title: Victor Kamber

texts: pushed him to the side. The relationship between <mask> and the Cranston campaign deteriorated further when <mask> sought a temporary restraining order freezing the campaign's funds. <mask> claimed the Cranston campaign owned him $150,000, but the funds were unfrozen a short time later. In 1987, <mask> established Americans Against Government Control of Unions. The outfit was a non-profit company whose goal was to build public opinion against government takeovers of corrupt labor unions. William Olwell, vice president of the United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW), was the group's treasurer.<mask> formed the group as UFCW, the Teamsters and other unions were under investigation for labor racketeering and domination by organized crime. Although The Kamber Group was working for the Teamsters at the time, <mask> asserted that the formation of his new organization was unrelated to the government's investigation of the Teamsters. In 1988, <mask> played a key role in helping re-affiliate the Teamsters with the AFL-CIO. The union had been ejected from the labor federation in the 1950s over charges of corruption, but the AFL-CIO had been asking the Teamsters to rejoin the federation throughout the 1980s. William H. Wynn, president of UFCW, and BCTD president Georgine, assisted by <mask>, negotiated the Teamsters' return. <mask> turned his attention back to politics in 1992. He supported the U.S presidential candidacy of Sen. Tom Harkin.Although he did not become involved in a presidential campaign to the extent


title: Victor Kamber

type: original

texts:
 that he did in 1984, <mask> nevertheless played a big role in the 1992 election. In July of that year, he established a political action committee called Americans for Change. The group's goal was to raise $1 million to run attack ads against President George H. W. Bush. In 1993, <mask> led the battle to end a Republican filibuster of the nomination of William B. Gould IV to be chair of the National Labor Relations Board. The Republicans eventually gave up the filibuster, and Gould was confirmed. In 2002, <mask> became a paid spokesman for the International Union of Painters and Allied Trades, acting as political consultant and public relations expert for the union. In 2003, <mask> established the Kamber Group Political Action Fund, a political action committee.<mask> became the PAC's treasurer. USW/AFT scandal
In 1984, the United Steelworkers hired <mask> to direct several key organizing and collective bargaining campaigns. <mask> subsequently was forced to take responsibility for a scandal which involved the American Federation of Teachers (AFT), another AFL-CIO affiliate. In February 1985, Albert Shanker, then president of the AFT, announced at a news conference his union had convinced the New York State Teachers Retirement System to withdraw $450 million from Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company because the bank had poorly administered workers' pension funds. Shanker also announced that the union had convinced the Pennsylvania School Employees' Retirement System to withdraw $300 million from the same

masks: Kamber Kamber Kamber Kamber Kamber Kamber Kamber


title: Victor Kamber

texts:
 bank, and that five other state teachers' retirement funds were expected to do the same. AFL-CIO officials said the AFT had convinced the retirement systems to withdraw the funds to protest loans Manufacturers Hanover had made to the Phelps Dodge mining corporation, which was involved in a bitter strike with the steelworkers. Shanker was later forced to retract his statement.The pension fund deal had never existed, he said a few days later. The state retirement funds had withdrawn only $200 million from the bank. Shanker also admitted the fund withdrawals had been going on since mid-1984, and had nothing to do with the strike at Phelps Dodge. Shanker angrily said that he had been "taken advantage of," and blamed <mask>. <mask> accepted responsibility, saying, "We're paid to take the blame, so we're at fault." Closure of The Kamber Group
On November 11, 1994, The Kamber Group's offices on were badly damaged by fire caused by an electrical short. <mask> is a noted collector of political memorabilia and art.Along with the loss of records, an estimated $300,000 in art—most of it from <mask>'s personal collection, on loan to The Kamber Group—was also lost. In 2003, <mask> resigned as president of The Kamber Group. Thomas J. Mackell, Jr. was named president and chief operating officer of The Kamber Group in his stead. <mask> remained the company's chairman and chief executive officer. On February 28, 2005, <mask> closed The Kamber Group and joined The Carmen Group as president of Carmen Group Communications.


title: Victor Kamber

texts:
 The Carmen Group was founded by David M. Carmen, a friend of <mask>'s. A number of Kamber employees took jobs with The Carmen Group as well.Other positions and honors
<mask> is also secretary-treasurer of America's Agenda: Health Care for All, a union-led group which lobbies for universal health care. He is a member of the Economic Club of Washington, and treasurer for the National Theatre. In 2006, <mask> received the PR News Hall of Fame Award. Electoral campaign innovations
<mask> is noted as an innovative political campaigner. In 1979 <mask> purchased the Politicards name, a company that had put out a set of playing cards featuring the image of political candidates and public officials in 1972. He went on to produce his own sets of playing cards under the Politicards name for election years 1980 and 1984. In 1996, the Politicards name was reclaimed by Peter Green, the artist responsible for the original deck in 1972.The cards, known as "Politicards," were widely imitated over the years, especially by the most-wanted Iraqi playing cards. In 1984, <mask> created "Rappin' Ronnie", a music video which depicted a rapping President Ronald Reagan. The video was broadcast on "Convention Television," a closed-circuit television "magazine program" broadcast to delegates at the Democratic National Convention. The video depicted a stuttering Reagan saying his trademark "W-w-w-w-well well well". The music video eventually aired on MTV, and was featured in "Homer Loves Flanders", a fifth-season episode of The

masks: Kamber Kamber Kamber Kamber Kamber Kamber


title: Victor Kamber

texts:
 Simpsons. In 1992, <mask> started a PAC, Americans for Change, hoping to be the Democratic party's answer to Floyd Brown, the Republican party's opposition research specialist known for inethical, negative campaign tactics. Role in the Reagan assassination attempt
Robert F. Bonitati, an aide to President Reagan, credits <mask> with saving his life during the Reagan assassination attempt.Bonitati, a friend of <mask>'s, was leaving the Washington Hilton Hotel with the president. <mask> pulled Bonitati aside for a few seconds. Just then, Reagan exited the hotel and John Hinckley, Jr. shot and wounded him and three others. "Bonitati has often said his brief conversation with <mask> may have saved his life." Bonitati later joined The Kamber Group as a vice president, and set up a "nonpartisan" flower shop with <mask>. Published books
<mask>, <mask>. Giving Up on Democracy: Why Term Limits Are Bad for America Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2005.<mask>, <mask>. Poison Politics: Are Negative Campaigns Destroying Democracy? New York City: Basic Books, 2003. O'Leary, Bradley S. and <mask>, <mask>. Are You a Conservative or a Liberal? Austin, Tex. : Boru Books, 1996.Notes

References
Auerbach, Stuart. "A Booming Business; PR Firms Expanding Staff, Billings." The Washington Post. February 18, 1985. "Bravo: <mask>." Zenda. May 3, 1999."Campaign Funds Unfrozen." Associated Press. February 27, 1984. Clarity, James F. and Gailey, Phil. "Briefing." The New York Times. June 15, 1983.Conconi, Chuck. "Personalities."

masks:
Kamber
Kamber
Kamber
Kamber
Kamber
Kamber
Kamber
Victor
Kamber
Victor
Kamber
Victor
Victor Kamber


title: Victor Kamber

texts: The Washington Post. October 19, 1983. Conconi, Chuck. "Personalities." The Washington Post.April 1, 1986. Dewar, Helen. "Carter Wage-Floor Plan Deals Labor New Blow." The Washington Post. March 25, 1977. Dine, Philip. "PR Executive Plans 'Attack Campaign' on Bush."St. Louis Post-Dispatch. July 21, 1992. Dobkin, Robert A. "Organized Labor, Outmaneuvered, Faces Even More Difficulty." Associated Press. March 24, 1977. Fink, Leon and Greenberg, Brian.Upheaval in the Quiet Zone. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1989. "Former Young G.O.P. Aide Gets Two Years in Forgery." The New York Times. June 16, 1970. Gailey, Phil."A Political Action Unit of the Left." The New York Times. February 10, 1982. Groer, Annie. "The Party Guy's Own Party." The Washington Post. May 31, 2001.Hartson, Merrill. "GOP Lawyer Defends Donovan, Advises Bush." Associated Press. October 5, 1984. Jones, Sabrina. "GKV to Pilot Airline's Ad Campaign." The Washington Post.August 4, 2003. <mask>, <mask>. "The GOP Is Smearing A Good Man, and Mr. Clinton Should Fight Back." Washington Times. December 13, 1993. Keller, Bill. "For Union Ally, It's All in the Name."The New York Times. May 2, 1984. Koncius, Jura. "A Stylish Backdrop For <mask>'s Exotic Collections." The Washington Post. February 7, 1985. Kramer, Michael."The Political Interest: The Vulture Watch." Time. February 10, 1992. Krebs, Albin. "Notes on People." New York Times. August 16, 1980.Mewborn, Mary K. "Real Estate News for December 2003." Washington Life Magazine. December

masks:
Kamber
Victor
Vic Kamber


title: Sharri Markson

texts:
<mask> (born 8 March 1984) is an Australian journalist and author. She is investigations editor at The Australian and host of the Sky News Australia program Sharri, which airs on Sunday evenings. She is the winner of numerous awards in journalism, including two Walkley Awards. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Sydney to Jewish parents. Her father is celebrity promoter <mask>. She worked for The Sunday Telegraph, where she was twice named News Limited's Young Journalist of the Year. Career

Early career

<mask> began her journalism career as a copy girl at The Sunday Telegraph at the age of 16.She was promoted to the state political reporter, Canberra correspondent, and finally, chief of staff. She twice won the Young Journalist of the Year Award and did secondments at the New York Post and The Sun in London. As political reporter for The Sunday Telegraph in Canberra, Markson revealed Tony Abbott missed the $42 billion stimulus package vote in Parliament because he fell asleep after a night of drinking. Seven Network
Markson joined the Seven Network in 2011, and was commended in the Walkley Awards for an investigation that revealed Deputy Premier Andrew Stoner's rush to cash in on the solar-bonus scheme subsidy for solar panels on his roof after then Premier Kristina Keneally announced it was shutting down. The coverage was cited as the first scandal of the newly elected New South Wales O'Farrell government. In 2012, she led a team of journalists who won a Walkley Award for TV news reporting. The team reported a Cabinet leak that revealed the NSW government banned the sale of unleaded petrol without ethanol, to the benefit of the monopoly company, Manildra, against departmental advice, in a move that would increase the price of petrol for consumers.Cleo
<mask> was recruited as the Australian editor of Cleo in 2013. Her tenure as editor involved launching a fight for equal pay for men and women named "Ditch the pay GAP". The magazine also ran a prominent investigation into companies that were paying women less than men by examining the financial statements of 100 Australian companies. While editor, <mask> made the decision to no longer mention sex on the magazine's cover. In the same year,

masks:
Sharri Markson
Markson
Max Markson
Markson
Markson
Markson


title: Sharri Markson

texts:
 coverage in Cleo triggered an investigation at the University of Sydney into sexual harassment occurring during initiation ceremonies at the University's prestigious colleges. The Australian
<mask> replaced Simon Benson as media editor of The Australian newspaper in February 2014. She shifted to a senior writing role in 2015.<mask>'s work has occasionally attracted controversy. In November 2015, she was detained by Israeli security officials for breaching protocol during a visit to the Ziv Medical Centre in Safed by attempting to speak with and maintain contact with a Syrian national being treated at the hospital. She wrote stories about The Sydney Morning Herald columnist, Mike Carlton's abusive and anti-semitic emails and tweets to readers during the  Israel-Hamas conflict in Gaza. Carlton resigned from Fairfax after being told he would be suspended over the correspondence. Fairfax's publisher, Sean Aylmer, told 2UE, "The column was fine. The issue wasn't the printing of the column. What sort of got him into trouble was the way he responded to those readers, and it was totally inappropriate, using very inappropriate language.".A month after the coverage, <mask> was the subject of an anti-semitic threat. Online media site Mumbrella wrote that her tenure as media editor involved the aggressive pursuit of stories involving the ABC and Fairfax Media and for her reporting on Mike Carlton. The Daily Telegraph
In September 2016, she was appointed national political editor for The Daily Telegraph. <mask> won a Walkley Award "Scoop of the Year" in 2018 alongside journalists Kylar Loussikian and Chris Dore for coverage of Barnaby Joyce's affair and "love child" with a parliamentary staffer that ultimately led to Joyce's resignation as Australia's Deputy Prime Minister. The story, "Bundle of Joyce", featured Joyce's girlfriend, Vicki Campion, walking across the street while pregnant. The story was initially met with controversy, with some journalists, commentators, and politicians claiming the affair and pregnancy should have been kept secret from the public. <mask> argued the story was in the public interest.Later coverage by Markson revealed that Campion had been awarded jobs for which she was not

masks: Markson Markson Markson Markson Markson


title: Sharri Markson

texts: qualified in the offices of other government politicians, and that Joyce had lied about the affair to then-Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull. The story led to Turnbull announcing a "bonk ban" that banned ministers from having sexual relations with their staff members. The allegations were first alluded to by <mask> in an article entitled "Barnaby Joyce battles vicious innuendo as Coalition fears citizenship woe" that stated Joyce was "in the grip of a deeply personal crisis" on 21 October 2017. Serkan Ozturk of True Crime News Weekly has claimed that he first broke the story on 24 October 2017, almost six months before <mask>'s article. An assessment of the claim by The Guardian Australia concluded that while True Crime News Weekly did report on a series of rumors regarding Joyce, including that Joyce was having an affair and with a staffer, Markson was able to substantiate the name of the staffer and the specific details of the affair including the pregnancy. The ABC attributed the story to Markson and noted that <mask> had offered Joyce and Campion a sit-down portrait as an alternative to the front-page picture that attracted controversy. In the same year, <mask> won a Kennedy Award for Journalism for Scoop of the Year and Political Journalist of the Year and the overall award for journalist of the year.In 2018 <mask> won the Sir Keith Murdoch Award for Excellence in Journalism, which was presented to her by Rupert and Lachlan Murdoch at an awards ceremony in Sydney. When presenting <mask> with the award, Lachlan Murdoch said: "Through your bold, take-no-prisoners reporting, you broke ripper stories day after day and shook and shook and shook the political landscape.". As political editor of The Daily Telegraph, <mask> also broke news of the impending leadership coup against Malcolm Turnbull by Peter Dutton. On 17 August 2018 <mask> was the first to report Dutton was being urged to seize the leadership "within weeks" by conservative MPs unhappy with Malcolm Turnbull's leadership. She followed up her story by breaking another story the next day that Dutton was seriously considering launching a challenge for the prime ministership. The coverage of the leadership coup led <mask> to jointly win (along

masks: Markson Markson Markson Markson Markson Markson Markson Markson Markson


title: Sharri Markson

texts:
 with David Speers) the 2019 Federal Parliamentary Press Gallery Journalist of the Year Award presented by the National Press Club of Australia. In June 2018 she attended the AIJAC-sponsored Rambam Fellowship Program in Israel, along with other journalists and politicians.According to The Australian Jewish News, "she found Israel to be an eye-opening experience as a journalist, but also discovered a deep emotional awakening inside her as an Australian Jew while visiting the Western Wall for the first time". Sky News Live

<mask> began hosting a self-titled weekly program on Sky News Live from 9 October 2018. As of 1 August 2019 the program is broadcast on Sunday night at 6pm where it attracted a viewership reach of 314,000 viewers. The debut episode of ''Sharri'' was "reached" by 105,000 viewers over the course of an hour, according to Sky News at its original time of Monday night. In 2019, Markson won another Kennedy Award for columnist of the year and in 2021 for Outstanding Nightly Current Affairs. 2019 Federal election coverage

During the federal election campaign, Markson took her five-month-old baby on the campaign trail, where they travelled with the prime minister on his private plane. Markson's baby was present for an exclusive sit-down interview with Prime Minister Scott Morrison.In May 2019, <mask> described herself as being "smashed on social media" after stating on air eight days before election day that the Coalition government was in a competitive position to be re-elected. <mask>'s analysis defied the majority of polling and public opinion that expected an electoral victory for then-opposition leader Bill Shorten, and rather predicted the Coalition parties would come to win the election by taking a few key seats in Victoria, New South Wales, and crucially, Queensland. <mask> later credited the Coalition victory to a significant turnaround by leader Scott Morrison in key marginal areas. COVID-19 origins reporting

<mask> has reported on and written extensively on the origins of COVID-19 pandemic. Her reporting has been described by The Sydney Morning Herald as being part of a counter-narrative that advances the case that the COVID-19 pandemic originated from a laboratory leak in


title: Sharri Markson

texts:
 opposition to the findings of the World Health Organization in March 2021 on the origins of the virus. In May 2020, reporting by <mask> in The Daily Telegraph claimed that the Wuhan Institute of Virology could be the source of COVID-19, citing a 15-page government dossier. The Sydney Morning Herald critiqued the reporting as intimating the dossier as originating from a Five Eyes intelligence source.In May 2021, <mask> published excerpts of a document that showed Chinese military scientists "discussed the weaponisation of SARS coronaviruses five years before the Covid-19 pandemic". The Guardian accused <mask> of promoting conspiracy theories, noting that the document cited was a book that was widely available in Chinese and that books of its nature tended to be sensational and conspiratorial. In response, <mask> argued that the book was published by the Chinese Military Medical Science Press, a Chinese government-owned publishing house managed by the General Logistics Department of the People's Liberation Army. Tory Shepherd of The Guardian wrote that <mask>'s views cited <mask>'s appearance on Steve Bannon's podcast, stating that Anthony Fauci "must answer" for his alleged involvement into research weaponising viruses, as well as Fox News in June 2021 as examples of <mask>'s reporting finding fertile ground in the right-wing of the U.S media. On 20 September 2021, Sky News Australia broadcast a documentary by Markson entitled What Really Happened in Wuhan that featured an exclusive interview with former US president Donald Trump, former US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and former US director of national intelligence John Ratcliffe. The documentary also featured an interview with Chinese human rights activist Wei Jingsheng, who claimed in the documentary that he attempted to warn United States authorities about COVID-19 in October 2019 after being informed of an outbreak by contacts in Beijing. The documentary attracted 260,000 viewers and was Sky News Australia's most popular program of 2021 at the time of broadcast.Publications

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Walkley Award winners
Journalists from Sydney
Undercover journalists
Australian magazine editors
Australian

masks: Markson Markson Markson Markson Markson Markson Markson


title: Claude Gauthier (singer)

texts:
<mask> (born January 31, 1939, in Lac-Saguay, Quebec, Canada) is a Quebec singer-songwriter and actor. Biography

Early years
Gauthier grew up in a family that enjoyed and performed music. His father sang Sundays in the Catholic Mass and his mother played piano. Listening to the classic French singers of the time on radio, such as Edith Piaf and Charles Trenet, inspired him as well. But his musical revelation came when he heard Félix Leclerc for the first time on the radio. From then on, he wanted to make music and, like Leclerc, sing simple, direct songs about everyday life. In 1954 Gauthier moved to Montreal where he worked for three years in the warehouse of the record dealer Édouard Archambault.After that he worked as a wilderness guide. All during this time he wrote songs and he was soon rewarded for his efforts. Encouraged to take part in a contest for singer-songwriters put on by CKVL, in Montreal, in 1959, he won first prize for "Le Soleil brillera demain" ("the sun will shine tomorrow"). He left his job and started singing in the coffee houses in Montreal accompanying himself on guitar. His songs from this period include: "Ton nom", ("Your Name") and "Le Grand six pieds" ("The Big Six-footer"). "Le Grand six pieds" was a big hit for him. It was based on memories of his early childhood, of the people, their struggle to make ends meet; it was a metaphor for the people of Quebec.First album
He was signed up by the Columbia Record company. Gauthier's first album was called <mask>er chante <mask>hier (Col FS-531). It included the song "Le Grand six pieds", which earned him the 1961 , awarded by the Montreal radio station CKAC. He took part

masks:
Claude Gauthier
Claude Gauthi
Claude Gaut


title: Claude Gauthier (singer)

texts:
 other musicians, such as the 1985 tour Trois fois chantera with <mask> and Pierre Létourneau.He also appeared at the Festival de St-Malo (1989). But these efforts were all in the background; his primary focus was on acting. He appeared in Gilles Carle's La guêpe (1986), François Labonté's Henri (1986), Louise Carré's Qui a tiré sur nos histoires d'amour (1986), Yves Dion's Les Enfants de la rue (1987), Michel Brault's short drama L'Emprise(1988) (once again with Geneviève Bujold), and Robert Ménard's L'Homme de rêve (1991). He also composed the music for Alain Chartrand's film Un homme de parole (1991). First CD
Although he took part in the Montreal Francofolies in 1990 and put out his first CD, Planète coeur, in 1991 (Transit TRCD-9101), Gauthier turned his career toward television. He appeared in Arthur Leblanc's Arthur (1991) a documentary about the Acadian violinist Arthur Leblanc. And he also appeared in several Canadian TV series, including Chambres en ville (1989) and Bombardier (1992) a TV mini-series.In the following years he put out four CDs: L'Agenda (1993, Transit TRCD-9105), Quebec-Love (a compilation, 1994, Gamma GCD-504), Au Temps Des Boîtes à Chansons (recordings made in 1962, and reissued in 1998), and Jardins (1998 — GSI Musique GSIC-989). In the same year that Jardins came out, Gauthier joined younger musicians, Daniel Boucher, Sabrina Bisson, and Marie-Michele Desrosiers in a concert commemorating the tenth anniversary of the death of Félix Leclerc; the concert was called Le 08-08-88 à 8h08. In 1999, Gauthier appeared in the critically acclaimed film by Michel Brault, Quand je serai parti... vous vivrez encore (English


title: Claude Gauthier (singer)

texts:
 title: The Long Winter). Award
In November 2000 Gauthier received the Prix Hommage of the SOCAN (Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada) for a lifetime of creativity. His 14th album L'homme qui passait par là appeared in March 2001. Following that album a concert performance by the same name (L'homme qui passait par là) was presented at the Corona Theatre in Montreal and also at the Cabaret du Capitole in Quebec City in March 2002. This performance included a string quartet, and host of projections from film archives as well as exceptional dramatic lighting; it underscored Gauthier's 40-year career.Starting in 2003 a series of retrospective recordings came out, Le plus beau voyage de mes chansons 1959–1972 (GSI Musique GSIC-905) in which Gauthier reinterpreted his previous hits with a new group of musicians. And along with Daniel Boucher, Gauthier appeared in another homage to Félix Leclerc at the Fête nationale du Québec, 2003, at the Parc Maisonneuve, Montreal. Gauthier continues to perform as a singer-songwriter and as an actor. Recordings
 <mask>er Chante <mask>er (1961) — Columbia FL-284/FS-531 (V)
 <mask>er (1962) — Columbia FL-295/FS-541 (V)
 <mask>er (1965) — Gamma GS-101 (V)
 <mask>er (1967) — Gamma GS-110 (V)
 Cerfs-volants (1969) — Gamma GS-119 (V)
 Le Plus beau voyage (1972) — Gamma GS-158 (V)
 Album-Souvenir (compilation, 1975) — Alta LT-807 (V)
 Les Grands succès de Claude Gauthier (compilation, 1975) — Gamma GS-2-1006 (V), GC2-1006 9 (K7)
 Les beaux instants (performance at the Théâtre Outremont) (1976) — Presqu'île PE-7500 (V), Transit TRCD-9104 (CD)
 Ça prend des racines (1977) — Presqu'île PE-7506 (V)

masks:
Claude Gauthi
Claude Gauthi
Claude Gauthi
Claude Gauthi
Claude Gauthi


title: Manuel Miranda

texts:
<mask><mask> is a Cuban-born American attorney, diplomat, journalist, and political advocate. He served as a diplomat at the Embassy of the United States, Baghdad as the first Director of the Office of Legislative Statecraft. <mask> also led U.S. Senate efforts to seat the judicial nominees of President George W. Bush as Republican Senior Nominations Counsel on the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary and Judicial Affairs Counsel to then-Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist. Early life and education

<mask> was born in Havana in 1959. In 1962, he immigrated with his parents to Asturias, Spain, and immigrated again in 1966 to the United States, settling in New York City. He was naturalized as an American citizen along with his father and sister in 1976. He graduated with honors from Our Lady of Mount Carmel School in Astoria, Queens.He attended Archbishop Molloy High School in Ridgewood, Queens, obtaining that school’s highest graduation award, the Pvt. Louis J. Willet Scholarship. He attended Georgetown University’s Walsh School of Foreign Service where he was the 1981 Circumnavigators Foundation Fellow, earning a Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service. At Georgetown he served as the student representative on the Walsh School’s Executive Committee and as president of Alpha Phi Omega, the National Service Fraternity. (In 2016, he received from Alpha Phi Omega the Alumni Lifetime Distinguished Service Award.) While at Georgetown, in 1980 <mask> took a leave of absence to work on international refugee assistance as a Junior Operations Officer for the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (now the International Organization for Migration) at its headquarters in Geneva Switzerland, taking assignments to Madrid, Thailand and the Philippines. As the Circumnavigators Foundation Fellow, in the summer of 1981 he completed a round-the-world tour, traveling solo to 17 countries to study international responses to refugee crises.<mask> attended law school at the

masks:
Manuel A
. Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda


title: Manuel Miranda

texts:
 University of California, Hastings College of the Law, where he was the first Charles Rummel Scholar. He served as chief research editor of the International & Comparative Law Review, as president of Phi Delta Phi, and he worked as research associate to the Dean and Chancellor. Career

Private law practice
<mask> has been admitted without interruption to the Bar of the State of New York for over 30 years, as well as to the Maryland Bar. Before public service, he had a long legal career at some of the world's most prominent international law firms, including with White & Case, Reid & Priest, and Winthrop Stimson Putnam & Roberts, where he began his career in the canyons of Wall Street. His clients included Mobil Oil Corporation, Ramada Renaissance, International Finance Corporation, InterAmerican Development Bank, Bank of America, Irving Trust, Bank of New York, Credit Lyonnais, National Grid (UK), Caterpillar, PEMEX, BHP Power, and King Ranch. <mask>’s earliest expertise, however, grew in the area of corporate governance. He has organized and structured a number of non-profit organizations, including guiding some in internecine struggles for control.The most notable representation in this area included a four- year litigation over the control of Georgetown University’s alumni association and alumni annual fund. Fought against Washington’s Williams & Connolly, at the end <mask> won and was recognized by the court as the legal representative of all Georgetown alumni. The groundbreaking case, decided on summary judgement, established the law of the District of Columbia on a number of corporate governance issues. Georgetown settled at the end wrapping up that and all related actions. At Russin & Vecchi, <mask> represented, among others, the Russian Orthodox Church of America, including advice in internecine battles over the control of parish corporate boards and a national, year-long audit of the Church’s exposure. He has assisted clients in immigration, corporate

masks: Miranda Miranda Miranda Miranda


title: Manuel Miranda

texts:
 governance and crisis management, and as canon law counsel to Oscar-winning screenwriter and producer of The Exorcist, William Peter Blatty, winning for him a favorable result at the Vatican in a case against Georgetown University. United States Senate
In 2001, <mask> joined the staff of the United States Senate, where he was assigned to the Committee on the Judiciary as Nominations Counsel in the staff of Senator Orrin Hatch.Senate Democrats had just commenced a new strategy led by Senator Ted Kennedy (D-MA) to block the appellate court nominees of President George W. Bush using process requests to disguise ideological litmus tests. <mask> quickly became a skilled strategic defender of the Bush nominees garnering significant press and public attention, especially in the nominations of Miguel Estrada and William H. Pryor Jr. <mask> stressed Estrada’s Honduran immigrant roots and argued the attack on Pryor showed anti-Catholic bigotry. The strategy infuriated opponents. Senator Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) called the Republican messaging “tawdry and diabolical.” A few days later the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Denver, the Most Rev. Charles J. Chaput, wrote a widely-published condemnation of Senate Democrats for engaging in  “a new kind of religious discrimination” against Catholics. By January 2003, <mask> had become Judicial Affairs Counsel to the new Senate Majority Leader, Dr. Bill Frist (R-TN). As a top leadership staffer, he now rallied 51 Republican senators and their staffs on judicial nominations and orchestrated four historic Senate floor events with Vice President Dick Cheney presiding, including a continuous 40-hour debate imaging the public’s idea of a filibuster, and an unprecedented national media campaign, marshaling nationwide grassroots and grasstop support.When he retired from the Senate in late 2006, Majority Leader Bill Frist described judicial nominations as his signature issue. No Senate Majority Leader has spent more Senate floor time debating


title: Manuel Miranda

texts:
 judicial nominees, and there has never been more news and editorial coverage on that issue than in 2003. In less than one year, Republicans turned public opinion on the issue from 2 to 1 against them, to 2 to 1 for their position that every nominee deserved a vote. As a result, judicial nominations were a looming issue in the elections of 2002 and 2004 and have been in presidential and senate elections ever since. In 2004, that issue lost Democrats not only the majority but also the Senate seat of their Majority Leader, tom Daschle (D-SD). <mask> is credited for this effort and much more. To avoid the debacle experienced in 1987 with the nomination of Robert Bork, <mask> is credited with devising the “Miranda Plan,” ensuring rapid endorsement on the record of a Republican president’s Supreme Court nominees  -- a plan that has been deployed since the nomination of Chief Justice John Roberts in 2005.As the highest ranking Hispanic in the Senate Republican staff, <mask> represented Senate leadership to establish the Congressional Hispanic Conference. Memogate

On November 14, 2003, on the last morning of the Senate’s 40-hour “talkathon” on judicial filibusters, the Wall Street Journal published an editorial entitled “He is Latino” that outlined a series of Senate staff memos illustrating the hand-in-glove relationship between Senate Democrats and left-wing interest groups in coordinating the obstruction of Bush judicial nominees. Thus commenced the Memogate scandal during which Democrats would accuse Republicans (especially <mask>) of “stealing” their "confidential" strategy memos, Republicans would demand an investigation of Democrats’ possibly unlawful collusion with special interests, and the Press took sides in a two year debate over which of those two stories was the more important. In February 2004, <mask> resigned his Senate position in an unusually public manner calling for an investigation of the Democrat memos. His resignation letter was published in full by

masks: Miranda Miranda Miranda Miranda Miranda


title: Manuel Miranda

texts:
 National Review. His resignation also suggested a Republicans leadership surrender that launched <mask> as a conservative hero. <mask> took an unwavering position that he was fully entitled by the Code of Ethics for Government Service to read the unprotected documents accessible on his desktop, especially if they might evidence corruption.A report prepared by the Sergeant at Arms following a thorough investigation concluded that "a clerk in the [Republican Majority's] Nominations Unit had admitted to them that day that he had accessed Democratic files over the Committee's computer system...The clerk who initially discovered how to access the files told investigators that he was not sure what to look for in the files, so Mr. <mask> would guide him as to what information was helpful." <mask> never backed down, while Democrats demanded his demise he published a law review article on the law and ethics of Memogate and then brought a lawsuit to invite a federal judge to give him a declaratory judgment on Democrats’ claims against him, laying out in both cases allegations of Democrat Senators' wrongdoing. Soon after leaving the Senate, <mask> became a Visiting Legal Fellow at the Heritage Foundation working for former Attorney General Ed Meese, and a regular columnist for the Wall Street Journal, coming to publish 35 columns under the banner “The Next Justices.”

Memogate entered the news again during the hearings for the Supreme Court nomination of Brett Kavanaugh, in 2018. Kavanaugh was accused of perjury for claiming he was not aware of the source of the Memogate documents, when emails between him and <mask> included as an attachment at least one document that Democrat Senator Patrick Leahy described as “stolen.” <mask> issued a statement noting again that nothing had been “stolen” and that Kavanaugh was never made aware of Democrats’ negligent publication of their own strategy memos on an open server. Public advocacy

As President of the Cardinal Newman Society, <mask>

masks: Miranda Miranda Miranda Miranda Miranda Miranda Miranda Miranda


title: Manuel Miranda

texts: had many years’ experience as a public advocate before working in the Senate. Over the years, he has made over 200 radio and television appearances in English and Spanish. He has a decades-old history of advocacy as a Georgetown University alumnus.After leaving Capitol Hill, <mask> organized the "National Coalition to End Judicial Filibusters" to support for the "nuclear option" or "constitutional option" that he had helped pioneer on Senator Bill Frist's leadership team. The idea was a procedural motion under Senate precedent designed to have Vice President Dick Cheney, acting as President of the Senate, rule unconstitutional the Senate's six decade old application to judicial nominations of the filibuster rule, now being used in an unprecedented manner to stall Bush administration judicial nominees, including potentially against nominees to the Supreme Court. After the Gang of 14 compromise that put off the high stakes Senate confrontation, the Coalition renamed itself the "Third Branch Conference", a grasstops coalition of 200 national conservative leaders. As Chairman of the Third Branch Conference, <mask> became a leading conservative movement voice on judicial nominations, coming to lead conservatives in opposing George W. Bush’s nomination of Harriet Miers to the Supreme Court. That opposition became a turning point for conservatives during the Bush presidency. For his role, <mask> received the American Conservative Union’s Ronald Reagan Award. In announcing the award, ACU President David Keene told the Conservative Political Action Conference banquet audience: "[Sam Alito’s] nomination would not have been made but for <mask> and because of the coalition that he put together; that nomination would still be being debated, were it not for <mask>.”  <mask> brought the conservative audience to a sustained standing ovation when he told them: “What has driven me in the past three years, … has been that I wasn’t born in this country.And I have come to know that our

masks:
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Manny Miranda
Manny Miranda
Miranda


title: Manuel Miranda

texts:
 Constitution and our court system is …a very important reason why this country is great. And so, anything that I have been doing is simply to say thank you to this country that took in my mother and father and their two young children." At the end of 2006, <mask> made front page news when he formed another wide coalition, Families First on Immigration. Its purpose was to promote a compassionate compromise to immigration legal reform based on a seven-point program called "Good Stewards, Good Neighbor." The proposal was endorsed and summarized by Evangelical leader Tony Perkins in his 2008 book on faith and policy. Diplomatic service in Iraq
In 2007 and 2008, <mask> served as a diplomat with the United States Embassy in Iraq as the first Director of the Office for Legislative Statecraft. He oversaw organizational change experts, lawyers  and programs designed to stand up the Iraqi Council of Ministers Secretariat and the Prime Minister’s Legal Office.<mask> also worked with the Iraq and Kurdistan Bars and brokered a signed reconciliation between them that according to a 2008 USAID Report, significantly increased access to justice for the Iraqi people. In 2007, he brought Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan’s legal leaders to Washington, arranging visits for them with White House counsel, with Chief Justice John Roberts, and with key House and Senate leaders. In 2008, <mask> made news again when a memorandum to U.S. Ambassador Ryan Crocker was leaked. References

External links

 Dana Milbank, 2007. First chapter of Homo Politicus. "Before the "memogate" scandal became public, <mask> had worked his way up to being the Senate majority leader's top adviser on judicial nominees."Texas Review of Law & Politics, <mask><mask>, The Memogate Papers: The Politics, Ethics, and Law of a Republican Surrender 9 Tex. Rev. L & Pol 147 (2004). “No public employee should have to choose not to discover proof of wrongdoing because the politician he works for may fail him …The outcome of a pseudo

masks:
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Manuel A
. Miranda


title: Manuel Miranda

texts:
 scandal is determined by the cojones of politicians and the talent of their staff….The lesson of Memogate is not: he should not have read the memos; the lesson is Republicans should not have surrendered the field. This is clear if one believes …that the nature of the fight for the independence of the judiciary and the reputations of unfairly treated judicial nominees is not business as usual or a game of pattycake.”
 Mark Levin, Men in Black (2005). “The memoranda reveal an astonishing relationship between Senate Democrats and their liberal interest groups. The groups appear to dictate strategy to the senators — whether to hold hearings, when to hold hearings, the need to delay a nominee to influence a court decision, whether to conduct a filibuster, and so forth.They have enormous influence over Senate Democrats. They have this influence because the resources they can bring to a judicial battle — including media buys, grassroots operations, and research. And the people who back these groups are important Democrat donors.”
 Jeffrey Toobin, The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court (paperback), September 9, 2008, pages 337, 345-346. “In fact, the “base” was a couch—in the Capitol Hill townhouse belonging to a former congressional staffer named <mask>.”
 Peter Baker, Days of Fire: Bush and Cheney in the White House, (2014) p. 420. “At 8:42 AM, two minutes before Bush even finished speaking, a well-connected conservative lawyer named <mask> sent out an email message denouncing the choice to his extensive list of activists. ‘The reaction of many Conservatives today will be that the president has made possibly the worst unqualified choice since Abe Fortas, who had been the president's lawyer,’ <mask> wrote. … Within hours other conservative  leaders expressed disappointment.”

Living people
American lawyers
1959 births
People from Havana
People from Queens, New York
Archbishop Molloy High School alumni
Georgetown University alumni
University of California,

masks:
Manuel Miranda
Manuel Miranda
Miranda


title: William Smith (Episcopal priest)

texts:
<mask> (September 7, 1727May 14, 1803) was an Episcopal priest who served as the first provost of the College of Philadelphia, which became the University of Pennsylvania. He was also the founder of Washington College in Chestertown Maryland, and St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland. Biography

<mask> was born in Aberdeen, Scotland, to Thomas and Elizabeth (Duncan<mask>. He attended the University of Aberdeen, later claiming a master's from the institution. He also held the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Aberdeen, the University of Oxford, and Trinity College, Dublin. In 1753, <mask> wrote a pamphlet outlining his thoughts about education. The book fell into the hands of Benjamin Franklin and Richard Peters; as a result they asked <mask> to come to Philadelphia and teach at the newly established college there (now the University of Pennsylvania).In 1755 <mask> became the first provost (the equivalent of the modern post of university president) of the school. He held the post until 1779. <mask> was an Anglican priest and together with <mask>, <mask> was briefly jailed in 1758 for his criticism of the military policy in the Quaker-run colony. Indeed, during the French and Indian War, <mask> published two anti-Quaker pamphlets that advocated the disenfranchisement of all Quakers, who were the political elite in Pennsylvania. However, their pacifist beliefs made it difficult for the Quakers in government to provide funds for defense, and as a result anti-Quaker sentiment ran high, especially in the backcountry which suffered from frequent raids from Indians allied with the French. <mask>'s second pamphlet, A Brief View of the Conduct of Pennsylvania, For the Year 1755 (1756), actually went so far as to suggest that while one way of "ridding our Assembly of Quakers" would be to require an oath, "another way of getting rid of them" would be "by cutting their Throats." <mask>'s virulent attacks on Quakers

masks:
William Smith
Smith
) Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
William Moore
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


title: William Smith (Episcopal priest)

texts: alienated him from Franklin, who was closely allied with the Pennsylvania Assembly.<mask> courted and married Moore's daughter, Rebecca, and had seven children. Their grandson <mask> <mask> became a politician who served in both the Pennsylvania and Wisconsin state legislatures. <mask> advocated for the Church of England to appoint a bishop in America, a highly controversial proposal insofar as many Americans feared any ecclesiastical institution that might compel compliance with the force of royal authority. <mask> received honorary Doctor of Divinity degrees from the University of Oxford and the University of Aberdeen in 1759 and from Trinity College, Dublin in 1763. In 1768 he became a member of the American Philosophical Society. <mask> was also the founding editor of The American Magazine, or Monthly Chronicle for the British Colonies, the first publication of its kind, which appeared from October 1757 until October 1758, when publication ceased owing to <mask>'s incarceration due to the previously mentioned libel action initiated by the Pennsylvania Assembly. <mask>'s best known work as an author is "Bouquet's Expedition Against the Ohio Indians in 1764" (1765), an account of the last campaign in Pontiac's War, led by Colonel Henry Bouquet.When the American Revolution broke out, <mask> was in a bind. As an Anglican priest, he was viewed as a Loyalist, but his sentiments were far more sympathetic towards the Patriots than otherwise, even to the point of founding a college named for George Washington, the commander-in-chief of the Patriot Continental Army, in the midst of war. He was appointed to serve on the Philadelphia Committee of Correspondence in 1774, along with such notables as John Dickinson, Samuel Miles, and Joseph Reed. Forced to leave Philadelphia, <mask> moved to Maryland where helped found and become the first president of Washington College, an institution that he intended to be the premiere

masks:
Smith
William Rudolph
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


title: William Smith (Episcopal priest)

texts:
 academic institution of the region; it received almost exclusive patronage from the first President of the United States, George Washington. After the war, he returned to Philadelphia, where he briefly regained his post at Penn. His final project was the development of land in the western region of the state. Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, was founded by Rev.<mask>, and his sons were the first leaders of its government. Efforts for American Anglicanism

Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, was a patron of <mask>'s and  had some unfortunate personal tragedies which motivated her interest in the spread of religion. Incidentally, <mask> named his real estate venture Huntingdon in her honor. This was along the Juniata River, in central Pennsylvania. Lady Huntingdon was persuaded that the Church of England needed to return to the path of righteousness. The Wesleys (John Wesley, Charles Wesley) and George Whitefield whom she supported, in addition to <mask>'s interests, found it easier to work towards righteousness in the "low" church or what became called Methodism or the "Methodist Movement." To further show the problems that the colonials had with the Church of England, <mask>, seemed to be right in the middle of things.The May 1, 1760 first free and voluntary Convention of the American (Anglican) Priesthood met at Christ Church, Philadelphia, Dr. <mask> presiding. The attendees wanted and needed an American Episcopate (bishop). <mask> worked towards that goal. There was a very practical element here. To obtain more priests for work in the colonies, ordination of priests had to be done by a bishop. The bishop was in England. The trip to and from England in those days was risky.Many prospective priests and those recently ordained didn't survive the trip. Thus, there was a supply problem with priests in the colonies. The Bishop of London had superintendency of the colonies but was not going to do anything that would

masks:
Smith
William Smith
Smith
Smith
William Smith
Smith
Smith


title: William Smith (Episcopal priest)

texts:
 incur Royal disfavor. <mask> was having trouble getting the Privy Council in England to pay attention to his pleas for the King to approve the consecration of a bishop that would reside in the American colonies. Archbishop of Canterbury Secker also sensed that the time was not yet right. The King was the Head of the Church of England, the same King the Americans revolted against. A modern look back at this period indicates that King George III's "mental" illness of an inherited biochemical etiology (porphyria) was rather unpredictable and caused great havoc in the order of things.No approval ever came for an American bishop before the Revolution. Afterwards, the American priests turned to the Scottish bishops to consecrate Rev. Samuel Seabury, the first American bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church. This was always viewed as "almost proper." Thus, perfection in this matter had to wait until things settled down in the post-Revolutionary era. With all the political activity by <mask> working for an American bishop on both sides of the Atlantic, the question obviously was why didn't <mask> become elevated to that station? The reports handed down were that Rev.Dr. <mask> was "too fond of the grape" to be worthy of such consecration. Notes

References

External links

Biography and portrait at the University of Pennsylvania
<mask> Papers, University of Pennsylvania

1727 births
1803 deaths
18th-century Anglican priests
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
People of colonial Pennsylvania
American Episcopal priests
18th-century Church of England clergy
Clergy in the American Revolution
Episcopal Church (United States)
People from Aberdeen
Scottish Episcopalian priests
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Presidents of Washington College
Scottish emigrants to the United States
University and college founders
St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe) faculty
Presidents of St. John's College
19th-century American

masks:
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
William Smith


title: Gabrielius Landsbergis-Žemkalnis

texts: <mask> (1852–1916) was a Lithuanian playwright and activists of the early Lithuanian amateur theater. Born to an old noble family, Landsbergis attended Šiauliai Gymnasium where his friend Petras Vileišis encouraged him to speak Lithuanian and support the Lithuanian National Revival. After finishing a telegraph school in Riga in 1871, he worked at the telegraph offices in Moscow and Crimea. He returned to Lithuania in 1884 and joined the Lithuanian cultural life. He contributed articles to the illegal Lithuanian periodicals Varpas and Ūkininkas and his house was a gathering place of many Lithuanian intellectuals. Due to these activities, he was forced to leave Lithuania in 1894 but continued to maintain contacts with Lithuanian activists. He was arrested and imprisoned for ten weeks in 1900 and sentenced to two years of exile in Smolensk in 1902.He returned in 1904 and became administrator of Vilniaus žinios, the first legal Lithuanian daily established by Petras Vileišis. At the same time, Landsbergis devoted his energy to the Lithuanian amateur theater. He was a director, actor, playwright, critic of many of the early performances. He founded and chaired the Kanklės of Vilnius Society and was active in the Rūta Society in Vilnius, Daina Society in Kaunas, and Varpas Society in Šiauliai. All of these societies organized Lithuanian theater performances, concerts, other cultural evenings. In total, he directed or played a role in more than 130 plays. Landsbergis also wrote several plays, mostly simple comedies that were well suited for the amateur theater.His most important works were a drama about Lithuanian folk hero Tadas Blinda (1907) and melodrama about Grand Duchess Birutė (1906) which was later adapted into the first Lithuanian


title: Wanda Jean Allen

texts:
<mask> (August 17, 1959 – January 11, 2001) was sentenced to death in 1989 for the murder of <mask>, 29, her longtime girlfriend. <mask> was the first black woman to be executed in the United States since 1954. She was the sixth woman to be executed since executions resumed in the United States of America in 1977. Her final appeals and the last three months of her life were chronicled by filmmaker Liz Garbus in the documentary The Execution of <mask> (2002). Background
<mask> was born on August 17, 1959, the second of eight children. Her mother was an alcoholic; her father left home after <mask>'s last sibling was born and the family lived in public housing and scraped by on public assistance. At the age of 12, <mask> was hit by a truck and knocked unconscious, and at 14 or 15 she was stabbed in the left temple.It was found that <mask>'s actual abilities were markedly impaired and that her IQ was 69. Found particularly significant was that the left hemisphere of her brain was dysfunctional, impairing her comprehension, her ability to logically express herself, and her ability to analyze cause and effect relationships. It was also concluded that <mask> was more chronically vulnerable than others to becoming disorganized by everyday stresses, and thus more vulnerable to a loss of control under stress. By age 17, she had dropped out of high school. Death of Dedra Pettus
In 1981, <mask> was sharing an apartment with Dedra Pettus, a childhood friend-turned-girlfriend. On June 29, 1981, they got into an argument, and <mask> shot and killed Pettus. In her 1981 confession, <mask> stated that she accidentally shot Pettus from roughly 30 feet away while returning fire from Pettus' boyfriend.However, the forensic evidence was inconsistent with

masks:
Wanda Jean Allen
Gloria Jean Leathers
Allen
Wanda Jean
Wanda Jean Allen
Wanda
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen


title: Wanda Jean Allen

texts:
 <mask>'s story; in particular, a police expert believed that bruises and powder burns on Pettus' body indicated that <mask> had pistol-whipped her, then shot her at point-blank range. Nevertheless, prosecutors cut a deal with <mask>, and she received a four-year sentence in exchange for a guilty plea to a manslaughter charge. She served two years of the sentence. Pettus was buried at Trice Hill Cemetery in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. <mask> Leathers
Seven years after the death of Dedra Pettus, <mask> was living with her girlfriend <mask> Leathers. The two met in prison and had a turbulent and violent relationship. On December 2, 1988, Leathers, 29, was shot in front of The Village Police Department in Oklahoma City.Fifteen minutes before the shooting, the two women were involved in a dispute at a grocery store. A city officer escorted the two women to their house and stood by while Leathers collected her belongings. Leathers and her mother were on their way to file a complaint against <mask>. When Leathers exited the car, <mask> fired one shot, severely wounding Leathers in the abdomen. Leathers' mother witnessed the shooting. Two police officers and a dispatcher heard the shot fired, but no police department employee witnessed the shooting. The police recovered a .38-caliber handgun they believe was used in the shooting near the women's home.Leathers died from the injury three days later, on December 5, 1988. Leathers was buried at Green Acres Memorial Gardens Cemetery, Sperry in Tulsa County, Oklahoma. Trial
The state charged <mask> with first-degree murder and announced that it would seek the death penalty. Evidence that Leathers had a history of violent conduct, and that she had stabbed a woman to death in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1979, was

masks:
Allen
Allen
Allen
Gloria Jean
Allen
Gloria Jean
Allen
Allen
Allen


title: Wanda Jean Allen

texts: central to the self-defense argument at <mask>'s trial. <mask> testified that she feared Leathers because she had boasted to her about the killing. The defense sought to corroborate this claim with testimony from Leathers' mother, whom Leathers had told about the stabbing. However, the prosecution objected, and the court prohibited the introduction of such testimony because it was considered hearsay.The prosecutor depicted <mask> as a remorseless liar. The jury found her guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced her to death. During the punishment phase the prosecutors argued that <mask> should be sentenced to death because she had been previously convicted of a felony involving the use or threat of violence; that she was a continuing threat to society; and she committed the murder to avoid arrest or prosecution. The jury found that the first two aggravating circumstances existed in <mask>'s case. Her defense presented numerous mitigating circumstances including good relationship with her family, good work habits, and her fear of the victim. In the sentencing phase the prosecution presented testimony on the circumstances of the death of Dedra Pettus, and compared this previous crime to the death of Leathers. In a 1991 affidavit, her defense lawyer David Presson stated that after the trial he learned that when <mask> was 15 years old, her IQ was measured at 69, placing her "just within the upper limit of the classification of mental retardation" according to the psychologist who analyzed her and that an examining doctor had recommended a neurological assessment because she manifested symptoms of brain damage.The lawyer stated, "I did not search for any medical or psychological records or seek expert assistance for use at the trial." A

masks: Allen Allen Allen Allen Allen Allen


title: Wanda Jean Allen

texts:
 psychologist conducted a comprehensive evaluation of <mask> in 1995 and found clear and convincing evidence of cognitive and sensory-motor deficits and brain dysfunction possibly linked to an adolescent head injury. Of the five members of the Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board, three were appointed by Governor Frank Keating. Keating who considered giving <mask> a stay based on the narrow issue of whether the Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board had enough information regarding her education. <mask>'s attorneys have pointed to her score, a 69, on an IQ test she took in the 1970s, arguing she was in the range of intellectual disability. Prosecutors said <mask> testified during the penalty phase of her trial that she had graduated from a high school and received a medical assistant certificate from a college. But they said <mask> dropped out of high school at 16 and never finished course work in the medical assistant program.Execution
<mask> spent 12 years on death row. Her application for clemency was denied. While in prison, she became a born-again Christian. The Reverend Robin Meyers, who served as a spiritual adviser to <mask>, is quoted as saying,

<mask> was executed by lethal injection by the State of Oklahoma on Thursday, January 11, 2001 at Oklahoma State Penitentiary in McAlester. Twenty-four relatives of murder victim Gloria Leathers and manslaughter victim Dedra Pettus traveled there for the execution. Many of them watched the execution from behind a tinted window. While lying on the execution gurney, <mask> said, "Father, forgive them.They know not what they do." She also stuck her tongue out and smiled at her appeal lawyer, Steve Presson, who had become her friend. He says she was "dancing on the mattress, while they tried to kill

masks: Allen Allen Allen Allen Allen Allen Allen Allen Allen


title: Wanda Jean Allen

texts:
 her." She was pronounced dead at 9:21 p.m. Relatives of Leathers expressed the execution gave them "closure". She was buried at Trice Hill Cemetery in Oklahoma City. See also

 Capital punishment in Oklahoma
 Capital punishment in the United States
 List of people executed in Oklahoma
 List of women executed in the United States since 1976

Further reading
 Julie Salamon.The Execution of <mask> (2002). The New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-11-11. Dimitra Kessenides. The Execution of <mask>. Salon.com (2002-03-18). Retrieved on 2007-11-11.Adam Buckley Cohen. Who was <mask>? - black woman executed in the United States. The Advocate (2001-03-13). Retrieved on 2007-11-11. USA: Death penalty / Legal concern - <mask> <mask>. Amnesty International (2000-11-17).Retrieved on 2007-11-11. <mask> <mask> put to death. USA Today (2001-01-12). Retrieved on 2007-11-11. <mask> <mask>. The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney. Retrieved on 2007-11-11.<mask> <mask> v State of Oklahoma Direct Appeal Allen v. State, 871 P. 2d 79 - Okla: Court of Criminal Appeals 1994. Retrieved 2010-04-13

References

1959 births
2001 deaths
21st-century executions by Oklahoma
American people convicted of murder
American female murderers
American female criminals
Executed African-American people
Place of birth missing
Executed American women
People convicted of murder by Oklahoma
21st-century executions of American people
People executed by Oklahoma by lethal injection
People executed for murder
Women sentenced to death
American people convicted of manslaughter
Prisoners sentenced to death by Oklahoma
1988 murders in the United States
LGBT people from Oklahoma
LGBT African Americans
LGBT Christians
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American

masks:
Wanda Jean
Wanda Jean
Wanda Jean
Wanda Jean
Allen
Wanda Jean
Allen
Wanda Jean
Allen
Wanda Jean
Allen


title: Harold Godwinson

texts:
<mask> ( – 14 October 1066), also called <mask>, was the last crowned Anglo-Saxon English king. <mask> reigned from 6 January 1066 until his death at the Battle of Hastings, fighting the Norman invaders led by William the Conqueror during the Norman conquest of England. His death marked the end of Anglo-Saxon rule over England. <mask> was a member of a prominent Anglo-Saxon family with ties to Cnut the Great. He became a powerful earl after the death of his father, Godwin, Earl of Wessex. After his brother-in-law, King Edward the Confessor, died without an heir on 5 January 1066, the Witenagemot convened and chose <mask> to succeed him; he was probably the first English monarch to be crowned in Westminster Abbey. In late September, he successfully repelled an invasion by rival claimant Harald Hardrada of Norway in York before marching his army back south to meet William the Conqueror at Hastings two weeks later.Family background

<mask> was a son of Godwin (–1053), the powerful earl of Wessex, and of Gytha Thorkelsdóttir, whose brother Ulf the Earl was married to Estrid Svendsdatter (c. 1015/1016), the daughter of King Sweyn Forkbeard (died 1014) and sister of King Cnut the Great of England and Denmark. Ulf and Estrid's son would become King Sweyn II of Denmark in 1047. Godwin was the son of Wulfnoth, probably a thegn and a native of Sussex. Godwin began his political career by supporting King Edmund Ironside (reigned April to November 1016), but switched to supporting King Cnut by 1018, when Cnut

masks:
Harold Godwinson
Harold II
Harold
Harold Godwinson
Harold
Harold


title: Harold Godwinson

texts:
 named him Earl of Wessex. Godwin remained an earl throughout the remainder of Cnut's reign, one of only two earls to survive to the end of that reign. On Cnut's death in 1035, Godwin originally supported Harthacnut instead of Cnut's initial successor <mask>, but managed to switch sides in 1037—although not without becoming involved in the 1036 murder of Alfred Aetheling, half-brother of Harthacnut and younger brother of the later King Edward the Confessor. When <mask> died in 1040, Harthacnut ascended the English throne and Godwin's power was imperiled by his earlier involvement in Alfred's murder, but an oath and large gift secured the new king's favour for Godwin.Harthacnut's death in 1042 probably involved Godwin in a role as kingmaker, helping to secure the English throne for Edward the Confessor. In 1045 Godwin reached the height of his power when the new king married Godwin's daughter Edith. Godwin and Gytha had several children—six sons: Sweyn, <mask>, Tostig, Gyrth, Leofwine and Wulfnoth; and three daughters: Edith of Wessex (originally named Gytha but renamed Ealdgyth (or Edith) when she married King Edward the Confessor), Gunhild and Ælfgifu. The birthdates of the children are unknown, but <mask> was the second son, Sweyn being the eldest. <mask> was aged about 25 in 1045, which makes his birth year around 1020. Powerful nobleman
Edith married Edward on 23 January 1045 and, around that time, <mask> became Earl of East Anglia. <mask> is called "earl" when he appears as a witness in a will

masks:
Harold Harefoot
Harold Harefoot
Harold
Harold
Harold
Harold
Harold


title: Harold Godwinson

texts: that may date to 1044; but, by 1045, <mask> regularly appears as an earl in documents.One reason for his appointment to East Anglia may have been a need to defend against the threat from King Magnus the Good of Norway. It is possible that <mask> led some of the ships from his earldom that were sent to Sandwich in 1045 against Magnus. Sweyn, <mask>'s elder brother, had been named an earl in 1043. It was also around the time that <mask> was named an earl that he began a relationship with Edith the Fair, who appears to have been the heiress to lands in Cambridgeshire, Suffolk and Essex, lands in <mask>'s new earldom. The relationship was a form of marriage that was not blessed or sanctioned by the Church, known as More danico, or "in the Danish manner", and was accepted by most laypeople in England at the time. Any children of such a union were considered legitimate. <mask> probably entered the relationship in part to secure support in his new earldom.<mask>'s elder brother Sweyn was exiled in 1047 after abducting the abbess of Leominster. Sweyn's lands were divided between <mask> and a cousin, Beorn. In 1049, <mask> was in command of a ship or ships that were sent with a fleet to aid Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor against Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, who was in revolt against Henry. During this campaign, Sweyn returned to England and attempted to secure a pardon from the king, but <mask> and Beorn refused to return any of their lands, and Sweyn, after leaving the royal court, took Beorn hostage and

masks: Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold


title: Harold Godwinson

texts:
 later killed him. When in 1051 Earl Godwin was sent into exile, <mask> accompanied his father and helped him to regain his position a year later. Then Godwin died in 1053, and <mask> succeeded him as Earl of Wessex (the southern third of England). This arguably made him the most powerful figure in England after the king.In 1055 <mask> drove back the Welsh, who had burned Hereford. <mask> also became Earl of Hereford in 1058, and replaced his late father as the focus of opposition to growing Norman influence in England under the restored monarchy (1042–66) of Edward the Confessor, who had spent more than 25 years in exile in Normandy. He led a series of successful campaigns (1062–63) against Gruffydd ap Llywelyn of Gwynedd, king of Wales. This conflict ended with Gruffydd's defeat and death in 1063. <mask> in northern France

In 1064, <mask> apparently was shipwrecked at Ponthieu. There is much speculation about this voyage. The earliest post-conquest Norman chroniclers report that King Edward had previously sent Robert of Jumièges, the archbishop of Canterbury, to appoint as his heir Edward's maternal kinsman, Duke William II of Normandy, and that at this later date <mask> was sent to swear fealty.Scholars disagree as to the reliability of this story. William, at least, seems to have believed he had been offered the succession, but there must have been some confusion either on William's part or perhaps by both men, since the English succession was neither inherited nor determined by the reigning

masks: Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold


title: Harold Godwinson

texts: monarch. Instead the Witenagemot, the assembly of the kingdom's leading notables, would convene after a king's death to select a successor. Other acts of Edward are inconsistent with his having made such a promise, such as his efforts to return his nephew Edward the Exile, son of King Edmund Ironside, from Hungary in 1057. Later Norman chroniclers suggest alternative explanations for <mask>'s journey: that he was seeking the release of members of his family who had been held hostage since Godwin's exile in 1051, or even that he had simply been travelling along the English coast on a hunting and fishing expedition and had been driven across the Channel by an unexpected storm. There is general agreement that he left from Bosham, and was blown off course, landing at Ponthieu. He was captured by Count Guy I of Ponthieu, and was then taken as a hostage to the count's castle at Beaurain,  up the River Canche from its mouth at what is now Le Touquet.Duke William arrived soon afterward and ordered Guy to turn <mask> over to him. <mask> then apparently accompanied William to battle against William's enemy Duke Conan II of Brittany. While crossing into Brittany past the fortified abbey of Mont Saint-Michel, <mask> is recorded as rescuing two of William's soldiers from quicksand. They pursued Conan from Dol-de-Bretagne to Rennes, and finally to Dinan, where he surrendered the fortress's keys at the point of a lance. William presented <mask> with weapons and arms, knighting him. The Bayeux Tapestry, and other

masks: Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold


title: Harold Godwinson

texts:
 Norman sources, then record that <mask> swore an oath on sacred relics to William to support his claim to the English throne. After Edward's death, the Normans were quick to point out that in accepting the crown of England, <mask> had broken this alleged oath.The chronicler Orderic Vitalis wrote of <mask> that he "was distinguished by his great size and strength of body, his polished manners, his firmness of mind and command of words, by a ready wit and a variety of excellent qualities. But what availed so many valuable gifts, when good faith, the foundation of all virtues, was wanting?" Due to a doubling of taxation by Tostig in 1065 that threatened to plunge England into civil war, <mask> supported Northumbrian rebels against his brother Tostig, and replaced him with Morcar. This led to <mask>'s marriage alliance with the northern earls but fatally split his own family, driving Tostig into alliance with King Harald Hardrada ("Hard Ruler") of Norway. Reign

At the end of 1065, King Edward the Confessor fell into a coma without clarifying his preference for the succession. He died on 5 January 1066, according to the Vita Ædwardi Regis, but not before briefly regaining consciousness and commending his widow and the kingdom to <mask>'s "protection". The intent of this charge remains ambiguous, as is the Bayeux Tapestry, which simply depicts Edward pointing at a man thought to represent <mask>.When the Witan convened the next day they selected <mask> to succeed, and his coronation followed on 6

masks: Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold


title: Harold Godwinson

texts: January, most likely held in Westminster Abbey, though no evidence from the time survives to confirm this. Although later Norman sources point to the suddenness of this coronation, the reason may have been that all the nobles of the land were present at Westminster for the feast of Epiphany, and not because of any usurpation of the throne on <mask>'s part. In early January 1066, hearing of <mask>'s coronation, Duke William II of Normandy began plans to invade England, building 700 warships and transports at Dives-sur-Mer on the Normandy coast. Initially, William could not get support for the invasion but, claiming that <mask> had sworn on sacred relics to support his claim to the throne after having been shipwrecked at Ponthieu, William received the Church's blessing and nobles flocked to his cause. In anticipation of the invasion, <mask> assembled his troops on the Isle of Wight, but the invasion fleet remained in port for almost seven months, perhaps due to unfavourable winds. On 8 September, with provisions running out, <mask> disbanded his army and returned to London. On the same day Harald Hardrada of Norway, who also claimed the English crown, joined Tostig and invaded, landing his fleet at the mouth of the Tyne.The invading forces of Hardrada and Tostig defeated the English earls Edwin of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria at the Battle of Fulford near York on 20 September 1066. <mask> led his army north on a forced march from London, reached Yorkshire in four days, and caught Hardrada by

masks: Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold


title: Harold Godwinson

texts:
 surprise. On 25 September, in the Battle of Stamford Bridge, <mask> defeated Hardrada and Tostig, who were both killed. According to Snorri Sturluson, before the battle a single man rode up alone to Harald Hardrada and Tostig. He gave no name, but spoke to Tostig, offering the return of his earldom if he would turn against Hardrada. Tostig asked what his brother <mask> would be willing to give Hardrada for his trouble. The rider replied "Seven feet of English ground, as he is taller than other men."Then he rode back to the Saxon host. Hardrada was impressed by the rider's boldness, and asked Tostig who he was. Tostig replied that the rider was <mask> himself. According to Henry of Huntingdon, <mask> said "Six feet of ground or as much more as he needs, as he is taller than most men." Battle of Hastings

On 12 September 1066 William's fleet sailed from Normandy. Several ships sank in storms, which forced the fleet to take shelter at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme and to wait for the wind to change. On 27 September the Norman fleet set sail for England, arriving the following day at Pevensey on the coast of East Sussex.<mask>'s army marched 241 miles (386 kilometres) to intercept William, who had landed perhaps 7,000 men in Sussex, southern England. <mask> established his army in hastily built earthworks near Hastings. The two armies clashed at the Battle of Hastings, at Senlac Hill (near the present town of Battle) close by Hastings on 14 October, where after nine hours of hard fighting, <mask> was killed

masks:
Harold
Harold
Harold Godwinson
Harold
Harold
Harold
Harold


title: Harold Godwinson

texts:
 and his forces defeated. His brothers Gyrth and Leofwine were also killed in the battle, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Death
The notion that <mask> died by an arrow to the eye is a popular belief today, but this historical legend is subject to much scholarly debate. A Norman account of the battle, Carmen de Hastingae Proelio ("Song of the Battle of Hastings"), said to have been written shortly after the battle by Guy, Bishop of Amiens, says that <mask> was killed by four knights, probably including Duke William, and his body dismembered. Twelfth-century Anglo-Norman histories, such as William of Malmesbury's Gesta Regum Anglorum and Henry of Huntingdon's Historia Anglorum recount that <mask> died by an arrow wound to his head.An earlier source, Amatus of Montecassino's L'Ystoire de li Normant ("History of the Normans"), written only twenty years after the battle of Hastings, contains a report of <mask> being shot in the eye with an arrow, but this may be an early fourteenth-century addition. Later accounts reflect one or both of these two versions. A figure in the panel of the Bayeux Tapestry with the inscription "Hic <mask> Rex Interfectus Est" ("Here King <mask> is killed") is depicted gripping an arrow that has struck his eye, but some historians have questioned whether this man is intended to be <mask> or if <mask> is intended as the next figure lying to the right almost supine, being mutilated beneath a horse's hooves. Etchings made of the Tapestry in the 1730s show the standing


title: Harold Godwinson

texts:
 figure with differing objects. Benoît's 1729 sketch shows only a dotted line indicating stitch marks without any indication of fletching, whereas all other arrows in the Tapestry are fletched. Bernard de Montfaucon's 1730 engraving has a solid line resembling a spear being held overhand matching the manner of the figure to the left. Stothard's 1819 water-colour drawing has, for the first time, a fletched arrow in the figure's eye.Although not apparent in the earlier depictions, the Tapestry today has stitch marks indicating the fallen figure once had an arrow in its eye. It has been proposed that the second figure once had an arrow added by over-enthusiastic nineteenth-century restorers that was later unstitched. Many believe this, as the name "<mask>" is above the figure with an arrow in his eye. This has been disputed by examining other examples from the Tapestry where the visual centre of a scene, not the location of the inscription, identifies named figures. Further evidence is that an arrow volley would be loosed before the Norman cavalry charge. A further suggestion is that both accounts are accurate, and that <mask> suffered first the eye wound, then the mutilation, and the Tapestry is depicting both in sequence. Burial and legacy

The account of the contemporary chronicler William of Poitiers states that the body of <mask> was given to William Malet for burial:

Another source states that <mask>'s widow, Edith Swannesha, was called to identify the body, which she did by some private mark

masks: Harold Harold Harold Harold


title: Harold Godwinson

texts: known only to her.<mask>'s strong association with Bosham, his birthplace, and the discovery in 1954 of an Anglo-Saxon coffin in the church there, has led some to suggest it as the place of King <mask>'s burial. A request to exhume a grave in Bosham Church was refused by the Diocese of Chichester in December 2003, the Chancellor having ruled that the chances of establishing the identity of the body as <mask>'s were too slim to justify disturbing a burial place. A prior exhumation had revealed the remains of a man, estimated at up to 60 years of age from photographs of the remains, lacking a head, one leg and the lower part of his other leg, a description consistent with the fate of the king as recorded in the Carmen. The poem also claims <mask> was buried by the sea, which is consistent with William of Poitiers' account and with the identification of the grave at Bosham Church that is only yards from Chichester Harbour and in sight of the English Channel. There were legends of <mask>'s body being given a proper funeral years later in his church at Waltham Holy Cross in Essex, which he had refounded in 1060. Legends also grew up that <mask> had not died at Hastings but instead fled England or that he later ended his life as a hermit at Chester or Canterbury. <mask>'s son Ulf, along with Morcar and two others, were released from prison by King William as he lay dying in 1087.Ulf threw his lot in with Robert Curthose, who knighted him, and then disappeared from history. Two of <mask>'s other sons,


title: Harold Godwinson

texts:
 Godwine and Edmund, invaded England in 1068 and 1069 with the aid of Diarmait mac Máel na mBó (High King of Ireland) but were defeated at the Battle of Northam. In 1068, Diarmait presented another Irish king with <mask>'s battle standard. Marriages and children

For some twenty years <mask> was married more danico (Latin: "in the Danish manner") to Edith the Fair and had at least six children with her. She was considered <mask>'s mistress by the clergy. According to Orderic Vitalis, <mask> was at some time betrothed to Adeliza, a daughter of William the Conqueror; if so, the betrothal never led to marriage. About January 1066, <mask> married Edith (or Ealdgyth), daughter of Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia, and widow of the Welsh prince Gruffydd ap Llywelyn.Edith had one son, named <mask>, probably born posthumously. Another of <mask>'s sons, Ulf, may have been a twin of the younger <mask>, though most historians consider him a son of Edyth Swannesha. Both these sons survived into adulthood and probably lived out their lives in exile. After her husband's death, Edith fled for refuge to her brothers, Edwin, Earl of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria, but both men made their peace with King William initially before rebelling and losing their lands and lives. Edith may have fled abroad (possibly with <mask>'s mother, Gytha, or with <mask>'s daughter, Gytha). <mask>'s sons, Godwin and Edmund, fled to Ireland and then invaded Devon, but were defeated by Brian of Brittany. Family

masks: Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold Harold


title: Harold Godwinson

texts:
 tree

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

 William of Poitiers, Gesta Guillelmi II Ducis Normannorum, or "The Deeds of William II, Duke of the Normans".Quoted by David C. Douglas & George W. Greenaway (eds. ), in: English Historical Documents 1042–1189, London, 1959. Further reading

External links

 BBC Historic Figures: <mask> II (Godwineson) (c. 1020–1066)

|-

|-

1020s births
1066 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
11th-century English monarchs
Anglo-Norse monarchs
Anglo-Saxon people
Anglo-Saxon warriors
Anglo-Saxons killed in battle
Deaths by arrow wounds
Earls of East Anglia
Earls of Herefordshire
Earls of Wessex
English people of Danish descent
English Roman Catholics
House of Godwin
Monarchs killed in action
Monarchs of England before 1066
Norman conquest of England
People from


title: Arnold Ehrlich

texts:
<mask> (15 January 1848 in Włodawa, Poland – November 1919 in New Rochelle, New York) was a scholar of bible and rabbinics whose work spanned the latter part of the 19th and the early 20th century. A formidable scholar, he is said to have possessed perfect recall, with an outstanding knowledge of Bible and Talmud, and to have spoken 39 languages. He is best known for his book Mikra Kiphshuto (The Bible according to its Literal Meaning) in three Hebrew volumes published from 1899–1901, in which he sought to bring the results of modern textual criticism of the Bible to a wider Hebrew audience, emphasising the Torah to be a document made by humans complete with scribal and copying errors, not a perfect work dictated to Moses at Sinai; and as a formative intellectual influence on the young Mordecai Kaplan. <mask> earned a living as a private tutor, and teaching at the Hebrew Preparatory School of the Temple Emanu-El Theological School of New York. However, he was never considered for a professorial post at Hebrew Union College, apparently because in his early twenties he had helped the German Lutheran theologian Franz Delitzsch revise his Hebrew translation of the New Testament, a work used to proselytize Jewish converts to Christianity. <mask>'s exegetical work is an important contribution to modern biblical exegesis. <mask>'s work was highly influential on the Jewish translation produced by the Jewish Publication Society in 1917 and its successor of 1962–82.Life
Born Jewish in Włodawa, Poland, <mask> was married at fourteen and had one son named Mark. At an early age he studied German in his native Polish village, and had read the Bible in the Moses Mendelssohn translation. At seventeen, <mask> came to the conclusion that he could no longer abide the stringencies of his environment and he sought association with the wider fields of knowledge he hoped to find in

masks:
Arnold Bogumil Ehrlich
Ehrlich
Ehrlich
Ehrlich
Ehrlich
Ehrlich


title: Arnold Ehrlich

texts: Germany. His wife did not agree with the move or his liberal views, and she and their son did not go with him to Germany. He then went on his own and he entered school there to learn arithmetic, geography, and other elementary school subjects alongside boys of ten. Such subjects were simple for a lad who started learning the German language at the age of five years. He also worked as a librarian in the Semitics department of the Berlin Royal Library.It was at this time in Germany that <mask> somehow came to the attention of Professor Franz Delitzsch, who engaged him as his amanuensis. They both worked in the missionary Institutum Judaicum and this association would turn into an evil spectre later in his life. At Delitzsch's insistence <mask> revised the Hebrew translation of the New Testament (10th Edition) which was to be utilized for proselytization among Jews. During this time he encountered the work of Julius Wellhausen, Kuehnen, and the whole school of Biblical criticism which fascinated him. This in turn made him accept the theory that the Bible was constructed of a patchwork quilt of documents, but his later work was a revolt against the destructiveness of the "higher criticism." The Hebrew language was bred into his bones, and it became his conviction that the Bible could be understood only as one devoted oneself to its language and to an understanding of the Hebrew idiom through its cognates. There are rumors that <mask> was baptized in Germany, but there is no proof or evidence of this.Had it been true, the officers at the Temple Emanu-El would never had considered him for a place as a teacher (not professor) in the Emanu-El Theological School of New York where he taught after he immigrated to Manhattan, New York from Hamburg, Germany in 1874. His Naturalization date is July 11, 1881, and he lists his occupation as "Teacher of Languages." <mask> wrote in

masks: Ehrlich Ehrlich Ehrlich Ehrlich


title: Arnold Ehrlich

texts: fluent English and spoke it fluently and flawlessly, though with a slight accent. He was a close student of many languages, and was both a philologist and a student of the Hebrew Bible. He knew 39 tongues, which included all the Semitic languages, all the languages of Western Europe except Finnish, all the Slavic language dialects, as well as Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek. He explained the relationship that Israelite and Canaanite civilizations bear to that of the Greeks upon the basis of language similarities and idiomatic likeness. In his "leisure" he had written what was practically a Randglossen to both the Iliad and the Odyssey.He was a lover of the Greek classics and had a great comprehension of classic civilizations. He had a special love for Arabic. He enjoyed it as a language and he enjoyed its literature and its poetry. Many of those who taught Arabic in the Semitics departments of universities came to <mask> for instruction, and among them was Professor Richard J.H. Gottheil of Columbia University, son of Gustav Gottheil, who claimed that <mask> had admitted to changing his faith to Christianity in Germany and was remorseful for it. This declaration was never signed by <mask>, but only by witnesses "claiming" this event took place in the late 19th century. During his years in the United States, Jewish scholars and students sought him out, but <mask> surely paid a frightful price for that New Testament translation he did at a young age with Delitzsch.Many regard this translation as a beautiful piece of modern Hebrew composition, but it cost him and he was to pay for it throughout his life. He was sorely resentful of the fact that, despite general recognition of his status as a scholar, he had not been chosen Professor of Bible at the Hebrew Union College. He was never invited to teach in either of the major rabbinical seminaries and among the Orthodox he was


title: Arnold Ehrlich

texts: disliked. No one wanted to appoint a man with a background of engaging in a New Testament translation, who would invite criticism from all conservative quarters. He also insisted upon "mister" with his pupils because no university had ever granted him a higher academic degree. He is the author of a biblical commentary called Mik'ra Kiph'shuto ("The Plain Meaning of the Bible"). It embodies his main point of view that the Bible itself is the best source for the knowledge of Hebrew as a language and for the ancient Hebraic ideas, even though the cross references of comparative passages or words might be separated in widely disparate ages.He felt that somehow original meanings persisted and that the cross references or parallel passages often shed light upon obscure sentences as well as upon mistakes in the original Bible text. Modern archaeology has opened new vistas through the centuries, but <mask> had no knowledge, in his time, of what the future would bring into this realm. He had a strong influence on the young Mordecai Kaplan. <mask>'s strongest affection was for Louis Ginzberg of the Jewish Theological Seminary. He admired Dr. Ginzberg's thoroughness, his vast and comprehensive knowledge, and the originality of his mind. He also had a high regard for Professors Malter and Margolis of the Dropsie College. But <mask> had no doubts as to his own status, for he was convinced of his own superiority in his chosen area of research.<mask> was antisocial in his life in that he felt uncomfortable and uneasy in ordinary human relationships. But he was completely social in his outlook, in his passion for justice, in his desire for the self-realization of all people regardless of race, color or creed. He was totally removed from people and came alive only when he discussed his philological interests. He was an avid reader in all fields, particularly in philosophy, and


title: Arnold Ehrlich

texts: maintained a steady correspondence with Hermann Cohen until his death one year before <mask>. As a matter of self-discipline, he required himself to read through Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason every year. <mask>'s one diversion  was to attend the movies of the early 20th century. He adored Westerns and historic presentations.The great scholar could watch these films and find complete "escape." He preferred this to spending time with people, whom he avoided. He was entranced by the new sociology, despite his personal social discomfort, and was intrigued by the new Freudian psychology emerging upon the scene in his latter years. Not long before he died, Richard M. Stern (who prepared for the rabbinate under him) recalls Ehrlich saying, if he could relive his years, he would like to give greater attention to psychology so as to understand why some human beings are driven perforce into defined areas of activity and why others are willing to remain "contented cows!!!" <mask> was sought after by many non-Jews who wanted to study under him. Two of his well-known Christian pupils were Dr. Charles Fagnani and Dr. Julius Bewer, both members of the Union Theological Seminary Faculty. He was especially interested in Bewer because he exhibited an unusual aptitude in reading and understanding rabbinic literature.<mask> was unhappy that Christian scholarship had not cultivated the area with greater assiduity. He felt he found the perfect Christian disciple who would devote himself to rabbinics, but this did not happen. Bewer chose the field of biblical criticism  in the tradition of Wellhausen and his coterie. <mask> had no love for this group and thoroughly disliked the "Higher Anti-Semitism." A few years prior to 1917 he discovered that he had not been included in the committee appointed by the Jewish Publication Society and the Central Conference of American Rabbis to

masks: Ehrlich Ehrlich Ehrlich Ehrlich Ehrlich


title: Arnold Ehrlich

texts:
 prepare a new translation of the Hebrew Bible. When the work was published in 1917, he was furious that the committee used his name as a consultant. <mask> was an occasional attendant at religious services and synagogues where he hoped to find preachers who could use the biblical text with the related midrashic or other rabbinic commentaries.He disliked the Union Prayer Book, primarily because he felt that its reform of the liturgy had not gone far enough. He felt that all the passages which belittled human dignity should be revised or eliminated. He believed that a modern Jewish prayer book should, of course, be rooted in traditional forms, but that prayers which involved a servile humility were unbecoming to modern man and should be rewritten. Many of the older generation rabbis studied under him at one time or another, either at Emanu-El or as private pupils. Among them were Samuel Schulman, Leon Harrison, Bernard Drachman, Stephen S. Wise, and George Alexander Kohut whose father was Alexander Kohut. Another of his mature students was Isaac S. Moses, rabbi of the Central Synagogue. <mask> was married twice.His son by his first wife, Mark, who was born in Poland, arrived in Manhattan, New York in 1885 without his mother. His second wife, Pauline (October 13, 1858-? ), of Polish descent, gave him a daughter named Olga born 1881. He had four grandchildren. Mark had Rose (1891), Joseph (1897) and Helen (1902) <mask> in Manhattan. Olga (who was born in Manhattan) married Dr. Julius Auerbach and had a son named <mask> (1912). <mask>. Auerbach became a distinguished playwright, essayist, humorist, critic, and an American Emmy-Award winning screenwriter.<mask> was an accomplished pianist who was written about in a lost book for her talent. According to the January 10, 1920 Nation News Archive:

The death of <mask><mask>, which occurred in the city of New York a short time

masks:
Ehrlich
Ehrlich
Ehrlich
Arnold
Arnold M
Rose Ehrlich
Arnold B
. Ehrlich


title: Arnold Ehrlich

texts:
 ago, has deprived the world of Biblical scholarship of one of its most brilliant exponents. <mask> was not officially connected with any institution of learning; his name is little known outside of the narrow circle of professional Bible students, and is possibly not sufficiently known even among them. Yet, his life work, represented by eleven substantial volumes dedicated to the elucidation of the Scriptures, merits the grateful appreciation of all those to whom the Bible is an integral part of human civilization. <mask>'s exegetical work is an important contribution to modern biblical exegesis. <mask>'s work was highly influential on the Jewish translation produced by the Jewish Publication Society in 1917 and its successor of 1962–82. Works
His best known works are,
  Mik'ra Kiph'shuto (מקרא כפשוטו) [The Bible Literally].Leipzig: 3 vols, 1899–1901; reprinted New York: Ktav, 1969. Randglossen zur Hebräischen Bibel; textkritisches, sprachliches und sachliches [Notes on the Hebrew Bible]. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. 7 vols, 1908–14; reprinted Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1968. .  His most substantial work, which took six years to complete and which was funded by Jacob H. Schiff and Dr. Isaac Adler. He also prepared textbooks to introduce students to rabbinic literature and prepared an anthology of aggadic passages representative of material that students might later have to study at the Emanu-El Theological School that he taught at. His poetic German translation of the Psalms had wide acclaim in its day, but this volume is now out of print and may be found only in large university libraries. His scholarly work is written in German because, prior to World War I, German was regarded as the language of Jewish scholarship.Unpublished notebooks can be found at the New York library of the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion. These notebooks are the addenda to the

masks: Ehrlich Ehrlich Ehrlich


title: Arnold Ehrlich

texts:
 Randglossen. References

Further reading
 American Jewish Archives; vol. xxiii; no. 1; April, 1971
 The teshuva of <mask> on <mask>'s apostasy and return to his faith [url no longer supports images]
 Judaism Faces the Twentieth Century on Mordecai Kaplan's relationship with <mask>. "<mask>'s Monumental Work on the Old Testament" review of Randglossen zur hebraischen Bibel, textkritisches, sprachliches und sachliches by <mask><mask>. Review by Julius A. Bewer The American Journal of Theology, Vol.20, No. 2 (Apr., 1916), pp. 274–275
 "Some Hitherto Unrecognized Meanings of the Verb Shub" by Robert Gordis Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 52, No. 2/3 (Jun. - Sep., 1933), pp. 153–162  "The starting point for our inquiry is the acute observation of that master of Biblical Hebrew, <mask>.Ehrlich." "<mask><mask>: A Personal Recollection" by R M Stern, available on http://americanjewisharchives.org/journal/PDF/1971_23_01_00_stern.pdf

External links
 Mik'ra Kiph'shutah by <mask> (Shabbatei ben Yom Tov ibn Boded) is available here. 1848 births
1919 deaths
19th-century rabbis
Talmudists
19th-century Jewish biblical scholars
Translators of the Bible into German
American people of German-Jewish descent
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
People from New Rochelle, New York
Jewish translators of the Bible
19th-century translators
20th-century Jewish biblical scholars
Polish biblical scholars
American biblical scholars
Jewish biblical scholars
American humanists
Jewish humanists
American male writers
American religious writers
Jewish religious writers
American translators
Polish translators
Jewish translators
Jewish-American history
Jewish American writers
Jewish philosophers
Jewish skeptics
American Hebraists
Polish Hebraists
American orientalists
Jewish orientalists
Polish orientalists
Bible commentators
Jewish theologians
Jewish linguists
Linguists from the United

masks:
Arnold Ehrlich
Ehrlich
Ehrlich
Ehrlich
Arnold B
. Ehrlich
Arnold B
Arnold B
. Ehrlich
Arnold Ehrlich