title: Katinka Hosszú

texts:
 200-meter butterfly. She posted the top time in the prelims of the 100-meter backstroke, but elected to pull out of the semifinal to concentrate on the 200-meter individual medley final, a decision which ultimately paid off. She broke the previous world record set by Ariana Kukors back in 2009 in a stunning time of 2:06.12. <mask>'s time of 58.78 in the prelims of the 100-meter backstroke would have earned her a bronze medal in the final; however the 200-meter individual medley final was 30 minutes after the backstroke semifinal and swimming it might have cost her the gold medal and the world record in the 200-meter individual medley.In addition, Hosszú won bronze in the 200-meter backstroke, placed fifth in the 200-meter freestyle, and capped it off with a victory in the 400-meter individual medley on the last day. 2015 European Short Course Championships
Hosszú won six gold medals at the 2015 European Short Course Championships, sweeping all three backstroke and three individual medley events. She broke world records in the 100- and 400-meter individual medleys. 2016

2016 Summer Olympics

At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Hosszú won the gold medal and broke the world record in the 400-meter individual medley, won the gold medal and broke the Olympic record in the 200-meter individual medley, and won a third gold medal in the 100-meter backstroke. She also won a silver in the 200-meter backstroke behind American Maya DiRado. With 3 gold medals and 1 silver, Hosszú won more medals in individual events than any other swimmer in the 2016 Summer Olympics. 2016 World Short Course Championships
In the World Short Course Championships in Windsor, Hosszú won a record 9 individual medals (7 gold and 2 silver) and reached 11 individual finals.She won the 100-, 200-, and 400-meter individual medley, 100- and 200-meter butterfly, and 100- and 200-meter backstroke. Additionally, she took silver in the 200-meter freestyle and 50-meter backstroke. 2017

2017 Swim Open Stockholm
In April, Hosszú competed in Swim Open Stockholm and won the 1500-meter freestyle


title: Katinka Hosszú

type: original

texts:
 one bronze (200 IM) in Budapest, she now has 24 medals dating back to 2008 (15 gold, 6 silver, 3 bronze). Overall, she is ranked only behind Alexander Popov who won 26 medals (21 gold) in his European Champs career. 2020 Summer Olympics

Hosszú did not hold perform well in the 2020 Summer Olympics, failing to reach the 200m backstroke final and finishing only fifth in the 400m medley and seventh in the 200m one.She would attribute this to the standstill in the one year delay caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, cancelling the tournaments she entered to keep herself in competition rhythm, while analysts added that <mask> was not helped by being among the oldest swimmers and constantly coaching changes starting with her 2018 split with Tusup. Personal best times

Long course

Short course

International championships (50 m)

 Hosszu qualified from the heats, but scratched the semi finals
 Hosszu qualified from the semi finals, but scratched the final

See also
World record progression 100 metres backstroke
World record progression 200 metres backstroke
World record progression 100 metres individual medley
World record progression 200 metres individual medley
World record progression 400 metres individual medley

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Hungarian female freestyle swimmers
Hungarian female medley swimmers
Hungarian female butterfly swimmers
Hungarian female backstroke swimmers
Olympic swimmers of Hungary
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Pécs
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
World record holders in swimming
Olympic gold medalists for Hungary
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Hungarian female swimmers
Olympic silver medalists for Hungary
Olympic gold medalists in swimming
Olympic silver medalists in swimming
University of Southern California alumni
Swimmers at the 2020 Summer


title: Cuauhtémoc Blanco

texts:
<mask> (; born 17 January 1973) is a Mexican politician and former professional footballer who is the current Governor of Morelos under the coalition Juntos Haremos Historia. He formerly served as the municipal president of Cuernavaca, Morelos. As a footballer, <mask> was known for his attacking ability and played most of his career as a deep-lying forward and his last years as an attacking midfielder. <mask> is considered to be one of the greatest Mexican footballers of all time, as well as one of the best penalty takers of all time. Early life
<mask> was born in Mexico City, in the district of Tlatilco, but grew up in Tepito. Born to <mask> and Hortensia Bravo, he was named after the last Aztec emperor Cuauhtémoc, in which the name means "one who has descended like an eagle". Football career

Beginnings
<mask> started his career with América in 1992, where he won various awards, both team-based and individual, and had various loan stints with Necaxa, Spanish club Real Valladolid, and Veracruz.In 2007, he joined the Chicago Fire, with a loan stint with Santos Laguna for the 2008 Apertura championship. In 2010, he returned to Mexico to trek throughout various teams, joining Veracruz again, Irapuato, Dorados, and Puebla-based teams BUAP and Puebla, where he retired with the latter in 2015. The following year, he came out of retirement to officially end his career with América. Club career

Club América

Having played most of his career in América, with 333 appearances and 135 goals, <mask> has become an idol to the club's supporters and an important figure in the history of the team. <mask> made his debut in the Mexican Primera División in 1992 at the age of 19 with América. He won his first Golden Boot with 16 goals in the Winter 1998 season for Las Aguilas. He was loaned for Winter 1997 and Summer 1998 at Necaxa, in which he scored 13 goals in 28 appearances.<mask> was later loaned to Real Valladolid of La Liga for the 2000–01 season.

masks:
Cuauhtémoc Blanco Bravo
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Faustino Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco


title: Cuauhtémoc Blanco

texts:
 However, he suffered a broken leg while on international duty which kept out of the side for six months. <mask> returned to Valladolid for another loan spell the following season, but he struggled with homesickness and regaining his form. He had a knack for scoring great goals in La Liga, with most notable, a free-kick against Real Madrid at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, he returned to Mexico. <mask> spent the 2004 Apertura season with Veracruz, where they ended up winning their group, but were defeated in the playoffs by UNAM. <mask> was a popular player during his time there. In May 2005, <mask> won his first club championship as a player, leading Club América to its tenth league title, when Club América defeated U.A.G.by an aggregate score of 7–4 (1–1, 6–3). In the next three consecutive years between 2005 and 2007, he was awarded the MVP. He scored his final goal during the championship final against Pachuca in 2007. Chicago Fire

On 2 April 2007, <mask> ventured on to Major League Soccer in the United States and signed with Chicago Fire. He was welcomed by 5,000 fans at Toyota Park as he conducted interviews with the media, signed autographs and greeted with fans. He was later voted as a finalist for both the MVP and Newcomer of the Year awards in 2007. <mask> was the 2007 Goal of the Year winner, for his goal against Real Salt Lake.<mask> was the second-highest paid player in Major League Soccer, after Los Angeles Galaxy midfielder David Beckham, earning $2.7 million a year. Once again, he was a finalist for the MVP of the year award. On 24 July 2008, in the All-Stars Game against West Ham United, <mask> won the MVP award with one assist and one goal, a game in which he only played 46 minutes. The MLS All-stars won 3–2. Santos Laguna (loan)
On 19 November 2008, it was announced that Santos Laguna signed <mask> on a loan to play only for the Apertura 2008 championship, after the injury of their Ecuadorian striker Christian

masks: Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco


title: Cuauhtémoc Blanco

texts:
 Benítez. <mask> was formally presented to the press the next day, wearing the number 9 jersey, and stated that he looked forward to giving Santos a back-to-back championship. On 29 November 2008, <mask> scored his first goal with Santos, a penalty in the second leg of the championship quarter-finals against San Luis.Later career

In October 2009, <mask> announced he would not be renewing his contract with Chicago Fire and would instead sign with Veracruz of the Ascenso MX beginning in January 2010. However, after 6 months with Veracruz he left for Irapuato. Led by <mask>, Irapuato won the 2011 Clausura, but the team failed to advance to the Primera División, losing to Tijuana in the promotional final. In December 2011, <mask> joined Dorados de Sinaloa of Liga de Ascenso. During Apertura 2012, <mask> won the Copa MX with Dorados. Despite <mask> announcing he would retire after the end of 2012, he changed his mind and played for another six months with Dorados. However, after the tournament ended, he did not renew his contract and was released from the team in June 2013.<mask> signed for Lobos BUAP for the Apertura 2013 Liga de Ascenso season. After one year with the club, he did not renew his contract with BUAP and was released from the club at the end of the season, in which the club failed to qualify for the play-offs. After considering retirement, <mask> signed with Puebla for one last season in the Liga MX. On 21 April 2015, he played in the Clausura's Copa MX final against Guadalajara, coming off the bench. Puebla went on to win the cup, and sent <mask> off as a champion in what was supposed to be the final game of his career. On 22 February 2016, a month into his political career, it was announced that <mask> would participate in an official Liga MX match during the Week 9 of Clausura 2016 for the club that started his career, Club América. It would allow him to officially end his career, while playing for the club.On 5 March,

masks: Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco


title: Cuauhtémoc Blanco

texts:
 <mask> started the match wearing a number 100 jersey, and played 36 minutes for América at the Estadio Azteca in a match against Morelia, before being replaced by Darwin Quintero. During the match, <mask> demonstrated his signature move the Cuauhtemiña, and had two shots on goal, one of which hit the crossbar from the outside of the penalty box. The match was eventually won by América, 4–1. International career
<mask> represented the Mexico national football team from 1995 to 2010 (with a special appearance in 2014). He was capped 120 times, and scored 38 goals; he is the third highest goalscorer for his country. He is the only Mexican to have won Confederations Cup awards, being awarded the Silver Ball and Silver Boot at the 1999 Confederations Cup after a first-place finish on home soil, until Oswaldo Sanchez's Golden Glove award in 2005. In 2010, he became the first Mexican to score at three World Cup tournaments, a feat later equalled by Rafael Márquez and Javier Hernández, appearing in the 1998, 2002, and 2010 editions of the tournament.<mask> made his debut with the national team under Bora Milutinovic in a friendly match against Uruguay on 1 February 1995. <mask> has played for Mexico at three World Cups; he was part of the squad at France 1998, Korea-Japan 2002 and South Africa 2010. He was also a member of the Mexico team that won the Confederations Cup in 1999 where he was the tournament's leading scorer with six goals, including the winning goal at the Estadio Azteca against Brazil in the final. He was awarded the "Silver Shoe" and "Silver Ball" for outstanding player of the tournament. <mask> holds the record along with Brazilian Ronaldinho as the highest scoring players in the Confederations Cup with nine goals, three in 1997 and six in 1999. In the selection for the final 23-man squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany, then Mexico national team coach Ricardo La Volpe left <mask> out of the team. While the ostensible

masks: Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco


title: Cuauhtémoc Blanco

texts:
 reason given was that <mask> was frequently injured and not in good form, some people considered this to be a consequence of the previous year's constant bickering, due to on-going personal problems between coach and player.<mask> became part of the squad that played the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup, scoring one penalty goal, and the 2007 Copa América, where he scored 2 goals also from penalty kicks. On 13 September 2008, he earned his 100th cap for his country in its 2–1 World Cup qualifier victory over Canada at Tuxtla Gutiérrez, coming on with only 15 seconds left in regulation time. After the match, he announced his retirement from international football. <mask> announced his return to the national team in May 2009. He became a regular member of returning coach Javier Aguirre's squad, playing in all the games throughout the Hexagonal of the World Cup Qualifying. Since then, <mask> has become an important factor in Mexico's team regaining form and confidence. On 10 October 2009, <mask> provoked the first opposition own goal and scored the second goal in a 4–1 victory over El Salvador to help Mexico clinch a spot in the 2010 World Cup.On 17 June 2010, he scored a penalty in the 78th minute of the 2–0 win against France at the World Cup's second round of group stage matches in South Africa. With this goal he became the first Mexican to score a goal in three World Cup tournaments and the third-oldest goalscorer in World Cup history. <mask> played a tribute game in 2014 against Israel at the Estadio Azteca, which symbolized his official retirement from international football. Mexico went on to win the match 3–0. Player profile

Style of play

<mask> is considered to be one of the greatest Mexican footballers of all time, as well as one of the best penalty takers of all time, having scored 71 out of 73 penalties in his career, giving him a 97.26% success rate form the spot. His brash, aggressive, and confrontative playing style is reflected both


title: Cuauhtémoc Blanco

texts:
 on and off the field, pulling ingenious plays and being combative against the press, players, and coaches alike. Cuauhtemiña
<mask> is also remembered for the Cuauhtemiña, or Blanco Trick, which he performed notably at the 1998 World Cup.In the trick, when two or more opposition players are trying to take the ball from him, he traps the ball between his feet and jumps through the defenders – releasing the ball in the air and landing with it under control as he leaves the opposition players behind. The trick is easy to perform but is eye-catching and has been incorporated as a special skill into the FIFA series of football video games. Celebration
<mask> himself has accepted on Mexican television and to the press that his goal celebration is an imitation of the "Archer" celebration created by former Atletico de Madrid striker Kiko Narvaez. In a 2005 interview with Mexican newspaper El Universal, <mask> explains that while watching a Spanish league game accompanied by his teammate Germán Villa, both players agreed to celebrate their next goal by imitating the "Archer" gesture. In the end, only <mask> did it, and jokingly reprimanded Villa for not keeping his word. However, the Chicago Fire official website claimed that <mask> celebrates scoring a goal by acting like the Prehispanic Tlatoani Aztec emperor Cuauhtémoc, "in order to show respect for the Mexican people, and their indigenous Amerindian heritage". Reception
<mask> is considered one of the most influential figures in recent Mexican footballing history.Tom Marshall of ESPN states "the battles, brawls, golazos, insults, intensity and passion with which <mask> [...] lived both on and off the pitch, he left a deep imprint on the Mexican game and a colorful story painted by the kind of character arguably lacking at present." Career statistics

Club

International

International goals
Scores and results list Mexico's goal tally first. Filmography

Political career

Municipal president


title: Cuauhtémoc Blanco

texts:
 of Cuernavaca (2015–2018)
In January 2015, <mask> registered as a Social Democratic Party candidate for the municipal presidential elections of the city of Cuernavaca, the capital of the Mexican state of Morelos, and was formally nominated two months later. In the 2015 legislative elections, he won in a closely contested election, narrowly defeating Maricela Velázquez of the incumbent Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). In a subsequent vote recount <mask> was confirmed the winner of the municipal presidential race. As municipal president, <mask> struggled with accusations about his residency in the city, allegations that he had accepted a bribe to run for office, and even murder. None of these allegations ever went anywhere.In June 2016, he left the Social Democratic Party and dismissed the secretary of the city council, Roberto Yañez Moreno, which marked the beginning of a dispute between <mask> and the party. In March 2017, he joined the Social Encounter Party (PES). Governor of Morelos (2018–present)

For the 2018 general elections, the National Regeneration Movement proposed having Senator Rabindranath Salazar Solorio as the candidate under the coalition Juntos Haremos Historia for the Governor of Morelos but PES, also part of the coalition, argued <mask> was the better choice for the coalition's candidate. In December 2015, it was determined there would be an internal election to see who would become the candidate for the coalition. On 28 January 2018, Juntos Haremos Historia presidential candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador announced <mask> would be the coalition's candidate after winning the nominee process against Senator Rabindranath Salazar Solorio. On 11 March 2018 he formally registered to become candidate for Governor of Morelos and on 2 April 2018, he was separated from his post as municipal president of Cuernavaca, succeeded by Denisse Arizmendi Villegas, in order to formally participate in the gubernatorial

masks: Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco


title: Cuauhtémoc Blanco

texts: elections. Polls indicated he was in the lead.On 1 July 2018, he won the 2018 gubernatorial elections by a landslide, becoming the first former footballer to win a state governor election in Mexico. He began his term as Governor on 1 October 2018. His greatest challenges as governor are finding adequate funding for the state university (UAEM) and resolving the high incidence of crime in the state. Only three months into his term, he was already faced with marches denouncing his administration. On 13 February 2019 <mask> formally charged his predecessor, Graco Ramirez, with organized crime, operations with resources of illicit origin, and tax fraud. One year into his job as governor, people have begun to doubt <mask>'s administration. Politically, he has had disputes with Morena and PT, partners in Juntos Haremos Historia that got him elected.He has been promoting PES, which has been dissolved on a national level but remains strong locally. Crime in on the rise, with an increase of 41% in murder, kidnapping 375%, and extorsion 680%. 80 women have been killed, 22 of which have been classified as femicide. On top of that, a tax debt of MXN $302,230 (US$15,800) from his time as a footballer was pardoned by the federal Tax Administration Service. Roberto Soto Pastor, a former collaborator of Graco Ramirezs, has sued <mask> for hiring several members of his family and friends, including: his half-brother Ulises Bravo, sister-in-law Liu León Luna, uncles Carlos Juárez López, Jaime Juárez López, and Armando Shajid Bravo López, and a close friend named Baltazar Jonathan Alegría Mejía. All receive salaries that range from MXN $45,000 to $60,000 (US$2,300 to $3,100) per month. The suit says their hiring is a violation of Código Penal de Morelos, Artículo 276 (Morelos penal code, Article 276) which prohibits nepotism.President Andrés Manuel López Obrador personally bawled <mask> out for nepotism in a meeting on 11 October. The governor denies

masks: Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco


title: Cuauhtémoc Blanco

texts:
 allegations of nepotism. On 8 January 2020, Arias Consultores released a poll that describes the best and worst governors. Sinaloa governor Quirino Ordaz Coppel is chosen best, while Puebla governor L. Miguel Barbosa Huerta was declared the worst. Cuauhtemoc <mask> was second-to-last at No. 31. Personal life
He was previously married to Marisela Santoyo from 1996 to 2003, with whom he has a son, Cuauhtémoc Jr., born the same year of their wedding.After their separation in 2000, <mask> had an affair with Liliana Lago, which produced a daughter, Bárbara, born in 2002. In 2015, <mask> married Natalia Rezende. The couple have a son named Roberto, born in 2016. He appeared on the North American front cover of the FIFA 10 video game along with Frank Lampard and Sacha Kljestan. Veracruz footballers
Irapuato F.C. footballers
Dorados de Sinaloa footballers
Lobos BUAP footballers
Club Puebla players
La Liga players
Real Valladolid players
Major League Soccer players
Chicago Fire FC players
Major League Soccer All-Stars
Designated Players (MLS)
Mexico international footballers
FIFA Century Club
1995 King Fahd Cup players
1997 FIFA Confederations Cup players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
1999 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
1996 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
1997 Copa América players
1999 Copa América players
2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2007 Copa América players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
CONCACAF Gold Cup-winning players
FIFA Confederations Cup-winning players
Olympic footballers of Mexico
Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Mexican expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Mexican expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Mexican expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Social Democratic Party (Mexico) politicians
People from Morelos
People from Cuernavaca
Governors of Morelos
Politicians from Morelos
Municipal presidents in

masks: Blanco Blanco Blanco


title: Lonnie Bunch

texts:
<mask><mask> (born November 18, 1952) is an American educator and historian. <mask> is the 14th Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, the first African American and first historian to serve as head of the Smithsonian. He has spent most of his career as a history museum curator and administrator. <mask> served as the founding director of the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC) from 2005 to 2019. He previously served as president and director of the Chicago History Museum (Chicago Historical Society) from 2000 to 2005. In the 1980s, he was the first curator at the California African American Museum, and then a curator at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History, wherein the 1990s, he rose to head curatorial affairs. In 2020 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.Early life
<mask> was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1952 to <mask> <mask> II (a science and chemistry public school teacher) and Montrose <mask> (a third-grade public school teacher), both graduates of Shaw University, one of the oldest HBCUs in the South. He grew up in Belleville, New Jersey, where his family were the only African Americans in their neighborhood. His grandfather, a former sharecropper, moved into the area as one of the first black dentists in the region. As a child, he experienced racism from white teenagers in his neighborhood. <mask> credits his childhood experiences with local Italian immigrants and his reading of biographies as a youth with inspiring him to study history. <mask> wanted to give a voice to those who were "anonymous" or not written about. In 2011 <mask> reflected on the early exposures: "I was in junior high, and we were reading biographies of historic figures.I remember one on Gen. ‘Mad Anthony’ Wayne, and one on Clara Barton, and Dorothea Dix. I thought, ‘Were there no histories of black people?’ One day, I was going through my grandfather's trunk and I found a book about black soldiers in the First World War. I devoured

masks:
Lonnie G
. Bunch III
Bunch
Bunch
Bunch
Lonnie
Bunch
Bunch
Bunch
Bunch
Bunch


title: Lonnie Bunch

texts:
 it." Education
He graduated from Belleville High School in 1970. <mask> attended Howard University but transferred to American University, Washington, DC, where he earned his B.A. and M.A. in American history and African history.Professional career

<mask> started working at the Smithsonian Institution while he was working on his master's degree. After graduating, he was hired as a history professor at the University of Maryland. In 1983, he became the first curator at the California African American Museum. He worked at the National Museum of American History from 1989 until 1994 as a curator. He was promoted to Associate Director for Curatorial Affairs at the museum before leaving in 2000 to become the president of one of the nation's oldest museums in history, the Chicago Historical Society (Chicago History Museum), from 2001 to 2005. In Chicago he led a successful capital campaign, and promoted outreach to diverse communities. One noted exhibit, Teen Chicago, focused on teenager life.In 2005, <mask> was named the director of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African American History and Culture. As founding director he designed a program of traveling exhibitions and public events prior to the opening of the museum. He also served on the Commission for the Preservation of the White House during the George W. Bush administration and was reappointed to the Commission by President Obama in 2010. On May 28, 2019, <mask> was elected Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. He became the first historian and first African American to lead the Smithsonian in its 173 year history, taking on his new role in mid-June 2019 On February 12, 2021, <mask> was appointed to the Congressionally-mandated Commission on the Naming of Items of the Department of Defense that Commemorate the Confederate States of America or Any Person Who Served Voluntarily with the Confederate States of America. Exhibits and research
He curated the National Museum of American History exhibition The American

masks: Bunch Bunch Bunch Bunch Bunch


title: Lonnie Bunch

texts:
 Presidency: A Glorious Burden. The exhibition was curated, built, and opened within eight months.Personal life
<mask> met Maria Marable in graduate school; they would eventually marry and she became Maria Marable-<mask>. The couple has two daughters. Notable awards

 2011 : Jackie Robinson Society Community Recognition Award
 2017 : American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 2018 : Phi Beta Kappa Award for Distinguished Service to Humanity
 2019 : Honorary degree of Brown University (LHD)
 2020 : Dan David Prize

Bibliography
 with Laurence P. and Martha Kendall Crouchette Winnaker, Visions Toward Tomorrow, the History of the East Bay Afro-American Community 1852-1977. Oakland: Northern California Center for Afro-American History and Life. 1989.
 with Spencer R. Crew, Mark G. Hirsch and Harry R. Rubenstein, 2000. The American Presidency, A Glorious Burden. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.with Donna M. Wells, David E. Haberstitch and Deborah Willis, 2009. The Scurlock Studio and Black Washington: Picturing the Promise. Washington: National Museum of African American History and Culture. Call the Lost Dream Back: Essays on History, Race & Museums. Georgia: Big River Books. 2010.
 with Spencer R. Crew and Clement A. Price, 2014.Slave Culture: A Documentary Collection of the Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers Project. Connecticut: Greenwood. Footnotes

References

External links

1952 births
Living people
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
American University alumni
Belleville High School (New Jersey) alumni
People from Belleville, New Jersey
Writers from Newark, New Jersey
Secretaries of the Smithsonian Institution
African-American museum directors
Directors of museums in the United States
Members of the American Philosophical Society
African-American curators
American curators
Historians from New Jersey
American male non-fiction writers
21st-century African-American writers
20th-century African-American people
African-American male

masks: Bunch Bunch


title: Robert Walser (writer)

texts: <mask> (15 April 1878 – 25 December 1956) was a German-speaking Swiss writer. Walser is understood to be the missing link between Kleist and Kafka. "Indeed", writes Susan Sontag, "at the time [of Walser's writing], it was more likely to be Kafka [who was understood by posterity] through the prism of Walser". Apparently <mask> referred to Kafka's work as "a peculiar case of the Walser type". Walser was admired early on by Kafka and writers such as Hermann Hesse, Stefan Zweig, and Walter Benjamin, and was in fact better known during his lifetime than Kafka or Benjamin were known in theirs. Nevertheless, Walser was never able to support himself based on the meager income he made from his writings, and he worked as a copyist, an inventor's assistant, a butler, and in various other low-paying trades. Despite marginal early success in his literary career, the popularity of his work gradually diminished over the second and third decades of the 20th century, making it increasingly difficult for him to support himself through writing.He eventually suffered a nervous breakdown and spent the remainder of his life in sanatoriums, taking frequent long walks. A revival of interest in his work arose when, in the late 20th century and early 2000s, his writings from the Pencil Zone, also known as Bleistiftgebiet or "the Microscripts", which had been written in a coded, microscopically tiny hand on scraps of paper collected while in a Waldau sanatorium, were finally

masks:
Robert Walser
Robert Musil


title: Robert Walser (writer)

texts:
 deciphered, translated, and published. Life and work

1878–1897
Walser was born into a family with many children. His brother <mask> became a well-known stage designer and painter. Walser grew up in Biel, Switzerland, on the language border between the German- and French-speaking cantons of Switzerland, and grew up speaking both languages. He attended primary school and progymnasium, which he had to leave before the final exam when his family could no longer bear the cost. From his early years on, he was an enthusiastic theatre-goer; his favourite play was The Robbers by Friedrich Schiller.There is a watercolor painting that shows <mask> as Karl Moor, the protagonist of that play. From 1892 to 1895, Walser served an apprenticeship at the Bernischer Kantonalbank in Biel. Afterwards he worked for a short time in Basel. <mask>'s mother, who was "emotionally disturbed", died in 1894 after being under medical care for a long period. In 1895, <mask> went to Stuttgart where his brother Karl lived. He was an office worker at the Deutsche Verlagsanstalt and at the Cotta'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung; he also tried, without success, to become an actor. On foot, he returned to Switzerland where he registered in 1896 as a Zürich resident.In the following years, he often worked as a "Kommis", an office clerk, but irregularly and in many different places. As a result, he was one of the first Swiss writers to introduce into literature a description of the life of a salaried

masks:
Karl Walser
Walser
Walser
Walser


title: Robert Walser (writer)

texts:
 employee. 1898–1912
In 1898, the influential critic Joseph Victor Widmann published a series of poems by Walser in the Bernese newspaper Der Bund. This came to the attention of Franz Blei, and he introduced Walser to the Art Nouveau people around the magazine Die Insel, including Frank Wedekind, Max Dauthendey and Otto Julius Bierbaum. Numerous short stories and poems by Walser appeared in Die Insel. Until 1905, Walser lived mainly in Zürich, though he often changed lodgings and also lived for a time in Thun, Solothurn, Winterthur and Munich. In 1903, he fulfilled his military service obligation and, beginning that summer, was the "aide" of an engineer and inventor in Wädenswil near Zürich.This episode became the basis of his 1908 novel Der Gehülfe (The Assistant). In 1904, his first book, Fritz Kochers Aufsätze (Fritz Kocher's Essays), appeared in the Insel Verlag. At the end of 1905 he attended a course in order to become a servant at the castle of Dambrau in Upper Silesia. The theme of serving would characterize his work in the following years, especially in the novel Jakob von Gunten (1909). In 1905, he went to live in Berlin, where his brother <mask>, who was working as a theater painter, introduced him to other figures in literature, publishing, and the theater. Occasionally, Walser worked as secretary for the artists' corporation Berliner Secession. In Berlin, Walser wrote the novels Geschwister Tanner, Der Gehülfe and Jakob von Gunten.They were


title: Robert Walser (writer)

texts:
 issued by the publishing house of Bruno Cassirer, where Christian Morgenstern worked as editor. Apart from the novels, he wrote many short stories, sketching popular bars from the point of view of a poor "flaneur" in a very playful and subjective language. There was a very positive echo to his writings. <mask> and Kurt Tucholsky, among others, stated their admiration for <mask>'s prose, and authors like Hermann Hesse and Franz Kafka counted him among their favorite writers. Walser published numerous short stories in newspapers and magazines, many for instance in the Schaubühne. They became his trademark. The larger part of his work is composed of short stories – literary sketches that elude a ready categorization.Selections of these short stories were published in the volumes Aufsätze (1913) and Geschichten (1914). 1913–1929
In 1913, Walser returned to Switzerland. He lived for a short time with his sister Lisa in the mental home in Bellelay, where she worked as a teacher. There, he got to know Lisa Mermet, a washer-woman with whom he developed a close friendship. After a short stay with his father in Biel, he went to live in a mansard in the Biel hotel Blaues Kreuz. In 1914, his father died. In Biel, Walser wrote a number of shorter stories that appeared in newspapers and magazines in Germany and Switzerland and selections of which were published in Der Spaziergang (1917), Prosastücke (1917), Poetenleben (1918), Seeland (1919) and Die Rose (1925).<mask>,

masks:
Robert Musil
Walser
Walser


title: Robert Walser (writer)

texts: who had always been an enthusiastic wanderer, began to take extended walks, often by night. In his stories from that period, texts written from the point of view of a wanderer walking through unfamiliar neighborhoods alternate with playful essays on writers and artists. During World War I, Walser repeatedly had to go into military service. At the end of 1916, his brother Ernst died after a time of mental illness in the Waldau mental home. In 1919, <mask>'s brother Hermann, geography professor in Bern, committed suicide. Walser himself became isolated in that time, when there was almost no communication with Germany because of the war. Even though he worked hard, he could barely support himself as a freelance writer.At the beginning of 1921, he moved to Bern in order to work at the public record office. He often changed lodgings and lived a very solitary life. During his time in Bern, <mask>'s style became more radical. In a more and more condensed form, he wrote "micrograms" ("Mikrogramme"), called thus because of his minuscule pencil hand that is very difficult to decipher. He wrote poems, prose, dramolettes and novels, including The Robber (Der Räuber). In these texts, his playful, subjective style moved toward a higher abstraction. Many texts of that time work on multiple levels – they can be read as naive-playful feuilletons or as highly complex montages full of allusions.Walser absorbed influences from serious literature as well as from formula fiction

masks: Walser Walser


title: Robert Walser (writer)

texts:
 and retold, for example, the plot of a pulp novel in a way that the original (the title of which he never revealed) was unrecognizable. Much of his work was written during these very productive years in Bern. 1929–1956
In the beginning of 1929, <mask>, who had suffered from anxieties and hallucinations for quite some time, went to the Bernese mental home Waldau, after a mental breakdown, at his sister Fani's urging. In his medical records it says: "The patient confessed hearing voices." Therefore, this can hardly be called a voluntary commitment. He was eventually diagnosed with catatonic schizophrenia. While he was in the mental home, his state of mind quickly returned to normal, and he went on writing and publishing.More and more, he used the way of writing he called the "pencil method": he wrote poems and prose in a diminutive Sütterlin hand, the letters of which measured about a millimeter of height by the end of that very productive phase. Werner Morlang and Bernhard Echte were the first ones who attempted to decipher these writings. In the 1990s, they published a six-volume edition, Aus dem Bleistiftgebiet ('From the Pencil Zone'). Only when Walser was, against his will, moved to the sanatorium of Herisau in his home canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, did he quit writing, later telling Carl Seelig, "I am not here to write, but to be mad." In 1936, his admirer Carl Seelig began to visit him. He later wrote a book, Wanderungen mit <mask>, about their

masks:
Walser
Robert Walser


title: Robert Walser (writer)

texts:
 talks. Seelig tried to revive interest in Walser's work by re-issuing some of his writings.After the death of Walser's brother Karl in 1943 and of his sister Lisa in 1944, Seelig became Walser's legal guardian. Though free of outward signs of mental illness for a long time, Walser was crotchety and repeatedly refused to leave the sanatorium. In 1955, Walser's Der Spaziergang (The Walk) was translated into English by Christopher Middleton; it was the first English translation of his writing and the only one that would appear during his lifetime. Upon learning of Middleton's translation, <mask>, who had fallen out of the public eye, responded by musing "Well, look at that." Walser enjoyed long walks alone. On 25 December 1956 he was found, dead of a heart attack, in a field of snow near the asylum. The photographs of the dead Walser in the snow are reminiscent of a similar image of a dead man in the snow in his first novel, Geschwister Tanner.Writings and reception
Today, <mask>'s texts, completely re-edited since the 1970s, are regarded as among the most important writings of literary modernism. In his writing, he made use of elements of Swiss German in a charming and original manner, while very personal observations are interwoven with texts about texts; that is, with contemplations and variations of other literary works, in which Walser often mixes pulp fiction with high literature. <mask>, who never belonged to a literary school or group, perhaps with the

masks: Walser Walser Walser


title: Robert Walser (writer)

texts:
 exception of the circle around the magazine Die Insel in his youth, was a notable and often published writer before World War I and into the 1920s. After the second half of the latter decade, he was rapidly forgotten, in spite of Carl Seelig's editions, which appeared almost exclusively in Switzerland but received little attention. Walser was rediscovered only in the 1970s, even though famous German writers such as Christian Morgenstern, Franz Kafka, Walter Benjamin, Thomas Bernhard and Hermann Hesse were among his great admirers. Since then, almost all his writings have become accessible through an extensive republication of his entire body of work. He has exerted a considerable influence on various contemporary German writers, including Ror Wolf, Peter Handke, W. G. Sebald, and Max Goldt.In 2004, Spanish writer Enrique Vila-Matas published a novel entitled Doctor Pasavento about Walser, his stay on Herisau and the wish to disappear. In 2007, Serbian writer Vojislav V. Jovanović published a book of prose named Story for <mask>er inspired by the life and work of <mask>. In 2012, A Little Ramble: In the Spirit of <mask>er, a series of artistic responses to <mask>'s work was published, including work by Moyra Davey, Thomas Schütte, Tacita Dean and Mark Wallinger. Robert Walser Center
The Robert Walser Center, which was officially established in Bern, Switzerland, in 2009, is dedicated to <mask> and the first patron of Walser's work and legacy, Carl Seelig.

masks:
Robert Wals
Robert Walser
Robert Wals
Walser
Robert Walser


title: Robert Walser (writer)

texts:
 Its purpose is to promulgate Walser's life and work as well as to facilitate scholarly research. The center is open to both experts and the general public and includes an extensive archive, a research library, temporary exhibition space, and two rooms with several workstations are also available. The Center furthermore develops and organizes exhibitions, events, conferences, workshops, publications, and special editions.The translation of <mask>'s works, which the Center both encourages and supports, also represents a key focus. In order to fully meet its objectives and responsibilities as a center of excellence, it often collaborates on certain projects with local, national, and international partners as well as universities, schools, theaters, museums, archives, translators, editors, and publishers. Works

German
Der Teich, 1902, verse drama
Schneewittchen, 1901, verse drama
Fritz Kochers Aufsätze, 1904
Geschwister Tanner, 1907
Der Gehülfe, 1908
Poetenleben, 1908
Jakob von Gunten, 1909
Gedichte, 1909
Aufsätze, 1913
Geschichten, 1914
Kleine Dichtungen, 1915
Prosastücke, 1917
Der Spaziergang, 1917
Kleine Prosa, 1917
Poetenleben, 1917
Tobold-Roman, 1918
Komödie, 1919
Seeland, 1920
Theodor-Roman, 1921
Die Rose, 1925
Der Räuber, 1925 (veröffentlicht 1978)
Felix-Szenen, 1925
Große Welt, kleine Welt, 1937
Dichterbildnisse, 1947
Dichtungen in Prosa, 1953
<mask> – Briefe, 1979
Sämtliche Werke in Einzelausgaben. 20 Bde. Hg. v. Jochen Greven. Zürich,

masks:
Robert Walser
Robert Walser


title: Robert Walser (writer)

texts:
 Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag 1985-1986
Geschichten, 1985
Der Spaziergang.Prosastücke und Kleine Prosa., 1985
Aufsätze, 1985
Bedenkliche Geschichten. Prosa aus der Berliner Zeit 1906–1912, 1985
Träumen. Prosa aus der Bieler Zeit 1913–1920, 1985
Die Gedichte, 1986
Komödie. Märchenspiele und szenische Dichtung, 1986
Wenn Schwache sich für stark halten. Prosa aus der Berner Zeit 1921–1925, 1986
Zarte Zeilen. Prosa aus der Berner Zeit 1926, 1986
Es war einmal. Prosa aus der Berner Zeit 1927–1928, 1986
Für die Katz.Prosa aus der Berner Zeit 1928–1933, 1986
Aus dem Bleistiftgebiet Band 1. Mikrogramme 1924/25. Hg. v. Bernhard Echte u. Werner Morlang i. A. des Robert Walser-Archivs der Carl Seelig-Stiftung, Zürich. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag 1985-2000
Aus dem Bleistiftgebiet Band 2. Mikrogramme 1924/25.Hg. v. Bernhard Echte u. Werner Morlang i. A. des Robert Walser-Archivs der Carl Seelig-Stiftung, Zürich. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag 1985–2000
Aus dem Bleistiftgebiet Band 3. Räuber-Roman, Felix-Szenen. Hg. v. Bernhard Echte u. Werner Morlang i.A. des <mask>-Archivs der Carl Seelig-Stiftung, Zürich. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag 1985-2000
Aus dem Bleistiftgebiet Band 4. Mikrogramme 1926/27. Hg. v. Bernhard Echte u. Werner Morlang i. A. des Robert Walser-Archivs der Carl Seelig-Stiftung, Zürich. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag 1985-2000
Aus dem Bleistiftgebiet Band 5.Mikrogramme 1925/33. Hg. v. Bernhard Echte u. Werner


title: Robert Walser (writer)

texts:
 Morlang i. A. des Robert Walser-Archivs der Carl Seelig-Stiftung, Zürich. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag 1985-2000
Aus dem Bleistiftgebiet Band 6. Mikrogramme 1925/33. Hg.v. Bernhard Echte u. Werner Morlang i. A. des <mask>er-Archivs der Carl Seelig-Stiftung, Zürich. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag 1985-2000
Unsere Stadt. Texte über Biel. 2002
Feuer. Unbekannte Prosa und Gedichte. 2003
 Tiefer Winter.Geschichten von der Weihnacht und vom Schneien. Hg. v. Margit Gigerl, Livia Knüsel u. Reto Sorg. Frankfurt: Insel Taschenbuch Verlag 2007 (it; 3326),
Kritische Robert Walser-Ausgabe. Kritische Ausgabe sämtlicher Drucke und Manuskripte. Hg. v. Wolfram Groddeck, Barbara von Reibnitz u.a.Basel, Frankfurt am Main: Stroemfeld, Schwabe 2008
Briefe. Berner Ausgabe. Hg. v. Lucas Marco Gisi, Reto Sorg, Peter Stocker u. Peter Utz. Brothers Quay), 1990
Brentano, director: Romeo Castellucci, with Paolo Tonti as Brentano, 1995
Institute Benjamenta, or This Dream People Call Human Life, directors: Stephen Quay, Timothy Quay (i.e. Brothers Quay) with Mark Rylance as Jakob von Gunten, 1995
Schneewittchen, 1998, opera by Heinz Holliger
Blanche Neige, directed by Rudolph Straub, music by Giovanna Marini, 1999
Branca de Neve, director: João César Monteiro, 2000
All This Can Happen, directors: Siobhan Davies, David Hinton, 2012

References

Sources
Walter Benjamin: <mask>, 1929 (essay) Volltext
Susan Bernofsky: Clairvoyant of the Small: The Life of <mask>er. 2021

masks:
Robert Wals
Robert Walser
Robert Wals


title: Robert Walser (writer)

texts:
Susan Bernofsky: "Introduction to the Microscripts."2012 978-0811220330
Carl Seelig: Wanderungen mit <mask>, 1957
<mask>: Das Leben Robert Walsers, 1976
<mask> – Leben und Werk in Daten und Bildern, 1980
Die Brüder Karl und <mask>er. Maler und Dichter., 1990
Jochen Greven: <mask>. Figur am Rande in wechselndem Licht, 1992
Catherine Sauvat: Vergessene Welten. Biographie zu <mask>er., 1993
Bernhard Echte: Walsers Kindheit und Jugend in Biel. Biographischer Essay., 2002
Lukas Märki: Auf den Spuren Robert Walsers. Interaktive CD-ROM., 2002
Wolfram Groddeck, Reto Sorg, Peter Utz, Karl Wagner (Hrsg. ): <mask>ers 'Ferne Nähe'.Neue Beiträge zur Forschung. 2. Edition. Fink, München 2008 [1. Ed. 2007],
Lucas Marco Gisi: "Das Schweigen des Schriftstellers. <mask> und das Macht-Wissen der Psychiatrie".In: Martina Wernli (Hrsg. ): Wissen und Nicht-Wissen in der Klinik. Dynamiken der Psychiatrie um 1900. Bielefeld: transcript 2012, S. 231–259,
W.G. Sebald: "Le Promeneur Solitaire: On <mask>" from a Place in the Country. trans. Jo Catling 2014
Lucas Marco Gisi (ed.): <mask>-Handbuch. Leben – Werk – Wirkung. Metzler, Stuttgart 2015,

Further reading
The Review of Contemporary Fiction, Vol. XII, no. 1 (<mask>er special issue)
Davenport, Guy "A Field of Snow on a Slope of the Rosenberg". Georgia Review 31:1 (Spring 1977) pp. 5–41
Frederick, Samuel.Narratives Unsettled: Digression in <mask>, Thomas Bernhard, and Adalbert Stifter. Evanston, Ill: Northwestern

masks:
Robert Walser
Robert Mächler
Robert Walser
Robert Wals
Robert Walser
Robert Wals
Robert Wals
Robert Walser
Robert Walser
Robert Walser
Robert Wals
Robert Walser


title: Robert Walser (writer)

texts:
 University Press, 2012. Vila-Matas, Enrique Bartleby & Co.
Gary J. Shipley. "Smithereens: On <mask>’s Microscripts". The Black Herald (issue 4, October 2013) pp. 104–119
Ahmadian, Mahdi and Mohsen Hanif. "An Existential Crisis: the Significance of the Opening and Concluding Passages of <mask>’s Jakob Von Gunten."Forum for World Literature Studies 10.3 (2018): 463–472. Weitzman, Erica. Irony's Antics: Walser, Kafka, Roth and the German Comic Tradition. Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press, 2015. 1878 births
1956 deaths
20th-century Swiss writers
20th-century dramatists and playwrights
Male dramatists and playwrights
Modernism
Modernist writers
People from Biel/Bienne
People with schizophrenia
Swiss dramatists and playwrights
Swiss male writers
20th-century male


title: Eugene Buechel

texts:
<mask> was born on October 20, 1874 in Schleida, now Schleid, in the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Germany, and died October 27, 1954 in O'Neill, Nebraska, United States. <mask> was a Jesuit priest and missionary, linguist and anthropologist among the Brulé or Sicangu Lakota or Sioux on the Rosebud Indian Reservation and the related Oglala Lakota or Sioux on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota. Life
He was the tenth and last child of his parents. His father was a farmer whose father and grandfather had been village mayors; several of his relatives had emigrated to America. When Eugen was born, four of his parents’ earlier children had died. In 1881 Eugen's father and in 1882 his mother died. After grade-school (1881–86), he attended the boarding-school for boys of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Fulda (1886–96) followed by three semesters in the Fulda diocesan seminary (1896–97).On October 12, 1897, he entered the noviciate of the German Province of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), which then was located in Bleijenbeek (Netherlands) due to the expulsion of the Jesuits during the Kulturkampf of the German Reich. After completing this two-years-probation period and further humanistic studies at Exaeten (Netherlands) he was sent to the United States to continue his studies in July, 1900. From August 1900 to May 1902 Eugen Büchel studied philosophy at the Jesuits' Sacred Heart College in Prairie du Chien,

masks:
Eugene Buechel
Buechel


title: Eugene Buechel

texts:
 Wisconsin. In May 1902 his superiors sent him to St. Francis Indian Mission in the Rosebud Indian Reservation of the Sicangu or Brulé Lakota in South Dakota. This mission and the Holy Rosary Mission among the Oglala Lakota in the neighboring Pine Ridge Reservation had been founded in 1886 and 1888, resp., by Jesuits of the German Province with collaboration from the German Sisters of St. Francis of Penance and Christian Charity. From 1902 to 1904 Büchel worked as an educator at the boarding-school and a teacher of religion and music while also studying the Lakota language. In September 1904 he began to study theology at Saint Louis University in St. Louis, Missouri, and on June 28, 1906, he was ordained a priest.After another year of formation (tertianship) in Brooklyn, Ohio, Father Büchel returned to the Lakota in August 1907, first as a teacher at Holy Rosary Mission School in Pine Ridge, and then in 1908 as its superior for eight years. On December 10, 1909, Father Superior Büchel buried Oglala-Chief Red Cloud in the cemetery of Holy Rosary. Over thirty years earlier, Red Cloud had demanded "Black Robes" and "Holy Women," i.e. Catholic priests and nuns, for the Oglala from the U.S. authorities. On September 25, 1914, Büchel became an American citizen and changed the spelling of his name to <mask>. In October 1916 <mask> moved to St. Francis to become superior there for six years. From 1926 to 1929 he
returned to Holy


title: Eugene Buechel

texts:
 Rosary as a missionary, and in 1929, <mask> transferred back to St. Francis again, where he stayed until his death.After suffering a stroke he died at St. Anthony’s Hospital, O'Neill, Nebraska, on October 27, 1954. He lies buried at St. Francis. Work
During most of his career, <mask>li Sapa (Black Eagle), as he was called, collaborated closely with native catechists, among them Nicholas Black Elk (of Black Elk Speaks). <mask> was dedicated to converting the Lakota to Christianity and transforming their lives. But also he was dedicated to preserving their Lakota language and cultural heritage.Already during his first stay at St. Francis (1902–1904) Buechel wrote down stories of the Lakota. In collaboration with Ivan Stars and other Lakota catechists, Buechel collected oral histories, now published bilingually, and cultural objects with related information, now preserved at the Buechel Memorial Lakota Museum, St. Francis, South Dakota, and first displayed at the Mission in 1921. With the Sicangu Lakota, he also collected names of plants and their use and he took photographs of the people on the reservations to document their lives. Between 1902 and 1954, he compiled over 24,000 Lakota (and Dakota) word entries on slips of paper for a bilingual dictionary of the Lakota language, which included approximately 18,000 from the work of Stephen Return Riggs, several thousand from his conversations with native people, and a few from

masks: Buechel Buechelb Buechel


title: Eugene Buechel

texts: the works of Emil Perrig, S.J., and Lakota anthropologist Ella Cara Deloria. In 1924, Buechel published his first notable work in Lakota, his Bible History, which included a selection of texts modeled after the German Biblische Geschichte. In 1927 the Jesuit missionaries, with Buechel playing a major role, published Sursum Corda, a Lakota-language book of prayers and hymns, and in 1939, Buechel published his main work, A Grammar of Lakota. Meanwhile, he gained recognition as a linguist through his correspondence with anthropologists like Franz Boas and Lakota Ella Cara Deloria.<mask> was not able to finish his dictionary himself; it appeared in print long after his death, as did other books building upon his collections. In 1947, on the occasion of <mask>'s 50th anniversary as a member of the Jesuit order, Joseph Schwart (born Josef Schwärzler in Austria) a Jesuit religious brother, constructed a separate museum building for the ethnological collection. When <mask> died, it contained 661 objects, each with a name and description (most often in Lakota) written by him, and a catalogue number. During the following decades it grew to about 2,200 at present. <mask>'s linguistic work today is recognized and used as one of the most important sources for the Lakota language by all who want to learn it or have a general concern in its preservation and development. Many Lakota remember him as a man who respected their personal

masks: Buechel Buechel Buechel Buechel


title: Eugene Buechel

texts:
 dignity and their traditional culture. Among the Jesuits today, he is increasingly perceived as a role model because of his respectful attitude towards the Lakota as a people and as individuals.Writings
 Wowapi wakan wicowoyake yuptecelapi kin. Bible history in the language of the Teton Sioux Indians. Benziger, New York, 1924. Sursum Corda. Lakota Wocekiye na Olowan Wowapi. Sioux Indian Prayer and Hymn Book. Central Bureau of the Catholic Central Verein of America, St. Louis, Missouri, 1927.A Grammar of Lakota: The Language of the Teton Sioux Indians. John S. Swift, St. Louis, Missouri, 1939. Lakota-English Dictionary. edited by Paul Manhart, S.J., 1st ed. : Pine Ridge, South Dakota: Holy Rosary Mission, 1970; 2nd ed. : University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, Nebraska, 2002. Rosebud and Pine Ridge Photographs, 1922-1942.Grossmont College Development Foundation, El Cajon, California, 1974. John A. Anderson, <mask>, S.J., Don Doll, S.J. : Crying for a Vision. A Rosebud Sioux Trilogy 1886-1976. Morgan & Morgan, Dobbs Ferry, New York, 1976. Lakota Tales and Texts. Red Cloud Indian School, Pine Ridge, South Dakota, 1978.D. J. Rogers: Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brulé) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota: A Study Based on <mask> <mask>'s Collection of Plants of Rosebud around 1920. Rosebud Educational Society, St. Francis, South Dakota, 1980. Lakota Tales and Texts In Translation.

masks:
Eugene Buechel
Father Eugene
Buechel


title: Eugene Buechel

texts:
 2 vols., translated by Paul Manhart, S.J., Tipi Press, Chamberlain, South Dakota, 1998. Literature on <mask>
 Karl Markus Kreis, ed. : Ein deutscher Missionar bei den Sioux-Indianern. Der Sprachforscher, Ethnologe und Sammler Eugen Büchel / <mask> (1874–1954).Materialien zu Leben und Werk. Fachhochschule Dortmund, Dortmund (Germany), 2004. Raymond A. Bucko: <mask> <mask>, S.J. And the Lakota - Images and Imagination. In: American Catholic Studies 116:3 (2005) pp. 83–88. Raymond A. Bucko: <mask>, <mask> (1874–1954), in: H. James Birx (ed.): Encyclopedia of Anthropology, vol. 1. Sage Publ., Thousand Oaks, CA, 2005, pp. 428–29. Raymond A. Bucko and Kay Koppedrayer: Father Buchel's Collection of Lakota Materials. In: Material Culture, 39:2 (2007) pp. 17–42.Karl Markus Kreis: Von der Rhön in die Prärie. Der Missionar Eugen Büchel SJ aus Geisa-Schleid, in: Jahrbuch für mitteldeutsche Kirchen- und Ordensgeschichte, Cordier, Heiligenstadt, 4 (2008), pp. 151–178. See also
Lakota language
Lakota mythology
Marquette University Special Collections and University Archives

References
Authors, photographers, and notable achievers among the Jesuits and Sisters of St. Francis in South Dakota and Wyoming, http://www.marquette.edu/library/collections/archives/Mss/HRM/HRMjesuits.html; retrieved May 5, 2010. The Indian Sentinel, 1916–1954, https://web.archive.org/web/20090916170654/http://digitalmarquette.contentdm.oclc.org/IS/index.html;

masks:
Eugene Buechel
Eugene Buechel
Father Eugene
Buechel
Buechel
Eugene


title: Eugene Buechel

texts:
 articles by and about Buechel. External links
 <mask> <mask>, S.J., A Visual Biography,
 The Indian Sentinel,
 New Lakota Dictionary, Lakota Language Consortium,
 Buechel Memorial Lakota Museum,

1874 births
1954 deaths
People from Wartburgkreis
People from Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
German emigrants to the United States
19th-century American Jesuits
20th-century American

masks:
Father Eugene
Buechel


title: Carlos Peña

texts:
<mask> (born May 17, 1978) is a Dominican former professional baseball first baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Texas Rangers, Oakland Athletics, Detroit Tigers, Boston Red Sox, Tampa Bay Devil Rays/Rays, Chicago Cubs, Houston Astros, and Kansas City Royals. Although <mask> was born in Santo Domingo and his family is from San Francisco de Macorís, he spent a significant portion of his childhood in the United States. Early life
<mask> is the oldest of four children born to Felipe and <mask>. The family moved to the United States from the Dominican Republic when <mask> was 12, initially living with one of his uncles. <mask> graduated from Haverhill High School in Haverhill, Massachusetts, in 1995. He initially went to Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio, but returned home after one year and attended Northeastern University in Boston; there, <mask> studied electrical engineering.As a collegiate player, he competed in the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL), which showcases top amateur prospects every summer. <mask> was a member of the Harwich Mariners in 1996 and the Wareham Gatemen in 1997. In 1997, he was named CCBL league MVP and was inducted into the CCBL Hall of Fame in 2003. During his time at Northeastern, <mask> led the Northeastern Huskies to one NCAA tournament. <mask>'s career batting average at Northeastern was .324 and he finished with 24 home runs in two seasons. Professional career

Texas Rangers
<mask> was selected in the first round (tenth overall) by the Texas Rangers in the 1998 Major League Baseball draft. <mask> played for three different Rangers

masks:
Carlos Felipe Peña
Peña
Peña
Juana Marisela Peña
Peña
Peña
Peña
Peña
Peña
Peña
Peña
Peña


title: Carlos Peña

texts:
 affiliates in 1998.Prior to the 1999 season, <mask> was named by Baseball America as the 93rd prospect in their top 100 prospects list. In 1999, <mask> played for the Charlotte Rangers, the Rangers Advanced Single-A team. He batted .255 with 18 home runs in 138 games. <mask> was promoted to the Double-A Tulsa Drillers in 2000, where he batted .299 with 28 home runs and 105 RBI in 138 games. <mask> appeared in Baseball America's top 100 prospect list in 2001, this time at number eleven and was the Rangers' top prospect. He advanced another level in 2001, this time playing for the Oklahoma Redhawks, the Rangers' Triple-A affiliate. He played in 119 games for the Redhawks, in which he batted .288 with 23 home runs and 74 RBIs.<mask> was also a Triple-A All-Star in 2001. Following the 2001 minor league season, the Rangers called <mask> up to the big leagues during September, when rosters expanded. He made his big league debut on September 5, starting at first base, wearing  number 15, and going hitless in three at-bats. <mask> finished the 2001 season with a .258 batting average and three home runs in 22 games played. Oakland Athletics
On January 14, 2002, along with Mike Venafro, <mask> was traded to the Oakland Athletics by the Rangers for Jason Hart, Gerald Laird, Ryan Ludwick, and Mario Ramos. In 40 games with the A's, <mask> hit .218 with 7 home runs and 16 RBIs. During a stint with Triple-A Sacramento from July 2–5, he hit .438 with 2 home runs and 6 RBIs.<mask> was mentioned several times in Michael Lewis' book Moneyball and was a minor character in the film based on the book. He is

masks: Peña Peña Peña Peña Peña Peña Peña Peña Peña Peña


title: Carlos Peña

texts:
 portrayed in the film by actor Adrian Bellani. Detroit Tigers
<mask> was involved in a three team deal on July 6, 2002. The Athletics sent <mask>, a player to be named later (later named as Jeremy Bonderman), and Franklyn Germán to the Detroit Tigers. The New York Yankees sent Ted Lilly, John-Ford Griffin, and Jason Arnold to the Athletics. The Tigers sent Jeff Weaver to the Yankees and cash to the Athletics. The Tigers acquired <mask> due to a season-ending injury to designated hitter Dmitri Young and the first baseman at the time of the trade for the Tigers, Randall Simon, immediately became the Tigers' designated hitter following <mask>'s acquisition.<mask> made his Tigers' debut the next day against the Boston Red Sox, as he went 3–4 with 2 doubles and 2 RBIs. <mask> played in 75 games for the Tigers in 2002 and batted .253 with 12 home runs and 36 RBIs. Overall, he batted .242 with 19 home runs and 52 RBIs in 115 games. His 2002 season included a 12-game hitting streak from September 8–21, which tied teammate Omar Infante for the longest hitting streak for an American League rookie in 2002. <mask> played in his first full season in 2003 as the Tigers' everyday first baseman. On May 19, against the Cleveland Indians, he established career highs with 3 home runs and 7 RBIs. <mask> also missed nearly a month in June when he suffered a left calf strain.He played in 131 games for the Tigers in 2003 and batted .248 with 18 home runs and 59 RBIs. In 2004, <mask> established career highs in games played (142), at bats (481), hits (116), doubles (22), home runs (27), runs scored (89), RBIs

masks: Peña Peña Peña Peña Peña Peña Peña Peña Peña


title: Carlos Peña

texts:
 (82), total bases (227), stolen bases (7), walks (70), and strikeouts (146). <mask> also batted .241 in 2004. On May 27, 2004, against the Kansas City Royals, <mask> matched a Tigers' nine-inning, single-game record with a career-high six hits. He became the fifth player in franchise history to do so and the first since Damion Easley on August 8, 2001, against the Texas Rangers. He batted in the eighth spot in the batting order and his six hits were the most from the eighth spot since Wilbert Robinson of the Baltimore Orioles collected seven hits on June 10, 1892 against St. Louis. <mask> began the 2005 season as the Tigers' starting first baseman.After playing in 40 games in which he batted .181 with 3 home runs and 14 RBIs, <mask> was demoted to the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens, where he played in 71 games for the Mud Hens and batted .311 with 12 home runs and 71 RBIs. Following an injury to shortstop <mask>n, <mask> was recalled on August 17. Following his recall, he hit 15 home runs in 38 games. Overall, he played in 79 games for the Tigers in 2005, and batted .235 with 18 home runs and 44 RBIs. In Spring training during 2006, <mask> batted .160 with 1 home run and 4 RBIs in 17 games for the Tigers, and the Tigers released him on March 26, 2006. While with the Tigers, <mask> hit the longest home run, a 461-foot blast, in Comerica Park history. New York Yankees
<mask> signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees on April 15, 2006.He played at the Triple-A level for the Columbus Clippers. Playing in 105 games, <mask> batted .260 with 19 home runs and 66 RBIs. He exercised a

masks:
Peña
Peña
Peña
Peña
Carlos Guillé
Peña
Peña
Peña
Peña
Peña


title: Carlos Peña

texts:
 clause in his contract and became a free agent on August 16. Boston Red Sox
On August 17, 2006, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Red Sox and was assigned to Triple-A Pawtucket. At Pawtucket, <mask> played in 11 games and batted .459 with 4 home runs and 8 RBIs. His contract was purchased on August 28. On September 4, <mask> hit his only home run of the season.He was a defensive replacement and when he batted in the bottom of the ninth, he hit a walk-off home run off Brandon McCarthy of the Chicago White Sox. <mask> ended up playing in 18 games for the Red Sox in 2006. He batted .273 with 1 home run and three RBIs. Following the season, he opted for free agency. Tampa Bay Devil Rays
<mask> signed a minor league contract with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays on February 1, 2007 with an invitation to spring training. The Rays reassigned <mask> to minor league camp. With a knee injury to Greg Norton on the last day of spring training, the Rays re-signed him, this time to a Major League contract on April 1.<mask> was on the Rays' active roster throughout the 2007 season. <mask> had a slow start to his 2007 season, batting .213 with four home runs in the month of April as a backup player. <mask> hit .356 with six home runs and 15 RBIs in May as an everyday player and was the Rays' first baseman for the rest of the season. He had four multi-home run games from August 26 to September 22. <mask> would go on to have the best season of his career in 2007 and set numerous career highs. He finished the season with a .282 batting average, 46 home runs and 121 RBIs. His batting average, home


title: Carlos Peña

texts: runs, and RBIs were career highs, as well as games played (148), at bats (490), runs scored (99), doubles (29), total bases (307), on-base percentage (.411), slugging percentage (.627), walks (103), and strikeouts (142).He was second in the American League in home runs to Alex Rodriguez' 54, and first in at bats per home run (10.7). His home run, RBI, slugging percentage, on-base percentage and walk totals also set Rays franchise records. In 2007, he had the lowest range factor of all AL league first basemen, 8.73. <mask>'s season led to his being named the 2007 American League Comeback Player of the Year and he was considered as an AL MVP candidate. He also was named the Player's Choice AL Comeback Player of the Year by fellow players. <mask> was allowed to donate $20,000 to Dominican youth under the poverty line. In 2008, <mask> had .227 batting average and 11 home runs in 207 at-bats through June 4, 2008.A day after going 2–3 with a home run and three runs batted in against the Boston Red Sox, <mask> was placed on the fifteen-day disabled placed on June 4, 2008 due to a broken finger. He returned to action from the disabled list on June 27, and finished the season with a .247 batting average, 31 home runs, and 102 RBIs. <mask> homered once every 15.8 at-bats, the highest ratio on the Rays. One of his home runs, on September 19 against the Minnesota Twins, was the result of the first call overturned by instant replay in MLB history. After the 2008 season ended, he was awarded his first (and also the first for a Tampa Bay Rays franchise player) AL Gold Glove. <mask> was elected for the

masks: Peña Peña Peña Peña Peña Peña


title: Carlos Peña

texts:
 2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, replacing Dustin Pedroia and participated in the 2009 Home Run Derby where he lost in a batoff against Albert Pujols in the first round. On September 7, 2009, <mask> suffered two broken fingers after getting hit by a pitch, which put him out for the rest of the 2009 season.Despite missing the last few weeks of the season, he still finished tied for the lead for home runs in the American League at 39 with Mark Teixeira of the New York Yankees. He also led the AL in at bats per home run (12.1) despite having the lowest batting average of all qualified hitters (.227). <mask>'s three-year contract with the Rays, reported by the St. Petersburg Times as worth $24.125 million, expired at the end of the 2010 season. In 2010 with the Rays, <mask> hit 28 home runs drove in 84 runs and finished the season with a .196 batting average (below the Mendoza line), the lowest average of anyone in the Majors who qualified for the batting title. He also started 135 games at first base for the Rays and played in 144 games. In the 2010 American League Division Series against Texas, <mask> got his first triple of the year off Rangers starter Tommy Hunter in Game 4 on October 10, helping the Rays even the playoff series at two games apiece. The day before, he had gone 2-for-3 with a home run.The Rays would lose the series, 3–2. Chicago Cubs
On December 8, 2010, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the Chicago Cubs worth $10 million. He received $5 million in 2011 and $5 million in January 2012, counted against the 2011 payroll. In 153 games, <mask> hit .225 with 28


title: Carlos Peña

texts:
 home runs and 80 RBIs as Chicago's starting first baseman. Second stint with the Tampa Bay Rays

On January 20, 2012, <mask> returned to the Rays for a second stint, signing a 1-year, $7.25 million deal. He was introduced four days later on January 24 after passing a physical earlier in the day. He returned to his #23 uniform number he had in his previous tenure with the Rays.During opening day on April 6, 2012 against the Yankees, <mask> hit a grand slam off of CC Sabathia in his first at-bat and later, the game-winning hit off of Mariano Rivera to seal a 7–6 victory for the Rays. <mask> played in 160 games, serving as the primary first baseman and occasional DH. He finished the 2012 season with a .197 average (lowest among all qualified MLB batters), 19 home runs, and 61 RBI. Houston Astros
On December 17, 2012, <mask> signed a one-year deal with the Houston Astros, worth $2.9 million with another $1.4 million in incentives, to be their designated hitter in their inaugural American League season. On July 21, 2013, <mask> was designated for assignment. He was released by the Astros on July 31, 2013. Kansas City Royals
<mask> was signed to a minor league contract by the Kansas City Royals on August 28, 2013.He played in 4 games for the Royals with three hitless at bats before the end of the season. Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
On January 28, 2014, <mask> along with Brennan Boesch, signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. The contract included an invitation to spring training. On March 23, <mask> was released by the Angels. Second stint with the Rangers

On

masks: Peña Peña Peña Peña Peña Peña Peña Peña


title: Carlos Peña

texts:
 June 17, 2014, <mask> signed a minor league deal to return to the Rangers. He was called up on June 24. He played 18 games for the Rangers, batting .136/.190/.237 with 2 RBI in 59 at bats before being designated for assignment on July 17.On August 17, <mask> was officially released by the Rangers. After remaining out of the game for over a year, failing to find another team to play for, <mask> signed a one-day contract with the Tampa Bay Rays so he could officially retire as a member of the team. Broadcasting
In December 2014, MLB Network announced that <mask> had joined its team as a studio analyst. In September 2017, <mask> appeared on New England Sports Network (NESN) as a studio analyst, and also worked as a color commentator with Jerry Remy and play-by-play announcer Dave O'Brien during the Red Sox' final series of the regular season, against the Houston Astros. In 2018, <mask> was featured on a Season 7 episode of Impractical Jokers during a punishment for Joe Gatto, one of the Jokers. In February 2019, <mask> was announced as part of the NESN broadcast team for the Red Sox' 2019 season, to fill in when regular color commentators Jerry Remy and Dennis Eckersley are not available. <mask> also contributes to Cubs Postgame Live on Marquee Sports Network.Personal life
In the wake of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, <mask> donated food and medical supplies to the victims and made fundraising appearances, which he described as, "people uniting for a good cause, people showing their good heart". <mask> is also a spokesman for Big Brothers Big Sisters of America and, in 2008, was the Rays'


title: Carlos Peña

texts:
 nominee for the Roberto Clemente Award, given for exemplifying on-field achievement and sportsmanship with off-field community service. He has also worked with Uncork for a Cause and "Rays on the Runway" charity event held by his former team. <mask> and his wife, Pamela, have three children. See also

List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders
List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
American League home run champions
Baseball players from Massachusetts
Boston Red Sox announcers
Boston Red Sox players
Charlotte Rangers players
Charlotte Stone Crabs players
Chicago Cubs players
Columbus Clippers players
Detroit Tigers players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Gold Glove Award winners
Gulf Coast Rangers players
Houston Astros players
Kansas City Royals players

Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
MLB Network personalities
Northeastern Huskies baseball players
Oakland Athletics players
Omaha Storm Chasers players
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Sportspeople from Haverhill, Massachusetts
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Tampa Bay Rays players
Texas Rangers players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Tulsa Drillers players
Vero Beach Devil Rays players
Wright State Raiders baseball players
Round Rock Express players
Harwich Mariners players
Wareham


title: William Smith (loyalist)

texts:
<mask>Plum" <mask> (sometimes erroneously spelt Smyth) (26 January 1954 – 8 June 2016) was a Northern Irish loyalist, former paramilitary, and politician. He had been involved in Ulster loyalism in various capacities for at least forty years. Early life
<mask> was born in Mountjoy Street on Belfast's Shankill Road into a poor Ulster Protestant family, the son of shipyard worker <mask> and his wife Isobel. He had three older sisters, Margaret, Elizabeth and Nan (the latter dying in infancy before he was born), a younger brother Gordon and a younger sister Jean. There was rumoured Native American ancestry in his family; therefore in his youth he acquired the lifelong nickname "Plum" after The Beano character Little Plum. He was raised in a working class home where his parents sent him to Sunday school and taught him to respect the law. Like many of his contemporaries from similar backgrounds on both sides of the divide, the outbreak of the socio-political\religious conflict that came to be known as the Troubles in 1969 saw him become involved in paramilitarism.Move to paramilitarism
Following the introduction of internment in 1971, <mask> worked for a time as an orderly in Crumlin Road Gaol where he served six months for rioting against the British Army in the Highfield estate. Unbeknownst to the prison authorities, <mask> was working as a mole for the imprisoned Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) leader Gusty Spence, passing on information about the conditions in which the internees were being held. Around this time <mask> was a member of the vigilante group and was part of a group within the SDA that later became the Red Hand Commando, including founder John McKeague, who

masks:
William "
Smith
Smith
Charles William Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


title: William Smith (loyalist)

texts:
 decided to form a new, more active organisation. In 1972, <mask> was a founder-member of this new group, which quickly became an elite squad augmenting the UVF. On 1 July <mask> was one of two armed RHC men to meet Spence when he was released from prison to attend the wedding of his daughter to Winkie Rea. He took Spence to a meeting of the UVF leadership where a plan was hatched to keep Spence out of prison. A few days later when Spence was being returned to jail by his nephew Frankie Curry, their car was stopped on Belfast's Springmartin Road and Spence "kidnapped" by UVF/RHC operatives.Soon after this incident <mask> was himself arrested for his part in the attempted murder of Catholic civilian Joseph Hall, a drive-by shooting that <mask> would later admit was motivated by "pure sectarianism and bigotry". <mask> was handed a ten-year prison sentence for the shooting. Tried along with Ronnie McCullough and Tom Reid, <mask> pleaded not guilty although he subsequently admitted that he did so to satisfy the UVF's policy of members never pleading guilty and would state that "we were caught red-handed". In the Maze
Along with the likes of Billy Hutchinson, David Ervine and Billy Mitchell, <mask> was one of those on the UVF wings of the Maze prison in the 1970s to be won over by Gusty Spence to his newer, more politicised, way of thinking. This cadre of Spence-trained political figures would go on to play a leading role in bringing about the UVF ceasefire in 1994 as members of the Progressive Unionist Party (PUP). He learnt Irish during his time in prison, and was happy to refer to the language as 'his own'. <mask> was released on 28 July 1977 after serving five years of a

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


title: William Smith (loyalist)

texts:
 ten-year sentence.Political activity

<mask> secured a job in the Harland & Wolff shipyard in 1978 and became involved in trade union activity, initially as a shop steward before ultimately ending up a member of the general executive of the Transport & General Workers Union. He was dismissed from the shipyard in 1988 following a period of restructuring that involved a sell-off of part of the business, although <mask> contended that his trade union activity had hastened his removal by making him unpopular with the management. At this point the unemployed <mask> became involved with a number of community schemes on the Shankill Road that were organised by Gusty Spence, initially in a voluntary capacity. The two became close and when Spence undertook a reorganisation of the PUP in 1990, <mask> was given the role of chairman and Prisons Spokesman, along with Hugh Smyth as leader, David Ervine as Political Spokesman and Spence and Jim McDonald as members of the party executive. Through Spence, <mask> established contacts with Joe Colgan, a Dublin-based Irish republican, and in March 1993 the two arranged an event in the city at which both a member of the UVF and the trade unionist Chris Hudson were in attendance. As a result of the meeting Hudson opened a regular channel of contact with the UVF through which he exhorted them to seek peace. The Combined Loyalist Military Command (CLMC) ceasefire was announced on 13 October 1994 at Fernhill House, Glencairn when Gusty Spence read out a joint statement of ceasefire flanked by <mask> and Jim McDonald of the PUP and Ulster Democratic Party representatives Gary McMichael, Davy Adams and John White.<mask> was the chairman of the

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


title: William Smith (loyalist)

texts:
 press conference at which Spence read out the statement. For a time he had served as Chairman of the Progressive Unionist Party itself. <mask> would go on to devote his attentions to community work with the Ex-Prisoners Interpretative Centre although he has remained a spokesman for the PUP. He was also an unsuccessful candidate for the PUP in the Belfast City Council elections in 2001 in the Court district electoral area. Speaking out in 2012 about Unionist concerns at the Maze prison becoming an IRA shrine with a proposed Conflict Transformation Centre, <mask> stated that if Loyalists themselves got involved in the scheme they could tell their side of the story and no one particular group could use it as a shrine. Opposition to trials
In 2009 <mask> was strongly critical of the report issued by the Consultative Group on the Past, as chaired by Robin Eames and Denis Bradley. He criticised the work of the Historical Enquiries Team, which investigated unsolved incidents from the Troubles, arguing that it was opening "a can of worms" and preventing "closure".He compared any attempts to reopen investigations and bring about criminal proceedings to the Nuremberg trials. In 2010 <mask> attacked the work of Victims Commissioner Brendan McAllister, who was investigating the activities of the UVF unit based on the Mount Vernon estate, north Belfast, during the Troubles. <mask> argued that such investigations contravened a guarantee he had been given by Mo Mowlam that offences committed before 1998 could not be prosecuted due to a general amnesty. Soon afterwards <mask> claimed that a document released by the British and Irish governments proved that the deal was in place as he

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


title: William Smith (loyalist)

texts:
 claimed. In support of his stance <mask> even gave evidence at the trial of Gerry McGeough, arguing that the republican should not have been tried for the 1981 attempted murder of Sammy Brush because of the supposed deal being in place. <mask> launched his book Inside Man, Loyalists of Long Kesh – The Untold Story () on 13 October 2014, the twentieth anniversary of the CLMC ceasefire. The book argues that thanks to politicisation and education a group of prominent loyalists prisoners came to support negotiation with their republican counterparts, leading to the eventual Northern Ireland peace process.The book mainly dealt with the experiences of loyalist prisoners within the Maze and was not intended as an autobiography. <mask> died on 8 June 2016, aged 62 after a short illness. Former PUP leader Brian Ervine paid tribute to his negotiating skills by bringing the RHC & UVF to the peace process, his intelligence, left thinking politics and for his cross community work. Sinn Féin Deputy First Minister Martin McGuinness praised his contribution and commitment to the peace process. His funeral was held in St. Matthew's Church of Ireland on the Woodvale Road. Community worker and former loyalist prisoner Jim Wilson described <mask>'s contribution to loyalism as 'massive' during The Troubles but later became an 'architect of peace'. Wilson also commented that Sinn Féin representative's presence at the funeral proved <mask>'s sincerity at extending the hand of friendship across the sectarian divide.References

1954 births
2016 deaths
Ulster Volunteer Force members
Progressive Unionist Party politicians
Politicians from Belfast
Red Hand Commando members
Trade unionists from

masks:
Smith
Book Smith
Death Smith
Smith
Smith


title: Rick Steves

texts:
<mask>. (born May 10, 1955) is an American travel writer, author, activist, and television personality. His travel philosophy encourages people to explore less-touristy areas of destinations and to become immersed in the local people's way of life. Since 2000, he has hosted <mask>' Europe, a travel series on public television. Steves also has a public radio travel show called Travel with <mask> (2005−present) and has authored numerous travel guides, the first of which was the popular Europe Through the Back Door. In 2006, he became a syndicated newspaper columnist, and in 2010, his company released a mobile phone application called "<mask>s’ Audio Europe" containing self-guided walking tours and geographic information. Early life and career

<mask>. was born in Barstow, California to parents <mask>, a high school band director and piano technician, and <mask>. His mother, June Erna, was born to Norwegian immigrants Harold and Erna Fremmerlid.He has two sisters, Jan and Linda. The family moved to Edmonds, Washington in 1967. When Steves was 14, he and his parents took a trip to Europe to see the factories that manufactured pianos, as they owned a piano store named "John Tierney's Piano Paradise" to which the pianos were imported and tuned. He documented what he saw and experienced on the backs of postcards which he numbered sequentially. He still has all of those cards stored in a wooden box. The family also visited relatives in Norway during the Apollo 11 moon landing, and in a park in Oslo, Steves came to a realization that would influence him throughout his life: "This planet must be home to billions of equally lovable children of God." When he turned 18, he again visited Europe, but without his

masks:
Richard John Steves Jr
Rick Steves
Rick Steves
Rick Steve
Richard John Steves Jr
Richard John Steves
June Erna Steves


title: Rick Steves

texts:
 parents.He kept journals of all of those experiences, as well. <mask> attended the University of Washington, majoring in European history and business administration, graduating in 1978. In his 20s, <mask> started teaching travel classes through The Experimental College, a student-run program of non-credit classes at his alma mater, the University of Washington, and working as a tour guide in the summer. At the time, he also worked as a piano teacher. In 1979, based on his travel classes, he wrote the first edition of Europe Through the Back Door (ETBD), a general guide on how to travel in Europe. <mask> self-published the first edition of his travel skills book ETBD in 1980. The book contained a page that said "Anyone caught reprinting any material herein for any purpose whatsoever will be thanked profusely."Unlike most guidebook entrepreneurs, he opened a storefront business. Initially, this was both a travel center and a piano teaching studio. He held travel classes and slide show presentations, did travel consulting, organized a few group tours per year, and updated his books. He did not provide ticket booking or other standard travel agency services. He incorporated his business as "<mask>s' Europe Through the Back Door". The store was in Steves's hometown of Edmonds, north of Seattle. The company's headquarters is still in Edmonds.<mask>'s first television show, Travels in Europe with <mask>, debuted on public television in April 1991 and ended production in 1998. His second show, <mask>' Europe, debuted in September 2000, and has aired episodes through 2020, though because he does not produce a season every year, this accounts for 11 seasons. Current activities

<mask> advocates independent

masks:
Steves
Steves
Steves
Rick Steve
Steves
Rick Steves
Rick Steves
Steves


title: Rick Steves

texts: travel. His books and media deal with travel mainly in Europe and are directed at a North American audience. As host, writer, and producer of the popular and long-running American Public Television series <mask>' Europe, and through his travel books, he encourages Americans to become what he calls "temporary locals." He encourages his readers and viewers to visit not just major cities but also cozy villages away from popular tourist routes. Steves's television series, guidebooks, radio shows, mobile applications, and his company's European escorted bus tours attract fans known as "<mask>niks".<mask>'s relationship with public television began in 1991 with his first series, Travels in Europe With <mask>s. Since then he has become one of public television's top pledge drive hosts, raising millions of dollars annually for stations across the U.S. He writes and co-produces his television programs through his own production company, Back Door Productions. Since self-publishing his first book in 1980, <mask> has written country guidebooks, city and regional guides, phrasebooks, and co-authored Europe 101: History and Art for Travelers. His guidebook to Italy is the bestselling international guidebook in the U.S. In 1999, he started writing in a new genre of travel writing with his anecdotal Postcards from Europe, recounting his favorite moments from his many years of travel. Steves's books are published by Avalon Travel Publishing, a member of the Perseus Books Group.In 2009, <mask> published the book Travel as a Political Act, a guide on traveling more thoughtfully. In addition to his guidebooks and television shows, <mask> has expanded into radio, newspaper, and mobile applications. In 2005, <mask>

masks:
Rick Steves
Rick
Steves
Rick Steve
Steves
Steves
Steves
Steves


title: Rick Steves

texts:
 launched a weekly public radio program, Travel with <mask>s. Focusing on world travel, although with a heavy emphasis on Europe and North America, each program has a guest travel expert for interviews, followed by call-ins with questions and comments. In 2006, <mask> became a syndicated newspaper columnist with his Tribune Content Agency column. In 2010, he launched the mobile application <mask>s' Audio Europe, a library of audio content (including self-guided walking tours) organized into geographic-specific playlists for the iPhone and Android. Political and civic advocacy

Politically, <mask> has identified himself as a member of the Democratic Party, and publicly endorsed Hillary Clinton and Joe Biden's presidential campaigns in 2016 and 2020, respectively.<mask> is a vocal proponent of legalizing cannabis and an active supporter of efforts to reform cannabis policy in the U.S. According to Steves: "Like most of Europe, I believe marijuana is a soft drug, like alcohol and tobacco. Like alcohol and tobacco, there is no reason why it shouldn't be taxed and regulated. Crime should only enter the equation if it is abused to the point where innocent people are harmed." <mask> serves on the Advisory Board of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, becoming its chairman of the board of directors in 2021. He was also a major supporter of Initiative 502 to legalize, tax, and regulate cannabis in the state of Washington. <mask> hosted an ACLU-sponsored educational program called Marijuana: It's Time for a Conversation, which was nominated for an Emmy.<mask> also supports solutions to homelessness. In 2005, he constructed a 24-unit apartment complex in Lynnwood, Washington, called

masks:
Rick Steve
Steves
Rick Steve
Steves
Steves
Steves
Steves
Steves


title: Rick Steves

texts:
 Trinity Place and administrated by the local YWCA, to provide transitional housing for homeless mothers and their children. In 2017, <mask> donated that $4 million apartment complex for homeless women and kids to the YWCA. Members of the Edmonds Noontime Rotary Club help maintain the buildings and grounds, providing everything from furniture to flowers. The club also raised $30,000 to build a play structure for the children there. <mask> also donates royalties from one of his books to the group Bread for the World, a movement to end hunger. A supporter of the arts, <mask> gave US$1 million in 2011 to the Edmonds Center for the Arts and Cascade Symphony Orchestra.As a lifelong traveler, <mask> avows that terrorism is something to which Americans should get accustomed, a natural outgrowth of the United States' position in the global community and how it is militarily advanced. In an interview with the Seattle Times, <mask> said:

"I think we're 300 million people and if we lose a few hundred people a year to terrorists, that doesn't change who we are and it shouldn't change the fabric of our society. Frankly I think we should get used to losing—as long as we're taking the stance in the world of being the military superpower, you're going to have people nipping at you. And if it's hundreds or thousands—we lose 15,000 people a year to have the right to bear arms and most people think that's a good deal, year after year. We spend 15,000 people for the right to bear arms. What do we spend to be as aggressive and heavy weight on this planet? We're always going to have terrorism."When he traveled to Iran, he noted the similarity of Iranians and Americans each giving up freedoms to make themselves less

masks: Steves Steves Steves Steves Steves


title: Rick Steves

texts:
 fearful:
"They traded away their freedom for a theocracy, out of fear. It's just like Americans. We don't want to torture people, we want to have civil liberties, we don't want our government reading our mail. But when we have fear, we let fear trump our commitment to our civil liberties and decency. We allow torture, we allow the government to read our mail. It's not because we're bad, it's because sometimes fear is more important than our core values. And Iran is afraid.They've given up democracy because they know a theocracy will stand strong against encroaching Western values." In Travel as a Political Act, <mask> wrote that displaying the American flag on car antennas "creates a fearful, schizophrenic dynamic that may stoke today's terrorism and tomorrow's international conflicts". On January 20, 2017, the date of Donald Trump's inauguration, <mask> matched the sum total of every purchase made on his website that day and donated it to the American Civil Liberties Union. According to <mask>, the website had higher traffic than usual after he announced the effort, and that customers purchased $42,962 in merchandise. He donated $50,000 to the ACLU and stated: "Those of us with passports and who are wealthy enough to travel a lot—especially white, straight, Christian males like me—don't often think a lot about civil liberties ... at least, not in an immediate or personal way. Civil liberties just aren't an issue for most of us. If a wealthy person is in trouble with the law, he can hire a good lawyer.It's the poor who are filling our prisons. If I want to smoke pot, no one's going to arrest me. It's poor and black people who get arrested, and then disenfranchised. I have a voice because I fit

masks: Steves Steves Steves


title: Rick Steves

texts:
 societal norms and I have money." In June 2019, acknowledging that travel is a source of environmental destruction, he announced that his tour company will donate $1 million a year to a portfolio of environmental nonprofits, to mitigate the carbon emissions made from the 30,000 annual travelers who use his tour program. Critics contend that travel can never be carbon neutral and that his donations amount to being a way for the wealthy to feel better; <mask> counters that if travelers prefer booking with his company due to the carbon offset, other travel companies will be forced to follow suit to stay in business. Personal life

<mask> is an active Lutheran Christian, and has written and hosted educational videos on subjects such as Martin Luther and the European Reformation.He supports liberation theology. He has spoken at the Lutheran Peace Fellowship. To recognize his "outstanding service to church and society", the Luther Institute, an affiliate of the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg, presented their Wittenberg Award to him. Steves is of Norwegian ancestry. His sister Jan is an Iditarod racer. He was married to <mask> until they divorced in 2010. They have two children.Their son <mask> followed his father's footsteps and founded his own travel company, Weekend Student Adventures Europe, and wrote <mask>' Europe: City-Hopping on a Budget. He began dating the Reverend Shelley Bryan Wee, Bishop of the Northwest Washington Synod in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, in December 2019. Steves spends about a third of every year in Europe researching guidebooks and filming TV shows. His home is still in Edmonds, Washington, where he has lived since 1967. References

External links

masks:
Steves
Steves
Anne Steves
Andy Steves
Andy Steves


title: Hamilton Lee

texts:
<mask> (born 7 September 1958 in London, England), also known by variations on Hamid Mantu, is an English musician and composer. <mask> is best known as the drummer, percussionist and co-leader of Transglobal Underground, under his "Hamid Mantu" alias. He was also a core member of Furniture and has played with Natacha Atlas, The Transmitters, Lunar Dunes, Solus 3, Ghost Shirt, Xangbetos and the Flavel Bambi Septet as well as various session appearances. Musical career

1979–1991: Furniture, The Transmitters and others
<mask> was born in London and grew up in the London suburb of Ealing. He was interested in music from an early age, meeting his main collaborators (Tim Whelan and Jim Irvin) when all three were in their teens. <mask> began his musical career as an alternative rock musician (albeit one influenced by funk, jazz, theatre and music from a variety of cultures). <mask>'s first significant musical project was the new wave band Furniture (best known for their Top 30 UK chart hit "Brilliant Mind") for which he, Whelan and Irvin were founder members and contributing songwriters.<mask> played drums, percussion and occasional keyboards for Furniture throughout the band's existence between 1979 and 1991 (playing on all four of the band's albums and all of their singles), and helped to bring in relatively unusual instrumentation such as tongue-drum. During the latter half of Furniture's existence, <mask> was also a member (alongside Whelan) of the Ealing-based post-punk/psychedelic band The Transmitters, for which he played drums and sampler between 1987 and 1989. At various points in the 1980s, <mask> drummed for various theatre projects by the comedy/drama/"horror-panto" troupe Count of Three in both London and at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, including versions of  The Beggar's Opera, Titus Andronicus

masks:
Hamilton Lee
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Hamilton Lee
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Lee
Lee
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