title: Kazimierz Dembowski

texts:
 of "Servant of God" and then "Venerable", before being declared "Blessed", which is a prerequisite for sainthood conferred in a process known as canonization. <mask>'s name is incorporated in the bronze plaque that hangs on a courtyard wall outside the Finucane Jesuit Center at Rockhurst University in Kansas City (Missouri) commemorating 152 Jesuit victims of the Germans during the Second World War. Bibliography
Sacrum Poloniae millennium: rozprawy, szkice, materiały historyczne, vol. 11, Rome, Typis Pontificiae Universitatis Gregorianae, 1965, page 76.Adam Kozłowiecki, Ucisk i strapienie: pamiętnik więźnia, 19391945, ed. J. Humeński, Cracow, Wydawnictwo Apostolstwa Modlitwy, 1967. (Recollections of Dembowski's fellow prisoner.) Google Books
Irena Strzelecka, "Pierwsi Polacy w KL Auschwitz", Zeszyty Oświęcimskie, vol. 18 (1983), Oświęcim, Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau, 1983, page 111. ISSN 0474-8581. 75 lat Gimnazjum i Liceum Ogólnokształcącego w Strzyżowie, 19121987: księga pamiątkowa, ed.Z. Leśniak & J. Nowakowski, Strzyżów, Towarzystwo Miłośników Ziemi Strzyżowskiej; Komitet Organizacyjny Obchodów Jubileuszu 75-lecia Szkoły; Urząd Miasta i Gminy w Strzyżowie, 1987, page 54. Vincent A. Lapomarda, The Jesuits and the Third Reich, Lewiston (New York), Edwin Mellen Press, 1989. .
Encyklopedia wiedzy o jezuitach na ziemiach Polski i Litwy, 15641995, ed. L. Grzebień, et al., Cracow, Wydział Filozoficzny Towarzystwa Jezusowego & Instytut Kultury Religijnej: Wydawnictwo WAM, 1996, page 124. , . Kraków  Lwów: książki, czasopisma, biblioteki XIX i XX wieku, vol. 9, pt. 1, ed. H. Kosętka, et al., Cracow, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego, 2009,


title: Don Rico

type: original

texts:
<mask> II (September 26, 1912 – March 27, 1985) was an American paperback novelist, screenwriter, wood engraver and comic book writer-artist, who co-created the Marvel Comics characters the Black Widow (Natasha Romanova) with plotter Stan Lee and artist <mask>; Jann of the Jungle with artist Arthur Peddy; Leopard Girl with artist Al Hartley; and Lorna the Jungle Girl with an artist generally considered to be Werner Roth. His pen names include <mask>, <mask>. Michaels, <mask>, Joseph Milton, and N. Korok. Biography

Early life and career
<mask> was born in Rochester, New York, the eldest of nine children. His parents were emigrants from Italy: Father Alessandro was a shoe designer from Celano, Abruzzi, and mother Josephine was from the Basilicata region. At age 12, <mask> received a scholarship to study drawing at the Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester. The following year, his family moved to The Bronx, New York City. At 16, under artist H. J. Glintenkamp, <mask> learned to make wood engravings.Prints of his engravings of Depression-era life for the W.P.A. Federal Art Project in the mid-to-late 1930s, under the supervision of Lynd Ward would eventually become part of the permanent collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Library of Congress, the New York Public Library, and elsewhere. He began his comics career in 1939, during the period fans and historians call the Golden Age of Comic Books, beginning at Victor A. Fox's Fox Publications. There he penciled and inked the six-page "Flick Falcon" feature in Fantastic Comics #1 (Dec. 1939). He continued on that feature

masks:
Donato Francisco Rico
Don Heck
Dan Rico
Donella St
Donna Richards
Don Rico
Rico
Rico


title: Don Rico

texts: through issue #8 (July 1940 ), by which time the hero's name and the feature's title had been changed to "Flip Falcon". He drew the features "Blast Bennett" and "Sorceress of Zoom" for Fox's Weird Comics, and did stories for Fiction House's Planet Comics and Fight Comics.Beginning with Silver Streak Comics #11 (June 1941), he worked on some of the earliest stories of Lev Gleason Publications' 1940s superhero Daredevil (unrelated to Marvel Comics' Daredevil), helping lay the foundation for a character that would go on to a celebrated run in his own title under Charles Biro. His first story for Timely Comics, a forerunner of Marvel Comics, was an eight-page backup feature starring a hero called the Secret Stamp in Captain America Comics #13 (April 1942); another, uncredited adventure of the Secret Stamp was published in U.S.A. Comics #7 (Feb. 1943). Other early work for the company included a story of the superhero the Terror and co-creating, with an unknown writer, the obscure Jekyll-and-Hyde-like feature "Gary Gaunt", both in Mystic Comics #9 (May 1942). After inking Al Avison on a Captain America story in All Winners Comics #5 (Summer 1942), <mask> soon became one of the regular pencilers for that cornerstone hero of the publisher's, starting with the 16-page "The Mikado's Super Shell" in Captain America Comics #18 (Sept. 1942). By the following year, <mask> was variously writing/drawing stories featuring such characters as the Human Torch, the Whizzer, the Destroyer, the Blonde Phantom, Venus, and the Young Allies. Timely artist Allen Bellman recalled in 2005, "<mask> and some of the other

masks: Rico Rico Don


title: Don Rico

texts:
 artists didn't bother with [artist] Syd Shores, who was the unofficial bullpen director. <mask> was the ringleader of this 'ignore Shores' group.He was always causing small problems in the office and publisher [Martin] Goodman knew this, and hence the name '<mask>' he referred to <mask> with." Artist Gil Kane recalled that, "Timely was my second job after MLJ. ... Stan [Lee] was the editor at 19 years old but all the day-to-day managing of the work was done by <mask>, who also did most of the hiring and firing." Other credits during the 1940s include Fawcett Publications' America's Greatest Comics and Bulletman; MLJ's Black Hood Comics and the dual-hero Shield-Wizard Comics; Lev Gleason's Captain Battle and Captain Battle Junior; Quality Comics' National Comics, and Smash Comics; and Et-Es-Go Magazines' Terrific Comics. From 1946 to 1948, he worked primarily for Novelty Press, on that publisher's Blue Bolt Comics and Target Comics. 1950s
In 1949, <mask> began working again for Timely Comics as a writer-editor as the company was transitioning to become Marvel's 1950s predecessor, Atlas Comics. Around this time, he became one of at least five staff writers (officially titled editors) there under editor-in-chief Stan Lee, along with Hank Chapman, Ernie Hart, Paul S. Newman, Carl Wessler, and, doing teen-humor comics, future Mad cartoonist Al Jaffee.Among the Atlas titles for which <mask> wrote are the horror comics series Adventures into Terror, Astonishing, Marvel Tales, Suspense and  Strange Tales. He co-created Jann of the Jungle with artist Jay Scott Pike in Jungle Tales #1 (Sept. 1954), and

masks:
Rico
Rat Rico
Don
Don Rico
Rico
Rico


title: Don Rico

texts:
 co-created Leopard Girl with artist Al Hartley in  Jungle Action #1 (Oct. 1954), and wrote virtually every story and feature in those two titles. Marvel Comics reprinted several of his jungle stories in the 1970s. <mask> briefly returned to comic art as an illustrator on the Atlas series Bible Tales for Young Folk. His last published story for Atlas was the four-page anthological Western tale "The Bushwhacker", with artist Angelo Torres, in Rawhide Kid #16 (Sept. 1957). In 1958, <mask> moved to Los Angeles, where he began writing for film and television. 1960s
In California, <mask> began writing paperback novels, eventually penning more than 60 for a variety of publishers including Lancer Books and Paperback Library.His pseudonyms included <mask>, Joseph Milton, and <mask> St. Michaels. <mask> wrote only thrice for Marvel during the Silver Age of Comics in the 1960s, with a Doctor Strange story in Strange Tales #129 (Feb. 1965), and scripting two Iron Man plots by Stan Lee in Tales of Suspense #52–53 (April–May 1964), the former introducing the Black Widow. On both, he used the pseudonym N. Korok, later explaining he hadn't wanted his paperback-book publisher to know he was taking on lower-paying comic-book work. Later career
<mask> co-wrote, with <mask>, the story basis for the bisexual-vampiress horror movie Mary, Mary, Bloody Mary (U.S.-Mexico, 1975), by director Juan Lopez Moctezuma and scripter Malcolm Marmorstein. He also drew movie and television production illustrations, including two years at Hanna-Barbera Productions drawing storyboards for TV shows. In 1977, <mask>, Sergio Aragones,

masks:
Rico
Rico
Rico
Donna Richards
Donella
Rico
Rico
Don Henderson
Rico


title: Don Rico

texts:
 and television and comic-book writer Mark Evanier co-founded the Comic Art Professional Society (CAPS). <mask> also worked with Aragones as scripter for the artist-plotter's female-detective strip "T.C.Mars" in Joe Kubert's magazine Sojourn. Also in 1977, <mask> drew a six-page chapter starring Captain America in the World War II-superhero flashback series The Invaders Annual #1. In 1977, <mask> drew the cover and wrote an introduction for a 128-page anthology of black-and-white reprints, The Magnificent Superheroes of Comics [sic] Golden Age  #1 (Vintage Features). During the mid-1970, <mask> taught a college course on comic books at UCLA, titled "The Theory, History and Technique of Comic Books". In the early 1980s, he taught drawing at Cal State Northridge. Death
<mask> lived in Los Angeles at the time of his death in 1985. He was survived by his second wife, Michele Hart-Rico; his son, <mask> "Buz" <mask>; and his daughter, Dianne <mask> Tran (1933–2007).Awards
Inkpot Award at the 1976 Comic-Con International in San Diego. The Comic Art Professional Society - CAPS presents the <mask> Award, named in his honor that is awarded for an organization  member who goes above and beyond to support CAPS. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012 (requires scrolldown). <mask> at the Lambiek Comiclopedia, . Sorceress of Zoom at <mask>'s Toonopedia. Archived from the original on February 13, 2016. 1912 births
1985 deaths
American comics artists
American comics writers
Golden Age comics creators
Silver Age comics creators
Inkpot Award winners
Atlas Comics
Marvel Comics people
American people of

masks:
Rico
Rico
Rico
Rico
Rico
Donato
Rico III
Marie Rico
Don Rico
Don Rico
Don Markstein


title: William Lok

texts:
Sir <mask> (1480 – 24 August 1550) was a gentleman usher to Henry VIII and a mercer, alderman, and sheriff of London. He was the great-great-great-grandfather of the philosopher John Locke (1632–1704). Family
<mask> was the second son of <mask>, a London mercer, and the grandson of <mask>, also a mercer, who was Sheriff of London in 1461. His mother was Joan Wilcock (d.1512), only daughter of one 'Mr Wilcock' of Rotherham, Yorkshire. Career

Even before he was admitted to the Mercers' Company in 1507, <mask> had already supplied cloth of gold and silver to Henry VIII. During the course of his visits as a mercer to the annual markets in Antwerp and Bergen op Zoom in the Low Countries, he collected intelligence which he passed on to the King and his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell. In March 1527 he was granted 'exclusive licence to import silks, jewels, and mercery wares for court revels'.In addition to his trade as a mercer, <mask> was involved in other business ventures, including the export of beer. In 1528 he supplied the royal ordnance with six hundred leather harnesses. In 1531 a ship travelling from Chios to London which had been hired by <mask> and John Gresham was detained at Lisbon. According to a letter dating from 1533, <mask> had at some time visited Crete, and may thus have been involved in the wine or currant trade. The wealth he had accumulated as a merchant by 1535 is indicated by the fact that he was rated in that year, perhaps in connection with a subsidy, at £1000. <mask> and his wife were Protestants, and supported Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon. His daughter, <mask>, later recounted how he pulled down a copy of the bull by which Pope Clement VII had excommunicated Henry VIII for his marriage to his second wife, Anne Boleyn:

Of my father in Holinshed's Chronicle I

masks:
William Lok
William Lok
Thomas Lok
John Lok
Lok
Lok
Lok
Lok
Lok
Rose Lok


title: William Lok

texts: find this story.In the 25th year of the reign of King Henry 8, being the year of Our Lord 1534, at the suit of the Lady Catherine, Dowager, a curse was sent from the Pope, which cursed both the King and the realm. This curse was set up in the town of Dunkirk in Flanders, for the bringer thereof durst no nearer approach, where it was taken down by Mr <mask> of London, mercer. Now I, his daughter, Rose Throckmorton, widow, late wife of Simon Throckmorton, esquire, and first the wife of Anthony Hickman, a merchant of London, reading this of my father, have thought good to leave to my children this addition to it, that for that act the King gave him £100 a year, and made him a Gentleman of his Privy Chamber, and he was the King's mercer, and his Majesty vouchsafed to dine at his house. Moreover he was knighted, although he was never mayor, but only Sheriff of London, and so was never any Londoner before him. <mask> also brought French translations of the Gospels and Epistles from the continent for Henry VIII's second wife, Anne Boleyn. On 20 October 1545 he was elected alderman for Vintry ward, and on 3 March 1549 was elected Sheriff, and knighted by the young Edward VI. On 10 October 1549 he was among those who escorted the Lord Protector, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, to imprisonment in the Tower of London after his first fall from power.<mask> died 24 August 1550 at his house in Bow Lane, and was buried on 27 August near his parents and his first wife, Alice Spenser, in the Mercers' Church at St Thomas of Acre in London, where his coat of arms was depicted in a window. His fourth wife, Elizabeth Meredith, was also buried there after her death in 1551. In his will he left houses and shops in various London parishes including Bow, Spitalfields, and Cheapside, as well as twelve farms near London,

masks: Lok Lok Lok


title: William Lok

texts:
 and the Dog's Head inn in Cheapside. Marriages and issue
<mask> married firstly Alice Spenser (d.1522), an early convert to Protestantism. He married secondly Katherine Cooke (d. 14 Oct 1537), daughter of Sir Thomas Cooke of Wiltshire. He married thirdly a wife named Eleanor (d.1546), who was the widow of Walter Marsh. He married fourthly Elizabeth Farthing (d.1551) who was the widow firstly of a husband surnamed Hutton and secondly of Robert Meredith.<mask> had nineteen children, of whom five sons and seven daughters, all children of his first two marriages, survived to adulthood. According to Sutton, all <mask>'s sons were mercers, and it is likely that all his daughters were silkwomen. A pedigree of the <mask> family assigns <mask>'s children to his first two wives as follows:

By his first wife, Alice Spence or Spencer:

<mask> (1511–17), died without issue. <mask> (d.1524), died without issue. <mask> (b. 29 August 1512), who married Robert Meredith of London, mercer. <mask> (d.1517) died without issue.<mask> (1517–1519), died without issue. <mask> (d.1516), died without issue. <mask>, 'died for love of Sir Brian Tuke's daughter, 1545'. <mask> (8 February 1514 – 9 November 1556), mercer, eldest surviving son by his father's first marriage, who married Mary Long. <mask> (d.1551) of London, merchant, married Elizabeth Baker. By his second wife, Katherine Cooke:

<mask>, who married firstly Otwell Hill (d.1543) of London, merchant, and secondly John Cosworth of London and Cornwall, merchant. Otwell Hill was the brother of Richard Hill.<mask>, who married firstly Thomas Stacey of London, Warden of the Mercers' Company in 1555 together with his brother-in-law, <mask>, and secondly <mask> of Bradden, Northamptonshire. <mask> (26 December 1526 ), who married firstly the London mercer Anthony Hickman, son

masks:
Lok
Lok
Lok
Lok
Lok
William Lok
Philip Lok
Jane Lok
Peter Lok
William Lok
Richard Lok
Edmund Lok
Thomas Lok
Matthew Lok
Dorothy Lok
Katherine Lok
Thomas Lok
William Matthew
Rose Lok


title: William Lok

texts:
 of Walter Hickman of Woodford, Essex, and secondly Simon Throckmorton, esquire, of Brampton, Huntingdonshire, and was a Marian exile. She died 21 November 1613, aged 86. <mask>, who married Margaret Spert, and died in France without issue. He went to Jerusalem in 1553, and to Guinea in 1554. <mask>, (d.1537), died without issue. Thomasine <mask> (d.1530), died without issue.<mask> (d.1571) of London, merchant and mercer, who married Anne Vaughan, by whom he was father of the poet, <mask>. His will, dated 18 January 1571, was proved 31 October 1571. <mask> of London, merchant, who married firstly Jane Wilkinson, daughter of <mask>, mercer and sheriff of London, and secondly Margery Perient, widow of Caesar Adelmare, father of Sir Julius Caesar. <mask> (3 August 1535 – c.1581), who married firstly Richard Hill (d.1568), mercer and alderman of London, and by him had 13 children, and secondly Nicholas Bullingham, Bishop of Worcester, who died in 1576, by whom she had one child. <mask>, whose mother died at his birth, and he the day after. Notes

References

External links
Will of <mask>, Mercer and Alderman of London, proved 11 September 1550, PROB 11/33/331, National Archives Retrieved 19 November 2013
Will of <mask>, Mercer, proved 11 December 1556, PROB 11/38/264, National Archives Retrieved 28 November 2103
Millar, Eric George, 'Narrative of Mrs Rose Throckmorton', The British Museum Quarterly, Vol. 9, No.3 (February 1935), pp. 74–76 Retrieved 18 November 2013
Will of Richard Hill, Mercer of London, proved 13 November 1568, PROB 11/50/351, National Archives Retrieved 19 November 2013

1480 births in England
1550 deaths
16th-century English people
Sheriffs of the City of London
16th-century Protestants
English Protestants
Converts to Protestantism from Roman Catholicism
Former Roman Catholics
1480

masks:
John Lok
Alice Lok
Lok
Henry Lok
Henry Lok
Michael Lok
William Wilkinson
Elizabeth Lok
John Lok
William Lok
Thomas Lok


title: Gheorghe Cristescu

texts:
<mask> (October 10, 1882 in Copaciu, Giurgiu County – November 29, 1973 in Timișoara) was a Romanian socialist and, for a part of his life, communist militant. Nicknamed "Plăpumarul" ("The Blanket Maker"), he is also occasionally referred to as "Omul cu lavaliera roșie" ("The man with the red four-in-hand necktie"), after the most notable of his accessories. Biography

Early activism
Born in Copaciu (at the time part of Ilfov County, presently in Giurgiu County), <mask> trained as a blanket-maker and became the owner of a blanket-making shop. Active in socialist circles as early as 1898, he soon became a leading member of the Romanian Social-Democratic Workers' Party (up to 1899, when the Party disbanded). In 1900, he joined the leadership of the only surviving group of the Party, its Bucharest socialist circle, România Muncitoare (led by Christian Rakovsky). Up until the creation of a Social Democratic Party of Romania (PSDR) on January 31, 1910, <mask> was one of the leaders of the short-lived Socialist Union of Romania. Soon after a Romanian Railways employee named Stoenescu attempted to assassinate Premier Ion I. C. Brătianu on December 9, 1909, <mask>, alongside other România Muncitoare activists (including I. C. Frimu and Dimitrie Marinescu), was arrested and interrogated on suspicion of having inspired the action.From 1910 to 1916, he was one of the PSDR's leaders; in 1908-1920, he was active in the trade union movement. In 1916, the Party was banned for its activities in support of the Zimmerwald Conference at a time when Romania entered World War I on the Entente side. After the Central Powers offensive (see Romanian Campaign), he remained active in enemy-occupied Bucharest, and kept contacts with Social Democratic Party of Germany with the help of German

masks:
Gheorghe Cristescu
Cristescu
Cristescu
Cristescu


title: Gheorghe Cristescu

texts:
 soldiers who sympathized with the latter. In 1918, when Romanian authorities resumed control, <mask> and many other leaders of the PSDR (Ecaterina Arbore, Constantin Popovici, Ilie Moscovici, and Constantin Titel Petrescu among them) were arrested on charges of collaboration. The PSDR re-emerged in November 1918, as the Socialist Party of Romania, with <mask> becoming one of its representatives in Parliament after the elections of 1919. In this capacity, he became noted in debates over the imprisonment of Mihai Gheorghiu Bujor, a Romanian citizen who had joined the Russian Red Army in Bessarabia during the October Revolution, and who had been tried for treason. Constantin Argetoianu, who negotiated a failed merger of the Socialist Party into the People's League in late 1919, stated that Moscovici voiced criticism of his party's far left wing, where, as Argetoianu formulated it, "the blanket-maker <mask> and others were agitating".In the early elections of 1920, <mask>, together with Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea and Boris Stefanov, was not validated into Parliament, despite having carried the popular vote. He was eventually confirmed for office. Communism
Although he had originally voted against Vladimir Lenin's thesis as a delegate of the socialists to the Comintern World Congresses in Moscow (with Eugen Rozvan, Constantin Popovici, Ioan Flueraș, David Fabian, and Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea), and despite Rozvan's suspicions that he had maintained a "minimalist position", he became more and more radical, supporting the transformation of the Party along Bolshevik lines, but showed himself opposed to control from Russia. In deliberations for the 1920 vote, he expressed his opposition to Comintern control over local parties, and subsequently met with Lenin. <mask>

masks: Cristescu Cristescu Cristescu Cristescu Cristescu


title: Gheorghe Cristescu

texts: later claimed that the Russian leader had accepted his dissent and had offered some "non-political" concessions to the Romanian socialists (the claim was partly backed by a testimony of Dobrogeanu-Gherea). During the Congress, both <mask> and Dobrogeanu-Gherea were ridiculed at home by the non-communist press (their bourgeois status, in contrast to their activism, was highlighted in the nicknames "Cristescu-Blanket Maker" and "Dobrogeanu-Restaurant", the latter of which alluded to the business Dobrogeanu-Gherea was managing in Ploiești). <mask> led the faction that separated itself after the Party's Congress of 8–12 May 1921, and was elected as the first general secretary of the newly formed Socialist-Communist Party (soon to be the Romanian Communist Party).Those maximalists who had designated themselves as "communists" (including <mask> <mask>) were arrested and indicted in the Dealul Spirii Trial: Romanian authorities attempted to connect them with Max Goldstein, a terrorist of uncertain affiliation who had detonated a bomb inside the Romanian Senate on December 8, 1920. The charge against the communists was based on their rejection of Greater Romania as a concept, and their commitment to "world revolution" and the Comintern, which raised suspicion that they were trying to overthrow the existing order through actions such as that of Goldstein. Constantin Argetoianu, Interior Minister in the second Alexandru Averescu cabinet and main instigator of the arrest, later admitted that his order lacked legal grounds, and stated that he had given <mask> approval to hold congress with the knowledge that Comintern policies were to be submitted to a vote, thus causing the faction to incriminate itself. Most of the accused were acquitted, an important reason for this being

masks: Cristescu Cristescu Gheorghe Cristescu Cristescu


title: Gheorghe Cristescu

texts:
 <mask>'s convincing testimony (alongside a hunger strike endured by most on the bench, as well as the absence of sufficient evidence). <mask> depicted Goldstein as an anarchist, and declared most of the witnesses who had connected the terrorist with the Party to be spies for the Siguranța Statului secret police. Dissidence
<mask> started questioning his Party's policies after the decision taken by the Balkan Communist Federation during its 1923 Vienna Conference. The Federation had adopted the official Soviet policy recommending that Bessarabia, Bukovina, Transylvania and Southern Dobruja (or all of Dobruja) be given the right to secede from Romania.Due to the ethnic composition of these regions, he could not accept that minorities be given self-determination (especially since this implied not autonomy or independence, but rather satisfaction of territorial demands that other nations had on Romania). <mask> allegedly called for the party to revise its program in respect to these points, and thus resume legal activities. Notably clashing with his nominal subordinate Marcel Pauker over such issues, he did all in his power to prevent the Party from adopting a clear point of view: when his attitude was investigated by the Balkan Communist Federation (1924), he had to resign his position, being excluded from the Party in 1926. According to Vladimir Tismăneanu, <mask>'s marginalization inside the Workers and Peasants' Bloc (created as an umbrella group for the outlawed Communist faction) was a major factor in his conflict with other activists. 1930s, persecution, and rehabilitation

After creating his own minor group, the Socialist Party of Workers (later known as Independent Socialist Party), in 1928, <mask> joined the minor Unitary Socialist Party in 1932 (a Marxist

masks: Cristescu Cristescu Cristescu Cristescu Cristescu Cristescu


title: Gheorghe Cristescu

texts:
 group led by Leon Ghelerter, Ștefan Voitec, and Constantin Popovici, it eventually dissolved itself under pressure from the Communist Party in 1944). He retired from politics in 1936. His daughter Tita <mask>, a former Miss Romania who had become the mistress of Liviu Ciulei (a famous lawyer and father of the director Liviu Ciulei), died in mysterious circumstances in 1936.Ciulei, arrested on charges that he had poisoned her, was acquitted later in the same year. A theory in circulation indicates Maria Suciu, Tita's maid, as the killer. During the first years of Communist Romania, he was severely persecuted for his political views, being arrested and imprisoned in the Danube-Black Sea Canal labour camps from 1950 to 1954. Released through the first amnesty of political prisoners (occurring very soon after Joseph Stalin's death), <mask> spent his remaining years in relative anonymity. While his name was cleared by Nicolae Ceaușescu's rehabilitation policies, his uncomfortable opinions were censored and he was subject to Securitate surveillance until his death. Although occasionally hailed up as an anti-Comintern communist during a time when the Ceaușescu regime developed a nationalist discourse, <mask> avoided being associated with the party he had helped to found. References

Notes
 110 ani de social-democraţie în România ("110 Years of Social Democracy in Romania"), Social Democratic Party, the Ovidiu Șincai Social Democratic Institute, Bucharest, July 9, 2003
Dosarele Istoriei, 10/1998
Constantin Argetoianu, "Memorii" ("Memoirs"; fragment), in Magazin Istoric, March 1968
Adrian Cioroianu, Pe umerii lui Marx.O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc ("On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism"), Editura Curtea Veche,

masks: Cristescu Cristescu Cristescu


title: Jack Dalrymple

texts:
<mask> (born October 16, 1948) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 32nd Governor of North Dakota from 2010 to 2016. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as the 36th Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota from 2000 to 2010 under Governor John Hoeven. <mask> assumed the governorship following Hoeven's election to the United States Senate. Prior to his inauguration as North Dakota Lieutenant Governor, <mask> served in the North Dakota House of Representatives for the 22nd district for eight consecutive terms, from 1985 through 2000. He was a candidate for the U.S. Senate twice, in 1988 and 1992. Early life
<mask> was born on October 16, 1948, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the son of Mary Josephine (Knoblauch) and <mask>. He spent many of his formative years in Casselton, North Dakota, on his family's wheat farm, which was established in 1875 by his great-grandfather, <mask>.At age 7, when <mask> was in elementary school in 1955, his grandfather, John Stewart <mask>, Oliver's son, "still owned about 25,000 acres of farmland". In 1966, he graduated from The Blake School, a private co-educational day school, where he took the preparatory course to earn his high school diploma. Heading to Connecticut for college as a legacy student, <mask> graduated with honors from Yale College with the Class of 1970, with an A.B. in American Studies. Agricultural career
<mask> returned after graduation to North Dakota, going to work managing the family's Dalrymple Farm in the Red River Valley, a durum wheat producer in the Casselton area. <mask> was named the Outstanding Young Farmer of the United States of America in 1983 by Outstanding Farmers of America (OFA). He was the founding board chairman of Dakota Growers Pasta Company, formed as an agricultural cooperative of more than 1,100 primarily North

masks:
John Stewart Dalrymple III
Dalrymple
Dalrymple
Dalrymple
John Stewart Dalrymple Jr
Oliver Dalrymple
Dalrymple
Dalrymple
Dalrymple
Dalrymple
Dalrymple


title: Jack Dalrymple

texts:
 Dakota wheat growers in 1992.The cooperative grew to become North America's third-largest manufacturer and marketer of dry pasta products. Dakota Growers Pasta provides an array of products for retail brands, retail private label and food service. <mask> led the transition of the structure of the organization, from a cooperative to a C corporation, to raise capital and to perform acquisitions. Dakota Growers Pasta was sold in May 2010 for about $240 million to a Canadian firm, Viterra Inc. Opposition to the Viterra sale was largely due to the fact that "the cooperative was created with the help of the state-owned Bank of North Dakota, other rural cooperatives and the city of Carrington, where the cooperative was based." Some government leaders felt strongly that these entities should also benefit from the sale. Ernst and Young (now EY) selected <mask> as the 2007 Master Winner Award Winner Upper Midwest Region, for his work in helping to found and guide Dakota Growers Pasta Company. Volunteer service
In 1975, <mask> helped to found ShareHouse Inc., a residential treatment program for those recovering from alcohol or drug dependencies, in Fargo.During the 1980s, <mask> served on the Casselton (ND) Jobs Development Commission. In the 1990s, <mask> was chairman of the Board for Prairie Public Television (now Prairie Public), the PBS affiliate which also provides radio and public media services serving North Dakota and the surrounding region. Career in the state legislature
In 1984, he won a seat in the North Dakota House of Representatives. He won re-election in 1986, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, and 1998. He represented rural Casselton, Cass County. He served as chairman of the House Appropriations Committee for four years. In the 1999-2000 interim, he also chaired the Budget Section, the legislative panel charged

masks: Dalrymple Dalrymple Dalrymple Dalrymple Dalrymple


title: Jack Dalrymple

texts:
 with reviewing spending issues between sessions.U.S. Senate elections

1988

In December 1987, <mask> announced he would run for the U.S. Senate. He lost the Republican nomination to state House majority leader Earl Strinden. Strinden lost the general election to incumbent Democratic U.S. senator Quentin Burdick. 1992

On September 8, 1992, Burdick died. Governor George Sinner appointed Burdick's widow Jocelyn Burdick to fill the vacancy until a special election was held. She was not a candidate for election to the rest of the term. On September 17, 1992, <mask> announced he would run in the special election.In October 1992, he won the Republican nomination. Kent Conrad, who held North Dakota's other Senate seat at the time but had planned to retire from it (he decided to run to fill the Burdick vacancy), defeated <mask> 63–34%. <mask> only won three counties in the state: Billings, McIntosh, and Sheridan. Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota
<mask> was elected as Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota in 2000 on the Republican ticket with John Hoeven. He was re-elected as Lieutenant Governor in 2004 and 2008 along with then-Governor Hoeven. Governor of North Dakota
Then-Lt. Governor <mask> became governor following the resignation of John Hoeven, who was elected to the U.S. Senate on November 2, 2010.The transition took place in accordance with the gubernatorial succession provisions of the Constitution of North Dakota. Two days later, on November 4, 2010, <mask> designated now-former U.S. attorney for North Dakota Drew Wrigley as his successor to become Lieutenant Governor, once his transition to the governor's office was completed. On December 7, 2010, Hoeven officially tendered his resignation as governor to Alvin Jaeger, the North Dakota secretary of state. Later that day, in front of a joint session of the North

masks: Dalrymple Dalrymple Dalrymple Dalrymple Dalrymple Dalrymple Dalrymple


title: Jack Dalrymple

texts:
 Dakota Legislative Assembly and before a statewide television audience, <mask> was sworn in as governor, and then Wrigley was sworn in as lieutenant governor. On November 1, 2011, Governor <mask> announced on a multi city tour of North Dakota that he would run for a full four-year term as governor, with Wrigley as his running mate. In 2012, <mask> handily defeated Democratic challenger Ryan Taylor in the general election to serve a full term as governor. North Dakota does not have a term limit for governor or lieutenant governor, meaning that any individual could be elected to and serve an unlimited number of terms.On August 24, 2015, Governor <mask> announced that he would not seek reelection in 2016. Personal life
<mask> married the former Betsy Wood in 1971, and they have four daughters. Electoral history

2016 Dakota Access Pipeline protests
In 2016, a series of protests was held against the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), by groups including ReZpect Our Water and Native American tribes including the Standing Rock Sioux. <mask> called in the North Dakota National Guard's 191st Military Police to deal with protesters. See also
 1992 United States Senate special election in North Dakota

References

External links
Governor <mask> official North Dakota government website
<mask> for Governor

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1948 births
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
American Presbyterians
Farmers from North Dakota
Governors of North Dakota
Lieutenant Governors of North Dakota
Living people
Members of the North Dakota House of Representatives
North Dakota Republicans
People from Cass County, North Dakota
Republican Party state governors of the United States
Yale College alumni
Candidates in the 1988 United States elections
Candidates in the 1992 United States

masks:
Dalrymple
Dalrymple
Dalrymple
Dalrymple
Dalrymple
Dalrymple
Jack Dalrymple
Jack Dalrymple


title: Ali Babachahi

texts:
<mask> (, born 10 November 1942 in Bushehr, Iran) is an Iranian poet, writer, researcher, and literary critic. <mask> is one of Iran's most prominent postmodern writers and poets, and has published over 50 literary works in various forms. From 1989 onward, he has been engaged in the compilation of a dictionary of Persian language at the University Publication Center and also edited Adineh monthly magazine's poetic column. The life and poetry of <mask>hi

Iranian poet and critic, <mask> was born in 1942 in Bushehr, the southernmost port city in Iran. A graduate of Persian Literature from Shiraz university, he has been a sensational poet in the last three decades. His first book in Unreliability was published in 1968. This veteran poet established his controversial book My Drizzle in 1996, that established him as a pioneer in postmodern Iranian poetry.His essays and commentaries on "The Other Mode of Iranian Poetry" and postmodern literary views show his restless dynamic mind. His works and interviews have always caused discussion among critics and poets. For ten years <mask> was the poetry editor for Adineh, and ran a poetry workshop in Tehran. He has already published 40 books; half are books of poems, and the other half concern poetry research, review and criticism. He also wrote a narrative verse for youngsters. Several of his poems have been rendered in Arabic, English, Spanish, Swedish, French and Kurdish. Remarkably, <mask> develops book by book and his poetic stages are unpredictable, bearing a resemblance in this regard to John Ashbery, the American poet.Ideas on modern Iranian poetics
(Extracted from interviews)

…"One must be absolutely modern" _ this dictum of

masks:
Ali Babachahi
Babachahi
Ali Babacha
Ali Babachahi
Babachahi
Ali Babachahi


title: Ali Babachahi

texts:
 aspect of language states that language does not only express meaning but it also makes meaning—words make forms, and poetic forms justify some sort of signification. The more the poetic forms rely on musical potential, the more distinct literary reference becomes. … According to Lyotar: By language games, Wittgenstein means various applications of language. Thus poets struggle against a particular meaning dominating the society.… I am both for and against meaning: I’m against meanings that are embedded in structures of expressions depending on a kind of power – ideological power of assimilation and familiarization of meaning. Defying these types of meaning my poetry attains other kinds of meaning. Standing on a pluralist and non-elitist point, I reject hierarchic viewpoint, linear narrative, and dogmas caused by binary oppositions. Hence I write texts, a sort of writing that cherishes “differences”. A function of postmodern poetry goes along this saying of Lyotar that we must make our knowledge deeper than what goes on in language. Published works

Supportless 1967

The world and the blue lights 1970

Of the sun 1974

The Sound of Sand 1977

From our graves comes the dawn 1981

The sailors’ songs 1989

The selected poems of <mask>hi - First Edition 1990

The selected poems of <mask>hi - Second Edition 1993

Directionless Sea (Delayed) 1997

The soft rain is me – First Edition 1996

My head is bothering me - First Edition 2000

My head is bothering me - Second Edition 2013

Yes, my face is very suspicious 2002

I had gone whaling! 2003

The selected poems of <mask>hi - First Edition 2004

The selected poems of <mask>hi – Second/Third Edition 2011

Picasso in the waters of

masks:
Ali Babacha
Ali Babacha
Ali Babacha
Ali Babacha


title: Alonso de Ribera

texts:
<mask> (; 1560 – March 9, 1617) was a Spanish soldier and twice Spanish royal governor of Chile (1601–1605 and 1612–1617). Early life
Born in Úbeda, he was the illegitimate son of Hidalgo and Captain <mask> y Dávalos, who claimed descent from the kings of Aragon. After studying mathematics, <mask> joined the Spanish army in Flanders. It was the beginning of a long and successful military career. He fought in various battles in France with <mask>, Duke of Parma. In addition, he was part of the Spanish Armada of 1588, and one of the followers of Cardinal Archduke Alberto, governor of the Netherlands. His distinguished military service came to the attention of King Philip III.In 1599, the king named him governor and captain general of Chile, positions that he occupied from 1601 to 1605 and again from 1612 to 1617. First royal government of Chile
The 1598 Disaster of Curalaba, in which the Spanish governor of Chile, Martín García Óñez <mask>, was killed in a surprise attack by Mapuche Indians in southern Chile, had led to the abandonment of the cities of Santa Cruz de Óñez, La Imperial, Valdivia, Osorno, Angol, Villarrica, and all the other Spanish positions south of the Bío-Bío River. Even Chillán was temporarily depopulated, and the fort of Arauco and Concepción were besieged by Mapuches under Pelantaru. The Spanish defense of the colony consisted mostly of a citizen militia, not considered adequate by the authorities. With the aim of improving the army, they wanted a governor with military experience. For this reason, <mask> <mask> received the appointment, with the mandate of organizing a professional army. He sailed from Seville in April 1600, with 300 men.Upon his arrival in America, he met with ex-Governor <mask> Sotomayor, who briefed him on the situation

masks:
Alonso de Ribera y Zambrano
Jorge de Ribera Zna
Ribera
Alexander Farnese
de Loyola
Alonso de
Ribera
Alonso de


title: Alonso de Ribera

texts:
 in Chile and the Arauco War. He continued on to Peru, finally arriving at Concepción in February 1601. After his arrival, and after an evaluation of the state of the military, Ribera wrote: "...these people were more poorly disciplined and more uninformed in military things than I ever could have believed." In 1604, he created a permanent army of 1,500 men, paid from royal revenues in Peru, the Real Situado. His strategic plan was to concentrate the Spanish forces in a series of forts along the frontier and consolidate Spanish power, which could then be advanced to the south. In his first period of government, he was able to advance into Mapuche territory and construct 19 forts. He also organized the colonial property in and around Santiago.In August 1603, he designated Ginés <mask> to conduct a general inspection of all the land, delineating the private properties granted by the governors and the cabildo (city government), to cut down on constant litigation. The governor was also concerned about the situation of the Indians subjected to the encomienda system, and took steps to limit their abuse by the Spanish. For example, he prohibited the custom of Spanish women riding to mass or on visits in litters carried by Indians. He established new regulations for the mines, which allowed forced indigenous labor for eight months, but followed by a period of two years, four months before the same worker could be forced to return. Trial of grievances and removal from office
<mask>, accustomed to the rich court life of Flanders, scandalized the more austere colonial society by introducing such things as grand banquets and parties, card-playing, sumptuous suits, and at table, the heretofore unknown fork. These novelties, together with the fact that <mask> had married a

masks:
de Lillo
Ribera
Ribera


title: Alonso de Ribera

texts:
 Crilla woman without the prior permission of the king, cost him a loss of prestige and ultimately forced him from office in 1605. He was subjected to a juicio de residencia, or trial of grievances.The accusations against him were that he dealt rudely with soldiers, opened other people's correspondence, granted special favors to the relatives of his wife, played games of chance, persecuted two clergymen, and was not religious. After leaving the government, he was transferred to Córdoba with his family. He remained there until 1612, when he again became governor of Chile. Second government of Chile and death

He returned as governor in 1612. Father <mask> Valdivia had specifically requested his appointment from King Philip III. Valdivia was the originator of a new system of defensive warfare in Chile. He planned a static frontier separating the Spanish zone from the Indigenous zone, permitting no one but missionaries to enter the south from the Spanish side.The king was in agreement, and although <mask> himself did not totally agree, he followed the royal orders and established the defensive system. However, after the death of missionaries sent into the Indigenous zone by Father Valdivia, <mask> became convinced that the system was a failure. The previously warm relationship between the priest and the governor cooled. Among <mask>'s tasks in his second term was the defense of the Chilean coast from attacks by Dutch corsairs, beginning in 1613. One such expedition was a fleet of six ships sent by the Dutch East India Company to the Moluccas, via the Strait of Magellan. This fleet was under the command of Admiral Joris van Spilbergen. As soon as the governor was informed of the approach of Spilbergen, he ordered the fortification of Valparaíso and

masks:
Luis de
Ribera
Ribera
Ribera


title: Alonso de Ribera

texts:
 Concepción.Spilbergen did not attack the Chilean coast, but sailed past it to the north. During <mask>'s administration, on January 29, 1616, an expedition under the command of Jacob Le Maire, and with Wilhelm Cornelisz Schouten as pilot, discovered Cape Horn. Governor <mask> <mask> died in Concepción on March 9, 1617. References
 A biographical article
 José Toribio Medina,  Diccionario biográfico colonial de Chile, Impr. Elziviriana, Santiago, 1906, Pg. 741 - 744 RIBERA (Alonso de)
 Diego Barros Arana,  Historia general de Chile, 2a. ed.Santiago de Chile : Universitaria : Centro de Investigaciones Diego Barros Arana, 1999- v, <mask> <mask>
  Tomo III, Capítulo XVIII, <mask> <mask>: principios de su gobierno, (1601), p. 251-274
  Tomo III, Capítulo XIX,  Gobierno de <mask> Ribera: establecimiento de una línea fortificada de frontera (1601-1603), p. 275-292
  Tomo III, Capítulo XX, Gobierno de <mask> Ribera: sus dificultades en la administración interior. Sus últimas campañas: es separado del mando de Chile (1603-1605), p. 293-328
 Diego Barros Arana,  Historia general de Chile, Tomo IV, Edición digital basada en la 2ª edición de Santiago de Chile, Editorial Universitaria, Centro de Investigaciones Diego Barros Arana, 2000. Tomo IV, Capítulo II, Segundo gobierno de <mask> de Ribera. Primeros resultados de la guerra defensiva (1612-1613)
  Tomo IV, Capítulo III, Segundo gobierno de <mask> Ribera; continuación de la guerra defensiva. Los holandeses en el Pacífico (1613-1615)
  Tomo IV, Capítulo IV, Fin del segundo gobierno de Ribera; interinato del licenciado Hernando Talaverano; gobierno de don Lope de Ulloa y Lemos (1615-1620)

External links

1560 births
1617 deaths
People from Úbeda
Royal Governors of Chile
Knights of Santiago
Captaincy General of

masks:
Ribera
Alonso de
Ribera
Alonso de
Ribera
Alonso de
Ribera
Alonso de
Alonso de
Alonso
Alonso de


title: Harriet Ford

texts:
<mask> (after marriage, Morgan; 1863 – December 12, 1949) was an American actress and playwright who flourished during the latter part of the 19th century. Her contemporaries included: Edith Ellis, Marion Fairfax, Eleanor Gates, Georgia Douglas Johnson, Margaret Mayo, Marguerite Merington, Martha Morton, Lottie Blair Parker, Josephine Preston Peabody, Mary Roberts Rinehart, Madeleine Lucette Ryley, and Rida Johnson Young. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Seymour, Connecticut, in 1868 or 1863, the daughter of Samuel and <mask>. She was educated in the public schools of New Haven, Connecticut and Boston, Massachusetts, before she became a pupil at the Boston School of Oratory. After graduating from that institution, where her talent for recitation and acting was thought remarkable, she entered the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City, graduating in two years. She also attended the Sargent Dramatic School, studying under David Belasco who prophesied for her success as an interpreter of the plays of others. <mask> started her career as an actress.After six years of varied work, beginning with the chorus of She, from which Charles Frohman rescued her at rehearsal by assigning her a part in the same play, and ending with three years as a leading actress for Sol Smith Russell, convinced of her interest in the stage. She began to write during her first year acting on the stage, while she was appearing in William Gillette's plays in London. He was her stage sponsor. Henry Morton Stanley was returning from Africa with Emin Pasha. A prize had been offered for the best poem celebrating his return, the poem to be

masks:
Harriet Ford
Harriet French Ford
Isabel Stoddard Ford
Career Ford


title: Harriet Ford

texts: printed on silk and read at the banquet tendered to the returning hero. <mask>, having just completed her first season on the stage, won the prize from English competitors. The poem was titled, "Back from the Dead".<mask> wrote The Argyle Case and The Fourth Estate with Harvey Jerrold O'Higgins and Joseph Medill Patterson. They stated that <mask>'s amiability was proof that collaboration with her would inevitably end in mutual admiration. <mask> stated that instead of the collaboration being a trial to the spirit, it was an absolute gain in the matter of time. “With two persons working the play is done in half the time,” she said. In fact, she and Joseph Medill Patterson wrote “The Fourth Estate” in nine days.Co-authoring The Argyle Case, and The Dummy determined her career as a writer. While on tour, she wrote monologues for the variety stage for six years. She finally stopped acting and took to writing.She called on Sarah Cowell LeMoyne, then a popular reader, and asked permission to write a monologue for her. When the monologue was completed, LeMoyne's need of it had passed, but she arranged for its sale, and <mask> began writing a play for her with Beatrice deMille. It was that play, The Greatest Thing in the World, in which LeMoyne came into notability. It was her fortune to write plays for those in the early careers. Kyrle Bellew, returned after 12 years absence from the United States, came to play to a new generation and to make a new public for himself in A Gentleman from France. It was in Ford's Audrey that Eleanor Robson began her best work. <mask> wrote her first monologue for the reader Evelyne Hilliard.It was met

masks: Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford


title: Harriet Ford

texts:
 with such success that immediately a second and third were written. They were recited by Hilliard at both public and private readings in London drawing rooms, and also in the White House. So many requests were made for the different episodes that <mask> was encouraged to collect them under one cover. "Me an' Methuselar and Other Episodes " was the result. It contained ten episodes which ranged from intensely dramatic to pathetic and to the most witty and amusing. Each episode was a complete story treated with a human interest and fine delineation of character. <mask> was the author of several plays.The first was The Greatest Thing in the World, co-authored with Matilda Beatrice deMille. There followed A Gentleman of France, the “last of the swashbucklers,” as the author irreverently classified it, and described its "slaughter of eighteen”; the dramatization of Audrey, The Fourth Estate, The Little Brother of the Rich, The Argyle Case, and The Dummy. They ran the gamut from the psychological problem play to the then-modern detection of crime drama, including the romantic and business plays and the play of politics. Personal life
She married Dr<mask> Morgan (1865–1938) in 1930; he was a medical director of Sterling Products Company. <mask> Morgan died December 12, 1949, in New York City. Her papers are held at the New York Public Library. Selected works

 Me an' Methuselar, and other episodes, , 1895
 The island impossible, 1899 (with Katharine Pyle)
 The greatest thing in the world : a play in four, 1899/1900 (with Matilda Beatrice deMille)
 "The honour of the humble" : a drama adapted from the French of Pierre Newsky , 1902

masks:
Ford
Ford
. Forde
Harriet Ford


title: Harriet Ford

texts:
 (with Pierre Newsky)
 A gentleman of France; a drama, 1902 (with Stanley John Weyman)
 Audrey, 1903 (with Ernest F. Bodington, Eugene Wiley Presbrey, Henry Hadley, Mary Johnston)
 Jacqueline.A play, 1909 (with Caroline King Duer)
 "Kidnapped", 1913 (with Harvey J. O'Higgins)
 The Wrong Number, 1921, (with Harvey J O'Higgins)
 Where Julia rules; a comedy in four acts, 1923 (with Caroline Duer)
 The Bride. A comedy in one act, 1924
 The happy hoboes, a comedy in one act, 1928 (with Althea Sprague Tucker)
 Where Julia rules
 Youth must be served : comedy in one act, 1927
 Mr. Susan Peters, comedy in one act, 1928
 Wanted-Money. A comedy in one act., 1928 (with Althea Sprague Tucker)
 In-laws, 1928
 What Imagination Will Do. Comedy in one act., 1928
 Mysterious money, a comedy in three acts, 1929
 What are Parents for? A play in one act., 1930
 The divine afflatus, a comedy in one act, 1931
 Are men superior? : Farce-comedy in one act, 1932
 Heroic Treatment. A comedy in one act., 1933
 Youth must be served
 The Argyle case, a play in four acts (with Harvey J O'Higgins)
 A Lady in Love (with Caroline Duer)

References

Attribution

Bibliography

External links

Plays by <mask> and Harvey J. O'Higgins on Great War Theatre

1863 births
1949 deaths
19th-century American actresses
19th-century American women writers
19th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
American stage actresses
American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni
People from Seymour, Connecticut
Actresses from Connecticut
Screenwriters from Connecticut
20th-century American


title: Missy Higgins

texts:
<mask> (born 19 August 1983), known professionally as <mask>, is an Australian singer-songwriter, musician, actress and activist. Her Australian number-one albums are The Sound of White (2004), On a Clear Night (2007) and The Ol' Razzle Dazzle (2012), and her singles include "Scar", "Steer" and "Where I Stood". <mask> was nominated for five ARIA Music Awards in 2004 and won 'Best Pop Release' for "Scar". In 2005, she was nominated for seven more awards and won five. <mask> won her seventh ARIA in 2007. Her third album, The Ol' Razzle Dazzle, was released in Australia in June 2012 (July 2012 in the US). As of August 2014, <mask>' first three studio albums had sold over one million units.<mask>' fourth studio album, OZ, was released in September 2014 and consists of cover versions of Australian composers, as well as a book of related essays. Alongside her music career, <mask> pursues interests in animal rights and the environment, endeavouring to make her tours carbon neutral. In 2010 she made her acting debut in the feature film Bran Nue Dae and also performed on its soundtrack. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Melbourne, to <mask>, an English-Australian general practitioner, and Margaret (née Morrison), an Australian childcare centre operator. Her sister, Nicola, is seven years older and her brother, David, six years older. <mask> learned to play classical piano from age six, following in the footsteps of Christopher and David, but realised she wanted to be a singer at about 12, when she appeared in an Armadale Primary School production of Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Joseph

masks:
Melissa Morrison Higgins
Missy Higgins
Higgins
Higgins
Higgins
Higgins
Higgins
Higgins
Christopher Higgins
Higgins


title: Missy Higgins

texts: and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat. Bored with practice, she gave up playing piano at that time.Hoping for more freedom, she urged her parents to send her to Geelong Grammar School, an independent boarding school that her siblings attended. At Geelong, <mask> took up the piano again, this time playing jazz and performing with her brother David's group on weekends. Introverted by nature, <mask> found that piano practice helped her cope with living at boarding school. At 15, while attending Geelong Grammar's Timbertop, she wrote "All for Believing" for a school music assignment, completing it just hours before the deadline. The assignment earned an A and she performed her song in front of classmates. She approached a Melbourne record company and was told that they wanted more than one song. She wrote more songs and worked with the Kool Skools project, which enables students to record music.In 2001, <mask>'s sister Nicola entered "All for Believing" on her behalf in Unearthed, radio station Triple J's competition for unsigned artists. The song won the competition and was added to the station's play list. Two record companies showed an interest in <mask>—Sony and Eleven. She signed with Eleven, partly because they agreed that she would not be "made into a pop star" and partly because they were happy for her to take time off for a backpacking holiday. <mask>' manager is Eleven's John Watson, who also manages rock band Silverchair. Watson later disclosed that "Missy's the only time in my career I knew after 90 seconds I really wanted to sign her." The backpacking trip had been planned

masks: Higgins Higgins Missy Higgins Higgins


title: Missy Higgins

texts:
 with a friend for years and the pair spent most of 2002 in Europe; while <mask> was travelling, "All for Believing" started to receive airplay on Los Angeles radio station KCRW.Such radio exposure attracted the attention of American record labels and, by year's end, an international recording deal with Warner Bros. had been negotiated. 2003–2005: The Sound of White

Higgins was the support act on a 2003 Australian tour by folk rock band The Waifs and rock band george. She travelled to the US to work with John Porter, who produced her first EP, The Missy <mask> EP, which was released in November and entered the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Singles Chart Top 50 in August 2004. She toured Australia, supporting Pete Murray and John Butler Trio. Her four-track single "Scar'" was released in July 2004 and debuted at No. 1 on the ARIA Charts. Her first album, The Sound of White, was released in September, and debuted at No.1 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Also produced by Porter, it sold over 500,000 copies. She was nominated in five categories at the ARIA Music Awards of 2004 for "Scar": Best Female Artist', 'Single of the Year', 'Best Pop Release', 'Breakthrough Artist – Single' and 'Best Video' (directed by Squareyed Films). At the awards ceremony on 17 October she received the award for Best Pop Release, beating Delta Goodrem, The Dissociatives, Kylie Minogue and Pete Murray. This was followed by her first national headline tour. Her second single "Ten Days" was co-written with Jay Clifford (guitarist in US band Jump, Little Children) and was inspired by <mask>' 2002

masks: Higgins Higgins Higgins


title: Missy Higgins

texts:
 break-up with her boyfriend before she travelled to Europe. Released in November, it peaked at No.12. On 29 January 2005 <mask> performed with other local musicians including Nick Cave and Powderfinger at the WaveAid fundraising concert in the Sydney Cricket Ground. The concert raised A$2.3 million for four charities supporting the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. In March <mask> performed at the MTV Australia Awards and won the prize for 'Breakthrough Artist of the Year'. The following month she released her third single, "The Special Two", which was a radio hit and reached No. 2. "The Special Two" was released on an EP which included her cover of the Skyhooks song, "You Just Like Me Cos I'm Good in Bed", recorded for Triple J's 30th anniversary.The song had been the first track played on Triple J when it launched (as Double J) in 1975. In May, <mask> won the 'Song of the Year' and 'Breakthrough' awards for "Scar" from the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). She continued touring in mid-2005 and released her fourth single, "The Sound of White", in August. In September she played a sold-out performance at the Vanguard in Sydney with the proceeds going to charity. She was nominated for seven more ARIAs and in October won 'Album of the Year', 'Best Pop Release', 'Breakthrough Artist – Album' and 'Highest Selling Album' (all for The Sound of White) and 'Best Female Artist' (for "Scar"). She teamed up with fellow ARIA award-winning singer Ben Lee in late 2005 for a national tour. 2006–2009: On a Clear Night

During 2006, <mask> lived in Broome, Western

masks: Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins


title: Missy Higgins

texts: Australia for six months, away from the entertainment industry.The relaxed lifestyle helped her focus on writing new material. The landscape made a big impression, "It was the first place I'd ever felt honestly connected with my country, with the physical land of my country" and inspired her to write "Going North". She then toured the United States and South Africa, writing more material on the road. In September she based herself in Los Angeles to record her second album, On a Clear Night, with producer Mitchell Froom. "Steer" was released as an EP, followed a fortnight later by its album on 28 April 2007, both debuted at No. 1 on their respective charts. In February, <mask> had contributed a tribute song to the album, Cannot Buy My Soul, for noted indigenous singer, Kev Carmody, singing "Droving Woman" with musician Paul Kelly and group Augie March.On 7 July, she participated in the Live Earth concert in Sydney, performing her own set before joining Carmody, Kelly and vocalist John Butler on stage for the song "From Little Things Big Things Grow". Emily Dunn in The Sydney Morning Herald wrote "[the song] could have been the event's anthem". Rolling Stone's Dan Lander pointed out a highlight, when the "whole crowd sung along – all eleven verses." <mask> returned to Los Angeles to focus on the US market—she spent September and October touring—where she was still relatively unknown. On 26 October, backed by the Sydney Youth Orchestra, she headlined the annual Legs 11 concert, a breast cancer benefit held in The Domain, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney. Two days later <mask> performed at


title: Missy Higgins

texts: the 2007 ARIAs where she was nominated for 'Best Pop Release', 'Highest Selling Album' and 'Highest Selling Single' (for "Steer") and won 'Best Female Artist' (for On a Clear Night)—her seventh ARIA Music Award. On 31 October, she was a guest at television music channel MAX's inaugural Concert for the Cure, a private concert for people affected by breast cancer.She sang headline act Powderfinger's "Sunsets" with front man Bernard Fanning and joined in with the encore of "These Days". She spent November and December on her For One Night Only Tour, taking in Cairns, Sydney and Perth. You Am I lead singer, Tim Rogers, joined her on some shows. On a Clear Night, was released in the US on 26 February 2008, supported by a tour in March. Her ten-month stay in Los Angeles during 2008 promoted her songs for films and television shows. Her first US single "Where I Stood" was featured in US series including Grey's Anatomy, One Tree Hill and So You Think You Can Dance. During 2008, <mask> supported the Indigo Girls and then Ben Folds on their respective US tours.February and March 2009 saw her co-headlining a US tour with Canadian Justin Nozuka. On 31 March she released an EP, More Than This in Australia that features cover versions of "More Than This" by Roxy Music, "(I'm) In Love Again" by Peggy Lee, "Breakdown" by Tom Petty and "Moses" by Patty Griffin. "Moses" had been included on Triple J's 2005 compilation album Like a Version: Volume One and "More Than This" was recorded as part of Covered, A Revolution in Sound, a Warner Bros. tribute album also released in March 2009. 2010–2013: The


title: Missy Higgins

texts:
 Ol' Razzle Dazzle

<mask> started writing music for her third album in 2009. After about seven years of touring and recording she took a break from the music industry to pursue other interests. In 2010 she enrolled in a course in indigenous studies at the University of Melbourne. Her acting debut was as Annie in 2010 film Bran Nue Dae directed by Rachel Perkins.The film is an adaptation of the 1990 musical, Bran Nue Dae, "Australia's first Aboriginal musical". Although <mask> would consider future acting projects she has no plans to actively pursue it as a career. In July and August 2010, <mask> played several dates of Sarah McLachlan's Lilith Fair tour in the US. At Lilith Fair, she met Australian musician Butterfly Boucher and they decided to work together. In 2011, <mask> travelled to where Boucher was living in Nashville to record her third album, which is co-produced by Boucher and Brad Jones. Titled The Ol' Razzle Dazzle, the album was released on 1 June 2012. Its first single, "Unashamed Desire", co-written with Boucher, was released on 23 April.In November 2011, at the ARIA Music Awards, <mask> performed a duet of "Warwu"with Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu, from his Rrakala album. "The Ol' Razzle Dazzle" album debuted at No. 1 on the ARIA Albums Chart the week of 12 June 2012. It was <mask>' 3rd straight number one album. As of January 2019, <mask> ties Olivia Newton-John for the 3rd highest tally of Australian Number One albums by an Australian female artist. Only Delta Goodrem (with four Number 1 ARIA albums) and Kylie Minogue and Kasey Chambers (with five each) have achieved

masks: Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins


title: Missy Higgins

texts:
 more. 2014: Oz
In September 2014, <mask> released her fourth studio album, Oz, which features cover versions of Australian composers, including The Angels, Slim Dusty, Something For Kate, Warumpi Band, Paul Kelly and The Drones.The album is also accompanied by a book of related essays, in which <mask> uses each of the recordings to reflect upon subjects such as music and love. <mask> collaborated with Dan Sultan for the recording of the Slim Dusty song "The Biggest Disappointment". <mask> explained in an October 2014 interview that she experienced a significant bout of writer's block following the completion of her second album and someone suggested an album of cover versions at the time, but she only revisited the idea during the conception of Oz. <mask> further explained:

I responded to all these songs on an emotional level, when I first heard them. I wanted songs I felt I could tell with my own voice, and interpret them authentically ... But it was important to maintain the emotional integrity and the heart of the song. It was a high priority to keep true to the songs.The album was co-produced by Jherek Bischoff, who previously worked with David Byrne, formerly of Talking Heads, and Amanda Palmer. Oz debuted at number 3 on the ARIA Albums chart and remained in the top five positions until 18 October 2014. The national Australian tour in support of Oz commenced on 20 September 2014 in Cairns, Queensland, and ended in Melbourne in October 2014. <mask> was accompanied by Bischoff, and Australian artist Dustin Tebbutt appeared as a special guest. 2015–present: Solastalgia, The

masks: Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins


title: Missy Higgins

texts:
 Special Ones and Total Control

On 19 February 2016, <mask> released a new single titled, "Oh Canada", in her response to the death of Alan Kurdi. In May 2017, <mask> released "Torchlight", for the Australian drama film, Don't Tell. In October 2017, <mask> appeared in a revival of the 1996 musical Miracle City by Nick Enright and Max Lambert at the Sydney Opera House, playing the role of Bonnie Mae.In February 2018, <mask> released the single "Futon Couch", the first single from her fifth studio album, called Solastalgia, released in May 2018. In February 2018, it was announced that <mask> <mask> would support Ed Sheeran's tour around Australia. In November 2018, <mask> released her first greatest hits album titled The Special Ones. A stand-alone single, "When the Machine Starts", was released in November 2020; a second, "Edge of Something", was released in October 2021. In October 2019, new music by <mask> featured in the Australian television series Total Control. This would later serve as the basis of a mini-album, also titled Total Control, that <mask> announced in February 2022. It is set for release on 4 March 2022.Musical influences and technique
<mask> grew up in the 1980s and 1990s listening to artists that her older siblings liked—Nicola played Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston, while David favoured Queen and Kiss. Departing for boarding school at age 13, she was exposed to alternative artists like Nirvana and Hole and started teaching herself guitar and writing her own music. She also began singing with David's jazz group on weekends. As an adult she prefers Nina Simone

masks: Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins Missy Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins


title: Missy Higgins

texts: and Ray Charles to "poppy dance music". She has cited Patty Griffin, Ron Sexsmith, Rufus Wainwright, Paul Kelly and Sarah McLachlan as influences. Material from her third album is influenced by ambient music from Low, Jon Hopkins, Icelandic band Sigur Rós and Estonian classical composer Arvo Pärt. <mask>' song writing grew out of a desire to express her emotions when she was at school and her lyrics describe her feelings about her own life and relationships.The piano was the first instrument she learned to play, and she continues to use it as well as digital pianos including a Roland RD-300SX, RD-700 and KR-15. She also uses guitars extensively in her music particularly when touring, due to their portable nature and favours the Australian brand, Maton. On occasion she plays keytar, xylophone and melodica during performances. On 7 September 2012, <mask> recorded a cover version of Gotye's "Heart's A Mess" for the "Like a Version" segment on Australian radio station Triple J, explaining on-air that the song is her favourite Gotye composition. <mask> had travelled with Gotye previously and referred to him as "an incredible singer" in the interview prior to the rendition. In the 2020 Australian documentary film Slim and I, directed by Kriv Stenders, <mask> paid tribute to the influence on her life and career of acclaimed Australian country music singer-songwriting couple Slim Dusty and Joy McKean. The film features interviews and covers of McKean songs by acclaimed contemporary artists including <mask> (The Biggest Disappointment), Keith Urban, Paul Kelly, and Troy

masks: Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins


title: Missy Higgins

texts:
 Cassar-Daley.Causes
As a vegetarian, <mask> promoted the health benefits of not eating meat in a 2005 advertising campaign by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA); and has supported their anti-fur stance. She is interested in environmental issues and is involved with the Sierra Club, a grassroots organisation based in California. She has protested against the proposed industrialisation of the Kimberley region of Western Australia and donated the royalties from her 2009 EP More Than This. Since early 2007, <mask> has tried to make her tours carbon neutral, she purchases green energy to power venues, uses hybrid cars where possible and purchases carbon offsets. On 5 October 2012, <mask> performed at two "Save the Kimberley" events held at Federation Square in Melbourne and The Esplanade in Fremantle, Western Australia. A march to protest against the proposed gas refinery construction at James Price Point accompanied the free concert and campaign supporters were photographed with banners and placards. As of 2012, <mask> is one of numerous publicly known advocates for the 'Oscar's Law' campaign.The campaign, launched in 2010, protests against the existence of "puppy factories" in Australia, whereby animals are factory farmed. One of the campaign's slogans is "Break the Puppy Trade—Don't buy puppies from pet shops" and the list of notable advocates includes Paul Dempsey (musician), Kate Ceberano (singer) and Mick Molloy (comedian). In response to the proposed dumping of around  of dredged seabed onto the Great Barrier Reef, a legal fighting team was formed by World Wide


title: Missy Higgins

texts:
 Fund for Nature (WWF)-Australia and the Australian Marine Conservation Society (AMCS) in late 2013/early 2014. The legal team received further support in April 2014, following the release of the "Sounds for the Reef" musical fundraising project. Produced by Straightup, the digital album features <mask>, in addition to artists such as The Herd, Sietta, John Butler, The Cat Empire, Fat Freddys Drop, The Bamboos (featuring Kylie Auldist) and Resin Dogs. Released on 7 April, the album's 21 songs were sold on the Bandcamp website. Personal life
<mask> has been a patron of multiple mental health charities since 2003.She described her younger self as "a bit of a depressed child" and "introverted", and that she had "experienced various degrees of depression". Prescribed antidepressant medication while in high school, she learned to channel low moods into songwriting, calling music her "emotional outlet". In a 2006 interview she said that her songs were "coming from more of a happier place". While recording her second album she discovered a passion for rock climbing, as a "meditative pursuit" and that, "It's the first and last thing I've had – other than music – that I'm passionate about." From 2004 to 2007, <mask>' sexual orientation was the subject of media speculation based partly on interpretations of her lyrics and her interviews. In an October 2007 interview with Australian lesbian magazine Cherrie, she was asked if she fell under the moniker of "not-so-straight" girls. She replied "Um, yeah, definitely.... I think sexuality is a fluid thing and it's becoming increasingly more


title: Missy Higgins

texts:
 acceptable to admit that you're that way." In November her Myspace page reported, "I've been in relationships with both men and women so I guess I fall most easily under the category 'Bisexual'". In 2013, <mask> began a relationship with Broome playwright and comedian Dan Lee. <mask> gave birth to a son in 2015. <mask> and Lee were married in March 2016, and she gave birth to a daughter in 2017. Discography

 The Sound of White (2004)
 On a Clear Night (2007)
 The Ol' Razzle Dazzle (2012)
 Oz (2014)
 Solastalgia (2018)

Filmography
2010: Bran Nue Dae as Annie
2014: Unity – Narrator (Documentary)

Awards and nominations

APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA).<mask> has won two awards from eight nominations. |-
|rowspan="3"| 2005 || "Scar" (<mask> <mask>, Kevin Griffin) – <mask> <mask> || Song of the Year ||
|-
| "Ten Days" (<mask> <mask>, Jay Clifford) – <mask> <mask> || Song of the Year ||
|-
| <mask> <mask> || Breakthrough Award ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2006 || rowspan="2"| "The Special Two" (<mask> <mask>) – <mask> <mask> || Song of the Year ||
|-
| Most Performed Australian Work ||
|-
| "Ten Days" (<mask> <mask>, Jay Clifford) || Most Performed Australian Work ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2020 || "Carry You" (Tim Minchin) – <mask> <mask> ||rowspan="2"| Best Original Song Composed for the Screen ||
|-
| "Edge of Something" (<mask>, Antony Partos, Matteo Zingales) – <mask> <mask> ||
|-
| 2021 || "Carry You" (Tim Minchin) – <mask> <mask> || Song of the Year ||
|-

ARIA Awards
The ARIA Music Awards are

masks: Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins Missy Higgins Missy Higgins Missy Higgins Missy Higgins Missy Higgins Missy Higgins Missy Higgins Missy Higgins Missy Higgins Higgins Missy Higgins Missy Higgins


title: Missy Higgins

texts:
 presented annually from 1987 by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). <mask> has won nine awards from twenty-four nominations. |-
| rowspan="3"| 2005 || rowspan="3"| <mask> <mask> || Best Female ||
|-
| Best Breakthrough ||
|-
| Supernova Award ||
|-
| 2006 || "The Special Two" <mask> <mask> || Best Female Artist ||
|-

References

General

 Note: [on-line] version established at White Room Electronic Publishing Pty Ltd in 2007 and was expanded from the 2002 edition. Specific

External links

 Missy Higgins discography at MusicBrainz

1983 births
Living people
21st-century Australian singers
21st-century guitarists
21st-century pianists
APRA Award winners
ARIA Award winners
Australian women guitarists
Australian women singer-songwriters
Australian multi-instrumentalists
Australian pianists
Australian women pianists
Bisexual musicians
Bisexual women
LGBT singers from Australia
LGBT songwriters
People educated at Geelong Grammar School
Singers from Melbourne
Australian people of English descent
21st-century Australian women singers
21st-century Australian women musicians
21st-century Australian musicians
20th-century Australian women musicians
20th-century Australian musicians
20th-century LGBT people
21st-century LGBT

masks: Higgins Missy Higgins Missy Higgins


title: William Smith (antiquary)

texts: <mask> ( – December 1735) was an English antiquary responsible for the cataloguing of the archives of University College, Oxford, and composing an original and controversial history of the college, The Annals of University College. <mask> was a Fellow of Oxford University, from 1675 to 1704, and then the rector of Melsonby, from 1704 to 1735. Born in Easby, Richmondshire, <mask> attended University College, Oxford from 1668 to 1678, gaining a BA and MA. Soon after elected a fellow of the college, <mask> set about organizing, cataloguing and transcribing the contents of the college archives, creating archival resources still in use today. After a scandalous marriage as a fellow, <mask> moved the college to purchase the living of Melsonby, and was appointed to its rectorship in 1704. There he lived for the rest of his life, corresponding with antiquaries and keep abreast of the politics of University College. In one controversy a Master of the college rested his legitimacy on an apocryphal claim that King Alfred had founded University College.This inflamed <mask> sufficiently that he set about writing a history of the college refuting these medieval claims, much to the chagrin of those who were personally invested in the myths. The resultant work, The Annals of University College (1728), has been called by scholars both "maddening" and "chaotic", but also "the first scholarly history [...] of any Oxford or Cambridge college" and a "most honest and accurate" work. <mask> composed one more book, in 1729, on the composition of the Roman denarii and embarked on several constructions in Easby, before dying in Melsonby in December 1735.

masks:
Reverend William Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


title: William Smith (antiquary)

texts:
 Early life and education

<mask> was born around 1653, as one of three children of Anne (d. 5 November 1691) and <mask> (d. 28 May 1713) of Easby. Anne was the daughter of Francis Layton, Master of the Jewel House in Charles I's reign, and Margaret, née Brown. He was likely educated at the nearby Richmond Grammar School and matriculated from University College on 28 May 1668. He graduated with a BA in 1672, proceeding with a MA on 18 March 1675.He was soon after elected a fellow of University College. In 1678, he was given an MA at Cambridge, and made senior fellow, a post which he maintained for 12 years, refusing the position of Master. He seems not to have been popular during his time at Oxford, as the diarist Thomas Hearne reminisced that 'this <mask>, when of Oxford, used to be called (from his dark muddy head) Puzzle Cause and often Old Crust'. Fellowship at Oxford and University College archives
While completing his tenure as an Oxford fellow, <mask> stumbled across the poorly organized archives of University College. University College, founded in 1249, had made no attempt to catalogue its contents up until the late 17th-century. Obadiah Walker, Master of University College (1676–89), had instituted a short-lived pigeonhole system, and, in the 1690s, Hugh Todd, a Cumberland antiquarian, made a faulty attempt at cataloguing the archives, which <mask> later characterized as "without any Coherence or Dependance", and was quickly distracted by a clerical career in his home county. In his antiquarian passion, <mask> went about cataloguing, copying, abstracting, and sorting all of the college's documents.To catalogue the

masks:
William Smith
William Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


title: William Smith (antiquary)

texts: various deeds, <mask> created an almost modern archival system, with three hierarchical levels: fonds (as he called them, "Pyxides"), series ("fascicula"), and items (i.e. the individual documents). In the view of Robin Darwall-<mask> and Michel Riordan, this system was "much more modern system of arranging documents than any of his predecessors so far encountered", though his ideal archival system stumbled when his "Pyxides" (which were each separated by physical boxes in the archive) could not hold all the documents in a fond, and so had to be awkwardly separated. <mask>, as he combed through the university archives, abstracted or transcribed every manuscript he sorted, keeping his records in several volumes of personal notes. <mask>'s talents for paleography, deciphering ancient texts, and accurately recording their contents (including parts he found illegible, and now-broken seals) has left all later college scholars "deeply in debt" to his work, according to the current college archivist, Darwall-<mask>, especially where the modern forms of these manuscripts are now illegible. <mask>'s transcripts also reveal his occasional mishandling of the documents, including the damaging of some fragile seals and the use of 'water of gall' on some hard to read manuscripts, a solution that made letters darker on parchment, but gradually darkened the whole manuscript, so that several manuscripts described by <mask> are now unusable and unreadable brown sheets. <mask>, rather than leave his transcripts in the college's possession, kept them in his personal collection, for use in his historical research.<mask>'s contemporaries believed he

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


title: William Smith (antiquary)

texts:
 did not marry until the conclusion of his fellowship, but, as Thomas Hearne had rumoured and recent research has shown, <mask> secretly married while a fellow, in disregard of the contrary rule. He was issued an archbishop's marriage license on 29 January 1697, for the marriage of himself ("aged about 44 years") and Mary Greenwood of Oving, Buckinghamshire, widow of Gerard Langbaine. In 1692, their son <mask>, once thought to be Langbaine's child, was born. <mask> kept this family in secret until the end of his fellowship, and his move to Melsonby. Rectorship at Melsonby and Annals

In 1704, <mask> was appointed rector of Melsonby, North Yorkshire, a small village situated near Richmondshire and the Great North Road. The advowson (or 'living') of Melsonby had been purchased by University College shortly before, certainly due to the influence of <mask>, as a local of the area. At his own expense, he built a rectory-house for himself and future incumbents, and was described, while in office, as being punctual in the completion of his ecclesiastical duties.While he completed these duties, <mask> kept up correspondence with antiquaries, including Ralph Thoresby and Henry Bourne, and his college fellows, keeping abreast of the university politics. One such event was a controversy surrounding the Mastership of University College, wherein two Masters - Thomas Cockman and <mask> - had both been admitted into office in 1722 in contesting elections, leading to a conflict between their respective supporters. When the vice-chancellor of Oxford decided in favour of Dennison, Cockman's supporters held that only the Crown, as 'Visitor of the

masks:
Smith
William
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
William Dennison


title: William Smith (antiquary)

texts: College', could determine the result of the election, citing an apocryphal medieval claim that University College had been founded by King Alfred the Great, a claim backed by Anthony Wood, and held by the Court of King's Bench in 1727. This claim stirred <mask> immensely, as he protested ineffectually against the court's ahistorical judgement from the king's bench. This question as to the college's origins, set <mask> on the task of composing The Annals of University College, a broad-ranging history of the college, particularly utilizing his erudition of the college archives to prove <mask> of Durham as the true founder of University College. The Annals were published in 1728, too late to influence the court, which had already decided in Cockman's favour, but the book still received a cold reception from Cockman's supporters. Though <mask> himself had no partisan affiliations, his book was taken to be strongly in favour of Dennison, attacking the royal argument and upholding the vice-chancellor's judgement.Cockman dismissed the book as "the private opinion of a partial disgusted old man, who was always famous for opposition and confounding things". Thomas Hearne, who was personally committed to this Alfredian myth, repudiated the book as a "Rhapsody of Lyes" to fellow antiquaries, accusing <mask> of "making everything spurious that happens to be against himself". For a century <mask>'s scholarship "made not the slightest difference to the pride which the University continued to take in its Alfredian identity", according to Simon Keynes. Ultimately, The Annals proved to be an influential and widely respected Oxford history.

masks:
Smith
William Smith
William
Smith
Smith
Smith


title: William Smith (antiquary)

texts:
 Darwall-<mask> and Riordan hailed it as "the first scholarly history, not just of University College, but of any Oxford or Cambridge college". <mask> praised <mask> as "that most honest and accurate of workers among past records, at a crisis in the College history, feeling himself bound to support a view which he believed to be just". While being commended for its academic historiography, The Annals have come to be criticized as poorly structured and obviously rushed.Being composed in a hurry following the court's decision, <mask> diverts the book several times with increasingly unrelated erudite digressions. Darwall-<mask> and Riordan have called it a "a maddening work, resembling a non-fictional Tristram Shandy". Former Master of University College, Robin Butler, summed the work up as a "brilliant, if chaotic, account" of the college's history. Other activities in Melsonby and Easby, and death

<mask> had aimed to write a treatise on the changes in the weight and value of money, but he was preempted by <mask>'s Chronicon Preciosum of 1707. <mask> remained bitter about this, writing to his friend Thoresby that he didn't believe "[Fleetwood] has one quotation that I had not by me before, and I believe that I have double the number [of quotations] that are to be found in his book". In 1729, he published his own work on numismatics, Litteræ de Re Nummaria, in opposition to the common opinion that the Roman denarii were never larger than seven in an ounce, with some remarks on Dr. Arbuthnot’s Book and Tables, and some other miscellanies relating to the same subject, a work consisting of letters between him and Thoresby on various

masks:
Smith
William Carr
Smith
Smith
Smith
William Smith
William Fleetwood
Smith


title: William Smith (antiquary)

texts: subjects relating to coinage. In this period, <mask> also undertook some constructions in Easby.In September 1732, <mask> funded the erection of some almshouses in Easby, sometimes known collectively as 'Smith's Hospital', which were built to house four poor citizens and, as he requested to his descendants, a schoolmaster, in two rooms. In 1729, <mask> purchased some lands in Easby and, in 1730, built Easby Hall, a Polite Georgian mansion, adjacent to the local ruins of Easby Abbey. The house incorporates two public façades, displaying its owner's wealth and architectural taste. Both buildings are now listed (the almshouses at Grade II and the hall at Grade II*) and have been described by the local council as "form[ing] the nucleus of the village", alongside the Easby Mullions. <mask> died at Melsonby, sometime in December 1735, and was buried on 6 December, as the local burial register records. His volumes of transcripts, excerpts, and armorials, which he had collected in University College, were kept in the family, and passed on through his nephew, <mask> of Easby, who sold them to a local schoolmaster, Thomas Wilson, eventually coming into the hands of a Miss Croft of York, Wilson's relative. Eleven volumes were sold on to University College, for a sum of £21 in 1743, and the remaining manuscripts were purchased by antiquary George Allan, subsequently bound into twenty-eight volumes, and gifted to the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1798.An oil portrait was painted of <mask>, gifted to the Melsonby rectory in 1796 by Thomas Zouch, and given to University College by Rev. J. V. Bullard, Vicar of Melsonby, in 1920, where it

masks:
Smith
Smith
Smith
William Smith
Thomas Smith
Smith


title: William Smith (antiquary)

texts:
 still resides, as of 2013. Notes

References

Sources

External links
Archives of <mask>
 "<mask>, <mask> (c 1651-1735)" at The National Archives, Record Creators
 "Transcripts and papers rel to the archives of University College, Oxford" (UC:AR2) at The National Archives - Transcripts of <mask>, owned by University College
 "Collections (28 vols) rel to history of Oxford University" (MS 72) at The National Archives - Transcripts of <mask>, owned by the Society of Antiquaries of London
Books by <mask>
 "The Annals of University College" (1728) at Google Books
 "Literae de Re Nummaria" (1729) at Internet Archive

1653 births
1735 deaths
People from Richmondshire (district)
Fellows of University College, Oxford
Alumni of University College, Oxford
English archivists
17th-century antiquarians
18th-century antiquarians
English

masks:
William Smith
Smith
William
William Smith
William Smith
William Smith


title: Samuel Soal

texts:
<mask> (1889–1975) — known as S. G<mask> — was a British mathematician and parapsychologist. He was charged with fraudulent production of data in his work in parapsychology. Biography
<mask> graduated with first class honours in mathematics from Queen Mary College (then East London College) in 1910. After service in World War I, in which he suffered shelling at the Battle of the Somme, he lectured in mathematics at Oxford in the Army School of Education, before returning as a lecturer to Queen Mary College, University of London. In 1944, he was awarded the D.Sc. from Queen Mary College, where he continued to lecture in mathematics until his retirement in 1954. In 1947, he presented the Ninth Myers Memorial Lecture to the Society for Psychical Research, largely on the topic of the card-guessing experiments he had been recently conducting.He served as president of the Society for the years 1950-1952. He was a Fulbright Scholar in 1951, for which he journeyed to the USA to work with J. G. Pratt at Duke University. He was awarded an Honorary Fellowship in Psychology at Birkbeck College, University of London for the years 1954-1958. Thereafter, he moved permanently to Caernarvonshire, Wales, where he had routinely holidayed for each year over the past few decades, and where he died in 1975. Early qualitative studies
During this time, <mask> demonstrated a personal as well as scientific interest in psychical research, becoming a member of the Society for Psychical Research in October 1922. He was partly moved to make his first parapsychological studies following the death of one of his brothers in the First World War. Like many of the bereaved at the time, he made enquiries of mediums concerning communication with the departed; but conducted his observations with a scientific approach.His observations surprised conventional understanding even

masks:
Samuel George Soal
. Soal
Soal
Soal


title: Samuel Soal

texts:
 within psychical research. Most especially, he reported a case of apparently precognitive telepathy of a situation yet to occur for a long-forgotten, but still living, friend of his, Gordon Davis. This suggested, in line with earlier speculations, that the statements of mediums had nothing to do with "spirits of the departed," but only knowledge gained - by telepathy, if need be - from the sitters themselves. What was particularly surprising was that this information was yet to be learned by <mask> himself. <mask> himself practised automatic writing at this time, and pseudonymously authored a much-discussed paper on the scripts he produced, which purported to be authored by the deceased Oscar Wilde. He later himself declaimed the evidentiality of these scripts, and considered that they were largely the product of cryptomnesia. Statistical studies

Soal moved to a more statistical and controlled approach, firstly by conducting an experiment in which up to a few hundred persons participated at one time.This involved <mask> and a small group of agents enacting a scenario, playing with a certain object, reciting a poem, and so on, which the participants, situated across Great Britain and other countries, were required, at the same time, to attempt to imaginally perceive. The French psychical researcher Rene Warcollier contributed some trials to this research, via his pool of selected participants. While some striking correspondences were obtained, these did not hold up to <mask>'s statistical scrutiny, and the report of the research commenced with the note that the findings were "entirely negative". Following popular and academic reports of extra-sensory perception by card-guessing, <mask> again changed his research processes and commenced a series of card-guessing experiments in telepathy, including trials canvassed over radio and via the

masks: Soal Soal Soal Soal Soal


title: Samuel Soal

texts: literary magazine John O'London's Weekly. From 1936-1941, he performed over 120,000 trials of card-guessing with 160 participants without ever being able to report a significant finding. In review, he scathingly offered the opinion that telepathy was a merely American phenomenon; he was described by the US researcher, J. B. Rhine, as one of his most harsh and unfair critics.Next however, upon the hypothesis of Whately Carington, a fellow researcher within the Society for Psychical Research, <mask> was able to report a significant displacement effect in his data for two of his earlier participants. Carington and <mask> co-authored a paper on the effect, published in Nature in 1940. <mask> thereupon sought to confirm these observations with new studies with these participants: Basil Shackleton (a celebrated London portrait photographer, later to become associated with the "Grape Cure" for cancer) and Gloria Stewart. These studies, conducted in collaboration with K. M. Goldney and F. Bateman, were widely reviewed as among the most challenging proofs of precognition and telepathy. Not only were the significances of the studies - in terms of the correspondence between ESP guesses and random targets - extraordinary, the procedures appeared to allow no alternative hypothesis. There was also the testimony of 21 prominent observers who, individually, monitored <mask>'s work with Shackleton, that they were satisfied with the conditions, and could conceive of no means by which the results could be obtained by normal means other than ESP. Many leading academics, including C. D. Broad and Sir Cyril Burt, were persuaded, largely or partly on the basis of these reports, to lend academic support to psi-related ideas and research.Arguments against <mask>'s data have, however, been raised ever since their publication. These proposed "unconscious


title: Samuel Soal

texts: whispering" (from the experimenter to the ‘agent,’ and then from the ‘agent’ to the ‘percipient’); the inapplicability of probability theory to science (as offered by George Spencer-Brown); and collusion between the ‘agent’ to the ‘percipient’. Outright fraud was also advanced (by George R. Price) and prominently canvassed in the American journal Science. Soal attempted to rebut the critiques. In 1978, it was reported that Soal evidently appeared to reuse some target sequences from an earlier test in a later one, often reversing, omitting or inserting one or more digits into the sequence before reusing them. It was considered suspicious that a disproportionate number of "hits" occurred on the digits that appeared to interrupt some of the reused sequences. Betty Marwick discovered that <mask> had not used the method of random selection of numbers as he had claimed.Marwick showed that there had been manipulation of the score sheets "all the experiments reported by <mask> had thereby been discredited." For two of the 40 sessions with Shackleton, it was claimed that it was "virtually conclusive" that this practice amounted to fraud; and fraud in another six sessions was considered to be "suggestive only". <mask> was not able to replicate his earlier work while continuing to conduct telepathy experiments, at the University of London, after his retirement, from 1954 to 1958. During these years, however, he conducted a long series of apparently successful experiments with a pair of young brothers, as participants, in Northern Wales. This work was immediately and severely criticised on methodological grounds; simulations of the study suggesting that the boys, with their family, could have been successfully undetected in using a code in association with an ultrasonic whistle, perhaps blown by a secreted pump. It was not until the 1970s, when

masks: Soal Soal Soal


title: Samuel Soal

texts:
 <mask> was already senile and no longer able to respond, that his data were finally deemed insupportable by his fellow parapsychologists. These concerned largely statistical challenges offered by members of the SPR on the basis of several novel analyses they conducted by computer searches of the data from the 1941-1943 study with Shackleton.The psychologist C. E. M. Hansel has documented the fraud of <mask> and the flaws in his experiments. Mediumship
Distinguished at this time for his contribution to studies of mediumship, <mask> was the chosen author for a survey of "Spiritualism", in 55 pages, for the first 1935 publication of the Dictionary of the Occult. During 1921-1922 Soal carried out a series of séances with the medium Blanche Cooper who claimed to have contacted the spirit of a soldier Gordon Davis and revealed the house he had lived in. In 1925, his report about these séances was published in the Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research. However, it was discovered that fraud was involved with the case. Davis was alive and Soal altered the records of the sittings after checking out the house. Researcher Melvin Harris noted that:

Mr. Soal was a devious character.And it's clear that in the six weeks at his disposal he had plenty of chance to find out things about number 54. I've visited the house myself and noted that all Soal had to do was walk past the place, then ride past on the double-decker bus and record everything that could be spotted through the plain glass windows. According to magician Bob Couttie, Soal's co-workers knew that he had fiddled the results but were kept quiet with threats of libel suits. See also
K. M. Goldney

References

External links
Soal-Goldney experiment

1889 births
1975 deaths
Academic scandals
Academics of Queen Mary University of London
Parapsychologists
People involved in scientific