title: Shneur Zalman of Liadi

texts:
 arouse a messianic view of himself in Jews, opening the gates of the ghettos and emancipating their residents as he conquered. He established an ersatz Sanhedrin, recruiting Jews to his ranks, and spreading rumors about his conquest of the Holy Land to make Jews subversive for his own ends. Thus, his opposition was based on a practical fear of Jews turning to the false messianism of Napoleon as he saw it. Yisroel Hopsztajn of Kozienice, another Hasidic leader, also considered Napoleon a menace to the Jewish people, but believed that after victory over Russia, Messiah will arrive.Menachem Mendel Schneerson identifies Hopsztajn as the Chasidic leader who preferred that Napoleon defeat the Czar. Arrests
In 1797 following the death of the Gaon, leaders of the Vilna community accused the Hasidim of subversive activities - on charges of supporting the Ottoman Empire, since <mask> <mask> advocated sending charity to support Jews living in the Ottoman territory of Palestine. In 1798 he was arrested on suspicion of treason and brought to St. Petersburg where he was held in the Petropavlovski fortress for 53 days, at which time he was subjected to an examination by a secret commission. Ultimately he was released by order of Paul I of Russia. The Hebrew day of his acquittal and release, 19 Kislev, 5559 on the Hebrew calendar, is celebrated annually by Chabad Hasidim, who hold a festive meal and make communal pledges to learn the whole of the Talmud; this practice is known as "Chalukat HaShas". In

masks: Shneur Zalman


title: Shneur Zalman of Liadi

type: original

texts: disseminate Hasidic philosophy as a preparation for Mashiach. Therefore, his subsequent exoneration by the Tzarist authorities is interpreted in Chabad as a new Heavenly agreement to begin the fullest dissemination of Hasidic thought without its prior limitations. Chabad tradition tells that in prison, Schneur Zalman was visited by the deceased Baal Shem Tov and Maggid of Mezeritch, who told him the reason for his imprisonment. In reply to the question of whether he should stop, they replied that once released, he should continue with even more dedication.Therefore, in Chabad thought, the 19th day of Kislev is called the "New Year of Hasidut", complementing the other 4 Halachic "New Year" dates in the Hebrew calendar. In 1800 Rav <mask> <mask> was again arrested and transported to St. Petersburg, this time along with his son Moshe who served as interpreter, as his father spoke no Russian or French. He was released after several weeks but banned from leaving St. Petersburg. The accession of Tsar Alexander I (Alexander I of Russia) to the throne,a few weeks later, led to his release; he was then “given full liberty to proclaim his religious teachings” by the Russian government. According to some, his first arrest was not the result of anti-Hasidic agitators fabricating charges, or officials seeking extortion monies. An accusation was made on May 8, 1798 by Hirsh ben David of Vilna accused him of trying to assist the French Revolution, by sending money to Napoleon and the Sultan. Since this


title: Shneur Zalman of Liadi

texts:
 Hirsch ben David was untraceable, some were led to believe that there was no such person as Hirsh and the authorities were attempting to stir up internecine fighting among the Jews.Liadi

After his release he moved his base to Liadi, Vitebsk Region, Imperial Russia; rather than returning to Liozna. He took up his residence in the town of Liadi at the invitation of Polish Prince Stanisław Lubomirski, voivode of the town, were Zalman settled for the next 12 years. His movement grew there immensely, and to this day he is associated with the town. In 1812, fleeing the French Invasion, he left Mogilev, intending to go to Poltava, but died on the way in the small village of Pena, Kursk Oblast. He is buried in Hadiach. Subsequent history of Chabad
See Chabad#History

Dovber Schneuri moved the movement to the town of Lubavitch (Lyubavichi) in present-day Russia. A top follower of <mask> <mask>, Aharon HaLevi Horowitz, established a rival Chabad school in Strashelye, which did not last after his death.In 1940, under the leadership of the previous Rebbe, Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, the Chabad-Lubavitch movement moved its headquarters to Brooklyn, New York in the United States. Under the leadership of Menachem Mendel Schneerson, Chabad established branches all over the world staffed by its own Lubavitch-trained and ordained rabbis with their wives and children. The number of branches continues to grow to this day, and existing branches continue to expand. Many descendants of <mask> <mask> carry

masks: Shneur Zalman Shneur Zalman


title: Shneur Zalman of Liadi

texts:
 surnames such as <mask>, <mask>, Schneerson, and <mask>. Works

<mask> <mask> was a prolific writer. He produced works of both mysticism and Jewish law. Chabad tradition recasts his Yiddish name "Shneur" (שניאור) as the two Hebrew words "Shnei Ohr" (שני אור-Two Lights), referring to Schneur <mask>'s mastery of both the outer dimensions of Talmudic Jewish study, and the inner dimensions of Jewish mysticism.His works form the cornerstone of Chabad philosophy. His ability to explain even the most complex issues of Torah made his writings popular with Torah scholars everywhere. Tanya

He is probably best known for his systematic exposition of Hasidic Jewish philosophy, entitled Likkutei Amarim, more widely known as the Tanya, said to be first published in 1797. The legendary 1797 Tanya got lost in a fire and no copies survived. The extant version of this work dates from 1814. Due to the popularity of this book, Hasidic Jews often refer to Shneur Zalman as the Baal HaTanya (lit. "Master of the Tanya").The Tanya deals with Jewish spirituality and psychology from a Kabbalistic point of view, and philosophically expounds on such themes as the Oneness of God, Tzimtzum, the Sefirot, simcha, bitachon (confidence), among many other mystical concepts. Shulchan Aruch HaRav

Shneur <mask> is well known for the Shulchan Aruch HaRav, a collection of authoritative codes of Jewish laws and customs commissioned by Dovber of Mezeritch and composed at the legendary age of twenty-one. The Maggid of Mezeritch

masks: Shneur Shneuri Zalman Shneur Zalman Zalman Zalman


title: Shneur Zalman of Liadi

texts:
 sought a new version of the classic Shulkhan Arukh for the Hasidic movement. The work states a selection of decided halakha, as well as the underlying reasoning, and common Hasidic customs. The Shulchan Aruch HaRav is considered authoritative by other Hasidim, and citations to this work are many times found in non-Hasidic sources such as the Mishnah Berurah used by Lithuanian Jews and the Ben Ish Chai used by Sephardic Jews. Shneur <mask> is also one of three halachic authorities on whom Shlomo Ganzfried based his Kitzur Shulkhan Arukh (Concise version of Jewish law). Siddur
He also edited the first Chabad siddur, based on the Ari Siddur of the famous kabbalist Isaac Luria of Safed, but he altered it for general use, and corrected its textual errors.Today's Siddur Tehillat HaShem is a later print of <mask> <mask>'s Siddur. Music
Shneur <mask> composed a number of Hassidic melodies. Some accompany certain prayers, others are sung to Biblical verses or are melodies without words. Depending on the tune they are meant to arouse joy, spiritual ecstasy or teshuvah. One special melody, commonly referred to as The Alter Rebbe's Niggun or Dalet Bovos, is reserved by Chabad Hassidim for ushering a groom and bride to their wedding canopy and other select occasions. Other
Shneur <mask>'s other works include:
 Torah Or and Likutei Torah, chassidic explanations of the weekly Torah portions, Shir HaShirim and the Book of Esther, drawn from his Hasidic Discourses and published by his grandson, the

masks: Zalman Shneur Zalman Zalman Zalman


title: Shneur Zalman of Liadi

texts:
 Tzemach Tzedek, who added his own glosses. Sefer HaMa'amarim, also known as Maamarei Admor HaZaken, Hassidic Discourses: Hanachot HaRaP; Et’haleich Lyozna; 5562- 2 vol.; 5563, 2 vol. ; 5564; 5565, 2 vol. ; 5566; 5567; 5568, 2 vol. ; 5569; 5570; 5571; Haketzarim; Al Parshiyot HaTorah VehaMoadim, 2 vol. ; Inyanim; Ma’amarei Razal; Nach, 3 vol. Hilchot Talmud Torah, on the study of Torah. Sefer She’elot Uteshuvot, Responsa.Siddur Im Dach, a prayerbook with Hasidic discourses
 Boneh Yerushalayim. Me'ah She'arim. Igrot Kodesh, 2 vol. References

External links

 Rabbi Schneur Zalman 1745–1812, chabad.org
 Founder of Chabad, chabad.org
 The Alter Rebbe, lessonsintanya.com
 Rabbi Schneur <mask> of Liadi, Adin Steinsaltz
 Rabbi Shneiur <mask> of Ladi (1746–1812), Prof. Eliezer Segal
 Shneor <mask> Ben Baruch, jewishencyclopedia.com
 Rabbi <mask> <mask> of Liadi 5505–5573 (1745–1812), asknoah.org
 What is Lubavitch Chasidism and Chabad?, scjfaq.org
 Family Tree
 Books by Rabbi <mask> <mask> From chabadlibrary.org

1745 births
1812 deaths
18th-century Jewish theologians
18th-century philosophers
18th-century rabbis
19th-century Jewish theologians
19th-century philosophers
19th-century rabbis
Belarusian Hasidic rabbis
Exponents of Jewish law
Hasidic rabbis in Europe
Jewish philosophers
Jewish theologians
Kabbalists
Panentheists
People from Liozna District
Philosophers of Judaism
Philosophers of religion
Rebbes of Lubavitch
Russian Hasidic rabbis
Authors of books on Jewish law
Hasidic

masks: Zalman Zalman Zalman Shneur Zalman Shneur Zalman


title: Larry Joe Doherty

texts:
<mask> or LJD (born July 29, 1946) is a Texas legal ethics attorney and former television star of the syndicated courtroom show Texas Justice. He was the Democratic candidate for the 10th Congressional District of Texas in 2008, unsuccessfully challenging incumbent Republican Michael McCaul. Born in Hillsboro, Texas, <mask> is married to <mask>. Legal career

<mask> received a J.D. (Juris Doctor) from the University of Houston in 1970. He is a member of the Houston Bar Association and the State Bar of Texas. <mask> is a senior partner in the Houston law firm Doherty, Long & Wagner.<mask> specializes in legal malpractice cases. <mask> is considered a pioneer in the field of legal malpractice, making a name for himself as the lawyer who sued other lawyers. He built a highly successful practice holding other attorneys accountable for misrepresenting their clients. As a senior partner in the law firm of Doherty, Long and Wagner, <mask> specialized in legal malpractice, because, as he explains, "people need to believe that the rule of law applies equally to everyone - and that no one, no matter how powerful, is beyond being held accountable for their actions." <mask> and his wife Joanne have endowed a Chair on Ethics at the University of Houston Law Center. Television show
<mask> starred in the show Texas Justice from 2001–2005. The court show is currently in syndication.<mask> judged cases in the show, making legally binding decisions. The series lasted for 5 seasons, from March 26, 2001, until November 14, 2005. It was officially cancelled in September 2005. <mask>'s style on the show drew a contrast with other TV court shows that emphasize conflict between parties. Instead, <mask> was known for focusing on the root causes of the personal conflicts and emphasizing the importance of litigants to accept responsibility for their actions. According to a piece in Slate by Virginia Heffernan, "In his questioning, he looks for signs of affection and agreement.... He orchestrates things so that each case imparts a small emotional lesson ("be

masks:
Larry Joe Doherty
Doherty
Joanne Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Larry Joe
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty


title: Larry Joe Doherty

texts:
 kind," "lighten up")."A 2009 commentary on Texas Justice states, "Judge <mask>'s appeal lay in his accent, his double entendres, his ear for the rhythm of people's speech, his ability to rhyme on a dime, and the way he gently poked fun at the litigants. His lack of actual judicial experience might explain why ruling on the cases was not his strong suit." 2008 Congressional campaign

On April 4, 2007, <mask> announced his candidacy for the United States House of Representatives for the Tenth Congressional District of Texas, the seat currently held by Republican Michael McCaul. <mask> entered the race after McCaul's relatively low 2006 win percentage against Democratic opponent Ted Ankrum. The district had been designed to be safe for Republicans, but the Austin Chronicle noted:

Now, here we are five years down the road from Tom DeLay's infamous re-redistricting of Texas. DeLay is gone from Congress, disgraced. Nationally, voters swept the Republican "permanence" away in 2006.Even DeLay's seat is now held by a Democrat, one of the very politicians whose career he tried to end. And here in Austin, another of those supposedly safe seats is under serious threat. <mask>'s challenge generated intense interest among Texas and national political observers, as a seat previously thought to be "safe Republican" looked increasingly competitive. However, <mask> first had to survive the Democratic primary. Democratic primary

<mask> decisively defeated primary challenger Dan Grant on the March 4, 2008 primary, with 61% to 39% out of 85,000 votes cast. During the primary, <mask> was criticized by supporters of his primary opponent because his campaign treasurer, Houston philanthropist Jim "Mattress Mac" McIngvale, had participated in a fundraiser for Republican Mitt Romney's presidential campaign. <mask> used the criticism as an opportunity to point out his political independence."I'm not going to be anybody's rubber stamp, and my treasurer is free to support anybody he wants to," <mask> said. "This is an independent country, last time I checked."

masks:
Larry Joe
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty


title: Larry Joe Doherty

texts:
 Campaign message
Focusing on his own record in legal ethics, <mask>'s critique of McCaul focused on the incumbent's association with former Republican Majority Leader Tom DeLay. One mail piece highlighted McCaul's vote to change House ethics rules in a way that would have allegedly benefited DeLay. <mask>'s campaign also aired a television ad titled, "The Code," attempting to tie McCaul to the unfolding financial crisis by highlighting McCaul's Wall Street contributions and his vote against capping CEO salaries. McCaul refused to face <mask> in a debate setting. According to the Houston Chronicle, "McCaul, an Austin Republican representing the district that includes a chunk of northwest Harris County, steadfastly refuses to debate his Democratic opponent, a colorful lawyer who once served as judge on the TV series Texas Justice."The Austin American Statesman provided three possible dates to McCaul's campaign, which were rejected. <mask> and McCaul are believed to have only met once during the campaign, at a Houston Chronicle interview. The Statesman later endorsed <mask>'s candidacy, citing McCaul's refusal to debate. National Democratic support
<mask>'s strong fundraising efforts and closing polling numbers elevated the race's national profile. Originally considered "Safe Republican" and a long shot at best for a Democratic challenger, the respected Cook Political Report eventually upgraded the race over time to "Leans Republican." In mid-October, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) designated the district a member of its "Red to Blue" program, directing additional funds and national support to <mask>'s campaign. Former U.S. President Bill Clinton also recorded a robocall urging support for <mask>Caul supporters criticized <mask>'s controversial comments on the Iraq War in an interview with the Austin Chronicle that, "We've killed children for oil [in Iraq]." An Iraq War veteran, James Crabtree, criticized <mask>'s comment in a letter, in online postings, on various radio programs, and eventually organized a protest

masks: Doherty Doherty Doherty Doherty Doherty Doherty Doherty Dohertyc Doherty Doherty


title: Larry Joe Doherty

texts:
 at the <mask> for Congress campaign office. <mask>'s statement produced a stern response from various veterans, Vets for Freedom, and Gold Star parents that felt his quote was akin to calling troops "baby killers" during the Vietnam War. They called on <mask> to apologize or explain his remarks. <mask> and his campaign never responded to this controversy. Television show controversy

Attempting to generate press late in the campaign, <mask>'s opponent McCaul recycled attempts by supporters of <mask>'s primary opponent to insinuate <mask> was racially insensitive. McCaul's campaign released a series of clips from <mask>'s show, Texas Justice, claiming <mask> mocked African-American participants.Also, <mask> was endorsed early in his campaign by the Black Austin Democrats and the Houston Black American Democrats, and independent polling showed <mask> with a 7-to-1 advantage over McCaul among African-American voters. <mask>'s campaign spokesperson responded, "He gets a great response to it. People still identify him with it and they truly loved watching that show. What he always worked to do through each episode was to let people know what they did wrong and that there's hope." And one entertainment reviewer directly refuted McCaul's attack:

But, the criticism of a political opponent that he mocked African-Americans on the show was entirely undeserved. When it came to mocking litigants, <mask> was equal opportunity all the way. McCaul's use without permission of material from a blogger who supported <mask>'s primary opponent led to McCaul's website being blocked from the Internet.Election results

<mask> lost to McCaul by a 54% (179,493) to 43% (143,719) margin with the Libertarian, Matt Finkel, taking the remainder of the votes. McCaul won majorities in six of the eight counties in the district and overcame <mask>'s 77,043 votes (60%) in liberal Travis County by running up 98,122 votes (68%) in the conservative northwest portions of Harris County. <mask> would be named by the Austin Chronicle as the "biggest loser" for the fact that he

masks:
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Larry Joe
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty


title: Larry Joe Doherty

texts:
 received more votes than nine other candidates that won their congressional elections. Continued political activism

In December 2008 <mask> <mask> emailed his supporters and pleaded for them to support the runoff election of Chris Bell for a Houston, Texas area state senate seat. <mask> stated that, "I'm asking you to make a difference in another important battle: Chris Bell for Texas Senate.... This is the last battleground of 2008, and Chris's victory is important to all Democrats and Texans who want change in Austin.... My friend Chris is the type of Democratic leader Texas needs -- a true visionary who will fight for real reform in the Texas Senate." Bell would earn only 43% of the vote and lose the election on Tuesday, December 16, 2008.<mask> organized the South Central Texas Water Conservation Conference at Brenham, Texas, on October 3, 2009, under the auspices of the Texas Wildlife Association. On August 10, 2009, <mask> publicly endorsed Jack McDonald's Democratic candidacy for McCaul's congressional seat. McDonald would then quit before the election. Environmentalism
<mask> <mask> is a former president of the Washington County Wildlife Society and a former board member of the Texas Wildlife Association, as well as a past member of the Texas Quail Council, an official advisory group to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission. <mask> maintains the "Long Star Ranch," near Brenham, Texas, as a  wildlife habitat and native grass restoration project. References

External links
<mask> <mask> for U.S. Congress Official campaign website
Texas Justice TV show
<mask>, Long & Wagner
 <mask> for Congress, general election ad
 <mask> for Congress, Democratic primary ad
Pollster.com '2008 Texas CD-10 General Election'

Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org
The Man in the White Hat - Austin Chronicle - October 3, 2008
Interview with <mask> <mask> by Off the Kuff
KUT interview with <mask> <mask>

Texas lawyers
1946 births
Living people
University of Houston alumni
People from Houston
Texas Democrats
Television judges
People from

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Larry Joe
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
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Larry Joe
Doherty
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Larry Joe
Doherty
Doherty
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Larry Joe
Doherty
Larry Joe
Doherty


title: Alex Trebek

texts:
<mask>  (; July 22, 1940 – November 8, 2020) was a Canadian-American game show host and television personality. He hosted the syndicated general knowledge quiz game show Jeopardy! for 37 seasons from its revival in 1984 until his death in 2020. <mask> also hosted a number of other game shows, including The Wizard of Odds, Double Dare, High Rollers, Battlestars, Classic Concentration, and To Tell the Truth. He also made appearances, usually as himself, in numerous films and television series. A native of Canada, <mask> became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1998. He received the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host eight times for his work on Jeopardy!<mask> died on November 8, 2020 at age 80, after a 20-month battle with stage IV pancreatic cancer. He had been contracted to host Jeopardy! until 2022. Early life
<mask> was born on July 22, 1940 in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, the son of George Edward Trebek (born Terebeychuk), a chef who had emigrated from Ukraine as a child, and Lucille Marie Lagacé (April 14, 1921 – 2016), a Franco-Ontarian. Trebek had roots in Renfrew County, Ontario, where his maternal grandmother was born in Mount St. Patrick near Renfrew. He grew up in a bilingual French-English household. Trebek almost got expelled from the boarding school his parents sent him

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George Alexander Trebek
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title: Alex Trebek

texts:
 to.Shortly after he attended military college but dropped out when he was asked to cut his hair. <mask>'s first job at age 13 was as a bellhop at the hotel where his father worked as a chef. <mask> attended Sudbury High School (now Sudbury Secondary School) and then attended the University of Ottawa. <mask> graduated from the University of Ottawa with a degree in philosophy in 1961. While a university student, he was a member of the English Debating Society. At the time, he was interested in a broadcast news career. Broadcasting career

CBC
Before completing his degree, <mask> began his career in 1961 working for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.According to <mask>, "I went to school in the mornings and worked at nights; I did everything, at one time replacing every announcer in every possible job." He would eventually read the CBC national radio news and cover a wide range of special events for CBC Radio and CBC Television, including curling and horse racing. <mask>'s first hosting job was on a Canadian music program called Music Hop in 1963. In 1966, he hosted a high school quiz show called Reach for the Top. From 1967 to 1970, he was a host for the CBC, introducing classical music programs including performances by Glenn Gould. For one or two seasons he hosted a weekly skating

masks: Trebek Trebek Trebek Trebek Trebek Trebek


title: Alex Trebek

texts:
 program. Starting in spring 1969, <mask> also hosted Strategy, a weekday afternoon game show.From 1971 until the end of 1972, <mask> hosted I'm Here Til 9, the local morning drive radio show on CBC Toronto. In 1971, <mask> was one of several to have been shortlisted to succeed Ward Cornell as host of Hockey Night in Canada. Although <mask> was the preferred choice of executive producer Ralph Mellanby, based on his audition and other CBC roles, Mellanby stated in 2020 that he ultimately chose Dave Hodge instead, because his boss did not want someone with a mustache to host Hockey Night. Game shows

In 1973, <mask> moved to the United States and worked for NBC as host of a new game show, The Wizard of Odds. A year later <mask> hosted the popular Merrill Heatter-Bob Quigley game show High Rollers, which had two incarnations on NBC (1974–76 and 1978–80) and an accompanying syndicated season (1975–76). In between stints as host of High Rollers, <mask> hosted the short-lived CBS game show Double Dare (not to be confused with the 1986 Nickelodeon game show of the same name). Double Dare turned out to be his only game show with the CBS network (he returned there in 1994 to host the Pillsbury Bake-Off until 1998), and the first show he hosted for what was then Mark Goodson-Bill Todman Productions,

masks: Trebek Trebek Trebek Trebek Trebek Trebek Trebek


title: Alex Trebek

texts: as well as the second season of the syndicated series The $128,000 Question, which was recorded in Toronto.Since the second incarnation of High Rollers premiered while The $128,000 Question was still airing and taping episodes, <mask> became one of two hosts to emcee shows in both the United States and Canada, joining Jim Perry, who was hosting Definition and Headline Hunters in Canada and Card Sharks, which coincidentally premiered the same day as High Rollers in 1978 in the United States. <mask>'s francophone side was put on display in 1978, in a special bilingual edition of Reach for the Top and its Radio-Canada equivalent, Génies en herbe. In this show, Trebek alternated smoothly between French and English throughout. Like other hosts of the day, <mask> made several guest appearances as a panelist or player on other shows. One of his guest appearances was on a special week of NBC's Card Sharks in 1980. He and several other game show hosts (Allen Ludden, Bill Cullen, Wink Martindale, Jack Clark, Tom Kennedy, Gene Rayburn, and Jim Lange) competed in a week-long round-robin tournament for charity. <mask> won the tournament, defeating Cullen in the finals.<mask> also appeared as a celebrity teammate on the NBC game show The Magnificent Marble Machine in 1975, and the Tom Kennedy-hosted NBC

masks: Trebek Trebek Trebek Trebek Trebek


title: Alex Trebek

texts: word game To Say the Least in 1978. Both of those shows were produced by Merrill Heatter-Bob Quigley Productions, which also produced High Rollers, the show Trebek was hosting during both of those guest appearances. <mask> also was a contestant on Celebrity Bowling in 1976, teamed with Jim McKrell. The duo won their match against Dick Gautier and Scatman Crothers. After High Rollers was cancelled in 1980, <mask> moved on to Battlestars for NBC. The series debuted in October 1981 and was cancelled in April 1982 after only six months on the air. In September 1981 <mask> took the helm of the syndicated Pitfall, which taped in Vancouver and forced him to commute, as he had done while hosting High Rollers and The $128,000 Question in 1978.Pitfall was cancelled after its production company, Catalena Productions, went bankrupt. As a result, he was never paid for that series. After both series ended, <mask> hosted a revival of Battlestars called The New Battlestars that ended after thirteen weeks, then shot a series of pilots for other series for producer Merrill Heatter, for whom he had worked hosting High Rollers and Battlestars, and Merv Griffin. The Heatter pilots were Malcolm, an NBC-ordered pilot featuring <mask> with an animated character as his co-host, and Lucky Numbers, an attempt at a


title: Alex Trebek

texts: revival of High Rollers that failed to sell. For Griffin, (who was ultimately encouraged to hire <mask> by Lucille Ball) he shot two pilots for a revival of Jeopardy! when original host Art Fleming (a friend of <mask>'s) declined to return to the role owing to creative differences. This revival sold; <mask> began hosting it in 1984 and remained the host until his death.His final episode hosting Jeopardy! was to air on Christmas Day 2020; however, Sony announced on November 23, 2020, that the air dates of <mask>'s final week would be postponed, with episodes scheduled for the week of December 21–25 being postponed to January 4–8, 2021. In 1987, while still hosting Jeopardy!, <mask> returned to daytime television as host of NBC's Classic Concentration, his second show for Mark Goodson. He hosted both shows simultaneously until September 20, 1991, when Classic Concentration aired its final first-run episode (NBC would air repeats until 1993). In 1991, <mask> made broadcast history by becoming the first person to host three American game shows at the same time, earning this distinction on February 4, 1991, when he took over from Lynn Swann as host of NBC's To Tell the Truth for Goodson-Todman, which he hosted until the end of the series' run on May 31, 1991. In 1994, <mask> returned to the CBS


title: Alex Trebek

texts:
 network for the first time since hosting Double Dare to host the Pillsbury Bake-Off, which he hosted until 1998. <mask> and Pat Sajak, host of Wheel of Fortune, traded places on April Fools' Day 1997.Pat Sajak hosted Jeopardy! and <mask> hosted Wheel of Fortune with Sajak's wife, Lesly, as <mask>'s co-host. Sajak and Wheel of Fortune co-host Vanna White played contestants at the wheel, with winnings going toward charities. <mask> appeared on Celebrity Poker Showdown in 2005 and came in second place in his qualifying game, losing to Cheryl Hines. On June 24, 2018, <mask> returned as a panelist on the ABC revival of To Tell the Truth. <mask> hosted a Jeopardy! primetime special event titled The Greatest of All Time on ABC in January 2020, pitting the highest money winners in the show's history, Brad Rutter, Ken Jennings, and James Holzhauer, against each other.Other appearances
<mask> made multiple guest appearances on other television shows, ranging from Jimmy Kimmel Live! in 2008 and 2011 to The Colbert Report series-finale. In August 1995 in a return to his broadcast-news roots, <mask> filled in for Charles Gibson for a week on Good Morning America. <mask> was a guest star in season 3 of The X-Files, playing one of two "Men in Black" (human agents charged with the supervision of

masks: Trebek Trebek Trebek Trebek Trebek Trebek Trebek Trebek Trebek


title: Alex Trebek

texts: extraterrestrial lifeforms on Earth, hiding their existence from other humans) opposite Jesse Ventura, in the episode "Jose Chung's From Outer Space", which first aired on April 12, 1996. On June 13, 2014, Guinness World Records presented <mask> with the world record for most episodes of a game show hosted, with 6,829 episodes at the time. <mask> also appeared in multiple television commercials. On October 1, 2018, Trebek moderated the only debate in the Pennsylvania governor's race, between Democrat Tom Wolf and Republican Scott Wagner.According to news outlets, he wanted to change the flow of the debate to be more conversational instead of the more traditional format. He dominated the debate and talked for 41% of it, often talking about himself without giving candidates time to discuss their stances on political issues. He also made remarks regarding the sexual abuse scandals in the Catholic Church. <mask> later apologized for his performance, stating that he was "naive" and "misunderstood" the role of a moderator. "I offer my sincere apologies to the people of Pennsylvania, a state I dearly love," he said. <mask> was interviewed by Michael Strahan for an ABC special chronicling Jeopardy! and his career (produced to promote Jeopardy!The Greatest of All Time), which aired January 2, 2020.

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title: Alex Trebek

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 On October 6, 2020, <mask> made a cameo appearance in the 2020 NHL Entry Draft, announcing the Ottawa Senators' third-overall draft pick, Tim Stützle, in the style of a Jeopardy! question. Personal life

Trebek married broadcaster Elaine Callei in 1974. The couple had no children, although Trebek adopted Callei's daughter Nicky; they divorced in 1981. In 1990, he married Jean Currivan, a real estate project manager from New York. They had two children, Matthew and Emily.In 1996, <mask> ran the Olympic torch in Jacksonville, Florida, through a leg of its journey to Atlanta. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1998. On January 30, 2004, <mask> escaped major injury after falling asleep behind the wheel of his pickup truck while driving alone on a rural road in the Central Coast town of Templeton, California, returning from a family home in Lake Nacimiento. The truck sideswiped a string of mailboxes, flew 45 feet over an embankment, and came to rest against a utility pole in a ditch. <mask> was not cited for the accident and returned to work taping Jeopardy! four days later. <mask> owned and managed a 700-acre (283 ha) ranch near Paso Robles in Creston, California, known as Creston Farms, where he bred and trained thoroughbred racehorses.His colt Reba's Gold is the


title: Alex Trebek

texts:
 stakes-winning son of Slew o' Gold. <mask> sold the operation in 2008 and the property is now an event center called Windfall Farms. In a 2018 interview with Vulture, <mask> said he was a political moderate and registered independent, neither conservative nor liberal, with some libertarian leanings. <mask> stated he believed in God as a Christian. During a 2018 gubernatorial debate, he said he was raised Catholic during his childhood and adolescence. Health
On December 11, 2007, <mask> suffered a minor heart attack at his home, but returned to work as scheduled in January 2008. In July 2011, he injured an Achilles tendon while chasing a burglar who had entered his San Francisco hotel room, requiring six weeks in a cast.<mask> suffered another mild heart attack in June 2012, but was able to return to work the following month. On December 15, 2017, over the winter break of Jeopardy! taping, <mask> was admitted to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center after reportedly experiencing complications from a fall in October of that year. The incident resulted in a subdural hematoma. <mask> underwent surgery to remove blood clots from his brain the following day. On January 4, 2018, the verified Twitter account of Jeopardy! announced that <mask> had been suffering from the fall.<mask> required a short medical


title: Alex Trebek

texts:
 leave and returned to regular hosting duty in mid-January 2018. In 2018, while being interviewed by Harvey Levin on Fox News, <mask> floated the idea of retirement, saying the odds of his leaving Jeopardy! in 2020 were 50/50 "and a little less". He added that he might continue if he is "not making too many mistakes" but would make an "intelligent decision" as to when he should give up the emcee role. In October that year, he signed a new contract to continue as host through 2022, stating in January 2019 that although he was beginning to slow down due to his age, the show's work schedule, consisting of 46 taping sessions each year, was still manageable. Pancreatic cancer and death
On March 6, 2019, <mask> announced that he had been diagnosed with stage IV pancreatic cancer. He had been experiencing a persistent stomach ache before the diagnosis but did not recognize it as a symptom of the disease.In a prepared video announcement of the diagnosis, <mask> noted that his prognosis was poor but said that he would aggressively fight the cancer in hopes of beating the odds and would continue hosting Jeopardy! for as long as he was able, joking that his contract obligated him to do so for three more years. <mask> updated the situation in May 2019, stating that he was responding exceptionally well


title: Alex Trebek

texts: to treatment and that some of the tumors had shrunk to half their previously observed size; he credited the prayers and well wishes of his fans for the better-than-usual results and planned to undergo several more rounds of chemotherapy. <mask> finished that round of chemotherapy treatments in time to resume taping of the show in August 2019. Follow-up immunotherapy was ineffective, and <mask> resumed chemotherapy in September. On October4, 2019, in an interview with CTV's Chief Anchor and Senior Editor Lisa LaFlamme, <mask> said: "I'm not afraid of dying" and "I've lived a good life, a full life, and I'm nearing the end of that life... [I]f it happens, why should I be afraid [of] that?" In the same interview, <mask> noted that sores in his mouth, a side effect from the chemotherapy, were interfering with his ability to speak, noting that "there will come a point when they (fans and producers) will no longer be able to say, 'It's okay.'"On November 11, 2019, during the Final Jeopardy! round, a player's response stated, "What is We ♡ you, <mask>! ", which caused <mask> to become emotional. Hours later, #WeLoveYouAlex was trending on Twitter. In a December 2019 interview with ABC News, <mask> stated that he would begin looking at experimental treatments and chemotherapies and that despite

masks: Trebek Trebek Trebek Trebek Alex Trebek Trebek


title: Alex Trebek

texts: periods of severe pain and depression, he was still in good enough physical condition to handle construction projects. <mask> also stated that he had already prepared an on-air farewell statement before his cancer diagnosis. In March 2020, <mask> announced he had survived one year of cancer treatment (noting that his prognosis had given him only an 18% chance to survive that long) and that, though the chemotherapy treatments were often worse than the cancer symptoms themselves, he was confident that he would survive another year, saying that ending treatment would be a "betrayal" to his family, supporters, and to the God in whom he has faith.As a precautionary measure, Jeopardy! initially taped episodes without a studio audience, as protection from the COVID-19 pandemic; <mask>, because of both his age and his condition, was particularly at risk of death from the particular variant of SARS-CoV-2 circulating. Soon afterward, production of the show was suspended altogether. The show resumed taping in August, in time for the season 37 premiere. On July 16, 2020, <mask> gave an update regarding his cancer. He said that, while he still felt fatigued, the chemotherapy was "paying off." He also stated that he was looking forward to taping again.On July 21, 2020, he published his memoir The Answer


title: Alex Trebek

texts:
 Is...: Reflections on My Life. <mask> underwent surgery related to his cancer treatment in October. He returned to the show two weeks after the surgery, but was unable to handle his full workload because of pain from the surgery and had to split his usual five-episode taping session over two days; these five episodes would be his last. He taped his final episode on October 29, 2020. <mask> died at his home in Los Angeles on November8, 2020, at the age of 80, after 20 months fighting pancreatic cancer. His remains were cremated, and given to his wife. Posthumous recognition
Not long after his death, Jeopardy!contestant Ken Jennings, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, and Wheel of Fortune stars Pat Sajak and Vanna White were among those who paid tribute. On the November 9, 2020 episode of Jeopardy!, as a tribute to <mask>, then-executive producer of both Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune Mike Richards opened the show with this statement:
I'm Mike Richards, the executive producer of Jeopardy! Over the weekend, we lost our beloved host <mask>. This is an enormous loss for our staff and crew, for his family, and for his millions of fans. He loved this show and everything it stood for. In fact, he taped his final episodes less than two weeks ago.He will forever be an inspiration for his

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Trebek
Trebek
Alex Trebek


title: Alex Trebek

texts: constant desire to learn, his kindness, and for his love of his family. We will air his final 35 episodes as they were shot. That's what he wanted. On behalf of everyone here at Jeopardy!, thank you for everything, <mask>. This is Jeopardy! The lights on the set then dimmed blue in remembrance. After each posthumous episode in season 37, the title card read, "Dedicated to <mask>.Forever in our hearts. Always our inspiration." On the one year anniversary of his death, which was also the day that the first episode Ken Jennings hosted in season 38 was aired, a different title card read, "<mask>bek, July 22, 1940 - November 8, 2020. You are missed every day." Since his death, various television networks aired their own tributes to <mask> such as MeTV (which played "What Is... Cliff Clavin?" and "Mama on Jeopardy! ", two episodes of the classic 1980s sitcoms Cheers and Mama's Family respectively in which Jeopardy!was a plot device), Buzzr (which aired episodes of shows Trebek guest starred in such as Card Sharks or hosted such as Classic Concentration and To Tell the Truth in the Fremantle library) and Game Show Network (which aired a Jeopardy! marathon). In 2021, the Jeopardy! stage was re-named "The <mask> Trebek Stage", with his family present at the dedication. Philanthropy and

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title: Alex Trebek

texts:
 activism

<mask> was a longtime philanthropist and activist. He was active with multiple charities, including World Vision Canada and United Service Organizations. For World Vision, <mask> travelled to many developing countries with World Vision projects, taping reports on the group's efforts on behalf of children around the world.<mask> and the Jeopardy! crew became involved with the United Service Organizations in 1995, appearing on several military bases throughout the world, both in an attempt to find contestants and as a morale booster for the troops. He donated 74 acres (30 hectares) of open land in the Hollywood Hills to the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy in 1998. He was later awarded one of the American Foundation for the Blind's six yearly Access Awards for his role in accommodating Jeopardy! champion Eddie Timanus. <mask> hosted the annual The Great Canadian Geography Challenge in Canada. He hosted the National Geographic Bee in the United States for 25 years, stepping down in 2013.In 2016, Trebek donated $5 million to the University of Ottawa to fund the Alex Trebek Forum for Dialogue, the objective of which is "to expose students to a wide range of diverse views, through speeches, public panels, events and lectures by University of Ottawa researchers, senior government


title: Alex Trebek

texts:
 officials and guests speakers from around the world." <mask>'s gifts to the university, which at the time totaled $7.5 million, also fund a Distinguished Speaker Series, which has included a presentation by Nobel laureate Leymah Gbowee, introduced by Trebek. In 2017, Trebek funded the Alex Trebek Leadership Award at the University of Ottawa, an annual $10,000 award to a summa cum laude graduate who has also demonstrated community leadership. By October 2020, Trebek's contributions to the University of Ottawa totalled around $10 million. In March 2020, Trebek donated $100,000 to Hope of the Valley Rescue Mission, a homeless shelter in Los Angeles. Trebek owned his own wardrobe, consisting of dozens of outfits and hundreds of neckties. In February 2021, <mask>'s son Matthew donated the wardrobe to The Doe Fund, in keeping with a statement Trebek had made on his last day of taping.Awards and honours

In 1997, <mask> was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of the university (D.Univ) from the University of Ottawa. In addition to awards for Jeopardy!, <mask> received a great deal of recognition. He received a star on Canada's Walk of Fame in Toronto. He was awarded eight Outstanding Game Show Host Emmy Awards (1989, 1990, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2019, 2020, and 2021) and a star on the Hollywood Walk


title: Alex Trebek

texts: of Fame (located at 6501 Hollywood Boulevard, near those for Ann-Margret and Vincent Price). On November 4, 2010, <mask> received the Royal Canadian Geographical Society's gold medal for his contribution to geographic education and the popular study of geography. Previous recipients of this award include the author and anthropologist Wade Davis (2009), Peter Gzowski (1997), and Mary May Simon (1998). In 2016, <mask> was named the Honorary President of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society; in that capacity, he was present at the opening of the RCGS's new headquarters in 2018.In 2011, it was announced that <mask> would be one of the recipients of the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Daytime Emmy Awards. That same year <mask> received an Honorary Doctorate from Fordham University. Since June 13, 2014, <mask> has held a Guinness World Record for "the most gameshow episodes hosted by the same presenter (same program)" for having hosted 6,829 episodes of Jeopardy!, overtaking previous record holder Bob Barker. On May 4, 2015, <mask>'s alma mater, the University of Ottawa, named its alumni hall in his honour, as a benefactor to the university. In May 2016, <mask> was given the Key to the City by the City of Ottawa. On June 30, 2017, he was named an Officer of the Order of Canada by


title: Alex Trebek

texts: then-Governor General David Johnston for "his iconic achievements in television and for his promotion of learning, notably as a champion for geographical literacy." On June 28, 2019, the Daughters of the American Revolution awarded the 2019 Americanism Award to Trebek.In December 2019, <mask> was named the winner of the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television's Icon Award for the 8th Canadian Screen Awards in 2020. Although the ceremony was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, the award was presented to <mask> in a recorded acceptance speech, which the Academy released to social media platforms in January 2021 to coincide with the broadcast of <mask>'s last episode of Jeopardy! In July 2021, the Royal Canadian Geographical Society and the National Geographical Society announced a grant program named The Trebek Initiative whose goal is to promote emerging Canadian explorers, scientists, educators and photographers. In August, artist Kevin Ledo created a mural memorializing Trebek on the outer wall of Sudbury Secondary School, where Trebek had attended high school, as part of the Up Here Festival. On August 19, 2021, prior to the start of Jeopardy! season 38 taping, Sony Pictures Studios sound stage Studio 10 was officially renamed as "The <mask> Trebek stage". Television and

masks: Trebek Trebek Trebek Alex


title: Alex Trebek

texts:
 host of Jeopardy! 1996: The X-Files – as a Man in Black who Agent Mulder thought looked "incredibly" like himself (episode: "Jose Chung's From Outer Space")
 1996: Seinfeld – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 8.9 – "The Abstinence")
 1996: The Magic School Bus – Announcer (voice) (episode 2.6 – "Shows and Tells")
 1996: Ellen's Energy Adventure – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 1997: Ned and Stacey – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!1997: The Simpsons – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! in "Miracle on Evergreen Terrace" (Voice)
 1998: Baywatch – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 9.8 – "Swept Away")
 1998: The Weird Al Show – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (voice)
 1998: Mafia! – himself, riding on a parade float
 2000: Finding Forrester – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 2000: Charlie's Angels – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 2000: Saturday Night Live – himself
 2000: Arthur – as <mask>, the host of Riddle Quest
 2000: Pepper Ann – as himself (2 episodes)
 2002: Saturday Night Live – himself
 2006: Family Guy – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!in "I Take Thee Quagmire" (voice)
 2007: The Bucket List – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (voice)
 2010: How I Met Your Mother – himself in "False Positive"
 2012: The Simpsons – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! in


title: Alex Trebek

texts:
 "Penny-Wiseguys" (Voice)
 2013: How I Met Your Mother – himself in "P.S. I Love You"
 2013: Delta Air Lines – as himself, answering a Jeopardy-like question in the final segment of Delta's Holiday-themed safety video. 2014: Hot in Cleveland – as himself and Park Ranger <mask>
 2014: Delta Air Lines – as himself, seen raising hand after being asked if the passengers have any questions toward the end of a Delta safety video. 2014: The Colbert Report (series finale) – as himself, "the man who knows all the answers", in Santa's sleigh. 2015: The Amazing Race Canada 3 – as himself/Greater Sudbury, Ontario Pit-Stop
 2018: Orange Is the New Black – as himself
 2018: RuPaul's Drag Race – as himself
 2020: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver  – as himself
 2020: 2020 NHL Entry Draft  – as himself
 2020: Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?- as himself, the host of Jeopardy! in "Total Jeopardy" (voice) (posthumous release)
 2021: Free Guy – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (final film role)

References

External links

1940 births
2020 deaths
American game show hosts
American horse racing announcers
American male voice actors
American memoirists
American people of French-Canadian descent
American people of Ukrainian descent
American racehorse owners and breeders
American television sports


title: Susan McSween

texts:
<mask> (December 30, 1845 – January 3, 1931) was a prominent cattlewoman of the 19th century, once called the "Cattle Queen of New Mexico", and the widow of <mask>, a leading factor in the Lincoln County War, who was shot and killed by members of the Murphy-Dolan faction. Early life, Lincoln County War

Born <mask> in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania from a German Baptist (Dunkard) background, she left home at an early age after her mother had died and her father remarried. She married <mask> on August 23, 1873 in Atchison, Kansas and they settled in Eureka, Kansas. In 1875, the couple moved to Lincoln, New Mexico, where her husband had accepted a job with the company of Lawrence Murphy. Working alongside James Dolan, McSween soon lost his desire to work for the company, and had by that time become friends with John Tunstall, a wealthy English rancher. Through Tunstall, the couple met John Chisum, and by 1877 the three men had established a rival business to the Murphy-Dolan businesses who had completely monopolized  every business transaction in Lincoln. The Murphy-Dolan faction was backed by the infamous Santa Fe Ring.Problems between the two factions began there, and on February 18, 1878, outlaw Jesse Evans and members of his gang working with "the boys" from the rival faction of James Dolan also known as The Santa Fe Ring, shot and killed Tunstall, which sparked the Lincoln County War. By that time, Tunstall and McSween had hired gunmen to counter those hired by Murphy-Dolan. While the latter had hired outlaw gangs like the Seven Rivers Warriors, John Kinney Gang, and the Jesse Evans Gang, Tunstall hired individuals, to include Billy the Kid, Chavez y Chavez, Dick Brewer, Charlie Bowdre, Doc Scurlock and others. The two

masks:
Susan McSween
Alexander McSween
Susan Hummer
Alexander McSween


title: Susan McSween

texts:
 factions clashed over Tunstall's death, with numerous people being killed by both sides culminating in the Battle of Lincoln, in which <mask>en was present. Her husband was killed at the end of that battle, despite his being unarmed and attempting to surrender. <mask>en hired attorney Huston Chapman to pursue charges against those responsible for her husband's death and had him assist in negotiating with Governor Lew Wallace on amnesty for the Lincoln County Regulators who had defended her husband and sought vengeance for Tunstall's death. Colonel Nathan Dudley was one of her main targets, and he did stand trial, but was acquitted.Lawrence Murphy had died before the end of 1878, and James Dolan was charged in Tunstall's murder, but acquitted, and could never be linked directly to Alex McSween's murder. Jesse Evans killed Chapman, then fled the territory, after which eventually the whole matter simply went away. After the range war
<mask> struggled in the aftermath of the Lincoln County War to make ends meet in New Mexico Territory. She sought and received help from John Tunstall's family in England. She served as executor of John's estate and that of her husband, managing to free herself of their accrued debts by liquidating the estate assets. In 1880 she married George Barber a young law clerk and later attorney who aided in her recovery. Barber's work as a surveyor for John Chisum resulted in Chisum gifting 40 head of cattle to <mask> worth about $400 to start her into the cattle business.Later the couple divorced. <mask> took over 1,158 acres of land on the West side of the Mescalero Apache Indian Reservation in the years after the Lincoln County War ended. By 1890 <mask> ran at least 5,000 head of cattle on her

masks:
Susan McSwe
Susan McSwe
Susan
Susan
Susan
Susan


title: Susan McSween

texts:
 time a declining boomtown.Over time she went through the money she had accrued making frequent trips to El Paso to divest herself of the lavish jewelry she had acquired in order to support herself. She died from pneumonia, an impoverished woman in White Oaks, on January 3, 1931, aged 85, and is buried there in the Cedarvale Cemetery. She was supported in later life by her nephew Edgar Shields. He sent her monthly checks and paid her funeral expenses. Ultimately she left New Mexico as she had entered it, penniless after having cut a wide swath. In popular culture and media
 She is portrayed by Sharon Thomas in the 1988 movie Young Guns. The epilogue states that following the death of her husband she became a prominent cattlewoman; however she was not depicted in the film's sequel.She is portrayed by Lynda Day George in the 1970 John Wayne film, Chisum. In the Shadow of Billy the Kid: <mask>en and the Lincoln County War (2013) by Kathleen P. Chamberlain, a professor of history at Eastern Michigan University. Violence in Lincoln County 1869-1881, William A. Kelleher, University of New Mexico Press 1957
 McSween is mentioned in the 2019 semi-biographical novel of John Chisum's life, by Russ Brown, titled Miss Chisum. References

Bibliography

External links
<mask> McSween
Angelfire.com: The McSween's
Whiteoaksnewmexico.com: White Oaks, New Mexico — ghost town history. Nmia.com: Friends of Billy the Kid
Desertusa.com: Billy the Kid country

Ranchers from New Mexico
People of the New Mexico Territory
1845 births
1931 deaths
Lincoln County Wars
American women in business
Businesspeople from New Mexico
People from Lincoln County, New Mexico
People from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
People of the American Old West
American

masks:
Susan McSwe
Susan Hummer


title: Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia

texts: <mask> or <mask> (, Стјепан/Стефан Томашевић; died on 25 May 1463) was the last sovereign from the Bosnian Kotromanić dynasty, reigning as Despot of Serbia briefly in 1459 and as King of Bosnia from 1461 until 1463. <mask>'s father, King Thomas, had great ambitions for him. An attempt to expand into Croatia by marrying <mask> to a wealthy noblewoman failed, and negotiations for a marital alliance with the Sforzas of Milan were abandoned when a more prestigious opportunity presented itself: marriage to the heiress Maria of Serbia. Celebrated in April 1459, it made <mask> the ruler of the remnants of the neighbouring country. The intent was to unite the Kingdom of Bosnia and the Serbian Despotate under <mask> to combat the expanding Ottoman Empire. <mask>'s Catholicism made him unpopular in Orthodox Serbia. After ruling it for merely two months, he surrendered it to the encroaching Ottoman forces and fled back to his father's court, which earned him the contempt of the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus and other Christian rulers in Europe.<mask> succeeded his father on the throne following the latter's death in July 1461 and became the first Bosnian king to receive a crown from the Holy See. The kingdom's existence, however, was increasingly threatened by the Ottomans. King <mask> had the unanimous support of his noblemen in resistance to the Ottomans, but not of the common people. He maintained an active correspondence with Pope Pius II, who forgave him for the loss of Serbia and worked with him to preserve Bosnia for Christendom. The Hungarian king was placated, but all Western monarchs contacted by <mask> refused to assist him. Confident that at least Matthias would come to his aid, <mask> refused to deliver the customary tribute to the Ottoman sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, which provoked an invasion. In May 1463, Mehmed marched into Bosnia, meeting little

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Stephen II
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title: Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia

texts:
 effective resistance, and captured <mask>, who was then beheaded.The execution marks the fall of the Kingdom of Bosnia to the Ottoman Empire. Family
<mask> was born into the House of Kotromanić as one of the two known sons of the Bosnian prince Thomas by a commoner named Vojača. The other son died as an adolescent. <mask>'s father was an adulterine son of King Ostoja and a younger brother of Radivoj, who contested the rule of their cousin King Tvrtko II. Thomas was politically inactive and did not take part in the struggle between his brother and cousin, enabling his family to lead a quiet life in a period when the Ottomans tried to weaken the Kingdom of Bosnia by encouraging internal divisions. This all changed when the ailing and childless King Tvrtko II decreed that Thomas should succeed him. The King died shortly after, in November 1443, and <mask>'s father ascended the throne.King Thomas, raised as a member of the Bosnian Church, converted to Roman Catholicism in c. 1445; <mask> later stated that he had been baptized into the Roman Catholic Church as a child, and that he had been taught Latin letters. At about that time, likely in order to allow for a peaceful solution to his protracted war with the magnate Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, King Thomas requested from Pope Eugene IV an annulment of his union with <mask>'s mother. Open warfare ended in 1446 with the marriage of <mask>'s father to Kosača's daughter Catherine, by whom <mask> had a half-brother named Sigismund and a half-sister named Catherine. Marriage

In the 1450s, King Thomas vigorously searched for suitable spouses for the children from his first union. <mask>'s two sisters were married off in 1451, and in 1453 <mask> too entered his father's considerations. Wishing to gain control over the allodial land of Petar Talovac, who had governed Croatia proper as ban on behalf of the Hungarian king,

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title: Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia

texts: Thomas attempted to have <mask> marry Talovac's widow, Hedwig Garai. Kosača too hastened to marry the wealthy widow, leading to an armed conflict, but neither prevailed due to an intervention by the Republic of Venice on behalf of Talovac's heirs.The earliest source mentioning <mask> by name dates from 30 April 1455, when Pope Callixtus III put the King of Bosnia and his son under his protection. King Thomas's ambitions for <mask> grew as he strived to establish closer relations with the Western world. In 1456, he asked the Pope to procure a bride for his son, specifying that she should be a princess from a royal house. Negotiations soon commenced about <mask>'s marriage to an illegitimate daughter of Francesco I Sforza, Duke of Milan, but <mask>'s father had greater expectations. When Lazar Branković, Despot of Serbia, died in 1458, an interregnum ensued. Having left three daughters and no sons, he had no clear heir, so the power was shared between his blinded brother <mask> and widow Helen Palaiologina. King Thomas took advantage of their weakness to recapture Eastern Bosnian towns he had lost to Serbia in 1445.Shortly afterwards, he entered peace negotiations with Lazar's widow, Helen Palaiologina. Abandoning the prospect of his son's marriage to a daughter of the Duke of Milan, Thomas came to an agreement with Helen: <mask> was to marry the eldest of her three daughters by Lazar, the  11-year-old Helen. The match was prestigious for <mask> not only because of the bride's descent from the Byzantine imperial family, but also because it brought the government of Serbia to the groom. The Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus agreed to <mask>'s engagement with Helen – it was in his interest to create a strong buffer zone between his realm and the Ottoman Empire by uniting the Kingdom of Bosnia and the Despotate of Serbia, which he considered Hungary's vassal states,

masks: Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen


title: Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia

texts:
 under <mask>. The Diet of Hungary confirmed <mask>'s right to Serbia in January 1459. Despotism

<mask>, accompanied by his uncle Radivoj, duly set out for Serbia but narrowly escaped imprisonment during an Ottoman raid on the Bosnian royal residence of Bobovac. He arrived to Smederevo, capital of the Eastern Orthodox despotate, during the Holy Week of 1459, and ascended the Serbian throne on 21 March.Michael Szilágyi, regent for the underage King Matthias, arrived at the head of an army to ensure that command over the town's fortress would be assumed by <mask> without any difficulties. <mask>'s marriage to Helen took place on 1 April, the first Sunday following Easter. Following the presumably Catholic ceremony, the bride was known as Maria. He assumed the title of despot, despite the fact that the title was neither hereditary nor tied to a specific territory, but a grant from the Byzantine emperor. It is possible that his mother-in-law, a member of Byzantium's last imperial family, believed that she had the right to grant the title in the absence of an emperor. Within a week of the wedding, <mask> exiled his wife's uncle from Serbia. King Thomas boasted to the Duke of Milan that his son had been made despot "with the agreement and will of all the Rascians", but <mask>'s regime was not particularly popular; chroniclers writing about his treatment of his wife's uncle cursed him as a schismatic.It was clear from the onset that <mask>'s reign in Serbia would be short-lived. The Ottoman sultan Mehmed the Conqueror considered <mask>'s enthronement an unwarranted violation of his own rights, for the Ottomans too considered Serbia their vassal state. Mehmed promptly launched an attack on Smederevo in June, and there was no serious consideration of trying to defend it. King Thomas rushed to his son's aid, trying to divert the Turks by laying siege to their fortress

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Stephen Tomašević
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title: Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia

texts:
 of Hodidjed, in the middle of Bosnia. Aware that Smederevo could not withstand Mehmed's attack, <mask> surrendered the fortress on 20 June. The Ottoman proceeded to annex the rest of the Serbian state to their empire within a year. Following the fall of the town which Pope Pius II lamentably termed "the gateway to Rascia", <mask> fled to Bosnia with his family and in-laws, seeking refuge at the court of his father.The King of Hungary accused <mask> and his family of selling Smederevo Fortress to the Ottomans "for a great weight of gold", and the Pope at first believed him. Pius's own investigation appears to have come to the conclusion that <mask> did not sell the fortress, as the Pope did not repeat the claim. Ottoman, Bosnian and Serbian sources say nothing about the supposed betrayal, so the allegation is unlikely to be based on fact. The Serbian-born janissary Konstantin Mihailović and the Byzantine Greek scholar Laonikos Chalkokondyles maintained <mask>'s innocence and pointed out to the strength of the Ottoman army. Both state that the Serbs within Smederevo were so unhappy with Bosnian rule and convinced that the Ottomans would prevail (and grant them more religious tolerance than the Hungarians) that they went out to meet Mehmed and presented him with keys to the city. Kingship

Accession and coronation

King Thomas died in July 1461. According to later accounts, Thomas's death was plotted by <mask> and Radivoj, and even Matthias and Mehmed were implicated.Historians dismiss these allegations, however, pointing out that the King had been ill since June. <mask> ascended the throne without difficulty. He ensured that his uncle would not contest the succession by generously endowing him with land. The new monarch assumed the pompous title inherited from Tvrtko I, the first Bosnian king, styling himself as, "by the Grace of God, King of Serbia, Bosnia,

masks: Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen


title: Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia

texts: the Maritime Lands, Zachlumia, Dalmatia, Croatia, and the Western lands" – regardless of the fact that Serbia had by then become an Ottoman pashaluk, that Croatia had been lost to Hungary in the 1390s, and that he had to beg the government of the Republic of Venice to allow him to take refuge in Dalmatia in case of an Ottoman attack. Immediately upon his accession, <mask> set out to resolve all disagreements within the royal family in order to strengthen his own position. His relations with his stepmother, the 37-year-old Queen Catherine, had been strained during his father's lifetime, but he now guaranteed that she would retain her title and privileges. Her father, Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, wrote to Venetian officials that the King had "taken her as his mother", Vojača having already died by the time he ascended the throne.Kosača was the kingdom's most powerful nobleman, and had been engaged in a never-ending conflict with <mask>'s father. <mask> took the Venetians' advice to make peace with his stepgrandfather, thus finally ensuring the nobility's absolute support of their king. He then focused on improving Bosnia's economy, which became stronger than ever during his reign, and ensuring that the state would collect more profit from the flourishing metalworking trade. Problems rose soon already in the summer of 1461, when Pavao Špirančić, who governed Croatia as ban on behalf of the Hungarian king and frequently clashed with King Thomas, seized a border town. By late summer, <mask> and Kosača were preparing to strike him jointly and divide his territory between themselves. Venice objected, fearing that the fortresses Klis and Ostrovica, paramount to the defense of Dalmatia, might fall to the Ottomans if first taken over by the Bosnians. King <mask> wasted no time to solidify his relations with the Holy See.He sent a desperate plea to Pope Pius, asking him to

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Stephen
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title: Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia

texts:
 send bishops, crusading weapons, and a coronation crown, as well as to be recommended to Matthias Corvinus. <mask> hoped that, with the Pope's urging, the Hungarian king would agree to provide him with military aid. On 17 November, the feast of Saint Gregory Thaumaturgus, who had been proclaimed "Defender of Bosnia" at royal request, the papal legate and newly appointed bishop Nicholas of Modruš crowned <mask> in the Church of Saint Mary in Jajce. It was the last coronation performed in Bosnia, as well as the only one performed with a crown sent from Rome. It exemplified how, with the religious persecution established by Thomas and with <mask>'s active correspondence with the papacy, the Kingdom of Bosnia acquired the character of a true Catholic state only at its very end. The belated attempt at sanctification of the Bosnian monarchy gravely offended the Hungarian king Matthias, who saw the Pope's involvement in the coronation as an infringement of the rights of Hungarian kings. Matthias went so far as to request that the Pope withdraw his support of <mask>.Pope Pius and Bishop John Vitéz mediated in the dispute between the kings of Bosnia and Hungary, but the negotiations did not proceed easily. The relations were finally repaired in the spring of 1462. Matthias was driven by the need to ransom the Crown of St <mask> from Emperor Frederick III, and <mask> was obliged to contribute. In return for the Hungarian king's good graces, <mask> was also required to cede certain towns, swear fealty and to refuse to pay tribute to the Ottomans. Ottoman invasion

By the spring of 1462, it was known that Mehmed had decided to conquer Bosnia. <mask> and Kosača desperately sought help from Christian rulers. The King maintained contact with the Pope, who had his legates stay permanently at the Bosnian royal court and who strived to concentrate as many soldiers and as much

masks: Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen Stephen


title: Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia

texts: weapons as possible in the threatened kingdom.The authorities of the neighbouring Republic of Ragusa were enlisted to secure the support of the Albanian ruler Skanderbeg, who was subsequently allowed by the Venetians to pass with his army through Venetian Albania on their way to Bosnia. Venice itself promised no assistance, suggesting instead that <mask> and Kosača should trust in their own forces. Others, such as King Ferdinand I of Naples, cited domestic issues and offered nothing more than moral support. While doing everything possible to secure foreign aid, King <mask> found that there was little will to resist within the country. He complained to Pope Pius that the local population leaned towards the Ottomans, which may have been due to increased exploitation and incessant warfare (as opposed to a stable Ottoman regime). The previously tacit discontent of forcefully converted elders of the Bosnian Church became prominent. According to a contemporary, <mask> generously bestowed gifts and honors in order to inspire loyalty, and awarded fortified towns to untrustworthy people, even including former "heretics".The greatest blow to the defense efforts, however, was the old conflict between Kosača and his son Vladislav Hercegović, which was resumed in the spring of 1462. Vladislav personally sought help from Mehmed later that year, and the Ottoman ruler eagerly accepted. Encouraged by Matthias's commitment to help and possibly by the Bishop of Modruš, <mask> made an imprudent and fatal decision in June 1462. Pope Pius wrote in his diary that, "relying on one knows what hope", the King "refused the tributes which his ancestors had long been used to pay the Ottomans and had stormed the town which the enemy had built at the confluence of Sava and Bosna to put fear into the Hungarians and Slavs." According to Chalkokondyles, <mask> invited the Ottoman ambassador to

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Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen Tomašević
Stephen


title: Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia

texts:
 his treasure house and showed him the money set aside as tribute, but informed him that he would rather use it to fight off an Ottoman attack or to live off it in exile. Mehmed the Conqueror was enraged by <mask>'s insubordinance and audacity. The Pope recounts how, hearing of the Sultan's vow to conquer his kingdom and destroy him, <mask> summoned the Bishop of Modruš and blamed him for infuriating the Sultan.He commanded Nicholas to go to Hungary and seek immediate action against the Ottomans, but no help ever arrived to Bosnia from Christendom. Matthias, Skenderbeg and the Ragusans all failed to carry out their promises. In the spring of 1463, Mehmed gathered an army of 150,000 men in Adrianople and prepared to march towards Bosnia. In his despair, <mask> turned to the Sultan himself and tried at the last moment to procure a 15-year-long truce with him. Konstantinović claimed that he was present when the Ottomans duped the Bosnian envoys into thinking that the King's request for truce was granted, and that he tried to warn them about the deceit. Mehmed's army set out right after the envoys. Fortresses fell rapidly, and King <mask> fled with his family and possessions from Bobovac to Jajce.The Ottoman army under the leadership of Mahmud Pasha Angelović laid siege to Bobovac on 19 May, with the Sultan joining them the following day. Angelović was tasked with capturing the King. Believing that Bobovac could withstand the siege for two years, <mask> planned to assemble an army in Jajce, still counting on foreign aid. He sent his wife with their possessions to Dalmatia, while his stepmother took the rest to Ragusa. Capture and death

Contrary to <mask>'s expectations, Bobovac fell within days. The King had already realized that he had no choice but to take refuge in the neighbouring Croatia or Dalmatia. Angelović tirelessly pursued him, and caught up with him

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Stephen
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Stephen
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Stephen Tomašević


title: Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia

texts:
 in Ključ.The Ottoman army was reportedly about to pass the city's fortress, not suspecting that the King was hiding within its walls, when a local man revealed his whereabouts in return for money. A four-day-long siege of the fortress ensued. Eager to capture him, Angelović had his messengers solemnly promise the King that he would be done no harm if he surrendered, and sent him a document guaranteeing him freedom. With food supplies and ammunition running short, <mask> decided to surrender himself and his garrison to Angelović. Angelović, in turn, brought him, his uncle Radivoj and 13-year-old cousin Tvrtko before Mehmed in Jajce. <mask> sought to ingratiate himself with Mehmed by sending out orders to commanders and castellans to surrender, enabling his captor to take command of more than 70 towns in one week. Mehmed, however, had no intention of sparing <mask>'s life and summoned him on 25 May.<mask> fearfully brought Angelović's document, but Mehmed's Persian-born mullah, Ali al-Bistami, issued a fatwah declaring that the Sultan was not bound to keep the promise made by his servant without his knowledge. As if to demonstrate the validity of his fatwah, the elderly mullah took out his sword and beheaded <mask> in front of Mehmed. The chronicler Benedetto Dei, who claimed to have been part of the Sultan's retinue, recorded that Mehmed himself decapitated <mask>. According to later accounts, Mehmed had <mask> flayed or used as a shooting target. The execution of the King, his uncle, cousin and two noblemen took place in a field next to Jajce, which has since been known as Carevo Polje ("the Emperor's Field"). Assessment and legacy
<mask> was buried on a hill near Jajce. Europe was stunned to see the Bosnian state fall almost completely within weeks of his death.The country's quick submission is said to be the consequence of a poor cooperation between <mask>

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Stephen
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title: Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia

texts:
 and his noblemen, but it is perhaps most accurate to attribute it to the people's low morale and general belief that the conquest was inevitable. Additionally, the religiously diverse Bosnians were aware, much like the neighbouring Serbians, that the country would be overrun by Hungary if not by the Ottomans, and that they would enjoy far less freedom of religion and far higher taxes in that case. Therefore, resistance was not as strong as it could have been. Pope Pius's claim that adherents of the Bosnian Church betrayed the kingdom is groundless. <mask>'s half-siblings were taken to Constantinople and converted to Islam. Queen Catherine, his stepmother, left for the Papal States and unsuccessfully campaigned for the restoration of the kingdom; Bosnia only ceased to be part of the Ottoman Empire in 1908, 445 years after <mask>'s death. His widow, Queen Maria, spent the rest of her life in the Empire.In 1888, the Croatian archeologist Ćiro Truhelka excavated bones in a settlement close to Jajce known as Kraljev Grob (meaning King's Tomb) and found the skeleton of a decapitated adult male. The head was placed on the chest, with two coins in the mouth. Though by no means certain, it was assumed that the skeleton belonged to <mask>. Despite objection from the friar Antun Knežević, who argued for leaving the bones where they had laid for centuries and constructing a small church at the site, the skeleton was placed in a glass coffin in the right aisle of the Franciscan monastery in Jajce. Family tree

References

Bibliography

Further reading

Bosnian monarchs
Despots of Serbia
15th-century monarchs in Europe
Year of birth missing
1463 deaths
Bosnia and Herzegovina Roman Catholics
Executed Bosnia and Herzegovina people
Kotromanić dynasty
Roman Catholic monarchs
Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime
Executed monarchs
15th-century Bosnian people
Dethroned

masks:
Stephen Tomašević
Stephen
Stephen Tomašević


title: Milton Caraglio

texts:
<mask> (born 1 December 1988) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a striker for Rosario Central on loan from Cruz Azul. Club career

Rosario Central

Caraglio started his football career at Rosario Central youth, being promoted to the first team in 2007. He made his professional on 17 March against San Lorenzo de Almagro in a 1–0 home defeat and scored his first goal against Huracán during the 2008 Apertura. In the following two seasons, the striker scored seven goals in 29 games. In July 2010, <mask> joined West Ham United on trial, making his debut on 28 July when he played for 64 minutes in a 2–0 win against MK Dons. However, he failed to pass the stringent medical that West Ham put him through and he returned to Argentina. New England Revolution

On 2 August 2011, Caraglio completed a move to Major League Soccer side New England Revolution as the team's first ever designated player.Per MLS Soccer Players Union documentation, <mask>'s 2011 base salary was $54,000, though, under Designated Player rules,
the Revolution's salary cap would be charged roughly $200,000 for their use of the spot. It is likely that the fees associated with his loan deal / transfer fee pushed his over-all compensation into qualification for Designated Player rule, which does allow for transfer fees to be built into a salary cap hit that can extend over several seasons. <mask> made his league debut on August 6, 2011, against Chivas USA in front of 11,523 fans at Gillette Stadium. The Revolution would lose 3-2, their 5th straight loss to Chivas, conceding a brace to Alejandro Moreno and an additional goal to Nick LaBrocca. The game is best remembered as the league debut of the Revolution's first homegrown player Diego Fagundez, who would additionally score his first MLS goal in the 86th

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title: Milton Caraglio

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 minute. <mask>'s first goal came as part of a brace at home against the New York Red Bulls on Saturday, August 20, 2011. <mask> scored his first goal in the 15th minute, breaking past three defenders and corralling his own shot past Bouna Coundoul.His second goal would come 22 minutes later, when he headed in a Kenny Mansally set piece in the 37th minute. Despite <mask>'s heroics the Revolution would concede 2 second half goals to Dane Richards and draw 2-2. <mask>'s final goal for the Revolution came on October 22, 2011 in the season finale at BMO Field against Toronto FC in front of 21,600 fans. Caraglio slid to connect with a Benny Feilhaber cross in the 46th minute, sending the ball past Miloš Kocić. Though the option on <mask>'s contract was not picked up at the end of the season, a The Boston Globe article reported that <mask>, as well as season stand-outs Rajko Lekić and Monsef Zerka, were all considering returning to the club with renegotiated contracts. Despite this statement, coming from coach Jay Heaps, Revolution fans would learn on six days later that Caraglio had signed a contract with Rangers. Rangers

After scoring three goals in 12 games with the New England Revolution, in December of the same year, he signed for Chilean Primera División club Rangers to play the 2012 Apertura Tournament.In Rangers the Argentine forward was the team's top scorer of the season, with 16 goals in 37 games. His success brought interest from Catania and Genoa in Italy, and also Racing in Argentina. Loan to Pescara

On January 22, 2013, <mask> moved to Italian Serie A side Pescara to play for former Pescara player Cristiano Bergodi. Caraglio would play under 3 managers at Pescara in his half season of service - Bergodi was soon sacked and replaced by Cristian Bucchi in March, and <mask>

masks: Caraglio Caraglio Caraglio Caraglio Caraglio Caraglio Caraglio Caraglio


title: Milton Caraglio

texts:
 would only make 3 appearances for the team, who finished in 20th place and were relegated to Serie B. In June 2013 <mask>'s loan would end, and Pasquale Marino would oversee the return of Caraglio to Rangers. Loans to Arsenal de Sarand, Vélez Sarsfield

The striker played the 2013–14 Argentine Primera División season on loan for Arsenal de Sarandí, helping the team reach the quarterfinals of the 2014 Copa Libertadores. For the 2014–15 Argentine Primera División season, he was loaned from a third-party to Vélez Sarsfield for 18 months, with an option to buy of US$1,2 million.He debuted and scored his first goal for the team in the first fixture 1–0 win against Tigre. <mask> scored the first two goals of the 2015 Argentine Primera División, in Vélez' 2–0 victory over Aldosivi. Move to Dorados de Sinaloa

On January 23, 2016, after several loan spells, and a year and five months left on his contract, <mask> left Rangers de Talca for Mexican Liga MX side Dorados de Sinaloa to play for Luis Fernando Suárez in the Liga MX Clausura. In the Toreno Clausura 2016 <mask> finished 12 in scoring in the league, with six goals for his new club, making a total of 14 appearances. Move to Tijuana

In July 2016, <mask> moved to Tijuana to play for Miguel Herrera. He would wear the No. 9 jersey.Caraglio scored 6 goals in 23 appearances for Tijuana, finishing atop the Liga MX table In the Torneo Apertura 2016 Caraglio scored 3 goals for his new club and 5 goals in the Torneo Clausura 2017. Atlas

<mask> moved to Atlas prior to the 2017 Apertura. He would once again play for José Guadalupe Cruz, who briefly managed him during his tenure at Sinaloa. On July 22, 2017 he made his league debut scoring the second of three goals against Club Leon Caraglio did not find the scoresheet again until September 29,

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title: Milton Caraglio

texts:
 when he scored both goals in a 2–0 win over Veracruz. <mask> managed to score another brace against low regarded CD Guadalajara bringing his goal tally to 7. <mask> would finish the 2017 Apertura season with 8 Goals. In his second season with Atlas <mask> scored a total of 8 goals in the season being the team's top scorer.Cruz Azul

In the summer of 2018 <mask> officially became a Cruz Azul player in Liga MX[9][10]. On July 21, 2018 <mask> made his League debut with Cruz Azul and made his first goal with the team via penalty shot in the 90th minute. He scored the 10,000 goals in stadium Azteca. Career statistics

International career
In May 2009, Caraglio was called by coach Diego Maradona for a national team formed exclusively with Argentine-based players, to play a friendly against Panama. However, a knee injury forced him to leave the squad, and Esteban Fuertes was chosen as his substitute in his stead. Honours
Cruz Azul
 Copa MX: Apertura 2018
 Supercopa MX: 2019
 Leagues Cup: 2019

References

External links
 <mask> at Vélez Sarsfield

 <mask> at ESPN Deportes

1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Rosario, Santa Fe
Argentine people of Italian descent
Argentine footballers
Argentine expatriate footballers
Association football forwards
Rosario Central footballers
Rangers de Talca footballers
New England Revolution players
Delfino Pescara 1936 players
Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield footballers
Dorados de Sinaloa footballers
Club Tijuana footballers
Atlas F.C. footballers
Cruz Azul footballers
Argentine Primera División players
Chilean Primera División players
Major League Soccer players
Designated Players (MLS)
Serie A players
Liga MX players
Expatriate footballers in Chile
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate

masks:
Milton
Milton Caraglio
Milton
Milton Caraglio
Milton
Milton Caraglio
Milton Caraglio


title: Wolfgang Borchert

texts:
<mask> (; 20 May 1921 – 20 November 1947) was a German author and playwright whose work was strongly influenced by his experience of dictatorship and his service in the Wehrmacht during the Second World War. His work is among the best-known examples of the Trümmerliteratur movement in post-World War II Germany. His most famous work is the drama Draußen vor der Tür (The Man Outside), which he wrote soon after the end of World War II. His works are uncompromising on the issues of humanity and humanism. He is one of the most popular authors of the German postwar period; his work continues to be studied in German schools. Life
<mask> was born in Hamburg, the only child of teacher <mask>, who also worked for the Dada magazine Die Rote Erde, and author <mask>, who worked for the Hamburg radio and was famous for her dialect poetry. <mask>'s family was liberal and progressive, and they moved in Hamburg's intellectual social circles.<mask> hated his compulsory time in the party's youth wing, the Hitler Youth, from which, after missing meetings, he was released. He rebelled against the Nazi dictatorship in his prewar-works (1938–1940). In April 1940 he was arrested by the Gestapo) and then released. The same year he reluctantly took up an apprenticeship at the Hamburg bookshop C. Boysen in the Große Bleichen. He would pass around anti-Nazi poems to his colleagues. While at the bookshop, <mask> took acting lessons, without, at first, telling his parents. He left the apprenticeship early in 1941.Upon passing his acting examination on 21 March 1941, he began working for the travelling repertory theatre company Landesbühne Ost-Hannover based in Lüneburg. His nascent theatrical career was cut short by his conscription into the Wehrmacht in June 1941. <mask> was posted to the Eastern Front, where he saw the full horror of the eastern conflict, witnessing the numerous casualties in battle and those sustained due to cold, starvation and inadequate equipment. On 23 February 1942, he returned from sentry duty on the

masks:
Wolfgang Borchert
Borchert
Fritz Borchert
Hertha Borchert
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title: Wolfgang Borchert

texts: Russian front missing the middle finger of his left hand. He claimed that he had surprised a Russian soldier, had engaged in hand-to-hand conflict, his rifle had gone off in the struggle and wounded him. His superior officer, accusing him of attempting to evade military service by self-mutilation, had him arrested and placed in isolation. At his trial, the military prosecutor called for the death penalty, but the court believed <mask>'s version, and he was pronounced not guilty.However, he was immediately re-arrested on charges under the Heimtückegesetz – making statements against the regime. He was convicted of making "statements endangering the country" and sentenced to serve a further six weeks of strict-regime detention, and was then sent back to the Eastern Front "to prove himself at the front". There he suffered frostbite and several further bouts of hepatitis, after which he was granted medical leave. On leave he again acted in a night club in the now bomb-ravaged city of Hamburg. He then returned to his barracks, and successfully applied to be transferred to an army theatre group. He was transferred to a transit camp in Koblenz, but in the dormitory on the evening of 30 November 1943 he retold parodies of the Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels. <mask> was denounced by one of the other soldiers in the dormitory, arrested, and on 21 August 1944 sentenced to nine months in prison.The sentence was deferred until the end of the War, so he was again returned to the army, this time mostly spending his time in his barracks in Jena, before being sent, in March 1945, to the area around Frankfurt-am-Main. His company surrendered to the French in March 1945. During their transportation to a prisoner of war camp, <mask> and others jumped off the lorry and escaped, and then he walked home to Hamburg (a distance of around 370 miles). He arrived there, totally exhausted, on 10 May, a week after Hamburg had surrendered to the British without putting up any resistance. Following the war, <mask>'s

masks: Borchert Borchert Borchert Borchert


title: Wolfgang Borchert

texts:
 condition continued to worsen. In 1946 one doctor told his mother he expected <mask> would not live longer than another year, but <mask> himself was never told of this prognosis. He resumed his work with the theatre, and continued writing.He wrote short prose and published a collection of poems Laterne, Nacht und Sterne (Lantern, Night and Stars) in December 1946. In December 1946 and/or January 1947 he wrote the play The Man Outside (Draußen vor der Tür). Even before its publication the play was performed on the radio on 13 February 1947, meeting with much acclaim. Later in 1947 <mask> entered a hepatic sanitorium in the Swiss city of Basel, where he continued with short stories and wrote his manifesto against war  (Then there is only one thing!) shortly before his death from liver failure. Poems
<mask> was keen on poetry from his mid-teens. Readers sensed in his poems the influence of famous poets, such as Shakespeare, Stefan George and Rainer Maria Rilke.Rilke was his role model, to the extent that he signed a work  "Wolff Maria Borchert" to express his respect for him. He was a follower of some poets and had seen them as his source of art fulfillment, for example, when he was to join the army, he wrote that he was hungry for art, listing Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Verlaine, Musset, Schiller and Hölderlin. Writing poetry was easier for <mask> than creating prose. His poem production rate was around five to 10 per day. His work was reviewed by his father, which fact <mask> considered as an endorsement. He was later well known for expressing himself in poems when he needed to, no matter what the outcome. <mask>'s writings indicate that he was less concerned with the quality of his work than he was fulfilled creating poems.This later came in when he joined the theater where he became an actor to better express himself. For instance, in one of his letters to Aline Bussmann he was not interested in hearing her opinion in what he wrote but rather he asked her whether the piece pleased her or not! <mask>'s

masks: Borchert Borchert Borchert Borchert Borchert Wolfgang Borchert Borchert


title: Wolfgang Borchert

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 work was distributed to whoever showed interest in them; later, this helped the Gestapo arrest him along with other reasons. Even though <mask>'s work was widely spread, he was not satisfied with his work and thought it was more of a self-expression need that he needed to let out:

“Aber ich bin seit einiger Zeit darüber, meine Gedichte für etwas Wichtiges anzusehen, das nicht verloren gehen dürfte. Wenn von den paar Tausend – so viele werden es ja allmählich sein- nur zwei – drei übrig bleiben die es wert sind, dann will ich zufrieden sein. Wenn ich aber dennoch immer welche schreibe, die oft garnichts taugen, dann nur, um sie loszuwerden – sonst nichts.”

Later when <mask> grew up, he purified his creation by destroying many poems that were irrelevant to that time period. In <mask>'s eyes, what was left of his poems were not of high quality.Therefore, what survived from his poems were mostly included in his letters to Aline Bussmann, Ruth Hager, Carl Albert Lange and Hugo Seiker. Those poems were not to be published, or at least that was the intention of Borchert. However, in 1960, his mother Hertha <mask> and the American Stanley Tschopp gathered around two hundred poems to be published but that did not happen until 1996, when Allein mit meinem Schatten und dem Mond (Alone with my shadow and the moon), a compiled selection of <mask>'s poems, was published. When it comes to putting <mask>'s poems under the critic's spotlight, only his later work that he endorsed publishing should be studied. This is due to the fact that his poems were mostly written for certain events or to a particular person, or occasional literature; his earlier poems were done when he was young. From one of his longer poems:

Laterne, Nacht und Sterne:

Ich möchte Leuchtturm sein

In Nacht und Wind-

für Dorsch und Stint-

für jedes Boot-

und bin doch selbst

ein Schiff in Not! Which translates to:

Lantern, Night and Stars:

I would like to be a lighthouse

at night and wind –

for codfish and smelt –

for any boat –

and am

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Wolfgang
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Wolfgang Borchert
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title: Wolfgang Borchert

texts:
 myself

A ship in need!Style and influence
<mask>’s style was not limited to his poems, but rather it was his short stories that made his style more vivid. The experience he had been through during war was a key factor in the way he expressed himself; his work reflects the trauma he went through. The preoccupations of war and post war in <mask>’s writings are the pictures he had in mind of the front from the war, the life of a prisoner during the war, the return of a soldier to a destroyed Germany and the hope for the future after devastating war. From there his writings entail abrupt and fragmented pictures. Most of what he creates is not memorable-character based, meaning, he describes people and things without the labels placed by the society or the nation. For example, he mentions men, soldiers, or widows instead of giving up characters like himself, his parents or anyone else. People felt the pain in his writing even with this anonymity and that points out a humanitarian success he achieved; reaching the people’s hearts with simplicity.The basic language he used contributed to delivering the desired message of suffering the people, and he, experienced during the war time. His play Draußen vor der Tür, which was “a tragedy of a returning soldier”, had a hopelessly nihilistic theme. There was emphasis on how nothing was worth living for and everything was destroyed; the smell of guilt is spread everywhere, and the largest share of guilt is the God's guilt. There was no tolerance or acceptance to fate. This describes what <mask> felt inside and how he wanted to touch the audience's feelings. He aimed to bring up disjointed events and present them as a shattered mirror and let the audience enjoy feeling it instead of watching it. The normal style of narrating a story does not exist in <mask>'s writings due to the intensity of experience he had to go through.Instead, the reader finds <mask>'s stories divided into sections of despair, guilt, solitariness and a lack of faith and willingness. That was

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title: Wolfgang Borchert

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 caused by the distracted mind, the shaken soul, and the disordered emotions initiated by the war experience. <mask>'s work was not famous during his early days, although there were many people who liked his poems and prose works. The war gave <mask>'s writings an everlasting impression; it was characterized as one of the best war-literature. He employed the styles of Rainer Maria Rilke and Holderlin into his poems and short stories. Rilke tends to use metaphors, metonymy and contradictions which affected <mask> in that he utilized many metaphors in his writings such as <mask>'s short story “The Kitchen Clock”. In the story, he used the clock as a metaphor that reminds him of his mother and his lost family.It has a great resemblance to trauma-literature. Then, comes Hölderlin's role in inspiring <mask> where Hölderlin was known for using symbols in his writings instead of labeling people and places with their known tags. And, again in “The Kitchen Clock”, Borchert uses symbols in describing characters, for example, describing the returning soldier in “The Kitchen Clock” he says:

“… He looked at his clock and shook his head pensively. No, dear sir, no, you are wrong about that. It has nothing to do with the bombs. You should not keep talking about the bombs. No.At 2:30. At night I mean. Nearly always at 2:30. That is just it…”

The character is missing here but the message he wanted to send is clear and deliverable because there are many people who had their different “Clock” after World War II and can relate to his situation. <mask> was a heavy reader and he read the product of other poets from other countries. <mask> was influenced by an American civil-war poet Walt Whitman. For example, the “Laterne, Nacht und Sterne“ written by <mask> is very similar to Whitman's “youth, old age, and night”.They share the same images of insomnia with darkness that are mixed with cold, hunger and the long time outside standings Later in <mask>'s life, his work extended beyond the national borders as it was

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 translated to other languages, especially English. The most famous work of <mask> was The Man Outside, a play that was first performed in 1947 only one day after his death. The Man Outside has the same tone as the Kitchen Clock so that it describes the return of a man who was in war prisons to his home. This play was first translated to English in 1952 by David Porter whose translation reduced the quality of this artistic piece. Then, Thomas Fisher, an English producer, retranslated the play and produced it to be played in London in 1998 at the Gate Theater. The translation of <mask>'s work opened up the opportunity for foreigners to further study the trauma literature which is greatly presented in his poems and short stories. In 1988, a group of people who were keen on <mask> work initiated the International Wolfgang-Borchert Society.The mission of the society is to promote studying <mask>'s writings to the international level. Selected bibliography
 Die drei dunklen Könige (The three dark kings, 1946)
 An diesem Dienstag (On this Tuesday, 1946)
Die Hundeblume (The dandelion, 1946)
 Das Brot (The Bread, 1946)
 Draußen vor der Tür (The Man Outside, 1946)
  (The rats do sleep at night, 1947)
  (The cherries, 1947)
  (Then there's only one thing!, 1947)
 Die lange lange Strasse lang (Along the Long, Long Road, 1947)

See also

<mask> Theater

References

Sources
Wolf, Rudolf. 1984. <mask>. Werk und Wirkung. Bouvier Verlag. Bonn.Gumtau, Helmut. 1969. <mask>. Colloquium Verlag. Berlin. Rühmkopf, Peter. 1961.<mask>. Rowohlt. Reinbeck bei Hamburg. External links

 International Wolfgang Borchert Society
 English translations of some of <mask>'s stories

1921 births
1947 deaths
Writers from Hamburg
German Army personnel of World War II
German resistance members
Trümmerliteratur
Deaths from hepatitis
20th-century German poets
20th-century German dramatists and playwrights
German male poets
German male dramatists and playwrights
German-language poets
20th-century German male writers
Burials at the Ohlsdorf

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Wolfgang Borchert
Borchert
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