title: Stefan Gandler

texts:
 Studies, Viena, vol. 5, No. 1, June 2019, pp. 101–114. ISSN 2408-9192. Sprechen und Hören im Spätkapitalismus. Reflektionen zur kritischen Theorie Bolívar Echeverrías.In: Zeitschrift für kritische Theorie. Lüneburg, Allemagne, year 25, No. 48/49, October–November 2019, , pp. 117–144. Cuatro encuentros con Bolívar Echeverría. In: La Jornada Semanal. Supplement of La Jornada.México, no. 1320, June 21, 2020, p. 12. Préface à la présente édition. In: Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez Philosophie de la praxis. Trans. Luis Dapelo. Paris, Éditions Delga, 2020. , pp.5–42. Television lectures
 Javier Laso, <mask>, Palabra Suelta: Bolívar Echeverría, (part 2). In: ECTV (Ecuador TV), July 14, 2010. Ismael Carvallo, <mask>,  Marxismo crítico en México. Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez y Bolívar Echeverría. In: Plaza de Armas, no. 92, Canal Capital21, México, February 15, 2012.Alfredo Rodríguez, <mask>, Teoría crítica: imposible resignarse. Pesadillas de represión y aventuras de emancipación . In: Presencia universitaria, TV UAQ, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, February 7, 2018, canal 24.1. Teoría crítica desde la Américas . In: Presencia universitaria, TV UAQ, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, September 26, 2018, channel 24.1. La teoría crítica de Theodor W. Adorno en su 50 aniversario luctuoso . In: Presencia universitaria, TV UAQ, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro,  August 14, 2019, channel 24.1.David Antonio Jiménez, <mask>, Aportaciones filosóficas y socio teóricas de Bolívar


title: Stefan Gandler

type: original

texts:
 Echeverría . In: Presencia universitaria, TV UAQ, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, January 2, 2020, channel 24.1. David Antonio Jiménez, <mask>, La teoría crítica de Walter Benjamin . In: Presencia universitaria, TV UAQ, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, May 14, 2020, channel 24.1. Secondary literature (selection)
 In English
 Willem Assies: (Review of: S<mask>, Critical Marxism in Mexico. Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez and Bolívar Echeverría) <mask>, <mask>: Peripherer Marxismus. Kritische Theorie in Mexiko.In: Thesis Eleven. Critical Theory and Historical Sociology. Australia, no. 71, nov. 2002, pp. 133–139. Michael Löwy, At a Glance: <mask>, Marxismo crítico en México: Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez y Bolívar Echeverría. In: International Sociology.Journal of the International Sociological Association, Sage Publications, London, vol. 23, no. 2, March 2008, p. 235. .
 Carlos Alberto Sánchez, From the editor. In: APA Newsletter on Hispanic/Latino Issues in Philosophy, American Philosophical Association, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, vol. 14, no. 1, fall 2014, p. 1. .
 Javier Sethness, <mask>: Critical Marxism in Mexico. Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez and Bolívar Echeverría.In: Marx & Philosophy. Review of Books. Canterbury, 25. Nov. 2016. Arnold L. Farr, Review of Critical Marxism in Mexico: Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez and Bolivar Echeverría (Haymarket). In: Lateral. Journal of the Cultural Studies Association.núm. 6.1, Chicago, IL, 2017, . In Spanish (book reviews)
 Levy del

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. Gandler
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Stefan Gandler


title: Stefan Gandler

texts:
 Águila, <mask>: Marxismo crítico en México: Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez y Bolívar Echeverría ). In: Areté. Revista de Filosofía, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Departamento de Humanidades, vol. 20, no. 2, 2008, pp.335–344. .
 José Cepedello Boiso, Marxismo crítico en México. In: Revista Internacional de Pensamiento Político, Fundación Tercer Milenio/Universidad de Huelva/Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla, vol. 4, 1st semester of 2009, pp. 231–233. .
 Jaime Torres Guillén, Praxis y ethos moderno como crítica al eurocentrismo. In: Desacatos. Revista de Antropología Social, Mexico City, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios en Antropología Social, no. 30, May–August 2009, pp.178–185. .
 Israel Sanmartín, Marxismo crítico en México: Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez y Bolívar Echeverría. In: Memoria y civilización. Anuario de Historia, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, España, no. 13, 2010, pp. 124–127. .
 Julio Boltvinik, Fragmentos de Frankfurt. Ensayos sobre la Teoría crítica. (Part 1).In: La Jornada, Mexico City, Nov. 5, 2010, p. 26. (Part 2: Nov. 12, p. 32.) Aureliano Ortega Esquivel, <mask>, Fragmentos de Frankfurt. Ensayos sobre la Teoría crítica. In: Diánoia. Revista de Filosofía.Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Vol. 57, no. 68, May 2012, pp. 220–224. Lissette Silva Lazcano, <mask> (2013), El discreto encanto de la modernidad. Ideologías contemporáneas y su crítica. In: Signos

masks:
Stefan Gandler
Stefan Gandler
Stefan Gandler


title: Stefan Gandler

texts:
 Filosóficos.Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City, no. 33, January–June 2015, pp. 126–131. ISSN 1665-1324. Rebeca Pérez León, <mask>, El discreto encanto de la modernidad. Ideologías contemporáneas y su crítica. In: Estudios Sociológicos.Centro de Estudios Sociológicos, Colegio de México, Mexico City, year 34, no. 101, May–August 2016, pp. 432–441. Bernardo Cortés Márquez, Sobre un pequeño desencantamiento de Occidente. In: Metapolítica. Benémerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Pubela, Mexico, no. 95, Nov. 2016.In German (book reviews)
 Christoph Görg: <mask>, <mask>: Peripherer Marxismus. In: Peripherie. Zeitschrift für Politik und Ökonomie in der Dritten Welt, Berlin, 2000, no. 8. pp. 112–115. Jörg Nowak: <mask>, <mask>: Peripherer Marxismus. Kritische Theorie in Mexiko.In: Das Argument. Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Sozialwissenschaften. Hamburg, Berlin, year 43, vol. 242, no. 4/5, 2001, , pp. 710–711. Hans Schelkshorn: Undogmatischer Marxismus in Mexiko.In: Polylog. Zeitschrift für interkulturelles Philosophieren. Vienna, no. 7, 2001, pp. 96–97. Jörg Nowak: Gandler, <mask>, Frankfurter Fragmente. Essays zur kritischen Theorie, Peter Lang, Frankfurt/M 2013.In: Das Argument. Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Sozialwissenschaften. Hamburg/Berlin, year 57, vol. 311, no. 1, 2015, , pp. 113–115. External links

 WorldCat
 Library of Congress Name Authority File
 Scholar Citations
 Homepage
 videorecordings from book presentations,

masks:
Stefan Gandler
Gandler
Stefan
Gandler
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Stefan


title: Stefan Gandler

texts:
 talks and philosophical contributions in television (YouTube)
 fcps.uaq.mx
 paginaspersonales.unam.mx
 Researchgate
 Citations of <mask>'s texts
 Bibliografîa latinoamericana

References

Goethe University Frankfurt alumni
Social philosophers
Continental philosophers
Philosophers of language
Frankfurt School
Critical theorists
20th-century German philosophers
Living people
Social philosophy
Modernity
1964


title: Norberto Ceresole

texts: <mask> (August 1943 - May 4, 2003) was an Argentine sociologist and political scientist, who identified himself with Peronism, left-wing militias and the ideas of his friends Robert Faurisson, Roger Garaudy and Ernst Nolte. He was accused throughout his life of being neo-fascist and antisemitic because of his Holocaust denial and hatred of Zionism, Israel and the Jewish community. He was a close confidant of Venezuela president Hugo Chavez. <mask> was born in Buenos Aires. He studied in Germany, France and Italy before becoming an advisor from 1969 to 1971 to Juan Velasco Alvarado who came into power through a military coup in Peru in 1968. During the 1970s he was one of the leaders of the far-left guerrilla group ERP in Argentina and was forced into exile after the military coup which removed Isabel Perón from office on March 1976. He then went to Spain where he became a spokesman of Peronism during his exile in Madrid.From then on he became one of the main voices of Peronism in Argentina and an influential voice among some groups of military officers throughout South America. During this time he also publicly defended those who promoted a Latin American alliance with the Soviet Union such as Chilean President Salvador Allende and Manuel Piñeiro, the former head of the Cuban General Intelligence Directorate. Later Ceresole became a member of the Institute of Latin American Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and for over 20 years maintained close connections with the government of Fidel Castro as well as with some representatives of Arab countries. For a time he lived in Spain until the "Semana Santa" military rebellion of 1987 in Argentina against President Raúl Alfonsín, where he

masks:
Norberto Rafael Ceresole
Career Ceresole


title: Norberto Ceresole

texts:
 became an advisor to the officials led by Aldo Rico. In 1994, after some of the military involved in the rebellion were set free, Ceresole founded with Raúl de Sagastizabal aka ("El Vasco"), a member of the Grupo Albatros, the Centro de Estudios Argentina en el Mundo and started to meet with Mohamed Alí Seineldín, a leader of the Carapintadas. It was through this military group that Ceresole met Hugo Chávez and began to function as an advisor to his cooperators, among them, Colonel Luis Dávila and Manuel Quijada. Venezuela
On June 15, 1995 he was detained and deported by Venezuelan intelligence police (DISIP) under President Rafael Caldera because he had in his possession a document titled Proclama à la Nación del Frente Nacional Bolivariano in which the Coup of 1992 was defended as a political option.He was accused of trying to start political links in Venezuela in particular with Hugo Chávez whom he advised from 1994 to 1995. His reappearance in Venezuela after Chávez was elected in 1998, his close relations with senior members of the government and the publication of a book dedicated to Chávez with the title Caudillo, Ejército, Pueblo: la Venezuela del Comandante Chávez (1999) (published first in Madrid then in Beirut in Arabic and then reprinted in Caracas), created a wave of concern from all sides of Venezuelan society. In 1999 José Vicente Rangel denied any ideological influence on Chávez's administration  although in the 1998 book Habla el Comandante Chávez said that he "was reconsidering the ideas of <mask> <mask>, in his works and studies, where he planned a project of physical integration in Latin America...this will be a project which will integrate the Continent along Venezuela,

masks: Norberto Ceresole


title: Norberto Ceresole

texts:
 Brazil and Argentina and their ramifications". At the end of 1999, he was asked by Luis Miquilena, then vice-president, to leave the country. Miquilena later declared that <mask> left by his own initiative  while <mask> declared that he had been both threatened by Jesús Urdaneta (head of the DISIP) and paid $10,000 by Miquilena to leave. In 2000, amid accusations of his influence in Venezuelan politics he declared that "I am profoundly proud, for example, that the Venezuelan system of military intelligence was restructured following the strategic guidelines that I proposed at the time". He also proposed in a letter to Jorge Olavarría (later published in the Venezuelan Magazine Primicia) the creation of an Office of Strategic Intelligence that could be financed by Hezbollah like his office in Madrid.However, such an office was never created. In May 2006, President Chávez spoke of his relationship with <mask> during the broadcast of his weekly program Aló Presidente #255. He remembered him as a "great friend" and as an "intellectual deserving great respect" and recalled a meeting with him in 1995 near the Orinoco river in which they talked about the strategic location of Venezuela and the importance of focusing his future policy on South America instead of North America. On his return to Argentina following his 1999 departure from Venezuela, <mask> became an advisor to the Peronist politician Adolfo Rodríguez Saá and, once again, to Aldo Rico, whom he was helping in his campaign to become Governor of Buenos Aires Province. <mask> died in Buenos Aires a few months later. Works
Some of his works have been translated into Russian, Arabic and Persian. Ejército y política nacionalista (1968)
 Crisis

masks: Ceresole Ceresole Ceresole Ceresole Ceresole


title: Tarik Cohen

texts:
<mask> (born July 26, 1995) is an American football running back for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). <mask> played the same position for North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University before being selected in the fourth round of the 2017 NFL Draft. Early life
<mask> attended Bunn High School in his hometown of Bunn, North Carolina, excelling at football and track & field for the Wildcats athletic teams. As a senior, he helped lead the Wildcats to a 9–3 record and a third-round finish in the 2011 NCHSAA 2A playoffs. In his two years on the varsity team, he rushed for a total 808 yards, including 252 earned in a single game. He earned team MVP and all-conference honors in football and state championships in Track as he was part of the North Carolina High School Athletic Association Class 2A state champion 4×100 meter relay team. College career
<mask>'s size was a point of concern to many schools interested in recruiting him for football.As a result, North Carolina A&T was the only Division I school to offer <mask> a football scholarship, which he accepted. 2013 season

As a freshman, starting in six of the 11 games played in the 2013 season,  <mask> was positioned as a part of a group of freshmen players poised to take over the Aggie program after senior running backs Ricky Lewis and Dominique Drake graduated. Since Lewis would, however, get injured, and Drake was sidelined with a concussion, <mask> was able to prove his value in the October 12 game against Hampton. In that game, <mask> carried the ball 22 times for 180 yards and a touchdown. <mask> followed up his performance two weeks later with 32 carries for 210 yards and three touchdowns against Florida A&M. <mask> completed his freshman season leading the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) with 1,148 rushing yards and the conference's rookie of the year honors. <mask>'s performance made him the

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title: Tarik Cohen

texts:
 first A&T freshman to break the 1,000 yard mark and only the third freshman in MEAC history to do so.2014 season

<mask> began his sophomore season with three consecutive 100+ rushing yard games, rushing for 161 yards in the season opener against Alabama A&M, 133 yards against Coastal Carolina, and a career-best 234 yards against Elon. <mask> also posted 236 all-purpose yards (155 rushing and 81 receiving), in the October 9 game against Hampton and closed the season with 203 yards against arch rival North Carolina Central. <mask> finished the 2014 season with 1,340 rushing yards and 15 touchdowns, both being the second-highest single-season totals in A&T history. <mask> also earned MEAC co-offensive player of the year, along with All-American recognition from SBN, BoxtoRow, and Stats FCS. 2015 season

In the summer before the 2015 season, a YouTube video of <mask> completing catches while simultaneously doing backflips became popular across multiple social media platforms and led to an appearance on ESPN's SportsCenter where he demonstrated the catches on live television. <mask>'s 2015 season was highlighted by a number of record-setting performances including a career-best 295 yards, and offensive MVP recognition, at the 2015 Celebration Bowl. <mask>'s other accomplishments from the season include: multiple single-season school records with 1,543 total rushing yards, 264 carries and 15 touchdowns, equaling the record he set the season before.<mask> also earned MEAC Offensive Player of the year for the second consecutive year, along with all-American recognition from College Sporting News, Sheridan Broadcasting Network, BoxtoRow, and Stats FCS. <mask> was also the SBN Offensive Player of the Year. 2016 season

<mask> began his final collegiate season by breaking a number of school records. In the 2016 season opener against Division II St. Augustine's, <mask>'s two touchdowns put him

masks: Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen


title: Tarik Cohen

texts: over the record for receiving and rushing touchdowns at 42. In the September 29, 2016 game against Division I FBS Kent State, <mask> Polite's 41 career rushing touchdown record and James White's 25-year record for longest run from scrimmage at 89 yards. In the October 15, 2016, game against Bethune-Cookman, <mask> became the first player in school history to rush for at least 200 yards in three consecutive games. <mask>'s A&T career would end with him becoming the MEAC's all-time leading rusher with 5,619 yards.<mask>'s performance also made him the first player in school history to pass the 5,000 career rushing yard mark. <mask> ended his final season as the first player in MEAC history to be named conference offensive player of the year for 3 consecutive seasons. His performance would also make him the MEAC's all-time leading rusher, and the first player in school history to break the 5,000-yard mark. On the national level, <mask> was placed on the watch lists for national awards such as the Deacon Jones Trophy, which he won, and the Walter Payton Award, where he ultimately finished fifth in the voting. <mask> also earned All-American recognition from several national organizations and media outlets including: the NCAA, STATS FCS and BoxToRow. He was also named to the 2016 Walter Camp Football Championship Subdivision All-American team and he was named a second-team AFCA Football Championship Subdivision Coaches’ All-American selection. In addition to setting new School and Conference rushing yardage records, <mask> further cemented his legacy by breaking the single-season touchdown record with 19 and tying the school record for the single-season rushing touchdowns record with 18.He also holds other school records including rushing touchdowns, total touchdowns, and total points at 56, 59, and 339 respectively. <mask> closed his college career by playing in the 2017 NFLPA Collegiate

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title: Tarik Cohen

texts:
 Bowl. College statistics

Professional career

According to Alex Marvez of the Sporting News, <mask> had been in talks with, and also worked out for, a number of teams going into the 2017 NFL Draft including the Philadelphia Eagles, New York Jets, Chicago Bears, Denver Broncos, and Green Bay Packers. <mask>'s size and abilities drew many comparisons to Darren Sproles, and he was projected to be a sixth round pick in the upcoming draft. <mask>, one of only four athletes from a Historically Black College, was among the 330 NFL hopefuls invited to participate in the 2017 NFL Scouting Combine. At a height of , he was the smallest running back in attendance, where he ran the third fastest  dash time among the running backs at 4.42 seconds. 2017
<mask> was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the fourth round, 119th overall, of the 2017 NFL Draft.He was the tenth running back to be selected in the 2017 NFL Draft. In addition, he was the first player from North Carolina A&T to be selected since offensive lineman Junius Coston was selected in the fifth round of the 2005 NFL Draft by the Green Bay Packers. He was one of three non-FBS players taken by the Bears in the draft, the first time since 2002 that the team took three non-FBS players in a single draft. In the 2017 season, <mask> shared the backfield with Jordan Howard. On September 10, 2017, in his NFL debut, <mask> finished the game with five carries for 66 yards and eight receptions for 47 yards and a touchdown in a 23–17 home loss to the Atlanta Falcons at Soldier Field. In Week 3, a 23–17 overtime victory over the Pittsburgh Steelers, he had 12 carries for 78 yards and four receptions for 24 yards. On October 15, against the Baltimore Ravens, <mask> threw a 21-yard touchdown pass to tight end Zach Miller, making him the shortest player to throw a touchdown since Wee Willie Smith, who also stood at  when he threw a touchdown in 1934.<mask>

masks: Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen


title: Tarik Cohen

texts:
 recorded the first rushing touchdown of his career against the New Orleans Saints at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome during Week 8. On December 3, <mask> returned a punt against the San Francisco 49ers for a 61-yard touchdown in the 15–14 loss in Week 13. He was the second rookie since Gale Sayers in 1965 to record a rushing, passing, receiving, and punt return touchdown. Overall, in his rookie season, <mask> finished with 370 rushing yards, two rushing touchdowns, 358 receiving yards, one receiving touchdown, and one passing touchdown. 2018

<mask> continued to share the backfield with Howard going into the 2018 season. In Week 4 of the 2018 season, <mask> recorded seven receptions for a career-high 121 receiving yards in the 48–10 victory over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. On October 14, 2018, <mask>  rushed in a 21-yard touchdown and had seven receptions for 90 yards against the Miami Dolphins.In Week 8 against the New York Jets, <mask> rushed five times for 40 yards and had one catch for 70 yards and a touchdown in the 24–10 victory. In Week 13 against the New York Giants, <mask> rushed for 30 yards and had 12 catches for 156 yards. On the final play of regulation, with the Bears down by seven points, <mask> was involved in a trick play to tie the game: at the Giants' one-yard line, quarterback Chase Daniel handed off to tight end Trey Burton, who lateraled the ball to <mask>. Noticing Daniel was covered, <mask> threw a pass to Anthony Miller for the touchdown. The Bears eventually lost 30–27 in overtime, but <mask> became the first player ever with at least 30 rushing yards, 150 receiving yards, and a passing touchdown in a game; his 156 receiving yards were the most by a Bears running back since at least 1960. <mask> finished the season with 444 rushing yards and three touchdowns. He also had 71 catches for 725 yards and 5 touchdowns, along with a league-leading 411 punt return yards.He

masks: Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen


title: Tarik Cohen

texts:
 was later named to the 2019 Pro Bowl roster and first-team All-Pro as a return specialist. Fellow teammates Khalil Mack, Eddie Jackson, and Kyle Fuller were also named first-team All-Pro. He received an overall grade of 71.6 from Pro Football Focus in 2018, which ranked as the 32nd highest grade among all qualifying running backs. The Bears won the NFC North and earned the #3-seed for the NFC Playoffs. In the Wild Card Round, against the Philadelphia Eagles, <mask> had three receptions for 27 yards in his playoff debut, a 16–15 loss. 2019
In Week 4 against the Minnesota Vikings, <mask> rushed five times for 11 yards and caught two passes for seven yards and his first receiving touchdown of the season in the 16–6 win. Overall, <mask> finished the 2019 season with 64 carries for 213 rushing yards to go along with 79 receptions for 456 receiving yards and three receiving touchdowns.2020
On September 20, 2020, <mask> signed a three-year, $17.25 million contract extension with the Bears. <mask> suffered a season-ending ACL injury during a Week 3 game against the Atlanta Falcons. He was placed on injured reserve two days after the game. 2021
<mask> was placed on the reserve/physically unable to perform to start the season. He missed the entire 2021 season while recovering from the ACL injury he sustained the previous season. NFL career statistics

Personal life
On May 9, 2021, <mask>'s twin brother Tyrell was found dead at a Duke Power substation in Raleigh, North Carolina. References

External links
 Twitter
 Chicago Bears bio
 North Carolina A&T Aggies bio

1995 births
Living people
American football running backs
American football return specialists
Chicago Bears players
North Carolina A&T Aggies football players
North Carolina A&T Aggies men's track and field athletes
People from Franklin County, North Carolina
Players of American football from North Carolina
National Conference Pro Bowl

masks: Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen Cohen


title: Joseph Francis Shea

texts:
<mask> (September 5, 1925 – February 14, 1999) was an American aerospace engineer and NASA manager. Born in the New York City borough of the Bronx, he was educated at the University of Michigan, receiving a Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics in 1955. After working for Bell Labs on the radio inertial guidance system of the Titan I intercontinental ballistic missile, he was hired by NASA in 1961. As Deputy Director of NASA's Office of Manned Space Flight, and later as head of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, <mask> played a key role in shaping the course of the Apollo program, helping to lead NASA to the decision in favor of lunar orbit rendezvous and supporting "all up" testing of the Saturn V rocket. While sometimes causing controversy within the agency, <mask> was remembered by his former colleague George Mueller as "one of the greatest systems engineers of our time". Deeply involved in the investigation of the 1967 Apollo 1 fire, <mask> suffered from stress. He was moved to an alternative position in Washington and left NASA shortly afterwards.From 1968 until 1990 he worked as a senior manager at Raytheon in Lexington, Massachusetts, and thereafter became an adjunct professor of aeronautics and astronautics at MIT. While <mask> served as a consultant for NASA on the redesign of the International Space Station in 1993, he was forced to resign from the position due to health issues. Early life and education
<mask> was born September 5, 1925, and grew up in the Bronx, the eldest son in a working-class Irish Catholic family. His father worked as a mechanic on the New York City Subway. As a child, <mask> had no interest in engineering; he was a good runner and hoped to become a professional athlete. He attended a Catholic high school and graduated when he was only sixteen. On graduating in 1943, <mask> enlisted in the U.S. Navy and enrolled in a program that would put him through college.He began his studies at Dartmouth College, later moving to MIT and finally to the University of Michigan, where he would remain until he earned his Doctorate in 1955. In 1946, he was

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title: Joseph Francis Shea

texts:
 commissioned as an Ensign in the Navy and received a Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics. <mask> went on to earn a MSc (1950) and a Ph.D. (1955) in Engineering Mechanics from the University of Michigan. While obtaining his doctorate, <mask> found the time to teach at the university and to hold down a job  at Bell Labs. Systems engineer
After receiving his doctorate, <mask> took a position at Bell Labs in Whippany, New Jersey. There he first worked as systems engineer on the radio guidance system of the Titan I intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and then as the development and program manager on the inertial guidance system of the Titan II ICBM. <mask>'s specialty was systems engineering, a new type of engineering developed in the 1950s that focused on the management and integration of large-scale projects, turning the work of engineers and contractors into one functioning whole.He played a significant role in the Titan I project; as George Mueller writes, "[H]e contributed a considerable amount of engineering innovation and project management skill and was directly responsible for the successful development of this pioneering guidance system." In addition to <mask>'s technical abilities, it quickly became obvious that he was also an excellent manager of people. Known for his quick intellect, he also endeared himself to his subordinates through small eccentricities such as his fondness for bad puns and habit of wearing red socks to important meetings. During the critical days of the Titan project <mask> moved into the plant, sleeping on a cot in his office so as to be available at all hours if he was needed. Having brought in the project on time and on budget, <mask> established a reputation in the aerospace community. In 1961 he was offered and accepted a position with Space Technology Laboratories, a division of TRW Inc., where he continued to work on ballistic missile systems. NASA career
In December 1961, NASA invited <mask> to interview for the position of deputy director of the Office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF).D. Brainerd Holmes, Director of the OMSF,

masks: Shea Shea Shea Shea Shea Shea Shea Shea


title: Joseph Francis Shea

texts:
 had been searching for a deputy who could offer expertise in systems engineering, someone with the technical abilities to supervise the Apollo program as a whole. <mask> was recommended by one of Holmes' advisors, who had worked with him at Bell Labs. Although <mask> had worked at Space Technology Labs for less than a year, he was captivated by the challenge offered by the NASA position. "I could see they needed good people in the space program," he later said, "and I was kind of cocky in those days." Lunar orbit rendezvous
When <mask> was hired by NASA, President John F. Kennedy's commitment to landing men on the Moon was still only seven months old, and many of the major decisions that shaped the Apollo program were yet to be made. Foremost among these was the mode that NASA would use to land on the Moon. When <mask> first began to consider the issue in 1962, most NASA engineers and managersincluding Wernher von Braun, the director of the Marshall Space Flight Centerfavored either an approach called direct ascent, where the Apollo spacecraft would land on the Moon and return to the Earth as one unit, or Earth orbit rendezvous, where the spacecraft would be assembled while still in orbit around the Earth.However, dissenters such as John Houbolt, a Langley engineer, favored an approach that was then considered to be more risky: lunar orbit rendezvous, in which two spacecraft would be used. A command/service module (CSM) would remain in orbit around the Moon, while a lunar module would land on the Moon and return to dock with the CSM in lunar orbit, then be discarded. In November 1961, John Houbolt had sent a paper advocating lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR) to Robert Seamans, the deputy administrator of NASA. As <mask> remembered, "Seamans gave a copy of Houbolt's letter to Brainerd Holmes [the director of OMSF]. Holmes put the letter on my desk and said: Figure it out." <mask> became involved in the lunar orbit rendezvous decision as a result of this letter. While he began with a mild preference for earth orbit rendezvous, <mask> "prided himself", according to space historians

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title: Joseph Francis Shea

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 Murray and Cox, "on going wherever the data took him".In this case, the data took him to NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, where he met with John Houbolt and with the Space Task Group, and became convinced that LOR was an option worth considering. <mask>'s task now became to shepherd NASA to a firm decision on the issue. This task was complicated by the fact that he had to build consensus between NASA's different centersmost notably the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston headed by Robert Gilruth, and the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, headed by Wernher von Braun. Relations between the centers were not good, and it was a major milestone in the progress of the Apollo program when von Braun and his team finally came to accept the superiority of the LOR concept. NASA announced its decision at a press conference on July 11, 1962, only six months after <mask> had joined NASA. Space historian James Hansen concludes that <mask> "played a major role in supporting Houbolt's ideas and making the ... decision in favor of LOR", while his former colleague George Mueller writes that "it is a tribute to Joe's logic and leadership that he was able to build a consensus within the centers at a time when they were autonomous." During his time at the OMSF, <mask> helped to resolve many of the other inevitable engineering debates and conflicts that cropped up during the development of the Apollo spacecraft.In May 1963, he formed a Panel Review Board, bringing together representatives of the many committees that aimed to coordinate work between NASA centers. Under <mask>'s leadership, this coordination became far more efficient. Program manager
In October 1963, <mask> became the new manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office (ASPO) in Houston. Although technically a demotion, this new position gave <mask> the responsibility for managing the design and construction of the Apollo command and lunar modules. Of particular concern to <mask> was the performance of North American Aviation, the contractor responsible for the command module. As he later


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 recounted:

I do not have a high opinion of North American and their motives in the early days. Their first program manager was a first-class jerk.... There were spots of good guys, but it was just an ineffective organization. They had no discipline, no concept of change control. It was <mask>'s responsibility to bring that engineering discipline to North American and to NASA's management of its contractors. His systems management experience served him well in his new post. In the coming years, any change to the design of the Apollo spacecraft would have to receive its final approval from <mask> himself. He kept control of the program using a management tool that he devised for himself—a looseleaf notebook, more than a hundred pages in length, that would be put together for him every week summarizing all of the important developments that had taken place and decisions that needed to be made.Presented with the notebook on Thursday evenings, <mask> would study and annotate it over the weekend and return to work with new questions, instructions, and decisions. This idiosyncratic tool allowed him to keep tabs on a complex and ever-expanding program. <mask>'s relationship with the engineers at North American was a difficult one. While <mask> blamed North American's management for the continuing difficulties in the development of the command module, project leader Harrison Storms felt that NASA itself was far from blameless. It had delayed in making key design decisions, and persisted in making significant changes to the design once construction had begun. While <mask> did his part in attempting to control the change requests, Storms felt that <mask> did not understand or sympathize with the inevitable problems involved in the day-to-day work of manufacturing. <mask> was a controversial figure even at the Manned Spacecraft Center.Not having been at Langley with the Space Task Group, he was considered an "outsider" by men such as flight director Chris Kraft, who recalled that "the animosity between my people and <mask>'s was intense". Relations between <mask> and other NASA centers

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title: Joseph Francis Shea

texts: were even more uneasy. As the deputy director of OMSF, <mask> had sought to extend the authority of NASA Headquarters over the fiercely independent NASA centers. This was particularly problematic when it came to the Marshall Space Flight Center, which had developed its own culture under Wernher von Braun. Von Braun's philosophy of engineering differed from <mask>'s, taking a consensual rather than top-down approach. As one historian recounts, von Braun felt that "<mask> had 'bitten off' too much work and was going to 'wreck' the centers engineering capabilities." The friction between <mask> and Marshall, which had begun when <mask> was at OMSF, continued after he moved to his new position.He became deeply involved in supporting George Mueller's effort to impose the idea of "all up" testing of the Saturn V rocket on the unwilling engineers at Marshall. Von Braun's approach to engineering was a conservative one, emphasizing the incremental testing of components. But the tight schedule of the Apollo program did not allow for this slow and careful process. What Mueller and <mask> proposed was to test the Saturn V as one unit on its very first flight, and Marshall only reluctantly came to accept this approach in late 1963. When later asked how he and Mueller had managed to sell the idea to von Braun, <mask> responded that "we just told him that's the way it's going to be, finally." <mask>'s role in resolving differences within NASA, and between NASA and its contractors, placed him in a position where criticism was inevitable. However, even <mask>'s critics could not help but respect his engineering and management skills.Everyone who knew <mask> considered him to be a brilliant engineer, and his time as manager at ASPO only served to solidify a reputation that had been formed during his time on the Titan project. Of <mask>'s work in the mid-1960s, Murray and Cox write that "these were <mask>'s glory days, and whatever the swirl of opinions about this gifted, enigmatic man, he was taking an effort that had been foundering and driving it forward." <mask>'s work also won wider

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 attention, bringing him public recognition that approached that accorded to Wernher von Braun or Chris Kraft. Kraft had appeared on the cover of Time in 1965; Time planned to offer <mask>ro in the cabin, a potential fire hazard in the pure-oxygen atmosphere of the spacecraft, if there were to be a spark.As <mask> later recounted:

And so the issue was brought up at the acceptance of the spacecraft, a long drawn-out discussion. I got a little annoyed, and I said, "Look, there's no way there's going to be a fire in that spacecraft unless there's a spark or the astronauts bring cigarettes aboard. We're not going to let them smoke." Well, I then issued orders at that meeting, "Go clean up the spacecraft. Be sure that all the fire rules are obeyed." Although the spacecraft passed its review, the crew finished the meeting by presenting <mask> with a picture of the three of them seated around a model of the capsule, heads bowed in prayer. The inscription was simple:

It isn't that we don't trust you, Joe, but this time we've decided to go over your head.On January 25, 1967, the Apollo 1 crew began a series of countdown tests in the spacecraft on the pad at Cape Kennedy. Although <mask> had ordered his staff to direct North American to take action on the issue of flammable materials in the cabin, he had not supervised the issue directly, and little if any action had been taken. During pad testing, the spacecraft suffered a number of technical problems, including broken and static-filled communications. Wally Schirra, the backup commander for the mission, suggested to <mask> that <mask> should go through the countdown test in the spacecraft with the crew in order to experience first-hand the issues that they were facing. Although he seriously considered the idea, it proved to be unworkable because of the difficulties of hooking up a fourth communications loop for <mask>. The hatch would have to be left open in order to run the extra wires out, and leaving the hatch open would make it impossible to run the emergency egress test that had been scheduled for the end of the day on the

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 27th. As <mask> later told the press, joining the crew for the test would have been "highly irregular".A "plugs-out" spacecraft test, simulating the launch countdown, took place on January 27. While <mask> was in Florida for the beginning of the test, he decided to leave before it concluded. He arrived back at his office in Houston at about 5:30 p.m. CST. At 5:31 p.m. CST (6:31 p.m. EST) a massive fire broke out in the Apollo command module. Unable to escape, the three astronauts inside the spacecraft, Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee, were killed. Investigation

Immediately after the fire, <mask> and his ASPO colleagues at Houston boarded a NASA plane to the Kennedy Space Center. They landed at about 1:00 a.m., only five hours after the fire had broken out.At a meeting that morning with Robert Gilruth, George Mueller and George Low, <mask> helped to determine the individuals who would be on the NASA review board looking into the causes of the fire. Additionally, he persuaded George Mueller, head of NASA's Office of Manned Space Flight, to allow him to act as Mueller's deputy in Florida, supervising the progress of the investigation. Named to the advisory group chosen to support the review board, <mask> threw himself into the investigation, working eighty-hour weeks. Although the precise source of ignition was never found, it soon became clear that an electrical short somewhere in the command module had started the fire, probably sparked by a chafed wire. What was less clear was where to apportion responsibility. NASA engineers tended to point to what they saw as shoddy workmanship by North American Aviation. By contrast, North American executives blamed NASA management for its decision over their objections to pressurize the command module with pure oxygen to a pressure far in excess of that needed in space, in which almost any materialincluding Velcro, with which the cabin was filledwould instantly burst into flames if exposed to a spark.Whatever the precise distribution of responsibility, <mask> remained haunted by the feeling that he, personally, was responsible

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 for the deaths of three astronauts. For years after the fire, he displayed the portrait given to him by the Apollo 1 crew in the front hallway of his own home. Breakdown
The pressure of the investigation took a psychological toll on <mask>. He had trouble sleeping and began to resort to barbiturates and alcohol in order to help himself cope. <mask> was not the only NASA employee who found the aftermath of the fire difficult to handle: Robert Seamans wrote that "key people from Houston would fly up to Washington to testify and literally sob all the way on the plane", and a man who worked under <mask> suffered a nervous breakdown and was reportedly taken to a mental hospital in a straitjacket. A few weeks after the fire, <mask>'s colleagues began to notice that he too was behaving erratically. Chris Kraft, whose father had suffered from schizophrenia, later related <mask>'s behavior in one meeting:

<mask> got up and started calmly with a report on the state of the investigation.But within a minute, he was rambling, and in another thirty seconds, he was incoherent. I looked at him and saw my father, in the grip of dementia praecox. It was horrifying and fascinating at the same time. NASA administrator James Webb became increasingly worried about <mask>'s mental state. Specifically, he was concerned that <mask> might not be able to deal with the hostile questioning that he would receive from the congressional inquiry into the Apollo 1 fire. Senator Walter Mondale had accused NASA engineers of "criminal negligence" with regard to the design and construction of the Apollo command module, and it was expected that <mask> would be in the firing line. In March, Webb sent Robert Seamans and Charles Berry, NASA's head physician, to speak with <mask> and ask him to take an extended voluntary leave of absence.This would, they hoped, protect him from being called to testify. A press release had already been prepared, but <mask> refused, threatening to resign rather than take leave. As a compromise, he agreed to meet with a psychiatrist and to abide by an independent assessment of his

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 psychological fitness. Yet this approach to removing <mask> from his position was also unsuccessful. As one of his friends later recounted:

The psychiatrists came back saying, 'He's so smart, he's so intelligent!' Here Joe was, ready to kill himself, but he could still outsmart the psychiatrists. Reassignment
At that point, <mask>'s superiors felt forced to take a more direct approach.On April 7 it was announced that <mask> would be transferred to NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C. to serve as George Mueller's deputy in the Office of Manned Space Flight. He was replaced as chief of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office by George Low While <mask> had already acted as Mueller's de facto deputy in Florida during the investigation, the reality of this permanent posting was very different. When <mask>'s reassignment was announced, one of his friends gave an anonymous interview to Time magazine in which he said that "if Joe stays in Washington, it'll be a promotion. If he leaves in three or four months, you'll know this move amounted to being fired." <mask> accepted the reassignment reluctantly, feeling that "it was as if NASA was trying to hide me from the Congress for what I might have said". Once in the job, he grew increasingly dissatisfied with a posting that he considered to be a "non-job", later commenting that "I don't understand why, after everything I had done for the program ... I was only one that was removed.That's the end of the program for me." Only six months after the fire, and some two months after taking his new position, <mask> left NASA in order to become a Vice President at the Polaroid Corporation in Waltham, Massachusetts. He was never called to testify before the congressional inquiry into the fire. Post-NASA career
In 1968, <mask> took a position at Raytheon in Lexington, Massachusetts. He would remain with the company until his retirement in 1990, serving as Senior Vice President for Engineering from 1981 through 1990. After leaving Raytheon, <mask> became an adjunct professor of aeronautics and astronautics at MIT. In February 1993, NASA administrator

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 Daniel Goldin appointed <mask> to the chairmanship of a technical review board convened to oversee the redesign of the troubled International Space Station project.However, <mask> was hospitalized shortly after his appointment. By April he was well enough to attend a meeting where the design team formally presented the preliminary results of its studies, but his behavior at the meeting again called his capacities into question. As The Washington Post reported:

<mask> made a rambling, sometimes barely audible two-hour presentation that left many of those present speculating about his ability to do the job. A longtime friend said, "That's not the real <mask>. He is normally incisive and well-organized." On the day following the meeting, <mask> offered his resignation, becoming instead a special advisor to Daniel Goldin. NASA reported that he had resigned due to health reasons.However, The Scientist offered a different interpretation, quoting sources who speculated that the bluntness of his speech, including criticisms of Goldin, may have been controversial in NASA circles. <mask> died on February 14, 1999, at his home in Weston, Massachusetts. He was survived by his wife Carol, six daughters, and one son. See also
From the Earth to the Moon, HBO miniseries in which <mask> is portrayed by Kevin Pollak

References

Further reading

Sawyer, Kathy. "NASA Picks Manager to Cut Expenditures on Space Station," The Washington Post, February 27, 1993, p. A2. 1925 births
1999 deaths
American aerospace engineers
NASA people
Space systems engineers
MIT School of Engineering faculty
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
United States Navy officers
American people of Irish descent
People from the Bronx
People from Hanover Township, New Jersey
People from Weston, Massachusetts
Military personnel from New York City
Raytheon Company people
Catholics from New York (state)
Catholics from New Jersey
Catholics from Massachusetts
Engineers from New York City
Engineers from New Jersey
20th-century American engineers
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Military personnel from

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<mask> (1812–1887) was a Scottish minister of the Free Church of Scotland and who spent much time working in Italy and served as Moderator of the General Assembly 1874/75. He helped to promote the Waldensian Church and the Presbyterian movement in northern Italy. He was also a travel writer and early photographer. Being independently wealthy he frequently detached himself from his religious duties for extended holidays. However, he was a noted philanthropist and put both time and money into the promotion of the Presbyterian Church in Italy. Life

He was born in Bolton, East Lothian, on 29 February 1812. He was the oldest son of <mask>, and the Hon Margaret Stuart, only daughter of Alexander Stuart, the 10th Lord Blantyre.The family moved to Rome in 1829 and <mask> became fluent in Italian as a result. He was returned to Scotland to study theology at Glasgow University, spending one term also in both Edinburgh University and the University of Geneva. He was licensed to preach in 1830 and spent time assisting at Greenock. He was ordained by the Church of Scotland at his father's church in Erskine in 1837. He appears to have had a constant yearning to be in Italy, and made frequent trips there on grounds of ill-health, his ministerial duties at Erskine being then fulfilled by his assistant. At the point of the Disruption of 1843 that is to say the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in the summer of 1843, he was in Malta where he had been for at least six months. He had also spent some time in Constantinople where he met Rev Dr Carl Schwartz.Having had prior warning of the likely importance of the meeting, he set off on a return journey (by ship) immediately on hearing the news. He arrived in Edinburgh on 23 May in time for the Assembly, and is one of the 470 signatures on the Act of Separation. In 1844 he returned to Italy and settled in Leghorn, where he ran the Bethel Scots Church and the Harbour Mission. In Italy he founded several Presbyterian churches, mainly

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 16  April 1842,  died  4  December  1913
Elizabeth  Georgina  Frances,  born  26  July  1844  (married  29 March  1865,  the  Rev. James  Collie),  died 23  July  1908
Charles  Francis,  born  at Leghorn,  2  October   1846,  died  22nd  July 1847
<mask>  <mask>,  born  26  April  1848, died  14  July  1849
Alexander  David, born  19  September  1852,  died  13  March 1899
<mask>  Charles  (twin),  born  19 September  1852,  died  23rd  July  1908
Louisa Caroline  Graham,  born  19  November  1855 (married  1883,  James  Wood  Brown,  M.A.,  minister of  the  Free  Church,  Gordon,  Berwickshire). Legacy
Addressing  the  General  Assembly of  1869,  Signor  Prochet  said  :  "You  claim Dr  <mask>  as  one  of  yourselves,  bone  of your  bone  and  flesh  of  your  flesh,  and  you may  well  do  so,  because  in  the  land  in which  he  has  been  living  for  thirty  years, he  has  taught  not  only  the  Protestants  but the  Roman  Catholics  to  respect  and  esteem
Scotland  and  Scottish  Protestants. But, if  you  claim  him  as  yours,  we  also  claim him  as  being  ours. He  has  not  been  thirty years  by  our  side,  if  not  to  become  part  of us. It  is  true,  I  have  no  parchment  to show  to  you  with  the  name  of  Dr  <mask> saying  that  he  has  become  a  citizen  of  the Waldensian  Alps. But,  if  ever  you  come to  those  valleys,  I  will  show  you  20,000 living  hearts  upon  which  his  name  is written  in  characters  that  can  never  be blotted  out."Publications

Commentary on the Four Gospels (in Italian)
Religion in Southern Europe
On the Present Condition of the Waldensian Church (1845)
The Tent and the Khan (1857)
La Rivista Cristiana (1871)
Evangelical Work on the Continent of Europe (1876)

References
Citations

Sources

1812 births
1887 deaths
People from East Lothian
19th-century Ministers of the Free Church of Scotland
Scottish photographers
Scottish philanthropists
Livorno
19th-century British

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<mask> (, ; born 25 July 1964) is a Somali politician who served as President of Somalia from 2009 to 2012. He is the founder and leader of Himilo Qaran political party and also the founder and head of the Forum for National Parties  () of Somalia. He is the chairperson of the Council of Presidential Candidates of Somalia. Early life and career

Education
Born on 25 July 1964 in Mahaday a town in the southern the Middle Shabelle region where he acquired the knowledge of the Islamic teachings, Arabic language and the memorisation of the Qur'an as a child. He began his education at the Sheikh Sufi Institute, which was associated with Al-Azhar University in Egypt. He studied at Libyan and Sudanese universities in the mid-1990s, where he earned a bachelor's degree in Law and Islamic Shariah. Thus, his religious upbringing and education allowed him to succeed his father as the spiritual leader of the Idrisiyya Order of Sufism in Somalia.<mask> completed his fellowship in Boston University in January 2012. Law career

<mask> departed for Somalia in 2000 at a time when Somalia was under the control of warlords and friends could not visit each other in Mogadishu due to clan separation and mistrust. The legacy of the civil war was apparent everywhere in Somalia and <mask> had ambitions of saving his country and his people. He established Al Shuruuq Agency, a cultural and heritage institution and the Federation of Adolescents in Mogadishu which facilitated social interaction for young Somalis who had never before crossed the boundaries formed by the warlords. As a result, the residents of Mogadishu began to cross the lines where friends, schoolmates, and elders can come together and express themselves in a positive way. <mask> became a regional attorney of his home province, middle Shabelle, where he was elected chairman of a provincial court in Jowhar between 2001 and 2002. Armed groups in the Somali capital who exploited the disintegration of the central government had been responsible for countless kidnappings and killings.The court was established through a campaign which <mask> led to secure the release of an abducted child. The court was successful in securing the

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 release of the child and other abductees as well as looted vehicles. The court went on to suppress the violence of gangs and warlords which was prevalent throughout the capital. Subsequently, all five Islamic courts united and <mask>, who had always been seen as the moderate face of the Islamic Courts Union, was elected to become the chair. Somalia was already beginning to see swift political and economic changes under his first six months of leadership. Warlords and their influence were eliminated from the city with the help of the people's support which made it possible for the first time in sixteen years to reopen Mogadishu International Airport and Mogadishu Port. Top UN officials have referred to this period as a 'Golden era' in the history of Somali politics.At the time the Transitional Federal Government which was established in Mbagathi, Nairobi in 2004, was a fragile body which was divided and weak. The Ethiopian army invaded Somalia claiming that it was trying to help the Transitional Federal Government and overthrew the Islamic Court Union. <mask> met with the US Ambassador to Kenya for talks concerning cooperation with the Transitional Federal Government, after which he left for Yemen to meet with other former Islamic Courts Union members. Pre-presidential political career

As an exiled opposition leader <mask>, the former leader of the Islamic Courts Union, was in search of a headquarters for establishing a new political party, the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia. In September 2007 nearly 500 delegates gathered in Asmara, Eritrea, including Islamists, parliamentarians, civil society and the diaspora and adopted a constitution. <mask>'s party the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia signed a peace treaty with the Transitional Federal Government on 9 June 2008 in Djibouti called the Djibouti Agreement. President of Somalia

The <mask> administration successfully brought the Federal Government of Somalia through transitional status following the collapse of the previous governing administration in 1991.His administration is credited with developing Somalia's constitution and setting up key institutions such as the police, the military

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 and the judiciary. He established the Somali National Army, opened the  main sea port of Mogadishu and relaunched the central bank. Under <mask>'s leadership, the Transitional Federal Government succeeded in driving out Al Shabaab from the capital city and its surroundings, establishing security, peace and reconciliation through the difficult transitional period. Presidential Election 2009

After winning the vote in the early hours of 31 January 2009, President <mask> was sworn in later in the day at the Kempinski hotel in Djibouti. <mask> vowed to form a broad-based government and invited all armed groups in the war-ravaged Horn of Africa nation to join the UN-sponsored reconciliation effort. <mask> Ould-Abdallah, the UN's special envoy for Somalia, praised the "transparent" presidential vote. "We are finally seeing progress from the hard work by all sides to create an inclusive parliament," Ould-Abdallah said in a statement.Arab League summit
In March 2009, <mask> attended the Arab summit in Bagdad to get support for his fight against Al-Shabaab, and establishment of security, peace and reconciliation. Press conference with Hillary Clinton
On 6 August 2009, <mask> and US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton held a joint press conference in Nairobi, Kenya discussing the challenges facing Somalia, and the possibility of achieving peace, stability and reconciliation for the Somalis. Center for Strategic and International Studies
On 30 September 2009, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (C.S.I.S.) in Washington hosted a statesman's forum with <mask> on Somalia promoting peace through international engagement. Speech at United Nations headquarters in New York
On 10 October 2009, <mask> presented a speech at the General Debate of the 64th Session of the General Assembly at the United Nations headquarters in New York on promoting peace, security, reconciliation and the delivery of humanitarian assistance. 2010 Istanbul Conference on Somalia
In May 2010, at the Istanbul Conference on Somalia, U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said that the only chance to bring stability to Somalia was to support the government of <mask>. He specifically voiced his

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 support for <mask> himself, saying that he needed to be in power and to strengthen his leadership.Speech at the United Nations
On 25 September 2010, <mask>'s speech at the United Nations was about promoting regional stability, security and reconstruction in Somalia. Appointment of Prime Minister
<mask> appointed former First Secretary of the Somali embassy in Washington, Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, as the new Prime Minister of Somalia in October 2010 after the resignation of Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke. United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon issued a statement commending the Somali leadership for having reached a consensus on procedural arrangements that facilitated a transparent and consultative confirmation of the new Premier. Al Shabaab withdrawal from Mogadishu

On 6 August 2011, <mask> announced that his military had defeated Islamist rebels battling to overthrow his Western-backed government after Al Shabaab began withdrawing fighters from the capital Mogadishu. Kampala Accord

The Kampala Accord was an agreement made in Kampala, Uganda in line with the Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic to bring and end to the transitional phase of the Transitional Federal Government on 20 August 2011. It was signed on 9 June 2011 by HE <mask> <mask>, President of the Transitional Federal Government, Hon <mask> <mask>, Speaker of the Transitional Federal Parliament, H.E. Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, President of the Republic of Uganda and Dr Augustine Mahiga, Special Representative of the Secretary General of the United Nations.AMISOM visit
In September 2011, <mask> visited Burundian peacekeepers serving in his country in a show of support for African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM). "I came to pay a visit to the AMISOM peacekeepers and the Somali soldiers," the president told reporters before heading back to Villa Somalia after meetings ended. "The intention was to find out how the soldiers are doing and how ready they are to help the Somali people and the government. As you can see they are really prepared and have high spirits to end the problems affecting the Somali people. The two forces have a good working relationship, and we hope their

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 partnership will result in a victory for our country and removal of the enemy." Operation Linda Nchi

Operation Linda Nchi ("Protect the country"; Swahili: Linda Nchi) is the codename for a co-ordinated military operation between the Kenyan military and the Somali military that began on 16 October 2011, when troops from Kenya crossed the border into the conflict zones of southern Somalia. Kampala Talks
In November 2011, <mask> met with Ugandan counterpart Yoweri Museveni to discuss security in Somalia and in the eastern Africa region.<mask> was accompanied by a number of ministers and legislators. Garowe Conference
In February 2012, <mask> and other Somali government officials met in the northeastern town of Garowe to discuss post-transition political arrangements. After extensive deliberations attended by regional actors and international observers, the conference ended in a signed agreement between the President, Prime Minister Abdiweli Mohamed Ali, Speaker of Parliament <mask> <mask>n, Puntland President Abdirahman Mohamed Farole, Galmudug President <mask> Alin and Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a representative Khalif Abdulkadir Noor stipulating that: a) a new 225 member bicameral parliament would be formed, with a lower house and an upper house seating 54 senators; b) 30% of the National Constituent Assembly (NCA) is earmarked for women; c) the President is to be appointed via a constitutional election; and d) the Prime Minister is selected by the President and he/she then names his/her Cabinet. London Conference on Somalia
<mask> spoke at the London Conference on Somalia on 23 February 2012. <mask> said: "To all of you who have exerted every effort so that you could put an end to the suffering of the Somali people, we would like to say that we appreciate this wonderful effort." US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and representatives from over 40 governments attended the London Conference on Somalia, to discuss the rebuilding of Somalia and the tackling of piracy, terrorism and famine. 2012 Istanbul Conference on Somalia
On 1 June 2012, <mask> and UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon attended the Istanbul Conference on Somalia to

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 promote global reconstruction efforts and to back up on going stabilisation efforts.New constitution

On 23 June 2012, the Somali Federal Government and regional leaders met again and approved a draft constitution after several days of deliberation. The National Constituent Assembly overwhelmingly passed the new constitution on 1 August, with 96% voting for it, 2% against it, and 2% abstaining. Dubai Charter
The second UAE counter piracy conference was held at the Madinat Jumeirah in Dubai on 27–28 June. It was attended by more than 400 delegates including Foreign Ministers, the United Nations' International Maritime Organisation, industry leaders, welfare organisations and academic experts. The Conference Keynote Address was given by <mask> from the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia. The event concluded with a strong call for a "comprehensive approach" against pirates that includes national governments, international organisations and the global maritime industry. On 28 June 2012, <mask> signed a cooperation deal with <mask> Silanyo, President of the separatist Somaliland region in northwestern Somalia.Referred to as the Dubai Charter, the agreement calls for greater coordination between Somalia's various political units and is part of broader international reconciliation efforts among all Somali parties. The presidents of the autonomous Puntland and Galmudug regions as well as the UAE Minister of State for Foreign Affairs also attended the signing. 2012 Presidential Elections

<mask>'s participation in the presidential contest and his acceptance of the results of his defeat was a demonstration of democracy coming to Somalia. He was widely praised for the peaceful handover of power. It was the first such transfer witnessed in Somalia in four decades. Post-presidency (2012present)

<mask> has been called 'The Father of Modern Somalia' due to his achievements during his presidential term. 2017 presidential elections

In the 2017 presidential election, Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, who <mask> had earlier instated as Prime Minister, succeeded <mask> Mohamud as President of Somalia.In the second and final round of parliamentary votes, <mask> received 45

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Ahmed Mahamoud
Sharif
Sharif
Sharif
Hassan Sheikh
Sharif


title: Sharif Sheikh Ahmed

texts:
 votes to Mohamed's 185. Himilo Qaran

<mask> founded the Himilo Qaran party in December 2018 ahead of the 2020 elections. In 2019 Himilo Qaran joined the Forum for National Parties an alliance of Somali political parties. In October 2019 Himilo Qaran joined the alliance of Somali political parties, the Forum for National Parties. Forum for National Parties

In September 2019 <mask> Qaran and the UPD which is the party of his successor <mask> Mohamud. The FNP alliance has united the leadership of the country to work together toward resolving Somalia's political and security issues. Since it was formed, the FNP has campaigned on various issues which include humanitarian aid, dialogue with FGS, and the Somali election model.Council of Presidential Candidates

In November 2020 <mask> was elected as chairman of the Council of Presidential Candidates, which has been active in holding the Somali government to account on the procedures concerning of the upcoming elections. The CPC has worked on resolving issues such as security issues and the election impasse in the 2021 elections. 2021 presidential elections

In January 2019 <mask> announced his intention to stand for the 2021 presidential election on the ticket of his political party Himilo Qaran As a group of 14 presidential candidates met in Mogadishu for a six day conference in November 2020 the Council of Presidential Candidates was formed and <mask> was nominated as chairman. Awards and honours

Fellowship, Boston University
<mask> is beneficiary of the former-Presidents-In-Residence fellowship initiated by Boston University in Massachusetts, USA. The scholarship is administered by the African Presidential Archives and Research Center (APARC). It hosts programs including debates on public policy to extend knowledge of the complexities and resources in Africa. References

External links
<mask> <mask> official Twitter account
 <mask> <mask> on Facebook
 Djibouti Agreement
 Kampala Accord

|-

1966 births
Living people
Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia politicians
People from Middle Shabelle
Presidents of Somalia
University of Kordofan alumni
People of the Somali Civil War
Somalian Sunni Muslim

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Sharifilo
Hassan Sheikh
Sharif
Sharif
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Sharif Sheikh
Ahmed
Sharif Sheikh
Ahmed


title: William P. Bidelman

texts:
<mask> ( ; September 25, 1918 – May 3, 2011) was an American astronomer. Born in Los Angeles, and raised in North Dakota, he was noted for classifying the spectra of stars, and considered a pioneer in recognizing and classifying sub-groups of the peculiar stars. <mask>'s undergraduate degree was from Harvard College, and his Ph.D. in astronomy was from the University of Chicago under advisor <mask>. He was a physicist in the Army during World War II. A professional astronomer for over 50 years, <mask> taught for ~41 years at The University of Chicago, The University of California,

He co-discovered the class of barium stars with <mask>, the phosphorus and the mercury stars, and was the first to describe the hydrogen-deficient carbon stars. Born in Los Angeles, California, <mask> was raised in North Dakota, where he met his future wife of 69 years. He was a father of four and a grandfather.As an Emeritus Professor <mask><mask> continued working in astronomy after he retired from teaching, and was 92 when he died in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Education

As an undergraduate at Harvard College, <mask> received an Honorary Harvard College Scholarship for academic excellence in 1939. He graduated in 1940. <mask> entered the graduate program at the University of Chicago affiliated with Yerkes Observatory. His doctoral advisor was <mask>.Morgan, who discovered the first definite evidence that our Milky Way Galaxy is a spiral galaxy, and, with <mask>, the Morgan-Keener (MK) system of stellar classification. As a graduate student, <mask> assisted Morgan and Keenan by taking some of the spectrograms for their book, An Atlas of Stellar Spectra. For his 1943

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William Wilson Morgan
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Philip Keenan
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title: William P. Bidelman

texts:
 dissertation, <mask> reported the Double Cluster in the I Persei association is physically associated with neighborhood supergiant stars, and is part of an association of O- and B-type stars, and designated 47 stars as its members.<mask> received his Ph.D. in 1943. The Yerkes astronomy graduate program directed by Otto Struve began issuing degrees in 1940, and he was among their first ten graduates. Career

<mask> served in the U.S. Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory at Aberdeen Proving Ground for over 2 years during World War II,. He attended the 1942 American Astronomical Society's annual meeting despite a small assembly due to gasoline rationing during World War II. University of Chicago, Yerkes Observatory

In 1945, when <mask> left Aberdeen he was hired at Yerkes as an Instructor. Under Otto Struve Yerkes became the leading astrophysics center, when he directed it. In addition to <mask>, by 1946 the Yerkes astronomy staff included <mask>, Arne Slettebak, Armin Deutsch, Marshall Wrubel, Arthur D. Code, Carlos Cesco, Víctor M. Blanco, W. W. Morgan, Otto Struve, Jesse L. Greenstein, Gerard P. Kuiper, George Van Biesbroeck, Louis G. Henyey Anne B. Underhill, Guido Münch, Nancy G. Roman, and the two future Nobel Prize winners, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and Gerhard Herzberg.Other astronomers at Yerkes when Bidelman was there were Kaj Strand, W. Albert Hiltner, Aden B. Meinel, and visiting professors Bengt Strömgren from Denmark, and Jan Oort, Hendrik C. van de Hulst and Adriaan Blaauw from the Netherlands. George Herbig, also there, remembered it as an "exciting, stimulating place to work" and a "powerhouse in astronomy" while under Struve's

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title: William P. Bidelman

texts: direction. <mask> spent long hours observing in remote west Texas at McDonald Observatory because he, like other Yerkes faculty, was also an astronomer at the University of Texas (UT). At the suggestion of Struve, the two universities had cooperated to create McDonald Observatory when the UT system had no astronomy department but W. J. McDonald gave them money in 1926 for an observatory, while in Wisconsin, the Yerkes astronomers needed a larger telescope but lacked the funds to obtain one. Otto Struve, who directed both Yerkes and McDonald, has been described as dedicated yet demanding. His managerial style included daily inspections of the faculty to see if they were working. Despite reports of tensions there was also "close knit camaraderie" and "boisterous parties" evidenced by Yerkes "spontaneous party songs" including "The Billy Bidelman Song".Sung to the tune of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic", it consisted of repeating three times the line: "Struve, Kuiper, Hiltner, Morgan, Chandrasekhar too," followed by: "And <mask>". In 1946, W. W. Morgan and <mask><mask> published a paper on interstellar reddening using the MK system of spectral classifications and photoelectric photometry. Morgan later said this paper with Bidelman on interstellar reddening was "the principal paper along the way" to the UBV system, which he devised with Harold Johnson. In 1947, <mask> became first to note the concentration of type M supergiant stars around χ Per, suggesting they were young Population I objects. This group, along with the Double Cluster, was later named the Perseus OB1 Association. Based on its radial velocity, Bidelman also became first to see

masks:
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Billy Bidelman
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. Bidelman
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title: William P. Bidelman

texts: that S Persei is part of the Per OB1 association, which was later confirmed. Among the first stars that were studied at far-infrared wavelengths, M-type supergiants may be used to find the spiral arms of our galaxy.Bidelman found four red supergiant stars in 1947, bringing the total then known to 13. How red supergiant stars evolved was considered an "astronomical puzzle", so the Double Cluster was used to test ideas about the evolution of red supergiant stars during the 1960s. The M-type supergiants of h and χ Per became the prototypes of this class of stars, and the major source of data for their properties. Unlike most the usual relatively young star clusters including few supergiant stars, 18 were found in the Double Cluster of Perseus by 2007, which Robert F. Wing noted as the 60th anniversary of <mask>'s "important paper", saying Bidelman's 1947 two-dimensional classifications of the then-known supergiants in h and χ Per had "served as the benchmark" for later studies of the red supergiant stars. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the Universe, so stars displaying very little hydrogen in their atmospheres are chemically peculiar stars. There are many kinds of hydrogen-deficient stars. Upsilon Sagittarii is a hydrogen-deficient star.It is a very luminous, variable, and unusual eclipsing binary with a spectrum quite difficult to classify. In 1949, <mask> was possibly the first to suggest that Upsilon (υ) Sagittarii's violet-shifted absorption lines, which apparently takes place during some conjunctions of this binary pair when star 2 advances in front of star 1, could be caused by gas streaming from the primary star. Bidelman

masks: Bidelman Bidelman


title: William P. Bidelman

texts: suggested when the displaced H-alpha(Hα) absorption line was present, it happened at regular intervals when the primary star was furthest away from Earth. Upsilon Sag was the only example of a star of its type until Bidelman discovered another star similar to it, HD 30353. This star became known as "Bidelman's star". <mask> and Keenan were the first to regard the barium star red giants as different from other red giants and to describe them as a spectroscopic class. Barium is a heavy metal element made by certain advanced stars with a helium-burning shell surrounding a spent carbon core In addition to the λ4554 barium line, some other characteristics of the group were two enhanced strontium (SR II) lines, at λ4077 and another at λ4215 blended with the head of the CN band, and also an enhanced G band due to CH and possibly CN.There are some supergiant stars with these BA II, strontium lines and CN band, but the G and K-type stars <mask> and Keenan described did not appear to be supergiants. G, K, and M-type giants, the most complex area of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram (HR) diagram, have spectra so complicated "many astronomers have shied away from studying them". Eventually, Robert McClure discovered that essentially all barium stars began with a companion star that made the s-process elements, and when the companion star aged into a white dwarf, a stellar wind moved what was made by one star to the other star, a shifting of mass from an Asymptotic giant branch(AGB) star that turned into a white dwarf, to its companion star. Bidelman was the first to find three unusual A- and F-type high-latitude bright stars, HR 6144, 89 Herculis, and HD


title: William P. Bidelman

texts:
 161796 in the high galactic plane, an unexpected place for supergiant stars to be found. Astronomers expect to find massive young stars that are five to twenty times the mass of the Sun, on the galactic plane, a place where stars form, but it is rare to find stars like Her 89, with a spectrum that appears to be a young supergiant so far from the Galactic plane. Regarding these stars with characteristics of Population I supergiants, yet found at high galactic latitude, another astronomer wrote, "If I were a theoretician, I would simply say, 'They can't be, therefore they aren't'". <mask>'s 1951 study also isolated the G- and K-type giant stars with weak G-bands as a class of peculiar giants.University of California, Lick Observatory (1953–1963)

In October 1953, <mask> was hired as an assistant astronomer at Lick Observatory. This observatory of the University of California is located on Mount Hamilton (California). The <mask> family lived on Mount Hamilton and the children attended a one-room school where it was an hour's drive to the nearest grocery store. According to Stanislaus Vasilevskis, due to the lack of a high school for children and other features, <mask> moved from Mount Hamilton to San Jose, and commuted to work. Otto Struve had left the Chicago for The University of California in 1950. <mask> lectured for Struve's Graduate Seminar on Astrophysics at Berkeley in 1955. He and George Herbig also gave ten lectures together on stellar spectroscopy at Berkeley during the 1954–55 academic year.<mask> served on the program committee for the American Association for the Advancement of Science and Astronomical Society of the Pacific meeting

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title: William P. Bidelman

texts: in 1955. In 1953, <mask> was the first to describe the hydrogen–deficient carbon star group, although Hans Ludendorff had found the appearance of weak hydrogen in R CrB in 1906. In 1951, <mask> informed other astronomers of his intentions to publish a catalogue with data for all known emission-line stars and requested they contribute data to be incorporated into it. He researched emission-line stars for his catalogue and bibliography at Yerkes Observatory (Wisconsin) and McDonald Observatory (Texas), and spent six weeks during the summer at the Mt. Wilson and Palomar observatories (California), funded by the Department of Naval Research. While at Yerkes, Morgan, Strömgren, and Chandrasekhar had encouraged <mask> to prepare such a catalogue, and his catalogue and bibliography of 1,640 middle and late-type emission-line stars was among the ten most-cited papers in astronomy in 1954. <mask>'s catalogue included many stars with Ca II H and K emission.In 1996, Helmut Abt researched which papers published in 1954 were cited most frequently from 1955 to 1995, and <mask>'s Catalog and Bibliography ranked among the top four. <mask> served on the Astronomical Society of the Pacific's Nominating Committee and Publications Committees in 1955. When Seth B. Nicholson, Chairman of the Publications Committee for thirteen years retired, he nominated <mask> as the next chairman. <mask> resigned from the Nominating Committee, and became the Editor of the Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. the scientific journal of the ASP, which gives the gives the Bruce Gold Medal. In 1957, the Directors discussed but did not act on making the Editor a

masks: Bidelman Bidelman Bidelman Bidelman Bidelman Bidelman Bidelman Bidelman


title: William P. Bidelman

texts: salaried position. In 1958, the Publications Committee published over 100 papers, over 20 book reviews, and two symposia.Re-elected to the Board of Directors, <mask> was authorized to spend up to $1,000 for editorial assistance in 1959, and they published over 90 papers from ~38 institutions, 15 book reviews and a symposium. His report noted it was a time-consuming task, made more difficult because he had been out of the country for two months that year. in 1960, they published six issues including 100 papers from ten countries, other articles and book reviews, and fulfilled reprint orders. He was Third Vice President of ASP in 1961, and they published six issues totaling 543 pages, including 100 articles from the United States and nine other countries, and other papers. <mask>'s annual report said being "largely responsible for the welfare" of the journal for approximately five years had been a considerable burden and having found it impossible to find a sufficiently competent technical assistant on Mount Hamilton and not being able to fulfill his obligations to both the University and to ASP, he requested to resign effective July 1, 1961, He was re-elected to the Board of Directors. his resignation became effective in mid-August and an assistant editor was added to the staff in September. <mask> summarized his experiences in a 1989 talk entitled "A funny thing happened on the way to the Stanford Press - reminiscences of Five Years with the PASP".In 1962, <mask> helped Soviet astronomers edit a manuscript for English readers, He continued on the ASP Publications Committee, no longer as chair, in 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969,

masks: Bidelman Bidelman Bidelman Bidelman


title: William P. Bidelman

texts:
 and 1970. When Helmut Abt explored the number of reference errors in astronomy journal articles in 1992, he said the only astronomical editor he was aware of who checked every reference in his journal and found many errors "to which he called the author's attention—was <mask><mask> when he edited these Publications". While he was editor, <mask> was the general supervisor of the students at Lick Observatory. According to Hyron Spinrad, Bidelman encouraged astronomy students at the Berkeley campus to make observations at Lick Observatory. Spinrad recalled: "I don't know how he was regarded on Mt. Hamilton, but at Berkeley he was regarded as sort of a good will emissary from the mountain". In March 1962, Bidelman used three peculiar stars, 3 Centauri, κ Cancri and 112 Herculis, to make the first certain identification of the rare element gallium II (Ga II) in stellar spectra, with lab work assistance by Charles H. Corliss at the National Bureau of Standards, which they reported in May 1962.T Tauri, the prototype of the T-Tauri stars, is a young star found in the constellation Taurus. In November 1962, Bidelman found ~100 times more gallium I in the spectrum of T Tauri than is found in the spectrum of the sun. <mask> noted that it was at present "impossible to explain these abundance anomalies in terms of known nucleogenesis patterns". University of Michigan (1963–1969)

<mask> became a Professor of Astronomy at the University of Michigan in Fall 1963. At the University of Michigan, Freeman D. Miller and <mask> began to direct the complete reactivation of the Curtis Schmidt telescope, to search for stars with spectra that showed unusual chemical

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. Bidelman
Bidelman
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title: William P. Bidelman

texts:
 compositions. After the University of Michigan agreed in 1966 to transfer the telescope to South America, the telescope was moved to the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) in Chile, for astronomical viewing in the Southern Hemisphere which was completed in 1967. Under a National Science Foundation grant to Bidelman, Darrell Jack MacConnell moved the telescope, and the two later conducted research using objective-prism plates taken with by the Curtis Schmidt.In the early 1960s <mask> gave a colloquium at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, where Bidelman suggested it would be feasible to reclassify all stars listed in the Henry Draper Catalogue on the MK system. Graduate student, Nancy Houk heard Bidelman's colloquium and became interested in classifying. Only about 23,000 of the HD stars had Morgan-Keenan classifications, and those had been classified by different people using different standards and sometimes chosen out of interest, creating an biased sample. Reclassifying all HD stars the same way would create a vast data set that could be used as a teaching data set for a computer to encourage automated classifications which would be as better telescopes looked at for fainter stars. Houk eventually led the Michigan Survey and because it was anticipated that the work which she began in 1970 would not be completed until 2004, Bidelman used the same Curtis Schmidt objective-prism lens plates to begin an "early results" program. Bidelman recalled:

By 1964, Bidelman reported finding ~150 peculiar stars, about 80% were believed to be new discoveries. In 1966, Bidelman reported finding Praseodymium III in χ Lupi and


title: William P. Bidelman

texts:
 with the Curtis Schmidt telescope, Bidelman and Robert Victor made provisional identifications of 23 peculiar stars including 3 new metallic line stars.By 1969, <mask> and his assistants discovered ~90 new, mainly F- and G-type supergiant stars, 33 new B-type emission (Be) stars, ~75 new metallic-line stars, over 150 new peculiar A-type stars, and other astronomical objects of interest. With the help of MacConnell and research assistants Bond, Frye and Humphreys, Bidelman discovered 53 new Barium (Ba II) stars, 26 new late-type giants which had strong Ca II emission lines, new supergiants of various spectral classes and G- and K-type stars with very weak CH absorption in their spectra. The first worldwide milestone in creating one or more astronomical data centers was the first discussion in 1966 at a National Science Foundation event in Maryland. The second was when <mask> was president of the International Astronomical Union's Commission 45 and they discussed the issue at the 1967 IAU meeting in Prague Czechoslovakia. At this meeting in Prague: "W.P<mask> spoke of the need for a general reference catalogue giving full bibliographic data for individual stars". <mask> said it would include about a million stars and require the resources of an organization like NASA, and some members of the Commission supported the proposal.The University of Texas at Austin (1969–1970)

In 1969, <mask> was a Professor in the astronomy department at Austin. By the end of the 1960s, astronomers had begun to discuss the possibility of creating astronomical data centers. In a letter in 1969, Luboš <mask> wrote that an astronomer who wanted a star's MK

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Perek


title: William P. Bidelman

texts: classification might search through 5 to 100 papers "according to his temperament" then give up, or take a plate to determine the type, or choose another star. Astronomers might observe the same star under different names. Catalogs, though useful, were often created as personal endeavors by astronomers near retirement and usually published only once, and while astronomical data increased rapidly, there were few making catalogs. In 1969, <mask> became one of the six astronomers funded by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific to study the feasibility of a computerized data center. In 1970, the first official IAU debate on astronomical data centers took place.After a temporary IAU working group held meetings, and representatives from 16 countries showed interest, the IAU established the first permanent Working Group on Numerical Data, and <mask> became one of its "main data center leaders" to plan centers to make data more reliable and accessible. Their first goal was to distribute information on existing Data Centers as well as lists of data errors. The Strasbourg Astronomical Data Center, NASA Astrophysics Data System, and data centers in Japan and by the Astronomical Council of the USSR Academy of Science were among the first centers developed, and said many goals in creating data centers were eventually met and, as A. Heck noted, "sometimes largely facilitated by not-so-quickly-expected technologies such as the electronic networking of the planet". While at Austin in 1970, <mask>, MacConnell and Frye published findings on six new stars showing strong neutral helium lines whose spectra appeared different from other "hydrogen deficient"

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title: William P. Bidelman

texts:
 stars, on objective prism plates from Cerro Tololo, Chile. By the end of the school year, <mask> resigned to accept the position of Director of the Warner and Swasey Observatory and Chairman of Astronomy at Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) in Ohio. Case Western Reserve University (1970–2011)

<mask> directed the Warner and Swasey Observatory from 1970 to 1975, and was a Professor of astronomy from 1970 to 1986. In June 1970, <mask> began as Chairman and Director.Bidelman's office was at the old Taylor Road Observatory, given to the University by the Warner & Swasey Company in 1920. Due to light pollution from the city of Cleveland, by the 1950s viewing was difficult and the Burrell Schmidt telescope was relocated ~30 miles away to Geauga County. In 1973, Bidelman and MacConnell provided data on a variety of B-emission (Be) and shell stars, peculiar stars, weak-metal stars and other bright stars of the southern hemisphere, covering ~81% of the southern sky. They said when completed, Houk's more comprehensive study would "provide spectral date of inestimable value to stellar astronomers" and should supersede their report, but they did it as an "early result" study. Using CTIO objective –prism plates they found nearly 800 previously unknown A-type peculiar stars. They also found 34 weak G-band giants stars in the southern hemisphere. Their study was called a "major contribution" in providing data to help identify the relatively rare Population II stars.It created an unbiased sample, and doubled the number of known peculiar A-type (Ap) stars. After nineteen years of study by various investigators, in 2014, Beers et al. studied 302 of the


title: William P. Bidelman

texts: Bidelman-MacConnell possible weak-metal stars and concluded that a metal-weak thick disk (MWTD) is present in the Milky Way galaxy, and noted its importance in understanding the development of our galaxy. In 1962 and 1966, Bidelman had reported that the wavelength of λ 3984 varied somewhat from star to star, and stated differences in the ratios of mercury isotopes could be the reason. <mask> was the first to note this, and in 1974, Michaud, Reeves and Charland, considering the isotopic abundances to be real, and that Hg was in fact overabundant and not an artifact of blending, suggested the mercury overabundances were due to radiation pressure that caused the element to pile up until radiation and gravitational forces almost cancelled each other, then its isotopes would separate, sorting themselves. Michaud suggested that element segregation would proceed naturally due to gravitational settling and radiation pressure if the stellar atmosphere was steady. In 1975, <mask> and San-Gak Lee reported spectral classifications for 601 proper-motion stars that had been listed in both a Lowell Observatory survey under Henry L. Giclas, and the Luyten Two-Tenths Catalogue and supplement, and their report included data from Gerard Kuiper.Kuiper and <mask> had been at Yerkes Observatory at the same time. For six years Kuiper had worked to classify ~3,200 high proper motion stars using ~9,000 spectra taken at Yerkes and McDonald, and with an added 300 spectra from Luyten, Kuiper had planned to publish the data with Luyten. Bidelman called it "very important spectroscopic work and a "large-scale assault" on the problem of unclassified proper motion stars.


title: William P. Bidelman

texts: When Kuiper ran out of stars of large proper motion and parallax in a region of sky, he observed the planets and their moons "nicely lined up" in that region. When Kuiper found evidence of an atmosphere on Saturn's moon, Titan, his research changed focus and much of his data on proper motion stars remained unpublished. Kuiper died in 1973. Following his paper with Lee, <mask> had "renewed interest" in proper motion stars and asked whether Kuiper's unpublished proper motion material could be found.With help from the Kuiper Memorial Committee at the University of Arizona, Ewen A. Whitaker, Elizabeth Roemer, and Helmut Abt, <mask> obtained copies of five of Kuiper's notebooks which had stars noted by name and right ascension without declination, and many with multiple spectra and more than one classification. <mask> established a card file for every star or binary pair, and sought to find the exact star Kuiper observed. His goal was not to create definitive spectral types or change Kuiper's classifications, but to set out clearly "the enormous amount of useful spectral data relating to these objects gathered by an energetic and most talented astronomer to whom many, including the writer, owe much. This work represents a partial repayment of that debt". He estimated there could be ~1,000 stars with better spectral types than otherwise known. <mask> worked on Kuiper's data. and published it in 1985.In 1975, <mask> replaced <mask> as Director of the Observatory and Chairman of the Astronomy department. While <mask> had been the observatory director, three of <mask>'s graduate students, Craig Chester, Cynthia Irvine, and <mask>s, were part of a group

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title: William P. Bidelman

texts: from CWRU who wanted to begin their own observatory. The outlook for employment in research astronomy was bleak, so the group began a mail-order business and took part-time jobs to solve their "food on the table problem" while seeking to build an observatory in California, and Bidelman gave them their first cash donation. Other donations followed, and the Monterey Institute for Research in Astronomy opened in 1984. In 1976, <mask> headed an IAU working group on the proper designation for astronomical objects. At a 1978 symposium discussion following a paper Bidelman stated he wanted to make a slightly off-topic point about nomenclature, and asked whether the star under discussion, VI Cyg #5 is the same star as BD+40° 4220. Informed it is and another one of its names is V729 Cyg, Bidelman responded, "Well, I'd like to say, as a member of an IAU Commission concerned with such things, that one should adopt a consistent labeling for a star".After being seconded by Underhill, he added: "We don't all have encyclopedic memories". The Warner and Swasey Observatory in Cleveland, Ohio, suffered from light pollution, and was moved first to a better viewing site in Ohio, then later to Kitt Peak, Arizona, in 1979. By 1979, Houk had classified 69,000 southern stars. As she finished the southern classifications, <mask> became responsible to oversee taking the northern plates at CWRU's new Kitt Peak observation site in Arizona. The Curtis Schmidt telescope that was used for the southern all-sky survey was a twin to the Burrell Schmidt used in the northern survey. When the telescope at Kitt Peak became operational in 1981, <mask> continued his "early-results"


title: William P. Bidelman

texts: research involving "systematic, but nonetheless somewhat cursory inspection" to classify stars for the northern hemisphere that had been given HD numbers, and published the spectral data in 1983. Bidelman identified 175 peculiar or otherwise interesting stars, most thought to be new discoveries.<mask> was the first to identify the peculiar F str λ4077 dwarfs. As part of the "early results" program, in 1981, 1983 and 1985 Bidelman found 21 stars he identified as "F str λ 4077". Almost nothing was known about these stars other than Bidelman's spectral classification. Later researchers found evidence that about half are main-sequence counterparts of Barium stars. <mask> retired from teaching at Case Western in 1986. He became a Professor Emeritus, and in 1990 and 1991 continued to do research and remained active in the astronomy department. As a Professor Emeritus, <mask> continued with the Henry Draper Reclassification project with Houk and the Michigan Spectral Survey and compiled identification of stars in the IRAS Low-Resolution Spectral Catalogue.<mask> became interested in the Star of Bethlehem and argued it was involved planetary conjunctions. In 1991, <mask> used astronomical tables by Bryant Tuckerman and Jean Meeus to investigate Roger Sinnott's suggestion that two close conjunctions of Venus and Jupiter on the morning of August 12, 3 BC, and the evening of June 17, 2 BC, could explain the Star of Bethlehem. He found that for these two planets, an easily observable morning conjunction is "invariably followed" by an evening conjunction approximately ten months later whenever the morning conjunction has an elongation of at least 19°.

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