care. False reports of his demise surfaced on August 1, 2019, which were debunked by his family.<mask> died on November 1, 2019, at age 91. The New York Times summarized his fame as "An ex-Navy man, he was the oldest, and probably bluntest, castaway ever to appear on CBS’s popular reality show, becoming a Season 1 fan favorite." Host Jeff Probst posted on Twitter, "The Survivor family has lost a legend. ... He is one [of] the most iconic and adored players of all time. And he served our


title: Rudy Boesch

type: original

texts:
 country as a 45-year Navy SEAL. <mask> is a true American hero."The November 6, 2019 episode of Survivor: Island of the Idols included a brief, silent screen in tribute to him at the end of the episode. Notes

References

Citations

Sources

External links

<mask>ch biography for Survivor
Rudolph E<mask> Collection: Veterans History Project at American Folklife Center

1928 births
2019 deaths
American male bobsledders
United States Navy personnel of the Vietnam War
American people of Austrian descent
Neurological disease deaths in Virginia
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Military personnel from Rochester, New York
People from Virginia Beach, Virginia
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Survivor (American TV series) contestants
United States Navy chiefs
United States Navy SEALs personnel
United States Navy personnel of World War

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title: Henri Lefebvre

texts:
<mask> ( , ; 16 June 1901 – 29 June 1991) was a French Marxist philosopher and sociologist, best known for pioneering the critique of everyday life, for introducing the concepts of the right to the city and the production of social space, and for his work on dialectical materialism, alienation, and criticism of Stalinism, existentialism, and structuralism. In his prolific career, Lefebvre wrote more than sixty books and three hundred articles. He founded or took part in the founding of several intellectual and academic journals such as Philosophies, La Revue Marxiste, Arguments, Socialisme ou Barbarie, Espaces et Sociétés. Biography
<mask> was born in Hagetmau, Landes, France. He studied philosophy at the University of Paris (the Sorbonne), graduating in 1920. By 1924 he was working with Paul Nizan, Norbert Guterman, Georges Friedmann, Georges Politzer, and Pierre Morhange in the Philosophies group seeking a "philosophical revolution". This brought them into contact with the Surrealists, Dadaists, and other groups, before they moved towards the French Communist Party (PCF).<mask> joined the PCF in 1928 and became one of the most prominent French Marxist intellectuals during the second quarter of the 20th century, before joining the French resistance. From 1944 to 1949, he was the director of Radiodiffusion Française, a French radio broadcaster in Toulouse. Among his works was a highly influential, anti-Stalinist text on dialectics called Dialectical Materialism (1940). Seven years later, <mask> published his first volume of The Critique of Everyday Life. His early work

masks:
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Lefebvre
Lefebvre
Lefebvre


title: Henri Lefebvre

texts: on method was applauded and borrowed centrally by the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre in Critique of Dialectical Reason (1960). During <mask>'s thirty-year stint with the PCF, he was chosen to publish critical attacks on opposed theorists, especially existentialists like Sartre and Lefebvre's former colleague Nizan, only to intentionally get himself expelled from the party for his own heterodox theoretical and political opinions in the late 1950s. He then went from serving as a primary intellectual for the PCF to becoming one of France's most important critics of the PCF's politics (e.g.immediately, the lack of an opinion on Algeria, and more generally, the partial apologism for and continuation of Stalinism) and intellectual thought (i.e. structuralism, especially the work of Louis Althusser). In 1961, <mask> became professor of sociology at the University of Strasbourg, before joining the faculty at the new university at Nanterre in 1965. He was one of the most respected professors, and he had influenced and analysed the May 1968 student revolt. <mask> introduced the concept of the right to the city in his 1968 book Le Droit à la ville (the publication of the book predates the May 1968 revolts which took place in many French cities). Following the publication of this book, Lefebvre wrote several influential works on cities, urbanism, and space, including The Production of Space (1974), which became one of the most influential and heavily cited works of urban theory. By the 1970s, Lefebvre had also published some of the first critical statements on the work of

masks: Lefebvre Lefebvre Lefebvre


title: Henri Lefebvre

texts:
 post-structuralists, especially Michel Foucault.During the following years he was involved in the editorial group of Arguments, a New Left magazine which largely served to enable the French public to familiarize themselves with Central European revisionism. <mask> died in 1991. In his obituary, Radical Philosophy magazine honored his long and complex career and influence:

The critique of everyday life

One of Lefebvre's most important contributions to social thought is the idea of the "critique of everyday life", which he pioneered in the 1930s. <mask> defined everyday life dialectically as the intersection of "illusion and truth, power and helplessness; the intersection of the sector man controls and the sector he does not control", and is where the perpetually transformative conflict occurs between diverse, specific rhythms: the body's polyrhythmic bundles of natural rhythms, physiological (natural) rhythms, and social rhythms (Lefebvre and Régulier, 1985: 73). The everyday was, in short, the space in which all life occurred, and between which all fragmented activities took place. It was the residual. While the theme presented itself in many works, it was most notably outlined in his eponymous three-volume study, which came out in individual installments, decades apart, in 1947, 1961, and 1981.Lefebvre argued that everyday life was an underdeveloped sector compared to technology and production, and moreover that in the mid 20th century, capitalism changed such that everyday life was to be colonized—turned into a zone of sheer consumption. In this zone of

masks: Lefebvre Lefebvre


title: Henri Lefebvre

texts:
 everydayness (boredom) shared by everyone in society regardless of class or specialty, autocritique of everyday realities of boredom vs. societal promises of free time and leisure, could lead to people understanding and then revolutionizing their everyday lives. This was essential to <mask> because everyday life was where he saw capitalism surviving and reproducing itself. Without revolutionizing everyday life, capitalism would continue to diminish the quality of everyday life, and inhibit real self-expression. The critique of everyday life was crucial because it was for him only through the development of the conditions of human life—rather than abstract control of productive forces—that humans could reach a concrete utopian existence. Lefebvre's work on everyday life was heavily influential in French theory, particularly for the Situationists, as well as in politics (e.g. for the May 1968 student revolts).The third volume has also recently influenced scholars writing about digital technology and information in the present day, since it has a section dealing with this topic at length, including analysis of the  (1977); key aspects of information theory; and other general discussion of the "colonisation" of everyday life through information communication technologies as "devices" or "services". The social production of space
Lefebvre dedicated a great deal of his philosophical writings to understanding the importance of (the production of) space in what he called the reproduction of social relations of production. This idea is the central argument in the book The


title: Henri Lefebvre

texts: Survival of Capitalism, written as a sort of prelude to  (1974) (The Production of Space). These works have deeply influenced current urban theory, mainly within human geography, as seen in the current work of authors such as David Harvey, Dolores Hayden, and Edward Soja, and in the contemporary discussions around the notion of spatial justice. <mask> is widely recognized as a Marxist thinker who was responsible for widening considerably the scope of Marxist theory, embracing everyday life and the contemporary meanings and implications of the ever-expanding reach of the urban in the western world throughout the 20th century. The generalization of industry, and its relation to cities (which is treated in ), The Right to the City and The Urban Revolution were all themes of Lefebvre's writings in the late 1960s, which was concerned, among other aspects, with the deep transformation of "the city" into "the urban" which culminated in its omnipresence (the "complete urbanization of society"). <mask> contends that there are different modes of production of space (i.e.spatialization) from natural space ('absolute space') to more complex spaces and flows whose meaning is produced in a social way (i.e. social space). <mask> analyzes each historical mode as a three-part dialectic between everyday practices and perceptions (), representations or theories of space () and the spatial imaginary of the time (). <mask>'s argument in The Production of Space is that space is a social product, or a complex social construction (based on values, and the social production of meanings) which

masks: Lefebvre Lefebvre Lefebvre Lefebvre


title: Henri Lefebvre

texts: affects spatial practices and perceptions. This argument implies the shift of the research perspective from space to processes of its production; the embrace of the multiplicity of spaces that are socially produced and made productive in social practices; and the focus on the contradictory, conflictual, and, ultimately, political character of the processes of production of space. As a Marxist theorist (but highly critical of the economic structuralism that dominated the academic discourse in his period), <mask> argues that this social production of urban space is fundamental to the reproduction of society, hence of capitalism itself. The social production of space is commanded by a hegemonic class as a tool to reproduce its dominance (see Antonio Gramsci).Lefebvre argued that every society—and, therefore, every mode of production—produces a certain space, its own space. The city of the ancient world cannot be understood as a simple agglomeration of people and things in space—it had its own spatial practice, making its own space (which was suitable for itself—Lefebvre argues that the intellectual climate of the city in the ancient world was very much related to the social production of its spatiality). Then if every society produces its own space, any "social existence" aspiring to be or declaring itself to be real, but not producing its own space, would be a strange entity, a very peculiar abstraction incapable of escaping the ideological or even cultural spheres. Based on this argument, Lefebvre criticized Soviet urban planners on the basis that they failed to


title: Henri Lefebvre

texts:
 produce a socialist space, having just reproduced the modernist model of urban design (interventions on physical space, which were insufficient to grasp social space) and applied it onto that context:

Criticism and response
In his book The Urban Question, Manuel Castells criticizes Lefebvre's Marxist humanism and approach to the city influenced by Hegel and Nietzsche. Castells' political criticisms of Lefebvre's approach to Marxism echoed the structuralist Scientific Marxism school of Louis Althusser of which Lefebvre was an immediate critic. Many responses to Castells are provided in The Survival of Capitalism, and some such as Andy Merrifield argue that the acceptance of those critiques in the academic world would be a motive for Lefebvre's effort in writing the long and theoretically dense The Production of Space. In "Actually-Existing Success: Economics, Aesthetics, and the Specificity of (Still-)Socialist Urbanism," Michal Murawski critiques Lefebvre's dismissal of actually existing socialism by showing how socialist states produced differential space.Bibliography
1925 "Positions d'attaque et de défense du nouveau mysticisme", Philosophies 5–6 (March). pp. 471–506. (Pt. 2 of the "Philosophy of Consciousness" (Philosophie de la conscience) project on being, consciousness and identity, originally proposed as a DES thesis to Léon Brunschvicg and eventually abandoned—<mask>'s DES 1920 thesis was titled Pascal et Jansénius (Pascal and Jansenius).) 1934 with Norbert Guterman, Morceaux choisis de Karl Marx, Paris: NRF (numerous reprintings). 1936 with Norbert


title: Henri Lefebvre

texts:
 Guterman, La Conscience mystifiée, Paris: Gallimard (new ed.Paris: Le Sycomore, 1979). 1937 Le nationalisme contre les nations (Preface by Paul Nizan), Paris: Éditions sociales internationales (reprinted, Paris: Méridiens-Klincksliek, 1988, Collection "Analyse institutionnelle", Présentation M. Trebitsch, Postface <mask>bvre). 1938 Hitler au pouvoir, bilan de cinq années de fascisme en Allemagne, Paris: Bureau d'Éditions. 1938 with Norbert Guterman, Morceaux choisis de Hegel, Paris: Gallimard (3 reprintings 1938–1939; in the reprinted Collection "Idées", 2 vols. 1969). 1938 with Norbert Guterman, Cahiers de Lénine sur la dialectique de Hegel, Paris: Gallimard. 1939 Nietzsche, Paris: Éditions sociales internationales.1946 L'Existentialisme, Paris: Éditions du Sagittaire. 1947 Logique formelle, logique dialectique, Vol. 1 of A la lumière du matérialisme dialectique, written in 1940–41 (2nd volume censored). Paris: Éditions sociales. 1947 Descartes, Paris: Éditions Hier et Aujourd'hui. 1947 Critique de la vie quotidienne, L'Arche
1942 Le Don Juan du Nord, Europe – revue mensuelle 28, April 1948, pp. 73–104.1950 Knowledge and Social Criticism, Philosophic Thought in France and the USA Albany N.Y.: State University of New York Press. pp. 281–300 (2nd ed. 1968). 1958 Problèmes actuels du marxisme, Paris: Presses universitaires de France; 4th edition, 1970, Collection "Initiation philosophique"
1958 (with Lucien Goldmann, Claude Roy, Tristan Tzara) Le romantisme révolutionnaire, Paris: La Nef. 1961 Critique de la vie quotidienne II, Fondements d'une sociologie de la


title: Henri Lefebvre

texts: Basic Concerns of Mankind, London: Souvenir. pp.199–267. 1975 Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche, ou le royaume des ombres, Paris: Tournai, Casterman. Collection "Synthèses contemporaines". 1975 Le temps des méprises: Entretiens avec Claude Glayman, Paris: Stock. 1978 with Catherine Régulier La révolution n'est plus ce qu'elle était, Paris: Éditions Libres-Hallier (German trans. Munich, 1979). 1978 Les contradictions de l'Etat moderne, La dialectique de l'Etat, Vol.4 of 4 De 1'Etat, Paris: UGE, Collection "10/18". 1980 La présence et l'absence, Paris: Casterman. 1981 Critique de la vie quotidienne, III. De la modernité au modernisme (Pour une métaphilosophie du quotidien) Paris: L'Arche. 1981 De la modernité au modernisme: pour une métaphilosophie du quotidien, Paris: L'Arche Collection "Le sens de la marché". 1985 with Catherine Régulier-Lefebvre, Le projet rythmanalytique Communications 41. pp. 191–199.1986 with Serge Renaudie and Pierre Guilbaud, "International Competition for the New Belgrade Urban Structure Improvement", in Autogestion, or <mask>bvre in New Belgrade, Vancouver: Fillip Editions. 1988 Toward a Leftist Cultural Politics: Remarks Occasioned by the Centenary of Marx's Death, D. Reifman trans., L.Grossberg and C.Nelson (eds.) Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, Urbana: University of Illinois Press; New York: Macmillan. pp. 75–88. 1990 Du Contrat de Citoyenneté, Paris: Syllepse, 1990. 1991 The Critique of Everyday Life, Volume 1, John Moore trans., London: Verso.Originally published 1947. 1991 with Patricia Latour and Francis Combes, Conversation avec


title: Henri Lefebvre

texts:
 <mask>bvre P. Latour and F. Combes, eds. Paris: Messidor, Collection "Libres propos". 1991 The Production of Space, Donald Nicholson-Smith trans., Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Originally published 1974. 1992 with Catherine Regulier-Lefebvre Éléments de rythmanalyse: Introduction à la connaissance des rythmes, preface by René Lorau, Paris: Ed. Syllepse, Collection "Explorations et découvertes".English translation: Rhythmanalysis: Space, time and everyday life, Stuart Elden, Gerald Moore trans. Continuum, New York, 2004. 1995 Introduction to Modernity: Twelve Preludes September 1959-May 1961, J. Moore, trans., London: Verso. Originally published 1962. 1996 Writings on Cities, Eleonore Kofman and Elizabeth Lebas, trans. and eds., Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 2003 Key Writings, Stuart Elden, Elizabeth Lebas, Eleonore Kofman, eds.London/New York: Continuum. 2009 State, Space, World: Selected Essay, Neil Brenner, Stuart Elden, eds. Gerald Moore, Neil Brenner, Stuart Elden trans. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 2014 Toward an Architecture of Enjoyment., L. Stanek ed., R. Bononno trans. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), the first publication in any language of the book written in 1973. References

Sources
 Stuart Elden, <mask> Lefebvre: Theory and the Possible, London/New York: Continuum, 2004.Alan D. Schrift, Twentieth-Century French Philosophy: Key Themes And Thinkers, Blackwell Publishing, 2006. Further reading
Andy Merrifield, <mask>bvre: A Critical Introduction (London: Routledge, 2006)
Goonewardena, K., Kipfer, S., Milgrom, R. & Schmid, C. eds. Space,

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Understanding Henri
Henri Lefe


title: Henri Lefebvre

texts:
 Difference, Everyday Life: Reading <mask>bvre. (New York: Routledge, 2008)
Sue Middleton, <mask>bvre and Education: Space, History, Theory (New York: Routledge, 2016)
Andrzej Zieleniec: Space and Social Theory, London 2007, p. 60–97. Derek R. Ford, Education and the Production of Space: Political Pedagogy, Geography, and Urban Revolution (New York: Routledge, 2017)
Chris Butler, <mask>bvre: Spatial Politics, Everyday Life, and the Right to the City (New York/London: Routledge, 2012)
Shields, R.,Lefebvre, Love, and Struggle(New York/London: Routledge, 1998)

External links

The Ignored Philosopher and Social Theorist: The Work of <mask>bvre by Stanley Aronowitz, in: Situations, vol. 2, no. 1, pp.133–155 (PDF available). <mask>, Urban Research and Architecture Today
Review of The Production of Space in Not Bored
Review of The First Situationist Symphony in Not Bored
"La Somme et la Reste" Newsletter (in French)
"<mask>bvre: Philosopher of Everyday Life" (2001) by Rob Shields
Lefebvre, Love and Struggle - Spatial Dialectics (London: Routledge 1999) by Rob Shields Includes largely complete bibliography of <mask>'s work. Review of Lefebvre, Love and Struggle
"An English Précis of <mask>'s La Production de l'Espace" Urban and Regional Studies Working Paper (Sussex University 1986) by Rob Shields
"Bioinformatic Alignments" by Jordan Crandall
"Central Europe and the Nationalist Paradigm" (University of Texas at Austin 1996) by Katherine Arens
"La Méthode d'Henri Lefebvre" in Multitudes by Rémi Hess (in French)
Stadt, Raum und Gesellschaft: <mask>bvre und die Theorie der

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title: Henri Lefebvre

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 Produktion des Raumes by Christian Schmid (in German)
"Postmodern Spacings" in Postmodern Culture by Mark Nunes et al. "Towards a Heuristic Method: Sartre and Lefebvre" by Michael Kelly in Sartre Studies International, vol. 5, no. 1, 1999, pp. 1–15.<mask> on Space Architecture, Urban Research, and the Production of Theory by Lukasz Stanek

1901 births
1991 deaths
People from Landes (department)
University of Paris alumni
University of Paris faculty
University of Strasbourg faculty
20th-century French philosophers
French literary critics
French sociologists
Social philosophers
French atheists
Atheist philosophers
French Communist Party members
Marxist humanists
Marxist theorists
Continental philosophers
Critics of postmodernism
Urban sociologists
Urban theorists
Theories of history
Anti-consumerists
French male writers
20th-century


title: Eric Harrison (RAAF officer)

texts:
<mask> (10 August 1886 – 5 September 1945) was an Australian aviator who made the country's first military flight, and helped lay the groundwork for the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). Born in Victoria, he was a flying instructor in Britain when, in 1912, he answered the Australian Defence Department's call for pilots to form an aviation school. Along with Henry Petre, he established Australia's first air base at Point Cook, Victoria, and its inaugural training unit, the Central Flying School (CFS), before making his historic flight in March 1914. Following the outbreak of World War I, when Petre went on active service with the Mesopotamian Half Flight, <mask> took charge of instructing student pilots of the Australian Flying Corps at CFS. <mask> transferred to the RAAF as one of its founding members in 1921, and spent much of the inter-war period in technical services and air accident investigation. Promoted to group captain in 1935, he retired from the Air Force three years later when his post of Director of Aeronautical Inspection was transferred to the public service. He continued to serve in the same capacity as a civilian until his sudden death from heart disease at the age of fifty-nine, just after the end of World War II.<mask>'s technical abilities and association with military flying from its earliest days in Australia earned him the title of "Father of the RAAF" for many years, until the mantle was assumed by Air Marshal Sir Richard Williams. Early career
Born on 10 August 1886 at Clinkers Hill near Castlemaine, Victoria, <mask> was the son of printer and stationer <mask>, and his English-born wife Ann. He attended Castlemaine Grammar School before starting work as a motor mechanic. Keen to fly from the first time he saw an aeroplane, he travelled to Britain in March 1911 and trained as a pilot at the Bristol School on Salisbury Plain. Six months later, having accumulated some thirty minutes'

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Joseph Harrison


title: Eric Harrison (RAAF officer)

texts:
 flight time, he qualified for his Royal Aero Club Aviator's Certificate, becoming only the third Australian to do so. Gaining employment as an instructor for Bristol, he taught flying on behalf of the company in Spain and Italy, as well as in Halberstadt, Germany, where he became aware first-hand of that country's militarism; some of the students he trained and examined later served as pilots in the Luftstreitkräfte during World War I. In December 1911, the Australian Defence Department advertised in the United Kingdom for "two competent mechanists and aviators" to establish a flying corps and training school.Henry Petre, a former solicitor employed by Handley Page, and H.R. Busteed, then Bristol's chief test pilot, successfully applied. Petre was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Australian Military Forces on 6 August 1912, but Busteed withdrew his application in October and <mask> took his place, gaining his commission on 16 December. While his new salary of £400 was little improvement on what he was earning in Britain, <mask> was happy to have an excuse to return home. Petre selected Point Cook, Victoria, to become the site for the Army's proposed Central Flying School (CFS) in March 1913; meanwhile <mask> remained in Britain temporarily, ordering the facility's complement of aircraft including two Deperdussin monoplanes, two Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 biplanes, and a Bristol Boxkite for initial training. By January 1914, the pair had established the school with themselves as instructors, augmented by four mechanics and three other staff. <mask> made Australia's first military flight in the Boxkite on Sunday, 1 March 1914, followed by a second in the same aircraft with Petre as passenger, then a third by himself in a Deperdussin.On 29 June, <mask> married Kathleen Prendergast, daughter of future Premier of Victoria George Prendergast, at St Mary's Catholic Church in West Melbourne. World War I

Its

masks: Harrison Harrison Harrison Harrison Harrison


title: Eric Harrison (RAAF officer)

texts: coterie of personnel by now being referred to as the Australian Flying Corps (AFC), CFS commenced its first course on 17 August 1914, two weeks after the outbreak of World War I. Its students included Captain Thomas White and Lieutenant Richard Williams, with <mask> providing initial training to solo standard and Petre advanced instruction. In September, <mask> was given command of a flying unit that accompanied the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force to Rabaul in German New Guinea. With little in the way of enemy resistance, the aircraft were never assembled in country and he had to return without leading the first Australian airmen into combat, a distinction that instead went to Petre as commander of the Mesopotamian Half Flight the following year. With Petre on active duty, <mask> took on the main responsibility for providing basic flying training to the pilots of the first three squadrons to be formed in Australia for overseas service. Many of his students would go on to play a prominent role in the future Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), including Bill Anderson, Harry Cobby, Adrian Cole, Frank McNamara, Lawrence Wackett, and Henry Wrigley.Having graduated twenty-four new pilots by the end of 1915, <mask> was able to establish the first AFC squadron, designated No. 67 (Australian) Squadron, Royal Flying Corps; it was commonly known as No. 1 Squadron AFC from its inception, and officially so from 1 January 1918. The unit departed for Egypt in March 1916 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel E.H. Reynolds. Nos. 3 and 4 Squadrons AFC were formed at Point Cook in late 1916 to operate in France following advanced training in England. Augmenting his instructional and administrative duties, <mask> put his mechanical abilities to use initiating the building of aero engines in Australia and maintaining the CFS's complement of airframes; according to Wackett, only <mask> had the skill to keep

masks: Harrison Harrison Harrison Harrison Harrison Harrison


title: Eric Harrison (RAAF officer)

texts:
 the obsolescent machines in the air.He was appointed officer-in-charge of CFS in June 1917 with the temporary rank of major; this was made permanent in September 1918. The CFS was disbanded at Point Cook on 31 December 1919. Interbellum and World War II
<mask> began a long association with engineering and air safety when he was posted to Britain for secondment to the Aeronautical Inspection Directorate following the end of World War I. He transferred as a flight lieutenant (honorary squadron leader) to the newly formed Australian Air Force in March 1921, becoming one of its twenty-one founding officers; the prefix "Royal" was added to the service's name in August that year. Dissatisfied with his RAAF rank considering his leading position in the pre-war Central Flying School, <mask> appealed for greater seniority. As a result, he was appointed Air Liaison Officer to the Air Ministry in London, with promotion to the substantive rank of squadron leader. Returning to Australia in 1925, he was appointed Assistant Director of Technical Services in 1927, and soon after helped form the RAAF's Air Accident Investigation Committee.The following year he became Director of Aeronautical Inspection, receiving promotion to wing commander on 1 July 1928. <mask>'s position took him throughout the country, inspecting equipment and investigating the causes of air crashes. Promoted group captain on 1 January 1935, he took charge of the Federal government's resources committee for aircraft, aero engines, and motor transport, one of several subcommittees on the Defence Resources Board set up to investigate and report on the readiness of Australian industry to provide munitions for defence in the event of international conflict. In 1937, <mask> returned to Britain for further study of accident investigation methods, as well as aircraft production. His position as Director of Aeronautical Inspection was civilianised on 12 March

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title: Eric Harrison (RAAF officer)

texts:
 1938, an event that saw him retired from the RAAF but continuing in the same role. He was a member of the court of inquiry into the crash on 25 October of the Douglas DC-2 airliner Kyeema, which overshot Essendon airport in low cloud, killing all fourteen passengers and four crew members. The inquiry's report singled out Major Melville Langslow, Finance Member on both the Civil Aviation Board and the RAAF Air Board, for criticism over cost-cutting measures that had held up trials of safety beacons designed for such eventualities.According to Air Force historian Chris Coulthard-Clark, when Langslow was appointed Secretary at the Department of Air in November the following year, he went out of his way to "make life difficult" for <mask>, causing "bitterness and friction within the department", and necessitating the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Vice Marshal Stanley Goble, to take steps to shield the safety inspector from the new Secretary's ire. <mask> held the position of Director of Aeronautical Inspection throughout World War II, his staff numbering more than 1,200 by 1945. A reorganisation of the directorate in 1940 had permitted qualified civilian engineers to be recruited for work that required increasing technical expertise, without them having to join the Air Force. In July the same year, <mask> proposed the construction of a series of test houses to help decentralise chemical, mechanical and metrological testing of materials used in the manufacture of munitions that previously had to go through either the Munitions Supply Laboratories or the National Standards Laboratory. The result was a major improvement in the speed of testing and, according to the official history of Australia in the war, "a fuller use of the country's scientific and technical manpower". <mask>'s daughter Greta joined the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force, and by the end of the war was ranked flight officer. Legacy

On 5


title: Eric Harrison (RAAF officer)

texts:
 September 1945, just as the war had ended, <mask> died suddenly of hypertensive cerebrovascular disease at his home in the Melbourne suburb of Brighton; he was survived by his wife and daughter, and cremated.The Minister for Air, Arthur Drakeford, commented that "all members of the service, and, indeed, all Australians interested in aviation, must feel his loss as the snapping of one of the last links with the pioneer days of flying". One of the original Deperdussins that <mask> ordered and helped assemble for the Central Flying School in 1914 later went on display at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra. Despite his accomplishments in overseeing the training of every student pilot who served in the Australian Flying Corps during World War I, <mask> received no decorations or other official recognition, prompting Group Captain Mark Lax, at the 1999 RAAF History Conference, to describe him as "perhaps the unluckiest of the entire AFC ... an unsung hero". He was nonetheless generally considered to be the "Father of the RAAF" until the title eventually settled on Air Marshal Sir Richard Williams. <mask>'s early technical expertise, long association with Australian military aviation as a founder member of the AFC and the RAAF, and "more assertive" personality tended to overshadow the contributions of Henry Petre, whom historian Douglas Gillison considered "equally entitled" to such an accolade. Reviewing the contributions of Petre and <mask> in his volume of The Australian Centenary History of Defence in 2001, Alan Stephens concluded that "perhaps any judgement would not only be moot but also gratuitous, as by circumstance and achievement both men properly belong in the pantheon of the RAAF". Notes

References

1886 births
1945 deaths
Australian aviators
Australian military personnel of World War I
People from Castlemaine, Victoria
Royal Australian Air Force officers
Royal Australian Air Force personnel of

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title: Mbongeni Ngema

texts:
<mask> (born 1 June 1956) is a South African writer, lyricist, composer, director and theatre producer, born in Verulam, KwaZulu-Natal (near Durban). He started his career as a theatre backing guitarist. He wrote the multi-award-winning musical Sarafina! and co-wrote the multi-award-winning Woza Albert! He was previously married to actress Leleti Khumalo, who received a 1988 Tony Award nomination for Best Actress in a Musical for Sarafina! (and who also starred in its 1992 film adaptation), as well as starring in the leading role in South Africa's first Oscar-nominated film Yesterday. Early life

Born in Verulam and raised in the heart of Zululand, <mask> has distinguished himself as a renowned playwright, screenwriter and librettist.<mask> prides himself on being from the lineage of the warriors Mbandama and Sigcwelegcwele kaMhlekehleke of the <mask> clan who led the Ingoba Makhosi regiment, a pivotal regiment that defeated the British armies at the Battle of Isandlwana in the Anglo-Zulu war, on 22 January 1879. Career

He is best known as the Writer of the internationally acclaimed and award-winning musical Sarafina!, which was nominated for five Tony Awards, and later nominated for the prestigious Grammy Awards. The musical won 11 NAACP Image Awards enjoyed a two-year run on Broadway, toured the US, Europe, Australia and Japan and was later adapted into a feature film starring Whoopi Goldberg, Leleti Khumalo and Miriam Makeba. <mask> has had a string of blockbusters that include his award-winning and internationally revered Woza Albert, Township Fever (1990), which travelled from the Market Theatre to the USA the Brooklyn Academy of Music's Majestic Theatre; Mama (1995), Asinamali (1996), Maria Maria (1997), The Zulu – the musical (1999), 1906 Bhambada The Freedom Fighter, The House of

masks:
Mbongeni Ngema
Mbongeni Ngema
Ngema
Ngema
Ngema


title: Mbongeni Ngema

texts: Shaka (2005) and The Lion of the East (2006). In 1995, <mask> created Sarafina II, a musical addressing the AIDS epidemic in South Africa, which debuted in early 1996. In 1997, <mask> was appointed as a visiting lecturer at the University of Zululand to teach his unique artistic technique and subsequently produced the first CD released by the university's music department. In 1998, <mask> was inducted in the New York "Walk of Fame" in front of the Lucille Lortel Theatre in Manhattan, New York City, as one of the revered Writers of the 21st century.In 2001 during the African Renaissance festival, his name was engraved on the entrance of the City Hall in Durban alongside those of Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, Miriam Makeba and other heroes of the liberation struggle. As a librettist, <mask> has written the musical soundtrack for Sarafina - the movie (1992) and produced the movie's soundtrack alongside Quincy Jones. He has composed several music albums, including the famous and locally loved album Stimela SaseZola. <mask> has written and arranged numerous songs as well as arranged music for artists such as Michael Bolton. He was also one of the vocal arrangers for The Lion King, Disney's animated film. For this, <mask> received a multi-platinum award for sales in excess of 6 million copies. He subsequently won a Grammy Award for the movie adaptation."Woza My Fohloza", the new millennium song, and several albums of his musicals are on <mask>'s librettist list. In 2003 he was appointed as Artistic Director for the 2003 Cricket World Cup and in 2004 appointed as one of the organisers of the 10th Anniversary Celebrations of South Africa's democracy. He has been entrusted by the KZN Department of Arts, Sports and Recreation for establishing and managing the recording studio and record company, The

masks: Ngema Ngema Ngema Ngema Ngema Ngema Ngema


title: Mbongeni Ngema

texts:
 KZN Music House managed by his company Committed Artists. Several books and academic work have been written about <mask> <mask> and his celebrated works, including Nothing Except Ourselves by Laura Jones (USA), The Best of Mbongeni <mask>, The man and his music by Isabel Cooke (RSA), An investigation into the creation and interpretation in <mask> <mask>’s intra-cultural Theatre – N. O. Sabelo (UKZN Thesis). <mask> has tapped into his own richly-nurtured background of traditional story-telling, learned as a small child from his great-grandmother, to create his spell-binding one-man show, which melds memories of his childhood, spent in the heart of Zululand, with the wealth of his heritage, bringing vividly to life the historic panoply of the Zulu nation. The Zulu continues its triumphant tours of South Africa, filling theatres around the country, and is set to soon tour abroad. Featuring
<mask> <mask> has participated in a song called "Take This Song", recorded with the reggae band Third World.Mbongeni <mask> released Freedom is Coming Tomorrow (Remix) with Emtee, Saudi, Gigi Lamayne, Tamarsha, Reason, Blaklez & DJ Machaba Third World. Controversies
In 1996, the planned 12-month run of Sarafina II was canceled due to corruption allegations, which implicated <mask> as well as the Minister of Health Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma. <mask> was subsequently investigated for fraud. <mask> composed a song called " Amandiya" which was critical of how the Indian people of KwaZulu Natal were treating its employees and paying them a pittance. This song was banned by the high court in South Africa and later an age restriction of 18 was allowed for the song to be in circulation again. In July 2019, <mask> was removed from his position as co-director of a production of Sarafina following allegations of sexual

masks: Mbongeni Ngema Ngema Mbongeni Ngema Ngema Mbongeni Ngema Ngema Ngema Ngema Ngema Ngema


title: Mbongeni Ngema

texts:
 harassment and intimidation by a cast member. In 2020, his ex-wife Xoliswa Nduneni-<mask> published memoirs in which she detailed instances of alleged abuse and rape committed by <mask>i (1987)
 Sarafina! (1988)
 Magic at 4 AM (1993)
 Circle of Life (African voices) (1995)
 Mama (1996)
 Sarafina! 2 (1997)
 Nikeziwe (2005)
 The House of Shaka (2006)
 Lion of the East (2009)
 Take This Song in collaboration with the Reggae Band Third World
 The Zulu (2013)

Honors and awards
 1987 Tony Award - Asinamali! nominated for Best Direction of a Play
 1988 Tony Award - Sarafina! received five nominations: Best Choreography, Best Direction of a Musical, Best Original Score, Best Actress in a Musical
 1988 Grammy Award - Sarafina! nominated for a Grammy Award
 1988 NAACP Image Awards - Sarafina! the musical won 11 NAACP Image Awards in several categories
 Grammy Award - The Lion King, Disney Animated Film, for vocal arrangements
 1998 - inducted in the New York "Walk of Fame" in front of the Lucille Lortel Theatre in Manhattan, New York City
 2001 - <mask>'s name engraved on City Hall Entrance in Durban alongside Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo and Miriam Makeba
 In 2004 he was voted 92nd in the Top 100 Great South Africans.2008 Living Legend Award from the eThekwini Municipality, Durban, Kwa-Zulu Natal
 2013 - Lifetime Achievement Award at Simon Mabhunu Sabela Film and Television Awards
 2013 - Inaugural Recognition Award at SAMRO's Wawela Awards
 2013 - Awarded honorary doctorate by the University of Zululand
 2014 - Awarded Lifetime Achievement Award at the Naledi Theatre Awards ceremony. References

External links

1955 births
Living people
South African dramatists and playwrights
South African musicians
South African film score composers
Male film score composers
People from eThekwini Metropolitan

masks: Ngema Ngemainamal Ngema


title: Amido Baldé

texts:
<mask>  (born 16 May 1991) is a Guinea-Bissauan professional footballer who plays as a centre forward. He started his career with Sporting CP, being loaned several times over the duration of his contract and winning the 2013 Portuguese Cup with Vitória de Guimarães. In 2013 he signed with Celtic, who also loaned him twice before he left for Metz two years later. After playing for Benfica Luanda in Angola, he returned to Portugal in the summer of 2016, when he joined Marítimo. In subsequent years he had a nomadic career, having brief spells at clubs in Albania, Libya, Indonesia and Vietnam. Internationally, Baldé represented Portugal at youth level, helping the under-20 team finish second at the 2011 World Cup. In 2014, he decided to switch to playing for the country of his birth, Guinea-Bissau.Club career

Sporting CP
Born in Bissau, Baldé started his career with Sporting CP's farm team in Guinea-Bissau, Sporting de Bissau. In 2008 he, alongside teammate Zezinho, moved to the Lisbon club to continue his development, helping it to back-to-back junior championships – of three in total in a row – scoring 13 goals in 29 games in 2008–09. Baldé split the 2010–11 season, his first as a senior, between Santa Clara (second division) and Badajoz (Spanish third tier). Still owned by the Lions, he joined several Sporting teammates at Cercle Brugge in Belgium for the following campaign. Vitória Guimarães
Baldé was released by Sporting in summer 2012. On 28 August he signed with fellow Primeira Liga side Vitória de Guimarães for two years. He made his debut on 21 September, coming on as a late substitute in a 1–0 away win against Moreirense.After a series of appearances from the


title: Amido Baldé

texts:
 appearances for the Israelis, failing to score in any of them. In June 2015, Celtic agreed to terminate Baldé's contract despite there still being two years left to run.Metz
On 16 July 2015, Baldé signed a two-year deal with Metz of the French Ligue 2. He made his debut on 1 August, in a 0–0 draw against Lens. Baldé failed to find the net during his spell at the Stade Saint-Symphorien, in nine official games. Benfica Luanda
After terminating his contract with Metz, Baldé moved teams and countries again on 14 January 2016 as he joined Benfica de Luanda in Angola for one and a half years. In his only season he scored a squad-best six goals to help them to a sixth-place finish in the Girabola, and left at the end of August 2016. Marítimo
In August 2016, <mask> returned to European football and Portugal when he signed for Marítimo. On 26 March 2017, whilst on loan to fellow top division side Tondela, he was admitted to hospital due to a pulmonary embolism.Marítimo stopped paying his wages, claiming they did not have to pay him as he was unable to play, and he had to rely on assistance from the players' union to support himself and his family; by the end of the year, he was still not at full health. <mask> travelled to South Africa in January 2018 for a trial with ABSA Premiership club Free State Stars, although doubts remained about his fitness. Kukësi
On 1 February 2018, <mask> signed a six-month contract with Albanian Superliga side Kukësi. He made his debut 13 days later, coming on as a second-half substitute during a 1–0 defeat of KF Tirana in the quarter-finals of the Albanian Cup, his first competitive game of football in 11 months. His first league appearance took

masks: Baldé Baldé Baldé


title: Amido Baldé

texts:
 place on 19 February against Partizani when he took the field in injury time of a 3–1 win, Kukësi's first-ever at the opposition's ground. Later career
Following a short spell in Libya with Al-Nasr, in February 2019 <mask> moved to Indonesia after agreeing to a deal at Persebaya. He scored five times in nine Liga 1 matches in the first half of the season, including a hat-trick in a 4–0 victory over Persib on 5 July 2019.He also finished joint-top scorer in the country's cup tournament, the Piala Indonesia, with ten goals along with PSM's Zulham Zamrun; however, the return of David da Silva to the team during the mid-season transfer window saw Baldé become surplus to requirements and on 31 August he signed for another Indonesian club, precisely PSM, scoring on his debut the following day to help the hosts beat Persela 2–1. In January 2020, Baldé  moved to Vietnam to sign for Ho Chi Minh City. He made his debut on 21 January, in a 2–1 loss to Buriram United in a preliminary round of the AFC Champions League. That defeat saw his team drop into the AFC Cup, where the player scored three times in the group-stages; the opening goal in the 2–2 draw with Yangon United, and a brace in a 3–2 win against Hougang United. His first in the V.League 1 arrived on 23 June, in a 3–1 away defeat of Song Lam Nghe An. Baldé had scored six goals in 14 games in all competitions for Ho Chi Minh City by August 2020. The club then looked to loan him out to other sides in Vietnam, but the player refused.As such, his contract was terminated by mutual agreement. International career
<mask> chose to represent Portugal internationally. He was part of the under-20 squad that finished as runners-up at

masks: Baldé Baldé


title: Amido Baldé

texts:
 the 2011 FIFA World Cup in Colombia, but only saw seven minutes of action. In May 2014, Baldé switched nationalities to Guinea-Bissau after being called up to the squad for the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier against the Central African Republic. He earned his first cap over a year later on 13 June 2015, playing the full 90 minutes in a 0–0 draw in Zambia in the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifying phase. <mask> scored his first goal for Guinea-Bissau on 8 October 2015 in a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Liberia, netting the equaliser in a 1–1 away draw. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Guinea-Bissau's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Baldé goal.Honours
Vitória Guimarães
Taça de Portugal: 2012–13

Celtic
Scottish Premiership: 2013–14

Portugal U20
FIFA U-20 World Cup runner-up: 2011

Individual
Piala Indonesia top scorer: 2018–19 (ten goals)

Orders
 Knight of the Order of Prince Henry

References

External links

Portugal national team data

1991 births
Living people
Naturalised citizens of Portugal
Sportspeople from Bissau
Portuguese sportspeople of Bissau-Guinean descent
Bissau-Guinean footballers
Portuguese footballers
Association football forwards
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Sporting CP footballers
C.D. Santa Clara players
Vitória S.C. players
C.S. Marítimo players
C.D. Tondela players
Segunda División B players
CD Badajoz players
Belgian First Division A players
Cercle Brugge K.S.V. players
Waasland-Beveren players
Scottish Professional Football League players
Celtic F.C. players
Israeli Premier League players
Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C. players
Ligue 2 players
FC Metz players
Girabola


title: Emma Donoghue

texts:
<mask> (born 24 October 1969) is an Irish-Canadian playwright, literary historian, novelist, and screenwriter. Her 2010 novel Room was a finalist for the Man Booker Prize and an international best-seller. Donoghue's 1995 novel Hood won the Stonewall Book Award and Slammerkin (2000) won the Ferro-Grumley Award for Lesbian Fiction. She is a 2011 recipient of the Alex Awards. Room was adapted by Donoghue into a film of the same name. For this, she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. <mask> was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1969.The youngest of eight children, she is the daughter of Frances (born Rutledge) and academic and literary critic Denis Donoghue. She has a first-class honours Bachelor of Arts degree from University College Dublin (in English and French) and a PhD in English from Girton College, Cambridge. While at Cambridge she lived in a women's co-operative, an experience which inspired her short story The Welcome. Her thesis was on friendship between men and women in 18th-century fiction. At Cambridge, she met her future wife Christine Roulston, a Canadian who is now professor of French and Women's Studies at the University of Western Ontario. They moved permanently to Canada in 1998 and Donoghue became a Canadian citizen in 2004. She lives in London, Ontario, with Roulston and their two children.Works

Stir Fry
Donoghue's first novel was 1994's Stir Fry, a contemporary coming of age novel about a young Irish woman discovering her sexuality. It was a finalist for the Lambda Literary Award in 1994. This was followed in 1995 by Hood, another contemporary story, this time about an Irish woman coming to terms with the death of her girlfriend. Hood

masks:
Emma Donoghue
Background Donoghue


title: Emma Donoghue

texts:
 into a play performed at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin. Frog Music
Her novel Frog Music, a historical fiction based on the true story of a murdered 19th-century cross-dressing frog catcher, was published in 2014. The Wonder
<mask>'s 2016 novel The Wonder was shortlisted for the Scotiabank Giller Prize. Shooting of a film of the novel is due to start in September 2021. Directed by Sebastián Lelio, the screenplay is by Donoghue and Alice Birch, with Florence Pugh in the leading role. The Pull of the Stars

Her novel The Pull of the Stars (2020), written in 2018-2019, was published earlier than originally planned because it was set in the 1918 influenza pandemic in Dublin, Ireland.All the characters were fictional except Dr Kathleen Lynn. The novel received strongly positive reviews from critics and was longlisted for the Giller Prize in 2020. by Eibhear Walsh (Cork: Cork University Press, 1993)
 "Noises from Woodsheds: The Muffled Voices of Irish Lesbian Fiction" in Volcanoes and Pearl Divers, ed. by Suzanne Raitt (London: Onlywomen Press, 1994)
 "Liberty in Chains: The Diaries of Anne Lister (1817-24)" in Breaking the Barriers to Desire (Nottingham: Five Leaves Press, 1995)
 "Divided Heart, Divided History: Eighteenth-Century Bisexual Heroines" in Bisexual Horizons: Politics, Histories, Lives, ed. by Sharon Rose, Cris Stevens et al. (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1996)
 "How Could I Fear and Hold Thee by the Hand? The Poetry of Eva Gore-Booth" in Sex, Nation and Dissent in Irish Writing, ed.by Eibhear Walshe (Cork: Cork University Press, 1997)
 "A Tale of Two Annies" in Butch/Femme: Inside Lesbian Gender, ed. by Sally Munt (London: Cassell, 1998)
 Articles on Anne Lister, Ladies of


title: Emma Donoghue

texts:
 Llangollen and Jane Pirie and Marianne Woods, in Lesbian Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia, ed. by Bonnie Zimmerman (New York and London: Garland, 2000)
 Introduction to Virago Modern Classics edition of Molly Keane, Time After Time (London: Virago, 2001)
 Introduction to Virago Modern Classics edition of Polly Devlin, All of Us There (London: Virago, 2003)
 Introduction to Isabel Miller, Patience and Sarah (Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press, 2005)
 "Doing Lesbian History, Then and Now" in Historical Reflections / Reflexions Historiques (Vol. 33, No. 1, Spring 2007)
 "Picking Up Broken Glass, or, Turning Lesbian History into Fiction" in Sapphists and Sexologists: Histories of Sexualities Volume 2, ed. Sonja Tiernan and Mary McAuliffe (Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Press, 2009)
 "Embraces of Love" in Faithful Companions: Collected Essays Celebrating the 25th Anniversary of the Kate O'Brien Literary Weekend, ed. Mary Coll (Limerick: Mellick Press, 2009)
 "Random Shafts of Malice?: the Outings of Anne Damer" in Lesbian Dames: Sapphism in the Long Eighteenth Century, ed. by John C. Beynon and Caroline Gonda (Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2010)

Biographies
 We Are Michael Field (1998)

History
 Passions Between Women: British Lesbian Culture 1668–1801 (1993)
 Inseparable: Desire Between Women in Literature (2010)

Works edited
 What Sappho Would Have Said (1997)
 The Mammoth Book Of Lesbian Short Stories (1999)

Adaptations

 Pluck (2001), short directed by Neasa Hardiman, based on short story "Pluck"
 Room (2015), film directed by Lenny Abrahamson, based on novel Room

Further reading
Irish Writers on Writing featuring <mask>e. Edited by Eavan Boland (Trinity University Press,


title: John Talbot of Lacock

texts:
Sir <mask> (7 June 1630 – 13 March 1714) was an English politician, soldier, and landowner, who was Member of Parliament for various seats between 1660 and 1685. He held rank in a number of regiments, although he does not appear to have seen active service. He took part in several duels, as both principal and second, including one in 1667 between George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and his relative, <mask>, 11th Earl of Shrewsbury, which ended in the latter's death. Like most of his family, he was a Stuart loyalist, and lost his positions following the November 1688 Glorious Revolution. He refused to swear allegiance to the new regime of Mary II and William III, but did not take part in any Jacobite plots. He died in March 1714; his property was left to his grandson, <mask> (1691–1772). Biography

<mask> was born on 7 June 1630, the eldest surviving son of Colonel <mask> (1591–1677), and Jane Lyttelton.He had a sister, Elizabeth (died 1709). Related to the Earls of Shrewsbury, the <mask>s' main estates were in Salwarpe, Worcestershire. They acquired Lacock Abbey, Wiltshire through his great-grandmother, Olive, who died at the age of 97 in 1646. Like <mask> himself, both his uncle Sir Gilbert and father lived into their 80s, as did many other close relatives. In 1653, he married Elizabeth Keyt, who died in childbirth in 1656, and was buried with her infant son in Stow-on-the-Wold. He married again in 1660, this time to Barbara Slingsby (1633 – ? ), daughter of Sir Henry Slingsby, executed in 1658 for plotting against the Protectorate.They had three daughters who lived to adulthood; Anne (1665–1720), Barbara (1671–1763), and Gilberta (1675–1746). His estates were inherited by his

masks:
John Talbot
Francis Talbot
John Ivory Talbot
John Talbot
Sharington Talbot
Talbot
John


title: John Talbot of Lacock

texts:
 grandson <mask>-<mask> (1691–1772), son of Anne and her husband Sir <mask>. Career
In the First English Civil War, his father played a prominent role in raising Wiltshire for Charles I, and garrisoned Lacock Abbey until its capture in September 1645. He was imprisoned for a year, and eventually released after paying a fine of £2,000; <mask>'s uncle, Sir Gilbert, was arrested in 1650 on suspicion of conspiring to restore Charles II, and went into exile. In August 1659, <mask> was briefly arrested for alleged complicity in Booth's Rising, a Royalist rebellion easily crushed by <mask>. In the lead up to the 1660 Restoration, he was elected for Worcestershire in the Convention Parliament, and knighted by Charles II at Whitehall on 6 June 1660. He was made captain in a company of the Foot Guards in February 1661.In April, he was elected to the Cavalier Parliament as MP for Knaresborough, a constituency controlled by the Slingsby family. He played an active role in co-ordinating votes in Parliament, and like his uncle, was closely associated with the Duke of Ormond. English politics was riven by factionalism, which combined with a passion for duelling often resulted in violence. <mask> took part in two famous duels involving his relatives, the first in 1666 between Thomas Belasyse and Thomas Osborne, later Lord Danby, then a supporter of the Duke of Buckingham. In January 1668, he acted for <mask>, 11th Earl of Shrewsbury in a duel with Buckingham, in which the Earl was fatally wounded. At the time, it was common for seconds to participate; <mask> was also injured, one of Buckingham's supporters killed. When the Third Anglo-Dutch War began in March 1672, <mask> was appointed

masks:
John Ivory
Talbot
John Ivory
John
Talbot
John Lambert
Talbot
Francis Talbot
Talbot
Talbot


title: John Talbot of Lacock

texts: lieutenant-colonel of the Barbados Dragoons, which was disbanded after the Treaty of Westminster in February 1674.England re-entered the Franco-Dutch War in March 1678 after signing a defensive alliance with the Dutch Republic; <mask> was appointed colonel of a Regiment of Dragoons, but the war ended before it saw service. The 1679 Parliament was dominated by the Exclusion Crisis, over whether the Catholic James could succeed his brother as king. <mask> was MP for Chippenham; in Lord Shaftesbury's analysis of MPs, he is marked as opposing exclusion, or 'Vile'. In addition to his military offices, he is listed as receiving '£800 per year from the Wiltshire Excise, and the reversion of the Jewel Office', then held by Sir Gilbert. Described by the French ambassador as 'very Protestant, and very Royalist', he summarised the dilemma of many, who supported James' right to the throne, but opposed concessions to Catholicism in general. In 1681, <mask> was elected for Ludgershall; the return was disputed, Parliament dissolved within a week, and he never took his seat. James succeeded as monarch in February 1685, and in March, <mask> was elected for Devizes in the Loyal Parliament, so-called for the large majority who backed his right to the throne.When the Monmouth rebellion began in June, he raised a troop of horse, which was disbanded after the revolt collapsed. However, James used the opportunity to expand the Royal Army, and <mask> became lieutenant-colonel of Lord Peterborough's dragoons. In a measure of how seriously James misjudged the situation, Parliament refused to pass his religious policies, which were seen as undermining the Church of England. It was suspended in November 1685,

masks: Talbot Talbot Talbot Talbot Talbot


title: John Talbot of Lacock

texts:
 and not held again during his reign. At the same time, resistance within the army to the appointment of Catholic officers resulted in the resignation of many senior officers. They included Lord Lumley, whom <mask> replaced as colonel of the Queen Dowager's dragoons in January 1687. By 1688, James had alienated much of his support base, except for loyalists like <mask>, and his uncle, Sir Gilbert.In the November 1688 Glorious Revolution, <mask> Orange landed in Torbay. The majority of the Royal Army defected, <mask> being one of the few to return his commission to James in person, on 20 December 1688. This ended his military career; in 1690, he refused to swear allegiance to Mary II and William III, which meant he was ineligible for any public offices. Many High Church Tories like <mask> did so because they felt bound by their original oath, not necessarily because they were Jacobites; he was briefly held during the Jacobite invasion scare of 1692, and remained sympathetic, but does not appear to have been an active participant. He died on 13 March 1714, leaving his estates to his grandson, James Ivory <mask>. He was buried in St Cyriac's Church, Lacock; his tomb was removed during 19th century renovation works, but parts of it were re-used for the 1914–1918 village war memorial. Notes

References

Sources

1630 births
1714 deaths
John
2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays) officers
Carabiniers (6th Dragoon Guards) officers
English generals
English MPs 1660
English MPs 1661–1679
English MPs 1679
English MPs 1685–1687
Members of the Parliament of England for Worcestershire
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Wiltshire
Grenadier Guards

masks:
Talbot
Talbot
William of
Talbot
Talbot
Talbot


title: Lenny Montana

texts:
<mask> (born Leonardo Passafaro; March 13, 1926 – May 12, 1992) was an American actor who played the role of feared hitman Luca Brasi in The Godfather. Prior to becoming an actor, he had a successful career as a professional wrestler and worked as an enforcer for the Colombo family. Biography

Early life and early wrestling career
<mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York City on March 13, 1926. He was of Italian-American heritage. He was fluent in both English and Italian. His wrestling career began in neighboring New Jersey in 1953. He wrestled under the Zebra Kid gimmick, and was billed at the height of 6 foot 6 inches.It wasn't long before <mask> found success. Along with Golden Terror, he won the New Jersey Tag Team titles on April 4, 1953. <mask> began to travel, wrestling in the Midwest. He soon won the NWA Central States Heavyweight Championship, defeating Dave Sims on October 1, 1953 in Kansas City. However he lost the title on December 11, 1953 to Sonny Myers, who had previously held the title three times before defeating the Zebra Kid. <mask>'s final success of the 1950s came in 1956, winning the NWA Texas Tag Team Championship with Gene Kiniski, defeating Herb Freeman and Ray Gunkel on September 18 in Dallas under the alias Len Crosby. He also worked as a bouncer during this time to earn extra money.Later wrestling career
By the late 1950s, <mask> was on the road with the Carnival Circuit as a wrestler. As a popular wrestler on the circuit, <mask> met the then unknown Eddie Sharkey in 1960. The two struck up a friendship. After seeing what Sharkey could do, <mask> recommended that he try his hand at professional

masks:
Lenny Montana
Montana
Montana
Montana
Montana
Montana
Montana
Montana


title: Lenny Montana

texts: wrestling. <mask> also clued in Sharkey on the then-unacknowledged truth about professional wrestling--that all the outcomes are predetermined. Later that year, <mask> won the NWA Texas World Tag Team titles with Joe Christie, under the Len Crosby name. Then with Hard Boiled Haggerty, he won the AWA World Tag Team Championship on October 4, 1960, defeating Stan Kowalski and Tiny Mills (wrestling as Murder Inc.) in Minneapolis.But in a match against Verne Gagne, <mask> suffered a broken leg, forcing Haggerty to choose a new partner. After recovering from his injury, in 1961 <mask> began to wrestle in Florida. He came to the Tampa Bay area and began to wrestle under The Zebra Kid alias. At his great size, he would often pin his opponents in under one minute. The Zebra Kid had a notable feud with Eddie Graham; their battles sold out Fort Homer Hesterly Armory many Tuesday nights in 1961. Things came to a head when <mask> defeated Eddie Graham in a NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (Georgia version) title match on May 1, 1962. On November 23, 1962, he won the NWA (Georgia) Southern Tag Team Titles with his partner Gypsy Joe, defeating 'Grizzly' Jake Smith and Luke Brown.<mask> then went on to form a powerful partnership with Tarzan Tyler, in which they would win three titles. First, the NWA International Tag Team Titles on April 9, 1963 defeating Ted Evans and Chief Little Eagle, then again winning the NWA International Tag Team Titles later in June 1963, defeating billed champions Chief Little Eagle and Dick Steinborn. Finally, the duo won the NWA World Tag Team Championship in Georgia, during October 1963, they

masks: Montana Montana Montana Montana Montana Montana


title: Lenny Montana

texts:
 defeated Karl Von Brauner and Kurt Von Brauner. <mask> was due to be Gorilla Monsoon's tag team partner in 1964, but at the last minute Monsoon took on The African Savage as his partner instead. <mask> had been interested in acting and was meeting with casting agents in Los Angeles at the same time he was due to team up with Bison. <mask> began to wrestle less and less, and went into semi-retirement; however he appeared in matches up until his acting career took off in the early 1970s. Working for the Colombo crime family
<mask> became involved with the Colombo crime family in the late 1960s.Tall and very heavily built, his talents were mostly as an enforcer and an arsonist. He told the cast and crew of The Godfather how he would tie a tampon to the tail of a mouse, dip it in kerosene, light it, and let the mouse run through a building, or he would put a lit candle in front of a cuckoo clock so that when the clock's bird would pop out the candle would be knocked over and start a fire. Eventually, <mask> was jailed at Rikers Island. Upon being released, <mask> acted as a bodyguard for many senior members of the Colombo Family. Work on The Godfather
The filming of The Godfather faced strong opposition from the Italian-American Civil Rights League, with disputes headed by Joe Colombo and Frank Sinatra threatening its whole production. Producer Al Ruddy eventually made a deal with the league and Joe Colombo to cut the word Mafia from the script, and the league would back the production of the film. This meant many mobsters would be present on the set of The Godfather.It was in 1971, when <mask> was acting as a bodyguard

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title: Lenny Montana

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 for a senior Colombo Family member, that he met Francis Ford Coppola and Al Ruddy. After being introduced to the 6-foot-6, 320-pound <mask>, they quickly cast him for the role of Luca Brasi. When Bettye McCartt, Al Ruddy's assistant, broke her watch, <mask> offered to get her a new one. A week later, <mask> returned with a "gift from the boys" – an antique diamond watch. He was picked for the part after the original actor playing the character died of a stroke. This was his first credited film appearance. His role was that of mob enforcer Luca Brasi, a hitman used by Don Corleone (Marlon Brando).<mask> was very nervous about appearing opposite Brando. Director Coppola incorporated this real-life tension into several scenes, showing Brasi repeatedly practicing (and later fumbling) his congratulations to Corleone. <mask> had little screen time in the film, but his notable height and physique caught the eye of producers, and he appeared in several movies and television programs after appearing in The Godfather. Film and TV career
One of the first of these roles was the Italian spoof film The Funny Face of the Godfather in 1973. <mask> had the role of Saro, and an artist's rendition of <mask> appeared on the film's poster. He established himself as an efficient character actor and appeared in Patty (1976), Fingers (1978) as the pizzeria owner Luchino, Matilda (1978), They Went That-A-Way & That-A-Way (1978), The Jerk (1979), Seven (1979), Below the Belt (1980), Defiance (1980), Battle Creek Brawl (1980) alongside Jackie Chan, Evilspeak (1981), ...All the Marbles (1981), Pandemonium (1982) and Blood Song (1982). He also


title: Lenny Montana

texts:
 acted on television as well as the big screen, appearing in Search (1973), Strike Force (1975), which starred a young Richard Gere, Contract on Cherry Street (1977), which featured Frank Sinatra, Kojak (1978), and Magnum, P.I.(1982). <mask> was usually cast as "muscle" for hire or an intimidating mobster. Retirement and later life
<mask> retired from acting after appearing in the B movie Blood Song (1982), which he also co-wrote. He died May 12, 1992 of a heart attack in Lindenhurst, New York. He was 66 years old. Filmography

Championships and accomplishments
American Wrestling Association
AWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Hard Boiled Haggerty
Central States Wrestling
NWA Central States Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Georgia Championship Wrestling
NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (Georgia version) (1 time)
NWA International Tag Team Championship (Georgia version) (2 times) – with Tarzan Tyler
NWA Southern Tag Team Championship (Georgia version) (1 time) – with Gypsy Joe
NWA World Tag Team Championship (Georgia version) (1 time) – with Tarzan Tyler
Southwest Sports, Inc.
NWA Texas Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Gene Kiniski
NWA World Tag Team Championship (Texas version) (1 time) – with Joe Christie

References

External links

1926 births
1992 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male professional wrestlers
American male television actors
American professional wrestlers of Italian descent
Faux Native American professional wrestlers
Male actors from New York City
People from Brooklyn
People from Lindenhurst, New York
Sportspeople from New

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title: Tony Renis

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<mask> (born 13 May 1938), stage name of Elio Cesari, is an Italian singer, composer, music producer and film actor. Life and career
<mask> was born in Milan. In the mid-1950s he met with Adriano Celentano, and the two started performing an impression of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis. In 1958, he was signed by the label "Combo Records", and released a few cover versions of Italian and American rock 'n' roll songs as lead vocalist of the band Combos. In 1961, <mask> debuted at the Sanremo Music Festival with the song "Pozzanghere". In 1962, <mask> returned to the Sanremo Music Festival where he gained international recognition with the song "Quando, quando, quando", written with Alberto Testa. One year later, he won the Festival with the song "Uno per tutte", and, in 1967, he finished second with the song "Quando dico che ti amo".In 1972, <mask> and Testa composed the song "Grande grande grande". It was successfully interpreted by Mina, and later by Shirley Bassey as "Never Never Never". Over the years "Grande grande grande" have been covered by Vikki Carr, Celine Dion with Luciano Pavarotti, Julio Iglesias, Patrizio Buanne with Renee Olstead, among others. In 1974, he won the Nastro d'Argento for the Best Score for his work on the soundtrack of the film Brothers Blue. In the 1980s, <mask> temporarily retired from performing and mainly worked as music producer. In 1981 he launched the career of child prodigy Nikka Costa. In 1999, <mask> received a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Oscar for the song "The Prayer", performed by Celine Dion and Andrea Bocelli, from the Quest for Camelot film soundtrack.In 2005, he won a David di Donatello for the song "Merry Christmas in Love" from the film Christmas in Love. The song was also nominated for Best Original Song at the 63rd Golden Globe Awards. In 2016 <mask> received the America Award of the Italy-USA Foundation.

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title: Eric Heffer

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<mask> (12 January 192227 May 1991) was a British socialist politician. He was Labour Member of Parliament for Liverpool Walton from 1964 until his death. His Working class background and consciousness fostered his left-wing politics. With 12,000 books in his home, he also admitted to being a bibliophile. Due to his experience as a professional joiner, he made a speciality of the construction industry and its employment practices, but was also concerned with trade union issues in general. He changed his view on the European Common Market from being an outspoken supporter to an outspoken opponent, and served a brief period in government in the mid-1970s. His later career was dominated by his contribution to debates within the Labour Party and he defended the Liverpool City Council.Family and early life
<mask> was born in Hertford into a working-class family. His grandfather was a bricklayer and later a railway signalman, and his father was a boot-maker and repairer, although he owned his own business. In later life Heffer proudly declared "I am therefore completely proletarian in background". Heffer's family were members of the high church tendency of the Church of England, and <mask> himself was a choirboy in the local church: it was there that Heffer led his first strike at the age of eight, and, he said, first experienced victimisation by his employer. Despite growing up in the 1930s, his family did not experience much of the economic privations common in other parts of the country. Typically for a working-class boy he attended school at Longmore Senior School, Hertford, only until the age of 14. Working life
On leaving school Heffer ran through a series of skilled apprenticeships, including as an electrician, leatherworker and finally a carpenter.He learnt the trade of a joiner, and worked on building sites from the age of 16. This was a skilled trade and when building work was much in demand, he could earn a good wage; but when there were difficulties in the trade, work would dry up. However, his work allowed him time to study and read in his spare time, and Heffer attended

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title: Eric Heffer

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 courses run by the Workers' Educational Association and at the National Council of Labour Colleges. Heffer was active in the Amalgamated Society of Woodworkers (ASW). During World War II, he served in the Royal Air Force in a maintenance unit at Fazakerley near Liverpool. Communism
When the Jarrow March passed through Hertford in 1936 Heffer had gone to see them and the experience had a profound effect upon him. The family often discussed politics at home and he saw his political convictions, support for trade unionism and his religious convictions as part of the same analysis of the world.In 1939 <mask> joined the Labour Party. However, when the Soviet Union was invaded by Nazi forces in 1941, <mask> resigned from Labour and joined the Communist Party of Great Britain; he said that "To me, Stalin was the greatest of men". In the Liverpool Communist Party, <mask> met his future wife Doris. While Communism was attractive to Heffer as an expression of working-class consciousness, he was not attracted to the party's intense control over its members, and was not inclined to defer to the party's dictates. He was a shop steward for his union; when in 1948 he led an unofficial carpenters' strike against the party's wishes, the Communist Party expelled him and he rejoined the Labour Party within six months. The Communist Party tried to persuade <mask> to choose between her husband and the party. She refused and allowed her membership to expire.Socialism
After the war <mask> briefly lived in Hertford again with his parents, and sought election as a Communist candidate for Hertford Urban District Council in 1946, but was defeated. He then settled in Liverpool, where there was a strong working-class community and within it a large group of left-wing workers waiting to be organised. <mask> grew to love his adopted city and supported Everton F.C. He responded to the demand for a left-wing political organisation in 1954 by linking with a group led by Harry McShane (from Glasgow) and the Militant Socialist Group from London to establish the 'Federation of Marxist Groups' (later renamed the

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title: Eric Heffer

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 'Socialist Workers Federation') which had a policy of syndicalism. This group was a compromise: while it insisted that it itself was not a revolutionary political party, it simultaneously said that there was a need for such a party, and actively rejected the Labour Party. However, <mask> had decided by 1956 to rejoin the Labour Party. Liverpool
His activities led to <mask> becoming known through Liverpool where he served on the Executive of the Trades Council; he was its Vice President in 1958, President in 1959 and again in 1964.The Trades Council was a local association of trade unions, and as such Heffer helped mediate and end an unofficial strike of seamen in 1960. He was also elected as a Liverpool City Councillor for Pirrie ward that year. In 1962 he made a run for the job of General Secretary of the Amalgamated Society of Woodworkers, but was defeated. <mask> made a contribution to a book, The Agreeable Autocracies, which was published in 1961. The book was a discussion of United States institutions. Parliament
In 1963 <mask> was unexpectedly selected to fight the Liverpool Walton constituency for the Labour Party. The previously Conservative-held constituency went to Heffer on a large swing in the 1964 general election, as did a number of other Liverpool seats.There was never any doubt that Heffer would ally with the left in the Parliamentary Labour Party, and he campaigned in 1965 for early moves to nationalise the docks, where he knew from his experience on Liverpool Trades Council that dockers were employed on highly disadvantageous terms that effectively prevented trade unions forming. Also in 1965 Heffer protested outside the United States embassy against the use of napalm and gas in the Vietnam War, and in Parliament against the diplomatic support given by the government. By 1970 he was rated as one of the most effective of the large 1964 intake of Labour MPs: in David Butler's The British General Election of 1970 (page 4), he was identified as a leading figure in the Tribune Group, which had been established in 1964. <mask> served jointly as her husband's secretary,

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 and secretary to fellow Labour MP Norman Buchan. She often accompanied him to speaking engagements where they made an odd couple: Heffer was both tall and heavily built, while his wife was only 4'6" tall. Heffer made a good-humoured complaint when political journalist Andrew Roth described Doris as "tiny", insisting that she was actually "petite". According to the diaries of Giles Radice, <mask> would sit in the front row of the audience when Heffer was speaking, saying, "Nonsense, <mask>" if he said something with which she disagreed.The <mask>s had no children. Wilson's government
After winning re-election with a 5,000 majority in the 1966 general election, <mask> began to make his mark on economic policy. With deflation proposed in the July 1966 economic crisis, he pressed for cuts in defence spending, and opposed the 'wage freeze' proposed in the government's Prices and Incomes Bill—rebelling against it in the House of Commons on several occasions in 1967. Heffer regarded unemployment as the worst catastrophe in running the economy and often demanded nationalisation of firms which threatened mass redundancies. Government policy was significantly different, placing more emphasis on maintaining the value of the pound. In August 1967, Wilson, who recognised his abilities, asked <mask> to take a junior post at the Ministry of Technology under Tony Benn. Heffer refused, citing his opposition to government economic policy, and demanded the resignation of James Callaghan as Chancellor of the Exchequer.At this time, <mask> was a strong proponent of British membership of the EEC. He headed a study group established by the Society for Parliamentary Studies (a group for left-wing Labour MPs) to look into British relations with Europe, and demanded the resignation of Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Fred Peart when Peart expressed doubts about the merits of the Common Agriculture Policy. At the 1967 Labour Party conference, <mask> argued for Britain in Europe to build up a third force in the world which would stand up to the US and the Soviet Union. He also began a campaign to

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title: Eric Heffer

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 win a place on the National Executive Committee at this conference, standing again each year and steadily building his support. Another preoccupation which began at this time was the Waterloo Cup, a hare coursing event at Great Altcar near his constituency: he promoted an unsuccessful private member's bill to ban hare coursing, returning to the subject at intervals over the next decade. In February 1968 <mask> was one of the Labour MPs to rebel against the government's decision to withdraw British passports from the Kenyan Asians who were arriving at Heathrow Airport in increasing numbers, fleeing persecution in Kenya. He maintained pressure on the government over the Vietnam war and criticised the Greek military dictatorship of 'the Colonels' for "bestial and barbarous practices".On two of the issues which divided the Labour Party at the time, <mask> took the side of the rebels: he rejected the proposals for reform of the House of Lords as too weak, preferring fundamental reform or preferably abolition, and he worked to change proposals in Barbara Castle's trade union white paper In Place of Strife (a cabinet rebellion later forced the government to abandon it completely). Opposing Heath
As a strong opponent of the government's economic policy, <mask> was invited to submit an article to a Guardian book endorsing the re-election of a Labour government in the 1970 general election as a counter to an article by a Labour loyalist. Perhaps as a consequence of his identification with the left, <mask> had only a small swing against him in the election. Following a narrow defeat in the elections for the shadow cabinet, he accepted a front bench job as deputy to Barbara Castle as Shadow Minister of Employment. As such he was closely involved in the protests over the Heath government's Industrial Relations Act, which attempted to restrict the powers of trade unions. <mask>'s vote in shadow cabinet elections rose in 1971 when he tied with Castle in 15th place. While Heffer could work with Barbara Castle, she was moved in a reshuffle in 1972 and replaced by Reg Prentice who was already

masks: Heffer Heffer Heffer Heffer Heffer


title: Eric Heffer

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 beginning the move across the political spectrum which would see him join the Conservative Party in 1977.Prentice's refusal to pledge support to five dockers imprisoned under the Industrial Relations Act appalled Heffer who considered resignation. When in February 1973 it became clear that Prentice had more leadership support, Heffer resigned (refusing an offer of another post). He remained interested in the topic and promoted a private member's bill to abolish the 'Lump' (sub-contracting of labour in the building industry). Heffer had revised his opinions on the EEC in 1970, deciding that the spending on the Common Agriculture Policy was excessive and too big a burden on the budget. He voted with the majority of the Labour Party against endorsing the Heath government's application in October 1971. Ministerial office
In March 1974, Harold Wilson invited <mask> to be Minister of State at the Department of Industry under Tony Benn. Heffer accepted the offer, while remaining concerned that he would be cocooned in his office and lose his links with the wider Labour movement outside.He had some difficulties coping with the concept of 'collective responsibility' - denouncing the government's decision to continue a contract to build warships with the right-wing government of Chile on 10 April. Wilson, reluctant to cause trouble with the left-wing, decided not to sack him on the grounds that he was inexperienced. Heffer received many minutes from Wilson asking him to follow government policy in speeches, such that he minuted Wilson to tell him not to send them. Heffer worked together with Benn to try to establish the National Enterprise Board, which would provide industry with investment funding and have the ability to take failing firms into public ownership. On 15 August 1974 the plans were unveiled in a White paper and preparations began for the Industry Bill which would enact it. While this policy had been agreed by Wilson in opposition and then appeared in the Labour manifesto, in government he began to think more critically. Drafting of the Bill was delayed over the winter and it was


title: Eric Heffer

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 not introduced until January 1975.In the meantime, the government prepared for the referendum on the European Communities through which Wilson hoped to settle the differences over the issue in the country and the party. The Cabinet decided on 18 March to endorse a vote to stay in the EEC, but Wilson decided to allow individual Ministers to make speeches against membership in the country. Ministers were not, however, allowed to speak against the decision in the House of Commons. <mask> was angry at this rule and wanted to resign. Eventually, he engineered a dismissal on a question of principle by making a speech against EEC membership in the House of Commons on 9 April. During the referendum, Heffer was one of the best speakers for the No campaign, although he had a tendency to speculate about the issue - claiming that the EEC would reintroduce conscription. Backbench rebel
Following the referendum, Tony Benn was demoted from the Department for Industry and the Industry Bill was again made weaker.As a backbencher Heffer campaigned against the change and for more investment in industry. At the 1975 Labour conference his bid for a National Executive Committee (NEC) seat was finally successful as he defeated Denis Healey. Heffer again became known as one of the leading left-wing Labour backbenchers who frequently voted against the government. He opposed the government's incomes policy (which had been agreed as a voluntary arrangement with the Trades Union Congress), and abstained rather than support the government's white paper on public expenditure in March 1976 which helped ensure the government's defeat. Despite <mask>'s friendship with Tony Benn, he voted for Michael Foot in the Labour leadership election of 1976. However he did support Benn's 'Alternative Economic Strategy' which called for government assistance to industry, import restrictions, surcharges on high net income and capital and controls on banks. Heffer was opposed to the government's proposals for devolution to Scotland and Wales.He abstained in the vote on a guillotine motion on the Scotland and Wales Bill on 22

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title: Eric Heffer

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 February 1977, which resulted in the defeat of the guillotine, the loss of the Bill and endangered the government. A pact was negotiated between the Labour Party and the Liberals to ensure a majority. <mask> was upset about the pact and started a motion to call a special meeting of the National Executive Committee (the Prime Minister, James Callaghan, forbade Ministers to sign it). NEC member
Increasingly <mask> began to use his position on the Labour Party NEC as the base of his political action. He began a specific campaign to nationalise the building construction industry in the National Construction Corporation, and raised the issue at the 1977 Labour Party conference and on the TUC-Labour Party Liaison Committee, where Callaghan vetoed any consideration of the idea by government. In intra-party matters, Heffer opposed taking action against the Militant tendency after a report by the party's national agent Reg Underhill raised concerns over its activities. <mask>'s constituency of Walton was one of the strongest areas of Militant but Heffer believed that Trotskyists within the Labour Party could be countered by political arguments.He recommended that local parties hold political education events to explain democratic socialism to the Militant-dominated Labour Party Young Socialists. In the late 1970s Heffer fought to change government policy to try to reduce unemployment, and he opposed the continuation of a pay policy which caused the strikes of the Winter of Discontent. He was one of the left-wing members of an ad hoc sub-committee of the NEC which undertook the task of cutting an overlong manifesto for the 1979 general election down to a manageable size. <mask> was one of those who wanted abolition of the House of Lords in the manifesto, a policy vetoed by James Callaghan. After Labour lost the election, <mask> ran for the shadow cabinet again and finished as the runner-up. He joined the campaign of the left to change the democratic structure of the Labour Party to give more power to those bodies such as party conference where the left was strong. He was an important link


title: Eric Heffer

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 between the National Executive and the Parliamentary Labour Party.Heffer did endorse the policy of forcing Labour Members of Parliament to seek reselection from their constituency parties, although he wanted the vote to involve all members rather than the 'General Management Committee' which comprised only activists. Would-be leadership candidate
The most important issue for the left in the early 1980s was to change the system of election of the Leader of the Labour Party, which had until then been chosen solely by Labour MPs. The left wanted to have the Leader elected by an 'electoral college' which would include affiliated trade unions and individual Constituency Labour Parties. At the 1980 Labour Party conference a procedural motion to allow the change to be made without delay was narrowly carried after Heffer argued for it, but all proposals for balancing the composition of the electoral college were defeated and the issue was deferred until a special conference. With an electoral college Leadership system in prospect, James Callaghan resigned as Leader in October 1980 to make sure that his successor was elected under the old system. Heffer regarded such an election as illegitimate and moved to suspend it until the new system was agreed, but the Parliamentary Labour Party rejected it. He considered standing as a candidate himself but eventually deferred to Michael Foot who was eventually elected (against expectations).Due to a resignation, Heffer was briefly promoted to be a member of the shadow cabinet in October–November 1980. Foot made Heffer spokesman on Europe and Community Affairs from November. Militant
Concern about the Militant tendency led Reg Underhill, whose 1975 report had been dismissed by Heffer, to issue a revised version in 1980. This report made it clear that most party institutions in Liverpool, especially in <mask>'s constituency, were now under Militant control. Heffer compared the report to the propaganda of Joseph Goebbels, but he knew that Militant was powerful: when <mask> considered running against Denis Healey for the Deputy Leadership of the Labour


title: Eric Heffer

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 Party under the new electoral college system in 1981, his constituency party prevented him. He supported Benn when Benn challenged Healey. <mask> was elected to the shadow cabinet in 1981.While he was a strong supporter of the left, <mask> accepted the need to preserve party unity. In December 1981 he attempted to solve the problem of Michael Foot's denunciation of Peter Tatchell (who had been selected as Labour candidate for Bermondsey) by holding a quick enquiry, but this attempt failed when Foot loyalists passed a motion to refuse Tatchell endorsement. <mask>'s attempts to mediate between the Bermondsey Party and Foot were regarded as 'paternalist' by Tatchell and his local supporters. <mask> also joined with Foot and Denis Healey in an NEC motion calling for negotiations with the United Nations Secretary-General following the Argentine invasion of the Falkland Islands on 28 April 1982, in opposition to a motion from Tony Benn calling for a ceasefire and withdrawal of the British taskforce. In June 1982 the NEC discussed Militant again, with <mask> proposing that all members of the Labour Party subscribe to a 'statement of democratic socialist principles' which was defeated by 22 votes to 5. At the 1982 Labour Party conference the right-wing won back control of the NEC, and at its first meeting the left-wing were voted out of all their chairmanships in a coup organised by John Golding. This included <mask>, who had been chairman of the powerful 'Organisation Sub-Committee' (usually known as Org Sub).The change allowed the right to begin to take action against Militant, membership of which was declared incompatible with party membership. The five members of Militant's editorial board were expelled in February 1983 despite Heffer's motion to have a further investigation. Candidate for leader
The 1983 election was a disaster for Labour which lost a substantial number of votes. Michael Foot resigned the leadership immediately afterwards, and with Tony Benn ineligible because of his own defeat, Heffer stood for the leadership as the candidate of the 'hard left' in the election. He

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title: Eric Heffer

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 received minimal support among the trade unions and constituency parties, and came third among Labour MPs, obtaining in all 6.3% of the electoral college. Neil Kinnock appointed him as Shadow Minister for the Construction Industry, noting his long experience in the area. <mask> was also Chairman of the Labour Party from the end of the 1983 conference, a position which conveyed no authority but recognised his seniority.However, with a Militant-dominated Labour council in Liverpool having been elected in 1983, Heffer found increasing trouble in his constituency. The Liverpool Labour Party adopted Militant's policy of a 'deficit budget'. This included no cuts to jobs and services, and no rent and rates increases higher than inflation, and a promise to increase services and confront central government with the £270 million stolen, it claimed, in grants from the city since the Conservatives came to power in 1979. It was voted into office by a landslide. The administration produced a financial crisis, since the budget, set in April by the outgoing Tory-Liberal coalition, included unallocated cuts of £6 million, including 1000 job losses, which the administration cancelled, and an extra 1000 jobs had been promised instead. When the council met on 29 March 1984 it was told clearly that the Militant proposed 'deficit budget' contained an illegal £30 million deficit, but no alternative could get a majority and it went through. All but seven Labour councillors stood by the budget, and Heffer supported the council in its demands of government and after a series of meetings with the Secretary of State for the Environment Patrick Jenkin, the government eventually gave way and allowed practically all of the budget.In November 1984 Heffer did not win re-election to the shadow cabinet and left the Labour front bench. He said that he took a principled stance not to take any front bench post unless elected to it. Kinnock takes action
Liverpool's financial confrontation continued in 1985 when it eventually set another 'deficit budget'. This time the government would not help, and Militant's attempt to


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 get the council's workforce to strike against the Thatcher government was narrowly defeated in a ballot. By September the council was almost out of cash and applied to the new Environment Secretary (Kenneth Baker) for a loan of £25 million. In a desperate attempt to avoid bankruptcy, on 27 September the council issued 90-day redundancy notices to its entire workforce, using a fleet of taxis to deliver them. On 1 October Neil Kinnock spoke at the Labour Party conference and denounced (without identifying Liverpool) the actions of the council.<mask> was appalled at Kinnock's actions and walked off the platform in protest. This action was capable of misinterpretation: Heffer was fully supportive of the council's actions, but not a Militant member, and felt that Kinnock was insulting the whole City, and also that he as the senior Liverpool MP ought to have been told in advance. <mask>'s autobiography has been taken by most reviewers to illustrate his "known dislike" for Kinnock. One sixth of the book is devoted to expressing his views that Kinnock's "betrayal of socialism" led to "a rigid party discipline and the expulsion of Militant supporters". <mask>'s views are most clearly expressed in a letter he sent to Labour Party general secretary Larry Whitty at the time of the 1986 inquiry into the Liverpool District Labour Party:

On 27 March 1986 the leading members of the Liverpool Labour Party were brought before the National Executive where their expulsion was being proposed. <mask> had accompanied Derek Hatton during his NEC hearing regarding the Liverpool District Labour Party. He joined a walk-out by members of the left which rendered the meeting inquorate.At later meetings he voted against expelling Militant members. His refusal to support those taking action against Militant led to <mask> losing his position on the Labour Party National Executive at the 1986 conference, a loss which Heffer took personally, and indicated the changed nature of the Labour Party, which Heffer anticipated in his letter to Whitty in 1986. The 47 Labour councillors who stood behind the deficit budget


title: Eric Heffer

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 strategy were removed from office in 1987 and surcharged £106,000, with costs of £242,000, which they raised through donations from the trade unions and Labour Party members. Last years
<mask>'s constituency had become increasingly safe for him over the years and at the 1987 election he had the largest absolute Labour vote in the country and a rock-solid 23,000 majority. Neil Kinnock's decision to review the policy of the Labour Party after the election, which was a clear prelude to dropping some of the more left-wing policies, led him to urge the left in the Socialist Campaign Group to fight the Leadership and Deputy Leadership in 1988. Tony Benn was chosen to challenge Kinnock as Leader, while <mask> and John Prescott (from the Tribune group) opposed Roy Hattersley for the Deputy Leadership. Neither had any realistic hope of winning, and <mask> eventually won only 9.483% of the vote.On 24 November 1989 <mask> announced that he would not fight the next election. The decision was prompted by the fact that he had been diagnosed with terminal stomach cancer. He suffered a long decline during which he devoted himself to writing. When Parliament was recalled to debate the invasion of Kuwait in September 1990, <mask> made what he knew would be his last speech in the House of Commons to urge the United Kingdom not to go to war. His gaunt and white appearance showed how ill he was. In January 1991 he attended the House of Commons to vote against the Gulf War in a wheelchair, when John Major crossed the floor to shake his hand. On 27 March 1991 he was awarded the freedom of the city of Liverpool, but as he was too ill to travel there, he received it at Westminster.His close friend Tony Benn attended the ceremony along with Dennis Skinner and speaker Bernard Weatherill. A letter was read out paying tribute to Heffer from John Major. Two months later, Heffer died at the age 69. Although he clashed on several occasions with Margaret Thatcher, they respected each other personally, and she wrote a letter of condolence to Heffer's widow when he died. She also attended his memorial service held