title: Charles Lydiard

texts:
 lieutenant's examination on 27 May 1791.He was serving with Lord Hood's fleet during the occupation of Toulon in the early months of the French Revolutionary Wars. Lydiard distinguished himself with his actions during the hard-fought defence of Fort Mulgrave, and received his commission on 25 November 1793. Lieutenancy
He then became first lieutenant of , one of the prizes from Toulon, under the command of Commander William Shield. Shield and Lydiard served along the French Mediterranean coast until October 1794, and were engaged in cutting-out enemy ships from French harbours. Sincere was then paid off and Lydiard transferred to the 74-gun , where he saw action at the Battle of Genoa on 14 March and the Battle of Hyères Islands on 13 July 1795. His former commander, William Shield, had received command of the 32-gun  by July 1795, and Lydiard transferred that month to serve as his first lieutenant. Lydiard remained with Southampton after Shield's replacement by Captain James Macnamara and in September 1795 they spent 15 days blockading a French grain convoy in the port of Genoa.Southampton and the French
The convoy was protected by two frigates, the Vestale and the Brun. The French finally came out on the evening of the fifteenth day, and were engaged by Southampton, despite the French possessing considerably more firepower. After a sustained engagement Southampton forced Vestale to strike her colours while the Brun escaped with the convoy, leaving Vestale to her fate. But as Southampton prepared to lower her boats to take possession of the French ship, her fore-mast, which had been damaged during the engagement, went by the board. Taking advantage of this, Vestale raised her colours and escaped from the scene. Victory over the Vestale should have brought promotions for Southamptons officers, including Lydiard, but her escape deprived them of this. <mask> now had to secure another triumph


title: Charles Lydiard

type: original

texts:
 to ensure his promotion.Capture of Utile
<mask>'s next opportunity to distinguish himself came in June 1796. On 9 June a French corvette was sighted entering Hyères bay, and Vice-Admiral Sir John Jervis, commander of the Mediterranean Fleet, summoned Macnamara to his flagship, . He asked Macnamara to bring out the French ship if he could. Recognising the difficulty and risk that would be involved, he did not make it a formal written order, instead instructing Macnamara 'bring out the enemy's ship if you can; I'll give you no written order; but I direct you to take care of the king's ship under your command.' Macnamara promptly took his ship in under the guns of the batteries, and apparently having been mistaken for a French or neutral frigate, closed to within pistol shot of the French ship, and demanded her captain surrender. The captain replied with a broadside, and Macnamara brought Southampton alongside and sent <mask> over in command of the boarders. After subduing fierce resistance <mask> took possession of the French ship and together he and Macnamara escaped out to sea under heavy fire from the French shore batteries.Macnamara wrote in a letter to Jervis

The prize, a 24-gun corvette named Utile, was taken into service with the Royal Navy as HMS Utile and Lydiard was promoted and given command of her, a commission confirmed on 22 July 1796. Command
Lydiard spent some time in the Adriatic before returning to Britain in 1797 as a convoy escort, after which Utile was paid off. He was appointed to command the bomb vessel  in May 1798, followed by the sloop  in November that year. He served aboard Kite in the North Sea until his promotion to post-captain on 1 January 1801, at which point he was superseded in the command of the Kite. No further commands could be found for him, and the Peace of Amiens further lengthened his enforced retirement from active service. He went ashore during

masks: Lydiard Lydiard Lydiard


title: Charles Lydiard

texts:
 this time, and took the opportunity to marry. The couple had three sons together.<mask> finally returned to active service in December 1805, with an appointment to command the 38-gun . Anson had originally been a 64-gun third rate, but had been razeed in 1794. He sailed Anson to the West Indies in early 1806 and in August was sailing in company with Captain <mask>'s  when on 23 August they came across the 38-gun Spanish frigate Pomona off Havana, guarded by a shore battery and twelve gunboats. The Pomona was trying to enter the harbour, whereupon Lydiard and Brisbane bore up and engaged her. The gunboats came out to defend her, whereupon the two British frigates anchored between the shore battery and gunboats on one side, and the Pomona on the other. A hard-fought action began, which lasted for 35 minutes until the Pomona struck her colours. Three of the gunboats were blown up, six were sunk, and the remaining three were badly damaged.The shore battery was obliged to stop firing after an explosion in one part of it. There were no casualties aboard Anson, but Arethusa lost two killed and 32 wounded, with Brisbane among the latter. The captured Pomona was subsequently taken into the Navy as . Anson and Foudroyant
Lydiard remained cruising off Havana, and on 15 September sighted the French 84-gun Foudroyant. The Foudroyant, carrying the flag of Vice-Admiral Jean-Baptiste Willaumez, had been dismasted in a storm and was carrying a jury-rig. Despite the superiority of his opponent and the nearness of the shore Lydiard attempted to close on the French vessel and opened fire. Anson came under fire from the fortifications at Morro Castle, while several Spanish ships, including the 74-gun San Lorenzo, came out of Havana to assist the French.After being unable to manoeuvre into a favourable position and coming under heavy fire, <mask> hauled away and made his escape. Anson had two killed and 13

masks:
Lydiard
Charles Brisbane
Lydiard


title: Charles Lydiard

texts:
 wounded during the engagement, while the rigging was badly cut. Foudroyant meanwhile had 27 killed or wounded. Capture of Curaçao

Anson was then assigned to <mask>'s squadron and joined Brisbane's Arethusa and James Athol Wood's . The ships were despatched in November 1806 by Vice-Admiral James Richard Dacres to reconnoitre Curaçao. They were joined in December by  and Brisbane decided to launch an attack on 1 January 1807. The British ships approached early in the morning of 1 January and anchored in the harbour.They were attacked by the Dutch, at which Brisbane boarded and captured the 36-gun frigate Halstaar, while Lydiard attacked and secured the 20-gun corvette Suriname. Both Lydiard and Brisbane then led their forces on shore, and stormed Fort Amsterdam, which was defended by 270 Dutch troops. The fort was carried after ten minutes of fighting, after which two smaller forts, a citadel and the entire town were also taken. More troops were landed while the ships sailed round the harbour to attack Fort République. By 10 am the fort had surrendered, and by noon the entire island had capitulated. Lydiard was sent back to Britain carrying the despatches and captured colours. The dramatic success of the small British force carrying the heavily defended island was rewarded handsomely.Brisbane was knighted, and the captains received swords, medals and vases. Wreck of Anson

Anson was sent back to Britain shortly afterwards, and Lydiard rejoined his ship at Plymouth. After a period refitting Anson was assigned to the Channel Fleet and ordered to support the blockade of Brest by patrolling off Black Rocks. She sailed from Falmouth on 24 December, and reached Ile de Bas on 28 December. With a gale blowing up from the south west, <mask> decided to return to port. He made for the Lizard, but in the poor weather, came up on the wrong side and became trapped on a lee shore, with breakers ahead. Anson

masks:
Charles Brisbane
Lydiard


title: Charles Lydiard

texts:
 rolled heavily in rough seas, having retained the spars from her days as a 64-gun ship after she had been razeed.Lydiard's only option was to anchor, but early on the morning of 29 December the rising storm caused the anchor cables to part and she was driven onto the shore. Lydiard ordered the ship to be run onto a beach in the hope of saving as many lives as possible, and resolved to remain aboard to oversee the evacuation. The pounding surf prevented boats from being launched from the ship or the shore, and a number of the crew were swept away. Some managed to clamber along the fallen main-mast to the shore, while Lydiard clung to the wheel to encourage them on. Eyewitnesses recorded that Lydiard had exhausted himself with the effort of organising the evacuation and clinging to the wreck in the violence of the storm. He attempted to leave the ship, but became distracted by trying to help a boy. In doing so <mask> was washed away and drowned.The Naval Chronicles account of the wreck recorded that

A total of sixty of Ansons crew were lost, including her captain and her first-lieutenant. Lydiard's body was recovered and a funeral service was held at Falmouth, attended by Admiral Sir <mask> and large numbers of army and navy officers, as well as the local dignitaries. The body was later interred in the family vault at Haslemere, Surrey. In fiction
Lydiard is briefly mentioned in the 1946 novel Lord Hornblower by C. S. Forester. The opening scene is a church service for members of the Order of the Bath, at which a number of prominent naval officers are present. This includes <mask>, Samuel Hood, James Lucas Yeo and the fictional Horatio Hornblower. However the novel is set in 1813, six years after <mask>'s death.Notes

References

18th-century births
1807 deaths
Royal Navy officers
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Deaths due to

masks:
Lydiard
Charles Cotton
Lydiard
Lydiard


title: Thomas Böcker

texts:
<mask> is a German creator and producer. He is most known for his Game Concerts series, initiated in 2003 as Symphonic Game Music Concerts and continued with the world tours Symphonic Fantasies, Final Symphony and Final Symphony II, historical for being the longest running and the first of their kind outside Japan. He produced the first live performance of video game music by the London Symphony Orchestra, and was presented with the national Cultural and Creative Pilots Award by the German Federal Government, which recognises outstanding entrepreneurs within Germany’s cultural and creative industries. Early life

<mask> spent his childhood growing up in the small mountain town of Lauenstein. Coming from a family of teachers, he developed an appreciation for Classical music from a young age and regularly attended symphonic concerts. Like many others in Europe, he grew up playing the Commodore 64 and Commodore Amiga computers. Soon enough, he developed a passion for video game music and became especially fond of Chris Huelsbeck’s works on the Turrican series.<mask>’s love for both video game music and Classical artists would soon come together, as he realised the potential for scores and concerts to feature orchestral game music. Concert productions

In 2003, <mask> produced the opening ceremony of the Leipzig Games Convention with the First Symphonic Game Music Concert. The event at the sold-out Gewandhaus concert hall was the first of its kind outside Japan and received ten minutes of standing ovations. His annual follow-up concerts gained even more popular and critical appraise with their numerous innovations, expansive programs, refined performances, and special guest appearances. In conjunction with this work, he brought orchestral game music around the world with leading roles on the highly successful concert tours PLAY! A Video Game Symphony and Distant Worlds: Music From Final Fantasy. He also inspired the use of game music for educational purposes, through creating the series of school concerts Heroes of our Imagination in 2006, with Super Mario Galaxy – A

masks:
Thomas Böcker
Thomas Böcker
Böcker
Thomas Böcker


title: Thomas Böcker

texts: Musical Adventure being its latest instalment in 2010.<mask> has since developed a long-standing relationship with the London Symphony Orchestra,  Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra and  WDR Radio Orchestra in Cologne. This culminated in the best-selling concert performances Symphonic Fantasies – music from Square Enix (2009, 2012, 2016), LEGENDS - music from Nintendo (2011) and the Final Symphony concerts (2013-). As a world's first, <mask>’s productions have been broadcast live to radio listeners worldwide by the WDR and have even been enjoyed internationally through live video streams. In 2012, the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra performed two Symphonic Fantasies concerts at the Tokyo Bunka Kaikan concert hall in Tokyo, Japan, produced by <mask>, with more than 4,600 people in attendance. In May 2012, <mask> announced his tenth major concert production entitled Final Symphony, featuring music from Final Fantasy VI, VII and X. The world premiere of the performance took place on 11 May 2013 and was presented by the Sinfonieorchester Wuppertal. Another performance of the concert took place on 30 May 2013: The first live performance of video game music by the London Symphony Orchestra.Final Symphony had follow-up performances in Japan, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, the USA, New Zealand, China, Austria and Australia. Final Symphony Tokyo was the first video game music concert ever to be greeted with standing ovations in Japan. In March 2015, Final Symphony II saw its first announcement. Featuring music from Final Fantasy V, VIII, IX and XIII, the world premiere took place on 29 August 2015, presented by the Beethoven Orchester Bonn, followed by four performances in September and October 2015 by the London Symphony Orchestra in London, Osaka and twice in Yokohama. The performances in Japan marked the first time a foreign orchestra ever performed a video game concert in Japan. Next to concerts in Germany, the UK and Japan, Final Symphony II also got presented in Finland, Sweden and the Netherlands. Final Symphony and Final Symphony II mark <mask>'s most

masks:
Thomas Böcker
Böcker
Thomas Böcker
Thomas Böcker
Thomas Böcker


title: Thomas Böcker

texts:
 successful concert productions to date.<mask>'s latest venture is the school and family concert Merregnon: Land of Silence. <mask> is the creator, director and producer of this project, its music was written exclusively by Japanese game composer Yoko Shimomura. The world premiere took place with the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra in June 2021, and a concert film of the performance was released the same year in September, worldwide free to watch on demand. Orchestra recordings

Beyond game music concerts, <mask> is the creative mind behind the Merregnon project, a series of albums that tell a fantasy story through music. With their legendary composers, rich performances, and elaborate presentation, these albums have proved influential in East and West alike. <mask> has also accepted executive roles on numerous other album productions, including the Amiga’s Immortal series, Masashi Hamauzu’s Vielen Dank, Yoko Shimomura’s drammatica as well as Chris Huelsbeck's two live orchestra albums featuring music from the Turrican series. He has also supervised the studio recordings of the concerts Distant Worlds and Distant Worlds II.On 13 December 2014, Final Symphony the album was announced. Produced by <mask>, the album is based on the sell-out Final Symphony concert tour, and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra in the presence of composer Nobuo Uematsu at Abbey Road Studios. Before the album's release part of it was broadcast by the UK radio station Classic FM. <mask> has been extensively involved in studio recordings of game music scores. He has attended the recording sessions of numerous Eastern and Western game scores. In addition, his own artists at Merregnon Studios have been commissioned to compose and arrange for titles such as THQ’s S.T.A.L.K.E.R., Namco Bandai’s Mobile Suit Gundam Battlefield Record U.C. 0081 and Mobile Suit Gundam: Side Stories, Sega’s World Club Championship Football  and Capcom's Dragon's Dogma.The producer currently represents Merregnon Studios' award-winning composer and arranger Jonne Valtonen on a range of score and concert

masks:
Thomas Böcker
Böcker
Thomas Böcker
Böcker
Thomas Böcker
Thomas Böcker


title: Cristobal Huet

texts:
<mask> (; born September 3, 1975) is a French-Swiss former professional ice hockey goaltender who is currently a goalie coach for Lausanne HC of the National League (NL). He previously played for HC Lugano and HC Fribourg-Gottéron and within the Chicago Blackhawks, Los Angeles Kings, Montreal Canadiens, and Washington Capitals organizations in the National Hockey League (NHL). He is the first French netminder and second French-trained player overall (after Philippe Bozon) to play in the NHL. <mask> won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks during the 2009–10 NHL season, and became the first Frenchman to win the Stanley Cup as a player. He currently co-hosts hockey TV show, Le Repas d'équipe, with fellow French-born Swiss former player Laurent Meunier on MySports. Playing career

Amateur
As a youth, Huet played in the 1988 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a team from Grenoble. HC Lugano
Huet played for HC Lugano from the 1998–99 season to 2001–02.His career took a significant turn in these years. He won the National League A Championship in his first year, and reached the European Hockey League final four the next year. Los Angeles Kings
<mask> was drafted by the Los Angeles Kings as their seventh-round pick, 214th overall, in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. He played for the Kings in the 2002–2003 and 2003–2004 seasons. He was traded to the Montreal Canadiens in a three-team deal that sent Mathieu Garon to Los Angeles and Radek Bonk from Ottawa to Montreal. During the 2004–05 lockout <mask> played for the Adler Mannheim in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga. He led the team to the finals, where the Eagles lost in three straight games to Eisbären Berlin.Montreal Canadiens
During the 2005–06 season, <mask> eventually won the starting job in goal for the Canadiens at the expense of José Théodore, who was subsequently traded to Colorado in exchange for goaltender David Aebischer. He also won

masks:
Cristobal Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet


title: Cristobal Huet

texts:
 the Molson Cup in February 2006. He won the Best Defensive Player award from the NHL during the first week of March, ousting goaltenders such as the Ottawa Senators' Ray Emery and the New Jersey Devils' Martin Brodeur, with a 3–0–0 record and a 1.67 GAA. For the second time of the year, he was named NHL Best Defensive Player on April 3 with a 3–0–0 record, a 0.65 GAA and 0.979 SV%, ousting goaltenders Martin Brodeur, Flames goalie Miikka Kiprusoff and Detroit's Manny Legace. On April 23, in his first NHL playoff start, <mask> starred in a 6–1 win against the 2nd seeded and eventual Stanley Cup champion Carolina Hurricanes. <mask> stopped 42 of 43 shots in the contest to put the Canadiens up 1–0 in the seven-game series. Two days later, <mask> recorded his first overtime playoff win, when the Canadiens beat the Hurricanes 6–5 in double overtime to take the lead 2–0 in the series.However, <mask> and the Canadiens lost the next four games and the series in goaltender duels with rookie Cam Ward, who had taken Martin Gerber's starting spot in the series, and who would later go on to win the Conn Smythe Trophy. The Canadiens re-signed <mask> in the 2006 off-season to a two-year deal at $5.75 million total, earning $3 million the first season and $2.75 million in the second year. On January 13, 2007, <mask> was announced as one of the three goalies of the Eastern Conference All-Star Team in the 55th NHL All-Star Game in Dallas. A month later, however, he suffered a left hamstring injury that caused him to miss most of the final two months of the season. In his absence, the Canadiens struggled, and the team missed the postseason. Washington Capitals
On February 26, 2008 Montreal Canadiens general manager Bob Gainey traded the French netminder to the Washington Capitals for a 2009 second-round draft pick. The Canadiens decided to trade <mask> because of highly touted prospect, Carey Price.In Washington, he

masks: Huet Huet Huet Huet Huet Huet Huet


title: Cristobal Huet

texts:
 took over the starting position from Olaf Kölzig, pushing incumbent backup Brent Johnson to the pressbox, and his exceptional play helped lead Washington to secure a playoff berth, where they lost the opening round series against the Philadelphia Flyers in seven games. Chicago Blackhawks
On July 1, 2008, the first day of unrestricted free-agency, <mask> agreed to terms on a new 4-year contract with the Chicago Blackhawks worth a total of $22.4 million or $5.625 million per season. Following the signing, Blackhawks general manager Dale Tallon announced the team would enter the season with a tandem of <mask> and Nikolai Khabibulin. Unable to win the starting job over Khabibulin to start the season, <mask> found himself on the bench more often than not. Gradually, he earned back his playing time and both alternated every game for almost 3 months until Khabibulin went down with a groin injury in early February. The tandem, however, earned praise around the NHL. A second Khabibulin injury in early February thrust <mask> in the spotlight once again, and he was named the NHL's 3rd star of the week for Feb 15–21, posting a 3–0–0 record and allowing just five goals on 72 shots.In the end however, Khabibulin was named the playoff starter for the Blackhawks, and they defeated the Calgary Flames in the first round as well as the Vancouver Canucks in the second round. <mask> made his next appearance for the Blackhawks during game three of the 2009 Western Conference Finals, where he was called to replace an injured Khabibulin. He made six saves, and allowed the Blackhawks to collect an overtime win. With Khabibulin still recovering from a lower body injury, Joel Quenneville named <mask> the team's starting goalie for the fourth game against Detroit. <mask> allowed five goals on 21 shots, and was temporarily replaced by Corey Crawford. During the final game of the series, <mask> stopped 44 shots en route to a

masks: Huet Huet Huet Huet Huet Huet Huet Huet


title: Cristobal Huet

texts:
 2–1 overtime loss. For the first time in his career, <mask> started a season as the undisputed number one goaltender, but as the 2009–10 campaign wore on, Antti Niemi eventually replaced <mask> as Chicago's starter going into the playoffs.<mask> played only twenty minutes in the 2010 Stanley Cup Playoffs, which the Blackhawks won with Niemi in net and with an overall playoff record of 16–6. With the Hawks victory, <mask> became the first native of France to get his name engraved on the Stanley Cup. On September 27, 2010, Chicago loaned <mask> to HC Fribourg-Gotteron of the Swiss National League A in order to stay within the salary cap. Fribourg-Gotteron
In his first year with Fribourg-Gotteron, <mask> played in 41 games but struggled in the second half of the season, accumulating a 2.84 goals against average as the team finished 8th. Fribourg qualified for the playoffs only to be swept by HC Davos. The following season he improved to a goals against average of 1.99 in 39 games, third best in the league that year. The team defeated HC Lugano in the quarterfinals in 6 games but lost to SC Bern in the semifinals in 5 games.<mask>'s loan and his contract with the Blackhawks expired when the playoffs ended, thus making him a free agent. Lausanne HC

Failing to sign with an NHL team, he returned to the National League and signed a 4-year deal with Lausanne HC of the National League B. His first season in Lausanne was a success, as the team won the National League B title and went on to win promotion to the National League by defeating SC Langnau in the qualification round. Retirement from the French national team
In May 2017, <mask> played at the 2017 IIHF World Championship, in Paris, representing France. He played his last game at the final round robin game of France, against Slovenia, with a win, and ended with a standing ovation, retiring with France's Team Captain Laurent Meunier. Team France (Les


title: Cristobal Huet

texts:
 Bleus) did not advance to the medal round, but was not relegated. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Honours
French Elite League Champion with the Brûleurs de loups of Grenoble, 1997/98
Albert Hassler Trophy (Most Valuable Domestic Player in the French Elite League), 1997/98
Jean Ferrand Trophy (Most Valuable Goaltender in the French Elite League), 1996/97 and 1997/98
Swiss National A League Champion with HC Lugano, 1998/99
European Hockey League Final Four with HC Lugano, 1999/00
Jacques Plante Trophy (Best GAA in the Swiss National A League), 1999/00 and 2000/01
Roger Crozier Saving Grace Award (Best Save% in the NHL – National Hockey League), 2005/06
Nominee for Bill Masterton Trophy (Awarded to the player who best exemplifies the qualities of perseverance, sportsmanship, and dedication to ice hockey.), 2005/2006
NHL Defensive Player of the Week 3–5–06
NHL All Star Team roster – 2007
Nominee for NHL All Star team – 2008
NHL 3rd star for January 2008
NHL 3rd star of the week (Feb 15–21 2009)
NHL 1st star of the week (Dec 14–21 2009)
NHL 2010 Stanley Cup Champion (Season 2009–2010)

References

External links

 <mask> <mask> biography, including game-by-game results, at The Goaltender Home Page
 <mask> Huet at Yahoo! Sports
 <mask> Huet receives Roger Crozier award

1975 births
Living people
Adler Mannheim players
Brûleurs de Loups players
Chicago Blackhawks players
French ice hockey goaltenders
Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL) players
HC Fribourg-Gottéron players
HC Lugano players
Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Lausanne HC players
Los Angeles Kings draft picks
Los Angeles Kings players
Manchester Monarchs (AHL) players
Montreal Canadiens players
National Hockey League All-Stars
Olympic ice hockey players of France
People from Saint-Martin-d'Hères
Stanley Cup champions
Washington Capitals players
Sportspeople from

masks: Cristobal Huet Cristobal Cristobal


title: Reetika Khera

texts:
<mask> is an Indian development economist. Khera is Associate Professor (Economics) at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (IIT Delhi). She was Associate Professor (Economics and Public Systems group) at the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIM Ahmedabad) from 2018-20. Early life and education
<mask> received a B.A. in economics from Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, an M.A. in economics from the Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi and an M.Phil. in development studies from the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex in Brighton, England.<mask> completed a Ph.D. in economics at the Delhi School of Economics. She did her schooling from Convent of Jesus and Mary, Baroda
 and collaborates often with noted economist and activist, Jean Drèze. She has received fellowships from the Institute for Economic Growth, the Commonwealth Scholarship Scheme, King's College London, and from Princeton University (for a project with Nobel laureate Sir Angus Deaton). Career
<mask> <mask> is a development economist. She was Associate Professor (Economics and Public Systems Group) at the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, on leave from her post as Sulaiman Mutawa Associate Chair Professor in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. <mask> is an advocate for improved welfare programs in the country and actively helped to implement India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA). She has worked with the G. B. Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad

masks:
Reetika Khera
Reetika Khera
Khera
Reetika
Khera
Khera


title: Reetika Khera

texts:
 register India's 1.3 billion residents in an even-handed, judicious way.But although millions enrolled, the program remains riddled with colossal privacy and corruption challenges. In November 2017, Khera filed a "Right to Information" (RTI) request with the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) to solicit public data on how much the agency spent to advertise and promote Aadhaar, since the program started in 2009. UIDAI has not commented or responded to the RTI request. In her January New York Times editorial, <mask> argues:Aadhaar was supposed to showcase the government’s forward thinking about efficient administration; it has only exposed the state’s coerciveness. It was supposed to ease the poor’s access to welfare; it has hurt the neediest. It was supposed to harness technology in the service of development; it has made people’s personal data vulnerable. One of the Indian government’s biggest banner projects has become a glaring example of all that can go wrong with policy making in this country.As part of an April 2018 story in the New York Times, <mask> highlights how India's poorest classes are among those Aadhaar has harmed the most.Rather than being aided by the program, <mask> states that, "This is the population that is being passed off as ghosts and bogus by the government." Publications

Books

 Dissent on Aadhaar, Big Data Meets Big Brother
Drèze, Jean and Khera, Reetika (2015), [null Readings in Social Policy and Public Action], unpublished compilation. De, Anuradha, <mask>, <mask>, Kumar, AK Shiva, Samson Meera (2011), PROBE

masks: Khera Khera Khera Khera Reetika


title: Reetika Khera

texts:
 Revisited (New Delhi: Oxford University Press). Battle for Employment Guarantee (2011), (New Delhi: Oxford University Press). Edited. Citizen's Initiative for Right of Children Under Six (2006), Focus On Children Under Six, Abridged Report (New Delhi: Right to Food Campaign). Contributor.Dey, Nikhil, Drèze, Jean and <mask>, <mask> (2006), Employment Guarantee: A Primer (New Delhi: National Book Trust). Articles

 Impact of Aadhaar on Welfare Programmes, Economic and Political Weekly, 16 December, Vol 52, No. 50. Special Article. Aadhaar and Food Security in Jharkhand, Pain Without Gain?, With Jean Drèze, Nazar Khalid and Anmol Somanchi. Economic and Political Weekly, 16 December, Vol 52, No. 50.Special Article. Recent Social Security Initiatives in India, With Jean Drèze. World Development, Vol 98, October 2017, pp. 555–572. Children's Development: Baby Steps in Odisha, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 50, No. 40. Special Article.Clarification on PDS Leakages, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 50, No. 39. With Jean Dreze, Himanshu and Abhijit Sen. Discussion. Food Security: Bihar on the Move, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 50, No. 34.With Jean Dreze and Jessica Pudussery. Special Article. UID: From Inclusion to Exclusion, Seminar, August 2015. Public Health in North India, An Exploratory Study in Four States Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 50, No. 21, pp. 53–58.With Kritika Goel. Insight. Understanding Leakages in the Public Distribution System, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 50, No., February 2015. With Jean Drèze. Insight. UID

masks: Khera Reetika


title: Reetika Khera

texts: Good Will Come from Linking Aadhaar to Mid-Day Meals | आधार को मिड डे मील से जोड़ने पर नुकसान के सिवा कुछ हासिल नहीं होगा, The Wire, 24 March 2017. Four videos that show why Rajasthan needs to desperately fix its public distribution system, Scroll.in, 9 March. What Explains The Popular Support for Demonetization. In Hindi.नोटबंदी को मिले जनसमर्थन के पीछे क्या कारण है? The Wire, 27 February 2017. Ten Things We Need to Change, Livemint, 4 February 2017. Nice to See NREGA Trending. But Urgent Fixes Required, NDTV, 3 February 2017. मनरेगा में कैसे फूंकी जाए जान?, Rashtriya Sahara, 4 February 2017. यूबीआई कितना व्यावहारिक, Amar Ujala, 31 January 2017.After many u-turns, has Modi finally recognised the importance of social security measures?Scroll.in, 8 January 2017. एक अच्छी पहल की खामियां, Amar Ujala, 6 January 2017. A Phased Approach Will Make a "Basic Income" Affordable for India, The Wire, 20 December 2016. Why We Need to Open ‘Amma Canteens’ All Over India, The Wire, 8 December 2016. Amma's canteens, baby care kits most significant additions to Tamil Nadu welfare schemes: <mask> <mask>, Catch News, 7 December 2016. Aadhaar-enabled Exclusion and Corruption, Deccan Herald, 27 November 2016. निन्यानबे फीसदी बनाम एक फीसदी, Amar Ujala, 22 November 2016.The Good, Bad, and Ugly of Modi's 'surgical strike' on Black Money, NDTV, 14 November 2016. Policy Disaster, Frontline, 11 November 2016. कुपोषण से कैसे लड़ सकते हैं, Amar Ujala, 19 October 2016. Big Media's Take on the Aadhaar-LPG Savings Saga Highlights Why We Can't Trust It, The Wire, 7 October 2016. Could

masks: Reetika Khera


title: Reetika Khera

texts:
 Tehelka, 18 June 2005.Not everybody loves a good drought, The Hindu Magazine, 2 January. With Aruna Roy. Using your Illusions, Hindustan Times, 18 February 2004. With Jean Drèze. Mid-Day Meals in Rajasthan, The Hindu, 13 November 2002. Poverty of Policy, Scarcity of Will, The Times of India, 17 May 2001. With Jean Drèze.References

External links
 Interview with <mask> <mask>
 Column in The Hindu

  at 17:45 mins
  IIT Delhi Webpage

Living people
Indian women economists
Indian women activists
21st-century Indian economists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Women scientists from Delhi
People from New Delhi
Women writers from Delhi
Educators from Delhi
Women educators from Delhi
Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni
Delhi School of Economics alumni
Delhi University alumni
21st-century women


title: Galileo Ferraris

texts:
<mask> (31 October 1847 – 7 February 1897) was an Italian university professor, physicist and electrical engineer, one of the pioneers of AC power system and an inventor of the Two-phase induction motor although he never patented his work. Many newspapers touted that his work on the induction motor and power transmission systems were some of the greatest inventions of all ages. He published an extensive and complete monograph on the experimental results obtained with open-circuit transformers of the type designed by the power engineers Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs. Biography

Born at Livorno Vercellese (Kingdom of Sardinia), Ferraris gained a master's degree in engineering and became an assistant of technical physics near the Regal Italian Industrial Museum. Ferraris independently researched the rotary magnetic field in 1885. Ferraris experimented with different types of asynchronous electric motors. The research and his studies resulted in the development of an alternator, which may be thought of as an alternating-current motor operating in reverse, so as to convert mechanical (rotating) power into electric power (as alternating current).On 11 March 1888, Ferraris published his research in a paper to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Turin (two months later Nikola Tesla gained , application filed October 12, 1887. Serial Number 252,132). These alternators operated by creating systems of alternating currents displaced from one another in phase by definite amounts, and depended on rotating magnetic field for their operation. The resulting source of polyphase power soon found widespread acceptance. The invention of the polyphase alternator is key in the history of electrification, as is the


title: Galileo Ferraris

texts:
 power transformer. These inventions enabled power to be transmitted by wires economically over considerable distances. Polyphase power enabled the use of water-power (via hydroelectric generating plants in large dams) in remote places, thereby allowing the mechanical energy of the falling water to be converted to electricity, which then could be fed to an electric motor at any location where mechanical work needed to be done.This versatility sparked the growth of power-transmission network grids on continents around the globe. In 1889, Ferraris worked at the Italian Industrial Institution, a school of electrical engineering (the first school of this kind in Italy, subsequently incorporated in the Politecnico di Torino). In 1896, Ferraris joined the Italian Electrotechnical Association and became the first national president of the organization. <mask> did not confine his research interests to electricity. He also researched the fundamental properties of dioptric instruments and made elementary representation of the theory and its applications. His work contains a detailed description of the geometric dioptrics for uncentered systems. He provided a greater generality as previously found in the telescopic system treatments, with less emphasis on applications.In the second main sections, the results obtained are applied to optical instruments. The magnification, field of view, and the brightness of the instrument were dealt with in great detail. The field denned as the author of the cone opening angle, the tip of the first main points of the lens, and its base formed by the parts of the object in view, will possess the same brightness. The eye is not treated. Memorials

The city of Turin honored the


title: Galileo Ferraris

texts:
 contributions that Ferraris made to science. A general committee proposed an addition to the Royal Industrial Museum of Turin with a permanent monument commemorating his scientific and industrial achievements. Additionally, an avenue was named in honor of Ferraris.In January 2021 Ferraris was honored by the IEEE Milestones program for his contribution to "the technological innovation and excellence for the benefit of humanity", namely for his “Rotating Fields and Early Induction Motors, 1885-1888”. The according plaque carries the inscription:<mask>, professor at the Italian Industrial Museum (now Polytechnic) of Turin, conceived and demonstrated the principle of the rotating magnetic field. Ferraris’ field, produced by two stationary coils with perpendicular axes, was driven by alternating currents phase-shifted by 90 degrees. Ferraris also constructed prototypes of two-phase AC motors. Rotating fields, polyphase currents, and their application to induction motors had a fundamental role in the electrification of the world. Publications

 Sulle differenze di fase delle correnti e sulla dissipazione di energia nei trasformatori, by Prof. <mask> (Turin, 1887). Online texts : vol.1 vol. 2 vol. 3

References

Further reading

External links
 B. Bowers, "Scanning our past from London: <mask>s and alternating current" in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 790–792, May 2001, doi: 10.1109/5.929656. M. Mitolo and M. Tartaglia, "<mask> Farraris - A Life Dedicated to the Electric Sciences [History]" in IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, vol.22, no. 5, pp. 8–11, Sept.-Oct. 2016, doi: 10.1109/MIAS.2016.2574223. Raffaella Gobbo, L'archivio di Galileo Ferraris, Roma, Amministrazione degli

masks:
Galileo Ferraris
Galileo Ferraris
Galileo Ferrari
Galileo


title: Galileo Ferraris

texts:
 Archivi di Stato, 2005. Estratto da: Rassegna degli Archivi di Stato, n. s., 1 (2005), n. 1-2, 9–169 p. Chronology of <mask>rarris, 24-33 p.
 Museo Ferraris
 Opere di Galileo Ferraris Vol. 1. Opere di Galileo Ferraris Vol.2. <mask>: Inventor of an induction motor. <mask>s - "Father of three-phase current" - Electrotechnical Congress, Frankfurt 1891,  Who Invented the Polyphase Electric Motor? M. Mitolo, M.Tartaglia, <mask>s: A Life Dedicated to the Electrical Sciences, IEEE Industry Appl. Magazine, 2016, pp 8-11
 Power Electric Circuits: Pacinotti and Ferraris The pioneering age of power circuits, pp. 51-58 in A Short History of Circuits and Systems
 Silvanus Phillips Thompson: Polyphase electric currents and alternate current motors
Univ.Prof. Dr.Ing.Martin Doppelbauer: The invention of the electric motor,  Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - KIT
   The History of Alternating Current
  Brian Bowers, <mask>s and Alternating Current, IEEE Proc, vol. 89, n.5, May 2001, pp. 790-792
   <mask>, Rotazioni elettrodinamiche prodotte per mezzo di correnti alternate (Electrodynamic rotations by means of alternating currents), memory read at Accademia delle Scienze, Torino, March 1888 in Opere di Galileo Ferraris, Hoepli, Milano,1902 vol I pp 333-348
WilliamStanley: Alternating-current development in America
  Katz, Eugenii, "<mask>s". Biosensors & Bioelectronics. Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale Galileo Ferraris (IEN) – Official web site (English)
 Alternating Current Development in America by William Stanley
 <mask>s, Britannica

1847 births
1897 deaths
Italian electrical engineers
19th-century Italian physicists
19th-century Italian inventors
People from the Province of Vercelli
19th-century

masks:
Galileo Fe
Galileo Ferraris
Galileo Ferrari
Galileo Ferrari
Galileo Ferrari
Galileo Ferraris
Galileo Ferrari
Galileo Ferrari


title: Mollie Huston Lee

texts:
<mask> (January 18, 1907 – January 26, 1982) was the first African American librarian in Raleigh, North Carolina and the founder of Raleigh's Richard B. Harrison Public Library, the first library in Raleigh to serve African Americans. Her greatest achievement was developing, maintaining, and increasing public library service to the African American people of Raleigh and Wake County, North Carolina while striving to achieve equal library service for the entire community. Personal life

<mask> was born in Columbus, Ohio on January 18, 1907 to <mask> and <mask>, a private business owner and politician. As the only child of "learned parents," there were always books around the family home and growing up, <mask> developed an interest in public affairs. She married Dr. James S<mask> in 1935 and had one son, James S<mask>.

Education and early career

While attending Howard University, <mask> worked as a student library assistant under the direction of A.C. Williams, the man she described as the first black librarian to ever receive a library degree in this country. <mask> acknowledged A.C. Williams as the inspiration for her future efforts as a pioneering librarian. After earning an A.B.from Howard University, <mask> received a scholarship to attend library school at Columbia University. Upon earning a bachelor of library science from Columbia University, <mask> returned to North Carolina in 1930 and began working as a librarian at Shaw University. During her five-year employment at the Shaw University Library, <mask> recognized the need among blacks in the surrounding community for a special African-American literature collection. She recognized that this need could be met through the services of a public library. Library leader and pioneer

In 1905 public library service was extended to blacks in Charlotte, North Carolina but Raleigh had to wait another thirty years. By 1935 there were only twelve black public libraries in North Carolina, however little action was taken in most areas of North Carolina to open libraries to blacks. <mask> <mask> <mask> was an advocate for bringing a library that would serve African

masks:
Mollie Huston Lee
Mollie Huston Lee
Corrina Smith Huston
Rolla Solomon Huston
Lee
. Lee
. Lee Jr
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Mollie
Huston
Lee


title: Mollie Huston Lee

texts:
 Americans to Raleigh.<mask> and a group of community members met in 1935 with the white mayor, George A. Isley, to discuss the creation of a public library that would serve blacks. Fulfilling a goal to establish a black literary collection at a library, the Richard B. Harrison Public Library opened on November 12, 1935. <mask> valued community outreach and frequently brought the library to patrons when they were unable to visit the library themselves. Her actions encouraged community members to use the library and its resources. Despite trying economic conditions, the library's resources continued to expand due to <mask>'s efforts. In addition to establishing a library and services for African Americans in Raleigh, <mask> also assisted in the training of future librarians. Library science students from Atlanta University, North Carolina Central University, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill learned from firsthand experiences at the Harrison Library under the direction of <mask> <mask> <mask>.She served as the supervisor of Negro School Libraries in North Carolina from 1946 to 1953. <mask> was known as a "librarian's librarian." Reflecting on her career as a librarian, <mask> expressed, "I don't know of anything else that can help anyone grow more than working in a library." <mask> <mask> <mask> told a radio audience in 1951, "a public library is the recorded memory of mankind, serving the community. Its function is to make available to all, information and thought in all fields of human knowledge and experience and to help each person, whatever his interest may be, to find and use the books and other library facilities and material which best serve his needs." During her thirty-seven year career at the Harrison Library, she saw the library evolve from a tiny, one-room storefront library on Hargett Street to a $300,000 structure on New Bern Avenue. She retired from a forty-two year library career on June 30, 1972 to "have fun and do some of the things I have not had time for."<mask> <mask> <mask> Collection of Black Literature

<mask>'s dedication to the African American populations in

masks: Lee Lee Lee Lee Mollie Huston Lee Lee Lee Mollie Huston Lee Mollie Huston Lee Lee


title: Mollie Huston Lee

texts:
 Raleigh, Wake County, and North Carolina are best evident in the extensive collection of books and other resources by and about African Americans she established, making the Harrison Library groundbreaking. It was her hope and desire that the African American community would know and be proud of their African American heritage. <mask> established this quality collection as a result of meticulous efforts to collect publications about African Americans. In an interview, <mask> stated, "I felt there was a need to emphasize black books. Black collections were not popular then like they are today. I felt more people should know about black history, black authors, and the contributions of black people." Commonly, publications about African Americans were only in print for two years, as a result, <mask> attentively monitored publishers and vendors of African American books.She would even visit the University Place Book Shop in New York City to select and purchase rare items for the collection. This collection of over 5,000 volumes ranging from adult and children's fiction and nonfiction, serials, pamphlets, and vertical file materials grew gradually but slowly during the thirty-eight years <mask> Huston <mask> Collection of Black Literature. Emphasis on community outreach and programming

<mask> <mask> <mask> viewed the civic education of community members as essential and she created a well-defined philosophy of community affairs that is evident throughout her career. <mask> stated: "If you're a public librarian, you have to be with the people to find out their wants and needs and supply them with the materials to give them the insight to a more wholesome life through reading materials.You can't just sit behind a desk and issue books." Programming at the Harrison Library included lectures featuring black and white speakers, children's authors, and an expanded story time. An emphasis was placed on adult education, "[teaching] them how to live better, longer, fuller and more enjoyable lives." Educational programs directed to residents of the rural Raleigh area provided instruction in the development of reading and

masks: Lee Lee Lee Leellie Lee Mollie Huston Lee Lee


title: Mollie Huston Lee

texts:
 writing skills. Discussion groups on relevant topics were also created for patrons of all ages with the idea of keeping community members informed and aware of current news issues. The Harrison Library was well known regionally and nationally for providing services and programs for the aged, blind, disadvantaged, and illiterate. Programming at the Harrison Library fulfilled a need within the community.Children were provided with educational and recreational tools to assist with their formation as good citizens and adults were provided with materials to aid with their wholesome and useful life within their community. Membership and honors

The esteem to which <mask> <mask> <mask> was held is indicated by her selection as a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) library delegate and her appointment as a trustee of the State Library of North Carolina. <mask> also was instrumental in the foundation of the North Carolina Negro Library Association (NCNLA) which dissolved once the American Library Association (ALA) and the North Carolina Library Association opened membership to African Americans. She was the second African American elected at-large to the ALA council, serving from 1950 to 1954 and in 1971 <mask> represented ALA at the White House Conference on Aging. In 1971, <mask> was the first African American woman elected "Tar Heel of the Week" as a result of her numerous professional and civic contributions to the state of North Carolina. Publications
<mask> <mask> <mask>'s contributions to the field of library science include the following:
<mask>, <mask> <mask>. 1944.Development of Negro Libraries in North Carolina. North Carolina Libraries. 3(2):4. <mask>, <mask> <mask>. 1955. North Carolina Negro Library Association, 1935-54. Library Service Review.2(1):10-32. References

External links
 Richard B. Harrison Library Mollie <mask> <mask> Collection

American librarians
American women librarians
African-American librarians
Howard University alumni
Columbia University School of Library Service alumni
Shaw University faculty
People from Raleigh, North Carolina
1982

masks: Mollie Huston Lee Lee Lee Lee Mollie Huston Lee Lee Mollie Huston Lee Mollie Huston Huston Lee


title: Tina Maze

texts:
<mask> (; born 2 May 1983) is a retired Slovenian World Cup alpine ski racer. <mask> is the most successful Slovenian ski racer in history with a career that culminated with two gold medals at the 2014 Winter Olympics. She was awarded the title of the Slovenian Sportswoman of the Year in 2005, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014 and 2015, and with her four medals she is the most decorated Slovenian athlete at the Winter Olympics. <mask> started her career as a giant slalom specialist, but later competed in all five alpine skiing disciplines. She is one of seven female racers who has won in all five World Cup disciplines and one of three to do it in a single season. <mask> is the 2014 Olympic champion in downhill and giant slalom and the 2015 world champion in downhill and combined. She was also the world champion in giant slalom in 2011 and super-G in 2013.<mask> won a total of 26 World Cup races during her career, and won the World Cup overall title in 2013. In that season, she won 11 races and tallied a record number of World Cup points – 2414, beating the previous record of Hermann Maier of 2000 points from the 2000 season. She also won the super-G and giant slalom titles, and finished first in the combined event (although no globe was awarded) and finished second in slalom and downhill. Maze also improved Maier's previous record of podium finishes in a single season (22) with 24 podiums. Skiing career

Early years
<mask> made her World Cup debut at age 15 in Slovenia in January 1999, in a giant slalom race at Maribor. During her early World Cup seasons, Maze competed in slalom, giant slalom, and super-G, but scored World Cup points only in the first two disciplines. At the 2001 World Championships, Maze's best result was a 16th place in slalom.In January 2002, <mask> won her first podium, a second place in giant slalom in Maribor. At the 2002 Winter Olympics in the United States, <mask> finished twelfth in the giant slalom in her Olympic

masks:
Tina Maze
Maze
Maze
Maze
Maze
Maze
Maze
Maze


title: Tina Maze

texts:
 debut at Park City, Utah. 2003–2004 seasons
On 26 October 2002, <mask> won her first World Cup race at the season opener in Sölden, Austria. She shared the giant slalom win with Nicole Hosp of Austria and Andrine Flemmen of Norway in the first-ever a three-way tie in a World Cup race. <mask> finished the 2003 season on the 38th place in the overall standings with 190 points, all in giant slalom. At the 2003 World Championships, she finished 5th in giant slalom. In the 2004 season, <mask> scored one podium, a runner-up position in giant slalom, and finished 33rd in the overall standings with 244 points.She scored her first points in super-G and started competing in downhill races. 2005–2008 seasons
The 2005 season was a successful season for <mask> as she won 3 giant slalom races and scored two super-G podiums, both 3rd places. She finished the season 10th in the overall standings with 650 points: 366 in giant slalom, where she finished fourth. At the 2005 World Championships Maze finished sixth in super-G and 10th in the combined. In the 2006 season, <mask> won one giant slalom race and two more podiums, a third place in giant slalom and a runner-up position in super-G. She finished the season 14th in the overall standings with 525 points and scored World Cup points in all disciplines for the first time. At the 2006 Winter Olympics, <mask> competed in the giant slalom and super-G events, where she finished 12th and 39th, respectively. The 2007 season was not as successful for her as the previous two seasons, with only 3 top 10 finishes.She finished the season 30th in the overall standings with 268 points. At the 2007 World Championships, <mask>'s best result was a 14th place in super-G. In February 2008, <mask> won her first downhill in St. Moritz, Switzerland, which was the first downhill victory won by a Slovenian female skier. It was also her first non-giant slalom victory. She finished the 2008 season 28th overall with 287

masks: Maze Maze Maze Maze Maze Maze Maze Maze


title: Tina Maze

texts:
 points. 2009–2010 seasons: The breakthrough

Following the declining results in the 2007 and 2008 seasons, <mask> decided to break with the national ski team and founded her personal "Team to aMAZE" with her coach and partner Andrea Massi. This move turned out to be a decisive step in <mask>'s career as her results began to improve significantly.In the 2009 Alpine Skiing World Cup, <mask> scored two wins, both in giant slalom, in Maribor, Slovenia, and in Åre, Sweden. She also won three more podiums, finishing second in downhill and was third twice in super-G. At the 2009 World Championships in Val-d'Isère, France, <mask> won a silver medal in giant slalom, her first medal in a "big competition." In that race, she was only 15th after the first run but excelled in the second, "because she was angry." In addition to the silver medal, <mask> finished 14th in the downhill and fifth in the super-G. <mask> concluded the 2009 season sixth in the overall standings with 852 points, her best result to that date. She also finished third in the giant slalom standings. In the 2010 season, <mask> won one giant slalom race and had runner-up finishes in slalom and giant slalom. That season, Maze had fifteen top 10 results and finished fourth in the overall standings.Again, she finished third in the giant slalom standings. <mask> was the flag bearer for Slovenia at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. She won two silver medals – in super-G and giant slalom at Whistler. These were the first silver medals at Winter Olympics for independent Slovenia (athletes only won bronze medals before 2010). <mask> was fifth in the super combined, ninth in slalom, and 18th in downhill. 2011–2012 seasons
<mask> began the 2011 season strong with several good results and podiums. That season, she won the first races in her career in super combined (Tarvisio, Italy) and slalom (Lenzerheide, Switzerland).She

masks: Maze Maze Maze Maze Maze Maze Maze Maze Maze Maze


title: Tina Maze

texts:
 finished on podium six more times. <mask> finished the 2011 season third in the overall standings with 1139 points. At the 2011 World Championships in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, <mask> won the silver medal in the super combined and the gold medal in the giant slalom. She finished 5th in the slalom and downhill, and 11th in the super-G. The 2012 season was a very interesting one as <mask> had no victories but had ten podium finishes. She finished the season second in the overall standings with 1402 points, behind Lindsey Vonn of United States. 2013: The record breaking season

<mask> started the 2013 season with a win in giant slalom in Sölden, Austria.She then won the 2nd giant slalom in Aspen, United States, followed by two wins in St.Moritz, Switzerland, both in giant slalom and super combined. She then won again in giant slalom in Courchevel, France making it 4 wins out of the first 4 races in this discipline. She collected 11 podiums till the New Year, with five wins, two 2nd and four 3rd places, gaining a sizable lead in the overall standings. She also broke the records for most points in a calendar year (2,180) and most podiums (19) in a calendar year. Her first victory in super-G on 13 January 2013 in St. Anton made her a member of the small group of all-event winners in alpine skiing. On 26 January, <mask> finished second in giant slalom in Maribor to clinch her first World Cup title in GS, then won the slalom the following day. On 24 February, she won the second super combined of the season in Méribel, France, and secured the overall World Cup title with nine races remaining.Despite having the most points in super combined standings, the crystal globe for this discipline is no longer awarded due to a lack of events. On 1 March, <mask> finished second in super-G in Garmisch, her 19th podium of the season, breaking the previous ladies' record. The next day, she won the downhill to record a win in all disciplines in a

masks: Maze Maze Maze Maze Maze Maze


title: Tina Maze

texts: single season, previously accomplished by only two female skiers. In this race, <mask> also surpassed 2,000 World Cup points in a single season and therefore broke Hermann Maier's record from the 2000 season, which was exactly 2,000 points. The last downhill race of the season at the World Cup finals was cancelled, so <mask> finished as runner-up in the downhill standings, a single point behind Lindsey Vonn, whose season had ended in February after a knee injury at the World Championships. The last super-G race was also cancelled and <mask> won the super-G title. In the last race, a giant slalom on 17 March, she gained her eleventh victory of the season and finished with a record 2,414 points.Maze broke various statistical records in this season. They include the highest number of podiums in a single season (24, record previously held by Hermann Maier (22) and by Hanni Wenzel and Pernilla Wiberg for ladies (18)), highest number of top 5 finishes (31, previously Hermann Maier and Pernilla Wiberg (24)), highest number of points after first 10 races (677, previously Katja Seizinger, 643), highest percent of possible points won (69%, previously 61% by Pernilla Wiberg), and the highest point difference to the second-placed skier (1313, compared to 743 for Hermann Maier and 578 for Lindsey Vonn). In fact, Maze collected more World Cup points than second and third skier combined. Maze finished on podium in all Giant slalom events of the season, a feature previously achieved only by Vreni Schneider in the 1989 season. She is also the only woman to remain at the top of the overall ranking throughout the season – a feature only achieved at men's Cup by Bode Miller. In addition to the overall title, Maze won the super-G and giant slalom titles, finished at the top of the combined list by winning both races in the season, and finished second in the Downhill and slalom listing. The titles went to Lindsey Vonn and Mikaela Shiffrin,

masks: Maze Maze Maze


title: Tina Maze

texts:
 respectively.She also came extremely close to sweeping all 6 titles, losing the downhill title to Vonn by a mere 1 point with the seasons final race cancelled due to bad weather, and where Maze would have needed only a top 15 finish to pass the injured Vonn. Shiffrin needed to beat <mask> in the seasons final slalom race to steal away the season slalom title from points leader <mask>, and overcome an over second deficit on Maze after the first run to do so. <mask> came to the 2013 World Championships in Schladming, Austria, as a favorite. At the time, she was the leader in the World Cup standings in three of the five disciplines (giant slalom, super-G, and super combined), second in slalom and third in downhill. Several former alpine skiers stated that she is capable of winning a medal in every single discipline. In the first race at Planai, Maze won the gold medal in super-G and three days later won the silver medal in super combined. She then finished seventh in downhill, won another silver medal in giant slalom, and took fifth in slalom.In October 2013, <mask> was awarded the Skieur d'Or Award by members of the International Association of Ski Journalists for her record-breaking performances during the previous season, thereby becoming the first Slovenian skier to receive the honour since its inception in 1963. 2014 season

<mask> started the 2014 season less successfully, with one victory and three more podiums before the Winter Olympics in February. The decline in results was partially attributed to the change of the coach from the previous season, when Walter Ronconi replaced Livio Magoni. In January 2014, Ronconi was replaced by Mauro Pini, who, according to Maze's team, brought a positive change to the team. Following the Olympics, <mask> won two more podiums, two third places. At the end of the season, she was completely exhausted and finished the last races with difficulties, having fulfilled her goals with two Olympic


title: Tina Maze

texts:
 gold medals. She won a third place in the downhill standings and finished 4th overall.At the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, <mask> finished fourth in the super combined at Rosa Khutor. The second event was the downhill, where <mask> tied for first place with Dominique Gisin of Switzerland. This was the first gold medal for Slovenia at any Winter Olympics and the first time that a gold medal was shared at an Olympic alpine skiing event. <mask> finished fifth in super-G, won another gold in the giant slalom, and was eighth in the slalom. Following her Olympic success, <mask> was nominated for the Laureus Award for the second year in a row. 2015 season

The start of the 2015 season was stronger than the previous year's for Maze. Winning three races and four additional podiums, <mask> came to the 2015 World Championships in Vail / Beaver Creek, Colorado, United States, as the overall World Cup leader and was, as in 2013, seen as a potential candidate to win a medal in all five disciplines.She took silver in the super-G race, continued with winning gold both in downhill and super-combined and then finished 5th in giant slalom and 8th in slalom, what was her best overall performance at World Championships. Following the World Championships, <mask> was tired and did not finish any of the two races in Maribor, which meant that she started to lose advantage over Anna Fenninger. Final races of the season were a close battle between <mask> and Fenninger. <mask> won six more podiums until the end of the season and was leading 18 points in the overall standings before the last race but Fenninger won the last giant slalom and defended her overall title from the 2014 season. Maze finished the season second, with her second-highest number of season points. She also finished third in the slalom, super-G, and downhill standings. At the end of the season, <mask> hinted that she may retire from competitive sport in the following

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 months.Retirement
In May 2015, Maze announced that she would take a break from the sport for a year, not competing in the 2015–16 season and focusing on her studies instead. On 20 October 2016 in Sölden, <mask> announced her retirement from competitive skiing. She officially concluded her career on 7 January 2017 at the giant slalom race in Maribor, at the venue where she made her World Cup debut in 1999. World Cup results

Season titles
4 titles (1 overall, 1 giant slalom, 1 super-G, 1 super-combined)

Season standings
Place (points)

Race victories
26 wins – (4 DH, 1 SG, 14 GS, 4 SL, 3 SC)
81 podiums – (11 DH, 17 SG, 28 GS, 17 SL, 6 SC, 2 PSL)

Olympic results

World Championship results

Personal life
When not competing or training abroad, Maze lives in Črna na Koroškem. She is in a relationship with Andrea Massi, who is also the head of Maze's team. In November 2017, they announced they are expecting a child together. She gave birth to a girl in February 2018.In 2012, <mask> recorded a pop-rock single My Way Is My Decision, produced by Raay. During the year-long break from competing, <mask> concluded her studies at the Faculty of Education, University of Maribor, obtaining an elementary school teacher degree. Awards

Footnotes
 Crystal globes in combined have not been officially awarded for 2013 season. However, athletes still get their medals. References

External links

 <mask>ze World Cup standings at the International Ski Federation

1983 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Slovenj Gradec
Slovenian female alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers of Slovenia
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in alpine skiing
Olympic gold medalists for Slovenia
Olympic silver medalists for Slovenia
FIS

masks:
Maze
Maze
Maze
Tina Ma


title: Thomas Kantzow

texts:
<mask> (died 1542) was a chronicler in the Duchy of Pomerania. He studied at the universities of Rostock and Wittenberg, and was a secretary of the Pomeranian dukes. His manuscripts, rediscovered in 1729, 1832 and 1973, are written in Low German and Standard German language, and were printed in the 19th and 20th centuries. They contain a Low German and three Standard German chronicles covering the history of Pomerania until 1536. Biography

Kantzow was born in Stralsund. His year of birth is uncertain, a date around 1505 is suggested by Kosegarten (1842) and in the ADB. No reports about his parents and his childhood survived.The earliest report of Kantzow is in the University of Rostock's matriculae. This entry covers a matriculation period from 29 September 1525 to 1 April 1526 and reads "<mask>tzouw [de] Szundensis". Kantzow's matriculation was accordingly dated to "ao. 1525" by Kosegarten, to "probably 1525" in the ADB, to 1526 in the NDB and to "verifiably 1526" by Berger (2001). In Rostock, he probably graduated as a magister of theology before he is reported as a secretary of the Pomeranian dukes in 1528 and thereafter. Until 1532, Kantzow was secretary of the dukes Barnim IX and George I at the court in Stettin (now Szczecin), but followed Philip I to the court in Wolgast after the duchy was partitioned between Barnim IX and Philipp I, nephew of the deceased George I. As a ducal secretary, Kantzow participated in the implementation of the Protestant Reformation in Pomerania.In the spring of 1538, Kantzow was matriculated at the University of Wittenberg, probably as a member of Pomeranian count Ludwig von Everstein's entourage. In Wittenberg, Kantzow was instructed by rector Philipp Melanchthon while upholding contacts to Pomerania. He continued to hold several prebendaries and benefices, which he had

masks:
Thomas Kantzow
Thomas Can


title: Thomas Kantzow

texts:
 obtained from the Pomeranian dukes for his secretary services. In 1542, he left Wittenberg due to an illness and on 25 September died on his way home in Stettin, where he was buried in St. Mary's church. Chronicles

In contrast to Johannes Bugenhagen, who in 1518 based his Latin Pomerania on a limited amount of sources from abbeys and printed sources, Kantzow also had access to the extensive ducal archives, where he gathered most of the information for his chronicles, and further derived historiographic information from archeological remnants, inscriptions, coins, folklore, eyewitness accounts and own experiences. The table below provides an overview of the major chronicles written by Kantzow:

Fragmenta der pamerischen geschichte

The first chronicle written by Kantzow was Fragmenta der pamerischen geschichte, full title:  (English translation: "Fragments of the Pomeranian History, from which (if one orders the time properly, and makes right what is not right) one may well gain a good access to a chronicle"). Wilhelm Böhmer, teacher in Stettin and member of the Society for Pomeranian History and Antiquity Studies, rediscovered the handwritten chronicle in landlord von Löper's library in Stramehl (now Strzmiele) in 1832.In 1835, Böhmer published the transliterated script in a printed book titled <mask>zows Chronik von Pommern in niederdeutscher Mundart sammt einer Auswahl aus den übrigen ungedruckten Schriften desselben (English translation: "<mask>w's chronicle of Pomerania in Low German tongue including a selection of further unprinted scripts of the same [author]"), which did not alter Kantzow's spelling. In the preface, Böhmer postulates that the chronicle was written after 1531 or 1532, and a few years before 1538, a determination also followed by Berger (2001). In ADB and NDB, a date prior to 1538 is

masks:
Thomas Kant
Thomas Kantzo


title: Thomas Kantzow

texts:
 assumed. Kantzow's friend Nicolaus (also Niklaus) Klempzen (also Klemptzen) had added a note to the original manuscript's title reading "by <mask>w anno 1538", also a second front page was attached to Kantzow's original one, which Böhmer assumed to originate from the ducal chancellory, which read "First volume of fragments, from which deceased <mask>zow has written the Chronicon Pomeraniae", written in Fraktur letters, with "1538" added in another handwriting. The chronicle, written in Pomeranian Low German, covers the history of Pomerania prior to 1536, with the first part beginning with the death of duke Eric II in 1459 and ending in 1536, and a second and third part beginning in the Slavic period and ending in 1459. While overall the chronicle is not as detailed as later works of Kantzow, it offers a much more comprehensive coverage of the years 1523 to 1536, when Pomerania became Lutheran. Part of the work remains unfinished.Ursprunck, Altheit vnd Geschicht der Volcker vnd Lande Pomern, Cassuben, Wenden vnd Rügen

The second chronicle written by Kantzow was the Standard German variant of the abovementioned Low German chronicle, written before 1538 and also rediscovered by Böhmer in von Löper's library. The title Ursprunck, Altheit vnd Geschicht der Volcker vnd Lande Pomern, Cassuben, Wenden vnd Rügen (English translation: "Origin, oldness and history of the peoples and lands of Pomerania(ns), Cashubia(ns), Wendland (resp. Wends) and Rügen") was proposed by Kosegarten, who derived it from the preface in Kantzow's manuscript. While the Low German chronicle was not structured, the Standard German chronicle is divided into eleven books, the sixth of which is missing in the manuscript. It is not simply a translation of its Low German counterpart, but is more comprehensive, while lacking information about the

masks:
Thomas Kazo
Thomas Kant


title: Thomas Kantzow

texts:
 period after the death of Bogislaw X in 1523. Standard German was chosen over Low German to reach a wider audience, and because the court of Philipp I, who had been raised in the High German-speaking Electorate of the Palatinate, adopted Standard German as its official language at about the same time the chronicle was written. An edition of the manuscript was first printed by Baron von Medem in 1841 as <mask>ws Chronik von Pommern in hochdeutscher Sprache (English translation: "<mask>w's chronicle of Pomerania in Standard German language").In the edition, von Medem changed Kantzow's spelling to resemble the contemporary one, and filled incomplete parts with fragments of other chronicles of Kantzow. Ursprunck, altheit vnd geschicht der volcker vnd lande Pomern, Cassuben, Wenden vnd Rhügen

The chronicle Ursprunck, altheit vnd geschicht der volcker vnd lande Pomern, Cassuben, Wenden vnd Rhügen (same translation as above) was written between 1538 and 1542 and consists of 14 books. Though in part identical with the first Standard German chronicle, it is more comprehensive, has an abundance of sidenotes, yet is also unfinished. Kantzow's manuscript was discovered in 1729 by Albert Schwartz, professor at the University of Greifswald, in Zudar, where it was in the possession of the children of deceased pastor Joachim Wildahn. Schwartz made a copy which was stored in the library of the university,  In 1816, Hans Gottfried Ludwig Kosegarten published a printed edition of Schwartz's copy titled Pomerania oder Ursprunck, Altheit und Geschicht der Völcker und Lande Pomern, Caßuben, Wenden, Stettin, Rhügen. Mildahn's original had disappeared before 1835, but was rediscovered by Kosegarten in 1836 in the archives of Putbus. In 1897, a largely unchanged transcription of the Putbus manuscript was printed by Georg Gaebel in

masks:
Thomas Kantzo
Thomas Kantzo


title: Thomas Kantzow

texts:
 Des Thomas Kantzow Chronik von Pommern in hochdeutscher Mundart (English translation: "<mask>w's chronicle of Pomerania in Standard German tongue"), vol.I.

Vom alten Pomerland

The book Vom alten Pomerland (English translation: "Of the old Pomerania") was an incomplete work written in Wittenberg, with seven writings constituting preparatory works for the eighth one, of which a ninth one is largely a copy written by someone else but corrected by Kantzow. The manuscripts were part of Kantzows handwritings discovered in the abovementioned von Löper's library, and published by Böhmer together with the abovementioned Low German chronicle. Pomerania, Ursprunck, Aldtheitt vnd Geschicht der Volcker und Lande Pommern, Cassuben, Wenden, Stettin vnd Rugenn

After Kantzow's death, Nicolaus von Klempzen compiled this chronicle from Kantzow's legacy, and published it in four books known either as Kantzow's or Klempzen's Pomerania. A corresponding manuscript was discovered only in 1973 in the archives of Copenhagen ("Thott 644 Fol. "), proving that Klempzen was merely publishing, not re-organizing Kantzow's chronicle, as was assumed before. A transcription of this chronicle was published as print edition in 1908, before the discovery of the Copenhagen manuscript, by Georg Gaebel, titled Pomerania. Eine pommersche Chronik aus dem sechzehnten Jahrhundert (English translation: "Pomerania.A Pomeranian chronicle from the 16th century"). Sources

References

Bibliography

Petersohn, Jürgen (1973) (in German): Die dritte hochdeutsche Fassung von Kantzows pommerscher Chronik. Identifikation eines verkannten Geschichtswerks, in: Baltische Studien NF 59, pp. 27–41. People from Stralsund
1542 deaths
Chroniclers
History of Pomerania
University of Rostock alumni
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni
Year of birth


title: Swami Keshwanand

texts:
<mask> (12 March 1883 – 13 September 1972) was an Indian freedom fighter and social reformer. Early life

Born in Jat family of village Magloona in Sikar district of present-day Rajasthan in 1883, <mask>, whose actual name was Birama, was the son of Thakarsi, a penurious camel-driver, and his wife Saran. The family were Hindu and belonged to the Dhaka gotra and the Jat clan. When Birama was five, his family left Magluna for the nearby town of Ratangarh. Thakarsi, who used to escort prosperous Seths (Businessman) from Ratangarh to Delhi on his camel, died in 1890 when Birama was seven. This put paid to Birama's already slim chances of gaining an education; it is said that for a prolonged period, his mother had perforce to move from place to place in search of shelter and fodder for her animals. Mother and son finally settled at village Kelania in present-day Sri Ganganagar district in 1897.However, this was not the end of their misfortunes: Rajasthan was then headed for one of its periodic famines. By one account: "There was no vegetation left on the ground. There was no drop of water. All the animals died for want of fodder. People survived on grasses and the bark of "Khejri" trees. Even that also became scarce. There was nothing like governance.The ruling Samants were least bothered for the poor people....". It was in these circumstances that Birama's mother Saran died in 1899 at village Kelania. Education

The famine of 1899 forced the 16-year-old Birama to leave the desert region and move to Punjab in search of livelihood. Circumstances had induced in him an ineffable spiritual quest. He approached Mahant Kushaldas of the Udasin sect, to whom he expressed the desire to learn Sanskrit, to be able to study the higher Hindu scriptures from primary sources. Noting that

masks:
Swami Keshwanand
Swamiji


title: Swami Keshwanand

texts:
 Birama belonged to the Jat caste, who were customarily precluded from studying the higher scriptures or even the liturgical Sanskrit language, Mahant Kushaldas advised him to become a sannyasi, or renunciate, which would render him eligible to learn Sanskrit. Accordingly, Birama became a sannyasi in 1904, was inducted into the Udasin sect, and commenced his education at the Sadhu Ashram Fazilka, a Hindu seminary located in Punjab.He learned the Hindi and Sanskrit languages and the Devanagari and Gurmukhi scripts at the Ashram. At the Kumbha Mela held at Prayag in 1905, Mahatma Hiranandji Avadhut conferred on Birama the new name "<mask>wanand". Career
<mask>walla Bagh Massacre of 1919, which caused a profound impact on the collective psyche of the Punjab, left <mask> profoundly moved. He started attending the meetings of the Indian National Congress, joined the Indian Independence Movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, and participated in the non-co-operation movement, for which was imprisoned for two years (1921–1922) at Ferozepur. In 1930, he was given charge of Congress activities in Ferozepur district. He was again arrested the same year, but was soon released pursuant to the Gandhi-Irwin pact.Educator
<mask>, an orphan, illiterate, nomadic man who never received formal education, was the founder of more than 300 schools, 50 hostels and innumerable libraries, social service centres and museums. In 1911, within a few years of his initiation into the Udasin Dasnami sect as a sanyasi, swami Keshawanand started the "Vedant Pushp Vatika" library within the precincts of the Sadhu Ashram Fazilka. The following year, he started a Sanskrit school at the same place. In 1932, swami <mask> was made director of the Jat School, Sangaria, which was at the verge of

masks:
Swami Kesh
Swami Keshwanan
Swami Keshawanand
Swami Keshwanand
Keshwanand


title: Swami Keshwanand

texts:
 closure for want of funds. He went from village to village to collect funds, and was successful in averting the closure of the school, which was renamed Gramothan Vidyapith, Sangaria in 1948. Within the precincts of this school, <mask>nd developed a museum with a valuable collection of rare documents, paintings and antiques, thus initiating the idea of conservation in a profoundly backward area. The students of the school, aided by the local community, undertook a large-scale, successful project to green the precincts of the school, which is located in one of the most arid regions of India.Gramothan Vidyapith, Sangaria has become an inspiration for educators far and wide. Propagation of Hindi
Swami Keshwanand felt that the knowledge of the Hindi language is a must to keep the country united and to educate the public about nationality. <mask>'s own mother-tongue was of course Hindi, and he somehow felt that forcing people from other parts of India to learn that language would aid national unity. He started his programme of spreading Hindi by founding, in 1920, a Hindi forum, the 'Nagari Pracharini Sabha', at Abohar in the Ferozepur district of Punjab. This forum was later renamed "Sahitya Sadan, Abohar". In 1933, he started a press named "Deepak" at Abohar, which published material in Hindi language that was distributed either free or at a very nominal price. He organised the 30th All India Hindi Sahitya Sammelan at Sahitya Sadan, Abohar, in 1941.<mask> was a longtime member of the Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, Allahabad. He either himself wrote, or arranged for the translation into Hindi, of around 100 books. At immense effort over the course of eleven years, he arranged for the publication of the Hindi edition of the book "History of Sikhs" in 1954. In 1942, he was honoured

masks:
Swami Keshwana
Swami
Swami Keshwanand


title: Swami Keshwanand

texts:
 with the "Sahitya Vachaspati" for his pains in propagating his own mother-tongue to other people. Social reformer
<mask>'s deep understanding of the rural society of the desert region can be gleaned from his book "Maru Bhumi Seva Karya". In this book, he has explained the peculiarities of the Desert region, identified the problems and suggested solutions. It was <mask>wanand's lifelong endeavour to eradicate social evils like untouchability, illiteracy, child marriage, indebtedness, poverty, backwardness, alcohol abuse, moral dissipation, etc.<mask>, born in a Jat Hindu family of Dhaka clan, and a renunciate belonging to the Udasi sect which was propagated by Srichandji, son of guru Nanakdevji, the founder of the Sikh faith, was a unique example of communal harmony. He organised celebrations in honour of Sikh, Bishnoi, Namdhari and Jain gurus. During the partition of India in 1947, he got wounded Muslims admitted to hospitals and arranged food and shelter for them. <mask>wanand started a girls' school called (Gramothan Vidyapeath) in Sangriya in August 1917. Because of his efforts, many others in Sangriya have prioritised education. <mask> was presented the “Abhinandan Granth” by the then chief minister of Rajasthan on 9 March 1958. He was a member of the Rajya Sabha for two consecutive terms, 1952–58 and 1958–64.He died on 13 September 1972 in Delhi. The department of Posts, Government of India, issued a commemorative postage stamp in his honour on 15 August 1999. In 2009, <mask>wanand Rajasthan Agricultural University was named after him. References

1883 births
1972 deaths
Rajasthani people
Indian independence activists from Rajasthan
Keshawanand
People from Sikar district
Indian social reformers
20th-century Indian educational theorists
Rajya Sabha members from

masks:
Swami Keshwanand
Swami Kesh
Swami Keshwanand
Swami Kesh
Swami Keshwanand
Swami Kesh


title: Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi

texts: <mask>-Rahman al-Mahdi, KBE (; June 1885 – 24 March 1959) was one of the leading religious and political figures during the colonial era in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1898–1955), and continued to exert great authority as leader of the Neo-Mahdists after Sudan became independent. The British tried to exploit his influence over the Sudanese people while at the same time profoundly distrusting his motives. Throughout most of the colonial era of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan the British saw <mask>-Rahman al-Mahdi as important as a moderate leader of the Mahdists. <mask>-Rahman was the posthumous son of <mask>, who had proclaimed himself the Mahdi or redeemer of the Islamic faith in 1881, and died in 1885 a few months after his forces had captured Khartoum. A joint British and Egyptian force recaptured Sudan in 1898. At first, the British severely restricted <mask>-Rahman's movement and activity. However, he soon emerged as the Imam (leader) of the Ansar religious sect, supporters of the Mahdist movement.The British maintained a close political relationship with <mask>-Rahman. Meanwhile, he grew wealthy from cotton production, for which his supporters provided labor since he was a child exiled to Aba Island, and was influential and well loved among his people. The British administration distrusted him because they could not control him or use him to exert influence on Sudan. In the 1930s, <mask>-Rahman spoke out against a treaty between Egypt and Britain that recognized Egyptian claims of sovereignty in Sudan, although no Sudanese had been consulted, travelling to London to make his case. His Ansar followers became an influential

masks:
Sayd Abd al
Sayd Abd al
Abd al
Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah
Abd al
Abd al
Abd al


title: Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi

texts:
 faction in the General Congress established in 1938, and in the successor Advisory Council set up in 1944. <mask>-Rahman was patron of the nationalist Ummah (Nation) political Party in the period before and just after Sudan became independent in 1956. In 1958 the Umma party won the most seats in the first parliamentary elections after independence.In November 1958 the army staged a coup, which <mask>-Rahman supported. He died on 24 March 1959, aged 73. In the post-WW I period, the Mahdi's family became the wealthiest family in Sudan from cotton production, mainly supported by the Baggara followers from Darfur and Kordofan. These western tribes had been the backbone of the original Mahdist movement. The riverine tribes were more inclined to side with the rival Khatmiyya movement. <mask>-Rahman's economic activity, and the resulting wide range of contacts with merchants and owners and his schemes for irrigating cotton fields, gave him influence among Sudanese engaged in commerce. As of 1 January 1922, the government became wary of his influence and power, and so suspended his economic activity.The allowance of <mask>-Rahman was increased somewhat, but only so that he could support old women and other incapable people whose income had also been stopped by the government. Background

Since antiquity Egypt has straddled the trade route between the Mediterranean and Arabia, India and countries to the east. With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 it gained huge strategic importance. In 1882 the British took effective control of Egypt in the Anglo-Egyptian War. Northern and central Sudan had been nominally under Egyptian

masks:
Abd al
Abd al
Abd al
Abd al


title: Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi

texts:
 under his control. Major-General Charles George Gordon was given the job of evacuating the Egyptian garrison from Khartoum.He arrived on 18 February 1884. Gordon was reluctant to abandon the population of Khartoum to the forces of the Mahdi, and also felt that by evacuating the city he would open the way for the Mahdi to threaten Egypt. He bombarded the authorities in Cairo with telegrams suggesting alternative courses, and delayed starting the evacuation. On 13 March 1884 the tribes north of Khartoum declared for the Mahdi, cutting the telegraph and blocking river traffic. Khartoum was besieged, falling on 25 January 1885 after a siege of 313 days. A relief column arrived two days after the city had fallen and Gordon had been killed. Despite a short-lived public outcry in Britain over Gordon's death, Britain took no further action in Sudan for several years.Mahdiyah (1885–1898)
Muhammad Ahmad died of typhus a few months after his victory, leaving power to his three deputies, or Kalifas. <mask>-Rahman was born on 15 July 1885 in Omdurman, three weeks after his father's death. His mother was granddaughter of a former Sultan of Darfur, Mohammed al-Fadl. As a child, <mask>-Rahman's only formal education was that of a religious school where the pupils memorized the Quran. By the age of eleven he had recited the Quran. After a prolonged struggle, by 1891 the Kalifa <mask> ibn Muhammad emerged as sole leader due to his support from the warlike nomadic Baggara Arabs of the west. He proved to be an able and ruthless ruler of the Mahdiyah, the Mahdist state.At first the state was run on military lines as a Jihadist state. Later, a

masks:
Abd al
Abd al
Abdallahi


title: Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi

texts:
 al-Shakaba on the Blue Nile in September 1898. The group included the Khalifa Muhammad Sharif, the Mahdi's cousin and one of his chosen successors. In 1899 the government heard rumors that the family group was advocating a Mahdist revival and dispatched a military force to al-Shakaba. One account says the force attacked the family and followers, firing on them at random. <mask>-Rahman was badly wounded and his two elder brothers were killed. Another account says Muhammad Sharif and the two elder sons of the Mahdi were arrested. There was a skirmish when an attempt was made to rescue them.Muhammad Sharif and the Mahdi's two sons were found guilty by a court martial trial and were shot. Organized resistance to the British had ended by 1899, although sporadic fighting continued for a few more years. In theory the British ruled the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in partnership with Egypt through an arrangement called the "condominium". In practice, although Egypt bore most of the costs of the military conquest and occupation of Sudan, the British ran the country as they chose. The head of the military and the civil administration under the 19 January 1899 Condominium Agreement was a British-nominated Governor General, who acted independently of the Cairo government. Early period of British rule

After the British took control, <mask>-Rahman lived at first with a relative in the Gezira. On the advice of the Inspector General Slatin Pasha, <mask>-Rahman was constantly watched in the early years of British rule, was given a very small allowance and was not allowed to call himself Imam or the Mahdi.Both Slatin and the Governor-General

masks:
Abd al
Abd al
Abd al


title: Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi

texts: Reginald Wingate were determined to stamp out Mahdism. Slatin had been held a prisoner of the Mahdists for eleven years. He placed many restrictions on the Mahdist leaders such as prohibiting them from reading the Mahdi's prayer book, from visiting "sacred" places associated with their movement other than the Mahdi's tomb, and from praying or making offerings at the tomb. From 1906 <mask>-Rahman lived in Gezirat al-Fil, near to Omdurman. He was subject to constant and obtrusive supervision by the intelligence department. After 1908 <mask>-Rahman was allowed to live in Omdurman and study under a distinguished Azharite named Muhammad al-Badawi, where he gained some understanding of Islamic jurisprudence and the fundamentals of his religion, including the Hadith, or Prophet's tradition. However, he was never to become a well-educated and knowledgeable Islamic scholar as his father had been.The government lent him money to build the family mosque in Omdurman in 1908, and let him farm part of his father's land on Aba Island. He emphasized his peaceful intentions, convincing the colonialist government that his movement was not dangerous. A British official described him in 1909, when he was aged about twenty-four, as "an obsequious, sorry-looking youth in soiled clothes". In 1910 he made a public speech in which he supported the Condominium administration of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. <mask>-Rahman quietly began to regroup the Ansar as a religious sect. Until 1914, he lived in seclusion in Omdurman or on Aba Island, closely watched by Slatin's intelligence agents. Despite the surveillance he built considerable influence in the


title: Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi

texts:
 White Nile region.He often visited the many mosques in Omdurman to meet his followers with his face covered so he would not be recognized by government agents. He received many visitors who sought his blessing. World War I
When World War I broke out in 1914, Turkey sided with Germany against Britain. Governor-General Wingate had to persuade the Sudanese people that Turkey was no longer a truly Muslim state. Wingate was helped by Sudanese memories of the harsh former Turkish rule. Wingate described Britain as the true defender of Islam, and called the Turkish rulers a "Syndicate of Jews, financiers and low-born intriguers". The British and most of the northern Sudanese saw the Sayyids, the leaders of the main Islamic groups, as the natural spokesmen for the people.Wingate decided to enlist Sayyid <mask>-Rahman to support the British cause. <mask>-Rahman publicly declared his full support for the British and assisted in suppressing a rebellion in the Nuba Mountains in 1915. In 1915 Sayyid <mask>-Rahman made a series of tours and visits to parts of the country where Mahdism was still strong, particularly among the Baggara of the White Nile region, speaking in opposition to the Turkish sultan's calls for Jihad. When he toured Aba Island in 1915, he was greeted by thousands of sword-carrying Mahdists who prayed that "the day had arrived". Alarmed at the possibility of a Mahdist revival, the British ordered him to return to Omdurman in 1916. However, <mask>-Rahman appointed agents in Blue Nile and Funj provinces and later in Kordofan and Darfur. Their ostensible role was to report on any illegal activity and to encourage


title: Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi

texts:
 payment of taxes to the British.They took advantage of their visits to collect payments of zakat to <mask>-Rahman and to encourage the Ansar, who now freely used the illegal Mahdist prayer book, ratib al-mahdi. The British encouraged the development of a version of the Ansar movement that was not fanatical, and did much to accommodate <mask>-Rahman's ambitions, although they could not go as far as supporting his goal of becoming King of Sudan. However, the toleration and even support of Mahdism during World War I was not based on official policy. A British official who was critical of the support given to <mask>-Rahman at this time later wrote that some changes were "a modification of policy deliberately proposed; others ... the unforeseen consequence of action taken; others, perhaps the majority, appear superficially to represent a gradual drift, of which the Government was at the time unconscious". Post World War I

In 1919 Sayyid <mask>-Rahman al-Mahdi was among a delegation of Sudanese notables who went to London to congratulate King George V of the United Kingdom on the British victory in the war. In a dramatic gesture of loyalty, <mask>-Rahman presented the Mahdi's sword to the King. The delegation was led by Sayyid Ali al-Mirghani, the leader of the Khatmiyya movement, who was later to clash with <mask>-Rahman over several issues.After the war, the Turkish empire was broken up, leading to a revival of Egyptian nationalism. Some Egyptians claimed that Sudan was a natural extension of Egypt. The Sudanese view was mixed, with some wanting ties with Egypt to offset British influence and others wanting complete

masks:
Abd al
Abd al
Abd al
Abd al
Abd al
Abd al


title: Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi

texts: independence of Egypt. In the post-war period, the Mahdi's family became wealthy from cotton production based on irrigation and migrant laborers, mainly their Baggara followers from Darfur and Kordofan. These western tribes had been the backbone of the original Mahdist movement. The riverine tribes were more inclined to side with the rival Khatmiyya movement. The government supported <mask>-Rahman in these commercial enterprises.<mask>-Rahman's economic activity, and the resulting wide range of contacts with merchants and owners of pump-schemes for irrigating cotton fields, gave him influence among Sudanese engaged in commerce. As of 1 January 1922, the government suspended payment of allowances to Mahdist notables other than the old and those whose movements were restricted. The allowance of <mask>-Rahman was increased somewhat, but only so that he could support old women and other incapable people whose allowances had been stopped. By the 1920s, <mask>-Rahman was a respected religious and political leader. In 1921, he held a meeting at his home where the attendees signed two documents that laid out the Mahdist objectives. These were for Sudan to be ruled by Britain rather than Egypt, and for Sudan to eventually achieve self-government. In the early 1920s, between 5,000 and 15,000 pilgrims were coming to Aba Island each year to celebrate Ramadan.Many of them identified <mask>-Rahman with Isa, the prophet Jesus, and assumed that he would drive the Christian colonists out of Sudan. The British found that <mask>-Rahman was in correspondence with agents and leaders in Nigeria and Cameroon, predicting the eventual victory of


title: Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi

texts:
 the Mahdists over the Christians. They blamed him for unrest in these colonies. After pilgrims from West Africa held mass demonstrations on Aba Island in 1924, <mask>-Rahman was told to put a stop to the pilgrimages. For a long time the British were ambivalent in their attitude to <mask>-Rahman. He had provided valuable political assistance during World War I and in 1924. On the other hand, the Sudan Government found that his services had a hidden agenda and described his actions as "evasive and obstructive".On balance the British found it best to treat <mask>-Rahman as an ally, although some felt that Governor-General Reginald Wingate (1900–18) was too lenient towards him. In September 1924 Sayyid Ali al-Mirghani, leader of the Khatmiyya movement and <mask>-Rahman's rival, said he would prefer Sudan to be part of the Egyptian kingdom than to be an independent monarchy under Sayyid <mask>-Rahman. At that time the British favored Sayyid Ali, whom they saw as a purely religious leader, while Sayyid <mask>-Rahman also had potentially dangerous political ambitions. Political crises
In 1924, there was a crisis in Egypt when a government hostile to the British was elected. On 19 November 1924, the Governor of Sudan Sir Lee Stack was shot and assassinated while driving through Cairo. The British responded with anger, demanding of the Egyptian government a public apology, an inquiry, suppression of demonstrations and payment of a large fine. Further, they demanded withdrawal of all Egyptian officers and Egyptian army units from the Sudan, an increase to the scope of an irrigation scheme in Gezira and laws to protect foreign