title: Percivall Pott

texts:
 carcinoma. <mask> quickly recognised the association between carcinoma and chimney sweeps and published his findings in a piece titled "Chirurgical Observations relative to…the cancer of the scrotum." He wrote that the disease was, " peculiar to a certain sort of people [ and ] which has not at least to my knowledge, been publicly noticed – I mean the chimney-sweepers ’ cancer. The disease, in these people, seems to derive its origin from a lodgment of soot in the rugae of the scrotum." Discovery and identification credit

Scrotal cancer, although largely thought to have been identified by Percival <mask>, had been thought to have been described nearly 40 years before <mask>'s "Chirurgical Observations" as a "canker of privities" per documentation in the burial records of the Parish of St. Botolph without Aldgate from 1589 to 1599. These descriptions are ambiguous and it is unclear which anatomical parts considered "privities". As such, most historians generally agree that Bassius first correctly described scrotal cancer in 1731.Some historians argue that what Bassius considered scrotal cancer was in fact perineal abscesses to the scrotum as opposed to carcinoma. The minority of historians who agree with this fact, attribute the discovery of scrotal cancer to Treyling in 1740. Surgery

As a surgeon, Pott was well respected and often assisted fellow surgeons. Pott was viewed as a mentor and even allowed other physicians and surgeons to live with him while under his guidance. Despite the surgical trends of his time, Pott did not agree with severe treatments and heroic medicine but rather preferred gentler


title: Percivall Pott

type: original

texts:
 forms. <mask> <mask>'s son-in-law, James Earle, described Pott's surgery as being "divested of great part of its horrors, became, comparatively, a pleasing study." Soot and occupational cancer

In addition to surgery, Pott's focused on public health as well drawing his attention to the challenges of chimney-sweeps in his community.He wrote, "in their early infancy, they are most frequently treated with great brutality, and almost starved with cold and hunger; they are thrust up narrow, and sometimes hot chimneys, where they are bruised, burned and almost suffocated; and when they get to puberty, become peculiarly liable to a most noisome, painful, and fatal disease." <mask>'s approach was unique amongst his contemporaries in that he did not simply note an association but approached chimney sweeps' carcinoma from a causal perspective. His work helped later identify soot as the disease-causing agent. <mask> did not figure this out on his own, but rather pointed research in the right direction. During <mask>'s time, there were many discussions pertaining to the cause of scrotal cancer. James Earle believed that the cancer was caused as a result of the soot entering and residing in the rugae of the scrotum. He famously argued this point based on a trend seen where gardeners who used soot to kill slugs had developed skin carcinoma on their hands.In 1878, George Lawson suggested that the cancer was caused by the friction generated by chimney sweeper's overalls against the scrotum while sifting though soot. This idea was explored by Passey in 1992 who demonstrated that it was the ethereal extract of soot which

masks: Percivall Pott Pott Pott Pott


title: Percivall Pott

texts:
 was capable of inducing sarcoma. Furthermore, Pott also identified that prepubescent boys were most vulnerable to the carcinoma. Pott rose to fame for these connections between occupational hazards and cancer malignancy even though the connection was not fully understood at the time. <mask>'s "Chirurgical Observations" provided a framework to shape the modern understanding of Occupational cancers. Influence

<mask> <mask>'s work influenced a wave of researcher and change in public policies. After his initial publication, more clinical cases began to emerge rapidly over the following years.This triggered a series of "Chimney Sweepers' Acts" which aimed to protect chimney sweepers. These facilitated the formation of societies like the "Society for Superseding the Necessity of Climbing Boys, by Encouraging a New Method of Sweeping Chimneys and for Improving the Condition of Children and Others Employed by Chimney Sweepers" in 1803 which included the likes of Dukes, Earls, and Royal Patrons. Despite outcry and public demands to change chimney sweeping practices, such as suggesting that young chimney sweeping boys be replaced with mechanical devices, insurance companies, and homeowners argued that Chimney Sweeper's carcinoma was a small price to pay for the protection of the mass population against smoke and chimney fires. Despite the call for action as early as 1788, Pott's work finally began to influence change in 1875, when a decline in scrotal cancer incidence and mortality was noted. See also
 Cancer cluster
 History of medicine
 History of surgery
 Pott disease

Notes

References

 Dobson, J.,

masks: Pott Percivall Pott


title: Percivall Pott

texts:
 'Percivall Pott' in Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, vol. 50 (1972), pp. 54–65

External links

 History of Surgeons – Percivall Pott.surgeons.org.uk England
 Article on <mask> <mask> in Who Named It
 Sir <mask> <mask>. Surgical Tutor UK. 1714 births
1788 deaths
18th-century English medical doctors
English surgeons
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's

masks: Percivall Pott Percivall Pott


title: James B. Aguayo-Martel

texts:
<mask> is a physician, surgeon and scientist. He is former Chair of Surgery, Mercy San Juan Medical Center, former Chief of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology (ENT), and Plastic Surgery, Sutter Roseville Medical Center. He is the former Director of Ophthalmology, Sutter General and Memorial Hospitals and Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology and Radiology, Johns Hopkins Medical School and Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute. He is currently Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology and Associate Dean of Graduate Medical Education in California Northstate University College of Medicine. Early life

<mask> received a Bachelor of Science degree from Stanford University; a Doctor of Medicine from Harvard Medical School; a Masters in Public Health in the area of Epidemiology and Biostatistics from the Harvard School of Public Health and received his surgical subspecialty training in ophthalmology from Johns Hopkins Medical School and Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute. In the early 1980s, while at Harvard Medical School, Howe Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, he was among the first investigators to apply NMR spectroscopy to study tissue metabolism non-destructively. The research was able to demonstrate the conversion of glucose to sorbitol in the single intact lens which supported the hypothesis that sorbitol led tissue damage in diabetes.The condition of diabetes leads to uncontrolled levels of glucose in the body. The ability to monitor glucose and its metabolism in by non-invasive methodology in living tissue allows facilitated the understanding of this disease state. His research on the living lens was used to understand diabetic cataract formation. During this time, in collaboration with Dr. Leo Chylack, Jr., he demonstrated the statistical correlation between diabetes and posterior subcapsular cataracts. For this specific work, he was awarded the Soma Weiss Award from Harvard Medical School. Aguayo Martel further probed the association of human behavior and cataract formation using non-linear regression analysis. Career

After finishing his internship at the Beth Israel Hospital

masks:
James Benjamin Martel
James Martel


title: Kenneth Roberts (author)

texts:
<mask> (December 8, 1885 – July 21, 1957) was an American writer of historical novels. He worked first as a journalist, becoming nationally known for his work with the Saturday Evening Post from 1919 to 1928, and then as a popular novelist. Born in Kennebunk, Maine, <mask> specialized in regionalist historical fiction, often writing about his native state and its terrain and also about other upper New England states and scenes. For example, the main characters in Arundel and Rabble in Arms are from Kennebunkport (then called Arundel), the main character in Northwest Passage is from Kittery, Maine and has friends in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and the main character in Oliver Wiswell is from Milton, Massachusetts. Early life
<mask> graduated in 1908 from Cornell University, where he wrote the lyrics for two Cornell fight songs, including Fight for Cornell. He was also a member of the Quill and Dagger society. He was later awarded honorary doctorates from three New England colleges: Dartmouth College, in Hanover, New Hampshire; Colby College, in Waterville, Maine; and Middlebury College, in Middlebury, Vermont.Journalism
After graduation, <mask> spent eight years working as a newspaperman for the Boston Post. In 1917, he enlisted in the U.S. army for World War I, but he ended up as a lieutenant in the intelligence section of the American Expeditionary Force Siberia in the Russian Civil War instead of at the front in Europe. The contacts that he made in that role enabled him to become a European correspondent for the Saturday Evening Post after the war, where he became the first American journalist to cover the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, Adolf Hitler's failed attempt to seize power. <mask> described working for the Post'''s legendary editor George Horace Lorimer as follows: "I told him my ideas, which he instantly rejected or accepted ... The price to be paid for a story was never discussed, and Lorimer was always generous." Historical fiction

Booth Tarkington, a neighbor of <mask> in Kennebunkport, Maine, convinced

masks:
Kenneth Lewis Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts


title: Kenneth Roberts (author)

texts: him that he would never find the time to succeed as a novelist while he worked as a journalist, and Tarkington agreed to help by editing <mask>'s early novels. Although <mask> continued to sell a few essays to the Post, his next few years were largely dedicated to historical fiction.Ultimately, Tarkington edited all of his historical novels through Oliver Wiswell (1940), and <mask> said in his autobiography that he offered Tarkington co-writing credit on both Northwest Passage and Oliver Wiswell in acknowledgement of Tarkington's extensive revisions to each. Both of those novels and also Rabble in Arms are dedicated to Tarkington, and Tarkington continued to assist <mask> until his death in 1946. <mask>'s historical fiction often focused on rehabilitating unpopular persons and causes in American history. A key character in Arundel and Rabble in Arms is the American officer and eventual traitor Benedict Arnold, with <mask> focusing on Arnold's expedition to Quebec and the Battle of Quebec in the first novel and the Battle of Valcour Island, the Saratoga campaign and the Battles of Saratoga in the second. Meanwhile, the hero of Northwest Passage was Major Robert Rogers and his company, Rogers' Rangers, although Rogers fought for the British during the American Revolutionary War. Oliver Wiswell focuses on a Loyalist officer during the American Revolution and covers the entire war, from famous events such as the Siege of Boston, the Battle of Bunker Hill, the New York and New Jersey campaign through the Battle of Fort Washington, and the Franco-American alliance, to less-remembered events such as the Convention Army, the exodus to Kentucky County, the Siege of Ninety-Six, and the resettlement of the United Empire Loyalists, as well as providing a later look at both a dissolute Rogers and a frustrated Arnold among the British. George Orwell reviewed The Lively Lady in the New English Weekly in 1936, describing it as "blood-and-thundery stuff ... chiefly interesting as showing that the old-fashioned

masks: Roberts Roberts Roberts Roberts Roberts Roberts


title: Kenneth Roberts (author)

texts: nineteenth-century type of American bumptiousness ... is still going strong."As a result of his research into the Arnold expedition, <mask> published a work of nonfiction, March to Quebec: Journals of the Members of Arnold's Expedition, a compilation of journals and letters written by participants in the march. During <mask>'s research into Major Rogers, his researcher uncovered transcripts of both of Rogers's courts-martial (once as the accuser and once as the accused), which had been thought lost for over a century, and these were published in the second volume of a special two-volume edition of Northwest Passage. He and his wife Anna translated into English the French writer Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry's account of his journey through America in the 1790s. His last published work was The Battle of Cowpens, a brief history of that battle, issued after his death, in 1958. One of Lorimer's last acts as editor of the Saturday Evening Post was to serialize Northwest Passage in 1936 and 1937. As a result of the success of the serialization, the book, when published, became the second-best-selling novel in 1937 and fifth best for the year 1938. Oliver Wiswell also spent two years in the top ten (1940 and 1941), and Lydia Bailey reached the top ten in 1947.One of <mask>'s closest friends and neighbors, the novelist A. Hamilton Gibbs, later stated that he believed that <mask> probably "wrote himself out" after Oliver Wiswell and certainly had done so after Lydia Bailey. Key historical novels by <mask> and their topics include the following:Arundel (1929), on the American Revolution through the Battle of QuebecThe Lively Lady (1931), on the War of 1812Rabble in Arms  (1933), the sequel to Arundel, on the American Revolution through the Battles of SaratogaCaptain Caution (1934), on the War of 1812Northwest Passage (1937), on the French and Indian War and the Jonathan Carver expeditionOliver Wiswell (1940), on the American Revolution from a Loyalist's perspective, from the Siege of Boston to the United

masks: Roberts Roberts Roberts Roberts Roberts


title: Kenneth Roberts (author)

texts:
 Empire LoyalistsLydia Bailey (1947), on the Haitian Revolution and the First Barbary WarBoon Island (1955), on a 1710 shipwreck on Boon Island, Maine

In 1957, two months before his death, <mask> received a Pulitzer Prize Special Citation "for his historical novels which have long contributed to the creation of greater interest in our early American history. ""Special Awards and Citations". The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 2013-11-02. He died, aged 71, in Kennebunkport. Controversies
Immigration
While a reporter for the Saturday Evening Post in the early 1920s, <mask> wrote many magazine articles and a book during the period immediately following World War I that urged strong legal restrictions on immigration from eastern and southern Europe and from Mexico, warning of the dangers of immigration from places other than northwestern Europe.He became a leading voice for stricter immigration laws and testified before a congressional committee on the subject. He wrote:

“If America doesn’t keep out the queer alien mongrelized people of Southern and Eastern Europe, her crop of citizens will eventually be dwarfed and mongrelized in turn.”

In Why Europe Leaves Home, derived from his Post articles, <mask> further referred to Jews as "human parasites" and was separately quoted warning against further "Semitic" immigration to America, which he feared would turn the U.S. population into a "worthless and futile" hybrid race. Florida land boom
Three of <mask>'s first books were written at least in part to promote the Florida land boom of the 1920s. They were Sun Hunting (1922), Florida Loafing (1925), and Florida (1926). Many people lost a lot of money in the bust that followed. These books were usually omitted from the lists of “other books by this author” published in the front pages of his later works. Dowsing
In the 1940s, <mask> became acquainted with Henry Gross, a retired Maine game warden and amateur water dowser.He and Gross began a long association to use Gross's claimed dowsing abilities to find deposits of water,


title: Kenneth Roberts (author)

texts:
 petroleum, uranium, and diamonds, through a corporation named Water Unlimited, Inc. <mask> documented his experiences in three nonfiction books that were popular successes but received much criticism from the scientific community. He joked that he should have given The Seventh Sense the subtitle Or How to Lose Friends and Alienate People.Maine cooking
When <mask> was working on Trending Into Maine, he published a chapter in the Saturday Evening Post which was dedicated to dishes he remembered having as a boy growing up in Maine. Several months after the chapter was published he began to receive mail from residents and ex-residents who were troubled that he neglected to mention many of the dishes they knew and loved from the Pine Tree State. <mask> was distressed by the letters but decided to keep them, and they were eventually compiled by his secretary, Marjorie Mosser, and eventually included in the cookbook Good Maine Food, which was first published in 1939. <mask> wrote the introduction to the book and a chapter on diet. See also
Marie de Sabrevois

References

Other sources

"<mask>". Dictionary of Literary Biography 9:313–318 (1981).Bales, Jack (1989). <mask>: The Man and His Works. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press. Bales, Jack (1993). <mask>. Twayne's United States Authors Series. New York: Twayne Publishers.Harris, Janet (1976). A Century of American History in Fiction: <mask>' Novels. Gordon Press. Whitman, Sylvia (January 1992). "The West of a Down Easterner: <mask> and the Saturday Evening Post, 1924–1928". Journal of the West''. External links

 The Papers of <mask> at Dartmouth College Library

1885 births
1957 deaths
20th-century American novelists
American historical novelists
American male novelists
Cornell University alumni
Dowsing
Parapsychologists
People from Kennebunk, Maine
People from Kennebunkport, Maine
Pulitzer Prize winners
United States Army officers
Novelists from Maine
20th-century American male writers
American military personnel of the Russian Civil War
United States Army

masks:
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Kenneth Roberts
Kenneth Roberts
Kenneth Roberts
Kenneth Roberts
Kenneth Roberts
Kenneth Roberts


title: Thol. Thirumavalavan

texts: <mask> (born 17 August 1962), better known as Thol. <mask> is a political leader, scholar and activist from the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. He is a Member of Parliament from Chidambaram. Founder and President of Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi. He rose to prominence in the 1990s as a Dalit leader, and formally entered politics in 1999. His political platform centres on ending caste discrimination and consequently the caste system. He has also expressed support for Tamil nationalist movements in Sri Lanka.He did his Bachelor's course in chemistry at Presidency college Chennai, Master's degree in Criminology and pursued law at Madras Law College. He completed his Ph.D. at Manonmanium Sundaranar University and was awarded his doctorate in 2018. He worked in the government's Forensic Department as a scientific assistant, from which he later resigned in 1999 to contest polls. He contested the 1999 and 2004 general elections unsuccessfully and won the 2009 general elections from the Chidambaram constituency. He won the 2001 state assembly elections in alliance with Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), a post from which he resigned in 2004 quoting ideological differences with DMK. He is an author, and has also acted in Tamil cinema. His confrontation with Pattali Makkal Katchi and its leader Ramadoss has resulted in frequent clashes between Dalits and the Vanniyars.Both parties have accused each other of instigating violence against the other community. Both <mask> and Ramadoss reconciled their differences and worked together during the period of 2004 to 2009, when they were part of the same electoral alliance. In 2019 <mask> regained his

masks:
Tholkappiyan Thirvalavan
Thirumavalavan
Thirumavalavan
Thirumavalavan


title: Thol. Thirumavalavan

texts:
 Chidambaram seat and has been a vocal Opposition MP. In 2021, he led his party to win 4 seats in the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly. Early activism
In 1988, when working for the government's Forensic Department in the southern city of Madurai, he met Malaichamy, the Tamil Nadu state convenor of the Dalit Panthers Iyyakkam (DPI), an organisation that fought for the rights of Dalits. The next year, following Malaichamy's death, Thirumalavan was elected the leader of the DPI. He designed a new flag for the organisation in 1990, as well as changing its name to Viduthalai Chiruthaigal (liberation panthers).As part of his work, he also began visiting Dalit villages in the Madurai region, and began learning about the problems faced by Dalits. The killing of two Dalits in 1992, he says, made him more militant. He was particularly noted for his aggressive speeches which gained him significant recognition. Against the background of increasing Dalit assertiveness, he emerged as one of two major Dalit leaders in Tamil Nadu, with a large base of grassroots support, particularly in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu. During early 1997, he was suspended from his government job on account of his increased political activity. He resigned from his job formally in August 1999 to contest the 1999 Indian general elections. Political career

The DPI boycotted elections until 1999 general elections.It is unclear why the party did not contest elections till 1999. The decision of contesting the election in 1999 was considered controversial within the party. <mask> allied with G. K. Moopanar's Tamil Maanila Congress and represented the Third Front. The party


title: Thol. Thirumavalavan

texts: contested in the Parliamentary constituencies of Chidambaram and Perambalur. <mask> contested in Chidambaram, and managed to poll 225,000 votes in his debut elections. <mask> alleged in one of his interviews on 22 February 2000 that the opposing DMK administration used National Goonda Act and National Security Act to detain cadres of his party. The phase also culminated the rivalry between <mask>'s party and his competitors in the Chidambaram Constituency, the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK).PMK is a Vanniyar caste party that has a strong presence in the northern districts of Tamil Nadu. The election in the constituency was marked by violence from both the parties. Houses of Dalits were burnt and Dalits in the region were denied employment, while Vanniyar houses were also burnt. In 2001 state elections Viduthalai Chiruthaigal allied with the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and contested seven seats. Since the PMK joined the AIADMK alliance, the VCK had to join the DMK led alliance. There were ideological differences in the alliance as it had BJP, which was earlier criticised by <mask>. <mask> was elected from Mangalore Constituency to State Legislative Assembly.During the 2004 general elections, he resigned his MLA post on 3 February 2004 quoting humiliation meted out by the alliance partners, especially the DMK. He also quoted that he quit as he contested in the symbol of DMK during the 2001 assembly elections. <mask> contested once again from Chidambaram in 2004 general elections, this time with Janata Dal (United) and polled 257,000 votes and lost by a low margin. During 2004, after efforts from N. Sethuraman from MMK, <mask> and Ramadoss, the leader

masks: Thirumavalavan Thirumavalavan Thirumavalavan Thirumavalavan Thirumavalavan Thirumavalavan Thirumavalavan


title: Thol. Thirumavalavan

texts:
 of PMK joined hands through a Tamil protection movement named Tamil Paathukappu Iyakkam. He joined the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) alliance in the 2006 elections to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. His party was recognised by the Election Commission of India as a registered political party on 2 March 2006. Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi contested in nine seats in Tamil Nadu and 2 seats in Pondicherry.The party won two of them, namely Durai Ravikumar from Kattumannarkoil, and Selvaperunthagai from Mangalore constituency. The alliance with ADMK broke in 2006, when he started allying with the DMK. His party contested in the local bodies elections in DMK alliance in 2006 and won five chairman to various municipalities. In the 2009 general election, <mask> allied with DMK and was elected to Parliament from the Chidhambaram Lok Sabha constituency in his third attempt. Elections contested and positions held

   2001: Elected to Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly for the first time. May 2009: Elected to Lok Sabha (fifteenth) for the first time
   May 2019: Elected to Lok Sabha 17th for the second time
   31 August 2009:Member of committee on commerce and member of consultative committee on ministry of social justice and empowerment. Political views
Thirumalavan's politics are grounded in Ambedkarite and Dravidian philosophies as well as a retheorisation of Tamil nationalism, which seeks to turn it into a force for annihilation of the caste system.Oppression of Dalits, he says, is institutionalised in India, including Tamil Nadu. Although the Dravidian parties which dominate the politics of Tamil Nadu are ideologically committed


title: Thol. Thirumavalavan

texts: to the eradication of the caste system, <mask> argues that they have in practice drifted away from the original ideals of the Dravidian movement. Their policies, he says, have mainly benefitted the middle castes, and had actually led to an increase in the oppression of Dalits, with the middle castes replacing the Brahmins as the oppressor. Dalits cannot and should not expect much help from the Dravidian parties. The solution, according to <mask>, lies in Tamil nationalism. Caste oppression, he says, can only be ended by building resistance from below, through appealing to Tamil sentiments, as happened in the early days of the Dravidian movement under Periyar E. V. Ramasamy. If a properly Tamil government is formed in Tamil Nadu, he says, caste oppression will immediately disappear.<mask>'s views on the importance of the Tamil identity have also led him to strongly support Tamil secessionist groups in Sri Lanka, including the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, a militant secessionist group who are formally banned as a terrorist organisation in India. He has criticised India for assisting the Sri Lankan army during the Sri Lankan military operations against the LTTE in 2008 and 2009, and has called upon the government of Tamil Nadu to take steps to safeguard the Tamils of Sri Lanka. On 15 January 2009 he started a hunger fast near Chennai (Maraimalai Adigal Nagar) for the cause of Sri Lankan Tamils. After four days, on 19 January he called off the fast, saying that it had had no effect on the Indian government, and calling for a hartal in its place. He was a part of the 10 member MP team that visited the war-affected areas and transitional


title: Thol. Thirumavalavan

texts:
 centres in Vavuniya on 11 October 2009. The delegation visited various part of Jaffna district and had a meeting at the Jaffna public library. Thirumavalvan has also severely criticised Hindu society for, in his views, being built on the basis of caste and obeying the Manusmriti.Dr. Thirumalavan is also a staunch critic of Hindu nationalism and, in particular, Hindutva. Hindutva, to Thirumavalavan, is the essence of the oppressive Indian state. Hindutva, he argues, has through religion worked to homogenise Tamil society with that of northern India. This, he says, has led to Tamils losing their identity. Ethnic Tamil nationalism, in his view, is essential to combat Hindutva. In more recent years his politics have mainly revolved around opposing the BJP and RSS in their agenda, including the controversial Citizenship Amendment Act. He views Hindutva organizations and ideology as being against the ideas of secularism and social justice.To him the idea of a Hindu Rashtra goes against the Indian constitution and would lead to continuation of caste hierarchies as part of "Sanatana Dharma" (Brahminism according to him). In 2009, Tamilnadu's chief minister M. Karunanidhi passed a resolution in principle for 3% inner reservation for Arunthathiyar community, which <mask> supported. Literature and popular culture
Thiruma's books in Tamil include Aththumeeru (Transgress), Tamizhargal Hindukkala? (Are the Tamils, Hindus? ), Eelam Enral Puligal, Puligal Enral Eelam (Eelam means Tigers, Tigers means Eelam), Hindutuvathai Veraruppom (We Shall Uproot Hindutva), Saadhiya Sandharpavaadha Aniyai Veezhtuvom (We Shall Defeat the Casteist Opportunist Alliance). Two


title: Thol. Thirumavalavan

texts:
 of his books have been published in English by Stree-Samya Books, Kolkata: Talisman: Extreme Emotions of Dalit Liberation (political essays written for 34 weeks in the India Today magazine's Tamil edition) and Uproot Hindutva: The Fiery Voice of the Liberation Panthers (contains 12 of his speeches). In 2018, he released a book Amaipai Thiralvom based on his political experiences which received warm welcome, positive reviews and also criticism from various Intellectual sources

Thirumavalavan played a guest appearance as a Tamil militant leader in Sri Lanka in his first film Anbu Thozhi (2007), directed by L. G. Ravichandran.<mask> was cast in the leading role of a film titled Kalaham to play the character of Balasingham, a law college professor, which was being directed by Kalanjiyam. The film later failed to materialize. He also appeared in a song in Mansoor Ali Khan's Ennai Paar Yogam Varum (2007). In 2011, he played the role of the Chief Minister in Minsaram. Filmography

Controversies
In the northern districts of Tamil Nadu with a large Vanniyar population, there are frequent clashes between Dalits and Vanniyars. During the 1999 general elections, there was intense violence in the region with casualties on both sides. <mask> accused Pattali Makkal Katchi, a Vanniyar caste-based party and its founder Ramadoss of instigating violence among the Vanniyars that result in the attack of Dalits.While Ramadoss alleges that <mask> encourages his party men to have sham inter-caste love marriage, <mask> accuses Ramadoss of showing caste superiority and instigating violence against Dalits. Both <mask> and Ramadoss reconciled and worked together during

masks: Thirumavalavan Thirumavalavan Thirumavalavan Thirumavalavan Thirumavalavan


title: Thol. Thirumavalavan

texts: the period of 2004 to 2009, when they were part of the same electoral alliance. After 2009, when PMK split out of the DMK combine, the mutual confrontation started again. During December 2012, Ramadoss formed an all community safeguard forum comprising 51 intermediate castes. He said he would not have any further alliance with <mask> and his party. He alleged that the Dalits take undue advantage over other communities using the SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act and the Act should be abolished. During April 2013, after the party conference of PMK in Mahabalipuram, there were widespread attacks on the Dalits in Dharmapuri district that resulted in two Dalits being killed.Both PMK and VCK accused each other for the mishap, but Ramadoss was arrested after the orders from the state government for the hate speech and damages to the state property during the violence. <mask> accused Ramadoss that his loss in the electoral base after the 2009 general elections and 2011 assembly elections has resulted in his going back to instigating caste violence. The BSP was floated in Tamil Nadu in December 2008 with the same ideology as in Uttar Pradesh to unite the Dalits and Brahmins. Some of the prominent members of VCK like Selvaperunthagai, who was a MLA in Mangalur constituency, joined BSP. <mask>, in his response, claimed that the BSP is no threat to VCK vote bank and that the BSP has dumped the principles of Ambedkar, Kanshi Ram and Periyar. Some of the senior journalists also believed that BSP will not have a firm hold in Tamil Nadu to garner the 19% Dalit vote bank in Tamil Nadu as it did in Uttar Pradesh, as the vote bank is already split by the VCK


title: Thol. Thirumavalavan

texts:
 and Puthia Tamizhagam party. The VCK, in a plan to start a television channel, asked the party men to donate gold on the occasion of the 50th birthday of Thirumavalavan.There were also Thulabaram type of functions where equal weight of Thirmavalavan was donated. This was subject to wider criticism, drawing parallels with the exotic celebrations organised by Mayawati, the leader of BSP in Uttar Pradesh. <mask> clarified that the idea was to collect donations for the party and that his party did not enjoy support from rich people as with the case of other parties. As of 4 October 2012, the party got  of gold from seven centres that included Puducherry that had . Notes

References

External links
 Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi
 Thirumavalavan elected VCK president
 <mask>umavalavan invites minorities
 Official facebook

Tamil Nadu politicians
Living people
15th Lok Sabha members
Tamil male actors
Dalit activists
Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu
People from Ariyalur district
1962 births
Ambedkarites
Activists from Tamil Nadu
Indian actor-politicians
Indian Tamil politicians
Tamil Maanila Congress politicians
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
Janata Dal (United) politicians
Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi politicians
Dalit politicians
17th Lok Sabha

masks: Thirumavalavan Thirumavalavanhir


title: Baby Arizmendi

texts:
Alberto "<mask><mask> (March 17, 1914 – December 31, 1962) was a Mexican professional boxer and New York State Athletic Commission (NYSAC) featherweight world title holder in 1934. He also competed in the bantamweight and welterweight divisions. Early life and career
<mask> was born on March 17, 1913 in Tamaulipas, Mexico. He took up boxing as early as seven or eight by some accounts to counter the effects of Polio which he had suffered from as a young child. <mask> used a charging, bruising style, making him a very strong two-fisted fighter. He began boxing professionally at age 13. He took his first championship, the Mexican bantamweight title at only eighteen, a twelve round points decision against Kid Poncho in Mexico City.With a victory over flyweight champion Fidel LaBarba, <mask> established himself as a worthy contender for the featherweight crown. On September 16, 1932, at the age of 19, he defeated reigning NBA world featherweight champion Tommy Paul in a close ten round non-title fight, dropping him in the second and fourth rounds. After his win, <mask> requested the National Boxing Association (NBA) recognize his status as champion. In support of his claim to the NBA title, the California boxing commission gave him the opportunity to fight for their version of the world title. Taking and defending the California world featherweight title, October, 1932
The following month, <mask> defeated Newsboy Brown to claim the California world featherweight title on October 18, 1932. The Associated Press wrote that Brown won only one round and was on the verge of being knocked out several times before the Los Angeles crowd of 7,000. <mask> nearly toppled Brown with a left hook in the third, but slowed his pace some in the fourth through seventh when Brown countered with

masks:
Baby
" Arizmendi
Arizmendi
Baby
Baby
Arizmendi
Arizmendi
Arizmendi


title: Baby Arizmendi

texts:
 short lefts, and rights to the body.He retained his title with a draw against Varias Milling, then defended it against seasoned contenders Archie Bell and Speedy Dado. He first defeated Bell in  ten round points decision at Legion Stadium in Hollywood on December 2, 1932. The California sanctioned title match before a capacity crowd saw <mask> close strongly in the last two rounds to take a convincing lead on points. <mask> was awarded six rounds, Bell two including the eighth when he landed some solid punches, and two were even. Bell was down for a no count in the second, and was dropped to his knees in the fourth. In his January 6, 1933 California sanctioned World featherweight title rematch with Bell in San Francisco, <mask> won in a ten round points decision. <mask> opened up in the sixth, and rained a steady blow of punches in the remaining rounds to take a clear points margin.Bell may have held an edge in the first five rounds, with the exception of the third. He withstood the blows of <mask> in the final rounds and remained on his feet throughout. In his last successful defense of the California-sanctioned world featherweight champion, <mask> defeated Speedy Dado in a ten round points decision in Los Angeles on January 24, 1933. Losing the California sanctioned world featherweight title, February, 1933
He lost the California version of the title to NBA World featherweight champion Freddie Miller on February 28, 1933 in a 10-round unification bout in Los Angeles. Miller took seven rounds, with one even, and two to <mask>. With a lightning right jab that landed repeatedly and a good left hook, Miller kept the Mexican champion at bay. <mask> performed best in the seventh where he rushed Miller to the ropes and bloodied his nose with hard rights to head and chin.The

masks: Arizmendi Arizmendi Arizmendi Arizmendi Arizmendi Arizmendi Arizmendi Arizmendi


title: Baby Arizmendi

texts:
 packed house containing many former Mexican fans, turned against <mask>, booing him and throwing bottles into the ring at the close of the match. <mask> persevered, and later that year defeated Miller in a non-title fight. Taking the NYSAC world featherweight crown, August, 1934
On August 30, 1934, he defeated Mike Belloise for the New York state (NYSAC) world featherweight crown, leaving no doubt as to his claim to the championship. After the win, <mask> attempted to secure a third fight with NBA champion Miller in a title bout, however, Miller refused to face him. <mask>'s failure to take the NBA version of the featherweight title affected his legacy, despite his taking both the New York State Athletic Commission (NYSAC), and Mexico-California version of the world featherweight titles in his career. In Mexico City on November 4, 1934, he defeated Henry Armstrong in their first of five meetings, winning almost every round despite suffering a broken wrist in the second, and by some accounts taking claim of the California-Mexican World featherweight title. He defeated Armstrong once again on January 1, 1935, in a twelve round unanimous decision in Mexico City.Following those victories, he defeated future world title holder Chalky Wright by fourth round knockout. On February 7, 1936, he lost to future lightweight champion Lou Ambers in a ten round unanimous decision, with Ambers taking every round, by one account. <mask>, however fought well for the first five rounds, but was unable to continue the pace in the remaining portion of the match. Ambers got his range with his punishing left in the fourth, fifth, and sixth. In the eighth, <mask> suffered a bleeding cut near his right eye, helping Ambers to increase his points margin in the final two rounds. The bout was not

masks: Arizmendi Arizmendi Arizmendi Arizmendi Arizmendi Arizmendi


title: Baby Arizmendi

texts:
 billed as a title fight. Losing the California-Mexico sanctioned featherweight title, August, 1936
<mask> subsequently lost the California-Mexico World title in his third bout with Armstrong on August 4, 1936 at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles.In his following 7 fights, <mask> combined wins and losses before facing Armstrong for a fourth and final time on March 15, 1938 in Los Angeles. Despite losing the ten round fight on points, <mask> ended Armstrong's 27 fight knockout streak by going the distance with him. In his following 6 fights, <mask> won five and had a ten round draw against reigning world lightweight champion Lou Ambers on June 7, 1938 in Los Angeles. Attempt at the world welterweight crown, January 1939
In his last bout with Armstrong and his last attempt at a world title, he dropped a grueling 10-round points decision before 10,500 fans for the world welterweight championship on January 10, 1939 at Los Angeles' Olympic Stadium. The match was ten rounds of continuous and largely close in fighting, and though admitting he put up a valiant effort, the Los Angeles Times could only award the fourth round to the badly bruised and bleeding Arizmendi. Armstrong characteristically crowded and threw continuous blows which included some fouls, but typical of his style, demonstrated neither elegant technique, nor graceful ring craft. He continued boxing until 1942, obtaining bouts with boxing standouts Lou Ambers, Sammy Angott, and George Latka, but never again went for a title.<mask> faced Lou Ambers on February 24, 1939, losing in an eleventh round technical knockout in Madison Square Garden before a disappointing crowd of 8,837. A physician examining <mask>'s eyes believed the gashes he had received during the bout were too serious to allow him to continue the bout.


title: Baby Arizmendi

texts:
 <mask> had completed all his previous bouts. Ambers, hoping to obtain another shot at the title, had fought viciously through the bout. He had drawn with Ambers on June 7, 1938 at Olympic Auditorium in Los Angeles, California. In one of his best performances against a reigning champion, one reporter gave four rounds to Ambers, as many as four to Arizmendi, and three even. Overcoming a 1-3 odds deficit, <mask> may have nearly dropped Ambers in the second with a right cross.After retiring from boxing, Arizmendi served in the U.S. Navy during World War II, and later operated restaurants in the Echo Park District of Los Angeles. He was hospitalized in July, 1956, following a partial paralytic condition on his left side. According to his wife, Henrietta, he had been in poor health and lost fifty pounds the previous month. Death
After a prolonged illness, <mask> died of natural causes in the Veterans Administration Hospital in Sawtelle, California, now part of the Los Angeles suburb Westwood, on New Year's Eve 1962, at the age of 48. He was survived by his wife Henrietta and an illegitimate son Raul <mask>, born February, 1933 in Los Angeles. <mask> was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2004. Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated.Official Record

All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as “no decision” bouts and are not counted to the win/loss/draw column. Unofficial record

Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions to the win/loss/draw column. References

1914 births
1963 deaths
Boxers from Coahuila
World featherweight boxing champions
Featherweight boxers
Sportspeople from Torreón
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
Mexican male boxers
Mexican emigrants to the

masks:
Arizmendi
Arizmendi
Arizmendi
Robert Arizmendi
Arizmendi


title: John Loughborough Pearson

texts:
<mask>  (5 July 1817 – 11 December 1897) was a British Gothic Revival architect renowned for his work on churches and cathedrals. <mask> revived and practised largely the art of vaulting, and acquired in it a proficiency unrivalled in his generation. He worked on at least 210 ecclesiastical buildings in England alone in a career spanning 54 years. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Brussels on 5 July 1817. He was the son of <mask>, etcher, of Durham, and was brought up there. At the age of fourteen he was articled to Ignatius Bonomi, architect, of Durham, whose clergy clientele helped stimulate <mask>'s long association with religious architecture, particularly of the Gothic style. He soon moved to London, where he became a pupil of Philip Hardwick (1792–1870), architect of the Euston Arch and Lincoln's Inn.<mask> lived in central London at 13 Mansfield Street (where a blue plaque commemorates him), and was awarded the RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 1880. Career
From the erection of his first church at Ellerker, in Yorkshire, in 1843, to that of St Peter's, Vauxhall, in 1864, his buildings are geometrical in manner and exhibit a close adherence to precedent, but elegance of proportion and refinement of detail lift them out of the commonplace of mere imitation. Holy Trinity, Westminster (1848), and St Mary's, Dalton Holme (1858), are notable examples of this phase. <mask> began his career drawing purely on English medieval prototypes, but increasingly incorporated ideas from abroad: Charles Locke Eastlake described <mask>'s Christchurch at Appleton-le-Moors in North Yorkshire as "modelled on the earliest and severest type of French Gothic, with an admixture of details almost Byzantine in character." St Peter's Church, Vauxhall (1864), was his first groined church, and the first of a series of buildings which brought <mask> to the forefront among his contemporaries. In these he applied the Early English style to modern needs and modern economy

masks:
John Loughborough Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
William Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson


title: John Loughborough Pearson

texts:
 with unrivalled success. St Augustine's, Kilburn (1871), St John's, Red Lion Square, London (1874, destroyed by a parachute mine in 1941), St Alban's, Conybere Street, Birmingham (1880), St Michael's, Croydon (1880), St John's, Norwood (1881), St Stephen's, Bournemouth (1889), and All Saints Church, Hove (1889), are characteristic examples of his mature work.He also did restoration work on smaller churches, including St Edward's Church in Gloucestershire. He was enlisted by Sir Tatton Sykes, 5th Baronet to develop the first of what now are known as "The Sykes churches" near Sledmere. Initially <mask> restored the Church of St Michael and All Angels, Garton on the Wolds and the churches at Kirkburn, and Bishop Wilton, along with a new one at Hilton. Cathedrals
<mask> is best known for Truro Cathedral (1880), the first Anglican cathedral to be built in England since 1697. It has a special interest in its apt incorporation of the south aisle of the ancient church. <mask>'s conservative spirit fitted him for the repair of ancient buildings, and among cathedrals and other historic buildings placed under his care were Lincoln, Chichester, Peterborough, Bristol and Exeter cathedrals, St George's Chapel, Windsor, Westminster Hall, and Westminster Abbey, in the surveyorship of which he succeeded Sir George Gilbert Scott. He re-faced the north transept of Westminster Abbey, except for the porches (which are the work of Scott), and also designed the vigorous organ cases.In his handling of ancient buildings he was repeatedly opposed by the anti-restorers of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (as in the case of the west front of Peterborough Cathedral in 1896), but he generally proved the soundness of his judgment by his executed work. While Truro Cathedral is considered his UK masterpiece there are many who consider St John's Cathedral in Brisbane, Australia, his finest work. St John's was initially designed by <mask> and then by his son

masks: Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson


title: John Loughborough Pearson

texts:
 Frank following his father's death in 1897. The cathedral was constructed between 1906 and 2009 and is a study in contrast to Truro. While lacking some of the decorative detail found at Truro and having shorter towers, the cathedral also departs from the conventional Early English style Neo-Gothic <mask> used extensively at Truro. St John's employs a broad mix of styles: some early English Gothic (lancet windows and bell shaped capitals in the piers); early French Gothic (the pyramidal spires of the towers, and the internal sexpartite vault of the ceiling, also used at Truro); and Spanish Gothic used extensively in the internal design of the nave and sanctuary. The form of Spanish Gothic used at St John's is based on Barcelona Cathedral.The Barcelona influence can be seen in the nave which has two walls forming double aisles; the inner wall forming the nave arcade which has a wide panel below the triforium to help keep out the subtropical sun. But the Spanish precedent can best been seen in the cathedral's large apsidal sanctuary (wholly different from the conventional English square-end at Truro) whose tall pillars reach from ground floor to the arches immediately below the vault, producing an effect of extraordinary complexity and beauty. Non-ecclesiastical buildings
<mask>'s practice was not confined to church buildings. Treberfydd (1850), Quar Wood (1858), Lechlade Manor, an Elizabethan house (1873), Westwood House, Sydenham, in the French Renaissance style (1880), the Astor estate offices (1892) upon the Victoria Embankment, London, the remodelling of the interiors of Cliveden House (1893) and No. 18 Carlton House Terrace (1894), with many parsonages, show his aptitude for domestic architecture. In general design he first aimed at form, embracing both proportion and contour; and his work may be recognized by accurate scholarship coupled with harmonious detail. Its keynotes are cautiousness and refinement rather than boldness.Recognition

masks: Pearson Pearson


title: John Loughborough Pearson

texts:
He was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1874, becoming a full member in 1880. He was also a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and a fellow and member of the Council of the Royal Institute of British Architects. Personal life
In 1862 <mask> married Jemima Christian, a cousin of his friend Ewan Christian, a Manxman and architect to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. Their son <mask> <mask> was born in 1864, but to <mask>'s great sorrow Jemima died the following year of typhoid fever. Frank followed in his father's footsteps completing much of his work before embarking on his own original designs. <mask> is buried in the nave of Westminster Abbey, where his grave is marked by the appropriate motto Sustinuit et abstinuit. Legacy
198 churches created or worked on by <mask> are now listed buildings.In 2016 Historic England commissioned a selective assessment of the significance of The Church and Chapel Interiors of <mask> <mask> to help those caring for the buildings to understand the importance of interior fixtures and fittings, particularly movable furniture which is not covered by listing, but a key part of the original designs. Some notable buildings

St Augustine's, Kilburn (1871–1880) the tower and spire completed (1897–98)
St John the Evangelist, Upper Norwood (1878–1887)
Truro Cathedral (1879–1910)
St Agnes and St Pancras church
St Margaret's, Westminster (existing building, <mask> added eastern and western porches)
Christ Church, Appleton-le-Moors, Yorkshire
Bristol Cathedral, existing building, <mask> added the twin towers of the west front
Wakefield Cathedral, <mask> added a new east end after the church was raised to cathedral status (completed 1903–05 by his son Frank). 1817 births
1897 deaths
People from Durham, England
Gothic Revival architects
English ecclesiastical architects
Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal
Architects of cathedrals
19th-century English architects
Royal Academicians
Architects from County

masks:
Pearson
Frank Loughborough
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
John Loughborough
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts:
<mask>, D.D. (January 31, 1833 – September 15, 1900) was a professor of theology in the Wittenberg Theological Seminary in the United States. He was tried for heresy by the board of directors at Wittenberg College in Springfield, Ohio, on April 4 and 5, 1893, which put on trial many key issues that Lutherans still debate today. <mask> died in 1900 in Springfield, Ohio. Family

<mask> was born in York Springs, Adams County, Pennsylvania,  on January 31, 1833, the fifth child of seven brothers and five sisters. His parents were Lutheran minister <mask> and his wife, Susannah (Krone) <mask>, both natives of Pennsylvania and of German ancestry. The elder <mask> was a prominent minister of the Lutheran Church and reportedly was "one of the most able and eloquent Lutheran ministers of his time".<mask> was born in Manchester Township, York County, Pennsylvania, on December 16, 1793. Daniel's German immigrant parents were Andrew and Mary Magdalene Gottwald. Daniel was christened January 26, 1794 in Quickel's Church, Conewago Township, Pennsylvania. Daniel and Susannah were married on July 22, 1819, in York, Pennsylvania by John George Schmucker, the then forty-eight-year-old pastor of Christ Lutheran Church of York, and the father of famous Lutheran theologian and educator, Samuel Simon Schmucker. Daniel lived in York, where he worked as a carpenter, until the birth of his third child. In time, Daniel came to see himself as a very sinful man who was in great peril of "eternal death". Daniel began preaching on his own, drawing surprisingly large crowds.However, Rev. John George Schmucher approached Daniel and convinced him that he needed a formal education in Lutheranism. For a year and a half, Daniel

masks:
Luther Alexander Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald
Daniel Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald
Daniel Gotwald


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts:
 walked  every week through the very thick Penn's Woods to York to recite to the elder Schmucker. However, in time, this manner of instruction only whetted his taste for an even better education in the Lutheran ministry, so he sold his home and moved his family to Gettysburg to begin his full and regular course of theological study in the Lutheran Theological Seminary there as preparation for his work in the ministry. He studied there for two and a half years under the seminary's founder,. Samuel Simon Schmucker, who later said Daniel was "one of the most diligent and successful students that the Seminary ever had." <mask> was among the first to graduate from Gettysburg Seminary.Daniel had two pastorates, one in Adams County and one in Centre County, Pennsylvania. His pastorate in Centre County served sixteen churches, one being over  away, which required him to be on the road much of the time. Daniel ardently supported the abolition of slavery in his ministry. Moreover, he fervently espoused the cause of temperance, which caused some to accuse him of being a "Methodist". <mask> gives this further description of his father's imposing physical characteristics, which undoubtedly served him well in his ministry:

<mask>'s father always preached in German, never in English. <mask> reported, in his own autobiography, as to his father's German language preaching that "As an orator and preacher he possessed great power. His voice was one of remarkable compass and sweetness.His thoughts logical and good, his imagination fine, his gestures graceful and wonderfully expressive, and his manner all earnestness, pathos, fire; his own soul all alive with the truth he was uttering, and his auditors held spell

masks:
Daniel Gotwald
Luther Gotwald
Luther
Luther Gotwald


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts: bound and weeping under his moving exaltations of truth and his powerful appeals." The elder <mask> had a fiery temper, which his son, <mask> said often caused his father great embarrassment and remorse. However, <mask> went on to give this amusing account of the effect of his father's equally fiery eloquence in the pulpit, albeit in German. <mask>'s mother, Susannah Krone <mask>, was a devout lady who taught her children her own deep piety and her own stern virtues. His mother could not read English, but read her German bible every day. She often went with her husband on his ministerial travels, but she always made her home in her native Pennsylvania. <mask> <mask> had seven brothers and five sisters.They were Eliza Ana, born March 5. 1820; George Andrew, born May 6, 1821; Sarah Anna, born November 13. 1822; George Andrew, born July 22, 1824; Leah, born January 1, 1826; Daniel Isaac, born November 21, 1827; Susan Caroline, born in 1830; Mary Catherine, born February 10. 1835; Washington Van Buren, born November 10, 1836; Jacob Henry, born October 6, 1838; and William Henry Harrison, born September 2, 1841. Four of their children died in childhood. George died at Liverpool, Pennsylvania, at the age of two, Sarah Anna died at Liverpool at the age of eleven months, Leah died June 7, 1826, at Liverpool at the age of six months, and Mary Catherine died at Aaronsburg on May 20, 1842, at the age of seven. <mask>'s father died on March 11, 1843, in Aaronsburg at the age of 49, after an illness of some three months.He was buried in the Evangelical Lutheran Church yard at Aaronsburg. <mask>'s death left his wife of twenty-five years, Susannah, with their eight surviving children to bring up and with

masks:
Gotwald
Luther
Luther
Luther
Gotwald
Luther Alexander
Gotwald
Luther
Daniel Gotwald


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts: meager financial means to do it. He left her with only a modest home and a few acres of land. <mask>'s older sister, Eliza , married Jacob Scherer of Aaronsburg in May 1845, when <mask> was eleven years old. Scherer became the second Lutheran minister in the state of Illinois. He was born in Botetourt County, Virginia. He graduated from Pennsylvania College in 1841 as the valedictorian of his class and two years later from Gettysburg Seminary.He served his first pastorate at Indianapolis, Indiana, from 1843 until 1845. Scherer then had ministries at Wabash County, Illinois, at Olney, Illinois, and at Shelbyville, Illinois. He, with six other ministers, organized the Lutheran Synod of South West Virginia on September 20, 1841, at St. John's Church, Wythe County, Virginia. Scherer died near Shelbyville, Illinois, on October 15, 1851, while <mask> was living as a guest in his home shortly before he left for Springfield, Ohio, to begin his studies at Wittenberg College. Eliza remarried a man with the same name as her later first husband, Jacob Scherer. He was actually a distant relative of her first husband. Perhaps predictably, there was no way this second husband could come up to her first one in <mask>'s estimation.To begin with, he was a farmer and not a clergyman. <mask> describes him as "a kind husband, but a man of little culture and no energy." Eliza died in Hillsboro, Illinois, at the age of 41 on September 25, 1855. <mask> said of her, "Eliza was a noble Christian women, a dutiful daughter, a kind sister, an affectionate wife, a loving mother, and a patient and self-denying Christian, willing to suffer the loss of all things." <mask>'s brother George Andrew was a practicing physician in

masks: Luther Luther Luther Luther Luther Luther Luther


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts: Slaterford, Pennsylvania. However, <mask> still considered him to be the black sheep of the family. He reports that "For many years he was no Christian."But then, <mask> continues with great relief that "when forty one years of age, he professed to give his heart to God, and has ever since lived a consistent Christian life." <mask> attributes this great miracle to his "pious mother", who prayed every day for forty years for that conversion and her son's resultant salvation. George was married to Lizzie Rolinsen, of New Harmony, Posey County, Indiana, whom <mask> pronounced to be "an excellent Christian woman". Strangely, <mask> does not seem to have known much about his older brother, Daniel Isaac <mask>. He was a printer who died in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1849 when he was 21. <mask> says of him that "He was, I think, noble and upright in all his deportment, respectful and happy in his disposition, and a genial favorite among all who knew him. At the time of his death, several of the Cincinnati papers spoke very favorably of him."<mask> admits that he does not even know whether Daniel Isaac was a Christian but continued that "Fervently do I hope that he was, for it is a dreadful thought that any of those we love, and especially one so dear as a Brother, should be called unprepared, from time into eternity, there to suffer forever for the misdeeds of this life." <mask>'s brother, Washington Van Buren <mask>, was a Lutheran minister in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He attended Pennsylvania College, from which he graduated in 1860. He served for one year as tutor in the Preparatory Department at Gettysburg. He was a member of the Philo Literary Society and of Phi Gamma Delta fraternity. After a two-year

masks: Luther Luther Luther Luther Luther Gotwald Luther Luther Gotwald Gotwald


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts: course in the theological seminary, he was ordained by the Pennsylvania Synod at its meeting in 1862 at Reading. He served first for four years as minister at Emmitsburg, Maryland.In 1866, he became the minister of St. John's Lutheran Church at Lancaster, Pennsylvania. His work in both of these ministries was widely praised. He died at Lancaster on June 10, 1869. <mask>'s younger brother, William Henry <mask>, also became a Lutheran minister. His wife was Annie C. Murray. He attended the public school during the winter and worked on a farm during the summer until he was eighteen. He attended the Aaronsburg Academy and prepared himself for college.He entered Pennsylvania College in 1861, but his education was interrupted by the Civil War. After the Civil War, he re-enrolled in Pennsylvania College and graduated from there in 1866. In the fall of that year, he became principal of the Aaronsburg Academy and continued as its principal for two years. <mask> proudly notes that "It was during his Principalship that this Academy had a larger number of students in attendance than at any other time either before or since." William was ordained in the Lutheran ministry in 1868. His first ministry was at Loganton, Pennsylvania, which had been a part of his father's last charge. During his career in the Lutheran ministry, he served several churches and held a variety of offices in the Lutheran Church.In April 1873 became pastor to the Lutheran Church at Milton, Pennsylvania, and continued as its pastor for nearly fifteen years, when he had to resign due to bronchial troubles. While he was serving as pastor at Milton, he was also president of the Susquehanna Synod for three years and chairman of the Examining

masks:
Luther
Harrison Gotwald
Luther


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts:
 Committee for many years. He served as a member of the Milton School Board for twelve years, being its president for three years. He was the originator and organizer of the Pennsylvania State School Directors' Association and was its president for three years. He was a delegate to the General Synod and director of the Theological Seminary at Gettysburg. He served as a Presbyterian minister in Ocala, Florida, where he had gone due to his health. However, he built a Lutheran church at Martin, Florida.He organized the St. Mark's Evangelical Lutheran Church in Washington, D. C., and served as its pastor until June 1897. He died on March 12, 1921. <mask>'s younger brother, Jacob Henry <mask>, was a respected surgeon, who died at sea close to Charleston, South Carolina, at the age of 24 during the Civil War (discussed below). Susan Crone <mask>, who survived her husband by 44 years, died in her sleep on July 17, 1881, in Aaronsburg, Centre County, Pennsylvania. <mask> said this of his mother in his autobiography. Early life and education

<mask> <mask> was baptized by Samuel Simon Schmucker, who was a great friend of his father and who had come to Petersburg to assist his father at a communion season. He lived most of his younger days in Petersburg, now Littlestown, Pennsylvania.<mask> said this of his native town of Petersburg in his autobiography:

<mask> undertook his early studies at an academy near his home of which, as an adult, he admitted to remembering little. At the age of ten, he went to work as a clerk and errand boy in various stores to help support his family. He also worked as a carpenter and a carriage maker. However, <mask> later wrote, "my desires for further education prevented me

masks:
Luther
Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald
Luther Alexander
Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald
Luther


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts: from so concentrating my mind at these trades as to make a success of them. I remember keeping books in the drawer of my work bench and at every spare moment, I would take occasion to read from them. In fact, my employer said that my mind was so set on the books that I managed to spoil more lumber than I was worth and I was discharged." His sister, Eliza lived "out west", so he decided to follow her.Of this move, he reports. In the spring of 1851 and at the age of 19, <mask> entered Wittenberg College, a Lutheran college in Springfield, Ohio, in the Preparatory Department. He only had fourteen dollars when he arrived and he had to work to pay his way. He remained at Wittenberg until his sophomore year. There is a book written by his Lutheran cleric great-grandson, <mask><mask>, Jr, entitled The Gotwald Trial Revisited (the "Gotwald heresy trial book" for short). The book states that <mask> took up with college sweetheart Mary Elizabeth King, who was fifteen years old at the time. <mask> met King through her brothers.She had three brothers, David King, Jr., Robert Quigley King and Samuel Noble King, who were his classmates at Wittenberg. The Gotwald heresy book notes that the King family was sufficiently wealthy to send all three of them to college at the same time. Not only that, the King family lived close enough to the Wittenberg campus that they were able to walk to class. However, <mask> became so infatuated with her that his family feared it would adversely affect his studies. So, they pulled him out of Wittenberg and sent him to Pennsylvania where he continued his studies in Lutheran theology. In 1855 he entered Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg, from which he graduated with honors in

masks:
Luther Gotwald
Luther A
. Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald
Luther


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts:
 1857. Next he entered the Theological Seminary of Gettysburg and after taking a two-year course graduated from that institution in 1859.The Lutheran Synod of West Pennsylvania ordained <mask> <mask> at Waynesboro, Pennsylvania. A year later the same synod licensed him to preach. Marriage

Once he had completed his studies and newly ordained, he made haste to return to Springfield to marry Mary Elizabeth King. They married, on October 13, 1859, in her home the "King Homestead" at 2 Ferncliff Place, Springfield, Ohio (today the Chi Omega sorority house of Wittenberg University). King was born April 1, 1837, in Tarlton, Ohio. She was the daughter of David and Almena (Caldwell) King. Her father, David King was probably born in Baltimore, Maryland.Her mother, Almena Caldwell King, was born in Hillsborough, New Hampshire on August 16, 1809. However, she moved with her parents when she was young to early Portsmouth, Ohio, which is in southernmost Ohio at the confluence of the Scioto River and the Ohio River, where her father established a successful carpentry business. Both of Mary's parents had been orphans. Her father, David King, was found as a toddler wandering the streets of Baltimore during a yellow fever epidemic in which both his parents presumably died. David knew only his own name and could tell nothing about his parents. He was found in a Baltimore hotel and taken in by a Robert Quigley who had a farm near Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, who reared and educated him. As a child, David King attended the Middle Spring Presbyterian Church, near Shippensburg, with the Quigleys, whereby he became a lifelong Presbyterian and, as result, he brought up his own family as Presbyterians.Upon attaining

masks:
Luther Alexander
Gotwald


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts: adulthood, David King obtained an apprenticeship as a store clerk in Portsmouth, Ohio, where he met teenage Almena Caldwell. Her older brother and father fell from a small boat and drowned in the nearby Scioto River. Soon thereafter, Almena's mother died. Her uncle Hannibal Gilman Hamlin (first cousin to Lincoln's first Vice President, Hannibal Hamlin) became the guardian of her and her brother, Hamlin Caldwell, moved them to Cincinnati and saw to their education. David King married her there when she was seventeen. <mask> wrote a biography of his parents-in-law in which he pointed out sternly that Almena was too young to marry at seventeen. The Kings moved to Tarlton, Ohio, where they opened a general store.Several of Robert Quigley's (her father's foster father) grandchildren moved to Springfield, Ohio. So, David and Almena King moved there as well in 1840. David proceeded to build a significant portion of early downtown Springfield, which was known for long thereafter as "King's Row". David King died on August 8, 1849, in a cholera epidemic, which he contracted while caring for other victims of the outbreak. According to the Gotwald heresy book, Almena built the Ferncliff Place homestead (which was out in the country when built) to get her boys away from the bars near their home in Springfield proper. Mary King <mask> was lavishly praised in the Gotwald heresy trial book as a perfect minister's wife. Her obituary added in this respect that "Mrs. <mask> was always interested in church activities.She was also active in missionary development in the Lutheran church at large." <mask> and Mary King <mask> had nine children: seven sons and two daughters who were named, respectively, David King

masks: Gotwald Gotwald Gotwald Luther Gotwald


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts: <mask>, who was born October 31, 1860, Shippensburg, Pennsylvania; George Daniel <mask>, who was born September 18, 1862, in Shippensburg, Pennsylvania; Robert Caldwell <mask>, who was born September 25, 1864, in Lebanon, Pennsylvania; <mask> <mask>, Jr., who was born October 26, 1866, in Dayton, Ohio, but who died young on July 11, 1881; Frederick Gebhart <mask>, who was born May 11, 1869, in Aaronsburg, Pennsylvania; William Washington <mask>, who was born June 2, 1871, in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania and who died young on May 2, 1888; Charles Hamlin <mask>, who was born August 25, 1874, in York, Pennsylvania and died in infancy on July 12, 1875; Almena <mask>, who was born June 29, 1876, in York, Pennsylvania; and, Mary Susan <mask>; who was born August 2, 1879, in York, Pennsylvania. <mask> says of his deceased son, Charles Hamlin <mask>, "he was ever a frail, delicate child and was not destined to live long. . . . In the summer of 1875 he was brought to Springfield, Ohio, on a visit and died there at the home of his grandmother [Almena Caldwell King] on Monday, July 12, 1875. He was buried in the family lot in Ferncliff Cemetery. <mask> says of his deceased son, <mask> <mask>, Jr., "His death was due to lock jaw, resulting from accidentally jumping on an iron rake while playing in Leber's yard, South Beaver Street, York, Pennsylvania, a week before, July 4, 1881. His early education was received at the York County Academy and he was examined and ready to enter the Freshman Class at Pennsylvania College the following September.. . He was buried in the family lot at Springfield, Ohio, Ferncliff Cemetery. The funeral at York was attended by the Sunday School in a body and by his fellow students

masks:
Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald
Luther Alexander
Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald
Luther
Gotwald
Luther
Luther Alexander
Gotwald


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts:
 of the Academy in a body. Of his deceased son, William Washington <mask>, <mask> writes:

<mask>'s mother, Almena Caldwell King, died of diabetes on May 30, 1878. <mask> had been out West on church business and stopped in Springfield on his return train trip to find Almena on her death bed. He immediately telegraphed for Mary to come by train. He was at Almena's side when she died and was undoubtedly a great comfort to her.Unfortunately, Mary was unable to arrive until the next day. After Almena's death, various family members, including Mary's unmarried sister, Sarah Jane King, lived in the King Homestead. When <mask> and <mask> first returned to Springfield to serve as a minister, they first lived in the parsonage of his church. However, when he became a professor at Wittenburg, <mask> and <mask> moved into the King Homestead on Ferncliff Place with Sarah Jane King, whom he called in his David King biography "one of the sweetest and best 'Old Maids' that the world has ever had". They continued to live in the King Homestead for the rest of their lives. They were living there at the time that <mask>'s famous heresy trial took place at nearby Wittenberg College. Lutheran Church

Gotwald's first ministry was in Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, where he remained until 1863.The <mask> heresy trial book states that, during this ministry in Shippensburg, his wife Mary was able to thoroughly enjoy living among members of the Quigley family, who had brought up her orphan father and after whom her brother, Robert Quigley King was named. <mask> then became the pastor in Lebanon, Pennsylvania, for two years, where he preached until 1865. He went from Lebanon in 1865 to serve as the pastor to the First Lutheran

masks:
Gotwald
Luther
Mary Gotwald
Luther Gotwald
Luther
Mary Gotwald
Luther
Mary Gotwald
Luther
Gotwald
Gotwald


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts: Church at Dayton, Ohio, where he remained until 1869, when he had to resign his ministry because of throat problems, which forced him to take a year off from the ministry to recuperate. In October 1870, <mask> had recovered and was able to assume the ministry at the Lutheran Church in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, where he preached until 1874. <mask> received his honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity from Pennsylvania College in 1874, some fifteen years after completing his initial studies. Afterward, for nearly twelve years he was pastor of Saint Paul's English Lutheran Church in York, Pennsylvania. In December 1885, he returned to Springfield and became pastor of the Second Lutheran Church there for three years, which was to be his last pastorate.In December 1888, he was elected to the Professorship of Practical and Historical Theology in the Wittenberg Theological Seminary in Springfield. <mask> made many intellectual contributions to the Lutheran Church during his long service to it. He was a frequent contributor to the Quarterly Review of the Lutheran Church, published at Gettysburg, and wrote various other papers and periodicals, including a number of pamphlets on historic and ecclesiastical subjects. Two volumes of his sermons were published, which were widely praised. He also authored his 1879 learned work, "Church Orders: Of the Necessity of a Right Call to the Ministry." <mask> served as a director of Wittenberg College from 1865 until 1869, a trustee of Pennsylvania College from 1873 until 1885, a director of the Gettysburg Theological Seminary from 1871 until 1880, a member of the board of Lutheran Home Missions from 1881 until 1885, president of the West Pennsylvania Synod from 1873

masks: Gotwald Gotwald Gotwald Gotwald


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts:
 until 1876 and a member of the Board of Church Extension from 1874 until 1885. He was often a delegate to the Lutheran General Synod.He helped found the Third Lutheran Church in Springfield in 1887. In Springfield, he later helped found the Fifth Lutheran Church in 1891, the Fourth Lutheran Church in 1898, and the Calvary Lutheran Church in 1900. Civil War

<mask> was a stanch Lincoln Republican and, during the American Civil War, he was a strong Union man. He did all he could to further the interests of the Union cause. To illustrate <mask>'s feeling toward slavery, his autobiography reports this incident from his youth:

Lutheran minister Abraham Essick writes in his diary that he bumped into <mask> on May 8, 1861, at the train depot in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (right after the April 13, 1861 fall of Fort Sumter), who was taking his family to Springfield, Ohio, to leave them there (without doubt at the King Homestead, with his mother in law, Almena Caldwell King), while he joined the Union Army to serve as a chaplain or even a private. <mask> did not so serve. While apparently not formally enlisted in the Union Army, he did serve as the chaplain for a group of Shippensburg soldiers who were getting ready to go off to war.This ended in March 1863, when he assumed a parish in Lebanon, Pennsylvania. There were many Confederate sympathizers in Lebanon, so <mask>'s support of the Union cause was not popular with all his parishioners. When the Confederate Army invaded the North in June 1863, he moved his family to safety with his mother, who lived in Aaronsburg, Pennsylvania. <mask>'s brother, Jacob H<mask>, was the chief surgeon on board the ship Keystone State under the command of Rear-Admiral

masks:
Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald
Luther
. Gotwald


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts: Samuel Francis Du Pont in the fight at Charleston, South Carolina. His ship was participating in the blockade of Charleston Harbor, when, on January 31, 1863, a Confederate shell hit the ship's boiler, causing it to explode and kill several of its crew. Jacob H<mask> was scalded to death while rendering surgical aid to one of the wounded men. He was found still clutching the bandage.<mask>'s younger brother, Washington Van Buren <mask>, was a theological student at the Gettysburg Seminary at the time of the Battle of Gettysburg and actually got caught up in the prelude to the battle. <mask>'s brother William Henry <mask> suspended his studies for the ministry and joined the Union Army. He served at the headquarters at Camp Curtin, near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania during the war. The Civil War brought a family to the King Homestead in Springfield, Ohio, for the duration. Mary King <mask>'s father, David King, had staked his brother-in-law, Hamlin Caldwell, to a cotton business, which flourished, in booming Scottsboro, Alabama. He married Southern belle Martha Jane Snodgrass, started a family, and even owned slaves. However, when the Civil War began, his New Hampshire roots won out, which placed his sympathies with the North, making him a "damyankee" and not for secession.Those sentiments, plus his family kinship to then vice president and ardent abolitionist Hannibal Hamlin, from whose family he took his first name, made his position in Scottsboro untenable and forced him to flee to the North with his family. However, his sixteen-year-old son, David King Caldwell, had been reared in the South and was every bit the southerner. He ran away and attempted to enlist in the Confederate Army; his father

masks:
. Gotwald
Luther
Gotwald
Luther
Harrison Gotwald
Gotwald


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts:
 prevailed upon his brother-in-law Confederate Colonel John Snodgrass to reject his enlistment and send him back to his family, which he did, to the utter humiliation of young David. Hamlin Caldwell then weathered the Civil War with his sister, Almena Caldwell King, in the King Homestead in Springfield. His southern wife, Martha Jane, lost a child while living in Springfield; her mental condition deteriorated greatly during her stay there, and she remained mentally incompetent for the rest of her life. David King Caldwell attended Wittenberg College while they were in Springfield. After the war, the family promptly returned to Scottsboro, where they stayed and prospered.<mask>'s brother-in-law, David King, Jr, served as a lieutenant colonel in the Union Army and actively fought in many major battles, including the Battle of Lookout Mountain in Chattanooga, Tennessee. King was for many years after the war the Grand Marshal of the Springfield Memorial Day parade. <mask>'s brother-in-law Samuel Noble King enlisted in the Union Army as a private, but earned a battlefield promotion to lieutenant and ended the war as a captain in the Union Army. <mask>'s sister-in-law Sarah Jane (Jennie) King was active in the Sanitary Society (which promoted better sanitary conditions for Union soldiers) in Springfield during the war. Heresy trial

<mask> was tried for heresy by the board of trustees at Wittenberg College in Springfield, Ohio, on April 4 and April 5, 1893. In his book The Gotwald Trial Revisited, <mask><mask>, Jr tells the story of this trial in detail, and why and how his famous ancestor was tried for heresy on a charge of "false teachings". This charge was brought by three members of the First

masks:
Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald
Luther A
. Gotwald


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts: Lutheran Church of Dayton, Ohio, who were members of the Wittenberg Board of Trustees.These board members alleged that his teachings espoused the doctrine of the General Council denomination of the Lutheran Church. The author states that "As unusual as it is for a theological professor to have such charges preferred against him, what is even more unusual is the fact that the two competing denominations were making overtures toward closer cooperation with hopes of their eventual merger." According to A History of Wittenberg College, "the 'trial' of Professor L. A<mask> at Wittenberg, in 1893, arose from fear that the liberal traditions of the college were threatened by a rising 'exclusive and conservative spirit' symbolized by <mask>." As the <mask> heresy trial book put it, "The 1890s were times when Lutheran were choosing between two identities—Lutherans who were adapting their teachings and practices to Protestant America following the lead of Dr. Samuel Simon Schmucker; and those who sought their role as maintaining the understandings of the Lutheranism of the Sixteenth Century Reformer <mask>. Both sides maintained they were true." <mask> was defended at this trial by Judge Joseph W. Adair of Noble County, Indiana. At the conclusion of the trial, even the prosecutors joined in the unanimous vote for his acquittal.The charges that Professor <mask> was not teaching correct Lutheran theology swirled around quite some time before formal charges were brought to the Wittenberg Board of Trustees. It undoubtedly owed much of its genesis to <mask>'s ministry in Dayton in which he became embroiled in many stormy debates about church doctrine with some other church leaders. It reached the point that his

masks:
. Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald
Martin Luther
Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts: health gave out and he had to resign his ministry and spend a period of time away from the ministry to recover. It was no coincidence that his most vocal critics and accusers came from Dayton. Perhaps most damaging in the leadup to the trial were articles in the Lutheran Evangelist that named "<mask> as a teacher not fit to teach in a General Synod Seminary". A minority of the Wittenberg board of directors, consisting of Ernest E. Baker, <mask>, and Joseph R. Gebhart, sent a minority report to the Miami Synod Convention, which was held in Springfield, Ohio, on October 5 through October 7, 1892, requesting that it investigate whether Prof. <mask> "gloried in the idea that the logical interpretation of the [Augsburg Confession, i.e., orthodox Lutheranism] would lead to the doctrinal basis of the general council (i.e., unorthodox and, at the time, actively competing Lutheranism)." The board of directors, after lengthy debate, pointedly supported all their faculty of their seminary.Further, a majority of the Wittenberg board of directors had little heart to hear the heresy charges against <mask>. In fact, the Wittenberg board of directors as well as the Miami Synod Convention passed on the chance to act on the charges brought by this minority of the Wittenberg board of directors. Some Wittenberg Theological Seminary faculty members even tried to talk the accusers out of their intention to take action against <mask>. Even so, these accusations motivated <mask> to assure the Wittenberg board of directors in writing on October 31, 1892, that he had "never contemplated a change in the doctrinal basis of the General Synod". His assurance included a list of the theological positions he accepted and those

masks:
Luther Gotwald
Alexander Gebhart
Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts: he rejected. He requested the opportunity to go before the board and make this assurance in person. However, at this point, the president of the board saw no need, after their lengthy discussion at their regular meeting, to call a special meeting to deal with what it seemed to consider frivolous accusations.The <mask> heresy trial book states that "the three rebuffed accusers from Dayton were determined all the more to bring the matter to the Wittenberg Board of Directors for final resolution in a formal heresy trial in the Spring of 1893." Thus, these detractors continued to argue that while Prof. <mask> started with orthodox Lutheran doctrine, his interpretation of that doctrine and his teaching, based on his logical extension of that doctrine, ended up in unorthodox beliefs and teachings. The persons who formally brought charges against <mask> before the directors of Wittenberg College were, of course, his arch detractors, Ernest E. Baker, <mask> and Joseph R. Gebhart. They based their charges on what they said he had said to them personally, what he had said at various Lutheran functions and even what had been written about him in his biography in a Lutheran publication as to what he believed himself and as to what he intended to teach his students. The <mask> heresy trail book says that professor of English and Latin, Charles Lewis Ehrenfeld, was also heavily involved behind the scenes in the drafting of charges against Professor <mask>. Ehrenfeld had recently survived a student request to the Wittenberg board of directors that he be dismissed, but still had resigned from Wittenberg as a result. The charges, as initially filed, were that "The said <mask><mask>, D.D.is DISQUALIFIED to be a

masks:
Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald
Alexander Gebhart
Gotwald
Gotwald
Luther A
. Gotwald


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts: Professor of Theology in Wittenberg College". They included a list of seven charges, all of which probably may be summed in the charge that he was not teaching "the type of Lutheranism that dictated the establishment of Wittenberg College, that animated its founders in undertaking it, and in whose interests the original trust was created." Under Board rules, the filing of these formal charges required Board President <mask> Zimmerman to call a special board meeting to hear evidence regarding those accusations. He called that meeting to begin at 2:00 P.M. on April 4, 1893, in the Wittenberg Recitation Hall, in the College Building on the Wittenberg campus. The accusing board members persuaded a reluctant board member, Rev. E. D. Smith, to serve as the initial prosecutor. Judge Joseph W. Adair and pastor G.M.Grau, represented the defense. At the outset of the trial, the defense moved that the charges be made more specific. The board required the prosecution to do so. There was much heated argument over what those specifics should be. When the board finally adopted the amended charges to be tried, "the accusers refused to bring the amended charges claiming that the altered charges were not their charges". The original prosecutor, E. D. Smith, also declined to continue, since the amended charges were not those that he had agreed to prosecute. Board member M. J. Firey reluctantly agreed to continue the prosecution of the case against <mask> on the amended charges.Firey had little luck in prosecuting the case, since the original accusers all steadfastly refused to participate in any way and, unlike in a regular court of law, he had no way to force their testimony. All the rest of the testimony he

masks:
John Luther
Gotwald


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts: called at the trial from fellow faculty members and even a student was basically supportive of <mask>. With no help from the instigators of the charges, Firey could not make his case. The trial ended abruptly in acquittal, before <mask> had presented the bulk of his defense – apparently to his great disappointment. Twenty five court members voted to acquit, including prosecutors Firey and Smith. His three accusers, Ernest E. Baker, <mask>, and Joseph R. Gebhart, abstained from the vote. Wittenberg later published and distributed <mask>'s unpresented defense to the unclear charges.Still, his accusers later stated in The Lutheran Evangelist that the proceeding against <mask> had been a "mock trial". They even threatened to appeal the outcome to the Ohio Supreme Court, but of course they could not appeal the outcome of a church trial to a secular court. Following the trial, and at least in partial response to the publicity attending it, the General Synod at Canton and the general counsel of Fort Wayne, Indiana made large steps in resolving the differences between them. The General Synod and the General Council joined into the United Lutheran Church in America on November 15, 1918, in New York City. John L. Zimmerman, who presided at the Gotwald trial, was elected to its executive board. Even so, as is true with virtually all major denominations, the debate between the conservative and liberal persuasions of the Lutheran Church continues today. As the Gotwald heresy trial book puts it, in "the Twenty-first Century, in the wake of the ecumenical movement, Lutherans are again being challenged to identify their reasons for being and knowing their true identity.Readers will find many of the same issues

masks:
Gotwald
Gotwald
Alexander Gebhart
Gotwald
Gotwald


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts:
 which dominated the trial of <mask> are still with us today, making it a good reason for becoming acquainted with its issues and how they were dealt with." Later life

<mask> continued to serve as a professor at Wittenberg, where he continued to be much loved and held in high esteem. He was stricken with paralysis in 1895 and had to resign. The Wittenberg Torch gives this account of it. "About 6:30 last Saturday evening, just after the reverend doctor had arisen from the supper table and gone to his study, his family heard him fall. His groans soon brought them to his side. It was found that he was unconscious and his son, Dr. [David] <mask> was hastily sent for [he only lived two houses north of the King Homestead].He together with Dr. [John Harrison] Rodgers [a great grandson of Robert Quigley] worked with the patient for some time before consciousness was restored. It was discovered that his right side was paralyzed. He suffered greatly Saturday evening, but throughout the Sabbath he rested easily. He was unable to use his voice until Sunday evening, when he spoke a few words. The entire body of students greatly sympathize with Dr. <mask> and his family in their affliction. The reverend professor is universally loved and respected by all, and it is hoped that he will soon be restored to his accustomed health." The stroke affected his speech and left him partially paralyzed on the right side – unable to perform further either as a professor or in the ministry.In his autobiography, he resigns himself to this fate by merely exclaiming, "God Reigns". He was then cared for by his son George, by his daughters, Almena and Mary Susan <mask>, who were living in the King Homestead during the time

masks:
Luther Gotwald
Gotwald
King Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts:
 period, and, by his wife Mary Elizabeth for the next five years. The fact that he did recover some of this health is evidenced by photos taken of him standing and smiling, and in the fact that he participated in the founding of the Calvary Lutheran Church in Springfield in 1900—the year of his death. However, he died in Springfield, Ohio, later that year, on September 15, 1900. As his grandson, <mask><mask>, Sr. reports it, "on [that] evening, as he sat in his chair by his desk, he had just asked his wife to open the Bible and read their evening lesson together. Suddenly, as a result of another heart attack, he passed away, painlessly and quietly". The president of Wittenberg, Dr. Samuel A. Ort, delivered an eloquent oration at his funeral which was full of affection and praise.Among the many words of praise Ort had for <mask> was that "he gave himself without grudging to the effort of advancing the prosperity of Wittenberg College. Through term time and vacation period, he toiled for the larger development of our higher educational concerns. He was a man truly valuable to Wittenberg College in all its affairs." He also called him "A noble comrade, a true yoke fellow, we must extol him and say, his value to Wittenberg College was beyond price." Mary Elizabeth <mask> died on November 13, 1919, also in Springfield, Ohio. David H. Bauslin, Dean of Hamma Divinity School of Wittenberg College, was one of the speakers at her funeral. They are buried in Ferncliff Cemetery in Springfield, Ohio, not too far from their home.Gotwald children who survived to adulthood

All of the <mask> children who survived to adulthood became respected and prominent citizens. Their son Dr. David King <mask> (who went by

masks:
Luther A
. Gotwald
Gotwald
King Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts: "<mask>") became a prominent physician in Springfield who was known for his modest billing for his services. Dr. <mask> kept no financial records on his patients. Instead, once a year he sent them all the same bill of five dollars with a promise of caring for them during that year. He received his early education at the York County Academy and the York Collegiate Institute. He began his medical career by studying pharmacy in a drug stores in York and in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He next read medicine with a Dr. Jacob Hay of York.Ultimately, he entered the University of Pennsylvania in 1878 and took a complete four years' course in medicine, from which he graduated with honors in 1882. He shared the Henry C. Lea Prize of two hundred dollars for the best graduating thesis, with Mr. Horace F. Jayne, there being 117 in the class. He was then received the appointment of resident physician in Blockeley Hospital in Philadelphia. In the fall of 1883, he married Julia B. Kurtz of York, Pennsylvania. He moved his practice to Springfield, Ohio, on April 1, 1895. He built his own stately home two houses north of the King Homestead, at 505 North Fountain Avenue, even closer to Wittenberg College than the King Homestead. This home was recently restored and looks very much as it did when Dr. <mask> had it built.In 1898, as assistant surgeon of the Ohio National Guard, he served with his regiment, the 3rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry, in the Spanish–American War in Cuba. He served as a director of Wittenberg College. His son, William King <mask>, followed the family calling into the Lutheran ministry and university teaching. He attended Wittenburg College and Hamma Divinity School. He earned his PhD from Johns

masks:
King Gotwald
King Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts: Hopkins University. He had Lutheran pastorates in churches in Kalamazoo, Michigan, and Wapakoneta, Ohio. He taught history at West Virginia Wesleyan College at Buckhannon, West Virginia.He was a professor at Newberry College, South Carolina. In his last nine years he was a professor of ancient and medieval history at Wittenberg College. Their son George Daniel <mask> followed in his father's footsteps by graduating from Gettysburg Seminary and serving as a Lutheran clergyman in Kansas. From the time of his birth his parents consecrated him to the Lutheran ministry. They baptized him in infancy and confirmed him in Easter of 1876 in St. Paul's Church in York, Pennsylvania. He attended York County Academy and graduated with honors from Pennsylvania College and was graduated in 1882. He attended the Theological Seminary at Gettysburg for three years.Afterward, he was ordained by the West Pennsylvania Synod in St. Paul's Church at York, Pennsylvania, at the same altar at which he had been confirmed. He married Mary B. Baugher in the summer of 1885. His first ministry was the Mission Church at Salina, Kansas, where he was "held in remarkably high esteem by both the congregation and the community." He was chairman of the Music Committee from Pennsylvania College which published The American College Song Book in 1882. In 1888, he became the pastor of the Children's Memorial Lutheran Church in Kansas City, Missouri. Unfortunately, he came down with pneumonia, contracted through a cold, which he caught at a funeral on Christmas Day of 1889. He died on January 12, 1890, after a ministry at Kansas City of only a year and two months.George's grandson, <mask> Remsberg, became a highly respected philosophy

masks:
Gotwald
Robert Gotwald


title: Luther Alexander Gotwald

texts: professor at Wittenberg University. He was also an ordained Lutheran minister and served as University Pastor. Wittenberg University still honors him with a scholarship it awards in his name. Their son, Robert Caldwell <mask>, became a well-known architect, who designed many buildings in Springfield and elsewhere. His early education was received at the York County Academy and Pennsylvania College. In 1881 he entered the civil engineering department of Lehigh University at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1885. The Missouri Pacific Railroad hired him right out of school, where for several years he worked laying extensions to its system in southeastern Nebraska.He then became assistant to the city engineer of Omaha for several years. For "family reasons" he moved to Springfield, Ohio, in 1893, where he not only practiced engineering but also acquired a knowledge of architecture and soon built up a large business in that profession. He designed many of the most prominent buildings in Springfield of that time. He designed the Gotwald Building (sometimes also called the "King Gotwald Building" and later renamed the "M & M Building" after the bank that occupied it), which he designed for his brother, Dr. David King <mask>, and in which both he and Dr. <mask> kept their offices. He designed several of the Lutheran churches in Springfield as well as the King Building, Arcue Building and the old Zimmerman Library Building at Wittenberg. He designed the old Springfield City Hospital and was on the Springfield Board of Building Commissioners, at the time of his death, which was constructing the new Springfield City Hospital, which still stands and operates. Their son, Frederick Gebhart

masks: Gotwald Gotwald Gotwald