title: Michael Feeney Callan

texts:
 <mask> resumed directing with the film Luke Kelly: The Performer, which topped DVD charts in Ireland for eight weeks, achieving platinum sales status. According to Callan, the project was "a wonderful fusion, part biography, part musical. It covered so much of the ground I love, the poetic stuff that inspires me." In November 2010 <mask> co-founded an interactive television-based resource for new artists and musicians, BOBCOM. As part of its creative incentive scheme, in July 2011 Callan wrote and directed the two-day Magical History Tour event in Liverpool, culminating with a 7-hour live session from the Cavern Club streamed on YouTube. The event included a re-creation of The Beatles' 1967 magic bus tour and a re-creation of the day in July 1957 when John Lennon met Paul McCartney.Also in 2011, he produced and directed the start-up episodes of The 2UBE Live from LIPA (the Liverpool Institute for the Performing Arts), a student production that was streamed on YouTube. Painting
<mask>'s art, in watercolour, oils and bronze sculpture, has been exhibited by the Blue Leaf Gallery in Dublin. Irish Times art critic Aidan Dunne described his work as "a love affair with French painting", reflecting <mask>'s interest in L'École de Nice. <mask> started painting in Chateauneuf de Grasse in the South of France in the eighties and titled his first exhibition, staged at Dublin's Blue Leaf Marino gallery in May 2002, A Workshop in France. Other media work
<mask> has contributed to the arts programme Arena, on RTÉ Radio 1. He has  reviewed books for the Irish Independent and contributed journalism to Vanity Fair, GQ Magazine


title: Michael Feeney Callan

type: original

texts:
 and the Irish Times. He contributed to "The Art and Craft of Film Biography: A Symposium" in the summer 2013 issue of Cineaste magazine.He co-created and developed the multi-platform arts project BOBCOM with producer Steve Levine. In December 2007, <mask> joined the advisory board of the Los Angeles Irish Film Festival. Awards
<mask> won the Hennessy Literary Award in 1977 for his story Baccy. The story concerns the culture clash between urban and rural values and will appear in a forthcoming collection, The Beautiful Corner. References

Living people
Irish biographers
Irish male poets
Male biographers
Irish novelists
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Drumcondra, Dublin
Irish poets
Irish film producers
Irish film directors
Irish male screenwriters
21st-century Irish painters
Irish male painters
Irish male

masks: Callan Callan


title: Béla IV of Hungary

texts: <mask> (1206 – 3 May 1270) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1235 and 1270, and Duke of Styria from 1254 to 1258. As the oldest son of King Andrew II, he was crowned upon the initiative of a group of influential noblemen in his father's lifetime in 1214. His father, who strongly opposed Béla's coronation, refused to give him a province to rule until 1220. In this year, <mask> was appointed Duke of Slavonia, also with jurisdiction in Croatia and Dalmatia. Around the same time, Béla married Maria, a daughter of Theodore I Laskaris, Emperor of Nicaea. From 1226, he governed Transylvania as duke. He supported Christian missions among the pagan Cumans who dwelled in the plains to the east of his province.Some Cuman chieftains acknowledged his suzerainty and he adopted the title of King of Cumania in 1233. King Andrew died on 21 September 1235 and <mask> succeeded him. He attempted to restore royal authority, which had diminished under his father. For this purpose, he revised his predecessors' land grants and reclaimed former royal estates, causing discontent among the noblemen and the prelates. The Mongols invaded Hungary and annihilated <mask>'s army in the Battle of Mohi on 11 April 1241. He escaped from the battlefield, but a Mongol detachment chased him from town to town as far as Trogir on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. Although he survived the invasion, the Mongols devastated the country before their unexpected withdrawal in March 1242.<mask> introduced radical

masks:
Béla IV
Béla
Béla
Béla
Béla


title: Béla IV of Hungary

texts: reforms in order to prepare his kingdom for a second Mongol invasion. He allowed the barons and the prelates to erect stone fortresses and to set up their private armed forces. He promoted the development of fortified towns. During his reign, thousands of colonists arrived from the Holy Roman Empire, Poland and other neighboring regions to settle in the depopulated lands. <mask>'s efforts to rebuild his devastated country won him the epithet of "second founder of the state" (). He set up a defensive alliance against the Mongols, which included Daniil Romanovich, Prince of Halych, Boleslaw the Chaste, Duke of Cracow and other Ruthenian and Polish princes. His allies supported him in occupying the Duchy of Styria in 1254, but it was lost to King Ottokar II of Bohemia six years later.During <mask>'s reign, a wide buffer zone—which included Bosnia, Barancs (Braničevo, Serbia) and other newly conquered regions—was established along the southern frontier of Hungary in the 1250s. Béla's relationship with his oldest son and heir, Stephen, became tense in the early 1260s, because the elderly king favored his daughter Anna and his youngest child, <mask>, Duke of Slavonia. He was forced to cede the territories of the Kingdom of Hungary east of the river Danube to Stephen, which caused a civil war lasting until 1266. Nevertheless, Béla's family was famed for his piety: he died as a Franciscan tertiary, and the veneration of his three saintly daughters—Kunigunda, Yolanda, and

masks: Béla Béla Béla


title: Béla IV of Hungary

texts:
 Margaret—was confirmed by the Holy See. Childhood (1206–20)

Béla was the oldest son of King Andrew II of Hungary by his first wife, Gertrude of Merania. He was born in the second half of 1206. Upon King Andrew's initiative, Pope Innocent III had already appealed to the Hungarian prelates and barons on 7 June to swear an oath of loyalty to the King's future son.Queen Gertrude showed blatant favoritism towards her German relatives and courtiers, causing widespread discontent among the native lords. Taking advantage of her husband's campaign in the distant Principality of Halych, a group of aggrieved noblemen seized and murdered her in the forests of the Pilis Hills on 28 September 1213. King Andrew only punished one of the conspirators, a certain Count Peter, after his return from Halych. Although <mask> was a child when his mother was assassinated, he never forgot her and declared his deep respect for her in many of his royal charters. Andrew II betrothed Béla to an unnamed daughter of Tzar Boril of Bulgaria in 1213 or 1214, but their engagement was broken. In 1214, the King requested the Pope to excommunicate some unnamed lords who were planning to crown Béla king. Even so, the eight-year-old <mask> was crowned in the same year, but his father did not grant him a province to rule.Furthermore, when leaving for a Crusade to the Holy Land in August 1217, King Andrew appointed John, Archbishop of Esztergom, to represent him during his absence. During this period, <mask> stayed


title: Béla IV of Hungary

texts:
 with his maternal uncle Berthold of Merania in Steyr in the Holy Roman Empire. Andrew II returned from the Holy Land in late 1218. He had arranged the engagement of <mask> and Maria, a daughter of Theodore I Laskaris, Emperor of Nicaea. She accompanied King Andrew to Hungary and <mask> married her in 1220. Rex iunior

Duke of Slavonia (1220–26)

The senior king ceded the lands between the Adriatic Sea and the Dráva River—Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia—to Béla in 1220. A letter of 1222 of Pope Honorius III reveals that "some wicked men" had forced Andrew II to share his realms with his heir.<mask> initially styled himself as "King Andrew's son and King" in his charters; from 1222 he used the title "by the Grace of God, King, son of the King of Hungary, and Duke of all Slavonia". <mask> separated from his wife in the first half of 1222 upon his father's demand. However, Pope Honorius refused to declare the marriage illegal. <mask> accepted the Pope's decision and took refuge in Austria from his father's anger. He returned, together with his wife, only after the prelates had in the first half of 1223 persuaded his father to forgive him. Having returned to his Duchy of Slavonia, <mask> launched a campaign against Domald of Sidraga, a rebellious Dalmatian nobleman, and captured Domald's fortress at Klis. Domald's domains were confiscated and distributed among his rivals, the Šubići, who had supported Béla during the siege.Duke of Transylvania (1226–35)

King Andrew transferred

masks: Béla Béla Béla Béla Béla Béla


title: Béla IV of Hungary

texts: <mask> from Slavonia to Transylvania in 1226. In Slavonia, he was succeeded by his brother, Coloman. As Duke of Transylvania, <mask> adopted an expansionist policy aimed at the territories over the Carpathian Mountains. He supported the Dominicans' proselytizing activities among the Cumans, who dominated these lands. In 1227 he crossed the mountains and met Boricius, a Cuman chieftain, who had decided to convert to Christianity. At their meeting, Boricius and his subjects were baptized and acknowledged Béla's suzerainty. Within a year, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cumania was established in their lands.<mask> had long opposed his father's "useless and superfluous perpetual grants", because the distribution of royal estates destroyed the traditional basis of royal authority. He started reclaiming King Andrew's land grants throughout the country in 1228. The Pope supported <mask>'s efforts, but the King often hindered the execution of his son's orders. <mask> also confiscated the estates of two noblemen, brothers Simon and Michael Kacsics, who had plotted against his mother. <mask>'s youngest brother, Andrew, Prince of Halych, was expelled from his principality in the spring of 1229. Béla decided to help him to regain his throne, proudly boasting that the town of Halych "would not remain on the face of the earth, for there was no one to deliver it from his hands", according to the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle. He crossed the Carpathian Mountains and laid siege to Halych


title: Béla IV of Hungary

texts:
 together with his Cuman allies in 1229 or 1230.However, he could not seize the town and withdrew his troops. The Galician–Volhynian Chronicle writes that many Hungarian soldiers "died of many afflictions" on their way home. <mask> invaded Bulgaria and besieged Vidin in 1228 or 1232, but he could not capture the fortress. Around the same time, he set up a new border province, the Banate of Szörény (Severin, Romania), in the lands between the Carpathians and the Lower Danube. In a token of his suzerainty in the lands east of the Carpathians, <mask> adopted the title "King of Cumania" in 1233. <mask> sponsored the mission of Friar Julian and three other Dominican friars who decided to visit the descendants of the Hungarians who had centuries earlier remained in Magna Hungaria, the Hungarians' legendary homeland. His reign

Before the Mongol invasion (1235–41)

King Andrew died on 21 September 1235.<mask>, who succeeded his father without opposition, was crowned king by Robert, Archbishop of Esztergom in Székesfehérvár on 14 October. He dismissed and punished many of his father's closest advisors. For instance, he had Palatine Denis blinded and Julius Kán imprisoned. The former was accused of having, in King Andrew's life, an adulterous liaison with Queen Beatrix, the King's young widow. Béla ordered her imprisonment, but she managed to escape to the Holy Roman Empire, where she gave birth to a posthumous son, Stephen. <mask> and his brother Coloman considered her son a

masks: Béla Béla Béla Béla Béla


title: Béla IV of Hungary

texts: bastard. Béla declared that his principal purpose was "the restitution of royal rights" and "the restoration of the situation which existed in the country" in the reign of his grandfather, <mask> III.According to the contemporaneous Roger of Torre Maggiore, he even "had the chairs of the barons burned" in order to prevent them from sitting in his presence during the meetings of the royal council. Béla set up special commissions which revised all royal charters of land grants made after 1196. The annulment of former donations alienated many of his subjects from the King. Pope Gregory IX protested strongly at the withdrawal of royal grants made to the Cistercians and the military orders. In exchange for Béla's renouncing of the taking back of royal estates in 1239, the Pope authorized him to employ local Jews and Muslims in financial administration, which had for decades been opposed by the Holy See. After returning from Magna Hungaria in 1236, Friar Julian informed Béla of the Mongols, who had by that time reached the Volga River and were planning to invade Europe. The Mongols invaded Desht-i Qipchaq—the westernmost regions of the Eurasian Steppes—and routed the Cumans.Fleeing the Mongols, at least 40,000 Cumans approached the eastern borders of the Kingdom of Hungary and demanded admission in 1239. <mask> only agreed to give them shelter after their leader, Köten, promised to convert together with his people to Christianity, and to fight against the Mongols. However, the

masks: Béla Béla


title: Béla IV of Hungary

texts:
 settlement of masses of nomadic Cumans in the plains along the Tisza River gave rise to many conflicts between them and the local villagers. <mask>, who needed the Cumans' military support, rarely punished them for their robberies, rapes and other misdeeds. His Hungarian subjects thought that he was biased in the Cumans' favor, thus "enmity emerged between the people and the king", according to Roger of Torre Maggiore. <mask> supported the development of towns. For instance, he confirmed the liberties of the citizens of Székesfehérvár and granted privileges to Hungarian and German settlers in Bars (Starý Tekov, Slovakia) in 1237.Zadar, a town in Dalmatia which had been lost to Venice in 1202, acknowledged Béla's suzerainty in 1240. Mongol invasion of Hungary (1241–42)

The Mongols gathered in the lands bordering Hungary and Poland under the command of Batu Khan in December 1240. They demanded Béla's submission to their Great Khan Ögödei, but Béla refused to yield and had the mountain passes fortified. The Mongols broke through the barricades erected in the Verecke Pass (Veretsky Pass, Ukraine) on 12 March 1241. Duke Frederick II of Austria, who arrived to assist Béla against the invaders, defeated a small Mongol troop near Pest. He seized prisoners, including Cumans from the Eurasian Steppes who had been forced to join the Mongols. When the citizens of Pest realized the presence of Cumans in the invading army, mass hysteria emerged.The townsfolk accused Köten and their


title: Béla IV of Hungary

texts: Cumans of cooperating with the enemy. A riot broke out and the mob massacred Köten's retinue. Köten was either slaughtered or committed suicide. On hearing about Köten's fate, his Cumans decided to leave Hungary and destroyed many villages on their way towards the Balkan Peninsula. With the Cumans' departure <mask> lost his most valuable allies. He could muster an army of less than 60,000 against the invaders. The royal army was ill-prepared and its commanders—the barons alienated by Béla's policy—"would have liked the king to be defeated so that they would then be dearer to him", according to Roger of Torre Maggiore's account.The Hungarian army was virtually annihilated in the Battle of Mohi on the Sajó River on 11 April 1241. A great number of Hungarian lords, prelates and noblemen were killed, and <mask> himself narrowly escaped from the battlefield. He fled through Nyitra to Pressburg (Nitra and Bratislava in Slovakia). The triumphant Mongols occupied and ravaged most lands to the east of the Danube River by the end of June. Upon Duke Frederick II of Austria's invitation, <mask> went to Hainburg an der Donau. However, instead of helping <mask>, the Duke forced him to cede three counties (most probably Locsmánd, Pozsony, and Sopron). From Hainburg, <mask> fled to Zagreb and sent letters to Pope Gregory IX, Emperor Frederick II, King Louis IX of France and other Western European monarchs, urging them to send reinforcements to Hungary.In the hope of military assistance, he


title: Béla IV of Hungary

texts:
 even accepted Emperor Frederick II's suzerainty in June. The Pope declared a Crusade against the Mongols, but no reinforcements arrived. The Mongols crossed the frozen Danube early in 1242. A Mongol detachment under the command of Kadan, a son of Great Khan Ögödei, chased Béla from town to town in Dalmatia. Béla took refugee in the well-fortified Trogir. Before Kadan laid siege to the town in March, news arrived of the Great Khan's death. Batu Khan wanted to attend at the election of Ögödei's successor with sufficient troops and ordered the withdrawal of all Mongol forces.Béla, who was grateful to Trogir, granted it lands near Split, causing a lasting conflict between the two Dalmatian towns. "Second Founder of the State" (1242–61)
Upon his return to Hungary in May 1242, Béla found a country in ruins. Devastation was especially heavy in the plains east of the Danube where at least half of the villages were depopulated. The Mongols had destroyed most traditional centers of administration, which were defended by earth-and-timber walls. Only well-fortified places, such as Esztergom, Székesfehérvár and the Pannonhalma Abbey, had successfully resisted siege. A severe famine followed in 1242 and 1243. Preparation for a new Mongol invasion was the central concern of Béla's policy.In a letter of 1247 to Pope Innocent IV, <mask> announced his plan to strengthen the Danube—the "river of confrontations"—with new forts. He abandoned the ancient royal prerogative to build and own


title: Béla IV of Hungary

texts: or before 1246, to Elisabeth, a daughter of a Cuman chieftain. Béla granted the privileges of Székesfehérvár to more than 20 settlements, promoting their development into self-governing towns.The liberties of the mining towns in Upper Hungary were also spelled out in Béla's reign. For defensive purposes, he moved the citizens of Pest to a hill on the opposite side of the Danube in 1248. Within two decades their new fortified town, Buda, became the most important center of commerce in Hungary. Béla also granted privileges to Gradec, the fortified center of Zagreb, in 1242 and confirmed them in 1266. Béla adopted an active foreign policy soon after the withdrawal of the Mongols. In the second half of 1242 he invaded Austria and forced Duke Frederick II to surrender the three counties ceded to him during the Mongol invasion. On the other hand, Venice occupied Zadar in the summer of 1243.Béla renounced Zadar on 30 June 1244, but Venice acknowledged his claim to one third of the customs revenues of the Dalmatian town. <mask> set up a defensive alliance against the Mongols. He married three of his daughters to princes whose countries were also threatened by the Mongols. Rostislav Mikhailovich, a pretender to the Principality of Halych, was the first to marry, in 1243, one of <mask>'s daughters, Anna. <mask> supported his son-in-law to invade Halych in 1245, but Rostislav's opponent, Daniil Romanovich repulsed their attack. On 21 August 1245 Pope <mask> freed Béla of the oath of

masks:
Béla
Béla
Béla
Innocent IV


title: Béla IV of Hungary

texts: fidelity he had taken to Emperor Frederick during the Mongol invasion. In the following year Duke Frederick II of Austria invaded Hungary.He routed <mask>'s army in the Battle of the Leitha River on 15 June 1246, but perished in the battlefield. His childless death gave rise to a series of conflicts, because both his niece, Gertrude, and his sister, Margaret, made a claim to Austria and Styria. <mask> decided to intervene in the conflict only after the danger of a second Mongol invasion had diminished by the end of the 1240s. In retaliation of a former Austrian incursion into Hungary, <mask> made a plundering raid into Austria and Styria in the summer of 1250. In this year he met and concluded a peace treaty with Daniil Romanovich, Prince of Halych in Zólyom (Zvolen, Slovakia). With Béla's mediation, a son of his new ally Roman married Gertrude of Austria. <mask> and Daniil Romanovich united their troops and invaded Austria and Moravia in June 1252.After their withdrawal, Ottokar, Margrave of Moravia—who had married Margaret of Austria—invaded and occupied Austria and Styria. In the summer of 1253, <mask> launched a campaign against Moravia and laid siege to Olomouc. Daniil Romanovich, Boleslaw the Chaste of Cracow, and Wladislaw of Opole intervened on Béla's behalf, but he lifted the siege by the end of June. Pope <mask> mediated a peace treaty, which was signed in Pressburg (Bratislava, Slovakia) on 1 May 1254. In accordance with the treaty, Ottokar, who had in the

masks:
Béla
Béla
Béla
Béla
Béla
Innocent IV


title: Béla IV of Hungary

texts: meantime become King of Bohemia, ceded Styria to Béla. <mask> appointed his son-in-law, Rostislav Mikhailovich Ban of Macsó (Mačva, Serbia) in 1254. Rostislav's task was the creation of a buffer zone along the southern borders.He occupied Bosnia already in the year of his appointment and forced Tzar Michael Asen I of Bulgaria to cede Belgrade and Barancs (Braničevo, Serbia) in 1255. <mask> adopted the title of King of Bulgaria, but he only used it occasionally in the subsequent years. The Styrian noblemen rose up in rebellion against <mask>'s governor Stephen Gutkeled and routed him in early 1258. <mask> invaded Styria, restored his suzerainty and appointed his oldest son, Stephen, Duke of Styria. In 1259, Batu Khan's successor, Berke, proposed an alliance by offering to marry one of his daughters to a son of <mask>, but he refused the Khan's offer. Discontented with the rule of Béla's son, the Styrian lords sought assistance from Ottokar of Bohemia. <mask> and his allies—Daniil Romanovich, Boleslaw the Chaste, and Leszek the Black of Sieradz—invaded Moravia, but Ottokar vanquished them in the Battle of Kressenbrunn on 12 June 1260.The defeat forced <mask> to renounce Styria in favor of the King of Bohemia in the Peace of Vienna, which was signed on 31 March 1261. On the other hand, Ottokar divorced his elderly wife, Margarete of Austria, and married <mask>'s granddaughter—the daughter of Rostislav Mikhailovich by Anna—Kunigunda. <mask> had originally planned to give his

masks: Béla Béla Béla Béla Béla Béla Béla Béla Béla


title: Béla IV of Hungary

texts:
 youngest daughter, Margaret, in marriage to King Ottokar. However, Margaret, who had been living in the Monastery of the Blessed Virgin on Rabbits' Island, refused to yield. With the assistance of her Dominican confessor, she took her final religious vows which prevented her marriage. Infuriated by this act, the King, who had up to that time supported the Dominicans, favored the Franciscans in the subsequent years. He even became a Franciscan tertiary, according to the Greater Legend of his saintly sister, Elisabeth.Civil war (1261–66)

<mask> and his son, Stephen jointly invaded Bulgaria in 1261. They forced Tzar Constantine Tikh of Bulgaria to abandon the region of Vidin. <mask> returned to Hungary before the end of the campaign, which was continued by his son. Béla's favoritism towards his younger son, <mask> (whom he appointed Duke of Slavonia) and daughter, Anna irritated Stephen. The latter suspected that his father was planning to disinherit him. Stephen often mentioned in his charters that he had "suffered severe persecution" by his "parents without deserving it" when referring to the roots of his conflict with his father. Although some clashes took place in the autumn, a lasting civil war was avoided through the mediation of the Archbishops Philip of Esztergom and Smaragd of Kalocsa who persuaded <mask> and his son to make a compromise.According to the Peace of Pressburg, the two divided the country along the Danube: the lands to the west of the river remained

masks: Béla Béla Béla Béla


title: Béla IV of Hungary

texts: privileges, which had first been spelled out in the Golden Bull of 1222, before 7 September. Shortly after the meeting, Béla assigned four noblemen from each county with the task of revising property rights in Transdanubia.King Stephen Uroš I of Serbia invaded the Banate of Macsó, a region under the rule of <mask>'s widowed daughter, Anna. A royal army soon routed the invaders and captured Stephen Uroš. The Serbian monarch was forced to pay ransom before being released. <mask>'s favorite son, also named <mask>, died in the summer of 1269. On 18 January 1270 the King's youngest daughter, the saintly Margaret, also died. King <mask> too soon fell terminally ill. On his deathbed, he asked his grandson-in-law King Ottokar II of Bohemia to assist his wife, daughter and partisans in case they were forced to leave Hungary by his son. <mask> died on Rabbits' Island on 3 May 1270.Dying at 63, he exceeded in age most members of the House of Árpád. He was buried in the church of the Franciscans in Esztergom, but Archbishop Philip of Esztergom had his corpse transferred to the Esztergom Cathedral. The Minorites only succeeded in regaining <mask>'s remains after a long lawsuit. King <mask> IV of Hungary left to his son, to Stephen, a prosperous, a rebuilt, a fortified kingdom in 28 years. <mask> successfully concluded the alliance between the houses of Árpád and Anjou with a mutual marriage contract. In the last year of his life, in December 1269, Abbot of Monte Cassino Bernhard

masks: Béla Béla Béla Béla Béla Béla Béla Béla


title: Béla IV of Hungary

texts:
 Ayglerius visited Hungary as the envoy of King Charles I of Anjou. He reported enthusiastically to his lord, the foreign, impartial contemporary envoy saw Béla's court as follows:

"The Hungarian royal house has incredible power, its military forces are so large that nobody in the East and the North dares even budge if the triumphant and glorious king mobilizes his army.Most of the countries and princes of the North and East belong to his empire by kinship or conquest." Family

<mask>'s wife, Maria Laskarina was born in 1207 or 1208, according to historian Gyula Kristó. She died in July or August 1270. Their first child, Kunigunda, was born in 1224, four years after her parents' marriage. She married to Boleslaw the Chaste, Duke of Cracow in 1246. A second daughter, Margaret followed Kunigunda in about 1225; she died unmarried before 1242. The third daughter of <mask>, Anna was born around 1226.She and her husband, Rostislav Mikhailovich were especially favored by <mask>. Her great-grandson, Wenceslaus—a grandson of her daughter, Kunigunda by King Ottokar II of Bohemia—was King of Hungary from 1301 to 1305. <mask>'s fourth daughter, Catherina died unmarried before 1242. Next, Elisabeth was born; she was given in marriage to Henry XIII, Duke of Bavaria in about 1245. Her son, Otto was crowned King of Hungary in 1305, but was forced to leave the country by the end of 1307. Béla's sixth daughter Constance married, around 1251, Lev Danylovich, second son of Prince Daniil


title: Béla IV of Hungary

texts:
 Romanovich of Halych. Béla's seventh daughter, Yolanda became the wife of Bolesław the Pious, Duke of Greater Poland.Béla's first son, Stephen was born in 1239. He succeeded his father. Béla's youngest daughter, Margaret was born during the Mongol invasion in 1242. Dedicated to God by her parents at birth, she spent her life in humility in the Monastery of the Blessed Virgin on Rabbits' Island and died as a Dominican nun. The King's youngest (namesake) son, <mask> was born between around 1243 and 1250. The Greater Legend of Saint Elisabeth of Hungary (Béla's sister) described Béla's family as a company of saints. It wrote that the "blessed royal family of the Hungarians is adorned with resplendent pearls that irradiate all the earth".In fact, the Holy See sanctioned the veneration of three daughters of <mask> and his wife: Kunigunda was beatified in 1690, Yolanda in 1827; and Margaret was canonized in 1943. A fourth daughter, Constance also became subject to a local cult in Lemberg (Lviv, Ukraine), according to the Legend of her sister, Kunigunda. The following family tree presents <mask>'s offspring, and some of his relatives mentioned in the article. Legacy

Bryan Cartledge writes that Béla "reorganised the structure of government, re-established the rule of law, repopulated a devastated countryside, encouraged the growth of towns, created the new royal town of Buda and revived the commercial life of the country" during his over three-decade-long reign. <mask>'s


title: Béla IV of Hungary

texts:
 posthumous epithet—the "second founder of the state" ()—shows that posterity attributed to him Hungary's survival of the Mongol invasion. On the other hand, the Illuminated Chronicle notes that <mask> "was a man of peace, but in the conduct of armies and battles the least fortunate" when narrating Béla's defeat in the Battle of Kressenbrunn. The same chronicle preserved the next epigram which was written on his tomb:

References

Sources

Primary sources

 Master Roger's Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament upon the Destruction of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Tatars (Translated and Annotated by János M. Bak and Martyn Rady) (2010).In Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010). Anonymus and Master Roger. CEU Press. . The Galician-Volynian Chronicle (An annoted translation by George A. Perfecky) (1973). Wilhelm Fink Verlag. The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. .The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary, 1000–1301 (Translated and Edited by János M. Bak, György Bónis, James Ross Sweeney with an essay on previous editions by Andor Czizmadia, Second revised edition, In collaboration with Leslie S. Domonkos) (1999). Charles Schlacks, Jr. Publishers. pp. 1–11. . Secondary sources

External links

 Béla IV Encyclopædia Britannica

|-

|-

|-

1206 births
1270 deaths
House of Árpád
Kings of Hungary
Kings of Croatia
Dukes of Styria
13th century in Croatia
13th-century Hungarian


title: Gustav Meier

texts:
<mask> (13 August 1929 – 26 May 2016) was a Swiss-born conductor and director of the Orchestra Conducting Program at the Peabody Institute of the Johns Hopkins University. He was also Music Director of the Greater Bridgeport Symphony Orchestra in Connecticut, for more than 40 years (1972–2013). Biography

<mask> earned international acclaim as both an exceptional conductor and a truly gifted teacher. After graduating from the Zurich Conservatory, Meier continued his studies at the Academia Chigiana Siena. He began his career at the Lucerne Opera, followed by several seasons at the Vienna Chamber Opera and the Zurich Opera. In the U.S. his opera talents were quickly recognized, as he was soon conducting at the New York, Santa Fe, Miami, Minnesota, San Francisco Operas and others. He led orchestras around the globe including the Zurich Tonhalle, São Paulo, China National, Pittsburgh, Colorado and Alabama Symphony Orchestras; New York City, Santa Fe, Miami, San Francisco, Zurich, and Minnesota Opera Companies; and the Budapest and Vienna State Opera Orchestras.His innovative artistic direction earned Meier critical praises in this country and abroad. Productions which received nationwide coverage included Stravinsky's Rake's Progress in which he collaborated with the film director Robert Altman (M.A.S.H., Nashville, The Players), William Bolcom's Songs of Innocence and Experience, which he conducted in Ann Arbor (American premiere) and at Chicago's Grant Park, and André Previn's All Good Boys Deserve Favour, a play by Tom Stoppard set for actors and symphony orchestra. Meier received his musical diploma from the Zurich Conservatory, Switzerland. He served on the faculties of Yale University (1960–1973) where he became the youngest full-time professor in the school's history, the Eastman School of Music (1973–1976), and the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor (1976–1995). He has also served on the faculty of the Tanglewood Music Center from 1980 to 1996 where he spent the summers overseeing Tanglewood's prestigious Conducting

masks:
Gustav Meier
Gustav Meier


title: Gustav Meier

texts:
 Seminar. The program selected the "absolute cream" of international students according to André Previn, a frequent guest in Meier's classes, along with Leonard Bernstein. Meier's original connection with Tanglewood dates to 1957 and 1958 when he himself was chosen as a conducting fellow and won top prizes.He was a member of one of the most remarkable conducting classes in the Tanglewood Music Center's history, one that included Claudio Abbado, Zubin Mehta and David Zinman. He regularly taught conducting master classes across North America, Europe and Asia. Meier's regular conducting engagements included several that spanned decades. From 1978 to 2006, <mask> was music director and conductor of the Greater Lansing Symphony Orchestra in Lansing, Michigan. Upon retiring from this position after 28 seasons, he was given the honor of music director emeritus. The 2012–2013 season, his 41st season as music director of the Greater Bridgeport Symphony in Bridgeport, Connecticut, was his last season there. He served as director of the Graduate Conducting Program at the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore, Maryland.Conducting workshops took him to all corners of the world, such as Vancouver, Canada, Cabrillo, California, New York City, Beijing, Prague, and Sofia, Bulgaria. His students have appeared with every major orchestra and opera company in the United States and abroad, some currently serving as music directors of illustrious musical institutions. Other students have won first prizes in prestigious conducting competitions: the Karajan in Berlin, Stokowski and Lorin Maazel competitions in New York City, the First International Eduardo Mata Conducting Competition in Mexico City, the Mario Gusella International Competition in Pecara, Italy, and the Sergei Prokofiev Conducting Competition in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Personal Life:
<mask> was born in Wettingen, Switzerland, a small town on the Limmat River eight miles from German Border. Growing up in neutral Switzerland during Hitler’s ascendancy and WWII had a profound influence on

masks:
Gustav Meier
Gustav


title: Gustav Meier

texts: him as he, his family and many Swiss had a perpetual sense that a German invasion was imminent. At the age of five, his mother gave him a trumpet and taught him to play “Silent Night” as a Christmas gift to his father, <mask>, a factory foreman who was home for the holidays after working as he often did in neighboring countries for Brown Boveri. His father played the coronet in the Swiss cavalry as well as the local band and was thrilled to have his son show musical talent and signed him up for lessons with his childhood band instructor.At the age of six, August found an old piano for his wife Margarit on which <mask> and his mother took piano lessons together. By age 15, <mask> entered the Conservatory as a piano and trumpet major and two years later in 1947, <mask> became the accompanist for a famous Swiss jazz and yodeling vocal trio touring Europe for a year. After respiratory illness put an end to his trumpet playing, he played in a 13-piece pit orchestra for a small opera house and found his love of conducting prompting him to reenter Zurich Conservatory of Music for two years of conducting training. While there, <mask> met American mezzo-soprano Shirley Sudock with whom he had his first serious relationship. They went on to perform around Europe—Zurich, Paris, Vienna and beyond with <mask> either accompanying Shirley on piano or conducting orchestras where she was the vocal soloist. At the age of 25, he had his first full-time conducting job as the court Conductor for Emperor Haile Selassie in Addis-Ababa, Ethiopia where he arranged popular music that Selassie liked to fit into the unusual instrumentation of the ensemble. He returned to Europe in 1955 to study conducting in Vienna.During their time in Vienna, <mask> and Shirley were married in a small secular ceremony. <mask> went on to the Tanglewood Conductors workshop in 1957 (where two of his classmates were Zubin Mehta and Claudio Abbado), and after a stint as Assistant Conductor to the Zurich Opera and freelancing in New York City, in 1960 he took a faculty

masks:
August Meier
Gustav
Gustav
Gustav
Gustav
Gustav
Gustav
Gustav


title: Gustav Meier

texts:
 position in charge of orchestra, taught orchestration and conducting at Yale University. <mask> and Shirley had two children, a son Dani in 1961 and a daughter Eva in 1963. Shirley pursued her singing career and eventually started teaching voice at Connecticut College. <mask> stayed at Yale for more than a dozen years and the family spent summers at Yale’s summer music program in Norfolk, CT.

<mask> and Shirley separated in 1973 and subsequently divorced. <mask> left Yale to go to Eastman School of Music in Rochester New York. While in Rochester, <mask> married Emy Greer who’d been a doctoral student in piano at Yale establishing a blended family that included Dani and Eva (who still lived in Connecticut) and Emy’s daughters from a previous marriage, Angela and Pam Landon.In 1976, <mask> left Eastman to be Professor of Conducting at University of Michigan and moved to Ann Arbor where they remained until <mask>’s death in 2016. His son Dani's remembrance is here. Upon his death, <mask> was survived by his wife Emy <mask>, his son Dani (Dawn), daughters Eva, Angy and Pam (Gary), and grandchildren Alicia Landon, Nora Andermeier (Arthur), Sean Atamian, Annarose Atamian, Ezra Andermeier, Nika Field and Dain Field. [Personal history added by son, <mask>]

Awards and honors
1982: Distinguished Faculty Achievement Award, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor
1988: Luise Vosgerchian Teaching Award, Harvard University
1995: Ditson Conductor's Award from Columbia University
1999: Max Rudolf Award, Conductors Guild of America
1999: Doctor of Laws, Honorary Degree from Fairfield University
2003: Doctor of Music, Honorary Degree from Kalamazoo College
2005: Doctor of Fine Arts, Honorary Degree from Michigan State University

Published works
The Score, the Orchestra and the Conductor (Oxford University Press, 2009)

References

1929 births
2016 deaths
Eastman School of Music faculty
Peabody Institute faculty
Place of birth missing
Swiss conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Swiss music educators
University of Michigan faculty
Yale

masks:
Gustav
Gustav
Gustav
Gustav
Gustav
Gustav
Gustav
Gustav
Meier
Dani Meier


title: Thomas Helwys

texts:
<mask> (c. 1575 – c. 1616), an English minister, was one of the joint founders, with John Smyth, of the General Baptist denomination. In the early seventeenth century, Helwys was principal formulator of demand that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law, so that individuals might have a freedom of religious conscience. Helwys was an advocate of religious liberty at a time when to hold to such views could be dangerous. He died in prison as a consequence of the religious persecution of Protestant dissenters under King James I. Early life
<mask> was born in Gainsborough, from Edmund and <mask> who were descendants of an old Norman family. Edmund had sold his land in Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire and had taken a lease on Broxtowe Hall in Bilborough parish. In 1590 when his father died, <mask> assumed control of the estate, but in 1593, left the care of the estate in the hands of his father's friends and began studies in law at Gray's Inn, one of the four Inns of Court in London.Helwys' family was on the rise in London. <mask>, his uncle, was a successful merchant, an alderman and the sheriff of London. His cousin, Gervase, was knighted by King James before becoming lieutenant of the Tower of London. After completing his studies at Gray's Inn in 1593, Helwys himself spent some time in the capital. <mask> married Joan Ashmore at St, Martin's Church, Bilborough, in 1595. They had seven children over the next twelve years and lived at Broxtowe Hall. During this time, the Helwys's home became a haven for radical Puritans, dissenters within the Church of England, and it is likely that Helwys contributed financially to their mission.In 1606, when Archbishop Bancroft was forcing ministers to submit to the Prayer Book, Helwys took part in conference of radical puritans in Coventry discussing whether to quit the Church of England and become Brownists. The conference included John Smyth,

masks:
Thomas Helwys
Thomas Helwys
Margaret Helwys
Thomas Helwys
Geoffrey Helwys
Thomas Helwys


title: Thomas Helwys

texts:
 John Robinson, Richard Bernard and Arthur Hildersham. Helwys developed a close bond with dissenter John Smyth and he and his wife became committed members of Smyth's Separatist or Brownist congregation in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. The sixty or seventy Separatists in Gainsborough were allowed to meet in secret in Gainsborough Old Hall by the Hall's sympathetic owner Sir William Hickman. Ministry

As Separatism was illegal, the Gainsborough and Scrooby dissenters were arrested and their houses raided. <mask> was imprisoned in York Castle by the Archbishop of York in the second half of 1607. Between 1607 and 1608, Helwys, Smyth, Robinson and many others from the Gainsborough and Scrooby congregations fled to the safety of Amsterdam in the more tolerant Dutch Republic.Helwys organised the Gainsborough group's emigration - according to Robinson, ‘If any brought oars, he brought sails.’

Assuming their safety, Helwys allowed his family to remain in England. His wife was soon arrested and, after refusing to take the oath in court, she was imprisoned. It is likely that she was banished after three months in prison. It was in the Dutch Republic that a distinctive Baptist faith first emerged amongst the English émigrés, and Helwys was one of the leaders of the foundation of the first Baptist Church in 1609. Taking the Brownist idea that church membership was only for believers to its logical conclusion, Smyth became convinced that baptism into the church should be for Christian believers only and not for infants. In January 1609, Smyth baptised himself first, then the rest of his followers starting with Helwys. The other English Separatists in Amsterdam rejected this new teaching.Later that year, the group led by Smyth and Helwys started renting a meeting house from Dutch Mennonites, and were persuaded by them to abandon the doctrine of predestination. Some of the Baptists also accepted Mennonite


title: Thomas Helwys

texts: christology, that Jesus did not take his flesh from Mary, but Smyth and Helwys did not, so those Baptists left the church. In 1610, Smyth and Helwys fell out after Smyth decided he had been wrong to baptise himself and applied to join the Mennonites and be re-baptised. <mask> and about ten others split from Smyth's church. Helwys formulated the earliest Baptist confession of faith. This "confession" became the twenty-seven articles in  (1611). In the next twelve months or so, Helwys wrote three more important works: an argument for Arminianism (A Short and Plain Proof, By the Word and Works of God, That God's Decree Is Not the Cause of Any Man's Sin or Condemnation: And That All Men Are Redeemed by Christ; As Also That No Infants Are Condemned), a polemic explaining his differences with the Mennonites, and, most importantly, A Short Declaration on the Mistery of Iniquity.The Mistery of Iniquity was a critique of the failings of Catholicism, state-church Protestantism and Brownism. It was the first ever English book to defend the principle of religious liberty. For Helwys, religious liberty was a right for everyone, whether Protestants, Catholics, Jews, Muslims or atheists. The book also argued that Separatist leaders such as Smyth and Robinson had been wrong to take their churches overseas to escape persecution and that they should return to England. The historian of Separatism Stephen Tomkins described The Mistery of Iniquity as the most radical and outspoken book of the age and 'the most far-reaching declaration of universal religious freedom yet seen in English', but added: 'It is a pity that this most ground-breaking treatise of the Separatist movement should also be its most mean-spirited.' Despite the obvious risks involved, in 1613 Helwys and twelve Baptist émigrés returned to England and founded the first Baptist congregation on English soil in Spitalfields, east London. They brought The


title: Thomas Helwys

texts:
 Mistery of Iniquity with them and one copy of it was delivered to King James I, with a handwritten inscription arguing for liberty of conscience."The King," Helwys said, "is a mortal man, and not God, therefore he hath no power over the mortal soul of his subjects to make laws and ordinances for them and to set spiritual Lords over them." Helwys and other Baptists were thrown into Newgate Prison, where they wrote a petition to the King. Another book, Persecution for Religion Judg’d and Condemn’d, was written in Newgate in 1616, either by Helwys or his follower John Murton, and printed. Helwys died around 1616 at about the age of forty. Helwys' presentation copy of A Short Declaration of the Mistery of Iniquity is still preserved in the Bodleian Library. Helwys is honoured with the Helwys Hall at Regent's Park College, Oxford. Thomas Helwys Baptist Church, in Lenton, Nottingham is named after him.Broxtowe Hall, the Helwys' family home, is now only a remnant but in nearby Bilborough Baptist Church there is a simple plaque to his memory. Notes

References

External links
Writings of <mask>s
Alec Gilmore, "<mask>s' plea for religious liberty in the 17th century provided a sound foundation for other kinds of freedom," The Guardian, 20 May 2006
"You Can Thank the Baptists for Freedom of Worship" by Pastor David F. Reagan
"<mask>s, A Short Declaration of the Mystery of Iniquity" by Walter B. Shurden, Callaway Professor of Christianity, Executive Director, The Center for Baptist Studies, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia
"Recovering the Baptist Legacy" by Bruce Prescott
Thomas Helwys Baptist Church, Lenton, Nottingham

1570s births
1610s deaths
People from Nottingham (district)
English Baptist ministers
17th-century Christian clergy
Baptist theologians
17th-century English clergy
17th-century Protestant theologians
17th-century English theologians
Arminian ministers
Arminian theologians
People from

masks:
Thomas Helwy
Thomas Helwy
Thomas Helwy


title: Joseph Lstiburek

texts:
<mask> (, pronounced STEE-brek) is a forensic engineer, building investigator, building science consultant, author, speaker and widely known  expert on building moisture control, indoor air quality, and retro-fit of existing and historic buildings. <mask> is an adjunct professor of Civil Engineering at the University of Toronto; an industry consultant specializing in rain penetration, air and vapor barriers, building durability, construction technology and microbial contamination — and an advisor on numerous prominent building envelope failures. He consults regularly on building code and industry standards. Widely known for his "Perfect Wall" concept, Lstiburek identified four key control layers within the building envelope (rain, air, vapor and thermal) critical to a building's behavior, long-term performance and viability. He is a proponent of understanding the concepts that allow older buildings to survive over time in harsh climates — and mimicking those concepts with contemporary construction. In 2001, The Wall Street Journal called Lstiburek "the dean of North American building science." Early career

While working towards his bachelor's degree, Lstiburek also worked as a residential construction manager for Product Design Development Corporation.After graduating he became president of Inertia Development Corporation, a company that built and tested twenty low-energy houses. He went on to work for the Housing and Urban Development Association of Canada (HUDAC) from 1981-1982 where he was involved in the Canada-wide Super Energy Efficient Housing R-2000 program and

masks:
Joseph Lstiburek
Lstiburek


title: Joseph Lstiburek

texts: had observed problems during construction, noting that the building envelope's key control layers (rain, air, vapor and thermal) — were in the wrong order, causing the building to soak in its own condensation ("like your T-shirt gets sopping under a pleather jacket"), causing erosion of building materials and mold, as well as causing the building to "smell like dirty socks." Lstiburek noted that "basic errors like these occur in up to 20% of all new buildings going up" from simple buildings to "soaring landmarks." Lstiburek has been involved in the development of standards and industry resources by U.S. government agencies. He is the principal investigator for the Building Science Consortium, an industry group in the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE)'s Building America Program that encourages the development of energy efficient innovations in the homebuilding industry.He participated in a 40-city seminar tour of the United States for the EPA and BOMA. Lstiburek authored the DoE handbook on moisture control and was a special contributor to the EPA's "Building Air Quality: A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers." <mask> is a regular speaker and presenter at industry events. He appeared on the PBS Nova program entitled "Can Buildings Make You Sick?" featuring his work on the Registry Building in Boston, MA. Lstiburek writes regularly for industry publications and has published a number of books. In 2008, <mask> contributed to an article written for ASHRAE raising doubts about efficiency claims of LEED certified commercial buildings  — a points-based, third-party

masks: Lstiburek Lstiburek


title: Joseph Lstiburek

texts:
 verified industry measurement standard for building sustainability.Lstiburek, along with fellow building scientists, challenged the statistics on LEED buildings as well as comparisons used in a 2007 (and updated 2008) New Buildings Institute report. Lstiburek urged the industry to emphasize real-world, actual energy savings rather than "chasing points." Recognition
In 2009, Lstiburek was nominated for the Hanley Award for contributions to the advancement of sustainable housing in the United States. In 2007, the Energy & Environmental Building Association (EEBA) awarded Lstiburek a Legacy Award for the development of building performance and the science of new home construction. In 2004, Lstiburek became an ASHRAE Fellow. In 2000/2001 Lstiburek received an Anthony A. Woods Award, given by the Ontario Building Envelope Council (OBEC) for contributions to the design, construction and performance of the building envelope.In 1994, the Energy & Environmental Building Association (EEBA) awarded Lstiburek a design award for his joint design effort with architect and business partner Betsy Pettit for an affordable Dallas development of heavy-insulated three-bedroom homes, maximizing solar gain, natural light and shade as well as providing appropriate ventilation. In 1992, the Energy & Environmental Building Association (EEBA) awarded Lstiburek an Award for Technical Merit. Publications
 The ASHRAE Guide for Buildings in Hot & Humid Climates. Lew Harriman III and <mask>. 2009. ASHRAE. Builder's Guide to Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) for all Climates.<mask>. 2008. Building

masks:
Joseph Lstiburek
Joseph Lstiburek


title: Joseph Lstiburek

texts:
 Science Press. Water Management Guide. <mask><mask>. January 2006. Building Science Press.Builder's Guide to Hot-Humid Climates. <mask>. 2005. Building Science Press. Builder's Guide to Mixed-Humid Climates. <mask>. January 1, 2005.Delmar Cengage Learning. Builder's Guide to Hot-Dry & Mixed-Dry Climates. <mask>. 2004. Building Science Press. Builder's Guide to Cold Climates. <mask>.2004. Building Science Press. Builder's Guide to Mixed Climates: Details for Design and Construction <mask>. Lstiburek. February 2001. Taunton Press. Read This Before You Move In: Healthy and Affordable Housing: Practical Recommendations for Building, Renovating and Maintaining Housing 2001. Asthma Regional Coordinating Council of New England.PDF Version
 Builder's Guide to Cold Climates: Details for Design and Construction. <mask>. February 3, 2000 Taunton Press. Spray polyurethane foam in external envelopes of buildings. Mark Bomberg and <mask><mask>. 1998. CRC Press.Moisture Control Handbook: Principles and Practices for Residential and Small Commercial Buildings. <mask> and John Carmody. January 1, 1996. Wiley. Builder's Field Guide. <mask><mask>, John Manuel, Arnie Katz. 1994.NC Alternate Energy Corporation. Moisture Control for New Residential Buildings. <mask> and John Carmody. Chapter 17 in Moisture Control in Buildings Heinz R. Trechsel, ed. 1994. American Society for Testing and Materials. A new approach to affordable low energy house construction.<mask>k. 1994. Atlanta Department of Housing. Building Air Quality: A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers (SuDoc EP 4.8:Ai 7/7).

masks:
Joseph W
. Lstiburek
Joseph Lstiburek
Joseph Lstiburek
Joseph Lstiburek
Joseph Lstiburek
Joseph W
Joseph Lstiburek
Joseph W
. Lstiburek
Joseph Lstiburek
Joseph W
. Lstiburek
Joseph Lstiburek
Joseph Lstibure


title: Joseph Lstiburek

texts:
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Technical advisors: Lstiburek, Turner, Brennan, and Light). 1991. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Atmospheric and Indoor Air Programs, Indoor Air Division U.S. Dept.of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The Airtight House: using the airtight drywall approach: a construction manual. James K. Lischkoff, <mask>. 1991. Iowa State University Research Foundation. Articles
In addition to the recent feature articles listed below, <mask> has been a regular columnist for the Building Sciences column of the ASHRAE Journal and has authored a number of white papers, guides, and research reports. Mold Explosion: Why Now?Fine Homebuilding December 2006/Jan 2007
 The Future of Framing is Here: Smarter strategies can save money, speed construction, improve energy efficiency, and cut down on job-site waste Fine Homebuilding October/November 2005
 Lessons from Florida's Hurricanes: Why Stucco Walls Got Wet. Jose Lstiburek. Journal of Light Construction. July 2005
 Built Wrong from the Start: Top 10 blunders that rot your house, waste your money, and make you sick. Fine Homebuilding April/May 2004
 Water-Managed Wall Systems. Journal of Light Construction March 2003
 Residential Ventilation and Latent Loads. <mask>.ASHRAE Journal April 2002, pages 18–21
 Moisture, Building Enclosures, and Mold: How water gets into a structure, why it doesn't leave, and how these architectural flaws become HVAC headaches. HPAC

masks:
Joseph Lstiburek
Lstiburek
Joseph Lstiburek


title: Joseph Lstiburek

texts:
 Engineering December 2001/January 2002

Notes

External links
 official website of Joseph Lstiburek
  Video featuring <mask>iburek
 official website of Building Science Corporation
 official website of the U.S.Department of Energy's Building America Program

1955 births
Living people
Environmental engineers
University of Toronto alumni
Canadian mechanical engineers
Canadian civil engineers
Fellows of


title: Pōtatau Te Wherowhero

texts:
Pōtatau <mask>o royal dynasty. He was first known just as <mask> and took the name Pōtatau after he became king in 1858. As disputes over land grew more severe <mask> found himself increasingly at odds with the Government and its policies. Early life
<mask>o was the eldest son of <mask>u-angaanga, who belonged to the senior chiefly line of Ngāti Mahuta and was  a prominent war leader before and during the 1807–1845 Musket Wars. When <mask>o was born near the end of the 18th century his father had just become the principal war chief of the Waikato tribes. <mask>u-angaanga defeated a much larger coastal Tainui and Taranaki force of about 7,000 warriors led by Ngāti Toa chief Pikauterangi in the battle of Hingakaka near Ohaupo. <mask>'s mother, <mask>ope, was a daughter of a chief of Ngāti Koura, a hapū (subtribe) of Waikato.<mask>o was thus descended from the captains of both the Tainui and Te Arawa waka (canoes), which are said to have brought the Māori to New Zealand. <mask> grew up in a period of relative peace for the Waikato tribes, following his father's victory over Ngāti Toa in the battle of Hingakaka. He was taught traditional lore, first by his father and then at Te Papa-o-Rotu, the Waikato whare wananga (school of knowledge) at Whatawhata. He lived at Kaitotehe pā on the western bank of the Waikato River, at the base of the Hākarimata Range and opposite Taupiri on the other bank. He had four wives, Whakaawi, Raharaha, Waiata and Ngawaero. His children included Matutaera Tāwhiao, <mask>ea Tiaho, Makareta

masks:
Te Wherowheroherowher
Te Wherowhero
Te Wherowhero
Te Wherowher
Te Ra
Te Wherowher
Te Ra
Te Wherowhero
Te Paga
Te Wherowher
Te Wherowhero
Te Pa


title: Pōtatau Te Wherowhero

texts: <mask>ota and Tiria (these last two may be the same person). When his fellow Ngāti Mahuta chief and relative <mask>ira killed a Ngāti Toa man, and was in return killed by a war party led by Ngāti Toa chief <mask>araha, <mask> joined his father in attacks on Ngāti Toa at Kāwhia.When Marore, a wife of <mask>ha, was visiting relatives in Waikato for a tangihanga in about 1820, <mask>o instigated her murder by <mask>i-moe-waka. After a series of revenge killings, <mask>o led 3,000 Waikato and Ngāti Maniapoto warriors on an overland attack on Kāwhia, while 1,500 of their allies from Whaingaroa (Raglan) attacked by a sea route. Together they defeated Ngāti Toa at Te Kakara, near Lake Taharoa, and Waikawau, south of Tirua Point. <mask> and Ngāti Toa were then besieged at Te Arawi, near Kāwhia Harbour. Some of the Waikato and Maniapoto besiegers did not want to see Ngāti Toa exterminated, so they were permitted to give up their territory at Kāwhia and migrate to northern Taranaki. <mask> led a large army to Taranaki, partly to pursue Ngāti Toa and partly to rescue Peehi Tukorehu, a Ngāti Maniapoto chief, whose war party was besieged by Taranaki tribes at Pukerangiora, on the Waitara River. Although never forced to retreat, he incurred large costs in human life in sieges which were sometimes unsuccessful.Early in 1822 the Waikato forces suffered a heavy defeat at the hands of Ngāti Toa and their allies at Motunui in north Taranaki. <mask> was almost killed when he refused to retreat and abandon the body of a slain Waikato

masks:
Te Ota
Te U
Teup
Te Wherowhero
Te Raupara
Te Wherowher
Te Rang
Te Wherowher
Te Rauparaha
Te Wherowhero
Te Wherowhero


title: Pōtatau Te Wherowhero

texts: chief. The intervention of <mask>ha saved him, but subsequently he had to engage a number of enemy chiefs in single combat, armed with only a digging implement. Eventually his own people returned and a negotiated truce ensued. <mask> returned to the Waikato that year in time to take command in an unsuccessful defence of his tribe at Matakitaki (Pirongia) against Ngāpuhi, armed with muskets and led by Hongi Hika on their great rampage through the North Island of 1818 to 1823. The Waikato people settled further south than their usual territory for several years, in fear of further attacks by Ngāpuhi. <mask> lived at Orongokoekoea on the upper Mokau River, where his wife Whakaawi gave birth to their son Tāwhiao.Peace was made with Ngāpuhi in 1823 and the Waikato re-established themselves on their tribal land. By the time Ngāpuhi re-appeared in the area some ten years later the Waikato had also acquired muskets and could therefore defend themselves successfully. In 1831 <mask>o led an immense war party against the Taranaki Maoris and killed many hundreds of the Ngatiawa tribe, whose lands more than ten years later he claimed by right of conquest. By 1836 <mask>o made peace with the Taranaki tribes. This occurred at a time when missionaries were having a greater impact upon iwi in the Waikato. <mask>o himself regularly attended services, but was never baptised. Waikato's (or more specifically Ngāti Maniapoto's) involvement in the Taranaki war against the Government forces in the 1860s can be traced back to <mask>'s long

masks:
Te Raupara
Te Wherowhero
Te Wherowhero
Te Wherowher
Te Wherowher
Te Wherowher
Te Wherowhero


title: Pōtatau Te Wherowhero

texts:
 series of attacks against the Taranaki iwi Te Āti Awa.<mask>o at one stage claimed <mask>ti Awa were slaves who lived there only on his sufferance, but he was prepared to end all interest in the land when he was paid 250 pounds. Keenan argues that <mask>o never occupied <mask> Awa's land long enough to constitute possession according to Māori customary lore. Nor did Te Āti Awa ever entirely abandon their land thereby maintaining their occupation rights. During the latter stages of the war in Taranaki it was the involvement of Waikato warriors in bringing food and war materials (lead and powder) that enabled the Taranaki warriors to keep fighting in the infertile, wet and inhospitable uplands. Treaty and influence with Grey
In March 1840 <mask>o was living at Awhitu in the western Manukau. Captain William Symonds brought a copy of the Treaty of Waitangi to Manukau for chiefs to sign, but <mask> refused. However he was friendly towards the colonial government and not opposed to Pākehā presence in areas he controlled.Initially <mask>o favoured the Pākehā arrivals in his territory: his daughter, Tiria, married the trader John Kent. In May 1844 <mask>o hosted a large intertribal gathering at Remuera, near Auckland, with the view mainly of impressing Governor Robert FitzRoy with the power of the Northern Maoris. He was subsequently received at Government House, Auckland, and treated with great distinction by Fitzroy. <mask>o built a house at Pukekawa (in today's Auckland Domain) and it witnessed many discussions and

masks:
Te Wherowher
Te Ā
Te Wherowher
Te Āti
Te Wherowher
Te Wherowhero
Te Wherowher
Te Wherowher
Te Wherowher


title: Pōtatau Te Wherowhero

texts: negotiations concerning the implementation of the Treaty. The Waikato tribes sold land initially; <mask>o sold some tribal land around Manukau. However in 1846 he protested vehemently to Queen Victoria about an edict that land not actually occupied or cultivated by Māori was to be considered Crown property. Between 1847 and 1852 Governor Grey arranged for 861 retired British soldiers called fencibles and their families to establish a number of military villages at Howick, Panmure, Otahuhu and Onehunga.In April 1849 <mask>o signed an agreement with Governor George Grey to provide Auckland with military protection on the same basis as the fencibles. 121 Ngati Mahuta -originally from Tamahere, now on the southern outskirts of Hamilton, had British officers but supplied their own weapons. The land they were given by Grey was 80 one acre lots and 80 five acre lots at Mangere. Other chiefs who made the agreement were Kati, Nopora, Kahawai, Ponku, <mask>, Rewaite, Hankapanga, <mask>a and Rameka Kiaki (sic). They could be called upon for defence should it become necessary after the violent uprising of Māori under Hōne Heke and Kawiti. Grey had learnt the importance of having the support of kūpapa, Māori who sided with the Crown, during that campaign to restore law and order and assert government authority. During the 1851 attack on Auckland by about 350-450 Ngati Paoa a British regiment, the Onehunga fencibles and HMS Fry defended Auckland at Mechanics Bay with Ngati Mahuta playing no part.Although he never ceded sovereignty

masks:
Te Wherowher
Te Wherowher
Te Tauke
Te Kate


title: Pōtatau Te Wherowhero

texts:
 to the British Crown, he did have good rapport with early New Zealand governors, especially George Grey. As more settlers came to New Zealand, from the early 1850s <mask>o became less friendly to the Pākehā. This was at least partially due to the nature of these arrivals in the Waikato lands, who often encroached on Māori tribal lands with no formal jurisdiction or consensual purchasing or gifting of the land. Māori King

In the early 1850s, a movement to establish a Māori King developed. This aimed to unite the Māori people and to act as a counterbalance to Queen Victoria. But above all the King Movement wanted to halt the sale and alienation of Māori land by the Pākehā Government. Matene <mask>whi travelled throughout New Zealand seeking a chief of high standing who was willing to be king.Iwikau <mask> Tukino III, of Ngati Tuwharetoa, suggested that <mask> should be approached, and his choice was supported by Wiremu Tamihana, of Ngati Haua. Pōtatau, then elderly, expressed initial reluctance, but agreed in April 1857 at Rangiriri. He was installed as king at Ngāruawāhia in June 1858. Pōtatau himself wished to continue to work in co-operation with the British Government, but many of his followers adopted a much more independent position. Gradually the two sides polarised and grew apart, culminating five years later in warfare (see Invasion of the Waikato and New Zealand Wars). Death
Pōtatau died at Ngāruawāhia on 25 June 1860 and is buried on Mount Taupiri, a mountain close to his royal residence in Ngāruawāhia. His

masks:
Te Wherowher
Te Whi
Te Heuheu
Te Wherowhero


title: Karl Heinz Beckurts

texts:
<mask> (born 16 May 1930 in Rheydt; murdered 9 July 1986 in Straßlach near Munich) was a German physicist and research manager. With <mask>, he wrote a textbook on neutron physics. He was co-editor of the journal Nukleonik. Along with his driver, Eckhard Groppler, Beckurts was murdered by a roadside bomb at 7:32 AM on 9 July 1986 in Straßlach, a village near Munich. The bomb used an electronic triggering device. The Red Army Faction claimed responsibility under the name "Kommando Mara Cagol" but the identity of the perpetrators is still unknown. The Bundeskriminalamt named Horst Ludwig Meyer as the only suspect for the bombing; Meyer was fatally shot in 1999 by the police in Vienna.Early life and education
He was born to <mask> (1894–1952) and Gisela <mask>, who was born the Countess of Brockdorff. He began studying physics in 1949 at the University of Göttingen, where he received an undergraduate degree in 1954 and in 1956 earned his doctorate with a dissertation in non-stationary neutron fields. For both his diploma and his PhD thesis, <mask> served as the advisor. <mask>' father was an industrial clerk and Director General of the Gustloff Werke factory in Berlin. After that, he was a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Physics at Göttingen, under the tutelage of <mask>. In 1958, when Wirtz was named head of the Department of Experimental science for the Institute for Neutron Physics and Reactor Technology (INR) at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center, Beckurts followed with him to continue his work. Also during this same time he was a resident at the Technical University of Karlsruhe, where he was a lecturer since 1959 and completed his habilitation in 1961.From 1963 to 1970 he was Director of the Institute for Applied Nuclear Physics at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center and since 1964 was adjunct professor at the University of Karlsruhe. From 1967–1969 he was a visiting professor at the University of Heidelberg. Academic career
In 1969, he

masks:
Karl Heinz Beckurts
Karl Wirtz
Karl Beckurts
Beckurts
Karl Wirtz
Beckurts
Karl Wirtz


title: Karl Heinz Beckurts

texts:
 received a personal professorship in Heidelberg, but he resigned to instead take a position as Scientific and Technical Director of the Jülich Research Centre from 1970–1975. From 1975 to 1980 he served as Chairman of the Board of Management of the Jülich Nuclear Research Centre. Also, from 1973 to 1975, he served as Chairman of the  (Nuclear Society) and Vice President of the German Atomic Forum. In 1977 he was inducted in 1977 as a foreign member to the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences. From 1980 until his assassination in 1986 he was a member of the Executive Board and Head of Corporate Research and Technology of Siemens AG.In 1971 he was appointed Honorary Professor at the University of Bonn as well as the University of Heidelberg in 1974. Nuclear Work
With Wirtz he wrote a standardized work on neutron physics. He was one of the developers of the research reactor in Karlsruhe, where he built the modern data processing technology for the Nuclear Research Center and Director of the Institute for Applied Nuclear Physics for expanding on Nuclear Solid State Physics. He was instrumental in the development of the high flux reactor at the Institut Laue-Langevin in Grenoble. From 1971 to 1975 he was a member of the German Science Council. He was also a member in the Euratom Committee for Nuclear Data and Nuclear Physics. From 1963 to 1966 he was the representative of the Federal Republic of Germany in the International Nuclear Data Scientific Working Group (INDSWG) of the IAEA in Vienna.From 1973 to 1976 he was Chairman of the Nuclear Society in the German Atomic Forum and also Chairman of several other large research institutions. Murder
<mask> was assassinated, along with his chauffeur Eckhard Groppler, on 9 July 1986 near Strasslach in Munich by a bombing at 07:32 am. The culprits used an electronically-triggered booby trap. The attackers claimed responsibility under the name "commando Mara Cagol" of the Red Army Faction (RAF). The true


title: Karl Heinz Beckurts

texts:
 perpetrator is still unknown to this day. Horst Ludwig Meyer, the only suspect in this bombing called by the Federal Criminal Police Office was shot and killed by Vienna police in 1999. Theories
In April 1986, the Chernobyl disaster occurred in the former Soviet Union.It was the worst to date and most consequential accident in the history of nuclear power. Since it also occurred in the middle of a heated political debate over nuclear power in West Germany, it has been speculated that the RAF wanted to win sympathy from the West German anti-nuclear movement against nuclear use. Memory
At the site of the attack, there is a memorial of the assassination for Beckurts. In his honor and memory of Beckurts the Karl Heinz Beckurts Foundation of the Association of the major research institutions (AGF) was founded by today's Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres in 1987. The foundation's mission statement is "to promote scientific work that is to be exercised as a bridge between natural science and technology on the one hand and the humanities on the other hand suitable". The Foundation awards the <mask> Beckurts award annually. Siemens named the Munich site in Neuperlach-Süd after him as the <mask> Beckurts house.An adjacent trail is named after Eckhard Groppler. On the same premises Beckurts and Groppler are honored with a memorial site. In Jülich, a street was named after Beckurts. Personal life
Beckurts was married twice. His first marriage produced a son and two daughters. Writings
<mask> Elementary Neutron Physics, Springer 1958 English edition of Neutron Physics, Springer 1964
Ralf Reichswaldhalle cooperation in management with integrated office automation, CW Publ., Munich 1984
Technological progress, challenge and expectation: lectures, essays, interviews, 1980–1986, Berlin, Siemens 1986

Literature
Drüll Dagmar: Heidelberg scholarly lexicon 1933–1986, Springer 2009

References

1930 births
1986 deaths
20th-century German physicists
Victims of the

masks:
Karl Heinz
Karl Heinz
Karl Wirtz


title: W. D. Ross

texts:
Sir <mask>  (15 April 1877 – 5 May 1971), known as <mask> but usually cited as W. D<mask>, was a Scottish philosopher who is known for his work in ethics. His best-known work is The Right and the Good (1930), and he is perhaps best known for developing a pluralist, deontological form of intuitionist ethics in response to G. E. Moore's consequentialist form of intuitionism. <mask> also critically edited and translated a number of Aristotle's works, in addition to writing on Greek philosophy. His accomplishments include his work with John Alexander Smith on a 12-volume translation of Aristotle. Life
<mask> was born in Thurso, Caithness in the north of Scotland the son of <mask> (1835-1905). He spent most of his first six years as a child in southern India. He was educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, and the University of Edinburgh.In 1895, he gained a first class MA degree in classics. He completed his studies at Balliol College, Oxford, with a First in Classical Moderations in 1898 and a First in Literae Humaniores ('Greats', a combination of philosophy and ancient history) in 1900.<ref>Oxford University Calendar 1905, Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1905, pp. 137, 182.</ref> He was made a Fellow of Merton College in 1900, a position he held until 1945; he was elected to a tutorial fellowship at Oriel College in October 1902. <mask> joined the army in 1915. During World War I, he worked in the Ministry of Munitions and was a major on the special list. He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1918 in recognition of his services during the war, and was promoted to a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire  in 1938. <mask> was White's Professor of Moral Philosophy (1923–1928), Provost of Oriel College, Oxford (1929–1947), Vice-Chancellor of the University

masks:
William David Ross
David Ross
. Ross
Ross
William David Ross
John Ross
Ross
Ross


title: W. D. Ross

texts:
 of Oxford from 1941 to 1944 and Pro-Vice-Chancellor (1944–1947).He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1939 to 1940. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy and was its President 1936–1940. Of the many governmental committees on which he served one was the Civil Service Tribunal, of which he was chair. One of his two colleagues was <mask>, who thought that the whole system of fixing governmental remuneration should be on the same basis as the US model, dividing the civil service into a relatively small number of pay grades. <mask> did not agree with this radical proposal. In 1947 he was appointed chairman of the first Royal Commission on the Press, United Kingdom. He was elected an honorary fellow of Trinity College Dublin in 1947.He died in Oxford on 5 May 1971. He is memorialised on his parents' grave in the Grange Cemetery in Edinburgh. Family
His younger brother was Rev <mask> <mask> (1879-1943). He married Edith Ogden in 1906 and they had four daughters, Margaret (who married Robin Harrison), Eleanor, Rosalind (who married John Miller Martin), and Katharine. Edith died in 1953. He was a cousin of Berriedale Keith. <mask>'s ethical theory
W. D<mask> was a moral realist, a non-naturalist, and an intuitionist.He argued that there are moral truths. He wrote:

The moral order...is just as much part of the fundamental nature of the universe (and...of any possible universe in which there are moral agents at all) as is the spatial or numerical structure expressed in the axioms of geometry or arithmetic. Thus, according to <mask>, the claim that something is good is true if that thing really is good. <mask> also agreed with G.E. Moore's claim that any attempt to define ethical statements solely in terms of statements about the natural world commits the naturalistic

masks:
Leonard Woolf
Ross
Donald George
Ross
Ross
. Ross
Ross
Ross


title: W. D. Ross

texts:
 fallacy. Furthermore, the terms "right" and "good" are indefinable. This means not only that they cannot be defined in terms of natural properties but also that it is not possible to define one in terms of the other.<mask> rejected Moore's consequentialist ethics. According to consequentialist theories, what people ought to do is determined only by whether their actions will bring about the most good. By contrast, <mask> argues that maximising the good is only one of several prima facie duties (prima facie obligations) which play a role in determining what a person ought to do in any given case. Duties
In The Right and the Good, <mask> lists seven prima facie duties, without claiming his list to be all-inclusive: fidelity; reparation; gratitude; justice; beneficence; non-maleficence; and self-improvement. In any given situation, any number of these prima facie duties may apply. In the case of ethical dilemmas, they may even contradict one another. Someone could have a prima facie duty of reparation, say, a duty to help people who helped you move house, move house themselves, and a prima facie duty of fidelity, such as taking your children on a promised trip to the park, and these could conflict.Nonetheless, there can never be a true ethical dilemma, <mask> would argue, because one of the prima facie duties in a given situation is always the weightiest, and over-rules all the others. This is thus the absolute obligation or absolute duty, the action that the person ought to perform. It is frequently argued, however, that <mask> should have used the term "pro tanto" rather than "prima facie". Shelly Kagan, for example, wrote:

Explaining the difference between pro tanto and prima facie, Kagan wrote: "A pro tanto reason has genuine weight, but nonetheless may be outweighed by other

masks: Ross Ross Ross Ross Ross


title: W. D. Ross

texts:
 considerations. Thus, calling a reason a pro tanto reason is to be distinguished from calling it a prima facie reason, which I take to involve an epistemological qualification: a prima facie reason appears to be a reason, but may actually not be a reason at all". Values and intuition
According to <mask>, self-evident intuition shows that there are four kinds of things that are intrinsically good: pleasure, knowledge, virtue and justice. "Virtue" refers to actions or dispositions to act from the appropriate motives, for example, from the desire to do one's duty."Justice", on the other hand, is about happiness in proportion to merit. As such, pleasure, knowledge and virtue all concern states of mind, in contrast to justice, which concerns a relation between two states of mind. These values come in degrees and are comparable with each other. <mask> holds that virtue has the highest value while pleasure has the lowest value. He goes so far as to suggest that "no amount of pleasure is equal to any amount of virtue, that in fact virtue belongs to a higher order of value". Values can also be compared within each category, for example, well-grounded knowledge of general principle is more valuable than weakly grounded knowledge of isolated matters of fact. According to <mask>'s intuitionism, we can know moral truths through intuition, for example, that it is wrong to lie or that knowledge is intrinsically good.Intuitions involve a direct apprehension that is not mediated by inferences or deductions: they are self-evident and therefore not in need of any additional proof. This ability is not inborn but has to be developed on the way to reaching mental maturity. But in its fully developed form, we can know moral truths just as well as we can know mathematical truths like the axioms of geometry or

masks: Ross Ross Ross


title: W. D. Ross

texts:
 arithmetic. This self-evident knowledge is limited to general principles: we can come to know the prima facie duties this way but not our absolute duty in a particular situation: what we should do all things considered. All we can do is consult perception to determine which prima facie duty has the highest normative weight in this particular case, even though this usually does not amount to knowledge proper due to the complexity involved in most specific cases. Criticism and influence
A frequent criticism of <mask>'s ethics is that it is unsystematic and often fails to provide clear-cut ethical answers. Another is that "moral intuitions" are not a reliable basis for ethics, because they are fallible, can vary widely from individual to individual, and are often rooted in our evolutionary past in ways that should make us suspicious of their capacity to track moral truth.Additionally there is no consideration of the consequence of the action undertaken, as with all deontological approaches. <mask>'s deontological pluralism was a true innovation and provided a plausible alternative to Kantian deontology. His ethical intuitionism found few followers among his contemporaries but has seen a revival by the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. Among the philosophers influenced by The Right and the Good are Philip Stratton-Lake, Robert Audi, Michael Huemer, and C.D. Broad. Selected works
 1908: Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by W. D<mask>.Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1923: Aristotle (At Internet Archive)
 1924: Aristotle's Metaphysics
 1927: 'The Basis of Objective Judgments in Ethics'. International Journal of Ethics, 37:113–127. 1930: The Right and the Good 1936: Aristotle's Physics 1939: Foundations of Ethics
 1949: Aristotle's Prior and Posterior Analytics 1951: Plato's Theory

masks:
Ross
Ross
. Ross


title: W. D. Ross

texts:
 of Ideas 1954: Kant's Ethical TheoryReferences

Further reading
 Cooley, Ken. Sir <mask>'s Pluralistic Theory of Duty (The Beginnings) (includes biographical details). Phillips, <mask>. Rossian Ethics: <mask>.<mask> and Contemporary Moral Theory. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. Stout, A. K. 1967. '<mask>, <mask>'. In P. Edwards (ed. ), The Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. New York: Macmillan: 216–217.Stratton-Lake, Philip. 2002. 'Introduction'. In <mask>, W. D. 1930. The Right and the Good''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Timmons, Mark.2003. 'Moral Writings and The Right and the Good'. Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews. External links

"<mask> <mask>" by <mask>. Simpson in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2012
<mask> <mask> a biography and online lectures at the Gifford Lectures website
L’ordine del bene, l’ordine del giusto e il soggetto pratico. Visione e opacità in etica tra Moore, <mask> e Murdoch di Riccardo Fanciullacci, essay from [ Diapsalmata]

1877 births
1971 deaths
People from Thurso
People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
British Army personnel of World War I
Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford
Honorary Fellows of Trinity College Dublin
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Scottish philosophers
Moral philosophers
Philosophers of ethics and morality
20th-century British philosophers
British scholars of ancient Greek philosophy
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford
Pro-Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford
Provosts of Oriel College, Oxford
White's Professors of Moral Philosophy
Presidents of the British Academy
Presidents of the Aristotelian Society
Greek–English translators
20th-century translators
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of Merton

masks:
David Ross
David
W D
Ross
Ross
William David
Ross
William David
Ross
David L
William David
Ross
Ross


title: Philip Metres

texts:
<mask> is an American writer (poet, translator, scholar, and essayist). His poetry books include Shrapnel Maps, Pictures at an Exhibition, and Sand Opera. He has published poems, essays, and reviews in literary journals and magazines including Poetry, American Poetry Review, New England Review, Tin House, Ploughshares, New American Writing, Massachusetts Review, and others. His work has been anthologized in Best American Poetry; The New American Poetry of Engagement; With Our Eyes Wide Open: Poems of the New American Century; A Face to Meet the Faces: An Anthology of Contemporary Persona Poetry (2011); I Go to the Ruined Place: Contemporary Poems in Defense of Global Human Rights (2009); and Inclined to Speak: Contemporary Arab American Poetry (2008). Honors
Metres' honors include a Guggenheim Fellowship, Lannan Literary Fellowship, two National Endowment for the Arts Fellowships, three Arab American Book Awards in poetry, the George W. Hunt, S.J., Prize, a Creative Workforce Fellowship, six Ohio Arts Council Individual Excellence Awards, the Beatrice Hawley Award, the Adrienne Rich Award for Poetry, the Anne Halley Prize for best poem by Massachusetts Review (2012), the Cleveland Arts Prize (Emerging Artist) (2010), Jury Prize for To See the Earth (Lit's Literary Showcase, 2008), Twin Cranes Peace Poem Prize; "For the Fifty Who Formed PEACE with Their Bodies," and a National Endowment of the Arts fellowship (2001). His first book, Behind the Lines, received the International PeaceWriting Award. During his Thomas J. Watson Fellowship (1992–93), he began to translate contemporary Russian poetry, and he has since published numerous translations of the poetry of Sergey Gandlevsky, Lev Rubinstein, and Arseny Tarkovsky.Life
After Metres


title: Philip Metres

texts:
 received a B.A. magna cum laude from Holy Cross College, he went on to earn an M.A. (English), M.F.A. (poetry) and Ph.D. (English) at Indiana University at Bloomington. He is currently a professor of English and Director of the Peace, Justice, and Human Rights program at John Carroll University. In 2019, <mask> was a faculty member at the 2019 Conference on Poetry at The Frost Place. Metres teaches issues related to nonviolent resistance and peacebuilding in the United States, Middle East, and Northern Ireland.Of Lebanese descent on his father's side, <mask> plays a role in the Arab-American literary scene. <mask> currently resides in Cleveland, Ohio with his wife, the award-winning writer Amy Breau, and their two daughters. His family of origin includes psychologists Kay Dannemann <mask> (mother) and <mask> Jr. (father), entrepreneur <mask> (sister), and attorney <mask> (brother). Published works

Full-Length Poetry Collections (Original Poems and Translations)
Shrapnel Maps. Copper Canyon Press, 2020. Pictures at an Exhibition. Akron Poetry Series, 2016. ,
 Sand Opera.Alice James Books, 2015. ,
 I Burned at the Feast: Selected Poems of Arseny Tarkovsky. Cleveland State University Poetry Center, 2015. ,
 Compleat Catalogue of Comedic Novelties: Poems by Lev Rubinstein. Translation by <mask> and Tatiana Tulchinsky. Ugly Duckling Press, 2014. To See the Earth. Cleveland State University Poetry Center, 2008. ,
 Catalogue of Comedic Novelties: Selected Poems of Lev Rubinstein. Translation by <mask> and Tatiana Tulchinsky.New York: Ugly Duckling Presse, 2004. ,
 A Kindred Orphanhood: Selected Poems of Sergey Gandlevsky. Translation by <mask>. Boston, MA: Zephyr Press, 2003. ,

Criticism
The Sound of Listening: Poetry as Refuge and

masks:
Metres
Metres
Metres
Metres
Phil Metres
Katherine Metres
David Metres
Philip Metres
Philip Metres
Philip Metres


title: Philip Metres

texts:
 Resistance. Essays on Poetry. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. 2018. "Beyond Grief and Grievance: The poetry of 9/11 and its aftermath."Poetry Foundation website. "Poems for Peace." Poetry Foundation website. "By Ambush and Stratagem: Poems of War and Peace in the Age of Pure War." Oxford Handbook of Modern and Contemporary Poetry. Ed. Cary Nelson.New York: Oxford UP, 2011. "From Reznikoff to Public Enemy." Poetry Foundation website. Behind the Lines: War Resistance Poetry on the American Homefront Since 1941. Poetry Criticism and Social History. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2007. ,

Poetry Chapbooks
Returning to Jaffa. Doha, Qatar: Diode Editions, 2019.A Concordance of Leaves. Doha, Qatar: Diode Editions, 2013. ,  Winner of 2014 Arab American Book Award. abu ghraib arias. Denver, CO:  Flying Guillotine Press, 2011. ,  Winner of 2012 Arab American Book Award. Thirty-Five New Pages. Translation. Lev Rubinstein.New York:  Ugly Duckling Presse, 2011. Ode to Oil. Cleveland Heights, OH: Kattywompus Press, 2011. ,
 Instants. New York: Ugly Duckling Presse, 2006
 Primer for Non-Native Speakers. Kent, OH:  Wick Poetry Series, 2004. Anthologies Edited
 Come Together: Imagine Peace: An Anthology of Peace Poems. Introduction by <mask>.Ed. <mask>, Ann Smith, and Larry Smith. Huron, OH: Bottom Dog Press, 2008. ,

In Anthology
 Ghost Fishing: An Eco-Justice Poetry Anthology. Ed. Melissa Tuckey. University of Georgia Press, 2008. ,

Honors and awards
 Guggenheim Fellowship, Poetry, 2020
 Arab American Book Award, Non-Fiction, 2019
 Adrienne Rich Award for Poetry, 2019
 Ohio Arts Council Individual Excellence Award, Poetry, 2016
 Lyric Poetry Award, Poetry Society of America, 2016
 Lannan Literary Fellowship, 2015. George W.

masks:
Philip Metres
Philip Metres


title: Philip Metres

texts:
 Hunt, S.J., Prize, 2015
 PEN/Heim Translation Fund Grant, 2014
 Creative Workforce Fellowship, 2014
 Ohio Arts Council Individual Excellence Award, Poetry, 2014
 National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship, 2013
 Ohio Arts Council Individual Excellence Award, Poetry, 2012
 Ohio Arts Council Individual Excellence Award, Criticism, 2012
 Massachusetts Review Anne Halley Prize for Best Poem, 2012
 Cleveland Arts Prize, Emerging Artist Award, 2010
 Ohio Arts Council Individual Excellence Award Grant, Criticism, 2009
 To See the Earth, Jury Prize for the Lit's Literary Showcase, September 2008
 "For the Fifty Who Formed PEACE With Their Bodies," First Place, Twin Cranes Peace Poem contest, 2004
 "The Doors of Vereshchagin," First Place, New Words/Akron Art Museum contest, 2004
 Ohio Arts Council Individual Excellence Award, Poetry, 2004
 Behind the Lines, International PeaceWriting Award 2002
 "Ashberries," The Best American Poetry, 2002
 National Endowment of the Arts Individual Artist Fellowship, 2001
 Ross Lockridge Jr. Award for Creative Writing, Indiana University, 2001
 Guy Lemmon Prize for Professional Writing, Indiana University, 2000
 QALAM (Arab-American Literature) Contest, First Prize, Poetry, 1999
 Thomas J. Watson Fellowship, 1992-3

References

External links
 <mask> Metres' personal website.<mask>' "Behind the Lines" blog
 <mask>' faculty page at John Carroll University

1970 births
American activists
American male poets
American poets
American writers of Lebanese descent
Indiana University Bloomington alumni
John Carroll University faculty
Living people
Writers from Illinois
Writers from Ohio
21st-century American poets
21st-century American translators
21st-century American male writers
Holy Cross College (Indiana)

masks:
Philip
Philip Metres
Philip Metres


title: William Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton

texts:
<mask>, 1st Marquess of Northampton, 1st Earl of Essex, 1st Baron Parr  (14 August 151328 October 1571), was the only brother of Queen Catherine Parr, the sixth and final wife of King Henry VIII. He was a "sincere, plain, direct man, not crafty nor involved", whose "delight was music and poetry and his exercise war" who co-authored a treatise on hare coursing. He was in favour with the first two successive Protestant Tudor monarchs, Henry VIII and his son Edward VI, under whom he was the leader of the Protestant party, but having supported the desire of the latter to be succeeded by the Protestant Lady Jane Grey, was attainted by the Catholic Queen Mary (Edward VI's half-sister and successor), but was restored by her half-sister and Protestant successor Queen Elizabeth I. He married thrice but died without issue. Origins
He was the only son and heir of the courtier Sir Thomas Parr (d.1517) of Parr in the parish of Prescot, Lancashire and of Kendal in Westmorland, by his wife Maud Green (d.1531) a daughter and co-heiress of Sir Thomas Green of Broughton and Greens Norton in Northamptonshire. His younger sister was Anne Parr (1515-1552) wife of <mask>, 1st Earl of Pembroke (c.1501-1570). Career
His father died in 1517 when <mask> was aged 4 and he became a ward of King Henry VIII, from whom his mother re-purchased his marriage, at great expense.Parr took part in suppressing the rising in the North of England in 1537, when he attracted the favourable notice of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk (uncle of both Queen Anne Boleyn and Queen Catherine Howard), encouraging his uncle

masks:
William Parr
William Herbert
William


texts: Sir <mask> (c.1483-1547) of Horton, Northamptonshire, to obtain a place for him as a courtier in the king's privy chamber. After serving as a Member of Parliament for Northamptonshire he was created Baron Parr ("of Kendal") in 1539. In December 1543, just after his sister had married the king, he was created Earl of Essex, a title held by his late father-in-law Henry Bourchier, 2nd Earl of Essex, who had died without male issue in March 1540. He was King Edward VI's "beloved uncle" (in fact step-uncle, being the brother of that king's step-mother) and one of the most important men at Edward's court, and the leader of the Protestant party, especially during the time of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland's time as leader of the government. Parr served as Lord Lieutenant in 1549 of five of the eastern counties (Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, Bedfordshire, Northamptonshire and Norfolk), of Surrey in 1551, of Berkshire and Oxfordshire in 1552 and of Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire in 1553. He served as Lord Great Chamberlain from 1550 to 1553, in which role in 1551 he welcomed Mary of Guise, Regent of Scotland, to Hampton Court Palace on behalf of the King. Parr, and especially his wife, were leaders in the attempt to put the Protestant Lady Jane Grey (daughter-in-law of Northumberland) on the throne after Edward's death (as that king had desired) in place of the other contender his half-sister the Roman Catholic Queen Mary.However his attempt failed and after the accession of Mary I in 1553 he was convicted of high treason, was attainted and sentenced to death on 18


texts:
 (d.1635), First Lady of the Privy Chamber to Queen Elizabeth I, who had come to England from Sweden in 1565 in the train of Cecilia, Margravine of Baden. In 1580 she remarried to Sir Thomas Gorges (1536-1610) of Longford Castle in Wiltshire,  by whom she had issue, and was buried with her husband in Salisbury Cathedral, Wiltshire, where survives their impressive monument with recumbent effigies.Death & burial

He died on 28 October 1571 at Warwick Priory, without issue, when his only surviving title of Marquess of
Northampton became extinct. He was buried in the chancel of the Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick. Queen Elizabeth I paid for his funeral and burial. His surviving ledger stone is inscribed: <mask>, Marquis of Northampton; Died in Warwick 28 October 1571. [Buried] with the ceremonial due [of a] Knight of the Garter to the Order of Queen Elizabeth who bore the expense of the funeral, 2 December 1571. Ancestry

See also
Attainder of Duke of Northumberland and others Act 1553

References

External links

1513 births
1571 deaths
16th-century English nobility
Marquesses in the Peerage of England
Peers of England created by Henry VIII
Lord Great Chamberlains
Knights of the Garter
Lord-Lieutenants of Bedfordshire
Lord-Lieutenants of Buckinghamshire
Lord-Lieutenants of Cambridgeshire
Lord-Lieutenants of Huntingdonshire
Lord-Lieutenants of Northamptonshire
Lord-Lieutenants of Norfolk
Lord-Lieutenants of Surrey
Lord-Lieutenants of Berkshire
Lord-Lieutenants of Oxfordshire
Lord-Lieutenants of Hertfordshire
Marquesses of Northampton
<mask> of Henry VIII
Household of

masks:
William Parr
William Court


title: Benjamin O. Jimerson-Phillips

texts:
<mask>. Jimerson-Phillips is an American movie producer, director, songwriter, and screenwriter. He was also known as <mask>. Jimerson. He was owner of Jimerson & Associates founded in 1995. He is an established screenwriter, and has authored five published books. He is also a notable pro-life activist and humanitarian. Biography

Jimerson-Philips is the son of Jessie Jimerson-Phillips He attended Sabarbaro Elementary School (now known as Arthur Ash School), in Chicago. Raised by his mother Jessie, he was exposed early on to the Christian church and strong religious values.Her work as an avid Christian missionary, author, songwriter and humanitarian inspired him, eventually leading him to contribute and publish a gospel activity book, written and illustrated by his mother "Agape Coloring Activity Book of Prayers Puzzle Games ". Church of God in Christ. Jimerson-Philips' siblings include sister published author and artist Annette Princess Jimerson, r Memphis. Stephen Wigley Jr. His nieces Jessica M. Jimerson, Tiffany Jimerson and Angela Jimerson, his daughters Tianna Jewel Gilliam, and ZaRiyah Princess Marii Phillips. He authored five published books including Prodigal Son Child of The King, Player's School' (Book of Games), and A Day in the Life.... He authored convention books for Bishop George D. McKinney of COGIC Southern California Second Jurisdiction, whom he claimed as his surrogate father figure in Prodigal Son, Child of The King publication. He played a supporting role in the career successes of actors David Ramsey, Jazsmin Lewis, Sam Saletta and

masks:
Benjamin O
Benjamin O


title: Benjamin O. Jimerson-Phillips

texts: Niki Saletta.In the entertainment field he took the stage name Captain Fantastic. Shortly after he began recording and producing a record alongside Charles Allen titled "Undercover Lover" that became an independent release on Right Note Records, under the name Captain Fantastic & Star Fleet, recently re released in 2020 by Light in The Attic Records. The record was about a secret love affair between a man and woman. The release featured Charles Allen, Lloyd Smith, Mark Bynum (members of The Bar-Kays) as well as bandmates Gerald Pride, Nazeeh Islam and Ralph LaVeaux. Jimerson-Philips & Allen produced other independently released records, including the 1988 release "Playmate" by Kimmi Kim, and the 1989 release of "Undercover Lover" on the I'm Out for Love album by Revea. Early on in Jimerson-Philips career, he dabbled in the music industry acting as a casting agent for music videos, including "I Just Wanna Love U (Give It 2 Me)", "Izzo" and "Girls, Girls, Girls by Jay-Z, In "Disco Inferno", "Candy Shop" by 50 Cent, "More Than A Woman" by Aaliyah, "Thong Song" by Sisqo, Snake", "Fiesta" and "If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time" by R. Kelly. He worked with Missy Elliott, Gwen Stefani, Black Eyed Peas, and Jennifer Lopez, providing talent in many other videos.He appeared briefly in R. Kelly's "If I Could Turn Back The Hand of Time" music video due to the absence of a male talent. <mask>. Jimerson-Philips received multiple Gold and Platinum Record Awards including projects with Brandy, Ginuwine, Paula Abdul, Expose', Vanessa Williams and R. Kelly.