title: Jim Long

texts:
 songs that the stations played, in 1972–1973. Later known in the industry as the “mini-song” station ID – a widely imitated concept; and
 Introduce the “Turn on the Light” radio format in Washington, D.C.

Radio career

Beginning in 1961, <mask> worked as an announcer, producer and program manager at radio stations in Keene (WKBK), Dover (WTSN) and Manchester (WFEA), NH; Westfield (WDEW) and Southbridge (WESO), Massachusetts; Waterbury, Connecticut (WWCO); Springfield, Vermont (WCFR); Bangor, Maine (WGUY); Messina (WSTS), Malone (WICY), Utica (WRUN) and Syracuse (WOLF) New York; Orlando, Florida (WKIS); and Indianapolis (WIBC), Indiana.In early 1967, after a year as Program Director of WIBC/Indianapolis, the 24-year-old <mask> was given the opportunity to move to Texas by composer Tom Merriman who was working at Dallas-based Commercial Recording Corporation (CRC). Within six months, he and Merriman would launch TM Productions, Inc. with $10,000 capital. Companies

The TM Companies (1967–1979)
In 1967 TM Productions began as a music production company, producing commercial jingles and broadcast station identifications (IDs). <mask> conceptualized and co-produced an entirely new approach to station IDs which provided stations a natural flow from commercial breaks to station IDs to music programming, increasing listenership and ratings. Called “Phase 2”, “The Propellants” and “The Winning Score”, these programs were quickly adopted by top stations including KILT Houston, WCFL Chicago and KHJ Los Angeles. He also created IDs that sounded like the hit songs the stations were playing (e.g., “And the Beat Goes On” and “Charisma” for WCFL Chicago and KLIF Dallas). These concepts were extremely successful and

masks: Long Long Long


title: Jim Long

type: original

texts:
 rock, and country. It was the first to successfully automate mainstream rock programming (WGY-FM in Albany, New York) and the first syndicator to successfully program country music on FM radio (WSOC-FM, Charlotte, North Carolina). TM Special Projects produced music “specials” for broadcast, including the first-ever 48-hour history of album rock, Album Greats, which was aired by hundreds of top progressive rock radio stations, upon its release in 1977. TM International provided worldwide distribution of the products of the TM Companies. By the early 1970s, the TM Companies had become internationally recognized as the radio industry's leading provider of music libraries and programming. When <mask> left to found FirstCom in 1980, he had accumulated industry and broadcast awards, including nine Clio awards. He had built the largest and most successful broadcast syndicator of its kind in the world.Starr Broadcasting and William F. Buckley (1973–1979)
The success of the TM Companies brought suitors and, on October 15, 1973, <mask> and Tom Merriman sold TM to Starr Broadcasting Group, a broadcast oriented, publicly held corporation whose primary shareholder and chairman of the board was William F. Buckley. <mask> and Merriman (who both became multi-millionaires in the deal) continued in their roles with TM, but sought to buy back the company in 1976 when the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) began an investigation into Buckley's business affairs, accusing him and several members of the Starr Broadcasting board of directors of fraud and misuse of shareholder's funds. On July 17, 1979, Starr Broadcasting Group, along with its 13 radio and television stations and the TM Companies, was merged with


title: Jim Long

texts:
 Shamrock Broadcasting Corporation, a privately held Los Angeles company controlled by the Roy E. Disney family. FirstCom Broadcast Services (1980–1995), a division of Jim Long Companies, Inc.
<mask> founded FirstCom in 1980 to provide broadcasters with a new level of promotion, music production services, and high-end creative ideas, using emerging technologies. He called his new commercial services library “The Creative Department” and was considered a pioneer in his use of market research to develop audience share and increase profitability – resulting in a series of syndicated promotions, sales training programs (Sales Performance System), and high quality music production libraries, unsurpassed in the industry, at that time. In 1984, <mask> introduced the first ever compact disc (CD) production music library, Digital Production Library. This production format soon became the industry standard (instead of vinyl).By this time, FirstCom had become one of the largest stock music library companies worldwide. <mask> had reinvented the company to look beyond radio at the broader arena of domestic and international copyrights/music publishing, exploring audio-visual and digital technologies not yet widely used by business. He also expanded FirstCom's marketing to include sales to television and film music clients, a concept he later expanded upon when he created OneMusic and Crucial Music Corporations. In 1992 FirstCom was the first company to put their entire music catalog online and to offer an online music delivery system, called MusiQuick so that clients had immediate access to their production tools on the internet. <mask> sold FirstCom and the Jim Long Companies, Inc. in 1990 to Clive Calder’s Zomba

masks: Long Long Long Long


title: Jim Long

texts:
 Enterprises/Jive Records of London. He continued as chairman and on-going consultant until 1995. FirstCom is now owned by Universal Music Group.Long-Pride Broadcasting Group, Inc. (1980–1987)
In 1980, <mask> formed Long-Pride Broadcasting with friend and business associate, country singer Charley Pride. They shared ownership in several real estate ventures, a Texas bank, and oil and gas leases and acquired radio stations KQAM/KEYN in Wichita, Kansas and KAYC/KAYD in Beaumont, Texas. The company was dissolved in 1987 after the sale of its radio stations. OneMusic Corporation (1990–2005)
In 1990, <mask> founded OneMusic  in Del Mar, California and created yet another innovative music library, increasingly used in radio, television (e.g., Saturday Night Live), and film production (e.g., the Oscar-winning A Beautiful Mind). And, LiquidTracks, a new concept in music production services, allowed clients to actually remix music to their own specifications. <mask> sold 50% of the OMC Library to Clive Calder's Zomba/FirstCom, which was purchased by BMG in 2002. In 2005 BMG purchased the remainder of the OMC Library from <mask>.Divisions of OneMusic, but not part of the sale to BMG, included Honest Entertainment Group, Inc. and The Gold Label. Honest Entertainment Group, Inc. (1992–2001)/The Gold Label (1999–2001)
Having already produced artists for the Capitol, MCA, and Atlantic labels, <mask> started his own record label in California in 1992, Honest Entertainment, as a vehicle for re-launching Charley Pride’s career. He produced three albums for Pride (Pride, My 6 Latest & 6 Greatest, Platinum Pride, Volumes 1 & 2, and Classics with Pride) which provided impetus for the Country Music Association Awards (CMA)

masks: Long Long Long Long Long


title: Jim Long

texts:
 to recognize Pride with their Pioneer Award and other accolades. As part of his marketing strategy, <mask> created the first direct response marketing (DR) campaign for a major artist that used 800# marketing to drive new retail sales, selling over 500,000 units through the combination of DR and retail. Honest developed similar campaigns for other artists, including country superstar, Alan Jackson. Honest Entertainment opened offices in Nashville in 1994 and became known for its niche marketing of Irish artists, including Foster & Allen, Daniel O’Donnell, and Ronan Hardiman, the composer for Michael Flatley’s Lord of the Dance extravaganza. Honest also had its own roster of singer/songwriters, including Kate Wallace for whom <mask> produced the first “CD Plus” for a new artist marketing campaign, providing biographical audio as well as music video and behind the scenes footage (a new technology format, now familiar on DVD).It was at this time that he pioneered the use of the (almost unheard of then) Internet chat rooms for music listening tests, focus groups and market research. Honest also featured a group of legendary older artists, including Jack Jones, for whom <mask> produced two albums, one of which received a Grammy nomination in 1998, Jack Jones Paints a Tribute to Tony Bennett (Bennett actually won the Grammy that year for his own CD. )(www.digitalhit.com/grammy)  This group of older artists became a separate company, The Gold Label, in 1999 and was sold to Pat Boone in 2001. Crucial Music Corporation (2007 – present)
Launched in 2007, Crucial Music Corporation (CMC) is one of the first 100% online companies to use the Internet to link independent artists and musicians to those in the music


title: Jim Long

texts:
 industry who want their songs. CMC licenses music to radio, television, and film. A former OneMusic-Honest Entertainment executive, Tanvi Patel, serves as CEO and partner,(www.crucialmusic.com) while <mask> serves as chairman. CMC is headquartered in Suite 2 of 12035 Ventura Boulevard in Studio City, Los Angeles.Many bands and singers have used CMC to record their music for movies, including Owen Chaim, Ronjii, Michael Kisur, The John D'Agostino Band, Curtis Marolt, Erin Reign, Attila, Ron Esposito, Thomas David Grant, Ellery, Shock of Pleasure, Christopher Welch, Kate Booye, Jon Estep, Juvon Taylor, Andy Bianco and Christopher Jon Winston. In January 2016, CMC launched Crucial Custom, a division that links composers to advertising agencies and licenses music to advertisement. References

External links
 http://www.crucialmusic.com
 http://www.pointclassics.com
 http://www.michaeljfox.org
 http://www.musicares.com
 http://www.naras.com
 http://www.tommerrimantribute.com
 http://www.digitalhit.com/grammy/41/nominees.shtml

Record producers from Massachusetts
American male composers
21st-century American composers
University of San Francisco alumni
1943 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Worcester, Massachusetts
Musicians from Worcester, Massachusetts
21st-century American male


title: Irving Anker

texts:
<mask> (October 27, 1911 – June 12, 2000) was an American educator and administrator who served from 1973 to 1978 as New York City Schools Chancellor, overseeing the largest school district in the United States at a time when control of schools was being transferred to local community school districts and when the fiscal crisis besetting the City of New York forced major staffing cuts. He had also served as Acting Chancellor in 1970 while the New York City Board of Education was searching for a permanent replacement. Early life and education
He was born on October 27, 1911, in Red Hook, Brooklyn, his parents were Jewish immigrants who had received little formal education. A product of the New York City public schools, <mask> attended City College of New York, where he earned bachelor's and master's degrees. He started teaching in 1934 at Erasmus Hall High School and worked his way up through the school system, becoming chairman of social studies at Long Island City High School, and then principal of Benjamin Franklin High School in East Harlem. <mask> was named as an assistant superintendent in 1966 and was replaced as principal of Benjamin Franklin High School by Leonard F. Littwin. Deputy and Acting Chancellor
While searching for a permanent Superintendent of Schools in 1970 for Nathan Brown, the Board of Education named <mask> to serve as Acting Superintendent until the position was filled.The Board had approached, and been turned down by, such notables as Ralph Bunche, Ramsey Clark, Arthur J. Goldberg and Sargent Shriver, before choosing Harvey B. Scribner, who had been Commissioner of the Vermont Department of Education and superintendent of the Teaneck Public Schools, where he oversaw the implementation of a voluntary school integration program. Described as an "answer man to any question anybody's got about the city's

masks:
Irving Anker
Anker
Anker
Anker


title: Irving Anker

texts:
 school system", Anker didn't know that his salary as Acting Superintendent of Schools would be $48,000, and increase of almost $14,000 from his previous post as assistant superintendent. <mask>'s title was renamed to Chancellor as of July 1, 1970, the same day that the 32 local school boards were to take office. Anker expressed concern that "decentralization is going to be a time-consuming and touchy job" and expressed fears that it could lead to all-white and all-black schools. After being selected as Chancellor and as desired by the board of education, Scribner chose <mask> to fill the newly created position of deputy chancellor at an annual salary of $48,000, to give Scribner a senior aide and second-in-command with experience in the New York City system. Scribner's post in Vermont did not expire until September 1, 1970, and <mask> remained as Acting Chancellor until that date. Citing what he called a "confidence gap" with the Board of Education, Scribner announced in December 1972 that he would leave his post as Chancellor when his three-year contract ended on June 30, 1973.Before going on a vacation (that would prove permanent) starting on April 1, 1973, Chancellor Scribner named <mask> to serve as Acting Chancellor until Scribner's contract expired on June 30. While the New York City Board of Education had not decided on a replacement, <mask> was seen as the most likely person to fill the spot on a permanent basis if the board's choice was an "insider". Chancellor
As had been widely expected, <mask> was named as School Chancellor in June 1973, with Samuel Polatnick as executive director of the Office of High Schools, Dr. Edythe J. Gaines atop the Office of Educational Planning and Support and Alfredo Mathew, Jr., as chief of the Office of School District Affairs. As School Chancellor, <mask> oversaw the

masks: Anker Anker Anker Anker Anker Anker Anker


title: Irving Anker

texts: decentralization program that began in 1969 in which staffing choices in elementary and middle schools were made by a network of 32 community school boards. Often viewed as a steppingstone to political office or as an opportunity for patronage, <mask> was often at odds with the local boards, ultimately investigating charges of corruption or mismanagement in seven of the 32 local boards and using his powers to suspend board members or to override their actions. In one of his first confrontations, after dismissing the school board of District 9 in the Bronx and replacing it with a trustee he appointed, <mask> faced a sit-in by parents who viewed <mask>'s actions as a racially motivated effort to undermine local control. In December 1974, <mask> submitted a proposed $2.78 billion budget for the 1975-76 school year that would add more than $500 million in spending over the previous budget, which would be used to expand services for handicapped and non-English-speaking students.<mask> resisted efforts by Mayor of New York Abe Beame to cut services during the depths of New York City's fiscal crisis, saying that he was only requesting "enough money to make the schools as good as possible - not nearly enough to make them as good as they ought to be". In a time of belt tightening citywide, <mask> said that "we cannot write off the children of New York City without calling into question every value we live by". City budget officials forced Anker to make $230 million in cuts, including the termination of 21,000 positions in the system, increasing class sizes and reducing much of the art, music and after-school programs that had previously been offered. The increased burdens on the remaining teachers led to a five-day strike in September 1975 by the United Federation of Teachers, which ended when <mask> agreed with UFT head Albert


title: Irving Anker

texts:
 Shanker to cut 90 minutes from the school day. In an effort to more thoroughly integrate the city's high schools, <mask> had the attendance zones of high schools in Brooklyn modified to achieve a greater balance between white students and the increasing numbers of African American and Hispanic students, which resulted in further white flight from the city and its schools. The Board of Education was charged in 1977 by the federal government, which claimed that the city's schools discriminated in the hiring of African American and Hispanic teachers and had improperly concentrated minority teachers in majority minority schools. Anker implemented changes to expand hiring of minority teachers and to achieve a more even distribution of staffing around the school system.After taking office in January 1978 as Mayor of New York, Ed Koch forced out <mask> as Chancellor in favor of Frank Macchiarola, a key Koch advisor who had been a vice president of the CUNY Graduate Center and deputy director of the New York State Emergency Financial Control Board for New York City; Anker would serve until his contract ended on June 30, 1978. Personal
After departing the city schools, Anker became an educational consultant, in addition to teaching at a Florida community college and at the Graduate School of Education of Long Island University. A resident of Jamaica, Queens, <mask> died at his home there at age 88 on June 12, 2000, of natural causes. He was survived by his wife, three daughters, a son and seven grandchildren. A product of the city school system himself, all three of his children attended city public schools. References

1911 births
2000 deaths
20th-century American educators
20th-century American Jews
City College of New York alumni
Long Island University faculty
New York City School Chancellors
People from Jamaica, Queens
People

masks: Anker Anker Anker


title: Meshach Taylor

texts:
<mask> (; April 11, 1947 – June 28, 2014) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Anthony Bouvier on the CBS sitcom Designing Women (1986–93), for which he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series. He was also known for his portrayal of Hollywood Montrose, a flamboyant window dresser, in the film Mannequin. He played Sheldon Baylor on the CBS sitcom Dave's World (1993–97), appeared as Tony on the NBC sitcom Buffalo Bill opposite Dabney Coleman, and appeared as the recurring character Alastair Wright, the social studies teacher (and later school principal) on the Nickelodeon sitcom Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide. Early life
<mask> was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Hertha Mae (née Ward) and Joseph T<mask>, former dean of students at Dillard University in New Orleans, who was also the first dean of arts and sciences at Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis. After the family moved from New Orleans to Indianapolis, <mask> graduated from Crispus Attucks High School in 1964, where he took an interest in acting, and went on to study in the dramatic arts programs at Wilmington College (Ohio) and Florida A&M University. Leaving Florida A&M a few credits shy of graduation, he worked in Indianapolis as a State House reporter for AM radio station WIFE (now WTLC), where he used the on-air name Bruce Thomas, and as the host of a community-affairs program on television station WLWI (now WTHR), as <mask>.Many years later, in May 1993, he received his bachelor's degree in theatre arts from Florida A&M. Career

Theater and teleplays
<mask>'s

masks:
Meshach Taylor
Taylor
. Taylor
Taylor
Bruce Taylor
Taylor


title: Meshach Taylor

texts:
 first professional acting gig was in a national tour of Hair. He honed his craft in repertory theater as a member of Chicago's Goodman Theatre, and the Organic Theater Company alongside Joe Mantegna, André DeShields, Dennis Franz, Keith Szarabajka, Jack Wallace, and director Stuart Gordon. While in Chicago, he appeared in David Rabe's Streamers, Native Son (1979 Joseph Jefferson Award Nomination for Actor in a Principal Role in a Play), The Island and Athol Fugard’s Sizwe Banzi Is Dead, for which he garnered the 1977 Joseph Jefferson Award for Actor in a Principal Role in a Play. He received an Emmy Award for his role as Jim in the WTTW production of Huckleberry Finn and hosted the Chicago television show Black Life. In 1998, <mask> made his Broadway debut as Lumiere in Beauty and the Beast, where he starred alongside Toni Braxton. In September 2012, he appeared in Year of the Rabbit at Ensemble Studio Theater-LA as Vietnam veteran JC Bridges.Television and film
In 1977, <mask> moved to Los Angeles, where he crafted a gallery of memorable characters in film and on television, including his Emmy nominated turn in the CBS sitcom Designing Women. <mask> played Anthony Bouvier, the deliveryman at the fictitious Sugarbaker interior design firm in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1989, he received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series. In May 1981, the ninth season of M*A*S*H, he was seen as a corpsman in the final episode, "The Life You Save". From 1993–97, he was a series regular as plastic surgeon Sheldon Baylor on Dave's World (CBS), and had a recurring role as Alastair Wright, the history teacher turned

masks: Taylor Taylor Taylor


title: Meshach Taylor

texts: school principal, on Nickelodeon's sitcom, Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide (2004–07) and Buffalo Bill on NBC with Dabney Coleman. Other appearances include: The Unit, Jessie, Hannah Montana as a fashion designer, All of Us as Neesee's father, The Drew Carey Show, Static Shock, Caroline in the City, Aaahh!!! Real Monsters, Women of the House, In the Heat of the Night, Punky Brewster, What's Happening Now!!, Hill Street Blues, ALF, Melba, The Golden Girls, Cagney & Lacey, Barney Miller,  Lou Grant, The White Shadow, The Incredible Hulk, The Secret of NIMH 2: Timmy to the Rescue, and Barnaby Jones. In 1996, <mask> hosted his own series on HGTV, The Urban Gardener with <mask> <mask>, and in 1998, he hosted <mask> <mask>'s Hidden Caribbean on The Travel Channel. He was a regular panelist on the 2000 revival of the television game show To Tell the Truth. He co-hosted Living Live! with Florence Henderson on Retirement Living TV in 2008 until the program was revamped as The Florence Henderson Show. <mask> had been friends with actor Joe Mantegna since they appeared together in 1969 in the musical Hair. <mask> guest-starred in 2012 on Criminal Minds''' eighth season in the episode "The Fallen", opposite Mantegna as Harrison Scott, Rossi's former Marine sergeant with whom he served in Vietnam.In January 2014, he reprised this role in "The Road Home" which aired January 22, 2014, just five months before his death. Mantegna led a Criminal Minds tenth season episode "Anonymous", to honor <mask> on January 21, 2015. <mask> appeared in such feature films as Mannequin, Mannequin Two: On the Move, and Damien: Omen II. Personal

masks: Taylor Meshach Taylor Meshach Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor


title: Meshach Taylor

texts:
 life
<mask> married actress Bianca Ferguson in 1983. He had four children, three with Bianca and one from a previous marriage. His children are daughters Tamar, Esme and Yasmine and son Tariq; he had four grandchildren. Death
Suffering from colorectal cancer, <mask> died on June 28, 2014, at his home in Altadena, California.<mask> was survived by his wife, his four children, his mother Hertha <mask>, two siblings, and four grandchildren. A memorial service to celebrate his life was held at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills) on July 6, 2014. Filmography

References

 External links

<mask> <mask> obituary at nytimes.com June 29, 2014

'Fresh Air' Remembers Actor <mask> <mask> NPR 'Fresh Air' host Terry Gross pays tribute to actor <mask> <mask> (April 11, 1947 – June 28, 2014) with rebroadcast of 1990 interview. 20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
1947 births
2014 deaths
African-American male actors
American male film actors
American male musical theatre actors
American male television actors
Deaths from cancer in California
Florida A&M University alumni
Male actors from Boston
Deaths from colorectal cancer
20th-century African-American male singers
21st-century African-American

masks:
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Ward Taylor
Meshach
Taylor
Meshach
Taylor
Meshach
Taylor


title: Mulhim Ma'n

texts:
<mask>'n was the paramount Druze emir of Mount Lebanon and head of the Ma'n dynasty after succeeding his uncle Fakhr al-Din II in 1633. The Ottomans executed Fakhr al-Din, <mask>'s father Yunus, and his brothers and cousins during and after a massive expedition to end their control over large parts of the Levant. After <mask> defeated his principal Druze rival, Ali Alam al-Din, in 1641, the Ottomans granted him tax farms previously held by his uncle and father Yunus in southern Mount Lebanon, namely for the subdistricts of the Chouf, Gharb, Matn and Jurd. In 1657 he was appointed governor and tax farmer of Safed. He held onto the tax farms of southern Mount Lebanon until his death in 1658, after falling ill attempting to collect taxes in Safed. <mask> and his subordinates, including the Maronite Khazen family of Keserwan, reestablished the core of Fakhr al-Din's former territory. Like his uncle, he maintained good ties with the Maronite Church.He remained on good terms with the authorities throughout most of his career. The tax farms he held were largely inherited by his sons Qurqumaz and Ahmad, the latter retaining them until his death in 1697. Ahmad was the last Ma'nid emir and afterward the dynasty's tax farms and paramountcy over the Druze passed to their Sunni Muslim marital relatives, the Shihab dynasty. Family and political background

<mask> belonged to the Ma'n dynasty, a family of Druze traditional emirs of the Chouf region of Mount Lebanon. His father Yunus was one of two sons of Qurqumaz, the Ma'nid chief of the Chouf who died in the 1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze. The other son was Fakhr al-Din II, who succeeded Qurqumaz in his traditional role around 1591. Fakhr al-Din gained the Ottomans' good graces and went on to

masks:
Mulhim ibn Yunus Ma
Mulhim
Mulhim
Mulhim
Mulhim


title: Mulhim Ma'n

texts:
 become a powerful tax farmer and governor of the Sidon-Beirut and Safed sanjaks.Because of his increasing strength and autonomy, the Ottomans targeted Fakhr al-Din and the Ma'ns in an expedition in 1613, causing Fakhr al-Din to flee to Tuscany. Yunus largely took over his brother's role, but his power was initially confined to the Chouf. By 1616 Yunus and Fakhr al-Din's son Ali were installed as governors of Sidon-Beirut and Safed. Yunus resumed his role as the deputy of his brother upon Fakhr al-Din's return in 1618. The Ma'ns expanded their control and tax farms to the Beqaa Valley and much of the Tripoli Eyalet, and their defiance of the Ottomans led to another punitive campaign in 1633. Ali was killed in the fighting, while Yunus was captured along with <mask> and his brother Hamdan in the Jabal Amil area. Yunus and Hamdan were executed by the commander of the campaign, the Damascus governor Kuchuk Ahmed Pasha, but <mask> escaped.Fakhr al-Din, meanwhile, was captured and imprisoned in Constantinople. The Grand Duke of Tuscany Ferdinand II, a political ally and economic partner of Fakhr al-Din, dispatched a galleon to rescue <mask>, but he was not found. He gained refuge with Ahmad Turabay, the chief of the Turabay dynasty, the Bedouin emirs and governors of the Lajjun Sanjak in northern Palestine. After becoming aware of the fates of Yunus and Fakhr al-Din, Ahmad had his kethuda (steward) escort <mask> to Kuchuk Ahmed Pasha, but <mask> escaped en route to Damascus. His residential property in a village called al-Jazira in the southern Beqaa Valley was confiscated and sold by Kuchuk Ahmed Pasha's order in 1634. Paramount Druze emir
While Fakhr al-Din was in prison, a rival Druze chief Ali Alam al-Din was appointed in his place over the

masks: Mulhim Mulhim Mulhim Mulhim Mulhim


title: Mulhim Ma'n

texts: tax farms of the Druze areas of Mount Lebanon, namely the Chouf, Gharb, Jurd and Matn districts. <mask> led the Ma'nid opposition against Alam al-Din.He assaulted Alam al-Din and his forces at a place called Majdal Majous, forcing their flight to Damascus. Alam al-Din returned with reinforcements and defeated <mask> at Qabb Ilyas. The Ma'nid afterward went into hiding in the Chouf. His activities prompted the Ottomans to execute Fakhr al-Din in 1635, according to the 17th-century Maronite patriarch and historian Istifan al-Duwayhi. In 1636 <mask> and his following drove Alam al-Din out of the Chouf and, together with Assaf Sayfa of Tripoli, went after Alam al-Din and Assaf's nephew Ali as they made their way north. After besieging them in the village of al-Ghantu, they reached a truce and <mask> returned to his Chouf redoubt. Generally after this victory, <mask> and his allies among the Druze and Maronite chiefs, including the Khazens of Keserwan, were the stronger party in Mount Lebanon.This paramountcy was interrupted in 1638 when Alam al-Din was reinforced with Shia Muslim allies in Jabal Amil. <mask> led an ambush against them in the village of Ansar where some 1,600 Shia Muslims were killed. Mulhim had backing of the majority of the Druze of Mount Lebanon. This was indicated when the Druze inhabitants of the Chouf, Gharb, Matn and Jurd fled with him he fled before the combined forces of Alam al-Din and the deputy governor of Damascus in response to the Ansar ambush. Three years later he was appointed by imperial order the tax farmer of the Chouf, Gharb, Matn, Shahhar and Jurd for a one-year term. The imperial government concomitantly ordered that this muqataa be outside the fiscal authority of Damascus. The tax farm was renewed on an

masks: Mulhim Mulhim Mulhim Mulhim Mulhim Mulhim


title: Mulhim Ma'n

texts:
 almost yearly basis until 1657.Consolidation in Mount Lebanon
In November 1650 he defeated Ibshir Mustafa Pasha, the governor of Damascus in an engagement in the Qarnana Valley. Another account held that <mask>, with backing from the Ma'ns' longtime allies the Shihabs of Wadi al-Taym, defeated Damascene government forces hired by Alam al-Din in that clash. That year, he was appointed the zabit (subdistrict governor) of Batroun in northern Mount Lebanon by the governor of Tripoli. He installed his confederate Abu Nawfal al-Khazen, a Maronite chief, to run the subdistrict on his behalf. Abu Nawfal had been patronized by <mask>, like his father Abu Nadir had been by Fakhr al-Din. The Khazens collected the taxes in Keserwan, the area just north of the Druze country, fostered the Maronite majority there and invested considerable sums in silk farming, trade with Tuscany and France, and land. In 1651 <mask> was also appointed zabit of Akkar, in the far north of Mount Lebanon.Governor and tax farmer of Safed
Four years later, to counter Alam al-Din's efforts to turn the imperial government against him, <mask> sent his subordinate Mehmed Agha Qahveji Zade with a large bribe to Grand Vizier Murad Pasha. The Grand Vizier appointed Mehmed Agha as the sanjak-bey (district governor) of Safed, which comprised the Jabal Amil and the Galilee. Mulhim and his sons Qurqumaz and Ahmad subsequently relocated to Safed and in February 1657 he was directly appointed as governor of the sanjak. The appointment was to last one year, but in August he was dismissed and replaced with Ahmed Agha Tatar. The latter concurrently leased the tax farm of the sanjak to <mask>. While attempting to collect the taxes of Safed in August 1658 <mask> became ill and left for Sidon. He


title: Mulhim Ma'n

texts:
 died there on 26 September.Legacy

Children
<mask> had two sons, Qurqumaz and Ahmad. His daughter Fa'iza was married to the traditional Druze emir of the Gharb, Salim ibn Yusuf (d. 1708) of the Arslan family, according to the Arslan family records. They had a son, Yusuf. According to the 19th-century local historian Tannus al-Shidyaq, a daughter of <mask> (unclear if Fa'iza or another) was married to the emir Husayn, of the Sunni Muslim Shihab family in 1629. Ahmad's daughter was married to another Shihab emir, Musa, in 1674. Assessment
Together with his Druze and Maronite confederates, including his uncle's former assistants, the Khazens, <mask> reestablished Ma'nid control over the core area of Fakhr al-Din's former domain, namely the combined tax farms of the Chouf, Gharb, Jurd, Matn and Keserwan. Except for his confrontation with Mustafa Pasha in 1642, <mask> "was fully obedient to the sultanate", according to the contemporary historian Muhammad al-Muhibbi, and did not rebel against Ottoman authority, a view shared by the modern historian Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn.Although there is no record of correspondence with his uncle's European partners, <mask>'s Maronite subordinates on a number of occasions communicated his honors to the Tuscans and the Pope. Correspondences between the Tuscans and Maronite clergymen and notables commended <mask> for safeguarding the Maronite Church and its followers, a Ma'nid policy begun by Fakhr al-Din II. Qurqumaz and Ahmad succeeded Mulhim in his tax farms in Mount Lebanon. In 1660 the Ottomans moved to strengthen imperial control over the sanjaks of Sidon-Beirut and Safed and its largely autonomous rural communities, especially the Druze. They combined the two sanjaks into a single eyalet (province), separate


title: Mulhim Ma'n

texts:
 from Damascus, called the Sidon Eyalet. Shortly after, an imperial expedition, attended in person by the reformist Grand Vizier Koprulu Mehmed Pasha, was launched against the Ma'ns and their allies the Shihabs of Wadi al-Taym and the Shia Muslim Hamade lords of the Tripoli region. The Ma'ns' Druze rivals, the Alam al-Dins, the Sawwafs of the Matn, and Sirhal Imad gained control of southern Mount Lebanon, while Ahmad and Qurqumaz went into hiding in Hamade territory.Qurqumaz was killed by the Ottomans in 1662, while Ahmad went on to defeat his Druze rivals in 1667. Between then and his death in 1697 he held the tax farms and practical control of the Druze Mountain and Keserwan. Ahmad's son <mask> had died young in 1680 and so Ahmad left no male heir. His factional allies among the Druze resolved to elect Ahmad's maternal nephew Bashir Shihab I to serve as their chief and take over his tax farm. The transfer of the tax farms of southern Mount Lebanon were sanctioned by Sidon Eyalet's governor and the imperial government. Ahmad's grandson, the son of his daughter and Musa Shihab, Haydar Shihab, later succeeded Bashir. Building works
<mask> built the Khan al-Dabbagha caravanserai in the commercial center of Sidon's port at an undetermined date during his career.He is also credited by Laurent d'Arvieux, a 17th-century French diplomat and traveler, for building the city's Barrani Mosque. The mosque was built in the Ottoman style with a dome in the center, a portico topped with a dome and a "pencil-shaped minaret", according to the historian Stefan Weber. Notelist

References

Bibliography

17th-century people of the Ottoman Empire
Druze people of the Ottoman Empire
Druze in Lebanon
Emirs of Mount Lebanon
Lebanese princes
Ma'n dynasty
17th-century

masks: Mulhim Mulhim


title: Walter Woon

texts:
<mask>  (born 12 September 1956) is a Singaporean lawyer, academic, diplomat and politician. He is currently professor of law at the National University of Singapore Faculty of Law and the Dean of the Singapore Institute of Legal Education. His expertise is in company law and securities regulation. Educated at NUS and St. John's College, Cambridge, he joined the teaching staff of the NUS Faculty of Law in 1981 and later served as Sub-Dean and Vice-Dean. He was Legal Adviser to the President of Singapore and Council of Presidential Advisors from 1995 to 1997, and was appointed as professor of law in 1999. <mask> was a Nominated Member of Parliament between 1992 and 1996. He became the first Member of Parliament since 1965 to have a Private Member's Bill become a public law in Singapore – the Maintenance of Parents Act, which was passed in 1995.Between 1997 and 2006, <mask> served in a number of diplomatic capacities, including Ambassador to Germany (1998–2003) with an accreditation to Greece (2000–2003), and Ambassador to Belgium with concurrent accreditation to the European Union, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and the Holy See. <mask> was appointed Second Solicitor-General in 2006 and Solicitor-General the following year. He served as Attorney-General between 2008 and 2010, and then returned to academia. Early life and education

<mask>, an ethnic Singaporean Chinese of Peranakan descent, was born on 12 September 1956 in Singapore to schoolteachers. He was a head prefect at Pasir Panjang Primary School (which his father became principal of years later) and a prefect while at Raffles Institution. Following his A-levels he was considering business administration, but ended up accepting a scholarship from DBS Bank to study law instead. According to <mask> in an April 2008 interview, "When I went for the scholarship interview, the interviewer said, 'We looked at your results and you look like you might be a lawyer; would you like to do law?'I

masks:
Walter Woon Cheong Ming
Woon
Woon
Woon
Woon
Woon


title: Walter Woon

texts:
 said, 'Fine, if you want to give me the scholarship to do law, I'll do law'. I didn't plan to do law." He earned his Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) from the National University of Singapore (NUS), graduating in 1981 with first class honours. That same year, he also topped the postgraduate practice law course, winning the Aw Boon Haw and Aw Boon Par Memorial Prize. He joined the teaching staff of the NUS Faculty of Law that year, focusing his teaching and research on company law and securities regulation. In 1983 he graduated with a Master of Laws (LL.M.)degree with first class honours from St. John's College, Cambridge, which he completed on a Commonwealth Academic Staff scholarship. Career

Academic
<mask> was called to the Singapore Bar in 1985. The first edition of his book Company Law was published in 1988. The same year he became a Sub-Dean of the NUS Faculty of Law, then served as Vice-Dean from 1991 to 1995. On 1 February 1999 <mask> was appointed a professor of law. In November 1990, <mask> appeared before the Parliamentary Select Committee on the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 3) Bill (Bill No.23/90) to make representations on the proposed introduction of an elected President for Singapore. He took the view that since the elected president should be politically neutral, Cabinet members should only be eligible to stand for election five years after leaving politics. Never afraid to speak his mind, in July 1991 in an interview by The Straits Times <mask> commented: "We effectively don't have a Constitution. We have a law that can be easily changed by Parliament, and by the party in power because the party is Parliament. The changes themselves might not be controversial, but it is unsettling how flexible the Constitution is, unlike, say, in the United States." In reply, Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong pointed out that past changes to the Constitution had been made only with a two-thirds parliamentary majority and

masks: Woon Woon Woon Woon


title: Walter Woon

texts:
 not done lightheartedly, as the intensive discussions and the two-year gestation period of the Elected President Bill proved. He affirmed that the Constitution had to evolve to reflect the changing needs of the people, and that it could not be assumed that the Constitution, drafted in 1965, would be the best Constitution for always and should be frozen in time."So to say that because the Government in power changes the Constitution there is no Constitution is ridiculous, to put it mildly." Nominated Member of Parliament

<mask> was a Nominated Member of Parliament (NMP) for three terms, from 7 September 1992 to 6 September 1994, from 7 September 1994 to 6 September 1996, and from 7 September 1996 till 15 December 1996 when Parliament was dissolved for the 1997 general election. In 1992 at the start of the Government's annual Speak Mandarin Campaign, the Minister for Information and the Arts George Yeo said in a newspaper article that the rising use of English by Chinese Singaporeans was a "disturbing trend" as "[w]e become very exposed to Western cultural influences via books, magazines and films. Some influences are good. Others are harmful, especially to the structure of the family." This provoked <mask> to respond that "[t]he subliminal message being sent is that those who speak English are dangerous to society and that the wider use of English threatens the social fabric of Singapore". He deplored this view because good values were neither Asian nor Western: "Why should we confine ourselves to one or the other?Singapore isn't a Western society. It isn't an Asian society. It is a cosmopolitan society." He noted that "[t]he emancipation of women, the rule of law, the equality of citizens irrespective of race, language or religion, the right to representative government: These are values we have adopted from the 'decadent' West." In September 1992, <mask> was appointed to the select committee to review the Companies (Amendment) Bill

masks: Woon Woon Woon


title: Walter Woon

texts:
 (Bill No. 33/92) which proposed, among other things, that scripless trading in securities listed on the Stock Exchange of Singapore be authorised so that share transfers can be made through computerised book entries. He was a director of Intraco Ltd. (1989–2000) and Natsteel Ltd. (1997–2001), both listed on the Stock Exchange.On 23 May 1994, <mask> moved a Private Member's Bill which was eventually passed by Parliament on 2 November 1995 as the Maintenance of Parents Act. The Act, which entitles parents at least 60 years old and unable to maintain themselves adequately to apply to a tribunal for their children to be ordered to pay maintenance to them, was the first public law that originated from a private member's bill since Singapore's independence in 1965. In its 5 December 1994 issue, Time magazine picked <mask> as one of 100 young world leaders, the only Singaporean to make the list. From 1995 to 1997, <mask> was Legal Adviser to the President of Singapore and Council of Presidential Advisors. During this time, he represented the President as junior counsel before the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal in Constitutional Reference No. 1 of 1995, which involved the interpretation of provisions of the Constitution of Singapore touching on the ability of Parliament to curtail the President's discretionary powers. Diplomat

Between September 1997 and September 2006, <mask> was seconded to the Foreign Service.He was Singapore's Ambassador to Germany from 6 February 1998 to July 2003, and was concurrently accredited to Greece from March 2000 to July 2003. He then served as Ambassador to Belgium (from 22 August 2003) with concurrent accreditation to the European Union, the Netherlands (from 22 October 2003), Luxembourg and the Holy See. In this capacity, he represented Singapore together with Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Law S. Jayakumar at the funeral mass of Pope John Paul II in the Vatican City on 8 April 2005,


title: Walter Woon

texts:
 believed to be the largest gathering of heads of state in history. In 2006, the Vatican made <mask> a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Gregory the Great, which is conferred on Roman Catholic men and women in recognition of their service to the Church, unusual labours, support of the Holy See, and the good example set in their communities and country. Solicitor-General and Attorney-General
<mask> was appointed to the post of Second Solicitor-General on 3 October 2006, and Solicitor-General on 2 July 2007. In 2007, he was also made a Senior Counsel. Between January 2007 and 31 March 2010, he was a member of the Advisory Board of the School of Law of the Singapore Management University.In February 2008, <mask> was appointed by the Ministry of Finance to chair a steering committee to review the Companies Act. <mask> became Attorney-General on 11 April 2008. Three months into the job, he created some controversy when delivering an off-the-cuff speech at the launch of the Law Society of Singapore's Public and International Law Committee. He said:

In mid-May, <mask> commented that an acquitted person may not be guilty in law, but guilty in fact. Two months later, without referring directly to these remarks, Judge of Appeal V.K. Rajah wrote in a judgment that such comments could undermine confidence in the courts' verdicts and the criminal justice system, which was based on the doctrine of the presumption of innocence. The Minister for Law K. Shanmugam was asked in Parliament on 25 August 2008 to clarify the Attorney-General's comments.Shanmugam described the presumption of innocence as an "important and fundamental principle" which the Government was "absolutely committed to upholding". Nonetheless, it was "entirely possible for a person to have committed acts which amount to a crime and yet, there may be no conviction", as the trial process was designed to prove guilt and not innocence. He added: "It is for the courts, and the courts

masks: Woon Woon Woon Woon Woon


title: Walter Woon

texts: alone, to exercise judicial power and decide the question of guilt, in a trial." With effect from 20 May 2008, <mask> was appointed a director of the Monetary Authority of Singapore. He also served on the Presidential Council for Minority Rights between 2008 and 2010. <mask> was the first Attorney-General in more than ten years to personally appear in court. On 28 July 2008, he argued before the Court of Appeal that a woman, 24-year-old Aniza bte Essa, who had manipulated her 17-year-old teenage lover Muhammad Nasir bin Abdul Aziz into killing her husband should be given a life sentence.The Court held that life imprisonment was inappropriate due to the defendant's psychiatric condition, and affirmed the nine-year jail term imposed by the High Court. Nasir was detained indefinitely at the President's Pleasure for murder instead of receiving the death sentence as he was below 18 years old at the time he killed Manap bin Sarlip (Aniza's husband) and thus cannot be sentenced to hang under Singapore law. <mask> elected to take proceedings against Tang Wee Sung, chairman of the company C.K. Tang which owns Tangs department store, for the illegal purchase of a human organ – a kidney – in the first case of its kind in Singapore. The decision to do so was criticised by Dr. Lee Wei Ling, Director of the National Neuroscience Institute and daughter of Minister Mentor and former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, in an article published in The Straits Times on 5 September 2008. <mask> replied, pointing out a number of misconceptions she held as to the facts and the law, and emphasising that the prosecution had been brought as no one was above the law. Subsequently, in response to further comments by Dr. Lee, he wrote an extended article entitled "Wrong Facts and Faulty Logic" that appeared in The Straits Times on 18 September 2008.He also prosecuted a number of contempt of court cases, including suits against Dow Jones Publishing Company (Asia), Inc. for


title: Walter Woon

texts: material published in The Wall Street Journal Asia; against US-based lawyer Gopalan Nair for comments on his blog; and against three Singapore Democratic Party supporters, John Tan Liang Joo, Isrizal bin Mohamed Isa and Muhammad  Syahmi bin Sariman, who wore T-shirts bearing the image of a kangaroo dressed in a judge's gown outside the Supreme Court Building. On 15 March 2010, in one of his last cases before his term of office ended, he defended the constitutionality of capital punishment in Singapore before the Court of Appeal in an appeal by a man sentenced to death for drug trafficking. At the third annual Singapore Children's Society Lecture entitled "Changing Social Mores: Protecting Children from Themselves?" on 31 October 2009, <mask> expressed the view that prosecuting teenagers from having underage sex with each other served little purpose. "It's basically kids having sex ... What do you do if the couple think they're in love? It's less easy if the girl consents. ...The judges cannot do very much by themselves. Sending them [the teenagers] to jail per se will not make them reflect on their lives. That is the last thing that is going to happen. But good or ill, this is the framework that we have." <mask> established a new division in the Attorney-General's Chambers for the prosecution of cases in the Subordinate Courts of Singapore to enhance the development of criminal litigation skills, and recruited a number of young and talented lawyers into the Singapore Legal Service. In 2008 he hosted the International Association of Prosecutors Conference in Singapore. He also assisted in the setting up of the Centre for International Law at NUS to improve international law expertise in Singapore and the region.He was Singapore's alternate representative on the High Level Task Force for the Drafting of the ASEAN Charter, a key constitutional document for ASEAN, which was signed in November 2007. Subsequently, he co-authored a book entitled

masks: Woon Woon


title: Walter Woon

texts:
 The Making of the ASEAN Charter (2009). <mask> stepped down as Attorney-General on 10 April 2010 after a two-year term. In a media interview, he said that the post "was not a job I really wanted or enjoyed. I did it because I was asked to do the job. So I did my best under the circumstances with what I had." When asked whether he had "annoyed the powers that be", he said:

He subsequently clarified that when he said he had outstayed his welcome he had been "thinking more about the people I prosecuted rather than anything else", and that "I was kidding, I was being facetious".Return to academia

<mask> returned to academia at NUS, and was appointed the first Dean of the Singapore Institute of Legal Education (SILE), a company incorporated by the Singapore Academy of Law on 18 January 2010 to manage the postgraduate practical training of graduates from local and overseas universities seeking admission to the Singapore Bar, training contracts, and continuing legal education for practising lawyers. He has denied any intention to enter politics – "Why would I leave one hot seat to jump into another hot seat? I've said for years that I would want to go back to my natural habitat eventually. Why wouldn't anyone believe me?" – although when asked if he had forever ruled out a political career, he said: "Forever is a long time but definitely not now." Subsequently, he reiterated in a Today interview: "I am not a politician and I am not interested in politics and have no desire to go into politics. I do not know why people do not believe me when I say so.I have said it a thousand times but people do not seem to believe me." <mask> is currently Chairman of the Singapore International Law Society (since 2006), Judge Advocate General (since 2007), and President of the Goethe Institute Singapore (since 2010). In 2015, <mask> joined RHTLaw TaylorWessing LLP, one of the few largest law firms in Singapore, as its non-executive Chairman and Senior


title: Walter Woon

texts:
 Consultant. In September 2017, <mask> wrote a piece in The Straits Times illuminating how the office of the Attorney-General carries out its prosecutorial function, and suggesting that this could be separated from its other role as legal advisor to the Government. Fiction writing
<mask> won a consolation prize for a short story called The Body in Question which he submitted for the 1985 National Short Story Writing Competition. In 2002, he published his first novel, The Advocate's Devil. This was followed three years later by The Devil to Pay (2005).Both books are crime novels set in 1930s Singapore with Dennis Chiang, an English-educated Peranakan lawyer, as the protagonist. <mask> has said that fiction writing was "something I did on the side when I got tired of writing non-fiction". A reviewer of The Advocate's Devil commented: "That the author is a lawyer first and promising novelist second is most glaring in the language used in Devil. ... This must be the first made-in-Singapore whodunnit that needs to be read with a dictionary at hand." Although the protagonist Chiang's "view of human beings other than himself is patronising at best" and might leave readers with a "rather sour aftertaste", the novel's "light touches of romance and compassion do much to lift the storyline" and had "masterful pacing". Selected works

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1956 births
Singaporean people of Chinese descent
Academics of the National University of Singapore Faculty of Law
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Attorneys-General of Singapore
Knights of St. Gregory the Great
Living people
National University of Singapore alumni
Raffles Institution alumni
Singaporean Nominated Members of Parliament
Peranakan people in Singapore
Singaporean Roman


title: Yates Stirling Jr.

texts:
<mask>. (April 30, 1872 – January 27, 1948) was a decorated and controversial rear admiral in the United States Navy whose 44-year career spanned from several years before the Spanish–American War to the mid-1930s. He was awarded the Navy Cross and French Legion of Honor for distinguished service during World War I. The elder son of Rear Admiral <mask>, he was an outspoken advocate of American sea power as a strong deterrent to war and to protect and promote international commerce. During <mask>'s naval career and following retirement, he was a frequent lecturer,  newspaper columnist and author of numerous books and articles, including his memoirs, Sea Duty: The Memoirs of a Fighting Admiral, published in 1939. Describing himself, <mask> wrote, "All my life I have been called a stormy petrel. I have never hesitated to use the pen to reveal what I considered should be brought to public attention, usually within the Navy, but often to a wider public. I seem to see some benefits that have come through those efforts.I have always believed that a naval man is disloyal to his country if he does not reveal acts that are doing harm to his service and show, if he can, how to remedy the fault. An efficient Navy cannot be run with 'yes men' only." Early life and education

<mask> Jr. was born in Vallejo, California, in 1872 to Lieutenant Commander <mask> Sr. (1843–1929) (United States Naval Academy Class of 1863) and his wife, Ellen Salisbury (née Hale) <mask>. At the time of <mask>.'s birth, his father was assigned to the , receiving ship at Mare Island Naval Shipyard. From an established Maryland family, <mask> was

masks:
Yates Stirling Jr
Yates Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Yates Stirling
Yates Stirling
Stirling
Yates Jr
Stirling


title: Yates Stirling Jr.

texts:
 a great-grandson of <mask> (1740–1815), captain, Fourth Battalion, Maryland Regulars during the American Revolutionary War. When he was about four, <mask>'s family moved to Baltimore, Maryland, the home of his father and grandfather. He was one of five children that survived to adulthood and the oldest of two boys, both of whom followed their father's footsteps to the U.S.Naval Academy at Annapolis. His younger brother, Commander Archibald G<mask> (1884–1963) (United States Naval Academy Class of 1906) retired in 1933 but returned to active duty from 1942 to 1945 during World War II. The <mask> family was the second in U.S. Naval history to have father and son flag officers (rear admirals) living at the same time. The first were Rear Admirals Thomas O. Selfridge Sr. and Jr.

As a boy living in Baltimore's upper west side, <mask> attended public schools where, despite a professed dislike of physical combat, he had a reputation of being a fighter. While his father was at sea for as long as three years at a time, <mask> had a happy home life with a mother that instilled a love for reading and provided private teachers that enabled him to skip grades at school, though <mask> admitted he was not a good student. During his father's cruise absences, the family's only knowledge of his well-being came in bulky packets of letters arriving in bunches over long intervals that <mask>'s mother, Ellen, would read aloud to her children.The exciting details of life on a warship—"gales, tropical coral reefs, savage people, hunting, and yellow fever"—influenced <mask>'s desire for the naval life. But he saw that it was not

masks:
Thomas Yates
Stirling
. Stirling
Yates Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling


title: Yates Stirling Jr.

texts: without sacrifice. A younger brother was about three when <mask>'s father left Baltimore for a long cruise. A few months later, the boy contracted diphtheria and died. Another younger brother, Archie, was born shortly after that. <mask> Jr. wondered how his father must have felt when he returned home and saw a new son that was nearly the same age as the one he had lost. When <mask> was nearly fifteen, his father was given command of the old sloop-of-war , the receiving ship at the Washington Navy Yard.CDR <mask> moved his family from Baltimore to Washington, D.C., where the family set up comfortable, but cramped living quarters on the Dale. <mask> was delighted with the change, and when he wasn't at school, enjoyed sailing on the Anacostia and Potomac Rivers in a boat that the Dale's sailors had rigged for him. Thrown in with the sons of naval officers at the Navy Yard, he soon realized that like himself, most aspired to naval careers. When <mask>. was fifteen, his father had taken him to the White House for the purpose of meeting President Grover Cleveland and requesting an appointment to Annapolis for his son. Dressed in shorts, that <mask> later regretted wearing since they accentuated his youthful looks, he recalled Cleveland telling his father, "Why, Commander, your son looks too young to go to Annapolis this year. Maybe next, it will be possible. Shall I have his name put down for an appointment then?"Although a Marylander, <mask> secured his appointment to the Naval Academy the following year from William Whiting, congressman from Massachusetts's 11th congressional district. Whiting was a family

masks:
Stirling
Yates Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Yates Jr
Stirling
Stirling


title: Yates Stirling Jr.

texts: friend and <mask>'s frequent ice-skating companion on the Potomac. Since no one from Whiting's district had sought an appointment that year, it could be filled by the Secretary of the Navy at the Congressman's request. Whiting wrote the Secretary and it was done. <mask> reported for examinations that he passed and entered Annapolis on September 6, 1888. Naval Cadet <mask> continued his less than stellar academic endeavors at Annapolis. "I lacked fundamental grounding in the various basic subjects, but, even worse, I had not formed the habit of close application and was much keener for games and pranks than for my studies.At times, however, things seemed easy enough, showing that after all my brain was sound but that it needed much disciplining." During the three-month, first-class training cruise on the pre-Civil War sloop-of-war , before beginning his final academic year, <mask> and another cadet were ordered aloft during a severe squall to shorten sail and send down the topgallant and royal sail yards. "[s]queezing out tar on every handhold to prevent being blown out into space by the great force of the wind and the pressure of the solid sheets of rain", <mask> climbed up two vertical shrouds and Jacob's ladders to the top gallant yard, 120 feet above the deck. Succeeding in furling the sails and lowering the yards by "exerting every ounce of strength we could muster and while the gale was at its height", <mask> wrote in his memoirs forty years later, "The physical condition and the confidence acquired that enable you to hang, without batting an eye, by one hand in space with a yawning drop below you are

masks: Stirling Stirling Stirling Stirling Stirling Stirling


title: Yates Stirling Jr.

texts:
 things the modern sailor never attains. That sense of exaltation was well worth the price paid." Having been in the bottom third of his class during the first three years at Annapolis, in his final year of studies, <mask> found the courses more practical to the knowledge and skill he would need as a naval officer. Applying himself to ensure his standing would be high enough to be offered a commission, he improved his academic ranking that year and graduated from the United States Naval Academy on June 3, 1892, twenty-second in a class of forty.Naval career

Early years

During the two years at sea then required of a naval cadet that had passed his academic studies before commissioning as an ensign, <mask> was first assigned to the protected cruiser  that he and four other cadets joined in the Sandwich Islands, (as the Territory of Hawaii was also known) in July 1892. Seeing these exotic islands that he had heard about in his father's stories, despite the tropical setting <mask> was somewhat disappointed to find no "truly Hawaiian villages" and that "Hawaiian life even then had merged into Western civilization or Oriental." Observing the miscegenation of whites with the indigenous Hawaiians during the few weeks his ship was at Hawaii, he later wrote in his memoirs, "I found them most wholesome companions, although I had the feeling that I must be careful not to fall in love. It seemed strange to see a dignified white official surrounded by children with skins as dark as a mulatto." <mask>'s nineteenth century ethnic and cultural beliefs aside, he noted the geopolitical undercurrents of the importance of

masks: Stirling Stirling Stirling Stirling


title: Yates Stirling Jr.

texts: Hawaii to the United States, Great Britain and Japan as each maintained a naval presence. "All three nations were watching each other to be sure no one would obtain advantage over another and become too powerful in Court circles. Hawaii was known to be an important strategical location with great commercial prospects.The United States would not have permitted any other nation to seize the Islands, yet at that time, the Administration in Washington, under President Cleveland, did not feel itself strong enough to take them for this country. Our method, therefore, was one of watchful waiting and maintaining friendly relations with the Hawaiian Queen (Liliuokalani) and her government." Japan's long-standing ambitions in the Pacific were driving a naval buildup for the First Sino-Japanese War two years later and eventually for war with the U.S., as <mask> would predict in articles and lectures in the 1930s and as others such as Homer Lea, had foretold as early as the first decade of the twentieth century. San Francisco was relieved of duty in Hawaii in mid-August 1892 and set out for repairs at Mare Island. Following repairs, <mask>'s ship joined a squadron of two other cruisers, ,  and a gunboat,  bound for a large naval review at New York as part of the following year's (1893) Chicago World's Fair. At Acapulco Bay, Mexico, "celebrated for its man‑eating sharks", <mask> was visiting Charleston and accepted the challenge of the Catholic chaplain, Father William H. Reaney,  to swim off the anchored ship. "We donned our bathing trunks.The chaplain dove first off the gangway, and I followed him. When I struck the

masks: Stirling Stirling Stirling


title: Yates Stirling Jr.

texts:
 water, all the ghastly stories I had ever heard of sharks came into my mind. I swam swiftly back to the gangway, getting there just as (chaplain) Rainnie (sic) reached it. He said, breathlessly: 'I don't think we should put too much confidence in the Lord's being able to protect us from our own stupidity. Back aboard, the officer of the deck pointed out several black fins where <mask> had been swimming moments earlier. During the voyage around South America and through the Straits of Magellan, the ship made ports of call at Callao, Peru, Valparaiso, Chile and Montevideo, Uruguay to show the flag and cement generally good relations "where considerable American gold was spent" and where the local officials lavishly entertained the Admiral and officers. Brazilian Naval Revolution

San Francisco arrived at Hampton Roads, Virginia, in February 1893 and with other U.S. and foreign ships, assembled for the naval review."I was much impressed by the smartness and cleanliness of the British warships. No others seemed as well kept, with the exception of our own. The peculiarities of the French construction and arrangement came in for considerable attention. The appearance of their ships seemed almost grotesque. The Italian ships seemed to be modeled after the British. The discipline of the German tars caused much comment. It seemed so unnecessarily strict."<mask> transferred to the Charleston in October 1893, when the cruiser steamed south from Hampton Roads towards the Strait of Magellan on its return to the Pacific Coast. Charleston anchored at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil where it was ordered to protect American

masks: Stirling Stirling


title: Yates Stirling Jr.

texts: interests and shipping from disturbance during the Brazilian Naval Revolution that had erupted in September with Brazilian admirals Custódio José de Melo and Saldanha da Gama commanding a rebel force that included the formidable battleship Aquidaban, several cruisers, Republica, Tamandaré, Trajano, Guanbara and a few smaller frigates and gunboats that were blockading the port of Rio de Janeiro in a mutiny against the government of General Floriano Peixoto whose regime was recognized by the United States. When Charleston arrived, there was a British gunboat and two Portuguese cruisers in the harbor. Charleston's captain, Henry F. Picking, due to his rank, became senior officer of the foreign navies in port and by international custom was regarded as the leader in concerted actions. To determine whether the city could be bombarded by the rebel navy under the rules of war, it was necessary to determine whether the city was fortified. Picking ordered <mask> and Ensign H. E. Smith ashore to find out. Dressed as civilians to conceal their naval affiliation, the pair separated to reconnoiter the city.Smith was arrested and later released following intervention by the American consul. Posing as a tourist from one of the American schooners in the harbor, <mask> gained the confidence of several Brazilian soldiers who obliging showed him several "fairly large" concealed artillery emplacements. "They kept me for lunch, and we drank many toasts in some very fair brandy. They were so openly cordial and trusting that my conscience pricked me when, from memory, I sketched for Captain Picking the positions of the guns I


title: Yates Stirling Jr.

texts: had seen. The foreign captains then removed the ban on bombardment, notifying both sides that they considered the city was fortified and therefore not a defenseless city as the government had been claiming. The Brazilian Navy, however, never used its authority to bombard. I was glad of this, for the city was so beautiful and belonged to the navy as well as to its defenders."<mask> later recounted, that while on Charleston, where he made numerous forays on the ship's steam launch into the harbor, "I was under more dangerous gunfire in Rio Harbor during that revolution than during the whole of the Spanish War". On one occasion as he prepared to return to ship on the steam launch from the marine arsenal quay, <mask>'s curiosity got the better of him as he lingered to observe a skirmish between Brazilian troops and rebels on Villegagnon Island, location of the Brazilian Naval Academy. While <mask> was "foolishly exposing myself to stray bullets", a well-dressed man approached and introduced himself as a Brazilian naval officer and ordnance expert, just returned from England on a British merchant ship. The man told him that he would be shot if captured and implored <mask> to ferry him to admiral da Gama at Enchades Island. <mask> had been to this small island in the center of the city many times before when delivering messages for Captain Picking. With little thought of the consequences to himself, and noting that "youth is ever romantic and trusting", <mask> bade the rebel, "I cannot offer you asylum, but if you should get into my boat, I could not put you out." The man dove into the launch.Ordering the


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texts: coxswain to steer in close to the seawall for the Brazilian to jump off, <mask> told his passenger, "A word to the wise is sufficient" and wished him good luck. The next day, as the new Brazilian cruiser Tamandaré began shelling the marine arsenal and the Nictheroy battery, the "enormity of [his] crime" dawned on <mask>. "I had given aid to a rebel. The rebel I had aided was now firing at the government my country recognized. I worried for a while afterward over this most unneutral service I had given, because, if it became known to our captain, he would have no other recourse than to order me before a court-martial. However, I have never regretted my action and have often wondered what became of my Brazilian. I did receive word from him once through one of our medical officers who had seen him on board the Tamandaré after an explosion on that vessel when we had sent medical aid."As the months passed and the naval blockade of Rio harbor continued, Charleston was joined by other American cruisers, San Francisco, ,  and the armored cruiser , flagship of Rear Admiral Andrew E. K. Benham, who assumed command of the squadron from Captain Picking. <mask> believed that the end of the naval blockade, hence the revolution, came about in  January 1894 when Benham met with da Gama and convinced him to surrender, after financial backing for the naval insurrection had dwindled. "The next sunrise saw the little Detroit, under Commander W. H. Brownson, steam in between two larger Brazilian cruisers, the Republica and the Trajano, and lie there with her guns trained on both warships. It looked as if there would be a


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texts: and the Republica fought their way out through the entrance during the night. Rio was open. The morning after Benham's bloodless battle, an important New York newspaper, the Herald, published a news story praising Benham's timely action. I heard that the Navy Department tore up a cable of censure to the Admiral.American sentiment was behind Benham. I am sure that Admiral Benham acted entirely on his own and with no instructions from Washington." In his memoirs published more than forty years later,  <mask> recounted two observations from his months observing the Brazilian Naval Revolution as a passed naval cadet:  that high-ranking officers such as Admiral Benham in those days could perform diplomatic and military functions autonomously and with greater effectiveness than Washington; and that "how much better was our democracy, where the most important differences between factions were settled through the ballot instead of the bullet." After a leisurely cruise from Montevideo, Uruguay, Charleston arrived in San Francisco on 8 July 1894 to prepare for a return to the Asiatic Station. Promoted to ensign on 1 July 1894 upon his final graduation, <mask> next reported for duty on board USS New York on 16 August 1894. In 1896 and 1897, he served on the  and the Fish Commission steamer . In 1898 and 1899 he was assigned to the .<mask>'s first published fiction, a short story titled, The Battle off the Hook, appeared in the August 31, 1897 edition of Harper's Roundtable. A contemporary review described it as, "[a] vivid account by Ensign <mask> Jr. U.S.N. of a great sea fight off Sandy Hook, in which the United

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 States fleet engages that of a first rate power. The date is tantalizingly vague, the identity of the enemy only hinted, but the issue of the battle is what every patriotic American boy will anticipate." Spanish–American War
During the Spanish–American War in 1898, <mask> was attached to the converted gunboat , which his father had commended a few years earlier. <mask>, along with Ensign William C. Cole, each commanded whaleboats that daily engaged in the difficult and dangerous clearing of Spanish mines from Guantánamo Bay. Dolphins captain, Henry W Lyon later wrote of <mask> and Cole's small boat forays, "It was as plucky an enterprise as ever I witnessed.Day after day these young officers ventured close in shore within pistol shot of a defense chaparral, where Spaniards could have fired with certain aim upon them with impunity, yet they went about their work as unmindful of their peril as if demonstrating a problem in geometry in a classroom." Philippine insurrection
During the native insurrection in the Philippines he commanded the gunboat , as a lieutenant from January 1900 to December 1900. Inter-war years

On 23 February 1900 he joined the , and on November 21 of the same year, reported for duty to his father, then a captain and the commandant of the Naval Station, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Following his father's promotion to rear admiral in June 1902, the elder <mask> was named commandant of the Puget Sound Navy Yard, where <mask>. joined him shortly thereafter as an officer of the yard. The elder <mask> was commander-in-chief of the United States Asiatic Fleet from 11 July 1904 to 23 March 1905

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texts: before retiring from the Navy on 6 May 1905 at the mandatory age of 62. During the time he commanded the Asiatic Fleet, his flag was on the  and <mask>. served as his flag lieutenant. While he was with the Asiatic Fleet, <mask> also had staff duty on the .In mid-April 1905, <mask>, his father and their wives returned to the United States from Yokohama, Japan, aboard the steamship S.S. Korea after the elder <mask> detached from command of the Asiatic Fleet. In 1905–1906, <mask> remained at sea in the  and later, . In the rank of lieutenant commander he reported on October 1, 1906, to the Naval Academy and while on duty there made a cruise on the  in the summer of 1907. Detached from the Naval Academy in June 1908 he next served on the , flagship of Admiral Charles S. Sperry Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet as gunnery officer. <mask> joined Connecticut, at San Francisco, where it was then en route as flagship of the Great White Fleet on a global circumnavigation. Following refit at Mare Island Naval Shipyard, the fleet stood out on the next leg of the voyage on 7 July, reaching Hawaii on 16 July. Sailing from Hawaii, the fleet made ports of call at Auckland, New Zealand; Sydney and Melbourne, Australia; Manila, Philippines; Yokohama, Japan; Colombo, Ceylon; arriving at Suez, Egypt, on 3 January 1909.While the fleet was in Egypt, word was received of a severe earthquake in Sicily that presented an opportunity for the United States to show its friendship to Italy by offering aid to the survivors. Connecticut, , , and  were dispatched to Messina, Italy, at once. , the Fleet's station ship at Constantinople,

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 and , a refrigerator ship fitted out in New York, were hurried to Messina, relieving Connecticut and Illinois, so that they could continue on the cruise. Leaving Messina on 9 January 1909 the fleet stopped at Naples, Italy, thence to Gibraltar, arriving at Hampton Roads on 22 February 1909. There President Roosevelt reviewed the fleet as it passed into the roadstead and delivered an address to Connecticuts officers and crew. <mask> detached from Connecticut in 1910. The following year, he commanded the Eighth Torpedo Division, Atlantic Torpedo Fleet, his pennant in the  which he also commanded as the plank owner captain.In 1911, he was among the first four students to attend the "long course" (16 months) at the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island. Promoted to commander in June 1912, after completing the long course he had duty on the staff at the Naval War College. Later in 1912 he joined the  as executive officer. Submarine Flotilla, Atlantic Fleet and Submarine Base, New London

In 1914, <mask> assumed command of Submarine Flotilla, Atlantic Fleet, attached successively to the  and . In April 1914, he led a flotilla of torpedo boats into Mexican waters off Vera Cruz during the Tampico Affair. In April 1915, <mask> along with Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt and Admiral Bradley A. Fiske appeared before Congress concerning the deplorable condition of the Atlantic submarine fleet. <mask> testified that of the twelve submarines under his command outside of the Canal Zone, only one could get under way when the fleet was mobilized in November 1914 during World War I.From June 1915


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texts: until June 1916 he commanded the  and served additionally as aide on the Staff of Commander Submarine Flotilla, Atlantic. Speaking before private groups, <mask> continued to raise the ire of Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels with statements criticizing the inadequate readiness of the Navy, "It is because the Navy has been the "ham bone" of politicians that the United States finds itself so unprepared on the seas. Aside from giving us ships and men we must get action from Congress that will let the Navy conduct its own affairs. We have had to take what they gave us- navy yards where we didn't want them, ships of a type we didn't need. During the last 10 years we have spent more money on our navy than Germany, yet the German navy is twice as large and twice as efficient." <mask>'s critical outspokenness prompted the press to speculate, not if but when Daniels would order him court-martialed. Next assigned as Commander of the newly established Submarine Flotilla, New London, Connecticut, he was also the first commander of the Submarine Base New London and the Submarine School during the period June 1916 until July 1917.In December 1916, "hydro-aeroplanes" were flown from the sub base to test their ability to spot submarines under water. Taking off from the Thames River, <mask> rode along in flights at 1,000' altitude where the fliers were able to spot the boats submerged at depth of 30–40' in the harbor. <mask> had additional duty after the American entry into World War I in April 1917 commanding the . During that time, he advocated for and eventually chaired a board on submarine design. <mask> was at

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 ease with the press and had a good relationship with them throughout his long and outspoken public life. He was described by the New York Tribune in July 1917 near the end of his high-profile command of the New London submarine base and flotilla as "a fine specimen of the typical navy officer: tight lipped, kind eyed and keen faced [who] had nothing to say about the plans of the base, though willing to discuss the importance of the submarine." <mask> authored a comprehensive article on the modern history, design, operation, and strategic applications of the submarine and submersible for the United States Naval Institute Proceedings in July 1917.Asserting that "In the past the instruments of sea power have consisted of surface ships. New instruments now exist—the aircraft and the submarine. Air power can be overcome by superior air power. Undersea power can not be overcome by undersea power alone. To destroy this new power—fast surface vessels and aircraft offer the best chance of success," <mask> maintained that, "The submarine is the weapon of the weaker belligerent. It constantly points a dagger at the heart of the stronger fleet; provided it actively enjoys its command of the sea." World War I
He then fitted out and assumed command of the  at her commissioning on 26 June 1917.<mask> detached from President Lincoln on 12 December 1917 and assumed command of , the ex-German raider, SS Kronprinz Wilhelm, on 20 December 1917. He was awarded the Navy Cross for World War I service and cited as follows: "For distinguished service In the line of his profession as Commanding Officer of the USS PRESIDENT LINCOLN


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 and the USS VON STEUBEN, engaged in the important, exacting and hazardous duty of transporting and escorting troops and supplies to European ports through waters infested with enemy submarines and mines." Post-war
In March 1919 he was ordered to duty in command of the  and in April of the next year was detached for duty as Captain of the Yard, Navy Yard, Philadelphia. While at Philadelphia, he received his Navy Cross in October 1920 that had been awarded him the previous year. In a 1921 letter to the Secretary of the Navy, during angry disagreements over technical flaws in the diesel systems supplied by Electric Boat, <mask> forcefully pointed out numerous design and reliability problems of the boats then in service, especially the new 800-ton S class. His comments sparked a tumultuous strategy, mission, and design debate that lasted for another decade, coming to a climax between 1928 and 1930 when then Commander Thomas Withers Jr., commanding officer of Submarine Division Four, called repeatedly for an offensive strategy and solo tactics similar to those employed by the Imperial German Navy during World War I. He remained at Philadelphia for two years, then served from June 1922 until June 1924 as commanding officer of the battleship , Battleship Division 5, Battle Fleet, based at San Pedro, California.That month <mask> was appointed chairman of the Naval Board of Inquiry into the No. 2 turret explosion of the New Mexico's sister ship, , on June 12, 1924, that killed 48 men.<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/1989-04-25/local/me-1838_1_gun-turret-battleship-gun-san-clemente-island L.A. Times, April 25,


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 1989]</ref>

On July 20, 1924, he became Captain of the Yard, Navy Yard, Washington, D.C., with additional duty as assistant superintendent of the Naval Gun Factory. He was promoted to rear admiral on October 6, 1926, and in December that year <mask> was designated Chief of Staff to Admiral Charles F. Hughes, commander in chief, U.S. Fleet, based at San Pedro, California. At the October 27, 1927 Navy Day Ceremonies at San Pedro harbor, despite an all-day downpour, thousands of Southern Californians gathered for the festivities, including ships' tours, band performances of patriotic music and the key-note address given by <mask>, "Merchant Marine, the Navy and the Nation". Yangtze Patrol

Sterling relieved RADM Henry H. Hough, as commander of the Asiatic Fleet's storied Yangtze Patrol on December 2, 1927. The Patrol, formally organized in December 1919 as a U.S. Naval unit with its first commander, CAPT Thomas A. Kearney, had a legacy dating back to the mid-19th century.Then it had been the fanquei (foreign devils') warships against Imperial Peking. Following the fifteen-year Taiping Rebellion, bandits proliferated on the Yangtze until Peking finally restored order. With the abdication of the last Chinese Emperor, Puyi,  following the October 1911 Wuchang Uprising,  disorder would prevail on the river during the nearly two decades that the provincial warlords maintained power, unchecked but for the gunboat diplomacy primarily maintained by the American and British gunboats that operated cooperatively in protecting each other's interests. In 1921, the Yangtze Patrol's command billet was upgraded to a rear


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texts: 1927–28, and all commissioned by late 1928 during <mask>'s time as "COMYANGPAT".These powerful new river gunboats, expressly designed to navigate the treacherous Yangtze and the 250 miles of rapids "upriver" from Ichang (1,000 mi. upriver) to Chungking, were to replace the three coal-fired Spanish–American War gunboats seized from Spain in the Philippines more than a quarter century earlier. Elcano, Villalobos, and Quiros had been patrolling the Yangtze since 1903; however age and their deeper drafts were proving increasingly problematic. The two gunboats built in the United States for service on the Yangtze, Palos and Monocacy were "obsolete even as they slid down the launching ways in 1914." All of the new oil-burning, triple-expansion steam engine gunboats were capable of cruising at 15 knots and reaching Chungking, 1,250 miles upriver from Shanghai, at high water during the summer. Their principal armaments were two (2) high-angle 3" guns fore and aft and eight (8) .30-caliber Lewis machine guns in swivelling bullet proof mounts. The two smallest gunboats,  and  with the shallowest draft, could reach Chungking year-round, including the winter when the river depth decreased by as much as thirty feet.During the high-water season, they could reach Suifu, 1,500 miles upriver. and  were the largest and  and  were next in size. These vessels gave the navy the capability it needed at a critical time of expanding operational needs. <mask> detached from the Yangtze Patrol in April 1929 and upon his return to the United States, was appointed president of the Naval Examining Board, Navy Department, Washington.


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 Fourteenth Naval District, Pearl Harbor, Territory of Hawaii
In September 1931 he was designated Commandant, Fourteenth Naval District, with additional duty as Commandant Naval Operating Base, Pearl Harbor, T.H. In 1932, the Massie Trial was conducted in Honolulu, Hawaii. The Hawaiian Islands were at the time part of the 14th Naval District, commanded by <mask>.<mask>'s strong belief in the guilt of the five native Hawaiian men charged with rape and assault of a young naval officer's socially prominent wife was well-known, as was his displeasure at the result of a mistrial. "Our first inclination is to seize the brutes and string them up on the trees," he stated, later tempering his reaction with, "we must give the authorities a chance to carry out the law and not interfere." Later, he defended the actions of those involved in the events that led to the homicide of one of the accused, Joseph Kahahawai. <mask>'s public statements concerning the Massie Affair would be impolitic and offensive by current social standards nearly a century later; however, they were mostly supported by the contemporary mainstream media, the Navy and Washington. Admiral William V. Pratt, Chief of Naval Operations, announced that, "American men will not stand for the violation of their women under any circumstances. For this crime they have taken the matter into their own hands repeatedly when they have felt that the law has failed to do justice." In a book review of <mask>'s 1939 autobiography, the Oakland Tribune wrote, "One of the most difficult tasks of Admiral <mask>'s career arose when, as Commandant in Hawaii, he had to


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 handle the Massie tragedy.The chapter devoted to this case will make unpleasant reading for those who insist that polyracial Oriental Hawaii is fit candidate for Statehood." In the 1986 made-for-television movie about the trial, Blood & Orchids'', the name of the character representing <mask> was changed to Glenn Langdon. Third Naval District, New York, New York
On June 30, 1933, <mask> became commandant, Third Naval District, Headquarters at New York, New York, and of the Brooklyn Navy Yard, succeeding retiring RADM W. W.  Phelps. In an interview following the change of command ceremony, <mask> was asked whether he thought battleships were obsolete, responding, "I would not go so far as that. I do think that battleships have become too expensive, but they are still the greatest offensive and defensive naval weapon. My thought is that an intelligent projectile, like a man-piloted airplane might be better than a projectile from a gun which has to go where it is sent." As to submarines,  he commented, "I do think submarines make a battleship feel uncomfortable at sea but submarines and airplanes are still auxiliaries of the battleship."<mask> recalled that his last connection to the Third Naval District was in the closing months of the First World War when he was chief of staff and "trying to put the one-year-old chicken back into its eggshell— that is demobilize". Further demonstrating the characteristic dry-wit and sense of humor that made <mask> a favorite of the press of his day, after reporters had been admitted to his quarters by his aide, Commander Bruce Ware,  the new commandant glanced at the varied


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texts: assortment of naval pictures adorning the walls and laughingly described it as "the chamber of horrors". <mask> declined to comment on his future plans for the Brooklyn Naval Yard and when questioned about the highly publicized events of his just completed command of the Fourteenth Naval District at Hawaii, said that it was "a closed book". Although <mask>'s three years as commandant of the Third Naval District and the Brooklyn Navy Yard were during the depths of the Great Depression, under his command the facility saw increased production and workforce. The heavy cruiser  was commissioned in February 1934, the destroyer  and gunboat  were both built and commissioned along with a few Coast Guard cutters. Construction began on the light cruisers  and . While he was commandant at New York, <mask> Balbo during the famed Italian aviator's widely covered 1933 trans-Atlantic crossing with twenty-four Savoia-Marchetti S.55 seaplanes for the Chicago Century of Progress.When Balbo's air armada stopped at New York City on the first leg of its return flight to Rome in July 1933, <mask>'s admiral's barge met Balbo's plane when it landed in Jamaica Bay off Floyd Bennett Field. <mask> and his Army counterpart, Major General Dennis E. Nolan, commanding general of Second Corps Area, in charge of army units and facilities in New York, New Jersey, Delaware and Puerto Rico, accompanied Balbo's police escort motorcade to the Mayflower Hotel. <mask> had requested an allowance from the Navy Department for the purpose of hosting a dinner for Balbo on his first night in New York. Receiving only $50 from Washington, the

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texts: socially-connected and popular <mask> was undeterred. "Through the support of men of means who were Navy admirers, I gave to General Balbo and his officers a most elaborate dinner at the Columbian Yacht Club on the Hudson River, now demolished in the development of the Park project. How such a dinner could be given, with over a hundred guests and champagne flowing freely, on the small voucher that I signed, would be no mystery when the guest list is read. Among them were Vincent Astor, Grover Whalen, Ellery W. Stone, E. J. Sadler, and W. S. Farish, all public spirited citizens and some of them members of the Naval Reserve.It has always been difficult for the services to interest Congress in the advantage of appropriating sufficient funds for official entertaining. Balbo enjoyed himself at the dinner, and we were all glad to have such an intimate view of him and his daring men. I regretted that I did not speak Italian or he English, but there was a fellowship developed that evening between the Italian flyers and our other guests, in spite of the handicap of language. I was surprised months later to receive from the great Mussolini the decoration of the Crown of Italy. It was in recognition of the Navy's help to Balbo and his airplanes while in New York." <mask> retired on May 1, 1936, when he was transferred to the Navy Retired List, having reached the statutory retirement age of 64. He and Major General Dennis E. Nolan had been born eight days apart and faced mandatory service retirement at the same time.The two retiring two-star flag officers, who had frequently appeared together during their respective


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 last commands, were jointly honored with a retirement banquet at the Hotel St. George by naval, military and New York society, led by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's mother, Sara Roosevelt, who posed for photos arm in arm with both men and declared, "I am very fond of and have the highest regard and admiration for both of the honored guests"

Post Naval career
Admiral <mask>, self-styled "stormy petrel" of the Naval Service, devoted his energies after retirement to writing books, newspaper articles and lecturing. Outspoken and critical of naval policies and procedures as well as U. S. international policies, he had long urged a two-ocean Navy second to none. He published a controversial anti-Soviet article in 1935 while still on active duty that evoked a proclamation from the Secretary of the Navy that active duty naval officers were not to speak out on international policy. He urged U.S. intervention against Germany in 1939 and failing to interest the country, pleaded that the American people at least pray for a British-French victory. Speaking before the national convention of the Veterans of Foreign Wars in Philadelphia that year, <mask> warned that "the framing of neutrality laws to keep us out of war—without taking into consideration the terrible result to us of a dictatorial victory—is like 'whistling in the dark' or 'fiddling while Rome is burning. There is but one way to keep us out of war; for the war not to happen. Therefore, as an important organ of this complicated world, we should, instead of keeping out of foreign disputes that will threaten our security and prosperity, go into them


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texts: with both feet.The present neutrality law, placing an embargo on arms to nations at war, surely will cause us great economic pains—if not complete disaster to our entire industrial structure; for in the next war we shall find that all goods and supplies will be declared contraband by all belligerents." When Benito Mussolini's Italian air force attacked and bombed Haifa, in the British mandate of Palestine in July 1940, destroying oil refineries and storage tanks, <mask> penned an article which drew national attention in which he proclaimed that "all the high cards" in the Mediterranean are in the hands of "Italian air power". Just two days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, <mask> wrote a prescient article wherein he laid out eight predicted Japanese strategic goals and concluded ultimate Japanese defeat, "To this naval observer, intimately familiar with the whole pattern of events in the Pacific—military, political and economic—for many years, the Japanese action appears suicidal. ... We may be in for a long and hard war, but the Japanese can not win. We are likely to suffer initial reverses but for them we will obtain a terrible vengeance." During World War II, <mask> penned scores of articles as a syndicated columnist expressing his opinions on war-time strategies and tactics, under the byline, "United Press Naval Critic" or "United Press Naval Analyst". In 1942, he advocated building a fleet of small, wooden, V-bottom, 30–60' long craft, capable of 30 knots, with two machine guns and six depth charge racks, manned by 3 to 7 men, to patrol the 35,000 miles of U.S. coastline and protect


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 shipping.When <mask> sought to return to active duty in 1944, Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal wrote back that there was no post available "suitable to your rank and attainments". <mask>'s last book, touting the strategic importance of his beloved Navy, "Why Sea Power Will Win the War", was published in 1944. Personal life

<mask> married the former Adelaide Egbert, daughter of Brigadier General Harry C. Egbert, in 1903 when he was 31. They had five children, two boys and three girls. His eldest son, <mask>, III became a captain in the Navy. His younger son, Harry, also served in the Navy and attained the rank of commander. RADM <mask> was a hereditary companion of the California Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States by right of his father's service in the American Civil War having been elected to membership while an ensign in 1899.Death
Rear Admiral <mask> died in his sleep on January 27, 1948, after three months' illness in Baltimore, Maryland, his home for many years, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. He and his wife had two sons, Captain <mask>, III, USN (Ret.) of Norfolk, Virginia, and Commander Harry E<mask> USN; and three daughters, Katharine (Mrs. William R. Ilk) of Los Angeles, California, and Misses Ellen and <mask> of Baltimore. Dates of rank
 United States Naval Academy Passed Naval Cadet – June 3, 1892

 Commodore – no longer a rank in the United States Navy, was previously reserved for wartime use and was not in use at the time of <mask>'s promotion to Flag Rank in 1926. Currently, a captain who is promoted to pay grade O-7 becomes a Rear

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 Admiral (Lower Half) and uses the abbreviated rank designation RDML as opposed to RADM, which designates a Rear Admiral (Upper Half), O-8. <mask> was promoted to rear admiral "lower half" in December 1926, with date of rank October 6, 1926. He was advanced to Rear Admiral (upper half) on 1 June 1931.Decorations
Rear Admiral <mask> Jr. was awarded these decorations and service awards:

References

Bibliography

 Aubin, J. Harris (1906) Register of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion, Boston, Press of Edwin L. Slocomb. Hamersly, Lewis Randolph. (1902). The Records of Living Officers of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, Seventh Edition, New York: L. R. Hamersly Company. ▸online, complete
 ▸ online, partial
 ▸ online, complete

 ▸ online, partial

External links
 Arlington National Cemetery

1872 births
1948 deaths
United States Naval Academy alumni
Naval War College alumni
United States Navy admirals
United States submarine commanders
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
American military personnel of the Philippine–American War
United States Navy personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Military personnel from Vallejo, California
Recipients of the Order of the Crown

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