title: Alessandro Codivilla

texts:
 continued the work begun by his teacher. If <mask> is to be considered as the creator of Italian orthopedics and as the one who brought orthopedics to the operating room for the first time, Putti is to be considered as the renewer of orthopedics and as the one who has provided to give life to new anatomical tools and techniques. «Sustained by an unshakable faith and an iron will, his soul turned right to the purest aims and the most sacred goals of existence, as his mind as a scientist and benefactor was aimed in search of the truth and the benefit of those who suffer"».Main publications
Codivilla’s scientific production is composed of 124 publications, collected in two volumes by Vittorio Putti  and subsequently by Bartolo Nigrisoli  and printed in 1944. Of these, 25 were in foreign languages and published in the periodicals of their respective countries. It must be said, however, that his vast scientific output is devoted entirely to the progress of surgery and until 1899 it takes into consideration fundamental aspects of visceral surgery. Since 1900 it is limited exclusively to the problems of orthopedics and traumatology. Among the most significant are:

 His thesis in medicine: Sopra un caso di empyema necessitatis pulsans (1886). Sulla gastroenterostomia (1894). Sei casi di gastroenterostomia (1894).Contributo alla chirurgia gastrica (1895). Trentuno casi di chirurgia cranica e cerebrale (1897). Contributo alla chirurgia gastrica (1898). Sulla terapia dell'accorciamento nelle deformità dell'arto inferiore (1904). La mia esperienza nei trapianti tendinei (1904). On the means of lengthening in the lower limbs, the muscles, and tissues which are shortened through deformity (1905)
Sulle indicazioni e sulla tecnica della estensione col chiodo (1910). See also
 Pancreaticoduodenectomy
 Distraction osteogenesis

References

External links
 Some places and memories related to <mask>divilla

Bibliography

1861 births
1912 deaths
Italian orthopedic

masks:
Codivilla
Alessandro Co


title: Anne McLellan

type: original

texts:
A<mask>   (born August 31, 1950) is a Canadian academic and politician who served as the ninth deputy prime minister of Canada from 2003 to 2006. She was a cabinet minister in the Liberal governments of Jean Chrétien and Paul Martin, and represented Edmonton in the House of Commons of Canada. She also held the positions of Solicitor General, Minister of Health, and Minister of Justice of Canada. Early life

McLellan earned bachelor's degrees in Arts and Law from Halifax's Dalhousie University. She then earned a Master of Laws from King's College London in the United Kingdom in 1975. She became a professor of law, first at the University of New Brunswick and then, beginning in 1980, at the University of Alberta Faculty of Law where she served at various times as associate dean and dean. She has also served on the board of directors of the Canadian Civil Liberties Association.Political career
Her first foray into politics was as the Liberal candidate for the riding of Edmonton Northwest in the 1993 general election, when she won her seat by 12 votes. She quickly became a rising star in the Liberal Party, being one of four Liberals elected in Alberta, and was named to cabinet as Minister of Natural Resources. McLellan has the prenominal "the Honourable" and the postnominal "PC" for life by virtue of being made a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada on November 4, 1993. She was re-elected by narrow margins in the new riding of Edmonton West in the 1997 and 2000 elections, despite the Liberals' general unpopularity in Alberta. Her frequent narrow escapes gave her the nickname "Landslide Annie" in Canadian political circles. McLellan served as Minister of Justice from 1997 to 2002, with responsibility for implementing new anti-terror and security laws following the September 11, 2001, attacks in


title: Anne McLellan

texts:
 Alberta and Saskatchewan, the Prime Minister's Office announced that Prime Minister Justin Trudeau had hired McLellan as an adviser. The Office said McLellan would assist the prime minister as he formed a government against the backdrop of a growing sentiment of western alienation. On July 23, 2020 it was announced by Nova Scotia justice minister Mark Furey and federal minister of public safety and emergency preparedness Bill Blair that McLellan would serve on a 3-person Independent Review Panel concerning the RCMP response to the mass shooting that occurred in Nova Scotia on April 18/19, 2020.Families of the 22 victims killed during the shooting reacted to the announcement with disappointment, as they had been calling for a full public inquiry. Notes

References

External links
 Canadian Encyclopedia entry for <mask>n
 Official Site

1950 births
Living people
Lawyers in Alberta
Alumni of King's College London
Canadian legal scholars
Canadian Ministers of Health
Women government ministers of Canada
Canadian women lawyers
Women members of the House of Commons of Canada
Canadian people of Ulster-Scottish descent
Schulich School of Law alumni
Dalhousie University alumni
Deputy Prime Ministers of Canada
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the 26th Canadian Ministry
Members of the 27th Canadian Ministry
Members of the Alberta Order of Excellence
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Alberta
Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
Mining ministers of Canada
Officers of the Order of Canada
People from Hants County, Nova Scotia
Politicians from Edmonton
Solicitors General of Canada
University of Alberta faculty
University of New Brunswick faculty
Women in Alberta politics
21st-century Canadian women politicians
20th-century Canadian women politicians
Women legal scholars
Female justice


title: Davide Sorrenti

texts:
<mask> (July 9, 1976 – February 4, 1997) was an Italian fashion photographer, son of photographer and advertiser <mask>, and brother of <mask> (born 1971) and <mask> (born 1973), also fashion photographers. Early life
<mask> was born 1976 in Naples, Italy, in a family of talented photographers (unofficially they have become known as the Corleones of fashion photography); his mother <mask>, renowned fashion photographer, as well as his five-year older brother Mario; and his sister Vanina, (after his death) also proved to be a talented photographer. The Sorrentis moved to New York in the early 1980s, partly because <mask>nti had thalassemia (or Cooley's anemia, a hereditary form of anemia), and needed regular blood transfusions and medical care; a burden that is believed to at least partially have caused him to take comfort in drugs.The disease made him look several years younger than his real age. His brother Mario documented his sufferings one of many nights, published in the book The machine; referring to the drug infusion pump that Davide was hooked up to. Growing up in a cultivated environment, Sorrenti painted, played golf and liked opera, but he soon also became a "prep-school gangster"; private-school students living a wannabee gangster's life, with shoplifting, credit-card scams and drug dealing as a way of gaining status. He also started the crew SKE while attending Bayard Rustin High School for the Humanities, with fellow skateboarders and graffiti artists (Davide's tag was Argue); with whom he formed a rap group called the Mosaics, because of their wide mix of ethnicities; and started the streetwear label Danücht. Career

Early work
Sorrenti began documenting his friends in their everyday actions at the age of 18, developing his own distinctive personal style and sense of fashion.Around age 19, his darkly glamorous photos appeared in magazines like Interview, Detour, and Ray Gun. With his talent, charm, and juvenile good looks, he quickly became New York's fashion Wunderkind, boosting the heroin chic-trend with young skinny waif-models

masks:
Davide Sorrenti
Francesca Sorrenti
Mario Sorrenti
Vanina Sorrenti
Davide Sorrenti
Francesca Sorrenti
Davide Sorre


title: Davide Sorrenti

texts:
 appearing as drug addicts. Heroin Chic
Inspired by the real-life subjects of the photojournalism of Larry Clark in the 1960s and Nan Goldin in the 1970s, photographers like Juergen Teller, Craig McDean, David Sims and Terry Richardson reacted against the “phony and over-retouched” aesthetics of 1980s glamour, introducing what they thought was a more truthful approach to reality in the early 1990s. Having started as an underground trend, the approach soon went mainstream when more commercial photographers started copying the style, and with the long running campaign of Calvin Klein featuring models like Kate Moss and Vincent Gallo. Davide's career started almost as soon as he learned how to handle a camera in 1994. His mother Francesca recalls that every day was a photo shoot for Davide. He documented everything he and his friends did, making them feel that something big was about to happen.In a series of snapshots published in Interview 1996, his friends from SKE are portrayed hanging out in a run-down apartment, watching TV and smoking pot. His photos also got published in magazines like Detour, Surface, Ray Gun and i-D, all of them proponents of heroin chic, and shot campaign photos for the Japanese fashion companies Hysteric Glamour and Matsuda. Davide's girlfriend at the time, fashion model Jaime (a.k.a. James) King, had been the subject of a cover story in The New York Times Magazine, where she admitted getting involved in drugs when she started modeling at age 14. One of Davide's photos shows a young, skinny Jamie lying on a bed, with torn clothes surrounded with photos of famous drug casualties like Kurt Cobain, Sid Vicious, and Jerry Garcia of Grateful Dead. Death and aftermath
On February 4, 1997, <mask> died of a kidney ailment, possibly because he had not received a blood transfusion in the last few months before his death, although autopsies were incomplete. As a reaction to her son's death, <mask> started a campaign against the glamourization of drug addiction and underage models, demanding magazine editors to take responsibility.“Heroin

masks:
Davide
Francesca Sorrenti


title: Davide Sorrenti

texts:
 chic isn't what we're projecting. It's what we are. Our business has become heroin chic. Someone taking pictures of that magnitude has to have experienced hard drugs”, Ms. <mask> stated in The New York Times. Matt Jones, photographer and son of i-D editor Terry Jones, said of his friend <mask>: “I guess he did slightly see the glamorous side. He also saw the real side of it. And he glamorized it himself, which is the sad thing.It was a whole circle. He glamorized it, and got caught up in it a bit.”

In May 1997, President Clinton denounced the American fashion industry for cynically abusing teenagers and helping spread heroin usage to a new and younger group of people. “Some fashion leaders are admitting flat-out that images projected in fashion photos in the last few years have made heroin addiction seem glamorous and sexy and cool," President Clinton stated. “And as some of the people in those images start to die now, it's become obvious that is not true. The glorification of heroin is not creative, it's destructive. It's not beautiful, it is ugly. And this is not about art, it's about life and death.And glorifying death is not good for any society." <mask> <mask>'s death caused the fashion industry to declare heroin chic improper and passé, and by summer 1997 a new healthy look was introduced on its magazine spreads. Jaime King went to rehabilitation the following year for her addictions to heroin and alcohol. Revival
In November 2018 filmmaker Charles Curran released a documentary film called See Know Evil on the life, work and death of <mask>. "[The] film is partly about telling the story of his life, partly about trying to present a balanced reappraisal of his work." David's work is intertwined with his friends and youthful exploits. November 2019 <mask>, David's mother, released <mask> Sorrenti ArgueSKE 1994–1997, a retrospective of his work.References

Italian emigrants to the United States
Fashion photographers
Commercial photographers
Photographers from New York City
American portrait photographers
1976 births
1997 deaths
Deaths from kidney

masks:
Sorrenti
Davide
Davide
Sorrenti
David Sorrenti
Francesca Sorrenti
Davide


title: Hanno Drechsler

texts:
<mask> (24 March 1931 – 4 January 2003) was the Lord Mayor of the City of Marburg, Germany between 1970 and 1992, and the instigator of its restoration after urban renewal; he was also an important Social Democratic politician and political scientist. Life

Education
<mask> went to school in Saxony, where after High School he studied to become a teacher and was certified for doing so on all levels, becoming very early the Principal of the Oberschule in Falkenstein. Because of political conflicts with the SED regime (such as the toleration of students who were members of a church), he and his wife fled East Germany in 1955, and settled in Marburg, West Germany. Here, <mask> studied again, at the University of Marburg (1955–1961), mostly Political Science, History, and the German language, and became a student and then assistant of the political scientist Wolfgang Abendroth who was the main representative of political science of the "Frankfurt School". In 1962, he received his PhD with a thesis on the Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands (SAP), and became an expert on the small parties "between" social democrats and communists during the Weimar Republic. Career
Afterwards, he became "(Ober-)Studienratim Hochschuldienst" (lecturer and senior lecturer or assistant professor, but with tenure) at the University of Giessen's Political Science Department. He remained active in Marburg municipal and Hesse politics as a social democrat, where he soon held positions in the City Parliament.In 1970, he was elected – after declining to become the president of the newly founded University of Kassel – Lord Mayor of the City of Marburg, a position he held until his retirement due to health reasons in 1992, drawing in the end popular

masks:
Hanno Drechsler
Hanno Drechsler
Drechsler


title: Hanno Drechsler

texts:
 support of well over 75% of the citizens. Achievements
He provided tenacious and strong support and implementation of the restoration of the Oberstadt (uptown) of Marburg, one of the most important old German cities largely untouched by the war, full with timbered and stone houses of Gothic and Renaissance times and with famous castle, churches, including the earliest Gothic church in Germany dedicated to St. Elisabeth of Hungary. In the beginning, this was a battle against the zeitgeist, as the idea in the early 1970s was still to raze the old houses to the ground, make the town centre accessible to traffic, etc. To restore all houses individually, create pedestrian zones, but to make the Oberstadt livable and not just a tourist attraction was largely his idea, and he implemented it against then strong opposition. He significantly promoted art and culture as well, using his contacts and charisma to assist artists and musicians in Marburg. Much in the international success of Rose Nabinger and the jazz band "Kreisjazzwerkerschaft" probably came from their appearances he made possible in the sister cities all over Europe. Party functions
Since 1956, <mask> was a member of the SPD and held numerous party function, also on the state and federal level.He was for decades the Chairman of the local government SPD council in Hesse and on the board of the Deutscher Städtetag, the German Council of Independent Cities. He was a strong promoter, also in scholarly work and writings, of municipal autonomy, as well as of German Reunification. Offers of other positions, such as SPD candidate (with a great likelihood to win) for Lord Mayor of Frankfurt am Main, or as Minister of the Interior of Hesse, he always declined. Honours
Among the


title: Hanno Drechsler

texts:
 many honours <mask> received are the Bundesverdienstkreuz (Federal Merit Cross) 1st Class, the Merit Cross of the State of Hesse, the Silver Merit Cross of the Red Cross Germany, and the Freiherr vom Stein-Plaque, the highest German award for merits in the area of local governance and municipal autonomy. He was also an honorary citizen of Poitiers, France, a sister city of Marburg, and of Marburg itself. One of the issues closest to him – a Methodist – which he promoted very strongly was the dialogue and re-invitation of the Jewish former citizens of Marburg, the reopening of a synagogue and the reemergence of a Jewish community in Marburg; the recognitions and awards he received for that were those especially important to him. In fact, it was a stroke (after some earlier heart attacks) that he suffered after, against his doctors' advice, speaking in an outside ceremony to memorialize the "Reichskristallnacht" at the place of the former synagogue in 1991 that ended his career.Family
<mask> <mask> was married, for 53 years, to Gisela <mask> née Streller (2 March 1931 – 19 October 2008); their son is the social scientist <mask>. Memorials
Today, <mask> <mask> is remembered by the "Hanno-Drechsler-Platz", an urban space that forms the south-westerly gate to the Oberstadt for pedestrians, with a fountain and trees, but mostly by the intact and restored Oberstadt itself. Bibliography
 <mask>, <mask> et al., eds, Gesellschaft und Staat: Lexikon der Politik, 10th edn., Munich: Vahlen, 2003 (1st edn. Baden-Baden: Signal, 1970; recipient of the Deutscher Jugendbuchpreis)
 <mask>, <mask> et al., Zur Geschichte der Synagoge und der jüdischen Gemeinde in Marburg, 2nd edn., Marburg: Stadt Marburg, 1993 (Marburger Stadtschriften zur

masks:
Drechsler
Hanno
Drechsler
Drechsler
Wolfgang Drechsler
Hanno
Drechsler
Drechsler
Hanno
Drechsler
Hanno


title: Hanno Drechsler

texts:
 Geschichte und Kultur, 39)
 <mask>, <mask> et al., Rabbiner Dr. Leopold Lucas: Marburg 1872–1943 Theresienstadt: Versuch einer Würdigung, Marburg: Stadt Marburg, 1987 (Marburger Stadtschriften zur Geschichte und Kultur, 21)
 <mask>, <mask>, Die Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands (SAPD): Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Deutschen Arbeiterbewegung am Ende der Weimarer Republik, Meisenheim am Glan: Hain, 1963; Repr. Hannover: Politladen, 1971; 2. Repr. Hamburg: Junius, 1999

References
 Auerbach, Inge, ed., Catalogus professorum academiae Marburgensis.Die Akademischen Lehrer der Philipps-Universität in Marburg von 1911 bis 1971, Marburg: Elwert, 1979 (Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Hessen, 15,2), q.v. Dettmering, Erhart, ed., Dr. <mask> <mask>, 22 Jahre für Marburg: Weggefährten erinnern sich an die Amtszeit von Oberbürgermeister Dr. <mask> <mask> im Marburger Rathaus von 1970–1992 – Eine Würdigung anlässlich seiner Verabschiedung am 16. Dezember 1992, Marburg: Rathaus-Verlag, 1995 (Marburger Stadtschriften zur Geschichte und Kultur, 50)
 Dettmering, Erhart, ed., "Alles für Marburg": Eine Chronik mit Texten, Dokumenten, Artikeln und Reden aus der 20jährigen Amtszeit von <mask> <mask> als Oberbürgermeister der Universitätsstadt Marburg 1970–1990, Marburg: Universitätsstadt Marburg, 1991 (Marburger Stadtschriften zur Geschichte und Kultur, 33)

External links
 obituary including portrait picture
 official site on Drechslerplatz christening

1931 births
2003 deaths
People from Erzgebirgskreis
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
Mayors of Marburg
University of Marburg alumni
University of Marburg faculty
University of Giessen faculty
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic

masks: Drechsler Hanno Drechsler Hanno Hanno Drechsler Hanno Drechsler Hanno Drechsler


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts: <mask> (April 23, 1813 – June 3, 1861) was an American politician and lawyer from Illinois. A senator, he was one of two nominees of the badly split Democratic Party for president in the 1860 presidential election, which was won by Republican <mask>. <mask> had previously defeated Lincoln in the 1858 United States Senate election in Illinois, known for the pivotal <mask> debates. He was one of the brokers of the Compromise of 1850 which sought to avert a sectional crisis; to further deal with the volatile issue of extending slavery into the territories, <mask> became the foremost advocate of popular sovereignty, which held that each territory should be allowed to determine whether to permit slavery within its borders. This attempt to address the issue was rejected by both pro-slavery and anti-slavery advocates. <mask> was nicknamed the "Little Giant" because he was short in physical stature but a forceful and dominant figure in politics. Born in Brandon, Vermont, <mask> migrated to Jacksonville, Illinois, in 1833 to establish a legal practice.He experienced early success in politics as a member of the Democratic Party, serving in the Illinois House of Representatives and various other positions. He resigned from the Supreme Court of Illinois upon being elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1843. <mask> became an ally of President James K. Polk, and favored the annexation of Texas and the Mexican–American War. He was one of four Northern Democrats in the House to vote against the Wilmot Proviso, which would have banned slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico. The Illinois legislature elected <mask> to the United States Senate in 1847, and <mask> emerged as a

masks:
Stephen Arnold Douglas
Abraham Lincoln
Douglas
Lincoln Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts: national party leader during the 1850s. Along with Henry Clay, he led the passage of the Compromise of 1850, which settled some of the territorial issues arising from the Mexican–American War. <mask> was a candidate for president at the 1852 Democratic National Convention, but lost the nomination to Franklin Pierce.Seeking to open the west for expansion, <mask> introduced the Kansas–Nebraska Act in 1854. Though <mask> had hoped the Kansas–Nebraska Act would ease sectional tensions, it elicited a strong reaction in the North and helped fuel the rise of the anti-slavery Republican Party. <mask> once again sought the presidency in 1856, but the 1856 Democratic National Convention instead nominated James Buchanan, who went on to win the election. Buchanan and <mask> split over the admission of Kansas as a slave state, as <mask> accused the pro-slavery Kansas legislature of having conducted an unfair election. During the <mask> debates, <mask> articulated the Freeport Doctrine, which held that territories could effectively exclude slavery despite the Supreme Court's ruling in the 1857 case of Dred Scott v. Sandford. Disagreements over slavery led to the bolt of Southern delegates at the 1860 Democratic National Convention. The rump convention of Northern delegates nominated <mask> for president, while Southern Democrats threw their support behind John C. Breckinridge.In the 1860 election, Lincoln and <mask> were the main candidates in the North, while most Southerners supported either Breckinridge or John Bell of the Constitutional Union Party. Campaigning throughout the country during the election, <mask> warned of the dangers of secession and urged his audiences to stay loyal to the

masks:
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Lincoln Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts:
 United States. Ultimately, Lincoln's strong support in the North led to his victory in the election. After the Battle of Fort Sumter, <mask> rallied support for the Union, but he died in June 1861. Early life and education
He was born <mask> <mask> in Brandon, Vermont, on April 23, 1813, to physician <mask> <mask> and his wife, Sarah Fisk. The younger <mask> would drop the second "s" from his name in 1846, the year after the publication of <mask>'s first autobiography; it is unknown if these two events were connected. <mask>'s paternal ancestors had migrated to New England in the 17th century, and his paternal grandfather, Benajah <mask>, served several terms in the Vermont House of Representatives.<mask>'s father died when <mask> was just two months old. <mask>, his mother, and older sister moved to the farm she and her bachelor brother, Edward Fisk, had inherited from their father. <mask> received an elementary education at the local school in Brandon. As a teenager, <mask> left the family farm for Middlebury, Vermont, and apprenticed himself to a cabinetmaker named Nahum Parker. He began reading political literature and engaging in discussions with his employer and other young men. <mask> came to have great admiration for <mask>. He left Middlebury and returned to Brandon after he grew dissatisfied with his employer.He began another apprenticeship with another cabinetmaker, Deacon Caleb Knowlton, but also quit this employer after less than a year. <mask> moved back in with his mother and decided to enroll as a student at Brandon Academy in order to pursue a professional career. Soon, however, his sister married a man from western New York. <mask>’s mother later married this man’s

masks:
Douglas
Stephen Arnold
Douglass
Stephen Arnold
Douglass
Douglas
Frederick Douglass
Douglas
Douglass
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Stephen
Douglas
Andrew Jackson
Douglas
Stephen


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts: father, Gehazi Granger. The whole family then relocated to the Granger estate in New York, <mask> included. He was 17 years old at that time, and soon continued his education at nearby Canandaigua Academy. He began the study of Latin and Greek and showed particular skill as a debater.At this point, he may have already been looking forward to a career as a politician. At Canandaigua Academy, <mask> frequently gave speeches supporting <mask> and Jackson's Democratic Party. A prominent local attorney, Levi Hubbell, allowed <mask> to study under him and while a student in Hubbell's office, <mask> became friendly with Henry B. Payne, who was studying law at the nearby office of John C. Spencer. In 1833, at just age 20, <mask> decided he had had enough of New York and wanted to seek his fortunes out West, which was full of opportunity for an enterprising young man. Despite his mother’s protests and the fact that he had not yet completed his studies at the academy, <mask> ventured out on his own. The newer states of the west had easier conditions for admission to the bar and he was eager to begin his professional career. And so, with his purposes only partially formed and only enough money for immediate needs, he began his westerly drift.After a short stay in Buffalo, NY, and a visit to Niagara Falls, <mask> took a steamboat down to Cleveland, OH. He had initially hoped to establish himself there, it would only take him a year to gain admission to the bar in Ohio, as opposed to four years in Vermont. Within a few days, however, he was stricken with malarial typhoid and was very ill for four months. He could very easily have died. After paying all his bills, he still had forty dollars left.

masks:
Stephen
Douglas
Andrew Jackson
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Stephen
Douglas


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts:
 <mask> decided to push further west. He took a canal boat from Cleveland to the southern Ohio town of Portsmouth, then went west to Cincinnati.<mask> still had no well-defined purpose and drifted from city to city, stopping in Louisville and St. Louis. His money was now almost all spent, he had to find work soon. Finding no luck in St. Louis, he became convinced that he must find some small country town. Upon hearing that Jacksonville, IL was a thriving settlement, he decided to try his luck there. Morgan County was then only sparsely populated and still very much “wild country.” <mask> found the open prairie lands to be a revelation. Having grown up in the hills of Vermont, it was not like anything he’d seen before. Years later he said, “I found my mind liberalized and my opinions enlarged, when I got on these broad prairies, with only the heavens to bound my vision, instead of having them circumscribed by the little ridges that surrounded the valley where I was born.” <mask> settled in Jacksonville, Illinois in November 1833.<mask> was admitted to the state bar in Illinois in March 1834. To his family, <mask> wrote, "I have become a Western man, have imbibed Western feelings, principles, and interests and have selected Illinois as the favorite place of my adoption." Early career

Illinois politician
<mask> became aligned with the "whole hog" Democrats, who strongly supported President Jackson. In 1834, with the support of the Democratic state legislator who represented Jacksonville, <mask> was elected as the State's Attorney for the First District, which encompassed eight counties in western Illinois. <mask> quickly became uninterested in practicing law, choosing instead to focus

masks: Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts: on politics. He helped arrange the first-ever state Democratic convention in late 1835, and the convention pledged to support Jackson's chosen successor, Martin Van Buren, in the 1836 presidential election. In 1836, he won election to the Illinois House of Representatives, defeating Whig Party candidate John J. Hardin.<mask> joined a legislature that included five future senators, seven future congressmen, and one future president: <mask>, who was at that time a member of the Whig Party. While continuing to serve in the state legislature and as a state's attorney, <mask> was appointed by President Van Buren as the registrar of the Springfield Land Office. <mask> sought election to the United States House of Representatives in 1838, but lost by a 36-vote margin to Whig candidate John T. Stuart. During the presidential election of 1840, <mask> campaigned throughout the state for President Van Buren, and he frequently debated with Lincoln and other Whigs. Though Van Buren lost his re-election bid to Whig candidate William Henry Harrison, Illinois was one of seven states to vote for Van Buren. After the election, Governor Thomas Carlin appointed <mask> as the Illinois Secretary of State, making <mask> the youngest individual to hold the post. During his brief tenure as secretary of state, <mask> helped arrange a state charter for the Mormon settlement of Nauvoo.In early 1841, <mask> accepted election to the Illinois Supreme Court. In 1843, <mask> resigned from the court after winning election to the United States House of Representatives. During one evening in the early 1840s, <mask> dined with Joseph Smith, the Prophet and President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

masks:
Douglas
Abraham Lincoln
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts:
 At <mask>'s request, President Smith recounted a history of the Missouri persecutions, to which <mask> expressed sympathy. Joseph Smith then pronounced the following prophecy on the head of <mask><mask>:  Judge, you will aspire to the presidency of the United States; and if ever you turn your hand against me or the Latter-day Saints, you will feel the weight of the hand of <mask>mighty upon you; and you will live to see and know that I have testified the truth to you; for the conversation of this day will stick to you through life. House of Representatives

After decisively winning re-election in August 1844, <mask> campaigned for Democratic presidential candidate James K. Polk. During one of his first campaign appearances outside of Illinois, <mask> denounced high tariff rates, saying that they constituted "an act for the oppression and plunder of the American laborer for the benefit of a few large capitalists".Ultimately, Polk defeated Whig nominee Henry Clay in the 1844 presidential election. <mask> strongly supported the annexation of Texas, and in May 1846 he voted to declare war on Mexico after U.S. and Mexican forces clashed near the Rio Grande River. <mask> considered volunteering to serve in the war, but President Polk convinced him to remain in Congress, where he would serve as an advocate for Polk's policies. He was one of four Northern Democrats to vote against the Wilmot Proviso, which would have banned slavery from any land ceded by Mexico. <mask> instead favored extending the Missouri Compromise, which had banned slavery north of the parallel 36°30′ north in the Louisiana Purchase, to all U.S. territories, but his proposal was defeated by Northern congressmen. Despite

masks:
Douglas
Douglas
Stephen A
. Douglas
Al
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts:
 being a supporter of Polk's policies, he voted against the Walker Tariff. Marriage and family

In March 1847, he married Martha Martin, the 21-year-old daughter of wealthy Colonel Robert Martin of North Carolina.The year after their marriage, Martha's father died and bequeathed her a 2,500-acre cotton plantation with 100 slaves on the Pearl River in Lawrence County, Mississippi. He appointed <mask> the property manager but, as a senator of the free state of Illinois, and with presidential aspirations, <mask> found the Southern plantation presented difficulties. He created distance by hiring a manager to operate the plantation while using his allocated 20 percent of the income to advance his political career. His sole lengthy visit to Mississippi was in 1848, and he made only brief emergency trips thereafter. The newlyweds moved their Illinois home from Springfield to fast-growing Chicago in the summer of 1847. They had two sons: Robert M<mask> (1849–1917) and <mask> <mask>, Jr., (1850–1908). <mask> died on January 19, 1853, after the birth of her third child, a daughter.The girl died a few weeks later, and <mask> and the two boys were bereft. On November 20, 1856, <mask> married a second time, to 20-year-old <mask>, a southern woman from Washington, D.C. She was the daughter of James Madison Cutts, a nephew of former President James Madison, and Ellen O'Neal, a niece of Rose O'Neal Greenhow. Her mother was from a Maryland Catholic family and raised <mask> as a Catholic. With <mask>'s approval, she had his two sons baptized as Catholic and reared in that faith. She had a miscarriage in 1858 and became ill. The following year, <mask> gave birth to a daughter, Rachel, who lived only a

masks:
Douglas
Douglas
. Douglas
Stephen Arnold
Douglas
Martha Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Adele Cutts
Adele
Stephen
Adele


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts:
 few weeks. Ancestry
<mask>'s immediate ancestors were almost entirely from New England.His <mask> ancestors, upon emigrating from England in the early 1600s, settled in Connecticut where they lived for several generations until his grandfather, Benajah <mask>, moved to Stephentown, New York. From there the family moved to Brandon, Vermont, where <mask><mask> was born. Both of <mask>' grandmothers were <mask>s, and both of them descend from early Providence proprietor, <mask>, each through a different one of his sons. His paternal grandmother, Martha (<mask><mask>, was the daughter of <mask> who left Rhode Island to settle in Stephentown, New York. <mask> was the son of <mask> of North Kingstown and Exeter, Rhode Island who links <mask> with several prominent colonial Rhode Islanders. Through <mask>, <mask> descends from <mask>, the first governor of the Rhode Island colony under the Royal Charter of 1663, and the older son of <mask>. In this line he also descends from two signers of the compact that established the first government in the Rhode Island colony, they being Samuel Wilbore and John Porter.He also descends from Wilbore's son, Samuel Wilbur, Jr. who was mentioned by name in the Royal Charter of 1663, and who, with Porter, was an original purchaser of the Pettaquamscutt lands that became the town of South Kingstown, Rhode Island. Additionally, through his paternal grandmother, <mask> descends from Indian captive Susanna Cole and her famous mother, <mask>, as well as early Newport settler George Gardiner and his common-law wife Herodias Gardiner. <mask>' maternal grandmother, Sarah (<mask>) Fisk, was a descendant of <mask> through his younger son, <mask>. She also descends

masks:
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Stephen A
. Douglas
Douglas
Arnold
William Arnold
Arnold
) Douglas
Stephen Arnold
Stephen
Joseph Arnold
Douglas
Joseph Arnold
Douglas
Benedict Arnold
William Arnold
Douglas
Anne Hutchinson
Douglas
Arnold
William Arnold
Stephen Arnold


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts:
 from early Rhode Island Baptist minister Pardon Tillinghast. In the following ancestral chart, persons 1–7, 10–11, 14–15, 20–23, and 28–31 are all documented in the book The Arnold Memorial, published in 1935 by Elisha <mask>, a fairly close relative of <mask>. Persons 8-9 and 16-17 are documented in a New England Historical and Genealogical Register article that was captured in a collection of Connecticut genealogies. The remaining persons, and a few additional dates, all come from online sources which are found under "External links."Senator

Early years

<mask> was re-elected to the House of Representatives in 1846, but the state legislature elected him to the United States Senate in early 1847. The United States defeated Mexico in the Mexican–American War and acquired the Mexican Cession in the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. After the war, <mask> attempted to avoid the debate over the Wilmot Proviso by immediately admitting the territory acquired from Mexico as one single, huge state. His proposal would have allowed the inhabitants of the new state to determine the status of slavery themselves, but Northerners and Southerners alike rejected the plan. In 1850, Senator Henry Clay introduced a multi-part proposal to admit California as a free state, establish the New Mexico and Utah territories, ban the slave trade in the District of Columbia, and pass a more stringent fugitive slave law. The proposal, which would form the basis of what would eventually be known as the Compromise of 1850, also required Texas to cede its claims on New Mexico in return for debt relief. After the apparent collapse of the bill, Clay took a temporary leave from the Senate, and <mask> took the lead in

masks:
Stephen Arnold
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts: advocating for a compromise based largely on Clay's proposals.Rather than passing the proposals as one bill, as Clay had originally sought to do, <mask> would seek to pass each proposal one-by-one. The compromise faced strong opposition from Northerners like William Seward, who favored the Wilmot Proviso and attacked the fugitive slave provision, and Southerners like John C. Calhoun, who opposed the creation of new free states. With the help of President Millard Fillmore, <mask> put together a bipartisan coalition of Whigs and Democrats that passed the compromise in the Senate. Along with Fillmore and other supporters of the compromise, <mask>'s lobbying helped ensure that the compromise also passed the House of Representatives. Fillmore signed the compromise bills into law, ending the sectional crisis. <mask>'s role in passing the compromise gave him the stature of a national leader, and he enjoyed the support of the Young America movement, which favored expansionary policies. <mask> helped pass a bill granting rights-of-way to the Illinois Central Railroad, which would connect Chicago to Mobile, Alabama.He envisioned a transcontinental country connected by railroads and waterways, with Illinois serving as the gateway to the West. "There is a power in this nation greater than either the North or the South ... that power is the country known as the great West," he stated. Though he publicly denied interest in running in the 1852 presidential election, <mask> worked behind the scenes to build a base of support. The 1852 Democratic National Convention held several presidential ballots, with delegates split between <mask>, former Secretary of State James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, 1848

masks: Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts:
 presidential nominee Lewis Cass of Michigan, and former Secretary of War William L. Marcy of New York. Nomination required the support of two-thirds of the delegates, and none of the major candidates won that level of support. On the 49th ballot, the convention nominated a dark horse candidate, former Senator Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire. Despite his disappointment at losing the nomination, <mask> campaigned for Pierce across the Midwest.Pierce went on to defeat the Whig candidate, Winfield Scott, in the 1852 presidential election, while <mask> won re-election to the Senate. Pierce administration

After the election, <mask> expected to have influence in the selection of Pierce's cabinet, and possibly to receive a cabinet appointment himself. Defying those expectations, Pierce largely ignored <mask> and instead gave key positions to rivals of <mask>, including Buchanan and Jefferson Davis. After the death of his daughter in early 1853, <mask> went on a five-month-long tour of Europe. Returning to the Senate in late 1853, <mask> initially sought to avoid taking center stage in national debates, but he once again became involved in sectional disputes stemming from the issue of slavery in the territories. In order to provide for western expansion and the completion of a transcontinental railroad, <mask> favored incorporating parts of the vast unorganized territory located west of the Missouri River and east of the Rocky Mountains. In January 1854, he proposed to organize two new territories: Nebraska Territory, located west of Iowa, and Kansas Territory, located south of Nebraska Territory and west of Missouri.Under the doctrine of popular sovereignty, the citizens of each territory

masks: Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts: would determine the status of slavery. <mask> also reluctantly agreed to an amendment that would provide for the formal repeal of the Missouri Compromise. Aided by Jefferson Davis, <mask> convinced President Pierce to support his proposal. <mask>'s proposal, which would come to be known as the Kansas–Nebraska Act, provoked a strong reaction in the North, where the repeal of the Missouri Compromise was unpopular. <mask> argued that the Compromise of 1850 had already superseded the Missouri Compromise, and argued that the citizens of the territories should have the right to determine the status of slavery. Opponents of popular sovereignty attacked its supposed fairness; <mask> claimed that <mask> "has no very vivid impression that the Negro is human; and consequently has no idea that there can be any moral question in legislating about him". Nonetheless, the Kansas–Nebraska Act won passage in both houses of Congress, albeit narrowly in the House of Representatives.In both the House and the Senate, every Northern Whig voted against the Kansas–Nebraska Act, while just under half of the Northern Democrats and the vast majority of Southern congressmen of both parties voted for the act. Northern opponents of the act saw it as a triumph for the hated Slave Power. <mask> had hoped that the Kansas–Nebraska Act would help ease sectional tensions, and he was surprised by the intensity of Northern backlash to his proposal and to <mask> himself. He later remembered, "I could travel from Boston to Chicago by the light of my own effigy." Democrats suffered major losses in the 1854 elections, which saw the emergence of the nativist Know Nothing movement and the anti-slavery Republican Party. The

masks:
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Abraham Lincoln
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts: Illinois legislature replaced Senator James Shields, a <mask> ally, with Lyman Trumbull, an anti-slavery Democrat. After the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act, anti-slavery and pro-slavery settlers flocked to Kansas Territory to influence whether Kansas would be a free state or a slave state.A series of violent clashes, known as Bleeding Kansas, broke out between anti-slavery and pro-slavery forces in the territory, and the two sides established competing governments. <mask> issued a committee report that endorsed the pro-slavery government as the legitimate government of Kansas and denounced anti-slavery forces as the primary cause of the violence. Anti-slavery activists like Charles Sumner attacked <mask> for the report; one Northern paper wrote, "<mask> has brains, but so has the Devil, so had Judas and <mask>." As the crisis in Kansas continued, the Whig Party collapsed, and many former Whigs joined the Republican Party, the Know Nothings, or, in the South, the Democratic Party. In early 1856 <mask> inserted himself and the debate surrounding the Kansas–Nebraska Act into the Chicago mayoral election, where <mask> strongly backed pro-Nebraska Democrat Thomas Dyer. Dyer ultimately won the election. Bleeding Kansas badly damaged Pierce's standing among the Democratic Party leaders, and Pierce, <mask>, and Buchanan competed for the presidential nomination at the 1856 Democratic National Convention.Buchanan's greatest advantage over his rivals was that he had been in Britain for most of Pierce's presidency, and thereby had avoided becoming involved in the debate over the Kansas–Nebraska Act. After Buchanan led the first fourteen ballots of the convention, Pierce dropped out of the

masks:
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Benedict Arnold
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts:
 race and endorsed <mask>. After he was unable to pull into the lead on the sixteenth ballot, <mask> withdrew from the race, and the convention nominated Buchanan. As in 1852, <mask> accepted defeat and campaigned for the Democratic nominee. In a three-person race, Buchanan defeated Republican nominee John C. Frémont and Know Nothing nominee Millard Fillmore. Buchanan dominated in the South, but Frémont won several Northern states and <mask> ally <mask> Richardson lost the 1856 Illinois gubernatorial election. Buchanan administration

<mask> and Buchanan had a long-standing enmity, but <mask> hoped that his efforts for Buchanan in the 1856 election would be rewarded with influence in the new administration.However, as had been the case in the Pierce administration, Buchanan largely ignored <mask> in making appointments. Shortly after Buchanan took office, the Supreme Court issued the Dred Scott decision, which declared that slavery could not be legally excluded from the federal territories. Though the ruling was unpopular with many in the North, <mask> urged Americans to respect it, saying "whoever resists the final decision of the highest judicial tribunal aims a deadly blow at our whole republican system of government." He approved of another aspect of the ruling, which held that African-Americans could not be citizens, stating that the Founding Fathers "referred to the white race alone, and not the African, when they declared men to have been created free and equal". In late 1857, the pro-slavery state legislature in Lecompton, Kansas organized a constitutional referendum on the future of slavery. Anti-slavery forces boycotted the referendum because both options presented required

masks:
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
William Alexander
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts:
 that slaves already in the state remain slaves regardless of the outcome of the vote. Territorial Governor Robert J. Walker denounced the referendum as a "vile fraud," and many Northern Democrats joined with Republicans in opposing the referendum.Nonetheless, the state legislature presented the Lecompton Constitution to President Buchanan, who endorsed the constitution and called on Congress to ratify it. Buchanan stated, "Kansas is therefore at this moment as much a slave state as Georgia and South Carolina." After meeting with Walker, <mask> broke with Buchanan and declared that the constitution was a "fraudulent submission," promising to "resist it to the last". Despite <mask>'s efforts, the Buchanan administration won congressional approval to admit Kansas as a slave state. Frustrating Buchanan's plans, the newly elected, anti-slavery Kansas legislature rejected admission as a slave state in April 1858. In the South, <mask> received much of the blame for Kansas's rejection of admission; one paper wrote that <mask> had severed "the ties which have hitherto bound this able statesman and the people of the South together in such a cordial alliance". <mask> debates

After his defeat by Lyman Trumbull in the 1854 Senate election, <mask> began planning to run against <mask> in the 1858 Senate election.Lincoln strongly rejected proposals to cooperate with <mask> against Buchanan, and he won the Republican nomination to oppose <mask>. Accepting the nomination, Lincoln delivered his House Divided Speech, saying "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not

masks:
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Lincoln Douglas
Abraham Lincoln
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts: expect the House to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other." <mask> rejected Lincoln's notion that the United States could not continue to be divided into free states and slave states, and warned that Lincoln called for "a war of secession, a war of the North against the South, of the free states against the slave states". Lincoln and his entourage began following <mask> around the state, campaigning in the senator's wake.Eventually, <mask> agreed to debate Lincoln in seven different venues across the state. The format of the Lincoln-Douglas Debates called for one candidate to make a one-hour opening speech, followed by the other candidate delivering a ninety-minute rebuttal, followed by the first candidate delivering a half hour closing remark; Lincoln and <mask> agreed to rotate who would speak in the two slots. The debates focused on the issue of slavery in the territories, and, more broadly, the meaning of republicanism in the United States. <mask> favored popular sovereignty and emphasized the concept of self-government, though his vision of self-government only encompassed whites. Lincoln, meanwhile, emphasized human equality and economic opportunity for all. In the second debate, <mask> articulated the Freeport Doctrine, holding that the people in federal territories had "the lawful means to introduce [slavery] or exclude it as they please, for the reason that slavery cannot exist a day or an hour anywhere, unless it is supported by local police regulations. Those police regulations can only be established by the local legislature; and if the people are opposed to slavery, they will elect representatives to that body

masks: Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas Douglas


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts: who will by unfriendly legislation effectually prevent the introduction of it into their midst."Thus, <mask> argued that territories could effectively exclude slavery despite the Dred Scott decision. At another appearance, <mask> reiterated his belief that the Declaration of Independence was not meant to apply to non-whites. He said, "this government was made by our fathers on the white basis ... made by white men for the benefit of white men and their posterity forever". For his part, Lincoln criticized <mask> for his moral indifference to slavery, but denied any intention of interference with slavery in the South. He suggested that, despite the public break between <mask> and Buchanan over Kansas, the two Democrats had worked together to extend and perpetuate slavery. Lincoln disclaimed the radical-for-the-time views on racial equality attributed to him by <mask>, arguing only for the right of African Americans to personal liberty and to earn their own livings. He stated, "I am not, nor ever have been in favor of making voters of the negroes, or jurors, or qualifying them to hold office, or having them to marry with white people."At another debate, Lincoln stated, "I believe that slavery is wrong ... There is the difference between <mask> and his friends and the Republican Party." Following the final debate, Illinois voters headed to the polls for Election Day. In an election that saw higher turnout than that of the 1856 presidential election, Democrats won 54 of the 100 seats in the state legislature. Despite the split with Buchanan and the strong challenge from Lincoln, the state legislature elected Senator <mask> to a third term in January 1859. Following the elections, <mask>

masks:
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Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Judge Douglas
Douglas
Douglas


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts:
 toured the South. He warned against sectionalism and secession, telling one crowd, "if you deem it treason for abolitionists to appeal to the passions and prejudices of the North, how much less treason is it, my friends, for southern men to appeal to the passions with the same end?"1859 change in <mask>'s health and fortune
According to the Springfield Republican, in 1857 <mask> "was, next to General Cass, the richest man in public life"; by the end of 1859, after extravagant political spending and disappointing investments, he was near bankrupt. "Two months ago [before John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry] he seemed to have more political power and popularity than any other American; everybody was talking about him, and his chances for the Presidency were hopefully discussed by his friends, and reluctantly conceded by his enemies—but now ... the Southern Democracy have ceased to fear him; and the Northern to worship him." He contracted a serious illness, "gout in the stomach", described as "almost always fatal". He would be dead in less than 2 years. 1860 presidential election

Nomination

<mask>'s 1858 re-election solidified his standing as a leading contender for the Democratic nomination in the 1860 presidential election. His support was concentrated in the North, especially the Midwest, though some unionist Southerners, like <mask><mask>, were sympathetic to his cause. <mask> remained on poor terms with President Buchanan, and his Freeport Doctrine had further alienated many Southern senators.At the start of the 36th United States Congress, Buchanan and his Southern allies removed <mask> as chairman of the Senate Committee on Territories. <mask> helped defeat an attempt to pass a

masks:
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Alexander H
. Stephens
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts: federal slave code, but saw his own bill to establish agricultural land-grant colleges vetoed by Buchanan. The 1860 Democratic National Convention opened in Charleston, South Carolina, on April 23, 1860. Newspapers in the city attacked <mask> as the "Demagogue of Illinois," but <mask> was determined to uphold his doctrine of popular sovereignty, telling one supporter "I do not intend to make peace with my enemies, nor to make a concession of one iota of principle." Following a long-established precedent, <mask> himself did not attend the convention, and the pro-<mask> forces at the convention were led by <mask> Richardson. The remaining delegates were split into two broad factions: allies of Buchanan, led by a quartet of senators, and the Fire-Eaters, an extremist group of Southern delegates led by William Lowndes Yancey. After a contentious battle over the inclusion of popular sovereignty or a federal slave code in the party platform, several Southern delegations walked out of the convention.The convention subsequently held several rounds of presidential balloting, and while <mask> received by far the most support of any of the candidates, he fell well short of the necessary two-thirds majority of delegates. After nearly sixty ballots failed to produce a nominee, delegates agreed to adjourn the convention and reconvene in Baltimore in June. In the weeks leading up to second Democratic convention, a group of former Whigs and Know Nothings formed the Constitutional Union Party and nominated John Bell for president. Bell campaigned on a simple platform that emphasized unionism and sought to minimize the role of slavery, but he received little support outside of the South. The 1860

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Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
William Alexander
Douglas


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts:
 Republican National Convention passed over the initial front-runner, William Seward, and nominated <mask>'s old opponent, <mask>. The Democratic convention reconvened in Baltimore on June 18, and most Southern delegates once again bolted the convention. The rump Democratic convention nominated <mask> by an overwhelming margin.The party initially offered the vice presidential nomination to Benjamin Fitzpatrick, but after Fitzpatrick declined, Herschel Vespasian Johnson of Georgia agreed to serve as <mask>'s running mate. Meanwhile, the Southern Democrats held their own convention in Baltimore and nominated Vice President John C. Breckinridge for president. Breckinridge himself did not openly support secession, but he received the support of Fire-Eaters like Jefferson Davis. <mask> rejected efforts to cooperate with Breckinridge, arguing that "any compromise with the secessionists would ... give every Northern state to Lincoln." The 1860 election essentially became two contests, with Breckinridge and Bell contesting the South and Lincoln and <mask> competing for the North. General election

<mask> broke with the precedent that presidential candidates did not campaign, and he gave speeches across the Northeastern United States after he won the nomination. Sensing an opportunity in the Upper South, he also campaigned in Virginia and North Carolina before campaigning in the crucial swing states of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana.While many Republicans did not take the talk of secession seriously, <mask> warned that some Southern leaders would seek immediate secession after the election. At Raleigh, North Carolina, he said "I am in favor of executing in good faith every clause and

masks:
Douglas
Abraham Lincoln
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts: provision of the Constitution and protecting every right under it—and then hanging every man who takes up arms against it!" His campaign treasurer, <mask>, struggled to raise funds for a candidacy that many regarded as a lost cause. Few newspapers endorsed <mask>, with the major exception being James Gordon Bennett Sr.'s New York Herald. The split in Pennsylvania between supporters of <mask> and supporters of Buchanan helped deliver that state to Lincoln, and Republicans also won Ohio and Indiana. Each of those states held elections for state offices in October, one month ahead of the nationwide presidential election, and these results were taken as predictive of the mood of the electorate in the lower North. <mask> recognized that victory in the election was impossible without those states.With no hope of victory in the election, he decided to take another tour of the South to speak against secession. "Mr. Lincoln is the president", he stated, "We must try to save the Union. I will go South." In St. Louis, he told the audience, "I am not here tonight to ask for your votes for the presidency. I am here to make an appeal to you for the Union and the peace of the country." Despite denunciations from various local newspapers, he continued his journey South, speaking against secession in Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama. Ultimately, Missouri was the lone state <mask> carried, though he also won three of the seven electoral votes in New Jersey.Bell won Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee, Breckinridge swept the remaining Southern states, and Lincoln won California, Oregon, and every Northern elector outside of New Jersey. Though <mask> finished in last place in the electoral vote, he won

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August Belmont
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts:
 the second-highest popular vote total and was the lone candidate to win electoral votes from both a free state and a slave state. Following Lincoln's victory, many in the South began making plans for secession. One <mask> associate in the South wrote to him, stating, "with your defeat, the cause of the Union was lost." Last months

After the election, <mask> returned to the Senate, where he sought to prevent a break-up of the United States. He joined a special committee of thirteen senators, led by John J. Crittenden, which sought a legislative solution to the growing sectional tensions between the North and South. He supported the Crittenden Compromise, which called for a series of constitutional amendments that would enshrine the Missouri Compromise line in the constitution, but the Crittenden Compromise was defeated in committee by a combination of Republicans and Southern extremists.As late as Christmas 1860, <mask> wrote to <mask><mask> and offered to support the annexation of Mexico as slave territory to avert secession. South Carolina voted to secede on December 20, 1860, and five other Southern states had done the same by mid-January. In February 1861, Jefferson Davis took office as the president of the Confederate States of America, which consisted of several Southern states that had decided to secede from the United States. <mask> unsuccessfully sought President-elect Lincoln's support for the Peace Conference of 1861, another attempt to head off secession. Lincoln was unwilling to support the conference, but <mask> described his meeting with Lincoln as "peculiarly pleasant". A long-time opponent of protectionism, he voted against the Morrill Tariff, instead calling for a

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Douglas
Douglas
Alexander H
. Stephens
Douglas
Douglas


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts:
 customs union with Canada, Mexico, Cuba, and Central America. <mask> praised Lincoln's first inaugural address, describing it as "a peace offering rather than a war message" to the South.After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in April 1861, Lincoln decided to proclaim a state of rebellion and call for 75,000 troops to suppress it. <mask> met privately with Lincoln, looked over the proclamation before it was issued and endorsed it. He suggested only one change: Lincoln should call for 200,000 troops, not just 75,000. "You do not know the dishonest purposes of those men as well as I do," he said. To a friend, he stated, "I've known Mr. Lincoln a longer time than you have, or than the country has. He'll come out all right, and we will all stand by him." In late April, <mask> departed Washington for the Midwest, where he rallied support for the Union cause.Death

<mask> was struck by illness in May 1861 and was confined to his bed. Though his supporters initially expected a quick recovery, <mask> contracted typhoid fever and suffered from several other afflictions (see above). He died on June 3, coincidentally on the same day as the Battle of Philippi, the first skirmish of the American Civil War. On June 4, Secretary of War Simon Cameron issued a circular to Union armies, announcing "the death of a great statesman ... a man who nobly discarded party for his country". Position on slavery
For a century and a half, historians have debated whether <mask> opposed slavery, and whether he was a compromiser or a devotee of principles. In his "Freeport Doctrine" of 1858, he repeatedly said that he did not care whether slavery was voted up or down, but only that white people had the right


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts: to vote it up or down. He denounced as sacrilegious the petitions signed by thousands of clergymen in 1854, who said the Kansas–Nebraska Act offended God's will.He rejected the Republican assertions that slavery was condemned by a "higher law" (Seward's position) and that the nation could not long survive as half slave and half free (Lincoln's position). He disagreed with the Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision that Congress had no ability to regulate slavery in the territories. When Buchanan supported the Lecompton Constitution and admitting Kansas as a slave state (see Bleeding Kansas), <mask> fought him in a long battle that gained <mask> the 1860 Democratic nomination but ripped his party apart. Graham Peck finds that while several scholars have said that <mask> was personally opposed to slavery despite owning a plantation in Mississippi, none has presented "extensive arguments to justify the conclusion". He cites recent scholarship as (equally briefly) finding <mask> "insensitive to the moral repugnance of slavery" or even "proslavery". He concludes that <mask> was the "ideological [and] practical head of the northern opposition to the antislavery movement" and questions whether <mask> "opposed black slavery for any reason, including economics". Harry V. Jaffa thought <mask> was tricking the South with popular sovereignty—telling Southerners it would protect slavery but believing the people would vote against it.Johannsen found <mask> "did not regard slavery as a moral question; at least, he never condemned the institution in moral terms either publicly or privately." However, though he "privately deplored slavery and was opposed to its expansion (and, indeed, in 1860 was


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts:
 widely regarded in both North and South as an antislavery candidate), he felt that its discussion as a moral question would place it on a dangerous level of abstraction." Legacy

Historical reputation

According to biographer Roy Morris Jr., <mask> "is remembered, if at all, for a hard-fought election victory that most people believe mistakenly was a defeat". Morris adds, however, that "for the better part of two decades, <mask> was the most famous and controversial politician in the United States." <mask> always had a deep and abiding faith in democracy. "Let the people rule!" was his cry, and he insisted that the people locally could and should make the decisions about slavery, rather than the national government.According to his biographer Robert W. Johanssen:
<mask> was preeminently a Jacksonian, and his adherence to the tenets of what became known as Jacksonian democracy grew as his own career developed. ... Popular rule, or what he would later call popular sovereignty, lay at the base of his political structure. Like most Jacksonians, <mask> believed that the people spoke through the majority, that the majority will was the expression of the popular will. Old University of Chicago
Douglas endowed land on which a group of Baptists built the Old University of Chicago. Memorials

<mask>'s gravesite was bought by the state, which commissioned Leonard Volk for an imposing monument with a statue that was erected over his grave. <mask>'s birthplace in Brandon, Vermont, has been memorialized as a museum and visitor center. Numerous places have been named after him: counties in Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, Oregon, South Dakota, Washington


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts:
 and Wisconsin.Fort Douglas in Salt Lake City, the cities of Douglas and Douglasville in Georgia and Douglas, Wyoming were also named for him. In 1869, a large park in Chicago was named Douglas Park in honor of the senator. In 2020 the park was renamed Douglass Park, after the abolitionists <mask> and <mask> <mask>s. There is also a larger than life sized statue showing <mask> in a seated position at the center of the town square in Winchester, IL. Located about 18 miles from the City of Jacksonville, IL. Local account say that <mask> taught school there for a short time before his political career began. In popular culture

<mask> has been portrayed in several works of popular culture.In 1930, E<mask> Warren portrayed <mask> in the United Artists film, <mask>. In 1939, Milburn Stone portrayed <mask> in the Twentieth Century-Fox film Young Mr. Lincoln. In 1940, Canadian actor Gene Lockhart portrayed <mask> in the RKO film Abe Lincoln in Illinois. In 1957, the actor Walter Coy portrayed <mask> in the episode "Springfield Incident" of CBS's The 20th Century Fox Hour. Richard Dreyfuss portrayed <mask><mask> in a <mask> debate audiobook. <mask> is referenced by folk-artist Sufjan Stevens in the song "Decatur, or, Round of Applause for Your Stepmother!". Edgar Lee Masters' work Children of the Marketplace: A fictitious biography is about <mask>.In the alternate history short story Lincoln's Charge by Bill Fawcett (published in Alternate Presidents), <mask> wins the election of 1860, a change which only postpones the outbreak of war by one year. <mask> is a significant character in the mash-up novel <mask>, Vampire Hunter, and also appears in the film adaptation of that book. See also

masks:
Frederick Douglass
Anna Murray
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
. Alyn
Douglas
Abraham Lincoln
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Stephen A
. Douglas
Lincoln Douglas
Douglas
Stephen Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Abraham Lincoln


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts:
 List of Freemasons
 List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)
 Origins of the American Civil War

References

Works cited

 Quitt, Martin H. "<mask>. <mask> and Antebellum Democracy." (2012) New York: Cambridge University Press. Further reading

Secondary sources
 <mask>, Paul M. ed., Created Equal? The Complete Lincoln–Douglas Debates of 1858 (1958)
 Barbee, David R., and Milledge L. Bonham, Jr. "The Montgomery Address of <mask>. <mask>," Journal of Southern History, Vol.5, No. 4 (Nov. 1939), pp. 527–552 in JSTOR
 Capers, Gerald M. <mask>. <mask>: Defender of the Union (1959), short biography
 Childers, Christopher. "Interpreting Popular Sovereignty: A Historiographical Essay," Civil War History Volume 57, Number 1, March 2011 pp. 48–70 in Project MUSE

 Dean; Eric T., Jr. "<mask>. <mask> and Popular Sovereignty," Historian 1995 57(4): 733–748 online version

 Egerton, <mask>., Year of Meteors: <mask>, <mask>, and the Election That Brought on the Civil War, Bloomsbury Press, 2010. more on the book
 Eyal, Yonatan. "With His Eyes Open: <mask><mask> and the Kansas–Nebraska Disaster of 1854" Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 1998 91(4): 175–217. Glickstein, Jonathan A., American Exceptionalism, American Anxiety: Wages, Competition, and Degraded Labor in the Antebellum United States, University of Virginia Press, (2002).Huston, James L. "Democracy by Scripture versus Democracy by Process: A Reflection on <mask><mask> and Popular Sovereignty." Civil War History. 43#1 (1997) pp. 189+. Huston, James L. <mask><mask> and the Dilemmas of Democratic Equality, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2007. Jaffa, Harry V. Crisis of

masks:
Stephen A
Douglas
Angle
Stephen A
Douglas
Stephen A
Douglas
Stephen A
Douglas
Douglas R
Stephen Douglas
Abraham Lincoln
Stephen A
. Douglas
Stephen A
. Douglas
Stephen A
. Douglas


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts:
 the House Divided: An Interpretation of the Issues in the Lincoln–Douglas Debates. (1959) online.Johannsen, Robert W. The Frontier, the Union, and <mask><mask>, U. of Illinois Press, 1989. Milton, George Fort. The Eve of Conflict: <mask><mask> and the Needless War (1934), older scholarly biography
 Morrison, Michael A. Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War, University of North Carolina Press, (1997). Nevins, <mask>. Ordeal of the Union especially vol 1-4 (1947–63): Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852; A House Dividing, 1852–1857; <mask>, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857–1859; Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861. Rhodes, James Ford. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 (1920) vol 1–2, detailed narrative

 Russel, Robert R. "The Issues in the Congressional Struggle Over the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854," Journal of Southern History 29 (May 1963): 187–210; in JSTOR
 Stenberg, Richard R. "An Unnoted Factor in the Buchanan-Douglas Feud."Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1933): 271-284. online

 Wells, Damon. <mask> (University of Texas Press, 1971) scholarly biography online

 Zarefsky, David. Lincoln, <mask>, and Slavery: In the Crucible of Public Debate (1990). 309 pp. Primary sources
 <mask>, <mask>. A brief treatise upon constitutional and party questions, and the history of political parties, (1861) James Madison Cutts, ed. (1866)
 Robert W. Johannsen, ed.The Letters of <mask><mask> (1961)
 Lincoln, <mask> and <mask>, <mask>. The Lincoln–Douglas Debates: The First Complete, Unexpurgated Text. Harold Holzer, ed. HarperCollins, 1993. Harry V. Jaffa and Robert W. Johannsen, eds. In the Name of

masks:
Stephen A
. Douglas
Stephen A
. Douglas
Allan
Douglas
Stephen Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Stephen Arnold
Stephen A
. Douglas
Abraham
Douglas
Stephen A


title: Stephen A. Douglas

texts:
 the People: Speeches and Writings of Lincoln and <mask> in the Ohio Campaign of 1859. (1959) online version

Popular culture
In 1861, George W. Hewitt wrote a piano piece entitled "Douglas' Funeral March" with a picture of <mask> on the cover.A funereal poem, "Bury Me in the Morning", is attributed to <mask> by some sources but not by others. Jerimiah F. O'Sullivan

 Project Gutenberg text of Life of <mask><mask> by William Gardner
 Page images of two Speeches made by <mask>, one on the Compromise of 1850
 Speech made before the NY State Agricultural Society
 Association dedicated to preservation of <mask> history. Site contains many speeches and images. Guide to the Stephen A. <mask> Papers 1764-1908 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
Douglas ancestry

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1813 births
1861 deaths
19th-century American politicians
American people of Scottish descent
Bleeding Kansas
Candidates in the 1852 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 1856 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 1860 United States presidential election
Deaths from typhoid fever
Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Democratic Party United States senators
Illinois Democrats
Justices of the Illinois Supreme Court
Infectious disease deaths in Illinois
Members of the Illinois House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois
People from Brandon, Vermont
People from Winchester, Illinois
Politicians from Chicago
Politicians from Jacksonville, Illinois
Secretaries of State of Illinois
Union political leaders
United States senators from

masks:
Douglas
Stephen Douglas
Douglas
Stephen A
. Douglas
Douglas
Douglas
Douglas


title: Vladimir Voinovich

texts:
<mask> (, 26 September 1932 – 27 July 2018), was a Russian writer and former Soviet dissident. Among his most well-known works are the satirical epic The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin and the dystopian Moscow 2042. He was forced into exile and stripped of his citizenship by Soviet authorities in 1980 but later rehabilitated and moved back to Moscow in 1990. After the fall of the Soviet Union, he continued to be an outspoken critic of Russian politics under the rule of <mask>. Biography

Early life
Voinovich was born in Stalinabad, Tajik SSR, Soviet Union. According to himself, his father was of Serbian descent and a translator of Serbian literature, and his mother was of Jewish descent. <mask>ich claimed that his father belonged to the Serbian Vojnović noble family, although this is solely based on his surname and the book by the Yugoslavian writer Vidak Vujnovic Vojinovici i Vujinovici od srednjeg veka do danas (1985) which he received as a gift from the author during his stay in Germany.In 1936 Voinovich's father was arrested on the allegation of anti-Soviet agitation and spent five years in labor camps. Voinovich began his studies in Moscow and tried to enter the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute. After a failed attempt he entered the Moscow Krupskaya Pedagogical Institute, the faculty of history. According to his autobiography, he spent some time in Kazakhstan, "seeking inspiration", and on his return to Moscow started working on his first novel. Literary debut and dissidence
His earliest published books were We Live Here and I Want To Be Honest. In 1969 he published the first part of The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin, a satirical novel about a Russian soldier during World War II. It was followed two years later by a second part.At the outset of the Brezhnev stagnation

masks:
Vladimir Nikolayevich Voinovich
Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Voinov


title: Vladimir Voinovich

texts:
 period, <mask>'s writings stopped being published in the USSR, but continued publishing in samizdat and in the West. In 1974, the authorities began a systematic harassment of Voinovich due to his writing and his political attitude. Voinovich was excluded from the Soviet Writers' Union the same year. His telephone line was cut off in 1976 and he and his family were forced to emigrate in 1980, being stripped of his citizenship. He settled in Munich, West Germany after being invited by the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich and for a while worked for Radio Liberty. Voinovich helped publish Vasily Grossman's famous novel Life and Fate by smuggling photo films secretly taken by Andrei Sakharov. In 1987, he published the second of his arguably most well-known works, Moscow 2042.Mikhail Gorbachev restored his Soviet citizenship in 1990 and he subsequently moved back to Russia. Public activism in Russia
Voinovich continued to voice his political convictions also after the fall of the Soviet Union. In 2001 Voinovich signed an open letter expressing support to the NTV channel, and in 2003 a letter against the Second Chechen War. On 25 February 2015 he published an "Open Letter from <mask>ich to the President of Russia" in which he asked Putin to release the Ukrainian pilot Nadiya Savchenko who went on a hunger strike. He stated that her death might have an even greater effect on the world's opinion than the annexation of Crimea and the war on Donbass. In a 2015 interview with The Daily Beast, Voinovich said that "In some ways, it is worse today" than during the Soviet era and that "the freedoms we have are just leftovers." In an interview with Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty in 2017, Voinovich also voiced criticism of President Putin, saying that Putin had turned the country in a more conservative direction at the expense of politics "oriented

masks:
Voinovich
Vladimir Voinov


title: Vladimir Voinovich

texts:
 toward the future."He repeated his opinion that the political situation in Russia today is comparable to the 1970s in the Soviet union. "They are breaking up demonstrations. They are throwing people in prison on basically the same charges. True, they aren't giving seven-year sentences, but rather two. And now they have begun driving people out of the country", he noted. Personal life
<mask> was married three times. Between 1957 and 1964 he was married to Valentina Vasilievna Boltushkina (1929—1988), together they had two children: daughter <mask> (1958—2006) and son <mask> (born 1962), also a Russian writer and publicist, author of historical novels.His second wife was Irina Danilovna Braude (1938—2004). They had one daughter <mask> (born 1973), a German writer. Following Irina's death in 2004 Voinovich married Svetlana Yakovlevna Kolesnichenko (née Lianozova), an entrepreneur, also a widow of the Russian journalist Tomas Kolesnichenko. They lived in Moscow. He was a member of the board of trustees of the Vera hospice. <mask> died on the night of 27 July 2018 of a heart attack. Work
The first and second parts of his epic magnum opus The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin ("Жизнь и необычайные приключения солдата Ивана Чонкина") are set in the Red Army during World War II, satirically exposing the daily absurdities of the totalitarian regime."Chonkin" is now a widely known figure in Russian popular culture and the book was also made into a film by the Czech director Jiří Menzel. Many have pointed out the similarities between the story about Chonkin and The Good Soldier Švejk. The third part of the novel was published in 2007. Not as well known so far as the previous two parts, it portrays the post-War life of the characters until the present, including Chonkin's involuntary emigration to the USA. Much

masks:
Voinovich
Marina Voinovich
Pavel Voinovich
Olga Voinovich
Vladimir Voinovich


title: Philip Green (composer)

texts:
<mask> (19 July 1911 – 6 October 1982), sometimes credited as <mask> or <mask>, was a British film and television composer and conductor, and also a pianist and accordion player. He made his name in the 1930s playing in and conducting dance bands, performed with leading classical musicians, went on to score up to 150 films, wrote radio and television theme tunes and library music, and finally turned to church music at the end of his life in Ireland, a song from which proved so popular that it reached No 3 in the Irish charts in 1973. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 19 July 1911 in Whitechapel, London. His father was <mask>, a boot clicker, and his mother was Elizabeth Vogel. He began learning the piano at the age of seven, and went on to study at Trinity College of Music in London, aged just 13. After college he played in various orchestras, and then became conductor at the Prince of Wales Theatre in London. He signed as a recording artist to EMI in 1933 at the age of 21 and continued to record for them throughout his lifetime.<mask> conducted large orchestras and played piano and accordion in small bands across Europe. One of the small bands, put together for recording purposes, was the Ballyhooigans, using a line up of clarinet, two pianos, guitar, base and drums, which played in a "near-Dixieland" style. Between 1935 and 1939 became well known for his Radio Luxembourg programmes, which were broadcast to Britain. During the war <mask> regularly conducted for BBC broadcasts with various orchestras, on programmes such as Salute to Rhythm, and Band Call. In these programmes he first introduced stars such stars as Dorothy Carless (1916-2012), Monte Ray (1900-1982) and Beryl Davis to British listeners. One of his bands during this period featured a remarkable set of players from the classical music world: <mask> himself on accordion, Arthur Gleghorn (flute),

masks:
Philip Green
Harry Philip Green
Phil Green
Green
Philip Green
Green
Green
Green


title: Philip Green (composer)

texts:
 Leon Goossens (oboe), Reginald Kell (clarinet), Victor Watson (double bass), Jack Collings (percussion), and Denis Gomm, piano - all members of the BBC Salon Orchestra at the time. He also became house arranger and conductor for Decca and accompanied many of their vocalists such as Gracie Fields, Donald Peers and Anne Shelton.Film music
<mask>'s first credited film work was on 1943's The Sky's the Limit, but his first notable success came with The Magic Bow (1946), a musical based on the life and loves of the Italian violinist and composer Niccolò Paganini. The 'Romance' from that film, as played by Yehudi Menuhin, became a great hit. He was appointed resident musical director of the Rank Organisation. <mask> composed more than 150 film scores, including The Yellow Balloon (1952), Carry On Admiral (1957), The Square Peg (1958, together with several other Norman Wisdom films), The League of Gentlemen (1960), the theme song for The Shakedown, (sung by Kathy Kirby), Victim (1961), The Singer Not the Song (1961), and The Intelligence Men (1965). His themes for John and Julie (1954) and The March Hare (1956) both won Ivor Novello Awards. He also composed the themes for the 1960s ATV television crime series Ghost Squad and Sergeant Cork. <mask> made two cameo appearances in films that he worked on: as a bandleader in It Happened One Sunday (1944); and again as a bandleader in The Dream Maker (1963).Other work
Like many composers of film music, <mask> also composed and arranged light orchestral concert works and wrote prolifically for production music libraries. As a result, a number of his compositions are familiar through their use in radio and television programmes. They include pieces such as Cuban Suite and Cocktail Hat Suite, and single movement pieces such as Follow Me Around and White Orchids. Shopping Centre was used as the theme for the 1936 BBC television

masks: Green Green Green Green


title: Philip Green (composer)

texts:
 programme Picture Page, and was released commercially by Charles Williams in the 1930s. Horse Feathers was used as the theme tune for the BBC radio series Meet the Huggetts, (1953-1961). Other pieces were written under pseudonyms, such as Ecstasy by Jose Belmont or Frenesi by Don Felipe. A number of his production music pieces were used in Night of the Living Dead, Looney Tunes theatrical shorts (such as in 1958 when the musicians were on strike, or later added as part of TV prints for Freudy Cat).His stock music continues to be used in modern shows such as The Ren and Stimpy Show, The World's Greatest Magic and SpongeBob SquarePants. <mask> remembers some stage music, including a children's musical Noddy in Toyland, a revue Fancy Free and an ice show, Wildfire, as well as some songs that achieved popularity in the early 1950s, such as 'Let's Go to the Pictures' and 'Love Is Like An April Shower'. Later career and death
<mask> continued to compose and conduct for film and television, including the theme tune for The Golden Shot (1967), and to issue light orchestral music recordings until his retirement in 1966. Along with his wife he established the Philip and Dorothy Green Music Trust to help young musicians and composers. While living in Ireland, he became interested in church music, and composed a full-scale St Patrick's Mass, which was recorded by the Trinity Chorale in 1971 with the composer conducting. It was followed a year later by the Mass of St. Francis of Assisi. This was recorded with the Cork Children's Choir and the Scottish tenor/celebrant Canon Sydney MacEwan and released in November 1972.The song  "Suffer Little Children" from the Mass was released as a single in 1973 and reached No 3 in the Irish charts, remaining in the charts for five months. It is regularly used as a communion hymn in Catholic churches. <mask> died in Dublin in 1982 after a long

masks:
Philip Scowcroft
Green
Green


title: Othmar Schoeck

texts:
<mask> (1 September 1886 – 8 March 1957) was a Swiss Romantic classical composer, opera composer, musician, and conductor. He was known mainly for his considerable output of art songs and song cycles, though he also wrote a number of operas, notably his one-act Penthesilea, which was premiered at the Semperoper in Dresden in 1927 and revived at the Lucerne Festival in 1999. He wrote a handful of instrumental compositions, including two string quartets and concertos for violin (for Stefi Geyer, dedicatee also of Béla Bartók's first concerto), cello and horn. Biography

Early life and career
<mask> was born in Brunnen, studied briefly at the Leipzig Conservatory with Max Reger in 1907/08, but otherwise spent his whole career in Zürich. His father, <mask> was a landscape painter, and as a young man, <mask> seriously considered following in his father's footsteps and attended classes an art school in Zürich before dropping out to go to the Zürich Conservatory. During World War I <mask> earned his living in Zurich initially as a chorus director and as a freelance accompanist and conductor. An annuity given him by the Winterthur industrialist Werner Reinhart from 1916 onwards, coupled with the income from his appointment as conductor of the St Gall Symphony orchestra in 1917 (with special permission to remain resident in Zürich), allowed Schoeck to give up choral conducting and devote more time to composition instead.Influence of Busoni
In 1916, <mask> became acquainted with Ferruccio Busoni, who had moved to Zurich from Berlin to escape the adverse effects of the war. Busoni was not alone in coming to Zurich. The war had turned "provincial" Zurich, in neutral Switzerland, into an international metropolis. <mask> was a great admirer of the

masks:
Othmar Schoeck
Schoeck
Alfred Schoeck
Othmar
Schoeck
Schoeck
Schoeck


title: Othmar Schoeck

texts:
 songs of Hugo Wolf; Busoni disliked them, and he said so. Despite their differences, their relationship quickly developed into one of mutual respect, and even one with a bit of affection. In fact, it was Busoni's suggestion that <mask> use Ludvig Holberg's Don Ranudo de Colibrados as the subject of an opera. On 19 June 1917 Philipp Jarnach, a French composer who was also a refugee in Zurich, and an assistant of Busoni, gave Busoni a copy of Martin Buber's book Chinesische Geister- und Liebesgeschichten [Chinese Ghost and Love Stories] (Frankfurt, 1911).Jarnach suggested that one of these short stories might be suitable for an opera. Busoni immediately wrote a libretto, Das Wandbild [The Picture on the Wall], a short scene and pantomime, which he finished eight days later. Jarnach composed a prelude and the first scene, but lost interest and dropped the project. Undaunted, in June 1918 Busoni offered it to <mask>. <mask>, who appears to have taken the offer as a sort of challenge, immediately set aside the orchestration of Don Ranudo, and in three days, produced the new opera. Das Wandbild is set in a Parisian antique shop around 1830. A student, Novalis, is captivated by a picture of a girl hanging on a wall of the shop.The picture comes to life, and in typical Busoni fashion, the scene immediately dissolves into a fantastical Chinese temple. The opera ends with Novalis awaking from his dream-state and escaping from the shop into the reality of the street. It is one of <mask>'s most unusual creations, "almost minimalist in conception." Stylistic shift
Around 1918 <mask>'s music began a stylistic shift. At this time he became involved with the pianist Mary de Senger, who appears to have had a profound influence on his compositional style.

masks: Schoeck Schoeck Schoeck Schoeck Schoeck


title: Othmar Schoeck

texts: The second act of his next opera, Venus (1919–1921), employs interesting polyrhythmic and bitonal effects. As he became acquainted with the work of Alban Berg and Les six in Paris, he began to feel isolated by his stylistic conservatism.By 1922 his former mentor, Busoni, who was now back in Berlin, wrote a letter to Volkmar Andreae, saying: "<mask> has completely abandoned me. I have not entirely given him up. He lacks (or lacked) certain ingredients, which are not available at the chemists'. Which should however be manufactured in his own laboratory." In the summer of 1923 <mask> visited Arthur Honegger in Paris, and he later participated in the Salzburg ISCM festival. Not long afterwards, his affair with de Senger came to an end. His distress over the breakup, combined with the shock of the new music he had heard in Paris and Salzburg, seems to have led to a new maturity in his compositional style.Two weeks after his affair ended, he composed the song Die Entschwundene (1923), which was "as much a farewell to the tonal world of his previous music as to his departed lover." <mask> was not given to overt signs of gratitude, but he dedicated the song cycle Gaselen (1923), the Sonata for Bass Clarinet and Piano (1927–28), and the Suite in A flat for Strings (1945) to Werner Reinhart. His work with the German poet Hermann Burte on the opera Das Schloss Dürande, for production at the Berlin State Opera, caused great controversy for Schoeck with the Swiss, because of his association with artists of Nazi Germany. The opera was premiered in Berlin on 1 April 1943 in the presence of Schoeck. <mask> himself did not harbor Nazi sympathies, but the angry Swiss reaction to his actions damaged his reputation and put great strain on Schoeck. He

masks: Schoeck Schoeck Schoeck Schoeck


title: Othmar Schoeck

texts:
 suffered a heart attack in March 1944, but continued to compose. Compositions

Popular culture references
Wier Chrisemer, Teller and Penn Jillette were The Othmar Schoeck Memorial Society for the Preservation of Unusual and Disgusting Music, which later became the Asparagus Valley Cultural Society.References

Sources
 Beaumont, Antony, ed. (1987). Busoni: Selected Letters, New York: Columbia University Press. .
 Sadie, S., & Tyrrell, J., eds. (2001). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. New York: Grove's Dictionaries. Walton, Chris (2000).Essay in booklet accompanying the CD The Eye of the Storm: Ferruccio Busoni's Zurich friends & disciples, pp. 3–6. Ramsen, Switzerland: Guild Music Ltd. GMCD 7189. Jumeau-Lafond Jean-David, "Venus d'Othmar <mask> ou le commandement de la statue", in "De l'archet au pinceau", (Dir. Philippe Junod), Payot / University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1996. Chris Walton: <mask> <mask>. Life and Works.University of Rochester Press, Rochester NY 2009; xvii, 444 p., ill. (Eastman Studies in Music); ; (with Concise work catalogue and discography p. 327-381). External links

<mask> <mask> – a 2009 biography of the composer by Chris Walton. Othmar Schoeck Site
Karadar entry on <mask> Schoeck
Othmar Schoeck String Quartet No.1 in D Major, Op.23-Sound-bites and short bio

1886 births
1957 deaths
Swiss opera composers
Romantic composers
Swiss classical composers
20th-century classical composers
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Swiss conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
People from the canton of Schwyz
Zurich University of the Arts alumni
Swiss male classical composers
Male opera composers
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century male musicians
19th-century male

masks: Schoeck Othmar Schoeck Othmar Schoeck Othmar


title: Mike Hoffman (ice hockey, born 1989)

texts:
<mask> (born November 24, 1989) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward currently playing for the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL). <mask> has previously played for the Ottawa Senators, Florida Panthers and St. Louis Blues. The Senators drafted <mask>, 130th overall in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. Playing career

<mask> started his junior hockey career with the Kitchener Dutchmen of the Mid-Western Junior Hockey League in 2006–07. earning a rookie of the year nomination. At the end of the 2006–07 season, the Kitchener Rangers of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) called him up for two games in the season, and four in the playoffs. At the start of the 2007–08 season, he failed to make the Rangers.Since no OHL team picked him up, he transferred to the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), where he played until 2010. <mask> first joined the Gatineau Olympiques of the QMJHL but was released after 19 games. In 2010, Olympiques General Manager Charlie Henry said that <mask> was "a good player for us, but he didn't work as hard as he works today." The last-place Drummondville Voltigeurs eventually picked him up and he finished the season with 24 goals in 62 games. He was not selected in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft, his first year of eligibility. However, he attended the Philadelphia Flyers' training camp on an amateur tryout and was released on September 29. <mask> then returned to Drummondville.In the 2008–09 season, he achieved prominence by scoring 52 goals in 62 games with the Voltigeurs, who came from last in the 2007–08 season to win the 2009 QMJHL championship title and a berth in the 2009 Memorial Cup. In Game 7 for the QMJHL championship, <mask> scored a goal and an assist in Drummondville's 3–2 win over the Shawinigan Cataractes, finishing with 21

masks:
Michael Hoffman
Hoffman
Hoffman
Junior Hoffman
Hoffman
Hoffman
Hoffman
Hoffman


title: Mike Hoffman (ice hockey, born 1989)

texts:
 goals in 19 games in the playoffs. He was then selected by the Senators 130th overall in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft at the age of 19. The Senators could have signed him after the Draft as a free agent had he gone unselected, but 14 other NHL teams had shown interest in drafting him, necessitating Ottawa's selection. <mask> subsequently attended the Senators' development and training camps and played in a pre-season game against the Montreal Canadiens, but was designated for assignment and returned to the QMJHL. <mask> played the 2009–10 season, his "over-age" season, for the Saint John Sea Dogs, who traded a second-round draft choice to Drummondville for the player. <mask> recorded 85 points (46 goals, 39 assists) in 56 games.His goal scoring broke the all-time goal single-season scoring record for the Sea Dogs, surpassing Scott Howes' goal total. His point total also placed him third in the QMJHL in goals, tied for second in power-play goals (17) and seventh in overall scoring. <mask> was also named a First Team QMJHL All-Star, won the League Most Valuable Player trophy, the League Sportsman of the Year trophy and was a finalist for the Canadian Hockey League (CHL) Player of the Year award. Professional

Ottawa Senators

In July 2010, <mask> attended the Ottawa Senators' development camp, and on July 22, 2010, he signed an entry-level contract with the NHL club. After attending rookie camp and training camp with Ottawa, <mask> was assigned to the Binghamton Senators, the Senators' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate. <mask> played the majority of the season with Binghamton and was a member of the 2011 Calder Cup-winning team. He also spent time in the ECHL with the Elmira Jackals during the season, Ottawa's second-tier affiliate.<mask> returned to Binghamton for the

masks: Hoffman Hoffman Hoffman Hoffman Hoffman Hoffman Hoffman Hoffman