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 could not sit in their own pews. Much of the public curiosity about the marriage was based on an interest in the sexual mechanics of Thumb and Lavinia.Barnum did not encourage or discourage this interest. The wedding reception was held in the Metropolitan Hotel on Broadway at 3 pm. The four little members of the wedding party stood on top of a grand piano so they could be seen by everyone. <mask> gave Lavinia a diamond ring as a wedding present. Americans loved the wedding. It was welcome relief from the horrors and sorrows of the war. World tour and aftermath

People around the world took great interest in the wedding.Barnum thought this was a chance to make a lot of money. He sent the members of the wedding party on long, successful tours of America and Europe. The four dwarfs were sent off againthis time on a grand tour of the world as The Tom Thumb Company. The four little people left the United States on 21 June 1869. They travelled  around the world, visited 587 cities and towns, and gave 1,471 performances of songs, speeches, and military drills. They returned to America in 1872. <mask> and Barnum argued after the tour.<mask> quit. He joined Harry Deakin's Lilliputian Comic Opera Company. This company toured America in an operetta called Jack, the Giant Killer. <mask> and his brother Rodnia put together a variety show. It played in Portland, Oregon. It was not a success. <mask> went to San Francisco, California, and put together another show.He tired of the life within a year and quit. Another show he put together about this time was not successful either. <mask> ran a couple of saloons in Oregon and San Francisco, but these were not successes. Last years

Newspapers reported at least four times that <mask> and Minnie were married. They were close friends, but never husband and wife. Minnie married a song and dance man who performed on roller skates named Edmund Newell. She died while

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 having their baby in 1878.One day long after the wedding of the Thumbs, Barnum asked <mask> why he had not married. "Sir, my fruit is plucked", he said, "I have concluded not to marry until I'm thirty." His bride's height was of no concern, he said, but he did "prefer marrying a good, green country girl to anyone else." In 1879, <mask> married Miss Lilian Elston of Redwood City, California. He had met her while he was touring the American West. She was a bit shorter than most women, but not a dwarf. After his failures on the West Coast, <mask> went back to New York City.He bought a saloon. One day, he was caught selling liquor without a license. The New York City courts closed his saloon. <mask> was in charge of an amusement area called Rockaway Pier for a time. He returned to performing with an act called "Tally-Ho". Death
Early in 1881, <mask> had an attack of Bright's disease (nephritis). He was sick for more than two months.He died on 25 May 1881 at the Anthony House in New York City. <mask>'s wife cried over his coffin at the funeral. She called him her "dear little boy", and said that he was "so good". <mask> was buried in Merrill Cemetery at Manchester, New Hampshire. His grave is unmarked. It is thought that he was buried in a spot either next to or possibly between his parents, or between the siblings that were also interred in the family plot. <mask> had grown from his original  to , and weighed a little less than  at his death.In 1891, the editors of Appleton's Cyclopedia wrote, "<mask> was distinguished for large-hearted virtues that are often lacking in bigger men; his genial temper was allied to constancy and generosity that entitle his memory to the highest respect." The editors noted that <mask> was "for many years faithful to an early love." Notes

References

External links

 The Lost Museum

Entertainers with dwarfism
1848 births
1881 deaths
People from Manchester, New

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texts: <mask> (July 23, 1967 – February 2, 2014) was an American actor, director, and producer. Best known for his distinctive supporting and character roles—typically lowlifes, eccentrics, bullies, and misfits—he acted in many films, including leading roles, from the early 1990s until his death in 2014. Born and raised in Fairport, New York, <mask> was drawn to theater in his youth after attending a stage production of Arthur Miller's All My Sons at age 12. <mask> studied acting at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts and began his screen career in a 1991 episode of Law & Order, starting to appear in films in 1992. He gained recognition for his supporting work, notably in Scent of a Woman (1992), Twister (1996), Boogie Nights (1997), Happiness (1998), Patch Adams (1998), The Big Lebowski (1998), Magnolia (1999), The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999), Almost Famous (2000), Punch-Drunk Love (2002), and Along Came Polly (2004). He began to occasionally play leading roles, and for his portrayal of the author Truman Capote in Capote (2005), he won multiple accolades, including the Academy Award for Best Actor. <mask>'s profile continued to grow and he received three nominations for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performances as a brutally frank CIA officer in Charlie Wilson's War (2007), a Catholic priest accused of pedophilia in Doubt (2008), and the charismatic leader of a Scientology-type movement in The Master (2012).While he mainly worked in independent films, including The Savages (2007) and Synecdoche, New York (2008), <mask> also appeared in Flawless (1999), and Hollywood blockbusters such as Twister (1996), Mission: Impossible III (2006),

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 and in one of his final roles, as Plutarch Heavensbee in the Hunger Games series (2013–15). The feature Jack Goes Boating (2010) marked his debut as a filmmaker. <mask> was also an accomplished theater actor and director. He joined the off-Broadway LAByrinth Theater Company in 1995, where he directed, produced, and appeared in numerous stage productions. His performances in three Broadway plays—True West in 2000, Long Day's Journey into Night in 2003, and Death of a Salesman in 2012—all led to Tony Award nominations. <mask> struggled with drug addiction as a young adult and relapsed in 2012 after many years of abstinence. In February 2014, he died of combined drug intoxication.Remembered for his fearlessness in playing reprehensible characters, and for bringing depth and humanity to such roles, <mask> was described in his New York Times obituary as "perhaps the most ambitious and widely admired American actor of his generation". Early life
<mask> was born on July 23, 1967, in the Rochester suburb of Fairport, New York. His mother, Marilyn O'Connor (née Loucks), came from nearby Waterloo and worked as an elementary school teacher before becoming a lawyer and eventually a family court judge. His father, Gordon Stowell <mask>, was a native of Geneva, New York, and worked for the Xerox Corporation. Along with one brother, Gordy, <mask> had two sisters, Jill and Emily. His ancestry included German and Irish. <mask> was baptized a Catholic and attended Mass as a child, but did not have a heavily religious upbringing.His parents divorced when he was nine, and the children were raised primarily by their mother. <mask>'s childhood passion was sports, particularly

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texts: wrestling and baseball, but at age 12, he saw a stage production of Arthur Miller's All My Sons and was transfixed. He recalled in 2008, "I was changed – permanently changed – by that experience. It was like a miracle to me". <mask> developed a love for the theater, and proceeded to attend regularly with his mother, who was a lifelong enthusiast. He remembered that productions of Quilters and Alms for the Middle Class, the latter starring a teenaged Robert Downey, Jr., were also particularly inspirational. At the age of 14, <mask> suffered a neck injury that ended his sporting activity, and he began to consider acting.Encouraged by his mother, he joined a drama club, and initially committed to it because he was attracted to a female member. Acting gradually became a passion for <mask>: "I loved the camaraderie of it, the people, and that's when I decided it was what I wanted to do." At the age of 17, he was selected to attend the 1984 New York State Summer School of the Arts in Saratoga Springs, where he met his future collaborators Bennett Miller and Dan Futterman. Miller later commented on <mask>'s popularity at the time: "We were attracted to the fact that he was genuinely serious about what he was doing. Even then, he was passionate." <mask> applied for several drama degree programs and was accepted to New York University's (NYU) Tisch School of the Arts. Between graduating from Fairport High School and beginning the program, he continued his training at the Circle in the Square Theatre's summer program.<mask> had positive memories of his time at NYU, where he supported himself by working as an usher. With friends, he co-founded the Bullstoi Ensemble

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 acting troupe. He received a drama degree in 1989. Career

1991-1995: Early career
After graduating, <mask> worked in off-Broadway theater and made additional money with customer service jobs. He made his screen debut in 1991, in a Law & Order episode called "The Violence of Summer", playing a man accused of rape. His first cinema role came the following year, when he was credited as "<mask>" in the independent film Triple Bogey on a Par Five Hole. After this, he adopted his grandfather's name, <mask>, to avoid confusion with another actor.More film roles promptly followed, with appearances in the studio production My New Gun, and a small role in the comedy Leap of Faith, starring Steve Martin. Following these roles, he gained attention playing a spoiled student in the Oscar-winning Al Pacino film Scent of a Woman (1992). <mask> auditioned five times for his role, which The Guardian journalist Ryan Gilbey says gave him an early opportunity "to indulge his skill for making unctuousness compelling". The film earned US$134 million worldwide and was the first to get <mask> noticed. Reflecting on Scent of a Woman, <mask> later said, "If I hadn't gotten into that film, I wouldn't be where I am today." At this time, he abandoned his job in a delicatessen to become a professional actor. <mask> continued playing small roles throughout the early 1990s.After appearing in Joey Breaker and the critically panned teen zombie picture My Boyfriend's Back, he had a more notable role playing John Cusack's wealthy friend in the crime comedy Money for Nothing. In 1994, he portrayed an inexperienced mobster in the crime thriller The Getaway, starring Alec Baldwin and Kim Basinger,

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 and he subsequently appeared with Andy García and Meg Ryan in the romantic drama When a Man Loves a Woman. He then played an uptight police deputy who gets punched by Paul Newman – one of <mask>'s acting idols – in the drama Nobody's Fool. Still considering stage work to be fundamental to his career, <mask> joined the LAByrinth Theater Company of New York City in 1995. This association lasted the remainder of his life; along with appearing in multiple productions, he later became co-artistic director of the theater company with John Ortiz, and directed various plays over the years. <mask>'s only film appearance of 1995 was in the 22-minute short comedy The Fifteen Minute Hamlet, which satirized the film industry in an Elizabethan setting. He played the characters of Bernardo, Horatio, and Laertes alongside Austin Pendleton's Hamlet.1996-1999: Rising star
Between April and May 1996, <mask> appeared at the Joseph Papp Public Theater in a Mark Wing-Davey production of Caryl Churchill's The Skriker. Following this, based on his work in Scent of a Woman, he was cast by writer–director Paul Thomas Anderson to appear in his debut feature Hard Eight (1996). <mask> had only a brief role in the crime thriller, playing a cocksure young craps player, but it began the most important collaboration of his career. Before cementing his creative partnership with Anderson, <mask> appeared in one of the year's biggest blockbusters, Twister, playing a grubby, hyperactive storm chaser alongside Helen Hunt and Bill Paxton. According to a People survey of Twitter and Facebook users, Twister is the film with which <mask> is most popularly associated. He then reunited with Anderson

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texts: for the director's second feature, Boogie Nights, about the Golden Age of Pornography. The ensemble piece starred Mark Wahlberg, Julianne Moore, and Burt Reynolds; <mask> played a boom operator, described by David Fear of Rolling Stone as a "complete, unabashed loser", who attempts to seduce Wahlberg's character.Warmly received by critics, the film grew into a cult classic, and has been cited as the role in which <mask> first showed his full ability. Fear commended the "naked emotional neediness" of the performance, adding that it made for compulsive viewing. <mask> later expressed his appreciation for Anderson when he called the director "incomparable". Continuing with this momentum, <mask> appeared in five films in 1998. He had supporting roles in the crime thriller Montana and the romantic comedy Next Stop Wonderland, both of which were commercial failures, before working with the Coen brothers in their dark comedy The Big Lebowski. <mask> had long been a fan of the directors, and relished the experience of working with them. Appearing alongside Jeff Bridges and John Goodman, <mask> played Brandt, the smug personal assistant of the titular character.Although it was only a small role, he claimed it was one for which he was most recognized, in a film that has achieved cult status and a large fan base. Between March and April 1998, <mask> made 30 appearances on stage at the New York Theatre Workshop in a production of Mark Ravenhill's Shopping and Fucking, portraying an ex-heroin addict. <mask> took an unflattering role in Todd Solondz's Happiness (1998), a misanthropic black comedy about the lives of three sisters and those around them. He played Allen, a


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texts: strange loner who makes crude phone calls to women; the character furiously masturbates during one conversation, producing what film scholar Jerry Mosher calls an "embarrassingly raw performance". Jake Coyle of the Associated Press rated Allen as one of the creepiest characters in American cinema, but critic Xan Brooks highlighted the pathos that <mask> brought to the role. Happiness was controversial but widely praised, and <mask>'s role has been cited by critics as one of his best. His final 1998 release was more mainstream, as he appeared as a medical graduate in the Robin Williams comedy Patch Adams.The film was critically panned, but one of the highest-grossing of <mask>'s career. In 1999, <mask> starred opposite Robert De Niro as drag queen Rusty Zimmerman in Joel Schumacher's drama Flawless. <mask> considered De Niro the most imposing actor with whom he had appeared, and he felt that working with the veteran performer profoundly improved his own acting. <mask>'s ability to avoid clichés in playing such a delicate role was noted by critics, and Roger Ebert said it confirmed him as "one of the best new character actors". He was rewarded with his first Screen Actors Guild Award nomination. <mask> then reunited with Paul Thomas Anderson, where he was given an atypically virtuous role in the ensemble drama Magnolia. The film, set over one day in Los Angeles, features <mask> as a nurse who cares for Jason Robards' character.The performance was approved of by the medical industry, and Jessica Winter of the Village Voice considered it <mask>'s most indelible work, likening him to a guardian angel in his caring for the dying father. Magnolia has been included in

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 lists of the greatest films of all time, and it was a personal favorite of <mask>'s. One of the most critically and commercially successful films of <mask>'s career was The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999), which he considered "as edgy as you can get for a Hollywood movie". He played a "preppy bully" who taunts Matt Damon's Ripley in the thriller, a character which Jeff Simon of The Buffalo News called "the truest upper class twit in all of American movies". <mask>'s performance caught the attention of Meryl Streep, another of his cinematic idols: "I sat up straight in my seat and said, 'Who is that?' I thought to myself: My God, this actor is fearless. He's done what we all strive for – he's given this awful character the respect he deserves, and he's made him fascinating."In recognition of his work in Magnolia and The Talented Mr. Ripley, <mask> was named the year's Best Supporting Actor by the National Board of Review. 2000-2004: Established star

Following a string of roles in successful films in the late 1990s, <mask> had established a reputation as a top supporting player who could be relied on to make an impression with each performance. His film appearances were likened by David Kamp of GQ to "discovering a prize in a box of cereal, receiving a bonus, or bumping unexpectedly into an old friend". According to Jerry Mosher, as the year 2000 began, "it seemed <mask> was everywhere, poised on the cusp of stardom". <mask> had begun to be recognized as a theater actor in 1999, when he received a Drama Desk Award nomination for Outstanding Featured Actor for the off-Broadway play The Author's Voice. This success continued with the 2000 Broadway revival of Sam


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texts: Shepard's True West, where <mask> alternated roles nightly with co-star John C. Reilly, making 154 appearances between March and July 2000. Ben Brantley of The New York Times felt that it was the best stage performance of <mask>'s career, calling him "brilliant", and the actor earned a Tony Award nomination for Best Actor in a Play.The following year, <mask> appeared with Meryl Streep, Natalie Portman, and John Goodman in a Delacorte Theater production of Chekhov's The Seagull – although Brantley felt that this performance was less fully realized. As a stage director, <mask> received two Drama Desk Award nominations for Outstanding Director of a Play: one for Jesus Hopped the 'A' Train in 2001, and another for Our Lady of 121st Street in 2003. In a 2008 interview, <mask> opined that "switching hats" between acting and directing helped him improve in both roles. David Mamet's comedy State and Main, about the difficulties of shooting a film in rural New England, was <mask>'s first film role of 2000 and had a limited release. He had a more prominent supporting role that year in Almost Famous, Cameron Crowe's popular coming-of-age film set in the 1970s music industry. <mask> portrayed the enthusiastic rock critic Lester Bangs, a task by which he felt burdened, but he managed to convey the real figure's mannerisms and sharp wit after watching him in a BBC interview. The following year, <mask> featured as the narrator and interviewer in The Party's Over, a documentary about the 2000 U.S. elections.He assumed the position of a "politically informed and alienated Generation-Xer" who seeks to be educated in U.S. politics, but ultimately reveals the extent of public


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texts: dissatisfaction in this area. In 2002, <mask> was given his first leading role (despite joking at the time "Even if I was hired into a leading-man part, I'd probably turn it into the non-leading-man part") in Todd Louiso's tragicomedy Love Liza (2002). His brother Gordy wrote the script, which <mask> had seen at their mother's house five years earlier, about a widower who starts sniffing gasoline to cope with his wife's suicide. He considered it the finest piece of writing he had ever read, "incredibly humble in its exploration of grief", but critics were less enthusiastic about the production. A review for the BBC wrote that <mask> had finally been given a part that showed "what he's truly capable of", but few witnessed this as the film had a limited release and earned only US$210,000. Later in 2002, <mask> starred opposite Adam Sandler and Emily Watson in Anderson's critically acclaimed fourth picture, the surrealist romantic comedy-drama Punch-Drunk Love (2002), where he played an illegal phone-sex "supervisor". Drew Hunt of the Chicago Reader saw the performance as a fine example of <mask>'s "knack for turning small roles into seminal performances" and praised the actor's comedic ability.In a very different film, <mask> was next seen with Anthony Hopkins in the high-budget thriller Red Dragon, a prequel to The Silence of the Lambs, portraying the meddlesome tabloid journalist Freddy Lounds. His fourth appearance of 2002 came in Spike Lee's drama 25th Hour, playing an English teacher who makes a devastating drunken mistake. Both Lee and the film's lead Edward Norton were thrilled to work with <mask>, and Lee confessed that he had long wanted to do a picture


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texts: with the actor, but had waited until he found the right role. <mask> considered his character, Jakob, to be one of the most reticent characters he had ever played, a straight-laced "corduroy-pants-wearing kind of guy." Roger Ebert promoted 25th Hour to one of his "Great Movies" in 2009, and along with A. O. Scott, considered it to be one of the best films of the 2000s. The drama Owning Mahowny (2003) gave <mask> his second lead role, starring opposite Minnie Driver as a bank employee who embezzles money to feed his gambling addiction. Based on the true story of Toronto banker Brian Molony, who committed the largest fraud in Canadian history, <mask> met with Molony to prepare for the role and help him play the character as accurately as possible.He was determined not to conform to "movie character" stereotypes, and his portrayal of addiction won approval from the Royal College of Psychiatrists. Roger Ebert assessed <mask>'s performance as "a masterpiece of discipline and precision," but the film earned little at the box office. <mask>'s second 2003 appearance was a small role in Anthony Minghella's successful Civil War epic Cold Mountain. He played an immoral preacher, a complex character that <mask> described as a "mass of contradictions". The same year, from April to August, he appeared with Vanessa Redgrave, Brian Dennehy and Robert Sean Leonard in a Broadway revival of Eugene O'Neill's Long Day's Journey into Night. Director Robert Falls later commented on the dedication and experience that <mask> brought to his role of alcoholic Jamie Tyrone: "Every night he ripped it up to an extent that he couldn't leave [the role]. Phil carried it with him."<mask>


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 received his second Tony Award nomination, this time for Best Featured Actor in a Play. In 2004, he appeared as the crude, has-been actor friend of Ben Stiller's character in the box-office hit Along Came Polly. Reflecting on the role, People said it proved that "<mask> could deliver comedic performances with the best of them". 2005-2009: Critical acclaim

A turning point in <mask>'s career came with the biographical film Capote (2005), which dramatized Truman Capote's experience of writing his true crime novel In Cold Blood (1966). <mask> took the title role for a project that he co-produced and helped come to fruition. Portraying the idiosyncratic writer proved highly demanding, requiring significant weight loss and four months of research – such as watching video clips of Capote to help him affect the author's effeminate voice and mannerisms. <mask> stated that he was not concerned with perfectly imitating Capote's speech, but he did feel a great duty to "express the vitality and the nuances" of the writer.During filming, he stayed in character constantly so as not to lose the voice and posture: "Otherwise," he explained, "I would give my body a chance to bail on me." Capote was released to great acclaim, particularly regarding <mask>'s performance. Many critics commented that the role was designed to win awards, and indeed <mask> received an Oscar, Golden Globe, Screen Actors Guild Award, BAFTA, and various other critics' awards. In 2006, Premiere listed his role in Capote as the 35th-greatest movie performance of all time. After the film, several commentators began to describe <mask> as one of the finest, most ambitious actors of his generation. <mask>


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texts: received his only Primetime Emmy Award nomination for his supporting role in the HBO miniseries Empire Falls (2005), about life in a New England town. He ultimately lost to castmate Paul Newman.In 2006, he appeared in the summer blockbuster Mission: Impossible III, playing the villainous arms dealer Owen Davian opposite Tom Cruise. A journalist for Vanity Fair stated that <mask>'s "black-hat performance was one of the most delicious in a Hollywood film since Alan Rickman's in Die Hard ", and he was generally approved of for bringing gravitas to the action film. With a gross of nearly US$400 million, it exposed <mask> to a mainstream audience. Returning to independent films in 2007, <mask> began with a starring role in Tamara Jenkins's The Savages, where Laura Linney and he played siblings responsible for putting their dementia-ridden father (<mask>) in a care home. Jake Coyle of the Associated Press stated that it was "the epitome of a <mask> film: a mix of comedy and tragedy told with subtlety, bone-dry humor, and flashes of grace". <mask> received a Golden Globe nomination for his performance in The Savages. He next appeared in Before the Devil Knows You're Dead, the final film by veteran director Sidney Lumet, where he played a realtor who embezzles funds from his employer to support his drug habit.Mosher comments that the character was one of the most unpleasant of <mask>'s career, but that his "fearlessness again revealed the humanity within a deeply flawed character" as he appeared naked in the opening sex scene. The film was received positively by critics as a powerful and affecting thriller. Mike Nichols's political film Charlie Wilson's War (2007)

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texts: gave <mask> his second Academy Award nomination, again for playing a real individual – Gust Avrakotos, the CIA agent who conspired with Congressman Charlie Wilson (played by Tom Hanks) to aid Afghani rebels in their fight against the Soviet Union. Todd McCarthy wrote of <mask>'s performance: "Decked out with a pouffy '80s hairdo, moustache, protruding gut and ever-present smokes ... whenever he's on, the picture vibrates with conspiratorial electricity." The film was a critical and commercial success, and along with his Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actor, <mask> was nominated for a BAFTA and a Golden Globe Award. The year 2008 contained two significant <mask> roles. In Charlie Kaufman's enigmatic drama Synecdoche, New York, he starred as Caden Cotard, a frustrated dramatist who attempts to build a scale replica of New York inside a warehouse for a play.<mask> again showed his willingness to reveal unattractive traits, as the character ages and deteriorates, and committed to a deeply psychological role. Critics were divided in their response to the "ambitious and baffling" film. Sonny Bunch of The Washington Times found it "impressionistic, inaccessible, and endlessly frustrating", likening <mask>'s character to "God, if God lacked imagination". Roger Ebert, on the contrary, named it the best film of the decade and considered it one of the greatest of all time, and Robbie Collin, film critic for The Daily Telegraph, believes <mask> gave one of cinema's best performances. <mask>'s second role of the year came opposite Meryl Streep and Amy Adams in John Patrick Shanley's Doubt, where he played Father Brendan Flynn – a priest accused of sexually abusing a


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texts: 12-year-old African American student in the 1960s. <mask> was already familiar with the play and appreciated the opportunity to bring it to the screen; in preparing for the role, he talked extensively to a priest who lived through the era. The film had a mixed reception, with some critics such as Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian suspicious of it as Oscar bait, but <mask> gained second consecutive Best Supporting Actor nominations at the Oscars, BAFTAs, and Golden Globes, and was also nominated by the Screen Actors Guild.On stage in 2009, <mask> played Iago in Peter Sellars' futuristic production of Othello (with the title role by John Ortiz), which received mixed reviews. Ben Brantley, theatre critic of The New York Times, found it to be "exasperatingly misconceived", remarking that even when <mask> is attempting to "manipulate others into self-destruction, he comes close to spoiling everything by erupting into genuine, volcanic fury". <mask> also did his first vocal performance for the claymation film Mary and Max, although the film did not initially have an American release. He played Max, a depressed New Yorker with Asperger syndrome, while Toni Collette voiced Mary – the Australian girl who becomes his pen pal. Continuing with animation, <mask> then worked on an episode of the children's show Arthur and received a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Performer In An Animated Program. Later in the year, he played a brash American disc jockey opposite Bill Nighy and Rhys Ifans in Richard Curtis's British comedy The Boat That Rocked (also known as Pirate Radio) – a character based on Emperor Rosko, a host of Radio Caroline in 1966. He also had a cameo


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 role as a bartender in Ricky Gervais's The Invention of Lying.Reflecting on <mask>'s work in the late 2000s, Mosher writes that the actor remained impressive, but had not delivered a testing performance on the level of his work in Capote. The film critic David Thomson believed that <mask> showed indecisiveness at this time, unsure whether to play spectacular supporting roles or become a lead actor who is capable of controlling the emotional dynamic and outcome of a film. 2010-2014: Final years
<mask>'s profile continued to grow with the new decade, and he became an increasingly recognizable figure. Despite earlier reservations about directing for the screen, his first release of the 2010s was also his first as a film director. The independent drama Jack Goes Boating was adapted from Robert Glaudini's play of the same name, in which <mask> had starred and directed for the LAByrinth Theater Company in 2007. He originally intended only to direct the film, but decided to reprise the main role of Jack – a lonely limousine driver looking for love – after the actor he wanted for it was unavailable. The low-key film had a limited release, and was not a high earner, though it received many positive reviews.However, Dave Edwards of the Daily Mirror remarked that "<mask>'s directing debut delivers a film so weak I could barely remember what it was about as I left", while critic Mark Kermode appreciated the cinematic qualities that <mask> brought to the film, and stated that he showed potential as a director. In addition to Jack Goes Boating, in 2010 <mask> also directed Brett C. Leonard's tragic drama The Long Red Road for the Goodman Theatre in Chicago. Steven Oxman of


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texts: Variety described the production as "heavy handed" and "predictable", but "intriguing and at least partially successful". <mask> next had significant supporting roles in two films, both released in the last third of 2011. In Bennett Miller's Moneyball, a sports drama about the 2002 season of the Oakland Athletics baseball team, he played the coach Art Howe. The film was a critical and commercial success, and <mask> was described as "perfectly cast" by Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post, but the real-life Art Howe accused the filmmakers of giving an "unfair and untrue" portrayal of him. <mask>'s second film of the year was George Clooney's political drama The Ides of March, in which he played the earnest campaign manager to the Democratic presidential candidate Mike Morris (Clooney).The film was well-received and <mask>'s performance, especially in the scenes opposite Paul Giamatti – who played the rival campaign manager – was positively noted. <mask>'s work on the film earned him his fourth BAFTA Award nomination. In the spring of 2012, <mask> made his final stage appearance, starring as Willy Loman in a Broadway revival of Death of a Salesman opposite Andrew Garfield. Directed by Mike Nichols, the production ran for 78 performances and was the highest-grossing show in the Ethel Barrymore Theatre's history. Many critics felt that <mask>, at 44, was too young for the role of 62-year-old Loman, and Chris Jones of the Chicago Tribune felt that the character had been interpreted poorly. <mask> admitted that he found the role difficult, but he nevertheless earned his third Tony Award nomination. <mask> collaborated with Paul Thomas Anderson for the fifth time in


title: Philip Seymour Hoffman

texts: The Master (2012), where he turned in what critic Peter Bradshaw considered the most memorable performance of his career.Set in 1950s America, the film featured <mask> as Lancaster Dodd, the charismatic leader of a nascent Scientology-type movement who brings a troubled man (Joaquin Phoenix) under his tutelage. <mask> was instrumental in the project's development, having been involved with it for three years. He assisted Anderson in the writing of the script by reviewing samples of it, and suggested making Phoenix's character, Freddie Quell, the protagonist instead of Dodd. A talented dancer, <mask> was able to showcase his abilities by performing a jig during a surreal sequence; Bradshaw called it an "extraordinary moment" that "only <mask> could have carried off." The Master was praised as an intelligent and challenging drama, and Drew Hunt of the Chicago Reader also felt that it contained <mask>'s finest work: "He's inscrutable yet welcoming, intimidating yet charismatic, villainous yet fatherly. He epitomizes so many things at once that it's impossible to think of [Dodd] as mere movie character". <mask> and Phoenix received a joint Volpi Cup Award at the Venice Film Festival for their performances, and <mask> was also nominated for an Academy Award, a Golden Globe, a BAFTA Award and a SAG Award for the supporting role.A Late Quartet was <mask>'s other film release of 2012, where he played a violinist in a string quartet whose members (played by Christopher Walken, Catherine Keener, and Mark Ivanir) face a crisis when one is diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. The drama received favorable reviews, and Stephen Holden of The New York Times called <mask>'s


title: Philip Seymour Hoffman

texts:
 performance "exceptional". In 2013, <mask> joined the popular Hunger Games series in its second film, The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, where he played gamemaker Plutarch Heavensbee. The film finished as the 10th-highest grossing in history to that point, and <mask> became recognizable to a new generation of film-goers. In January 2014, shortly before his death, he attended the Sundance Film Festival to promote two films. In Anton Corbijn's A Most Wanted Man, a thriller based on John le Carré's novel, <mask> played a German intelligence officer. His performance was praised by Xan Brooks as one of "terrific, lip-smacking relish: full of mischief, anchored by integrity."The other was God's Pocket, the directorial debut of actor John Slattery, in which <mask> played a thief. In November 2014, nine months after his death, <mask> was seen in The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1. At the time of his death, <mask> was filming The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2, the final film in the series, and had already completed the majority of his scenes. His two remaining scenes were rewritten to compensate for his absence, and the film was released in November 2015. <mask> was also preparing for his second directorial effort, a Prohibition-era drama titled Ezekiel Moss, which was to star Amy Adams and Jake Gyllenhaal. In addition, he had filmed a pilot episode for the Showtime series Happyish, in which he played the lead role of an advertising executive, but plans for a full season were put on hold following his death. The role was later passed on to Steve Coogan.Personal life

<mask> rarely mentioned his personal life in interviews, stating in 2012 that he would "rather not


title: Philip Seymour Hoffman

texts:
 because my family doesn't have any choice. If I talk about them in the press, I'm giving them no choice. So I choose not to." For 14 years, he was in a relationship with costume designer Mimi O'Donnell, whom he had met in 1999 when they were both working on the <mask>-directed play In Arabia We'd All Be Kings. They lived in New York City and had a son, Cooper, and two daughters. While some reports stated <mask> and O'Donnell separated in the fall of 2013, O'Donnell later said she and <mask> were both committed to their relationship, but he had moved out of their longtime residence to a nearby apartment to protect their children from the effects of his relapse into substance abuse. <mask> was also discreet about his religious and political beliefs, but it is known that he voted for the Green Party candidate Ralph Nader in the 2000 presidential election.He felt that keeping his personal life private was beneficial to his career: "The less you know about me the more interesting it will be to watch me do what I do". In a 2006 interview with 60 Minutes, <mask> revealed he had engaged in drug and alcohol misuse during his time at New York University, saying he had used "anything I could get my hands on. I liked it all." Following his graduation in 1989, he entered a drug rehabilitation program aged 22, and remained sober for 23 years. However, he relapsed in 2013, and admitted himself to drug rehabilitation for about ten days in May 2013. Death and legacy
On February 2, 2014, <mask> was found dead in the bathroom of his Manhattan apartment by a friend, playwright and screenwriter David Bar Katz. <mask> was 46.Although friends stated that <mask>'s drug use was under


title: Philip Seymour Hoffman

texts: control at the time, detectives searching the apartment found heroin and prescription medications at the scene, and revealed that he was discovered with a syringe in his arm. After an investigation including the Manhattan Assistant District Attorney Alex Spiro, <mask>'s death was officially ruled an accident caused by "acute mixed drug intoxication, including heroin, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and amphetamine". Michael Schwirtz of the New York Times stated "Whether <mask> had taken all of the substances on the same day, or whether any of the substances had remained in his system from earlier use, was not reported." A funeral Mass was held at St. Ignatius Loyola Church in Manhattan on February 7, 2014, and was attended by many of his former co-stars. Those who attended the funeral service included Marisa Tomei, Meryl Streep, Cate Blanchett, Julianne Moore, Ethan Hawke, Joaquin Phoenix, Laura Linney, Amy Adams, Michelle Williams, Chris Rock, Ellen Burstyn, Jerry Stiller, Louis C.K., Mike Nichols, and Diane Sawyer. <mask> was cremated. <mask> left his fortune, around US$35 million, to Mimi O'Donnell in his October 2004 will, trusting her to distribute money to their children.<mask>'s death was lamented by fans and the film industry and was described by several commentators as a considerable loss to the profession. On February 5, 2014, the LAByrinth Theatre Company honored his memory by holding a candlelight vigil, and Broadway dimmed its lights for one minute. Three weeks after <mask>'s death, David Bar Katz established the American Playwriting Foundation in the actor's memory. With the money received from a libel lawsuit against the National Enquirer (which


title: Philip Seymour Hoffman

texts:
 inaccurately published that <mask> and Katz were lovers), the foundation awards an annual prize of US$45,000 to the author of an unproduced play. Katz named this the "Relentless Prize" in honor of <mask>'s dedication to the profession. Katz would later remember him by a prose poem published in The Guardian in December 2014. At the 90th Academy Awards, Sam Rockwell dedicated his win for Best Supporting Actor to him, stating at the end of his acceptance speech: "This is for my buddy, <mask>."In another tribute, actress Cate Blanchett dedicated her BAFTA trophy to <mask> when she received the award for Blue Jasmine on February 16. Reception and acting style
<mask> was held in high regard within both the film and theater industries, and he was often cited in the media as one of the finest actors of his generation. With a pudgy build and lacking matinée idol looks, he was not a typical movie actor; however, <mask> claimed that he was grateful for his appearance, as it made him believable in a wide range of roles. Joel Schumacher once said of him in 2000, "The bad news is that <mask> won't be a $25-million star. The good news is that he'll work for the rest of his life". The Aiken Standard of South Carolina referred to him as an "anti-star", whose real identity remained "amorphous and unmoored". <mask> was acutely aware that he was often too unorthodox for the Academy voters.He remarked, "I'm sure that people in the big corporations that run Hollywood don't know quite what to do with someone like me, but that's OK. I think there are other people who are interested in what I do." Most of <mask>'s notable roles came in independent films, including particularly

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Phil Hoffman
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title: Philip Seymour Hoffman

texts:
 original ones, but he also featured in several Hollywood blockbusters. He generally played supporting roles, appearing in both dramas and comedies, but was noted for his ability to make small parts memorable. Peter Bradshaw, film critic for The Guardian, felt that "Almost every single one of his credits had something special about it". <mask> was praised for his versatility and ability to fully inhabit any role, but specialized in playing creeps and misfits: "his CV was populated almost exclusively by snivelling wretches, insufferable prigs, braggarts and outright bullies" writes the journalist Ryan Gilbey. <mask> was appreciated for making these roles real, complex and even sympathetic; while Todd Louiso, director of Love Liza, believed that <mask> connected to people on screen because he looked like an ordinary man and revealed his vulnerability.Xan Brooks of The Guardian remarked that the actor's particular talent was to "take thwarted, twisted humanity and ennoble it". "The more pathetic or deluded the character," writes Gilbey, "the greater <mask>'s relish seemed in rescuing them from the realms of the merely monstrous." When asked in 2006 why he undertook such roles, <mask> responded, "I didn't go out looking for negative characters; I went out looking for people who have a struggle and a fight to tackle. That's what interests me." Work ethic
The journalist Jeff Simon described <mask> as "probably the most in-demand character actor of his generation", but <mask> claimed never to take it for granted that he would be offered roles. Although he worked hard and regularly, he was humble about his acting success, and when asked by a friend if he was having any


title: Philip Seymour Hoffman

texts:
 luck he quietly replied, "I'm in a film, Cold Mountain, that has just come out." Patrick Fugit, who worked with <mask> on Almost Famous, recalled the actor was intimidating but an exceptional mentor and influence in "a school-of-hard-knocks way", remarking that "there was a certain weight that came with him".<mask> admitted that he sometimes appeared in big-budget studio films for the money, but said, "ultimately my main goal is to do good work. If it doesn't pay well, so be it." He kept himself grounded and invigorated as an actor by attempting to appear on stage once a year. <mask> occasionally changed his hair and lost or gained weight for parts, and he went to great lengths to reveal the worst in his characters. But in a 2012 interview, he confessed that performing to a high standard was a challenge: "The job isn't difficult. Doing it well is difficult." In an earlier interview with The New York Times, he explained how deeply he loved acting but added, "that deep kind of love comes at a price: for me, acting is torturous, and it's torturous because you know it's a beautiful thing ...Wanting it is easy, but trying to be great – well, that's absolutely torturous." This struggle was confirmed by the author John le Carré, who met <mask> during the adaptation of his novel A Most Wanted Man. While praising the actor's intelligence and intuition, le Carré acknowledged the burden that <mask> felt: "It was painful and exhausting work, and probably in the end his undoing. The world was too bright for him to handle." Filmography and awards

<mask> appeared in 55 films and one miniseries during his screen career spanning 22 years. He won the Academy Award for Best


title: Philip Seymour Hoffman

texts:
 Actor for Capote (2005), and was nominated three times for Best Supporting Actor for Charlie Wilson's War (2007), Doubt (2008), and The Master (2012). He also received five Golden Globe Award nominations (winning one), five BAFTA Award nominations (winning one), four Screen Actors Guild Awards (winning one), and won the Volpi Cup at the Venice Film Festival.<mask> remained active in theater throughout his career, starring in ten and directing 19 stage productions (predominantly in New York). He received three Tony Award nominations for his Broadway performances: two for Best Leading Actor, in True West (2000) and Death of a Salesman (2012), and one for Best Featured Actor in Long Day's Journey into Night (2003). References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 <mask> <mask> collected news and commentary at The New York Times

1967 births
2014 deaths
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Best Actor BAFTA Award winners
Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead winners
Volpi Cup for Best Actor winners
Theatre World Award winners
Method actors
Male actors from Rochester, New York
American theatre directors
American film producers
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Circle in the Square Theatre School alumni
People from Fairport, New York
American people of German descent
Drug-related deaths in New York City
Deaths by heroin overdose in New

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Hoffman


title: Ross E. Rowell

texts:
<mask> (22 September 1884 – 6 September 1947) was a highly decorated United States Marine Corps aviator who achieved the rank of lieutenant general by the end of his 40 years of service. He served as the Marine Corps' Director of Aviation from May 30, 1935, until March 10, 1939, and was one of the three senior officers of Marine Corps Aviation during World War II. Biography

Early years
<mask> was born on September 22, 1884, in Ruthven, Iowa, attending  grade and high school in Ruthven. He was graduated from Iowa State College and then studied electrical engineering for two years at the University of Idaho. He then worked for two years as topographer and draftsman for the U.S. Geological Survey at Sanke River Valley, Idaho. Early military career
He was appointed as a second lieutenant in the Marine Corps in August 1906. He served in Cuba from 1906 until 1909.<mask> was designated a student naval aviator in 1923, taking his fight training at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida and at Kelly Field in San Antonio, Texas. General <mask> was commended by the Secretary of the Navy for making the highest bombing score during the gunnery year 1924–25, and in 1926 he was praised by the Commandant of the Marine Corps for the high state of efficiency prevailing at Naval Air Station San Diego, California, where he then was group commander. In early 1927, <mask> as commander of the squadron VO-1M, deployed to Nicaragua as part of the United States occupation during this time referred to as the Banana Wars. They arrived at the port of Corinto on February 25 and proceeded to Managua where they began training and flying in support of their fellow Marines on the ground. On July 16, 1927, a 37-man Marine garrison in Ocotal was surrounded by several hundred sandinistas led by Augusto César Sandino. Upon getting

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Ross Erastus Rowell
Ross Rowell
Rowell
Rowell
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title: Ross E. Rowell

texts:
 news of the attack, then Major <mask>, flew a 5 plane detachment of DHs to help relieve the garrison. The dive-bombing runs from low altitude made by <mask> and his men marked one of the first coordinated dive-bombing attacks in aviation history.<mask> was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Navy Distinguished Service Medal for his extraordinary heroism and exceptionally meritorious service in action against hostile Nicaraguan bandits during this time. On May 30, 1932, <mask> took command of the East Coast Expeditionary Force at Marine Corps Air Station Quantico, Virginia. His air command won the Schiff Trophy in 1926, 1932, and again in 1933. He led the Marine Air Detachment at the International Air Races at Chicago in September, 1933, and in the All-American Air Races at Miami, Florida, in January 1935, achieving commendable performances on both occasions. He served as director of Marine Corps Aviation from May 30, 1935, through March 10, 1939. In this role he was the senior advisor to the commandant on all aviation matters and the Marine Corps' liaison with the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics. In addition to duty at various posts in this country and extensive sea duty, Rowell served abroad in the Philippine Islands, France, Haiti, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic.World War II
Early in World War II, <mask> was sent to London as an Air Attaché for duty in Cairo, Egypt. It was in the desert and in the skies over Great Britain that he was able to see the advent of fighters equipped to operate at night. He also traveled and learned all he could about RAF Coastal Command in Scotland and RAF Bomber Command in Buckinghamshire, England. Upon his return in November 1941, <mask> made a recommendation for the Marine Corps to acquire a medium-sized, long range, high-speed bomber to be

masks: Rowell Rowell Rowell Rowell Rowell Rowell


title: Ross E. Rowell

texts: used for night harassing missions. This coupled with the work of other Marines grew into the Marine PBJ night bomber program. Following these tours, <mask> served as commanding general, Marine Aircraft Wings, Pacific (MAWP), from the opening of the Guadalcanal Campaign in August 1942 until Japanese air power was driven from the Bismarck-Solomons in 1944. MAWP was based at Marine Corps Air Station Ewa, Hawaii and its mission was to organize, administrate and distribute personnel and supplies for Marine Air Wings in the Pacific.On December 27, 1942, <mask> read a dispatch from Admiral Halsey on Guadalcanal speaking to the negative effects that night time raids from Japanese bombers were having on the ground troops. Based on his earlier travels and observations, Rowell immediately recommended that a night fighter unit be made "available immediately for overseas duty". This message to Marine Headquarters in Washington would be the catalyst for kicking the development of Marine Night Fighters into high gear. It was during this time that Admiral <mask> convinced Rowell that there was no longer a need for Marines to get carrier qualifications since all of their aircraft were currently based out of land based strips. This lack of foresight led to Marine pilots not being able to fly from escort carriers which were providing the close air support during amphibious landings. This would return to haunt the Marine Corps during the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign in which it was generally felt that close air support provided by pilots from the United States Navy left much to be desired. The lack of adequate air support was coupled with the feeling amongst other senior Marine aviators such as Roy Geiger and then Commandant Alexander Vandegrift that Marine aviation was not paying attention to its primary

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title: Ross E. Rowell

texts:
 purpose of providing close air support and was too concerned with shooting down enemy aircraft.In August 1944, General Vandegrift flew to Hawaii to meet with Admiral Nimitz and his staff and came up with the solution that Marine squadrons would be assigned to escort carriers, Marine aviation would take control of aircraft directly supporting ground troops during amphibious operations and Marine Air Wing Pacific would be renamed Aircraft, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific(AirFMFPac). This new role was not welcomed by <mask> and he became so negative that he was quickly replaced by MajGen Francis P. Mulcahy in October 1944 and reassigned as the Chief of the Naval Aviation Mission to Peru, a post he held until his retirement in November 1946. In September 1944, he was awarded the Legion of Merit for outstanding service as commanding general, Marine Aircraft Wings Pacific from August 1942 to September 1944. Rowell retired from the Marine Corps after 40 years of service on November 1, 1946. He died at the Naval Hospital in San Diego on September 6, 1947. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Dates of rank
Rowell's dates of rank are:

Decorations

See also

 Alfred A. Cunningham, first Marine Corps aviator and first director of Marine Corps Aviation

References

Specific

Bibliography

Web

1884 births
1947 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Marine Corps World War II generals
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Air Corps Tactical School alumni
University of Idaho alumni
Iowa State University alumni
People from Palo Alto County, Iowa
American military personnel of the Banana Wars
Military personnel from


title: Sher Shah Suri

texts:
<mask> ()
(1472, or 1486 – 22 May 1545), born Farīd Khān ()
, was the founder of the Suri Empire in India, with its capital in Sasaram in modern-day Bihar. He introduced the currency of rupee. An ethnic Pashtun ruler originally from Afghanistan, <mask> took control of the Mughal Empire in 1540. After his accidental death in 1545, his son <mask> became his successor. He first served as a private before rising to become a commander in the Mughal army under Babur and then the governor of Bihar. In 1537, when Babur's son Humayun was elsewhere on an expedition, <mask> overran the state of Bengal and established the Suri dynasty. A brilliant strategist, <mask> proved himself as a gifted Muslim administrator as well as a capable general.His reorganization of the empire laid the foundations for the later Mughal emperors, notably Akbar, son of Humayun. During his five-year rule from 1540 to 1545, he set up a new economic and military administration, issued the first Rupiya from "Tanka" and organized the postal system of the Indian Subcontinent. Some of his strategies and contributions were later idolized by the Mughal emperors, most notably Akbar. <mask> further developed Humayun's Dina-panah city and named it Shergarh and revived the historical city of Pataliputra, which had been in decline since the 7th century CE, as Patna. He extended the Grand Trunk Road from Chittagong in the frontiers of the province of Bengal in northeast India to Kabul in Afghanistan in the far northwest of the country. The influence of his innovations and reforms extended far beyond his brief reign; his arch foe, Humayun, referred to him as “Ustad-I-Badshahan”, teacher of kings. In the seven years of his reign he never lost a battle.Early life and origin
His

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Sher Shah Suri
Sher Shah
Islam Shah
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Sher Shah
Suri


title: Sher Shah Suri

texts: grandfather Ibrahim Khan Sur, who started out as a horse trader, became a landlord (Jagirdar) in Narnaul area (present-day Haryana), representing his patron Jamal Khan Lodi Sarangkhani, who assigned him a few villages in Hissar. Sikandar Lodi appointed Sarangkhani, who supported Sikandar's struggle to the throne, as governor of Jaunpur area (present-day Uttar Pradesh) after its conquest. Jamal's son and successor Khan-i-Azam Ahmad Khan Sarangkhani, with a rank of 20,000 sawars, further appointed Ibrahim Sur's son Hasan, a leader of Afghan freebooters, to the iqta of Sasaram and Khawaspur-Thanda with a rank of 500 sawars. Mazar of Suri's grandfather Ibrahim Khan Sur still stands as a monument in Narnaul. Historian Satish Chandra writes that, "We do not know precisely when and where Farid, later <mask> <mask>, was born. The consensus of opinion among modern scholars is that he was born in Narnaul in 1486 or so, during the reign of Bahlol Lodi." However, the online Encyclopædia Britannica states that he was born in Sasaram (Bihar), in the Rohtas district.He was one of eight sons of Hassan Khan. Farid came to Jaunpur, where he studied literature, poetry, and history. During his early age, Farid was given a village in Fargana, Delhi (comprising present-day districts of Bhojpur, Buxar, Bhabhua of Bihar)  by Omar Khan Sarwani, an ethnic Pashtun himself, the counselor and courtier of Bahlul Khan Lodi. Farid Khan and his father, a jagirdar of Sasaram in Bihar, who had several wives, did not get along for a while so he decided to run away from home. When his father discovered that he fled to serve Jamal Khan, the governor of Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, he wrote Jamal Khan a letter that stated: Jamal Khan had advised Farid to return home

masks: Sher Shah


title: Sher Shah Suri

texts:
 but he refused. Farid replied in a letter:

His surname 'Suri' was taken from his Pashtun Sur tribe. He was a distant kinsman to Babur's brother-in-law, <mask> Jamal, who remained loyal to Humayun.The name Sher (means lion or tiger in the older pronunciation of Persian) was conferred upon him for his courage, when as a young man, he killed a tiger that leapt suddenly upon the king of Bihar. Conquest of Bihar and Bengal

Farid Khan started his service under Bahar Khan Lohani, the Mughal Governor of Bihar. Because of his valour, Bahar Khan rewarded him the title <mask> Khan (Lion Lord). After the death of Bahar Khan, <mask> Khan became the regent ruler of the minor Sultan, Jalal Khan. Later sensing the growth of <mask> <mask>'s power in Bihar, Jalal sought the assistance of Ghiyasuddin Mahmud <mask>, the independent Sultan of Bengal. Ghiyasuddin sent an army under General Ibrahim Khan. But, <mask> Khan defeated the force at the battle of Surajgarh in 1534 after forming an alliance with Ujjainiya Rajputs and other local chiefdoms.Thus he achieved complete control of Bihar. In 1537, <mask> Khan attacked Bengal and defeated Mahmud <mask>. But he could not capture the kingdom because of the sudden expedition of Emperor Humayun. On 26 June 1539, <mask> Khan faced Humayun in the Battle of Chausa and defeated him. Assuming the title Farīd al-Dīn Shēr <mask>, he defeated Humayun once again at Kannauj in May 1540 and forced him out of India. Conquest of Malwa
After the death of <mask> of Gujarat in 1537, Qadir <mask> became the new ruler of Malwa Sultanate. He then turned for support towards the Rajput and Muslim noblemen of the Khilji rule of Malwa.Puran Mal and Bhupat Rai, sons of Raja Silhadi, accepted service under the regime of

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title: Sher Shah Suri

texts: Malwa in recognition of their interest in the Raisen region. By 1540, Bhupat Rai had died and Puran Mal had become the dominant force in eastern Malwa. In 1542, <mask> <mask> conquered Malwa without a fight and Qadir <mask> fled to Gujarat. He then appointed Shuja'at Khan as the governor of Malwa who reorganised the administration and made Sarangpur the seat of Malwa's government. <mask> <mask> then ordered Puran Mal to be brought before him. Puran Mal agreed to accept his lordship and left his brother Chaturbhuj under <mask> <mask>'s service. In exchange <mask> <mask> vowed to safeguard Puran Mal and his land.The Muslim women of Chanderi, which <mask> <mask> had taken under his rule, came to him and accused Puran Mal of killing their husbands and enslaving their daughters. They threatened to denounce <mask> <mask> on the Day of Resurrection if he did not avenge them. Upon reminding them of his pledge to safeguard Puran Mal, they told him to consult his ulema. The ulema issued a fatwa declaring that Puran Mal deserved death. <mask> <mask> later had his troops encircle Puran Mal's camp. Upon seeing this, Puran Mal beheaded his wife and ordered the other Rajputs to kill their families too. Nizamuddin Ahmad writes that 4,000 Rajputs of importance were there.`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni puts the number of Rajputs at 10,000. Historian Abbas Sarwani describes a scene of the battle thus, "While the Hindus were employed in putting their women and families to death, the Afghans on all sides commenced the slaughter of the Hindus. Puran Mal and his companions... failed not to exhibit valour and gallantry, but in the twinkling of an eye all were slain." Only a few women and children survived. Puran Mal's daughter was given to minstrels to be a

masks: Sher Shah Shah Sher Shah Sher Shah Sher Shah Sher Shah Sher Shah Sher Shah


title: Sher Shah Suri

texts:
 dancing girl while his three nephews were castrated. As an excuse for the treachery, <mask> <mask> claimed it as a revenge for enslavement of Muslim women and that he had once, when seriously ill, pledged to wipe out the Rajputs of Raisen. Conquest of Marwar

In 1543, <mask> <mask> with a huge force of 80,000 cavalry set out against Maldeo Rathore (a Rajput king of Marwar).Maldeo Rathore with an army of 50,000 cavalry advanced to face <mask> <mask>'s army. Instead of marching to the enemy's capital <mask> <mask> halted in the village of Sammel in the pargana of Jaitaran, ninety kilometres east of Jodhpur. After one month of skirmishing, <mask> <mask>'s position became critical owing to the difficulties of food supplies for his huge army. To resolve this situation, <mask> <mask> resorted to a cunning ploy. One evening, he dropped forged letters near the Maldeo's camp in such a way that they were sure to be intercepted. These letters indicated, falsely, that some of Maldeo's army commanders were promising assistance to <mask> <mask>. This caused great consternation to Maldeo, who immediately (and wrongly) suspected his commanders of disloyalty.Maldeo left for Jodhpur with his own men, abandoning his commanders to their fate. After that Maldeo's innocent generals Jaita and Kumpa fought with just a few thousand men against an enemy force of 80,000 men and cannons. In the ensuing battle of Sammel (also known as battle of Giri Sumel), <mask> <mask> emerged victorious, but several of his generals lost their lives and his army suffered heavy losses. <mask> <mask> is said to have commented that "for a few grains of bajra (millet, which is the main crop of barren Marwar) I almost lost the entire kingdom of Hindustan." According to

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Shah


title: Sher Shah Suri

texts:
 Mughal historian Badauni, <mask> <mask>'s use of elephant troops helped him defeat the Rajput army. After this victory, <mask> <mask>'s general Khawas Khan Marwat took possession of Jodhpur and occupied the territory of Marwar from Ajmer to Mount Abu in 1544. Government and administration

The system of tri-metalism which came to characterise Mughal coinage was introduced by <mask> <mask>.While the term rūpya had previously been used as a generic term for any silver coin, during his rule the term rūpee came to be used as the name for a silver coin of a standard weight of 178 grains, which was the precursor of the modern rupee. Rupee is today used as the national currency in India, Indonesia, Maldives, Mauritius, Nepal, Pakistan, Seychelles, Sri Lanka among other countries. Gold coins called the Mohur weighing 169 grains and copper coins called Paisa were also minted by his government. According to numismatists Goron and Goenka, it is clear from coins dated AH 945 (1538 AD) that <mask> Khan had assumed the royal title of Farid al-<mask> <mask> and had coins struck in his own name even before the battle of Chausa. <mask> <mask> was responsible for greatly rebuilding and modernizing the Grand Trunk Road, a major artery which runs all the way from modern day Bangladesh to Afghanistan. Caravanserais (inns) and mosques were built and trees were planted along the entire stretch on both sides of the road to provide shade to travelers. Wells were also dug, especially along the western section.He also established an efficient postal system, with mail being carried by relays of horse riders. <mask> <mask> built several monuments including Rohtas Fort (now a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Pakistan), many structures in the Rohtasgarh Fort

masks:
Sher
Shah
Sher
Shah
Sher
Shah
Sher
Din Sher
Shah
Sher
Shah
Sher
Shah


title: Sher Shah Suri

texts:
 in Bihar, the Sher Shah Suri Masjid in Patna, the Qila-i-Kuhna mosque inside the Purana Qila complex in Delhi, and the Sher Mandal, an octagonal building also inside the Purana Qila complex, which later served as the library of Humayun. He built a new city, Bhera, in present-day Pakistan in 1545, including within it a grand masjid named after him. <mask> <mask> is generally viewed as tolerant of Hindus, except in the massacre following the surrender of Raisen. Tarikh-i-Sher <mask>i (History of Sher <mask>), written by Abbas Khan Sarwani, a waqia-navis under later Mughal Emperor, Akbar around 1580, provides a detailed documentation about <mask> <mask>'s administration. Death and succession

<mask> <mask> started the siege of Kalinjar in 1543 and was killed on 22 May 1545 during the siege of Kalinjar fort. When all tactics to subdue this fort failed, <mask> <mask> ordered the walls of the fort to be blown up with gunpowder, but he was seriously wounded as a result of the explosion of a mine when the Rajput garrison of the fort attacked his encampment at night.He was succeeded by his son, Jalal Khan, who then continued the siege and slaughtered the whole Rajput garrison of Kalinjar fort and took the title of <mask> Suri. His mausoleum, the Sher Shah Suri Tomb (122 ft high), stands in the middle of an artificial lake at Sasaram, a town on the Grand Trunk Road. Legacy

Destruction of cities
<mask> <mask> suri is accused by `Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni and other Muslim historians for destroying old cities while founding new ones on their ruins after his own name. Shergarh is one of the prime examples, representing a deserted town with a fort in ruins, which, in old times, used to be a thriving place where Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism

masks:
Sher
Shah
Shah
Shah
Sher
Shah
Sher
Shah
Sher
Shah
Islam Shah
Sher
Shah


title: Sher Shah Suri

texts:
 co-existed peacefully. This can be evidently derived from the various inscriptions found in the area. <mask> <mask> is also said to have destroyed Dinpanah, which Humayun was constructing as the "sixth city of Delhi". The new city, Shergarh, built by him, was itself destroye in 1555 after Humayun re-conquered the territory from the Surs.Tarikh-i-Da'udi states, however, that he destroyed Siri. Abbas Sarwani states that he had the older city of Delhi destroyed. Tarikh-i-Khan Jahan states that Salim <mask>i had built a wall around Humayun's imperial city. In popular culture
<mask> Khan (1962) an Indian Hindi-language action film by Radhakant starring Kamaljeet in the titular role along with Kumkum is ostensibly based on the emperor's life. Shershah Suri, a television show about the emperor aired on Doordarshan, the Indian national public broadcaster. Gallery

See also
 Isa Khan Niazi
 Haibat Khan Niazi
 <mask> Khan
 Pathan of Bihar
 List of rulers of Bengal
 History of Bengal
 History of Bangladesh
 History of India
 Shershahabadia community

References

Further reading
 Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi
 Tarikh-i Khan Jahani wa Makhzan-i Afghani
 Edward Thomas (1871) The Chronicles of the Pathan Kings of Delhi
 Sir Olaf Caroe, The Pathans

 "Sher <mask>i; A Fresh Perspective"; Bashir Ahmad Khan Matta (Oxford University Press, Karachi, Pakistan) 2006

External links
 The earliest extant account of Sher Shah Sur
 Roads and Sarais (inns) of Sher Shah Suri
 Cannons of Sher Shah Suri
 Sher <mask> Suri aimed at eradicating poverty from his empire

Sur Empire
1486 births
1545 deaths
Indian people of Pashtun descent
Indian Muslims
15th-century Indian monarchs
Pashtun people
People from Bihar
People from Rohtas District
16th-century Indian

masks:
Sher
Shah
Shah Sur
Sher
Shere
Shah Sur
Shah


title: John Francis Barnett

texts:
<mask> (16 October 183724 November 1916) was an English composer, pianist and teacher. Life
<mask> was born on 16 October 1837 at St John's Wood, London. His father was <mask> (1810-1898), a professor of music, and his uncle was the composer <mask>. <mask> carried on the traditions of the family as a composer and teacher. He obtained a Queen's Scholarship at the Royal Academy of Music, London, in 1849 studying under William Sterndale Bennett and developing into an accomplished pianist. In 1857 he travelled to Leipzig to study composition and piano, playing Mendelssohn's Piano Concerto No. 2 in D minor at a Gewandhaus concert on 22 March 1860.His teachers at the Conservatoire in Leipzig were the great pianist Ignaz Moscheles (who had been a pupil of Beethoven), Moritz Hauptmann, Julius Rietz and Louis Plaidy. Whilst at Leipzig, <mask> formed a close friendship with his fellow-student Arthur Sullivan. Returning to London in 1860, <mask> enjoyed a successful career as a pianist for some years but concentrated increasingly on composition and teaching. He played Beethoven's Emperor Concerto at a New Philharmonic Society concert in London on 16 April 1860, also playing the same composer's Piano Concerto No.3 at a Philharmonic Society concert in London on 10 June 1861. <mask> became noticed as a composer with his Symphony in A minor (1864), and followed this with a number of large-scale works: his cantatas The Ancient Mariner and Paradise and the Peri were first performed at the 1867 and 1870 Birmingham Festivals respectively, whilst his oratorio The Raising of Lazarus was first performed at a New

masks:
John Francis Barnett
John Francis Barnett
Joseph Alfred Barnett
John Barnett
John Francis
Barnett
Barnett
Barnett


title: John Francis Barnett

texts:
 Philharmonic Society concert in 1873, being repeated at the 1876 Three Choirs Festival held that year in Hereford. During this period, <mask> also composed several other orchestral and instrumental works. Although major commissions became fewer, he secured a first performance of his cantata The Building of the Ship at the 1880 Leeds Festival and his last major composition, the cantata The Eve of St Agnes, was given at a concert of the London Choral Society in 1913.During his lifetime, <mask>'s most popular work was The Ancient Mariner which received nine performances during the 1886–87 season and was still being heard (once) during the 1926–27 season. In 1947, Percy Scholes surveyed a century of The Musical Times (1844-1944) and took the view that

"<mask>hnian style and idiom." The British musicologist Nicholas Temperley judged that

"<mask>'s music ultimately died because of its self-effacing politeness. Although he managed to update his style in some of his later cantatas [...] his best work was The Ancient Mariner (Birmingham Festivan 1867). At a time when literary considerations were beginning to weigh more heavily on composers' minds, <mask> remained curiously insensitive to the problems of word-setting." <mask> largely concurred with this assessment:

"Sullivan, Macfarren and J. F. <mask> [...] were the chief composers of choral music in the high Victorian tradition. Their work, particularly that of Sullivan, has plenty of zest and colour, but its idiom is unadventurous and the subject matter (when not biblical) is at best conventionally Romantic, at worst jejune."In 1883 <mask> was

masks:
Barnett
Barnett
Barnettsso
Barnett
Barnett
John Caldwell
Barnett
Barnett


title: John Francis Barnett

texts:
 appointed as a Professor at the Royal College of Music where his students included Marmaduke Barton and he also took an active teaching role as a Professor at the Guildhall School of Music, London. His realisation of Schubert's incomplete Symphony No.7 in E, D.729, was first performed at the Crystal Palace, London, on 5 May 1883. George Grove had originally offered the task of completion to Arthur Sullivan but Sullivan turned it down. At the performance of <mask>'s completion, Schubert's original autograph sketch, which was owned by Grove (who had obtained it through Mendelssohn's brother Paul, who in turn had obtained it from Schubert's brother Ferdinand), was proudly displayed in the Central Transept of the Crystal Palace. <mask> recalled how, when he had only completed his version of the first movement, Schubert's manuscript sketch was almost lost forever when Grove and W. S. Rockstro left it on a train. A description of <mask>'s completion was published in 1891:  The score was subsequently published by Breitkopf & Härtel, Leipzig. <mask> <mask> was twice married, his first wife having died in 1882 giving birth to their fourth child.One of their daughters, Alice May Cook, became a notable artist. Several later members of his family became successful musicians, namely his grandson <mask> Cook (1908-1992), who changed his name by deed poll to <mask> and became well known as a flautist and teacher; and his great-granddaughters Judith Fitton (flautist), <mask> (oboist) and <mask> (soprano). Autobiography

In 1906 <mask> published Musical Reminiscences and Impressions. Novello, Ewer & Co.,

masks:
Barnett
Barnett
Barnett
John Francis
Barnett
John Francis
John Francis
Sarah Francis
Hannah Francis
Barnett


title: Rick Ankiel

texts:
<mask> (; born July 19, 1979) is an American former professional baseball center fielder, right fielder, and pitcher. Ankiel played in Major League Baseball from 1999 through 2013 for the St. Louis Cardinals, Kansas City Royals, Atlanta Braves, Washington Nationals, Houston Astros, and New York Mets. Ankiel was a pitcher with the Cardinals from 1999 until 2001, when he found himself unable to throw strikes consistently. After trying to regain his pitching form in the minor leagues and briefly returning to the majors in 2004, he switched to the outfield in early 2005. For two and a half years, he honed his skills as a hitter and fielder in the Cardinals' minor-league system. He returned to the Cardinals on August 9, 2007. As a Cardinal until 2009, Ankiel hit 47 home runs as an outfielder and two as a pitcher.After the 2009 season, Ankiel became a free agent. Subsequently, he was signed by the Royals and later was traded to the Braves. Ankiel became the second player after Babe Ruth, the third being Shohei Ohtani, to have won at least 10 games as a pitcher and also hit at least 70 home runs. Ankiel is also the only player other than Ruth to both start a postseason game as a pitcher and hit a home run in the postseason as a position player. His change of position, and the fact that he played for six teams in a five-season span, suggest that Ankiel's playing history represents "one of the stranger careers in baseball history" in the words of journalist Barry Petchesky. Early career
<mask> attended Port St. Lucie High School in Florida, where he went 11–1 with a 0.47 earned run average (ERA) during his senior season, striking out 162 batters in 74 innings pitched, and was named the High School Player of the Year by USA Today in 1997. The St. Louis Cardinals selected Ankiel in the second round of the 1997 Major League Baseball Draft.He

masks:
Richard Alexander Ankiel
Ankiel


title: Rick Ankiel

texts:
 received a $2.5 million signing bonus. In 1998, he was voted the best pitching prospect in both the Carolina and Midwest League, and was the Carolina League's All-Star starting pitcher, Baseball Americas first-team Minor League All-Star starting pitcher, and the Cardinals' Minor League Player of the Year. That year, he led all minor league pitchers in strikeouts with 222. In 1999, <mask> was named the Minor League Player of the Year by both Baseball America and USA Today. He was also Texas League All-Star pitcher, Double-A All-Star starting pitcher, Cardinals Minor League Player of the Year, and Baseball America First Team Minor League All-Star starting pitcher. Major league career

1999 and 2000 seasons
Ankiel debuted in 1999 in Montreal, against the Expos. He pitched his first full season in 2000 at the age of 20 (second youngest player in the league), posting an 11–7 record, a 3.50 ERA (tenth in the league), and 194 strikeouts (seventh in the league) in 30 games started.<mask> threw a 94- to 97-mph fastball, a heavy sinker, and a fall-off-the-table curveball that was his main strikeout pitch. He struck out batters at a rate of 9.98 strikeouts per nine innings (second in the National League only to Randy Johnson), and allowed only 7.05 hits per nine innings (second only to Chan Ho Park). He came in second (to the Atlanta Braves' Rafael Furcal) in the NL Rookie of the Year voting. He received The Sporting News Rookie Pitcher of the Year Award. 2000 postseason
The Cardinals won the National League Central Division championship in 2000. Injuries to other pitchers left <mask> and Darryl Kile as the only fully healthy starters left on the roster. Cardinals manager Tony La Russa chose Ankiel to start Game One of the National League Division Series against veteran pitcher Greg Maddux of the Braves.To shield Ankiel from media pressure, La

masks: Ankiel Ankiel Ankiel


title: Rick Ankiel

texts:
 Russa had Kile answer questions to the media as if to start Game One, and afterwards informed the media that Ankiel was starting. In Game One, Ankiel did not allow a run through the first two innings. His performance suddenly deteriorated in the third. He allowed four runs on two hits, four walks and throwing five wild pitches before being removed with two outs. Despite Ankiel facing eight batters and throwing 35 pitches, the Cardinals won the game. Ankiel shrugged off the event, joking that he was the first pitcher to throw five wild pitches in an inning since Bert Cunningham of the Players' League in 1890. In his next start, Game Two of the National League Championship Series against the New York Mets, Ankiel was removed in the first inning after throwing 20 pitches, five of which went past catcher Eli Marrero (only two were official wild pitches, as no runners were on base for the others), and the first of which sailed over the head of Mets' hitter Timo Perez.<mask> appeared again in the seventh inning of Game Five facing four hitters, walking two and throwing two more wild pitches. The Cardinals lost the series four games to one to the Mets. The source of <mask>'s problems were unknown, and his loss of control, often called "the yips" in sports, has been compared to that of Steve Blass, who also became unable to consistently throw strikes for unknown reasons. A section of a book about Cardinals manager Tony LaRussa, Three Nights in August, details <mask>'s rise to the big leagues and loss of control as a pitcher in 2000–2001. LaRussa has stated that putting Ankiel into Game One of the 2000 NLDS was "a decision that perhaps haunts him more than any he has ever made." Aftermath

Ankiel returned to the majors in 2001 but again had issues controlling his pitches, walking 25 batters and throwing five wild pitches in 24 innings, and


title: Rick Ankiel

texts:
 was sent down to Triple-A. His problems in the minors became dramatic.In  innings, Ankiel walked 17 batters and threw 12 wild pitches, accumulating a 20.77 ERA. He was demoted all the way down to the Rookie League Johnson City Cardinals, where he was successful as both a starting pitcher and a part-time designated hitter (sporting a .638 slugging percentage with 10 home runs and 35 RBIs in 105 at-bats). He was voted Rookie Level Player of the Year, Appalachian League All-Star left-handed pitcher, Rookie League All-Star starting pitcher, Appalachian League Pitcher of the Year, and Appalachian League All-Star designated hitter. In 2002, Ankiel sat out the season due to a left elbow sprain, and was not cleared to throw until December. He returned to the minors in 2003, posting a 6.29 ERA in 10 starts before undergoing season-ending ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (Tommy John surgery) for his left elbow in July. In  innings, he walked 49 batters and threw 10 wild pitches. <mask> returned to the majors in September 2004, posting a 5.40 ERA in five relief appearances.<mask>'s control problems appeared to be gone, as he walked just one while striking out nine in ten innings. In the minors, he walked only two batters in  innings, while striking out 23. However, on March 9, 2005, after a successful winter pitching in the Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League, Ankiel announced that he was switching to the outfield, after a spring training game in which he threw only three strikes out of 20 pitches. He slugged .514 in Single-A, and .515 in Double-A, with 5 outfield assists in 55 games. 2006 season
In 2006, <mask> was invited to spring training by the Cardinals as an outfielder, with a slim chance to make the team as a reserve player. His fielding impressed scouts and managers, and he had shown flashes of power hitting in the minor


title: Rick Ankiel

texts:
 leagues. However, he injured his left knee before the season started, and had season-ending surgery on May 26.2007 season
<mask> was invited to the Cardinals' 2007 spring training and began that season at Triple-A Memphis Redbirds. On May 28, 2007, he hit two home runs in a game against the Round Rock Express. He also hit an RBI double and made an over-the-shoulder catch in deep center field that saved two runs. <mask> was named a starting outfielder for the 2007 Triple-A All-Star Game. Through August 8, he had 32 home runs, 89 RBIs, and was hitting .267, including a three-home run performance on June 16 against the Iowa Cubs. He was the home run leader in the Pacific Coast League, and tied for second in RBIs. Defensively, Ankiel had seven errors in 95 games.Return to the majors
On August 9, 2007, the Cardinals promoted <mask> from Memphis after a roster spot was vacated by Scott Spiezio's departure. In his first game, <mask> batted second and played right field. In his first at bat, he received a prolonged standing ovation from the St. Louis crowd. During the seventh inning, he hit a three-run home run off Doug Brocail to right field to help the Cardinals defeat the San Diego Padres, 5–0. It was his first home run in the majors since April 2000 (as a pitcher), and made him the first player since Clint Hartung (1947) to hit his first major league home run as a pitcher and then hit a home run as a position player. The player before Hartung who accomplished this was Babe Ruth. After the game, Tony La Russa said that his only happier moment as a Cardinal was when they won the 2006 World Series.Two days later, against the Dodgers on August 11, Ankiel drew three standing ovations. He had three hits, including two home runs and three RBIs and made a spectacular catch in right field. Ankiel's comeback prompted syndicated columnist Charles

masks: Ankiel Ankiel Ankiel Ankiel


title: Rick Ankiel

texts:
 Krauthammer to write on August 17, 2007:

Ankiel hit his first grand slam in St. Louis against left-hander Eddie Guardado of the Cincinnati Reds on August 31 with the team trailing, 4–3, for an 8–5 win that broke a tie with Red Schoendienst for La Russa for most wins by a Cardinals manager. In a home game against the Pittsburgh Pirates on September 6, he recorded his second two–home run game of the season with a 3-for-4, 7-RBI effort, along with an over-the-shoulder catch in deep right field. On September 23, Ankiel had his first walk-off hit, a two-run triple to win the last Sunday Night Baseball game of the season – against the Astros, 4–3. Ankiel finished the year with a .285 batting average, 11 home runs, 39 RBIs, a .328 on-base percentage, .535 slugging percentage, and an .863 OPS in 47 games and 172 at-bats. The Cardinals, who had won division titles from 2004–2006 and the 2006 World Series, finished 2007 with a 78–84 record and missed the playoffs.Following the season, Ankiel admitted to using human growth hormone (HGH), but said he was following doctor's orders. HGH was not banned by Major League Baseball until 2005. Major League Baseball concluded that there was insufficient evidence of any wrongdoing by Ankiel. 2008 season
Ankiel helped the Cardinals defeat the Colorado Rockies on May 6 by recording two outfield assists and a home run to propel St. Louis to a 6-5 victory. Ankiel, on both assists, threw the ball from deep center field to Troy Glaus at third on the fly. He finished 2008 with a .264 batting average, 25 home runs, and 71 runs batted in. 2009 season
<mask> was the Cardinals' leading hitter in spring training but struggled at the plate when the season started.During a May 4 game against the Philadelphia Phillies, Ankiel collided with the outfield wall and was carried off the field. The injury was reported as


title: Rick Ankiel

texts:
 whiplash, and <mask> was placed on the disabled list on May 7. He was re-activated on May 24. Ankiel platooned with Colby Rasmus for much of the remainder of the year and finished the season with 11 home runs, 38 RBI, and a .231 batting average. 2010 season
In January 2010, <mask> signed a one-year, $3.25 million contract with the Kansas City Royals. He began the season as the Royals' starting center fielder, but was placed on the disabled list in early May with a strained right quadriceps after playing sparingly from April 24 on. He was activated on July 23, and replaced an injured David DeJesus midway through the game in center field.On July 31, Ankiel and reliever Kyle Farnsworth were traded to the Atlanta Braves for Jesse Chavez, Gregor Blanco and Tim Collins. On October 8, in the second game of the 2010 NLDS against the San Francisco Giants, <mask> hit his first career postseason home run into McCovey Cove off Giants reliever Ramón Ramírez in the top of the 11th inning, leading the Braves to a 5–4 win. <mask> joined Barry Bonds as the only two players to hit a ball into the cove in the postseason. Speaking on television after the game, Ankiel called the home run "the pinnacle of anything I've ever done." He finished the 2010 season with a .232 batting average, 6 home runs, and 24 RBI in only 74 games. 2011 season

On November 2, 2010, the Braves declined Ankiel's club option, making him a free agent. On December 20, 2010, the Washington Nationals signed him to a one-year, $1.5 million contract.<mask> played in 122 games for the Nationals in 2011, hitting .239 with 9 home runs and 37 RBIs while platooning in center field with Roger Bernadina. He had a .996 fielding percentage for the season, committing one error in 113 games in the outfield. 2012 season
The Nationals re-signed <mask> to a one-year, $1.25 million minor league

masks: Ankiel Ankiel Ankiel Rick Ankiel Ankiel


title: Rick Ankiel

texts:
 deal for 2012. He began the season on the disabled list, rehabbing in the minors. Once promoted, his role was limited as a backup outfielder. In 68 games, he hit .228 with five home runs and 15 RBIs in 158 at-bats. He started 37 games in center field and played 62 total games in center with a .983 fielding percentage.On July 19, Nationals closer Drew Storen was added to the roster, and <mask> was designated for assignment by the Nationals to make room. On July 27, <mask> was released by the Nationals. 2013 season

On January 17, 2013, the Houston Astros signed <mask> with an invite to spring training as a non-roster invitee. On March 31, <mask> homered in the Astros' regular season opener against the Texas Rangers in Houston. He was designated for assignment on May 6 and released shortly thereafter. One week later on May 13, the New York Mets signed <mask> and immediately placed him into their starting lineup. He collected two hits, including a two-run homer, against the Cardinals in St. Louis on May 15.His offensive production regressed, and following an 0-for-4, three-strikeout performance against the Miami Marlins on June 8 (giving him a combined 60 strikeouts in 128 at-bats for the season), <mask> was designated for assignment by the Mets. He became a free agent on June 13. In 45 games, he batted .188 with 7 home runs and 18 RBI and a .422 slugging percentage. Retirement
<mask> announced his retirement from Major League Baseball on March 5, 2014. On January 8, 2015, the Washington Nationals announced that they had hired Ankiel as a "Life Skills Coordinator." In this role, Ankiel mentors players both at the major league level as well as in the Nationals' farm system. In April 2017, Ankiel's memoir, The Phenomenon: Pressure, The Yips, and the Pitch that Changed My Life, was published.In August 2018, <mask> stated that he was

masks: Ankiel Ankiel Ankiel Ankiel Ankiel Ankiel Ankiel Ankiel


title: Rick Ankiel

texts:
 "toying with" the idea of possibly pitching in professional baseball again. Later that month, <mask> announced that he was planning a return to Major League Baseball for the 2019 season as a pitcher. In October, he underwent "primary repair" surgery, an alternative to Tommy John surgery, in his pitching elbow. <mask> officially ended his comeback attempt on July 30, 2019. He was eligible to be elected into the Hall of Fame in 2019, but received less than 5% of the vote and became ineligible for the 2020 ballot. After retiring, <mask> became a commentator and studio analyst for Bally Sports Midwest, frequently joining Dan McLaughlin in calling Cardinals games. Personal life
<mask> lives in Jupiter, Florida with wife, Lory.They have two sons. He periodically joins Cardinals television broadcasts. In popular culture
The 2016 film, The Phenom, starring Ethan Hawke, Johnny Simmons, and Paul Giamatti, is loosely based on Ankiel's personal life and professional struggles. See also

 List of Major League Baseball players named in the Mitchell Report
 Two-way player

Notes

External links

 Ankiel's Official Website
 Baseball Prospectus stats
 <mask>'s page at stlcardinals.scout.com

1979 births
Living people
People from Fort Pierce, Florida
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball center fielders
St. Louis Cardinals players
Kansas City Royals players
Atlanta Braves players
Washington Nationals players
Houston Astros players
New York Mets players
Palm Beach Cardinals players
Memphis Redbirds players
Springfield Cardinals players
Tennessee Smokies players
Arkansas Travelers players
Peoria Chiefs players
Johnson City Cardinals players
Prince William Cannons players
Swing of the Quad Cities players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Omaha Royals players
Harrisburg Senators players
Gulf Coast Nationals players
Hagerstown Suns players
Baseball

masks:
Ankiel
Ankiel
Ankiel
Ankiel
Rick Ankiel


title: Angela Calomiris

texts:
<mask> (August 1, 1916 – January 30, 1995) was an American photographer who became a secret FBI informant within the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) under the name <mask>. Calomiris spent seven years undercover in the party from February 1942 until April 26, 1949, when she was called to testify in the trial of eleven CPUSA leaders, who were convicted of conspiracy to advocate the overthrow of the US government on October 13, 1949. Background
The daughter of Greek immigrants, <mask> was born in New York City on August 1, 1916, and grew up on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. Her father was a furrier, who lost his job during the Great Depression and was forced to support his family through menial labor. Calomiris attended Brooklyn College and Hunter College of the City University of New York for two years, and decided to become a professional photographer, having fallen in love with photography as a child. Career

After her studies, <mask> took up residence in Greenwich Village and "instead of buying food, she saved money to buy a camera". She worked for Broadway photographer Hal Phyfe and also joined the Photo League, a group of amateur photographic enthusiasts, which included a number of communists among its members.Sid Grossman, director of the Photo League's school, recruited her; Leona Saron was the Party operative to whom she first reported. FBI Informant

In February 1942, Calomiris was approached by two FBI agents, who asked her if she would be willing to infiltrate the CPUSA as an informant. The agents told her that she would receive neither money nor glory for her work, and that she would be disavowed if discovered, possibly putting her in personal danger, but Calomiris accepted their offer anyway after a week of deliberation. In the end she was well paid and earned a respectable pay check despite claims to the contrary. When asked about her decision in 1950, <mask> told The New York Times that she accepted the offer because she "kind of wanted to be a hero." Her FBI handlers advised

masks:
Angela Calomiris
Angela Cole
Calomiris
Calomiris
Calomiris


title: Angela Calomiris

texts:
 her to "never act conspiratorially or try to pry into party secrets", but rather to simply gather and report whatever information came her way. A few weeks after meeting with the FBI, Calomiris attended a lecture about Soviet efforts in World War II, where she was recruited by communist organizers.She then agreed to join the party, but was advised by her communist recruiters that she should take an assumed name for security reasons and chose the name <mask>. <mask> then rose quickly through the ranks of the party by volunteering for jobs that no one else wanted to do. Over her time in the party, she served as educational director, branch organizer, and co-section organizer of the West Midtown Branch of the CPUSA, before rising to the position of finance secretary. As finance secretary, Calomiris had access to extensive information on party members, including the real names of all members of the branch and the leaders of the national party, and passed all of this information to the FBI. Throughout the time that Calomiris served as an informant, she supported herself as a professional photographer, specializing in animal photographs, but the FBI also paid her a salary (a fact which Calomiris later denied) and covered her expenses, including Communist Party dues. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders

During World War II, the US Department of Justice avoided prosecuting American communists, to avoid antagonizing the Soviet Union, then a military ally. After the end of the war, they began compiling a case against the leadership of the CPUSA, using evidence from informants, including Calomiris.John McGohey, the US Attorney for the Southern District of New York, was given the lead role in prosecuting the cases and, under the Smith Act, presented charges against twelve communist leaders on July 20, 1948. The defendants were then indicted by a grand jury and arrested. After the arrests, Calomiris remained undercover, and continued her activities within the Party. When the trial of the

masks:
Angela Cole
Calomiris


title: Angela Calomiris

texts:
 publication of her book, <mask> went on a number of talk radio shows, appearing most notably on former first lady Eleanor Roosevelt's show on NBC, Today with Mrs. Roosevelt, where Roosevelt praised Calomiris as "a young lady of great courage."During the same period, <mask> continued to work with the FBI, providing information on a communist lesbian policewoman named Yetta Cohn, which resulted in the firing of Cohn and another woman. Later life

<mask>'s celebrity status soon began to evaporate, and a number of potential television and movie projects fell through as did offers of a photography job. Around the same time, <mask> broke up with Myrtis Johnson, and fell out with many of her friends in the New York lesbian community, who disapproved of her decision to give the FBI information on Cohn. <mask> then left New York, opening a bed and breakfast in Provincetown, Massachusetts, in the 1960s. Arriving at the start of Provincetown's transition from fishing village to seaside resort, Calomiris bought a number of prime properties, including the rooming house at 353 Commercial St. that she named Angels' Landing, which still exists today, memorializing the FBI spy. Death

<mask> died on January 30, 1995, in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico. Legacy

Exhibitions of <mask>' work include:
November 4, 2011 - March 25, 2012 "The Radical Camera: New York's Photo League, 1936-1951" at Jewish Museum (New York)
March 19 - May 9, 2009 "The Women of the Photo League" at Higher Pictures Gallery, New York City

In 2008, Veronica Wilson published "Red Masquerades: Gender and Political Subversion during the Cold War, 1945-1963," as her PhD Dissertation at Rutgers University.In 2009, SUNY New Paltz theater professor John Wade wrote a play Red Masquerade, directed by Stephen Kitsakos. References

Photographers from New York City
Federal Bureau of Investigation informants
American communists of the Stalin era
American people of Greek descent
1916 births
1995 deaths
Lesbians
Members of the Communist Party

masks: Calomiris Calomiris Calomiris Calomiris Calomiris Calomiris Calomiris