title: Rafael Casanova

texts:
<mask> i Comes (; 1660 – 2 May 1743) was a Catalan jurist and supporter of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor as a claimant to the Crown of Spain during the War of the Spanish succession. He became mayor of Barcelona and commander in chief of Catalonia during the Siege of Barcelona until he was wounded in combat while commanding La Coronela during the counterattack on the Saint Peter front on the last day of the siege, 11 September 1714. After the war he received a royal pardon for having supported the Habsburg claim to the Spanish throne. He recovered from his wounds, and continued his fight against absolute monarchy as a lawyer. It has been claimed that he is the author of the book Record de l'Aliança fet el Sereníssim Jordi Augusto Rey de la Gran Bretanya (Remembrance of the Alliance to George I of Great Britain) in which Catalonia reminds England of the Treaty of Genoa and their obligation to Catalonia. Life
<mask> was born in Moià around 1660 and lived there until he turned 14 years old, his birth home now houses two museums, one which is dedicated to <mask> himself and the other being the Archaeology and Paleontology Museum – Caves of the Toll of Moià. He was one of eleven children of <mask> (1625–1682), a landowner of a rural estate in Moià, and Maria Comes i Sors († 1684), from Lliçà d'Amunt.At the time of his birth, the <mask> family enjoyed a solid financial position based on the usage of their land and the trade of grain and wool to supply the powerful textile industry in the subvegueria of Moianès. The <mask>s had a long tradition of participating in public affairs: his father was the head of a Catalan paramilitary organization called Sometent (dissolved 1978) in 1650, Councillor of the People

masks:
Rafael Casanova
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael Casanova i Solà
Casanova
Casanova


title: Rafael Casanova

type: original

texts: (1652) and the head of the Moianès subvegueria (1659). The inheritance of the family lands was reserved to his brother, <mask>, as was the lineage itself. Thus, the young <mask> moved to Barcelona to study law, in 1678. At the age of 18 he had achieved a Doctor of Law degree. His father had died in 1682 and his mother two years later, in 1684. Three years after that, in 1687, his older brother Francis was named as an honorable citizen of Barcelona, as Moiá had the dignity to be the "street and arm of Barcelona", that is, the people of Moià enjoyed the same exemptions, rights and privileges as the people of Barcelona, and, were under the jurisdiction of the Councillors of Barcelona.In 1696, with his career established, he married the heiress Maria Bosch i Barba, daughter of Pau Bosch and Maria Barba. The Bosch family were a lineage of apothecaries from Barcelona that had important properties in Sant Boi de Llobregat. Maria Bosch had become the widow of a medical doctor, Josep Campllonch i Puig, with whom she had a son named Josep. In the "marriage agreement", it stated that <mask> would not obtain possession of the assets of the Bosch family, but would only temporarily administrate them while their children remain underage. This way, <mask>, the young man who came from Moià, economically consolidated his ascending position in Barcelona, while the Bosch family got a son in law to manage their assets. Pau Bosch set a £2,750 dowry for his daughter, adding £2,500 for children born from the marriage, an amount which the Campllonch family possessed and had to return, but failed to do so in full, returning only £759. The newly wed couple went to live in an apartment rented by <mask>, on the street of Banys

masks:
Francisco Casanova
Rafael
Rafael Casanova
Rafael Casanova
Rafael


title: Rafael Casanova

texts:
 Nous 16.This house was discovered by the historian, Albert Garcia Espuche, where a newly constructed building stands. In 2014, during the events of the "Tricentenari" (tercentenary) of 1714, Barcelona erected a commemorative plaque. They had four children:
 Francesc (?–1710)
 <mask> i Bosch (7 March 1701; Barcelona – 1768; Sant Boi de Llobregat)
 Pau (1704–1704)
 Teresa (1704–1704)
In 1697, Maria Bosch gave <mask>, her husband, new powers to manage the assets of the Bosch family, which were augmented in 1700 by Pau Bosch, her father. On 29 December 1704 Maria Bosch died during childbirth, the newborn twins, Pau and Teresa, died a few days later. The Spanish Succession
Months later, in November 1700, Charles II died, the last Habsburg Spanish monarch. The Duke of Anjou, a member of the Bourbon dynasty, was appointed as his successor, and who was enthroned by the name of Philip V of Spain. In 1702, the War of Spanish Succession started when the House of Austria, at odds with the will, invaded the Spanish territories in Italy.In 1703, maritime powers, England and Holland joined the House of Austria and declared war against the Two Crowns, Bourbon France and Spain. In Vienna the young archduke Charles of Austria was called for as an alternative candidate to rule Spain. In 1704, Charles moved to Portugal, where he sought to recover from the Spanish throne for the Habsburg dynasty. On the other side of the peninsula allies launched an attempted landing in Barcelona with the complicity of a small number of Austrian locals. The plot was discovered and the allied landings failed. The exiled Austrian viceroy of Catalonia, Francisco Velasco was shocked and wanting to avoid any further Austrian conspiracies.

masks:
Rafael Casanova
Rafael


title: Rafael Casanova

texts: 1706.There was a new drawing on 25 January to appoint his replacement. Luckily it was ruled that the lawyer <mask>, who was then a widower and was about 46 years old should take his place; in the afternoon of that day two emissaries of the city announced his appointment. Two days later, having closed its professional affairs, the city council sent Baltasar de Luna and Antonio Valencia to take the oath. On 28 January Dr. <mask> went to the City Hall where he was received by the clerk and other officials of the Hundred. From there they accompanied him to the chapel where he prayed, then entered the hall where he was received by all other directors and entered the chapel where they heard mass. Finally they returned to the room where the council oath as Chief <mask> third in Barcelona. Meanwhile, Philip V was preparing an offensive to retake the city.The ministers of Charles of Austria were in favor of leaving Barcelona to avoid being captured should the city surrender, but Barcelona's councilors pressured them to stay. On 30 March 1706, the Minister <mask> addressed Charles of Austria on behalf of the city offering the sacrifice of the lives of the locals in their defense, and finally on 2 April the king issued a statement agreeing to stay in Barcelona to resist the attack. The next day the troops of Philip V, surrounded the city starting Bourbon siege. On 15 April they began bombing the inner city with firebombs and then undertaking operations aimed at the conquest of the fortress of Montjuic from which, once taken, they could force the surrender of the capital. On 21 April the troops of Philip V had taken positions near the fort and began to harass her. Then the rumor spread among the locals that the

masks:
Rafael Casanova
Rafael Casanova
Casanova
Rafael Casanova


title: Rafael Casanova

texts:
 British troops had agreed to surrender Montjuic. The rumor caused the outbreak of a general mutiny and a group of extremists began to touch the alarm bells summoning the locals fight to prevent the surrender, the Minister-in-Chief Francis tried to stop the alarm but fell during the riots and was killed.With the city under fire and making chaos of the municipal government, the Second Minister Francesc Gallart, the lawyer, and the third chief counsel <mask> gave Directives to restore order and the government of the city, while reinforcing the defenses of Montjuïc. However, nothing seemed to stop the progress the Bourbon troops were making, and fear rose of the imminent collapse of Montjuic and Barcelona. However, on 8 May, the English fleet commanded by Admiral John Leake was glimpsed on the horizon. The sight of the fleet caused the Bourbon troops to break ranks, and retreat hastily, abandoning their wounded, their supplies and artillery. Barcelona had been released from the siege and the Bourbon troops who failed to secure their supply lines in their advance, had to flee to France. Months later, inquiries were made about what happened during the assault on Mont Juic; the Second Minister Francesc Gallart, who before the war had shown sympathy Philip, was removed from the lists of candidates for public office, and then banished from the city. Conversely, on 6 February 1707, Charles of Austria was rewarded the Third Minister <mask> with the title "Honored Citizen of Barcelona" and he was honored for his performance at the head of the city government during the siege.After siege
With his new position as the Honoured Citizen, <mask> reached the political pinnacle of Barcelona. From that year he attended

masks:
Rafael Casanova
Rafael Casanova
Rafael Casanova


title: Rafael Casanova

texts: all meetings of the Hundred, and his name became part of the exclusive list of people who could be drawn to become chief minister of Barcelona, which took place in 1713. Also in 1708, in recognition of his prestige and reputation, <mask> was one of the designated representative, with Manuel de Ferrer i Sitges and Cristòfor Lledó i Carreras, from Barcelona, that queen Elizabeth received during the wedding ceremony with King Charles of Austria. Late in 1708 his in-law Paul Bosch died, having been predeceased by all her children and leaving three grandchildren: <mask> and Bosch, and <mask> Bosch, and Josep Campllonch Garza, son of the first marriage his dead daughter. Leave it as universal heir heritage <mask> Bosch, leaving as the second heir to his younger brother <mask> if the first died childless, and finally determined that the legacy by his grandson Joseph Garza was Campllonch 3000 Barcelona pounds. In the year 1709, Campllonch demanded full payment of £3,000, while <mask> defended the patrimony of his children recalling that Campllonch had received 2,750 pounds and 2,500 pounds of dowry increase, which had only 750 pounds back, when the second marriage of his mother Mary Bosch, reason 3,000 pounds of legacy claiming Campllonch were settled. The disagreement will would lead to a lengthy legal dispute that lasted until 1744.After the siege of Barcelona 1706, Austrian troops advanced without opposition to conquer Madrid, but withdrew soon after when the troops of Philip V, reinforced in France, crossed the border. They continue advancing until the Battle of Almansa. After a failed peace treaty in 1709, Austrian troops launched a new offensive which culminated in 1710 with the capture of Madrid again.

masks:
Rafael Casanova
Francisco Casanova
Rafael Casanova
Francisco Casanova
Rafael
Casanova


title: Rafael Casanova

texts:
 Forced to leave the city before the arrival of French reinforcements, in 1711. In September 1711 that year Archduke Charles left the peninsula heading to Vienna to take the Holy Roman Empire. In 1712, <mask> and Manuel de Ferrer i Sitges, attended a conference where they negotiated political situation in Catalonia. The year 1713, began formally in the Dutch city of Utrecht peace talks between major powers.Initially the ambassadors of Emperor Charles VI insisted that the Principality of Catalonia being elevated to the status of an independent republic. However, after Philip V renounced the throne of France (Article 2), the Gibraltar (Article 10) and Menorca (Article 11), and commercial advantages granted to the Indians (Article 12), the English yield to Philip V on 14 May 1713, to recognize him as legitimate king of Spain, although the deal remained secret until 13 July 1713. For his part Philip V pledged in Article 13 of the Treaty of Utrecht, to grant the Catalans amnesty, but only the same rights and privileges that the inhabitants of the Kingdom of Castile. The Article was supposed de facto repeal of the Constitution of Catalonia, as he had done previously with Aragon and Valencia, and devoting the abolition of laws, rights and government of all states the Crown of Aragon, which thereafter would come under laws and government of the Council of Castile. British ships began shortly after the evacuation of the last remaining Allied troops in Catalonia, enabling the rapid advancement of the Bourbons toward Catalonia in Barcelona. Catalonia declares war: the siege of Barcelona

After the Peace of Utrecht (1713) he participated in the Parliament in which Catalonia proclaimed the continuation of the war


title: Rafael Casanova

texts:
 in defense of their constitutions the on 6 July 1713. While Barcelona was besieged by Bourbon troops, he was proclaimed "Conseller en Cap" (mayor) of Barcelona on 30 November 1713, and by virtue of their functions he was also colonel of the regiment of the milícia citizen, governor of Barcelona and the fortress of Montjuïc, as well as member of the Veinticuatrena Board of Government.On 26 February 1714 <mask> became the highest military and political authority in Catalonia, when the Generalitat of Catalonia gave him all the military powers and also was named president of the ninth Board of war. It ruled the city until he was wounded in combat when commanding a counterattack of the Barcelona milícia at the San Peter front on the last day of siege, 11 September 1714. Having capitulated the city, the institutions of self-government of Catalonia were abolished and <mask> was cleared of its political and military positions. After the defeat their assets were seized, being amnestied years later to return to practice as a lawyer in Barcelona until shortly before his death. He maintained contact with several that had been leaders of the city during the siege, as well as with the exiles in the Austrian Empire, and is credited with the authorship of a public manifesto addressed to king George II of Great Britain remembering the alliance between Catalonia and England which was published in 1736, the twenty-second year of our slavery. Rafel <mask> died in 1743 and two years after, the English historian Tindal wrote in 1745:

Homage to <mask>

His figure has become an icon of catalanism, regarding him as one of their great Patriots. A hundred and fifty years after the end of the war (in 1863), the city of


title: Rafael Casanova

texts:
 Barcelona dedicated a street to <mask>; In 1888 again the municipal consistory honored his memory by erecting a statue in his honor as the last 'Conceller in Cap', shot in this city brandishing the flag of Santa Eulalia in defense of the Catalan institutions.From that year the monument to <mask> became a place to call for the return of Catalan freedom and institutions of self-governance, especially when these were abolished during the dictatorship of the general Miguel Primo de Rivera, who also prohibited paying tribute to <mask>, and again abolished during the dictatorship of the general Francisco Franco, when the statue was also withdrawn. Since the restitution in 1977 of the monument in honor of <mask>, it was placed near where he fell wounded in battle fighting against the absolutist troops. One of the traditional acts of the National Day of Catalonia is that carried out by the Catalan institutions, most of the Catalan political forces, and representatives of major cultural, social and sports associations from Catalonia like FC Barcelona, who present wreaths and floral decorations at the foot of the monument. It is also remembered what was said in 1715 in House of Lords. References

Bibliography
 Various Authors (2006): Catalunya durant la Guerra de Successió. Barcelona: Ara Llibres
 Baker, J: Deplorable History of the Catalans : from their first engaging in the war, to the time of their reduction with the motives, declarations, and engagements, on which they first took arms, the letters, treaties, .... London, 1714
 Baker, J: The Case of the Catalans considered. London, 1714
 Manonelles, M.: The House of Lords and the ‘Case of the Catalans’
 Serret, C. (1996): <mask> i Comes, Conseller en Cap.San

masks:
Rafael Casanova
Rafael Casanova
Rafael Casanova
Rafael Casanova
Rafael Casanova


title: Rafael Casanova

texts:
 Baudilio de Llobregat: Ayto. de San Baudilio de Llobregat. External links
Personal website of Jordi Torrades. It talks about the War of the Spanish Succession
 La Coronela of the town of Barcelona
 The Battle of the 11 of September 1714
 <mask>

1660 births
1743 deaths
People from Moianès
Military history of Catalonia
History of Barcelona
Spanish generals
Spanish army commanders in the War of the Spanish Succession
18th-century Spanish


title: Tom Jones (singer)

texts: <mask>  (born 7 June 1940), known professionally as <mask>, is a Welsh singer. His career began with a string of top-ten hits in the mid-1960s. He has toured regularly, with appearances in Las Vegas (1967–2011). <mask>'s voice has been described by AllMusic as a "full-throated, robust baritone". His performing range has included pop, R&B, show tunes, country, dance, soul and gospel. In 2008, the New York Times called <mask> a musical "shape shifter", who could  "slide from soulful rasp to pop croon, with a voice as husky as it was pretty". <mask> has sold over 100 million records, with 36 Top 40 hits in the UK and 19 in the US, including  "It's Not Unusual", "What's New Pussycat?", the theme song for the 1965 James Bond film Thunderball, "Green, Green Grass of Home", "Delilah", "She's a Lady", "Kiss" and "Sex Bomb". <mask> has also occasionally dabbled in acting, first making his acting debut playing the lead role in the 1979 television film Pleasure Cove. He also appeared as himself in Tim Burton's 1996 film Mars Attacks!. In 1970 he received a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy nomination for hosting the television series This Is <mask> Jones. In 2012, he played his first dramatic acting role in an episode

masks:
Sir Thomas Jones Woodward
Tom Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Tom


title: Tom Jones (singer)

texts:
 of Playhouse Presents. <mask> received a Grammy Award for Best New Artist in 1966, an MTV Video Music Award in 1989, as well as two Brit Awards: Best British Male in 2000 and the Outstanding Contribution to Music award in 2003. <mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1998 and knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for services to music in 2005.<mask> experienced a resurgence in notability in the 2010s due to his coaching role on the television talent show The Voice UK from 2012. Early life
Thomas John Woodward was born at 57 Kingsland Terrace, Treforest, Pontypridd, in Glamorgan, South Wales. His parents were Thomas Woodward (31 March 1910 – 5 October 1981), a coal miner, and Freda <mask> (30 December 1914 – 7 February 2003). Three of his grandparents were of English origin: his paternal grandfather, James Woodward, was an ironmonger's haulier from Gloucestershire, and his paternal grandmother, Anne Woodward, was from Wiltshire. His maternal grandfather, <mask>, was Welsh, and his maternal grandmother, <mask>, was born in Pontypridd, to parents from Somerset and Wiltshire. <mask> attended Wood Road Infants School, Wood Road Junior School and Pontypridd Central Secondary Modern School. He began singing at an early age: he

masks:
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Albert Jones
Ada Jones
Jones


title: Tom Jones (singer)

texts:
 would regularly sing at family gatherings, weddings and in his school choir.<mask> did not like school or sports, but gained confidence through his singing talent. At 12 he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. Many years later he said: "I spent two years in bed recovering. It was the worst time of my life." During convalescence, he could do little else but listen to music and draw. <mask>'s bluesy singing style developed out of the sound of American soul music. His early influences included blues, R&B and rock and roll singers Little Richard, Solomon Burke, Jackie Wilson, Brook Benton, Elvis Presley and Jerry Lee Lewis.In March 1957, <mask> married his high school girlfriend Linda Trenchard, when they were expecting a child together, both aged 16. The couple's son, Mark, was born in the month following their wedding. To support his young family, <mask> took a job working in a glove factory and was later employed in construction. Career

Rise to fame
<mask>'s voice has been described as a "full-throated, robust baritone". According to <mask> himself, his young voice was a tenor voice. He said: "What you lose on the top end, you gain on the bottom end. I used to be able to hit a top C when I was young now it's a B flat."He became the frontman in 1963

masks: Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones


title: Tom Jones (singer)

texts: for <mask> and the Senators, a Welsh beat group. They soon gained a local following and reputation in South Wales. In 1964, the group recorded several solo tracks with producer Joe Meek, who took them to various record labels, but they had little success. Later that year, Decca producer Peter Sullivan saw <mask> and the Senators performing in a club and directed them to manager Phil Solomon, but the partnership was short-lived. The group continued to play gigs at dance halls and working men's clubs in South Wales. One night at the Top Hat in Cwmtillery, <mask> was spotted by Gordon Mills, a London-based manager who also originally hailed from South Wales. Mills became <mask>'s manager, took the young singer to London, and also renamed him "<mask>", to exploit the popularity of the Academy Award-winning 1963 film.Eventually, Mills got <mask> a recording contract with Decca. His first single, "Chills and Fever", was released in late 1964. It did not chart, but the follow-up, "It's Not Unusual", became an international hit after offshore pirate radio station Radio Caroline promoted it. The following year was the most prominent of <mask>'s career, making him one of the most popular vocalists of the British Invasion. In early 1965, "It's Not Unusual"

masks:
Tommy Scott
Tommy Scott
Jones
Jones
Tom Jones
Jones
Jones


title: Tom Jones (singer)

texts:
 reached No. 1 in the United Kingdom and the top ten in the United States. During 1965, Mills secured a number of film themes for <mask> to record, including the theme songs for the film What's New Pussycat?(written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David) and also for the James Bond film Thunderball. <mask> was also awarded the Grammy Award for Best New Artist in 1966. During a filming break at Paramount Studios (1965) in Hollywood, <mask> met Elvis Presley for the first time; he recalls Presley singing, 'With These Hands' as he walked towards him from the film set. The two men became good friends. In 1966, <mask>'s popularity began to slip somewhat, causing Mills to reshape the singer's image into that of a crooner. <mask> also began to sing material that appealed to a wider audience, such as the country hit "Green, Green Grass of Home". The strategy worked, and <mask> returned to the top of the charts in the UK and began hitting the Top 40 again in the US.For the remainder of the decade, he scored a string of hits on both sides of the Atlantic, including "I'll Never Fall in Love Again", "I'm Coming Home", and "Delilah", each of which reached No. 2 in the UK chart. 1967 to 1987
In 1967, <mask> performed in Las Vegas for the first time, at the Flamingo.

masks: Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones


title: Tom Jones (singer)

texts: His performances and style of dress became part of his stage act, and increasingly featured his open, half-unbuttoned shirts and tight trousers. He soon chose to record less, instead concentrating on his lucrative club performances. <mask> played in Las Vegas at least one week each year until 2011. <mask> had an internationally successful television variety show titled This Is Tom Jones from 1969 to 1971.The Associated Television-produced show was worth a reported  to <mask> over three years. It was broadcast by ITV in the UK and by the American Broadcasting Company in the US. As a result of the show, <mask> was nominated in 1970 for a "best actor" Golden Globe. From 1980 to 1981, he had a second television variety show, <mask>, which was produced in Vancouver, Canada, and lasted 24 episodes. Both television shows were the subject of litigation with the original licence holder C/F International. , C/F International was a secured judgment creditor of Classic World Productions and its principal, Darryl Payne, for approximately , and was the principal secured creditor at the time of the subsequent bankruptcy filing by the company. C/F International's action against Classic World Productions and owner Darryl Payne was based on unpaid royalty

masks:
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Tom Jones


title: Tom Jones (singer)

texts: payments from This Is Tom Jones and related recordings.This Is <mask> is sold on DVD by Time Life rather than by Classic World Productions or C/F International. C/F International's rights to later <mask> material were also disputed. In March 2007, <mask> and Tom Jones Enterprises sued C/F International to stop the company from licensing sound recordings made from the 1981 <mask> series. It was contended that any rights that C/F International had to licence the <mask> show did not include the right to make and licence separate recordings of the performances on the show, and that any rights that C/F International had in the <mask> show no longer existed because of numerous breaches of contract. Examples of contentious CDs are Live on the <mask> Welch television special Raquel! directed by David Winters, in it <mask> is among guests.In the 1970s, <mask> toured with the female singing groups Quiet Elegance and the Blossoms as his backing groups. He had a number of hit singles, including "She's a Lady", "Till", and "The Young New Mexican Puppeteer", but in the mid-1970s his popularity declined. He did, however, have a big hit in 1976 with "Say You'll Stay Until Tomorrow", which went to No. 1 on the US country chart, No. 15 on the Billboard Hot 100

masks:
Tom Jones
Tom Jones
Tom Jones
Tom Jones
Tom Jones
Tom Jones
Tom Jonesquel
Jones
Jones


title: Tom Jones (singer)

texts: and No. 40 on the UK Singles Chart. In 1972, he co-starred with Jennifer O'Neill in David Winters's television special The Special London Bridge Special.In 1976, <mask> was set to make his film debut in the film Yockowald, in which he was to play a CIA assassin. The film was shelved after the production ran out of money three weeks into filming. In 1979, <mask> made his acting debut in Pleasure Cove, an ABC television film which was a pilot for a potential television series but was not picked up. In the film, he played a suave conman named Raymond Gordon staying at the holiday island resort of the title. His co-stars in the film included Constance Forslund, Tanya Roberts and David Hasselhoff. In 1984, he guest-starred in an episode of the television series Fantasy Island as an accountant who fantasises about living life as Dick Turpin. In the early 1980s, <mask> started to record country music.From 1980 to 1986, he had nine songs in the US country top 40, yet failed to crack the top 100 in the UK or the Billboard Hot 100. <mask>'s manager Gordon Mills died of cancer on 29 July 1986, and <mask>'s son Mark became his manager. In 1987, <mask> re-entered the singles chart with "A Boy from Nowhere", which went to No. 2 in the UK. The following year,

masks:
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Tom Jones


title: Tom Jones (singer)

texts:
 he covered Prince's "Kiss" with Art of Noise. The song reached No. 5 in the UK and No.31 in the US. The video for "Kiss" was played frequently on MTV and VH1, and won the MTV Video Music Award for Breakthrough Video. 1990s resurgence

<mask> received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1989, located at 6608 Hollywood Boulevard, Los Angeles, California, in front of Frederick's of Hollywood. He collaborated with Van Morrison on his album Carrying A Torch, released in 1991 on Dover Records, featuring <mask>'s cover of Morrison's title track. Partly recorded at Townhouse Studios in London, Morrison wrote and produced four songs for the album. In 1992, he made his first appearance at the UK's Glastonbury Festival, and in 1993 he appeared as himself in episodes of two popular US sitcoms, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air ("The ") and The Simpsons ("Marge Gets a Job"). <mask> signed with Interscope Records in 1993 and released the album The Lead and How to Swing It.The first single, "If I Only Knew", went to No. 11 in the UK. <mask> performed the song at the 1994 MTV Europe Music Awards, for which he also served as host. In 1997 <mask> recorded a cover of Randy Newman song "You Can Leave Your Hat On" for the soundtrack of The Full Monty. In 1996, <mask>


title: Tom Jones (singer)

texts:
 appeared as himself in Tim Burton's ensemble science-fiction comedy film Mars Attacks!. A scene in the film features him performing on stage when aliens attack and he manages to escape with a gun. In 1999, <mask> released the album Reload, a collection of cover duets with artists such as the Cardigans, Natalie Imbruglia, Cerys Matthews, Van Morrison, Mousse T, Portishead, Stereophonics and Robbie Williams.The album went to No. 1 in the UK and sold over 4 million copies worldwide. Five singles from Reload charted in the UK top 40. The single "Sex Bomb" was released in early 2000 and became the album's biggest single, reaching No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart. Into the 21st century
US President Bill Clinton invited <mask> to perform on New Year's Eve at the 2000 millennium celebrations in Washington, D.C. In 2000, <mask> garnered a number of honours for his work, including a BRIT Award for Best British Male.He was also hired as the new voice of Australia's National Rugby League, singing in an advertisement to market the 2000 season. In 2002, <mask> released the album Mr. Jones, which was produced by Haitian-American rapper Wyclef Jean. The album and the first single, "Tom Jones International", were top 40 hits in the UK. <mask> received the Brit

masks: Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones


title: Tom Jones (singer)

texts: Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music in 2003. The following year, he teamed up with pianist Jools Holland and released <mask> Jones & Jools Holland, a roots rock 'n' roll album. It peaked at No. 5 in the UK.On 28 May 2005, in celebration of his upcoming 65th birthday, <mask> returned to his homeland to perform a concert in Ynysangharad Park, Pontypridd, before an audience of about 20,000. This was his first performance in Pontypridd since 1964. That same year, the BBC reported that <mask> was Wales's wealthiest entertainer, having amassed a fortune of £175,000,000. <mask> collaborated with Australian pop singer John Farnham in 2005 and released the live album John Farnham & <mask> – Together in Concert. The following year, <mask> worked with Chicane and released the dance track "Stoned in Love", which went to No. 7 in the UK Singles Chart. <mask>, who had been awarded an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1999, was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 2006 at Buckingham Palace for his services to music.After receiving a knighthood, <mask> stated: "When you first come into show business and get a hit record, it is the start of something. As time goes by it just gets better. This is the best thing I have had. It's a wonderful

masks:
Tom
Jones
Jones
Jones
Tom Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones


title: Tom Jones (singer)

texts:
 feeling, a heady feeling." 2007–2009

On 1 July 2007, <mask> was among the artists who performed at Wembley Stadium at the Concert for Diana, joined on stage by guitarist Joe Perry of Aerosmith and soul singer Joss Stone. In addition to performing some of his own songs, the group covered the Arctic Monkeys song, "I Bet You Look Good on the Dancefloor". A boxing fan, <mask> has performed national anthems before a number of boxing matches.He sang "God Save the Queen", the national anthem of the United Kingdom, before the Floyd Mayweather-Ricky Hatton fight in 2007; he sang "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau", the Welsh national anthem, at the Bernard Hopkins-Joe Calzaghe fight between fellow Welshman Joe Calzaghe and Bernard Hopkins in 2008; and he sang "God Save the Queen" before the Manny Pacquiao-Ricky Hatton fight in 2009. In 2008, he released 24 Hours on S-Curve Records, his first album of new material to be issued in the United States for over 15 years. <mask>, who was still performing over 200 dates a year as he approached his seventieth birthday, set out on a world tour to promote the album. "The fire is still in me. Not to be an oldie, but a goodie. I want to be a contender", <mask> said. Also in 2008, <mask> was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of


title: Tom Jones (singer)

texts:
 Fame.On 16 November 2008, he was invited to perform on BBC's Strictly Come Dancing; he performed the debut single from 24 Hours, "If He Should Ever Leave You", which was named the ninth-best song of 2008 by Spinner. One of the songs from 24 Hours, "Give a Little Love", would later be featured in the first trailer for the 2010 comedy film, Little Fockers. In February 2009, <mask> appeared in an exclusive Take-Away Show with Vincent Moon, performing three songs live in front of a camera in a New York hotel room. In March 2009, <mask> went to the top of the UK Music Charts for the third time in his career with a cover of "Islands in the Stream", sung with <mask>, Rob Brydon and Robin Gibb, who co-wrote the original with his brothers Barry and Maurice. The record, which was inspired by the song's having featured in the BBC's hit sitcom Gavin & Stacey, was released in aid of Comic Relief and reached No. 1 in March 2009. 2010–present

<mask>'s album Praise & Blame was released on 26 July 2010.The album, consisting primarily of gospel and blues songs, included covers of songs by Bob Dylan, John Lee Hooker and Billy Joe Shaver, and featured guest musicians such as Booker T.

On 7 June 2010, which was <mask>'s seventieth birthday, the single "Burning

masks:
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Jones
Ruth Jones
Jones
Jones


title: Tom Jones (singer)

texts: Hell", a cover of the John Lee Hooker song from the Praise & Blame album, was released. In July 2010, it was reported that David Sharpe, vice-president of Island Records (to whom <mask> had moved, from EMI, for £1.5m in October 2009), had emailed colleagues demanding that they "pull back this project immediately or get my money back" and asking if the spiritually themed record had been a "sick joke". <mask> later strongly criticised Sharpe and said that he was furious about the leaked email. In July 2010, <mask> appeared on the penultimate episode of Friday Night with Jonathan Ross and performed "Burning Hell". In August 2010, Praise & Blame debuted at No. 2 on the UK album chart. By 2010 <mask> had sold a total of over 100 million records.On 11 September 2010, <mask> performed for an audience of 50,000 at the Help for Heroes charity concert at Twickenham Stadium performing "Strange Things Are Happening Every Day" and his hit "Green, Green Grass of Home". On 22 September, <mask> appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman at the Ed Sullivan Theater in New York. In May 2011, <mask> appeared as a guest vocalist on the debut album Let Them Talk by Hugh Laurie. On 15 May 2011, he appeared alongside Laurie in the UK ITV series Perspectives,


title: Tom Jones (singer)

texts: singing music from the album in New Orleans. On 25 May 2011, he appeared on  American Idol  after a medley of his hits performed by the American Idol "Top 13". <mask> released a single on 19 March 2012, produced by former White Stripes frontman Jack White, called Evil. The single was first made available through independent record shops in 7" vinyl format on 5 March.An exclusive three-coloured vinyl was also sold at only one shop – Spillers Records in Cardiff. The shop, from which <mask> bought records as a schoolboy in the 1950s and early 1960s, was founded in 1894 and is listed in Guinness World Records as the oldest record shop in the world. <mask> experienced a resurgence in notability in the 2010s due to his coaching role on the BBC talent show The Voice UK from 2012 (with the exception of 2016). In March 2012 he became a coach on the show and was joined by will.i.am, Jessie J and Danny O'Donoghue. He mentored Leanne Mitchell to win the first series. <mask> returned to coach in 2013, 2014 and 2015. In August 2015, it was announced that <mask>'s contract with the show would not be renewed and that he would be replaced by Boy George.<mask> criticised BBC executives for "sub-standard behaviour", having not consulted with him and informing him


title: Tom Jones (singer)

texts: only 24 hours before the official announcement. In May 2012, <mask> released the album Spirit in the Room on Island Records/Universal Music. The track listing included covers of songs by Paul McCartney, Paul Simon, Leonard Cohen and Richard and Linda Thompson, Blind Willie Johnson, <mask> and the Low Anthem. Also in May, he starred in a one-off television drama titled "King of the Teds" which aired on Sky Arts as part of a series of standalone teleplays for Playhouse Presents. On 4 June <mask> performed at the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Concert in front of Buckingham Palace, singing "Delilah" and "Mama Told Me Not to Come". On 18 August <mask> performed a fifty-minute set at the V Festival’s Weston Park site in Staffordshire. On 9 September 2012, <mask> headlined at BBC Radio 2's Live in Hyde Park festival.In May 2014, <mask> opened for Morrissey at a special show in the United States. On 27 September 2014, <mask> performed at the Australian Football League's pre-game entertainment for the 2014 Grand Final along with Ed Sheeran. In September 2015, <mask> announced the long-awaited release of his album Long Lost Suitcase, on 9 October, through Virgin/EMI. The album is the third in a trilogy of albums, following Praise & Blame (2010) and Spirit in

masks:
Jones
Tom Waits
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones


title: Tom Jones (singer)

texts: the Room (2012). The album's track titles are interwoven into the chapters of his autobiography Over the Top and Back released at the same time. It was produced by Ethan Johns and the diverse range of compositions includes songs from Gillian Welch, the Rolling Stones, Hank Williams and the Milk Carton Kids. In November 2015, <mask> appeared alongside Rob Brydon in a special 90-minute show, from the SSE Arena, Wembley, for BBC's Children in Need.In 2015, he appeared on the BBC's Jools' Annual Hootenanny, broadcast on New Year's Eve, on which he duetted with Paul Weller. In 2017, he returned to The Voice as a coach for series 6. In 2018, he embarked on a live summer tour, which was planned to run from 1 May to 11 August. In July, however, many shows were cancelled due to sickness or bad weather. In 2020 he appeared on the BBC's Jools' Annual Hootenanny, broadcast on New Year's Eve, on which he duetted with Jools Holland and with Celeste. In January 2021, <mask> announced his upcoming covers album Surrounded by Time, alongside the release of a new single, his rendition of Todd Snider's "Talking Reality Television Blues". In March he appeared on Later... with Jools Holland where he sang "I'm Growing Old" from his new album Surrounded By Time, his

masks: Jones Jones


title: Tom Jones (singer)

texts:
 41st studio album.The album was released on 23 April. Personal life
<mask> was married to Linda (born 1941 as Melinda Rose Trenchard) from 2 March 1957 until her death on 10 April 2016. They stayed married despite his many well-publicised infidelities. The couple had one son, Mark Woodward (born 1957), and two grandchildren (Alex and Emma). <mask> has stated that he had sex with up to 250 groupies a year at the height of his fame. His philandering once led Linda to assault him. <mask> had affairs with well-known women, including Mary Wilson of the Supremes, TV host Charlotte Laws, and former Miss World Marjorie Wallace.In a 2008 interview with Blender magazine, Cassandra Peterson revealed she lost her virginity to <mask>. One affair resulted in the birth of a son. In October 1987, while on tour in the US, <mask> had a brief relationship with model Katherine Berkery, who then discovered she was pregnant. After a legal battle that included DNA testing, a United States court ruled in 1989 that <mask> was the boy's father. <mask> denied the court's findings, until finally, in 2008, he admitted they were true. He has shown no interest in meeting his son, Jonathan Berkery. Following the election of a Labour government in 1974, <mask> became a tax

masks: Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones


title: Tom Jones (singer)

texts: exile to avoid a 98 per cent income tax.In June 1976, he purchased the red-brick mansion at 363 Copa De Oro Road in the East Gate Old Bel Air in Los Angeles from Dean Martin for $500,000. He sold it to Nicolas Cage in 1998 for a reported $6.469 million. In 2009, after 35 years in the US, <mask> said that he and his wife were planning to move back to the UK. "I've had a great time living in Los Angeles", <mask> said, "but after all these years, we think now is the time to move home". In October 2015 his autobiography, Over the Top and Back: The Autobiography, was published by Michael Joseph. Reviewing the book in the Daily Express, Clair Woodward said, "In the tradition of so many autobiographies these days, <mask>'s doesn't tell you what you really want to hear. ... What you are left with is a riotously enjoyable story of <mask> 'The Voice' which nicely doubles as the story of British pop and light entertainment from the Sixties onwards."Linda, Lady Woodward, died on 10 April 2016 at Cedars Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles, after a "short but fierce" battle with cancer, with <mask> cancelling concerts at the time. After her death, <mask> sold their Los Angeles mansion and its contents, apart from treasured photos, and moved back to the UK. He

masks:
Jones
Jones
Tom Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones


title: Tom Jones (singer)

texts:
 resides in a flat in London, as she suggested. In 2021, <mask> revealed that he uses inversion therapy to stay in good health. A few years after Linda's death there had been rumours that <mask> was dating Priscilla Presley. In 2021 he openly commented that the two had known each other since the 1960s. The fact that they had been dining out together and were seen together at Jeff Franklin's house had led some people to believe they might be dating, but their relationship did not include any romantic aspect; they just enjoyed spending time together.<mask> and his idol Elvis Presley had met in 1965 at the Paramount film stage, when Elvis was filming Paradise, Hawaiian Style. They became good friends, spending more and more time together in Las Vegas and duetting until the early hours at Presley's private suite. The friendship endured until Presley's death in 1977. <mask>'s guitarist between 1969 and 1974 was Big Jim Sullivan, who also met and formed a friendship with Presley. Cultural influence
Space and Cerys Matthews released "The Ballad of <mask>", a song about a fighting couple who are calmed down by listening to <mask>'s music on the radio. The song reached No. 4 in the UK in 1998.A musical, <mask>: A Story of <mask>, based on the singer's

masks:
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Tom Jones
Jones
Tom
Tom Jones


title: Tom Jones (singer)

texts:
 life and recordings, produced by Theatr na nÓg, opened at the Wales Millennium Centre in March 2016. Reviewing the show for The Stage, Mark Shenton wrote:

...the show itself, written by Mike James and directed by Geinor Styles, is a more humdrum—while hummable—affair than its star and subject deserves. In the familiar jukebox musical style of shows like Jersey Boys and Beautiful, "A Story of Tom Jones" charts the behind-the-scenes rise to fame of a pop star, but without the craft or polish.Another jukebox musical, What's New Pussycat? based on Henry Fielding's 1749 novel The History of <mask>, a Foundling (set in the 1960s) which uses <mask>' music opened at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre in October 2021 to critical acclaim. It is written by Joe DiPietro, directed by Luke Sheppard and choreographed by Arlene Phillips. Similar to Elvis Presley with his impersonators, <mask> has his share of imitators around the world. These are performers who either sound like him or imitate his act.In the 2006 film Flushed Away, the main character, Roddy, is mistaken for <mask> by another character while Roddy performs "She's a Lady". <mask>'s song, "What's New Pussycat? ", is played during the ending credits. In the video game Team Fortress 2, one of the

masks:
Tom Jones
Jones
Tom Jones
Tom Jones
Jones


title: Tom Jones (singer)

texts:
 playable characters, the Scout, is a collector of Tom Jones merchandise, and <mask> is depicted being murdered by another playable character, the Soldier in the tie-in comics. The Spy later convinces the Scout that <mask> is his father when using his shape-shifting ability when he suffers a near-death experience. <mask> is also depicted using the phrase "What's new pussycat?" several times.Selected discography

Along Came Jones (1965)
What's New Pussycat? (1965)
A-tom-ic <mask> (1966)
From the Heart (1966)
Green, Green Grass of Home (1967)
Delilah (1968)
Help Yourself (1968)
Reload (1999)
Mr. <mask> (2002)
<mask> Holland  (2004)
24 Hours (2008)
Praise & Blame (2010)
Spirit in the Room (2012)
Long Lost Suitcase (2015)
Surrounded by Time (2021)

Compositions
<mask> wrote or co-wrote the following songs: "And I Tell the Sea", "Looking Out My Window", "Feel the Rain"  from the 2002 Mr. Jones album, "Jezebel", "The Letter", "Younger Days", "Tom Jones International", "Holiday", "The Road", "24 Hours", "Seasons", "We Got Love", "Seen That Face", "Give a Little Love", "If He Should Ever Leave You", "Whatever it Takes", and "Traveling Shoes" from the 2012 album Spirit in the Room. Filmography

Accolades

Brit Awards

!Ref. |-
| 1977
| Himself
| British

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Tom Jones
Tom Jones
Tom Jones
Jones
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Tom Jonesols
Jones


title: Moshe Lewin

texts:
<mask> "Misha" <mask> ( ; 7 November 1921 – 14 August 2010) was a scholar of Russian and Soviet history. He  was a major figure in the school of Soviet studies which emerged in the 1960s. Biography
<mask> was born in 1921 in Wilno, Poland (now Vilnius, Lithuania), the son of ethnic Jewish parents who were later murdered in the Holocaust. <mask> lived in Poland for the first 20 years of his life, fleeing to the Soviet Union in June 1941 just ahead of the invading Nazi army. For the next two years, <mask> worked as a collective farm worker and as a blast furnace operator in a metallurgical factory. In summer 1943, he enlisted in the Soviet army and was sent to officers' training school. He was promoted on the last day of the war.In 1946, <mask> returned to Poland before emigrating to France. A believer in Labor Zionism from his youth, in 1951 <mask> emigrated again, this time to Israel, where he worked for a time on a kibbutz and as a journalist. In his thirties, he took up academic studies, receiving his Bachelor of Arts from Tel Aviv University,  in 1961. That same year, <mask> was awarded a research scholarship to the Sorbonne in Paris, where he studied the collectivization of Soviet agriculture. In 1964, he gained his Ph.D there. <mask> died on 14 August 2010 in Paris. His papers are housed at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.Academic career and major publications
Newly qualified with his doctorate, <mask> was named Director of Study at l'École des hautes études, Paris, where he served from 1965 to 1966. During this time he converted his Sorbonne dissertation into a book, published in French in 1966 and in English two years later as Russian Peasants and Soviet Power. Russian Peasants and Soviet Power (1968)
This monograph dealt with the Soviet grain procurement crisis

masks:
Moshe
Lewin
Moshe Lewin
Lewin
Lewin
Lewin
Lewin
Lewin
Lewin
Lewin


title: Moshe Lewin

texts:
 of 1928 and the associated political battle, a bitter fight which resulted in a decision to forcibly collectivize Soviet agriculture. In this work, <mask> emphasized collectivization as a practical (albeit extreme) solution to a real world problem facing the Soviet regime, one out of several potential solutions to a crisis situation. Rather than an inevitable and predestined action, collectivization was cast as a brutal manifestation of realpolitik — a view in marked contrast to the traditionalist historiography of the day. Russian Peasants and Soviet Power was initially projected as the first part of a long study of the social history of Soviet Russia down to 1934, although the project seems to have been abandoned, perhaps as duplicative of the work of British historians E.H. Carr and R.W. Davies.Lenin's Last Struggle (1968)
<mask>'s other 1968 publication, Lenin's Last Struggle, was an extended essay that charted the evolution of Lenin's thinking about the growing bureaucracy of Soviet Russia. In it, <mask> additionally chronicled the politics of the post-Lenin succession struggle during the time of Lenin's final illness, emphasizing "lost" alternatives to the actual path of historical development. In this book <mask> again offered a perspective in marked contrast to the voluminous writings of the totalitarianist school that then dominated academic writing about the Soviet Union, casting the USSR as a monolithic and fundamentally unchanging structure. Political Undercurrents in Soviet Economic Debates (1974)
From 1967 to 1968, <mask> was a senior fellow at Columbia University in New York City. Upon completion of his Columbia fellowship, he took a post as a research professor at Birmingham University, England from 1968 until 1978. During this period <mask> published Political

masks: Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin


title: Moshe Lewin

texts:
 Undercurrents in Soviet Economic Debates: From Bukharin to the Modern Reformers, which, along with the work of Princeton University professor Stephen F. Cohen, helped to restore the name and ideas of Nikolai Bukharin to the academic debate concerning the Soviet 1920s. <mask> noted that many of the same criticisms which Bukharin leveled against Stalin during the political battles of 1928 and 1929 in the USSR were later "adopted by current reformers as their own," thereby adding a contemporary importance to the study of the historical past.After leaving Birmingham, <mask> returned to the United States. He took up a professorship at the University of Pennsylvania, where he remained until his retirement in 1995. The Making of the Soviet System (1985)
Although regarded as a doyen of social history and a godfather of the so-called "revisionist" movement of young social historians who came to the fore in Soviet studies during the 1970s and 1980s, <mask>'s own work largely centered on the relationship between high politics and economic policy. One notable exception came with the publication in 1985 of a collection of <mask>'s essays and lectures entitled The Making of the Soviet System. In this work, <mask> visited a number of key topics of social history such as rural social mores, popular religion, customary law in rural society, the social structure of the Russian peasantry, and social relations within Soviet industry. He emerged as a critic of the politicized "What are they up to?" orientation of Soviet studies, favoring a more apolitical perspective that attempted to answer the question, "What makes the Russians tick?"The Soviet Century (2005)
<mask>'s final works attempted to analyze the rise of Mikhail Gorbachev, and his brief efforts at top-down reform of the communist system, and to


title: Moshe Lewin

texts:
 set the rise and fall of Soviet communism in historical perspective. In his last book, The Soviet Century (2005), <mask> argued that the political and economic system of the former Soviet Union constituted a sort of "bureaucratic absolutism" akin to the Prussian bureaucratic monarchy of the 18th century which had "ceased to accomplish the task it had once been capable of performing" and therefore given way. Legacy

In 1992, Lewin was honored with a Festschrift edited by historians Nick Lampert and Gábor Rittersporn entitled Stalinism: Its Nature and Aftermath: Essays in Honour of <mask> <mask>. Contributors to the volume included economic historians Alec Nove and R.W. Davies as well as key social historians such as Lewis Siegelbaum and Ronald Grigor Suny, among others. In the Lewin Festschrift, co-editor Lampert summarized <mask>'s work in the following manner: "The scope of Lewin's explorations has been very wide, dealing with a panorama of social classes and groups, with the lower depths of society as well as the bosses, with informal social norms as well as formal law, with popular religion as well as established ideology. The range of his intellectual debts is also broad, owing as much to Weber as to Marx, emphasising as much the power of ideologies and myths in human behaviour as the weight of economic structure.The key thing is the perception of society as a socio-cultural whole, though <mask> always remained open to new pathways that might appear in the course of research, always eclectic in the best sense, always eschewing the pursuit of a grand theory for all history — a pursuit which only leads you away from the rich canvas of concrete human experience." Footnotes

Works

 La Paysannerie et le Pouvoir Sovietique. Paris: Mouton, 1966. English edition: Russian Peasants and

masks: Lewin Moshe Lewin Lewin Lewin


title: Moshe Lewin

texts:
 Soviet Power: A Study of Collectivization, translated by Irene Nove with John Biggart, London: George Allen and Unwin, 1968. Le Dernier Combat de Lénine, Paris: Les Editions de Minuit, 1967. English edition: Lenin's Last Struggle, translated by A.M. Sheridan Smith, New York: Random House, 1968. Political Undercurrents in Soviet Economic Debates: From Bukharin to the Modern Reformers, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974.Reissued as Stalinism and the Seeds of Soviet Reform: The Debates of the 1960s (1991). The Making of the Soviet System: Essays in the Social History of Interwar Russia, New York: Pantheon, 1985. The Gorbachev Phenomenon: A Historical Interpretation, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988. Russia — USSR — Russia: The Drive and Drift of a Superstate, New York: The New Press, 1995. Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison, Co-edited with Ian Kershaw. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1997. The Soviet Century, London: Verso, 2005.External links
 Kaiyi Chen, Finding Aid for the Moshe Lewin Papers, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1998. Sasha Lilly, radio interview with <mask> <mask>: "Against the Grain," Part One and Part Two, Talking History radio show, 2005. —Audio files. <mask> <mask>, Articles in Le Monde diplomatique. 1921 births
2010 deaths
French historians
American historians
20th-century Polish Jews
Historians of Russia
Historians of communism
Stalinism-era scholars and writers
Historiographers
Tel Aviv University alumni
Columbia University staff
University of Paris alumni
University of Pennsylvania faculty
French male writers
Polish expatriates in the Soviet Union
Polish emigrants to France
French expatriates in Israel
French expatriates in the United States
World War II refugees
Soviet military personnel of

masks: Moshe Lewin Moshe Lewin


title: Ryan Crocker

texts:
<mask> (born June 19, 1949) is an American retired diplomat who served as a career ambassador within the United States Foreign Service and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He has served as United States Ambassador to Afghanistan (2011–2012), Iraq (2007–2009), Pakistan (2004–2007), Syria (1998–2001), Kuwait (1994– 1997), and Lebanon (1990–1993). In January 2010, he became Dean of Texas A&M University's George Bush School of Government and Public Service. Former Secretary of State Colin Powell called Crocker "one of our very best foreign service officers". President George W. Bush called him "America's Lawrence of Arabia" and noted that General David Petraeus had said that "it was a great honor for me to be his military wingman". Early life and education
<mask> was born in Spokane, Washington. Growing up, he had family members in the U.S. Air Force and in Turkey.He lived in Morocco, Canada and Turkey. Crocker attended University College Dublin and Whitman College in Walla Walla, Washington, where he received a Bachelor of Arts in English literature in 1971 and was a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity. Career

Diplomatic posts
After graduating from college, he joined the United States Foreign Service, and after Persian language training, he was assigned to the American Consulate in Khorramshahr, Iran, in 1972. His subsequent assignment was to the newly established embassy in Doha, Qatar, in 1974 as an economic-commercial officer, and in 1976 Crocker returned to Washington, D.C., for long-term Arabic training. He completed the 20-month program at the Foreign Service Institutes Arabic School in Tunis in June 1978. Crocker was then assigned as chief of the economic-commercial section at the U.S. Interests Section in Baghdad, Iraq.Crocker served in Beirut, Lebanon, as chief of the political section from 1981 to 1984. On September 18, 1982, he reported

masks:
Ryan Clark Crocker
Crocker


title: Ryan Crocker

texts: back to the Department of State about the Sabra and Shatila massacre. He also survived the 1983 United States Embassy bombing. He spent the 1984–85 academic year at Princeton University as a mid-career fellow under State Department auspices, in Near Eastern studies. He served as deputy director of the Office of Israel and Arab–Israeli affairs from 1985 to 1987 and was a political counselor at the American Embassy in Cairo from 1987 to 1990. Following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, Crocker became the director of the Iraq–Kuwait Task Force. In 1998, as the Ambassador to Syria, his residence was plundered by an angry mob.In the days after the 9/11 attacks, <mask> and other senior U.S. State Department officials flew to Geneva to meet secretly with representatives of the government of Iran. For several months, <mask> and his Iranian counterparts under Major General Qasem Soleimani cooperated on capturing Al Qaeda operatives in the region and fighting the Taliban government in Afghanistan. These meetings stopped after President George W. Bush's "Axis of Evil" speech hardened Iranian attitudes toward cooperating with the U.S. In January 2002, he was appointed interim chargé d'affaires to the new government of Afghanistan, and was confirmed as Ambassador to Pakistan in October 2004. In September 2004, President Bush nominated and appointed him to the diplomatic rank of Career Ambassador, the highest rank in the Foreign Service, equivalent to a four-star flag officer in the U.S. military. On January 8, 2007, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice announced that the Bush administration would nominate Crocker as the new American Ambassador to Iraq, replacing Zalmay Khalilzad, once that Khalilzad's confirmation to the post of Ambassador to the UN was complete. Before leaving Islamabad, Crocker joined Pakistani journalist Ahmed Quraishi in a farewell TV interview on

masks: Crocker Crocker


title: Ryan Crocker

texts:
 state-run PTV, where he opened up about his experiences in Iraq and the Middle East.Crocker used the occasion to share an incident involving then Vice President Dick Cheney during a short surprise visit to Pakistan in February 2007. On December 4, 2009, the Bush School of Government and Public Service announced the appointment of <mask> as its next dean, effective January 25, 2010. Although retired from the State Department and the Foreign Service, Crocker was called upon by the Obama Administration and nominated by President Barack Obama in April 2011 to serve as the U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan. The appointment was confirmed by the United States Senate by unanimous consent on June 30, 2011. In July 2012 he stepped down, as announced in May due to unspecified health reasons. When he stepped down in July 2012 as ambassador in Kabul, Crocker was named an Honorary Marine by the United States Marine Corps.In 2013, he received an honorary doctorate degree from the American University of Afghanistan, an institution he supports. On May 10, 2013, he was nominated to serve as a member of the Broadcasting Board of Governors. In December 2013, he voiced his opinion that America should quietly work with the Syrian government, despite its involvement in the Syrian Civil War, as a lesser of the evils. In October 2020, Crocker received the Sylvanus Thayer Award presented by the United States Military Academy's Association of Graduates for exemplifying personal devotion West Point's motto: Duty, Honor, Country. 2002 memo concerning Iraq
According to the book, Soldier: The Life of Colin Powell by Washington Post reporter Karen DeYoung, as the Bush administration was preparing for war with Iraq in late 2002, then-Secretary of State, Colin Powell ordered Crocker and then–Special Assistant to the Secretary of State, William Burns, to prepare a secret memo examining the risks associated


title: Ryan Crocker

texts:
 .08. In addition, <mask>'s attorney indicated that at the time of the accident, he had recently undergone brain surgery to treat a subdural hematoma, which might have negatively affected his cognitive abilities. Crocker was sentenced to a 30-day suspension of his driver's license, a $1,000 fine, and 24 months of probation. In addition, he was required to make restitution for the damage he caused to the other vehicle involved in the accident. Honors

Crocker has received a Presidential Distinguished Service Award in 1994, the State Department Secretary's Distinguished Service Award in 2008 and 2012, the Defense Distinguished Civilian Service Awards in 1997  and 2008, and the Defense Distinguished Public Service Award in 2012. He also holds the State Department Distinguished Honor Award, Award for Valor, three Superior Honor Awards, and the American Foreign Service Association Rivkin Award.References

External links

 Profile at the United States Department of State
 Profile at the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University (on leave)

 'Failed' American envoy to leave Iraq, The Independent, November 7, 2006
 Special Guest: Ambassador <mask>, Stanford Review, November 7, 2010

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1949 births
Ambassadors of the United States to Afghanistan
Ambassadors of the United States to Iraq
Ambassadors of the United States to Kuwait
Ambassadors of the United States to Lebanon
Ambassadors of the United States to Pakistan
Ambassadors of the United States to Syria
Living people
People from Spokane, Washington
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
United States Career Ambassadors
Whitman College alumni
University College Dublin
United States Foreign Service personnel
Texas A&M University faculty
Recipients of the President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service
20th-century American diplomats
21st-century American

masks:
Crocker
Ryan Crocker


title: James A. Baker (born 1857)

texts:
<mask> (January 10, 1857August 2, 1941) was an American attorney and banker in Houston, Texas. He was born <mask>, Junior, and "Junior" appeared in his signature for many years. After the death of his father in 1897, he started signing his name "Captain <mask><mask>," and from that point on people referred to him as <mask>. <mask> was the grandfather of President Ronald Reagan's Chief of Staff, <mask> III. <mask>'s father was a partner of an early antecedent to the Houston-based international law firm, Baker Botts, joining in 1872. <mask> became a partner with the firm as well. As a young attorney, <mask> specialized in railroad law as Houston was growing into a regional transportation hub.He developed a business relationship with William Marsh Rice, first as an attorney and later as an overseer of Rice's business interests in several companies. This led to Rice selecting <mask> as his personal attorney and a guardian of his education foundation. He defended Rice's estate against a will probated under his second wife's signature. He helped New York authorities unravel the murder conspiracy executed by Rice's personal valet and an attorney, and provided evidence critical to their convictions, all while defending the Rice estate against two major challenges. He served as a trustee for the Rice Institute for five decades. Early life
<mask> was born in Huntsville, Texas, the son of <mask> <mask> (1821–1897) and his wife Rowena <mask> (1826–1889). "Jimmie", as he was known in his childhood, grew up in Huntsville with his siblings and lived close to extended family.He had four younger sisters and a brother who survived to adulthood: Minnie, <mask>, Nettie, Ruth, and Robert Lee. Another younger sister and younger brother died during infancy. In 1872, his father left for Houston to pursue a law partnership in Houston. He first attended a local school, but transferred to a preparatory school for his final year. In 1874, he enrolled at the Texas Military

masks:
James Addison Baker
James Addison Baker
James A
. Baker
Captain Baker
Baker
James Addison Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
James Addison
Baker
Crawford Baker
Anna B


title: James A. Baker (born 1857)

texts:
 Institute (TMI). The school relocated from Austin to Bastrop, Texas after 1870, where it established a barracks with a capacity for housing 400 students. <mask>'s dormitory included a stove for heat.He wrote many letters to his family in Houston, though he never confessed to being homesick. He studied classical languages and German while finishing as the top student of mathematics in his freshman class. Later he substituted classics for a curriculum of history, literature, and science. He quit school in 1877 after his family could no longer offer financial support. Though <mask> ended his coursework a year early, he passed all of his examinations and earned his degree. He taught at Texas Military Institute the next term. Career

Houston Light Guard

In 1874, <mask> joined the Houston Light Guard, a local militia organized the previous year.One of its members, Jonas Shearn Rice had attended TMI, and sought <mask> as a member. The Houston Light Guard was a vehicle for local social networking, as many lawyers and business leaders joined the militia or lent it material support. William Marsh Rice owned fifteen mortgage bonds drawn for the unit, and two of his nephews were members, including another TMI graduate and future mayor of Houston, Horace Baldwin Rice. Local newspaper publisher <mask> Gray campaigned for the group and gave it favorable coverage, while his brother Edwin Fairfax Gray, a Civil War veteran, trained and drilled the first wave of recruits. The gray and black uniforms of the militia's early days revealed their allegiances to the Confederacy and the Lost Cause, though the militia replaced these uniforms in the 1880s with a scheme based on blue pants and red coats. In May 1878, <mask> was promoted to first sergeant. He received a promotion to captain in August 1879, after which he led the honor guard presented to President Grant for his visit to Houston in 1880.He resigned his commission and retired from active duty in the early-1880s.

masks:
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Allen Charles
Baker


title: James A. Baker (born 1857)

texts:
 For decades, he attended group functions and supported the Light Guard as an advisor, promoter, and fundraiser. Legal practice

<mask> started as an apprentice at Baker & Botts on December 1, 1877, reading law in his spare time and performing general office duties for the firm. He obtained a licence to practice law in Texas two years later, and was promoted to partner of Baker, Botts & Baker on July 1, 1881. <mask> established a niche at the firm by specializing in trial law on behalf of railroad clients, seeking new clients emerging from the growing local economy, and handling the business interests of the firm's top individual client, William Marsh Rice. The native New Englander profited from the Civil War by shipping Texas goods and supplies over the Gulf through Matamoros, Mexico, where wagon caravans provided ground transportation for Texas freight. After the war, Rice amassed an empire that he managed from his primary residence in New York City.<mask>'s father acted as an advisor and liaison for managing Rice's broad portfolio of assets along the western Gulf coast, though later <mask> himself managed Rice's portfolio. In Houston alone, Rice owned large stakes in a bank, a brewer, a brick works, a gas light utility, and a seed oil refiner. <mask>'s legal work led to several leadership positions within these companies. He was vice-president of the Merchant's & Planters Oil Company, and he served as a director for at least three others. In addition to representing Rice's interests in local companies, <mask> gained other executive positions. He acted as vice president of the Texas Rolling Mills from 1887. He was president of the Houston Abstract Company and the Citizens Electric Light & Power Company.He served as director for the Houston Gas Light Company and the Houston National Bank. By the end of 1889, <mask> was able to bring cases to the Supreme Court of Texas. By 1892, <mask> started taking over his father's business practice while

masks: Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker


title: James A. Baker (born 1857)

texts: relinquishing some of his railroad clients to new attorneys. Two years later he had virtually replaced his father at the firm, which by that time was known as Baker, Botts, Baker & Lovett. One of the partners, Walter Browne Botts, died later in 1894, and <mask> became the legal guardian of Tom Botts, who was Walter's son and a descendant of one of the firm's founders. Through 1900, <mask> was a fifty percent partner in the firm. During this period, <mask> defended Rice's estate when a new will of his late wife surfaced.Elizabeth "Libbie" Baldwin Brown Rice died on July 24, 1896. She had drawn two simple wills in 1888 and 1892. The second of these left most of her estate to her husband, but neither will suggested that she had great personal wealth. Though Texas was a community property state, William and "Libbie" married in 1867 after Rice had already built most of this fortune. Their primary residences were New York City and Dunellen, New Jersey, but they also maintained an apartment at the Capital Hotel in Houston, where they spent many winters. In April 1896, Libbie was in poor health and she sought warmer climate as a remedy, bringing the couple to Houston. She developed a friendship with a local lawyer and his wife, Orren T. and Marian Seward Holt, while also entertaining a niece from Cleveland, Mamie Baldwin Huntington.Libbie suffered a stroke the next month, and she died in Wisconsin two months after. During her illness in Houston, Holt wrote a new will for her, naming himself as sole executor and designating ten percent of the proceeds as his commission, which was witnessed only by two of his in-laws. The 1896 will assumed $2 million in community property, and designated $200,000 to Huntington, and another $150,000 to Huntington's close relations. Rice had not known about any of his wife's wills, but he was so informed by <mask> in September. Two weeks later <mask> drew a new will for Rice, which bequeathed the bulk of his estate to the

masks: Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker


title: James A. Baker (born 1857)

texts:
 foundation for the Institute for the Advancement of Literature, Science, and Art. Along with Judge John Bartine, <mask> was an executor. Holt filed Libbie's 1896 will in Harris County on March 22, 1897.<mask> and his firm represented Rice. Holt prevailed in the probate hearing as the judge admitted the will and accepted Holt as executor. Holt filed lawsuits in four counties, asserting Libbie's community property interests in those places. <mask> filed an appeal against the probate hearing and lost. He next moved with a counter-suit in federal court, claiming that Holt had no standing to file for the estate since the Rices never established Texas as their residence. The laws of New York should apply, <mask> argued, which was not a community property state. The U.S.Circuit Court for the Eastern District of Texas consolidated all of the lawsuits and moved them to federal jurisdiction. Over the next two years, <mask> interviewed witnesses to the Rice marriage in Houston and New York in preparation for the impending case. The trial was scheduled for early October. Rice murder
On September 23, 1900 William Marsh Rice died at his home in New York City. The Houston Post reported Rice's attorney as <mask>. Patrick, who was reportedly managing Rice's affairs. Patrick, however, was an attorney who pressed a lawsuit challenging the contents of Rice's second wife's will and control over the Rice fortune. <mask> and Rice's brother Frederick rushed to New York in order to answer Patrick's claims.Rice's valet, Charles Jones, sent a telegram to <mask> with news of his boss's death on the afternoon of September 24. <mask> and Frederick Rice telegraphed contacts in Houston and New York, while requesting that Norman S. Meldrum secure all papers at the deceased man's apartment. Hours later, <mask> and Frederick Rice embarked a Southern Pacific train for New York via New Orleans. <mask> retrieved telegrams updating the situation in New Orleans; Montgomery, Alabama; and

masks:
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Albert T
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker


title: James A. Baker (born 1857)

texts:
 Danville, Virginia. Meldrum reported to Robert Lovett, one of <mask>'s law partners. Aboard the train, <mask> and Frederick Rice hypothesized that Jones and Patrick conspired to defraud the William Marsh Rice estate. The pair arrived at William Marsh Rice's apartment on the morning of September 27.<mask> questioned Patrick at length about his relationship with Rice and the 1900 will. He confronted Jones about why he waited nearly a full day to inform <mask>'s office about Rice's death. <mask>, acting as Rice's personal attorney and as a defender of the interests of his large estate, helped to solve the murder plot. Rice was chloroformed by Jones, on September 23, 1900, in his apartment on Madison Avenue. Patrick posed as Rice's attorney in New York, and was the mastermind behind murdering Rice. Patrick produced what was ostensibly Rice's new will, but it was a forgery produced by Patrick himself. <mask> alerted the police about the potentially suspicious motives behind Rice's death.Rice Institute Trust
The murder case and litigation over the will, which left a trust fund for the Rice Institute, took seven years to resolve. <mask>, as an executor of the previous 1896 will, successfully argued for admitting it into evidence at the trial, a major point in the case. In a case that made national headlines, he helped the estate direct the Rice fortune (over $5 million dollars in 1904) to the founding of the Rice Institute for the Advancement of Letters, Science, and Art, the intended wishes of William Rice. Because of <mask>'s business acumen, by the time the case ended, the endowment for Rice Institute had doubled to $10 million. <mask> was the main representative of the estate and was the founding chairman of the university's Board of Trustees, where he served from the chartering of Rice in 1891 until his death in 1941. The board assumed control of the assets on April 29, 1904. Rice University's Baker College is named for him.Other legal

masks: Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker


title: James A. Baker (born 1857)

texts:
 work
Overlapping with the legal work for the Rice estate was Houston's growth in response to the oil strike at Spindletop. Entrepreneurs arriving to Houston imported their ideas and their capital, creating business opportunities and new clients for <mask>, Botts, Baker & Lovett. In addition to the partners, the firm employed four attorneys and two clerks. <mask> was president of the Houston Bar Association, and a founder and a board member of the Houston Gas Company. He was the founding president of the Guardian Trust Company, and helped organize the Galveston, Houston and Henderson Railway and the Southwestern Drug Company. The rise of <mask>'s legal and business career started after the Rice murder case in 1900 coincided with Houston's increasing importance as a regional transportation and commercial center, replacing Galveston after the devastating 1900 hurricane. In addition, an oil strike at Spindletop in 1901 elevated the Texas Gulf Coast region in terms of national commercial importance.Even though the rich oil field was located near Beaumont, Texas, many oil companies were started in Houston or moved to Houston, and provided a source for many new clients to <mask>'s law firm. Local banking
Beginning in 1905, <mask> was a director of Union National Bank. He also organized Commercial National Bank. After engineering a merger with South Texas National Bank, he served as president, and later chairman of the board, of South Texas Commercial National Bank (1914–1926). After the Wall Street Crash of 1929 <mask> was instrumental in avoiding the collapse of banks that were sweeping the nation. The president of South Texas Bank wanted to let two weaker Houston banks fail (Public National Bank and Trust Company of Houston) saying that they deserved to do so because management was incompetent. <mask> argued that if the two weak banks failed, depositors would withdraw their money from all Houston banks, creating a domino effect that could not be

masks: Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker


title: James A. Baker (born 1857)

texts:
 stopped.<mask>'s reasoning persuaded the other bankers, including Jesse Holman Jones, not to let the other two banks fail. All of the solvent banks were assessed a recovery fee, based on a percentage of their assets and healthy businesses also contributed to the fund. The fund was used to absorb Public National, and with the help of the fund, Union National and Commercial National took over Houston National. Non-profits
<mask> was a member of the Presbyterian Church and the Philosophical Society of Texas. <mask> played a supporting role when his wife <mask> founded the Houston Settlement Association in 1907. He assisted her in composing a constitution for the nascent organization. In the 1930s, <mask> was one of the incorporators of the Foundation  and served as a trustee.He remained involved with the Houston Settlement Association after <mask>'s death, and he was active with both organizations during their inter-agency collaborations. He advised the San Jacinto Centennial Association, which organized celebrations of Texas history and raised funds for the San Jacinto Monument. <mask> Jr. continued his father's commitment to Rice University, and <mask>'s grandson <mask> III, was behind the James Baker Institute. He joined the Rice Board of Trustees in 1993. Personal life
<mask> <mask> married <mask> on January 10, 1883, his 26th birthday. They had six children: Frank Graham <mask> (born 1883),  <mask> <mask> (1887),  <mask><mask> Jr. (1892), Walter Browne <mask> (1900), Ruth Graham <mask> (1904), and Malcolm G<mask> (1906). During the 1890s, <mask> and his wife vacationed with their children in Colorado each year.This family gathering included his sisters <mask>. Thompson and Nettie Duncan, in addition to his brothers-in-law, and his nephews and nieces. In 1898, the <mask>s moved into a house at 1416 Main Street, which had been designed by George E. Dickey about a decade earlier. The house featured arches, gables, multiple bays, one of which was

masks:
Baker
Baker
Baker
Alice
Baker
Alice
James Baker
Captain Baker
James Baker
James Addison
Baker
Alice Graham
Baker
Alice Graham
Baker
James A
. Baker
Baker
Baker
. Baker
Baker
Anna B
Baker


title: James A. Baker (born 1857)

texts:
 topped by a pointed turret. <mask> commissioned William Ward Watkin to design a Spanish-Mediterranean house in Broadacres, a new subdivision he developed jointly with his son, <mask><mask> Jr.

Death and legacy

<mask> died in Houston on August 2, 1941. He was interred at Glenwood Cemetery in Houston. He bequeathed his home, "The Oaks", to Rice Institute (Rice University). <mask> died while head of the 100-year-old law firm, Baker, Botts, Andrews, and Wharton.<mask> is the namesake of Baker College, a residential college at Rice University. The Commons of Baker was the main dining hall for the university when it opened in 1912. East Hall (or the "New Wing") and the Commons of Baker were designed and built by Cram, Goodhue, & Ferguson. Baker College was established in 1957, and now includes a library and residential tower named for <mask>, and the <mask>-Lovett quad. Citations

References

Further reading
 Morris, Sylvia Stallings, and <mask> Muir, (1972). – William Marsh Rice and His Institute: A Biographical Study. – Houston, Texas: William Marsh Rice University.–
 Logan, Bill (1977). – The Houston Heritage Collection of National Bank Notes, 1863 thru 1935. – Houston, Texas: Logan. –
 Kirkland, William A., (1975). – Old Bank-New Bank: The First National Bank, Houston, 1866–1956. – Houston, Texas: Pacesetter Press. –
 Macon, N. Don, Thomas Dunaway <mask>, and the Texas Medical Center, (1994).– Monroe Dunaway <mask>, His Legacy, A History of the Texas Medical Center''. –

External links
 Capt. <mask><mask> Family papers (Woodson Research Center, Fondren Library, Rice University, Houston)
 Captain <mask> <mask> at the Baker College website

American Presbyterians
Lawyers from Houston
Rice University people
1857 births
1941 deaths
People from Huntsville, Texas
Business executives
Texas lawyers
Trustees of charities
American bankers
Rice University trustees
Burials at Glenwood Cemetery (Houston, Texas)
Businesspeople from Houston
Military personnel

masks:
Baker
James A
. Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Andrew Forest
Anderson
Anderson
James A
. Baker
James Addison
Baker


title: Richard Chartres

texts:
<mask>, Baron <mask>, , FBS (; born 11 July 1947) is a retired bishop of the Church of England. He was area Bishop of Stepney from 1992 to 1995 and Bishop of London from 1995 to 2017. He was sworn of the Privy Council in the same year he became Bishop of London. He was also Gresham Professor of Divinity from 1987 to 1992. In October 2017, <mask> was made a life peer, and now sits in the House of Lords as a crossbencher; he had previously sat in the House as one of the Lords Spiritual. Life

Early life
<mask> was born in Ware, Hertfordshire, to <mask> and Charlotte, daughter of William Day, of London; the Chartres family were Irish gentry of Huguenot origin. He was educated at Hertford Grammar School (now Richard Hale School) and Trinity College, Cambridge (MA), where he studied history before his theological studies at Cuddesdon and Lincoln theological colleges.He has spoken of his great-uncle, <mask>, "called [the] 'Mystery Man of the Treaty' was a member of Sinn Féin and a Protestant civil servant. He was also undoubtedly a gun runner for Michael Collins". <mask> was ordained as a priest in 1974. During this time, he was chaplain to Robert Runcie, then Bishop of St Albans and later Archbishop of Canterbury. He received a Lambeth Bachelor of Divinity degree and holds honorary doctorates from Brunel University, City University London, London Metropolitan University, St. Mary's University College, and London Guildhall University. Gresham professor
From 1987 to 1992, he was a Professor of Divinity at Gresham College in London. Based on a three-part lecture series, given in May 1992, he published A Brief History of Gresham College 1597–1997.During the first lecture of the original lecture series he referred to the college as a "magical island like Atlantis" disappearing and re-emerging from the sea. This was a reference both to the Invisible College and Francis Bacon's New Atlantis. Other Gresham lectures by Chartres covered

masks:
Richard John Carew Chartres
Chartres
Chartres
Chartres
Richard Arthur Carew Chartres
John Chartres
Priest Chartres


title: Richard Chartres

texts:
 the Shroud of Turin (November 1988) and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem (December 1989) when he spoke about the Gresham Jerusalem Project as well as on prayer (1991). Bishop
On 15 May 1992, <mask> was nominated area Bishop of Stepney. He was consecrated as bishop on 22 May 1992 at St Paul's Cathedral, by George Carey, Archbishop of Canterbury. In November 1995, <mask> was confirmed as the Bishop of London. He also became Prelate of the Order of the British Empire and Dean of the Chapel Royal.He is a Privy Counsellor. In 1997 he was appointed a chaplain of the Most Venerable Order of Saint John (ChStJ). He is an Honorary Bencher of the Middle Temple, a Liveryman of the Merchant Taylors' Company and of the Worshipful Company of Vintners, an Honorary Freeman of the Weavers' and the Woolmen Companies. In 1997, <mask> was one of the executors of the will of Diana, Princess of Wales, and delivered an address at her memorial service in 2007. He confirmed Prince William. On 12 September 2009 he presided at the marriage of Lord Frederick Windsor to actress Sophie Winkleman at the Chapel Royal in Hampton Court Palace. <mask> is the founder and chairman of the trustees of the St Ethelburga's Centre for Reconciliation and Peace.He is also a trustee of Coexist, sitting on the advisory council of the Tony Blair Faith Foundation. In October 2005, he joined Marianne Suhr at St Giles in the Fields, London, to launch a new maintenance project for the capital's historic churches. In January 2006, <mask> was criticised by the media for his decision to spend Easter on a cruise ship giving lectures on theology rather than attend the services at St Paul's Cathedral. At the time, <mask> was on a two-month sabbatical, his first in 33 years. He preached the sermon at the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton on 29 April 2011. In 2013, <mask> led the state funeral service of Baroness Thatcher, with whom he had a close

masks: Chartres Chartres Chartres Chartres Chartres Chartres Chartres


title: Richard Chartres

texts:
 friendship. <mask> is responsible for the Church of England's relations with the Orthodox churches, representing the Church of England at the funeral of Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow of the Russian Orthodox Church and the enthronement of his successor, Kirill I, in Moscow.On 19 July 2016, it was announced that <mask> was to retire as Bishop of London effective from Shrove Tuesday, 28 February 2017, but remain as Dean of the Chapel Royal until the next Bishop of London was in post. He retired as Dean following his 72nd birthday in July 2019. Green issues
Since its launch in 2006, <mask> has led the Church of England's "shrinking the footprint" campaign, aimed at cutting 80% of the church's carbon emissions by 2050. In the launch and subsequently, <mask> criticised pollution of the planet by people going on holidays by plane. Michael O'Leary, boss of the low-cost airline Ryanair, responded that "the Bishop of London has got empty churches – presumably if no one went on holidays perhaps they might turn up and listen to his sermons. God bless the Bishop!" Also, after criticism that his taking flights for "diocese work" as well as retaining a chauffeur-driven car were against the ideals of this campaign, he pledged not to fly for a year.In October 2008, the Independent on Sunday named Chartres as number 75 of the top 100 environmentalists in Britain on their "Green List". Patronage
<mask> is an ambassador for wildlife charity WWF and a patron of various other organisations, including:
The Burgon Society for the study of academical dress (also a fellow)
The Fellowship of Saint Alban and Saint Sergius
The Georgian Group
Paintings in Hospitals, a charity that provides art for health and social care in England, Wales and Northern Ireland
The Prayer Book Society of England (ecclesiastical patron)
Prospex, a charity which works with young people in North London
St Paul's Theological Centre
The Tower Hamlets Friends & Neighbours, a

masks: Chartres Chartres Chartres Chartres Chartres


title: Richard Chartres

texts:
 charity which works with older people in East London
The Westminster Theological Centre
The Choral Foundation, Hampton Court Palace
The Nigerian Chaplaincy

Personal life
In 1982, <mask> married Caroline (daughter of Sir Alan McLintock), then a freelance writer and now the commissioning editor of a publishing house, with whom he has four children: Alexander, Sophie, Louis and Clio. He is also a member of the Garrick Club in London. Honours and awards
<mask> was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in the 2009 Queen's Birthday Honours. He was raised to the rank of Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) on his retirement as Dean of the Chapel Royal on 11 July 2019. As is customary for Church of England clergy, however, he did not use the style "Sir before his elevation to the peerage. On 12 October 2017, it was announced that <mask> would be appointed a life peer, retaking a seat in the House of Lords where he previously served as one of the Lords Spiritual during his time as Bishop of London.<mask> took the title "<mask>, of Wilton in the County of Wiltshire", and joined the House of Lords on 7 November 2017, where he sits as a crossbencher. Honours
: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO)
: Chaplain of the Order of St John (ChStJ)

Honorary degrees
Honorary DD degree from Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London
Honorary DD degree from City University London: 19 May 1999
Honorary DD degree from Brunel University: 1999
Honorary DD degree from St Mary's University College (University of Surrey)
Honorary D.Litt degree from London Guildhall University
 Honorary Doctorate King's College London: 3 November 2010. Fellowships
 Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge: 2017. Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London: 10 June 1999. Visiting Fellow of Nuffield College, Oxford. Honorary Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. Honorary Fellow of St. John's

masks:
Chartres
Chartres
Chartres
Chartres
Baron Chartres


title: Jack Bowers

texts:
<mask> (22 February 1908 – 4 July 1970) was an English footballer, who was twice the top scorer in the Football League and made three appearances for England. Playing career

Early days
<mask> was born in Low Santon, near Scunthorpe and, after playing for Scunthorpe works side Appleby Works, started his professional career with Scunthorpe & Lindsey United in December 1927. Five months later, he was transferred to Derby County, where he was to remain until 1936. Derby County
He was signed for Derby County by manager George Jobey on 5 May 1928, on the same day as future England international <mask>. He made his debut in a 2–1 win over Bolton Wanderers at the Baseball Ground on 2 February 1929 and celebrated his first appearance by scoring. It was not until the 1930–31 season that <mask> was to become a regular selection at centre forward after the transfer of Harry Bedford to Newcastle United. His first match in this season came against Arsenal, which launched Bowers on the way to breaking the club's goal-scoring record.Having sat out the first nine matches of the season, <mask> scored 37 goals in the remaining 33 matches, including four in one game against Chelsea when the Rams beat the Londoners 6–2. He scored 15 goals in a run of six consecutive matches in January and February 1931. This magnificent spell of goal-scoring was the main reason why Derby reached sixth place and, for most of the season, were sitting on the edge of the leading pack. <mask> holds Derby County's record for the number of League goals in a season (37), although this was equalled by Ray Straw in the Third Division North campaign of 1956–57. The following season, he was again Derby's top-scorer despite only scoring 25 goals, but improved on this in 1932–33 with 35 league goals, thus making him the top scorer in the Football League First Division as Derby finished in seventh place in the table. <mask> also contributed eight goals in the FA Cup as Derby reached the semi-finals where they lost to Manchester City. This was the only round in the cup run in which <mask> failed to score, as he finished the season with a total of 43 goals from 47 matches.This

masks:
John William Anslow Bowers
Bowers
Jack Barker
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers
Bowers


title: Jack Bowers

texts:
 remains Derby's goal-scoring record. His form continued into the next season, when he was again top scorer in the top flight with 34 league goals, plus three in the cup, with Derby reaching fourth place in the table. In the first six games of the season, he became the only Derby player to twice score in six successive matches; this run included two hat-tricks. His form for Derby brought him to the notice of the England selectors and he was given his first international cap in the 1934 British Home Championship against Ireland played at Windsor Park, Belfast on 14 October 1933. <mask> scored England's third goal in the 60th minute in a 3–0 victory. He retained his place for the next match against Wales on 15 November, but failed to score as England went down 2–1. As this victory enabled Wales to claim the British Home Championship title, <mask>' next match against Scotland was to have no bearing on the destiny of the title.<mask> scored in the 85th minute as England defeated the Scots 3–0. Bower also made two appearances for the Football League representative team. In September 1934, a serious knee injury sustained in a match against Spurs curtailed his Derby career and he lost his place to Hughie Gallacher. His recovery was slow, although in 1935–36 his 30 goals for the Reserves helped Derby to the Central League championship. He returned to the side for the start of the 1936–37 season; on 5 September 1936, Derby were losing 4–1 at home to Manchester United, when <mask> struck with four goals in an amazing 15-minute spell (between the 64th and 79th minute) to give his side a spectacular 5–4 victory. By now he was no longer first choice and in November 1936 he moved to Leicester City for a fee of £6,000. In his eight years with Derby, he made 220 appearances, scoring 183 goals.Only Steve Bloomer and Kevin Hector have scored more goals for Derby. Leicester City
Bowers joined Leicester City in November 1936, who had been relegated to the Football League Second Division in 1935. His arrival at Filbert Street galvanised Leicester's push for promotion and his 33 league goals from only 27 games helped them claim the Second

masks: Bowers Bowers Bowers Bowers


title: Jack Bowers

texts:
 Division title, just ahead of Blackpool, and also made him top scorer in the division. Back in the First Division, <mask> was now finding goal-scoring more difficult and he was sharing the goal-scoring responsibilities with Danny Liddle and George Dewis. The advent of World War II interrupted his career and he retired in August 1943. In his three League seasons, he scored 52 goals in 79 appearances, plus four goals in five FA Cup appearances. Later career
In August 1943, <mask> was appointed coach to Notts County, working with the youth team.After two years, he returned to Derby County as assistant trainer, a position he held for over twenty years. He and his wife lived on Pear Tree Road (No. 59), not far from the Baseball Ground, where they kept a shop. He died on 4 July 1970 in Lichfield, Staffordshire. Family
His son <mask>, Jr. played for Derby County between 1957 and 1966, making 65 League appearances in that time. <mask> is the first cousin twice removed of Keith Lindsey and Barry Lindsey, two other Scunthorpe players. The Lindseys are connected through their maternal grandmother's line.Appearances for England

Achievements
Derby County
Top scorer in 1st Division 1932–33 season: 35 goals
Top scorer in 1st Division 1933–34 season: 34 goals
Club record for total goals in one season: 37 goals in 1930–31 season

Leicester City
Top scorer in 2nd Division 1936–37 season: 33 goals
Football League Second Division champions: 1936–37

References
General
 Mortimer, Gerald (2004): The Who's Who of Derby County  Breedon Books Publishing, Derby. Mortimer, Gerald (2006): Derby County: The Complete Record Breedon Books Publishing, Derby/
 Rollin, <mask> (1998): Rothmans Book Of Football Records  Headline Book Publishing, London. Profile at www.englandstats.com
 Profile at www.englandfc.com

Specific

1908 births
1970 deaths
Sportspeople from Scunthorpe
English footballers
Association football forwards
England international footballers
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Derby County F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
English Football League players
First Division/Premier League top scorers
English Football League representative

masks:
Bowers
Bowers
John Bowers
Bowers
Jack


title: Hans Fallada

texts:
<mask> (; born Rudolf Wilhelm Friedrich Ditzen; 21 July 18935 February 1947) was a German writer of the first half of the 20th century. Some of his better known novels include Little Man, What Now? (1932) and Every Man Dies Alone (1947). His works belong predominantly to the New Objectivity literary style, a style associated with an emotionless reportage approach, with precision of detail, and a veneration for 'the fact'. <mask>'s pseudonym derives from a combination of characters found in the Grimm's Fairy Tales: The titular protagonist of <mask> in Luck (KHM 83), and Falada the magical talking horse in The Goose Girl. Early life
<mask> was born in Greifswald, Germany, the child of a magistrate on his way to becoming a supreme court judge and a mother from a middle-class background, both of whom shared an enthusiasm for music, and to a lesser extent, literature. Jenny Williams notes in her biography More Lives than One (1998), that <mask>'s father would often read aloud to his children works by authors such as Shakespeare and Schiller.In 1899, when <mask> was 6, his father relocated the family to Berlin following the first of several promotions he would receive. <mask> had a very difficult time upon first entering school in 1901. As a result, he immersed himself in books, eschewing literature more in line with his age for authors such as Flaubert, Dostoevsky, and Dickens. In 1909 the family again relocated, to Leipzig, following his father's appointment to the Imperial Supreme Court. In 1909 (age 16), he was run

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Hans Fallada
Fallada
Hans
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Fallada