title: J. R. Celski

texts:
 finish first with a Junior World record time of 4:06.032.2009 World Championships

In the 1500 m, <mask> placed third with a time of 2:14.974. In the 1000 m, <mask> placed third with a time of 1:26.348. In his third event, the 3000 m, <mask> won with a time of 4:48.444. <mask> finished second overall with 65 points. <mask> then combined with <mask>, <mask>, and Apolo Ohno in the 5000 m relay to finish first with a time of 6:51.400. 2010 Winter Olympics

Trials

The U.S. Short Track Speed Skating Olympic Trials were held September 8–12, 2009 in Marquette, Michigan. <mask> finished second overall and was leading in points after the first two nights of the trials, but was injured during a crash in the semifinals of the 500 m race where his right skate sliced into his left leg; he did not skate in the second 1000 m races.His injury required emergency surgery, 60 stitches, and five months of rehabilitation with the help of Eric Heiden. Celski was unsure if he would ever compete again. During the 1000 m time trial, <mask> won with a personal best of 1:23.981. <mask>, along with Ohno, <mask>, <mask> and Simon Cho were the top five finishers at the trials. Afterwards, Ohno said about the nominated team: "This is the strongest team we've ever had. I feel really good about how we will do in the next Olympics". Games

At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, <mask> won a pair of bronze medals.One in the 1500 m and another in the 5000 m relay. In the 1500 m final, <mask> won the bronze medal after 2006 silver medalist Lee Ho-Suk crashed into fellow Korean skater Sung Si-Bak during the final turn of the last lap. <mask> was in fifth place leading into the crash and as a result moved into third place. Apolo Ohno moved into second place. <mask> was disqualified in the 1000 m semifinals. The 5000 m relay team for the United States finished with the bronze

masks:
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Ryan Bedford
Jordan Malone
Celski
Celski
Celski
Jordan Malone
Travis Jayner
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski


title: J. R. Celski

type: original

texts:
 medal. The team, consisting of Apolo Ohno, Simon Cho, <mask>, <mask> and <mask>, was in the fourth position for the majority of the race.With a strong push from <mask> with two laps to go, Ohno as the anchor leg was able to pass the Chinese team for third place; Canada won the gold and South Korea took silver. 2010 World Championships

<mask> advanced to finals of the 1500 m after winning 1st place in the heats, quarterfinals, and semifinals. In the final, <mask> finished in 4th place, in front of teammate <mask>, who came in 6th. The next day, <mask> competed in the 500 m. During the semifinals, <mask> attempted a pass from fourth to third place, but during his pass, François-Louis Tremblay of Canada, in second place at the time, fell, tripping Celski on his way down. <mask> finished the race in 3rd, but was then disqualified, while Tremblay advanced. In the 1000 m, Celski finished third behind Lee Ho-Suk and Kwak Yoon-Gy with a time of 1:27.515. In the 3000 m, Celski again placed third behind Lee Ho-Suk and Kwak Yoon-Gy.<mask> finished fourth overall with 39 points. <mask> then combined with <mask>, <mask>, and Simon Cho in the 5000 m relay to finish second behind South Korea with a time of 6:46.205. 2014 Winter Olympics
At the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, <mask> competed and placed 4th in the Men's 1500m, 6th in the 500m, and 13th in the 1000m. <mask> earned a silver medal in the short track men's 5000m relay. 2018 Winter Olympics
At the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, <mask> competed in the 1500m, 1000m, and the men's 5000m relay. Media appearances
On February 9, 2010, <mask> appeared on the TV show The Biggest Loser where he introduced a pop challenge to the contestants of the show. During the segment, Celski offered words of encouragement, and showed the contestants how to use a slide board.On February 5, 2014,

masks:
Travis Jayner
Jordan Malone
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Travis Jayner
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Jordan Malone
Travis Jayner
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski


title: J. R. Celski

texts:
 <mask> was featured in a one-hour special on NBC television titled How to Raise an Olympian. The program, hosted by Meredith Vieira, chronicles the journeys of seven U.S. Olympians and features interviews from parents and coaches along with home video and photos from each athlete's childhood. The event was broadcast on television with live social media components to further each segment. Personal life
<mask> was born in Monterey, California, where his father was serving in the U.S. Army. He was raised in Federal Way, Washington. His father, <mask>, is of Polish descent and his mother, Sue, is of Filipino descent. <mask> has two older brothers, Chris and David; David serves as a major in the United States Army, and Chris is a salesperson at Nordstrom.<mask> attended Lakewood High School in Lakewood, California, as well as Todd Beamer High School in Federal Way, Washington, graduating from Lakewood with high honors in the Merit Scholars Program. Before switching to speed skating after seeing the 2002 Winter Olympics, <mask> was a national champion in-line skater. He missed the minimum age requirement for the 2006 Winter Olympics by 17 days. In September 2021, he was inducted into the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame in Troy, Michigan. References

External links

 ISU profile

1990 births
Living people
American male short track speed skaters
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in short track speed skating
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in short track speed skating
Short track speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Short track speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Short track speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
American people of Polish descent
American sportspeople of Filipino descent
People from Federal Way,

masks: Celski Celski Robert Celski Celski Celski


title: Papa Wemba

texts:
<mask> (14 June 1949 – 24 April 2016), known professionally as <mask>, was a Congolese singer and musician who played Congolese rumba, soukous, and ndombolo. Dubbed the "King of Rumba Rock", he was one of the most popular musicians of his time in Africa and played an important role in world music. He was also a fashion icon who popularized the Sape look and style through his musical group Viva la Musica, with whom he performed on stages throughout the world. Musical history
<mask>'s road to fame and prominence began when he joined the music group Zaiko Langa Langa in the late 1960s. This was followed by his success as a founding member both of Isifi Lokole and then Yoka Lokole, along with a short stint as a member of Afrisa International for a few months. During these early stages of his career, he was establishing a style that included traditional Congolese rumba and soukous, infused with traditional African sounds, Caribbean rhythms, rock and soul. But <mask> gained international success and status with his band Viva La Musica, especially after he took them to Paris, France in the early 1980s.It was there that <mask> was able to achieve more of an "eclectic sound" in his work, influenced by western popular music that reflected a European flavor and style, referred to as "Europop." <mask> spoke about this transition in his music during a 2004 interview:

Zaiko Langa Langa
Papa Wemba was one of the first musicians to join the influential rock-rumba band Zaiko Langa Langa (ZLL) after it was created in December 1969 in Kinshasa, by many well-known Congolese musicians including Nyoka Longo Jossart and Bimi Ombale, among others. He remained with the group for four years. <mask> (then known as Jules Presley Shungu <mask>dio) helped

masks:
Jules Shungu Wembadio Pene Kikumba
Papa Wemba
Papa Wemba
Wemba
Wemba
Wemba
Papa Wemba
Wemba


title: Papa Wemba

texts:
 contribute to the success of Zaiko Langa Langa so that, by 1973, it was one of the more successful Congolese groups. By that time, ZLL's shows and performances featured a string of their popular hits, some of them written by Wemba. The latter included "Pauline", "C'est La Vérité", "Chouchouna", and "Liwa Ya Somo". Zaiko Langa Langa had gained a strong and popular following even in a Congolese musical world that, in those days, was already dominated by various musical acts including Franco Luambo and his band TPOK Jazz, or Tabu Ley Rochereau's various ensembles.ZLL was also vying for an audience with other (at the time) new musical acts such as Bella-Bella and Empire Bakuba. Isifi Lokole
In December 1974, at the pinnacle of their fame (and just a month after the Rumble in the Jungle between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman in Kinshasa), <mask> (usually called 'Shungu <mask>' at this point in his career) along with Evoloko Lay Lay, Mavuela Somo and Bozi Boziana, left Zaiko Langa Langa to establish their own musical ensemble Isifi Lokole. Wemba later claimed that ISIFI was an acronym for "Institut du Savoir Ideologique pour la Formation des Idoles," a claim that has still not been given total credence. In July 1975, Shungu <mask> officially adopted the soon-to-be-well-known-worldwide name <mask>. The "<mask>" (father) part of his name had already been given to him as a traditional and cultural rite because he was his mother's first-born son. But in assuming a new name and public persona, "<mask>" was now re-emphasized as an allusion to the demanding family responsibilities that <mask> assumed at very young age, since both parents were now deceased: Wemba's father in 1966, followed by his mother in 1973. Isifi Lokole would only last a

masks:
Papa Wemba
Wembadio
Wembadio
Papa Wemba
Papa
Papa
Wemba


title: Papa Wemba

texts:
 year together as a group, with the single "Amazone" (a Wemba composition) as its biggest commercial "hit" record.Yoka Lokole
In November 1975, <mask>, Mavuela Somo and Bozi Boziana left Isifi Lokole to create the group Yoka Lokole (also known as The Kinshasa's Wa Fania All-Stars). Yoka Lokole contributed to the African pop music wave with their hit songs including "Matembele Bangui", "Lisuma ya Zazu" (<mask>), "Mavuela Sala Keba", and "Bana Kin" (Mavuela Somo). Like Isifi Lokole, the electronic-instrument-driven Yoka Lokole would not last much longer than a year. After a year of modest success, controversies within Yoka Lokole over money and prestige were also complicated by <mask>'s arrest and brief incarceration in Kinshasa Central prison in December 1976 when he was suspected of having a relationship with army general's daughter. The band continued to tour without <mask>. For whatever reason (or reasons), whether it was personal or professional (with one source speculating that he was perhaps feeling diminished in the public's eye), by 1977 <mask> had formed a new group, and called it Viva la Musica. Viva la Musica
In 1977–78, back home now in the Matonge neighborhood of Kinshasa, <mask> set out to create his group Viva la Musica.This new band's name was suggested to him in 1974, when he attended a concert in Kinshasa that featured the New York-based Latinos, Fania All-Stars. During the concert, one of the singers would shout to the audience "Viva La Musica!" to an enthusiastic response. Wemba's vision was to structure Viva la Musica around young, talented but largely unknown artists, including the singers Prince Espérant, Jadot "le Cambodgien" Sombele, Debaba el Shabab, Pepe Bipoli and Petit Aziza, and various guitarists such

masks:
Papa Wemba
Papa Wemba
Wemba
Papa Wemba
Wemba
Papa Wemba


title: Papa Wemba

texts:
 as Rigo Star, Syriana, and Bongo Wende. The new group included the traditional instrument lokole. There was also an associated dance, the mukonyonyo, as well as a fashion style. The band achieved immediate success and, during their first year performing together, the Kinshasa newspaper Elima named the band "best orchestra" and their single, "Mère Supérieure," best song.During the following three years, Viva la Musica built on these initial accolades with more hit songs including "Moku Nyon Nyon", "Nyekesse Migue'l", and "Cou Cou Dindon". As time went by, it was revealed that Antoine Agbepa was the unknown writer of many of these songs, when <mask> said, "Ooh! l'homme idée" (Oh! the idea-man! ), thereby on-the-spot renaming the impressive young singer-songwriter Koffi Olomide – and the name stuck. After his success already with three influential groups, in 1977 <mask> established a kind of commune for musicians. To accomplish this, he used his family home (on Kanda-Kanda street) as a fashionable gathering place for Matonge youths.He named it "Village Molokai" and declared himself to be its tribal chief (chef coutumier). Move to Paris
Beginning in the late 1970s and early 1980s, Wemba (both by himself and with Viva la Musica) started traveling to Paris, believing there was a potentially wider audience for the music he had been helping to create during the preceding decade. As Wemba biographer Craig Harris put it:

By the late 1980s and early 1990s, Wemba's style was more readily identifiable even as it had become an amalgamation of rumba, soukous and ndombolo, Latin and rock, melded to a European-oriented pop style. But still wanting to expand their musical horizons, and move in new musical directions, Viva la Musica took on a

masks:
Papa Wemba
Papa Wemba


title: Papa Wemba

texts:
 dual-identity. Wemba now maintained one group in Kinshasa (called at times "Nouvelle Ecriture", "Nouvel Ecrita" and then again "Viva la Musica") and another one in Paris ("Nouvelle Generation," "La Cour des Grands" and now "Viva Tendance"). The group consistently maintained a high profile in world music with hits like "Le Voyageur" (1992), "Emotion" (1995), "Pole Position" (1996) and "Somo Trop" (October 2003). By this time, Wemba's use of African, Cuban and Western influences was not only one of Africa's most popular music styles, it was crossing cultural boundaries and attracting a more diverse audience outside of Africa.In 1993, Wemba joined with Peter Gabriel for the latter's Secret World Live tour, and this drew attention to Wemba's unique style and groundbreaking sound. The aforementioned Emotion album, released in 1995, showed that he was achieving a global following. This album appeared under Peter Gabriel's Real World record label, and sold more than 100,000 copies. Legal troubles
In February 2003, <mask> was suspected of being involved in a network that had allegedly smuggled hundreds of illegal immigrants from the Democratic Republic of the Congo into Europe. At that point he was arrested in Paris and held while awaiting a trial. He then spent three-and-a-half months in prison until a €30,000 bail was posted (some reports claimed it was paid by the Congolese government). In June 2003 <mask> was released from prison which was an experience that, upon his release, he declared had had a profound psychological effect on him.The singer claimed to have undergone a spiritual conversion in jail and even recounted this episode on his album Somo Trop (released in October 2003). On the song "Numéro d'écrou", he recalled the day

masks: Wemba Wemba


title: Papa Wemba

texts:
 "God" paid a visit to his cell. In 2004, he was convicted in France, fined, and given a suspended prison sentence. <mask> returned to the Congo in 2006. Cultural influence
In 1979, <mask> became the unofficial leader of La Sape (Société des Ambianceurs et des Personnes d'Élégance, literally translated as the "Society of Atmosphere-setters and Elegant People") which he promoted as a youth subculture in Zaire. Their style was influenced by the fashion centres of Paris and Milan. Wemba said:

The Sapeur cult promoted high standards of personal cleanliness, hygiene and smart dress, to a whole generation of youth across Zaire.When I say well groomed, well shaved, well perfumed, it's a characteristic that I am insisting on among the young. I don't care about their education, since education always comes first of all from the family. After <mask>'s death, Cameroonian saxophonist Manu Dibango told the BBC during an interview:

<mask>'s impact on the culture is also reflected by his influence on a new generation of musicians and performers. For example, Priyan Weerappuli (leader of the Sri Lankan group Pahan Silu) referred to Wemba as being among his greatest musical influences. Weerappuli claims that he was first introduced to Wemba's music in 2004 and was "deeply inspired by the free rhythms demonstrated by Wemba's Soukous style" and, from that point, "began experimenting with these rhythms in his own compositions." Many others paid tribute to <mask>'s legacy after his death in April 2016. Some of them included not only Koffi Olomide and Manu Dibango (both mentioned previously), but musicians King Kikii and Femi Kuti, along with soccer star Samuel Eto'o (among others) gave testimony to his lasting influence on them.Film work
<mask> got

masks:
Wemba
Papa Wemba
Wemba
Papa Wemba
Papa Wemba
Papa Wemba


title: Papa Wemba

texts:
 some attention as a movie actor, primarily because he played the male lead role in a very successful Zairean film La Vie est Belle (Life is Beautiful) [1987] by Belgian director Benoît Lamy and Congolese producer-director Ngangura Mweze. Wemba made another kind of contribution to cinema, thanks to his work on the soundtracks for Children of Men, Besieged, and Black Mic Mac. Wemba is also credited as "composer" of the scores for the films Identity Pieces, Macadam tribu, along with Life is Beautiful..

During his life, Wemba acted in a few more successful films, although he played only minor roles. As recently as 2012, he had a cameo role in the Belgian drama film Kinshasa Kids. Beyond the impact of his important role in Life is Beautiful, there are his many music videos and recorded band performances. Also, Wemba is featured (as himself) in many documentary films which were generally well received including; The Importance of Being Elegant, The Real World of Peter Gabriel and The African Rock 'n' Roll Years (all television) documentaries). Death
<mask> died at the age of 66 after collapsing on stage in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, during the FEMUA urban music festival on Sunday, 24 April 2016.On Monday, 25 April, it was reported that his widow, Mama-Marie Luzolo Amazone, flew to Abidjan "accompanied by family members and government officials." In <mask>'s hometown of Kinshasa, both fellow musicians and fans gathered together as a tribute to his legacy. Similar tributes also took place in Paris, London, Brussels and Nairobi. Selected discography

Note: <mask> participated in the recording of more than 35 albums. The following list is just a sampling from a 15-year time-span (1986–2001) during which Wemba solidified an international

masks:
Wemba
Wemba
Papa Wemba


title: Sol Hachuel

texts: <mask> (; , spelt "<mask>" on her tombstone, see photo, Tangier 1817–5 June 1834, Fez) was a Moroccan Jewish heroine who was publicly decapitated when she was 17 years old. She was executed in 1834 for alleged apostasy from Islam—apparently without ever having converted to Islam. According to The Jewish Encyclopedia Hachuel "was a martyr to her faith, preferring death to becoming the bride of the sultan." She is considered a tzadeket (saint) by some Jews and is also revered by some Muslims. Jews call her <mask>kah ("the righteous <mask>"), while Arabs call her Lalla Suleika ("holy lady Suleika"). Hachuel's sacrifice served as an inspiration to painters and writers. One of the most detailed accounts, based on interviews with eyewitnesses, was written by Eugenio Maria Romero.His book El Martirio de la Jóven Hachuel, ó, La Heroina Hebrea (The Martyrdom of the Young Hachuel, or, The Hebrew Heroine) was first published in 1837 and republished in 1838. <mask>'s story was also the subject of a song by Françoise Atlan on the CD Romances Sefardies. In the 1860s, the French artist Alfred Dehodencq painted multiple versions of a work depicting the execution of a Jewish woman in Morocco; one of these paintings was exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1861 under the title Exécution d’une juive, au Maroc. Some scholars say that Dejodencq was inspired by the story of <mask>, but the artist's friend and biographer, , states explicitly, in more than one book, that Dehodencq was an eye-witness to the

masks:
Sol Hachuel
Solica Hatchouel
Sol Hadi
Sol
Hachuel
Sol Hacueul


title: Sol Hachuel

texts:
 execution he depicted, which took place in Tangiers. <mask> was born in 1817 in Morocco, to Chaim and Simcha <mask>, and had one older brother. Her father was a merchant and Talmudist. He conducted a study group in his home, which helped <mask> form and maintain her own belief in Judaism.<mask>'s mother was a housewife. Allegations of conversion to Islam
According to the account of Israel Joseph Benjamin, a Jewish explorer who visited Morocco in the middle of the 19th century, "never had the sun of Africa shone on more perfect beauty" than Hachuel. Benjamin wrote that her Muslim neighbors said that "It is a sin that such a pearl should be in the possession of the Jews, and it would be a crime to leave them such a jewel." According to Eugenio Maria Romero's account, Tahra de Mesoodi, a devout Muslim girl and Hachuel's friend and neighbor, falsely claimed she converted Hachuel to Islam; obtaining a convert is considered a particularly pious deed according to the Maliki madhhab. Arrest and execution
Based on a single and probably false claim of her conversion to Islam, Hachuel was brought to the court and told to kneel before the governor. If she promised to convert, she was promised protection from her parents, silk and gold, and marriage to a handsome young man. If she did not convert, the pasha threatened her as follows:

The girl responded:

True to his promise, the pasha imprisoned <mask> in a windowless and lightless cell with chains around her neck, hands, and feet.Her parents

masks:
Life Hachuel
Hachuel
Sol
Sol
Sol


title: Sol Hachuel

texts: appealed to the Spanish vice-consul, Don José Rico, for help. He did what he could to free the girl, but his efforts were unsuccessful. The pasha sent Hachuel to Fez, where the sultan would decide her fate. The fee for her transfer (and eventual execution) was to be paid by her father, who was threatened with 500 blows of the bastinado if he did not comply. Eventually, Don José Rico paid the required sum because <mask>'s father could not afford it. In Fez, the Sultan appointed the Qadi to decide <mask>'s punishment. The Qadi summoned the Jewish sages of Fez and told them that unless <mask> converted, she would be beheaded and the community punished.Although the hakhamim urged her to convert to save herself and their community, she refused. She was convicted and sentenced to death, and the Qadi ruled that her father would bear the cost of her burial. The sultan's son, astonished by <mask>'s beauty, also tried to convince her to convert to Islam. She refused. <mask> was beheaded in a public square in Fez. Romero described the emotions of the citizens of Fez on the day of the execution: "The Moors, whose religious fanaticism is indescribable, prepared, with their accustomed joy, to witness the horrid scene. The Jews of the city...were moved with the deepest sorrow, but they could do nothing to avert it[.]"Apparently the sultan instructed the executioner to wound <mask> first, hoping that the sight of her own blood would frighten her into accepting conversion. But <mask> remained

masks: Sol Sol Sol Sol Sol Sol Sol


title: Sol Hachuel

texts:
 steadfast. The Jewish community of Fez was awestruck by Hachuel's heroism. They had to pay for the retrieval of her corpse, her head and the bloodstained earth for a Jewish burial at the Jewish cemetery. She was declared a martyr. The Jews called Hachuel "<mask> ha-Tzaddikah" (The righteous <mask>), and the Arabs called her Lalla Suleika (the holy lady Suleika). Her grave became a place of pilgrimage for both Jews and Muslims alike.While it might seem strange that Moroccan Muslims consider the girl to be their saint, Léon Godard explains the custom in his Description et histoire du Maroc:

Her headstone has inscriptions in both Hebrew and French. The French text reads, "Here rests Mademoiselle <mask> Hachuel born in Tangier in 1817 refusing to enter into [or 're-enter'; the French text reads rentrer] the Islamic religion. The Arabs murdered her in 1834 in Fez, while she was torn away from her family. The entire world mourns this saintly child." References

Works cited

External links

Hassine, Juliette: "The Martyrdom of <mask>el: Ridda in Morocco in 1834" in

L'autre juive – Lalla soulika, La tsadika by Saïd Sayagh
Soulika Morocco's Jewish Joan of Arc by Alma Rachel Heckman

1817 births
1834 deaths
19th-century Moroccan Jews
Jewish Moroccan history
Executed Moroccan people
Apostasy in Islam
Islamic criminal jurisprudence
Islam-related controversies
Jewish martyrs
People from Tangier
Antisemitism in Morocco
People executed by Morocco by decapitation
People executed for refusing to

masks:
Sol
Sol
Solica
Sol Hachu


title: Raúl Leoni

texts:
<mask> (26 April 1905 – 5 July 1972) was the president of Venezuela from 1964 until 1969. He was a member of the Generation of 1928 and a charter member of the Acción Democrática party, and the first Labor minister of Venezuela (during El Trienio Adeco, 1945–48). <mask> was born in El Manteco, Bolívar State, son of <mask>, born in Corsica. He graduated at the Central University of Venezuela in Caracas as a lawyer. He was a member of the Generation of 1928, and the first Labor minister of Venezuela (during El Trienio Adeco, 1945–48). Presidency

<mask> took control of the presidency on 13 March 1964, succeeding Rómulo Betancourt; both were members of the Acción Democrática. One of the pillars of a political consolidation in Venezuela, the Pacto de Punto Fijo, was underestimated by Leoni, since in his opinion it reduced the "coherence and organization of the regime".Strictly, the pact mandated that the composition of the executive cabinet be limited to representatives of three of the more important political parties: Acción Democrática (AD), COPEI and Unión Republicana Democrática (URD). Leoni initially formed a cabinet with a few members of his party and a good number of independents. Later, in November 1964, Leoni initiated conversations with leaders of the involved parties to rescue the spirit of the pact. A new cabinet was formed, but it lasted for only 16 months. During his government, Leoni carried out important structural projects in Venezuela, specifically the development of heavy industry in Guayana (hydroelectric, iron and steel), inauguration of the Bank of the Workers, and construction of road infrastructure (highways, freeways, and bridges – the most important of which crossed the Orinoco). Important changes to labor and social programs also occurred; unions gained force and the Social Security law was modified. Leoni made an attempt at reforming tax structure, but was restrained by a coalition of left and right that openly served the interests of oil companies.During <mask>'s presidency

masks:
Raúl Leoni Otero
Background Leoni
Clement Leoni Scribani
Leoni
Leoni


title: Raúl Leoni

texts: the conflict with the leftist guerrilla movement Armed Forces for National Liberation (FALN) intensified. <mask>'s government was unexceptional, but it was <mask> who had to liquidate the remnants of the communist insurrection for which he put the army in charge of the country with full powers to be as ruthless as needed. However, it was the communist guerrilleros themselves who brought about their own liquidation. They had no rural support whatsoever. Unlike guerrillas all over the world, they did not control villages and lived from hand to mouth. They knew that they were no match for the army and avoided confrontations. Castro had been hoping that Venezuela would be the second act of the Latin American revolution, and he tried to supply the Venezuelan guerrillas.That was in keeping with the theory of what could be called the "permanent agrarian revolution", which the French intellectual Régis Debray had expressed in the widely circulated book Revolution Inside the Revolution and Ernesto "Che" Guevara had been trying to carry out first in Africa and later, fatally for him, in Bolivia. In 1966, Castro selected a trusted officer, Arnaldo Ochoa, to assess the Venezuelan guerrillas. Ochoa with the Venezuelan guerrilla commander Luben Petkoff, took a boat to the shores of Falcon, Venezuela, one of his most secretive expedition. Along with 15 other members of the Cuban military went to Coro Sierra mountains to strengthen Douglas Bravo guerrillas who were fighting the government troops that ended in a major strategic loss at large human cost. In 1967, the invasion of Machurucuto occurred with 12 Cubans and Venezuelans revolutionaries attempted to help Venezuelan guerrillas in the Venezuelan Andes. Soon afterward, Leoni suspended constitutional guarantees and, in a press conference, denouncing Cuban aggression against Venezuela and showed two captured Cubans: Manuel Gil Castellanos, and Pedro Cabrera Torres. Cuba was denounced by Venezuela to the Organization of American States.Cuba did not recognize his

masks: Leoni Leoni


title: Raúl Leoni

texts:
 action even if the investigation of the AK 47 in possession of the guerrillas had serial numbers matching weapons sold by the Czech Republic to Cuba. The government of Venezuela broke off relations with Cuba them until 1974. That effectively ended Cuba's intervention in Venezuelan affairs. By then, Venezuelan leftists had given up on violence and were seeking legalisation, but <mask> did not offer it. Ochoa was later tried and executed by Castro on an unlikely charge of drug-smuggling. Meanwhile, <mask> signed the Cartagena Agreement. The precursor to the Andean Community, it was a trade bloc in Bogotá between Venezuela, Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador.On 11 March 1969, Leoni transferred power to Rafael Caldera, a member of the Christian Democratic Party COPEI and a signatory of the Pacto de Punto Fijo. That transfer definitively instituted the alternation of power between the important parties until the late 20th century in Venezuela. Personal life and death
<mask> <mask> was married to Carmen América Fernández, who served as First Lady of Venezuela from 1964–1969 and has one son named Álvaro. Leoni died on 5 July 1972 when he was 67 years old, at the Cornell Medical Center in New York City, where he was recovering from medical treatment after suffering a hemorrhage. See also

Presidents of Venezuela

References

Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent Spanish-language Wikipedia article. The following references are cited by that Spanish-language article:
 Polar Foundation
Biography of Leoni at Venezuela Tuya
Interview to <mask> Leoni by Miguel Otero Silva PDF format. People from Bolívar (state)
Venezuelan lawyers
Presidents of Venezuela
Venezuelan life senators
Venezuelan democracy activists
Venezuelan people of French descent
Venezuelan people of Corsican descent
1905 births
1972 deaths
Presidents of the Senate of Venezuela
Government ministers of Venezuela
Democratic Action (Venezuela) politicians
Prisoners and detainees of Venezuela
20th-century lawyers
Generation of

masks: Leoni Leoni Raúl Leoni Raúl


title: Thomas Burgh of Gainsborough

texts:
Sir <mask> (;  (pronounced: Borough; c.1431 – 18 March 1496), KG was an English gentleman. In records, the peerage, and genealogy books he is shown as being created 1st Lord Burgh, of Gainsborough {England by writ} on 1 September 1487. He was several times summoned to Parliament, but never sat; whether he held a hereditary peerage is not clear; fifteenth century records treat him as a knight. His son was never summoned to Parliament (because he was found insane in 1510); his grandson was summoned and sat in the House of Lords, but sixteenth century records treat this as a new creation in 1529 after the death of his father. When the Burgh peerage was drawn out of abeyance in 1916, however, it was given precedence as of 1487. He had noble ancestors on both sides: his mother was one of the daughters of Sir Henry Percy, who was in turn grandson to Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, and to David of Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl, descended from the ancient Mormaers of Atholl. The Burgh family sprang from <mask>, younger son of <mask>, 1st Earl of Kent, and his wife Beatrice de Warrenne, daughter of William de Warrenne, Lord of Wormegay, and Beatrice de Pierrepont.The Burghs were rich, flamboyant and powerful people. <mask> was in great favour with the King as many offices, positions, land grants, and pensions were bestowed upon him. Career

<mask> was Esquire of the Body to King Edward IV of England and by Christmas 1462, <mask> was created a Knight by the King and a Privy Councillor. Sir <mask> slowly became the

masks:
Thomas Bh
Hubert de Burgh
Hubert de Burgh
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas


title: Thomas Burgh of Gainsborough

texts:
 King's chief man in Lincolnshire where he held manors, land, tenements from Northumberland (from his mother's inheritance, which he shared with her sister Margaret, Baroness Grey of Codnor) through Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Lincolnshire, down to his wife's dower lands in Somerset. <mask> became a rich man who was backed by the King and soon found himself giving advice and legal help to the people of Lincolnshire as well as becoming their Sheriff in 1460 and their representative in Parliament. It was Sir <mask>urgh with Sir <mask> who rescued King Edward IV from the Earl of Warwick whom the Earl had kept prisoner in his castle of Middleham. In 1471, when Edward IV came to reclaim his throne it was Sir <mask> who was first to rally to his side.Sir <mask> fought at the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury. After the unexpected death of Edward IV, Sir <mask> was courted by King Richard III of England. <mask> initially support King Richard, but was more interested in securing the future of Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, who would become King in 1485. Although <mask> fought in the Battle of Bosworth, his role was kept secret by chroniclers and <mask> was soon in good standing with the new King. After his accession to the throne, King Henry confirmed <mask> as Knight of the Body and Privy Councillor. Gainsborough Old Hall

In 1460, Sir <mask> built the great Old Hall in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. Gainsborough Old Hall was not only their home, but also a demonstration of their wealth and importance.Sir <mask> was a great

masks:
Thomas
Thomas B
Thomas Stanley
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas


title: Thomas Burgh of Gainsborough

texts:
 benefactor to Newark Church and also the founder of the Chantry and Alms House at Gainsborough. In 1470, the manor was attacked by Sir Robert Welles over a clash about lands, status, and honour, but it was not severely damaged. It was in 1484 that Sir <mask> entertained King Richard III in his hall. Today, the Hall with its elaborate timber roof survives as well as the kitchen—possibly the most complete medieval kitchen in England. The Hall is over five hundred years old and one of the best preserved medieval manor houses in England. Marriage
Sir <mask> married Margaret de Ros (1432–1488) widow of William de Botreaux, 3rd Baron Botreaux (1389–1462). Margaret was the daughter of Sir <mask> Ros, 8th Baron de Ros, and Lady Eleanor Beauchamp, second daughter of Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick, and Elizabeth Berkeley.Lady Eleanor was an older paternal half-sister of Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick, and Anne Neville, Countess of Warwick. After the death of the 9th Baron Ros, Margaret's mother, Lady Eleanor, married Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, thus making Margaret a maternal half-sister of the Duke of Somerset. Sir <mask> and Margaret had the following children:
 <mask>, 2nd Baron Burgh, married Anne Cobham, daughter of <mask>, 5th Baron Cobham, and Lady Anne Stafford, and had issue. His grandson, Sir Edward Burgh, would marry Catherine Parr; later Queen consort of King Henry VIII. <mask> (d. 1 August 1507), married Richard FitzHugh, 6th Lord FitzHugh and secondly Sir Henry Willoughby. In his

masks:
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas de
Thomas
Edward Burgh
Thomas Cobham
Elizabeth Burgh


title: Thomas Burgh of Gainsborough

texts:
 will, her father gave her "a book of gold enamelled" which had been her mother's. <mask> (d. before April 1493), married Sir George Tailboys.Like her brother Edward, Lord Burgh, her husband Sir George was found to be a lunatic, in 1531. <mask>urgh In his will, his father gave him a cross of gold with an emerald. Anne Burgh In his will, her father gave her a cross of gold set with precious stones and rubies. Death and succession
Lord <mask> died on 18 March 1496. He was buried next to his wife, Margaret, in the family vault in Holy Trinity Church, Gainsborough. See also
 Hubert de <mask>, 1st Earl of Kent (c.1170–1243) English nobleman and ancestor of the Burghs of Gainsborough

References

External links
<mask>, Lord Burgh's Retinue – Historical Interpretation and Living History from the Wars of the Roses 1460–1490, the household of Lord and Lady Burgh. Biography of Sir <mask> "Borough" Burgh *Note, there is no source and the information on the top part of the page is not entirely correct.Official Gainsborough Old Hall Website Official information on admissions, events and history
 Friends of Gainsborough Old Hall – published by Friends of the Old Hall Association. English Heritage, Gainsborough Old Hall – English Heritage
Pictures of Gainsborough Old Hall – published by the Lincolnshire Council. Year of birth uncertain
1496 deaths
People from Gainsborough, Lincolnshire
Knights of the Garter
Burgh, <mask>, 1st Baron
Members of the Privy Council of England
High Sheriffs of Lincolnshire
Thomas
<mask>squires of the

masks:
Margaret Burgh
Thomas B
Thomas
Burgh
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas Burgh
Thomas E


title: Louis-Auguste-Victor, Count de Ghaisnes de Bourmont

texts:
Louis-Auguste-Victor, <mask>snes <mask> (2 September 1773 – 27 October 1846) was a French general, diplomat and statesman who was named Marshal of France in 1830. A lifelong royalist, he emigrated from France soon after the outbreak of the French Revolution and fought with the counter-revolutionary Army of Condé for two years, then joined the insurrection in France for three more years before going into exile. He was arrested after assisting the Georges Cadoudal conspiracy, but escaped to Portugal. In 1807 he took advantage of an amnesty to rejoin the French army and served in several campaigns until 1814. He rose in rank to become a general of division. During this period, he was suspected of being an agent of the Comte d'Artois and passing information to France's enemies. Though he was notoriously anti-Napoleon and many officers did not trust him, he was employed again during the Hundred Days.Immediately after the campaign began, he deserted to the Prussian army with Napoleon's plans. King Louis XVIII of France gave him a command in the Spanish expedition of 1823. Promoted to Marshal of France, he was put in command of the Invasion of Algiers in 1830. However, after the July Revolution, he refused to recognize King Louis-Philippe of France and was sacked. After being involved in a plot against the new government, he fled to Portugal in 1832. He led the army of Dom Miguel in the Liberal Wars, and when the liberals won, he fled to Rome. He accepted another amnesty, this time in 1840, and died in France six years later.Early career
On the eve of the French Revolution, <mask> entered the Gardes Françaises of the French Royal Army but he emigrated in 1789. <mask> served in Louis Joseph <mask>, Prince de Condé royalist army in the campaigns of 1792 and

masks:
Count de Ghai
de Bourmont
Bourmont
Bourmont
de Bourbon


texts: 1793. Then he served as chief of staff in the civil war in lower Anjou from 1794 to 1796. After fleeing to Switzerland in 1796, he took part in another insurrection from 1798-1800. He was arrested in 1801 because of involvement with Georges Cadoudal, but three years later he managed to escape to Portugal. When Junot invaded Portugal in 1807, <mask> offered him his services and was employed as chief of staff of a division. Arrested when re-entering France in 1809, he was released upon the intercession of Junot and employed in the Imperial army.He served in Italy and on the staff of <mask> Beauharnais during the Russian campaign of 1812. Taken prisoner during the retreat from Moscow, he managed to escape and rejoin the French army. After the Battle of Lützen in 1813 he was promoted to general of brigade, he took part in the Battle of Leipzig and in 1814 he was promoted to general of division for defending Nogent-sur-Seine. After the fall of Napoleon, <mask> rallied to the Bourbons. During the Hundred Days, the government of Louis XVIII of France frantically tried to stop Napoleon's march on Paris. Marshal Michel Ney was ordered to report to Besançon where he was to receive his orders from Bourmont. It irritated the proud Ney, Prince of the Moskva, to take instructions from such a junior general, so he demanded to see the king.During his interview with Louis, Ney boasted to the king that he would bring back the ex-emperor in an iron cage. By the time Ney arrived in Besançon, he found that the royalist position was rapidly deteriorating and that <mask>'s assignment was to spy on him. On 11 March 1815, Ney told <mask> that he was going over to Napoleon's camp. Shortly afterward, the Bourbon cause collapsed and Louis fled to Belgium, followed by hundreds

masks:
Bourmont
Eugène de
Bourmont
Bourmont
Bourmont


texts: of royalists. According to historian David Hamilton-Williams, the Comte d'Artois asked <mask> to remain a royalist agent, so he requested to continue in command. The new Minister of War, Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davout refused to employ <mask>, writing to Napoleon, "I cannot sit idly and watch this officer wear the uniform of this country; his treasonous statements concerning the Emperor are well known to all; the brigade and regimental commanders of the 14th Infantry Division despise him. Who would trust such a man?"Nevertheless, Étienne Maurice Gérard, leader of the IV Corps vouched for him so he retained his position. On the morning of 15 June, as the French Army of the North advanced into Belgium, the 14th Division led the IV Corps column of march. Near Florennes, <mask> halted his division. On the pretence of scouting ahead, he and his staff, rode ahead with a squadron of lancers. After gaining a suitable distance from French lines, he sent the lancers back with a letter for Gérard. In the missive, he explained that he was deserting but promised, "They will not get any information from me which will injure the French army, composed of men I love." He and his staff put the white Bourbon cockade on their hats and galloped for the nearest Prussian position.He immediately handed over Napoleon's operational plans to the Prussians. Gebhard von Blucher's chief of staff August von Gneisenau was pleased to receive this windfall. However, Blucher had no use for turncoats and called <mask> a traitor to his face. When Gneisenau noted that <mask> was wearing the white cockade, making them allies, Blucher screamed, "Cockade be damned! A dirty dog is always a dirty dog!" With Napoleon's orders in their hands, the Prussians were able to take the appropriate

masks: Bourmont Bourmont Bourmont Bourmont Bourmont


texts:
 countermeasures to gather their army. <mask>'s defection enraged the French rank and file.Though their loyalty to Napoleon was absolute, they began to suspect treachery in their generals. Étienne Hulot, who became the acting division commander, was compelled to give a speech that pledged loyalty to Napoleon and the tricolor. Bourbon Restoration
After the Battle of Waterloo and Napoleon's fall, <mask> gave evidence that led to Ney's execution. After the Second Restoration, he was given command of the 16th infantry division in Besançon and took part in the Spanish campaign of 1823. King Charles X of France made him minister of war in 1829 and Marshal of France in 1830. He was commanding the Invasion of Algiers in 1830, involving the shipwreck of Dellys, when the July Revolution broke out in 1830. <mask> refused to give his allegiance to the new King Louis Philippe and was dismissed from service.In 1832 <mask> took part in the rising of <mask> Louise, duchesse de Berry and on its failure fled to Portugal. He commanded the army of the absolutist monarch King Miguel during the Liberal Wars and after the victory of the constitutional party he retired to Rome. At the amnesty of 1840 he returned to France, where he died on 27 October 1846 at Freigné in Maine-et-Loire. Notes

References

 Hamilton-Williams, David. Waterloo - New Perspectives: The Great Battle Reappraised. NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1994. 1773 births
1846 deaths
People from Maine-et-Loire
Politicians from Pays de la Loire
Legitimists
French Ministers of War
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the Bourbon Restoration
Counts of Ghaisnes de Bourmont
Marshals of France
French commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
French counter-revolutionaries
Field marshals of Portugal
Politicians of the Bourbon

masks:
Bourmont
Bourmont
Bourmont
Marshal Bourmont
Caroline Ferdinande


title: V. Narry Kim

texts:
V<mask> is a South Korean biochemist and microbiologist, best known for her work on microRNA biogenesis. Her pioneering studies have laid the groundwork for the biology of microRNA and contributed to the improvement of RNA interference technologies. Background
<mask> was born in South Korea in 1969. <mask> first became interested in science as a high school student. When asked why she chose science as a lifelong career, she said, “I was charmed by the simplicity of the principles underlying the complexity of life.”

Education
<mask> went on to pursue a BA degree in microbiology, then followed by a M.Sc. degree in microbiology in 1992 and 1994, respectively, both from Seoul National University (SNU). After completing her masters under adviser Kang Sa-Ouk, <mask> went to the United Kingdom to further her studies at the University of Oxford, studying the functions of retroviral proteins under Alan J. Kingsman.She graduated with a PhD in biochemistry in 1998. Career
Her academic journey then took her to the United States, where she took a position at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia as a research assistant. After completing her postdoctoral research on mRNA

masks:
. Narry Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim


title: V. Narry Kim

texts:
 surveillance in the laboratory of Gideon Dreyfuss, <mask> finished her postdoctoral studies and returned to Korea in 2001. She then started working at Seoul National University as a research assistant professor. By the age of 35, <mask> already had twenty-two of her papers published in well known and prestigious scientific publications, such as Science and Nature. In addition, <mask> “holds four patents based on her research activities, including one on a novel HIV-based gene delivery vector.”

In 2008, she became an associate professor, then a SNU Distinguished Fellow in 2010, and a full professor in 2013. Located in Seoul National University, she began working with the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) in 2012 as the founding director of the Center for RNA Research.her lab focuses on RNA-mediated gene regulation research, specifically investigating post-transcriptional gene regulation mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs). The lab employs biochemistry, molecular biology, genetic, biophysical, and computational approaches. Research is focused on miRNAs, which are small non-coding RNAs involved in practically all working aspects of eukaryotic cells. Tight control of miRNA is vital to normal functioning cells. If

masks: Kim Kim Kim


title: V. Narry Kim

texts: dysregulated, miRNAs can often be linked to human diseases such as cancer. By focusing on the miRNA biogenesis, Dr. <mask>'s lab has made major contributions to the understanding of miRNAs are created and processed in animal cells. These studies can potentially open the doors to new forms of cancer treatment and stem cell engineering.In 2013, <mask>, along with Professor Jin-Soo KIM of the SNU Department of Chemistry developed a new technology to eliminate specific microRNAs. This new technology has the promise of being potentially used to cure cancer and other illnesses in the future. In the research, TALENs (enzymes) were used to separate certain microRNA from a cell. TALENs had been used to create protein before, but this was the first time they have been used to separate microRNA. The team developed 540 different TALENs for this specific purpose. When this was applied to cancer cells, the proliferation rate of cancer cells dropped to one third of what it was. This discovery was published in the November 11, 2013 edition of Nature Structural and Molecular Biology.<mask>'s first paper as PI was published in 2002 in the EMBO Journal. In this highly cited work, she defined two separate processing steps


title: V. Narry Kim

texts: (primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) processing in the nucleus and pre-miRNA processing in the cytoplasm), and proposed a model of the microRNA biogenesis pathway for the first time. Based on this model, her research group discovered that most microRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II and that pri-miRNA processing is carried out by Drosha-DGCR8 complexes in the nucleus. Her research group further identified uridylation-meditated pre-miRNA degradation pathway by LIN28 and TUT4, contributing to a better understanding of how microRNA-mediated gene expression regulation is involved in embryonic stem cell maintenance and cancer cell development. She also discovered the molecular basis for pri-miRNA recognition and cleavage by the Drosha-DGCR8 complexes, and pre-miRNA processing by Dicer. These findings suggested several critical points to be considered for designing more efficient short hairpin RNA (shRNA) vectors and also contributed to the improvement of RNA interference technologies. The research team led by <mask> <mask> and Chang Hyeshik confirmed the predicted subgenomic RNAs of SARS-CoV-2 along with new RNA and dozens of unknown subgenomic RNAs.The interdisciplinary team was composed of virologists,

masks: Narry Kim


title: V. Narry Kim

texts: microbiologists and computational scientists. <mask> received L'Oreal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science (2008), Ho-Am Prize in Medicine (2009) and The Korea S&T Award (2013). She is an active member of the RNA Society and the International Society of Stem Cell Research (ISSCR). In addition she has been recognized as one of the top Asian scientists to watch by Asian Scientist and among the "science stars of East Asia" by Nature. She was a Clarivate Analytics Highly Cited Researcher in the field of molecular biology and genetics in 2014. 2003. The Nuclear RNase III Drosha Initiates MicroRNA Processing.Nature 425:415-419. Han J., Lee Y., Yeom K.H., Nam J., Lee K., Sohn S., Cho Y., Zhang B., and <mask>.N. 2006. Molecular Basis for Primary MicroRNA Processing by the Drosha-DGCR8 complex. Cell 125:887-901. Heo I., Joo C, Cho J., Ha M., Han J. and <mask>.N. 2008.Lin28 mediates the terminal uridylation of let-7 precursor microRNA. Molecular Cell 32:276-284. Hyun S., Lee J. H., Jin H., Nam J.W., Namkoong B., Lee G., Chun J., and <mask>.N. 2009. Conserved microRNA miR-8/miR-200 and its target USH/FOG2 control growth by regulating PI3K. Cell 139:1096-1108. Park J.E., Heo I., Y. Tian, D. K. Simanshu, Chang H., D. Jee,

masks:
Kim
Kim V
Kim V
Kim V


title: V. Narry Kim

texts:
 D. J. Patel and <mask>.N.2011. Dicer recognizes the 5’ end of RNA for efficient and accurate processing. Nature 475:201-205. Heo I., Ha M., Lim J., Yoon M., Park J.-E., Kwon S. C., Chang H., and <mask>. N. 2012. Monouridylation of pre-microRNA as a key step in the biogenesis of group II let-7 microRNAs. Cell 151: 521-532. Cho J., Chang H., Kwon S. C., <mask>., <mask>., Choe J., Ha M., <mask>. K., and <mask>. N. 2012.LIN28A is a suppressor of ER-associated translation in embryonic stem cells. Cell 151: 765-777. Lim J., Ha M., Chang H., Kwon S. C., Simanshu D. K., Patel D.J., and <mask>. N. 2014. Uridylation by TUT4 and TUT7 marks mRNA for degradation. Cell 159(6): 1365-1376. Nguyen T.A., Jo M. H., Choi Y.-G., Park J., Kwon S. C., Hohng S., <mask>. N.*, and Woo J.-S.* 2015. Functional anatomy of the human Microprocessor.Cell 161(6): 1374-1387. (*co-corresponding authors)
 Cho J., Yu N.-K., Choi J.-H., Sim S.-E., Kang S. J., Kwak C., Lee S.-W., <mask>., Choi D. I., <mask>. N.*, and Kaang B.-K.* 2015. Multiple repressive mechanisms in the hippocampus during memory formation. Science 350(6256): 82-87. (*co-corresponding authors)

References

External links
 RNA Biology: Narry <mask> Lab

1969 births
Living

masks:
Kim V
Kim V
Kim B
Kim Y
Kim Y
Kim V
Kim V
Kim V
Kim J
Kim V
Kim


title: Anna Magdalena Bach

texts:
<mask> (née Wilcke or Wilcken) (22 September 1701 – 22 February 1760) was a professional singer and the second wife of <mask>. Biography
<mask> was born at Zeitz, in the Electorate of Saxony. While little is known about her early musical education, the family was musical. Her father, Johann Caspar Wilcke (c. 1660–1733), was a trumpet player, who had a career at the courts of Zeitz and Weißenfels. Her mother, Margaretha Elisabeth Liebe, was the daughter of an organist. By 1721 <mask> was employed as a singer (soprano) at the princely court of Anhalt-Cöthen. <mask> had been working there as Capellmeister, or director of music, since December 1717.It is possible that he first heard her sing at the ducal court in Weißenfels, where he is known to have performed as early as 1713, when his Hunting Cantata was premiered there. <mask> and Johann married on 3 December 1721, seventeen months after the death of his first wife, Maria Barbara <mask>. Later that month, the couple's employer, Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, married Frederica Henriette of Anhalt-Bernburg. <mask> believed her lack of interest in music caused the musical life at the court to decline, although there is evidence that other factors were involved. There were budgetary constraints caused by Prussian military demands of which <mask> may have had limited knowledge because it's unlikely that the prince would have discussed his financial problems with <mask>. In 1723, the <mask>s moved to Leipzig when Johann Sebastian accepted the position of Cantor at the . <mask> continued to sing professionally after her marriage.In one notable example of her continuing involvement with music, she returned to Köthen in 1729 to sing at Prince Leopold's funeral. The <mask>s' shared interest in music contributed to their happy marriage. She regularly worked as a copyist, transcribing her husband's music, which she sold as a means to contribute to the family income. <mask> wrote a number of compositions dedicated to

masks:
Anna Magdalena Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach
Anna Magdalena Wilcke
Anna Magdalena
Johann Sebastian Bach
Anna
Bach
Bach
Bach
Bach
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Bach


title: Anna Magdalena Bach

texts:
 her, most notably the two distinct Notebooks for <mask> <mask>. During the <mask> family's time in Leipzig, <mask> organized regular musical evenings featuring the whole family playing and singing together with visiting friends. The <mask> house became a musical centre in Leipzig. Apart from music, her interests included gardening.While the <mask>s ensured their sons were educated, their daughters never went to school. <mask> was left alone, with no financial support from family members, to care for herself and her two youngest daughters, plus her stepdaughter from <mask>'s first marriage. <mask> became increasingly dependent upon charity and handouts from the city council, ultimately relying on public begging to survive. Probably her only child or stepchild who provided any support to her was her stepson Carl Philipp <mask>, whose letters show he provided regular financial assistance. She died on the street on 27 February 1760, with no money at all, and was buried in an unmarked pauper's grave at Leipzig's  (St. John's Church). The church was destroyed by Allied bombing during World War II. Claim of composership

Recently, it has been suggested that <mask> <mask> composed several musical pieces bearing her husband's name: Professor Martin Jarvis of the School of Music at Charles Darwin University in Darwin, Australia, claims that she composed the famed six cello suites (BWV 1007–1012) and was involved with the composition of the aria from the Goldberg Variations (BWV 988) and the opening prelude of The Well-Tempered Clavier.These ideas were also made into a TV documentary Written by Mrs <mask>. These claims have been virtually unanimously dismissed by Bach scholars and performers. Christoph Wolff said:
When I served as director of the Leipzig Bach Archive from 2001 to 2013, I and my colleagues there extensively refuted the basic premises of the thesis, on grounds of documents, manuscript sources, and musical grounds. There is not a shred of evidence, but

masks:
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Emanuel Bach
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Bach


title: Anna Magdalena Bach

texts:
 Jarvis doesn't give up despite the fact that several years ago, at a Bach conference in Oxford, a room full of serious Bach scholars gave him an embarrassing showdown. Writing in The Guardian, cellist Steven Isserlis said, "I'm afraid that his theory is pure rubbish," and continued, "How can anybody take this shoddy material seriously?" Bach scholar Ruth Tatlow has written a refutation at length, centred on the TV documentary, in the journal Understanding Bach, where she calls Jarvis's claims "flawed and untenable". Biographical sources
 Geiringer, Karl (1958) Die Musikerfamilie Bach: Leben und Wirken in drei Jahrhunderten.Unter Mitarbeit von Irene Geiringer. München. Beck. A fictitious autobiography The Little Chronicle of <mask> was written in 1925 by the English author Esther Meynell. This sentimental narration of the family life of <mask> is not based on any sources and is probably far from the personality of <mask> <mask>. A compilation of material about <mask> <mask> was published by Maria Hübner in 2005, <mask> <mask>. Ein Leben in Dokumenten und Bildern, completed by a biographical Essay of Hans-Joachim Schulze.Celebratory cello and dance performance

The Bach Cello Suites Festival, held at New York's Carnegie Hall on 3 March 2020 to commemorate the tercentenary of their composition, highlighted <mask>'s role in helping to immortalise the six suites. Her life was celebrated in a collaborative rendition of the Fifth Suite by cellist Stephanie Winters and dancer-choreographer Julia Bengtsson. See also
Notebook for <mask> <mask>
The Chronicle of <mask> <mask> – a Straub-Huillet film about Johann Sebastian and <mask> <mask>

Notes and references

External links
Bach-cantatas.com: <mask> <mask> discussions
I am <mask> <mask>. Bach Cello Suites Festival

1701 births
1760 deaths
People from Zeitz
People from the Electorate of Saxony
Anna Magdalena <mask>
Music copyists
German women singers
Pupils of Johann Sebastian <mask>
18th-century German

masks:
Magdalena Bach
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Bach
Bach


title: Edmund Walsingham

texts:
Sir <mask> (c. 1480 – 10 February 1550) of Scadbury Hall, Chislehurst in Kent, was a soldier, Member of Parliament, and Lieutenant of the Tower of London during the reign of King Henry VIII. Origins

He was the eldest son and heir of <mask> (1462-1540) of Scadbury by his wife Eleanor Writtle (pre-1465 - post-1540), the daughter and heiress of Walter Writtle of Bobbingworth in Essex. Sir <mask>, according to a monumental brass formerly in the church at Scadbury, had three brothers and seven sisters, including:
<mask> (died 1534), who married Joyce Denny (1506/7–1560), the daughter of Sir <mask>, one of the Barons of the Exchequer, and his second wife, Mary Troutbeck (died 1507), the daughter of Robert Troutbeck of Bridge Trafford, Cheshire, by whom he was the father of Sir <mask> (c.1532-1590), Principal Secretary to Queen Elizabeth I, and five daughters, Elizabeth (died 1596), Barbara, Christian, Eleanor and Mary (1527/8–1577). After <mask>'s death, Joyce (née Denny) married Sir John Carey, a younger brother of Sir William Carey, by whom she had two sons, Sir Wymond Carey and Sir Edward Carey. <mask>, who married Thomas Ayloffe, second son of William Ayloffe (died 1517), a Bencher of Lincoln’s Inn, by his wife Audrey Shaa, widow of John Writtle and daughter of Sir John Shaa, a London goldsmith and Lord Mayor in 1501. Thomas Ayloffe’s elder brother, William Ayloffe (died 1569), married Anne Barnardiston, the daughter of Sir Thomas Banardiston (died 7

masks:
Edmund Walsingham
James Walsingham
Edmund
William Walsingham
Edmund Denny
Francis Walsingham
William Walsingham
Elizabeth Walsingham


title: Edmund Walsingham

texts:
 November 1542) of Ketton in Kedington, Suffolk, by whom he was the father of William Ayloffe (c.1535 – 17 November 1584). Cecily Walsingham.<mask>. Early origins
Although the Walsingham pedigree is said to date to the thirteenth century, the family is first recorded in the County of Kent in 1424, when Thomas I <mask> purchased the manor of Scadbury. The descent was as follows:
Thomas I <mask> (d.1457) a wealthy wine and cloth merchant in the City of London who served as a Member of Parliament for Wareham in 1410 and for Lyme Regis in 1413, both in Dorset. He married Margaret Bamme, daughter and heiress of Henry Bamme, of the City of London, a member of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths. He purchased the manor of Scadbury in the parish of Chislehurst, to which additional land was added in 1433. Thomas II <mask> (1436–1467), son and heir, who married Constance Dryland (died 14 November 1476), a daughter of James Dryland, of Davington, by whom he had a son, <mask> (1462 – 10 December 1540). Constance survived him and remarried to John Green, who in 1476 was Sheriff of Kent in right of his wife.<mask>, son and heir, who married Eleanor Writtle (born before 1465, died after 1540), the daughter and heiress of Walter Writtle of Bobbingworth, Essex, by whom, according to a monumental brass formerly in the church at Scadbury, he had four sons and seven daughters,  the eldest of whom was Sir <mask> (d.1550), the subject of this article. Career

Walsingham

masks:
Margaret Walsingham
Walsingham
Walsingham
Walsingham
James Walsingham
James Walsingham
Edmund Walsingham


title: Edmund Walsingham

texts: entered the service of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey (later 3rd Duke of Norfolk), and was knighted by him on 13 September 1513, four days after the decisive English victory over the Scots at the Battle of Flodden, in which the English army was commanded by Surrey's father Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk. In 1520 he was part of the Kent contingent accompanying King Henry VIII at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in Calais in June, and at the King's meeting with the Emperor Charles V at Gravelines in July. In 1521 he was appointed a sewer in the royal household, was made a freeman of the Worshipful Company of Mercers, was on the jury which tried and convicted Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, and succeeded Sir Richard Cholmondeley as Lieutenant of the Tower of London at a salary of £100 a year. He held the office until Henry VIII's death in 1547, residing in a house at the Tower, and taking personal charge of prisoners of state, among them Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, Catherine Howard, Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter, Henry Pole, 1st Baron Montagu, Agnes Howard, Duchess of Norfolk, Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle, Anne Boleyn, Bishop John Fisher and Sir Thomas More. It was to <mask> that More made his jest on ascending the scaffold, "I pray you, Master Lieutenant, see me safe up, and for my coming down, let me shift for myself". In the 1530s Walsingham acquired long-term leases of the manors of Tyting in Surrey and


title: Edmund Walsingham

texts:
 Stanground in Huntingdonshire, and in 1543 purchased the manors of Swanton Court, West Peckham and Yokes near Scadbury from Sir Robert Southwell.In 1539, after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the king granted him nine houses in London, former monastic property. In 1544 he became vice-chamberlain to Henry VIII's sixth wife, Katherine Parr. He was elected to Parliament as a Knight of the Shire for Surrey in 1545. Marriages and issue
Walsingham married twice:

First marriage
Firstly he married Katherine Gounter (or Gunter) (before 1495 – c. 1526), widow of Henry Morgan of Pencoed, Monmouthshire, and a daughter of John Gounter of Chilworth, Surrey, by his wife Elizabeth Attworth (or Utworth), a daughter and heiress of William Attworth, by whom he had four sons and four daughters:
Sir <mask> (c.1526 – 15 January 1584), who married Dorothy Guildford (died 1584), the daughter of Sir John Guildford (died 5 July 1565), by whom he was the father of Sir <mask>, patron of Christopher Marlowe. <mask>, who died young. <mask>, who died young. <mask>, who died young.<mask>, who married Sir Thomas Barnardiston (died 1551), the son of Sir Thomas Barnardiston (died 7 November 1542) by Anne Lucas, the daughter of Sir Thomas Lucas (died 7 July 1531) of Little Saxham Hall, Suffolk, Solicitor-General to King Henry VII. <mask> (died 21 May 1558), who married Sir Thomas Saunders (died 18 August 1565), third but eldest surviving son of Nicholas Saunders of Charlwood, Surrey,

masks:
Thomas Walsingham
Thomas Walsingham
George Walsingham
John Walsingham
Walter Walsingham
Mary Walsingham
Alice Walsingham


title: Edmund Walsingham

texts:
 by Alice Hungate, the daughter of John Hungate, by whom she had three sons and two daughters. <mask>, who is said to have married Richard Finch, third son of Sir William Finch, Sheriff of Kent, by his first wife, Elizabeth Cromer. <mask> is also said to have married, as his second wife, Edward Baynard (died 1575) of Lackham, Wiltshire, and to have been buried at Lacock, Wiltshire, on 20 August 1559. <mask>, who died young. Second marriage
He married secondly, Anne Jerningham, a daughter of Sir Edward Jerningham (died 6 January 1515) of Somerleyton, Suffolk, by his wife Margaret Bedingfield (died 24 March 1504). At the time of her marriage to Sir <mask>, Anne Jerningham was the widow of three successive husbands: Lord Edward Grey (died before 1517), eldest son and heir of Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset, and grandson of King Edward IV's wife, Elizabeth Woodville; Henry Barley (died 12 November 1529) of Albury, Hertfordshire; and Sir Robert Drury, Speaker of the House of Commons.Death and burial
<mask> died on 9 February 1550 and was buried in "a table tomb, richly ornamented with roses, acorns and foliage gilt" in the Scadbury chapel in the church of St Nicholas at Chislehurst. His son and heir, <mask>, erected a monument to his memory in 1581; the inscription begins:

A knight sometime of worthy fame,
Lieth buried under this stony bower,
Sir <mask> was his name,
Lieutenant he was of London Tower. His will, dated 8 February 1550, was proved on 8

masks:
Eleanor Walsingham
Eleanor Walsingham
Katherine Walsingham
Edmund Walsingham
Walsingham
Thomas Walsingham
Edmund Walsingham


title: James L. Kemper

texts:
<mask> (June 11, 1823 – April 7, 1895) was a lawyer, a Confederate general in the American Civil War, and the 37th Governor of Virginia. He was the youngest brigade commander and only non-professional military officer in the division that led Pickett's Charge, during which he was severely wounded. Early and family life
<mask> was born at Mountain Prospect plantation in Madison County, Virginia, the son of William and Maria Elizabeth (Allison<mask>. His father's family had emigrated from near what became Siegen, Germany, in the early 18th century. His great-grandfather had been among the miners recruited for Governor Alexander Spotswood's colony at Germanna, Virginia, and his merchant father had moved to the new town of Madison Court House in the 1790s after his own father had died falling from a horse in 1783, leaving his widow to take care of five daughters and a son. By the time young <mask> was born, his paternal grandmother and four aunts also lived at the plantation which <mask> had bought for $5,541.40 in 1800. His maternal great-grandfather, Col. John Jasper Stadler, had served on George Washington's staff as a civil engineer and planned fortifications in Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina during the American Revolutionary War, and his grandfather John Stadler Allison served as an officer in the War of 1812, but died when his daughter Maria was very young.Although several of his paternal ancestors were involved in the German Reformed Church, <mask> was an elder in the local Presbyterian church and his mother was devout, but also hosted dances and parties that lasted several days. His brother, Frederick T<mask> later founded Kemper Military School. <mask> had virtually no military training as a boy, but his father and a neighboring planter, Henry Hill of Culpeper, founded Old Field School on the plantation to educate local children, including A.P. Hill, who became a lifelong friend. From 1830–1840, Kemper

masks:
James Lawson Kemper
Kemper
) Kemper
James
William Kemper
William Kemper
. Kemper
James Kemper


title: James L. Kemper

texts:
 boarded during winters at Locust Dale Academy, which had a military corps of cadets. Kemper later attended Washington College (now Washington and Lee University) and also took civil engineering classes at nearby Virginia Military Institute. At Washington College's graduation ceremony in 1842, 19-year-old Kemper gave the commencement address, taking for a topic "The Need of a Public School System in Virginia."Kemper then returned home, where he joined a Tee-Total (Temperance) Society as well as studied law under George W. Summers of Kanawha County (a former U.S. Representative), after which Washington College awarded him a Master's degree in June 1845. He was admitted to the Virginia bar on October 2, 1846. Military and early political career
After Congress had declared war on Mexico in 1846, President <mask>. Polk called for nine regiments of volunteers. Kemper and his friend Birkett D. Fry of Kanawha County traveled to the national capital on December 15, 1846, hoping to secure commissions in the First Regiment of Virginia Volunteers. After traveling to Richmond and back to Washington for more networking, Kemper learned that he had been appointed the unit's quartermaster and captain under Col. John Hamtramck. During the Mexican–American War, Kemper received favorable reviews and met many future military leaders, but his unit arrived just after the Battle of Buena Vista and mainly maintained a defensive perimeter in Coahuila province. Honorably discharged from the U.S. Army on August 3, 1848, Kemper returned to practice law in Madison County, and neighboring Orange and Culpeper Counties.He represented many fellow veterans making land claims, as well as speculated in real estate and helped form the Blue Ridge Turnpike Company (between Gordonsville and the Shenandoah Valley. Interested in politics, Kemper first campaigned for office in 1850, but lost the contest to become clerk of the Commonwealth's constitutional


title: James L. Kemper

texts:
 convention. Promoting himself as pro-slavery, anti-abolitionist, and pro-states' rights, Kemper defeated Marcus Newman and was elected to represent Madison County in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1853 (the year his father died at age 76). A strong advocate of state military preparedness, as well as an ally of Henry A. Wise, Kemper rose to become chairman of the Military Affairs Committee. By 1858, he was serving as a brigadier general in the Virginia militia. In late 1861, Kemper became Speaker, a position he held until September 1863.Much of his term as Speaker coincided with his service in the Confederate States Army. Civil War
After the start of the Civil War, <mask> served as a brigadier general in the Provisional Army of Virginia, and then a colonel in the Confederate States Army, becoming head of the 7th Virginia Infantry. At First Bull Run, <mask> led the regiment as part of Jubal Early's brigade. His regiment was later assigned to Brigadier General A.P. Hill's brigade in Major General <mask>'s division of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. On May 26, Hill was promoted to division command and <mask>, as the ranking colonel, assumed command of the brigade. At Seven Pines, <mask>'s brigade attempted to relieve General D.H. Hill's battered troops, but had to retreat from massed enemy artillery fire and did not engage the Union infantry.Nonetheless, <mask> was promoted to brigadier general on June 3. During the Seven Days Battles, <mask>'s brigade was held in reserve at the Battle of Gaines's Mill. At the Battle of Glendale, the relatively inexperienced brigade spearheaded <mask>'s attack on the Union lines; prior to this, the only general engagement the brigade had faced took place during the Battle of Williamsburg almost two months earlier, when they had been under A.P. Hill's command. <mask>'s brigade suffered the fewest losses out of <mask>'s six brigades during the week-long confrontation.

masks:
Kemper
Kemper
James Longstreet
Kemper
Kemper
Kemper
Kemper
Longstreet
Kemper
Longstreet


title: James L. Kemper

texts: Following the Seven Days, General Robert E<mask> reorganized the army, and <mask> became a temporary division commander, commanding half of <mask>'s former division. At the Second Battle of Bull Run, <mask>'s division took part in <mask>'s surprise attack against the Union left flank, almost destroying Major General John Pope's Army of Virginia.Following Second Bull Run, the more senior Brigadier General David R. Jones took over command of the division, while <mask> reverted to brigade command. At the Battle of Antietam, <mask> was positioned south of the town of Sharpsburg, defending against Major General Ambrose E. Burnside's assault in the afternoon of September 17, 1862. He withdrew his brigade in the face of the Union advance, exposing the Confederate right flank, and the line was saved only by the hasty arrival of A.P. Hill's division from Harpers Ferry. Another army reorganization after Antietam led to <mask>'s brigade being placed in a division commanded by Brigadier General George Pickett, who had been on medical leave since being wounded at Gaines Mill. The division was held in reserve at Fredericksburg, and during the spring of 1863 was on detached duty in the Richmond area. As a result, Kemper also missed the Chancellorsville Campaign.At the Battle of Gettysburg, <mask> arrived with Pickett's division late on the second day of battle, July 2, 1863. His brigade was one of the main assault units in Pickett's Charge, advancing on the right flank of Pickett's line. After crossing the Emmitsburg Road, the brigade was hit by flanking fire from two Vermont regiments, driving it to the left and disrupting the cohesion of the assault. In spite of the danger, Kemper rose up in his stirrups to urge his men forwards, shouting "There are the guns, boys, go for them!" This act of bravado made Kemper an obvious target, and he was wounded by a bullet in the abdomen and thigh before being captured by Union troops.

masks:
. Lee
Kemper
Longstreet
Kemper
Longstreet
Kemper
Kemper
Kemper
Kemper


title: James L. Kemper

texts:
 However, he was rescued shortly thereafter by Sgt. <mask> of the First Virginia Infantry Regiment and carried back to the Confederate lines on Seminary Ridge.General <mask> encountered Kemper being carried on a stretcher and inquired about the seriousness of his wound, which Kemper said he thought was mortal. He requested that <mask> "do full justice to this division for its work today." During the Confederate Army's retreat from Gettysburg, <mask> was again captured by Union forces. He was exchanged (for Charles K. Graham) on September 19, 1863. For the rest of the war he was too ill to serve in combat, and instead commanded the Reserve Forces of Virginia. He was promoted to major general on September 19, 1864. Postbellum career
Kemper was paroled in May 1865.Since his previous house had been destroyed in a raid led by Union officer George Armstrong Custer, his mother-in-law purchased a house for the family in Madison County. Kemper then resumed his legal career. However, the bullet that had wounded him at Gettysburg had lodged close to a major artery and could not be removed without risking his life, so he suffered groin pain for the rest of his life. Nonetheless, he tried to attract northern capital to rebuild the devastated local economy. He and former classmate and Confederate general John D. Imboden also maintained a general legal practice, which because of the times, included much bankruptcy law. Beginning in 1867, Kemper helped found Virginia's Conservative Party, initially to oppose the new state constitution adopted by a convention chaired by John Underwood (who allied with the Radical Republican faction and opposed allowing former Confederates the vote, among other measures). In 1869 Kemper allied with another former Confederate general turned railroad entrepreneur William Mahone to elect Gilbert C. Walker to the Virginia House of Delegates.After his beloved wife Bella died in September 1870 of

masks:
Leigh Blanton
Lee
Lee
Kemper


title: James L. Kemper

texts: complications from the birth of their seventh child, Kemper's political activities increased. Distraught from the loss, he no longer slept in the house they had shared, but in his law office. Kemper ran for Congress in the 7th Congressional District (after the redistricting caused by the 1870 census), but lost to incumbent John T. Harris of Harrisonburg. In the 1873 election for Governor of Virginia, as the Reconstruction Era ended and former Confederate soldiers regained voting rights, Kemper handily defeated former Know-Nothing and fellow ex-Confederate turned Republican Robert William Hughes of Abingdon, who won only 43.84% of the votes cast. Kemper's supporters included former Confederate Generals Jubal Early and Fitzhugh <mask> as well as Mahone and noted raider John Singleton Mosby. However, former Governor and Confederate General Henry A. Wise supported Hughes.Kemper served as Virginia's Governor from January 1, 1874, to January 1, 1878. He lived frugally, using his son Meade (d. 1886) as his secretary. Kemper trimmed the state budget where possible, and late in his term advocated taxing alcohol. One major political controversy involved whether to repay the state's war debt. Kemper allied with the Funder Party to pay it off; the Readjuster Party (which Mahone came to lead) opposed him. Gov. Kemper also enforced the civil rights provisions in the new state constitution, despite having opposed it originally.His February 1874 veto of a new law passed by the General Assembly that attempted to transfer control in Petersburg from elected officials (including African Americans) to a board of commissioners appointed by a judge was sustained by Virginia's Senate, although the law's proponents hanged him in effigy. General Early also vehemently disagreed with Kemper's 1875 decision to allow a militia unit of African Americans to participate in the dedication of a statue of General Stonewall Jackson. Gov. Kemper also


title: James L. Kemper

texts:
 German-Americans in the Civil War

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Freeman, Douglas S. R. E. <mask>, A Biography. 4 vols.New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1934–35. .
 Gallagher, Gary W., ed. The Third Day at Gettysburg and Beyond. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. .
 Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Tagg, <mask>. The Generals of Gettysburg. Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing, 1998. .
 Warner, Ezra J.Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .

Further reading
 Hess, Earl J. Pickett's Charge–The Last Attack at Gettysburg. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. .
 Jamerson, Bruce F. Speakers and Clerks of the Virginia House of Delegates, 1776–2007. Richmond: Virginia House of Delegates, 1996. . Revised version of work by E. Griffith Dodson, first published in 1956. Stewart, George R. Pickett's Charge: A Microhistory of the Final Attack at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959. .
 Wert, Jeffry D. Gettysburg: Day Three. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. .External links

 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor <mask><mask>, 1874–1877 at The Library of Virginia
 "<mask> Kemper," Encyclopedia Virginia

1823 births
1895 deaths
Governors of Virginia
Speakers of the Virginia House of Delegates
Confederate States Army major generals
Virginia lawyers
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
American Civil War prisoners of war
American militia generals
People from Madison County, Virginia
Washington and Lee University School of Law alumni
Virginia Democrats
American people of German descent
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
19th-century American politicians
American lawyers admitted

masks:
Lee
Larry
James L
. Kemper
James Lawson


title: Sim Bhullar

texts:
Gursimran Singh "<mask>" <mask> (born December 2, 1992) is a Canadian professional basketball player for the Hsinchu JKO Lioneers of the Taiwanese P. League+. He played college basketball for New Mexico State University and is the first player of Indian descent to play in the NBA. At 7'5", he also became the sixth-tallest player in NBA history, being tied with Chuck Nevitt and Pavel Podkolzin for that record. High school career
Born in Toronto, Ontario, <mask> grew up in Brampton and attended Father Henry Carr Catholic Secondary School in Etobicoke, Toronto before moving to Saltsburg, Pennsylvania, to attend The Kiski School for the 2009–10 school year. That year, <mask> averaged a near triple-double for the Kiski basketball team with 16 points, 14 rebounds, and eight blocks per game. At the FIBA Americas Under-18 tournament in the summer of 2010, <mask> impressed with his size and performance. In a loss to the United States, <mask> came off the bench to record 14 points, four rebounds and three blocks.At the end of November 2010, in the middle of Kiski's basketball season, <mask> withdrew from Kiski and transferred to Huntington Prep School in West Virginia. At Huntington, <mask> improved on his conditioning, dropping from  to . College career
<mask> originally committed to playing for Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio, but decommitted in August 2011 to play for the New Mexico State Aggies. He turned down Xavier because he learned he was not qualified to immediately play and would have to pay the full $42,000-a-year tuition, which his family refused to do. <mask>, however, was not able to play until the 2012–13 season because the NCAA denied him an

masks: Sim Bhullar Bhullar Bhullar Bhullar Bhullar Bhullar Bhullar Bhullar Bhullar


title: Sim Bhullar

texts:
 eligibility waiver and rejected the school's appeal. His brother, Tanveer, joined the team for the 2013–14 season, although he redshirted his freshman year. During his freshman season, <mask> played 24.4 minutes per game, averaging 10.1 points, 6.7 rebounds, and 2.4 blocks per game.In his sophomore season, he improved to 26.3 minutes per game, with 10.4 points, 7.8 rebounds, and 3.4 blocks per game. He is a two-time WAC tournament MVP, winning the award in 2013 and 2014, where he also helped New Mexico State reach the NCAA Tournament. In April 2014, <mask> declared for the NBA draft, forgoing his final two years of college eligibility. Professional career

Sacramento Kings and Reno Bighorns (2014–2015)
After going undrafted in the 2014 NBA draft, <mask> joined the Sacramento Kings for the 2014 NBA Summer League. On August 14, 2014, he signed with the Kings, becoming the first player of Indian descent to sign with an NBA team. However, he was waived by the Kings on October 19 after appearing in two preseason games. On November 2, 2014, he was acquired by the Reno Bighorns of the NBA Development League as an affiliate player of the Kings.<mask> made his D-League debut on December 6 and recorded four points, eight rebounds and six blocks in Reno's 141–140 loss to the Los Angeles D-Fenders. On February 22, 2015, he recorded his first career triple-double with 26 points, 17 rebounds and 11 blocked shots against the D-Fenders. On April 2, 2015, <mask> signed a 10-day contract with the Sacramento Kings. Five days later, he made history when he checked in the fourth quarter for the final 16.1 seconds of the Kings' 116–111 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves, becoming

masks: Bhullar Bhullar Bhullar Bhullar Bhullar


title: Sim Bhullar

texts:
 the first player of Indian descent to play in an NBA game. He scored his first two points on April 8 in a 103–91 loss to the Utah Jazz. <mask> was not retained by the Kings following the expiration of his 10-day contract. In July 2015, <mask> re-joined the Kings for the 2015 NBA Summer League.After appearing in just one game for the Kings, <mask> left the team in order to join the Canadian national team for the Pan Am Games. Raptors 905 (2015–2016)
On October 31, 2015, <mask> was acquired by Raptors 905 of the NBA Development League. In 39 games for Raptors 905 in 2015–16, he averaged 9.6 points, 6.9 rebounds, 1.1 assists and 1.3 blocks per game. Dacin Tigers (2016–2017)
On August 26, 2016, <mask> signed with the Dacin Tigers of the Taiwanese Super Basketball League. Guangxi Rhino (2017)
On April 27, 2017, <mask> signed with Guangxi Rhino of the National Basketball League, the second-tier league of China. Hsinchu JKO Lioneers (2021–present)
On October 22, 2021, <mask> joined Hsinchu JKO Lioneers of the Taiwanese P. League+. Career statistics

NBA

National team career
<mask> played for Canada in the 2010 FIBA Americas U18 Championship where he averaged 6.0 points and 3.8 rebounds in five games.Canada won the bronze medal after finishing with a 3–2 record. <mask> then played for Canada in the 2011 FIBA Under-19 World Championship. In six games, he averaged 12.3 points and 6.3 rebounds per game. Canada finished in 11th place with a 3–5 record. Personal life
<mask>'s parents migrated to Canada from the state of Punjab in India. His father, Avtar, is  and his mother, Varinder, is . Neither parent had exposure to basketball until enrolling their sons into local youth

masks: Bhullar Bhullar Bhullar Bhullar Bhullar Bhullar Bhullar Bhullar Bhullar Bhullar


title: Sim Bhullar

texts:
 basketball programs.Avtar himself grew up only playing kabaddi, a traditional Indian contact sport. <mask> had a normal life as a teen having a job at 16 working at Dunkin’ Donuts. <mask> has an older sister, Avneet, and a younger brother, Tanveer, who stands at  and played college basketball for both New Mexico State and, later, Missouri State. See also
List of tallest players in National Basketball Association history
List of Canadians in the National Basketball Association

References

External links

NBA D-League profile
New Mexico bio

1992 births
Living people
ASEAN Basketball League players
Basketball players at the 2015 Pan American Games
Basketball players from Toronto
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in Taiwan
Canadian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Canadian men's basketball players
Canadian Sikhs
Canadian sportspeople of Indian descent
Centers (basketball)
Expatriate basketball people in Taiwan
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games
New Mexico State Aggies men's basketball players
Pan American Games medalists in basketball
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Punjabi people
Raptors 905 players
Reno Bighorns players
Sacramento Kings players
Undrafted National Basketball Association players
Hsinchu JKO Lioneers

masks: Bhullar Bhullar


title: Moto Hagio

texts:
is a Japanese manga artist who is considered a "founding mother" of modern shōjo manga, especially shōnen-ai. <mask> rose to prominence in the 1970s as a member of the influential Year 24 Group, and has been described as "the most beloved shōjo manga artist of all time." Hagio's notable works include The Poe Clan (1972–1976), The Heart of Thomas (1974), They Were Eleven (1975), and A Cruel God Reigns (1993–2001). Publishing career
<mask> was born on May 12, 1949 in Ōmuta, Fukuoka Prefecture. She wanted to become a mangaka after reading Osamu Tezuka's manga Shinsen-gumi at the age of about 17, and made her professional debut in 1969 at the age of 20 with her short story Lulu to Mimi in Nakayoshi. Nakayoshi'''s publisher Kodansha wanted "bright and lively" works, and rival publisher Shogakukan sought her out. Keiko Takemiya introduced Hagio to Takemiya's editor, Junya Yamamoto, who accepted all of Hagio's works that Kodansha had rejected.Later, for Shogakukan Publishing, she produced a series of short stories for various magazines. Two years after her debut, she published Juichigatsu no Gimunajiumu (The November Gymnasium), a short story that dealt openly with love between two boys at a boarding school. The story was part of a larger movement by female manga artists at the time that pioneered shōnen-ai, a genre of girls' comics about love between young men. In 1974, <mask> developed this story into the longer Thomas no Shinzō (The Heart of Thomas). She was awarded the Shogakukan Manga Award in 1976 for her science fiction classic Juichinin Iru! (They Were Eleven) and her epic tale Poe no Ichizoku (The Poe Clan). The realism in her works, as well as those by Keiko Takemiya and Yumiko Oshima were noted as one of the causes for the rise

masks: Hagio Hagio Hagio


title: Moto Hagio

texts:
 in shojo comics in the late 1970's.In the mid-1980s, Hagio wrote her first long work – Marginal. Prior to writing Iguana Girl in 1991, Hagio had not set her works in contemporary Japan. <mask> <mask> had a role in the 2008 film Domomata no Shi (Death of Domomata). On June 11, 2009, a party was held in <mask> <mask>'s honor, "celebrating her 40th year as a professional manga artist". Approximately 200 people attended. In 2011, Joshibi University of Art and Design appointed <mask> as a guest professor. When Hagio began drawing manga, she cut large sheets of "manga paper" to B4 size, and she still uses a G-Pen and a Maru-Pen.When she began drawing manga, she used India ink and a brush, but now uses Copic markers. Personal life
<mask> is a science fiction fan, and considers Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke and Robert Heinlein to have influenced her, and she has adapted several of Ray Bradbury's short stories from R is for Rocket into manga format. She lives in Saitama Prefecture. They Were Eleven (original date of publication 1975), which was part of the 1996 anthology Four Shōjo Stories. They Were Eleven is available on DVD as an anime, in both dubbed and subtitled formats. Like most anime based on manga, there are various minor changes and omissions. "Hanshin" (original date of publication 1984), a short story, which was published in issue 269 of The Comics Journal alongside an interview with <mask> <mask> conducted by Rachel Thorn.The Heart of Thomas (1974), translated by Rachel Thorn, published in a single-volume omnibus edition by Fantagraphics in 2013. Otherworld Barbara (2002–2005), translated by Rachel Thorn, published in a two-volume omnibus edition by Fantagraphics between 2016–2017. "Through Yura's Gate", a lengthy short story

masks: Moto Hagio Moto Hagio Hagio Hagio Moto Hagio


title: Moto Hagio

texts:
 by <mask> <mask> that pays homage to the manga Parasyte, collected in Kodansha's Neo Parasyte M (2017). The Poe Clan (1972–1976), translated by Rachel Thorn, to be published in a two-volume omnibus edition by Fantagraphics. The first volume was released in 2019.Lil Leo (2008–2012), published in one volume by Denpa in 2021.A, A' and They Were Eleven have science fiction settings, and both They Were Eleven and X+Y include transgender elements. The science fiction aspects in particular have led to Hagio's work appealing to manga readers who do not generally like shōjo manga. A 2010 anthology, A Drunken Dream and Other Stories, collects the following stories:

"Bianca" (1970)
"Girl on Porch with Puppy" (1971)
"Autumn Journey" (1971)
"Marié, Ten Years Later" (1977)
"A Drunken Dream" (1980)
"Hanshin" (1984)
"Angel Mimic" (1984)
"Iguana Girl" (1991)
"The Child Who Comes Home" (1998)
"The Willow Tree" (2007)

These were selected by translator Rachel Thorn to be a representative sample of <mask> Hagio's whole career, with the input of a mixi fan club for Hagio.Other works
Character designs for the animated film Toki no Tabibito: Time Stranger (1986)
Character designs for Quintet's video game Illusion of Gaia'' (1993)

References

Further reading

External links
 Moto Hagio Titles – list of works

 Cafe Bleu
 Interview at Journal du Japon

1949 births
Anime character designers
Japanese female comics artists
Living people
Women manga artists
Manga artists
Manga artists from Fukuoka Prefecture
People from Ōmuta, Fukuoka
Female comics writers
20th-century Japanese women writers
20th-century Japanese writers
21st-century Japanese women writers
21st-century Japanese writers
Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon
Persons of Cultural

masks: Moto Hagio Moto


title: Gentleman Jack Gallagher

texts:
Oliver Westfield Claffey, better known by the ring name <mask>, is an English professional wrestler and mixed martial artist. He is best known for his time in WWE, where he performed on the NXT and 205 Live brands, mostly under the ring name <mask>. Claffey was released from WWE in June 2020. On January 25, 2022, BKFC announced <mask> has signed a deal to fight for the organisation, and will debut mid 2022. Claffey had worked in the British Independent circuit since 2006. In 2016, he competed on the WWE tournament Cruiserweight Classic. After the tournament, he was signed to a WWE contract and worked on the 205 Live brand, exclusively for cruiserweights.Professional wrestling career

Training and early career
Claffey was trained by Alex Shane and the Futureshock staff. He made his professional wrestling debut at the age of 16 on 4 November 2006 at Futureshock #11, under the ring name <mask>, teaming up with Alex Cyanide, Danny Hope, and Kris Travis. They defeated El Ligero, Charity, Faith, and Jamal Lewis. He also trained in grappling, a catch wrestling style, at The Snake Pit in Wigan, Greater Manchester. He received further training from Snake Pit alumnus Billy Robinson in the United States. Independent circuit (2007–2016)
In the beginning of 2007, Toxic and Cyanide teamed up and eventually became Lethal Dose. They became a regular attraction at Futureshock, appearing on many shows.The team would have their first title shot at Grand Pro Wrestling's That's Entertainment when they took on WKD for the GPW Tag Team Championship. The team traveled to Real Deal Wrestling and, in February and April

masks:
Jack Gallagher
Gentleman Jack Gallagher
Jack
Jack Toxic


title: Gentleman Jack Gallagher

texts: had two chances to become the RDW Tag Team Champions, but lost both times. They then went to Hull to wrestle for New Generation Wrestling where they won all their matches. With this run of success, they returned to Futureshock at Futureshock #27 and defeated three other teams to become the first FSW Tag Team Champions. However, they lost the titles to The Doogooders at Futureshock #29. They returned to GPW at Livin' On The Edge to take part in a number one contendership four-way elimination match and lost. For the rest of 2009, they continued to team up but found little championship success and split up.Claffey, performing as <mask>, made his singles debut at Grand Pro Wrestling West Park Fun Day and lost to Scarlett Web. Between March and April, Toxic tried to qualify for the Crazy Cruiser 8 2008 but failed multiple times; however, he won the Last Chance Saloon battle royal and therefore qualified for the tournament. On 2 May, he lost to El Ligero in the quarter finals. At Justice For All, he defeated Bubblegum in a rumble qualifying match but was eliminated from the rumble. At Guts & Glory, he returned under the name <mask> to compete in a four way scrabble match for the GPW British Championship and lost. At Battlefield, he lost a thirty-minute iron man match involving Zack Diamond and Mikey Whiplash for the GPW British Championship; however, next month at Heroes & Villains, he defeated Diamond for the title. He held the championship until Do Or Die, in December, where he lost it to Ste Mann.<mask> introduced his own belt but lost it to Ste Mann, and took a 12-month break from Grand Pro.

masks:
Jack Toxic
Jack Gallagher
Gallagher


title: Gentleman Jack Gallagher

texts: <mask> made his Grand Pro return at the 2013 Crazy Cruiser 8 where he defeated Bubblegum in the Quarter Finals before being pinned by eventual winner El Ligero in the Semi-Finals. At the start of 2014, <mask> was defeated by CJ Banks at "Back With A Bang", the beginning of a rivalry. The rivalry between <mask> and Banks continued into 2015 and at Back With A Bang, Banks picked up the win to end the feud. Following a loss to Chris Ridgeway at "Cruel Summer", <mask> took another hiatus from Grand Pro. <mask> returned at Friday Night Thriller 9, participated in some more matches, and had his final appearance at the Dom Travis Memorial show, "A Night To Remember" when he defeated former tag team partner Cyanide. On 8 June 2008, Claffey as Toxic, took part in the Lotto-Thunder Tournament and reached the semi final where he was defeated by <mask>.On 13 September, he participated in the FSW Trophy Tournament 2009 and was eliminated in the first round by Sparx. In 2010, he began using the ring name <mask>. At Futureshock #48, <mask> won the FSW Trophy Tournament 2010 when he defeated Dave Breaks in the final. On 6 November 2011, <mask> defeated Dave Rayne to become the FSW Champion. He would hold the championship for fourteen months before losing it to Davey Richards at Futureshock #61. At Futureshock #62, he defeated Stixx and Zack Gibson to become the number one contender for the FSW Championship. Chris Egan announced that <mask> would be facing Sonjay Dutt at FutureShock #74, but <mask> instead faced Jay Lethal at FutureShock #74.At the event, <mask> defeated Dutt by pinfall. On 3 March 2013, he

masks:
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Jack Domino
Jack Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher