title: Niven Busch

texts:
 writing of novels. There he would meet his fourth wife Carmencita Baker and fifth wife Suzanne de Sanz.Before <mask>'s final novel The Titan Game he had become one of San Francisco's leading literary lights and a Regent's Professor at the University of California. California Street is about the San Francisco newspaper publishing business, with the title taken from California Street in the city. <mask> appears in the film The Unbearable Lightness of Being, playing the role of "Old Man" in the scene in which Sabina (Lena Olin) receives the letter informing her of Tómas and Tereza's deaths. <mask> was 84 at the time of the filming. <mask> died from congestive heart failure in 1991 at the age of eighty-eight. Novels
 The Carrington Incident (1941)
 Duel in the Sun (1944)
 They Dream of Home (1944)
 Day of the Conquerors (1946)
 The Furies (1948)
 The Capture (1950)
 The Hate Merchant (1953)
 The Actor (1955)
 California Street: A Novel (1959)
 The San Franciscans (1962)
 The Gentleman From California (1965) (fictionalized Richard Nixon)
 The Takeover (1973)
 No Place for a Hero (1980) (historical work about John C. Fremont in California)
 Continent's Edge (1980)
 The Titan Game (1989) (final novel)

Stories
 "College Coach (1933)
 "Cut Rate" (1934)
 "We the O'Learys" (1936)
 "Belle Star" (1941)
 "Distant Drums" (1951)
 "The Man from the Alamo" (1953)

Filmography
As screenwriter unless otherwise

masks: Busch Busch Busch Busch


title: Sanju Bansal

type: original

texts:
<mask><mask> is an Indian-born American businessman, the co-founder of MicroStrategy, a worldwide provider of enterprise software platforms for business intelligence (BI), mobile software, big data and cloud-based services. He served as the company's vice chairman of the board of directors and executive vice president till November 14, 2013. From 1993-2012, he served as chief operating officer of MicroStrategy. <mask> serves or has served as a member of the board of directors of CSRA, a technology services provider to the US government, Cvent, a cloud-based event management software provider, and The Advisory Board Company, a technology research services company. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Patiala, India and emigrated with his parents to the United States when he was two years old. The family settled in the northern Virginia suburbs of Washington, DC. He attended Lake Braddock Secondary School in Burke, Virginia where he was a valedictorian.His father, Ved <mask>, came to the United States in 1959 with $1. His father's work ethic and emphasis on math and science in childhood has been cited as the foundation for his later education and career. <mask> received a Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from MIT and a Master of Science in computer science from The Johns Hopkins University. Career
Directly out of college, <mask> <mask> worked for the technology and management consulting firm, Booz Allen Hamilton. In 1989, with MIT classmates Michael J. Saylor and Thomas Spahr, <mask> co-founded MicroStrategy. <mask> helped build MicroStrategy with no venture capital, often working 80 to 100 hours per week to get the company off the ground. During this time, the company experienced rapid growth, increasing revenues by 100% every year between 1990 and 1996.In June 1998, MicroStrategy had its initial public offering and, on its first day of trading, the stock price doubled. By March 2000, the company had a market cap of approximately $24 billion, making Bansal and other company leaders billionaires on paper. Later that month, MicroStrategy announced that it would restate its financial results for the

masks:
Sanju K
. Bansal
Bansal
Bansal
Bansal
Bansal
Sanju
Bansal
Bansal
Bansal


title: Sanju Bansal

texts:
 preceding two years, which resulted in an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. In December 2000, Saylor, Bansal, and the company's former CFO settled with the SEC without admitting wrongdoing by each paying $350,000 in fines. The officers also paid a combined total of $10 million in disgorgement. Subsequently, the company's stock price plummeted, from a high of $333.00 in March to a low of $9.25 by December 2000. As chief operating officer, Bansal played a significant role in getting MicroStrategy back on its feet.He was instrumental in raising more than $175 million in the following 17 months to keep the company going and expanding business into China in 2002. The company employed more than 3,200 people worldwide and reported revenue of $594.61 million in 2012. As of 2013, the company has operations in 26 countries. In 2013, <mask> founded Hunch Analytics, which currently contains two portfolio companies: NavHealth, a healthcare data analytics firm, and Equate Analytics, a performance marketing firm. Board memberships
<mask> serves as a board member for the following companies:
 Perspecta (NYSE: PRSP), as a member of the board of directors since June 2019. Perspecta, a Fortune 1000 company with over $4B in revenue and 14,000 employees, serves the U.S. government by modernizing computer systems, protecting networks and assets, and improving government effectiveness and efficiency. EverQuote (NASDAQ: EVER), as a member of the board of directors since May 2014.EverQuote is an internet marketing firm focused on applying mathematics and technology to auto insurance carriers’ customer acquisition programs. Everquote completed its IPO in June 2018. Cvent (Formerly NYSE:CVENT), as non-operating co-creator and member of the Cvent Board of Directors since 1999. Providing the seed capital for the event-management software company, Bansal is credited with helping Cvent navigate the burst of the dot-com bubble and, more recently, pushing the firm to expand into mobile and social applications. On August 9, 2013, Cvent had its initial public offering with a price of $21, and Bansal owned approximately 3.3

masks: Bansal Bansal


title: Sanju Bansal

texts:
 million shares, or 7% of the company. On April 18, 2016, Cvent announced that the company was acquired by Vista Equity Partners for $1.65 billion. Clarabridge, as a member of the board of directors since March 2010.Clarabridge utilizes speech-to-text and text analytics technologies to report on customer experience data. Vestmark, as a member of the board since January 2016. Vestmark offers a technology platform to enable broker-dealers, investment managers, RIAs, bank trusts, and other financial firms to deliver wealth management and advisory solutions. Verato, as a member of the board of directors since January 2016. Verato is a SaaS-based platform that cleans, updates, and links customer records within and across systems. CareJourney, as co-founder and executive chairman. CareJourney supports payer, provider, and life sciences organizations across the US by wringing insights out of claims data.CareJourney advises on network design and management, patient risk segmentation, spend and utilization trends, and provider, practice, and facility (acute and post-acute) performance. AIS, as a member of the board of directors since September 2020. AIS is a technology firm that helps organizations migrate to the Microsoft Azure cloud and modernize their applications. Previous Boards
 MicroStrategy, as vice-chairman of the board of directors. <mask> served on the MicroStrategy board from September 1997 to November 2013. CSRA (NYSE:CSRA) , as a member of the board of directors from 2016-2018. On February 12, 2018, General Dynamics announced it was buying CSRA for $9.6 billion.The Advisory Board Company (NASDAQ:ABCO), as a member of the board of directors from November 2009 to 2018. In 2018, The Advisory Board Co. was acquired by UnitedHealth Group and Vista (a private equity firm) in a $2.6 billion deal that split the consulting group's healthcare business from its education arm. Philanthropy
In 1999, <mask> established the Sanju K. Bansal Foundation. The foundation tagline is "helping people help themselves through improved access to information." The foundation is known for its financial sponsorship of WAMU 88.5, American


title: Sanju Bansal

texts:
 University Radio. WAMU 88.5 is the leading public radio station for NPR news and information in the greater Washington, D.C. area. In 2020, <mask> became a trustee of the NPR Foundation.The Bansal Foundation contributes to organizations including XPrize, the Washington Humane Society, the Network for Teaching Entrepreneurship (NFTE),  Upakar Indian-American Scholarship Foundation, the Kailash Goyal Foundation, The Global India Fund, and Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts. In 2020, he was also appointed chairman of the advisory board of Virginia Tech’s Innovation Campus. The Innovation Campus will be the school's $1 billion computer science-focused graduate campus, located in Alexandria, Virginia. In 2016, <mask> joined the XPrize Foundation Innovation Board. Since 1994, the XPRIZE Foundation has designed and operated 17 competitions in the domain areas of Space, Oceans, Learning, Health, Energy, Environment, Transportation, Safety and Robotics. In May 2010, the Kailash Goyal Foundation, with aid from the Bansal Foundation, opened the JK Shanti Charitable Clinic, a free clinic to support the medical needs of the villagers and laborers near the Indian town of Panchkula. The clinic treats approximately 20,000 people a year.<mask> served on the Board of Directors for Wolf Trap Foundation for the Performing Arts from 2000 to 2006. Located near Vienna, Virginia, Wolf Trap is the only National Park dedicated to the performing arts. Recognition and awards
In 2013, <mask> received the Washington Business Journal Outstanding Directors award for his work with Cvent. In 2009, 2011, and 2013, <mask> was named one of The Washingtonian 100 Top Tech Titans, a list honoring the top 100 leaders of Washington DC's tech world. In 2009, he was named one of The Washingtonian "Style Setters". References

American technology chief executives
Living people
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
People from Patiala
People from Burke, Virginia
Businesspeople from Virginia
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
Year of birth missing (living people)
Indian emigrants to the

masks: Bansal Bansal Bansal Bansal Bansal


title: Nina Ananiashvili

texts:
<mask> (born: <mask>, ; born March 19, 1963) is a Georgian ballerina and artistic director of the State Ballet of Georgia. She has been described by the Daily Telegraph as one of the twelve greatest ballerinas of all time, and in 2002 was named Best Ballerina of the Year by the US Dance Magazine. Ananiashvili has been a prominent fixture of the Soviet, Russian and Georgian ballet scene for decades. Shortly before the fall of the Iron Curtain, in 1987 a New York Magazine critic praised her as "the best thing about the Bolshoi's Giselle whether she appeared in the title role or as the queen of the wilis." In 2014, a film of her 1991 performance in Giselle with the Bolshoi ballet was released. Early life and training

<mask> was born in Tbilisi, Georgian SSR. Her father, Gedevan, and two older brothers, George and Levan, were all geologists; her mother, Lia Gogolashvili, a philologist.She was a sickly child and at the age of 4, her parents started her ice skating in an effort to improve her health. At 10, she became champion in her age group in Georgia. A dance teacher saw how she moved on the ice – in particular her balance and how she used her arms – and had her perform The Dying Swan on skates. Then the teacher took <mask> to a theatre and showed her the feathered costume she could wear if she performed it on stage, just like Maya Plisetskaya, the Bolshoi prima ballerina. In 1969, <mask> entered the Georgia State Choreographic Institute. Tamara Vykhodtseva was her first teacher there. The great Vakhtang Chabukiani also took little <mask> under his wing.Her progress was so impressive that it drew the attention of teachers from the Moscow Choreographic Institute, who convinced her parents to allow <mask> to continue her studies there. In 1976, she entered the Moscow Choreographic Institute where her main teacher

masks:
Nina Ananiashvili
Nino Ananiashvili
Nina Ananiashvili
Nina
Ananiashvili
Nina
Nina


title: Nina Ananiashvili

texts:
 was Natalia Zolotova. In 1980, she made her stage debut in a school production of Coppélia. She graduated and entered the Bolshoi Theater in 1981. Ballet career

At the Bolshoi Theatre, <mask> was taught by two of the greatest teachers in the Soviet Union, Raisa Struchkova and Marina Semenova. In 1982, although still a corps member, she danced her first principal role with the company, as Odette/Odile in Swan Lake, during a tour of Germany. That year, she made her first appearance with a foreign ballet company, the Alberta Ballet of Canada.In 1983 she was promoted to the rank of soloist and performed in her native Tbilisi as a professional for the first time. Eventually she rose to become a prima ballerina. She, along with Andris Liepa, was the first Soviet dancer to appear as a guest performer with the New York City Ballet in 1988 (she had danced in "Raymonda Variations", "Apollo" and "Symphony in C" there). In subsequent years, <mask> became an international ballet superstar. Ananiashvili also had the honor of being the first Soviet ballerina to perform with the Royal Danish Ballet, and it was considered a particular triumph that she danced in such pieces as La Sylphide and Napoli, by the Danish master August Bournonville, who is considered a national treasure by many. During her career she had performed in many ballet theaters in various countries (in most of the places she performed as a guest artist): Bulgaria, Denmark, Argentina, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Hungary Italy, Japan, Monaco, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. In 1986, after a long interval caused by a strain in international relations, the Bolshoi dancers were allowed to tour the West once again.<mask>'s London performance of Raymonda was greeted with delight by both the public and

masks:
Nina
Nina Ananiashvili
Ananiashvili


title: Nina Ananiashvili

texts:
 the critics. That year was a turning point in her career. She was permitted to accept guest performances outside the Soviet Union since 1986 due to the policies of Mikhail Gorbachev (see Perestroika and Glasnost). She performed well in several competitions: in 1980 she won the Gold Medal in the junior group of the 10th International Ballet Competition in Varna, Bulgaria; in 1981 she and Andris Liepa won Grand Prix in the junior group of the 4th International Ballet Competition in Moscow (Andris Liepa received the Gold Medal there). In 1985 she won the Gold Medal in the senior group at the 5th International Ballet Competition in Moscow; in 1986 she and Andris Liepa were awarded the Grand Prix at the 3rd USA International Ballet Competition in Jackson, Mississippi, United States. She became a principal dancer for the American Ballet Theatre in 1993, and in 1999 she joined the Houston Ballet with that same rank. She made her debut with the Boston Ballet in that company's Russian-American production of Swan Lake.Accomplished style and rare dramatic talent have made <mask> one of the mostly well known dancers of modern times. Pledging government support, the newly appointed Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili asked <mask> to rebuild the company in an effort to bolster national pride. She agreed and left Russia (and eventually the Bolshoi Ballet), to move back to Tbilisi. Since September 2004, she has been artistic director of the National Ballet Ensemble of Georgia. Attracting help from many former colleagues and adding extensively to the company's repertoire, <mask> has greatly revitalized the State Ballet. Since 2006, she has acted as a United Nations National Goodwill Ambassador for Millennium Development Goals. Personal life
<mask> was married, in 1988, to Grigol Vashadze, a Georgian diplomat.They have one

masks:
Nina Ananiashvili
Ananiashvili
Ananiashvili
Ananiashvili


title: Nina Ananiashvili

texts:
 daughter, Elene. On November 23, 2006 she became the Godmother of Nikoloz Saakashvili, younger son of the Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili, together with Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko who became the Godfather of the child. Awards
People's Artist of Georgia (1989)
Russian Independent National Award "Triumph" (the first time a dancer was honoured), 1991. National Shota Rustaveli Award, Georgia, 1993. People's Artist of Russia (17 March 1995) - for the great achievements in art
2000: "Woman of the Year" (International Biographical Institute)*Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 4th class (22 March 2001) - for outstanding contribution to the development of national music and theatre
"Dance Magazine" Award, 2002. "Ballet" Magazine Award Soul of the Dance (category Queen of the Dance), 2003. *Order of Honour (Georgia) (22 January 2003)
2003: "Medal of Honor" (Georgia's highest order).Presidential Order of Light (Georgia, 26 May 2010)

See also
List of Russian ballet dancers

Notes

External links

Her long biography and repertoire
<mask> in Giselle
<mask> in Don Quixote
The Ballerina Gallery – <mask>
Archival footage of <mask> and Principles of the Bolshoi Ballet performing Charms of Mannerism in 1999 at Jacob's Pillow
Archival footage of <mask> and the State Ballet of Georgia performing Thais Pas de Deux in 2010 at Jacob's Pillow

Prima ballerinas
Bolshoi Ballet principal dancers
Russian ballerinas
Ballerinas from Georgia (country)
1963 births
Living people
Female dancers from Tbilisi
American Ballet Theatre principal dancers
People's Artists of Georgia
People's Artists of Russia
Moscow State Academy of Choreography alumni
Soviet ballerinas
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class
Recipients of the Presidential Order of Excellence
20th-century ballet dancers
21st-century ballet

masks:
Nina
Nina
Nina Ananiashvili
Nina Ananiashvili
Nina Ananiashvili


title: Julia Hirschberg

texts:
<mask> is an American computer scientist noted for her research on computational linguistics and natural language processing. <mask> was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2017 for contributions to the use of prosody in text-to-speech and spoken dialogue systems, and to audio browsing and retrieval. She is currently the Percy K. and Vida L. W. Hudson Professor of Computer Science at Columbia University. Biography
<mask> received her first Ph.D degree in History (16th-century Mexico) from University of Michigan in 1976. She served on the History faculty of Smith College from 1974 to 1982. She subsequently shifted to Computer Science studies, receiving her M.S. in Computer and Information Science from University of Pennsylvania in 1982 and a Ph.D in Computer and Information Science from University of Pennsylvania in 1985.Upon graduation from University of Pennsylvania in 1985, <mask> joined AT&T Bell Labs as a Member of Technical staff in the Linguistics Research Department, where she worked on improving prosody assignment for Text-to-Speech Synthesis (TTS) in the Bell Labs TTS system. She was promoted to Department Head in 1994 when she created a new Human Computer Interface Research Lab. She and her department remained at Bell Labs until 1996 when they moved to AT&T Labs Research as part of a corporate reorganization. In 2002, she joined the Columbia University faculty as a Professor in the Department of Computer Science. She served as Chair of the Computer Science Department from 2012-2018. Research

Hirschberg's research has included prosody, discourse structure, spoken dialogue systems, speech search, and more recently analysis of deceptive speech. Hirschberg was among the first to combine Natural Language Processing  (NLP) approaches to discourse and dialogue with speech research.She pioneered techniques in text analysis for prosody assignment in Text-to-Speech synthesis at Bell laboratories in the 1980s and 1990s,  developing corpus-based statistical models based upon syntactic and discourse

masks:
Julia Hirschberg
Hirschberg
Julia Linn Bell Hirschberg
Hirschberg


title: Julia Hirschberg

texts: information which are in general use today in TTS systems. With Janet Pierrehumbert, she developed a theoretical model of intonational meaning. She was a leader in the development of the ToBI conventions for intonational description, which have been extended to numerous languages and which today are the most widely used standard for intonational annotation. <mask> has been a pioneer together with Gregory Ward in much experimental work on intonational sources of language meaning and how these interact with pragmatic phenomena, particularly on the meaning of accent (intonational prominent) items and the meaning of intonational contours. She also has innovated in numerous other areas involving prosody and meaning, including the role of grammatical function and surface position in pitch accent location,  the use of prosody in disambiguating cue phrases (discourse markers) with Diane Litman,  the role of prosody in disambiguation in English, Italian, and Spanish with Cinzia Avesani and Pilar Prieto,  and the automatic identification of speech recognition errors using prosodic information,  At AT&T Labs she worked with Fernando Pereira, Steve Whittaker, and others on speech search  and developing new interfaces for speech navigation. At Columbia, she and her students have continued and extended research on spoken dialogue systems (automatically detecting speech recognition errors  and inappropriate system queries,  modeling turn-taking behavior,  dialogue entrainment,  modeling and generating clarification dialogues); on the automatic classification of trust, charisma,  deception and emotion from speech; on speech summarization;  prosody translation, hedging behavior in text and speech,  text-to-speech synthesis, and speech search in low resource languages. She also holds several patents in TTS and in speech search.Corpora she and collaborators have collected include the Boston Directions Corpus, the Columbia SRI Colorado Deception Corpus, and the Columbia Games Corpus. She has served on numerous technical boards and editorial


title: Julia Hirschberg

texts:
 committees, and is now on the Computing Research Association's (CRA) Board of Directors and serves as co-chair of CRA-W. She is also noted for her leadership in broadening participation in computing. She has served as a member of the CRA Committee on the Status of Women in Computing Research CRA-W since 2010. Awards

<mask>'s notable awards include:

 Honorary Doctorate (eredoctoraat) from Tilburg University, Netherlands, 2018. American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2018. IEEE Fellow, 2017
National Academy of Engineering, 2017
ACM Fellow in 2015
 Elected member, American Philosophical Society, 2014. Honorary member, Association for Laboratory Phonology, 2014.Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) (Founding) Fellow, 2011.

International Speech Communication Association (ISCA) Medal for Scientific Achievement, 2011. IEEE James L. Flanagan Speech and Audio Processing Award, 2011. Honorary Doctorate (Hedersdoktorer), KTH (Royal Institute of Technology) Stockholm, Sweden, 2007. AAAI Fellow, 1994. Publications
 A social history of Puebla de Los Ángeles, 1531-60, 1976
 Empirical studies on the disambiguation of cue phrases, 1991
 Prosody and conversation, 1998

References

External links
 <mask>'s homepage
 Columbia Spoken Language Processing Group

American women computer scientists
Columbia University faculty
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Living people
University of Michigan alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Scientists at Bell Labs
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Speech processing researchers
Fellows of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Women linguists
People from Liberty, Missouri
Linguists from the United States
American computer scientists
Natural language processing researchers
Computer scientists
Computational linguistics researchers
American women academics
21st-century

masks:
Hirschberg
Julia Hirschberg


title: Ildefonsus

texts:
<mask> or Ildephonsus (rarely Ildephoses or Ildefonse; Spanish: San Ildefonso; c. 8 December 607 – 23 January 667) was a scholar and theologian who served as the metropolitan Bishop of Toledo for the last decade of his life. His Gothic name was Hildefuns. In the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church he is known as Dexius (ደቅስዮስ Daqsəyos) based on the Ge'ez translation of legends about his life. Although his writings were less influential outside of Hispania, Ildefonsus was canonised and remained a potent force in the Iberian Peninsula for centuries. Spanish missionaries, and to a lesser extent Portuguese ones, spread his ideas worldwide. Life
Ildefonsus was born to a prominent Visigothic family in Toledo during the reign of Witteric. Civil wars racked the Visigothic kingdom during most of Ildefonsus' life.His uncle Eugenius, who later became Toledo's bishop, began educating the devout youth. Ildefonsus began his religious career circa 632 when Bishop Eladius of Toledo ordained him as a deacon. However, Ildefonse defied his family's plans for his clerical career by becoming a monk at the Agali monastery outside the city. While he was still a simple monk, he founded and endowed a monastery of nuns. In 650 <mask> was elected its abbot of Agali. In that capacity, he attended two synods of the Iberian church, the 8th and 9th Councils of Toledo. When his uncle Bishop Eugenius II died in 657, <mask> was elected his successor as bishop of Toledo.King Recceswinth compelled him to accept the position, as Ildefonsus later complained to his protege and successor, Bishop Quiricus of Barcelona. Legends
At the end of the 8th century,

masks: Ildefonsus Ildefonsus Ildefonsus


title: Ildefonsus

texts:
 Cixila, Archbishop of Toledo, embellished the biography of his predecessor. He relates that Ildephonsus was praying one day before the relics of Saint Leocadia when the martyr arose from her tomb and thanked him for the devotion he showed towards the Mother of God. It was reported that on 18 December 665 he experienced a vision of the Blessed Virgin when she appeared to him in person and presented him with a priestly vestment, to reward him for his zeal in honouring her. As Bishop Ildefonsus and the congregation sang Marian hymns, light engulfed the church, causing most worshippers to flee. <mask>, remaining with a few deacons, saw Mary descend and sit on the episcopal throne. She praised Ildefonsus for his devotion, and vested him with a special chasuble from her son's treasury, which she instructed the bishop to wear only during Marian festivals.In part because of the vision, Rome later elevated Toledo's status to the metropolitan see of Carthaginiensis, with the most authority in the Iberian Peninsula. Death and legacy
Ildefonsus died after a decade in office and was buried at his (and the city's) basilica, Toledo's Church of Santa Leocadia. Another Council of Toledo decreed that henceforth 18 December would be celebrated as a Marian feast day, to commemorate his vision, although some sources claim that feast day was added to the calendar during the 10th Council (where Ildefonsus had served as a reporter), along with the Feast of the Annunciation on 25 March. Even during the Muslim occupation, when the basilica was converted into a mosque, the area where the vision occurred remained sacred and dedicated to the Virgin


title: Ildefonsus

texts:
 Mary. Pilgrims travelled to Toledo to see the stone where Mary stepped during Ildefonsus' vision. During later wars, Ildefonsus' remains were transferred Zamora, where they remain at the Church of Sts. Peter and Ildefonso.Quiricus, the dedicatee of <mask>' De perpetua virginitate, succeeded him as bishop. His later successor, Julian, included Ildefonsus among the biographies added in his own continuation to the De viris illustribus. Another successor, Cixila, wrote a hagiographical life of Ildefonsus. During the 13th century, the Dominican Rodrigo de Cerrato included Ildefonsus among his vignettes of illustrious men. Ildefonsus is considered a patron saint of Toledo, Zamora, and several smaller towns. His feast day is 23 January, the date of his death. In Olula del Río (Almería), festivities begin with a bonfire and fireworks the previous night, and continue with a traditional procession of the saint's image with bread being tossed onto onlookers.Iberian missionaries promoted San Ildefonso worldwide, including the San Ildefonso Peninsula and municipalities San Ildefonso, Bulacan, Patron Saint of Tanay, Rizal and San Ildefonso, Ilocos Sur in the Philippines, San Ildefonso Ixtahuacán in Guatemala, San Ildefonso, San Vicente in El Salavador and San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico. Theology and writings

Some consider Ildefonsus the source of common Spanish allusions to Mary as "the Virgin" rather than "Our Lady" per French or "the Lady" in Italian practice. Ildefonsus' most important work was his De perpetua virginitate Mariae contra tres infideles, which imitated an earlier work by Jerome, and became the center of Spanish


title: Ildefonsus

texts: biographies). Nonetheless, modern editors note his pastoral concern and emphasis on praedicatio (preaching).Ildefonsus' continuation became an important historical source concerning Toledo during the 6th and 7th centuries. Ildefonsus also prepared an anthology of Isidore's works, excluding the Epistula ad Leudefredum. In his De cognitione baptismi, Ildefonsus explained the biblical origins of the sacrament, as well as Hispanic baptismal practices and important prayers. The work relied on Augustine's narrative concerning the psalms, as well as Gregory the Great's moral teachings, and Isidore's Etymologies. With respect to the latter, Ildefonsus dared to disagree with Isidore concerning Masses for the dead who had not had their last rites. Julian of Toledo in his Prognosticum followed Ildefonsus in arguing that such could still be effective. Ildefonsus also wrote De progressu spiritualis deserti elaborating on the same themes, analogizing baptism as a personal equivalent to the Israelites crossing the Red Sea, and the beginning of a personal spiritual journey.Several of <mask>'s letters to Quiricus of Barcelona survive. Julian of Toledo in the Elogium Ildefonsi mentions two lost works by Ildefonsus: Liber Prosopopoeia Imbecillitatis Propriae and Opusculum de proprietate personarum Patris, et Filii et Spiritus Sancti. The former treatise (on his own imbecility) was probably a confessional monologue or dialogue, and Valerius of Bierzo may have used it as a model. The latter deals with monothelitism, a heresy of the time. His work Libellus de Corona Virginis has recently been translated by Robert Nixon and published as Crown


title: DJ Whoo Kid

texts:
Yves Mondesir (born October 12, 1975), better known by his stage name <mask>, is an American–Haitian Hip Hop DJ. He is currently signed to G-Unit Records and its subsidiary label, Shadyville Entertainment. He is the host of The Whoolywood Shuffle on Sirius/XM Radio Shade 45, and in March 2009. His productions often use a sound clip of shouting his DJ name, with an echo effect. He's had two albums chart on the Billboard 200, XXL Presents: Bad Season with Tech N9ne (#118 in 2011) and The Whoodlum Ball with Smith and Hay and Ranna Royce (#156 in 2018). Early life
DJ <mask> was born Yves Mondesir on October 12, 1975 in Brooklyn, New York and is of Haitian ancestry. He grew up in Queens Village, New York and has strong ties to Cap-Haïtien, Haiti.1"
2015: "Salute Me or Shoot Me 5"

Tinie Tempah
2010: Micro Mixtape
2011: Foreign Object

Spider Loc
2006: Bangadoshish (L.A. Kings)
2006: G-Unit Radio Part. 18 (Rags 2 Riches)
2008: Connected: Volume 3: It's The Network
2008: Connected: Volume 4
2009: Connected: Volume 5
2009: The Best of Spider Loc: Volume 1
2009: Reptible
2009: Connected: Volume 6

40 Glocc
2008: Outspoken 3 (hosted by <mask> & 50 Cent)
2008: I Am Legend
2009: Mo'Fro Presents...

G-Unit
G-Unit Radio
2003: Smokin' Day 2 (G-Unit Radio Part 1)
2003: International Ballers (G-Unit Radio Part 2)
2003: Takin' It to the Streets (Hosted by LeBron James) (G-Unit Radio Part 3)
2003: No Peace Talks! (G-Unit Radio Part 4)
2004: All Eyez on Us (G-Unit Radio Part

masks:
DJ Whoo Kid
Whoo Kid
DJ Strong


title: DJ Whoo Kid

texts:
 50
2008: Return of the Body Snatchers (This is 50 Volume 1)
Worldwide downloads: 1,000,000
2008: The Elephant in the Sand (This is 50 Volume 2)
Worldwide downloads: 1,500,000
2008: Sincerely Yours Southside(This is 50 Volume 3)
Worldwide downloads: 500,000
2008: Tony Yayo: S.O.D. (This is 50 Volume 4)
Worldwide downloads: 400,000

G-Unit Radio West
2005: LA American Wasteland (G-Unit Radio West Volume 1)

Jay Star
2010 "Rise of a Star" (Hosted by "Dj Whoo Kid")

Maino
2009: Unstoppable

Mobb Deep
2004: The New Mobb Deep (Hosted by DJ Whoo Kid & The Alchemist)
2000: H.N.I.C. The Mixtape Vol.1 (Whoo Kid & Prodigy Of Mobb Deep)

Mazaradi FOX
2007: Fresh Out da Body Shop (Hosted by DJ Whoo <mask>, 50 Cent & Mazaradi FOX)

Obie Trice
2006: Bar Shots
2007: The Most Under Rated
2012: Watch The Chrome

Mike Knox
2008: Killadelphia (Hosted With Tony Yayo)
2010: Money Machine

Lil' Kim
 2007: Ms. G.O.A.T. 2007: Ms. G.O.A.T. 2

Bishop Lamont
2008: The Confessional

Nyce Da Future
2008: 38 in the Head

Shawty Lo
2009: Fright Night

Capone-N-Noreaga
2008: CNN Back on that Q.U.Shit

Vlad "Haitian V" Calixte
2008: New Elevator Music

Cashis & Young De
2008: Homeland Security

Jrocwell
2009: Most Anticipated Artist of 2009

Nixon Nyce
2009: I Can Only Be Me

Murda Mixtape (With Stretch Armstrong)
1999: Murda Mixtape 2000 Vol. 1
1999: Murda Mixtape 2000 Vol. 2
2000: Murda Mixtape Vol. 3 (Hosted by The LOX)
2000: Murda Mixtape Vol. 4 (Hosted by Capone 'N Noreaga)
2000: Murda


title: DJ Whoo Kid

texts:
 Mixtape Vol.5 (Hosted by Prodigy of Mobb Deep)
2007: Murphy's Law (The New Murda Mixtape)
2007: The Best of Murda Mixtape (With <mask>)
2009: 45 Ways 2 Die

Final Destination (With Stretch Armstrong)
2000: Final Destination Vol. 1 - ??? (Hosted by ???) 2000: Final Destination Vol. 2 - Life Ain't a Game (Hosted by Ja Rule)
2001: Final Destination Vol. 3 - Queenz 2 New Orleanz (Hosted by U.T.P.) G.A.G.E.2006: <mask>o <mask> & Dr. Dre Presents G.A.G.E. 2006: <mask>o <mask> & Dr. Dre Presents G.A.G.E. - Crack Murder & Missed Meals

DeStorm Power
2012: Be Careful

Tapes
1997: 90 Minute Shootout Vol. 1
1997: 90 Minute Shootout Vol. 2
 1999: Niggas Don't Want It
 2000: Allstar Birthday Bash (hosted by Hype Williams)
 2001: Unbreakable (hosted by Eminem)
 2001: Escape From New York (hosted by Nas)
2001: Hydro
2002: Hydro Vol. 2
2002: State of Emergency with Dj Kay Slay (hosted by Snoop Dogg)
2003: The Sopranos Mixtape (Dirty Reloaded) (hosted by Young Buck)

Set It Off ! 2007: Set It Off Vol.1
2008: Set It Off Vol. 2
2009: Set It Off Vol. 3
2010: Set It Off Vol. 4

Snoop Dogg
2002: State Of Emergency (With <mask> Slay)
2003: Westside Reloaded
2004: The Revival
2004: Welcome To The Chuuch Vol.4: Sunday School
2004: Welcome To The Chuuch Vol.5: Snoop Dogg For President
2007: Tha Blue Carpet Treatment Mixtape (With <mask> & <mask>kee)
2008: Landy & Egg Nogg: A DPG Christmas
2009: I Wanna Rock Mixtape (with <mask> & <mask>)
2010: We Da West (With <mask> & <mask>)

The

masks:
DJ Spinbad
DJ Who
Kid
DJ Who
Kid
DJ Kay
DJ Drama
DJ S
DJ Skee
DJ Scream
DJ Skee
DJ Scream


title: DJ Whoo Kid

texts:
 Afterparty (Blends)
1998: The Afterparty Vol. 1 - ??? (Hosted by ???) 1998: The Afterparty Vol.2 - ??? (Hosted by ???) 1999: The Afterparty Vol. 3 - ??? (Hosted by ???) 2000: The Afterparty Vol. 4 - ???(Hosted by ???) 2000: The Afterparty Vol. 5 - Southern Heat (Hosted by Lil' Kim)
2000: The Afterparty Vol. 6 - Survivor Ice Party (Hosted by ???) 2000: The Afterparty Vol. 7 - ??? (Hosted by Eminem)
2000: The Afterparty Vol.8 - QB's Finest (Hosted by Dirty Money Records)
2000: The Afterparty Vol. 9 - Southern Hospitality (Hosted by Sisquo)
2000: The Afterparty Vol. 10 - ??? (Hosted by ???) 2000: The Afterparty Vol. 11 - ??? (Hosted by <mask>)
2000: The Afterparty Vol.12 - ??? (Hosted by ???) 2001: The Afterparty Vol. 13 - ??? (Hosted by P. Diddy & DJ Whoo <mask>)
2001: The Afterparty Vol. 14 - City Of Pimps (Hosted by Ron Isley & P. Diddy)

POW! 2006: POW!Radio Vol. 1
2006: POW! Radio Vol. 2 (With <mask> & Coach PR; Hosted by Young Buck)
2006: POW! Radio Vol. 3 - Mixtapes On A Plane (Hosted by 50 Cent & Samuel L. Jackson)
2006: POW! Radio Vol.4 - The Transporter (Hosted by Lloyd Banks, Arnold Schwarzenegger & Jason Statham)
2006: POW! Radio Vol. 5 - Pimpin' Pimpin' (Hosted by Katt Williams)
2007: POW! Radio Vol. 6 - Happy Birthday Whoo Kid! 2007: POW! Radio Vol.7 - Best Of Banks (Hosted by Lloyd Banks)
2007: POW! Radio Vol. 8 - Position Of Power (Hosted by RIZ)
2007: POW! Radio Vol. 9 - The Cons Vol. 5 (Hosted by Consequence)
2008: POW! Radio Vol.10 - Drug Users

masks:
DJ Clue
Kid
DJ Mandog


title: DJ Whoo Kid

texts:
 Handbook (Hosted by Tony Yayo)
2006: POW! Artist Series Vol. 1 - 50 Cent - Best Of 50 Cent
2006: POW! Artist Series Vol. 2 - Peedi Crakk - Torture (Crakk Is Bakk)
2006: POW! Artist Series Vol. 3 - Obie Trice - The Most Underrated
2006: POW!Artist Series Vol. 4 - Memphis Bleek - Heir To The Throne
2006: POW! Artist Series Vol. 5 - 50 Cent - Best Of 50 Cent 2 (This One's For My Bitches)
2007: POW! Young Buck - Mr. Ten-A-Key Product Of The South

The Hyphy Movement (With <mask>-Rock)
2005: Bay Bidness The Mixtape
2005: Bay Bidness Vol. 2
2006: Bay Bidness Vol. 3
2006: Bay Bidness Vol.3.5 (With J-Espinosa)

Max Payne
2002: Max Payne The Official Mixtape (Queens To New Orleans Vol. 2) (Hosted by Baby & N.O.R.E.) 2002: Max Payne 2 (Hosted by 50 Cent)

Canadian Coke
2006: Canadian Coke Vol. 1 (Hosted by Kardinal Offishall)
2006: Canadian Coke Vol. 2

The New Next
2005: The New Next - Moisture Mixtape Lost In Dubai (Hosted by 50 Cent)
2006: Next - The Next Level (Japanese Import)

D-Block
2003: D-Block The Mixtape
2004: Jadakiss Vs Beanie Sigel - Rap The Vote Mixtape

Kool G Rap
2005: Dead Or Alive

Sam Scarfo
2006: The Corner

Stat Quo
2005: Zone 3 (Hosted by Eminem)

Busta Rhymes
2004: Surrender The Mixtape

Nipsey Hussle
2009: Bullets Ain't Got No Names Vol. 3

Trav
2009: Follow Me

2Pac & Cookin' Soul
2009: Night of the Living Dead (2Pac Edition)

C-Squared
2011: Makaveli vs. Mathers 2

M.O.B
2011: Awake In A Surgery

Stretch and Live Squad
The Best Of


title: DJ Whoo Kid

texts:
 Stretch

Max B
2008: Public Domain 3
2009: Coke Wave

Crooked I
2008: Da Block Obama

B.G. 2008: Champion

DJ Paul
2010: Too Kill Again (with <mask>)

J. Cole
2007: J Cole, The Come Up, (DJ ill Will)

Juicy J & Project Pat
2010: Cut Throat 2 (Dinner Thieves), (with <mask>)

Jay Rock
2010: From Hood Tales To The Cover Of XXL, (with DJ Scream)

Juvenile
2009: Undefeated, With (DJ Scream)

Kidd Kidd
2009: New Kid On Da Block, With (DJ Scream)

Doesya Smoke
2008: King Doesya

NOE
2008: NOE Torious Kid

Tupac Shakur, Michael Jackson, The Notorious B.I.G.& Cookin' Soul
2008: Night Of The Living Dead
2009: Happy Birthday
2009: Night Of The Living Dead II

Sammy Adams
2010: Party Records

D12
2015: The Devil's Night Mixtape

Tinie Tempah
2010: Micro Mixtape
2011: Foreign Object (Hosted by Russell Brand)

Skepta
2011: Community Payback

Giggs
2011: Take Your Hats Off

Wiley
2011: Creating A Buzz Volume 1 (Hosted by Ashley Cole)

Ghetts
2011: Momentum

Pink Grenade
2014: The Famous As Fuck Tape (Produced by Jonathan Hay and Mike Smith)

Eminem
2014: Eminem Vs. DJ Whoo Kid Shady Classics

Nasty C
2020: "Zulu" mixtape

Filmography

References

External links
DJ Whoo Kid
Shadyville Entertainment DJs

G-Unit Records artists
American rappers of Haitian descent
Mixtape DJs
People from West Orange, New Jersey
People from Queens, New York
Shadyville Entertainment artists
Musicians from New Jersey
1975 births
Living people
American hip hop DJs
East Coast hip hop

masks:
DJ Scream
DJ Scream


title: Leonard Miron

texts:
<mask> (born April 11, 1969) is a Romanian television and radio presenter and journalist and works for Romanian National Television (Televiziunea Română). He was born in Galaţi, Romania but was brought up in Piteşti and graduated from the Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy before starting a career in media. He speaks fluent English and French as well as German and Spanish. He has worked on a number of different television programmes, but is best known for presenting music shows and galas such as the national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest. Since September 2005 he has been living in London, where he has been studying for a Ph.D. in London and working at the same time as a flight attendant for a London-based airline. He returns to Romania weekly, where he presents a range of light entertainment shows. He came out as gay in November 2012.Career

Initial radio and television work
Whilst still a medicine student, <mask> began presenting a pop music show on the first "free" radio station of post-revolution Romania, Radio Delta/Radio France International. He was approached in 1991 to work as a presenter for Romanian National Television for the youth programme Viața școlii (School Life) and ended up presenting a number of similar shows over the following years including Măseaua de minte (The Wisdom Tooth), Care pe care (loosely translated as Dog Eat Dog), and Veniți cu noi pe programul doi (Join Us on Channel 2), amongst many other shows. Work as journalist and producer
As he got older, he branched into other areas of television, whilst still continuing with his love of presenting in front of the camera. Based in the Education and Science department of Romanian National Television, he worked as a reporter and presenter of the medical awareness programme Sănătate pentru toți (Health for All) where he could put to good use his studies as a doctor.

masks:
Leonard Miron
Miron


title: Leonard Miron

texts:
 By 2000 he was developing new television ideas, and began producing and hosting light entertainment shows, including Practic matinal (The Practical Morning Show) (2001-2), a late morning magazine, and Vitrina lui Leo (Leo's Showcase) (2003-4), a prime-time chat show. He has also produced the only programme in Romania aimed directly at people with disabilities, Oameni ca noi (People Like Us) which has been aired weekly since 1999, and has won a number of awards for its innovative approach, including the Romanian national Corporate Citizen and Civic Journalism Award in 1998. Other work
<mask> also moonlighted as the host for the breakfast show on Romanian National Television for a number of years, often alternating with other hosts from season to season.Ratings dropped with the change of hosts, and he would be asked back to present, only to be changed again after a few months. He is perhaps best known in his native Romania for hosting galas, whether these be for music contests, award ceremonies or beauty galas. His early TV work concentrated on presenting music shows and since many of the different shows he worked on were live, he became an accomplished live TV host. <mask> has been chosen to host telethons, award ceremonies and other galas. He was asked on a number of occasions to host the popular music Mamaia Festival as well as the international Cerbul de Aur music contest in Braşov. He also presented the national selections for the Eurovision Song Contest and provided the Romanian commentary for the Eurovision Song Contest seven times (between 1998-2001, 2008, 2010 and 2012), he was also the Romanian spokesperson for the Eurovision Song Contest in 2002, 2003 and 2005, where his colourful suits led to BBC's Terry Wogan to call him "Romania's version of Jonathan Ross". He also presented the late night "Dopo Festival" music/talk show (known as Club Callatis at

masks: Miron Miron


title: Leonard Miron

texts:
 the Callatis Festival in August 2008.<mask> worked on a project to produce a series on Ancient Egypt in 2004/5 and lived in Egypt, where he was an eyewitness to both the 2004 Cairo and 2005 Sharm el Sheik bombings. During his time spent working as a flight attendant, he was awarded the "Personality of the Year" prize at an annual airline industry award ceremony held in London in February 2008. His work in the airline industry allowed him to visit many countries, including Kenya, where he visited an animal orphanage and adopted a giraffe. He worked as a meet-and-greeter at Barclays Bank in Reading, Berkshire and now is a cruise director for a cruise company. Starting in 2014 <mask> has worked for Viking River Cruises, one of the biggest river cruise lines in the world. As a Program Director on Viking Embla and Viking Lif, <mask> rapidly gained both respect and popularity among both passengers and crew, and was mentioned in stories in magazines and newspapers in USA, Canada, Australia and Europe. His popularity increased season after season and in 2017 he was a constant presence in reviews published by the acclaimed website cruisecritic.com

Despite offers for returning on Romanian television as a presenter and producer, <mask> preferred to appear only as a guest in TV shows produces by different TV channels in Romania: ProTV (“La Maruta”), Canal D (“Teo Show” and “WOWBiz”), Antena Stars (“Agentia VIP”) and TVR2 (“Femei de 10, Barbati de 10”).Return to Romanian National Television
Having guest presented in a number of shows from 2005 onwards, he started negotiating with the Romanian National Television in late 2006 regarding his return to the TV screens in 2007. He returned to Romania National Television in October 2007 working again for the "Oameni Ca Noi" show, and the breakfast show. He also presented the Christmas Eve gala show Mos Craciun unu' si bun (The

masks: Miron Leonard Leonard Leonard


title: Leonard Miron

texts:
 one and only Father Christmas) with Gianina Corondan. From Autumn 2008 to Summer 2009 he presented the Friday edition of a live daytime magazine show targeted towards the female audience called Miezul zilei (Midday)., which meant flying back to Romania from the UK once a week to present the show. From April 2009 he has hosted the health/lifestyle show Rețetă Pentru Siluetă (Recipe for the Figure), together with the dietician Lygia Alexandrescu... During this time, as well as reporting on several events for the TVR news programmes, he was also seen dancing and singing to Romanian folk music on the O Data N-Viata (Once in a Lifetime) show, coming second with just over a third of the televotes. Autumn 2009 brought back a new series of Rețetă Pentru Siluetă together with two new shows. On TVR1 he presents a weekly lunch-time talk show, Leomania, using some of the elements of "Miezul Zilei", together with new features and a personalised, modern set.He also began presenting Ro Air, a new talk show exclusive to TVR International (TVRi), with an original format of being set in an airport, with guests arriving as "passengers" and <mask> acting as their "head steward" helped by two "stewardesses". In December 2009, Ro Air was voted by viewers as the most popular television show on TVRi and <mask> presented "himself" with the award, since he was also the co-presenter, together with Iuliana Tudor from O Data N-Viata, of the live awards ceremony where the winner was announced. He also presented a number of Christmas and New Year specials with Irinis Miricioiu called Hai sa ne intalnim sambata seara (Let's meet on Saturday night). References

Romanian journalists
Romanian television presenters
Romanian radio personalities
Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest
Gay entertainers
LGBT entertainers from Romania
LGBT broadcasters from Romania
People from Galați
1969 births
Living

masks:
Leonard Miron
Leonard


title: Philip Auerswald

texts: <mask><mask> is an American author, economist, and cofounder and coeditor of Innovations (journal). His most recent book, The Code Economy: A Forty-Thousand-Year History, explains how code has been a key driver of human development. <mask> is an associate professor of public policy at George Mason University Schar School of Policy and Government and the founding co-editor of Innovations (journal), a quarterly journal published by MIT Press about entrepreneurial solutions to global challenges. <mask>'s research work focuses on entrepreneurship, technology, and innovation, both in the US and globally. Prior to his work with Innovations, <mask> edited the Foreign Policy Bulletin from 1994-2005. With his father, <mask> cofounded the Foreign Policy Bulletin as the successor publication to The Department of State Bulletin. The Foreign Policy Bulletin was in publication from 1991 to 2012 and resulted in documentary compilations relating to Iraq and Kosovo.<mask> is the Founding Board Chair for The National Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation. The stated objective of NCEI is to foster entrepreneurship, invention and innovation by all Americans, using the National Mall in Washington DC as a platform. Fellow board members include Vint Cerf, Carly Fiorina, and Dean Kamen. In April, 2016, The National Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation hosted an event at the National Academy of Sciences Focused on planning for the 250th Anniversary of the founding of the United States of America. As of July 2018, <mask> has served as the Chief Academic Officer of the Hult Prize Foundation. In that capacity, <mask> provides oversight and direction to all aspects of the Hult Prize Foundation’s educational initiatives. With Hult Prize cofounder Ahmad Ashkar, he is responsible for leading the production of the challenge document that serves every year as the guide to the students who participate in the Hult Prize.He was also the founding executive director of the Global Entrepreneurship Research Network. GERN initiated in October 2013 by the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation and Global Entrepreneurship Network (GEN), to

masks:
Philip E
. Auerswald
Career Auerswald
Auerswald
Auerswald
Auerswald
Auerswald
Auerswald
Auerswald


title: Philip Auerswald

texts:
 address the need for better entrepreneurship research. <mask> has said that GERN seeks convergence by connecting supporters of entrepreneurship research to enable them to work collaboratively on developing new research methods and to align around similar goals. From 2010 to 2013 <mask> was an advisor to the Clinton Global Initiative, focusing on job creation and market-based solutions. He has authored and co-author of numerous books, reports, and research papers, including The Coming Prosperity: How Entrepreneurs Are Transforming the Global Economy and Seeds of Disaster, which Wall Street Journal called "a vivid profile of men and women who have succeeded under harsh conditions... with a lively writing style, and the analysis is lightened with personal anecdotes and pop-culture references." In 2015, <mask> co-authored Depopulation: An Investor's Guide to Value in the Twenty-First Century with Joon Yun. The book discusses the challenges and opportunities investors can anticipate in the coming era of declining global population.<mask> was a student at the 1993 Complex Systems Summer School at the Santa Fe Institute, where he worked with Stuart Kauffman on an application of evolutionary biology to economics. He is a recipient of a National Science Foundation grant for continued work in this area. Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization
In 2006, <mask> and Iqbal Z. Quadir co-founded Innovations (journal), an academic journal that focuses on entrepreneurial solutions to global challenges. It is published quarterly by the MIT Press. he journal features cases authored by exceptional innovators; commentary and research from leading academics; and essays from globally recognized executives and political leaders. It is jointly hosted at George Mason University's Schar School of Policy and Government, Harvard University's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, and MIT's Legatum Center for Development and Entrepreneurship. Working with the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, Innovations produced special editions for the 2008 annual meeting of the World Economic Forum and the 2008

masks: Auerswald Auerswald Auerswald Auerswald Auerswald


title: Philip Auerswald

texts:
 World Economic Forum on the Middle East (in Arabic and English).The journal has also produced special issues in partnership with the Rockefeller Foundation, the Gates Foundation, SOCAP, GSMA, the Lemelson Foundation, and other nonprofit and philanthropic organizations. In 2016 the journal expanded into Policy Design Lab, a consulting company dedicated to prompting the creation and implementation of evidence-based policies that advance society. The same year <mask> co-led the release of Innovations Online, with Sharon Benzoni. Digital Land Records and Entrepreneurship
In 2013, <mask> co-authored "Integrating Technology and Institutional Change" with Jenny Stefanotti. The paper focuses on the design and deployment of digital property rights. The essay argues that the current technological environment provide opportunities to improve economies in developing countries by digitizing property records. In 2017 <mask> cofounded Zilla Global LLC, a company focused on using the digitization of land records as a way to create jobs in the developing world.He co-leads Zilla with Dr. Gitanjali Swamy. The stated purpose of the company is to create employment opportunities at a large-scale with digital land records as the base. Books and publications

Biography
<mask> was born in Washington, D.C. His father worked for the U.S. State Department and his mother taught philosophy at a French school. <mask> attended Sidwell Friends School for junior high and high school. Afterwards, he attended Yale University to receive an undergraduate degree in political science. After earning a PhD in economics from the University of Washington, <mask> lectured at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, where he was also assistant director of the Science, Technology and Public Policy Program, working for John Holdren. He presently teaches at George Mason University where he is an associate professor at the Schar School of Policy and Government.See also
 Innovations (journal)

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
Yale University alumni
University of Washington College of Arts and Sciences alumni
George Mason University

masks:
Auerswald
Auerswald
Auerswald
Philip Auerswald
Auerswald
Auerswald


title: William Holland Thomas

texts: <mask> (February 5, 1805 – May 10, 1893) was the son of Temperance Colvard (<mask>) and <mask>, who died before he was born. He was raised by his mother on Raccoon Creek outside present-day Waynesville, North Carolina. At the age of 13 he was apprenticed to Felix Walker's store and trading post. There he learned to speak Cherokee and was befriended and later adopted by the chief/headman of the local Cherokees, Yonaguska. He was later adopted into the tribe as a whole. Although it was later claimed by his daughter, <mask>, that he was principal Chief after Yonaguska's death (in <mask>, "<mask>," North Carolina University Magazine May 1899), it has since been shown that he was not the Chief. Flying Squirrel aka Saunooke was, in fact, the head Chief of the Qualla Cherokee (later known as the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians.<mask> became a successful merchant and was a lifelong ally of the Eastern Cherokee. In 1819, Yonaguska had made the prescient decision to separate his group from the authority of the Cherokee Nation. The Qualla Cherokee became "citizenized" (they were under the authority of the state of North Carolina, but without the full rights of white citizens). In 1830, <mask> became the agent/attorney for the Qualla Cherokee. As the U.S., under President Andrew Jackson, pushed for full removal of the Native peoples of the Southeast, <mask> helped the North Carolina Cherokees resist removal by buying land for them. After a Cherokee man named Tsali (aka Charley) and his sons killed soldiers who had rounded them up for removal, <mask> was an intermediary between the Qualla Cherokees the U.S. Army and helped find Tsali's hiding place. After the Cherokees executed Tsali, the Qualla Cherokee were granted the

masks:
William Holland Thomas
Thomas
Richard Thomas
Sarah Thomas Avery
Sara Thomas Avery
William Holland Thomas
Thomas
Will Thomas
Will Thomas
Will Thomas


title: William Holland Thomas

texts:
 right to remain on their ancestral lands.The state of North Carolina, however, would continue to try and remove them, and <mask> represented the tribe in resisting those efforts. While it was his adopted father, Yonaguska, who planned and prepared the way for the Qualla Cherokees to remain east, <mask> worked in support of his adopted father's plan for decades after Yonaguska's death. With his own funds and those provided by the Cherokee, he bought land in North Carolina to be used by the Cherokee. Much of this property is now included in Qualla Boundary, the territory of the federally recognized Eastern Band of Cherokee. During the Civil War, <mask> served as a colonel in the Confederate States Army. He led <mask>' Legion of Cherokee Indians and Highlanders

Background
<mask> was born on Raccoon Creek, two miles (3 km) just outside what is now Waynesville, North Carolina. His mother's family, the Colvards, came from English immigrants who settled in Culpepper, Virginia.On his father's side he was related to President Zachary Taylor. It is believed that his father Richard drowned shortly before his son's birth. Adopted by Cherokee
As a boy, <mask> worked for US Congressman Felix Walker, clerking at his trading post on Soco Creek (in what is now the Qualla Boundary). <mask> worked at Walker's store for three years and lived at the store. He quickly became friends with the Cherokee who frequented the post and learned their language. Chief Yonaguska adopted <mask>. <mask> was given the Cherokee name Will-usdi (Little Will).In about 1820 Felix Walker was forced to close his stores. The story is told that, unable to pay <mask> what he owed him, he gave the youth a set of law books. At the time states did not have bar

masks:
Thomas
Will Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas


title: William Holland Thomas

texts:
 exams. Men prepared to practice law by reading the law. <mask>, who was exceptionally bright, became well-versed in frontier law. Around 1830 Yonaguska asked him to become the Cherokees' legal representative. <mask> opened his own trading post for the Qualla Town Cherokee.Later he opened several other trading posts in Western North Carolina. Marriage and family
<mask> married Sarah Jane Burney Love (1832–1877), the daughter of James Robert Love and Maria Coman Love. She was the 4th of their eight children. James Robert Love was the son of Robert Love, known as the founder of Waynesville, North Carolina. Negotiating for the Cherokee
In 1819, Yonaguska and other North Carolina Cherokees made the decision to become "citizenized" residents of North Carolina. They received land reserves of  and were no longer part of the Cherokee Nation. Although technically the New Echota Treaty should not apply to them, the Qualla Cherokee were justly apprehensive.While most Cherokee opposed ceding their lands in the Southeast, the men negotiating the New Echota Treaty believed that removal was inevitable, and hoped to make the best deal possible for their people. <mask>, already their agent/attorney, worked to secure their safety both on the state level and on the Federal level in Washington, D.C.

Yonaguska's citizenized Cherokees became the core of what is now Eastern Band, a federally recognized tribe. <mask>'s daughter, <mask> Avery, wrote an article in 1899 claiming that her father, <mask>, became the head Chief of the Qualla Cherokee after Yonaguska's death, but that was false. In fact, Flying Squirrel (Saunooke) was the Chief of the Qualla group, while the other remaining Cherokees in Cheoih/Buffalo were headed by Dickageeska

masks:
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Will Thomas
Will Thomas
Sara Thomas
Will Thomas


title: William Holland Thomas

texts:
 "<mask> <mask> and the Myth of the White Chief," Journal of Cherokee Studies (vol XXXIV, Summer 2019): 36-47. During the 1840s and 1850s, <mask> worked to gain recognition of the Cherokee as citizens of North Carolina and continued to purchase land for them in his name. At the time, Cherokee were prohibited from owning land outside the Indian Territory. <mask>'s purchases became the basis of much of what is now known as the Qualla Boundary, the land base of the EBCI.In 1848, <mask> was elected to the North Carolina State Senate; he was re-elected every two years through 1860. Civil War

When the Civil War broke out, <mask> organized a Legion of local Cherokees and whites to support the Confederacy. The 400 warriors he recruited formed two Cherokee companies; together with six companies of white men, many of whom were ethnic Scots-Irish, they comprised the Thomas' Legion of Cherokee Indians and Highlanders. It operated as an independent command directly under the Confederate Army's Department of East Tennessee. The Legion operated primarily in East Tennessee and Western North Carolina, except for a short period when they were deployed to the Shenandoah Valley. <mask>' Legion was defeated at battles such as the Battle of Fisher's Hill and the Battle of Cedar Creek while deployed in the Shenandoah Valley in 1864. By May 1865, the main Confederate armies has surrendered and Union soldiers controlled Waynesville and the rest of Western North Carolina.On May 6, 1865, <mask>' Legion fired "The Last Shot" of the Civil War east of the Mississippi River in an action at White Sulphur Springs, North Carolina. After his legion captured Waynesville, they voluntarily ceased hostilities upon learning of General Robert E. Lee's

masks:
William Holland
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas


title: William Holland Thomas

texts:
 surrender and the end of the war. Colonel <mask> and his Legion guarded the mountains surrounding Waynesville. During the night of May 5, 1865, they built hundreds of campfires to make the Union garrison think that thousands of Cherokee and Confederates were about to attack them. The Cherokee punctuated the nights with "chilling warwhoops" and "hideous yells," according to a Union report, firing occasional shots to improve the effect. The next morning <mask> and about 20 Cherokee entered Waynesville under a flag of truce to demand the surrender of the garrison. The Union troops did so.On May 9, 1865, however, a Union officer told <mask> that General Robert E. Lee had surrendered his army one month earlier, and the colonel agreed to lay down his arms. The Civil War was over, and the last shots in North Carolina were those fired in Waynesville. Postbellum years
After the war, <mask> went back to Stekoah, where he lived with his wife and three children. In 1866, he received a pardon from President Andrew Johnson, after which he hoped to reenter politics and business. <mask>'s mental condition began to deteriorate. Many historians have speculated about the causes of his insanity, but it is not yet known. He fell hopelessly into debt.Compounding his worries was caring for his beloved Cherokee, who suffered a devastating smallpox epidemic after the war. In March 1867, <mask> was declared insane and committed to a state mental hospital in Raleigh. From then until the end of his life in 1893, he lived in and out of mental hospitals. In 1887 <mask> was still able to assist the ethnologist James Mooney of the Smithsonian Institution by telling him of Cherokee history  and lifeways. Mooney was doing research and field studies

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas


title: William Holland Thomas

texts:
 on the Cherokee in western North Carolina. Death and legacy
<mask> died in the state mental hospital in Morganton, North Carolina; he was buried in Green Hill Cemetery in Waynesville. He is remembered today as a figure in the outdoor drama Unto These Hills.The Museum of the Cherokee Indian displays the battle flag of <mask>'s Legion as part of the Cherokee heritage. Fictional accounts
Charles Frazier based his main character, Will Cooper, in his  novel Thirteen Moons (2006), in part on <mask> <mask>. In the Author's Note, Frazier says that Will Cooper is not <mask> <mask>, "although they do share some DNA." Writer Robert J. Conley (Cherokee) published Wil Usdi: Thoughts from the Asylum, a Cherokee Novella (2015), a fictional account of <mask>'s life. His novella includes a foreword by Luther Wilson, and a tribute by Michell Hicks, Chief of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. Notes

References

Further reading

External links
Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, official website
Guide to the William Holland Thomas Papers, 1814-1898, Rubenstein Library, Duke University. Official History for Thomas' Legion of Indians and Highlanders
Correspondences of <mask> <mask> during the American Civil War - held in the Walter Havighurst Special Collections, Miami University

1805 births
1893 deaths
19th-century American politicians
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
Cherokee Confederates
Cherokee Nation people (1794–1907)
Confederate States Army officers
Native Americans in the American Civil War
North Carolina state senators
People from Haywood County, North Carolina
People of North Carolina in the American Civil War
Principal Chiefs of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
Native American people from

masks:
Thomas
Thomas
William Holland
Thomas
William Holland
Thomas
Thomas
William Holmes
Thomas


title: Gershon Hundert

texts:
<mask>  (born 1946) is a Canadian historian of Early Modern Polish Jewry and Leanor Segal Professor at McGill University. Biography
Born to a Jewish family in Toronto, Hundert is one of the three sons of Charles and <mask> and a third generation immigrant from Eastern Europe. His paternal grandparents arrived in Canada in the early 1910s from Obertyn (part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth before the Second Partition in 1792, western Ukraine today) and maternal grandparents from Łódź. Hundert received his B.A. from Jewish Theological Seminary and School of General Studies at Columbia University (1968) and M.A. from Ohio State University (1971), where he wrote a thesis on 18th-Century Hasidic Rabbi Abraham Kalisker under the supervision of Zvi Ankori (1920–2012), a specialist of Byzantine Karaites and a student of Salo Baron. Following Ankori, Hundert returned to Columbia to pursue a doctorate degree in history.He primarily studied with  (born 1935), political and diplomatic historian of early modern Poland–Lithuania, and completed his dissertation in 1978 titled “Security and Dependence: Perspectives on Seventeenth-century Polish-Jewish Society Gained Through a Study of Jewish Merchants in Little Poland.” He was also deeply influenced and mentored by Israel historian  (1924–2011), the pioneer scholar of Polish-Jewish relations. In 1975, Hundert came back to Canada and taught at McGill University ever since. He was appointed as lecturer (1975–1978), assistant professor (1978–1983), associate professor (1983–1992), Montreal Jewish Community Professor of Jewish Studies (1993–2002), and currently Leanor Segal Professor of Jewish Studies (since 2002). He has served as Department

masks:
Gershon David Hundert
Norma Hundert


title: Gershon Hundert

texts:
 Jewish experiences from the Middle Ages to the late twentieth century. The searchable version of the encyclopedia was launched in 2010. Besides, he edited an essay collection on the development of scholarship on Hasidism in 1991 and co-compiled a bibliography on Eastern European Jewish historiography in 1984. Awards and honours
 President, American Academy for Jewish Research, 2014–2018. Fellow, the Royal Society of Canada, Academy of the Arts and Humanities, 2011-
 The Judaica Reference Award, from Association of Jewish Libraries, for <mask> <mask>, editor-in-chief, The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe,  2008. Fellow, the Institute for Advanced Studies, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 2007–2008. Fellow, the American Academy for Jewish Research, 2006- .I. J. Segal Prize, for the best non-fiction book on a Jewish theme by a Canadian, for Jews in Poland–Lithuania in the Eighteenth Century: A Genealogy of Modernity, 2010. Oscar Halecki Polish and East Central European History Award, for Jews in Poland–Lithuania in the Eighteenth Century: A Genealogy of Modernity, 2005. Doctor of Humane Letters (honoris causa), Reconstructionist Rabbinical College, Philadelphia, PA, 2003. Montreal Jewish Community Professor of Jewish Studies 1994–2002. Fellow, Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies, 2002-2003, 2013-2014. Leanor Segal Professor of Jewish Studies, McGill University, 2002- . Selected publications

Books
 Jews in Poland–Lithuania in the Eighteenth Century: A Genealogy of Modernity.University of California Press, 2004 (Paperback, 2006). / . (Also published in Russian, Hebrew, Polish and Lithuanian). The Jews in a Polish Private Town: The Case of Opatów in the Eighteenth Century. The Johns Hopkins

masks: Gershon Hundert


title: Gershon Hundert

texts:
 University Press, 1992. . The Jews in Poland and Russia: Bibliographical Essays (with <mask> Bacon). Indiana University Press, 1984. .

Edited books / encyclopedia
 The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, 2 vols., Editor in Chief.New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2008. .
http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org – launched 2010. Jews in Early Modern Poland. [Polin, Volume 10] Oxford: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization in association with Vallentine Mitchell, 1997. .
 Jews, Poles, Socialists: The Failure of an Ideal. [Polin, Volume 9] (edited with Antony Polonsky, Israel Bartal, Magdalena Opalski and Jerzy Tomaszewski). Oxford: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization in association with Vallentine Mitchell, 1996. . Essential Papers on Hasidism: Origins to Present. New York University Press, 1991. .
 Community and the Individual Jew: Essays in Honor of Lavy M. Becker.(edited with Ronald S. Aigen). Montreal, Reconstructionist Rabbinical College Press, 1986. .

References

External links
Talk: Record of Jewish Merchant from the 18th Century, the Newest Materials. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t36ln-WbOyY

Talk: Jews and Other Poles: Problems of Language. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oyEUk6po164

Interview after the FRSC Election: https://blogs.mcgill.ca/jewishstudies/2011/11/22/interview-with-professor-gershon-hundert/

1946 births
Living people
21st-century Canadian historians
Jewish historians
Polish historians
Polish male non-fiction writers
McGill University faculty
Columbia University School of General Studies alumni
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Jewish Theological Seminary of America alumni
Ohio State University alumni
20th-century Canadian historians
Canadian


title: Harry McNish

texts:
<mask> (11 September 187424 September 1930), often referred to as <mask> or by the nickname Chippy (which is also a nickname for other carpenters [his cat was also called Mrs Chippy], was the carpenter on Sir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–1917. He was responsible for much of the work that ensured the crew's survival after their ship, the Endurance, was destroyed when it became trapped in pack ice in the Weddell Sea. He modified the small boat, James Caird, that allowed Shackleton and five men (including McNish) to make a voyage of hundreds of miles to fetch help for the rest of the crew. After the expedition he returned to work in the Merchant Navy and eventually emigrated to New Zealand, where he worked on the docks in Wellington until poor health forced his retirement. He died destitute in the Ohiro Benevolent Home in Wellington. Early life
<mask>Chippy<mask> was born in 1874 in the former Lyons Lane near the present site of the library in Port Glasgow, Renfrewshire, Scotland. He was part of a large family, being the third of eleven children born to John and Mary Jane (née Wade) <mask>.His father was a journeyman shoemaker. McNish held strong socialist views, was a member of the United Free Church of Scotland and detested bad language. He married three times: in 1895 to Jessie Smith, who died in  February 1898; in 1898 to Ellen Timothy, who died in December 1904; and finally to Lizzie Littlejohn in 1907. There is some confusion as to the correct spelling of his name. He is variously referred to as  <mask>, McNeish, and in Alexander Macklin's diary of the expedition, MacNish. The McNeish spelling is common, notably in Shackleton's and Frank Worsley's accounts of the expedition and on McNish's headstone, but McNish is also widely used, and appears to be the correct version. On a signed copy of the expedition photo his signature appears as "H. MacNish",

masks:
Henry McNish
Harry McNish
Harry "
" McNish
McNish
McNish


title: Harry McNish

texts:
 but his spelling is in general idiosyncratic, as revealed in the diary he kept throughout the expedition.There also is a question regarding <mask>'s nickname. "Chippy" was a traditional nickname for a shipwright; both this and the shorter "Chips" (as in wood chips from carpentry) seem to have been used. Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition

Endurance
The aim of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition was to be the first to cross the Antarctic continent from one side to the other. <mask> was apparently attracted by Shackleton's advertisement for the expedition (although there are doubts as to whether the advertisement ever appeared):

<mask>, at 40, was one of the oldest members of the crew of the Endurance (Shackleton though was seven months older). He suffered from piles and rheumatism in his legs. He was regarded as somewhat odd and unrefined, but also highly respected as a carpenterFrank Worsley, the captain of the Endurance, refers to him as a "splendid shipwright". The pipe-smoking Scot was, however, the only man of the crew that Shackleton was "not dead certain of".His Scots accent was described as rasping like "frayed cable wire". During the initial stage of the voyage to Antarctica from Buenos Aires, he was kept busy with a number of routine tasks. He worked on the pram dinghy Nancy Endurance; made a small chest of drawers for Shackleton; specimen shelves for the biologist, Robert Clark; and instrument cases for Leonard Hussey, the meteorologist; and put up wind screens to protect the helmsman. He constructed a false deck, extending from the poop-deck to the chart-room to cover the extra coal that the ship had taken on board. He also acted as the ship's barber. As the ship pushed into the pack ice in the Weddell Sea it became increasingly difficult to navigate. McNish constructed a six-foot wooden semaphore on the bridge to enable the navigating officer to give the helmsman

masks: McNish McNish McNish


title: Harry McNish

texts:
 cracks appeared in the ice. Mrs Chippy, the cat McNish had brought on board, had to be shot after the loss of the Endurance, as it was obvious he would not survive the harsh conditions.<mask> apparently never forgave Shackleton for giving the order. McNish proposed building a smaller craft from the wreckage of the ship, but was overruled, with Shackleton instead deciding to head across the ice to open water pulling the ship's three lifeboats. McNish had been suffering with piles and homesickness from almost before the voyage had begun, and once the ship was lost his frustration began to grow. He vented his feelings in his diary, targeting his tent-mates' language:

In great pain while pulling sledges across the ice, McNish briefly rebelled, refusing to take his turn in the harness and protesting to Frank Worsley that since the Endurance had been destroyed the crew was no longer under any obligation to follow orders. Accounts vary as to how Shackleton handled this: some report that he threatened to shoot McNish; others that he read him the ship's articles, making it clear that the crew were still under obligation until they reached port. McNish's assertion would have normally been correct: duty to the master (and pay) normally stopped when a ship was lost, but the articles the crew had signed for the Endurance had a special clause inserted in which the crew agreed "to perform any duty on board, in the boats, or on the shore as directed by the master and owner". Aside from this, McNish really had no choice but to comply: he could not survive alone and could not continue with the rest of the party unless he obeyed orders.As supplies began to dwindle the party grew hungry. McNish records that he smoked himself sick trying to alleviate the pangs of hunger and although he thought the shooting of the dogs terribly sad, he was happy to eat the meat they provided stating "Their flesh tastes a


title: Harry McNish

texts:
 treat. It is a big treat for us after being so long on seal meat." When the ice finally brought the camp to the edge of the pack ice, Shackleton decided that the three boats, the James Caird, Stancomb Wills, and Dudley Docker, should make initially for Elephant Island. <mask> had prepared the boats as best he could for a long journey in the open ocean, building up their sides to give them a higher clearance from the water. Elephant Island and the James Caird
On the sea journey to Elephant Island, <mask> was in the James Caird with Shackleton and Frank Wild. As they approached the island, Wild, who had been at the tiller for 24 hours straight, was close to collapse, so Shackleton ordered McNish to relieve him.<mask> was not in a much better state himself and, despite the terrible conditions,  he fell asleep after half an hour. The boat swung around and a huge wave drenched him. This was enough to wake him, but Shackleton, seeing McNish too was exhausted, ordered him to be relieved. After the crew had made it to Elephant Island, Shackleton decided to take a small crew and make for South Georgia, where there was a possibility that they would find crews from the whaling ships to help effect a rescue for the rest of the men. <mask> was called upon by Shackleton to make the James Caird seaworthy for the long voyage and was selected as part of the crew, possibly because Shackleton was afraid of the effect he would have on morale if left behind with the other men. For his part, <mask> seemed happy to go; he was unimpressed by the island and the chances of survival for the men overwintering there:

<mask> used the mast of another of the boats, the Stancomb Wills, to strengthen the keel and build up the small 22 foot (6.7 m) long boat, so it would withstand the seas during the 800 mile (1480 km) trip. He caulked it using a mixture of seal blood and flour, and, using wood and nails taken from

masks: McNish McNish McNish McNish McNish McNish


title: Harry McNish

texts:
 packing cases and the runners of the sledges, he built a makeshift frame which was then covered with canvas.Shackleton was worried the boat "bore a strong likeness to stage scenery", only giving the appearance of sturdiness. He later admitted that the crew could not have lived through the voyage without it. When launching the boat <mask> and John Vincent were thrown from the deck into the sea. Although soaked, both were unharmed, and managed to exchange some clothes with the Elephant Island party before the James Caird set off. The mood on board was buoyant and <mask> recorded in his diary on 24 April 1916:

The mood did not last though: conditions aboard the small craft during the trip were terrible, with the crew constantly soaked and cold. McNish impressed Shackleton with his ability to bear up under the strain (more so than the younger Vincent, who collapsed from exhaustion and cold). The six men split into two watches of four hours: three of the men would handle the boat while the other three lay beneath the canvas decking attempting to sleep.McNish shared a watch with Shackleton and Crean. All the men complained of pains in their legs and, on the fourth day out from Elephant Island, McNish suddenly sat down and  removed his boots, revealing his legs and feet were white and puffy with the early signs of trench foot. On seeing the state of McNish's feet Shackleton ordered all the men to remove their boots. South Georgia
The crew of the James Caird reached South Georgia on 10 May 1916, 15 days after setting out from Elephant Island. They landed in Cave Cove on King Haakon Bay; it was on the wrong side of the island, but it was a relief for all of them to make land; <mask> wrote in his diary:

They found albatross chicks and seals to eat, but despite the relative comfort of the island compared to the small boat, they still urgently needed to reach the whaling station at Husvik on the


title: Harry McNish

texts:
 other side of the island to fetch help for the men on Elephant Island. It was clear that <mask> and Vincent could not continue, so Shackleton left them in the care of Timothy McCarthy camped in the upturned James Caird, and with Worsley and Crean made the hazardous trip over the mountains. McNish took screws from the James Caird and attached them to the boots of the men making the journey to help them grip the ice.He also fashioned a crude sledge from driftwood he found on the beach, but it proved too clumsy to be practical. When Shackleton's party set off on 18 May 1916, <mask> accompanied them for a few hundred yards but he was unable to go any further. He shook hands with each of the men, wishing them good luck, and then Shackleton sent him back. Putting McNish in command of the remaining men, Shackleton charged him to wait for relief and if none had come by the end of winter to attempt to sail to the east coast. Once Shackleton's party had crossed the mountains and arrived in Husvik, he sent Worsley with one of the whaler's ships, Samson, to pick up McNish and the other men. After seeing the emaciated and drawn McNish on his arrival at the whaling station, Shackleton recorded that he felt that the rescue had come just in time for him. Polar Medal

Whatever the true story of the rebellion on the ice, neither Worsley nor McNish ever mentioned the incident in writing.Shackleton omitted it entirely from South, his account of the expedition, and referred to it only tangentially in his diary: "Everyone working well except the carpenter. I shall never forget him in this time of strain and stress". The event was recorded in the ship's log, but the log entry was struck during the sea voyage in the James Caird, Shackleton being impressed by the carpenter's show of "grit and spirit". Nevertheless, <mask>'s name appeared on the list of the four men not recommended for the Polar Medal in the


title: Harry McNish

texts:
 letter sent by Shackleton on his return. Macklin thought the denial of the medal unjustified:

Macklin believed that Shackleton may have been influenced in his decision by Worsley who shared a mutual enmity with McNish, and had accompanied Shackleton back from Antarctica. Members of the Scott Polar Research Institute, New Zealand Antarctic Society and Caroline Alexander, the author of Endurance, have criticised Shackleton's denial of the award to McNish. Later life, memorials and records

After the expedition McNish returned to the Merchant Navy, working on various ships.He often complained that his bones permanently ached due to the conditions during the journey in the James Caird; he would reportedly sometimes refuse to shake hands because of the pain. He divorced Lizzie Littlejohn on 2 March 1918, by which time he had already met his new partner, Agnes Martindale. McNish had a son named Tom and Martindale had a daughter named Nancy. Although she is mentioned frequently in his diary, it appears <mask> was not Nancy's father. He spent 23 years in the Navy in total during his life, but eventually secured a job with the New Zealand Shipping Company. After making five trips to New Zealand he moved there in 1925, leaving behind his wife and all of his carpentry tools. He worked on the waterfront in Wellington until his career was ended by an injury.Destitute, he would sleep in the wharf sheds under a tarpaulin and relied on monthly collections from the dockworkers. He was found a place in the Ohiro Benevolent Home, but his health continued to deteriorate and he died on 24 September 1930 in Wellington Hospital. He was buried in Karori Cemetery, Wellington, on 26 September 1930, with full naval honours; HMS Dunedin (which happened to be in port at the time) provided twelve men for the firing party and eight bearers. However, his grave remained unmarked for almost thirty years; the New Zealand


title: Harry McNish

texts:
 Antarctic Society (NZAC) erected a headstone on 10 May 1959. In 2001, it was reported that the grave was untended and surrounded by weeds, but in 2004, the grave was tidied and a life size bronze sculpture of McNish's beloved cat, Mrs Chippy, was placed on his grave by NZAC. His grandson, Tom, believes this tribute would have meant more to him than receiving the Polar Medal. In 1958, the British Antarctic Survey named a small island in his honour, McNeish Island, which lies in the approaches to King Haakon Bay, South Georgia.The island was renamed <mask> Island in 1998 after his birth certificate was presented to the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee. On 18 October 2006, a small oval wall plaque commemorating his achievements was unveiled at the Port Glasgow Library in his home town, and earlier in the same year he was the subject of an exhibition at the McLean Museum and Art Gallery, Greenock. His journals are held in the Alexander Turnbull Library in Wellington, New Zealand. Notes

a. For the location of <mask>'s birth, see map. b. There was little doubt as to his skill as a shipwright even before he was called upon for the modifications to the boats.He was never seen to take measurements, producing perfect work by eye. Macklin commented that all the work he did was first class, and even Thomas Orde-Lees, who disliked him, grudgingly admitted he was an "expert wooden ship's man". c. "Mrs" Chippy was discovered to be a male a month after the voyage started, but by that time the name had stuck. d. "Wife" in this source probably refers to Agnes Martindale, who was his partner but not his wife. McNish was already divorced by this time. Citations

External links

1874 births
1930 deaths
British Merchant Navy personnel
Burials at Karori Cemetery
Explorers of Antarctica
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
People from Port Glasgow
Scottish emigrants to New Zealand
Scottish

masks: McNish McNish


title: Allina Ndebele

texts:
<mask> (née Khumalo) (10 December 1939-) is a South African artist and weaver known for her tapestries. She was born in Swart Mfolozi in KwaZulu Natal Province and after training to be a nurse se she secured a job as a translator for Peder and Ulla Gowenius who were in the process of setting up what was to be Rorke's Drift Art and Craft Centre. She quickly picked up weaving and studied in Sweden to become a teacher-weaver. She later went on to establish her own weaving studio, Khumalo's Kraal and obtained the Order of Ikhamanga in Silver in 2005. She still lives at Khumalo's Kraal today. Early life
<mask> was born at Ekuhlengeni Mission, on the Swart Mfolozi near Vryheid, in what is now known as KwaZulu Natal Province. One of six children, <mask>debele was raised primarily by her mother, as her father worked in Johannesburg as a migrant labourer.She obtained her Junior Certificate (Standard 9), and applied to do nursing training at Ceza Mission Hospital in KwaZulu Natal. Opportunities to study further for Ndebele were limited not only by financial constraints, but also as a result of the Extension of University Education Act,1959 which made it a criminal offence for non-white students to register at formally open universities without formal permission from the Minister of Internal Affairs. Career
In 1961, whilst working as a trainee at the hospital, she was employed as an interpreter by Swedish Lutheran Missionaries Peder and Ulla Gowenius who were attempting to set up an occupational therapy project at the hospital. Ndebele began to participate in the occupational therapy teaching as well as the translation, encouraging women at the hospital with various handicrafts. Asked how she came

masks:
Allina Ndebele
Allina Ndebele
Allina N


title: Allina Ndebele

texts:
 her time for her own work was mostly limited to the evenings. In 1978, after running the workshop at Rorke's Drift and mastering her craft, <mask> Ndebele left the Centre and established Khumalo's Kraal Weaving Workshop, where she would go on to produce over 100 unique narrative works until she retired in 2005. Khumalo's Kraal was Ndebele's father's home, and she received support from both her parents in setting up her new workshop. Work

<mask> Ndebele addresses a range of topics in her tapestries, often drawing on the oral storytelling tradition inherited from her grandmother. Whilst Rorke's Drift had its foundations as a Christian Missionary exercise, the Goweniuses encouraged artists and weavers to explore other ideologies and stories, from personal or historical to folk stories. Ndebele's work encompasses all three, and often features interpretations of Zulu stories told to her by her grandmother, Zihudele MaZulu Mhlongo.Mpisi and the Lion (1992) in the collection of the Johannesburg Art Gallery explores one of these stories. After her departure to Khumalo's Kraal, a strong Zulu iconography emerged in her work, with themes such as water as a life giving force and the structure of the Zulu homestead. Ndebele also engaged in personal storytelling The Tree of Life or Isihlahla Sempilo in Zulu, is one such example, which was commissioned in 1985. The Mantis Wedding is a piece about <mask> Ndebele's separation from her husband, and tells the story of a legend about the romance between a praying mantis and a bird, who eats the mantis after their wedding. Her largest piece, Nqakamatshe and His Muti Magics [sic] (1999), was commissioned for the MTN Art Collection and measures 200 x 450

masks: Allina Allina Allina


title: Ahmed Haroun

texts:
<mask> (also spelled Ahmad Harun, ; born 1964) is one of five Sudanese men wanted by the International Criminal Court (ICC) for war crimes and crimes against humanity in Darfur. Despite international pressure on the government of Sudan to surrender him to the ICC, Haroun served as Sudan's Minister of State for Humanitarian Affairs until May 2009 when he was appointed to the governorship of South Kordofan. In September 2007, he was appointed to lead an investigation into human rights violations in Darfur. In July 2013 he resigned as Governor of South Kordofan, and was reappointed by Omar al-Bashir as Governor of North Kordofan. On 1 March 2019, President Omar al-Bashir handed over the running of the country's leading political party, the National Congress, to him. He was arrested in April 2019 by local authorities in Sudan following a coup which overthrew al-Bashir. Early life and education
Born in 1964, Haroun is from the state of North Kordofan.He comes from the Bargo tribe in western Sudan. He was trained as a lawyer. Career and allegations
At one time Haroun was Sudan's youngest minister of state. He also accused in participating in mobilizing and training of tribal fighters to attack civilians during the counterinsurgency in South Sudan. He also participated in the mobilization of the Murahileen militia and the conduct of military operations in Kordofan during the 1990s. During the time Haroun served as the minister of state for interior affairs, from April 2003 to September 2005, he also managed the Darfur Security Desk, which coordinated different government bodies involved in the counterinsurgency campaign in Darfur, such as the police, the Janjaweed, the Armed Forces, and the Intelligence Service. This department also managed access of NGOs and the media to Darfur.From 2006 to 2009, he was the minister of state for humanitarian affairs. Alleged criminal activity in Darfur
Haroun allegedly recruited, funded and armed the Janjaweed militia, and incited attacks against civilian populations. Forces under his command have been accused on targeting the towns of Kodoom, Bindisi,


title: Martin Heidegger

texts:
<mask> (; ; 26 September 188926 May 1976) was a German philosopher who is best known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism. He is among  the most important and influential philosophers of the 20th century. In <mask>'s fundamental text Being and Time (1927), "Dasein" is introduced as a term for the type of being that humans possess. Dasein has been translated as "being there". Heidegger believes that Dasein already has a "pre-ontological" and non-abstract understanding that shapes how it lives. This mode of being he terms "being-in-the-world". Dasein and "being-in-the-world" are unitary concepts at odds with rationalist philosophy and its "subject/object" view since at least René Descartes.<mask> explicitly disagrees with Descartes, and  uses an analysis of Dasein to approach the question of the meaning of being. This meaning is  "concerned with what makes beings intelligible as beings", according to Heidegger scholar Michael Wheeler. <mask> was a member and supporter of the Nazi Party. There is controversy as to the relationship between his philosophy and his Nazism. Biography

Early years

<mask> was born in rural Meßkirch,  Baden-Württemberg, the son of Johanna (Kempf) and <mask>. Raised a Roman Catholic, he was the son of the sexton of the village church that adhered to the First Vatican Council of 1870, which was observed mainly by the poorer class of Meßkirch. His family could not afford to send him to university, so he entered a Jesuit seminary, though he was turned away within weeks because of the health requirement and what the director and doctor of the seminary described

masks:
Martin Heidegger
Heidegger
Heidegger
Heidegger
Heidegger
Friedrich Heidegger


title: Martin Heidegger

texts:
 as a psychosomatic heart condition.<mask> was short and sinewy, with dark piercing eyes. He enjoyed outdoor pursuits, being especially proficient at skiing. Studying theology at the University of Freiburg while supported by the church, later he switched his field of study to philosophy. <mask> completed his doctoral thesis on psychologism in 1914, influenced by Neo-Thomism and Neo-Kantianism, directed by Arthur Schneider. In 1916, he finished his venia legendi with a habilitation thesis on Duns Scotus directed by the Neo-Kantian Heinrich Rickert and influenced by Edmund Husserl's phenomenology. In the two years following, he worked first as an unsalaried Privatdozent then served as a soldier during the final year of World War I; serving "the last ten months of the war" with "the last three of those in a meteorological unit on the western front". Marburg
In 1923, <mask> was elected to an extraordinary professorship in philosophy at the University of Marburg.His colleagues there included Rudolf Bultmann, Nicolai Hartmann, Paul Tillich, and Paul Natorp. <mask>'s students at Marburg included Hans-Georg Gadamer, Hannah Arendt, Karl Löwith, Gerhard Krüger, Leo Strauss, Jacob Klein, Günther Anders, and Hans Jonas. Following on from Aristotle, he began to develop in his lectures the main theme of his philosophy: the question of the sense of being. He extended the concept of subject to the dimension of history and concrete existence, which he found prefigured in such Christian thinkers as Paul of Tarsus, Augustine of Hippo, <mask>, and Søren Kierkegaard. He also read the works of Wilhelm Dilthey, Husserl, Max Scheler,

masks:
Heidegger
Heidegger
Heidegger
Heidegger
Martin Luther


title: Martin Heidegger

texts:
 and Friedrich Nietzsche. Freiburg
In 1927, <mask> published his main work, Sein und Zeit (Being and Time). When Husserl retired as Professor of Philosophy in 1928, <mask> accepted Freiburg's election to be his successor, in spite of a counter-offer by Marburg.<mask> remained at Freiburg im Breisgau for the rest of his life, declining later offers including one from Humboldt University of Berlin. His students at Freiburg included Hannah Arendt, Günther Anders, Hans Jonas, Karl Löwith, Charles Malik, Herbert Marcuse, and Ernst Nolte. Karl Rahner likely attended four of his seminars in four semesters from 1934 to 1936. Emmanuel Levinas attended his lecture courses during his stay in Freiburg in 1928, as did Jan Patočka in 1933; Patočka in particular was deeply influenced by him. <mask> was elected rector of the University on 21 April 1933, and joined the Nazi Party on 1 May. During his time as rector of Freiburg, <mask> was a member and an enthusiastic supporter of the Nazi Party. There is controversy as to the relationship between his philosophy and his Nazism.He wanted to position himself as the philosopher of the party, but the highly abstract nature of his work and the opposition of Alfred Rosenberg, who himself aspired to act in that position, limited <mask>'s role. His resignation from the rectorate owed more to his frustration as an administrator than to any principled opposition to the Nazis, according to historians. In his inaugural address as rector on 27 May he expressed his support of a German revolution, and in an article and a speech to the students from the same year he also supported Adolf Hitler.

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