title: Sadhana Shivdasani

texts:
 she rented an apartment building owned by singer Asha Bhosle. Fashion icon
<mask> introduced the fringe hairstyle in the Indian film industry in her first film Love in Simla.R.K. Nayyar, director of the film and her future husband, suggested the fringe style in order to make her forehead look narrower. <mask> says: "They tried to stick a strip near the hair-line, but it didn’t work out." Nayyar then suggested she go for the fringe style as was then sported by the Hollywood actress Audrey Hepburn. The fringe soon became popular and a fashion fad in the 1960s. The style was copied by girls in India and is still known by the same name. The look suited the role of naughty, pretty, glamorous Sonia that she played. But when <mask> went on the shoot for Bimal Roy's Parakh, Roy was disappointed to see her modern look.She had to stick her fringe back in order to match the simple village girl she played here. In 1963, when she signed to play a role of a simple Muslim girl from Aligarh in Mere Mehboob, <mask> undid her famous "Sadhana cut" to fit the bill. She had centre-parted her hair and wore it in a plait, which was immediately discarded by the director H.S. Rawail. He said that the audience wanted to see her signature "Sadhana cut" and demanded it. Many years later, the Bollywood actress Deepika Padukone sported the same fringe in her films Om Shanti Om (2007) and Chandni Chowk To China (2009). <mask> is also credited with bringing into fashion the tight churidar-kurta.She went with this concept of gracefully changing the


title: Sadhana Shivdasani

type: original

texts:
 traditional loose salwar kameez to her director Yash Chopra for the 1965 film Waqt. Chopra felt insecure and thought that it would not be accepted. But <mask>, with the help of her fashion designer Bhanu Athaiya showed him a sample, which he liked. The trend lasted well into the 1970s and can be seen, adopted by many actresses. In a song sequence of "Phir Milenge Chalte Chalte" for Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi (2008), actress Bipasha Basu dressed herself in a white churidar-kurta and also frolicked with the famous fringe as a tribute to <mask>. In 2014, <mask> made a rare public appearance walking the ramp in a pink sari at a fashion show to support the cause for cancer and AIDS patients. She was escorted by her relative, actor Ranbir Kapoor.Accolades

Death
During her later years, <mask> was involved in court cases and suffered from illness. She had undergone an emergency surgery due to a bleeding oral lesion in December 2014 at the K J Somaiya Medical College. <mask> died on 25 December 2015 in Hinduja Hospital, Mumbai after being hospitalised with high fever. Although the illness she briefly suffered from was officially undisclosed, <mask> was cremated at Oshiwara crematorium in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Bollywood stars such Anushka Sharma, Karan Johar, Madhur Bhandarkar, Lata Mangeshkar and several others expressed their sorrow at the loss. Filmography

References

External links

1941 births
2015 deaths
Actresses in Hindi cinema
20th-century Indian actresses
Sindhi people
Actresses from Karachi
Deaths from cancer in India
Indian

masks: Sadhana Sadhana Sadhana Sadhana Sadhana Sadhana


title: Kayleigh McEnany

texts:
<mask>y (; born April 18, 1988) is an American conservative political commentator and author who served as the 33rd White House press secretary for the Trump administration from April 2020 to January 2021. She currently serves as an on-air contributor for Fox News. She began her media career as a producer for Huckabee on Fox News and later worked as a commentator on CNN. Early on in the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries, she was a critic of Donald Trump, but over time became known as one of his staunchest defenders. In 2017, she was appointed national spokesperson for the Republican National Committee. She worked for Trump's 2020 presidential campaign as National Press Secretary from 2019 to 2020 and again as Senior Advisor from October 2020 to January 2021. On April 7, 2020, she was appointed as White House Press Secretary in the Trump administration, a position she held until Joe Biden's inauguration as 46th president.After the Trump administration, McEnany has been employed by Fox News as an on-air commentator. Early life
McEnany was born on April 18, 1988, in Tampa, Florida and was raised in Tampa. She is the daughter of commercial roofing company owner Michael and Leanne McEnany. McEnany attended the Academy of the Holy Names, a private Catholic preparatory school in Tampa. After graduating, she majored in international politics at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service in Washington, D.C. and she studied abroad at St Edmund Hall, Oxford. While at Oxford, she was taught politics by future British Labour politician Nick Thomas-Symonds. After graduating from Georgetown, McEnany spent three years as a producer


title: Kayleigh McEnany

texts: "anticipated the optics" of golfing immediately after making a press statement on Foley's death. On August 7, 2017, the Republican National Committee (RNC) appointed McEnany as its national spokesperson. In 2017, as RNC spokeswoman, McEnany supported Trump amid a bipartisan backlash in response to his comments about a white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, in which he suggested that white supremacists and anti-racist counterprotesters shared blame for violence; in a tweet, McEnany wrote that the Republican Party supported Trump's "message of love and inclusiveness." In August 2019, McEnany told CNN's Chris Cuomo: "I don't believe the president has lied." In the weeks before her appointment as White House press secretary, McEnany praised Trump's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, saying, "This president will always put America first, he will always protect American citizens. We will not see diseases like the coronavirus come here, we will not see terrorism, and isn't that refreshing when contrasting it with the awful presidency of Barack Obama?"The disease had been present in the United States for at least a month prior to McEnany's claim that the virus would not "come here"; in December 2020 Politico named McEnany's prediction one of "the most audacious, confident and spectacularly incorrect prognostications about the year". In March 2020, McEnany said Democrats were trying "to politicize" the coronavirus and that Democrats were almost "rooting for this outcome." In the weeks following, McEnany was criticized for her remarks. Author Grant Stern tweeted, "<mask> McEnany is coming to the White House with new 'alternative


title: Kayleigh McEnany

texts:
 2020, McEnany tested positive for COVID-19. Even though she had interacted with individuals who had been diagnosed with coronavirus days prior, McEnany on several occasions spoke with the press while not wearing a mask before she ultimately tested positive for the coronavirus. Among McEnany's staff members to also test positive for COVID-19 was Chad Gilmartin, the cousin of McEnany's husband. 2020 presidential election and aftermath
While ballots were still being counted on election day, McEnany made an early false declaration of victory for Trump.After Joe Biden won the election and President Donald Trump refused to concede, McEnany spread false claims of fraud in the 2020 election. On November 20, 2020, McEnany falsely claimed Trump was not given an "orderly transition of power". Previously in 2016, within two days of Trump's victory, his opponent Hillary Clinton conceded to Trump, while then-President Obama had recognized Trump as president-elect and hosted Trump at the White House. Trump himself thanked Obama and his wife "for their gracious aid throughout this transition". Trump fired the leader of his transition team (Chris Christie), threw out months of transition planning, and rejected help from the Obama administration. <mask>'s comment was stated while Trump himself was refusing to recognize his opponent Joe Biden's victory as legitimate; Trump was also actively delaying the start of a transfer of power to president-elect Biden for two weeks. Following the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Randall Lane, writing for Forbes, warned corporations against hiring McEnany or other people "who lied for Trump", stating


title: Nadia Tass

texts:
<mask> is an Australian film director and producer. The recipient of the 2014 Screen Leader Award for Outstanding Leadership, Achievement and Service to the Screen Industry, <mask> is a respected Australian filmmaker. Since 1986 she has directed 13 feature films; her films being responsible for over 70 international awards and twenty-three Australian Film Institute (AFI) nominations, while garnering nine wins including Best Film and Best Director. Known for directing Australian classic films Malcolm and The Big Steal, some of <mask>'s other feature works include Rikky and Pete, Mr Reliable, Amy, Matching Jack, Fatal Honeymoon, and Oleg. She also directs films and high-end television movies in America. Her first feature in the US was Pure Luck starring Danny Glover and Martin Short. <mask> is married to Australian writer, producer, cinematographer David Parker.Early life and education

Tass was born in Florina, Macedonia, northern Greece before moving to live permananetly in Australia. Career

Tass has worked with many well-known and respected actors while directing and producing. These include:

Film director

Theatrical directing
Tass has an extensive history of theatre direction with a diverse range of works. She has directed improvised theatre, classic plays, contemporary pieces and musical theatre. Early works include productions of The Merchant of Venice, Macbeth, numerous plays by Euripides including  Medea, and by Aristophanes including Lysistrata, Chekhov's The Birds, Three Sisters, and Blood Wedding by Federico Garcia Lorca. In later work, Tass directed This Effing Lady by Maureen Sherlock at the Brunswick Ballroom (2021) and Wicked Sisters by Alma De Groen for Griffin Theatre in Sydney (2020). In 2019, she directed Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by Heather McDonald, a Pulitzer

masks:
Nadia Tass
Tass
Tass
Nadia Tass


title: Nadia Tass

texts:
 Prize finalist, for Signature Theatre in the Washington DC area, and Fern Hill by Michael Tucker at 59E59 Theaters in New York City.Both productions were well received and their seasons booked out and extended. In 2018 <mask> directed David Williamson's Sorting Out Rachel for Sydney's Ensemble Theatre, followed by Marisa Smith's Sex and Other Disturbances for Portland Stage in Maine, USA; Fern Hill by Michael Tucker for New Jersey Rep; Ear to the Edge of Time by Alana Valentine for Sport for Jove at The Seymour Centre in Sydney. In 2016, <mask> directed the Ensemble Theatre production of Jane Cafarella's e-baby. It was the Sydney premiere of the play. <mask> directed Disgraced by Ayad Akhtar for the Melbourne Theatre Company (MTC), Extinction by Hannie Rayson for Red Stitch/GPAC, The Book Club for AKA in London and Melbourne, and Uncle Vanya by Chekhov (adapted by Annie Baker) for Red Stitch. Tass' 2002 production of The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe toured Australia and garnered her a Helpmann Award nomination for Best Director of a Musical.Tass directs theatre for major theatre companies in Australia, London and various places in the US, including New York and Washington DC. Lewis, adapted by David Parker (2002-2003) Malcolm Cooke & Associates and Billy May
 Miss Bosnia by Louis Nowra (1996) Melbourne Theatre Company
 Così by Louis Nowra (1994) Melbourne Theatre Company
 Summer of the Aliens by Louis Nowra (1992) Melbourne Theatre Company

Theatre reviews

 Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
 DC Metro review
 Broadwayworld.com review
 MD Theatre Guide review
 Talkin' Broadway review

 Ear to the Edge of Time
  Arts Hub review

Filmography (direction)

Feature films
 Malcolm (1986)
 Rikky and Pete (1988)
 The Big Steal (1990)
 Pure Luck (1991)
 Stark (1993) (feature cut)
 Mr. She regularly

masks: Tass Tass Tassss


title: Albert Methfessel

texts:
<mask> (6 October 1785 – 23 March 1869) was a German composer, singer, musicologist, and conductor. Originally destined by his parents for service in the church, like his older brother, he left theological studies because of his great interest in music. Given a scholarship by local nobility, he was able to formally study music, and then return to his hometown of Rudolstadt to perform and sing for twelve years. He spent three years in Hamburg before becoming an itinerant musician for seven years. His period of greatest income was as Kapellmeister in Braunschweig from 1832 to 1842. His career was then hampered by health difficulties, but he continued to compose, write musical treatises, and correspond with his fellow musicians until his death in 1869. He is most well-known for his vocal compositions, in particular, his works for students and for male voices.Early life and family
Born <mask> <mask> in Stadtilm, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, on 6 October 1785, he was the son of Johann Christian <mask> (1733–1816) and Sophia Marie (née Gölitz) Methfessel (1745–1818). Johann Christian was the local school teacher and Cantor in Stadtilm, while Sophia was the daughter of a Stadtilm church councilman. <mask>'s older brother <mask> (1771–1807) also became a song composer of note. He had two sisters, one of whom, Marie (1839–1927), married a clergyman. Education
From a very early age <mask> showed a strong proclivity towards music. At the age of twelve, he wrote music for church services and these compositions were utilized by his father in his position of Cantor. His father fervently desired that he become a theologian, a desire that was heightened when older brother Friedrich, having attained a theological degree, abandoned his church career in pursuit of

masks:
Albert Methfessel
Albert Gottlieb
Methfessel
Methfessel
Albert
Frederick Methfessel
Albert


title: Albert Methfessel

texts:
 music.After his confirmation he was sent to the Rudolstadt grammar school. Here he was further attracted to music by the music of the prince's chapel, as well as the town choir, the latter of which he immediately joined and soon became its leader. As part of his functions for this position he composed cantatas and motets for the choir. However, upon completion of his Rudolstadt studies he followed his father's wishes and attended Leipzig University from 1807 to 1809, studying theology and classical literature. He did not give up music during this time, as he joined the Gewandhaus as a singer. Karoline Luise von Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt became enamored with his voice, and proffered a scholarship which enabled <mask> to abandon his theological studies and travel to Dresden, where he studied singing under Francesco Ceccarelli for nearly two years. Music career

<mask> returned to Rudolstadt in 1810, and spent the next twelve years as a Kammersänger and chamber musician at the Rudolstadt court.He became a particular friend of Louis Spohr, and along with three other friends they wandered together in 1818 from town to town towards the music festival at Mannheim. At Mannheim the "Travelers" were given welcome as celebrities, Spohr in particular. Spohr, then at the height of his fame, was offered a private apartment but turned it down so he could be with his friend <mask>. <mask> turned down a position in Prague as Kapellmeister, to which he had been recommended by Carl Maria von Weber, but 1822 saw him relocated to Hamburg as a director of music, where he also added teaching to his duties. From 1825 to 1832 he was a traveling musician whose income was insecure, until such time as he decided to settle into stable employment. <mask> became

masks: Methfessel Methfessel Methfessel Methfessel Methfessel


title: Albert Methfessel

texts:
 Kapellmeister at Braunschweig in 1832, a position which he held until 1842. He married a singer, Louise Emilie Lehmann (1815–1854), in 1834.As Kapellmeister, one of his principal aims was to improve the quality of opera performances. In he also spent some of this time as a music teacher, including piano. He was forced to resign his position of Kapellmeister as he developed a severe hearing impairment. For the rest of his life Methfessel was self-employed as a composer, music critic, and writing on music theory, although he did receive a small pension from his previous court position. Later life
His wife's death in May 1854 was particularly hard on him. His sight became very weak, but his mind remained at full strength despite the loss of use of both ears and eyes. He was the composer-in-residence at the 1861 Great German Song Festival in Nuremberg, and the 1865 German Signing Association in Dresden.The city of Braunschweig held a celebration day honoring his 80th birthday on 6 October 1864. The University of Jena took the occasion to confer a Doctor of Philosophy upon him. Age and financial difficulties eventually compelled <mask> to leave Braunschweig in May 1868 and move to the village Heckenbeck of town Bad Gandersheim to live with his eldest daughter. That August he suffered a severe stroke, which removed his remaining hearing and sight, and left him with little ability to speak. However, by mid-September his heath improved such that he was again able to correspond with friends and even sing. <mask> died on 23 March 1869 in Heckenbeck, and he was buried in the village cemetery. Assessment

With his solo voice and choral compositions, <mask> was a key figure, not only of German folk singing in the 19th century, but of popular singing of

masks: Methfessel Methfessel Methfessel


title: Albert Methfessel

texts:
 the male voice in general.Many of his songs, in particular patriotic songs included in the five editions of "Allgemeinen Commers- und Liederbuch", were considered the model for student songs. His songs were described by his contemporaries as "fresh, singable, pleasant, and pleasing". The instrumental accompaniment for his songs have no independence to the melody, merely supplying simple harmonic support to the vocalist. He wrote several pieces of instrumental music, but the reputation of this output suffers in comparison to his vocal works. Methfessel was an "exquisite" singer, even preceding his formal training. In addition to his singing, he was a highly accomplished pianist and guitarist. He was a serious student of both theology and music, yet he was popular with his peers and society in general because of his personal integrity and his genial personality.Even upon the loss of his wife, his hearing, and his sight he was known for his cheerfulness. Works
Many of <mask>'s songs were scored for guitar accompaniment. A large part of his output is for a solo vocalist. His part-songs for male voices remained in the German choral repertoire long after his death. His setting of "Stadt Hamburg an der Elbe Auen" became the national song of Hamburg. The settings for his vocal pieces range from the sacred to the comic. His most resounding works celebrate patriotism, friendship, freedom, and love.In addition to his vocal works, he wrote instrumental music for guitar, organ, piano, and glass harmonica. Operas
The Prince of Basra

Oratorios
Das befreite Jerusalem

References

1785 births
1869 deaths
German male classical composers
German opera composers
Male opera composers
Oratorio composers
People from Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
19th-century German


title: Gao Cheng

texts:
<mask> (; 521–549), courtesy name Zihui (子惠), formally Prince Wenxiang of Bohai (勃海文襄王), later further posthumously honored by Northern Qi as Emperor Wenxiang (文襄皇帝) with the temple name Shizong (世宗), was the paramount official of the Xianbei-led Chinese Eastern Wei dynasty, a branch successor state of the Northern Wei. He was <mask>'s oldest son, and because his father wielded actual power during Emperor Xiaojing's reign, <mask> also received increasingly great authority, and after his father's death in 547 took over the reign of the state. He was considered capable but frivolous and arrogant, as well as lacking in sexual discretion. In 549, he was assassinated by his servant Lan Jing (蘭京), and his younger brother <mask> took over the control over the Eastern Wei regime. Background
<mask> was born in 521, when his father <mask> was still a courier of documents between the Northern Wei capital Luoyang and the old capital Pingcheng (平城, in modern Datong, Shanxi). His mother Lou Zhaojun was from a wealthy family, but <mask>'s own household was poor. In 525, the ambitious <mask> joined the agrarian rebellion led by Du Luozhou (杜洛周) but subsequently became convinced that Du was not a successful leader, and sought to flee from Du's camp with his associates Wei Jing (尉景), Duan Rong (段榮), and Cai Jun (蔡雋).(Wei and Duan were also his brothers-in-law.) Lady Lou and her children (<mask> and a daughter) fled as well, riding a cow. During this flight, <mask> repeatedly fell off the cow, and <mask> considered killing him with an arrow, but Duan repeatedly saved him. The next known incident involving <mask> was in 531, when <mask>, then a Northern Wei general, rebelled against the members of Erzhu Rong's clan (who had dominated the political scene after they defeated Emperor

masks:
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng
Gao Yang
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng
Gao


title: Gao Cheng

texts:
 Xiaozhuang in revenge of Emperor Xiaozhuang's killing of Erzhu Rong), and when an agrarian rebel leader, <mask> (高敖曹), a very distant relative of <mask>'s, refused to follow <mask>, <mask> sent <mask> to visit <mask> and showing respect due to the granduncle persuading <mask> of <mask>'s sincerity. During <mask>'s lifetime
<mask> defeated the Erzhus in 532 and entered Luoyang victoriously, and he made Yuan Xiu the Prince of Pingyang emperor (as Emperor Xiaowu). As a result of <mask>'s victory, the 11-year-old <mask> received high ranking titles, even though he appeared to carry no actual responsibility by this point in either the imperial administration or his father's army. With his father having been created the Prince of Bohai, <mask>, as his oldest son, also carried the title the Heir Apparent of Bohai.In 534, Emperor Xiaowu, in a dispute with <mask> over the control of power, fled to the domain of the independent general Yuwen Tai, leading to a split of Northern Wei, as <mask> then made Yuan Shanjian the Heir Apparent of Qinghe emperor (as Emperor Xiaojing), and the areas under <mask>'s control became known as Eastern Wei, and the areas under Yuwen's control became known as Western Wei. <mask> moved the Eastern Wei capital from Luoyang to Yecheng. In 535, <mask> found out that <mask> had been conducting an affair with <mask>'s concubine Lady Zheng Dache (鄭大車). In anger, he caned <mask> 100 times and put him under arrest, and he seriously considered making <mask> (高浟), his son by his concubine Lady Erzhu Ying'e (Erzhu Rong's daughter) heir apparent to replace <mask>. <mask> sought help from <mask>'s friend Sima Ziru (司馬子如), who persuaded <mask> to change his mind by reminding him the contributions that <mask>'s mother Princess Lou had made, and also

masks:
Gao Aocao
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng
Gao Aocao
Gao Aocao
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng
Gao You
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng


title: Gao Cheng

texts: subsequently by forcing the witnesses to the affair between <mask> and Lady Zheng to recant. Still, Princess Lou and <mask> were forced to repeatedly bow and crawl on the ground to beg <mask>'s forgiveness, and <mask> allowed <mask> to remain heir apparent. In 536, the 15-year-old <mask>, who was then with his father at his military headquarters of Jinyang, requested permission to become in charge of the Eastern Wei imperial government at Yecheng.<mask>an initially refused, but <mask>an's assistant Sun Qian (孫搴) spoke on <mask>'s behalf, and finally, <mask>an agreed. <mask> soon arrived at Yecheng and took over the imperial administration. He became known as a harsh but capable enforcer of laws, in comparison to his father's policy of relaxed enforcement. He also abolished the seniority-based system of promotion that had caused the imperial administration to stagnate, seeking out capable individuals and promoting them quickly. Around this time, <mask> also married Emperor Xiaojing's sister the Princess Fengyi as his wife. In 540, she bore him a son, <mask> (高孝琬). The emperor personally went to his mansion to congratulate him, and the officials all sent expensive gifts.(<mask> initially declined, stating that <mask> was the emperor's nephew, and therefore the emperor should be congratulated first, but eventually did accept.) In 543, the actions of <mask> and his trusted assistant, Cui Xian (崔暹), would lead to the rebellion of the general <mask> (高仲密). <mask>mi had earlier married Cui's sister as his wife, but later abandoned her, and this led to hatred between <mask>mi and Cui. Cui, therefore, found many reasons to pick fault with selections of officials that <mask>mi had made, and <mask> agreed with Cui. Further, on one occasion, when <mask> saw <mask>mi's new

masks:
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Hu
Gao Hu
Gao Cheng
Gao Hu
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Xiaowan
Gao Cheng
Gao Xiaocheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Zhongmi
Gao Zhong
Gao Zhong
Gao Zhong
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Zhong


title: Gao Cheng

texts: wife Li Changyi (李昌儀), he was stunned by her beauty and tried to rape her. Lady Li escaped and informed <mask>mi about the incident. Therefore, when <mask> became the governor of Northern Yu Province (北豫州, roughly modern Zhengzhou, Henan), he surrendered the capital of Northern Yu Province, the key garrison Hulao (虎牢), to Western Wei.(<mask>, blaming Cui for <mask>mi's rebellion, initially wanted to kill Cui or at least to severely cane him. However, <mask>, displaying the influence that he had on his father by this point, was able to persuade <mask>, through <mask>an's assistant Chen Yuanda (陳元達), that punishing Cui would undermine <mask>'s authority, and therefore <mask>an never did punish Cui.) In the ensuing battles over the control of the Hulao and Luoyang region, both Yuwen Tai and <mask>an nearly died. After Eastern Wei forces finally captured Hulao later that year, and Lady Li was delivered to Yecheng, <mask> made her one of his concubines. In 544, <mask>, believing that the officials Sima Ziru, Sun Teng (孫騰), <mask> (高岳, <mask>an's cousin), and <mask> (高隆之), were becoming too powerful and too corrupt, transferred major portions of those officials' responsibilities to <mask>. <mask> further showed off his authority by acting imperiously toward those officials. For example, when Sun once visited him and showed insufficient respect, he had his guards throw Sun on the ground and pound him with sword hilts.<mask> also installed his assistant Cui Jishu (崔季舒, Cui Xian's uncle) as Emperor Xiaojing's secretary, to keep watch on Emperor Xiaojing. Later in 544, <mask>, wanting to stamp out corruption within the imperial administration, empowered Cui Xian and Song Youdao (宋遊道) to investigate high-level officials for corruption. Cui and Song each made several

masks:
Gao Zhong
Gao Zhongmi
Gao Huan
Gao Zhong
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Hu
Gao Cheng
Gao Hu
Gao Hu
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Yue
Gao Hu
Gao Longzhi
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng


title: Gao Cheng

texts:
 accusations against high-level officials, and <mask> had, in particular, Sima Ziru stripped of all titles and offices, and Yuan Tan (元坦) the Prince of Xianyang stripped of his offices. In order to show that Cui, in particular, was empowered to carry out investigations, <mask> had Cui intentionally show disrespect to himself in public with impunity, so that the officials would be even more apprehensive of Cui. In late 546, <mask> became seriously ill, and he summoned <mask> back to Jinyang to entrust the matters to him. At that time, <mask> was apprehensive that the general Hou Jing, who commanded the provinces south of the Yellow River, would rebel, and <mask>an left him a list of officials that he could trust, and specifically instructed him to make Murong Shaozong (慕容紹宗) the commander of the army against Hou if Hou rebelled. <mask> died in spring 547, but <mask>, also pursuant to <mask>'s instructions, did not announce <mask>'s death in public; rather, he returned to Yecheng, pretending that <mask> was still alive.As regent
Also in spring 547, Hou Jing, unsure whether <mask>an was still alive but believing that <mask> had died, rebelled, first surrendering the 13 provinces he commanded to Western Wei, and then to Liang Dynasty. <mask> initially sent Han Gui (韓軌) against Hou, and Han had some successes against Hou's forces but was forced to withdraw when Western Wei forces arrived, taking four of Hou's provinces in exchange for supporting Hou. Subsequently, Hou broke with Western Wei, and Western Wei forces withdrew. Meanwhile, Emperor Wu of Liang commissioned his nephew Xiao Yuanming the Marquess of Zhenyang with a large force to try to aid Hou. <mask>, after finally revealing <mask>an's death, put Murong Shaozong in charge of the army. He also made peace

masks:
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Hu
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Hu
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Hu


title: Gao Cheng

texts: overtures to Hou, promising to keep him in command of the southern provinces if he would submit. Hou refused.Meanwhile, <mask> also had a threat from within. <mask>, once <mask>an died, began to show contempt for Emperor Xiaojing, and once, when Emperor Xiaojing rebuked him for public disrespect, <mask> ordered Cui Jishu to punch Emperor Xiaojing three times. Emperor Xiaojing, fearful of what might come next, formed a conspiracy against <mask>. In winter 547, the plot was discovered, and <mask> put the emperor under arrest and executed his coconspirators. Late in 547, Murong Shaozong crushed Xiao Yuanming's army at Hanshan (寒山, in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu), capturing Xiao Yuanming. When Xiao Yuanming was delivered to <mask>, <mask> treated him with respect, intending to try to use Xiao Yuanming as a pawn against Hou. By spring 548, Murong Shaozong had crushed Hou's army as well, and Hou fled to Liang, seizing the Liang border city of Shouyang (壽陽, in modern Lu'an, Anhui) as his base of operations.<mask> then began negotiating peace with Liang's Emperor Wu, intending to create instability in the relationship between Emperor Wu and Hou. Hou, eventually coming to believe that Emperor Wu would betray him and turn him over to Eastern Wu to exchange for Xiao Yuanming, rebelled in fall 548, eventually capturing the Liang capital Jiankang and holding Emperor Wu and then his successor Emperor Jianwen of Liang as puppets. Once Hou did so, he made an overture of peace to <mask>, but <mask> did not respond. Meanwhile, <mask> was trying to recapture the provinces that Western Wei had taken from Hou. Also in 548, he sent <mask> and Murong Shaozong to siege Changshe (長社, in modern Xuchang, Henan), but Changshe, defended by the Western Wei general Wang Sizheng (王思政), would not fall

masks:
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Hu
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Yue


title: Gao Cheng

texts:
 easily, and during the battle, Western Wei forces were able to kill Murong Shaozong and another major general, Liu Fengsheng (劉豐生). In summer 549, <mask> himself commanded reinforcements and arrived at Changshe. He intensified the siege, and soon, Changshe fell, and he captured Wang, whom he treated with respect.After Changshe fell, Western Wei forces also withdrew from the three other provinces that they had captured, and Eastern Wei by this time had recaptured all of the lands that Hou had initially taken. Death
Meanwhile, <mask> was beginning to confer with his associates on how he could seize the throne. In fall 549, he was in a meeting with Chen Yuankang, Cui Jishu, and Yang Yin, discussing the procedure for doing so. One of the attending servants was Lan Jing (蘭京), a son of the Liang general Lan Qin (蘭欽), whom he had captured in battle and had repeatedly refused to release despite both Lan Qin's and Lan Jing's pleas to allow Lan Qin to ransom his son. During the meeting, Lan Jing delivered a meal to <mask> and the others at the meeting. When Lan Jing stepped out, <mask> made the comment, "Last night, I dreamed that this slave was using a sword to hit me. I should kill him."Lan Jing overheard the comment, and he reentered the room and killed <mask> with a knife, despite Chen's attempts to protect <mask>. Family
Parents
 Father : <mask>, Prince Xianwu of Qi (齊獻武王), posthumously granted the title  of Emperor Shenwu (神武皇帝)
 Mother: Empress Wuming (武明皇后), of the Lou clan (婁氏), personal name Zhaojun (昭君)
 Consorts and issue
 Empress Wenxiang (文襄皇后), of the Yuan clan  (元氏), sister of Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei
 <mask> (高孝琬) (b. 3 , 11 . History of Northern Dynasties, vol. 6 . Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162.Northern Wei

masks:
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Xiaowan


title: Helmut Machemer

texts:
<mask> (7 May 190318 May 1942) was a German ophthalmologist who served as "Truppenarzt" with the rank of "Unterarzt", corresponding to the rank of sergeant. He worked with Professor  in Münster during the 1930s and, with him, pioneered an electrical treatment for retinal detachment. Machemer suffered discrimination in Nazi Germany after his wife was deemed to be "half-Jewish". He joined the German army at the outbreak of the Second World War in the hope of winning a first class Iron Cross bravery medal. Machemer hoped this would allow his family to be reclassified as being of "German-blood". He fought in France and Russia, was wounded in action and won both the Iron Cross 1st Class and Iron Cross 2nd Class. Machemer was killed in action at the Second Battle of Kharkov on 18 May 1942, just four days after being notified of the first class award.His wife and children were granted German-blood status in March 1943. Machemer kept extensive written, photographic and film records of his wartime service and these have been published in a book and documentary film. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 7 May 1903 in Sprendlingen and spent much of his early life in Münster. He studied medicine at the Universities of Heidelberg, München and Freiburg. In 1929 in Freiburg, he worked on a doctorate (on amphibian development) under the supervision of Prof. Hans Spemann (later Nobel prize winner) and was promoted Nov. 1929 to  Dr. phil. nat. In December 1930, he, in addition, was promoted to Dr. med.at the University of Freiburg. He  afterwards worked at an eye clinic in Münster under Professor . Machemer dated Erna Schwalbe, who studied medicine at the university of Kiel, from 1929 and in June 1932 became aware that she might have Jewish ancestry, which may have been an issue due to the rise of the anti-Semitic Nazi Party. Erna's father wrote her a letter which confirmed her mother's ancestry, which he had tried to keep hidden. Erna immediately offered to

masks:
Helmut Machemer
Helmut Machemer


title: Helmut Machemer

texts:
 separate from Machemer, but he refused to do so on the grounds that he loved her. They married in October 1932. Erna's mother divorced her father and moved to the Netherlands the following year, after the Nazis came to power.Machemer was described by medical historian George Gorin as "a capable retinal surgeon". In 1934 he pioneered, with Szily, a method of treating retinal detachment by use of an electric current to form a chorioretinal scar. Anti-Semitic discrimination escalated under the Nazis: Szily as a Jew, was forced from his position at the clinic and Machemer lost his job there. Erna was also forced to abandon her own medical studies. Machemer was unable to set up his own practice as the Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians refused to grant a permit because of his marriage. The Machemers considered divorce or emigration, but Szily found <mask> a position as assistant to ophthalmologist in Stadtlohn. The <mask> family (the couple had three sons) moved to Dufkampstrasse, in Stadtlohn in 1935.In October of that year the Nazis passed the Nuremberg Laws, these forbade marriage between those of "German blood" and those of Jewish ancestry. Under the new laws Machemer's wife was classified as "half-Jewish" and the family became subject to ever more stringent restrictions and discrimination. Machemer was not a supporter of the Nazi Party but was also not an opponent of the regime. Second World War
Machemer was 36 years old when the Second World War began with the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. He was unlikely to be drafted due to his age but volunteered for service on the first day of the war. Machemer volunteered in an attempt to make use of a little-known exception in the Nazi racial laws: that the "non-Aryan" family of an Aryan could be classified as being of "German blood", if the man made a significant contribution to the Nazi state. Machemer became convinced that if he was awarded the Iron Cross, first

masks: Helmut Machemer


title: Helmut Machemer

texts: class for bravery on the battlefield then he could secure the reclassification of his family.Machemer served during the 1940 invasion of France and the 1941 invasion of Russia, in which he served as an Unterarzt (medical officer aspirant) of the reconnaissance unit of the 16th Panzer Division. For his part in the latter operation he was awarded the second class Iron Cross. At one point he worked in a captured Soviet hospital, operating on captured Russian soldiers. Whilst in action Machemer was shot in the neck, but after checking it was not serious, returned to duty treating soldiers who had been shot through the lungs. He noted this in a letter home to his wife and Erna's reply was that he "shouldn't consciously put yourself in danger again, it seems to me like a challenge to fate". <mask> also wrote to Erna of his concern that he might be withdrawn from the front line and placed in a field hospital where he would be unlikely to be recommended for a bravery award. Machemer was of the opinion that he would not be recommended for the Iron Cross, first class unless he held the position of medical officer.This promotion had been previously denied to him due to his marriage to Erna. Machemer appealed the decision in March 1942 and, after sending a family tree and confirmation that Erna had no contact with her Jewish relations, was promoted to the rank of Oberarzt and approved for the Iron Cross, first class on 14 May 1942. Machemer records that he celebrated this decision with sparkling wine and, the next day had a hangover. Machemer was killed at mid-day 18 May, while on a trip to screen the battlefield for wounded soldiers. He was hit in head by shrapnel from a grenade during the Second Battle of Kharkov. Machemer was travelling in a car at the time, his companion was heavily wounded, but survived. <mask>, who was 39 when he died, recorded in his final diary entry of 18 May that he had slept well and was awaiting orders.In March 1943 Erna and her


title: Helmut Machemer

texts:
 children were granted "German-blood" status, in what is believed to be the only known case of such an exemption. Legacy
As a scientist, he wished to document his and his company's way through wartime. His partly critical writings would have been unacceptable for promotion by the Nazi party and may have placed him at risk of arrest and he would not have been able to accomplish his mission. His collection included more than 160 letters, 2,000 photographs and five hours of film footage. Some of the records included depictions of dead German soldiers, dead civilians, burnt houses and dead horses. The majority of Machemer's reports and private letters were sent via "Feldpost" through the postal service. A few of the documents are known to be lost, since they were numerated.In particular, exposed photos and films, were carried home by comrades. Machemer's documents were kept by Erna and passed onto the couple's son, Hans. Hans worked with historian  to catalogue and assess the material and also produced a documentary film and a book, Wofür es lohnte, das Leben zu wagen ("What it was worth risking life for") published 2018 in German by Europa Verlag. Hardinghaus also produced a novel based on the story (Ein Held dunkler Zeit) telling the story of Wilhelm Möckel, a doctor with the 16th Panzer Division, and his wife Annemarie. Erna continued to live in Stadtlohn after the war, until she moved back to Münster in 1962. Erna died in 1970. Besides Hans the other sons were Peter and <mask> (1933–2009), also an ophthalmologist and sometimes called the "father of modern retinal surgery".<mask> appeared in the BBC documentary "Lost home movies of Nazi Germany" explaining his father's self-sacrifice, through film footage taken by <mask> himself. References

1942 deaths
German military personnel killed in World War II
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 1st class
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 2nd class
People from Münster
German ophthalmologists
1903

masks:
Robert Machemer
Hans Machemer
Helmut


title: P. R. Stephensen

texts: <mask> (20 November 1901 – 28 May 1965) was an Australian writer, publisher and political activist, first aligned with communism and later shifting support towards far-right politics. He was the co-founder of the fascist Australia First Movement, alongside businessman William Miles, and he was the author of The Foundations of Culture in Australia. <mask> was born in Maryborough, Queensland, of Danish and Swiss descent. Studying his Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of Queensland, <mask> joined the Communist Party of Australia in 1921. Upon winning the Rhodes Scholarship in 1924 he left for England and joined the university branch of the Party. Graduating, he joined the Fanfrolico Press alongside fellow author Jack Lindsay, releasing an assortment of their own writings as well as translated works. After the press ceased operation, Stephensen established his own press, lasting only a year.During this time he cohabitated with former ballet dancer Winifred Sarah Venus (née Lockyer), whom he later married in 1947 following her first husband’s death. Upon returning to Australia with Winifred in 1932, Stephensen partnered with magazine The Bulletin to found another publishing press, the Endeavour Press, in the same year alongside fellow Norman Lindsay. Splitting from the press in 1933, he founded yet another press, P. R. Stephensen & Co., which published more Australian works before failing in 1935 due to financial stresses. Despite the repeated collapses of his publishing companies, Stephensen became a recognised figure in Australian literature, becoming vice-president of the Fellowship of Australian Writers. During the Moscow Trials, Stephensen became disillusioned with communism. In 1936 Stephensen penned his

masks:
Percy Reginald Stephensen
Stephensen
Stephensen


title: P. R. Stephensen

texts:
 most famous work, The Foundations of Culture in Australia, sparking the emergence of the Jindyworobak movement. Founding the monthly publication The Publicist alongside businessman William Miles, he laid down the fundamental frameworks of the Australia First Movement, which the two established in October 1941.After five months of activity, Stephensen and his colleagues in the movement, suffragette Adela <mask> being among them, were detained by the Australian government. Being released after the war’s end, <mask> continued to write until his death in 1965. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 20 November 1901 in Maryborough, Queensland. He was the oldest of six children born to Marie-Louise Aimee (née Tardent) and Christian Julius (Chris) <mask>. The family lived on a small farm outside Biggenden, where his father was a wheelwright, farrier and coffin-maker; he later took over the town's general store. His father was the secretary of the local branch of the Workers' Political Organisation and his mother was the Biggenden correspondent for the Maryborough Chronicle. Stephensen's paternal grandparents were Danish immigrants who had arrived in Queensland in the 1870s, converting from Lutheranism to Anglicanism and anglicising their surname from the original "Steffensen".Their children rapidly assimilated into the local community and did not learn Danish. Stephensen's mother and maternal grandparents were immigrants from the Swiss French colony at Chabag, Russia (now Ukraine); his mother was bilingual in French and English. Stephensen's maternal grandfather Henry Tardent was an agricultural scientist who managed an experimental farm and later became a journalist and writer. Stephensen's youngest brother, Cyril

masks:
Pankhurst
Stephensen
Percy Reginald
Stephensen
Stephensen


title: P. R. Stephensen

texts: Edward (Ted), served with the RAAF during World War II and was shot down over France and killed in May 1944. Stephensen learned to shoot and ride at a young age, as was typical at the time. He began his education at Biggenden Primary School and in 1914 placed within the top 100 students in the state secondary school examinations. This entitled him to a two-year government-funded scholarship, and in 1915 he began boarding at Maryborough Boys' Grammar School.The school's headmaster Noble Wallace was a strict disciplinarian and employed corporal punishment. Stephensen was nicknamed "Chicken" at school, due to his surname containing the word "hen". In his first year he had his wrist broken in a hazing ritual. He became a platoon leader in the school cadets and was also a talented sportsman, captaining the school's cricket and football teams and winning prizes for athletics. In 1916 he won a two-year extension to his scholarship by passing the junior public examination. <mask> was chosen as a prefect in 1918, his fourth and final year at the school. For a brief period he was taught by V. Gordon Childe, whose socialist and pacifist beliefs prompted community opposition and led to his early resignation.Towards the end of the year, Stephensen led a student boycott of the school's speech day, at which the annual prizes were to be handed out by the state treasurer Ted Theodore. The boycott was in protest at the sacking of Wallace by the board of trustees. In 1919, aged 17, Stephensen moved to Brisbane and enrolled in the University of Queensland. He was a fee-paying student as he had failed to win one of the few scholarships then available. He boarded at St John's College, where he soon received the nickname "Inky" for


title: P. R. Stephensen

texts:
 his habit of singing the chorus from "Mademoiselle from Armentières". Stephensen befriended Jack Lindsay, son of Norman Lindsay, who in turn introduced him to Theodore Whitherby. He also became involved with the Workers' Educational Association (WEA) and developed a friendship with <mask>, who would later become the only Communist Party MP elected to an Australian parliament.In June 1919 <mask>'s first published article in the University Magazine called for the "fostering of a national literature" and greater study of Australian poets, themes he would return to later in his career. <mask>  joined the Communist Party of Australia in 1921. He gained a second-class honours degree in Modern Greats at Queen's College, Oxford where he studied as a Rhodes Scholar and was a member of the university branch of the Communist Party with A. J. P. Taylor, Graham Greene and Tom Driberg. Literary work
<mask> was a friend of D. H. Lawrence and edited the first uncensored version of Lady Chatterley's Lover. He was also friendly with Aldous Huxley. His most significant work was The Foundations of Culture in Australia (1936), which led to the foundation of the Jindyworobak Movement. Between the world wars, his Fellowship of Australian Writers released a document that advocated disconnection with the United States and stated, "US comics promoted demonology, witchcraft and voodooism, with Superman part of a raving mad view of the world".Of American musicals and minstrel shows, he wrote: "the American negro, with his jungle is not welcome here". He was also noted for his anti-Semitic views in this period. However, <mask> was a supporter of Aboriginal rights, and he and his colleague, retired businessman W.J. Miles, financed the first

masks:
Fred Paterson
Stephensen
Stephensen
Stephensen
Stephensen


title: P. R. Stephensen

texts:
 Aboriginal publication, The Abo Call, written and edited by Aboriginal activist <mask>. He edited all but four of the books of writer Frank Clune. Far-right politics
In 1936, <mask> and Miles founded a magazine, The Publicist, which promulgated monarchical, pro-fascist, anti-Semitic, anti-Communist and pro-Aboriginal views. In the early 1940s, Miles curtailed his activities, due to increasing ill health.<mask> founded the Australia First Movement in October 1941, and took over the editorship of the magazine in early 1942, shortly before being interned without trial, along with other members of the Australia First Movement, for pro-Japanese and Axis sympathies. Bibliography
<mask> was a prolific author. He published over 30 books, as well as translations of works by Vladimir Lenin and Friedrich Nietzsche. He also produced nearly 70 books ghostwritten for Frank Clune. Non fiction
 The Bushwackers: Sketches of Life in the Australian Outback (London: Mandrake Press, [1929?]) The Legend of Aleister Crowley (London: Mandrake Press, 1930)
 The Foundations of Culture in Australia: An Essay Towards National Self Respect (Gordon, N.S.W. : W.J.Miles, 1936)
 The History and Description of Sydney Harbour (Adelaide: Rigby, 1966)

References

Further reading

1901 births
1965 deaths
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
Australian biographers
Male biographers
Australian human rights activists
Australian Rhodes Scholars
Australian translators
University of Queensland alumni
People from Maryborough, Queensland
Writers from Queensland
20th-century translators
20th-century biographers
Australian fascists
Australian indigenous rights activists
20th-century male writers
Australian people of Danish descent
Australian people of

masks:
Jack Patten
Stephensen
Stephensen
Stephensen


title: Constantin von Tischendorf

texts:
<mask><mask><mask> (18 January 18157 December 1874) was a German biblical scholar. In 1844, he discovered the world's oldest and most complete Bible dated to around the mid-4th century and called Codex Sinaiticus  after the St. Catherine's Monastery at Mt. Sinai where Tischendorf discovered it. Tischendorf was made an Honorary Doctor by Oxford University on 16 March 1865, and an Honorary Doctor by Cambridge University on 9 March 1865 following this find of the century. While a student gaining his academic degree in the 1840s, he earned international recognition when he deciphered the Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, a 5th-century Greek manuscript of the New Testament. Early life and education

Tischendorf was born in Lengenfeld, Saxony, near Plauen, the son of a physician. Beginning in 1834, he spent his scholarly career at the University of Leipzig where he was mainly influenced by JGB Winer, and he began to take special interest in New Testament criticism.Winer's influence gave him the desire to use the oldest manuscripts in order to compile the text of the New Testament as close to the original as possible. In 1838 he took the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, then became master at a school near Leipzig. After a journey through southern Germany and Switzerland, and a visit to Strassburg, he returned to Leipzig, and set to work upon a critical study of the New Testament text. Career
In 1840 he qualified as university lecturer in theology with a dissertation on the recensions of the New Testament text, the main part of which reappeared the

masks:
Lobegott Friedrich Constantin (
von
) Tischendorf


title: Constantin von Tischendorf

texts: Wann Wurden Unsere Evangelen Verfasst, translated to English in 1866 as  When Were Our Gospels Written in the section "The Discovery of the Sinaitic Manuscript" that he found, in a trash basket, forty-three sheets of parchment of an ancient copy of the Greek Old Testament, reporting that the monks were using the trash to start fires.And Tischendorf, horrified, asked if he could have them. He deposited them at the University of Leipzig, under the title of the Codex Friderico-Augustanus, a name given in honour of his patron, Frederick Augustus II of Saxony, king of Saxony. The fragments were published in 1846, although Tischendorf kept the place of discovery a secret. Many have expressed skepticism at the historical accuracy of this report of saving a 1500-year-old parchment from the flames. J. Rendel Harris referred to the story as a myth. The Tischendorf Lesebuch (see References) quotes that the Librarian Kyrillos mentioned to Tischendorf that the contents of the basket had already twice been submitted to the fire. The contents of the baskets were damaged scriptures, the third filling apparently, so cited by Tischendorf himself.[see <mask> Lesebuch, Tischendorf's own account]. In 1853 Tischendorf made a second trip to the Syrian monastery but made no new discoveries. He returned a third time in January 1859 under the patronage of Tsar Alexander II of Russia with the active aid of the Russian government to find more of the Codex Frederico-Augustanus or similar ancient Biblical texts. On 4 February, the last day of his visit, he was shown


title: Constantin von Tischendorf

texts:
 in 1873. His motive, as explained in a publication on Tischendorf's Letter by Prof. Christfried Boettrich (Leibzig University, Prof. of Theology), was to prove scientifically that the words of the Bible were trustfully transmitted over centuries. :de:Christfried Böttrich

Works

His magnum opus was the "Critical Edition of the New Testament."The great edition, of which the text and apparatus appeared in 1869 and 1872, was called by himself editio viii; but this number is raised to twenty or twenty-one, if mere reprints from stereotype plates and the minor editions of his great critical texts are included; posthumous prints bring the total to forty-one. Four main recensions of <mask>'s text may be distinguished, dating respectively from his editions of 1841, 1849, 1859 (ed. vii), and 1869–72 (ed. viii). The edition of 1849 may be regarded as historically the most important, from the mass of new critical material it used; that of 1859 is distinguished from Tischendorf's other editions by coming nearer to the received text; in the eighth edition, the testimony of the Sinaitic manuscript received great (probably too great) weight. The readings of the Vatican manuscript were given with more exactness and certainty than had been possible in the earlier editions, and the editor had also the advantage of using the published labours of his colleague and friend Samuel Prideaux Tregelles. Of relatively lesser importance was Tischendorf's work on the Greek Old Testament.His edition of the Roman text, with the variants of the Alexandrian manuscript,


title: Constantin von Tischendorf

texts:
 christlicher Wissenschaft. Leipzig, 1862
 Novum Testamentum Sinaiticum sive Novum Testamentum cum Epistola Barnabae et Fragmentis Pastoris : ex codice Sinaitico ... Leipzig, 1863
 Die Anfechtungen der Sinai-Bibel. Leipzig, 1865 Google
 Aus Dem Heiligen Lande. Leipzig, 1865 Google
 Wann wurden unsere Evangelien verfasst? Leipzig, 1865 Google, 2. Expl.Google
 Novum Testamentum Graece: ex sinaitico codice omnium antiquissimo vaticana itemque Elzeviriana lectione notata. Leipzig, 1865
 Apocalypses apocryphae Mosis, Esdrae, Pauli, Johannis, item Mariae Dormitio: additis Evangeliorum et actuum Apocryphorum supplementis. Leipzig, 1866 Internet Archive Internet Archive
 Appendix Codicum celeberrimorum Sinaitici, Vaticani, Alexandrini cum imitatione ipsorum antiqua manu scriptorum. Leipzig, 1867
 Philonea: inedita altera, altera nunc demum recte ex vetere scriptura eruta. Leipzig, 1868 Internet Archive
 Responsa ad calumnias romanas: item supplementum novi testamenti ex sinaitico codice anno 1865 editi. Leipzig, 1870
 Novum Testamentum graece: ad antiquissimos testes denuo recensuit, apparatum. Leipzig, 1869–1872.1. Band 1869 Google-USA*, 2. Band 1872 Google-USA*
 Die Sinaibibel, ihre Entdeckung, Herausgabe und Erwerbung. Leipzig, 1871 Google-USA*
 Die evangelische Alliance-Deputation an Kaiser Alexander zu Friedrichshafen: zur Abwehr der groben Entstellungen und Verleumdungen des Herrn von Wurstemberger (zu Bach bei Bern). Leipzig, 1872
 Clementis Romani epistulae. Ad ipsius codicis alexandrini fidem ac modum repetitis curis edidit <mask> de


title: Constantin von Tischendorf

texts:
 Tischendorf. Leipzig, 1873.Internet Archive
 Haben wir den ächten Schrifttext der Evangelisten und Apostel? Leipzig, 1873 Google-USA* (2. Aufl.) Liber Psalmorum: hebraicus atque latinus ab Hieronymo ex hebraeo conversus. Leipzig, 1874

Cooperation

 Textum ... recensuit, brevem apparatum criticum una cum variis lectionibus Elzevirorum, Knapii, Scholzii, Lachmanni subjunxit, argumenta et locos parallelos indicavit, commentationem ... edd. Stephanicae tertiae atque Millianae, Matthaeianae, Griesbachianae praemisit Aenoth. Frid.Const. Tischendorf. Leipzig, 1841
 Clementinorum Epitomae duae: altera edita correctior, inedita altera nunc primum integra ex codicibus Romanis et excerptis Tischendorfianis, cura Alberti Rud. Max. Dressel. Accedunt Friderici Wieseleri Adnotationes criticae ad Clementis Romani quae feruntur homilias. Leipzig, 1859 Internet Archive
 Ad Vetus Testamentum Graecum ex auctoritate Sixti V. Pont.Max. a. 1587 editum a Leandro van Ess quoad textum accuratissime recusum trecentis annis post editionem originalem novis curis iteratum prolegomena et epilegomena. Bredt, 1887
 Novum Testamentum : <mask> Tischendorf: griechisch, lateinisch, englisch, Ostervald: französisch, Martin Luther, DeWette, Richard Nagel: deutsch ... Hrsg. Eugen Niethe Berlin, 1891

Second Author

 Ezra Abbot: The late Professor Tischendorf. Aus: The Unitarian Review and Religious Magazine. März 1875 (Festschrift Konstantin von Tischendorf)
 Caspar René Gregory: Tischendorf, Lobegott Friedrich Constantin.In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. Band 38. Duncker &


title: Constantin von Tischendorf

texts:
 Humblot, Leipzig 1894, S. 371–373

See also
 List of New Testament papyri
 List of New Testament uncials
 Agnes and Margaret Smith
 Editio Octava Critica Maior

Footnotes

References
 Black, Matthew, and Robert Davidson, <mask> <mask>rf and the Greek New Testament Glasgow: University of Glasgow Press, 1981. Christfried Böttrich: "One Story – Different Perspectives. The Case of the Codex Sinaiticus", in: Codex Sinaiticus - New Perspectives on the Ancient Biblical Manuscript, Scot McKendrick, David Parker, Amy David Myshrall, Cillian O'Hogan (Hg. ), London 2015 (Papers from the Sinaticus-Conference July 2009 in the British Library London). In addition to the handbooks on New Testament criticism, Carl Bertheau's article on Tischendorf in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie (3rd ed., 1907)

 THE HISTORY OF THE ACQUISITION OF THE SINAI BIBLE BY THE RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF RECENT FINDINGS IN RUSSIAN ARCHIVES1, A.V.Zakharova
 Bibliographie <mask> Tischendorf (1815–1874), Christfried Bőttrich
 Tischendorf Lesebuch, Christfried Bőttrich, 1999
 Tischendorf Erinnerungen, Ludwig Schneller, Verlag der St-Johannis Druckerei, Schweickhardt, Lahr-Dinglingen, 1991
 Various Tischendorf publications from Christfried Bőttrich

External links

 Tischendorf. V. Various Works. Codices, Synoptics, Testaments, Anecdotes, Criticism. 12 vols. 1845–1880
 Monumenta sacra inedita. Nova Collectio, 1–6 volumes (1857–1870) at the Internert Archive
Tischendorf Internet Archive

Sortable articles
 Works by Von Tischendorf in English at CCEL
 Tischendorf's eighth

masks:
Constantin
von Tischendo
Konstantin von


title: Robert Powell

texts:
<mask> (; born 1 June 1944) is an English actor who is known for the title roles in Mahler (1974) and Jesus of Nazareth (1977), and for his portrayal of secret agent Richard Hannay in The Thirty Nine Steps (1978) and its subsequent spinoff television series. Other major screen roles have included Tobias "Toby" Wren in the BBC science-fiction programme Doomwatch (1970), David Briggs in the sitcom The Detectives (1993–1997) alongside Jasper Carrott, and Mark Williams in the medical drama Holby City (2005–2011). His distinctive voice has become well known in advertisements and documentaries, especially in World War II documentaries including World War II in HD Colour, Hitler's Bodyguard, The Story of the Third Reich and Secrets of World War II. <mask> has been nominated for a BAFTA Award and won a Best Actor Award from the Venice Film Festival. Early life
<mask> was born in Salford, Lancashire, the son of Kathleen (née Davis) and <mask>. He was educated at Manchester Grammar School (then a direct grant grammar school), and studied law at the University of Manchester. Career
<mask> took up acting while an undergraduate, although he had already appeared as a teenager in The Adventures of Samuel Poppleton on BBC Radio Children's Hour from the North of England in Manchester, where he came under the guidance of producer, Trevor Hill, as detailed in Hill's autobiography, Over the Airwaves.He secured a post at a repertory theatre in Stoke-on-Trent. His first film part was in Robbery (1967), which starred Stanley Baker and was about the Great Train Robbery, in which he played the second man or locomotive driver's assistant. He had a small role in the original film version of The Italian Job (1969) playing one of the gang, but had to wait a few years for his first success, playing scientist Toby Wren in the BBC's science

masks:
Robert Powell
Powell
Powell
John Wilson Powell
Powell


title: Robert Powell

texts: fiction series, Doomwatch in 1970. Having been killed off in Doomwatch right at the end of Series One in a bomb explosion, at his request, <mask> became a pin-up and a household name, following up with starring roles in several BBC serials, including television adaptations of the novels Sentimental Education (1970) and Jude the Obscure (1971). In 1972–1973 he portrayed Charles Rolls in the miniseries The Edwardians. He starred in the very first episode of the British series Thriller in 1973. He also appeared in the 1975 series Looking for Clancy, based on the Frederic Mullally novel Clancy.For several years <mask> continued as a television regular, with occasional forays into film, as the Austrian composer Gustav Mahler in the Ken Russell biopic Mahler (1974) and Captain Walker in Russell's film version of Tommy (1975). His role in Tommy had few lines, speaking only during the overture with Ann-Margret, he is primarily seen through the mind of his son as played by Barry Winch (Young Tommy) and Roger Daltrey. He then played Jesus of Nazareth in Jesus of Nazareth (1977) following a successful second audition with Franco Zeffirelli. The four-part television film had an all-star cast, including Laurence Olivier as Nicodemus, Ernest Borgnine as the Roman Centurion, Stacy Keach as Barabbas, Christopher Plummer as Herod Antipas, Michael York as John the Baptist, Ian McShane as Judas Iscariot, Rod Steiger as Pontius Pilate and James Mason as Joseph of Arimathea. For this role, <mask> was nominated for a BAFTA award, and collected the TVTimes Best Actor award for the same performance. His completist performance is frequently considered one of the best portrayals of Christ. In 1978, <mask> took the leading role of Richard Hannay in the third film version of The Thirty Nine Steps.It met with modest success, and critics

masks: Powell Powell Powell Powell


title: Robert Powell

texts: compared <mask>'s portrayal of John Buchan's character favourably with those of his predecessors. His characterisation proved to be enduring, as almost ten years later a television series entitled simply Hannay appeared with <mask> back in the role (although the Buchan short stories on which the series was based were set in an earlier period than The Thirty-Nine Steps). Hannay ran for two seasons. In 1980, <mask> appeared in the film Harlequin playing the Harlequin of the title, who seems to have the power to cure the son of a powerful politician. For this performance, he won the Best Actor Award at the Paris Film Festival. In 1982, he won Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival for his role in Imperativ. In 1984, <mask> made his U.S. film debut in What Waits Below (also known as Secrets of the Phantom Caverns).In 1986, <mask> narrated and co-starred in William C. Faure's miniseries Shaka Zulu, with Henry Cele in the title role. In 1992, he starred in the New Zealand World War I film Chunuk Bair, as Sgt Maj Frank Smith. In 1993–95, he was the voice actor of Dr Livesey in The Legends of Treasure Island. <mask> then agreed to a request from his old friend and golf partner, comedian Jasper Carrott, taking the part of an incompetent detective in a succession of sketches that formed part of Carrott's television series. The Detectives proved to be popular and was later turned into a sitcom, <mask>'s first and only venture into this genre. <mask>'s distinctive voice is frequently heard on voice-overs, advertisements and as a narrator of television programmes such as Great Crimes and Trials and The Century of Warfare and World War II in HD Colour. He read the novel Love in the Time of Cholera by Gabriel García Márquez for BBC Radio 4's Book at Bedtime, and has also narrated many audio books including The Thirty Nine

masks: Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell


title: Robert Powell

texts: Steps, abridged versions of many of Alan Garner's books, and several abridged novels for The Talking Classics Collection.<mask> has also lent his voice to musical works, such as David Bedford's album The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, or the 2002 rock opera The Hound of the Baskervilles, by Clive Nolan and Oliver Wakeman, where he played the role of John Watson. He also narrated on two rock albums by Rick Wakeman called Cost of Living and The Gospels (1987). On 29 October 2001, a state-of-the-art theatre named after him was opened at the University of Salford. He became a patron of 24:7 Theatre Festival in 2004, and continues to operate in this capacity. In early 2005 he became a regular in the UK TV medical drama, Holby City, where he remained for six years before departing to return to theatre. On 9 February 2008, he performed as narrator in Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf with the Huddersfield Philharmonic Orchestra with conductor Natalia Luis-Bassa in the North of England. In 2008–09, <mask> was series announcer, (19 episodes), on BBC4's The Book Quiz.In 2005 <mask> began appearing in the BBC soap opera Holby City, as a hospital administrator. He said that regular employment in the series helped him make up financial losses caused by the failure of the pension fund he held with The Equitable Life Assurance Society. On Easter Sunday 1 April 2018, he appeared in a Smithsonian Channel Documentary Series based on his portrayal of the Franco Zeffirelli mini-series Jesus of Nazareth titled, The Real Jesus of Nazareth, narrated by Judd Hirsch. Based in Israel, it covered the life of Jesus juxtaposed with segments of the film series in which <mask> starred in 1977. The characters who appeared in the film are also discussed and their historical significance uncovered. The series covered 4 segments, each one hour in


title: Robert Powell

texts:
 length dealing with historical elements of the story along with <mask> interviewing biblical historians such as Helen Bond and Candida Moss. The 1977 starring differed in more points from the Gospel's historical account: the Virgin Mary without the angel of the Annunciation, Jude the Iscariot's regret immediately after the arrest of Jesus, as well as Jesus who brings the sole horizontal branch of the Holy Cross on the Calvary.Personal life
<mask> met his future wife, the Pan's People dancer Barbara "Babs" Lord, backstage at the BBC. In 1975, shortly before he was due to start filming for Jesus of Nazareth on location in Tunisia, the couple were married. On 23 November 1977, they had their son, Barney, followed in 1979 by a daughter, Kate. The couple later took up sailing as a pastime. Babs participated in the BT Global Yacht Challenge and the Polar race. Both took part, in different yachts, in a round-the-world race in 2000, though <mask> himself was present for only one leg of the race. <mask> was a founder member of the Social Democratic Party in 1981, and campaigned alongside Barry Norman on behalf of the party's first leader, Roy Jenkins.Filmography

Other work
In 1995, <mask> was one of the readers of Edward Lear poems on a specially made spoken word audio CD bringing together a collection of Lear's nonsense songs. He provided the narration for Clive Nolan and Oliver Wakeman’s 2002 adaption of The Hound of the Baskervilles as a Progressive Rock album. References

External links

 <mask>'s Holby City profile at What's on TV

1944 births
Alumni of the University of Manchester
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English male voice actors
Living people
People educated at Manchester Grammar School
Male actors from Salford
20th-century English male

masks:
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Robert Powell


title: Andre Vincent

texts:
<mask> (born 2 May 1964 in Penge, England) is a comedian, writer, actor and comedy historian. A situational comic, <mask> is known for his observations about health matters, including his experiences with diabetes, cancer and kidney surgery. Career
Vinvent developed an interest in acting when, as a child, he took the part of the Artful Dodger in a locally produced Oliver. He worked as an actor from the age of seven, if any show required an "urchin" "messenger" or " Winslow Boy" he was available. At the age of 18 while performing in a show that required Circus skills he learnt to juggle and unicycle. Smitten by these new accomplishments he travelled to Paris and trained as a clown, <mask> started travelling the world appearing at circus and theatre festivals as busker 'Arry Pavarotti. Following his stand-up debut in Georgia and Alabama, <mask> made appearance in other US states.The pinnacle of this period was opening for Bob Hope in Columbus, Ohio in 1992. Thereafter, <mask> returned home to the comedy circuit of the UK. Subsequent appearances have included a Saturday night show on Channel 4, nine sell-out runs at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, numerous radio shows, the presenter of two award-nominated television programmes, regular appearances on daytime panel games and even an appearance as himself in the children's drama Byker Grove. <mask> began to incorporate more material about himself into his comedy routine after his diagnosis with cancer and the removal of a 7 lb. tumor from his kidney in 2002, having in earlier shows received positive audience response from earlier references to his diabetes and a knee injury. He later incorporated the material into an award

masks:
Andre Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent


title: Andre Vincent

texts: winning TV show for BBC, Hurrah for Cancer. <mask> started working with Marcus Brigstocke in 2005 on the BBC Four show The Late Edition.The first live topical show on the BBC for many years. The pair took a live version of the show to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 2006 and since then have performed "The Early Edition" at many of the leading UK festivals. "The Early Edition" performed its last show at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe on 25 August 2012. After 7 years of Theatres and Festivals Andre & Marcus have called time on one of the most interesting live shows ever created. In 2007 <mask> launched a new show with fellow comic Phill Jupitus. In "Waiting For Alice", the pair play Tweedledum and Tweedledee, sitting around and contemplating their wonderland and what may lie outside. The Winter of 2009 found <mask> re-treading the boards in his first Pantomime in 26 years, in "Robin Hood" at the Theatre Royal, Norwich.He then returned to the same theatre for 2010 to play Billy Trott in "Jack & The Beanstalk and again in 2011, this time playing Muddles Pickles in "Sleeping Beauty"; In 2012 he returns to the Theatre Royal to play Wishee Washee in "Aladdin". The pinnacle of his Pantomime work was the 2015/16 season. Playing Buttons in "Cinderella" at the Manchester Opera House with ice skating legends Torvill and Dean. The 2017/18 Pantomime season found <mask> at the Palace Theatre, Redditch this time in "Snow White" and also a first for him as he played the Dame. The 2018/19 Season had him back in a frock, this time playing Dame Trott in "Jack & the Beanstalk" at the Bridlington Spa. Continuing to frock up as Dame, the 2019/20 pantomime season found André as Dolly

masks: Vincent Vincent Vincent Vincent


title: Andre Vincent

texts:
 Doolittle in “Snow White” at  Leas Cliff Hall in Folkestone. In 2010 he could be seen in the films Believe: The Eddie Izzard Story and The People vs. George Lucas.In 2011 <mask> created a new show for the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, PokerMen, an interesting chat show with a difference. <mask> would give 3 comics £60 but that would be their stake money in an hour game of poker, consequently one of them would walk away with £240 but within the hour would be trash-talk, shouting, jokes, arguments but was always good fun . Also this year he played Oliver Hardy in Laurel & Hardy at York Theatre Royal. In 2012 <mask> appeared in 2 more films: No Prisoners and the highly acclaimed Scottish indie movie Electric Man. In 2015 <mask> began teaching BA Applied Drama undergraduates in stand-up comedy at St Mary's University in SW London. This annually-recurring role has led to several alumni becoming cabaret performers. In 2020, during the UK Coronavirus lockdown, <mask> produced a stand-up teaching module for  The Prince's Trust.Comedy History

In 2015, Time Out magazine asked numerous British comedians to name their top 10 comedians: only a few could name pre-1980 performers. Shocked and annoyed by this lack of recognition for past masters, <mask> created the website 'mislaidcomedyheroes.com', a guide to the old, forgotten or lost heroes of comedy which was launched in 2016. To accompany the website, a YouTube channel of bygone comedy classics - also known as Mislaid Comedy Heroes - was created in 2017 and has led to <mask> appearing on many TV comedy history programmes to share his knowledge with viewers. In May 2015 <mask> had the honour of being initiated into the Grand

masks: Vincent Vincent Vincent Vincent Vincent Vincent Vincent Vincent


title: La Voisin

texts:
Catherine Monvoisin, or Montvoisin, née Deshayes, known as "<mask>oisin" (c. 1640 – 22 February 1680), was a French fortune teller, commissioned poisoner, and professional provider of alleged sorcery. She was the head of a network of fortune tellers in Paris providing poison, aphrodisiacs, abortion, purported magical services and the arranging of black masses, with clients among the aristocracy, and became the central figure in the famous affaire des poisons. Her purported organization of commissioned black magic and poison murder was suspected to have killed 1,000 people, but it is believed that upwards of 2,500 people might have been murdered. Life
Catherine Deshayes married Antoine Monvoisin, who was active as a jeweller and silk merchant with a shop at Pont-Marie in Paris. When her husband's trade business led to bankruptcy, <mask> Voisin supported the family by practising chiromancy and face-reading. In addition to being a fortune teller, she was also active as a midwife, which developed into providing abortions. Her business as a fortune teller gradually developed into manufacturing and selling purported magical objects and potions,  arranging black masses and selling aphrodisiacs and poison to profit from her clients' wishes upon their future.From the late 1660s, <mask>oisin had become a wealthy and famous fortune teller with clients among the highest aristocracy of France. Among her clients were Olympia Mancini, comtesse de Soissons; Marie Anne Mancini, duchess de Bouillon; Elizabeth, comtesse de Gramont, and François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg. She resided at

masks:
La V
La
La V


title: La Voisin

texts:
 Villeneuve-sur-Gravois, where she received her clients all day, and entertained the Parisian upper class society at parties with violin music in her garden at night. <mask>oisin regularly attended service at the church of the Jansenist abbé de Sant-Amour, principal of the Paris University, and the godmother of her daughter was the noblewoman Mme de la Roche-Guyon. She supported a family of six, including her husband, her mother and her children. She was known to have at least six lovers: the executioner Andre Guillaume, <mask>, vicomte de Cousserans, the count <mask>e, the alchemist Blessis, the architect Fauchet and the magician Adam Lesage. At one point, Adam Lesage tried to induce her to kill her husband, but while he was initially successful, she changed her mind and aborted the process.<mask> Voisin was interested in science and alchemy and financed several private projects and enterprises, some of them concocted by con artists who tried to swindle her. She was known to suffer from alcoholism, was apparently abused by <mask>, and engaged in several conflicts with her rival, the poisoner Marie Bosse. Abortion provider

<mask> Voisin apparently started to include abortions, illegal at the time, for profit within her services as a midwife, and her clients eventually included wealthy members of the aristocracy. She had a network of abortion providers working for her, notably Catherine Lepère, who stated that she received her clients from <mask> Voisin, who referred clients to her and took the majority of the profit as fee. Marie Bosse claimed that fetuses, who had been aborted late in the

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Monsieur Latour
de Labati
La
Latour
La
La


title: La Voisin

texts:
 pregnancy, were burned in a furnace at the house of <mask> Voisin and buried in the garden of her house. However, as Louis XIV gave the order that the part of <mask> Voisin's enterprise which had to do with abortions should not be pursued further, this part of her business is the least investigated and unknown one, and the claims of Marie Bosse therefore remain unconfirmed. Fortune telling

<mask> Voisin later said that as a fortune teller she had merely used and developed what God had given her.She stated that she was taught the art of fortune telling at the age of nine, and that after her husband became ruined, she decided to profit by it. She developed her art by studying the modern methods of physiology, and the art of reading the client's future by studying their face and hands. She spent a great deal of money in order to provide an atmosphere which would make her clients more inclined to believe her prophecies: for example, she had a special robe of crimson red velvet embroidered with eagles in gold made for a price of 1,500 livres to perform in. In 1665 or 1666, her divination was questioned by the  Congregation of the Mission at the Saint Vincent de Paul's order and she was called for questioning, but <mask>oisin defended herself successfully before the professors at Sorbonne University and was allowed to continue her business as a fortune teller. Professional sorcery

Her business as a fortune teller gradually developed into a business of professional alleged black magic. During her activity as a fortune teller, she noticed similarities among her clients' wishes about their future:

masks:
La
La
La
La V


title: La Voisin

texts: almost all wanted to have someone fall in love with them, that someone would die so that they might inherit, or that their spouses would die so that they might marry someone else. <mask>oisin decided to profit financially from her clients' wishes by offering services of purported magic to make their wishes come true.Initially, she told her clients that their wish would come true if it was also the will of God. Secondly, she started to recommend to her clients some action that would make their dreams come true. These actions were initially to visit the church of some particular saint; then she started to sell amulets, and gradually, she recommended more and more alleged magical objects or rituals of various kinds. For those clients who wished for someone to fall in love with them, she manufactured love powders: the bones of toads, the teeth of moles, Spanish fly, iron filings, human blood and mummy, and the dust of human remains were among the alleged ingredients of the love powders concocted by <mask>in. Finally, her most radical and expensive recommended practices were the black mass, which she arranged for clients for profit, during which the client could pray to Satan for their wish to come true. During some of these masses, a woman performed as an altar, upon which a bowl was placed: a baby was held above the bowl, and the blood from it was poured into the bowl. Whether the baby in question was actually killed on this occasion, or whether the baby was already dead by natural causes, such as being stillborn, could vary.She had several associates working for her arranging and participating

masks:
La V
La Vois


title: La Voisin

texts:
 in her professional magic services, notably Adam Lesage, who performed alleged magical tasks; and the priest Étienne Guibourg and abbé Mariotte, who officiated at the black masses. Poison commission

La Voisin finally took the step from purported magical potions, amulets and rituals, to selling aphrodisiacs to those who wished for someone to fall in love with them, and fatal poison was given to those who wished for someone to die. The art of poisoning had become a regular science at the time, having been perfected, in part, by Giulia Tofana, a professional female poisoner in Italy, only a few decades before <mask> Voisin. <mask> Voisin provided a large variety of poisons for her clients and had a network of poison providers working for her, notably the apothecary Catherine Trianon. Connection to Madame de Montespan

The most important client of <mask> Voisin was Madame de Montespan, official royal mistress to King Louis XIV of France. Their contact was often performed through the companion of Montespan, Claude de Vin des Œillets. Montespan was alleged to have hired <mask> Voisin in 1667 to arrange a black mass.This mass was celebrated in a house in Rue de la Tannerie. Adam Lesage and abbé Mariotte officiated, while Montespan prayed to win the love of the king. The same year, Montespan became the official mistress of the King, and after this, she employed <mask>oisin whenever a problem occurred in her relationship with the King. In 1673, when the King's interest in Montespan seemed to wane, Montespan again employed <mask>oisin, who provided a series of black masses officiated by Étienne

masks:
La
La
La
La
La V
La V


title: La Voisin

texts: Guibourg. On at least one occasion, Montespan herself acted as the human altar during the mass. <mask> Voisin also provided Montespan with an aphrodisiac, with which Montespan drugged the King. During the King's affair with Madame de Soubise, Montespan used an aphrodisiac provided by Voisin's colleague Françoise Filastre and made by Louis Galet in Normandy.In 1677, Montespan made it clear that if the King should abandon her, she would have him killed. When the King entered into a relationship with Angélique de Fontanges in 1679, Montespan called for <mask>in and asked her to have both the King and Fontanges killed. <mask>oisin hesitated, but was eventually convinced to agree. At the house of her colleague, Catherine Trianon, <mask>oisin constructed a plan to kill the King together with the poisoners Trianon, Bertrand and Romani, the last being the fiancé of her daughter. Trianon was unwilling to participate and tried to make her change her mind by constructing an ill-fated fortune for her, but Voisin refused to change her mind. The group decided to murder the King by poisoning a petition, to be delivered to his own hands. On 5 March 1679, <mask>oisin visited the royal court in Saint-Germain to deliver the petition.That day, however, there were too many petitioners and the King did not take their petitions, which foiled her plan. Upon her return to her home in Paris, she was castigated by a group of monks. She handed the petition to her daughter Marguerite Montvoisin and asked her to burn it, which she also did. The next day, she made plans to visit Catherine Trianon after mass, to plan the

masks:
La
La Vois
La V
La V
La V


title: La Voisin

texts:
 next murder attempt upon Louis XIV. Arrest

The death of the King's sister-in-law, the duchesse d'Orléans, had been falsely attributed to poison, and the crimes of Madame de Brinvilliers (executed in 1676) and her accomplices were still fresh in the public mind. In parallel, a riot took place where people accused witches of abducting children for the black masses, and priests reported that a growing number of people were confessing to poisoning in their confessions. In 1677, the fortune teller Magdelaine <mask> Grange was arrested for poisoning, and claimed that she had information about crimes of high importance.The arrest of the successful fortune teller and poisoner Marie Bosse and Marie Vigoreaux in January 1679 made the police aware that there existed a network of fortune tellers in Paris who dealt in the distribution of poison. On 12 March 1679, <mask>in was arrested outside Notre-Dame de Bonne-Nouvelle after having heard mass, just before her meeting with Catherine Trianon. In April 1679, a commission appointed to inquire into the subject and to prosecute the offenders met for the first time. Its proceedings, including some suppressed in the official records, are preserved in the notes of one of the official court reporters, Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie. Investigation and trial

At the arrest of <mask>oisin, her maid Margot stated that the arrest would mean the end of a number of people in all levels of society. <mask>oisin was imprisoned at Vincennes, where she was subjected to questioning. On 27 December 1679, Louis XIV issued an order that the whole network should be exterminated by

masks:
de La
La Vois
La V
La V


title: La Voisin

texts: all methods regardless of the rank, sex, or age.The arrest of <mask>oisin was followed by the arrest of her daughter Marguerite Monvoisin, Guibourg, Lesage, Bertrand, Romani and the rest of her network of associates. <mask> Voisin was never subjected to torture: although a formal order was issued giving permission for the use of torture, it was made clear that the order was not to be put in effect, and consequently it was never made use of. The reason it suggested to have been the fear that she might reveal the names of influential people if she was questioned under torture. Aware of her alcoholism, however, her interrogators reportedly did not limit her access to alcohol but instead kept her in a state of drunkenness during her interrogations. Her confrontations with other accused, particularly those with Adam Lesage and Marie Bosse, was especially effective. Initially, she claimed to have referred all those clients wishing to buy poison to Marie Bosse. In March, however, she named Marguerite Leféron and Francoise de Dreux as clients, and the 10 October, she admitted having sold poison and magical services to several members of the royal court; she also described the development of her career.<mask> Voisin denied ever meeting or serving Montespan. She did admit that "Paris is full of this kind of thing and there is an infinite number of people engaged in this evil trade" but refused to mention further clients nor did she mention having arranged or participated in black masses. She once mentioned to the guards that the question she feared most was that they would ask her about her visits to

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title: La Voisin

texts:
 the royal court. It is likely that she was referring to Montespan as her client and her attempt at murdering the King, and that she feared that such a confession should result in her execution for regicide. Her list of clients, the arranging of the black masses, her connection to Montespan and the murder attempt on the King were not revealed until after her death, when it was stated by her daughter and confirmed by the testimonies of her former associates. She also denied claims of using her oven to burn the bones of aborted infants that were too large for the grave area in her garden. She also counterclaimed any usage of poisons and that she only possessed purgatives for personal use or for her family.Another accusation she denied includes injecting syringes with fatal liquids into the bodies of pregnant women to "empty" them, after which the aborted foetuses were subsequently buried in the same manner at the garden grave. Trial and execution
On 17 February 1680, <mask>in was put on trial, and was convicted of witchcraft and sentenced to execution by burning two days later. In the days following her verdict until her execution, she was formally interrogated under torture, and the official document stated that she was tortured enough to beg for mercy. However, while an official permit of torture was issued, the police were given to understand that the permit was not to be used, and Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie stated that <mask>oisin was in reality never subjected to torture. Madame de Sevigne, who observed <mask>oisin shortly before her execution, described her to be able to move so freely

masks:
La Vois
La V
La V


title: La Voisin

texts:
 and so seemingly healthy that it did not seem possible for her to have been subjected to torture. These final interrogations did not reveal anything new. <mask>oisin was executed in public on the Place de Grève in Paris on 22 February 1680.On her way to her execution, she reportedly pushed away the priest, and when fastened on the stake, she desperately pushed away the hay which was piled up around her. In July, her daughter Marguerite Monvoisin revealed her connection to Montespan, which was confirmed by the statements of the other accused. This caused the monarch to eventually close the investigation, seal the testimonies and place the remaining accused outside of the public justice system by imprisoning them under a lettre de cachet. Depictions in media

Film
 Viviane Romance portrayed <mask>oisin in the 1955 film The Case of Poisons. Anémone portrayed <mask>oisin in the 1997 film Marquise. <mask> Voisin was the basis for the character portrayed by Suzanne Clément in the 2017 TV series Versailles. Literature
<mask> Voisin and her organisation has been described in several literary works:
 W. Branch Johnson: "'The Age Of Arsenic'.Being an account of the life, trial and execution of Catherine Montvoison, known as <mask>oison, and of her vile associates and credulous Clients of both high and low Degree: together with the Relation of their various Transactions in Poison, Abortion, and Black or Satanic Masses, with other Details concerning sundry Manners and Habits of the Times and with but little Moralising thereon: the Whole comprising a curious and momentous Episode in the Reign of King Louis

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La V
La V
La
La
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title: La Voisin

texts:
 XIV of France" (1932)
 Brad Stieger: 'The Hypnotist' (1979)
 Judith Merkle Riley: The Oracle Glass (1994)
 Anne en Serge Golon: Angélique en de koning
 Shelby Mahurin: Serpent & Dove
 Danielle L. Jensen: Hidden Huntress
 Addie Thorley: An Affair of Poisons

Manga
ボアザン (Boazan), by Takatoo Rui, is a manga partially based on La Voisin. Music
Belgian black metal band Enthroned use La Voisin as the basis for the song "Graced by Evil Blood" on their 2002 album Carnage in Worlds Beyond. See also
 Marie-Josephte Corriveau, a Canadian woman convicted of murder in 1763, later acquiring a legend and comparison to La Voisin. Giulia Tofana, another female poisoner, in Italy, only a decade before La Voisin
 Gironima Spana, another female manager of a net of female poisoners who were the central figure of another poison affair, the Spana Prosecution. Marie-Anne <mask> Ville; in October 1702, this person was arrested for having created a new organisation similar to the one of la Voisin, but because of Affair of the Poisons, she and her colleagues were never brought to trial, but imprisoned without trial on a lettre du cachet. List of French serial killers

References

Sources

 Anne Somerset – The Affair of the Poisons: Murder, Infanticide, and Satanism at the Court of Louis XIV (St. Martin's Press (2003) )
 Excerpts from Bastille trial records of Guibourg and LaVoisin (French and English translation)
 Frantz Funck-Brentano: Princes and Poisoners Or Studies of the Court of Louis XIV
 H Noel Williams: Madame de Montespan and Louis XIV
 Duramy, Benedetta Faedi. "Women and Poisons in 17th Century France,"


title: Wang Jun (Tang chancellor)

texts:
<mask> (王晙) (died 732), formally Duke Zhonglie of Zhongshan (中山忠烈公), was an official of the Tang dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou dynasty, largely known for his service as a general during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, when he also briefly served as chancellor. Background
It is not known which year <mask> was born, although the timeframe suggests that he was born in the reign of Emperor Gaozong. His family was from Cang Prefecture (滄州, roughly modern Cangzhou, Hebei), and traced itself to the Northern Wei official <mask> (王叡), whose descendants served as officials for the Northern Wei, Sui, and Tang. <mask>'s grandfather <mask> (王有方) served as a prefectural prefect, and <mask>'s father <mask>o (王行果) was a well-known sheriff of the capital county Chang'an County. <mask>o died when <mask> was still young, and <mask>, despite his father's death, was studious. <mask>g was impressed and stated, "This child will glorify this household." After he grew up, he was known for openness in his character and dislike for details.He passed the imperial examinations in his youth and thereafter served as the sheriff of Qingwan County (清苑, in modern Baoding, Hebei). During Wu Zetian's reign
As of the reign of Emperor Gaozong's wife Wu Zetian (r. 690–705), <mask> served as Dianzhong Shi Yushi (殿中侍御史), a low-level imperial censor and also carried the honorific title of Chaosan Daifu (朝散大夫). On an occasion when the chancellor Wei Yuanzhong was commissioned to defend against an Eastern Tujue incursion, Wei was unable to defeat Eastern Tujue forces and blamed the lack of success on his deputy Han Sizhong (韓思忠), requesting that Han be executed. <mask>, before Wu Zetian, argued that Wei, as the

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Wang Jun
Wang Jun
Wang Rui
Wang Jun
Wang Youfang
Wang Jun
Wang Xinggu
Wang Xinggu
Wang Jun
Wang Jun
Wang Youfan
Wang Jun
Wang


title: Wang Jun (Tang chancellor)

texts:
 commander, should not divert all of the responsibility on his deputy. He also pointed out that Han was not in command and was brave and intelligent. Han was able to escape death, but as a result, <mask> was sent out of the capital to serve as the magistrate of Weinan County (渭南, in modern Weinan, Shaanxi). When Wei was falsely accused by Wu Zetian's lovers Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong of plotting treason in 703, however, <mask> submitted a petition arguing that Wei was innocent, impressing his former colleague Song Jing for his fortitude.During Emperor Zhongzong's second reign, Emperor Shang's reign, and Emperor Ruizong's second reign
Near the end of the Jinglong era (707-710) of Wu Zetian's son and successor Emperor Zhongzong, <mask> became the commandant at Gui Prefecture (桂州, roughly modern Guilin, Guangxi). Prior to <mask>'s term of service, the soldiers stationed at Gui Prefecture often depended on food supplies from Heng (modern Hengyang, Hunan) and Yong (永州, roughly modern Yongzhou, Hunan) Prefectures. <mask> built forts and levees and encouraged farming, ending the need for food supply shipments. At one point, he requested to leave his office and return home, and the people of the prefecture petitioned the emperor (probably Emperor Zhongzong's brother Emperor Ruizong, who displaced Emperor Zhongzong's son Emperor Shang in 710 after Emperor Zhongzong's death) to keep him at Gui Prefecture, and the emperor agreed. During Emperor Xuanzong's reign
In 712, Emperor Ruizong passed the throne to his son Li Longji the Crown Prince, and Li Longji took the throne as Emperor Xuanzong. However, Emperor Ruizong continued to exercise most of the imperial powers as Taishang

masks:
Wang
Wang
Wang Jun
Wang
Wang


title: Wang Jun (Tang chancellor)

texts: Huang (retired emperor), and his sister Princess Taiping continued to have great influence on the administration, causing the court to effectively divide into Princess Taiping's faction and Emperor Xuanzong's faction. Later in 712, Emperor Xuanzong's associates, the chancellor Liu Youqiu and the general Zhang Wei (張暐), believing that Princess Taiping's faction was going to act against Emperor Xuanzong, planned to kill key members of her faction, but the news leaked.Emperor Ruizong exiled Liu and Zhang—in Liu's case, to Feng Prefecture (封州, roughly modern Zhaoqing, Guangdong). Princess Taiping's associate, the chancellor Cui Shi, subsequently gave instructions to Zhou Lizhen (周利貞) the commandant at Guang Prefecture (廣州, roughly modern Guangzhou, Guangdong), under whose area of responsibility Feng Prefecture was, to have Liu killed. <mask>, who was a friend of Liu's heard of this secret instruction, and therefore, when Liu went through Gui Prefecture, detained him and refused to let him go on to Feng Prefecture. Zhou submitted accusations that <mask> was disobeying an imperial edict, and Cui repeatedly tried to pressure <mask> to release Liu to Feng Prefecture. Liu himself pointed out to <mask> that he did not want to put <mask> in danger as well, but <mask> refused to let Liu go on, and Liu was spared from death. After Emperor Xuanzong suppressed Princess Taiping's faction in 713, he recalled Liu to again serve as chancellor. Soon thereafter, <mask> was recalled and made the deputy commander of the armies in the Shuofang region, in actual command.Sometime thereafter, he was made the deputy minister of husbandry (太僕少卿, Taipu Shaoqing), responsible for the herds of the

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