title: Trayvon Bromell

texts:
 US National Championships in the 100m, where he finished third in his heat with 10.22 seconds and did not advance to the semi-finals.<mask> avoided training and racing from then on to recover. 2021

<mask> returned to form in 2021, recording a personal best and world leading time of 9.77 seconds in the 100m. He won  the 2021 Olympic Trials ahead of Ronnie Baker and Fred Kerley. At the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, <mask> failed to make the 100m final after coming in third in his semi-final, one millisecond behind second-place finisher Enoch Adegoke of Nigeria with both runners being assigned an official time of 10.00 seconds. On September 18, <mask> competed at the Kip Keino Classic in Nairobi, Kenya placing first and beating his personal best by running a time of 9.76 seconds. Statistics
Information from World Athletics profile unless otherwise noted. Personal bests

International championship results

National championship results

NCAA results from Track & Field Results Reporting System.Circuit wins
Diamond League (100 m; other events specified in parenthesis)
Herculis: 2015 (4×100 m relay)
World Athletics Indoor Tour (60 m)
New York: 2021

100 m seasonal bests

World rank from World Athletics' Season Top Lists. See also
 2020/21 in 60 metres
 2020 in 100 metres

Notes

References

External links

<mask> Bromell profile at Team USA

<mask> Bromell bio at Baylor Bears

1995 births
Living people
Sportspeople from St. Petersburg, Florida
Track and field athletes from Florida
American male sprinters
African-American male track and field athletes
Baylor Bears men's track and field athletes
World Athletics Championships athletes for the United States
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic track and field athletes of the United States
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships winners
21st-century

masks: Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Trayvon Trayvon


title: Guy de la Bédoyère

type: original

texts:
<mask>  (born November 1957) is a British historian who has published widely on Roman Britain and other subjects; and has appeared regularly on the Channel 4 archaeological television series Time Team, starting in 1998. Family background
Despite his French surname, <mask>ère's father's ancestry is mostly English, Anglo-Irish and Scottish, with a large part belonging to the ancient Lincolnshire family of Thorold baronets as well as the dukes of Manchester and the earls of Salisbury. His great-great-grandfather was Anthony Wilson Thorold, Bishop of Winchester. One of his male-line ancestors was the cousin of <mask>ère, Napoleon's aide-de-camp at Waterloo in 1815. His grandfather, <mask>ère, was the editor of the Catholic Herald for approximately thirty years. Through his mother's side, <mask>ère is a cousin of the actress Jessica Raine, the footballer Richard Gough, and the artist Julie Gough, sharing common descent from David Storrar Gough (1885-1957). <mask>ère was born in Wimbledon on 27 November 1957, the eldest of five children.He was educated at King's College School, Wimbledon, and Wimbledon College. He took an archaeology and history degree at Collingwood College, Durham, in 1980, part of Durham University, with a subsidiary paper in Egyptology, a degree in modern history at the University of London in 1985, and an MA in archaeology at the Institute of Archaeology, now part of University College London, in 1987. From 1981 to 1998 he worked for most of the time as a sound engineer for BBC Radio News at Bush House and Broadcasting House in London. In 1998 he became a full-time freelance writer and broadcaster. His special interests, apart from the Roman Empire and Roman Britain, include coinage (ancient and modern), and the writings of Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn. He is a Fellow of the Royal Numismatic Society, a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and a Fellow of the Historical Association. In 1997 he discovered that the rebel

masks: Guy Martyn Thorold Huchet de la Bédoyère


title: Guy de la Bédoyère

texts:
 Romano-British emperor called Carausius (AD 286–293) had placed explicit reference to lines from poetry by the poet Virgil on his coins, considered a major discovery in the history of the period.Between 2007 and 2016 <mask> Bédoyère gave up his full-time freelance work as a writer and broadcaster, to teach at Kesteven and Sleaford High School in Sleaford, Lincolnshire. After training on the Graduate Teacher Programme, he specialised in teaching Modern History and Classical Civilisation. Television appearances
<mask> <mask>ère made regular appearances on Channel 4 archaeological television series Time Team as a historian, usually for episodes relating to Roman or military archaeology. In 1999 <mask> Bédoyère presented a three-part series called The Romans in Britain for BBC2, produced by the Open University. In 2002 he presented Rebuilding The Past which was broadcast on the Discovery Channel in 2003 and was narrated by Terry Jones. The programme detailed the building of a Roman villa for the first time in 1600 years in Britain – Butser Ancient Farm at Chalton, Hampshire. He left the show before the completion of the project because of a number of issues with the build.He has also taken part in a number of other television programmes including a live archaeology programme from Egypt in 2004 and a live programme from Pompeii in 2006 for Channel 5; a 2006 series on genealogy called My Famous Family, which he co-presented with Bill Oddie for UKTV History; and occasional appearances on Richard & Judy. Works
de la Bédoyère has published books on a diverse range of subjects. These include:
a number of publications on Roman history for English Heritage;
a book on the archaeology of aviation of the Second World War (for which he took a private pilot's licence at Biggin Hill);
an edition of the correspondence between the diarists Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn;
an edition of Samuel Pepys's other letters;
The Home Front,
The History of Computers,
The

masks:
de la
Guy de
la Bédoy
de la


title: Guy de la Bédoyère

texts:
 First Polio Vaccine, World Almanac Library, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2006, . The Discovery of Penicillin in a series of educational science history books

He occasionally contributes to magazines, usually those concerned with history, archaeology or heritage. More recently, he has written for the Daily Telegraph, primarily concerning himself with the COVID-19 pandemic. Selected works:
 Particular Friends: The Correspondence of Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn, Boydell (2nd edition 2005). . The Diary of John Evelyn, Boydell, Woodbridge, 1995.The Letters of Samuel Pepys, Boydell, Woodbridge, 2006. . The Finds of Roman Britain, Batsford, London 1988. . The Buildings of Roman Britain, Batsford, London 1991, now reprinted by Tempus, Stroud, 2001 as a revised second edition. .
 A Companion to Roman Britain, Tempus, Stroud, 1999. .
 Eagles over Britannia: The Roman Army in Britain, Tempus, Stroud, 2001. .
 Roman Towns in Britain, Tempus, 2003. . Architecture in Roman Britain, Shire Archaeology no. 66, 2002. .
 Roman Britain: A New History, Thames & Hudson, 2006. .
 Cities of Roman Italy, Bristol Classical Press, 2010. .
 Real Lives of Roman Britain, Yale University Press, 2015. .
 Praetorian: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Imperial Bodyguard, Yale University Press, 2017. .
 Domina: The Women who Made Imperial Rome, Yale University Press, 2018. .
 Gladius: Living, Fighting and Dying in the Roman Army, Little, Brown Book Group, 2020. .

See also
<mask> <mask>édoyère
Anthony Wilson Thorold
List of Durham University people

References

Sources
<mask> <mask>ère's Youtube Channel Classical Civilization
Time Team biography
Debrett's People of Today
Duckworth Academic and Bristol Classical Press author page
Thames & Hudson author page

British historians
Alumni of Collingwood College, Durham
Alumni of the UCL Institute of Archaeology
Living people
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
1957 births
Archaeologists appearing on Time Team
Historians of Roman

masks:
Michael de
la B
Guy de
la By


title: Udo Hebel

texts:
<mask><mask> (born 24 April 1956) is a German professor of American studies. He has been president of the University of Regensburg since 1 April 2013. He was selected as one of the ten best university rectors in Germany by the . Life
<mask> studied American studies, English studies, German studies, and pedagogy at the University of Mainz and, as a Fulbright scholar, in the US state of Mississippi. After passing the first and second Staatsexamen as a teacher, he was awarded a scholarship from the  and was awarded his doctorate summa cum laude from the University of Mainz in 1988. From 1986 to 1995 he was an academic at the University of Mainz and gained his habilitation for the subject of American studies in 1995. He spent several years of study and research in the United States: at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, at Harvard University, at the American Antiquarian Society in Worcester and as a visiting professor at a number of institutions, including Colorado College in Colorado Springs.In 1995 <mask> was appointed professor of American literature and cultural history at the University of Potsdam; from 1996 to 1998 he was professor of North American literature at the University of Freiburg. Since 1998 <mask> <mask> has held the chair of American studies at the University of Regensburg. At the University of Regensburg, <mask> was dean and dean of research at the Faculty of Language, Literature, and Cultural Studies and from 2006 to 2008 prorector of study and research. Since 2007 he has been the head of the  programme (parallel university education for gifted secondary students) at the University of Regensburg. On 20 July 2012 he was elected the tenth president of the University of Regensburg. His term of office began on 1 April 2013 and has been extended until 31 March 2023 by the University Council in October 2016.

masks:
Udo J
. Hebel
Udo Hebel
Hebel
Udo
Hebel
Hebel


title: Udo Hebel

texts:
 Research

Main research interests
His main research interests have been:
 American cultures of memory
 American visual culture (especially painting/photography)
 Transnational American studies
 Literatures and cultures of the American colonial period (especially Puritan New England)
 German–American cultural relations
 American drama and theatre / American cultural performances

Publications
The list of publications by <mask> <mask> comprised 13 books, several journal issues edited by him, and more than 60 papers from the interdisciplinary field of American studies.Monographs and books
 <mask> <mask> (ed. ): "Transnational American Studies". American Studies Monograph Series 222. Heidelberg: Winter, 2012. <mask> <mask>, Christoph Wagner (ed. ): "Pictorial Cultures and Political Iconographies: Approaches, Perspectives, Case Studies From Europe and America". Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 2011.<mask> <mask> (ed. ): "Transnational American Memories. Media and Cultural Memory 11". Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 2009. <mask> <mask>: "Einführung in die Amerikanistik / American Studies" [Introduction to American Studies]. Stuttgart: Metzler, 2008. <mask> <mask>: "Twentieth-Century American One-Act Plays: Historical Survey, Genre Conventions, Major Representatives, Suggestions for Teaching".Akademie-Vorträge  29. Dillingen: ALP, 2006. <mask> <mask>, Martina Kohl (ed. ): "Visual Culture in the American Studies Classroom: Proceedings of the U.S. Embassy Teacher Academy". Vienna: RPO, 2005. <mask> <mask>: "Forefathers' Day Orations, 1769–1865: An Introduction and Checklist". Worcester, MA: American Antiquarian Society, 2003.<mask> <mask> (ed. ): "Sites of Memory in American Literatures and Cultures". American Studies Monograph Series 101. Heidelberg: Winter, 2003. <mask> <mask> (ed. ): "The Construction and Contestation of American Cultures

masks: Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel


title: Udo Hebel

texts:
 and Identities in the Early National Period". American Studies Monograph Series 78.Heidelberg: Winter, 1999. <mask> <mask>: "Those Images of jealousie": Identitäten und Alteritäten im puritanischen Neuengland des 17. Jahrhunderts"  ["Those Images of jealousie": Identities and Alterities in Puritan New England of the 17th century]. Mainzer Studien zur Amerikanistik 38. Frankfurt: Lang, 1997. <mask> <mask>, Karl Ortseifen (ed. ): "Transatlantic Encounters: Studies in European-American Relations Presented to Winfried Herget".Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 1995. <mask> <mask>: "Intertextuality, Allusion, and Quotation: An International Bibliography of Critical Studies. Bibliographies and Indexes in World Literature 18". New York: Greenwood, 1989. <mask> <mask>: "Romaninterpretation als Textarchäologie: Untersuchungen zur Intertextualität am Beispiel von F. Scott Fitzgeralds This Side of Paradise" [Interpretation of novels as textual archeology: Studies on intertextuality based on F. Scott Fitzgerald's This Side of Paradise]. Mainzer Studien zur Amerikanistik 23. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1989.Journal issues
 <mask> <mask> (ed. ): Amerikastudien/American Studies 48 (2003) – 56.1 (2011)
 <mask> <mask>, Wolfgang Hallet (ed. ): "Short Plays: Staging Women's Lives." Double Issue  Der fremdsprachliche Unterricht [Foreign language teaching] 41.85/86 (2007). <mask> <mask> (ed. ): "Amerikastudien/American Studies at 50". Double Issue  Amerikastudien/American Studies 50.1/2 (2005).German Research Foundation project
From July 2010 to August 2013 <mask> <mask> was project leader of the German Research Foundation project "Festreden zur Erinnerung an die koloniale Gründung Neuenglands als Ursprung der USA aus der Zeit 1770 bis 1865" (Speeches commemorating the colonial settlement of New England as the origin of the USA from the period of 1770

masks: Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel


title: Dyfnwal ab Owain

texts: Dyfnwal ab Owain (died 975) was a tenth-century King of Strathclyde. He was a son of <mask> ap Dyfnwal, King of Strathclyde, and seems to have been a member of the royal dynasty of Strathclyde. At some point in the ninth- or tenth century, the Kingdom of Strathclyde expanded substantially southwards. As a result of this extension far beyond the valley of the River Clyde, the realm became known as the Kingdom of Cumbria. By 927, the kingdom seems to have reached as far south as the River Eamont. Dyfnwal appears to have reigned between the 930s and the 970s. He is first attested in the 940s, when he is recorded associated with the ecclesiast Cathróe on the latter's journey to Continental Europe.At the midpoint of the decade, the Cumbrian kingdom was ravaged by the forces of Edmund, King of the English. Two of Dyfnwal's sons are said to have been blinded by the English, which could indicate that Dyfnwal had broken a pledge to his southern counterpart. One possibility is that he had harboured insular Scandinavian opponents of Edmund. The latter is recorded to have handed over control of the Cumbrian realm to Máel Coluim mac Domnaill, King of Alba. How much authority the Scots enjoyed over the Cumbrian realm is uncertain. In 971, the reigning Cuilén mac Illuilb, King of Alba was slain by Rhydderch ap Dyfnwal. At some point after this act, Cuilén's eventual successor, Cináed mac Maíl Choluim, King of Alba, is recorded to have penetrated deep into Cumbrian territory,


title: Dyfnwal ab Owain

texts:
 possibly as a retaliatory act.The following year, the reigning Edgar, King of the English held a remarkable assembly at Chester which numerous northern kings seem to have attended. Both Dyfnwal and his son, Máel Coluim, appear to have attended this assembly. The latter is styled King of the Cumbrians in the context of this meeting, which might indicate that Dyfnwal had previously abdicated the throne. Dyfnwal is recorded to have died in 975 whilst undertaking a pilgrimage to Rome. Quite when he gave up the throne is unknown. One possibility is that Rhydderch had succeeded him before the killing of Cuilén. Another possibility is that the apparent retaliatory raid by Cináed marked the end of Dyfnwal's kingship.It is also possible that he held on to power until 973 or 975. In any event, Máel Coluim appears to have been succeeded by another son of Dyfnwal named <mask>, who is recorded to have died in 1015. The later <mask> Foel, King of Strathclyde, who is attested in 1018, may well be a grandson of Dyfnwal. Dyfnwal is likely the eponym of Dunmail Raise in England, and possibly Cardonald and Dundonald/Dundonald Castle in Scotland. Background: the tenth century Cumbrian realm

For hundreds of years until the late ninth century, the power centre of the Kingdom of Al Clud was the fortress of Al Clud ("Rock of the Clyde"). In 870, this British stronghold was seized by Irish-based Scandinavians, after which the centre of the realm seems to have relocated further up the

masks: Owain Owain


title: Dyfnwal ab Owain

texts: River Clyde, and the kingdom itself began to bear the name of the valley of the River Clyde, Ystrad Clud (Strathclyde). The kingdom's new capital may have been situated in the vicinity of Partick.and Govan which straddle the River Clyde, The realm's new hinterland appears to have encompassed the valley and the region of modern Renfrewshire, which may explain this change in terminology. At some point after the loss of Al Clud, the Kingdom of Strathclyde appears to have undergone a period of expansion. Although the precise chronology is uncertain, by 927 the southern frontier appears to have reached the River Eamont, close to Penrith. The catalyst for this southern extension may have been the dramatic decline of the Kingdom of Northumbria at the hands of conquering Scandinavians, and the expansion may have been facilitated by cooperation between the Britons and the insular Scandinavians in the late ninth- or early tenth century. Over time, the Kingdom of Strathclyde increasingly came to be known as the Kingdom of Cumbria reflecting its expansion far beyond the Clyde valley. Dyfnwal was a son of <mask> Dyfnwal, King of Strathclyde. The names of the latter and of his apparent descendants suggest that they were indeed members of the royal kindred of Strathclyde.Sons of Dyfnwal seem to include Rhydderch, Máel Coluim, and Owain. The name of Dyfnwal's son Máel Coluim is Gaelic, and may be evidence of a marriage alliance between his family and the neighbouring royal


title: Dyfnwal ab Owain

texts:
 and Cathróe's own name could be either Pictish or British.The fact that Cathróe is stated to have been related to Dyfnwal could indicate that the former's ancestors included a Briton who possessed a genealogical connection with the royal Cumbrian dynasty, or that Dyfnwal possessed Scottish ancestry, or else that the families of Cathróe and Dyfnwal were merely connected by way of a marriage. Cathróe is also said by the source to have been related to the wife of a certain King of York named Erich. Although the latter may be identical to Eiríkr Haraldsson—a man who is generally thought to be identical to the Norwegian dynast Eiríkr blóðøx—this man is not otherwise attested by insular sources until 947, and Northumbria itself appears to have been ruled by the Uí Ímair dynasts Amlaíb mac Gofraid and Amlaíb Cúarán during the time of Cathróe's journey. Whilst it is possible that Erich actually refers to <mask> mac Gofraid, if he instead refers to Eiríkr Haraldsson, it could be evidence that the latter had been based in the Solway region whilst the Uí Ímair held power in Northumbria, or that the latter indeed held power in Northumbria as early as about 946. English aggression and Scottish overlordship

In 945, the "A" version of the eleventh- to thirteenth-century Annales Cambriæ, and the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Brut y Tywysogyon reveal that the Cumbrian realm was wasted by the English. The ninth- to twelfth-century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle offers more


title: Dyfnwal ab Owain

texts: his absence. Surviving sources fail to note the Cumbrian kingdom between the obituaries of Dyfnwal in 975 and his son, Máel Coluim, in 997. There is reason to suspect that Dyfnwal had another son, <mask>, who reigned after Máel Coluim. For instance, according to the "B" version of Annales Cambriæ, a certain <mask>—identified as the son of a man named Dyfnwal—was slain in 1015. This obituary is corroborated by Brut y Tywysogyon, and Brenhinedd y Saesson. Although it may be possible that the record of this man's death refers to <mask> Foel, King of Strathclyde, there is no reason to disregard the obituaries as erroneous.If the like-named men are indeed different people, they could well have been closely related. Whilst the former may have been a son of Dyfnwal himself, the latter could well have been a son of Dyfnwal's son, Máel Coluim. The Owain who died in 1015, therefore, would seem to have assumed the Cumbrian kingship after Máel Coluim's death in 997, and would appear to have reigned into the early eleventh century before <mask> Foel's assumption of the throne. Dyfnwal may be the man immortalised in the name of a mountain pass in the Lake District known as Dunmail Raise (meaning "Dyfnwal's Cairn"). According to popular legend, a local king named Dunmail was slain by Saxons on the pass and buried beneath a cairn. Forms of this tradition may date to about the sixteenth century, as the place name is first marked on a map dating to 1576. By the end of the

masks: Owain Owain Owain Owain


title: Murda Beatz

texts:
Shane Lee Lindstrom (born February 11, 1994), known professionally as <mask>, is a Canadian record producer, DJ, and songwriter. He has produced hit singles like "Butterfly Effect" by American rapper Travis Scott, "Back on Road" by American rapper Gucci Mane, "Nice for What" by Canadian rapper Drake, "Motorsport" by American rap trio Migos, and "Fefe" by American rappers 6ix9ine and Nicki Minaj. In 2019, he released a single "Shopping Spree" featuring Lil Pump and Sheck Wes. Early life and career
Lindstrom was raised in Fort Erie, Ontario, near Buffalo in a musical household and played drums as a child. He began producing beats at age 17 when he was still in high school using FL Studio after leaving his drumset at friend Pluto Hann's house. He chose his stage name "Murda Beatz" to promote his music on Youtube. When he turned 18, he moved to Chicago, and later worked with Chief Keef and Lil Durk.Lindstrom stated that he met most of his early artists through social media and mutual friends. Eventually, he connected with Atlanta rap group Migos and moved in with them to start producing their music. <mask> <mask> is notable for being a lead or featured artist on some tracks he produces, similarly to DJ Khaled, Mustard, or Mike Will Made It. He made the decision to transition to a "producer-artist," as Billboard describes it, in order to have more control and release music on his own timeline, instead of being dependent on the artists in the song. He released his first mixtape, Keep God

masks:
Murda Beatz
Murda
Beatz


title: Murda Beatz

texts:
 Takeoff)
 05. "Huncho Jack"
 06. "Saint" (produced with Illmind)

2018
Prime Boys – Koba World
 03. "Come Wit It"
 04. "Street Dreams"
 05. "Tinted"
 06."So What"
 09. "Hold Me Down"

Migos – Culture II
 11. "Gang Gang"
 15. "Beast"
 17. "Motorsport" (featuring Cardi B and Nicki Minaj)

Nipsey Hussle – Victory Lap
 11. "Grinding All My Life"

Cardi B - Invasion of Privacy
 13. "I Do" (featuring SZA)

Smokepurpp and <mask> Beatz – Bless Yo Trap
 01."123"
 02. "Big Dope"
 03. "Do Not Disturb" (featuring Lil Yachty and Offset)
 04. "Pockets"
 05. "Good Habits"
 06. "Mayo"
 07. "Pray" (featuring ASAP Ferg)
 08."Bumblebee"
 09. "Ways"
 10. "For the Gang"

Nicki Minaj - Queen
 17. "Miami"

6ix9ine – Dummy Boy

 02. "Fefe" featuring Nicki Minaj & Murda Beatz
 05. "Mama" featuring Nicki Minaj and Kanye West

Trippie Redd - Life's a Trip
 05. "Forever Ever" (featuring Young Thug and Reese Laflare)

Kris Wu – Antares
 02."November Rain"

Drake
 Drake - "Nice for What"

2020
Ariana Grande – Positions
 03. "Motive"
Lay Zhang - 玉
Smoke dawg - " Struggle before Glory"

03. "Three of a kind (Ft Jay Critch/ Fredo)"

06. "Snow"

07. "No Discussion Ft Aj tracey"

08. "These Games (Ft jay Whiss/ Safe)"

2021
Ariana Grande – Positions (Deluxe)
 16. "Test Drive"
BamBam – Ribbon
 01."Intro"
 05. "Air'"
Chlöe – TBA
 01. "Have Mercy"
 Recayd Mob - Bonde da Fumaça

Notes

References

1994 births
Living people
Canadian people of Swedish descent
Canadian hip hop record producers
People


title: Louisa Anne Meredith

texts:
<mask> (20 July 1812 – 21 October 1895), also known as <mask>, was an Anglo/Australian writer, illustrator and possibly one of Australia's earliest photographers. Biography
<mask> was born in Birmingham, England, the daughter of Thomas Twamley and <mask> née <mask>. She was educated mainly by her mother, and in 1835 published a volume, Poems, which was reviewed favourably. This was followed by The Romance of Nature (1836, third edition 1839), mostly in verse. Another volume was published in 1839, subtitled An autumn ramble on the Wye an account of a tour on the River Wye from Chepstow to near its source at Plynlimon. On 18 April 1839, she married her cousin, <mask> at Old Edgbaston Church, Birmingham. Charles had emigrated to Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) in 1821 with his father George and family.They had been pioneers of grazing, whaling and other activities around Swansea on Tasmania's East Coast. Charles had become a squatter in the Canberra district of New South Wales. Emigration to Australia
<mask> and her husband sailed for New South Wales in June 1839, and arrived at Sydney on 27 September 1839. After travelling into the interior as far as Bathurst, Mrs <mask> returned to the coast and lived at Homebush for around a year. By the time of his return to New South Wales, severe economic depression caused by excessive land speculation had destroyed the value of Charles' property, and towards the end of 1840 they relocated to Tasmania. An interesting account of her first 11 years in Australia is given in her two books, Notes and Sketches of New South Wales (1844), reprinted at least twice, and My Home in Tasmania (1852), which was soon republished in the United States under the title Nine Years in Australia." For most of her life <mask> lived on properties around Swansea.In 1860 she published Some of My Bush Friends in Tasmania which contained elaborate full-colour plates printed by the new chromolithography process. The illustrations were drawn by herself, and simple descriptions of

masks:
Louisa Anne Meredith
Louisa Anne Twamley
Louisa Anne Twamley
Louisa Ann
Meredith
Charles Meredith
Meredith
Meredith
Louisa Meredith


title: Louisa Anne Meredith

texts:
 characteristic native flowers were given. In 1861 an account of a visit to Victoria in 1856, Over the Straits, was published, and in 1880 Tasmanian Friends and Foes, Feathered, Furred and Finned. This went into a second edition in 1881. In 1891, <mask> went to London to supervise the publication of Last Series, Bush Friends in Tasmania. Published at the beginning of a severe financial depression in the Australian colonies, this project and the collapse of the bank where most of her savings were held ruined her financially. In her final years <mask> suffered from chronic sciatica and became blind in one eye.She died in Collingwood, Victoria (a suburb of Melbourne) on 21 October 1895, was buried at Melbourne General Cemetery in Carlton North, Victoria and was survived by sons Owen and George. <mask> was the author of two novels, Phoebe's Mother (1869), which had appeared in the Melbourne weekly The Australasian in 1866 under the title of Ebba, and Nellie, or Seeking Goodly Pearls (1882). Many of her books were illustrated by herself. Her volumes on New South Wales, Tasmania, and Victoria in the 1840s and 1850s, will always retain their historical significance. Commentator and activist
<mask> took great interest in politics, her husband Charles being a Member of the Tasmanian Legislative Council for several terms between the mid-1850s until just before his death in 1881. She was an early member of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and influenced her husband to legislate for preservation of native wildlife and scenery. <mask> often wrote unsigned articles for the Tasmanian press.This was no new thing for her as in her youth she had written articles in support of the Chartists. When she visited Sydney in 1882, Sir Henry Parkes told her that he had read and appreciated her articles when a youth. After her husband's death she was granted a pension of £100 a year by the Tasmanian government. Photographer
Hall and Mather suggest that <mask>, nine years her senior, may have preceded

masks: Meredith Meredith Meredith Meredith Meredith Meredith


title: Louisa Anne Meredith

texts:
 <mask> How as the first woman photographer in Australia. Vivienne Ray-Ellis cites a note in <mask>'s 1861 Over the Straits, that photographs she made documenting her travels in Victoria in the 1850s were copied for the drawings, alongside her freehand sketches, reproduced for engravings that illustrate the book, as was usual in days before photomechanical reproduction. <mask> noted in her 1939 diary a daguerreotype demonstration in Hobart and was certainly interested in the medium. She was a friend of Tasmanian John Watt Beattie in the 1880s and he records her giving him assistance as a photographer, and of her showing him the "many specimens of both her own and the Bishop Nixon's photographic work in those early days of the very black art," and that she had been "instrumental in having the last remnant of the Tasmanian Aboriginals photographed for the purposes of science."However, though these are records of her making them, not one of <mask>'s photographs survives. External links

Photos of <mask> <mask> at The McCullagh Collection. Photos and images of <mask> <mask> at the State Library of Tasmania. Illustrations by <mask> <mask> at the 'Transplanted' exhibition at the State Library of Tasmania. Vivienne Rae-Ellis, "<mask> <mask>: Tigress in Exile," Blubberhead Press, Hobart, 1979
Works by <mask> <mask> at Project Gutenberg Australia

References

English women poets
English memoirists
English travel writers
British women travel writers
English women novelists
19th-century Australian novelists
Australian women poets
Australian memoirists
Australian travel writers
Australian women novelists
Botanical illustrators
Writers who illustrated their own writing
1812 births
1895 deaths
Writers from Tasmania
Australian women memoirists
19th-century English poets
19th-century British painters
19th-century English women writers
19th-century British writers
19th-century Australian painters
19th-century Australian women writers
English women non-fiction writers
Australian women photographers
19th-century

masks:
Louisa Elizabeth
Meredith
Meredith
Meredith
Louisa Anne
Meredith
Louisa Anne
Meredith
Louisa Anne
Meredith
Louisa Anne
Meredith
Louisa Anne
Meredith


title: Chris Hung (composer)

texts:
<mask> (洪銘健; born 13 April 1977) is a Hong Kong composer and teacher. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 13 April 1977 in Hong Kong. He pursued research in the field of composition. In 2009, <mask> obtained the Doctor of Music degree at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, under the tutelage of professors Chan Wing Wah and Victor Chan. Music compositions
<mask>'s creative outputs amount to over 70 works, including orchestral and large-scale ensemble works. His works have appeared in over 20 countries in various contemporary music festivals, such as the 2015 ISCM World Music Days in Slovenia, the 2016 Beijing Modern Music Festival in China, and the 2017 Music Biennale Zagreb in Croatia. In 2015, <mask> was invited to compose "Variation of Chung Chi College Theme Song" to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the Music Department of the Chinese University of Hong Kong.In 2016, he composed "We Are All Jubileans", a theme song celebrating the 55th Anniversary of his alma mater, Bishop Hall Jubilee School. Style and reception
<mask>'s music is often mixed with order but contains a palette of chaotic complexity. His compositions are inspired by a fusion of Western and Eastern philosophical concepts. <mask>'s orchestral piece Sunrise (2005, revised 2009) premiered in Musicarama 2010 in Hong Kong. Ken Smith of Financial Times revealed that "<mask> Ming-kin’s recently revised Sunrise (2005) fared better". <mask>'s Voyage with Six Dragons for large orchestra (2012, 2016) premiered in the Beijing Music Modern Festival in 2016. It was reported as "a meticulous attempt on the balance of the sound of modern music".<mask>'s String Quartet No.3 Moment Musicaux (2014) was prominent in timbral setting with shimmering harmonics. Smith highlighted the quartet's

masks:
Chris Hung
Chris Hung
Hung
Hung
Chris Hung
Hung
Hung
Christopher Hung
Hung
Hung


title: Chris Hung (composer)

texts:
 "timbral daring". In the 2010 Asian Composers' League Festival in Tokyo, <mask> performed his choral work Peony Pavilion (2010). According to Australian composer Dr. Bruce Crossman, it was "beautifully evoked by <mask> in a type of ordered chaos". Other work
<mask> has been a Council Director of the Hong Kong Composers' Guild since 2014 and a member of Composers and Authors Society of Hong Kong since 2008. In May 2018, he attended the International Rostrum of Composers in Budapest a delegate for Hong Kong. <mask> teaches various music courses and lectures in the School of Continuing Education of the Hong Kong Baptist University and LiPACE of the Open University of Hong Kong.Composition awards
 Third, Sun River New Composition Competition (2008; Chengdu, China)
 Second, International Composers' Competition on the occasion of 90th Anniversary of the I. J. Paderewski Academy of Music (2010; Poznań, Poland)
 First, "Sofia 2013" International Composition Competition (2013; Sofia, Bulgaria)
 First, The 32nd ALEA III International Composition Competition (2016; Boston, USA)
Honourable Mention: Ding Yi International Chinese Composition Competition (2012; Singapore)
Honourable Mention: Les Pois Music Office (2016; Kyoto, Japan)

Selected discography and publications
 Ever-changing Veins of Stone. In: Resonating Colours 4 - CD Compilation by Hong Kong Composers. CD. Hong Kong Composer's Guild, 2014
 Borobudur. In: Chinese Orchestral Works by Hong Kong Composers. CD. HUGO, 2015
 Moment Musicaux.In: Florence String Quartet Call For Scores 2014 - Music by the Awarded Composers. Quartetto Ascanio. CD. Collana ARCHIVI DEL XXI° Secolo, 2014

Selected works

Orchestral works
 Sunrise for chamber orchestra (2005, revised 2009)
 Symphony No. 1 for orchestra (2005)

masks:
Hung
Hung
Chris Hung
Hung


title: Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo

texts:
<mask> (December 7, 1859April 7, 1930) was a Republican politician who served as the fourth governor of New Mexico and a United States senator. He was the first Mexican-American and first Hispanic United States Senator. He was New Mexico's first Latino Senator and governor. Early life
<mask> was born in Valle de Allende in Chihuahua, Mexico, on December 7, 1859, to <mask>, a wealthy landowner, and Doña <mask>. He was brought up in a wealthy home and was taught to read and write in his home; he later briefly attended school in his town but left after his schoolteacher beat him. In 1863, French soldiers ransacked the Larrazolo home because the family supported Benito Juarez's revolt against the French. In 1870 at the age of eleven, <mask> left Mexico for Tucson, Arizona Territory, under the care of Jean Salpointe, a French-born bishop of Arizona.<mask> left with the bishop because he intended to study theology to become a priest and because his family had fallen into bankruptcy and could not support his schooling. After completing his primary studies with the bishop, <mask> studied theology at the St. Michael's College at Santa Fe, New Mexico Territory, graduating in 1876 at the age of 18. He considered entering the priesthood right after his graduation but secured a teaching position instead; he later also taught in El Paso County, Texas. During this time, he started studying law; he taught in the day and studied law at night. On December 11, 1884, <mask> became a U.S. citizen in order to prepare himself to become a lawyer. In this same year, he registered with the Texas State Republican Party. Politics
<mask> was admitted to the Texas state bar in 1888.He was elected district attorney for the Western District of Texas in 1890 and reelected in 1892. He held the position until 1894. <mask> moved to Las Vegas, New Mexico Territory, in 1895. He practiced law in that town and became involved in Democratic politics and focused on civil rights for the

masks:
Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo
Larrazolo
Don Octaviano
Donaciana Corral de Larrazolo
Larrazolo
Larrazolo
Larrazolo
Larrazolo
Larrazolo
Larrazolo


title: Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo

texts: Mexicans and Hispanos who comprised two-thirds of New Mexico's population. <mask> had difficulty finding success as a Democrat because most Latinos identified as Republicans. This difficulty is shown by the fact that he narrowly lost elections to become Territorial Delegate to the US Congress in 1900, 1906, and 1908, though the 1908 election was extremely close and subject to several credible fraud charges. In 1910, <mask> attacked the machine politics in New Mexico that he felt were exploiting Hispanic voters across the state.He feared New Mexico was close to becoming like the South where Jim Crow laws stripped African Americans of their rights. This speech is considered a milestone; he forced both Republicans and Democrats to acknowledge the concerns of Hispanics in New Mexico and became the most vocal leader in his generation. In the speech, he said "you [Hispanics] … have allowed yourselves to be controlled by other men but you will be controlled by bosses only as long as you permit the yoke to rest on you...Every native citizen must unite in supporting this constitution because it secures to you people of New Mexico your rights—every one of them; the rights also of your children and in such a manner that they can never be taken away...if you want to acquire your freedom and transmit this sacred heritage in the land hallowed by the blood of your forefathers who fought to protect it...Do not wait until you are put in the position of Arizona which in two years will be able to disfranchise every Spanish speaking citizen." In 1911, the New Mexican Territory held a constitutional convention in preparation for its entering the Union. <mask> was one of the Latino delegates chosen to attend the convention. To his displeasure, the State Convention of the Democratic Party denied his request that half of all statewide nominees be Hispanic to represent the 60 percent of the population of New Mexico that was Hispanic. Despite this, <mask> was able to have

masks: Larrazolo Larrazolo Larrazolo Larrazolo


title: Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo

texts: considerable success in implementing pro-Latino measures in the New Mexico Constitution.He and other people insisted that the Spanish-speaking population of New Mexico be protected by the new state constitution. The reason for this was that <mask> did not want the rights of the Spanish-speaking people to be stripped when New Mexico entered the Union because he was afraid that the Union's segregation policies applied to African Americans would be used to justify the infringement of Latinos' rights in New Mexico once it entered the Union. <mask> and the other Latino delegates succeeded in implementing pro-Latino measures and language into the New Mexico State Constitution. The new Bill of Rights stated that (Article II Section V) "The rights, privileges and immunities, civil, political and religious, guaranteed to the people of New Mexico by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo shall be preserved inviolate." The Education Article, (XII., Section 8), gave the legislature authority to provide training for teachers in public schools so that "they may become proficient in both the English and Spanish languages, to qualify them to teach Spanish-speaking pupils. . .". Section ten of the article assured the right of children of Spanish descent to attend public education institutions and prohibited the establishment of separate schools.To the dismay of <mask>, the state Democrats unsuccessfully tried to prevent the ratification of the state constitution because of these pro-Latino provisions and because of this he became a Republican and remained one for the rest of his life. Because <mask> advocated so strongly for Latino rights, many New Mexico politicians considered him a race agitator. Even though many New Mexico politicians resented him for this, <mask> still managed to gain a lot of political credibility especially from Latinos who were glad for the work he had done for Latinos. His popularity throughout New Mexico caused the New Mexico Republican party

masks: Larrazolo Larrazolo Larrazolo Larrazolo Larrazolo


title: Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo

texts: to nominate him for governor of New Mexico. The campaign in 1918, though, was an intense one that exposed some factions within the Hispanic community. His Democratic opponent, Félix García, claimed that <mask>'s birth in Chihuahua precluded him from understanding the concerns of "native New Mexicans." He was elected Governor of the State of New Mexico in 1918, becoming the first Mexican-born Latino to be governor of New Mexico.<mask>'s narrow victory, however, seemed to quiet most of the debate about whether he could authentically advocate on behalf of the Spanish-speaking population. Throughout his time as governor, he had various controversies and successes. In the first year of his term, he declared martial law in the state to suppress a coal mining strike. In the time the fear of anarchism was rampant and this plus the gravity of the strike convinced <mask> to declare martial law. He was also criticized for pardoning Mexican troops who raided parts of New Mexico with Pancho Villa. He believed that since the Mexican troops were acting under orders from their superior that they should not be held accountable. He also supported and signed a new income tax law that angered his Republican party.The aspects that he won praise for was his support for the creation of the League of Nations. <mask> advocated for bilingual education and supported the civil rights of Mexican immigrants in the state. He was also a supporter of the women's suffrage amendment to the United States Constitution. Since he angered the Republican party of his state many times throughout his time as governor, the New Mexico Republican Party did not renominate <mask> to be governor of New Mexico. This caused him to briefly return to El Paso County, Texas to practice law. He opened a firm in El Paso with Nick Meyer and practiced in New Mexico and Mexico. In 1922 <mask> opened an office in Albuquerque as well.However, he did not stay out of politics for too long. In 1923, the state

masks: Larrazolo Larrazolo Larrazolo Larrazolo Larrazolo Larrazolo


title: Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo

texts:
 legislature of New Mexico nominated him to become governor of Puerto Rico. He lost this bid but he used the jolt of political popularity that he received by his consideration to be appointed governor of Puerto Rico to reenter politics in New Mexico. He ran and lost an election to become a justice of the New Mexico supreme court in 1924. However, he was elected in 1927 to the New Mexico State House of Representatives. But then in 1927, the Democratic U.S. Senator from New Mexico Andrieus Jones died and <mask> ran and on 6 November 1928 won for Jones's remaining term.This made <mask> the first Mexican-American to serve in the U.S. Senate. Unfortunately, he was by that time very old and suffered with many illnesses. Because of this he only was able to make it to one session of Congress and he was only able to introduce one legislative action. This action called for the establishment of an industrial school in New Mexico for the Spanish-speaking youth to promote equal opportunity. <mask> died on April 7, 1930. See also
 List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress
 List of first minority male lawyers and judges in New Mexico
 List of United States senators born outside the United States

References

External links

 Octaviano A. <mask> Papers

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1859 births
1930 deaths
20th-century American politicians
American politicians of Mexican descent
Governors of New Mexico
Hispanic and Latino American state governors of the United States
Members of the New Mexico House of Representatives
Mexican emigrants to the United States
New Mexico Democrats
Hispanic and Latino American members of the United States Congress
New Mexico Republicans
People from Chihuahua (state)
People of the American Old West
Republican Party state governors of the United States
Republican Party United States senators
Santa Fe University of Art and Design alumni
United States senators from New Mexico
19th-century American lawyers
20th-century American


title: Dionisije Milivojević

texts:
<mask> (Serbian Cyrillic: Дионисије Миливојевић; 26 July 1898 – 15 May 1979) was a Serbian Orthodox bishop who served as Bishop of America and Canada from 1939 to 1964. In his youth, he was one of the leaders of the evangelical  which won the support of Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović. In 1964, he went into schism with the Serbian Orthodox Church and formed the Free Serbian Orthodox Church. He was a vocal anti-communist and believed that the clergy in Yugoslavia had acquiesced to the ruling League of Communists of Yugoslavia too easily, and asserted the independence of the congregations of the SOC in North America and Australia. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> on 26 July 1898 in Rabrovac near Smederevska Palanka. After graduating from gymnasium, he enrolled at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law. Two years later, he enrolled at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Orthodox Theology where he graduated.In his youth, he belonged to a millenarian movement before embracing Eastern Orthodoxy. Upon graduation, he got married. His wife died shortly afterward, whereupon he went to Hilandar Monastery, where he received tonsure and was given the monastic name of Dionisije. Before he was elevated to the position of Vicar Bishop, he was the head of a monastery, a professor at the seminary in Sremski Karlovci, and the head of the monastic school in Dečani Monastery. At the same time, he was one of the leaders of the , in which he had been active since his student days. He edited the organization's newspaper Christian Community, until 1933. He was elevated to the position of Bishop of Moravica and Vicar Bishop to Patriarch Gavrilo in 1938 and was consecrated in August of that year at the Saborna crkva.In late 1939, he was selected Bishop of America and Canada. He departed for

masks:
Dionisije Milivojević
Dionisije
Dragoljub Milivojević


title: Dionisije Milivojević

texts: vehemently denied these allegations. The relationship assumed the dimensions of a public scandal, and in 1961 Milentijević left Chicago. A delegation from the Serbian Orthodox Church was sent to the United States to meet <mask> and stayed with him for two months during 1962. After having returned to Belgrade, the group generally spoke positively of Dionisije, but also brought forward the allegations brewing around his personal life.For this reason, the Holy Assembly of Bishops requested that the Holy Synod start a trial against Dionisije on 10 May 1963, the same day that his Diocese was split into three newly created ones. A new delegation met with Dionisije in July 1963, when he presented them with a written response to their letter. At the same time, he published announcements against the Assembly, claiming that everything they did was to appease the communist regime in Belgrade. He was removed from the position of bishop at an extraordinary assembly on 27 July 1963. Dionisije then called upon all parishes opposed to Belgrade to join him, and called upon a church-popular assembly on 10–14 November 1963 when all decisions from Belgrade were dismissed until the fall of communism, starting a schism with the SOC. <mask>'s successor, , was consecrated at this assembly. In mid-October 1963, Bishop <mask> was at the forefront of the local Serbs' campaign against Josip Broz Tito's visit to the United States.They organized press conferences, picket lines, demonstrations and harangued San Francisco's Fairmont Hotel where he was staying. Tito canceled several receptions, as well as his West Coast tour. He was defrocked at the Holy Assembly of Bishops in March 1964. In Australia, he initiated the first church-popular assembly in Melbourne on 31 October 1964, where the

masks: Dionisije Dionisije Dionisije


title: Andrew Thomas (American politician)

texts:
<mask> (born 1966) is an American politician, author, and former attorney. He served as the county attorney for Maricopa County in Arizona from 2004 until April 6, 2010. During his term in office, he was known for his anti-illegal immigrant policies. On April 10, 2012, <mask> was disbarred by a disciplinary panel of the Arizona State Supreme Court for his actions as county attorney. Early life
<mask> was born in Long Beach, California in 1966 and spent most of his childhood in Missouri's Ozarks. He received a B.A. in political science from the University of Missouri in 1988 and a J.D.from Harvard University in 1991. Early career
<mask> moved to Arizona to join a law firm in Phoenix, where he practiced civil litigation, and left in 1994 to serve as Assistant Attorney General for Arizona, followed by posts as deputy counsel and criminal justice policy advisor to governor Fife Symington III. <mask> later became chief attorney at the Arizona Department of Corrections. In 2002, <mask> easily won the Republican nomination for Arizona Attorney General, but lost the general election to Terry Goddard, though he managed to make waves with strong stands against crime, abortion and, especially, illegal immigration. <mask> joined the Maricopa County Attorney's Office as a Deputy County Attorney in 2003, then ran successfully for Maricopa County Attorney in 2004, having campaigned for state-based laws and initiatives against illegal immigration, pledging to pursue "fetal homicide" cases, and opposing same-sex marriage. He took office in January 2005, with virtually no prosecutorial experience. Maricopa County Attorney

Elections
<mask> ran for Maricopa County Attorney in 2004 on a platform of seeking tougher sentences for violent criminals and stopping illegal immigration.He posted the phrase "Stop Illegal Immigration" on his campaign road signs. <mask> faced Democrat Don Harris in the general election. <mask> was endorsed by The Arizona Republic newspaper, outgoing Maricopa County

masks:
Andrew Peyton Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Andrew Thomas
Thomas
Thomas


title: Andrew Thomas (American politician)

texts:
 Attorney Rick Romley, then Phoenix mayor Phil Gordon, and former Arizona Attorney General Grant Woods. <mask> won the election easily, with over 58% of the votes cast. In his 2008 re-election bid, <mask> faced Democrat Tim Nelson. <mask> lost many of his 2004 endorsers. The Arizona Republic wrote "<mask> simply has worn his intensely partisan Republican politics too boldly on his sleeve.Nowhere has that partisanship been more in evidence than in his rabid pursuit of the small fry of illegal immigration, the petty hoodlums and the traffic violators." Rick Romley stated "Police chiefs tell me that the Maricopa County attorney's relationships with their police agencies are at an all-time low. And people are fearful that they are being targeted just because of the color of their skin." <mask> still won the election decisively, beating Nelson by an over 7% margin. Policies
As a candidate for Maricopa County Attorney, <mask> campaigned on "tough on crime, tough on illegal immigration" principles, and promised to stop illegal immigration. As Maricopa County Attorney, <mask> also focused on the rights of crime victims, and adopted tough policies on violent crime, child exploitation, identity theft and repeat offenders. During his time in office, he lobbied for and helped pass legislative bills targeting identity theft, human smuggling, control of methamphetamine, crimes against unborn children and victims' rights.Illegal immigration

As Maricopa County Attorney, <mask> kept the issue of illegal immigration at the forefront of Arizona politics. <mask> prosecuted illegal immigrants as co-conspirators in smuggling themselves, under his interpretation of Arizona's 2005 human smuggling law. This practice was initially upheld by Arizona's appeals court in 2008, but was found unconstitutional by the U.S. District Court in Phoenix in 2013, with the current Maricopa County Attorney declining to appeal the ruling. <mask> helped draft and campaigned for Proposition 100, a ballot measure

masks:
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Andrew Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas


title: Andrew Thomas (American politician)

texts:
 aimed at denying bail to people who are in the U.S. illegally and charged with a range of felonies. During the campaign for the ballot measure, <mask> asserted that "[f]ar too many illegal immigrants accused of serious crimes have jumped bail and slipped across the border in order to avoid justice in an Arizona courtroom." Approved in 2006 by nearly 80% of the state's voters, the law was challenged by the ACLU in a 2008 class-action, and ruled unconstitutional by an en banc panel of the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in October, 2014. <mask> was a strong supporter of Arizona's 2007 Legal Arizona Workers Act, a law intended to regulate the presence of illegal immigrants in the state.Sometimes called the "Employer Sanctions Law," it makes it a felony for a person to take the identity of another person, whether real or fictitious, for the purposes of obtaining employment, and provides civil penalties for employers that intentionally or knowingly employ an alien who does not have the legal right or authorization under federal law to work in the United States. After the act was signed into law, <mask> set up a web site that explained the law, and provided a form to report violations. In cooperation with Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio, <mask>' focus of enforcement was on the apprehension of unauthorized workers through workplace raids or through traffic inspections. Few charges were brought against employers. <mask> was also an ardent supporter of Arizona SB 1070, also known as the Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act, that at the time of passage in 2010 was the broadest and strictest anti-illegal immigration measure in recent U.S. history, but which was largely struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2012. Tough on Crime
<mask> helped draft and campaigned for Proposition 301, an Arizona ballot measure which toughened sanctions for abuse of methamphetamines, including amending Arizona law so that a person convicted for the first or second time of

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas


title: Andrew Thomas (American politician)

texts:
 personal possession of methamphetamines could be sentenced to a term in jail or prison, allowing judges to use a jail term as a condition of probation to force methamphetamine users to comply with court mandated drug treatment and rehabilitation. In 2006, Proposition 301 was approved by 58% of Arizona's voters.<mask> put in place a policy in which defendants in most cases were not given the opportunity to negotiate and plea down charges for serious offenses, but rather were required to plead to the most serious charge or face trial on that charge. The list of crimes which were not eligible for plea bargain included second degree murder, manslaughter, aggravated assault with injury or a weapon, sexual assault, arson of an occupied structure, armed robbery, first degree burglary, kidnapping, drive-by shooting, discharging a weapon at an occupied structure, and assault by prisoners with intent to incite riot. In his first two years in office, <mask> nearly doubled the number of times his office sought the death penalty, despite the number of first-degree murder cases remaining more or less the same. In 2007, <mask> sought the death penalty in almost half of potential first-degree murder cases. This policy change contributed to a backlog of capital cases that crippled the county's public defender system. Judge Timothy Ryan, then Maricopa county's assistant presiding criminal judge, stated "We had more death-penalty cases on our plate than any jurisdiction in the nation, [such] that we didn't have enough prosecutors, judges, or qualified defense attorneys to keep things moving along at a rate that anyone could define as satisfactory." Ultimately, all but a few of the 2007 death-penalty cases brought by <mask>' office ended in guilty plea bargains to reduced charges.Community outreach
Under <mask>, the Maricopa County Attorney's Office expanded their community outreach programs by sponsoring informational websites which published DUI offenders' photographs online, provided

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas


title: Andrew Thomas (American politician)

texts:
 news roundups pertaining to regional crime, and discussed illegal immigration issues. Immediately after starting, <mask> made major changes to the county attorney's office staffing. Among his goals was increasing diversity, and two-thirds of the new appointments were women and minorities. He was criticized for demoting two division chiefs: Paul McMurdie from appeals and Cindi Nannetti from sex crimes. Nannetti was named state prosecutor of the year in 2004 and he was particularly criticized for that move. Nannetti was replaced by Rachel Mitchell. Conflict with Maricopa County Board of Supervisors and Superior Court judges

<mask> engaged in a high-profile conflict with the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors, who are responsible for allocating funds to his office.The dispute, in which he was joined by Sheriff Joe Arpaio, resulted in a number of lawsuits, with legal costs to the county for recent disputes exceeding 2.6 million. The conflict also resulted in Arpaio investigating and <mask> obtaining multiple indictments against County Supervisors Don Stapley and Mary Rose Wilcox. <mask> originally obtained indictments on Stapley on December 2, 2008, on 118 felony and misdemeanor counts dealing primarily with financial disclosure irregularities. In an effort to mediate differences with the Board of Supervisors, <mask> transferred the case and criminal investigations to the Yavapai County Attorney's Office. All of the counts in the indictment were subsequently dismissed, as it was found that Stapley had not actually violated any County regulations regarding financial disclosures. <mask> then took the case back from the Yavapai County Attorney's office, and obtained a second indictment against Stapley, on 27 similar felony and misdemeanor counts, on December 8, 2009. The United States Postal Service granted a request by <mask> and Arpaio to track Wilcox's mail.Using this information, Arpaio and Thomas obtained search warrants for other information and raided a company that

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas


title: Andrew Thomas (American politician)

texts:
 had hired Wilcox. <mask> obtained an indictment of Wilcox, charging her with 36 felony counts related to failing to disclose business loans she took out from the business finance arm of an organization which had business before the Board of Supervisors. In February, 2010, Pima County Judge John Leonardo, appointed by a special master of the Arizona Supreme Court to hear the matter, ruled that <mask> had acted unethically, and had prosecuted Wilcox for political gain and retaliation, despite conflicts of interest that should have precluded his office from prosecuting. In January, 2011, After a ten-month review, Gila County Attorney Daisy Flores concluded there was insufficient evidence to pursue a criminal case against Wilcox. Wilcox sued the county and was awarded a settlement of nearly 1 million in 2011. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the ruling. Related to the Wilcox indictment, and a subsequent attempt by the MCSO to intimidate her attorney, The Arizona Republic editorialized that <mask> and Arpaio were misusing their powers to "intimidate and harass their political enemies."In March, 2009, Maricopa Superior Court Criminal Presiding Judge Gary Donahoe ruled that a conflict of interest between <mask> and the county Board of Supervisors over the investigation of a planned court tower created the "appearance of evil" for <mask>. <mask> has made many statements, both publicly and in legal filings, that judges in Maricopa County Superior Court are biased against him. On December 1, 2009, Thomas and Arpaio announced that they "filed a federal racketeering lawsuit against the Maricopa Board of Supervisors, leading Superior Court judges [including Judge Gary Donahoe], and a private law firm shared by the Board and Court, alleging the defendants have conspired illegally to block criminal investigations and prosecutions of themselves, particularly those related to the new 341 million Superior Court Tower and Supervisor Donald Stapley Jr."

On December 9, 2009, <mask>


title: Andrew Thomas (American politician)

texts:
 held a press conference to announce that he had filed criminal charges against Judge Donahoe on three felony counts: bribery, obstructing a criminal investigation, and hindering prosecution. <mask> presented no evidence of actual wrongdoing on Donahoe's part, other than several rulings with which he disagreed. <mask> filed the charges without first seeking a grand jury indictment. Subsequent to the filing of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) suit and filing of charges against Donahoe, a number of defense attorneys filed motions in Maricopa Superior Court to disqualify the Maricopa County Attorney's office from prosecuting cases. Those motions later became moot, after the RICO suit and criminal charges against Donahoe were dropped by <mask>.(See below.) On December 23, 2009, the Arizona Supreme Court appointed former Arizona Supreme Court Chief Justice Ruth McGregor as Special Master to administer all matters arising from the controversy. In February, 2010, Pima County Superior Court Judge John S. Leonardo ruled that:

[T]he County Attorney [<mask>] has the following conflicts of interest between his duty to impartially exercise his prosecutorial discretion; and

Subsequent to this ruling, which dismissed an indictment against Maricopa Supervisor Mary Rose Wilcox, <mask> announced that he was dismissing an indictment against Maricopa Supervisor Don Stapley, dismissing the federal RICO suit, and dropping the charges against Donahoe. In August, 2010, a Greenlee County judge ordered grand jury transcripts released that showed <mask>, in January, 2010, had tried to indict several members of the Maricopa Board of Supervisors, as well as the Maricopa County Mangager, his assistant, an attorney working for the Board of Supervisors, and Donahoe. Based on the ruling by Judge Leonardo, <mask>, through his assistant, requested that the grand jury return the case to his office, to be forwarded to a special prosecutor. Instead, the grand jury took the rare


title: Andrew Thomas (American politician)

texts:
 action of ordering the inquiry ended. One of <mask>' own prosecutors had explained to the jury during orientation that to "end the inquiry" meant "the case is so bad, there's no further evidence that could be brought to you folks."Rather than ending the inquiry, as ordered by the grand jury, <mask> held a press conference to announce that he had worked with Arpaio, and Arpaio's attorney, to refer the matter to the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) Public Integrity Section. The DOJ responded that they did not intend to review the file. Further, the acting chief of the section responded "In these circumstances, I was dismayed to learn that your mere referral of information to the Public Integrity Section was cited and relied upon in a pleading in federal court [the now-ended Arpaio/Thomas civil RICO lawsuit] and then used as a platform for a press conference." Phoenix New Times reporter Ray Stern noted that, despite multiple press conferences and a complete set of grand jury transcripts, there is no record of <mask> having presented any evidence of bribery by Donahoe. On May 21, 2010, Donahoe filed a notice of claim, a precursor to filing suit against Maricopa County, alleging abuse of power by <mask> and Arpaio, and demanding 4.75 million to settle his claims. In August 2012, the DOJ announced it was ending its investigation of Arpaio and <mask> and that no indictments would be issued, stating that they "do not believe the allegations presented to us are prosecutable as crimes." As of June, 2014, costs to Maricopa County taxpayers related to Arpaio's and <mask>' failed corruption investigations exceeded 44 million, not including county officials' investigation into the MCSO's budgeting.State Bar of Arizona investigations
In 2008, the State Bar of Arizona launched an investigation of <mask>. In response, <mask> filed a Petition for Special Action with the Arizona Supreme Court in an effort to halt the investigation. The Arizona State Bar filed a response noting that

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas


title: Andrew Thomas (American politician)

texts: "a lawyer who happens to be an elected public officer... cannot simply opt out of the lawyer-regulatory system claiming the privilege of his elected office." <mask>' private attorneys filed a reply on July 2, 2008.  . <mask> also posted a call to reform the State Bar of Arizona on the Maricopa County Attorney web site. On August 15, 2008, the Arizona Supreme Court denied his Petition for Special Action and ruled that the State Bar of Arizona could proceed with the ethics investigations against <mask>. The State Bar of Arizona dismissed those complaints in March, 2009. In March, 2010, the Chief Justice of the Arizona Supreme Court, at the request of the State Bar of Arizona, appointed a special investigator to look into accusations of misconduct against <mask>, after a Pima County judge ruled that he acted unethically in investigating county supervisors for political gain.<mask> said that the State Bar of Arizona investigation into his ethical conduct was stacked against him and orchestrated to damage his campaign for state attorney general. Officials involved in the investigation dismissed <mask>' allegations as baseless. <mask> filed a petition with the Arizona Supreme Court in an attempt to end investigations into his ethical conduct. The court refused to end the investigation. On December 6, 2010, the report from the Arizona Supreme Court was released, and with the recommendation that <mask> be disbarred. The report alleges 32 ethics rules violations by <mask>, involving conflicts of interest, dishonesty, misrepresentation, filing a frivolous suit, and filing charges against county officials solely to embarrass or burden them. The report also alleges that <mask> engaged in criminal conduct and "conspired... with others to injure, oppress, threaten or intimidate Judge (Gary) Donahoe" by filing a criminal complaint against him.The investigative report was provided to a judge appointed by the Arizona Supreme Court, who made the decision to move forward with disciplinary

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas


title: Andrew Thomas (American politician)

texts:
 recommendations against <mask>. The State Bar of Arizona's probable cause orders, signed by Judge Charles E. Jones, state that "Ethical violations by respondent, as described by Independent Bar Counsel, are far-reaching and numerous. Evidence thus far adduced portrays a reckless, four-year campaign of corruption and power abuse by respondent as a public official, undertaken at enormous and mostly wasteful cost to the taxpayers... Motivation for much of the alleged impropriety appears retaliatory, intended to do personal harm to the reputations of judges, county supervisors and other county officials... Actions by respondent appear intent on intimidation, focused on political gain, and appear fully disconnected from professional and prosecutorial standards long associated with the administration of justice ..."  Judge Jones added a 33rd ethical violation in the probable cause orders: that <mask> failed to submit substantive responses to the investigator. 2010 candidacy for Arizona Attorney General
On April 1, 2010, <mask> announced  his resignation as Maricopa County Attorney, effective April 6, 2010, as required by Arizona law in order to run for the office of Arizona Attorney General. Rick Romley, was appointed interim Maricopa County Attorney by the Maricopa Board of Supervisors.Bill Montgomery thereafter won a 2010 special election, and took office as Maricopa County Attorney in November, 2010. After a divisive campaign leading up to the August 2010 Republican primary election for Arizona Attorney General, in which he was endorsed and supported by Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio, <mask> lost by 899 out of 552,623 total votes to Tom Horne, who went on to win the general election. Disbarment
In April, 2012, a three-member panel appointed by the Arizona Supreme Court voted unanimously to disbar <mask>. The panel issued an extensive 247-page opinion discussing the decision. According to the panel, <mask> "outrageously exploited power, flagrantly fostered fear, and


title: Andrew Thomas (American politician)

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 disgracefully misused the law" while serving as Maricopa County Attorney. The panel found "clear and convincing evidence" that <mask> and his deputy brought unfounded and malicious criminal and civil charges against political opponents, including four state judges and the state attorney general. "Were this a criminal case," the panel concluded, "we are confident that the evidence would establish this conspiracy beyond a reasonable doubt."<mask> has denied wrongdoing, calling the bar investigation a "political witch hunt." While he had the opportunity to appeal his disbarment, he chose not to. Disciplinary proceedings related to <mask> cost the State Bar of Arizona 616,571, of which <mask>, with his co-defendants, agreed on a restitution repayment amount of 101,294. Under rules set forth by the State Bar of Arizona, <mask> is eligible for reinstatement, five years after the effective date of disbarment. <mask> was disbarred effective May 10, 2012, meaning he is eligible for reinstatement on May 10, 2017. Reinstatement is not automatic for disbarred lawyers in Arizona. 2014 campaign for Arizona Governor

In May, 2014, <mask> filed nominating petitions to be placed on the Republican ballot as a candidate for Arizona Governor in the August 26, 2014 primary election.In June, 2014, <mask> qualified for 754,000 in public election funding through the Arizona Clean Elections Commission, by showing that he had received 4500 contributions of at least 5 each from Arizona voters. <mask> received 8.1% of the Republican primary votes, losing to Doug Ducey in a six-way election that shattered Arizona spending records. Personal life
<mask> is married to Ann Estrada <mask>, with whom he has four children. Books

  With Reggie White. References

External links

 Maricopa County Attorney's Office

1966 births
Arizona lawyers
Arizona Republicans
Disbarred American lawyers
District attorneys in Arizona
Harvard Law School alumni
Living people
University of Missouri alumni
Arizona politicians

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title: Plato

texts: <mask> ( ;  ; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a Greek philosopher born in Athens during the Classical period in Ancient Greece, founder of the Platonist school of thought and the Academy, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is widely considered a pivotal figure in the history of Ancient Greek and Western philosophy, along with his teacher, Socrates, and his most famous student, Aristotle. <mask> has also often been cited as one of the founders of Western religion and spirituality. The so-called neoplatonism of philosophers such as Plotinus and Porphyry greatly influenced Christianity through Church Fathers such as Augustine. Alfred North Whitehead once noted: "the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to <mask>." <mask> was an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms in philosophy. <mask> is also considered the founder of Western political philosophy.His most famous contribution is the theory of Forms known by pure reason, in which <mask> presents a solution to the problem of universals known as Platonism (also ambiguously called either Platonic realism or Platonic idealism). He is also the namesake of Platonic love and the Platonic solids. His own most decisive philosophical influences are usually thought to have been, along with Socrates, the pre-Socratics Pythagoras, Heraclitus and Parmenides, although few of his predecessors' works remain extant and much of what we know about these figures today derives from <mask> himself. Unlike the work of nearly all of his contemporaries,

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 <mask>'s entire body of work is believed to have survived intact for over 2,400 years. Although their popularity has fluctuated, <mask>'s works have consistently been read and studied. Biography

Early life

Birth and family

Due to a lack of surviving accounts, little is known about <mask>'s early life and education. <mask> belonged to an aristocratic and influential family.According to a disputed tradition, reported by doxographer Diogenes Laërtius, <mask>'s father Ariston traced his descent from the king of Athens, Codrus, and the king of Messenia, Melanthus. According to the ancient Hellenic tradition, Codrus was said to have been descended from the mythological deity Poseidon. <mask>'s mother was Perictione, whose family boasted of a relationship with the famous Athenian lawmaker and lyric poet Solon, one of the seven sages, who repealed the laws of Draco (except for the death penalty for homicide). Perictione was sister of Charmides and niece of Critias, both prominent figures of the Thirty Tyrants, known as the Thirty, the brief oligarchic regime (404–403 BC), which followed on the collapse of Athens at the end of the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC). According to some accounts, Ariston tried to force his attentions on Perictione, but failed in his purpose; then the god Apollo appeared to him in a vision, and as a result, Ariston left Perictione unmolested. The exact time and place of <mask>'s birth are unknown. Based on ancient sources, most modern scholars believe that he was born in Athens or Aegina between 429 and 423 BC, not long after the start of the Peloponnesian War.The traditional date of


title: Plato

texts: <mask>'s birth during the 87th or 88th Olympiad, 428 or 427 BC, is based on a dubious interpretation of Diogenes Laërtius, who says, "When [Socrates] was gone, [<mask>] joined Cratylus the Heracleitean and Hermogenes, who philosophized in the manner of Parmenides. Then, at twenty-eight, Hermodorus says, [<mask>] went to Euclides in Megara." However, as Debra Nails argues, the text does not state that <mask> left for Megara immediately after joining Cratylus and Hermogenes. In his Seventh Letter, <mask> notes that his coming of age coincided with the taking of power by the Thirty, remarking, "But a youth under the age of twenty made himself a laughingstock if he attempted to enter the political arena." Thus, Nails dates <mask>'s birth to 424/423. According to Neanthes, <mask> was six years younger than Isocrates, and therefore was born the same year the prominent Athenian statesman Pericles died (429 BC). Jonathan Barnes regards 428 BC as the year of <mask>'s birth.The grammarian Apollodorus of Athens in his Chronicles argues that <mask> was born in the 88th Olympiad. Both the Suda and Sir Thomas Browne also claimed he was born during the 88th Olympiad. Another legend related that, when <mask> was an infant, bees settled on his lips while he was sleeping: an augury of the sweetness of style in which he would discourse about philosophy. Besides <mask> himself, Ariston and Perictione had three other children; two sons, Adeimantus and Glaucon, and a daughter Potone, the mother of Speusippus (the nephew and successor of <mask> as head of the ). The brothers Adeimantus and Glaucon are mentioned in the Republic as

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 sons of Ariston, and presumably brothers of <mask>, though some have argued they were uncles. In a scenario in the Memorabilia, Xenophon confused the issue by presenting a Glaucon much younger than <mask>. Ariston appears to have died in <mask>'s childhood, although the precise dating of his death is difficult.Perictione then married Pyrilampes, her mother's brother, who had served many times as an ambassador to the Persian court and was a friend of Pericles, the leader of the democratic faction in Athens. Pyrilampes had a son from a previous marriage, Demus, who was famous for his beauty. Perictione gave birth to Pyrilampes' second son, Antiphon, the half-brother of <mask>, who appears in Parmenides. In contrast to his reticence about himself, <mask> often introduced his distinguished relatives into his dialogues or referred to them with some precision. In addition to Adeimantus and Glaucon in the Republic, Charmides has a dialogue named after him; and Critias speaks in both Charmides and Protagoras. These and other references suggest a considerable amount of family pride and enable us to reconstruct <mask>'s family tree. According to Burnet, "the opening scene of the Charmides is a glorification of the whole [family] connection ... <mask>'s dialogues are not only a memorial to Socrates but also the happier days of his own family."Name
The fact that the philosopher in his maturity called himself <mask>n is indisputable, but the origin of this name remains mysterious. <mask>n is a nickname from the adjective platýs () 'broad'. Although <mask>n was a fairly common name (31 instances are known from Athens

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 alone), the name does not occur in <mask>'s known family line. The sources of Diogenes Laërtius account for this by claiming that his wrestling coach, Ariston of Argos, dubbed him "broad" on account of his chest and shoulders, or that <mask> derived his name from the breadth of his eloquence, or his wide forehead. While recalling a moral lesson about frugal living Seneca mentions the meaning of <mask>'s name: "His very name was given him because of his broad chest." His true name was supposedly Aristocles (), meaning 'best reputation'. According to Diogenes Laërtius, he was named after his grandfather, as was common in Athenian society.But there is only one inscription of an Aristocles, an early archon of Athens in 605/4 BC. There is no record of a line from Aristocles to <mask>'s father, Ariston. Recently a scholar has argued that even the name Aristocles for <mask> was a much later invention. However, another scholar claims that "there is good reason for not dismissing [the idea that Aristocles was <mask>'s given name] as a mere invention of his biographers", noting how prevalent that account is in our sources. Education
Ancient sources describe him as a bright though modest boy who excelled in his studies. Apuleius informs us that Speusippus praised <mask>'s quickness of mind and modesty as a boy, and the "first fruits of his youth infused with hard work and love of study". His father contributed all which was necessary to give to his son a good education, and, therefore, <mask> must have been instructed in grammar, music, and gymnastics by the most distinguished teachers of his time.<mask> invokes

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 Damon many times in the Republic. <mask> was a wrestler, and Dicaearchus went so far as to say that <mask> wrestled at the Isthmian games. <mask> had also attended courses of philosophy; before meeting Socrates, he first became acquainted with Cratylus and the Heraclitean doctrines. Ambrose believed that <mask> met Jeremiah in Egypt and was influenced by his ideas. Augustine initially accepted this claim, but later rejected it, arguing in The City of God that "<mask> was born a hundred years after Jeremiah prophesied." Later life and death
<mask> may have travelled in Italy, Sicily, Egypt, and Cyrene. <mask>'s own statement was that he visited Italy and Sicily at the age of forty and was disgusted by the sensuality of life there.Said to have returned to Athens at the age of forty, <mask> founded one of the earliest known organized schools in Western Civilization on a plot of land in the Grove of Hecademus or Academus. This land was named after Academus, an Attic hero in Greek mythology. In historic Greek times it was adorned with oriental plane and olive plantations

The Academy was a large enclosure of ground about six stadia (a total of between a kilometer and a half mile) outside of Athens proper. One story is that the name of the  comes from the ancient hero, Academus; still another story is that the name came from a supposed former owner of the plot of land, an Athenian citizen whose name was (also) Academus; while yet another account is that it was named after a member of the army of Castor and Pollux, an Arcadian named Echedemus. The  operated until it was destroyed by Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 84

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texts: BC. Many intellectuals were schooled in the , the most prominent one being Aristotle. Throughout his later life, <mask> became entangled with the politics of the city of Syracuse.According to Diogenes Laërtius, <mask> initially visited Syracuse while it was under the rule of Dionysius. During this first trip Dionysius's brother-in-law, Dion of Syracuse, became one of <mask>'s disciples, but the tyrant himself turned against <mask>. <mask> almost faced death, but he was sold into slavery. Anniceris, a Cyrenaic philosopher, subsequently bought <mask>'s freedom for twenty minas, and sent him home. After Dionysius's death, according to <mask>'s Seventh Letter, Dion requested <mask> return to Syracuse to tutor Dionysius II and guide him to become a philosopher king. Dionysius II seemed to accept <mask>'s teachings, but he became suspicious of Dion, his uncle. Dionysius expelled Dion and kept <mask> against his will.Eventually <mask> left Syracuse. Dion would return to overthrow Dionysius and ruled Syracuse for a short time before being usurped by Calippus, a fellow disciple of <mask>. According to Seneca, <mask> died at the age of 81 on the same day he was born. The Suda indicates that he lived to 82 years, while Neanthes claims an age of 84. A variety of sources have given accounts of his death. One story, based on a mutilated manuscript, suggests <mask> died in his bed, whilst a young Thracian girl played the flute to him. Another tradition suggests <mask> died at a wedding feast.The account is based on Diogenes Laërtius's reference to an account by Hermippus, a third-century Alexandrian. According to

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 Tertullian, <mask> simply died in his sleep. <mask> owned an estate at Iphistiadae, which by will he left to a certain youth named Adeimantus, presumably a younger relative, as <mask> had an elder brother or uncle by this name. Influences

Pythagoras

Although Socrates influenced <mask> directly as related in the dialogues, the influence of Pythagoras upon <mask>, or in a broader sense, the Pythagoreans, such as Archytas also appears to have been significant. Aristotle claimed that the philosophy of <mask> closely followed the teachings of the Pythagoreans, and Cicero repeats this claim: "They say <mask> learned all things Pythagorean." It is probable that both were influenced by Orphism, and both believed in metempsychosis, transmigration of the soul. Pythagoras held that all things are number, and the cosmos comes from numerical principles.He introduced the concept of form as distinct from matter, and that the physical world is an imitation of an eternal mathematical world. These ideas were very influential on Heraclitus, Parmenides and <mask>. George Karamanolis notes thatNumenius accepted both Pythagoras and <mask> as the two authorities one should follow in philosophy, but he regarded <mask>'s authority as subordinate to that of Pythagoras, whom he considered to be the source of all true philosophy—including <mask>'s own. For Numenius it is just that <mask> wrote so many philosophical works, whereas Pythagoras' views were originally passed on only orally. According to R. M. Hare, this influence consists of three points:
The platonic Republic might be related to the idea of "a tightly organized


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 community of like-minded thinkers", like the one established by Pythagoras in Croton. The idea that mathematics and, generally speaking, abstract thinking is a secure basis for philosophical thinking as well as "for substantial theses in science and morals". They shared a "mystical approach to the soul and its place in the material world".<mask> and mathematics
<mask> may have studied under the mathematician Theodorus of Cyrene, and has a dialogue named for and whose central character is the mathematician Theaetetus. While not a mathematician, <mask> was considered an accomplished teacher of mathematics. Eudoxus of Cnidus, the greatest mathematician in Classical Greece, who contributed much of what is found in Euclid's Elements, was taught by Archytas and <mask>. <mask> helped to distinguish between pure and applied mathematics by widening the gap between "arithmetic", now called number theory and "logistic", now called arithmetic. In the dialogue Timaeus <mask>litus and Parmenides
The two philosophers Heraclitus and Parmenides, following the way initiated by pre-Socratic Greek philosophers such as Pythagoras, depart from mythology and begin the metaphysical tradition that strongly influenced <mask> and continues today.The surviving fragments written by Heraclitus suggest the view that all things are continuously changing, or becoming. His image of the river, with ever-changing waters, is well known. According to some ancient traditions such as that of Diogenes Laërtius, <mask> received these ideas through Heraclitus' disciple Cratylus, who held the more radical view that continuous change warrants

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title: Plato

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 scepticism because we cannot define a thing that does not have a permanent nature. Parmenides adopted an altogether contrary vision, arguing for the idea of changeless Being and the view that change is an illusion. John Palmer notes "Parmenides' distinction among the principal modes of being and his derivation of the attributes that must belong to what must be, simply as such, qualify him to be seen as the founder of metaphysics or ontology as a domain of inquiry distinct from theology." These ideas about change and permanence, or becoming and Being, influenced <mask> in formulating his theory of Forms. <mask>'s most self-critical dialogue is the Parmenides, which features Parmenides and his student Zeno, who, following Parmenides' denial of change, argued forcefully through his paradoxes to deny the existence of motion.<mask>'s Sophist dialogue includes an Eleatic stranger, a follower of Parmenides, as a foil for his arguments against Parmenides. In the dialogue, <mask> distinguishes nouns and verbs, providing some of the earliest treatment of subject and predicate. He also argues that motion and rest both "are", against followers of Parmenides who say rest is but motion is not. Socrates

Plato was one of the devoted young followers of Socrates. The precise relationship between <mask> and Socrates remains an area of contention among scholars. <mask> never speaks in his own voice in his dialogues, and speaks as Socrates in all but the Laws. In the Second Letter, it says, "no writing of <mask> exists or ever will exist, but those now said to be his are those of a Socrates become beautiful and new"; if the


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 Letter is <mask>'s, the final qualification seems to call into question the dialogues' historical fidelity.In any case, Xenophon's Memorabilia and Aristophanes's The Clouds seem to present a somewhat different portrait of Socrates from the one <mask> paints. The Socratic problem asks how to reconcile these various accounts. Leo Strauss notes that Socrates' reputation for irony casts doubt on whether <mask>'s Socrates is expressing sincere beliefs. Aristotle attributes a different doctrine with respect to Forms to <mask> and Socrates. Aristotle suggests that Socrates' idea of forms can be discovered through investigation of the natural world, unlike <mask>'s Forms that exist beyond and outside the ordinary range of human understanding. In the dialogues of <mask> though, Socrates sometimes seems to support a mystical side, discussing reincarnation and the mystery religions, this is generally attributed to <mask>. Regardless, this view of Socrates cannot be dismissed out of hand, as we cannot be sure of the differences between the views of <mask> and Socrates.In the Meno <mask> refers to the Eleusinian Mysteries, telling Meno he would understand Socrates's answers better if he could stay for the initiations next week. It is possible that <mask> and Socrates took part in the Eleusinian Mysteries. Philosophy

Metaphysics
In <mask>'s dialogues, Socrates and his company of disputants had something to say on many subjects, including several aspects of metaphysics. These include religion and science,  human nature, love, and sexuality. More than one dialogue contrasts perception and reality, nature and custom, and

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title: Plato

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 body and soul. Francis Cornford referred to the "twin pillars of Platonism" as being the theory of Forms on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the doctrine of immortality of the soul. The Forms

"Platonism" and its theory of Forms (or theory of Ideas) denies the reality of the material world, considering it only an image or copy of the real world.The theory of Forms is first introduced in the Phaedo dialogue (also known as On the Soul), wherein Socrates refutes the pluralism of the likes of Anaxagoras, then the most popular response to Heraclitus and Parmenides, while giving the "Opposites Argument" in support of the Forms. According to this theory of Forms, there are at least two worlds: the apparent world of concrete objects, grasped by the senses, which constantly changes, and an unchanging and unseen world of Forms or abstract objects, grasped by pure reason (), which ground what is apparent. It can also be said there are three worlds, with the apparent world consisting of both the world of material objects and of mental images, with the "third realm" consisting of the Forms. Thus, though there is the term "Platonic idealism", this refers to Platonic Ideas or the Forms, and not to some platonic kind of idealism, an 18th-century view which sees matter as unreal in favour of mind. For <mask>, though grasped by the mind, only the Forms are truly real. <mask>'s Forms thus represent types of things, as well as properties, patterns, and relations, to which we refer as objects. Just as individual tables, chairs, and cars refer to objects in this world, 'tableness', 'chairness', and 'carness', as well as e.

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 g. justice, truth, and beauty refer to objects in another world.One of <mask>'s most cited examples for the Forms were the truths of geometry, such as the Pythagorean theorem. In other words, the Forms are universals given as a solution to the problem of universals, or the problem of "the One and the Many", e. g. how one predicate "red" can apply to many red objects. For <mask>, this is because there is one abstract object or Form of red, redness itself, in which the several red things "participate". As <mask>'s solution is that universals are Forms and that Forms are real if anything is, <mask>'s philosophy is unambiguously called Platonic realism. According to Aristotle, <mask>'s best-known argument in support of the Forms was the "one over many" argument. Aside from being immutable, timeless, changeless, and one over many, the Forms also provide definitions and the standard against which all instances are measured. In the dialogues Socrates regularly asks for the meaning – in the sense of intensional definitions – of a general term (e. g. justice, truth, beauty), and criticizes those who instead give him particular, extensional examples, rather than the quality shared by all examples.There is thus a world of perfect, eternal, and changeless meanings of predicates, the Forms, existing in the realm of Being outside of space and time; and the imperfect sensible world of becoming, subjects somehow in a state between being and nothing, that partakes of the qualities of the Forms, and is its instantiation. The soul

For <mask>, as was characteristic of ancient Greek philosophy, the soul was that which gave

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 life. See this brief exchange from the Phaedo: "What is it that, when present in a body, makes it living? — A soul." <mask> advocates a belief in the immortality of the soul, and several dialogues end with long speeches imagining the afterlife. In the Timaeus, Socrates locates the parts of the soul within the human body: Reason is located in the head, spirit in the top third of the torso, and the appetite in the middle third of the torso, down to the navel. Epistemology
<mask> also discusses several aspects of epistemology.More than one dialogue contrasts knowledge (episteme) and opinion (doxa). <mask>'s epistemology involves Socrates (and other characters, such as Timaeus) arguing that knowledge is not empirical, and that it comes from divine insight. The Forms are also responsible for both knowledge or certainty, and are grasped by pure reason. In several dialogues, Socrates inverts the common man's intuition about what is knowable and what is real. Reality is unavailable to those who use their senses. Socrates says that he who sees with his eyes is blind. While most people take the objects of their senses to be real if anything is, Socrates is contemptuous of people who think that something has to be graspable in the hands to be real.In the Theaetetus, he says such people are eu amousoi (εὖ ἄμουσοι), an expression that means literally, "happily without the muses". In other words, such people are willingly ignorant, living without divine inspiration and access to higher insights about reality. In <mask>'s dialogues, Socrates always insists on his ignorance and humility, that he knows nothing, so-called

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 "Socratic irony." Several dialogues refute a series of viewpoints, but offer no positive position, thus ending in aporia. Recollection
In several of <mask>'s dialogues, Socrates promulgates the idea that knowledge is a matter of recollection of the state before one is born, and not of observation or study. Keeping with the theme of admitting his own ignorance, Socrates regularly complains of his forgetfulness. In the Meno, Socrates uses a geometrical example to expound <mask>'s view that knowledge in this latter sense is acquired by recollection.Socrates elicits a fact concerning a geometrical construction from a slave boy, who could not have otherwise known the fact (due to the slave boy's lack of education). The knowledge must be present, Socrates concludes, in an eternal, non-experiential form. In other dialogues, the Sophist, Statesman, Republic, and the Parmenides, <mask> himself associates knowledge with the apprehension of unchanging Forms and their relationships to one another (which he calls "expertise" in Dialectic), including through the processes of collection and division. More explicitly, <mask> himself argues in the Timaeus that knowledge is always proportionate to the realm from which it is gained. In other words, if one derives one's account of something experientially, because the world of sense is in flux, the views therein attained will be mere opinions. And opinions are characterized by a lack of necessity and stability. On the other hand, if one derives one's account of something by way of the non-sensible forms, because these forms are unchanging, so too is the account derived from


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 them.That apprehension of forms is required for knowledge may be taken to cohere with <mask>'s theory in the Theaetetus and Meno. Indeed, the apprehension of Forms may be at the base of the "account" required for justification, in that it offers foundational knowledge which itself needs no account, thereby avoiding an infinite regression. Justified true belief

Many have interpreted <mask> as stating — even having been the first to write — that knowledge is justified true belief, an influential view that informed future developments in epistemology. This interpretation is partly based on a reading of the Theaetetus wherein <mask> argues that knowledge is distinguished from mere true belief by the knower having an "account" of the object of their true belief. And this theory may again be seen in the Meno, where it is suggested that true belief can be raised to the level of knowledge if it is bound with an account as to the question of "why" the object of the true belief is so. Many years later, Edmund Gettier famously demonstrated the problems of the justified true belief account of knowledge. That the modern theory of justified true belief as knowledge, which Gettier addresses, is equivalent to <mask>'s is accepted by some scholars but rejected by others.<mask> himself also identified problems with the justified true belief definition in the Theaetetus, concluding that justification (or an "account") would require knowledge of difference, meaning that the definition of knowledge is circular. Ethics
Several dialogues discuss ethics including virtue and vice, pleasure and pain, crime and punishment, and

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