title: Sania Nishtar

texts:
 University's Institute for Global Health.<mask> was a leading candidate for Director-General of the World Health Organization, to be elected in May 2017. She was amongst the shortlisted three nominees in the election held in January 2017, but was not successful in the final election held in 23 May 2017. Dr. <mask> <mask>'s late father, Dr. Syed Hamid, was a much respected doctor hailing from a very well-reputed syed family. Dr. <mask> <mask> is the wife of Mr. Ghalib <mask>, the grandson of Sardar Abdur Rab <mask>, a leading figure in the Pakistan movement. Education
<mask> graduated from Khyber Medical College with her Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery in 1986 and was Best Graduate of the Year. She holds a Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and a PhD from King's College London. In 2019, Kings College London awarded her a Doctorate in Science, Honoris Causa.Career

Medicine
After several years as a Cardiologist at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, <mask> <mask> founded Heartfile in 1999, which has grown from a health information-focused NGO to a health policy think tank, focused on health systems issues. In 2007, <mask> founded Heartfile Health Financing, a program to protect poor patients from medical impoverishment. The program is a 2008, 2012, and 2013
 Commitment of the Clinton Global Initiative. She also founded Pakistan's Health Policy Forum, a civil society policy platform for health experts that has garnered contributions from prominent global health advocates including Seth Berkley, Sir George Alleyne, Mark Dybul, and Naresh Trehan, in addition to many others. Politics
In May 2019, <mask> was appointed Special Assistant on Poverty Alleviation and Social Safety Nets for Prime Minister Imran Khan. In this role, she is leading the roll-out of Ehsaas, a pioneering multisectoral poverty alleviation and welfare programme for Pakistan which encompasses over 130 policies. Previously, Nishtar served as Federal Minister in the Government of

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type: original

texts: Pakistan of Prime Minister Mir Hazar Khan Khoso during the 2013 caretaker government, in charge of Science and Technology, Education and Trainings and Information Technology and Telcom.She also had responsibility as focal person for health. During her term, <mask> was instrumental in establishing Pakistan's Ministry of Health, which she had been advocating for. At the conclusion of her term she published Handover Papers, She also refused pay and perks and left an unusual gift for government functionaries. Her policies remained focused on promoting development; in the education sector linking academia with entrepreneurs, industry and the national priorities, and in the Ministry of IT by using the telecom sector for development. During her term in office as minister, she prevailed upon the Prime Minister to reverse the decision to dismantle the Prime Minister's Polio cell, and saved the government from what could have been an e-voting embarrassment. In 2015, <mask> was the Government of Pakistan's candidate to succeed António Guterres as United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; the post eventually went to Filippo Grandi of Italy. <mask> has been Pakistan's candidate to succeed Margaret Chan as Director-General of WHO.In April 2016, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, which has 57 member states and aims to serve as the collective voice for Muslims, "welcomed" <mask>'s candidacy. <mask> <mask> was one of the two favorite candidates in the shortlisting election in January 2017, where she secured 28 out of 34 votes. She qualified to be one of the three official nominees by WHO. Her candidature received broad-based support from within Pakistan, from the government, civil society and women's groups. Many high-profile Pakistanis came in support of her, such as Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy, Pakistan's Oscar Winner filmmaker. International experts highlighted her merits shown in this Lancet (journal) letter. She was strongly supported by humanitarians including Sir George Alleyne,

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title: Sania Nishtar

texts:
 Princess Dina Mired of Jordan, and Musimbi Kanyoro.Various aspects of her professional life were highlighted. Robert and Ruth Bonita explained why she was the suitable candidate outlining her NCDs and health systems credentials. Voices from Latin America supported her civil society background. Others supported her because of her reform credentials and mix of civil society, ministerial and multilateral experience, and others emphasized her accountability credentials. Other views supported the three candidates to varying extents. <mask> <mask> emphasized on the need for transparency and accountability during her election campaign, and was referred to as the ‘changemaker’. <mask> <mask> was defeated by Tedros Adanhom Ghebreusus in the final election in May 2017.Her defeat disappointed Pakistanis but her ethical conduct during the election and the prestige it brought for Pakistan was widely hailed. Peace-building activities
<mask> was the Chair of the Health Committee of the Aman ki Asha initiative, a campaign for peace between India and Pakistan, for which she has convened several meetings and negotiated declarations. As a member of the Pakistan Chapter of the Partners for a New Beginning, Aspen Institute, and a member of the Global Advisory Council of the Pakistan American Foundation and the US-Muslim Engagement Initiative she has been advocating for broader US-Pakistan engagement, towards improving social outcomes. Advocacy
<mask>'s domestic focus is on health sector governance. This was illustrated recently in the case of her stance on a spurious drug scandal, abolition of the Ministry of Health, which was part of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, and the country's inability to eradicate polio. She also contributes time as a volunteer to health systems strengthening in her country and has signed two MoUs with Pakistan's Ministry of Health, committing her time pro bono. She authored Pakistan's first compendium of health statistics, and the country's

masks: Sania Nishtar Sania Nishtar Nishtar Nishtar


title: Sania Nishtar

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 first national public health plan for non-communicable diseases.<mask>'s book Choked Pipes, an analysis of Pakistan's health systems, became the blue print for the country's health policy. She is a member of many health initiatives in Pakistan. Through her writings she has become a proponent of governance reforms in Pakistan, and is a member of many national and international boards and initiatives, which aim to improve governance in the country, including the Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency. She was a member of the Asia Society Task Force on Pakistan 2020, and was formerly a director of IESCO. She also serves on Pakistan's Economic Advisory Council, and is the Chair of the Steering Committee for Pakistan's National Vision for Surgical Care. <mask> has been involved with many international agencies in various capacities. She has served as temporary advisor to the World Health Organization,.In addition, <mask> continues to hold several board positions, including the following:

 WHO Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research (AHPSR), Member of the Board
 WHO Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity, Co-Chairwoman
 Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, Member of the Editorial Board
 EAT Foundation, Member of the Advisory Board
 World Economic Forum, Member of the Global Agenda Council
 Health Global Challenge initiative, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Clinton Global Initiative, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Scaling Up Nutrition Movement, Member of the Lead Group (since 2016, appointed by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon)
 The Lancet, Member of the International Advisory Board on Global Health
 Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, Member of the Editorial Board

<mask> is also a member of the Lancet and Rockefeller Foundation Commission on Planetary Health  and the Lancet and Harvard Commission on Pain and Palliative Care. She is a member of the Steering Committee of the Emerging Markets Symposium, which is an

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 initiative of the Green Templeton College, Oxford University. She is also a member of the Board of the United Nations University International Institute for Global Health. <mask> also previously served on several boards, including:
 Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, Member of the Board (2015–2016), previously Chairwoman of the Evaluation Advisory Committee
 International Union for Health Promotion, Member of the Board
 World Heart Federation (WHF), Member of the Board
  WHF Foundation, Chairwoman of the Advisory Board (2003–2006)

<mask> chaired the World Heart Day campaign in its founding years, the 'Go Red for Women' campaign in 2004, and the Expert Panel on Women and Heart Disease 2007 onwards. She also previously served as member of the Ministerial Leadership Initiative for Global Health, and was a member of the Working Group on Private Sector in Health Systems set up by Results for Development and the Rockefeller Foundation. Nishtar has been involved in several global health declarations. She was a member of the drafting committee of the Moscow Declaration on NCDs in 2011.She chaired the drafting committee of WHO's Venice Statement on Global Health Initiatives and Health Systems in 2009. She was also a member of the International Advisory Boards of the Osaka Declaration and Victoria Declaration on Cardiovascular Diseases. <mask> is a regular plenary speaker or keynote speaker at international meetings, and speaks at forums such as Davos. She has also been invited as a thought leader at UN agencies. She has also been on the organising committees of many international conferences. Publications
<mask>'s book Choked Pipes was published by the Oxford University Press in 2010. The book received reviews in The Lancet, the WHO Bulletin and other periodicals, and was released in several cities.She has also authored the book Chapters, and is a regular op-ed contributor to The News International and the Huffington Post. She has also contributed in the Wall Street Journal and Project


title: Sania Nishtar

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 Syndicate. She was also editor of the Pakistan Lancet Series, released in 2013. Books and book chapters

Nishtar S. Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in South Asia. Heartfile and SAARC Cardiac Society. . Islamabad, Pakistan. Nishtar S. Public-Private Partnerships in the health sector – a call to action. The Commonwealth Health Ministers Book; 2007.Awards
<mask> is the recipient of Pakistan's Sitara-i-Imtiaz (Star of Excellence) Award (awarded by the President of Pakistan), the European Societies Population Science Award, and the First Global Innovation Award by the Rockefeller Foundation. She was admitted to the Medical Mission Hall of Fame in Toledo, Ohio in 2011. In the beginning of 2014, she was mentioned in the Top-20 List of 'Most Influential Women in Science in the Islamic World' by the Muslim Scientists List in recognition of her policy advocacy contributions. In 2019, her alma mater Kings College awarded her a Doctorate in Science, Honoris Causa. <mask> was on the list of the BBC's 100 Women announced on 23 November 2020. References

External links

 NGO thinktank, Heartfile
 Heartfile Health Financing
 Articles and columns by <mask> <mask> on The News International
 Articles by <mask> <mask> on The Huffington Post
 Media coverage of <mask> Nishtar in Asian Scientist (magazine)
 Education minister’s noble precedent: refuses pay and perks
 Tremendous improvements in educational institutions
 Sania emphasises paradigm shift to market-based research
 <mask> lauds HEC’s efforts and accomplishments
 Research & development is imperative to determine our future line of action: <mask> Nishtar

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1963 births
Alumni of King's College London
Education Ministers of Pakistan
Federal ministers of Pakistan
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
Khyber Medical College alumni
Living people
Pakistani medical researchers
Pakistani cardiologists
Pakistani medical writers
Pakistani women medical doctors
Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz
People from Peshawar
Women federal

masks: Nishtar Nishtar Sania Nishtar Sania Nishtar Sania Nishtar Sania


title: Costin Murgescu

texts:
<mask> (; October 27, 1919 – August 30, 1989) was a Romanian economist, jurist, journalist and diplomat. A supporter of fascism during his youth, he switched to communism by the end of World War II, and became an editor of the Communist Party daily organ, România Liberă. He taught at the University of Bucharest and worked for the Economic Research Institute. Having campaigned for multilateralism in world affairs as early as 1944, he helped to distance Romania from the Soviet Union after 1964, and later represented his country at the United Nations. He wrote extensively, publishing works on the effects of land reform and industrialization, on the history of economic thought, and on Romania's relations with the Comecon and the First World. An innovator among the Romanian communist intellectual and professional elite, <mask> spent his final decades questioning the assumptions of Marxian economics. At the Institute for World Economy, which later became a branch of the Romanian Academy, he trained a new generation of like-minded economists.Shortly before his death, he was involved in dissidence against the Nicolae Ceaușescu regime. Although he did not live long enough to witness the 1989 Revolution, he played an indirect part in shaping the economic policies to which the country turned in post-communism. The estranged son of Lieutenant Colonel <mask>, a convicted war criminal, <mask> <mask> was married to Ecaterina Oproiu, a Romanian writer and social commentator. He was survived by his nephew and disciple, historian Bogdan <mask>. Biography

Early life and fascist militancy
Born in Râmnicu Sărat, the future economist was the son of a Romanian Land Forces officer, Ion C<mask>.

masks:
Costin Ion Murgescu
Murgescu
Murgescu
Costin
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. Murgescu


title: Costin Murgescu

texts: <mask> was originally interested in jurisprudence, and entered the law faculty of the University of Bucharest. His beginnings were as a literary critic, with an essay on the literary and artistic life of Balcic.It was picked up by the magazine Familia, and deemed "interesting, but insufficient" by chroniclers at Revista Fundațiilor Regale. Aged nineteen, <mask> wrote a historical work, about the trial of the Transylvanian Memorandum signatories. Around that time, he was also a staff writer for the Oradea literary newspaper, Noua Gazetă de Vest, where he conducted a questionnaire survey on the state of cultural life in the provinces of Greater Romania. During the first years of World War II, <mask> was a supporter of the fascist Iron Guard and, in his own definition, a theoretician of "totalitarian" politics. He began a collaboration with the newspaper Universul, where, as later recounted by his colleague Ștefan Baciu, he was one of the three staff writers who showed up for work wearing the Guard's green-colored shirts. Starting in August 1940, a full month before the Guard proclaimed its National Legionary regime, <mask> published a series of political musings in Universul. These were soon after collected as a brochure, Note pentru Statul Totalitar ("Notes on the Totalitarian State").The newspaper's literary chronicler, Constantin Fântâneru, presented <mask> as "that model of an author who will win people over to a doctrine simply by outlining clearly its ideas." The brochure quoted at length from the speeches of Benito Mussolini and Iron Guard leader Horia Sima. Envisaging the birth of a "new man", "strong, lively, and immaculate", it called for a non-violent "moral

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Young Murgescu
Murgescu
Murgescu
Murgescu
Murgescu


title: Costin Murgescu

texts: revolution" to bring Romania into the "New European Order". It sought to rebuild culture around the Guard's "Legionary spirit", and promised artistic freedom "only to ethnic Romanians." In his Universul chronicles, <mask> offered his praise to the Conducător, Ion Antonescu, as well as to the Guard's founding father, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu. Moreover, he penned warnings against the Guard's enemies: "those who have martyred this People—no mercy for them. They should expect a terrible punishment."He still had contributions as a literary critic, such as a short introduction to Japanese poetry. <mask> remained active in the press after the Guard fell from power in the violent purge of early 1941. With Antonescu as the uncontested dictator, Romania became involved in the anti-Soviet war as an ally of Nazi Germany. <mask> was drafted into the Romanian Land Forces, but continued to write (including an unpublished novel and war diary) and was allowed to pass his examinations at the university. With his journalistic work, he moved to the more mainstream review, Vremea, where he contributed analytical essays about the war effort. In one such piece, on October 25, 1942, just before the crushing of Romanian forces, he predicted that the Red Army was too exhausted and famished to mount an offensive. By 1943, his articles in Vremea and Revista Fundațiilor Regale were turning toward economics and economic history, citing Victor Slăvescu as a model and inspiration.<mask>'s father, Ion, had "strong pro-Nazi sympathies" and was a willing participant in Antonescu's war crimes. By September 1942, the elder <mask> was the commandant of Vapniarka, a concentration camp for Jewish deportees,

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 ordering them to be fed on grass pea, which caused an outbreak of lathyrism and resulted in several deaths and many more crippling infirmities. Communist turn and România Liberă
As noted by historian Lucian Boia, <mask> <mask> had renounced his "juvenile totalitarian illusions" by January 1944, with Romania facing the possibility of a Soviet invasion. Contacting the anti-fascist circles, and finding himself in open conflict with his own father, <mask> became a contributor to Ecoul, the semi-legal newspaper. It published his essays against Antonescu's economic policies and the New Order, which argued, with a noted "dialectical" tinge, in favor of multilateralism and an "international division of labor". His Vremea articles, arranged for print by the antifascist editor George Ivașcu, looked forward to a new era of peace, shaped by international cooperation. According to Boia, he may have been encouraged to explore the subject by the Propaganda Ministry, which was sending out signals that some dignitaries were willing to sue for peace.During or immediately after the August 23 Coup which toppled Antonescu, <mask> involved himself with left-wing political circles, including the Romanian Communist Party (PCR). Following the country's change of orientation, Lt-Col. <mask> was arrested. He was initially sentenced to death, and some authors believe that he was executed. However, his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment with hard labor on June 1, 1945. Passing through the notorious Aiud prison, he may have still been alive during the mid 1950s. As a display of his loyalty to the new regime, <mask> volunteered for war against the Nazis, fought in Northern Transylvania, and was

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title: Costin Murgescu

texts:
 badly wounded. From 1944 to 1952, that is to say during the early stages of the Romanian communist regime, <mask> was editor of the PCR's România Liberă newspaper.In this capacity, he helped organize its bureau of national and international correspondents, as well as its agitprop section. He contributed various articles on national affairs and international relations, praising the 1945 visit to Moscow of the PCR Minister of Transport Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej as "a momentous start" in Soviet–Romanian relations. He was also a prominent contributor to the communist literary magazine, Contemporanul, where he praised the party for its "consolidation of democracy". Around 1950, <mask> married Ecaterina Oproiu, a fellow România Liberă journalist who went on to establish the official film magazine, Cinema. She later achieved fame in her own right, as Romania's first-ever television critic and a promoter of socialist feminism. Economic Research Institute
Expelled from România Liberă following an inquiry into his social origins, <mask> focused entirely on his work in economics. From 1953 to 1956, he was a scientific researcher in the political economy department of the University of Bucharest.He later joined the team of economists and statisticians at the Bucharest Economic Research Institute (ICE), which was headed by Gogu Rădulescu, a disgraced and sidelined PCR activist. Rădulescu appointed him head of the National Economy Section, and deputy ICE Director. <mask> was assigned to work on an economic overview of the 1945 land reform, which he published in 1956 at Editura Academiei. Writing at the time, Marxist philosopher Ernő Gáll suggested that <mask>'s tract offered "rich and


title: Costin Murgescu

texts: convincing material" about the pauperization of Romania's peasant class before and during World War II. As noted in 2009 by scholars Dorin Dobrincu and Constantin Iordachi, the study, written "during the Stalinist years", has "limited analytical value", but still stands out as the only land reform monograph in "domestic historical writing" under communism. By the end of the 1950s, with a slight relaxation of communist censorship, <mask> tried to promote a reevaluation of interwar Romanian sociology, and organized at the ICE work-groups that were basing themselves on Dimitrie Gusti's sociological research teams. These rural expeditions, recounted by <mask>'s articles in Contemporanul (August 1957), allowed for a discussion of collectivization, which they presented as a relevant success (particularly so in the model regions of Constanța and Hunedoara).Also in Contemporanul, <mask> published an essay that sought to rehabilitate Gusti, but his effort was smothered by the Communist Party in 1959. Nevertheless, according to fellow economist Egon Balas, <mask> was also able to use political censorship for his own gains, "manufacturing a conflict" with Miron Constantinescu, the ICE researcher and dissident communist, and obtaining his ousting. As a result of this intrigue, <mask> became sole editor of the ICE academic journal, Revista Economică, in 1958. Making occasional returns to the field of Marxist economic history, <mask> wrote propaganda works, accusing the deposed Romanian royal family, and in particular Carol II, of having organized a "plunder" of Romanian assets. In 1960, the anticommunist Romanian diaspora stood accused by the communists of covering up for fascism. In

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 reply, the Paris-based magazine La Nation Roumaine published ample revelations about the fascist past of <mask>, Mihai Ralea, Mihu Dragomir, and various other figures of the new regime. Also in 1960, <mask> and N. N. Constantinescu were editors of a major economic history tract, Contribuții la istoria capitalului străin în Romînia ("Contributions to the History of Foreign Capital in Romania").This work, also put out by Editura Academiei, was revisited some 20 years later by historian Vasile Bogza, who noted that, despite some flawed interpretations, it remained one of the "thorough studies" in the field. A University of Bucharest professor, <mask> was received as a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy in 1963, earning a doctorate in economics from the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies in 1964. He also served the Institute of South-East European Studies as an academic supervisor for its Revue des Études Sud-est Européenes. National communism
By 1963, <mask> was called upon by the regime to inform the world about Romania's economic ideology, which was increasingly different from Soviet policies. That year, he denounced the Comecon's "pseudo-theories" on industrialization, which seemed to offer Romania a subservient economic position within the common market. In 1964, the PCR leadership called upon <mask> to publish an even more virulent official reply against the Soviets and the Comecon. By advancing a "Valev Plan", the Soviets had suggested that Romania become an agricultural hinterland for the more industrialized socialist countries.<mask>'s critiques of this proposal announced a new political stage, of national communism. His articles called for a reform of the


title: Costin Murgescu

texts: Comecon, and, defying the Sino-Soviet split, suggested the accession of China. With the inauguration of Nicolae Ceaușescu as Party Secretary, and later President of Romania, <mask> had more opportunities to expand on his economic theories. Serving as ICE director from 1965 to 1968, <mask> continued to edit Revista Economică to 1968, then Revista Română de Relații Internaționale (from 1968 to 1970). From June 1969, he had a Tuesday evening show on Radio Romania, as part of the series Tableta de Seară, which also featured, among others, actor Radu Beligan, mathematician Grigore Moisil, writer Marin Sorescu, and literary scholar Edgar Papu. He moved from ICE to the Institute for World Economy (IEM), where he worked from 1970 until his death, and was for a while its director. In 1976, he was elected Vice President of the International Marketing Federation.The Romanian position regarding the Comecon was given expression in a 1969 tract România socialistă și cooperarea internațională ("Socialist Romania and International Cooperation"), which came out at Editura Politică with <mask>, Mircea Malița and Gheorghe Surpat as the three authors. In 1974, he published, at Editura Meridiane, the French-language introduction L'economie socialiste en Roumanie ("Romania's Socialist Economy"). It explained the regime's policy of cooperating with the West in industrial development and scientific research, noting that socialist economies had to catch up with capitalism before the latter could experience a final crisis. According to Canadian economist Jeanne Kirk Laux, <mask> was trying to reconcile Romania's relations with multinational corporations with Ceaușescu's "national sovereignty

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title: Costin Murgescu

texts:
 obsession". Indirectly, the book documents the regime's efforts to compensate for the high price of Western technology by proposing various methods of counter trade (methods which, Kirk Laux notes, <mask> claimed as original Romanian contributions to the theory of international trade). <mask> was particularly interested in Romanian economic history in relation to the global economy, and a pioneer of interdisciplinarity. In 1967, he returned to sociology by contributing to a collective study on "the effects of industrialization on social mobility".With Damian Hurezeanu, <mask> was a guest of the 15th International Congress of Historical Sciences (Bucharest, 1980), where they presented a new synthesis of land reform policies in interwar Romania. He followed up with several studies, including his signature work, Mersul ideilor economice la români ("The Development of Economic Ideas among the Romanians", 1987 (vol. I), 1990 (vol. II)). Dissidence, death, and legacy
A Romanian Ambassador to the United Nations in the early 1980s, <mask> also served for a while as ECOSOC President. He published his notes on the New International Economic Order in Partners in East-West Economic Relations, a collection of studies edited by Zoltán Fallenbüchl and C. H. McMillan for Pergamon Press. They outlined Romania's support for the New International Economic Order and her critique of the Soviet Union.As <mask> argued, the Soviet economy was to be taxed the same as a capitalist developed country when contributing to the United Nations Development Programme. <mask> spent the last stage of his life as a dissident, in latent conflict with Ceaușescu. At the IEM, he helped organize debates about


title: Costin Murgescu

texts: politics and economics, introduced Romanian students to the core notions of supply-side economics, and made hints about the need for profound change. Reportedly, <mask>'s 1982 work on the Japanese economic miracle was a Romanian best-seller. Allegedly, <mask> had come to believe that the Valev Plan was a consistent form of economic integration, and that national communism was essentially flawed. Foreign Minister Ștefan Andrei shielded <mask> from Ceaușescu's anger, and allowed him to maintain a link with the West through contacts with Reuters. Another inner-PCR dissident and former diplomat, Silviu Brucan, indicated <mask> as one of his main sources for critical reports which were sent to foreign ambassadors in Romania.<mask> died a few months before the anti-communist Revolution. Mersul ideilor, reissued by the National Bank of Romania presses in 1994, was complemented by the posthumous Drumurile unității românești ("The Paths of Romanian Unity", 1996). As a learning institution, the IEM was the alma mater of economists who rose to political prominence after 1989, among them Eugen Dijmărescu, Mugur Isărescu, Napoleon Pop, and Victor Babiuc. In 1990, it was renamed the "Costin Murgescu Institute of World Economy", becoming part of the Romanian Academy network. According to Isărescu: "At the Institute for World Economy, professor <mask> <mask> was able to fulfill his calling on many levels. Constantly preoccupied with establishing a Romanian school of economic research, he turned [the IEM] into a veritable creative workshop." As noted in 2010 by sociologist Zoltán Rostás, <mask>'s "sinuous youth" was "hardly mentioned", "but [he] was nearly sanctified by the elite of

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title: Costin Murgescu

texts:
 economists who are now in their sixties."<mask> was survived by his wife, Ecaterina Oproiu, who went on to serve as a Presidential appointee on a visual media regulatory agency, the National Audiovisual Council, between 1992 and 2000. <mask>'s nephew, Bogdan <mask>, also trained in economic history, and achieved notoriety for his analysis of economic backwardness. He credits <mask> <mask> as an early influence on his own work. Notes

References
Egon Balas, Will to Freedom: A Perilous Journey through Fascism and Communism, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, 2000,
Lucian Boia, Capcanele istoriei. Elita intelectuală românească între 1930 și 1950. Humanitas, Bucharest, 2012,
Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Soviet Bloc, Unity and Conflict, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1967,
Mugur Isărescu, Reflecții economice. Piețe, bani, bănci, Centrul Român de Economie Comparată și Consens, Bucharest, 2006,
Jeanne Kirk Laux, "La Roumanie et les multinationales", in Revue d'Études Comparatives Est-Ouest, Vol.12, Issue 4, 1981, pp. 61–89
Geza Kornis, "Fragmente din Memorii (Din viaṭa mea și vremurile mele)", in Smaranda Vultur, Adrian Onică (eds. ), Memoria salvată II, West University of Timișoara, 2009, , pp. 213–238

1919 births
1989 deaths
20th-century economists
20th-century essayists
20th-century Romanian novelists
20th-century Romanian historians
Romanian economists
Romanian jurists
Romanian sociologists
Romanian newspaper editors
Romanian magazine editors
Academic journal editors
Romanian essayists
Romanian diarists
Male essayists
Romanian male novelists
Romanian literary critics
Romanian writers in French
People from Râmnicu Sărat
University of Bucharest alumni
Bucharest Academy

masks: Murgescu Murgescu Murgescu Costin Murgescu


title: Armando Peraza

texts:
<mask> (May 30, 1924 – April 14, 2014) was a Latin jazz percussionist and a member of the rock band Santana. Peraza played congas, bongos, and timbales. Biography

Early life
Born in Lawton Batista, Havana, Cuba in 1924 (although the birth year is uncertain), he was orphaned by age 7 and lived on the streets. When he was twelve, he supported himself by selling vegetables, coaching boxing, playing semi-pro baseball, and becoming a loan shark. His music career began at seventeen when he heard at a baseball game that bandleader Alberto Ruiz was looking for a conga player. Ruiz's brother was on the same baseball team as Peraza. Despite the absence of experience in music, he practiced and won the audition.Moving to New York
He left Cuba for Mexico in 1948 to tend to his sick friend, conga drummer Mongo Santamaría. They arrived in New York City in 1949. After playing in Machito's big band, <mask> was invited by Charlie Parker to participate in a recording session that included Buddy Rich. He recorded with Slim Gaillard in New York in November 1949 in a session that produced "Bongo City". He toured the U.S. with Gaillard's band until they reached San Francisco, where Gaillard owned the nightclub Bop City. After a period in Mexico, where he recorded with Perez Prado and did some soundtracks for the Mexican movie industry, he returned to the U.S. and settled in San Francisco. While on the West Coast, he worked with Dizzy Gillespie, toured extensively with Charles Mingus and Dexter

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Armando Peraza
Peraza


title: Armando Peraza

texts:
 Gordon, and played in California for Mexican farm workers with Puerto Rican actor and musician Tony Martinez (who played "Pepino" on the TV show The Real McCoys).<mask> also led an Afro-Cuban dance review at the Cable Car Village club in San Francisco, attracting a clientele from Hollywood that included Errol Flynn, Marlon Brando, and Rita Hayworth. Working with Shearing and Tjader
In 1954, while in San Francisco with pianist Dave Brubeck, <mask> met Cal Tjader, Brubeck's drummer at the time. Jazz critic Leonard Feather recommended Peraza to Fantasy Records to record an Afro-Cuban album with Tjader. The result was Ritmo Caliente, which combined Afro-Cuban rhythms with a jazz sensibility. He was introduced to British pianist George Shearing by bassist Al McKibbon. He spent the next twelve years with Shearing, a collaboration that put <mask> at the front of Afro-Cuban music. He emerged as a composer, writing and recording twenty-one songs for Shearing, such as "Mambo in Chimes", "Mambo in Miami", "Ritmo Africano", "Armando's Hideaway", "This is Africa", and "Estampa Cubana".These recordings were during the mambo craze in the U.S. and the world. <mask>'s technique and power as a hand drummer became a feature of Shearing's performances. He toured all over the world with Shearing, but it was in America that he experienced persistent and institutionalized racism. In Miami during dates with Shearing and Peggy Lee in 1959, <mask> and black members of the band were prohibited from

masks: Armando Peraza Peraza Peraza Peraza


title: Armando Peraza

texts: staying at the same hotel as the white musicians. Shearing and Lee resolved the situation by threatening to quit the performance unless <mask> and the others were allowed to stay at their hotel. Shearing's was one of the first racially integrated jazz groups. While with Shearing, Peraza had opportunity to play with the classical symphonies of Boston, Philadelphia, New York, and Oklahoma City.In 1959, <mask> joined Mongo Santamaría for the Mongo album with conga drummer Francisco Aguabella, another contemporary and friend of Peraza. "Afro-Blue" became a jazz standard after John Coltrane recorded it. The album combined with Yambo in the compilation Afro Roots in 1972. In the 1960s, <mask> was a member of Cal Tjader's band for six years. He was encouraged to perform and record in southern California by jazz drummer Shelly Manne. Peraza performed throughout the area at such venues as Shelly's Manne-Hole (owned Manne) and The Lighthouse in Hermosa Beach. A highlight was performing with the Stan Kenton Band at the Hollywood Bowl.Through his friendship with Manne, he was introduced to Judy Garland, who hired Peraza to play in her orchestra for The Judy Garland Show, a television series that ran from 1963 to 1964. In the fall of 1964, he recorded the album Soul Sauce with Tjader. The single "Guachi Guaro" won a Grammy Award in 1965. Although <mask> preferred being a featured performer to leading, he did record one solo album, Wild Thing (1968), for Skye, a label owned by Tjader,

masks: Peraza Peraza Peraza Peraza


title: Armando Peraza

texts:
 Gary McFarland, and Gábor Szabó. The album featured performances by pianist Chick Corea, saxophonist Sadao Watanabe, and flautist Johnny Pacheco. When rock music became popular in the 1960s, <mask> was the first Afro-Cuban percussionist to add conga drums to a rock track, notably on Harvey Mandel's Cristo Redentor album in 1968. Joining Santana

In January 1972, at the age of 47, <mask> joined the rock band Santana and influenced the band in melding Afro-Cuban, jazz, rock, and blues.<mask> remained with Carlos Santana for nearly twenty years and played to millions of people around the world, partnering with percussionists José Areas, Mingo Lewis, Raul Rekow, and Orestes Vilató. He wrote or co-wrote sixteen songs recorded by Santana, such as "Gitano" from the album Amigos (1976) for which Peraza sang the lyrics. <mask> retired from Santana in 1990 at the age of 66, although traveled to Santiago de Chile for a 1992 concert with Santana in front of a crowd of over 100,000 people. In 2005 he appeared on a recording by John Santos, 20th Anniversary, which included "El Changüí de Peraza" with Peraza on bongos. In 2002, he returned to his native Cuba, his first trip there in over fifty years. In July 2006, <mask>, at 82 years of age, made a rare appearance with Santana for a three show performance at the Montreux Jazz Festival in Switzerland. This was the first of a number of summer live appearances.Later he appeared at the San José Jazz Festival in California with the Julius

masks: Peraza Peraza Peraza Peraza Peraza


title: Ali Wardhana

texts: <mask> (6 May 1928 – 14 September 2015), more colloquially known as <mask>, was an Indonesian professor and economist, who served as the 3rd Coordinating Minister for Economics, Finance, Industry, and Development of Indonesia, from 1983 until 1988, and the 21st Minister  of Finance of Indonesia, from 1968 until 1983. He was one of Indonesia's most senior economic policy-makers during the New Order regime of president Suharto, being a member of the influential Berkeley Mafia, a group of American educated Indonesian economists who shaped the Indonesian economy during the New Order. He was the longest serving Minister of Finance, as well as the fifth longest serving minister in Indonesian history. He was born on 6 May 1928, in the city of Surakarta. He studied economics at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Indonesia (UI) in 1958. Subsequently earned a Master of Arts in 1961 and doctorate in economics from the University of California, Berkeley. He returned to Indonesia in 1967, and was appointed as the Dean of the Faculty of Economics of UI, replacing Widjojo Nitisastro.Less than one year later, he became Minister of Finance in the First Development Cabinet of Indonesian president Suharto. As finance minister, he tackled rising inflation, reducing it to 10% in 1969, from a high 650% in 1966. He also liked to conduct unannounced inspections and managed to apprehend corrupt officials and smugglers. Under his leadership, there were two devaluations of the Rupiah, which occurred in 1977 and 1978. In 1983, he was transferred to the position of Coordinating Minister for Economics, Finance, Industry, and Development of Indonesia in the Fourth Development Cabinet, replacing Radius Prawiro, who took over as finance minister. After leaving government in 1988,

masks:
Ali Wardhana
Bung Ali


title: Ali Wardhana

texts:
 <mask> continued to advise the government on its economic and financial policies. <mask> died at Medistra Hospital, Jakarta on September 14, 2015.Before he died, <mask> had been hospitalized for three weeks. His body was interred at the Tanah Kusir Public Cemetery, instead of the Kalibata Heroes Cemetery. Early life and education

<mask> was born on 6 May 1928, in the city of Surakarta, more commonly known as Solo. His mother died when he was almost five years old. His father, <mask>, would remarry to a woman named Bulik, <mask>'s aunt. <mask>'s childhood was mainly spent in Surakarta. <mask> moved around several times.Around this time, he reportedly resided in the house of his uncle, <mask>, an Indonesian nationalist and statesman, who would go on to become Prime Minister of Indonesia. His childhood home has now become a shop. Growing up, <mask> did not receive a formal education. Instead, he was homeschooled by his stepmother, Bulik. Though, he eventually entered formal schooling in 1930, and was immediately placed in the fifth grade of the People's School (now the equivalent of elementary school). He went to the University of Indonesia (UI), and initially studied medicine for a year. However, he withdrew from the faculty, after being cut off by his parents.He continued to study at UI, but changed faculties. Choosing the Faculty of Economics, as it provided scholarships. Despite receiving a scholarship, he worked a couple odd jobs on the side, working at a travel service provider's office. During his time in UI, he was taught by foreign lecturers from the Netherlands about economics, as the only native economist with a economics doctorate, was Sumitro Djojohadikusumo. However, as tensions grew between Indonesia and the Dutch Government over the West New

masks:
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali Wardhana
Aliman
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali Sastroamidjojo
Ali


title: Ali Wardhana

texts:
 Guinea dispute, Dutch lecturers began to leave the country. Resulting in UI turning to the Ford Foundation for assistance. The Ford Foundation then began a process where students from UI were chosen to undertake overseas studies at the University of California, Berkeley.After finishing his studies at UI in 1958, and having a short stint as a lecturer at UI, where he was known to be an expert in the fields of macroeconomics and monetary policy, and was able to explain the material briefly and clearly, he  was then sent abroad to continue his studies at the University of California, Berkeley. <mask> continued his master's education at the University of California, Berkeley, United States. With the costs of his education being fully funded through the scholarship he received from the Ford Foundation. While in the United States, <mask> was particularly interested in fiscal and monetary studies. He managed to complete not only his master's program, but also his doctoral program and Master of Arts degree, while in Berkeley. A year later, <mask> received a Doctor of Philosophy in 1962, with the dissertation title "Monetary Policy in an Underdeveloped Economy with Special Reference to Indonesia" (1962). During his time in Berkeley, he was supported by a number of friends, including J.B. Sumarlin and Emil Salim, both fellow future ministers in the New Order.Finance minister

Appointment

He returned to Indonesia in 1967, and was appointed as the Dean of the Faculty of Economics of the University of Indonesia, replacing Widjojo Nitisastro. Less than one year later, <mask> became Minister of Finance in the First Development cabinet of Indonesian president Suharto. Becoming the youngest finance minister in Indonesian history. This has resulted the media even pinning him

masks:
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali Wardhana


title: Ali Wardhana

texts:
 the title "menteri ingusan" which roughly translates to "don't know anything minister." In an English-language book entitled "A Tribute to <mask>, Indonesia's Longest Serving Finance Minister: From His Writing and His Colleagues" published by Kompas, which was released to commemorate <mask>'s 87th Anniversary, there is one story when President Suharto summoned <mask> and asked him to become finance minister. "When Suharto's first cabinet was formed, Pak Harto called me to become Minister of Finance. I immediately came to see him and said that I couldn't become Minister of Finance.Pak Harto looked at me and said "You think I want to be president? I've never been president. You have never been the Minister of Finance. So don't worry, we learn together," said <mask>. Tenure
Early on after his appointment, he was tasked with tackling the high inflation rate, which reportedly caused stress and caused him to not sleep well. At the time, inflation had reached a high of 650% in 1966. He was successful at tackling high inflation, with inflation falling from 650% in 1966, to 112% in 1967, to 85% in 1968, to 10% in 1969 under his tenure.As finance minister, he began a crusade against illegal levies and extortion, together Minister of State Control of State Apparatus (currently Ministry of State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform) J.B. Sumarli. At the time illegal levies occurred in State Treasurer's Office. J.B. Sumarlin even disguised himself as a staff a work unit named Ahmad Sidik to discover the practice of extortion. After that incident, nobody else dared to collect illegal levies. Death and legacy
<mask> died at Medistra Hospital, Jakarta on September 14, 2015, at 15:30 WIB. Before he died, <mask> was treated for three weeks. Work with government

A

masks:
Ali Wardhana
Ali Wardhana
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali


title: Ali Wardhana

texts:
 brief summary of <mask>'s career is as follows:

 1966: Member of the team of economics experts advising the acting president of Indonesia.1968: Minister of Finance in the First Development Cabinet. 1969: Chair, Monetary Council. 1973: Minister of Finance in the Second Development Cabinet. 1975: Deputy Chair, Board of Governors of the Islamic Development Bank. 1978: Minister of Finance in the Third Development Cabinet. 1983: Coordinating Minister of Economics, Finance, Industry and Development Supervision in the Fourth Development Cabinet. 1988: retired as a senior government minister and remained active as a senior economist in numerous positions.Personal life
<mask> married a woman named Rendasih (d. 2000), nicknamed Renny, who was a school teacher from Bandung. Together they had four children, Isyana Ika <mask>, Mahendra <mask>, Pradjnawita <mask>, and Pradjanamita <mask>. Writings

 Monetary Budget: A Tool for Stabilization or Inflation
 Economic and Social Institutions (1966)
 Economic Development and the Availability of Special Funds
 Statement at the Annual Meeting of the Asian Development Bank (1969)
 Concessional Loans and Technical Assistance
 Statement at the Annual Meeting of the Asian Development Bank (1970). Further reading
 Mari Pangestu (editor), 2015. A tribute to <mask>, Indonesia's longest serving finance minister: From his writings and his colleagues, Penerbit Buku Kompas, Jakarta. Marzuki Usman, 2017. Prof. Dr. <mask>: Pembaharu Kebijakan Moneter dan Fiskal di Indonesia [Prof. Dr <mask>: Reformer of Monetary and Fiscal Policy in Indonesia], PP ISEI, Jakarta.Notes

References

1928 births
2015 deaths
Finance Ministers of Indonesia
Indonesian economists
Government ministers of Indonesia
Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia
People from

masks:
Ali Wardhana
Ali Wardhana
Wardhana
Wardhana
Wardhana
Wardhana
Ali Wardhana
Ali Wardhana
Ali Wardhana


title: Vasishtha

texts:
 suffering, choices as the nature of life, free will, human creative power and spiritual liberation. Yoga Vashishtha teachings are structured as stories and fables, with a philosophical foundation similar to those found in Advaita Vedanta. The text is also notable for its discussion of Yoga.According to Christopher Chapple – a professor of Indic studies specializing in Yoga and Indian religions, the Yoga Vashishtha philosophy can be summarized as, "Human effort can be used for self-betterment and that there is no such thing as an external fate imposed by the gods". The Agni Purana is attributed to Vashishtha. The Vishnu Purana is attributed to Vashishtha along with Rishi Pulatsya. He has also contributed to many Vedic hymns and is seen as the arranger of Vedas during Dvapara Yuga. Mythology

Birth

According to Mandala 7 of the Rigveda, the gods Mitra-Varuna and the apsara Urvashi are mentioned as his parents. In the story, Mitra and Varuna are performing a yajna (fire-sacrifice), when they see Urvashi and become sexually aroused. They ejaculate their semen into a pitcher, from which Vasishtha is born after a few days.<mask>'s birth story is retold in many later Hindu scriptures. The Puranas state that he has three births. In the first, he is a Manasputra (mind born son) created by the god Brahma. After the destruction of the Daksh Yajna, <mask> is killed but is recreated by Brahma. Vashishth became the royal guru of Nimi, a king. However Nimi forgot to invite Vashishth in a yajna and in rage, Vashishtha cursed Nimi to die soon. Nimi also cursed the same.Frightened, Vashishtha ran towards his father, Brahma. Brahma suggested him to emerge in Varuna and Mitra. When Urvashi was seen by Varuna and Mitra, Vashishth remerged from them. According to Agarwal, one story states that

masks: Vasishtha Vasishtha


title: Alan Winde

texts:
<mask> (born 18 March 1965) is a South African politician and businessman. He is the 8th and current Premier of the Western Cape, having held the position since 2019. He has been a Member of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament since 1999. <mask> is a member of the Democratic Alliance. Born in Knysna, <mask> attended Knysna High School. He established small businesses in his hometown. He started his political career as a municipal and district councillor in the early 1990s.Shortly afterwards in 1999, he was elected to the Western Cape Provincial Parliament. He has held various leadership positions in the Democratic Alliance provincial parliament caucus. <mask> was appointed Provincial Minister of Finance, Economic Development and Tourism in May 2009 and served until May 2014, when he assumed the post of Provincial Minister of Economic Opportunities. In September 2018, the Democratic Alliance selected <mask> to be the party's Western Cape Premier candidate. In October 2018, Premier Helen Zille appointed <mask> to the post of Provincial Minister of Community Safety. He took office on 1 November 2018. On 8 May 2019, the Democratic Alliance retained their majority in the Western Cape Provincial Parliament, but with a decrease in the number of seats.<mask> was elected Premier on 22 May 2019, succeeding Zille. He is the second Western Cape Premier from the Democratic Alliance. Early life and business career

<mask> <mask> was born on 18 March 1965 in Knysna to Ingrid and William Dave <mask>. He attended and matriculated from Knysna High School. Winde started many small businesses that specialised in printing, selling bicycles, courier services and boat parts in Knysna. He later worked as a business consultant for Aldes Business Brokers, a South African Top 100 Company. Political career

Early political career
<mask> ran as an independent candidate and was elected to the South Cape District Council in 1996.He had previously served as a councillor for the Outeniqua Rural Council.

masks:
Alan Richard Winde
Winde
Winde
Winde
Winde
Winde
Winde
Alan Richard
Winde
Winde
Winde


title: Alan Winde

texts:
 Shortly after being elected a district councillor, the Democratic Party recruited him to be a candidate for the Western Cape Provincial Parliament. He was elected in the 1999 general election. He was sworn in as a Member on 15 June 2009. During his first term, he served as Western Cape Provincial Finance Chairman and a Member of the Executive Committee. He returned to the Provincial Parliament following the 2004 general election. Briefly, before being re-elected in 2009, he served as Chief Whip of the Official Opposition, Party Spokesperson on Environment and Planning and Deputy Party Spokesperson on Economic Development and Tourism.Provincial ministerships
Premier Helen Zille appointed <mask> to the position of Provincial Minister of Finance, Economic Development and Tourism following his re-election in May 2009. Constitutional Court Judge Yvonne Mokgoro swore him in as Provincial Minister on 7 May 2009. He consequently succeeded Garth Strachan. During his tenure, he criticised immigration regulations introduced by the national government, which he alleged had harmed tourism growth in the Western Cape, and organised petitions against the regulations. After the 2014 election, Zille announced that <mask> would now hold the title of Provincial Minister of Economic Opportunities and only lead the Provincial Departments of Agriculture, Economic Development and Tourism. The Provincial Finance Department would be an independent department with its own Provincial Minister. Western Cape Deputy Judge President Jeanette Traverso swore him in on 26 May 2014.As Provincial Minister of Economic Opportunities, <mask> announced in 2017 that during the First Thursday event in Cape Town, the provincial government would host talk shops where people could directly interact with government officials. During the drought that ravaged the Western Cape province from 2017 to 2018, he argued for farmers to keep hold of their private agricultural water supply, even if their local municipalities had a

masks: Winde Winde Winde


title: Alan Winde

texts:
 shortage of water. Zille announced in October 2018 that <mask> would move to the Provincial Community Safety Department as incumbent Provincial Minister Dan Plato had announced his intention to resign. <mask> was succeeded by Beverley Schäfer on 1 November 2018. He subsequently assumed the post of Provincial Minister of Community Safety. <mask> has served as acting Premier of the Western Cape on various brief occasions when Zille was unavailable. In February 2019, Zille was in Germany, and so <mask> was sworn in as acting premier.He consequently represented the provincial government at the State of the Nation Address held in the same month. 2019 electoral campaign

<mask> emerged as the front-runner quite early on in the Democratic Alliance selection process for candidates for Western Cape Premier. On 19 September 2018, Democratic Alliance Federal Leader, Mmusi Maimane, announced Winde as the party's candidate to succeed Zille after the 2019 elections. Winde defeated prominent candidates such as the Provincial Leader of the Democratic Alliance in the Western Cape, Bonginkosi Madikizela, and Member of Parliament David Maynier in an internal party vote. The Democratic Alliance won a majority in the Western Cape Provincial Parliament, but with a decrease in the number of seats, on 8 May 2019. <mask> was elected Premier of the Western Cape on 22 May 2019 during the first sitting of the Sixth Provincial Parliament and accordingly became the second Democratic Alliance member to hold the office. He received 24 out of the 34 valid votes.Six ballots were spoilt, and there were two abstentions. His main challenger for the post was Cameron Dugmore of the African National Congress, who received 10 out of the 34 valid votes. <mask> announced the formation of his Provincial Cabinet on 23 May 2019. He retained four ministers in their existing portfolios, while he moved three to other portfolios and appointed three new members. He appointed former DA Member of Parliament and premier candidate

masks:
Winde
Winde
Winde
Winde
Winde
Premiership Winde
Winde


title: Alan Winde

texts: contender, David Maynier, to the post of Provincial Minister of Finance and Economic Opportunities, while he moved Albert Fritz and Ivan Meyer to the posts of Provincial Minister of Community Safety and Provincial Minister of Agriculture, respectively. <mask> also said that all the newly-appointed cabinet members would undergo lifestyle audits. National Police Minister Bheki Cele announced on 11 July 2019, that the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) would be deployed in the gang-ridden areas of Cape Town.<mask> welcomed the deployment of SANDF. His predecessor, Helen Zille, had repeatedly asked for the deployment of SANDF during her tenure. The deployment came into effect on 18 July 2019 and was set to end on 16 September 2019. However, <mask> wrote to President Cyril Ramaphosa and Defence Minister Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula in mid-September 2019 to request that the SANDF deployment in Cape Town be extended, stating that it was necessary to bring stability. The cabinet granted the request and the deployment ended in March 2020. Winde delivered his maiden State of the Province Address on 18 July 2019, in which he highlighted the provincial government's achievements and outlined his agenda. Also in the speech, Winde placed emphasis on the provincial crime and misconduct statistics and claimed that the police "had lost the war on crime" because of mismanagement.Winde and Provincial Minister of Community Safety Albert Fritz announced on 19 September 2019 that the provincial government would annually be investing R1 billion (US$67.3 million) for three years into the training and deployment of 3,000 safety officers and 150 investigators. A total of 500 safety officers were deployed in February 2020. The safety plan aims to halve the province's crime statistics within the next decade. Fritz added that the provincial government would also establish an integrated violence prevention programme. On 22 October 2019, he appointed Harry Malila as the new Director-General of the Western


title: Alan Winde

texts:
 Cape Provincial Government. Malila succeeded long-serving Brent Gerber. On 22 October 2021, Public Protector Busisiwe Mkhwebane found that Winde and the Provincial Minister of Local Government, Environmental Affairs and Development Planning, Anton Bredell, had breached the Executive Ethics Code over their handling of issues at the Oudtshoorn Local Municipality.COVID-19 response
On 11 March 2020, the first COVID-19 case was confirmed in the Western Cape. <mask> and the provincial minister of health, Nomafrench Mbombo, then organised a media briefing about the province's preparedness. The provincial cabinet approved the request for the establishment of a provincial hotline to assist the National Institute for Communicable Diseases hotline and also resolved that all people returning from overseas should be advised to self-isolate. Winde was exposed to a positive case of COVID-19 on 18 March 2020. He consequently worked from home as medical experts advised him not to go into self-isolation or be tested. As positive cases in the province started to climb, Winde released daily detailed updates on the spread of the virus. On 13 May, Winde announced that he would self-quarantine after his contact with eNCA cameraman Lungile Tom, who interviewed Winde days before he died from the virus.On 8 July, in the midst of the province's "first wave" of infections, Winde announced that he had tested positive for COVID-19, and would be self-isolating. On 20 August 2020, Winde urged residents to support local businesses that were hard hit by the national lockdown. As the province began to experience its "second wave" of infections in early-December 2020, Winde said that there should be harsher penalties for people who violate the regulations. Winde and the provincial government mulled introducing "mini lockdowns" on certain district municipalities and local municipalities, but the newly elected DA leader, John Steenhuisen, said that there was "no evidence" that lockdowns work. Winde later said that


title: Alan Winde

texts:
 he would argue against a stricter lockdown being imposed on the Western Cape as a whole. On 24 December 2020, Winde urged all religious gatherings in the province to not be held in-person. He formally requested tighter restrictions on 28 December, but again distanced himself from the idea of a hard lockdown.President Ramaphosa announced on the same day that liquor sales would again be suspended until further notice. Winde welcomed the decision. <mask> said on 20 January 2021 that the first two weeks of the suspension had cost the Western Cape economy over R1 billion. While delivering his 2022 State of the Province Address (SOPA) on 15 February 2022, <mask> demanded that Ramaphosa end the national COVID-19 state of disaster. He said: "To be clear: we want the date and the time, and not generalised commitment." Personal life
<mask> married his wife Tracy in 1993. They have two children and live in the suburb of Claremont, Cape Town.Winde's son is studying sound engineering while his daughter is still in high school. Winde is a member of his daughter's school governing body. Winde is a type 2 diabetic. In May 2021, it was reported that he managed to turn his twelve-year history with diabetes around by doing a 21-day plant-based eating programme with the help of the Ubuntu Wellness Centre, a wellness non-profit organisation in Cape Town. References

External links

 People's Assembly profile
 Provincial Minister of Community Safety
 Premier of the Western Cape: Overview
 Profile: <mask> at CFO South Africa
 <mask>, Mr at Government of South Africa
 Sunday Read: From entrepreneur to premier - Winde takes over the wild West – Fin24

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Living people
1965 births
White South African people
People from Knysna
South African businesspeople
South African politicians
20th-century South African politicians
21st-century South African politicians
Politicians from Cape Town
Democratic Alliance (South Africa) politicians
Members of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament
Premiers of

masks:
Winde
Winde
Winde
Alan Winde
Alan Winde


title: Russell Sturgis (1805–1887)

texts:
<mask> (July 7, 1805  November 2, 1887) was a Boston merchant active in the China trade, and later head of Baring Brothers in London. Early life
Sturgis was born <mask>, jr., in Boston, Massachusetts on July 7, 1805. He was a son of <mask> (1779–1856) and his wife, Susannah Thomsen (née Parkman) <mask>. His younger brother was fellow merchant <mask> (father of author <mask>), who served as United States Consul to the Philippines. His paternal grandparents were the merchant <mask> (1750-1826) and Elizabeth (née Perkins<mask> (a sister of merchant Thomas Handasyd Perkins), both of Boston Brahmin families. Through his great-uncle <mask> (the younger brother of his grandfather <mask>), he was a second cousin of architect and art critic <mask> (1836-1909), who married Sarah Maria Barney, a daughter of Danford Newton Barney, a president of Wells Fargo & Company. Sturgis entered Harvard College at the age of twelve and graduated in 1823 as a member of the Phi Beta Kappa society.He studied law at Northampton, Massachusetts. Career

In 1828, he changed his name legally to <mask>. That same year, after his second marriage, he made his first voyage abroad then practiced law in Boston for a time. He sailed for Canton in 1833 on behalf of opium trader John Perkins Cushing, settling for some time in Macau where Lady Elizabeth Napier, wife of British emissary William John, 9th Lord Napier, found him "very intelligent". While he was there, his portrait and those of three of his four children by his second wife, Mary Greene Hubbard, were painted by the English

masks: Maria Trinidad Howard Sturgis Middlemore


title: Russell Sturgis (1805–1887)

texts:
 portraitist George Chinnery. In Asia, he entered a succession of trading firms (Russell & Sturgis of Manila; Russell, Sturgis & Co. of Canton; Russell & Co.), and in 1842 he became a full partner. In 1844, Sturgis retired to Boston to rejoin his children who had been sent there to school after their mother's 1837 death in Manila.He married for a third time, to Julia Overing Boit, and decided to return to China with his family in 1851. The steamer on which they crossed the Atlantic arrived too late to catch the onward ship from London. In their interval there, <mask> was asked by the senior member of Barings Bank to become a partner. He accepted and ultimately became head of the firm, succeeding fellow American Joshua Bates (husband to Sturgis' cousin Lucretia). In England, he lived at 17 Carlton House Terrace in London (today home to the Federation of British Artists and the Mall Galleries), and Givons Grove in Leatherhead. Although he never renounced his U.S. citizenship, Sturgis did not return to the United States and died in England in 1887. Personal life

Sturgis married three times.He married his first wife, Lucy Lyman Paine (1805–1828), on April 3, 1828. Lucy was a daughter of Henry Paine and his wife Olive Lyman. Her paternal grandfather was Robert Treat Paine, a lawyer, politician, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and the first Attorney General of Massachusetts. Lucy died, aged 22, on August 20, 1828, just four months after their marriage. On September 28, 1829, Sturgis married his second wife, Mary Greene Hubbard


title: Russell Sturgis (1805–1887)

texts:
 (1806–1837), a daughter of John Hubbard and his wife Jane Parkinson. She bore four children, the youngest of whom (Mary Greene Sturgis) died in infancy:. The other three, all of whom were members of the Codman family, were:

 <mask>, jr. (1831–1899), who married Susan Codman Welles (1832–1862), a daughter of Benjamin Welles  and his wife Susan Codman.After his wife's death, this Sturgis married Margaret Cenos McCulloh (1835–1927), a daughter of Maryland Speaker James W. McCulloh, who was the center of the landmark Supreme Court case McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819), and his wife, Abigail Sears. Lucy Lyman Paine <mask> (1833–1907), who married Col. <mask> Codman (1829–1918)
 John Hubbard <mask> (1834–1888), an architect who married Frances Anne Codman (a half-sister to Lucy's husband Charles). After the death of his wife Mary, Sturgis married, for a third time, to Julia Overing Boit (1823–1888) on June 4, 1846. She was the daughter of John Boit Jr., one of the first Americans involved in the maritime fur trade. and his wife Eleanor Auchmuty Jones. With Julia, Sturgis had four more children:

 Henry Parkman <mask> (1847–1929), who served as a Member of Parliament for South Dorset and High Sheriff of the County of London. He married the Hon.Mary Cecilia Brand, daughter of Speaker Henry Brand, 1st Viscount Hampden, in 1872. After her death in 1886, he married Marie "Mariette" Eveleen Meredith, a daughter of the novelist George Meredith, in 1896. <mask> <mask> (1848–1904), a novelist, poet, librettist and lyricist who married Mary Maud de

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Russell Sturgis
Sturgis
Charles Russell
Sturgis
Sturgis
Julian Russell
Sturgis


title: Russell Sturgis (1805–1887)

texts:
 la Poer Beresford, a daughter of Colonel Marcus de La Poer Beresford, in 1883. Mary Greene <mask> (1851–1942), who married Lt.-Col. Leopold Richard Seymour (1841–1904), son of British diplomat Sir Hamilton Seymour and a grandson of Lord George Seymour and Henry Trevor, 21st Baron Dacre. After his death, she married Bertram Falle, 1st Baron Portsea in 1906. Howard Overing <mask> (1855–1920), a novelist and close friend of Henry James and Edith Wharton. After the death of his mother in 1888 he moved with his lover, William Haynes-Smith, into a country house named Queen's Acre, near Windsor Great Park.<mask> died at his country seat in Leatherhead, Surrey on November 2, 1887. His widow also died there, less than a year later, on May 31, 1888. Descendants
Through his daughter Lucy, he was a grandfather of Anne McMasters Codman (1864–1944) (who married Henry Bromfield Cabot), and lawyer Julian Codman (1870–1932), who was a vigorous opponent of Prohibition and was involved with the Anti-Imperialist League. Julian married Nora Chadwick, a daughter of Dr. James Read Chadwick. Through his eldest son, <mask>, Sturgis was a grandfather of architect Richard Clipston <mask> (1860–1951) who was successor to his uncle's practice. He married Esther Mary Ogden and was the father of Richard Clipston <mask> Jr., also an architect. References
Notes

Sources

External links

1805 births
1887 deaths
Businesspeople from Boston
Harvard College alumni
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
American expatriates in China
American merchants
19th-century American

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Hubbard Sturgis
Sturgis
Sturgis
Russell
Sturgis
Sturgis


title: Gertrud Fussenegger

texts:
<mask> (8 May 1912 – 19 March 2009) was an Austrian writer and a prolific author, especially of historical novels. Many commentators felt that her reputation never entirely escaped from the shadow cast by her enthusiasm, as a young woman, for National Socialism. Life

Provenance and early years
<mask> was born in Pilsen, a flourishing manufacturing city in Bohemia which at that time was a Crown land of the Austrian Empire. She came from a military family. Emil Fussenegger, her father, was an Imperial and Royal army officer originally from Vorarlberg. Her mother, born Karoline Hässler, was from Bohemia. She grew up in Neu Sandez (then in Galicia), Dornbirn (Vorarlberg) and Telfs (North Tirol).She enrolled at the Mädchen-Realgymnasium (girls' secondary school) in Innsbruck in 1923. After her mother died in 1926 she moved back to Pilsen – by now part of Czechoslovakia – where she lived with her grandparents. It was at the "Reform-Realgymnasium" (school) in Pilsen that Fussenegger completed her schooling, passing her Matura (school final exams) in 1930. She later confided in her diaries that she sometimes felt a little regretful, listening uncomprehendingly to the chattering of her grandparents' Bohemian-born domestic servants, that having lived almost all of her first fourteen years in other parts of Austria, she had not more effectively mastered the Czech language. She went on to study history, art history and philosophy at Innsbruck (7 terms) and Munich(1 term). It was from the University of Innsbruck that in 1934 she received her doctorate. Her dissertation concerned the Roman de la Rose by Jean de Meun

masks:
Gertrud Fussenegger
Gertrud Anna Fussenger


title: Gertrud Fussenegger

texts:
 ("Gemeinschaft und Gemeinschaftsbildung im Rosenroman von Jean Clopinel von Meun").Politics
Fussenegger joined the Austrian National Socialist party – still at this stage formally separate from its German counterpart – in May 1933. Membership was still illegal in Austria. In May 1934 she participated in a demonstration in Innsbruck at which, it was reported, she had joined in singing of the Horst-Wessel song and gave a Hitler salute. She was charged, convicted and fined. According to one source she was also banned from further study at any Austrian university. In February 1935 she was still a member of another Austrian National Socialist student group, but later that year, in or before November, she relocated to Germany. In March 1938, following an invasion from the north that met with little practical resistance, Austria was incorporated into an enlarged German state, albeit under very different circumstances from those that most nineteenth century proponents of such a "solution" would have anticipated.<mask> <mask>, who by now was probably living in Munich, "rejoined" the ruling National Socialist party:  her membership number was 6,229,747, which is consistent with her having joined the party in 1938. For the avoidance of doubt, she also wrote a "hymn" eulogising Adolf Hitler. In 1938 the first newspaper to publish her poem "Stimme der Ostmark" ("Voice of the Ostmark") was the Völkischer Beobachter ("Popular Observer"), the mass-circulation daily newspaper of the NSDAP. Family
In 1935 Fussenegger married the Bavarian sculptor Elmar Dietz. By the time it ended in divorce twelve years later the

masks: Gertrud Fussenegger


title: Gertrud Fussenegger

texts:
 marriage had produced four recorded children, including the artist Ricarda Dietz. The marriage was not happy. In 1943 she left Munich and settled at Hall in Tirol where she lived with her four children as a single parent.Her second marriage was to another sculptor. In 1950 <mask> Fussenegger married Alois Dorn. This marriage resulted in the birth of her second son and fifth child. Divorce at this time was unusual, especially for a committed member of the Roman Catholic Church. Fussenegger's own insights, reported by a Catholic newspaper, are instructive:
"Since my second marriage was simply a civil one, for a long time I was not permitted to receive the sacraments. I found that deeply painful, but the pain also became very productive for me. It was the only way I could come to a recognition of the full preciousness of the Eucharist.I therefore cannot regret the bitter tears I often shed at that time. That ban was actually a gift." "Da meine zweite Ehe nur standesamtlich geschlossen war, war ich sehr lange von den Sakramenten ausgeschlossen. Das habe ich als tief schmerzlich empfunden, doch es war ein Schmerz, der auch sehr fruchtbar für mich geworden ist. Nur so ist mir die ganze Kostbarkeit der Eucharistie bewusst geworden. Ich kann es nicht bedauern, dass ich in jener Zeit oft bittere Tränen vergossen habe. Genau genommen war ich beschenkt durch das Verbot."In 1961 she relocated with her family, settling this time in Leonding, a small town near Linz. Memberships and recognition
<mask> <mask> was a member of the Austrian P.E.N. association, of the Humboldt Society, of the Sudeten German Academy and an

masks: Gertrud Gertrud Fussenegger


title: Gertrud Fussenegger

texts:
 honorary member of the Austrian Writers' Association. Between 1977 and 1979, and again from 1984 till 1985, she was a jury member for the Ingeborg Bachmann Prize, awarded each year in Klagenfurt. In 1991 she was a jury member for the Franz-Grillparzer Prize of the Alfred Toepfer foundation. In 1978 she was honoured with an award from the Humboldt Society. <mask>'s literary archive is held by the Upper Austria Literature Archive at the Stifterhaus in Linz.Artistic output
Fussnegger began her writing career with historical novels, set in various different epochs. Her stories were influenced by her Catholic provenance. She was conscious of her reliance on the "renouveau catholique" movement which had originated in France but during the twentieth century became more of an international phenomenon. That reliance is particularly pronounced in her novel "Zeit des Raben, Zeit der Taube" (1960: "Time of the raven:  time of the dove"). <mask> Fassenegger authored more than sixty books, alongside various shorter prose pieces and poems, published, according to at least one source, by 25 publishers and translated into eleven languages. Fussenegger and the Third Reich
Fussenegger's relationship with National Socialism did much to define both her early writing career and a degree of controversy around her person which never completely went away. She joined the NSDAP in Austria in 1933 and rejoined it in Germany after the Anschluss in 1938.In 1939 she became a member of the government-created Reichsschrifttumskammer (loosely, "national chamber of writers" / RSK). She took part on the Weimar Poets' Congress in 1938

masks:
Gertrude Gussenger
Gertrud


title: Gertrud Fussenegger

texts: and again in 1939, and was in touch with well-known "völkisch" authors such as Ina Seidel, Lulu von Strauß und Torney, Will Vesper and Wilhelm Pleyer. And yet, despite her commitment to the regime, literary objections to her work came out of the "Office for the Care of New Literature" ("Amt Schrifttumspflege") which operated under the direction of Hans Hagemeyer and, less directly, of the influential party ideologue Alfred Rosenberg. Two years after its publication one of her first books, "Mohrenlegende" (1937:  loosely "Legends of the dark skinned ones") was (belatedly) banned by the party experts who now identified it as criticism of official race ideology and "Catholic dross" ("katholisches Machwerk"). Controversy about this particular work resurfaced in 1993 in connection with proposals to award Fussenegger the Weilheim Literature Prize and the Jean-Paul Prize awarded by "The Free State of Bavaria". Many of Fussenegger's other pieces, mostly during this period religiously contextualised novels, poems and reviews, found their way into important party newspapers and journals. Most (in)famously, her poem "Stimme der Ostmark" ("Voice of the Ostmark") was printed in 1938 by the Völkischer Beobachter.The poem attracted huge criticism after 1945, because it celebrated the "peaceful annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany" and it eulogised Hitler. Around fifty years later <mask> <mask>'s comment on the affair was capable of various interpretations, but it fell short of an unambiguous recantation. She regretted having "wasted so much thinking time on something so loathsome" ("viele gute Gedanken verschwendet


title: Gertrud Fussenegger

texts:
 ... auf eine Sache, die dann ein Greuel war"). Fussnegger's attitude during the National Socialist period remains controversial. Between 1937 and 1941 27 of her contributions appeared in the Völkischer Beobachter. Other publications with similar political slants that published her work included "Wille und Macht" and "Das Reich". In her more political moments she identified Adolf Hitler as a healing figure.After 1945
After 1945 the Anschluss was undone. The western two-thirds of Germany and the pre-1938 territory of Austria were both divided into military occupation zones, with Berlin and Vienna sub-divided between armies of the same four occupying powers. In Germany's Soviet occupation zone two of Fussenegger's novels, "Der Brautraub" ("The Bride Robbery": 1939) und "Böhmische Verzauberungen" ("Bohemian Enchantments": 1944) were included in the official four volume "List of Discarded Literature". In Vienna, too, several of her works were placed on the "List of banned authors and books". The postwar decades were productive ones for <mask> Fussenegger as a novelist. Yet as late as 1952 she published a brief self-portrait in a literary journal which contained phrases chillingly redolent of National Socialist race ideology. She belonged to a race characterised by "fair skin, bright [blue] eyes, sensitive to bright light, a hybrid of nordic and dinaric features" ("... hellhäutig, helläugig, empfindlich gegen die Wirkung des Lichts, ein Mischtyp aus nordischen und dinarischen Zügen").During the postwar period Fussenegger repeatedly wrestled with the "German guilt" question. One literary critic, Klaus Amann,


title: Gertrud Fussenegger

texts:
 Lebensbericht.Autobiographie. Stuttgart 1979
 Pilatus. Szenenfolge um den Prozess Jesu. Uraufgeführt 1979, verlegt Freiburg i. B./Heidelberg 1982
 Maria Theresia. Vienna/Munich/Zürich/Innsbruck 1980
 Kaiser, König, Kellerhals. Heitere Erzählungen. Vienna/Munich/Zürich/New York 1981
 Sie waren Zeitgenossen.Roman. Stuttgart 1983
 Uns hebt die Welle. Liebe, Sex und Literatur. Essay. Vienna/ Freiburg i. B./Basel 1984
 Gegenruf. Poems. Salzburg 1986
 Jona.for young people. Vienna/Munich 1987
 Herrscherinnen. Frauen, die Geschichte machten. Stuttgart 1991
 Jirschi oder die Flucht ins Pianino. Graz/ Vienna/ Cologne 1995
 Ein Spiel ums andere. Erzählungen. Stuttgart 1996
 Shakespeares Töchter.Three novellas. Munich 1999
 Bourdanins Kinder. Novel. Munich 2001
 <mask> Fussenegger. Ein Gespräch über ihr Leben und Werk mit Rainer Hackel. Vienna/ Cologne/ Weimar 2005

References

1912 births
2009 deaths
Writers from Plzeň
Writers from Linz
Austrian male writers
20th-century Austrian novelists
Nazi Party members
Knights of the Order of St. Sylvester
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
German Bohemian people
Austrian Roman


title: Neil Poulton

texts:
<mask> (born 1963) is a Scottish product designer, based in Paris, France. He specialises in the design of 'deceptively simple-looking mass-produced objects'  and has won numerous international design awards. <mask> is best known for his designs in the fields of technology and lighting design and is often associated with manufacturers LaCie and Artemide. Time magazine has included <mask> in 'The Design 100 – The people and ideas behind today's most influential design'. The Centre Georges Pompidou museum in Paris includes six Poulton-designed objects in its Permanent Contemporary Collection. His first major solo exhibition 'design by neil poulton' was held in the Glyptotheque (Zagreb) museum in 2013. <mask>’s Scopas lamp for Artemide was inaugurated into the first Permanent Scottish Gallery of V&A Dundee, Scotland, in 2018.In 2019 <mask> was named one of le FD100 - the 100 designers who are sharing French Design all over the world. <mask> has lived and worked in Paris since 1991. Early career
<mask> gained a BSc degree in Industrial Design (technology) at Napier University in Edinburgh in 1985 and was awarded the SIAD Chartered Society of Designers Student Product Designer of the Year. In 1988, he gained a master's degree in design at the Domus Academy in Milan, Italy, under Italian architect Andrea Branzi and designer Alberto Meda. <mask>'s tutors included Italian architect Ettore Sottsass, German industrial designer Richard Sapper, Isao Hosoe and Anna Castelli Ferrieri. <mask> first came

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Poulton
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Neil Poulton
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Poulton
Neil Poulton


title: Neil Poulton

texts:
 to public view in 1989 as the creator of the 'Ageing Pens'. Also known as the 'Penna Mutante' (The Mutant Pen), these pens were made from a living, wearing plastic, which 'ages as layers of colour wear away through use'.The Ageing Pens were exhibited in London's Victoria and Albert Museum, Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris and The Axis Gallery in Tokyo. <mask> worked briefly for French designer Philippe Starck in Paris from 1991 through 1992. Academia
<mask> has been a guest speaker and visiting professor at schools including Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design in London, the Domus Academy in Milan and the University of Western Australia in Perth, Australia. He is an active, if occasional, jury member of the École nationale supérieure de création industrielle (Les Ateliers) in Paris and has judged design degrees at the École de design Nantes Atlantique. In 2019 <mask> was inducted into the Edinburgh Napier University Alumni Hall Of Fame. Exhibitions
In November 2013, the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts presented "design by neil poulton", the first major solo exhibition of designer <mask>, in Zagreb, Croatia. Held in the main 360-metre square gallery of the ground floor of the Glyptotheque (Zagreb) museum, the exhibition was sponsored by the Croatian Ministry of Culture, the City of Zagreb and the Institut français.‘In this exhibition, the design process is represented in all its stages from sketches, models and prototypes, through production components to final products,

masks:
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Neil Poulton


title: Neil Poulton

texts:
 documenting the author's integrated approach to design'

Awards
<mask>'s designs have won numerous awards, including seven French "Etoile de l'Observeur du Design" prizes, twelve German Red Dot Design Awards, five German "IF" International Forum Design prizes, three French "Janus de l'industrie" awards, two "Recommendation Premio Compasso d'Oro" and the "Best of The Best" Red Dot Design Awards in 1994 and 2007. <mask> has also been a judge of international design competitions including the 'IF' International Forum Design Award and the Hong Kong Design Award (HKDA) in 2018. 2017	European Product Design Award, Gold Winner, USA : 'Chromé', hard drive, designed for LaCie. 2017	European Product Design Award, Silver Winner, USA : 'Scopas', pendant light designed for Artemide. 2016	International Design Award Silver Winner, USA : 'Scopas', pendant light designed for Artemide. 2016	Red Dot Design Award Winner, Germany : 'Chromé', hard drive, designed for LaCie. 2016	Label de l'observeur du design 2016, France : 'Mobi-One' terminal, designed for Mobi-Rider.2016	Label de l'observeur du design 2016, France : 'd2 Thunderbolt2' hard drive, designed for LaCie. 2014	Red Dot Design Award Winner, Germany : 'Rea', wall lamp, designed for Artemide. 2013	Red Dot Design Award Winner, Germany : 'Scopas', designed for Artemide. 2011   "Menzione d'Onore Premio Compasso d'Oro ADI" : 'Veio' Table Lamp, designed for Artemide. 2010	Red Dot Design Award Winner, Germany : 'Sound2 Speakers', designed for LaCie. 2009	'G

masks: Poulton Poulton


title: Neil Poulton

texts: -Mark' Award, Japan : '5big' RAID server. 2009	'IF' International Forum Design, Germany, Award Winner : '5big' RAID server.2009 Red Dot Design Award Winner : '5big' RAID server. 2009 Red Dot Design Award Winner : 'Lacinema Rugged'. 2008       'Janus De l'Industrie' Award, France : 5big' RAID server. 2008	"Recommendation Premio Compasso d'Oro" : 'Talak' Table Lamp, designed for Artemide. 2008	Time Magazine "Design 100" Selection : 'Firewire Speakers'. 2008	Red Dot Design Award Winner : 'Hard Disk Designed By <mask>'. 2008	Red Dot Design Award Winner : ''2 Big' hard drive.2008	'IF' International Forum Design Award Winner : '2 Big' hard drive. 2008    Étoile de l'Observeur du Design Award :'Nessie' lighting system in Ductal concrete, designed for Atelier Sedap. 2008     'Etoile De L'observeur Du Design' Award :'Firewire Speakers'. 2007     'Janus De l'Industrie' Award, France : 'Firewire Speakers'. 2007 Etoile De L'observeur Du Design' Award : 'Little Big Disk'. 2007       'IF' International Forum Design Award Winner : 'Little Big Disk'. 2007       'Etoile De L'observeur Du Design' : 'Rugged' hard drive.2006 Red Dot Design Award Winner : 'Rugged' hard drive. 2006	Red Dot Design Award 'Best of the Best' Award Winner : 'Talak' table lamp, designed for Artemide. 2006       'Etoile De L'observeur Du Design' : 'Talak' table lamp. 2003	APCI 'Etoile De L'observeur Du Design' : 'D2' hard drive range. 2003	'Augusto Morello 3rd Edition/Intel Design Prize' : 'Talo' lighting system, designed for


title: Iwasa Sakutarō

texts:
was a Japanese anarchist who was involved in the Japanese anarchist movement during the 20th century. Living until the age of 87, he was significant in influencing Japanese anarchists towards his anarcho-communist variety of 'pure' anarchism. It was said about him after his death that "the road which the aged Iwasa walked, extending through the Meiji, Taishō and pre-war and post-war Shōwa eras, was the history of the Japanese anarchist movement itself." Early life

<mask>a was born in 1879, in a farming hamlet in Chiba Prefecture in Japan. His father was a wealthy land-owning farmer, and was the headman of five villages. His grandfather had been too, and had encouraged communal production on the farms which he oversaw, resulting in a "half-communist village". This influenced Iwasa to believe in the possibility of anarchist forms of organisation from a young age.He received a traditional primary education, but dropped out of middle school due to boredom with his studies. He progressed to Tokyo Law College, and wished to drop out once more, but his mother encouraged him to press on to graduation in 1898. He was exposed to Christianity, but did not himself become Christian, arguing that that "Jesus was a person. Buddha and Confucius were persons. And I am a person too." Iwasa was well-connected due to his father's wealth and position, and was able to lodge in the houses of a number of influential politicians. Upon doing so, however, he became disillusioned with their behaviour and with conventional politics altogether.Political career

Time in the USA

In 1901, he moved to the United States, where he was to remain until 1914. During


title: Iwasa Sakutarō

texts:
 individuals such as Ōsugi Sakae and Itō Noe. He was imprisoned for six months due to his involvement in a later short-lived socialist league in the early 1920s.Compared to the more anarcho-syndicalist views of activists such as Ōsugi, <mask> Iwasa was an advocate of anarcho-communism due to his skepticism of labour unions. Alongside Hatta Shūzō, he was one of the key advocates of what was labelled 'pure anarchism', so-called due to its opposition to 'contamination' by Marxist ideas. Splits and suppression

In January 1926, a federation of anarchist militants called Kokuren was formed, and a federation of unions called Zenkoku Jiren was formed in May 1926. In these organisations, the tension between anarcho-syndicalists and pure anarchists developed into a broader rivalry. In 1927, Iwasa published his book titled Anarchists Answer Like This, which criticised the idea of class struggle, and provoked the division between these two factions. The split was affirmed in 1928 when, at the second conference of Zenkoku Jiren, anarcho-syndicalists walked out due to jeering and the antagonistic relationship between the two factions. Iwasa had been in China from 1927 until November 1929, participating in anarchist struggles in that country such as the Labour University in Shanghai, and so was not directly involved in that division (although his influence did contribute to it).Following the invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the state became more militaristic and oppressive, and anarchism became a particular target. An attempt to continue the anarchist movement even against government repression resulted in the formation of the 'Anarchist Communist


title: Iwasa Sakutarō

texts:
 Party of Japan' in 1934. Regardless, Iwasa remained firmly opposed to centralised party organisation, and he criticised the party as "complete rubbish" and "not anarchist, but bolshevik". In 1935, he attempted to make a living by opening a cafe in Tokyo. When this failed, he returned to his native village and grew his own food until the end of WW2. After WW2

After the end of the war, <mask> Iwasa was amongst those who returned to the anarchist movement, and he became influential once more. He was elected chairman of the National Committee of the Japanese Anarchist Federation when it was formed in May 1946, a largely organisation role.Despite this position of power, he advised himself and others against "thinking of yourselves as important". One way in which he fulfilled this was by hanging placards around his neck to advertise anarchist journals on his long journeys throughout Japan to help organise the Federation. The Federation struggled to find success in the political climate of post-war Japan, and split into two factions. The successor group from the 'pure anarchist' faction was the Japanese Anarchist Club, and was centred around Iwasa and other 'pure' anarchists who had survived the war. He remained influential in the group until his death, and it continued to adhere to his anarcho-communist ideology. Death and legacy

<mask> Iwasa died in 1967, at the age of 87. He was described by other anarchists as having been "held in esteem as high as the mountains and the stars", and even his political opponents such as Yamakawa Kikue noted that he was an 'eternal youth'.He had inspired respect from his peers from a young age, becoming

masks: Sakutarō Sakutarō


title: David Chang

texts:
<mask> (Korean:  ; born August 5, 1977) is an American restaurateur, author, podcaster and television personality. He is the founder of the Momofuku restaurant group, which includes Momofuku Noodle Bar, Momofuku Ssäm Bar, Milk Bar, and Momofuku Ko in New York City; Momofuku Noodle Bar and Kojin in Toronto; and Momofuku CCDC in Washington, DC. In 2009, Momofuku Ko was awarded two Michelin stars, which it has retained each year since. In 2018, <mask> created, produced, and starred in a Netflix original series called Ugly Delicious. In 2019, he produced a Netflix original titled Breakfast, Lunch, and Dinner. On November 29, 2020, he became the first celebrity to win the $1,000,000 top prize for his charity, Southern Smoke Foundation, and the fourteenth overall million dollar winner on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Arlington, Virginia, the son of Korean parents, mother Woo Chung Hi "Sherri," who was born in Kaesong, and <mask>l, later Joseph P. <mask>, who was born in Pyongyang.<mask> grew up in Arlington, with two older brothers and one sister. <mask>'s parents emigrated from Korea as adults in the 1960s. golfing goods warehouse and two restaurants. As a child, <mask> was a competitive golfer who participated in a number of junior tournaments. <mask> attended Georgetown Prep and then Trinity College, where he majored in religious studies. After graduating from college, <mask> pursued a variety of jobs, including teaching English in Japan, then bussing tables and holding finance positions in New York City. On a 2022 episode of the TV series Finding Your Roots, it was revealed that one of <mask>'s paternal ancestors was Jang Bogo, a famous mariner and military leader of the Medieval Korean kingdom of Silla.Culinary training and career

<mask> started attending the

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David Chang
Chang
Chang
Chang Jin Pi
Chang
Chang
Chang
Chang
Chang
Chang
Chang
Chang


title: David Chang

texts: French Culinary Institute (FCI)—now known as the International Culinary Center—in New York City in 2000. While he was training, he also worked part-time at Mercer Kitchen in Manhattan and got a job answering phones at Tom Colicchio's Craft restaurant. <mask> stayed at Craft for two years and then moved back to Japan to work at a small soba shop, followed by a restaurant in Tokyo's Park Hyatt Hotel. Upon returning to the U.S., <mask> worked at Café Boulud, where his idol, Alex Lee, had worked. But <mask> soon grew "completely dissatisfied with the whole fine dining scene". In 2004, <mask> opened his first restaurant, Momofuku Noodle Bar in the East Village. <mask>'s website states momofuku means "lucky peach", but the restaurant also shares a name with Momofuku Ando—the inventor of instant noodles.In August 2006, <mask>'s second restaurant, Momofuku Ssäm Bar, opened a few blocks away. The Infatuation rated it a high 8.4/10, calling the menu "inventive, exciting, and different." In March 2008, <mask> opened Momofuku Ko, a 12-seat restaurant that takes reservations ten days in advance, online only, on a first-come-first-served basis. Later that year, <mask> expanded Momofuku Ssäm Bar into an adjacent space with his colleague Christina Tosi, whom he had hired to run Momofuku's pastry program. They named the new space Momofuku Milk Bar, serving soft serve, along with cookies, pies, cakes and other treats, many of these inspired by foods Tosi had as a child. In May 2009, it was reported that Momofuku Milk Bar's Crack Pie, Cereal Milk, and Compost Cookies were in the process of being trademarked. In October 2009, <mask> and former New York Times food writer Peter Meehan published Momofuku, a highly anticipated cookbook containing detailed recipes from <mask>'s restaurants.In May 2010, <mask> opened Má Pêche in

masks: Chang Chang Chang Chang Chang Chang Chang Chang Chang Chang Chang


title: David Chang

texts: midtown Manhattan. In November 2010, <mask> announced the opening of his first restaurant outside the US in Sydney, Australia. Momofuku Seiōbo opened in October 2011 at the redeveloped Star City Casino in Southern-hemisphere. In an article with the Sydney Morning Herald, <mask> was quoted as saying: "I've just fallen in love with Australia. I'm just fascinated by the food scene in Sydney and Melbourne. People are excited about food in Australia. It's fresh and it's energetic."The restaurant was awarded three hats from the Sydney Morning Herald Good Food Guide in its first year and was named Best New Restaurant. In March 2011, <mask> announced that he would be bringing Momofuku to Toronto, and opened it in late 2012. The restaurant is located in a three-story glass cube in the heart of downtown Toronto. Momofuku Toronto is made up of three restaurants, these are Noodle Bar, Daishō and Shōtō; as well as a bar Nikai. Daishō and Shōtō closed in late 2017, and the space was refurbished. A new Momofuku restaurant, Kojin, opened in the space in 2018. <mask> launched Fuku, a chain of fast food restaurants specializing in fried chicken sandwiches, in June 2015.In 2016, <mask> launched his first digital-only restaurant, which offers a menu only for delivery in Midtown East and takes orders taken via an app named Ando. Later in 2016, <mask> participated in a project hosted by a Silicon Valley startup named Impossible Foods. He prepared food that was later added on the menu of one of his restaurants, Momofuku Nishi, as a partnership between Impossible Foods and <mask>. In July 2017, <mask> announced the opening of his first West Coast restaurant in Los Angeles. The restaurant, Majordomo, opened in January 2018. In May 2017, <mask> announced the opening of a new restaurant at the Hudson Yards development in New

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title: David Chang

texts:
 York. In June 2018, Má Pêche closed after operating for 8 years.On December 30, 2019, <mask> opened the 250-seat Majordomo Meat & Fish restaurant in The Palazzo tower of The Venetian Las Vegas. In March 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Momofuku restaurant group made the decision to temporarily close its restaurants. Later that year, they decided to consolidate some restaurants, and permanently close Momofuku Nishi in Manhattan's Chelsea neighborhood, and Momofuku CCDC in Washington, D.C. In 2021 they also closed Momofuku Seiōbo in Sydney. Media career

Television
In 2010, he appeared in the fifth episode of HBO's Treme alongside fellow chefs Tom Colicchio, Eric Ripert and Wylie Dufresne. His presence on the show was expanded in the second season when one of the characters, a New Orleans chef who has moved to New York City, takes a job in his restaurant. <mask> has also served as a guest judge on the reality show Top Chef: All Stars.In 2011, he was a guest judge on MasterChef Australia. <mask> hosted the first season of the PBS food series The Mind of a Chef, which was executive produced by Anthony Bourdain and premiered in the fall of 2012. In September 2013, <mask> appeared on a skit on the Deltron 3030 album, Event 2. In 2016, he guest starred as himself in the IFC series Documentary Now! episode "Juan Likes Rice & Chicken", a parody of Jiro Dreams of Sushi. In 2018, <mask> created, produced, and starred in a Netflix original series, Ugly Delicious. <mask> also appeared in two episodes of the Buzzfeed web series [[Worth It (TV series)|Worth It]], and another Netflix series The Chef Show, produced by his friends Roy Choi and Jon Favreau.In 2019, he produced a Netflix original titled "Breakfast, Lunch, and Dinner" with guest stars including Seth Rogen and Kate McKinnon. He also appeared in

masks: Chang Chang Chang David Chang Chang