title: Tom Regan

texts: if they were the only things to exist in the world. Regarding rules of conduct: a truly scientific ethic can at most establish that "a very few rules" (Principia, xxii, italics in the original) ought always to be followed.Not even all the rules commended by Common Sense qualify: only "most of those most universally recognized by Common Sense" are possible candidates, and even in their case Moore maintains only that the requisite type of justification "may be possible" (p. xxii, italics in the original). That being so, almost all our decisions will need to be made without relying on any rule: in almost all cases, Moore writes, "rules of action should not be followed at all" (Ibid., p. xiii). In all cases of this sort, individuals should guide their choice "by a direct consideration of the effects which the action may produce" (p. XX), doing what one thinks will promote one' s own interests, as these are enlarged by the lives of others in whom one has "a strong personal interest" (Ibid., XX) instead of attempting to satisfy the demands of "a more extended beneficence," as in "the greatest good for the greatest number." And of the goods to be aimed at, the more immediate are generally to be preferred to the more distant. In short, in virtually all our activities in our day-to-day life we are at liberty to live and choose without troubling ourselves about whether we are doing what duty, in the form of the rules of morality, requires. Regarding virtues: a truly scientific ethic should promote the private virtues of prudence, temperance, and industry (the only virtues Moore discusses in Principia), not the (so-called) virtues of beneficence, charity, civic-mindedness, social justice, patriotism, piety, reverence, or altruism. Such an ethic should promote the virtues of the creative self, not the virtues of the conscientious citizen.On this basis <mask> argues that Moore genuinely is "Bloomsbury' s prophet,"


title: Tom Regan

type: original

texts:
 advocating, as he does, the values, the rules of conduct, and the virtues that are synonymous with the name, "Bloomsbury." As <mask> notes, "theirs was an anarchy of the bedroom, not the streets." Writing in the Library Journal, Leon H. Brody assessed the work as follows. "<mask>'s thesis is that an adequate understanding of Moore's ethical philosophy can be achieved only when seen against the backdrop of Bloomsbury--the avant-garde group of free spirits (among whom were Lytton Strachey, Virginia Woolf, and John Maynard Keynes) who met weekly in London between 1905 and 1920. When seen in that light, <mask> argues, Moore's thought as expressed in Principia Ethica is a "radical defense of the freedom of the individual to choose," rather than a defense of conformity to the status quo, as is usually assumed. Written with the verve appropriate to its subject, and yet philosophically scrupulous, this book deserves a place in philosophy and cultural history collections in both public and academic libraries." Personal life
<mask> and his wife Nancy had two children, Bryan and Karen.<mask> died of pneumonia at his home in North Carolina on February 17, 2017. Selected works

Books

Understanding Philosophy. Encino, California: Dickenson Publishing Co. 1975. . Animal Rights and Human Obligations; with Peter Singer. Englewood Cliffs: New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 1976. All That Dwell Therein: Essays on Animal Rights and Environmental Ethics.Berkeley: University of California Press. 1982. . The Case for Animal Rights. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1983. . Animal Sacrifices: Religious Perspectives on the Use of Animals in Science. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.1986. .
Bloomsbury's Prophet: G. E. Moore and the Development of His Moral Philosophy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 1986. .
G. E. Moore: The Early Essays; edited by <mask>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 1986. . The Struggle

masks:
Regan
Regan
Regan
Regan
Regan
Tom Regan


title: Tom Regan

texts:
 for Animal Rights. Clarks Summit, Pennsylvania: International Society for Animal Rights.1987. . The Thee Generation: Reflections on the Coming Revolution. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 1991. .
G.E. Moore: The Elements of Ethics; edited and with an introduction by <mask>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 1991. .Defending Animal Rights. Illinois: University of Illinois Press. 2000. . The Animal Rights Debate; with Carl Cohen. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 2001. . Animal Rights, Human Wrongs: An Introduction to Moral Philosophy.Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 2003. . Empty Cages: Facing the Challenge of Animal Rights. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 2004. .
Other Nations: Animals in Modern Literature; with Andrew Linzey. Waco, Texas: Baylor University Press. 2010. .
Maud's Place and Other Southern Stories.Morrisville, North Carolina: Lulu Press Inc. 2014. .
A Better Life and Other Pittsburgh Stories. Morrisville, North Carolina: Lulu Press Inc. 2014. . Films

We Are All Noah (1986)
Voices I Have Heard (1988)

Papers

See also
Animal liberationist
Animal liberation movement
Argument from marginal cases
Gary Francione
Intrinsic value (animal ethics)
List of American philosophers
 List of animal rights advocates
Peter Singer

Notes

External links

Culture & Animals Foundation
<mask> Animal Rights Archive
Guide to the <mask> Papers
Guide to the <mask> Animal Rights Honorary Collection 2016
Tribute to <mask>, by Rainer Ebert
Animals 24-7 obituary for <mask>: "Evolved from butcher to leading advocate of vegan philosophy"

1938 births
2017 deaths
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American philosophers
American activists
American animal rights scholars
Deaths from pneumonia in North Carolina
Moral philosophers
North Carolina State University faculty
People associated with the Oxford Group (animal rights)
Veganism activists
Writers from

masks:
Tom Regan
Tom Regan
Tom Regan
Tom Regan
Tom Regan
Tom Regan


title: Salvatore Giunta

texts:
<mask> (; born January 21, 1985) is a former United States Army soldier and the first living person since the Vietnam War to receive the United States Armed Forces' highest decoration for valor, the Medal of Honor. <mask> was cited for saving the lives of members of his squad on October 25, 2007, during the War in Afghanistan. He left the United States Army in June 2011. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Clinton, Iowa, on January 21, 1985, to an Italian American family. <mask> grew up in Cedar Rapids and Hiawatha. His parents, Steven, a medical equipment technician, and Rosemary, a preschool teacher, live in Hiawatha. He has two younger siblings, Mario and Katie.<mask> attended John F. Kennedy High School in Cedar Rapids. At age 17, while working in a Subway, he decided to enlist and joined the United States Army in November 2003. He was the first in his immediate family to serve in the armed forces since his grandparents emigrated from Italy. Military career
<mask> attended basic training and infantry school at Fort Benning, Georgia. He was deployed to Afghanistan from March 2005 until March 2006 and again from May 2007 until July 2008. He was promoted to staff sergeant in August 2009. <mask> was last stationed at Caserma Ederle, the 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team's base near Vicenza, Italy.He served in the 2nd Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment, 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team, and worked in a support role for members of his unit then deployed in Afghanistan. In 2007, <mask> was stationed at Firebase Vegas in the Korengal Valley—an area about  near the

masks:
Salvatore Augustine Giunta
Giunta
Giunta
Giunta
Giunta
Giunta
Giunta
Giunta


title: Salvatore Giunta

texts:
 Afghanistan–Pakistan border—which the soldiers had nicknamed the Valley of Death. In late October, his company launched a six-day mission known as Operation Rock Avalanche. On October 23, Taliban fighters killed Staff Sergeant Larry Rougle and wounded two other infantrymen when Rougle's position on "Honcho Hill" was overrun. On October 25, company commander Captain Dan Kearney sent 2nd and 3rd Platoon back to meet with the local village elders and to recover from them the U.S. equipment that the Taliban had captured when Rougle was killed. 1st Platoon was tasked with providing protective cover and interdicting enemy forces from a nearby ridge. Medal of Honor action
Shortly after nightfall on October 25, 2007, rifle team leader <mask> and the rest of the seven troops of 1st Platoon had just finished a day-long overwatch of 2nd and 3rd Platoon in the valley below.Although dark, there was sufficient moonlight that night vision equipment was not needed. They were returning to Combat Outpost Vimoto and Korengal Outpost. They walked about  apart through the thin holly forest, along the Gatigal Spur of Honcho Hill at about  elevation. Within  of leaving their position, 10 to 15 insurgents ambushed the main body of the squad from cover and concealment only about  away, so near that the Apaches overhead could not provide close air support. The ambushing force was armed with AK-47 assault rifles, 10 rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) launchers, and 4 belt-fed PKM machine guns. They fired an unusually high proportion of tracer rounds. Giunta described it later:

Sergeant Joshua Brennan,


title: Salvatore Giunta

texts: leader of Alpha Team and one of Giunta's best friends, was walking point.He was followed by SPC Frank Eckrode, squad leader Erick Gallardo, and then <mask>, who was then a specialist. PFC Kaleb Casey and Garrett Clary followed Giunta. A 13-man Headquarters (HQ) unit led by Lt. Brad Winn, including a five-man gun team from weapons squad, along with a nurse who volunteered for the mission, followed immediately behind them. When the Taliban opened fire, Brennan was struck by eight rounds and Eckrode was hit by four rounds. Gallardo attempted to sprint forward, but RPGs exploding among the thin trees and -high bushes around him along with machine gun and small arms fire stopped him. Unable to advance, he fell back to join  <mask>'s Bravo Team. While backpedaling and firing at the same time, he fell and was in the same moment struck in the helmet by an AK-47 round.The round penetrated his helmet but only grazed his scalp. An RPG round struck very near <mask>, who was returning fire and directing Bravo Team from a small defilade. <mask> was puzzled that the lip of the small depression he lay in was not protecting him from rounds cracking by his head, that they appeared to be coming from the north as well as the west. Giunta saw Gallardo take the bullet to his head and fall. Assuming Gallardo had been shot, <mask> rose and ran through the intense wall of fire to his side. As he helped the uninjured sergeant find cover, the ceramic plate in the front of <mask>'s protective vest was struck by a bullet. Another round struck the SMAW-D weapon slung over his back.Giunta recognized that

masks: Giunta Giunta Giunta Giunta Giunta Giunta


title: Salvatore Giunta

texts: the extremely heavy tracer fire was coming not just from his west but from the north as well, a classic L-shaped ambush that threatened to flank the squad. He recalled from basic training that to survive an ambush like this he had only one choice: advance on the enemy. He ordered Casey and Clary to pull back a few steps to prevent the Taliban from flanking them. Casey was firing his M249 Squad Automatic Weapon cyclic and Clary was firing his M203 grenade launcher as well. The platoon leader in the HQ unit, Lieutenant Brad Winn, radioed Captain Kearney to advise him that their unit had five wounded men. The squad's medic, Specialist Hugo Mendoza, was among them. He had been shot through the femoral artery at the beginning of the ambush and died.Kearney ordered Second Platoon to assist Winn's platoon, but Second Platoon was in the valley below, some distance away, and had to first cross a river to reach them. <mask> and Gallardo gathered Casey and Clary. They were pinned down by the concentrated small arms and cyclic machine gun fire from a number of Taliban positions at close range. Less than 15 seconds into the ambush, <mask> and the others disrupted the attack by throwing volleys of fragmentation grenades towards the Taliban about  to their west and attacked north. Firing PFC Casey's M249, Clary's M203, and their other weapons, they advanced until they reached Eckrode. Shot twice in one leg and with two other wounds, Eckrode was attempting to unjam his M249 SAW. Gallardo, who later received a Silver Star for his actions, dressed Eckrode's wounds and called for

masks: Giunta Giunta


title: Salvatore Giunta

texts: medevac.<mask>, seeing that Eckrode was tended to, advanced with PFC Clary through the intense enemy gunfire, looking for Brennan. When they could not locate him where they expected to find him, Giunta ran further forward through the effective small arms fire and over the exposed, open crest of the ridge. Giunta saw three individuals and then recognized that two of them were Afghans dragging Sgt. Brennan, one by the legs and one by his arms. Giunta pursued them, firing his M4 carbine as he ran, killing one (later identified as Mohammad Tali, considered a high-value target) and wounding the other. The second Afghan dropped Brennan and fled. An AC-130 gunship shortly afterward spotted someone carrying Brennan's rucksack and killed him.<mask> said, "I ran through fire to see what was going on with [Brennan] and maybe we could hide behind the same rock and shoot together ... He was still conscious. He was breathing. He was asking for morphine. I said, 'You'll get out and tell your hero stories,' and he was like, 'I will, I will.'" After reaching Brennan, Giunta pulled him back towards the rest of the squad and cover, comforted him, and examined him for wounds in the dark. Brennan was grievously hurt.The 2nd and 3rd Platoons arrived to reinforce 1st Platoon and render aid. <mask> continued to assist the medic and adjust security while they waited for evacuation. The ambush had lasted three minutes. Later the next day, Brennan died while in surgery. Gallardo told <mask> later on, "You don't understand ... but what you did was pretty crazy. We were outnumbered. You stopped the

masks: Giunta Giunta Giunta Giunta


title: Salvatore Giunta

texts:
 fight.You stopped them from taking a soldier." Eckrode said of Giunta, "For all intents and purposes, with the amount of fire that was going on in the conflict at the time, he shouldn't be alive." Medal of Honor award

<mask> learned two days later from Kearney that the latter was going to recommend him for the Medal of Honor. He was uncomfortable about being singled out and labeled a hero. "If I'm a hero, every man that stands around me, every woman in the military, everyone who goes into the unknown is a hero," he says. "So if you think that's a hero—as long as you include everyone with me." <mask> insists that his actions were those of any man in his unit."In this job, I am only mediocre. I'm average." "I did what I did because in the scheme of painting the picture of that ambush, that was just my brush stroke. That's not above and beyond. I didn't take the biggest brush stroke, and it wasn't the most important brush stroke. Wearing the Medal of Honor is like a slap in the face." On September 10, 2010, the White House announced that Giunta would be awarded the United States' highest military decoration, the first awarded to a living recipient since the Vietnam War.He received the medal from President Barack Obama during a ceremony at the White House on November 16, 2010. All of his surviving squad members also attended the ceremony. On July 5, 2017, during a dedication ceremony for the Medal of Honor Walkway, located outside of the 173rd Airborne Brigade Headquarters building in Vicenza, Italy, <mask> chose to give his Medal of Honor to the brigade. He stated "I want

masks:
Giunta
Giunta
Salvatore Giunta


title: Salvatore Giunta

texts:
 this to stay here in Vicenza, Italy with the 173rd to the men and women that earn this every single day through their selflessness and sacrifice." Addressing the attention he has received due to the medal, he stated:

<mask> is the fourth Medal of Honor recipient from the War in Afghanistan, after U.S. Navy Lieutenant Michael P. Murphy, U.S. Army Sergeant First Class Jared C. Monti, and U.S. Army Staff Sergeant Robert James Miller, the others being posthumously awarded the medal. All four were decorated for actions in eastern Afghanistan's small but highly-lethal Kunar Province. Personal life

<mask> chose not to re-enlist and left the army in June 2011.<mask> and his wife moved to Colorado where he studied at Colorado State University. <mask> has also written an autobiography titled Living with Honor, published by Simon & Schuster. <mask> and Jennifer Lynn Mueller, a native of Dubuque, were married in October 2009 after dating for several years. The couple are parents of a daughter born on October 6, 2011. On December 31, 2010, <mask> was invited by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg to attend the New Year's Eve celebrations in Times Square. There, he pressed a button upon the start of a sixty-second countdown to initiate the ball drop. On February 6, 2011, <mask> was honored on the field and via international television broadcast at the beginning of the second half of Super Bowl XLV, which the Green Bay Packers eventually won over the Pittsburgh Steelers.As of June 2014, Giunta lives in Fort Collins, Colorado. Awards and decorations
Giunta's military decorations

masks: Giunta Giunta Giunta Giunta Giunta Giunta Giunta


title: Salvatore Giunta

texts:
 include:

Medals and ribbons

Medal of Honor citation

His publications

See also

List of post-Vietnam War Medal of Honor recipients

References

External links

United States Army website for SSG Giunta and the MOH action. General Orders No. 2012–20 Award of the Medal of Honor to Specialist <mask><mask>
The <mask> Story Giunta interviewed by the directors of Restrepo. Interview at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library. 1985 births
Living people
United States Army soldiers
United States Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
American shooting survivors
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People from Hiawatha, Iowa
American people of Italian descent
People from Clinton, Iowa
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) recipients of the Medal of Honor
People from Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Military personnel from

masks:
Salvatore A
. Giunta
Sal Giunta


title: Arthur Marshall (broadcaster)

texts:
<mask>, MBE (10 May 1910 – 27 January 1989) was a British writer, raconteur and broadcaster, born in Barnes, London in the UK. He was best known as a team captain on the BBC's Call My Bluff. Early life
<mask> was the son of <mask>, an electrical engineer from Colchester and Dorothy, née Lee, from Manchester. He was enrolled at the kindergarten section of the Froebel Institute in Hammersmith in 1916, for two years, and then went to Ranelagh House, a co-educational school overlooking Barnes Common. In the summer of 1920 his father moved the family to Newbury in Berkshire and <mask> was sent away to a preparatory boarding school, Stirling Court, on the Hampshire coast where his brother was already a pupil. He described it later as a 'traumatic experience'. He was educated at Oundle School from 1924 to 1928, and Christ's College, Cambridge from 1928 to 1931, where he studied modern languages, became President of the Cambridge University Amateur Dramatic Club, and wanted to be an actor.His obsession with the theatre had begun at the age of four when he had been taken to see Peter Pan, played by Madge Titheradge, at the Kings Theatre, Hammersmith. At Cambridge <mask> appeared as Elizabeth in Somerset Maugham's The Circle in 1929 and his performance was praised by George Rylands. The last play in which he appeared for the ADC was directed by Rylands, a production of George Bernard Shaw's Captain Brassbound's Conversion, starring Michael Redgrave in the title role and who was, according to Noel Annan, 'acted off the stage by <mask> as Lady Cicely'. Early career
As <mask> could not find enough acting work, or convince his parents that they should support his desire to pursue a career in the theatre, in 1931 he became a teacher of modern languages, again at Oundle School. His first work in entertainment was writing scripts for three-minute radio sketches.

masks:
Arthur Marshall
Charles Arthur Bertram Marshall
Charles Marshall
Arthur
Marshall
Arthur Marshall
Marshall


title: Arthur Marshall (broadcaster)

texts:
 In 1934 a BBC producer asked him to appear on Charlot's Hour, a late-night revue on the Home Service. He signed a contract in 1935 with Columbia and made five gramophone records featuring sketches involving headmistresses and schoolgirls – he was an avid reader of books for girls from childhood and had been performing skits from the early thirties for his friends.He began reviewing for the New Statesman in 1935 too at the invitation of the literary editor Raymond Mortimer who admired his skits. He was asked to contribute an article each Christmas on the best books for girls published during the year – Angela Brazil was nearing the end of her career but Winifred Darch, May Wynne and Dorita Fairlie Bruce were still very productive. World War II interrupted this reviewing of books for girls. World War II
During World War II <mask>'s knowledge of French and German led to his being enrolled in the British Intelligence Corps, and he was soon sent as part of the British Expeditionary Force to northern France. After the rapid German advance he became a part of the Dunkirk evacuation. He wrote in his autobiography, "Absence of food, coupled with exhaustion, made the nights seem unusually cold and there is little of comfort, save protection of a sort, to be found in a sand dune. One's childhood love of sand and beaches disappeared in a trice."Back in England he spent three months with a security section on the Cumbrian coast before being sent to Lisburn in Northern Ireland. In April 1942 he was transferred to the London headquarters of Combined Operations in Richmond Terrace, off Whitehall. He was appointed a security officer and by the end of 1943 was transferred to the headquarters of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force in Bushy Park, Twickenham. In 1945 <mask> was in Flensburg and lodged on Adolf Hitler's yacht at the time that Alfred Jodl

masks: Marshall Marshall


title: Arthur Marshall (broadcaster)

texts:
 and Wilhelm Keitel were being interrogated. At the end of the war, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, and an MBE, he returned to Oundle School as a Housemaster. Later career
During and immediately after World War II, <mask> had some success on radio and the stage. His wartime radio programme A Date with Nurse Dugdale was popular, and he wrote numerous revue sketches for performers such as Hermione Gingold.He appeared on radio and TV occasionally and published books of humorous pieces among other writings. The most widely known of these were his skits on the life and antics of girls at private schools. From a relatively early age he had been an ardent admirer of the girls' school stories of Angela Brazil. He found them hilarious, although he noted "Miss Brazil had, of course, no comic intention when she started, in 1906, to write her books." In 1954 he left Oundle and, after being private secretary to Victor, Lord Rothschild, worked for the London theatrical firm H. M. Tennent. In the 1950s, he began work in the theatre in London as a scriptwriter and also began having his humorous books published. He adapted the novel Every Third Thought by American writer Dorothea Malm into the play Season of Goodwill.This starred Sybil Thorndike and Gwen Ffrangcon-Davies, but was not a success. He also wrote the British version of the French play Fleur de Cactus which had been adapted for the American stage by Abe Burrows as Cactus Flower. This starred Margaret Leighton and Tony Britton and was a hit on the West End stage, until Leighton left to go to Broadway. As he became better known he appeared on radio and television (although his first radio broadcast had been in 1934), and then in 1979 began his time as a regular team captain on Call My Bluff, which continued until shortly before his death. <mask> took over from Patrick Campbell. They had been


title: Arthur Marshall (broadcaster)

texts:
 friends for many years, ever since they both used to write, from around 1948 onwards, for Lilliput. <mask> was also a newspaper and magazine columnist, writing for The Sunday Telegraph in the 1970s and 1980s.His association with the New Statesman ended in 1981 when he was sacked from its "First Person" column by editor Bruce Page, allegedly for being overtly sympathetic to Margaret Thatcher. He had been writing the column since January 1976, when then-editor Anthony Howard asked him to replace Auberon Waugh, who had gone to The Spectator. During that time <mask> also compiled several collections of the best entries from the weekly New Statesman literary competition, embracing parodies and pastiches. Having retired to Devon in 1970, he lived in Christow for the last fifteen years of his life, where he shared a cottage with Peter Kelland, a former schoolmaster. Their home, Pound Cottage, was the 'Myrtlebank' from which he sent dispatches to the New Statesman and Sunday Telegraph. He suffered a minor heart attack in 1988; he began writing the second part of his autobiography, but died shortly after a more serious illness. Personal life
In his autobiography, Life's Rich Pageant, <mask> was quoted as saying, "I cannot help being happy.I've struggled against it but to no good. Apart from an odd five minutes here and there, I have been happy all my life. There is, I am well aware, no virtue whatsoever in this. It results from a combination of heredity, health, good fortune and shallow intellect." <mask>ine; Whimpering in the Rhododendrons; and Giggling in the Shrubbery.References

Bibliography

1910 births
1989 deaths
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
British columnists
British radio people
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Oundle School
New Statesman people
British Army personnel of World War II
Intelligence Corps

masks: Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshallup


title: Mike Bronzoulis

texts:
<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (born January 5, 1979) is an American mixed martial artist who most recently competed in the Lightweight division of Bellator. A professional competitor since 2007, Bronzoulis has competed for Strikeforce, Legacy FC, Titan FC, Shark Fights, and was a finalist on Spike TV's Bellator: Fight Master reality show. Background
Bronzolis began practicing martial arts when he was around seven years old, when his father, a martial artist himself, brought the young Bronzoulis to a karate school. From the beginning, Bronzoulis had found his passion, eventually learning Tae Kwon Do, Tang Shu Do, Shotokan, Shotoru, American Freestyle, and kickboxing. When he turned 16, Bronzoulis spent most of his time at the Fairtex Thai kickboxing camp and also watched Jean-Claude Van Damme movies. Bronzoulis is a lifetime registered sex offender, having been convicted of aggravated sexual assault of a 14 year-old girl in 1997. Mixed martial arts career
Bronzoulis made his professional debut in 2007.On April 25, 2009 he fought UFC veteran Kamal Shalorus to a majority draw. Shark Fights
Bronzoulis made his Shark Fights debut in 2010 at Shark Fights 12 where he defeated Anselmo Martinez via disqualification. His next fight under the organization was at Shark Fights 14: Horwich vs. Villefort against Lucas Lopes where he won via unanimous decision. Legacy Fighting Championship
On March 20, 2010, Bronzoulis was defeated by Levi

masks: Mikel Mike Bronzoulis


title: Anne Stanley, Countess of Castlehaven

texts:
<mask> (May 1580 – c. 8 October 1647) was an English noblewoman. She was the eldest daughter of the Earl of Derby and, through her two marriages, became Baroness Chandos and later Countess of Castlehaven. She was a distant relative of Elizabeth I of England and for some time was seen as a possible heiress to the English throne. In 1630, her second husband, the Earl of Castlehaven, was arrested and charged with being an accomplice to her rape by a servant. He was also accused of sodomy, found guilty and sentenced to death. <mask>'s testimony against her husband was crucial in ensuring his conviction and set the precedent that a wife could give evidence against her husband. After the trial, she lived a very secluded life; her reputation had been severely damaged by the scandal.Possible heiress to the throne

<mask> was the daughter of Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby (1559–1594), and Alice Spencer (1556–1637). The Earls of Derby were among the most influential and prominent noble families in England. Ferdinando Stanley was a great-grandson of Mary Tudor, the younger sister of King Henry VIII. Henry VIII had stipulated in his will that in the line of succession Mary's descendants would follow immediately after his own children. In doing so, he excluded the kings of Scotland, descendants of his elder sister Margaret. By 1580, it was obvious that Queen Elizabeth I would have no children, and this focused attention on the Earl of Derby as a possible future king. After his death in 1594 opinion in the matter of the succession began to favour King James VI of Scotland, who in 1603 indeed succeeded Elizabeth I.However, some believed that this succession was contrary to the will of Henry VIII, and therefore illegal. <mask> herself never made a claim to the throne. Childhood, family and first marriage
<mask> was the eldest of three daughters. When Ferdinando Stanley died, they inherited

masks:
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley


title: Anne Stanley, Countess of Castlehaven

texts:
 his considerable fortune. The title Earl of Derby went to his younger brother William. For <mask> and her sisters Frances and Elizabeth prestigious husbands were sought. Frances married John Egerton, who became the 1st Earl of Bridgewater; Elizabeth married Henry Hastings, 5th Earl of Huntingdon.There were plans for <mask> to marry a son of the Tsar of Muscovy. This marriage did not come about, and in 1607 she married the very wealthy Gray Brydges, Baron Chandos of Sudeley, who was known as the King of the Cotswolds. She lived with him in great style in Sudeley Castle. They had at least five children. The Dowager Countess of Derby and her three daughters had access to an extensive network of highly influential people, including the royal court. The Dowager Countess and her daughter Elizabeth, Countess of Huntingdon, were politically active and promoted the interests of their family through that network. All four Stanley women were interested in drama and poetry, and supported theatre groups, writers and poets, including Edmund Spenser, John Donne and John Milton.Marriage to Earl of Castlehaven
In 1621 <mask>'s husband Baron Chandos died. Three years later she married the widower Mervyn Touchet, Earl of Castlehaven (ca. 1593–1631). This marriage was controversial. The title Earl of Castlehaven had only been granted to the Touchet family in 1616. Furthermore, it was a title in the Irish peerage and therefore seen by the old English aristocracy as somewhat inferior. Lord Castlehaven was also more than ten years younger than his new wife, had previously shown to harbour Catholic sympathies and generally not behaved in the manner expected of a nobleman.It was felt that <mask>, who was connected to the most important and oldest noble families of England, had married beneath her. However, Lord Castlehaven was rich and <mask> was described by her mother as a spendthrift. The Earl and

masks:
Anne
Anne
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley


title: Anne Stanley, Countess of Castlehaven

texts:
 Countess of Castlehaven lived mainly in Fonthill Gifford, the country seat of the Touchets in southern England. Some time after their marriage <mask>'s eldest daughter Elizabeth Brydges married James, the eldest son of Lord Castlehaven (1612–1684) who used the courtesy title Lord Audley. Elizabeth was probably twelve years old at the time. It was not unusual for a stepbrother and stepsister to marry, as a way to ensure that wealth remained within the family. The marriage was not a success and Lord Audley left Fonthill Gifford while his wife Elizabeth continued to live there.Accusations
In 1630 Lord Audley, Lord Castlehaven's son, appealed to the Privy Council stating that his father was planning to disown him. Audley claimed that his father had encouraged his (Audley's) wife Elizabeth to have sex with Henry Skipwith, a favorite servant of Castlehaven's. Should Elizabeth become pregnant by Skipwith, Castlehaven planned to make this child his heir, thus depriving his own son of his inheritance. Audley also stated that his stepmother <mask> behaved in a lewd manner and had taken servants as her lovers. The Privy Council started an investigation in November 1630 and interviewed family members and servants at Fonthill Gifford. Elizabeth Audley admitted to having been coerced by her father-in-law into having a sexual relationship with Skipwith. According to Elizabeth Audley, her mother <mask> had been raped by one of the servants at the instigation of Lord Castlehaven.When questioned about this, <mask> testified that soon after their marriage, Castlehaven had declared that as a husband he had absolute control over his wife's body, and that she was obliged to do whatever he demanded. He had ordered her several times to sleep with one of his servants, but she had always refused. Eventually, Castlehaven had ordered the page Giles Broadway to rape her in his presence; he had assisted in the

masks:
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley


title: Anne Stanley, Countess of Castlehaven

texts:
 rape by restraining his wife. <mask> stated that she had made a suicide attempt after the rape, but she had never discussed the incident with anyone. The inhabitants of Fonthill Gifford told the Privy Council's investigators that Lord Castlehaven had sexual relations with both male and female staff, including the footman Lawrence Fitzpatrick, and that he was a voyeur. He showered sexual partners with gifts and had his eldest daughter marry one of his favorites, who had joined the household as a page. <mask>'s account of the rape and her subsequent suicide attempt was confirmed, also by the alleged rapist Giles Broadway.The investigators recorded only the testimony of male servants; women were considered unreliable witnesses, especially if they were of lower class. Lord Castlehaven was formally charged with the rape of his wife and sodomy with the servant Lawrence Fitzpatrick on 6 April 1631. He was imprisoned in the Tower and his properties were confiscated by the Crown. Giles Broadway was charged with the rape of <mask>, and Lawrence Fitzpatrick was charged with sodomy. <mask> was ordered by the Privy Council to temporarily take up residence with the Bishop of Winchester. Her younger children from her first marriage were placed in the care of their grandmother, the Dowager Countess of Derby. The Dowager Countess was not prepared to take in her granddaughter Elizabeth, Lady Audley, whom she feared would be a bad influence on her younger siblings.Lord Castlehaven denied all charges and claimed his wife and son were conspiring against him. He called his wife a whore, to whose statements no value should be attached, and accused her of having given birth to an illegitimate child during their marriage. The servants who had made incriminating statements against him had done so out of spite and jealousy, he said. Trial

In the 17th century, rape and sodomy were seen as serious, morally


title: Anne Stanley, Countess of Castlehaven

texts: reprehensible crimes; they were capital offences but prosecution and convictions were rare. It was certainly unusual for a peer to be prosecuted for either rape or sodomy. Prosecution for rape occurred mainly if another offense had also been committed, or if the rape was considered to be a flagrant violation of social order. Rape within marriage was not recognized by law; the charge of rape made against Lord Castlehaven related to his complicity in the rape of <mask> by Giles Broadway.In the case of people of high rank, the charge of sodomy was usually added to charges such as conspiracy or corruption, and served mainly to raise doubts about the moral character of the accused. The trial of Lord Castlehaven was remarkable in that the judges explicitly ruled that a woman could testify against her husband in criminal proceedings, especially if she was a victim. This had previously not been clear under English law and set an important precedent. In response to a question by Lord Castlehaven whether it could legally be called rape if the victim was a woman of loose morals, the judges responded that the reputation of the woman did not matter. They also ruled that it was irrelevant that <mask> herself had never spoken out about the rape by Broadway. The trial of Lord Castlehaven began on 25 April 1631 and lasted just one day. The jury consisted of 27 men from the nobility.Of these, at least ten had close ties to the Stanley family. There is little doubt that <mask>'s influential mother and sisters made efforts to influence the case in their favour. <mask> and her daughter Elizabeth Audley did not appear in court; it was unthinkable that a noblewoman would speak publicly about sexual matters. Their statements were read out. The prosecutors emphasized the fact that Lord <mask>'s behaviour was immoral and unworthy of a nobleman. On 26 April the jury unanimously found Lord Castlehaven guilty of

masks:
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Castlehaven


title: Anne Stanley, Countess of Castlehaven

texts:
 rape, and a majority also found him guilty of sodomy. He was sentenced to death.The Touchet family urged King Charles I to pardon Lord Castlehaven, arguing that <mask> was a promiscuous woman and an unreliable witness. The King, however, refused, and Castlehaven was beheaded on 14 May 1631 on Tower Hill. He maintained his innocence to the last. The trial of Giles Broadway and Lawrence Fitzpatrick took place in June 1631. Both withdrew the confessions they had made during the trial of Lord Castlehaven, possibly because they had been falsely promised immunity, and claimed they were innocent. <mask> was present in court to declare under oath that her recorded statement was true. Broadway was found guilty of rape, and Fitzpatrick found guilty of sodomy.They were hanged on 6 July 1631. On the scaffold, Broadway declared <mask> to be the most wicked woman who ever lived; he claimed she had sexual relations with servants and had killed her own child. Later life
After the execution of her husband, <mask> withdrew from public life. She always maintained that she was blameless. However, already during the trial pamphlets had been published that questioned her innocence or even identified her as the evil mastermind behind the events in Fonthill Gifford. Lord Castlehaven's sister, the poet and Protestant prophetess Eleanor Davies Touchet, wrote a number of these leaflets. The fact that both Lord Castlehaven and Giles Broadway had portrayed her as immoral and evil minutes before they were executed further damaged her reputation.In the years after the trial, <mask> lived with her mother, the Dowager Countess of Derby, who managed to obtain a formal pardon from the King for <mask>'s  "sexual immorality and debauchery". It was common at that time to grant pardons when people had transgressed against their will. The possessions of the Earl of Castlehaven were confiscated by the Crown after his death.

masks:
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley


title: Anne Stanley, Countess of Castlehaven

texts:
 <mask> was financially dependent on the income she still received from the estate of her first husband, and on the support from her mother and brothers-in-law. After the death of her mother in 1637, she moved to Heydons House in Harefield, where she died in 1647. Legacy
It is widely assumed that the masque Comus by John Milton refers to the Castlehaven scandal. This work describes the triumph of chastity over debauchery; it was written by Milton in 1634 for the Earl of Bridgewater, who was married to <mask>'s sister Frances.The trial of Lord Castlehaven remained notorious well into the 18th century. In the 17th century it was often presented in an anti-Catholic or anti-monarchist context. In the 18th century it was cited as an example of immoral behavior by the aristocracy. After about 1750 the case was largely forgotten, though it remained known by legal historians. In the 21st century, the Castlehaven affair was rediscovered by LGTB- and gender studies scholars. It is seen by them as an important landmark in the development of the relationship between the state and sexuality, and a step in the recognition of the position of women under the law. Children
<mask> and her first husband Gray Brydges, 5th Baron Chandos of Sudeley, had the following children
 Elizabeth Brydges, deceased March 1678/79
 Robert Brydges, deceased on 20 June 1611
 <mask>, believed to have been born in 1612 and married to gentleman described as Mr. Torteson.Few facts about her life but many older genealogies show her. George Brydges, 6th Baron Chandos of Sudeley, 9 August 1620 – February 1654/55
 William Brydges, 7th Baron Chandos of Sudeley, circa 1620 - August 1676. References

1580 births
1647 deaths
Heirs to the English throne
Daughters of British earls
Anne
16th-century English women
Chandos
Irish countesses
16th-century English nobility
17th-century English women
17th-century English people
17th-century

masks:
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Brydges


title: Georg II of Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl

texts:
<mask> of Fleckenstein Dagstuhl (2 February 1588 – 31 January 1644) was the last baron of the house of Fleckenstein. He was the eldest son of Philipp Wolfgang of Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl (d. 1618) and his first wife, Anna Alexandria of Rappoltstein (7 March 1565 – 9 April 1610). <mask> II gained considerable power as guardian and regent of the still underage Count Friedrich Casimir and the counties of Hanau-Lichtenberg and Hanau-Münzenberg during the final phases of the Thirty Years' War. Childhood
At twelve, he became a squire at the court in Nancy of Duke <mask> of Lorraine. Later, he was employed by Württemberg on a diplomatic mission to England. After that, he began a career in the military. Military career
He served in Hungary during the Long War.He climbed to the rank of colonel in the army of the Protestant Union. After the Union was dissolved in 1621, he entered the service of Margrave Friedrich V of Baden-Durlach. During a feud between the Hanseatic League and the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, he killed a member of the House of Isenburg with a pistol shot. He retired in 1622 — turning down offers to become a general in the Danish, English or Swedish army — and focussed on the administration of his own barony. Reign
The Lordship of Fleckenstein came to feel the full force of the Thirty Years' War in 1622, when commander Ernst von Mansfeld spent the winter in the Upper Rhine area. <mask> tried to follow the example of Counts Johann Reinhard I and his cousin Philipp Wolfgang of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1595–1641) and remain neutral. However,

masks:
Georg II
Georg
Charles III
Georg


title: Georg II of Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl

texts:
 when the imperial side grew stronger, he found it impossible to maintain this policy.He sold the Dagstuhl part of his territory to Archbishop Philipp Christoph of Trier. <mask> went into exile in Strasbourg, where he was joined by the ruling family of Hanau-Lichtenberg. He resided at "Fleckenstein Court" on Münstergasse street. Fleckenstein was administered by a member of the Fleckenstein-Bickenbach-Sulz line of his family. Regency of Hanau

Hanau-Lichtenberg
In Strasbourg, Count Philipp Wolfgang of Hanau-Lichtenberg wrote his will, in which he made his son Friedrich Casimir his sole hier and successor, based on the primogeniture decree, which was in force in the ruling family of Hanau since 1375. In case Friedrich Casimir was still underage when he inherited the county, his regents would be <mask> and Count Johann Ernst of Hanau-Münzenberg. <mask> was selected, because there were no male-line members of the Hanau-Lichtenberg line left, and <mask> was related in the female line, his grandmother being Anna Sibylle of Hanau-Lichtenberg, a daughter of Count Philipp IV.This was the only case in the history of Hanau where a regent was appointed who was of lower rank than his ward. However, Count Johann Ernst, who was the closest living relative, and had the proper feudal rank, however, he lived in faraway Hanau. Philipp Wolfgang died on . He was survived by his second wife, Dorothea Diana of Salm and his underage children Friedrich Casimir, Johann Philipp, Johann Reinhard <mask>, Sophie Eleonore and Agatha Christine. As these children were

masks:
Georg II
Georg II
Georg II
Georg II
II


title: Georg II of Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl

texts:
 underage, a guardian was needed. <mask> took up this task, although he had been offered an attractive alternative: to become governor of the Duchy of Württemberg, which had been confiscated by the Emperor. Hanau-Münzenberg
Count Johann Ernst died on 12 January 1642, leaving <mask> as the only remaining guardian and regent.His ward, Count Friedrich Casimir, inherited Hanau-Münzenberg in a politically precarious situation:
 Even travelling to Hanau-Münzenberg through enemy territory was difficult. Friedrich Casimir had to travel in disguise, with only a numerically small company, including <mask>. The liege lords of several of Hanau-Münzenberg's possessions, especially the Archbishop of Mainz, but also the Elector of Saxony, the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, the Bishop of Würzburg, and the Abbey of Fulda, held that Friedrich Casimir was only distantly related to Johann Ernst and saw this as an opportunity to terminate the fief. Their legal position was fairly weak, since there was a clear family relationship between Johann Ernst and Friedrich Casimir, and moreover the inheritance treaty from 1610 between the Hanau-Lichtenberg and Hanau-Münzenberg lines clearly applied. However, in the confusion of the Thirty Years' War, things were decided by a nobleman's military power, not by the legality or otherwise of his legal position. <mask> acknowledged the problem and ensured his position was supported by Hesse-Kassel. Landgravine Amalie Elisabeth, the widow of Landgrave Wilhelm V who had been born a Countess of Hanau-Münzenberg and was Regent of

masks:
Georg II
Georg II
Georg II
Georg II


title: Georg II of Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl

texts: Hesse-Kassel at the time, provided <mask> II with diplomatic and political support.She aimed to preserve all of Hanau-Münzenberg's territory, because the county was heavily indebted to Hesse-Kassel. In return, <mask> II as regent of Hanau-Münzenberg, signed an inheritance treaty with Hesse-Kassel, promising that if the House of Hanau were to die out in the male line, then Hanau-Münzenberg would fall to Hesse-Kassel. He also gave Hesse-Kassel the district of Schwarzenfels and the territory of the former monastery in Naumburg as securities for the debt. Hanau, the capital of the county, consisted to two legally separate cities: The old and the new town. The latter had been created at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries to settle Calvinist refugees from France and the Spanish Netherlands (today's Belgium). City politics in New Hanau were dominated by wealthy merchants and traders who had acquired a very strong position in Hanau-Münzenberg due to their economic power. They intended to use the weak position of the new count and his regent to demand some concessions before he would accept his inheritance.After negotiating for ten days, <mask> concluded that he had no option but to give in to their demands. Their main demand was continuation of the religious status quo. Friedrich Casimir, like all counts from the Hanau-Lichtenberg line, was a Lutheran. Hanau-Münzenberg, however, had been Calvinist since the reign of Count Philipp Ludwig <mask> (1576–1612). Fifty years earlier, Philipp Ludwig <mask> had been able to prescribe the confession

masks:
Georg
Georg
Georg II
II
II


title: Georg II of Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl

texts:
 in his county under the principle . <mask>, however, found himself forced, not only to allow Calvinists to worship freely, but even to limit Lutheranism to the chapel in Hanau's city palace. Only in 1658 was Friedrich Casimir able to build a Lutheran church in Hanau, the St. Johann's church.In 1670, Hanau-Münzenberg officially became bi-confessional, although that did not stop the fierce debate among the confessions. It wasn't until 140 years later that the two churches in Hanau-Münzenberg could be united. Death
<mask> of Fleckenstein died on 31 January 1644 at Hanau, the last baron of the Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl line. He was buried in St. Mary's Church, Hanau. Count Friedrich Casimir of Hanau was still considered underage in 1644, as the coming of age only happened at age 25. Count <mask> of Erbach was appointed as the new regent. Ancestors

References
 Reinhard Dietrich: Die Landesverfassung in dem Hanauischen, in: Hanauer Geschichtsblätter, vol.34, Hanau, 1996,
 Ferdinand Hahnzog, <mask>. von Fleckenstein, Freiherr zu Dachstuhl. Ein Hanauer Administrator in der Endphase des Dreißigjährigen Krieges, in: Hanauer Geschichtsblätter, vol. 18, 1962 pp. 223–242
 Detlev Schwennicke: Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, new series, vol. VII, table 26
 Ernst J. Zimmermann: Hanau Stadt und Land, 3rd ed., Hanau, 1919, reprinted: 1978

Footnotes

German people of the Thirty Years' War
People from Alsace
People from Saarland
Barons of Germany
Regents of Germany
1588 births
1644 deaths
17th-century German

masks:
Georg II
Georg II
Georg Albrecht
Georg II


title: Frank Williams (actor)

texts:
<mask> (born 2 July 1931) is an English actor. He is best known for playing vicars and other members of the clergy, most notably Timothy Farthing, the vicar in the BBC comedy Dad's Army. <mask> also appeared in similar roles in You Rang, M'Lord?, Hi-de-Hi!, What’s Up Nurse, The Worker, and Vanity Fair. Ian Lavender and <mask> are the series' last surviving major cast members. He reprised the role of Farthing in the 2016 film adaptation of the series. As of 2020, he is also the last surviving cast member of The Army Game. Early life
Born in London, <mask> was educated at Ardingly College, West Sussex, and Hendon School (then Hendon County School).Career
<mask> started his acting career in repertory theatre, most notably with the Watford Palace Theatre, which was being run by Jimmy Perry, who would go on to create Dad's Army. <mask> also met many of his future co-stars including Michael Knowles, Colin Bean, Donald Hewlett and Mavis Pugh. At the time, television was in its infancy and it was this sector of the industry that <mask> wished to get in to. He made several television appearances throughout the 1950s, during series one of The Army Game he made various small appearances and in 1957 was invited back as a regular character, the commanding officer Captain Pocket. <mask> continued to play the role until the series ended in 1960. In total, he appeared in 116 episodes of The Army Game which were transmitted live across the nation on a weekly basis. His first film appearance was as an uncredited extra in The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan in 1953, his first larger role came in 1956

masks:
Frank Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams


title: Frank Williams (actor)

texts: with the film The Extra Day in which he played the role of Sid.<mask> went on to appear in three films with Norman Wisdom including: The Square Peg (1958), The Bulldog Breed (1960) and A Stitch In Time (1963). He then  appeared in films such as: Inn for Trouble (1960), Just for Fun (1963), Hide and Seek (1964), Headline Hunters (1968), One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing (1975), Jabberwocky (1977), What's Up Nurse! (1977), The Human Factor (1979) and Oh! Heavenly Dog (1980). He had a leading role in the BBC TV series Diary of a Young Man (1964), which was partly directed by Ken Loach, in addition to small parts in numerous TV series of the 1950s and 1960s. His best-known role is in Dad's Army as the vicar. His first appearance on the show was in the episode "The Armoured Might of Lance Corporal Jones", which was the first episode of series three.He had worked with David Croft  before on Hugh and I and had also worked with Jimmy Perry at the Watford Palace Theatre. He thought he had come to make a one-off appearance and did not realise that he would become a regular fixture of the show. He would go on to appear in half of the 80 episodes and both feature films. In 2021, <mask> said of his time working on Dad’s Army that "it was the happiest period of my professional life." Coincidentally, while at Hendon County, <mask> wrote in his memoir, he had played the lead in the school play of his final year, The Ghost Train, written nearly thirty years earlier by Arnold Ridley, who would become one of his fellow actors in Dad's Army. <mask> featured with Tessie O'Shea in the short-lived sitcom

masks: Williams Williams Williams Williams


title: Frank Williams (actor)

texts: As Good Cooks Go (1970). He appeared in an episode of All Gas and Gaiters as one of the vicars choral in episodes broadcast in 1967 and 1971.At the height of his Dad's Army fame, he had a cameo role in Monty Python's Flying Circus (1972), and later appeared as a record producer in the Rutles movie All You Need Is Cash (1978). He appeared in the short-lived television sitcom High & Dry as a bank clerk. He had a recurring role in You Rang, M'Lord? which was also written by Jimmy Perry and David Croft. <mask> played Lord Bishop Charles appearing in 14 out of a total of 26 episodes. He was a guest on This Morning on Thursday 31 July 2008, talking about Dad's Army with fellow cast members, Ian Lavender and Bill Pertwee. He also appeared on BBC1's Jonathan Ross Salutes Dad's Army show on Sunday 3 August 2008.With other surviving members of the Dad's Army cast he walked in the 100th Birthday parade for Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, because Dad's Army was her favourite programme. He is the author of several plays, including The Playing Fields and Murder Weekend, some of which have been performed in the pro-amateur theatre. His autobiography, Vicar to Dad's Army: the <mask> story, was published in 2002. In 1993, <mask> co-founded with Bill Pertwee the Dad's Army Appreciation Society. He was the society's vice president until the death of Bill Pertwee in 2013 when he became the President and now attends many society events. <mask> reprised his role of the vicar for the 2016 reboot of Dads Army. He later went on to recall his time on set, saying "It meant four days work, which I

masks:
Williams
Frank Williams
Williams
Williams


title: Frank Williams (actor)

texts:
 thoroughly enjoyed.The film was pretty successful but received a mixed reaction from Dad's Army fans because seeing other people playing roles made famous by the likes of Arthur and John wasn’t easy to accept." Personal life
For many years, <mask> has lived in Edgware, Greater London. Until 2000, he was a member of the House of Laity in the General Synod of the Church of England. <mask> is the patron of Veneratio, a charity established to prevent the social isolation of the elderly. In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, <mask> reported that "I share the house with my good friend Ronald Grainge, who I met on the Dad's Army stage show way back in 1975, so the two of us have been self-isolating and watching TV. We enjoy good dramas, and catch up with an old film occasionally." He then went on to say that the programmes which he enjoyed the most are "older comedies, but programmes like Would I Lie to You?are great fun. And chat programmes where comedy people get together." In a 2017 Telegraph interview, he had answered a question on his best financial decision as "buying a house. ...Initially, I rented out the downstairs rooms and it produced some money but there were problems, like tenants not paying the rent. So, about 10 years ago, my great friend Ronnie Grainge, who was in the Dad's Army'' stage show, moved in." References

External links

1931 births
Living people
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
British male comedy actors
English male radio actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
People educated at Ardingly College
People

masks: Williams Williams Williams


title: Noel Lee (executive)

texts:
<mask> (born December 25, 1948) is an American engineer, inventor, and businessman. He is the founder and CEO of Monster Inc.

<mask> graduated from California Polytechnic State University with a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering and subsequently did work in laser fusion for the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. He quit his engineering job in 1974 to play drums for a country rock band. After the band separated, he founded Monster Cable Products in 1979, based on loudspeaker cables he invented and manufactured in his garage. <mask>'s audio cables met corporate resistance at first, because most audio cabling at the time was zip cord provided by audio vendors for free. Sales improved as retailers witnessed audio demonstrations and saw that his Monster-branded cables offered better profit margins than other electronics products. <mask> is credited with building the Monster business and shaping today's audio components market.Early life
<mask> was born in San Francisco, California on December 25, 1948 to Chein-San and <mask>. His parents named him "<mask>" because he was born on Christmas Day. His father worked for China's Central News Agency and <mask> had four sisters. <mask>'s parents moved to San Francisco around the same time the Communist party took power. <mask> took an interest in music as a child; he described himself as having a more diverse taste in music than other kids his age. <mask>'s senior project was an effort to improve the quality of audio from electronics. According to <mask>, his high school experiences were "rough" due to the level of discrimination against Asian-Americans at the time.<mask> attended San Francisco City College, then California Polytechnic State University, where he earned a degree in mechanical engineering in 1971. Engineer and drummer
<mask>'s first job out of college was as a laser fusion design

masks:
Noel Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Noel Lee
Sarah Lee
Noel
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Noel Lee


title: Noel Lee (executive)

texts:
 engineer at a government-run nuclear research center called the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. On nights and weekends he played drums for an Asian country rock cover band called Asian Wood and worked on his home audio equipment. In 1974, Asian Wood was given an opportunity to go on a world tour. <mask> quit his job as an engineer in order to be the band's drummer. Asian Wood's members moved to Hawaii to start their tour, but it was cancelled two weeks later. The promoter wanted a straight rock band without country influences.This left <mask> and his family stranded in Hawaii until they could earn money for travel back home. The band reinvented itself, covering Top 40 popular songs in order to attract work. Asian Wood took on other gigs around Hawaii for 18 months before breaking up. <mask> continued doing solo gigs for six months after that, before returning to the Bay Area for an engineering job with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He also worked as an independent salesperson for several small speaker companies in San Francisco. Monster
<mask> is credited with turning the audio cable market into a "profitable cottage industry" and with changing the consumer mindset to see audio cables as a way to improve sound quality. He was awarded the Plus X Lifetime Achievement Award for his role in shaping a market and was named Northern California Entrepreneur of the Year by Ernst & Young.The company he founded became a household name and market-share leader. Monster does not disclose its financials, but industry analysts estimate the company is "hugely profitable." <mask> calls himself the "Head Monster" and calls the company culture the "Monster Attitude." The company, while still best known for audio wiring, now carries 6,000 different products, such as headphones and home theater components. Its products are sold in more than 15,000

masks:
Lee
Lee
Lee
Noel Lee
Lee


title: Noel Lee (executive)

texts:
 stores and it owns over 375 patents. Monster became one of the largest employers in the Bay Area. Origins
In the late 1970s, <mask> wanted to improve the sound quality from his home audio equipment.He didn't have very much money, so <mask> experimented with ways to create a better sound by improving inexpensive cabling. At first he worked out of his family's apartment and later in his in-laws' garage, which they rented from family after moving to the Richmond district in 1978. <mask> experimented with different widths, winding methods, and qualities of copper and insulation in audio cables to find an alternative to the zip cord audio vendors gave out for free. He compared different wire constructs, while listening to Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture. <mask> called the 12-gauge audio cable he created "Monster" due to its size. According to Vision Magazine, the first Monster cable was "a low-resistance twin-axial stranded design." <mask> manufactured the cable by hand on a ping pong table and sold it door-to-door.According to <mask>, Pacific Stereo was the first electronics retailer to give him a chance to sell Monster cables in their store. <mask> spent $50,000 in personal savings to demonstrate the cables at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Chicago in 1979, using a borrowed portion of someone else's exhibit area. <mask> received a positive response at the event and founded Monster, Inc. (formerly known as Monster Cable Products) later that year. <mask> received an order from a Canadian distributor for 30,000 cables. The distributor wouldn't pay until the products were shipped, so <mask> took out a $250,000 bank loan to pay for the production of the cables. According to <mask>, he started the company without business experience or a strategy. <mask> was met with resistance, because the audio industry at the time didn't believe cables made any

masks:
Noel Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee


title: Noel Lee (executive)

texts:
 appreciable difference in the sound and wire was generally provided for free.<mask> demonstrated the difference between Monster cables and zip cord to convince consumers that expensive equipment was wasted on cheap wiring. Sales rose as retailers saw high profit margins selling the cables. <mask> provided incentives to retail salespeople to sell the cabling, rather than spend money on advertising. Some critics say this practice creates aggressive salespeople. Establishment and diversification
Within six years from when it was founded, Monster had $50 million in annual revenues and 400 employees. The company's growth was primarily due to Monster training sales staff at electronics stores to bundle the cables with other electronics purchases, an effort the company spent 15 percent of its revenues on by 1998. <mask> kept the company private and grew the business, despite pressure to go public.In connection with his background as a musician, <mask> founded the record label Monster Music in 1999, signing Van Morrison's daughter Shana. Monster created numerous divisions as it diversified into other products, such as Monster Performance Car, Monster Game, Monster Photo and Monster Computer. By 2003, Monster produced more than 1,000 products, including power cords, gaming accessories and cooling products. According to a 2005 USA Today article, <mask> and his company were developing furniture with high-end electronics built-in, wireless products to replace audio cords and a user interface to consolidate the consumer's control of their electronics. <mask> and his son worked with Dr. Dre and Jimmy Iovine to collaborate on the Beats brand of headphones, which was later acquired by Apple for $3 billion in 2014. According to Business Insider, Beats Electronics denies that Monster had a role in the design of the headphones. <mask> said Beats had no engineers on

masks: Lee Lee Lee Lee Lee Lee Lee


title: Noel Lee (executive)

texts:
 staff and it spent millions in research and development to get the product started, but that their contract was poorly constructed, giving all the intellectual property to Beats when it wasn't renewed.In 2004, <mask> bought the rights to the San Francisco 49ers football stadium, which was renamed to Monster Park. Citizens and local government protested that a public facility adopted a corporate name and a local ballot was passed to revert the stadium name after the four-year deal with Monster expired. The sponsorship was partially contentious due to a recent layoff of 120 local employees. Personal life
<mask> is divorced with two children. His son <mask>, sometimes referred to as "Little Monster", started working for the company and developed the M-Design product line of high-tech furniture. <mask>'s son later quit Monster and started his own audio company Sol Republic in 2010. <mask> has a degenerative nerve disorder that prevents him from walking without a wheelchair or Segway, which he says was caused by exposure to toxic doses of radiation when he worked as a fusion engineer at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.<mask> enjoys collecting gadgets and has a collection of old sports cars. He enjoys socialising with musicians and counts Carlos Santana and George Benson among his friends. He is a member of the Asian Business League of San Francisco. He donated $75,000 worth of audio cables to the Los Angeles Unified School District. <mask> describes his business ethic as "24/7; sleep when you're dead." He lives in Hillsborough, California. <mask> is also known for throwing large parties at the Consumer Electronics Show and spending time with celebrities at the event.References

External links

1948 births
Living people
American inventors
American businesspeople of Chinese descent
Businesspeople from San Francisco
California Polytechnic State

masks:
Lee
Noel Lee
Kevin Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee


title: Charles Philipon

texts:
<mask> (19 April 1800 – 25 January 1861) was a French lithographer, caricaturist and journalist. He was the founder and director of the satirical political journals La Caricature and of Le Charivari

Early life
<mask> came from a small, middle-class, Lyons family. His father, <mask>, was a hatter and wallpaper manufacturer. He enthusiastically welcomed the revolution of 1789. According to Pierre Larousse his ancestors included Manon Roland, Armand Philippon, and <mask>e. After attending school in Lyons and Villefranche-sur-Saône, <mask> studied drawing at the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Lyon. He left his hometown in 1819 to work under the artist Antoine Gros in Paris but returned at his father's behest in 1821 to join the family business, designing fabric for three years.Though this activity did not suit him, it left its mark on his subsequent work. During hard economic and social times in 1824, he took part in a Lyons carnival parade that was deemed seditious; he was arrested, but ultimately charges were dropped. <mask> finally left Lyon for Paris where he reunited with old friends from the workshop Gros. One of them, Charlet, a renowned artist, took him under his wing and introduced him to lithography, a technique spreading in France in the 1820s. <mask> found employment as a lithographer and artist drawing for picture books and fashion magazines. He showed invention by converting a lead chimney to a lithographic machine. He bonded with the liberals and satirists of the day, attended the Grandville workshop (1827), and two years later joined forces with the creators of the newspaper La Silhouette, on which he worked as an editor and designer.While <mask>'s financial contribution to the company was small, his editorial contribution seems to have focused on the organization of the lithographic department, which gave the paper its originality inasmuch as the same

masks:
Charles Philipon
Charles Philipon
Étienne Philipon
Louis Philipon de La Madelain
Charles Philipon
Charles Philipon
Philipon
Philipon


title: Charles Philipon

texts:
 importance was given to the illustration as to the text. Whereas La Silhouette previously had no definite political line, by July 1830 it had developed a more aggressive approach. It is in this journal that on April 1, 1830, <mask> published the first political cartoon, " Charles X Jesuit ." On 15 December 1829 <mask> sent his son and business partner, Gabriel Aubert, to set up the Aubert publishing house Aubert, competing with other printing shops in Paris. The Veronique Dodat pass, where the publishing house could be found, was to become in the following years a "place of breathtaking [commercial] war" (Ch. Lèdre). Birth of a business
After the revolution of July 1830, Philipon published on November 4 of that year an illustrated weekly under the title La Caricature.Sold by subscription only, it had four pages of text and two lithographies in a larger format than that of Silhouette. Associated with the creation of Philipon newspaper, Honoré de Balzac wrote in the prospectus and gave it under various pseudonyms thirty articles until February 1832. The journal was primarily designed as an elegant illustrated magazine, with the drawings printed on vellum paper. The lithographs were printed on separate text and tear sheets. At first, La Caricature adopted a non-political attitude before coming to oppose July Monarchy in the spring of 1832. On 1 December 1832, while imprisoned, Philipon published Le Charivari, an illustrated daily with four pages in a smaller than Caricature format. More varied and more "popular" than its predecessor, it was not limited to political caricature.Charivari was the only daily caricature journal of nineteenth-century France. According to the prospectus, Charivari was intended as "comprehensive overview of all the constantly recurring events, by pencil and pen, of all the various aspects of this kaleidoscopic world in which we live." The lithographs are

masks: Philipon Philipon


title: Charles Philipon

texts:
 of lower quality than in La Caricature, but better integrated into the text. Thereafter, the presentation of Charivari changed significantly. As the owner of these two newspapers, Philipon retained full control of all aspects of the papers' written and lithographic content. He chooses his collaborators, dealing with suppliers in the market as well as financial management. In an obituary published in 1862, Nadar the credits of "extraordinary lucidity in business" coupled with "inexhaustible fertility of invention and means".Employer of his artist friends, it defines the objectives with them, suggest topics, coordinating text and lithography. He does not hesitate to ask for changes to avoid censorship. To ensure editorial consistency, writing is reduced to a small team of highly dedicated journalists (in February 1834, they are seven Philipon included). The testimony of his contemporaries emphasizes <mask>'s charisma who inspired writers and caricaturists in his employ. Himself focusing on lithographs, his publishing house had an almost complete monopoly on this type of publication as of 1831, with a third of all lithographs published in Paris coming from him. Rise to prominence (1830–1835)

Campaign against Louis-Philippe (1830–1832)

In the fall of 1830 <mask>, as supporter of the Revolution of July, expected much of the new regime. The first issues of La Caricature contained no political charges.Chief editor and friend of <mask>, Balzac, contributed extensively in this period, signing his articles under various pseudonyms. Anti-clericalism, already present in Silhouette, persistently manifested itself in both texts and illustrations. The memory of Napoleon still lived. However, the tone changed in late December 1830 to early 1831, when the law of December 4, 1830 that restored stamp duty and censorship of newspapers was criticized by the magazine. The caricatures then

masks: Philipon Philipon Philipon


title: Charles Philipon

texts:
 maintained their political and satirical character as the new regime became increasingly authoritarian, upending the "age of consensus." According to <mask>, caricatures increased the important influence of artists, as had been the case in England for a long time, exposing "the enemies of our liberties." <mask> expressed his disaffection for the regime in a cartoon, Foam of July, published by Maison Aubert (26 February 1831).Better known as The soap bubbles, it shows Louis-Philippe carelessly blowing bubbles that show the unfulfilled promises of freedom of the press, popular elections, mayors elected by the people, no more sinecures etc. Prosecuted for insulting the king, <mask> would be acquitted eventually. He reoffended a few months later with another lithograph, known as The Cosmetic repair (La Caricature, June 30, 1831 ), in which the king is represented as a mason, symbolically erasing the traces of the July Revolution. He was again tried by the Assize Court. November 1831 trial

"First fruit of France"

On trial on 14 November 1831, <mask>, sure to be condemned, defended himself arguing that everything can be made to look like the king, and that he and other caricaturists cannot be held responsible for this resemblance. He illustrated its defense by the metamorphosis by drawing, in four stages, the King's face evolving into a pear. This imagery became a widely used reference and symbol of the revolution, even outside of Paris.The widespread appearance of the pears is well documented by a vast array of people of the times, including William Makepeace Thackeray, Heinrich Heine, <mask>, Stendhal, and Sebastien Peyte, who wrote a book titled Physiology of the Pear, collecting puns and spin-offs of the imagery. Victor Hugo in Les Miserables pays homage to the imagery as a young boy sketches an image of a pear on a wall, when the king helped him finish it and handed him a gold

masks:
Philipon
Philipon
Philipon
Philipon
Charles Baudelaire


title: Charles Philipon

texts:
 Louis coin saying, "The pear is on that too." Pears began to represent the regime and its associates, and began showing up more often in both La Caricature and Le Charivari including,

 Daumier's A huge pear hanging by the commoners
 Grandville's The Birth of the Juste- Milieu
 Travies' Mr. Mahieux poiricide
 Bouquet's Pear and pips

Philipon later published an image of a giant pear statue being erected at the Place de la Concorde with the title "The expiapoire monument is raised on the site of the Revolution, exactly where Louis XVI was guillotined." Expiapoire is a portmanteau of expiatoire meaning "expiatory" and poire meaning "pear". He was tried for this piece and the prosecution called this piece "a provocation of murder". Philipon responded with, "It would be at most a provocation to make marmalade". Doomed for closing in August after a censorship law was passed in 1835, La Caricature published the relevant portion of the law's text in the shape of a pear with the legend "Other fruits of the July Revolution".Conviction

At the end of his trial before the Assize Court, <mask> was convicted of " contempt of the king's person ." Arrested Jan. 12, 1832, he had to serve six months in prison and pay a fine of 2,000 francs, to which were added seven months related to other grounds of conviction. He was transferred to the prison Sainte- Pelagie, and home health Dr. Pinel, where the regime is more favorable. The final break with the July Monarchy occurred on 5 and 6 June 1832, at the funeral of General Lamarque, which turned into rebellion harshly repressed. <mask> had just published and signed the "Project for a monument pear Atonement." Fearing for his life, he hid in Paris until the end of the siege. He returned to Sainte- Pelagie 5 September 1832 and was finally released from prison Feb. 5, 1833.Resulting from the bitterness of a regime that "persecuted" him, along with


title: Charles Philipon

texts:
 the influence of contacts he met in prison, his positions had firmed. After he had hoped for a "liberalism compatible with monarchy", his position became Republican in itself. But he had never ceased to be ? Philipon proclamation published in La Caricature (27 December 1832), true profession of faith, leaves no doubt about it: " We repeat, we are what we were there twelve years, frank and pure republicans . Who says otherwise is an impostor who says behind us in ambiguous terms is a coward. " Republican commitment (1833–1835)

At the time of his first political cartoons, Philipon had already established contacts with Republican circles . Number of artists who gravitated around him were republican conviction or at least sympathizers.From November 1831 to March 1832, a list of subscriptions is launched from La Caricature, and a second call is made a year later in Le Charivari without much success, the economic situation there is hardly suitable . From 1833 to tighten the links . In La Caricature 11 April of that year, Philipon publishes Bluebeard, white and red by Grandville and Desperet, an openly militant lithography. The advent of the republic is announced in the manner of a tale by Perrault : "The press, my sister, do you see anything coming?". While Louis -Philippe, back ( a subterfuge designed to avoid censorship ), is about to stab the constitution, the herald symbolizing the press carries on its banner the word " Republic " and his trumpet and National Tribune, title two newspapers of the Republican opposition. In 1834, these links are strengthened. To keep a few examples, Le Charivari made fundraising for several republican associations.The same year, <mask> is among the founders of the Republican Journal (February 1834) which he owns shares. At the Hotel Colbert where offices are located Charivari, two Republican newspapers, The National and The Common sense will also


title: Charles Philipon

texts: have their neighborhood. This is where stood Gregory, the most prominent Republican printer Paris, which Aubert and Philipon associated as shareholders. These expressions of solidarity are reflected in the lithographs in which the figure of the proletariat is at the center of several caricatures : Ouch therefore proletarian ! by Benjamin Roubaud ( Le Charivari, December 1, 1833) and Do not rub it ! Daumier, published in Monthly Association (June 20, 1834), a supplement created by Philipon to train, by voluntary subscription, a reserve fund . In this lithograph, considered by Philipon as "one of the best political sketches made in France", a typographer full force at the forefront defies away frail figures of Louis-Philippe and <mask>.However, <mask> remain a Republican "patriot" in the tradition of 1789, more sensitive to political freedom only if the working masses. Commitment can not be denied the uprisings harshly repressed Lyon (April 9 ) and Paris (13 April). Several lithographs emerge, including Hercules winner Travies (La Caricature, 1 May 1834) and especially Rue Transnonain Daumier (Monthly Association, September 24, 1834), which refers to the killing by troops of the inhabitants of this street 15 April 1834. "This is not a caricature ," says Philipon, " it is not a burden, it's a bloody page of our modern history page drawn by a strong hand and dictated by an old indignation " (La Caricature, October 2, 1834). July 28, 1835, bombing of Fieschi has immediate consequences : arrest of Armand Carrel at the Hotel Colbert, ransacking offices Charivari, an arrest warrant is issued against Philipon and that Desnoyers prefer to escape and hide . The day before the attack, had published Philipon red number Charivari, real firebrand with as an article a list of men, women and children killed by the troops and the National Guard since 1830. He was accompanied by a lithograph

masks:
Charles X
Philipon


title: Charles Philipon

texts:
 an official declared that "there is no more direct provocation for crimes" than caricature. Following the assassination attempt, a new censorship law was implemented, aimed at suppressing further political art from surfacing. La Silhouette

In October 1829 Philipon launched a career in journalism as a co-founder of La Silhouette.He made a minor financial investment and became a contributor without final editorial control. La Silhouette was the first French newspaper to regularly publish prints and illustrations, giving them equal or greater importance than the written text. Each issue satirized political and literary events of the day and included lithographs by the best-known graphic artists in Paris. La Silhouette was published from 24 December 1829 to 2 January 1831. It became the prototype for similar publications published in France throughout the 19th century. La Silhouette was initially known as a moderate journal in a time of intense political debate. Some of the staff had been jailed for publishing works critical of the government while others held more conservative views.Over time, the publication's editorial sympathies became increasingly radical. Strict government censorship prevented La Silhouette from publishing caricatures aimed directly at politicians – except for a small woodcut of the king (<mask> of France) by Philipon that was surreptitiously inserted within the text of 1 April 1830 issue. The newspaper had never included engravings in this way it was overlooked by the censors who were concentrating on the issues' lithographs. The publication caused a scandal – with an intensity that reflected the rarity of political caricature before the Revolution – and the editor was eventually sentenced to six months in prison and fined 1,000 francs. <mask>, who had carefully left the caricature unsigned, escaped the scandal's repercussions. The censors were circumvented


title: Charles Philipon

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 in later issues when the editors wrote bitterly critical partisan commentaries and attached them to seemingly innocuous images. In the May and June issues of 1830, this tactic was used to address a variety of political themes through a series of animal scenes by JJ Grandville (Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard).In an issue that immediately preceded the July Revolution, Honoré Daumier contributed a non-specific battlefield image that was given an explicit political message by an editor. He was the director of the satirical political newspapers La Caricature and of Le Charivari, which included lithographs by some of France's leading caricaturists such as JJ Grandville (Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard), Honoré Daumier, Paul Gavarni, <mask>-Joseph Traviès, Benjamin Roubaud and others. The artists would often illustrate <mask>'s themes to create some of France's earliest political cartoons. He died in Paris at the age of 61. Influence
<mask> inspired many other caricaturists, such as Honoré Daumier, <mask>-Joseph Traviès de Villers, Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard Grandville, Paul Gavarni, and Henry Monnier. Daumier spoke about the effect Philipon had on him, saying, "If <mask> had not been behind me to prod me unceasingly like one does to an ox with a plow, I would never have done anything." Playwright Honoré de Balzac called <mask> the "Duke of Lithograph, Marquis of Drawing, Count of Woodcut, Baron Burlesque, Sir Caricature."Gallery

See also

 19th-century French art
 List of French artists
 Freedom of the press
 Media regulation
 The press in Paris during the Bourbon Restoration
 The September 1835 laws

References

External links

 Gallery of La Caricature Lithographs

1800 births
1861 deaths
Writers from Lyon
French cartoonists
French caricaturists
19th-century French lithographers
19th-century French journalists
French male journalists
19th-century French male writers
Artists from

masks: Charles Philipon Philipon Charles Philipon Philipon


title: Jaime Ayala (entrepreneur)

texts:
<mask>Jim<mask> (born May 24, 1962) is a social entrepreneur based in Manila, Philippines. He founded the Hybrid Network, a cluster of social businesses that pioneered the "hybrid value chain" concept. Before he became a social entrepreneur, he had a long career in business, as a consultant for McKinsey & Company and CEO of Ayala Land, a publicly listed company. <mask> was recognized by Ernst & Young as the 2012 Entrepreneur of the Year and the 2012 Social Entrepreneur of the Year for the Philippines. In 2013, he was named as one of the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship's 24 World Social Entrepreneurs of the Year. Early life and education
<mask> was born in the Philippines as the second out of five children. His mother, a member of the Imperial clan in Naga, had a master's degree in English.His father grew up in Manila and worked in government, as the chairman of the BOI. <mask>'s father died when Jim was 14. His late father's final bidding, to get a good education, take care of their mother, and return to the Philippines to help in its development, has been important motivation in Ayala's family life and career. Ayala attended Ateneo de Manila University before continuing his education in the United States. <mask> was a Director (Global Senior Partner) for McKinsey & Company, the world's leading top-management consulting firm.During his 19-year career at McKinsey, <mask> worked in 29 countries, focusing on development work in emerging markets. He helped open nine offices in China and Southeast Asia and was the head of the firm's Asian Energy Practice. <mask> is the only Filipino to have been elected to McKinsey's global partnership. Ayala Land
In 2004, <mask> left McKinsey to become the President and CEO of Ayala Land, the largest

masks:
Jaime "
" Ayala
Ayala
Ayala
Ayala
Ayalayala
Ayala
Ayala
Ayala


title: Jaime Ayala (entrepreneur)

texts:
 property developer in the Philippines. <mask> is not related to the Zobel <mask> family that controls the developer. During <mask>'s five years as CEO, Ayala Land experienced a 130% growth in revenue and an 80% growth in earnings. Ayala Land also launched the cities of Bonifacio Global City in Taguig and Nuvali in Santa Rosa under his leadership.During this time, <mask> was added to the Ayala Foundation Board of Trustees. In 2009, he became the Senior Managing Director of Ayala Corporation. Social entrepreneurship
Ayala lived in the Philippines, a country plagued by widespread poverty, for a significant portion of his life. After working in the corporate world for several decades he began to question why he was not spending his energy helping people who need the most help. Ayala realized that most businesses neglect the poorest one-third of humanity. He was quoted in Business World Magazine as saying, "We have to work with the citizens of this country to empower them; they need access to basic things. They need access to food, electricity, health care, clean water."In an effort to empower poor, remote communities throughout the Philippines, Ayala left the corporate world in 2010 to found the Hybrid Network, a cluster of social businesses focused on working together to engage market and philanthropic forces in "hybrid value chains." Hybrid Social Solutions, Inc. In June 2010, Ayala founded the award-winning social enterprise, Hybrid Social Solutions (HSSi). HSSi seeks to provide Filipinos in need with access to high-quality and affordable products and training services necessary for development. HSSi primarily distributes a large selection of durable, warranty-protected solar-powered lights with cell phone charging capabilities, in order to provide a

masks:
Jim Ayala
de Ayala
Jim Ayala
Jim Ayala


title: Jaime Ayala (entrepreneur)

texts:
 source of light and communication to off-grid communities. HSSi partners with socially-oriented organizations on the ground in rural areas in order to distribute their products to rural communities, schools, and health units in the Philippines. HSSi is able to provide financing for buyers in need by partnering with microfinance institutions and cooperatives.According to a Planete d'Entrepreneur Social Impact Assessment, 97% of HSSi's customers said it was not difficult to pay back their loan every week. Kerosene consumption decreased by over 81% among HSSi's users, contributing to an average savings of over PhP 4,000 per customer per year. Additional working hours at night, provided by the solar light systems, contributed an additional PhP 17,000 in earnings per years on average. The report also notes significant increases in studying time, motivation, air quality, safety, and time savings after purchasing the HSSi solar light systems. After only two years at HSSi, <mask> received both the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award and the Ernst & Young Social Entrepreneur of the Year Award for the Philippines in 2012. <mask> currently serves as the CEO of HSSi. Stiftung Solarenergie Philippines
Ayala also founded Stiftung Solarenergie Philippines (StS), a Filipino foundation that is a founding member of Stiftung Solarenergie International Network for Rural Development, an international non-profit organization whose mission is to work for rural development and poverty alleviation by providing solar energy in rural and marginalized areas worldwide.As a part of their Light for Education and Light for Health programs, StS Philippines donates solar lights with charging capabilities to local schools and health clinics, rather than individual

masks: Ayala Ayala


title: Jaime Ayala (entrepreneur)

texts:
 households. StS provides in-depth trainings and requires that the school or clinic complete weekly monitoring forms. In some cases, StS donates an original set of lights to an off-grid community and works with them to create a rental program, which allows the community to generate enough capital to purchase more lights and continue having access sustainably. <mask> currently serves as the Chairman of Stiftung Solarenergie Philippines. Hystra, Inc.
<mask> is also a network partner of Hystra, a global consulting firm that works alongside social entrepreneurs and large corporations. Hystra works to scale-up innovative ideas and models to help provide the poor with access to essential services such as water and sanitation. Honors and awards
In 2005, Ayala was a finalist for the CNBC Asia Business Leaders Award.In 2012, <mask> received both the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award and Ernst & Young Social Entrepreneur of the Year Awards for his work with Hybrid Social Solutions, Inc. In 2013, <mask> was named one of the Schwab Foundation's 24 World Social Entrepreneurs of the Year. References

1962 births
Living people
Harvard Business School alumni
People from Makati
Businesspeople from Metro Manila
Princeton University alumni
Filipino expatriates in the United States
Ayala Corporation people
Filipino chief

masks: Ayala Ayala Ayala Ayala


title: Richard Anderson

texts:
<mask> (August 8, 1926 – August 31, 2017) was an American film and television actor. Among his best-known roles was his portrayal of Oscar Goldman, the boss of Steve Austin (Lee Majors) and Jaime Sommers (Lindsay Wagner) in both The Six Million Dollar Man and The Bionic Woman television series between 1974 and 1978 and their subsequent television movies: The Return of the Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman (1987), Bionic Showdown: The Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman (1989) and Bionic Ever After? (1994). Early life
<mask> was born in Long Branch, New Jersey, the son of Olga (née Lurie) and <mask>. He appeared in high school plays after moving to Los Angeles. <mask> served in the United States Army during World War II. Career

Before <mask> began his career in 1950 as a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract player, he studied at the Actors' Laboratory Theatre, which led to work in radio and stock theater.His many films at MGM included The Magnificent Yankee (1950) as Reynolds, The Student Prince (1954) as Lucas, and Forbidden Planet (1956), as Chief Engineer Quinn. Among his later films were the World War I drama Paths of Glory (1957) directed by Stanley Kubrick, in which <mask> played the prosecuting attorney. <mask> played Ricardo Del Amo in the second season of Zorro (1957 TV series), a friend and rival of Diego de la Vega (Guy Williams). He was the object of the unrequited love of Clara Varner (Joanne Woodward) in The Long, Hot Summer (1958) and a suspicious military officer in Seven Days in May (1964). In

masks:
Richard Norman Anderson
Anderson
Harry Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson


title: Richard Anderson

texts: the 1960s, <mask> made appearances in 23 episodes of Perry Mason during the series' final season as Police Lieutenant Steve Drumm, replacing the character of Lt. Tragg, played by Ray Collins, who died in 1965. Before he became a Perry Mason regular, he made guest appearances in two episodes: as defendant Edward Lewis in "The Case of the Accosted Accountant", and Jason Foster in "The Case of the Paper Bullets" (both 1964). He also appeared on The Untouchables, Stagecoach West, The Rifleman, Daniel Boone, Thriller, The Eleventh Hour, Redigo, Combat!, Twelve O'Clock High, I Spy, The Man from U.N.C.L.E., The Fugitive (as varied characters in several episodes; in the series' 1967 finale he played the brother-in-law to the protagonist Dr. <mask>); The Wild, Wild West; Bonanza, The Green Hornet, The Invaders, and The Big Valley.In 1961–62, <mask> co-starred with Marilyn Maxwell in an ABC production of Bus Stop. He guest-starred in the last episode of season 1 of Mission: Impossible (1966) as Judge Wilson Chase. In 1965, he played Judge Lander, who clashes over courtroom fairness and frontier justice with a young woman, Kate Melville (Gloria Talbott), the daughter of a sheriff, Will Melville (Dick Foran), in the episode "Kate Melville and the Law" of the syndicated series Death Valley Days. In 1970-71, <mask> starred as Chief George Untermeyer in the Burt Reynolds series Dan August. <mask> first appeared as Oscar Goldman in the second episode of The Six Million Dollar Man ("Wine, Women, and War", 1973). He would portray the

masks:
Anderson
Richard Kimble
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson


title: Richard Anderson

texts:
 character through the series' end in 1978 as well as on the spinoff series The Bionic Woman for its entire run from 1976 to 1978. In addition, <mask> guest-starred on other TV series in the 1960s and 1970s, including Hawaii Five-O, Wanted Dead or Alive, Gunsmoke, Ironside, Columbo and The Love Boat.He appeared in the television movie The Night Strangler as the villain, Dr. <mask>. <mask> was just as busy in the 1980s on Charlie's Angels, Matt Houston, Knight Rider, Remington Steele, Cover Up, The A-Team, The Fall Guy, Simon & Simon, and Murder, She Wrote. He played murderer Ken Braddock in the first two-hour episode of the revived Perry Mason, starring Raymond Burr, titled "Perry Mason Returns" (1985), <mask> had a recurring role as Senator Buck Fallmont on Dynasty from 1986 to 1987. He portrayed President Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1987 miniseries Hoover vs. The Kennedys. In the 1990s, he served as narrator and a recurring guest star for Kung Fu: The Legend Continues. He served also as a commercial spokesperson for the Shell Oil Company in the United States, known as The Shell Answer Man."The Shell Answer Man" appeared in commercials from 1976 to 1982. Personal life and death
<mask> was married to Carol Lee Ladd and Katharine Thalberg (daughter of movie producer Irving Thalberg and actress Norma Shearer), with both marriages ending in divorce. He had three daughters with Thalberg. <mask> died on August 31, 2017, from natural causes in Beverly Hills, California. Recognition
In 2007, <mask> was honored with a Golden Palm

masks:
Anderson
Richard Malcolm
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson


title: Richard Anderson

texts:
 Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars. Filmography

 The Pearl (1947)
 The Vanishing Westerner (1950) as Deputy Sheriff Jeff Jackson
 A Life of Her Own (1950) as Hosiery Man (uncredited)
 The Magnificent Yankee (1950) as Reynolds, Secretary
 Grounds for Marriage (1951) as Tommy
 Storm Warning (1951) as Interne (uncredited)
 Payment on Demand (1951) as Jim Boland
 Cause for Alarm! (1951) as Lonesome Sailor
 Go for Broke!(1951) as Lieutenant (uncredited)
 No Questions Asked (1951) as Detective Walter O'Bannion
 Rich, Young and Pretty (1951) as Bob Lennart
 The People Against O'Hara (1951) as Jeff Chapman
 Across the Wide Missouri (1951) as <mask>
 The Unknown Man (1951) as Bob Masen
 Just This Once (1952) as Tom Winters
 Scaramouche (1952) as Philippe de Valmorin
 Holiday for Sinners (1952) as Father Victor Carducci
 Fearless Fagan (1952) as Capt. (1964) as Sergeant Perkins in the episode "A Silent Cry" on ABC
 Kitten with a Whip (1964) as Grant
 Big Valley (1965) as Dr. Travers (Episode: Last Train to the Fair)
 Seconds (1966) as Dr. Innes
 The F.B.I (1966) as Christian Palmer (Season 2, Episode 8: Collision Course)
 Mission Impossible (1967) as judge in The Psychic
 The Ride to Hangman's Tree (1967) as Steven Carlson
 The Hardy Boys: The Mystery of the Chinese Junk (1967) as Fenton Hardy
 The Invaders (1967) as Blake (Season 2, Episode 5: The Enemy)
 Big Valley (1968) as Nathan Springer (Episode: Fall of a Hero)
 Macho Callahan (1970) as Officer
 Gunsmoke (1970) as Gregorio (Episode: "The War Priest")
 Tora! Tora! Tora!