title: Jesse Saunders

texts: Album. <mask> went on to be featured in hundreds of books including What Kind Of House Party Is This?by Jonathan Fleming (MixMag) and his own semi-autobiography House Music...The Real Story, co-written by James Cummins. He has co-starred in over 10 documentaries including the Sun Dance award-winning "Modulations," the Channel 4 (London) mini-series "Pump Up The Volume," the BBC audio documentary "The 2nd Summer of Love," the TV1 Unsung: "Frankie Knuckles and The Roots of House," the Channel 4 (London) "I Was There (When House Took Over The World)," the BBC "Can You Feel It" and the award-winning "Put The Needle on the Record." He has had hundreds of features in every major industry magazine including Rolling Stone, MixMag, Urb and Keyboard. <mask> has lectured at top conferences, schools, colleges and universities throughout the world including The Red Bull Academy, Oxford University, Boston University, The Winter Music Conference (Miami), Popkom (Germany), The New Music Seminar (New York) and the Amsterdam Dance Event (Holland). In 2004 after touring the world, <mask> revived his Broken Records label. The label releases digital content to the all major download sites and features artists such as Inaya Day, Scott Langley, Sound Syndicate, Igor Garnier, Didier Vanelli, Mia Calderon, Joe Smooth, Marshall Jefferson and <mask> himself. In 2009, <mask> released the album 25th Anniversary of House Music, which resulted in a worldwide tour featuring Art depicting the culture and pioneers of the genre.The tour hit all over the US and as far as Johannesburg, South Africa. After the 25th Anniversary of House Music Tour, <mask> founded the Electronic Music Cafe in Vegas 2010 to display the Art from the Tour. It has turned into a major broadcast network featuring DJs and fine artists interpreting their music. He also founded the Music & Arts Society, a non-profit entity for the advancement and preservation of the DJ culture, with the launch of the word's first DJ Culture exhibit entitled "SPIN – Evolution of the DJ",

masks:
Saunders
Saunders
Saunders
Jesse Saunders
Saunders
Saunders


title: Jesse Saunders

type: original

texts:
 that same year. Mayor Goodman issued a proclamation during the red carpet ceremony for the highly publicized affair for his outstanding contributions to education and the culture of Las Vegas. In that same year <mask> produced and released the first installment of the Above The Sound Cloud compilation series. He also produced and released the first Chilled & UnBroken compilation series, as well the internationally acclaimed DJ Divas album.Personal life
His maternal grandfather, Robert H. Miller, a funeral business owner and founder of the National Funeral Directors and Mortician's Association, was voted "Mayor" of Bronzeville (then the Black section of Chicago) from 1937 to 1939. He also became heavily involved in the American civil rights movement, walking with Martin Luther King Jr. in the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches, later erecting a statue in honor of King in Selma, Alabama. Miller also promoted the career of gospel singer Mahalia Jackson and owned and operated the Grand Ballroom, which showcased artists such as Cab Calloway and Count Basie. <mask> would end up back in Chicago and contribute to establishing the genre of house music in 1984. During an ABC TV News interview in 1984 he told Janet Davies that he wanted to be the next Motown music empire. At this time, his label Jes Say Records was distributing records locally and regionally to major record stores with a wholesale price twice as high as Madonna and Prince's releases. Eventually he would sign with Geffen Records and once again moved back to Southern California which would be his home for more than 27 years.<mask> married award-winning actress/musician Jazsmin Lewis in 1992. The couple divorced in 1998. He now lives in Las Vegas, Nevada. Selected discography

Releases

 On & On (1984)
 Funk U Up (1984)
 Undercover (1984)
 Fantasy (1984)
 Dum Dum (1984)
 Real Love (1985)
 I Am The DJ (1985)
 Dum Dum 2 (1985)
 Love Can't Turn Around (1986)
 Back Up (1987)
 I'm Back Again (1988) #2 Billboard Dance Charts
 Sing Sing in the 90's (1990)

masks: Saunders Saunders Saunders


title: Carlos Delgado

texts:
<mask> (born June 25, 1972) is a Puerto Rican former professional baseball player. He holds the all-time Major League Baseball home run record among Puerto Rican players, with 473. He is one of only six players in Major League history to hit 30 home runs in ten consecutive seasons, becoming the fourth player to do so. During his twelve years with the Toronto Blue Jays, <mask> set many team records, including home runs (336), RBI (1,058), walks (827), slugging percentage (.556), OPS (.949), runs (889), total bases (2,786), doubles (343), runs created (1,077), extra base hits (690), times on base (2,362), hit by pitch (122), intentional walks (128) and at bats per home run (14.9). <mask> also played for the Florida Marlins and New York Mets. On February 4, 2015, <mask> was elected to the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame. Early life
<mask> was born in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico to <mask> "Cao" <mask> and Carmen Digna Hérnandez.He grew up in the El Prado section of Aguadilla. There, he attended elementary school alongside his three siblings. Both his father, "Don Cao", and his grandfather, Asdrúbal "Pingolo" <mask>, were well-known figures in the town. <mask> has said that this made him feel "protected", but that it also demanded that he had to behave properly. <mask> attended Agustín Stahl Middle School and José de Diego High School, from which he graduated in 1989. <mask> has expressed his strong feelings of pride in being an Aguadillano, noting everything he holds dear is found in the municipality, and his off-season house is located there. He is friends with many people who live there, many of whom he played little league baseball with.Professional career

Toronto Blue Jays

At the age of 16, several major league organizations including the Cincinnati Reds, Montreal Expos, New York Mets, Texas Rangers and Toronto Blue Jays saw his potential and attempted to sign him.

masks:
Carlos Juan Delgado Hernández
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Carlos
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado


title: Carlos Delgado

texts: He signed with the Blue Jays in 1988, after being discovered by team scout Epy Guerrero. In 1992, <mask> played for the Dunedin Blue Jays of the Florida State League and produced 30 home runs and 100 RBI, leading the league in both categories, along with a .324 batting average. That season, he was named USA Todays Minor League Player of the Year. Before the 1993 season, he was named the number 4 prospect in the minor leagues by Baseball America and was promoted to the Double-A Knoxville Smokies. That year, he hit .303 with 25 home runs, 102 RBI, and 102 walks, winning the Southern League MVP Award. As a September call-up, he made his major league debut on October 1, 1993.Though he didn't play in the 1993 World Series, he was awarded a World Series ring. Originally a catcher, <mask> played in left field for the Blue Jays in 1994 and 1995, before switching to first base, where he became one of the most productive sluggers in the major leagues. Starting in 1997, he hit at least 30 home runs in ten consecutive seasons. A two-time All-Star, in 2000 and 2003, <mask> holds several Blue Jays single-season and career records. He won the Hank Aaron and The Sporting News Player of the Year Awards in 2000, and the Silver Slugger Award in 1999, 2000, and 2003. In 1999, <mask> hit a career-high 44 home runs, along with 134 RBI, and a .272 batting average. The next year, he batted a career-high .344, along with 41 home runs, 57 doubles, and 137 RBI.He finished fourth in the 2000 American League MVP voting. On September 25, 2003, in a game against the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, <mask> became the 15th major league player to hit four home runs in one game. He hit a three-run home run in the first inning off Jorge Sosa, then again off Sosa while leading off the fourth off, then off Joe Kennedy while leading off in the sixth and then off Lance Carter leading off the eighth inning.

masks: Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado


title: Carlos Delgado

texts:
 <mask> is the only player to hit four home runs with only 4 at-bats in a game. In the 2003 season, <mask> hit 42 home runs and led the Majors with 145 RBI, while batting .302; he finished second to Alex Rodriguez for the AL MVP Award. He was named AL Player of the Week on September 30, 2003 and again on September 7, 2004. Following the 2004 season, <mask> became a free agent, and was pursued by the Baltimore Orioles, Florida Marlins, New York Mets, Seattle Mariners and Texas Rangers.The Blue Jays were not interested in re-signing him, due to payroll constraints. Florida Marlins
On January 25, 2005 <mask> chose to sign with the Marlins, signing a four-year contract worth a reported $52 million. He made a successful transition to the National League, with a .301 batting average, .399 on-base percentage, 33 home runs, and 115 RBI in 2005. At the same time, he shared the major league lead in errors for a first baseman, with 14. Following the 2005 season, the Marlins performed one of their periodic salary-cutting maneuvers. In the "market correction", they unloaded some of their higher-paid players. On November 23, 2005, the Marlins sent <mask> and $7 million to the New York Mets for Mike Jacobs, Yusmeiro Petit and Grant Psomas.New York Mets

2006 season

<mask> responded well as the feared cleanup hitter for the Mets, hitting 38 home runs and driving in 114 runs throughout 2006. With <mask> hitting between fellow Puerto Rican <mask> and star third baseman David Wright, the Mets had the best record in the National League in 2006 but lost to the St. Louis Cardinals in the National League Championship Series, 4–3. At season's end, with 407, <mask> was tied with Duke Snider for 41st place for career home runs. Through 2006, <mask> was the all-time leader for interleague play RBIs with 131, and second all-time in home runs with 43. 2007 season
<mask> had early struggles

masks:
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Carlos Beltrán
Delgado
Delgado
Carlos Delgado


title: Carlos Delgado

texts:
 in the 2007 season, with his batting average falling below .200 in April, but his numbers improved as the season progressed. On May 9, 2007, he hit a home run into McCovey Cove during a game against the San Francisco Giants, becoming the first visiting player to have hit three splash home runs at AT&T Park. <mask> ended the season tied with Cal Ripken, Jr. for 37th place on the all-time career home run list with 431.2008 season
During spring training 2008, <mask> was diagnosed with a hip impingement, however, the Mets decided to keep him on the active roster. As in the previous year, <mask> began the season in an offensive slump with a .204 batting average in April, and hitting just three home runs, but once again his stats improved as the season continued. In May, his batting average increased to .235 with five home runs. On June 15, 2008, <mask> broke Juan González's record for most runs batted in by a Puerto Rican player. On June 27, <mask> set a new Mets record with 9 RBIs (hitting a two-run double, grand slam, and three-run home run) in an interleague game versus the New York Yankees, breaking Dave Kingman's club record of 8. In the final game before the All-Star break, <mask> hit his 17th home run of the season. Between June and July his batting average improved, rising to .260 with 19 home runs.Between July 23–31, <mask> hit four home runs. On August 21, 2008 against the Atlanta Braves, <mask> went 5 for 5 with 3 singles, 3 RBIs, a double, and a walk-off single scoring David Wright in the ninth off the glove of left fielder Omar Infante. It was the first time he had gone 5 for 5 in 10 years. The Mets swept the three-game set. On August 25, 2008 against the Houston Astros, <mask> fired two 3-run homers to lead the Mets to a 9–1 victory in the finale of the series. On September 7 he became the third Mets player in history to have at least 65 RBIs in a

masks: Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado


title: Carlos Delgado

texts:
 65-game stretch in a season. On September 9, he tied Dave Kingman's record of most multi-home run games during a season as a Met with 7.<mask> notched his 2,000th career hit on September 21, 2008 against the Atlanta Braves. On October 31 the Mets exercised <mask>'s $12 million option. <mask> was ninth in the voting for the 2008 National League MVP Award, behind Albert Pujols, Ryan Howard, Ryan Braun, Manny Ramirez, Lance Berkman, CC Sabathia, David Wright and Brad Lidge. 2009 season
<mask> was the first Major League player to hit a home run into the Pepsi Porch at Citi Field on April 8, 2009. He played his last major league game against the Pittsburgh Pirates on May 10, 2009. Eight days later on May 18, the Mets announced that <mask> had a bone spur and a torn labrum in his hip, and he would have to undergo surgery. The Mets reported the next day that the surgery was successful and <mask> would be out for approximately ten weeks, which would delay his quest for 500 home runs.However, he did not play again in 2009. <mask> filed for free agency on November 5. <mask> made his return to the Puerto Rico Baseball League (PRBL) for the 2009 season, registering a batting average of .364 and one home run in his first three games. 2010 free agency
In February 2010, <mask> underwent another hip operation, this time to reconstruct the labrum on his right hip; he also underwent a micro-fracture procedure on his hip socket. Although <mask> had reportedly received interest from Major League clubs (including the Mets and Florida Marlins), he felt pain in his hip and decided to undergo the second surgery to be better prepared for the coming season. According to his agent, David Sloane, <mask> "felt, despite the time it would take, it was a better option for him to be the <mask> of old instead of an old <mask>." Pawtucket Red Sox
On August 7, 2010, the Boston Red Sox signed

masks:
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Carlos Delgado
Carlos Delgado


title: Carlos Delgado

texts:
 <mask> to a minor league contract.He played 5 games with the triple-A Pawtucket Red Sox between August 9 and 15, collecting 3 singles in 13 at-bats (.231, 0 HR, 2 RBI). This was the entire extent of <mask>'s 2010 season after <mask> suffered a setback with his surgically repaired hip. Retirement
On April 13, 2011, <mask> officially announced, while in San Juan, Puerto Rico,  his retirement from professional baseball after 17 years in Major League Baseball. On December 7, 2012, the Toronto Blue Jays announced that <mask> would become the 10th person inducted to the club's Level of Excellence. The induction occurred on July 21, 2013 at Rogers Centre in Toronto. <mask> also threw the ceremonial first pitch for that day's game, with the Toronto Blue Jays playing against the Tampa Bay Rays. Career statistics
In 2035 games over 17 seasons, <mask> posted a .280 batting average (2038-for-7283) with 1241 runs, 483 doubles, 18 triples, 473 home runs, 1512 RBI, 1109 bases on balls, .383 on-base percentage and .546 slugging percentage.He finished his career with a .992 fielding percentage primarily as a first baseman. In 10 postseason games, he hit .351 (13-for-37) with 8 runs, 3 doubles, 4 home runs, 11 RBI and 6 walks. International career

World Baseball Classic (Puerto Rico)
<mask> appeared in the first edition of the World Baseball Classic in 2006. After his retirement, he served as hitting coach for the Puerto Rico national baseball team that represented the island at the 2013 World Baseball Classic. He reprised his role as hitting coach for Team Puerto Rico in the 2017 World Baseball Classic. Post-retirement career

After retiring, <mask> has continued to work in matters closely related to baseball. In February 2013, he was announced as the new member of the Board for the Development of the Puerto Rican Full-Time Athlete.This agency is directed by the Department of


title: Carlos Delgado

texts:
 Sports and Recreation of Puerto Rico. Also, in March 2013, he served as hitting coach for the Puerto Rico national baseball team that represented the island at the 2013 World Baseball Classic. The team finished second in the rankings. He reprised his role as hitting coach for Team Puerto Rico in the 2017 World Baseball Classic. In his only appearance on the Baseball Hall of Fame ballot in 2015, <mask> received just 3.8% of the vote, below the 5% minimum required to remain on future ballots. That same year, he was elected to the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame. Personal life
<mask> lives in his hometown of Aguadilla, Puerto Rico.He is married to Betzaida García, who is also from Aguadilla. They have a son, <mask>, and in 2010 adopted a baby daughter, Mariana Isabel. Social activism
Like his hero (Roberto Clemente), <mask> is a well-known peace activist, and has been open about his political beliefs. As part of the Navy-Vieques protests, <mask> was actively opposed to the use of the island of Vieques, Puerto Rico as a bombing target practice facility by the United States Department of Defense, until bombing was halted in 2003. He is also against the occupation of Iraq. In the 2004 season, <mask> protested the war by silently staying in the dugout during the playing of "God Bless America" during the seventh inning stretch. <mask> does not make a public show of his beliefs, and even his teammates were not aware of his views until a story was published in July 2004 in the Toronto Star.<mask> was quoted as saying "It's a very terrible thing that happened on September 11. It's (also) a terrible thing that happened in Afghanistan and Iraq, ... I just feel so sad for the families that lost relatives and loved ones in the war. But I think it's the stupidest war ever." The story was the subject of a media frenzy, mostly in New York, where on July 21, 2004, as was

masks:
Delgado
Delgado
Carlos Antonio
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado


title: Carlos Delgado

texts: anticipated, <mask> was booed by Yankee fans for his passive protest during a game at Yankee Stadium. <mask> had explained that the playing of "God Bless America" had come to be equated with a war in which he didn't believe. In a New York Times interview, <mask> said this is what he believed in, and "It takes a man to stand up for what he believes."After being traded to the Mets, in a conciliatory measure, <mask> opted to stand during the singing of "God Bless America." Among other charity work, <mask> is well known for his generous visits to hospitals in his hometown where, on Three Kings Day, he brings toys to hospitalized children. In 2006, he joined Puerto Rico's Senate President in co-sponsoring a massive Three Kings gift-giving effort in the town of Loíza. <mask> started his own non-profit organization, "Extra Bases" to assist island youth. In 2007, <mask> donated video conference equipment to allow his hometown's Buen Samaritano Hospital to establish a regular link with a hospital in Boston in order to allow for remote diagnoses through telemedicine. <mask> has also contributed to improving Puerto Rico's public education system. In 2007, he participated in "Sapientis Week", an initiative sponsored by the non-profit Sapientis which brings distinguished public figures into classrooms in order to raise the public's awareness of the education crisis in Puerto Rico.<mask> taught a class on Athletic Mental Training and Health at the Ramon Power y Giralt School in the Luis Llorens Torres public housing complex. For his efforts, <mask> was awarded the Roberto Clemente Award in 2006. The award goes to the player in baseball who best exemplifies humanitarianism and sportsmanship, and was named after Hall of Famer Roberto Clemente in 1973. Prior to the 2008 season of the Puerto Rico Baseball League, <mask> was involved in an initiative to provide economic help to

masks: Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado


title: Raymond Moody

texts:
<mask><mask>. (born June 30, 1944) is an American philosopher, psychiatrist, physician and author, most widely known for his books about afterlife and near-death experiences (NDE), a term that he coined in 1975 in his best-selling book Life After Life. His research purports to explore what happens when a person dies. He has widely published his views on what he terms near-death-experience psychology. Early life and education

<mask> was born in Porterdale, Georgia, the son of an agnostic surgeon. He earned a BA (1966), M.A. (1967) and a PhD (1969) in philosophy from the University of Virginia. He also obtained a PhD in psychology from the University of West Georgia, then known as West Georgia College, where he later became a professor in the topic.In 1976, he was awarded an M.D. from the Medical College of Georgia. Career

Early career
After obtaining his M.D., <mask> worked as a forensic psychiatrist in a maximum-security Georgia state hospital. In 1998, <mask> was appointed Chair in Consciousness Studies at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Near-death research
While an undergraduate at the University of Virginia in 1965, <mask> encountered psychiatrist, Dr. George Ritchie, who told <mask> about an incident in which he believed he had journeyed into the afterlife while dead for nearly nine minutes at the age of 20 (which Ritchie would later recount in his book, Return From Tomorrow, published in 1978). <mask> began documenting similar accounts by other people who had experienced clinical death and discovered that many of these experienced shared common features, such

masks:
Raymond A
. Moody Jr
Moody
Moody
Moody
Moody
Moody
Moody


title: Raymond Moody

texts:
 as the feeling of being out of one’s body, the sensation of traveling through a tunnel, encountering dead relatives, and encountering a bright light. In 1975, <mask> published many of these experiences in his book, Life After Life, in which he coined the term "near-death experience."In an interview with Jeffrey Mishlove, <mask> shared his personal conclusions about his research into near-death experiences:

Later research
Inspired by the Greek psychomanteums where the ancient Greeks would go to consult the apparitions of the dead (which <mask> had read about in classic Greek texts that he encountered while a student at the University of Virginia), <mask> built a psychomanteum in Alabama, which he calls the Dr. John Dee Theater of the Mind. By staring into a mirror in a dimly lit room, <mask> claims that people are able to summon visions of spiritual apparitions (see mirror gazing). <mask> has also researched past life regression and believes that he personally has had nine past lives. Criticism of <mask>'s near-death research

Barry Beyerstein, a professor of psychology, has written that <mask>'s alleged evidence for an afterlife is flawed, both logically and empirically. The psychologist James Alcock has noted that <mask> "...appears to ignore a great deal of the scientific literature dealing with hallucinatory experiences in general, just as he quickly glosses over the very real limitations of his research method." <mask> has been described as a "strong personal believer" in the paranormal. His methods have drawn criticism from the scientific community as many of the

masks: Moody Moody Moody Moody Moody Moody Moody Moody Moody Moody


title: Raymond Moody

texts:
 personal reports he collected on NDEs were given by the patients themselves, months and even years after the event.Terence Hines commented "such reports are hardly sufficient to argue for the reality of an afterlife." The philosopher Paul Kurtz has written that <mask>'s evidence for the NDE is based on personal interviews and anecdotal accounts and there has been no statistical analysis of his data. There also is the question of interpreting such data as has been published assuming that the factual matter is objectively correct; according to Kurtz, "there is no reliable evidence that people who report such experiences have died and returned, or that consciousness exists separate from the brain or body." The philosopher Robert Todd Carroll has written that a characteristic of <mask>'s work is the omission of cases that do not fit his hypothesis, confirming the aspect of cherry picking. Carroll writes that what <mask> describes as a typical NDE may be due to brain states triggered by cardiac arrest and anesthesia. <mask> believes NDEs are evidence for an afterlife but Carroll states they can be explained by neurochemistry and are the result of a "dying, demented or drugged brain." In an interview in 1993, <mask> stated he was placed in a mental hospital by his family for his work with mirror gazing.References

External links

1944 births
Living people
American psychologists
American spiritual writers
New Age writers
Parapsychologists
University of Nevada, Las Vegas faculty
University of Virginia alumni
Near-death experience researchers
People from Newton County,

masks: Moody Moody Moody Moody Moody


title: Thanasis Kaproulias

texts:
<mask> is an audio artist who creates noise music under the name of Novi_sad. Life and work

<mask> was born in Greece in 1980. He graduated from the Economic University of Piraues and lives and works in Athens, Greece. <mask> (as "Novi_sad") has worked and collaborated with: Helge Sten (Deathprod, Supersilent), Francisco López, Mika Vainio (Pan Sonic), B. J. Nilsen, Daniel Menche, Zbigniew Karkowski, Richard Chartier, Carl Michael von Hausswolff, Jacob Kirkegaard, Beckie Foon and Scott Konzelmann. Influenced by the pioneers of audio assault, he began generating sounds in 2005. In his works, amplified environmental recordings, drone manipulations, structured ambient soundscapes, microtones vs overtones, all come together in a hyperstructure of iconoclastic form. Novi_sad’s artistic output displays a high level of technical ability, as well as a sensitivity to the nuances of location.Every sound that occurs is treated with a sculptural integrity and his sonic power operates on a level in which the audience participates as transcendental listeners. His approach is similar to the 'cinema pour l'oreille' (cinema for the ear) and in turn would like to ‘donner à voir’ (lead to seeing) by means of

masks:
Thanasis Kaproulias
Thanasis Kaproulias
Thanasis Kaproulias


title: William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling

texts:
<mask>, 1st Earl of Stirling (c. 1567 in Menstrie, Clackmannanshire12 February 1640) was a Scottish courtier and poet who was involved in the Scottish colonisation of Charles Fort, later Port-Royal, Nova Scotia in 1629 and Long Island, New York. His literary works include Aurora (1604), The Monarchick Tragedies (1604) and Doomes-Day (1614, 1637). Biography

Early life
<mask> was the son of Alexander of Menstrie and Marion, daughter of an Allan Couttie. He was born at Menstrie Castle, near Stirling. The family was old and claimed to be descended from Somerled, Lord of the Isles, through John of Islay. Because his father died in 1580, and <mask> was entrusted to the care of his great-uncle James in Stirling, he was probably educated at Stirling grammar school. There is a tradition that he was at the University of Glasgow; and, according to his friend the poet <mask> of Hawthornden, he was a student at Leiden University.As a young man, <mask> became tutor to the <mask> of Argyll and accompanied him on his travels in France, Spain and Italy. <mask> married, before 1604, Janet, daughter of Sir <mask> "The Parson of Campsie", one of the Balgonie family. Introduced by Argyll at court, he received the place of Gentleman Usher to Prince Charles, son of James I of England (James VI of Scotland), in 1603, and continued in favour at court after Prince Charles became Charles I of England in 1625. In 1607 his father-in-law received a pension of £200 a year to be shared with <mask>, and half the pension

masks:
William Alexander
William Alexander
William
William Drummond
William
Earl
William
William Erskine
William


title: William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling

texts:
 continued after Erskine's death. <mask> built a reputation as a poet and writer of rhymed tragedies, and assisted King James I and VI in preparing the metrical version known as "The Psalms of King David, translated by King James" and published by authority of Charles I. James knighted him in 1609 and appointed him the Master of Requests for Scotland in 1614, effectively his private secretary. In 1613 he began a correspondence with the poet <mask> of Hawthornden, which ripened into a lifelong intimacy after their 1614 meeting at Menstrie Castle, where Alexander was on one of his short annual visits. In 1615 he was made a member of the Scottish Privy Council.Alexander was an active freemason, belonging to Mary's Chapel Lodge, Edinburgh, from July 1634. Nova Scotia

In 1621, King James I granted <mask> a royal charter appointing him mayor of a vast territory which was enlarged into a lordship and barony of Nova Scotia (meaning New Scotland); the area is now known as Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and parts of the northern United States. The creation of Baronets of Nova Scotia was used to settle the plantation of the new province, which was later increased (at least on paper) to include much of Canada. <mask> was appointed as Secretary of State for Scotland in 1626 and held that office for the rest of his life. Lord <mask>'s efforts at colonisation were less successful, at least in monetary terms, as his recruitment efforts made unrealistic promises about the new territory and were offered on

masks:
William
William Drummond
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling


title: William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling

texts:
 meager terms. He briefly established a Scottish settlement at Port Royal, Nova Scotia, led by his son <mask> (the younger). However the effort cost him most of his fortune, and when the region—now Canada's three Maritime Provinces and the state of Maine—was returned to France in 1632, it was lost.He was unable to obtain from the
treasury, in spite of royal support, £6,000 as compensation for his losses. He spent his later years with limited means. However Alexander's settlement provided the basis for Scottish claims to Nova Scotia, and his baronets provided the Coat of arms of Nova Scotia and Flag of Nova Scotia which are still in use today. Long Island
In 1630, King Charles rewarded his service by creating him Lord Alexander of Tullibody and Viscount of Stirling. Three years later, when Charles was crowned in Holyrood, in 1633 he became Earl of Stirling and Viscount Canada, and in 1639 Earl of Dovan. On 22 April 1636, Charles told the Plymouth Colony, which had laid claim to Long Island but had not settled it, to give the island to Alexander. Through his agent James Farret (who personally received Shelter Island and Robins Island), Alexander in turn sold most of the eastern island to the New Haven Colony and Connecticut Colony.Farret arrived in New Amsterdam in 1637 to present his claim of English sovereignty but was arrested and sent to prison in Holland where he escaped. English colonists attempted to settle at Cow Bay at what today is Port Washington, New York in 1640, but after an


title: William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling

texts:
 alert by Native leader Penhawitz were arrested by the Dutch and released after saying they were mistaken about the title. After 1640, eastern Long Island was quickly settled by the English while the western portion remained under Dutch rule until 1674. Death and succession

Alexander died in London on 12 February 1640 and was succeeded by his grandson <mask>, 2nd Earl of Stirling (c. 1632- May 1640), a child who himself died the same year. The 3rd Earl, Henry Alexander (died 1650), was the second son of <mask>, the 1st Earl. Literary works
Alexander was one of the most highly regarded Scottish poets in early seventeenth-century Scotland and England: he was praised by <mask> of Hawthornden, Arthur Johnstone, Andrew Ramsey, Michael Drayton, Samuel Daniel and John Davies of Hereford. Alexander's earliest work was probably Aurora (London, 1604), which was described on its title-page as 'the first fancies of the author's youth' and is a late addition to the corpus of Elizabethan Petrarchan sonnets.His closet dramas - Croesus, Darius, The Alexandrean, and Julius Caesar - were published together as The Monarchick Tragedies (London, 1604; further editions in 1607, 1616, 1637). According to Daniel Cadman, in these plays Alexander 'interrogates the value of republican forms of government and provides a voice for the frustrations of politically marginalised subjects of absolutist regimes'. Alexander's grandest work is an epic poem describing the end of the world, Doomes-day. It was first published in

masks:
William Alexander
William Alexander
William Drummond


title: William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling

texts:
 Fire at those Fires which do still burn out of the Ashes of ancient Authors

This passage speaks of the value that Alexander placed on his literary pursuits (which mostly took place at his Menstrie estate) as an activity that was separate from but complementary to his public life as a politician and colonizer. Indeed, the phrase 'recreate myself with the Muses' re-appeared in the title of the collected edition of his works, Recreations with the Muses (1637). Legacy
The Canadian Coast Guard has named the CCGS Sir <mask> in his honour. References

Further reading
 The Poetical Works of Sir <mask>, Earl of Stirling, ed. by L.E. Kastner and H.B. Charlton, 2 vols (Edinburgh: Printed for the Scottish Text Society, 1921‒29)
 David W. Atkinson, 'More than One Voice; The Poetic Accomplishment of <mask>', in Older Scots Literature, ed.by Sally Mapstone (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2005), pp. 584‒94

 Thomas McGrail, Sir <mask>, First Earl of Stirling: A Biographical Study (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1940)
 Nigel Tranter, Poetic Justice, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1996. A well-researched & lively retelling of the life of <mask>, 1st Earl of Stirling. External links
Photographs of Halifax monument

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1560s births
1640 deaths
Earls in the Peerage of Scotland
Peers of Scotland created by Charles I
People from Clackmannanshire
Pre-Confederation Nova Scotia people
Scottish businesspeople
Scottish Freemasons
Scottish explorers
Scottish knights
Scottish scholars and academics
Alumni of the

masks:
William Alexander
William Alexander
William Alexander
William Alexander
William Alexander


title: Jalal al-Din Davani

texts:
<mask>-<mask> (; 1426/7 – 1502), also known as <mask> (), was a Persian theologian, philosopher, jurist, and poet, who is considered to have been one of the leading scholars in late 15th-century Iran. A native of the town of Davan in the southern Iranian region of Fars, <mask> completed his education at the provincial capital of Shiraz, where he started to distinguish himself. In the 1460s, he briefly served as the sadr (chief of religious affairs) of the Qara Qoyunlu governor of Fars, Mirza Yusuf, and accompanied the latters father Jahan Shah () in his battle against the Aq Qoyunlu ruler Uzun Hasan (), where the latter emerged victorious. Initially taking refuge and distancing himself from the Aq Qoyunlu, <mask> soon entered their service, being appointed as qadi (chief judge) of Fars by Uzun Hasan's son and successor, Ya'qub Beg (). Davani was also in contact with figures outside Iran, such as the Ottoman sultan Bayezid II () and the rulers in India, whom he dedicated several of his works to, especially during Ya'qub Beg's reign. With the constant flow of gifts that <mask> was receiving from his patrons, he eventually became rich. However, all of his belongings were soon confiscated in 1498 or 1499 by the Aq Qoyunlu ruler of Fars, Qasim-Bay Purnak.<mask> afterwards spent much of his time in various small cities south of Shiraz, such as Jirun (Hormuz) and Lar. He died in October/November 1502, and was buried in his hometown. Background and education
<mask> was born in the town of Davan near Shiraz, the capital city of the southern Iranian region of Fars, which was then under Timurid rule. He was the eldest son of

masks:
Jalal al
Din Davani
Allama Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani


title: Jalal al-Din Davani

texts:
 Sa'd al-Din As'ad, a qadi (chief judge) of the district of Kazarun, which Davan was attached to. His family claimed descent from the first Rashidun caliph Abu Bakr (), and thus <mask> was sometimes known by the epithet of al-Siddiqi. <mask> initially studied under his father, until he left for Shiraz to continue his education, where he studied under Mawlana Muhyi al-Din Gusha Kinari, Mawlana Humam al-Din Gulbari and Safi al-Din Ijil. There he stood out amongst his peers, which started to draw the attention of students far away.<mask> wrote his first work on 25 May 1449, which was a commentary on the Tafsir al-Baydawi of the Persian scholar Qadi Baydawi (died 1319). In 1451, the Turkmen Qara Qoyunlu took advantage of the death of the Timurid ruler of Persian Iraq and Fars, Sultan Muhammad, conquering the regions in 1452 and 1453, respectively. Rise and service under the Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu
By the time <mask> had reached his thirties, his reputation as a religious scholar had already been established. He briefly served as the sadr (chief of religious affairs) of the Qara Qoyunlu governor of Fars, Mirza Yusuf, but soon resigned. It is unknown why he resigned from his post; regardless, <mask> still retained a close relationship with Mirza Yusuf's father, sultan Jahan Shah (). He accompanied the latter in his battle against the Aq Qoyunlu ruler Uzun Hasan (), which took place on the field of Mush in Diyar Bakr in on 10 or 11 November 1467. Jahan Shah's forces were defeated, and he was himself killed.<mask> fled to the city of Tabriz in the northwestern Iranian region of Azerbaijan, losing some of his books in

masks: Davani Davani Davani Davani Davani Davani


title: Jalal al-Din Davani

texts: the process. There he stayed for a while, composing the Shawakil al-hur fi sharh Hayakil al-nur a commentary on the Hayakil al-Nur, a work by the 12th-century Persian philosopher Suhrawardi (died 1191). The commentary is dedicated to Mahmud Gawan (died 1481), the Persian vizier of the Bahmanid sultan of the Deccan, Muhammad Shah III Lashkari (). Some years later, <mask> returned to Shiraz and became the mudarris (teacher) of the Begum Madrasa (later known as Dar al-Aytam). It was that there he established a relation with the Aq Qoyunlu, especially with Uzun Hasan's son Sultan Khalil, who governed Fars. In 1474, Davani dedicated ethical work Lawami' al-ishraq fi makarim al-akhlaq (also known as Akhlaq-i Jalili) to Uzun Hasan and Khalil. In this work, he described Uzun Hasan as "the shadow of God, the caliph of God, and the deputy of the Prophet".In September/October 1476, <mask> wrote an eyewitness report of a military parade by Khalil at the ruins of ancient Achaemenid city of Persepolis. He credited the mythological Iranian king Jamshid as the founder of the city, and associated him with Solomon, a common association in Iranian literary traditions. During Khalil's brief rule in 1478, <mask> dedicated another of his works to him; an explanation of Ali Qushji's (died 1474) commentary on the Tajrid al-i'itiqad by the 13th-century Persian scholar Nasir al-Din Tusi. Following Khalil's premature death in August 1478, his brother Ya'qub Beg () succeeded him, and appointed <mask> as the qadi of Fars. <mask> also accepted Ya'qub's invitation to the court in Tabriz. However, <mask> opposed the later centralization reforms


title: Jalal al-Din Davani

texts: of Ya'qub, and thus their relations worsened. Together with Abu-Yazid <mask> and Maulana Muhammad al-Muhyavi, <mask> sent letters to Ya'qub's vizier Qazi Isa Savaji to protest these reforms.During Ya'qub's reign, most of <mask>'s work was dedicated to figures outside Iran. A close friend of the Ottoman sultan Bayezid II (), Mu'ayyadzade Abd al-Rahman Efendi (died 1516), arrived to Shiraz in 1479, where he studied under <mask> until 1483. It was through Mu'ayyadzade that <mask> established a network with Bayezid II. <mask> dedicated three of his works to the latter; the Sharh al-Ruba'iyyat, Risalat Ithbat al-wajib al-qadima, and al-Hashiya al-jadida. As a gratitude for his Risalat Ithbat al-wajib al-qadima, Bayezid II gifted <mask> 500 florins. The Ottoman ulama (clergy) also praised his work. <mask> dedicated his Unmudhaj al-ulum and Tahqiq-i adalat to the sultan of the Gujarat Sultanate, Mahmud Begada (), and was in return rewarded 1000 dirhams.With the constant flow of gifts that <mask> was receiving from his patrons, he eventually became rich. However, all of his belongings were soon confiscated in 1498 or 1499 by the Aq Qoyunlu ruler of Fars, Qasim-Bay Purnak. Davani afterwards spent much of his time in various small cities south of Shiraz. Some sources report that <mask> planned to accept the invitation of the Samma sultan Nizam al-Din Shah Sindhi () and leave for India. Two of <mask>'s students, Mir Shams al-Din Muhammad al-Jurjani (a great-grandson of the prominent al-Sharif al-Jurjani), and Mir Mu'in al-Din, were already present at Nizam al-Din's court. This may explain why <mask> went to Jirun (Hormuz), an

masks:
al Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani


title: Jalal al-Din Davani

texts:
 island in the Persian Gulf. <mask> also went to the city of Lar, where he completed his Risalat Ithbat al-wajib al-qadima and Diwan-i Mazalim.Davani reportedly disapproved the messianic claims of the Safavid shah (king) Ismail I (), who had captured the Aq Qoyunlu capital of Tabriz in 1501. Regardless, it is presumed that <mask>'s undated work Nur al-hidaya was written during this period, in which Davani espoused pro-Shi'ism, probably in hope of appeasing the Shia Safavids. <mask> died soon after, in the month of October or November in 1502. He was buried in a mausoleum named Bogh'a-ye Shaykh-e Ali in his hometown of Davan. Approximately two years later (in 1504), Shiraz was captured by Ismail I, who had the Sunni clerics who were unwilling to convert to Shi'ism executed. Legacy
Davani is considered to have been one of the leading scholars in late 15th-century Iran. The modern historian John E. Woods calls him the "ideological mainstay of the Aq Qoyunlu Empire in Uzun Hasan's time."Several prominent figures studied under Davani, such as Qadi Husayn Maybudi (died 1504); qadi of Yazd; Jamal al-Din Hosayn Mohammad Astarabadi (died 1525), sadr under Ismail I's son and successor shah Tahmasp I (); and Qadi Jahan Qazvini, vizier under Tahmasp I. Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

Asharis
Shafi'is
15th-century Muslim theologians
Islamic philosophers
Quranic exegesis scholars
Sunni imams
Critics of Ibn Taymiyya
People from Kazerun
People from Fars Province
15th-century Iranian people
1462 births
1502 deaths
Medieval Persian philosophers
Scholars of the Aq Qoyunlu
Scholars of the Timurid Empire
Mystics from

masks: Davani Davani Davani


title: Werner von Fritsch

texts:
<mask> (4 August 1880 – 22 September 1939) was a member of the German High Command. He was Commander-in-Chief of the German Army from February 1934 until February 1938, when he was forced to resign after he was falsely accused of being homosexual. His ousting was a major step in Adolf Hitler's establishment of tighter control over the armed forces. Just over a year later, before the outbreak of World War II, <mask> was recalled as Colonel-in-chief of the 12th Artillery Regiment. He died in battle in Poland early in the war. Early life
<mask> was born in Benrath in the Rhine Province of the German Empire. He entered the Prussian Army at the age of 18; in 1901, he transferred to the Prussian Military Academy.In 1911, he was appointed to the German General Staff, where he served during World War I.

Interwar period

Weimar rule

During the interwar period, <mask> served in the Weimar Republic's Armed Forces (Reichswehr). In 1924, <mask> wrote a letter to  where he expressed his hatred of democracy and his hope that General <mask> Seeckt would carry out a putsch to establish a military dictatorship. Fritsch declared he was totally opposed to seeing another "black, red and gold cur" as Chancellor (a reference to the colours of the Weimar Republic's flag) and wrote that he believed that Germany was being ruined by "the propaganda of the Jewish papers". <mask> ended his letter with a list of all whom he hated: For in the last resort Ebert, pacifists, Jews, democrats, black, red, and gold, and the French, and these women, and the whores, and the like, all cunts with the only exception of mother, these females, I tell you, are all the same thing, namely the people who want to destroy Germany. There may be small differences, but in the end it all amounts to the same. We can trust only ourselves. Trustworthyness, Truth & love only there is among us, German Men.Prösterchen, prostata ! The German historian

masks: Thomas Ludwig Werner Freiherr von Fritsch


title: Werner von Fritsch

texts:
 Wolfram Wette wrote that <mask> had come close to high treason with his letter, as he had taken the Reichswehreid oath to defend democracy, and in calling for a putsch to destroy the democracy that <mask> had pledged to defend was an act of "extreme disloyalty to the republic to which he had sworn an oath". <mask> was heavily involved in the secret German rearmament of the 1920s in which Germany sought to evade the terms of Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, which had essentially disarmed it by limiting its army to 100,000 soldiers and forbidding it to have aircraft or tanks. As such, <mask>, who worked closely with the Soviet Union with the secret rearmament, favored a pro-Soviet foreign policy and had an extreme hatred for Poland. In 1928, <mask> began work on the plan that became [[Fall Weiss (1939)|Fall Weiss]], the invasion of Poland in 1939. He was promoted to major-general (Generalmajor) in 1932 by <mask> Schleicher, who regarded him as a promising young officer. Schleicher then assigned <mask> and Gerd <mask>t the duty of carrying out the Prussian coup that saw the Reichswehr oust the German Social Democratic Party government of Prussia.Nazi rule
After the Nazis came to power in 1933, <mask> was a strong supporter of the new regime, which he saw as a radical force that, if influenced by people like himself, would be a force for the good. Wette wrote that as <mask> was a member of "group of hardened anti-Semitics" in the officer corps, the anti-Semitism of Adolf Hitler was one of <mask>'s most important reasons for supporting the Nazi regime. <mask> was promoted to Chief of the Army Command (Chef der Heeresleitung) on 1 February 1934, replacing General <mask> Hammerstein-Equord. This was partly because Hitler saw him as a supporter of his regime and partly because Defence Minister <mask> Blomberg valued Fritsch for his professionalism. In February 1934, when Blomberg ordered that all

masks:
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
Kurt von
Fritsch
von Rundsted
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
Kurt von
Werner von


title: Werner von Fritsch

texts: soldiers who might be considered Jewish (by having at least a Jewish parent or grandparent who converted; long before the Nazis, the Reichswehr did not accept Jews) be given dishonorable discharges, <mask> made no objection and carried out the order. According to William Shirer in The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, <mask> played a pivotal role when he balked at Hitler's initial proposal to the army that he succeed ailing President <mask> upon his death. <mask> ultimately betrayed the officer corps to the Führer by agreeing to that demand after consulting with his generals.On 31 December 1934, <mask> announced that it "goes without saying that an officer [should seek] a wife only within Aryan circles" and that any officer who married a Jewish woman would be dishonourably discharged at once. In late 1934 or early 1935, <mask> and Blomberg successfully pressured Hitler into rehabilitating the name of General <mask> Schleicher (who had been assassinated by the Nazis during the Night of the Long Knives) by claiming that as officers they could not stand the press attacks portraying him as a traitor working for France. In May 1935 a major reorganization of the armed forces resulted in <mask> taking the new title of  Commander-in-Chief of the Army (Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres) effective 1 June. Fritsch supported the Nazi regime but was antagonistic towards attempts to create rivals to the army, especially the SS. Shirer recalled hearing Fritsch make sarcastic remarks about the SS as well as several Nazi leaders from Hitler downward at a parade in Saarbrücken. He was also worried that Hitler would cause a war with the Soviet Union; like most of his fellow officers, he had supported the Weimar Republic's liaison with Moscow. Wette wrote, "It is indisputable that the conservative and nationalistically minded General <mask> affirmed the National Socialist state, and he accepted Hitler as a dictator fully

masks:
Fritsch
Fritsch
von Hiburg
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
Kurt von
Fritsch
von Fritsch


title: Werner von Fritsch

texts:
 and completely.Given this compatibility of outlook, one may doubt whether <mask>'s pronounced anti-Semitism reflected 'political naïveté' as the historian  has asserted". On 20 April 1936, when Blomberg was promoted to field marshal (Generalfeldmarschall), <mask> received promotion to Blomberg's vacated rank of colonel general (Generaloberst). At this time he was also granted the rank and authority of a Reichsminister but without the formal title. On 30 January 1937, to mark the fourth anniversary of the Nazi regime, Hitler personally presented the Golden Party Badge to the remaining non-Nazi members of the cabinet and the military service heads, including <mask>, and enrolled him in the Party (membership number 3,805,227). <mask> was among the officers present at the Hossbach Conference of 5 November 1937, when Hitler announced that he wanted to go to war as early as 1938. He was very critical of that demand, as he knew the army was not ready. He even went so far as to threaten to resign his command.Blomberg–Fritsch Affair

Heinrich Himmler and Hermann Göring, inspired by the resignation of Blomberg, accused the unmarried <mask> of engaging in homosexual activity. <mask> had never been a womaniser and had preferred to concentrate on his army career. He was forced to resign on 4 February 1938. His replacement, Walther <mask>, had been recommended for the post by <mask>. Hitler took advantage of the situation through the replacement of several generals and ministers with Nazi loyalists, which strengthened his control of the German Armed Forces (Wehrmacht). It soon became known that the charges were false and an honour court of officers examined the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair, although it was presided over by Göring himself. The successful annexation of Austria into Greater Germany (Anschluss) of 12 March silenced all critics of Hitler, Göring and Himmler.<mask> was acquitted on 18 March, but the damage

masks:
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
von Brauchitsch
Fritsch
Fritsch


title: Werner von Fritsch

texts:
 to his name had been done. Following his acquittal, <mask> attempted to challenge SS leader Himmler to a duel. <mask> composed a formal challenge and reportedly practiced his pistol skills in his free time, of which he had plenty as an officer without a command. The letter was given to General Gerd <mask>t for delivery, but Rundstedt, seeking to bridge the distrust between the Wehrmacht and SS, ultimately convinced <mask> to abandon the idea. (Regardless, it is unlikely the encounter could have come about, as Hitler had forbidden highly placed party members, such as Himmler, from dueling.) Despite the false charges, <mask> remained loyal to the Nazi regime and maintained his firmly held belief Germany was faced with an international Jewish conspiracy that wanted to ruin the Reich. After the Kristallnacht pogrom of November 1938, <mask> wrote in a letter to a friend on 22 November, "Of course the battle with international Jewry has now officially begun, and as a natural consequence that will lead to war with England and the United States, the political bastions of the Jews".In another letter to his friend, Baroness Margot <mask>-Milchling, on 11 December 1938, <mask> wrote: <blockquote>"It is very strange that so many people should regard the future with growing apprehension, in spite of the Führer's indisputable successes in the past.... Soon after the War, I came to the conclusion that we have to be victorious in three battles, if Germany were again to be powerful:. (1) The battle against the working class. Hitler has won this;(2) Against the Catholic Church, perhaps better expressed as Ultramontanism and(3) Against the Jews.We are in the midst of these battles, and the one against the Jews is the most difficult. I hope everyone realizes the intricacies of this campaign".</blockquote>

<mask> told <mask> Hassell, when the latter tried to involve him in an anti-Nazi plot, that Hitler was Germany's

masks:
Fritsch
Fritsch
von Rundsted
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
von Schutzbar
Fritsch
Fritsch
Ulrich von


title: Werner von Fritsch

texts:
 destiny and nothing could be done to change that fact. World War II and death

Just before the outbreak of World War II, <mask> was recalled, and chose to personally inspect the front lines as the "Colonel-in-chief of the 12th Artillery Regiment" during the invasion of Poland, a very unusual activity for someone of his rank. On 22 September 1939, in Praga during the Siege of Warsaw, a Polish bullet hit the General (either a machine gun or a sharpshooter) and tore an artery in his leg.Lieutenant Rosenhagen, adjutant to <mask> and an eyewitness to his death, wrote in his original, official report:

"[...] In this moment the Herr Generaloberst received a gunshot in his left thigh, a bullet tore an artery. Immediately he fell down. Before I took off his braces, the Herr Generaloberst said: "please leave it", lost consciousness and died, with a foolish grin on his fading face. Only one minute passed between receiving gunshot and death." <mask> was the second German general to be killed in combat in World War II—the first being SS commander Wilhelm Fritz <mask>g on 10 September 1939 near Opoczno, Poland. As <mask> was the second general to be killed in action, the event was closely examined. The official verdict was that he deliberately sought death.However, according to Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel (Chief of German High Command) in his memoirs:  "The widespread rumour that <mask> was so embittered that he had deliberately sought death in action is quite false, according to what the officer who reported <mask>'s fatal injury to the Führer (in my presence) saw with his own eyes:  a stray bullet had struck the Colonel-General while he was conversing with his Staff Officers, and within only a few minutes he had bled to death." <mask> received a ceremonial state funeral four days later in Berlin. William Shirer covers the event in his diary entry dated 26 September 1939. "They buried General <mask> here this

masks:
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
von Roetti
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
von Fritsch


title: Werner von Fritsch

texts:
 morning. It rained, it was cold and dark – one of the dreariest days I can remember in Berlin. Hitler did not show up, nor Ribbentrop, nor Himmler, though they all returned to Berlin from the front this afternoon." Commemoration
Despite the controversy that had been associated with him, the "Freiherr von Fritsch Kaserne" (barracks) in Darmstadt was named after <mask> after his death.The facilities were combined with the adjoining Cambrai Kaserne when the United States Army occupied Darmstadt in 1945. The Cambrai-Fritsch Kaserne was returned to German control in 2008. References

Further reading
 Deutsch, Harold C. Hitler and his generals: the hidden crisis, January–June 1938 (1974), pp 78–215; the standard scholarly monograph on 1938 crisis  excerpt and text search
 Faber, David, Munich, 1938: Appeasement and World War II (2008) pp 46–75
 Barnett, Correlli, ed., Hitler's Generals Grove Weidenfeld, New York, NY, 1989. Read, Anthony, The Devil's Disciples: The Lives and Times of Hitler's Inner Circle Pimlico, London, 2003, 2004. William Shirer, Berlin Diary – page 179
 Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John, The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945'' Palgrave Macmillan, London, 1953, 1964, 2005. Secret German manual "D 81/3+ Besichtigungsbemerkungen 1937" from 7. November 1937 - Der Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres 4.Abt. Gen St d H - Frhr. v. <mask>,

External links

1880 births
1939 deaths
Military personnel from Düsseldorf
Commanders in chief
Deaths by firearm in Poland
Generals of Artillery (Reichswehr)
Barons of Germany
German military personnel of World War I
German military personnel killed in World War II
Protestants in the German Resistance
People from the Rhine Province
Burials at the Invalids' Cemetery
Generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
Colonel generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
Prussian Army personnel
German conspiracy theorists
Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi

masks: Fritsch Fritsch


title: Larry Eyler

texts:
<mask> (December 21, 1952 – March 6, 1994) was an American serial killer who is believed to have murdered a minimum of twenty-one teenage boys and young men in a series of killings committed between 1982 and 1984 in the Midwestern States. Convicted and sentenced to death by lethal injection for the 1984 kidnapping and murder of 16-year-old Daniel Bridges, <mask> later voluntarily confessed to the 1982 murder of 23-year-old Steven Agan, offering to also confess to his culpability in twenty further unsolved homicides if the state of Illinois would commute his sentence to one of life imprisonment without parole. <mask> died of AIDS-related complications in 1994 while incarcerated on death row. Shortly before his death, he confessed to the murders of twenty further young men and boys to his defense attorney Kathleen Zellner, although he denied being physically responsible for the actual murder of Daniel Bridges, which he insisted had been committed by an alleged accomplice in five of his homicides, Robert David Little. With her client's consent, Zellner posthumously released <mask>'s confession following the formal announcement of his death. <mask> was known as the "Interstate Killer" and the "Highway Killer" due to the fact many of his confirmed and alleged victims were discovered across several Midwestern States in locations close to or accessible via the Interstate Highway System. Early life
<mask> was born on December 21, 1952, in Crawfordsville, Indiana, the youngest of four children born to <mask> (September 19, 1924 – September 25, 1971) and Shirley Phyllis Kennedy (April 22, 1928 – June 8, 2016).His father was an alcoholic who is known to have physically and emotionally abused his wife and children. <mask>'s parents

masks:
Larry William Eyler
Eyler
Eyler
Eyler
Eyler
Eyler
George Howard Eyler
Eyler


title: Larry Eyler

texts: separated when he was two years old, and he and his sister were regularly placed in the care of babysitters, foster families, or simply left in the care of their two older siblings (the oldest of whom was just ten years old) as their mother struggled to both financially support and provide adequate care for four children as she worked two jobs as a waitress and in a factory on weekdays and occasionally in a bar at weekends. Nonetheless, when <mask> and his sister were in the care of foster families, their mother would frequently visit her two youngest children, and <mask> would claim these separations and reunions brought the family closer. <mask> attended St. Joseph School in Lebanon, Indiana. Although tall for his age and active in sporting activities, he was regularly targeted by bullies due to his being from a poor family and his parents' divorce, frequently leading to his sister, Theresa, confronting her brother's tormentors. <mask> was viewed by teachers as a quiet, yet likable pupil, with few friends. In 1957, <mask>'s mother remarried.This marriage lasted one year before the couple divorced. His mother married for a third time in 1960, although the couple divorced four years later. She married for the fourth time in 1972. <mask>'s father and his first two stepfathers drank heavily, and he and his siblings were subjected to frequent physical and emotional abuse, with one of his stepfathers frequently holding <mask>'s head beneath scalding water as a form of discipline. Due to his increasing stubbornness and erratic behavior, at the age of ten, <mask>'s mother placed him in a home for unruly boys. He found this experience emotionally devastating, and within weeks had tearfully persuaded his mother to allow him to return

masks: Eyler Eyler Eyler Eyler Eyler Eyler Eyler Eyler


title: Larry Eyler

texts:
 home, promising to improve his behavior. Shortly thereafter, <mask> underwent a psychological evaluation at a child guidance clinic.These psychological tests revealed <mask> to be of average intelligence, although suffering from severe insecurity and holding an extreme fear of separation and abandonment. Deducing these fears sourced from his home life, staff recommended <mask> be temporarily placed in a Catholic boys' home in Fort Wayne. <mask> remained at this residence for six months before he returned to the care of his mother. Adolescence and early adulthood
When he reached puberty, <mask> discovered he was homosexual. He was open about his sexuality only to his family, although he struggled with deep-seated feelings of self-hatred regarding his sexual orientation. Throughout high school, he occasionally dated girls, although none of these relationships became physical. Having been somewhat religious since childhood, <mask> did confide to some close acquaintances how he struggled to accept his sexuality.In part due to his lackadaisical attitude towards schooling, <mask> failed to graduate from high school, although he did later obtain a General Educational Development certificate. Shortly after leaving college, <mask> obtained employment as a private security guard in the Marion County General Hospital. He worked in this employment for six months before losing this position and finding alternate work within a shoe store. While in this employment, <mask> began familiarizing himself with Indianapolis's gay community, frequenting gay bars and frequently engaging in casual liaisons with men. Several of these individuals noted <mask> averted his eyes from his partner during intercourse while shouting profanities such as bitch

masks: Eyler Eyler Eyler Eyler Eyler Eyler Eyler Eyler Eyler Eyler


title: Larry Eyler

texts:
 and whore, leading many to believe <mask> was fantasizing his partner was female. Paraphilia
By the mid-1970s, <mask> was well known within the gay community of Indianapolis—particularly among those with a leather fetish. Several acquaintances within this community described <mask> as a good-looking, "laid-back guy" and avid bodybuilder who was close to his mother and sister, although others who had engaged in sexual activity with him described him as an individual with a sadistic streak and violent temper which would only surface within their sexual encounters, often involving <mask> extensively bludgeoning, then inflicting light knife wounds upon unwilling partners—particularly to their torsos.<mask> primarily worked as a house painter, and although never having served in the military, he was fond of wearing Marine Corps T-shirts. He resided in a condominium in Terre Haute with a 38-year-old library science professor named Robert David Little, whom he had first met in 1974 while studying at the Indiana State University. The relationship between the two men was a platonic one, with <mask> viewing Little as something of a father figure. The two regularly socialized within Indianapolis's gay community, although Little—a socially awkward, taciturn and unattractive individual—typically struggled to form friendships or obtain sexual partners during these excursions, resulting in <mask> frequently bringing young men to Little's home to engage in sex with the two. First attempted murder
On August 3, 1978, <mask> picked up a 19-year-old hitchhiker named Craig Long on 7th Street, Terre Haute. Shortly after Long entered the pickup truck, <mask> propositioned the youth, resulting in Long attempting to leave the vehicle. In response,

masks:
Eyler
Eyler
Eyler
Eyler
Eyler
Eyler
Eyler
Larry Eyler
Eyler


title: Larry Eyler

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 <mask> pressed a knife against the youth's chest as Long stated, "I don't have any money."<mask> then drove towards a rural field, stating: "It's not your money I want. I'm not after your money." <mask> then ordered Long to undress before he handcuffed the youth, bound his ankles, then ordered him to climb into the back of the pickup. When Long attempted to flee from the pickup as <mask> undressed, <mask> chased after him as Long shouted: "You queer!" In response, <mask> stabbed the youth once in the chest, penetrating his lung. Long slumped to the ground, feigning death. He later stumbled to a nearby house, where the occupants summoned paramedics.Shortly thereafter, <mask> drove to the house as Long received first aid and offered the handcuff key to a sheriff's deputy, claiming he had stabbed the young man accidentally. He was arrested and taken into custody. A search of his vehicle recovered a hunting knife, a metal-tipped whip, a butcher knife, a further set of handcuffs, tear gas, and a sword. <mask> was later charged with aggravated battery, to which he agreed to plead guilty. A judge set his bond at $10,000, and this sum was raised by friends. He was released on bail until August 23. On this date, <mask>'s lawyers offered Long a check from Robert Little for $2,500 in return for his agreeing not to press charges.Long accepted the offer, and <mask> changed his plea to not guilty. As such, he was acquitted on November 13, being fined $43 in court costs. Long-term relationship
In August 1981, <mask> formed a long-term relationship with a 20-year-old married man named John Dobrovolskis. Dobrovolskis lived with his wife, two children, and three foster children on North Greenview Avenue in Chicago, Illinois. His wife, Sally,

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 was tolerant of her husband's sexual orientation and of the fact her husband's lover often lodged with them on weekdays, paying a third of the rent. Both <mask> and Dobrovolskis held a penchant for sado-masochism, and their sexual activity frequently involved <mask> binding his partner to devices before proceeding to beat and lash him as he hurled curses at Dobrovolskis before the two engaged in penetrative sex. Although neither <mask> nor Dobrovolskis was inclined towards monogamy, the couple considered their relationship a permanent one.Nonetheless, <mask> constantly sought assurance he was the only man in his lover's life, and the two are known to have frequently argued over <mask>'s accusations of his lover's infidelity. These arguments would occasionally lead to Dobrovolskis striking <mask>, who never retaliated in these physical altercations. Occasionally, the couple's arguments were initiated by the perceptions and recriminations of Robert Little, who made no secret of his intense dislike of Dobrovolskis to <mask> and resented the fact he was in a long-term relationship. Although <mask> primarily, and intermittently, worked as a house painter in Illinois on weekdays, he also worked as a liquor store clerk in Greencastle, Indiana on Saturdays. As such, he regularly traveled between the two states, living rent free at Robert Little's Terre Haute residence at weekends. Murders
Between 1982 and 1984, <mask> is known to have committed a minimum of twenty-one murders and one attempted murder. All his murders involved the restraining of his victim, and several victims were subjected to varying degrees of sado-masochism before being stabbed and/or slashed to death, with the majority of the wounds being inflicted to the

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texts: victim's chest and abdomen.His victims were typically plied with alcohol and sedatives such as ethchlorvynol before their restraint and murder. Several victims were disemboweled after death, and <mask> is known to have dismembered the bodies of four of his victims. His victims were typically discarded in fields close to major Interstate highways with their trousers and underwear frequently discovered around their knees or ankles and their shirts and wallets missing from the crime scene. On October 12, 1982, <mask> lured a 21-year-old named Craig Townsend into his vehicle in Crown Point, Indiana. Although drugged, extensively beaten and later abandoned naked and comatose in a rural field (causing Townsend to also suffer from exposure), the young man survived this assault. Eleven days later, on October 23, <mask> abducted and murdered a 19-year-old named Steven Crockett. His body was discovered in a cornfield in Kankakee County approximately twelve hours after his murder.An autopsy revealed Crockett had been beaten, then stabbed to death, suffering thirty-two knife wounds, including four to his head. One week later, on October 30, a 26-year-old named Edgar Underkofler disappeared from Rantoul, Illinois. His body was not discovered until March 4, 1983, in a field close to Danville, Illinois. Sometime the following month, <mask> murdered a 25-year-old barman named John Johnson. His body was discovered one month later in Lowell, Indiana. On November 20, <mask> abducted a 19-year-old hitchhiker named William Lewis at a location close to Vincennes, Indiana. He was stabbed to death and buried in a field close to Rensselaer, Indiana.On December 19, a 23-year-old named Steven Agan was abducted in Terre Haute. His body was discovered in

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 woodland close to Indiana State Road 63 on December 28. An examination of the outbuilding of an abandoned farm close to where Agan's body had been discovered revealed traces of human flesh upon the walls in areas where plaster had been damaged, leading investigators to speculate Agan had been suspended against the walls of this property as his murderer had inflicted the injuries to his body. Noting the extensive mutilation upon Agan's abdomen, chest, and throat, the coroner who performed this autopsy, Dr. John Pless, referenced the "tremendous rage" Agan's killer had exhibited upon his victim in his autopsy report, adding a likelihood of there being more than one perpetrator in this murder. Immediately after concluding Agan's autopsy, Pless conducted the autopsy upon the body of a 21-year-old named John Roach, whose body had been found close to Interstate 70 in Putnam County that day. Pless noted striking similarities in the injuries inflicted upon Roach and Agan; again noting multiple stab wounds to the victim's abdomen, upper chest and throat, suggesting an overt rage exhibited by the perpetrator. On December 30, a 22-year-old Yale University graduate named David Block disappeared from the Illinois suburb of Highland Park, having told his family of his intentions to visit a friend in the nearby city of Highwood.His body was discovered by a farmer in a field south of Illinois Route 173 on May 7, 1984. 1983
On January 24, 1983, <mask> abducted and murdered a 16-year-old named Ervin Gibson in Lake County. His body was not discovered until April 15, discarded atop the body of a dog which had also been stabbed to death. Between March and April 1983, <mask> is believed to have killed a minimum of five further victims between the

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texts: ages of 17 and 29. On May 9, the body of 21-year-old Daniel Scott McNeive was discovered in a field close to Indiana State Road 39 in Hendricks County. The wounds inflicted to McNeive immediately linked his murder to other victims tentatively linked to the same perpetrator. He had suffered eleven knife wounds to his neck, five to his back, and eleven to his abdomen, with one wound causing sections of his small intestine to protrude through his abdomen.Furthermore, welt marks were discovered on McNeive's wrists and ankles, and his jeans had been pulled down to his ankles. As with other victims, McNeive's body bore no signs of his being subjected to a sexual assault. Nine days later, <mask> murdered a 25-year-old named Richard Bruce in Effingham, Illinois. His body was thrown from a bridge into a creek, and remained undiscovered until December 5. Many advocates within Indiana's gay community had speculated the sudden increase in the number of disappearances and murders of young males within Indiana and Illinois might be the work of a single perpetrator by early 1983. Although police had routinely raided gay bars and bookstores in addition to continually overtly filming patrons of these premises in their efforts to identify the movements of suspects, that month, a gay newspaper, The Works, in their own efforts to assist police, created an anonymous telephone hotline and published an article speculating as to both the identity and motive of the perpetrator, whom they speculated struggled to accept his sexuality. With assistance from members of the gay community and the family of one murder victim, the editors of this magazine offered a reward of $1,500 for any information obtained leading to the arrest and conviction of the


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texts: that his body had likely been transported to the site of his discovery. Days later, investigators in Chicago reported that the body of an 18-year-old African-American teenager named Jimmie Roberts had been found with thirty-five stab wounds to his body in Thorn Creek on May 9. Both victims were linked to the manhunt for the same perpetrator, whom this task force termed the Highway Murderer. On June 6, a former lover of <mask>'s named Thomas Henderson phoned the investigation team's confidential hotline to voice his suspicions <mask> may be the killer they were seeking; he explained that his former lover had been charged with "some sort of stabbing" of a young hitchhiker in 1978, possessed a violent temper, and had a penchant for bondage. Henderson added that <mask> worked in a liquor store in Greencastle on Saturdays and lived in Terre Haute with an older male at weekends. He also informed investigators that in May 1982, <mask> had drugged a 14-year-old boy, later abandoning the unconscious youth in woodland close to Greencastle. The boy had not been molested, and investigators theorized the reason <mask> had given the boy these pills was as a means to test the effectiveness of the sedative.Conducting a background check on <mask>, investigators discovered he had been arrested in 1978 for attempting to sexually assault a teenage hitchhiker whom he had stabbed and left for dead. The handcuffing of the youth's wrists and binding of his ankles matched the modus operandi of the Highway Murderer, whose victims had also been discovered with welt marks upon their wrists and ankles. Furthermore, <mask> was known to regularly travel between Indianapolis and Chicago. This information was considered sufficient to keep an informal track

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 of <mask>'s whereabouts but not to place him under full surveillance. FBI profile
At the request of the Central Indiana Multi-Agency Investigation Team, the FBI developed a psychological profile of the unknown killer, whom they predicted to be a white male in his late twenties or early thirties who worked in a menial profession and who presented a rough exterior in part due to his self-hatred regarding his sexual attraction to other males. The individual would project a macho image and seek the company and approval of other masculine males in order to feel a sense of belonging; as such, this individual would frequent "redneck bars" and be something of a night owl, yet live on the edge of homosexual panic; always fearful of being labeled by others as "queer". Because of this fear, this offender may express a hatred of homosexuals to mask his sexual attraction to those whom he sought the acceptance of.Furthermore, the FBI predicted that upon completion of a murder, the offender would symbolically erase the act by making a rudimentary effort to cover his victim with leaves or soil, and that this individual likely had a middle-aged, middle-class, and markedly more intelligent accomplice in several of his initial homicides. As many victims had been athletic and lithe in stature, this profile also predicted the offender to be a physically strong individual. The predictions within this profile regarding the offender's strength were supported by the presence of deep welt marks upon the wrists of many victims, suggesting they had struggled to resist being bound and handcuffed. Further murders
On July 2, the partially clad body of an unidentified Hispanic man was discovered in a field two miles from the city of Paxton in Ford County,


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 The body of a second, less decomposed victim was discovered beneath the remnants of a burned mobile home a few feet from where Wayne had been buried. This decedent was determined to be an African-American, approximately  in height, although his remains were never identified. First arrest
On September 30, <mask> was arrested in Lowell, Indiana for a routine traffic violation.He had been in the company of a young hitchhiker at the time of his apprehension and both men were arrested and detained for questioning at a Lowell state police post, with <mask> initially being detained upon charges of soliciting a young male for sexual purposes after a sergeant named William Cothran—without <mask>'s consent and before informing him he was under arrest—had searched his Ford F-Series pickup at the roadside and discovered two sections of nylon rope. His vehicle was impounded. Shortly after 1:30 p.m., two investigators from the Central Indiana Multi-Agency Investigation Team conducted a formal interview with <mask>, whom they informed had become a suspect in the series of murders due to an anonymous phone call received from a former acquaintance of his. Although willing to discuss any other aspect of his life and their suspicions of his having committed murder, <mask> refused to discuss his sexuality. Questioned about the murders of John Roach and Daniel McNeive, <mask> claimed to have read press coverage of both murders in the Indianapolis Star, but he denied ever having committed murder. He consented to the investigators' request to conduct a forensic examination of his vehicle and also agreed to allow investigators to take his mug shot, copies of his fingerprints, and to subject him to a polygraph test at a later date. Evidence

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 retrieval
A search of <mask>'s vehicle recovered a knife, two sections of nylon rope, handcuffs, a hammer, two baseball bats, a mallet, and surgical tape.An inspection of <mask>'s footwear and vehicle revealed the impressions of his boots to be a precise match to plaster casts taken of imprints discovered alongside the body of Ralph Calise. The pattern of his vehicle's tire tracks were also deemed similar. Moreover, blood was discovered beneath the handle of the knife found inside his vehicle, and he was known to have regularly commuted between three districts in Indiana and Illinois where several victims' bodies had been discovered: Greencastle, Terre Haute, and Chicago. In addition, <mask>'s lifestyle closely matched that predicted upon the psychological profile of the murderer earlier compiled by the FBI. Upon completion of the forensic examination of <mask>'s pickup, Indiana investigators informed <mask> he was free to leave custody and retain possession of his vehicle. Due to concerns regarding <mask>'s knowledge he was now a murder suspect may lead to his disposing of any potential evidence, in the early hours of October 1, investigators from the Central Indiana Multi-Agency Investigation Team obtained a search warrant authorizing their search of the Terre Haute home of Robert Little. This search was conducted at dawn on October 2 and revealed further circumstantial evidence, such as credit card receipts, indicating <mask>'s presence in jurisdictions within both Illinois and Indiana on dates identified victims linked to the Highway Murderer had been killed.An examination of phone bills retrieved from the property revealed <mask> had regularly placed collect calls to Little's home at antisocial hours shortly after


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texts: identified victims were believed to have been murdered. One of these calls to Little's home had been placed from a payphone near the Cook County Hospital on April 8—the murder date of victim Gustavo Herrera. Hospitalization records revealed <mask> had received treatment for a deep cut to his hand on this date, which he claimed had been caused in a fall from his truck in which he had landed upon a glass beer bottle; receipts recovered from the property revealed he had purchased handcuffs and a knife the following day. Furthermore, investigators discovered <mask> and Little had recently spent several weeks on vacation in New York City, returning to Indiana shortly before Calise's murder. These revelations led a member of the Indiana task force named Cathy Berner to remark to her colleagues that if <mask> were not the murderer they were seeking, he was following the actual killer on a daily basis. As the tire impressions obtained by Indiana authorities were not suitable for comparison with the impressions obtained at the site of Calise's murder, Illinois investigators received approval from a state attorney to seize possession of <mask>'s truck. The vehicle was impounded at the Lake County sheriff's headquarters on the evening of October 2, and <mask> accompanied investigators to Waukegan to submit to further questioning by an investigator named Dan Colin.On this occasion, he admitted to Colin his penchant for being the dominant partner in bondage sessions, that his relationship with Dobrovolskis had been something of a love-hate one, that he and Dobrovolskis had frequently argued, and that his lover had occasionally struck him. He denied the tire tracks and boot impressions recovered at the Calise murder scene belonged to him,


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 adding that he had never met the victim. Colin then stated to <mask>: "<mask>, we know something about you. You'd get into a fight with John and pick someone else and stab him because you think it's John." This accusation caused <mask> to visibly wince. Legal representation
Shortly after his release from custody on October 4, <mask> requested legal representation from a Chicago lawyer named Kenneth Ditkowsky. Having received confirmation from the Lake County Deputy Chief Investigator that police had insufficient evidence to formally charge his client with murder, Ditkowsky filed a civil suit against both the Lake County sheriff's police and the Indiana State Police on October 11, citing the harassment of his client and contending investigators in both states had violated the Fourteenth Amendment and <mask>'s civil rights by involving him in their collective investigation with insufficient evidence to formally charge him with murder.This suit sought $250,000 in damages against eleven named officers in both states. Evidentiary analysis
On October 6, the boot and tire imprints recovered at the murder scene of Ralph Calise were sent to the headquarters of the FBI in Washington, D.C., for further analysis and comparison with all physical evidence recovered by Indiana investigators in the task force's efforts to forensically link <mask> to this particular murder. Several days later, the FBI reported to investigators the boot impressions were a precise match, including four distinctive areas of wearing and damage upon the soles. Extensive bloodstains—determined to be type A-positive—were also discovered inside this footwear. Furthermore, the tires on <mask>'s vehicle were from two separate manufacturers, and the physical impressions

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 recovered at the murder scene were determined to be from these two separate manufacturers. The tire impressions themselves were a perfect match in terms of grip depth. On October 27, investigators from the Central Indiana Multi-Agency Investigation Team and Lake County held a meeting to determine whether sufficient evidence existed to charge <mask> with murder.The outcome of this meeting convinced officers from the two jurisdictions that sufficient evidence existed to charge <mask> with the murder of Ralph Calise. The following day, investigators obtained a warrant permitting their retrieval of <mask>'s hair and blood samples for further comparison with evidence earlier retrieved from <mask>'s vehicle, to be served the following day—the date of Ditkowsky's civil suit. Ditkowsky's civil suit was heard at the Dirksen Federal Building on October 29, with Ditkowsky requesting permission to access the affidavit investigators had used to request a search warrant for <mask>'s vehicle. Although Ditkowsky argued before Judge Paul Plunkett that "not a scintilla of evidence" existed against his client, Judge Plunkett—having reviewed the investigators' collective affidavit—ruled Ditkowsky could not obtain access to the documents at the present date. As <mask> walked from this hearing, two Lake County investigators presented Ditkowsky with warrants authorizing their retrieval of <mask>'s blood and hair samples. A sample of <mask>'s blood revealed his blood type to be O-positive. Formal murder charge
<mask> was formally charged with Calise's murder on October 29, with his bond being set at $1 million, and an initial trial date set for December 19.He protested his innocence, adding in anonymous media interviews that the accusation had


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 denigrated his reputation among his family and friends, and proclaiming that had he murdered any individual, real evidence would have existed. On November 1, Lake County investigators obtained a search warrant to conduct a second search of Robert Little's home. The primary purpose of this search warrant was to determine whether the victims' missing T-shirts and wallets had been retained as keepsakes. Although investigators retrieved 221 items of clothing, jewelry, pharmaceuticals, and Polaroid photographs, none of the items recovered depicted or belonged to any of the murder victims; however, a key recovered in this search was a precise match to a key found beneath the body of Steven Agan. This key was later determined to fit the door of an office where <mask> had worked in 1982. With the approval of his mother, as well as Little and Dobrovolskis, a criminal defense attorney named David Schippers was appointed to replace Kenneth Ditkowsky as <mask>'s legal representative on November 12. Schippers opted to reverse the defense strategy adopted by his predecessor, also forbidding his client to grant any further interviews to the media.Legality issues
Following a lengthy evidentiary hearing in December 1983, Lake County Circuit Judge William Block ruled that although <mask>'s initial arrest for the traffic violation had been legally valid, his subsequent detainment during which the evidence recovered by Indiana police and now presented before him had been obtained without probable cause, and that <mask>'s detention had been illegal. A further hearing to determine whether defense motions to suppress the physical and circumstantial evidence retrieved by investigators between September 30 and November 22 and to quash and nullify

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 various warrants authorizing these searches and the seizure of property was scheduled for January 23, 1984. Release from custody
At the subsequent January 1984 hearing to determine whether the physical evidence recovered following <mask>'s arrest should be suppressed, a police sergeant named John Pavlakovic conceded the primary reason Lowell police had prolonged <mask>'s detainment on September 30 was to await the arrival in Lowell of members of the task force assembled to investigate the series of murders, and that <mask> had never formally been under arrest in relation to any offense other than soliciting a male for sexual purposes. Further testimony pertaining to the Lake County and Chicago officers' search of the Dobrovolski residence on October 3 revealed this search had been conducted without a search warrant. Following four days of testimony, Judge Block adjourned the hearing until January 27 to consider his ruling, informing the Assistant State's Attorney and David Schippers that sufficient precedents existed for both admitting and suppressing the evidence. On February 1, Judge Block ruled that although <mask> had signed a Miranda waiver upon being detained, he had been taken into custody for interrogation upon charges unrelated to the crime of murder and was only later detained on charges of soliciting. Citing the exclusionary rule as the basis for his decision, Judge Block ruled the physical evidence recovered by Illinois investigators in their comparison of his boot prints and tire tracks to the plaster casts recovered at the Calise crime scene had been tainted as the search had been prompted by <mask>'s initial illegal detainment by Indiana investigators, in violation of his constitutional rights.Furthermore,


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 although Illinois investigators had obtained possession of <mask>'s boots from their Indiana counterparts through a subpoena, the boots had never been formally seized by Indiana authorities. Block further ruled the facts detailed in the police affidavit to search Robert Little's home were insufficient to obtain a search warrant. With the exception of the tire impressions and hair and blood samples obtained from <mask>, Block ordered all evidence obtained to be suppressed. Block also reduced <mask>'s bond sum to $10,000 on this date. As a result of this ruling, <mask> was freed from custody on February 6, 1984, his family and Robert Little having paid the reduced bond fee. Terms imposed upon <mask>'s bond stipulated he was unable to leave Illinois. In attempts to appeal this ruling, prosecutors submitted several legal challenges, including an appeal against the suppression of this evidence to the Supreme Court of the United States.These appeals were unsuccessful. Four weeks after his release from custody, <mask> permanently relocated to Chicago. He resided in an apartment complex in Rogers Park, with Robert Little purchasing the furniture within the property, paying the weekly rent, and purchasing a new set of tires for his pickup. At his lawyers' request, <mask> refused to provide John Dobrovolskis with his new address, although his lover soon discovered where <mask> lived. Murder of Daniel Bridges
At approximately 10:30 p.m. on August 19, 1984, <mask> lured a 16-year-old Uptown youth named Daniel Bridges to his apartment. The youngest of thirteen children, Bridges was a neglected child and habitual runaway who, although heterosexual, had been a male prostitute since the age of twelve. Bridges had been a close acquaintance of


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 victim Ervin Gibson, and is known to have been wary of <mask>, whom he had described to an NBC reporter (commissioned to film a documentary focusing on child exploitation in America two months before his murder) as a "real freak" who was well known to the male prostitutes of Uptown.Inside <mask>'s apartment, the youth was bound to a chair with clothesline before he was beaten, tortured, then stabbed to death. <mask> then dismembered Bridges' body in his bathroom. His body was cut into eight pieces; each of which was completely drained of blood before being placed inside six separate plastic bags. The dismembered body of Daniel Bridges was discovered by a janitor named Joseph Balla on the morning of August 21, 1984. His remains had been placed inside a garbage dumpster close to <mask>'s apartment and within a unit not intended for usage by tenants within <mask>'s apartment complex. Believing the bags to have been illegally dumped, Balla chose to remove the bags from the garbage receptacle to inspect the contents. Removing the first bag from the disposal unit caused the bag to split open and reveal the contents to be a severed human leg.Second arrest
Reporting his discovery to police, Balla stated that other janitors had observed a tenant named <mask> placing the bags in the dumpster the previous afternoon. Recognizing <mask>'s name, a police captain named Francis Nolan informed the four other officers present: "Detain anyone occupying [apartment] 106. I don't care who it is." Within minutes, <mask> was arrested within his apartment. Dobrovolskis was also taken into custody, although he was soon released without charge. A forensic examination of <mask>'s apartment conducted on August 21 and 22 revealed copious quantities of

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 blood had recently been cleaned from his bedroom, which had recently been repainted, although extensive traces of blood spattering were located across the floor, walls, and ceiling. Numerous traces of blood later determined to belong to Daniel Bridges were also discovered upon a mattress, the seat of a chair, a leather belt, a sofa within this room, and beneath the floorboards of the doorway to the bathroom.Inside <mask>'s closet, investigators discovered the decedent's jeans, saturated with rivulets of bloodstains. Bridges' distinctive Duke University T-shirt—also extensively bloodstained—was discovered in a hamper, along with a leather vest belonging to <mask> that had recently been washed. Moreover, investigators discovered a hacksaw on the property. Blades for this tool, plus an awl, were also recovered from a drawer within the utility room. Receipts recovered from the property revealed <mask> had recently purchased several hacksaw blades. The forensic examination of the bags used to conceal Bridges' remains revealed several fingerprints determined to belong to <mask>. These fingerprints were discovered on both the internal and external surfaces of the bags.On August 24, investigators conducted a luminol test inside <mask>'s now empty apartment. This test revealed extensive traces of blood in the bedroom. Further markings across the floors indicated Bridges' body had been dragged from the bedroom into the bathtub, where the teenager's body had evidently been dismembered. Second murder charge
On August 22, <mask> was formally charged with Bridges' murder. He denied any knowledge of the crime, insisting his fingerprints must have been inadvertently placed upon the bags containing Bridges' body as he had moved them aside as


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 he had placed other garbage bags within the dumpster. The same day, Cook County medical examiner Dr. Robert Stein conducted the autopsy upon Bridges' body. This autopsy determined death had been caused due to multiple wounds inflicted via a knife and an awl-like instrument.No facial fractures were evident, although the teenager had evidently been beaten around the right eye, also suffering numerous shallow cuts to his face before his death. Fourteen wounds likely inflicted with an ice pick or an awl were also evident upon and around Bridges' sternum; these wounds had also been inflicted prior to death. Moreover, five knife wounds to the abdomen were markedly deep and had caused sections of Bridges' intestine to protrude through the wounds. Three additional knife wounds to the teenager's back had been inflicted with such force the heart and left lung had been perforated. In order to legally seek the death penalty, the prosecutors at <mask>'s upcoming trial, Mark Rakoczy and Rick Stock, opted to charge <mask> with the felonies of aggravated kidnapping, unlawful restraint, and concealment of Bridges' body, in addition to the charge of murder. Trial
<mask> was brought to trial for the aggravated kidnapping, unlawful restraint, murder, and concealment of the body of Daniel Bridges on July 1, 1986. He was tried in Cook County, Illinois, before Judge Joseph Urso, and chose to enter a formal plea of not guilty to the charges against him.As <mask> was financially insolvent, he was defended by two public defenders named Claire Hilliard and Tom Allen, with David Schippers also informing Judge Urso of his intention to offer his legal services pro bono. <mask>'s attorneys instructed their client not to testify on his own behalf. In his


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 opening statement to the jury on this date, Rakoczy outlined the physical and circumstantial evidence to be presented against the defendant, stating how close <mask> had been to eluding justice in this murder; had janitor Balla not suspected <mask> of simply illegally dumping trash, Bridges' body "would be buried in some landfill". Rakoczy also referenced a remark <mask> had made to a janitor who had asked him what he was disposing into the garbage receptacle as he had placed the bags into the disposal unit: "Just getting rid of some shit from my apartment." David Schippers delivered the opening statement on behalf of the defense, arguing the sole evidence proving <mask>'s involvement in the murder was that he had handled the bags containing Bridges' body, with eyewitnesses also having observed him disposing of the bags in the garbage receptacle, but that no witnesses could prove he had actually murdered the victim. Schippers asserted that two other men had alternately been within <mask>'s apartment between August 19 and 21, one of whom had spent a great deal of time there. Furthermore, in relation to the charge of aggravated kidnapping, Schippers stated no evidence existed attesting to Bridges having entered <mask>'s apartment involuntarily, adding that there was no evidence he had even been inside <mask>'s pickup truck, as a detailed forensic examination of the vehicle had yielded no fibers or fingerprints of the decedent.Witness testimony
The first prosecution witness to testify against <mask> was Robert Little, who testified to having been in <mask>'s company between 17 and 19 August, although he claimed to have returned to Terre Haute at approximately 10:15 p.m. on the evening of Bridges' murder. Dr. Robert Stein