title: Kurban Said

texts:
 links to the pseudonym "<mask> <mask>"
Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli was a "seyid" himself, allegedly having been descended from Mohammed on both sides of his family. As for the name "Gurban," Chamanzaminli had written a short story titled "Gurban." In addition, he had referred to himself as gurban in correspondence with Azerbaijani Soviet authorities in 1925 when he was seeking permission to return home from Europe after having been on a diplomatic assignment abroad representing the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) government, which was in opposition to the Bolsheviks. Chamanzaminli realized that historic circumstances made him a likely victim of politics, as most ADR government officials had been killed when the Bolsheviks came to power. Chamanzaminli would have had to have left the manuscript of Ali and Nino in Europe at this time, 1925–1926, as it was critical of the Bolshevik regime.It would have been suicidal to return to Baku with the manuscript in hand, as the Bolsheviks had executed most of the government officials of the former regime and any opposition. As it was, a decade later, the Azerbaijan Writers Union in 1937 were under orders from Stalin to purge anyone from their ranks who did not embrace the Soviet ideology. Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli was accused of introducing "counter-revolutionary" ideas through the anti-heroes of his novels, and soon afterwards, he was arrested and sentenced to the GULag, where he died in 1943. Chamanzaminli used the pseudonym "Ali Khan Chamanzaminli" in some of his earliest works, published in 1911. Ali Khan is also the name of the main character in the novel Ali and Nino. Lev Nussimbaum and the pseudonym "<mask> <mask>"

Lev Nussimbaum, who wrote in German under the pen name of Essad Bey, is

masks: Kurban Said Kurban Said


title: Kurban Said

type: original

texts: also linked to the pseudonym "<mask> <mask>," and by some observers to the novel Ali and Nino. When Lev Nussimbaum, still in his early 30s, began confronting the possibility of his own death from Buerger's Disease, he set out to write his autobiography, titling it The Man who Knew Nothing about Love (Der Mann, der von der Liebe nichts verstand).He signed it "Kurban Said." Although never published, Der Mann was advertised in 1937 as if it had  been published and was available for purchase. This was the same year in which Ali and Nino appeared. Tom Reiss, author of The Orientalist, concludes that since 'The Man Who Knew Nothing about Love" was the work of Lev Nussimbaum, then he was also the author of Ali and Nino. However, even Reiss warns his readers that Nussimbaum's own statements about his own identity were the least credible. "Years of collecting every shred of evidence I could of his existence revealed that … Lev's simplest statements about himself—name, race, nationality—are the ones that can least be trusted." It is possible that Nussimbaum was, in signing "Der Mann" as <mask> <mask>, appropriating a nom de plume already in use.Close examination suggests that one should be cautious about equating Lev Nussimbaum with other works published by "<mask> <mask>." Research indicates that Essad Bey did have his fingers in the "Ali and Nino" narrative, particularly in descriptive folkloric and legendary passages which often contained erroneous material but that the original manuscript of "Ali and Nino" did not originate with him but with the Azerbaijani writer Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli (1887–1942). At issue is whether Lev Nussimbaum was within his rights to use the pseudonym, and whether the name actually originated with him. The problem

masks: Kurban Said Kurban Said Kurban Said


title: Kurban Said

texts:
 with the "Der Mann" narrative is that though it started out as a semi-autobiographical account, it quickly lapsed into a tale of vengeance within a fictional framework about a "Dr. X." Even Reiss admits that "Der Mann" is a "sprawling, improbable tale." This, in turn, casts doubt on Lev Nussimbaum's claims to the rightful use of the pseudonym "<mask> <mask>."Dr. Wilfried Fuhrmann in Germany has transcribed and published all six of the hand-written German "Der Mann" Notebooks. He concludes that Notebooks 3 and 6 are the most damaging to Essad Bey's reputation. "To varying degrees, they are a mixture of malice and slander, as well as pathological hubris and arrogance." For example, Essad Bey suggests that any woman who commits adultery should be tied up in a sack with a wild cat and thrown into the Bosphorus, or buried up to her head in the desert sands to be devoured at night by wild dogs. At the time, Nussimbaum was going through a scandalous divorce with his own wife Erika Loewendahl. However, the content and spirit of "Ali and Nino" which was published at the same time as Der Mann was advertised as being published (1937) is entirely the opposite, and Ali Khan truly was in love with Nino and did everything within his capability to foster her development and well-being. In truth, the two narratives are so unlike each other that it is impossible to imagine them being written by the same person.Essad Bey signed his Final Will as "Essad Bey also known as Leo Nussimbaum and Lev Nussenbaum." No mention whatsoever is made of "Kurban Said." Essad Bey signed this Will (July 27, 1941) about a year before he died (August 27, 1942) and four years after Ali and Nino (1937) had been published. Vacca's claims to the pseudonym "<mask> <mask>"

Bello


title: Kurban Said

texts: Vacca, an Italian born in Tripoli, who often went by the alias Ahmed Giamil Vacca-Mazzara also laid claim to the pseudonym <mask> <mask>. During the early 1970s, he appeared on the doorstep of Baron Omar Rolf Ehrenfels, husband of Elfriede Ehrenfels, who had registered "Ali and Nino" with German authorities. Vacca introduced himself: "<mask> <mask>, C'est moi!" ("Kurban <mask>, It's me!").The Ehrenfels were astonished. Vacca also wrote British publisher Hutchinson in 1975 claiming that he, as <mask> <mask>, had collaborated on several books with Essad Bey and they had had plans to publish them together – "Kurban Said" and "Essad Bey". Vacca named two titles: "Jihad" (Sacred Way) and "Kaloglan: From Samarkand to Tangiers." Vacca was a friend of Essad Bey as well as his drug dealer and he was expelled from Egypt in 1938 on charges of drug dealing and arms smuggling. Vacca also is the person who arranged and financed the Muslim-style gravestone capped with a stone-carved turban for Essad Bey, who is buried in the sea coast town of Positano, Italy. In 1944 – two years after Essad Bey's death – it was Vacca who arranged for the translation of "Ali and Nino" into Italian for the first time. However, although he had already identified the title as "Ali and Nino" in the obituary tribute that he had written for Essad Bey in 1942; in the 1944 edition of the novel, Vacca changed the title to "Ali Khan" and identified the author as "M. Essad Bey," instead of "<mask> <mask>."After all, he himself claimed to be <mask> <mask>. Vacca introduced further changes in the Ali Khan novel, most prominently, the name of Ali's true love "Nino Kipiani" and whose name had been part of the original title of the novel ("Ali and Nino") became "Erica Kipiani", based

masks: Kurban Said Kurban Said Said Kurban Said Kurban Said Kurban Said


title: Kurban Said

texts:
 upon the name of Lev Nussimbaum's estranged wife, Erika Loewendahl, who had left him in 1937 to marry Rene Fulop-Miller. Vacca tried to make the case that he himself was related to Essad Bey, four generations back –  the implication being that Vacca himself was "sole survivor" and, thus, in line to inherit Essad Bey's wealth. The motivation became evident in correspondence from Vacca to Omar Rolf Ehrenfels asking his advice in regard to approaching Hutchinson Publishers (London) who he said had not paid Essad Bey for the biography of Reza Shah. Vacca sought to claim the money and told Ehrenfels that he had his papers all in order as proof of the kinship relationship. Vacca's explanation of the meaning of name "Kurban <mask>"

Vacca claimed that the creation of the name "Kurban <mask>" was totally accidental—the result of a misunderstanding—which later became a private joke between him and Essad Bey. According to Vacca, the incident took place in Turkey during the festival of kurban Bayrami, the religious Muslim Festival of Sacrifice (Eid), which is commemorated annually to acknowledge God's mercy in providing Abraham with a ram as a substitute sacrifice for his son Ismayil.Vacca described the scenario as follows: 1936. A lecture hall in the National Library of Istanbul (Old City). He and Essad Bey had set aside four days to work together on "Ali and Nino." Essad Bey was conversing with someone when Vacca arrived. "I addressed them both with the greeting, "Kurban Said," which Vacca explained, means "Happy Kurban Holiday." Vacca continued: It turned out that it was a foreigner—a tourist—who had been talking with Essad Bey. He misunderstood the custom and thought I was introducing myself as "Kurban <mask>."And so the foreigner had smiled

masks: Said Said Said


title: Kurban Said

texts:
 and replied: "Nice to meet you, Mr. <mask> <mask>." "Ever since then, Essad Bey jokingly called me 'Kurban <mask>,' and when he was looking for a pseudonym for the novel, he asked me if he could use it and I agreed." Objections
Others, however, have objected to Vacca's claims. For example, Azerbaijan International shows that from a cultural point of view, Vacca's claims do not stand up to scrutiny. There is no greeting, "Kuban Said" or "Gurban Said," in any of the countries which celebrate this holiday – not in Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iran, or other Turkic-speaking or Islamic countries in Central Asia, or Arabic-speaking countries. And since this holiday Gurban Bayrami was and still is the biggest holiday in Turkey, all libraries would have been closed. Furthermore, other than Vacca's account, there is no proof that Essad Bey had even gone to Istanbul to work on the novel.Nor is there any other witness claiming that Vacca had been involved at all with editing "Ali and Nino." References
Notes

External links
 Covers of Ali and Nino translated into more than 30 languages. Who Wrote Azerbaijan's Most Famous Novel – Ali and Nino, The Business of Literature." in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2–4 (2011). 364 pages. Available in Azeri or English .What People are saying about Azerbaijan International's research about the Authorship of Ali and Nino. Paul Goble, "Not Just a Question of Authorship: A Literary Excavation into "Ali and Nino," at AZER.com, search Goble." Reiss, Tom, The Orientalist: Solving the Mystery of a Strange and Dangerous Life, Random House, 2005,  (the promotional website for the book). Azerbaijani novelists
Azerbaijani male novelists
20th-century Azerbaijani novelists
20th-century male writers
20th-century pseudonymous

masks: Kurban Said Said


title: Eruviel Ávila Villegas

texts:
<mask> (born May 1, 1969) is a Mexican politician, member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional, PRI), and the Governor of the State of Mexico from 2011 to 2017. Before that, he was Mayor of Ecatepec de Morelos twice, from 2003 to 2006 and from 2009 to 2012, and deputy of the State of Mexico's Congress. Biography
Born at Ecatepec de Morelos in Mexico State, <mask> has a Law bachelor's degree from the Universidad Tecnológica de México (UNITEC), and a Master's and Doctor's degree from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). <mask> has been a teacher at UNITEC. He is author of the book "The Creation of the Constitutional Court in the State of Mexico" ("La Creación de la Corte Constitucional del Estado de México") published in 2003, a joint publication of the Legislative Investigations Institute of the State of Mexico Congress and the State of Mexico's Public Administration Institute. From 1994 to 1996, he was secretary of the municipality of Ecatepec de Morelos. He was elected deputy of the State of Mexico Congress twice, from 1997 to 2000 in the LIII Legislature and from 2006 to 2009 in the LVI Legislature, where he was also named Coordinator of the PRI's Parliamentary Group and chairman of the board of Political Coordination.He was Subsecretary of the State of Mexico's municipal government in Nezahualcóyotl from 2001 to 2002 and PRI's President of the Directive State Council in 2006. He has been elected Mayor of Ecatepec de Morelos for two periods, from 2003 to 2006 and from 2009 to 2012. In 2010 he was elected President of the National Federation of Municipalities (FENAMM), where 1,510 of the country's municipalities are grouped. On March 26, 2011, he requested license to be excused as Mayor of Ecatepec, and the next day he registered as PRI's candidate for Governor of the State of Mexico. Trajectory and formation

Eruviel <mask> <mask> is a graduated lawyer from the Universidad Tecnológica de México (Unitec) has a master's degree and a doctorate, both in law, from the Universidad Autónoma de México (UNAM), he's the author from the book "La creación de la Corte Constitucional del

masks:
Eruviel Ávila Villegas
Eruviel Ávila Villegas
Ávila Villegas
Ávila
Villegas


title: Eruviel Ávila Villegas

texts:
 opened in Atlacomulco, Tenancingo and Ecatepec. On June 19, 2013 <mask> Avila received the award from the International Union against Cancer for the best governmental organization, thanks to his actions on prevention and attention on this decease. By June 2013, the first robotized pharmacy was opened in Cuautitlán city, built to provide exactly dosage and prevent auto medication, after that the Specialized on VIH Center started operations in Ixtapaluca, the first of its kind in the country. Meanwhile, his administration, the Instituto Materno Infantil del Estado de México gave for the first time an electronic vaccination booklet. In November 2014, the Health Secretary gave to the State of Mexico a certification as the first entity in Mexico free from malaria since the past 25 years. On June 3, 2015 the first Regional Blood Bank was opened at the Valle de México, where urgencies from west zone and all the Valle de México are attended.<mask> <mask> was the first blood donor for the bank. A specialized in addictions center (Centro Especializado de Prevención y Rehabilitación de Adicciones) in Metepec city started operating on a July 29, 2015 where they give special treatments for addictions. Social development

On August 12, 2012 with the help from the Health Secretary, started the Caravana de la Salud, an initiative where mobile units bring medical attention to the different Estado de Mexico zones in need from health. Thanks to the "Sistema para el Desarrollo Integral de la Familia" (DIFEM) and the Secretaria de Desarrollo Agropecuario started an initiative called Canastas Alimentarias Hortofruticolas, which was designed to improve the nutrition from poor families and to contribute in the consume of agricultural products, fruits and vegetables of the region. During Eruviel Avila administration was implemented the "needed divorce", a legal term that facilitated the process of divorce in child abuse inside the family cases, reducing prices for these cases. Centers for Raped Women were implemented for victims of these social problem. For families with just one parent a program called "De la mano con Papá" was developed to bring

masks: Eruviel Eruviel Ávila


title: Eruviel Ávila Villegas

texts:
 established in Tepotzotlán, this corporation has bilingual element as their preparation is focused on providing the foreign and domestic tourists needed care. To promote the crafts of the entity, in May 2013 he made an agreement with the Vatican State to commercialize the works of Mexican artisans in the showcases of museums in the city, that became the State of Mexico in the first entity in exporting to the Vatican.In gastronomic tourism, Eruviel <mask> run the Dinner in The Sky Experience in Teotihuacán. This food experience is about enjoying food cooked with typical ingredients and prepared by renowned chefs in a 147.5 ft platform. Cultural festivals have been a resource to stimulate the tourism in Estado de México. A good example is the Cultural Festival of Malinalco; this festival started in April 2014 to promote culture and tourism in the local town. In the other hand, the government have created public spaces that promote ecotourism, like the ecotouristic park Corral de Piedra in Amanalco. In July 2014, Eruviel <mask> and Secretaría de Turismo Federal presented a touristic space for the monarch butterfly. In October 2015, the UNESCO gave Teotihuacán a special protection against any situation to preserve the archeological zone.By the end of 2015, Eruviel <mask> gave five towns the nomination of Pueblo mágico. Estado de México is the state with more towns in this category and have implemented diverse programs to stimulate tourism. CONAGO

During his position as president of the CONAGO (Conferencia Nacional de Gobernadores), Eruviel <mask> treated different subjects related to transparency, formality on jobs, an only police power, between others. Speaking of transparency, some agreements were promoted with the Public Funsion Secretary, SFP (Secretaria de la Función Publica) and the Nacional System of Transparency (SNT) to consolidate responsible and transparent governments, thanks to the right of free access to information and the fight to corruption inside the public politics. By October 2015, the federal government and the CONAGO made an agreement called CIEN (Certificación de Infraestructura en Educación) with the purpose of

masks: Ávila Ávila Ávila Ávila


title: Eruviel Ávila Villegas

texts:
 attend and improve the infrastructure of the school buildings. In the labor trade, the CONAGO pushed some politics for the inclusion of people with disabilities to the labor market. By November 2015, in association with the CONASETRA (Conferencia Nacional de Secretarios del Trabajo) a trade of labor politics was made, where the priority to include the young people in the labor market was exposed, increasing the job opportunities and the diffusion of those, reducing the difficulties to find a first job and creating innovating micro business programs.In December 2015, a trade in collaboration with the CONAGO and SCHP, the use for an electronic signature called FIEL was stablished, this mechanism was created to speed up and make clear all the fiscal procedures. In equality and genre discrimination, the CONAGO made a deal with the secretary of external relationships, Claudia Ruiz Massieu, who claimed the different international agreements that Mexico has with the Convencion sobre la Eliminiación de todas las Formas de discriminación contra la Mujer, a convention for women discriminated. Trying to create secure corporations for citizens, Eruviel <mask> stablished the process of ratify profiles and attitudes before designate a function to people in charge from the institutions of social security. In January 2016, an initiative about the implementation of a Unic State Police was presented to the Congress searching for a better police in the state. In economy of the state, some proposals and agreements were exposed to promote the exports, bring external investment and help Mexican companies at the exterior; an example for this was the creation of an agreement between the CONAGO and ProMexico. References

External links

 Eruviel <mask> in Twitter
 Eruviel <mask> in Facebook
 Eruviel <mask>'s video channel in YouTube

1969 births
Living people
Governors of the State of Mexico
People from Ecatepec de Morelos
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Mexican people of Spanish-Jewish descent
Municipal presidents in the State of Mexico
Universidad Tecnológica de México alumni
National Autonomous


title: Bruno Taut

texts:
<mask> (4 May 1880 – 24 December 1938) was a renowned German architect, urban planner and author of Prussian Lithuanian heritage ("taut" means "nation" in Lithuanian). He was active during the Weimar period and is known for his theoretical works as well as his building designs. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Königsberg in 1880. After secondary school, he studied at the Baugewerkschule. In the following years, Taut worked in the offices of various architects in Hamburg and Wiesbaden. In 1903, he was employed by <mask> in Berlin, where he acquainted himself with Jugendstil and new building methods combining steel with masonry. From 1904 to 1908, Taut worked in Stuttgart for Theodor Fischer and studied urban planning.He received his first commission through Fischer in 1906, which involved the renovation of the village church in Unterriexingen. In 1908, he returned to Berlin to study art history and construction at the Royal Technical Higher School of Charlottenburg (Königlich Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg), now the Technical University of Berlin. A year later, he established the architecture firm Taut & Hoffmann with Franz Hoffmann. Taut's first large projects came in 1913. He became a committed follower of the Garden City movement, evidenced by his design for the Falkenberg Estate. Taut adopted the futuristic ideals and techniques of the avant-garde as seen in the prismatic dome of the Glass Pavilion, which he built for the association of the German glass industry for the 1914 Werkbund Exhibition in Cologne. His aim was to make a whole building out of glass instead of merely using

masks:
Bruno Julius Florian Taut
Taut
Bruno Möhring


title: Bruno Taut

texts:
 1924 <mask> was made chief architect of GEHAG, a Berlin public housing cooperative, and was the main designer of several successful large residential developments ("Gross-Siedlungen") in Berlin, notably the 1925 Hufeisensiedlung ("Horseshoe Estate"), named for its configuration around a pond, and the 1926 Onkel-Toms-Hütte development ("Uncle Tom's Cabin") in Zehlendorf, named for a local restaurant and set in a thick grove of trees. Both of these constructions became prominent examples of the use of colorful details in architecture. Taut worked for the city architect of Berlin, Martin Wagner, on some of Berlin's Modernist Housing Estates, now recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The designs featured controversial modern flat roofs; access to sunlight, air, and gardens; and generous amenities like gas, electric light, and bathrooms. Political conservatives complained that these developments were too opulent for 'simple people'. The progressive Berlin mayor, Gustav Böss, defended them: "We want to bring the lower levels of society higher." Between 1924 and 1931, Taut's team completed more than 12,000 dwellings.In tribute to Taut, GEHAG incorporated an abstracted graphic of the Horseshoe Estate in its logo. This state housing association was sold by the Senate of Berlin in 1998; its legal successor is Deutsche Wohnen. Japan
Being of liberal political sympathies, Taut fled Germany when the Nazis gained power. He was promised work in the USSR in 1932 and 1933 but was obliged to return to Germany in February 1933 to a hostile political environment. Later in the same year, Taut fled to Switzerland.


title: Bruno Taut

texts: Arts in Istanbul (currently, Mimar Sinan University of Fine Arts), Taut relocated to Turkey in 1936. In Ankara he joined other German wartime exiles, including Martin Wagner and Taut's associate Franz Hillinger, who arrived in 1938. Some of Taut's work was received unfavorably, however, and labeled as "cubic". In a letter to a Japanese friend he wrote, "They gave me a great opportunity in that they gave me freedom for my craft. I will make a building that is not 'cubic'; they are calling all modernism cubic. For this building, I am thinking of using some Turkish motifs." He proceeded to design his own house in İstanbul's Ortaköy neighborhood, bridging the architectural traditions of his exile existence.His studio resembled that of the Einstein Tower in Potsdam, while the front view recalled a Japanese pagoda. After leaving Germany, Taut gradually moved away from modernism. A colleague remarked that "Like everyone who gets old, Taut is stuck with Renaissance principles and cannot find a way towards the new! I am very disappointed... It is a shame for such an avant-gardist." Before his death in 1938, Taut wrote at least one more book and designed a number of educational buildings in Ankara and Trabzon under commissions from the Turkish Ministry of Education. The most significant of these buildings were the Faculty of Languages, History and Geography at Ankara University, Ankara Atatürk High School and Trabzon High School.His last building project, the Cebeci School, was left unfinished. <mask>'s final work, one month before his death, was the catafalque that was used for the official state funeral of


title: Bruno Taut

texts:
 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on 21 November 1938 in Ankara. It was a simple design, consisting of large wooden columns and a flag that covered the coffin. Taut died on 24 December 1938 and was laid to rest at the Edirnekapı Martyr's Cemetery in Istanbul as its first and only non-Muslim. Bibliography

 Jose-Manuel Garcia Roig, Tres arquitectos alemanes: <mask>t. Hugo Häring. Martin Wagner Universidad de Valladolid: 2004. .
 Matthias Schirren (2004): <mask>t: Alpine Architecture: A Utopia, Prestel Publishing (bilingual edition)
 Iain Boyd Whyte (2010): <mask> and the Architecture of Activism (Cambridge Urban and Architectural Studies), Cambridge University Press,
 Deutscher Werkbund, Winfried Brenne (2008):  <mask>: Master of colorful architecture in Berlin, Verlagshaus Braun,
 Markus Breitschmid (2012): "The Architect as 'Molder of the Sensibilities of the General Public'": <mask> and his Architekturprogramm, in: The Art of Social Critique.Painting Mirrors of Social Life, Shawn Chandler Bingham (ed.) Lanham: Lexington Books of Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 155–179,
 Markus Breitschmid (2017): "Glass House at Cologne." in: Harry Francis Mallgrave, David Leatherbarrow, Alexander Eisenschmidt (eds.) The Companions to the History of Architecture, Volume IV, Twentieth-Century Architecture, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., London, 2017, , pp. 61–72. Markus Breitschmid (2017): "Alpine Architecture - <mask>t", in: Disegno - Quarterly Journal for Design, No.14, London, pp. 62–70. A Comparative Study On The Works of German Expatriate Architects In Their Home-Land And In Turkey During The Period of 1927-1950 / Yüksel

masks:
Bruno Tau
Bruno Tau
Bruno Taut
Bruno Taut
Bruno Taut
Bruno Tau


title: Bruno Taut

texts:
 Zandel Pöğün / IYTE
 Architectural Theory / Edited by Harry Francis Mallgrave and Christina Contandriopoulos
 Architectural Theory From The Renaıssance to The Present / Bernd Evers
 Modern ve Sürgün – Almanca Konuşan Ülkelerin Mimarları Türkiye’de / Yüksel Zandel Pöğün

Gallery

References

External links

 Britz/Hufeisensiedlung in Berlin by <mask> & Martin Wagner (with drawings and photos)
 Museum of Architecture biography of Taut

1880 births
1938 deaths
Expressionist architects
20th-century German architects
German architecture writers
Housing in Germany
Modernist architects from Germany
German urban planners
Weimar culture
Architectural theoreticians
Architects from Königsberg
Burials at Edirnekapı Martyr's Cemetery
German expatriates in Turkey
German expatriates in Japan
German male non-fiction


title: Manuel Botelho

texts:
<mask> (born 1950, Lisbon) is a Portuguese artist. He lives and works in Estoril, Portugal, and teaches at the Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Lisbon. <mask> was born in Lisbon, Portugal. He studied architecture at the Lisbon School of Fine Arts from 1968–76, and painting at the Byam Shaw School of Art (1983–85) and the Slade School of Fine Art (1985–87), London. In 2005 he held a retrospective exhibition at the Modern Art Centre, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon. Artistic practice

<mask>'s work has always been concerned with the socio-political realm, and his 1969 collages focused on the May 1968 Paris uprisings and the Vietnam War. From 1970 to 1983 he was mainly involved in architecture, with his art practice remaining marginal and intermittent.After moving to London in 1983 – where he kept a studio until 1996 – his work became more allegorical and more concerned with questions of personal and collective identity, and his interest in the unveiling of the unconscious was closely linked to his fascination for Goya: "His poetics and iconography spring from the adolescent revelation of Goya's Black Paintings [...] at the Prado Museum." His early 1980s works were often closely linked to his own life, speaking of loss or separation. Simultaneously, he searched for his roots in the past, and he found himself reflecting on how the present seemed haunted by the memories of 41 years of oppression (Salazar and Caetano's dictatorship – 1933–1974): "We sense it is not <mask>' personal nightmare, but a collective one; the subject he is taking on is the ruinous fabric of a whole society." At the Byam Shaw School of Art

masks:
Manuel Botelho
Botelho
Botelho
Botelho


title: Manuel Botelho

texts: <mask> "created a new vision of oppression with a cast of archetypal characters, led by the figure of the Priest/Bishop/Dictator", and by the time he arrived at the Slade, he "was discovering a genuine iconography – a world of donkeys and hovels, of peasants working the fields with primitive tools, of crumbling stone – built walls – a pre-industrial past that stands as a metaphor for modern Portugal". This dark vision slowly eased off, and the "themes of aggression and domination [gave] way to a more intimate and personal iconography"; the formal quest, the structuring of the picture plane and the push and pull of pictorial space became top priorities as he revisited Picasso's synthetic cubism in paintings where "eroticism, or the more generalized sensuality of the relationship between mother and child" became main themes. As he distanced himself from cubism, his drawing became more subtle and sensitive, and a dynamic sense of movement liberated his figures from gravity and immobility. By the late 1990s his multi-layered representations alluded to a wide range of subject matter, from present-day life to traditional religious themes, "bridging the gap between sacred and profane, contemporary temporality and timelessness".In 2006 he "resorted to a new medium, photography, to build a body of work that nevertheless reflects the main characteristics of his practice: examination of historical issues, references to the Western pictorial tradition, and figuration as a stylistic signature". For his long-term project Confidential/Declassified, on the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–74), he spent 15 months at the Lisbon Military


title: Manuel Botelho

texts:
 Museum taking photographs that depict the weaponry of both the Portuguese and the African forces, from improvised single-shot firearms to the G3 and AK-47 rifles. And in subsequent series he reinstated a type of narrative that relates to his earlier painting, "using elements drawn from a concrete war [...] to deal with that particular war, as well as all other wars; and also [...] war as an abstract reality". Examining a traumatic event through an allegorical narrative, "<mask> probes Portuguese collective consciousness with sensitivity without failing to point out the political turmoil of the colonial era". His 2011–12 works include large-scale 3D pieces made with campaign tent cloths and the sound installation "Letters of Love and Longing", based on the letters exchanged between a soldier in Portuguese Guinea and his girlfriend in Lisbon: "sounding like a radio soap opera [...] the text locates us in time and in space, showing us the dimension of feelings: Portugal and Guinea, nineteen-sixties and Colonial War, love and death, jealousy and hope". Solo exhibitions

<mask> has regularly exhibited since 1986. He has held solo exhibitions at galleries and museums, such as: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon (1986, 1994); National Museum of Ancient Art, Lisbon (2000); Modern Art Center José de Azeredo Perdigão, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon (2005); Elvas Contemporary Art Museum, Elvas (2008); EDP Foundation, Lisbon (2008); Lagos Cultural Centre, Lagos, Portugal (2005, 2009); Cascais Cultural Centre, Cascais (2011); etc.And in galleries such as: Módulo, Lisbon (1987, 1989, 1991, 1995, 1998, 2001, 2003);

masks: Botelho Botelho


title: Manuel Botelho

texts:
 Módulo, Oporto (1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2001); Flowers East, London (1992); Lisboa 20/Miguel Nabinho, Lisbon (2006, 2008, 2009); Fernando Santos, Oporto (2009); etc. Notes and references

Sources

FREITAS, Maria Helena – <mask>: The Praise of Painting. In: BOTELHO, <mask> <mask>: Pintura 1990–94. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1994. AMADO, Miguel – <mask>, 2008, Artforum Online
HYMAN, Timothy. In: BOTELHO, <mask> – <mask>: Pintura e Desenho 84/86. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1986.PINHARANDA, João – Book of Errors [2000]. In BOTELHO, <mask> – <mask>: Painting and Drawing. Lisbon: Estar Editora Lda., 2000. PINHARANDA, João – World Life and Self-Portraits [2005]. In: BOTELHO, <mask> – <mask>: Desenho e Pintura, 1984–2004. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 2005. PINHARANDA, João – <mask>'s Secret Reports [2008].In: BOTELHO, <mask>RANDA, João – Tell me what it was like… [2011]. In BOTELHO, <mask> – <mask>: Letters of Love and Longing. Cascais: Centro Cultural de Cascais, 2011. .
PORFÍRIO, José Luís – Visitation. In: <mask>: Pintura e desenho 1997–2000. Lisbon: Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga (National Museum of Ancient Art), 2000.ROSENGARTEN, Ruth. In: BOTELHO, <mask> – <mask>. London: Flowers East, 1992. External links
Artist’s own site
Miguel Nabinho Gallery
Fernando Santos Gallery
Modern Art Centre / Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation
PLMJ Foundation

1950 births
Portuguese painters
Portuguese male painters
Portuguese photographers
Portuguese contemporary artists
Living people
People from Lisbon
People from Cascais
Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art
Alumni of the Byam Shaw

masks:
Manuel Botelho
Manuel –
Manuel Botelho
Manuel Botelho
Manuel
Manuel Botelho
Manuel
Manuel Botelho
Manuel
Manuel Botelho
Manuel Botelho
ManuelHA
Manuel
Manuel Botelho
Manuel Botelho
Manuel
Manuel Botelho


title: Snuffy Stirnweiss

texts:
George Henry "<mask>" <mask> (October 26, 1918 – September 15, 1958) was an American professional baseball second baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) between 1943 and 1952, spending most of his MLB career with the New York Yankees, and spending his last couple of seasons playing with the St. Louis Browns and the Cleveland Indians. A batting champion in 1945 and a two-time All-Star, he played a role with three different World Series championship squads during his time in New York. Early life and college

Before turning professional, <mask> was a multi-sport star in high school at Fordham Preparatory School in The Bronx. In 1935, his junior year, he led his school to championships in both baseball and basketball, and was the star of both teams in the process, while being a leader for the gridiron football team as well. These accolades helped to earn him a spot in the school's Hall of Honor upon his graduation from Fordham Prep in 1936. Furthermore, he was able to parlay his sporting accomplishments into attending the University of North Carolina, where he played significant roles with the football and baseball programs.As a football player, he was used in a quarterback and halfback hybrid role, while also being capable of booming punts further down field than most other punters were capable of doing during this time period. His football prowess earned him many accolades, including the highest honor an athlete can achieve at North Carolina, the Patterson Medal, awarded to the senior athlete in the University who is judged by a committee of faculty, administrators, and students to be most outstanding in athletic ability, sportsmanship, morale, leadership, and general conduct. Stirnweiss also played baseball while at North Carolina, though he was not as renowned for his baseball exploits. Stirnweiss was a high draft

masks: Snuffy Stirnweiss Stirnweiss


title: Snuffy Stirnweiss

texts:
 Yankees won the American League pennant with 98 wins; Stirnweiss played little in the World Series that year.Stirnweiss only managed to earn one plate appearance, serving as a pinch-hitter for the pitcher Hank Borowy late in Game 3 with the Yankees trailing, but on a subsequent sacrifice bunt, the third baseman committed an error, paving the way for a five-run rally in a game New York won, 6–2. The Yankees, having lost in the previous year's World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in upset fashion, returned the favor in 1943 and won the championship in five games. Peak years: 1944–1945

In 1944, Gordon joined the military and temporarily vacated his ironclad second base position. As a regular in 1944, <mask> served as the Yankees' leadoff hitter and had a breakout season, leading the league with 205 hits, 125 runs, 16 triples and 55 stolen bases. He also recorded 59 extra base hits in total while hitting .319. Providing sturdy and almost error-less defense from second base as well, <mask> was arguably the most vital player on a Yankee team that won 83 games and finished in third place in the American League in 1944. His contributions were so outstanding that he was awarded with a fourth-place finish in the AL MVP voting at the close of the 1944 season.<mask> posted a triple slash line in 1945 that was almost identical to the one he posted the year prior, while socking 64 extra base hits in another league-leading season in plate appearances. Despite a ten-point drop in his batting average from the previous season, his .309 clip in 1945 was enough to edge Tony Cuccinello for the batting crown in the American League for 1945. His base stealing was a bit more uneven in 1945, only posting a 66% success rate that was a far cry from his 83% figure the previous year. With another batting average in excess of .300 and on-base

masks: Stirnweiss Stirnweiss Stirnweiss


title: Snuffy Stirnweiss

texts:
 horrible, but they were not up to the lofty numbers of 1944 and 1945, and they were not up to the standard that Joe Gordon prior to that had established during what was ultimately a Hall of Fame career. Unable to re-capture his former glory, Stirnweiss spent 1949 as a partially used utility player, often coming in as a pinch hitter or defensive replacement late in games with the occasional start, and appeared in seven games for New York before being shipped off to the St. Louis Browns.He posted a pair of .216 batting averages in his final two full seasons in the Major Leagues, doing so again in 1951 after joining the Cleveland Indians. He appeared in one game in 1952 as a defensive replacement at third base and subsequently retired. He was a 1946 All-Star for the American League, perhaps as a reward for his prior two seasons rather than his production in 1946 on its own merits. He participated in all three World Series that the Yankees played in during his time with the club, and for his part, he delivered in the 1947 World Series against the cross-town Brooklyn Dodgers, a knock-out seven game fight with the Yankees emerging victorious. <mask> had seven hits and eight walks in that series, posting a .429 on-base percentage in helping New York to the crown. He was used as a defensive replacement in the one game he featured in for the Yankees in their 1949 World Series participation, a shorter victory once again over Brooklyn. Post-playing career and death

Upon his retirement from Major League Baseball in 1952, Stirnwess ventured into the field of managing in the minor league ranks.He served as the manager for the Schenectady Blue Jays, the Philadelphia Phillies' Eastern League affiliate, in 1954, and then moved back into the Yankees’ organization and served as the manager for their affiliate in the same league, the Binghamton


title: Lekan Balogun

texts:
<mask> (born 3 March 1973) is a Nigerian dramatist and theatre director. His plays include Moremi Ajaasoro, performed as the Western zone's entry for the Festival of Nigerian Plays (FESTINA 2003); Olofin Ajaye and The Mote in the Eye, NANTAP International Theatre Day, 2008 and 2009/20th Anniversary Play projects; The Rejected Stone, an African retelling of the popular fable Cinderella, Alaafin Kanran, Farewell and Dirty Circle for Royal Court Theatre, London, excerpt performed at the Sloane Square, Jerwood Theatre, London, in 2009 with sponsorship from the British Council, Nigeria & GENESIS Foundation, UK; The Ghost Catcher; Goodbye Yesterday; Our Tomorrow Today; Ijebu 1832; For Heroes and Scoundrels, among others. He wrote and directed a play about Zulu folklore (Izibongo) and history in 2008 with the title Shaka, the Zulu legend. Early life
<mask>un studied English and Social Studies, gaining a Nigerian Certificate in Education (NCE) at the Federal College of Education, Osiele, Abeokuta. He holds a Bachelor of Arts and master's degree (with Distinction) in Theatre Arts from the Department of Creative Arts, University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria. Career
Shortly after graduation from the Federal College of Education, Osiele, Abeokuta, in 1996, <mask> joined the Centre for Cultural Studies, University of Lagos, Akoka, as an Associate member as well as a member of Akuro Theatre, owned and managed by late Professor Bode Osanyin, playwright and theatre director, under whose tutelage he received professional training as an actor and playwright. With the Centre and Akuro, he was part of productions such as Orisa, Left in the

masks:
Lekan Balogun
Lekan Balog
Lekan Balogun


title: Lekan Balogun

texts:
 the Leaves for the inaugural Theatre @Terra, 2007; Olive Branch, produced in conjunction with Kowry Kreations Media (now Image and Heritage); Emmanuel Eni's Death of a Curator; his outfit's production of Love and Colours in Delphi, one of his experimental plays (in association with Theatre Centrik, owned and managed by his long-time friend and associate, Tony Biyi Boyede) and Oya, with support from the National Troupe of Nigeria; Olofin Ajaye, written and directed as NANTAP 2008 International Theatre Day production and The Mote in the Eye, performed as NANTAP 20th Anniversary play, featuring Ambassador Segun Olusola and veteran actors such as Dejumo Lewis, the Oloja of Oja of the Village Headmaster fame, Mufu Onifade, originator of ARAISM, Sola Awojobi-Onayiga, Tunde Alabi and directed by the talented Makinde Adeniran, Femi Osofisan's Women of Owu, etc.Balogun has had a very long professional relationship with the actor and theatre director, William Ekpo, Tunji Sotimirin and few others. Experimental works
<mask> Balogun has begun a new style of writing he calls "The Theory of Contradiction", which was inspired by the Absurd Theatre, but drawing from African history, myth and legend. In performance, ritual music and silence are technical components of realization. Plays written to develop the theory include Love and Colours in Delphi, Soyinka in the Eye of Shakespeare read as the National Troupe of Nigeria, 26th in the Series of Play Reading, Harlem Remembered, performed at the Duro Oni @ 60 celebrations, featuring highly talented actor Art-Osagie Okedigun, Wale Lampejo and Qamar Adekunjo; A Walk with Gandhi and


title: Lekan Balogun

texts:
 Epitaph for Gaddafi. He also collaborated and wrote dialogue for an international production of The Power Play, by the German-based theatre company, FLINN THEATER, which opened to public viewing in September 2012 at Kulturhaus Dock 4, Germany. Other Related Works
<mask> <mask> is also an essayist, cultural ambassador and columnist for a number of journals. He has been invited as speaker, panel discussant and facilitator in several workshops on art, literature and theatre.He has essays on EDAOTO, among others, and been invited as speaker in several national and international seminars and workshops including Write Associates' The Africa Century International Writers Conference programme, 2012 at the University of the Free State, South Africa and the African Studies Institute International Conference on Africa and its Diaspora with the theme Africa and its Diaspora: Expressions of Indigenous and Local Knowledge, University of Georgia, Athens, USA, 2012. References

External links

1973 births
Nigerian dramatists and playwrights
Living people
Yoruba dramatists and playwrights
People from Lagos State
University of Lagos alumni
Nigerian theatre directors
20th-century Nigerian politicians
21st-century Nigerian

masks: Lekan Balogun


title: James Haydon

texts:
<mask> (born 2 November 1973 in Amersham, Buckinghamshire), is a British former motorcycle racer. He raced in 250cc and 500cc Grand Prix, MotoGP, British Superbike and the World Superbike Championship. He retired in 2008. He now works in media, presenting shows and race commentating on ITV and British Eurosport for World Superbike Championship and British Superbike Championship coverage, and he covers some Moto GP races when the regular commentators are unavailable. He has worked for the BBC, Sky Sports, Motors TV, Al Jazeera and Radio 5 live and is seen as a rising talent within the media side of the sport. He is also the guest test rider for Britain's biggest motorcycle monthly –  Bike Magazine. Biography
<mask> got his passion for speed through his father David, a Doctor who loved fast cars and motorcycles.He bought <mask> his first motorcycle aged eight which he would ride in his parents garden. He quickly moved into Motorcross and worked his way up into the top 40 in Britain in Schoolboy Motorcross. But instead of pursuing a career in that sport he swapped to road racing at 16 in 1990. He finished 2nd in the British 125 Ministock Championship in his first year. Also starting in Ministocks that season was Neil Hodgson who immediately became (and still is) a great friend of <mask>'). <mask> then moved straight into The British 125cc Championship in 1991 (grabbing a pole position, some top 10 finishes and also winning the EMRA 125cc Championship). He was then spotted by Ron Haslem for a ride on Team Great Britain in 1992 after a disappointing finish in the 1991 Superteen championship.He raced a Yamaha TZ250 and won his first British Championship race at Silverstone

masks:
James Richard Barnaby Haydon
James
James
James
James


title: James Haydon

texts: that same year. The next season in 1993 he just missed out on winning the British 250cc Championship (which he had dominated) after the camera he was carrying for TV came loose and jammed his back wheel in the final race causing him to crash. The same season at 19 (having already won 4 British Championship 250cc races) he competed in the 1993 British 500cc Grand Prix, finishing 11th to become the youngest ever British points-scorer in a top-division World Championship race. He managed to finish well ahead of his mentor, the legendary Ron Haslam adding more prestige to his great performance. In 1994 he won his first British Superbike Championship race along with two more national 250cc victories that year. For 1995 he then jumped straight into the top level 500cc world championship as a privateer (1995 for Harris and 1996 for WCM). He took some stunning top 10 results and impressed many with his speed on a privateer bike.He had offers to stay in G.P. 's but he decided to move to the WSBK in 1997. But this was with GIACO MOTO, a poorly run Team who struggled with finance and an old motorcycle. <mask> quit after the bike broke down 14 times. His best result was a 9th-placed finish. After three years in the World Championship for 1998 he returned home to the ultra competitive British Superbike championship. He surprised many with a podium in his first race before going on to have many years of success.He quickly became a crowd and sponsor favourite with his exciting all action style, never give up attitude and screen presence. He raced for Team Suzuki, Team Red Bull Ducati, Team Yamaha and Team Kawasaki. Never the luckiest rider many felt one of his best chances for the


title: James Haydon

texts: Championship came in 2000 for Ducati. Whilst leading the Championship a terrible mid season car accident (in which he was a passenger) damaged his neck and nerves badly. This caused him serious problems when racing and training and ruined his season. He twice finished 4th in the standings and was always one of the fastest riders, with multiple lap records and fastest laps throughout his BSB career. He won a total of 12 British Superbike Championship races and had over 30 podiums in the series.In 2002 he joined Carl Fogarty's Foggy Petronas in the WSBK, developing the new bike for the first year. It proved unreliable with multiple blow ups, a lack of parts supply and other problems dogging it throughout the year. <mask> had to leap from the motorcycle twice when it blew up and engulfed him in flames and fuel. One of the lowest points came when the gearbox locked up in Germany and caused a horrific accident (putting him out for the middle of the season). His high point was a best result of 7th in the world in Japan. In 2004 he nearly retired after the mentally and physically draining previous season and started it without a ride. But his pedigree could not be ignored and he was soon called up to stand in at Virgin Mobile Yamaha in the British Superbike series.He immediately turned the Teams season around taking the bikes and Teams only win of the year and also putting it on the podium. Despite missing many rounds he beat all the other riders in the team and finished top Yamaha in Britain. It was also the only season in his career that he never crashed, not even in practice. At the end of the season he also raced in the last few MotoGP's ( World Championship) for Kenny


title: James Haydon

texts: Roberts Proton team. His best result an impressive 12th place in Qatar. 2004 had been such a good season that he signed a prestigious two-year deal for Airwaves Ducati (one of the top teams in Britain). He should have spent 2005 and 2006 on an Airwaves Ducati but an unlucky pre-season testing injury at Albacete saw Gregorio Lavilla take over his ride and then keeping it after a promising start (and eventually winning the championship on it).With no ride he became 'Super Sub' once again, filling in for various teams throughout 2005. Eventually ending up at Team Suzuki (after John Reynolds was injured). He immediately beat his new teammate (Scott Smart) and when the injured John Reynolds returned, the Team kept Haydon not Smart and he rewarded them with some strong results including a podium. This was good enough for an offer to stay with the Team for 2006 alongside 2003 champion Shane Byrne. After a strong start at Oulton Park on identical bikes, <mask> was made to run a different development bike to Byrne with a changed weight balance. He disliked the new bike immediately and blamed his sudden poor form and crashes on the change of machine. But with his ally the experienced Paul Denning (ex- Suzuki Team Manager) off in MotoGP and a new Team manager who had never worked in motorsport before, <mask> struggled.After a heavy crash at Mallory he missed round 6 through injury then returned at Snetterton for Round 7. In race 2 a serious brake problem at the end of the Revvit straight caused him to run off the track at high speed. Unable to slow properly he shot across the track and collided with Dean Thomas. This caused an unfortunate crash which left Thomas and <mask>

masks: James James Haydon


title: James Haydon

texts: injured. Both riders soon recovered although only <mask> returned to race that season. Afterwards the incident was reviewed by an RAC panel and <mask> was cleared of all responsibility when the data logging proved the problem had been completely outside his control. For 2007 he returned to Virgin Yamaha alongside Tommy Hill in a Team he had excelled with in the past.But he parted company with the team stating that he had "lost confidence in the development Pirelli tyres they were forced to run and that showed in (his) riding. Lacking extra funds the Team said that there was no possibility of a testing programme to help (him) rebuild that confidence so it seemed impossible to continue". N.B. Virgin Yamaha were the only team in Britain to run the then new Pirelli tyres that year against the established and mighty Michelin and Dunlop. Later that year he signed as 'Super Sub' for Hawk Kawasaki and in his first race with them he beat his teammate and finished top Kawasaki. He continued that form for most of the season. For 2008 Hawk Kawasaki offered Haydon a season contract.However two weeks before the start of the race season they were forced to pull out when one of their main sponsors withdrew. So he was once again without a ride. But he was quickly contacted by Eurosport and decided he would leave racing and go and work for them instead. He has never raced at the top level since. Says <mask> "After a long career my time had come to retire from racing bikes. It was a difficult choice for sure as there is never a 'right' time as such. You normally find riders only retire after really bad injuries and I've been very fortunate to avoid those.Amazing really and I'm thankful

masks: Haydon Haydon James


title: James Haydon

texts:
 for that. Especially as I have been racing bikes most weekends for 25 years now. From a small kid on a dirt field all the way to the best circuits in the world in front of millions of people. I've had an amazing time too! I've travelled the world and spanned some really cool era's in bikes. From 165 Bhp 500cc V4 2 Strokes to 240 Bhp 1000cc 4 strokes. I've raced them all.From the likes of Schwantz, Doohan, Criville, Cadalora up to Bayliss, Biaggi and Rossi. Wish I had beaten a few more of them mind you! But seriously, I feel blessed to have done something I really loved and been paid well for it. Thank you everyone! Now however, it's time for the next chapter of my life. I can't wait for the challenge!" <mask> now presents for British Eurosport, mainly on the British Superbike Championship.He is also a regular studio guest on the live World Superbike Championship rounds. For the first time in 3 years <mask> got back on a modern bike at the 2010 British Superbike Championship round at Brands Hatch, <mask> joined the select few and rode some fast demo laps on the 2010 Rizla Suzuki Moto GP bike. Personal life
<mask>' parents David and Beverley are both retired and live close by. His Dad still owns and rides many motorcycles. <mask> also has three sisters Annabelle, Susannah and Charlotte. <mask> is married to Jo and they have three children, Zac, Maya and Lexi, and the couple lived in Andorra for many years but now reside back in England close to their families. <mask> is the nephew of designer Zandra Rhodes.Former BSB and WSB Champion Neil Hodgson said of <mask> "For sure he was one of the fastest riders I've ever seen who never managed to win a British or World

masks: James James James James James James James James


title: James Haydon

texts:
 Championship. But he has his head screwed on and a good view of life, so I am sure he will succeed in whatever he chooses to do now. Go get 'em <mask>". References and notes

External links

 JamesHaydon.co.uk

1973 births
Living people
People from Amersham
British motorcycle racers
English motorcycle racers
British Superbike Championship riders
Superbike World Championship riders
500cc World Championship riders
MotoGP World Championship


title: Scott Bradlee

texts:
<mask> (born September 19, 1981) is an American musician, pianist, and arranger. He is best known for his viral videos on YouTube, including his work under the moniker Postmodern Jukebox (PMJ) — an ever-evolving, revolving collective of performers playing popular music in period styles. Biography
<mask> grew up in the Pattenburg section of Union Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey where he fell in love with jazz at the age of 12 after hearing George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue for the first time. He attended North Hunterdon High School and later the University of Hartford. <mask> became a successful performer in the New York jazz scene, and served as music director for an interactive, off-Broadway theater experience called Sleep No More. In looking for creative inspiration, <mask> began reworking popular music as an exercise. In 2009, he released "Hello My Ragtime '80s," which incorporated ragtime-style piano into popular music from the 1980s.After playing and experimenting on stage at his regular gig at Robert Restaurant, he released the compilation Mashups by Candlelight. <mask> gained popularity in 2012 with A Motown Tribute to Nickelback, a collaboration with local musicians which arranged Nickelback's songs in the style of 1960s style R&B music. In 2013, <mask> began to work more seriously on forming Postmodern Jukebox, a rotating group of musicians producing covers of pop songs in alternate styles, including jazz, ragtime, and swing. The group burst onto the public radar with their doo-wop cover of Miley Cyrus's "We Can't Stop", featuring Robyn Adele Anderson and guest artists, The Tee-Tones. As the viral surge grew, <mask> was interviewed by news outlets such as NPR and also performed live on Good Morning America and Fuse. The group visited Cosmopolitan magazine's New York office for a year-end review of their work and popular songs from the year. Several artists have publicly noted their appreciation for the group's work.Among the group's prominent guest musicians are Dave Koz,

masks:
Scott Bradlee
Bradlee
Bradlee
Bradlee
Bradlee
Bradlee
Bradlee


title: Scott Bradlee

texts: who collaborated with them in jazz covers of "Careless Whisper" and the Game of Thrones theme music, and Niia, who joined them for a "space jazz" version of "The End of the World". Postmodern Jukebox's October 2013 collaboration with Puddles Pity Party on a cover of Lorde's "Royals" generated particularly strong interest; as of June 2020, this video remained among the five most popular on <mask>'s YouTube channel with over 28.6 million hits. In 2013, <mask> found interest from the video game industry, gaining a composer credit for 2K Games' BioShock Infinite soundtrack, which features four of his stylized arrangements: a piano cover of Tears for Fears' "Everybody Wants to Rule the World" (piano and vocals), a jazzy ragtime cover of Gloria Jones' "Tainted Love" (arrangement, piano), and covers of R.E.M. 's "Shiny Happy People" (arrangement and piano) and "After You’ve Gone" (arrangement, piano). In early September 2014, <mask> uploaded a 1940s jazz interpretation of "All About That Bass" called "All About That (Upright) Bass", featuring Kate Davis singing solo while playing double bass, with <mask> on piano and Dave Tedeschi on drums. The video received 8 million hits in three months. Also in 2014, <mask>'s YouTube Channel "Postmodern Jukebox" was listed as #42 on NewMediaRockstars''' "Top 100 Channels".In late 2014 to 2015, Postmodern Jukebox toured extensively through America and Europe with its rotating cast of musical contributors. On Feb. 24th, Postmodern Jukebox co-headlined the Dubai Jazz Festival, alongside Sting, Toto, Chris Botti, and David Gray. On February 26, the band kicked off a 75-date international tour at Vicar Street in Dublin, Ireland, wrapping on June 4 in Ankara, Turkey. In early February 2016, <mask> and Postmodern Jukebox covered the late David Bowie’s classic song "Heroes" in honor of World Cancer Day – featuring vocals by Nicole Atkins. The track became one of his most popular arrangements to date and was sold on iTunes to earn money for the Cancer Research

masks: Bradlee Bradlee Bradlee Bradlee Bradlee Bradlee


title: Scott Bradlee

texts:
 Institute. In 2016, Heineken announced their global partnership with Formula One racing management and in September released its first "If You Drive, Never Drink" campaign commercial featuring Sir Jackie Stewart (the "Flying Scot”) which featured <mask>'s cover of “Heroes” as the soundtrack. In 2016, Adweek featured <mask> as one of "20 Content Creators Who Are Setting the Bar for Creativity in 2016."On June 12, 2018, <mask> released his first book, a memoir entitled Outside The Jukebox: How I Turned My Vintage Music Obsession Into My Dream Gig (Hachette Books). The book garnered rave reviews from artists such as Kristin Chenoweth and Mick Fleetwood, as well as features from Publishers Weekly, The Weekly Standard'', and Billboard. <mask> performed a series of special intimate Book Release Parties during the book's release week in Los Angeles, Washington D.C., New York, and his hometown of Flemington, NJ. Postmodern Jukebox

<mask>'s most notable work to date has been with the collective he created - Postmodern Jukebox. He posts weekly covers of recent pop songs with jazz or other genre variations. As of June 2020, the Postmodern Jukebox YouTube channel has over 4.8 million subscribers and has surpassed 1.45 billion views. In May 2021, it has 5.24 million subscribers.Each week, Postmodern Jukebox puts out a new video on YouTube, most of which are filmed casually in <mask>'s living room. The band has covered songs by artists ranging from Lady Gaga and The Strokes to Katy Perry and the White Stripes. Since their beginnings as a small group of friends making music in a basement in Queens, New York, Postmodern Jukebox has gone on to feature 70 different performers and tour six continents. Discography

Albums

References

External links

1981 births
American music arrangers
Living people
North Hunterdon High School alumni
People from Nesconset, New York
People from Union Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey
American male pianists
21st-century American pianists
21st-century American male

masks:
Bradlee
Bradlee
Scott Bradlee
Scott
Bradlee
Bradlee


title: Mauricio Macri

texts: <mask> (; born 8 February 1959) is an Argentine businessman and politician who served as the President of Argentina from 2015 to 2019. He has been the leader of the Republican Proposal (PRO) party since its founding in 2005. He previously served as 5th Chief of Government of Buenos Aires from 2007 to 2015, and was a member of the Chamber of Deputies representing Buenos Aires from 2005 to 2007. Ideologically, he identifies himself as a liberal and conservative on the Argentine centre-right. Born in Tandil, Argentina, <mask> trained as a civil engineer at the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina and attended Columbia University for business school. After embarking on a business career, he was kidnapped in 1991. The experience prompted him to enter politics, after being released by his captors.He served as president of football club Boca Juniors from 1994 to 2007, reestablishing its profitability which raised his public profile. In 2003 he launched the Commitment for Change, eventually developing it into the modern PRO party. Following an unsuccessful bid for Chief of Government of Buenos Aires in 2003, <mask> was elected in 2007 and won re-election in 2011. Four years later he was elected president of Argentina in the 2015 general election – the first presidential runoff ballotage in Argentinian history. <mask> became the first incumbent president to lose reelection to a second term during the 2019 general election. The presidency of <mask> focused on reforming the national economy and improving diplomatic relations. He moved from a fixed exchange-rate system to a floating one, and removed taxes on exports and reduced subsidies on energy to reduce the fiscal deficit.He aligned the country with gradualist neoliberalism and re-opened Argentina to

masks:
Mauricio Macri
Macri
Macri
Macri
Macri


title: Mauricio Macri

texts:
 international markets by lifting currency controls (which he reinstated shortly before his term ended), restructuring sovereign debt, and pressing free-market solutions. Domestically, he pursued moderate socially liberal policies, and liberalized the energy sector. <mask> strongly opposed the government of Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela for human rights abuses and called for a restoration of democracy in the country. He recognized Juan Guaidó, who was elected President of Venezuela by the National Assembly during the Venezuelan presidential crisis of 2019. <mask> improved the relations with the United States
and from Mercosur achieved a free trade agreement with the European Union and closer ties with the Pacific Alliance. During the first week in office, <mask> annulled the Memorandum of understanding between Argentina and Iran, which would have established a joint investigation into the 1994 bombing with AMIA, a terrorist attack on a Jewish organization for which Argentina blamed Hezbollah and Iran. His legislative pursuits varied in efficacy and received mixed reception from Argentines and globally.His presidency has been criticized for failing to materially reform the economy while receiving praise for leaving a legacy of anti-corruption and increasing Argentina's sovereign marketability. Overview
Born in Tandil, Buenos Aires Province, <mask> is the son of <mask>, a prominent Italian businessman in the industrial and construction sectors, and was raised in an upper class home. He received a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina and studied at Columbia University's business school in New York City, United States. <mask> became president of Boca Juniors, one of Argentina's two most popular

masks:
Macri
Macri
Macri
Macri
Franco Macri
Macri


title: Mauricio Macri

texts:
 football clubs, in 1995. In 2005, he created the centre-right Republican Proposal party (Propuesta Republicana, also known as PRO). Although <mask> was a potential presidential candidate in the 2011 general elections, he ran instead for re-election as mayor. He received about 47 percent of the vote in the mayoral election, which led to a runoff election on 31 July 2011 against Daniel Filmus in which <mask> was re-elected for a second consecutive term.On 22 November 2015, after a tie in the first round of the presidential elections on 25 October, he received 51.34 percent of the vote to defeat Front for Victory candidate Daniel Scioli and was inaugurated on 10 December 2015 in the Argentine Congress. <mask> ended the sovereign default and removed currency controls, but inflation remained high and the 2018 Argentine monetary crisis led to a loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), its largest ever awarded. By April 2019, inflation had reached 55%. Prices for public utilities, fixed since 2002 despite the high inflation, were gradually restored to market figures. In the international arena, the country left the pink tide and was a vocal critic of Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro during the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis. The party won the most districts during the 2017 midterm elections, and <mask> announced that he would run for a second term in 2019. He secured his party's nomination in the presidential election in August 2019 despite a poor performance in the primary.In 2016, <mask> was named one of the world's 100 most influential people and the most powerful president in Latin America by US news magazine Time. Boca Juniors

<mask> intended to run for chairman of sports club Boca Juniors in 1991, but his father convinced him to keep

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title: Mauricio Macri

texts: working at Sevel. He tried to buy the Deportivo Español team, but could not get support from the team's board of directors. Macri supported Boca Juniors, paying coach César Luis Menotti's salary and buying players for the team (including forward Walter Perazzo). Franco, skeptical about his son's prospects for success, later allowed him to run Boca Juniors. He instructed aide Orlando Salvestrini to work with <mask> for two reasons: to help him and to monitor his activities. Mauricio met with former Boca Juniors chairmen Antonio Alegre and Carlos Heller, and tried to convince them to work with him; both rebuffed him.<mask> later sought the support of other groups in Boca Juniors, eventually winning the team's internal elections in 1995 with 7,058 votes. His first years were unsuccessful; the team's performance was poor, players frequently complained about salaries and bonuses, and <mask> changed coaches three times. The only initial improvement was a partial reconstruction of the stadium. He arranged for the Boca Juniors institution to operate on the stock exchange, selling shares of active football players owned by the club. <mask>'s first coach was Carlos Salvador Bilardo, who brought 14 new players to the team and finished the 1996 Apertura league in 10th place. His second coach, Héctor Veira, also performed poorly. New coach Carlos Bianchi helped Juan Román Riquelme improve his performance, and had Martín Palermo and Guillermo Barros Schelotto as effective forwards.They won the first two tournaments, beginning a record 40-match unbeaten run. During his tenure at the helm of Boca Juniors, the xeneize team obtained 17 titles, which established him as the president of the institution that has obtained the most football titles, displacing Alberto J.

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title: Mauricio Macri

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 Armando to second place, with twelve total titles. <mask> has been trying to reform the Argentine soccer statutes for almost two decades to allow clubs to become sports limited companies. Early political career

<mask> entered politics in 2003, founding the centre-right party Commitment to Change (). The party was intended to be a source of new politicians, since the major parties were discredited after the December 2001 riots. Later that year, <mask> ran for mayor of Buenos Aires, alongside Horacio Rodríguez Larreta. Although he won the first round of the election with 37 percent of the vote, he lost the runoff election with 46 percent of the vote going to sitting mayor Aníbal Ibarra, who was re-elected.In 2005, <mask> joined Ricardo López Murphy of Recrear in a political coalition, the Republican Proposal (PRO), and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies with 33.9 percent of the vote. His campaigns were managed by Jaime Durán Barba. According to a 2007 report, <mask> had participated in only 44 of 321 votings; he countered that he had become disappointed with Congress, since bills sent by the president were not open to debate or amendment. Ibarra was impeached and removed from office in 2006 as a result of the República Cromañón nightclub fire, and his term was completed by vice-chief of government Jorge Telerman. During 2006, <mask> worked both on his political activities as deputy and with his presidency of Boca Juniors. Before the 2007 general elections, he negotiated with the likely presidential candidate Jorge Sobisch, the governor of Neuquén Province, to create a national right-wing political coalition. This conflicted with <mask>'s alliance with Ricardo López Murphy, who also intended to run for president and had denounced Sobisch for

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title: Mauricio Macri

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 corruption.Later that year, Sobisch's image was severely tarnished when teacher Carlos Fuentealba was killed during a union demonstration in Neuquén. He immediately backed out of his pact with Sobisch and remained neutral during the national election, which was won by Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of the Front for Victory (FPV). In February 2007, <mask> announced that he would run again for mayor of Buenos Aires, heading the PRO slate with Gabriela Michetti. In the 2 June 2007 first round, he received 45.6 percent of the vote and defeated government-backed Daniel Filmus (who received 23.8 percent of the vote); incumbent Jorge Telerman finished third. In the 24 June runoff election, <mask> defeated Filmus with 60.96 percent of the vote. For the 2009 midterm elections, he allied with Francisco de Narváez and Felipe Solá. The alliance was successful; De Narvaez defeated former president Néstor Kirchner in Buenos Aires Province and Gabriela Michetti won the city election.With this defeat, the Kirchners lost their majority in both chambers of the Congress. Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, whose public image was good after the death and state funeral of Néstor Kirchner in late 2010, ran for re-election. <mask>, who was considered a likely candidate for the opposition, ran for re-election as mayor instead. He won the first round on 10 July 2011 with 47.08 percent of the vote against Filmus's 27.78 percent, and then the 31 July runoff against Filmus with 64.25 percent of the vote. Buenos Aires administration

Public transport

<mask>'s administration worked on public transport in an attempt to reduce auto traffic in Buenos Aires. One project was the Metrobus, a bus rapid transit system added to the city's main streets. By the end of <mask>'s term as mayor,

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title: Mauricio Macri

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 the  system had five lines and 113 stations.Other streets have bikeways to promote cycling, and the city created its EcoBici bicycle-sharing scheme. By the end of <mask>'s administration, about  of bicycle lanes were constructed and 49 of the planned 200 automated bicycle-sharing stations were built. Several level crossings on the city's commuter-rail network were replaced by tunnels to improve road and rail traffic flow. Under <mask>, the city committed to two large rail-infrastructure projects: running viaducts through the center of the city to extend the Belgrano Sur Line, and raising the San Martín Line to eliminate level crossings. <mask> proposed the Red de Expresos Regionales project to link the city's main railway terminals and lines with a series of tunnels; as of 2018, in the term of his successor Horacio Rodríguez Larreta, the project is still in the planning stages. The Buenos Aires Underground, initially maintained by the national government, was the subject of a year-long dispute between him and the Fernández de Kirchner government. The national government sought to transfer it to the city, which <mask> supported, but the budget and length of the transition period were contested.He announced that the city would take over the underground on 13 November 2012. Line A, which was using wooden cars almost a century old, received a fleet of modern cars from the national government; Line H also received new cars. Madrid Metro rolling-stock purchases for Line B were criticised, despite their technical superiority, for having a limited compatibility with the line and costing more than new trains for the city's commuter-rail network. Metropolitan police

Buenos Aires, initially a federal district with limited autonomy, had become an autonomous

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 city with the 1994 amendment of the Constitution of Argentina. The Argentine Federal Police, under national-government jurisdiction, still worked in the city and disputes over a potential transfer to a local force were unresolved when <mask> was elected. He unsuccessfully tried to negotiate a transfer with President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. As an alternative, in 2008 <mask> proposed a bill for the creation of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Police to work with federal police in the city.The bill, supported by the PRO and the Kirchnerite blocs, was rejected by Civic Coalition blocs and those aligned with Ibarra. Elisa Carrió, leader of the Civic Coalition, thought that <mask> had abandoned the transfer request, and Ibarra said that the forces' duties would overlap. The Metropolitan Police began with nearly 1,000 officers; the Federal Police had 17,000 officers working in the city. As a result, the metropolitan police worked on a small scale during the transition and more complex tasks were reserved for the federal police. Jorge Alberto Palacios was the first chief of the Metropolitan Police. A member of the police unit which rescued <mask> from his kidnappers, Palacios was fired by then-President Néstor Kirchner for his alleged involvement in the murder of Axel Blumberg (for which he was acquitted). His appointment was controversial; Palacios had been investigated for concealing evidence of the 1994 AMIA bombing, and he resigned a short time later.The transfer of police protection to the city was completed during the Larreta administration. Same-sex marriage

A gay couple, José María Di Bello and Alex Freyre, started a judicial case so that they could get married in Buenos Aires. They challenged articles 172 and 188 of the civil code, which


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 restrict marriage to people of different genders, as unconstitutional. Judge Gabriela Seijas agreed, and the couple married in 2009. It was the first same-sex marriage in Argentina. <mask> did not appeal the ruling, saying that same-sex marriage was becoming universally accepted and individuals had a right to happiness. He compared the controversy with the sanctioning of divorce during the 1980s after the restoration of democracy in Argentina; highly controversial at first, it was eventually accepted.A federal law permitting same-sex marriage was passed the following year. <mask>'s refusal to appeal the sentence affected his relationship with Archbishop Jorge Bergoglio (who later became Pope Francis). Bergoglio opposed same-sex marriage, and expected <mask> to appeal the ruling. According to the archbishop, a lower-court judge should not establish the constitutionality of a law and <mask> should have appealed the ruling in a higher court. Bergoglio was also annoyed by what he considered a lack of communication between himself and <mask>. Presidential elections

2015 Argentine general election

<mask> ran for president of Argentina in 2015. With President Cristina Kirchner unable to run, early opinion polls indicated a close three-way race between <mask>, Kirchnerite governor Daniel Scioli and Tigre mayor Sergio Massa.Other minor parties, such as the Radical Civic Union (UCR), the Civic Coalition (CC) and some socialist parties, made a political coalition, the Broad Front UNEN. This coalition disbanded before the elections, and the UCR and CC made a coalition with the PRO, named Cambiemos (). <mask> supported Horacio Rodríguez Larreta against Gabriela Michetti in the PRO primary elections for mayor of Buenos Aires. Larreta won the primary and general

masks: Macri Macri Macri Macri Macri Macri Macri Macri


title: Mauricio Macri

texts: elections, and Michetti was selected as <mask>'s vice-presidential candidate. María Eugenia Vidal, <mask>'s deputy mayor, ran on the Cambiemos ticket for governor of Buenos Aires Province, a populous province which was strategic to the elections. <mask> and Massa negotiated a coalition against Kirchnerism, which would have seen Massa withdraw from the presidential race to run for governor of Buenos Aires on the Cambiemos ticket. <mask> declined this proposal, kept Vidal as the party's candidate for governor, and Massa ran for president with his own party.<mask>, Carrió and Ernesto Sanz ran in the primary elections, which <mask> won. Pre-election polls indicated that Scioli would win by a wide margin, possibly avoiding a ballotage. The final results showed Scioli finishing first with 37.08 percent, just ahead of <mask>'s 34.15 percent, leading to a ballotage round on 22 November. Massa finished third with 21 percent of the vote, and the other two candidates contended for his voters. Scioli and <mask> were polarized about the presidency of Cristina Kirchner; Scioli wanted to keep most Kirchnerite policies, and <mask> wanted to change them. In the legislative elections, the Front for Victory (FPV) lost its majority in the Chamber of Deputies but kept it in the Senate. Scioli did not participate in the first presidential debate, which was held with the other five candidates.When the ballotage was confirmed, <mask> agreed to a debate with Scioli. Two debates were planned: one by the Argentina Debate NGO and another by TV news channel Todo Noticias. <mask> preferred a single debate, and opted for the one organized by Argentina Debate. He criticized Scioli for negative campaigning by the FPV. Several politicians and FPV institutions had issued warnings

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title: Mauricio Macri

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 about what might happen if <mask> were elected president. According to Scioli, the campaign was intended to encourage public awareness. It was rumored that the campaign might have been suggested by Brazilian political consultant João Santana, who had organized a similar campaign in Brazil during the ballotage of Dilma Rousseff and Aécio Neves in the 2014 Brazilian general election.The ballotage was held on 22 November. Scioli conceded with 70 percent of the votes counted and provisional results of 53 and 47 percent. The gap between the candidates slowly narrowed over the next few hours, giving <mask> a smaller margin of victory than most exit polls suggested. His election ended a dozen years of Kirchnerism in Argentina. For The Economist, this was the "end of populism." <mask>'s victory could transform his country and the region. <mask> owed his victory to Córdoba, the second-largest province, swinging dramatically to support him; he carried the province by over 930,000 votes in the second round, far exceeding his nationwide margin of 680,600 votes.Buenos Aires also swung hard to <mask>, giving its mayor over 64 percent of the vote in the second round. 2019 Argentine general election

On 11 August 2019, <mask> scored the primary election which gave him renomination as his party's candidate in the 2019 general election. He was renominated, but scored only 32%, compared to 47% to populist Peronist Alberto Fernández and his running mate, two-term former president Cristina Kirchner, in their primary for Frente de Todos. In the 27 October general election, Fernández won the presidency by attaining 48.1% of the vote to <mask>'s 40.4%, exceeding the threshold required to win without the need for a ballotage. Alberto Fernández emerged from an electrifying


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 election night as Argentina's next president, without the need for a ballottage, despite <mask> <mask>'s surprising rebound from the primaries. Presidency

Inauguration

<mask> announced his cabinet on 25 November 2015, about two weeks before he was due to take office. The presidential transition was difficult.<mask> and Kirchner met briefly; she provided no help to the new administration, and spoke only about the inauguration ceremony. They disagreed about its location; Kirchner wanted it to take place at the Palace of the Argentine National Congress, and <mask> favoured the White Hall of the Casa Rosada. Plans for violence against Macri supporters near the Plaza during the inauguration were rumoured, and it was unclear who would control the police during the ceremony. Judge María Servini de Cubría ruled that Kirchner's term of office ended at midnight on the morning of 10 December, and provisional Senate president Federico Pinedo was in charge of the executive branch for the 12 hours between the end of Kirchner's term and <mask>'s swearing-in. Kirchner left Buenos Aires that day to attend the inauguration of sister-in-law Alicia Kirchner as governor of Santa Cruz Province. <mask> took office on 10 December. He took the oath of office at the National Congress of Argentina after Vice President Gabriela Michetti.<mask> delivered a 27-minute speech pledging "support for an independent judiciary, to fight corruption and drug trafficking, the internal union of Argentina, universal social protection, a 21st-century style of education and for everyone to have a roof, water and sewer" and greeted his electoral rivals. He later went to the Casa Rosada and received the presidential sash in the White Hall from Senate President Federico Pinedo, accompanied by

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title: Mauricio Macri

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 Michetti, Chamber of Deputies President Emilio Monzó and Supreme Court President Ricardo Lorenzetti. Minutes later, Macri went to the balcony and told the crowd in the Plaza de Mayo that "Argentines deserve to live better, and we are about to start a wonderful period for our country. I promise to always tell the truth and show where our problems are". He called on "all Argentines to follow [his] administration and alert them when [the government] makes mistakes". After his swearing-in, <mask> hosted a reception at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' San Martín Palace for heads of state Michelle Bachelet (Chile), Horacio Cartes (Paraguay), Juan Manuel Santos (Colombia), Rafael Correa (Ecuador), Evo Morales (Bolivia), Dilma Rousseff (Brazil) and King Juan Carlos I of Spain, and representatives of other countries who attended his inauguration. Economic policy

<mask> began his presidency with economic difficulties carried over from previous governments.The Central Bank of Argentina's reserves were depleted; inflation was over 30 percent, although the widely discredited National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina (INDEC) provided a lower figure. The country had the highest tax rates in its history, but the government budget balance had an eight-percent deficit. There had been a sovereign default since 2001, and a conflict existed with hedge funds; tight currency controls had been in place since 2011. Since Argentina is a developing country, a global drop in commodity prices reduced trade revenue. One of Macri's first economic policies was the removal of currency controls, allowing Argentines to freely buy and sell foreign currencies. Argentina has had a floating exchange rate since then, with intervention from the Central Bank, and the

masks: Macri Macri


title: Mauricio Macri

texts: Argentine peso was devalued by 30 percent. Another early policy was the removal of export quotas and tariffs on corn and wheat.Tariffs on soybeans, the most lucrative Argentine export, were reduced from 35 to 30 percent. <mask> wanted to negotiate with holdouts and end the default to return to the international capital markets and strengthen the national economy. Argentina offered to pay $6.5 billion to settle lawsuits on 5 February 2016, requesting that the prior ruling on its payments be lifted. Although Cambiemos did not have a majority in either house of Congress, the bill was approved in March and Argentina faced a court hearing in New York on 13 April. The court upheld judge Thomas P. Griesa's ruling, allowing Argentina to pay the 2005 and 2010 bondholders to whom it was still in default. The payment, made with a bond sale, was reportedly the end of the Argentine default, which had begun in 2001. On 19 January 2016, <mask> attended the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, with opposition figure Sergio Massa and part of his cabinet, in a search for investors.He was one of the best-known figures at the meeting, along with Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau and US vice president Joe Biden. It was the first time since 2003 that Argentina had participated in the forum. During Macri's first year, economic recovery was slow. Unemployment and inflation remained high and growth did not come as expected. Kirchner's Careful Pricing price-control program, which benefited small and medium-sized enterprises, was kept with a revision of its included products. The government began several public-works projects to stimulate the economy and help the construction sector. Political intervention in the INDEC figures ended, and the International Monetary


title: Mauricio Macri

texts: Fund (IMF) declared in November 2016 that Argentine statistics were again in accordance with international standards.The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) estimated that Argentina would emerge from recession in 2017 or 2018, and lowered its country risk classification from seven points to six. Inflation continued to be a problem, with a rate of 25% in 2017, second only to Venezuela in South America and the highest rate in the G20. On 28 December, the Central Bank of Argentina together with the Treasury announced a change of the inflation target. This was seen by the market as a relaxation of the monetary policy. They attempted to reduce it to 15%, but these efforts failed. Between 2017 and 2018 the government cut import tariffs on capital goods and eliminated tariffs on the importation of technology products to encourage investment. The deregulation area allowed the incorporation of low cost airlines, such as JetSmart, Norwegian and Flybondi.The economy worsened in 2018: inflation remained high, due in part to a trade deficit. The production of soy, the country's main export, had been reduced by a drought which was among the worst natural disasters in the world that year. The US Federal Reserve increased its interest rates, which raised the price of the US dollar against other currencies. The Central Bank of Argentina increased the interest rate to 60 percent, but could not hold off inflation. Macri announced on 8 May that Argentina would seek a loan from the IMF. The initial loan was US$50bn. Federico Sturzenegger, president of the Central Bank, resigned a week later.<mask> replaced him with Luis Caputo, and merged the ministries of treasury and finances into a single ministry led by Nicolás Dujovne. The US–Turkey


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 production, Macri signed an investment deal for the Vaca Muerta shale deposit in Patagonia. Roughly the size of Belgium, Vaca Muerta has the second-largest reserve of shale gas in the world. To finalise the deal, the unions negotiated flexibility in labour costs, which had been the main drawback to industrial development in the area. The Neuquén Province government pledged to improve roads and general infrastructure. Human rights
Human rights organizations had aligned themselves with the governments of both Néstor and Cristina Kirchner, even in topics unrelated to human rights, and often worked as their spokesmen.They continued this role after 2015, when <mask> defeated the Kirchnerite candidate in the presidential elections, which undermined the legitimacy of the organizations in Argentine society. <mask> maintained a distant relation with those organizations, and did not seek their support, but did not openly confront them. They kept their funding and the institutions under their control, and the trials of military personnel for crimes in the Dirty War (1974–1983) continued. Nevertheless, the organizations continued their opposition to <mask>. His cabinet was divided on an approach to take: whether to directly confront the organizations and remove their state financing, or to take an active role in their activities and replace their leaders with less politically motivated figures. The general policy, however, was to ignore the disputes and focus the activities of the government towards more pressing matters, such as the economy. The government modified the public holiday for the Day of Remembrance for Truth and Justice, which makes reference to the 1976 Argentine coup d'état, to allow it to be celebrated on a movable date.This ruling was met with

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 huge criticism. The ruling was reverted some days later, and the holiday was kept at the fixed date of 24 March. Social issues
The #NiUnaMenos movement, which advanced a feminist agenda in Argentina since 2015, stayed strong during the <mask> presidency. <mask> said during the 2018 opening of the National Congress that, although he was anti-abortion, he wanted the Congress to have an abortion debate and discuss a bill for a new abortion law. As of 2018, abortion was only legally allowed for rapes and cases that may threaten the mother's health. The feminist movement organized several demonstrations in the following months, in support of the voluntary termination of pregnancy abortion bill that was proposed in Congress. The proposal, however, became highly polarizing.The country has a strong conservative catholic population, particularly in the less-populated provinces, who rejected the bill. This polarization was unrelated to the political polarization of the country, and the legislators of both Cambiemos and the Justicialist Party (PJ) were divided on the vote. The bill was approved by the chamber of deputies in June, but opposition became more organized after its approval and the Senate rejected the bill, by 38 to 31 votes. In December 2017, police officer Luis Chocobar killed a fleeing man who had stabbed an American tourist in La Boca, Buenos Aires. <mask> hosted him in early 2018 and hailed him as a hero. His administration would later enact the "Chocobar doctrine", broadening the rights of police officer to exercise lethal force when responding to criminal cases. Foreign relations

During <mask>'s presidency, Argentina's foreign relations shifted substantially from those under Kirchner.He immediately proposed action against Nicolás Maduro in


title: Mauricio Macri

texts: Venezuela for human-rights abuses and to remove that country from Mercosur. This shift was part of a change in the Latin American pink tide. The other countries in the bloc also opposed Maduro's socialist government, and prevented Venezuela from taking the pro tempore presidency of Mercosur. The bloc sought a trade and cooperation agreement with the European Union and closer ties with the Pacific Alliance. <mask> agreed with Brazilian president Michel Temer to guarantee free trade between their countries. <mask> and Temer increased their interest in better trade relations with Mexico, the second-largest economy in Latin America, after mexican-american relations started to turn sour under the Trump administration. Argentina and Venezuela had troubled relations at the time.The 2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election was considered illegal by Argentina, which does not acknowledge the legislative body established by it. <mask> also removed the Order of the Liberator General San Martín award from Maduro. Argentina signed the Declaration of Lima, which established the Lima Group, a supranational body of countries that consider Venezuela to be under a dictatorship and want to restore its democracy. Maduro was re-elected in the 2018 Venezuelan presidential election and took office for a new term on 10 January 2019. This started the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, as many countries believed that Maduro had committed electoral fraud. Argentina and Brazil, under the newly elected Jair Bolsonaro, refused to acknowledge Maduro as a legitimate ruler. They instead acknowledged Juan Guaidó, who was appointed president of Venezuela by the National Assembly.Furthermore, during the Venezuelan uprising attempt of April 2019, <mask> supported anti-Maduro


title: Mauricio Macri

texts: military forces and reitarated his position of recognizing Guaidó as legitimate President of Venezuela. <mask> also shifted Argentina's relations with the United States. During a visit in 2016, president Barack Obama praised him: "I'm impressed because he has moved rapidly on so many of the reforms that he promised, to create more sustainable and inclusive economic growth, to reconnect Argentina with the global economy and the world community". Obama announced that the US would declassify its military and intelligence records of the 1970s Dirty War. Foreign Minister Susana Malcorra supported Democrat Hillary Clinton in the 2016 US presidential election, which was won by Republican Donald Trump. <mask> tried to remain in good terms with the US after the Trump was elected president. In 2019, Trump declassified more than 5,600 US documents about the Dirty War.<mask> maintained the Argentine claim in the Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute. However, he took a less-confrontational stance towards the United Kingdom and allowed more flights between Argentina and the islands. Relations between Argentina and the UK improved greatly, but both Argentine and the United Kingdom maintain their respective claim on the islands. <mask> changed Argentina's position on conflicts in the Middle East. During <mask>'s first week in office, he voided the memorandum of understanding between Argentina and Iran, which would have established a joint investigation of the 1994 AMIA bombing, a terrorist attack on a Jewish organization for which Argentina had blamed Hezbollah and Iran. The memorandum had been ruled unconstitutional by the judiciary, a ruling which was appealed during Kirchner's presidency. <mask> withdrew the appeal, upholding the original ruling.He distanced


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 himself from Iran and encouraged continued investigations of the AMIA bombing and the death of Alberto Nisman, a prosecutor investigating the case. Those cases and Nisman's probe into Cristina Kirchner involvement with Iran have special importance for Argentina–Israel relations, and ambassador Carlos Faustino García and Israeli diplomat Modi Efraim praised <mask> for encouraging the investigations. <mask> further improved relations with Israel and in September 2017, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu became the first Israeli Prime Minister to ever visit Argentina. In July 2016, it was announced that Argentina would grant asylum to 3,000 refugees of the Syrian Civil War. In July 2019, <mask> designated Hezbollah as a terrorist organization in relation to the Israeli embassy bombing, and especially related to the AMIA bombing. Midterm elections

The 2017 Argentine legislative election renewed a third of the seats in the Senate and half in the chamber of deputies. The election was considered a referendum on the presidency of <mask> up to that point.Kirchner, leader of the opposition, ran for senator for the populous Buenos Aires province. She left the PJ to avoid the primary elections and created a new party, Citizen's Unity. Esteban Bullrich, minister of education, was the candidate of Cambiemos in the district. Kirchner and Bullrich had a close tie in the primary election, and Kirchner prevailed by just 0.21 percent of the vote. The electoral campaign, however, was largely ignored, as the media was focused on the ongoing controversy over the disappearance of Santiago Maldonado (see below). Kirchner used the case in her political campaign, stating that Maldonado was the victim of a forced disappearance, similar to those of the Dirty War. Maldonado was