title: Ian Shapiro

texts: become dominant in political science by the 1980s, was driven to “...[save]... universalist theory from discordant encounters with reality.”  Rational choice theory, they argued, rests on unsubstantiated assumptions about political reality.When these assumptions are scrutinized and tested empirically, they are all too often been found to be false. And when rational choice theory generates explanations that are true and predictive, typically such explanations turn out to be banal, obvious, and hence of little merit on that count. Pathologies generated considerable critical attention from all quarters in the political science discipline,  some of which spilled over into the realm of public debate. This work has been credited with fostering the reinvigoration of systematic empirical research in the political science discipline. In The Flight from Reality in the Human Sciences, <mask> takes a systematic look at the many ways in which the human sciences have lost sight of their objects of study, confusing apparent methodological rigor with accuracy. This matters, he argues, because the conclusions that result, even while resting on assumptions divorced from reality, can profoundly impact real outcomes. Through inefficacy, for example, this kind of social science can neuter social criticism.Along with a critique of the method-driven strategies embraced by rational choice theorists, interpretivists, and others, <mask> offers a defense of epistemological realism. He defines realism as resting on a twofold conviction: “that the world is  causal mechanisms that exist independently of our study — or sometimes even awareness — of them, and that the methods of science hold out the best possibility of our grasping their true character.” He explores its implications both for explanation in the human

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 sciences and for normative debates which, he argues, should be conducted in closer proximity to one another than is typically the case. For instance, if we are concerned with reducing injustice in the world, we should investigate both the philosophical character of justice as well as the conditions in the world that shape people's ideas about it. Policy issues
In Democracy's Place, <mask> said “...I think inquiry most likely to be fruitful if we start with first-order problems and engage higher-order commitments only to the degree necessary to tackle them.”  <mask> has engaged concrete policy issues in three works of applied political theory. Abortion: The Supreme Court Decisions, provides an extended analysis and annotation of the political and legal debate on abortion in the United States since the 1960s. Death by A Thousand Cuts: The Fight Over Taxing Inherited Wealth (coauthored with Michael Graetz) and Containment: Rebuilding a Strategy Against Global Terror. In Death by A Thousand Cuts, Graetz and <mask> explore new evidence that bears on the old question: In democracies, why don't the poor soak the rich?The prospect that, if given the vote, the poor would use it to do just that dominated nineteenth-century debates about expanding the franchise. It is also predicted by the median voter theorem in political science. In fact, majorities in democracies sometimes support regressive changes in distribution, which is to say the poor sometimes vote for measures that will increase the wealth of the richest members of society at their own expense. This was the case with the broad bipartisan support for repealing the estate tax, which had been on the books since 1916, as part of President Bush's 2001 tax cut. This tax was paid by the wealthiest two percent of taxpayers; half by the

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 wealthiest half of one percent. Yet polls revealed large majorities consistently favored getting rid of it, and the legislation to repeal the tax won strong bipartisan backing in both houses of Congress. Finding few useful insights in the political science or economics literatures to account for this, Graetz and <mask> undertook a micro-study of the estate-tax repeal's legislative success.Based on 150 interviews with congressmen, senators, staffers, civil servants, lobbyists, activists, think tank researchers, and pollsters involved on both sides of the repeal effort, they distilled a picture of “how power and politics actually operate in Washington today.”

The book develops a number of insights about what makes redistributive coalitions more and less effective in American politics, underscoring the complex pluralism of power in America and the role of moral commitments in animating lived political experience. It also provides insights into the ways in which Americans understand and make decisions about their interests. They argue that interest groups can radically change politicians behavior without substantively changing public opinion. In the case of the estate tax, interest groups were able to recast public opinion by employing priming and non-neutral wording in opinion polls. While public opinion did not change, the politicians’ perceptions of public opinion radically shifted and with it, their understanding of which actions were politically safe. This provides a partial explanation for the way that democracies can generate upward redistribution, contrary to what we might have assumed were the “objective” interests of the majority. Graetz and <mask> were to have received the 2006 Sidney Hillman award for the book, but the award was revoked at the last minute due to allegations


title: Ian Shapiro

texts: that <mask> had intimidated graduate student assistants during a union campaign at Yale in 1995, which an administrative court later found to be an illegal partial strike.The Hillman award is sponsored by a labor union, UNITE-HERE, which represents clerical and technical workers at Yale and serves as the parent organization of the Graduate Employees and Students Organization (GESO). <mask> expressed regret over the withdrawal of the award and noted that the administrative law judge dismissed claims against Yale stemming from the 1995 strike, so the allegations against him were never adjudicated. In the wake of America's foreign policy decisions in the first decade of the 21st century and their consequences, <mask> wrote Containment. This was a critique both of the neoconservative Bush doctrine, which gained ascendency following the 9/11 attacks, and of the Democrats for their failure to articulate an alternative. Beginning from the claim that, “in electoral politics, you can’t beat something with nothing”,  <mask> spelled out an approach to foreign affairs in the post 9/11 age based on an adaptation of George Kennan's cold-war containment strategy. Containment, rather than aggressive regime change, is preferable from a principled perspective because it is more democratic to leave countries to choose (or refuse) democracy on their own, consistent with <mask>'s insistence on the importance of ‘insider wisdom’ in achieving just outcomes. But furthermore, aggressive foreign wars are expensive in terms of monetary and political capital, and have costs in terms of foreign reputation also.Even a trans-border threat like organized terror, he argues, can be most effectively contained by pressuring host countries. Kennan's defense of containment had been strategic all the way down, but <mask>

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 argues that the doctrine's imperative to ratchet up only enough coercive force to stop the bully, without yourself becoming a bully, embodies the central commitment to resisting domination that gives the democratic ideal its normative appeal. In a more recent work coauthored with Michael Graetz,The Wolf at the Door: The Menace of Economic Insecurity and How to Fight It, <mask> argues that Americans are more concerned with their own economic insecurity than they are about inequality - calling attention to the fact that Americans are most afraid losing what they already have, whether it be jobs, status, or safe communities. Therefore, <mask> and Graetz posit that the solution to economic insecurity is a return to the hard work of building coalitions around realistic goals and pursuing them doggedly through the political system - providing evidence of the success of this tactic in earlier reforms, such as in the cases of the abolition of the slave trade and the pursuit of civil rights legislation. Additionally, <mask> and Graetz offer concrete, achievable reforms that would make Americans more secure, and offer substantial recommendations for how to increase employment, improve wages, protect families suffering from unemployment, and provide better social services such as health insurance and child care. Other work
<mask> edited NOMOS, the yearbook of the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy, for eight years, as well as a number of other collections of scholarly work. <mask> has also contributed to the “Arts and Ideas” section of the New York Times, and journals like Dissent and Critical Review.He produces occasional op-ed pieces, too. In addition, <mask> has published The Moral Foundations of Politics  (2003). This book grew from a popular undergraduate course which <mask>

masks: Shapiro Shapiro Shapiro Shapiro Shapiro Shapiro Shapiro


title: Ian Shapiro

texts: has taught at Yale University for decades. It explores three common kinds of answers to the question: “Who is to judge, and by what criteria, whether the laws and actions of states that claim our allegiance measure up?”  Through examining the utilitarian, Marxist, and social contract traditions, <mask> aims to demonstrate both the common roots of the 20th century's dominant modes of thinking about political legitimacy and the pragmatic consequences of the operationalization of these traditions. In the final chapters, he engages with contemporary critiques of the Enlightenment, arguing that even if we could reject the ideas and principles that commonly animated the political thought of that time, it would be to our detriment to do so. <mask> offers a defense of what he describes as the mature Enlightenment. Its core commitments are to a fallibilist view of science and the political importance of individual freedom as realized through representative institutions.<mask> also served as the instructor for Moral Foundations of Politics, an introductory course on political philosophy offered on Coursera by Yale University since January 2015. It is "a survey of the major political theories of the Enlightenment" and also deals with contemporary issues in modern-day politics. The course aims to answer the central question: "When do governments deserve our allegiance, and when should they be denied it?". As of 23rd January 2022, 173,901 learners have enrolled for the same. <mask> is co-chair of the executive committee of the Future of American Democracy Foundation, a nonprofit, nonpartisan foundation in partnership with Yale University Press and the MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies, "dedicated to research and education aimed at renewing and sustaining the historic vision of

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 American democracy." Notes

Works

External links

 Introduction to The State of Democratic Theory by <mask>
 Response by <mask> to critics of Democratic Justice
 "Democracy at Home," an interview with <mask>
 <mask>:: The MacMillan Center:: Department of Political Science:: Yale University
 <mask> | Political Science | Yale University

1956 births
Living people
American political philosophers
University of Cape Town academics
Yale Sterling Professors
People educated at Abbotsholme

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Ian Shapiro


title: Adewale Oke Adekola

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<mask>   (26 March 1932 – March 1999) was a Nigerian engineer, academic, author, and administrator. He was the first Nigerian dean of engineering and head of civil engineeringat the University of Lagos. He was the founding vice chancellor of the Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi and emeritus professor of the University of Lagos. He was a pioneer of engineering educationin Nigeria and reputed as a great teacher. He became one of the first Nigerians to be awarded the degree of Doctor of Science (DSc) in 1976 - awarded by London University in engineering (structural mechanics). Early life
<mask> was born in Ota, Ogun State, on 26 March 1932. His father was Chief <mask>, a goldsmith and farmer of Olupe compound, Ijaiye, Abeokuta.His mother was Alhaja Ayisat Aina Ajile <mask> a successful merchant trader of local fabrics (Aso-Oke / Adire) of Otun quarters, Ota. <mask> was educated at Saint James primary school Ota from 1939 to 1946. <mask> joined the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation in 1951, where he distinguished himself as an electrical engineering assistant - he left after gaining admission to University College Ibadan. Academic achievements
<mask>'s tertiary education commenced at the University of Ibadan (1952–53) where he sat for and obtained his InterBSc London University. He was then awarded a Western Region Government scholarship to the Northampton Engineering College, London (Now City University) in 1953 and attained his BSc in engineering in 1956. His scholarship was extended on the recommendation of the Colonial Office and Sir Hubert Walker, Director of Public Works. <mask> proceeded to Imperial College of Science and Technology, London in 1956 earning his Diploma of Imperial College (DIC) in 1958 and his Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD)in 1959.<mask> authored several papers on composites

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title: Adewale Oke Adekola

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 systems and in 1976 his contribution to the understanding of the complex relationship between the factors affecting the ultimate strength of composite beams earned him the prestigious higher doctorate degree, DSc of the University of London. Educator and administrator
After his PhD, <mask> worked briefly with the international firm of Ove Arup & Partners from 1959 to 1960. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
He commenced his teaching career with the Nigerian College of Arts, Science & Technology, Zaria, 1960 as lecturer rising to senior lecturerand acting head of department by 1962. Civil unrest caused by the buildup to the Nigerian Civil War caused him to move to the University of Lagos as associate professor and acting dean of engineering in 1965. University of Lagos
<mask> was invited to oversee the establishment of the University of Lagos faculty of Engineering and produced the first set of graduates in the field of Engineering in June 1967. <mask> became Professor (Civil Engineering) in 1968 as well as the first Nigerian Dean of the Faculty of Engineering. His inaugural paper presented several innovative solutions to infrastructure development in Nigeria and is considered to have laid seeds for the pioneering of laterite as a road construction material for developing nations.In addition, he suggested a more resilient road construction methodology with a better capacity to sustain heavy traffic loads, leading to lower maintenance cost. He remains the longest serving Dean of the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Lagos (1968 – 1971) and upon vacating his Deanship was appointed Head of Civil Engineering Department of the same Institution. In his tenure at the University of Lagos he served on the Committee of Deans (65 – 71), Development Committee (67 – 70), Library Committee (67 – 70), Academic

masks: Adekola Adekola Adekola


title: Adewale Oke Adekola

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 Planning Committee (72 – 74), University Council (75 – 79) and as Chairman of the Computer Management Board (73 – 76). Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi
In 1980 <mask> was appointed the pioneering Vice Chancellor of the Federal University of Technology (Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University), Bauchi where he was charged with creating and developing a greenfield technology institution. In quick order he negotiated and acquired the existing Bauchi College of Arts and Science, acquired lands for a permanent site for future development and recruited local and foreign staff in the field of Science, Engineering, Computer Science and Agriculture. <mask> aggressively drove plans; commissioning surveys, and creating the master plan for the development of a forward looking institution. By 1984 when <mask>'s tenure ended as Vice Chancellor, he had commissioned several key infrastructure and buildings, equipped the Science, Engineering and Computing laboratories and formed collaborative ventures with Loughborough University of Technology (UK) in the field of Industrial Training and Manufacturing and University of Arizona (USA) in the field of Arid Zone Agriculture.After his service to the nation at Bauchi, <mask> returned to teaching at the University of Lagos and retired as emeritus professor of Engineering in 1988. <mask> also authored several books and papers in his specialized area of structural integrity which now serve as reference texts. He was also one of the founders of the Nigerian Academy of Engineering

Federal Polytechnic Ado Ekiti / Federal Polytechnic Biba
<mask> went on to serve as Chairman of Council at the Federal Polytechnic Ado Ekiti and the Chairman of Council at the Federal Polytechnic Bida – where he served until his demise. He was awarded National honour of the Commander of the Order of

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title: Adewale Oke Adekola

texts:
 the Niger (CON) for his services to Nigeria in 1998. In his retirement <mask> authored two books on structural mechanics namely Mechanics of Statistically Indeterminate Structures and Elementary Structural Mechanics the later as a text book for student use. Public service
<mask>a University 1980 – 84
 Committee of Vice Chancellors 1980 -84
 Chairman of Council Federal Polytechnic Bida 1987 - 90.Chairman of Council Federal Polytechnic Ado-Ekiti 1990 -94
 He played a credible role in the founding of Nigerian Academy of Engineering. Honours, distinctions, and awards
 Citation by the Faculty of Engineering University of Lagos: In recognition of his distinguished scholarship in the field of engineering; outstanding service as a former Dean of Engineering; and for his contribution towards the development and progress of the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Lagos. July 1984. Concord Press Award for Academic publishing in recognition of his book titled “Mechanics of Statically Indeterminate Structures” 1990
 Award of Gold Medal by the University of Lagos – 1991
 Award of D.Sc (Honoris Causa) Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi – 1994
 Award of Emeritus Professor by the University of Lagos - 1996
 National Award of Commander of the Order of the Niger by the Federal Republic of Nigeria – 1998

Death
<mask> died on 3 March 1999, at the age of 67. He was laid to rest at Ikoyi Cemetery, Lagos. He was survived by his wife, Mrs Adenrele <mask> and children. References

20th-century Nigerian engineers
University of Lagos faculty
1932 births
1999 deaths
People from Ogun State
Alumni of Imperial College London
Alumni of the University of London
University of Ibadan alumni
Alumni of City, University of London
Ahmadu Bello University faculty
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University people
Federal Polytechnic Bida

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title: Derek Tangye

texts:
<mask> (29 February 1912 – 26 October 1996) was a British author who lived in Cornwall for nearly fifty years. He wrote nineteen books which became known as The Minack Chronicles, about his simple life on a clifftop daffodil farm called Dorminack, affectionately referred to as Minack, at St Buryan in the far west of Cornwall with his wife Jeannie, née Jean Everald Nicol. The couple had given up sophisticated metropolitan lives, he as a newspaper columnist (during the war years he had worked for MI5) and she as a hotel PR executive, to live in isolation in a simple cottage surrounded by their beloved animals, which featured in nearly all his works. He had two older brothers <mask> who was also an author and <mask>, a Lloyds Underwriter. Their father was , in turn the son of the engineer <mask>. The first of The Minack Chronicles was A Gull on the Roof published in 1961. This was followed by a new book almost every two years.The Way to Minack, the sixth book in the series details the path they took to be at Minack, while a Cottage on a Cliff  gives an account of the author's time with MI5. Family life and old age
<mask> was not originally fond of cats and was introduced to Monty, a ginger tom kitten, which was given to Jeannie at the Savoy. <mask> told their housekeeper it should live in the kitchen, but Monty eventually ended up sleeping on their bed. Monty (named after General Montgomery) moved with <mask> and Jeannie to Minack where he leapt across the small stream that crosses the path to the cottage. <mask> dedicated one of his books (A Cat in the Window) to Monty. Later he wrote a book entitled Monty's Leap. Jeannie, after whom one of his books was named, died in February 1986 and <mask> lived on in the cottage for another ten years, dying at the age of 84 on 26 October 1996.He was in the process of writing Shadows just before his death. The thriller writer John le Carré, who lives a mile away along the cliffpath, gave the eulogy at his funeral. Towards

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Derek Alan Trevithick Tangye
Nigel Tangye
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title: Derek Tangye

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 the end of their lives, the Tangyes bought the fields next to their cottage which are now preserved as a nature reserve. 'The <mask> and Jeannie Tangye Minack Chronicles Nature Trust' was set up, in accordance with <mask>'s wishes, a year after his death and the Trustees manage the 18 acres. It was called Oliver land after the cat Oliver was seen hunting there before he joined them at Minack. It is a 'Place for Solitude' and quiet contemplation. It is ultimately a place for the wildlife, flora and fauna that reside there.The nature reserve was managed by a small group of trustees selected by <mask> with the intention that at some point in the future they would handover the reins to the charity organisation he had chosen Cornwall Wildlife Trust. In 2018 the CWT took over management and maintenance of Oliver land. <mask> was reluctant to describe himself as a writer, but his simple literary style had appeal for a wide range of people who yearned to escape urban and suburban drudgery. His books described the couple's life growing potatoes and flowers (predominantly daffodils) on a cliff top smallholding in far west Cornwall. The donkeys and cats on their tiny farm all became "characters" in his books, and fans made a 'pilgrimage' from around the world, all eager to share – if only for a few hours – their rustic dream. Invariably, <mask> and Jeannie would uncork a bottle of wine and entertain visitors in their small, glazed cottage porch, where he was happy to regale them with tales of life at Minack and on occasion discuss matters of politics, environment and society in general! Published books
Omnibus volumes and anthologies are not included below.The majority of his books were published by Michael Joseph Ltd

1941: Time Was Mine. London: Hutchinson [He spent time in a cottage in Cornwall writing this book before he was called back to London to join the Army]
1942: Went the Day Well; edited by <mask> with contributions from many writers. London:

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title: Derek Tangye

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 Harrap
--do.--(Reissued in 1995 by Michael Joseph, with subtitle: "tributes to men and women who died for freedom when Britain stood alone in the first two years of the Second World War".) 1944: One King: a survey of the dominions and colonies of the British empire. London: Harrap
1961: A Gull on the Roof. London: Michael Joseph
1962: A Cat in the Window. London: Michael Joseph (American ed.has title: Monty: biography of a marmalade cat.) 1963: A Drake at the Door. London: Michael Joseph
1965: A Donkey in the Meadow. London: Michael Joseph
1966: Lama. London: Michael Joseph
1968: The Way to Minack. London: Michael Joseph
1970: A Cornish Summer London: Michael Joseph
1972: Cottage on a Cliff. London: Michael Joseph
1974: A Cat Affair London: Michael Joseph
1976; Somewhere a Cat is Waiting.Delacorte Press 1976
1976: Sun on the Lintel. London: Michael Joseph
1978: The Winding Lane. London: Michael Joseph
1980: When the Winds Blow. London: Michael Joseph
1982: The Ambrose Rock. London: Michael Joseph
1984: A Quiet Year. London: Michael Joseph
1987: The Cherry Tree London: Michael Joseph
1988: Jeannie: a love story. London: Michael Joseph
1990: The Evening Gull.London: Michael Joseph
1993: Monty's Leap. London: Michael Joseph
1996: The Confusion Room. London: Michael Joseph

References

Further reading
 A profile of <mask> appeared in the 1996 summer edition of Cornwall Arts by editor John Marquis, who interviewed him in March of that year, just a few months before his death. The Western Morning News published a report of <mask>'s funeral, with the eulogy given by his friend, neighbour and fellow writer, John le Carré. Web resources: <mask> & Jeannie <mask>-The Minack Chronicles This website contains information, photos, special features pages and articles. External links

Desert Island Discs; <mask>ye
<mask>ye: the Cornish Gardener; by John McCarthy
<mask> & Jeannie Tangye - The Minack Chronicles

1912 births
1996 deaths
Novelists from Cornwall
20th-century

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Derek
Tangye
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title: A.W. Smith

texts:
<mask> (A.W<mask>), also known as "The Cabbage King," was one of the most successful market gardeners working in South West Middlesex, England in the 19th and 20th centuries. <mask> was born in Putney in 1855 but lived most of his life in Feltham until his death in 1927. <mask> was remembered by one of his foremen, Alfred Lucas: "He was a man of extreme modesty, was deeply but silently religious, did not drink or smoke and I never heard him use a profane expression during the whole 14 years I was in his service. He told me he never had time to read a book. He had no holiday when I was with him and he was absent only 3 months when he had a severe breakdown and fear was entertained for his life." Lucas, as the man who spent much time working with <mask>, is the main source of information relating to <mask>.Career

Humble Beginnings
In 1890, <mask> began his empire with a modest 40 acre fruit garden (Feltham Glebeland) that faced the Staines Road in Bedfont, a single horse, and a few secondhand tools. When Lucas joined the operation around 1890 <mask> only had four employees: Tom Witt, Bob Jackson, Tommy Day, and Polly Jackson. After successfully cultivating this garden for some time, <mask> expanded his reach by taking over another 40 acres on the Walton Road; this became known as No. 2 Garden. This time <mask> chose to plant half the field with fruit trees and half with brussels sprouts, onions, beetroots, and cabbages. <mask>'s empire continued to expand with 30 more acres, new employees, and new horses and materials. A dramatic new chapter began in <mask>'s life with the retirement of his father, <mask>, in

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title: A.W. Smith

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 1891.The Rise of an Empire
After taking over his father's business, A.W<mask> continued to expand his business even further. As he entered this new chapter of business <mask> added another crop to his stock: tomatoes. To houses these plants, he built five large glass houses (250 feet long by 15 feet wide), predecessor to modern greenhouses, along the Feltham Hill road towards Sunbury. Since these houses were built on land previously used for cereal crops, <mask> had to make a few changes; he dug a five foot deep four foot wide passage to allow water to get into the houses. This new crop proved to be wildly successful, so <mask> proceeded to build seven larger glasshouses (250 ft. by 30 ft.). To cope with the water problem for these houses, <mask> built a brick water tower nearby.These additions of land and crops required new additions as well; <mask> acquired more horses, employees, and tools. This growth in horses depended upon for work led to some troubles as they often needed to be shoed, which could take valuable time, so <mask> created his own blacksmith's forge on his property. No longer limited by this, <mask> continued to expand his landholdings and stables, acquiring many more horses for work. The next notable direction <mask> took his business in was when he purchased about 45 acres of land just off of Feltham High Street. While this seems simple, it is notable because the land was not incredibly well suited or farming; however, <mask> had other plans. He ordered the construction of 20 glasshouses, the largest yet at 600 ft. by 32 ft. to be populated with tomatoes. This massive sea of glass,

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title: A.W. Smith

texts: incredibly expensive at the time, cost £13,500 and came to be known as The Glass City.Unfortunately, the site of the city would prove to cause trouble later on as the plants did not yield as much as planned; several solutions were attempted, including individually potting the 200,000 plants, but none completely solved the problem. Despite this, <mask> chose to move his headquarters from Feltham Hill to this new site of Feltham Farm in the year 1899. <mask> personally financed and constructed a new complex including a blacksmith's forge, wheelwright, office, and more. This establishment of the new base of operations proved to be advantageous to <mask> as his father's lease on a significant portion of land came to a close and was snatched up by his elder brother E.F<mask>. This land included the former headquarters of the group at Feltham Hill as well as <mask>'s own residence at Burnham Villa. While it was a huge blow to <mask>'s morale this event proved to be nothing he could not handle; the loss of some fields was overcome, and he found a new residence in Feltham House. <mask> made up for the 40 acres he lost to his brother by purchasing another 70 acres in Ashford.When showed this land, Lucas points out that it was very far from a point at which it could be useful to a gardener, but <mask> was not to be stopped. So, teams began to work the field and make it ready for fruit trees, but a snag arose when one plow broke on a large, mushroom-shaped piece of ironstone (about 20 ft. in diameter). Even when it was revealed that this land was dotted heavily with these ironstone protrusions, <mask> refused to be

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title: A.W. Smith

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 daunted; he ordered men to hand-drill holes in all the stones large enough to fit a parcel of gunpowder. <mask> then blasted each chunk of ironstone until he had enough surface room to grow the trees, about 3 ft. of dirt was needed. However, <mask> wanted to test the land with a crop of brussels sprouts first, so once the field was fully worked this crop would ensure the ground was properly cleaned for the more costly fruit trees. <mask>'s empire began to take its final form with two noteworthy acquisitions of land. The first belonged to a Mr. Batson and was approximately 200 acres in close proximity to <mask>'s already established holdings.Naturally, when Batson approached <mask> with an offer to sell his land, <mask> quickly accepted, thereby closing off the territory and extending his reach far into Feltham. The second piece of land was about 300 acres controlled by a Mr. Hatch who, when <mask> approached at the end of his lease, agreed to turn the land over to <mask>. While both of these land acquisitions required varying degrees of work to get ready for <mask>'s plans, it was well worth it to establish his over 900 acre empire. The Workers
Due to the extreme size of his operation, <mask> hired large numbers of workers for various tasks, all of which were paid quite fairly for their work. Some of the tasks taken by men were Foremen, Blacksmith, Wheelwright, repairman for glasshouses, diggers, plow workers, pieceworkers, and more. The women were employed in tasks such as weeding, hoeing, planting, and harvesting fruit. A number of Show Travelers were also employed when they came to Feltham; they were given

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


title: A.W. Smith

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 some of the harder tasks of picking more difficult crops, thereby relieving some of the women of this stress.Even so, there was a moment when the women felt unfairly paid at work and attempted a strike; however, Lucas was able to settle the matter without loss of productivity. The most interesting aspect was <mask>'s hiring policy. He was willing to hire anyone, man or woman, who could put in an honest day's hard work, regardless of their background. Previous convicts were hired right alongside poor widows trying to get by. The Workplace Environment
As was to be expected from his upbringing, <mask> entertained specific expectations for his workers. He was never late and would reprimand workers who were late or tried to leave the job early, often outright firing the offender. He specified rules and fines regarding any avoidable problems such as careless destruction of plants, eating product, and so on, but was still seen as a benevolent employer due to his wish to keep those who needed work employed.<mask> also took care of his workers, stopping and resolving feuds before they could grow further. <mask> also defended his land within his rights; he employed a few people to guard the land at night and keep any poachers or thieves at bay. Besides ensuring security, <mask> also ensured quality. He developed a special version of hoe specifically for cutting lettuce that did not require the user to constantly bend to the ground; this allowed one man to much more quickly cut the lettuce while two or three others picked it up after him. This maintained a single standard of quality since only the one man would choose

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title: A.W. Smith

texts:
 which heads of lettuce were suitable for cutting. Beyond this, <mask> outlined several specific procedures for weeding, digging, picking, and packing. Thus he ensured all the produce bearing his name was up to his high standards and packed perfectly for the journey to market.Crops of "The Cabbage King"
As is expected, <mask> was very specific with picking what varieties of crops he grew. He grew a number of fruits: apples, both the kind for eating and for cooking, plums, pears, gooseberries, currants, raspberries, strawberries, and cherries. Inside his famous glasshouses, <mask> also grew tomato plants. These plants produced on average 4 pounds of tomatoes per plant. <mask> also grew mint, both within the glasshouses and without. During various months, he was also a key supplier of parsley, spring onions, leeks, and root crops: potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes, mangold worzel (mangelwurzel), turnips, parsnips, and beetroot. <mask> also grew several varieties of beans (runner, broad, and longpod) and peas throughout the season.<mask> also grew smaller quantities of large onions, marrows, and rhubarb. In all, the glasshouses alone produced somewhere around 200 tons of food per year while employing about 40 workers. But the most notable of <mask>'s crops were his greens. He was a very successful grower in that he was able to constantly be shipping greens to market throughout the year: spinach in spring, cauliflower and brussels sprouts in summer until mid Autumn, savoy cabbage in late Autumn throughout the winter, and after Christmas until the following April, kale and broccoli. His long cabbage season caused by

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


title: A.W. Smith

texts:
 the adeptness with which the land grew cabbages was what earned <mask> the nickname of "The Cabbage King" amongst vendors in Covent Garden and locals of Feltham. Most notably, <mask> produced one million cabbages in a single season. He very specifically chose the varieties best suited for glasshouses as well as outdoor growing in the later months.<mask> also grew lilies for a time, on the advice of his brother E.F<mask>. Starting with a small trial venture, <mask> was quite satisfied with the product and the money it brought in during the winter months, so he moved to a larger venture and constructed two glasshouses specifically for lilies. However, the large number of lilies produced by the <mask> brothers drove the market price of the lilies down that year and Lucas reports <mask> had a net loss of £500; <mask> thus abandoned lilies and turned these two houses over to cucumbers. Besides this failed venture, <mask> also grew wallflowers, forget-me-nots, honesty, and violets. Managing this vast array of plants required a large amount of fertilizer, namely manure. Originally, <mask> used a number of carts to ferry manure to Feltham from London; however, as his holdings grew and technology progressed, he chose to try a more efficient method. <mask> otained permission to build a railway leading to his farm and purchased three rail carts to carry manure as well as his own driving engine.This allowed for workers previously engaged in moving manure to spend their time elsewhere, thus creating more efficiency. Politics
The passing of the Local Government Act of 1894 caused a rift in Feltham; the once united town

masks:
Smith
Smith
Smith
. Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


title: A.W. Smith

texts:
 began to divide over the issues it raised. At this time <mask> was approached by some fellow community members and was encouraged to run, so he did in order to maintain the current rates on property. He was elected with a majority to be Chairman of the First Parish Council of Feltham; however, he only attended one meeting after which he declared public life was too slow for him. He remained nominal chair and a co-chair was elected by the rest of the group. The End of the Story
<mask> continued work in much the same manner for a number of years. He acquired more land in several different purchases as late as 1920.He worked tirelessly until his death in 1927 caused by heat failure after a bout with influenza at 71. He is buried in Feltham cemetery. References

English gardeners
English businesspeople
1855 births
1927

masks: Smith Smith


title: Jaroslav Vajda

texts: <mask> (April 28, 1919 – May 10, 2008) was an American hymnist. <mask> was born to a Lutheran pastor of Slovak descent in Lorain, Ohio, where his father, Rev. <mask>, was a pastor. <mask>'s father served parishes in Emporia, Virginia, Racine, Wisconsin, and finally, from 1926 until his retirement, in East Chicago, Indiana at Holy Trinity Slovak Lutheran Church. <mask>'s father and mother (Mary Gecy) were both originally from Hazleton, Pennsylvania. <mask> had two brothers, Ludovit and Edward, both pastors, now deceased. <mask> himself pastored parishes in Cranesville, Pennsylvania (1945–1949), Alexandria, Indiana (1949–1953), Tarentum, Pennsylvania (1953–1963), and St. Louis Missouri (1963–1976).<mask> received musical training in childhood and began translating classical Slovak poetry at age 15, when three delegates from the cultural institute of Slovakia visited his father's home and left a box of books of Slovak literature. <mask> did not write his first hymn until age 49. From that time until his death in 2008 at age 89, he wrote over 200 original and translated hymns that appear worldwide in more than 65 hymnals. He also published two collections of hymn texts, numerous books, translations, and articles. <mask> served on hymnal commissions for Hymnal Supplement (1969) and Lutheran Book of Worship (1978). In recognition of his significant contributions to the world of Christian hymnody, <mask> was named a Fellow of The Hymn Society in the United States and Canada. He also received an honorary doctorate degree from his alma mater,

masks:
Jaroslav Vajda
Vajda
John Vajda
Vajda
Vajda
Jaroslav
Vajda
Vajda
Vajda
Vajda
Vajda


title: Jaroslav Vajda

texts:
 Concordia Seminary, in 2007.<mask> was a Fellow of the Hymn Society in the United States and Canada, and was the recipient of numerous honorary doctorates recognizing hymnal contributions. After 18 years in a mostly bilingual ministry, he became the editor of This Day Magazine and then became a book editor and developer at Concordia Publishing House. He retired in 1986. Hymns

List of hymns written or translated by <mask> Vajda:

 "A Comet Blazed Across the Skies"
 "A Cuckoo Flew Out of the Wood"
 "A Dove Flew Down from Heaven"
 "A Life Begins, a Child Is Born"
 "A Woman and a Coin"
 "Add One More Song"
 "All Bless the God of Israel"
 "All Glory, Praise, and Blessing"
 "All Things Are Yours"
 "All Who Crave a Greater Measure"
 "Amid the World's Bleak Wilderness"
 "Around the World the Shout Resounds"
 "As Once in Eden Music Filled the Air"
 "As Out of the Stem the Branch Grows"
 "Ascending, Christ Returns to God"
 "Astonished by Your Empty Tomb"
 "Be Happy, Saints"
 "Be Happy, Then"
 "Before the Marvel of This Night"
 "Before Your Awesome Majesty"
 "Begin the Song of Glory Now"
 "Beside Your Manger-bed I Stand"
 "Blessed Be the Precious Baby"
 "Blessed Chosen Generation"
 "Blessed Jesus, Living Bread"
 "Break Forth in Praise to God"
 "Breath of the Living God"
 "By a Lake We Come to Know You"
 "Catch the Vision! Share the Glory!" "Hymn of the Night"
 "I Have a Father You Would Like"
 "I Praise You, Lord, in Every Hour"
 "If God Is Absent, All the Cost"
 "In Bethlehem a Wonder"
 "In Darkest Night"
 "In Hopelessness and Near Despair"

masks: Vajda Jaroslav


title: Joseph Kabris

texts:
<mask>, born in 1780 in Bordeaux, died at Valenciennes on 23 September 1822. His first name is sometimes given as Jean-Baptiste, and his family name is variously spelled as Cabri, Cabry, Cabris, Kabrit or Cadiche. He was a sailor who was shipwrecked in the Marquesas Islands in 1795 where he integrated into the local society as evidence by his full-body tattoos marked his acceptance. After leaving the island, he was presented to the courts of Europe as an object of curiosity. Falling onto hard times, he exhibited himself at fairs before dying of illness in the north of France at the age of 42. Biography
Little is know of his youth except that which comes from different brochures which were undoubtedly dictated by him as he was most likely illiterate. He said that he began his life as a sailor quite young, at the age of 14, embarking on the corsair Doumouriez commanded by a captain Renault..The Douriez captured a Spanish galleon and was returning to France when it was captured by a squadron of six English vessels and a frigate. <mask> was taken prisoner and sent to the prison ships (hulks) at Portsmouth, England for 15 months. He returned to service in the royal army and participated in skirmishes around Quiberon. He was wounded in combat and swam over to the British frigate Diamond (captained by Smith) which was anchored in the harbor. Carried to England, he recovered there before resuming work on a whaler (captained by Kuite). He left Portsmouth on May 8, 1795 for the South Seas on the

masks:
Joseph Kabris
Kabris


title: Joseph Kabris

texts:
 which he left behind on the island of Marquise.But, he was struck by illness and did not realize his plans. He died on 23 September 1822 at the hospital of Valenciennes, 42 years old, a day after recounting his adventures to a judge in Valenciennes. Legacy
Father Patrick O'Reilly, then secretary general of the Société des Océanistes, believed that the accounts provided by Kabris and Robarts were the first ethnological observations carried out in this archipelago. The two were an indispensable help to captain Adam Johann von Krusenstern during their time in the Marquesas, thanks to their knowledge of the language and local customs. They were also the first to note the cannibalistic activities of the islanders, which neither Captain Cook, his naturalist Forster, during the second voyage of the expedition (1774), nor Captain Marchand in 1791 had noted. Captain Krusenstern wrote, "The two europeans that we found in Nuku Hiva and who had lived several years on this island, agreed that the inhabitants are depraved, barbaric, and with exception, without excluding even women, cannibals in the fullest extent of the term. He took care to verify this by examining the shattered skulls of their victims.It was also according to their information that Captain Krusenstern estimated that the population of Nuku Hiva in 1804 was 16,000 individuals. References

Further reading

Autobiographical Pamphlets by <mask>bris

Works Concerning <mask>s

1780 births
1822 deaths
Marquesas Islands
French

masks:
Joseph Ka
Joseph Kabri


title: Alan Mair

texts:
<mask> is a Scottish musician, songwriter and record producer. Mair's music career spans more than 40 years. He came to prominence in the late 1970s as the co-founder and bass guitarist for the English rock band the Only Ones, co-producing their second studio album Even Serpents Shine and writing and singing "My Way Out of Here" for their third and final album Baby's Got a Gun. They released a top 60 hit in 1992 with the single "Another Girl, Another Planet". The band has maintained a cult following throughout its existence. Mair began his solo career in 2014, while still a member of the Only Ones. Career
Mair grew up in the Glasgow area.He began playing guitar at about age 13 and gained experience in various bands during the 1960s. In 1962, <mask> and Eddie Campbell formed the Glasgow band The Beatstalkers. The line-up included Davie Lennox on vocals, Eddie Campbell on guitar, <mask> on bass and 'Tudge' Williamson on drums (replaced by Jeff Allen). Later Ronnie Smith joined the group on rhythm guitar. Under the management of Joe Gaffney, the band went on to become Scotland's "top group" at the time. They were called the "Scottish Beatles" by the local press because of the screaming and riots that occurred anywhere they made an appearance; although the band toured England and Europe many times, had a 6-week sell-out residency at the famous Marquee Club and performed on the TV show Ready Steady Go!, they never achieved the same dizzy heights of success as they did in Scotland. The band signed a recording contract with Decca Records.Their records sold thousands of copies in Scotland, but with only two chart shops in Scotland their sales made no impact on the

masks:
Alan Mair
Mair
Mair


title: Alan Mair

texts: UK charts. They split in 1969 after their van was stolen with all their equipment in it. After The Beatstalkers decided to call it a day in 1969 Mair began making leather clothes and hand made boots for rock bands the likes of Yes, Santana, The Tremolos, David Bowie, Uriah Heep and many more. A short time later in 1970 he opened shops in Kensington Market, Kings Road and High street Kensington selling handmade leather stacked heel boots which he was making in his own factory in Kentish Town. In 1971 he employed Freddie Mercury of the rock band Queen at his Kensington Market shop as his shop manager from 1971 until 1974. On one occasion after being at a party Freddie told <mask> that everyone at the party, including the girls, had his boots on, and said "I don’t know if you realise but you’re not considered hip unless you have on a pair of <mask>r boots". After a five-year spell in the fashion world Mair was drawn back to the music business.He joined the Al Matthews Band. who had a couple of hit records. When The Al Matthews band split, Mair answered an advert in Melody Maker and went for an audition with Roger Chapman’s band “Streetwalkers” at Mano’s Studios in Lots Road. During a break he wandered into the studio next door and found himself watching The Only Ones rehearse. On leaving the studio Mike Kellie enquired who <mask> was and found out he was a bass player. Without hearing him play Kellie said he felt a spiritual connection and that he was the bass player they were looking for. He joined The Only Ones in August 1976.They signed to CBS and recorded 3 studio albums, of which their first album “The Only Ones and “Even Serpents Shine” received

masks:
Alan
Alan Mai
Alan


title: Alan Mair

texts:
 critical acclaim. The Only Ones included lead vocalist Peter Perrett, guitarist John Perry and drummer and ex-Spooky Tooth member Mike Kellie. Their first single, "Lovers of Today", was self-released on the Vengeance record label, and a year later they signed to CBS. Their next single "Another Girl, Another Planet" became the band's best-known song. The band released The Only Ones in 1978, which was well received. The next year they released Even Serpents Shine, and a year later, they released their final studio album, Baby's Got a Gun. In the summer of 1980, they supported the Who on their tour of the United States.In 1982, the band officially disbanded. In subsequent years, The Only Ones gained a cult following, and compilation albums now outnumber their official studio albums. Later career
In 2002 <mask> was asked by Alec Downie if he wanted to record a Frankie Miller song for an album that was a tribute to Miller’s song writing and also a fundraiser for the Glaswegian musician who was recovering from a brain haemorrhage. After the release of the album a concert was to follow at the Barrowland Ballroom, Glasgow in September 2002, which <mask> performed at. He said, “It was an amazing night full of Scottish talent and it was a blast to be performing at the Barrowland again”. Mair currently lives in London and has played in both of his band reunions. On 23 December 2005, he played in a Beatstalkers reunion in Glasgow.In 2007, Mair was the driving force in reforming the Only Ones, who performed to a sell-out show at Shepherd's Bush Empire. This was followed by shows at the O2 Wireless Festival in London's Hyde Park and Harewood House in Yorkshire with the

masks:
Alan Mair
Alan


title: Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington

texts:
<mask>, 3rd Earl of Burlington and 4th Earl of Cork,  (25 April 1694 – 4 December 1753) was an Anglo-Irish architect and noble often called the "Apollo of the Arts" and the "Architect Earl". The son of the 2nd Earl of Burlington and 3rd Earl of Cork, <mask> never took more than a passing interest in politics despite his position as a Privy Counsellor and a member of both the British House of Lords and the Irish House of Lords. His great interests in life were architecture and landscaping, and he is remembered for being a builder and a patron of architects, craftsmen and landscapers, Indeed, he is credited with bringing Palladian architecture to Britain and Ireland. His major projects include Burlington House, Westminster School, Chiswick House and Northwick Park. Life

Lord <mask> was born in Yorkshire into a wealthy Anglo-Irish aristocratic family, the only son of Charles Boyle, 2nd Earl of Burlington and his wife, Juliana Boyle nee Noel (1672–1750). He succeeded to his titles and extensive estates in Yorkshire and Ireland at the age of nine, after his father's death in February 1704. During his minority, which lasted until 1715, his English and Irish lands, as also his political interests and patronages, were managed by his mother.<mask> showed a fondness for music at an early age. Georg Frideric Handel dedicated two operas to <mask> while staying at his residence Burlington House: Teseo and Amadigi di Gaula. According to Hawkins, Francesco Barsanti dedicated the six recorder sonatas of his Op. 1 to <mask>, although the dedication must have appeared on the

masks:
Richard Boyle
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Lord Burlington


title: Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington

texts: edition sold by Peter Bressan, before Walsh & Hare engraved the works c. 1727. Three foreign Grand Tours taken between 1714 and 1719, and a further trip to Paris in 1726, gave him opportunities to develop his taste. His professional skill as an architect (always supported by a mason-contractor) was extraordinary in an English aristocrat. He carried his copy of Andrea Palladio's book I quattro libri dell'architettura with him when touring the Veneto in 1719, but made notes on a number of blank pages, having found the region flooded and many villas inaccessible.It was on this tour that he acquired the passion for Palladian architecture. In 1719, he was one of the main subscribers of the Royal Academy of Music, a corporation that produced baroque opera on stage. Lord <mask>'s first project, appropriately, was one of his own London residences, Burlington House, where he dismissed his baroque architect James Gibbs when he returned from the continent in 1719, and employed the Scottish architect Colen Campbell, with the history-painter-turned-designer William Kent assigned for the interiors. The courtyard front of Burlington House, prominently sited in Piccadilly, was the first major executed statement of Neo-Palladianism. In the 1720s, <mask> and Campbell parted, and <mask> was assisted in his projects by the young <mask> ("<mask> Harry"), who developed into a major architect of the second Neo-Palladian generation, Daniel Garrett, a straightforward Palladian architect of the second rank, and some draughtsmen. Lord <mask> never closely inspected Roman ruins or made

masks:
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Henry Flitcroft
Burlington
Burlington


title: Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington

texts: detailed drawings on the sites; he relied on Palladio and Scamozzi as his interpreters of the classic tradition to do so. <mask>'s Palladio drawings include many reconstructions of Vitruvius' Roman buildings, which he planned to publish.In the meantime, he adapted the palazzo facade in the illustration for the London house of General Wade at Old Burlington Street in 1723, which was published for Vitruvius Britannicus iii (1725). This publication put a previously unknown Palladio design into circulation. Another source of his inspiration were drawings he collected, some drawings of Palladio himself which had belonged to Inigo Jones, and many more of Inigo Jones' pupil John Webb, which William Kent published in 1727 (although a date of 1736 is generally accepted) as "Some Designs of Mr Inigo Jones"... with some additional designs that were by Kent and <mask>. The important role of Jones' pupil Webb in transmitting the palladian-neo-palladian heritage was not understood until the 20th century. By the early 1730s, Palladian style had triumphed as the generally accepted manner for a British country house or public building. For the rest of his life, <mask> was "the Apollo of the arts" as Horace Walpole phrased it— and Kent, "his proper priest." In 1739, <mask> was involved in the founding of a new charitable organisation called the Foundling Hospital.<mask> was a governor of the charity, but did not formally take part in planning the construction of this large Bloomsbury children's home, completed in 1742. The architect for the building was a Theodore Jacobsen,

masks:
Burlington
Burlington
Lord Burlington
Lord Burlington
Burlington


title: Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington

texts:
 who took on the commission as an act of charity. Many of Lord <mask>'s projects have suffered from rebuilding or additions, from fire, or from losses due to urban sprawl. In many cases, his ideas were informal: at Holkham Hall, the architect Matthew Brettingham recalled that "the general ideas were first struck out by the Earl of Burlington and the Earl of Leicester, assisted by Mr. William Kent." Brettingham's engraved publication of Holkham credited <mask> specifically with the ceilings for the portico and the north dressing-room. Lord <mask>'s architectural drawings, inherited by his son-in-law, William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, are preserved at Chatsworth House, and enable attributions that would not otherwise be possible. In 1751, he sent some of his drawings to Francesco Algarotti in Potsdam, together with a book on Vitruvius.Major projects
 Burlington House, Piccadilly, London:  Lord <mask>'s own contribution to the house is likely to have been restricted to the former colonnade (demolished 1868) of the building. A monumental screening gateway to Piccadilly was built and the principle interiors of the house were reconstructed with typical Palladian features. In London, <mask> offered designs for features at several aristocratic free-standing dwellings, none of which have survived: Queensbury House in Burlington Gardens (a gateway); Warwick House, Warwick Street (interiors); Richmond House, Whitehall (the main building). Tottenham House, Wiltshire, for his brother-in-law, Charles Bruce, 3rd Earl of Ailesbury: Built from 1721, executed by Lord

masks: Burlington Burlington Burlington Burlington Burlington


title: Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington

texts: <mask>'s protégé <mask> (enlarged and remodelled since). In the original house, the high corner pavilion blocks of Inigo Jones' Wilton House were provided with the "Palladian window" motif to be seen at Burlington House. <mask>, with a good eye for garden effects, also designed the ornamental buildings in the park (now demolished). Westminster School, the Dormitory: Built between 1722 – 1730 (altered, bombed, and restored), the first public work by Lord <mask>, for which Sir Christopher Wren had provided a design which was rejected in favor of <mask>'s, exhibited as a triumph for the Palladians and a sign of changing English taste.Old Burlington Street, London: Houses, including one for General Wade which was built in 1723 (demolished). General Wade's house rendered the genuine Palladio facade in Lord <mask>'s collection of drawings. Waldershare Park, Kent, the Belvedere Tower: Built between 1725 – 27. A design for an eye-catcher garden that might have been attributed to Colen Campbell were it not have been for a ground plan found among Lord <mask>'s drawings at Chatsworth House. Chiswick House Villa, Middlesex: The "Casina" in the gardens, constructed in 1717, was Lord <mask>'s first essay. The villa, built between 1727 and 1729, is considered to be the finest remaining example of Neo-Palladain architecture in London and one of the gems of European 18th-century architecture. An attempt made by <mask> to create a Roman villa situated in a symbolic Roman garden.He built the villa with enough space to house his art collection, regarded as containing "some of

masks:
Burlington
Henry Flitcroft
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington


title: Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington

texts:
 the best pictures in Europe", and his more select pieces of furniture, some of which was purchased on his first Grand Tour of Europe in 1714. Sevenoaks School, School House: Built in 1730. The school depicts classic Palladian work, commissioned by <mask>'s friend Elijah Fenton. The York Assembly Rooms: Built between 1731 – 32 (facade remodelled). In the basilica-like space, Lord <mask> attempted an archaeological reconstruction "with doctrinaire exactitude" (Colvin 1995) of the "Egyptian Hall" described by Vitruvius, as it had been interpreted in Palladio's Quattro Libri. The result was one of the grandest Palladian public spaces. Castle Hill, Devonshire.Northwick Park, Gloucestershire. Kirby Hall, Yorkshire (an elevation). Marriage and children

<mask> married Lady Dorothy Savile on 21 March 1720, the daughter of William Savile, 2nd Marquess of Halifax and his second wife, Lady Mary Finch. Mary was the daughter of Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham and Lady Essex Rich (died 1684). Essex was the daughter of Robert Rich, 3rd Earl of Warwick, and Anne Cheeke. Anne was the daughter of Sir Thomas Cheeke of Pirgo and an earlier Lady Essex Rich (died 1659). This Lady Essex was the daughter of Robert Rich, 1st Earl of Warwick and Lady Penelope Devereux.Essex was probably named after her maternal grandfather Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex. Her maternal grandmother was Lettice Knollys. They had three daughters:
 Lady Dorothy Boyle (14 May 1724 – 2 May 1742). She was married to George FitzRoy, Earl of Euston, second son of Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton

masks:
Lord Burlington
Burlington
Burlington


title: Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington

texts:
 and Lady Henrietta Somerset. No known descendants. Lady Julianna Boyle (1727–1730). Lady Charlotte Elizabeth Boyle (27 October 1731 – 8 December 1754).She married William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington (later Duke of Devonshire after her death). They were parents to William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire, George Cavendish, 1st Earl of Burlington, and two other children. <mask> died at Chiswick House, aged 59. Upon his death, the Earldom of Cork passed to a cousin, John Boyle, and the title of the Earl of Burlington became extinct. It was recreated in 1831 for his grandson, George Cavendish, and is now held by the Cavendish family as a courtesy title for the Dukes of Devonshire. Gallery of architectural works

References

Additional sources
Howard Colvin (1995). Dictionary of British Architects.3rd ed. Handel. A Celebration of his Life and Times 1685–1759. National Portrait Gallery, London. External links
 <mask>, Earl of Burlington
 Lord Burlington
 <mask>, 3rd Earl of Burlington and 4th Earl of Cork at the National Portrait Gallery, London

Further reading
 Arnold, Dana (Ed. ), Belov'd by Ev'ry Muse. <mask>, 3rd Earl of Burlington & 4th Earl of Cork (1694–1753).Essays to celebrate the tercentenary of the birth of <mask>. London, Georgian Group. 1994. Harris, John, The Palladians. London, Trefoil. 1981. RIBA Drawings Series.Includes a number of <mask>'s designs. Lees-Milne, James, The Earls of Creation. London, Century Hutchinson. 1986. Chapter III: <mask>, 3rd Earl of Burlington (1694–1753). Wilton-Ely, John (Intro. ), Apollo of the Arts: <mask> and

masks:
Burlington
Richard Boyle
Richard Boyle
Richard Boyle
Lord Burlington
Burlington
Richard Boyle
Lord Burlington


title: Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington

texts:
 His Circle.Nottingham University Art Gallery. 1973. Exhibition catalogue. Wittkower, Rudolf, Palladio and English Palladianism. London, Thames and Hudson. Rep. 1985. Chapter 8: <mask> and William Kent.Chapter 9: <mask>'s Work at York. Chapter 10: <mask> at Northwick Park. 1694 births
1753 deaths
18th-century English architects
04
Richard
03
04
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights of the Garter
Lord-Lieutenants of the West Riding of Yorkshire
Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
People from the East Riding of Yorkshire
Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms
Lord High Treasurers of Ireland
Neoclassical architects
18th-century Irish landowners
Members of the Kit-Kat Club
Freemasons of the Premier Grand Lodge of England
Architects from

masks:
Lord Burlington
Lord Burlington
Lord Burlington


title: Bruce Fitzhugh

texts:
<mask> is the second and best known lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist and founding member of Arkansas's Christian metal band Living Sacrifice. The lead vocalist role was left to <mask> shortly after the departure of former lead Darren Johnson and prior to the recording of Living Sacrifice's 1997 album, Reborn. Fitzhugh is featured in Zao's The Lesser Lights of Heaven DVD. <mask>'s nephew is Drew Garrison, Vocalist for Descended From Wolves and Becoming Saints. He has been involved in many other music endeavors such as producing The Showdown's debut album, A Chorus Of Obliteration. He also produced albums for Zao, Further Seems Forever, Few Left Standing, and Eso-Charis. He is also a guest vocalist on Demon Hunter's album Storm the Gates of Hell on the song "Sixteen".In 2015, Fitzhugh stated in an interview with Mark Salomon, that Living Sacrifice is currently writing new music. Fitzhugh, along with Demon Hunter guitarist and Showdown bassist, Jeremiah Scott, wrote two songs titled "Made for War" and "Defend the Crown" for the Killing Floor 2 Soundtrack. In 2015, Fitzhugh, along with Travis Turner (ex-Aletheian, Solamors) and Alex Kenis (ex-Becoming the Archetype, Aletheian, Solamors), recorded a cover of Megadeth's "Holy Wars... The Punishment Due" cover in honor of the 25th anniversary of the song. Fitzhugh owned a label titled: "Seize the Day Records". Fitzhugh formed the company, Zambooie with Mike Lewis (Puller, For Love Not Lisa) and later Billy Power (Blenderhead) and currently works at Manhead Merch. History
<mask>gh began his musical career in 1989,

masks:
Bruce Fitzhugh
Bruce
Fitzhugh
Bruce Fitzhu


title: Bruce Fitzhugh

texts:
 release. In 2020, Living Sacrifice planned a release for their 30th anniversary of a documentary of the band, which would also see a show with them and The Blamed, with members of the current lineup and former lineups performing, as well as Mark Garza of Embodyment and The Famine.However, due to the Coronavirus pandemic, the release and show was postponed. Discography
With Living Sacrifice
 Not Yielding to Ungodly Demo (1989)
Living Sacrifice (1991)
Nonexistent (1992)
Metamorphosis (1993)
Inhabit (1994)
Living Sacrifice '95 Demo (1995)
Reborn (1997)
The Hammering Process (2000)
Subtle Alliance (2002)
Conceived in Fire (2002)
In Memoriam (2005)
Death Machine (2008)
The Infinite Order (2010)
Ghost Thief (2013)

As <mask>gh & Jeremiah Scott
 "Made for War" (2015)
 "Defend the Crown" (2015)

As Megabruce
 "Holy Wars... The Punishment Due" (2015; Originally performed by Megadeth)

Guest vocals
"Lies" on the album Origin by Evanescence (2000)
"Dagon Undone – The Reckoning" on the album A Chorus Of Obliteration by The Showdown (2004)
"Sixteen" on the album Storm the Gates of Hell by Demon Hunter (2007)
"Religious Infamy" on the album Embrace the Eternal by Embodyment (1998)
"The Electric Boogaloo" on the album Danza II: Electric Boogaloo by The Tony Danza Tapdance Extravaganza (2007)
“Transhuman” on the album Mythos by Soul Embraced (2013)
"S.O.T.S." on the album Wait for the Siren by Project 86 (2012)
"The Mountain" on the album Possession by Benea Reach (2002)
"Tear Us Apart" on the album Flesh & Blood by No Innocent Victim (1999)
"The Escapist" the single,


title: Soong Ching-ling

texts:
<mask>'ing-ling (27 January 189329 May 1981) was a Chinese political figure. As the third wife of Sun Yat-sen, one of the leaders of the 1911 revolution that established the Republic of China, she was often referred to as Madame Sun Yat-sen. She was a member of the <mask> family and, together with her siblings, played a prominent role in China's politics prior to and after 1949. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, she held several prominent positions in the new government, including Vice Chairman (1949–1954; 1959–1975) and Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (1954–1959; 1975–1981), traveled abroad during the early 1950s, representing her country at a number of international events. During the Cultural Revolution, however, she was heavily criticized. Following the purge of President Liu Shaoqi in 1968, she and Dong Biwu as Vice Presidents became de facto Heads of State of China until 1972, when Dong was appointed Acting President. Soong survived the political turmoil during the Cultural Revolution but appeared less frequently after 1976. As the acting Chairwoman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress from 1976 to 1978, Soong was again the acting Head of State.During her final illness in May 1981, she was given the special title of "Honorary President of the People's Republic of China". Soong was the first female head of state of modern China, a position that did not appear again until 2016 when Tsai Ing-wen assumed the presidency of the Republic of China, which is the polity that
now governs Taiwan. Life and activities before 1949

Soong Ch'ing-ling was born to businessman

masks:
Rosamond Soong Ch
Soong


title: Soong Ching-ling

texts: and missionary <mask> in Chuansha, Pudong, Shanghai, the second of six children. She graduated from McTyeire School for Girls in Shanghai, and Wesleyan College in Macon, Georgia, United States. Like her sisters, she spoke fluent English due to being educated in English for most of her life. Her Christian name was Rosamonde (in her early years, her passport name was spelled as Chung-ling Soong, and in her Wesleyan College diploma, her name was Rosamonde Chung-ling Soong). Soong married Sun Yat-sen, leader of China's 1911 revolution and founder of the Kuomintang (KMT or Nationalist Party), on 25 October 1915.Even though he was a Christian, her parents greatly opposed the match. (Dr. Sun was 26 years her senior.) After Sun's death in 1925, she was elected to the KMT Central Executive Committee. However, she left China for Moscow after the expulsion of the Communists from the KMT in 1927, accusing the KMT of betraying her husband's legacy. Her younger sister, May-ling, married Chiang Kai-shek, a Methodist like Soong and her sisters. This made <mask>'s brother-in-law. The CPC still treats Sun Yat-sen as one of the founders of their movement and claim descent from him as he is viewed as a proto communist and the economic element of Sun's ideology was socialism.Sun stated, "Our Principle of Livelihood is a form of communism". After an initial warm public reception in Moscow for the cadre, to which <mask> Ching-ling belonged, from 1928 their attempts to establish a leftist Chinese front were frustrated. Soong returned to China in June 1929 when Sun Yat-sen was moved from his temporary burial site in Beijing to a new memorial in Nanjing, but left again three months

masks:
Charlie Soong
Chiang Soong
Soong


title: Soong Ching-ling

texts:
 his death. She visited Moscow again in 1957 with Mao Zedong's delegation to the 40th anniversary of the Russian Revolution. Vice-presidency

In April 1959, <mask> again served as a Shanghai deputy at the 2nd National People's Congress.At this Congress, Mao Zedong and Zhu De stepped down as President and Vice-President of the People's Republic of China. Liu Shaoqi was elected State Chairman (President), and <mask> Ching-ling and Dong Biwu, a senior Communist Party 'elder', were elected Vice President of China. Soong resigned at this time from her positions as vice-chairwoman of the CPPCC National Committee and the NPC Standing Committee. She was re-elected to the post of Vice-chairperson of the PRC at the Third National People's Congress in 1965, and appeared frequently in the early 1960s on ceremonial occasions, often greeting important visitors from abroad. During the Cultural Revolution (1966–76), <mask> was heavily criticized by Red Guard factions, and in one incident, the marker of her parents' grave was toppled and their bodies exposed. Following this incident Premier Zhou Enlai recommended that <mask> Ching-ling be put on a "List of Cadres to be protected." Zhou's recommendation was approved by Mao Zedong.Late in the Cultural Revolution, during the 4th NPC which approved the 1975 Constitution in January 1975, <mask>'s term as Vice President of China ended with the abolishment of that post, after which she was again appointed one of the vice-chairwomen of the NPC Standing Committee. Later life and death

Soong's public appearances were limited after the Cultural Revolution, and she was in generally poor health, but articles by her, primarily on children's

masks: Soong Soong Soong Soong Soong


title: Soong Ching-ling

texts:
 welfare issues, continued to appear in the press. Her last public appearance was on 8 May 1981, when she appeared in a wheelchair at the Great Hall of the People to accept an honorary LL.D. degree from the University of Victoria. A few days later she began running a high fever and was unable to rise again. On 16 May 1981, less than two weeks before her death, she was admitted to the Communist Party and named Honorary Chairwoman of the People's Republic of China (). She is the only person to ever hold this title.According to one of <mask>'s biographers, she had wanted to join the Communist Party of China as early as 1957. However, when she asked Liu for permission to join the party, the request was turned down because "it was thought better for the revolution that she not join formally, but that she would thenceforth be informed, and her opinion sought, concerning all important inner-Party events matters, not only those involving the government." Museums
According to her wishes, Soong's cremated remains were placed next to her parents' restored grave in the Soong family burial plot at Shanghai's International Cemetery (), which was later renamed in her honor as the Soong Ching-ling Memorial Park (). Several of <mask> Ch'ing-ling's former residences have also been transformed into museums:

In 1918, Soong and her husband Sun Yat-sen lived in a house in the French Concession of Shanghai. After her husband's death, Soong continued to reside there until 1937. The house has now been converted into a museum dedicated called the Former Residence of Sun Yat-sen. Though dedicated primarily to Sun, it also contains some of Soong's artefacts during their life together.From

masks: Soong Soong


title: Soong Ching-ling

texts:
 1948 to 1963 <mask> Ch'ing-ling lived in the western end of the French Concession in Shanghai. This building is now the Soong Ching-ling Memorial Residence. A memorial hall containing some of her belongings and photographs stands near the entrance. The main building and gardens are preserved in near original state with original furnishings throughout. In the garage are two large cars: one Chinese built Red Flag limousine and another "Russian" car presented to Soong by Josef Stalin. <mask> Ch'ing-ling obtained a mansion in Beijing in 1963 where she lived and worked for the rest of her life and received many dignitaries. After her death the site was converted into the Former Residence of Soong Ching-ling as a museum and memorial.The rooms and furniture have been kept as she had used them, and memorabilia are displayed. Media portrayal
In the 1997 Hong Kong movie The Soong Sisters, she is portrayed by Maggie Cheung. In the 2009 mainland China movie The Founding of a Republic, she is portrayed by Xu Qing. In other popular culture, it is also mentioned by the character Jim Graham in Empire of the Sun that he met Madame Sun Yat-sen when he was three years old. Family

See also

 History of the Republic of China
 Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang
 He Xiangning (wife of Liao Zhongkai)
 Soong sisters
 Soong Ai-ling
 Soong Mei-ling
 Soong Ching-ling Children's Literature Prize

Notes

 Before the 1982 Constitution President of the People's Republic of China was officially translated as "Chairman" by the PRC government. References

Citations

Sources

External links

 Soong Ching-ling Foundation
 Former Residence of Song Qingling, Beijing
 Memorial


title: Aswad Thomas

texts:
<mask> (born 9 August 1989 in London) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for National League side Ebbsfleet United. Having started his career with Charlton Athletic; he spent time on loan with Accrington Stanley, Barnet and Lewes before signing for Woking in 2009, and Braintree Town in 2011. He played for Grimsby Town for two and a half years and had a second short stint with Woking before joining Dover Athletic in 2015. Career

Charlton Athletic
Thomas started his career with the Charlton Athletic youth system. Although he never made his senior debut, <mask> appeared on the bench twice, but he did make four appearances for the U18s and featured 11 times for the reserves in the 2007–08 season, scoring in the 8–4 home victory over Southampton in September 2007. <mask> had been compared to former Charlton hero Richard Rufus, and noted as a clean striker of a ball, athletic and strong in the tackle. He joined Accrington Stanley on loan in January 2008 where he made his Football League debut against Wycombe Wanderers.He scored twice in a 2–3 victory against Chester City, firing in Leam Richardson's defence-splitting pass and <mask> followed up John Danby's parry from his own shot to level. He returned to Charlton after serving his suspension for being sent off against Macclesfield Town when he had thrown the ball in the face of Shaun Brisley. He also played twice on loan at Barnet at the start of the 2008–09 season, after completing his month-long loan with League Two side Barnet, shortly afterwards he joined Lewes on loan. Woking
He signed a one-year contract with Conference South outfit Woking in 2009 and scored on his debut against Welling United which Woking went on to win 2–1. Braintree

masks:
Aswad Kwame Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas


title: Aswad Thomas

texts:
 Town
In June 2011, <mask> signed for the newly promoted Conference National team Braintree Town. After playing five games with three clean sheets, <mask> received his first of seven yellow cards on 29 August 2011 in the 50th minute, in the 2–3 defeat against Ebbsfleet United. He scored his first of five goals in the 2011–12 season, a close range shot into the bottom right corner in the 6–2 defeat at York City.Three games later he scored in the 5–4 defeat against Kidderminster Harriers. England C manager Paul Fairclough confirmed that <mask> had been close to getting an international call-up, and on 10 November 2011 <mask> <mask> was included in the stand-by contingency squad for the England C team in the friendly against Gibraltar on the following Tuesday. On 26 November 2011 <mask> received his 2nd yellow card of the season in the 10th minute for unsporting behaviour and was sent off in the 85th minute for his second bookable offence, an unfair foul on Curtis Obeng, serving a one match ban after the 0–0 stalemate against Wrexham. On 26 December 2011 he received his 3rd yellow card in 78th minute for a foul on substitute defender Jonathon Thorpe in the 2–0 away defeat at Cambridge United. <mask> scored his 5th and final goal for Braintree

At the start of the new calendar year and in the following game on New Year's Day, again <mask> fouled Jonathon Thorpe to receive his 4th yellow card in the 19th minute in the 3–2 victory at home against Cambridge United. His third goal of the season came when he scored the opening goal, <mask> volleyed in Ben Wright's cross in the 2–2 draw at home against Stockport County. He scored a crucial 79th-minute goal in the 1–0 home win against Barrow, a low pass from defender Dean Wells

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Aswad Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas


title: Aswad Thomas

texts:
 to <mask>, he scored inside the six-yard box to the bottom right corner of the goal.On 18 February 2012 he received his 5th yellow card in the 1–0 away defeat at A.F.C. Telford United for unsporting behaviour, after giving away a free kick for an unfair challenge on striker Chris Sharp. On 17 March 2012 <mask> received his 6th yellow card in the 1–4 defeat at home to Kidderminster for unsporting behaviour, after conceding a free kick for a foul on defender Lee Vaughan. On 24 March 2012 <mask> scored the opening goal in the 0–4 thrashing of Barrow, latching onto striker Sean Marks' header from 18 yards at the edge of the penalty box to the top left corner of the goal. On 14 April 2012 <mask> was forced to sit on the bench despite not being 100 per cent fit at Stockport County and missed the following home game against York City also due to the knee injury. Having missed the previous two games, <mask> played in what became his last and final game of the season for Braintree in the 5–1 defeat at Wrexham. Grimsby Town
<mask> signed a two-year deal with Conference National side Grimsby Town on 4 July 2012, for an undisclosed fee, thought to be around £15,000.Having impressed in his first five games for Grimsby, <mask> was named in the England C squad to face Belgium in Brussels on Wednesday 12 September in an International Challenge Trophy game. In his first two seasons with Grimsby, <mask> was a runner-up in the 2013 FA Trophy as well as losing in the Conference Premier semi-final in both years. On 4 January 2014 he scored a last minute own goal which meant Grimsby were dumped out of the FA Cup third round in a 2–3 defeat against Huddersfield Town. On 22 January 2015, <mask> was signed off from work with the club after

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas


title: Aswad Thomas

texts:
 suffering from stress. <mask> had requested the cancellation of his contract in order to resolve personal issues and sort out a transfer away from the club, however Grimsby decided in this case to allow the player a month's leave. On 3 February <mask> was released by Grimsby on mutual consent. Return to Woking
Shortly after being given a month's leave by Grimsby, it was confirmed by Conference Premier side Woking that <mask> had returned to the club and had signed contractual forms for the rest of the season.Dover Athletic
On 28 August 2015, following his release from Woking, <mask> joined Dover Athletic on a one-year deal. Sutton United
<mask> joined Sutton United in the 2017 close season alongside former Dover teammates Ross Lafayette and Moses Emmanuel. He made his club debut on 5 August 2017 in a 2–0 home victory over Leyton Orient. He scored his first goal for the club on 23 September in a 3–2 win against Barrow. International career
<mask> was called up to the England C team in 2012. Career statistics

Honours

Club
Grimsby Town
Lincolnshire Senior Cup Winners (1): 2012–13
FA Trophy : Runners-up, 2012–13

Individual
Braintree Supporters Player of The Season: 2011–12
 Conference National Team of the Year: 2012–13

References

External links
<mask> <mask> player profile at cafc.co.uk

 (at Lewes)

Living people
1989 births
English footballers
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Accrington Stanley F.C.players
Barnet F.C. players
Lewes F.C. players
Woking F.C. players
Braintree Town F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Dover Athletic F.C. players
Sutton United F.C.players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
England semi-pro international footballers
Association football

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Aswad Thomas


title: John Baird, 1st Viscount Stonehaven

texts:
<mask> of Urie, 1st Viscount Stonehaven, 1st Baron Stonehaven, 2nd Baronet, 3rd of Ury,  (27 April 1874 – 20 August 1941) was a British politician who served as the eighth Governor-General of Australia, in office from 1925 to 1930. He had previously been a government minister under David Lloyd George, Bonar Law, and Stanley Baldwin. Baird was born in London, and attended Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. His father was Sir Alexander Baird, a Scottish-born civil servant who spent much of his life in Egypt. Baird was a member of the Diplomatic Service before winning election to the House of Commons in 1910, representing the Conservative Party. When war broke out a few years later, he joined the Intelligence Corps and won the Distinguished Service Order (DSO). Baird was added to the Lloyd George ministry in 1916, and held various junior portfolios until 1922 when he was appointed Minister of Transport and First Commissioner of Works.In 1925, Baird was appointed Governor-General of Australia on the advice of Stanley Bruce. He was raised to the peerage as Baron Stonehaven, having previously succeeded to his father's baronetcy in 1920. Lord Stonehaven was the first governor-general to live in Canberra, moving into Yarralumla in 1927 and presiding over the first sitting at the new Parliament House. After returning to Britain, <mask> served as Chairman of the Conservative Party from 1931 to 1936. He was raised to the viscountcy in 1938, and retired to his ancestral seat in Aberdeenshire. Early life
Baird was born in Chelsea, London, son of Sir Alexander Baird, 1st Baronet, and wife The Hon. Annette Maria, daughter of Lawrence Palk, 1st Baron Haldon.He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, but left university without graduating. He was commissioned in the Lanarkshire Yeomanry (later the Scottish Horse). In 1894 he served as an aide-de-camp to the Governor of New South Wales, then entered the diplomatic service. He was

masks:
John Lawrence Baird
Stonehaven


title: John Baird, 1st Viscount Stonehaven

texts: and appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG). Lord Stonehaven arrived in Australia in October 1925. He quickly established good relations with Bruce, with whom he had much in common. But, like his predecessor, he found that Australian Prime Ministers no longer wanted a Governor-General acting as an Imperial overseer, or as a representative of the British government, but merely as discreet figureheads. The 1926 Imperial Conference in London recognised the de facto independence of the Dominions, and ended the role of the Governors-General as diplomats and as channels of communication between governments. From now on the Governor-General's sole role was to be a personal representative of the Crown.There were other changes during <mask>'s term. In May 1927 he formally opened the first meeting of the Australian Parliament in the newly built Parliament House in Canberra, and the Governor-General was at last given a permanent residence, Government House, Canberra, commonly known by the previous name of the house, Yarralumla. This meant an end to travelling between government houses in Sydney and Melbourne and made the post of Governor-General less expensive. At the same time, the advent of aviation, of which <mask> was a keen exponent, made travelling around Australia much easier. For most of Stonehaven's term Bruce seemed firmly entrenched in office, but in September 1929 he was unexpectedly defeated on the floor of the House of Representatives, and asked Stonehaven for a dissolution. Although the Parliament was only a year old, Stonehaven agreed at once: the days when Governors-General exercised a discretion in this area had passed. Bruce's party was defeated at the October election, and Bruce also lost his own seat.The Labor leader, James Scullin, took office in January 1930. Stonehaven's relations with Scullin were correct but not friendly, since his political sympathies lay elsewhere.

masks: Stonehaven Stonehaven


title: John Baird, 1st Viscount Stonehaven

texts:
 It was probably fortunate for him that his term expired before the crises of the Scullin government began. <mask> left Australia on 2 October 1930, at which point his successor had not been determined; Lord Somers, the Governor of Victoria, took over as Administrator of the Commonwealth until a permanent successor, Sir Isaac Isaacs, took office in January 1931. Freemasonry
<mask> was a freemason. During his term as Governor-General (1925–1930), he was also Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of New South Wales. Later life
On his return to Britain he was appointed Chairman of the Conservative Party in 1931, a post he held until 1936.In 1938 he was further honoured when he was made Viscount Stonehaven, of Ury in the County of Kincardine. Family
Stonehaven married Lady Ethel Sydney Keith-Falconer, daughter of the 9th Earl of Kintore, in 1905. They had two sons and three daughters. Lord <mask> died of hypertensive cardiac disease at Ury House, Stonehaven, Scotland, in August 1941, aged 67, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Ian. The Viscountess Stonehaven succeeded her elder brother as eleventh Countess of Kintore in 1966. She died in September 1974, one day after her 100th birthday. References

External links

Baird family tree

1874 births
1941 deaths
Scottish Horse officers
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Baird, <mask>
Deputy Lieutenants of Kincardineshire
Governors-General of Australia
Scottish Freemasons
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Baird, <mask> educated at Eton College
Baird, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, John
UK MPs who were granted peerages
Viscounts in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
People from Chelsea, London
Chairmen of the Conservative Party (UK)
Lanarkshire Yeomanry officers
Australian Freemasons
Masonic Grand Masters
Baird, <mask> of State for Transport (UK)
Peers created by George V
Peers created by

masks:
Stonehaven
Stonehaven
Stonehaven
John
John People
John Baird
John Baird
John Baird
John Baird
John Baird
John Secretaries


title: Linda Tillery

texts:
<mask> "Tui" <mask> (born September 2, 1948) is an American singer, percussionist, producer, songwriter, and music arranger. She began her professional singing career at age 19 with the Bay Area rock band The Loading Zone. She is recognized as a pioneer in Women's music, with her second solo album titled <mask> released on Olivia Records in 1977. In addition to performing, she was the producer on three of Olivia's first eight albums. Within the women's music genre, she has collaborated with June Millington, Deidre McCalla, Barbara Higbie, Holly Near, Margie Adam, and others. <mask> was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1997 for Best Musical Album for Children. <mask> has been a professional musician for her entire adult life and has had a long career as a backing/supporting vocalist for mainstream artists as diverse as Santana, Bobby McFerrin, Huey Lewis and the News and the Turtle Island String Quartet.In the early 1990s, she began exploring the roots music of enslaved Africans and the African diaspora, forming the group The Cultural Heritage Choir which remains active. Early life
<mask> was born in 1948 to parents who migrated from Texas to San Francisco during World War II. She was born on the block of Fell Street where the SFJAZZ Center currently stands. Her father (Horace) was a carpenter whose first job after moving to California was at the Hunters Point Shipyard. Her mother (Eva L.) was a seamstress and later worked at a job pressing garments in a Chinatown sweatshop. Neither of her parents were musicians, but she had two uncles who played cornet. <mask> says her parents were terrible singers but they loved music and had a large collection of 78 rpm records.The music she heard as a young person in her

masks:
Linda
Tillery
Linda Tillery
Tillery
Tillery
Tillery
Tillery


title: Linda Tillery

texts:
 household ranged from Count Basie and Sarah Vaughan to rural and urban blues. By age 2, her favorite singer was Dinah Washington, whose recording of "That's All I Want From You" was particularly loved by <mask> and was the first song she memorized. <mask> claims that she learned how to read by looking at the labels from her parent's record collection. "Basie was on Verve. Dinah was on Mercury". She had memorized Basie's arrangement of "April in Paris" by age 4. She also admired Ethel Merman's big voice, going into her parent's acoustically-pleasing bathroom and trying to imitate Merman's song "There's No Business Like Show Business".<mask> is a self-taught singer, but her formal music education began at age 13 when she studied the classical bass at Lowell High School in San Francisco. She was allowed to play the drum kit and other instruments such as the bassoon in school because her teacher recognized her superior musical abilities. Also around age 13, <mask> attended a picnic in Pittsburg, California where she saw Vi Redd playing alto saxophone. <mask> says she was mesmerized by Redd and that experience enlightened her to "be able to play whatever instrument I chose. I wanted to sing, but not just as a centerpiece. I wanted to be a unique voice". <mask> graduated from high school in 1966 and worked for a year while also attending City College of San Francisco.She says her parents always wanted her to be a business major but she says she "got bored very quickly" with college. She dropped out to begin singing professionally. Late 1960s: The Loading Zone
<mask> first came to prominence as the lead singer in San Francisco group The Loading Zone starting in 1968. The band had just signed with RCA Records and

masks: Tillery Tillery Tillery Tillery Tillery Tillery Tillery


title: Linda Tillery

texts:
 was looking for a new lead singer, so they placed a classified ad in the San Francisco Chronicle stating "Wanted: One Soul Singer" which was also the title of a Johnnie Taylor album that Tillery enjoyed. At least six singers had auditioned for the job but the 19-year-old <mask> had an edge because she had phoned beforehand to make sure she was what the band was seeking. Years later, Loading Zone founder Paul Fauerso described the hiring of <mask>:

She said, 'I'm kind of big, like Big Mama Thornton, and I play harmonica…. She walked through the door in a post office uniform, with little white cat-eyed glasses, and I said, that's our girl.She just looked right. We evolved as a dance band with a fusion of R&B and rock, and we ended up as a psychedelic soul band once we added <mask>. She was singing for us by the time we opened for Cream at Winterland. Her mother made her a floor-length ruffled red leather cape. It was very dramatic. <mask> recalled her audition day with humor. Loading Zone guitarist Steve Dowler went to <mask>'s house to pick her up."Her mother saw a hippie at the door and refused to let him in". <mask> with the Loading Zone frequently played popular Bay Area Night Clubs like Keystone Berkeley, Frenche's in Hayward and The Odyssey Room in Sunnyvale. While The Loading Zone occasionally performed as headliners in concert venues, they were more well known as a popular opening act for other big-name bands. They toured with Vanilla Fudge and The Jeff Beck Group, and opened Bay Area shows for many other bands and performers including The Who on their first American tour, Jethro Tull, Sam & Dave, Cream at San Francisco's famed Winterland Ballroom and Big Brother and the Holding Company featuring

masks: Tillery Tillery Linda Tillery Tillery Linda


title: Linda Tillery

texts: Janis Joplin at Bill Graham's historic venue The Fillmore. Of the gig with Big Brother, <mask> and the Loading Zone won over Joplin's fans so much that Joplin told others after the show that <mask> was never allowed again to be on the same bill with her. The Loading Zone's style has been described as psychedelic soul, and they have been compared somewhat to Sly and the Family Stone. Another critic called their music "a distinctive blend of garage rock, R&B, and jazz".Their debut album titled The Loading Zone was released on RCA Records in 1968 and sold about 100,000 copies. Critical reception was mixed, with many dismayed that the album "didn't come close to capturing the band's energy in concert". <mask>'s tenure with The Loading Zone marked the beginning of her professional career. "Though it was at the height of the drug-crazed rock era, the members of the band had all turned to Transcendental Meditation, were completely clean and sober, and were dealing with a lot of political issues that other musicians wouldn't tackle, like confronting the American Federation of Musicians which was not doing a very good job at providing benefits and protections for musicians. It was the beginning of a journey through consciousness-raising and political development for me". <mask> stayed with The Loading Zone a few years, but the lifestyle became "too much, too soon …. I kind of crashed after that….The lifestyle can either make or break a human being.There are some people who are destroyed by their early success. At least I can say I'm a survivor". The group broke up and reformed in 1969, and had varying membership for periods of time in the late 1960s and early 1970s. One account shows that <mask> left the group in

masks: Tillery Tillery Tillery Tillery Tillery


title: Linda Tillery

texts:
 January 1969, rejoined in March 1970 through 1971, and left The Loading Zone for the final time in 1972. 1970-1977: Debut solo album and session work

As early as 1968, <mask> was performing as a solo artist around the Bay Area under the name <mask> Divine. She signed with CBS Records and released her debut album titled Sweet Linda Divine in 1970. The album was produced by Al Kooper who also played piano, organ and horns on selected songs.<mask> provided lead vocals and played percussion on the recording, which garnered some enthusiastic reviews but did not sell well. The album earned <mask> two consecutive "Jammies" (Bay Area Jazz Awards) for Outstanding Female Vocalist. Through much of the 1970s, <mask> worked as a session musician providing backing vocals and occasionally playing drums on albums by Santana, Boz Scaggs, Lenny White, Teresa Trull and others. She sang backing vocals on the Santana III album, including on the hit single "Everybody's Everything" which debuted on the Billboard Hit 100 chart on October 16, 1971, peaked at number 12 and remained on the chart for a total of 10 weeks. She also sang backing vocals on the song "Everything's Coming Our Way" from the same album. During this time, <mask> was a member of the jazz fusion band Cesar 830, which recorded one album. She was also the lead vocalist for Coke Escovedo's soul/funk/jazz/Latin band, appearing on two albums.Another group with whom she performed during this period was Jessica Hagedorn's Gangster Choir. The "poet's band" had two distinct incarnations based on Hagedorn's residencies in San Francisco in the 1970s and New York City in the 1980s. <mask> was a member of the West Coast Gangster Choir's vocal trio, the Gangsterettes. Of this

masks:
Tillery
Sweet Linda
Tillery
Tillery
Tillery
Tillery
Tillery


title: Linda Tillery

texts:
 period in her career, <mask> said "Then my education as a hard-working singer began…. I was what I call a '9-to-5 musician' from '70 to '77. Played with a lot of bands, did a lot of club work, only the hours were 9 to 2". 1975-1979: Olivia Records and women's music

<mask> was introduced to Women's music in 1975 when the Bay Area band BeBe K'Roche submitted her name to Olivia Records to produce their album.<mask> produced, arranged, sang backing vocals and played percussion on the 1976 eponymous LP, which was the fledgling record label's third release. In addition to the LP, two singles were released as well. Like most Olivia recordings, the album contains several songs with overt lesbian and/or feminist lyrics, but unlike other early Olivia projects, the style of the music is R&B/funk/jazz and Latin-influenced rock. <mask> joined the Olivia collective, which became "the pioneering label run by the lesbian-feminist collective that made a place for female musicians, engineers, and producers". <mask> and Olivia collective member (and later Olivia president) Judy Dlugacz recruited Sandy Stone as recording and mix engineer on the BeBe K'Roche recording. At the time, Stone was in the early stages of transitioning from male to female. Stone's presence as a transsexual in the Olivia collective caused an uproar in the late-1970s within segments of the lesbian-feminist community, and they threatened a boycott of Olivia products as a result.The Olivia collective defended Stone in multiple feminist publications, but after long debate, Stone left the collective in 1979. <mask>'s next job with Olivia Records was producing Teresa Trull's debut album titled The Ways A Woman Can Be. Released in 1977, this album also

masks: Tillery Tillery Tillery Tillery Tillery Tillery