title: Clara Brown

texts:
 have, year by year, come many others of her race, worthily represented by the Pointers, the Lees, the Nelsons and other families who are as tenacious of recognition as subjects of the 'little kingdom' as you or I may be. Attempts to find her family and aid to former slaves
 Letters were sent to locate her family with the aid of friends who could write. <mask> heard that her husband Richard and daughter Margaret had both died and her son Richard was lost, but she vowed to find her daughter Eliza Jane. At the end of the Civil War, she liquidated her holdings to travel back to Gallatin, Kentucky. She didn't find Eliza Jane, but she helped 16 (or 26) relatives and others who were former slaves travel to Colorado by train and wagon train and helped them find work once they were settled. <mask> also went to Kansas in 1879 to help former slaves "build a community and farm the land."At eighty years of age, <mask>'s funds were depleted through charitable contributions, her efforts to find her family, and having been cheated by real estate agents. <mask> moved to Denver when she could no longer sustain the higher altitude and lived in the home of a friend. After years of writing letters, <mask> heard that her daughter lived in Council Bluffs, Iowa and traveled there at 82 years of age to meet her. The Council Bluffs Nonpareil reported on March 4, 1882, that <mask> was "still strong, vigorous, tall, her hair thickly streaked with gray, her face kind." <mask> returned to Denver with her granddaughter after a lengthy visit and was later visited by her daughter, Eliza Jane, until <mask>'s death. In remembrance of her pioneering role in Colorado history, she was voted into the Society of

masks: Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown


title: Clara Brown

type: original

texts:
 Colorado Pioneers and interviewed by the Denver Tribune-Republican on June 26, 1885. Death and memorials
<mask> died in Denver on October 23, 1885 and was buried in Denver's Riverside Cemetery.Colorado state dignitaries were in attendance at her funeral, including Denver mayor John Long Routt and governor James Benton Grant. The Central City Opera House dedicated a permanent memorial chair in her name. <mask> is the subject of the opera Gabriel's Daughter by Henry Mollicone and William Luce, which premiered at Central City Opera in 2003. <mask> was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame in 1989. See also
 History of slavery in Colorado
 List of African American pioneers of Colorado

Notes

References
 <mask> Biography (1800-1885). Biography Channel. A&E Network.Retrieved 13 June 2011. Colorado Women's Hall of Fame, <mask>. Colorado Women's Hall of Fame. 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2011. Hill, A. (1915).Colorado pioneers in picture and story. Denver: Brock-Hafner Press. Katz, W. (1995) Black Women of the Old West. Chapter 7, <mask> of Colorado. New York: Antheum Books for Young Readers, Simon and Schuster. .
 Reiter, Joan S. (1978). The Old West: The Women. Time-Life Books
 Varnell, Jeanne (1999).Women of Consequence: The Colorado Women's Hall of Fame. Boulder: Johnson Press. .
 Wishart, David J. (2004). "<mask>, "Aunt" <mask>". Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. University of Nebraska Press. .

1800 births
1885 deaths
19th-century American slaves
Colorado Mining Boom
Society of Colorado Pioneers
People from Central City, Colorado
American midwives
People from Denver
Cowgirl Hall of Fame inductees
African-American history of Colorado
19th-century African-American

masks:
Clara Brown
Brown
Brown
Clara Brown
Clara Brown
Clara Brown
Brown
Clara


title: Joe Dunne

texts:
<mask> (born 25 May 1973) is an Irish football manager and former footballer who is currently interim assistant manager of Colchester United. Dunne played as a defender in the Football League for Gillingham and Colchester United, and briefly played in the Conference for Dover Athletic. He once represented Republic of Ireland at under-21 level. His playing career was ended prematurely after suffering a series of injuries. He began coaching at Colchester United, earning his coaching badges and working his way up from youth level. He became the club's assistant manager when John Ward was appointed manager in 2010, before replacing Ward at the helm in September 2012 having previously acted as caretaker manager for four games in 2009. After guiding the club to League One safety in the 2012–13 and 2013–14 seasons, Dunne left his role on 1 September 2014.He then joined Cambridge United as an assistant manager on 11 May 2015. Playing career

Early life
Dunne was born in Dublin and grew up in the city's Inchicore suburb, where he lived with his mother and father. His father died when Dunne was 13, leaving him to be the "man of the house". Determined to make a career for himself in football, Dunne left Ireland for England at the age of 15 at the same time as his friend Mark Kinsella, who had been playing for Home Farm. He went on a week-long trial at Gillingham, but stayed for two weeks and signed for the club without telling his mother. Gillingham
Gillingham manager Keith Burkinshaw signed Dunne, but Irishman Damien Richardson had replaced Burkinshaw at the helm by the time Dunne arrived. Dunne signed for the Gills on a professional contract in August 1990 and went on to make 115 league appearances for the club,


title: Joe Dunne

texts:
 scoring once.Colchester United
Colchester United boss Steve Wignall signed <mask> from Gillingham in March 1996 on a free transfer. Dunne made his debut for the U's on 30 March 1996 at Hartlepool United's Victoria Park, coming on as a substitute for Paul Gibbs. He scored his first goal for the club in the penultimate game of the 1995–96 season, which proved crucial as it was a 90th-minute winner against Mansfield Town to help Colchester into the play-off positions. Dunne missed the play-off matches as the U's lost out to Plymouth Argyle, but Dunne would get his chance to play at Wembley the following season. Dunne was a member of the Colchester squad that lost the 1997 Football League Trophy Final to Carlisle United in a penalty shoot-out following a 0–0 draw. However, he tasted success the following year as Colchester defeated Torquay United 1–0 at Wembley to win the 1998 Football League Third Division play-off Final and promotion to Division Two. However, in the summer of 1999, Dunne was unceremoniously released by new Colchester manager Mick Wadsworth alongside nine other players.Despite his release, his popularity with the fans was proven as Colchester's Evening Gazette newspaper awarded Dunne their 'Player of the Year' award, as voted for by readers and fans. Upon hearing this news, Dunne said that it was "a great honour" and he "couldn't thank the fans enough". Dover Athletic
Eleven weeks following his release, Dunne struggled to find a Football League club willing to accommodate him, and Dunne considered quitting football and taking a job outside of the game to support his family after initial interest from Isthmian League club Aldershot Town came to nothing. However, Dunne signed for Football


title: Joe Dunne

texts:
 contract. Dunne's recovery process suffered setbacks, and required major reconstruction surgery on cartilage and cruciate ligament injuries. In January 2003, Dunne said that he hoped to be back in action by the end of the 2002–03 season. In April 2003, Dunne finally announced his retirement from League football aged 29.

International career
Dunne represented Republic of Ireland at under-21 level once in 1992, but never received a call-up to the full national squad. Managerial career

Colchester United
Colchester United decided to retain Dunne's services immediately after his retirement from the game by appointing him as a youth team coach, working under Micky Cook. Dunne had previously done some scouting work for Colchester manager Phil Parkinson towards the end of the 2002–03 season during his recuperation from his injuries. Dunne replaced Cook as senior youth team coach in August 2003.Dunne took charge of the U's youth team on their 2004 FA Youth Cup run where they defeated Premiership club Chelsea 2–1 in the third round at Layer Road in December. The young U's side then proceeded to the fifth round of the cup for the first time in the club's history after beating Cardiff City 3–2 in the fourth round. <mask>'s team booked their place in the quarter-finals of the competition with a 2–1 away win at Crewe Alexandra in February 2005. A record youth fixture attendance at Layer Road saw 2,900 fans turn out for the quarter-final against rivals Ipswich Town, but the weary Colchester players were thrashed 5–0 by Town on 16 March 2005. Dunne led his youth team to the Youth Alliance Cup final in May 2006, where they took on Preston North End in front of a crowd of 545 at Layer Road. The U's fought back from 2–0


title: Joe Dunne

texts: down to take the tie to extra time, where they eventually fell to a 5–2 defeat. When Colchester United assistant manager Mick Harford departed the club for a similar role with Queens Park Rangers, Dunne was keen to once again stand in as assistant manager to Geraint Williams having done so previously prior to Harford's arrival.In August 2007, following his good work with the Colchester United youth team, Dunne was promoted within the club to position of reserve team manager having managed the youth team for four seasons. With new assistant manager Micky Adams leaving Colchester by mutual consent to concentrate on a return to full management, Dunne returned as stand-in assistant manager once again in January 2008 while remaining reserve team manager. With Geraint Williams dismissal as Colchester manager in September 2008, Dunne was once again drafted in as assistant manager while former-assistant manager Kit Symons took up caretaker duties until a new manager was found. Paul Lambert replaced Williams as Colchester manager. In the summer of 2009, Lambert brought in Gary Holt as player-coach, assisting the youth team and <mask>e, meaning Dunne could step up to first-team coach duties. but a little under one year later, Lambert sensationally walked out on the U's for League One rivals Norwich City. Dunne stepped in to take temporary charge of the first team as caretaker manager.<mask>'s first game in charge was against his former club Gillingham on 18 August 2009, as the club put the loss of Lambert behind them to claim a 2–1 victory and remain top of League One. MK Dons ended Colchester's 100% start to the 2009–10 season with a 2–1 victory on 22 August. Dunne ruled himself out of the running for the managers

masks:
Joe Dunn
Dunne


title: Joe Dunne

texts: position at the club, stating that he was not one of the 12 possible candidates being interviewed for the job. Dunne suffered his second successive defeat as U's boss when Leeds United visited the Colchester Community Stadium on 29 August, Aidy Boothroyd was announced as Lambert's successor, as Dunne took charge of Colchester for his final game as caretaker manager. The U's once again faced Gillingham, this time in the Football League Trophy as they bowed out on penalties after the game finished 1–1 in normal time. Dunne said of the experience as caretaker that he "enjoyed the pressure and he enjoyed the challenge" and that "it made him better and made him want to get better", whetting his appetite for more. Boothroyd left the U's in May 2010 for Coventry City, as Colchester chairman Robbie Cowling announced that both Boothroyd's former assistant John Ward and Dunne were both in the running for the managerial position.On 31 May, Ward was confirmed as the club's new manager, and <mask> was promoted once again to the position of assistant manager. Following Ward's dismissal as Colchester manager on 24 September 2012, <mask> was once again made caretaker manager as Cowling began his search for a new manager. However, three days later on 27 September 2012, without managing a game as caretaker, Dunne was appointed full-time manager of Colchester United on a one-year rolling contract. He named former Colchester United midfielder and friend Mark Kinsella as his assistant. Dunne immediately signed three players on loan; forward Jabo Ibehre from MK Dons and Arsenal duo Craig Eastmond and Sanchez Watt, All three players went straight into the first team squad for Dunne's first match as Colchester manager against

masks: Dunne Dunne


title: Joe Dunne

texts:
 successive defeats and a winless start to the 2014–15 season, Dunne left Colchester United by mutual consent on 1 September 2014, ending his 18-year association with the club. Colchester United chairman Robbie Cowling stated Dunne decided to go as he felt he took things as far as he could. Cambridge United
In 2015, Dunne joined Cambridge United as assistant to Shaun Derry. Following Derry's departure in February 2018, Dunne was appointed as interim manager of the club until the end of the season before being officially appointed as manager on a three-year deal in May 2018. However, he was sacked on 1 December 2018 due to poor results leaving the club 21st in the league table. Bristol Rovers
On 22 February 2019, Dunne joined Graham Coughlan's coaching staff at Bristol Rovers on a voluntary basis until the end of the season. He was appointed as assistant manager in June 2019.<mask> was caretaker manager of Rovers for the FA Cup second round replay against Plymouth Argyle where he oversaw a 1-0 win. Mansfield Town
Following Coughlan’s departure to Mansfield Town in December 2019, <mask> joined him at the Nottinghamshire club as assistant manager. Dunne was sacked from the post on 28 October 2020. Stevenage
Dunne joined League Two club Stevenage on 1 December 2020, taking on the role of assistant manager to Alex Revell. After a week in his new position, Dunne left his role at the club due to personal reasons. Colchester United
In March 2021, Dunne returned to Colchester United to assist interim manager Wayne Brown. In January 2022, following the return of Wayne Brown as interim manager, Dunne again returned to the club as interim assistant coach.Career statistics

As a player

As a manager

Honours

As a


title: Joel Teitelbaum

texts:
<mask> (, Ashkenazi pronunciation: ; 13 January 1887 – 19 August 1979) was the founder and first Grand Rebbe of the Satmar dynasty. A major figure in the post-war renaissance of Hasidism, he espoused a strictly conservative and isolationist line, rejecting modernity. <mask> was a fierce opponent of Zionism, which he decried as inherently heretical. His role as a Jewish community leader in Transylvania during the Holocaust remains controversial. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born on January 13, 1887. He was the second son of Grand Rabbi of Sighet, Chananyah Yom Tov <mask> and his second wife, Chana Ashkenazi. The couple her in 1878, after receiving a special dispensation for him to take a second wife, as his first wife, Reitze – daughter of Rebbe Menashe Rubin of Ropshitz – was unable to bear children.<mask> was the youngest child, with four older siblings. Chananyah served as the rabbi of Máramarossziget (shortened to Siget in Yiddish; today Sighetu Marmației, Romania). He was dean of the local Rabbinical seminary, and the leader of the eponymous Hasidic movement based in the city. He was the great-grandson of Moshe <mask>, a disciple of the Seer of Lublin, who was one of the main promulgators of Hasidism in Hungary. The rabbis of the Teitelbaum family were known for their highly conservative stance, and their opposition to the Enlightenment, Neolog Judaism, and Zionism. <mask> was renowned for his intellectual capacities from a young age. At his bar mitzvah, he delivered a sermon of several hours concerning an issue from the Shabbat tractate in the Talmud.He was stringent in matters

masks:
Joel Teitelbaum
Teitelbaum
Teitelbaum
Lipa Teitelbaum
Joel
Teitelbaum
Joel


title: Joel Teitelbaum

texts:
 regarding ritual purity, and would lengthily prepare for prayer by meticulously cleaning himself. Even before marrying, he received letters of ordination from eight prominent rabbis, including Moshe Greenwald. In 1904, just several days before his father's death on 15 February, the 17-year-old married Chavah Horowitz, the daughter of Abraham Chaim Horowitz of Polaniec. They had three daughters, none of whom survived their father or had any children: The first, Esther, died in her youth, on 14 September 1921; Rachel died on 19 March 1931, shortly after her wedding. The last, Chaya Roisa (or Reysel), died on 23 October 1953. <mask>'s older brother Chaim Tzvi <mask> succeeded their father in all three of his posts. Their mother, along with a small faction of the Hasidim, regarded the younger brother as the appropriate heir.The newlyweds then moved to her father's residence in Radomyśl Wielki, and remained there for over a year. On 8 September 1905, he settled in Szatmárnémeti, or Satmar in Yiddish. Despite his youth, supporters opened a study hall for him. He gradually began to attract a small local following. Journalist Dezső David Schön, who researched the <mask> dynasty, wrote that <mask> started to refer to himself as "Rebbe of Satmar" at that point. Subsequently, he had tense relations with the first to claim the title, Yisaschar Dov Leifer, son of Mordechai of Nadvorna. However, the latter died on 12 September 1906.Rabbinical career
In 1911, <mask> was invited by the Jewish community in Ilosva (or Iršiva), to serve as their town's rabbi. Though , then part of the Austro-Hungarian, it is

masks: Teitelbaum Teitelbaum Teitelbaum Teitelbaum Teitelbaum


title: Joel Teitelbaum

texts: now Irshava, Ukraine. During <mask>'s stay there, he established a local seminary and spread the ideas of Hasidism among the populace. Upon the outbreak of World War I, he returned to Szatmárnémeti, where his old study hall gradually developed into a full-fledged seminary. As a young rabbi, he clung to the positions of his father and grandfather: He forbade any contact with Zionists, including the religious Mizrachi, and supported Chaim Elazar Spira in his opposition to Agudath Israel. When the Austro-Hungarian Empire was dissolved under the terms of the Treaty of Trianon (1920), following World War I, Szatmárnémeti and the rest of Partium and Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Romania. The chief Orthodox rabbi of Satmar, Yehudah Greenwald, died on 9 March 1920.Several of <mask>'s supporters advanced his name as a possible candidate for the vacant office, but he was opposed by the non-Hasidic (Ashkenazi) majority in the community, the modernists, and the Zionists, as well as by many Hasidim. Eventually, Eliezer David Greenwald (no relation to the former) was chosen. In 1922, after eight years outside the town, <mask> returned to his community, Iršiva, then in Czechoslovakia. On 29 March 1925, he was appointed chief rabbi of Carei. He moved to the city about a year afterwards. On 21 January 1926, his older brother Chaim Tzvi died unexpectedly of an intracranial hemorrhage. Tzvi's oldest son, Yekusiel Yehuda <mask> (II), was fourteen years old.Although many of his followers suggested that <mask> should succeed his brother, custom prevailed, and the boy was given his father's three

masks: Teitelbaum Teitelbaum Teitelbaum Teitelbaum Joel


title: Joel Teitelbaum

texts: posts. Yekusiel Judah Gross of Berbești was brought to serve as his tutor and de facto chief rabbi of Sighet. However, most of the Hasidim turned to <mask>, who became the dynasty's Rebbe in all but name. When he grew older, Yekusiel established a following of his own from among his father's loyal supporters, but his influence as rebbe never exceeded beyond the city limits. On 20 May 1928, Eliezer David Greenwald of Satmar died, and <mask> ran for the municipal rabbi's office again. An election committee established by the Orthodox community's board chose him to the post on 11 June, with nineteen members in favor, five against, and two abstentions. After a prolonged dispute with his opponents, the parties decided to hold an election among all members of the congregation.It took place on 9 August, and <mask> received 437 votes in favor and 331 against. The opposition did not accept the results. In a second vote, on 27 September, 779 approved of <mask>, and only one rejected him. Chaim Freund, the community's president, and several other members of the board were close supporters of the rabbi, and his opponents accused them of rigging the vote throughout the election process by various means, including granting and withdrawing the right to participate according to criteria which benefited their candidate. Both sides sued their opponents in rabbinical courts, and complained to the civilian authorities. The parties presented their claims in lengthy pamphlets printed in 1929: Freund's faction issued a book under the name Milkhemes Mitzve haKhudosh (The New Commanded War), and the other one

masks: Joel Teitelbaum Teitelbaum Teitelbaum


title: Joel Teitelbaum

texts:
 published Sfas Emes (Words of Truth). Finally, following the continued refusal of many to accept <mask>, his supporters established their own independent community on 10 December 1929, where he could serve as a rabbi.The fear of losing members' fees motivated the other party to negotiate. An agreement was reached on 11 June 1930, and <mask> was invited to serve as Satmar's  chief rabbi. He chose not to accept the nomination until he was certain of support from the community council, which took three and a half years. Only then did he move, arriving on 27 February 1934. With 334 students, his rabbinical seminary became Satmar's largest, having more pupils than the other three combined. In August 1932, <mask> visited Jerusalem. A small party there sought to appoint him as the Ashkenazi chief rabbi of the city, in the wake of Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld's death, but Yosef Tzvi Dushinsky eventually received the post.On 29 January 1936, <mask>'s first wife, Chava, died. On 20 August 1937, he remarried with Alte Faige Shapiro, the orphaned 25-year-old daughter of Avigdor Shapiro from Czestochowa, who was half his age. Incident with King Carol II of Romania
In the winter of 1936, the Romanian king Carol II made a visit in the city of Satmar. A large parade consisting of thousands of soldiers and courtiers accompanied his arrival. The municipality prepared a large stage upon which all its religious and municipal leaders stood. <mask> was accompanied by his son-in-law, Chananya Yom-Tov Lipa <mask>, rabbi of Szemihály, and community leader Shmuel Rosenberg, and standing beside them were rabbis of the

masks: Teitelbaum Joel Teitelbaum Teitelbaum Teitelbaum Teitelbaum


title: Joel Teitelbaum

texts:
 status quo and neolog communities, and other religious leaders. When the king approached the stage, he surveyed all the people who stood on it, and started walking in <mask>'s direction, who was holding his rabbinical stick in one hand and his hat in the other.Two priests started walking towards the king, but he ignored them. <mask>, suddenly noticing what was happening, saluted and said the blessing "Shenatan MiChvodo LiVnei Adam" (who gave from his honor to human beings). The king gave <mask> his hand. The moment was documented by a Jewish photographer, and was published in the Romanian press. Several days later, the king was asked why he approached the Orthodox rabbi first, and he responded: "Immediately when I walked toward the stage, I surveyed all those who were standing on it. My heart was attracted to this rabbi due to his appearance that radiated spirituality (lit., Yiddishen geistlichen rabbiner)." The king's response was published in the country's Jewish press.World War II
In 1940, following the Second Vienna Award, Satmar again became part of Hungary. Prior to the Holocaust, <mask> ignored the threats to the Jews of Transylvania, and failed to engage in the preparation of rescue and aid plans. As the situation of Hungarian Jews became dangerous, <mask> equipped himself and his closest circle with certificates or visas that would facilitate their escape to Palestine or the United States, while he thwarted all attempts at cooperation between the heads of the ultra-Orthodox communities and the Zionist organizations, which could have helped the rest of the Jewish community to


title: Joel Teitelbaum

texts: escape. His daughter settled in Jerusalem, while he openly called on his followers to avoid immigrating to Palestine. <mask>'s attempts to leave Hungary were part of a broader general phenomenon, which attracted criticism, even then, of rabbis and other public figures fleeing the country. When the Germans invaded Hungary, <mask>'s closest associates sought a safer way to smuggle him out by bribing two junior officers, drivers of a Red Cross ambulance, who agreed to drive a group of Jews to Kolozsvár (today Cluj-Napoca) in return for money. The travelers included his family, and several wealthy families who paid most of the costs.The attempt failed, and <mask> was arrested and sent to Kolozsvár Ghetto. Faced with harsh living conditions, he asked his followers to try to transfer him to Budapest, or back to the ghetto of Satmar, where Jews were housed in residential buildings, but they were unable to fulfill his requests. Baron Fülöp von Freudiger, director of the Orthodox congregation in Budapest, selected eighty rabbis and other prominent figures, and paid for their inclusion in the passengers' list of the Kastner train, which was to depart the state for a neutral country. <mask> put himself on the list, despite the fact that the evacuation was organized by a Zionist group. On 30 June 1944, once negotiations with the Germans had been concluded, the passengers boarded a freight train that was planned to proceed to Switzerland, but was eventually diverted to Bergen Belsen. The group was held in a special section, in better conditions than those of other groups. Although the group included

masks: Teitelbaum Teitelbaum Teitelbaum Teitelbaum


title: Joel Teitelbaum

texts:
 several notable figures, <mask> was given special consideration.The group's physician exempted him from roll calls, and volunteers performed the tasks imposed on him. With the help of Kasztner and SS officer Herman Krumey, the final arrangements were made, and <mask> was transferred to Switzerland with some Jews from the group. Upon his arrival in Switzerland, he was accorded preferential treatment by the authorities. Eventually, he decided to immigrate to Palestine. In August 1945, several hundreds of the Kastner train's passengers, <mask> among them, left Switzerland for the port of Taranto in Italy. On the 30th, they boarded the ship Ville d'Oran, which arrived in Haifa in the morning of 2 September. During his stay in Mandatory Palestine, he resided in Jerusalem, at the house of his nephew and son-in-law, Lipa Meir <mask>.When <mask>'s institutions became bankrupt after a year, he emigrated to the United States. United States
The Satmar Rebbe arrived in New York on the second day of Rosh HaShana (27 September) 1946, aboard the motor vessel Vulcania. He settled in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, with a small group of supporters. In late April 1948, the Satmar Hasidim established "Congregation Yetev Lev", named after his grandfather, which was registered as a religious corporation. The community's regulations, accepted in April 1952, decreed that <mask> was not a salaried office holder, but the supreme spiritual authority over the members. In 1951, although not a resident of Israel, <mask> was appointed to the ceremonial office of President of the anti-Zionist Edah HaChareidis (Congregation of

masks:
Teitelbaum
Teitelbaum
Teitelbaum
Teitelbaum
Joel Teitelbaum
Teitelbaum
Teitelbaum


title: Joel Teitelbaum

texts:
 God-Fearers) in Jerusalem. After the death of Zelig Reuven Bengis on 21 May 1953, he also succeeded him as the chairman of Eidah Hacharidis Rabbinical Court .He visited Israel every few years. In 1955, <mask> founded the Central Rabbinical Congress, which he headed for the remainder of his life. From the early 1960s, <mask>'s envoys sought to establish a rural settlement, in which the congregants could be secluded from the outside world. They eventually managed to purchase territory in Monroe, New York, where they built Kiryas Joel (Town of Joel). The first families settled there in 1974. On 23 February 1968, <mask> suffered a stroke which left him partially paralyzed and barely functioning. His wife, backed by several sextons and other functionaries, became the behind-the-scenes power in Satmar.In the early hours of 19 August 1979, he complained of aches, and was transported to Mount Sinai Hospital, where he suffered a myocardial infarction and died at approximately 8am. Over 100,000 people attended his funeral in Kiryas Joel. He was succeeded by his nephew, Moshe <mask>, second son of his older brothers. Opinions

Opposition to Zionism
<mask> was famous for his vocal opposition to Zionism in all arenas. He encouraged his followers in Israel to form self-sufficient communities, without assistance from the State of Israel, and forbade any official engagement with it. Before World War II, most Hasidic rabbis, as well as many other prominent Orthodox rabbis and leaders, believed that God had promised to return the Jewish people to the Land of Israel under the leadership of the Moshiach, who


title: Joel Teitelbaum

texts:
 would arrive when the Jewish people had merited redemption. While awaiting the Messiah, the Jewish people were to perform the mitzvot, and were not to antagonize or rebel against the Gentile nations of the world.In the years following the Holocaust, <mask> undertook to strengthen this position. In <mask>'s view, the founding of the modern State of Israel by secular as well as religious Jews, rather than the Moshiach, violated a Jewish commandment that Jews should wait for the Messiah. Moreover, <mask> taught that the existence of the Zionist State of Israel was actually preventing the Messiah from coming. Three oaths

The core citations from classical Judaic sources cited by <mask> in his arguments against Zionism are based on a passage in the Talmud. Rabbi Yosi b'Rebbi Hanina explains (Kesubos 111a) that the Lord imposed "Three Oaths" on the nation of Israel: a) Israel should not return to the Land together, by force; b) Israel should not rebel against the other nations; and c) The nations should not subjugate Israel too harshly. According to <mask>, the second oath is relevant concerning the subsequent wars fought between Israel and Arab nations. He views the Zionist State of Israel as a form of "impatience", in keeping with the Talmud's warnings that being impatient for God's love leads to "grave danger".The Satmar Hasidim explain that the constant wars in Israel are a result of ignoring this oath. <mask> saw his opposition to Zionism as a way of protecting Jews and preventing bloodshed. Apart from his opposition to the founding and existence of the State as being violations of the

masks: Teitelbaum Teitelbaum Teitelbaum Teitelbaum Teitelbaum Teitelbaum


title: Joel Teitelbaum

texts:
 Three Oaths, and his opposition to Zionism/Nationalism as an idolatrous replacement or addition to Judaism, <mask> held that participating in the Israeli government, especially voting in the elections, should not be done, because it makes one a "partner" in all of the state's anti-Torah policies. He felt that any participation in the Israeli government, even voting in elections, was a grave sin, because it contributes to the spiritual and physical destruction of innocent people. Although many Haredi rabbis agree with the first two ideas, the general view of Agudath Israel and other Haredi rabbis is that the third idea, participating in the Israeli government, is permitted in order to rescue whatever is possible ("saving from the mouth of the lion.") <mask>, however was openly opposed to the views of Agudath Israel, and until the present time, Satmar refuses to become a member of the Agudath Israel organization or party. The Satmar view is that only the Jewish Messiah can bring about a new Jewish government in the Land of Israel.Even if a government declaring itself religious would be formed before the Messiah, it would be illegitimate due to its "improper arrogation of power". While the Satmar Hasidim are opposed to the present government of Israel, many of them live in and visit Israel. <mask> himself lived for about a year in Jerusalem, after his escape from Europe, but before the establishment of the State of Israel, and visited Israel after moving to the United States. Other opinions

<mask> was very stringent in many particulars of Jewish law. He argued with Moshe Feinstein over the


title: Joel Teitelbaum

texts: proper height of a mechitza (partition between the sexes in the synagogue). Feinstein held that the mechitza need go only up to the shoulders of the average woman, while <mask> opined that the mechitza should not allow women to be seen at all. <mask> was strongly opposed to the use of a tube for metzitza during circumcision of a baby boy, and felt that this change in the procedure would spiritually lead to more promiscuity.<mask> encouraged all married Hasidic men to wear ceremonial fur hats. Although these were not worn by most Hasidic men in Hungary before the war, <mask> felt that in America, it was more important for people to look very different from the rest of the population, in order to prevent assimilation, which was more rampant in America than it had been in Hungary. He held that young men and women should not meet more than two or three times before getting engaged. <mask> stressed the importance of tznius. He was a strong proponent of the Hungarian Hasidic custom for married women to shave their head every month before immersion in the mikveh (ritual bath). He strongly opposed the wearing of wigs by married women. He felt that this was prohibited on Jewish legal ground; he wanted women to cover their hair with something else instead, such as a turban.He insisted that all Satmar women and girls wear thick, brown stockings with seams. The stockings had to be at least 90 denier. Due to the lack of availability of such stockings, <mask> encouraged one of his Hasidim to manufacture the stockings. The stockings are called "Palm", the English translation of <mask>'s last name. <mask>

masks: Teitelbaum Teitelbaum Teitelbaum Teitelbaum Teitelbaum Teitelbaum Teitelbaum Teitelbaum


title: Joel Teitelbaum

texts:
 prohibited the ownership of a television. This was in the 1950s, when TV was still heavily censored for promiscuous content. He bought and oversaw his own Yiddish-language newspaper, Der Yid, for two reasons: First, he felt that the other Yiddish newspapers at the time contained articles that were prohibited to read – because of their promiscuous content, and because they did not respect Haredi leaders.In addition, <mask> wanted a platform from which to spread his ideas. Works
Some of the works <mask> authored himself, or otherwise compiled by students:
 Vayoel Moshe (1958), explaining his belief that Zionism is prohibited by halakha (Jewish law)
 Al HaGeulah VeAl HaTemurah (1967, with N. Y. Meisels), further explaining his belief that Zionism is prohibited, in light of the Six-Day War
 Divrei Yoel, on the Chumash, Talmud, and Jewish festivals
 Kuntres Chidushai Torah, on the Chumash
 Kuntres Chidushai Torah, on the festivals
 Shu"t Divrei Yoel, responsa on halakha
 Dibros Kodesh, sermons given at shalosh Seudos
 Agados Maharit, on the Talmud
 Tiv Levav, on the Chumash
 Rav Tuv, on the Chumash

<mask> authored a brief introduction to the Talmudic tractate Shabbat for a Holocaust-era printing in Romania. There are collections of his speeches entitled Hidushei Torah MHR"I <mask>. See also
 Hasidic Judaism
 Neturei Karta
 Shomer Emunim (Hasidic dynasty)

References

Further reading
 Farbstein, Esther, Sermons Speak History: Rabbinic Dilemmas in Internment between Metz and Auschwitz. Modern Judaism, May 2007
 Meisels, Dovid. The Rebbe. The extraordinary life and worldview of Rabbeinu Yoel


title: Joel Teitelbaum

texts:
 <mask>, the Satmar Rebbe.Distributed by Israel Book Shop, Lakewood, New Jersey, 2010. Weisshaus, Yechezkel Yossef. The Rebbe. A Glimpse into the Daily Life of the Satmar Rebbe Rabbeinu Yoel Teitelbaum. Translated by Mechon Lev Avos from Sefer Eidis B'Yosef by Rabbi Yechezkel Yosef Weisshaus. Machon Lev Avos. Distributed by Israel Book Shop, Lakewood, New Jersey, 2008.Rabbi Chaim Moshe Stauber The Satmar Rebbe The life and times of Rav Yoel Teitlbaum zt"l-a close talmid's personal recollections. Distributed by Feldheim. External links
 https://www.ou.org/judaism-101/bios/leaders-in-the-diaspora/rav-yoel-teitelbaum-the-satmarer-rebbe/ at OU.org

 Nadler, Allan, The Riddle of the Satmar. Jewish Ideas Daily, February 17, 2011

1887 births
1979 deaths
Anti-Zionist Hasidic rabbis
People from Sighetu Marmației
Blood for goods
Rebbes of Satmar
Rabbis of the Edah HaChareidis
Kolozsvár Ghetto inmates
Hungarian Orthodox rabbis
Hasidic rabbis in Europe
American Hasidic rabbis
20th-century rabbis
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp survivors
People from Monroe, New York
Rabbis from New York (state)
Kiryas <mask>, New York
People from Williamsburg, Brooklyn
Kastner train
Teitelbaum family
Romanian Orthodox rabbis
Jewish anti-Zionism in

masks: Teitelbaum Joel


title: Otto Julius Zobel

texts:
<mask> (October 20, 1887 – January 1970) was an electrical engineer who worked for the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) in the early part of the 20th century. Zobel's work on filter design was revolutionary and led, in conjunction with the work of John R. Carson, to significant commercial advances for AT&T in the field of frequency division multiplex (FDM) telephone transmissions. Although much of <mask>'s work has been superseded by more modern filter designs, it remains the basis of filter theory and his papers are still referenced today. Zobel invented the m-derived filter
and the constant-resistance filter, which remains in use. <mask> and Carson helped to establish the nature of noise in electric circuits, concluding that—contrary to mainstream belief—it is not even theoretically possible to filter out noise entirely and that noise will always be a limiting factor in what is possible to transmit. Thus, they anticipated the later work of Claude Shannon, who showed how the theoretical information rate of a channel is related to the noise of the channel. Life
<mask> was born on October 20, 1887 in Ripon, Wisconsin.He was the son of Oscar Ewald "Herman" <mask>, who had emigrated to the United States from his native Germany in 1860, and his wife Ernestine, née Kahl. Zobel had seven siblings. After attending Ripon High School, he first studied at Ripon College, where he received his BA in 1909 with a thesis on Theoretical and experimental treatment of electrical condensers. He later received a Distinguished Alumnus Award from Ripon. He then went to the University of Wisconsin and graduated with an MA in physics in 1910. Zobel stayed at the University of Wisconsin as a physics instructor

masks:
Otto Julius Zobel
Zobel
Zobel
Otto Julius Zobel
Zobel


title: Otto Julius Zobel

texts:
 from 1910 to 1915, and graduated with his PhD in 1914; his dissertation concerned "Thermal Conduction and Radiation". This followed his 1913 co-authoring of a book on the subject of geophysical thermodynamics.From 1915 to 1916 he taught physics at the University of Minnesota. Having moved to Maplewood, New Jersey, he joined AT&T in 1916, where he worked on transmission techniques. In 1926, still with the company, he moved to New York and in 1934, he transferred to Bell Telephone Laboratories (Bell Labs), the research organisation created jointly by AT&T and Western Electric a few years earlier. He retired from Bell Telephone in 1952. The last of Zobel's prolific list of patents occurred for Bell Labs in the 1950s, by which time he was residing in Morristown, New Jersey. He was a fellow of the American Physical Society and of the Acoustical Society of America. He died in Morristown of a heart attack in January 1970.He had married Irene Staab on 28 May 1949; she was still living when he died but a son predeceased him. Thermal conduction

<mask>'s early work on heat conduction was not pursued in his later career. There are, however, some interesting connections. Lord Kelvin in his early work on the transmission line derived the properties of the electric line by analogy with heat conduction. This is based on Fourier's law and the Fourier conduction equation. Ingersoll and Zobel describe the work of Kelvin and Fourier in their book and Kelvin's approach to the representation of transmission functions would consequently have been very familiar to Zobel. It is therefore no surprise that in Zobel's paper on the electric wave filter a very similar representation is found for the transmission function of


title: Otto Julius Zobel

texts:
 However, the mm'-type sections never became as widespread and well known as the m-type sections, possibly because their greater complexity has deterred designers.They would have been inconvenient to implement with microwave technology and the increased count of components, especially wound components, made them more expensive to implement with conventional LC technology. Certainly, it is hard to find a textbook from any period which covers their design. Transmission line simulation
<mask> directed much of his effort in the 1920s to constructing networks which could simulate transmission lines. These networks were derived from filter sections, which themselves had been derived from transmission line theory and the filters were used on transmission line signals. In turn, these artificial lines were used to develop and test better filter sections. Zobel used a design technique based on his theoretical discovery that the impedance looking into the end of a filter chain was practically the same (within the limits of component tolerances) as the theoretical impedance of an infinite chain after only a small number of sections had been added to the chain. These "image" impedances have a mathematical characterization impossible to construct simply out of discrete components, and can only ever be approximated.Zobel found that using these impedances constructed out of small filter chains as components in a greater network allowed him to build realistic line simulators. These were not in any sense intended as practical filters in the field, but rather the intention was to construct good controllable line simulators without having the inconvenience of miles of cable to contend with. Equalisers
Zobel invented


title: Otto Julius Zobel

texts:
 programming are comparable to human achievements. Two of the measures that are used to determine whether a genetic programming result is human-competitive are:
The result is a patented invention. The result is equal to or better than a result that was considered an achievement in its field at the time of discovery. One such problem set as a task for a genetic program was to design a crossover filter for woofer and tweeter loudspeakers. The output design was identical in topology to a design found in a patent of Zobel's for a filter to separate multiplexed low and high frequencies on a transmission line.This was judged to be human-comparable, not only because of the patent, but also because the high-pass and low-pass sections were "decomposed" as in Zobel's design, but not specifically required to be so in the programs parameters. Whether or not Zobel's filter design would be good for a hi-fi system is another question. The design does not actually cross over, but rather, there is a gap between the two pass-bands where the signal is not transmitted to either output. Essential for multiplexing, but not so desirable for sound reproduction. A later genetic programming experiment produced a filter design which consisted of a chain of constant k sections terminated in an m-type half section. This was also determined to have been a design patented by Zobel. References

Sources
Bray, J, Innovation and the Communications Revolution, Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2002 .Leonard, R, <mask>, O J, Ingersoll, A C, An Introduction to the Mathematical Theory of Heat Conduction with Engineering and Geological Applications, 1913, Ginn and Co, Boston, New York. Matthaei, G L; Young, L; Jones, E M T, Microwave


title: Otto Julius Zobel

texts:
 Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks, and Coupling Structures McGraw-Hill 1964 (1980 edition is ). Schwartz, M, "Improving the Noise Performance of Communication Systems: 1920s to early 1930s", Technologies, Technologists & Networks: A Symposium on the History of Communication Technologies, October 17, 2007, Smithsonian National Postal Museum. <mask>, O J, Theory and Design of Uniform and Composite Electric Wave Filters, Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 2 (1923), pp. 1–46. 1887 births
1970 deaths
American electrical engineers
American electronics engineers
Engineers from Wisconsin
People from Ripon, Wisconsin
People from Morristown, New Jersey
Radio pioneers
Ripon College (Wisconsin) alumni
Scientists at Bell Labs
University of Minnesota faculty
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
Engineers from New Jersey
20th-century American


title: Matthew Parris

texts:
<mask> (born 7 August 1949) is a British political writer  and broadcaster, formerly a Conservative Member of Parliament. He was born in South Africa to British parents. Early life and family
Parris is the eldest of six children (three brothers and two sisters) and grew up in several British territories and former territories: South Africa, Cyprus, Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), Swaziland (now Eswatini) and Jamaica, where his father was working as an electrical engineer. His parents ended up working and living in Catalonia, Spain, where Parris later bought a house. Education
<mask> was educated at Waterford Kamhlaba United World College of Southern Africa, an independent school just outside Mbabane in Swaziland, and Clare College, Cambridge, where he gained a first class degree in law and was a member of the Liberal Club. He won a Paul Mellon scholarship and studied international relations at Yale University. He has said that an early reading of Animal Farm made him a Conservative, as "An admiration for [the pigs'] intelligence and sense of order dawned in me."Early career
At the age of 19, Parris drove across Africa to Europe in a Morris Oxford; the trip was traumatically punctuated when he and his female companion were attacked, and he was forced to witness her rape. Parris was offered a job as an MI6 officer, but instead worked for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office for two years. In 1976 he left this career because he did not like its formality, and because he wanted to become a Member of Parliament. He eventually joined the Conservative Research Department and

masks:
Matthew Francis Parris
Parris


title: Matthew Parris

texts:
 moved on to become correspondence secretary to Margaret Thatcher. He was awarded an RSPCA medal (presented by Thatcher, then Leader of the Opposition), for jumping into the River Thames and rescuing a dog. Parliamentary career
Parris was the Conservative MP for the parliamentary constituency of West Derbyshire from 1979 to 1986. Competing prospective candidates for the seat included Peter Lilley and Michael Howard.He voiced support for gay rights. <mask> left politics to pursue a career in journalism. Radio and television
<mask> is now a radio and television presenter, The Times columnist, and pundit. As an MP he took part in a World in Action documentary during 1984 requiring him to live in Newcastle for a week on £26.80, the then state social security payment set for a single adult by the government he supported as a Conservative. The experiment came to an embarrassing end when he ran out of money for the electricity meter. Twenty years later, in 2004, he attempted the experiment again for the documentary For the Benefit of Mr Parris, Revisited. <mask> resigned as an MP by applying for the Crown position of Steward of the Manor of Northstead and left Parliament specifically to take over from Brian Walden as host of ITV's influential Sunday lunchtime current-affairs series Weekend World in 1986.The series, broadcast since 1977 with Walden at its helm, ran for two more years under Parris before being cancelled in 1988. He presents BBC Radio 4's Great Lives biography series, and has appeared on the satirical news programme Have I Got News for You and presented

masks: Parris Parris Parris


title: Matthew Parris

texts:
 After Dark. In 2007, Parris presented two light-hearted but caustic documentaries for Radio 4 on politicians' use of cliché and jargon, entitled Not My Words, Mr Speaker. On 8 July 2011, on Radio 4's Any Questions?, at the height of the furore surrounding the alleged illegal and corrupt activities of News of the World journalists, Parris eulogised the newspaper and gave an enthusiastic appreciation of what he considered the virtues and positive achievements of Rupert Murdoch. In December 2017 <mask> appeared, in a cameo role, in the Anniversary edition of BBC's The League of Gentlemen. Writing and journalism

Parris is a prolific writer and has written many books on politics and travel. In 1991, a compilation of his pieces in The Times appeared, entitled So Far, So Good.Since then there have been further compilations. Scorn, a book he has edited of quotations about curses, jibes and general invective, was published in October 1994. He has achieved continuing success as a parliamentary reporter and columnist through his knowledge and understanding of politicians and ability to write well about them. He worked as parliamentary sketch writer for The Times newspaper from 1988 to 2001 and has had weekly columns in The Times and The Spectator magazine. In 2004, Parris became Writer of the Year in Granada Television's What the Papers Say Awards. In part, this was for reporting on elections in Iraq and Afghanistan. His previous accolades include Columnist of the Year in the 1991 and 1993 British Press Awards, and in the What the Papers Say Awards 1992.In 1990 he received


title: Matthew Parris

texts: the London Press Club's Edgar Wallace Outstanding Reporter of the Year Award. In 2002, his autobiography, Chance Witness: An Outsider's Life in Politics, was published by Viking. In 2005, he published A Castle in Spain about his family's project to refurbish a derelict sixteenth-century mansion, L'Avenc, in Catalonia, close to the foothills of the Pyrenees, and make his home there. In 2011, Total Politics said that Parris's column "is considered essential reading by many in Westminster. He has a penchant for holding opinions that go against the grain. Parris has written scathingly about the localism agenda, and was a long-time defender of PMQs, although he recently changed his mind." Parris's writing has often attracted wider comment.For example, in a 2007 article in The Times he wrote a satirical article which stated, "A festive custom we could do worse than foster would be stringing piano wire across country lanes to decapitate cyclists. ", which attracted two hundred letters to the Press Complaints Commission  Parris issued an apology: "I offended many with my Christmas attack on cyclists. It was meant humorously but so many cyclists have taken it seriously that I plainly misjudged. I am sorry." In the same year Alastair Campbell called Parris "a little shit" in his diaries, to which Parris responded "I'd rather be a little shit than a big cunt". <mask> criticised the initial 2015 leadership election for the Labour Party, referring to recent rule changes that allowed any individual who donated £3 to the Labour Party to vote in the leadership elections.


title: Matthew Parris

texts:
 whose "aim is to question the whole concept of fundamental human rights. It is so deeply flawed as to be fatal to all reasoning built upon it." Travel writing
Parris has made several expeditions abroad. They include Mount Kilimanjaro in 1967 and in 1989; Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) in 1973; the Sahara in 1978; Peru; Bolivia. In 1990 he published Inca-Kola about his travels in Peru. He spent the Antarctic winter of 2000 on the French possession of Grande Terre, part of the Kerguelen Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, with a few dozen over-winterers, mostly researchers.One of them was fatally shot in an accident during his stay, about which he wrote for The Times. Personal life
<mask> claims he attempted to out himself in a late-night debate in the House of Commons in 1984, but nobody noticed. He announced that he was gay in one of his weekly newspaper columns and admitted that he cruised Clapham Common for sex. In an interview on Newsnight, during the Ron Davies scandal of 1998, he told  Jeremy Paxman that there were two gay members of the then-current Labour Cabinet, one being Peter Mandelson. He has stated that there are between 30 and 60 unannounced gay members of the British Parliament. In August 2010, in a list compiled by the Independent on Sunday, <mask> was voted the 49th most influential LGBT person in Britain. In August 2006 <mask> entered into a civil partnership with his long-term partner, Julian Glover, a speechwriter for David Cameron and a former political journalist at The Guardian.At the time of their partnership, they had been


title: Matthew Parris

texts:
 together for 11 years. Parris owns homes in Spain, Derbyshire (where he keeps pet alpacas) and the Docklands in East London. He is the honorary patron of Clare Politics, a student-run politics society at  Clare College, Cambridge. He was a keen marathon runner, taking part in the London Marathon sever al times. His personal best was 2:32:57, achieved in 1985 at the age of 35, a record which Total Politics in 2018 said "looks unlikely to be smashed any time soon"; John Lamont, the fastest of 15 MPs in the marathon that year, finished at 3:38:03. Parris decided that he wanted to go out on top, and arguing that serious running is not good for one's health, he stopped running marathons after that. No British MP, sitting or retired, has bettered Parris' marathon-running time.Bibliography

Scorn: The Wittiest and Wickedest Insults in Human History <mask> (Profile Books Ltd, 2016)
Parting Shots:  Undiplomatic Diplomats – the ambassadors' letters you were never meant to see <mask>, Andrew Bryson (Penguin Books Ltd, 2010)
Mission Accomplished! :  A Treasury of the Things Politicians Wish They Hadn't Said <mask>, Phil Mason (JR Books Ltd, 2007)
A Castle in Spain (Viking, 2005)
Chance Witness: An Outsider's Life in Politics (Viking, 2002)
  The King's English (Oxford Language Classics Series) Henry Fowler, Frank Fowler, <mask> (introduction) (Oxford University Press, 2002)
Off Message: New Labour, New Sketches (Robson Books, 2001)
I Wish I Hadn't Said That: The Experts Speak – and Get It Wrong! <mask> (foreword), Christopher Cerf, Victor Navasky (HarperCollins,

masks:
Matthew Parris
Matthew Parris
Matthew Parris
Matthew Parris
Matthew Parris


title: Matthew Parris

texts:
 2000)
Against the Law: The Classic Account of a Homosexual in 1950s Britain Peter Wildeblood, <mask> (introduction) (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999)
The Great Unfrocked: Two Thousand Years of Church Scandal (Robson, 1998)
Scorn with Extra Bile <mask>s (editor) (Penguin Books, 1998)
I Couldn't Possibly Comment: More Sketches from the Commons (Robson Books, 1997)
Read My Lips: A Treasury of Things Politicians Wish They Hadn't Said (Parkwest Publications, 1997)
Great Parliamentary Scandals: Four Centuries of Calumny, Smear and Innuendo (Robson Books, 1995)
Scorn with Added Vitriol (Hamish Hamilton, 1995)
Scorn: A Bucketful of Discourtesy, Disparagement, Invective, Ridicule, Impudence, Contumely, Derision, Hate, Affront, Disdain, Bile, Taunts, Curses and Jibes (Hamish Hamilton, 1994)
Look Behind

masks:
Matthew Parris
Matthew Parri


title: Art Christmas

texts:
<mask> (December 22, 1905September 24, 1961) was a Canadian dance band and jazz musician. For many years during the exciting dance band and jazz era of the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s, <mask> was often said to be Britain's leading saxophone player and multi-instrumentalist. In the 1930s and 1940s, young musicians in their teens and early twenties would follow <mask> all over Britain listening to him play and trying to copy his style, especially on alto saxophone. Beginning
<mask>'s professional music career really started when he was 19 years old. He left Canada to play trumpet with the  Orchestra, touring all over the United States and then on to Britain. While in Britain, he was given the opportunity to play trumpet with Paul Specht's Canadian Club Orchestra in 1926 and really never looked back. The Melody Maker Magazine detailed this orchestra's strengths by saying: "A ten-piece combination, its members, who are all Canadians, between them account for thirty-five different instruments.There are three vocalists in the outfit. <mask>, the first trumpet, is also a red-hot 'dirt' sax player." Still in Britain, <mask> went on to play with the New Prince's Toronto Band also in 1926. This band was the resident band at the New Prince's restaurant in Piccadilly. The band was made up of fellow Canadians and was directed by Hal Swain. It was when Hal Swain left the band, that at Alfie Noakes' behest, <mask> joined and took Hal Swain's place. The band was about to embark on a continental tour but first took some time fulfilling a recording contract again for Columbia.The publication British Dance Bands on Record shows <mask> playing tenor sax but he doubled on alto sax and trumpet. This band had recorded about 50 titles since November 1924, but just one more session took place on February 25, 1926, while <mask> was with them. The band actually left for the continent in August 1926 and by now consisted of Dave Caplan (banjo), Les Allen (clarinet, tenor sax), Ken Kenney (drums), <mask> (trumpet), Jack Collins (trombone), John

masks:
Art Christmas
Art Christmas
Art
Art
Art Christmas
Art
Art
Art
Art
Art Lousley


title: Art Christmas

texts:
 Whittaker (bass), Laurie Day (piano) and of course <mask> who played mostly alto sax but doubled on tenor sax, clarinet, trombone and trumpet. (This likely started <mask> thinking of trying to make a name for himself as a multi instrumentalist even as early as the 1920s). Eventually this band became known as "The Toronto Band from Canada, featuring <mask>" and from about the first week in September they played at the Faun des Westens in Berlin. During November they also appeared at The Scala Theatre, assisting the dance pair Annette Mills and Bobby, who were demonstrating the Charleston dance. While in Berlin, Germany, the band recorded about 56 titles for Deutsche Grammophon/Polydor.This band had a very strong jazz component thanks mainly to <mask>' style. The German discographer Horst Lange compared it to the California Ramblers in his "Jazz in Deutschland: die deutsche Jazz-Chronik", noting that <mask> and other members of the band were familiar with all styles and could play with this special 'American feeling' which pure European musicians and bands were lacking. One of this band's few surviving recordings "I'm Sitting On Top Of The World", is a vigorous effort in the "hot dance" genre and according to the book 'The Lost History Of Jazz In Canada by Mark Miller', ".......is distinguished by <mask>' alto saxophone solo." Horst Lange's book Discography Of German Dance Music shows the personnel of the band changing considerably, with only <mask>, Les Allen, Dave Caplan and Ken Kenney remaining from the band which left Britain. <mask> worked extensively in Britain and Europe during the late 1920s and led his own band in Budapest, Berlin and London. He was with the Savoy Orpheans for a brief time and then joined Billy Mason in 1930. <mask> played and recorded with Percival Mackey and Dave Frost during the latter half of 1931 and was now playing baritone sax as well as the other instruments with these groups.<mask>'s big break
<mask>'s big break came when he joined the Roy Fox Band in February 1933, staying with this

masks:
Art Christmas
Art
Art Christmas
Art Christmas
Art Christmas
Art Christmas
Art Christmas
Art
Art
Art
Art


title: Art Christmas

texts:
 band until 1938. It was while he was with The Roy Fox Band, that <mask> became a household name around the music scene in both Britain and Europe. The British music magazine Melody Maker referred to <mask> as "...the most sought after musician in England" and <mask> soon became billed as Britain's 'Leading sax and multi-instrumentalist' as he not only played lead alto sax for Roy Fox but was often featured on trumpet, trombone, xylophone, drums, piano and even a routine with the bagpipes and sousaphone.....He didn't just play these other instruments but mastered them nearly to the same degree as he had the alto sax and clarinet. "<mask>' alto sax playing is distinguished by a daringly virtuoso style and inventive technique that displays a harmonic and rhythmic sophistication well in advance of his time...................."

After Roy Fox was forced to disband due to health problems in 1938, <mask> worked with <mask> from 1938 to 1939, Sid Millward's "Nitwits" and Joe Ferrie in 1939, before joining Jack Jackson (playing with the Jackson band on one recording session in November of that year). From 1940 until late 1946, <mask> played with his dear friend Jack Payne. The Jack Payne band was just too busy (with BBC shows every week and public performances all over Britain) to do much recording between 1940 and 1944 but there was a session in 1945 that <mask> played. For The Fun of It
After Jack Payne turned impresario and launched a new variety show called "For The Fun of It", he asked <mask> to join up with Donald Peers, Frankie Howerd and Max Bygraves along with many other entertainers.Thus <mask>'s multi instrumentalist stage act began and <mask> teamed up with his wife Maisie (a dancer and show girl), and "For The Fun of It" opened at the Sheffield Empire in Sheffield for sixteen weeks, followed by a different major city every week. Command Performance
After the extensive run of "For The Fun of It", <mask> did some ice shows and some Pantomimes and also led his own "Foulharmonic Orchestra" for the show "Ignorance

masks:
Art Christmas
Art
Art
Art Christmas
Art
Arthur Rosebery
Art
Art
Art
Art
Art
Art


title: Art Christmas

texts:
 Is Bliss". One of <mask>'s fondest memories was the performance of "Cinderella" for King George VI and Queen Elizabeth at the Palladium in London. Warburton Arms
In 1952, <mask> was searching for his next adventure and much to the disappointment of his many fans decided to retire from show business and become a publican. He bought "The Warburton Arms" (now known as London Fields) an east end pub in Hackney, London. <mask> had been away from his mother and father for nearly 30 years and soon after he bought the pub in Hackney, his father died. In 1954, determined not to let his mother die without seeing her again, <mask> sold the pub and moved back to Canada with his wife Maisie and son <mask>.

Canada 1954
After returning to Canada, <mask> performed a great deal around Kingston and Toronto with his own band from 1955 to 1958 when he decided to try his hand at teaching music at the high school level.He moved to Blind River, Ontario, again with his wife Maisie and his son <mask>, and taught until his death in 1961 in both Blind River, Ontario and Elliot Lake, Ontario. Although <mask> was enjoying his new teaching career a great deal, he still had the desire and drive to play. This time he played in and around Elliot Lake, Ontario and for the first time <mask>. was at his side. The experience of playing with his 15-year-old son was the biggest thrill <mask> had ever experienced in his entire musical career. This experience was short lived however. <mask> died a year later. External links
Art Christmas Biography
Art Christmas Dance Band Musician
Dance Band Era
Art Christmas

References

This article utilizes text from https://web.archive.org/web/20081225143643/http://www.artchristmas.com/art1.html, archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20130724205623/http://www.artchristmas.com/art1.html, a source released under GFDL and CC-BY-SA.1905 births
1961 deaths
Canadian jazz saxophonists
Male saxophonists
Musicians from Kingston, Ontario
20th-century saxophonists
20th-century Canadian male musicians
Canadian male jazz

masks:
Art
Art
Art
Art
Art Jr
Art
Art
Art
Art Jr
Art
Art


title: Tony Knowles (snooker player)

texts:
<mask> (born 13 June 1955) is an English former professional snooker player. He won the 1982 International Open and the 1983 Professional Players Tournament, and was a three times semi-finalist in the World Professional Snooker Championship in the 1980s. His highest world ranking was second, in the 1984/85 season. <mask> was the British under-19 snooker champion in 1972 and 1974. He turned professional in 1980, and surprisingly defeated the defending champion Steve Davis 10–1 in the first round of the 1982 World Snooker Championship. In 1984, tabloid stories about his personal life were published, and he was fined £5,000 by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association for bringing the game into disrepute. His other tournament victories included the 1984 Australian Masters and, as part of the England team with Davis and <mask>, the 1983 World Team Classic.Career
<mask> was born in Bolton on 13 June 1955. He began playing snooker at the age of 9 on the tables at the Tonge Moor Conservative Club, which was run by his father, Kevin. He went on to win the UK Junior Championship twice, in 1972 (against Matt Gibson) and in 1974. His application to the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA) to become a professional player was accepted in 1980, after a rejection in November 1979. He did not win a match in his first year, before progressing through two qualifying rounds to reach the first round of the 1981 World Snooker Championship where he lost 8–10 to Graham Miles. He reached the quarter-finals of the 1981 UK Championship by eliminating Geoff Foulds, Fred Davis and Doug Mountjoy from the competition before being defeated 5–9 by Terry Griffiths. Later that season, <mask> gained attention when he won  10–1 against defending champion Steve Davis in the first round of the 1982 World Snooker

masks:
Anthony Knowles
Knowles
Tony Meo
Tony Knowles
Knowles


title: Tony Knowles (snooker player)

texts: Championship, after staying out late at a nightclub following the first day's play when he had built an 8–1 lead.He defeated Miles 13–7 in the second round, before losing 11–13 to Eddie Charlton in the quarter-finals. In the 1982–83 snooker season, he followed up his performance in the World Championship by winning the 1982 International Open with a 9–6 victory against David Taylor. He had eliminated Eddie Sinclair 5–2 in the first round, Ray Reardon by the same score in round two, Cliff Wilson 5–4 in the quarter-finals, and Kirk Stevens 9–3 in the semi-finals. In the final, he led Taylor 5–3 after the first , after the pair had been level at 2–2. He compiled a  of 114, the highest of the tournament, to win the ninth frame, before Taylor claimed the next two frames to leave <mask> one ahead at 6–5. Breaks of 63 and 43 in the next two frames saw <mask> restore a three-frame advantage. Taylor made a break of 74 to win the 14th frame, but <mask> secured his first major title by claiming the 15th frame with a break of 76.It was the first tournament apart from the World Snooker Championship to count in the snooker world rankings. He won only one match in four tournaments between the 1982 International Open and the 1983 World Snooker Championship. At the World Championship, he progressed to the semi-finals by defeating Miles, Reardon (the second seed), and <mask>. In the semi-final he led Cliff Thorburn 15–13 before losing 15–16 in the  after Thorburn  the final  and went on to take the frame. He moved to fourth place in the 1983/1984 world rankings. The next season, he defeated Meo and Thorburn to reach the final of the 1983 Scottish Masters, which he lost 6–9 to Davis. Having failed to successfully defend the International Open title, losing 4–5 to John Spencer in the second round, <mask> started the 1983 Professional Players

masks:
Knowles
Knowles
Knowles
Tony Meo
Knowles


title: Tony Knowles (snooker player)

texts: Tournament with a 5–1 win against Paul Medati and a 5–4 defeat of Rex Williams, then a 5–0 whitewash of Silvino Francisco.The same day as his match against Francisco, <mask> won 5–3 against John Campbell in the quarter-finals, after losing the opening two frames. In the semi-final, <mask> and Willie Thorne were level at 4–4 after the first session, with <mask> going on to prevail 9–7. In the final, he faced Joe Johnson and established a 6–1 lead, which Johnson reduced slightly to 6–2 by winning the last frame of the first session with the tournament's highest break, 135. Johnson was two frames behind at 4–6 and 5–7, but <mask> went three frames up with four to play at 8–5. Johnson won three successive frames to equalise at 8–8. In the deciding frame, <mask> won on the final  to take the title. Just before the 1984 World Snooker Championship, <mask> appeared in a series of three articles in tabloid newspaper The Sun, in which he boasted of his sexual adventures, describing himself as "the hottest pot in snooker" and was dismissive of most other competitors in the tournament.He received £25,000 from the newspaper for the articles, and was subsequently fined £5,000 by the WPBSA for bringing the game into disrepute. He lost 7–10 to John Parrott in the first round. At the start of the 1984–85 snooker season, he won the 1984 Australian Masters by defeating John Virgo 7–3 in the final, and was the runner-up, 7–9 to Jimmy White, at the 1984 Carlsberg Challenge. He was the losing finalist to Davis, by a margin of 2–9, at both the 1984 International Open and the 1985 English Professional Championship. He reached the 1985 World Snooker Championship semi-final where he was eliminated 5–16 by Dennis Taylor. He reached two ranking tournament semi-finals, in the 1985–86 snooker season, at the Grand Prix and the World Championship, and the

masks: Knowles Knowles Knowles Knowles Knowles Knowles


title: Tony Knowles (snooker player)

texts: semi-finals of the Masters, but an inconsistent season included losses to lower-ranked players such as Williams, Jim Wych, and Patsy Fagan. The following year, he dropped from fourth to tenth in the rankings, with a semi-final place at the 1987 British Open the furthest he reached in a ranking tournament in a season that included a 6–10 first round defeat by Mike Hallett at the 1987 World Snooker Championship.He was ranked 21st for the 1990/1991 season, the first time he had not been in the top sixteen since 1982/1983 after a season where he only reached one quarter-final, at the 1989 Grand Prix. At the 1991 Dubai Classic, he defeated Gary Natale 5–1 in the qualifying competition, then Eugene Hughes 5–2, and Neal Foulds 5–0. A 5–2 win against Dennis Taylor in the quarter-final saw <mask> reach his first ranking semi-final since the 1988 Classic. He then gained his first ranking final place since the 1984 International Open by eliminating Steve James 6–2. in the semi-final. Facing reigning world champion Parrott in the final, <mask> fell 0–3 behind, but won three of the next four frames to trail 3–4 at the end of the first session. Parrott then won five consecutive frames in the next session to claim victory at 9–3.For the 1997–98 snooker season, only the top 64 players in the rankings at the end of the previous season retained full professional status. Those who finished from 65th to 192nd, including <mask> who was 72nd, played in a new WPBSA Qualifying School series which allowed qualifiers to regain full professional status. <mask>, however, lost his first match at each of the four Qualifying School events, and so was eligible to enter only the World Championship, the Benson and Hedges Championship, and the new "UK Tour" events during the season. He finished tenth in the UK Tour standings, which meant he regained his full

masks: Knowles Knowles Knowles Knowles


title: Tony Knowles (snooker player)

texts:
 professional status for 1998–99 snooker season, losing it again at the end of 2000–01. He continued to play on the Challenge Tour and in World Championship qualifying. In 2009, <mask> won the inaugural Snooker Super 6s tournament, which played as one-frame matches, with six red balls, rather than the usual fifteen reds, at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield. He defeated Neal Foulds in the semi-final, and 13-year-old Ross Muir in the final.He has entered competitions including World Championship qualifying, Players Tour Championship and Q School in the 21st century. In 2021, he announced that he would enter Q School in an attempt to regain his professional snooker status. He failed to regain his professional status, but reached the last 32 of Event 3, where he lost 2–4 to Mark Lloyd. During his professional career, <mask> reached the World Championship semi-finals on three occasions (in 1983, 1985 and 1986), but never the final. His highest ranking was second, in 1984/1985, and his highest tournament break was 139. As one of three members of the England Team alongside Davis and Meo, he was a winner of the 1983 World Team Classic, and was runner-up at the 1982 World Team Classic and 1985 World Cup. He partnered White at the 1983 World Doubles Championship, where they were the losing finalists to Davis and Meo.He was a director of the WPBSA in the early-to-mid-2000s. He manages a wine bar in the Lake District. The club in the comedy programme Phoenix Nights had a room named the "<mask> Suite" after him. Performance and rankings timeline

Career finals

Ranking finals: 4 (2 titles)

Non-ranking finals: 7 (2 titles)

Team finals: 4 (1 title)

Pro-am finals: 2 (1 title)

Amateur finals: 2 (2 titles)

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links
 Global Snooker Profile

1955 births
Living people
English snooker

masks:
Knowles
Knowles
Tony Knowles


title: Robert W. Service

texts:
<mask>rew" and "The Cremation of Sam McGee", which showed remarkable authenticity from an author with no experience of gold-mining, and enjoyed immediate popularity. Encouraged by this, he quickly wrote more poems on the same theme, which were published as Songs of a Sourdough (re-titled The Spell of the Yukon and Other Verses in the U.S.), and achieved a massive sale. When his next collection Ballads of a Cheechako proved equally successful, <mask> could afford to travel widely and live a leisurely life, basing himself in Paris and the French Riviera. Partly because of their popularity, and the speed with which he wrote them, his works were dismissed as doggerel by the critics, who tended to say the same of Rudyard Kipling, with whom <mask> was often compared. This did not worry <mask>, who was happy to classify his work as “verse, not poetry”.Life

Early life

<mask> was born in Preston, Lancashire, England, the third of ten children. His father, also <mask>, was a banker from Kilwinning, Scotland, who had been transferred to England. When he was five, <mask> was sent to live in Kilwinning with his three maiden aunts and his paternal grandfather, the town's postmaster. There he is said to have composed his first verse, a grace, on his sixth birthday:

At nine, <mask> re-joined his parents who had moved to Glasgow. He attended Glasgow's Hillhead High School. After leaving school, <mask> joined the Commercial Bank of Scotland which would later become the Royal Bank of

masks:
Robert William ServiceG
Service
Service
Service
Service
Robert Service
Service
Service
Service


title: Robert W. Service

texts: Scotland. He was writing at this time and reportedly already "selling his verses".He was also reading poetry: Browning, Keats, Tennyson, and Thackeray. When he was 21, <mask> travelled to Vancouver Island, British Columbia, with his Buffalo Bill outfit and dreams of becoming a cowboy. He drifted around western North America, "wandering from California to British Columbia," taking and quitting a series of jobs: "Starving in Mexico, residing in a California bordello, farming on Vancouver Island and pursuing unrequited love in Vancouver." This sometimes required him to leech off his parents' Scottish neighbours and friends who had previously emigrated to Canada. In 1899, <mask> was a store clerk in Cowichan Bay, British Columbia. He mentioned to a customer (Charles H. Gibbons, editor of the Victoria Daily Colonist) that he wrote verses, with the result that six poems by "R.S." on the Boer Wars had appeared in the Colonist by July 1900 – including "The March of the Dead", which would later appear in his first book.(Service's brother, Alick, was a prisoner of the Boers at the time. He had been captured on November 15, 1899, alongside <mask>.) The Colonist also published Service's "Music in the Bush" on September 18, 1901, and "The Little Old Log Cabin" on March 16, 1902. In her 2006 biography, Under the Spell of the Yukon, Enid Mallory revealed that Service had fallen in love during this period. He was working as a "farm labourer and store clerk when he first met Constance

masks:
Service
Service
Winston Churchill


title: Robert W. Service

texts:
 MacLean at a dance in Duncan B.C., where she was visiting her uncle." MacLean lived in Vancouver, on the mainland, so he courted her by mail. Though he was smitten, "MacLean was looking for a man of education and means to support her" so was not that interested.To please her, he took courses at McGill University's Victoria College, but failed. In 1903, down on his luck, <mask> was hired by a Canadian Bank of Commerce branch in Victoria, British Columbia, using his Commercial Bank letter of reference. The bank "watched him, gave him a raise, and sent him to Kamloops in the middle of British Columbia. In Victoria he lived over the bank with a hired piano, and dressed for dinner. In Kamloops, horse country, he played polo. In the fall of 1904, the bank sent him to their Whitehorse branch in Yukon. With the expense money he bought himself a raccoon coat."Throughout this period, <mask> continued writing and saving his verses: "more than a third of the poems in his first volume had been written before he moved north in 1904." Yukon period

Whitehorse was a frontier town, less than ten years old. Located on the Yukon River at the White Horse Rapids, it had begun in 1897 as a campground for prospectors on their way to Dawson City to join the Klondike Gold Rush. The railroad that <mask> rode in on, the White Pass and Yukon Route, had reached Whitehorse only in 1900. Settling in, "<mask> dreamed and listened to the stories of the great gold rush." He also "took part in the extremely

masks: Service Service Service Service


title: Robert W. Service

texts: active Whitehorse social life. As was popular at the time he recited at concerts – things such as 'Casey at the Bat' and 'Gunga Din', but they were getting stale."One day (Service later wrote), while pondering what to recite at an upcoming church concert he met E. J. "Stroller" <mask>, editor of the Whitehorse Star. <mask> suggested: "Why don’t you write a poem for it? Give us something about our own bit of earth. We sure would appreciate it. There’s a rich paystreak waiting for someone to work. Why don’t you go in and stake it?"Returning from a walk one Saturday night, <mask>rew" was complete. "A month or so later he heard a gold rush yarn from a Dawson mining man about a fellow who cremated his pal." He spent the night walking in the woods composing "The Cremation of Sam McGee", and wrote it down from memory the next day. Other verses quickly followed. "In the early spring he stood above the heights of Miles Canyon... the line 'I have gazed on naked grandeur where there’s nothing else to gaze on' came into his mind and again he hammered out a complete poem, "The Call of the Wild". Conversations with locals led <mask> to write about things he had not seen (some of which had not even happened) as well.He did not set foot in Dawson City until 1908, arriving in the Klondike ten years after the Gold Rush when his renown as a writer was already established. After having collected enough poems for a book, <mask> "sent the poems to his father, who had emigrated to Toronto, and

masks: White White ServiceG Service Service


title: Robert W. Service

texts: asked him to find a printing house so they could make it into a booklet. He enclosed a cheque to cover the costs and intended to give these booklets away to his friends in Whitehorse" for Christmas. His father took the manuscript to <mask> in Toronto, whose employees loved the book. "The foreman and printers recited the ballads while they worked. A salesman read the proofs out loud as they came off the typesetting machines." An "enterprising salesman sold 1700 copies in advance orders from galley proofs."The publisher "sent <mask>'s cheque back to him and offered a ten percent royalty contract for the book." Service's book, Songs of a Sourdough, given the more Jack London-ish title, The Spell of the Yukon and Other Verses in the United States, was "an immediate success." It went through seven printings even before its official release date. Ultimately, Briggs "sold fifteen impressions in 1907. That same year there was an edition in New York, Philadelphia, and London. The London publisher, T. Fisher Unwin, struck a twenty-third printing in 1910, and thirteen more by 1917." "Service eventually earned in excess of $100,000 for Songs of a Sourdough alone" (equal to about $ today after inflation)."When copies of the book reached Whitehorse, <mask>'s own minister took him aside to let him know how wicked were his stories. <mask> hung his head in shame.... But, that summer, tourists from the south arrived in Whitehorse looking for the famous poet; and he autographed many of his

masks:
William Briggs
Robert
Robert
Service


title: Robert W. Service

texts: books." "In 1908, after working for the bank for three years in Whitehorse, he was sent outside on mandatory paid leave for three months, a standard practice for bank employees serving in the Yukon." According to Enid Mallory, he went to Vancouver and looked up Constance MacLean. Now that he was a successful author, she agreed to become engaged to him. Following his leave, in 1908 the bank transferred <mask> to Dawson, where he met veterans of the Gold Rush, now ten years in the past: "they loved to reminisce, and <mask> listened carefully and remembered."He used their tales to write a second book of verse, Ballads of a Cheechako, in 1908. "It too was an overwhelming success." In 1909, when the bank wanted <mask> to return to Whitehorse as manager, he decided to resign. "After quitting his job, he rented a small two-room cabin on Eighth Avenue in Dawson City from Mrs. Edna Clarke and began his career as a full-time author." He immediately "went to work on his novel.... He went for walks that lasted all night, slept till mid-afternoon, and sometimes didn't come out of the cabin for days. In five months the novel, entitled The Trail of '98, was complete and he took it to a publisher in New York."<mask>'s first novel also "immediately became a best-seller." Newly wealthy, <mask> was able to travel to Paris, the French Riviera, Hollywood, and beyond. He returned to Dawson City in 1912 to write his third book of poetry, Rhymes of a Rolling Stone (1912). During that time he

masks: Service Robert Service Service Service


title: Robert W. Service

texts:
 became a freemason, being initiated into Yukon Lodge No. 45 in Dawson. It is unclear what happened between <mask> and Constance MacLean as no known letters between them exist after Service's departure for Dawson City. In 1912 she "married Leroy Grant, a surveyor and railroad engineer based in Prince Rupert."Later life
Service left Dawson City for good in 1912. From 1912 to 1913 he was a correspondent for the Toronto Star during the Balkan Wars. In 1913, <mask> moved to Paris, remaining there for the next 15 years. He settled in the Latin Quarter, posing as a painter. In June 1913, he married Parisienne Germaine Bourgoin, daughter of a distillery owner, and they purchased a summer home at Lancieux, Côtes-d'Armor, in the Brittany region of France. Thirteen years younger than her husband, Germaine <mask> survived him by 31 years, dying aged 102 on December 26, 1989 in Monte Carlo, Monaco. <mask> was 40 when World War I broke out; he attempted to enlist, but was turned down "due to varicose veins."He briefly covered the war for the Toronto Star (from December 11, 1915, through January 29, 1916), but "was arrested and nearly executed in an outbreak of spy hysteria in Dunkirk." He then "worked as a stretcher bearer and ambulance driver with the Ambulance Corps of the American Red Cross, until his health broke." Convalescing in Paris, he wrote a new book of mainly war poetry, Rhymes of a Red Cross Man, in 1916. The book was dedicated to the memory of <mask>'s "brother, Lieutenant

masks: Service Service Service Service Service


title: Robert W. Service

texts: <mask>, Canadian Infantry, Killed in Action, France, August 1916." <mask> received three medals for his war service: 1914–15 Star, British War Medal and the Victory Medal. With the end of the war, <mask> "settled down to being a rich man in Paris.... During the day he would promenade in the best suits, with a monocle. At night he went out in old clothes with the company of his doorman, a retired policeman, to visit the lowest dives of the city".During his time in Paris he was reputedly the wealthiest author living in the city, yet was known to dress as a working man and walk the streets, blending in and observing everything around him. Those experiences would be used in his next book of poetry, Ballads of a Bohemian (1921): "The poems are given in the persona of an American poet in Paris who serves as an ambulance driver and an infantryman in the war. The verses are separated by diary entries over a period of four years." In the 1920s, <mask> began writing thriller novels. The Poisoned Paradise, A Romance of Monte Carlo (New York, 1922) and The Roughneck. A Tale of Tahiti (New York, 1923) were both later made into silent movies. During the winter season, <mask> used to live in Nice with his family, where he met British writers, including H. G<mask>, A. K. Bruce, Somerset Maugham, Rex Ingram, Frank Scully, James Joyce, Frank Harris, and Frieda Laurence, who all spent their winters in the French Riviera, and he wrote that he had been lucky to have had lunch with Colette.In

masks:
Albert Service
Robert Service
Service
Service
Service
. Wells


title: Robert W. Service

texts: 1930, <mask> returned to Kilwinning, to erect a memorial to his family in the town cemetery. He also visited the USSR in the 1930s and later wrote a satirical "Ballad of Lenin's Tomb". For this reason his poetry was never translated into Russian in the USSR, and he was never mentioned in Soviet encyclopedias. <mask>'s second trip to the Soviet Union "was interrupted by news of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. <mask> fled across Poland, Latvia, Estonia and the Baltic to Stockholm. He wintered in Nice with his family, then fled France for Canada." Not long after, the Nazis invaded France, and "arrived at his home in Lancieux ... looking specifically for the poet who had mocked Hitler in newspaper verse."During World War II, <mask> lived in California, "and Hollywood had him join with other celebrities in helping the morale of troops – visiting U.S. Army camps to recite his poems. He was also asked to play himself in the movie The Spoilers (1942), working alongside Marlene Dietrich, <mask> and Randolph Scott. "He was thrilled to play a scene with Marlene Dietrich." After the war, <mask> and his wife returned to his home in Brittany, to find it destroyed. They rebuilt, and he lived there until his death in 1958, although he wintered in Monte Carlo on the French Riviera. <mask>'s wife and daughter, Iris, travelled to the Yukon in 1946 "and visited Whitehorse and Dawson City, which by then was becoming a ghost town. <mask> could not bring himself to go back.He preferred to remember

masks:
Service
Service
Service
Service
John Wayne
Service
Service
Service


title: Robert W. Service

texts:
 the town as it had been." While named <mask> <mask>, the <mask> was attributed in honour of a rich uncle. Never later remembered in his will, <mask> dropped the middle name. <mask> wrote prolifically during his last years, publishing six books of verse from 1949 to 1955. A book he had written in 1956 was published posthumously. In the spring of 1958, not long before <mask> died, Canadian broadcaster Pierre Berton recorded many hours of autobiographical television interviews for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, in Service's Monte Carlo flat. During these interviews, <mask> recited The Shooting of Dan McGrew and The Cremation of Sam McGee

<mask> lived in Monaco from 1947 to 1958.He wrote two volumes of autobiography – Ploughman of the Moon (1945) and Harper of Heaven (1948). He died in Lancieux and is buried in the local cemetery. Writing

<mask> wrote the most commercially successful poetry of the century. Yet his most popular works "were considered doggerel by the literary set." During his lifetime, he was nicknamed "the Canadian Kipling." – yet that may have been a double-edged compliment. As T. S. Eliot has said, "we have to defend Kipling against the charge of excessive lucidity," "the charge of being a 'journalist' appealing only to the commonest collective emotion," and "the charge of writing jingles."All those charges, and more, could be levelled against <mask>'s best known and best loved works. Certainly <mask>'s verse was derivative of Kipling's. In "The

masks:
Robert William
Service
William
Service
Service
Service
Service
Service
Robert Service
Service
Service


title: Robert W. Service

texts: Cremation of Sam McGee", for instance, he uses the form of Kipling's "The Ballad of East and West". In his E. J. Pratt lecture "Silence In the Sea," critic Northrop Frye argued that <mask>'s verse was not "serious poetry," but something else he called "popular poetry": "the idioms of popular and serious poetry remain inexorably distinct." Popular poems, he thought, "preserve a surface of explicit statement" – either being "proverbial, like Kipling's 'If' or Longfellow's 'Song of Life' or Burns's 'For A' That'," or dealing in "conventionally poetic themes, like the pastoral themes of <mask> Riley, or the adventurous themes of <mask>." <mask> did not call his work poetry. "Verse, not poetry, is what I was after ... something the man in the street would take notice of and the sweet old lady would paste in her album; something the schoolboy would spout and the fellow in the pub would quote.Yet I never wrote to please anyone but myself; it just happened. I belonged to the simple folks whom I liked to please." In his autobiography, <mask> described his method of writing at his Dawson City cabin. "I used to write on the coarse rolls of paper used by paper-hangers, pinning them on the wall and printing my verses in big charcoal letters. Then I would pace back and forth before them, repeating them, trying to make them perfect. I wanted to make them appeal to the eye as well as to the ear. I tried to avoid any literal quality."One remarkable thing about both of Service's best-known

masks:
Service
James Whitcomb
Robert Service
Service
Service


title: Robert W. Service

texts:
 themes it treats. The Ballads of a Cheechako is a second installment of sourdoughs, while his novel The Trail of '98 is simply sourdough prose.<ref name=macmechan>Archibald MacMechan, Headwaters of Canadian Literature (Toronto: New Canadian Library, 1974), 219–221.</ref>

MacMechan did give grudging respect to Service's World War I poetry, conceding that his style went well with that subject, and that "his Rhymes of a Red Cross Man are an advance on his previous volumes.He has come into touch with the grimmest of realities; and while his radical faults have not been cured, his rude lines drive home the truth that he has seen." Reviewing Service's Rhymes of a Rebel in 1952, Frye remarked that the book "interests me chiefly because ... I have noticed so much verse in exactly the same idiom, and I wonder how far Mr. <mask>'s books may have influenced it. There was a time, fifty years ago," he added, "when <mask>.<mask> represented, with some accuracy, the general level of poetic experience in Canada, as far as the popular reader was concerned.... there has been a prodigious, and, I should think, a permanent, change in public taste." Recognition

<mask> W<mask> has been honoured with schools named for him including Robert Service High School in Anchorage, Alaska, Robert Service Senior Public School (Middle/ Jr. High) in Toronto, Ontario, and Robert Service School in Dawson City. He was honoured on a Canadian postage stamp in 1976. The <mask> Way, a main road in Whitehorse, is

masks:
Service
Robert W
Service
Robert
. Service
Robert Service


title: Robert W. Service

texts: named after him.Additionally, the Bard & Banker public house in Victoria is dedicated to him, the building having at one time been a Canadian Bank of Commerce branch where Service was employed while residing in the city. Service's first novel, The Trail of '98, was made into a movie by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, directed by Clarence Brown. "Trail of '98 starring Dolores del Río, Ralph Forbes and Karl Dane in 1929 ... was the first talking picture dealing with the Klondike gold rush and was acclaimed at the time by critics for depicting the Klondike as it really was." In 1968 Canadian-born country singer Hank Snow recorded recitations of eight of Service's longer poems for an album entitled, Tales of the Yukon. The album was released by RCA Victor. Snow and other musicians including Chet Atkins and Chubby <mask> provided background music. Folksinger Country Joe McDonald set some of Service's World War I poetry (plus "The March of the Dead" from his first book), to music for his 1971 studio album, War War War.Folksinger Jim Ratts read some of <mask>'s poetry for his 1993 studio album, "Buckwheat at Your Service: The Readings of <mask>." Raven Records RVNCD9303. The Canadian whiskey Yukon Jack incorporated various excerpts of his writings in their ads in the 1970s, one of which was the first four lines of his poem, "The Men Who Don't Fit In". The town of Lancieux, where he used to come every summer, organized several recognitions to the memory of <mask><mask>. One of the streets of

masks:
Wise
Service
Robert Service
Robert W
. Service


title: Robert W. Service

texts:
 Lancieux has been named Robert <mask> Street. On July 13, 1990, a commemorative tablet was unveiled at the Lancieux Office du Tourisme by the daughter of the poet: <mask>. An evening of celebration was organized afterward with a dinner attended by many guests from Scotland and the Yukon.A few years later, on May 18, 2002 the school of Lancieux in Brittany took the name of "École <mask>. <mask>". <mask>-Longépé, the great granddaughter and the granddaughter of the poet, attended the dedication ceremony and made a speech.Evening with the Bard; accessed 2017-04-06 Since 2000, the towns of Lancieux and Whitehorse are sister cities, due to <mask><mask>'s life and work in both places. Radio humorist and raconteur Jean Shepherd recorded a collection of <mask>'s poems, Jean Shepherd Reads the Poems of <mask>. Margaret Rutherford recited most of "The Shooting of Dan McGrew" in the 1964 film Murder Most Foul. The Spell of the Yukon features significantly in the film Eureka (1983 film) directed by Nicholas Roeg. Dawson City cabin
From 1909 to 1912, <mask> lived in a small two-room cabin on Eighth Avenue, which he rented from Edna Clarke in Dawson City. His prosperity allowed him the luxury of a telephone.<mask> eventually decided he could not return to Dawson, as it would not be as he remembered it. He wrote in his autobiography:

"Only yesterday an air-line offered to fly me up there in two days, and I refused. It would have saddened me to see dust and rust where once hummed a

masks:
Service
Iris Service
Robert W
Service
Charlotte Service
Robert W
. Service
Robert Service
Robert Service
Robert Service
Service


title: Robert W. Service

texts:
 rousing town; hundreds where were thousands; tumbledown cabins, mouldering warehouses." After <mask> left for Europe, the Imperial Order of the Daughters of the Empire (I.O.D.E.) took care of the cabin until 1971, preserving it. In 1971 it was taken over by Parks Canada, which maintains it, including its sod roof, as a tourist attraction. Irish-born actor Tom Byrne created The Robert Service Show, which was presented in the front yard of the cabin, starting in 1978.This was very popular for summer visitors and set the standard for Robert Service recitations. Byrne discontinued the show at the cabin in 1995, moving it to a Front Street storefront. Since 2004 the show has been held at the Westmark Hotel in Dawson City during the summer months. Byrne later retired, and died in 2019. At the Service Cabin, local Dawson entertainers dressed in period costumes and employed by Parks Canada offer biographical information and recite Service's poetry for visitors. Publications
Best of Robert Service by Hancock House Publishers]

Poetry
"Carry On!" (date missing)Songs of a Sourdough (Toronto: <mask>, 1907)
[U.S. as The Spell of the Yukon and Other Verses (New York: Barse & Hopkins, 1907; Also Dodd, Mead & Company, 1907 & 1916)].Ballads of a Cheechako (Toronto: <mask> Briggs, 1909)Rhymes of a Rolling Stone (Toronto: <mask>, 1912)Songs of the Yukon (Toronto: <mask>, 1913) – miniature book, reprinting two poems from Songs of a SourdoughRhymes of a Red-Cross Man (Toronto: <mask>,

masks:
Service
William Briggs
William
William Briggs
William Briggs
William Briggs