title: Ibn Abi Jumhur al-Ahsa'i

texts:
 Daftary wrote that <mask> Jumhur tried to integrate Sufism into Shi’ite thought, especially in his book المُجلي (“The Exile”), which merges Twelver Shi’a theology, Avicenna’s philosophy, Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi’s Illuminationism, and <mask>’s Sufi school. <mask> Jumhur wrote books on rhetoric, including زاد المسافرين (“Zad Al-Musafir”), but المُجلي took him a long time. He started it as زاد المسافرين (“Understanding the Way”), a theological guide he wrote in his youth in Najaf, to which his students lobbied him to write a footnote in 1488 called النور المنجي من الظلام حاشية مسلك الأفهام (“Enlightenment Lining the Path of Understanding”). On his return to Najaf in 1489, he revised it and re-published it in 1490 as مجلي مرآة المنجي, including “the divine wisdom, precious secrets of secular sciences, the essence of annunciation, and the end of levels of hoped-for perfection.” Considered a theological treatise that was his life’s work, المُجلي is considered an encyclopedia of most well-known topics of the age that primarily focuses on philosophy in Al-Bahrani’s image with Amuli’s style. The book is in two volumes, the first expounding on the Tawhid and the second on studies of verbs on the grounds that theology is “in fact divided into them.”

<mask> Abi Jumhur revered al-Bahrani as “the greatest scholar and the deepest intellect,” though he relied on

masks:
Ibn Abi
Ibn Arabi
Ibn Abi
Ibn


title: Ibn Abi Jumhur al-Ahsa'i

type: original

texts:
 Allamah Al-Hilli for insights on etiology and epistemology. “However, he did not rely on Shi’ite jurists and their official representatives to the same degree, though he once mentioned Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid. <mask> Abi Jumhur’s goal was to integrate Sufi and Shi’ite thought, and he cited the arguments and research of Amuli.He considered “Sharia, the method, and the truth, [to be] synonymous names true to the one truth of the Muslim law.” He cited to this end Amuli’s البحر الخضم (“The Great Ocean”), hoping to combine the Ash’ari and the Mu’tazila theological schools with philosophy and mysticism to create a single monotheistic belief framework based on Sufi and ascetic precepts. For <mask> Jumhur, monotheism was first and foremost about the unity that is:

Proof that this world has but one maker…and the theologians’ terminology for singling out the Almighty Truth from the entire multitude of attributes and actions within it and the Sufi insistence on the pure singularity both prove the principles and organization embedded in His all-encompassing greatness. <mask> Jumhur’s theological intention was to form a new sect or at least to reform Shia Islam to become an all-inclusive ecumenical doctrine. The Shi’a sect alone was not a large enough platform for his opinions, and he pointed out areas where Shi’ites lacked curiosity and educated ulama, so he wanted to

masks:
Ibn
Ibn Abi
Ibn Abi


title: Ibn Abi Jumhur al-Ahsa'i

texts:
 bring it up to date with the spirit of the time without disturbing its key principles. Teaching
<mask> Jumhur was a very influential teacher and authorized several students to narrate hadith, including Jamal al-Din Hassan bin <mask> <mask> Shabana al-Bahrani and Muhsin bin Muhammad al-Razawi al-Qummi, the latter his closest student and an associate from his last years at Imam Reza Shrine. Other notable disciples include Sharaf al-Din Mahmoud bin Alaa al-Din al-Talqani, who studied fiqh, hadith, biographical evaluation, and rhetoric for many years. Among other graduates were Rabi` bin Juma al-Ghazi al-Huwaizi, Jalal al-Din Bahram al-Astarabadi, Ata Allah bin Mu`in al-Din al-Sarw al-Asturabadi, Ali bin Qasim (known as Ibn Azaqa al-Hilli), Hussein al-Tuni, and Abdul Wahhab ibn Ali al-Husayni Alastabadi.Criticism
<mask> <mask> was criticized for his Shi’ite sympathies and accused of exaggeration by such scholars as Yedikuleli Seyyid 'Abdullah Efendi in his رياض العلماء (“Scholars of Riyadh”). Other scholars defended him, including Nematollah Jazayeri, Mirza Husain Noori Tabarsi, and Shahab ud-Din Mar’ashi Najafi. His textual magnanimity in عوالي اللَّئالي was also said by some sources to “mix the wheat with the chaff.” Al-Mar’ashi wrote a letter on September 19, 1982, which he included in a forward to his edition of عوالي اللَّئالي, therein rebutting these

masks:
Ibn Abi
Ibrahim Ibn
Abi
Ibn Abi
Jumhur


title: Ibn Abi Jumhur al-Ahsa'i

texts:
 criticisms. Legacy
A mosque in Taymiyyah is attributed to <mask> Jumhur’s time and includes an engraving in the mihrab dated to 1407, when his father Ali and grandfather Ibrahim would have prayed there. The text on the engraving is preserved and was inlaid up top, stating the shahada (the credo that “there is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his Prophet”). In 2013, the Ibn Abi Jumhur Heritage Society was founded in Qom as a non-profit dedicated to historic preservation. Publications
<mask>bi Jumhur left a large body of work in many fields, most of which are in Iranian libraries and many of which were printed or at least survive in manuscripts.A bibliography was published in 2013 by Abdullah Ghafrani. Souvenir of the Mujtahids, a Message on the Knowledge of the Shi’ite Sheikhs (1st ed.). Karbala: Karbala Center for Studies and Research. Pp. 104-05. Department of Islamic Studies, Encyclopedia Center of Islamabad (Visited April 28, 2021). "<mask>bi Jumhur."İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Visited April 28, 2021). "<mask>bi Jumhur." Majlesi, Mohammad-Baqer, (1983). Bihar al-Anwar, intro. Beirut: Al-Wafaa Foundation. Pp. 183-84.Najaf, Muhamma Amin (2009). Scholars at the Pleasure of God, A Brief Profile of the Lives of 200 Years (2nd ed.). Qom: Imam Husayn Expeditions. Pp. 143-44. .
 Al-Saif, Fawzy (2009). من أعلام الإمامية بين الفقيه العماني وآغا بزرك الطهراني

masks:
Ibn Abi
Ibn A
Ibn A
Ibn A


title: Brooks Williams

texts:
<mask> (born November 10, 1958) is an American acoustic guitarist and singer-songwriter. His style combines roots, jazz, blues, classical, and folk. He has released albums of contemporary folk music, blues music, and of instrumental guitar music. In addition to his solo recordings and tours, he has frequently recorded and toured with many other musicians over the years, including Boo Hewerdine, Jim Henry, Guy Davis, Hans Theessink, Steve Tilston and Sloan Wainwright. Biography
<mask> was born in Statesboro, Georgia, United States. In his late teens, he moved to Boston to pursue higher education and a career in music. <mask> began releasing music on his own label, Red Guitar Blue Music, in 1989, with an EP called Red Guitar Plays Blue; this EP was pressed on CD with additional unreleased recordings from the late 1980s in 1993, under the same title and label.His first two "official" albums (North From Statesboro, How the Night-Time Sings) were also self-released under Red Guitar Blue Music. The albums from 1992-1997 were recorded under contract with Green Linnet Records, except for Ring Some Changes, which was released by Signature Sounds. <mask> signed to Signature Sounds and released the albums listed from 1999–2003, except for Dead Sea Cafe, a compilation of Green Linnet-era recordings released by Silent Planet Records. In 2004, <mask> returned to own Red Guitar Blue Music label, and has released albums exclusively in this way to the present, apart from Guitar Player, which was released through Solid Air Records. The first two albums, plus both versions of Red Guitar Plays Blue

masks:
Brooks Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams


title: Brooks Williams

texts: have been out of print for many years; in 2002, <mask> selected favorite tracks from the first two albums for a best-of compilation on Red Guitar Blue Music called Acoustic Beginnings 1990-1991 which is now also out of print. In May 2006, Green Linnet Records was sold to Compass Records and four of those records are now available through their website. In recent years, <mask>' music has been more heavily focused on the blues.<mask> has relocated to England, and currently tours in both the UK and the US. In 2011, State of the Union, was a collaboration with the well-known British singer-songwriter Boo Hewerdine. Snake Oil captured the live energy between the two in concert. <mask> released two albums in 2016. The first, entitled My Turn Now, featured Sally Barker on backing vocals, Richard Gates on electric bass and co-producer Chris Pepper on the drums. The second, <mask>' Blues, featured a number of <mask>'s favourite blues songs including Robert Johnson's "From Four Until Late", Memphis Slim's "Mother Earth", Bessie Smith's "Backwater Blues" and Blind Willie McTell's "Statesboro Blues". The album was recorded in an 'old school' manner, with just voice and guitar (acoustic, resonator and cigar box), live in the studio, using vintage microphones.In November 2016, <mask> joined forces with Guy Davis for a UK tour entitled 'Inside The Delta', a showcase of the many varied styles of the blues. 2017 saw the release of a third 'State of the Union' album entitled The Saltwell Sessions - another joint venture with Boo Hewerdine. In May 2018, Hans Theessink joined <mask> for an

masks: Williams Williams Williams Brooks Brooks Williams Brooks Brooks


title: Brooks Williams

texts:
 extensive tour of the UK. In July 2018, <mask> released the album Lucky Star. In February 2020, <mask> released the album Work My Claim, a celebration of his 30 years in the music business. Discography

Albums
 North from Statesboro (Red Guitar Blue, 1990)
 How the Night-time Sings (Red Guitar Blue, 1991)
 Back to Mercy (Green Linnet, 1992)
 Inland Sailor (Green Linnet, 1994)
 Knife Edge (Green Linnet, 1996)
 Ring Some Changes (Signature Sounds, 1997) (with Jim Henry)
 Seven Sisters (Signature Sounds, 1997)
 Hundred Year Shadow (Signature Sounds, 1999)
 Dead Sea Café (Silent Planet, 2000)
 Little Lion (Signature Sounds, 2000)
 Skiffle-Bop (Signature Sounds, 2001)
 Acoustic Beginnings: 1990-1991 (Red Guitar Blue, 2002)
 Nectar (Signature Sounds, 2003)
 Live/Solo (Red Guitar Blue Music,  2004)
 Guitar Player (Solid Air, 2005)
 Blues and Ballads (Red Guitar Blue, 2006)
 The Time I Spend with You (Red Guitar Blue, 2008)
 Baby-O! (Red Guitar Blue, 2010)
 New Everything (Red Guitar Blue,  2013)
 Shreveport Sessions (Red Guitar Blue, 2014)
 My Turn Now (Red Guitar Blue, 2016)
 <mask>' Blues (Red Guitar Blue, 2016)
 Lucky Star (Red Guitar Blue, 2018)
 Work My Claim (Red Guitar Blue, 2020)
 Grant Avenue Tapes (Vol.1) ... (Limited reissue of 1995 analogue recordings on vinyl, 2021)

with State of the Union
 State of the Union (Reveal, 2011) (with Boo Hewerdine)
 Snake Oil (Reveal, 2012) (with Boo Hewerdine)
 The Saltwell Sessions (2017) (with Boo Hewerdine)

EPs
 Red Guitar Plays Blue (Red Guitar Blue, 1989)
 More New Everything (Red Guitar Blue, 2013)
 Christmas 2014 (Red

masks: Williams Brooks Brooks


title: Brooks Williams

texts:
 Guitar Blue, 2014)

with State of the Union
Rent (2012) (with Boo Hewerdine) - guitars, voice

Compilation albums
 Orphans of God, tribute to Mark Heard, 1996 (Track 8: 'Rise From The Ruins')
 People On The Highway - A Tribute To Bert Jansch, 2000 (Disc 2, Track 4: 'Tell Me, What Is True Love?') Making God Smile: An Artists' Tribute to the Songs of Beach Boy Brian Wilson, 2002 (Track 15: 'Pet Sounds')
 Cole Porter: Delovely Guitar - A Guitar Tribute To Cole Porter, 2007 (Track 12: 'You're The Top')
 A Guitar For Elvis - An Elvis Guitar Tribute, 2010 (Track 9: 'Love Me Tender' with Benjamin Verdery)

DVDs
 Guitar Groove: A Session With <mask>, 2010 (Woodhall Music)
 <mask>: Teaches Blues Guitar Basics, 2011 (Woodhall Music)

References

External links

Biography at AllMusic

1958 births
Living people
American male singers
Fingerstyle guitarists
Folk musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Statesboro, Georgia
Guitarists from Georgia (U.S. state)
American male guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
Green Linnet Records artists
Signature Sounds artists
American male

masks:
Brooks Williams
Brooks Williams


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

texts:
<mask>, 2nd Baron Baltimore (8 August 1605 – 30 November 1675), was an English nobleman, also often known as <mask>, who was the first Proprietor of the Province of Maryland, ninth Proprietary Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland and second of the colony of Province of Avalon to its southeast. His title was "First Lord Proprietary, Earl Palatine of the Provinces of Maryland and Avalon in America". He received the proprietorship after the death of his father, The 1st Baron <mask> (1579 – 15 April 1632), for whom it had been intended. <mask>, Lord Baltimore, established and managed the Province of Maryland from his home, Kiplin Hall, in North Yorkshire, England. As an English Roman Catholic, he continued the legacy of his father by promoting religious tolerance in the colony. Maryland became a haven for Catholics in the New World, particularly important at a time of religious persecution in England. Lord <mask> governed Maryland for forty-two years.He also continued to be Lord Proprietor and Governor of Newfoundland for the Province of Avalon. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 8 August 1605 in Kent, England, to George Calvert, who was later created, in 1625, The 1st Baron Baltimore, and Anne Mynne (or Mayne). He was the first of several sons of the couple. At the time, his father was under pressure for conformity, and all ten children were baptised in the Church of England. Calvert entered Trinity College at the University of Oxford in 1621. His mother Anne Mynne (or Mayne) died the following year. His father, The 1st Baron <mask>, converted to Catholicism in 1625, and it is likely that his children followed him; at least his sons did.In 1628, <mask> accompanied his father, <mask>, along with most of his siblings and his stepmother, to the new Colony of Newfoundland. The colony failed due to disease, extreme cold and attacks by the French and the family returned to England. <mask> succeeded as The

masks:
Cecil Calvert
Cecilius Calvert
Baltimore
Cecil
Baltimore
Cecil Calvert
Baltimore
Cecil
Lord Baltimore
Cecil Calvert


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

texts:
 2nd Baron Baltimore upon his father's death in April 1632. On 8 August 1633, the new Lord Baltimore, as <mask> was now, was admitted to Gray's Inn as a barrister. Settlement of the Maryland colony

Maryland Charter

Lord Baltimore, as <mask> now was, received a Charter from King Charles I for the new colony of Maryland, to be named for the Queen Consort, Henrietta Maria (wife of King Charles I). This was shortly after the death, in April 1632, of his father, The 1st Baron Baltimore, who had long sought the charter to found a colony in the mid-Atlantic area to serve as a refuge for English Roman Catholics. The original grant would have included the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay as far south as the Potomac River and the entirety of the eastern shore (future "Delmarva" peninsula).When the Crown realised that settlers from Virginia had already crossed the bay to begin settling the southern tip of their eastern shore, the grant was revised to include the eastern shore only as far south as a line drawn east from the mouth of the Potomac River (including the future State of Delaware). Once that alteration was made, the final charter was confirmed on 20 June 1632. This charter would be heavily contested by the 2nd Lord <mask>'s heirs and the Penn family in the Penn–Calvert Boundary Dispute. Baltimore's fee for the Charter, which was legally a rental of the land from the King, was one-fifth of all gold and silver found and the delivery of two Native American arrows to the royal castle at Windsor every Easter. The Charter established Maryland as a palatinate, giving Baltimore and his descendants rights nearly equal to those of an independent state, including the rights to wage war, collect taxes and establish a colonial nobility. In questions of interpretation of rights, the Charter would be interpreted in favour of the proprietor. Supporters in England of the Virginia colony opposed the Charter, as they had

masks: Cecil Cecil Baltimore


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

texts:
 New England in Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony.Catholics began to see Maryland as a possible English-speaking place of refuge. Lord Baltimore, a Catholic, struggled to maintain possession of Maryland during the English Civil War by trying to convince Parliament of his loyalty; he appointed a Protestant, William Stone, as his governor. It is accepted he did this exclusively to maintain possession of the colony during the civil war, as his loyalties were with King Charles. Religious toleration

In 1649, Maryland passed the Maryland Toleration Act, also known as the "Act Concerning Religion", mandating religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians only (those who profess faith in the "Holy Trinity" – Father, Son and Holy Spirit, excluding Nontrinitarian faiths). Passed on 21 September 1649, by the General Assembly of the Maryland colony, it was the first law establishing religious tolerance in the British North American colonies. The Calvert family sought enactment of the law to protect Catholic settlers and Nonconformist Protestants who did not conform to the established Church of England. Baltimore's colony in Newfoundland

Lord <mask>'s family also had title to Ferryland and the Province of Avalon in Newfoundland.The 1st Baron <mask> administered the colony between 1629 and 1632, when he left for the Colony of Virginia and later visited the northern reaches along the Chesapeake Bay (which included the future Maryland). In 1637, however, Sir David Kirke acquired a charter giving <mask>, 2nd Baron Baltimore, title to the entire island of Newfoundland, superseding the charter granted to his father George, 1st Baron Baltimore. The 2nd Lord <mask> fought against the new Charter. Although, in 1661, he gained official recognition of the old Charter of Avalon, he never attempted to retake the Avalon colony. Marriage and family

He married Anne Arundell, Reichsgräfin von Wardour, daughter of The 1st

masks: Baltimore Baltimore Cecil Baltimore


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

texts:
 Baron Arundell of Wardour, in 1627 or 1628. They had nine children. Of the nine, only three, including Charles, 3rd Baron Baltimore, survived to adulthood.Later, her name became the inspiration for the naming of one of the earliest counties to be "erected" (founded), namely Anne Arundel County, Maryland. Anne's father built Hook Manor, a country house near Semley, Wiltshire for her in 1637 and gave the house (which still stands) to the couple in 1639. <mask>, 2nd Lord <mask>, died in Middlesex, England, on 30 November 1675. He was succeeded by his son and heir, Charles. Death and burial
He died in England on 30 November 1675, aged 70 years. Parish records state that he is buried at St. Giles-in-the-Fields Church, London, UK, though the exact location of his grave is unknown. A plaque commemorating <mask>, 2nd Baron Baltimore, was placed in St. Giles's in 1996 by the Governor of Maryland.However, genealogists for Kiplin Hall state, "A number of the early Calverts were buried at St Giles in the Fields, Charing Cross Road, London. We cannot yet be certain whether <mask> is one of them." This is possibly due to poor record keeping of Catholic burials or numerous outbreaks of disease that overwhelmed burial staff and led to confusion in parish registers. Legacy and honours

Maryland

Numerous place names honour the Barons Baltimore, including the counties of Baltimore, Calvert, Cecil, Charles, and Frederick. Cities which include variations of the Calvert and Lord Baltimore's name
  City of Baltimore
  Leonardtown
  St. Leonard
  Calvert Cliffs
  Anne Arundel County (Anne Arundel's original spelling of her name is preserved in the name of the county's heritage organisation – "Ann Arundell County Historical Society")

Street names
  Cecil Avenue
  Calvert Street
  Charles Street in Baltimore
  Calvert Street in Brooklyn neighbourhood of South Baltimore
  Calvert Street in Washington
  Baltimore Street in

masks: Cecil Baltimore Cecil Cecil


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

texts:
 Cumberland, Maryland
  Baltimore Street in La Plata, Maryland,
  Baltimore-Annapolis Boulevard (Maryland Route 648)
  Baltimore–Washington Parkway

A 1908 statue of <mask>, Lord Baltimore, for which Francis X. Bushman served as sculptor's model, stands on the steps at the west entrance of the Circuit Courthouse of Baltimore City (built 1896–1900 – renamed the Clarence M. Mitchell, Jr. Courthouse in the 1980s) facing Saint Paul Street and a small Court Plaza with a fountain. It is the site of annual "Maryland Day" (25 March) ceremonies which continue inside the elaborate lobby and ceremonial courtrooms.Harford County is named for Henry Harford, the illegitimate son of The 6th Baron Baltimore. Although precluded by his birth status from inheriting the peerage, he inherited the Lord Proprietorship, only to lose it later during the American Revolution. The Flag of Maryland uses the arms of the 2nd Baron with the Calvert (father's family) black and gold paly (6 vertical bars), with a bend dexter counterchanged, and the Crossland (mother's family) red and white bottony (tre-foiled) counterchanged cross. The flag first flew 11 October 1880, in Baltimore by the newly reorganised Maryland National Guard (state militia) at a parade marking the 150th anniversary of the founding of Baltimore Town (1729–1730). It also flew 25 October 1888, at Gettysburg Battlefield for ceremonies dedicating monuments to the Maryland regiments of the Army of the Potomac and of the Confederate States Army. During the Civil War, the black and gold chevrons were used as a symbol on uniforms and flags by the Northern (Union) Maryland soldiers and units and the bottonee cross from the Crosslands by the Southern (Confederate) regiments from Maryland. The later reunification of the two squares of the colonial seal and proprietary family's coat-of-arms in the increased use of a "Maryland Flag" in the late 19th and early 20th centuries symbolised


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

texts:
 the post-war reconciliation of the two sides of the bitterly divided border state.Officially, it was adopted as the State flag in 1904. The Great Seal of Maryland, which was stolen in 1645, was replaced by a similar seal by <mask>. The seal features the Calvert arms and motto, which is still used in the Government of Maryland. Newfoundland
On the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland is the settlement of Calvert
Baltimore School is in nearby Ferryland. Coat of arms

The black and gold quarters were the arms of the Calverts themselves, while the red and silver were for the Crosslands, the family of the 1st Baron's mother, Alice. Shield:
 Quarterly, 1st and 4th Paly of six Or and Sable a bend counterchanged (Calvert),
 2nd and 3rd Quarterly Argent and Gules over all a cross bottony counterchanged (Crosslands). Crest:  Out of a ducal coronet 2 pennants flying, the dexter Or, the sinister Sable

Supporters:  Two leopards guardant Proper

Motto: (Italian), Fatti maschii, parole femine, meaning, "Manly deeds, womanly words."The coat was the inspiration for the naming of the Baltimore oriole bird, whose orange and black feathers resembled Lord Baltimore's coat of arms. The bird in turn inspired the name of the Baltimore Orioles baseball team. See also

Baron Baltimore
Colonial families of Maryland
List of colonial governors of Maryland
Province of Maryland
Lord Baltimore penny

References

Sources
 Browne, William Hand (1890). George Calvert and <mask> Calvert: Barons Baltimore of Baltimore. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company. Krugler, John D. (2004). English and Catholic: The Lords Baltimore in the 17th Century.Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. External links

Calvert Family Tree (accessed 10 July 2013)

1605 births
1675 deaths
17th-century English nobility
English Roman Catholics
People of colonial Maryland
<mask>, 2nd Baron Baltimore
Governors of Newfoundland Colony
British North America
Barons Baltimore
St.

masks:
Cecil
Cecilius
Cecil Calvert


title: Danny McCulloch

texts:
Daniel Joseph "<mask><mask> (18 July 1945 – 29 January 2015) was an English musician best known as the bassist of the 1960s psychedelic rock group Eric Burdon and The Animals. History

Early career

<mask> was born in Shepherd's Bush, West London, England. Despite a common surname, he was not a relation of either Henry McCullough (who did work under original Animal Chas Chandler's management) or <mask>, both members of the 1970s band Wings. <mask> commenced performing publicly at the age of eleven, playing skiffle music. His first band was The Avro Boys, from Shepherd's Bush, who became Tony Craven & The Casuals in the late 1950s. In 1960, The Casuals linked up with new singer Frankie Reid and <mask> remained with the group until October 1962. During his time with Frankie Reid & The Casuals, one of the band's drummers was Mitch Mitchell.<mask> and drummer Derek Sirmon next joined Screaming Lord Sutch & The Savages and stayed until May 1963. In 1964, McCullough and Sirmon joined Woking band, The Plebs, who recorded a lone single. During mid-1966, <mask> worked briefly with The Carl Douglas Set, until he was approached by Eric Burdon to join Burdon's new band. The New Animals
In late 1966, after the breakup of the original incarnation of The Animals, <mask> joined the "New Animals", being the first "new" Animal hired by Eric Burdon. <mask> in turn introduced Burdon to guitarist and violinist John Weider, who in turn introduced Burdon to guitarist Vic Briggs. The reconstituted group released three albums and a series of hit singles, including "San Franciscan Nights", "Monterey" and "Sky Pilot". All band members were credited as co-authors on the two albums from which these

masks:
Danny
" McCulloch
Danny McCulloch
Jimmy McCulloch
McCulloch
McCulloch
McCulloch
McCulloch
McCulloch
McCulloch


title: Danny McCulloch

texts:
 singles were released.It was only as of the third album of the reconstituted group, Every One of Us, that songwriting credit was primarily that of Eric Burdon. Keyboardist Zoot Money also joined the band at that time. Shortly prior to the release of this third album, <mask> and Briggs were both fired from the band. <mask> was replaced by Weider switching from guitar to bass, while Briggs was replaced by Andy Summers, later of The Police. Solo and With Others
<mask> and Briggs worked together thereafter. In 1969, with Briggs acting as producer and arranger, <mask> released the album Wings of a Man. In 1971, <mask> was the bassist on the solo album of Reg King, former lead singer of The Action.Other musicians included Mick Taylor, Steve Winwood and Brian Auger. Also in 1971, he joined Renaissance as a bassist for a short period, playing with former Plebs bandmate Michael Dunford, who was a composer and guitarist with Renaissance. In the 1980s, <mask> worked as a psychiatric nurse in Rauceby Hospital, the south Lincolnshire psychiatric hospital located in Sleaford, Lincolnshire. In 1992, <mask> joined as the bass player and a vocalist of a reconstituted Animals, including Vic Briggs and drummer Barry Jenkins. At the time, Briggs asserted that he had a right to call the band "The Animals", having trademarked the name in the United States. With Phil Ryan on lead vocals,   instead of Eric Burdon, the band played the first rock concert held in Red Square, Moscow, as part of a benefit concert for the victims of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. In 1993, following the Red Square performance, <mask> put together a new Animals group, which rerecorded the old hits of the band, plus

masks: McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch


title: Danny McCulloch

texts: others, including originals by <mask>.The material received mixed reviews, including some involving confusion and inaccurate assumptions that Eric Burdon was singing on the album. Some purchasers, upon discovery that Burdon was not involved, felt that they had been misled. In 1995, as "<mask>och's Friends", he released a second album, Beowulf. The songs on the album were generally co-written with Steve Rowland, who also produced the album, and also included one co-written with former Fleetwood Mac guitarist <mask>. The "Friends" included Gary Wright, Chris Spedding, Herbie Flowers, Ray Cooper, Steve Gregory, Chas Hodges and Chris Mercer. Between 1996 and 1998, <mask> was involved in controversy concerning re-recordings alleged to have been made by certain artists, in particular Mott the Hoople, involving an alleged reformation of the band by Ian Hunter and Mick Ronson in 1993. With musician and music promoter Gerry Chapman, <mask> The Hoople, "The New Animals", Paper Lace and The Byrds.The recordings represented by McCulloch to be new recordings by Hunter and Ronson were in fact by a sound alike, asserted to be McCulloch and Chapman, operating under the band name The Trybe. Five of the twelve songs on the alleged Mott The Hoople "greatest hits" recording were credited to <mask> and Chapman, and had never previously been recorded by Mott The Hoople. K-Tel stated that it had dealt with <mask> successfully in the past, and had paid $75,000 for the tapes. <mask> claimed that Ian Hunter's voice had been remixed  along with a soundalike voice in order to strengthen it, and that the remixing had been done with Ian Hunter's knowledge and permission. Hunter categorically denied the

masks:
McCulloch
Danny McCull
Danny Kirwan
McCulloch
McCullochtt
McCulloch
McCulloch
McCulloch


title: Danny McCulloch

texts: assertions, stating that he had not recorded with Ronson since 1989. The K-Tel album, The Best of Mott The Hoople, was accordingly withdrawn in 1997, having been released in 1996. In 1998, further to a complaint by Ian Hunter's management, K-Tel admitted guilt to two charges under the Trade Descriptions Act of Great Britain and was accordingly fined.The false Mott The Hoople recordings had been licensed to other companies by McCulloch Chapman Music, resulting in multiple releases of the misrepresented content, including All The Young Dudes (Denmark Digimode, 1996; Ireland, Eagle Rock Pegasus, 1997), Dudes (UK Going For A Song, 1997)) and The Magic Collection (Holland ARC MEC, 1997)  Some of the false Mott The Hoople releases included historic cover pictures of the band or band members. In 2002, the recordings were again  released, under the title I Can't Believe It's Not Mott The Hoople, and credited to The Trybe. These recordings were also subsequently released on ITunes. Similar releases by The Trybe covered Steppenwolf songs, while again including songs by McCulloch and Chapman. In the 2000s, <mask> was touring with a new Animals formation, called Animals and Friends, led by original drummer John Steel and organist Dave Rowberry, though McCulloch was not a regular member of the group. In 2012, <mask> released a digital biography on Amazon Digital Services, When I Was Young, in which he describes joining and playing with The Animals as "the biggest mistake of my life". The book is described as "tell(ing) the truth of the big rip off to musicians in the 60's and 70's".In 2013, <mask> released the album Back Again, Just For A Bit. <mask> died from heart failure on 29 January

masks:
McCulloch
McCulloch
McCulloch
Death McCulloch


title: Sasaki Kojirō

texts:
was a possibly fictional or fictionalized Japanese swordsman who may have lived during the Azuchi–Momoyama and early Edo periods and is known primarily for the story of his battle with Miyamoto Musashi in 1612, where <mask> was killed. <mask> is of questionable historical veracity; the martial artist and writer Dave Lowry wrote of <mask> "The folktale of Musashi and <mask>ro is a famous one... it does not seem to matter much that the whole event might never have happened at all, or that the figure of <mask>ro has never even been historically ascertained". History
<mask>rō went by the fighting name of , which was also the name of the kenjutsu school he had founded. It is said that <mask> studied the Chūjō-ryu of sword fighting from either Kanemaki Jisai or Toda Seigen. Toda Seigen was a master of the kodachi. If <mask> had indeed learned Chūjō-ryu from Seigen, he would have been his master's sparring partner. Due to his master's use of the kodachi, <mask> used a nodachi, or a long katana, against him, therefore eventually excelling in its use.It was after defeating his master's younger brother that he left and founded the Ganryū. The first reliable account of his life states that in 1610, because of the fame of his school and his many successful duels, including once in the late 1500s when he fended off three opponents with a tessen, <mask> was honored by Lord Hosokawa Tadaoki as the chief weapons master of the Hosokawa fief in the north of Kyūshū. <mask> later became skilled in wielding a nodachi, and used one he called monohoshizao ("The Laundry-Drying Pole") as his strongest main weapon. Duel with Miyamoto Musashi

<mask> was a long-time rival of Miyamoto Musashi, and is considered the most

masks:
Sasaki
Sasaki
Sasaki
Sasaki Koji
Sasaki Koji
Sasaki Koji
Sasaki
Sasaki
Sasaki
Sasaki
Sasaki
Sasaki


title: Sasaki Kojirō

texts:
 challenging opponent Musashi ever faced. There are a number of accounts of the duel, varying in most details except the essentials, such as Kojirō's defeat. The age of Kojirō is especially uncertain – the Nitenki says that during his childhood, he

The Nitenkis account initially seems trustworthy, until it goes on to give the age of <mask> at the time of the duel as 18 years old; it is known that two years earlier he had been a head weapons master for a fief – but then that would imply he had reached such a position at the age of 16, which is extremely improbable. A further complication is that Toda Seigen died in the 1590s.This unreliability of the sources means <mask>'s age could have varied anywhere from his 20s to as late as his 50s. Even worse, a number of scholars contend that identifying Seigen as Kojirō's teacher is a mistake, and that he was actually trained by a student of Seigen's, Kanemaki Jisai. The reason for this was that the person interviewed for the Nitenki (the last known witness to the duel) said Kojirō's age but the author missed the first part, and only got the last part which was 18 (十八), pronounced as "jyu hachi" - however, numbers in Japanese are spoken as tens and ones, such as 48 (四十八) "yonjyuhachi". The reason his last name is <mask> can be because of two reasons:
His mother was a member of the <mask> clan, and had him out of wedlock. Since they were not married, he took on his mother's last name. She later married a distant cousin who also shared the same last name, and raised him as his own son. His mother was unaware she was pregnant with him when she married into the <mask> clan.Thus, her husband, although suspecting the child wasn't his, raised him as his own son.

masks: Sasaki Sasaki Sasaki Sasaki Sasaki


title: Sasaki Kojirō

texts: Like his adversary Musashi, he was also very tall (about 5 ft. 10 in. or 1.78 m), a giant compared to the average Japanese at that time. Apparently, the young Musashi, at the time, around 29 years old, heard of <mask>'s fame and asked Lord Hosokawa Tadaoki, through an intermediary, Nagaoka Sado Okinaga, a principal vassal of Tadaoki, to arrange a duel. Tadaoki assented and set the time and place as 13 April 1612 on the comparatively remote island of Ganryujima of Funashima, the strait between Honshū and Kyūshū. The match was probably set in such a remote place because by this time <mask> had acquired many students and disciples, and were <mask> to lose, they would probably have attempted to kill Musashi. According to the legend, Musashi arrived more than three hours late and goaded <mask> by taunting him.When <mask> attacked, his blow came so close as to sever Musashi's chonmage. He came close to victory several times until, supposedly, he was blinded by the sunset behind Musashi, who struck him on the skull with his oversized bokken, or wooden sword, which was  long. Musashi had supposedly fashioned the long bokken, a type called a suburitō due to its above-average length, by shaving down the spare oar of the boat in which he arrived at the duel with his wakizashi. Musashi came late on purpose in order to psychologically unnerve his opponent, a tactic he had used on previous occasions, such as during his series of duels with the Yoshioka swordsmen. Another version of the legend recounts that when Musashi finally arrived, <mask> shouted insults at him, but Musashi just smiled. Angered even further, <mask> leapt into combat, blind with rage. <mask> attempted his famous "swallow's blade" or "swallow

masks: Sasaki Sasaki Sasaki Sasaki Sasaki Sasaki Sasaki Sasaki


title: Sasaki Kojirō

texts: cut", but Musashi's oversized bokken hit <mask> first, causing him to fall down; before <mask> could finish his swallow cut, Musashi smashed <mask>'s left rib, puncturing his lungs and killing him.Musashi then hastily retreated to his boat and sailed away. This was Musashi's last fatal duel. Among other things, this conventional account, drawn from the Nitenki, Kensetsu, and Yoshida Seiken's account, has some problems. Kenji Tokitsu discusses a number of obscurities and counterintuitive claims that have been identified in the account by him and previous scholars. Would Musashi only prepare his bokuto while going to the duel site? Could he even have prepared it in time, working the hard wood with his wakizashi? Would that work not have tired him as well?Further, why was the island then renamed after <mask>, and not Musashi? Other texts completely omit the "late arrival" portion of the story or change the sequence of actions altogether. Harada Mukashi and a few other scholars believe that <mask> was actually assassinated by Musashi and his students – the <mask> clan apparently was a political obstacle to Lord Hosokawa, and defeating <mask> would have been a political setback to his religious and political foes. The debate still rages today as to whether or not Musashi cheated in order to win that fateful duel or merely used the environment to his advantage. Another theory is that Musashi timed the hour of his arrival to match the turning of the tide. He expected to be pursued by <mask>'s supporters in the event of a victory. The tide carried him to the island, then it turned by the time the fight ended.Musashi immediately jumped back in his boat and his flight was thus helped by the tide.


title: Sasaki Kojirō

texts:
 Weapon
<mask>'s favored weapon during combat was a straight-edged nodachi with a blade-length of over 90 cm (2 feet, 11.5 inches). As a comparison, the average blade-length of the regular katana are usually 70 cm (2 feet, 3 inches) but rarely longer. It was called monohoshizao (Clothes/Laundry-Drying Pole, 物干し竿, often translated into English as "The Drying Pole"). Despite the sword's length and weight, <mask>'s strikes with the weapon were unusually quick and precise. Swallow cut

His favorite technique was both respected and feared throughout feudal Japan. It was called the "Turning Swallow Cut" or Tsubame Gaeshi (燕返し, "Swallow Reversal / Return"), and was so named because it mimicked the motion of a swallow's tail during flight as observed at Kintaibashi Bridge in Iwakuni.This cut was reputedly so quick and precise that it could strike down a bird in mid-flight. There are no direct descriptions of the technique, but it was compared to two other techniques current at the time: the Ittō-ryū's Kinshi Cho Ōken and the Ganryū Kosetsu To; respectively the two involved fierce and swift cuts downward and then immediately upwards. Hence, the "Turning Swallow Cut" has been reconstructed as a technique involving striking downward from above and then instantly striking again in an upward motion from below. The strike's second phase could be from below toward the rear and then upward at an angle, like an eagle climbing again after swooping down on its prey. <mask> created this technique around 1605. In popular culture
Like most of the well-known samurai of his era, <mask> was depicted in several places:
He plays a central role in the novel Musashi by Eiji Yoshikawa. His life is described in a parallel

masks: Sasaki Kojirō Sasaki Sasaki


title: Sasaki Kojirō

texts:
 storyline.In various film adaptations of his story or that of Miyamoto Musashi. For example, in Zoku Miyamoto Musashi: Ichijōji no kettō (Samurai 2: Duel at Ichijoji Temple; 1955; Director / Screenplay: Hiroshi Inagaki). In the manga Vagabond, he plays a central role alongside Musashi and is shown here as deaf. Tachibana Ukyo from the computer game Samurai Shodown is modeled after <mask>, just like the character Haōmaru is modeled after Miyamoto Musashi. In the visual novel and anime Fate/stay night, <mask> also played the role of a minor character. In the video game Brave Fencer Musashi, the arch-rival of the protagonist (Musashi) was named after him. In the Pokémon series, the original Japanese name for the Flying type move Aerial Ace is Tsubame Gaeshi.Additionally, the anime characters Jessie and James are known in Japan as Musashi and Kojirō, respectively. In the anime and manga Record of Ragnarok, <mask> is one of the thirteen fighters chose to represent humanity in the Ragnarok battles. He faces off against the Greek god Poseidon in Round 3 of the tournament. An ōdachi named the "Washing Pole" is a weapon attainable by the player in the 2011 action-RPG Dark Souls and its 2016 sequel, Dark Souls III. In the anime and manga One Piece, <mask> is one of the 6 members of Kaido's Tobiroppo. See also
 <mask> <mask> in fiction
 Miyamoto Musashi in fiction

References

Sources
 Miyamoto Musashi: His Life and Writings, Kenji Tokitsu (trans. Sherab Chodzin Kohn), Shambhala Press, 2004.Miyamoto Musashi, Eiji Yoshikawa (translated as Musashi by Charles S. Terry )

Further reading

1580s births
1612 deaths
Samurai
Japanese swordfighters
Japanese warriors killed in battle
People from Fukui

masks: Sasaki Sasaki Sasaki Sasaki Sasaki Kojirō


title: Patrick Bissell

texts:
<mask> (December 1, 1957 – December 29, 1987) was an American danseur. He was a leading principal dancer with the American Ballet Theatre. On his death at age 30 from a drug overdose, he was described by the artistic director of the American Ballet Theatre and personal ballet eminence Mikhail Baryshnikov as "without a doubt one of the brightest lights in American Ballet Theater's history, or, for that matter, in the entire ballet world". Bissell was noted for his height and athleticism. His most famous role was as Solor in La Bayadère. His death prompted investigations into the alleged widespread drug use within the American Ballet Theatre. Early years
Bissell was born on December 1, 1957, in Corpus Christi, Texas.He was one of the five children of Donald and Patricia Bissell; his siblings included his twin brother William, two sisters Susan and Barbara, and brother Donald. The family lived in Palos Park, Illinois for several years. His father was a computer-systems designer with Hiram Walker Inc.

Bissell was an athlete who enjoyed performing feats of daring: at the age of 8 he jumped off a -high diving board, even though he did not know how to swim. He dabbled in many sports— baseball, basketball, football, track, etc. He was the pitcher on the baseball team, the center on the basketball team. The coaches gave him an option—either quit sports or quit dance. He gave up athletics in favor of ballet.He was introduced to ballet at age ten by his older sister Susan, who practiced it before he did. She paid him to be her ballet partner; thus he was first paid to dance. While she went on to be a sail-maker and live on


title: Patrick Bissell

texts:
 ranks due to the shortage of men in the company. Wherever Bissell went, he attracted attention, both from his fiery dancing and his habit of wearing a cowboy hat and cowboy boots around New York City-—his way of distinguishing he was a true-blue native Texan. He also made his way around the city on a motorcycle. He danced the lead roles in three of the four ballets performed by the school in its annual workshop and graduated in 1977.He became a good friend of Mikhail Baryshnikov, who praised his dancing. Career
Bissell joined the corps de ballet of the American Ballet Theatre in 1977, and after three months there, he danced the lead male role in La Bayadère. He moved to the Boston Ballet but returned the following year. In 1978, he was promoted to soloist and to principal dancer in 1979 at the American Ballet Theatre due to the shortage of men in the company—even making the cover of Dance Magazine. The ballerinas nicknamed him "Tarzan," as he was a huge, hulking juggernaut of a man who could carry some of the biggest and tallest girls in the company. For much of his career, however, Bissell was plagued with injuries, and there were reports of drug and alcohol problems. <mask> and Gelsey Kirkland were dismissed from the American Ballet Theatre in 1980 and 1981 on the grounds of chronic lateness and missed rehearsals—in particular for failing to attend a dress rehearsal on the eve of the company's opening at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. on December 9, 1980.Bissell and Kirkland then appeared as guest artists with the Eglevsky Ballet in its production of Act II of Giselle in 1982 at the Hofstra Playhouse in


title: Patrick Bissell

texts:
 also given a $100 fine. After being fired by the ABT (along with Kirkland), they were re-hired and celebrated by doing a stash of cocaine they had smuggled in the lining of a ballet slipper. Drug use and death
Bissell started using drugs at a very young age, including shooting up with heroin, and consumed large amounts throughout the course of his life.Because of this, he developed something of a tolerance. He was arrested in 1981 in Bloomington, Indiana, and charged with public intoxication, disorderly conduct and pushing a policeman. He was given a 30-day jail sentence. However, a plea bargain was made whereby the judge ordered him to arrange to give a performance at Indiana University with the proceeds to be given to charity. In 1984, company officials from the American Ballet Theatre consulted with experts on drug addiction and found a therapist for him. The following year, a condition of his continued employment by the company was that he undergo regular urine tests. The tests were held weekly with results 95 percent negative, however lapses were penalized with fines.In 1987, he spent five weeks at the Betty Ford Clinic in California for intensive therapy, completing the treatment in August. Prior to entering the clinic he had injured his foot and was thus prevented from going on the American Ballet Theatre's fall tour. Around the holidays that year, he was so broke he had to borrow money for groceries. <mask> was found dead at his apartment in Hoboken, New Jersey on December 29, at the age of 30. At the time of his death, he was engaged to fellow dancer at the American Ballet Theatre, soloist Amy Rose, and


title: Patrick Bissell

texts:
 had planned to rejoin the company the following month. His family and Gelsey Kirkland blamed his drug use on the "highly competitive dance world in New York City". The results of an autopsy showed that he died from an overdose of cocaine, codeine, methadone and other drugs.No paraphernalia was found. It never was determined whether <mask>'s death was a deliberate suicide. His death prompted charges of extensive drug use in the dance world by Bissell's parents and fellow-dancer Gelsey Kirkland. Kirkland's autobiography Dancing on My Grave mentions Bissell's frequent use of cocaine and, when discussing her own addiction, she alleged that he had introduced her to the drug. Attention was also drawn to the drug therapy program offered by the American Ballet Theatre. According to the company's executive director, Charles Dillingham, Bissell had been participating in the therapy program instituted by the company and had "appeared to have been making progress" prior to his death. Gelsey Kirkland alleged that Bissell's death was "an unavoidable tragedy caused at least in part by the failure of the ballet world and American Ballet Theater in particular to acknowledge and deal openly with the drug problem", which contrasted with  Dillingham's statement that "his death came as an utterly horrible surprise".The 1988 production of La Bayadère by the American Ballet Theatre was dedicated to Bissell who had been notable in the role of Solor. References

External links

 <mask> in an archive film performs Ulyssess (Benjamin Britten/Adrienne Dellas) at Jacobs Pillow (1985) on jacobspillow.org
  <mask>ll & Martine Van Hamel

masks:
Bissell
Patrick Bissell
Patrick Bisse


title: Constantin Carathéodory

texts:
<mask> (; 13 September 1873 – 2 February 1950) was a Greek mathematician who spent most of his professional career in Germany. He made significant contributions to real and complex analysis, the calculus of variations, and measure theory. He also created an axiomatic formulation of thermodynamics. <mask> is considered one of the greatest mathematicians of his era and the most renowned Greek mathematician since antiquity. He was remembered by his colleagues as a respectable and cultured man. Origins

<mask> was born in 1873 in Berlin to Greek parents and grew up in Brussels. His father Stephanos, a lawyer, served as the Ottoman ambassador to Belgium, St. Petersburg and Berlin.His mother, Despina, née Petrokokkinos, was from the island of Chios. The Carathéodory family, originally from Bosnochori or Vyssa, was well established and respected in Constantinople, and its members held many important governmental positions. The Carathéodory family spent 1874–75 in Constantinople, where <mask>'s paternal grandfather lived, while his father Stephanos was on leave. Then in 1875 they went to Brussels when Stephanos was appointed there as Ottoman Ambassador. In Brussels, <mask>'s younger sister Julia was born. The year 1879 was a tragic one for the family since <mask>'s paternal grandfather died in that year, but much

masks:
Constantin Carathéodory
Carathéodory
Constantin Carathéodory
Constantin
Constantin
Constantin


title: Constantin Carathéodory

texts: more tragically, <mask>'s mother Despina died of pneumonia in Cannes. <mask>'s maternal grandmother took on the task of bringing up <mask> and Julia in his father's home in Belgium.They employed a German maid who taught the children to speak German. Constantin was already bilingual in French and Greek by this time. <mask> began his formal schooling at a private school in Vanderstock in 1881. He left after two years and then spent time with his father on a visit to Berlin, and also spent the winters of 1883–84 and 1884–85 on the Italian Riviera. Back in Brussels in 1885 he attended a grammar school for a year where he first began to become interested in mathematics. In 1886, he entered the high school Athénée Royal d'Ixelles and studied there until his graduation in 1891. Twice during his time at this school Constantin won a prize as the best mathematics student in Belgium.At this stage <mask> began training as a military engineer. He attended the École Militaire de Belgique from October 1891 to May 1895 and he also studied at the École d'Application from 1893 to 1896. In 1897 a war broke out between the Ottoman Empire and Greece. This put <mask> in a difficult position since he sided with the Greeks, yet his father served the government of the Ottoman Empire. Since he was a trained engineer he was offered a

masks: Constantin Constantin Constantin Constantin Carathéodory Carathéodory


title: Constantin Carathéodory

texts:
 job in the British colonial service. This job took him to Egypt where he worked on the construction of the Assiut dam until April 1900. During periods when construction work had to stop due to floods, he studied mathematics from some textbooks he had with him, such as Jordan's Cours d'Analyse and Salmon's text on the analytic geometry of conic sections.He also visited the Cheops pyramid and made measurements which he wrote up and published in 1901. He also published a book on Egypt in the same year which contained a wealth of information on the history and geography of the country. Studies and university career

<mask> studied engineering in Belgium at the Royal Military Academy, where he was considered a charismatic and brilliant student. University career

 1900  Studies at University of Berlin. 1902  Completed graduation at University of Göttingen (1904 Ph.D, 1905 Habilitation)
 1908  Dozent at Bonn
 1909  Ordinary Professor at Hannover Technical High School. 1910  Ordinary Professor at Breslau Technical High School. 1913  Professor following Klein at University of Göttingen.1919  Professor at University of Berlin
 1919  Elected to Prussian Academy of Science. 1920  University Dean at Ionian University of Smyrna (later, University of the Aegean). 1922  Professor at University of Athens. 1922  Professor at


title: Constantin Carathéodory

texts:
 Athens Polytechnic. 1924  Professor following Lindemann at University of Munich. 1938  Retirement from Professorship. Continued working from Bavarian Academy of Science

Doctoral students
Carathéodory had about 20 doctoral students among these being Hans Rademacher, known for his work on analysis and number theory, and Paul Finsler known for his creation of Finsler space.Academic contacts in Germany
Carathéodory's contacts in Germany were many and included such famous names as: Hermann Minkowski, David Hilbert, Felix Klein, Albert Einstein, Edmund Landau, Hermann Amandus Schwarz, Lipót Fejér. During the difficult period of World War II his close associates at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences were Perron and Tietze. Einstein, then in a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin, was working on his general theory of relativity when he contacted <mask> asking for clarifications on the Hamilton-Jacobi equation and canonical transformations. He wanted to see a satisfactory derivation of the former and the origins of the latter. Einstein told Carathéodory his derivation was "beautiful" and recommended its publication in the Annalen der Physik. Einstein employed the former in a 1917 paper titled Zum Quantensatz von Sommerfeld und Epstein (On the Quantum Theorem of Sommerfeld and Epstein). Carathéodory


title: Constantin Carathéodory

texts: solutions to discontinuous cases and studied isoperimetric problems. Previously, between the mid-1700s to the mid-1800s, Leonhard Euler, Adrien-Marie Legendre, and Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi were able to establish necessary but insufficient conditions for the existence of a strong relative minimum. In 1879, Karl Weierstrass added a fourth that does indeed guarantee such a quantity exists. Carathéodory constructed his method for deriving sufficient conditions based on the use of the Hamilton–Jacobi equation to construct a field of extremals. The ideas are closely related to light propagation in optics. The method became known as Carathéodory's method of equivalent variational problems or the royal road to the calculus of variations.A key advantage of <mask>'s work on this topic is that it illuminates the relation between the calculus of variations and partial differential equations. It allows for quick and elegant derivations of conditions of sufficiency in the calculus of variations and leads directly to the Euler-Lagrange equation and the Weierstrass condition. He published his Variationsrechnung und Partielle Differentialgleichungen Erster Ordnung (Calculus of Variations and First-order Partial Differential Equations) in 1935. More recently, <mask>'s work on the calculus of variations and the Hamilton-Jacobi

masks: Carathéodory Carathéodory


title: Constantin Carathéodory

texts:
 equation has been taken into the theory of optimal control and dynamic programming. The method can also be extended to multiple integrals. Convex geometry
<mask>'s theorem in convex geometry states that if a point  of  lies in the convex hull of a set , then  can be written as the convex combination of at most  points in . Namely, there is a subset  of  consisting of  or fewer points such that  lies in the convex hull of .Equivalently,  lies in an -simplex with vertices in , where . The smallest  that makes the last statement valid for each  in the convex hull of P is defined as the Carathéodory's number of . Depending on the properties of , upper bounds lower than the one provided by Carathéodory's theorem can be obtained. He is credited with the authorship of the Carathéodory conjecture claiming that a closed convex surface admits at least two umbilic points. As of 2021, this conjecture remained unproven despite having attracted a large amount of research. Real analysis
He proved an existence theorem for the  solution to ordinary differential equations under mild regularity conditions. Another theorem of his on the derivative of a function at a point could be used to prove the Chain Rule and the formula for the derivative of inverse functions.Complex analysis
He greatly extended the theory of conformal


title: Constantin Carathéodory

texts:
 transformation proving his theorem about the extension of conformal mapping to the boundary of Jordan domains. In studying boundary correspondence he originated the theory of prime ends. He exhibited an elementary proof of the Schwarz lemma. <mask>ory extension theorem which is fundamental to modern measure theory.Later Carathéodory extended the theory from sets to Boolean algebras. Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics had been a subject dear to <mask> since his time in Belgium. In 1909, he published a pioneering work "Investigations on the Foundations of Thermodynamics" in which he formulated the second law of thermodynamics axiomatically, that is, without the use of Carnot engines and refrigerators and only by mathematical reasoning. This is yet another version of the second law, alongside the statements of Clausius, and of Kelvin and Planck. <mask>'s version attracted the attention of some of the top physicists of the time, including Max Planck, Max Born, and Arnold Sommerfeld. According to  Bailyn's survey of thermodynamics, Carathéodory's approach is called "mechanical," rather than "thermodynamic." Max Born acclaimed this "first axiomatically rigid foundation of thermodynamics" and he expressed his enthusiasm in his letters to Einstein.However, Max Planck had some misgivings in that while he was impressed by


title: Constantin Carathéodory

texts:
 <mask>'s mathematical prowess, he did not accept that this was a fundamental formulation, given the statistical nature of the second law. In his theory he simplified the basic concepts, for instance heat is not an essential concept but a derived one. He formulated the axiomatic principle of irreversibility in thermodynamics stating that inaccessibility of states is related to the existence of entropy, where temperature is the integration function. The Second Law of Thermodynamics was expressed via the following axiom: "In the neighbourhood of any initial state, there are states which cannot be approached arbitrarily close through adiabatic changes of state." In this connexion he coined the term adiabatic accessibility. Optics
<mask>'s work in optics is closely related to his method in the calculus of variations. In 1926 he gave a strict and general proof that no system of lenses and mirrors can avoid aberration, except for the trivial case of plane mirrors.In his later work he gave the theory of the Schmidt telescope. In his Geometrische Optik (1937), <mask> demonstrated the equivalence of Huygens' principle and Fermat's principle starting from the former using Cauchy's theory of characteristics. He argued that an important advantage of his approach was that it covers the integral invariants of Henri Poincaré

masks: Carathéodory Carathéodory Carathéodory


title: Constantin Carathéodory

texts:
 and Élie Cartan and completes the Malus law. He explained that in his investigations in optics, Pierre de Fermat conceived a minimum principle similar to that enunciated by Hero of Alexandria to study reflection. Historical
During the Second World War Carathéodory edited two volumes of Euler's Complete Works dealing with the Calculus of Variations which were submitted for publication in 1946. The University of Smyrna

At the time, Athens was the only major educational centre in the wider area and had limited capacity to sufficiently satisfy the growing educational need of the eastern part of the Aegean Sea and the Balkans. <mask> <mask>, who was a Professor at the University of Berlin at the time, proposed the establishment of a new University  - the difficulties regarding the establishment of a Greek university in Constantinople led him to consider three other cities: Thessaloniki, Chios and Smyrna.At the invitation of the Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos he submitted a plan on 20 October 1919 for the creation of a new University at Smyrna in Asia Minor, to be named Ionian University of Smyrna. In 1920 <mask> was appointed Dean of the University and took a major part in establishing the institution, touring Europe to buy books and equipment. The university however never actually admitted students

masks: Constantin Carathéodory Carathéodory


title: Constantin Carathéodory

texts:
 due to the War in Asia Minor which ended in the Great Fire of Smyrna. <mask> managed to save books from the library and was only rescued at the last moment by a journalist who took him by rowboat to the battleship Naxos which was standing by. <mask> brought to Athens some of the university library and stayed in Athens, teaching at the university and technical school until 1924. In 1924 <mask> was appointed professor of mathematics at the University of Munich, and held this position until retirement in 1938. He later worked from the Bavarian Academy of Sciences until his death in 1950.The new Greek University in the broader area of the Southeast Mediterranean region, as originally envisioned by <mask>, finally materialised with the establishment of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in 1925. Linguistic and oratorical talents
<mask> excelled at languages, much like many members of his family. Greek and French were his first languages, and he mastered German with such perfection, that his writings composed in the German language are stylistic masterworks. <mask> also spoke and wrote English, Italian, Turkish, and the ancient languages without any effort. Such an impressive linguistic arsenal enabled him to communicate and exchange ideas directly with other mathematicians during his numerous travels, and

masks: Carathéodory Carathéodory Carathéodory Carathéodory Carathéodory Carathéodory


title: Constantin Carathéodory

texts: greatly extended his fields of knowledge. Much more than that, <mask> was a treasured conversation partner for his fellow professors in the Munich Department of Philosophy. The well-respected German philologist and professor of ancient languages, Kurt von Fritz, praised <mask>  on the grounds that from him one could learn an endless amount about the old and new Greece, the old Greek language, and Hellenic mathematics.Von Fritz conducted numerous philosophical discussions with <mask>. The mathematician sent his son Stephanos and daughter Despina  to a German high school, but they also obtained daily additional instruction in Greek language and culture from a Greek priest, and  at home he allowed them to speak Greek only. <mask>in-Carathéodory Lecture Hall. In the town of Nea Vyssa,  Caratheodory's ancestral home,  a unique  family museum is to be found. The museum is located in the central square of the town near to its church, and includes a number of Karatheodory's personal items,  as well as letters  he  exchanged with Albert Einstein.More information is provided at the original website of the club,  http://www.s-karatheodoris.gr. At the same time,  Greek authorities had long since intended  to create a museum honoring Karatheodoris in Komotini, a major town of the northeastern Greek region,  more than

masks: Carathéodory Carathéodory Carathéodory Carathéodorystant


title: Constantin Carathéodory

texts:
 200km away from his home town above. On 21 March 2009, the "Karatheodoris" Museum (Καραθεοδωρής) opened its gates to the public in Komotini. The coordinator of the Museum, Athanasios Lipordezis (Αθανάσιος Λιπορδέζης), has noted that the museum provides a home for original manuscripts of the mathematician running to  about 10,000 pages,  including correspondence with the German mathematician Arthur Rosenthal for the algebraization of measure. At the showcase, vistors are also able to view the books " Gesammelte mathematische Schriften Band 1,2,3,4 ", "Mass und ihre Algebraiserung", " Reelle Functionen Band 1", " Zahlen/Punktionen Funktionen "', and a number of others. Handwritten letters by <mask> to Albert Einstein and Hellmuth Kneser, as well as photographs of the <mask> family, are on display. Efforts to furnish the museum with more exhibits are ongoing.Publications

 Journal articles
A complete list of Carathéodory's journal article publications can be found in his Collected Works(Ges. Math. Schr.). Notable publications are:

 Über die kanonischen Veränderlichen in der Variationsrechnung der mehrfachen Integrale Über das Schwarzsche Lemma bei analytischen Funktionen von zwei komplexen Veränderlichen Über die diskontinuierlichen Lösungen in der Variationsrechnung. Diss. Göttingen Univ. 1904; Ges.Math.


title: Constantin Carathéodory

texts:
 234–279
 Funktionentheorie I, II, Basel 1950, 1961 (Birkhäuser). English translation: Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable, 2 vols, New York, Chelsea Publishing Company, 3rd ed 1958
 Mass und Integral und ihre Algebraisierung, Basel 1956. English translation, Measure and Integral and Their Algebraisation, New York, Chelsea Publishing Company, 1963
 Variationsrechnung und partielle Differentialgleichungen erster Ordnung, Leipzig, 1935. English translation next reference
 Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations of the First Order, 2 vols. vol.I 1965, vol. II 1967 Holden-Day. Gesammelte mathematische Schriften München 1954–7 (Beck) I–V. See also

 Borel–Carathéodory theorem
 Carathéodory–Jacobi–Lie theorem
 Carathéodory metric
 Carnot–Carathéodory metric
 Carathéodory's theorem (convex hull)
 Carathéodory's lemma
 Carathéodory's positivity criterion for holomorphic functions
 Carathéodory kernel theorem
 Vitali–Carathéodory theorem
 Cyclic polytope
 Domain (mathematical analysis)
 Prime end
 Herbert Callen, who also sought an axiomatic formulation of thermodynamics

 Notes

 References

 Books
 Maria Georgiadou, <mask> Carathéodory: Mathematics and Politics in Turbulent Times, Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, 2004. , URL:books.google.com/books?isbn=3540203524
 Themistocles M.


title: Constantin Carathéodory

texts:
 Rassias (editor) (1991) <mask> Caratheodory: An International Tribute, Teaneck, NJ: World Scientific Publishing Co., . Nicolaos K. Artemiadis; translated by Nikolaos E. Sofronidis [2000](2004), History of Mathematics: From a Mathematician's Vantage Point, Rhode Island, USA: American Mathematical Society, pp. 270–4, 281, . <mask> <mask> in his...origins.International Congress at Vissa-Orestiada, Greece, 1–4 September 2000. Proceedings: T Vougiouklis (ed. ), Hadronic Press, Palm Harbor FL 2001. Biographical articles
 C. Carathéodory, Autobiographische Notizen, (In German) Wiener Akad. Wiss. 1954–57, vol.V, pp. 389–408.Reprinted in Carathéodory's Collected Writings vol.V. English translation in A. Shields, Carathéodory and conformal mapping, The Mathematical Intelligencer 10 (1) (1988), 18–22. O. Perron, Obituary: <mask> <mask>, Jahresberichte der Deutschen Mathematiker Vereinigung 55 (1952), 39–51. N. Sakellariou, Obituary: <mask> <mask> (Greek), Bull. Soc. Math. Grèce 26 (1952), 1–13.H Tietze, Obituary: <mask> <mask>, Arch. Math. 2 (1950), 241–245. H. Behnke, Carathéodorys Leben und Wirken, in A. Panayotopolos (ed. ), Proceedings of C .Carathéodory International Symposium, September 1973, Athens (Athens, 1974), 17–33. Bulirsch R., Hardt M., (2000): <mask> <mask>: Life and Work, International Congress:

masks: Constantin Constantin Carathéodory Constantin Carathéodory Constantin Carathéodory Constantin Carathéodory Constantin Carathéodory


title: Constantin Carathéodory

texts:
 "Constantin Carathéodory", 1–4 September 2000, Vissa, Orestiada, Greece

 Encyclopaedias and reference works
 Chambers Biographical Dictionary (1997), <mask>, 6th ed., Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd, pp 270–1,  (also available  online). The New Encyclopædia Britannica (1992), <mask>, 15th ed., vol.2, USA: The University of Chicago, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., pp 842,  * New edition Online entry
 H. Boerner, Biography of <mask> in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970–1990). Conferences
 C. Carathéodory International Symposium, Athens, Greece September 1973. Proceedings edited by A. Panayiotopoulos (Greek Mathematical Society) 1975. Online
 Conference on Advances in Convex Analysis and Global Optimization (Honoring the memory of C<mask>) June 5–9, 2000, Pythagorion, Samos, Greece. Online. International Congress: Carathéodory in his ... origins'', September 1–4, 2000, Vissa Orestiada, Greece. Proceedings edited by Thomas Vougiouklis (Democritus University of Thrace), Hadronic Press FL USA, 2001. .External links

  Web site dedicated to Carathéodory
   club www.s-karatheodoris.gr

1873 births
1950 deaths
20th-century German mathematicians
Greeks of the Ottoman Empire
German people of Greek descent
19th-century Greek mathematicians
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Germany
Complex

masks:
Constantine Carathéodory
Constantine Carathéodory
Carathéodory
. Carathéodory


title: Herb Hunter (footballer)

texts:
<mask> (18 November 1881 – 8 May 1915), LDS (Licentiate of Dental Surgery), DDS (Doctor of Dental Surgery), MACD (Member of the Australian College of Dentistry), a champion athlete, and an expert dental surgeon, was an Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He died in action at Gallipoli on 8 May 1915. Family
He was one of five sons and five daughters of <mask> (1832–1907), an English civil engineer born at Ramsgate, who took over the established Kent Brewery, in McRae street, Bendigo, and Elizabeth Humphreys, whom he married on 11 September 1862. He was born in Bendigo (then known as Sandhurst), on 18 November 1881. Education

Educated at Caulfield Grammar School and Melbourne Grammar School, he studied dentistry whilst resident at Trinity College at the University of Melbourne, where he gained the diploma for L.D.S. (Licentiate of Dental Surgery) in December 1904. He went on to continue his studies at the University of Pennsylvania, where he gained a D.D.S.(Doctor of Dental Surgery) in 1906. He became a member of the Australian College of Dentistry in 1906, and was registered to practise in the State of Victoria on 20 December 1907. Whilst at the University of Pennsylvania he was admitted to the Delta Sigma Delta (ΔΣΔ) dental fraternity. Sportsman
A sportsman with multiple talents, he was awarded a double Blue in football and athletics whilst at the University of Melbourne. Footballer
Whilst still at Melbourne Grammar, he played three senior matches for Essendon. He made his debut, playing at centre, against Collingwood on 23 May 1900. The match was postponed from the previous Saturday (19 May), and was rescheduled for Wednesday, 23 May; a public holiday

masks:
Herbert Humphreys Hunter
George Frederick Hunter


title: Herb Hunter (footballer)

texts:
 celebrating the Relief of the Siege of Mafeking.The Age noted that "<mask>, centre, Groves and Hastings on the wing formed a splendid centre line [for Essendon]". He played his second match, at centre, against Carlton on 26 May 1900, on a very wet ground which he did not handle well. and played his last match, again at centre, on 2 June 1900 against St Kilda. He immediately resumed schoolboy football, and returned to playing with Melbourne Grammar's First XVIII. Athlete
On 4 January 1901, at a special "Commonwealth Celebration" championship competition, held at the Sydney Cricket Ground as part of the celebrations held to mark the proclamation of the Federation of Australia on 1 January 1901, competing for the Victorian Amateur Athletic Association, <mask> registered some outstanding performances, including:
 First place: (Great Public Schools) Running Broad Jump Commonwealth Celebration Championship: 21 ft 11in (a world schoolboy's record)
 First place: (Great Public Schools) 100 Yards Commonwealth Celebration Championship: 11sec. (Nigel Barker of N.S.W. came second).First place: (Great Public Schools) 120 Yards Commonwealth Celebration Hurdles Championship: 17.6sec. Second Place: (Open Age) 100 Yards Commonwealth Celebration Championship (winner's time 10.6 sec). Second Place: (Open Age) Broad Jump Commonwealth Celebration Championship: 21 ft 4½in. Two days earlier, at the 33rd gathering of the Highland Society of New South Wales, also representing the V.A.A.A., and also at the Sydney Cricket Ground, he had taken the significant Open Age amateur sprinter's handicap "double":
 First place (running off 5½ yards): "Hopetoun Sprint" 100 Yards Amateur Handicap (N.S.W.A.A.A.) Final: 9.8sec. First place (running off

masks: Hunter Hunter


title: Herb Hunter (footballer)

texts:
 11½ yards): "Federation Plate" 200 Yards Amateur Handicap (N.S.W.A.A.A.) Final: 22.2sec.Bendigo Hare and Hounds Club
In 1903, he was captain of the Bendigo Hare and Hounds athletics club. Soldier

Prior to the Great War, <mask> had been a member of the 67th (Bendigo) Infantry Battalion, in the Citizens Military Forces. During his time with the Citizens Military Forces, he held the rank of Second Lieutenant (from 9 April 1908), Lieutenant (from 20 March 1911), and Captain (from 1 July 1913). On 29 August 1914, he enlisted in the First A.I.F. His enlistment form was signed by Lieutenant Colonel H. G. "Pompey" Elliott, who had raised the 7th Battalion in Bendigo, and had enlisted men from Western and Central Victoria. Elliot appointed <mask> a Captain in the 7th Battalion, First A.I.F., in charge of "G" Company; a company of men mainly enlisted from Bendigo and the wider Bendigo District. He was part of the Landing on Gallipoli on 25 April 1915; and was killed in action during the assault of Krithia, less than two weeks later, on 8 May 1915: "In the 7th, advancing precisely as they had been trained to do … Captain <mask> – a famous Victorian athlete – was wounded and then hit again and killed" (Bean, 1923, p. 29).Remembered
<mask> has no known grave. He is commemorated amongst the 20,000 names at the Helles Memorial. University of Pennsylvania
In 1920, the following entry appeared in a supplement to the University of Pennsylvania's October 1920, Alumni Register:

H. H. <mask> Memorial Shield
In July 1920, a beautifully designed shield, now generally known as "the Hunter Shield", carved in Australian blackwood by the prominent South Yarra artist, Mr Robert Prenzel, was presented to the Victorian Amateur Athletic

masks: Hunter Hunter Hunter Hunter Hunter


title: Herb Hunter (footballer)

texts:
 Association (now known as Athletics Victoria) by Mr. M. P. (Marmion Percy) Adams, the author of The Rich Uncle from Fiji: and Some of his Relatives (1911), on behalf of a group of subscribers, to be a perpetual challenge trophy for the Association's annual track championship competition. The shield's carving depicts <mask> beating the (later) Olympian athlete Nigel Barker by six inches in the 1901 national championship 100 yards race. Beneath the carving is a copper representation of an open book, upon which the names of the annual winners could be displayed. Since 2001, when the Victorian Athletic League was discontinued, the Hunter Shield represented the best performing male club in Victoria; and, since 2009, the winner is based on female and male performances at the open Victorian Championships. H. H. <mask> Athlete of the Year
In 2008, Athletics Bendigo renamed its athlete of the year trophy "the H. H. <mask> Athlete of the Year" in <mask>'s memory.See also
 List of Victorian Football League players who died in active service
 List of Caulfield Grammar School people

Footnotes

Sources

 Essendon Football Club profile
 Presentations to Bendigo Soldiers: Captain <mask> Honored, The Bendigonian, (Tuesday, 8 September 1914), p.14. Careers of the Fallen: Captain <mask> <mask>, The Age, (Monday, 24 May 1915), p.11. Men of the Dardanelles: Captain H. H<mask>, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Tuesday, 25 May 1915), p.10. Anon, "Bendigo Officer Killed: Captain H. H. <mask>: A Brilliant Athlete", The Bendigonian, (Thursday, 27 May 1915), p.4. Freeman, G.H., "In Memoriam: Captain H. H<mask>", The Bendigonian, (Thursday, 27 May 1915), p.4. Anon, "Late Captain <mask>: Football League's Tribute", Bendigo Advertiser,

masks:
Hunter
Hunter
Hunter
Hunter
Hunter
Herbert Humphreys
Hunter
. Hunter
Hunter
. Hunter
Hunter


title: Herb Hunter (footballer)

texts:
 (Wednesday, 2 June 1915), p.7. Anon, "Caulfield Grammar School: Roll of Honour", The Argus, (Tuesday, 27 July 1915), p.8.National Archives of Australia: World War I Service Record: Captain <mask> <mask>
 First World War Nominal Roll (26-066)
 First World War Embarkation Roll
 Australian War Memorial Roll of Honour: <mask> <mask>
 Allen, H.W., "<mask>, <mask>s", p.lxv in Allen, H.W., Record of Active Service of Teachers, Graduates, Undergraduates, Officers and Servants in the European War, 1914–1918, H.J. Green, Government Printer, (Melbourne), 1926. Austin, R., "The Evolution of an AIF Battalion: the 7th Battalion at the Battles of Krithia (8 May 1915) and Lihons (10 August 1918)", Sabretache, Vol.46, No.1, (March 2005), pp. 11–18. Bean, C.E.W., The Story of Anzac: From 4 May 1915, to the evacuation of the Gallipoli Peninsula, Angus and Robertson, (Sydney), 1923. Holmesby, Russell & Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers.7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing. Main, J. & Allen, D., "<mask>, <mask>", pp. 86–87 in Main, J. & Allen, D., Fallen – The Ultimate Heroes: Footballers Who Never Returned From War, Crown Content, (Melbourne), 2002. Maplestone, M., Flying Higher: History of the Essendon Football Club 1872–1996, Essendon Football Club, (Melbourne), 1996.1881 births
1915 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Essendon Football Club players
Australian military personnel killed in World War I
People educated at Caulfield Grammar School
People educated at Melbourne Grammar School
People educated at Trinity College (University of Melbourne)
Australian dentists
University of Melbourne alumni
University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine alumni
20th-century

masks:
Herbert Humphreys
Hunter
Herbert Humphreys
Hunter
Hunter
Herbert Humphrey
Hunter
Herbert


title: Jack Cassidy

texts:
<mask>, known as "<mask>", (March 5, 1927 – December 12, 1976) was an American actor, singer and director known for his work in the theatre, television and films. He received multiple Tony Award nominations and a win as well as a Grammy Award for his work on the Broadway production of the musical She Loves Me. He also received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations. He was the father of teen idols <mask> and <mask>. Early life
He was born in New York, New York, the son of Charlotte (née Koehler) and <mask>. He is the youngest of five children. His father, an engineer at the Long Island Rail Road, was of Irish descent and his mother was of German ancestry.Career
<mask> achieved success as a musical performer on Broadway. He appeared in Alive and Kicking, Wish You Were Here, Shangri-La, Maggie Flynn, Fade Out – Fade In, It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman, and She Loves Me, for which he won a Tony Award. He also received Emmy Award nominations for his television performances in the 1967-68 CBS Television Network series He & She and The Andersonville Trial. On television, he became a frequent guest star, appearing in such programs as The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, Gunsmoke, Bewitched, Get Smart, That Girl, Hawaii Five-O, Cannon, Match Game and McCloud and three times as a murderer on Columbo, in the episodes "Murder By the Book" (directed by not yet famous Steven Spielberg, with teleplay by a young Steven Bochco), "Publish or Perish" (1974) and "Now You See Him..." (1976). <mask> also appeared on Barnaby Jones

masks:
John Joseph Edward Cassidy
Jack
David Cassidy
Shaun Cassidy
William Cassidy
Cassidy
Cassidy


title: Jack Cassidy

texts:
 in an episode titled "Murder in the Doll's House" (1973). He co-starred with Ronnie Schell in a television revival of Hellzapoppin'. <mask> also co-starred as an informer in the movie The Eiger Sanction with Clint Eastwood and provided the voice of Bob Cratchit for the pioneering animated television special Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol.His frequent professional persona was an urbane, witty, confident egotist with a dramatic flair, much in the manner of Broadway actor Frank Fay. <mask> perfected this character to the  extent that he was cast as John Barrymore in the feature film W.C. Fields and Me. The role of the vain, shallow, buffoon-like newsman Ted Baxter on TV's The Mary Tyler Moore Show (1970–1977) was reportedly written with <mask> in mind. <mask> had played a similar buffoonish character in the 1967–1968 sitcom He & She,  but he turned down the role, feeling that it was not right for him; the part went to Ted Knight. <mask> later appeared as a guest star in a 1971 episode as Ted's highly competitive and equally egotistical brother Hal. Personal life

Marriages and children

<mask> was married twice. His first marriage in 1948 was to actress Evelyn Ward.Together they had a son, David, who later became a teen idol. They divorced in 1956 and in the same year <mask> married singer and actress Shirley Jones. <mask> and Jones had three sons, Shaun, Patrick, and Ryan. <mask>'s eldest son David later starred with Jones in the musical sitcom The Partridge Family. Son Shaun also became a teen idol in the

masks: Cassidy Cassidy Cassidy Cassidy Cassidy Cassidy Cassidy Cassidy Cassidy


title: Jack Cassidy

texts:
 late 1970s, starring in The Hardy Boys series, and producing four top-40 records. Jones and <mask> divorced in 1975. Mental health
In his 1994 autobiography, C'Mon, Get Happy, <mask>'s eldest son David wrote that he became increasingly concerned about his father in the last years of his life.The elder <mask>, who suffered from bipolar disorder and alcoholism, was displaying increasingly erratic behavior. In 1974, his neighbors were shocked to see him watering his front lawn naked in the middle of the afternoon. <mask>'s second wife, Shirley Jones, described a similar incident when she found him sitting naked in a corner of their house, reading a book. Jones said to him that they had to get ready to do a show, and he calmly looked up and said, "I know now that I'm Christ". In December 1974, <mask> was hospitalized in a psychiatric facility for 48 hours. At that time, Jones found out that he had been previously diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Sexuality
<mask> said his father was bisexual, citing personal accounts and reports, both anecdotal and published, of his father's same-sex affairs, something neither he nor his siblings knew until after their father's death.In her 2013 memoir, Shirley Jones wrote that <mask> had many same-sex affairs, including one with Cole Porter. Death
On December 11, 1976, <mask> invited his ex-wife, Shirley Jones, to his home, an apartment in West Hollywood, California, for drinks, but she declined. In the early morning of December 12, 1976, <mask> lit a cigarette and fell asleep

masks:
Cassidy
Cassidy
Cassidy
Cassidy
Cassidy
David Cassidy
Cassidy
Cassidy
Cassidy


title: Jack Cassidy

texts:
 on his Naugahyde couch. Asleep, he dropped the cigarette, igniting the couch. The flames spread throughout the apartment and building. At 6:15 a.m., the blaze was discovered by Deputy Sheriff John DiMatteo, who evacuated the building, and entered <mask>'s apartment. A body was found near the front door of the apartment among the ashes, and was identified as <mask>'s by dental records and a signet ring that he wore, bearing the <mask> family crest.His remains were cremated and scattered in the Pacific Ocean. Filmography

Film

Television
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1957 || The United States Steel Hour || Performer || Episode: Shadow of Evil
|-
|1957 || Lux Video Theatre || Denis/Dr. Steele || 2 episodes
|-
|1958 || Richard Diamond, Private Detective || Danny Fortune || Episode: The Percentage Takers
|-
|1958 || Gunsmoke || Marcus France || Episode: The Gentleman
|-
|1960 || The Chevy Mystery Show || David Townsend || Episode: Femme Fatale
|-
| 1961 ||Hawaiian Eye || Maurice Clifford || Episode: Concert in Hawaii
|-
| 1961 || Maverick || Roger Cushman || Episode: The Art Lovers
|-
| 1961 || Alfred Hitchcock Presents' || Mark Lansing || Episode: The Pearl Necklace
|-
| 1961 ||General Electric Theater || Alan Richards || Episode: Sis Bowls 'Em Over
|-
| 1961 ||Lock-Up || Vincent Gibson || Episode: Two Wrongs
|-
| 1961 || Wagon Train || Dan Palmer || Episode: The Nancy Palmer Story
|-
| 1962 || Surfside 6 || Val Morton || Episode: Who is Sylvia?|| Rock Mussin ||

masks: Cassidy Cassidy Cassidy


title: Jack Cassidy

texts:
 Episode: The Carpathian Caper Affair
|-
| 1967 || I Spy || Nick Fleming || Episode: The Trouble with Temple
|-
| 1968 || Get Smart || Mr. Bob || Episode: The Return of the Ancient Mariner
|-
| 1968–70 || Bewitched || Various Roles || 2 episodes
|-
| 1969 || That Girl || Marty Hines || 2 episodes
|-
| 1970 || The Governor & J.J. || Mark Ellison || Episode: The Making of the Governor
|-
| 1970 || Matt Lincoln || Doug Conway || Episode: Nina
|-
| 1970 || George M! As of July 2018, he is not listed in their on-line database. Discography
Shirley Jones and <mask> Flynn (1968) RCA RecordsShowtunes (1995) Sony Music EntertainmentEssential Masters (2011) Master Classics Records
 Marriage Type Love (2014) Columbia Masterworks Records

Guest appearancesFree to Be... You and Me'' (1972) Bell Records (song: "Girl Land" with Shirley Jones)

References

External links

1927 births
1976 deaths
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American singers
Accidental deaths in California
American male film actors
American male musical theatre actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American people of German descent
American people of Irish descent
Bisexual male actors
Bisexual musicians
LGBT people from New York (state)
Columbia Records artists
Deaths from fire in the United States
American bisexual actors
Male actors from New York City
People from Richmond Hill, Queens
People with bipolar disorder
RCA Records artists
Tony Award winners
20th-century American male singers
20th-century


title: Zoya Phan

texts:
<mask> (born 27 October 1980), is a political activist from Burma of Karen descent. She resides in the United Kingdom, and is the Campaign Manager of the human rights organization Burma Campaign UK. She was an outspoken critic of the Burmese government when it was under direct military rule, repeatedly calling for democratic reform in Burma, as well as economic sanctions from both the British government and the United Nations. Following political changes in the country from 2011, she has continued to campaign for international action to end ongoing human rights violations, especially regarding the use of rape and sexual violence against ethnic women by the Burmese Army. In April 2009, she published her autobiography, Little Daughter, in the UK, which was published under the title Undaunted in the United States in May 2010. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Manerplaw, then the headquarters of the Karen National Union (KNU), on 27 October 1980, the second of her parents' three biological children. Her father was Padoh <mask>, General Secretary of the KNU, and her mother was Nant Kyin Shwe, a former soldier for the KNU.The name Zoya came from her father, who named her after the Russian World War II hero <mask> Kosmodemyanskaya; he said he saw several parallels between the Soviet fight against the Nazis and the ongoing Karen conflict with the Burmese government. She spent most of her early life in the Karen village Per He Lu, an hour's walk away from the KNU headquarters in Manerplaw. When she was six she began to spend more time in Manerplaw, and it was there she had her first exposure to the fighting in Burma, as land mine victims frequently went to the hospital there for treatment. When <mask> was 14, the Burmese army attacked Manerplaw and Per He Lu, forcing her and her family to run to Mae Ra Moe, a refugee camp just across the border in Thailand. In 1996, she and her family managed to cross back into Burma, settling in a Karen village called Ther Waw Thaw (The New Village). Halfway through the school year, she nearly died of an unknown disease, only recovering after

masks:
Zoya Phan
Zoya Phan
Mahn Sha Lah Phan
Zoya
Zoya


title: Zoya Phan

texts:
 weeks of being on an IV drip. In March 1997, the village came under attack by the Burmese army, and she and her family fled back across the border to another refugee camp called Noh Poe, near a Thai-Karen village.After ten months, <mask> and her older sister, Nant Bwa Bwa Phan, were able to get to Mae Sot in Thailand for three months, hoping for a chance to go to a university in Australia; however, this fell through, and they decided to complete their education at another refugee camp, Mae La. In 1999, <mask> and Bwa Bwa took an Open Society Institute (OSI) exam to earn a scholarship to go to a university. Both of them passed the first time; however, there was only enough space for Bwa Bwa, who went to Bangkok University, and <mask> had to retake the exam the following year. While waiting, she caught cerebral malaria, and almost died a second time. In 2000, she retook the OSI exam and was granted an OSI scholarship and a scholarship from Prospect Burma, giving her the chance to join her sister studying in Bangkok. Bangkok University

At Bangkok University, <mask> enrolled in the business administration program, as that was the only program her scholarship permitted her to enter. <mask> and her sister had no papers, and like other students from Burma had to maintain a low profile to avoid the scrutiny of the Thai police.During her second year, she and Bwa Bwa helped to secretly organize a support group for other Karen students, collecting money to give a prize to a student in one of the refugee camps. In her third year, <mask> entered a three-month internship in the consumer department of Telecoms Asia, and was offered a position after she completed her degree. After three years, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in business administration. Upon returning to the refugee camps, she and several other Karen students from their organization illegally crossed the Burmese border to Papun so they could personally deliver their prize to the winner and to document what was happening to Karen people still in Burma. Soon after they returned, <mask> considered accepting Telecoms

masks: Zoya Zoya Zoya Zoya Zoya Zoya Zoya


title: Zoya Phan

texts:
 Asia's offer, but ultimately accepted a scholarship to study in the United Kingdom with her sister, while her younger brother Slone went to study in Canada. Before she left, her father took in two Burmese child soldiers who were sent to kill both him and <mask>; although they failed, it was the first time the Burmese government had specifically targeted her. Her mother died a few weeks later, and <mask> considered staying to help her father; however, he insisted that she go.Political activism

When <mask> was in her early teens, her father frequently used her name as a pseudonym for his writings, something she only found out about many years later. She first saw her father speak while her family was in Ther Waw Thaw, inspiring her to become an activist herself. Upon entering the UK in 2005, she began volunteering with the Burma Campaign UK. She attended one rally in traditional Karen dress, and was asked on the spot to be the master of ceremonies. She accepted, and soon afterward, she was asked to do an interview with the BBC, and rapidly became a sought-out speaker for issues related to Burma and Burma-UK relations. <mask> accused the Military-run Burmese government of using child soldiers and violent repression tactics, including torture, ethnic cleansing, religious discrimination, and killing of political opponents and protesters. She says that this has had a particularly devastating effect on the Karen, who are an ethnic minority and around 40% Christian and 20% animist in predominantly Buddhist Burma.In addition, she accused the Burmese government of extreme corruption, saying that the leaders of the military junta have intentionally mismanaged the economy to benefit themselves. She has called for both the UN and the British government to place economic sanctions on Burma, and to cease all arms deals with the government. In 2010, she sharply denounced the international community's response to the 2010 Burmese elections, saying it was overly focused on very small changes that might occur while ignoring the fact that their impact would be minimal and would not lead to any

masks: Zoya Zoya Zoya Zoya


title: Zoya Phan

texts:
 continued to maintain that the Burmese government's reforms were insufficient and that international pressure and sanctions were still necessary. After Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy won 40 of 45 parliamentary seats in April of that year, <mask> urged people not to become overly optimistic, echoing Suu Kyi's statement that far from being the complete transition to democracy, this was only the very beginning of the process. She also stated that, despite assurances from Thein Sein that reforms would take place, attacks on minority groups in Burma were only increasing in frequency, further bolstering the need for caution. In addition to her work with the Burma Campaign UK, <mask> is the coordinator of the European Karen Network, secretary of the Karen Community Association (UK), and serves of the board of the Austrian Burma Centre. Writing in the UK newspaper The Independent in 2015, following election in Burma which the NLD won by a landslide, she warned that the struggle for human rights in the country was still not over. Little Daughter

In speeches and interviews, <mask> frequently speaks about her experiences to describe conditions in Burma. In 2009, she worked with Damien Lewis to publish her autobiography,  Little Daughter: a Memoir of Survival in Burma and the West, 2009.It is published by Simon & Schuster. In May 2010, it was published in the United States under the title Undaunted: My Struggle for Freedom and Survival in Burma. She said that the goal of her book was to share her story as a Karen living in Burma, and to raise international awareness of the ongoing fighting and human rights abuses in Burma, especially in the east, which she says does not receive enough attention. At the end of the book, she also expresses her extreme scepticism over the upcoming elections, criticising the UN and governments who believe that real reform will be attained. She maintains that the situation in Burma is exactly the same as when she fled the country, and that only pressure and sanctions from other countries will bring about the reform necessary to create democracy

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title: Zoya Phan

texts:
 within Burma. The book has received positive reviews from papers such as the Globe and Mail and the Independent. Personal life

Because <mask> had entered the UK with a falsified passport, she was almost deported, but was allowed to stay while applying for refugee status.Two years after her initial application, after applying for judicial review in August 2007, the British government granted it to her. After delivering her first speeches for the Burma Campaign UK, a radio transmission was intercepted, which contained a Burmese government's hit list with her name on it. On 14 February 2008, just before she received her MA from the University of East Anglia, <mask>'s father was assassinated by agents of the Burmese junta. Despite her name still being on the Burmese government's hit list, she and her family decided to attend his funeral in They Bey Hta, just inside Kayin State in Burma. Following this, <mask> and her remaining family set up the Phan Foundation, which aims to fight poverty, promote education and human rights, and protect the culture of the Karen people of Burma. She received her MA in politics and development from the University of East Anglia in May 2008. Today, she resides in London, UK.<mask> has two brothers and one sister. Say Say, her older brother, was adopted by her parents when she was four months old, and her younger brother Slone Phan was born when she was two. Nant Bwa Bwa Phan, her older sister, is the UK representative of the Karen National Union. Slone lives in Manitoba, Canada, where he studied at the University of Manitoba and became active in the Manitoba Interfaith Immigration Council, an organization assisting refugees coming into Manitoba. Awards and recognition
In 2009, <mask> became a TED Fellow. In March 2010, she was honored as a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum (WEF). References

External links
 Oslo Freedom Forum

1980 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of East Anglia
Burmese human rights activists
Burmese people of Karen descent
Refugees in the United Kingdom
People from Kayin State
Burmese expatriates in the

masks: Zoya Zoya Zoya Zoya Zoya