title: Mary Jobe Akeley

texts:
 presented as something of real value to the human race."In The Wilderness Lives Again, <mask> recounts her late husband's work as a taxidermist, including his expeditions in Africa. A review in The New York Times calls particular attention to the story of development of the gorilla exhibit for the American Museum of Natural History, describing both the taxidermy process and the moving effect of the life-like exhibit. Congo Eden (1950) was published following Akeley's final trip to Africa in 1947, and relates the story of that journey. Historian Jeannette Eileen Jones identifies the "Eden" of the book's title as part of Carl and <mask>ey's campaign to challenge the public perception of Africa as "hellish" or "dark." Death
<mask>'s health declined toward the end of her life, with Akeley suffering from hip problems and arthritis. She was in and out of hospitals and nursing homes from 1959 to 1966. Akeley lived her last years at the former site of Camp Mystic, decorated with souvenirs of her African adventures, retaining an independent spirit despite illness and a "failing mind."She died of a stroke in 1966 at the Mary Elizabeth Convalescent Home in Mystic, Connecticut Although she had expressed a wish to be cremated and buried next to her late husband on Mt. Mikeno, she was buried in Deersville, Ohio near where she was born, in the same cemetery as her parents. Following her death, the former camp became the Peace Sanctuary under the stewardships of the <mask> L. Jobe Akeley Trust & Peace Sanctuary. It is now maintained by the Denison Pequotsepos Nature Center. <mask> left an extensive record of her work. Her papers are held in the <mask> L. <mask> <mask> Collection at the Mystic River Historical

masks:
Akeley
Mary Akel
Akeley
Mary
Akeley
Mary
Jobe
Akeley


title: Mary Jobe Akeley

type: original

texts:
 Society, the American Museum of Natural History, and at Connecticut College. Books

<mask>'s Africa; the account of the Akeley-Eastman-Pomeroy African Hall Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History (1929)
Adventures in the African Jungle (1930)
Lions, Gorillas, and their Neighbors (1932)
The Swan Song of Old Africa (1932)
The Restless Jungle (1936)
The Wilderness Lives Again (1940)
Rumble of a Distant Drum: a True Story of the African Hinterland (1946)
Congo Eden (1950)

Awards and honors

 Knight of the Order of the Crown by King Albert of Belgium for work in the Congo
Mount Jobe  in the Canadian Rockies named in her honor by the Canadian government
Honorary Doctorate from Mt.Union College in 1930
Inducted into the Ohio Women's Hall of Fame in 1979
Inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame, 1994

Memberships

Royal Geographic Society, Fellow, 1915
American Alpine Club
Alpine Club of Canada
French Alpine Club
 Society of Women Explorers

References

External links
 Peace Sanctuary at the site of Akeley's former home and camp

Explorers
American women photographers
American mountain climbers
American naturalists
1878 births
1966 deaths
American ethnographers
People from Mystic, Connecticut
People from Harrison County, Ohio
American women anthropologists
Writers from


title: Colleen Barrett

texts:
<mask><mask> (born September 14, 1944) is the President Emerita of Southwest Airlines, and an influential figure in the founding and development of the company. In 2001 she became the first woman to serve as president of a major airline. Personal life
<mask> was born in 1944 to a lower-income family in Bellows Falls, Vermont. She attended the Worcester campus of Becker College, where she graduated in 1964 with a two-year degree to become a legal secretary. In 2015, she donated US$1 million to her alma mater for the founding of a center for innovation and entrepreneurship. The center opened in April 2018. <mask> has one son.Her marriage ended in divorce, leaving her to raise her son alone. While president of Southwest Airlines, <mask> was diagnosed with breast cancer, which was successfully treated with surgery and radiation treatment. <mask> is a devout Christian, and cites her faith as a major influence on her leadership style and career. Career

Legal secretary
In 1968, several years after graduating from Becker, <mask> got a job as a legal secretary working for Herb Kelleher when he was a young lawyer at Wilbur Matthews’ law firm in San Antonio. Kelleher had a reputation as a skilled, but chronically disorganized lawyer, whose office was in such disarray that a night guard at the firm once called the police assuming a break in had occurred. <mask>'s first duty was to set up a filing system to organize ten years-worth of his case files. She grew to play a pivotal role in keeping Kelleher organized, setting him up for his eventual success as both a lawyer and businessman over their 51-year working relationship.Despite the title of secretary, <mask> was treated as an equal and trusted advisor who regularly joined Kelleher in court. When Kelleher left Matthews’ law firm to help found the law firm of Oppenheimer, Rosenberg, Kelleher & Wheatley in 1970, <mask> moved with him. In 1967, Kelleher had met with Rollin King, who had pitched the initial business plan for Southwest Airlines and the two had begun their efforts to begin the company. Kelleher's role was largely focused on serving as legal counsel to the new airline during the many early court battles the

masks:
Colleen C
. Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett


title: Colleen Barrett

texts:
 airline faced before beginning service. <mask> was closely involved with every step of the legal process. After four years of court battles they succeeded and the first Southwest Airlines flight finally took off June 18, 1971. For the first seven years of operation, Kelleher and <mask> supported Southwest through continued legal support as Kelleher remained an active lawyer, though also with a seat on the Southwest board.However, after a leadership restructure in 1978, Kelleher became chairman of the board and temporary CEO (becoming full-time CEO in 1981). Kelleher brought <mask> with him once again and she remained his secretary and advisor. When they transitioned to Southwest full-time, they both took a leave of absence from the Oppenheimer law firm that technically was never cancelled the remainder of their careers. Early leadership at Southwest
Barrett's level of authority at the airline quickly grew. At first this authority came simply from the high level influence she had with Kelleher as his secretary, though she eventually gained more formal recognition as Vice President of Administration in 1986 and a position on the Executive Planning Committee. She was promoted to Executive Vice President of Customers in 1990. <mask> described her transition to true leadership as a gradual process, and for several years even after she had been promoted beyond an assistant to Kelleher she had to occasionally remind board members and other senior leaders at the company that she was a distinct leader and not "just a parrot of what Herb thinks".Despite Kelleher's role as the more public face of the company, employees universally referred to "Herb and Colleen" together as the leaders of the company. <mask> has been credited with helping fundamentally shape Southwest's customer service strategy, employee culture, and leadership philosophy. She is commonly referred to as the airline industry's "Queen of Hearts" for her focus on corporate values and service. During her time in leadership she made an effort to personally respond to correspondence from every customer who wrote to the company. She also contributed to the airline's fuel hedging strategy. President of

masks: Barrett Barrett Barrett Barrett Barrett


title: Colleen Barrett

texts:
 Southwest
In March 2001 Kelleher, who had been serving as Chairman, CEO, and President, retired from the latter two positions, passing the CEO role to James Parker and the president role to <mask>, who was also made chief operating officer. With this promotion, she became the first and then-only woman to hold the office of president at a major airline, and the highest ranking woman in the world of aviation.<mask>'s term as president was met with immediate challenges. She started by inheriting a difficult labor dispute with the Transport Workers Union of America representing Southwest ground operations agents. Later during her first year the airline industry was largely crippled by the effects of the September 11 attacks. <mask>'s leadership at this time was crucial. She decided to immediately pull Southwest's light-hearted television advertisements and replace them with patriotic-themed ads in which she personally starred to reassure the public; Southwest was the only major airline to be profitable in the fourth quarter of that year and did not lay off any employees in the wake of the 9/11 attacks. <mask>'s leadership was not without some missteps along the way. She has acknowledged the failure of her effort to create bereavement fares at the airline.She generated some criticism for the airline in 2007 when she publicly defended an employee's decision to forbid a customer from boarding a flight for wearing a mini-skirt. Overall, <mask>'s tenure as president was very successful. While most of Southwest's competitors faced service cuts, bankruptcy, or ceased operations during her term of leadership, Southwest remained profitable and grew to the largest carrier of domestic passengers. The airline also consistently had the fewest complaints according to the Department of Transportation, an accomplishment largely credited to <mask>'s focus on customer service. President emerita
In 2008, <mask> stepped down as president of the airline, passing the title to then-CEO Gary C. Kelly. Kelleher passed his title as Chairman to Kelly at the same time. <mask> and Kelleher were titled, respectively, President Emerita and Chairman Emeritus.They both chose to remain with the

masks: Barrett Barrett Barrett Barrett Barrett Barrett Barrett Barrett


title: Colleen Barrett

texts:
 company. <mask> enjoyed returning to a regular employee role and continued to work in customer service and employee development roles for the next 5 years. Though she and Kelleher stepped away from day-to-day involvement in 2013, she remains involved with the airline in her emeritus role. Leadership style
<mask> is well known for her focus on servant leadership. She focuses on egalitarian principles and treating all employees equally. Her general philosophy is that if you treat your employees well, they will treat your customers well, who in turn will come back and treat your share-holders well. She is a strong believer in the Golden Rule, and had it posted visibly in all Southwest locations.She has focused on hiring for fit over skill. <mask> has written a book with Ken Blanchard on her leadership philosophy titled Lead with LUV. Awards and recognitions
<mask> has stated, "You can't do things to get accolades; you do things because they are the right thing to do." Nonetheless, she has been the recipient of numerous honors throughout her career, including the following:

 2004 and 2005: Ranked by Forbes as one of the 100 most powerful women
 2007: Recipient of the Outstanding Women in Aviation award
 2007: Recipient of the Tony Jannus Award, the first woman to receive this recognition
 2015: The Colleen Barrett Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship at Becker College named in her honor
 2016: Recipient of the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy
 The Colleen <mask> Award for Administrative Excellence is named in her honor
 Listed by Women in Aviation as among the 100 most influential women in aviation

References

External links

Articles by and about <mask> <mask> at FT Press
Executive profile at Bloomberg Businessweek
Executive profile at Forbes
#52 <mask> <mask>, Most Powerful Women 2005

The Importance of Culture, Gary Kelly, Southwest Airlines, September 2011, on <mask>'s founding of their Culture Committee
Profile at LeaderNetwork.org

1944 births
Living people
People from Bellows Falls, Vermont
Southwest Airlines people
Becker College alumni
American women in business
Businesspeople from Vermont
Writers from Vermont
American women writers
21st-century

masks: Barrett Barrett Barrett Barrett Barrett Colleen Barrett Colleen Barrett Barrett


title: Douglas Stuart (writer)

texts:
<mask> (born 31 May 1976) is a Scottish-American writer and fashion designer. His debut novel, Shuggie Bain, was awarded the 2020 Booker Prize. Early life
<mask> was born in Sighthill, a housing estate in Glasgow, Scotland. He was the youngest of three siblings. His father left him and his family when he was young, and he was raised by a single mother battling alcoholism and addiction. His mother died from alcoholism-related health issues when he was 16. Subsequently, when he would go on to write his debut Booker Prize-winning novel, Shuggie Bain, the book would be inspired by his struggles, his mother's struggles as she battled alcoholism and his relationship with his mother.Speaking about his mother, he says: "My mother died very quietly of addiction one day." After his mother's death, he lived with his older brother before moving into a boarding house when he was 17. Writing on Lithub about working-class living in the late 1970s and 1980s, <mask> notes that he grew up in a house without books and surrounded by poverty. This was the time when Thatcher-era economic policies had "decimated the working man," moving industry away from the west coast of Scotland, leaving behind mass unemployment, alcoholism, and drug abuse. He received a bachelor's degree from the Scottish College of Textiles (now Heriot-Watt University) and a master's degree from the Royal College of Art in London. He had no formal education in literature and notes that while he wanted to study English literature in college, he was discouraged from choosing the subject by a teacher who mentioned that it would "not suit someone from his background," resulting in <mask> subsequently studying textiles instead. Career
<mask> moved to New York City at the age of 24 to begin a career

masks:
Douglas Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart


title: Douglas Stuart (writer)

texts: in fashion design.He worked for many brands, including Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Banana Republic and Jack Spade, for more than 20 years. <mask> balanced his writing with his design job. It is noted that he started writing his first novel when he was balancing 12-hour shifts as a senior director of design at Banana Republic. Prior to his first novel being published, his works were featured on The New Yorker and on LitHub. His first novel, Shuggie Bain, won the 2020 Booker Prize, chosen by a judging panel comprising Margaret Busby (chair), Lee Child, Sameer Rahim, Lemn Sissay, and Emily Wilson. <mask> is the second Scottish author to win the Booker Prize in its 51-year history, after it was awarded in 1994 to James Kelman for How Late It Was, How Late, which book <mask> has credited with changing his life, since it was "one of the first times he had seen his people and dialect on the page". <mask> said: "When James won in the mid-90s, Scottish voices were seen as disruptive and outside the norm."Shuggie Bain was also longlisted for the 2021 Andrew Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Fiction, shortlisted for the 2020 Center for Fiction First Novel Prize, and was a finalist for both the 2020 Kirkus Prize and the 2020 National Book Award for Fiction. However, when <mask> wrote the novel, responses from publishers were not as encouraging, with the book being rejected by 32 US publishing companies (as well as a dozen in the UK), before it was finally sold to American independent publisher Grove Atlantic, who published it in hardcover on 11 February 2020. Shuggie Bain was later published in the United Kingdom by the Picador imprint of Pan Macmillan. The novel received generally favourable review coverage once it was published, including in The Observer,

masks: Stuart Stuart Stuart Stuart Stuart


title: Douglas Stuart (writer)

texts: The New York Times, The Scotsman, the TLS, The Hindu, and elsewhere. The book was praised for its authentic portrayal of post-industrial working-class Glasgow of the 1980s and early 1990s, and also for his capture of the "wry, indefatigable Glaswegian voice in all its various shades of wit, anger and hope." Speaking at the Booker Prize award ceremony, Margaret Busby, chair of the panel, noted that the book was destined to be a classic, and went on to describe the work as a "moving, immersive and nuanced portrait of a tight-knit social world, its people and its values." In November 2020, <mask> revealed that he had finished his second novel, tentatively titled Loch Awe, also set in mid-1990s Glasgow.The book is a love story between two young men, set against the backdrop of post-industrial Glasgow, with its territorial gangs, and divisions across sectarian lines. In his words, the book is about "toxic masculinity" and the violence that can stem from pressures on working-class boys to "man-up". The novel, titled Young Mungo, is scheduled to be published by Grove Press on 5 April 2022, and by Picador on 14 April 2022. In a conversation with 2019 Booker winner Bernardine Evaristo on 23 November, livestreamed as a Southbank Centre event, <mask> said: "One of my biggest regrets I think is that growing up so poor I almost had to elevate myself to the middle class to turn around to tell a working-class story." Discussing the "middle-class" publishers' rejections he had received for Shuggie Bain, he told Evaristo: "Everyone was writing these really gorgeous letters. They were saying 'Oh my god this will win all of the awards and it's such an amazing book and I have never read anything like that, but I have no idea how to market it'." <mask> said in a

masks: Stuart Stuart Stuart


title: Douglas Stuart (writer)

texts:
 2021 conversation with the Duchess of Cornwall that winning the Booker Prize transformed his life.<mask>'s second novel, Young Mungo, prior to its 2022 publication was described by Oprah Daily as "a beautiful novel about family love and the dangers of being different in a violent, hyper-masculine world". Personal life
<mask> holds dual British and American citizenship. He is gay and lives in East Village, Manhattan, with his husband, Michael Cary, an art curator at the Gagosian Gallery. Selected awards and honours
 2020: Booker Prize for Shuggie Bain
 2020: Waterstones Scottish Book of the Year (Shuggie Bain)
 2021: American Academy of Arts and Letters: Sue Kaufman Prize for First Fiction
 2021: British Book Awards: Overall Book of the Year (Shuggie Bain)
 2021: British Book Awards: Debut Book of the Year (Shuggie Bain)
 2021: Independent Publisher Book Awards: Europe Best Regional Fiction (Bronze)
 2021: Honorary degree from Heriot-Watt University for services to fashion and literature

Bibliography

Novels
  UK, Picador. UK, Picador. Short fiction

Essays

References

External links

 Cressida Leyshon, "<mask> on Growing Up Queer Before the Internet", The New Yorker, 6 January 2020. "Interview | Booker winner <mask>: 'I owe Scotland everything'", The Guardian, 21 November 2020.1976 births
Living people
Writers from Glasgow
Writers from New York City
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
21st-century American novelists
21st-century Scottish novelists
American male novelists
Scottish male novelists
Scottish emigrants to the United States
Scottish fashion designers
Booker Prize winners
American gay writers
American LGBT novelists
LGBT writers from Scotland
LGBT people from New York (state)
21st-century American male writers
21st-century LGBT

masks:
Stuart
Stuart
Douglas Stuart
Douglas Stuart


title: Nezihe Muhiddin

texts:
<mask> (1889 – 10 February 1958) was a Turkish women's rights activist, suffragette, journalist, writer and political leader. In the 20th century Ottoman Empire, Nezihe <mask> was a pioneer of the women's movement who fought to ensure the recognition of women's political rights after declaration of republican regime. She became one of leading names of the First Wave Republican feminists. Even before the establishment of the Republican People's Party, <mask> completed the formation of Women's People's Party (KHF) in 1923 and became the founder of the first political party in Turkey. She also served  as a president of the Women's Union between 1924-1927 and helped the founding process of the journal named Turk Kadin Yolu. She is a writer who has written 20 novels, 300 stories, playings, screenplays, operettas. Life

Early life and education
She was born in Kandilli, Istanbul in 1889.She’s the daughter of a prosecutor and criminal judge Mr. <mask>. She completed her education with lessons from private teachers and did not receive higher education. She studied privately at home and learned Persian, Arabic, German, French. From her early teenage years, she grew up liable to political and social issues and the state of being a woman. <mask> <mask>’s cousin and her mother’s debates and discussion on literature and social problems led the way of Muhiddin’s ideology. She expresses that she sees the greatest contribution in terms of education from her cousin Nakiye Hanım. According to her, Nakiye Hanım is an exemplary Turkish woman who has experienced the modern type of woman, so her

masks:
Nezihe Muhiddin Tepedelengil
Muhiddin
Nezihe Muhiddin
Muhiddin
Nezihe
Muhiddin


title: Nezihe Muhiddin

texts:
 thoughts carry a lot of traces from her.She kept using her father’s surname, <mask>, in her literary works instead of the surname of his second husband. Career and literary works
She is the founder of the first party of the Republic of Turkey, Kadınlar Halk Fırkası (People's Party for Women or Women's People Party) in July 1923. KHF was founded for the political and social rights of women. Due to the political situation during the time, it was not recognized officially by the modern Turkish state. <mask> then founded Türk Kadınlar Birliği (Turkish Women's Union). Türk Kadınlar Birliği continued to press for political equality. In 1927 the Union decided to promote a feminist male candidate to champion women's rights in the parliament, but he was unsuccessful.She spent her life working to improve the quality of the lives of Turkish women. Nezihe <mask> wrote novels that studied women's problems and criticized men's attitudes in marriages. Her first novel, "Şebâb-ı Tebah” (Disappearing Youth), was published in 1911. <mask> started her career at the age of twenty and served many duties. She wrote articles in magazines and newspapers, one of the most important works among them was Kadın Yolu Dergisi between 1925-1926. Throughout her life, she wrote 20 novels, 300 stories, play, operettas, screenplays. She translated works of world writers such as Goethe and Edgar Allan Poe.In 1913, she took part in the establishment of the charity named "Turkish Ladies Protection Association” and also became the secretariat of the association. Moreover, she was one of the founders of the Women's

masks: Muhiddin Muhiddin Muhiddin Muhiddin


title: Nezihe Muhiddin

texts:
 Branch of the “Donanma Cemiyeti” which was established to support the Ottoman navy. However, when she was doing charity work, the main issue on her mind was unity of women and their participation in political life. <mask>, in her work called Turkish Women, states that she learned the notion of femininity from the women she grew up within the same environment and her actions were shaped by feeding on their ideas. She worked as a Directorate of İttihad ve Terakki Kız Sanayi Mehteb and published many novels and stories. She took important positions in associations, congregation, and communities that were founded by women. In 1927, the Union chose to advance a male contender for parliament, which ended up being ineffective.That very year, <mask> <mask> was accused of debasement as the seat of the Union and had to leave her position. The Turkish Women's Union disbanded in 1935, and it was invited to join the semi-official People's Houses, like many similar autonomous organizations. Nezihe <mask> was threatened, disregarded, and discarded by a series of prosecutions, both by the state authorities and by her female companions. As a result of the intimidation and deletion policies of that period, she did (could) not engage in political activity after the 1930s and focused on her author identity. She wrote many stories and novels. On February 10, 1958, she died in a mental hospital located in İstanbul. Publications

Books
 Şebab-ı Tebah (The Lost Youth)
 Benliğim benimdir (My Ego is Mine)
 Güzellik Kraliçesi (The Beauty Queen)
 Boz Kurt (The Grey Wolf)
 İstanbul'da Bir Landru (A Landru

masks: Muhiddin Nezihe Muhiddin Muhiddin


title: Nezihe Muhiddin

texts:
 in Istanbul)
 Ateş Böcekleri (Fire Flies)
 Bir Aşk Böyle Bitti (This is How A Love Ended)
 Çıplak Model (The Naked Model)
 İzmir Çocuğu (The Child of Izmir)
 Avare Kadın (Wastrel Woman)
 Bir Yaz Gecesiydi (It Was a Summer Night)
 Çıngıraklı Yılan (The Rattlesnake)
 Kalbim Senindir (My Heart Belongs To You)
 Sabah Oluyor (Turning Out to be Morning)
 Gene Geleceksin (You Will Come Back)
 Sus Kalbim Sus!(Shush, My Heart, Shush!) Türk Kadını (Turkish Woman)

References

Further reading
 " Nezihe Muhitin ve Türk Kadini, by Ayşegül Baykan & Belma Ötüş Baskett. Published by Iletisim, 1999
 Nezihe Muhiddin: an Ottoman Turkish women's rights defender" by Yaprak Zihnioglu. Kadınsız İnkılap/ Nezihe <mask>, Kadınlar Halk Fırkası, Kadın Birliği. by Yaprak Zihnioğlu, Metis Yayınları 2003
  Nezihe Muhiddin külliyatı by Yaprak Zihnioğlu
 Osmanlı Kadın Hareketi'' by Serpil Çakır

External links
 Historical Roots of the Turkish Women's Movement
 Late Ottoman and Early Turkish women activists. Yeni Şafak Newspaper Article in Turkish. Ottoman Women's Movement, Turkish article in Radikal Newspaper
 Muhiddin, life and books.Radikal Newspaper Article in Turkish. Bir milletin nisvânı, derece-i terâkkisinin mizânıdır. SesOnline Article by Ayse Hur in Turkish
 Kadın Olmanın Günahı [The Sin of Being a Woman] Documentary

Feminist writers
1889 births
1958 deaths
Turkish writers
Turkish activists
Turkish women activists
Turkish feminists
Multicultural feminism
Feminism and history
20th-century Turkish women politicians
Leaders of political parties in Turkey
People of the Ottoman Empire
Turkish women


title: Richard Rodgers

texts: <mask> (June 28, 1902 – December 30, 1979) was an American composer, known largely for his work in musical theater. With 43 Broadway musicals and over 900 songs to his credit, <mask> was one of the most significant American composers of the 20th century, and his compositions had a significant influence on popular music. He is best known for his songwriting partnerships, first with lyricist Lorenz Hart and then with Oscar Hammerstein II. With Hart he wrote many musicals throughout the 1920s and 1930s, including Pal Joey, A Connecticut Yankee, On Your Toes and Babes in Arms. With Hammerstein he wrote musicals through the 1940s and 1950s, such as Oklahoma!, Flower Drum Song, Carousel, South Pacific, The King and I, and The Sound of Music. His collaborations with Hammerstein, in particular, are celebrated for bringing the Broadway musical to a new maturity by telling stories that were focused around characters and drama rather than the light-hearted entertainment that the genre was known for beforehand. <mask> was the first person to win all of what are considered the top American entertainment awards in theater, film, recording, and television – a Tony, an Oscar, a Grammy, and an Emmy— now known collectively as an EGOT.In

masks:
Richard Charles Rodgers
Rodgers
Rodgers


title: Richard Rodgers

texts:
 addition, he was awarded a Pulitzer Prize, making him one of only two people to receive all five awards (Marvin Hamlisch is the other). In 1978, <mask> was in the inaugural group of those awarded a The Kennedy Center Honors for his lifetime achievement in the arts. Biography

Early life and education

Born into a Jewish family in Queens, New York, <mask> was the son of Mamie (Levy) and Dr. William Abrahams <mask>, a prominent physician who had changed the family name from Rogazinsky. <mask> began playing the piano at the age of six. He attended P.S. 166, Townsend Harris Hall and DeWitt Clinton High School. <mask> spent his early teenage summers in Camp Wigwam (Waterford, Maine) where he composed some of his first songs.<mask>, Lorenz Hart, and later collaborator Oscar Hammerstein II all attended Columbia University. At Columbia, <mask> joined the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity. In 1921, <mask> shifted his studies to the Institute of Musical Art (now the Juilliard School). <mask> was influenced by composers such as Victor Herbert and Jerome Kern, as well as by the operettas his parents took him to see on Broadway when he was a child. Career

<mask> and Hart

In 1919, <mask> met Lorenz Hart, thanks to Phillip Levitt, a friend of

masks: Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers Richard


title: Richard Rodgers

texts: <mask>'s older brother. <mask> and Hart struggled for years in the field of musical comedy, writing several amateur shows. They made their professional debut with the song "Any Old Place With You", featured in the 1919 Broadway musical comedy A Lonely Romeo.Their first professional production was the 1920 Poor Little Ritz Girl, which also had music by Sigmund Romberg. Their next professional show, The Melody Man, did not premiere until 1924. When he was just out of college <mask> Fields. Among the stars he accompanied were Nora Bayes and Fred Allen. <mask> was considering quitting show business altogether to sell children's underwear, when he and Hart finally broke through in 1925. They wrote the songs for a benefit show presented by the prestigious Theatre Guild, called The Garrick Gaieties, and the critics found the show fresh and delightful. Only meant to run one day, the Guild knew they had a success and allowed it to re-open later.The show's biggest hit—the song that <mask> believed "made" <mask> and Hart—was "Manhattan". The two were now a Broadway songwriting force. Throughout the rest of the decade, the duo wrote several hit shows for both Broadway and London, including Dearest Enemy (1925), The Girl Friend (1926),

masks: Richard Rodgers Rodgersw Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers


title: Richard Rodgers

texts: Peggy-Ann (1926), A Connecticut Yankee (1927), and Present Arms (1928). Their 1920s shows produced standards such as "Here in My Arms", "Mountain Greenery", "Blue Room", "My Heart Stood Still" and "You Took Advantage of Me". With the Depression in full swing during the first half of the 1930s, the team sought greener pastures in Hollywood. The hardworking <mask> later regretted these relatively fallow years, but he and Hart did write some classic songs and film scores while out west, including Love Me Tonight (1932) (directed by Rouben Mamoulian, who would later direct <mask>'s Oklahoma! on Broadway), which introduced three standards: "Lover", "Mimi", and "Isn't It Romantic?".<mask> also wrote a melody for which Hart wrote three consecutive lyrics which either were cut, not recorded or not a hit. The fourth lyric resulted in one of their most famous songs, "Blue Moon". Other film work includes the scores to The Phantom President (1932), starring George M. Cohan, Hallelujah, I’m a Bum (1933), starring Al Jolson, and, in a quick return after having left Hollywood, Mississippi (1935), starring Bing Crosby and W. C. Fields. In 1935, they returned to Broadway and wrote an almost unbroken string of hit shows that ended shortly

masks: Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers


title: Richard Rodgers

texts:
 before Hart's death in 1943. Among the most notable are Jumbo (1935), On Your Toes (1936, which included the ballet "Slaughter on Tenth Avenue", choreographed by George Balanchine), Babes in Arms (1937), I Married an Angel (1938), The Boys from Syracuse (1938), Pal Joey (1940), and their last original work, By Jupiter (1942). <mask> also contributed to the book on several of these shows. Many of the songs from these shows are still sung and remembered, including "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World", "My Romance", "Little Girl Blue", "I'll Tell the Man in the Street", "There's a Small Hotel", "Where or When", "My Funny Valentine", "The Lady Is a Tramp", "Falling in Love with Love", "Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered", and "Wait till You See Her".In 1939, <mask> wrote the ballet Ghost Town for the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, with choreography by Marc Platoff. <mask> and Hammerstein

<mask>' partnership with Hart began having problems because of the lyricist's unreliability and declining health. <mask> began working with Oscar Hammerstein II, with whom he had previously written songs (before ever working with Lorenz Hart). Their first musical, the groundbreaking hit Oklahoma! (1943), marked the beginning of the most

masks: Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers


title: Richard Rodgers

texts: Seventeen", "Climb Ev'ry Mountain", "Do-Re-Mi", and "Edelweiss", Hammerstein's last song. Much of <mask>' work with both Hart and Hammerstein was orchestrated by Robert Russell Bennett. <mask> composed twelve themes, which Bennett used in preparing the orchestra score for the 26-episode World War II television documentary Victory at Sea (1952–53).This NBC production pioneered the "compilation documentary"—programming based on pre-existing footage—and was eventually broadcast in dozens of countries. The melody of the popular song "No Other Love" was later taken from the Victory at Sea theme entitled "Beneath the Southern Cross". <mask> won an Emmy for the music for the ABC documentary Winston Churchill: The Valiant Years, scored by Eddie Sauter, Hershy Kay, and Robert Emmett Dolan. <mask> composed the theme music, "March of the Clowns", for the 1963–64 television series The Greatest Show on Earth, which ran for 30 episodes. He also contributed the main-title theme for the 1963–64 historical anthology television series The Great Adventure. In 1950, <mask> and Hammerstein received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York." <mask>,

masks: Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers


title: Richard Rodgers

texts:
 Hammerstein, and Joshua Logan won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for South Pacific.<mask> and Hammerstein had won a special Pulitzer Prize in 1944 for Oklahoma!. In 1954, <mask> conducted the New York Philharmonic Orchestra in excerpts from Victory at Sea, Slaughter on Tenth Avenue and the Carousel Waltz for a special LP released by Columbia Records. <mask> and Hammerstein musicals earned a total of 37 Tony Awards, 15 Academy Awards, two Pulitzer Prizes, two Grammy Awards, and two Emmy Awards. After Hammerstein
After Hammerstein's death in 1960, <mask> wrote both words and music for his first new Broadway project No Strings (1962, which earned two Tony Awards). The show was a minor hit and featured the song, "The Sweetest Sounds". <mask> also wrote both the words and music for two new songs used in the film version of The Sound of Music. (Other songs in that film were from <mask> and Hammerstein.)<mask> went on to work with lyricists: Stephen Sondheim (Do I Hear a Waltz?) who was a protégé of Hammerstein, Martin Charnin (Two by Two, I Remember Mama) and Sheldon Harnick (Rex). At its 1978 commencement ceremonies, Barnard College awarded <mask> its highest honor, the Barnard Medal of Distinction. <mask> was an honoree at the

masks: Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers


title: Richard Rodgers

texts:
 first Kennedy Center Honors in 1978. At the 1979 Tony Awards ceremony—six months before his death—<mask> was presented the Lawrence Langner Memorial Award for Distinguished Lifetime Achievement in the American Theatre. Death and legacy
<mask> died in 1979, aged 77, after surviving cancer of the jaw, a heart attack, and a laryngectomy. He was cremated, and his ashes were scattered at sea.In 1990, the 46th Street Theatre was renamed the <mask> Rodgers Theatre in his memory. In 1999, <mask> and Hart were each commemorated on United States postage stamps. In 2002, the centennial year of <mask>' birth was celebrated worldwide with books, retrospectives, performances, new recordings of his music, and a Broadway revival of Oklahoma!. The BBC Proms that year devoted an entire evening to <mask>' music, including a concert performance of Oklahoma! The Boston Pops Orchestra released a new CD that year in tribute to <mask>, entitled My Favorite Things: A <mask> Rodgers Celebration. Alec Wilder wrote the following about <mask>:

<mask> is a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame. Along with the Academy of Arts and Letters, <mask> also started and endowed an award for non-established musical theater composers to produce new

masks: Rodgers Rodgers Richard Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers Richard Rodgers Rodgers Rodgers


title: Richard Rodgers

texts:
 productions either by way of full productions or staged readings.It is the only award for which the Academy of Arts and Letters accepts applications and is presented every year. Below are the previous winners of the award:

Relationship with performers

Rosemary Clooney recorded a version of "Falling in Love with Love" by <mask>, using a swing style. After the recording session <mask> told her pointedly that it should be sung as a waltz. The 1961 doo-wop arrangement of the Rodgers and Hart song "Blue Moon" by The Marcels so incensed <mask> that he took out full page newspaper ads urging people not to buy it. His efforts were unsuccessful as it reached #1 on the charts. After Doris Day recorded "I Have Dreamed" in 1961, he wrote to her and her arranger, Jim Harbert, that theirs was the most beautiful rendition of his song he had ever heard. After Peggy Lee recorded her version of "Lover", a <mask> song, with a dramatically different arrangement from that originally conceived by him, <mask> said, "I don't know why Peggy picked on me, she could have fucked up Silent Night".Mary Martin said that <mask> composed songs for her for South Pacific, knowing she had a small vocal range, and the songs generally made her look her best.

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Rodgers
Richard Rodgers
Rodgers
Rodgers
Rodgers
Richard Rodgers


title: Richard Rodgers

texts:
 She also said that <mask> and Hammerstein listened to all her suggestions and she worked extremely well with them. Both <mask> and Hammerstein wanted Doris Day for the lead in the film version of South Pacific and she reportedly wanted the part. They discussed it with her, but after her manager/husband Martin Melcher would not budge on his demand for a high salary for her, the role went to Mitzi Gaynor. Advocacy for writers' rights

In 1943, <mask> became the ninth president of the Dramatists Guild of America . Personal life
In 1930, <mask> married Dorothy Belle Feiner (1909–92). Their daughter, Mary (1931–2014), was the composer of Once Upon a Mattress and an author of children's books.The <mask>' later lost a daughter at birth. Another daughter, Linda (1935–2015), also had a brief career as a songwriter. Mary's son and <mask>'s grandson, Adam Guettel (b. 1964), also a musical theatre composer, won Tony Awards for Best Score and Best Orchestrations for The Light in the Piazza in 2005. Peter Melnick (b. 1958), <mask>'s son, is the composer of Adrift In Macao, which debuted at the Philadelphia Theatre Company in 2005 and was produced Off-Broadway in 2007. <mask> was an atheist.He was prone to depression and alcohol abuse, and

masks:
Rodgers
Rodgers
Richard Rodgers
Rodgers
Rodgers
Richard Rodgers
Linda Rodgers
Rodgers


title: Richard Rodgers

texts:
 was at one time hospitalized. Awards and nominations
<mask> is one of the few entertainers to have won the EGOT, the Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony. {| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Title
!Results
!Ref. |-
|1944||Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards || Arts Award || Oklahoma! || Awarded ||
|-
|1945 || Academy Award || Best Original Song || "It Might as Well Be Spring", State Fair ||  ||
|-
|1950 || Pulitzer Prize || Drama || South Pacific ||  ||
|-
|rowspan=3|1950 || rowspan=10|Tony Award || Best Musical || rowspan=3|South Pacific ||  || rowspan=10|
|-
|Best Book of a Musical ||
|-
|Best Producer of a Musical ||
|-
|1952 || rowspan=4|Best Musical || The King and I ||
|-
|1956 || Pipe Dream ||
|-
|1959 || Flower Drum Song ||
|-
|rowspan=2|1962 || rowspan=2|No Strings ||
|-
|rowspan=3|Best Original Score ||
|-
|1965 || Do I Hear a Waltz? ||
|-
|1996 || State Fair ||
|-
|1957 || rowspan=2|Primetime Emmy Award || Best Musical Contribution for Television || Cinderella ||  || rowspan=2|
|-
|1961 || Outstanding Original Music for Television || Winston Churchill: The Valiant Years ||
|-
|1961 || rowspan=2|Grammy Awards || rowspan=2|Best Musical Theater Album || The Sound of Music ||  ||


title: Richard Rodgers

texts:
 burlesque organ. The British rapper Dizzee Rascal uses the chorus of this song. Several professional awards in musical theater are named for <mask>. References

Further reading

External links

City Journal article on <mask>
Centennial features on <mask>
The <mask> Collection at the Library of Congress
<mask> papers, 1914–1989, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
Musicals by <mask> and Hammerstein
TimeLine of <mask>' Life
Review and analysis of <mask>' later plays

A feature on <mask> and Hammerstein. <mask> recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings. 1902 births
1979 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American composers
Jewish American atheists
American musical theatre composers
American people of German-Jewish descent
Ballet composers
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Broadway composers and lyricists
Columbia College (New York) alumni
DeWitt Clinton High School alumni
Emmy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Jewish American composers
Jewish American songwriters
Kennedy Center honorees
Male musical theatre composers
People from Queens, New York
Pulitzer Prize for Drama winners
Pulitzer Prize

masks:
Rodgers
Rodgers
Rodgers
Richard Rodgers
Richard Rodgers
Rodgers
Rodgers
Rodgers
Rodgers
Richard Rodgers


title: Steve Prescott

texts:
<mask>  (26 December 1973 – 9 November 2013) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played as a  in the 1990s and 2000s. <mask> made his début for St Helens in 1993, and soon established himself as the club's first choice . He made his senior international début in 1996, playing both games for England in their 1996 European Championship victory. Also that year he helped St. Helens win the Championship (Super League I) and Challenge Cup for the first time in two decades. He went on to win a second consecutive Challenge Cup with the club in 1997, but was sold to Hull Sharks at the end of the season. After spending two years at Hull, <mask> joined Wakefield Trinity (Heritage № 1154) in 2000, but rejoined Hull a year later after being released by Wakefield Trinity due to the club's financial difficulties. He changed his international allegiance to Ireland, who he represented at the 2000 Rugby League World Cup.He also made one appearance for Lancashire in 2003, but suffered a serious knee injury while playing for the team, which ultimately ended his playing career. In 2006, <mask> was diagnosed with a rare form of stomach cancer and was given months to live. He set up the <mask> Prescott Foundation in 2007, and went on to organise a series of money-raising initiatives. He raised almost half a million pounds for charity through the foundation, and was awarded an MBE in 2009 for his efforts. After a long battle with the disease, he died aged 39. In October 2013 a small group of people started a campaign to get the highest honour in British Rugby League the Man of Steel Award to be renamed after <mask>. On 5 March 2014 the RFL announced that the Man of Steel award will be renamed after <mask> and is now known as the <mask> Man of Steel Award.Early life
<mask> was born in St. Helens, Lancashire, England on 26 December 1973. He attended De La Salle High School, and he was the son of the rugby league footballer; <mask>.

masks:
Stephen Prescott
Prescott
Prescott
Prescott
Steve
Steve
Steve
Steve Prescott
Steve Prescott
Eric Prescott


title: Steve Prescott

texts:
 <mask> was introduced to sports from an early age, often playing both football and rugby league on the same weekend. <mask> trialled with several football clubs before opting to focus on rugby league during his teens. He was playing for local amateur side Nutgrove before signing for St Helens in 1992. Club career

St Helens
Although he was initially deemed too small to make the grade by St. Helens, <mask> secured his future at the club with some impressive performances for the reserve team. He made his début for the first team in September 1993 against Leigh, and scored his first try later that year against Hull F.C.He made 15 appearances and kicked 29 goals during his début season, playing as a winger, or deputising for Dave Lyon at . Although there were still concerns about his size, he established himself as the team's first-choice fullback during the 1994–95 season, with Lyon moving to the centres. On 20 December 1994, he scored his first career hat-trick in a 50–22 victory over Batley in a Regal Trophy third-round replay. A couple of days later, he was rewarded with a new four-year contract. He was a near-ever present throughout the season, appearing 34 times and scoring 20 tries. <mask> played  in St. Helens' 16-25 defeat by Wigan in the 1995–96 Regal Trophy Final during the 1995–96 at Alfred McAlpine Stadium, Huddersfield on Saturday 13 January 1996. <mask> won his first silverware during the inaugural Super League season in 1996, scoring four tries against the Sheffield Eagles in the penultimate game of the season as the club went on to secure its first league championship since 1975.He also played for St. Helens at  in the 1996 Challenge Cup Final, scoring two tries in the first seventeen minutes and helping his team to a 40–32 victory against Bradford Bulls. At the start of the following season, <mask>, who was reportedly one of the lowest-paid first team players at the club, was transfer listed at his own request

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Steve Prescott
Prescott
Prescott
Steve Prescott
Prescott
Prescott


title: Steve Prescott

texts:
 after failing to negotiate an improved contract with the club. He remained in the first team however, and was part of the side that won the 1997 Challenge Cup, once again defeating Bradford Bulls in the Challenge Cup Final. The rest of <mask>'s season was interrupted by a number of injuries, and on 25 July 1997 he played what would be his last game for the club in a 70–6 defeat against World Club Challenge opponents Auckland Warriors. In November 1997, he was signed by newly promoted Hull Sharks, along with Alan Hunte and Simon Booth, for a combined transfer fee of £350,000. In his 117 games for the club, he scored 52 tries and kicked 66 goals. Hull F.C.In February 1998, <mask> made his début for Hull F.C. in the Challenge Cup against Whitehaven, and scored his first try for the club in the next round against Ellenborough Rangers. In April 1998, he scored two tries against the Sheffield Eagles in his first Super League match for the club, and became the club's regular goal-kicker later that year. In 1999's Super League IV, <mask> missed two months of the season through injury due to a dislocated elbow. With Hull F.C. struggling near the bottom of the table, and the club being unable to afford his wages, <mask> confirmed he was likely to leave when his contract expired in the winter. Hull F.C.won their last match for the season against the Sheffield Eagles, with <mask> kicking 6-goals, and finished in 13th place – one position above bottom club Huddersfield Giants due to a superior goal difference. Wakefield Trinity Wildcats
<mask> signed for Wakefield Trinity Wildcats in 2000, scoring 3 tries in 25 games, but his contract was terminated after one season to ease the club's financial problems. He subsequently rejoined Hull. In April 2001, <mask> was one of 12 former Wakefield Trinity Wildcats players to take the club to an employment tribunal claiming unfair dismissal, and was awarded compensation after the club was found to be

masks: Prescott Prescott Prescott Prescott Prescott Prescott Prescott


title: Steve Prescott

texts:
 in breach of contract. Return to Hull F.C. At the start of the 2003's Super League VIII, <mask> scored a hat trick in the opening Super League fixture against former club the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats. On 26 June 2003, two weeks after signing a new contract with Hull FC, <mask> played his last game for the club, also against the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, scoring two tries and six goals in a 44–4 win before sustaining a career-ending knee injury a week later while representing Lancashire.Despite only playing 19 games, <mask> scored 216 points – the highest total in his career that he achieved during a single season, and finished as Hull FC's second highest try scorer for the season with 18 tries. He made a total of 107 appearances and scored 56 tries during his two spells at Hull FC. Representative career
<mask> made his representative début in November 1994, playing at fullback for Great Britain's under-21 side against Australia, who were touring Great Britain and France. Despite Great Britain's heavy 54–10 defeat, <mask> was one of the players singled out for praise, having scored all of the team's points (one try and three goals). In January 1995, he was selected to represent Great Britain in the Rugby League World Sevens. He made a second appearance for the under-21s later that year in a 17–16 loss against France. In 1996, <mask> played both games for England in the European Championship, including a man of the match performance against France, scoring two tries and kicking seven goals in the 73–6 win, a then-record margin of victory for England.The 22 points scored by <mask> was also an individual record for most points scored in a single match for England until this was surpassed by Richie Myler in 2009. He also scored a try in the deciding game against Wales, helping the team finish as tournament winners with a 26–12 win. Later that year, he was selected in the squad for the Great Britain tour of Papua New Guinea, Fiji


title: Steve Prescott

texts:
 and New Zealand, but did not feature in any Test matches. In 1998, <mask> changed his international allegiance to Ireland, qualifying under the grandparent rule. He represented Ireland at the 2000 Rugby League World Cup, playing in all four of their games before being knocked out by England in the quarter-final. <mask> scored one try (in the opening game against Samoa) and kicked 17 goals during the tournament. <mask> also made one appearance for Lancashire against Yorkshire in July 2003 at Odsal Stadium.He suffered a broken kneecap during the game, which was initially expected to keep him out of action for two months. <mask> did not play again for the rest of the year, however, and required a second knee operation after suffering from discomfort when returning to pre-season training ahead of the 2004's Super League IX. In June 2004, after failing to fully recover from the injury, <mask> announced his retirement at the age of 30. Personal life
In September 2006, <mask> was diagnosed with pseudomyxoma peritonei, a rare form of cancer, and was told that he would not see his two children grow up; he was given months to live. He underwent an emergency operation in Basingstoke Hospital and a tumour was removed from his stomach. In February 2007, a charity boxing event, featuring a bout between Stuart Fielden and Lee Radford, helped raise more than £50,000 in aid of Prescott. <mask> Prescott Foundation
In August 2007, <mask> set up the <mask> Foundation, which aimed to raise funds for two organisations: Christie Hospital, a leading cancer treatment centre in Europe, and Try Assist, the Rugby Football League's benevolent fund.To raise funds, <mask> went to organise a number of charity boxing tournaments and rugby league games, with a number of <mask>'s former teammates taking part. He also took part in a series of challenges, including running in the London Marathon, and cycling from Land's End to John O'Groats while completing the

masks:
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Prescott
Prescott
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Steve
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title: Steve Prescott

texts:
 National Three Peaks Challenge en route. He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours for services to rugby league and charity. Shortly after <mask>'s death in 2013, the foundation had raised almost £500,000. Death and legacy
<mask> died on 9 November 2013, more than seven years after his diagnosis with cancer. In February 2014, it was confirmed that <mask>'s former clubs, St Helens and Hull, would compete annually for the "Steve Prescott Cup" in tribute to the player. A petition with over 12,000 signatures was also sent to the Rugby Football League (RFL), calling for the Man of Steel award to be renamed in <mask>'s honour.In March 2014, the RFL officially announced that the award would be called the "<mask> Man of Steel" from the 2014 season onwards. The Saints Way Bridge at Langtree Park was also renamed the <mask> Bridge in tribute to him. Honours
Club
 Super League (1): 1996
 Challenge Cup (2): 1996, 1997

International
 European Rugby League Championship: 1996

Individual
 Rugby League Writers' Association Merit Award, 2009
 Mike Gregory Spirit of Rugby League Award, 2009
 Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), 2010
 Honorary doctorate from the University of Hull, 2011

Statistics

References

External links
Profile at saints.org.uk
(archived by web.archive.org) Ireland 2000 RLWC squad
(archived by web.archive.org) Statistics at slstats.org
 2001 Super League Team-by-team guide

1973 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from cancer in England
Deaths from stomach cancer
England national rugby league team players
English people of Irish descent
English rugby league players
Great Britain under-21 national rugby league team players
Hull F.C. players
Ireland national rugby league team players
Lancashire rugby league team players
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Rugby league fullbacks
Rugby league players from St Helens, Merseyside
St Helens R.F.C. players
Wakefield

masks:
Prescott
Steve Prescott
Prescott
Prescott
Steve Prescott
Steve Prescott


title: Emperor Daigo

texts:
was the 60th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. <mask>'s reign spanned the years from 897 through 930. He is named after his place of burial. Genealogy

<mask> was the eldest son of his predecessor, Emperor Uda. His mother was Fujiwara no Taneko (or Inshi), daughter of the minister of the center, Fujiwara no Takafuji. He succeeded the throne at the young age after his father, the Emperor Uda, abdicated in 897. His mother died before his ascension, so he was raised by another Uda consort, Fujiwara no Onshi, daughter of the former kampaku Fujiwara no Mototsune.<mask>'s grandfather, Emperor Kōkō, had demoted his sons from the rank of imperial royals to that of subjects in order to reduce the state expenses, as well as their political influence; in addition, they were given a family name Minamoto. As such, <mask> was not born as a royalty and was named Minamoto no Korezane (源維城) until 887, when <mask>'s father, Minamoto no Sadami (formerly Prince Sadami), was once again promoted to the Imperial Prince and the heir to the throne. Afterwards, his personal name (imina) was changed to  or Ono-tei before his ascension of the Chrysanthemum Throne. <mask> had 21 empresses, imperial

masks: Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo Daigo


title: Emperor Daigo

texts:
 consorts, and concubines; he had 36 imperial sons and daughters. Events of <mask>'s life
The era name was changed in 898 to mark the beginning of Emperor <mask>'s reign. The highlight of <mask>'s 34-year reign was that he ruled by himself without the regency of the Fujiwara clan, though he himself was part Fujiwara. August 4, 897 (Kanpyō 9, 3rd day of the 7th month ): In the 10th year of Uda-tennō 's reign (宇多天皇十年), Emperor Uda abdicated; and his eldest son received the succession ("senso").August 14, 897 (Kanpyō 9, 13th day of the 7th month): Emperor <mask> formally acceded to the throne (sokui). December 7, 899 (Shōtai 2, 1st day of the 11th month): The sun entered into the winter solstice, and all the great officials of the empire presented themselves in <mask>'s court. February 2, 900 (Shōtai 3, 3rd day of the 1st month):  <mask> went to visit his father in the place Uda had chosen to live after the abdication. 900 (Shōtai 3, 10th month): The former Emperor Uda traveled to  in what is now Wakayama prefecture to the south of Osaka. He visited the temples on the slopes of the mountain. January 23, 901 (Engi 1, 1st day of the 1st month): There was an eclipse of the sun. 901 (Engi 1, 1st month): The


title: Emperor Daigo

texts: Sugawara Michizane "incident" developed, but more details cannot be known because <mask> ordered that diaries and records from this period be burned.906 (Engi 5, 4th month): Ki-no Tsurayuki presented the emperor with the compilation of the Kokin Wakashū, a collection of waka poetry. 909 (Engi 9, 4th month ):  The sadaijin Fujiwara no Tokihira died at the age of 39. He was honored with the posthumous title of regent. 929 (Enchō 7, 8th month): Floods devastated the country and many perished. July 21, 930 (Enchō 8, 26th day of the 6th month): A huge black storm cloud traveled from the slopes of Mt. Atago to Heian-kyō accompanied by frightful thunder. Lightning struck the Imperial Palace.Both Senior Counselor Fuijwara-no Kiyotsura (also known as Miyoshi no Kiyoyuki) and Middle Controller of the Right Taira-no Mareyo and many other subaltern officers were killed and their bodies were consumed in the subsequent fires. The deaths were construed as an act of revenge by the unsettled spirit of the late Sugawara Michizane. October 16, 930 (Enchō 8, 22nd day of the 9th month): In the 34th year of <mask>-tennō 's reign (醍醐天皇34年), the emperor fell ill and, fearing that he might not survive, <mask> abdicated. At this

masks: Daigo Daigo Daigo


title: Emperor Daigo

texts:
 point, the succession (senso) was said to have been received by his son. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Suzaku is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui). October 23, 930 (Enchō 8, 29th day of the 9th month): Emperor <mask> entered the Buddhist priesthood in the very early morning hours. As a monk, he took the Buddhist name Hō-kongō and, shortly thereafter, he died at the age of 46.This monk was buried in the precincts of Daigo-ji, which is why the former-emperor's posthumous name became <mask>-tennō. <mask> also ordered construction of several halls in the Daigo-ji, such as the Yakushi hall. The actual site of <mask>'s grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as <mask>'s mausoleum. It is formally named Nochi no Yamashina no misasagi in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto. Kugyō
 is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During <mask>'s reign,


title: Emperor Daigo

texts:
 this apex of the  Daijō-kan included:
 Sesshō, Fujiwara no Tokihira (藤原時平), 909. Sadaijin, Fujiwara no Tokihira 871–909. Sadaijin, Fujiwara no Tadahira (藤原忠平), 880–949. Udaijin, Sugawara no Michizane (菅原道真), 845–901. Udaijin, Minamoto no Hikaru (源光), 845–913.Udaijin, Fujiwara no Tadahira. Udaijin, Fujiwara no Sadakata (藤原定方), 873–932. Naidaijin, Fujiwara no Takafuji (藤原高藤), 838–900. Dainagon

Eras of <mask>'s reign
The years of Diago's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō. Court Attendant (Koui): Princess Manshi (満子女王; d.920), Prince Sukemi's daughter
Eighth daughter: Imperial Princess Shūshi (修子内親王; d.933), married to Imperial Prince Motoyoshi
Eleventh daughter: Imperial Princess Fushi (普子内親王; 910–947), married to Minamoto no Kiyohira, later to Fujiwara no Toshitsura

Court Attendant (Koui): Fujiwara no Yoshihime (藤原淑姫; d.948), Sangi Fujiwara no Sugane's daughter
Eleventh Son: Imperial Prince Kaneakira (兼明親王; 914–987), also called saki no chūshoō (前中書王). Chūshoō means Nakatsukasa-kyō (中務卿). Son: Minamoto no Yoriakira (源自明; 911–958)
Ninth Son: Imperial Prince Nagaakira (長明親王; 913–953)
Sixteenth Daughter: Imperial Princess Hideko/Eishi (英子内親王; 921–946), 29th Saiō in Ise


title: Amir Kabir

texts:
Mirza Taghi Khan-e Farahani (), better known as <mask> (, 9 January 1807 – 10 January 1852), also known by the title of <mask>-e Nezam, was chief minister to Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (Shah of Persia) for the first three years of his reign. He is widely considered to be "Iran's first reformer", a modernizer who was "unjustly struck down" as he attempted to bring "gradual reform" to Iran. As the prime minister, he also ordered the killing of many Babis and the execution of the founder of the movement, the Báb. In the last years of his life he was exiled to Fin Garden in Kashan and was murdered by command of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar on 10 January 1852. Background and achievements

Early career

<mask> was born in Hazaveh in the Arak district, in what is now Markazi Province of Iran. His father, Karbalaʾi Mohammad Qorban, entered the service of Mirza Abu'l-Qasim Farahani Qa'im Maqam of Farahan as cook, and when Mirza Bozorg was appointed chief minister to ʿAbbas Mirza, the crown prince, in Tabriz, Karbalaʾi Qorban accompanied him there, taking his son with him. <mask> first assisted his father in performing domestic duties in the household of Mirza Bozorg, who saw signs of unusual talent in the boy and had him study with his own children.Mirza Bozorg died in 1237/1822 and was succeeded in the post of minister to the crown prince by his son, Mirza Abu’l-Qasem Qaʾem-maqam. Under the son's aegis, <mask> entered government service, being appointed first to the post of lashkarnevis [military registrar] for the army of Azerbaijan. In 1251/1835, he was promoted to

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Amir
Amir Kabir
Amir Kabir
Amir Kabir


title: Amir Kabir

texts: the position of mostofi-ye nezam, becoming responsible for supervising the finances of the army of Azerbaijan; several years later he was put in charge of the same army’s provisions, financing, and organization with the title of vazir-e nezam. During his tenure, <mask> participated in many missions abroad. He spent almost four years in Erzurum, part of a commission to delineate the Ottoman-Iranian frontier. He resisted attempts to exclude Mohammareh (present-day Khorramshahr) from Iranian sovereignty and to make Iran pay compensation for its military incursions into the area of Solaymaniyeh. In this, he acted independently of the central government in Tehran, which not only failed to formulate a consistent policy vis-à-vis the Ottomans but also opposed most of <mask>’s initiatives.Although a form of treaty was concluded between Iran and the Ottoman state, the borders had still not been delineated when the Crimean War erupted and the British and Russian mediators, now at war with one another, withdrew. <mask> nonetheless acquired first-hand knowledge of the procedures of international diplomacy and of the aims and policies of Britain and Russia with respect to Iran. This helped him in the elaboration of his own distinct policies toward the two powers when he became chief minister. Moreover, his years in Erzurum fell during the Ottoman military and administrative reforms known as the Tanzimat. Some awareness of these reached <mask> in Erzurum and inspired in him at least one aspect of his policy as chief minister: the elimination of clerical influence

masks:
Amir Kabir
Amir Kabir
Amir Kabir
Amir Kabir


title: Amir Kabir

texts:
 upon affairs of state. When explaining to the British consul at Tabriz in 1265/1849 his own determination to make the authority of the state paramount, he said, “The Ottoman government was able to begin reviving its power only after breaking the power of the mullahs”. Reforms of the army

<mask> returned to Tabriz in 1263/1847.A year later, while retaining the post and title of vazir-e nezam, he was appointed lala-bashi or chief tutor to the crown prince Naser-al-din, who was still only fifteen years of age. Soon after, in Shawwal, 1264/September, 1848, Mohammad Shah died, and Naser-al-din had to proceed to Tehran and assume the throne. But his minister, Mirza Fathallah Nasir-al-molk ʿAliabadi, was unable to procure the necessary funds, so Naser-al-din had recourse to <mask>, who made the necessary arrangements. Naser-al-din’s confidence in <mask> increased, and shortly after leaving Tabriz, he awarded him the rank of amir-e nezam, with full responsibility for the whole Iranian army. After arriving in Tehran, he also appointed him chief minister (shakhs-e avval-e Iran), with the supplementary titles of amir-e kabir and atabak (Ḏu’l-qaʿda, 1264/October, 1848). The former title came to be his common designation; the latter, used for the first time since the Saljuq period, referred to the tutorial relationship between the minister and his young master. His appointment as the chief minister aroused resentment, particularly the queen mother and other princes, who resented <mask>’s reduction of their spending and allowances.The intrigues of his opponents


title: Amir Kabir

texts:
 resulted in a mutiny of a company of Azerbaijani troops garrisoned in Tehran; but with the cooperation of Mirza Abu’l-Qasem Imam of Friday Prayer in Tehran, who ordered the merchants of Tehran to close the bazaar and arm themselves, the mutiny was soon quelled, and <mask> resumed his duties. More severe disorder prevailed in a number of provincial cities, especially Mashhad. Toward the end of the reign of Mohammad Shah, Hamza Mirza Heshmat-al-doleh was appointed governor of Khorasan, but he found his authority disputed by Hasan Khan Salar, who, with the help of some local chieftains, had rebelled against the central government (1262/1846). Hamza Mirza abandoned Mashad to Hasan Khan and fled to Herat. <mask> sent two armies against Hasan Khan, the second of which, commanded by Soltan Morad Mirza, defeated his forces and captured him. <mask> had him executed (1266/1850), together with one of his sons and one of his brothers, a punishment of unprecedented severity for such provincial resistance to central authority, and a clear sign of <mask>’s intention to assert the prerogatives of the state. Administrative reforms
With order reestablished in the provinces, <mask> turned to a wide variety of administrative, cultural, and economic reforms that were the major achievement of his brief ministry.His most immediate success was the vaccination of Iranians against smallpox, saving the lives of many thousands if not millions. Faced with an empty treasury on his arrival in Tehran, he first set about balancing the state budget by attempting to increase the sources

masks:
Amir Kabir
Amir Kabir
Amir Kabir
Amir Kabir
Amir Kabir


title: Amir Kabir

texts: of revenue and to decrease state expenditure. To aid him in the task, he set up a budgetary committee headed by Mirza Yusof Mostofi-al-mamalek that estimated the deficiency in the budget at one million Iranian toman. <mask> thereupon decided to reduce drastically the salaries of the civil service, often by half, and to eliminate a large number of stipends paid to pensioners who did little or no governmental work. This measure increased his unpopularity with many influential figures and thus contributed to his ultimate disgrace and death. At the same time he strove to collect overdue taxes from provincial governors and tribal chieftains by dispatching assessors and collectors to every province of the country. The collection of customs duties, previously farmed out to individuals, was now made the direct responsibility of the central government, and the Caspian fisheries, an important source of revenue, were recovered from a Russian monopoly and contracted out to Iranians.The administration of the royal lands (khalesajat) came under review, and the income derived from them was more closely supervised than before. Yield and productivity, not area, were established as the basis of tax assessment for other lands, and previously dead lands were brought under cultivation. These various measures for the encouragement of agriculture and industry also benefited the treasury by raising the level of national prosperity and hence taxability. Of particular interest is the care shown by <mask> for the economic development of Khuzestan (then known as ʿArabestan),

masks:
Amir Kabir
Amir Kabir


title: Amir Kabir

texts:
 identified by him as an area of strategic importance, given its location at the head of the Persian Gulf, and also of potential prosperity. He introduced the planting of sugarcane to the province, built the Naseri dam on the river Karkheh and a bridge at Shushtar, and laid plans for the development of Mohammara. He also took steps to promote the planting of American cotton near Tehran and Urmia. Dar al-Fanun and cultural achievements

Among the various measures enacted by <mask>, the foundation of the Darolfonun, in Tehran was possibly the most lasting in its effects.Decades later, many parts of this establishment were turned into the University of Tehran, with the remaining becoming Darolfonun Secondary School. The initial purpose of the institution was to train officers and civil servants to pursue the regeneration of the state that <mask>bir had begun, but as the first educational institution giving instruction in modern learning, it had far wider impact. Among the subjects taught were medicine, surgery, pharmacology, natural history, mathematics, geology, and natural science. The instructors were for the most part Austrians, recruited in Vienna by Daʾud Khan, an Assyrian who had become acquainted with <mask> during the work of the Ottoman–Iranian border commission. By the time the instructors arrived in Tehran in Moharram, 1268/November, 1851, <mask> had already been dismissed, and it fell to Daʾud Khan to receive them. The Austrian instructors initially knew no Persian, so interpreters had to be employed to assist in the teaching; but some among

masks:
Amir Kabir
Amir Ka
Amir Kabir
Amir Kabir


title: Amir Kabir

texts: them soon learned Persian well enough to compose textbooks in the language on various natural sciences. These were to influence the evolution of a more simple and effective prose style in Persian than had previously existed.Dar ul-Funun had large fluctuations in its enrollment, primarily due to the Shah's fluctuating commitment in funding put into the institution. A clear decline in investment was apparent when a visitor reported in 1870 that seventy students and only a single European instructor were enrolled at the institution. Mirza Aqa Khan Nuri, <mask>'s successor, sought to persuade Naser-al-din Shah to abrogate the whole project, but the Darolfonun, soon became a posthumous monument to its founder. <mask> made a second indirect contribution to the elaboration of Persian as a modern medium with his foundation of the newspaper Vaqayeʿ-ye Ettefaqiyeh, which survived under different titles until the reign of Mozaffar-al-din Shah. A minimum circulation was ensured by requiring every official earning more than 2,000 rials a year to subscribe. In founding the journal <mask> hoped to give greater effect to government decrees by bringing them to the attention of the public; thus the text of the decree forbidding the levying of soyursat was published in the third tissue of the paper. He also wished to educate its readers in the world’s political and scientific developments; among the items reported in the first year of publication were the struggles of Mazzini against the Habsburg Empire, the drawing up of the Suez Canal project, the invention of the

masks:
Amir Kabir
Amir Kabir
Amir Kabir


title: Amir Kabir

texts: balloon, a census of England, and the doings of cannibals in Borneo.All of the measures enumerated so far had as their purpose the creation of a well-ordered and prosperous country, with undisputed authority exercised by the central government. This purpose was in part frustrated by the Ulema, who throughout the Qajar period disputed the legitimacy of the state and often sought to exercise an independent and rival authority. <mask> took a variety of steps designed to curb their influence, above all in the sphere of law. He sought initially to supersede the sharʿ courts in the capital by sitting in judgment himself on cases brought before him; he abandoned the attempt when he realized that the inadequacy of his juridical knowledge had caused him to pronounce incorrect verdicts. Then he established indirect control over the sharʿ courts by giving prominence to one of them that enjoyed his special favor and by assigning the divan-khana, the highest instance of ʿorf jurisdiction, a more prominent role. All cases were to be referred to it before being passed on to a sharʿ court of the state’s choosing, and any verdict the sharʿ court then reached was valid only if endorsed by the divan-khaneh. In addition, any case involving a member of the non- Muslim minorities belonged exclusively to the jurisdiction of the divan-khana.Not content with thus circumscribing the prerogatives of the sharʿ courts, <mask> took stringent measures against sharʿ judges found guilty of bribery or dishonesty; thus Molla ʿAbd-al-Rahim Borujerdi was expelled from Tehran when he


title: Amir Kabir

texts:
 offered to settle a case involving one of <mask>'s servants to the liking of the minister. <mask> also sought to reduce clerical power by restricting the ability of the ulema to grant refuge (bast), in their residences and mosques. In 1266/1850, bast was abolished, for example, at the Masjed-e Shah in Tehran, although it was restored after the downfall of <mask>. In Tabriz, prolonged efforts were made to preserve bast at various mosques in the city, and recourse was even had to the alleged miracle of a cow that twice escaped the slaughterhouse by running into the shrine known as Boqʿa-ye Saheb-al-amr. The immediate instigators of the "miracle" were brought to Tehran, and soon after the emam-e jomʿa and shaykh-al-eslam of Tabriz, who had reduced civil government in the city to virtual impotence, were expelled. Less capable of fulfillment was <mask>'s desire to prohibit the taziyeh, the Shia "passion play" enacted in Moharram, as well as the public self-flagellation that took place during the mourning season. He obtained the support of several ulema in his attempt to prohibit these rites, but was obliged to relent in the face of strong opposition, particularly from Isfahan and Azerbaijan.Minorities
<mask> took a largely benevolent interest in the non-Muslim minorities of Iran, though in order to further his desire of strengthening the state. In Erzurum he had learned how European powers intervened in Ottoman affairs on the pretext of "protecting" the Christian minorities, and there were indications that Britain, Russia, and France hoped for similar


title: Amir Kabir

texts:
 benefits from the Assyrians and Armenians of Iran. He moved therefore to remove any possible grievances and hence any need for a foreign "protector." He exempted the priests of all denominations from taxation, and gave material support to Christian schools in Azerbaijan and Isfahan. In addition, he established a close relationship with the Zoroastrians of Yazd, and gave strict orders to the governor of the city that they not be molested or subjected to arbitrary taxes. He also forbade attempts made in Shushtar to convert forcibly the Mandaean community to Islam. Foreign policy
The foreign policy of <mask> was as innovative as his internal policies.He has been credited with pioneering the policy of "negative equilibrium," (giving concessions to neither Britain nor Russia) that was to later prove influential in Iranian foreign affairs. He thus abrogated the agreement whereby the Russians were to operate a trade center and hospital in Astarabad, and attempted to put an end to the Russian occupation of Ashuradeh, an island in the southeastern corner of the Caspian Sea, as well as the anchorage rights enjoyed by Russian ships in the lagoon of Anzali. In the south of Iran he made similar efforts to restrict British influence in the Persian Gulf, and denied Britain the right to stop Iranian ships in the Persian Gulf on the pretext of looking for slaves. It is not surprising that he frequently clashed with Dolgorukiy and Sheil, the representatives of Russia and Britain in Tehran. In order to counteract British and Russian influence, he sought to establish


title: Amir Kabir

texts:
 relations with powers without direct interests in Iran, notably Austria and the United States. It may finally be noted that he set up a counter-espionage organization that had agents in the Russian and British embassies. Suppression of Bábís and execution of the Báb
<mask> regarded the followers of Bábism, the predecessor of the Baháʼí Faith, as a threat and repressed them.He suppressed the Babi upheavals of 1848-51 and personally ordered the execution of the Seven Martyrs of Tehran and the execution of The Báb, the movement's founder. `Abdu'l-Bahá referred to <mask> as the greatest of the religion's oppressors. Dismissal and execution

From the start, <mask>'s policies incited animosity within the influential circles of Iranian elite – most notably the inner circle of the monarchy whose pensions and income were slashed by his financial reforms. He was also later opposed by those who envied him his numerous posts; they were backed strongly by foreign powers, whose influence had greatly diminished under his leadership. A coalition was thus formed among this opposition whose prominent members consisted of the Queen Mother, Mirza Aqa Khan-e Nuri (<mask>’s lieutenant, reputedly Anglophile), and Mirza Yusuf Khan Ashtiyani (the Court's chief accountant, reputedly Russophile). As the adolescent Nasir al-Din Shah began to exert his own independence in government, he was strongly influenced by the Queen Mother. Through her influence, <mask> was demoted solely to the chief of the army and replaced by Nuri as the premier.This transition marked a rejection "of …


title: Amir Kabir

texts:
 reformist measures in favor of the traditional practices of government." The power struggle in government finally resulted in his arrest and expulsion from the capital under continued Russian and British interference. <mask> was sent to Kashan under duress and kept in isolation by the Shah's decree. His execution was ordered six weeks later after the Queen Mother and his executioner, Ali Khan Farash-bashi, had convinced the King that <mask> would soon be granted protection by the Russians – possibly allowing him to make an attempt to regain control of the government by force. The young Shah may have been inclined to believe these accusations because of the arrogance and disdain for protocol that <mask> had shown since the beginning of his government career in Tabriz. <mask> was murdered in Kashan on 10 January 1852. With him, many believe, died the prospect of an independent Iran led by meritocracy rather than nepotism.Legacy
Among his Iranian contemporaries <mask> received praise from several poets of the age, notably Sorush and Qaʾani, but his services to Iran remained generally unappreciated in the Qajar period. Modern Iranian historiography has done him more justice, depicting him as one of the few capable and honest statesmen to emerge in the Qajar period and the progenitor of various political and social changes that came about half a century later. Contemporary Legacy
 <mask> Dam, inaugurated in 1961, is named after him. Tehran Polytechnic, established in 1958, was renamed Amirkabir University of Technology after him in 1979. <mask>kabir, a

masks:
Amir Kabir
Amir Kabir
Amir Kabir
Amir Kabir
Amir Kabir
Amir Kabir
Amir


title: Amir Kabir

texts:
 well-known publisher founded in 1949. In fiction
 <mask> Farahani is portrayed by actor Dariush Arjmand in Mohsen Makhmalbaf's movie Nasereddin Shah, Actor-e Cinema. He is also portrayed by Saeed Nikpour in the Iranian television series <mask> Kabir.He is also portrayed by Naser Malek Motiee in Iranian television series Soltan-e Sahebgharan. See also
List of prime ministers of Iran
Military history of Iran
Prime Minister of Iran
Dapir

References and notes

 <mask> and Iran' by Fereydun Adamiyat, Tehran, Kharazmi Publishing, 1354/1975. 1807 births
1852 deaths
Executed Iranian people
Executed politicians
People from Markazi Province
Prime Ministers of Iran
People executed by Qajar Iran
19th-century executions by Iran
Foreign ministers of Iran
19th-century Iranian people
People of Qajar Iran
People from Arak,

masks:
Amir Kabir
Amir
Amir Kabir


title: Louise Berger

texts:
<mask> was a Russian Latvian anarchist, a member of the Anarchist Red Cross, and editor of Emma Goldman's Mother Earth Bulletin in New York. <mask> became well known outside anarchist circles in 1914 after a premature bomb explosion at her New York City apartment (known as the Lexington Avenue bombing), which killed four persons and destroyed part of the building. Early life
<mask> was born in Latvia in the 1890s. Around 1905, she left Latvia for Western Europe. In Hamburg, Germany she met two other Latvian Anarchist Red Cross members, Charles Berg and Carl Hanson (her stepbrother), and accompanied them to New York City in 1911. When the three arrived in New York, the three joined the Lettish (Latvian) Anarchist Group, an organization primarily devoted to the publication and dissemination of anarchist literature. However, when a number of comrades organized a Lettish Anarchist Red Cross in December 1913, the three became some of its first members.Tarrytown and the Lexington Avenue Bombing
During this same period, <mask>, Berg, and Hanson also became active in anarchist labor rights groups and the Anti-Military League. Most of these organizations used the Ferrer Center at their hub for activities. Here individuals like Alexander Berkman, Emma Goldman, Luigi Galleani, and members of the Anarchist Red Cross and the Industrial Workers of the World spent a great deal of their time. During these meetings, plans were made to stage protests at the Tarrytown, New York estate of Standard Oil magnate John D. Rockefeller, owner of the Ludlow mines in Colorado. The Ludlow Massacre in Colorado

masks:
Louise Berger
Berger
Berger
Berger


title: Louise Berger

texts: and police dispersal of the Tarrytown protests enraged most radicals. In June, members of the Lettish Anarchist Red Cross, including Berg, Hanson, <mask>, and IWW member Arthur Caron began plotting a bomb attack to assassinate Rockefeller. Berg, Hanson, and Caron began to collect dynamite from various sources, storing it in <mask>'s apartment on New York's Lexington Avenue.Meetings were held at the Ferrer Center, where the conspirators devised a plan in which Berg, Hanson, and Caron would to plant a bomb at Rockefeller's home in Tarrytown. The plot was scheduled for July 3, but for reasons unknown, the plan was called off at the last moment. The three men returned to <mask>'s apartment from Tarrytown with bomb in hand. At 9 a.m. on July 4, 1914, <mask> left her apartment and walked to the office of the Anarchist newspaper known as the Mother Earth Bulletin, where she worked as an editor alongside Alexander Berkman. It has been assumed by some who knew her that <mask> was going there to inform Berkman that the bomb had been readjusted and was ready. At 9:15 an explosion occurred from <mask>'s apartment at 1626 Lexington Avenue. Passers-by witnessed a shower of debris and rubble fall into the street.Jack Isaacson, a newspaper editor who lived around the corner from <mask>, recalled a man's arm falling from the Lexington Avenue building into the street in front of him. The three upper floors of the building were wrecked, while debris showered rooftops and the streets below. Large pieces of furniture were thrown hundreds of feet in the air by the blast. The bomb had exploded

masks:
Berger
Louise Berger
Berger
Louise Berger
Berger
Berger
Berger


title: Louise Berger

texts:
 prematurely, killing Carl Hanson, Charles Berg and Arthur Caron. A fourth person, Marie Chavez, was also killed. The blast threw Caron's body onto the mangled and twisted fire escape. The mutilated bodies of Marie Chavez and Hanson were found inside of the apartment.The blast had torn the body of Charles Berg into pieces, which were seen by spectators being thrown through the air onto the streets. In total, twenty other people were injured, seven of them severely enough to be hospitalized. Another man, an IWW member named Mike Murphy, was spending the night in the apartment, when the explosion occurred. Berkman and <mask> attended the men's funerals. Berkman would later state that the Lexington Avenue explosion was the most meaningful anarchist event since the Haymarket riot. On July 20, 1914 <mask> and two other women visited jailed hunger striker Rebecca Edelsohn, who was protesting her confinement for failure to pay a $300 fine for speaking disrespectfully of the American flag. The Manifesto and life in Soviet Russia
<mask> remained active in the United States anarchist movement for three more years.In 1917, after the October Revolution in Russia, she decided to leave the United States to return to her homeland and assist in the worker's revolution. Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman had recently finished compiling a communique to their comrades in Russia titled Manifesto to the Russian Workers, Peasants, and Soldiers! to explain the state of the U.S. antiwar movement, in particular the recent imprisonment of Thomas Mooney and Warren Billings, convicted of the Preparedness Day

masks:
Berger
Berger
Louise Berger


title: Louise Berger

texts:
 bombings of 1916. Goldman and Berkman entrusted <mask>, (according to Goldman, one of "our closest and most dependable friends") with a copy of the manifesto to take with her on her journey to Russia. <mask> sailed from New York in August 1917 bound for Russia, along with journalist John Reed and several other prominent radicals. On the voyage out she met another returnee, Senya Fleshin, and became his lover. Back in Russia, <mask> and Fleshin rejoined other anarchists participating in the revolution.She eventually parted with Fleshin and traveled to Odessa, where she reportedly carried out "bank expropriations" as an armed robber (naletchiki) during the chaos of the Revolution. According to one source, she fell ill and died during the typhus epidemic that swept Russia in 1920 and 1921. Another source claims that she was liquidated along with other anarchists by Bolshevik Cheka or Red Army security forces during the Trotskyist campaign against 'anarcho-bandits' and other dissident movements. See also
Anarchist Red Cross
Emma Goldman
Mother Earth (magazine)

Notes

Sources

Avrich, Paul, The Modern School Movement, AK Press (2005)
Avrich, Paul, Sacco and Vanzetti: the Anarchist Background, Princeton University Press (1991)
Avrich, Paul, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History, Princeton University Press (1996)
Goldman, Emma, Living My Life, 1st ed., New York: Alfred A. Knopf (1931), p. 597. 1890s births
1920s deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
Anarcho-communists
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Latvian anarchists
Latvian revolutionaries
Lexington

masks:
Louise Berger
Berger
Berger


title: Lindsey Nelson

texts:
<mask> (May 25, 1919 – June 10, 1995) was an American sportscaster best known for his long career calling play-by-play of college football and New York Mets baseball. <mask> spent 17 years with the Mets and three years with the San Francisco Giants. For 33 years <mask> covered college football, including 26 Cotton Bowls, five Sugar Bowls, four Rose Bowls, and 14 years announcing syndicated Notre Dame games. He is in 13 separate Halls of Fame. Fans remember a talented broadcaster, an expert storyteller, and a true sports enthusiast. From his colorful jackets to his equally colorful broadcasts and enthusiastic manner of speaking, <mask> established himself as one of the industry's leading sportscasters. Early life
<mask> was born on May 25, 1919, in Pulaski, Tennessee, the third child of Jon and <mask>.He graduated from Columbia Central High School in Columbia. He graduated from the University of Tennessee in 1941, taught English, and then served in the U.S. Army, where he was a captain in North Africa and Europe during World War II. He also served as a war correspondent and public relations specialist, and played on an Army baseball team managed by Harry "The Hat" Walker. Career
<mask> broke into broadcasting in 1948 following a short career as a reporter in Columbia, Tennessee, for the Columbia Daily Herald newspaper. <mask> then returned to his alma mater in Knoxville, Tennessee to create and become the first play-by-play announcer for the Vol Network, broadcasting the college football games of the Tennessee Volunteers. Affectionately known as "Mr. New Year's Day," <mask> subsequently did the play-by-play of the Cotton Bowl Classic for 26 seasons on CBS television, where he earned widespread recognition for his Tennessee drawl and signature opening greeting: "Happy New Year; this is <mask> in the

masks:
Lindsey Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Asie Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Lindsey Nelson


title: Lindsey Nelson

texts:
 Cotton Bowl in Dallas." He also called many Army–Navy Games for CBS, including the 1963 contest in which instant replay was first introduced.(After the initial replay, it fell to <mask> to reassure viewers that Army had not scored again.) For 14 years <mask> was the syndicated television voice of Notre Dame football, and he also called the Mutual Broadcasting System's Monday night radio broadcasts of NFL games from 1974 to 1977, in addition to NFL games for CBS television for many years. <mask> began his national baseball broadcast career as one of Gordon McLendon's radio announcers for the Liberty Broadcasting System, which primarily did recreations of games. After a stretch as an administrator with NBC Sports, he began doing the network's baseball broadcasts in . He also broadcast college football, NBA and college basketball, and professional golf and tennis during his NBC tenure. New York Mets
In , he was hired as the lead broadcaster by the expansion New York Mets, and for the next 17 seasons did both radio and television with Ralph Kiner and Bob Murphy. <mask> and Murphy were eventually honored with the Ford C. Frick Award, presented annually to an announcer for "major contributions to baseball" during a ceremony at the Baseball Hall of Fame.While with the Mets, <mask> made the first (and only) radio broadcast of a baseball game from directly above the field. On April 28, 1965, <mask> accompanied the team to the Houston Astrodome for their game against the Astros, and his producer noticed that there was a gondola suspended from the ceiling; <mask> and a broadcast executive agreed to be hoisted in the gondola to a point 208 feet above second base, and called the play-by-play, though as <mask> described it, "At first, I couldn't see anything except a lot of tiny figures. Everybody looked the same

masks: Nelson Nelson Nelson Nelson Nelson Nelson Nelson Nelson


title: Lindsey Nelson

texts:
 height... You couldn't tell a line drive from a pop fly." The Mets lost, 12-9, and <mask> declined to repeat the stunt. When Chicago White Sox pitcher and former Mets ace Tom Seaver went for his 300th victory in August 1985 against the host New York Yankees, the Yankees TV flagship station WPIX had <mask> call the final half-inning of Seaver's history-making win. San Francisco Giants
In  <mask> moved on to the San Francisco Giants, for whom he worked three seasons. He also worked with CBS Radio broadcasts of Major League Baseball in .He is remembered for being the announcer during the first NFL game on CBS to use "instant replay", which he had to explain repeatedly during the game, reminding viewers that "this is not live." Honors
<mask>'s honors and awards include induction into the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association Hall of Fame in Salisbury, North Carolina in 1979; the New York Mets Hall of Fame in ; the American Sportscasters Association Hall of Fame in 1986; the Tuss McLaughry Service Award for sports broadcasting in 1988; the Ford C. Frick Award from the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988; the Pete Rozelle Radio-Television Award from the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1990; and many more. He was awarded an Emmy Award for Lifetime Achievement in 1991. <mask> was inducted into the University of Tennessee, Knoxville Army ROTC Hall of Fame in 2021. He is a member of the 2020 Class. The Tennessee Volunteers baseball team's home field was named <mask> Stadium after him. Personal life and retirement
Television broadcasts featuring <mask> were notable for his multi-colored plaid sports jackets.He reportedly owned 335 of them at one time. During a broadcast, his jackets often clashed with the set and produced a scintillation effect in the broadcast image. But he figured that if fans could see

masks:
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Lindsey Nelson
Nelson


title: Lindsey Nelson

texts:
 rather than just hear broadcasts, he might as well give them something interesting to talk about. <mask>'s television fashion sense was an inspiration for Jim Brockmire, the title character played by Hank Azaria in the IFC series. After his retirement from active broadcasting, he moved to Knoxville, Tennessee, to an apartment across the Tennessee River from the University of Tennessee campus from which he had a view of Neyland Stadium, the Vols' home field. He wrote an autobiographical memoir entitled Hello Everybody, I'm <mask>, his landmark opening phrase. <mask> died of Parkinson's disease at age 76 on June 10, 1995, in Atlanta, Georgia.He is buried in Polk Memorial Gardens in Columbia. His wife, Mickie, died in 1973. They had two daughters, Nancy and Sharon. References

External links
<mask> Ford C. Frick Award biography at the National Baseball Hall of Fame
<mask> 1986 Interview via YouTube

1919 births
1995 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
American radio sports announcers
American television sports announcers
Chicago Bears announcers
College basketball announcers in the United States
College football announcers
Dallas Cowboys announcers
Neurological disease deaths in Georgia (U.S. state)
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Ford C. Frick Award recipients
Golf writers and broadcasters
Tennis commentators
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League announcers
New York Mets announcers
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football announcers
People from Atlanta
People from Knoxville, Tennessee
People from Pulaski, Tennessee
Pete Rozelle Radio-Television Award recipients
San Francisco Giants announcers
Tennessee Volunteers basketball announcers
Tennessee Volunteers football announcers
University of Tennessee alumni
United States Army

masks:
Nelson
Lindsey Nelson
Nelson
Lindsey Nelson
Lindsey Nelson


title: Robert P. Shuler

texts:
<mask>. (1880 – September 11, 1965), also known as "Fighting Bob", was an American evangelist and political figure. His radio broadcasts from his Southern Methodist church in Los Angeles, California, during the 1920s and early 1930s attracted a large audience and also drew controversy with his attacks on politicians and police officials. In 1931, the Federal Radio Commission revoked <mask>'s broadcast license due to his outspoken views. He ran for the United States Senate in 1932 on the Prohibition Party ticket and attracted more than 500,000 votes. Early years
Born in a log cabin in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Tennessee, <mask> graduated from Emory and Henry College in 1903 and was ordained in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. He served as a pastor at churches in Virginia, Tennessee and Texas before moving west to California. Pastor at Trinity Methodist Church in Los Angeles
It was in California that <mask> gained fame as the fiery pastor of Trinity Methodist Church, located at 1201 S. Flower St. in Downtown Los Angeles, from 1920 until 1953.<mask> acquired a wide following for his sermons and broadcasts in which he "thundered weekly against civic and moral evils", including gamblers, bootleggers, grafters, and above all corrupt politicians and police officials. From 1926-1932, Shuler operated radio station KGEF, which he said stood for "Keep God Ever First". He built the radio station at the site of Trinity Methodist Church, using funds donated by Methodist philanthropist Lizzie Glide, who also funded San Francisco's famous Glide Memorial Church. <mask> also published a magazine under the name <mask>'s Magazine. At his peak, <mask>'s congregation had 5,000 members, and his radio broadcasts reportedly had an audience of 600,000 Southern Californians and were heard from Mexico to Canada. American Mercury wrote that Shuler had "built up the

masks:
Robert Pierce Shuler Sr
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Shuler
Bob Shuler
Shuler