title: Alan Wolfe

texts:
<mask> (born 1942) is an American political scientist and a sociologist  on the faculty of Boston College who serves as director of the Boisi Center for Religion and American Public Life. He is also a member of the Advisory Board of the Future of American Democracy Foundation, a nonprofit, nonpartisan foundation in partnership with Yale University Press and the Yale Center for International and Area Studies, "dedicated to research and education aimed at renewing and sustaining the historic vision of American democracy". Education
A graduate of Central High School (Philadelphia), he received a B.S. from Temple University in 1963 and a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Pennsylvania in 1967. He has honorary degrees from Loyola College in Maryland and St. Joseph's University in Philadelphia. Career
Earlier in his career, <mask> was a member of the collective that put out the Marxist-oriented journal, Kapitalistate, whose pages featured articles by such writers as Poulantzas, Claus Offe, Ralph Miliband, and Bob Jessop. By the early 1980s, <mask>'s politics had become more centrist.In 2004, one author characterized him as a radical centrist thinker. A contributing editor of The New Republic, The Wilson Quarterly, Commonwealth Magazine, and In Character, <mask> writes often for those publications as well as for Commonweal, The New York Times, Harper's, The Atlantic Monthly, The Washington Post, World Affairs and other magazines and newspapers. He served as an advisor to President Bill Clinton in preparation for his 1995 State of the Union Address and has lectured widely at American and European universities. He was ranked #98 in the list of the 500 most cited

masks:
Alan Wolfe
Wolfe
Wolfe
Wolfe


title: Alan Wolfe

type: original

texts:
 intellectuals in the 2001 book by Richard Posner titled Public Intellectuals. <mask> chairs a task force of the American Political Science Association on "Religion and Democracy in the United States." He serves on the advisory boards of Humanity in Action and the Future of American Democracy Foundation and on the president's advisory board of the Massachusetts Foundation for the Humanities. He is also a Senior Fellow with the World Policy Institute at the New School University in New York.In the fall of 2004, Professor <mask> was the George H. W. Bush Fellow at the American Academy in Berlin. "<mask>, a self-proclaimed atheist, said he recognizes the importance of being open to religious ideas," a 2008 report about an "Ethics of Atheism" debate put it. <mask> has been the recipient of grants from the Russell Sage Foundation, the Templeton Foundation, the Smith Richardson Foundation, the Carnegie Corporation of New York, and the Lilly Endowment. He has twice conducted programs under the auspices of the U.S. State Department that bring Muslim scholars to the United States to learn about separation of church and state. He is listed in Who's Who in the World, Who's Who in America, and Contemporary Authors. Criticism of animal rights

<mask> is an advocate of human exceptionalism and a staunch critic of animal rights, artificial intelligence and deep ecology. <mask> is concerned that modern animal rights and ecological groups promote a dangerous anti-humanistic ideology.According to <mask>, an essential difference between humans and other animals is the capacity for interpretation and meaning. <mask> argues that sociology is anthropocentric by definition since it is concerned with

masks: Wolfe Wolfe Wolfe Wolfe Wolfe Wolfe Wolfe Wolfe


title: Alan Wolfe

texts:
 what makes humans different from the animate (animals and nature) and the inanimate (computers and artificial intelligence). <mask> opposes the idea of "putting nature first" and identifies three groups as promoting this ideology: animal rights, deep ecology and the Gaia hypothesis. <mask> has stated that animal rights philosophy would result in a world without fantasy, excitement and creativity and that non-human animals do not have moral rights as they do not possess agency or understanding. <mask> has argued that animal rights is a political movement that threatens the humanist values and lifestyles of ordinary people. <mask>'s book The Human Difference defends a unique human domain of being against the naturalising claims of sociobiology and artificial intelligence and the species arguments of animal rights advocates. Works
 An End To Political Science: The Caucus Papers With Marvin Surkin (Basic Books, 1970)
 Political Analysis: An Unorthodox Approach With Charles A. McCoy (Crowell, 1972)
 The Seamy Side Of Democracy: Repression In America (McKay, 1973)
 The Politics And Society Reader With Ira Katznelson et al.(McKay, 1974)
 The Limits Of Legitimacy: Political Contradictions of Contemporary Capitalism (Free Press, 1977)
 The Rise And Fall Of The `Soviet Threat (Institute for Policy Studies, 1979)
 Whose Keeper? Social Science and Moral Obligation (University of California Press, 1991)
 The Human Difference: Animals, Computers, and the Necessity of Social Science (University of California Press, 1994)
 Marginalized in the Middle (University of Chicago Press, 1996)
 One Nation, After All (Penguin Books, 1998)
 Moral Freedom: The Search for Virtue in a World of Choice (W.

masks: Wolfe Wolfe Wolfe Wolfe


title: Alan Wolfe

texts:
 W. Norton & Company, 2001)
 The Transformation of American Religion: How We Actually Practice our Faith (University of Chicago Press, 2003)
 Return to Greatness: How America Lost Its Sense of Purpose and What it Needs to Do to Recover It (Princeton University Press, 2005)
 Does American Democracy Still Work? (Yale University Press, 2006)
 The Future of Liberalism (Knopf, 2009)
 Political Evil: What It Is and How to Combat It (Knopf, 2011)
 At Home in Exile: Why Diaspora Is Good for the Jews (Beacon Press, 2014)
 The Politics of Petulance: America in an Age of Immaturity (University of Chicago Press, 2018)

References

External links

 Interview with Dr. <mask> by Stephen McKiernan, Binghamton University Libraries Center for the Study of the 1960s, July 30, 2010

1942 births
American magazine editors
American magazine writers
American political scientists
American sociologists
Boston College faculty
Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs
Central High School (Philadelphia) alumni
Critics of animal rights
Former Marxists
Graduate Center, CUNY faculty
Jewish American social scientists
Jewish American atheists
Living people
Political science educators
Political science writers
Radical centrist writers
Temple University alumni
University of Pennsylvania


title: Rudy Aernoudt

texts:
<mask> is a Belgian professor, writer, politician, economist and philosopher, born in Torhout. He was many times Chief of staff (director of cabinet) of the Ministers of economy and innovation both in Flanders and in Wallonia, of the Belgian Minister of economics and scientific policy and of the President of the European Economic and Social Committee, Henri Malosse. He is indeed the only person to serve as Head of Cabinet at the European, Belgian, Walloon and Flemish levels. He is professor 'corporate finance' at the Universities of Ghent and Nancy. He was among the first to openly oppose separatist tensions in Belgium and fought against corruption in both the north and the south of the country. He has received several awards, including one for political courage, one for the architect of the best European regional entrepreneurship plan and the prestigious award for democracy Aron-Condorcet. And the Wall Street Journal appointed him as " an unlikely hero to Europe's entrepreneurial class"; and has been very influential within the commission, in particular in the field of business angels.He is considered as the father of the business angels in Europe. Professional career
Holding master's degree in monetary and industrial economics from KU Leuven, European economics from the College of Europe and Thomistic philosophy from KU Leuven, <mask> began his career as credit manager in the international banking sector before becoming

masks:
Rudy Aernoudt
Rudy Aernoudt


title: Rudy Aernoudt

texts:
 cabinet with the Minister Fientje Moerman, who was forced to resign. <mask>t followed up on this momentum by publishing the following year "Brussels, the unloved child" which insists on the advantages that Brussels offers to Belgium, deemed underexploited. 2007 witnessed the EU crisis and the electoral victory of the cartel CD&V/NVA whose visions of the future of the country radically opposed to those of <mask>t. He was thus abruptly let go following an interview published in Le Soir where he questioned the legitimacy of Yves Leterme to lead a reform of the state at the expense of the federal government. The Flemish Government stated that "any collaboration had become impossible".<mask> presented his version of events in "Adventures of a 'cabinettard" and, after losing the first trial, gets the conviction of the Flemish government. Academic career

He is since the age of 28 professor corporate finance and European enterprise policy at the University of Ghent, department of economics and teaches as well at the University of Nancy (Master in European economics). From 2007 to 2010 he was also a lecturer at the University of Liège of a course in Dutch entitled "Introduction to good governance" (Inleiding tot goed bestuur), whose neutrality was questioned by the Belgian Movement of Young Socialists. He was a guest professor at the Technical University of Brno at the Czech Republic. He was director-general of OLPC, a spin-off

masks:
Rudy Aernoud
Rudy Aernoud
Rudy Aernoudt


title: Rudy Aernoudt

texts:
 of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Based on this experience, he became curator of TEDxBrussels (www.TEDxbrussels.eu). Now he is a regular speaker at TEDx events on topics as the (non)sense of economy   Besides, he speaks at numerous conferences (ESA, OECD, Dubai Forum, CEO summit, etc)."<mask> is a brilliant Flemish liberal intellectual. Through several books, <mask>t is one of the very rare Flemish personalities to promote the union of Belgium, supported by figures [...] Whether you agree or disagree with his ideas, <mask>t appears as an intelligent man, offering creative ideas and supporting his conclusions with advanced technical analysis. Far from being an ordinary speaker, he is an excellent speaker with explosive humour

 European civil service
He was at the basis of several venture capital actions in Europe. He co-founded EBAN, the European Business Angels network and for entrepreneurs he will always be considered as "the father of the Business Angel Networks in Europe". He is senator ambassador of the World Business Angels Investment Forum. In April 2013, he became the Head of Cabinet of the President of the European Economic and Social Committee, the Frenchman Henri Malosse. He thus became the only Belgian to have served as Head of Cabinet at the European, national (Belgian) and regional (Wallonia and Flanders) levels.According to the newspaper De Morgen, this fact deserves his nomination for

masks:
Rudy Aernoudt
Rudy Aernoud
Rudy Aernoud


title: Rudy Aernoudt

texts:
 the Guinness book of records. Based on his experience in the US, he conceived and launched an SBIC-inspired investment initiative at the Commission called ESCALAR, that supports venture capital and growth financing for promising companies, enabling them to scale up in Europe and help reinforce Europe's economic and technological sovereignty, which he explained for instance at Euronews

 Political mood

<mask>t continued his political battle in 2008 by creating a bilingual movement, "België Anders/La Belgique Autrement" (Belgium differently), which organized a series of conferences. He teaches in different universities (Ghent, Brussels) and became director-general of OLPC, a spin-off from MIT. In 2008, he created the LiDE party, which he left in 2009 to become, in November 2009, Co-Chair of the Popular Party, another political party that has enjoyed rapid success but was a victim of internal tensions. He wanted to make an alliance with the MR but the FDF vetoed by threatening to leave the MR. Aernoudt is considered to be the architect of this separation. In 2009 he became co-chairman of the new People's Party. He was expelled from the party in late August 2010 after what appears to be an internal power struggle, an exclusion whose regularity he often denies while denouncing what he sees as a drift of the party.Modrikamen in turn was excluded in September 2010 by Aernoudt and co-disciples. Aernoudt was confirmed with an


title: Rudy Aernoudt

texts:
 overwhelming majority of 28,000 votes but left active politics; at least in terms of political parties. For his political positions, <mask>t has received several awards''', among which the prestigious award of the French community Aron - Condorcet and the prize for political courage at Belgian level B+. He is a special advisor at the Diplomatic Institute; honorary council member of the Horta-Freson Foundation  and gender ambassador. Publications

<mask> published around 30 books and 500+ articles and papers on politics, economics and philosophy. He published in Journals such as Small Business economics, Journal of Entrepreneurial Culture, Venture Capital & Ekonomiaz. List of his books below:
"Entrepreneurship, no guts, no Glory, Intersentia Cambridge, 2020"
"Coronavirus: electroshock for Belgium, Van Gompel @ Scavina, 2020"
"Coronavirus: electrochoc pour la Belgique?Mardaga, 2020"
"Financieel Management, Toegepast; Intersentia, 2019"
"Financial Management Applied, Intersentia,2019
 "Entrepreneurship, A way of life, Intersentia, 2015
 "Wake-Ups Belgians", Roularta Books, 2012
 De Duivelszak, Roularta Books, 2012, . Leven zonder job - Van jobtaker naar jobmaker, Roularta Books, 2011, 211p, . La politique, ça trompe énormément - Descente aux enfers politiques, Roularta Books, 2008, 270 p, . Peripeties d'un Cabinettard - l'Abus de Pouvoir, Roularta Books, 2008, 191 p, . Comment l'état gaspille votre argent : Mauvaise

masks:
Rudy Aernoud
Rudy


title: Peter Capaldi

texts:
<mask>  <mask> (; born 14 April 1958) is a Scottish actor, director, singer and writer. He portrayed the twelfth incarnation of the Doctor in Doctor Who (2014–2017) and Malcolm Tucker in The Thick of It (2005–2012), for which he has received four British Academy Television Award nominations, winning Best Male Comedy Performance in 2010. When he reprised the role of Tucker in the feature film In the Loop, Capaldi was honoured with several film critic award nominations for Best Supporting Actor. Capaldi won the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film and the BAFTA Award for Best Short Film for his 1993 short film Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life. He went on to write and direct the drama film Strictly Sinatra and directed two series of the sitcom Getting On. Capaldi also played Mr. Curry in the family film Paddington (2014) and its sequel Paddington 2 (2017), voiced Rabbit in the Disney film Christopher Robin (2018), and portrayed supervillain The Thinker in the DC Extended Universe film The Suicide Squad (2021). Early life
Capaldi was born in Glasgow, Scotland, to Nancy (née Soutar) and <mask>.His paternal grandfather was Italian, while the rest of his ancestry is Scottish and Irish. His parents ran an ice cream business in the Springburn district, where they were neighbours and acquaintances of the family of Armando Iannucci, creator of The Thick of It, although the two men did not know each other as children. He was educated at St Teresa's Primary School in Possilpark, St Matthew's Primary School in Bishopbriggs, and St Ninian's High School, Kirkintilloch, before attending the Glasgow School of Art. Capaldi displayed an early talent for performance by putting on a puppet show in primary school. While at high school, he was a member of the Antonine Players, who performed at the Fort Theatre in Bishopbriggs. As an art

masks:
Peter Dougan
Capaldi
Gerald John Capaldi


title: Peter Capaldi

texts:
 Iannucci-written BBC sitcom The Thick of It, which he played from 2005 to 2012. Tucker is said to be largely, if loosely, based upon Tony Blair's right-hand man Alastair Campbell, although Capaldi has said that he based his performance more on Hollywood power players, such as the often abrasive Harvey Weinstein. A film spin-off from The Thick of It called In the Loop (in which Capaldi returned to the role of Tucker), was released in 2009. The role of Tucker won Capaldi several awards. In 2006, 2008 and 2010 he was nominated for the BAFTA and RTS Best Comedy Actor Awards.He won the 2010 BAFTA Television Award for Male Performance in a Comedy Role. He also won the 2010 and 2012 British Comedy Award for Best TV Comedy Actor. He received another BAFTA Award nomination in 2013. Doctor Who

<mask> was cast in 2013 as the Doctor in the BBC science-fiction series Doctor Who. Capaldi first appeared as the Doctor in a cameo in the 50th anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor", before appearing in the 2013 Christmas special, "The Time of the Doctor". A lifelong fan of the series, Capaldi had previously played Lobus Caecilius in the 2008 episode "The Fires of Pompeii" with the Tenth Doctor and his companion Donna Noble, as well as playing civil servant John Frobisher in the 2009 spin-off Torchwood: Children of Earth. Before taking the role, Capaldi stated that he had to seriously consider the increased level of visibility that would come with the part.He revealed in an interview with Entertainment Weekly that he had been invited to audition for the role of the Eighth Doctor in 1995 prior to the production of the 1996 TV film, stating: "I didn't go. I loved the show so much, and I didn't think I would get it, and I didn't want to just be part of a big cull of actors." In 2014, Capaldi voiced the Doctor on the CBBC website's game The


title: Peter Capaldi

texts:
 Blanchett, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Jesse Eisenberg, Douglas Booth, Neil Gaiman, Keira Knightley, Juliet Stevenson, Kit Harington and Stanley Tucci, was featured in a video from the United Nations' refugee agency UNHCR to help raise awareness about the global refugee crisis. "What They Took With Them" has the actors reading a poem, written by Jenifer Toksvig and inspired by primary accounts of refugees, and is part of UNHCR's #WithRefugees campaign, which also includes a petition to governments to expand asylum to provide further shelter, integrating job opportunities, and education. Capaldi's second cousin once removed is singer-songwriter <mask>. The two worked together in the video for "Someone You Loved". Capaldi is a patron of Worldwide Cancer Research, and the Scottish children's charity, the Aberlour Child Care Trust.Filmography

Film

Television

Stage

Radio

Video games

Music videos

Discography

Studio albums

Singles

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 Guardian Film Profile
 Article on Capaldi's support of Cancer Charities

1958 births
Living people
20th-century Scottish male actors
20th-century Scottish male singers
21st-century Scottish male actors
21st-century Scottish male singers
Audiobook narrators
Best Male Comedy Performance BAFTA Award (television) winners
British male comedy actors
Directors of Live Action Short Film Academy Award winners
Former Roman Catholics
Male actors from Glasgow
People educated at St Ninian's High School, Kirkintilloch
People from Crouch End
People from Springburn
People of Lazian descent
Scottish atheists
Scottish film directors
Scottish male film actors
Scottish male stage actors
Scottish male television actors
Scottish male video game actors
Scottish male voice actors
Scottish people of Irish descent
Scottish people of Italian descent
Scottish


title: Addison Langhorne Steavenson

texts:
<mask> (4 August 1836 – 7 November 1913) was an English Mining Engineer. He became President of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers (NEIMME) in 1893 after being a member of the Institute for thirty-eight years. <mask> was married to Anna Maria; they had three daughters named Anna, Frances and Hilda and one son called <mask> who died young. Early life
<mask> was born on 4 August 1836 in Darlington. He was elected a member of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers on 6 December 1855 at the age of nineteen. Initially <mask> worked at Woodifield Colliery, Crook. He then worked for various Cleveland ironstone mines, most notably Normanby and Skelton.He became an expert in the mining geology of the Cleveland district which was exemplified in his article for The Engineer newspaper entitled 'Ironstone Mining in Cleveland'. He later returned to coal mines in the Durham area working as Chief Agent for Bell Brother Ltd.

Mining career
<mask> was elected a member of the NEIMME Council in 1867 aged thirty-one and in 1877 he was elected Vice-President of the NEIMME. During his time as Vice-President he visited parts of Spain which inspired his paper 'On the Value of Photography to Mining Engineers'. During his talk he exhibited the photographs he had taken in Bilbao. The exhibition consisted of images of ore being shipped in steamers and wire-rope tramways which also transported ore. He thought these were the most notable photographs as he believed the members had not witnessed the tramways in action before. He additionally exhibited photographs of the local history and culture as he displayed images of Burgos Cathedral as

masks:
Addison Langhorne Steavenson
Steavenson
Addison Langhorne Junior
Steavenson
Steavenson
Steavenson


title: Addison Langhorne Steavenson

texts: well as pictures of the homes which the local population lived in.The purpose of <mask>'s talk was to display to the engineers that photography was essential in not only gaining personal knowledge, but displaying matters of interest to others who could not see for themselves what was being photographed. He believed that photography was also useful to provide evidence for the future as mining techniques advanced and progressed. <mask> was congratulated for his paper as the Institute's members complimented not only his mining intellect, but his evident ability as an excellent photographer. <mask> recollected that his passion for photography had begun ten years prior as he recalls taking his first underground photographs of fungus growing at the Cleveland Mines. This later developed into taking photographs of tubs and mining machinery underground. <mask> was a highly celebrated intellect as well as a photographer and frequently wrote papers and presented lectures at the NEIMME. His papers can be found within the Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers.In 1891 <mask> notably won an award for his paper entitled 'Notes on the Present Position of the Question of Transmission of Power' as the institute acknowledged his academic efforts. <mask> became President of the NEIMME between the years 1893 and 1894. On being elected president he admits that he had difficulty in accepting the position as president due to his deafness. He believed his condition would affect his ability, yet he nevertheless accepted the role. He advocated the need of pit work in order to gain valuable experience, not solely academic knowledge. He was also

masks: Steavenson Steavenson Steavenson Steavenson Steavenson Steavenson


title: Addison Langhorne Steavenson

texts: renowned for his determination to prove the accuracy of conclusions with regards to experiments. When a paper was read at the Institute he encouraged debate and discussion after it had been given.As he facetiously remarked after a paper was given by Professor Henry Louis  in 1907, that 'he did not like to allow a paper to pass without objecting to its proposals'. In 1894 Thomas Douglas succeeded him as President of the Institute and <mask> returned to his role as Vice-President. Throughout his time at the NEIMME, <mask> worked as the Chief Agent for the coal company Bell Brothers Ltd. In 1901, Matthew Robson Kirby  became <mask>'s apprentice. Kirby was trained, like <mask>, to be an Agent for Bell Brothers Ltd.  Bowburn was one of the collieries under the Bell Brothers ownership which <mask> worked for. On 10 September 1906 <mask> notably led an excursion meeting of Associates and Students at Bowburn Winning to witness a shaft being sunk. His engineer apprentice Matthew Robson Kirby also helped host this event alongside <mask> Street' in honour of him and his work in the area. While working for Bell Brothers he was Agent for multiple collieries including Browney, South Brancepeth, Page Bank and Tursdale. Despite <mask>'s credentials as a colliery Agent and Engineer, his opinion was sometimes critiqued. In 1906 there was an explosion at Urpeth Colliery, Durham. <mask> reported on the incident believing that Urpeth Colliery was in the best possible condition and that the Incident occurred due to the disregard of the men working within the pit. However his opinion caused much controversy and discussion among institute members, most notably William Cuthbert Blackett

masks: Steavenson Steavenson Steavenson Steavenson Steavenson Steavenson Steavensoneason Steavenson Steavenson


title: Addison Langhorne Steavenson

texts:
 who criticised <mask>'s report believing his evidence was not plausible. Legacy
<mask> died in 1913 aged seventy-seven at Hollywell Hall, Brancepeth.President W.C Blackett noted on <mask>'s passing that he was 'a most fearless exponent of accuracy and truth, and a most enduring friend to all young men'. Despite only being president for a year, he had been part of the Institute for his whole career. This legacy was acknowledged as Thomas Douglas proposed a vote of thanks on his presidential election as 'Mr. <mask> had devoted an amount of time and energy to the Institute, not only this year, because he happened to be the President, but during the whole of the very long time that he had been connected with the Institute'. Publications and Papers

A. L <mask>'s publications and papers in chronological order:

'The Manufacture of Coke', Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, Vol.VIII 1860
'On Some Experiments with the Covered Ventilator of M.Guibal, at the Colliery of Crachet & Picquery, At Fremeries. By MM. Gille et Franeau, Mining Engineers.Translated and Read by A. L <mask>', Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, Vol. XVI, 1866-7
'On Some Experiments with the Lemielle Ventilator at Page Bank Colliery', Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, Vol. XVIII, 1868-1869
'Coal-Cutting And Breaking Down Apparatus', Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, Vol. XIX, 1869–70
'Ironstone Mining in Cleveland', The Engineer, 18 September 1874, p. 219
'An Improved Method of Detecting Small Quantities of


title: Addison Langhorne Steavenson

texts:
 Inflammable Gas',Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, Vol. XXVI 1876-7
'On the System of Working Ironstone at Lumpsey Mines by Hydraulic Drills. ', Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, Vol. XXVI 1886-7
'On the Introduction of Steel Supports for the Maintenance of the Main Roads in the Mines of Cleveland', Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, Vol.XXXVII 1887-8
'Notes on the Present Position of the Question of Transmission of Power', Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, Vol. IV, 1892-1893
'On the Last Twenty Years in the Cleveland Mining District', The Engineer, 15 September 1893
'The Mode of Obtaining a True North Line', Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, Vol. X, 1895
'On Some Dangers Attending the Use of Steam-Pipes, Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, Vol. XIII, 1896-7
'On Experiments with Bastiers Patent Chain-Pump', Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, Vol. XVI
'The Carboniferous Limestone Quarries of Weardale', Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, Vol. XXII, 1901

References

External links
<mask>horne Steavenson Biography
North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers
The Engineer Magazine
Bowburn Colliery
Bell Brothers Ltd.

1836 births
1913 deaths
Mining in Tyne and Wear
18th-century English people
19th-century English people
British mining engineers
English mechanical


title: Usain Bolt

texts: <mask><mask>, ,  (; born 21 August 1986) is a retired Jamaican sprinter, widely considered to be the greatest sprinter of all time. He is the world record holder in the 100 metres, 200 metres, and 4 × 100 metres relay. An eight-time Olympic gold medallist, <mask> is the only sprinter to win Olympic 100 m and 200 m titles at three consecutive Olympics (2008, 2012, and 2016). He also won two 4 × 100 relay gold medals. He gained worldwide fame for his double sprint victory in world record times at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, which made him the first person to hold both records since fully automatic time became mandatory. An eleven-time World Champion, he won consecutive World Championship 100 m, 200 m and 4 × 100 metres relay gold medals from 2009 to 2015, with the exception of a 100 m false start in 2011. He is the most successful male athlete of the World Championships.<mask> is the first athlete to win four World Championship titles in the 200 m and is one of the most successful in the 100 m with three titles. <mask> improved upon his second 100 m world record of 9.69 with 9.58 seconds in 2009 – the biggest improvement since the start of electronic timing. He has twice broken the 200 metres world record, setting 19.30 in 2008 and 19.19 in 2009. He has helped Jamaica to three 4 × 100 metres relay world records, with the current record being 36.84 seconds set in 2012. <mask>'s most successful event is the 200 m, with three Olympic and four World titles. The 2008 Olympics was his international debut over 100 m; he had earlier won numerous 200 m medals (including 2007 World Championship silver) and held the world under-20 and world under-18 records for the event until being surpassed by Erriyon

masks:
Usain St
. Leo Bolt
Bolt
Bolt
Bolt
Bolt


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 Knighton in 2021. His achievements as a sprinter have earned him the media nickname "Lightning Bolt", and his awards include the IAAF World Athlete of the Year, Track & Field Athlete of the Year, BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year (three times), and Laureus World Sportsman of the Year (four times).<mask> was included in Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of 2016. <mask> retired after the 2017 World Championships, when he finished third in his last solo 100 m race, opted out of the 200 m, and pulled up injured in the 4×100 m relay final. Early years
<mask> was born on 21 August 1986 to parents Wellesley and <mask> in Sherwood Content, a small town in Jamaica. He has a brother, Sadiki, and a sister, Sherine. His parents ran the local grocery store in the rural area, and Bolt spent his time playing cricket and football in the street with his brother, later saying, "When I was young, I didn't really think about anything other than sports." As a child, Bolt attended Waldensia Primary, where he began showing his sprint potential when he ran in his parish's annual national primary school meet. By the age of twelve, Bolt had become the school's fastest runner over the 100 metres distance.Bolt also developed an affection for European football teams Real Madrid and Manchester United. Upon his entry to  William Knibb Memorial High School, Bolt continued to focus on other sports, but his cricket coach noticed <mask>'s speed on the pitch and urged him to try track and field events. Pablo McNeil, a former Olympic sprint athlete, and Dwayne Jarrett coached Bolt, encouraging him to focus his energy on improving his athletic abilities. The school had a history of success in athletics with

masks:
Bolt
Bolt
Bolt
Jennifer Bolt
Bolt


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 past students, including sprinter Michael Green. <mask> won his first annual high school championships medal in 2001; he took the silver medal in the 200 metres with a time of 22.04 seconds. McNeil soon became his primary coach, and the two enjoyed a positive partnership, although McNeil was occasionally frustrated by Bolt's lack of dedication to his training and his penchant for practical jokes. When Bolt was a boy, he attended Sherwood Content Seventh-day Adventist Church in Trelawny, Jamaica, with his mother.His mother did not serve pork to him in accordance with Adventist beliefs. Early competitions
Representing Jamaica in his first Caribbean regional event, <mask> clocked a personal best time of 48.28 s in the 400 metres in the 2001 CARIFTA Games, winning a silver medal. The 200 m also yielded a silver, as <mask> finished in 21.81 s.

He made his first appearance on the world stage at the 2001 IAAF World Youth Championships in Debrecen, Hungary. Running in the 200 m event, he failed to qualify for the finals, but he still set a new personal best of 21.73 s. <mask> still did not take athletics or himself too seriously, however, and he took his mischievousness to new heights by hiding in the back of a van when he was supposed to be preparing for the 200 m finals at the CARIFTA Trials. He was detained by the police for his practical joke, and there was an outcry from the local community, which blamed coach McNeil for the incident. However, the controversy subsided, and both McNeil and <mask> went to the CARIFTA Games, where <mask> set championship records in the 200 m and 400 m with times of 21.12 s and 47.33 s, respectively. He continued to set records with 20.61 s and 47.12 s finishes

masks: Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 at the Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships.<mask> is one of only nine athletes (along with Valerie Adams, Veronica Campbell-Brown, Jacques Freitag, Yelena Isinbayeva, Jana Pittman, Dani Samuels, David Storl, and Kirani James) to win world championships at the youth, junior, and senior level of an athletic event. Former Prime Minister P. J. Patterson recognised <mask>'s talent and arranged for him to move to Kingston, along with Jermaine Gonzales, so he could train with the Jamaica Amateur Athletic Association (JAAA) at the University of Technology, Jamaica. Rise to prominence
The 2002 World Junior Championships were held in front of a home crowd in Kingston, Jamaica, and Bolt was given a chance to prove his credentials on a world stage. By the age of 15, he had grown to  tall, and he physically stood out among his peers. He won the 200 m in a time of 20.61 s, which was 0.03 s slower than his personal best of 20.58 s, which he set in the 1st round. Bolt's 200 m win made him the youngest world-junior gold medallist ever. The expectation from the home crowd had made him so nervous that he had put his shoes on the wrong feet, although he realized the mistake before the race began.However, it turned out to be a revelatory experience for <mask>, as he vowed never again to let himself be affected by pre-race nerves. As a member of the Jamaican sprint relay team, he also took two silver medals and set national junior records in the 4×100 metres and 4×400 metres relay, running times of 39.15 s and 3:04.06 minutes respectively. The rush of medals continued as he won four golds at the 2003 CARIFTA Games and was awarded the Austin Sealy Trophy for the most outstanding athlete of the

masks: Bolt Bolt Bolt


title: Usain Bolt

texts: games. He won another gold at the 2003 World Youth Championships. He set a new championship record in the 200 m with a time of 20.40 s, despite a 1.1 m/s head wind. Michael Johnson, the 200 m world-record holder, took note of Bolt's potential but worried that the young sprinter might be over-pressured, stating, "It's all about what he does three, four, five years down the line". Bolt had also impressed the athletics hierarchy, and he received the IAAF Rising Star Award for 2002.<mask> competed in his final Jamaican High School Championships in 2003. He broke the 200 m and 400 m records with times of 20.25 s and 45.35 s, respectively. <mask>'s runs were a significant improvement upon the previous records, beating the 200 m best by more than half a second and the 400 m record by almost a second. While <mask> improved upon the 200 m time three months later, setting the former World youth best at the 2003 Pan American Junior Championships. The 400 m time remains No. 6 on the all-time youth list, surpassed only once since, by future Olympic champion Kirani James. <mask> turned his main focus to the 200 m and equalled Roy Martin's world junior record of 20.13 s at the Pan-American Junior Championships.This performance attracted interest from the press, and his times in the 200 m and 400 m led to him being touted as a possible successor to Johnson. Indeed, at sixteen years old, Bolt had reached times that Johnson did not register until he was twenty, and Bolt's 200 m time was superior to Maurice Greene's season's best that year. Bolt was growing more popular in his homeland. Howard Hamilton, who was given the task of Public Defender by the government, urged the JAAA to nurture him and prevent

masks: Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 burnout, calling Bolt "the most phenomenal sprinter ever produced by this island". His popularity and the attractions of the capital city were beginning to be a burden to the young sprinter. Bolt was increasingly unfocused on his athletic career and preferred to eat fast food, play basketball, and party in Kingston's club scene. In the absence of a disciplined lifestyle, he became ever-more reliant on his natural ability to beat his competitors on the track.As the reigning 200 m champion at both the World Youth and World Junior championships, <mask> hoped to take a clean sweep of the world 200 m championships in the Senior World Championships in Paris. He beat all comers at the 200 m in the World Championship trials. Bolt was pragmatic about his chances and noted that, even if he did not make the final, he would consider setting a personal best a success. However, he suffered a bout of conjunctivitis before the event, and it ruined his training schedule. Realising that he would not be in peak condition, the JAAA refused to let him participate in the finals, on the grounds that he was too young and inexperienced. Bolt was dismayed at missing out on the opportunity, but focused on getting himself in shape to gain a place on the Jamaican Olympic team instead. Even though he missed the World Championships, <mask> was awarded the IAAF Rising Star Award for the 2003 season on the strength of his junior record-equalling run.Professional athletics career

2004–2007 Early career

Under the guidance of new coach Fitz Coleman, <mask> turned professional in 2004, beginning with the CARIFTA Games in Bermuda. He became the first junior sprinter to run the 200 m in under twenty seconds, taking the world


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 junior record outright with a time of 19.93 s. For the second time in the role, he was awarded the Austin Sealy Trophy for the most outstanding athlete of the 2004 CARIFTA Games. A hamstring injury in May ruined Bolt's chances of competing in the 2004 World Junior Championships, but he was still chosen for the Jamaican Olympic squad. Bolt headed to the 2004 Athens Olympics with confidence and a new record on his side. However, he was hampered by a leg injury and was eliminated in the first round of the 200 metres with a disappointing time of 21.05 s. American colleges offered Bolt track scholarships to train in the United States while continuing to represent Jamaica on the international stage, but the teenager from Trelawny refused them all, stating that he was content to stay in his homeland of Jamaica. Bolt instead chose the surroundings of the University of Technology, Jamaica, as his professional training ground, staying with the university's track and weight room that had served him well in his amateur years. The year 2005 signalled a fresh start for Bolt in the form of a new coach, Glen Mills, and a new attitude toward athletics.Mills recognised <mask>'s potential and aimed to cease what he considered an unprofessional approach to the sport. <mask> began training with Mills in preparation for the upcoming athletics season, partnering with more seasoned sprinters such as Kim Collins and Dwain Chambers. The year began well, and in July, he knocked more than a third of a second off the 200 m CAC Championship record with a run of 20.03 s, then registered his 200 m season's best at London's Crystal Palace, running in 19.99 s.

Misfortune awaited <mask> at the next major event, the 2005


title: Usain Bolt

texts: World Championships in Helsinki. Bolt felt that both his work ethic and athleticism had much improved since the 2004 Olympics, and he saw the World Championships as a way to live up to expectations, stating, "I really want to make up for what happened in Athens. Hopefully, everything will fall into place". Bolt qualified with runs under 21 s, but he suffered an injury in the final, finishing in last place with a time of 26.27 s. Injuries were preventing him from completing a full professional athletics season, and the eighteen-year-old <mask> still had not proven his mettle in the major world-athletics competitions. However, his appearance made him the youngest ever person to appear in a 200 m world final.<mask> was involved in a car accident in November, and although he suffered only minor facial lacerations, his training schedule was further upset. His manager at the time, Norman Peart, made <mask>'s training less intensive, and he had fully recuperated the following week. <mask> had continued to improve his performances, and he reached the world top-5 rankings in 2005 and 2006. Peart and Mills stated their intentions to push <mask> to do longer sprinting distances with the aim of making the 400 m event his primary event by 2007 or 2008. <mask> was less enthusiastic, and demanded that he feel comfortable in his sprinting. He suffered another hamstring injury in March 2006, forcing him to withdraw from the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, and he did not return to track events until May. After his recovery, Bolt was given new training exercises to improve flexibility, and the plans to move him up to the 400 m event were put on hold.The 200 m remained <mask>'s primary event when he

masks: Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt


title: Usain Bolt

texts: returned to competition; he bested Justin Gatlin's meet record in Ostrava, Czech Republic. <mask> had aspired to run under twenty seconds to claim a season's best but, despite the fact that bad weather had impaired his run, he was happy to end the meeting with just the victory. However, a sub-20-second finish was soon his, as he set a new personal best of 19.88 s at the 2006 Athletissima Grand Prix in Lausanne, Switzerland, finishing behind Xavier Carter and Tyson Gay to earn a bronze medal. <mask> had focused his athletics aims, stating that 2006 was a year to gain experience. Also, he was more keen on competing over longer distances, setting his sights on running regularly in both 200 m and 400 m events within the next two years. <mask> claimed his first major world medal two months later at the IAAF World Athletics Final in Stuttgart, Germany. He passed the finishing post with a time of 20.10 s, gaining a bronze medal in the process.The IAAF World Cup in Athens, Greece, yielded <mask>'s first senior international silver medal. Wallace Spearmon from the United States won gold with a championship record time of 19.87 s, beating <mask>'s respectable time of 19.96 s. Further 200 m honours on both the regional and international stages awaited <mask> in 2007. He yearned to run in the 100 metres but Mills was skeptical, believing that <mask> was better suited for middle distances. The coach cited the runner's difficulty in smoothly starting out of the blocks and poor habits such as looking back at opponents in sprints. Mills told <mask> that he could run the shorter distance if he broke the 200 m national record. In the Jamaican Championships, he ran 19.75 s in the 200 m, breaking the

masks: Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 36-year-old Jamaican record held by Don Quarrie by 0.11 s.

Mills complied with <mask>'s demand to run in the 100 m, and he was entered to run the event at the 23rd Vardinoyiannia meeting in Rethymno, Crete. In his debut tournament, he won the gold medal in a time of 10.03 s, feeding his enthusiasm for the event.He built on this achievement at the 2007 World Championships in Osaka, Japan, winning a silver medal. <mask> recorded 19.91 s with a headwind of 0.8 m/s. The race was won by Tyson Gay in 19.76 s, a new championship record. <mask> was a member of the silver medal relay team with Asafa Powell, Marvin Anderson, and Nesta Carter in the 4×100 metres relay. Jamaica set a national record of 37.89 s. <mask> did not win any gold medals at the major tournaments in 2007, but Mills felt that <mask>'s technique was much improved, pinpointing improvements in <mask>'s balance at the turns over 200 m and an increase in his stride frequency, giving him more driving power on the track. World-record breaker
The silver medals from the 2007 Osaka World Championships boosted <mask>'s desire to sprint, and he took a more serious, more mature stance towards his career. <mask> continued to develop in the 100 m, and he decided to compete in the event at the Jamaica Invitational in Kingston.On 3 May 2008, <mask> ran a time of 9.76 s, with a 1.8 m/s tail wind, improving his personal best from 10.03 s. This was the second-fastest legal performance in the history of the event, second only to compatriot Asafa Powell's 9.74 s record set the previous year in Rieti, Italy. Rival Tyson Gay lauded the performance, especially praising <mask>'s form and technique. Michael Johnson observed the race and said that he was

masks: Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 shocked at how quickly <mask> had improved over the 100 m distance. The Jamaican surprised even himself with the time, but coach Glen Mills remained confident that there was more to come. On 31 May 2008, <mask> set a new 100 m world record at the Reebok Grand Prix in the Icahn Stadium in New York City. He ran 9.72s with a tail wind of 1.7 m/s. This race was Bolt's fifth senior 100 m. Gay again finished second and said of <mask>: "It looked like his knees were going past my face."Commentators noted that <mask> appeared to have gained a psychological advantage over fellow Olympic contender Gay. In June 2008, <mask> responded to claims that he was a lazy athlete, saying that the comments were unjustified, and he trained hard to achieve his potential. However, he surmised that such comments stemmed from his lack of enthusiasm for the 400 metres event; he chose not to make an effort to train for that particular distance. Turning his efforts to the 200 m, <mask> proved that he could excel in two events—first setting the world-leading time in Ostrava, then breaking the national record for the second time with a 19.67 s finish in Athens, Greece. Although Mills still preferred that Bolt focus on the longer distances, the acceptance of Bolt's demand to run in the 100 m worked for both sprinter and trainer. <mask> was more focused in practice, and a training schedule to boost his top speed and his stamina, in preparation for the Olympics, had improved both his 100 m and 200 m times. 2008 Summer Olympics
Bolt doubled-up with the 100 metres and 200 metres events at the Beijing Summer Olympics.As the new 100 m world-record holder, he was the favourite to win both races. Michael Johnson, the 200 m and


title: Usain Bolt

texts: 400 m record holder, personally backed the sprinter, saying that he did not believe that a lack of experience would work against him. Bolt qualified for the 100 m final with times of 9.92 s and 9.85 s in the quarter-finals and semi-finals, respectively. In the Olympic 100 m final (16 August), <mask> broke new ground, winning in 9.69 s (unofficially 9.683 s) with a reaction time of 0.165 s. This was an improvement upon his own world record, and he was well ahead of second-place finisher Richard Thompson, who finished in 9.89 s. Not only was the record set without a favourable wind (+0.0 m/s), but he also visibly slowed down to celebrate before he finished and his shoelace was untied. Bolt's coach reported that, based upon the speed of Bolt's opening 60 m, he could have finished with a time of 9.52 s. After scientific analysis of Bolt's run by the Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics at the University of Oslo, Hans Eriksen and his colleagues also predicted a sub 9.60 s time. Considering factors such as Bolt's position, acceleration and velocity in comparison with second-place-finisher Thompson, the team estimated that Bolt could have finished in 9.55±0.04 s had he not slowed to celebrate before the finishing line. <mask> stated that setting a world record was not a priority for him, and that his goal was just to win the gold medal, Jamaica's first of the 2008 Games.Olympic medallist Kriss Akabusi construed <mask>'s chest slapping before the finish line as showboating, noting that the actions cost <mask> an even faster record time. IOC president Jacques Rogge also condemned the Jamaican's actions as disrespectful. <mask> denied that this was the purpose of his celebration by saying, "I

masks: Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt


title: Usain Bolt

texts: wasn't bragging. When I saw I wasn't covered, I was just happy". Lamine Diack, president of the IAAF, supported <mask> and said that his celebration was appropriate given the circumstances of his victory. Jamaican government minister Edmund Bartlett also defended <mask>'s actions, stating, "We have to see it in the glory of their moment and give it to them. We have to allow the personality of youth to express itself".<mask> then focused on attaining a gold medal in the 200 m event, aiming to emulate Carl Lewis' double win in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. Michael Johnson felt that <mask> would easily win gold but believed that his own world record of 19.32 s set at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta would remain intact at the Olympics. <mask> eased through the first and second rounds of the 200 m, jogging towards the end of his run both times. He won his semi-final and progressed to the final as the favourite to win. Retired Jamaican sprinter Don Quarrie praised <mask>, saying he was confident that Johnson's record could be beaten. The following day, at the final, he won Jamaica's fourth gold of the Games, setting a new world and Olympic record of 19.30 s. Johnson's record fell despite the fact that <mask> was impeded by a 0.9 m/s headwind. The feat made him the first sprinter since Quarrie to hold both 100 m and 200 m world records simultaneously and the first to hold both records since the introduction of electronic timing.Furthermore, <mask> became the first sprinter to break both records at the same Olympics. Unlike in the 100 m final, <mask> sprinted hard all the way to the finishing line in the 200 m race, even dipping his chest to improve his time. Following the race, "Happy

masks: Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt


title: Usain Bolt

texts: Birthday" was played over the stadium's sound system as his 22nd birthday would begin at midnight. Two days later, <mask> ran as the third leg in the Jamaican 4 × 100 metres relay team, increasing his gold medal total to three. Along with teammates Nesta Carter, Michael Frater, and Asafa Powell, <mask> broke another world and Olympic record, their 37.10 s finish breaking the previous record by three-tenths of a second. Powell, who anchored the team to the finishing line, lamented the loss of his 100m record to <mask> but showed no animosity towards his Jamaican rival, stating that he was delighted to help him set his third world record. In January 2017 the Jamaican relay teammates were stripped of their gold medals when a blood sample taken from Carter after the race was retested and found positive for a banned substance.Following his victories, <mask> donated US$50,000 to the children of Sichuan province in China to help those harmed by the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. <mask>'s record-setting runs caused commentators not only to praise his achievements but to speculate about his potential to become one of the most successful sprinters in history. Critics hailed his Olympic success as a new beginning for a sport that had long suffered through high-profile drug scandals. The previous six years had seen the BALCO scandal, Tim Montgomery and Justin Gatlin stripped of their 100 m world records, and Marion Jones returning three Olympic gold medals. All three sprinters were disqualified from athletics after drugs tests detected banned substances in their systems. <mask>'s record-breaking performances caused suspicion among some commentators, including Victor Conte, and the lack of an independent


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 Caribbean anti-doping federation raised more concerns. The accusations of drug use were vehemently rejected by Glen Mills (Bolt's coach) and Herb Elliott (the Jamaican athletics team doctor).Elliott, a member of the IAAF anti-doping commission, urged those concerned about the issue to "come down and see our programme, come down and see our testing, we have nothing to hide". Mills had been equally ardent that <mask> was a clean athlete, declaring to the Jamaica Gleaner: "We will test any time, any day, any part of the body...[he] doesn't even like to take vitamins". <mask> stated that he had been tested four times prior to the Olympics, and all had tested negative for banned substances. He also welcomed anti-doping authorities to test him to prove that he was clean, stating, "We work hard and we perform well and we know we're clean". After the 2008 Olympics
At the end of the 2008 athletics season, Bolt competed in the ÅF Golden League, beginning in Weltklasse Zürich. Despite having the slowest start among his competitors in the 100 m race, he still crossed the finishing line in 9.83 s. Even though the time was slower than both his newly set world record and Asafa Powell's track record, it was still among the top-fifteen 100 m finishes by any sprinter to that date. Bolt admitted that he was not running at full strength because he was suffering from a cold, but he concentrated on winning the race and finishing the season in good health.At the Super Grand Prix final in Lausanne, <mask> ran his second-fastest 200 m with a time of 19.63 s, equalling Xavier Carter's track record. However, it was the 100 m final, featuring Asafa Powell, that drew the most interest. Powell had moved closer to


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 <mask>'s world record after setting a new personal best of 9.72 s, reaffirming his status as Bolt's main contender. <mask>'s final event of the season came three days later at the Golden League final in Brussels. This was the first 100 m race featuring both <mask> and Powell since the final in the Olympics. Both Jamaicans broke the track record, but <mask> came out on top with a time of 9.77 s, beating Powell by 0.06 s. Victory, however, did not come as smoothly as it had in Beijing. <mask> made the slowest start of the nine competitors and had to recover ground in cold conditions and against a 0.9 m/s headwind.Yet the results confirmed Jamaican dominance in the 100 m, with nine of the ten-fastest legal times in history being recorded by either <mask> or Powell. On his return to Jamaica, <mask> was honoured in a homecoming celebration and received an Order of Distinction in recognition of his achievements at the Olympics. Additionally, <mask> was selected as the IAAF Male Athlete of the year, won a Special Olympic Award for his performances, and was named Laureus World Sportsman of the Year. <mask> turned his attention to future events, suggesting that he could aim to break the 400 metres world record in 2010 as no major championships were scheduled that year. 2009 Berlin World Championships

<mask> started the season competing in the 400 metres in order to improve his speed, winning two races and registering 45.54 s in Kingston, and windy conditions gave him his first sub-10 seconds finish of the season in the 100 m in March. In late April, <mask> suffered minor leg injuries in a car crash. However, he quickly recovered following minor surgery and (after cancelling a track meet in

masks: Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt


title: Usain Bolt

texts: Jamaica) he stated that he was fit to compete in the 150 metres street race at the Manchester Great City Games.<mask> won the race in 14.35 s, the fastest time ever recorded for 150 m. Despite not being at full fitness, he took the 100 and 200 m titles at the Jamaican national championships, with runs of 9.86 s and 20.25 s respectively. This meant he had qualified for both events at the 2009 World Championships. Rival Tyson Gay suggested that <mask>'s 100 m record was within his grasp, but <mask> dismissed the claim and instead noted that he was more interested in Asafa Powell's return from injury. <mask> defied unfavourable conditions at the Athletissima meet in July, running 19.59 seconds into a 0.9 m/s headwind and rain, to record the fourth fastest time ever over 200 m, one hundredth off Gay's best time. The 2009 World Championships were held during August at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin, which was coincidentally the same month and venue where Jesse Owens had achieved world-wide fame 73 years earlier. <mask> eased through the 100-m heats, clocking the fastest ever pre-final performance of 9.89 seconds. The final was the first time that <mask> and Gay had met during the season, and <mask> set a new world record—which stands to this day—with a time of 9.58s to win his first World Championship gold medal.<mask> took more than a tenth of a second off his previous best mark, and this was the largest-ever margin of improvement in the 100-m world record since the beginning of electronic timing. Gay finished with a time of 9.71 s, 0.02 s off <mask>'s 9.69 s world-record run in Beijing. Although Gay withdrew from the second race of the competition, <mask> once again produced world


title: Usain Bolt

texts: record-breaking time in the 200 metres final. He broke his own record by 0.11 seconds, finishing with a time of 19.19 seconds. He won the 200 m race by the largest margin in World Championships history, even though the race had three other athletes running under 19.90 seconds, the greatest number ever in the event. Bolt's pace impressed even the more experienced of his competitors; third-placed Wallace Spearmon complimented his speed, and the Olympic champion in Athens 2004 Shawn Crawford said "Just coming out there...I felt like I was in a video game, that guy was moving – fast". <mask> pointed out that an important factor in his performance at the World Championships was his improved start to the races: his reaction times in the 100 m (0.146) and 200 m (0.133) were significantly faster than those he had produced in his world record runs at the Beijing Olympics.However, he, together with other members of Jamaican 4×100 m relay team, fell short of their own world record of 37.10 s set at 2008 Summer Olympics by timing 37.31 s, which is, however, a championship record and the second fastest time in history at that date. On the last day of the Berlin Championships, the Governing Mayor of Berlin, Klaus Wowereit, presented <mask> with a 12-foot high section of the Berlin Wall in a small ceremony, saying <mask> had shown that "one can tear down walls that had been considered as insurmountable." The nearly three-ton segment was delivered to the Jamaica Military Museum in Kingston. Several days after <mask> broke the world records in 100 and 200 metres events, Mike Powell, the world record holder in long jump (8.95 metres set in 1991) argued that <mask> could become the first man to jump over 9


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 metres, the long jump event being "a perfect fit for his speed and height". At the end of the season, he was selected as the IAAF World Athlete of the Year for the second year running. 2010 Diamond League and broken streak
Early on in the 2010 outdoor season, <mask> ran 19.56 seconds in the 200 m in Kingston, Jamaica for the fourth-fastest run of all-time, although he stated that he had no record breaking ambitions for the forthcoming season. He took to the international circuit May with wins in East Asia at the Colorful Daegu Pre-Championships Meeting and then a comfortable win in his 2010 IAAF Diamond League debut at the Shanghai Golden Grand Prix.<mask> made an attempt to break Michael Johnson's best time over the rarely competed 300 metres event at the Golden Spike meeting in Ostrava. He failed to match Johnson's ten-year-old record of 30.85 and suffered a setback in that his 30.97-second run in wet weather had left him with an Achilles tendon problem. After his return from injury a month later, <mask> asserted himself with a 100 m win at the Athletissima meeting in Lausanne (9.82 seconds) and a victory over Asafa Powell at Meeting Areva in Paris (9.84 seconds). Despite this run of form, he suffered only the second loss of his career in a 100 m final at the DN Galan. Tyson Gay soundly defeated him with a run of 9.84 to Bolt's 9.97 seconds, and the Jamaican reflected that he had slacked off in training early in the season while Gay had been better prepared and in a better condition. This marked Bolt's first loss to Gay in the 100 m, which coincidentally occurred in the same stadium where Powell had beaten <mask> for the first time two years earlier. 2011 World Championships

Bolt went


title: Usain Bolt

texts: undefeated over 100 m and 200 m in the 2011 season.He began with wins in Rome and Ostrava in May. He ran his first 200 m in over a year in Oslo that June and his time of 19.86 seconds was a world-leading one. Two further 200 m wins came in Paris and Stockholm the following month, as did a 100 m in Monaco, though he was a tenth of a second slower than compatriot Asafa Powell before the world championships. Considered the favourite to win in the 100 metres at the 2011 World Championships in Daegu, <mask> was eliminated from the final, breaking "ridiculously early" according to the starter in an interview for BBC Sport, and receiving a false start. This proved to be the highest profile disqualification for a false start since the IAAF changed the rules that previously allowed one false start per race. The disqualification caused some to question the new rule, with former world champion Kim Collins saying it was "a sad night for athletics". <mask> <mask>'s countryman, Yohan Blake, won in a comparatively slow 9.92 seconds.In the World Championships 200 m, <mask> cruised through to the final which he won in a time of 19.40. Though this was short of his world record times of the two previous major tournaments, it was the fourth fastest run ever at that point, after his own records and Michael Johnson's former record, and left him three tenths of a second ahead of runner-up Walter Dix. This achievement made <mask> one of only two men to win consecutive 200 m world titles, alongside Calvin Smith. <mask> closed the championships with another gold with Jamaica in the 4 × 100 metres relay. Nesta Carter and Michael Frater joined world champions <mask> and Blake to set a world record time of 37.04.

masks: Bolt Usain Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 Following the World Championships, <mask> ran 9.85 seconds for the 100 m to win in Zagreb before setting the year's best time of 9.76 seconds at the Memorial Van Damme. This run was overshadowed by Jamaican rival Blake's unexpected run of 19.26 seconds in the 200 m at the same meeting, which brought him within seven hundredths of Bolt's world record.Although <mask> failed to win the Diamond Race in a specific event, he was not beaten on the 2011 IAAF Diamond League circuit, taking three wins in each of his specialities that year. 2012 Summer Olympics

<mask> began the 2012 season with a leading 100 m time of 9.82 seconds in May. He defeated Asafa Powell with runs of 9.76 seconds in Rome and 9.79 in Oslo. At the Jamaican Athletics Championships, he lost to Yohan Blake, first in the 200 m and then in the 100 m, with his younger rival setting leading times for the year. However, at the 2012 London Olympics, he won the 100 metres gold medal with a time of 9.63 seconds, improving upon his own Olympic record and duplicating his gold medal from the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Blake was the silver medallist with a time of 9.75 seconds. Following the race, seventh-place finisher Richard Thompson of Trinidad and Tobago declared "There's no doubt he's the greatest sprinter of all time", while USA Today referred to <mask> as a Jamaican "national hero", noting that his victory came just hours before Jamaica was to celebrate the 50th anniversary of its independence from the United Kingdom.With his 2012 win, <mask> became the first man to successfully defend an Olympic sprint title since Carl Lewis in 1988. <mask> followed this up with a successful defence of his Olympic 200 metres title with a time of 19.32


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 seconds, followed by Blake at 19.44 and Warren Weir at 19.84 to complete a Jamaican podium sweep. With this, <mask> became the first man in history to defend both the 100 m and 200 m Olympic sprint titles. He was dramatic in victory: in the final metres of the 200 m race, <mask> placed his fingers on his lips, gesturing to silence his critics, and after crossing the line he completed five push-ups – one for each of his Olympic gold medals. On the final day of the 2012 Olympic athletics, <mask> participated in Jamaica's gold medal-winning 4×100 metres relay team along with Nesta Carter, Michael Frater and Blake. With a time of 36.84 seconds, they knocked two tenths of a second from their previous world record from 2011. He celebrated by imitating the "Mobot" celebration of Mo Farah, who had claimed a long-distance track double for the host nation.International Olympic Committee (IOC) President Jacques Rogge initially stated that <mask> was not yet a "legend" and would not deserve such acclaim until the end of his career, but later called him the best sprinter of all time. Following the Olympics he was confirmed as the highest earning track and field athlete in history. <mask> ended his season with wins on the 2012 IAAF Diamond League circuit; he had 200 m wins of 19.58 and 19.66 in Lausanne and Zürich before closing with a 100 m of 9.86 in Brussels. The latter run brought him his first Diamond League title in the 100 m.

2013 World Championships

<mask> failed to record below 10 seconds early season and had his first major 100 m race of 2013 at the Golden Gala in June. He was served an unexpected defeat by Justin Gatlin, with the American winning 9.94 to Bolt's 9.95. <mask> denied the loss


title: Usain Bolt

texts: was due to a hamstring issue he had early that year and Gatlin responded: "I don't know how many people have beaten Bolt but it's an honour". With Yohan Blake injured, <mask> won the Jamaican 100 m title ahead of Kemar Bailey-Cole and skipped the 200 m, which was won by Warren Weir.Prior to the 2013 World Championships in Athletics, <mask> set world leading times in the sprints, with 9.85 for the 100 m at the London Anniversary Games and 19.73 for the 200 m in Paris. <mask> regained the title as world's fastest man by winning the World Championships 100 metres in Moscow. In wet conditions, he edged Gatlin by eight hundredths of a second with 9.77, which was the fastest run that year. Gatlin was the sole non-Jamaican in the top five, with Nesta Carter, Nickel Ashmeade and Bailey-Cole finishing next. <mask> was less challenged in the 200 m final. His closest rival was Jamaican champion Warren Weir but <mask> ran a time of 19.66 to finish over a tenth of a second clear. This performance made <mask> the first man in the history of the 200 metres at the World Championships in Athletics to win three gold medals over the distance.<mask> won a third consecutive world relay gold medal in the 4 × 100 metres relay final, which made him the most successful athlete in the 30-year history of the world championships. The Jamaican team, featuring four of the top five from the 100 m final were comfortable winners with <mask> reaching the finish line on his anchor leg three tenths of a second ahead of the American team anchored by Gatlin. <mask>'s performances were matched on the women's side by Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce, meaning Jamaica took a complete sweep of the sprint medals at the 2013 World


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 Championships. After the championships, <mask> took 100 m wins on the 2013 IAAF Diamond League circuit in Zürich and Brussels. He remained unbeaten in the 200 m and his only loss that year was to Gatlin over 100 m in Rome. For the fifth time in six years, <mask> was named IAAF World Male Athlete of the Year. 2014: Injury and Commonwealth Games
An injury to Bolt's hamstring in March 2014 caused him to miss nine weeks of training.Having recovered from surgery, <mask> competed in the 4 × 100 metres relay of the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. Not in peak form <mask> said that he was attending the Games for the fans and to show his progress since the injury. <mask> and his teammates won the 4 × 100 metres relay in 37.58 seconds – a Commonwealth Games record. This was the foremost competition of the year for <mask>, given no Olympics or World Championships in 2014. In August 2014, <mask> set the indoor 100 m world record in Warsaw with a time of 9.98 seconds. This was his sole individual outing of the 2014 season. Soon afterwards he ended his season early in order to be fit for the 2015 season.In <mask>'s absence, Justin Gatlin had dominated the sprints, holding the year's fastest times, including seven of the top ten 100 m runs that season. 2015 Beijing World Championships
At the start of 2015, he intended to make the 2017 World Championships in Athletics his last major competition before retirement. Upon his return from injury, <mask> appeared a reduced figure at the start of the 2015 season. He ran only two 100 m and three 200 m before the major championship. He opened with 10.12 seconds for the 100 m and 20.20 for the 200 m. He won the 200 m in New York and Ostrava, but his season's


title: Usain Bolt

texts: best time of 20.13 seconds ranked him 20th in the world going into the championships. Two 100 m runs of 9.87 in July in London showed better form, but in comparison, Justin Gatlin was easily the top ranked sprinter – the American had times of 9.74 and 19.57 seconds, and had already run under 9.8 seconds on four occasions that season. <mask> entered the World Championships to defend his sprint titles but was not the comfortable favourite he had been since 2008.In the World Championships 100 m, <mask> won his semi-final in 9.96, which lagged Gatlin's semi-final win in 9.77 seconds. However, Gatlin did not match that form in the final while <mask> improved through the rounds. In a narrow victory, <mask> leaned at the line to beat Gatlin 9.79 to 9.80 seconds. <mask> joined Carl Lewis and Maurice Greene on a record three 100 m world titles. A similar outcome followed in the 200 m World finals. In the semi-final, Gatlin outpaced <mask> – the Jamaican at 19.95 and the American at 19.87. Despite such slow times prior to Beijing, <mask> delivered in the final with his fifth fastest run ever for the 200 m at 19.55 seconds.Gatlin failed to reach his early season form and finished almost two-tenths of a second behind <mask>. <mask>'s four consecutive wins over 200 m at the World Championships was unprecedented and established him clearly as the best ever sprinter at the competition. There was also a fourth straight win in the 4 × 100 metres relay with the Jamaica team (Nesta Carter, Asafa Powell, Nickel Ashmeade, <mask> <mask>). The Americans initially had a lead, but a poor baton exchange saw them disqualified and Jamaica defend their title in 37.36 seconds – well clear of the Chinese team who took a

masks: Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Usain Bolt


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 surprise silver for the host nation. Conscious of his injuries at the start of the season, he did not compete after the World Championships, skipping the 2015 IAAF Diamond League final. 2016 Rio Olympics

Bolt competed sparingly in the 200 m before the Olympics, with a run of 19.89 seconds to win at the London Grand Prix being his sole run of note over that distance. He had four races over 100 m, though only one was in Europe, and his best of 9.88 seconds in Kingston placed him fourth on the world seasonal rankings.As in the previous season, Gatlin appeared to be in better form, having seasonal bests of 9.80 and 19.75 seconds to rank first and second in the sprints. Doping in athletics was a prime topic before the 2016 Rio Olympics, given the banning of the Russian track and field team for state doping, and <mask> commented that he had no problem with doping controls: "I have no issue with being drug-tested...I remember in Beijing every other day they were drug-testing us". He also highlighted his dislike of rival Tyson Gay's reduced ban for cooperation, given their close rivalry since the start of <mask>'s career, saying "it really bothered me – really, really bothered me". At the 2016 Rio Olympics, <mask> won the 100 metres gold medal with a time of 9.81 seconds. With this win, <mask> became the first athlete to win the event three times at the Olympic Games. <mask> followed up his 100 m win with a gold medal in the 200 m, which also makes him the first athlete to win the 200 m three times at the Olympic Games. <mask> ran the anchor leg for the finals of the 4 × 100 m relay and secured his third consecutive and last Olympic gold medal in the event.With that win, <mask> obtained the


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 "triple-triple", three sprinting gold medals in three consecutive Olympics, and finished his Olympic career with a 100% win record in finals. However, in January 2017, <mask> was stripped of the 4 × 100 relay gold from the Beijing Games in 2008 because his teammate Nesta Carter was found guilty of a doping violation. 2017 season

<mask> took a financial stake in a new Australia-based track and field meeting series – Nitro Athletics. He performed at the inaugural meet in February 2017 and led his team (Bolt All-Stars) to victory. The competition featured variations on traditional track and field events. He committed himself to three further editions. In 2017, the Jamaican team was stripped of the 2008 Olympics 4×100 metre title due to Nesta Carter's disqualification for doping offences.<mask>, who never failed a dope test, was quoted by the BBC saying that the prospect of having to return the gold was "heartbreaking". The banned substance in Carter's test was identified as methylhexanamine, a nasal decongestant sometimes used in dietary supplements. At the 2017 World Athletics Championships, <mask> won his heat uncomfortably after a slow start in 10.07, in his semi-final he improved to 9.98 but was beaten by Christian Coleman by 0.01. That race broke <mask>'s 4 year winning streak in the 100 m. In his final individual race, in the final, <mask> won the bronze medal in 9.95, 0.01 behind silver medalist Coleman and 0.03 behind World Champion Justin Gatlin. It was the first time <mask> had been beaten at a major championship since the 4×100 m relay of the 2007 World Athletics Championships. Also at the 2017 World Athletics Championships, <mask> participated as the anchor runner for Jamaica's


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 4×100-metre relay team in both the heats and the final. Jamaica won their heat comfortably in 37.95 seconds.In what was intended to be his final race, <mask> pulled up in agony with 50 metres to go and collapsed to the track after what was later confirmed to be another hamstring injury. He refused a wheelchair and crossed the finish line one last time with the assistance of his teammates Omar McLeod, Julian Forte, and Yohan Blake. Following his 2017 season, <mask> had a statue of him unveiled in his honour at the National Stadium in Kingston on 3 December 2017. The statue shows him in his signature "lightning bolt" pose. Personal life

<mask> expresses a love for dancing and his character is frequently described as laid-back and relaxed. His Jamaican track and field idols include Herb McKenley and former Jamaican 100 m and 200 m world record holder Don Quarrie. Michael Johnson, the former 200 m world and Olympic record holder, is also held in high esteem by <mask>.<mask> has the nickname "Lightning Bolt" due to his name and speed. He is Catholic and known for making the sign of the cross before racing competitively, and he wears a Miraculous Medal during his races. His middle name is St. Leo. In 2010, <mask> also revealed his fondness of music, when he played a reggae DJ set to a crowd in Paris. He is also an avid fan of the Call of Duty video game series, saying, "I stay up late [playing the game online], I can't help it." In his autobiography, <mask> reveals that he has suffered from scoliosis, a condition that has curved his spine to the right and has made his right leg  shorter than his left. A result of this is that his left leg remains on the ground 14 percent longer than his right


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 leg, with left leg striking the ground with a force of  and right with .Biomechanics researchers have studied, with no firm conclusions, whether this asymmetry has helped or hurt <mask> in his sprinting career. He popularised the "lightning bolt" pose, also known as "to di world" or "bolting", which he used both before races and in celebration. The pose consists of extending a slightly raised left arm to the side and the right arm folded across the chest, with both hands have the thumb and index finger outstretched. His performance of the pose during his Olympic and World Championship victories led to widespread copying of the move, from American President Barack Obama to small children. It has been suggested that the pose comes from Jamaican dancehall moves of the period, though Olympic sprint champion Bernard Williams also had performed similar celebration moves earlier that decade. His habit of fist bumping the volunteers for good luck has been noted in the media. In 2021, <mask> told the BBC that his love for video games, such as Mario Kart and Mortal Kombat, helped him during his Olympic career.Family

On 17 May 2020, <mask>'s longtime girlfriend Kasi Bennett gave birth to their first child, a daughter named Olympia Lightning <mask>. <mask> and Bennett welcomed twin boys named Saint Leo and Thunder in June 2021. Other sports
Cricket was the first sport to interest <mask>, and he said if he were not a sprinter, he would be a fast bowler instead. As a child, he admired the bowling of Waqar Younis. He is also a fan of Indian batsman Sachin Tendulkar, West Indian opener Chris Gayle, and Australian opener Matthew Hayden. During a charity cricket match, <mask> clean-bowled Gayle who was


title: Usain Bolt

texts: complimentary of <mask>'s pace and swing. Bolt also struck a six off Gayle's bowling.Another bowler complimentary of <mask>'s pace was former West Indies fast-bowling great Curtly Ambrose. After talking with Australian cricketer Shane Warne, <mask> suggested that if he were able to get time off he would be interested in playing in the cricket Big Bash League. Melbourne Stars chief executive Clint Cooper said there were free spots on his team should be available. <mask> stated that he enjoyed the Twenty20 version of the game, admiring the aggressive and constant nature of the batting. On his own ability, he said "I don't know how good I am. I will probably have to get a lot of practice in." Bolt is also a fan of Premier League football team Manchester United.He has declared he is a fan of Dutch striker Ruud van Nistelrooy. <mask> was a special guest of Manchester United at the 2011 UEFA Champions League Final in London, where he stated that he would like to play for them after his retirement. In 2013, <mask> played basketball in the NBA All-Star Weekend Celebrity Game. He scored two points from a slam dunk but acknowledged his other basketball skills were lacking. In an interview with Decca Aitkenhead of The Guardian in November 2016, <mask> said he wished to play as a professional footballer after retiring from track and field. He reiterated his desire to play for Manchester United if given a chance and added, "For me, if I could get to play for Manchester United, that would be like a dream come true. Yes, that would be epic."In 2018, after training with Norwegian side Strømsgodset, <mask> played for the club as a forward in a friendly match against the Norway national under-19 team. He


title: Usain Bolt

texts: wore the number "9.58" in allusion to his 100 m world record. <mask> wore the same number whilst captaining the World XI during Soccer Aid 2018 at Old Trafford. On 21 August 2018, on his 32nd birthday, <mask> started training with Australian club Central Coast Mariners of the A-League. He made his friendly debut for the club as a substitute on 31 August 2018 against a Central Coast Select team, made up of players playing in the local area. On 12 October, he started in a friendly against amateur club Macarthur South West United and scored two goals, both in the second half, with his goal celebration featuring his signature "To Di World" pose. <mask> was offered a two-year contract from Maltese club Valletta, which he turned down on 18 October 2018.On 21 October 2018, <mask> was offered a contract by the Mariners. The Australian FA was helping the Mariners to fund it. Later that month, Perth Glory forward Andy Keogh was critical of <mask>'s ability, stating his first touch is "like a trampoline." He added <mask> has "shown a bit of potential but it's a little bit of a kick in the teeth to the professionals that are in the league." <mask> left the Mariners in early November 2018 after 8 weeks with the club. In January 2019, <mask> decided not to pursue a career in football, saying his "sports life is over." <mask>, a Green Bay Packers fan, stated in July 2021 he could have considered a career as a wide receiver in the National Football League had the rules on violent tackles related to concussions been as tightly regulated 'back in the day' as they were by that stage.If he had switched to gridiron football, his concern was that he would have been a high-priced target for very heavy hits which


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 made him back out of his desire to try the sport. He also felt certain that even at 34 and being retired he would comfortably be the fastest player in the league. Documentary film
A documentary film based on the athletic life of <mask> to win three Olympic gold medals, titled I Am Bolt, was released on 28 November 2016 in United Kingdom. The film was directed by Benjamin Turner and Gabe Turner. Infection with COVID-19
On 24 August 2020, <mask> tested positive for COVID-19 and subsequently went into self-isolation in his home. He said that he was asymptomatic. Bolt had himself tested on 22 August, the day after celebrating his 34th birthday with a party where guests did not wear face masks.Coincidentally, the guests at the party danced in an open field to Jamaican reggae singer Koffee's song "Lockdown". Sponsorships and advertising work

After winning the 200 m title in the 2002 World Junior Championships in Kingston, Bolt signed a sponsorship deal with Puma. To promote Bolt's chase for Olympic glory in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, Puma released a series of videos including <mask>'s then-world-record-setting run in Icahn Stadium and his Olympic preparations. After his record-breaking run in New York City, which was preceded by a lightning storm, the press frequently made puns on the Jamaican's name, nicknaming him "Lightning Bolt" and the "Bolt from the blue". During the 2008 Beijing 100 m final, Bolt wore golden Puma Complete Theseus spikes that had "Beijing 100 m Gold" emblazoned across them. Writing of <mask>'s performance at the Olympics, The Associated Press said:

In September 2010, Bolt travelled to Australia where his sponsor Gatorade was holding an event called the


title: Usain Bolt

texts: "Gatorade Bolt" to find Australia's fastest footballer. The event was held at the Sydney International Athletic Centre and featured football players from rugby league, rugby union, Australian rules football, and association football.Prior to the race <mask> gave the runners some private coaching and also participated in the 10th anniversary celebrations for the 2000 Summer Olympic Games. In January 2012, <mask> impersonated Richard Branson in an advertising campaign for Virgin Media. The campaign was directed by Seth Gordon and features the Virgin founder Branson to promote its broadband service. In March 2012, <mask> starred in an advert for Visa and the 2012 Summer Olympics. In July 2012, <mask> and RockLive launched Bolt!, an Apple iOS game based on his exploits. Bolt! quickly became the No.1 app in Jamaica and climbed the UK iTunes charts to reach No. 2 on the list of Top Free Apps. In 2012, <mask> collaborated with headphone maker Soul Electronics to design his own line of headphones. <mask> designed both an in-ear bud and over-ear model with the Jamaican color scheme and his signature "To Di World" pose. <mask>'s autobiography, My Story: 9.58: Being the World's Fastest Man, was released in 2010. <mask> had previously said that the book "...should be exciting, it's my life, and I'm a cool and exciting guy." His athletics agent is PACE Sports Management.As part of his sponsorship deal with Puma, the manufacturer sends sporting equipment to his alma mater, William Knibb Memorial High School, every year. At <mask>'s insistence, advertisements featuring him are filmed in Jamaica, by a Jamaican production crew, in an attempt to boost local enterprise and gain exposure for the country. In


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 2017, <mask> had the third highest earning social media income for sponsors among sportspeople (behind Cristiano Ronaldo and Neymar), and he was the only non-footballer in the top seven. <mask> is the highest paid athlete in the history of the sport. In 2016, <mask> earned about $33 million in one year putting him at No. 32 on Forbes list of The World's Highest-paid Athletes making him the only track and field athlete on the list. Entrepreneurship
<mask> <mask> co-founded electric scooter company Bolt Mobility in 2018, created in his namesake.<mask> founded the micromobility company, which provides electric scooters and other yet-to-be released mobility devices, such as the company's upcoming Bolt Nano. <mask> appeared in Bolt Mobility's debut commercial, released through YouTube and his official Facebook account. <mask> appeared in a number of interviews for the company, alongside CEO Sarah Pishevar Haynes. <mask> made his first public appearance for the company in March 2019, during the company's New York City launch and in CNBC interviews on the NYSE. In May 2019, the company expanded its services to Europe, introducing the product first in Paris. In May 2019, <mask> spoke in Paris at the Viva Technology conference, where he introduced the company's future release of the Nano minicar. He also met with French president Emmanuel Macron while at the conference.While in France, <mask> participated in a CNN interview where he revealed his reasons for founding the company. <mask> argues that his scooter is different, which allows bag, shopping and mobile phone storage. The scooters have capabilities to reach up to 30 MPH, but are typically capped at 15 MPH depending on city regulation. The

masks: Bolt Bolt Bolt Usain Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 company has begun operations in a number of U.S. cities, and plans to expand throughout Europe and Asia. Music producer
In July 2019, <mask> made his debut as a dancehall music producer with the release of the Olympe Rosé riddim that featured 5 tracks from Jamaican dancehall artistes: Dexta Daps "Big Moves", Munga Honorable "Weekend", Christopher Martin "Dweet", Ding Dong "Top A Di Top" and football player turned artist Ricardo "Bibi" Gardner "Mount A Gyal". In November 2019, he followed up with another compilation called Immortal Riddim that included tracks from Vybz Kartel, Masicka, Munga Honorable and Christopher Martin. In early January 2021, <mask> released a single titled "Living the Dream" with his childhood friend and manager Nugent 'NJ' Walker.Recognition

 IAAF World Athlete of the Year: 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2016
 Track & Field Athlete of the Year: 2008, 2009
 Laureus World Sportsman of the Year: 2009, 2010, 2013, 2017
 BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year: 2008, 2009, 2012
 L'Équipe Champion of Champions: 2008, 2009, 2012, 2015
 Jamaica Sportsman of the year: 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013
 AIPS Male Athlete of the Year: 2015
 Marca Leyenda (2009)
 In October 2008, he was made a Commander of the Order of Distinction, which entitles him to use the post nominal letters CD. In 2009, at age 23, <mask> <mask> became the youngest member so far of the Order of Jamaica. The award was "for outstanding performance in the field of athletics at the international level". In the Jamaican honours system, this is considered the equivalent of a knighthood in the British honours system, and entitles him to be formally styled "The Honourable", and to use the post nominal letters OJ.

masks: Bolt Bolt Usain Bolt


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 Personal appearances
<mask> made a cameo appearance in the opening sketch of 13 October 2012 broadcast of Saturday Night Live, hosted by Christina Applegate. The segment was a parody of the Vice Presidential debate between Joe Biden and Paul Ryan. In the sketch, Taran Killam mimicking Ryan had just lied about running a 2:50 marathon, a sub-4-minute mile on no training and winning the 100 metres in London when <mask> was introduced as his partner to confirm.When Ryan asked <mask> "Who won the 100 metres?" the Jamaican gold-medallist answered simply. "I did." Ryan followed up by asking <mask> about his (Ryan's) finish. "You didn't finish. You weren't even there." In November 2016, <mask> competed against James Corden in a rap battle on the "Drop the Mic" segment of The Late Late Show with James Corden, which he won.In late October 2020, <mask> starred in the pilot episode of the cartoon SCRAM! produced by KidSuper and Puma as a taxi driver. Statistics

Personal bests

Records
<mask>'s personal best of 9.58 seconds in 2009 in the 100 metres is the fastest ever run. <mask> also holds the second fastest time of 9.63 seconds, the current Olympic record, and set two previous world records in the event. <mask>'s personal best of 19.19 s in the 200 metres is the world record. This was recorded at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics in Berlin against a headwind of −0.3 m/s. This performance broke his previous world record in the event, his 19.30 s clocking in winning the 2008 Olympic 200 metres title.<mask> has been on three world-record-setting Jamaican relay teams. The first record, 37.10 seconds, was set in winning gold at the 2008 Summer Olympics, although the result was voided in 2017


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 when the team was disqualified. The second record came at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics, a time of 37.04 seconds. The third world record was set at the 2012 Summer Olympics, a time of 36.84 seconds. <mask> also holds the 200 metres world teenage best results for the age categories 15 (20.58 s), 16 (20.13 s, former world youth record), 17 (19.93 s) and 18 (19.93 s, world junior record). He also holds the 150 metres world best set in 2009, during which he ran the last 100 metres in 8.70 seconds, the quickest timed 100 metres ever. <mask> completed a total of 53 wind-legal sub-10-second performances in the 100 m during his career, with his first coming on 3 May 2008 and his last on 5 August 2017 at the World Championships.His longest undefeated streak in the 200 m was in 17 finals, lasting from 12 June 2008 to 3 September 2011. He also had a win-streak covering 14 100 m finals from 16 August 2008 to 16 July 2010. Guinness World Records
<mask> claimed 19 Guinness World Records, and, after Michael Phelps, holds the second highest number of accumulative Guinness World Records for total number of accomplishments and victories in sports. Fastest run 150 metres (male)
 Most medals won at the IAAF Athletics World Championships (male)
 Most gold medals won at the IAAF Athletics World Championships (male)
 Most Athletics World Championships Men's 200 m wins
 Most consecutive Olympic gold medals won in the 100 metres (male)
 Most consecutive Olympic gold medals won in the 200 metres (male)
 Most Olympic men's 200 metres Gold medals
 Fastest run 200 metres (male)
 Most Men's IAAF World Athlete of Year Trophies
 First Olympic track sprint triple-double
 Highest annual earnings for a track


title: Usain Bolt

texts:
 athlete
 Most wins of the 100 m sprint at the Olympic Games
 First athlete to win the 100 m and 200 m sprints at successive Olympic Games
 Fastest run 100 metres (male)
 First man to win the 200 m sprint at successive Olympic Games
 Most Athletics World Championships Men's 100 m wins
 Most tickets sold at an IAAF World Championships
 Most competitive 100 m sprint races completed in sub 10 seconds
 Fastest relay 4×100 metres (male)

Average and top speeds
From his record time of 9.58 s for the 100 m sprint, <mask> <mask>'s average ground speed equates to . However, once his reaction time of 0.148 s is subtracted, his time is 9.44 s, making his average speed . <mask>'s top speed, based on his split time of 1.61 s for the 20 metres from the 60- to 80-metre marks (made during the 9.58 WR at 100m), is 12.42 m/s (). Season's bests

World rank in parentheses
{| class="wikitable sortable" style= "text-align: center"
|-
!Year
! 100 metres
! 200

masks: Usain Bolt Bolt


title: Thomas Pollard Sampson

texts:
<mask> (24 June 1875 – 25 June 1961) was a Tasmanian-born Australian architect active in New South Wales during the first forty years of the 20th century. His work encompassed the styles of the Federation Arts and Crafts and Bungalow through to the Inter-War Styles. In 1912 he designed an octagonal roofed stadium at Rushcutters Bay that seated up to 12,000 spectators. At the time, the Sydney Stadium was considered to be "the largest roofed-in structure in the world." Family and life
<mask> was born in Launceston, Tasmania, to <mask> (c.1847–1917) and <mask> (1849–1945). His maternal grandparents were from Yorkshire, England, and his extended family were members of the Methodist Church. He attended the independent school known as Launceston High School that existed from 1884 until 1912.It was founded by Edward Alleyne Nathan who had been a teacher at Launceston Church Grammar School. The school was at Milton Hall in Frederick Street, Launceston, and eventually merged with Launceston Church Grammar School. The alumni of both schools held joint reunions as the Old Launcestonians' Association after the schools merger and <mask> attended these reunions in Sydney. On moving to Sydney in 1909, <mask> lived in Manly and for a short period in Kirribilli. He married Clarice Henderson on 17 February 1911 at St Philip's Church, Sydney and after the wedding the young couple lived at the Henderson family home "Youngarra" in Gordon Street, Burwood. <mask> and his wife had one daughter, Phyllis (Phyl) <mask>, who was born on 8 August 1911 in Sydney. The <mask> family then rented a house at 47 Ashburner Street, Manly, in the

masks:
Thomas Pollard Sampson
Sampson
Richard Sampson
Caroline Elizabeth Pollard
Sampson
Sampson
Sampson
Marjorie Sampson
Sampson


title: Thomas Pollard Sampson

texts:
 1920s.From the 1930s, until his death, <mask> lived in a flat at Craigievar in Darling Point. He died on 25 Jun 1961 at the Scottish Hospital, Paddington. In February 1932, at Woollahra, his daughter Phyl married Paul Cohen a son of Sir Samuel and Lady Cohen. The marriage produced twins, Christopher and Dinah Cohen. In 1941, Paul Cohen changed his Jewish name and those of his family to Cullen. He was fighting the Germans in North Africa, Greece and Crete and knew that, were he captured he would not be treated as a Prisoner of War. The marriage ended in divorce in 1961.Phyl Cullen died on 22 October 2011 in Elizabeth Bay, New South Wales, aged 100 years. Career
<mask> was articled in architecture to A.E. Luttrell of Cameron Street, Launceston In 1891 <mask> exhibited an architectural drawing of a design for a villa residence in the Tasmanian Industrial Exhibition. He had been articled for six months at that time and had become an architectural photographer taking many notable images of Launceston buildings. <mask> moved to Sydney to practise as an architect. In 1907 he designed a row of three houses in Manly, New South Wales. In 1911 Charles A Henderson offered his son-law land on his subdivision at Strathfield.<mask> designed houses and rented them before selling the properties. In 1919 he partnered with Harold Minton Taylor, a solicitor, and purchased 'Rosebank House', Darlinghurst, and adjoining land. They demolished the original house and constructed several apartment blocks, including Upton Court in Forbes Street. <mask> also designed the buildings for Henderson's Hats at Surry Hills and Rosebery. Whilst living

masks: Sampson Sampson Sampson Sampson Sampson Sampson