title: William Scroggs

texts:
 King, and saint the murderer!". His attitude towards Catholic laymen was far less hostile: even in 1678, at the height of the Plot fever, he admitted that there were hundreds of honest Catholic gentlemen in England who would never engage in any conspiracy against the King.Lay Catholics who gave evidence at the Plot trials were in general accorded  more courtesy than were  priests: at the trial of Sir George Wakeman, Ellen Rigby, the former housekeeper of the Benedictine order's house in London, was treated by <mask> (who was reputed to be  something of a misogynist) with the utmost respect. Lord Chief Justice and the Popish Plot

As Lord Chief Justice, <mask> presided at the trial of the persons denounced by Titus Oates and other informers for complicity in the fabricated  "Popish Plot", and he treated these prisoners with characteristic violence and brutality, overwhelming them with sarcasm and abuse while on their trial, and taunting them when sentencing them to death. So careless was he of the rights of the accused that at one trial he admitted to the jury during his summing-up  that he had forgotten much of the evidence. In fairness to Scroggs, he  seems to have been a sincere believer in the existence of the Plot, as was much of the general public and Parliament, but he did nothing to test the credibility of witnesses like Oates, <mask>e, Miles Prance and Thomas Dangerfield, even though he knew well that Bedloe and Dangerfield were leading figures in the criminal underworld. He also knew that Prance had made his confession only after a  threat of torture. Another leading informer, Stephen Dugdale, was arguably a case apart as he was a person  of good social standing, and was generally regarded as "a man of sense and temper", with "something in his manner which disposed  people to  believe him". Scroggs, like many others (even the King, who was

masks:
Scroggs
Scroggs
William Bedlo


title: William Scroggs

type: original

texts:
 in general a complete sceptic about the veracity of the Plot), can be excused for finding his  evidence  credible, at least in the early stages of the Plot.<mask>
In November 1678 <mask>, a young Catholic banker, was executed for treason, the precise charge being  that he had "imagined (i.e. threatened) the King's death". Gilbert Burnet later made a violent attack on the character and credibility of  <mask>, the Crown's chief witness, who testified that while dining in the Black Lion Pub in Convent Garden he had heard Staley say in French: "the King is a great heretic...this is the hand that shall kill him". His speaking in French (this was confirmed by another witness) attracted suspicion, although in fact it was perfectly understandable since the guest he was dining with, one Monsieur Fromante, was a Frenchman. Despite Burnet's low opinion of Carstares, it is likely enough that he told the truth  when  he testified that Staley, who was  a heavy drinker, had made this threat against the King when he was inebriated, but in less disturbed times Staley could have hoped to escape with a severe reprimand. Scroggs in his summing up did tell the jury that in case of a man's life he would have no regard paid to "the rumours and disorders of the time" but the rest of his charge was wholly in favour of a guilty verdict, which the jury duly brought in without even leaving the box. Staley was hung, drawn and quartered, but as a gesture of clemency the Government released his body to his family for proper burial.The family unwisely had a series of requiem masses said for his soul, followed by a magnificent funeral at the Anglican St. Paul's Church, Convent Garden. The Government, infuriated, ordered that Staley's body be  dug up and quartered, and his head cut off and placed on London Bridge. Edward Colman

A week later Edward Colman, former private secretary

masks:
William Staley
William Staley
William Carstares


title: William Scroggs

texts:
 to the Duke of York, was executed for his  allegedly treasonable correspondence with Louis XIV of France. Again <mask> drove hard for a conviction, despite Colman's standing as a Government official. Colman's letters, in which he urged Louis to press Charles II for a dissolution of Parliament, by bribery if necessary, showed a grave lack of political judgement, but it was straining the law very far to call them treasonable. The correspondence, which had apparently ended in 1674 or 1675, had no effect whatever on English foreign policy, and was of such little importance that Colman,  until he was confronted with the letters after his arrest,  had apparently forgotten writing them. <mask> told Colman that he had been condemned on his own papers; this was fortunate for the Crown, since the evidence of Oates and Bedloe of overt acts of treason was so feeble that Scroggs in his summing-up simply ignored it.<mask> later boasted that he had hanged Colman "against the will of the Court", but in fact it seems that the King was happy enough to sacrifice Colman, whom he had long regarded as a  troublemaker. Berry, Green and Hill

At the trial in February 1679 of the prisoners Henry Berry, Robert Green, and Lawrence Hill, accused of the murder of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey, Scroggs gave a characteristic exhibition of his methods, indulging in a tirade against the Roman Catholic religion, and loudly proclaiming his belief in the guilt of the accused. When Lawrence Hill's wife boldly accused Miles Prance, the Crown's chief witness, of perjury in open court, Scroggs said incredulously "You cannot think that he will swear three men out of their lives for nothing?". All three defendants were put to death. As Mrs. Hill had correctly predicted, Prance later confessed that he had perjured himself under the threat of torture and that the three  men executed were wholly

masks: Scroggs Scroggs Scroggs


title: William Scroggs

texts:
 innocent. Scroggs turns against the Plot

It was only when, in July of the same year, Oates's accusation against the Queen's physician, Sir George Wakeman, appeared likely to involve the Queen herself in the ramifications of the plot, that Scroggs began to think matters were going too far; he was probably also influenced by the discovery that the Court regarded the plot with disbelief and disfavour, and that the Country Party led by Lord Shaftesbury had less influence than he had supposed with the King. The Chief Justice on this occasion threw doubt on the trustworthiness of Bedloe and Oates as witnesses, and warned the jury to be careful in accepting their evidence.Wakeman and three priests, including the leading Benedictine Maurus Corker, who were tried with him, were duly acquitted. <mask> for the first time observed that even a Catholic priest might be innocent of anything but being a priest (which was itself a capital crime under the Jesuits, etc. Act 1584, although Corker and the others were spared the death penalty, and were  all released after spending some time in jail). This inflamed public opinion against <mask>, for the popular belief in the plot was still strong. He was accused of taking bribes from the Portuguese Ambassador, the Marquis of Arronches, acting on behalf of the Portuguese-born Queen, to secure Wakeman's acquittal. In the circumstances, the decision of the Ambassador to call on Scroggs the day after the trial to thank him for securing an acquittal has been described as an act of "incredible folly'. In August 1679 the King fell desperately ill at Windsor, and for some days his life was despaired of.<mask>, fearing for his future, rushed to Windsor to find the King making a slow recovery: seeing <mask> hovering anxiously in the background, the King told him that he had nothing to fear: "for we shall stand or fall together".

masks: Scroggs Scroggs Scroggs Scroggs


title: William Scroggs

texts:
 <mask> continued in his poor treatment of Catholic priests who came before him for trial, as he showed when he sentenced Andrew Bromwich to death at Stafford in the summer of 1679 (although it must be said that he recommended Bromwich for mercy, and he was duly reprieved). Nevertheless, his proposing the Duke of York's health at the Lord Mayor's dinner a few months later, in the presence of Shaftesbury, indicated his determination not to support the Exclusionists against the known wishes of the King. At the opening of the Michaelmas Term he delivered a speech  on the need for judicial independence: "the people ought to be pleased with public justice and not justice seek to please the people... justice should flow like a mighty stream... neither for my part do I think we live in so corrupted an age that no man can with safety be just and follow his own conscience." Kenyon remarks that whatever <mask>'s faults, this speech shows that he was far more than the "brainless bully" he is sometimes portrayed as. <mask> and Samuel Pepys

When Samuel Pepys  was accused of  treason, <mask>, no doubt mindful that both Charles II and his brother the Duke of York  had a high regard for Pepys, treated him with the utmost courtesy, and he never actually stood trial. As a result, the picture of Scroggs in Pepys's third diary, the  so-called King's Bench Journal, is surprisingly favourable.Pepys was particularly impressed by a remark of Scroggs that Pepys and his co-accused Sir Anthony Deane were Englishmen and "should have the rights of Englishmen". <mask> had already directed the acquittal of Pepys's clerk Samuel Atkins on the charge of having conspired to murder Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey, a charge which was clearly designed to damage Pepys himself. <mask> conducted Atkins's trial with refreshing humanity and  good humour. When Atkins' alibi witness, Captain Vittles,

masks: Scroggs Scroggs Scroggs Scroggs Scroggs Scroggs


title: William Scroggs

texts:
 testified that Atkins had drunk so much wine on the night in question that he could not possibly have killed anyone, <mask>, himself a notably heavy drinker, cheerfully said: "Do you both go out and share another bottle of wine". Last years on the Bench

Acting in the assurance of popular sympathy, Oates and Bedloe now arraigned the Chief Justice before the Privy Council for having discredited their evidence and misdirected the jury in the Wakeman case, accusing him at the same time of several other misdemeanours on the bench, including a habit of excessive drinking and foul language (the charge of  heavy  drinking at least was probably true enough). In January 1680 the case was argued before the Council and Scroggs was acquitted. Scroggs repeated the attacks he had made on Oates' credibility at Wakeman's trial, and the King expressed his full confidence in him.At the trials of Elizabeth Cellier and of Lord Castlemaine in June of the same year, both of whom were acquitted, he discredited Dangerfield's evidence, calling him "a notorious villain ... he was in Chelmsford  gaol",  and on the former occasion committed the witness to prison. In the same month he discharged the grand jury of Middlesex before the end of term in order to save the Duke of York from indictment as a popish recusant, a proceeding which the House of Commons declared to be illegal, and which was made an article in the impeachment of Scroggs in January 1681. The dissolution of Parliament put an end to the impeachment, but the King now felt secure enough to dispense with his services, and in April Scroggs, much it seems to his own surprise, was removed from the bench, although with a generous pension. He retired to his country home at South Weald  in Essex; he also had a town house   at Chancery Lane  in London, where  he died on 25 October 1683. Family

Scroggs married Anne


title: William Scroggs

texts:
 Fettyplace (d.1689), daughter of Edmund Fettyplace of Berkshire: they had four children:

Sir <mask> junior (died 1695), who like his father was a barrister
Mary (died 1675)
Anne (d.1713), who married as his third wife Sir Robert Wright, who like her father became Lord Chief Justice of England but died in prison after the Glorious Revolution
Elizabeth (died 1724), who married firstly Anthony Gylby and secondly Charles Hatton,  younger son of Christopher Hatton, 1st Baron Hatton. Little is known of Scrogg's family life, although given the frequent references, not all of them by his enemies, to his drunkenness and "debauched lifestyle", it is unlikely to have been happy. His opinion of his wife, and of women in general, may perhaps be inferred from an irritable remark he made at the trial for treason of the barrister Richard Langhorne in 1679.Despite objections  from <mask>, Scroggs  permitted female observers like Mary, Lady Worcester to take notes of the evidence, on the ground that "a woman's notes will not signify, truly - no more than her tongue". On the other hand, at Wakeman's trial he treated Ellen Rigby, the  former housekeeper at  the Benedictine house in London, with great respect, and told the jury to treat her evidence for the defence as credible,  a tribute to her forceful personality. Personality and lifestyle

<mask> was a judge at a time when many members of the High Court Bench were considered corrupt and unfair, and his temper and treatment of defendants were an example of the endemic problems with the judiciary, whose coarse and brutal manners shocked most educated laymen. He served on the bench during the same period as Judge Jeffreys who has been criticised for similarly poor treatment of defendants and witnesses. Kenyon notes that while their behaviour in Court seems "degrading and disgusting" by modern standards, at the time it

masks:
William Scroggs
William Bedloe
Scroggs


title: William Scroggs

texts:
 was taken for granted: "the judges'  manners were rough because they were a rough lot". <mask>  was the subject of many contemporary satires; he was reputed to live a debauched lifestyle, he was undoubtedly a heavy drinker, and his manners during trials were considered 'coarse' and 'violent'.Roger North, who knew him well, described him as a man of great wit and fluency, but "scandalous, violent, intemperate and extreme". Forty years after his death, Jonathan Swift in his celebrated attack on <mask>, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, called him "as vile and profligate a villain as <mask>".Legal writings
<mask> was the author of a work on the Practice of Courts-Leet and Courts-Baron (published posthumously in London, 1701), and he edited reports of the state trials over which he presided. Authorities
<mask>, Complete Collection of State Trials (vols. i.-x. of State Trials, 33 vols, London, 1809)
Roger North, Life of Lord Guilford, etc., edited by A Jessopp (3 vols, London, 1890), and Examen (London, 1740)
Narcissus Luttrell, A Brief Relation of State Affairs, 1678-1714 (6 vols, Oxford, 1857)
Anthony à Wood, Athenae Oxonienses, edited by P Bliss (4 vols, London, 1813–1820)
Correspondence of the Family of Hatton, edited by Edward Maunde Thompson (2 vols, Camden Society 22, 23, London, 1878)
Lord Campbell, Lives of the Chief Justices of England (3 vols, London, 1849–1857)
Edward Foss, The Judges of England (9 vols, London, 1848–1864)
Sir JF Stephen, History of the Criminal Law of England (3 vols, London, 1883)
Harry Brodribb Irving, Life of Judge Jeffreys (London, 1898). John Philipps Kenyon The Popish Plot  Phoenix Press Reissue 2000

See also
Weald Hall

References

1623 births
1683 deaths
Lord Chief Justices of England and Wales
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
Members of Gray's Inn
People associated with the Popish Plot
People from Stifford
Justices of

masks:
Scroggs
William Whitshed
Scroggs
Scroggs
William Cobbett


title: George Henry White

texts:
<mask> (December 18, 1852 – December 28, 1918) was an American attorney and politician, elected as a Republican U.S. Congressman from North Carolina's 2nd congressional district between 1897 and 1901. He later became a banker in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and in Whitesboro, New Jersey, an African-American community he co-founded. <mask> is the last African-American Congressman during the beginning of the Jim Crow era and the only African American to serve in Congress during his tenure. In North Carolina, "fusion politics" between the Populist and Republican parties led to a brief period of renewed Republican and African-American political success in elections from 1894 to 1900, when <mask> was elected to Congress for two terms after serving in the state legislature. After the Democratic-dominated state legislature passed a suffrage amendment that disenfranchised blacks in the state, <mask> did not seek a third term. He moved permanently to Washington, D.C., where he had a law practice and became a banker, moving again to Philadelphia in 1906.After <mask> left office, no other African American served in Congress until 1929. No African American was elected to Congress again from a former Confederate state until Barbara Jordan's election in 1972, and there wasn't an African American elected to Congress from North Carolina again until Eva Clayton in 1992. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1852 in Rosindale, Bladen County, North Carolina, where his natural mother may have been a slave. His father Wiley Franklin <mask> was a free person of color, of African and Scots-Irish ancestry, who worked as a laborer in a turpentine camp. <mask> had an older brother John, and their father may have purchased their freedom. In

masks:
George Henry White
White
White
White
White
White
White
George


title: George Henry White

texts:
 1857 <mask>'s father <mask> married Mary Anna Spaulding, a young local woman of mixed race and the granddaughter of Benjamin Spaulding. Born into slavery as the son of a slave mother and a white plantation owner, Benjamin had been freed by his father as a young man.As a free man of color, Spaulding worked to acquire more than 2,300 acres of pine woods, which he apportioned to his own large family. In 1860 the <mask> family lived on a farm in Welches Creek township, Columbus County. Because <mask> was so young when Mary Anna joined the family, he always thought of her as his mother. She and his father had more children together, his half-siblings. <mask> probably first attended an "old field school", paid for by subscription. After the
American Civil War, the Reconstruction era state legislature established the first public schools for black children in the state. At Welches Creek in 1870, <mask> met the teacher David P. Allen, who encouraged him.Allen moved to Lumberton, where he established the Whitin Normal School. <mask> studied academic courses there for a couple of years, including Latin, and boarded with Allen and his family. He saved money by running the family farm for a year for his father. <mask> left the family for Washington, D.C., in 1872 and worked for nearly two decades as a laborer at the Treasury Department. In 1874 <mask> started studies at Howard University, founded in 1867 in Washington, D.C. as a historically black college open to men and women of all races. He studied classical subjects to be certified as a schoolteacher. In addition, he worked for five months at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, which had visitors from around the world, and got to see something of its thriving black

masks:
George
Wiley White
White
George White
George White
White
White
Wiley White
White


title: George Henry White

texts:
 community, some of whose ancestors had been free since shortly after the American Revolutionary War, when Pennsylvania abolished slavery.<mask> finished at Howard in 1877 and returned to North Carolina, where he was hired as a principal at a school in New Bern. He also read the law, studying it in the city as a legal apprentice under former Superior Court Judge William J. Clarke, who had become a Republican after the war and founded a newspaper. In 1879 <mask> was admitted to the North Carolina bar. Marriage and family
On February 27, 1879, <mask> married Fannie B. Randolph, who was the daughter of John H Randolph, Jr, and Della Redmond Randolph. She died in September 1880, soon after the birth of their daughter Della. In 1882 he married Nancy J. Scott, who died the same year. On March 15, 1887, he married Cora Lena Cherry.Her sister Louisa was married to <mask> Cheatham, a future political rival. <mask> and Cora had three children: Mary Adelyne, called "Mamie;" Beatrice Odessa (who died young); and <mask> <mask>, Jr.

Three of <mask>'s four children survived to adulthood: Della died in 1916 in Washington, D.C., followed by <mask>., who died in Pittsburgh in 1927. Mamie died in New York City in 1974. His wife, Cora Lena <mask>, died in 1905. In 1915, <mask> married Ellen Avant Macdonald of North Carolina, who survived him. Political career

In 1880 <mask> ran as a Republican candidate from New Bern and was elected to a single term in the North Carolina House of Representatives. He helped pass a law creating four state normal schools for African Americans in order to train more teachers, and was appointed in 1881 as the principal of one of the schools in New Bern.He helped develop the school in its early years and

masks:
White
White
White
Henry Plummer
White
George Henry
White
White
George Jr
White
George White
White


title: George Henry White

texts: encourage students to go into teaching. In 1884 <mask> returned to politics, winning election to the North Carolina Senate from Craven County. In 1886, he was elected solicitor and prosecuting attorney for the second judicial district of North Carolina, a post he held for eight years until 1894. While considering running for Congress, <mask> had deferred to his brother-in-law <mask> Cheatham, who was elected to the US House in 1890. <mask> was a delegate to the 1896 and 1900 Republican National Conventions. In 1896 he was elected to the U.S. Congress representing the predominantly black Second District from his residence in Tarboro. He defeated the white Democratic incumbent Frederick A. Woodard.The Republican president William McKinley carried many on his coattails, but <mask> also benefited because a Democratic-Populist fusionist candidate had drawn off votes from Woodard. In addition, the 1894 legislature had repealed some laws which Democrats had used to restrict black voting, and the turnout in 1896 among black voters was 85 percent. In 1898 <mask> was re-elected in a three-way race. In a period of increasing disenfranchisement of blacks in the South, he was the last of five African Americans who were elected and served in Congress during the Jim Crow era of the later nineteenth century. There were two from South Carolina, Cheatham before him from North Carolina, and one from Virginia. After them, no African Americans would be elected from the South until 1972, after federal civil rights legislation was passed in 1965 to enforce constitutional voting and civil rights for citizens. No African Americans were elected to Congress from North Carolina until 1992.Republicans since the 1880s had been calling for federal

masks:
White
White
Henry Plummer
White
White
White


title: George Henry White

texts: oversight of elections, to try to halt the discriminatory abuses in the South. Representative <mask> Lodge and Senator <mask> led a renewed effort in early 1890, when Lodge introduced a Federal Elections Bill to enforce provisions of the 15th Amendment giving citizens the right to vote. <mask> was the only black Congressman at the time and never gave a speech while the House considered the bill. It narrowly passed the House in July but languished in the Senate; it was eventually filibustered by southern Democrats, overwhelmed by debate on silver coinage to relieve economic strain in rural areas. During his tenure, <mask> worked for African-American civil rights and consistently highlighted issues of justice, relating discussions on the economy, foreign policy and colonization to the treatment of blacks in the South. He supported an effort for reduction legislation derived from the 14th Amendment, to reduce apportionment of Congressional delegations in proportion to the voting population that states were illegally disenfranchising. He challenged the House in 1899 and again after the 1900 census to proceed with reduction legislation.Representative Edgar Dean Crumpacker of Indiana, who was on the Select Committee of the Census, had introduced a reduction measure that got the most attention, but it was reported out of committee in 1899 too late for action. In 1901 he introduced another measure. His bill proposed to penalize Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina, which had approved state constitutions disenfranchising blacks. (They were followed by other southern states through 1908.) He proposed a plan based on reducing representation based on total state illiteracy rates, as he believed that

masks:
Henry Cabot
George Hoar
Henry Cheatham
White


title: George Henry White

texts:
 illiterates would fail the education or literacy tests. While his plan earned much discussion, his bill was tabled. A reduction effort in 1902 also failed.<mask> used the power of his office to appoint several African-American postmasters across his district, with the assistance of the state's Republican senator, Jeter C. Pritchard. They were able to make patronage hires, as did other postmasters. Following the Wilmington coup of 1898 in North Carolina, <mask> and two dozen other representatives from the National Afro-American Council met with McKinley and unsuccessfully pressed him to speak out against lynching. On January 20, 1900, <mask> introduced the first bill in Congress to make lynching a federal crime to be prosecuted by federal courts. He argued that the majority of lynchings punished consensual sex between black men and white women, and that far more white men assaulted black women. An editorial by Josephus Daniels in the February 2 issue of the News and Observer responded with personal attacks against <mask>, and claimed he was justifying assaults on white women by slandering white men. The bill died in committee, opposed by southern white Democrats, who were making up the Solid South block.A month later, as the House was debating issues of territorial expansion internationally, <mask> again defended his bill by giving examples of crimes in the South. He said that conditions in the region had to "provoke questions about ... national and international policy." He said,

Should not a nation be just to all her citizens, protect them alike in all their rights, on every foot of her soil, in a word, show herself capable of governing all within her domain before she undertakes to exercise sovereign authority over

masks: White White White White White


title: George Henry White

texts:
 those of a foreign land—with foreign notions and habits not at all in harmony with our American system of government? Or, to be more explicit, should not charity first begin at home? Following the actions of North Carolina Democrats in 1899, who passed a suffrage amendment to the state constitution to disenfranchise blacks, <mask> chose not to seek a third term in the 1900 elections. He told the Chicago Tribune, "I cannot live in North Carolina and be a man and be treated as a man." He announced plans to leave his home state and start a law practice in Washington, DC at the end of his term.<mask> also blamed the continued newspaper attacks on his character, claiming that these had ruined the health of his wife. I am certain the excitement of another campaign would kill her...My wife is a refined and educated woman, and she has suffered terribly because of the attacks on me. <mask> delivered his final speech in the House on January 29, 1901:

This is perhaps the Negroes' temporary farewell to the American Congress, but let me say, Phoenix-like he will rise up some day and come again. These parting words are in behalf of an outraged, heart-broken, bruised and bleeding, but God-fearing people; faithful, industrious, loyal, rising people – full of potential force. On March 4, 1901, at the moment that <mask>'s term formally ended, white legislators in Raleigh celebrated. North Carolina Democrat A. D. Watts announced:
<mask><mask>, the insolent negro...has retired from office forever. And from this hour on no negro will again disgrace the old State in the council of chambers of the nation.For these mercies, thank God." Later life
Following <mask>'s departure, no other African-American served in Congress until Oscar De Priest

masks:
White
White
White
White
George H
. White
White


title: George Henry White

texts: was elected from Illinois in 1928. No African-American North Carolinian was elected to Congress until Eva Clayton and Mel Watt won seats in the House of Representatives in 1992. <mask> returned to law and entered banking, having moved his family permanently to Washington, DC, in 1900. <mask> was wealthy with a net worth of $30,000 in 1902. In 1906 the <mask> family moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a city with a well-established African American community, then experiencing significant growth due to the Great Migration. During this time <mask> practiced law and founded a commercial savings bank.<mask> was a co-founder of the town of Whitesboro in southern New Jersey as a planned community developed for African Americans. He worked with prominent investors such as Booker T. Washington, president of Tuskegee Institute; and poet Paul Laurence Dunbar; along with two daughters of Judge Mifflin W. Gibbs: Ida Gibbs Hunt and Harriet Gibbs Marshall. <mask> was an early officer in the National Afro-American Council, a nationwide civil rights organization created in 1898. He served several terms as one of nine national vice presidents, and was twice an unsuccessful candidate for the Council's presidency. After the Council dissolved in 1908, he became an early member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People founded that year. It formed a Philadelphia chapter in 1913. In 1912, <mask> was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Congress from Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district, following the death of the incumbent congressman.In 1916, he became the first African American from Pennsylvania to be selected as an alternate delegate at-large to the Republican National Convention. In

masks: White White White White White White White


title: George Henry White

texts:
 1917, <mask> was appointed assistant city solicitor for Philadelphia following the death of Harry W. Bass. <mask> died in his home in Philadelphia in 1918, and was buried at an unmarked grave Eden Cemetery in nearby Collingdale. His son <mask>, Jr. (d. 1927, Pittsburgh) and daughter Mamie (d. 1974, New York City) were buried next to him. His widow <mask> moved to Atlantic City, New Jersey in 1920; by 1930 she married Edward W. Coston there. Legacy and honors
 In 2002, the town of Tarboro, where <mask> lived during his tenure in Congress, established "George White Day" and has since celebrated it annually. On September 26, 2009, President Barack Obama referred to <mask>'s farewell speech in his remarks at the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation's Annual Awards Dinner in Washington, DC.In 2010, a North Carolina state highway historical marker in <mask>'s honor was dedicated in Tarboro. In 2012 <mask> <mask>: American Phoenix, a documentary about <mask> <mask>'s life and legacy, was released. 115 mins. Produced by LightSmith Productions. The George Henry White Fund was set up to support efforts for education about his life and legacy. In 2013, a historic marker in <mask>'s honor was set up in Whitesboro by the "Concerned Citizens of Whitesboro, New Jersey." In 2014, the George Henry <mask> Pioneer Award was established by the Benjamin and Edith Spaulding Descendants Foundation in his honor; that year the biannual award was presented to Dr. Benjamin R. Justesen, who has published the first full-length biography of <mask> and an edited collection of his writings and speeches.On October 29, 2015, a gravestone for <mask>'s grave was unveiled at Historic Eden Cemetery in Collingdale, Pennsylvania. Speakers included State

masks:
White
White
George
Ellen White
White
White
White
George Henry
White
George Henry
White
White
White
White
White


title: George Henry White

texts:
 Senator Anthony H. Williams of Philadelphia (Eighth District). In 2015, the <mask> Henry <mask> Memorial Community Center has been founded in Bladen County, North Carolina, <mask>'s birthplace, for education about him and the achievements of people associated with the Farmers' Union community in Columbus and Bladen counties. See also

 African Americans in the United States Congress
 List of African-American United States representatives

Notes

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 "Defense of the Negro Race--Charges Answered" Speech of Hon. <mask><mask>, of North Carolina, in the House of Representatives, January 29, 1901. (34 Cong. Rec.1634)
 "Fusion Politics in 1890s North Carolina", North Carolina History Project
 Bios: <mask> <mask>, North Carolina Election of 1898, Library - University of North Carolina
Headstone Dedication to Honor Congressman <mask> <mask>, Early Civil Rights Leader

1852 births
1918 deaths
African-American members of the United States House of Representatives
African-American state legislators in North Carolina
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
Burials at Eden Cemetery (Collingdale, Pennsylvania)
Howard University alumni
Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
North Carolina state senators
North Carolina Republicans
Politicians from New Bern, North Carolina
Pennsylvania Republicans
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
19th-century African-American politicians
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
People from Bladen County, North Carolina
20th-century African-American politicians
City and town

masks:
George
White
White
George H
. White
George Henry
White
George Henry
White


title: Umar bin Hafiz

texts:
<mask> (; ; born 27 May 1963) is a Yemeni Sunni Islamic scholar, teacher, founder and the dean of Dar al-Mustafa Islamic seminary. He also a member of the Supreme Advisory Council for the Tabah Foundation in Abu Dhabi. Background
<mask> was born on 27 May 1963 CE or 4 Muharram 1383 AH in Tarim, Hadhramaut, Yemen, and raised in a household that possessed a tradition and lineage of Islamic scholarship and righteousness by his father. His father was <mask>, a Habib and mufti of Tarim, a pious caller to Islam, scholar, and a martyr of the communist uprising. He is a Sayyid (a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad), through his grandson Husayn ibn Ali. The surname "Hafiz" comes from his great grandfather's name, a branch of the family of "Shaykh Abubakr bin Salim", which is also the name of his paternal thirteenth generation progenitor. Early life
Having memorized the Qu'ran at a very young age, Habib also studied and memorized core texts in Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), the Arabic, Hadith (Prophetic traditions) and many other religious sciences.He studied Islamic sciences including spirituality from his father. Later, he enrolled at the Ribat of al-Bayda', where he began studying the traditional Islamic sciences under the tutelage of Al-Habib Muhammad bin Abd-Allah al-Haddar, as well as under the Shafi‘i jurist and scholar Al-Habib Zain <mask>it. Habib Omar was given permission to teach soon after. He

masks:
Habib Umar bin Hafiz
Habib Omar bin Hafiz
Muhammad bin Salim bin Hafiz
bin Suma


title: Umar bin Hafiz

texts:
 then studied under the mufti of Ta‘iz, al-Habib Ibrahim bin Aqil bin Yahya. He also studied under Shaikh al-Habib Muhammad al-Haddar, who gave him his daughter's hand in marriage. <mask> then traveled to the Hejaz and studied several books with scholars, including Al-Habib Abdul Qadir <mask> al-Saqqaf, Al-Habib Ahmed Mashur al-Haddad, and Al-Habib Attas al-Habashi. At the age of 15, Habib began to teach, while continuing to study and receive lessons.Career

After returning to Tarim, <mask> established Dar al-Mustafa, an Islamic educational seminary. Habib currently lives in Tarim, where he oversees the development of Dar al-Mustafa and the schools that have been set up under his management. Dar al-Mustafa has been featured in The New York Times. His seminary accepts students from a variety of countries. Some of his prominent students in the UK include Shaykh Ibrahim Osi Efa, and in the United States, Shaykh Abdul Karim Yahya and Shaykh John (Yahya) Rhodus, while his prominent students in Indonesia include the late Habib Munzir Al-Musawa. Habib travels regularly to meet with students and leaders, deliver talks and media interviews, and participate in official and private functions. Among the places he has been include: the Persian Gulf states, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, Morocco, Algeria, Sudan, Mali, Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa, the Comoros Islands, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Malaysia,

masks:
Bin Hafiz
bin Ahmad
bin Hafiz


title: Art Barr

texts:
<mask> (October 8, 1966 – November 23, 1994) was an American professional wrestler. While he wrestled briefly for World Championship Wrestling, he found his greatest success in Mexico's Asistencia Asesoría y Administración promotion. Early life
While growing up, <mask> became friends with Roddy Piper during Piper's stint in the Oregonian Pacific Northwest Wrestling. While attending Oregon State University, <mask> became an accomplished amateur wrestler, having become a four-time district champion and a two-time state champion. However, he later dropped out of college to tend to his wife when she became pregnant. <mask> had three brothers: Jesse, who was also a wrestler, JR, and Sean. His father, Sandy, was also involved in wrestling as a wrestler, referee and promoter.Sandy died on June 2, 2007. Professional wrestling career

Pacific Northwest Wrestling (1987–1990)
After leaving college, <mask> began working in a steel mill during the day while he began receiving training to become a wrestler from his father Sandy, his older brother <mask>, and Matt Osborne at night. On April 2, 1987, <mask> debuted in the Pacific Northwest Wrestling territory. About a year and a half later, at the suggestion of Roddy Piper, he began wrestling as "Beetlejuice", based on the title character of the 1988 movie. The character, wearing face paint and flour in his hair, was a cartoonish fan favorite. World Championship Wrestling (1990–1991)
After the trial, <mask>'s license to wrestle in Oregon was not renewed, stemming from a previous conviction for possession of cocaine that he did not disclose on his license application. About this time, a tape of <mask> as Beetlejuice was sent to the offices of WCW president Jim Herd.WCW was even with WWF in adult demographics, but was losing

masks:
Arthur Leon Barr
Barr
Barr
Barr
Barr
Jesse Barr
Barr
Barr
Barr


title: Art Barr

texts:
 badly among the child demographics. Herd decided to hire <mask>, even though booker Ole Anderson thought <mask> was too small to work in the company. <mask> joined World Championship Wrestling in 1990 and was renamed "The Juicer" in order to avoid copyright conflicts, but he retained his character. Due to a faxing campaign, his sexual assault conviction followed him, which along with his small stature in a wrestling world then dominated by large wrestlers, he lost support and was soon released. After his release, <mask> worked a few spot shows for the Pacific Northwest Wrestling promotion in Washington state, as he was banned from working Oregon by the state's commission. Empresa Mexicana de la Lucha Libre (1991–1992)
After leaving WCW, <mask> was brought into Mexico's Empresa Mexicana de la Lucha Libre promotion by Konnan. He initially wrestled under a mask as "The American Love Machine", and was very successful.A year after entering EMLL, the American Love Machine faced off against another masked wrestler, Blue Panther, in a mask versus mask match. 18,000 fans sold out the 17,000 seat Arena México in Mexico City and another 8,000 fans watched on big screen TV in the parking lot to see the card. The match ended when American Love Machine performed a piledriver (Martinete in Spanish) against Blue Panther, an illegal move in Mexican wrestling, thus losing his mask. Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (1992–1994)
Soon afterward, <mask> left EMLL to join Konnan's newly formed Asistencia Asesoría y Administración promotion. As "The Love Machine" <mask>, he debuted in AAA as a villain, and formed the tag team "La Pareja del Terror" (The Pair of Terror) with Eddie Guerrero. The pair were highly successful, as they would go on to win the World Tag Team Championship

masks:
Barr
Barr
Barr
Barr
Barr
Barr
Art Barr


title: Art Barr

texts: and become arguably the most hated tag team in lucha libre history. <mask> and Guerrero expanded their tag team into a faction after being joined by Konnan, Black Cat, Madonna's Boyfriend, Jake Roberts, Misterioso, Chicano Power and King Lion.Together, the faction became known as Los Gringos Locos (The Crazy Americans). Despite both the acclaim and the financial success he received, <mask>'s time in Mexico took a toll on him, as he was reportedly homesick (his wife and son remained in Oregon while he was working in Mexico). Eventually, he turned to alcohol and drugs for solace, despite the concern of his friends in the business. On November 6, 1994, AAA held the When Worlds Collide pay-per-view card (with some help from WCW) at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena. La Pareja del Terror faced off against El Hijo del Santo and Octagón in a double hair versus mask match, which was acclaimed as one of the greatest pay-per-view matches ever and would receive a 5 star rating from Dave Meltzer. Around this time, <mask> and Guerrero were also in talks with Extreme Championship Wrestling. <mask> confirmed this in a shoot interview with Los Angeles media following the PPV, and said that he looked forward to competing in ECW, "they're not the biggest promotion but they're the hottest and a very forward thinking promotion".<mask> additionally was scheduled to compete at New Japan's annual Tokyo Dome show on January 4, 1995, in a match with Jushin Thunder Liger however this never materialised. At the same time, the World Wrestling Federation, World Championship Wrestling also showed interest in the tag team of Guerrero and <mask> however it never got past that stage. At Triplemania XXIV, <mask> was posthumously inducted into the AAA Hall of Fame as the 2016 inductee. He is

masks: Barr Barr Barr Barr Barr Barr Barr


title: Art Barr

texts:
 regarded as the most hated rudo the company has ever had along with his tag team partner Eddie Guerrero as Los Gringos Locos. New Japan Pro Wrestling (1994)
<mask> made his New Japan Pro-Wrestling debut as "American Machine" in Summer 1994, wrestling under an old American Love Machine mask. He made his debut by teaming with Black Cat and Black Tiger II in a winning effort against the team of Shinjiro Otani, El Samurai and Jushin Liger. Liger apparently had big plans to feud with <mask>, but they never materialized after Liger broke his ankle.A match was planned for January 4, 1995 at the Tokyo Dome for the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship, but again this never materialised due to <mask>'s death in November 1994. Death
On November 23, 1994, <mask> was found dead lying with his child at his home in Springfield, Oregon. Preliminary reports said that he died of heart failure, but later reports said that he died under unknown circumstances. <mask> did not have heart problems, no aneurysm or internal bleeding, and no ring injuries. He had a mixture of alcohol and drugs in his blood stream. Although Eddie Guerrero's book claims that the cause of <mask>'s death is still unknown to this day, Hardcore History by Scott E. Williams, criminal-justice reporter and wrestling columnist for The Galveston County Daily News, states that "<mask> died in his sleep from a drug-related heart attack." After his death, Eddie Guerrero adopted <mask>'s trademark frog splash as his finishing maneuver in tribute to him.According to Guerrero, when they began tagging he first used the frog splash as the "Jackknife Splash." <mask> took a liking to the move, began using it regularly and adopted it as his finisher. 2 Cold Scorpio commented to <mask> that he "looked like a frog", thus

masks: Barr Barr Barr Barr Barr Barr Barr Barr Barr Barr


title: Art Barr

texts:
 leading <mask> to name his move the frog splash. It has since become a trademark move of several wrestlers in Mexico, Japan, and the United States. Legacy
Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer wrote that <mask> and his tag team partner Eddie Guerrero changed Lucha Libre forever. “<mask> and Eddie Guerrero broadened the style of Lucha Libre, <mask> opened their eyes to his style and made the young guys like Rey Misterio Jr, Psicosis and Juventud Guerrera who came up from AAA to WCW into the best workers in the world. He and Eddie had that much influence.<mask> taught them a whole lot.”

Chris Jericho said of <mask> in his book, A Lion's Tale: Around the World in Spandex, “I think if <mask> was still alive today he would be one of the top guys in the business, He had such good personality and the ability to piss people off. He drew such big houses for AAA it was scary how good he could been.”

Eddie Guerrero himself also paid tribute <mask> on his Cheating Death, Stealing Life DVD produced by WWE: "I learned so much from <mask>," admitted Guerrero. "He could make the fans laugh, he could make them cry and he could make them pissed off. He made me realize there's more to wrestling than just wrestling. He helped me change my personality in the ring. He had a big effect on me..."I cried three months straight when he passed away. He changed everything."Konnan said that <mask> was one of the greatest talents he'd ever stepped into the ring with. Personal life
On July 16, 1989, <mask> raped a 19-year-old girl after a PNW card in Pendelton, Oregon; the girl later filed charges. <mask> continued to wrestle as Beetlejuice, despite the charges and the attention brought to him and PNW by the Portland Oregonian. A year later, <mask> was polygraphed as part of the police

masks:
Barr
Barr
Art Barr
Art
Art
Barr
Art Barr
Barr
Art
Art Barr
Barr
Barr
Barr


title: Art Barr

texts:
 investigation, during which he admitted the girl did not consent, but he believed she would have been willing to have sex someplace else. <mask> worked a plea-bargain, and was convicted of first-degree sexual abuse. He was fined $1,000, placed on two years probation, and sentenced to 180 hours of community service, but served no jail time. <mask> always maintained that he would have beaten the case in court, but was advised to take the plea since it involved no jail time.Also if he lost, the bad publicity would harm the local wrestling business, driving away customers. Championships and accomplishments
Asistencia Asesoría y Administración
AAA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Eddie Guerrero
AAA Hall of Fame (Class of 2016)
Championship Wrestling USA
CWUSA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Konnan el Barbaro
Pacific Northwest Wrestling
NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Big Juice (2 times) and <mask> (1 time)
NWA Pacific Northwest Television Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him #62 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1994
PWI ranked him #18 of the 100 best tag teams during the PWI Years with Eddie Guerrero in 2003
PWI ranked him #114 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the PWI Years in 2003
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Best Heel (1994)
Feud of the Year (1994)
Tag Team of the Year (1994)

Luchas de Apuestas record

See also
 List of premature professional wrestling deaths

References

External links

1966 births
1994 deaths
20th-century American male actors
20th century professional wrestlers
American male professional wrestlers
American people convicted of sexual assault
Criminals from Oregon
Drug-related deaths in Oregon
Professional wrestlers from Oregon
Sportspeople from

masks:
Barr
Barr
Jesse Barr


title: Norman Manea

texts: <mask> (; born July 19, 1936), is a Romanian Jewish writer and author of short fiction, novels, and essays about the Holocaust, daily life in a communist state, and exile. He lives in the United States, where he is a Professor  and writer in residence at Bard College. He left Romania in 1986 with a DAAD-Berlin Grant and in 1988 went to the US with a Fulbright Scholarship at the Catholic University in Washington DC. He won the 2002 International Nonino Prize in Italy. <mask>'s most acclaimed book, The Hooligan's Return (2003), is an original fictionalized memoir, encompassing a period of almost 80 years, from the pre-war period, through the Second World War, the communist and post-communist years to the present. <mask> has been known and praised as an internationally important writer since the early 1990s, and his works have been translated into more than 20 languages.<ref><mask>'s books have been reviewed in the American, British, French, Romanian, Italian, Spanish, German press. They can be found in New York Times, New York Times Book Review, New Republic, New York Review of Books, Los Angeles Times, San Francisco Chronicle (USA); Times Literary Supplement (UK); Le Monde, Figaro, Lire (France); El Pais, La Vanguardia (Spain); Stampa, La Repubblica, Corriere della Sera, 24 (Italy); FAZ, Die Welt, Süddeutsche Zeitung (Germany) etc.Essential references are to be found in: Neues Literatur Lexicon (1990, Germany), Literary Exile in the Twentieth Century: An Analysis and Biographical Dictionary (1991, USA), Contemporary Authors (Gale Group, 1995, 2008, USA), Who’s Who in America (Marquis, 1995–2010, USA), Dictionarul Esential al Scriitorilor Romani (2001, Romania), Dictionarul Analitic de Opere Literare (2001, Romania), Dictionarul Scriitorilor Romani (2001, Romania), Dictionary of Literary Biography, Twentieth Century Eastern European Writers, 2001, USA),

masks:
Norman Manea
Manea
Manea
Manea


title: Norman Manea

texts:
 Slovnik Rumunskych Spisovatelu (2001, Czech Republic), Enciclopedia Exilului Romanesc (2003, Romania), Dictionar Cronologic al Romanului Romanesc (2004, Romania), Dictionarul de literatura al Academiei Romane (2005, Romania), Enciclopedia della Letteratura (2008, Italy). See also The Obsession of Uncertainty : In Honorem Norman Manea, Polirom 2011 (Magris, Tabucchi, Roth, Molina, Aridjis, Krüger etc. ).</ref> He has received more than 20 awards and honors. Early years
Born to Jewish parents in the  neighborhood of Suceava (Bukovina, Romania), <mask> was deported as a child, in 1941, by the Romanian fascist authorities, allied with Nazi Germany, to a concentration camp in Transnistria, together with his family. He returned to Romania in 1945 with the surviving members of his family and graduated with high honors from the high school (liceu) Ștefan cel Mare in his home town, Suceava. He studied engineering at the Construction Institute in Bucharest and graduated with master's degree in hydro-technique in 1959, working afterwards in planning, fieldwork and research. He has devoted himself to writing since 1974.Literary career
In 1966, his literary debut took place in Povestea Vorbii (The Story of Speech), an avant-garde and influential magazine that appeared in the early years of cultural liberalization in communist Romania and was suppressed after six issues. Until he was forced into exile (1986) he published ten volumes of short fiction essays and novels. His work was an irritant to the authorities because of the implied and overt social-political criticism and he faced a lot of trouble with the censors and the official press. At the same time that sustained efforts were made by the cultural authorities to suppress his work, it had the support and praise of the country's most important literary critics. After the collapse of the Ceaușescu dictatorship,


title: Norman Manea

texts:
 several of his books started to be published in Romania. The publication in a Romanian translation of his essay Happy Guilt, which first appeared in The New Republic, led to a nationalist outcry in Romania, which he in turn has analysed in depth in his essay "Blasphemy and Carnival". Echoes of this scandal can still be found in some articles of the current Romanian cultural press.Meantime, in the United States and in European countries, <mask>'s writing was received with great acclaim. Over the past two decades he has been proposed as a candidate for the Nobel Prize for Literature by literary and academic personalities and institutions in the United States, Sweden, Romania, Italy and France. Important contemporary writers expressed admiration of the author's literary work and his moral stand before and after the collapse of communism: the Nobel laureates Heinrich Böll, Günter Grass, Octavio Paz, Orhan Pamuk, as well as Philip Roth, Claudio Magris, Antonio Tabucchi, E. M. Cioran, Antonio Muñoz Molina, Cynthia Ozick, Louis Begley and others. Dialog cu Edward Kanterian, Polirom
2011 Cuvinte din exil. Dialog cu Hanes Stein'', Polirom

References

External links
 Contemporary Romanian Writers
<mask>'s editorial commentaries for Project Syndicate

1936 births
Living people
Bard College faculty
Jewish American writers
MacArthur Fellows
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Catholic University of America alumni
People from Suceava
Survivors of World War II deportations to Transnistria
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Romanian emigrants to the United States
Romanian defectors
Jewish Romanian writers
Romanian writers
Romanian essayists
Romanian memoirists
Romanian novelists
Romanian male novelists
Romanian male short story writers
Romanian short story writers
Prix Médicis étranger winners
Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
21st-century American

masks: Manea Manea


title: Mohamed Talbi

texts:
<mask> (), (16 September 1921 – 1 May 2017) was a Tunisian historian and professor. He was the author of many books about Islam. Biography
Professor Emeritus at University of Tunis, <mask> was a Tunisian historian, Islamologist and scholar who authored a number of books and articles on the history of Islam and the Maghreb. Born in Tunis in 1921 and educated there and later in Paris, <mask> had an illustrious career, both as a historian of medieval North Africa and as a major theoretical thinker on Islam's nature and mission in the modern world. Among <mask>'s modern interests were religion and politics, Islam and democracy, Islam and human rights, women in Islam and Islam and religious pluralism, in the wider context of his general thinking on Qur'anic exegesis, historical analysis and religious epistemology. In his discussions of these subjects, <mask> made clear his dependence on the Quran and other traditional religious sources, while evincing also an easy incorporation of certain modern Western Ideas. Indeed, <mask>'s own description of his upbringing and education in Tunisia, and in particular his doctoral studies in post-War Paris, reflected a relaxed attitude towards synthesising Islamic and

masks:
Mohamed Talbi
Mohamed Talbi
Talbi
Talbi
Talbi
Talbi


title: Mohamed Talbi

texts:
 modern Western thought, in both of which he possessed the requisite learning to effect such an integration.<mask> died on 1 May 2017. Career
<mask> devoted the best part of his career to teaching and researching medieval Maghreb and Mediterranean history. His profile was that of an atypical intellectual. After a long career teaching in primary and secondary schools, <mask> took and passed the Arab Studies competitive examination. On the eve of Tunisia's independence, he joined the Institute of Higher Education of Tunis. In 1955, he became the first Dean of the School of Letter and Human Sciences of Tunis. He also chaired the school's history department before devoting his full energies as director of the scientific journal .In 1968, <mask> defended his Ph.D. thesis at the Sorbonne. Entitled The Aghlabid Emirate, a political History, it discusses Tunisia's first Muslim dynasty. Written with clarity and a forcefulness of expression, and supported by solid Arab and Latin sources, <mask>'s thesis contributed greatly to a renewed understanding of a key period in the history of Ifriqiya and eastern Maghreb and the region's relationships with southern Italy. It also earned <mask> a place as one of the

masks:
Talbi
Mohamed Talbi
Talbi
Talbi
Talbi
Talbi


title: Mohamed Talbi

texts:
 founders of the new school of Tunisian and Maghreb history. Prolific and incisive, <mask> wrote a considerable number of articles and essays. He was one of the few to have addressed the history of slavery, and the key role played by slaves, in agriculture and economy. Near the end of the 1990s, <mask> turned his reflections toward a deep and systematic meditation.His small book called Universality of the Quran is a lucid essay of synthesis and analysis. It is primarily in <mask>'s latest writing that the historian adopted the style of a polemicist. <mask> was appointed president of the Tunisian Academy of Sciences, Letters, and Arts between 2011 and 2012. Views
<mask> rejected the direct association between Shura and democracy. He argued that, while desirable in itself, shura is from a time and place which had no conception of democracy as we know it. Indeed, says Talbi, neither Islam nor Western civilisation had this democratic conception before the modern period, when democracy, as political idea and practice was born- at least not democracy in our modern meaning of the term. For <mask>, democracy meant the voice of the people determining who rules and how they rule, with the associated notions of

masks: Talbi Talbi Talbi Talbi Talbi Talbi


title: Mohamed Talbi

texts:
 universal human rights, freedom of expression, religious pluralism and equality before the law.True democracy was for Talbi the proper political form for our age, as it embodies those values which for him constitute part of the original true Islam. During thirty years, <mask> has participated in a number of official and personal dialogues with Christians in North Africa and Europe. In an article on Islam and the West, published in 1987, he complains about the current poverty of Muslim initiatives or even responses to Euro-Arab or Muslim-Christian dialogue. In a publication on the subject, he explicitly declared Islam to be open to dialogue with other faiths and cultures. For Talbi, the Muslim-Christian dialogue is not just a social event but a significant religious matter, and he has done everything possible to promote such dialogue in Tunisia and elsewhere. Honours

Acknowledgement
 Member of the Real Academia de la Historia (1970)
 Member of the editorial team of the Encyclopaedia of Islam (1978)
 Member of the Universal academy of cultures (1994)
 President of the Tunisian Academy of Sciences, Letters, and Arts (2011-2012)

Awards
 Premio letterario internazionale del Mediterraneo in Italy


title: Mohamed Talbi

texts:
 Université de Tunis, Tunis, 1982
 Réflexions sur le Coran (with Maurice Bucaille), ed. Seghers, Paris, 1989 ()
 Études sur la tolérance (collective book), ed. Beït El Hikma, Carthage, 1995
 Un respect têtu (with Olivier Clément), ed. Nouvelle Cité, Paris, 1995 ()
 Plaidoyer pour un islam moderne, ed. Desclée de Brouwer, Paris, 1998 ()
 Penseur libre en islam.Un intellectuel musulman dans la Tunisie de Ben Ali (with Gwendoline Jarczyk), ed. Albin Michel, Paris, 2002 ()
 Universalité du Coran, ed. Actes Sud, Arles, 2002 ()
 Oriente-Occidente : cartografías de una distancia [Direction], ed. Fondation Marcelino Botín, Santander, 2004
 Réflexion d'un musulman contemporain, ed. Fennec, Casablanca, 2005
 Afin que mon cœur se rassure, ed. Nirvana, Tunis, 2010
 Gaza, barbarie biblique ou de l'extermination sacrée et humanisme coranique, ed. <mask>, Tunis, 2010
 L'Islam n'est pas voile, il est culte : rénovation de la pensée musulmane, ed.Cartaginoiseries, Carthage, 2010
 Goulag et démocratie, ed. <mask>, Tunis, 2011
 À Benoît XVI, ed. <mask>, Tunis, 2011
 Ma religion c'est la liberté : l'islam et les défis de la contemporanéité, ed. Nirvana, Tunis, 2011 ()
 Histoire du Christ. Histoire d’une fraude textes à

masks:
Mohamed Talbi
Mohamed Talbi
Mohamed Talbi


title: Mohamed Talbi

texts:
 l’appui, s. ed., Tunis, 2011
 Méditations sur le Coran : Vérité, rationalité, I'jaz scientifique, ed. <mask>, Tunis, 2016
 Dieu est amour : guide du musulman coranique, ed.Nirvana, Tunis, 2017

In Italian
 Rispetto nel dialogo. Islamismo e cristianesimo (with Olivier Clément), éd. San Paolo, Roma, 1994
 Un'urgenza dei tempi modern : il dialogo fra gli universi culturali (with Giovanni Agnelli & Marcello Pacini), ed. Fondation Giovanni Agnelli, Turino, 1997
 Le vie del dialogo nell'Islam, ed. Fondation Giovanni Agnelli, Turino, 1999
 Islam e libero pensiero. Laicità e democrazia nel mondo musulmano, ed. UTET Università, Milano, 2005
 Università del Corano, ed.Jaca Book, Milano, 2007

In Dutch
 Dialog mit Afrika und dem Islam (with Léopold Sédar Senghor), ed. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, 1987

In Arabic
 Al-Turtûshî, al Hawâdith wa-l-Bida (), ed. Imprimerie officielle, Tunis, 1959
 Tarājim Aghlabīyah : mustakhrajah min Madārik al-Qādī ʻIyāḍ (), ed. Imprimerie officielle, Tunis, 1968
 Manhajiyyat lbn Khaldûn al-Tâ'rîkhiyya (), ed. Dâr al-Hadathâ, Beyrouth, 1981
 Dirāsāt fī tārīkh Ifrīqīyah wa-fī al-ḥaḍārah al-Islāmiyah fī al-ʻaṣr al-wasīṭ (), ed. University of Tunis, Tunis, 1982
 Al-dawlaẗu al-aġhlabiyyaẗ


title: Mohamed Talbi

texts:
 (184-296/800-909) : Al-tārīkẖ al-siyāsī (), ed. Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, Beyrouth, 1985
 Nahnou wa al-ġharb (), ed.Abdelkarim Ben Abdallah, Tunis, 1992 (Collective Work)
 Iyal Allah : Afkar Jadidah fi 'Alaqat al-Muslim bi-nafsihi wa bi al-Akharin (), ed. Cérès, Tunis, 1992
 Fi Tārīkh Ifrīqīyah (), ed. Beït El Hikma, Carthage, 1994
 Ummat al-Wasat (), ed. Cérès, Tunis, 1996
 Al-Islâm : Hurriyatun wa Hiwâr (), ed. Dâr al-Nahâr, Beyrouth, 1999
 Li yatma'inna qālbî : Quādhiyatû el-îmān (), ed. Cérès, Tunis, 2007
 Quādhiyatû al-Hâquîqua (), ed. <mask>, Tunis, 2015
 Dalil al-muslim al-Cor'ānî (), ed.<mask>, Tunis, 2016
 Al-Ṣiraa' al-lāhoutî fi Al-Qayrawân ayam al-aġhaliba (), ed. Sotumedias, Tunis, 2017

References

1921 births
2017 deaths
Muslim historians of Islam
Tunisian historians
20th-century historians
21st-century historians
Tunisian writers
Tunisian Quranist Muslims
Historians of the Mediterranean
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Members of the Tunisian Academy of Sciences, Letters, and

masks:
Mohamed Talbi
Mohamed Talbi


title: Yang Xianrong

texts:
<mask> (羊獻容) (died  322), posthumous name (as honored by Han Zhao) Empress Xianwen (獻文皇后, literally "the wise and civil empress"), was an empress—uniquely in the history of China, for two different dynastic empires and two different emperors. Her first husband was Emperor Hui of Jin, and her second husband was Liu Yao of Han Zhao. Also unique was the fact that she was deposed four times and restored four times as the empress of the Western Jin (five, if one counts the brief usurpation by Sima Lun against her husband in 301). As empress of Jin
<mask>rong was from Taishan Commandery (roughly modern Tai'an, Shandong). Her father was the mid-level official <mask> (羊玄之). Her maternal grandfather was the general Sun Qi (孫旂), a distant relative of Sun Xiu (孫秀), the chief strategist for Sima Lun the Prince of Zhao. Therefore, after Sima Lun and Sun overthrew Empress Jia Nanfeng in 300, Sun had <mask>rong selected as the new empress.Little is known about how her relationship with her developmentally disabled husband (save her words to her second husband, referred to below) was. After Sima Lun briefly usurped the throne in 301 but was then defeated by Sima Jiong the Prince of Qi and Sima Ying the Prince of Chengdu, both Sun Xiu and Sun Qi were killed, along with their clans. Empress <mask>'s father <mask>zhi was, however, promoted. (He would die in fear in 303, however, as his friendship with Sima Ai the Prince of Changsha was used as an excuse for Sima Ying and Sima Yong the Prince of Hejian to attack Sima Ai.) As Emperor Hui continued to be a pawn of the princes

masks:
Yang Xianrong
Yang Xian
Yang Xuanzhi
Yang Xian
Yang
Yang Xuan


title: Yang Xianrong

texts: during the War of the Eight Princes, Empress <mask> herself appeared to have had little influence. She was, however, frequently used as an excuse for certain conspirators' actions, and during the span from 304 to 306 she was deposed four times and restored four times, often in conjunction with her husband's nephew Sima Qin (司馬覃)'s fortunes as crown prince. She was nearly killed after her fourth removal in 305, as Sima Yong, then holding Emperor Hui at Chang'an and leaving her in the capital Luoyang, became convinced that she was easily usable by his opponents as a rubber stamp, and so he ordered that she be forced to commit suicide.The governor of the capital region, Liu Tun (劉暾) offered a petition to save her life, which nearly cost him his own—as Sima Yong ordered to have him arrested, and he was barely able to flee with his life. However, after Liu's intercession, for whatever reason, Sima Yong cancelled the order to have her forced to commit suicide. In 306, as the War of the Eight Princes neared its end and Emperor Hui was allowed to return to Luoyang after Sima Yue the Prince of Donghai defeated Sima Yong, he welcomed <mask> back as his empress. In early 307, however, he was poisoned to death. (Most historians believe that Sima Yue was behind the poisoning, but there is no conclusive evidence.) The recognized heir was Emperor Hui's brother, Sima Chi the crown prince, but Empress <mask>, believing that she would not be honored as empress dowager if her brother-in-law inherited the throne, tried to have Sima Qin declared emperor; she was rebuffed by Sima

masks: Yang Yang Yang


title: Yang Xianrong

texts:
 Yue, however, and Crown Prince Chi succeeded to the throne as Emperor Huai. (Her attempt might have cost Prince Qin his life, as Sima Yue had him executed in 308.)Emperor Huai honored her with the title "Empress Hui," but not empress dowager. Empress <mask>'s influence or lack thereof during Emperor Huai's reign was unclear, but since Emperor Huai himself did not have much power (with Sima Yue still holding onto much the power), it was not likely that Empress <mask> had significant influence. After Sima Yue's death in 311, the Jin armies were in shambles and unable to protect Luoyang any further. Luoyang soon fell to Han Zhao's armies, led by the generals Huyan Yan, Wang Mi, Shi Le, and Liu Yao the Prince of Shi'an. Liu Yao burnt most of Luoyang and executed a large number of Jin officials, but did not kill Empress <mask>; instead, he took her as his own wife. As empress of Han Zhao
Little is known about <mask>rong's life with Liu Yao, other than that she was favored by him and bore him three sons — Liu Xī, Liu Xí (劉襲, note different tone), and Liu Chan (劉闡). (It was not clear whether she was his wife or concubine by this point — Liu Yao had an earlier wife, Princess Bu, who was described as having died and having been princess when her son Liu Yin was created the Prince of Yong'an in 323.)Liu Yao, as the trusted cousin of the Han Zhao emperor Liu Cong, had many military responsibilities and was in charge of the Chang'an region after he captured it and Emperor Huai's successor Emperor Min in 316. In 318, after the Han Zhao prime minister Jin Zhun massacred

masks:
Yang
Yang
Yang
Yang Xian


title: Yang Xianrong

texts:
 the Han Zhao imperial family and nobles in the capital Pingyang (平陽, in modern Linfen, Shanxi) after a coup, the officials who fled from the massacre offered the throne to Liu Yao, who accepted. After his and Shi Le's forces defeated Jin's, he moved the capital to Chang'an. In 319, he created <mask>rong his empress and her son Liu Xī crown prince. Once, Liu Yao asked her: "How do I compare to the Sima man?" Her response was:

How can there be a comparison? Your Imperial Majesty is an empire-building intelligent ruler, while he was an idiot who destroyed his empire.He only had one wife and one son and could protect neither. He was an honored emperor, but he allowed his wife and son to be dishonored at the hands of commoners. At that time, all I wanted was death, and I did not know that I would have today. I was born from a noble family, but I thought that all men were like he. Only after I married you have I found out what a true man is like. Liu Yao greatly favored her, and she was involved in governmental matters. She died in 322.Her son Liu Xī would continue to be crown prince, but both Liu Yao and Liu Xī were killed by Shi Le's Later Zhao forces after Han Zhao fell to Later Zhao in 329. References
 Book of Jin, vols. 31, 103. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 83, 85, 86, 87, 91, 92. |- style="text-align: center;"

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3rd-century births
322 deaths
Jin dynasty (266–420) empresses
Former Zhao empresses
3rd-century Chinese women
4th-century Chinese women
3rd-century Chinese people
4th-century Chinese people
Remarried royal


title: Jack Hobens

texts:
John Owen "<mask>" <mask> (25 October 1880 – 25 March 1944) was a Scottish-American professional golfer. He was born in Dunbar, Scotland, to Thomas Hoben and Elizabeth (Annie) Owen. He learned the game of golf by starting out as a caddie. <mask> had five brothers and a sister. Both of his parents were alcoholics, so young <mask>, being the eldest, was often tasked with caring for his younger siblings. From the age of eleven he was a licensed caddie and was granted his professional ticket at the West Links Golf Club on 13 December 1894 at the age of fourteen. Early life
Hobens entered the 1899 Open Championship at Royal St George's Golf Club located in Sandwich, England.After shooting a disappointing 90 in the first round he withdrew, but the experience he gained competing against Harry Vardon, James Braid and Willie Park, Jr. would give him confidence to continue his aspirations to be a successful golf professional. Hobens emigrated to the United States in January 1900 and was accompanied on the journey by Tom Anderson, Sr., the former North Berwick head greenkeeper and his son, Thomas Jr., the brother of U.S. Open champion Willie Anderson. Hobens was appointed pro at Yountakah Country Club in Nutley, New Jersey, and Tom Anderson, Sr. took up a position ten miles away at Montclair Country Club. In April 1901, Hobens moved less than five miles to Glen Ridge Golf Club and George Thomson from North Berwick took over at Yountakah. In 1907 Hobens married an Irish girl, Delia Agnes Lally (1881–1969), and together they would have a house full of children, eight in all. At the time of his marriage he changed his surname from Hoben to Hobens. PGA of America founding member
On 17 January 1916, Rodman Wanamaker, a keen amateur golfer and heir

masks: Jack Hobens Jack Jack


title: Jack Hobens

texts:
 to the Wanamaker department store fortune (now Macy's), held a meeting at the Taplow Club, in the Hotel Martinique on the corner of Broadway and West 32nd Street in New York City for the purpose of forming the Professional Golfers' Association of America.The luncheon was attended by several leading amateurs and 35 professionals, including Hobens. The entire group comprised the 'Charter Members'. Hobens was one of seven chosen to make up the original organizing committee and one of three professionals who wrote the PGA's first constitution and by-laws. The committee met several times at Hotel Martinique in Manhattan before the constitution, fashioned on the British PGA, was approved on 10 April 1916 when their first business was conducted. The first PGA Championship was held in 1916 at the Siwanoy Country Club in Bronxville, New York, and Jim Barnes—after defeating Jock Hutchison in the final match—hoisted the Wanamaker Trophy. In the winter of 1916, <mask> was employed in the golf department on the top floor of Wanamaker's store in New York. John D. Dunn was head of the 18-member teaching staff, and the list of instructors read like a who's who of golfers from the period and the facility was the largest of its kind in the city.Playing career

For seventeen years, <mask>—who was sometimes called "Pop"—served as the head professional at Englewood Country Club. He would go on to enter many U.S. Open tournaments during his playing career, often finishing in the top ten. He was described as a long hitter of the ball and generally deadly on the green. He had a wonderful opportunity to win the 1907 U.S. Open at Philadelphia Cricket Club. He was the third round leader but finished poorly with a 12-over-par 85 in the final round. In the

masks: Hobens Hobens


title: Jack Hobens

texts: second round of the tournament he made the first ever U.S. Open hole-in-one by holing his tee shot at the 147-yard 10th hole. <mask> was victimized with some horribly bad luck in the 1904 North and South Open at Pinehurst, North Carolina.After 36 holes of regulation play he was tied for first place with Alec Ross. The two players went to a playoff where Hobens was one shot ahead with just a few holes to play. He hooked his tee shot into the left rough on the hole but had an easy, unobstructed shot to the green. Upon making his backswing, his clubhead hooked a weed, or a "creeper" as it was called by Jerome Travers, which caused his ball to move. <mask>, unable to stop his stroke, proceeded to miss the ball completely. The unfortunate result was a one-stroke penalty for causing the ball to move and another stroke for the whiff. He ended up losing the tournament.Hobens won the 1908 Metropolitan Open at Baltusrol Golf Club in New Jersey by one shot over Alex Campbell and won the first prize of $150. In 1909, the U.S. Open was played at Englewood Golf Club where he was the professional at the time and he played well, finishing tied for fourth place. Hobens finished second in the 1906 Western Open which at that time was considered a †major tournament. In the Eastern Professional Golfers Association Four-Ball Tournament held at Rumson Country Club, Rumson, New Jersey, on 9 August 1911, Hobens was paired with <mask>. They won the event easily by posting a round of 68 and beat the second place team of <mask> and Tom Anderson, Jr. who carded a round of 74. The winners received a gold medal and $125 in prize money. While serving as the head professional at the Knickerbocker Country Club in Tenafly, New Jersey, Hobens provided golf lessons to

masks:
Hobens
Hobens
Jack Dowling
Jack Jolly


title: Jack Hobens

texts:
 the famous aviator Charles Lindbergh and his family.Later life and family
<mask> was afflicted with a physical disability and retired at the age of 60. He and his wife Delia had eight children, five daughters and three sons. At the time of his death, all three sons were serving in the Marine Corps in World War II. All three survived the war. Death and legacy
<mask> died on 26 March 1944 at his home in Englewood, New Jersey. In 2004, the PGA opened a historical center at PGA Village in Port St. Lucie, Florida, where <mask> was one of the original inductees into the PGA Golf Professional Hall of Fame. His granddaughter, <mask>, as well as her family, were invited guests at the PGA's 90th anniversary celebrations at the Radisson Hotel Martinique, New York City, in 2006.Pulitzer Prize winner and Golf Digest contributing editor Dave Anderson of The New York Times, who lives in Tenafly and knew Hobens said, "The tour pros are the show of golf, but the club pros are the soul of golf. Where would we be without club pros? They are the soul of golf forever". Tournament wins (3)
Note: This list may be incomplete. 1908 Metropolitan Open
 1911 Eastern PGA Four-Ball Tournament
 1918 Yountakah Country Club Four-Ball Tournament

Results in major championships

Note: Hobens never played in the Masters Tournament. NYF = Tournament not yet founded
NT = No tournament
WD = Withdrew
DNP = Did not play
R64, R32, R16, QF, SF = Round in which player lost in PGA Championship match play
"T" indicates a tie for a place
Yellow background for top-10

Notes
† Unofficial major

References

Scottish male golfers
American male golfers
Golf administrators
People from Dunbar
People from Englewood, New Jersey
Scottish emigrants to the United States
1880 births
1944

masks:
Hobens
Hobens
Hobens
Barbara Hobens


title: Catherynne M. Valente

texts:
<mask><mask> (born May 5, 1979) is an American fiction writer, poet, and literary critic. For her speculative fiction novels she has won the annual James Tiptree, Andre Norton, and Mythopoeic Fantasy awards. Her short fiction has appeared in Clarkesworld Magazine, the World Fantasy Award–winning anthologies Salon Fantastique and Paper Cities, along with numerous "Year's Best" volumes. Her critical work has appeared in the International Journal of the Humanities as well as in numerous essay collections. Career
<mask><mask>'s novels have been nominated for Hugo, World Fantasy, and Locus awards. Her 2009 book Palimpsest won the Lambda Award for LGBT Science Fiction or Fantasy. Her two-volume series The Orphan's Tales won the 2008 Mythopoeic Award, and its first volume, The Orphan's Tales: In the Night Garden, won the 2006 James Tiptree Jr. Award and was nominated for the 2007 World Fantasy Award.In 2012, <mask>'s work won three Locus Awards: Best Novelette (White Lines on a Green Field), Best Novella (Silently and Very Fast) and Best YA Novel (The Girl Who Circumnavigated Fairyland in a Ship of Her Own Making). In 2011, her children's novel The Girl Who Circumnavigated Fairyland in a Ship of Her Own Making debuted at #8 on the New York Times Best Seller List. Its sequel, The Girl Who Fell Beneath Fairyland and Led the Revels There, featured at #5 on Time Best Fiction of 2012 list. In 2009, she donated her archive to the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA) Collection in the department of Rare Books and Special Collections at Northern Illinois University. She is a regular panelist on the podcast SF Squeecast. Multimedia and mythpunk
<mask> tours regularly both in America and abroad. She occasionally performs with singer/songwriter S. J. Tucker, who along with her own varied discography composes albums based on Valente's work.The pair perform reading concerts throughout North America, often featuring dancers, aerial artists, art

masks:
Catherynne M
. Valente
Catherynne M
. Valente
Valente
Valente


title: Catherynne M. Valente

texts:
 auctions featuring jewelry and paintings based on the novels, and other performances. <mask> is active in the crowdfunding movement of online artists, and her novel The Girl Who Circumnavigated Fairyland in a Ship of Her Own Making was the first online, crowdfunded book to win a major literary award before traditional publication. In a 2006 blog post, <mask> coined the term mythpunk as a joke for describing her own and other works of challenging folklore-based fantasy. Selected works

Novels
The Labyrinth (2004)
The Ice Puzzle (2004)
Yume No Hon: The Book of Dreams (2005)
The Grass-Cutting Sword (2006)
Palimpsest (2009)
Deathless (2011)
Radiance (2015)
The Glass Town Game (2017)
Space Opera (2018)
Mass Effect: Andromeda Annihilation (2018)
The Past Is Red (2021)
Comfort Me with Apples (2021)

Novellas
Silently and Very Fast (2011)
Six-Gun Snow White (2013)
Speak Easy (2015)
The Refrigerator Monologues (2017)

The Orphan's Tales

 The Orphan's Tales: In the Night Garden (vol. 1) (October 2006)
 Book of the Steppe
 Book of the Sea
 The Orphan's Tales: In the Cities of Coin and Spice (vol. 2) (October 2007)
 Book of the Storm
 Book of the Scald

A Dirge for Prester John
Published by Night Shade Books:
 The Habitation of the Blessed (2010)
 The Folded World (2011)

Fairyland

Published by Feiwel & Friends:
Prequel: The Girl Who Ruled Fairyland—For a Little While (2011)
The Girl Who Circumnavigated Fairyland in a Ship of Her Own Making (2011) started out in 2009 as a crowdfunded middle-grade online novel (originally, a fictional children's book in Palimpsest). Mouth" Lone Star Stories (2007)
"La Serenissima" Endicott Studio (2007)
"The Proslogium of the Great Lakes" Farrago's Wainscot (2007)
"A Buyer's Guide to Maps of Antarctica" Clarkesworld Magazine (2008)
"Tales of Beaty and Strangeness: City of Blind Delights" Clockwork Phoenix (2008)
"The Hanged Man" Farrago's Wainscot (2008)
"An Anthology of Urban Fantasy: Palimpsest" Paper Cities,

masks: Valente Valente


title: Elizabeth Cobbs

texts:
<mask> is an historian, commentator, and author of eight books including three novels, a two-volume textbook, and four non-fiction works. She holds the Melbern Glasscock Chair in American History at Texas A&M University. She is also credited as screenwriter on the film adaptation of her book American Umpire, and as producer on the film adaptation of her book The Hello Girls. Biography
<mask> was born on July 28, 1956, in Gardena, California. Cobbs studied literature at the University of California, San Diego and graduated summa cum laude in 1983. She earned her M.A. and PhD in American History from Stanford University in 1988.While at Stanford, she won the David Potter Award for Outstanding History Graduate Student. Following graduation, she won the Allan Nevins Prize from the Society of American Historians for best dissertation on U.S. history. She taught nine years at the University of San Diego, becoming chair of the History Department, and then accepted the Dwight E. Stanford Chair in American Foreign Relations at San Diego State University. She has been a Fulbright scholar in Ireland and a Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington D.C

<mask>s served on the jury for the Pulitzer Prize in History in 2008 and also served two terms on the Historical Advisory Committee of the US State Department from 1999 to 2006. She advised the government on the declassification of top secret documents and transparency in government. Professional background

<mask> started her writing

masks:
Elizabeth Cobbs
Elizabeth Cobbs
Elizabeth Cobb
Elizabeth Cobbs


title: Elizabeth Cobbs

texts:
 career at the age of 15 as a community organizer and publications coordinator for the Center for Women's Studies and Services in Southern California. During this period, she founded and headed several innovative projects for adults and young people.In recognition for her efforts, she earned the international John D. Rockefeller Youth Award in 1979, at the age of 23 for exceptional service to humanity. Books and publications

<mask> has written over forty articles for media such as The Jerusalem Post, Chicago Tribune, The New York Times, Reuters, China Daily News, National Public Radio, Washington Independent, San Diego Union Tribune, The Washington Post, and several other publications. Her first nonfiction book was The Rich Neighbor Policy; she has since written five more books about American history and politics. Cobbs also wrote and co-produced the PBS documentary American Umpire which is based on her book of the same name. It explores America's foreign policy "grand strategy" for the next 50 years. Her first non-fiction book, The Rich Neighbor Policy, claimed the Allan Nevins Prize from the Society of American Historians and also the Bernath Prize from the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. The Rich Neighbor Policy: Rockefeller and Kaiser in Brazil

Yale University Press published The Rich Neighbor Policy in 1992.It is a detailed explanation of the complicated relationship which existed between the private and public sectors in the operations of U.S capitalism in Latin America after


title: Elizabeth Cobbs

texts:
 role in global affairs, was published in March 2013. The Hamilton Affair

Cobbs's novel The Hamilton Affair was published by Skyhorse Publishing in August 2016. The Hamilton Affair is based on the remarkable lives of Alexander Hamilton and his wife Eliza Schuyler, who survived him and raised their surviving seven children while working to improve the lives of impoverished families.The Hello Girls: America's First Women Soldiers

Cobbs's The Hello Girls: America's First Women Soldiers was published by Harvard University Press in 2017, the 100th anniversary of the U.S. entry into World War I. The book chronicles the Hello Girls' service in France during World War I with the United States Army Signal Corps and their later battle to receive veterans benefits for their service. The Tubman Command

Arcade/Skyhorse Publishing published <mask>'s historical novel The Tubman Command in May 2019. The work is a fictional retelling of the 1863 Raid on Combahee Ferry and the role of abolitionist Harriet Tubman in that operation. Awards, grants, and fellowships

<mask> has received several awards and recognition for her literary works. She has to her credit four literary prizes; two of the prizes are for American History while the other two are for fiction. Notable awards to her credit include:

•    2015–2018 Hoover Institution, Stanford University (Research Fellow)
•    2010–2014, Hoover Institution, Stanford University (National Fellow)
•    2009 Langum Prize in American Historical Fiction (Director's

masks:
Cobbs
Elizabeth Cobbs


title: Elizabeth Cobbs

texts:
 October 16.•    2012 Public Round-Table: "American Umpire," Miller Center Fellows Conference," University of Virginia, May 10

•    2011 Featured Speaker: 9th Annual Southern California Writers' Conference, Irvine, California, September 25

•    2011 Public Lecture: "To Compel Acquiescence: The Real Meaning of the Founders' 'Empire' of Liberty, 1648–1789," Harvard University and Boston University, March 29 and 30

•    2011 Miller Center Forum, "JFK and America's Peace Corps at Fifty," Miller Center Forum, University of Virginia

•    2010 Round-Table: "Educational Exchange and the Writing of International History," Annual Conference of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Madison, Wisconsin, June 26

•    2010  Panel: "What Has Obama Learned From History?" Annual Conference of the American Historical Association, January 8

Book reviews

<mask> has written a number of book reviews. References

External links
 Official website

American women historians
Living people
1956 births
Texas A&M University faculty
People from Gardena, California
Hoover Institution people
Historians from Texas
Historians from


title: Frank Mankiewicz

texts:
<mask> II  (May 16, 1924 – October 23, 2014) was an American journalist, political adviser, president of National Public Radio, and public relations executive. Life and career
<mask> was born in New York City and grew up in Beverly Hills, California, the son of Sara (Aaronson) and screenwriter Herman J<mask>, who co-wrote Citizen Kane. His uncle, Joseph L<mask>, directed such films as All About Eve and Cleopatra. His brother was television writer <mask>. They grew up near the Marx Brothers, and Harpo Marx was a presence at Mankiewicz family Passover Seders. "He would pick up the Paschal lamb bone and lead a parade around the table," <mask> recalled. He briefly attended Haverford College before dropping out to join the army infantry during World War II.He fought in the Battle of the Bulge. After the war, Mankiewicz received a Bachelor of Arts in political science from University of California, Los Angeles in 1947; a master's degree from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in 1948; and an LL.B. from University of California, Berkeley in 1955. He was  president of National Public Radio from 1977 to 1983, overseeing the creation of Morning Edition and the expansion of the network. He resigned due to a $6 million debt that required NPR to be bailed out by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and member stations. He had also served as regional director for the Peace Corps in Latin America, presidential campaign press secretary in 1968 to U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy, D-N.Y, and campaign director for 1972 Democratic presidential nominee George McGovern.Mankiewicz is a recurring figure in Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72. Thompson describes him more positively than many other political operatives, though Mankiewicz

masks:
Frank Fabian Mankiewicz
Frank Mankiewicz
. Mankiewicz
. Mankiewicz
Don Mankiewicz
Frank Mankiewicz


title: Frank Mankiewicz

texts:
 is jokingly outraged by Thompson's characterization of him as a "rumpled little man who looked like a used-car salesman." RFK assassination
On June 5, 1968, at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California, U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy, having won the California primary election during his 1968 campaign for the U.S. presidency and given his victory speech, was gunned down just after midnight in the kitchen area as he was heading for a press conference. The Senator was taken first to Central Receiving Hospital, then Good Samaritan Hospital. Once Kennedy was admitted to GSH, news correspondents set up temporary press headquarters in a nearby gymnasium. Throughout the day, Mankiewicz provided medical bulletins to the press as received.One of his first reports came after 7 a.m., approximately four hours after surgery was completed to remove fragments of the bullet from Kennedy's brain;  Mankiewicz reported that his vital signs were impaired but the senator was breathing on his own. However, by 1:30 p.m., Kennedy's condition had been downgraded from "critical" to "extremely critical". Several hours later, <mask> returned to the press headquarters with this report:The team of physicians attending Senator Robert Kennedy is concerned over his continuing failure to show improvement during the post-operative period. Senator Kennedy's condition is still described as extremely critical. There will be no further regular bulletins until early tomorrow morning. At 1:59 a.m. the next morning, a physically and emotionally exhausted <mask> appeared before the news press and, remaining composed, relayed what turned out to be the final report:I have, uh, a short — I have a short announcement to read, which I will read, uh — at this time. Senator Robert Francis Kennedy died at

masks: Mankiewicz Mankiewicz


title: Frank Mankiewicz

texts:
 1:44 a.m. today, June 6, 1968.With Senator Kennedy at the time of his death were his wife Ethel, his sisters Mrs. Stephen Smith, Mrs. Patricia Lawford, his brother-in-law Mr. Stephen Smith, and his sister-in-law Mrs. John F. Kennedy. He was 42 years old. Thank you. Later years
His work in politics earned him a place on the master list of Nixon's political opponents. He was also an unsuccessful candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives in Maryland's 8th congressional district in 1976. In 1974, Mankiewicz acted as a secret emissary, carrying messages from Secretary of State Henry Kissinger to Fidel Castro, and then reporting back to Kissinger. In January 1975, <mask> and Lawrence Eagleburger held a clandestine meeting with Castro's representative Ramón Sánchez-Parodi at LaGuardia airport.This secret diplomacy failed to produce a political breakthrough. In 1984, <mask> wrote for Quarante magazine owned by Kathleen Katz of Arlington. A piece he wrote for Quarante in 1985 was one of the first to point out how television coverage of politics had changed. The article was titled, "Politics and Media: In Search of An Angle". He wrote:

As part-time advisor to Senator Gary Hart's presidential campaign in 1984 — the first I had participated in actively since 1972 — I was struck by the minutiae of the press's questions. The authorship of a speech — the identity of the speechwriters — seemed far more important than its content. Strategy was a primary concern — which votes are being sought?How much money has been raised for television commercials? Who will produce the commercials? ... Rarely if ever does the question turn on such things as "does he have the right ideas?" or "would he make a strong — or even good — president?" Mankiewicz lived in Washington, D.C. with

masks:
Mankiewicz
Frank Mankiewicz


title: Frank Mankiewicz

texts:
 his wife, novelist Patricia O'Brien, who also writes under the pseudonym of Kate Alcott. His son <mask> is an NBC News correspondent, while his son <mask> is a Turner Classic Movies host and a host on The Young Turks, who also served from September 2008 to September 2009 as co-host (with Ben Lyons) of At The Movies.Both Josh and Ben Mankiewicz live in Los Angeles. Anti-metrication
According to Mankiewicz, he prompted Lyn Nofziger's efforts to halt the 1970s U.S. metrication effort, who convinced President Ronald Reagan to shut down the United States Metric Board. Books
In 2016, Mankiewicz's memoir was published So As I Was Saying . . .My Somewhat Eventful Life, with coauthor Joel Swerdlow (Thomas Dunne). Electoral history

Death
<mask> died in Washington, D.C. on October 23, 2014, at the age of 90. His son, Ben, stated that he died of internal bleeding, while son Josh, an NBC News correspondent, and family spokesman Adam Clymer, a former New York Times reporter, both said the reason for his hospitalization had been heart and lung problems, and that he had died of heart failure. References

External links

1924 births
2014 deaths
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists
American people of German-Jewish descent
Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
Center on Budget and Policy Priorities
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni
Haverford College alumni
Jewish American writers
Journalists from California
Journalists from New York City
Mankiewicz family
Metrication in the United States
Military personnel from New York City
People from Beverly Hills, California
UC Berkeley School of Law alumni
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army soldiers
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Writers from New York

masks:
Josh Mankiewicz
Ben Mankiewicz
Mankiewicz


title: Dejan Joveljić

texts:
<mask> (; born 7 August 1999) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Major League Soccer club LA Galaxy and the Serbia national team. Club career

Red Star Belgrade

2016–17 season
Born in Bijeljina, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, <mask> played with the local club Sloga Junajted, before he joined Serbian top tier club Red Star Belgrade in his early years. After almost 7 years with the club, passing the whole youth categories, <mask> signed his first professional contract on 16 March 2016, along with several teammates. <mask> has joined the first team under coach Miodrag Božović in 2016, but failed to play official matches during the 2016–17 Serbian SuperLiga campaign due to mononucleosis he was diagnosed with in August 2016. In the meantime, he was listed in top 60 youth footballers by The Guardian. After he missed the rest of 2016 without training, <mask> returned to the field in early 2017, playing with youth team until the end of a season. He was also nominated as one of the competitors for the Golden Boy award in 2017.2017–18 season
In summer 2017, <mask> presented as one of the club's top 10 youth prospects and passed the whole pre-season training with the first squad. He became a regular member of the first team since the beginning of September 2017, after a furious period in the Serbian youth league. He has been named as the third choice striker behind Richmond Boakye and Aleksandar Pešić. Later, on 19 September same year, <mask> extended his contract with the club until 2021. He spent his first time in protocol for a senior game sitting on the bench as an unused substitution for a match against Mladost Lučani on 22 October 2017. He made his official debut for Red Star Belgrade on 10 December 2017, replacing Aleksandar Pešić in 70 minute of the Serbian SuperLiga match against Borac Čačak. On 5 May 2018, <mask> got his first time in starting lineup for a senior game, scoring a twice in 5–0 home victory over Spartak Subotica.Finally, <mask> scored in the last match of the season against Voždovac on 19 May 2018, for the first trophy in his professional career. 2018–19 season
In summer 2018, after overgrown youth selection, which

masks:
Dejan Joveljić
Joveljić
Joveljić
Joveljić
Joveljić
Joveljić
Joveljić
Joveljić
Joveljić


title: Dejan Joveljić

texts:
 previously qualified to the 2018–19 UEFA Youth League, <mask> started new season as a fully senior. Following the complete pre-season period he passed with the first team, Joveljić has been licensed for the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League qualifications. Following both of matches against Spartaks Jūrmala in the first round he missed, <mask> started an opening match of the 2018–19 Serbian SuperLiga, scoring in 3–0 victory over Dinamo Vranje on 20 July 2018. Eintracht Frankfurt
On 14 June 2019, Joveljić signed a deal with German side Eintracht Frankfurt for a fee of €4 million. Loan to Anderlecht
Joveljić joined Belgian club Anderlecht on loan until the end of the season on 31 January 2020. Loan to Wolfsberger
<mask> spent the 2020-2021 season on loan at Austrian Bundesliga side Wolfsberger AC.He finished the season as the club’s top scorer. LA Galaxy
On 5 August 2021, <mask> signed a four-and-a-half year deal with MLS side LA Galaxy. He signed as a U22 Initiative player. International career
After games with Serbian under-16 & under-17 national teams, Joveljić made his debut for under-18 level on 15 December 2015 in a match against Ukraine. Later he missed the whole 2016 due to injury and returned to the team scoring a goal in a match against Uzbekistan on 20 April 2017. Playing for the team, <mask> noted 6 goals on 6 matches, including games against Czech Republic and France when he scored a twice at each. In August 2017, <mask> was called into the Serbia U19 squad, when he made a debut at the memorial tournament "Stevan Vilotić – Ćele".Scoring a twice in 3–1 victory over Israel, <mask> contributed to winning a trophy, after which he was elected for the most prospective player on the tournament. <mask> got his first call in Serbian under-21 team by coach Goran Đorović in December 2017. He made his debut for the team in away friendly against Qatar on 17 December 2017. While with under-19 level, <mask> also scored against Bulgaria and Sweden in March 2018, missing to qualify for the 2018 UEFA European Under-19 Championship with Serbia. He made his debut for Serbia national football team on 7 June 2021 in a friendly against Jamaica. Style of play
<mask> is a 1.80 m tall

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