title: Jason Maas

texts: Ricky Ray, neither of whom were expected to challenge Maas for the starting job. Maas was named Offensive Player of the Week in Week 2, and was on pace for another All-Star season.However, in Week 4 against Nealon Greene's Roughriders, <mask> suffered a separated shoulder in his non-throwing arm and the injury was serious enough to sideline <mask> for several games. The nominal number two was Hendricks, but he was unavailable, and the third-stringer Ray temporarily took over the starting role for the Eskimos. Ray seized his chance, and in his first CFL start threw for four touchdowns against the B.C. Lions. As fans watched with delight, Ray piled up remarkable numbers during <mask>'s recovery, leading to an inevitable showdown when the former starter returned. After missing three weeks, <mask> returned against the Winnipeg Blue Bombers and was utterly forgettable. One mediocre game was all Higgins needed to see and <mask> was immediately sent to the bench in favour of Ray, who started the next five games.However, reminiscent of <mask>'s junior season in Oregon with Akili Smith, Higgins seemed unable to make up his mind. In a game against the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Ray struggled and <mask> came in, successfully engineering an Eskimos comeback. Ray started the next game but in the game after, the second-to-last game of the season, <mask> again appeared in relief and was again solid. Finally, in the last game of the year, <mask> got the start and played well. In his first season, Ray had recorded almost 3,000 yards and a quarterback rating over 100, helping the Eskimos win the West Division for the third consecutive year with the third

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 consecutive starting quarterback. Maas had played less often but still well, and had started to win back the confidence of the fans and of the team with a strong end to the season. But for the playoffs Higgins returned to Ray, who led the Eskimos to the 90th Grey Cup, which they lost to the Montréal Alouettes, coached by <mask>'s first CFL head coach, Don Matthews.In 2003, <mask> was looking to regain his starting job from Ray, but suffered a back injury during the off-season. The condition was severe enough to require surgery and Ray became the starter out of training camp. <mask> was the holder for kicker Sean Fleming as he healed, but by Week Eight he was completely healthy. However, Higgins had drawn criticism for his "quarterback by committee" in 2002 and had little desire to repeat the adventure. <mask> was entrenched on the bench as Ray helped deliver the Eskimos the 91st Grey Cup in a rematch with the Alouettes. Opportunity knocks
After 2003, Ray was a hot commodity. NFL scouts were known to be looking at Ray, and during the off-season Ray was able to stick with the New York Jets.The loss of the star quarterback dismayed Eskimos fans, but this was tempered with calm knowing that <mask> was around to fill the void in 2004. The pressure on <mask> was high, but his performance was up to it. <mask> threw for an incredible 5,274 yards, well higher than Ray's 2003 total of 4,640. <mask> threw for "only" 31 touchdowns, four fewer than Ray's 35 in 2003, but his 105.1 quarterback rating ranked among the great seasons ever. In an ironic scene for <mask>, he lost out on the Most Outstanding Player award to Lions quarterback Casey


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texts:
 Printers who took over the starting role after an injury to incumbent superstar Dave Dickenson, similar to Ray taking over for Maas. Maas had a strong playoff performance in his single game, throwing for 369 yards in the West Semi-Final. But despite Maas' numbers the offense just was not there as the Eskimos lost a wet and miserable game to Henry Burris and the Saskatchewan Roughriders 14–6.<mask>'s career playoff record fell to 0–2, and head coach Higgins was fired as a result of the loss. Return to the bench
Unfortunately for <mask>'s individual numbers, Ray struggled south of the border. He never threw a regular-season pass with the Jets, and after being released tried in vain to catch on with another NFL team in time for the 2005 NFL season. Conjecture immediately ran high that Ray would be lured back to the Eskimos with a relative big-money deal, which soon followed. In addition, <mask> faced additional competition from recently signed former Most Outstanding Player Khari Jones. Former offensive co-ordinator and new head coach Danny Maciocia had led Maas's offense during his 2004 season, but he also knew that the starting quarterback had to be decisively selected and stuck to. After preseason, Maciocia chose and stuck to Ray, returning <mask> to the bench for the 2005 CFL season.<mask> saw little game action in the regular season, appearing only in relief for the final game, a blowout loss to the Calgary Stampeders. However, entering into the next week's Western Semi-final game against the Stampeders, Ricky Ray was being criticized for his recent play, and after a relatively poor first half, Maciocia put <mask> in for Ray for

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 the second half. <mask> re-ignited the dormant Eskimos offense and led them to a comeback victory, resurrecting the old quarterback controversy that had plagued the Eskimos for years. <mask> followed this up by again appearing in relief during the fourth quarter over Ray in the West Division final against the Lions, scoring the winning touchdown and leading the Eskimos to another victory. Once again, perhaps because of rumours <mask> had already been traded to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats for veteran quarterback Danny McManus and lineman Tim Bakker, Maciocia opted to start Ray in the 93rd Grey Cup. Ray played the whole game and won it, being named MVP in the process. After the game, confirming what TSN called "the CFL's worst-kept secret", <mask> was traded to the Tiger-Cats.Starting in Steeltown
The Tiger-Cats had a busy off-season after the 2005 season. Along with <mask>, the Tiger-Cats also acquired running back Josh Ranek from the defunct Ottawa Renegades, running back/return man and reigning Most Outstanding Special Teams Player Corey Holmes from the Saskatchewan Roughriders in exchange for the firstoverall pick in Ottawa's dispersal draft (Saskatchewan selected quarterback Kerry Joseph). Significantly for <mask>, the team also added his former favourite target in Edmonton, receiver Terry Vaughn, from Montreal as a free agent. In spite of the big names added to the offense, the Tiger-Cats struggled immediately and badly. On July 10, 2006, the Tiger-Cats relieved head coach Greg Marshall of his duties after an 0–4 start, appointing 67-year-old veteran head coach Ron Lancaster as his replacement. The team also fired offensive


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 co-ordinator Joe Paopao, offensive line coach Kani Kauahi, and replaced interim general manager since 2005 Rob Katz with former Montreal assistant GM Marcel Desjardins later in the season. Before the Tiger-Cats' Labour Day Classic game against Toronto, Hamilton was in last place in the East Division.<mask> was seventh in the league in passing yardage, tied for seventh in touchdown passes, and tied for second in interceptions. Two of the players ahead of Maas in yardage and touchdowns, Dave Dickenson and Kerry Joseph, had struggled with injuries during the season, and the player tied with <mask>'s seven touchdowns was British Columbia backup Buck Pierce. The Tiger-Cats would fall to 2–10 after Labour Day, with <mask> getting no credit in a 40–6 pummelling by the Argonauts. For the 2007 CFL season <mask> began the year as the starter for the Tiger-Cats. They had another rough start to the season at 1–8, prompting the pick-up of NFL castoff, and 2004 CFL MOP, Casey Printers. Traded to Montreal
On September 7, 2007, in the wake of Hamilton's signing of Casey Printers, recently cut by the Kansas City Chiefs, Hamilton traded <mask> to the Montreal Alouettes in exchange for Canadian fullback Jeff Piercy. <mask> initially refused to report to his new club, a move which momentarily held up formalization of the transaction.<mask> served as the team's third-string quarterback behind Marcus Brady and Anthony Calvillo. Mass saw limited time on the field with the Alouettes and was released on December 31, 2007. Back to Edmonton
January 16, 2008 the Edmonton Eskimos announced <mask> was back in the green and gold. Come training camp, <mask> and

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 Lefors battled for the second-string quarterback spot but were both named 2 and 2A by head coach Danny Maciocca. Maas saw about two quarters of playing time in the second pre-season game of 2008 and impressed, completing 16 of 19 passes for 256 yards and a touchdown. <mask> remained the Eskimos backup for 2009, but for 2010 seemed to have been demoted to third stringer early in the season in favour of Jared Zabransky. <mask>'s new tenure was rumored to be an apprenticeship for a coaching job within the organization.However, <mask> wished to continue playing if he couldn't play for the Eskimos, so he was released on February 22, 2011, to potentially land with another team. <mask> officially retired May 26, 2011 from the CFL after an eleven-year career. Coaching career

Toronto Argonauts
On December 20, 2011, <mask> was named the receivers coach for the Toronto Argonauts. On February 24, 2012, it was announced that <mask> would shift duties to become the quarterbacks coach. He spent three seasons with the Argonauts, winning a Grey Cup championship in 2012. Ottawa Redblacks
On December 3, 2014, <mask> was introduced as the offensive coordinator of the Ottawa Redblacks. In the 2015 CFL season, Ottawa led the league in offensive yards, passing yards, and rushing touchdowns.The offense also featured the league's Most Outstanding Player in quarterback Henry Burris and four 1000-yard receivers, which was only the third time that a team featured four 1000-yard receivers in the same season. Edmonton Eskimos
<mask> was named the new head coach of the Edmonton Eskimos on December 14, 2015. The team finished with a 10–8 regular season record

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 in 2016, but finished fourth in a strong West Division. After a strong 12–6 finish and trip to the West Final in 2017, <mask>' Eskimos faltered in 2018 missing the playoffs for the first time since 2013. While the Eskimos finished with a 9–9 record, they placed fifth in a strong West Division that year. The team finished 8–10 during the following season and in fourth place, qualifying once again as the crossover team and qualified for the East Division playoffs. The Eskimos were defeated that year by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in the East Final.That would be his last game as the team's head coach, as <mask> was relieved of his coaching duties on November 27, 2019. Saskatchewan Roughriders
On December 5, 2019, it was reported that <mask> had agreed to join the Saskatchewan Roughriders as their offensive coordinator, but the announcement had not yet been made official by the team. The appointment was made official on December 6, 2019, when it was announced that he was signed by the team through to the 2021 season. CFL coaching record

Personal
<mask>'s father Gary Alan <mask> (aged 29), a police officer, was shot and killed on April 9, 1986, when Maas was only ten. <mask> is married and lives in Sherwood Park, Alberta with his wife, Marjean and their two children. References

External links
Toronto Argonauts bio

1975 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
American players of Canadian football
Canadian football quarterbacks
Edmonton Elks coaches
Edmonton Elks players
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
Oregon Ducks football players
Ottawa Redblacks coaches
People from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin
Toronto Argonauts coaches
Montreal


title: Alex Prager

texts:
<mask> (born November 1, 1979) is an American art photographer and filmmaker based in Los Angeles. Career
Prager began her photography practice after viewing an exhibition of William Eggleston's at the Getty Museum which was on view between 1999 and 2000. Her staged color photographs are described by Ken Johnson as being influenced by Cindy Sherman, Philip-Lorca diCorcia and Douglas Sirk. MoMA curator Roxana Marcoci has described Prager's work as "intentionally loaded", saying "it reminds me of silent movies— there is something pregnant, about to happen, a mix of desire and angst." Michael Govan the director of LACMA has said that "Prager's photographic and filmic compositions, like Eggleston's photographs, Alfred Hitchcock's films, and Edward Hopper's paintings, reveal the extraordinary lurking within the ordinary. Wreaking havoc with our involuntary voyeurism and our tendency to leap to conclusions about people's characters based on the merest details of their appearances, Prager cues our own fantasies by representing her own." In 2005, Prager created a group of works, The Book of Disquiet, as an exhibition and joint publication with artist Mercedes Helnwein.She began to gain more attention after exhibiting Polyester in 2007, which focused on what is now described as her signature cinematic styled portraits set in Los Angeles. Her next series, The Big Valley, was shown in 2008 at Michael Hoppen Gallery in London and in 2009 at Yancey Richardson Gallery in New York. In 2010 Prager exhibited


title: Alex Prager

texts: Week-End at M+B Gallery in Los Angeles, Yancey Richardson Gallery and Michael Hoppen Gallery where she debuted her first short film, Despair alongside a group of photographs. Despair was conceived in London during The Big Valley Exhibition, where viewers were inquiring what happened before and after to the subjects in her photographic work. The film starring Bryce Dallas Howard was a full-sensory version of Prager's photographs in motion, showing the before, now and after of one of her images. Her intention was to create pure, cinematic melodrama through the use of an array of artistic mediums – imagery, motion, color, sculpture, painting and sound.Prager's Despair was included in Museum of Modern Art's exhibition "New Photography 2010" where she was recognized as a notable emerging talent. A pivotal moment for Prager came in 2011 when Kathy Ryan, director of photography for The New York Times Magazine commissioned her to shoot 12, 1 minute films with some of 2011's stand-out film actors inspired by "cinematic villainy".<mask> won an Emmy for her Touch of Evil short films. In 2012, Prager addressed themes of disaster and spatial turbulence with the series Compulsion. exhibited at M+B Gallery and Yancey Richardson Gallery. Prager's short film La Petite Mort starring French actress Judith Godreche with narration from Gary Oldman was shown alongside the body of work. The film was a "contemplation on death" and "a way for [her] to deal with the hopelessness [she] was feeling about the world.


title: Walter Munk

texts: <mask> (October 19, 1917 – February 8, 2019) was an American physical oceanographer. One of the first scientists to bring statistical methods to the analysis of oceanographic data, <mask> is noted for creating fruitful areas of research that continue to be explored by other scientists. <mask>'s work garnered him many prestigious awards including the National Medal of Science, the Kyoto Prize, and induction to the French Legion of Honour. Munk worked on a wide range of topics, including surface waves, geophysical implications of variations in the Earth's rotation, tides, internal waves, deep-ocean drilling into the sea floor, acoustical measurements of ocean properties, sea level rise, and climate change. Beginning in 1975, <mask> and Carl Wunsch developed ocean acoustic tomography, to exploit the ease with which sound travels in the ocean and use acoustical signals for measurement of broad-scale temperature and current. In a 1991 experiment, <mask> and his collaborators investigated the ability of underwater sound to propagate from the Southern Indian Ocean across all ocean basins. The aim was to measure global ocean temperature.The experiment was criticized by environmental groups, who expected that the loud acoustic signals would adversely affect marine life. <mask> continued to develop and advocate for acoustical measurements of the ocean throughout his career. <mask>'s career began before the outbreak of World War II and ended nearly 80 years later with his death in 2019. The war interrupted his doctoral studies at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (Scripps), and led to his participation in U.S. military research efforts. <mask> and his doctoral advisor Harald Sverdrup developed methods for forecasting wave conditions which were used in support of beach landings in all theaters of the war. He was involved with oceanographic programs during the atomic bomb tests in Bikini Atoll. For most of his career, he was a professor of geophysics at Scripps at the University of California in La

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 Jolla.Additionally, <mask> and his wife Judy were active in developing the Scripps campus and integrating it with the new University of California, San Diego. <mask>'s career included a number of prestigious positions, including being a member of the JASON think tank, and holding the Secretary of the Navy/Chief of Naval Operations Oceanography Chair. Early life and education
In 1917, <mask> was born to a Jewish family in Vienna, Austria-Hungary. His father, Dr. <mask>, and his mother, Rega Brunner, divorced when he was ten years old. His maternal grandfather was Lucian Brunner (1850–1914), a prominent banker and Austrian politician. His stepfather, Dr. Rudolf Engelsberg, was head of the salt mine monopoly of the Austrian government and a member of the Austrian governments of Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss and Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg. In 1932, <mask> was performing poorly in school because he was spending too much time skiing, so his family sent him from Austria to a boys' preparatory school in upper New York state.His family envisioned a career for him in finance with a New York bank connected to the family business. He worked at the family's banking firm for three years and studied at Columbia University. <mask> hated banking. In 1937, he left the firm to attend the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena. While at Caltech, he took a summer job in 1939 at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (Scripps) in La Jolla, California. <mask> earned a B.S. in applied physics in 1939 and an M.S.in geophysics (under Beno Gutenberg) in 1940 at Caltech. The master's degree work was based on oceanographic data collected in the Gulf of California by the Norwegian oceanographer Harald Sverdrup, then director of Scripps. In 1939, <mask> asked Sverdrup to take him on as a doctoral student. Sverdrup agreed, although <mask> recalled him saying "I can't think of a single job that's going to become available in the next ten years in oceanography". <mask>'s studies were interrupted by the outbreak

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 of World War II. He completed his doctoral degree in oceanography at Scripps under the University of California, Los Angeles in 1947. He wrote it in three weeks and it is the "shortest Scripps dissertation on record."He later realized that its principal conclusion is wrong. Wartime activities
In 1940, <mask> enlisted the U.S. Army. This was unusual for a student at Scripps: all the others joined the U.S. Naval Reserve. After serving 18 months in Field Artillery and the Ski Troops, he was discharged at the request of Sverdrup and Roger Revelle so he could undertake defense-related research at Scripps. In December 1941, a week before the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor, he joined several of his colleagues from Scripps at the U.S. Navy Radio and Sound Laboratory. For six years they developed methods related to antisubmarine and amphibious warfare.This research involved marine acoustics, and eventually led to his work on ocean acoustic tomography. Predicting surf conditions for Allied landings
In 1943, <mask> and Sverdrup began looking for a way to predict the heights of ocean surface waves. The Allies were preparing for a landing in North Africa, where two out of every three days the waves are above six feet. Practice beach landings in the Carolinas were suspended when waves reached this height because they were dangerous to people and landing craft. <mask> and Sverdrup found an empirical law that related wave height and period to the speed and duration of the wind and the distance over which it blows. The Allies applied this method in the Pacific theater of war and the Normandy invasion on D-Day. Officials at the time estimated that many lives were saved by these predictions.<mask> commented in 2009:

Oceanographic measurements during atomic weapons tests in the Pacific
In 1946, the United States tested two fission nuclear weapons (20 kilotons) at Bikini Atoll in the equatorial Pacific in Operation Crossroads. <mask> helped to determine the currents, diffusion, and water exchanges affecting the

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 radiation contamination from the second test, code-named Baker. Six years later he returned to the equatorial Pacific for the 1952 test of the first fusion nuclear weapon (10 megatons) at Eniwetok Atoll, code-named Ivy Mike. Roger Revelle, John Isaacs, and <mask> had initiated a program for monitoring for the possibility of a large tsunami generated from the test. Later association with the military
<mask> continued to have a close association with the military in later decades. He was one of the first academics to be funded by the Office of Naval Research, and had his last grant from them when he was 97. In 1968, he became a member of JASON, a panel of scientists who advise the Pentagon, and he continued in that role until the end of his life.He held a Secretary of the Navy/Chief of Naval Operations Oceanography Chair from 1985 until his death in 2019. Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics
After receiving his doctorate in 1947, <mask> was hired by Scripps as an assistant professor of geophysics. He became a full professor there in 1954, but his appointment was at the Institute of Geophysics (IGP) at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). In 1955, <mask> took a sabbatical at Cambridge, England. His experience at Cambridge led to the idea of starting a new IGP branch at Scripps. At the time of <mask>'s return to Scripps, it was still under the administration of UCLA, as it had been since 1938. It became part of the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) when that campus was founded in 1958.Revelle, its director at the time, was a primary advocate for establishing the La Jolla campus. At this time <mask> was considering offers for new positions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, but Revelle encouraged <mask> to remain in La Jolla. <mask>'s founding of IGP at La Jolla was concurrent with the creation of the UCSD campus. The IGPP laboratory was built between 1959 and 1963 with funding from the University of California, the U.S. Air Force Office

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 of Scientific Research, the National Science Foundation, and private foundations. (After planetary physics was added, IGP changed its name to the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics (IGPP).) The redwood building was designed by architect Lloyd Ruocco, in close consultation with Judith and <mask>. The IGPP buildings have become the center of the Scripps campus.Among the early faculty appointments were Carl Eckart, George Backus, Freeman Gilbert and John Miles. The eminent geophysicist Sir Edward "Teddy" Bullard was a regular visitor to IGPP. In 1971 an endowment of $600,000 was established by Cecil Green to support visiting scholars, now known as Green Scholars. <mask> served as director of IGPP/LJ from 1962 to 1982. In the late 1980s, plans for an expansion of IGPP were developed by Judith and <mask>, and Sharyn and John Orcutt, in consultation with a local architect, Fred Liebhardt. The Revelle Laboratory was completed in 1993. At this time the original IGPP building was renamed the Walter and Judith Munk Laboratory for Geophysics.In 1994 the Scripps branch of IGPP was renamed the Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics. Research
<mask>'s career in oceanography and geophysics touched on disparate and innovative topics. A pattern of <mask>'s work was that he would initiate a completely new topic; ask challenging, fundamental questions about the subject and its larger meaning; and then, having created an entirely new sub-field of science, move on to another new topic. As Carl Wunsch, one of <mask>'s frequent collaborators, commented:

Wind-driven gyres

In 1948, <mask> took a year's sabbatical to visit Sverdrup in Oslo, Norway on his first Guggenheim Fellowship. He worked on the problem of wind-driven ocean circulation, obtaining the first comprehensive solution for currents based on observed wind patterns. This included two types of friction: horizontal friction between water masses moving at different velocities or between water and the edges of the

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 oceanic basin, and friction from a vertical velocity gradient in the top layer of the ocean (the Ekman layer). The model predicted the five main ocean gyres (pictured), with rapid, narrow currents  in the west flowing towards the poles and broader, slower currents in the east flowing away from the poles.<mask> coined the term "ocean gyres," a term now widely used. The currents predicted for the western boundaries (e.g., for the Gulf Stream and the Kuroshio Current) were about half of the accepted values at the time, but those only considered the most intense flow and neglected a large return flow. Later estimates agreed well with <mask>'s predictions. Rotation of the Earth
In the 1950s, Munk investigated irregularities in the Earth's rotation – changes in the length of day (rate of the Earth's rotation) and changes in the axis of rotation (such as the Chandler wobble, which has a period of about 14 months). The latter gives rise to a small tide called the pole tide. Although the scientific community knew of these fluctuations, they did not have adequate explanations for them. With Gordon J. F. MacDonald, <mask> published The Rotation of the Earth: A Geophysical Discussion in 1960.This book discusses the effects from a geophysical, rather than astronomical, perspective. It shows that short-term variations are caused by movement in the atmosphere, ocean, underground water, and interior of the Earth, including tides in the ocean and solid Earth. Over longer times (a century or more), the largest influence is the tidal acceleration that causes the Moon to move away from the Earth at about four centimeters per year. This gradually slows Earth's rotation, so that over 500 million years the length of day has increased from 21 hours to 24. The monograph remains a standard reference. Project Mohole

In 1957, <mask> and Harry Hess suggested the idea behind Project Mohole: to drill into the Mohorovičić discontinuity and obtain a sample of the Earth's mantle. While such a project was not feasible on land,

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 drilling in the open ocean would be more feasible, because the mantle is much closer to the sea floor.Initially led by the informal group of scientists known as the American Miscellaneous Society (AMSOC), a group that included Hess, Maurice Ewing, and Roger Revelle, the project was eventually taken over by the National Science Foundation. Initial test drillings into the sea floor led by Willard Bascom occurred off Guadalupe Island, Mexico in March and April 1961. However, the project was mismanaged and grew in expense after the construction company Brown and Root won the contract to continue the effort. Toward the end of 1966, Congress discontinued the project. While Project Mohole was not successful, the idea and its innovative initial phase directly led to the successful NSF Deep Sea Drilling Program for obtaining sediment cores. Ocean swell

Starting in the late 1950s, <mask> returned to the study of ocean waves. Thanks to his acquaintance with John Tukey, he pioneered the use of power spectra in describing wave behavior.This work culminated with an expedition that he led in 1963 called "Waves Across the Pacific" to observe waves generated by storms in the Southern Indian Ocean. Such waves traveled northward for thousands of miles across the Pacific Ocean. To trace the path and decay of the waves, he established measurement stations on islands and at sea (on R/P FLIP) along a great circle from New Zealand, to the Palmyra Atoll, and finally to Alaska. <mask> and his family spent nearly the whole of 1963 on American Samoa for this experiment. <mask> and <mask> collaborated in making a film to document the experiment. The results show little decay of wave energy with distance traveled. This work, together with the wartime work on wave forecasting, led to the science of surf forecasting, one of <mask>'s best-known accomplishments.<mask>'s pioneering research into surf forecasting was acknowledged in 2007 with an award from the Groundswell Society, a surfing advocacy organization. Ocean tides

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Between 1965 and 1975, Munk turned to investigations of ocean tides, partly motivated by their effects on the Earth's rotation. Modern methods of time series and spectral analysis were brought to bear on tidal analysis, leading to work with David Cartwright developing the "response method" of tidal analysis. With Frank Snodgrass, Munk developed deep-ocean pressure sensors that could be used to provide tidal data far from any land. One highlight of this work was the discovery of the semidiurnal amphidrome midway between California and Hawaii. Internal waves: The Garrett–Munk spectrum
At the time of <mask>'s dissertation for his master's degree in 1939, internal waves were considered an uncommon phenomenon. By the 1970s, there were extensive published observations of internal-wave variability in the oceans in temperature, salinity, and velocity as functions of time, horizontal distance, and depth.Motivated by a 1958 paper by Owen Philips that described a universal spectral form for the variance of ocean surface waves as a function of wave number, Chris Garrett and <mask> attempted to make sense of the observations by postulating a universal spectrum for internal waves. According to <mask>, they chose a spectrum that could be factored into a function of frequency times a function of vertical wave number. The resulting spectrum, now called the Garrett-Munk Spectrum, is roughly consistent with a large number of diverse measurements that had been obtained over the global ocean. The model evolved over the subsequent decade, denoted GM72, GM75, GM79, etc., according to the year of publication of the revised model. Although Munk expected the model to be rapidly obsolete, it proved to be a universal model that is still in use. Its universality is interpreted as a sign of profound processes governing internal wave dynamics, turbulence and fine-scale mixing. Klaus Hasselmann commented in 2010, "...the publication of the GM spectrum has indeed been extremely fruitful for oceanography, both in the past and

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 still today."Ocean acoustic tomography

Beginning in 1975, <mask> and Carl Wunsch of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology pioneered the development of acoustic tomography of the ocean. With Peter Worcester and Robert Spindel, <mask> developed the use of sound propagation, particularly sound arrival patterns and travel times, to infer important information about the ocean's large-scale temperature and current. This work, together with the work of other groups, eventually motivated the 1991 "Heard Island Feasibility Test" (HIFT), to determine if man-made acoustic signals could be transmitted over antipodal distances to measure the ocean's climate. The experiment came to be called "the sound heard around the world." During six days in January 1991, acoustic signals were transmitted by sound sources lowered from the M/V Cory Chouest near Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. These signals traveled half-way around the globe to be received on the east and west coasts of the United States, as well as at many other stations around the world. The follow-up to this experiment was the 1996–2006 Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) project in the North Pacific Ocean.Both HIFT and ATOC engendered considerable public controversy concerning the possible effects of man-made sounds on marine mammals. In addition to the decade-long measurements obtained in the North Pacific, acoustic thermometry has been employed to measure temperature changes of the upper layers of the Arctic Ocean basins, which continues to be an area of active interest. Acoustic thermometry has also been used to determine changes to global-scale ocean temperatures using data from acoustic pulses traveling from Australia to Bermuda. Tomography has come to be a valuable method of ocean observation, exploiting the characteristics of long-range acoustic propagation to obtain synoptic measurements of average ocean temperature or current. Applications have included the measurement of deep water formation in the Greenland Sea in 1989,

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 measurement of ocean tides, and the estimation of ocean mesoscale dynamics by combining tomography, satellite altimetry, and in situ data with ocean dynamical models. <mask> advocated for acoustical measurements of the ocean for much of his career, such as his 1986 Bakerian Lecture Acoustic Monitoring of Ocean Gyres, the 1995 monograph Ocean Acoustic Tomography written with Worcester and Wunsch, and his 2010 Crafoord Prize lecture The Sound of Climate Change. Tides and mixing
In the 1990s, <mask> returned to the work on the role of tides in producing mixing in the ocean.In a 1966 paper "Abyssal Recipes", <mask> was one of the first to assess quantitatively the rate of mixing in the abyssal ocean in maintaining oceanic stratification. At that time, the tidal energy available for mixing was thought to occur by processes near ocean boundaries. According to Sandström's theorem (1908), without the occurrence deep mixing, driven by, e.g., internal tides or tidally-driven turbulence in shallow regions, most of the ocean would become cold and stagnant, capped by a thin, warm surface layer. The question of tidal energy available for mixing was reawakened in the 1990s with the discovery, by acoustic tomography and satellite altimetry, of large-scale internal tides radiating energy away from the Hawaiian Ridge into the interior of the North Pacific Ocean. <mask> recognized that the tidal energy from the scattering and radiation of large-scale internal waves from mid-ocean ridges was significant, hence it could drive abyssal mixing. <mask>'s enigma
In his later work, <mask> focused on the relation between changes in ocean temperature, sea level, and the transfer of mass between continental ice and the ocean. This work described what came to be known as "Munk's enigma", a large discrepancy between observed rate of sea level rise and its expected effects on the earth's rotation.Awards

<mask> was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1956 and to the Royal Society of London in 1976. He was both a

masks: Munk Munk Munk Munk Munk Munk Munk


title: Walter Munk

texts: Guggenheim Fellow (1948, 1953, 1962) and a Fulbright Fellow. He was named California Scientist of the Year by the California Museum of Science and Industry in 1969. <mask> gave the 1986 Bakerian Lecture at the Royal Society on Ships from Space (paper) and Acoustic monitoring of ocean gyres (lecture). In July 2018 at the age of 100, <mask> was appointed a Chevalier of France's Legion of Honour in recognition of his contributions to oceanography. Among the many other awards and honors <mask> received are the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, the Arthur L. Day Medal of the Geological Society of America in 1965, the Sverdrup Gold Medal of the American Meteorological Society in 1966, the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1968, the first Maurice Ewing Medal of the American Geophysical Union and the U.S. Navy in 1976, the Alexander Agassiz Medal of the National Academy of Sciences in 1976, the Captain Robert Dexter Conrad Award of the U.S. Navy in 1978, the National Medal of Science in 1983, the William Bowie Medal of the American Geophysical Union in 1989, the Vetlesen Prize in 1993, the Kyoto Prize in 1999, the first Prince Albert I Medal in 2001, and the Crafoord Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 2010 "for his pioneering and fundamental contributions to our understanding of ocean circulation, tides and waves, and their role in the Earth's dynamics". In 1993, <mask> was the first recipient of the <mask> Award given "in Recognition of Distinguished Research in Oceanography Related to Sound and the Sea."This award was given jointly by The Oceanography Society, the Office of Naval Research and the US Department of Defense Naval Oceanographic Office. The award was retired in 2018, and The Oceanographic Society "established the Walter Munk Medal to encompass a broader range of topics in physical oceanography." Two marine species have been named after Munk. One is Sirsoe munki, a deep-sea worm. The other is Mobula munkiana, also known as <mask>'s devil

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title: Walter Munk

texts:
 ray, a small relative of giant manta rays living in huge schools, and with a remarkable ability to leap far out of the water. A 2017 documentary, Spirit of Discovery (Documentary), follows <mask> in an expedition with the discoverer, his former student Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara, to Cabo Pulmo National Park in Baja Mexico, the place where the species was first found and described. Personal life
After Nazi Germany annexed Austria in 1938, an event known as the Anschluss, <mask> applied to be a citizen of the United States.In his first attempt, he failed the citizenship test by giving an overly-detailed answer to a question about the Constitution. He obtained American citizenship in 1939. <mask> married Martha Chapin in the late 1940s. The marriage ended in divorce in 1953. On June 20, 1953, he married Judith Horton. She was an active participant at Scripps for decades, where she contributed to campus planning, architecture, and the renovation and reuse of historical buildings. The Munks were frequent traveling companions.Judith died in 2006. In 2011, <mask> married La Jolla community leader Mary Coakley. <mask> remained actively engaged in scientific endeavors throughout his life, with publications as late as 2016. He turned 100 in October 2017. He died of pneumonia on February 8, 2019, at La Jolla, California, aged 101. Publications

Scientific papers
Munk published 181 scientific papers. They were cited over 11,000 times, an average of 63 times each.Some of the most highly cited papers in the Web of Science database are listed below. Books
 W<mask> and G.J.F. MacDonald, The Rotation of the Earth: A Geophysical Discussion, Cambridge University Press, 1960, revised 1975. W<mask>, P. Worcester, and C. Wunsch, Ocean Acoustic Tomography, Cambridge University Press, 1995. S. Flatté (ed. ), R. Dashen, W. H<mask>, K. M. Watson, and F. Zachariasen, Sound Transmission through a Fluctuating Ocean, Cambridge University Press, 1979. References

External links

    (1967) – a documentary showcasing

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texts:
 <mask>'s research on waves generated by Antarctic storms.The film documents <mask>'s collaboration as they track storm-driven waves from Antarctica across the Pacific Ocean to Alaska. The film features scenes of early digital equipment in use in field experiments with <mask>'s commentary on how unsure they were about using such new technology in remote locations. (1994) – a television program on the work and life of <mask> produced by the University of California. (2004) – a seminar on global sea level and climate change by <mask>. (YouTube link)
 The Sound of Climate Change (2010) – <mask>'s Crafoord Prize Lecture
 Spirit of Discovery (2017) – a documentary showcasing <mask> as he goes in search of Mobula munkiana a species that bears his name. A Conversation with <mask> (2019) – Carl Wunsch interviews <mask> about his life, career, and scientific events and people during his life on the occasion of his 100th birthday in 2017. Oral History interview transcript with <mask> Bohr Library and Archives
 The Heard Island Feasibility Test
 Tributes to <mask> (Scripps)

1917 births
2019 deaths
People from La Jolla, San Diego
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
California Institute of Technology alumni
Columbia University alumni
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Jewish American scientists
Kyoto laureates in Basic Sciences
National Medal of Science laureates
American centenarians
American oceanographers
Fluid dynamicists
Scripps Institution of Oceanography faculty
Scripps Institution of Oceanography alumni
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
Austrian Jews
Scientists from Vienna
Austrian centenarians
Men centenarians
University of California, San Diego faculty
Members of JASON (advisory group)
Founding members of the World Cultural Council
Sverdrup Gold Medal Award Recipients
Writers from San Diego
Writers from Vienna
United States Army soldiers
21st-century

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title: Andrew S Gibbons

texts: <mask><mask> is a practitioner and theorist in the field of Instructional Design and Technology. He has proposed an architectural theory of instructional design influenced by the structural principles of artifact modularization drawn from a number of design disciplines, as exemplified by the work of Baldwin and Clark. <mask>' work departs from prior work in learning design, which has historically been based on identification of design processes. Architectural design concentrates on the abstract inner architecture of the entity being designed. This architectural approach purports to make possible more nuanced and innovative designs. An architectural approach is considered by <mask> to be essential in the design of adaptive learning experiences, including both those delivered by automated systems and those delivered by live teachers or a combination of live and automated means. In another departure from the standard approach, rather than beginning with the assumption of a formal design process, the architectural approach assumes that the sequencing of design decisions should be controlled by recognition of the beginning constraints given with the design problem and then by the successive placement of additional constraints through design decision making.<mask>' philosophy of design emphasizes functional rather than physical characteristics of the entity under

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title: Andrew S Gibbons

texts:
 design. This architectural theory of design identifies at least seven functional areas of designed learning artifacts, including but not limited to: provision of content, execution of strategy, formation of messages, creation of representations, provision of user controls, data management, and execution of media logic. Design oscillates between functional area design and whole-design integration. The seven functional areas are termed "layers", a term borrowed from <mask> in his description of the functional areas of a building's design. Layers define functional modules whose design can be approached semi-independently in the same manner as the functional modules of computers or other complex systems. Modular design assumes the involvement of specialists such as artists, writers, and design psychologists early, in the creative phases of design. The revision and expansion of designs becomes less disruptive because foundational interests and decisions are separated from the less foundational, the ornamental, and the derivative ones.Education
In 1969 <mask> earned a B.A. in English with a Chemistry minor from Brigham Young University. In 1974 he completed a doctorate in Instructional Psychology at Brigham Young University. During that time, he worked on the research team of M. David Merrill, assisting in the conception of Component Display Theory. Component Display

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title: Andrew S Gibbons

texts:
 Theory provided the basis later for Merrill's Instructional Transaction Theory. Academic career

<mask> accumulated eighteen years of practical design experience as a project director and consultant for two start-up instructional design consultancies: Courseware Incorporated, and Wicat Systems (World Institute for Computer-Aided Instruction). The idea of computer-based instruction did not exist in the thinking of the business and educational leaders in 1974, though research was conducted in high-tech laboratories as early as the 1950s, but cost and technology factors prohibited widespread dissemination.The opportunity for creating large-scale new-technology-based designs for a variety of training clients provided <mask> many insights into the issues of creating instructional experiences efficiently that were also effective. In 1993 <mask> transitioned to a teaching and research position at the Department of Instructional Technology of Utah State University, associating himself once more with M. David Merrill's ID2 research team. From 1993 to 2003 the conceptual basis for an architecture-oriented design theory grew, resulting in the publication of a book that began to show architectural themes that would evolve into the architectural design theory. In 2003, <mask> became the department chair at Brigham Young University for the Department of Instructional

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title: Andrew S Gibbons

texts:
 Psychology and Technology in the David O. McKay School of Education. During this time, the architectural design theory took its published form in a series of articles and a book. Professor Emeritus status was awarded in 2016. <mask> continues to remain active in researching and writing on architectural design theory.Research and books

<mask>' architectural design theory unifies what otherwise would appear to be separate threads of his work on design theory. The question had to be addressed early whether "theory" was an appropriate term to use referring to a system of design thinking. <mask> supported his position that it was, citing the description of a uniquely design-related type of theory by <mask> in Sciences of the Artificial. <mask> addressed the issue in a paper titled Explore, Explain, Design with co-author C. Victor Bunderson. In this view, explanation, which is the goal of science, is carried out in search of theories about how things work, leading ideally toward a hypothesized, unifying theory of everything; in contrast, research on design processes and principles is carried out in search of theories of how things can be made to work. Vincenti, Klir, Edelson and others describe research in engineering (design) that can lead to design theory that is distinct from scientific theory in several ways. Overall, <mask>' published work represents the

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title: Andrew S Gibbons

texts: gradual emergence of the architectural theory and then multiple attempts to demonstrate the viability of the theory by fleshing out details.His theory of model-centered instruction, for example, separates two major concerns of instructional designers: content and strategy. The term content in this context refers to abstracted subject-matter and not media resources. Model-centered instruction proposes that the most appropriate form of content is a dynamic interactive model and that experiencing and exploring the model should be augmented by support of different types. This counters the common intuition that verbal and visual expressions of content are sufficient. Model-centering forces the designer to separate decisions about subject-matter from decisions about its expression (messaging and representation) and from the means of leading learners into interactions with it (strategic interaction). It leaves open the question of the means (expression controls) by which the learner might carry out the interactions. <mask> and his colleagues explored design considerations for simulations in the light of model-centering.As the architectural theory emerged, this led to a description of how designers might use it as a tool to guide the production of simulation designs without relying on a process design model. In the early 1990s, the interests of large-scale training


title: Andrew S Gibbons

texts: distributors turned toward standard approaches for producing and distributing technology-involved instruction on a massive scale. A standard plan for product modularization was considered by them to  be a solution. The question was, which dimensions to standardize. The U.S. Department of Defense funded the Advanced Distributed Learning Initiative, and a large number of commercial interests subscribed to the [IMS Global Learning Consortium]. Each major project created a unique product packaging standard, with its own centralized data collection and learner management functions. Both standards are widely used.Both modularization plans focus on software element interoperability rather than on design element interoperability. Both prescribe how products with disparate internal architectures can be placed into standardized software containers for distribution, in the same way that any standard DVD can be played on a standard DVD player. This was a production and distribution issue. <mask>' responded to the modularization problem from the designer's point of view, taking into consideration the inner architecture of instructional experiences. He speculated that modularization based on the internal architecture of the artifact's instructional functions could lead to the creation of a pool of executive engine routines (applications) centered on the functions, rather


title: Andrew S Gibbons

texts:
 than on the packaging of media products. <mask> expects that future standards will evolve toward this new focus on artifact functionality, as the demand for more innovative and learner-responsive experiences increases, a view expressed in The Nature and Origin of Instructional Objects. (See also The interplay of learning objects and design architectures)

In a different line of work, <mask> and Langton conducted a two-year project to validate one of the claims of the architectural theory: the claim that for every functional design layer there are numerous theories from the literature of related design fields capable of informing design within that layer specifically.The control layer was selected for study, the layer within which the designer determines the kinds of expressive controls the learner will be given. An extensive literature review revealed a number of such theories that could improve the design of an interactive instructional control system. This has encouraged further studies of additional layers. As the architectural theory emerged, <mask> proposed that, in addition to bodies of theory, there exist a pools of design language terms related to different layers and that the expertise of a designer can be expressed in terms of the designer's familiarity with the languages of the different layers. Moreover, from these languages individual designers and

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title: Andrew S Gibbons

texts:
 group designers draw their preferred stock of design constructs. A study of design languages of dancers and their expression through notation was described by Waters and <mask>, which demonstrated that design notation makes possible the public sharing of designs and the coordination of design concepts among design team participants. Rather than being static, it was shown that pools grow and contract as terms fall into and out of use through innovation and that, though terms may be shared among design team members, the ultimate range of an individual designer is set by the individual's knowledge of terms in the pools or the ability to invent new terms.This led to a proposal that designer training should expose novice designers to the existence of these terminologies and their usefulness in generating innovative designs within teams. On the question of the comparison of theories, <mask> and a team of collaborators studied a group of published instructional theories, seeking a basis for comparing them critically and in greater detail. This study revealed that theories had to be read in terms of the theorist's unwritten but implied conceptual categories, since theorists were found to use different terms when clearly referring to the same phenomena. Selected book chapters
 Graham, C. R., Henrie, C., <mask>, A. <mask>. (2014). Developing models and theory for blended

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title: Andrew S Gibbons

texts: learning research. Blended learning: Research perspectives Volume 2 (pp. 13–33).Routledge. <mask>, A. <mask>. (2014). Eight views of instructional design and what they should mean to instructional designers.. In B. Hokanson and A.<mask><mask> (Ed. ), Design in educational technology: Design thinking, design process, and the design studio.. Springer. <mask>, A. <mask>., Boling, E., <mask>, K. M. (2014). Instructional design models.Handbook of research on educational communications technology, 4th ed. (4th edition ed.). Springer. Graham, C. R., Henrie, C. R., <mask>, A. <mask>. (2013). Developing models and theory for blended learning research. Blended learning: Research perspectives II. Routledge.<mask>, A. <mask>., Boling, E., <mask>, K. M. (2012, in press). Instructional design models. In M<mask>, M. D. Merrill, J. Elen, and M. J. Bishop (Ed. ), Handbook of research in educational communications and technology (4th ed.) (4th Edition ed.). Association for Educational Communications and Technology. <mask>, A. <mask>., Rogers, P. C. (2009).Coming at design from a different angle: Functional design. In L. Moller, J. B. Huett, and D. M. Harvey (Ed. ), Learning and instructional technologies for the 21st Century. Springer. <mask>, <mask>. T., <mask>, A. <mask>. (2008). The power of design drawing in other design fields.In L. Botturi & T. <mask>ubbs (Ed. ), Handbook

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title: Andrew S Gibbons

texts: of Visual Languages for Instructional Design: Theories and Practices (pp. 18). Information Science Reference. <mask>, A. <mask>., Botturi, L., Boot, E., Nelson, J. (2008). Design languages.In J. M<mask>, M. D. Merrill, J. van Merrienboer, & M. Driscoll (Ed. ), Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology, 3rd ed. (pp. 12). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. <mask>, A. <mask>. (2008). Model-centered Instruction, the Design, and the Designer.In D. Ifenthaler & P. Pirnay-Dummer (Ed. ), Understanding models for learning and instruction: Essays in honor of Norbert M<mask> (pp. 12). Springer. <mask>, <mask>. T., <mask>, A. <mask>. (2007). Using ID layers to categorize design drawings. In Botturi, L & <mask>ubbs, T.(Ed. ), Handbook of Visual Languages for Instructional Design: Theories and Practices. Information Science Reference. <mask>, A. <mask>., <mask>, <mask>. (2007). Layered design in an instructional simulation. In Shelton, B. & Wiley, D.(Ed. ), The Design and Use of Simulation Computer Games in Education. Sense Publications. <mask>, A. <mask>., Lawless, K., Anderson, T. A., Duffin, J. R. (2000). The Web and Model-Centered Instruction. In Khan, B. (Ed.), Web-Based Instruction (vol. 2). Educational Technology Publications. <mask>, A. <mask>., Fairweather, P. G. (2000). Computer-Based Instruction. In Tobias, S. & Fletcher, D. (Ed.), Training and

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title: Andrew S Gibbons

texts:
 Retraining: A Handbook for Business, Industry, Government, and Military. Division 15 of the American Psychological Association and Macmillan Reference USA. Selected journal articles
 McDonald, J., <mask>, A. <mask>. (2009). Technology I, II, and III: Criteria for understanding and improving the practice of instructional technology. Educational Technology Research and Development, 57, 377-392. www.springerlink.com
 <mask>, A. <mask>., Merrill, P., <mask>, R., Campbell, J. O., Christensen, E., Insalaco, M., Wilcken, W. (2008). Re-examining the implied role of the designer.. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 9, 127-137. <mask>, A. <mask>., Waki, R., Fairweather, P. (2008).Adding an expert to the team: The expert flight plan critic. British Journal of Educational Technology, 39, 324-335. Boot, E., Nelson, J., Van Merrienboer, J., <mask>, A. <mask>. (2007). Stratification, elaboration, and formalization of design documents: Effects on the production of materials. British Journal of Educational Technology, 38, 917-933. <mask>, A. <mask>., Fairweather, P. G. (2000). Distributed Learning: Two Steps Forward, One Back?One Forward, Two Back?. IEEE Concurrency, 8(2), 8-9+. References

Living people
Brigham Young University faculty
Brigham Young University alumni
Year of birth missing (living

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title: Isambard Kingdom Brunel

texts: Isambard <mask>  (; 9 April 1806 – 15 September 1859) was an English civil engineer who is considered "one of the most ingenious and prolific figures in engineering history," "one of the 19th-century engineering giants," and "one of the greatest figures of the Industrial Revolution, [who] changed the face of the English landscape with his groundbreaking designs and ingenious constructions." Brunel built dockyards, the Great Western Railway (GWR), a series of steamships including the first propeller-driven transatlantic steamship, and numerous important bridges and tunnels. His designs revolutionised public transport and modern engineering. Though Brunel's projects were not always successful, they often contained innovative solutions to long-standing engineering problems. During his career, Brunel achieved many engineering firsts, including assisting in the building of the first tunnel under a navigable river (the River Thames) and the development of the , the first propeller-driven, ocean-going iron ship, which, when launched in 1843, was the largest ship ever built. On the GWR, Brunel set standards for a well-built railway, using careful surveys to minimise gradients and curves. This necessitated expensive construction techniques, new bridges, new viaducts, and the  Box Tunnel.One controversial feature was the "broad gauge" of , instead of what was later to be known as "standard gauge" of . He astonished Britain by proposing to extend the GWR westward to North America by building steam-powered, iron-hulled ships. He designed and built three ships that revolutionised naval engineering: the  (1838), the  (1843), and the  (1859). In 2002, <mask> <mask> was born on 9

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title: Isambard Kingdom Brunel

texts: April 1806 in Britain Street, Portsea, Portsmouth, Hampshire, where his father was working on block-making machinery. He was named Isambard after his father, the French civil engineer Sir Marc Isambard <mask>, and Kingdom after his English mother, <mask>.He had two elder sisters, Sophia, the eldest child, and Emma. The whole family moved to London in 1808 for his father's work. <mask> had a happy childhood, despite the family's constant money worries, with his father acting as his teacher during his early years. His father taught him drawing and observational techniques from the age of four, and Brunel had learned Euclidean geometry by eight. During this time, he also learned fluent French and the basic principles of engineering. He was encouraged to draw interesting buildings and identify any faults in their structure. When Brunel was eight, he was sent to Dr Morrell's boarding school in Hove, where he learned classics.His father, a Frenchman by birth, was determined that Brunel should have access to the high-quality education he had enjoyed in his youth in France; accordingly, at the age of 14, the younger <mask> was enrolled first at the University of Caen, then at Lycée Henri-IV in Paris. When Brunel was 15, his father, who had accumulated debts of over £5,000, was sent to a debtors' prison. After three months went by with no prospect of release, <mask> let it be known that he was considering an offer from the Tsar of Russia. In August 1821, facing the prospect of losing a prominent engineer, the government relented and issued Marc £5,000 to clear his debts in exchange for his promise to remain in Britain. When Brunel completed his studies at Henri-IV in 1822, his

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title: Isambard Kingdom Brunel

texts:
 father had him presented as a candidate at the renowned engineering school École Polytechnique, but as a foreigner he was deemed ineligible for entry. Brunel subsequently studied under the prominent master clockmaker and horologist Abraham-Louis Breguet, who praised Brunel's potential in letters to his father. In late 1822, having completed his apprenticeship, Brunel returned to England.Thames Tunnel

<mask> worked for several years as an assistant engineer on the project to create a tunnel under London's River Thames between Rotherhithe and Wapping, with tunnellers driving a horizontal shaft from one side of the river to the other under the most difficult and dangerous conditions. The project was funded by the Thames Tunnel Company and Brunel's father, Marc, was the chief engineer. The American Naturalist said "It is stated also that the operations of the Teredo [Shipworm] suggested to Mr. Brunel his method of tunneling the Thames." The composition of the riverbed at Rotherhithe was often little more than waterlogged sediment and loose gravel. An ingenious tunnelling shield designed by <mask> helped protect workers from cave-ins, but two incidents of severe flooding halted work for long periods, killing several workers and badly injuring the younger Brunel. The latter incident, in 1828, killed the two most senior miners, and Brunel himself narrowly escaped death. He was seriously injured, and spent six months recuperating.The event stopped work on the tunnel for several years. Though the Thames Tunnel was eventually completed during <mask>'s lifetime, his son had no further involvement with the tunnel proper, only using the abandoned works at Rotherhithe to further

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title: Isambard Kingdom Brunel

texts:
 his abortive Gaz experiments. This was based on an idea of his father's, and was intended to develop into an engine that ran on power generated from alternately heating and cooling carbon dioxide made from ammonium carbonate and sulphuric acid. Despite interest from several parties (the Admiralty included) the experiments were judged by Brunel to be a failure on the grounds of fuel economy alone, and were discontinued after 1834. In 1865, the East London Railway Company purchased the Thames Tunnel for £200,000, and four years later the first trains passed through it. Subsequently, the tunnel became part of the London Underground system, and remains in use today, originally as part of the East London Line now incorporated into the London Overground. Bridges

<mask> is perhaps best remembered for designs for the Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol, begun in 1831.The bridge was built to designs based on <mask>'s, but with significant changes. Spanning over , and nominally  above the River Avon, it had the longest span of any bridge in the world at the time of construction. <mask> submitted four designs to a committee headed by Thomas Telford, but Telford rejected all entries, proposing his own design instead. Vociferous opposition from the public forced the organising committee to hold a new competition, which was won by <mask>. Afterwards, <mask> wrote to his brother-in-law, the politician Benjamin Hawes: "Of all the wonderful feats I have performed, since I have been in this part of the world, I think yesterday I performed the most wonderful. I produced unanimity among 15 men who were all quarrelling about that most ticklish subject—taste". Work on the Clifton bridge

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title: Isambard Kingdom Brunel

texts: started in 1831, but was suspended due to the Queen Square riots caused by the arrival of Sir Charles Wetherell in Clifton.The riots drove away investors, leaving no money for the project, and construction ceased. <mask> did not live to see the bridge finished, although his colleagues and admirers at the Institution of Civil Engineers felt it would be a fitting memorial, and started to raise new funds and to amend the design. Work recommenced in 1862, three years after <mask>'s death, and was completed in 1864. In 2011, it was suggested, by historian and biographer Adrian Vaughan, that <mask> did not design the bridge, as eventually built, as the later changes to its design were substantial. His views reflected a sentiment stated fifty-two years earlier by Tom Rolt in his 1959 book Brunel. Re-engineering of suspension chains recovered from an earlier suspension bridge was one of many reasons given why Brunel's design could not be followed exactly. Hungerford Bridge, a suspension footbridge across the Thames near Charing Cross Station in London, was opened in May 1845.Its central span was , and its cost was £106,000. It was replaced by a new railway bridge in 1859, and the suspension chains were used to complete the Clifton Suspension Bridge. The Clifton Suspension Bridge still stands, and over 4 million vehicles traverse it every year. <mask> designed many bridges for his railway projects, including the Royal Albert Bridge spanning the River Tamar at Saltash near Plymouth, Somerset Bridge (an unusual laminated timber-framed bridge near Bridgwater), the Windsor Railway Bridge, and the Maidenhead Railway Bridge over the Thames in Berkshire. This last was the flattest,

masks: Brunel Brunel Brunel Brunel


title: Isambard Kingdom Brunel

texts:
 widest brick arch bridge in the world and is still carrying main line trains to the west, even though today's trains are about ten times heavier than in Brunel's time. Throughout his railway building career, but particularly on the South Devon and Cornwall Railways where economy was needed and there were many valleys to cross, Brunel made extensive use of wood for the construction of substantial viaducts; these have had to be replaced over the years as their primary material, Kyanised Baltic Pine, became uneconomical to obtain. <mask> designed the Royal Albert Bridge in 1855 for the Cornwall Railway, after Parliament rejected his original plan for a train ferry across the Hamoaze—the estuary of the tidal Tamar, Tavy and Lynher.The bridge (of bowstring girder or tied arch construction) consists of two main spans of ,  above mean high spring tide, plus 17 much shorter approach spans. Opened by Prince Albert on 2 May 1859, it was completed in the year of <mask>'s death. Several of <mask>'s bridges over the Great Western Railway might be demolished because the line is to be electrified, and there is inadequate clearance for overhead wires. Buckinghamshire County Council is negotiating to have further options pursued, in order that all nine of the remaining historic bridges on the line can be saved. <mask>'s last major undertaking was the unique Three Bridges, London. Work began in 1856, and was completed in 1859. The three bridges in question are a clever arrangement allowing the routes of the Grand Junction Canal, Great Western and Brentford Railway, and Windmill Lane to cross each other.Great Western Railway

In the early part of <mask>'s life, the use of railways began


title: Isambard Kingdom Brunel

texts: to take off as a major means of transport for goods. This influenced Brunel's involvement in railway engineering, including railway bridge engineering. In 1833, before the Thames Tunnel was complete, <mask> was appointed chief engineer of the Great Western Railway, one of the wonders of Victorian Britain, running from London to Bristol and later Exeter. The company was founded at a public meeting in Bristol in 1833, and was incorporated by Act of Parliament in 1835. It was Brunel's vision that passengers would be able to purchase one ticket at London Paddington and travel from London to New York, changing from the Great Western Railway to the Great Western steamship at the terminus in Neyland, West Wales. He surveyed the entire length of the route between London and Bristol himself, with the help of many including his solicitor Jeremiah Osborne of Bristol Law Firm Osborne Clarke who on one occasion rowed Brunel down the River Avon himself to survey the bank of the river for the route. Brunel even designed the Royal Hotel in Bath which opened in 1846 opposite the railway station.<mask> made two controversial decisions: to use a broad gauge of  for the track, which he believed would offer superior running at high speeds; and to take a route that passed north of the Marlborough Downs—an area with no significant towns, though it offered potential connections to Oxford and Gloucester—and then to follow the Thames Valley into London. His decision to use broad gauge for the line was controversial in that almost all British railways to date had used standard gauge. <mask> said that this was nothing more than a carry-over from the mine railways that George Stephenson had

masks: Brunel Brunel Brunel


title: Isambard Kingdom Brunel

texts: worked on prior to making the world's first passenger railway. Brunel proved through both calculation and a series of trials that his broader gauge was the optimum size for providing both higher speeds and a stable and comfortable ride to passengers. In addition the wider gauge allowed for larger goods wagons and thus greater freight capacity. Drawing on Brunel's experience with the Thames Tunnel, the Great Western contained a series of impressive achievements—soaring viaducts such as the one in Ivybridge, specially designed stations, and vast tunnels including the Box Tunnel, which was the longest railway tunnel in the world at that time. There is an anecdote claiming that the Box Tunnel was deliberately aligned so that the rising sun shines all the way through it on Brunel's birthday.The initial group of locomotives ordered by <mask> to his own specifications proved unsatisfactory, apart from the North Star locomotive, and 20-year-old Daniel Gooch (later Sir Daniel) was appointed as Superintendent of Locomotive Engines. <mask> and Gooch chose to locate their locomotive works at the village of Swindon, at the point where the gradual ascent from London turned into the steeper descent to the Avon valley at Bath. <mask>'s achievements ignited the imagination of the technically minded Britons of the age, and he soon became quite notable in the country on the back of this interest. After <mask>'s death the decision was taken that standard gauge should be used for all railways in the country. At the original Welsh terminus of the Great Western railway at Neyland, sections of the broad gauge rails are used as handrails at the quayside, and information boards there depict


title: Isambard Kingdom Brunel

texts:
 various aspects of Brunel's life. There is also a larger-than-life bronze statue of him holding a steamship in one hand and a locomotive in the other. The statue has been replaced after an earlier theft.The present London Paddington station was designed by <mask> and opened in 1854. Examples of his designs for smaller stations on the Great Western and associated lines which survive in good condition include Mortimer, Charlbury and Bridgend (all Italianate) and Culham (Tudorbethan). Surviving examples of wooden train sheds in his style are at Frome and Kingswear. The Swindon Steam Railway Museum has many artefacts from <mask>'s time on the Great Western Railway. The Didcot Railway Centre has a reconstructed segment of  track as designed by Brunel and working steam locomotives in the same gauge. Parts of society viewed the railways more negatively. Some landowners felt the railways were a threat to amenities or property values and others requested tunnels on their land so the railway could not be seen.<mask>'s "atmospheric caper"

Though unsuccessful, another of <mask>'s interesting use of technical innovations was the atmospheric railway, the extension of the Great Western Railway (GWR) southward from Exeter towards Plymouth, technically the South Devon Railway (SDR), though supported by the GWR. Instead of using locomotives, the trains were moved by Clegg and Samuda's patented system of atmospheric (vacuum) traction, whereby stationary pumps sucked air from a pipe placed in the centre of the track. The section from Exeter to Newton (now Newton Abbot) was completed on this principle, and trains ran at approximately . Pumping stations with distinctive square chimneys


title: Isambard Kingdom Brunel

texts:
 of Ukiah. Transatlantic shipping

Brunel had proposed extending its transport network by boat from Bristol across the Atlantic Ocean to New York City before the Great Western Railway opened in 1835. The Great Western Steamship Company was formed by Thomas Guppy for that purpose. It was widely disputed whether it would be commercially viable for a ship powered purely by steam to make such long journeys. Technological developments in the early 1830s—including the invention of the surface condenser, which allowed boilers to run on salt water without stopping to be cleaned—made longer journeys more possible, but it was generally thought that a ship would not be able to carry enough fuel for the trip and have room for a commercial cargo. Brunel applied the experimental evidence of Beaufoy and further developed the theory that the amount a ship could carry increased as the cube of its dimensions, whereas the amount of resistance a ship experienced from the water as it travelled increased by only a square of its dimensions. This would mean that moving a larger ship would take proportionately less fuel than a smaller ship.To test this theory, <mask> offered his services for free to the Great Western Steamship Company, which appointed him to its building committee and entrusted him with designing its first ship, the . When it was built, the Great Western was the longest ship in the world at  with a  keel. The ship was constructed mainly from wood, but Brunel added bolts and iron diagonal reinforcements to maintain the keel's strength. In addition to its steam-powered paddle wheels, the ship carried four masts for sails. The Great Western embarked on her maiden voyage from


title: Isambard Kingdom Brunel

texts: Avonmouth, Bristol, to New York on 8 April 1838 with  of coal, cargo and seven passengers on board. <mask> himself missed this initial crossing, having been injured during a fire aboard the ship as she was returning from fitting out in London. As the fire delayed the launch several days, the Great Western missed its opportunity to claim title as the first ship to cross the Atlantic under steam power alone.Even with a four-day head start, the competing  arrived only one day earlier, having virtually exhausted its coal supply. In contrast, the Great Western crossing of the Atlantic took 15 days and five hours, and the ship arrived at her destination with a third of its coal still remaining, demonstrating that Brunel's calculations were correct. The Great Western had proved the viability of commercial transatlantic steamship service, which led the Great Western Steamboat Company to use her in regular service between Bristol and New York from 1838 to 1846. She made 64 crossings, and was the first ship to hold the Blue Riband with a crossing time of 13 days westbound and 12 days 6 hours eastbound. The service was commercially successful enough for a sister ship to be required, which <mask> was asked to design. Brunel had become convinced of the superiority of propeller-driven ships over paddle wheels. After tests conducted aboard the propeller-driven steamship , he incorporated a large six-bladed propeller into his design for the  , which was launched in 1843.Great Britain is considered the first modern ship, being built of metal rather than wood, powered by an engine rather than wind or oars, and driven by propeller rather than paddle wheel. She was the first iron-hulled,

masks: Brunel Brunel


title: Isambard Kingdom Brunel

texts: propeller-driven ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. Her maiden voyage was made in August and September 1845, from Liverpool to New York. In 1846, she was run aground at Dundrum, County Down. She was salvaged and employed in the Australian service. She is currently fully preserved and open to the public in Bristol, UK. In 1852 <mask> turned to a third ship, larger than her predecessors, intended for voyages to India and Australia.The  (originally dubbed Leviathan) was cutting-edge technology for her time: almost  long, fitted out with the most luxurious appointments, and capable of carrying over 4,000 passengers. Great Eastern was designed to cruise non-stop from London to Sydney and back (since engineers of the time mistakenly believed that Australia had no coal reserves), and she remained the largest ship built until the start of the 20th century. Like many of <mask>'s ambitious projects, the ship soon ran over budget and behind schedule in the face of a series of technical problems. The ship has been portrayed as a white elephant, but it has been argued by David P. Billington that in this case Brunel's failure was principally one of economics—his ships were simply years ahead of their time. His vision and engineering innovations made the building of large-scale, propeller-driven, all-metal steamships a practical reality, but the prevailing economic and industrial conditions meant that it would be several decades before transoceanic steamship travel emerged as a viable industry. Great Eastern was built at John Scott Russell's Napier Yard in London, and after two trial trips in 1859, set forth on her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York on 17 June 1860. Though a


title: Isambard Kingdom Brunel

texts:
 failure at her original purpose of passenger travel, she eventually found a role as an oceanic telegraph cable-layer.Under Captain Sir James Anderson, the Great Eastern played a significant role in laying the first lasting transatlantic telegraph cable, which enabled telecommunication between Europe and North America. Renkioi Hospital

Britain entered into the Crimean War during 1854 and an old Turkish barracks became the British Army Hospital in Scutari. Injured men contracted a variety of illnesses—including cholera, dysentery, typhoid and malaria—due to poor conditions there, and Florence Nightingale sent a plea to The Times for the government to produce a solution. <mask> was working on the Great Eastern amongst other projects, but accepted the task in February 1855 of designing and building the War Office requirement of a temporary, pre-fabricated hospital that could be shipped to Crimea and erected there. In five months the team he had assembled designed, built, and shipped pre-fabricated wood and canvas buildings, providing them complete with advice on transportation and positioning of the facilities. <mask> had been working with Gloucester Docks-based William Eassie on the launching stage for the Great Eastern. Eassie had designed and built wooden prefabricated huts used in both the Australian gold rush, as well as by the British and French Armies in the Crimea.Using wood supplied by timber importers Price & Co., Eassie fabricated 18 of the 50-patient wards designed by <mask>, shipped directly via 16 ships from Gloucester Docks to the Dardanelles. The Renkioi Hospital was subsequently erected near Scutari Hospital, where Nightingale was based, in the


title: Isambard Kingdom Brunel

texts:
 malaria-free area of Renkioi. His designs incorporated the necessities of hygiene: access to sanitation, ventilation, drainage, and even rudimentary temperature controls. They were feted as a great success, with some sources stating that of the approximately 1,300 patients treated in the hospital, there were only 50 deaths. In the Scutari hospital it replaced, deaths were said to be as many as ten times this number. Nightingale referred to them as "those magnificent huts". The practice of building hospitals from pre-fabricated modules survives today, with hospitals such as the Bristol Royal Infirmary being created in this manner.Personal life
On 10 June 1830 <mask> was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. <mask> married Mary Elizabeth Horsley (b. 1813) on 5 July 1836. She came from an accomplished musical and artistic family, being the eldest daughter of composer and organist William Horsley. They established a home at Duke Street, Westminster, in London. While performing a conjuring trick for the amusement of his children in 1843 Brunel accidentally inhaled a half-sovereign coin, which became lodged in his windpipe. A special pair of forceps failed to remove it, as did a machine devised by Brunel to shake it loose.At the suggestion of his father, <mask> was strapped to a board and turned upside-down, and the coin was jerked free. He recuperated at Teignmouth, and enjoyed the area so much that he purchased an estate at Watcombe in Torquay, Devon. Here he commissioned William Burn to design Brunel Manor and its gardens to be his country home. He never saw the house or gardens finished as he died before it was completed. <mask>, a heavy smoker, who had been diagnosed


title: Isambard Kingdom Brunel

texts:
 with Bright's disease (nephritis), suffered a stroke on 5 September 1859, just before the Great Eastern made her first voyage to New York. He died ten days later at the age of 53 and was buried, like his father, in Kensal Green Cemetery, London. He is commemorated at Westminster Abbey in a window on the south side of the nave.Many mourned <mask>'s passing, in spite and because of his business ventures; an obituary in The Morning Chronicle noted:

<mask> was the right man for the nation, but unfortunately he was not the right man for the shareholders. They must stoop who must gather gold, and Brunel could never stoop. The history of invention records no instance of grand novelties so boldly imagined and so successfully carried out by the same individual. <mask> was survived by his wife, Mary, and three children: Isambard <mask> Junior (1837–1902), Henry Marc <mask> (1842–1903) and Florence Mary <mask> (1847–1876). Henry Marc later became a successful civil engineer. Legacy

A celebrated engineer in his era, Brunel remains revered today, as evidenced by numerous monuments to him. There are statues in London at Temple (pictured), Brunel University and Paddington station, and in Bristol, Plymouth, Swindon, Milford Haven and Saltash.A statue in Neyland in Pembrokeshire in Wales was stolen in August 2010. The topmast of the Great Eastern is used as a flagpole at the entrance to Anfield, Liverpool Football Club's ground. Contemporary locations bear <mask>'s name, such as Brunel University in London, shopping centres in Swindon and also Bletchley, Milton Keynes, and a collection of streets in Exeter: Isambard Terrace, Kingdom Mews, and Brunel Close. A road, car park, and

masks: Brunel Brunel Brunel Brunel Brunel Brunel Brunel


title: Isambard Kingdom Brunel

texts: school in his home city of Portsmouth are also named in his honour, along with one of the city's largest public houses. There is an engineering lab building at the University of Plymouth named in his honour. A public poll conducted by the BBC in 2001 to select the 100 Greatest Britons, Brunel was placed second, behind Winston Churchill. <mask>'s life and works have been depicted in numerous books, films and television programs.The 2003 book and BBC TV series Seven Wonders of the Industrial World included a dramatisation of the building of the Great Eastern. Many of Brunel's bridges are still in use. Brunel's first engineering project, the Thames Tunnel, is now part of the London Overground network. The Brunel Engine House at Rotherhithe, which once housed the steam engines that powered the tunnel pumps, now houses the Brunel Museum dedicated to the work and lives of Henry Marc and Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Many of Brunel's original papers and designs are now held in the Brunel Institute alongside the  in Bristol, and are freely available for researchers and visitors. Brunel is credited with turning the town of Swindon into one of the fastest-growing towns in Europe during the 19th century. Brunel's choice to locate the Great Western Railway locomotive sheds there caused a need for housing for the workers, which in turn gave Brunel the impetus to build hospitals, churches and housing estates in what is known today as the 'Railway Village'.According to some sources, <mask>'s addition of a Mechanics Institute for recreation and hospitals and clinics for his workers gave Aneurin Bevan the basis for the creation of the National Health Service. GWR Castle Class steam


title: Isambard Kingdom Brunel

texts:
 locomotive no. 5069 was named Isambard Kingdom Brunel, after the engineer; and BR Western Region class 47 diesel locomotive no. D1662 (later 47484) was also named Isambard Kingdom Brunel. GWR's successor Great Western Railway has named both its old InterCity 125 power car 43003 and new InterCity Electric Train 800004 as Isambard Kingdom Brunel. The Royal Mint struck two £2 coins in 2006 to "celebrate the 200th anniversary of Isambard Kingdom Brunel and his achievements". The first depicts Brunel with a section of the Royal Albert Bridge and the second shows the roof of Paddington Station.In the same year the Post Office issued a set of six wide commemorative stamps (SG 2607-12) showing the Royal Albert Bridge, the Box Tunnel, Paddington Station, the Great Eastern, the Clifton Suspension Bridge, and the Maidenhead Bridge. The words "I.K. BRUNEL ENGINEER 1859" were fixed to either end of the Royal Albert Bridge to commemorate his death in 1859, the year the bridge opened. The words were later partly obscured by maintenance access ladders but were revealed again by Network Rail in 2006 to honour his bicentenary. <mask> was the subject of Great, a 1975 animated film directed by Bob Godfrey. It won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film at the 48th Academy Awards in March 1976. At the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, <mask> was portrayed by Kenneth Branagh in a segment showing the Industrial Revolution.<mask> is a central character in Howard Rodman's novel The Great Eastern, published in 2019 by Melville House Publishing. See also
 Lindsey House – <mask>'s childhood home
 Two Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) used by Crossrail were named for Brunel's wife Mary


title: Isambard Kingdom Brunel

texts:
 and his mother Sophia. Footnotes

Notes

References

  Only the first of a planned three volumes was published

  (This is Isambard <mask> Junior, IKB's son.) (373 pages) Online at Internet Archive

Further reading

  Written by Brunel's son
  Written by Brunel's granddaughter, it adds some family anecdotes and personal information over the previous volume
  A technical presentation of Brunel's opus
  A study of how early photography portrayed Victorian industry and engineering, including the celebrated picture of Brunel and the launching chains of the Great Eastern

External links

  The Times 19 September 1859
 Brunel biography with additional images from the Design Museum

 Brunel portal

1806 births
1859 deaths

English civil engineers
British bridge engineers
British railway pioneers
19th-century British inventors
People of the Industrial Revolution
British naval architects
British railway civil engineers
Structural engineers
Viaduct engineers
Architectural designers
. Fellows of the Royal Society
01
. People from Portsea, Portsmouth
People from Portsmouth
English people of French descent
Lycée Henri-IV alumni
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
Deaths from nephritis
Great Western Railway
19th-century British engineers
19th-century English architects
Architects from


title: Jean-Michel Coulon

texts:
Jean-<mask> (1920-2014) was a French painter from the School of Paris who had the particularity of having kept his work – over 600 paintings – almost secret over his artistic lifetime. Exhibits took place in Paris at the Jeanne Bucher Gallery in 1949 and 1950 and in Brussels in 1971. Being well introduced in the artistic movement of the 40s and 50s, he was acquainted with Nicolas de Staël, Serge Poliakoff, André Lanskoy, Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, met Picasso, in particular with his brother in law Olivier Debré. He then gradually isolated himself to the point of rarely mentioning his painting. Biography
1920: Born in Bordeaux, France. He was the grandson of <mask>, vice-president of the Conseil d'État from 1898 to 1922, and the great-grandson of Eugène Pelletan and Eugène Scribe. Years 1930s: Studies at the Lycée Janson-de-Sailly, then at preparatory classes to the French Grandes Ecoles at the Lycée Henri-IV, Paris.He undertook numerous visits to Germany, where he quickly became fluent, to Italy after high school with his friend and future brother in law Olivier Debré, on cargo ships along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of Africa, on which he managed to board without paying any fees. He was witness to the increase of fascist ideology: he sees Hitler in Berlin then Mussolini in Rome. 1940: Jean-Michel <mask> was 20 years old when war broke out. In 1943, the Vichy regime introduced the compulsory work service so he decided to leave Paris and obtained a false identity card. He went to Megève in the French Alps with Olivier Debré. It was during this period that the two friends both decided to devote themselves to painting. 1944: Jean-Michel’s brother, Jean-Rémi – 19 years old –

masks:
Michel Coulon
Georges Coulon
Coulon


title: Jean-Michel Coulon

texts:
 and artistic sights. He took the car alone, sometimes, and left to explore some European countries, spending the night with local inhabitants, asking people to open very confidential illuminated archives or drawings kept out of the light. 1971: His exhibit in Brussels at the Regency gallery organized by Michel Vockaer was a big success. Eighteen paintings were sold.There was supposed to be a series of three shows. Only the first was held. Jean-Michel <mask> preferred to use the excuse of never being ready for the next series of paintings. 1999: He returns to live in Paris in the 16th arrondissement with a nearby studio. He did not renew close contacts with the Paris galleries. He remained discreet, almost hidden. He goes to his studio every afternoon.His work went from painting to collages, which were done on oil paintings dating from the 1950s and 1960s. 2012: His health declined and after a long hospital stay he was confined to a wheelchair. Going back and forth to the studio was no longer possible, so it remained untouched until his death. He composes collages in his apartment,
on sheets of heavy drawing paper. His spirit remaining intelligent and lively up
to the end, he was working to the very last days, still with warm and bright colors. 2014: Jean-<mask> died on October 25, at the age of 94. He is buried in Saint-Georges-de-Didonne (Charente-Maritime), with the generations of Coulons.Description of the Work

Jean-<mask> painted in the greatest secrecy until his death at the end of 2014; he did not let anyone enter his studio and he never showed his painting, even to his relatives. Around 1,000 works were discovered the day after his death at the opening of his studio. Because he

masks:
Coulon
Michel Coulon
Michel Coulon


title: Jean-Michel Coulon

texts:
 had lost the use of his legs, he had not been able to work there for several years. Due to its recent discovery and the absence of comments left by the artist, the overall vision of the work of Jean-Michel <mask> is being considered and subject to discussion. The main points of reflection concern in particular:
 The positioning of Jean-Michel <mask> in the art history of the 20th century and comparing him to the painters he was close to after the Second World War (Nicolas de Staël, Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, André Lanskoy and Olivier Debré, among others),
 The evolution of his style (forms, colors, material) during the 70 years of his life as an artist,
 The impact of the dramas of his life on his artistic choices, including the brutal death of his two brothers in 1944 and 1952 and the burning of his house and some of his works in 1955,
 The secret that surrounded his artistic approach,
 The opportunity to search for a key to understanding his work in letters he wrote during his travels, particularly to the United States and Italy, which have now been published with a foreword by Annie Cohen-Solal. The art historian Lydia Harambourg proposed some answers in a first monograph of Jean-Michel <mask> published in June 2018. The evolution of the work can be schematically illustrated as follows:

Exhibitions
Exhibitions over Jean-Michel <mask>'s lifetime:
 1949 : Group exhibition at the Jeanne Bucher Gallery in Paris
 1950 : Exhibition at the Jeanne Bucher Gallery in Paris
 1950 : Group exhibition called "Young Painters from the US and France" at the Sidney Janis Gallery in New York, with Nicolas de Staël, Mark Rothko, André Lanskoy, Pierre Soulages, Jean Dubuffet, Jackson Pollock among

masks: Coulon Coulon Coulon Coulon


title: Yozhef Sabo

texts:
<mask> (; ; born 29 February 1940) is a former Soviet football player, Soviet and Ukrainian football manager. He is of Hungarian background. He is baptized as a Greek-Catholic. Playing career

Club
Sabo began to play in 1954 for a team of Uzhhorod bread factory and his first coach was Zoltan Gyorfi (). Later until August 1957 he was playing as a forward for Khimik Kalush in competitions among KFK of the Ukrainian SSR. From September 1957 to May 1959 <mask> played in Class B (second tier) for Spartak Uzhhorod. <mask> made his name as a player at Dynamo Kyiv, appearing at the club from June 1959 to 1969.A four-time Soviet Top League champion, <mask> appeared in 317 games in the competition, scoring 51 goals. His first game he played in a friendly against Tottenham Hotspur F.C. on 1 June 1959. In July 1963 <mask> was disqualified for a year for a rough play, but in February 1964 it was changed to a conditional disqualification. Also in 1968 he was disqualified again for refusing to play for the Soviet national football team. <mask> was a member of Dynamo Kyiv when the club in 1961 for the first time gained the Soviet title, breaking the Muscovite spell. To the Kyiv's team he arrived along with two other Uzhhorod players Andriy Havasi and Vasyl Turianchyk.International
Aside from being named one of the 33 best players in the USSR for five years, <mask> capped 76 times for the USSR national side, scoring 16 goals. He played in 41 official matches and 35 friendlies. <mask> made his international debut in away game against Greece on 3 October 1965 (see 1966 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group 7). <mask> mentioned that the game took place after in Greece took place the Apostasia of 1965 (Royal Coup). While his official first appearance for the Soviet team was in 1965, <mask> was on the 1962 Soviet team roster for the 1962 FIFA World Cup. Coaching career
However, <mask> became most famous for his coaching, coaching various sides in the late 70s (such as Zorya Luhansk in 1977 and Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk in 1978–1979), he has coached Dynamo Kyiv numerous times

masks:
Yozhef Yozhefovich Sabo
Sabo
Sabo
Sabo
Sabo
Sabo
Sabo
Sabo
Sabo
Sabo
Sabo


title: Yozhef Sabo

texts:
 (from 1993 to 1997 and 2004–2005, with breaks in between). He is also arguably the second-most successful coach of the Ukrainian national team, compiling 16 wins and 12 draws in 34 matches as coach of the side in 1994 and 1996–1999.On 20 September 2007 he was appointed as Dynamo Kyiv's manager after Anatoliy Demyanenko resigned. However, <mask> resigned in early November that year due to personal health problems. He left Dynamo Kyiv by the end of 2007 and has no longer been involved with the club since that time. Personal life
<mask> was born on a leap year on 29 February. <mask> has his house near Verecke Pass (Carpathians) where he lives with his wife. In a 2005 interview, he also said that always wanted to coach the Hungarian national football team, but the Hungarian Football Federation leaders never gave him a concrete offer. At night from 2 onto 3 October 2007 <mask> had a heart attack due to which he was immediately taken to hospital.Doctors managed to save him, but he was prohibited to work due to a weak heart. In a 2015 interview, <mask> stated that the away game against Benfica in the 1991–92 European Cup that Dynamo lost 0–5 was fixed. He also mentioned that in Moscow he was called fascist, because there knew that his father served in the Royal Hungarian Army during the World War II and later for that, he was exiled to Siberia. Russian language <mask> started to learn after arriving to Kyiv and with a help of a tutor. <mask> was offered to join Komsomol and Communist Party but declined to explain that he cannot be communist and stay religious. Even after arriving in Kyiv he continued to attend an underground Greek-Catholic service that was taken place in Sviatoshyn. <mask> said that he became the only Ukrainian who received the medal from the 1966 FIFA World Cup, while at the same time Valeriy Porkujan who also played at the Mundial was left without it.When the Soviets beat Hungary in the quarterfinals, <mask> was forced to hear all kinds of sentiments from his former compatriots. <mask> also explained that the reason why he refused to travel to

masks: Sabo Sabo Sabo Sabo Sabo Sabo Sabo Sabo Sabo Sabo