title: Raphael

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 after <mask>'s death, and had a successful career in the new occupation of a publisher of prints. Private life and death

From 1517 until his death, <mask> lived in the Palazzo Caprini, lying at the corner between piazza Scossacavalli and via Alessandrina in the Borgo, in rather grand style in a palace designed by Bramante. He never married, but in 1514 became engaged to Maria Bibbiena, Cardinal Medici Bibbiena's niece; he seems to have been talked into this by his friend the cardinal, and his lack of enthusiasm seems to be shown by the marriage not having taken place before she died in 1520.He is said to have had many affairs, but a permanent fixture in his life in Rome was "La Fornarina", Margherita Luti, the daughter of a baker (fornaro) named Francesco Luti from Siena who lived at Via del Governo Vecchio. He was made a "Groom of the Chamber" of the Pope, which gave him status at court and an additional income, and also a knight of the Papal Order of the Golden Spur. Vasari claims that he had toyed with the ambition of becoming a cardinal, perhaps after some encouragement from Leo, which also may account for his delaying his marriage. <mask> died on Good Friday (April 6, 1520), which was possibly his 37th birthday. Vasari says that <mask> had also been born on a Good Friday, which in 1483 fell on March 28, and that the artist died from exhaustion brought on by unceasing romantic interests while he was working on the Loggia. Several other possibilities for his death have been raised by later historians and scientists, such as a combination of an infectious disease and bloodletting. In his acute illness, which lasted fifteen days, <mask> was composed enough to confess his sins, receive the last rites, and put his affairs in order.He dictated his will, in which he left sufficient funds for his mistress's care, entrusted to his loyal servant Baviera, and left most of his studio contents to Giulio Romano and Penni. At his request, <mask> was buried in the Pantheon. <mask>'s funeral was extremely grand, attended by large crowds. According to


title: Raphael

type: original

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 a journal by Paris de Grassis, four cardinals dressed in purple carried his body, the hand of which was kissed by the Pope. The inscription in <mask>'s marble sarcophagus, an elegiac distich written by Pietro Bembo, reads: "Here lies that famous <mask> by whom Nature feared to be conquered while he lived, and when he was dying, feared herself to die." Critical reception

<mask> was highly admired by his contemporaries, although his influence on artistic style in his own century was less than that of Michelangelo. Mannerism, beginning at the time of his death, and later the Baroque, took art "in a direction totally opposed" to <mask>'s qualities; "with <mask>'s death, classic art—the High Renaissance—subsided", as Walter Friedländer put it.He was soon seen as the ideal model by those disliking the excesses of Mannerism:the opinion ...was generally held in the middle of the sixteenth century that <mask> was the ideal balanced painter, universal in his talent, satisfying all the absolute standards, and obeying all the rules which were supposed to govern the arts, whereas Michelangelo was the eccentric genius, more brilliant than any other artists in his particular field, the drawing of the male nude, but unbalanced and lacking in certain qualities, such as grace and restraint, essential to the great artist. Those, like Dolce and Aretino, who held this view were usually the survivors of Renaissance Humanism, unable to follow Michelangelo as he moved on into Mannerism. Vasari himself, despite his hero remaining Michelangelo, came to see his influence as harmful in some ways, and added passages to the second edition of the Lives expressing similar views. <mask>'s compositions were always admired and studied, and became the cornerstone of the training of the Academies of art. His period of greatest influence was from the late 17th to late 19th centuries, when his perfect decorum and balance were greatly admired. He was seen as the best model for the history painting, regarded as the highest in the hierarchy of genres. Sir Joshua Reynolds in his

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title: Raphael

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 Discourses praised his "simple, grave, and majestic dignity" and said he "stands in general foremost of the first [i.e., best] painters", especially for his frescoes (in which he included the "Raphael Cartoons"), whereas "Michael Angelo claims the next attention.He did not possess so many excellences as Raffaelle, but those he had were of the highest kind..." Echoing the sixteenth-century views above, Reynolds goes on to say of <mask>:

The excellency of this extraordinary man lay in the propriety, beauty, and majesty of his characters, his judicious contrivance of his composition, correctness of drawing, purity of taste, and the skilful accommodation of other men's conceptions to his own purpose. Nobody excelled him in that judgment, with which he united to his own observations on nature the energy of Michael Angelo, and the beauty and simplicity of the antique. To the question, therefore, which ought to hold the first rank, Raffaelle or Michael Angelo, it must be answered, that if it is to be given to him who possessed a greater combination of the higher qualities of the art than any other man, there is no doubt but Raffaelle is the first. But if, according to Longinus, the sublime, being the highest excellence that human composition can attain to, abundantly compensates the absence of every other beauty, and atones for all other deficiencies, then Michael Angelo demands the preference. Reynolds was less enthusiastic about <mask>'s panel paintings, but the slight sentimentality of these made them enormously popular in the 19th century: "We have been familiar with them from childhood onwards, through a far greater mass of reproductions than any other artist in the world has ever had..." wrote Wölfflin, who was born in 1862, of <mask>'s Madonnas. In Germany, <mask> had an immense influence on religious art of the Nazarene movement and Düsseldorf school of painting in the 19th century. In contrast, in England the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood explicitly reacted against his influence (and that of his admirers such as Joshua Reynolds), seeking

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title: Raphael

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 to return to styles that pre-dated what they saw as his baneful influence.According to a critic whose ideas greatly influenced them, John Ruskin:
The doom of the arts of Europe went forth from that chamber [the Stanza della Segnatura], and it was brought about in great part by the very excellencies of the man who had thus marked the commencement of decline. The perfection of execution and the beauty of feature which were attained in his works, and in those of his great contemporaries, rendered finish of execution and beauty of form the chief objects of all artists; and thenceforward execution was looked for rather than thought, and beauty rather than veracity. And as I told you, these are the two secondary causes of the decline of art; the first being the loss of moral purpose. Pray note them clearly. In mediæval art, thought is the first thing, execution the second; in modern art execution is the first thing, and thought the second. And again, in mediæval art, truth is first, beauty second; in modern art, beauty is first, truth second. The mediæval principles led up to <mask>, and the modern principles lead down from him.By 1900, <mask>'s popularity was surpassed by Michelangelo and Leonardo, perhaps as a reaction against the etiolated Raphaelism of 19th-century academic artists such as Bouguereau. Although art historian Bernard Berenson in 1952 termed <mask> the "most famous and most loved" master of the High Renaissance, art historians Leopold and Helen Ettlinger say that the <mask>'s lesser popularity in the 20th century is made obvious by "the contents of art library shelves ... In contrast to volume upon volume that reproduce yet again detailed photographs of the Sistine Ceiling or Leonardo's drawings, the literature on <mask>, particularly in English, is limited to only a few books". They conclude, nonetheless, that "of all the great Renaissance masters, <mask>'s influence is the most continuous." Further reading
 The standard source of biographical information is now: V. Golzio, Raffaello nei documenti nelle testimonianze dei

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title: Raphael

texts:
 contemporanei e nella letturatura del suo secolo, Vatican City and Westmead, 1971
 The Cambridge Companion to <mask>, Marcia B. Hall, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ,
 New catalogue raisonné in several volumes, still being published, Jürg Meyer zur Capellen, Stefan B. Polter, Arcos, 2001–2008
 <mask>. James H. Beck, Harry N. Abrams, 1976, ,
 <mask>, Pier Luigi De Vecchi, Abbeville Press, 2003.<mask>, Bette Talvacchia, Phaidon Press, 2007. <mask>, John Pope-Hennessy, New York University Press, 1970,
 <mask>: From Urbino to Rome; Hugo Chapman, Tom Henry, Carol Plazzotta, Arnold Nesselrath, Nicholas Penny, National Gallery Publications Limited, 2004,  (exhibition catalogue)
 The Raphael Trail: The Secret History of One of the World's Most Precious Works of Art; Joanna Pitman, 2006. <mask> – A Critical Catalogue of his Pictures, Wall-Paintings and Tapestries, catalogue raisonné by Luitpold Dussler published in the United States by Phaidon Publishers, Inc., 1971,  (out of print, but there is an online version here )
 Wolk-Simon, Linda. (2006). <mask> at the Metropolitan: The Colonna Altarpiece. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. . External links

 Raphael Research Resource from the National Gallery, London
 V&A London online feature on the Raphael Cartoons
 Ten drawings and three paintings from the Royal Collection
 Web Gallery of Art
 Most of the <mask>mondi prints from the San Francisco Museums
 Raphael Project/Raffael Projekt
 Website of Teylers Museum on the provenance of the <mask> drawings in the museum's collection.Birthplace Museum of Raphael, Urbino, on the Artist's Studio Museum Network website
 Mobilier national (France) collection of tapestries
 <mask> at ColourLex. <mask> at the National Gallery of Art
Guide to the Raphael Spurious Letters undated at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

Italian Renaissance architects
<mask>
Raphael
Italian portrait painters
Architects of Roman Catholic churches
Catholic painters
History painters
<mask>
Burials at the Pantheon, Rome
16th-century Italian

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title: Alan Kelly (politician)

texts:
<mask> (born 13 July 1975) is an Irish politician and author who has been the leader of the Labour Party since April 2020. He has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Tipperary constituency since the 2016 general election and a TD for the Tipperary North constituency from 2011 to 2016. He previously served as Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government and Deputy leader of the Labour Party from 2014 to 2016 and Minister of State for Public and Commuter Transport from 2011 to 2014. He was a Member of the European Parliament for the South constituency from 2009 to 2011 and a Senator for the Agricultural Panel from 2007 to 2009. Early life
<mask> is from Portroe just outside Nenagh, County Tipperary. He is the son of Tom and <mask>. His parents' house burned down in 1974, the year before he was born.<mask> was raised on a small dairy farm. His father left farming following the introduction of milk quotas by the European Council in the 1980s and found employment working on the roads for the local county council. Educated at Nenagh CBS, he subsequently attended University College Cork (UCC), where he completed a BA in English and History in 1995. Two years later he completed a M.Phil in Political History. <mask> continued his education at Boston College, where he achieved a Certificate in Leadership in 1999. He returned to Ireland shortly after this and completed a MBS in eCommerce in 2002. <mask> subsequently worked as an eBusiness Manager with Bord Fáilte and Fáilte Ireland.Political career

Youth politics
<mask> is thought to have been politicised from an early age. In his final year of secondary school, he canvassed for the Labour Party during the 1992 general election. He remained

masks:
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Nan Kelly
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title: Alan Kelly (politician)

texts:
 active in left-wing politics in university, firstly by establishing the Jim Kemmy Branch of the Labour Party in UCC. He then became involved in a number of by-elections, local election campaigns in Cork and in the wider Munster area. He has stated that he was “politically socialised in Cork.”

<mask> became Chair of Labour Youth in 2000, having previously served as co-chair. In 2001 he was a member of the General Council. In 2001 and 2002 he was director of the Tom Johnson Summer School and was also a member of the General Election Planning Committee in the period 2001–2002.Seanad Éireann: 2007–2009
In 2007, <mask> launched his own political career when he secured election to Seanad Éireann by the Agricultural Panel. He was the only Labour Party candidate in that grouping. After the election of Eamon Gilmore as leader of the Labour Party in 2007, <mask> was appointed as Labour Party Spokesperson on Tourism and was Seanad Spokesperson on Finance and Local Government. European Parliament: 2009–2011
<mask> was elected as a Member of the European Parliament for the South constituency, at the 2009 European Parliament election, taking the last seat in a tight battle between him, Sinn Féin's Toireasa Ferris and the Independent Kathy Sinnott. <mask> was a member of the European Parliament's Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection. He also served on the Delegation for Relations with the United States. Dáil Éireann: 2011–present

31st Dail & Junior Ministry
Though he promised he would see out his five-year term in the European Parliament, <mask> allowed his name to go forward as a Labour Party candidate at the 2011 general election.He ran in the Tipperary North constituency and was

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title: Alan Kelly (politician)

texts:
 successful, receiving 9,559 first preference votes (19.8%) and securing the third and final seat at the expense of Fianna Fáil's sitting TD, Máire Hoctor. Phil Prendergast replaced him as MEP for the South constituency. When the new coalition government was formed, <mask> joined the junior ministerial ranks as Minister of State for Public and Commuter Transport. <mask> began receiving death threats during this period. Labour Party deputy leadership and cabinet minister (2014–2016)
He was elected as deputy leader of the Labour Party on 4 July 2014. On 11 July 2014, he was appointed Minister of the Environment, Community and Local Government. New Labour leader Joan Burton originally considered appointing deputy Alex White to the role, however, she decided that the former barrister was better suited to the “legally orientated portfolio” of the Communications ministry.However she gave the Environment, Community and Local Government ministry to <mask>, who was described as “combative.” When <mask> was given his ministerial role, he initially believed that property tax would be the big issue, but within a week realised that it would be the matter of implementation of water charges and the Irish Water as required by the EU Water Framework Directive. <mask> claimed that his predecessor, Phil Hogan, had “designed the ditches” and that he now had to “drive the tractor through.” <mask> also complained of the position that he had been left with upon becoming accustomed to the role. The cabinet had previously been told by the ERSI that the cost-benefit analysis on water metering was “robust” and based on “realistic and achievable assumptions regarding the benefits.” However, by the time <mask> inherited the

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title: Alan Kelly (politician)

texts: ministry, “it had fallen apart,” according to Michael Brennan in his 2019 book In Deep Water: How People, Politics and Protests sank Irish Water. <mask> was appointed Labour's director of elections and chair of their national campaign committee ahead of the general election. His involvement in Irish Water was extremely controversial during his tenure as minister. He received death threats on a regular basis during his tenure as minister. As Minister, <mask> announced a two-year rent freeze to combat the housing crisis.He said that "blockages" had made solving the housing crisis difficult. A law brought in by <mask> was criticised by the Irish Planning Institute (IPI), who said that it would increase ministerial planning powers over local authorities and could significantly change how planning operates in Ireland. Councillors opposed to the law said that it was a "power grab", and claimed it could significantly limits the planning powers of local government. In November 2014, the Independent reported that <mask> had received death threats. Also in November 2014 he claimed that he had received four death threats from "anonymous warriors" in a single week. <mask>'s constituency office received a bomb threat in November 2014. In December 2014 it was reported that a staff member who answered a call was told "a bullet will be put in his head before the end of the day.And we'll come down and put a bullet in your head too, you rich f**k. We won't be paying water charges." A threatening letter sent to his office in 2015 containing a 'suspicious powder' was declared a hoax by the Gardai and the Defence Forces. EU Commissioner Phil Hogan moved to distance himself from the controversies with Irish Water by

masks: Kelly Kelly Kelly Kelly Kelly


title: Alan Kelly (politician)

texts: stressing that <mask> was now in charge of water. Barry Cowen claimed in relation to a policy change that "the issue with the policy is that everytime <mask> picks up a phone to a journalist, his policy for Irish Water changes and it’s become absolutely farcical." In 2015, the Business Post claimed that <mask>  “ignored expert advice by giving €1.5 million in grants to towns in his new constituency,” stating that  was responsible for the active travel towns scheme, which provides funding for walking and cycling routes to get people to switch from their cars. He gave €1 million to Clonmel and more than €500,000 to Thurles under the scheme, even though projects from other towns “got significantly higher marks” in assessments. In December 2015 <mask> became emotional as he strongly denied claims that he had leaked information about the Labour Party to the media.A number of Labour TDs identified him as the source of a leak of an internal analysis which suggested that Labour would lose up to 20 seats at the upcoming general election. <mask> attracted further controversy following a January 2016 interview in the Sunday Independent headlined '<mask>: "Power is a drug . . . it suits me"'. He later clarified the context in a June 2020 interview with The Mirror, saying; “I did say those words, but everybody forgets about the dot, dot, dot in the middle. I’ve nothing against the journalist now, but if you read it, power is a drug, it suits me, there’s a dot, dot, dot in the middle. The conversation was about how some people are always in opposition and will never want to go into government. Some people, you know, being in government suits them.They’re able to handle it or deal with it, or whatever. That was

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title: Alan Kelly (politician)

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 the conversation and I suppose power, being in power, being in government are interchangeable words, so that was the context of it. But when you’re explaining you’re losing". <mask> attracted controversy for his former association with John Delaney of the FAI and denied claims that Delaney was stopping people and asking them to vote for him during the 2016 general election campaign. Delaney had asked people to support <mask> on MidWest Radio. <mask> insisted that having Delaney support him was not a form of cronyism. Following the election, <mask> remained Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government in an acting capacity during prolonged talks on government formation.Writing on <mask> in How Ireland Voted 2016: The Election Nobody Won, the authors claimed that Phil Hogan left “the controversy surrounding water charges remained for his successor, Labour's <mask>, to deal with.”

Opposition and leadership challenges (2016–2020)

In May 2016, <mask> announced his intention to seek leadership of the Labour Party. However, he failed to attract a nomination from his parliamentary colleagues, resulting in the unopposed appointment of Brendan Howlin as the new leader. <mask> was not present at the conference at which Howlin was announced as leader. One TD who was present described <mask>'s no-show as "childish" and "disrespectful". <mask> was adamant that Howlin "blocked" his leadership ambitions by warning colleagues that he would not stand if there was a contest. Later, <mask> tweeted an image of seven pints of Guinness lined up, ranging from full to half empty, with the cryptic message: "The seven stages of leadership". He was reportedly “considering his future in politics after being

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 left humiliated by his parliamentary party,” according to the Irish Independent.Sarah McInerney of The Times wrote an opinion piece supporting <mask> titled ‘The man we love to hate should be leading Labour.’

Grassroots efforts to put pressure on members of the parliamentary party were unsuccessful. The parliamentary party also decided not to nominate any candidates for the position of deputy leader, leaving <mask>'s previous position vacant. When asked by Hot Press if he felt 'shafted', he replied saying; "Yes. I was pretty annoyed about what happened. It was a difficult period but I’ve moved on. There are no issues. I don’t bear grudges.But you don’t forget. You put it inward and you use it for motivation – and you move on." In the same interview he said that it was 'wrong' that the grassroots membership couldn't have a say. In Spring 2017, <mask> was approached to join Fine Gael by the Tipperary organisation, which he declined. A source believed to be close to <mask> confirmed this to be true but said that "<mask> has time and time again said that Labour values are in his DNA and that's certainly true. He's always talking about workers and the value of work. He is certainly not one of those who just pander to the welfare or liberal agendas that Labour has become so associated with.His ambition is to drag the Labour Party back towards what he believes in rather than ever leave it". In September 2017, <mask> called for the HPV vaccine to be given to all schoolboys in Ireland. The vaccine's roll-out among girls had recently been subject to controversy over its alleged side effects. In November 2017, <mask> was criticised by his Labour colleagues after he warned leader Brendan Howlin that he has

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title: Alan Kelly (politician)

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 less than six months to turn the party's fortunes around. However, the chair of the Association of Labour Councillors, Dermot Lacey, said: "If there had been an election [in 2016], I would have voted for <mask>. If there is an election, I will vote for him. At the moment there isn't a contest."In August 2018, <mask> challenged Howlin for the party leadership. His challenge failed due to lack of support from his parliamentary colleagues. The Irish Independent described his efforts to become leader as 'persistent'. In 2020, <mask> was re-elected to represent the Tipperary constituency during the February general election, obtaining 13,222 first preference votes (9.6%) and thus securing the fourth of five available seats. As of 2020, <mask> was Labour's spokesperson on health. Labour Party leader (2020–present)

After Brendan Howlin's intention to stand down as party leader following the 2020 general election, <mask> was nominated by two of the party's six TDs; Seán Sherlock and Duncan Smith. <mask> was also publicly supported by former Labour TDs Jan O'Sullivan and Willie Penrose.Launching his election bid, <mask> said that a complete rebuild of the Labour Party was needed. On 3 April 2020, he was announced as the new leader of the Labour Party, having won 55% of the vote. <mask> became noted for his outspoken style following his election as leader. In May 2020, he appeared to rule out going into a coalition government. He was named the Irish Times ‘TD of the Year’ for 2020 by Miriam Lord. Image

According to The Journal in 2016,  <mask>, described himself as being an ‘early achiever’, ‘ruthless’ and ‘extremely ambitious.’ The publication also claimed at that time that he was a “mere boy in the

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title: Alan Kelly (politician)

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 context of Ireland’s political age-profile.”

In 2016, following his unsuccessful attempt to become Labour leader, the Irish Examiner said that “brashly macho <mask> was not acceptable to the femocrats who form the Labour rump, despite his record and ambition.”

<mask> has been nicknamed "AK47" for his quick temper and aggressive style. In 2015, Village magazine wrote that “<mask> is probably best known as a blow-hard recognised even within his own party as AK47 for his slingshot machismo” and that “sometimes,  <mask> can appear almost menacing, though in the context of Labour Party burnout, that passes for a positive.”

He was described in a 2020 article in Laois Today as someone who "not only likes his soubriquet but relishes in his characterisation of someone who shoots from the hip, takes no prisoners and gets things done".RTÉ and the Progressive Brief have described him as 'tenacious'. Newstalk ranked 'The Alan Kelly Rap' as the No.1 Irish election song ahead of the 2020 general election. <mask> is believed to be opposed to the 'liberal' and 'welfare' agendas that are said to be associated with the modern Labour Party. The Irish Times described his election as Labour Party leader as a defeat for the party's 'liberal' wing. The Laois Today and the Business Post made the implication in 2020 that he was not part of the 'liberal' wing of the party. In a 2020 interview with the Irish Independent, an anonymous party politician described him as "authentic to the traditional old Labour". In a Hot Press interview in 2017, he described himself as a practicing Catholic and said that he is very liberal on 'most issues'.He stated that he was opposed to the legalisation of prostitution, but was in favour of

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title: Alan Kelly (politician)

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 the legalisation of marijuana. Personal life
<mask> is married to Regina O'Connor, a primary school teacher who was raised in Waterville, County Kerry. The couple have two children; a daughter and a son. His brother is former US Special Envoy for Northern Ireland and former CEO of Teneo, <mask>. He is the author of A Political History of County Tipperary 1916–1997 and has won numerous rugby and hurling medals according to his Labour Party summary. <mask> co-owns a racing greyhound named 'Akay Forty Seven'. During a Dáil debate in December 2020, <mask> said that “with regard to greyhound people, many of whom are working-class people, greyhounds are effectively their horses.” He did not support a Social Democrats motion seeking to end State funding of the industry.As of 2021, <mask> owned a holiday home in Co. Kerry, that he let out using Airbnb. In an interview with Pat Kenny on Newstalk, he stated that  “I have an issue with Airbnb in urban areas, rather than rural areas.” According to the Irish Independent, it was used for short-term letting. He added, where the house is based, is in “a small population area.” However, he felt that Airbnbs “in urban areas… that needs regulation.”

References

External links

 <mask>'s page on the Labour Party website

1975 births
Living people
Alumni of University College Cork
Alumni of University College Dublin
Labour Party (Ireland) MEPs
Labour Party (Ireland) TDs
Members of the 23rd Seanad
Members of the 31st Dáil
Members of the 32nd Dáil
Members of the 33rd Dáil
MEPs for the Republic of Ireland 2009–2014
Ministers for the Environment (Ireland)
Ministers of State of the 31st Dáil
Politicians from County Tipperary
Labour Party (Ireland) senators
Leaders of

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title: Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales

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<mask> of Westminster (13 October 1453 – 4 May 1471), also known as <mask> of Lancaster, was the only son of King Henry VI of England and Margaret of Anjou. He was killed aged seventeen at the Battle of Tewkesbury. Early life
<mask> was born at the Palace of Westminster, London, the only son of King Henry VI of England and his wife, Margaret of Anjou. At the time, there was strife between Henry's supporters and those of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, who had a claim to the throne and challenged the authority of Henry's officers of state. Henry was suffering from mental illness, and there were widespread rumours that the prince was the result of an affair between his mother and one of her loyal supporters. Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset and James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond, were both suspected of fathering Prince <mask>; however, there is no firm evidence to support the rumours, and King Henry himself never doubted the boy's legitimacy and publicly acknowledged paternity. <mask> was invested as Prince of Wales at Windsor Castle in 1454.War over the English throne
In 1460, King Henry was captured by the supporters of the Duke of York at the Battle of Northampton and taken to London. The Duke of York was dissuaded from claiming the throne immediately, but he induced Parliament to pass the Act of Accord, by which Henry was allowed to reign but <mask> was disinherited, as York or his heirs would become king on Henry's death. Queen Margaret and <mask> had meanwhile fled through Cheshire. By Margaret's later account, she induced outlaws and pillagers to aid her by pledging them to recognise the seven-year-old <mask> as rightful heir to the crown. They subsequently reached safety in Wales

masks: Edward Edward Edward Edward Edward Edward Edward Edward


title: Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales

texts:
 and journeyed to Scotland, where Margaret raised support, while the Duke of York's enemies gathered in the north of England. After York was killed at the Battle of Wakefield, the large army which Margaret had gathered advanced south. They defeated the army of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, one of York's most prominent supporters, at the Second Battle of St Albans.Warwick had brought the captive King Henry in the train of his army, and he was found abandoned on the battlefield. Two of Warwick's knights, William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville, and Sir Thomas Kyriell, who had agreed to remain with Henry and see that he came to no harm, were captured. The day after the battle, Margaret asked <mask> what death the two knights should suffer. <mask> readily replied that their heads should be cut off. Exile in France

Margaret hesitated to advance on London with her unruly army, and subsequently retreated. They were routed at the Battle of Towton a few weeks later. Margaret and <mask> fled once again, to Scotland.For the next three years, Margaret inspired several revolts in the northernmost counties of England, but was eventually forced to sail to France, where she and <mask> maintained a court in exile. (Henry had once again been captured and was a prisoner in the Tower of London.) In 1467 the ambassador of the Duchy of Milan to the court of France wrote that <mask> "already talks of nothing but cutting off heads or making war, as if he had everything in his hands or was the god of battle or the peaceful occupant of that throne." After several years in exile, Margaret took the best opportunity that presented itself and allied herself with the renegade Earl of Warwick. King Louis XI of France

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title: Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales

texts:
 wanted to start a war with Burgundy, allies of the Yorkist King <mask>. He believed if he allied himself to restoring Lancastrian rule they would help him conquer Burgundy. As a compliment to his new allies Louis made young <mask> godfather to his son Charles.Prince <mask> was married to Anne Neville, Warwick's younger daughter, in December 1470, though there is some doubt as to whether the marriage was ever consummated. Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury
Warwick returned to England and deposed <mask>, with the help of <mask>'s younger brother, the Duke of Clarence. <mask> fled into exile to Burgundy with his youngest brother the Duke of Gloucester, while Warwick restored Henry VI to the throne. Prince <mask> and Margaret lingered behind in France until April 1471. However, <mask> had already raised an army, returned to England, and reconciled with Clarence. On the same day Margaret and <mask> landed in England (14 April), <mask> defeated and killed Warwick at the Battle of Barnet. With little real hope of success, the inexperienced prince and his mother led the remnant of their forces to meet <mask> in the Battle of Tewkesbury.They were defeated and <mask> of Westminster was killed. According to some accounts, shortly after the rout of the Lancastrians at Tewkesbury, a small contingent of men under the Duke of Clarence found the grieving prince near a grove, and immediately beheaded him on a makeshift block, despite his pleas. Paul Murray Kendall, a biographer of Richard III, accepts this version of events. Another account of <mask>'s death is given by three Tudor sources: The Grand Chronicle of London, Polydore Vergil, and <mask>. It was later dramatised by William Shakespeare in Henry VI,

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title: Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales

texts:
 Part 3, Act V, scene v. Their story is that <mask> was captured and brought before the victorious <mask> and his brothers and followers. The king received the prince graciously, and asked him why he had taken up arms against him. The prince replied defiantly, "I came to recover my father's heritage."The king then struck the prince across his face with his gauntlet hand, and his brothers killed the prince with their swords. However, none of these accounts appear in any of the contemporaneous sources, which all report that <mask> died in battle. <mask>'s body is buried at Tewkesbury Abbey. His widow, Anne Neville, married the Duke of Gloucester, who eventually succeeded as King Richard III in 1483. Epitaph
The Latin memorial brass to <mask> in Tewkesbury Abbey is set in the floor between the choir stalls, under the tower. It reads as follows:

This can be translated into English as follows:

"Here lies <mask>, Prince of Wales,
cruelly slain whilst but a youth. Anno Domini 1471, May fourth.Alas, the savagery of men. Thou art the sole light of thy Mother,
and the last hope of thy race." Ancestry and family tree

Notes

References
 R. A. Griffiths, The Reign of King Henry VI (1981), especially the Epilogue. Alison Weir, Lancaster and York: The Wars of the Roses, London (1995)

External links
 Richard III Society
 The Death of <mask> of Lancaster at Tewkesbury

|-

|-

1453 births
1471 deaths
15th-century English nobility
Princes of Wales
Dukes of Cornwall
English military personnel killed in action
Heirs apparent who never acceded
Heirs to the English throne
Edward of Westminster
People from Westminster
People of the Wars of the Roses
English Roman Catholics
Burials at Tewkesbury Abbey
Sons of

masks:
Edward
Edward IV
Edward
Edward
Edward
Edward
Edward


title: George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood

texts:
<mask>, 7th Earl of Harewood,  (7 February 1923 – 11 July 2011), styled The Honourable <mask> before 1929 and Viscount Lascelles between 1929 and 1947, was a British classical music administrator and author. He served as director of the Royal Opera House (1951–53; 1969–72), chairman of the board of the English National Opera (ENO) (1986–95); managing director of the ENO (1972–85), managing director of the English National Opera North (1978–81), governor of the BBC (1985–87), and president of the British Board of Film Classification (1985–96). <mask> was the elder son of the 6th Earl of Harewood and Princess Mary, Princess Royal, the only daughter of King <mask> and Queen Mary. At his birth, he was 6th in the line of succession; at his death, he was 46th. Lord Harewood was the eldest grandchild of King <mask> and Queen Mary, nephew of both King Edward VIII and King <mask> VI and first cousin of Queen Elizabeth II. He succeeded to his father's earldom on 24 May 1947. Early life
<mask> was born at his parents' London home of Chesterfield House on 7 February 1923, the first child of Henry Lascelles, Viscount Lascelles, and Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles, and first grandchild of King <mask> and Queen Mary, who stood as sponsors at his christening.The christening took place on 25 March 1923 at St Mary's Church in the village of Goldsborough, near Knaresborough adjoining the family home Goldsborough Hall. After his grandfather's death in 1929, he was styled as Viscount Lascelles as his father succeeded to the earldom. He served as a Page of Honour at the coronation of his uncle King <mask>

masks:
George Henry Hubert Lascelles
George Lascelles
Harewood
George V
George V
George
George Lascelles
George V
George


title: George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood

texts:
 VI in May 1937. He was raised at Harewood House in Yorkshire. He was educated at Ludgrove School, Eton College and King's College, Cambridge. His time at university was interrupted by the Second World War. Military service
Lascelles joined the British Army where he was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Grenadier Guards (his father's regiment) in 1942, attaining the rank of captain.He fought with the 3rd Battalion of the regiment, part of the 1st Guards Brigade of the 78th Infantry Division (the brigade was later transferred to the 6th Armoured Division), serving in North Africa and Italy, but was wounded and captured at Monte Corno on 18 June 1944, the anniversary of both his father's injury in the First World War and the Battle of Waterloo, in which his great-great-grandfather was injured. He was held as a prisoner of war in Oflag IV-C (Colditz) till May 1945. As the nephew of King <mask> VI, Lascelles was one of the Prominente at Colditz, considered a potential bargaining chip by the Nazis. In March 1945, Hitler signed his death warrant; the SS general in command of prisoner-of-war camps, Gottlob Berger, realizing the war was lost, refused to carry out the sentence and released the Viscount to the Swiss. In 1945–46, he served as aide-de-camp to his great uncle, Lord Athlone, who was then Governor General of Canada. <mask> served as a Counsellor of State in 1947, 1953–54, and 1956. House of Lords
Lascelles succeeded his father in 1947.On 7 February 1956, he took his seat in the House of Lords. He lost his seat in the Lords following the House of Lords Act of 1999, which

masks:
George
Lord Harewood


title: George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood

texts:
 excluded hereditary peers from membership. Career

Opera
A music enthusiast, Lord <mask> devoted most of his career to opera with his Yorkshire heritage fostering his interest; in March 1949, as a young single man, he had been among the audience at the Leeds Town Hall for a  performance of operatic works by the Yorkshire Symphony Orchestra. By 1950, he had become patron of the orchestra's concerts. He served as editor of Opera magazine from 1950 to 1953. In February 1950, it was reported that he had launched the magazine at a large party at the London house of Richard Buckle with many music-loving guests in attendance. He was director of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden from 1951 to 1953 and again from 1969 to 1972.He served as chairman of the board of the English National Opera (ENO) from 1986 to 1995; Managing Director of the ENO from 1972 to 1985 and was Artistic Director of both the Edinburgh and Adelaide Festivals. From 1958 to 1974, he was General/Artistic Director of the Leeds Triennial Musical Festival. He was Managing Director of the ENO offshoot English National Opera North from 1978 to 1981. <mask> served as a governor of the BBC from 1985 to 1987 and as the president of the British Board of Film Classification from 1985 to 1996. He was the author or editor of three books, Kobbé's Complete Opera Book (ed. 1954, now The New Kobbé's Opera Book, edited with Antony Peattie, latest ed. 1997; and The New Pocket Kobbé's Opera Book, edited with his step-son Michael Shmith, 2000), The Tongs and the Bones (an autobiography, 1981), and Kobbé's Illustrated Opera Book (ed.1989). He was

masks:
Harewood
Lord Harewood


title: George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood

texts:
 chairman of Historic Masters, an unusual vinyl record label dedicated to high quality issues of rare historic 78 rpm recordings of opera singers. He was a noted friend and colleague of the late opera diva Maria Callas and is featured in the 1968 EMI documentary The Callas Conversations Vol. I, during which he interviewed Callas at length concerning her career and ideas about opera. Football
His other interests included football: he served as president of Leeds United Football Club from 1961 until his death and was president of the Football Association from 1963 to 1972. He died on 11 July 2011, aged 88. Public life
Lascelles was the only person to serve as Counsellor of State without being a Prince of the United Kingdom, serving from 1945 to 1951, then 1952 to 1956.He served as chancellor of the University of York from 1962 to 1967. He was ranked number 1355 in the Sunday Times Rich List 2008 with an estimated wealth of £55 million—his magnificent art treasures, held in trust and valued at more than £50 million, and a  estate outside Leeds. The estate and house, Harewood House, are held by a charity with £9 million of assets, and were not counted as part of his wealth. Honours

Queen Elizabeth II created him a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the Queen's Birthday Honours List on 13 June 1986. On 1 July 2010 he was appointed an Honorary Member of the Order of Australia (AM), "for service to the arts in Australia and to supporting Australia's artists in the United Kingdom". In 1959, <mask> received the Grand Decoration in Silver with Sash for Services to the


title: George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood

texts:
 Republic of Austria. Marriages and issue

On 29 September 1949 at St. Mark's Church, London, <mask> married Marion Stein, a concert pianist and the daughter of the Viennese music publisher Erwin Stein.Because of <mask>'s position in the line of succession, the marriage was subject to approval from the sovereign, under the Royal Marriages Act 1772. Queen Mary, mother of <mask> VI, objected to the marriage but permission was eventually granted. Benjamin Britten, a friend of the Stein family, composed an anthem, "Amo Ergo Sum", for the wedding ceremony. Lord and Lady <mask> had three sons:

 David, 8th Earl of Harewood, born 21 October 1950. He married Margaret Messenger on 12 February 1979; they were divorced in 1989. They have four children and seven grandchildren. He married Diane Howse on 11 March 1990.The Honourable James Lascelles, born 5 October 1953. He married Fredericka Duhrrson on 4 April 1973; they were divorced in 1985. They have two children and one granddaughter. He married secondly Lori Lee on 4 May 1985; they were divorced in 1996. They have two children and one grandson. He married thirdly Joy Elias-Rilwan on 30 January 1999. The Honourable Jeremy Lascelles, born 14 February 1955.He married Julie Bayliss on 4 July 1981; they were divorced. They have three children and four grandchildren. He married Catherine Bell on 7 January 1999. They have a daughter. The earl's marriage to Marion Stein ended in divorce in 1967, after the earl's mistress, Patricia "Bambi" Tuckwell - an Australian violinist and sister of the musician Barry Tuckwell - gave birth to his son. This was

masks:
Lord Harewood
Harewood
George
Harewood


title: George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood

texts:
 considered an enormous scandal at the time, and caused the couple to be ostracised for some years, even after their relationship was made legal. Stein went on to marry politician Jeremy Thorpe.<mask> married Tuckwell (24 November 1926 – 4 May 2018) on 31 July 1967. The wedding took place at Waveny Park in New Canaan, Connecticut. They were obliged to be married abroad as, in England, registry office marriages were barred at the time for persons covered by the Royal Marriages Act, and divorcees could not marry in the Church of England. They had one son, The Hon. Mark Hubert Lascelles, born 4 July 1964. He married, first, Andrea Kershaw (born 16 June 1964) on 8 August 1992 and divorced in 2005. They have three daughters.He married Judith Ann Kilburn on 16 July 2011. Death

Lord <mask> died peacefully at home, 11 July 2011, aged 88 years. A private, but well-attended stately home funeral was held on July 15th. Books

The Tongs and the Bones: The Memoirs of <mask>, published by George Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1981),  is <mask>' autobiography

References

External links

 <mask>, 7th Earl of Harewood interview by Bruce Duffie
 Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, 12 July 2011. Appearance on Desert Island Discs 26 December 1981
 Archival Material at

1923 births
2011 deaths
Grenadier Guards officers
English Anglicans
English football chairmen and investors
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Honorary Members of the Order of Australia
Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria
Pages of Honour
Presidents of the Football Association
British

masks:
Lord Harewood
Harewood
Lord Harewood
George Lascelles
George Lascelles


title: Minna Craucher

texts:
Madame <mask> (23 August 1891 – 8 March 1932) was the false name of Maria Vilhelmiina Lindell, a Finnish socialite and spy. Her home was a noted salon for various writers and artists. She also did espionage, originally for the Cheka, the Soviet secret police, and was arrested three times for fraud. She also had connections to the right-wing Lapua Movement. She became the subject of several books and stories. In 1932 she was murdered with a shot to the head. Biography

Early years
Maria Vilhelmiina Lindell, originally from Aalto, was born in poor conditions in Pirkkala as the illegitimate child of a 16-year-old Nokia-born maid, Olga Aalto.Maria got a new surname from her stepfather Vilho Oskari Lindell. Maria's mother died on 29 August 1906, when Maria was only 15 years old. After living with relatives for some time, the early independent Maria moved to Tampere, after which she severed relations with her family. Maria did not have a permanent address and she stole a lot, as a result of which she ended up dealing with the authorities several times, even having to go to jail for unpaid fines. In 1913, Maria Lindell moved to Helsinki for the first time. Her first child had died in 1908 within two weeks of its birth. She left her second child in Tampere for care.Accused of several thefts, Maria Lindell was imprisoned for the second time on 24 October 1914, and gave birth to a boy while serving her sentence. After being released from prison, Maria Lindell was taken to the women's shelter, Villa Elseboh, in Huopalahti, maintained by the Finnish Prison Association. According to Kari Selén, who wrote her biography, Lindell took advantage of the shelter, although at the same time she worked as a babysitter there. Lindell served her third and final prison sentence


title: Minna Craucher

texts:
 convicted of thefts from 1920 to 1923. This prison period marked a frontier, after which Maria Lindell became "Madame Minna Craucher" with various phases. "Madame Craucher"

Thanks to the "Madame Craucher" identity created with the help of her lively imagination and attraction, she probably appeared in the high society of Helsinki in the early spring of 1925. According to her story, she was a German noblewoman, a millionaire and a generous art lover.Finnish descent explained proficiency in the Finnish language. The sets included a Willys Knight convertible from Stockmann for a down payment and a driver with a "Russian prince" in the background. In 1925, Craucher met 12 years younger Olavi Paavolainen, whose mistress she would be for several years. Together with journalist Ensio Svanberg, <mask> <mask> co-founded the "Entertainment and Travel Directory", a magazine that later became known as Seura (meaning "The Society") and was published in 1926–1929. The authors of the magazine included at least Kersti Bergroth, Pentti Haanpää, Martti Merenmaa, Elina Vaara, Väinö Nuorteva, and Mika Waltari. The editors-in-chief were Yrjö Rauanheimo, Lauri Viljanen and Waltari. <mask> <mask> was the acquirer and marketer of the magazine's advertising space.As the magazine itself was not very attractive, Craucher even resorted to blackmail in obtaining advertising contracts. Madame Craucher's salon was a popular gathering place for Tulenkantajat ("The Flame Bearers") and other young writers of the time because of her generous service and her fascinating persona. Of the authors who visited Craucher's salon, at least Joel Lehtonen, Martti Merenmaa and Mika Waltari have described the salon and its owner. The salon was located at Freesenkatu 4 A 3. The salon, or apartment Madame

masks: Minna Craucher Minna Craucher


title: Minna Craucher

texts:
 by the deep contradiction between the movement's general secretary, Martti Wallenius, and Craucher. Craucher can be said to have partially fulfilled the suspicions against her.However, the target was not the Communists but the Social Democrats. She told about the activities of the Lapua movement through Kalle Lehmus, the Suomen Sosialidemokraatti magazine. She also implied that she was in possession of a secret organization chart of the movement. Possibly, Craucher's statement to Olavi Runolinna, economist and supporter of the Lapua Movement, about the threat of "changing sides" caused the unstable and drunk Runolinna to shoot Craucher to death in her apartment on 8 March 1932; initially, in a murder investigation conducted by the police, Martti Wallenius was considered the main suspect. Craucher's murder has been interpreted as part of the follow-up to the Mäntsälä rebellion. After her death, Esko Riekki wrote:

In popular culture

Fictional literature references related to Minna Craucher
 Joel Lehtonen: Rakastunut rampa (1922); a character named Mimmi Byskata is based on Craucher. Martti Merenmaa: Nousuvesi (1926); a character named Mrs. Pomaré is based on Craucher.Mika Waltari: Suuri illusioni (1928); a character named Mrs. Spindel is based on Craucher. Kjell Westö: Hägring 38 (2013)

See also
 Ruben Oskar Auervaara

Further reading

References

External links

 Adelsdamen och horan. Finlandssvenska krimpodden 20 December 2019. Rundradion. (in Swedish)
 Craucher, <mask> at Uppslagsverket Finland (in Swedish)

1891 births
1932 deaths
People from Pirkkala
People from Häme Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Political history of Finland
Finnish salon-holders
Finnish murder victims
Finnish spies
Deaths by firearm in Finland
People murdered in


title: Henry Scott Tuke

texts:
<mask>  (12 June 1858 – 13 March 1929), was an English visual artist; primarily a painter, but also a photographer. His most notable work was in the Impressionist style, and he is best known for his paintings of nude boys and young men. Trained at the Slade School of Art under Alphonse Legros and Sir Edward Poynter, Tuke developed a close relationship with the Newlyn School of painters, his work being exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts, of which he became a Full Member. In addition to his achievements as a figurative painter, he was an established maritime artist and produced many portraits of sailing ships. He was highly prolific, with over 1,300 works listed and more being discovered. Early life

Tuke was born at Lawrence Street, York, into the prominent Quaker Tuke family. His brother <mask> was born two years earlier in 1856.His father, Daniel Hack <mask>, a well-known medical doctor specialising in psychiatry, was a campaigner for humane treatment of the insane. His great-great-grandfather <mask> had founded the Retreat at York, one of the first  modern insane asylums, in 1796. His great-grandfather <mask>, grandfather <mask> and uncle James Hack <mask> were also well-known social activists. The <mask> family's ancestry can be traced back to Sir <mask>, who served as an adviser to King <mask> of England (replacing Sir Thomas More). In 1859 the family moved to Falmouth in Cornwall where it was hoped the warmer climate would benefit Tuke's father, Daniel, who had developed symptoms of tuberculosis. Daniel survived there and lived on until he was 68. He established a small doctor's practice in his house in Wood Lane.His sister, <mask> Sainsbury (1861–1947)—who wrote a biography of her brother after his death—was born there. William went on to study medicine but <mask>, or Harry as he was called by the family,

masks:
Henry Scott Tuke
William Samuel Tuke
Tuke
William Tuke
Henry Tuke
Samuel Tuke
Tuke
Tuke
Brian Tuke
Henry VIII
Maria Tuke
Henry


title: Henry Scott Tuke

texts:
 showed no interest in the profession. <mask> was encouraged to draw and paint from an early age. <mask> and his siblings were taught by a governess at home. Maria described their childhood in Falmouth as "a very happy and healthy one" and the long summer days spent on the beach and swimming in the sea had a lasting effect on Tuke; other enduring memories were the firm friendships the young Tuke formed. In 1874 Tuke  moved to London, where he enrolled in the Slade School of Art. It was in Falmouth that the young Tuke had been introduced to the pleasures of nude sea bathing, a habit he continued into old age.After graduating he travelled to Italy in 1880, and from 1881 to 1883 he lived in Paris, where he studied with the French history painter Jean-Paul Laurens and met the American painter John Singer Sargent (who was also a painter of male nudes, although this was little known in his lifetime). During the 1880s Tuke also met Oscar Wilde and other prominent poets and writers such as John Addington Symonds, most of whom were homosexual (then usually called Uranian) and who celebrated the adolescent male. He wrote a "sonnet to youth" which was published anonymously in The Artist, and also contributed an essay to The Studio. Newlyn School

In 1883, Tuke returned to Britain and moved to Newlyn, Cornwall joining a small colony of artists including Walter Langley, Albert Chevallier Tayler and Thomas Cooper Gotch. These painters, and others, became known as the Newlyn School. He worked from Rose Cottage at Tregadgwith Farm, Cornwall at the head of the Lamorna valley. In Newlyn, in 1884, Tuke completed his first painting of boys in boats.Called Summertime, it depicts two local boys, John Wesley Kitching and John Cotton, in a punt called Little Argo. Tuke's style was more impressionistic than that of the other Newlyn painters and

masks: Tuke Tuke


title: Henry Scott Tuke

texts:
 August Blue) who was killed in France. Tuke established an art gallery in Falmouth with William Ayerst Ingram as a commercial outlet mainly for their own paintings.He would often commute to London as Falmouth was well served with a railway service and he was not therefore isolated from the London art scene. He  produced numerous portraits of society figures, local officials and members of the Tuke family circle. He also painted many more saleable landscapes and was well regarded as a painter of ships in sail. <mask> <mask> was elected Associate of the Royal Academy in 1900 and Royal Academician in 1914. Style

Tuke favoured rough, visible brush strokes, at a time when a smooth, polished finish was favoured by fashionable painters and critics. He had a strong sense of colour and excelled in the depiction of natural light, particularly the soft, fragile sunlight of the English summer. Although Tuke often finished paintings in the studio, photographic evidence shows that he worked mainly in the open air, which accounts for their freshness of colour and the realistic effects of sunlight reflected by the sea and on the naked flesh of his models.In his early paintings, Tuke placed his male nudes in  mythological contexts, but the critics found these works to be rather formal, lifeless and flaccid. From the 1890s, Tuke abandoned mythological themes and began to paint local boys fishing, sailing, swimming and diving, and also began to paint in a more naturalistic style. His handling of paint became freer, and he began using bold, fresh colour. One of his best-known paintings from this period is August Blue (1893–94; Tate, London), a study of four mostly nude youths bathing from a boat. The Looe artist, Lindsay Symington (1872–1942), modelled for the blonde boy holding onto the boat in the water; though not a regular model,

masks:
Henry Scott
Tuke


title: Henry Scott Tuke

texts:
 Symington was a good friend of <mask>, the latter often visiting the Symington family home, Pixies' Holt, at Dartmeet. Tuke painted some female nudes but these were not as successful as his male nude paintings. Tuke's paintings of nude youths are never explicitly sexual.The models' genitals are almost never shown, they are almost never in physical contact with each other, and there is never any suggestion of overt sexuality. Most of the paintings have the nude models standing or crouching on the beach facing out to sea, so only the back view is displayed. <mask> is also regarded as an important maritime artist. Over the years, he painted many pictures of the majestic sailing ships, mainly in watercolour, that were common until the 1930s. Tuke was often fascinated with the beauty of a fully rigged ship, and since his childhood could draw them from memory. His decision to return to Falmouth in 1885 was, in part, influenced by the constant presence of the ships there. Tuke enjoyed a considerable reputation, and he earned enough money from his paintings to enable him to travel abroad and he painted in France, Italy and the West Indies.In 1900 a banquet was held in his honour at the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society. He was elected to the Royal Academy of Arts in 1914. Major examples of his male nudes were purchased by major art galleries including The Bathers at Leeds Art Gallery in 1890 and August Blue at the Tate, London in 1894. But he was also well known as a portraitist, and maintained a London studio to work on his commissions. Among his best known portraits is that of soldier and writer T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia"). Death

In later life Tuke was in poor health for many years, and died in Falmouth in 1929 and  was buried in a Falmouth cemetery close to his home. He kept a detailed diary all his life but only


title: Henry Scott Tuke

texts:
 two volumes survived after his death and have since been published.He also kept a detailed artist's Register which survives and has been published by the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society in Falmouth. Legacy

After his death, <mask>'s reputation faded, and he was largely forgotten until the 1970s, when he was rediscovered by the first generation of openly gay artists and art collectors. He has since become something of a cult figure in gay cultural circles, with lavish editions of his paintings published and his works fetching high prices at auctions. Elton John is a keen collector of <mask>'s works and in 2008 loaned eleven of his own pieces, including works in oil, pastel and watercolour, for an exhibition in Falmouth. Commemoration
The student halls of residence at University College Falmouth are named after <mask>, a tribute to him as both an artist, and a famous resident of the town. At the time they were built and named, the school was known as the Falmouth College of Arts. Also in Falmouth is a collection of 279 of Tuke's works belonging to the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, the largest such collection in public ownership.The bulk were donated by a single collector in the 1960s, but the Society maintains a policy of adding to the collection. Exhibitions and publications
In 2008, to mark the 150th anniversary of <mask>'s birth, there were three exhibitions of his work:
 2008-05-03 to  2008-07-12: Catching the light: the sunshine paintings of <mask> <mask>. 2008-09-06 to  2008-09-27:  Tall ships. 10 May – 12 July 2008: Catching the Light: A Retrospective of <mask> <mask>, Royal Cornwall Museum, Truro
7 June – 12 July 2008:  A Hidden Treasure Revealed: A selection of the works on paper by <mask> <mask> from the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, the Royal Cornwall Museum, Truro
21 July – 28 August 2008:

masks:
Tuke
Tuke
Tuke
Tuke
Henry Scott
Tuke
Henry Scott
Tuke
Henry Scott
Tuke


title: Henry Scott Tuke

texts:
 Catching the Light: The Art of <mask> <mask> at the Fine Art Society, New Bond Street, London
7 June - 12 September 2021 Watts Gallery https://www.wattsgallery.org.uk/whats-on/henry-scott-tuke/

Collections
H.S<mask>'s works are held in a number of galleries and museums including Tate, Hunterian Art Gallery, Grundy Art Gallery, Walker Art Gallery, Leamington Spa Art Gallery & Museum, Bodleian Libraries, Royal Academy of Arts, Guildhall Art Gallery. The papers of H.S<mask> and Thomas Cooper Gotch are also held in the Tate Archive collections (TGA 9019).The papers in the Tate Archive provide context in which Tuke worked, not just the locations of his paintings and the relationships with his models, but his artistic allegiances such as his deep friendship with the painter Thomas Cooper Gotch. Other works

References

Sources

 Cooper, Emmanuel (2003) The Life and Work of <mask> Tuke (with 35 colour and 25 monochrome plates), Heretic Books
 Falmouth Art Gallery Collection volume 6 (2005) Falmouth Tukes Falmouth Art Gallery
 Wainwright, David & Dinn, Catherine (1989) <mask> Scott Tuke 1858–1929: under canvas, Sarema Press
 Wallace, Catherine (2008) Catching the Light: the art and life of <mask> Tuke 1858–1929, Edinburgh: Atelier Books
 Wallace, Catherine (2008) Henry Scott Tuke Paintings from Cornwall, Halsgrove  (This features paintings in the collection of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society.) External links

 Tuke works in Falmouth Art Gallery

1858 births
1929 deaths
19th-century English painters
20th-century English painters
Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art
British marine artists
English Quakers
English expatriates in France
English male painters
Gay artists
LGBT artists from the United Kingdom
Newlyn School of Artists
People associated with Falmouth University
People from Falmouth, Cornwall
Royal

masks:
Henry Scott
Tuke
. Tuke
. Tuke
Henry Scott
Henry
Henry Scott


title: Kendra Norman-Bellamy

texts:
<mask> (born December 17, 1966) is an African-American writer of Christian fiction and non-fiction Christian literature. Her novels are known and widely applauded for their positive male lead characters and their combined romantic and suspenseful story lines. Biography
<mask> is a native of West Palm Beach, Florida, but spent most of her formative years in southern Georgia. She graduated from Brooks County High School in Quitman, Georgia. <mask> and her husband, Michael Holmes, share a blended family of two daughters and one son. Her first husband, Jimmy (whose last name was also Holmes - no relation to Michael) died. She and Jimmy married at St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal Church in Valdosta, GA when <mask> was 21 and Jimmy was 20.Shortly after their daughter Crystal was born, Jimmy was diagnosed with AIDS, possibly as the result of a blood transfusion. He died on October 5, 1995, a few days before their 7th wedding anniversary, and in her grief, <mask> began to write. She crafted her first piece of poetry as an elementary school student, but <mask> did not grow to recognize her gift as a creative writer until 1999 when she began keeping a journal during the lingering heartache of the death of her husband. Shortly thereafter, she wrote her first fictional manuscript, For Love & Grace, published in  2002. She worked days, and in the evenings, she pursued higher education at Valdosta Technical College (Valdosta, Georgia), where she majored in Information Office Technology and graduated in 1997. There, she was inducted into the National Vocational Technical Honor Society. She was given a computer as a college graduation gift.Her life took many twists and turns during the years following Jimmy's death. Most of her true life experience is captured in

masks:
Kendra Norman
Kendra Norman
Kendra
Kendra
Kendra
Kendra


title: Kendra Norman-Bellamy

texts:
 two of her nonfiction published works, I Shall Not Die and The Path From Pain to Purpose, both of which are highly acclaimed books. <mask> eventually found true love again, and she and her current husband, Michael married in 2014. In 2017, <mask> and Michael jointly wrote a 31-day relationship devotional entitled Cross-Fire. It was her twenty-second published work and her husband's first. The book has received rave reviews from readers. <mask> went on to receive a Doctor of Divinity degree from St. Thomas Christian University in (Jacksonville, Florida) in 2019.<mask> has appeared in a number of televised programs, including featured appearances on Atlanta LIVE (WATC TV 57's flagship program) and on BET's Lift Every Voice, where she was interviewed by the show's creator and former host, Gerard Henry. She is a member of the Iota Phi Lambda sorority, and both she and her husband are ordained ministers. Together, they serve as Co-pastors of Deliverance Revival Church in central Georgia. Previously writing under the name of <mask>-Bellamy, she began officially writing under the name of <mask> in 2013. Career
In addition to her own writing, <mask> is the founder and Creative Director of Royalty Publications LLC (formerly KNB Publications), an independent self-publishing house that produces the works of up-and-coming writers of Christian-based fiction, nonfiction, and poetry. She is also the visionary of The I.S.L.A.N.D. Movement, a motivational ministry whose name is an acronym for "I Shall Live And Not Die."Lastly, she is the creator and host of Royal Pen Network, a bi-weekly Internet radio show that showcases artists who use their gifts and talents to create motivational, inspirational, and/or educational materials. She self-published her debut novel, For

masks:
Kendra
Kendra
Kendra
Kendra
Kendra Norman
Kendra Norman
Kendra


title: Kendra Norman-Bellamy

texts: Love & Grace in 2002. The book was re-released in 2004 through BET Books. <mask> gained national bestseller status when her third release, Crossing Jhordan's River (Moody Publishers/May 2005), peaked at #1 on Essence magazine's best sellers list for paperback fiction. The majority of her works have been produced through three large book publishers: Moody Publishers (Lift Every Voice imprint), Kimani Press (New Spirit imprint), and Urban Books (Urban Christian imprint). In 2020, <mask> became the first African American to hold the position of Managing Editor for Houston Home Journal newspaper in its 150-year history. In 2022, she stepped away from her corporate job and created her own faith-based newspaper, which is distributed nationally.The mission of The Royal Trumpet is to deliver inspiration, motivation, education and the good news of Jesus Christ to people across the

masks: Kendra Kendra


title: Alcide De Gasperi

texts:
<mask> (; 3 April 1881 – 19 August 1954) was an Italian statesman who founded the Christian Democracy party and served as the 30th prime minister of Italy in eight successive coalition governments from 1945 to 1953. <mask> was the last prime minister of the Kingdom of Italy, serving under both Victor Emmanuel III and Umberto II. He was also the first prime minister of the Italian Republic, and also briefly served as provisional head of state after the Italian people voted to end the monarchy and establish a republic. His eight-year term in office remains a landmark of political longevity for a leader in modern Italian politics. <mask> is the fifth longest-serving prime minister since the Italian Unification. A devout Catholic, he was one of the founding fathers of the European Union along with fellow Italian Altiero Spinelli. Early years
<mask> was born in 1881 in Pieve Tesino in Tyrol, which at that time belonged to Austria-Hungary, now part of the region of Trentino-Alto Adige in Italy.His father was a local police officer of limited financial means. From 1896 <mask> was active in the Social Christian movement. In 1900 he joined the Faculty of Literature and Philosophy in Vienna, where he played an important role in the inception of the Christian student movement. He was very much inspired by the Rerum novarum encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII in 1891. In 1904 he took an active part in student demonstrations in favour of an Italian language university. Imprisoned with other protesters during the inauguration of the Italian faculty of law in Innsbruck, he was released after twenty days. In 1905, <mask>i obtained a degree in philology.In 1905, he began to work as editor of the newspaper La Voce

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title: Alcide De Gasperi

texts:
 Cattolica (The Catholic Voice) which was replaced in September 1906 by Il Trentino and he soon became its editor. In his newspaper, he often took positions in favor of a cultural autonomy for Trentino and in defense of Italian culture in Trentino, in contrast to the Germanisation plans of the German nationalists in Tyrol. At the time, in disagreement with other politicians like Cesare Battisti, he did not seek reunification with Italy. In 1911, he became a member of Parliament for the Popular Political Union of Trentino (UPPT) in the Austrian Reichsrat, a post he held for six years. At the beginning of World War I he was politically neutral, sympathizing with the ultimately unsuccessful efforts of Pope Benedict XV and Karl I of Austria to obtain an honorable peace and stop the war. Ultimately, he sided with Italy. Opposition to Fascism
In 1919, he was among of the founders of the Italian People's Party (PPI), with Luigi Sturzo.He served as a deputy in the Italian Parliament from 1921 to 1924, a period marked by the rise of Fascism. He initially supported the participation of the PPI in Benito Mussolini's first government in October 1922. As Mussolini's hold on the Italian government grew stronger, he soon diverged with the Fascists over constitutional changes to the powers of the executive and to the election system (the Acerbo Law), and to Fascist violence against the constitutional parties, culminating in the murder of Giacomo Matteotti. The PPI split, and <mask> became secretary of the remaining anti-Fascist group in May 1924. In November 1926, in a climate of overt violence and intimidation by the Fascists, the PPI was dissolved. <mask> was arrested in March 1927 and sentenced to four years in

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title: Alcide De Gasperi

texts:
 prison. The Vatican negotiated his release.A year and a half in prison nearly broke <mask>'s health. After his release in July 1928, he was unemployed and in serious financial hardship, until in 1929 his ecclesiastical contacts secured him a job as a cataloger in the Vatican Library, where he spent the next fourteen years until the collapse of Fascism in July 1943. During the 1930s, <mask>i wrote a regular international column for the review L'Illustrazione Vaticana in which he depicted the chief political battle as one between communism and Christianity. In 1934, he rejoiced in the defeat of the Austrian Social Democrats, whom he condemned for "de-Christianizing" the country, and in 1937 he declared that the German Church was correct in preferring Nazism to Bolshevism. Founding Christian Democracy
During World War II, he organized the establishment of the first (and at the time, illegal) Christian Democracy (DC) party, drawing upon the ideology of the PPI. In January 1943, he published "Ideas for Reconstruction" (), which amounted to a program for the party. He became the first general secretary of the new party in 1944.<mask> was the undisputed head of the Christian Democrats, the party that dominated Parliament for decades. Although his control of the DC appeared almost complete, he had to carefully balance different factions and interests, especially with regards to relations with the Vatican, social reform, and foreign policy. When Southern Italy was liberated by the Allies, he became one of the main representatives of DC in the National Liberation Committee. During the government led by Ivanoe Bonomi, <mask> was appointed minister without portfolio and, in Ferruccio Parri's cabinet, he became

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title: Alcide De Gasperi

texts:
 minister of foreign affairs. Prime Minister of Italy

From 1945 to 1953, he was the prime minister of eight successive DC-led governments. His eight-year rule remains a landmark of political longevity for one leader in modern Italian politics. During his successive governments, Italy became a republic (1946), signed a peace treaty with the Allies (1947), joined the NATO in 1949 and became an ally of the United States, which helped to revive the Italian economy through the Marshall Plan.During that time, Italy became a member of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which later evolved into the European Union (EU). In December 1945, he became prime minister for the first time, succeeding Ferruccio Parri and leading a coalition government that included both Italian Communist Party (PCI) and Italian Socialist Party (PSI), along with other minor parties like Italian Republican Party (PRI), Italian Liberal Party (PLI) and Action Party (PdA). Communist leader Palmiro Togliatti acted as deputy prime minister. He tried to soften the terms of the pending Allied peace treaty with Italy and secured financial and economic aid through the European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan) – which was opposed by the Communists. In June 1946, Italy held the constitutional referendum to decide whether Italy would remain a monarchy or become a republic; the republicans won with 54% of the vote. <mask> was appointed provisional head of state from 18 to 28 June, when the Constituent Assembly elected the Liberal <mask> Nicola as provisional head of state. As chief of the Italian delegation at the World War II peace conference in Paris, <mask>i harshly criticized the sanctions imposed on Italy, but obtained concessions

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title: Alcide De Gasperi

texts:
 from the Allies that guaranteed Italian sovereignty.Under the Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947, the eastern border area was lost to Yugoslavia and the free territory of Trieste was divided between the two states. One of his most striking achievements in foreign policy was the Gruber-De Gasperi Agreement with Austria in September 1946, that established his home region, South Tyrol, as an autonomous region. American support
<mask>i enjoyed considerable support in the US, where he was considered able to oppose the rising tide of communism – in particular the PCI, which was the biggest communist party in a Western European democracy. In January 1947 he visited the US. The chief goals of the trip were to soften the terms of the pending peace treaty with Italy and to obtain immediate economic assistance. His ten-day tour, engineered by media mogul Henry Luce – the owner of Time magazine – and his wife, Clare Boothe Luce – the future ambassador to Rome – was viewed as a media "triumph", prompting positive comments by a wide section of the American press. During his meetings in the United States, <mask>i managed to secure a financially modest but politically significant US$100 million Eximbank loan to Italy.According to <mask>, public opinion would view the loan as a vote of confidence in the Italian Government and strengthen his position versus the PCI in the context of the emerging Cold War. The positive results strengthened <mask>'s reputation in Italy. He also came back with useful information on the incipient change in American foreign policy that would lead to the Cold War and in Italy the break with the PCI and left-wing PSI and their removal from the government in the May 1947 crisis. In May 1947,

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title: Alcide De Gasperi

texts:
 United States President Harry Truman ordered <mask> to create a new government without the support of communists and socialists; he refused and a new cabinet was formed with the (centrist) Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI) of Giuseppe Saragat, the PLI of Luigi Einaudi and the PRI of Randolfo Pacciardi; the three leaders of the minor parties were appointed deputy prime ministers. General election in 1948

The general elections in April 1948 were heavily influenced by the Cold War era confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States. After the Soviet-inspired February 1948 Communist coup in Czechoslovakia, the US became alarmed about Soviet intentions and feared that, if the left-wing coalition were to win the elections, the Soviet-funded PCI would draw Italy into the Soviet Union's sphere of influence. In the United States, a campaign was launched to prevent a victory of the Communist-dominated Popular Democratic Front (FDP).Italian Americans were encouraged to write letters to their relatives in Italy. The popular Italian-American singer Frank Sinatra made a Voice of America radio broadcast. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) funneled "black bag" contributions to anti-communist candidates with the approval of the National Security Council and President Harry S. Truman. Joseph P. Kennedy and Clare Booth Luce helped to raise US$2 million for the Christian Democracy party. Time magazine backed the campaign and featured <mask> on its 19 April 1948 issue's cover and in its lead story. He would appear on a Time cover again on 25 May 1953, during the campaign for that year's election, with an extensive biography. The election campaign remains unmatched in verbal aggression and


title: Alcide De Gasperi

texts:
 Senate. The Communists received only half of the votes they had in 1946. With absolute majorities in both chambers, <mask> could have formed an exclusively Christian Democratic government. Instead, he formed a "centrist" coalition with the Liberals, Republicans and Social Democrats. <mask>i formed three ministries, the second in 1950 after the defection of the Liberals, who hoped for more rightist policies, and the third in 1951 after the defection of the Social Democrats, who hoped for more left-wing policies. He ruled for five more years, helming four additional coalitions."<mask>'s policy is patience", according to the foreign news correspondent for The New York Times, Anne O'Hare McCormick. "He seems to be feeling his way among the explosive problems he has to deal with, but perhaps this wary mine-detecting method is the stabilising force that holds the country in balance." Social security reforms

In domestic policy, a number of social security reforms were carried out by various ministers of <mask>'s cabinets in the areas of rents and social housing, unemployment insurance and pensions. On 9 January 1946, the government reorganised the health insurance system for sharecroppers, tenant farmers and agricultural workers, with a flat-rate daily indemnity of Lit.28 for women and Lit.60 for men (i.e. 3% and 7% of the average gross industrial wage for 1947) for a maximum of 180 days a year and free medical and hospital assistance provided through INAM. On 19 April 1946 the government reorganised the health insurance system for industrial employees, with a daily sickness indemnity equal to 50% of earnings, for a maximum of 180 days a year, a flat-rate maternity indemnity equal to a lump sum of Lit.1000


title: Alcide De Gasperi

texts: for 120 days (1% of average gross for industrial wage in 1947), a funeral allowance and free medical, hospital, and pharmaceutical assistance through INAM. On 31 October 1947 the Italian Parliament approved a bill that reorganised the health insurance system for service employees (e.g.banking and commerce), with a daily sickness indemnity equal to 50% of earnings for a maximum of 180 days a year, a flat-rate maternity payment, funeral allowance, and free hospital, medical, and pharmaceutical assistance through INAM. On 28 February 1949, <mask>i launched a seven-year plan for social housing to increase the stock of economic housing by means of construction or purchase of economic accommodation. The law also established a special housing fund (INA-Casa) within the National Institute for Insurance (Istituto Nazionale delle Assicurazioni, or INA). Moreover, on 29 July 1947 the government established a Fund For Social Solidarity within INPS in order to pay graduated supplementary allowances to all pensions, compensating for inflation. A law of 29 April 1949 introduced new provisions for unemployment insurance and labor policy. A Central Commission for Work Training and Assistance for the Unemployed was set up with the task of monitoring the state of the labor market and the conditions of the unemployed, while regulations concerning the replacement of the unemployed into the labor market (collocamento) were introduced. Provincial offices for Labour and Full Employment were also established, with local sections, which organized waiting lists, training courses, and the allocation of available jobs, amongst other services.Unemployment indemnity was increased to Lit. 200 per day (approximately 17% of the


title: Alcide De Gasperi

texts:
 Technically, the government won the election, winning a clear working majority of seats in both houses. But frustration with the failure to win a supermajority caused significant tensions in the leading coalition. <mask> was forced to resign by the Parliament on 2 August: he consequently retired and died twelve months later. The legislature continued with weak governments, with minor parties refusing institutional responsibilities. Giuseppe Pella rose to power, but fell after only five months, following heated disputes about the status of the Free Territory of Trieste which Pella was claiming.Amintore Fanfani's succeeding first ministry failed to receive a vote of confidence in Parliament, whilst Mario Scelba and Antonio Segni followed with more traditional centrist coalitions supported by Social Democrats and Liberals: under the administration of Scelba, the problem of Trieste was settled by ceding Koper/Capodistria to Yugoslavia. The parliamentary term was seen out by the minority government chaired by Adone Zoli, finishing a legislature which hugely weakened the office of the Prime Minister, held by six different leaders. In 1954, <mask>i also had to give up the leadership of the party, when Amintore Fanfani was appointed new Secretary of the Christian Democracy in June. Death and legacy

On 19 August 1954, <mask> died in Sella di Valsugana, in his beloved Trentino. It is said that he had to be given a State funeral as he had died with almost no means of his own. He is buried in the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, a basilica in Rome. The process for his beatification was opened in 1993."<mask>i was against exacerbating conflict", according to his former secretary and former Prime Minister

masks:
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title: Alcide De Gasperi

texts:
 Giulio Andreotti. "He taught us to search for compromise, to mediate." He is considered to be one of the founding fathers of the European Union. From the very beginning of European integration, <mask>, Robert Schuman and Konrad Adenauer met regularly. He helped to organize the Council of Europe and supported the Schuman Declaration, which in 1951 led to the foundation of the European Coal and Steel Community – a forerunner in the process of European integration. In 1954 he was elected president of the forerunner of the European Parliament, the Community's Common Assembly. Although eventually transformed into the current project of the European Union, <mask> helped to develop the idea of a common European defence policy.In 1952, he received the Karlspreis (International Charlemagne Prize of the City of Aachen), an award by the German city of Aachen to people who contributed to the European idea and European peace. The 1954–1955 academic year at the College of Europe was named in his honour. Personal life

On 14 June 1922, <mask> married Francesca Romani (30 August 1894 – 20 August 1998) and had four daughters, Maria Romana, Lucia, Cecilia and Paola. In Florestano Vancini's film The Assassination of Matteotti (1973), <mask> is played by Ezio Marano. Electoral history

See also
 Alcide de Gasperi Building

Notes

Further reading
 Bigaran, Mariapia. "Alcide <mask>i: the apprenticeship of a political leader", Modern Italy Nov 2009, Vol. 14 Issue 4, pp 415–30
 Carrillo, Elisa.<mask> <mask>: The Long Apprenticeship. University of Notre Dame Press, 1965. Cau, Maurizio. "<mask> <mask>i: a political thinker or a thinking politician?" Modern Italy Nov 2009, Vol. 14 Issue 4, pp 431–45
 Duggan, Christopher. Force

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title: Alcide De Gasperi

texts:
 of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796 (2008) ch 27–28
 Ginsborg, Paul.A history of contemporary Italy: society and politics, 1943–1988 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003). Lorenzini, Sara. "The roots of a 'statesman': <mask>'s foreign policy", Modern Italy Nov 2009, Vol. 14 Issue 4, pp 473–84
 Pombeni, Paolo, and Giuliana Nobili Schiera. "<mask> <mask>: 1881–1954-a political life in a troubled century", Modern Italy Nov2009, Vol. 14 Issue 4, pp 379–401. White, Steven."In search of <mask> <mask>: innovations in Italian scholarship since 2003". Journal of Modern Italian Studies 15#3 (2010):  462–470. Historiography
 Wilsford, David, ed. Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary (Greenwood, 1995) pp 77–83. In Italian
  Pietro Scoppola, La proposta politica di <mask>i, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1977. Giulio Andreotti, Intervista su De Gasperi; a cura di Antonio Gambino, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1977. Giulio Andreotti, <mask>i visto da vicino, Milano, Rizzoli, 1986.Nico Perrone, <mask>i e l'America, Palermo, Sellerio, 1995. <mask> <mask>: un percorso europeo, a cura di Eckart Conze, Gustavo Corni, Paolo Pombeni, Bologna, Il mulino, 2004. Piero Craveri, <mask>i, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2006. Nico Perrone, La svolta occidentale. <mask> e il nuovo ruolo internazionale dell'Italia, Roma, Castelvecchi,

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title: Daniel Cottier

texts:
<mask> (1838–1891) was a British artist and designer born in Anderston, Glasgow, Scotland. His work was said to be influenced by the writing of John Ruskin, the paintings of the Dante Gabriel Rossetti and the work of William Morris. He painted allegorical figures in the Pre-Raphaelite style of Rossetti and Sir Edward Burne-Jones. Cottier is considered to be an important influence on Louis Comfort Tiffany and also is credited with introducing the Aesthetic movement to America and Australia. Cottier was interested in glass, furniture, ceramic manufacture, and interior design. His art furnishing business opened branches in Edinburgh, Glasgow and London between 1864 and 1869, and then in 1873 he opened more branches in New York, Sydney and Melbourne. In the United States he is seen as a 'harbinger of aestheticism….and a profound influence on American decoration'.And the same can be said of Scotland where he also exported the Aesthetic Movement to Scotland via his many professional and business contacts which he had made during his training and early career in Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen. So, by the time he moved to London in 1869, Cottier was already part of an influential and avart-garde group of designers—many of them also expatriate Scots—who were to establish the Aesthetic Movement in England. Family life
<mask> was born in 1838, the son of Margaret McLean (1807–1885) and <mask> (1761–1843), a master mariner. In the Census of 1841, he is recorded with his family in Carrick Street, off the Broomielaw in Glasgow. By 1851, he was working as an apprentice coach painter, living in North Woodside Road. In 1861, he was boarding in Francis

masks:
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Daniel Cottier
Daniel Cottier


title: Daniel Cottier

texts:
 played a part in the strong late-nineteenth century ties between progressive Scottish and American glass, a trend which later resulted in American-developed techniques, particularly the exploration of streaky and opalescent glass, influencing the glass produced by the Glasgow School in the 1890s. In 1873 Cottier began to export the Aesthetic Movement to Australia with the opening of a branch in Sydney in partnership with John Lamb Lyon (1835–1916), a fellow Scot with whom he had trained in Glasgow and London.Cottier made at least three trips to Australia between 1873 and 1890, but Lyon largely ran the business there. <mask>'s contribution to the Australian branch was to supply Lyon with his talented assistants, Gow and Wells, who acted as its chief designers from the mid-1870s to the mid-1890s. Under the direction of Lyon and Wells, the firm of Cottier, Lyon & Co decorated a number of important private residences, churches, and public buildings, all in the latest London style, with windows initially imported from the London workshop. Death
As a result of his business interests abroad, Cottier became increasingly known as an art dealer. He began to amass a large private collection of paintings, apparently to supply a legacy for his family, as his recurrent rheumatic fever made him ineligible for life insurance. Cottier died of a heart attack on April 15, 1891, aged 53 while visiting Jacksonville, Florida for health reasons. He is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.His firm survived in New York as picture dealers until 1915. Legacy
By the time of his death, Cottier had undoubtedly contributed as much to the


title: Daniel Cottier

texts: propagation of the Aesthetic Movement in Britain as he had abroad. Stephen Adam left Cottier & Co in 1870 to establish his own firm in Glasgow together with David Small (1846–1927). For the next two decades Adam & Small capitalised on the demand which Cottier had created for Aesthetic glass by producing a stream of confident windows dominated by Adam's figure drawings, which were based on Hart and Moore's Neo-Classical style. In 1873 Adam collaborated with Wells, shortly before he left for Australia, on the decoration and glazing of Belhaven Parish Church, Glasgow. Adam's glass at Belhaven borrowed heavily from the repertoire which he had learned from Cottier, including Japanese-style foliage, quarries and sunflowers, with figurative panels based on Millais' Parables, which may have been adapted from cartoons of identical windows produced in Cottier's studio. Cottier emerges as an important figure in pioneering the Aesthetic Movement in Britain, in areas beyond the glass-painting with which he is most often associated.He was a talented colourist and ornamentalist. He oversaw the production of a range of glass, furniture, ceramics and interior schemes which, incorporating the designs of Godwin, Talbert, Moyr, Smith, Moore and others, testify to his position in avant-garde London design circles on the 1870s. Prudhoe Hall (built 1868–70) and the Catholic Church of our Lady and St Cuthbert in Prudhoe (built 1890–91, but incorporating the Cottier windows from an earlier smaller chapel built 1868–70) have some of Cottier's earliest stained glass. Why did Matthew Liddell commission <mask> to design the stained glass windows in both the main


title: Daniel Cottier

texts:
 a significant influence on Tiffany before Tiffany returned the compliment as it were, and Cottier brought some of his ideas back into his own artistic creations in Scotland. There are several Cottier stained glass windows and a decorative interior scheme situated in Glasgow's West End which are cared for by Four Acres Charitable Trust (FACT). FACT was founded in 1983 and acquired Cottiers Theatre, then Dowanhill Church, in 1984.The former Dowanhill Church, built in 1865 by William Leiper (1839-1916) and is an internationally important Category ‘A’ listed building due to its decorative scheme designed by Cottier. The Theatre also contains several stained glass windows by Cottier including Miriam and David (1867) and a rose window. FACT works to return important redundant Victorian buildings to a meaningful use and restore them in accordance with the highest conservation standards. Four fine examples of his work may be found in Holy Trinity Church, Nice, France. Notes

his Argentine nephew, born 1971 march 2, in Santa Fe, Argentina, it's a good metallurgical craftsman, and automation engineer, with the same name as its predecessor, <mask>er

1837 births
British cabinetmakers
1891 deaths
People from Anderston
Scottish expatriates in the United


title: Lucas Radebe

texts:
<mask>IS (born 12 April 1969) is a South African former professional footballer who played as a centre back. He began playing in South Africa with Kaizer Chiefs, before transferring to Leeds United, where he played 256 matches for the Yorkshire side. During his spells at these clubs, he picked up the nicknames "Rhoo" and "The Chief". He became captain of Leeds United and also of the South African national team, most notably at World Cup 2002. Nelson Mandela said of Radebe: "This is my hero." He also captained Kaizer Chiefs during his time at Chiefs. Early career
Radebe was born to Emily and <mask> in the Diepkloof section of Soweto, near Johannesburg, as one of 11 children.He attended the local Bopasenatla Secondary School until he was 15 years old. His parents sent him to one of the former homelands in Grade 10, Bophuthatswana, as a way to keep him safe from the violent neighbourhood of Diepkloof Zone Four in Soweto. There he attended Ngotwane High School near Zeerust. Club career

Kaizer Chiefs
After playing for amateur side ICL Birds in the now-defunct Bophuthatswana Soccer League, and was spotted by Patrick Ntsoelengoe who recruited him to one of South Africa's top clubs, the Kaizer Chiefs, in 1989. <mask> originally started his career with the Kaizer Chiefs as a goalkeeper, and then switched positions to central midfield and then finally to central defence. Leeds United
In 1994, <mask> and another South African player, Philemon "Chippa" Masinga, moved to Leeds United for a transfer fee of £250,000. <mask> was only included in the deal to keep Masinga happy; as it turned out, he became the more valuable investment.Initially the move was not a success; <mask> did not agree with then Leeds manager Howard Wilkinson, and suffered injuries which prevented him for earning a regular first team place. <mask> returned to the goalkeeper position in March 1996, replacing John Lukic in the position after he suffered an injury in the second half of a

masks:
Lucas Valeriu Ntuba Radebe O
Johannes Radebe
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title: Lucas Radebe

texts:
 defeat to Middlesbrough. <mask> would again play in the goalkeeper position the following month when goalkeeper Mark Beeney was sent off for handling the ball outside his area in the 17th minute against Manchester United. <mask> was brought on as a substitute in place of Mark Ford, and despite Leeds losing 1–0, Radebe earnt 'cult-hero' status at the club due to his performance. However, when Wilkinson was replaced by George Graham, his career flourished and <mask> was made captain of the team for the 1998–99 season. Whilst he was captain, Leeds enjoyed a period of relative success; in the 1998–99 season, they finished fourth in the FA Premier League, qualifying for the UEFA Cup. During the 1999–2000 season, Leeds finished third in the Premier League and qualified for the following season's Champions League, where they eventually reached the semi-finals.During this time, <mask> turned down the chance to move to Manchester United, A.C. Milan and Roma. Alex Ferguson commented at the time, "Everyone should be interested in <mask>." In 2000, he was awarded the FIFA Fair Play Award. However, in 2000 <mask> sustained serious knee and ankle injuries, which kept him out of the game for almost two years, and subsequently found it difficult to regain his form and his place in the team. International career
Following the end of apartheid, <mask> made his debut for South African national team in their first international match on 7 July 1992 against Cameroon. Having recently recovered from a long-term knee injury, he was a member of the South African team that won the 1996 African Cup of Nations. <mask> was also the captain of the South African national football team during both the 1998 FIFA World Cup and the 2002 FIFA World Cup.South Africa failed to reach the knockout stages on both occasions; however <mask> did get on the score sheet in 2002. He earned 70 caps for South Africa and scored two goals during his international career, with his last match

masks: Radebe Radebe Radebe Radebe Lucas Radebe Radebe Radebe Radebe