title: François Cevert

texts:
<mask> (25 February 1944 – 6 October 1973) was a French racing driver who took part in the Formula One World Championship. He competed in 47 World Championship Grands Prix, achieving one win, 13 podium finishes and 89 career points. Family background
<mask> was the son of Charles Goldenberg (1901–1985), a Parisian jeweller, and <mask>. Charles was a Russian-Jewish émigré brought to France as a young boy by his parents, to escape the persecution of the Jews under the Tsarist autocracy. During World War II, under the Nazi occupation of France, Goldenberg joined the French Resistance to avoid forced deportation to Poland, as he was a registered Jew. In order not to draw further attention, Charles and Huguette's four children were all registered with her surname (Cevert) rather than his. Some years after the liberation of France, <mask>'s father wanted to rename his children back to Goldenberg, but the family objected as by now they had become known as Cevert.<mask> was the brother-in-law of Grand Prix driver Jean-Pierre Beltoise. Career

Early career
When he was 16, <mask> began his motorsport career on two wheels, rather than four, initially racing his mother's Vespa scooter against friends, before graduating to his own Norton at the age of 19. After completing his National Service, <mask> switched his attention to cars. In 1966 he completed a training course at the Le Mans school, before enrolling at the Magny-Cours racing school. At the same time he registered for the Volant Shell scholarship competition, which offered the top finisher the prize of an Alpine Formula Three car. <mask> duly qualified for the final race and won. His first season in F3, at the wheel of his prize Alpine, did not go well.He lacked the funds and experience to properly set up and maintain his car. After finding sponsorship for the 1968 season, <mask> traded in his Alpine for a more competitive Tecno car. With his new mount

masks:
Albert François Cevert Goldenberg
Cevert
Huguette Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
François Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert


title: François Cevert

type: original

texts:
 <mask> finally started to win races, and by the end of the season he was French Formula 3 Champion, just ahead of Jean-Pierre Jabouille. After winning the French Formula 3 Championship, <mask> joined the works Tecno Formula Two team in 1969, and finished third overall, as well as driving in the F2 class of the 1969 German Grand Prix. At the time, Formula Two was an ideal training ground for ambitious drivers, as many top Grand Prix drivers also competed in the F2 class, when their Formula One schedules permitted. When Jackie Stewart had a hard time getting around <mask> in an F2 race at Crystal Palace the same year, Stewart told his team manager Ken Tyrrell to keep an eye on the young Frenchman. This personal recommendation was to pay off in 1970, as when Tyrrell needed a new driver at short notice Stewart's recommendation was still in his mind.Tyrrell later commented on the reason for <mask>'s appointment to the Formula One team that "everybody said it was (French oil company and Tyrrell sponsor) Elf, but it was really what Jackie said about him." Formula One

When Johnny Servoz-Gavin suddenly retired from the Tyrrell Formula One team three races into the 1970 season, Tyrrell called upon <mask> to be his number two driver, alongside defending World Champion Stewart. Over the next four seasons, <mask> became the veteran Stewart's devoted protégé. After making his debut at the Dutch Grand Prix at Zandvoort in Tyrrell's second customer March-Ford, he increased his pace and closed the gap to Stewart with virtually every race. He earned his first World Championship point by finishing sixth in the Italian Grand Prix at Monza. In 1971, with the Tyrrell team now building their own cars, <mask> finished second in France and Germany, both times behind team leader Stewart. Then, in the season-ending United States Grand Prix at the newly extended Watkins Glen race course, the Frenchman earned his first and only

masks: Cevert Cevert Cevert Cevert Cevert Cevert Cevert


title: François Cevert

texts:
 Grand Prix win:

Having started from fifth spot, <mask> took the lead from Stewart on lap 14 as the Scot's tires began to go off in the 100° heat.At about half-distance, <mask> finally began to struggle with the same understeer that had plagued Stewart much earlier. Jacky Ickx was closing, and his Firestones were getting better as the race went on. On lap 43, Ickx set the fastest lap of the race, and the gap was down to 2.2 seconds. Then, on lap 49, the alternator on Ickx's Ferrari fell off, punching a hole in the gearbox and spilling oil all over the track! Denny Hulme's McLaren hit the oil and spun into the barrier, bending his front suspension. Hulme was standing beside the track when <mask> came by and also slid off and hit the barrier, but he kept going, now 29 seconds in the lead! <mask> coasted home, taking both hands off the wheel to wave as he crossed the line.<mask> became only the second Frenchman to win a Formula One World Championship Grand Prix (Maurice Trintignant won at Monaco in 1955 and 1958), and received 50,000 U.S. dollars as award. It was the high point of his career, helping him take third place in the 1971 Drivers' Championship behind Stewart and Ronnie Peterson. Great expectations for <mask>, Stewart and Tyrrell were not fulfilled in 1972, <mask> finished in the points only three times, with second places in Belgium and in the USA, and a fourth at his home race in France at the Clermont-Ferrand circuit. One bright spot in a disappointing year for <mask> was his second-place finish at the 24 hours of Le Mans, driving a Matra-Simca 670 with New Zealand's Howden Ganley. Death
In 1973, the Tyrrell team was back on top in Formula One and <mask> showed he was capable of running with Stewart at almost every race. He finished second six times, three times behind Stewart, who acknowledged that at times the Frenchman had been a very "obedient" teammate. As <mask> began to draw even

masks: Cevert Cevert Cevert Cevert Cevert Cevert Cevert Cevert Cevert Cevert


title: François Cevert

texts: with Stewart's driving abilities, the Scot was secretly planning to retire after the last race of the season in the United States.For the 1974 season, <mask> would be Tyrrell's team leader. At Watkins Glen, with Stewart having already clinched his third World Championship, <mask> was killed during Saturday morning qualifying, while battling for pole position with Ronnie Peterson. In the fast right-left uphill combination called "The Esses", <mask>'s car was a little too far over towards the left side of the track, getting a bump from the kerbs. This made it swerve towards the right-hand side of the track, where it touched the track's signature powder blue safety barriers causing it to spin and crash into the barriers on the other side of the track at a near 90° angle, uprooting and lifting the barrier. <mask> died instantly of massive injuries inflicted by the barrier. <mask> had crashed violently in the uphill Esses heading onto the back of the circuit. Fighting the car as he went up the hill, he brushed the curb on the left, whipped across the track and hit the guardrail on the right.The car began to spin, and he swerved back across the track at 150 mph and hit the outside guardrail almost head-on, Stewart said. Jackie Stewart was one of the last on the scene of <mask>'s accident and said later "They [the marshals] had left him [in the car], because he was so clearly dead." Stewart immediately left the scene of the accident and returned to the pits. Word of the severity of the crash gradually reached the pit area. Footage shows track personnel and members of other teams, including Lotus owner Colin Chapman heading for the Tyrrell pit where Stewart parked his car. Chapman was told by Lotus team manager Peter Warr that <mask> was the driver involved and that it was "very bad". When Stewart exited his car, Chapman apparently deduced simply from his expression that it was a fatal accident.The Lotus


title: François Cevert

texts:
 team boss shook his head and stated mournfully, "Cevert...bloody hell." He then sighed and started walking slowly back to the Lotus pits. Emerson Fittipaldi parked his car shortly thereafter and immediately got out without speaking. He later called <mask>'s death, "One of the saddest [days] of my career." Because of <mask>'s death, Tyrrell withdrew its entry for this GP, and Stewart did not run his final, and 100th race. <mask> was 29 years and 224 days old. He is buried in the Cimetière de Vaudelnay in the village of Vaudelnay, Maine-et-Loire.Cause of the accident analysed by Stewart
When practice resumed, Stewart went out on the track in his car on a personal fact-finding mission. His conclusion was that his own preference was to take The Esses complex in fourth gear in the Tyrrell, hence he would be at the low end of the engine's rev range, making the car more tractable and less nervous (in exchange for a bit less throttle response). <mask>, however, preferred to use third gear and be at the top end of his engine's power range: it was always something of a compromise because of the need to accelerate through the combination of corners. Stewart noted that the Tyrrell always felt jumpy through this section of the Watkins Glen track owing to its short wheelbase; he felt that this was somewhat counteracted by driving in the higher gear even though this meant a time penalty if he got his line wrong through the corner. A film documentary of the time, shot minutes before the start of the fatal practice session, captures Stewart and <mask> in a spirited debate on exactly this point. Another accident occurred at the same circuit a year later in the 1974 USA Grand Prix when another young Formula One driver, Helmuth Koinigg, died when his car went straight into the barrier at turn 7. As a response to <mask>'s and Koinigg's accidents, a chicane was added in 1975 in order to slow the cars through the

masks: Cevert Cevert Cevert Cevert Cevert Cevert


title: François Cevert

texts:
 "Esses".The chicane was removed in 1985 after the track lost its Formula One race in 1981. Films
The 2013 film Rush portrays a composite of <mask>'s qualifying fatal accident, combining what appears to be the remains of a blue liveried 1973 Tyrrell 006 with the configuration of Helmuth Koinigg's accident while driving the Surtees TS16 in the 1974 race. The 2013 documentary 1: Life on the Limit documents <mask>'s fatal accident in 1973. <mask> was extensively profiled and interviewed in the Formula One documentary, The Quick and the Dead. Racing record

Career summary

 Ineligible for Formula One points, because <mask> drove with a Formula Two car. Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Ineligible for Formula One points, because <mask> drove with a Formula Two car. Non-Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
(Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Winner Volant Shell 1966
French Formula 3 Champion 1968
Third in the Formula 2 European Championship 1969
Third in the Formula 1 Drivers' World Championship 1971
Second in the 24 hours of Le Mans 1972
Winner in Donnybrook, Can-Am 1972
Winner of 1000km of Paris 1970

See also
List of select Jewish racing drivers

References

External links

Hamilton, Maurice, Ken Tyrrell: The Authorised Biography, HarperCollinsWillow 2002, .Team Tyrrell Drivers – 1971
Grand Prix Encyclopedia
8W – Tyrrell in 1973
Atlas F1 Bulletin Board with 3 photographs of <mask>'s grave at Vaudelnay

1944 births
1973 deaths
French racing drivers
French Formula One drivers
Tyrrell Formula One drivers
Formula One race winners
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
European Formula Two Championship drivers
French Formula Three Championship drivers
World Sportscar Championship drivers
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
Racing drivers killed while racing
Sports deaths in New York (state)
French people of Russian-Jewish


title: Yuichiro Nagashima

texts:
is a Japanese retired kickboxer, mixed martial artist, and a cosplayer, fighting out of Nishinomiya, Hyogo. He's ranked 2nd dan black belt in Nippon Kempo, and was known by his career in K-1. Biography
<mask> was born in 1984 in the city of Nishinomiya, Hyogo. He started learning judo when he was an elementary school. He continued training judo until the graduation of junior high school. During his high school life, he practiced full contact karate, but he attended training only once or twice a week. He first intended to become a professional wrestler, but was deemed too short, so he decided to be a fighter instead.Mixed martial arts
<mask> joined the team of Nippon Kempo and started training seriously when he was matriculated in University of Marketing and Distribution Sciences. In addition, <mask> started participating professional mixed martial arts bouts. He also started

masks:
Yuichiro Nagashima
Nagashima
Nagashima


title: Yuichiro Nagashima

texts:
 cosplaying anime characters during his entrance to the ring. Kickboxing
Since 2007, <mask> shifted his workplace to kickboxing, and he became known as "Otaku kickboxer" because of his entrance show before the bouts. He won ten consecutive victories, and won the vacant title of NJKF at Super welterweight on December 9, 2008. This was the first time for NJKF that the kickboxer who is not the member of NJKF wins the title of NJKF (Sakigake juku is not member of NJKF). On January 25, 2009, he was chosen and awarded 2008 Outstanding Performance Award by NJKF, and also given 3 more awards certified combat sports medias.K-1
After winning the title, <mask> was offered by K-1. He participated K-1 World MAX 2009 Japan Tournament  on February 23, 2009, and he knocked out Hayato at 2R at the quarterfinal, but he was beaten by Yuya Yamamoto and lost by TKO because of being cut at the

masks: Nagashima Nagashima


title: Yuichiro Nagashima

texts: semifinal. After the Japanese tournament, <mask> was offered to fight against Albert Kraus from Netherlands on April 21. They engaged in a heated war of words before the bout where Kraus said "he seems to be a gay". The fight ended in Nagashima losing by knockout in round one. On October 26, <mask> was offered to fight against Xu Yan from China. Although he trained at Masato's gym, he was knocked out at round one.In December, he was awarded the 2009 Walkout of the Year by Inside MMA of HDNet. On March 27, 2010, <mask> participated to K-1 World Max 2010 Japan tournament. He won the tournament with 3 consecutive knock outs. Although he wanted to defend his NJKF title after this tournament, he returned his title as on 1 April because he was going to participate the world tournament and it was hard to arrange his schedule for defending title. On December 31, 2010, <mask> took part in

masks: Nagashima Nagashima Nagashima Nagashima


title: Yuichiro Nagashima

texts: a "mixed rules" bout against judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu expert Shinya Aoki at Dynamite!! 2010, the annual New Year's Eve fight festival. One round was to be held under kickboxing rules and the other under mixed martial arts rules.A coin toss decided that the kickboxing round was to commense first. Aoki took advantage of the fact that he only had to survive through a single three-minute round of kickboxing and thus threw pointless attacks like flying dropkicks and rolling heel kicks while holding onto the ring ropes in order to run the clock down. As the second round began, and Aoki now in his element under MMA rules, he dropped immediately for a double leg takedown, while <mask> launched a flying knee square into Aoki's jaw. The blow instantly knocked out Aoki, after which <mask> followed up with a number of hammerfists on the supine Aoki. The referee stepped in and stopped the


title: Yuichiro Nagashima

texts:
 fight four seconds into the period. He faced Henri van Opstal at REBELS 13 in Tokyo on October 28, 2012 with a place at the Shoot Boxing World Tournament 2012 on the line. He lost via unanimous decision (30-29, 30-29, 29-28).He lost a one-sided unanimous decision to Robin van Roosmalen at Glory 4: Tokyo - 2012 Heavyweight Grand Slam in Saitama, Japan on December 31, 2012 after being dropped in round one. He lost to Yoshihiro Sato by unanimous decision at Hoost Cup: Kings in Nagoya, Japan on June 16, 2013. <mask> stopped a three-fight skid when he beat Hiroki Shishido by unanimous decision at Shoot Boxing Battle Summit Ground Zero Tokyo 2013 in Tokyo, Japan on November 15, 2013. Professional wrestling
On March 6, 2011, <mask> appeared in the puroresu promotion Pro Wrestling ZERO1 to challenge fellow rookie Daichi Hashimoto, who was scheduled to face Masahiro Chono, and said that


title: Yuichiro Nagashima

texts: he had also made his debut in wrestling and soon would be Daichi's rival. <mask> began training in the ZERO1 dojo under Shinjiro Otani, who was also Hashimoto's trainer. Although Daichi was the original target to Yuichiro, veteran wrestler Kohei Sato offered to wrestle <mask> first, so Yuichiro had his debut on May 5 at the Korakuen Hall against him, with th Otaku Kickboxer winning the bout. The match was highly praised and some said that Yuichiro's skill was such that he seemed to have years of experience.Later, on June 14, <mask> had his first match against Daichi, teaming with former yokozuna and K-1 fighter Akebono to defeat Hashimoto & Otani. Two months after, <mask> teamed up with Hashimoto and Otani to defeat Ryoji Sai, KAMIKAZE & Munenori Sawa. After their last meeting, <mask> announced his intention to face Masahiro Chono, who had wrestled against Hashimoto. Chono agreed

masks: Nagashima Nagashima Yuichiro Nagashima Nagashima


title: Yuichiro Nagashima

texts:
 and the match was held in Inoki Genome Federation, with <mask> in the losing side. Thereafter, <mask> began competing actively for IGF, achieving significant victories over Munenori Sawa and Bob Sapp. Upon his return to ZERO1, <mask> came in a feud with Fujita Hayato, being defeated by Fujita in a singles match. This was his final match of the year, as <mask> returned to kickboxing shortly after.In 2013, <mask> made a return to pro wrestling in IGF, beating Black Tiger in two consecutive matches. Lethwei and retirement
In February 2020, <mask> made his debut in lethwei rules against Aut Chin Thwai, being defeated after a leg injury at the third round. He entered the match wearing the first anime cosplay he wore in his career, that of Haruhi Suzumiya from the eponymous franchise, and suggested this was his last fight. Nahashima was scheduled to face Shohei Asahara, Yasuomi Soda

masks: Nagashima Yuichiro Nagashima Nagashima Nagashima Nagashima


title: Dan Blocker

texts:
<mask> ( – ) was an American television actor and Korean War veteran, who played Hoss Cartwright in the long-running NBC Western television series Bonanza. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in De Kalb, Texas, United States, the son of Ora "Shack<mask> and <mask>, née Davis. As a boy, he attended Texas Military Institute. In 1940, he enrolled in school Hardin-Simmons University and Sul Ross State University and earned a degree in speech and drama. In 1946, he played football at Southern Baptist-affiliated Hardin–Simmons University in Abilene, Texas. In 1947, he transferred to Sul Ross State Teacher's College in Alpine, Texas, where he was a star football player, and graduated in 1950. After two years of military service, he earned a master's degree in the dramatic arts.He worked as a rodeo performer and a bouncer in a bar while a student. He is remembered from his school days for his height of  and weight of , and for being good-natured despite his intimidating size. Blocker was a high-school English and drama teacher in Sonora, Texas, from 1953 to 1958; a sixth-grade teacher and coach at Eddy Elementary School in Carlsbad, New Mexico, and then a teacher in California. <mask> and his wife Dolphia, moved to Los Angeles where he secured some acting roles. U.S. Army
Blocker was drafted into the United States Army during the Korean War. He had basic training at Fort Polk, Louisiana, and served as an infantry sergeant in F Company, 2nd Battalion, 179th Infantry Regiment, 45th Infantry Division in Korea, from December 1951 to August 1952. He received a Purple Heart for wounds in combat.In addition to the Purple Heart, <mask> received the National Defense Service Medal, Korean Service Medal with two bronze campaign stars, Republic of Korea

masks:
Bobby Dan Davis Blocker
Blocker
" Blocker
Mary Arizona Blocker
Blocker
Blocker


title: Dan Blocker

texts:
 Presidential Unit Citation, United Nations Service Medal, Korean War Service Medal, and Combat Infantryman Badge. Acting career

In 1957, <mask> appeared in a Three Stooges short, Outer Space Jitters, playing the Goon, billed as "<mask>". He made two appearances on Gunsmoke as the blacksmith:  on August 25, 1956, in "Alarm at Pleasant Valley" and  on October 18, 1958, in "Thoroughbreds". He also appeared in 1957 as Will in the episode, "A Time to Die" of the ABC/Warner Bros. Western series, Colt .45. In 1957, <mask> was cast in episodes of David Dortort's NBC series The Restless Gun as a blacksmith and as a cattleman planning to take his hard-earned profit to return to his family land in his native Minnesota. That same year, he had at least two roles as a bartender in an episode of the syndicated Western-themed crime drama Sheriff of Cochise, starring John Bromfield, and in the film, Gunsight Ridge. Also in 1957, he appeared in the Cheyenne episode, "Land Beyond the Law", playing one of the outlaw minions (Pete).He also appeared in The Rifleman. In 1958, he played a prison guard and later had a recurring role as Tiny Budinger in the NBC Western series Cimarron City, starring George Montgomery, John Smith and Audrey Totter. He also was seen in "The Señorita Makes a Choice", a 1958 episode of Walt Disney's Zorro series, as well as an episode, "Underground Ambush", of Sergeant Preston of the Yukon, playing Mule Conklin. In 1958, <mask> had a supporting role as Sergeant Broderick in "The Dora Gray Story" on NBC's Wagon Train. That same year, he appeared in "Stagecoach Episode" of the NBC Western Jefferson Drum, starring Jeff Richards. In March 1958, he also appeared as Joe, a thief, in season one of Have Gun Will Travel, in the episode "Gun

masks:
Blocker
Don Blocker
Blocker
Blocker


title: Dan Blocker

texts:
 Shy"

<mask> was cast as bearded poker-playing rodeo performer, Cloudy Sims, in the 1958 episode "Rodeo" on the David Janssen crime drama, Richard Diamond, Private Detective. In the storyline, a rodeo performer named Ed Murdock, portrayed by Lee Van Cleef, is murdered before he can make his final performance at the annual event in Madison Square Garden.In 1959, as Bonanza began its long network run, <mask> guest-starred in an episode of the Keenan Wynn and Bob Mathias NBC series, The Troubleshooters, an adventure program about unusual events surrounding an international construction company. Another 1959 role was as Del Pierce in "Johnny Yuma", the first episode of the ABC Western series The Rebel, starring Nick Adams. Bonanza (1959–1972)

<mask>'s big break also came in 1959, when he was cast as Eric "Hoss" Cartwright on the NBC television series Bonanza and played the role in 415 episodes until his death. <mask> said he portrayed the gentle-natured Hoss character with a Stephen Grellet excerpt in mind: "We shall pass this way on Earth but once, if there is any kindness we can show, or good act we can do, let us do it now, for we will never pass this way again." In 1963, <mask> starred with Frank Sinatra in the comedy Come Blow Your Horn. He worked with Sinatra again in 1968 in the Tony Rome film sequel Lady in Cement, playing a menacing tough guy. Stanley Kubrick attempted to cast <mask> in his film Dr. Strangelove, after Peter Sellers elected not to add the role of Major T.J. "King" Kong to his multiple other roles, but according to the film's co-writer, Terry Southern, <mask>'s agent rejected the script.The role went to Slim Pickens, who played the iconic scene of riding an atomic bomb down while waving his cowboy hat. In 1968,

masks: Blocker Blocker Blocker Blocker Blocker Blocker Blocker


title: Dan Blocker

texts:
 <mask> starred as John Killibrew, a blacksmith, who had convinced a number of settlers to follow him to California and founded the town of Arkana. This TV film, Something for a Lonely Man, also featured Susan Clark, John Dehner, Warren Oates, and Don Stroud. In 1970, <mask> portrayed a love-shy galoot in The Cockeyed Cowboys of Calico County, with Nanette Fabray as a love prospect and a supporting cast featuring Jim Backus, Jack Elam, Noah Beery Jr., and Mickey Rooney. <mask> also appeared on NBC's The Flip Wilson Show comedy hour. Director Robert Altman befriended <mask> while directing episodes of Bonanza. Years later, he cast <mask> as Roger Wade in The Long Goodbye, but <mask> died before filming began.The role then went to Sterling Hayden, and the film was dedicated to <mask>. Also in 1963, Blocker started and received partial ownership in a successful chain of Bonanza Steakhouse restaurants (Ponderosa Steakhouses started in 1965), in exchange for serving (in character as Hoss) as their commercial spokesman and making personal appearances at franchises. Personal life

Originally from Bowie County, Texas, <mask> arrived in Los Angeles in 1958 planning to do post-grad work at UCLA but began getting acting roles. Previously, while attending Sul Ross State College, he had a non-speaking part in a stage play and found that he was attracted to acting. He also played in Summer Stock in Boston in 1950 after getting his degree at the College. <mask> was a Free Methodist. He married Dolphia Parker, whom he had met while a student at Sul Ross State University.Their children are Hollywood actor <mask>, Hollywood producer <mask>, and twin daughters Debra Lee (artist) and <mask> Lynn. <mask> won a 1998 Emmy for producing Don King: Only in

masks:
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Dirk Blocker
David Blocker
Danna
David Blocker


title: Dan Blocker

texts:
 America. <mask>, a liberal Democrat was among Hollywood celebrities who supported Pat Brown's re-election in 1966 as governor of California against Ronald W. Reagan. In 1968, Blocker backed then-U.S. Senator Eugene J. McCarthy of Minnesota for the Democratic presidential nomination. Blocker later supported the eventual Democratic Party nominee, Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey, also of Minnesota, for the presidency against the Republican Richard M. Nixon. Blocker kept a house in Inglewood, California, and a  Tudor-style mansion in the Hancock Park area of Los Angeles, not far from singer Nat King Cole.The house was later purchased by American heavy metal singer Rob Zombie, and was featured on an episode of MTV Cribs. On the 2010 PBS special, Pioneers of Television: Westerns, actor Mitch Vogel, who played adopted brother Jamie Cartwright on Bonanza, said Blocker, "was so easy to get to know—the kind of guy you could go and have a beer with." <mask>, a performance automobile fan, once owned a 1965 Chevrolet Chevelle SS396 "Z-16" (RPO Z16 option), as Chevrolet was the commercial sponsor of the show. He also owned a 1965 Huffaker Genie MK10 race car, nicknamed the "Vinegaroon". The car was run by Nickey Chevrolet in the 1965 and 1966 U.S. Road Racing Championship series, as well as the 1966 Can-Am championship. Death

On May 13, 1972, <mask> died in Los Angeles, at age 43, of a pulmonary embolism following gallbladder surgery at Daniel Freeman hospital. A news item provides these specifics: "Blocker went into the hospital for gall bladder surgery, developed a blood clot in his lung, and died".The writers of Bonanza took the unusual step of referencing a major character's death in the show's storyline that autumn. A 2011 report added that

masks: Blocker Blocker Blocker


title: Dan Blocker

texts:
 "this was to be the first time in television history that a show had dealt with, or even mentioned, the death of one of its characters". Specifics as to the death were not discussed in the series, but some years later, in a subsequent series, Bonanza: The Next Generation one character stated that "Hoss drowned trying to save another's life". Bonanza lasted another season without Hoss, and the 14th and final season ended on January 16, 1973. That season was "by far the least popular and least requested season in the show's rerun package". <mask>'s remains were interred in a family plot in Woodmen Cemetery, in De Kalb, Texas. The common grave site is marked by a plain stone with the name "B. <mask><mask>" engraved; three family members are buried beside him – his father, mother, and sister.Filmography

Namings
The following are named after Blocker:
 The <mask> Room is on the second floor of the O'Donnell Heritage Museum in O'Donnell, Texas, where he was brought up. <mask>er Beach is in Malibu, California. <mask>er Avenue is a street in the Boulder Ranch development in Henderson, Nevada. References

External links

 Biography by Bruce Eder, Allmovie

 Roadside America, <mask> Memorial
 "Cactus Pryor Interviews <mask>": KTBC interview from 1965

1928 births
1972 deaths
People from DeKalb, Texas
Male actors from Texas
American male film actors
United States Army soldiers
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
American male television actors
Can-Am entrants
Sul Ross State University alumni
People from O'Donnell, Texas
People from Sutton County, Texas
TMI Episcopal alumni
Male actors from Los Angeles
Free Methodist Church members
California Democrats
20th-century American male actors
Western (genre) television actors
Deaths from

masks:
Blocker
Dan D
. Blocker
Dan Blocker
Dan Block
Dan Block
Dan Blocker
Dan Blocker


title: Charles Chamberlain Hurst

texts:
<mask> (1870–1947) was an English geneticist. Career

<mask> had hoped to read Natural Sciences at Cambridge University, but became ill at a critical time, possibly with tuberculosis, and this prevented him attending, although he recovered and led an active life thereafter. <mask> inherited a plant nursery business in the small Leicestershire village of Burbage. At his Burbage laboratories, a part of the family plant nurseries, <mask> carried out his studies on hybridisation in orchids. He wrote an early paper proposing that new species evolved from hybridisation, based on his orchid knowledge, in 1898, almost two decades before similar theories were published by Johannes Paulus Lotsy. <mask> was a frequent correspondent and friend to William Bateson and helped in the introduction of Mendelian genetics in the early 20th century. Also in Burbage, <mask> collected the first data to advance the theory that blue eye colour was recessive to brown.He carried out many investigations into the genetics of coat colour inheritance in horses, chickens and other domestic animals. As well as studying eye colour in humans, he was an ardent eugenicist and believed fervently that the human race could be improved by genetic study. In his book on 'Creative Evolution' he advocated a theory of musical ability based on Mendelian loci. Although an early promoter and lifelong supporter of Mendelian genetics and a friend of Bateson's, he appears to have parted ways with his mentor on some points. In his 1932 book on The Mechanism of Creative Evolution Hurst adopted the chromosome theory of inheritance whole-heartedly referring copiously to Thomas Hunt Morgan's Drosophila work, and he was also clearly a staunch Darwinist. He

masks:
Charles Chamberlain Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst


title: Charles Chamberlain Hurst

texts:
 believed that natural selection and Mendelian genetics were compatible, and referred to the theoretical work of Sewall Wright, R.A. Fisher, and J.B.S. Haldane, which proved that quantitative traits and natural selection were compatible with Mendelism.As he argued in Creative Evolution (1932), p. xix:

"The genetical approach to Darwinism has been further strengthened by the mathematical work of Fisher and Haldane, which has placed the study of natural selection on a higher plane, and has provided a new tool and approach to the problem, from which much is expected during the next decade. Fisher's work on The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, with its new views of the origin of dominance and the natural selection of genotypes, has already become a classic. J.B.S. Haldane's Mathematical Theory of Natural Selection shows that in evolution, neither mutation nor Lamarckian transformation can prevail against natural selection of even moderate intensity. In America, Sewall Wright has also made an extensive mathematical investigation of the problem of evolution and natural selection, and in the main his results agree with those of Fisher and Haldane although he attaches more importance to random survivals in medium-sized populations than either Fisher or Haldane." <mask> was also a major initiator of the modern "genetical species concept" later known as the biological species concept. This was very much in tune with William Bateson's own beliefs, and Bateson's views on this topic were accepted by many other geneticists worldwide, including Theodosius Dobzhansky.Here is <mask>'s concept of species in Creative Evolution (1932), p. 66-7:

"A species is a group of individuals of common descent, with certain

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title: Charles Chamberlain Hurst

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 constant specific characters in common which are represented in the nucleus of each cell by constant and characteristic sets of chromosomes carrying homozygous specific genes, causing as a rule intra-fertility and inter-sterility. On this view the species is no longer an arbitrary conception convenient to the taxonomist, a mere new name or label, but rather a real specific entity which can be experimentally demonstrated genetically and cytologically. Once the true nature of species is realised and recognised in terms of genes and chromosomes, the way is open to trace its evolution and origin, and the genetical species becomes a measurable and experimental unit of evolution." Such views were typical of the stance in evolutionary biology, adopted later by and today mainly credited to Theodosius Dobzhansky and Ernst Mayr, and dubbed "The Modern Synthesis" by Julian Huxley in 1942. Significance
<mask> was famous for his work on hybridisation and breeding in orchids, but also for carrying out early studies into eye colour genetics (demonstrating the dominance of brown eyes over blue in 1905), and animal coat coloration (in subjects ranging from horses to chickens). William Bateson was credited as the scientist who first brought Mendel's theories to the English speaking-world, and the coiner of the term 'genetics'. Given the nickname 'Bateson's Bulldog', <mask> has been described along with Bateson as one of the two leaders of Mendelism in England at the turn of the 20th century.Bateson and <mask> collaborated in the battle against the biometricians Karl Pearson and Walter Frank Raphael Weldon, with <mask> generating much data from experimental crosses of different plant varieties and animal colour

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title: Charles Chamberlain Hurst

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 variants, including chickens, horses, and man. Together they practically proved that Mendelian genetics could be extended to many different systems. <mask> was much younger than Bateson, but had a fiery passion for genetics, great skill in debate, and an approachableness lacking in some of his older peers which meant he was well respected within the scientific and lay community. See also

Cock, Alan G. & Forsdyke, D.R. 2008. Treasure Your Exceptions. The Science and Life of William Bateson.Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Chapter 10. Bateson's Bulldog. pp. 269–294. Schwartz, J. 2008.In Pursuit of the Gene. From Darwin to DNA. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. pp. 133–143. References

Some publications
Hurst, C.C. 1898.Curiosities of orchid breeding. Nature (London) 59: 178–181
Hurst, C.C. & Rolfe R.A. 1909. The Orchid Stud Book
Hurst, C.C. 1925. Experiments in Genetics
Hurst, C.C. 1926.Origin of species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 138: 30
Hurst, C.C. 1927. Species concept. Report of the British Association, 1926, Oxford
Hurst, C.C. 1927. Mechanism of evolution.Eugenics Review 19: 19
Hurst, C.C. 1930. Species concept. Gardener's Chronicle 88: 325
Hurst, C.C. 1931. New species concept. Reports of the International Congress of Botany, 1930.Cambridge
Hurst, C.C. 1932. The Mechanism of Creative Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Hurst, C.C. 1932. A Genetic Formula for the Inheritance of Intelligence in Man
Hurst, C.C. 1934.The Genetics of Intellect
Hurst, C.C. 1935. Heredity and the Ascent of Man

External links

Bateson's Bulldog
Hurst and Bateson

1870 births
1947 deaths
Evolutionary biologists
British geneticists
British botanists
Deputy Lieutenants of


title: Ira C. Eaker

texts:
General <mask> (April 13, 1896 – August 6, 1987) was a general of the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. <mask>, as second-in-command of the prospective Eighth Air Force, was sent to England to form and organize its bomber command. While he struggled to build up airpower in England, the organization of the Army Air Forces evolved and he was named commander of the Eighth Air Force on December 1, 1942. Although his background was in single-engine fighter aircraft, <mask> became the architect of a strategic bombing force that ultimately numbered forty groups of 60 heavy bombers each, supported by a subordinate fighter command of 1,500 aircraft, most of which was in place by the time he relinquished command at the start of 1944. <mask> then took overall command of four Allied air forces based in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, and by the end of World War II had been named Deputy Commander of the U.S. Army Air Forces. He worked in the aerospace industry following his retirement from the military, then became a newspaper columnist. Childhood and education
<mask> was born in Field Creek, Texas, in 1896, the son of a Dutch tenant farmer.He attended Southeastern State Teachers College in Durant, Oklahoma, and then joined the United States Army in 1917. He was appointed a second lieutenant of Infantry, Officer's Reserve Corps, and assigned to active duty with the 64th Infantry Regiment at Camp Bliss, El Paso, Texas. The 64th Infantry was assigned to the 14th Infantry Brigade on December 20, 1917, to be part of the 7th Infantry Division when it deployed to France. On November 15, 1917, <mask> received a commission in the Regular Army. He later received a Bachelor of Arts degree in journalism from the University of Southern California in 1934. Air Service and Air Corps career
<mask> remained with the 64th Infantry until March 1918, when he was placed on detached service to receive flying instruction at Austin and Kelly Fields in Texas. Upon

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title: Ira C. Eaker

texts: graduation the following October, he was rated a pilot and assigned to Rockwell Field, California.In July 1919, he transferred to the Philippine Islands, where he served with the 2d Aero Squadron at Fort Mills until September 1919; with the 3d Aero Squadron at Camp Stotsenburg until September 1920, and as executive officer of the Department Air Office, Department and Assistant Department Air Officer, Philippine Department, and in command of the Philippine Air Depot at Manila until September 1921. Meanwhile, on July 1, 1920, he was commissioned into the Regular Army as a captain in the Air Service and returned to the United States in January 1922, for duty at Mitchel Field, New York, where he commanded the 5th Aero Squadron and later was post adjutant. In June 1924, <mask> was named executive assistant in the Office of Air Service at Washington, D.C., and from December 21, 1926, to May 2, 1927, he served as a pilot of one of the Loening OA-1 float planes of the Pan American Goodwill Flight that made a 22,000 mile (35,200 km) trip around South America and, with the others, was awarded the Mackay Trophy. He then became executive officer in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of War at Washington, D.C. In September 1926, he was named operations and line maintenance officer at Bolling Field, Washington, D.C. While on that duty, he participated as chief pilot on the endurance flight of the Army plane, Question Mark, from 1 to January 7, 1929, establishing a new world flight endurance record. For this achievement the entire crew of five, including <mask> and mission commander Major <mask>, were awarded the DFC.In 1930, he made the first transcontinental flight entirely with instruments. In October 1934, <mask> was ordered to duty at March Field, Calif., where he commanded the 34th Pursuit Squadron and later the 17th Pursuit Squadron. In the summer of 1935, he was detached for duty with the Navy and participated aboard the aircraft carrier USS Lexington, on

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title: Ira C. Eaker

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 maneuvers in Hawaii and Guam. <mask> entered the Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field, Alabama, in August 1935, and upon graduation the following June entered the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, from which he graduated in June 1937. During his time at Ft Leavenworth from June 3–7, 1936, <mask> made the first blind (instruments only) transcontinental flight from New York to Los Angeles. He then became assistant chief of the Information Division in the Office of the Chief of Air Corps (OCAC) at Washington, D.C., during which he helped plan and publicize the interception of the Italian liner Rex at sea. In November 1940, <mask> was given command of the 20th Pursuit Group at Hamilton Field, California.He was promoted in 1941 to colonel while at Hamilton Field. World War II

Promoted to brigadier general in January 1942, he was assigned to organize the VIII Bomber Command (which became the Eighth Air Force) in England and to understudy the British system of bomber operations. Then, in December 1942, he assumed command of the Eighth Air Force. In a speech he gave to the British that won him favorable publicity, he said, "We won't do much talking until we've done more fighting. After we've gone, we hope you'll be glad we came." Much of <mask>'s initial staff, including Captain Frederick W<mask>, Captain Beirne Lay, Jr., and Lieutenant Harris Hull, was composed of reserve rather than career military officers, and the group became known as "Eaker's Amateurs". <mask>'s position as commander of the Eighth Air Force led to his becoming the model for the fictional Major General Pat Pritchard in the 1949 movie Twelve O'Clock High.Throughout the war, <mask> was an advocate for daylight "precision" bombing of military and industrial targets in German-occupied territory and ultimately Germany—of striking at the enemy's ability to wage war while minimizing civilian casualties. The British considered daylight bombing too risky and

masks:
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title: Ira C. Eaker

texts: wanted the Americans to join them in night raids that would target wider areas, but <mask> persuaded a skeptical <mask> that the American and British approaches complemented each other in a one-page memo that concluded, "If the RAF continues night bombing and we bomb by day, we shall bomb them round the clock and the devil shall get no rest." He personally participated in the first US B-17 Flying Fortress bomber strike against German occupation forces in France, bombing Rouen on August 17, 1942. <mask> was promoted to major general in September 1943. However, as American bomber losses mounted from German defensive fighter aircraft attacks on deep penetration missions beyond the range of available fighter cover, <mask> may have lost some of the confidence of USAAF Commanding General Henry Arnold. To reduce losses to fighters, <mask> was a strong advocate of the Boeing YB-40 Flying Fortress, a B-17 Flying Fortress which carried additional gun turrets and gunners instead of a bomb load and was intended to act as a long-range, "gunship" escort for conventional bombers. However the YB-40 was not a success in combat.<mask> also strongly advocated work on improving the range of conventional fighters using drop tanks. When General Dwight D. Eisenhower was named Supreme Allied Commander in December 1943, he proposed to use his existing team of subordinate commanders, including Lieutenant General Jimmy Doolittle, in key positions. Doolittle was named Eighth Air Force Commander, and Arnold concurred with the change. <mask> was reassigned as Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Allied Air Forces, previous commander Tedder having been selected by Eisenhower to plan the air operations for the Normandy invasion. <mask> had under his command the Twelfth and Fifteenth Air Forces and the British Desert and Balkan Air Forces. He did not approve of the plan to bomb Monte Cassino in February 1944, considering it a dubious military target, but ultimately signed off the

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 mission and gave in to pressure from ground commanders. Historians of the era now generally believe <mask>'s skepticism was correct and that the ancient abbey at Monte Cassino could have been preserved without jeopardizing the allied advance through Italy.He personally led the first raid of Operation Frantic on 2 July 1944, flying in a B-17 called Yankee Doodle II and landing at a Soviet base at Polotava in the Ukraine. On April 30, 1945, General <mask> was named deputy commander of the Army Air Forces and Chief of the Air Staff. He retired on August 31, 1947, and was promoted to lieutenant general in the newly established United States Air Force on the retired list June 29, 1948. Almost 40 years after his retirement, Congress passed special legislation awarding four-star status in the U.S. Air Force to General <mask>, prompted by retired Air Force Reserve major general and Senator Barry Goldwater (R-AZ) and endorsed by President Ronald Reagan. On April 26, 1985, Chief of Staff General <mask>. Gabriel and <mask>, the general's wife, pinned on his fourth star. It is presented to cadets who have completed the requirements of the final phase of the cadet program. The award is accompanied by promotion to the grade of Cadet Lieutenant Colonel, the second highest grade in the program.In 1993 he was inducted into the Airlift/Tanker Association Hall of Fame. In 1981, <mask> was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum. Civilian career

Ten days before the Democratic Party primary runoff election of the 1948 United States Senate election in Texas on Saturday, August 28, 1948, <mask> spoke in support of candidate Lyndon B. Johnson. <mask>. Stevenson's campaign attacked <mask>, and <mask> was defended by other prominent military officers and Johnson. Criticizing a prominent military leader so soon after World War II likely had a negative effect on Stevenson's turnout in the election, and in Howard County in

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title: Ira C. Eaker

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 particular (which had quartered an Army Air Force Bombardier School during World War II) returned an abnormally high net gain for Johnson as compared to his gains in other areas. Johnson would go on to be declared the winner of the election by a small margin. <mask> was a vice president of Hughes Tool Company and Hughes Aircraft (1947–57) and of Douglas Aircraft (1957–61).While stationed in New York in the early 1920s, <mask> studied law at Columbia University. <mask> went back to school in the early 1930s at the University of Southern California and received a degree in journalism. With Henry Arnold, <mask> co-authored This Flying Game (1936),
Winged Warfare (1937),

and Army Flyer (1942). Starting in 1962, he wrote a weekly column, carried by many newspapers, on military affairs. <mask> was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame, in Dayton, Ohio, in 1970. Over his 30 years of flying, General <mask> accumulated 12,000 flying hours as pilot. On September 26, 1978, the U.S. Congress passed, and on October 10, 1978, President <mask> signed, Public Law 95-438, which awarded the Congressional Gold Medal to General <mask>, "in recognition of his distinguished career as an aviation pioneer and Air Force leader".<mask> died August 6, 1987, at Malcolm Grow Medical Center, Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Blytheville Air Force Base, Strategic Air Command (SAC) installation, was renamed Eaker Air Force Base on May 26, 1988. Eaker AFB was closed on March 6, 1992, due to Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) action. Military to civilian conversion began, and public aircraft began using the decommissioned base. The military still uses the renamed Arkansas International Airport. The airport in Durant, Oklahoma was renamed Eaker Field to honor <mask>, a graduate of Southeastern State College in Durant. Now known as Southeastern Oklahoma State University, the student aviation majors use the airport as the home of

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title: Robert Hazen

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<mask> (born November 1, 1948) is an American mineralogist and astrobiologist. He is a research scientist at the Carnegie Institution of Washington's Geophysical Laboratory and Clarence Robinson Professor of Earth Science at George Mason University, in the United States. <mask> is the Executive Director of the Deep Carbon Observatory. Early life
<mask> was born in Rockville Centre, New York, on November 1, 1948. His parents were <mask> (née Dorothy Ellen Chapin; 1918–2002) and <mask> (né <mask>, Jr.; 1918–2016). He spent his early childhood in Cleveland, near a fossil quarry where he collected his first trilobite at the age of about 9. The <mask> family moved to New Jersey, where <mask>'s eight-grade teacher, Bill Welsh, observed <mask>'s interest in his collection of minerals.<mask> later recalled "He gave me a starter collection of 100 specimens, mineral field guides, and mimeographed directions to Paterson and Franklin, New Jersey." Hazen also had an early interest in music, starting with the piano at age 5, the violin at 6 and the trumpet at age 9. Education
<mask> worked on his B.S. and S.M. (Master of Science) in Earth Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1971. He started with the intention of going into chemical engineering, but he was captivated by the enthusiasm of David Wones and converted to mineralogy. With Wones as advisor, he completed a masters thesis on cation substitution in trioctahedral micas; his publication in American Mineralogist was his first to be highly cited.He completed a Ph.D. in Mineralogy & Crystallography at Harvard University in 1975. His thesis, with Charles Burnham as advisor, involved learning how to use a 4-circle diffractometer to do high-pressure X-ray crystallography and applying it to olivine. This became a focus of his early career. While a NATO Postdoctoral Fellow at Cambridge University in England, <mask> worked with Charles Prewitt to determine empirical relations for the effect of

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title: Robert Hazen

texts:
 temperature and pressure on interatomic distances in oxides and silicates. Geophysical Laboratory
In 1976, <mask> joined the Carnegie Institution's Geophysical Laboratory as a research associate. After a brief stint measuring optical properties of lunar minerals with Peter Bell and David Mao, he started to do X-ray crystallography with Larry Finger. He later recalled, "It was a match made in mineralogical heaven: Larry loved to write code, build machines, and analyze data; I loved to mount crystals, run the diffractometers, and write papers."They collaborated for two decades and determined about a thousand crystal structures at variable pressures and temperatures, work summarized in their 1982 book Comparative Crystal Chemistry. Much of the work that <mask> was doing could be classified as mineral physics, a cross between geophysics and mineralogy. Although the field had pioneering contributions from the Nobel Prize winner Percy Bridgman and a student of his, Francis Birch, in the early- to mid-20th century, it did not have a name until the 1960s, and in the 1970s some scientists were concerned that a more interdisciplinary approach was needed to understand the relationship between interatomic forces and mineral properties. <mask> and Prewitt co-convened the first mineral physics conference; it was held on October 17–19, 1977 at the Airlie House in Warrenton, Virginia. High-temperature superconductors

Cooled to very low temperatures, some materials experience a sudden transition where electrical resistance drops to zero and any magnetic fields are expelled. This phenomenon is called superconductivity. Superconductors have a host of applications including powerful electromagnets, fast digital circuits and sensitive magnetometers, but the very low temperatures needed make the applications more difficult and expensive.Until the 1980s, no superconductors existed above . Then in 1986 two IBM researchers, Georg Bednorz and K. Alex Müller, found a

masks: Hazen Hazen Hazen


title: Robert Hazen

texts:
 ceramic material with a critical temperature of . This set off a frenzied search for higher critical temperatures. A group led by Paul Chu at the University of Houston explored some materials made of yttrium, barium, copper and oxygen (YCBO) and were the first to obtain a critical temperature above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. The YCBO samples had a mixture of black and green minerals, and although the researchers knew the average composition, they did not know the compositions of the two phases. In February 1987, Chu turned to Mao and <mask>, because they could determine the composition of small mineral grains in rocks. It took Mao and <mask> a week to determine the compositions; the black phase, which turned out to be the superconductor, was YBa2Cu3O7−δ.Mao and <mask> determined that the crystal structure of the superconducting phase was like that of perovskite, an important mineral in Earth's mantle. Subsequently, <mask>'s group identified twelve more high-temperature oxide superconductors, all with perovskite structures, and worked on organic superconductors. Origins of life

By the mid-1990s, <mask> felt that his research had reached a "respectable plateau" where the main principles of how crystals compress were known. The questions he was asking were increasingly narrow and the answers rarely surprising. So he changed research directions to study life's chemical origins. This opportunity came when a colleague at George Mason University, Harold Morowitz, realized that the temperature and pressure at a hydrothermal vent might change the properties of water, allowing chemical reactions that ordinarily require the help of an enzyme. Enlisting the help of Hatten Yoder, a specialist in high pressure mineralogy, they tried subjecting pyruvate in water to high pressure, hoping for a simple reaction that would return oxaloacetate.Instead, an analysis by an organic geochemist, George Cody, found that they obtained tens of thousands of

masks: Hazen Hazen Hazen Hazen Hazen


title: Robert Hazen

texts:
 molecules. The publication of their results, which seemed to support the deep sea vent hypothesis, met with heavy criticism, especially from Stanley Miller and colleagues who believe that life emerged on the surface. Along with the general criticism that organic compounds would not survive long in hot, high pressure conditions, they pointed out several flaws in the experiment. In his book, Genesis, <mask> acknowledges that Stanley Miller "was basically right" about the experiments, but argues that "the art of science isn't necessarily to avoid mistakes; rather, progress is often made by making mistakes as fast as possible, while avoiding making the same mistake twice." In subsequent work, the group formed biomolecules from carbon dioxide and water and catalyzed the formation of amino acids using oxides and sulfides of transition metals; and different transition elements catalyze different organic reactions. Homochirality

Organic molecules often come in two mirror-image forms, often referred to as "right-handed" and "left-handed". This handedness is called chirality.For example, the amino acid alanine comes in a right-handed (D-alanine) and a left-handed (L-alanine) form. Living cells are very selective, choosing amino acids only in the left-handed form and sugars in the right-handed form. However, most abiotic processes produce an equal amount of each. Somehow life must have developed this preference (homochirality); but while scientists have proposed several theories, they have no consensus on the mechanism. Hazen investigated the possibility that organic molecules might acquire a chiral asymmetry when grown on the faces of mineral crystals. Some, like quartz, come in mirror-image forms; others, like calcite, are symmetric about their centers but their faces come in pairs with opposite chirality. With Tim Filley, an expert at organic chemical analysis, and Glenn Goodfriend, a geochemist, Hazen cleaned large calcite crystals and dipped them


title: Robert Hazen

texts:
 into aspartic acid.They found that each face of the crystal had a small preference for either left- or right-handed forms of aspartate. They proposed that a similar mechanism might work on other amino acids and sugars. This work attracted a lot of interest from the pharmaceutical industry, which needs to produce some of their drugs with a pure chirality. Mineral evolution
At a Christmas party in 2006, the biophysicist Harold Morowitz asked <mask> whether there were clay minerals during the Archean Eon. Hazen could not recall a mineralogist ever having asked whether a given mineral existed in a given era, and it occurred to him that no one had ever explored how Earth's mineralogy changed over time. He worked on this question for a year with his closest colleague, geochemist Dimitri Sverjensky at Johns Hopkins University, and some other collaborators including a mineralogist, <mask>; a petrologist, John Ferry; and a geobiologist, Dominic Papineau. The result was a paper in American Mineralogist that provided a new historical context to mineralogy that they called mineral evolution.Based on a review of the literature, <mask> and his co-authors estimated that the number of minerals in the Solar System has grown from about a dozen at the time of its formation to over 4300 at present. (As of 2017, the latter number has grown to 5300.). They predicted that there was a systematic increase in the number of mineral species over time, and identified three main eras of change: the formation of the Solar System and planets; the reworking of crust and mantle and the onset of plate tectonics; and the appearance of life. After the first era, there were 250 minerals; after the second, 1500. The remainder were made possible by the action of living organisms, particularly the addition of oxygen to the atmosphere. This paper was followed over the next few years by several studies concentrating on one chemical element at a time and mapping out the first

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 appearances of minerals involving each element. Deep Carbon Observatory
<mask> and his colleagues started the Carbon Mineral Challenge, a citizen science project dedicated to accelerating the discovery of "missing" carbon-bearing minerals.Teaching
As the Clarence B. Robinson Professor at George Mason University, Hazen developed innovative courses to promote scientific literacy in both scientists and non-scientists. With physicist James Trefil, he developed a course that they described as "science appreciation", aimed at non-scientists. It was organized around a total of 20 "Great Ideas of Science" that were later reduced to 18. In addition to writing about their ideas in several magazines, they turned the course into a book, Science Matters: Achieving Scientific Literacy. They used the principles to organize explanations of a "vast number of socially significant, fundamental, or environmentally crucial topics." This was published with an amount of advance publicity that was unusual for a popular science book, including an article they wrote for the New York Times Sunday Magazine, praise from prolific author Isaac Asimov and physics Nobelist Leon Lederman, and a publicity tour. For an article in Science about the book, they provided the author with the original list of 20 ideas and invited readers to send in their comments.About 200 readers responded, generally supporting the idea of such a list while vehemently criticizing many of the particulars, including an informal style and sometimes vague language. Particularly criticized were numbers 1 ("The universe is regular and predictable") and 16 ("Everything on the earth operates in cycles"). <mask> and Trefil argued, in defense of point 1, that it was not intended as a defense of determinism and that they covered unpredictable phenomena like chaos; but they also used the responses to modify the list of ideas in subsequent editions. Hazen and Trefil went on to write three undergraduate

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 textbooks: The Sciences: An Integrated Approach (1993), The Physical Sciences: An Integrated Approach (1995), and Physics Matters: An Introduction to Conceptual Physics (2004). Hazen used these as the basis for a 60-lecture video and audio course called The Joy of Science. Public engagement
In 2008, <mask> was an outgoing member of the AAAS Committee on Public Understanding of Science and Technology. He and his wife Margee, noting that it is important for scientists to engage with the public but actually doing so does not help them get tenure, proposed a new award, The Early Career Award for Public Engagement with Science, and established a fund for it.The first award, with a monetary prize of $5,000, was announced in 2010. <mask> is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The Mineralogical Society of America presented <mask> with the Mineralogical Society of America Award in 1982 and the Distinguished Public Service Medal in 2009. In 2016, he received its highest award, the Roebling Medal. He also served as Distinguished Lecturer and is a Past President of the Society. A mineral that was discovered in Mono Lake was named hazenite in his honor by Hexiong Yang, a former student of his. In 1986, <mask>tieff Prize, which the American Chemical Society awards in recognition of "outstanding chemical experimental work in the field of catalysis or high pressure".For the book The Music Men, he and his wife Margaret received the Deems Taylor Award from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers in 1989. For his popular and educational science writing, <mask> received the E.A. Wood Science Writing Award from the American Crystallographic Association in 1998,

In 2012, the State Council of Higher Education for Virginia presented <mask> with its Outstanding Faculty Award. <mask> has presented numerous named lectures at universities. He gave a Directorate for Biological Sciences Distinguished Lecture at the

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title: Robert Hazen

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 National Science Foundation in 2007, and was named the Sigma Xi Distinguished Lecturer for 2008–2010. In 2019, <mask> was named a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union. In 2021,  <mask> was awarded the Medal of Excellence in Mineralogical Sciences from the International Mineralogical Association.Publications
<mask> is author of more than 350 articles and 20 books on science, history, and music. Refereed articles
Hazen has 289 refereed publications that have been cited a total of over 11,000 times, for an h-index of 58. A selection of articles follows:

Books

Family
<mask>'s wife, Margee (née Margaret Joan Hindle), is a science writer and published historian. Her late father, Howard Brooke Hindle, PhD (1918–2001), was a historian who studied the role of material culture in the history of the United States and served as Director of the National Museum of American History from 1974 to 1978. <mask>'s late brother, Dan Chapin <mask>, PhD (1947–2015), was an academic research librarian who had been affiliated with the libraries at Harvard, and was particularly recognized for his accomplishments to the Center for Research Libraries and advocacy of collections from Latin America. Harvard has memorialized <mask> by establishing two chairs in his name. The <mask>s have two children: Benjamin Hindle <mask> (born 1976) and Elizabeth Brooke <mask> (born 1978).References

Further reading

External links

 Minerals and the Origins of Life (<mask>, NASA) (video, 60m, April 2014). The Joy of Science (video course) (2001); Guide Book (PDF)

1948 births
Living people
Harvard University alumni
George Mason University faculty
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
American mineralogists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Astrobiologists
American science writers
People from Rockville Centre, New York
Scientists from New York (state)
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the

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title: Arto Paasilinna

texts:
<mask> (, approximately ; 20 April 1942 – 15 October 2018) was a Finnish writer, being a former journalist turned comic novelist. One of Finland's most successful novelists, he won a broad readership outside of Finland in a way few other Finnish authors have before. Translated into 27 languages, over seven million copies of his books have been sold worldwide, and he has been claimed as "instrumental in generating the current level of interest in books from Finland". <mask> is mostly known for his 1975 novel The Year of the Hare (Jäniksen vuosi), a bestseller in France and Finland, translated into 18 languages, awarded three international prizes, and adapted twice into feature films: a 1977 Finnish film directed by Risto Jarva called The Year of the Hare, and a 2006 French film directed by Marc Rivière called Le Lièvre de Vatanen. <mask>'s brothers are the writers <mask>, <mask> and Mauri Paasilinna. Early and family life
<mask> was born on 20 April 1942 in the Alakylä part of the municipality of Kittilä, in Lapland, Finland. His parents were Väinö Paasilinna (1902–1950, born Gullstén, changed his surname in 1934 after a family conflict) and <mask> (1908–1983, born Niva).The Paasilinnas had seven children, five sons and two daughters, including the writer Erno <mask>; the writer, MEP and TV personality Reino <mask>; the painter Sirpa Paasilinna-Schlagenwarth; and the writer Mauri <mask>. Paasilinna studied at the General and Elementary School Line at the Lapland Folk Academy. Career
Paasilinna initially worked as a journalist at Nuoren Voiman Liitto, Nuori Voima-lehti and various newspapers as writer and editor. At the weekly magazine Apu, he was an editor (1968–1970) and later a columnist (1975–1988). In 1975, at the age of 33, Paasilinna found journalism

masks:
Arto Tapio Paasilinna
Paasilinna
Arto Paasilinna
Erno Paasilinna
Reino Paasilinna
Arto Paasilinna
Hilda Maria Paasilinna
Paasilinna
Paasilinna
Paasilinna


title: Arto Paasilinna

texts: growing "more superficial and meaningless" and desired a change; that summer, he sold his boat to fund the writing of The Year of the Hare. The book was an immediate success and from 1975 on Paasilinna became an independent writer able to support himself with his novels, signed to Finnish publisher WSOY since 1977. He still wrote journalism articles and was a columnist on Finnish radio.In 2000, Paasilinna was included in the 6th edition of literary critic Pekka Tarkka(fi)'s dictionary Suomalaisia nykykirjailijoita ("Finnish Literary Authors", 1st ed. 1967). In 2002, for Paasilinna's 60th anniversary, journalist Eino Leino published a biography of Paasilinna called Lentojätkä. <mask> Paasilinnan elämä" ("The Flight Dude"). The same year Paasilinna published his own autobiography called Yhdeksän unelmaa ("Nine Night's Dream"). , Paasilinna had published about 12 non-fiction books and 35 novels, with almost one novel each year from 1972 to 2009 (except 1973, 1978, 2002): as his publishers say, "The annual Paasilinna is as much an element of the Finnish autumn as falling birch leaves." He is "constantly being translated into new languages", and 18 of his books have been translated overall into at least 27 languages: the translations beyond neighboring Scandinavian countries include: 17 into Italian, 16 into German, 11 into French, 9 into Slovenian, 6 into Dutch, 5 into Spanish, 4 into Korean, and 2 into English, Ukrainian and Catalan.Described as "The brightest star in the Finnish translated-literature firmament" by Finnish newspaper Helsingin Sanomat, his success is claimed as having been "instrumental in generating the current level of interest in books from Finland" by his publisher WSOY. <mask>'s books reflect quite common Finnish life, usually from a

masks: Arto Paasilinna


title: Arto Paasilinna

texts:
 middle-aged male perspective, and in rural Finland. Fast-paced, light and humorous in style, many of these narratives can be described as picaresque adventure stories with often a satirical angle towards modern life. Certain of his stories have been described as modern fables, such as The Year of the Hare, which sets an ex-journalist's quest for authentic life and values in the Finnish backwoods against the emptiness and meaninglessness of modern consumer society. Vatanen, the hero of this novel, takes an injured young hare with him on his quest, nursing the animal back to health, while his own dissatisfaction with his former urban lifestyle becomes ever more evident. His 1974 novel Paratiisisaaren Vangit appears as Prisonniers du Paradis. This book is the humorous story of a UN charter that crashes on a deserted Pacific island.The passengers are lumberjacks and other forestry workers, midwives and nurses. As with The Year of the Hare (in French, Le lièvre de Vatanen), the narrator is a journalist. The multinational castaways (Finnish, Swedish, Norwegian and English) give <mask> ample opportunity to poke fun at issues of language domination and national stereotypes. The castaways set up a cashless society in which the only remuneration comes in the form of a cup of alcohol distilled in their jungle café in exchange for work for the collectivity. There is also a family planning clinic offering free IUDs. Soon, they find that they are not alone on the island and come up with a plan to get help. Two of his novels, Lentävä kirvesmies and Rovasti Huuskosen petomainen miespalvelija were adapted to graphic novels by Hannu Lukkarinen.Bibliography

In Finnish
Titles in quotes are indicative for untranslated books. Fiction
his 36 novels are:
1972: Operaatio


title: Arto Paasilinna

texts:
 Finlandia ("Operation Finlandia")
1974: Paratiisisaaren vangit ("Prisoners of the Paradise Island")
1975: Jäniksen vuosi (tr. The Year of the Hare, 1995)
1976: Onnellinen mies ("The Happy Man")
1977: Isoisää etsimässä ("Looking for Grandfather")
1979: Sotahevonen ("Warhorse")
1980: Herranen aika ("Goodness Gracious")
1981: Ulvova mylläri (tr. Businessman's Guide to the Finnish Sauna, 1984)
 1986: Kymmenen tuhatta vuotta (tr. Illustrated Episodes in a 10,000-year Odyssey: A Businessman's Guide to Finnish History, 1986)
 1998: Hankien tarinoita (tr. Tales of the Snowfields: Finnish Skiing Through the Ages, 1998)
 2002: Yhdeksän unelmaa ("Nine Night's Dreams") - autobiography
 2003: Sadan vuoden savotta ("One Hundred Years of Logging") - history of Finnish logging

In English
:

Fiction
 1995: The Year of the Hare (Jäniksen vuosi, 1975)
 2007: The Howling Miller (Ulvova mylläri, 1981) (tr. In October 2009, Paasilinna was rushed to a hospital due to a stroke.In April 2010, he was moved to a convalescent home for recovery, and his son named as his treasurer. <mask> died on 15 October 2018 in a nursing home in Espoo. Notes

References
 Binder, David (2002), "A Skewed and Skewering Look at Finland", The New York Times, Arts section, query.nytimes.com, 6 July 2002 — Overview of Paasilinna's books. FILI (2008), "FILI FAQ - Everything you ever wanted to know about the translation and promotion of Finnish literature", Finnish Literature Society: Finnish Literature Exchange, www.finlit.fi/fili/en, last-modified 2008, consulted in January 2009
 Kuusela, Kauko (2008), "Paasilinna Family: Arto Paasilinna" (Google Translated from the Finnish of "Paasilinnojen Suku"), www.tervola.fi/KUUSELA, updated 28 September 2008, consulted in January 2009 — Genealogy and overview of


title: Arto Paasilinna

texts:
 the Paasilinna's. MFW (2008), "Paasilinna, Arto: Biography, Bibliography, Translated work", Modern Finnish Writers, kirjailijat.kirjastot.fi, updated 13 November 2008, consulted in January 2009
 Petäjä, Jukka (2006), "Finnish books in translation finding their way onto European shelves", Helsingin Sanomat International Edition, www.hs.fi/english, 7 January 2006
 Polojärvi, Tuula (1999), "Arto Paasilinna: The Myth and the Original" (Archive.org copy of 2006, Google Translated from the Swedish "Arto Paasilinna: Myten och originalet"), Alba No. 7, www.alba.nu, 8 December 1999 — Interview of Paasilinna. Virtual Finland (2000),, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, virtual.finland.fi, January 2000 — Summary of Paasilinna's career.WSOY (2009), "Arto Paasilinna: Translations", www.wsoy.fi, consulted in January 2009 — From his home publisher. External links

 <mask> Paasilinnan Seura ry (Arto Paasilinna Society)
 Arto Paasilinna at Fantastic Fiction (list of English translations: summary, covers, editions, ISBN)

 Reviews in English of untranslated books
 Hurmaava joukkoitsemurha ("A Charming Mass Suicide") at The Complete Review
 Hurmaava joukkoitsemurha ("An Enchanting Mass Suicide", South-Korean edition) at The Dong-a Ilbo
 Maailman paras kylä ("The Best Village in the World") at The Complete Review
 Paratiisisaaren vangit ("Prisoners of the Paradise Island") at The Complete Review

1942 births
2018 deaths
Finnish journalists
Finnish-language writers
Finnish male novelists
Finnish male poets
People from Kittilä
20th-century Finnish novelists
20th-century Finnish poets
20th-century male writers
21st-century Finnish novelists
21st-century Finnish poets
21st-century male writers
Writers from Lapland (Finland)
Deaths from cerebrovascular


title: Aziz Shavershian

texts:
<mask> (; 24 March 1989 – 5 August 2011), better known by his Internet handle Zyzz, was a Russian-born Australian bodybuilder, personal trainer and model. He established a cult following after posting multiple videos of himself on YouTube, starting in 2007. In July 2011, <mask> gained more media attention when The Sydney Morning Herald published an article about the arrest of his older brother, Said, for illegal possession of anabolic steroids. On 5 August 2011, while on holiday in Thailand, <mask> suffered a heart attack and died at the age of 22. Biography
<mask>, an ethnic Kurd born in Moscow, was the youngest son of Maiane Iboian, who works in cardiology, and <mask>. He had one older brother, <mask>, who is also known by the screen name "Chestbrah". In 1993, <mask> and his family moved to Australia.He was raised in Eastwood, New South Wales, and attended Marist College Eastwood secondary school, where he achieved Dux of the college. Prior to his death in August 2011, he was set to graduate from the University of Western Sydney, with a degree in business and commerce. He was an atheist,  though he wore a rosary and his grave is adorned with a cross. Bodybuilding
Before becoming a bodybuilder, <mask> had been described as a "skinny kid" and an ectomorph. Once he completed secondary school, inspired by his bodybuilder brother, he joined a local gym and began learning about nutrition and training, applying it to his pursuit of becoming a bodybuilder. He would spend three to four hours a day training in the gym. His favourite professional bodybuilders included Arnold Schwarzenegger and Frank Zane.In an interview with bodybuilding website Simplyshredded.com, <mask> recalled that he originally wanted to become a bodybuilder to "impress girls". He said he would look at pictures of "shredded" bodybuilders and tell himself that he would one day be like them. Almost four years into training, he stated that:

<mask> was the poster boy of a subculture of amateur bodybuilding in

masks:
Aziz Sergeyevich Shavershian
Shavershian
Aziz
Shavershian
Sergei Shavershian
Said Shavershian
Shavershian
Shavershian
Shavershian
Shavershian


title: Aziz Shavershian

texts:
 Australia, dubbed "aesthetics", which he had made popular. He had established his own protein label, Protein of the Gods, released in June 2011. He also had a clothing line, and Zyzz's Bodybuilding Bible was released on 17 May 2011, based on a compilation of bodybuilding knowledge he had acquired over his four years of training. He asserted that the internet helped build up his brand, and it was ultimately made possible through the use of social media. On 14 July 2011, <mask>'s brother Said was arrested for possession of anabolic steroids, to which he pleaded guilty after <mask>'s death.The Sydney Morning Herald covered the case, and included a photo of <mask>. He objected to the use of his picture to illustrate what was essentially an article on the misuse of anabolic steroids. When asked by The Daily Telegraph, <mask> denied ever using steroids, and claimed that his body shape was due to hard work in the gym and a strict diet. According to The Sydney Morning Herald, the company which employed <mask> as a stripper maintained that he was "a lovely guy, aside from the steroids". <mask> often used phrases such as "riding bicycles", which, according to The Daily Telegraph, is "gym slang for using a cycle of steroids". Death
On 5 August 2011, <mask> suffered a heart attack in a sauna, while on vacation in Pattaya. He was taken to a hospital, where doctors were unable to revive him.His family and friends placed news of his death on Facebook. His death was confirmed on 9 August 2011 by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT). An autopsy revealed a previously undiagnosed congenital heart defect. His family stated he had shown several minor symptoms in the few months leading up to August 2011, including high blood pressure and occasional shortness of breath. He had a family history of heart problems. Legacy
According to the Sydney Morning Herald, <mask>'s death was the sixth most searched death-related topic in Australia during 2011. Before his death, <mask> had posted a

masks: Shavershian Aziz Shavershian Shavershian Shavershian Shavershian Shavershian Shavershian Shavershian


title: Aziz Shavershian

texts:
 video of himself on a social networking site, which would later come out 18th on Nine News's "Top News Videos of the Year" for 2011.Over the May 2011 to May 2012 period, Google statistics showed that he was searched as many times as Julia Gillard, the Prime Minister of Australia at that time. At the 2012 New Year's Day Field Day festival in Sydney, people dressed up as <mask> in a tribute to him. <mask> created a 19-minute tribute video for his brother, entitled Zyzz - The Legacy, and released it on YouTube on 22 March 2012. The video had been "trending the charts" on YouTube from late March to early April 2012. As of February 2022, the video has over 15 million views. <mask>'s followers still frequently post tribute videos dedicated to him, with a lot of them collecting over a million views. <mask>'s Facebook page had 415,767 likes.In April 2012, The Daily Telegraph took note that his fan page had over 399,671 fans before becoming inactive a few months later. According to an opinion piece presented in the Wentworth Courier, whilst hundreds of Wentworth Courier news articles published online have "disappeared into the void" since 2011, the "Zyzz story" still manages "to be read and frequently appears in the daily list of most clicked-on articles on the Wentworth Courier website". In a report on organized crime's control of the underground steroid trade, reporter Mark Willacy called <mask> the "pin-up boy for the bodybuilding crowd." Filmography

References

1989 births
2011 deaths
Australian atheists
Australian bodybuilders
Australian male models
Australian people of Russian descent
Russian emigrants to Australia
People from Sydney
Russian atheists
Russian bodybuilders
Russian Internet celebrities
Russian male models
Australian YouTubers
Australian exercise instructors
Australian exercise and fitness writers
Sportspeople from Moscow
Western Sydney University alumni
Russian people of Kurdish descent
Australian people of Kurdish descent
Male YouTubers
Health and fitness

masks:
Shavershian
Said Shavershian
Shavershian
Shavershian
Shavershian


title: Irina Ratushinskaya

texts:
<mask> (, 4 March 1954, Odessa – 5 July 2017, Moscow) was a Russian Soviet dissident, poet and writer. Background

<mask> was born in Odessa, Ukraine on 4 March 1954. Her father, Boris Leonidovich Ratushinsky, was an engineer; her mother, <mask>, was a teacher of Russian literature. <mask> had one sister. Her mother's family originated from Poland: her maternal great-grandfather was deported from Poland to Siberia, shortly after the  January 1863 Uprising against forced conscription into the Russian Imperial Army. <mask> was educated at Odessa University and graduated with a master's degree in physics in 1976. Before and after her graduation she taught from 1975 to 1978 at a primary school in her native Odessa.Political persecution

On 17 September 1982 Ratushinskaya was arrested and accused of anti-Soviet agitation for writing and circulating her collections of verse. Between 1 and 3 March 1983, she was tried in Kiev and convicted of "agitation carried on for the purpose of subverting or weakening the Soviet regime" (Article 62). Ratushinskaya received the maximum sentence of seven years in a strict-regime labor camp, followed by five years of internal exile. After being imprisoned three and a half years, including one year in solitary confinement in an unheated cell while temperatures fell to minus 40C in the winter, she was released on 9 October 1986, on the eve of the summit in Reykjavík, Iceland between President Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev. While imprisoned Ratushinskaya continued to write poetry. Her previous works usually centered on love, Christian theology, and artistic creation, not on politics or policies as her accusers stated. Her new works that were written in prison, which were written

masks:
Irina Borisovna Ratushinskaya
Irina Ratushinskaya
Irina Valentinovna Ratushinskaya
Irina
Ratushinskaya


title: Irina Ratushinskaya

texts:
 with a matchstick on soap until memorized and then washed away, number some 250.They expressed an appreciation for human rights; liberty, freedom, and the beauty of life. Her memoir, Grey is the Colour of Hope, chronicles her prison experience. Her later poems recount her struggles to endure the hardships and horrors of prison life. <mask> was a member of International PEN, who monitored her situation during her incarceration. Exile

In 1987, <mask> moved to the United States, where she received the Religious Freedom Award of the Institute on Religion and Democracy. In the same year the Politburo deprived both <mask> and her husband of their Soviet citizenship. She was Poet-in-Residence at Northwestern University in Illinois (USA) from 1987 to 1989.For the next ten years <mask> lived in London, UK, until December 1998, when the family returned to Russia to educate their seven-year-old twins in Russian schools. <mask> and her husband Igor had spent one year undergoing various procedures to regain their Russian citizenship, including letters and appeals to President Boris Yeltsin. <mask> died in Moscow on 5 July 2017 from cancer. She was survived by her husband, human rights activist Igor Gerashchenko, and their two sons. Memorial events were held for <mask> in Moscow and other cities of Russia, including in Chelyabinsk in August 2019. A request was sent by Oleg to Google to dispel the false claims of kidney cancer as the cause of death. Though the cause of death was, indeed, cancer, the details are not to be published and speculation behalf people who were not present to support <mask> during her final days was considered inappropriate by her sons.Books

 Poems/Cтихи/Poèmes (1984), Hermitage. .
 A Tale of Three

masks: Ratushinskaya Ratushinskaya Irina Ratushinskaya Irina Ratushinskaya Irina Irina


title: Irina Ratushinskaya

texts:
 Heads / сказка о трех головах (1986), Hermitage. .
 No, I'm Not Afraid (1986) trans David McDuff, Bloodaxe. . Beyond the Limit (1987) trans. Frances Padorr Brent and Carol J. Avins, Northwestern University. .
 Pencil Letter (1989) trans. various, Bloodaxe/Hutchinson, UK ; Alfred A. Knopf, USA. .
 Grey Is the Color of Hope (1989), Vintage. . In the Beginning (1991), Sceptre. .
 Dance With a Shadow (1992) trans. David McDuff, 1992, Bloodaxe. . The Odessans' (1996), Sceptre. .
 Fictions and Lies (1999) trans.Alyona Kojevnikova, John Murray. .
 Wind of the Journey (2000), Cornerstone Press, Chicago. .

Adaptations

 Sally Beamish has set some of her poems into music (No, I'm not afraid, 1998). <mask> Leskova set her poems into songs

What was never published

Not all of <mask>'s works got to be published. In 1996, the family set off for a vacation in Greece together with their two sons (aged 4 at the time), family friends and their two children (aged 6 and 8). The mothers took turns looking after all 4 children, and <mask>'s way of keeping all of them somewhat disciplined and entertained was manifested in a series of stories she invented about the adventures of a naughty girl called Cinderella, who wore shoes size 45 and enjoyed robbing banks together with the naughty prince of Bencionia, and giving a headache to the strict King Bencione. The series was loved by all four of the children who, eager to hear what was to happen next, were glad to do as they were told. Eventually, the storytelling was attended by the other 3 parents, who loved the series, particularly after hearing of Cinderella and the prince's vacation in Cuba, where they shaved Fidel Castro bald in his sleep. The series were told but never written

masks: Irina Irina Irina


title: Irina Ratushinskaya

texts:
 down by <mask>.A play 'Борцу не больно' (the wrestler does not hurt) was written in 2 parts for a film on sambo, however, it was not used in the film, apart from some of the character's names. <mask> died of cancer before she could finish her last novel, Azor's paw. The 13 written chapters are kept by her family, the first chapter being translated to English by her son Oleg at <mask>'s final request for him. Legacy

<mask>'s life has had a long-lasting impact on many throughout the world, serving as a source of spiritual inspiration. Her books have been translated into English, German, French, Japanese and other languages and published in many countries. A Russian edition of Grey is the Colour of Hope'' was to be launched at the Museum of the Gulag in Moscow in January 2019. Meanwhile, the 7-lesson English course <mask> wrote has been enhanced by Oleg and turned into a broad range of courses for children, teens, students and adults.They have been taught in Russia and China, and today provide full-time self-employment for Oleg. References

Further reading

External links

 The plight of poet <mask> <mask> (early 1980s) — actors, writers and others speak. Archive of <mask> Ratushinskaya at Wheaton College (Ill.)
 "The Mordovian labour camps and my wonderful nanny", Interview with Oleg Kashin for Russian Life magazine, No 1, 2007. Retrieved 9 April 2019

1954 births
2017 deaths
Writers from Odessa
Odessa University alumni
Russian memoirists
Soviet dissidents
Women memoirists
Russian women poets
Ukrainian poets in Russian
People denaturalized by the Soviet Union
Russian screenwriters
Soviet emigrants to the United Kingdom
Soviet emigrants to the United States
Inmates of Lefortovo Prison
Northwestern University

masks: Irina Irina Irina Irina Irina Irina Ratushinskaya Irina


title: Byung-Chul Han

texts:
Byung-<mask> (born 1959) is a South Korean-born Swiss-German philosopher and cultural theorist. He was a professor at the Berlin University of the Arts and still occasionally gives courses there. Life and work
<mask> studied metallurgy at Korea University in Seoul before he moved to Germany in the 1980s to study philosophy, German literature and Catholic theology in Freiburg im Breisgau and Munich. He received his doctoral degree at Freiburg with a dissertation on Martin Heidegger in 1994. In 2000, he joined the Department of Philosophy at the University of Basel, where he completed his habilitation. In 2010 he became a faculty member at the Karlsruhe University of Arts and Design, where his areas of interest were philosophy of the 18th, 19th and 20th century, ethics, social philosophy, phenomenology, cultural theory, aesthetics, religion, media theory, and intercultural philosophy. Since 2012 he has taught philosophy and cultural studies at the Universität der Künste Berlin (UdK), where he directs the newly established Studium Generale general-studies program.<mask> is the author of twenty books, the most recent of which are treatises on what he terms a "society of tiredness" (), a "society of transparency" (), and on his neologist concept of shanzhai, which seeks to identify modes of deconstruction in contemporary practices of Chinese capitalism. <mask>'s current work focuses on transparency as a cultural norm created by neoliberal market forces, which he understands as the insatiable drive toward voluntary disclosure bordering on the pornographic. According to

masks:
Chul Han
Byung Chul Han
Han
Han


title: Byung-Chul Han

texts:
 <mask>, the dictates of transparency enforce a totalitarian system of openness at the expense of other social values such as shame, secrecy, and trust. Until recently, he refused to give radio and television interviews and rarely divulges any biographical or personal details, including his date of birth, in public. Thought
Much of <mask>'s writing is characterised by an underlying concern with the situation encountered by human subjects in the fast-paced, technologically-driven state of late capitalism. The situation is explored in its various facets through his books: sexuality, mental health (particularly burnout, depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), violence, freedom, technology, and popular culture. In The Burnout Society (original German title: ), <mask> characterizes today's society as a pathological landscape of neuronal disorders such as depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, borderline personality and burnout.He claims that they are not "infections" but "infarcts", which are not caused by the negativity of people's immunology, but by an excess of positivity. According to <mask>, driven by the demand to persevere and not to fail, as well as by the ambition of efficiency, we become committers and sacrificers at the same time and enter a swirl of demarcation, self-exploitation and collapse. "When production is immaterial, everyone already owns the means of production, him- or herself. The neoliberal system is no longer a class system in the proper sense. It does not consist of classes that display mutual antagonism. This is

masks: Han Han Han Han


title: Byung-Chul Han

texts: what accounts for the system's stability." <mask> argues that subjects become self-exploiters: "Today, everyone is an auto-exploiting labourer in his or her own enterprise.People are now master and slave in one. Even class struggle has transformed into an inner struggle against oneself." The individual has become what <mask> calls "the achievement-subject"; the individual does not believe they are subjugated "subjects" but rather "projects: Always refashioning and reinventing ourselves" which "amounts to a form of compulsion and constraint—indeed, to a "more efficient kind of subjectivation and subjugation." As a project deeming itself free of external and alien limitations, the "I" subjugates itself to internal limitations and self-constraints, which are taking the form of compulsive achievement and optimization. In Agonie des Eros ('Agony of the Eros') <mask> carries forward thoughts developed in his earlier books The Burnout Society () and Transparency Society (). Beginning with an analysis of the "Other" <mask> develops an interrogation of desire and love between human beings. Partly based on Lars von Trier's film "Melancholia", where <mask> sees depression and overcoming depicted, <mask> further develops his thesis of a contemporary society that is increasingly dominated by narcissism and self-reference.<mask>'s diagnosis extends even to the point of the loss of desire, the disappearance of the ability to devote to the "Other", the stranger, the non-self. At this point, subjects come to revolve exclusively around themselves, unable to build relationships. Even

masks: Han Han Han Han Han Hans Han


title: Byung-Chul Han

texts: love and sexuality are permeated by this social change: sex and pornography, exhibition/voyeurism and re/presentation, are displacing love, eroticism, and desire from the public eye. The abundance of positivity and self-reference leads to a loss of confrontation. Thinking, <mask>, so the "agony of the Eros" is also an "agony of thought". Not everything must be understood and "liked", not everything must be made available.In Topologie der Gewalt ('Topology of Violence'), <mask> continues his analysis of a society on the edge of collapse that he started with The Burnout Society. Focusing on the relation between violence and individuality, he shows that, against the widespread thesis about its disappearance, violence has only changed its form of appearance and now operates more subtly. The material form of violence gives way to a more anonymous, desubjectified, systemic one, that does not reveal itself, as it is merging with its antagonist – freedom. This theme is further explored in "Psychopolitics", where through Sigmund Freud, Walter Benjamin, Carl Schmitt, Richard Sennett, René Girard, Giorgio Agamben, Deleuze/Guattari, Michel Foucault, Michel Serres, Pierre Bourdieu and Martin Heidegger, <mask> develops an original conception of violence. Central to <mask>'s thesis is the idea that violence finds expression in 'negative' and 'positive' forms (note: these are not normative judgements about the expressions themselves): negative violence is an overtly physical manifestation of violence, finding expression in war, torture, terrorism, etc; positive violence "manifests

masks: Hanros Han Han Han


title: Byung-Chul Han

texts:
 itself as over-achievement, over-production, over-communication, hyper-attention, and hyperactivity." The violence of positivity, <mask> warns, could be even more disastrous than that of negativity. "Infection, invasion, and infiltration have given way to infarction."Themes
<mask> has written on topics such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, borderline personality disorder, burnout, depression, exhaustion, internet, love, multitasking, pop culture, power, rationality, religion, social media, subjectivity, tiredness, transparency and violence. Reception
Müdigkeitsgesellschaft will soon be available in 11 languages. Several South Korean newspapers voted it to be the most important book in 2012. The Guardian wrote a positive review of his 2017 book Psychopolitics: Neoliberalism and New Technologies of Power, while the Hong Kong Review of Books praised his writing as "concise almost to the point of being aphoristic, <mask>'s writing style manages to distill complex ideas into highly readable and persuasive prose" while noting that "on other occasions, <mask> veers uncomfortably close to billboard-sized statements ("Neoliberalism is the 'capitalism of' Like), which highlights the fine line between cleverness and self-indulgent sloganeering." The Los Angeles Review of Books described him as "as good a candidate as any for philosopher of the moment." Works in English

 The Burnout Society (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015) . The Transparency Society (Stanford: Stanford Briefs, 2015)
 The Agony of Eros (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2017)
 In the


title: Byung-Chul Han

texts:
 السيكوبوليطيقا. Beirut, Believers Without Borders, 2020, . Die Errettung des Schönen.S. Fischer Verlag Frankfurt 2015. Spanish edition: La salvación de lo bello. Barcelona, Herder Editorial, 2015, . Portuguese edition: A Salvação do Belo, Relógio D'Água Editores, 2016, . Die Austreibung des Anderen: Gesellschaft, Wahrnehmung und Kommunikation heute. S. Fischer, Berlin, 2016.  .
Portuguese edition: A Expulsão do Outro, Relógio D'Água Editores, 2018, . Close-Up in Unschärfe.Merve, Berlin 2016. .
 Gute Unterhaltung: Eine Dekonstruktion der abendländischen Passionsgeschichte. Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2017. .
Portuguese edition: Entretenimento e Paixão na História do Ocidente, Relógio D'Água Editores, 2019, . Lob der Erde: Eine Reise in den Garten. Ullstein, Berlin 2018. .
 Vom Verschwinden der Rituale: Eine Topologie der Gegenwart. Ullstein, Berlin 2019. .
 Palliativgesellschaft. Schmerz heute. Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2020. .

References

External links

 Byung-Chul <mask>'s web page at the Staatliche Hochschule für Gestaltung, Karlsruhe
 http://www.udk-berlin.de/sites/content/themen/universitaet/studium_generale/
 Byung-Chul <mask>, Essay on the ethics of drones
 Interview with Byung-Chul <mask> in the Sueddeutsche Zeitung

Living people
1959 births
21st-century German philosophers
Berlin University of the Arts faculty
German people of South Korean descent
Korea University alumni
Mass media theorists
South Korean emigrants to Germany
South Korean philosophers
German male writers
21st-century Swiss philosophers
Swiss people of Asian descent
People from the canton of

masks: Han Han Han