title: Jack Dorsey

texts:
<mask> (born November 19, 1976) is an American technological entrepreneur and philanthropist who is the co-founder and former CEO of Twitter, as well as the founder and CEO of Block, Inc., a financial payments company. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Tim and Marcia (née Smith) <mask>. He is of part Italian descent on his mother's side, and part Irish descent on his father's side. His father worked for a company that developed mass spectrometers and his mother was a homemaker. He was raised Catholic, and his uncle is a Catholic priest in Cincinnati. He attended Bishop DuBourg High School. In his younger days, <mask> worked occasionally as a fashion model.By age 14, <mask> had become interested in dispatch routing. Some of the open-source software he created in the area of dispatch logistics is still used by taxicab companies. <mask> enrolled at the University of Missouri–Rolla in 1995 and attended for two-plus years before transferring to New York University in 1997, but he dropped out two years later, one semester short of graduating. He came up with the idea that eventually became Twitter while studying at NYU. While working on dispatching as a programmer, <mask> moved to California. In 2000, <mask> started his company in Oakland to dispatch couriers, taxis, and emergency services from the Web. His other projects and ideas at this time included networks of medical devices and a "frictionless service market".In July 2000, building on dispatching and inspired in part by LiveJournal and by AOL Instant Messenger, he had the idea for a Web-based realtime status/short message communication service. When he first saw implementations of instant messaging, <mask> wondered whether the software's user status output could be shared easily among friends. He approached Odeo, which at the time happened to be interested in text messaging. <mask> and Biz Stone decided that SMS text suited the status-message idea, and built a prototype

masks:
Jack Patrick Dorsey
Dorsey
Dorsey
Dorsey
Dorsey
Dorsey
Dorsey
Dorsey
Dorsey
Dorsey


title: Jack Dorsey

type: original

texts:
 of Twitter in about two weeks. The idea attracted many users at Odeo and investment from Evan Williams, a co-founder of that firm in 2005 who had left Google after selling Pyra Labs and Blogger. Career

Twitter

Williams, Stone and Noah Glass co-founded Obvious Corporation, which then spun off Twitter, Inc., with <mask> as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). As CEO, <mask> saw the startup through two rounds of funding by venture capitalists.He reportedly lost his position for leaving work early to enjoy other pursuits, such as yoga and fashion design. As the service began to grow in popularity, <mask> chose the improvement of uptime as top priority, even over creating revenue—which, as of 2008, Twitter was not designed to earn. <mask> described the commercial use of Twitter and its API as two things that could lead to paid features. His three guiding principles, which he says the company shares, are simplicity, constraint and craftsmanship. On October 16, 2008, Williams took over as CEO, while <mask> became chairman of the board. During his time as chairman, <mask> joined several State Department delegations, including a trip to Iraq in April 2009, led by Jared Cohen. In November, when Iranians took to the streets in the Green Revolution, Twitter was scheduled to conduct maintenance of its site, which would entail temporarily shutting down Twitter's servers.<mask> responded to a request from Cohen to delay the maintenance so that it would not affect the revolution in Iran, because Iranians were using Twitter to communicate and coordinate. Since President Obama had announced that there would be no meddling in Iran, the move sparked controversy. In February 2010, <mask> was part of another State Department delegation, this time to Russia. On March 28, 2011, he returned to Twitter as executive chairman after Dick Costolo replaced Williams as CEO. On June 10, 2015, Costolo announced his resignation as CEO, effective July 1, 2015. <mask> assumed the post of interim

masks: Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey


title: Jack Dorsey

texts: CEO upon Costolo's departure. He was named permanent CEO on October 5, 2015.On the day after the controversy about Twitter's new algorithms for tweets, <mask> said it was a hoax. In May 2016, <mask> announced that Twitter would not count photos and links in the 140-character limit to free up more space for text. This was an attempt to entice new users, since the number of tweets per day had dropped to about 300 million in January 2016 from about 500 million in September 2013 and its peak of 661 million in August 2014. On November 22, 2016, <mask> was briefly suspended from his own Twitter account with 3.9 million followers. After restoring the account, <mask> tweeted that the suspension was due to an "internal mistake". In February 2017, <mask> and Executive Chairman Omid Kordestani matched a $530,000 donation to the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) raised by Twitter staffers. Their match brought the total donation to $1.59 million.In March 2018, <mask> announced that an improved version of the verification system would be coming to Twitter. The purpose of redesigning verification was to let people verify more facts about themselves, emphasizing proof of identity. The overhaul was not in place before the U.S midterm election of 2018 to help in verifying the identities of the candidates. In September 2018, <mask> testified before the Senate Intelligence Committee alongside Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg about meddling in the 2016 presidential election. Following this testimony, Twitter shares fell six percent. <mask> met privately with U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House and discussed Trump's concerns that Twitter had limited or removed some of his Twitter followers, and those of conservatives. After the meeting, <mask> tweeted that their discussion included making Twitter "healthier and more civil".A week earlier, <mask> took part in a TED talk about the social media platform's spread of abuse and misinformation, which has brought him criticism.

masks: Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey


title: Jack Dorsey

texts:
 On August 30, 2019, <mask>'s personal Twitter account was allegedly breached for nearly an hour by a group calling itself the Chuckling Squad, posting and retweeting numerous racist tweets. On October 23, 2019, Twitter's stock price fell by nearly 24 percent, from $38.83 to $30.75. The reason was an earnings miss off a third quarter report, which Twitter blamed on ad targeting problems. <mask> had been making a concerted effort to dampen the effect that Twitter had on political elections, which entailed banning all political ads. This was also seen as a large contributor to the drop. <mask> announced that, as of November 22, 2019, Twitter would ban all political advertising.The policy applies globally to all marketing campaigns about political issues. On February 29, 2020, it was announced that activist hedge fund Elliott Management led by billionaire Paul Singer was looking to oust <mask> and nominate four directors to Twitter's board, including Elliott's senior portfolio manager Jesse Cohn. <mask> Musk and Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin, among others. The two parties reached an agreement days later, with <mask> remaining CEO. In October 2020, <mask> was one of several tech firm CEOs subpoenaed by the US Senate Commerce Committee. Republican Roger Wicker, who chairs the committee, led the charge to force the CEOs of Twitter, Facebook and Google to testify about the legal immunity the tech platforms receive under Section 230 of the Communications Act of 1996. He announced his departure from the role of Twitter's CEO on November 29, 2021.His resignation was effective immediately. <mask> was replaced by the company's former CTO Parag Agrawal, who took over as CEO effective immediately. <mask> will continue to lead as the CEO of Block, Inc.

Block

<mask>, along with co-founder Jim McKelvey, developed a small business platform to accept debit and credit card payments on a mobile device called Square, released in May 2010. The small, square-shaped device

masks: Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorseyon Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey


title: Jack Dorsey

texts:
 attaches to iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, or Android devices via the headphone jack, and as a mini card reader, allows a person to swipe their card, choose an amount to transfer to the recipient and then sign their name for confirmation. Square is also a system for sending paperless receipts via text message or email, and is available as a free app for iOS and Android OS. The company grew from 10 employees in December 2009 to over 100 by June 2011. Square's office is on Market Street in San Francisco.In September 2012, Business Insider magazine valued Square Inc. at US$3.2 billion. <mask> is CEO of Square, Inc. On October 14, 2015, Square filed for an IPO to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange. As of that date, <mask> owned 24.4 percent of the company. In March 2020 the FDIC permitted Square to open a bank. It announced plans to launch Square Financial Services in 2021. In May 2020, <mask> announced that employees for Square would work from home permanently. In 2020, Square began withholding for months up to 30 percent of the funds that merchants collected from customers using its Cash App.On December 1, 2021, CEO <mask> officially changed the name of the platform to Block, Inc. This was due in part to his interest in the blockchain as well as the new name encompassing the various businesses better than the current name, which is mostly associated with its merchant-payment services. The stock ticker for Block, Inc. would remain "SQ". Other projects
In 2013, <mask> expressed to CNN an admiration for Michael Bloomberg, and said that he aspires to become mayor of New York City. He served as a judge for Bloomberg's NYC BigApps competition in 2011. <mask> was announced as a new member of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company on December 24, 2013. In January 2018, it was reported that <mask> would not seek reelection at Disney's March annual meeting, due to increased difficulty with conflicts of interest.<mask> is a board member of the Berggruen

masks:
Dorsey
Dorsey
Dorsey
Jack Dorsey
Dorsey
Dorsey
Dorsey
Dorsey


title: Jack Dorsey

texts:
 Institute's Governance Center. <mask> gives advice in a chapter of Tim Ferriss' book Tools of Titans. <mask> is a vocal Bitcoin advocate, and has spoken at Bitcoin conferences such as "The B Word". He has said that if he was not working on Twitter and Square, he would be working on Bitcoin. Personal life
In 2012, <mask> moved to the Sea Cliff neighborhood of San Francisco. Meditation
In late 2017, <mask> completed ten days of meditation known as Vipassanā taught by followers of S. N. Goenka. In November 2018, <mask> went on a birthday Vipassanā meditation trip to Myanmar.Politics
In 2019, <mask> contributed financially to the campaigns of Democratic 2020 presidential candidates Tulsi Gabbard and Andrew Yang. In 2020, he donated $15 million to 29 mayors pursuing the piloting of guaranteed basic income programs in the United States. Until 2021, <mask> applied "world leader" exceptions that enabled President Donald Trump to post content on Twitter that would normally be removed or generate sanctions per the platform's rules. In May 2020, some of Trump's tweets received warning labels, and from Election Day in November 2020, more flaggings were applied to his tweets. On January 6, 2021, after pro-Trump supporters stormed the U.S. Capitol, Twitter applied a 12-hour timeout to Trump's account for violating its Civic Integrity policy. Trump's account was suspended permanently on January 8. On January 14, <mask> defended banning Trump, but also said it "sets a precedent I feel is dangerous."Philanthropic and other donations
In March 2016, <mask> fully funded about 600 Missouri public school projects registered at DonorsChoose. In October 2019, <mask> donated $350,000 to #TeamTrees, a nonprofit started by YouTuber MrBeast that pledged to plant 20 million trees by the end of 2019. On April 7, 2020, <mask> announced that he will move about $1 billion of his equity in Square, Inc., just under a third of his total wealth, to Start Small, LLC, and to relief programs

masks: Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey


title: Jack Dorsey

texts:
 related to the coronavirus. He committed to funding COVID-19 relief, girls' education and health, and universal basic income. <mask> has donated $24 million to over 40 different grantees for relief efforts. In August 2020, <mask> donated $10 million to Boston University's Center for Antiracist Research, founded by Ibram X. Kendi. In May 2021, he donated $15 million in his personal capacity to support relief efforts in India's COVID-19 second wave.The three NGOs were Care ($10 million), Aid India ($2.5 million), and Sewa International ($2.5 million). Awards and recognition
 In 2008, he was named to the MIT Technology Review TR35 as one of the top 35 innovators in the world under the age of 35. In 2012, The Wall Street Journal gave him the "Innovator of the Year Award" for technology. At the 5th Annual Crunchies Awards in 2012, hosted by TechCrunch, <mask> was named Founder of the Year. In 2013, he was considered by Forbes the world's most eligible bachelor. <mask> was ranked by Fox Business as the #4 Worst CEO of 2016, citing stagnant growth, falling stock prices, and his part-time commitment to Twitter. In 2017, 24/7 Wall St. listed <mask> among the 2017 Worst CEOs in America.References

Further reading

External links

1976 births
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
American billionaires
American male bloggers
American bloggers
American investors
American computer businesspeople
American computer programmers
American corporate directors
American people of Italian descent
American technology company founders
American technology chief executives
Block, Inc. employees
Businesspeople from San Francisco
Businesspeople from St. Louis
Catholics from California
Catholics from Missouri
Directors of The Walt Disney Company
Directors of Twitter
Living people
Missouri University of Science and Technology alumni
New York University alumni
New York University people
People associated with cryptocurrency
Students of S. N.

masks: Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey Dorsey


title: Jonathan Wells (intelligent design advocate)

texts:
John Corrigan "<mask>" <mask> (born 1942) is an American author, theologian, and advocate of the pseudoscientific argument of intelligent design. <mask> joined the Unification Church in 1974, and subsequently wrote that the teachings of church founder Sun Myung Moon, his own studies at the Unification Theological Seminary and his prayers convinced him to devote his life to "destroying Darwinism." The term Darwinism is often used by intelligent design proponents and other creationists to refer to the scientific consensus on evolution. He gained a PhD in religious studies at Yale University in 1986, then became Director of the Unification Church's inter-religious outreach organization in New York City. In 1989, he studied at the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned a PhD in molecular and cellular biology in 1994. He became a member of several scientific associations and has published in academic journals. In his book Icons of Evolution: Science or Myth?(2000), <mask> argues that a number of examples used to illustrate biology textbooks were grossly exaggerated, distorted truth, or were patently false. <mask> said that this shows that evolution conflicts with the evidence, and so argued against its teaching in public education. Some reviewers of Icons of Evolution have said that <mask> misquoted experts cited as sources and took minor issues out of context, basing his argument on a flawed syllogism. <mask>'s views on evolution have been rejected by the scientific community. Biography
<mask> was born in New York City in 1942 and grew up in New Jersey, and was brought up as a Protestant Christian. He studied geology at Princeton University, where he dropped out in his junior year. Following a brief stint as a taxi

masks: Jonathan Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells


texts: driver, he was drafted into the United States Army and spent two years serving in Germany.After his discharge in 1966, he attended University of California, Berkeley, where he publicly refused to report for reserve duty. This resulted in him being arrested and being incarcerated for eighteen months at the Leavenworth military prison. Upon his release, <mask> returned to Berkeley where he completed his studies with a major in geology and physics and a minor in biology. In 1974, <mask> joined the Unification Church of the United States. He graduated from the church's Unification Theological Seminary in 1978 with a master's degree in religious education. <mask> continued his studies at Yale University, earning a PhD in religious studies in 1986, focusing on historical reactions to Darwinism. During this time he wrote extensively on Unification theology and taught at the Unification Theological Seminary.<mask> was on the Board of Trustees of the Unification Theological Seminary until resigning in 1997 to return to teaching. He also acted as the director of the International Religious Foundation, a Unification Church affiliated organization which sponsors interdenominational conferences. <mask> has written on the subject of marriage within the Unification Church and has been called a "Unification Church marriage expert" by church sources. <mask> defended Unification Church theology against what he said were unfair criticisms made in 1977 by the National Council of Churches. In 1994, <mask> earned another PhD in molecular and cellular biology at UC Berkeley. After receiving his doctorate, he worked at a position he described as "a post-doctoral research biologist at Berkeley, writing articles critical of Darwinism." Shortly after

masks: Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells


texts:
 that <mask> joined former UC Berkeley law professor Phillip E. Johnson, father of the intelligent design movement, at the Discovery Institute.He now serves as a fellow at the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, the hub of the intelligent design movement, and at the International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design, which also promotes intelligent design. <mask> appeared on a panel at Harvard with Stephen Palumbi in November 2001, which his supporters lauded as a "home run". Other observers stated that <mask>' performance was "uneventful". Opposition to Darwinian evolution

Of his student days at Unification Theological Seminary (1976–78), <mask> said, "One of the things that Father [Reverend Sun Myung Moon] advised us to do at UTS was to pray to seek God's plan for our lives." <mask> later described that plan: "To defend and articulate Unification theology especially in relation to Darwinian evolution." <mask> stated that his religious doctoral studies at Yale, which were paid for by the Unification Church, focused on the "root of the conflict between Darwinian evolution and Christian doctrine" and encompassed the whole of Christian theology within a focus of Darwinian controversies. He said:

<mask> said that "destroying Darwinism" was his motive for studying Christian theology at Yale and going on to seek his second PhD at Berkeley, studying biology and in particular embryology:

<mask>'s statement and others like it are viewed by the scientific community as evidence that <mask> lacks proper scientific objectivity and mischaracterizes evolution by ignoring and misrepresenting the evidence supporting it while pursuing an agenda promoting notions supporting his religious beliefs in its place.He has

masks: Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells


texts:
 written articles for the Discovery Institute, WorldNetDaily, Origins & Design, and other sympathetic publications attacking evolution and defending intelligent design. In 1997, he presented a paper entitled "Evolution by Design" at the Unification Church sponsored International Conference on the Unity of the Sciences in Washington, D.C. In 1999, <mask> debated with the New Mexicans for Science and Reason. He was one of the contributors to Natural History magazine's 2002 debate between intelligent design advocates and evolution supporters. In 2005, he debated Massimo Pigliucci on the PBS talk show Uncommon Knowledge. Pigliucci said that <mask> "clearly lied" during his debates and misrepresented his agenda and science, as well as not understanding some of the theories he tried to attack. <mask> is one of the signatories of the Discovery Institute's "A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism," a petition which the intelligent design movement uses to promote intelligent design by attempting to cast doubt on evolution.He is also the author of "Ten questions to ask your biology teacher about evolution" for high school students, which is published by the Discovery Institute. The National Center for Science Education has issued a list of answers to the questions. Icons of Evolution

<mask> is best known for his 2000 book Icons of Evolution, in which he discusses 10 examples which he says show that many of the most commonly accepted arguments supporting evolution are invalid. The book is rejected by many members of the  scientific community and has received much criticism by those opposed to his views. There have been 12 detailed reviews of Icons, from scholars familiar with the subject matter, which have come to the consensus that the

masks: Wells Wells Wells Wells


texts:
 book's claims are a politically motivated extreme exaggeration and misrepresentation of a scattering of minor issues. Scholars quoted in the work have accused <mask> of purposely misquoting them and misleading readers. Biology Professor Jerry Coyne wrote of Icons, "<mask>'s book rests entirely on a flawed syllogism: ... textbooks illustrate evolution with examples; these examples are sometimes presented in incorrect or misleading ways; therefore evolution is a fiction."Kansas evolution hearings

In 2005, <mask> participated in the Kansas evolution hearings, which were boycotted by mainstream scientists. There <mask> testified:

Prior to the evolution hearings, in December 2000 after the Pratt County, Kansas, school board revised its tenth-grade biology curriculum at the urging of intelligent design proponents to include material that encourages students to question the theory of evolution, The Pratt Tribune published a letter from  Jerry Coyne challenging <mask>'s characterization in an article of his work on peppered moths, saying that his article appended to the Pratt standards was misused and being mischaracterized:

The Politically Incorrect Guide to Darwinism and Intelligent Design
In 2006, <mask> published his second major book, The Politically Incorrect Guide to Darwinism and Intelligent Design, which was part of a series published by Regnery Publishing. The book was praised by Tom Bethell, author of The Politically Incorrect Guide to Science (2005), but was described by Reed A. Cartwright of The Panda's Thumb weblog as being "not only politically incorrect but incorrect in most other ways as well: scientifically, logically, historically, legally, academically, and morally." Cartwright also edited a chapter-by-chapter

masks: Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells


texts:
 critique of the book. A quote from the book linking evolution to eugenics, abortion and racism appeared on Starbucks paper cups in 2007. AIDS denialism

In 1991, <mask> and his mentor Phillip E. Johnson signed an open letter which said in full:

<mask> and Johnson have been criticized, along with others, for their questioning of the scientific and medical consensus that HIV causes AIDS. In the Washington University Law Review, Matthew J. Brauer, Barbara Forrest, and Steven G. Gey faulted <mask>, Johnson, and others for denying the HIV/AIDS connection and promoting denialism via a petition designed to garner publicity but which did not have any scientific support.Publications

Articles in peer-reviewed journals

Books

Dissertations
<mask>, John Corrigan. 1986. CHARLES HODGE'S CRITIQUE OF DARWINISM: THE ARGUMENT TO DESIGN (EVOLUTION, THEOLOGY). Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 265 pages. <mask>, John Corrigan. 1994. A confocal microscopy study of microtubule arrays involved in cortical rotation during the first cell cycle of Xenopus embryos.Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 124 pages. See also
Unification Church and science

Notes

References

External links

 <mask> biography from the Discovery Institute
Articles by <mask> from the Discovery Institute
 Articles by <mask> from the Access Research Network
 "Icons of Evolution FAQs" from talk.origins
 <mask>'s testimony at the Kansas evolution hearings
 "Icons of Evolution? – Why much of what <mask> writes about evolution is wrong" by Alan D. Gishlick
 "10 Answers to <mask>'s '10 Questions'" from National Center for Science Education
 Chapter by chapter analysis of <mask>'s The Politically Incorrect Guide to Darwinism and Intelligent Design by Reed A.

masks:
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Jonathan Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Jonathan Wells
Jonathan Wells
Wells


title: Amado de la Cueva

texts:
<mask> (b. Guadalajara, Jalisco, May 6, 1891 – d. Guadalajara, Jalisco, April 1, 1926) was a Mexican painter. <mask> studied in Rome. After his return to Mexico in September 1922, he painted amongst others together with Diego Rivera his murals at the Secretaría de Educación Pública. On October 16, 1923, he returned to his home town, where he painted the murals at Universidad de Guadalajara's assembly hall together with David Alfaro Siqueiros and Carlos Orozco after 1925. Biography

Early life and education
<mask> lived together with Xavier Guerrero in the city of Guadalajara during their adolescence. They both also enrolled in medical school to practice autopsies. <mask> was sent to Europe to further his studies by Basilio Vadillo (governor of the state at the time), which he focused mainly in Rome.His education cumulated in a marvelous tour across Spain, France, and Italy before his return home. Career
In 1921, <mask> <mask> cueva was still in Europe at this time. Although details are unclear, it was noted that <mask> <mask> <mask>, alongside Carlos Mérida, showed their work at the Madrid Autumn Salon of 1921. Right before returning to his homeland, <mask> <mask> <mask> and David Alfaro Siqueiros also prayed at the Masaccio's Brancacci Chapel in Florence. <mask> considered Masaccio a great hero and looked up to him. Inspired, <mask> <mask> also brought back pencil sketches of the details from the Brancacci Chapel. Soon after, in September 1922, Jose Vasconcelos, who was the minister of education at the time, brought back home David Alfaro Siqueiros and <mask> <mask> <mask> from Europe to paint murals for him.Jose Vasconcelos had offered commissions at minimum painters' wage to

masks:
Amado de la Cueva
De la Cueva
Amado de la Cueva
Amado de la Cueva
Amado
de la
Amado
de la
Cueva
Amado
de la
Cueva
Cueva
De la
Cueva
Amado
de la
Cueva


title: Amado de la Cueva

texts: several artists around the area to paint murals for him, but due to the low wage that he was offering, his offer only appealed to the younger artists. These young artists that agreed to paint the murals, <mask> <mask> Cueva included, were the exemplars that made up the Mexican Mural Renaissance. José Vasconcelos had assigned <mask> <mask> <mask> (along with Carlos Mérida, Jean Charlot, and Xavier Guerrero) to assist Diego Rivera in painting the Bolívar Auditorium of the National Preparatory School. On 20 March 1923, Tuesday, a couple days after the official ceremony (which was held on 9 March 1923) of the inauguration of Diego Rivera’s mural Creation at the National Preparatory School, Rivera organized a gathering of his collaborators held by the Syndicate of Technical Workers, Painters, and Sculptors. In the invitation letter, <mask> <mask> <mask> was noted as one of the “expert assistants of the maestro Rivera”. <mask> <mask> was later assigned to paint murals at the Secretariat of Public Education. From 19 May 1923 to 6 August 1923, <mask> <mask> <mask> was involved in painting murals in the second court at the Secretariat of Public Education.Xavier Guerrero, <mask> <mask> <mask>, and Jean Charlot decorated the second court of the ministry building, which they were originally assigned to at a salary of 12 pesos. That second court was also named the Court of Labour and Festivals. Over time, the artists faced multiple complications with Diego Rivera, which eventually ended with them not working on the murals anymore as Rivera stopped them from painting further. Two panels painted by <mask> <mask> are still in place on the north wall on the ground floor of the second patio.

masks:
Amado
de la
Amado
de la
Cueva
Amado
de la
Cueva
De la
Cueva
Amado
de la
Cueva
Amado
de la
Cueva
De la
Cueva


title: Amado de la Cueva

texts:
 <mask> <mask> left on 16 October 1923 for Guadalajara where José Guadalupe Zuno, who was the state governor at the time, was to give him murals to paint. He was first made the state librarian, but soon moved to painting murals at the Palacio de Gobernación. <mask> <mask> was soon joined by David Alfaro Siqueiros at the end of 1924, and they were both offered a joint commission by state governor Zuno to paint the walls and ceiling of the former chapel beside the University of Guadalajara.David Alfaro Siqueiros server mainly as his helper, while <mask> <mask> was in charge of most of the intellectual designs. He also painted his mural Agriculture in the high arched wall above the entrance to the hall of the chapel, which was his last artwork. That church, the former Chapel of St. Thomas of Aquinas, is nowadays the :es:Biblioteca Iberoamericana Octavio Paz. Death
On 1 April 1926, <mask> <mask> <mask> was involved in an automobile collision while riding his motorcycle around town along with his fellow painter Roberta Reyes Pérez, and died on the same night. Information about his death was published on 2 April 1926 in the Guadalajara local daily newspaper El Informador. Artworks

At the Secretariat of Public Education, <mask> <mask> <mask> painted the two panels Dance of the Santiagos and El Torito (The Little Bull). At the Palacio de Gobernación in Guadalajara, <mask> <mask> <mask> painted three frescoes in total.Two of them were portraits of Hernán Cortés and Nuño <mask>, conquerors of western Mexico, painted is a way that expressed his mastery of the fresco medium. The last one was a figure of St. Christopher, painted to express a strong and dominating figure and a symbol of the

masks:
De la
Cueva
De la
Cueva
De la
Cueva
Amado
de la
Cueva
Amado
de la
Cueva
Amado
de la
Cueva
de Guzmán


title: Amado de la Cueva

texts:
 Christian Conquest. These three frescoes were later whitewashed in 1931 and no longer exist. At the former chapel of the University of Guadalajara, <mask> <mask> <mask> and David Alfaro Siqueiros together painted several murals around the themes of Work and Rebellion. The north part of the building features the murals Cultivation of the Maize, Sugar Cane, Agriculture, and Unity of the Peasant and the Worker, displaying the figures of peasant and agrarian. The southern walls of the building features the murals The Miner, The Potter, and The Electrical Worker, depicting the industrial workers. The walls above the entrance feature two panels The Legend of Zapata and The Triumph of the Revolution.These murals were a collaboration of two artists with very different artistic styles, executed flawlessly in visual unity. <mask> <mask> de la Cueva's artworks:

 Dance of the Santiagos, Fresco, 1926, Secretariat of Public Education
 The Little Bull, Fresco, 1926, Secretariat of Public Education
 Hernán Cortés, Palacio de Gobernación
 Nuño de Guzmán, Palacio de Gobernación
 St. Christopher, Palacio de Gobernación
 Cultivation of the Maize, University of Guadalajara
 Sugar Cane, University of Guadalajara
 Agriculture, University of Guadalajara
 Unity of the Peasant and the Worker, University of Guadalajara
 The Miner, University of Guadalajara
 The Potter, University of Guadalajara
 The Electrical Worker, University of Guadalajara
 The Legend of Zapata, University of Guadalajara
 The Triumph of the Revolution, University of Guadalajara

References

Mexican muralists
Artists from Guadalajara, Jalisco
1891 births
1926 deaths
20th-century Mexican painters
20th-century male artists
Mexican male

masks:
Amado
de la
Cueva
De la
Cuevaado


title: Peter Seitz Adams

texts:
<mask> (born August 27, 1950, Los Angeles) is an American artist. His body of work focuses on landscapes and seascapes created en plein air in oil or pastel as well as enigmatic figure and still-life paintings. He is noted for his colorful, high-key palette and broad brushwork. <mask> has held numerous solo and group exhibitions in galleries and museums, including throughout California, the Western United States, and on the East Coast in Philadelphia, Vermont, and New York. <mask> is the longest serving President of the California Art Club (f. 1909)  and has served on its board of directors in Pasadena, California from 1993 to 2018. He is also a writer on subjects relating to historic artists for the California Art Club Newsletter, as well as for a number of the organization's exhibition catalogs. Family and personal background
<mask>' mother, <mask> (1917–2004), was a socially active homemaker and his father, James H<mask>, also known as <mask>, Sr., was a businessman by vocation, and an actor by avocation.<mask>, Sr. appeared in Hollywood epic films, such as Bullwhip, Omar Khayyam, The Big Fisherman, Jailhouse Rock and the television series Zorro. His maternal grandfather was the playwright and Hollywood movie director George B<mask> (1888–1944). <mask> has two older sisters, <mask> O’Connell, who is a businesswoman and Aileen <mask>wan, who is a former Secretary of State for Consumer Affairs for the State of California and an Assistant Attorney General in the Clinton Administration. <mask> grew up in Beverly Hills and attended Harvard Boys School (now Harvard-Westlake School). He is married to Elaine Shelby (Shelbi) <mask>, a former stockbroker who has managed the California Art Club in addition to <mask>' career since 1993. The <mask>' live in a home that has been described as an eclectic mixture of Chinese furniture and Antiques, some significant works by his teacher Theodore Lukits as well as a broad selection of some of his own works chosen by his wife. The Adams have constructed elaborate waterfalls and pools, as well as walls and walkways made of

masks:
Peter Seitz Adams
Adams
Adams
Peter Adams
Mary Seitz Adams
. Adams
Peter Adams
Peter Adams
. Seitz
Adams
Mary Adams
Adams Co
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams


title: Peter Seitz Adams

texts:
 river stones around their Pasadena property.<mask>' studio features a high pitched roof that allows him to work on large paintings and glassed shelves housing a collection of art books. He is an avid outdoorsman who hikes in the San Gabriel Mountains with his border collies and makes painting trips to the Sierra Nevada (U.S.). He is a public speaker and raconteur. Early art studies
<mask> was initially drawn to traditional, representational art. As a young man, he collected adventure books from the "Golden Age" of American illustration. He credits these romantic tales, illustrated by artists like Howard Pyle, N.C. Wyeth and Dean Cornwell, with not only inspiring his art but interesting him in the world beyond the shores of America. <mask> wanted to learn how to paint like the turn-of-the-century painters did, but he couldn't keep up with the curriculum at the Instituto de Bellas Artes in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico (1969), Otis Art Institute and Art Center School (1970).In 1970 he was introduced to Theodore Lukits (1897–1992), a well-known painter of portraits, still lifes and landscapes who had been teaching in Los Angeles since 1924. Studies with Theodore Lukits
<mask> entered the atelier of Lukits in 1970. <mask> has described entering the Lukits studio, which was lined with plaster casts of Roman and Greek sculpture, student’s drawings and Chinese antiques "like walking into another century” because the Lukits Atelier resembled those of the 19th-century Parisian painters' he admired. <mask> was to study with Lukits for seven years and eventually he became his apprentice, but like all of Lukits' new students, he began by "drawing from the antique," doing charcoal or graphite portraits of marbles and plaster casts of ancient Roman and Greek statuary. These studies taught <mask> to understand the tonal gradations of light and shadow. Advancement in a traditional atelier is based on mastery, so <mask> moved from working from plaster casts to simple still life set-ups only after his instructor was satisfied with his work. As a culmination of his graphite

masks:
Peter Adams
Adams
Adams
Peter Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams


title: Peter Seitz Adams

texts:
 work <mask> did a series of fanciful still life drawings of Asian antiques that set the direction for the still life works of his professional career.Eventually, he began to work in color, painting still life set-ups under the colored lights that Lukits used to simulate conditions an artist might find in the outdoors. He subsequently attended Lukits' anatomy and life drawing classes. <mask> also began painting “En plein air”, directly from the landscape. He painted with Arny Karl (1940–2000) a fellow Lukits student who had already been painting out of doors for a number of years. Using the pastel medium, the two went on plein air trips to the local foothills in the San Gabriel Mountains, beaches, and trips to St. Malo, near Oceanside, where the <mask> family owned a beach house. Karl and <mask> also made extended trips to the American and Canadian National Parks, traveling as far north as the Canadian Rockies. By the mid-1970s, they were joined by another fellow Lukits student, Tim Solliday (b.1952). Together, the three artists traveled and painted en plein air using the pastel medium, as their teacher Theodore Lukits had done in the 1920s and 1930s. Professional career
<mask> began painting professionally around 1980. He was first represented by the Greg Juarez Gallery in Beverly Hills. Run by the collector, philanthropist, and 9th-generation Californian Gregg Juarez, the Juarez Gallery represented <mask> for a number of years. Next, he moved to the Adamson-Duvannes Gallery in West Hollywood, California. <mask> was an art collector who had purchased this historic gallery.He represented <mask> for a number of years and mounted <mask>' large exhibitions of works from Asia and Afghanistan. In 1992, <mask> began to exhibit his work with the Morseburg Galleries in West Hollywood. There he participated in a long series of group exhibitions which included the older painter Richard Rackus (b. 1922), as well as two of his friends from the Lukits Atelier, Arny Karl (1940–2000) and Tim Solliday (b. 1952). These exhibitions emphasized plein-air landscape painting.

masks:
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Jerome Adamson
Adams
Adams
Adams


title: Peter Seitz Adams

texts:
 <mask> participated in a number of pastel shows along with Solliday, Karl, Gil Dellinger, Rich Hilker and Clark Mitchell.In 2003 his wife <mask> opened American Legacy Fine Arts, a private art gallery developed on the first floor of <mask>’ studio and began promoting her husband’s work as well as other artists in Los Angeles. Artistic influences
Inspired by a broad spectrum of artists in the classical art tradition, however, <mask> cites Theodore Lukits, his teacher and mentor, as providing him with the direct link to the art ateliers of Paris and to the 19th century academicians he admires, such as William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825–1905) and Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824–1904). Like most Plein-Air painters he also cites the Spanish Impressionist Joaquin Sorolla (1863–1923) and the Swedish painter of figures in outdoor settings Anders Zorn (1860–1920) as having an impact on his work. However, in contrast to many painters steeped in the Plein-Air tradition, the course of <mask>' life and career has been influenced by the Orientalists, the French, British and American painters who ventured to the Middle East in the 19th century, painting the "exotic" people who populated lands that were unfamiliar to them. He includes John Frederick Lewis (1804–1876)  Sir David Roberts (1796–1864), Frederick Arthur Bridgman (1847-19280 and Edwin Lord Weeks (1849–1903) as painters who made him curious to explore remote lands and get to known distant peoples. <mask> designs and constructs his paintings differently from most painters and he has been influenced in completely different ways by the English painter, illustrator, printmaker and muralist Sir Frank Brangwyn (1857–1956) and the Art Nouveau painter and muralist Alphonse Mucha (1860–1939). From Mucha, he learned about swirling, moving, compositions and curvilinear line.From Brangwyn he learned about the juxtaposition of interesting shapes. Assessment and oeuvre
While <mask> considers himself a traditionalist and a representational painter, he is considered to be an innovative colorist and because of his interest in unusual effects

masks:
Adams
Elaine Adams
Peter Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams


title: Peter Seitz Adams

texts:
 of light, natural wonders and underground geological formations. Early in his career, his work consisted of Plein Air pastels and oils of the Eucalyptus trees, bridges and foothills around Pasadena. In addition, he created a series of beach scenes with figures centered on St. Malo Beach near Oceanside. The works he created on his extended trips to Asia were primarily figurative in the quick-drying tempera media to sketch, later, completing a series of larger works for his exhibitions back in America. Art historian and former Chief Curator of the Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art, Michael Tomor, described <mask>' pastel work in an essay for the exhibition Contemporary Romanticism: Landscapes in Pastel as being "Inspired by the brilliant colors, atmospheric perspective, and scenic grandeur of the great 19th century Romanticists, <mask>, a student of Theodore Lukits in the 1970s, conveys the magical shimmer of light in ephemeral sunsets and the tranquility of the sea." As his teacher Lukits did in the 1920s, <mask> painted in the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) during the summer and winter when atmospheric conditions were more intense.By the mid-1990s, while its origins remained out of doors, his work was becoming more stylized, showing the unmistakable influence of Art Nouveau. As he reached middle age, <mask> began to do large works of unusual natural formations, geysers and pools in Yellowstone National Park or stalactites in Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico. In recent years he had returned to the human figure as a subject, often combining fantasy and reality in his works, as he has done in a series of recent works centered on the story of  Wagner's Ring of the Nibelung and the Los Angeles Ring Festival mounted by the Los Angeles Opera. Revival of the California Art Club
By the early 1990s, <mask> and his friends saw the need for an organization that could help to bring order to the reemerging traditional art movement in California. <mask> accepted the Presidency of the California Art and he has remained at its helm to the present. In order to reorganize the California

masks:
Adams
Peter Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams


title: Peter Seitz Adams

texts:
 Art Club, <mask> began to recruit most of the active professional landscape and figurative painters and sculptors that he knew. The core group of artists that became members of the reorganized California Art Club was primarily students of Theodore Lukits or the Russian landscape and figurative painter Sergei Bongart (1918–1985).Organization of California Art Club special exhibitions
Under the leadership of <mask> and his wife, <mask>, the California Art Club began organizing a series of thematic exhibitions at both art and natural history museums. The <mask>' saw that there was a natural relationship between landscape art and ecological awareness and natural history. In 1996, the California Art Club organized the California Wetlands Exhibition at the Natural History Museum in historic Exposition Park in Los Angeles. In May through August 1998, the California Art Club mounted Treasures of the Sierra Nevada at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, featuring works by historic California artists including Edgar Alwin Payne (1883–1947), Jack Wilkinson Smith and Theodore Lukits as well as contemporary painters. The Carnegie Museum in Oxnard, California hosted a large exhibition of works by painters from the California Art Club in 1994 titled The California Art Club: 85 Years of Art where <mask>' work was featured prominently. In 1997 <mask> and <mask> and the California Art Club organized a traveling exhibition which contrasted the work of American Impressionists and Classical Realist painters from the East Coast and the Midwest United States with the California Impressionists. Titled East Coast Ideals, West Coast Concepts, the exhibition traveled from the Carnegie Museum in Oxnard to the Springville Museum of Art in Springville, Utah to the Academy of Art College in San Francisco.Among the historic artists represented were William McGregor Paxton and R.H.Ives Gammell (1893–1981), representing the Boston School and Theodore Lukits and Maurice Braun (1877–1941) representing the California Impressionists. In 1999, the California Art began a long

masks:
Adams
Peter Adams
Elaine Adams
Adams
Adams
Peter
Elaine Adams


title: Peter Seitz Adams

texts:
 relationship with the Frederick R. Weisman Museum of Art at Pepperdine University in Malibu with the exhibition titled On Location in Malibu. The exhibition, organized and curated by the Weisman's Michael Zakian, ran from May 22 to August 7, featuring the work of <mask> along with dozens of CAC painters. Exhibitions and collections

<mask> has exhibited in numerous museums, including the Pasadena Museum of California Art, Autry Museum of the American West, Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art, Forbes Galleries, Bergstrom-Mahler Museum, Portsmouth Museum, Courthouse Gallery, National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum, Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture, Museum of the Southwest, Buffalo Bill Historical Center, Museum of Texas Tech University, George Bush Presidential Library, Hillsdale College, Haggin Museum, Springville Museum of Art, Colorado History Museum, Frederick R. Weisman Museum of Art, Frye Art Museum, the Newington-Cropsey Foundation, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County and Carnegie Museum of Art. He has held solo exhibitions at the Pacific Asia Museum and Carnegie Art Museum, as well as numerous commercial venues. Among the public collections in which <mask>' work is represented are the Carnegie Art Museum, Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, Forbes Magazine Collection, Haggin Museum, Pacific Asia Museum, Pasadena Museum of California, Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art and Our Savior Parish & USC Caruso Catholic Center. In 2007 he received a Gold Medal in the California Art Club Gold Medal Exhibition, and in 2004 he was nominated for Visual Artist of the Year by the International Biographical Center, Cambridge, England.In addition to his affiliation with the California Art Club, <mask> has served on the boards of the American Society of Classical Realism, American Society of Portrait Artists, and served several years on the board of directors of the Pacific Asia Museum and the Pasadena Museum of California Art. <mask> is a Signature Member of the California Art Club, Oil Painters of America, Pastel Society of America, and the Plein Air

masks: Adams Adams Adams Adams Adams


title: Mark Spicoluk

texts:
<mask> is a Canadian musician, lifestyle content creator, and entrepreneur. He is best known as the vocalist and bassist for the punk rock band Closet Monster and most recently working with his wife on their lifestyle brand/YouTube channel Boho Beautiful. From 2012 to 2015 he appeared as a judge on YTV's The Next Star. He is also known as the founder of the indie record label Underground Operations, playing bass with Avril Lavigne and his production credits on albums by artists such as Protest the Hero, Abandon All Ships, Stereos and DVBBS. Along with his musical and business accomplishments, he is also a strong animal rights and social justice advocate. Career overview

<mask> founded and played bass for the band Closet Monster from 1997 until their last show in December 2005, and established the indie punk rock label Underground Operations in 1995. In the winter of 2002 Spicoluk began playing bass for Avril Lavigne and helped prepare the launch of her first album "Let Go."From 2007 until 2012 he was an A&R Representative, eventually becoming Head of A&R for Universal Music Canada as well as a personal A&R for Gene Simmons at Simmons Records. He has production credits on albums by Protest the Hero, Abandon All Ships and many others. Most recently Spicoluk has co-founded a new entertainment business service company called Cloud Empire. Spicoluk appeared for two seasons on MuchMusic's reality show Disband from 2009–2011, and then judged on YTV's The Next Star for its last three seasons. Activism and charity work

Spicoluk is a vegan, and has publicly supported and worked with several animals rights groups in Toronto, including Toronto Pig Save, Peta2 and Mercy for Animals. He has also appeared in a public service announcement for Finding Fido, and has hosted parties for Fuck Cancer, a Montreal-based organization devoted to cancer research. Early bands

Spicoluk sang and played lead guitar in his first band, Public Display, formed with high school friends in 1995 under the name Special Ed.The band played shows all over Ontario, releasing a self-titled CD in

masks:
Mark Spicoluk
Spicoluk


title: Mark Spicoluk

texts:
 1996. After the band parted ways in 1997, <mask> joined Sum 41 to play bass before leaving to form Closet Monster with another former Sum 41 member Jon Marshall. Closet Monster

Spicoluk was the bassist and vocalist for the political punk band Closet Monster during its entire existence from 1997–2005. Over the course of 7 albums and countless tours of North America and Europe, <mask> also co-wrote every song and co-produced every release. Closet Monster's lyrics focused on political and social issues such as human rights violations, gender equality, anti-capitalism, and strongly supported animal rights. The band reunited for one show in 2009 at Wakestock festival in Wasaga Beach, Ontario. Avril Lavigne

Early in 2002, Spicoluk was hired to play bass in Avril Lavigne's band as well as help prepare the launch of her first album, Let Go.Appearing on TV shows such as Good Morning America, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Live with Regis and Kelly, The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn, and in stadiums all around the world. He was also featured in the videos for the songs "Complicated" and "Sk8er Boi". <mask> later left the band to focus on Closet Monster and Underground Operations. Underground Operations

<mask> founded Underground Operations to put out releases by his own bands, in hopes that one day they could also release other bands they knew. Originally called Underground Monkey Operations, the label released albums by Public Display and Closet Monster before becoming Underground Operations in 2002. Originally releasing albums by Toronto bands Hostage Life, Bombs Over Providence, and Marilyn's Vitamins, as well as the first of many records by Protest the Hero. By 2007 the label had released albums by The Brat Attack, Dead Letter Dept., I Hate Sally, and These Silhouettes.The next few years saw a change in sound for the label, releasing music by Aspirations, acoustic act Machete Avenue and the Juno-winning first album by Lights. In the next few years the label released albums including Means, Kingdoms and Kathleen Turner Overdrive as well as the much

masks: Mark Mark Spicoluk Spicoluk


title: Agnes Lawrence Pelton

texts:
<mask> (1881–1961) was a modernist painter who was born in Germany and moved to the United States as a child. She studied art in the United States and Europe. She made portraits of Pueblo Native Americans, desert landscapes and still lifes. <mask>'s work evolved through at least three distinct themes: her early "Imaginative Paintings," art of the American Southwest people and landscape, and abstract art that reflected her spiritual beliefs. Early life
<mask> was born in Stuttgart, Germany to American parents, William and <mask>. She lived in Rotterdam, the Netherlands from 1882 to 1884 and in Basel, Switzerland from 1884 to 1888. In 1888, when the <mask> was about 7 years old, she and her mother moved to Elizabeth Tilton's home in Brooklyn, New York, located at 1403 Pacific Street.<mask>' father tragically died of a morphine overdose May 23, 1891, at his brother's home in Louisiana. <mask> studied music at the Stuttgart Conservatory of Music and operated the Pelton School of Music, from the family home, in Brooklyn for 30 years. She also gave lessons in French and German. Due to her poor health, <mask> was educated at home and her mother and Arthur Whiting taught her piano. Education
<mask> studied at the Pratt Institute from 1895 to 1900, graduating with fellow Modernist artist Max Weber. She continued her studies with one of her instructors, Arthur Wesley Dow, in Ipswich, Massachusetts. She studied landscape and was Dow's assistant at his summer school, where he taught Modernism, inspired by Chinese and Japanese art.Biographer Tiska Blankenship said that "Dow emphasized structure, spirit, imagination, creation, and the nonnaturalistic use of color, a technique he taught using Japanese prints to demonstrate space relations and the appropriate use of light and dark masses... Dow's influence was critical to

masks:
Agnes Lawrence Pelton
Pelton
Agnes Lawrence Pelton
Florence Pelton
Agnes
Agnes
Florence Pelton
Agnes
Pelton


title: Agnes Lawrence Pelton

texts:
 Pelton's development of abstractions based on interior, spiritual values." Dow also taught Georgia O'Keeffe. Pelton took summer classes from William Langson Lathrop in 1907. Pelton studied in Italy in 1910 and 1911, taking life drawing lessons and studying Italian painters at the British Academy in Rome, and also studied with Hamilton Easter Field, who was another of her Pratt instructors. Career

Her work was exhibited in Ogunquit, Maine at Field's studio in 1912. Based upon her work at that show, Walt Kuhn invited her to participate in the 1913 Armory Show, where two of her paintings, Stone Age and Vine Wood were exhibited. What Pelton called "Imaginative Paintings" were influenced by the work of Arthur B. Davies and depicted the effect of natural light.She made these paintings from 1911 to 1917. <mask>'s work changed significantly following a visit to Mabel Dodge Luhan in Taos, New Mexico in 1919. She painted in oil and used pastels to create realistic portraits and desert landscapes and her works were exhibited in Santa Fe at the School of American Research. Pelton visited Pueblo Native Americans in the American southwest. <mask> had her studios in Greenwich Village in New York City until 1921 when her mother died. She moved to Long Island and lived in a Hayground windmill that had been converted to a house. She also traveled to Hawaii, Beirut, Syria, Georgia and California.She painted portraits and still lifes in Hawaii in 1923 and 1924. She created abstract works of art beginning 1926, which were exhibited in New York at the Argent Galleries and the Museum of New Mexico. By 1926, she had exhibited in 20 group exhibitions and 14 solo exhibitions. She settled in Cathedral City, California in 1932. <mask> originally intended to just visit the area, but lived there for nearly 30 years. She wrote:

<mask>

masks: Pelton Pelton Pelton Pelton


title: Agnes Lawrence Pelton

texts:
 recorded her spiritual and philosophical thoughts, had an "intense interest" in Agni Yoga, which influenced her work. Seven of her paintings, like Fires of Spring and White Fire, represented the fire symbol of Agni Yoga.She had a close friendship with modern transpersonal astrology pioneer Dane Rudhyar and Modernist Southwest painter Raymond Jonson. In 1938, she was a co-founder, first president, and the oldest member of the Transcendental Painting Group. <mask> died in Cathedral City in 1961 and was cremated. Her ashes were buried in the San Jacinto Mountains. Posthumous exhibitions and legacy
"<mask>, Poet of Nature", a 1995-1996 retrospective exhibition of her work, brought national attention to her work. Curator Michael Zakian wrote:

In 2009, her work was exhibited with three other Modernist artists: Georgia O'Keeffe, Florence Miller Pierce, and <mask>. A 192-page catalog accompanied the exhibition.From March to September 2019, the Phoenix Art Museum held an exhibition featuring over 40 of <mask>'s works. From March 13 to June 28, 2020, Whitney Museum of American Art held an exhibit organized by the Phoenix Art Museum, "<mask>: The Desert Transcendentalist". The Agnes Pelton Society was founded in 2013 to promote <mask>'s life and legacy. Collections

 Honolulu Museum of Art, Hawaii
 The Raymond Jonson Collection, University of New Mexico Art Museum, Albuquerque
 Oakland Museum of California
 Palm Springs Art Museum, California
 Palladino/Den Historic Home of <mask>, Cathedral City Cove, California
 Parrish Art Museum, Southampton, New York
 Phoenix Art Museum, Arizona: Messengers, 1932; Day, 1935
 San Diego Museum of Art, California: The Primal Wing, 1933
 Santa Barbara Museum of Art, California
 New Mexico Museum of Art
 Whitney Museum of American Art, New York: Untitled abstract, 1931
 Crystal Bridges

masks:
Pelton
Agnes Pelton
Agnes Martin
Pelton
Agnes Pelton
Pelton
Agnes Pelton


title: Agnes Lawrence Pelton

texts:
 Museum, Arkansas: Divinity Lotus, 1929

References

Sources

 Severson, Don R. Finding Paradise: Island Art in Private Collections, University of Hawaii Press, 2002, p. 120. Further reading
 Stainer, Margaret, Betty Estersohn, Jan Rindfleisch and Deanna Bartels. "<mask>” in Staying Visible: The Importance of Archives, 1981. Gale, Zona, When I was a Little Girl, with illustrations by <mask>, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1913.Moss, Karen, Illumination, the Paintings of Georgia O'Keeffe, <mask>, <mask> and Florence Miller Pierce, Newport Beach, Calif., Orange County Museum of Art, 2009. Papanikolas, Theresa and DeSoto Brown, Art Deco Hawai'i, Honolulu, Honolulu Museum of Art, 2014, , p. 97
<mask> : Desert Transcendentalist. Gilbert Vicario, Erika Doss, Michael Zakian, Elizabeth Armstrong, Susan L. Aberth, Rachel Sadvary Zebro. Hirmer Verlag: Munich:  Phoenix Art Museum. 2019. ISBN 3-7774-3192-3
 Rindfleisch, Jan, Making the Desert Flower: An Alternative Look at Rarely Seen <mask> Paintings, California Desert Art: Art, History and Landscape of the California Desert, 2019. Vicario, Gilbert, editor.Authors: Susan L. Aberth, Elizabeth Armstrong, Erika Doss, Gilbert Vicario, Michael Zakian, Rachel Sadvara Zebro. <mask>: Desert Transendentalist, Hirmer Verlag GmbH, Munich. 2019. Zakian, Michael, <mask>, Poet of Nature, (Palm Springs, Calif., Palm Springs Desert Museum). Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 1995. . External links

 California Desert Art
 Cathedral City Historical Society: Voyaging, <mask>ton

20th-century American painters
Abstract painters
American landscape painters
American women painters
Painters from California
People from Cathedral City, California
1961 deaths
1881 births
German emigrants to the United States
Pratt Institute alumni
20th-century American women artists
American abstract

masks:
Agnes Pelton
Agnes Pelton
Agnes Pelton
Agnes Martin
Agnes Pelton
Agnes Pelton
Agnes Pelton
Agnes Pelton
Agnes Pel


title: Chris Barrows

texts:
<mask> (born Wichita, Kansas) is an American vocalist and songwriter best known as frontman of the punk band Pink Lincolns. <mask> co-founded The Pink Lincolns in 1986 in Tampa, Florida, quickly becoming known for his "trademark snotty humor" and stage antics. Still active in Florida, the band has released a number of albums and EPs including splits such as Screeching Weasel/Pink Lincolns Split and Live At Some Prick's House with The Queers. In 1998 <mask> released one album as vocalist of the group The Jackie Papers, and in 2009 he released the album Shove while vocalist of the punk group The Spears. His debut solo album, Human Being, will be released by 24 Hour Service Station on September 9, 2014. Music career

1986-97: Founding Pink Lincolns

<mask> was born in Wichita, Kansas, and later moved to Tampa, Florida. He first started his music career as vocalist of the local punk group Pink Lincolns, which he co-founded with guitarist Dorsey Martin.<mask> had first met Dorsey while hanging out with the local punk band Not Much; <mask> was friends with their guitarist, and Dorsey was in the band as well. The rest of the Pink Lincoln's lineup has frequently changed and currently includes bassist Kevin Coss and drummer Jeff Fox, who joined in 2005. Their first album was "Back From The Pink Room", released in 1987. The band has since released four more studio albums, one live album and six EP's as well as splits with Screeching Weasel and The Queers. The band's track have appeared on over 20 compilations from labels like Lookout, Stiff Pole and Choking Hazard. About their later EP Sumo Fumes, released in 1993, Miami New Times wrote

masks:
Chris Barrows
Barrows
Barrows
Chris Barrows
Barrows
Barrows


title: Chris Barrows

texts:
 "opening the slab of wax is a raucous rendition of Wire's "Ex-Lion Tamer" that is somehow better and completely owned in the hands of this band... This is followed by the pure rock and roll snot of "Tarzan #2" where they assert themselves with an original take on Edgar Rice Burrough's canon.The band closes out the B-side with another cover, this time of the Psychedelic Furs; 'Pretty in Pink.'" The cover for the band's 1994 album Suck and Bloat was drawn by Iggy Pop, and their 1997 album Pure Swank was produced by Bill Stevenson of The Descendents. Notable songs include "Velvet Elvis", a story about a squabble over a velvet painting of Elvis Presley. 1998: The Jackie Papers
Around 1998 <mask> took a break from Pink Lincolns and founded the band The Jackie Papers in Florida. Beyond Barrows on vocals and guitar, there was Jenny Page on guitar, Heidi Flanigan on bass and vocals, and Heather Now on drums. About The Jackie Papers, Miami New Times wrote that "while it can be argued that the music is similar to The Pink Lincolns, there is without a doubt a stronger hardcore edge...chockfull of Barrows' trademark snotty humor." In September 1998 the band recorded their only album at Morrisound Studios along with producer Steve Heritage.Mixing was handled by Bill Stevenson and Stephen Egerton. About their album Uckfay Ooyay, released that year on Stiff Pole Records, Miami New Times wrote, "The midsection of the album is an instrumental piece titled 'Coolio Iglesias' that is pretty cool and sloppy garage rock with metal tinges. Their cover of Screeching Weasel's 'Hey Suburbia' is amped-up in a slightly more hardcore vein. 'Addiction' does a


title: Chris Barrows

texts:
 good job of Heidi's vocals and it comes off as a creepy intersection of L7 and The Breeders." 2005-09: Pink Lincolns albums
After an eight year hiatus from studio recording, the Pink Lincolns got together and recorded the original album No Lo Siento in 2004. It was their last studio recording, and released in 2005 on Hazzard Records. Bill Stevenson produced.Afterwards several of their albums were remastered and released by Jailhouse, starting with Back From The Pink Room in 2008 and Suck And Bloat in 2009, both released on vinyl and CD. About when they release album, and their habit of not syncing tours with album releases, <mask> has stated, "We got back together and had new stuff so we were going to do an album. When we have an album's worth of shit, we'll do it. We're on our own schedule. We don't have to put out an album every year whether it sucks or not, ya know. We just.... when we have shit we wanna do, we do it." 2007-09: The Spears
On September 15, 2009 he released the album Shove as part of the  punk group The Spears, which he co-founded around 2007 Signed to Jailhouse Records, The Spears lineup consisted of <mask> on vocals, Sam Williams (Down By Law) on guitar, Gary Strickland (vocalist of Hated Youth) on bass, and Rob Rampy (D.R.I.)on drums. A remastered version of Shove was released in 2013. 2012-14: Yinz and Human Being
In 2012 the Pink Lincolns released their first live album on 24 Hour Service Station. Recorded live at Pittsburgh's 31st Street Pub on April 21, 2005,  Yinz: The Live Album has a lineup featuring bassist Kevin Coss and drummer Jeff Fox. Among many of their original tracks, the album includes a cover

masks: Barrows Barrows


title: Chris Barrows

texts:
 of Flipper's "Sex Bomb." Barrows' first solo album, Human Being, is due out September 9, 2014 on 24 Hour Service Station. The album features guest vocals by Ben Weasel of Screeching Weasel on the track "Not It," while The Dwarves' He Who Cannot Be Named contributes Farfisa organ to the track "Be My Girl" and "Human Being."Among the tracks are "Champs," are cover of the Wire song from the Pink Flag album, with Lianna Hoffman contributing cello. Style and equipment
According to Jailhouse Records, "Although frequently lumped into the pop punk category, many fans identify [Pink Lincolns] as hardcore, which given <mask>s stage antics, insanely rowdy shows and almost famously raucous crowds over the years, the hardcore label definitely seems appropriate." Discography

Solo material

With Pink Lincolns

Albums
1988: Back From the Pink Room
1989: Headache
1994: Suck and Bloat
1997: Pure Swank
2005: No Lo Siento
2012: Yinz: The Live Album

EPs
1987: Cotton Mather
1989: Tragedy for Tea Free
1993: Sumo Fumes
1995: Sumo Fumes 2
1995: V.M. Live
1996: Sumo Fumes 3

Split EPs
1993: Screeching Weasel/Pink Lincolns Split (with Screeching Weasel)
1994: Live At Some Prick's House (with The Queers)
1997: Submachine/Pink Lincolns Split (with Submachine)

With The Jackie Papers

With The Spears

Guest appearances

Further reading
Interviews and reviews

Discographies
<mask>s at Allmusic
<mask>s at Discogs

See also
Pink Lincolns

References

External links
Pink Lincolns at 24 Hour Service Station
The Spears on Facebook

Living people
Musicians from Tampa, Florida
Year of birth missing (living people)
Musicians from Wichita, Kansas
Writers from Wichita,

masks:
Chris Barrow
Chris Barrow
Chris Barrow


title: Kitty Brucknell

texts:
Kimberley Dayle Edwards (born 15 November 1984), known professionally as <mask>, is an English singer. She rose to fame as a finalist on the eighth series of The X Factor in 2011, where she finished in seventh place. Early life
Brucknell was born in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, on 15 November 1984. She started singing at an early age, as well as playing the violin and the piano. Throughout her childhood, she took part in a number of charity concerts and musical theatre performances, and was a prolific award winner in the Cheltenham Competitive Festival. At the age of 11, she won a place in the National Children's Orchestra of Great Britain and continued touring with them annually. She was awarded music scholarships to Dean Close School, St. Edward's School and Clifton College in Bristol.She began touring internationally at the age of 16. In 2003, Brucknell began writing and directing Interference, a science-fiction film. The film was accepted for the 2005 Cannes Film Festival. Following this, it was shown at the Portobello Film Festival in Palm Springs. Career

2007–11: Early career
Before The X Factor, Brucknell worked as a Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, and Lady Gaga tribute act. In June 2009, she appeared on Britney Spears Saved My Life, a documentary which aired on BBC Three. She appeared in series 1 of ITV's Dinner Date in 2010.In 2010, Brucknell contracted Guillain–Barré syndrome, a life-threatening muscle disorder, whilst singing in Corfu, which left her paralysed for four months. 2011: The X Factor
In 2011, Brucknell auditioned for the eighth series of The X Factor in front of the four judges Gary Barlow, Kelly Rowland, Tulisa and Louis Walsh. She sang "The Edge of Glory" for


title: Kitty Brucknell

texts:
 her first audition; all four judges voted to send her through to the "bootcamp" stage of the competition. She performed "You Got the Love" and "Feeling Good" at bootcamp, and made it through to judges' houses. After performing "Beautiful Disaster", Walsh put her through to the live shows in his Over 25s category. Brucknell was in the final showdown three times during the competition: in weeks 3 (with Sami Brookes), 5 (with Johnny Robinson) and 6 (with Misha B). In week 3, she was saved by a majority vote from the judges.Voting statistics revealed that Brookes received more votes than <mask> meaning if the result went to deadlock, Brookes would have been saved. In week 5, she was also saved by a majority vote from the judges. However, Robinson received more votes from the public than Brucknell which meant that if the result went to deadlock, Robinson would have been saved. <mask> was sent home in week 6 after only Walsh voted to save Brucknell. However, voting statistics revealed that <mask> received more votes than Misha B meaning if the result went to deadlock, Brucknell would have been saved and sent through to week 7, while Misha B would've been sent home. After Brucknell's elimination in week 6, Walsh became the first judge in the series to lose all his acts. Performances

2012–present: Glamour and Damage

Following the X Factor, Brucknell began teasing the release of her track "Red Shoes".Brucknell returned to The X Factor in 2013 when she performed alongside other former contestants such as Rylan Clark, Jedward, Wagner, 2 Shoes, Diva Fever and Johnny Robinson at the final in Wembley Arena. In January 2013, she went on her first tour which was dubbed the "Glamour and Damage" Tour. She

masks: Brucknell Brucknell Brucknell


title: Kitty Brucknell

texts: performed "The Damage is Done" from her then forthcoming album Glamour and Damage. She featured on a single which was released in Germany entitled "No Tomorrow". In August, she shared one of her original tracks "Chains", which garnered a lot of interest from major online blogs, even with a mention from Brian May of Queen. On 4 May, Brucknell announced that her debut single "Glitter in the Sky" would be released on 19 October 2014. Her debut album Glamour and Damage was launched on Pledge Music where it is available to pre-order along with many other exclusives.Within the two weeks of its launch, she had successfully reached over 25% of her goal. On 2 August, she successfully reached 100% of her goal. Her debut album, Glamour and Damage was released on 1 November 2014 through Pledge Music. She attempted to represent Switzerland at the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 with the song "Yearning". The song was written by Brucknell with Dai Smith and Allyson Summerhayes (also known as 'The Elements'). <mask>'s Eurovision attempt was on behalf of escnews.org who were reportedly acting as her management team during the Eurovision season 2015. On 25 November 2014, it was revealed that Brucknell was not one of the nine acts selected by SRF that moved on to the live auditions held in Zürich and was eliminated.She was later shortlisted for the Moldovan national final with her songs "Yearning" and "Remix". On 17 January 2015, it was announced that "Remix" had advanced to the semi-final stage held in February. She was eliminated from the competition during the first semi-final on 24 February 2015. She revealed in an interview that the reason why she is not attempting to represent the UK is because the BBC


title: William Cheung

texts:
<mask> or <mask>ng (張卓慶, pinyin: Zhāng Zhuóqìng) (born October 10, 1940) is a Hong Kong Wing Chun kung fu practitioner and currently the Grandmaster of his lineage of Wing Chun, entitled Traditional Wing Chun (TWC). He also heads the sanctioning body of TWC, the Global Traditional Wing Chun Kung Fu Association (GTWCKFA). <mask> is responsible for introducing Bruce Lee to his master Ip Man when they were teenagers in Hong Kong. Early life
In the 1950s <mask> grew up in Kowloon, where fighting skills were considered a measure of self-worth and pride, At age 11, <mask>'s challenge matches were on the school playground and his fighting style was Tai Chi Chuan, which was not sufficient to elevate him among the youth of Hong Kong. This fighting was a concern and frowned upon by his father who was a police inspector; hence <mask> avoided becoming involved in gangs. By his teenage years however the challenge fights continued, and—as they are inextricably linked to extortion rackets of secret societies—<mask>'s high-achieving family saw him as a source of embarrassment. A turning point in <mask>'s life was when a gang leader who was undefeated in combat challenged an old man who was rumored to fight in a little–known Kung Fu style of a woman.<mask> witnessed the challenge and watched as the thin old man who was Ip Man quickly defeated the gang leader. Impressed by the old man's skill, <mask> visited Ip Man and became his student. Over the next few months <mask> became a favorite of Ip Man and became a live–in student for 3 years, before leaving Hong Kong. Friendship with Bruce Lee

During his time living with Ip Man, <mask> introduced a then 15–year–old famous child actor, Bruce Lee, whom he first met at Lee's 9th

masks:
William Cheung
Cheung Cheuk hi
Cheung
Cheung
Cheung
Cheung
Cheung
Cheung
Cheung
Cheung
Cheung
Cheung


title: William Cheung

texts:
 birthday to Ip Man. Originally Ip Man had rejected Bruce the right to learn Wing Chun Kung Fu under him because of the long standing rule in the Chinese Martial Arts world to not teach foreigners. His one quarter German background from his mother's side would be an initial obstacle towards his Wing Chun training. However <mask> would speak on his behalf and Lee was accepted into the school.<mask> and Lee became friends and training partners and after several months of training every day they both became more involved in street challenge fights until one day <mask> fought a triad leader and seriously wounded him. This prompted <mask>'s father to send him away from Hong Kong to put him out of harm's way; however, the problems followed him, and he and his family decided that it was better for his safety to migrate to Australia to begin a new life. Bruce Lee acknowledged that while in Hong Kong, he saw <mask> as one of the best fighters. Bruce Lee was still young at the time and still developing as a martial artist. His exposure to fighters was few and far between. <mask> was not only his friend but also his si-hing, older Kung Fu Brother who often taught him some Wing Chun. Bruce showed him respect by naming <mask> as one of the best fighters, promoting not only his friend but Wing Chun as a legitimate martial art style.Accomplishments

Teaching traditional Wing Chun
After moving to Melbourne, Australia to teach Traditional Wing Chun professionally in 1973, <mask> established his Wing Chun studio in Melbourne's CBD. According to The Sydney Morning Herald, his studio attracts hundreds of new students each year. Early in 1976 <mask> participated in the formation of the Australian National Kung Fu Federation and

masks: Cheung Cheung Cheung Cheung Cheung Cheung Cheung Cheung Cheung


title: William Cheung

texts:
 became its president. The federation ran the Australasian Kung Fu Championships from circa 1977/1978. These were the earliest Australian full contact tournaments open to all styles of martial arts. In 1976 <mask> also had a publicly documented feud with fellow Melbourne Kung Fu instructor Barry Pang who was the federation's vice president at the time. <mask> denounced Pang in the local papers, cast him out of the federation and challenged him to a duel for the rights to teach in the city.The Sunday Observer described it as a 'Kung-Fu War' and wrote about it for three consecutive weeks, eventually proclaiming <mask> as the victor. <mask> trained students in the US as well, including some who became successful in their martial arts careers, such as Eric Oram who went on to train Robert Downey Jr. and Christian Bale in preparation for their Hollywood movie roles. He also trained Anthony Arnett who has been winning martial arts tournaments since 1974 and has won grand champion multiple times some of which were for 3 years and 6 years running in different tournament circuits. <mask> taught unarmed combat to the U.S. marines of the Seventh Fleet based in Yokosuka, Japan. Martial arts
<mask> was acknowledged as one of Yip Man’s disciples who helped to firmly establish Wing Chun’s reputation as a fighting art through the challenge matches in Hong Kong. After being involved in duels with several triad members he had defeated in China, <mask> had reason to fear for his life, so he decided to migrate to Australia in 1957. On the way there an incident occurred when he was forced to fight more than 10 sailors who were set up by the triads that sought revenge.<mask> sustained several stab wounds from the fight as some of the

masks: Cheung Cheung Cheung Cheung Cheung Cheung Cheung Cheung


title: William Cheung

texts:
 men were armed. In 1984 <mask> set a world speed punching record of 8.3 punches per second at Harvard University in Boston. Awards
Black Belt Hall of Fame Award - Kung Fu Artist of the year 1983
Inside Kung Fu Hall of Fame Award - Instructor of the year 1989

Magazine front covers
Over a 28-year period <mask>
<mask> attained a Bachelor of Economics from the Australian National University, after graduating from secondary school in Hong Kong. <mask> is a certified Doctor of Chinese Medicine under the Chinese Medicine Registration Board of Victoria, and a member of the Australian Chinese Traditional Orthopaedics Association Inc. He has also been invited as a Guest Professor to Foshan Sports University (China), and as a Senior Research Professor of the Bone Research Department to Beijing Chinese Medical University (China). Bibliography

<mask>, <mask> (1986).Kung Fu: Butterfly Swords. Ohara Publications Inc. pp. 223. <mask>, <mask> (1989). My Life with Wing Chun (second edition). pp. 192.<mask>, <mask> (2007). Wing Chun: Advanced Training and Applications. Black Belt Communications LLC. pp. 175. . .
<mask>, <mask> (2005). City of Dragons: Ah Hing - The Dragon Warrior. Healthworld Enterprises Pty.Ltd. pp. 118. <mask>, <mask> (1994). CMT: <mask>'s Meridian Therapy. <mask>'s Better Life. pp. 388.Videos
<mask> has produced a number of videos, including;
The Wing Chun Way
Tao of Wing Chun
My Life with Wing Chun
Wing Chun – Advanced Training and Applications
City of Dragons
CMT – <mask>'s Meridian Therapy
PRO-TEKT: A Personal Protection Program

References

Australian National University alumni
Living people
1940 births
Hong Kong emigrants to Australia
Wing Chun practitioners from Hong Kong
Australian Wing Chun

masks: Cheung Cheungcademia Cheung Cheung Cheung William Cheung William Cheung William Cheung William Cheung William Cheung Cheung Cheung Cheung


title: Munif Razzaz

texts:
<mask>-<mask> (; 19 December 1919 – 16 September 1984) was a Jordanian-Syrian physician and politician who was the second, and last, Secretary General of the National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, having been elected to the post at the 8th National Congress held in April 1965. Munif relocated to Iraq in 1977 and became a leading member of the Iraqi Ba'ath. Munif was among dozens of dissidents accused of plotting against then new Iraqi President Saddam Hussein in the 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge. King Hussein had advocated for <mask>'s release so he can return safely to Jordan, but President Saddam Hussein adamantly refused. Munif died in 1984 during his house arrest in Baghdad. His family claims he was assassinated by the Iraqi Ba'ath after his hypertension medicine was replaced with poison. He was buried in Amman according to his only will.Biography

Early years
<mask> was born in Damascus, Syria on 19 December 1919, but he was raised in Jordan. His family moved to Jordan in 1925 after his father, a veterinarian, was accused by the French authorities in Syria of collaborating with the rebels during the Great Syrian Revolt by treating their injured horses. In 1937 <mask> was given scholarship at the American University in Beirut after having spent a brief period studying in Cairo. He became a member of the Jordanian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party in 1950. <mask> was one of the co-founders of the Ba'athist Regional Branch in Jordan, and he promoted the Ba'athist ideology through his writings in national newspapers. From 1955 to 1957, the Jordanian Ba'athists were loud critics of King Hussein. Razzaz criticized the King Hussein's support of the Baghdad Pact, and his stance towards Gamal Abdel Nasser, the President of Egypt.Because of his anti-monarchy activities <mask> was imprisoned in 1956, 1958, 1959 and 1960. In the aftermath of the Ramadan Revolution which brought the Iraqi Ba'ath Branch to power in Iraq, <mask> along with fellow Ba'athist Abdallah Abd al-Da'im, was given the task of formulating a political program which was supposed to be broadcast to the Iraqi

masks:
Munif al
Razzaz
Munif
Razzaz
Razzaz
Razzaz
Razzaz
Razzaz


title: Munif Razzaz

texts:
 people. National Command
<mask> was elected Secretary General of the National Command at the 8th National Congress in April 1965, and succeeded Michel Aflaq in office. However, <mask> was not rooted enough in Syrian affairs to find a solution to the crisis which was taking hold in Syria. In November 1965, the National Command passed a resolution which forbade the Syrian Regional Command to appoint or relieve officers. The Military Committee led by Salah Jadid responded immediately by rebelling. <mask> then convened an emergency session of the National Command which decreed the dissolution of Yusuf Zu'ayyin's government and the Syrian Regional Command, while they decreed the establishment of a new leadership for Syria; al-Bittar became Prime Minister, Muhammad Umran became Minister of Defense, Amin al-Hafiz became Chairman of a new Presidential Council, and Mansur al-Atrash became Chairman of the National Revolutionary Council.Jadid and his supporters replied by carrying out the 1966 Syrian coup d'état which led to the downfall of the National Command and the moderate faction within the Ba'ath Party. Later years
Following the downfall of Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar and the moderates in general in the 1966 coup, <mask> went underground. He became the only member of the old National Command to put up any resistance against Jadid's neo-Ba'athist government. On his ascension to office, Razzaz relationship with Aflaq deteriorated even if it was the Military Committee, and not <mask>, who forced him from office. Shortly after the 1966 coup, Colonel Salim Hatum began planning a conspiracy which would topple the Jadid government. Hatum forged an alliance with <mask>, encouraged by messages from comrades from the old National Command, began recruiting military officers to his cause. He managed to form a Military Committee led by Druze officer Major General Fahd al-Sha'ir.The coup was uncovered by the authorities in August 1966, and <mask> and fellow conspirators were forced either into hiding or into Lebanon. <mask> was highly critical of the Syrian regime of Hafez al Assad, writing an exposure book, Al

masks: Razzaz Razzaz Razzaz Razzaz Razzaz Razzaz Razzaz Razzaz


title: Munif Razzaz

texts:
 Tajribah al Murrah The Bitter Experience, published in 1966. He became a member of the Palestinian Iraqi-aligned Ba'athist organization Arab Liberation Front in 1966, and through it, rose through the Iraqi-dominated Ba'athist structure. Alleged assassination
In 1977, Munif relocated to Iraq and became a leading member of the Iraqi Ba'ath. He was among dozens of dissidents accused of plotting against then new Iraqi President Saddam Hussein in the 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge. King Hussein had advocated for Munif's release so he can return safely to Jordan, but President Saddam Hussein adamantly refused. Munif died in 1984.His family claims he was assassinated by the Iraqi Ba'ath after his hypertension medicine was replaced with poison during his house arrest in Baghdad. He puked blood in front of his wife and daughter. Thought

In the article "Ba'ath Socialism" in the Iraqi newspaper Iraq Today <mask> stated that Ba'athist socialism was scientific socialism, and that it "was the natural and inevitable response to the contradictions between the Arab nation and home land, with colonialism, imperialism and backwardness, both inherited and recent. It is a natural response to natural struggle blended with class struggle." <mask> laid emphasis on the fact that Ba'athist socialism was both scientific and moral, and that Ba'athist socialism was a form of Third World Socialism and not the form of socialism of the First, Second, Third or Fourth Internationals. These forms of socialism derived "their character from pure class contradictions inside imperialist industrialized societies. It is a socialism which draws its basic properties from the contradictions of the Third World with imperialism on the one hand, and backwardness on the other".Ba'athist socialism, in his mind, opposed full state ownership of the economy, but supported state ownership over the heights of the economy. In his influential 1957 article "Why Socialism Now?" <mask> states; "Socialism is a way of life, not just an economic order. It extends to all aspects of life – economics, politics, training, education, social life, health, morals,

masks: Razzaz Razzaz Razzaz


title: Munif Razzaz

texts:
 literature, science, history, and others both great and small. Socialism, freedom and unity are not different names for different things … but different facets of one basic law from which they spring." Together with Aflaq and Jamal al-Atassi, <mask> wrote Articles on Socialism in 1974. In a paper entitled "Arab nationalism" <mask> asserts that Arab nationalist ideology is "the driving force behind the Arabs in their struggle to create a progressive nation that can hold on its own with the nations of the world."<mask> believed that the Arabs had a sense of belonging to an Arab identity which could be traced back to pre-Islamic days. He believed that the Arab world was first confronted by Western colonialism at the beginning of the 16th century in the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean. The 1948 Arab–Israeli War "which brought the humiliating defeat of the Arabs by a handful of Jews, was the last straw that destroyed any remnants of confidence between the ruling classes on one side and the masses on the other." Resentments towards the Western powers for creating Israel could never be forgotten Razzaz believed, and the creation of Israel led to the popular demand of an end to all Western tutelage in the Arab world. <mask> claimed that Arab nationalism was the conflict between two forces; the reactionary classes and the masses. The reactionary classes were inefficient vassals of Western capitalist imperialism who had betrayed the nation, while the masses were "anti-imperialist, anti-capitalist and anti-Zionist, and in favor of unity, freedom, socialism and neutralism." Personal life
In 1949, he married Lam'a Bseisso, who was born in Hama, Syria in 1923, with whom he had two sons and one daughter.His son <mask> was the Prime Minister of Jordan from 2018 to 2020. References

Citations

Bibliography

1919 births
1984 deaths
Iraqi Arab nationalists
Members of the Jordanian Regional Branch of the Ba'ath Party
Members of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party
Members of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
Amman Arab University alumni
Syrian Arab

masks:
Razzaz
Razzaz
Razzaz
Razzaz
Omar Razzaz


title: Timo Andres

texts:
<mask> (born <mask> in 1985 in Palo Alto, California) is an American composer and pianist. He grew up in rural Connecticut and lives in Brooklyn, New York. Biography

After growing up in rural Connecticut, an environment that greatly influences his work, <mask> attended Yale University for both his undergraduate and graduate education, studying with Martin Bresnick, Ingram Marshall, Aaron Jay Kernis, Christopher Theofanidis, John Halle, Matthew Suttor, Kathryn Alexander, Michael Klingbeil, and Orianna Webb. He is also a graduate of Juilliard's pre-college program. <mask> first rose to prominence at the age of 24 when his piece Nightjar was commissioned and performed by the Los Angeles Philharmonic and John Adams. Since then, he has been commissioned by Wigmore Hall, Carnegie Hall, the Concertgebouw Amsterdam, San Francisco Performances, the Gilmore Foundation and the Library of Congress. Andres has performed solo recitals at (Le) Poisson Rouge, Wigmore Hall and Lincoln Center, and alongside artists such as Gabriel Kahane, Philip Glass, and David Kaplan.Works
<mask>'s work has received broad critical acclaim and is particularly noted for its seamless blend of traditional and contemporary idioms. Alex Ross of The New Yorker has called Andres "quietly awesome" and his music "the kind of sprawling, brazen work that a young composer should write." Andres draws from a wide array of influences, including bands such as Sigur Rós, Boards of Canada, Brian Eno and Radiohead, as well as classical music by Brahms, Schumann, Mozart, and Charles Ives. He is also influenced by his love of design and typography.

masks:
Timo Andres
Timothy Andres
Timo Andres
Andres
Andres


title: Mary Bowes, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne

texts:
<mask>, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne (24 February 1749 – 28 April 1800) was a notable member of the British aristocracy during the Georgian period (18th century). Referred to by some as "The Unhappy Countess", she was a prominent heiress, who inherited a vast fortune. Her husbands were the 9th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne and Anglo-Irishman Andrew Robinson Stoney, the latter of whom reportedly treated her very cruelly during their marriage. Amongst many other achievements in her life, including a significant expertise developed in the field of botany, <mask> was one of the early pioneers of women's rights in relation to divorce. Early life
<mask> was born in Upper Brook Street in Mayfair, London, the daughter and heiress of Sir George Bowes, a wealthy businessman; and his second wife, <mask> of St Paul's Walden. She was named <mask> in homage to both her own mother and her father's beloved first wife, Eleanor Verney, who died in 1724. <mask>'s childhood home was at Gibside, in County Durham.Bowes died when <mask> was 11 years old, and left her a vast fortune (estimated at between £600,000 and £1,040,000), which he had built up through control of a cartel of coal-mine owners. At a stroke, <mask> became the wealthiest heiress in Britain, perhaps in all of Europe. She encouraged the attentions of Campbell Scott, younger brother of the Duke of Buccleuch as well as of John Stuart, the self-styled Lord Mountstuart, eldest son of Lord Bute (the Prime Minister), before becoming engaged at the age of 16 to John Lyon, the 9th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. First marriage
<mask> married the 9th Earl of Strathmore on her 18th birthday, 24 February 1767. Since her father's will stipulated that her husband should assume his family name, the Earl addressed Parliament with a request to change his name from John Lyon to John Bowes,

masks:
Mary Eleanor Bowes
Mary Eleanor Bowes
Mary
Mary Gilbert
Mary Eleanor
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary


texts:
 which was granted. However, some of the couple's children chose to use a surname that hyphenated their parents' names, styling themselves Bowes-Lyon. Five children were born to the Earl and Countess within the first six years of marriage, being:
Maria Jane Bowes-Lyon (21 April 1768 – 22 April 1806), married Colonel Barrington Price of the British Army in 1789
John Bowes, 10th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (14 April 1769 – 3 July 1820), married in 1820 <mask>, his long-term mistress and the mother of his son, on the day before he died
Anna Maria Bowes (3 June 1770 – 29 March 1832), eloped and married Henry Jessop in 1788; returned shortly afterwards to live with her mother
George Bowes (17 November 1771 – 3 December 1806), married <mask>
Thomas Bowes-Lyon, 11th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (3 May 1773 – 27 August 1846) married <mask> Louisa Rodney Carpenter, whose mother was the daughter of a mason.Thanks to the countess's fortune, the couple lived extravagantly. While the Earl spent much of his time restoring his family seat, Glamis Castle, the countess self-published a poetical drama entitled The Siege of Jerusalem in 1769, which remained her only literary effort, although she maintained remarkably candid diaries for much of her life. She also professed interest in botany and financed an expedition by the explorer William Paterson to the Cape in 1777 to collect plants for her. A few years into the marriage, the Earl contracted tuberculosis and his health weakened. Dissatisfied with her husband's increasing lack of robustness and alleged inattention, the countess took lovers to entertain herself. On 7 March 1776, Lord Strathmore died at sea on his way to Portugal, of tuberculosis. Between marriages
The couple's combined extravagance meant that the countess was left with debts totalling £145,000 upon the Earl's death.While

masks:
Mary Milner
Mary Thornhill
Mary Elizabeth


texts:
 Morning Post, a newspaper which had published scurrilous articles about her private life.In fact, Stoney had himself written the articles both criticising and defending the countess. He now faked a duel with the editor, the Reverend Sir Henry Bate Dudley, to appeal to <mask>'s romantic nature. Pretending to be mortally wounded, Stoney begged the dowager countess to grant his dying wish: to marry her. Taken in by the ruse, she agreed. Second marriage

Stoney was carried on a stretcher down the aisle of St James's Church, Piccadilly, where he married <mask>. Shortly afterwards, he staged a remarkable recovery. In compliance with <mask>'s father's will, Stoney changed his name to Bowes.Two children were born to <mask> during the term of this marriage:
<mask>, who was probably the daughter of George Gray, was delivered secretly in August 1777, but her birthday was registered as 14 November 1777;
William Johnstone Bowes was born on 8 March 1782. After the wedding, Stoney Bowes attempted to take control of his wife's fortune, as was the custom of that era. When he discovered that <mask> had secretly made a prenuptial agreement safeguarding the profits of her estate for her own use, he forced her to sign a revocation handing control to him. He is then alleged to have subjected <mask> to eight years of physical and mental abuse, including confining her to her own house for a period. He later took <mask> and her daughter Anna Maria (the Earl's daughter) off to Paris, whence they returned only after a writ had been served on him. He is also said to have raped the maids, invited prostitutes into the home and fathered numerous illegitimate children. In 1785, with the help of loyal maids, <mask> managed to escape Stoney's custody and filed for divorce through the ecclesiastical courts.Stoney Bowes then allegedly abducted <mask> with the help of

masks:
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary Bowes
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary


texts: some accomplices and carried her off to the north country. She later alleged that he threatened to rape and kill her, that he gagged and beat her and carried her around the countryside on horseback in one of the coldest spells of an unusually cold winter. The country was alerted; Stoney Bowes was eventually arrested, and <mask> rescued. The divorce case continued with additional legal battles regarding these incidents. The trials were sensational and the talk of London. Although <mask> initially won public sympathy with her tales and tears, the tide soon turned against her as her own licentiousness of character became known. Even during the pendency of the case, <mask> had an affair with the brother of one of her lawyers, which became public knowledge; an affair with her footman, George Walker, was also alleged.Stoney made known other salacious details of <mask>'s past excesses and ensured the publication of the 'confessions' that she had earlier made in writing to him – he even purchased shares in a newspaper to publish these memoirs. There was also a general feeling that <mask> had behaved badly in attempting to prevent her husband's access to her fortune. Stoney Bowes and his accomplices were found guilty of conspiracy to abduct <mask> and he was sentenced to three years in prison. Meanwhile, the divorce case reached the trial stage at the High Court of Delegates. In an interim judgment, Stoney lost the battle to retain control of the Bowes fortune during the pendency of the case. The divorce case itself remained pending until <mask> died in 1800, at which point it became infructuous. Stoney Bowes was released from prison upon <mask>'s death, and unsuccessfully attempted to have her will invalidated.After he lost that case, he was sued by his own lawyers for their expenses. Unable to pay these debts, he came under prison

masks: Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary