title: José Pedraza (boxer)

texts:
<mask> (born May 8, 1989) is a Puerto Rican professional boxer and former two-weight world champion. He held the IBO super featherweight title in 2014, the IBF super featherweight title from 2015 to 2017, and the WBO lightweight title in 2018. As an amateur he represented Puerto Rico, winning medals in multiple international competitions. Among the awards he achieved are a bronze medal at the 2007 Pan American Games, silver at the 2009 World Championships and gold at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games, as well as participation in the 2008 Summer Olympics. As of June 2021, he is ranked as the world's eighth best active super lightweight by BoxRec. Amateur career

Early career and Pan American Games
<mask> participated in the 2006 Copa La Romana. In the quarter finals he defeated Javier Fortuna (27:5).He secured the bronze medal with a 12:9 victory over V.Castillo of Ecuador. Pedraza won the tournament's gold medal over localist boxer Jonathan Batista (10:5). In December, he won the lightweight national championship, defeating Hector Marengo (18:15) in the finals of the Torneo Nacional Isaac Barrientos. On February 4, 2007, <mask> debuted in the Pan American Games Qualifier defeating Oscar Diaz of the Dominican Republic (13:6). He qualified to the event by winning the bronze medal, losing (16:8) to localist Lisandro Bolivar in the semifinals. On March 31, 2007, <mask> participated in a dual against Trinidad, winning (26:19) a contest over Jules De Gannes. He entered the IX Torneo José "Cheo" Aponte, debuting with a victory over Shemuel Pagan of the United States.<mask> won the event's silver medal, losing to Jean Gomis by hit count after the contest finished tied 8:8. At the Pan American Games, he debuted winning (26:7) his preliminary over Jose Virula Lopez of Guatemala. Pedraza advanced to the medal round defeating Lisandro Bolivar of Venezuela. He won the

masks:
José Pedraza González
Pedraza
Pedraza
Pedraza
Pedraza


title: José Pedraza (boxer)

type: original

texts:
 tournament's bronze medal, losing (7:2) to localist Everton Lopes. Pedraza entered the 2007 World Amateur Boxing Championships, but lost (25:17) his preliminary contest against Sadam Ali. He closed the year participating in a dual against France, losing (15:5) to Daouda Sow. Summer Olympics and World Cup
In January 2008, <mask> defended the lightweight national championship, defeating Reynaldo Ojeda (20:11) in the finals of the Torneo Nacional Isaac Barrientos.At the American Olympic Qualifier, he debuted with a 20:4 victory over Valentino Knowles of Bahamas. In the quarterfinals he lost (13:5) to Yordenis Ugas. In April 2008, he entered the second American Olympic Qualifier, stopping Omar Ward of Barbados in the second round of his preliminary. He guaranteed a medal by defeating (15:8) Juan Cuellar of Argentina. In the semifinals, <mask> stopped Alexis Folleco of Ecuador in the third round. He won the tournament's gold medal and qualified to the 2008 Summer Olympics by defeating Lopes in a rematch. <mask> debuted in the X Torneo José "Cheo" Aponte with a victory (19:8) over countryman Alberto Mercado.In the finals he defeated Shemuel Pagan of the United States by walk over. Prior to the Olympics <mask> participated in the XXXVIII International Golden Belt Tournament, advancing to the semifinals before losing (37:25) to Vladimir Saruhanyan of Russia. As part of their training the boxing team moved to South Korea, in order to adapt to the time-zone. After training and participating in a series of exhibition matches, the team traveled from Corea to Beijin. In his first Olympic fight, <mask> defeated Onur Şipal of Turkey by points, with scores of 10–3. Throughout the event, his strategy focused on maintaining a solid defense while connecting combinations to his opponent's body. <mask> lost his second preliminary to Daouda Sow of France by points, 13:9.He entered the 2008

masks: Pedraza Pedraza Pedraza Pedraza Pedraza Pedraza


title: José Pedraza (boxer)

texts:
 Boxing World Cup, advancing to the semifinals with an 8:2 win over Georgian Popescu of Romania. He won the bronze medal, losing (14:4) his next contest to Albert Selimov of Russia. In February 2008, <mask> defended the lightweight national championship in the Torneo Nacional Isaac Barrientos, defeating Reynaldo Cintron in the preliminaries, Erick Vidal in the quarterfinals (WO), Edgardo Rivera in the semifinals and Ken Alvarez in the final (10:3). In May 2009, he entered the XII Torneo José "Cheo" Aponte and competed in the light welterweight limit, winning his first contest over Pedro Vicente by stoppage in three rounds. <mask> won the silver medal, losing to Bernard Lebron in the finals by hit score following a 16:16 tie. World medalist and regional championship
At the 2009 World Amateur Boxing Championships, <mask> debuted by defeating Abdlay Anarbay of Kazakhstan (10:4). In his second contest, he defeated Zorigtbaataryn Enkhzorig of Mongolia (4:3).In the third date Pedraza defeated (6:5) Ljubomir Marjanovic of Serbia. A medal was secured with a (14:4) victory over Serdar Khudayberdiyev of Turkey in the quarterfinals. He advanced winning his contest against Albert Selimov, 9:5. In the finals, he lost a decision (9:4) to localist Domenico Valentino, winning the silver medal. In December 2009, <mask> participated in the AIBA Presidents Cup, winning in his debut over Enkhzorig Zorigtbaatar. He lost a 21 decision to Semen Grivachev in the semifinals. An invitation was extended to him and the Arroyo brothers to participate in the World Series of Boxing, but it was declined.In January 2010, Pedraza defended the lightweight national championship in the finals of the Torneo Nacional Isaac Barrientos, defeating Jorge Maysonet, Jr. (4:3) in the quarterfinals, Jose Davila (3:2) in the semifinals and Edgardo Lopez in the finals. In April 2010, he defeated Davila (5:3) in the

masks: Pedraza Pedraza Pedraza Pedraza


title: José Pedraza (boxer)

texts:
 national team's selection meeting. In May 2010, he entered the XIII Torneo José "Cheo" Aponte, defeating Antonio Ortiz in the semifinals and Davila (5:0) in the final. He entered the 2010 Copa Olimpica, defeating Antonio Ortiz by points. In June 2010, <mask> participated in the 2010 Pan-American Championships, debuting with a 14:1 victory over Joan Gonzalez of Venezuela. In the semifinals he defeated Erick Bonez (7:0). <mask> won the silver medal, losing (8:3) to Yasnier Toledo Lopez in the final.In July he participated in the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games, debuting with a 22:7 victory over Angel Gutierrez of Mexico. Pedraza advanced stopping Omar Ward in the second round. He defeated (10:1) Wellington Arias of the Dominican Republic in the semifinals. Pedraza won the old medal with a 10:2 victory over Cesar Villarraga of Colombia. On December 3, 2010, Pedraza participated in a dual against the United States defeating Duran Caferro, 16:3. Professional career

Early career
<mask>'s intention to become a professional was made public on January 3, 2011. A press conference was held a week later, where he signed a contract with three different promoters, Universal Promotions of Puerto Rico, Gary Shaw Productions and DiBella Entertainment, who agreed to co-promote his career.His professional debut was scheduled for February 18, 2011. The opponent was Felix Rivera, who also debuted after compiling an amateur record of 68–5. Pedraza won the contest by technical knockout in the first round, following a combination to the head and body. The following month he participated in his first contest outside of Puerto Rico, defeating Corben Page in the same manner. On June 10, 2011, Pedraza was included in a boxing card held prior to the Puerto Rican Day Parade, a tradition among the diaspora in New York. The contest was stopped in the first round, following two knockdowns over

masks: Pedraza Pedraza Pedraza


title: José Pedraza (boxer)

texts:
 his opponent,  Tomi Archambault. The opponent for his first six-round fight was Pedro Antonio Salcedo.Pedraza outboxed and injured Salcedo several times, earning a unanimous decision, with identical scores of 60-54. Following a short hiatus, he defeated John Wampash by technical knockout in the fourth round. On December 30, 2011, only ten months after his debut, <mask> participated in his first titular match, challenging for the World Boxing Council's Super Featherweight Youth World Championship. He won by technical knockout in the fifth round, when the referee retired an injured Herbert Quartey from the contest. He headlined Team Puerto Rico's first local card of 2012, "Pa' Bravo Yo", defeating Anthony Woods in the fourth round after his opponent's corner submitted the contest by throwing a towel into the ring. IBF super-featherweight champion
On June 13, 2015, <mask> captured the vacant International Boxing Federation junior lightweight world championship by defeating Russia's Andrey Klimov via unanimous decision. <mask> successfully defended his championship twice, against Edner Cherry and Stephen Smith.On January 14, 2017, he lost his IBF title to Gervonta Davis by seventh-round technical knockout. Lightweight

On October 30, 2017, it was announced that Pedraza was now being managed by Victory Sports. It was also announced that <mask> would now campaign in the lightweight division. On March 2, Top Rank announced they had signed Pedraza to a multi-fight promotional agreement. March 17, <mask> made his lightweight and Top Rank debut at Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden, outpointing Jose Luis Rodriguez. WBO lightweight champion
On August 25, 2018, <mask> knocked Raymundo Beltrán down in the eleventh round and beat him by unanimous decision, with scores of 117-110, 117-110 and 115-112, to win the WBO lightweight title and become a two-division world champion. <mask>'s

masks: Pedraza Pedraza Pedraza Pedraza Pedraza Pedraza Pedraza


title: José Pedraza (boxer)

texts:
 next fight was a unification bout on December 8, 2018 against WBA (Super) and The Ring lightweight champion Vasiliy Lomachenko.Pedraza lost by unanimous decision, with scores of 117-109, 117-109 and 119-107. <mask> vs. Lozara Jr
In his next fight, <mask> fought Antonio Lozada Jr, who was ranked #13 by the WBC at lightweight. <mask> won the fight via a ninth round TKO. <mask> vs. Zepeda
In his next fight, <mask> fought Jose Zepeda. Zepeda was ranked #9 by the WBC. Zepeda started off the fight strong. <mask> fought his way back into at later in the fight, but it was not enough as Zepeda did enough through most of the rounds to earn the unanimous decision victory.Pedraza vs. LesPierre
On July 2, 2020, Pedraza fought Mikkel LesPierre. Pedraza dominated his opponent and dropped him twice en route to a convincing unanimous decision victory. Professional boxing record

See also

List of super-featherweight boxing champions
List of lightweight boxing champions
List of IBF world champions
List of WBO world champions
List of IBO world champions
List of Puerto Rican boxing world champions

References

External links

Jose Pedraza - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box.Live

|-

Living people
1989 births
Super-featherweight boxers
Lightweight boxers
World super-featherweight boxing champions
International Boxing Federation champions
International Boxing Organization champions
Boxers at the 2007 Pan American Games
Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers of Puerto Rico
AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Puerto Rico
Pan American Games medalists in boxing
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Puerto Rico
Competitors at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games
Puerto Rican male boxers
People from Caguas, Puerto Rico
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in boxing
Medalists at the 2007 Pan


title: Bruce Smith

texts:
<mask> (born June 18, 1963) is a former American football defensive end who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 19 seasons, primarily with the Buffalo Bills. He played college football at Virginia Tech, where he was a two-time All-American, and was selected first overall by the Bills in the 1985 NFL Draft. Considered one of the greatest defensive ends of all time, <mask> is the NFL's all-time career leader in quarterback sacks. <mask> also received 11 Pro Bowl selections and eight first-team All-Pro honors, while appearing in four consecutive Super Bowls with the Bills. He was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2006 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2009. High school and college careers
<mask> is a native of Norfolk, Virginia, where he graduated from Booker T. Washington High School. Following an all-state high school career, <mask> accepted an athletic scholarship to Virginia Tech.Known as "The Sack Man" as a Hokie, <mask> finished his college career in 1984 as the most honored player in Hokie history. Foreshadowing his future success in pursuing quarterbacks in the NFL, he had a career total of 71 tackles behind the line of scrimmage, for losses totaling 504 yards. <mask> had 46 career sacks, including an NCAA-leading 22 during a junior season in 1983 that saw him named First-team All-America by the AFCA (Coaches) and Newspaper Enterprise Association. In 1984, <mask> capped off his tenure in Blacksburg with the Outland Trophy, given to the nation's top lineman, and a consensus selection to the All-America Team. His accomplishments at Virginia Tech earned him a spot in the Virginia Tech Sports Hall of Fame. Professional football career

Buffalo Bills
Following this stellar collegiate career, <mask> was drafted by both the Buffalo Bills with the first pick of the 1985 NFL Draft and by the United States Football League Baltimore Stars in the 1985 USFL Territorial Draft, and he decided to sign with the Bills. In his rookie year, he had just 6.5 sacks while

masks:
Bruce Bernard Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


title: Bruce Smith

texts: starting thirteen games.After a rookie season in which his poor training habits limited his effectiveness, inspiration from teammate Darryl Talley and finding love with a college counselor whom he eventually married inspired him to improve his game. He quickly became known as a sack specialist, with fifteen in 1986. He had his first Pro Bowl and All-Pro selection the following year while having twelve sacks in twelve games. He recorded a touchdown that season in the December 13 game against the Indianapolis Colts on a fumble recovery in the end zone. It was his first and only touchdown in his career. He continued his run in 1988 with eleven sacks in twelve games. This was the first season for <mask> in the playoffs and he would make the most of it with three sacks in two postseason games, although the Bills lost in the AFC title game to the Cincinnati Bengals.In March 1989, as a restricted free agent, <mask> signed an offer-sheet with the Denver Broncos for $7.5 million over five years. <mask> had excelled as their defensive leader, but the Bills were concerned about him with his substance abuse problem (since he had been suspended four games the previous year for it) and thus had him followed by undercover detectives in November, which stuck with him months later. Faced with the choice between <mask> and two draft choices from Denver, the Bills picked <mask>. Now, as the highest-paid defensive player in the league, <mask> would stay with the Bills for a considerable amount of time. He responded by playing in all sixteen games of the season and recording thirteen sacks to make his third straight Pro Bowl. He broke the record for sacks by a Bill all-time during the year (51), and he would continue to raise the total for years to come. Some conjecture that his 171 sacks in Buffalo set a standard that "may be unreachable" for future Bills.He recorded half a sack in the divisional round playoff game that year, which the Bills lost to the Cleveland Browns 34–30. The next year, his

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


title: Bruce Smith

texts:
 defensive performance helped bring the Bills to Super Bowl XXV when he set a personal high in sacks with nineteen (three short of the then record for sacks in a season). He did not have a sack in either of the first two playoff games for the Bills, but <mask> saved his efforts for Super Bowl XXV against the New York Giants. He sacked Jeff Hostetler in the end zone in the second quarter, becoming only the fifth player to record a Super Bowl safety (which gave the Bills a 12–3 lead in the second quarter). Later, <mask> forced New York to turn the ball over on downs by tackling running back Ottis Anderson for a two-yard loss on a fourth-down conversion attempt. Only a failed last-second field goal attempt that narrowly went wide right kept the team from its first NFL championship. In 1991, though <mask>'s knee problems forced him out for most of the season, the Bills once again reached the Super Bowl.In 1992, in much better health, <mask> was again a first-team All-Pro and was voted to the Pro Bowl while recording a team-leading fourteen sacks, and he repeated his sack total the following year. He led the league in forced fumbles twice with five (1994, 1996). By 1996, though the Bills' run of Super Bowl appearances had ended, <mask> was still putting up prolific numbers, with ninety tackles and fourteen sacks. In 1997, <mask> had 65 tackles and fourteen sacks and by 1998, although he was getting older, he still had a respectable fifty tackles and ten sacks. In the final postseason game of his career, he recorded a best in sacks with 2.5 in the wild card round game for the Bills against the Tennessee Titans, although they lost 22–16 on a last-second controversial play. <mask>, along with Andre Reed and Thurman Thomas, was dumped from the Bills roster in an emergency salary cap measure after the 1999 season. Washington Redskins
<mask> signed with the Washington Redskins as a free agent.Although he was now playing in mostly passing situations, he posted 58 tackles and ten sacks in his

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


title: Bruce Smith

texts:
 first season. He pressed onward in pursuit of Reggie White's all-time sacks record (198, achieved in 15 seasons), which he passed in Week 14 of the 2003 NFL season by sacking New York Giants quarterback Jesse Palmer in a 20–7 win at Giants Stadium. <mask> finished his career with 200 career sacks, the only person ever to reach that mark. <mask> had hinted in interviews that 2003 would be his final season, but never completely ruled out continuing to play. However, on February 24, 2004, the Redskins released <mask>, saving $6.5 million in salary cap space. NFL career accomplishments
In his 19 NFL seasons, <mask> played in 279 games, amassing a record 200 sacks, two interceptions, 46 forced fumbles, and 15 fumble recoveries, one of which he returned for a 33-yard touchdown. Of his 19 seasons in the NFL, 13 of them were seasons where he had at least ten sacks, a testament to his consistency year in and year out.He was also named to an All-Pro team ten times. As <mask> spent most of his career in a 3–4 defensive scheme, a defensive scheme not geared toward creating sack opportunities for defensive ends, many consider the record particularly impressive. Indeed, <mask>'s peers elected him to the Pro Bowl every season from 1987 to 1998 (with the exception of his injury-shortened 5-game 1991 season). In 1987, he was named the Pro Bowl MVP. <mask> was twice named the AP's NFL Defensive Player of the Year (1990, 1996), twice the NEA's (1990, 1993) and four times the UPI's AFC Defensive Player of the Year (1987, 1988, 1990, 1996). Honors
1995, inducted into the Virginia Tech Sports Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility. 1999, while still an active NFL player, <mask> was ranked number 58 on The Sporting News''' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players.2005, he was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame, honoring players from around the state of Virginia. 2006, <mask> was voted into the College Football Hall of Fame. 2008, he was part of the inaugural class to be inducted into

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


title: Bruce Smith

texts:
 the Hampton Roads Sports Hall of Fame, an institution honoring athletes, coaches and administrators who made contributions to sports in Southeastern Virginia. 2008, inducted onto the Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame in 2008. 2009, enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, his first year of eligibility. 2016, the Bills announced they were retiring <mask>'s #78. No player had worn the number since <mask> left the team.His number was retired in a halftime ceremony on September 15, 2016 during a game against the New York Jets. NFL career statistics

Post-football life
<mask> lives in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Having returned to his home state, <mask> works as a large-scale hotel designer, undertaking many projects with Armada Hoffler. Most recently, he returned to Blacksburg, the site of his collegiate successes, where he purchased the Red Lion Inn. He built a Hilton Garden Inn Hotel with 137 sleeping rooms and is working on redeveloping the site (Smith's Landing, hotel and restaurant complex). A Baptist, he is a member of Queen Street Baptist Church in Norfolk. <mask> and his wife Carmen have a son, Alston.<mask> also works with Thurman Thomas in their new business venture, Legends Energy Group. They promote energy programs across North America. <mask>, Andre Reed, Thurman Thomas, and Jim Kelly were the subject of the 30 for 30 film Four Falls of Buffalo'' in 2015. Notes

References

External links

 Pro Football Hall of Fame
 Virginia Tech Hall of Fame
 Pro Football Reference

1963 births
Living people
All-American college football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football defensive ends
Buffalo Bills players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
National Football League first overall draft picks
Players of American football from Norfolk, Virginia
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Virginia Tech Hokies football players
Washington Redskins players
100 Sacks Club
National Football League Defensive Player of the Year Award winners
National Football League players

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


title: Raphael Assunção

texts:
<mask> (born 19 July 1982) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist who competes in the Bantamweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). As of December 20, 2021, he is ranked #15 in the UFC bantamweight rankings. Background
Born in Recife in Northeast Brazil, <mask> moved to United States with his immigrant parents when he was a child. He now lives and trains in Atlanta with Ascension MMA under Manu N'toh. He is also the brother of Júnior Assunção and <mask> who also fight as mixed martial artists. Assunção has a daughter. Mixed martial arts career

World Extreme Cagefighting
Assunção joined the WEC in 2009, with a 12–1 professional record.He made his promotional debut on 5 April 2009 at WEC 40 against Jameel Massouh. He won the fight via unanimous decision. He faced Yves Jabouin on 2 September 2009 at WEC 43. Assunção won the back and forth fight by split decision. Assunção faced Urijah Faber on 10 January 2010 at WEC 46. Faber won the fight via third-round submission. Assunção then faced Diego Nunes on 20 June 2010 at WEC 49.He lost the fight via split decision. Assunção faced LC Davis on 11 November 2010 at WEC 52. Assunção won the fight via unanimous decision. Ultimate Fighting Championship
On 28 October 2010, World Extreme Cagefighting merged with the Ultimate Fighting Championship. As part of the merger, all WEC fighters were transferred to the UFC. <mask> was expected to face Manvel Gamburyan on 19 March 2011 at UFC 128, but Gamburyan was forced out of the bout with a back injury and replaced by Erik Koch. He lost the fight via KO in the first round.Assunção next faced UFC newcomer

masks:
Raphael Oliveira Assunção
Assunção
Freddy Assunção
Assunção


title: Raphael Assunção

texts: Johnny Eduardo on 27 August 2011 at UFC 134. He won the fight via unanimous decision and was out up to 6 months with a possible nasal fracture. Assunção faced Issei Tamura on 11 July 2012 at UFC on Fuel TV: Munoz vs. Weidman. He won the fight via second-round TKO. Assunção faced Mike Easton on 8 December 2012, at UFC on Fox 5, replacing an injured Bryan Caraway. He won the fight via unanimous decision despite suffering a broken arm during the first round. Assunção faced Vaughan Lee on 8 June 2013 at UFC on Fuel TV 10.He won the fight via armbar submission in the second round. <mask> was expected to face T.J. Dillashaw on 4 September 2013 at UFC Fight Night 28. However, the pairing was delayed and was rescheduled for a future event due to a minor medical issue for Assunção. The bout with Dillashaw was rescheduled and took place on 9 October 2013, at UFC Fight Night 29. <mask> defeated Dillashaw via split decision. The back and forth action earned both the participants Fight of the Night honors. <mask> was expected to face Francisco Rivera at UFC 170.However, Rivera was forced from the bout due to a hand injury. Assunção instead faced touted UFC newcomer Pedro Munhoz. He won the fight via unanimous decision. Assunção was briefly linked to a Bantamweight Championship bout against Renan Barão on 24 May 2014 at UFC 173. However, Assunção opted to decline the bout as a rib injury sustained in his last bout at UFC 170 had not healed enough to resume the proper training in advance of the event. Barão instead faced, and was ultimately defeated by T.J. Dillashaw. Assunção faced Bryan Caraway on 4 October 2014 at UFC

masks: Assunção Assunção Assunção


title: Raphael Assunção

texts: Fight Night: MacDonald vs. Saffiedine.He doubled the numbers of strikes Caraway threw and caught him with knees to win a unanimous decision victory. On 22 December 2014, <mask> announced that he had suffered a broken ankle during training that would not require surgery, but is expected to be sidelined for up to 10 weeks. A rematch with perennial contender Urijah Faber was expected to headline UFC Fight Night 62 on 21 March 2015. However, <mask> was forced out of the bout as an ankle first injured in mid-December 2014 was slow to heal and that he was unable to resume the proper training to prepare for the fight in that time frame. Subsequently, in August 2015, <mask>'s management team announced that he would undergo surgery on the ankle and hoped to return by the end of the year. A rematch with T.J. Dillashaw took place on 9 July 2016 at UFC 200. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.<mask> was expected to face Aljamain Sterling on 9 December 2016 at UFC Fight Night 102. However, Sterling pulled out of the fight on 23 November citing injury. Assunção was subsequently removed from the card. The bout with Sterling was rescheduled and took place on 28 January 2017 at UFC on Fox 23. <mask> won the fight via split decision. <mask> faced Marlon Moraes on 3 June 2017 at UFC 212. He won the back-and-forth fight by split decision.Assunção faced Matthew Lopez on 11 November 2017 at UFC Fight Night: Poirier vs. Pettis. At the weigh-ins, Lopez missed weight, weighing in at 138.5 lbs., three and a half pounds over the Bantamweight limit. As a result, he forfeited 20% of his purse to Assunção and the bout proceeded as

masks: Assunção Assunção Assunção Assunção Assunção Assunção


title: Raphael Assunção

texts: Catchweight. He won the fight via knock out in the third round. This win also earned him a Performance of the Night bonus award. Assunção faced Rob Font on 7 July 2018 at UFC 226. He won via unanimous decision.Assunção faced Marlon Moraes in a rematch on 2 February 2019 in the main event at UFC Fight Night 144. Assunção won the first fight by split decision at UFC 212 on 3 June 2017. Before accepting the rematch, Assunção negotiated a new contract with the UFC. Assunção lost the rematch in the first round after being dropped by two punches and then submitted via a guillotine choke. Assunção faced Cory Sandhagen on 17 August 2019 at UFC 241. He lost the bout by unanimous decision. Assunção was scheduled to face Cody Garbrandt as the co-main event on 28 March 2020 at UFC on ESPN 8.However, Garbrandt pulled out on 12 March due to kidney issues. As of now, <mask> is expected to remain on the card against an unknown opponent. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was eventually postponed. Instead the fight was rescheduled and took place on 6 June 2020 at UFC 250. <mask> lost the bout via second-round knockout. <mask> was scheduled to face Raoni Barcelos on 27 February 2021 at UFC Fight Night 186. However, <mask> pulled out of the fight in early February after testing positive for COVID-19.Assunção was scheduled to face Kyler Phillips on 24 July 2021 at UFC on ESPN: Sandhagen vs. Dillashaw. However, Assunção suffered a biceps injury in late June and was replaced by Raulian Paiva. Assunção faced Ricky Simón on 18 December 2021 at UFC Fight Night: Lewis vs. Daukaus. He lost the bout via knockout in the second

masks: Assunção Assunção Assunção Assunção


title: Gerald Holton

texts:
<mask><mask> (born May 23, 1922) is an American physicist, historian of science, and educator, whose professional interests also include philosophy of science and the fostering of careers of young men and women. He is Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics and Professor of the History of Science Emeritus at Harvard University. His contributions range from physical science and its history to their professional and public understanding, from studies on gender problems and ethics in science careers to those on the role of immigrants. These have been acknowledged by an unusually wide spectrum of appointments and honors, from physics to initiatives in education and other national, societal issues, to contributions for which he was selected, as the first scientist, to give the tenth annual Jefferson Lecture that the National Endowment for the Humanities describes as, “the highest honor the federal government confers for distinguished achievement in the humanities”. However, his life story is also punctuated by improbable rescues during the dark time of the 20th century. Early life and education
<mask> was born on May 23, 1922, in Berlin, into a Jewish family, when Germany was in turmoil and sliding toward disaster. In June, the Foreign Minister, Walter Rathenau, was one of the more than 350 politicians and intellectuals assassinated by fascist gangs that already commanded the streets.Albert Einstein was told he was next on the list, so he fled the country. <mask>'s parents were Austrians: Emanuel, an attorney-at-law specializing in international law, and Regina, a physiotherapist. Forced by the rise of fascism in Germany, and one physical attack on the young family, they returned early to Vienna. Growing up in

masks:
Gerald J
. Holton
Holton
Holton


title: Gerald Holton

texts: Vienna, <mask> received his education through most of the Humanistische Gymnasium. Family life was typically that of professionals enamored of Germanic Kultur; indeed, his parents had met first in a poetry club. But in 1938, the annexation of Austria by Germany made life for Jews there also life-threatening, as was widely understood after the nationwide Pogrom of November 8–9. Yet, soon thereafter he and his younger brother, Edgar, were granted a place on the British Quakers' Kindertransport, to flee to England.There, <mask> studied at the School of Technology, City of Oxford, receiving the Certificate of Electrical Engineering in June 1940. At that point, he was able to leave for America with his rejoined family, just days before having to report for incarceration for the duration, as was required for all male adult German refugees, by Prime Minister Churchill's directive. Shortly after arriving in the U.S., out of the blue, Wesleyan University in Middletown, CT offered Holton a place as a refugee from Europe (as many American Colleges and University did similarly ). At Wesleyan, studying under his mentor, Professor Walter G. Cady, he received a B.A. in 1941 and an M.A. in 1942. From the outbreak of the war he found himself officially among the “Enemy Aliens”, as marked by President Roosevelt's directive for all holders of German passports.Yet, he was asked to join the Harvard-based war-time research unit, the Electric-Acoustic Laboratory, OSRD, and also was teaching assistant on the staff to train naval officers in the use and repair of radar equipment. Upon the end of WWII, he enrolled as a graduate student at Harvard. In 1947 he received his Ph.D. for research on the structure of matter at high

masks: Holton Holton


title: Gerald Holton

texts:
 pressure, as a student under Professor Percy Williams Bridgman, who in 1946 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his remarkable research in the field he effectively founded. Upon <mask>'s graduation he was asked to remain at Harvard as instructor in the Physics Department. His academic professional life had begun, and his association with Harvard has lasted for over 70 years. So has also his marriage to Nina, a sculptor. They have two sons, Thomas and Stephan.Career
<mask> went through various faculty ranks at Harvard, starting in 1947, and was tenured in 1952 at age 30. For 30 years, starting from his thesis, he ran a high-pressure laboratory, specializing on the structure of liquids, and having the usual flow-through of research students and publications. Among the courses he taught in the Physics Department was an unusual one – an introduction to Physics seen as part of a cultural tapestry that included astronomy, chemistry and technology as well as history and philosophy of science. It resulted in his publication of his first book, Introduction to Concepts and Theories of Physical Science (Addison Wesley: 1952, and later editions and adaptations), which has been called a seminal work. Its approach and structure was later incorporated in the National Curriculum Project requested by the NSF, called The Project Physics Course. He headed it with colleagues F. James Rutherford and Fletcher Watson. It was also adapted in a number of foreign countries.In these, as in Holton's other educational opportunities, he has been guided by the advice of Alfred North Whitehead, that “In the conditions of modern life, the rule is absolute, the race which does not value trained intelligence is doomed”. As well, he


title: Gerald Holton

texts: is based on his firm belief that in education a multi-cultural approach is necessary, both to help immunize against the seduction of narrowness, and to obey the moral imperative to foster a liberal education. For the same reason, Holton wrote extensively against the destructive excesses of Structuralists and Postmodernists in their writings against science. <mask>'s service at Harvard included chairmanship of the Concentration on Physics and Chemistry, of the initial General Education Course, membership on the Faculty Council, and on the Advisory Board of the Radcliffe Institute for Independent Study. From 1976 to 1982 he was concurrently Visiting Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as a founding faculty member of the Program on Science, Technology and Society. At various times he was visiting professor (or similar title) at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton; New York University; Leningrad University; Imperial College, London; University of Rome; CNRS-Paris; and invited lecturer in China and Japan. Here it is appropriate to mention two of <mask>'s other educational efforts.In 1956, having been elected as Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, he was asked to be its Editor. For a couple of years before, the Academy had been publishing an experimental, annual, in-house volume called Daedalus, distributed to its members. But Holton realized the opportunity to change Daedalus to a publicly, widely available, quarterly journal. As he put it in his first issue (Winter 1958), the new journal aimed "to give the intellectual community a strong voice of its own", and to lift each of us above our individual cell in the labyrinth, so as "to see the entire structure". In


title: Gerald Holton

texts: addition for the journal serving as a sort of Adult Education, several issues looked ahead at problems that were coming over the horizon and had an effect on public policy—such as those on "Arms Control and Disarmament" (Fall 1960), on "The Woman in America" (Spring 1964), on African Americans (Fall 1965, with a Foreword by President L.B Johnson), and on "Ethical Aspects of Experimentation with Human Subjects" (Spring 1969). In 1955, another unexpected event occurred, one which caused Holton to make an important turn in his studies. When Albert Einstein died on April 18, 1955, Professor Philipp Frank, Holton's colleague in the Physics Department and proponent of the American continuation of the Vienna Circle philosophy, suggested that a memorial occasion should be arranged, and that as one part Holton should present the history of Einstein's achievements.But Holton found that apart from Einstein's own essays there was then still little solid scholarship on this topic. With Professor Frank's recommendation, Holton went to the Institute of Advanced Study, where Einstein's enormous and largely unstudied correspondence and manuscripts were kept, still under the supervision of Einstein's long-time secretary, Helen Dukas. This excursion resulted in Holton, on and off for two years, helping to make the haphazard collection into an Archive usable by scholars, while he, reading through the collection, was learning from it how to see its historical value. Over the years that followed, <mask>'s researches on Einstein have occupied a large part of his publications. Eventually, this initiative helped launch an academic industry, analogous to the ones concerned with Newton and Darwin. But as the scholar in this field,


title: Gerald Holton

texts: Tesu Hiroshige, wrote, someone had to take a "first step". While studying the rich contents of Einstein's collection, <mask> came to realize a fact that led to a new and fruitful part of his researches on this and other scientists.As shown in Einstein's work, Einstein brilliantly but silently drew again and again from a set of fundamental guiding  concepts that were neither verifiable nor falsifiable. These concepts included, in his theory construction, the primacy of the search for unity; invariance; formal rather than materialistic explanation; logical parsimony; symmetry; the continuum, causality, and completeness. In addition, their contraries held by other scientists, such as acausality and uncertainty, were strongly opposed. Holton called all such motivating concepts Themata (sing. Thema). He found these crucial, style-defining and differing thematic sets to be also at the core of research of many other scientists, from antiquity to Johann Kepler to Niels Bohr. This insight was later used as well by other historians of science, and by scholars in other fields.His findings led <mask> to the publication of his book, Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought (Harvard University Press, 1973, revised edition 1988). Different sets of themata were and are being held by individual scientist so inclined, as their subjects advanced over time. In that respect, this concept differs profoundly from the idea of a series of incommensurable, non-progressive, so-called “paradigms”. Each of those, in turn, was said to infect the whole social group of scientists at a given time and in the same way—as is disproved even by the famous mutual oppositions between contemporaries such as Einstein, Schroedinger, and Heisenberg.


title: Gerald Holton

texts:
 Occasionally, a public issue became so important that <mask> felt he could contribute to its deeper understanding and amelioration. One of these was the general realization that among working scientists in most fields, women were underrepresented and often not sufficiently valued. Therefore, with his colleague Dr. Gerhard Sonnert, a sociologist of science, he initiated a long-term research effort, called Project Access.It yielded two books, Who Succeeds in Science? :  The Gender Dimension (Rutgers University Press, 1995), and Gender Differences in Science Careers: The Project Access Study (Rutgers University Press, 1995, with a Foreword by Robert K. Merton). A second occasion for engaging in a thorough study arose when it became of general interest to explore what immigrants can bring to the betterment of society in the U.S.A. Dr. Sonnert and Holton committed to a several-years study, called Second Wave, to determine, by questionnaires and face-to-face interviews, what was achieved by a particular group—immigrants who had come as children to the US as refugees from Nazi persecution—compared to American-borns. The startling results were published by them in a book, What Happened to the Children Who Fled Nazi Persecution (Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, with a Preface by Bernard Bailyn; German translation, Was geschah mit den Kindern, Lit Verlag, Muenster, 2008). Noting that the findings in that book appeared to have applications for immigrants to the U.S. in our time, Dr. Sonnert and Holton published another book, Helping Young Refugees and Immigrants Succeed (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010). Selected bibliography
<mask>'s researches in the history and philosophy of science as well as in education were published in a


title: Gerald Holton

texts:
 number of works, most of them available online and many of them translated into other languages. They include:

 <mask>, <mask> (1952, and later editions).Introduction to Concepts and Theories in Physical Science. Reading: Addison-Wesley. <mask>, <mask>; Rutherford, F. James; Watson, Fletcher G. (1970). The Project Physics Course. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. <mask>, <mask> (1978). The Scientific Imagination: Case Studies.Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <mask>, <mask> (1986). The Advancement of Science, and Its Burdens: The Jefferson Lecture and Other Essays. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <mask>, <mask> (1973, rev. 1988). Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought: Kepler to Einstein.Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <mask>, <mask> (1993). Science and Anti-Science. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Gerhard Sonnert and <mask> (1995), Who Succeeds in Science? The Gender Dimension. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.<mask>, <mask> (1996). Einstein, History, and Other Passions. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Gerhard Sonnert and <mask> (2002), Ivory Bridges: Connecting Science and Society. Cambridge: MIT Press. <mask> (2005), Victory and Vexation in Science: Einstein, Bohr, Heisenberg, and Others. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Gerhard Sonnert and <mask> (2006), What Happened to the Children Who Fled Nazi Persecution. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Gerhard Sonnert and <mask> (2010), Helping Young Refugees and Immigrants Succeed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, New York. <mask>, <mask>; Galison, Peter; Schweber, Silvan S. (2008). Einstein for the 21st Century: His Legacy in Science, Art, and Modern Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press.David Cassidy,

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Holton
Gerald
Holton
Gerald
Holton
Gerald
Holton
Gerald
Holton
Gerald
Holton
Gerald
Gerald Holton
Holton
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Gerald Holton
Gerald Holton
Gerald Holton
Gerald Holton
Holton
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title: Gerald Holton

texts:
 <mask>, and James Rutherford (2014), Comprendre la physique. Lausanne: Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes. A selection of <mask>'s books and essays can be downloaded on DASH (Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard). Among the essays are those in which Holton called for the wider adoption of what he called Jeffersonian Research—one with the double purpose of serving both basic investigation and the needs of society, as Thomas Jefferson had done repeatedly. <mask> also engaged in considerable editorial work apart from Daedalus. It included, as General Editor, the series of books on history of science by the Arno Press, and another, called Classics of Science, by Dover Publications, Inc. He also served for some years, from its beginning, on the Editorial Advisory Board and Editorial Committee of The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein (Princeton University Press, 1987 ff.).In 1972 he founded the Newsletter on Science, Technology, and Human Values, known since 1976 as the journal Science, Technology and Human Values. Professional memberships, fellowships, and other honors
While his professional memberships are collected below, one such service required a great deal of time and energy: the Presidency of the History of Science Society (1983-1984), after two years as vice president. This Society, founded by George Sarton, was highly distinguished in its essential mission; but he found on election that a great deal of work, managerially and financially, had to be done. Professional experience

American Physical Society: Fellow; American Philosophical Society: Member; American Academy of Arts and Sciences: Fellow, Editor of the Academy, 1956–63, Founding Editor of the quarterly journal, Daedalus,

masks:
Gerald Holton
Holton
Holton


title: Antonio Escobar Núñez

texts:
<mask> (born 1976) is a Spanish musical artist who has won awards during his career as a music producer, mixing engineer, sound designer and composer for advertising, film, TV and recording artists. <mask>'s music features rock, electronica, pop, dance, urban, Latin and orchestral influences. Biography

Background

<mask>ita and in 1998, formed Spanish the award-winning indie band Maydrïm. Productions

<mask> was one of the first music producers in Spain to merge rock, electronica, pop and orchestral in the late 1990s and he has been very connected with the last trends in music. He has worked composing, arranging and producing for a series of recording artists and music groups including John Legend's A Place Called World, Zara Larsson's Invisible (Klaus movie version), Dan Croll, Carlos Rivera, Malú, Dvicio, Nena Daconte, Manzanita, Vanesa Martín, Carlos Baute, OBK, Anni B Seet, Carles Benavent, Carlos Tarque (M-Clan), Dani Reus & The Gospel Factory, De Pedro, Dr Kucho!, Garrett Wall, José Ortega, La Mari (Chambao), Salvador Beltrán, Lolita Flores, Lonely Joe (as "Alan May"), Lucas, Luis Ramiro, Marwan, Vanexxa and Zahara. He has worked with many important music companies including Columbia, EMI, Sony Music, Universal Music, Warner Music, Vale Music, Subterfuge, El Diablo, Lunar and Weekend.Sonic branding

In 2000, <mask> was a mixing engineer and technician for live programmes at Localia Málaga, Málaga, a former

masks:
Antonio Escobar Núñez
Escobar
Antonio Escobarzan
Escobar
Escobar


title: Antonio Escobar Núñez

texts:
 television channel of the Prisa Media Group. In 2002, he moved to Madrid to become chief producer, composer and mixer for the advertising division of A.S.K., a music production company owned by the Argentinian rock producer Alejandro Stivel and one of Spain’s top 5 music production studios at that time. <mask> established the production company and record label, Antipop, to maximize his music productivity within the advertising industry, generate soundtracks for film and television, and produce music for more recording artists. Advertising campaigns

<mask> has composed and produced music for television, cinema and commercials, including idents, and has worked on over 200 publicity campaigns on behalf of advertising agencies and media channels for Europe and USA. He has created music for the promotion of Spanish brands, including Adif, Aena, Sammontana and Caja Madrid, and has recorded with the Bratislava Symphony Orchestra and the La Orquesta de Cámara Andrés Segovia. <mask> has also created advertising scores for international brands, including Audi, B.M.W., Carlsberg, Carrefour (broadcast in 34 countries), Coca-Cola, Ford, Nestlé, Orange, Pepsi, Peugeot, Procter & Gamble, Renault, Santander, Sony PlayStation, Telefónica, Turismo España and Visa (worldwide campaign). The commercials have been broadcast in Spain (Iberia (on Antena 3), Canal Plus, Telecinco, Televisión Española, Corporación Radiotelevisión

masks: Escobar Escobar Escobar


title: Antonio Escobar Núñez

texts:
 Española, Cuatro and laSexta), as well as internationally (Europe, Asia and South America).Awards

In recognition of his music-to-picture talents, <mask> has won various industry awards for his contributions to the sonic and visual arts. These include a Oscars Academy Awards and Cannes Film Festival nominations,  BAFTA, Gold award for Best Music at the New York Film Festival, Goya Awards, Las Vegas International Film Awards, to name a few. Rock launch

In 2003, <mask> joined forces with the singer Noemí Carrión to form the pop-rock group Nómadas and in 2004, Nieva meaning Snows, whose musical sound fuses electric guitars with electronica. In 2007, after three years of development, the duo performed concerts in Spanish cities with a full band before writing, recording and producing their debut album. In 2011, the group began the final mixing and mastering of Sed De Mar (Sea Of Thirst). Also in 2011, <mask> was the programmer of Hacia Lo Salvaje, the sixth studio album of award-winning Spanish rock group Amaral. Later activities

<mask>'s latest soundtracks credits include Klaus, Reyes de la Noche, El Cid, Santiago Of The Seas, Alex´s Strip.He has also participated in singles for the band Dvicio ( "Soy de volar")

Awards, prizes, nominations (outdated)

Film and TV - individual (outdated)
 2009 Best Soundtrack, “Miente”, III Festival Digital El Sector, Spain
 2008 Best Soundtrack (Roel Mejor Música), “Miente”, 21st

masks: Escobar Escobar Escobar Escobar


title: Dove-Myer Robinson

texts:
Sir Dove-<mask> (15 June 1901 – 14 August 1989) was Mayor of Auckland City from 1959 to 1965 and from 1968 to 1980, the longest tenure of any holder of the office. He was a colourful character and became affectionately known across New Zealand as "Robbie". He was one of several Jewish mayors of Auckland, although he rejected Judaism as a teenager and became a lifelong atheist. He has been described as a "slight, bespectacled man whose tiny stature was offset by a booming voice and massive ego". Biography

Early life and career
Born <mask> in Sheffield, England, he was the sixth of seven children of Ida Brown and <mask>. While his father described himself as a master jeweller, he actually sold trinkets and second-hand furniture, and the family was poor and often on the move. <mask>'s mother influenced his upbringing by transmitting the strict values her rabbi father had taught her.His Jewish heritage ensured that he was often targeted by anti-semitic violence in the schools he attended. The family moved to New Zealand in 1914, where his father worked as a pawnbroker. Dove-Myer, as he later called himself (ignoring his <mask> family name), found New Zealand agreeable and lacking in the intermittent persecutions he had previously faced. <mask> began working as a travelling salesman, selling motorcycles. In Gore he met Adelaide (Adele) Elizabeth Matthews, the first of his four wives and on 12 September 1924 the two married, having two daughters. The pair divorced in 1932. He established Robinson's Motor Cycle and Bicycle Depot in 1930, but the business struggled as a result of the Great Depression, expanding to include cars.He married Veda Alice Davis, a 17-year-old, on 7 December 1937. The marriage only lasted a month and in 1940 they divorced. <mask> had begun living with Bettine (Betty) Williams, a seamstress, and on 15 March 1941 they married and had two daughters and one son. He raced motorcycles as well as selling them and for a time he was a sidecar racing champion. He held the World 500cc Speedway title in 1936. His racing injuries (and impaired

masks:
Myer Robinson
Mayer Dove Robinson
Moss Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson


title: Dove-Myer Robinson

texts:
 eyesight) excused him from military service in World War II. During and after the war he and Betty focused on creating their own company, Childswear Ltd, into a prosperous clothes manufacturing business.Political activism

<mask> entered politics in the late 1940s when he led the opposition to a sewage dumping scheme championed by Auckland Mayor Sir John Allum (the Browns Island plan) that would have discharged untreated effluent into Waitemata Harbour. <mask> joined the Auckland and Suburban Drainage League, a group opposed to the idea of disposing Auckland's sewage and slaughterhouse waste into the harbour and intent on finding an alternative. <mask>'s first attempt saw him take a petition containing 43,000 signatures to Parliament to try to convince the government to block the plan, but was unsuccessful. Allum dismissed <mask> labeling him a as a "noisy crank" and disliked the challenge to his authority. Graham Bush, an Auckland historian, later termed the clash between Allum and <mask> as one "between two men of steely character who ... deserve being ranked among the half-dozen greatest men in Auckland municipal history". When a vacancy occurred on the Auckland City Council in 1952 <mask> stood as an independent candidate in the subsequent by-election. He used the publicity he had gained in his fight against Browns Island to stand out from the crowd and won the election.It was the first victory for an independent candidate in an Auckland City election since 1935. Now as a council member he was appointed as a council representative on the Auckland Drainage Board, the body proposing the Browns Island plan, and opposed it from within. To try to break the deadlock, <mask> formed a new political party, the United Independents, and at the 1953 elections the new group won five seats (including <mask>) giving them the balance of power between the Citizens & Ratepayers and Labour Party tickets. They also endorsed the candidacy for mayor of John Luxford, who defeated Allum. With Allum removed from the council (and by extension the Drainage Board), <mask>

masks: Robinson Robinson Robinson Robinson Robinson Robinson Robinson Robinson Robinson


title: Dove-Myer Robinson

texts:
 assumed chairmanship of the Drainage Board. There, he proposed and eventually realised a scheme to break down the sewage in oxidation ponds ('Robbie's ponds') near the Manukau Harbour. Browns Island instead became a public reserve.His success in the scheme earned <mask> a reputation as a visionary later on helped him gain the popularity to be elected Mayor of Auckland City. <mask> had established a public profile during his lengthy political struggle against the Browns Island plan, but it took a toll on his private life. His third marriage ended and he divorced Betty in 1959. On 15 June that same year he married Thelma Thompson, an executive at Childswear Ltd, with whom he had one daughter. Mayor of Auckland City

First term as mayor

In 1959, campaigning on a populist platform as "Robbie" he defeated the incumbent Citizens & Ratepayers mayor Keith Buttle which caused much resentment. A hallmark of <mask>'s first two terms as mayor was the perpetual animosity between himself and the Citizens & Ratepayers councillors, who despised <mask>'s popularity, working-class origins and social conduct. <mask> was also infamously known for walking from his home in Remuera to work at the town hall shirtless, often media cameras in tow.<mask>'s main drive in his first period as mayor was a proposed merging of the 32 separate city, borough and county councils in greater Auckland into a regional authority that could collectively decide on issues of regional importance. He won over smaller councils (who mostly opposed the reforms) and exploited Parliamentary recommendations for compulsory council amalgamations to forge the issue ahead successfully on condition that the existing councils were left intact. After being re-elected in 1962, the Auckland Regional Authority (ARA) was established in 1963 and <mask> was chosen as its founding chairman. <mask> described 1965 as his annus horribilis. He had a very public break-up with his fourth wife Thelma (who only wanted two terms as mayoress), he lost the 1965 mayoral election by 1,134 votes to Citizens & Ratepayers

masks: Robinson Robinson Robinson Robinson Robinson Robinson Robinson Robinson


title: Dove-Myer Robinson

texts:
 candidate Roy McElroy and despite being re-elected to the ARA, he was denied any chairman responsibilities. He endured a three-year political hiatus and was now a single parent. Second term as mayor
In 1968 he in turn defeated McElroy by 5,972 votes becoming the first Mayor of Auckland to serve non-consecutive terms.His niece, Barbara Goodman, became his mayoress for the rest of his time as mayor. He cultivated a more constructive relationship with the newer Citizens & Ratepayers councillors, most of whom were uninvolved in the feuding of previous council terms and more appreciative of <mask>'s role in the Browns Island affair. He was again returned to the ARA where he was appointed to the transit committee. <mask>'s main focus during his second period as mayor was his advocacy for rapid transit system for Auckland. <mask>'s proposal for a bus-rail rapid transit plan was "to provide fast, modern electrified railways through the main traffic corridors of the region". The proposal had passenger trains every three minutes running from an underground subway terminal in the city centre with above ground tracks leading to Howick, Auckland Airport and a tunnel to the North Shore. The scheme was heavily criticized for its cost (an estimated $273 million in 1973) and both the ARA chairman Tom Pearce and most of its members opposed the scheme.The Third Labour Government reneged on an election pledge to pay for the scheme and the rapid rail proposal disappeared. Retrospectively, <mask>'s idea to implement rapid rail was seen as a possible long-term solution to Auckland's subsequent transportation difficulties. The phrase; "If we'd only listened to Robbie..." has become common speech in Auckland whenever the city's transport system is debated. During his career, <mask> also became involved in the incipient movement of Green politics, particularly the anti-nuclear movement, and supported the Third Labour Government's opposition to French nuclear testing in the Pacific. He was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 1970 Queen's Birthday Honours, for outstanding

masks: Robinson Robinson Robinson Robinson Robinson


title: Dove-Myer Robinson

texts:
 services as mayor of Auckland. <mask>'s influence declined in the 1970s and after his 1977 election victory he promised not to run again. However, he recanted and stood again in 1980, but his age was against him and he lost to Colin Kay.Later life and death
<mask> was loath to retire and twice attempted to re-enter politics. He stood for mayor again in 1983 but finished a distant fourth. At the 1986 local-body elections he was a candidate for a council seat in the Remuera ward but was unsuccessful. Strained relationships with most of his children caused his unintentional retirement to be a lonely one. His niece, Dame Barbara Goodman told papers on his death "I think he did much better in his relationship with the public than in his private relationships". <mask> lived out his remaining years in a retirement village in Auckland until his death on 14 August 1989, survived by his six children. A civic funeral was held for him at the Auckland Town Hall with a secular service led by Reverend Selwyn Dawson (a former councillor).Legacy

<mask> has been described as one of New Zealand's most popular and colourful politicians, politically independent, rationalist, environmentalist and alternative medicine advocate. In 1983 John Roberts, a Professor of Political Studies, commented on <mask>'s charisma:

Dame Barbara Goodman, former Auckland Mayoress and councillor, was his niece, and spearheaded a campaign for the Auckland City Council to build a statue of him in Aotea Square; the statue was completed in 2002. Dove Myer <mask> Park, formerly the Parnell Rose Gardens, was named after him. The park was where previous mayor John Logan Campbell once lived. See also
United Independents

References

Notes

|-

1901 births
1989 deaths
Jewish atheists
Jewish mayors
Jewish New Zealand politicians
New Zealand atheists
Mayors of Auckland
People from Sheffield
New Zealand people of English-Jewish descent
New Zealand Knights Bachelor
British emigrants to New Zealand
English Jews
20th-century New Zealand politicians
New Zealand politicians awarded knighthoods
Independent

masks: Robinson Robinson Robinson Robinson Robinson Robinson


title: Simon Metcalfe

texts:
<mask> (also spelled Metcalf)  (c. 1741 – 1794) was a British-born American surveyor and one of the first American maritime fur traders to visit the Pacific Northwest coast. As early visitors to the Hawaiian Islands in 1789, <mask> and his son <mask> unwittingly provided Western military weapons and advisors for Kamehameha I, when two of their men and a ship and its armaments were captured. These helped the chief win strategic battles and unify the Hawaiian Islands. The son Thomas and most of his crew were killed about 1789-1790 in an attack by Hawaiian warriors, which the father never learned about. <mask> later returned to the Pacific Northwest. He and all but one of his crew were killed in 1794 in an attack by Haida warriors who were allowed on the ship for trading. This was in what were then known as the Queen Charlotte Islands, now known as Haida Gwaii in present-day British Columbia, Canada.Life
<mask> was born in London, England, April 23, 1741. He was the son of George and <mask> of Askrigg, Yorkshire. Due to a recent inheritance, they had moved to Shadwell, London, at the time of <mask>'s birth. <mask> was baptized at 9 days old on May 1, 1741, at St. Pauls, Shadwell. In his early life he trained for a career at sea with the East India Company. He was married in Bolton-on-Swale, Yorkshire, on May 12, 1763, to Catherine Humphrey, daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth Humphrey of that town. Metcalfe said at that time that his address was Dowgate Street, London and that he was a merchant.His brother Bernard Metcalfe was his witness. He and Catherine Humphrey had at least nine children. About 1765, the family: <mask>, Catherine

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Metcalfe
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Anne Metcalfe
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Simon
Simon


title: Simon Metcalfe

texts:
 and baby Elizabeth emigrated to the Province of New York, leaving son George in Yorkshire with <mask>'s brother Bernard, so that the boy could be educated. The Metcalfe family first settled in New York City, a major port. Metcalfe found employment as a surveyor and worked on the survey of the Fort Stanwix Treaty line in about 1769 in the western part of the province. He was promoted to Deputy Surveyor in the Province of New York by 1770. In 1771, Governor Dunmore of New York granted  of land to <mask> and his wife.This land was called Prattsburgh and is now part of Swanton and Highgate in Vermont. With his family settled on this land, Metcalfe established a fur trading post at the mouth of the Missisquoi River. During the American Revolutionary War, Metcalfe supported the American cause. He was taken prisoner by the British and held in Montreal. As his wife accompanied him, three of his children were born in Montreal around 1777, 1779 and 1781. In early August 1781 their son George arrived with the fleet from England to join the family in Montreal, shortly before <mask> and Thomas escaped. In 1783, after the Revolutionary War, the British released Catherine Metcalfe and 8 children as prisoners from Canada.Metcalfe's property located on Lake Champlain was destroyed during the war. After the war was over, Metcalfe moved with his family to Albany, the capital of the new state of New York. Maritime fur trade

In the 1780s, Metcalfe took a consignment of seal furs from the Falkland Islands, which were being stored in New York City for trading. In 1787 he acquired the brig Eleanora (sometimes spelled Eleanor). In September 1787 he

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Simon Metcalfe
Simon


title: Simon Metcalfe

texts:
 set sail for China on the Eleanora with a cargo of furs for trading. He continued as a maritime fur trader for the next seven years. He probably did not return to New York after leaving in 1787.<mask> might have been the first American to sail to the Pacific Northwest coast to pursue fur trading. In command of the Eleanora, he may have been on the Northwest Coast in 1787 or 1788, perhaps before the arrival of American captains Robert Gray and John Kendrick in August and September 1788. In 1789, both <mask> and his son Thomas Humphrey <mask> were caught up in the Nootka Crisis at Nootka Sound, near present-day Vancouver Island. Major European powers were competing with the new United States and each other to establish control over trading in this area. Although the events at Nootka were mainly directed toward British merchant vessels, the Spanish naval officer Esteban José Martínez seized <mask>'s small schooner, the . <mask>fe approached Nootka Sound and the Eleanora was almost captured as well, but he managed to escape. The Fair American and its crew were taken to the Spanish naval base at San Blas.They were quickly released. The Metcalfes had planned to spend the winter in the Hawaiian Islands. After being released, Thomas Metcalfe sailed the Fair American to Hawaii, hoping to join his father. Olowalu massacre

The Eleanora under <mask> arrived in the islands first. In Kohala on the island of Hawaiʻi, Metcalfe was greeted by local chief Kameʻeiamoku. Metcalfe had the chief flogged for some infraction. The captain was said to believe in strong and immediate punishment when his rules were broken.By most accounts he was

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Metcalfe
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title: Simon Metcalfe

texts:
 irascible and harsh. He sailed to the neighboring island of Maui to trade along the coast. Kameʻeiamoku vowed revenge on whatever ship next came his way. Metcalfe ran into more trouble on the coast of Maui when a boat and sailor went missing. It was discovered that the boat had been stolen and the sailor killed. His retaliation became known as the Olowalu Massacre. He sailed to Olowalu, the village of the suspected thieves.Feigning peaceful intent, he invited the villagers to the Eleanora for trade. Many canoes gathered at the ship. Metcalfe directed them to come to one side, where he had loaded his cannon with ball and shot. He ordered a broadside fired at point-blank range, which blasted the vessels to pieces. About 100 Native Hawaiians were killed and several hundred wounded. Because Hawaiians considered Olowalu a pu'u honua, or place of refuge, this attack had profound and long-lasting consequences, ultimately undermining the site's cultural stability. After the massacre, Metcalfe weighed anchor and returned to the island of Hawai'i.At Kealakekua Bay he began what seemed to be friendly trade for provisions. Capture of the Fair American

Meanwhile, his son Thomas Humphrey <mask>, then 19 years old, arrived near Kawaihae Bay, in the Fair American. By coincidence the Fair American was the next ship to visit the territory of chief Kameʻeiamoku, who was eager for revenge. The schooner was manned by only four sailors plus its relatively inexperienced captain. The Hawaiians easily captured it, and killed <mask> and most of his small crew. The only survivor was Isaac Davis, who was badly injured but spared by chief Kameʻeiamoku.

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Thomas Metcalfe


title: Simon Metcalfe

texts:
 The chief appropriated the ship, its guns, ammunition, and other valuable goods, as well as Davis.At the time the Hawaiians did not realize that the late captain of the Fair American was the son of <mask>fe, whose Eleanora was anchored at Kealakekua Bay, about  away. The chief eventually gave Fair American and Davis to King Kamehameha I. When Kamehameha learned about the capture of the Fair American, he prohibited further contact between the natives and the Eleanora. <mask> sent the boatswain John Young ashore to investigate. Young was captured by the Hawaiians, and Metcalfe was puzzled by the sudden silence. He waited two days for Young to return, firing guns in hope that the sound would guide Young back. Finally, sensing danger or becoming frustrated, Metcalfe left and set sail for China, not knowing that his son had been killed nearby.He never learned about the attack on the Fair American or the fate of his son. These events mark a turning point in Hawaiian history. The two Americans, John Young and Isaac Davis, were put to use by Kamehameha, who drew on their knowledge and the armament from the Fair American for his military ventures. He eventually conquered and unified the Hawaiian Islands under his rule. Young and Davis became respected translators and military advisors for Kamehameha. Their skill in gunnery, as well as the cannon from the Fair American, helped Kamehameha win many battles. He won the Battle of Kepaniwai later in 1790, which defeated the forces of Maui.The two men married members of the royal family, raised their families in Hawaii, and received valuable lands. Death
<mask>fe continued to trade around the

masks:
Simon Metcal
Simon Metcalfe
Simon Metcal


title: Simon Metcalfe

texts:
 Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean for another 4 years. He was in Macao in 1791. In 1792 he purchased a small French brig at Port Louis, Isle of France (now known as Mauritius), to serve as a tender to Eleanora. He named this brig Ino and appointed his younger son Robert to command her. When the Eleanora sank in the Indian Ocean in September 1792, Metcalfe took command of the Ino. In 1794, Metcalfe visited Houston Stewart Channel, at the southern end of the Haida Gwaii, and anchored in Coyah's Sound, in the area now known as British Columbia.He began friendly trading with the local Haida natives under Chief Koyah. Metcalfe let a great number come aboard the Ino. The Haida took advantage of their superiority in numbers and attacked. Within a few minutes, the natives had killed nearly every man on board, including <mask>fe, save one who fled into the rigging. The natives ordered the man to come down, and kept him as a slave for about a year. Eventually that man was ransomed to a visiting European ship, whose captain dropped him off in Hawaii. There he told the story to John Young, who passed it on to other captains who visited the northwest Pacific islands.In 1794 the Haida also captured the schooner Resolution, tender to the Boston ship Jefferson under captain Josiah Roberts. Those warriors were led by Chief Cumshewa. As with the Ino, they killed all but one of the crew. References

External links
 Letter from Captain Metcalf, 1790, to King Kamehameha
 Surprise Visitor at Nootka Sound, Tacoma Public Library
 Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites (Chapter 3), Overview of Hawaiian History, National Park Service


title: Simon Metcalfe

texts:
 "Historic Kealakekua Bay". Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society. Honolulu, Hawaii. 1928.Howay, Frederic William (1925). "Captain <mask>fe and the Brig 'Eleanora'". Washington Historical Quarterly. 16 (2): 114-121. 1741 births
1794 deaths
Ancient Hawaii
American fur traders
British emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
History of British Columbia
History of Maui
Sea captains
Oregon Country
Sealers
Fur traders
Sailors from


title: Richard Heinberg

texts:
<mask> is an American journalist and educator who has written extensively on energy, economic, and ecological issues, including oil depletion. He is the author of 13 books, and presently serves as the senior fellow at the Post Carbon Institute. Early life
<mask> grew up in  St. Joseph, Missouri. His father, <mask>, was a chemist and high-school physics and chemistry teacher. <mask>'s interest in science came from his father, but at an early age, he rejected his parents' fundamentalist Christian beliefs. At one point he lived at Colorado's Sunrise Ranch, headquarters of the " Emissaries of Divine Light" group, which Heinberg referred to as "a sort of benign cult." Career
After two years in college and a period of personal study, in November 1979 <mask> became personal assistant to Immanuel Velikovsky.After Velikovsky's death, <mask> assisted his widow in editing manuscripts. He published his first book in 1989, Memories and Visions of Paradise: Exploring the Universal Myth of a Lost Golden Age, which was the result of ten years of study of world mythology. An expanded second edition was published in 1995. He began publishing his alternative newsletter, the MuseLetter, in 1992. His next book – published in 1993 – was Celebrate the Solstice: Honoring the Earth's Seasonal Rhythms through Festival and Ceremony. In June 1995, speaking to the International Society for the Comparative Study of Civilizations in Dayton, Ohio, <mask> provided "A Primitivist Critique of Civilization" and discussed the ways in which "we are, it would seem, killing the planet." In February 2007, <mask> addressed the Committee on International Trade of the European Parliament and served as an advisor to the National Petroleum Council in its report to the U.S. Secretary of Energy on Peak Oil.In October 2007, the Green Party of Aotearoa organised a speaking tour of New Zealand for <mask>, which included a presentation in the Beehive theatrette within the New Zealand Parliament building. In 2008 he was a Mayor's appointed member of the Oil Independent Oakland 2020 Task Force (Oakland, California), which was convened to chart a path

masks:
Richard William Heinberg
Heinberg
William Heinberg
Heinberg
Heinberg
Heinberg
Heinberg
Heinberg
Heinberg


title: Richard Heinberg

texts:
 for the city to dramatically reduce its petroleum dependence. <mask> is now the Senior Fellow of the Post Carbon Institute in Santa Rosa, California. He is also a violinist, illustrator, and book designer. He is married to Janet Barocco. <mask> has proposed an international protocol to peak oil management with the aim of reducing the impact of the arrival of the peak. The adoption of the Protocol would mean that oil-importing nations should deal to reduce their importations in an annual percentage, while exporting countries should deal to reduce their exportations in the same percentage.The Uppsala Protocol has been focused in a similar direction. <mask> is the editor of MuseLetter, which has been included in Utne Magazine's annual list of Best Alternative Newsletters. He has appeared in the documentaries The End of Suburbia, The 11th Hour, Crude Impact, Oil, Smoke & Mirrors, Chasing God, What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire, The Great Squeeze, The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil, A Farm for the Future and Ripe For Change. <mask> serves on the advisory board of The Climate Mobilization, a grassroots advocacy group calling for a national economic mobilization against climate change on the scale of the home front during World War II, with the goal of 100% clean energy and net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2025. <mask> is one of the more moderate commentators on peak oil (compared with others like James Howard Kunstler.) Books
<mask>'s books from the later 1990s address the relationships between humanity and the natural world. In 1998, he began teaching at New College of California in the "Culture, Ecology and Sustainable Community" program, which he helped design.He remained a member of the Core Faculty until 2007, when the College closed its doors. His book The Party's Over: Oil, War, and the Fate of Industrial Societies, published in 2003, was one of the first full-length analyses of peak oil. In 2004, <mask> provided the closing address for the First US Conference on Peak Oil and Community Solutions. His title was "Beyond the Peak." Publications
 Memories and Visions of

masks: Heinberg Heinberg Heinberg Heinberg Heinberg Heinberg Heinberg


title: Richard Heinberg

texts:
 Paradise: Exploring the Universal Myth of a Lost Golden Age (1989; revised edition, 1995; British edition, 1990; Portuguese edition, 1991)
 Celebrate the Solstice: Honoring the Earth’s Seasonal Rhythms through Festival and Ceremony (1993; Italian edition, 2002; Portuguese edition, 2002)
 A New Covenant with Nature: Notes on the End of Civilization and the Renewal of Culture (1996; Portuguese edition, 1998)
 Cloning the Buddha: The Moral Impact of Biotechnology (1999; Indian edition, 2001; Japanese edition, 2001; Chinese edition, 2001)
 The Party's Over: Oil, War, and the Fate of Industrial Societies (2003; British, Italian, German, Spanish, and Arabic editions, 2004–2005; revised North American edition, 2005; Spanish edition, 2007; French edition, 2008 German Edition)
 Powerdown: Options and Actions for a Post-Carbon World () (2004; British edition 2005)
 The Oil Depletion Protocol: A Plan to Avert Oil Wars, Terrorism and Economic Collapse (2006, ),
 Peak Everything: Waking Up to the Century of Declines (2007, ). Blackout: Coal, Climate, and the Last Energy Crisis (June, 2009). ()
 The Post Carbon Reader: Managing the 21st Century’s Sustainability Crises, edited by <mask> Heinberg & Daniel Lerch (2010)
 The End of Growth: Adapting to Our New Economic Reality, (2011)
 Snake Oil: How Fracking's False Promise of Plenty Imperils Our Future (2013)
 Afterburn: Society Beyond Fossil Fuels (2015)
 Our Renewable Future: Laying the Path for One Hundred Percent Clean Energy (2016) , co-authored by Richard Heinberg and David Fridley
 Power: Limits and Prospects for Human Survival (2021)

See also
 Energy descent
 Oil depletion
 Peak oil
 Petrodollar warfare

References

External links

2008 interview on Global Public Media Heinberg on Post Carbon Institute's Green New Deal

  on the Keiser Report

Living people
American male journalists
Journalists from California
American non-fiction environmental writers
Ecological economists
People associated with criticism of economic growth
Newsletter publishers (people)
Writers from Santa Rosa, California
Activists from California
Year of birth missing (living


title: John Graeffer

texts: <mask> or <mask> (1 January 1746 – 7 August 1802) was a German botanist nurseryman born in Helmstedt. Graeffer/Graefer is remembered by garden historians as having introduced a number of exotic plants to British gardens and to have worked for the king of Naples at the palace of Caserta. Trained by Philip Miller at the Chelsea Physic Garden, London, one of the most prominent botanical gardens of Europe during the 18th century, <mask> was subsequently gardener to the Earl of Coventry at Croome Court, Worcestershire,<ref>Peter Hayden, Russian Parks and Gardens (2005:84).</ref> which was being landscaped by Capability Brown, and then to James Vere, of Kensington Gore, a founder of the Royal Horticultural Society <mask> struck out on his own as a partner with Archibald Thompson and the prominent nurseryman James Gordon in Gordon's long-established Mile End nursery near the New Globe, Stepney, just beyond the East End of London. After Gordon's retirement and his death in 1780, the nursery at Mile End was inherited by Gordon's three sons. In August 1781, it was reported in L'ésprit des Journaux, that MM Grœffer et Bessel had been issued a royal patent (dated 30 December 1780) for their preparation of cooked and preserved vegetables for the Royal Navy and the use of those on sea voyages; it was the first recorded patent for preserving vegetables by drying them. For that purpose, it was reported, they had purchased 200 arpents of land near the "nouvelle globe", Mile End, for plantings, which appears to be Gordon's long-established plant nursery. The patent was issued for preserving "a

masks:
John Graefer
Johann Andreas Graeffer
Graeffer
Graeffer


title: John Graeffer

texts: vegetable of the Brassica kind, generally known by the name of green and brown borecole, scotch or other kale with a salt solution and drying so it will keep for up to a year."Among <mask>'s introductions to British horticulture by far the most familiar was the variegated form of Aucuba japonica, the loved and loathed "Spotted Laurel" of gardens, which he introduced to British horticulture in 1783, at first as a plant for a heated greenhouse; it became widely cultivated as the "Gold Plant" by 19th-century gardeners. According to <mask> Loudon he was also responsible for the introduction of Pyrus bollwylleriana, the Bollwyller pear (later called Shipova), and P. baccata (later called Malus baccata), the Siberian wild crab. Another of his introductions was Sideroxylon melanophloeos (later called Rapanea melanophloeos), from the Cape Province, 1784. Not all his introductions took: in 1783 Graeffer introduced Fumaria nobilis, a little alpine plant native to the Altai in Siberia, but it was subsequently lost to horticulture and reintroduced; he catalogued 80 species of plants suitable for rock gardens in 1789. Graham Stuart Thomas who knew the 1794 edition, found it "certainly the first 'quick reference' book on alpines that I have come across: he gives full particulars of descriptions and cultivation in a tabulated list. I think he was entitled to claim: 'The Author proposes in his use of his great variety of Herbaceous Plants a more constant and uniform and gay Attraction of Gardens, than has been hitherto pointed out, or adopted'". He also issued A Descriptive Catalogue of Upwards of

masks:
Graeffer
John Claudius


title: John Graeffer

texts:
 Eleven Hundred Species and Varieties of Herbaceous Or Perennial Plants that same year.In the 1790s <mask> obtained a recommendation from Sir Joseph Banks, to be employed as head gardener to the king of Naples; at the royal palace of Caserta he introduced elements of the English landscape garden to the extensive formal plan, the Giardino Inglese instigated by Sir William Hamilton, for King Ferdinand, who eventually took an interest in it, after Sir William had urged Queen Maria Carolina, as Hamilton reported to Banks from Caserta 22 April 1794,  "that it would be a constant reproach to this country the having had by your goodness such a man as Graeffer for more than ten years without having had the least profit from his well known talents". A knowledgeable visitor, Sir James Edward Smith, founder of the Linnean Society, has left an account of Graeffer's unsuccessful try at introducing the English taste:
Mr <mask>, a very ingenious gardener recommended to the queen of Naples by sir Joseph Banks, was then employed in laying out a garden for her majesty in the English taste, to which purpose a portion of ground was allotted nor far from the palace; but unluckily in full view of a stupendous brick wall , built with Herculean labour for the purpose of keeping the above-mentioned cascade in its place. No plantation whatever could conceal this glaring wall from any part of the garden; nor could any climbing plants reach near to its top. The ground was besides occupied by miserable olives, with scarcely a picturesque tree to turn to account. Nevertheless Mr. <mask> had succeeded, we thought,

masks: Graeffer Graeffer Graeffer


title: John Graeffer

texts:
 wonderfully. He had formed some very pleasant lawns, interspersed with clumps of myrtle and other shrubs, and the whole wore a very promising appearance. But unfortunately none of the Neapolitans could see any kind of beauty in his performances, and they complained of his introducing so vulgar a thing as myrtle!The queen was much disposed to be pleased, but she could not stem the tide of opinion; nor did the king approve of the expense: so the whole was given up some time after. With more success, <mask>, who must have had plenty of time on his hands, published a catalogue of the plants at Caserta, Synopsis plantarum regii viridarii Caserti'' (Naples 1803). In 1799, on Sir William Hamilton's suggestion, he became bailiff of Admiral Horatio Nelson's estate at Bronte, Sicily, where <mask> was expected to reorganize the agriculture along progressive English lines; his  extravagant ideas, however, consumed the income Nelson expected from the estate: to Lady Hamilton Nelson wrote "I hope Graeffer is going on so at Bronté; I am sure I take nothing from that estate.". <mask> died in Bronte in 1802. Notes

1746 births
1802 deaths
German horticulturists
People from Brunswick-Lüneburg
People from


title: Johnny "Guitar" Watson

texts:
<mask>. (February 3, 1935 – May 17, 1996), known professionally as “<mask>” <mask>, was an American musician and singer-songwriter. A flamboyant showman and electric guitarist in the style of T-Bone Walker, his recording career spanned forty years, and encompassed rhythm and blues, funk and soul music. <mask> recorded throughout the 1950s and 1960s with some success. His creative reinvention in the 1970s with funk overtones, saw <mask> have hits with "Ain't That a Bitch" and "Superman Lover". His highest charting single was 1977's "A Real Mother for Ya". Early life
<mask> was born in Houston, Texas. His father John Sr. was a pianist, and taught his son the instrument.But young <mask> was immediately attracted to the sound of the guitar, in particular the electric guitar as played by T-Bone Walker and Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown. His grandfather, a preacher, was also musical. "My grandfather used to sing while he'd play guitar in church, man," <mask> reflected many years later. When <mask> was 11, his grandfather offered to give him a guitar if, and only if, the boy didn't play any of the "devil's music". His parents separated in 1950, when he was 15. His mother moved to Los Angeles, and took <mask> with her. Early career
In his new city, <mask> won several local talent shows.This led to his employment, while still a teenager, with jump blues-style bands such as Chuck Higgins's Mellotones and Amos Milburn. He worked as a vocalist, pianist, and guitarist. He quickly made a name for himself in the

masks:
John Watson Jr
Johnny Guitar
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Johnny
Watson
Watson


title: Johnny "Guitar" Watson

texts: African-American juke joints of the West Coast, where he first recorded for Federal Records in 1952. He was billed as Young John <mask> until 1954. That year, he saw the Joan Crawford film <mask>, and a new stage name was born. In 1953, Shorty Rogers had <mask> as part of his Orchestra perform for the famed ninth Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles which was produced by Leon Hefflin, Sr. on June 7. Also featured that day were Roy Brown and his Orchestra, Don Tosti and His Mexican Jazzmen, Earl Bostic, Nat "King" Cole, and Louis Armstrong and his All Stars with Velma Middleton.<mask> affected a swaggering, yet humorous personality, indulging a taste for flashy clothes and wild showmanship on stage. His "attacking" style of playing, without a plectrum, resulted in him often needing to change the strings on his guitar once or twice a show, because he "stressified on them" so much, as he put it. <mask>'s ferocious "Space Guitar" single of 1954 pioneered guitar feedback and reverb. <mask> would later influence a subsequent generation of guitarists. His song "Gangster of Love" was first released on Keen Records in 1957. It did not appear in the charts at the time, but was later re-recorded and became a hit in 1978, becoming <mask>'s "most famous song". He toured and recorded with his friend Larry Williams, as well as Little Richard, Don and Dewey, The Olympics, <mask> and, in the mid-1970s with David Axelrod.In 1975 he was a guest performer on two tracks (flambe vocals on the

masks:
Watson
Johnny Guitar
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Johnny Otis


title: Johnny "Guitar" Watson

texts:
 out-choruses of "San Ber'dino" and "Andy") on the Frank Zappa album One Size Fits All. He also played with Herb Alpert and George Duke. But as the popularity of blues declined and the era of soul music dawned in the 1960s, <mask> transformed himself from southern blues singer with pompadour into urban soul singer in a pimp hat. His new style was emphatic – wearing the gold teeth, broad-brimmed hats, flashy suits, fashionable outsized sunglasses and ostentatious jewelry. He modified his music accordingly. His albums Ain't That a Bitch (included funk blues singles "Superman Lover" and "I Need It") and Real Mother For Ya (1977) fused funk and blues. <mask> had album Love Jones in 1980.Reviewing <mask>'s 1977 LP A Real Mother for Ya, Robert Christgau wrote in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981): "<mask> has been perfecting his own brand of easy-listening funk for years, and this time he's finally gone into the studio with his guitar Freddie and his drummer Emry and a bunch of electric keyboards and come up with a whole album of good stuff. The riff-based tracks go on too long but go down easy and the lyrics have an edge. Granted, <mask> can't match George Benson's chops, but this is dance music, chops would just get in the way. And I prefer his Lou-Rawls-without-pipes to Benson's Stevie-Wonder-ditto." Later career

The shooting death of his friend Larry Williams in 1980 and other personal setbacks led to <mask> briefly withdrawing from the spotlight in the 1980s. "I got caught up

masks: Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson


title: Johnny "Guitar" Watson

texts: with the wrong people doing the wrong things", he was quoted as saying by The New York Times. The release of his album Bow Wow in 1994 brought <mask> more visibility and chart success than he had ever known.The album received a Grammy Award nomination. In a 1994 interview with David Ritz for liner notes to The Funk Anthology, <mask> was asked if his 1980 song "Telephone Bill" anticipated rap music. "Anticipated?" <mask> replied. "I damn well invented it! ... And I wasn't the only one. Talking rhyming lyrics to a groove is something you'd hear in the clubs everywhere from Macon to Memphis.Man, talking has always been the name of the game. When I sing, I'm talking in melody. When I play, I'm talking with my guitar. I may be talking trash, baby, but I'm talking". In 1995, he was given a Pioneer Award from the Rhythm and Blues Foundation in a presentation and performance ceremony at the Hollywood Palladium. In February 1995, <mask> was interviewed by Tomcat Mahoney for his Brooklyn, New York-based blues radio show The Other Half. <mask> discussed at length his influences and those he had influenced, referencing Guitar Slim, Jimi Hendrix, Frank Zappa and Stevie Ray Vaughan.He made a special guest appearance on Bo Diddley's 1996 album A Man Amongst Men, playing vocoder on the track "I Can't Stand It" and singing on the track "Bo Diddley Is Crazy". His music was sampled by Redman (who based his "Sooperman Luva" saga on <mask>'s "Superman Lover"), DJ Jazzy Jeff and The Fresh Prince, The Real Roxanne, Ice Cube,


title: Johnny "Guitar" Watson

texts:
 Eazy-E, Snoop Dogg, Dr. Dre, Jay-Z, and Mary J. Blige. Snoop Dogg and Dr. Dre borrowed P-Funk's adaptation of <mask>'s catchphrase "Bow wow wow yippi-yo yippi-yay" for Snoop's hit "Who Am I? (What's My Name?)". <mask> also played the guitar on the G-funk remix of Dr. Dre's Grammy Award-winning single "Let Me Ride" in 1993. "<mask> was always aware of what was going on around him", recalled Susan Maier <mask> (later to become the musician's wife) in an interview printed in the liner notes to the album The Very Best of <mask> 'Guitar' <mask>. "He was proud that he could change with the times and not get stuck in the past".Death
<mask>

<mask>, a recognized master of the Fender Stratocaster guitar, has been compared to Jimi Hendrix and allegedly became irritated when asked about this comparison, supposedly stating: "I used to play the guitar standing on my hands. I had a 150-foot cord and I could get on top of the auditorium – those things Jimi Hendrix was doing, I started that shit." Frank Zappa stated that "<mask>'s 1956 song 'Three Hours Past Midnight' inspired me to become a guitarist". <mask> contributed to Zappa's albums One Size Fits All (1975), Them or Us (1984),  Thing-Fish (1984) and  Frank Zappa Meets the Mothers of Prevention (1985). Zappa also named "Three Hours Past Midnight" his favorite record in a 1979 interview.Steve Miller not only did a cover of "Gangster of Love" on his 1968 album Sailor (substituting "Is your name "Stevie 'Guitar' Miller?" for the same line with <mask>'s name), he made

masks: Watson Watson Johnny Watson Johnny Watson Watsonnce Watson Watson Watson Watson


title: Johnny "Guitar" Watson

texts: a reference to it in his 1969 song "Space Cowboy" ("And you know that I'm a gangster of love") as well as in his 1973 hit song "The Joker" ("Some call me the gangster of love"). Miller had also borrowed the sobriquet for his own "The Gangster Is Back", on his 1971 album Rock Love. Jimmie Vaughan, brother of Stevie Ray Vaughan, is quoted as saying: "When my brother Stevie and I were growing up in Dallas, we idolized very few guitarists. We were highly selective and highly critical. <mask> 'Guitar' <mask> was at the top of the list, along with Freddie, Albert and B.B. King.<mask> influenced Jimi Hendrix, Sly Stone, Etta James, and Stevie Ray Vaughan. Bobby Womack said: "Music-wise, he (<mask>) was the most dangerous gunslinger out there, even when others made a lot of noise in the charts ～　I'm thinking of Sly Stone or George Clinton". Etta James stated, in an interview at the 2006 Rochester International Jazz Festival: "<mask>Guitar' <mask>... Just one of my favorite singers of all time. I first met him when we were both on the road with <mask> in the '50s, when I was a teenager. We traveled the country in a car together so I would hear him sing every night. His singing style was the one I took on when I was 17 – people used to call me the female <mask> 'Guitar' <mask> and him the male Etta James... He knew what the blues was all about...".James is also quoted as saying: "I got everything from <mask>... He was my main model... My whole ballad style comes from my imitating <mask>'s style... He was the

masks:
Johnny
Watson
Watson
Watson
Johnny '
Watson
Johnny Otis
Johnny
Watson
Johnny
Johnny


title: Johnny "Guitar" Watson

texts:
 baddest and the best... <mask> <mask> was not just a guitarist: the man was a master musician. He could call out charts; he could write a beautiful melody or a nasty groove at the drop of a hat; he could lay on the harmonies and he could come up with a whole sound." Pearl Jam recorded a song entitled "Johnny Guitar", about <mask>, for their 2009 album Backspacer. <mask>'s 1976 song "Superman Lover" features on the soundtrack of the video game Grand Theft Auto V.

Discography

Albums

 1958 Gangster of Love (King)
 1963 I Cried for You (Cadet 4056) (featuring <mask> on piano)
 1963 <mask> <mask> (King)
 1964 The Blues Soul of <mask> <mask>
 1965 Larry Williams Show with <mask> <mask> (guest musician)
 1967 Bad
 1967 In the Fats Bag
 1967 Two for the Price of One (with Larry Williams)
 1973 Listen (Fantasy 9437)
 1975 I Don't Want to Be Alone, Stranger (Fantasy 9484)
 1975 The Gangster Is Back
 1976 Ain't That a Bitch (DJM 3)
 1976 Captured Live
 1977 A Real Mother for Ya
 1977 Funk Beyond the Call of Duty (DJM 714)
 1978 Watsonian Institute- Master Funk" (DJlPA-13)
 1978 Giant (DJM 19)
 1978 Gettin' Down with <mask> "Guitar" <mask> 1979 What the Hell Is This? / Can You Handle It (DJM 1106)

See alsoThe Gangster of Love – <mask> "Guitar" <mask>: Performer, Preacher, Pimp'' (2009), Vincent Bakker, CreateSpace, , Extended Edition (2014), 476 pages, 300 illustrations, CreateSpace, .References

External links

 Discography at Soulful Kinda Music. <mask> <mask> Audio Interview at the Internet Archive. 1935

masks:
Johnny Guitar
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Johnny Guitar
Watson
Johnny Guitar
Watson
Johnny Guitar
Watson
Johnny
Watson
Johnny
Watson
Johnny Guitar
Watson


title: Sholom Rivkin

texts:
<mask> (6 June 1926 – 1 October 2011) was an Israeli-born American rabbi. He was the last Chief Rabbi of St. Louis, Missouri, and the last chief rabbi of one of only a few cities in the United States that has ever had a chief rabbi. He held the post of Chief Rabbi from 1983 until 2005 and was Chief Rabbi Emeritus until his death in 2011. He was also a chief judge on the Beth Din of the Rabbinical Council of America, and head of the Vaad Hoeir of St. Louis, the governing body of the St. Louis Orthodox Jewish community. He was an expert in Jewish law, especially family and divorce law, and was consulted by rabbis and rabbinical courts around the world. Early life and education
<mask> was born June 6, 1926, at Hadassah Hospital in Jerusalem. His father was Rabbi <mask>, a protégé and beloved chasid  of Rabbi <mask> (also known as “the Rashab”), the fifth Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic movement.His mother was Nacha <mask> (née Heber) of Kalisz, Poland. Rabbi Moshe Ber and Nacha married in 1920 and their daughter, Ella, was born in 1921. In 1924, Moshe Ber <mask> was sent by the Rashab to Palestine to be the dean of a rabbinical school, the Yeshivas Toras Emes in Jerusalem, where their son, <mask>, was born. Following the 1929 Palestine riots, <mask>'s family emigrated to the United States and settled in Borough Park, Brooklyn, where <mask>'s father become the dean of Yeshiva Torah Vodaath. His mother was one of the founders of the Shulamith School for Girls in Borough Park, Brooklyn, the first girls’ yeshiva in the United States. She became a renowned Hebrew  textbook author and Jewish educator, championing day school education for Orthodox Jewish girls. <mask> became

masks:
Rabbi Sholom Rivkin
Sholom Rivkin
Moshe Ber Rivkin
Sholom Dovber Schneersohn
Rivkin
Rivkin
Sholom
Rivkin
Rivkin
Rivkin