title: George Henry Corliss

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 arranging the exposition, he worked with his usual indefatigable energy and it was his suggestion that the Centennial Board of Finance be organized, a body which had no little to do with the insurance of the financial success of the exhibition. It was also in his own department as engineer that <mask> contributed largely to the success of the great fair, and it was he that supplied, after the plans of all other competitors proved inadequate, the great fourteen hundred horsepower engine which supplied the power used in Machinery Hall. This engine, unequaled in size at that time, was installed by <mask> at a cost of one hundred thousand dollars to himself and without additional expenditure to the exposition. The great engine was afterwards used to operate the Pullman Car Works at Chicago until 1910, when it was sold for scrap. Late career and legacy

<mask> was also active within the community. He was elected three consecutive times to the Rhode Island General Assembly as the Representative from North Providence, his term of service including the three years 1868-69-70. In 1876 he was chosen presidential elector, casting his vote for President Hayes.In the matter of his religious belief he was a Congregationalist. He attended Central Congregational Church in Providence until he joined the Charles Street Church at its founding in 1865. He was keenly interested in the cause of religion and gave liberally both to his own and to other churches. Corliss' 1849 patent expired in 1870 after it was extended by U.S. Patent reissue 200 on May 13, 1851 and U.S. Patent reissues 758 and 763 on July 12, 1859. After 1870, numerous other companies began to manufacture Corliss engines. Among them, the William A. Harris Steam Engine Company, the Worthington Pump and Machinery Company, and the E.P. Allis Company, which eventually became Allis-Chalmers.In general, these machines were referred to as "Corliss" engines

masks: Corliss Corliss Corliss


title: George Henry Corliss

type: original

texts:
 regardless of who made them. The "Corliss-type" engine became particularly popular in Europe. Amusingly, <mask> received the Grand Diploma of Honor by the Vienna Exposition at Vienna in 1873, although he was not even an exhibitor. Another honor, perhaps the greatest of all was given to him by the Institute of France by public proclamation, March 10, 1879, of the Montyon prize for the year 1878, the most coveted prize for mechanical achievement awarded in Europe. He received this honor by a peculiar coincidence, on the thirtieth anniversary of the granting of his first patent. In 1886, the King of Belgium made <mask> an officer in the Order of Leopold. Despite the competition, <mask> would continue to remain active within his company, directing changes to his basic design as market or customer needs dictated.<mask> died on February 21, 1888 at the age of 70. He is buried at Swan Point Cemetery in Providence, with his second wife Emily. The Corliss Steam Engine Company was purchased by the International Power Company in 1900. In 1905 it was purchased by the American and British Manufacturing Company. In 1925 the company merged into Franklin Machine Company. The house he built in 1875 on the east side of Providence, is now known as the Corliss-Brackett House and is part of Brown University. Corliss Street in Providence, located near the former site of the Corliss factory, is also named in his honor, as is Corliss High School in Chicago, Illinois.<mask> was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2006. See also

Corliss-Brackett House

References

External links

 The Corliss engine at the New England Wireless and Steam Museum
 Corliss Steam Engine Info
 1918 Biographical Sketch

1817 births
1888 deaths
American Civil War industrialists
American steam engine engineers
People from Easton, New York
Burials at Swan Point Cemetery
19th-century American inventors
Engineers from New York

masks: Corliss Corliss Corliss Corliss Corliss


title: Nella Larsen

texts:
<mask> "<mask><mask> (born Nellie Walker; April 13, 1891 – March 30, 1964) was an American novelist. Working as a nurse and a librarian, she published two novels, Quicksand (1928) and Passing (1929), and a few short stories. Though her literary output was scant, she earned recognition by her contemporaries. A revival of interest in her writing has occurred since the late 20th century, when issues of racial and sexual identity have been studied. Her works have been the subjects of numerous academic studies, and she is now widely lauded as "not only the premier novelist of the Harlem Renaissance, but also an important figure in American modernism." Early life
<mask> was born Nellie Walker, in a poor district of south Chicago known as the Levee, on April 13, 1891. Her mother was Pederline Marie Hansen, a Danish immigrant, born 1868 in Brahetrolleborg parish on the island of Fyn (Funen).Her mother, who went by <mask> (sometimes misspelled Larson) in the U.S., worked as a seamstress and domestic worker in Chicago. She would die in 1951 in Santa Monica, Los Angeles County. Her father was Peter Walker, believed to be a mixed-race Afro-Caribbean immigrant from the Danish West Indies. He was probably a descendant on his paternal side of Henry or George Walker, white men from Albany, New York who were known to have settled in the Danish West Indies in about 1840. In that Danish colonial society, racial lines were more fluid than in the former slave states of the United States. Walker may never have identified as "Negro." He soon disappeared from the lives of Nella and her mother; she said he had died when she was very young.At this time, Chicago

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title: Nella Larsen

texts:
 was filled with immigrants, but the Great Migration of blacks from the South had not begun. Near the end of Walker's childhood, the black population of the city was 1.3% in 1890 and 2% in 1910. Marie married again, to <mask> aka Peter Larson (b. 1867), a fellow Danish immigrant. In 1892 the couple had a daughter Anna Elizabeth aka Lizzie (married name Gardner) together. Nellie took her stepfather's surname, sometimes using versions spelled Nellye Larson and Nellie <mask>, before settling finally on <mask> <mask>. The mixed family moved west to a mostly white neighborhood of German and Scandinavian immigrants, but encountered discrimination because of Nella.When Nella was eight, they moved a few blocks back east. The American author and critic Darryl Pinckney wrote of her anomalous situation:
as a member of a white immigrant family, she [<mask>] had no entrée into the world of the blues or of the black church. If she could never be white like her mother and sister, neither could she ever be black in quite the same way that Langston Hughes and his characters were black. Hers was a netherworld, unrecognizable historically and too painful to dredge up. From 1895 to 1898 <mask> visited Denmark with her mother and her half-sister. While she was unusual in Denmark because of being of mixed race, she had some good memories from that time, including playing Danish children’s games, which she later wrote about in English. After returning to Chicago in 1898, she attended a large public school.At the same time as the migration of Southern blacks increased to the city, so had European immigration. Racial segregation and tensions had increased in the

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 immigrant neighborhoods, where both groups competed for jobs and housing. Her mother believed that education could give <mask> an opportunity and supported her in attending Fisk University, a historically black university in Nashville, Tennessee. A student there in 1907-08, for the first time <mask> was living within an African-American community, but she was still separated by her own background and life experiences from most of the students, who were primarily from the South, with most descended from former slaves. Biographer George B. Hutchinson found that <mask> was expelled for some violation of Fisk's strict dress or conduct codes for women. <mask> went on her own to Denmark, where she lived for a total of three years between 1909 and 1912. After returning to the United States, she continued to struggle to find a place where she could belong.Nursing career
In 1914, <mask> enrolled in the nursing school at New York City's Lincoln Hospital and Nursing Home. The institution was founded in the 19th century in Manhattan as a nursing home to serve black people, but the hospital elements had grown in importance. The total operation had been relocated to a newly constructed campus in the South Bronx. At the time, the hospital patients were primarily white; the nursing home patients were primarily black; the doctors were white males; and the nurses and nursing students were black females. As Pinckney writes: "No matter what situation <mask> found herself in, racial irony of one kind or another invariably wrapped itself around her." Upon graduating in 1915, <mask> went South to work at the Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama, where she

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title: Nella Larsen

texts:
 soon became head nurse at its hospital and training school. While at Tuskegee, she was introduced to Booker T. Washington's model of education and became disillusioned with it.As it was combined with poor working conditions for nurses at Tuskegee, <mask> decided to leave after a year or so. She returned to New York in 1916, where she worked for two years as a nurse at Lincoln Hospital. After earning the second-highest score on a civil service exam, <mask> was hired by the city Bureau of Public Health as a nurse. She worked for them in the Bronx through the 1918 flu pandemic, in "mostly white neighborhoods" and with white colleagues. Afterwards she continued with the city as a nurse. Marriage and family
In 1919, <mask> married Elmer Imes, a prominent physicist; he was the second African American to earn a PhD in physics. After her marriage, she sometimes used the name <mask> <mask> in her writing.A year after her marriage, she published her first short stories. The couple moved to Harlem in the 1920s, where their marriage and life together had contradictions of class. As Pinckney writes:

By virtue of her marriage, she was a member of Harlem's black professional class, many of them people of color with partially European ancestry. She and her husband knew the NAACP leadership: W.E.B. Du Bois, Walter White, James Weldon Johnson. However, because of her low birth and mixed parentage, and because she did not have a college degree, <mask> was alienated from the black middle class, whose members emphasized college and family ties, and black fraternities and sororities. Her mixed racial ancestry was not itself unusual in the black middle

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title: Nella Larsen

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 class.But many of these individuals, such as Langston Hughes, had more distant European ancestors. He and others formed an elite of mixed race or people of color, some of whom had ancestors who had been free people of color well before the American Civil War. This had given many families an advantage in establishing themselves and gaining educations in the North. In the 1920s, most African Americans in Harlem were exploring and emphasizing their black heritage. Imes's scientific studies and achievement placed him in a different class than <mask>. The Imes couple had difficulties by the late 1920s, when he had an affair with a white woman at Fisk University, where he was a professor. Imes and <mask> would divorce in 1933.Librarian and literary career

In 1921 <mask> worked nights and weekends as a volunteer with librarian Ernestine Rose, to help prepare for the first exhibit of "Negro art" at the New York Public Library (NYPL). Encouraged by Rose, she became the first black woman to graduate from the NYPL Library School. It was run by Columbia University and opened the way for integration of library staff. <mask> passed her certification exam in 1923. She worked her first year as a librarian at the Seward Park Branch on the Lower East Side, which was predominantly Jewish. There she had strong support from her white supervisor Alice Keats O'Connor, as she had from Rose. They, and another branch supervisor where she worked, supported <mask> and helped integrate the staff of the branches.<mask> transferred to the Harlem branch, as she was interested in the cultural excitement in the African-American neighborhood, a destination for migrants

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title: Nella Larsen

texts: from across the country. In October 1925, <mask> took a sabbatical from her job for health reasons and began to write her first novel. In 1926, having made friends with important figures in the Negro Awakening (which became known as the Harlem Renaissance), <mask> gave up her work as a librarian. She became a writer active in Harlem's interracial literary and arts community, where she became friends with Carl Van Vechten, a white photographer and writer. In 1928, <mask> published Quicksand, a largely autobiographical novel. It received significant critical acclaim, if not great financial success. In 1929, she published Passing, her second novel, which was also critically successful.It dealt with issues of two mixed-race African-American women who were childhood friends and had taken different paths of racial identification and marriage. One identified as black and married a black doctor; the other passed as white and married a white man, without revealing her African ancestry. The book explored their experiences of coming together again as adults. In 1930, <mask> published "Sanctuary", a short story for which she was accused of plagiarism. "Sanctuary" was said to resemble the British writer Sheila Kaye-Smith's short story, "Mrs. Adis", first published in the United Kingdom in 1919. Kaye-Smith wrote on rural themes, and was very popular in the US. Some critics thought the basic plot of "Sanctuary," and some of the descriptions and dialogue, were virtually identical to Kaye-Smith's work.The scholar H. Pearce has disputed this assessment, writing that, compared to Kaye-Smith's tale, "Sanctuary" is ' ... longer, better written and more

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title: Nella Larsen

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 explicitly political, specifically around issues of race - rather than class as in "Mrs Adis"." Pearce thinks that <mask> reworked and updated the tale into a modern American black context. Pearce also notes that in Kaye-Smith's 1956 book, All the Books of My Life, the author said she had based "Mrs Adis" on a 17th-century story by St Francis de Sales, Catholic bishop of Geneva. It is unknown whether she knew of the <mask> controversy in the United States. <mask> herself said the story came to her as "almost folk-lore," recounted to her by a patient when she was a nurse. No plagiarism charges were proved. <mask> received a Guggenheim Fellowship even in the aftermath of the controversy, worth roughly $2,500 at the time, and was the first African-American woman to do so.She used it to travel to Europe for several years, spending time in Mallorca and Paris, where she worked on a novel about a love triangle in which all the protagonists were white. She never published the book or any other works. Later life

<mask> returned to New York in 1937, when her divorce had been completed. She was given a generous alimony in the divorce, which gave her the financial security she needed until Imes's death in 1941. Struggling with depression, <mask> stopped writing. After her ex-husband's death, <mask> returned to nursing and became an administrator. She disappeared from literary circles.She lived on the Lower East Side and did not venture to Harlem. Many of her old acquaintances speculated that she, like some of the characters in her fiction, had crossed the color line to "pass" into the white community. Biographer George Hutchinson has demonstrated


title: Nella Larsen

texts: in his 2006 work that she remained in New York, working as a nurse. Some literary scholars have engaged in speculation and interpretation of <mask>'s decision to return to nursing, viewing her decision to take time off from writing as "an act of self-burial, or a "retreat" motivated by a lack of courage and dedication.". What they overlooked is that during that time period, it was difficult for a woman of color to find a stable job that would also provide financial stability. For <mask>, nursing was a "labor market that welcomed an African American as a domestic servant". Nursing had been something that came naturally to <mask> as it was "one respectable option for support during the process of learning about the work."During her work as a nurse, <mask> was noticed by Adah Thoms, an African-American nurse who co-founded the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses. Thoms had seen potential in <mask>'s nursing career and helped strengthen <mask>'s  skills. Once <mask> graduated in 1915, it was Adah Thoms who had made arrangements for <mask> to work at Tuskegee Institute's John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital. <mask> draws from her medical background in Passing to create the character of Brian, a doctor and husband of the main character. <mask> describes Brian as being ambivalent about his work in the medical field. Brian's character may also be partially modeled on <mask>'s husband Elmer Imes, a physicist. After Imes divorced <mask>, he was closely associated with Ethel Gilbert, Fisk Director of public relations and manager of the Fisk Jubilee Singers, although it is unclear if the two married.<mask> died in her Brooklyn apartment in

masks: Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen


title: Nella Larsen

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 1964, at the age of 72. Legacy
In 2018, the New York Times published a belated obituary for her. <mask> <mask> was an acclaimed novelist, who wrote stories in the midst on the Harlem Renaissance. <mask> is most known for her two novels, Passing and Quicksand; these two pieces of work got much recognition with positive reviews. Many believed that <mask> was a rising star as an African American novelist, until she soon after left Harlem, her fame, and writing behind. <mask> is often compared to other authors who also wrote about cultural and racial conflict such as Claude Mckay and Jean Toomer. <mask> <mask>’s works are viewed as strong pieces that well represent mixed-race individuals and the struggles with identity that some inevitably face.There have been some arguments that <mask>’s work did not well represent the “New Negro” movement because of the main characters in her novels being confused and struggling with their race. However, others argue that her work was a raw and important representation of how life was for many people, especially females, during the Harlem Renaissance. <mask>’s novel Passing was adapted as a 2021 film of the same name by Rebecca Hall. Works

1928: Quicksand

Helga Crane is a fictional character loosely based on <mask>'s experiences in her early life. Crane is the lovely and refined mixed-race daughter of a Danish white mother and a West Indian black father. Her father died soon after she was born. Unable to feel comfortable with her maternal European-American relatives, Crane lives in various places in the United States and visits Denmark, searching for people among whom she feels at home.As writer Amina

masks: Nella Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Nella Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen


title: Nella Larsen

texts: Gautier points out, "in a mere 135 pages, <mask> details five different geographical spaces and each space Helga Crane moves to or through alludes to a different stage in her emotional and psychological growth." <mask> <mask>'s early life is similar to Helga's in that she was distant from the African-American community, including her African-American family members. <mask> and Helga did not have father figures. Both of their mothers decided to marry a white man with the hope of having a higher social status. <mask> wanted to learn more about her background so she continued to go to school during the Harlem Renaissance. Even though <mask>'s early life parallels Helga's, in adulthood, their life choices end up being very different. <mask> <mask> pursued a career in nursing while Helga married a preacher and stayed in a very unhappy marriage.In her travels she encounters many of the communities which <mask> knew. For example, Crane teaches at Naxos, a Southern Negro boarding school (based on Tuskegee University), where she becomes dissatisfied with its philosophy. She criticizes a sermon by a white preacher, who advocates the segregation of blacks into separate schools and says their striving for social equality would lead blacks to become avaricious. Crane quits teaching and moves to Chicago. Her white maternal uncle, now married to a bigoted woman, shuns her. Crane moves to Harlem, New York, where she finds a refined but often hypocritical black middle class obsessed with the "race problem." Taking her uncle's legacy, Crane visits her maternal aunt in Copenhagen.There she is treated as an attractive racial exotic. Missing black people,

masks: Larsen Nella Larsen Larsen Larsen Larsen Nella Larsen Larsen


title: Nella Larsen

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 other Harlem Renaissance writers. For example, the New York Times reviewer found it "an articulate, sympathetic first novel" which demonstrated an understanding that "a novelist's business is primarily with individuals and not with classes." The novel also won <mask> a bronze prize (second place) for literature in 1928 from the William E. Harmon Foundation.1929: Passing
 <mask>'s novel Passing  begins with Irene receiving a mysterious letter from her childhood friend Clare, following their encounter at the Drayton Hotel, after twelve years with no communication. Irene and Clare lost contact with each other after the death of Clare's father Bob Kendry, when Clare was sent to live with her white aunts. Both Irene and Clare are of mixed African-European ancestry, with features that enable them to pass racially as "white" if they choose. Clare chose to pass into white society and married John Bellew, a white man described as a racist. Unlike Clare, Irene passes as white only on occasion, for her convenience in negotiating some segregated spaces. Irene identifies as a black woman, and married an African-American doctor named Brian; together they have two sons. After Irene and Clare reconnect, they become fascinated with the differences in their lives.One day Irene meets with Clare and Gertrude, another of their childhood African-American friends; during that meeting Mr. Bellew meets Irene and Gertrude. Bellew greets his wife with a racial comment as if he did not know she was half black. Irene becomes furious that Clare did not tell her husband about her full ancestry. Irene believes Clare has put herself in a dangerous situation by lying to

masks: Larsen Larsen


title: Nella Larsen

texts: a person who hates blacks. After meeting Clare's husband, Irene does not want anything more to do with Clare but still keeps in touch with her. Clare begins to join Irene and Brian for their events in Harlem, New York while her husband is traveling out of town. Because Irene has some jealousy of Clare, she begins to suspect her friend is having an affair with her husband Brian.The novel ends with John Bellew learning that Clare is mixed race. At a party in Harlem, she falls out of a window from a high floor of a multi-story building, to her death, under ambiguous circumstances. <mask> ends the novel without revealing if Clare committed suicide, if Irene or John pushed her, or if it was an accident. The novel was well received by the few critics who reviewed it. Writer and scholar W. E. B. Du Bois hailed it as the "one of the finest novels of the year." Some later critics described the novel as an example of the genre of the tragic mulatto, a common figure in early African-American literature after the American Civil War.In such works, it is usually a woman of mixed race who is portrayed as tragic, as she has difficulty marrying and finding a place to fit into society. Others suggest that this novel complicates that plot by playing with the duality of the figures of Irene and Clare, who are of similar mixed-race background but have taken different paths in life. The novel also suggests attraction between them and erotic undertones in the two women's relationship. Irene's husband is also portrayed as potentially bisexual, as if the characters are passing in their sexual as well as social identities. Some read the novel as one of


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 repression. Others argue that through its attention to the way "passing" unhinges ideas of race, class, and gender, the novel opens spaces for the creation of new, self-generated identities. Since the late 20th century, Passing has received renewed attention from scholars because of its close examination of racial and sexual ambiguities and liminal spaces.It has achieved canonical status in many American universities. Bibliography

Books
 Quicksand (1928)
 Passing (1929)

Short stories
 "Freedom" (1926)
 "The Wrong Man" (1926)
"Playtime: Three Scandinavian Games," The Brownies' Book, 1 (June 1920): 191–192. "Playtime: Danish Fun," The Brownies' Book, 1 (July 1920): 219. "Correspondence," Opportunity, 4 (September 1926): 295. "Review of Black Spade," Opportunity, 7 (January 1929): 24. "Sanctuary," Forum, 83 (January 1930): 15–18. "The Author's Explanation", Forum, Supplement 4, 83 (April 1930): 41–42.Notes

References
 Hutchinson, George (2006), In Search of <mask> <mask>: A Biography of the Color Line, Harvard University Press. Pearce, H. (2003), "Mrs Adis & Sanctuary", The Gleam: Journal of the Sheila Kaye-Smith Society, No. 16. Pinckney, Darryl, "Shadows", The Nation, July 17/24, 2006, pp. 26–30. Review: Hutchinson's In Search of <mask> <mask>: A Biography of the Color Line. Further reading

 Thadious M. Davis (1994), <mask> <mask>, Novelist of the Harlem Renaissance: A Woman's Life Unveiled.(Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press). George Hutchinson, In Search of <mask> <mask>: A Biography of the Color Line (Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006). Deborah E. McDowell,

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title: Nella Larsen

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 "Introduction" in Deborah E. McDowell (ed. ), Quicksand and Passing: <mask> <mask>, (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1986). ix-xxxv. Martha J. Cutter, "Sliding Significations: Passing as a Narrative and Textual Strategy in <mask> <mask>'s Fiction," in Elaine Ginsberg (ed. ), Passing and the Fictions of Identity, Duke University Press, 1996, pp.75–100. Nikki Hall, "Passing, Present, Future: The Intersectional Prescience of <mask> <mask>'s 1929 Classic," in B*tch magazine, (Re)Vision issue, Winter 2015. Sheila Kaye-Smith (1956), All the Books of My Life, London: Cassell, 1956. Charles R. Larson (1993), Invisible Darkness: Jean Toomer and <mask> <mask>. Bonnie Wertheim, "<mask> <mask>, 1891-1964," New York Times, March 8, 2018. External links

 Quicksand, Public domain audiobook, Librivox
 Quicksand, scanned original edition at Hathi Trust
Passing at the Internet Archive (scanned book original edition)
 "Nella <mask>", links, secondary bibliography, Washington State University

1891 births
1964 deaths
20th-century American novelists
African-American novelists
African-American women writers
African-American librarians
African-American nurses
American nurses
American women nurses
American people of Danish descent
American women novelists
American women short story writers
American librarians
American women librarians
Fisk University alumni
Harlem Renaissance
Writers from Brooklyn
Writers from Chicago
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American short story writers
Novelists from New York (state)
Novelists from Illinois
People involved in plagiarism controversies
20th-century African-American women
20th-century

masks: Nella Larsen Nella Larsen Nella Larsen Nella Larsen Nella Larsen Larsen


title: Dorothy Dunnett

texts:
<mask>, Lady <mask>  (née Halliday, 25 August 1923 – 9 November 2001) was a Scottish novelist best known for her historical fiction. <mask> is most famous for her six novel series set during the 16th century, which concern the fictitious adventurer Francis Crawford of Lymond. This was followed by the eight novel prequel series The House of Niccolò. Her other work include a novel concerning the historical Macbeth called King Hereafter (1982), and a series of mystery novels centered upon Johnson Johnson, a portrait painter and spy. Life and work
<mask> was educated at James Gillespie's High School for Girls in Edinburgh. She started her career as a press officer in the civil service, where she met her husband. A leading light in the Scottish arts world and a renaissance woman, she was a professional portrait painter and exhibited at the Royal Scottish Academy on many occasions.She had portraits commissioned by a number of prominent public figures in Scotland. She had a keen interest in opera, was a trustee of the National Library of Scotland, a board member of the Edinburgh International Book Festival, a trustee of the Scottish National War Memorial, and a non-executive director of Scottish Television. In 1992 she was awarded an OBE for her services to literature. Writing in The Times Literary Supplement, Alexander Fiske-Harrison reviewed her final novel in 2000, Gemini, and through that her entire oeuvre of historical fiction: "Although <mask>’s writing style is not the neutral prose of genre fiction and it can be opaque and hard to read, especially in the early works, at times, this works with the almost melodramatic content to produce a powerful, operatic mixture... It is neither as a literary novelist nor as a historian, but as a writer of historical fiction that <mask> deserves recognition... The publication of Gemini completes an ambitious literary circle." In 2001 she founded the Dorothy Dunnett Society to promote

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 interest in the historical periods about which she wrote and communication between her readers.<mask>'s archive was left to the National Library of Scotland and articles from it appear in Whispering Gallery, the magazine of the Dorothy Dunnett Society. <mask> was married in 1946 to Sir Alastair <mask>, editor of The Scotsman newspaper, and appears in his autobiography, Among Friends, 1984. By virtue of his knighthood in 1995, she became Lady <mask>. She died in Edinburgh, and was survived by her sons Ninian and Mungo <mask>. Historical fiction

Lymond Chronicles
The manuscript for the first book in the Lymond Chronicles, The Game of Kings, was rejected by five British publishers before being published by U.S. publisher Putnam in 1961. It was written in response to her husband's suggestion that she write something herself, when she complained of having run out of reading material. The Lymond Chronicles is a series of six novels, set in mid-sixteenth-century Europe and the Mediterranean, which follows the life and career of a Scottish nobleman, Francis Crawford of Lymond, from 1547 through 1558.Meticulously researched, the series takes place in a wide variety of locations, including France, the Ottoman Empire, Malta, England, Scotland and Russia. In addition to a compelling cast of original characters, the novels feature many historical figures, often in important roles. The House of Niccolò
The House of Niccolò is a series of eight historical novels set in the late-fifteenth-century European Renaissance. The protagonist of the series is Nicholas de Fleury (Niccolò, Nicholas van der Poele, or Claes), a talented boy of uncertain birth who rises to the heights of European merchant banking and international political intrigue. The series shares most of the locations in <mask>'s earlier series, the Lymond Chronicles, but it extends much further geographically to take in the important urban centres of Bruges, Venice, Florence,

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 Geneva, and the Hanseatic League; Burgundy, Flanders, and Poland; Iceland; the Iberian Peninsula and Madeira; the Black Sea cities of Trebizond and Caffa; Persia; the Mediterranean islands of Cyprus and Rhodes; Egypt and the Sinai Peninsula; and West Africa and the city of Timbuktu. Nicholas's progress is intertwined with such historical characters as Anselm Adornes, James III of Scotland and James II of Cyprus. As with the Lymond Chronicles, the series features a number of historical persons, many as important characters.Both the historical and fictional characters are, however, taken from a wider variety of occupations and social classes than in the Lymond Chronicles. There are significant differences in narrative approach and writing style between the series, reflecting in part the very different personal journey taken by the central character in each. King Hereafter
King Hereafter (1982), her long novel set in Orkney and Scotland in the years just before the invasion of England by William the Conqueror, was in <mask>'s eyes her masterpiece. It is about an Earl of Orkney uniting the people of Alba (Scotland) and becoming its king, and is based on the author's premise that the central character Thorfinn, Earl of Orkney and the historical Macbeth, Scottish King, were one and the same person (Thorfinn is his birth name and Macbeth his baptismal name). The Dorothy Dunnett Companion and Companion II
<mask> assisted in the compilation of The Dorothy Dunnett Companion (1994) and The Dorothy Dunnett Companion II (2002), which were written by Elspeth Morrison. These books provide background information to historical characters and events featured in the Lymond Chronicles and The House of Niccolò, as well as explanations of classical allusions and literary and other quotations used in the two series, notes to sources of these citations, and many maps. The second volume, which was written after the Niccolò series was

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 completed,contains a bibliography of many of the hundreds of primary and secondary sources <mask> used in her historical research.<mask> contributed more to the second volume than the first and wrote many of the entries. The Johnson Johnson series

This series of mystery thrillers was written over a long period, starting when she was writing the Lymond Chronicles. The final entry was published prior to the first House of Niccolò book. Other works

"The Proving Climb"
A contemporary short story, "The Proving Climb", set on the Scottish Isle of St. Kilda, was published in the 1973 anthology Scottish Short Stories (Scottish Arts Council, published by Collins, ). It was republished by the Dorothy Dunnett Society and distributed to its members in 2008 with issue 100 of Whispering Gallery. The Lymond Poetry
The Lymond Poetry, contains her versions and translations of some of the poems that appeared in The Lymond Chronicles. This was finalised after her death by Elspeth Morrison and edited by Richenda Todd ( published in 2003 by Penguin).The Scottish Highlands
In collaboration with her husband, Alastair <mask>, she wrote the text for the photography book The Scottish Highlands (Photographs: David Patterson), published in 1988. Adaptations
In December 2016, it was announced that the rights to the Lymond Chronicles had been obtained by Mammoth Screen with a view to making a TV series. Additional information

Dorothy Dunnett Society
<mask> founded the Dorothy Dunnett Society. Membership of this registered charity is open to all Dunnett readers, and aims to promote interest in the periods of history about which <mask> wrote, to preserve her writings, and to promote appreciation of the literary merit of her works. It also encourages discussion and meetings between readers. Prior to 1 September 2011, the Society was known as the Dorothy Dunnett Readers' Association. Memorial
On 22 April 2006, a memorial stone to <mask> was laid by her

masks:
Dunnett
Dunnett
Dunnett
Dorothy Dunnett
Dunnett
Lady Dunnett


title: Dorothy Dunnett

texts:
 grandchildren, Hal and <mask>, alongside those for Robert Louis Stevenson, Robert Burns and Sir Walter Scott in the Makars' Court in Lady Stair's Close on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh.The Lord Provost of Edinburgh was in attendance, and gave a speech, as did the Edinburgh Makar (Valerie Gillies), and the Ross Herald (Charles Burnett). The initiative to lay the stone, and the main funding for it, came from the members of the Dorothy Dunnett Society. The Stone contains <mask>'s name, her coat of arms, and a brief quote from one of her books "Where are the links of the chain ... joining us to the past". Edinburgh home
<mask>'s long-term home at 87 Colinton Road, Edinburgh was at an Edwardian era semi-detached villa in the Merchiston area, designed by Edward Calvert. Gatherings
<mask> readers are devoted and active, and have held gatherings in Edinburgh in 1990, 1994, and in 2000 with over 300 people in attendance. Similar events were held in Boston, and in Philadelphia in 2000. Since her death smaller international gatherings of between 50 and 115 people have been held in Dublin (November 2001), New Orleans (November 2003), Malta (October 2005), Saddell in South West Scotland (April 2007), Orkney (September 2007), and Paris (2010).A gathering, 'The Dunnett Siege of Constantinople', took place in Istanbul in September 2012. Places visited by the 115 Siegers focused on Pawn in Frankincense and also on John Grant in the Niccolὸ series, in which historical character John Grant had taken part in the 1453 Siege of Constantinople, this was followed by the 'Dunnett Carnival of Venice' in Venice in 2016 focusing primarily on the 'House of Niccolò'. There are several meetings of readers in the UK each year, in locations such as Oxford, Bath, London, York, Warwick, Harrogate and Stamford. Also the formal Annual General Meeting (AGM) of the Dorothy Dunnett Society is held each spring in Edinburgh as part of its Dorothy Dunnett Weekend.

masks:
Bella Dunnett
Dorothy Dunnett
Dunnett
Dorothy Dunnett


title: Dorothy Dunnett

texts:
 Occasional meetings are held in Australia and Canada, as well, with one SworDDplay held in Vancouver in April 2006 and another in Alexandria, Virginia in the United States in March 2008 and the Dunnett Confluence of Pittsburgh took place in Pennsylvania in October 2013. Smaller meetings also occur locally in several other countries, such as Germany (notably the annual meeting in Darmstadt) and Italy. Readers also get together more informally to go on holiday to various Dunnett locations.In 2007 some readers visited Timbuktu and others Venice. International Dorothy Dunnett Day (IDDD)
In 2011, the first International Dorothy Dunnett Day was announced by the Dorothy Dunnett Society to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the publication of The Game of Kings. It was held on Saturday 15 October 2011, with readers gathering in locations around the world at 13:00 (1pm) local time to toast the author. Meetings were held in Edinburgh, London, Vancouver, San Francisco, the Costa Del Sol, Boston, and other locations. The second IDDD  was held on Saturday 10 November 2012, to commemorate the 11th anniversary of the death of <mask> on 9 November 2001. The last pre-COVID-19 event was held on 9 November 2019. References

External links
 Random House - Dorothy Dunnett
 Dorothy Dunnett Society
 Bill Marshall's Dunnett Site
 New York Times obituary
 <mask> - A Personal Perspective
 Obituary by Guy Gavriel Kay
 Desert Island Discs radio programme from 1982

1923 births
2001 deaths
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People associated with Edinburgh
Scottish historical novelists
Scottish women novelists
Writers of historical fiction set in the early modern period
Writers of historical romances
People educated at James Gillespie's High School
20th-century British novelists
20th-century British women writers
20th-century Scottish writers
Women romantic fiction writers
Women historical novelists
People from Dunfermline
20th-century Scottish

masks:
Dorothy Dunnett
Dorothy Dunnett


title: Karim Ansarifard

texts:
<mask> (; born 3 April 1990) is an Iranian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Greek Super League club AEK Athens and the Iran national team. His playing style and ability have drawn comparisons to Ali Daei (the coach who scouted him) and he has been named Daei's "successor". World Soccer selected <mask> as one of the best young talents in the world alongside Javier Hernández and Jack Wilshere. In January 2012, FIFA.com selected him as one of the players to watch in 2012. Goal.com also chose him as one of the hottest 100 young football players in the world. Also in 2012, FIFA ranked him as the 48th best goalscorer in the world and second best in Asia. Club career

Saipa
During one of Saipa's training camps in Ardabil, <mask>'s home city, he was taken on a training trial by then-coach Ali Daei and was accepted into the club's youth academy and reserves.In the 2007 season Saipa the Iranian reigning champions encountered problems in scoring after the departure of Mohsen Khalili and retirement of then-coach Ali Daei. After 12 weeks Ali Daei moved Ansarifard to the first team from the reserves and the young starlet answered the coach's faith with good games including the only goal against a strong Sepahan team. Ansarifard scored 13 goals during the 2009–10 season. After strong performances, <mask> became fast one of the best players of Saipa and targeted by European clubs such as Borussia Dortmund and Celtic. Later, Steaua București made a €200,000 bid for a half season loan. In May 2011, it was suggested that Everton are interested in signing Ansarifard. Despite major interest from European clubs, conscription problems made the prospect of Ansarifard moving to a foreign club unlikely.<mask> renewed his contract with Saipa for another two years on 14 July 2011. In the 2011–12 Iranian Pro League season, <mask> scored 21 goals and made 5 assists for Saipa, becoming the

masks:
Karim Adil Ansarifard
Ansarifard
Karim
Karim
Ansarifard
Ansarifard


title: Karim Ansarifard

texts:
 league's top scorer. Persepolis
There was much speculation during the 2011–12 Iranian Pro League season that <mask> would be leaving Saipa. On 17 June 2012 he signed a three-years contract with Persepolis. He was given the number 9 shirt. He scored his first goal in a pre-season match against Aluminium. He made his debut for Persepolis in an official match against Sanat Naft and scored his first goal for Persepolis against Gahar Zagros.He scored his first Hat-trick as a Persepolis player (and second in his career) against Paykan. He scored another hat-trick in the Round of 32 of Hazfi Cup at Malavan. He also scored the Persepolis' first goal in the Hazfi Cup final. His team would go on to lose on penalties. At the start of the season, <mask> initially decided to stay at Persepolis despite bids from Sepahan, Tractor and two UAE Pro League sides. However, he fell out with club head coach Ali Daei during pre-season. He was out listed and was eventually transferred to Tractor on 14 July 2013.Tractor
After Persepolis listed him in the out of the squad, he decided to play another season in Iran and joined Tractor. He signed a one-year contract with the option of a transfer to the European leagues in the case of bids. He made his debut on 1 August 2013 in a 1–1 draw in Tabriz derby over Gostaresh Foolad. He won Hazfi Cup title with Tractor and was named as the tournament's Most Valuable Player. <mask> scored seventeen goals for Tabriz's reds during his spell at the team, fourteen goals was in the league, making him the season's top scorer for the second time in his professional career. In July 2014 <mask> was released by Tractor and was allowed to sign with a European club. Osasuna
On 29 August 2014, <mask> signed a two-year deal with Segunda División's CA Osasuna.He made his league debut on 4 October 2014, coming on as a substitute for Roberto Torres in the 61st minute against

masks: Ansarifard Ansarifard Ansarifard Ansarifard Ansarifard


title: Karim Ansarifard

texts:
 Racing de Santander. He made his first start on 18 October in a 3–2 win against CD Tenerife. Panionios
In the summer of 2015, <mask> signed with Panionios in the Superleague Greece. He scored his first goal for the club in a 5–1 win over Panetolikos on 3 October 2015. He scored the winning goal on 7 November 2015 in a match against Platanias. On 28 November 2015, <mask> scored a brace and helped Panionios win against PAS Giannina 2–0. His solo goal in April 2016 during matchday 28 in a victory against PAOK earned him goal of the week honours.In May 2016, <mask>, whose contract was due to run out at the end of next season, was offered to PAOK but the 26-year old international was not on top of Eagles' shortlist at the time. He started the 2016–17 season as the indisputable leader of club's offence. On 10 September 2016, he scored his first goal for the season in a 3–0 home win against rivals Asteras Tripolis. Olympiacos
On 13 January 2017, <mask> signed a 3.5-year contract with Greek giants Olympiacos for a transfer fee of €400,000, Panionios held a 10% sell-on clause. He was assigned the number 17. On 24 January 2017, he made his first appearance for the club in a Greek Cup 1–1 away draw against Aris, scoring his first goal to equalise the game. <mask> made his league debut on 11 February 2017 in a 2–0 win against AEL, coming on as a late second-half substitute.On 23 February 2017, <mask> scored a brace in his second Europa League game against Osmanlıspor. With <mask>'s goals Olympiacos advanced to the Round of 16 for the first time since 2012. <mask>lıspor. <mask> scored his first league goal for Olympiacos on 12 March 2017 in a 2–0 victory against Atromitos. On 19 August 2017, on the first match day of the Greece Super League <mask> scored and assisted a goal in his team's 4–1 victory. After helping the Greek giants to a league title, he was unexpectedly left off the UEFA

masks: Ansarifard Ansarifard Ansarifard Ansarifard Ansarifard Karim Karim Karimsman Ansarifard Ansarifard


title: Karim Ansarifard

texts:
 Champions League squad by new manager Besnik Hasi, who put the forward up for sale. On 14 October 2017, he scored a brace against his old club, in an Olympiacos 4–3 away win.On 2 December 2017, he scored a brace sealing a 3–1 home win against Apollon Smyrnis. On 9 December 2017, he bagged a goal and giving an assist to Kostas Fortounis for his second goal in the game, in a glorious 4–1 away Superleague win against Panetolikos. On 24 December 2017, <mask>'s exceptional performance with Olympiacos sparked what has arguably become the best year of his career. The Albanian manager was fired in late September for poor results and <mask> has been able to work himself back into the starting lineup, becoming the league's top scorer thus far with seven goals from 11 matches, being the 6th best Asian player in Europe for the season according to Football Tribe Asia. On 7 January 2018, he scored in a 3–0 away win game against AEL, helping his club to achieve the 7th successive win in his rally to gain the 8th consecutive title. On 15 January 2018, he scored after an assist from Guillaume Gillet sealing a 2–0 home win game against Lamia. On 21 January 2018,
<mask> was on target in the 26th and 57th minutes for Óscar García’s Superleague leaders, chalked up their ninth win in a row with a straightforward 3–0 home victory over 10-man Xanthi at the Georgios Karaiskakis Stadium.He was named MVP of the game. On 28 January 2018, equalised a 1–1 away game against Asteras Tripolis with a penalty kick, when Asteras Tripolis’ former Panathinaikos defender Kostas Triantafyllopoulos brought him down in the box. On 4 February 2018, he opened the score in a frustrating 2–1 home loss against rivals AEK Athens stayed behind in the rally for the 2017–18 title. On 31 March 2018, he scored with a cool finish from an exquisite Leonardo Koutris pass in a 1–1 away draw against Levadiakos. On 16 April 2018,

masks: Ansarifard Ansarifard Ansarifard


title: Karim Ansarifard

texts:
 opened the score in an emphatic 5–1 home win against Kerkyra. On 29 April, he scored a brace in a 4–0 home win game against Panetolikos, struggling with PAOK's forward Aleksandar Prijović for the title of top scorer. <mask>'s contract was cancelled by Olympiacos after their 2017–18 season.Nottingham Forest
On 3 November 2018, it was announced that <mask> had signed for Nottingham Forest in the Sky Bet Championship after delays obtaining a work permit. The Iranian international penned a one-and-a-half-year contract at the City Ground. He made his debut for the club coming on as a substitute in a 1–0 win over Sheffield United on 3 November. <mask> scored his first goal in a 3–0 win at home to Hull City, also assisting the first goal. Al-Sailiya
On 12 July 2019, <mask> made the move to Al-Sailiya in the Qatar Stars League. AEK Athens
On 25 August 2020, <mask> signed a three-year contract with Greek Super League club AEK Athens. On 1 October 2020, he scored the winning goal in the 90+4 minute, to achieve a 2–1 win against Wolfsburg in the 2020–21 UEFA Europa League play-off round.On 22 November 2020, <mask> came in as a substitute and helped to a 4–1 home win against AEL. The following week, he scored in a 2–1 away win against Asteras Tripolis. On 13 December 2020, he scored a brace in a dramatic 4–3 away win against Apollon Smyrnis. On 11 January 2021, he scored the only goal in a 1–0 away win against Lamia. On 8 March 2021, he scored a brace in a 2–0 home win against Apollon Smyrnis. On 11 April 2021, he scored with a penalty in a 3–1 away win against Aris Thessaloniki. On 22 July 2021, he opened the score for the club in the UEFA Europa Conference League, but AEK faced a frustrated away loss with 2–1 against FK Velež Mostar.On 24 October 2021, he opened the score in a 3–1 away win against Volos. International career

<mask> was Invited to the Iran U17 national team in 2005. In

masks: Ansarifard Ansarifard Ansarifard Ansarifard Ansarifard Ansarifard Ansarifard


title: Karim Ansarifard

texts:
 2006 AFC U-17 Championship, he wore number 14 and was a benchwarmer. <mask> played as a substitute in two matches against Tajikistan and Yemen. <mask> made his debut for the senior Iran national team in a match against Iceland in November 2009 under Afshin Ghotbi and scored his first international goal and the only goal of the game. He was given the number 10 previously worn by Ali Daei and scored on 15 January 2011 his third international goal against North Korea, so <mask> became Iran's youngest ever goalscorer in the AFC Asian Cup. In 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification, <mask> scored a double against Maldives at Azadi Stadium.He came on as a late substitute against Uzbekistan in the World Cup Qualifiers and assisted with a pass for Mohammad Reza Khalatbari as a 94th-minute winner. On 1 June 2014, he was called into Iran's 2014 FIFA World Cup squad by Carlos Queiroz. He played his first World Cup match against Bosnia and Herzegovina, coming on as a substitute for Ashkan Dejagah in the 68th minute. He was called into Iran's 2015 AFC Asian Cup squad on 30 December 2014 by Carlos Queiroz. He provided an assist to Sardar Azmoun in their Asian Cup preparation match against Iraq. In May 2018 he was named in Iran's preliminary squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. He scored a penalty against Portugal with a 1–1 as the result.Style of play
He has been compared to Iranian legend Ali Daei and German forward Thomas Müller by his fans. His favourite player is Fernando Torres. He is a centre forward with great energy and impressive in both air and ground. He played as a right winger in first season for Saipa but in next seasons returned to his main position. Personal life
<mask> is the last child of an Iranian Azerbaijani family and has three brothers and three sisters. He studied physical education at Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch. In August 2018, <mask> married Greek

masks: Ansarifard Ansarifard Ansarifard Ansarifard Ansarifard Ansarifard


title: Karim Ansarifard

texts:
 businesswoman Alexandra Sofia Kalouli at a ceremony held in Vouliagmeni.Kalouli is the managing director of the Innovative Maritime Emotional Intelligence Center (IMEQ Center), a mental health research center with offices in Cyprus and Greece. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Iran's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Ansarifard goal. Honours
Tractor
Hazfi Cup: 2013–14

Olympiacos
Super League Greece: 2016–17

Individual
Persian Gulf Pro League Top goalscorer: 2011–12 (21 goals), 2013–14 (14 goals)
Persian Gulf Pro League Team of the Season: 2011–12 , 2013–14
Super League Greece Team of the Year: 2017–18

See also
Iranians in Spain

References

External links

<mask> <mask> at PersianLeague.com
<mask> <mask> at TeamMelli.com
<mask> <mask>'s Profile in 18ghadam.ir

1990 births
Living people
People from Ardabil
Iranian footballers
Iranian Azerbaijani sportspeople
Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch alumni
Association football forwards
Saipa F.C. players
Persepolis F.C. players
Tractor S.C. players
CA Osasuna players
Panionios F.C. players
Olympiacos F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C.players
Al-Sailiya SC players
AEK Athens F.C. players
Persian Gulf Pro League players
Segunda División players
Super League Greece players
English Football League players
Qatar Stars League players
Iran international footballers
2011 AFC Asian Cup players
2015 AFC Asian Cup players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Iranian expatriate footballers
Iranian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Iranian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Iranian expatriate sportspeople in England
Iranian expatriate sportspeople in Qatar
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Greece
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Qatar
Footballers at the 2010 Asian Games
2018 FIFA World Cup players
2019 AFC Asian Cup players
Asian Games

masks: Karim Ansarifard Karim Ansarifard Karim Ansarifard


title: Pakalitha Mosisili

texts:
<mask> (born 14 March 1945) is a former Mosotho politician who was the fourth prime minister of Lesotho from May 1998 to June 2012 and again from March 2015 to June 2017. He led the Lesotho Congress for Democracy (LCD) to a near-total victory in the 1998 election, and under his leadership the party also won majorities in the 2002 and 2007 elections. While serving as Prime Minister, <mask> was also Minister of Defence. Following the snap election held on 28 February 2015, he formed and led a coalition government. He was sworn in on 17 March 2015. Early life and career
<mask> was born at Waterfall in Qacha's Nek on March 14, 1945. He was educated at the Eagle's Peak High School, where he attained his Cambridge Overseas School Certificate in 1965.He did his primary schooling at Tebellong, Souru and Tsoelike and then pursued his higher education at the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland and graduated with a BA in Education. Upon graduation in July 1970, he was imprisoned because of his political activism and was released the next year in November. He was a member of the  Basotho Congress Party. In 1976, he attained his MA from the University of Wisconsin in the United States and then completed a BA honours program via distance education from the University of South Africa. In 1982, he graduated from Simon Fraser University in Canada with a Master of Education degree. Political career
In 1993, <mask> was elected to parliament from the Qacha's Nek Constituency and became Minister of Education. On April 14, 1994, he was briefly kidnapped along with three other ministers by soldiers; a fifth minister, Deputy Prime Minister Selometsi Baholo, was killed in this incident.<mask> was appointed Deputy Prime Minister in late January 1995, while remaining Minister of Education; on July 20, 1995, he was named Minister of Home Affairs and Local Government instead, while remaining Deputy Prime Minister. A new ruling party, the LCD, was formed in 1997 under the leadership

masks:
Bethuel Pakalitha Mosisili
Mosisili
Mosisili
Mosisili
Mosisili


title: Pakalitha Mosisili

texts: of Prime Minister Ntsu Mokhehle as a split from the Basutoland Congress Party. On February 21, 1998, <mask> was elected leader of the LCD after Mokhehle chose to step down due to poor health. After his party's victory in 1998 there were accusations of vote rigging and mass protests from the opposition parties, which culminated with their occupation of the grounds to the palace. In the ensuing debacle which saw the army, police and king complicit in an attempt to unseat his government, <mask> had to resort to asking the regional grouping, Southern African Development Community (SADC), for an intervention to stem the imminent coup. New elections were eventually held in May 2002, which his party won, this after a major split led by his former deputy, Kelebone Maope, and Shakhane Mokhehle, the brother of the late founder of his party. On this occasion, <mask> himself was elected to a seat from the Tsoelike constituency, receiving 79.2% of the vote; in his previous constituency, Qacha's Nek, Pontso Sekatle was the LCD candidate.In October 2006, Tom Thabane left the LCD and formed a new party, the All Basotho Convention (ABC), and 17 other members of parliament joined him; this left the LCD with a narrow majority of 61 out of 120 seats. On <mask>'s advice, King Letsie III dissolved parliament on November 24, 2006, and a new election was scheduled for February 17, 2007; they had previously been expected in April or May. The LCD won this election, taking 61 seats; the National Independent Party, allied with the LCD, won an additional 21 seats. Whilst attending a funeral in his home district of Qacha's Nek in late 2006, <mask> gave a speech which quoted a Basotho idiom, "Se sa feleng sea hlola", meaning "anything that does not finish/end is not good". Some believed that he was referring to his term in office and his embattled political party. Armed men attacked <mask>'s residence on April 22, 2009, apparently intending to kill him; three of the attackers, one of whom was

masks: Mosisili Mosisili Mosisili Mosisili Mosisili Mosisili


title: Pakalitha Mosisili

texts:
 reportedly a soldier, were killed by police, and <mask> was unharmed. Six people appeared before a South African court in July 2009 on charges of helping in the attempt.The Lesotho Communications Minister described the attack as a plot by South African and Mozambican mercenaries to stage a coup in Lesotho. Following the snap election held on 28 February 2015, he managed to form and lead a coalition government. Two years later, on 1 March 2017, he was defeated in a parliamentary vote of confidence, and an early election was expected to be held, although the opposition wanted <mask> to step aside and allow Monyane Moleleki, <mask>'s former deputy turned rival, to take over. <mask> then advised King Letsie III to dissolve Parliament, and the King did so on 7 March, despite an opposition effort to obstruct the move. The election was held on 3 June 2017 and resulted in a victory for Tom Thabane and his party, the ABC, which won 48 seats against 30 for <mask>'s Democratic Congress. A government statement on 8 June said that <mask> had submitted his resignation to King Letsie but would continue in a caretaker capacity. Thabane succeeded <mask> as Prime Minister on 16 June.In November 2018, <mask> announced his retirement from politics. The Democratic Congress held its elective conference in January 2019 and Mathibeli Mokhothu was elected as his successor. Mokhothu had served as a government minister in <mask>'s last cabinet. Personal life
He is married to Mathato <mask>. See also
South African intervention in Lesotho
Politics of Lesotho

References

External links

Profile at EISA
Alumni Profile: <mask> <mask> , Simon Fraser University. |-

1945 births
Democratic Congress politicians
Government ministers of Lesotho
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Lesotho)
National University of Lesotho alumni
People from Qacha's Nek District
Prime Ministers of Lesotho
Simon Fraser University alumni
University of South Africa alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison

masks: Mosisili Mosisili Mosisili Mosisili Mosisili Mosisili Mosisili Mosisili Mosisili Mosisili Pakalitha Mosisili


title: Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil

texts:
 by a grand fête day at court... and by illuminations and displays of various sorts and public rejoicings". As was customary within the House of Braganza, Afonso's birth was a formal event attended by the imperial court. Pedro II immediately presented the newborn baby to the throng gathered in the palace, announcing "Gentlemen, it is a prince whom God ..."—here he was overcome with emotion and was unable to continue. The birth of a much needed male heir—thus regarded by contemporaries—was met with joy throughout the empire. Luís Alves de Lima e Silva (then Baron and later Duke of Caxias) wrote to his father: "No one was happier than I with the news [of the prince's birth]". Life and impact

The birth of an heir produced changes in Pedro II's character. Previously isolated and shy, he became more outgoing and confident as monarch.His strained relationship with his wife, the product of a disappointing arranged marriage, also improved, and with children came shared domestic interests that developed into an affectionate friendship. Afonso was healthy, and as the eldest son of Pedro II, was heir to the throne and styled "<mask>". The young prince resembled his father, particularly in his face, hair and eyes. Because of his gender and position as heir apparent, he became the center of attention, particularly for Pedro II. A letter written by Pedro II to his elder sister Maria II a few months after the birth of his second child—a daughter named Isabel—displayed his happiness: "No news here save the good state of health of myself, of the empress, and of the little ones, who are becoming increasingly cute, principally little Afonso, who is already walking and who says many words, still half incomprehensible, the which increases their charm." Death
On 11 June 1847, the young prince was playing in the library of the palace when he experienced a series of strong convulsions and died, not quite two and a half years old. His


title: Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil

texts:
 death revealed that Afonso suffered from epilepsy, as did his father.The grief of Pedro II and his wife was enormous. It was feared that the shock might affect Teresa Cristina's health, as she was pregnant at the time with her third child. She later gave birth without complications on 13 July to a girl, who was christened Leopoldina. The devastated emperor wrote a letter to his stepmother, the Empress Amélia, dated 11 July 1847, telling her of Afonso's death: "With the most piercing grief I tell you that my little Afonso, your godson, unfortunately died of convulsions, which he suffered during five hours on the 4th of last month; and a few days ago little Isabel was put at risk by a strong attack of convulsions that greatly frightened me." A grand state funeral—not seen since the death of Pedro II's sister Paula in 1833—was held for the <mask> at 7 p.m. three days after his death. He was buried in the Convento da Ajuda (Convent of Aid) in Rio de Janeiro. When the convent was demolished in 1911 his remains were moved to the mausoleum of the Convento de Santo Antônio (Convent of Saint Anthony) in Rio de Janeiro, where other members of the Brazilian House of Braganza (including his younger brother Pedro, his uncle João and his aunt Paula) are also located.Legacy

The prince's early death (and the later demise of his younger brother) had an enormous impact on Pedro II: on a personal level, on his future conduct as monarch, and on the empire. In his eyes, the deaths of his only sons seemed to presage the end of the imperial system. Although the emperor still had a legal successor in his daughter Isabel, in the male-dominated society of the time he had little confidence that a woman could rule Brazil. He was fond and respectful of the women in his life, but he did not consider it feasible that Isabel could survive as monarch. He did nothing to prepare Isabel for the responsibilities of ascending the throne, nor did he


title: Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil

texts:
 attempt to encourage acceptance of a female ruler among the political class. Pedro II began his rule as a figurehead who held together a realm on the verge of disintegration. He quickly matured and successfully navigated the empire through repeated and serious crises.By the time of Afonso's death, the nation was entering an unprecedented era of prosperity, development and tranquility. Even as the emperor's political successes and policies began to bear fruit, the lack of a male heir caused him to lose motivation to promote the imperial office as a position to be carried on by his descendants. The emperor turned away from personal and family ties, and focused on upholding the constitution while directing Brazil toward policies that furthered modernization and social advancement. The future of the monarchy as an institution no longer mattered to him, and in 1889, he was deposed in a coup, marking the end of the Empire of Brazil. Titles, styles and honors

Titles and styles
 23 February 1845 – 11 June 1847: His Imperial Highness The Prince <mask>

The prince's full style and title was "His Imperial Highness Dom Afonso, <mask> of Brazil". Appointments

 Honorary President of the Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute. Honors
Prince Afonso was a recipient of the following Brazilian Orders:

 Major Commander of the Order of Christ
 Major Commander of the Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz
 Major Commander of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
 Grand Cross of the Order of Pedro I
 Grand Cross and Grand Major Dignitary of the Order of the Rose

Ancestry

Endnotes

Footnotes

References

External links

1845 births
1847 deaths
People from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Brazilian people of Austrian descent
Brazilian people of Italian descent
Brazilian people of Portuguese descent
Neurological disease deaths in Rio de Janeiro (state)
Princes Imperial of Brazil
Heirs apparent who never acceded
House of Braganza
Deaths from

masks:
Imperial
Prince Imperial


title: João Havelange

texts:
Jean-Marie Faustin Godefroid "<mask><mask> (, ; 8 May 1916 – 16 August 2016) was a Brazilian lawyer, businessman, athlete and centenarian who served as the seventh president of FIFA from 1974 to 1998. His tenure as president is the second longest in FIFA's history, behind only that of Jules Rimet. He received the title of Honorary President when leaving office, but resigned in April 2013. He succeeded Stanley Rous and was succeeded by Sepp Blatter. <mask>e served as a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) from 1963 to 2011. He was the longest-serving active member upon his resignation. In July 2012 a Swiss prosecutor's report revealed that, during his tenure on FIFA's Executive Committee, he and his son-in-law Ricardo Teixeira took more than 41 million Swiss francs (£21m) in bribes in connection with the award of World Cup marketing rights.Early life, professional and Olympic career
Havelange was born on 8 May 1916, in Rio de Janeiro, to an affluent family; his father, Faustin <mask>, had immigrated to Brazil from Belgium, worked as an arms dealer, and owned a large estate that stretched along the present-day districts of Laranjeiras, Cosme Velho and Santa Teresa. An excellent student at school, Havelange was accepted to the prestigious Law School of Fluminense Federal University, from which he graduated at the age of 24 with a BA in Law. He worked as a legal advisor for bus company Auto Viação Jabaquara, and became president-director of another bus company, Viação Cometa S/A. He was also senior partner at chemical and metallurgical company Orwec Química e Metallurgia Ltda. Interested in sports since his childhood years, at the age of 20 Havelange competed as a swimmer at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, but failed to go beyond the heats of the 400m

masks:
João
" de Havelange
João Havelang
Havelange


title: João Havelange

texts:
 Supported by sports marketer Patrick Nally, Havelange enlisted Adidas and Coca-Cola as primary sponsors of FIFA tournaments. The support of commercial organizations was crucial to the future of Havelange and FIFA, and provided a model for global sporting federations. Nally stated that:

The sale of television rights increased greatly under Havelange's leadership.In 1987 the European rights to the next three FIFA World Cups were sold for $440 million, the non-United States rights for the three tournaments from 1998 sold for $2.2 billion. Under <mask>'s presidency the FIFA World Cup expanded from 16 to 32 teams, with Havelange overseeing six world cups during his time in office. The FIFA U-17 World Cup, FIFA U-20 World Cup, FIFA Confederations Cup and FIFA Women's World Cup were all introduced under his tenure. Associates Lacoste and de Andrade
The head of the Argentina's 1978 FIFA World Cup organizing committee, Omar Actis, was assassinated in August 1976. Awarded the World Cup in 1966, Argentina did little to prepare for the event before the 1976 Argentine coup d'état that saw a military junta rule the country. In 1982 Carlos Lacoste, former de facto President of Argentina during the junta, became vice-president of FIFA. Lacoste had previously been head of the organising committee for the 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina and was cousin of de facto President Jorge Rafael Videla.Democratic rule was restored to Argentina in 1983 and Lacoste was investigated for corruption. Havelange was also an associate of Brazilian criminal Castor de Andrade, head of an illegal gambling association. Andrade was sentenced to six years in prison in 1994 for racketeering. Havelange wrote a character reference for Andrade in 1987 as "amiable and pleasant ... predominant feature .. loyalty ..


title: João Havelange

texts:
 within two years, giving players greater freedom of contract and limiting the power of the Brazilian Football Confederation. Havelange threatened to ban Brazil from the 1998 FIFA World Cup if the law passed. FIFA Presidential elections
At the 1994 meeting of the FIFA Executive Committee in New York, Havelange was criticized for his allocation of appointments to FIFA's standing committees. Havelange postponed a discussion on the appointments, distributed a list with the new composition of the committees, and declared the list passed without a vote.In 1998 <mask> announced that he would stand down as FIFA president after 24 years in charge. He told British Prime Minister Tony Blair he wanted England to host the 2006 FIFA World Cup. The English Football Association had pledged support to Lennart Johansson in the forthcoming FIFA Presidential election, whereas Havelange supported FIFA General Secretary Sepp Blatter. Johansson was in favour of honouring a "gentleman's agreement" between the English and German football associations, that Germany would not oppose England's bid for the 1996 European Football Championship, and England would not oppose Germany's bid for the 2006 World Cup. Johansson said "The dumbest thing about breaking the agreement is that we're faced with an expensive competition. We would be better off spending the money on real soccer." Johansson criticized Havelange's financial decisions and "undemocratic behaviour."At a meeting of the FIFA Executive Committee, Johansson demanded Sepp Blatter resign as FIFA General Secretary if he planned to run for the presidency of FIFA. Havelange rejected the demand and ended the meeting before a vote could be taken, described as "a defeat for democracy" by Johansson. If elected, Johansson planned that an independent


title: João Havelange

texts:
 his important contributions. The 2000 Brazilian Championship, won by Vasco da Gama, and organized by Clube dos 13 (an association of the Brazilian most traditional clubs), was called Copa João Havelange. A stadium built for the 2007 Pan American Games was named Estádio Olímpico João Havelange. The stadium hosted the athletics competitions at the 2016 Summer Olympics and the 2016 Summer Paralympics.On 10 February 2017, the stadium was renamed Estádio Olímpico Nilton Santos. The Estádio Parque do Sabiá's former name
 Trinidad's Dr. <mask>lange Centre of Excellence

References

1916 births
2016 deaths
Brazilian centenarians
Brazilian male freestyle swimmers
Brazilian people of Belgian descent
Brazilian male water polo players
Football people in Brazil
Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
International Olympic Committee members
Olympic swimmers of Brazil
Olympic water polo players of Brazil
Pan American Games silver medalists for Brazil
Pan American Games water polo players of Brazil
Brazilian sports executives and administrators
Presidents of the Brazilian Football Confederation
Presidents of FIFA
Sportspeople from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Swimmers at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1951 Pan American Games
Water polo players at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in water polo
Medalists at the 1951 Pan American Games
Men


title: Edmond Dyonnet

texts:
<mask> was a painter and photographer, born French and a naturalised Canadian. He taught numerous students in Quebec province and was an academician and secretary of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts (1910-1947), author of a history of the Academy with Hugh Jones in 1934, and a charter member of Montreal’s Arts Club in 1912. Biography
He was born on 25 June 1859 in Crest, Drôme, France, to <mask>, industrialist, and Goullioud Albine. The real family name is Guyonnet de Pivat but due to an error of births during the French Revolution, the surname became Dyonnet. <mask> died in Montreal on 7 July 1954, at age 95. He was buried with his family in the cemetery of Notre-Dame-des-Neiges, in Montreal. <mask> had two younger sisters, <mask>, wife Lorin (1866–1947) and <mask>, wife Chabot (18?-1905). Ulysses, the father of <mask>, had an older brother <mask> Goullioud who married Helen, the sister of Albine. <mask> made a fortune in corsets for women in association with Amyot from 1886 to 1891 and set up the Dominion Corset company, rue de la Couronne in Quebec City. The couple had a daughter artist, cousin of <mask>: Eugénie <mask>, who immigrated to Canada in 1872 and died in 1875 in Montreal. <mask> was born in Drôme in 1859, and at 9 years old, he followed his father and immigrated to Italy, he continued his primary education in Turin, from 1868 to 1873, in municipal schools and then returned to France with his family in the Drôme. He studied at Crest high school from 1873 to 1875. His father Ulysses met in Paris the brother of Judge George Baby who convinced him to emigrate to Quebec.On May 16, 1875, the family emigrated to Canada. In

masks:
Edmond Dyonnet
Ulysses Alexandre Dyonnet
Edmond
Edmond
Emma Dyonnet
Cce Dyonnet
Edmond
Leon Dyonnet
Leon Dyonnet
Edmond Dyonnet
Dyonnet
Edmond Dyonnet


title: Edmond Dyonnet

texts: 1882, Dyonnet moved to Labelle, Quebec in the Laurentian mountains. The village was founded by Father Antoine Labelle. <mask> was a pioneer; he cleared land and resumed two mills, a sawmill and a flour mill. The timber industry was thriving. Using the north Rouge River (Quebec) for transportation of the wood, it was then sawed at the family business in Labelle, located near the Iroquois Falls. The trade was intense and the family expanded.The young <mask> stayed in Montreal, where he studied drawing at the National Institute of Fine Arts from 1875 to 1881. One of his teachers was Abbé Joseph Chabert (1831–1894). In 1882, he returned to Italy and studied painting at the Accademia Albertina in Turin with Andrea Gastaldi and Pier Celestino Gilardi. After Turin, he did a complete tour of Italy and then went to Naples in 1883 and to Rome at the Villa Medici in 1884. When he returned to Canada in 1890, <mask> settled in Montreal and taught in the school founded by Abbé Joseph Chabert. In 1899, he went to paint in the Gaspé, in the Laurentians and in Berthier-sur-Mer. Not much is known about his personal life.<mask> never married and had no children. At the turn of the century, he supported his sister Emma, widow of Ernest Lorin who died in February 1899. His father Ulysses died the following year in 1900. <mask> raised his three nephews and nieces, Alice Lorin (1886–1907), Gabrielle Lorin (1897–1985) and Louis Gustave Lorin (1898–1956). Dyonnet was interested in many things and never stopped reading books. The nonagenarian was said to go outside daily, only prevented by the worst of the winter storms in Montreal. At his death, his niece

masks:
Ulysses Dyonnet
Edmond
Edmond
Edmond Dyonnet
Edmond


title: Edmond Dyonnet

texts:
 Gabrielle Lorin inherited and donated all the archives in 1967 to the University of Ottawa.Activities

<mask> was famous as a landscape painter and portraitist, especially among the wealthy and cultivated citizens of Montreal. Judges, doctors, and community leaders all ordered their portraits. He was one of the founders of the School of Fine Arts with Alfred Laliberté and Marc-Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté. He taught there from 1922 to 1925, and also became professor of drawing at the Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, at the Conseil des Arts et Métiers of  Quebec, and at McGill University (1920–1936). He trained thousands of students including Narcisse Poirier, Clarence Gagnon, Thomas Garside, Alexander Young Jackson, Marc-Aurèle Fortin and Jack Bush. He never tolerated mediocrity, nor half finished work. He frequently used to say "Rub it out and do it over again."He was a member of the Art Association of Montreal. In 1893 he became a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts and became its Secretary from 1910 to 1947. He was also a member of the Pen and Pencil Club, and a member of the Arts Club. He lived a long time in Montreal at 1207 Bleury Street. Although he was French by birth, he didn't want to stay only in the French-Canadian community so he learned and spoke perfect English. His reputation expanded in the English-speaking environment. Most of his friends were on the English side.He never painted religious paintings, although Quebec was very influenced by Catholicism. <mask>'s work is varied and numerous, distributed in many private collections and museums. There is yet no inventory of his work. He preferred the portraits to

masks:
Edmond Dyonnet
Dyonnet


title: Edmond Dyonnet

texts:
 landscapes. His inspirations were Nicolas Poussin and Claude Gellée (also known under the name Le Lorrain), two great painters of the seventeenth century. He never really appreciated Impressionism and criticized Vincent van Gogh at the end of his life. He received a silver medal at the Buffalo exposition in 1901 and also at the Canadian exhibition at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904.France made him an Officier d'académie  Ordre des Palmes Académiques in 1910. In 1968, the University of Ottawa published his autobiography, Memoirs of a Canadian artist. Works in museums
Several Canadian museums own his paintings and drawings. In Montréal they can be seen in the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec and in the collection of the Power Corporation of Canada. In Ottawa the National Gallery of Art and the Canadian War Museum both own works by Dyonnet. In Toronto (Ontario) his works can be seen in the Art Gallery of Ontario, as well as in Kingston, Ontario at the Agnes Etherington Art Centre, and in Victoria (British Columbia) in the Art Gallery of Greater Victoria. Notes

External links
 List of Canadian painters
 Charles Ignace Adélard Gill
 George Horne Russell

Bibliography
 <mask>, Mémoires d'un artiste canadien, 1968, Éditions de l'Université d'Ottawa
 Noël E. Lanoix, « <mask> », dans Les biographies françaises d'Amérique, Montréal, Les journalistes associés éditeurs, 1942, 640 p., p. 583.Canadian male painters
20th-century Canadian painters
1859 births
1954 deaths
Burials at Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery
19th-century Canadian painters
19th-century Canadian photographers
20th-century

masks:
Edmond Dyonnet
Edmond Dyonnet


title: Charles Groves Wright Anderson

texts:
Lieutenant Colonel <mask>, VC, MC (12 February 1897 – 11 November 1988) was a South African-born soldier, Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, a member of the Australian House of Representatives, and a farmer. After growing up in Africa and being schooled in England, <mask> served as an officer during the East African campaign against the Germans during the First World War, reaching the rank of captain and being awarded the Military Cross. After the war, <mask> settled as a farmer in Kenya. In the early 1930s, he married an Australian woman and later moved to Australia, where he became a grazier. In 1939, he joined the Militia, Australia's part-time military force, before volunteering for overseas service after the outbreak of the Second World War. In early 1941, he was deployed to Malaya as part of the 8th Division, where he rose to command the 2/19th Battalion against the Japanese following their invasion of Malaya in December of that year. For his actions around Muar in January 1942, he was awarded the Victoria Cross before being captured at the end of the fighting on Singapore.He spent over three years in Japanese captivity, before being released at the end of the war. In the post war years, <mask> returned to farming and served as a federal parliamentarian, representing the Division of Hume twice between 1949 and 1961, before retiring. He died in Canberra at the age of 91. Early life
<mask> was born on 12 February 1897 in Cape Town, South Africa, to Scottish parents. His father, Alfred Gerald <mask>, an auditor and newspaper editor, had been born in England, while his mother, Emma (Maïa) Louise Antoinette, née Trossaert had been born in Belgium. The middle child of five, when <mask> was three the family moved to Nairobi in Kenya, where his father began farming. He attended a local school until 1907, when his parents sent him to England.He lived with family

masks:
Charles Groves Wright Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Wright Anderson
Anderson


title: Charles Groves Wright Anderson

texts:
 members until 1910, when he was accepted to attend St Brendan's College in Bristol as a boarder. He remained in England until the outbreak of the First World War. Returning to Kenya, in November 1914, <mask> enlisted as a soldier in the local forces, before later being allocated to the Calcutta Volunteer Battalion as a gunner. On 13 October 1916, he  was commissioned as a lieutenant in the King's African Rifles. He fought with the regiment's 3rd Battalion in the East African campaign against the Askari soldiers of the German colonial forces. <mask> was awarded the Military Cross for his service in this campaign. Following the war, having reached the rank of temporary captain, <mask> was demobilised in February 1919 and lived the life of a gentleman farmer in Kenya, marrying Edith Tout, an Australian, in February 1931.He remained active as a part-time soldier and was promoted to substantive captain in 1932. Two years later the couple moved to Australia where they purchased a grazing property near Young, New South Wales. He joined the Citizens Military Forces in March 1939, being appointed to the 56th Infantry Battalion as a captain. Following the outbreak of the Second World War, <mask> was temporarily promoted to the rank of major in October 1939. In June 1940, he volunteered for overseas service by joining the Second Australian Imperial Force. Second World War

In July 1940, <mask> was assigned to the newly formed 2/19th Infantry Battalion, part of the 22nd Brigade, of the 8th Division. Recruited from New South Wales, after training around Ingleburn and then Bathurst, in February 1941 the 22nd Brigade was deployed to Malaya to bolster the garrison there amidst concerns about Japanese intentions in the region.Holding the rank of major, <mask> was appointed second-in-command of the battalion and due to his experience in jungle warfare, he was placed in charge of training

masks: Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson


title: Charles Groves Wright Anderson

texts: the battalion's soldiers to use the jungle as a "friend". In August he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and took over as commanding officer of the 2/19th. The war in the Pacific began on 7 December 1941 when Japanese landed on the north-east coast of Malaya around Kota Bahru and launched thrusts along the western coast of the Malay Peninsula from Thailand. Initially the 2/19th was not committed to the fighting, but in mid-January, after the Japanese advance had pushed the British Commonwealth troops back to Johore, the 2/19th was detached from the 22nd Brigade and sent to the west coast to support the hard-pressed battalions of 'Westforce', an ad hoc formation consisting of Australian and Indian troops. During the period of 18–22 January 1942 in the Battle of Muar near the Muar River, the 44-year-old <mask> was in command of a small force which destroyed ten enemy tanks. When they were later cut off, <mask> led his force through fifteen miles (24 km) of enemy-occupied territory, being attacked by air and ground forces all the way. Many times in the journey from Muar to Parit Sulong, <mask> had to lead bayonet charges and hand-to-hand combat against the Japanese.<mask> is famous for leading the Allied attack in Parit Sulong against the Japanese when the Allies were retreating to Yong Peng to meet up with the main force heading for Singapore. Upon reaching the small town of Parit Sulong on the way, they discovered their way blocked because the main bridge was already in Japanese hands with a Japanese machine gun defending the bridge. They were surrounded and a heavy battle ensued for several days in Parit Sulong. The Allied troops at Yong Peng under Gordon Bennett unsuccessfully attempted to break through the Japanese lines to reinforce <mask>'s men, but without reinforcements, <mask> and his troops had to try many times to recapture the bridge but was unable to do so.


title: Charles Groves Wright Anderson

texts: Heavily outnumbered, <mask>'s Australian and Indian troops were attacked and harassed continuously by Japanese tanks, machine gun, mortar and air attacks and suffered heavy casualties. Yet they held their position for several days and refused to surrender. During the battle, <mask> had tried to evacuate the wounded by using an  ambulance, but the Japanese would not let the vehicles pass the bridge.Although the detachment attempted to fight its way through another eight miles (13 km) of enemy-occupied territory to Yong Peng, this proved impossible, and <mask> had to destroy his equipment and attempted to work his way around the enemy. <mask> then ordered every able man to escape through the jungle to link up with the retreating main force in Yong Peng heading for Singapore. They had no choice but to leave the wounded to be cared for by the enemy, assuming the Japanese would take care of the wounded. But unfortunately, the Japanese unit at Parit Sulong later executed the approximately 150 wounded Australian and Indian soldiers next to the bridge of Parit Sulong, in the Parit Sulong Massacre. For his brave actions and leadership in Muar and the difficult retreat from Muar to Parit Sulong and the subsequent difficult battle at Parit Sulong led by <mask>, he was awarded the highest and most prestigious decoration for gallantry in the face of the enemy that could be awarded to British Commonwealth forces. His VC citation, as listed in the London Gazette on 13 February 1942, states: "...for setting a magnificent example of brave leadership, determination and outstanding courage. He not only showed fighting qualities of very high order but throughout exposed himself to danger without any regard for his own personal safety".Following the action around Muar and Parit Sulong, <mask> went to Singapore, as the Allies withdrew across the Causeway to prepare a line of defence. Shortly


title: Charles Groves Wright Anderson

texts:
 afterwards he was hospitalised and, as a result, missed the majority of the fighting following the Japanese landings on 8 February 1942. As the situation became desperate, on 13 February, <mask> discharged himself and returned to the heavily-mauled 2/19th, by then down to just 180 men from its authorised strength of 900. He led them until the surrender was announced two days later. <mask> was captured and for the next three years was held as a prisoner of war. He was the chief staff officer under Brigadier Arthur Varley of the 22nd Brigade in A Force – the first contingent of POWs at Changi to voluntarily avail themselves of a Japanese "offer" to move to a new location where they were told there would be abundant food and a healthy climate. In reality the group of 3,000 were shipped to Burma and were used as slave labour to build the 415 km railway link between Nong Pladuk in Thailand and Thanbyuzayat in Burma.Throughout his time in captivity, <mask> worked to mitigate the hardships of other prisoners, leading by personal example and maintaining morale. At the end of the war, <mask> was repatriated back to Australia. His appointment in the army was terminated on 21 December 1945 and he returned to his property in New South Wales. Later life
<mask> entered politics in 1949, winning the Division of Hume in the House of Representatives for the Country Party, with an 18.8% swing. He lost his  seat in the 1951 federal election and unsuccessfully stood for Hume at the subsequent 1954 election. However, he regained the seat at the 1955 election and remained in parliament until his defeat at the 1961 election. While in parliament <mask> served as a member of both the joint committee on the Australian Capital Territory and the joint committee on foreign affairs.Between 1957 and 1960, although he was retired from active military service, <mask> fulfilled the role of honorary

masks:
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Charles Anderson
Anderson
Anderson


title: Charles Groves Wright Anderson

texts:
 colonel of the 4th and 56th Battalions. <mask> owned farming properties around Young, New South Wales, and following his retirement from politics in 1961, moved permanently to Red Hill in Canberra, where he died in 1988. He was survived by three of his four children. There is a memorial stone and plaque for <mask> at Norwood Crematorium, Australian Capital Territory. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Australian War Memorial, Canberra, Australia. Honours and awards

In common with other Victoria Cross and George Cross recipients living at the time, after his service in the two world wars <mask> also received both the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal (1953) and the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal (1977). Both of these medals form part of his medal set, which is held by the Australian War Memorial.Notes

External links
<mask> <mask> VC, 1942, www.thevictoriacross.net
C W <mask> VC, 1949, portrait, nla.gov.au (Catalogue entry)
ART31764 – Lieutenant Colonel <mask>, painting by John Barclay Godson, 1956, Australian War Memorial
<mask>, Fifty Australians, Australian War Memorial

1897 births
1988 deaths
Australian colonels
Australian World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Hume
King's African Rifles officers
Recipients of the Military Cross
Australian prisoners of war
World War II prisoners of war held by Japan
Australian people of Scottish descent
People from Cape Town
British Army personnel of World War I
South African emigrants to Australia
People from Young, New South Wales
National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Australian people of Belgian descent
South African people of Scottish descent
South African people of Belgian descent
Burma Railway prisoners
20th-century Australian politicians
Australian Army personnel of

masks:
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Charles Groves
Wright Anderson
G Anderson
Charles Anderson
Charles Anderson


title: Ramón de la Sagra

texts:
<mask> (8 April 179823 May 1871) was a Spanish anarchist, politician, writer, and botanist who founded the world's first anarchist journal, El Porvenir (Spanish for "The Future"). Biography
<mask> was born on 8 April 1798 in A Coruña, a province of Spain. His father <mask> came from a noble merchant family, which became wealthy through trade with the Spanish colonies in America. His mother was Antonia Rodríguez Perís, who met his father in Saint Augustine. His brother migrated to Uruguay to start a business there, when <mask> was three years old. <mask> studied physics for one year in Nautical School of A Coruña. Afterwards he attended the military college of Santiago de Compostela until reaching adulthood.Afterwards he joined the local university, where he studied anatomy, medicine, mathematics and pharmaceuticals. There he started spreading liberal ideas. For these actions the Inquisition started threatening him, until he was transferred at the University of Madrid. There he contributed to the liberal newspaper El Conservador, the name being a case of antiphrasis. In 1821 he migrated to Cuba as an assistant of Agustìn Rodriguez. One year later he was appointed to the position of Professor of Natural History of Cuba. In 1822 he married Manuela Turnes <mask>o.For the next ten years he would travel in the Americas, until settling in Paris in 1835. He traveled to the United States from April 20 to September 23 of 1835 and the following year published Five Monthes in the United States of North America in Paris based on his experiences there. He also accumulated several volumes of pamphlets and economic and scientific reports while traveling in the United States. In Paris he became a disciple of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. He returned to Spain in 1837 and was elected a

masks:
Ramón Dionisio José de la Sagra y Peris
Ramón de la Sagra
Lorenzo Martínez de la Sagra
Sagra
Ramón de la Sagra
del Rì


title: Ramón de la Sagra

texts:
 member of the parliament four times (1838, 1840, 1845, 1854) as a representative of the Liberal Party. At the same time he began publishing a thirteen volume history on the political and natural history of Cuba which he would complete in 1857. In 1939 he published Voyage en Hollande et en Belgique sous le rapport de l’instruction primaire, des établissements de bien faisance et des prisons, dans les deux pays (published in Paris, 1939 in French and in Spanish in 1844).In 1845 he founded the world's first anarchist journal El Porvenir, which was closed by <mask> Narváez, Duke of Galicia. After the French Revolution of 1848, he created with Proudhon the Peoples' Bank of France. In Brussels he met Heinrich Ahrens, disciple of Krause, whose doctrines he proclaimed in Spain before Julian Sanz <mask>. He continued to publish economic, geographic, political, social, and prison reform studies. In 1849 he was expelled from France, because he was spreading Socialist ideas. In 1856 he was expelled from Spain to France by <mask> Narváez, because he was spreading radical ideas. In Paris he met Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.There he worked as the consul of Uruguay. He returned to Cuba between 1859 and 1860 and published numerous studies and essays there. At the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 he went to Switzerland, where he died on 23 May 1871 at the age of seventy-three. Legacy
<mask> <mask> is commemorated in the scientific name of two species of Cuban lizards, Anolis sagrei and Diploglossus <mask>gra. Also, in 1828 botanist DC. published Sagraea, a genus of flowering plants from the Caribbean belonging to the family Melastomataceae, and named in <mask> <mask>'s honor. Théorie et pratique de cette institution, fondée sur la théorie rationelle
Lecciones de

masks:
Ramón María
del Rio
Ramón María
Ramón de
la Sagra
delasa
Ramón de
la Sagra


title: Louisa Ulrika of Prussia

texts:
<mask> of Prussia (; ) (24 July 1720 – 16 July 1782) was Queen of Sweden  from 1751 to 1771 as the consort of King Adolf Frederick. She was queen mother during the reign of King Gustav III. Background
<mask> was born in Berlin as the daughter of Frederick William I of Prussia and his wife Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, and was thus a younger sister of both Wilhelmine of Bayreuth and Frederick the Great. She was given the Swedish name Ulrika because Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden had been her god mother. She exchanged letters with her godmother, and it was thought that she would marry a future son by Ulrika Eleonora, as Ulrika Eleonora herself had once been considered as a consort for <mask>'s father. However, Ulrika Eleonora remained childless. <mask> was described as beautiful, intelligent, with a fierce temperament and a strong will.She was given an advanced education in accordance with the French age of enlightenment by the governess Marthe de Roucoulle and the governor Maturin Veyssiére la Croze, both French Huguenots. Her intellectual interests were not opposed by her father who, while disapproving in her brothers interest for learning, did not do so in the case of <mask>, who was reportedly a favorite of her father. She and her eldest brother, the future Frederick the Great, had a reasonably good relationship, sharing their interest in science and culture. Her favorites among her siblings were her younger brother Prince Augustus William of Prussia and her sister Princess Sophia Dorothea of Prussia. At the court of her mother, she was introduced to Voltaire, with whom she engaged in a lifelong correspondence, and Maupertuis. Several dynastic marriages were considered for her from 1732

masks:
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Ulrika
Louisa Urika
Louisa Ulrika