title: Marybeth Tinning

texts: <mask> (born September 11, 1942) is an American serial killer. In 1987, Tinning was arrested and convicted for the murder of her ninth child,  daughter Tami Lynne, on December 20, 1985. Laboratory testing indicated her death resulted from asphyxia by suffocation. She is suspected to be similarly involved in the previous deaths of her eight children. Nine Tinning children died under Marybeth's care over 14 years. Cause of deaths for the first eight children was initially thought to be genetic. Even when their 1978 adopted sixth child Michael, who was not of blood relation, died in 1981, authorities failed to open an investigation into his death.After investigating the other children's deaths, the Schenectady County prosecutors only had enough evidence to charge Tinning in one child's death. In July 1987, she was convicted of second-degree murder. and sentenced to 20 years to life. An appeal of her case to the New York Supreme Court argued Tinning's confession to the crime was coerced and there was insufficient evidence to convict her, but this appeal was denied. Tinning's diagnosis of Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP) has come into question. It is unclear if she has ever been diagnosed with MSbP. Analyzing her recurring events, some believe Tinning's pattern of behavior aligns perfectly with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition's (DSM-5) Development and Course section on the disorder: "In individuals with recurrent episodes of falsification of signs and symptoms of illness and/or induction of injury, this pattern of successive deceptive contact with medical personnel, including hospitalizations,


title: Marybeth Tinning

type: original

texts:
 may become lifelong."<mask> was incarcerated at Taconic Correctional Facility for Women in Bedford Hills, New York. She was denied parole six times, but was granted parole at her seventh hearing in July 2018 and was released on August 21, 2018. Early life
<mask> Roe was born to Ruth and Alton Lewis Roe on September 11, 1942, in the small town of Duanesburg, New York. There is little information available regarding her formative years. During some of this time, her father was deployed overseas fighting in World War II while her mother was working. Because both parents were away so much, she was occasionally shuffled among relatives; one elderly relative brazenly told her that she was an unwanted, accidental child. When her little brother reached adolescence, Marybeth told him, "You were the one they wanted, not me."On completion of his active duty, Alton Lewis Roe worked as a press operator in a nearby General Electric facility, which was the area's largest employer at the time. As an adult, Marybeth once claimed that her father abused her when she was a child. During a police interview in 1986, she told one investigator that her father had beaten her and locked her in a closet. During court testimony, she denied that her father had bad intentions. "My father hit me with a flyswatter," she told the court, "because he had arthritis and his hands were not of much use. And when he locked me in my room, I guess he thought I deserved it.”

Marybeth was an average student at Duanesburg High School, from which she graduated in 1961. Following high school, she worked at various low-paying, unskilled jobs.She eventually settled on a job as a

masks: Tinning Marybeth


title: Marybeth Tinning

texts:
 nursing assistant at Ellis Hospital in Schenectady, New York, ten miles north of Duanesburg. Marriage and poisoning
In 1963, <mask> met <mask> on a blind date with some friends. Joseph was quietly happy-go-lucky. They married in 1965 and their first child, Barbara, was born in May 1967, followed in January 1970 by Joseph Jr. In October 1971, <mask>'s father died of a sudden heart attack. In 1974, <mask>'s husband Joseph was admitted to the hospital with a near-fatal case of barbiturate poisoning. Later, he and <mask> acknowledged that, when this incident occurred, their marriage was in heavy turmoil.This led to her placing barbiturate pills, which she took from a friend with an epileptic daughter, into Joseph's grape juice. Joseph declined to press charges against his wife. Children's deaths
On December 26, 1971, Jennifer, the Tinning's third child, was born at St. Clare's Hospital. Jennifer had hemorrhagic meningitis and multiple brain abscesses that had developed in utero. Jennifer lived for only a week and never left the hospital; she died on January 3, 1972. Two weeks after Jennifer's death, Tinning took two-year-old Joseph Jr. to the Ellis Hospital emergency room in Schenectady, claiming that he had experienced a seizure and choked on his own vomit. Joseph Jr. stayed in the hospital for several days under observation before being released when doctors found nothing wrong with him.On January 20, a few hours after his release, <mask> brought Joseph Jr. back to the Ellis Hospital emergency room. The boy was dead on arrival, and his death was attributed to cardiopulmonary arrest. Several weeks later, on March 1, <mask> rushed

masks:
Marybeth
Joseph Tinning
Marybeth
Marybeth
Marybeth
Marybeth
Marybeth


title: Marybeth Tinning

texts: Barbara, almost five years old, to Ellis Hospital because she had gone into convulsions. The next day, Barbara died after being in a comatose state for several hours; her death was attributed to Reye syndrome. <mask> Tinning was 29 at this time. On Thanksgiving Day 1973, Tinning gave birth to son Timothy; on December 10, Timothy was brought back to the same hospital, dead. Tinning told doctors she found him lifeless in his crib.Doctors attributed his death to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). In March 1975, <mask>'s fifth child, Nathan, was born; that autumn, he died in the car while out with Tinning. In August 1978, the Tinnings adopted newborn Michael; on October 29, <mask> gave birth to her sixth child, Mary Frances. In January 1979, Tinning rushed Mary Frances to the emergency room, directly across the street from her apartment, saying the baby was having a seizure. The staff was able to revive her, reporting "aborted SIDS." A month later, Tinning returned to the hospital with Mary Frances in full cardiac arrest; she was revived, but had irreversible brain damage. She died two days later after being taken off life support.The Tinnings' eighth child, Jonathan, was born in the fall of 1979; he died in March 1980, after being kept on life support in Albany, New York for four weeks. In February 1981, Michael fell down the stairs and suffered a concussion. On March 2, Tinning took him to the doctor because he wouldn't wake up. Michael was already dead when Tinning brought him into the doctor's office. Since he was adopted, the long-suspected belief that the deaths in the Tinning family had a genetic origin was discarded. Tami

masks: Marybeth Tinning Marybeth


title: Marybeth Tinning

texts:
 Lynne was born on August 22, 1985; on December 20, she died from being smothered. On that day, the Tinnings were visited by Betsy Mannix of Schenectady County's Department of Social Services and by Bob Imfeld of the Schenectady Police Department, about Tami Lynne's death.The causes of the children's deaths were listed diversely, between natural, undetermined, or of sudden infant death syndrome. Six autopsies of the Tinnings' children took place after Tami Lynne's death, but they did not reveal any signs of abuse. There were suspicions and community whispers of foul play. Prior to Tami Lynne's passing, there had been no suspicion found in the sequence of deaths. "There were so many of us in on it, I guess," said Dr. Robert L. Sullivan, Schenectady County's Chief Medical Examiner. "If anyone is negligent, I suppose I am. I probably should have said, 'There must be more to it than this.'But we all think, and don't do." Arrest and interrogation

<mask> and <mask> were separately taken to the Schenectady Police Department for questioning about Tami Lynne's death. During the police interrogation, <mask> signed a document confessing that she had murdered Tami Lynne, Timothy, and Nathan. She was arrested and charged with Tami Lynne's murder. Police officials initially suspected that Tami Lynne died of SIDS. Dr. Michael M. Baden, the lead forensic pathologist and member of the State Police's special forensic unit, determined Tami Lynne's death resulted from smothering. After charging <mask> with Tami Lynne's death, officials said that they considered the deaths of the eight other Tinning children to be suspicious.Investigators later said

masks:
Marybeth
Joe Tinning
Marybeth
Marybeth


title: Marybeth Tinning

texts:
 that Jennifer's death was not suspect because it occurred before the baby left the hospital. <mask> <mask> made her $100,000 bail payment and was released from custody until her trial date. Trial and conviction

The murder trial of Tinning began in Schenectady County Court on June 22, 1987. Dr. Bradley Ford, Tami Lynne's pediatrician, testified on behalf of the prosecution, saying Tinning had dismissed his suggestion that, due to her previous children's deaths, she should install a specialized alarm device enabling the monitoring of the baby's breathing and heart rate. Two additional prosecution witnesses,  Dr. Marie Valdes-Dapena of Miami, FL, president of the SIDS Foundation, and Dr. Thomas Oram, the medical examiner who performed Tami Lynne's autopsy, said they diagnosed that Tami Lynne was smothered to death with a soft object. After the six-week trial, the jury deliberated for 23 hours across three days, leading to the conviction of <mask>, 44, on one count of second-degree murder. During their deliberation, jurors called for a read-back of the portions of <mask>'s testimony recounting his wife's alleged confession to State Police.In his testimony, Joseph said that he had a five-minute conversation with <mask> <mask> after the police questioning, and she told him, "I killed Tami" She was acquitted by the seven-man, five-woman jury of the count of "deliberately" causing the infant's death, but was convicted of murder by "depraved-indifference to human life" count. Tinning placed her hands over her eyes and sobbed quietly as the verdict was announced. Joseph later said, "I still think she's innocent." Judge Clifford Harrigan

masks:
Marybeth
Tinning
Tinning
Joseph Tinning
Marybeth
Tinning


title: Marybeth Tinning

texts:
 immediately vacated Tinning's $100,000 bail, mandating that she be held in the Schenectady County Jail pending her sentencing trial. After her conviction, she received a sentence of 20 years to life, five years shorter than the maximum penalty for this crime. Tinning was imprisoned at the Bedford Hills Correctional Facility for Women. After her conviction, she appealed on the grounds that her confession was not voluntarily given and that her conviction was not supported by sufficient evidence.In 1988, her appeal was denied by the New York State Supreme Court's Appellate Division. Parole attempts
<mask>'s first attempt for parole was in March 2007. At the parole board meeting, Tinning said, "I have to be honest, and the only thing that I can tell you is that I know that my daughter is dead. I live with it every day. I have no recollection and I can't believe that I harmed her. I can't say any more than that." Her parole was denied.In late January 2009, Tinning went before the parole board for the second time. She stated "I was going through bad times," when she killed her daughter. The parole board again denied her parole, stating that her remorse was "superficial at best." Tinning was eligible for parole again in January 2011. At the 2011 parole board hearing, Tinning said:

She was denied parole again due to her lack of remorse. In 2011, Tinning was supported by people from Georgetown University Law Center and people she worked with in prison, describing her as the "most loving, most generous, caring person that they have ever met." When questioned about the murder during her 2013 appearance, she said, "It's just — I can't


title: Marybeth Tinning

texts:
 remember.I mean, I know I did it, but I can't tell you why. There is no reason." The parole board stated "This was an innocent, vulnerable victim who was entrusted in your care as her mother, and you viciously violated that trust causing a senseless loss of this young life." The board then said "...discretionary release would so deprecate the severity of the crime as to undermine respect for the law, as you placed your own interest above those of society's youth." Her next opportunity for parole was in February 2015. The February 2015 parole board again denied Tinning's release, finding that she continued to demonstrate no understanding nor any remorse for taking her child's life. Tinning was denied parole for the sixth time in January 2017.The parole board ordered her to return in 18 months, rather than the previous standard of 24 months. <mask>, 76, was released on parole August 21, 2018. She had served more than 31 years of her 20-years-to-life sentence before being granted parole. Tinning's husband, Joseph, who supported her throughout her imprisonment, was present for her release. As part of her release, Tinning was to remain under parole supervision for the rest of her life. A Department of Corrections spokesperson stated Tinning lives in Schenectady County, in upstate New York. She has a curfew and must attend domestic violence counseling.In popular culture

Books

MOM: The Killer (2011), written by detective Mark Gado, probes the mind of child killer <mask> Tinning and provides a perspective of an accomplished expert, reflecting her tales of denial, neglect and unsolved deaths of her children. Investigative author Joyce


title: Marybeth Tinning

texts:
 Egginton details the case in her book, From Cradle to Grave: The Short Lives and Strange Deaths of <mask> <mask>'s Nine Children (1990). In Unnatural Death, Confessions of a Forensic Pathologist (1989), authored by Michael M. Baden with Judith Adler Hennessee, provides a complete first-person account of his career in forensic pathology and addresses his findings of Tinning's and other crimes. Television

The Home Box Office (HBO) network reported the Tinning case on the first episode of the crime documentary series Autopsy sub-titled Autopsy - Confessions of a Medical Examiner (1994). After the passing of the ninth child Dr. Michael Baden requests the files of all the children's autopsy reports. His findings finally bring Tinning to justice; soon after her arrest he clearly reflects his analysis of her history as being in-line with Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP). The Investigation Discovery network covered Tinning's case in the forensic series Most Evil sub-titled Most Evil - Murderous Women, Season 1; Episode 3.The episode probes into what motivates women who turn to killing. <mask>'s case depicts one of the striking differences between men and women killers. In this episode, Dr. Michael Stone, forensic psychologist, Columbia University uses his own mental health scale from 1-22, with 22 being the most dangerous ranking. Dr. Stone's assessment of Tinning is diagnosed at Level-7: Highly Narcissistic & Attention-Seeking. He outlines, in detail, how he reaches his assessment leading to <mask>'s ranking. The Investigation Discovery network released another episode, via the documentary drama series Deadly Women, disclosing the

masks: Marybeth Tinning Tinning Tinning


title: Marybeth Tinning

texts:
 tragedies that each of her children experienced. The episode is sub-titled Deadly Women - Sacrifice Their Blood, Season 5; Episode 9.Initially the local community seeks to understand and show compassion to her. The community's sympathy turns to bitterness and calls out to authorities for action, when she goes one step too far with her ninth child's death. See also
 Marie Noe is an American woman convicted in 1999 of murdering eight of her children between 1949 and 1968. Waneta Hoyt was an American serial killer who was convicted of killing all five of her children between 1965 and 1971. General:
 List of serial killers in the United States

References

External links
 Marybeth Tinning Parole Board Transcript- parole denied, NYS DOC and Community Supervision, January 10, 2017. Marybeth Tinning Parole Board Transcript   - parole granted,  NYS DOC and Community Supervision, July 10, 2018. Child Abuse Pages - The Tinning Children at ANGELIZD's Place.PEOPLE v. TINNING The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. <mask> <mask>, Appellant at leagle.com. 1942 births
1985 crimes
1985 in New York (state)
1985 murders in the United States
20th-century American criminals
American female serial killers
American serial killers
American murderers of children
American people convicted of murder
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Crimes in New York (state)
Criminals from New York (state)
Filicides in the United States
Infanticide
Living people
Murdered American children
People convicted of murder by New York (state)
People from Duanesburg, New York
People from Schenectady, New York
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by

masks: Marybeth Tinning


title: James C. Ho

texts:
<mask> (born 1973) is an American attorney and jurist serving as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Taipei, Taiwan, in 1973. He moved to the United States with his parents as a toddler and was raised in San Marino, California. After graduating from the Polytechnic School in Pasadena, he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in public policy, with honors, from Stanford University and a Juris Doctor with high honors, from the University of Chicago Law School in 1999. Career
After graduating from law school, <mask> was a law clerk to Judge Jerry Edwin Smith of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit from 1999 to 2000. He was in private practice in Washington, D.C., from 2000 to 2001. He then joined the U.S. Department of Justice, first in the Civil Rights Division (2001) and then in the Office of Legal Counsel (2001–2003).During his time at the Office of Legal Counsel, <mask> authored a memo that defended the legality of enhanced interrogation techniques. He was chief counsel to subcommittees of the Senate Judiciary Committee from 2003 to 2005 under Republican Senator <mask>yn. He was then a law clerk to United States Supreme Court Justice <mask> from 2005 to 2006. <mask> was in private practice in Dallas, Texas from 2006 to 2008 and 2010 to 2017. From 2008 to 2010, he was solicitor general of Texas in the Office of the Attorney General of Texas, replacing <mask> in that position. As Texas solicitor general, <mask> led the state's lawsuits against the Obama administration. <mask> has worked as a volunteer attorney with the First Liberty Institute, a religious legal advocacy organization.He has held multiple positions

masks:
James Chiun Yue Ho
Ho
Ho
Ho
John Corn
Clarence Thomas
Ho
Ted Cruz
Ho
Ho


title: James C. Ho

texts:
 as a member of the Federalist Society since 1996. In a 2006 law review article published in The Green Bag, <mask> wrote that "Birthright citizenship is guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. That birthright is protected no less for children of undocumented persons than for descendants of Mayflower passengers." In a 2011 op-ed published in the Wall Street Journal, <mask> wrote that "Opponents of illegal immigration cannot claim to champion the rule of law and then, in the same breath, propose policies that violate our Constitution." Federal judicial service
On September 28, 2017, President Donald Trump announced his intent to nominate <mask> as a Circuit Judge to an undetermined seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. <mask> had promoted <mask> as a candidate for a vacancy on the court. On October 16, 2017, Trump sent <mask>'s nomination to the Senate.He was nominated to the seat vacated by Judge <mask> King, who took senior status. On November 15, 2017, a hearing on his nomination was held before the Senate Judiciary Committee. On December 7, 2017, his nomination was reported out of committee by a 11–9 vote. On December 14, 2017, the full United States Senate voted 53–43 to confirm <mask>'s nomination. He received his judicial commission on January 4, 2018. In July 2018, <mask> of NPR wrote that "<mask> has shaken up the staid world of appellate law by deploying aggressive rhetoric in cases involving guns, abortion rights and campaign finance regulations." Johnson wrote that "critics say <mask> is writing op-ed columns, not legal opinions... Friends and former colleagues said he's an intellectual engaging with ideas."In a judicial opinion, <mask> said the current "government... would be unrecognizable

masks:
Ho
Ho
Ho
Cruz
Ho
Ho
Carolyn Dineen
Ho
Carrie Johnson
Ho
Ho
Ho


title: James C. Ho

texts:
 to our Founders"; in another he wrote of the First Amendment "right[s] of... bishops to express their profound objection to the moral tragedy of abortion". On September 9, 2020, Trump included <mask> on a list of potential nominees to the Supreme Court. Notable opinions
On April 18, 2018, in his first written opinion as a Fifth Circuit judge, <mask> dissented from a denial of a rehearing en banc in a case regarding a limit on campaign contributions. The Fifth Circuit three-judge panel upheld the constitutionality of a City of Austin ordinance setting an individual campaign contribution limit of $350 per election for candidates for mayor and city council, rejecting the plaintiff's claim that the limit violated the First Amendment. In his dissent, <mask> argued the court "should have granted rehearing en banc and held that the Austin contribution limit violates the First Amendment" and asserted that "if there is too much money in politics, it's because there's too much government." <mask> described abortion as a "moral tragedy" in one of his rulings which upheld a Texan law that required abortion facilities to bury or cremate fetal remains. On 2020, <mask> was a member of a panel that stayed a preliminary injunction entered by U.S. District Judge Fred Biery that expanded the right to use a mail-in ballot to all Texas voters during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic (allowing broader use of mail-in voting than under the Texas Election Code, which entitled only Texas voters over age 65 to vote absentee without an excuse).<mask> wrote a separate concurring opinion favoring the state officials. In 2020, <mask> wrote a concurring opinion in another voting rights case, involving a challenge to Texas Governor Greg Abbott's order restricting

masks: Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho


title: James C. Ho

texts:
 the number of drop-off locations for mail-in ballot to one per county. Abbott's order closed dozens of drop-off locations in populous, heavily Democratic urban areas in Texas. The order was challenged by civil rights groups, and the district court held that the order violated the constitutional right to vote. <mask> joined a Fifth Circuit order that stayed the district court's ruling and held that the governor's order did not infringe the right to vote. In a concurring opinion, <mask> wrote that Texas election law should not be "rewritten" by "executive fiat" or "judicial fiat." On April 9, 2021, <mask> dissented when the 5th Circuit refused to hear en banc on a case regarding the Certification Rule used to help implement the Affordable Care Act.<mask> and four other judges would have struck down the Certification Rule. See also
 Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates
 List of Asian American jurists

References

External links

 Appearances at the U.S. Supreme Court from the Oyez Project
 <mask>. <mask> at U.S. Courts

|-

1973 births
Living people
20th-century American lawyers
21st-century American lawyers
21st-century American judges
American jurists of Taiwanese descent
American politicians of Taiwanese descent
Federalist Society members
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
People associated with Gibson Dunn
Solicitors General of Texas
Stanford University alumni
Taiwanese emigrants to the United States
Texas lawyers
Texas Republicans
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Donald Trump
United States Department of Justice lawyers
United States Senate lawyers
University of Chicago Law School alumni
People from San Marino,

masks:
Ho
Ho
Ho
Ho
James C
Ho


title: Peter Ledger

texts:
<mask> (25 October 1945 – 18 November 1994) was an Australian cartoonist, comic book artist, commercial airbrush artist, and illustrator. Biography
In addition to studying art, <mask> worked with surveying teams in the Australian outback, hunted deer for the government in New Zealand, was a professional scuba diver, a leathermaker, and a gourmet cook. He raced motorcycles, flew hot air balloons, was a body builder, and in later years became a private pilot. <mask> rose to the top as an illustrator in Australia, famous for his intricate airbrush work and fantasy images. <mask> prepared the graphics for the 1974 Australian film, Stone, as well as the 1976 film, Oz. In 1977, he won the "Art Directors Silver Award" for his Surfabout poster. That same year, one of his posters for Golden Breed (an Australian surfing apparel brand) was honored in the Graphis yearbook of award-winning posters from around the world.In 1979 he won an Australian King of Pop award for "Best Album Cover Design" for The Angels' album Face to Face. From around 1978–1979, he lived in New York and worked for Marvel Comics. One of his contributions to the comic book field was the fully painted and airbrushed work on the series, Weirdworld: Warriors of the Shadow Realm. In 1981, he moved to Los Angeles to work on a project funded by George Lucas and Gary Kurtz. It was a coffee table art book of Uncle Scrooge McDuck: His Life and Times, as written and drawn by Carl Barks. <mask> was a big fan of Barks' duck art. His contribution was to hand-paint and airbrush all the stories.He met writer Christy Marx for

masks:
Peter Ledger
Ledger
Ledger
Ledger
Ledger


title: Peter Ledger

texts: the second time in that year. They were married on Catalina Island in March 1983. They worked together on comic book, movie, and game projects for a total of thirteen years. As a team, they produced a number of comic book stories such as Carlos McLlyr and The Sisterhood of Steel graphic novel. <mask> worked in the film and television business, mainly doing storyboards and preproduction design. He painted robot suits and designed aliens for the movie The Ice Pirates. He created the first Babylon 5 logo, did the first character illustrations and an initial painting of the B5 station.J. Michael Straczynski used this art while selling the series. <mask> loved planes and his particular deep interest, since he was a boy, was the German planes of World War II, most especially the jet aircraft developed during the war. In 1988, <mask> and his wife travelled to Bonn, Germany to have his limited edition aviation print signed by famous German World War II ace, Adolf Galland. Toward the end of 1988, <mask> and Marx started working on computer games for Sierra On-Line. He created the art for Conquests of Camelot: The Search for the Grail (1990 – Sierra On-Line), Ringworld: Revenge of the Patriarch (1992 – Tsunami Media Inc), Blue Force (1993 – Tsunami Media Inc) and Blood & Magic (1996 – Interplay Productions Inc). From about 1990 on, <mask> concentrated on doing large wall murals and trompe-l'œil paintings. He partnered with British artist, Susie Wilson.Together, they created many trompe l'oiel works in the Fresno, Oakhurst and Monterey areas. Most are in private homes, but some

masks: Ledger Ledger Ledger Ledger Ledger


title: Peter Ledger

texts:
 of their work was seen at Castillo's Mexican Restaurant in Oakhurst, California (later renamed Casa Velasco), on the way to Yosemite National Park: jungle scenes, desert scenes, parrots, a pteradactyl bursting in through an open (trompe-l'œil) window. <mask>'s wife Christy Marx includes an account of his death in a biographical article on her official website. On the evening of 18 November 1994, <mask> was driving home to Oakhurst from Monterey. <mask> was on a dark country road and is believed to have either missed or ignored a stop sign at a blind corner. He was hit broadside by a semi-trailer hauling a full load of cotton, with both vehicles destroyed in the crash. The truck driver survived, however <mask> died instantly.He was buried in the small, historic cemetery in Oakhurst. His gravestone features a bronze plaque of his face (taken from a life mask), an epitaph poem that <mask> had written a few years earlier, and numerous sculpted details created by his son, <mask>. Legacy
The Ledger Awards, named in honour of <mask>'s contribution to comic book art, were organised to "acknowledge excellence in Australian comic art and publishing." The Ledger Awards commenced in 2004 and ran until 2007. They were revived beginning in 2014. Comics bibliography

Celestial Arts
 Uncle Scrooge, His Life and Times (colourist) (1981)

Eclipse Comics

 Alien Encounters (1985–1987)
 #2 "The Monster of Planet Og!" (artist/colourist)
 #6 (cover artist and colourist)
 #11 "A World A Hurtin'" (artist/colourist)
 #13 "The Light at the End" (artist/colourist)
 Eclipse Monthly (1984)
 #6

masks:
Death Ledger
Ledger
Ledger
Ledger
Ledger
Julian Ledger
Ledger


title: Peter Ledger

texts:
 "Old Gods, New World" (artist/colourist)
 #7 "Old Gods, New World Part 2" (artist/colourist)
 #8 "Old Gods, New World Part 3" (artist/colourist)
 Tales of Terror #13 (cover artist/colourist) (1987)

Fantagraphics Books
 The Flames of Gyro (inker/colourist) (1979)

Marvel Comics

 Howard the Duck vol.2 #1–2 (cover artist/colourist) (1979)
 The Hulk! #15 (one page illustration) (1979)
 Marvel Super Special (1979)
 #10 "Star-Lord" (cover colourist)
 #11–13 "Warriors of the Shadow Realm" (colourist)
 #14 "Meteor" (cover inker/colourist)
 Open Space #2 (1990)
 "The Armada Operation"  (artist)
 Savage Sword of Conan #55 (one page illustration) (1980)
 Sisterhood of Steel #5 (cover colourist) (1985)

Mattel
 Masters of the Universe: Skeletor's Dragon (artist) (1985)

TSR, Inc.
 Warhawks Comics Module #1 (penciller/colourist) (1990)

References

External links

 <mask> memorial site
 A gallery containing the original conceptual drawings of Babylon 5's characters and settings

1945 births
1994 deaths
20th-century Australian artists
Album-cover and concert-poster artists
Australian comics artists
Australian illustrators
Comics colorists
Logo designers
Road incident deaths in


title: Eyedi

texts:
Nam Yu-jin (Korean: 남유진; born December 8, 1995), better known as <mask> (Korean: 아이디), is a South Korean singer, songwriter, composer and actress. She debuted in 2016 under Bace Camp Studios with the self written single titled 'Sign' and released her first album, Mix B, in 2017. Eyedi finished in fifth place out of 98 girls on the survival reality show MixNine in 2017, where she revealed in an interview that she was offered debut as a member of a new girlgroup by YG Entertainment, and was a cast member on the reality show Studio Vibes in 2019,where the producer reached out to her to appear on the show and then was cast in the Web-drama 'Thumbs Up Feeds Me (2020)' (좋아요가 밥먹여줍니다) and played the character of Lee Eun Byul  which was broadcast on YouTube under the channel 룰루랄라 스토리랩- Lululala Story Laband Naver TV

Her stage name translates to ID (identity) in Korean with the purpose of listening to her music and recognising it as her song

General Information
Her interest in music first started when she was dreaming about becoming a singer back in her second year of high school when she joined the singing club and she mentioned how she also dreamed about being a fashion designer since she enjoyed art and drawing. She also mentioned that her favorite song that she has released was her debut single named 'Sign feat Loopy'  since it has a deep meaning to her. Nam also mentioned her various interests in fashion and makeup stating: "If it wasn't for music, I'm interested enough to major in fashion. More than 90% of the costumes and props in the music video are my collection. I tend to actively give opinions on the concept of


title: Eyedi

texts:
 year. 2017
 Release of 'Chapter 21'
January 5th, Mario Winans uploaded a 'Shout out to <mask>' where he expressed his feelings of excitement of collaborating with her on the track 'Type E'. Eyedi revealed in an interview that she reached out to Winans, "I often get inspiration from the music of the past rather than the trendy ones. I still like to listen to TLC or Babyface, etc. So I always wanted to work with legendary pop musicians I got inspiration from or I liked to listen to. Then I happened to make a song that required a male vocal.While looking for a vocal that suits the vibe, Mario Winans popped into my head. I sent him a love call with the explanation of the song, and apparently he was interested in K-pop. That’s how I got to work with him, and I plan to work with more legendary pop musicians in the future." On January 16th 2017, Eyedi released her 3rd single album named 'Chapter 21' which featured a Korean and English version of the song 'Type' as well as an instrumental of the song. The Korean version of the song had a music video which showed a very different side of Eyedi than what was previously shown earlier, and the Music Video featured choreography, something that was not shown in previous music videos. Kim Hyo Eun who rose to fame after his appearance on Show Me The Money 3 was featured on the Korean version of the track and Mario Winans was featured on the English version of this track. On January 21st, A making Film of the English version of Type was released on YouTube which included small snippets of the dance choreography.Although there is no full choreography video, a longer amount of clips


title: Eyedi

texts:
 debut, Eyedi released her first EP titled 'Tomorrowland' featuring the tracks 'Tomorrowland' and 'Dreamcatcher'. along with instrumentals for both of those tracks, During her interview with Pops in Seoul and with OH! Press interview, in 2019  she revealed how her song 'Tomorrowland' was made for a suicide prevention campaign and her words were "Because suicide is a serious issue, I ruminated on the lyrics as I wrote them in hopes of giving people strength, even if a little. After that song was released a lot of people told me that they gained strength from it and they thanked me for it. I was very grateful for the fact that I could have such a positive impact on others and that I could be in this valuable position.Because of this experience, I've gained a sense of responsibility and that's probably the biggest change since my debut." She also revealed in another interview "On internet, I have seen the some people’s posts made right before they committed suicide. It’s normal to think they have left a lot in that posts, right? But in fact, the posts were very simple and flat. If someone was there by them, they would have been a great help to them; it’s sad that there was no one. So the album I made to be the strength for those is “Tomorrowland.”

 MixNine appearance
In October 29th 2017, <mask> and labelmate Sarada auditioned for MixNine a reality survival show aired on JTBC where 72 male trainees competed against 98 female trainees. Eyedi auditioned with the song 'Spotlight' by Jennifer Hudson and from there she did quite well, with her rank increasing from 69 on the first episode to 20 on Episode 4.From there her


title: Eyedi

texts:
 rank rose to 18 on Episode 5, 15 on Episode 7, 10 on Episode 8 and remained 10 on Episode 10 then rose to 6 on Episode 11, dropped to 7 on Episode 13 and then rose to 5 on Episode 14, placing her in the debut line-up for the female team. However, on the last episode the female team lost to the male team, with the female group garnering 7,886 votes and male team winning with 8,114 votes

Before <mask> joined the show, she was under the impression that it was not an idol programme. She was under the impression that MixNine was a show where underrated artists were uncovered and brought to the spotlight to showcase their talent so she thought it would be a good opportunity for her However upon joining the show she was deceived as the purpose was to set up an idol kpop group. However, she does not regret participating on MixNine as she felt that she learnt a lot and had a valuable experience. On December 3, <mask> and Jung Sara (Sarada) uploaded a dance cover of 'I Got You' by Bebe Rexha on YouTube. Eyedi performed various songs in a group while being on MixNine, the first being MIXNINE PART.3 - 'JUST DANCE(소녀 ver)' (girls version) is posted on YG ENTERTAINMENT YouTube Channel on November 19th 2017, where you can see Nam performing at timestamp 1:49. From that performance, the judges (Yang Hyun Suk, Zion.T, Seungri and JENNIE) along with 400 Audience Members ranked Nam Yujin 48th Place.On Episode 6, she was voted by her female trainee group to be an ending fairy (person who ends the performance) for their group cover of Rain by Taeyeon, However, Suran suggested another trainee to do so and Eyedi instead was the Opening

masks: Eyedi Eyedi


title: Eyedi

texts: Fairy. The name of the team was called Bivid, and it consisted of Park Haerin, Kim Juyeon, Go Ahra, Im Sohyeon, Lee Yesol, Nam Yujin (herself), Hur Yeonjoo, Baek Da Ae, Moon Eun Jin and Kim Suhyun. From the individual scores of the female team, Eyedi came third with 598 votes, and the female team won over the male team. On Episode 8 she did another group cover, this time with the song I'm Your Girl by S.E.S. Hyunjin from the girlgroup LOONA chose Eyedi to be a part of this group cover as she chose participants who fit the image of the song and are vocally skilled. From this performance Yang Hyun Suk complimented Eyedi on her dancing, since she was not previously skilled in dancing but had performed the song very well. he also said "you call yourself an artist and it looks like you work very hard behind the scenes".From this group cover she ranked 5th with 100 points and on Episode 10 it was revealed that she was in 10th Place and passed the elimination round. On Episode 11, Jung Il-Hoon helped compose the song 'HUSH' which the group called MY 9M performed with <mask> as a member. In this performance, Yang Hyun Suk complimented <mask> saying that she stood out a lot. She ranked 4th place in individual ranking with 288 votes. On Episode 13, she ranked 7th place at the beginning of the episode for her unique voice and was selected to join the 'Come Over' stage. Then on the final episode, Episode 14 it was revealed that <mask> Ranked 5th place overall placing her in the Top 9 Team meaning if the girls team won against the boys team she would have debuted in the female group. However the male team won but due to

masks: Eyedi Eyedi Eyedi


title: Eyedi

texts:
 complications their debut was cancelled.2018

 Release of Second EP
After MixNine, she released her second EP titled 'Luv Highway' with the title track called 'Luv Highway' and the second track being called 'A Midsummer night's dream'. She uploaded music videos for both tracks and the EP includes instrumentals for both songs. The MV for Luv Highway stars <mask> and Lee Jong-won who acted as a couple going on a date which reflects the sweet lyrics. It was <mask>'s first time acting a role in her music video, and it is important to realise Eyedi has a passion for acting so it was exciting for her. Luv Highway's MV released on May 16th and A Midsummer Night's dream MV released on May 24th 2018. Luv Highway Charted 67 on the Gaon Album Chart. Japanese debut
<mask> also made her debut in Japan with a Japanese mini album under Pony Canyon called coll[a]ction with a Japanese version of her song 'Sign' featuring Jinmenusagi, with the music video released on August 10th 2018 on Pony Crayon's YouTube Channel.The music video was shot in Tokyo and the music video was focused on colour The name coll[a]ction was explained to be a mixture of the words 'collection' and action' as they wanted the mini album to express the feeling of capturing Eyedi's songs. Release of 'Red'
She released her fifth single 'Red' on September 21 with a music video which showed off more of her vocal color and had a calming jazz theme to it which suits its name. While this was announced, she was promoting her debut Japanese song in Japan and she was selected to perform at 2018 MU:CON in Seoul which was presented by The Ministry of Sports, Caffeine and


title: Eyedi

texts:
 'Caffeine' and was released on December 17th. The song was a very retro theme set in the night and featured very strong dark colors. This song went on to be her most streamed song on Spotify

 2019

 '&New'
On April 6th, Eyedi released another single called &New which quickly rose to fame as one of her most popular songs for the distorted retro sound that it featured. The video is currently her most viewed music video and has surpassed 25K likes on YouTube, as well as being her 2nd most streamed song on Spotify. It quickly caught the eyes of the public for its unique sound and video which was described as being " an extension of the “Caffeine” which was announced in December last year.Relatively, while “Caffeine” was sexy & dreamy, “& New” is a little younger, cuter, and adorable" another blog described the song by saying "Part of the loop was deliberately crushed to give the feeling of an elongated cassette tape. It was a little awkward at first, but this distortion gave a point to the song" which shows the different feeling that the song had given. Opening of her YouTube Channel
On June 6, 2019, Eyedi opened her own YouTube channel called 해드림! (Hey, Dream) where fans submit stories to Eyedi via YouTube comment section and she selects a winner. The winner is then contacted by Eyedi and their "wishes are fulfilled" meaning she would meet with them. Many fans have met Eyedi through her YouTube channel. She also had a series called 'EyeDday'  where she would upload vlogs about her daily life.Currently there are no English captions available on these videos but there are Korean captions. <mask> has also uploaded a


title: Eyedi

texts:
 singing cover clip on June 20th 2019, from her appearance on Studio Vibes where she and another participant covered Make You Feel My Love by singer Bob Dylan. Release of 'Perfect Sixth Sense'
In 2019 she released her second Japanese single titled 'Perfect 6th Sense' with the music video dropping on August 5th and light was used expressively in the music video which appropriately matches the sound of the song, which is described as " The song is a POP-based dance number, starting with repeated synths and strings sounds that raise expectations. A highly addictive summer club party that leads to a rusty, intense beat". The song was described as an "Invitation to <mask>'s music world, which is fascinating through activities in Japan, It depicts the liberation of oneself to challenge music." As usual, <mask> was involved in the production of the music, as well as songwriting and composition. The name Perfect 6th Sense has the intention of Awakening "6th Sense" with Eyedi's music" as she has quite a unique style compared to other artists.The music video was quite different from other that <mask> had released in the past, and in an interview with Recochoku she said that the highlights of her video was the colours that were used, "I would like you to see the use of colors in the music video. The makeup and costumes used there use the most gorgeous colors I have ever had. The fans who actually watched the music video were also surprised. It's a lot more flashy than the ones I've shown so far, and I think that's the key point for this time." She also mentioned that  "I think this song is the best song for drive music.


title: Eyedi

texts:
 Everyone is summer, so I think I'll take a break and go somewhere, but I'd like you to listen to this song to get excited at that time, and I'm sure it will be exciting if you listen to it. If you drive while playing a song, you will get good energy, so please listen to it" (roughly translated from Korean)

 Release of '7UP'
On December 8th 2019, the MU:CON Collab track named '7UP' was released as part of a global project and <mask> was involved in the writing and composing of the track alongside Kevin Wild from Bad Royale and others and the song was described to be "an electronica and pop music, with the bass rhythm hand clap and drum loop playing together which added a dreamy atmosphere".She was selected as "a musician representing the next generation of K-POP". The song did not have a music video however it was released as a digital single and was more upbeat and bubbly than her previous releases such as 'Caffeine' and '&New'

 2020

 Release of 'J.us.T', Web drama and Teaser for new EP
On March 13, 2020 she released her 10th single titled J.usT She also uploaded a making film on March 26th 2020  for the music video of  J.us.T

Following her last comeback on March 13, 2020, it had been almost 9 months without any confirmation of new music from the singer. On 8th December 2020, Eyedi posted a short 60-second snippet of a song captioned 'For' (Prod. NEMA) #2021'' on her Instagram page, which led fans to believe that she would have a new 2021 release. The song is a sweet-sounding ballad that is believed to be for the fans (known as Passwords) who have waited for her all this time as she went on a one-year


title: Eyedi

texts:
 unannounced hiatus from music and social media. Bace Camp Studios (her agency) neither Eyedi herself have confirmed a date for this release, nor what part of the year it would be released. Her agency, Bace Camp Studios also posted the 60 second clip but with the caption #eyedi #2021 #EP on their official Instagram site on December 8th 2020, but since then have not posted any more content about her on their Instagram page.2021

Announcement of 해드림! (Hey, Dream) season 2
<mask> took an 8 month Hiatus from her YouTube Channel and returned on March 5, 2021 with the announcement of the second season of her series Hey Dream asking fans to leave stories in the comments section which excited viewers as she has not updated social media since 8th December 2020. The video was 20 seconds long and displayed the text '2021? Coming soon' which excited fans who waited a long time for the series to recommence. However, the YouTube channel was left dormant for the rest of that year, with no new uploads or information regarding <mask>'s comeback. The 2021 EP which was expected to release in 2021 was not released, and Bace Camp Studios have not announced any information regarding its release date. 2022

N/A
No information regarding Eyedi has been distributed, fans speculate that the singer has become inactive and on an indefinite hiatus.Discography

Studio albums

Extended plays

Singles

Filmography

Web series

Reality television

Notes

References

External links

1995 births
Living people
South Korean women pop singers
South Korean female idols
21st-century South Korean women singers
South Korean women


title: Grace Gifford

texts:
<mask> (4 March 1888 – 13 December 1955) was an Irish artist and cartoonist who was active in the Republican movement, who married her fiancé Joseph Plunkett in Kilmainham Gaol only a few hours before he was executed for his part in the 1916 Easter Rising. Early life and education

<mask>'s parents were <mask>, a solicitor and a Roman Catholic, and <mask>, a Protestant. They were married in St George's, a Church of Ireland church on the north side of Dublin. <mask> was the second youngest in a family of 12 children and grew up in the fashionable suburb of Rathmines in Dublin. The boys were baptised as Catholics and the girls as Protestant, but effectively the children were all raised as Protestants – the girls attended Alexandra College in Earlsfort Terrace, and the boys attended the High School in Harcourt St.

At the age of 16, Gifford went to the Dublin Metropolitan School of Art, where she studied under the Irish artist William Orpen. Orpen regarded Gifford as one of his most talented pupils. He often sketched her and eventually painted her as one of his subjects for a series on 'Young Ireland'.At around this time, <mask>'s talent for caricature was discovered and developed. In 1907 she attended the course in Fine Art at the Slade School of Art, London. Career

She returned to Dublin in 1908 and, with great difficulty, tried to earn a living as a caricaturist, publishing her cartoons in The Shanachie, Irish Life, Meadowstreet and The Irish Review, which was edited from 1913 by Joseph Plunkett. She considered emigrating but gave up the idea. Despite earning so little money, she enjoyed a lively social life; her friends

masks:
Grace Evelyn Gifford Plunkett
Gifford
Frederick Gifford
Isabella Julia Burton Gifford
Grace
Gifford


title: Grace Gifford

texts:
 included Nora Dryhurst, a journalist who worked in London, and George William Russell (Æ). During the same year, Mrs Dryhurst brought <mask> to the opening of the new bilingual school Scoil Éanna in Ranelagh, Dublin. It was here that she met Joseph Plunkett for the first time.He was a friend of her brother-in-law, another of the future leaders of the 1916 Easter Rising, Thomas MacDonagh, who was married to <mask>'s sister Muriel. Engagement and marriage
Her growing interest in the Roman Catholic religion led to the deepening of <mask> and Plunkett's relationship as she began to discuss Catholic mystical ideas with him – he was from an arch-Catholic family, his father a Papal count. Plunkett proposed to her in 1915; <mask> accepted and took formal instruction in Catholic doctrine. She was received into the Catholic Church in April 1916. The couple planned to marry on Easter Sunday that year, in a double wedding with his sister and her fiancé. Her parents were not in favour of her marrying Plunkett, due to the precarious state of his health – he was extremely ill at this time. After the Rising, her brother-in-law Thomas MacDonagh was shot with PH Pearse and Thomas Clarke by firing squad on 3 May.That day, <mask> heard that Joseph was to be shot at dawn. She bought a ring in a jeweller's shop in Dublin city centre and, with the help of a priest, persuaded the military authorities to allow them to marry. She and Joseph were married on the night of 3 May in the chapel of Kilmainham Gaol, a few hours before he was executed. Sinn Féin
<mask> decided to devote herself through her art to the promotion of Sinn Féin policies and resumed

masks:
Grace
Grace
Gifford
Grace
Grace
Grace Plunkett


title: Grace Gifford

texts:
 her commercial work to earn a living. She was elected to the Sinn Féin executive in 1917. Her sister Muriel, widow of executed 1916 leader Thomas MacDonagh, died of heart failure while swimming in 1917. <mask> shared the care of Muriel's two children, Donagh MacDonagh and Barbara with their eldest sister, Katherine, until 1919.She was a loving aunt to both throughout her life. Civil War and aftermath
During the Civil War, <mask> was arrested with many others in February 1923 and interned at Kilmainham Gaol for three months. She painted pictures on the walls of her cell, including one of the Blessed Virgin and the Christ Child. She was released in May 1923. When the Civil War ended, she had no home of her own and little money. Like many Anti-Treaty Republicans, <mask> was the target of social ostracism and had difficulty finding work. Her talent as an artist was her only real asset; her cartoons were published in various newspapers and magazines, including Dublin Opinion, the Irish Tatler, Sketch, and on one occasion in 1934, Punch.She illustrated W. B. Yeats' The Words upon the Window Pane in 1930. She moved from one rented apartment to another and ate in the city-centre restaurants. She befriended many people and had many admirers, but had no wish to remarry. Her material circumstances improved in 1932 when she received a Civil List pension from Éamon de Valera's Fianna Fáil government. This freed her from financial worries and enabled her to make the occasional trip to Paris where she delighted in visits to the galleries and exhibitions. She lived for many years in a flat in Nassau St. with a balcony overlooking the sports

masks:
Grace
Grace Plunkett
Grace


title: Grace Gifford

texts:
 ground of Trinity College. <mask>'s in-laws refused to honour her husband's will, in which he left everything to his widow, or his last letter to her in which he requested her to ensure that she pursue this - a heavy burden to place on <mask>, who was not a mercenary person.Legally, the will was invalid because there was only one witness (the law requires two) and also the marriage took place after the will was made, automatically revoking it. For years <mask> received nothing, so she began legal proceedings against her mother- and father-in-law, Count George Noble Plunkett and his wife in 1934. The Count and Countess Plunkett settled out of court. <mask> was paid £700, plus costs. At around this time, she joined the Old Dublin Society, where she met the noted Irish harpsichord maker Cathal Gannon. When Cathal married, <mask> gave him and his wife Margaret a present of two single beds and a picture. From the late 1940s onwards, <mask>'s health declined.In 1950 she was brought to St Vincent's Hospital, then in the city centre. She convalesced in a nursing home, which she did not like, mainly because it restricted her freedom. <mask> Plunkett died suddenly on 13 December 1955 in her apartment in South Richmond Street, Portobello. Her body was removed to St Kevin's Church, Harrington Street and among the attendees at her funeral was President Seán T. O'Kelly. She was buried with full military honours close to the republican plot in Glasnevin Cemetery. Cultural depictions
She is the subject of "Grace", a song written in 1985 by Frank and Seán O'Meara, which became popular in Ireland and elsewhere and has been recorded by many

masks:
Grace
Grace
Grace
Grace
Grace
Grace
Grace Gifford


title: Grace Gifford

texts:
 musicians. The song was adopted by Green Brigade, a group of supporters of Celtic FC who attempted in December 2016 to make a version by the band Glasnevin, Christmas number one in the UK.This was in aid of a legal fund to pay for its member who received fines under the Offensive Behaviour at Football and Threatening Communications (Scotland) Act 2012 and for campaigning for its repeal. She is one of the people seen buying a bond in John MacDonagh's newsreel of Michael Collins signing the first issue of Republican Bonds outside St Enda's, Rathfarnham in 1919. The film is archived and available for viewing at the Irish Film Institute and online. "A Rose Upon the Blood" is a play written in 2014 by Paddy Gillard-Bentley about <mask> and Joseph Plunkett. Publications
During her life, three books of <mask>'s pen and ink drawings of Irish theatre and political figures were published. 1919: To Hold as Twere: a collection of 17 cartoons of political figures. 1929: Twelve Nights at the Abbey Theatre: a collection of cartoons depicting actors of the Abbey Theatre, Dublin.1930: Doctors Recommend It: An Abbey Tonic in Twelve Doses: a collection of cartoons of scenes from named plays. References

External links
article which includes some of her drawings

1888 births
1955 deaths
20th-century Irish women artists
Alumni of the National College of Art and Design
Artists from Dublin (city)
Burials at Glasnevin Cemetery
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism
Irish caricaturists
Irish editorial cartoonists
People educated at Alexandra College
People from Rathmines
People of the Irish Civil War (Anti-Treaty side)
Women in war

masks:
Grace Gifford
Gifford


title: Cristián Cuturrufo

texts:
<mask> (Coquimbo, 27 June 1972 – Santiago, 19 March 2021) was a Chilean musician and cultural manager, and one of the most prominent jazz trumpeters in his country. He died from COVID-19 on March 19, 2021 in Santiago. Career
He was born in Coquimbo, in a family of musicians headed by his father, <mask>, who was an accordionist. His family was always linked to the musical traditions of the port and the popular festivals of the region. He studied classical trumpet at the Jorge Peña Hen Experimental School of Music with Professor Sergio Fuentes in La Serena, parallelly discovering music such as Return to Forever, Kool & the Gang, Cole Porter and the Chilean Orquesta Huambaly. Later he continued his training at the Catholic University of Chile, later he traveled to Cuba to deepen his studies of popular music, Afro-Cuban rhythms and jazz, inspired by soloists like Fats Navarro, Dizzy Gillespie and Arturo Sandoval. Once in Chile, he participated in Latin jazz groups such as Motuto, to later be part of numerous jazz bands in a career that led him to develop the structure of the jazz quintet.Among the many jazz musicians with whom he shared the stage in his quintets were the saxophonists Ignacio González, Jimmy Coll and David Pérez, the guitarists Jorge Díaz, Daniel Lencina and Federico Dannemann, the bassists Felipe Chacón, Christian Gálvez and Cristián Monreal, and the drummers Iván Lorenzo, Carlos Cortés and Andrés Celis, among others. He also joined Francisco Molina's Los Titulares, Vernáculo and Cutus-Clan alongside with his brother Rodrigo Cuturrufo. In addition frequently collaborated with Ángel Parra Trío, from Los Tres' guitarist Ángel Parra. He also worked alongside the legendary old-guard pianist Valentín Trujillo. Along with the popular piano teacher, Cuturrufo acquired a better position in terms of popular and massive musical repertoires performing swing duets that he recorded on the albums Jazz de salon (2004) and Villancicos (2005). After a while he returns to his original style, but this time

masks:
Christian Alejandro Cuturrufo Contador
Wilson Cuturrufo


title: Bob Motzko

texts:
<mask> (born March 27, 1961) is the head coach of the University of Minnesota men's hockey team in Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he had previously served as Assistant Coach in 2001–05. He was previously the head coach of the St. Cloud State Huskies from 2005 to 2018. During his time at SCSU, he was named the WCHA Coach of the Year in 2006 and again in 2007. In 2014 he was named the inaugural NCHC Herb Brooks Coach of the Year. In 2018 he won the Herb Brooks Coach of the Year for the second time. He guided the Huskies to six WCHA Final Five appearances (2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2013), three NCHC Frozen Faceoff appearances (2015, 2016 and 2018), eight NCAA Division I tournament appearances (2007, 2008, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2018), and one NCAA Division I Frozen Four appearance in 2013.Playing career

Waterloo and <mask> played for the Waterloo Black Hawks and the Austin Mavericks in the 1979–1980 season. That year, he had 16 goals, 10 assists, and 19 penalty minutes. Dubuque Fighting Saints
In the 1980–1981 season, <mask> played for the Dubuque Fighting Saints of the United States Hockey League where he had 20 goals and 16 assists. That year, he helped the Saints win the Anderson Cup and the Clark Cup. St. Cloud State
<mask> played for St. Cloud State University (SCSU) from 1983–1987.He was a two-year varsity letter winner for the SCSU hockey team from 1984–86. Coaching career

St. Cloud State
<mask> began his coaching career in 1986–87 as an assistant coach for the legendary Herb Brooks at SCSU – and also worked with former SCSU head coach Craig Dahl. North Iowa
Motzko served as general manager and head coach of the USHL's North Iowa Huskies from 1987 through 1991. In 1989, Motzko led the North Iowa squad to a United States Junior A national championship and was named that year's USHL Coach of the Year. Miami University and Denver
In 1991, <mask> was named associate head coach at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, where he helped lead the

masks:
Robert Giles Motzko
Austin Motzko
Motzko
Motzko
Motzko
Motzko


title: Bob Motzko

texts:
 RedHawks to a Central Collegiate Hockey Association title and an NCAA tournament berth in 1992–93. He served for one season as an associate head coach at the University of Denver from 1993–94, before returning to Miami University in 1994.Sioux Falls Stampede
<mask> was named general manager and head coach of the USHL's Sioux Falls Stampede in 1998. He led the Stampede to a 77–31–6 record in the team's first two seasons in the USHL, and in 2000, he was named the USHL General Manager of the Year. University of Minnesota
<mask> served as a men's hockey assistant coach at the University of Minnesota and was part of two NCAA Division I national championship teams in 2002 and 2003, and helped the Gophers win WCHA playoff crowns in 2003 and 2004. Return to St. Cloud State

<mask> became the head coach at his alma mater, St. Cloud State, in 2005. In 2013 his contract was extended through the 2020–2021 season.On March 26, 2010, <mask> led the Huskies to their first NCAA Tournament win in the West Regional at Xcel Energy Center. SCSU earned a 4–3 victory in double overtime against Northern Michigan University. The victory snapped an eight-game losing streak in the tournament for SCSU. St. Cloud fell in the West Regional Championship game to the University of Wisconsin the next night. In the 2012–2013 season, <mask> led SCSU to a WCHA regular season championship, the Huskies' first regular season conference title. Though they secured the #1 seed, the Huskies shared the MacNaughton Cup with the University of Minnesota.On March 30–31, 2013, <mask> led the Huskies to a pair of NCAA Tournament victories over Notre Dame (5–1) and Miami University (4–1) at Huntington Center (Toledo) to advance to the first Frozen Four in school history. St. Cloud fell to Quinnipiac University in the Frozen Four on April 11, 2013, at Consol Energy Center. In the 2013–14 season, <mask> led the Huskies to the inaugural NCHC regular season championship. Unlike in the 2012–13 season, the Huskies

masks: Motzko Motzko Motzko Motzko Motzko Motzko Motzko


title: Bob Motzko

texts:
 held the Penrose Cup alone. On March 29, 2014, <mask> led the Huskies to a win over Notre Dame (4–3 OT)in the NCAA Tournament West Regional at Xcel Energy Center to advance to the Regional Championship for the second straight year, but fell to the University of Minnesota 4–0. In the 2015–16 season, Motzko led the Huskies to a school record-tying 31 victories as well as the first NCHC conference tournament championship in school history, defeating the Duluth Bulldogs 3–1 in the Frozen Faceoff title game on March 19, 2016.The victory also gave <mask> and the Huskies their fourth straight NCAA Tournament berth, also tying a school record; they would fall to Ferris State University (5–4 OT) in the NCAA West Regional at Xcel Energy Center. In the 2017–2018 season, the Huskies won their second Penrose Cup as NCHC regular season champions. They also qualified for the national tournament as the overall #1 seed. United States men's national junior ice hockey team
In 2017, <mask> becomes head coach of the US national junior ice hockey team. He led them to the United States fourth-ever gold medal in the IIHF World Junior Championships. Return to Minnesota

On March 27, 2018, <mask> was named the 15th head coach of the University of Minnesota, following Don Lucia's resignation. Head coaching record

College

Personal life
<mask>, a native of Austin, Minnesota, <mask> and Shelley have had three children, a daughter, Ella, and two sons Mack and the youngest Beau.On July 24, 2021, Mack died at the age of 20 from injuries sustained in a single car accident in which he was a passenger in Orono, Minnesota. The family currently resides in Minnetonka, Minnesota. References

1961 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American ice hockey coaches
St. Cloud State Huskies men's ice hockey players
St. Cloud State Huskies men's ice hockey coaches
Miami RedHawks men's ice hockey coaches
Denver Pioneers men's ice hockey coaches
Minnesota Golden Gophers men's ice

masks: Motzko Motzko Motzko Motzko Motzko Bob


title: Horace Greeley

texts: <mask> (February 3, 1811 – November 29, 1872) was an American newspaper editor and publisher who was the founder and editor of the New-York Tribune. Long active in politics, he served briefly as a congressman from New York, and was the unsuccessful candidate of the new Liberal Republican Party in the 1872 presidential election against incumbent President Ulysses S. Grant, who won by a landslide. <mask> was born to a poor family in Amherst, New Hampshire. He was apprenticed to a printer in Vermont and went to New York City in 1831 to seek his fortune. He wrote for or edited several publications and involved himself in Whig Party politics, taking a significant part in William Henry Harrison's successful 1840 presidential campaign. The following year, he founded the Tribune, which became the highest-circulating newspaper in the country through weekly editions sent by mail. Among many other issues, he urged the settlement of the American Old West, which he saw as a land of opportunity for the young and the unemployed.He popularized the slogan "Go West, young man, and grow up with the country." He endlessly promoted utopian reforms such as socialism, vegetarianism, agrarianism, feminism, and temperance while hiring the best talent he could find. <mask>'s alliance with William H. Seward and Thurlow Weed led to him serving three months in the House of Representatives, where he angered many by investigating Congress in his newspaper. In 1854, he helped found and may have named the Republican Party. Republican newspapers across the nation regularly reprinted his editorials. During the Civil War, he mostly supported Abraham Lincoln, though he

masks:
Horace Greeley
Greeley
Greeley


title: Horace Greeley

texts:
 urged the president to commit to the end of slavery before Lincoln was willing to do so. After Lincoln's assassination, he supported the Radical Republicans in opposition to President Andrew Johnson.He broke with the Radicals and with Republican President Ulysses Grant because of corruption, and <mask>'s view that Reconstruction era policies were no longer needed. <mask> was the new Liberal Republican Party's presidential nominee in 1872. He lost in a landslide despite having the additional support of the Democratic Party. He was devastated by the death of his wife five days before the election and died one month later, before the Electoral College met. Early life

<mask> was born on February 3, 1811, on a farm about five miles from Amherst, New Hampshire. He could not breathe for the first twenty minutes of his life. It is suggested that this deprivation may have caused him to develop Asperger's syndrome—some of his biographers, such as Mitchell Snay, maintain that this condition would account for his eccentric behaviors in later life.His father's family was of English descent, and his forebears included early settlers of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, while his mother's family descended from Scots-Irish immigrants from the village of Garvagh in County Londonderry who had settled Londonderry, New Hampshire. Some of <mask>'s maternal ancestors were present at the siege of Derry during the Williamite War in Ireland in 1689. <mask> was the son of poor farmers Zaccheus and Mary (Woodburn) <mask>. Zaccheus was not successful, and moved his family several times, as far west as Pennsylvania. <mask> attended the local schools and was a

masks:
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 brilliant student. Seeing the boy's intelligence, some neighbors offered to pay <mask>'s way at Phillips Exeter Academy, but the Greeleys were too proud to accept charity. In 1820, Zaccheus's financial reverses caused him to flee New Hampshire with his family lest he be imprisoned for debt, and settle in Vermont.Even as his father struggled to make a living as a hired hand, <mask> read everything he could—the Greeleys had a neighbor who let <mask> use his library. In 1822, <mask> ran away from home to become a printer's apprentice, but was told he was too young. In 1826, at age 15, he was made a printer's apprentice to Amos Bliss, editor of the Northern Spectator, a newspaper in East Poultney, Vermont. There, he learned the mechanics of a printer's job, and acquired a reputation as the town encyclopedia, reading his way through the local library. When the paper closed in 1830, the young man went west to join his family, living near Erie, Pennsylvania. He remained there only briefly, going from town to town seeking newspaper employment, and was hired by the Erie Gazette. Although ambitious for greater things, he remained until 1831 to help support his father.While there, he became a Universalist, breaking from his Congregationalist upbringing. First efforts at publishing

In late 1831, <mask> went to New York City to seek his fortune. There were many young printers in New York who had likewise come to the metropolis, and he could only find short-term work. In 1832, <mask> worked as an employee of the publication Spirit of the Times. He built his resources and set up a print shop in that year. In 1833, he tried his hand with Horatio D.

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texts: Sheppard at editing a daily newspaper, the New York Morning Post, which was not a success. Despite this failure and its attendant financial loss, <mask> published the thrice-weekly Constitutionalist, which mostly printed lottery results.On March 22, 1834, he published the first issue of The New-Yorker in partnership with Jonas Winchester. It was less expensive than other literary magazines of the time and published both contemporary ditties and political commentary. Circulation reached 9,000, then a sizable number, yet it was ill-managed and eventually fell victim to the economic Panic of 1837. He also published the campaign newssheet of the new Whig Party in New York for the 1834 campaign, and came to believe in its positions, including free markets with government assistance in developing the nation. Soon after his move to New York City, <mask> met Mary Young Cheney. Both were living at a boarding house run on the diet principles of Sylvester Graham, eschewing meat, alcohol, coffee, tea, and spices, as well as abstaining from the use of tobacco. <mask> was subscribing to Graham's principles at the time, and to the end of his life rarely ate meat.Mary Cheney, a schoolteacher, moved to North Carolina to take a teaching job in 1835. They were married in Warrenton, North Carolina on July 5, 1836, and an announcement duly appeared in The New-Yorker eleven days later. <mask> had stopped over in Washington, D.C. on his way south to observe Congress. He took no honeymoon with his new wife, returning to work while his wife took up a teaching job in New York City. One of the positions taken by The New-Yorker was that the unemployed of the

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texts: cities should seek lives in the developing American West (in the 1830s, the West encompassed today's Midwestern states). The harsh winter of 1836–1837 and the financial crisis that developed soon after made many New Yorkers homeless and destitute. In his journal, <mask> urged new immigrants to buy guide books on the West, and Congress to make public lands available for purchase at cheap rates to settlers.He told his readers, "Fly, scatter through the country, go to the Great West, anything rather than remain here ... the West is the true destination." In 1838, he advised "any young man" about to start in the world, "Go to the West: there your capabilities are sure to be appreciated and your energy and industry rewarded." In 1838, <mask> met Albany editor Thurlow Weed. Weed spoke for a liberal faction of the Whigs in his newspaper the Albany Evening Journal. He hired <mask> as editor of the state Whig newspaper for the upcoming campaign. The newspaper, the Jeffersonian, premiered in February 1838 and helped elect the Whig candidate for governor, William H. Seward. In 1839, <mask> worked for several journals, and took a month-long break to go as far west as Detroit.<mask> was deeply involved in the campaign of the Whig candidate for president in 1840, William Henry Harrison. He published the major Whig periodical the Log Cabin, and also wrote many of the pro-Harrison songs that marked the campaign. These songs were sung at mass meetings, many organized and led by <mask>. According to biographer Robert C. Williams, "<mask>'s lyrics swept the country and roused Whig voters to action." Funds raised by Weed helped distribute the Log Cabin

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 widely. Harrison and his running mate John Tyler were easily elected. Editor of the Tribune

Early years (1841–1848)

By the end of the 1840 campaign, the Log Cabin'''s circulation had risen to 80,000 and <mask> decided to establish a daily newspaper, the New-York Tribune.At the time, New York had many newspapers, dominated by James Gordon Bennett's New York Herald, which with a circulation of about 55,000 had more readers than its combined competition. As technology advanced, it became cheaper and easier to publish a newspaper, and the daily press came to dominate the weekly, which had once been the more common format for news periodicals. <mask> borrowed money from friends to get started, and published the first issue of the Tribune on April 10, 1841—the day of a memorial parade in New York for President Harrison, who had died after a month in office and been replaced by Vice President Tyler. In the first issue, <mask> promised that his newspaper would be a "new morning Journal of Politics, Literature, and General Intelligence". New Yorkers were not initially receptive; the first week's receipts were $92 and expenses $525. The paper was sold for a cent a copy by newsboys who purchased bundles of papers at a discount. The price of advertising was initially four cents a line but was quickly raised to six cents.Through the 1840s, the Tribune was four pages, that is, a single sheet folded. It initially had 600 subscribers and 5,000 copies were sold of the first issue. In the early days, <mask>'s chief assistant was Henry J. Raymond, who a decade later founded The New York Times. To place the Tribune on a sound financial footing,


title: Horace Greeley

texts: Greeley sold a half-interest in it to attorney Thomas McElrath (1807–1888), who became publisher of the Tribune (<mask> was editor) and ran the business side. Politically, the Tribune backed Kentucky Senator Henry Clay, who had unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination that fell to Harrison, and supported Clay's American System for development of the country. <mask> was one of the first newspaper editors to have a full-time correspondent in Washington, an innovation quickly followed by his rivals. Part of <mask>'s strategy was to make the Tribune a newspaper of national scope, not merely local.One factor in establishing the paper nationally was the Weekly Tribune, created in September 1841 when the Log Cabin and The New-Yorker were merged. With an initial subscription price of $2 a year, this was sent to many across the United States by mail and was especially popular in the Midwest. In December 1841, <mask> was offered the editorship of the national Whig newspaper, the Madisonian. He demanded full control, and declined when not given it. <mask>, in his paper, initially supported the Whig program. As divisions between Clay and President Tyler became apparent, he supported the Kentucky senator and looked to a Clay nomination for president in 1844. However, when Clay was nominated by the Whigs, he was defeated by the Democrat, former Tennessee governor James K. Polk, though Greeley worked hard on Clay's behalf.<mask> had taken positions in opposition to slavery as editor of The New-Yorker in the late 1830s, opposing the annexation of the slaveholding Republic of Texas to the United States. In the 1840s, <mask> became an


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 increasingly vocal opponent of the expansion of slavery. <mask> hired Margaret Fuller in 1844 as first literary editor of the Tribune, for which she wrote over 200 articles. She lived with the <mask> family for several years, and when she moved to Italy, he made her a foreign correspondent. He promoted the work of Henry David Thoreau, serving as literary agent and seeing to it that Thoreau's work was published. Ralph Waldo Emerson also benefited from <mask>'s promotion. Historian Allan Nevins explained:

<mask>, who had met his wife at a Graham boarding house, became enthusiastic about other social movements that did not last and promoted them in his paper.He subscribed to the views of Charles Fourier, a French social thinker, then recently deceased, who proposed the establishment of settlements called "phalanxes" with a given number of people from various walks of life, who would function as a corporation and among whose members profits would be shared. Greeley, in addition to promoting Fourierism in the Tribune, was associated with two such settlements, both of which eventually failed, though the town that eventually developed on the site of the one in Pennsylvania was after his death renamed Greeley. Congressman (1848–1849)
In November 1848, Congressman David S. Jackson, a Democrat, of New York's 6th district was unseated for election fraud. Jackson's term was to expire in March 1849 but, during the 19th century, Congress convened annually in December, making it important to fill the seat. Under the laws then in force, the Whig committee from the Sixth District chose <mask> to run in the special election for the remainder of the

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texts: term, though they did not select him as their candidate for the seat in the following Congress. The Sixth District, or Sixth Ward as it was commonly called, was mostly Irish-American, and <mask> proclaimed his support for Irish efforts towards independence from the United Kingdom. He easily won the November election and took his seat when Congress convened in December 1848.<mask>'s selection was procured by the influence of his ally, Thurlow Weed. As a congressman for three months, <mask> introduced legislation for a homestead act that would allow settlers who improved land to purchase it at low rates—a fourth of what speculators would pay. He was quickly noticed because he launched a series of attacks on legislative privileges, taking note of which congressmen were missing votes, and questioning the office of House Chaplain. This was enough to make him unpopular. But he outraged his colleagues when on December 22, 1848, the Tribune published evidence that many congressmen had been paid excessive sums as travel allowance. In January 1849, <mask> supported a bill that would have corrected the issue, but it was defeated. He was so disliked, he wrote a friend, that he had "divided the House into two parties—one that would like to see me extinguished and the other that wouldn't be satisfied without a hand in doing it."Other legislation introduced by <mask>, all of which failed, included attempts to end flogging in the Navy and to ban alcohol from its ships. He tried to change the name of the United States to "Columbia", abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, and increase tariffs. One lasting effect of the term of Congressman <mask>

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 was his friendship with a fellow Whig, serving his only term in the House, Illinois's Abraham Lincoln. <mask>'s term ended after March 3, 1849, and he returned to New York and the Tribune, having, according to Williams, "failed to achieve much except notoriety". Influence (1849–1860)

By the end of the 1840s, Greeley's Tribune was not only solidly established in New York as a daily paper, it was highly influential nationally through its weekly edition, which circulated in rural areas and small towns. Journalist Bayard Taylor deemed its influence in the Midwest second only to that of the Bible. According to Williams, the Tribune could mold public opinion through Greeley's editorials more effectively than could the president.<mask> sharpened those skills over time, laying down what future Secretary of State John Hay, who worked for the Tribune in the 1870s, deemed the "Gospel according to St. <mask>". The Tribune remained a Whig paper, but <mask> took an independent course. In 1848, he had been slow to endorse the Whig presidential nominee, General Zachary Taylor, a Louisianan and hero of the Mexican–American War. Greeley opposed both the war and the expansion of slavery into the new territories seized from Mexico and feared Taylor would support expansion as president. Greeley considered endorsing former President Martin Van Buren, candidate of the Free Soil Party, but finally endorsed Taylor, who was elected; the editor was rewarded for his loyalty with the congressional term. Greeley vacillated on support for the Compromise of 1850, which gave victories to both sides of the slavery issue, before finally opposing it. In the 1852

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texts: presidential campaign, he supported the Whig candidate, General Winfield Scott, but savaged the Whig platform for its support of the Compromise."We defy it, execrate it, spit upon it." Such party divisions contributed to Scott's defeat by former New Hampshire senator Franklin Pierce. In 1853, with the party increasingly divided over the slavery issue, Greeley printed an editorial disclaiming the paper's identity as Whig and declaring it to be nonpartisan. He was confident that the paper would not suffer financially, trusting in reader loyalty. Some in the party were not sorry to see him go: the Republic, a Whig organ, mocked Greeley and his beliefs: "If a party is to be built up and maintained on Fourierism, Mesmerism, Maine Liquor laws, Spiritual Rappings, Kossuthism, Socialism, Abolitionism, and forty other isms, we have no disposition to mix with any such companions." When, in 1854, Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas introduced his Kansas–Nebraska Bill, allowing residents of each territory to decide whether it would be slave or free, Greeley strongly fought the legislation in his newspaper. After it passed, and the Border War broke out in Kansas Territory, Greeley was part of efforts to send free-state settlers there, and to arm them.In return, proponents of slavery recognized <mask> and the Tribune as adversaries, stopping shipments of the paper to the South and harassing local agents. Nevertheless, by 1858, the Tribune reached 300,000 subscribers through the weekly edition, and it would continue as the foremost American newspaper through the years of the Civil War. The Kansas–Nebraska Act helped destroy the Whig Party, but a new


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texts: party with opposition to the spread of slavery at its heart had been under discussion for some years. Beginning in 1853, <mask> participated in the discussions that led to the founding of the Republican Party and may have coined its name. <mask> attended the first New York state Republican Convention in 1854 and was disappointed not to be nominated either for governor or lieutenant governor. The switch in parties coincided with the end of two of his longtime political alliances: in December 1854, <mask> wrote that the political partnership between Weed, William Seward (who was by then senator after serving as governor) and himself was ended "by the withdrawal of the junior partner". <mask> was angered over patronage disputes and felt that Seward was courting the rival The New York Times for support.In 1853, <mask> purchased a farm in rural Chappaqua, New York, where he experimented with farming techniques. In 1856, he designed and built Rehoboth, one of the first concrete structures in the United States. In 1856, <mask> published a campaign biography by an anonymous author for the first Republican presidential candidate, John C. Frémont. The Tribune continued to print a wide variety of material. In 1851, its managing editor, Charles Dana, recruited Karl Marx as a foreign correspondent in London. Marx collaborated with Friedrich Engels on his work for the Tribune, which continued for over a decade, covering 500 articles. Greeley felt compelled to print, "Mr. Marx has very decided opinions of his own, with some of which we are far from agreeing, but those who do not read his letters are neglecting one of the most instructive sources of


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texts: information on the great questions of current European politics."<mask> sponsored a host of reforms, including pacifism and feminism and especially the ideal of the hard-working free laborer. <mask> demanded reforms to make all citizens free and equal. He envisioned virtuous citizens who would eradicate corruption. He talked endlessly about progress, improvement, and freedom, while calling for harmony between labor and capital. <mask>'s editorials promoted social democratic reforms and were widely reprinted. They influenced the free-labor ideology of the Whigs and the radical wing of the Republican Party, especially in promoting the free-labor ideology. Before 1848 he sponsored an American version of Fourierist socialist reform.but backed away after the failed revolutions of 1848 in Europe. To promote multiple reforms <mask> hired a roster of writers who later became famous in their own right, including Margaret Fuller, Charles Anderson Dana, George William Curtis, William Henry Fry, Bayard Taylor, Julius Chambers and Henry Jarvis Raymond, who later co-founded The New York Times. For many years George Ripley was the staff literary critic. Jane Swisshelm was one of the first women hired by a major newspaper. In 1859, <mask> traveled across the continent to see the West for himself, to write about it for the Tribune, and to publicize the need for a transcontinental railroad. He also planned to give speeches to promote the Republican Party. In May 1859, he went to Chicago, and then to Lawrence in Kansas Territory, and was unimpressed by the local people.Nevertheless, after speaking before the first ever Kansas Republican Party


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 Convention at Osawatomie, Kansas, Greeley took one of the first stagecoaches to Denver, seeing the town then in course of formation as a mining camp of the Pike's Peak Gold Rush. Sending dispatches back to the Tribune, Greeley took the Overland Trail, reaching Salt Lake City, where he conducted a two-hour interview with the Mormon leader Brigham Young—the first newspaper interview Young had given. <mask> encountered Native Americans and was sympathetic but, like many of his time, deemed Indian culture inferior. In California, he toured widely and gave many addresses. 1860 presidential election

Although he remained on cordial terms with Senator Seward, Greeley never seriously considered supporting him in his bid for the Republican nomination for president. Instead, during the run-up to the 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago, he pressed the candidacy of former Missouri representative Edward Bates, an opponent of the spread of slavery who had freed his own slaves. In his newspaper, in speeches, and in conversation, Greeley pushed Bates as a man who could win the North and even make inroads in the South.Nevertheless, when one of the dark horse candidates for the Republican nomination, Abraham Lincoln, came to New York to give an address at Cooper Union, <mask> urged his readers to go hear Lincoln, and was among those who accompanied him to the platform. <mask> thought of Lincoln as a possible nominee for vice president. <mask> attended the convention as a substitute for a delegate from Oregon who was unable to attend. In Chicago, he promoted Bates but deemed his cause hopeless and felt that Seward would be nominated. In


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texts: conversations with other delegates, he predicted that, if nominated, Seward could not carry crucial battleground states such as Pennsylvania. <mask>'s estrangement from Seward was not widely known, giving the editor more credibility. Greeley (and Seward) biographer Glyndon G. Van Deusen noted that it is uncertain how great a part <mask> played in Seward's defeat by Lincoln—he had little success gaining delegates for Bates.On the first two ballots, Seward led Lincoln, but on the second only by a small margin. After the third ballot, on which Lincoln was nominated, <mask> was seen among the Oregon delegation, a broad smile on his face. According to Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, "it is hard to imagine Lincoln letting <mask>'s resentment smolder for years as Seward did". Seward's forces made <mask> a target of their anger at the senator's defeat. One subscriber cancelled, regretting the three-cent stamp he had to use on the letter; <mask> supplied a replacement. When he was attacked in print, <mask> responded in kind. He launched a campaign against corruption in the New York Legislature, hoping voters would defeat incumbents and the new legislators would elect him to the Senate when Seward's term expired in 1861.(Before 1913, senators were elected by state legislatures.) But his main activity during the campaign of 1860 was boosting Lincoln and denigrating the other presidential candidates. He made it clear that a Republican administration would not interfere with slavery where it already was and denied that Lincoln was in favor of voting rights for African Americans. He kept up the pressure until Lincoln was


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 elected in November. Lincoln soon let it be known that Seward would be Secretary of State, which meant that he would not be a candidate for re-election to the Senate. Weed wanted William M. Evarts elected in his place, while the anti-Seward forces in New York gathered around Greeley. The crucial battleground was the Republican caucus, as the party held the majority in the legislature.<mask>'s forces did not have enough votes to send him to the Senate, but they had enough strength to block Evarts's candidacy. Weed threw his support to Ira Harris, who had already received several votes, and who was chosen by the caucus and elected by the legislature in February 1861. Weed was content to have blocked the editor, and stated that he had "paid the first installment on a large debt to Mr. Greeley". Civil War

War breaks out
After Lincoln's election, there was talk of secession in the South. The Tribune was initially in favor of peaceful separation, with the South becoming a separate nation. According to an editorial on November 9:

Similar editorials appeared through January 1861, after which Tribune editorials took a hard line on the South, opposing concessions. Williams concludes that "for a brief moment, <mask> had believed that peaceful secession might be a form of freedom preferable to civil war".This brief flirtation with disunion would have consequences for <mask>—it was used against him by his opponents when he ran for president in 1872. In the days leading up to Lincoln's inauguration, the Tribune headed its editorial columns each day, in large capital letters: "No compromise!/No concession to traitors!/The Constitution as it is!"

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 <mask> attended the inauguration, sitting close to Senator Douglas, as the Tribune hailed the beginning of Lincoln's presidency. When southern forces attacked Fort Sumter, the Tribune regretted the loss of the fort, but applauded the fact that war to subdue the rebels, who formed the Confederate States of America, would now take place. The paper criticized Lincoln for not being quick to use force. Through the spring and early summer of 1861, <mask> and the Tribune beat the drum for a Union attack. "On to Richmond", a phrase coined by a Tribune stringer, became the watchword of the newspaper as Greeley urged the occupation of the rebel capital of Richmond before the Confederate Congress could meet on July 20.In part because of the public pressure, in mid July Lincoln sent the half-trained Union Army into the field at the First Battle of Manassas, where it was soundly beaten. The defeat threw <mask> into despair, and he may have suffered a nervous breakdown. "The Prayer of Twenty Millions"
Restored to health by two weeks at the farm he had purchased in Chappaqua, <mask> returned to the Tribune and a policy of general backing of the Lincoln administration, even having kind words to say about Secretary Seward, his old foe. He was supportive even during the military defeats of the first year of the war. Late in 1861, he proposed to Lincoln through an intermediary that the president provide him with advance information as to its policies, in exchange for friendly coverage in the Tribune. Lincoln eagerly accepted, "having him firmly behind me will be as helpful to me as an army of one hundred thousand men." By early 1862, however, <mask>


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texts: was again sometimes critical of the administration, frustrated by the failure to win decisive military victories, and perturbed at the president's slowness to commit to the emancipation of the slaves once the Confederacy was defeated, something the Tribune was urging in its editorials.This was a change in <mask>'s thinking which began after First Manassas, a shift from preservation of the Union being the primary war purpose to wanting the war to end slavery. By March, the only action against slavery that Lincoln had backed was a proposal for compensated emancipation in the border states that had remained loyal to the Union, though he signed legislation abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia. Lincoln supposedly asked a Tribune correspondent, "What in the world is the matter with Uncle <mask>? Why can't he restrain himself and wait a little while?" <mask>'s prodding of Lincoln culminated in a letter to him on August 19, 1862, reprinted on the following day in the Tribune as "The Prayer of Twenty Millions". By this time, Lincoln had informed his Cabinet of the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation he had composed, and <mask> was told of it the same day the prayer was printed. In his letter, Greeley demanded action on emancipation and strict enforcement of the Confiscation Acts.Lincoln must "fight slavery with liberty", and not fight "wolves with the devices of a sheep." Lincoln's reply would become famous, much more so than the prayer that provoked it. "My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it,

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 and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do because it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union." Lincoln's statement angered abolitionists; William Seward's wife Frances complained to her husband that Lincoln had made it seem "that the mere keeping together a number of states is more important than human freedom." <mask> felt Lincoln had not truly answered him, "but I'll forgive him everything if he'll issue the proclamation".When Lincoln did, on September 22, <mask> hailed the Emancipation Proclamation as a "great boon of freedom". According to Williams, "Lincoln's war for Union was now also <mask>'s war for emancipation." Draft riots and peace efforts

After the Union victory at Gettysburg in early July 1863, the Tribune wrote that the rebellion would be quickly "stamped out". A week after the battle, the New York City draft riots erupted. <mask> and the Tribune were generally supportive of conscription, though feeling that the rich should not be allowed to evade it by hiring substitutes. Support for the draft made them targets of the mob, and the Tribune Building was surrounded, and at least once invaded. Greeley secured arms from the Brooklyn Navy Yard, and 150 soldiers kept the building secure.<mask> and her children were at the farm in Chappaqua; a mob threatened them but dispersed without doing harm. In August 1863, <mask> was requested by a firm of Hartford publishers to write a history of the war.

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texts: <mask> agreed, and over the next eight months he penned a 600-page volume, which would be the first of two, entitled The American Conflict. The books were very successful, selling a total of 225,000 copies by 1870, a large sale for the time. Throughout the war, <mask> played with ideas as to how to settle it. In 1862, <mask> had approached the French minister to Washington, Henri Mercier, to discuss a mediated settlement. However, Seward rejected such talks, and the prospect of European intervention receded after the bloody Union victory at Antietam in September 1862.In July 1864, <mask> received word that there were Confederate commissioners in Canada, empowered to offer peace. In fact, the men were in Niagara Falls, Canada, in order to aid Peace Democrats and otherwise undermine the Union war effort. but they played along when <mask> journeyed to Niagara Falls, at Lincoln's request. The president was willing to consider any deal that included reunion and emancipation. The Confederates had no credentials and were unwilling to accompany Greeley to Washington under safe conduct. <mask> returned to New York, and the episode, when it became public, embarrassed the administration. Lincoln said nothing publicly concerning <mask>'s credulous conduct, but he privately indicated that he had no confidence in him any more.<mask> did not initially support Lincoln for nomination in 1864, casting about for other candidates. In February, he wrote in the Tribune that Lincoln could not be elected to a second term. Nevertheless, no candidate made a serious challenge to Lincoln, and Lincoln was nominated in June, which the Tribune applauded slightly.

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