title: Frank Fenner

texts:
 was Emeritus Professor at the John Curtin School of Medical Research. In an interview with The Australian on 16 June 2010, he predicted the extinction of the human race within a century, primarily as the result of human overpopulation, environmental degradation and climate change. He died in Canberra on the morning of 22 November 2010 after a brief illness, and days after the birth of his first great-grandchild. Personal life
In 1944 Fenner met Bobbie Roberts. Ellen Margaret 'Bobbie' Roberts was a trained midwife and nurse. During World War II she worked on malaria with the Australian Army Nursing Service and through her work met Fenner. Shortly after they met they married in a Catholic ceremony (despite Fenner being an atheist).While keen to have children, the couple were infertile and with Bobbie having a hysterectomy in 1949 they decided to adopt. They subsequently adopted two children. Marilyn Aldus <mask> was born on 27 June 1950. Her biological parents were unknown. <mask> (born 1 March 1943) was adopted later at the request of her father (<mask>'s younger brother Tom) after the death in a fire of Victoria's mother (Beverley Slaney). On 30 March 1958, <mask>, shot and killed herself, with the assistance of another child, Catherine Webb. The coronial inquiry heard she had been passing through a period of extreme mental and spiritual disturbance and the coroner declared her death a suicide.<mask> himself was unable to fathom a motive, other than she was upset from reading Neville Shute's book, On the Beach. Bobbie <mask> was diagnosed with cancer in 1989 and eventually died in 1994. <mask> and her family then moved into the family home and looked after her father until his death. Publications
 <mask> and Francis Ratcliffe, Myxmatosis. Cambridge University Press, 1965. Honours
Of the many honours Professor Fenner received throughout his career, there are the following:
 Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), 19 July 1945
 Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George

masks:
Fenner
Victoria Fenner
Fenner
Victoria Fenner
Fenner
Fenner
Marilyn Fenner
Frank Fenner


title: Frank Fenner

type: original

texts:
 (CMG) 12 June 1976, in recognition of service to medical research
 The Macfarlane Burnet Medal and Lecture of the Australian Academy of Science, 1985
 The Japan Prize (Preventive Medicine), 1988 (with Donald Henderson and Isao Arita)
 Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) 26 January 1989, in recognition of service to medical science, to public health and to the environment
 Copley medal of the Royal Society, 1995
 Albert Einstein World Award of Science, 2000
 Clunies Ross Lifetime Contribution National Science and Technology Award, 2002
 Both the <mask>ner building which houses the ANU Medical School and Faculty of Science, and a residential college Fenner Hall are named in honour of <mask>ner. WHO Medal
 Mueller Medal (1964) and ANZAAS Medal (1980)
 ANZAC Peace Prize
 Matthew Flinders Medal and Lecture, 1967
 Britannica Australia Award for Medicine
 2002 Prime Minister's Prize for Science
 ACT Senior Australian of the Year 2005
 The federal Division of Fraser, named for Jim Fraser, was renamed after <mask> for the 2016 general election.This was due to the AEC's plans to name a seat in Victoria in honour of deceased Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser. References

External links
 Online Guide to Records at the South Australian Museum Archives
 Australian Academy of Science—Interview with Professor <mask>
 EmerProfessor <mask>'s Webpage at JCMSR
 Australian War Memorial Honours and Awards Database
  Originally published in Historical Records of Australian Science, vol.24, no.1, pp. 109–133, 2013. 1914 births
2010 deaths
Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates
Australian virologists
Australian microbiologists
Smallpox eradication
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
Australian atheists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Companions of the Order of Australia
Australian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Copley Medal
People from Ballarat
WEHI

masks:
Frank Fen
Frank Fen
Frank Fenner
Frank Fenner
Frank Fenner


title: Bakri Sapalo

texts:
Sheikh <mask> (born Abubakar Garad Usman; November 1895 - 5 April 1980) was an Oromo scholar, poet and religious teacher. He is best known as the inventor of a writing system for the Oromo language. Life
<mask> was the son of Garad Usman Oda, a landowner in the area of the Sapalo River who was among those who were carried over into Emperor Menelik's regime after the conquest of the Emirate of Harar. His son Abubakar was born eight years after the conquest of Harar, and probably some sixteen years after Garad Usman had embraced Islam; Abubakar had three brothers and four sisters. Although reputed to have been a good Muslim and remembered to this day for his skill in oratory and command of the Oromo language, Garad Usman remained illiterate. R. J. Hayward and Mohammed Hassan speculate, based on her name, that his mother Kadiga was also a Muslim. After receiving his elementary education, Abubakar went to Chercher where he studied under the Islamic teacher Sheikh Umar Aliyye Balbaletti, and afterwards went to Harar to study with Sheikh Yusuf Adam for a number of years there.Although he also studied under other Islamic teachers, these were the only ones he wrote biographies about. After devoting 20 years of his life to his studies, he returned to his home village of Sapalo, where he began to teach. Besides religion, subjects he taught included geography, history, mathematics, astronomy, Arabic, and the composition of writings in the Oromo language. He also began to compose poetry in the Oromo language, which not only brought him fame but the name he afterwards was known by, Sheikh <mask> Sapalo: "Bakri" is the popular form of "Abubakar" and Sapalo after his village. Sheikh <mask> eventually left Sapalo and taught in a number of places, of which the three best known are Hortu, near Dire Dawa, the city of Dire Dawa itself, and Addelle, a place some 25 kilometers from Dire Dawa, on the road to Harar. It was

masks:
Bakri Sapalo
Bakri Sapalo
Bakri
Bakri


title: Bakri Sapalo

texts: at Addelle where he built a school and what came to be known as his mosque. He is said to have married a local woman at every place he stayed, at least 11 of whom are known.He had eighteen children by three of his wives, thirteen sons and five daughters. Despite the large number of wives, he carefully obeyed the Muslim commandments on polygamy, for he is said never to have had more than two wives at once, and towards the end of his life he had only one wife. During this time he also wrote prolifically both in Arabic and Oromo. He is believed to have invented his writing system for Oromo in 1956 at the village of Hagi Qome. Neither Hayward nor Hassan offer a reason why Sheikh <mask> returned to his home area to work on his system, "unless it was for the purpose of keeping the thing secret, for the authorities would certainly have been adamantly opposed to the idea of Oromo being written in any form, let alone in a script other than Ethiopic." Although it was initially met with great enthusiasm and found a number of users in his province of Hararghe, the Ethiopian authorities predictably reacted with fear that he was "inciting the Oromo to too great an ethnic consciousness and thus endangering the national unity." Local officials moved quickly to suppress its use, and in 1965 Sheikh <mask> was placed under house arrest in Dire Dawa but allowed to continue his teaching.In 1968, he was given permission to visit Addelle two or three times a week. It was during these years that he wrote Shalda, a twenty-page pamphlet which purported to be a work of religious instruction, but was actually from beginning to end a caustically worded indictment of Amhara colonial oppression and an account of the suffering of the Oromo under the rule of Emperor Haile Selassie. Hayward and Hassan further note that "Shalda is of interest in that it is really both the first and the last major writing in Shaykh <mask> <mask>'s

masks: Bakri Bakri Bakri Sapalo


title: Bakri Sapalo

texts:
 alphabet." In 1978, after Emperor Haile Selassie was deposed and the Derg gained power, Sheikh <mask> and his wife fled the Red Terror and fled to Somalia where they were admitted to a refugee camp in Hiraan. Sheikh <mask> had hoped he would be allowed to proceed further to Mogadishu where he could work and have his writings published, but he never received permission to leave the camp. Conditions there proved too much for a man in his eighties, and he died in the camp after a prolonged illness. Works
Although Sheikh <mask> wrote many works both on religious and secular topics, except for a few distributed in mimeograph form all of his writings remained in manuscript form during his lifetime, and were distributed amongst his students.Hayward and Hassan list eight of his writings in Arabic, which at the time could be consulted in Mogadishu: Dirdsa fi al-mantiqa 1-Harariyya jughrafiyyan wa bashariyyan, a study of the geography and demography of the Harar region of about 200 pages; two works on history, Janaza shamarikh min hadayiz al-tawarikh 95 pages in length, and Kitab irsal al-sawarikh ila sama' al-tawarikh a history of the Oromo in 56 pages; three religious writings Al-mawahib al-madadiyyah fi l-'awf al-'adadiyya, Muqaddamat taysir al-zari'a (48 pages long), and Taysir al-zari'a ila fuquhiyy fi ahkam al-shari'a; and the two biographies of his teachers mentioned above. Mohammed Hassan made use of Sheikh Bakri's Kitab irsal al-sawarikh ila sama' al-tawarikh in writing his The Oromo of Ethiopia, a History: 1570-1860, describing the manuscript in the bibliography as sketching "an overall panorama of Oromo history from early times to the present. Although it is not free from major limitations on early Oromo history, it contains much useful data on the gada system." Hassan relies on it heavily in his discussion on the gada system. Legacy
As noted above, Sheikh <mask> was also a renowned Oromo poet.

masks: Bakri Bakri Bakri Bakri


title: Bakri Sapalo

texts:
 "Shaykh <mask>, write Hayward and Hassan, "stirred the imagination and captured the love of the Oromo masses by means of his poems, which were composed in their language and were short enough for the people to learn by heart." Sheikh Bakri Sapalo's chief accomplishment is his writing system.Although Oromo has been transcribed using two writing systems Sheikh <mask> was familiar with, the Ge'ez script and the Arabic alphabet, both are "far from adequate" in Hayward and Hassan's opinion, for reasons they set forth. (Most important being that Amhara has only seven vowels while Oromo has 10.) While they "have no reason whatsoever to entertain the belief that Shaykh <mask> had ever studied modern linguistics, or was acquainted with the concept of the phoneme, it is nevertheless the case that his writing system is almost entirely phonemic; that is to say, it is a system achieving the ideal of just one graphic symbol for each phonologically distinctive sound of the language." They further describe his writing system as a combination of a syllabary and an alphabet in that while the Ge'ez script builds on a consonantal base, the base character never appears without a modification to show the paired vowel. However, although the symbols <mask> adopted are not cursive, which suggests a connection with Ge'ez over Arabic, none of them can be traced to either writing system; "they are a complete novelty." References

Relevant literature
 Nuraddin Aman Jarso. 2012.Philological Inquiry on the History Manuscript of šayḫ <mask> Saphalo. Addis Ababa University: MA thesis. Web access to thesis. External links
 "Oromia and the Oromo People: The Language", Gadaa website. (Contains a table of Sheikh <mask>'s writing system with values.) The Oromo Orthography of Shaykh Bakri Saṗalō

1895 births
1980 deaths
Oromo people
Linguists from Ethiopia
Ethiopian Muslims
Ethiopian scholars
Creators of writing systems
20th-century

masks:
Bakri
Sapalo
Bakri
Sheikh Bakri
Bakri
Sapalo


title: Johann Caspar Kerll

texts:
<mask> (9 April 1627 – 13 February 1693) was a German baroque composer and organist. He is also known as Kerl, Gherl, Giovanni Gasparo Cherll and Gaspard Kerle. Born in Adorf in the Electorate of Saxony as the son of an organist, Kerll showed outstanding musical abilities at an early age, and was taught by Giovanni Valentini, court Kapellmeister at Vienna. Kerll became one of the most acclaimed composers of his time, known both as a gifted composer and an outstanding teacher. He worked at Vienna, Munich and Brussels, and also travelled widely. His pupils included Agostino Steffani, Franz Xaver Murschhauser, and possibly <mask>, and his influence is seen in works by Handel and <mask>: Handel frequently borrowed themes and fragments of music from Kerll's works, and Bach arranged the Sanctus movement from Kerll's Missa superba as BWV 241, Sanctus in D major. Although Kerll was a well-known and influential composer, many of his works are currently lost.The losses are particularly striking in vocal music, with all 11 known operas and 24 offertories missing. The surviving oeuvre shows Kerll's mastery of the Italian concerted style, employed in almost all of his masses, and his highly developed contrapuntal technique. He was influenced by Heinrich Schütz in his sacred vocal music, and by Girolamo Frescobaldi in keyboard works. Life
Kerll was the son of <mask> <mask> and Catharina Hendel (married 1626). He was born in 1627 in Adorf, where his father served as organist of the Michaeliskirche (appointed after building the church organ with Jacob Schädlich). <mask> <mask> probably gave music lessons to his son, who apparently demonstrated exceptional musical abilities; by 1641 he was already composing and sometime later during the early 1640s he was sent to Vienna to study under Giovanni Valentini, court Kapellmeister and composer. Kerll's professional career started in Vienna, where he served as organist,

masks:
Johann Caspar Kerll
Johann Pachelbel
Johann Sebastian Bach
Caspar
Kerll
Caspar
Kerll


title: Johann Caspar Kerll

texts: and continued in approximately 1647/8, when Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (then the governor of the Spanish Netherlands) employed him as chamber organist for the new residential palace in Brussels.During the following several years <mask> was somehow able to combine travelling with working in Brussels without losing his job. First, Leopold Wilhelm sent him to Rome to study under Giacomo Carissimi. This was around 1648/9; Kerll must have met <mask> Froberger and might have studied with him. Returning to Brussels for a brief time, he left again in the winter of 1649–1650, travelling to Dresden. He also attended the wedding of Philip IV of Spain and Marie-Anne of Austria, visited Vienna several times in 1651 and 1652 and spent some time in Göttweig and Moravia. Abraham van den Kerckhoven substituted for Kerll while he was away and ultimately succeeded him in 1655, when Kerll left. In February 1656 Kerll accepted a temporary post of Vice-Kapellmeister at the Munich court under Elector Ferdinand Maria.In March he succeeded Giovanni Giacomo Porro as court Kapellmeister. Kerll's fame started growing rapidly as he was given more and more important tasks. Particularly important of these are his opera Oronte (now lost), which inaugurated the Munich opera house in January 1657, and a vocal mass composed in 1658 for the coronation of Emperor Leopold I at Frankfurt. While in Munich, Kerll married Anna Catharina Egermayer in 1657. The couple had eight children, but only one of them, the youngest son, pursued a career in music. The Munich years were especially important for Kerll: he was apparently favoured by Ferdinand Maria, who would provide support for the rest of Kerll's life; in 1664 he was ennobled by the emperor; in 1669 his first published works appeared: Delectus sacrarum cantionum, a collection of vocal music, and a Missa pro defunctis, both dedicated to Ferdinand Maria. Kerll gave up his post

masks:
Kerll
Johann Jakob


title: Johann Caspar Kerll

texts:
 in Munich in 1673 for unclear reasons – it is believed that there was a particularly serious quarrel with other court musicians (Italian singers) which made him leave.Kerll did, however, maintain contact with Elector Ferdinand Maria until his death. In 1674 Kerll moved to Vienna. A pension was granted to him in 1675 by the emperor, who in 1677 employed him as one of his court organists. Although it has been suggested that Kerll might have worked at the Stephansdom, there is no proof. If he did, however, <mask> would have been his deputy organist there. The 1679 plague, commemorated by Kerll in Modulatio organica, a collection of liturgical organ music, resulted in Anna Catharina's death. He married Kunigunde Hilaris in 1682/3 and stayed in Vienna for the next 10 years, surviving the Turkish invasion of 1683, which he also commemorated in music in Missa in fletu solatium.He visited Munich several times between 1684 and 1692, publishing his Modulatio organica (1686) and Missae sex (1689, dedicated to the emperor) there. At the end of 1692 Kerll relinquished his Vienna position and returned to Munich, where he died shortly afterwards. Influence
Although Kerll was a renowned teacher during his lifetime, his pupils did not, in all probability, include any considerably important composers, although <mask> Fux possibly studied with him for a time. Agostino Steffani is perhaps his best-known pupil. Kerll's influence on later composers, however, is undeniable. <mask> studied Kerll's style, which is particularly obvious from his organ chaconnes, which are reminiscent of Kerll's ostinato works; he may have also studied with Kerll, although there is no proof. The two most important German composers of the late Baroque era, <mask> Bach and George Frideric Handel, both studied Kerll's work: Bach arranged the Sanctus part of Kerll's Missa superba in his Sanctus in D major (BWV 241), and Handel frequently

masks:
Johann Pachelbel
Johann Joseph
Johann Pachelbel
Johann Sebastian


title: Johann Caspar Kerll

texts:
 borrowed themes, and sometimes whole pieces, from Kerll's canzonas (the theme from Canzona No.6 is taken for Let all the Angels of God from Messiah, Egypt was Glad from Israel in Egypt is practically similar to Canzona No. 4, etc.). Works
Kerll was highly regarded by his contemporaries: many of his works were published during his lifetime. Particularly important are the many printed concerted masses, a collection of motets and sacred concertos entitled Delectus sacrarum cantionum (Munich, 1669) and Modulatio organica super Magnificat octo ecclesiasticis tonis respondens (Munich, 1686), which contains liturgical organ music. <mask> was not an especially prolific composer, so the surviving works are relatively few. Much of his music was lost, including 11 operas (which he was most famous for during his lifetime), 25 offertories, four masses, litanies, chamber sonatas and miscellaneous keyboard works. Keyboard music
The surviving keyboard music is cast in the typical southern German style, combining strict German counterpoint with Italian styles and techniques; Frescobaldi and especially Froberger were the most important influences.Most of Kerll's keyboard works are playable on both pipe organ and harpsichord, the exceptions are four dance suites composed for harpsichord and two organ toccatas: Toccata quarta Cromatica con Durezze e Ligature and Toccata sesta per il pedali. Partial chronology can be established using Kerll's (incomplete) catalogue of his own works which is included in the 1686 Modulatio organica (it is the earliest surviving thematic catalogue of a specific composer's works): it lists 22 pieces, 18 of which were composed by 1676 at the latest. The earliest known composition by Kerll, Ricercata à 4 in A (also known as Ricercata in Cylindrum phonotacticum transferanda), was published in 1650 in Rome. Kerll's eight toccatas (that correspond to the eight church modes) alternate between


title: Johann Caspar Kerll

texts:
 movements, 1 untitled mass with only the Sanctus movement
 16 sacred works on Latin texts, 3 on German texts
 Pia et fortis mulier S Natalia S Adriani martyris coniuge expressa, school play (Vienna, 1677)
 a secular cantata on German text
 a secular duet on Italian text

Keyboard
 11 toccatas (8 a separate cycle, 3 more in another source)
 6 canzonas
 5 versets
 4 suites
 2 preludes
In addition to these, an assortment of other keyboard pieces survives: a chaconne, a passacaglia, a battaglia, a Capriccio sopra il cucu and an aria with two variations. Other instrumental
 Canzona for two violins, viola da gamba and basso continuo
 2 sonatas for two violins, viola da gamba and basso continuo
 Sonata modi dorii for two violins, viola da gamba and basso continuo
 Sonata for two violins, two violas and basso continuo

Lost works
 25 offertories
 11 operas
 4 masses
 Other works, including litanies and sonatas

List of operas
Oronte (Alcaini, 1657)
Applausi Festivi (1658)
Ardelia (1660)
Erinto (1661)
Antiopa giustificata (1662)
L'amor della patria superiore al' ogn' altro (1665)
Atalanta (1667)
Amor tiranno ovvero Regnero innamorato (1672)

References
 Mattheson, Johann. Johann Mattheson's Der Vollkommene Capellmeister: A Revised Translation with Critical Commentary, Theosophical Classics Series, UMI Research Press (January, 1981). Rampe, Siegbert; Rockstroh, Andreas. 'Johann Kaspar Kerll', The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.Walther, <mask>. Musicalisches Lexicon oder Musicalische Bibliothec. Neusatz des Textes und der Noten, Bärenreiter (June 1, 2001). Notes

External links

1627 births
1693 deaths
People from Vogtlandkreis
People from the Electorate of Saxony
German Baroque composers
German classical composers
German classical organists
Organists and composers in the South German tradition
German male organists
17th-century classical composers
German male classical composers
17th-century


title: Richard Pyne

texts:
<mask> (1644 – December 1709) was an Irish landowner,  barrister and judge. He held office as Lord Chief Justice of Ireland from 1695-1709. Background - the <mask>s of Mogeely
He was born in County Cork, the fourth son of <mask> of Mogeely,  near Castlemartyr  and Jane Tynte, daughter  and  co-heiress of Sir Robert Tynte of Ballycrenane (of the  family of the Tynte Baronets) and  his wife Elizabeth Boyle,  who was one of the numerous cousins of the Earl of Cork. His father was probably the <mask> who was a key witness for the prosecution  at the trial of Florence  Newton for witchcraft held  at Youghal  in 1661. Nicholas  was the eldest  son of the English-born  settler <mask> of Mogeely (Mogylie). Henry, who is thought to have belonged  to
a junior  branch of the prominent Pyne family of  Upton Pyne,  Devon,  had received  a substantial lease of  lands in County  Cork c.1589,  and built Mogeely Castle (which  no longer stands, although some remains survive). During the serious disturbances in 1598, he  saved himself by  a headlong flight back to England, but was later accused of secretly helping the Irish rebels.In fairness to <mask>, he was  only one of many settlers in Munster  who fled ignominiously to safety. Henry returned to Ireland in about 1601 and prospered,  despite quarrelling with other settlers, notably  Sir Walter Raleigh, from  whom he rented his  lands, and  the formidable <mask>  Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, who  acquired  Raleigh's interest, and  giving rise to much gossip about his unscrupulous business practices.He died  sometime  after  1620. His wife was a Miss Stronge from Dunkitt,

masks:
Sir Richard Pyne
Pyne
Nicholas Pyne
Nicholas Pyne
Henry Pyne
Pyne
Richard


title: Richard Pyne

texts:
  County Kilkenny. Education and early career

<mask> matriculated  from Queen's College, Oxford in 1662 and  entered the  Middle  Temple the same year.He  was called to the English Bar in 1669 and to the Irish Bar in 1674,  when he also entered the King's Inns. In the  same
year he inherited  the  estates  of his brother  Henry,  who had just
died childless (their father had died in 1670). He became  King's  Counsel
in 1685, and  in 1686  counsel to the Irish Revenue Commissioners. Although he was willing to accept office under the Roman Catholic King James II, he was himself  a strong Protestant  and a Whig in politics, and was later a  supporter of the Revolution of 1688.In 1688  he  quarrelled sharply with  Justin MacCarthy, Viscount Mountcashel, one of James II's most influential Irish generals, but later denied that he had fought a duel with him.Judicial career
After the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, he was appointed joint Commissioner of the Great Seal of Ireland with Sir <mask> and Sir Robert Rochfort and also acted as a judge of oyer and terminer in Ulster.Early in 1691 he was appointed Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas, at the personal request of William III. This was a notable mark of royal favour, as the office had  apparently already been promised to John Osborne, the Prime Serjeant. The decision to appoint <mask> instead  may reflect Osborne's growing unpopularity with his political superiors, who  removed him from office  the following year for gross insubordination. <mask>  was knighted in 1692. <mask>  was promoted to the office of Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench for

masks:
Richard
Richard Ryves
Pyne
Pyne
Pyne


title: Richard Pyne

texts:
 Ireland in 1695. He held the latter office until his death, although he seems to have been in failing health in his last years, and frequently visited Bath in hope of a cure. The memoirist and poet Elizabeth Freke  (who  was  English  born, but married a cousin from  County Cork and settled there) in her Diary noted his presiding at the  Cork  assizes  in 1694,   where he condemned 28 men to be hanged or  branded in the hand (the latter was a frequent penalty for serious but  non-capital crimes).Elizabeth made a personal plea for clemency in one case where she believed the condemned man was guilty of manslaughter,  not murder.He presided  at the  trial
for  embezzlement  of Colonel James  Waller,  Lieutenant-Governor of Kinsale,
in 1697.As Chief Justice he clashed with the powerful cleric William King, Bishop of Derry and future Archbishop of Dublin, who accused him of interfering in Church affairs. He is listed as one of the trustees of the King's Inns in 1706. He was awarded the  Freedom  of the City of Dublin in 1707. He died at his English estate in Surrey in December 1709. Property
<mask> was a substantial landowner in County Cork: he lived mainly at Waterpark, near Carrigaline, and also acquired estates at Ardra and Ballinaneala. In 1703 he bought Blarney Castle, but sold it a few months later, apparently on the basis of a rumour (unfounded as it turned out) that the dispossessed owners, the MacCarthys, were about to recover it. He also owned an estate at Ashley, near Guildford, Surrey, where he died,  and Great Codham Hall   near Braintree, Essex.He is chiefly remembered nowadays as the


title: Richard Pyne

texts:
 builder of Ballyvolane House near Fermoy, although it was not completed until a considerable time after his death. Family
He married Catherine Wandesford, daughter of Sir Christopher Wandsford, 1st Baronet  of Kirklington, Yorkshire  and Eleanor Lowther, and grand-daughter  of the statesman Christopher Wandesford, Lord Deputy of Ireland and Alice Osborne. His only son Henry married Anne Edgecume,  daughter of Sir <mask> and Lady Anne Montagu,  and sister of <mask>, 1st Baron Edgcumbe. Their daughter Anne married Sir Henry Cavendish and was the mother of the statesman Sir Henry Cavendish, 2nd Baronet, whose descendants took the title Baron Waterpark. <mask> also left substantial lands, including Ballyvolane,  to his nephew Robert Wakeham,  the son of his sister Jane. As  a condition of inheriting these lands  laid down in his uncle's will,  Robert  added the surname <mask> to his original name; the Wykeham Pynes remained at Ballyvolane for several generations. Robert was dead by 1715, when his widow Margaret filed a lawsuit  in the  Court of Chancery.Reputation
In 1698 the Irish born author and publisher  John Dunton   who  was on a visit to Dublin, gave a favourable picture of most of the Irish judiciary, including <mask>, describing them as  "men whose reputation is such that no one complains of them". A portrait of <mask>  in his  judicial
robes  by William Gandy still exists. References

Irish barristers
People from County Cork
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
1644 births
1709 deaths
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Lords Chief Justice of Ireland
Chief Justices of the Irish Common

masks:
Richard Edgecumbe
Richard Edgcumbe
Pyne
Pyne
Pyne
Pyne


title: Tom Crean (explorer)

texts:
<mask> (;   16 February 1877 – 27 July 1938) was an Irish seaman and Antarctic explorer who was awarded the Albert Medal for Lifesaving (AM). Crean was a member of three major expeditions to Antarctica during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, including Robert Falcon Scott's 1911–1913 Terra Nova Expedition. This saw the race to reach the South Pole lost to Roald Amundsen and ended in the deaths of Scott and his party. During the expedition, Crean's  solo walk across the Ross Ice Shelf to save the life of Edward Evans led to him receiving the Albert Medal. Crean left the family farm near Annascaul, in County Kerry, to enlist in the Royal Navy at age 16. In 1901, while serving on Ringarooma in New Zealand, he volunteered to join Scott's 1901–1904 Discovery Expedition to Antarctica, thus beginning his exploring career. After his experience on the Terra Nova, Crean's third and final Antarctic venture was as second officer on Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition.After the ship Endurance became beset in the pack ice and sank, Crean and the ship's company spent 492 days drifting on the ice before undertaking a journey in the ship's lifeboats to Elephant Island. He was a member of the crew which made a small-boat journey of  from Elephant Island to South Georgia Island to seek aid for the stranded party. After retiring from the navy on health grounds in 1920, Crean ran his pub the South Pole Inn in County Kerry with his wife and daughters. He died in 1938. Early life and career
Crean was born around 16 February 1877 in the farming area of Gurtuchrane near the village of Annascaul on Corca Dhuibhne in County Kerry, Ireland, to Patrick and Catherine (née Courtney) Crean. One of 11 siblings with 7 brothers and 3 sisters. He attended the local Catholic school (at nearby Brackluin), leaving at the age of 12 to


title: Tom Crean (explorer)

texts:
 work ethic on the Discovery Expedition, and in 1906 Scott requested that Crean join him on Victorious.Over the next few years, Crean followed Scott successively to Albemarle, Essex and Bulwark. By 1907, Scott was planning his second expedition to the Antarctic. Meanwhile, Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition, 1907–09, despite reaching a new furthest south record of 88°23'S, had failed to reach the South Pole. Scott was with Crean when the news of Shackleton's near miss became public; it is recorded that Scott observed to Crean: "I think we'd better have a shot next." Terra Nova Expedition, 1910–1913

Scott held Crean in high regard, so he was among the first people recruited for the Terra Nova Expedition, which set out for the Antarctic in June 1910, and one of the few men in the party with previous polar experience. After the expedition's arrival in McMurdo Sound in January 1911, Crean was as part of the 13-man team who established  "One Ton Depot", from Hut Point. so named because of the large amount of food and equipment cached there on the projected route to the South Pole.Returning from the depot to base camp at Cape Evans, <mask>, accompanied by Apsley Cherry-Garrard and Henry "Birdie" Bowers, experienced near-disaster when camping on unstable sea ice. During the night the ice broke up, leaving the men adrift on an ice floe and separated from their sledges. Crean probably saved the group's lives, by leaping from floe to floe until he reached the Barrier edge and was able to summon help. Crean departed with Scott in November 1911, for the attempt at the South Pole. This journey had three stages:  across the Barrier,  up the heavily crevassed Beardmore Glacier to an altitude of  above sea level, and then another  to the Pole. At regular intervals, supporting parties returned to base; Crean was in the final group of


title: Tom Crean (explorer)

texts: knew Crean well from the Discovery Expedition, and also knew of his exploits on Scott's last expedition. Like Scott, Shackleton trusted Crean: he was worth, in Shackleton's own word, "trumps".Crean joined Shackleton's Imperial Transantarctic Expedition on 25 May 1914, as second officer, with a varied range of duties. In the absence of a Canadian dog-handling expert who was hired but never appeared, Crean took charge of one of the dog-handling teams, and was later involved in the care and nurture of the pups born to one of his dogs, Sally, early in the expedition. On 19 January 1915 the expedition's ship, the Endurance, was beset in the Weddell Sea pack ice. In the early efforts to free her, Crean narrowly escaped being crushed by a sudden movement in the ice. The ship drifted in the ice for months, eventually sinking on 21 November. Shackleton informed the men that they would drag the food, gear, and three lifeboats across the pack ice, to Snow Hill or Robertson Island,  away. Because of uneven ice conditions, pressure ridges, and the danger of ice breakup which could separate the men, they soon abandoned this plan: the men pitched camp and decided to wait.They hoped that the clockwise drift of the pack would carry them  to Paulet Island where they knew there was a hut with emergency supplies. But the pack ice held firm as it carried the men well past Paulet Island, and did not break up until 9 April. The crew then had to sail and row the three ill-equipped lifeboats through the pack ice to Elephant Island, a trip which lasted five days. <mask> and Hubert Hudson, the navigating officer of the Endurance, piloted their lifeboat with Crean effectively in charge as Hudson appeared to have suffered a breakdown. Upon reaching Elephant Island, Crean was one of the "four fittest men" detailed by Shackleton to find a safe


title: Tom Crean (explorer)

texts:
 caused lasting effects to his vision. As a result, he was retired on medical grounds on 24 March 1920.He and Ellen opened a small public house in Annascaul, which he called the South Pole Inn. The couple had three daughters, Mary, Kate, and Eileen, although Kate died when she was three years old. Throughout his life, Crean remained an extremely modest man. When he returned to Kerry, he put all of his medals away and never again spoke about his experiences in the Antarctic. There is no reliable evidence of Crean giving any interviews to the press. Smith speculates that this may have been because Kerry was a hotbed of Irish nationalism and later Irish republicanism, and, along with County Cork, a centre of violence. The Crean family were once subject to a Black and Tan raid during the Irish War of Independence.Their inn was ransacked until the raiders happened across Crean's framed photo in Royal Navy dress uniform and medals. They then left his inn. On 13 April 1920, <mask> was present among crowds gathered in Tralee to protest against the treatment of republican prisoners who had gone on a hunger strike in Mountjoy jail. Crean's older brother was <mask>, a sergeant in the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC). Cornelius was based in County Cork, where he served with the RIC during the War of Independence. Sgt. Crean was killed during an IRA ambush near Upton on 25 April 1920.In 1938, Crean became ill with a burst appendix. He was taken to the nearest hospital in Tralee, but as no surgeon was available, he was transferred to the Bon Secours Hospital in Cork, where his appendix was removed. Because the operation had been delayed, an infection developed, and after a week in the hospital he died on 27 July 1938. He was buried in his family's tomb at the cemetery in Ballynacourty, Corkaguiney, County Kerry. Legacy
 Mount Crean  in

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title: Tom Crean (explorer)

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 Victoria Land, Antarctica and Mount Crean  in Greenland
 Crean Glacier on South Georgia. Crean Lake on South Georgia. An eight-part 1985 television series, The Last Place on Earth, told the story of Scott's expedition to the South Pole.Hugh Grant and Max von Sydow starred with Irish actor Daragh O'Malley, who portrayed <mask>n. A one-man play, <mask> – Antarctic Explorer, has been widely performed since 2001 by author Aidan Dooley, including a special showing at the South Pole Inn, Annascaul, in October 2001. Present were Crean's daughters, Eileen and Mary, both in their 80s. Apparently he never told them stories of his exploits; according to Eileen: "He put his medals and his sword in a box ... and that was that. He was a very humble man". In July 2003, a bronze statue of Crean was unveiled across from his pub in Annascaul. It depicts him leaning against a crate whilst holding a pair of hiking poles in one hand and two of his beloved sled dog pups in the other.Until its closure in 2017, the Dingle Brewing Company produced 'Tom Crean Lager', named in his honour. In 2016, Crean's granddaughter, Aileen <mask> O’Brien, launched 'Expedition Ale' in partnership with Torc Breweries
In February 2021 it was announced that a new research vessel being commissioned by the Irish government's Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine would be named 'RV <mask>', in Crean's honour. Notes

References

Further reading

External links
 "Crean and Shackleton Antarctic Commemorative Coins Issued by Ireland" Accessed 9 October 2008. 1877 births
1938 deaths
20th-century explorers
20th-century Irish people
Explorers of Antarctica
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
Irish Antarctic explorers
Irish explorers
People from County Kerry
Recipients of the Albert Medal (lifesaving)
Recipients of the Polar Medal
Royal Navy officers of World War

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title: Elizabeth Timothy

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<mask> or Elisabet Timothee  (circa 1700 – April 1757) was a colonial American printer and newspaper publisher in the colony of South Carolina. <mask> was a French Huguenot Dutch immigrant that came to colonial America with her family. She was the first American woman to become a newspaper publisher and also the first to hold a franchise in America. <mask> reported on the 1740 Charleston fire that destroyed a major portion of the town. She published government documents and other materials for the colonial United States, and worked for Benjamin Franklin. Early life

<mask> (maiden name <mask> or Elisabet Vilain) was born in the Netherlands about 1700. She received her formal schooling in her home town in Holland, which included accounting.She married <mask> (French: "Louys Timothee" or "Louis Timothee") early in the eighteenth century. The <mask> family traveled with other French Huguenots in 1731 from Rotterdam to Philadelphia on the ocean liner Britannia of London. The <mask> family included four children ranging in age from one to six. Their sons were Peter, Louis and Charles, and their daughter was Mary. Mid life
<mask>'s husband arranged with Benjamin Franklin to revive the South Carolina Gazette weekly newspaper on a six-year franchise contract, dated 26 November 1733. He went to Charleston, by himself initially, in the latter part of 1733. He started publishing the newspaper on 2 February 1734.<mask> followed later from Philadelphia after she settled the family accounts, and went to Charleston in the spring of 1734. She came to Charleston with her six children, four of whom had been born in the Netherlands. <mask>'s history of becoming a newspaper publisher in America is interwoven with her husband's career. <mask>'s husband died on 30 December 1738 of yellow fever, referred to by the <mask> family as an unfortunate incident. The remaining term on the agreement with Franklin motivated <mask> to become his

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 apprentice and partner. She carried on her late husband's work to fulfill the one year remaining on the Franklin franchise agreement. <mask>'s elder son, <mask>, carried on the newspaper business in name only.Peter was only fourteen years old when was named as taking over his father's printing business, which he was entitled to receive per the <mask> agreement of 1733. Since he was just a child in 1738 and too immature to run a business, it was managed by <mask>, Peter's mother. She published the South-Carolina Gazette weekly starting on 4 January 1739. The masthead said that it was published and printed by <mask>, but it actually was controlled and managed by his mother. She managed the business so successfully (with carefulness and integrity noted by Franklin) that one year later she purchased his interest to own it all herself. This then made her the first female editor and publisher of a newspaper in America. <mask>, with the aid of Peter, increased the quality of the newspaper over the long term, in the views of the readers of the South-Carolina Gazette.Her newspaper was broad-based, with dramas, poetry, and literary classics. <mask> printed European news from London, Paris, and Constantinople. An important part of her newspaper, highly valued by many readers, was the advertisements. They offered local commodity goods as well as books and stationery supplies. Many times she dedicated at least a full page of her four-page newspaper to advertising. Charleston fire
<mask>'s biggest news story was that of the fire in Charleston on 18 November 1740. She reported two days later that it had destroyed a major portion of the town, including the most valuable commercial buildings and their merchandise worth more than 200,000 pounds sterling.She reported that two-thirds of the town was destroyed, including more than 300 houses. In her paper, it was reported that the wind carried sparks far set more houses. She credited the

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 diligent citizens of Charleston for their great efforts to extinguish the fire. Her newspaper delivered a proclamation that citizens should render quick and efficient help in extinguishing future fires, and should give back stolen items. In subsequent newspaper issues she published business relocations with notices that their customers would be taken care of as usual. She also printed appeals for help in finding lost commodities and assets. Franklin praised <mask>, saying she was a better business manager and accountant than her late husband had been.He remarked in his Autobiography that while her husband was an educated man and honest, he was ignorant in matters of accounting. He noted that in the Netherlands it was part of the female education to get trained in accounting. Additionally, Franklin commended her for having brought up honest and hard working children. Historian Isaiah Thomas suggests (as Franklin contemporaneously concurred) that her good business sense could be attributed to the high level of education she had acquired in the Netherlands. <mask> took over her husband's position as the official public printer for the colony of South Carolina. She printed acts, laws, and events for the Assembly of the colony of South Carolina. In addition to printing the South-Carolina Gazette and government documents, as her late husband had, she printed sermons and religious materials.She also published some 20 historical books and pamphlets between 1739 and 1745. The description of "Printed by <mask>" appeared on each of the publications; however, she made most of the business decisions. <mask> was also the postmaster for Charles Towne, South Carolina, delivering letters, packages, and newspapers. Career change
After adulthood, <mask>'s son Peter took over the complete printing business on King Street in 1746, <mask> opened a bookstore next door. She carried books, stationery, and writing supplies, such as ink, powder,

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 and quills. She also carried tallow, beer, and flour. In a Gazette advertisement of October 1746, she said she sold pocket Bibles, spellers, and primers.She also sold full books by well known authors and Franklin's works, including Poor Richard's Almanack. <mask> ran her bookstore and stationery shop for a year and then decided to leave Charleston. Prior to leaving, <mask> advertised in the South-Carolina Gazette that she was leaving the area and wished for people to pay up on debts owed her. She went to a new area for a time and later returned to Charleston in 1756. Death and will
<mask> wrote her will on 2 April 1757 and died within the month. An inventory listed among her personal effects a "parcel of books" that included two French Bibles. The list also showed a marble-covered sideboard, two old desks, some other furniture, six small items of jewelry, 38 ounces of old silver, some pewter articles, china, and fireplace tools.The total value was set at £25. Her will stipulated that her widowed daughter <mask> Bourquin was to receive a certain small tract of land, a house on King Street, two slaves, and half her clothing and furniture. Her married daughters Catherine Trezevant and Louisa Richards were to receive a house, three slaves, and the remainder of the estate. Personal life and legacy
<mask> belonged to the Charles Towne Library Society, her son Peter being one of the founders. She and her family belonged to the St. Philip's Anglican Church in Charleston, South Carolina. Historians record that <mask>'s husband was accidentally killed in December 1738. <mask> was pregnant with her seventh child (third American) in 1739, but the child was premature and died.She also lost two sons in 1739 to yellow fever. At the time of <mask>'s death in 1757 she was survived by her son Peter, who had married Ann Donovan, and by her three daughters: <mask>, married to Abraham Bowquin; Catherine, married to Theodore Trezevant; and

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 Louisa, married to James Richards. After her death, <mask> was inducted into both the South Carolina Press Association Hall of Fame (1973) and the South Carolina Business Hall of Fame (2000). A plaque is at the Vendue Range in Charleston describing her role in journalism. <mask> was the first known female in American journalism, according to historian A.S. Sallev. The fact that <mask> took over her husband's business of publishing the South-Carolina Gazette newspaper from a franchisee agreement he had with Franklin made her the first female franchisee in America as well. Works
The South Carolina Gazette newspaper below of 4 January 1739 is an example of a work attributed to <mask>.She also published colonial laws, bank notes, broadsides, and stationary and established a bookstore. The bottom of the right corner of the third page has the obituary of <mask>'s husband. Franklin reprinted many of <mask>'s articles, as did the Gentlemen's Magazine in England. She continued to publish the Gazette newspaper for 19 years after her husband's death. Her son Peter inherited the business and ran the enterprise for many years. See also

 List of early American publishers and printers
 List of women printers and publishers before 1800
 Alexander Purdie (publisher)
 William Hunter (publisher)
 William Parks (publisher)
 Joseph Royle (publisher)
 Isaac Collins (printer)
 David Hall (publisher)
 John Holt (publisher)

References

Bibliography

External links

 <mask> historical marker

18th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
American printers
South Carolina postmasters
Businesspeople from Charleston, South Carolina
1702 births
1757 deaths
Dutch emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
South Carolina colonial people
Burials in South Carolina
18th-century American businesswomen
18th-century American businesspeople
Colonial American women
American women journalists
History of women in the United States
Women printers
Colonial

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title: Bevan Spencer von Einem

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<mask> (born 29 May 1946)) is a convicted child murderer and suspected serial killer from Adelaide, South Australia. An accountant by profession, he was convicted in 1984 for the murder of 15-year-old Adelaide teenager Richard Kelvin, the son of local television and radio personality Rob Kelvin. <mask> is serving life imprisonment. He was in G Block of Yatala Prison for decades but was transferred to Port Augusta Prison in the north of the state in 2007. Early public image
<mask> first came to attention on the night of 10 May 1972 when two gay men were thrown into the River Torrens by a group of men believed to be police officers. The river bank was a popular beat where gay men would meet covertly, as homosexual acts were illegal in South Australia at that time. One of the men, Dr. George Duncan, a British lecturer in law who had arrived in Australia only seven weeks before, was drowned.The other, Roger James, suffered a broken leg and after crawling to the road was rescued by <mask>, who was driving past. <mask> then took James to Royal Adelaide Hospital, where he recovered from his injuries. Criminal history

Murder of Richard Kelvin
Richard Dallas Kelvin (1 December 1967 – c. 10 July 1983), was the son of Rob Kelvin, a long-time television news presenter for Adelaide station NWS 9. Kelvin was murdered by <mask> on or around 10 July 1983 in Adelaide, South Australia after having been abducted, held captive, sexually abused, drugged and tortured for five weeks. Kelvin was 15 years old at the time of his death. At approximately 6:15pm on 5 June 1983, <mask> (likely along with other unknown persons) abducted Kelvin near the intersection of Margaret Street & Peppertree Lane, North Adelaide, and was just 60 metres from Kelvin's home around the corner in Ward Street. Kelvin had just seen off a friend at a nearby bus stop on the corner of O'Connell and Marian Streets, North Adelaide after they had earlier that afternoon played football in a nearby park and was expected to return home immediately for dinner.A witness, a security guard living in

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title: Bevan Spencer von Einem

texts: Margaret Street, had heard cries for help, car doors slamming, and a car with a noisy exhaust speeding away. Kelvin also had a dog collar in his possession which may have attracted <mask>'s attention. Despite a wide-ranging search by police, extensive media coverage that included a full page missing person poster in The Advertiser on 28 June (that unfortunately had contained a false lead given by the public to police), a $5,000 reward offered by the State Government two days after his disappearance (quickly raised to $15,000 a week later) and numerous tips and possible sightings provided by the public in the weeks after, Kelvin's whereabouts were unknown until his clothed body was found seven weeks later by a geologist searching for moss rocks with his family on 24 July 1983 alongside a dirt airstrip near One Tree Hill in the Adelaide Hills area (to the north-east of the city and close to where relatives of <mask> lived). Little effort was put into concealing Kelvin's body; he was found wearing the same Channel 9 shirt, blue jeans and white Adidas sneakers which he wore on the day of his abduction, together with the dog collar fitted around his neck. His body had been washed prior to being re-dressed and was found placed in the fetal position, with his legs bent towards his chest and his head forwards and his arms wrapped around his legs. This made police suspect that Kelvin had been dumped by a single person, most likely after nightfall in order to avoid detection. The autopsy revealed that Kelvin had most likely died from massive blood loss from an anal injury, probably caused by the insertion of a blunt object with a tapered neck, such as a beer bottle, and that he had suffered bruising and injuries from blows to his head, to the left side of his back and also to his right buttock as well as a fractured front tooth which occurred either just before or just after death.Analysis of Kelvin's bloodstream revealed traces of alcohol and five hypnotic drugs, Mandrax, Noctec, Amytal, Valium and Rohypnol. With Mandrax being regulated by the Central

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title: Bevan Spencer von Einem

texts:
 Board of Health in 1978 stocks for it in Australia had declined somewhat by 1983 and police began sifting through prescriptions for that drug in particular. During their search they found a prescription for Mandrax issued to a 'B<mask> <mask>', a name familiar to police as he had been questioned previously over the deaths of three young men and the alleged sexual assault of another. Four days after Richard Kelvin's body was discovered, <mask> was questioned by the police about the murder. He initially claimed that he had not seen Kelvin and had no knowledge of his whereabouts and stated that on the night of abduction he had been in bed with the flu and was off work for the next week. Police also searched his home in the northern Adelaide suburb of Paradise, and seized a bottle of Mandrax.<mask> admitted that the drugs were his and said that he used them to help him sleep. He denied having any other drugs in his possession, but police also seized a bottle of Noctec, concealed on a ledge behind his wardrobe. <mask> also allowed police to take hair and blood samples, as well as carpets and other materials for testing. There were three major factors in <mask>'s initial questioning that led police to become increasingly suspicious that they had found their prime suspect:

 When police knocked on <mask>'s door and enquired about whether they could ask him a few questions, his immediate reaction was to say that he would not answer anything without speaking to his lawyer first. This made police suspect that he had something to hide. When questioned about the Kelvin murder, rather than profusely denying any involvement, <mask> simply said that he would not do such a thing because it would be "unethical". This came across as a strange thing for an innocent person to say.When asked about drugs, <mask> did admit he had Mandrax. He was asked if he kept any other drugs in his possession, and he said no. However, the police then found the bottle of Noctec and <mask> immediately became nervous and told police that he "rarely used those drugs". As <mask> went

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title: Bevan Spencer von Einem

texts: on holiday to the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom during August and September 1983, the case against him began to mount up. Forensic investigators were able to match the many fibres found on Kelvin's clothing to those taken from <mask>'s home, along with hairs found which matched those belonging to him. Forensics also determined that Kelvin was murdered between 8 July and 11 July 1983 and was dumped at the airstrip no later than the 11th. However, police raids on various locations around Adelaide linked to <mask> and his associates yielded few clues.Police also searched for a man who had previously claimed to police during the investigation of the unsolved murder of Alan Barnes in 1979 that <mask> had been involved in his death and also that he was a former associate of <mask>. Barnes's fatal injuries mirrored those of Kelvin closely. The man, known as "Mr. B", was located and informed police in great detail how he and <mask>em had picked up young male hitchhikers, had given them alcoholic drinks laced with hypnotic drugs, and had taken them to <mask>'s previous home in the Adelaide suburb of Campbelltown, where the young men had been abused overnight and released the next day. "Mr B" also provided further information about other associates of <mask>, but claimed he took no part whatsoever in any murders. Police also questioned other people whom <mask> had associated with, but they volunteered little information. With enough evidence, along with the information given by "Mr B", to indicate that Kelvin was at <mask>'s home around the time of his death, police arrested and charged <mask> with murder on 3 November 1983. <mask> still denied ever coming into contact with Kelvin. The committal hearing to determine if there was sufficient evidence for <mask> to stand trial for murder began on 20 February 1984.Faced with irrefutable evidence from prosecutors that Kelvin had been in his company, <mask> suddenly changed his story to answer that evidence and admitted that he had been in contact with Kelvin on the night of 5 June 1983. <mask> said

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title: Bevan Spencer von Einem

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 that he was driving along O'Connell Street in North Adelaide looking for a parking spot in order to buy some fish and chips for dinner. While looking for a parking spot in a side street, <mask> said that he had nearly run over Kelvin as he jogged in from his side. <mask> stated he thought Kelvin had bisexual tendencies and said that the two of them then had a conversation about problems Kelvin had been having at school, and Kelvin willingly got into the car and they drove to <mask>'s home. This answered the question of how fibres from <mask>'s carpet had got onto Kelvin's clothes. To answer evidence about how fibres from <mask>'s bed had come to be on Kelvin's clothes, <mask> stated that the two of them had sat on his bed and played with the large gold harp which he kept in his bedroom. Police previously did see this harp in his room when they seized the drugs. Finally, to answer evidence about how fibres from <mask>'s cardigan had got onto Kelvin, <mask> stated that he had put his arm around Kelvin and hugged him because Kelvin was upset about how his peers had been bullying him at school.With all the fibres being accounted for with his new story, <mask> concluded his statement by saying that Kelvin had stayed for two hours before <mask> dropped him off in the Adelaide CBD near the Royal Adelaide Hospital and gave Kelvin $20 to pay for a taxi home. Despite the intricate details of <mask>'s alibi and his version of events, his story had two huge problems. It completely contradicted his initial statement of his whereabouts on 5 June 1983, when he said he had been in bed with the flu. Furthermore, the quantity of fibres on Kelvin's clothes was far too large to suggest that Kelvin was in his company for only two hours. Given these facts, on 25 May 1984, Magistrate Nick Manos ordered <mask> to stand trial for the murder of Kelvin. The trial
The trial against <mask> for the murder of Kelvin opened at the Supreme Court Building of South Australia on 15 October 1984 before Mr. Justice White. A jury of 12 people (seven women and five men) was

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texts: selected and agreed upon by the prosecution and defence.<mask> pleaded not guilty; his defence was led by barrister Barry Jennings, who was assisted by Helena Jasinski, who had been <mask>'s solicitor from the start of the police investigation of him in the murder during the previous year. The prosecution was led by Brian Martin QC (later the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory), with assistance from Paul Rofe QC (who went on to be Director of the Department of Public Prosecutions). For the prosecution, it was a matter of proving <mask>'s guilt (along with that of unknown persons) by presenting the strong scientific evidence that had been gathered during the investigation, and disproving <mask>'s story of being in contact with Kelvin on the night of 5 June 1983. For the defence, it was a case of trying to make <mask>'s story hold up in court, and raising doubts about his ability to keep Kelvin captive for five weeks and committing the murder. The prosecution opened their case with the jury being taken to the various sites around Adelaide that were important in the trial, and over the first week they called various witnesses to the stand. Kelvin's parents, girlfriend and best friend were called to testify that Kelvin was an average 15-year-old who would not willingly get into a car with a stranger, was heterosexual with no homosexual or bisexual tendencies, and that he had been wearing the dog collar as a joke. People living close to the Kelvins then testified that they had heard noises and commotion corresponding to the abduction taking place on the night of 5 June at around 6pm.Forensic pathologists were called to testify about the injuries to Kelvin's head and anus, and the likely cause of his death, and pharmacists gave evidence of the excessive amount of different hypnotic drugs which <mask> had been prescribed (5872 tablets and capsules of six different brands of drugs between 15 December 1978 and 10 August 1983), and showed that <mask> had often had prescriptions for drugs issued from three different chemists on

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title: Bevan Spencer von Einem

texts: the same day or during the same weeks. Various police officers who worked on the case testified to their investigation of <mask> since they had first questioned him about the murder, as well as their visit to <mask>'s home, where a police officer claimed that <mask>'s bedroom appeared to have been cleaned "extensively". Forensic scientists were called next to give evidence first on when Kelvin had died and when his body had been dumped in the Adelaide Hills area, and a leading entomologist claimed, from the larvae cycle of flies that were on the body, and comparing these to the larvae cycle of flies on a dead dog that was nearby, that Kelvin's body must have been dumped beside the airstrip near Kersbrook on 10 July 1983. Other forensic scientists were called to testify about the hair and fibre samples collected that were linked to <mask> himself and his home. Hairs from <mask> were found on and inside Kelvin's clothing and of 925 fibre samples found on Kelvin's clothing, 250 came from <mask>'s home environment, with just seven from Kelvin's home. The scientists stated that if <mask>'s story was true, then there should be a very small amount or even none of the fibres and hair samples from that night still on Kelvin's clothing some 36 hours later, let alone five weeks later. Faced with such damning scientific evidence, the defence tried to counter this during cross-examination by floating a possible theory that after <mask>em's last contact with Kelvin, he had been abducted by other people, who had stored his clothing for five weeks before murdering him and re-dressing him.While the forensic scientists conceded that this was a possible scenario, under renewed cross-examination by the prosecution, they conceded that it would be still unlikely given the whole science of how fibres and hair are transferred from surface to surface over time. The prosecution then rested its case. The defence opted for <mask> to give an unsworn statement from the dock, rather than give sworn evidence from the witness box. In his unsworn statement, <mask> detailed

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title: Bevan Spencer von Einem

texts: his alibi with what he claimed happened between 5 June and 11 July 1983. He again claimed that on 5 June he had picked up Kelvin in North Adelaide, had driven him to his home, and later had dropped him off in the Adelaide CBD. He also claimed that he was sick with the flu for the next week after that and did not return to work until 14 June. <mask> was quite sketchy on his activities after that, however he did remember what he did on 10 July, the day the body was dumped on the airstrip.He said that he was at a relative's birthday party with his mother for most of that evening, and after dropping off a friend on the way home, had gone straight to bed and then to work the next day. He also addressed the issue of the noisy exhaust on the car heard during the abduction of Kelvin, by stating that the exhaust on his Ford Falcon (which <mask> had sold on 16 July 1983, purportedly to raise money for his overseas trip) was less than two years old and in good condition. He closed his unsworn statement by again claiming his innocence. The defence then called various witnesses in an attempt to corroborate <mask>'s story. The witnesses included colleagues and friends who testified to him being unwell and at home during the first week of Kelvin's captivity. Also testifying for the defence was the bushwalker, who while walking his dogs through the airstrip had discovered Kelvin's body on 24 July. The purchaser of <mask>'s Ford Falcon detailed the condition of the car, and the relative who hosted the birthday party on 10 July stated that <mask> and his mother had arrived there at 5:30pm and left at 10:30pm.Photographs of <mask> at the party were also tendered to the court. Finally, the defence called <mask>'s mother to testify about her son's activities over the weekend upon which Kelvin was kidnapped. Under cross-examination, the prosecution were able to show inconsistencies in her current testimony compared to her earlier statements to police about <mask>'s whereabouts on the weekend of 4–5 June, which weakened the defence case considerably as this

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title: Bevan Spencer von Einem

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 highlighted <mask>'s change the previous February of his account of what happened on the night of 5 June 1983. In their summation, the prosecution stated that the evidence they presented proved that <mask>'s story was full of lies and inconsistencies, and that he did murder (with the help of others) Kelvin. They also stated that his admission that he had picked up Kelvin showed that he was in contact with him on 5 June; that the fibres and hairs proved that <mask> was with him at the time of just before and/or at the time of death; and that the drugs proved <mask> was with Kelvin in between those times. The prosecution also answered the doubts raised by the defence about when on 10 July the body was dumped at the airstrip by suggesting that <mask> could have dumped the body sometime very late on 10 July or in the early morning of 11 July before going to work for the day. The defence stated in their summary that the prosecution had failed to prove beyond reasonable doubt that <mask> was guilty of murder and also were not able to establish the exact cause of Kelvin's death, so therefore the jury must give <mask> the benefit of the doubt.Mr. Justice White then gave his summation of the trial, and in the early afternoon of 5 November 1984, the jury retired to consider their verdict. Verdict
After 7.5 hours of deliberation, the jury returned to give their verdict. <mask> was found guilty of the murder and was automatically sentenced to life at Yatala Labour Prison. Mr. Justice White imposed a non-parole period of 24 years. Under South Australian law, a third of the non-parole period could be taken off for good behaviour in prison. Based on this reckoning, <mask> could conceivably have been eligible for parole in late 1999. The Attorney-General of South Australia immediately appealed the leniency of the non-parole period, and on 29 March 1985 the Court of Criminal Appeal in South Australia increased the non-parole period to 36 years, a record at the time in that state.The earliest <mask>em could be released on parole was therefore on 31 October

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title: Bevan Spencer von Einem

texts:
 2007 (after allowing for the fact that a third of the non-parole period could be taken off for good behaviour in prison). <mask>'s defence team (now consisting of barrister David Peek with assistance from Helena Jasinski) appealed the conviction to the Court of Criminal Appeal in South Australia and requested that a new trial be set. The basis for this appeal was the evidence given about Kelvin's heterosexuality, the references to <mask>'s own homosexuality through the trial and the negative impact that might have had on the jury, and also how Mr. Justice White in his summation did not include reference to the testimony given by <mask>'s relative about his attendance at the birthday party on the day Kelvin's body was dumped. The Court of Criminal of Appeal rejected the appeal, saying that the trial was conducted fairly and justly throughout; they did concede that Mr. Justice White should have included the evidence relating to the birthday party. Additional murder charges

<mask> was the leading suspect in the unsolved murders of four other young men between 1979 and 1982, and police continued to pursue leads on those cases in the years after his murder conviction. The four murdered were Alan Barnes in June 1979, Neil Muir in August 1979, Peter Stogneff in August 1981 and Mark Langley in February 1982. In February 1988, the State Coroner at the time in South Australia, Kevin Ahern, ordered an inquest into the deaths of these four young men, and on 24 March 1988, the State Coroner in his findings stated that manner and circumstances in which the four were murdered were very similar to that in the case of Kelvin, particularly the murders of Barnes and Langley.The reward for any information leading to an arrest for the murders was increased to $250,000, and this was later increased to $500,000 in September 1989 and then to $1,000,000 in March 2008. The committal hearing to determine if <mask>em should stand trial for the murders of Barnes and Langley began on 5 March 1990 before magistrate David Gurry. <mask> pleaded not guilty to both murders,

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title: Bevan Spencer von Einem

texts: and his defence counsel (now consisting of barrister Mark Griffin with assistance from Marie Shaw) immediately claimed that it would be an abuse of justice for their client if he was ordered to stand trial given the mass coverage of the murders in the media in the past year. The prosecution was led again by Brian Martin QC, who was assisted this time by Tom Birchall, and their case against <mask>em relied on evidence of the Kelvin murder, with the details of the crime being so strikingly similar to the murders of Barnes and Langley. The prosecution's case also relied on evidence given by former associates testifying to <mask>  Einem picking up boys hitchhiking and sexually abusing them, as well as "Mr B"'s sensational evidence being in the company of Barnes and <mask> at the time just before Barnes's murder. "B" also gave startling allegations of <mask>em being involved in the unexplained Beaumont children disappearance in 1966, as well as the disappearance of two girls at the Adelaide Oval in 1973. However, it turned out to be impossible to corroborate these allegations.Another witness also came forward to claim he had seen <mask> and Barnes together drinking in the weeks before Barnes's death. Also entered as evidence were samples taken from Barnes's body which showed that sedative drugs had been present. Little evidence was presented for the murder of Langley, as prosecutors felt if they could prove that <mask> had murdered Barnes, then it would naturally follow that he had murdered Langley as well. On 11 May 1990, Magistrate Gurry ordered <mask> to stand trial for the two murders of Barnes and Langley. <mask>'s defence counsel appealed the decision, launching an abuse of process action in the Supreme Court of South Australia to achieve a permanent stay of proceedings, as well as stating that the huge media interest in the charges would result in their client not getting a fair trial. Proceedings began on 19 June 1990 before Justice Kevin Duggan, and six months later on 17 December 1990, Justice Duggan released his findings. He ordered

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title: Bevan Spencer von Einem

texts:
 <mask> to stand trial, however he expressed concerns with most of the prosecution's evidence.The pre-trial hearing began on 19 December 1990 in the Supreme Court of South Australia, with Justice Duggan as the presiding judge. The prosecution decided after Justice Duggan's findings two days earlier to have <mask> tried separately for the murders of Barnes and Langley. Justice Duggan ruled that the evidence relating to the Kelvin murder and from the various associates of <mask> and hitchhikers was inadmissible, although he did rule that "B"'s evidence could be heard, but with the defence allowed to question the evidence as it was being given. This was a shattering blow for the prosecution's case, and on 21 December 1990, on advice from the Attorney-General of South Australia, prosecutors withdrew the charge for the murder of Langley. The prosecution tried to continue with the charge for the murder of Barnes, however with the problems of getting enough evidence admitted into court from associates about <mask>em picking up hitchhikers to convict <mask> still too great, the final charge was withdrawn on 1 February 1991. The prosecution, on the advice of the Attorney-General, then entered a nolle prosequi for the Barnes murder charge. Later events

2006
On 29 January 2006, the Sunday Mail reported that <mask> was currently being investigated for allegedly raping an inmate several times at Yatala Labour Prison.On 29 October 2006, The Australian reported that <mask> had been selling hand-painted greeting cards to prison officers for $20 each. 2007
On 4 February 2007, the ABC reported that <mask> had been charged over commercial dealings during his incarceration, including selling hand-painted greeting cards. On 14 June 2007, the ABC reported that <mask> had been charged with producing and possessing child pornography, with police alleging that he had handwritten three fictitious stories describing sexual acts between a child and a man. His lawyer believed a handwriting analysis would clear <mask>. On 27 July 2007 it was announced that <mask> had

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 been transferred from the maximum security B-Division of Yatala Labour Prison to Port Augusta Prison. On 11 August 2007, The Australian reported that detectives were calling for information to establish the identity of a young man seen in the Seven Network's news archive, showing police searching a storm water drain in the days after the Beaumont Children's disappearance. The man bore a striking resemblance to a youthful <mask>.On 13 August 2007, the Seven Network followed this with a story that the man standing next to the Einem lookalike in their archived film matched the police sketch of the suspect seen with the Beaumonts at the beach on the day of their disappearance. On 1 November 2007, the ABC reported that after 24 years behind bars, <mask> was now eligible to apply for parole. However, South Australian Premier Mike Rann had vowed to enforce new legislation to ensure <mask>em would never leave prison alive. 2008

On 28 March 2008, the ABC reported that the child pornography found in <mask>'s cell had been determined not to have been written by him and that fingerprints did not match. Defence lawyer Sam Abbott said he expected the Director of Public Prosecutions to drop the most serious charge of producing the material and, if not, he would argue there was no case to answer. It was also announced that <mask> had been excused from attending his court hearings so that he could avoid an "unpleasant" three-hour drive with other inmates. See also
 List of serial killers by number of victims

References

Further reading
Bob O'Brien, Young Blood: the Story of the Family Murders, 2002

External links
 The "Family" Murders

1945 births
21st-century LGBT people
Australian murderers of children
Australian people convicted of murder
Australian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Crime in Oceania
LGBT people from Australia
Living people
People convicted of child pornography offenses
People convicted of murder by South Australia
People from Adelaide
Place of birth missing (living people)
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by South

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title: Nikolai Bulganin

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<mask> (;  – 24 February 1975) was a Soviet politician who served as Minister of Defense (1953–1955) and Premier of the Soviet Union (1955–1958) under Nikita Khrushchev, following service in the Red Army and as defence minister under Joseph Stalin. Early career
<mask>, born in 1895 in Nizhny Novgorod as the son of an office worker, was of Russian ethnicity. He joined the  Bolshevik Party in March 1917 and was recruited in 1918 into the Cheka, the Bolshevik regime's political police, where he served until 1922. During the summer of 1918 he worked with Lazar Kaganovich, the local communist leader, in imposing the Red Terror in Nizhny Novgorod. He worked with Kaganovich again in Turkestan in 1920. After the Russian Civil War of 1917-1923, he became an industrial manager and worked in the electricity administration until 1927. He was director of the Moscow electricity supply in 1927–1931.From 1931 to 1937 Bulganin served as Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Moscow City Soviet (i.e. as "Mayor" of Moscow'), coming into office soon after Kaganovich had been put in charge of the Moscow party organisation. In 1934 the 17th Congress of the Communist Party elected Bulganin as a candidate member of the  Central Committee. A loyal Stalinist, he was promoted rapidly as other leaders fell victim to Joseph Stalin's Great Purge of 1937–38. In July 1937 he was appointed Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Prime Minister) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) after the arrest of the previous incumbent, Daniil Sulimov. He became a full member of the  Central Committee later that year. In September 1938 he became Deputy Prime Minister of

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title: Nikolai Bulganin

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 the Soviet Union and head of the State Bank of the USSR (Gosbank).World War II
During World War II, <mask> played a leading role in the government and Red Army, although he was never a front-line commander. His first posting was as chief political commissar on the Western Front, which was commanded by Marshal Timoshenko. He held similar posts until July 1944, when he was appointed the Soviet representative on the Polish Committee of National Liberation. On 18 November 1944, he was given the rank of General, and three days later he replaced Marshal Voroshilov on the State Defence Committee. He was also appointed USSR Deputy Minister for Defence, the Minister being Joseph Stalin. In March 1946, <mask> became a candidate member of the 18th Politburo of the Communist Party. Later in March 1947, he succeeded Stalin as Minister for the Armed Forces, and was again Deputy Prime Minister of the Soviet Union, under Stalin, from 1947 to 1950.In November 1947, he was promoted to the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union. By February 1948, he became a full member of the 18th Politburo. Personality
<mask> reached the highest rank in the Red Army, despite only having served as political officer. His role was to ensure that none of the genuine wartime commanders, particularly Marshal Zhukov, became powerful enough to threaten Stalin. Pavel Sudoplatov, who participated in conferences in the Kremlin with Bulganin wrote contemptuously about how he failed to understand elementary military concepts. He added:

In March 1949, <mask> was replaced as Minister for Defence by a career soldier, Aleksandr Vasilevsky, after which he was responsible for the arms industry. Conversely, a 1955

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title: Nikolai Bulganin

texts:
 report from the US Central Intelligence Agency suggests that <mask>'s tenure at the State Bank demonstrated high intelligence and his ability to learn quickly:

Premiership

After Stalin's death in March 1953, <mask> moved into sixth place in the Soviet leadership, when he was reappointed to the post of Defense Minister, but with Marshal Zhukov as his deputy.He was an ally of Nikita Khrushchev during his power struggle with Georgy Malenkov, and in February 1955 he succeeded Malenkov as Premier of the Soviet Union. He was generally seen as a supporter of Khrushchev's reforms and destalinisation. In July 1955, he attended the Geneva Summit, with U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, French Prime Minister Edgar Faure, and British Prime Minister Anthony Eden. He and Khrushchev travelled together to India, Yugoslavia and in April 1956 to Britain, where they were known in the press as "the B and K show" or "Bulge and Crush". In his memoirs, however, Khrushchev recounted that he believed that he "couldn't rely on [Bulganin] fully." During the Suez Crisis of October–November 1956, Bulganin sent letters to the governments of the United Kingdom, France, and Israel threatening rocket attacks on London, Paris, and Tel Aviv if they did not withdraw their forces from Egypt. In a letter to Israeli prime minister David Ben-Gurion, Bulganin wrote, "Israel is playing with the fate of peace, with the fate of its own people, in a criminal and irresponsible manner; [...] which will place a question [mark] upon the very existence of Israel as a State."Khrushchev, in his memoirs, admitted the threat was designed simply to divide Western opinion, especially since at the time he did not

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 have enough ICBMs to launch the rockets, and in any case he had no intention of going to war in 1956. By 1957, however, <mask> had come to share the doubts held about Khrushchev's policies by the opposition group (which Khrushchev and his supporters labelled the "Anti-Party Group") led by Vyacheslav Molotov. In June, when the dissenters tried to remove Khrushchev from power at a meeting of the Politburo, Bulganin vacillated between the two camps. When the dissenters were defeated and removed from power, <mask> held on to his position for a while, but in March 1958, at a session of the Supreme Soviet, Khrushchev forced his resignation. <mask> was appointed Chairman of the Soviet State Bank, a job he had held two decades before, but in August was dispatched to Stavropol as Chairman of the Regional Economic Council, a token position, and on 12 November he was expelled from the Presidium (Politburo) of the Central Committee. In September he was removed from the Central Committee and deprived of the title of Marshal, and in February 1960 he was retired on a pension. Personal life
His wife was Elena Mikhailovna Korovina, an English teacher from a Moscow school.The couple had two children: son Leo and daughter Vera. Vera married the son of Admiral

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title: Wally Hardinge

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<mask> (25 February 1886 – 8 May 1965), known as <mask>, was an English professional sportsman who played both cricket and association football for England. His professional cricket career lasted from 1902 to 1933 during which he played first-class cricket for Kent County Cricket Club and made one Test match appearance for England. He was described as being "for years ... one of the leading opening batsmen in England". He played football at the top domestic level between 1905 and 1921 for Newcastle United, Sheffield United and Arsenal and also made a single international appearance for England in that sport. He briefly managed Tottenham Hotspur after he retired as a sportsman. Early life
<mask> was born in 1886 at Greenwich in Kent. He was the son of William and <mask>, his father being a seaman.Cricket career
In a first-class cricket career lasting 32 years from the age of 16, Hardinge scored 33,519 runs and made 75 centuries. He was coached by Captain William McCanlis at Kent's Tonbridge Nursery from the age of 13 and made his debut for the County in August 1902 against Lancashire at Tonbridge at the age of 16. He was the youngest player to make their first-class debut for Kent until 2006 and is still the second youngest debutant for the county. He became a regular in the side in 1907 when he was capped by the County. He played in the four Kent County Championship winning sides of the period between 1906 and 1913 and was named as one of Wisden's five Cricketers of the Year in 1915. Hardinge was considered a "reliable opening batsman" who became "one of the mainstays of the Kent eleven" by 1911. He passed 1,000 runs for a season 18 times and scored more than 2,000 runs five times, his best season being 1928 when, at 42 years of age, he scored

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title: Wally Hardinge

texts: 2,446 runs at an average of just under 60 runs per innings.He scored centuries in four consecutive innings in 1913 and four times scored centuries in both innings of a match. In 1921, he became only the third cricketer, after C. B. Fry and Warwick Armstrong, to score a double-century and a century in the same match. His one appearance in Test cricket came against Armstrong's touring Australian side in 1921 at Headingley in a match where Jack Hobbs had to withdraw on the opening day because of appendicitis. Hardinge scored 25 and 5 and was not picked again, although he did play twice in war-time matches for an England side against the Dominions in 1918. He was refused leave of absence to tour Australia in 1928–29 by his employer and had been unable to tour with England whilst he was playing professional football. As of 2017 his runs total puts him 46th on the all-time list of runs scored in first-class cricket. He is Kent's second leading run scorer after his contemporary Frank Woolley and second, also to Woolley, in the County's all time appearances list with 606, including a run of 101 consecutive County Championship appearances between 1924 and 1928.His 1928 run aggregate is the third highest in Kent's history and his highest score of 263 not out remains the ninth highest in the County's first-class history. In his early career <mask> was considered a more promising bowler than batsman. He bowled slow left arm spinners well enough to take 371 career wickets in a Kent side which featured great spin bowlers such as Colin Blythe and Tich Freeman as well as Woolley and Bill Fairservice. He took six wickets for nine runs on a turning pitch at the Nevill Ground in Tunbridge Wells in 1929 and had a career best return of 7/64 against the Marylebone


title: Wally Hardinge

texts:
 Cricket Club at Lord's in 1932. He was described by Wisden as one of the "finest outfields in the world". As well as playing for Kent, Hardinge played in six Gentlemen v Players matches, scoring 127 at The Oval in 1921 for the Players. He made first-class appearances for a number of other teams, including the Royal Air Force, and made his final first-class appearance for Kent in 1933 aged 47.Football career
As a footballer, Hardinge played as an inside forward during the cricket off-season. He played for amateur clubs Eltham, Tonbridge and Maidstone United in Kent before signing for Newcastle United in 1905. After two and a half years there, mainly as a reserve, he moved to Sheffield United in 1907 for a fee of £350. There he flourished, playing 152 games in six seasons and scoring 46 goals, becoming one of the trickiest inside forwards in the game. Whilst at Bramall Lane he won one England cap in 1910 against Scotland at Hampden Park in the 1909–10 British Home Championship. In the summer of 1913 <mask> returned to the south, signing for Woolwich Arsenal (who had just moved into their new Highbury ground, and would drop the "Woolwich" from their name a year later), and played there either side of World War I. He made 70 wartime appearances for the team whilst serving as a mechanic during the war and played for an England side against Scotland in an RAF International match in 1919.He retired as a professional footballer in 1921, having played 55 times and scored 14 goals for the Gunners' first team. Military service
Hardinge served as a Special Constable and in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force as a mechanic in World War I. He joined the Royal Naval Armoured Car Division in 1915 before transferring to the Royal Naval Air Service as an air


title: Anatoly Sukhorukov

texts:
<mask> (, 29 November 1935 – 10 April 2014) was a Soviet and Russian physicist who made fundamental contributions to the development of the theory of waves and nonlinear interactions in optics, radiophysics, and acoustics. Biography
Graduated with honours from the Chair of Physics of Oscillations, MSU Faculty of Physics in 1961. He returned to this department in 1963 to do a PhD course after working for three years as a junior researcher at the Institute of computer control. In 1967 he defended a PhD thesis on the topic "Diffracting beams in nonlinear media" under the supervision of academician R. V. Khokhlov. In 1974 he has passed habilitation and received a doctoral degree in physical and mathematical sciences. The topic of his Doktor nauk work was "Wave beams and pulses in nonlinear media". In 1977 he received a professor title at the Chair of General Physics and Wave Processes.Since 1966, he had worked at the Faculty of Physics – first as a senior engineer, then assistant, senior lecturer, associate professor, and full professor (from 1976). In 1984–1989 he served as a head of Division of Radiophysics and Electronics. In 1989–1992 he worked as a dean of the Faculty of Physics. From 1988 till 2014 he was a head of the Chair of Photonics and Microwave Physics (previous department name until 2008 – Department of Radiophysics). Scientific achievements

<mask>. P<mask> has made fundamental contributions to the development of the theory of waves and nonlinear interactions in optics, radiophysics, and acoustics. Among his many achievements, the results discussed here were most valued by the scientist, as being most important and influential for the subsequent development of corresponding research fields.His scientific interests lied mainly in the area to nonlinear optics. He was one of the founders of modern theoretical nonlinear optics. He obtained, in particular, a number of pioneering results on self-focusing and parametric interactions, which were later confirmed in experiments. In a series of works on

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title: Anatoly Sukhorukov

texts: self-focusing (since 1966) he has developed for the first time the aberration-free theory of wave self-action, found exact solutions for ray patterns accounting for nonlinear aberrations, and numerically investigated different regimes of spatial resonant self-focusing. Many of his theoretical predictions have been confirmed in experiments: aberrational structures due to wave self-focusing in nematics, limited lifetime of spatial solitons in media with relaxation-type nonlinearity, dynamics of thermal defocusing in the presence of forced and free convection, self-deflection of beams in nonlinear moving media, laser-induced transparency of a cloudy medium and an ozone layer, adaptive compensation of beam distortions in nonlinear media. <mask> <mask> has derived the general paraxial equation describing beam diffraction in anisotropic crystals, and originated the paraxial theory for three-wave interactions of beams and pulses under the presence of phase- and group-velocity mismatches, diffraction, and group velocity dispersion. He has developed a spatio-temporal analogy between optical beams and pulses, and predicted the effect of diffraction-dispersion incoherence for modulated waves, which limits the efficiency of frequency conversion and results in parametric mutual focusing in quadratic media.He has also predicted the phenomenon of anomalous diffraction in the parametric amplifier, and determined the optimal conditions for high-efficiency generation of the second and third harmonics in focused laser beams. He has first investigated the possibility of total energy conversion in the process of double phase-matched interaction between three frequency harmonics. He has developed the theory of up- and down parametric frequency conversion under the presence of group velocity mismatch, described the formation of three-frequency optical dissipative solitons, parametric pi – pulses, a giant parametric pulse (confirmed experimentally), calculated the modes of the parametrical amplifier with a pulsed pump, developed

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title: Anatoly Sukhorukov

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 the theory of stimulated Raman scattering taking into account the relaxation time and group velocity mismatch, found the quasi-phase-matching conditions for slow and fast modes in 3D photonic crystals. He has predicted the existence of a new class of localized structures – parametric three-frequency solitons in media with quadratic nonlinearity (results published in 1974, confirmed experimentally in 1995), also discovered a new type of wave self-focusing, namely, mutual – focusing of just three beams at different frequencies in quadratic media. He has investigated the walk-off effect on quadratic solitons, analyzed dynamics of spatial soliton trapping and interactions in bulk media, in cavities (based on the full round-trip model), in gratings (model for counter-propagating waves); proposed parametric soliton model based on the analogy with coupling of three quasi-particles; considered the tunneling of slow parametric solitons through a bounded grating. He has analyzed the quasi-phase-matched hybrid interactions in periodically polled crystals (layer model), asymmetric modes of parametric solitons, properties of ultra-narrow quadratic solitons, propagation of ultra-short optical pulses inducing plasma generation, and parametric interactions of two non-axial vortices, methods of spatio-temporal vortices generation and recording, all-optical switching with parametric refraction and reflection. He developed the theory of dispersion managed interactions of few-cycle pulses in quadratically nonlinear layered media.He has investigated the nonlinear refraction, total internal reflection and scattering of optical beams and pulses in defocusing media with Kerr, cascaded quadratic, photorefractive, and thermal nonlinearities. Educational activities

A. P<mask> devoted much efforts to educate students. He was one of the leading lecturers at the Faculty of Physics. He has developed and taught for over 40 years a one-year course on "Theory of waves". He has co-authored a textbook on the course subject, now in its 2nd


title: Anatoly Sukhorukov

texts:
 ed., which became a reference book for students and researchers. Scientific school created by A. P<mask> on the topic of "Physics of wave interactions in inhomogeneous and nonlinear media" is building on traditions established at Lomonosov Moscow State University by academician R. V. Khokhlov. A. P<mask> has supervised more than 80 graduate students as the Faculty of Physics, 36 PhD students, and 8 habilitation works.Together with colleagues and students, he has successfully carried out multiple scientific projects. He has organized annual Russian schools-seminars on wave phenomena for students and young scientists during 1995–2014. Publications
A. P<mask> has published more than 400 scientific papers and several books, including two monographs:

and two textbooks:

Awards and prizes

 Commemorative badge "225 years of MSU" (1980)
 USSR State Prize in science and technology (1984), A series of works on "Highly efficient nonlinear frequency conversion in crystals and the development of tuneable sources of coherent radiation" (1963—1982)
 Lenin Prize in science and technology (1988), Discovery and investigation of the self-focusing effects of wave beams
 Medal "Veteran of Labour" (1988)
 Distinguished scientist of Russian Federation (1996)
 Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow" (1997)
 Distinguished professor of Lomonosov Moscow State University (2003)
 Commemorative badge "250 years of MSU" (2004)
 M. V. Lomonosov Prize by Lomonosov Moscow State University for scientific research of II degree (2006), – for a series of works on "Nonlinear wave phenomena in layered structures, media with spatial and temporal dispersion, and their applications in photonics"
 Order of Friendship (2013),  Achievements in education and productive work over many years

Footnotes

Soviet physicists
20th-century Russian physicists
Optical physicists
Theoretical physicists
Moscow State University alumni
Moscow State University faculty
Lenin Prize winners
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
1935 births
2014

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