title: Gary Ballance

texts:
 that <mask> was incredibly unlucky to be dismissed, receiving a corker that pitched in the footmarks. In the second innings he made 7 runs finishing the series with 25 runs.<mask>'s next call-up was against Australia during the England tour of Australia. In the 1st ODI, at the MCG, <mask> top scored for England, making 79 runs off 96 balls. However this was not enough to help England win as Australia cruised to a 6 wicket win. <mask> kept his place for the 2nd ODI however he managed only 9 runs off 19 balls before being stumped by Brad Haddin. In the 3rd ODI <mask> batted at number 4 and made 26 runs off 42 balls. He retained his place for the 4th ODI and made 18 runs off 30 balls before being caught. <mask> was left out of the 5th ODI and was replaced by Joe Root.2014 Sri Lanka series
<mask> featured in the 1st ODI against Sri Lanka, he top scored with 64 runs in England's win. In the 2nd ODI he only made 5 runs in England's 99 run innings. He played in the 3rd ODI however he was not needed in England's 10 wicket win. <mask> was included in the squad for both of the test matches against Sri Lanka, batting at number three as a replacement for Jonathan Trott who had stepped away from cricket during the 2013–14 Ashes. In the first test at Lord's, he made 27 runs in the first innings before reaching his maiden Test hundred in just his second Test match in the second innings, ending not out on 104. He was one of 4 centurions in the series for England, the others being Moeen Ali, Sam Robson and Joe Root, who made a double hundred. <mask> had mixed fortunes in the second test, scoring 74 in the first innings before being dismissed for a golden duck in the second, finishing the series with 205 runs.2014 India series
In the first test against India, <mask> continued his good form with the bat by making 71 in the first innings as the match ended in a

masks: Ballance Ballance Ballance Ballance Ballance Ballance Ballance Ballance Ballance Ballance


title: Gary Ballance

type: original

texts:
 draw. <mask> hit his second Test hundred on 18 July 2014 against India. He scored 110 before being caught behind off Bhuvneshwar Kumar, bringing England back into the match after struggling on 113/4. <mask> became only the third England player to score hundreds in his first two Lord's Tests, after Andrew Strauss and Jonathan Trott. <mask> scored an impressive 156 in the first innings of the third test but was unfortunate to be given out through a poor decision by the umpire. He was again unlucky when, on 38 in the second innings, he was given out caught when the ball only touched his trouser. In the fourth match of the series he was only required to bat once, making 37 as England won to go 2-1 up in the series.He made 64 in the final test to help England win the game and the series 3-1. Overall, <mask> made 503 runs at an average of 71.85 to set up the test series for England. In the one day series against India <mask> played only in the fourth ODI where he made seven runs. 2015 World Cup

After recovering from injury <mask> played in England's opening game of the World Cup against Australia, where he was dismissed for ten. He was out for ten again as England slumped to an eight wicket defeat against New Zealand. He again only made ten against Scotland, leading to suggestions he would be dropped from the side for the next game against Sri Lanka. However, he kept his place and was dismissed for six as England lost their third game of the tournament.<mask> was then dropped from the side and played no further part in the tournament as England were eliminated at the Group stage. He, along with James Anderson, Stuart Broad, Moeen Ali, Chris Woakes and James Tredwell were dropped to focus on test cricket. 2015 West Indies and New Zealand
<mask> continued in his role as No.3 batsman during England's tour of the West Indies. In the first Test of the

masks: Ballance Ballance Ballance Ballance Ballance Ballance Ballance Ballance


title: Gary Ballance

texts:
 three-Test series, he made ten runs in the first innings and then a century in the second innings. In addition to scoring the winning runs in the second Test, he became the third fastest England cricketer to reach 1,000 runs for his career, behind Herbert Sutcliffe and Len Hutton. In the third Test he was less prolific, making scores of 18 and 23 as England suffered two batting collapses to lose the game by five wickets and draw the series 1-1. <mask> endured a difficult series against New Zealand.He made one in England first innings of the first Test and was then dismissed for a duck in the second innings. Despite this, England went on to win the game by 124 runs. His problems continued in the next Test as he was dismissed for 29 in England's first innings. In the second innings he was dismissed for six as England lost the game by 199 runs to draw the series 1-1. 2015 Ashes series
In the first Ashes Test, <mask> scored 60 in the first innings, but scored a duck in the second innings, as England secured a comfortable opening win by 169 runs. In the second Test, <mask> was out for 23 in England's first innings as they were dismissed for 312. In England's second innings he was dismissed for just 14 as England were bowled out for just 103 and suffered a humiliating 405 run defeat.Following the game, <mask> was dropped in favour of Jonny Bairstow and played no further part in the series. England went on to win the series 3-2. 2016 and 2017
<mask> was recalled due to Nick Compton's poor form, and James Taylor being forced into retirement. <mask> returned to the side for the Test series against Pakistan and made six in England first innings. He made 43 in their second innings as England lost the opening match by 75 runs. In the second Test he only batted once, making 23 as England went on to secure a 330 run victory to level the series at 1-1. He

masks: Ballance Ballance Ballance Ballance Ballance Ballance


title: Gary Ballance

texts:
 made 70 in the first innings of the third Test, and made 23 in the second innings as England turned around the match to win 141 runs after a strong bowling display in the second innings.<mask> made eight in England’s first innings of the final Test, as England were dismissed for 328. England went on to lose the game by 10 wickets and draw the series 1-1, with <mask> making 17 in England’s second innings. In the first Test against Bangladesh, <mask> could only manage scores of 1 and 9, although England did enough to win the game by 21 runs. In the second Test, Balance managed just 9 in England’s total of 244, and again failed in the second innings, this time making 5 as England lost the match by 108 runs and drew the series 1-1. On 6 July 2017 <mask> was recalled to play in the first test against South Africa at Lord's after his form recovered for Yorkshire, and was selected under Joe Root's recommendation. <mask> played the first two tests before a broken thumb ruled him out of the next two matches. Controversy
Following an investigation into racism at Yorkshire Cricket Club, it was announced on 3 November 2021 that <mask> was the cricketer who repeatedly made racial slurs to fellow player Azeem Rafiq.Following this announcement, he was suspended from selection to play for England. <mask> issued a statement in explanation. References

External links

 <mask>'s profile page on Wisden

1989 births
Living people
English cricket captains
Yorkshire cricket captains
English cricketers
England Test cricketers
England One Day International cricketers
Derbyshire cricketers
Yorkshire cricketers
Mid West Rhinos cricketers
Cricketers from Harare
Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup
Alumni of Peterhouse Boys' School
People educated at Harrow School
Zimbabwean people of British descent
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Zimbabwean emigrants to the United

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title: Numerian

texts:
Numerian (; died November 284) was Roman emperor from 283 to 284 with his older brother Carinus. They were sons of Carus, a general raised to the office of praetorian prefect under Emperor Probus in 282. Early life and Carus' reign
Numerian was the younger son of Carus. In 282, the legions of the upper Danube in Raetia and Noricum proclaimed as emperor Numerian's father, the praetorian prefect Marcus Aurelius Carus, after a mutiny against the emperor Probus, in which the latter was killed. By one account, Carus had himself rebelled against the emperor, and Probus' army, stationed in Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia), decided they did not wish to fight Carus and assassinated their emperor instead. According to the Historia Augusta and the view accepted by Gibbon, whose opinion is primarily dependent on the Historia Augustaas a source, Carus was not responsible for Probus's death, and inflicted severe punishment upon the murderers. Carus, already sixty, wished to establish a dynasty and immediately elevated Carinus and Numerian to the rank of Caesar.In 283, Carus left Carinus in charge of the West and moved with <mask> and his praetorian prefect Arrius Aper to the East to wage war against the Sassanid Empire. The Sassanids had been embroiled in a succession dispute since the death of Shapur and were in no position to oppose Carus' advance. According to Zonaras, Eutropius, and Festus, Carus won a major victory against the Persians, taking Seleucia and the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon (near


title: Luther Standing Bear

texts:
<mask> (Óta Kté or "Plenty Kill," also known as Matȟó Nážiŋ or "<mask>") was a Sicangu and Oglala Lakota chief notable in American history as a Native American author, educator, philosopher, and actor of the twentieth century. <mask> fought to preserve Lakota heritage and sovereignty; he was at the forefront of a Progressive movement to change government policy toward Native Americans. <mask> was one of a small group of Lakota leaders of his generation who was born and raised in the oral traditions of their culture, educated in white culture, and wrote significant historical accounts in English of their people and history. <mask>'s discussions of his early life, years at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, Wild Westing with Buffalo Bill, and life on government reservations presented a Native American viewpoint during the Progressive Era in American history. <mask>'s commentaries on Native American culture and wisdom educated the American public, deepened public awareness, and created popular support to change government policies toward Native American peoples. <mask> helped create the popular twentieth-century image that Native American culture is holistic and respectful of nature. His commentaries have become part of college-level reading lists in anthropology, literature, history, and philosophy.They constitute a legacy and treasury of Native American wisdom. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in December 1868 on the Spotted Tail Agency, Rosebud, Dakota Territory, the first son of <mask> <mask> and Pretty Face. <mask>'s father, <mask> <mask>, was a Sicangu (Brulé Lakota) chief. The boy was raised by his mother's people as a traditional hunter and warrior. In 1873, <mask> <mask> saw the Sioux warriors return from the large-scale attack on a big hunting group of Pawnee in Massacre Canyon, Nebraska. Later he would write about it. He was one of the few to give a Sioux eyewitness account of the attack on the hunters, and of his father's role in the battle.In the late 1870s, <mask> <mask> built a general store, the first Native American-run business

masks:
Luther Standing Bear
Standing Bear
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George Standing
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George Standing
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title: Luther Standing Bear

texts:
 on the Spotted Tail agency. In 1879, young <mask> began attending the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. <mask>'s father was aware of white people's great numbers and influence, and he believed that education was the path Indians must follow in order to survive in the "white world". Carlisle Industrial School for Indians

The Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, was one of the earliest Native American boarding schools, whose goal was cultural assimilation of Native Americans. <mask> was one of the first students to arrive when Carlisle opened its doors in 1879. Once there, he was asked to choose a name from a list on the wall. He randomly pointed at the symbols on a wall and named himself <mask>.<mask> soon became Captain Richard Henry Pratt's model Carlisle student. Like many other Carlisle students, <mask> had high personal regard for Captain Pratt. <mask> interpreted and recruited students for Pratt at Pine Ridge, South Dakota; led the Carlisle Indian Band across the Brooklyn Bridge upon its opening ceremony on May 24, 1883; and served as a student intern for John Wanamaker in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Back on the reservation
In 1884, following his final term at Carlisle, <mask>, armed with a recommendation by Captain Pratt, returned home to the Rosebud Agency, Rosebud, Dakota Territory, where he was hired as an assistant at the reservation's school at the salary of three hundred dollars a year. In 1890, some time after Wounded Knee, <mask> moved from Rosebud and followed his father and brother, <mask> <mask>, to Pine Ridge, South Dakota. Pine Ridge provided a series of varying employment and family ventures. In 1891, <mask> became principal of a reservation day school.<mask> also worked in his uncle's little general store. <mask> wrote to John Wanamaker to inquire about establishing a post office on the reservation, but was told that Native Americans were not legally permitted to serve as postmaster. The post office was set up in the name of a white missionary but run by <mask>. Later,

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Luther
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Luther
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Ellis Standing
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title: Luther Standing Bear

texts:
 <mask> and his brother Ellis opened a dry goods store at Pass Creek and started a small ranch raising horses and cattle. <mask> organized public meetings at his dry goods store in Pine Ridge to discuss treaties and current events. Marriages and children
<mask> married Nellie DeCrory in 1886, and they had six children: <mask> <mask>; <mask> <mask>; Paul Francis <mask>; <mask> <mask>; <mask> <mask>; and Alexandra Birmingham <mask> <mask>. Around 1899, <mask> married Laura Cloud Shield, and the couple had one additional child, Eugene George <mask>.Train wreck
In 1903, <mask> signed up for another tour with Buffalo Bill. However, the touring season was cut short on April 7, 1903, by a terrible accident in Maywood, Illinois, when the rear cars of <mask>'s train were struck by another train. Three young Indians were killed, and 27 performers badly injured. <mask> was seriously injured and almost died. He suffered a dislocation of both hips, a left broken leg below the knee, a left broken arm, two broken ribs, a broken collar bone, a broken nose, and deep gashes on head. As a result, <mask> and his family could not return to Buffalo Bill's Wild West. Leaving the reservation

After returning to Pine Ridge, <mask> was chosen as a chief of the Oglala Lakota on July 4, 1905, but he decided to leave later that year.He was no longer willing to endure existence under the control of an overseer. <mask> sold his land allotment and bought a house in Sioux City, Iowa, where he worked as a clerk in a wholesale firm. After a brief job doing rodeo performances with Miller Brothers 101 Ranch in Oklahoma, he moved to California to seek full-time employment in the motion picture industry. Hollywood and the movies
In 1912, <mask> moved to California and was recruited as a consultant by motion picture director Thomas H. Ince because of his experience as a performer with Buffalo Bill's Wild West. <mask> made his screen debut in Ramona in 1916. From 1912 to the 1930s, he was employed in the motion picture industry, working alongside Tom Mix, Douglas Fairbanks and William

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Standing Bear
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Lily Standing
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Arthur Standing
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Emily Standing
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Julia Standing
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title: Luther Standing Bear

texts:
 S. Hart on early Hollywood Westerns. <mask> <mask> appeared in a dozen or more films (sources disagree a bit), playing both Indian and non-Indian roles.Selected filmography

 Ramona (1916)
 Bolshevism on Trial (1919)
 White Oak (1921)
 The Santa Fe Trail (1930)
 The Conquering Horde (1931)
 Texas Pioneers (1932)
 Massacre (1934) (uncredited)
 Laughing Boy (1934) (uncredited)
 Murder in the Private Car (1934) (uncredited)
 Cyclone of the Saddle (1935)
 The Miracle Rider (1935 serial)
 Fighting Pioneers (1935)
 Circle of Death (1935)
 Fighting Pioneers (1935)
 Union Pacific (1939)

Indian actors' guilds
<mask> was a member of the Screen Actors Guild of Hollywood. <mask> was critical of Hollywood's portrayals of Native Americans, and wanted only Native Americans to play Native Americans and appear on the screen in leading and meaningful roles. In 1926, along with other Indian actors in Hollywood, he created the "War Paint Club." Ten years later, <mask> joined Jim Thorpe in creating the Indian Actors Association to protect rights and characters of Native American actors from defamation or ridicule. <mask> <mask>'s commentaries

Protecting Native American heritage and sovereignty
Between 1928 and 1936, <mask> wrote four books and a series of articles about protecting Lakota culture and in opposition to government regulation of Native Americans. <mask>'s commentaries challenged government policies regarding education, assimilation, freedom of religion, tribal sovereignty, return of lands and efforts to convert the Lakota into sedentary farmers. <mask> opposed the Dawes Act's policy of privatization of communal holdings of Native American tribes, and was critical of government support of missionaries who undermined Sioux religion, as did the prohibition against the Sun Dance, the most important religious and social event in the yearly cycle of Sioux life.Books, articles and forums

Between 1928 and 1934, Progressives organized and launched a national education campaign to change government policies towards Native Americans. The campaign began in 1928

masks:
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Bear
Standing Bear
Standing Bear
Standing Bear
Luther Standing
Bear
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title: Luther Standing Bear

texts:
 with the publication of <mask>'s book My People the Sioux and the release of John Collier's Meriam Report. During this period, <mask> Bear published four books and numerous articles to educate the public about Lakota culture, and toured the forums of the American lecture circuit building critical support for an Indian New Deal. <mask> was at the forefront of the Progressive movement and his commentaries educated the American public, deepened awareness and created popular support to change government policies toward Native American peoples. At the time, Native American authors were a rarity, and <mask>'s books were considered culturally significant and reviewed by The New York Times. In 1931, <mask> published My Indian Boyhood, a classic memoir of life, experience and education of a Lakota child in the late 1800s. That year, after an absence of 20 years, he visited Pine Ridge, South Dakota.He was so distressed by the desperate plight of his people that he wrote "The Tragedy of the Sioux" in American Mercury condemning federal Indian policy for the continued destruction of the Lakota. Land of the Spotted Eagle, published in 1933, is an ethnographic description of traditional Lakota life and customs, criticizing whites' efforts to "make over" the Indian into the likeness of the white race. In 1933, <mask> also published What the Indian Means to America. In 1934, he published a collection of Lakota tales and legends in Stories of the Sioux. <mask> and the Indian New Deal
<mask> was at the forefront of the Progressive movement, and he joined with advocate John Collier, the Indian Rights Association, and others to protect Native American religion and sovereignty. His commentaries on Native American culture and wisdom educated the American public, deepened public awareness, and created popular support to change in government policies toward Native American peoples. In 1928, <mask>'s My People the Sioux and the Meriam Report were published, launching an organized campaign to challenge government policies limiting Native American religion and

masks:
Standing Bear
Standing
Standing Bear
Standing Bear
Standing Bear
Standing Bear
Standing Bear
Standing Bear
Standing Bear


title: Luther Standing Bear

texts:
 sovereignty.Between 1928 and 1934, <mask> <mask> published four books and numerous articles to educate the public about Lakota culture, and toured the forums of the American lecture circuit building critical support for an Indian New Deal. In 1933, Collier was appointed commissioner for the Bureau of Indian Affairs in the President Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, and <mask> wrote to President Franklin D. Roosevelt that Congress should legislate that the history and culture of Native Americans be made part of the curriculum of public schools. The next year, Collier introduced what became known as the Indian New Deal with Congress' passage of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, legislation reversing 50 years of assimilation policies by emphasizing Indian self-determination and the Dawes Act's policy of privatization of communal holdings of Native American tribes. <mask>'s essay "The Tragedy of the Sioux" and his book Land of Spotted Eagle were published near the end of the Progressive campaign and had wide impact influencing Collier's Indian New Deal policies and fighting to restore tribal culture and sovereignty. Death
On February 20, 1939, <mask> <mask> died in Huntington Beach, California, at age of 79 of the flu while on the set of the film Union Pacific. He was buried in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery, Los Angeles, far from his Lakota homeland, with his sacred pipe. See also

I Remain Alive: the Sioux Literary Renaissance

Notes

External links

<mask> <mask> at the Literary Encyclopedia.<mask> <mask> at the Native American Authors Project. , which lists two credits not listed under Chief <mask>

1868 births
1939 deaths
Lakota people
Native American male actors
Carlisle Indian Industrial School alumni
People from the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota
Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery
Philosophers from South Dakota
Native American activists
Native Americans' rights activists
Native American autobiographers
American autobiographers
Members of the Society of American Indians
Progressive Era in the United States
Deaths

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Luther Standing
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title: Martin Bashir

texts:
<mask> (born 19 January 1963) is a British journalist. He was a presenter on British and American television and for the BBC's Panorama programme and gained an interview with Diana, Princess of Wales for the programme in 1995. Much heralded at the time, it was later determined that he used forgery and deception to gain the interview. Bashir worked for the BBC from 1986 until 1999 on programmes including Panorama before joining ITV. He presented the 2003 ITV documentary about Michael Jackson. From 2004 to 2016, he worked in New York, first as an anchor for ABC's Nightline and then as a political commentator for MSNBC, hosting his own programme, <mask>, and a correspondent for NBC's Dateline NBC. He resigned from his position at MSNBC in December 2013 after making "ill-judged" comments about the former Governor of Alaska and Vice Presidential candidate Sarah Palin.In 2016, he returned to the BBC as religious affairs correspondent. In 2020, the BBC's director general Tim Davie apologised to the brother of the princess, Earl Spencer, for Bashir's use of faked bank statements to secure his 1995 Panorama interview with the Princess of Wales, Spencer's sister. Former Justice of the Supreme Court Lord Dyson conducted an independent inquiry into the issue. Lord Dyson's inquiry concluded Bashir had commissioned fake statements to deceive Earl Spencer in order to gain access to Diana and in so doing had "acted inappropriately and in serious breach of the 1993 edition of the Producers’ Guidelines on straight dealing." <mask> resigned from the BBC in May 2021, citing health reasons. Early life and education
<mask> was born and raised in Wandsworth, London, to liberal Muslim parents from Pakistan. His father had served in the Royal Navy during World War II.Bashir was educated at the boys' state comprehensive Wandsworth School, King Alfred's College of Higher Education, Winchester, studying English and History from 1982–1985 (at the time degrees at King Alfred's were approved by the Council for National Academic Awards), and at King's

masks:
Martin Henry Bashir
Martin Bashir
Bashir
Bashir


title: Martin Bashir

texts:
 Lawrence O'Donnell, hosted his own programme, <mask>r, and was a correspondent for NBC's Dateline NBC. On 15 November 2013, Bashir criticised Sarah Palin for comments that she made comparing the Federal debt to slavery. Bashir attempted to counter Palin's comparison by referencing the punishment of slaves described by slave overseer Thomas Thistlewood, specifically a punishment called "Derby's dose", which involved forcing slaves to defecate or urinate into the mouth of another slave as punishment, and concluded by saying "if anyone truly qualified for a dose of discipline from Thomas Thistlewood, she would be the outstanding candidate". On 18 November he apologised, stating among other things: "My words were wholly unacceptable.They were neither accurate, nor fair. They were unworthy of anyone who would claim to have an interest in politics." On 2 December, Bashir was suspended by the network; he resigned two days later, issuing a statement saying: "I deeply regret what was said, will endeavour to work hard at making constructive contributions in the future and will always have a deep appreciation for our viewers." BBC religious affairs correspondent
In late 2016 Bashir returned to BBC News as religious affairs correspondent, succeeding Caroline Wyatt in the post. He left the BBC on 14 May 2021 after a period of ill health and shortly before the publication of a report from an inquiry into his 1995 interview with Diana, Princess of Wales. Interviews

Princess of Wales interview

In November 1995, Bashir interviewed Diana, Princess of Wales about her failed marriage to the Prince of Wales for the BBC's Panorama programme. The programme was watched by nearly 23 million viewers in the UK.At the time, the BBC hailed it as the scoop of a generation. In November 2020, 25 years later, the BBC director general Tim Davie apologised to The Earl Spencer, the brother of the princess, for the use of fake bank statements falsely indicating people close to her had been paid for spying. The fake bank statements had been created by one of


title: Martin Bashir

texts:
 Honours
Bashir and producer Mike Robinson were the recipients of the BAFTA Award for Best Talk Show at the 1996 British Academy Television Awards for their work on the interview with Diana for Panorama. Bashir also won the Factual or Science Based Programme of the Year from the Television and Radio Industries Club, TV Journalist of the Year from the Broadcasting Press Guild, and Journalist of the Year from the Royal Television Society for the Diana interview. In May 2021, after the conclusion of the Dyson inquiry that found Bashir guilty of deceit in obtaining the interview with Diana, the BBC decided to give the BAFTA Award back. Other activities
Bashir had a role as himself in the 2001 satirical comedy film Mike Bassett: England Manager. He plays the bass guitar.He released a reggae album, Bass Lion, on 26 October 2010. Personal life
Bashir is fluent in English and Urdu. He converted from Islam to Christianity in his late teens after attending a church in south London, and identifies as a committed Christian, having been interested in Christianity as a child. While in New York he was sometimes seen visiting Redeemer Presbyterian Church. He and his wife, Deborah, have three children. He has been diagnosed with a brain tumour affecting his pituitary gland, was reported to be "seriously unwell" with the coronavirus in October 2020, and underwent quadruple heart bypass surgery in late 2020 and further surgical procedures in spring 2021. References

External links

Profile and <mask>r show at MSNBC

1963 births
Living people
ABC News personalities
Alumni of King's College London
Alumni of the University of Winchester
BAFTA winners (people)
BBC newsreaders and journalists
English Christians
English bass guitarists
English expatriates in the United States
English people of Pakistani descent
English reggae musicians
English reporters and correspondents
English television journalists
ITN newsreaders and journalists
MSNBC people
Panorama (British TV programme)
People from Wandsworth
Religion journalists
ITV people
Converts to


title: Justin Welby

texts:
<mask> (born 6 January 1956) is a British bishop. He is currently the 105th Archbishop of Canterbury and the most senior bishop in the Church of England. He has served in that role since 2013. <mask> was previously the vicar of Southam, Warwickshire, and then Bishop of Durham, serving for just over a year. Ex officio, he is the Primate of All England and the symbolic head primus inter pares of the worldwide Anglican Communion. <mask> was educated at the University of Cambridge where he read History and Law. Later in life, he studied for ordination at St John's College, Durham.After several parochial appointments, he became Dean of Liverpool in 2007 and Bishop of Durham in 2011. <mask>'s theology is reported as representing the evangelical tradition within Anglicanism. Having worked in business before his ordination, some of his publications explore the relationship between finance and religion and, as a member of the House of Lords, he sits on the panel of the 2012 Parliamentary Commission on Banking Standards. Early life and education

<mask> <mask> was born in London, England, on 6 January 1956, almost nine months after the marriage of his mother Jane Gillian Portal (born 1929) to Gavin Bramhall <mask> (1910–1977). Jane had served as a personal secretary to Sir Winston Churchill from December 1949 until her marriage to <mask> in April 1955, soon after she had a brief relationship with the private secretary to Churchill, Sir Anthony Montague Browne (1923–2013). <mask> believed that <mask> was his biological father until paternity testing in 2016 showed that he was Browne's son. <mask>, born Bernard Gavin Weiler in Ruislip, Middlesex was the son of Bernard Weiler, a German-Jewish

masks:
Justin Portal Welby
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Gavin Welby
Gavin Welby


title: Justin Welby

texts:
 immigrant and importer of luxury items who changed the family name to <mask> shortly after the First World War broke out.<mask> stood for Parliament in the 1951 and 1955 general elections as a Conservative candidate. <mask> describes his early childhood as "messy": Gavin and <mask> were both alcoholics. They divorced in 1959, when <mask> was three years old, and he was placed in <mask>'s custody. In 1960 <mask> was engaged to the actress Vanessa Redgrave, who called the engagement off after her mother Lady Redgrave wrote to Vanessa's father, Sir Michael Redgrave, that <mask> was "a real horror ... a pretty rotten piece of work". <mask> died in 1977 of alcohol-related causes. <mask>'s mother stopped drinking in 1968, and in 1975 married Charles Williams, a business executive and first-class cricketer who was made a life peer in 1985. Williams was the nephew of Elizabeth Laura Gurney, a member of the Gurney family of Norwich who were prominent Quakers and social reformers.<mask> describes his stepfather as being supportive of him. Maternal family
<mask>'s mother, Jane Portal, was the daughter of Iris Butler (1905–2002), a journalist and historian whose brother, Rab Butler, was a Conservative politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Home Secretary, Deputy Prime Minister, Foreign Secretary and Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. Their father was Sir Montagu Butler, Governor of the Central Provinces of British India and Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge. Montagu Butler was the grandson of George Butler, headmaster of Harrow School and Dean of Peterborough; the nephew of educator George Butler (husband of social reformer Josephine Butler) and Henry Montagu Butler,

masks:
Welby
Gavin Welby
Welby
Jane Welby
Justin
Gavin Welby
Gavin Welby
Gavin Welby
Gavin Welby
Welby
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title: Justin Welby

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 headmaster of Harrow School, Dean of Gloucester and Master of Trinity College, Cambridge; and the grand-nephew of John Colenso, the first Bishop of Natal. Jane Portal's father was Gervas Portal, a half-brother of the World War II Chief of the Air Staff, Charles Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford. Gervas Portal's mother Rose Leslie Portal née Napier was the granddaughter of General Sir William Napier and his wife, Caroline Amelia Fox. General Napier and his brothers, General Sir Charles James Napier and General Sir George Thomas Napier (respectively commanders-in-chief of the British armies in India and in the Cape Colony), were sons of George Napier (a sixth-generation descendant, via the Lords Napier, of John Napier, the inventor of logarithms) and his second wife Lady Sarah Lennox.Caroline Amelia Fox was the daughter of General Henry Edward Fox, younger brother of prominent Whig politician Charles James Fox; they were the sons of politician Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland, and his wife Lady Caroline Lennox. Caroline Lennox and Sarah Lennox were two of the five Lennox sisters, daughters of the 2nd Duke of Richmond, son of Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, illegitimate son of King Charles II and his mistress Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth. Education

<mask> was educated at St Peter's School, Seaford; Eton College; and Trinity College, Cambridge, where his great-uncle, Lord Butler of Saffron Walden, was then master. He graduated in 1978 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and law; according to custom, he was later promoted to Master of Arts by seniority. In a 12 July 2013 interview with The Daily Telegraph, <mask> related his conversion experience when he was

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 a student at Trinity College, Cambridge. He said that, while he was at Eton, he had "vaguely assumed there was a God. But I didn't believe.I wasn't interested at all." However, during the evening of 12 October 1975 in Cambridge, praying with a Christian friend, <mask> said that he suddenly felt "a clear sense of something changing, the presence of something that had not been there before in my life". He said to his friend, "Please don't tell anyone about this." <mask> said that he was desperately embarrassed that this had happened to him. He has since said that his time at Cambridge was a major moment of self-realisation in his life. At the age of 19, he began speaking in tongues. Business career
<mask> worked for eleven years in the oil industry, five of them for the French oil company Elf Aquitaine based in Paris.In 1984 he became treasurer of the oil exploration group Enterprise Oil plc in London, where he was mainly concerned with West African and North Sea oil projects. He retired from his executive position in 1989 and said that he sensed a calling from God to be ordained. During his oil industry career, <mask> became a congregation member at the evangelical Anglican church of Holy Trinity in Brompton, London. In July 2013, following the report of the Parliamentary Commission on Banking Standards Commission, <mask> explained that senior bank executives avoided being given information about difficult issues to allow them to "plead ignorance". He also said he would possibly have behaved in the same way and warned against punishing by naming and shaming individual bankers which he compared to the behaviour of a lynch mob. Ministry
<mask> was at first rejected for ordination by John

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texts: Hughes, the Bishop of Kensington, who told him: "There is no place for you in the Church of England." <mask> was subsequently accepted for ordination, with the support of the Vicar of Holy Trinity Brompton, Sandy Millar.Throughout his ministry <mask> has been linked to the charismatic evangelical wing of the Church of England associated with Holy Trinity Brompton, and in a 2019 interview said: "In my own prayer life, and as part of my daily discipline, I pray in tongues every day." From 1989 to 1992, <mask> studied theology and trained for the priesthood at Cranmer Hall and St John's College, Durham, where he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree and a Diploma in Ministry (DipMin) in 1992. He was ordained a deacon at Petertide (on 28 June) 1992 and a priest the next Petertide (27 June 1993), both times by Simon Barrington-Ward, Bishop of Coventry, at Coventry Cathedral. He then became a curate at Chilvers Coton and St Mary the Virgin, Astley (Nuneaton) from 1992 to 1995. He then became rector of St James' Church, Southam, and later vicar of St Michael and All Angels, Ufton, Diocese of Coventry, from 1995 to 2002. In 2002, <mask> was appointed a canon residentiary of Coventry Cathedral and the co-director for international ministry at the International Centre for Reconciliation. In 2005, he was appointed sub-dean and Canon for Reconciliation Ministry.<mask> was appointed Dean of Liverpool in December 2007 and was installed there on 8 December 2007. <mask> has written widely on ethics and on finance, featuring in books such as Managing the Church? : Order and Organisation in a Secular Age and Explorations in Financial Ethics. <mask>'s dissertation, an exploration into whether

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 companies can sin, marks his point that the structure of a system can "make it easier to make the right choice or the wrong choice." His dissertation led to the publication of a booklet entitled Can Companies Sin? : "Whether", "How" and "Who" in Company Accountability, which was published by Grove Books in 1992. He has said that the Benedictine and Franciscan orders in the Anglican churches, along with Catholic social teaching, have influenced his spiritual formation.Interviewed by the BBC in 2011, <mask> said that to be appointed bishop of Durham was both challenging and a huge privilege: "I was astonished to be offered the role. It is a passionate desire to see a church that is vigorously full of spiritual life, serving Jesus Christ and serving those around it." <mask>'s election was confirmed at York Minster on 29 September 2011, and he left Liverpool Cathedral on 2 October. He was consecrated as a bishop at York Minster on 28 October 2011 by John Sentamu, Archbishop of York; and was enthroned in Durham Cathedral on 26 November 2011. He was introduced to the House of Lords on 12 January 2012, where he sits on the Lords Spiritual bench. He gave his maiden speech on 16 May 2012. <mask> was asked to join the Parliamentary Commission on Banking Standards in 2012.Archbishop of Canterbury

<mask> emerged as a candidate to be the next archbishop of Canterbury; on 6 November 2012, the bookmakers Betvictor, Ladbrokes and William Hill suspended betting on his being appointed. On 9 November 2012, <mask>'s appointment to the position was announced. In January 2013, <mask> said that he initially thought it was "a joke" and "perfectly absurd" for him to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury,


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 because he had only been a bishop for a short time. His confirmation of election ceremony to the See of Canterbury took place at St Paul's Cathedral on 4 February 2013 (by this, he legally became Archbishop of Canterbury); on the following day it was announced that <mask> would be appointed to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, as all archbishops are; the order for his appointment was made on 12 February and he swore the oath on 13 March. <mask> was enthroned as archbishop at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013, which in the calendar of the Anglican churches is an observance of Thomas Cranmer. <mask>'s schedule included an official visit to the Vatican on 14 June 2013, with visits to senior Curial officials, including Cardinal Kurt Koch, President of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, an official audience with Pope Francis and prayer at the tombs of Saint Peter and Pope John Paul II. In a 12 July 2013 interview with The Daily Telegraph, <mask> addressed questions about his religion.His answers included the following:
Asked whether he can speak "in tongues", <mask> answered, "Oh yes, it's just a routine part of spiritual discipline — you choose to speak and you speak a language that you don’t know. It just comes." Asked whether it is necessary "for a true Christian to have had a personal conversion experience", <mask> answered, "Absolutely not. There is an incredible range of ways in which the Spirit works. It doesn’t matter how you get there. It really does quite matter where you are." Asked about "his strange and lonely youth", <mask> said that "at the time, it felt horrible.Now it feels hugely valuable. God doesn’t waste stuff." The interviewer asked


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texts: <mask> whether his family history had "wounded" him. After "a very long" pause, <mask> answered, "I assume that I am, but I also assume that the grace of God is extraordinarily powerful in the healing of one’s wounds." Asked whether he knows Jesus, <mask> answered, "Yes. I do. He's both someone one knows and someone one scarcely knows at all, an utterly intimate friend and yet with indescribable majesty."Regarding his religious practices, <mask> called himself "a spiritual magpie". The interviewer commented about <mask>, "as well as speaking in tongues, he adores the sacrament of the Eucharist. He also says the morning and evening office, Book of Common Prayer version, in the chapel of the palace, every day. For <mask>, 'the routine of regular prayer is immensely important in overcoming the ups and downs of human moods.' For his spiritual discipline, <mask> uses Catholic models – the contemplation and stability of Benedictines and the rigorous self-examination of Ignatius of Loyola. He also has a spiritual director, the Roman Catholic priest Nicolas Buttet. The interviewer said that the church "is good at talking, but not at actually doing things to improve the social order."<mask> retorted, "Rubbish! It is one of the most powerful forces of social cohesion. Did you know that each month all the Churches – roughly half of the numbers being Anglican – contribute 23 million hours of voluntary work, outside what they do in church? And it's growing. There are now between 1,200 and 2,000 food banks in which the Church is involved. Ten years ago, there were none. There are vicars living in every impoverished area in the country.This springs out of genuine spirituality." <mask> apologised

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 unreservedly after allegations that barrister and evangelical Christian John Smyth beat boys in the late 1970s, mainly pupils at Winchester College, until their wounds bled and left permanent scars. Smyth then headed the Christian charity, the Iwerne Trust. These allegations were suppressed for decades, although Smyth was asked to leave the UK. Views

Brexit and austerity
In February 2018, <mask> expressed fears that Brexit was dividing UK society and the United Kingdom government austerity programme was harming vulnerable people. <mask> wrote:

In August 2019, <mask> called for EU Remainers to "stop whingeing" and accept the result of the 2016 Brexit referendum. COVID-19
In January 2021, <mask> received his first COVID-19 vaccine, writing on Twitter: "The rapid development of the vaccine is an answer to prayer - and it is central to the recovery from this terrible pandemic".He has spoken out against "malicious rumour-mongering" relating to the pandemic. <mask> has also said he is concerned that the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom has exacerbated existing inequalities, and has spoken with bereaved families and added tributes to the National Covid Memorial Wall (representing those who died of COVID-19). He has called for the start of a COVID-19 public inquiry. Environmental sustainability
In 2021, <mask>, Pope Francis, and Bartholomew, made an joint declaration to address together the urgency of environmental sustainability. Food banks
In 2013, <mask> disagreed strongly with Lord Freud, the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Welfare Reform at the time, because <mask> believes the UK government cuts to benefits have caused or contributed to the surge in food banks.

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 <mask> cites Church of England investigation showing social services referred 35% of Durham residents who use food banks when benefits they were entitled to were not paid. <mask> stated:

Before Christmas 2013, <mask> urged people to give 10% of what they spend at Christmas to food banks.In December 2014, <mask> expressed concern about the increasing need for food banks which he said would have been "unthinkable" a decade ago. He called the plight of hungry poor people shocking because he did not expect that in the UK, saying that it was "a very sad fact that they're there, but also it's a great opportunity for the Church to demonstrate the love of Christ." Fuel suppliers
<mask> is concerned about rises in energy prices in the UK. He feels that energy companies have a responsibility towards customers and should take account of this rather than only maximising their own opportunities. General election
In the run-up to the 2017 United Kingdom general election, <mask> and Archbishop of York John Sentamu campaigned over the need to address poverty, education, housing and health. The archbishops stressed the importance of "education for all, of urgent and serious solutions to our housing challenges, the importance of creating communities as well as buildings, and a confident and flourishing health service that gives support to all – especially the vulnerable – not least at the beginning and end of life." High-interest lending
In July 2013, <mask> spoke out against the payday lending sites and met with Errol Damelin, chief executive of Wonga.<mask> pledged that the Church of England would support credit unions as society needs to "provide an alternative" to the "very, very costly forms of

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 finance" that payday lending services represent. He noted that he did not want to make legal payday lending illegal as this would leave people with no alternative to using criminal loan sharks. Shortly after this well-publicised intervention in the public debate, it emerged that the Church of England's pension fund had invested money in Accel Partners, a venture capital firm that had invested in Wonga. This led to accusations of hypocrisy and <mask> noted that the investment was "very embarrassing" for the church. <mask> and the Church's Ethical Investment Advisory Group were unaware of their investment in Wonga. <mask> also said that the Ethical Investment Advisory Group ought to reconsider rules which allow investment in companies that make up to 25% of their income from gambling, alcohol or high-interest lending. Inequality
<mask> has expressed concern about inequality in the UK.In September 2017 he said, "Our economic model is broken. Britain stands at a watershed moment where we need to make fundamental choices about the sort of economy we need. We are failing those who will grow up into a world where the gap between the richest and poorest parts of the country is significant and destabilising." He has praised the welfare state as a Christian endeavour emanating from the likes of R. H. Tawney, William Temple and William Beveridge. He has also said that the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom has exacerbated existing inequalities, and has called for the building of "a new Beveridge". Islam
In July 2014, <mask> acknowledged that there was a problem with Muslim youths travelling to the Syrian Civil War and elsewhere to wage jihad but the numbers were "extraordinarily small", and

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 so he dismissed concerns over the potential for trouble as "hysterical... I think we're in danger of slipping into a very fearful culture".In 2015, he offered his support for British air strikes against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) in Syria. <mask> believes that the problem of Islamic extremism is far deeper than combating Islamic jihadists such as ISIS and Al-Qaeda; and that the Gulf monarchies and Saudi Arabia need to be challenged as their "own promotion of a particular brand of Islamic theology has provided a source from which ISIL have drawn a false legitimization." In an interview with the Daily Telegraph in November 2016, <mask> stated that claiming that the actions of ISIS are "nothing to do with Islam" was damaging efforts to combat extremism. <mask> stipulated that it was essential to understand the religious motivation behind extremism in order to understand it and, similarly, also criticized the argument that claims that "Christian militia in the Central African Republic are nothing to do with Christianity." Modern slavery
<mask> condemns modern slavery as a crime against humanity. He joined with Pope Francis and leaders of other faiths, Buddhist, Hindu, Jewish and Muslim, in a joint declaration they would work together aiming to end modern slavery by 2020. Forced labour and prostitution, human trafficking and organ trade were specifically mentioned but all relationships that do not respect human equality, freedom and dignity were condemned.Persecution of Christians
<mask> is concerned that Christians are persecuted in some parts of the world, notably in the Middle East, and fears that some risk their lives going to church. <mask> also noted that


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 Christians and other religious minorities were made to suffer terribly and were killed in Iraq, which violates article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. <mask> noted that Christians and other minorities face persecution for their faith in many areas worldwide; he cited Syria, South Sudan, and the Central African Republic among others. <mask> urged the United Kingdom to open doors to refugees. Poverty
Referring to poverty in the UK in March 2013, <mask> criticised UK government changes which cap benefits below inflation. In a speech at Christmas 2013 <mask> said, "Even in a recovering economy, Christians, the servants of a vulnerable and poor saviour, need to act to serve and love the poor; they need also to challenge the causes of poverty." In a speech at Easter 2013 <mask> said, "In this country, even as the economy improves there is weeping in broken families, in people ashamed to seek help from food banks, or frightened by debt.Asylum seekers weep with loneliness and missing far away families." Referring to poverty in the UK and generally <mask> said that "we should all share concern for the poor and the marginalised, should work to build communities where people act responsibly towards one another, whether we are rich or poor we all have the same dignity. William Beveridge, R. H. Tawney and William Temple played a significant part in establishing the post-war welfare state in the United Kingdom and were committed Christians. We do not have the luxury of saying, 'Something must be done' without doing anything ourselves." <mask> has said that justice of the powerful is not justice at all and judges should decide issues based on truth and the common good rather than


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 class and money. <mask> quoted Nelson Mandela that "dealing with poverty was a matter of justice rather than charity." <mask> felt that speaking out about poverty, fuel bills, financial insecurity affecting families and credit unions is part of the Christian duty to love one's neighbour.<mask> hopes that people will resolve to help deal with poverty in their own neighbourhoods. In a BBC television broadcast he said, "I want to suggest this year that each of us makes a resolution to try and change the world a bit where we are." <mask> has said that insecurity of income is also a problem for many people. He expressed concern that many people cannot save or plan for, for example a holiday because they do not know how much money will be coming in from week to week. In September 2018, <mask> said:

<mask> also said in 2018,

Refugees
<mask> disagrees with restrictions on child refugees being admitted to the UK. <mask> fears children are now vulnerable to exploitation and even death. <mask> stated:

<mask> hoped the government would reconsider its decision to stop letting child refugees in.He was dismayed that only 350 children were brought in despite about 3,000 being expected. Sexuality and same-sex marriage

In March 2013, <mask> stated that "My understanding of sexual ethics has been that, regardless of whether it's gay or straight, sex outside marriage is wrong." He reiterated this belief again later in 2013, further noting that "To abandon the ideal simply because it's difficult to achieve is ridiculous." <mask> does not unequivocally affirm the Church of England's historic opposition to same-sex marriage. At his first press conference he spoke out strongly against homophobia and

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texts: stated that he is "always averse to the language of exclusion, when what we are called to is to love in the same way as Jesus Christ loves us." He also said "I know I need to listen very attentively to the LGBT [lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender] communities, and examine my own thinking prayerfully and carefully." Prior to his enthronement he stated that he did not have doubts about the church's policy in opposing same-sex marriages but remained "challenged as to how we respond to it"."You see gay relationships that are just stunning in the quality of the relationship", he said, adding that he had "particular friends where I recognise that and am deeply challenged by it". <mask> sees problems with special services of blessing for same-sex couples, saying in 2014 "There is great fear among some, here and round the world, that that will lead to the betrayal of our traditions, to the denial of the authority of scripture, to apostasy, not to use too strong a word and there is also a great fear that our decisions will lead us to the rejection of LGBT people, to irrelevance in a changing society, to behaviour that many see akin to racism. Both those fears are alive and well in this room today [a General Synod meeting in London]. We have to find a way forward that is one of holiness and obedience to the call of God and enables us to fulfil our purposes. This cannot be done through fear. How we go forward matters deeply, as does where we arrive". <mask> has since said that he has become "much less certain" about his stance on human sexuality.In an interview with Alastair Campbell in October 2017, Archbishop <mask> was asked if same sex activity was sinful, and declined to give a clear

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 answer, saying: "I don't do blanket condemnation of people". When asked if a stable relationship could be between two people of the same sex, <mask> said, "I know it could be," and accepted that faithfulness and love were the "absolutely central" aspects of relationships, but added:

He also stated that while homophobia was a sin, he did not consider it homophobic to oppose gay sex. Social injustice
<mask> maintains social injustice is widespread and entrenched in British society. <mask> said the gig economy is just one of many injustices. Welby maintains the weakest people get the least secure pensions and the strongest get the most secure pensions. <mask> said in September 2018:

Taxation
Welby maintains that tax avoidance is wrong and that many wealthy companies do not pay as much tax as they should. In December 2017, <mask> said, "It is clear that a company that has a turnover of several billion and yet pays only a few million in tax, something isn’t quite working there.It is to do with transfer pricing, there are all kinds of explanations, but people who earn money from a society should pay tax in that society for the common good, for economic justice." In September 2018, <mask> said:

<mask> also said in 2018:

Universal Credit
Welby has expressed concern that Universal Credit is harming poor people and said in September 2018 that its rollout should be stopped. <mask> said:

Women bishops
<mask> has been a strong supporter of Anglican consecration of women as bishops. In November 2013, <mask> stated he aimed to ordain women as bishops while allowing space for those who disagree. In February 2014, <mask> called on Anglicans to avoid fear, prejudice and suspicion and to grasp

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 "cultural change in the life of the church":

Welby would like discipline applied over appointments to prevent opponents of women as bishops feeling alienated. <mask> says he hopes to avoid a zero-sum game where people feel gain for one side inevitably means loss for the other, he sees need for caution, co-operation and unity. Slightly revised legislation to allow women to be ordained bishops in the Church of England was agreed in July 2014 and became law in November 2014.Iwerne camps and John Smyth QC
<mask>'s early grounding in Christian doctrine was rooted in the ‘Bash Camp’ network founded by Eric Nash. <mask> became a dormitory officer at the camps held in the Dorset village of Iwerne Minster. The chairman of the Iwerne Trust (now operating as Titus Trust) in the late 1970s was John Smyth QC, a prominent evangelical and lawyer who had acted regularly for Mary Whitehouse. From 1978–81, Smyth allegedly carried out a series of brutal beatings on boys and undergraduates, recorded in a report written by Canon Mark Ruston in February 1982. Smyth was described by <mask> in 2017 as "charming" and "delightful" and they swapped Christmas cards for some years in the 1990s. In 1978 <mask> left the UK to work in Paris, and <mask> stated that "I had no contact with them at all". It later materialised that <mask> had attended the camp in this period and had continued to receive the camp newsletter.Andrew Atherstone in the biography, Risk Taker and Reconciler, describes  <mask> as having been “involved in the camps as an undergraduate … businessman and theological college student in the 1980s and early 1990s.”

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 informed in 2013. The Archbishop maintained that this was the first he had heard of the abuse by his old friend. The New York Times on 14 October 2017 quoted a senior Church of England figure as saying that "all senior members of the trust, including officers like Archbishop <mask>, had been made aware of the allegations against Mr Smyth, even those who had been abroad". Questions have remained among Smyth victims as to when <mask> first knew, and some have labelled the Archbishop an "observer", a term denoting a person who knew about abuse but who did not report appropriately. The Archbishop has said that he was not part of the inner circle of Smyth's friends and is on the record as saying that survivors must come first, not the Church's own interests. Royal family

Under the system of Queen's consent any proposed legislation affecting the royal family has to be submitted for approval. This frequently leads to protracted negotiation with their solicitors.Legislation is frequently drafted to exclude the royal family from it, eliminating the delay. One instance when this happened was in 1753, when members retained the legal right to marry without witnesses at a time when it was withdrawn from everyone else. This was confirmed by Lord Falconer whilst Lord Chancellor (24 February 2005), family law professor Rebecca Probert, the House of Lords, and the Duke and Duchess of Sussex during their Oprah Winfrey interview televised on 7 March 2021. The Archbishop of Canterbury, who issues licences for royal marriages from his Faculty Office, is aware of this (the wording of the May 2018 licence is a personal statement by him) and the licences specify in great detail the common law impediments


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texts: to marriage without mentioning the statutory ones, which are irrelevant. While the House of Lords decision acknowledged that these marriages are valid, as far as the Church is concerned, they involve serious censure on the cleric involved, because it has invested a lot of effort in stamping them out. Lambeth Palace responded to the 7 March 2021 revelation the following day with the statement: "The Archbishop does not comment on personal or pastoral matters so we aren't commenting." In a statement later that day friends of the couple did not admit that they got married on the Saturday.On 21 March, Stephen Borton, the chief clerk at the time who drew up the licence, said Meghan was unaware that the couple were subject to the same marriage law as everyone else (they are not, which is why law professors are unanimous that the Prince of Wales and Camilla Parker Bowles could not and did not marry in a civil ceremony on Saturday, 9 April 2005, despite the same argument being rolled out on the Prince's behalf that the couple are subject to the same marriage law as everyone else, Royal Marriages Act notwithstanding). On 22 March 2021 a spokesperson for the couple again did not admit that they got married on the Saturday. Journalists reporting this and the 8 March statement added the word "merely" at the beginning of the phrase "a private exchange of vows" used by the spokesperson and headlined their stories "Meghan and Harry finally admit there was no secret backyard wedding". <mask> backed Borton on 30 March adding that if the royal family, the Church, parliament and universities were right then he, having certified that the couple got married on the Saturday, would have "committed a serious


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 criminal offence". Personal life
<mask> is married to Caroline (née Eaton) and they have had six children. In 1983, their seven-month-old daughter, Johanna, died in a car crash in France. Referring to the tragedy, <mask> explained, "It was a very dark time for my wife Caroline and myself, but in a strange way it actually brought us closer to God."<mask> established a special day for bereaved parents at Coventry Cathedral where there is now an annual service commemorating the lives of children who have died. His daughter Katharine has written of her experience of poor mental health. Another daughter, Ellie, has learning disabilities. <mask> acknowledges his privileged education and upbringing and has been praised for sending his own children to local state schools. <mask> is a French speaker and an avid Francophile, having lived and worked in France. An announcement about his appointment as Bishop of Durham listed his hobbies as "most things French and sailing". <mask> is an agenda contributor for the World Economic Forum.<mask> was part of a team researching the ethics of the situation
 <mask> declared that abortion as "delayed contraception" is wrong. 1956 births
21st-century Church of England bishops
English people of Scottish descent
Alumni of Cranmer Hall, Durham
Alumni of St John's College, Durham
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Archbishops of Canterbury
Bishops of Durham
British businesspeople in the oil industry
Deans of Liverpool
Doctors of Divinity
English expatriates in France
Evangelical Anglican bishops
Living people
Lords Spiritual
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People educated at Eton College
People educated at St Peter's School, Seaford
Clergy


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<mask> (November 9, 1924 – September 9, 2019) was a Swiss photographer and documentary filmmaker, who became an American binational. His most notable work, the 1958 book titled The Americans, earned <mask> comparisons to a modern-day de Tocqueville for his fresh and nuanced outsider's view of American society. Critic Sean O'Hagan, writing in The Guardian in 2014, said The Americans "changed the nature of photography, what it could say and how it could say it. [ ... ] it remains perhaps the most influential photography book of the 20th century." <mask> later expanded into film and video and experimented with manipulating photographs and photomontage. Background and early photography career
<mask> was born in Zürich, Switzerland, the son of Rosa (Zucker) and <mask>. His family was Jewish.<mask> states in Gerald Fox's 2004 documentary Leaving Home, Coming Home that his mother, Rosa (other sources state her name as Regina), had a Swiss passport, while his father, Hermann originating from Frankfurt, Germany had become stateless after losing his German citizenship as a Jew. They had to apply for the Swiss citizenship of <mask> and his older brother, Manfred. Though <mask> and his family remained safe in Switzerland during World War II, the threat of Nazism nonetheless affected his understanding of oppression. He turned to photography, in part as a means to escape the confines of his business-oriented family and home, and trained under a few photographers and graphic designers before he created his first hand-made book of photographs, 40 Fotos, in 1946. <mask> emigrated to the

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texts: United States in 1947, and secured a job in New York City as a fashion photographer for Harper's Bazaar. In 1949, the new editor of Camera magazine, Walter Laubli (1902–1991), published a substantial portfolio of Jakob Tuggener pictures made at upper-class entertainments and in factories, alongside the work of the 25 year-old <mask> who had just returned to his native Switzerland after two years abroad, with pages including some of his first pictures from New York. The magazine promoted the two as representatives of the 'new photography' of Switzerland.Tuggener was a role model for the younger artist, first mentioned to him by <mask>'s boss and mentor, Zurich commercial photographer Michael Wolgensinger (1913–1990) who understood that <mask> was unsuited to the more mercenary application of the medium. Tuggener, as a serious artist who had left the commercial world behind, was the "one <mask> really did love, from among all Swiss photographers," according to Guido Magnaguagno and Fabrik, as a photo book, was a model for <mask>'s Les Américains ('The Americans') published ten years later in Paris by Delpire, in 1958. He soon left to travel in South America and Europe. He created another hand-made book of photographs that he shot in Peru, and returned to the U.S. in 1950. That year was momentous for <mask>, who, after meeting Edward Steichen, participated in the group show 51 American Photographers at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA); he also married fellow artist <mask> née Mary Lockspeiser, with whom he had two children, Andrea and Pablo. Though he was initially optimistic

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title: Robert Frank

texts: about the United States' society and culture, <mask>'s perspective quickly changed as he confronted the fast pace of American life and what he saw as an overemphasis on money. He now saw America as an often bleak and lonely place, a perspective that became evident in his later photography.<mask>'s own dissatisfaction with the control that editors exercised over his work also undoubtedly colored his experience. He continued to travel, moving his family briefly to Paris. In 1953, he returned to New York and continued to work as a freelance photojournalist for magazines including McCall's, Vogue, and Fortune. Associating with other contemporary photographers such as Saul Leiter and Diane Arbus, he helped form what Jane Livingston has termed The New York School of photographers (not to be confused with the New York School of art) during the 1940s and 1950s. In 1955, <mask> achieved further recognition with the inclusion by Edward Steichen of seven his photographs (many more than most other contributors) in the world-touring Museum of Modern Art exhibition The Family of Man that was to be seen by 9 million visitors and with a popular catalogue that is still in print. <mask>'s contributions had been taken in Spain (of a woman kissing her swaddled babe-in-arms); of a bowed old woman in Peru; a rheumy-eyed miner in Wales; and the others in England and the US, including two (one atypically soft-focus) of his wife in pregnancy; and one (later to be included in The Americans) of six laughing women in the window of the White Tower Hamburger Stand on Fourteenth Street, New York City.

masks: Frank Frank Frank Frank


title: Robert Frank

texts:
 The Americans

Inspired by fellow Swiss Jakob Tuggener's 1943 filmic book Fabrik, Bill Brandt's The English at Home (1936), and Walker Evans's American Photographs (1938), and on the recommendation of Evans (a previous recipient), Alexey Brodovitch, Alexander Leiberman, Edward Steichen, and Meyer Schapiro, <mask> secured a Guggenheim Fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation in 1955 to travel across the United States and photograph all strata of its society.Cities he visited included Detroit and Dearborn, Michigan; Savannah, Georgia; Miami Beach and St. Petersburg, Florida; New Orleans, Louisiana; Houston, Texas; Los Angeles, California; Reno, Nevada; Salt Lake City, Utah; Butte, Montana; and Chicago, Illinois. He took his family along with him for part of his series of road trips over the next two years, during which time he took 28,000 shots. 83 of these were selected by him for publication in The Americans. <mask>'s journey was not without incident. He later recalled the anti-Semitism to which he was subject in a small Arkansas town. "I remember the guy [policeman] took me into the police station, and he sat there and put his feet on the table. It came out that I was Jewish because I had a letter from the Guggenheim Foundation.They really were primitive." He was told by the sheriff, "Well, we have to get somebody who speaks Yiddish." ... "They wanted to make a thing out of it. It was the only time it happened on the trip. They put me in jail. It was scary. Nobody knew where I was."Elsewhere in the South, he was told by a sheriff that he had "an hour

masks: Frank Frank


title: Robert Frank

texts: to leave town." Those incidents may have contributed to the dark view of America found in the work. Shortly after returning to New York in 1957, <mask> met Beat writer Jack Kerouac "at a New York party where poets and Beatniks were," and showed him the photographs from his travels. However, according to Joyce Johnson, Kerouac's lover at the time, she met <mask> while waiting for Kerouac to emerge from a conference with his editors, at Viking Press, looked at <mask>'s portfolio, and introduced them to each other. Kerouac immediately told <mask>, "Sure I can write something about these pictures." He eventually contributed the introduction to the U.S. edition of The Americans. <mask> also became lifelong friends with Allen Ginsberg, and was one of the main visual artists to document the Beat subculture, which felt an affinity with <mask>'s interest in documenting the tensions between the optimism of the 1950s and the realities of class and racial differences.The irony that <mask> found in the gloss of American culture and wealth over this tension gave his photographs a clear contrast to those of most contemporary American photojournalists, as did his use of unusual focus, low lighting and cropping that deviated from accepted photographic techniques. This divergence from contemporary photographic standards gave <mask> difficulty at first in securing an American publisher. Les Américains was first published in 1958 by <mask> in Paris, as part of its Encyclopédie Essentielle series, with texts by Simone de Beauvoir, Erskine Caldwell, William Faulkner, Henry Miller and John

masks:
Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank
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Frank
Frank
Robert Delpire


title: Robert Frank

texts: Steinbeck that Delpire positioned opposite <mask> helped it reach a larger audience. Over time and through its inspiration of later artists, The Americans became a seminal work in American photography and art history, and is the work with which <mask> is most clearly identified.Critic Sean O'Hagan, writing in The Guardian in 2014, said "it is impossible to imagine photography's recent past and overwhelmingly confusing present without his lingeringly pervasive presence." and that The Americans "changed the nature of photography, what it could say and how it could say it. [ . . . ] it remains perhaps the most influential photography book of the 20th century." In 1961, <mask> received his first individual show, entitled <mask>: Photographer, at the Art Institute of Chicago. He also showed at the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1962. The French Journal Les Cahiers de la photographie devoted special issues 11 and 12 in 1983 to discussion of <mask> as a gesture of admiration for, and complicity with, his work, also to set forth his critical capacity as an artist.To mark the fiftieth anniversary of the first publication of The Americans, a new edition was released worldwide on May 30, 2008. For this new edition from Steidl, most photographs are uncropped (in contrast to the cropped versions in previous editions), and two photographs are replaced with those of the same subject but from an alternate perspective. A celebratory exhibit of The Americans, titled Looking In: <mask>'s The Americans, was displayed in 2009 at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., the San

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title: Robert Frank

texts:
 Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), and at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. The second section of the four-section, 2009, SFMOMA exhibition displays <mask>'s original application to the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (which funded the primary work on The Americans project), along with vintage contact sheets, letters to photographer Walker Evans and author Jack Kerouac, and two early manuscript versions of Kerouac's introduction to the book. Also exhibited were three collages (made from more than 115 original rough work prints) that were assembled under <mask>'s supervision in 2007 and 2008, revealing his intended themes as well as his first rounds of image selection. An accompanying book, also titled Looking In: <mask>'s The Americans, was published, the most in-depth examination of any photography book ever, at 528 pages. While working as a guard at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Jason Eskenazi asked other noted photographers visiting the Looking In exhibition to choose their favorite image from The Americans and explain their choice, resulting in the book, By the Glow of the Jukebox: The Americans List.Films
By the time The Americans was published in the United States, <mask> had moved away from photography to concentrate on filmmaking. Among his films was the 1959 Pull My Daisy, which was written and narrated by Kerouac and starred Ginsberg, Gregory Corso and others from the Beat circle. The Beats emphasized spontaneity, and the film conveyed the quality of having been thrown together or even improvised. Pull My Daisy was accordingly praised

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title: Robert Frank

texts:
 for years as an improvisational masterpiece, until <mask>'s co-director, Alfred Leslie, revealed in a November 28, 1968 article in the Village Voice that the film was actually carefully planned, rehearsed, and directed by him and <mask>, who shot the film with professional lighting. In 1960, <mask> was staying in Pop artist George Segal's basement while filming The Sin of Jesus with a grant from Walter K. Gutman. Isaac Babel's story was transformed to center on a woman working on a chicken farm in New Jersey. It was originally supposed to be filmed in six weeks in and around New Brunswick, but <mask> ended up shooting for six months.<mask>'s 1972 documentary of the Rolling Stones, Cocksucker Blues, is arguably his best known film. The film shows the Stones on tour, engaging in heavy drug use and group sex. <mask> said of the Stones, "It was great to watch them — the excitement. But my job was after the show. What I was photographing was a kind of boredom. It's so difficult being famous. It's a horrendous life.Everyone wants to get something from you." Mick Jagger reportedly told <mask>, "It's a fucking good film, <mask>, but if it shows in America we'll never be allowed in the country again." The Stones sued to prevent the film's release, and it was disputed whether <mask> as the artist or the Stones as those who hired the artist owned the copyright. A court order restricted the film to being shown no more than five times per year, and only in the presence of <mask>. <mask>'s photography also appeared on the cover of the Rolling Stones' album Exile on Main St..

Other

masks: Frank Frank Frank Frank Frank Frank Frank Robert Frank Frank Frank


title: Robert Frank

texts:
 films by <mask> include Me and My Brother, Keep Busy, and Candy Mountain (the last was co-directed with Rudy Wurlitzer). Later life and death
Though <mask> continued to be interested in film and video, he returned to still images in the 1970s, publishing his second photographic book, The Lines of My Hand, in 1972. This work has been described as a "visual autobiography", and consists largely of personal photographs.However, he largely gave up "straight" photography to instead create narratives out of constructed images and collages, incorporating words and multiple frames of images that were directly scratched and distorted on the negatives. None of this later work has achieved an impact comparable to that of The Americans. As some critics have pointed out, this is perhaps because <mask> began playing with constructed images more than a decade after <mask> introduced his silkscreen composites—in contrast to The Americans, <mask>'s later images simply were not beyond the pale of accepted technique and practice by that time. <mask> and Mary separated in 1969. He remarried, to sculptor June Leaf, and in 1971, moved to the community of Mabou, Nova Scotia in Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia in Canada. In 1974, his daughter, Andrea, was killed in a plane crash in Tikal, Guatemala. Also around this time, his son, Pablo, was first hospitalized and diagnosed with schizophrenia.Much of <mask>'s subsequent work dealt with the impact of the loss of both his daughter and subsequently his son, who died in an Allentown, Pennsylvania hospital in 1994. In 1995, in memory of his daughter he

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Robert Rauschenberg
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title: Robert Frank

texts:
 founded the Andrea Frank Foundation, which provides grants to artists. After his move to Nova Scotia, Canada, <mask> divided his time between his home there, in a former fisherman's shack on the coast, and his Bleecker Street loft in New York. He acquired a reputation for being a recluse (particularly since the death of Andrea), declining most interviews and public appearances. He continued to accept eclectic assignments, however, such as photographing the 1984 Democratic National Convention, and directing music videos for artists such as New Order ("Run"), and Patti Smith ("Summer Cannibals"). <mask> produced both films and still images, and helped organize several retrospectives of his art. His work has been represented by Pace/MacGill Gallery in New York since 1984.In 1994, the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. presented the most comprehensive retrospective of <mask>'s work to date, entitled Moving Out. <mask> died on September 9, 2019, at his home in Nova Scotia. Publications

Publications by <mask>
Les Américains  The Americans
 Paris: Delpire, 1958. French. Includes text in French by Simone de Beauvoir, Erskine Caldwell, William Faulkner, Henry Miller and John Steinbeck about American political and social history, selected by Alain Bosquet. Part of the Encyclopédie Essentielle series. New York: Grove Press, 1959.Introduction by Jack Kerouac. New York: Aperture; Museum of Modern Art, 1969. Revised and enlarged edition. With an introduction by Jack Kerouac, a brief introduction by <mask>, and a survey of <mask>'s films, each represented by a page of film

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title: Robert Frank

texts:
 frame stills. Göttingen: Steidl, 2008. . Most photographs are uncropped compared with cropped versions in previous editions, and two photographs are replaced with those of the same subject but from an alternate perspective. The Lines of my Hand.Tokyo: Yugensha. Deluxe, slipcased edition. Edition of 1000 copies, 500 featured the slipcase photograph of "New York City, 1948", 500 featured the slipcase photograph of "Platte River, Tennessee". New York: Lustrum Press, 1972. Paperback. New York: Pantheon. . Flower is… Yugensha, 1987.Edition of 1000 copies, 500 featured "Champs-Élysées, 1950 [Fleurs]" tipped onto the front cover, 500 featured "Metro Stalingrad" tipped onto the front cover. Flamingo. Göteborg, Sweden: Hasselblad Center, 1997. . Catalogue for Hasselblad Award exhibition, Hasselblad Center, Goteborg, Sweden. London/Wales. Published in collaboration with the Corcoran Gallery, Washington, D.C., for an exhibition held May 10 – July 14, 2003. Zurich; New York: Scalo, 2003. .
Göttingen: Steidl, 2007. .
Come Again. Göttingen: Steidl, 2006. .According to the back cover, "Photos have been taken within the context of the photographical project 'Beirut, city centre, 1991', Éditions de Cyprès, Paris." Paris. Göttingen: Steidl, 2006. .
Peru. Göttingen: Steidl, 2006. . Zero Mostel Reads a Book. Göttingen: Steidl, 2006. .
Tal Uf Tal Ab. Göttingen: Steidl, 2010. .The first of the "Visual Diaries" combining photos from <mask>'s early career with the more private pictures he made in the latter part of his life. Other titles in the series are marked with a *
Pangnirtung. Göttingen:


title: Robert Frank

texts:
 Steidl, 2011. . Pull My Daisy. Göttingen: Steidl, 2011. . A transcript of Kerouac's narration from the film Pull My Daisy (1959) with film stills and an introduction by Jerry Tallmer. Ferne Nähe: Hommage für <mask>er  Distant Closeness: A Tribute to <mask>er. Bern: <mask>alser-Zentrum, 2012. .
You Would.Göttingen: Steidl, 2012. . *
Park/Sleep. Göttingen: Steidl, 2013. . *
Partida. Göttingen: Steidl, 2014. . *
What We Have Seen. Göttingen: Steidl, 2016. . *
Leon of Juda. Göttingen: Steidl, 2017. . *
Good Days Quiet. Göttingen: Steidl, 2019. .

Critical studies, reviews and biographies
 Les Cahiers de la photographie 11/12 and Special 3, “<mask>, la photographie, enfin,” 4th quarter, 1983; essays by Walker Evans, Gilles Mora, Alain Bergala, and others. Looking In: <mask>'s The Americans.Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art; Göttingen: Steidl, 2009. . By Sarah Greenough. With essays by Stuart Alexander, Phillip Brookman, Michel Frizot, Martin Gasser, Jeff L. Rosenheim, Lucy Sante and Anne Wilkes Tucker. Published to accompany an exhibition organised by the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
By the Glow of the Juke Box: The Americans List. New York: Red Hook, 2012. Edited by Jason Eskenazi, with contributions from 276 photographers
 Reviews The Americans. Films
Don't Blink – <mask> (2015). Documentary directed by Laura Israel.Filmography

Exhibitions

Solo exhibitions (selected)
 1961: <mask>: The Americans, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL
 1976: <mask>, Kunsthaus Zürich, Zürich
 1979: <mask>: Photographer/Filmmaker, Works 1945–1979, Long Beach Museum of

masks:
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Robert Wals
Robert W
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title: Robert Frank

texts:
 Art. 1985: <mask>: New York to Nova Scotia, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. 1989: The Americans, Jan Kesner Gallery, Los Angeles
 1997: Flamingo, Hasselblad Award exhibition, Hasselblad Center, Goteborg, Sweden
 2004: Storylines, Tate Modern Museum, London
 2005: Storylines, Fotomuseum Winterthur, Winterthur
 2008: <mask>. Paris, Museum Folkwang, Essen
 2009: Looking In: The Americans, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.
 2009: <mask>. Die Filme, C/O Berlin, Berlin
 2010: The Unseen Eye: Photography from the collection of W.M. Hunt (group exhibition), Appleton Museum of Art, Ocala
 2012: <mask>. From the collection of Fotomuseum Winterthur, Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow
 2014: <mask> In America, Cantor Art Center at Stanford University, Stanford
 2014: <mask>.Books and Films. 1947–2014, Akademie der Bildenden Künste München; anschließend 2015 Museum Folkwang, Essen
 2016: <mask>: Books and Films, 1947–2016, HALLE 14 – Zentrum für zeitgenössische Kunst, Leipzig
 2016: <mask>: Books and Films. 1947–2016, Museum der Moderne, Salzburg
 2016: <mask>: Books and Films. 1947–2016, Kunsthalle Ziegelhütte, Appenzell
 2017: <mask>: Photos, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL

Group exhibitions (selected)
 1955: The Family of Man, Museum of Modern Art, New York, January 24 – May 8 (<mask> represented with 5 works)
 1962: Photographs by Harry Callahan and <mask>, Museum of Modern Art, New York, January 30 – April 1
 2004: Cruel and Tender. Fotografie und das Wirkliche, Museum Ludwig, Köln
 2004: Cold Play. Set 1 aus der Sammlung des Fotomuseums Winterthur, Fotomuseum Winterthur,

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Robert Frank
Robert Frank
Robert Frank
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Robert Frank
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Robert Frank
Frank
Robert Frank


title: Robert Frank

texts:
 Winterthur
 2005: I Wanna Be Loved By You, Brooklyn Museum of Art, Brooklyn
 2006: American Beauty, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne
 2006: Some tribes, Christophe Guye Galerie, Zurich
 2008: Street Art, Street Life: From the 1950s to Now, Bronx Museum of the Arts, New York
 2010: Staff Picks 2010, Howard Greenberg Gallery, New York
 2010: Humanos. Acciones, Historia Y Fotografía, Centro de Arte Alcobendas (CAA), Madrid

Awards
1955: Guggenheim Fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.1996: Hasselblad Foundation International Award in Photography from the Hasselblad Foundation. 2002: Edward MacDowell Medal, MacDowell Colony, Peterborough, NH. 2015: Doctor of Fine Arts, honoris causa, Nova Scotia College of Art and Design University, Halifax, Canada. References

Sources
 Philip Gefter, Snapshots From The American Road, The New York Times, December 14, 2008. Further reading
Alexander, Stuart. – <mask>: A Bibliography, Filmography, and Exhibition Chronology, 1946–1985 (Center for Creative Photography, 1986). OCLC 16798695
Gefter, Philip.– Photography After <mask> (Aperture, 2009). Green, Jonathan. – American Photography: A Critical History 1945 to the Present (Abrams, 1984). Chapter 5, "The Americans: Politics and Alienation." Janis, Eugenia Parry and Wendy MacNeil, eds. – Photography Within the Humanities (Addison House, 1977). "<mask> Frank" (transcript of a talk and interview conducted at Wellesley College on April 14, 1975), pp.52–65. Leo, Vince. – "<mask>: From Compromise to Collaboration." Parkett, 1994, Issue 42, pp. 8–23. Papageorge,

masks:
Robert Frank
Frank
Robert
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title: Robert Frank

texts:
 Tod. – "Walker Evans and <mask>: An Essay on Influence" (Yale University Art Gallery, 1981).Penman, Ian. – <mask>: Storylines (Steidl, 2004). Sandeen, Eric. – Picturing An Exhibition (University of New Mexico Press, 1995). Chapter 5, "Edward Steichen, <mask>, and American Modernism." Tucker, Anne and Philip Brookman, eds. – <mask>: New York to Nova Scotia (Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, 1986).Bibliographies
Frank Bibliography (via UC Berkeley)

External links

VR tour of "<mask> Frank" at Hamiltons Gallery, London

<mask>'s Masterpiece: "The Americans" at 50
Looking In: <mask>'s "The Americans", National Gallery of Art, 2008
Elson Lecture 2009: <mask>, National Gallery of Art
Robert <mask> Collection Guide, National Gallery of Art, 2014 (with "more than 430 images")

'Walker Evans and <mask>: an Essay on Influence' by Tod Papageorge
Nericcio, William Anthony. – Cinematography, Photography, and Literature: <mask>'s Aesthetic Triptych (MOPA, San Diego, 2000). (An online essay on Pull My Daisy with illustrations and film-clip.) '<mask>: Dissecting The American Image' by Jno Cook
Illustrated book review of The Americans
<mask>: The Photographer Who Captured America’s Dark Side, by Lucas Reilly,  January 1, 2015, Mental Floss

American film directors
1924 births
2019 deaths
Street photographers
Social documentary photographers
American expatriates in Canada
Swiss emigrants to the United States
American people of Swiss-Jewish descent
Swiss Jews
Swiss photographers
People from Inverness County, Nova Scotia
People from New York (state)
20th-century American

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Robert Frank


title: Konnor (wrestler)

texts:
Ryan Parmeter (born February 6, 1980) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his work in WWE, where he wrestled under the ring name <mask>. He was part of the fourth season of NXT, and earned fourth place on the show's fifth season, NXT Redemption. After spending four years wrestling on the independent circuit as Ryan Payne O'Reilly, Parmeter signed a WWE contract in 2005, and was assigned to Deep South Wrestling (DSW), a developmental territory, where he wrestled as Rough House O'Reilly. He won the DSW Heavyweight Championship twice, before briefly appearing in Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW). He also appeared in several dark matches prior to Raw and SmackDown, and at several ECW house shows. In October 2007, both Parmeter and his girlfriend, Krissy Vaine, requested to be released from their WWE contracts for personal reasons.Following his release, Parmeter took time off from wrestling, before debuting for NWA Charlotte in February 2009. In July 2010, he was re-signed by WWE, and returned to FCW where he began wrestling as Conor O'Brian. In November 2010, he was announced as a participant in the fourth season of NXT. Professional wrestling career

Early career (2001–2005)
Parmeter initially trained at the School of Hard Knocks in southern Florida under Rusty Brooks, and made his professional wrestling debut in 2001. He went on to compete in Brooks' promotion, Four Star Championship Wrestling (FSCW) as Ryan Payne O'Reilly, and formed a tag team with Jeff "J-Dawg" Brooks, known as the


title: Konnor (wrestler)

texts: the 2016 WWE draft, The Ascension were drafted to SmackDown, making their debut on the July 26 episode in a WWE World Championship No. 1 Contender's Six-Pack Qualifying Battle Royal, which was won by Apollo Crews. At the SummerSlam kickoff, The Ascension competed in a 12-man tag team match where their team lost. They then entered the SmackDown Tag Team Championship tournament, where they were eliminated in the first round by The Usos. On the September 27 episode of SmackDown Live, The Ascension picked up their first win on the brand, when The Ascension and The Usos defeated Heath Slater, Rhyno and American Alpha (Chad Gable and Jason Jordan) in an eight-man tag team match. At 2017 Elimination Chamber, The Ascension competed in a tag team turmoil match for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship where they were the final team eliminated.<mask>, alongside Viktor, would later enter the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal at WrestleMania 33, but both men were eliminated from the match. At Money in the Bank (2017), The Ascension lost to Breezango after they claimed responsibility for a vandal attack in their office. On the June 27 episode of SmackDown Live, The Ascension was interrogated by Breezango on "Fashion Vice", admitting that they didn't commit the crime and only took responsibility, because they wanted a match at the PPV. In September, the duo turned face when they started trying to befriend Breezango during the latters' 'Fashion Files' segments. On the January 9 episode of SmackDown Live, The Ascension a


title: Konnor (wrestler)

texts:
 loss to The Bludgeon Brothers (Harper and Rowan), for a while the duo would only appear as supporting characters in Breezango's Fashion Files skits. The duo were participants in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal at WrestleMania 34, with Konnor being the first of the duo to be eliminated. Final appearances and departure (2018–2019)
During the 2018 Superstar Shake-up, The Ascension were traded to Raw.On the April 23 episode of Raw, The Ascension, once again as heels, facing against the team of Matt Hardy and Bray Wyatt in a losing effort. At the Greatest Royal Rumble event, Konnor entered at number 19 but was eliminated by Elias. On the September 24 episode of Raw, he got a victory over Chad Gable in singles competition. On the October 1 episode of Raw, he defeated Bobby Roode. At WrestleMania 35, Konnor competed in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal but failed to win the match. On the April 12, 2019 episode of Main Event, The Ascension lost to Heavy Machinery (Otis and Tucker), in what would be their final match in WWE. On December 8, 2019, WWE announced it had come to terms on the release of Parmeter along with his partner, ending his nine year run with the company.Return to independent circuit (2020–present)
Following their departure from WWE, <mask> and Viktor were announced for Wrestling Revolver's Pancakes and Piledrivers event during WrestleMania 36 weekend. On February 20, 2020, The Ascension competed in their first match since leaving WWE at Outlaw Wrestling defeating Bull James and


title: Konnor (wrestler)

texts:
 Bill Carr. Konnor joined the Isolation Wrestling Federation on May 9, 2020. Impact Wrestling (2022)
On the February 10, 2022 episode of Impact!, <mask>, under the ring name Big Kon, would make his Impact Wrestling debut, where he was defeated by Josh Alexander. Personal life
Parmeter began dating fellow professional wrestler Kristin Eubanks better known as Krissy Vaine in 2006. In an interview in October 2007, Parmeter announced the two were engaged. In September 2017, the couple had their first child, a boy, named Elijah.Other media
<mask> made his video game debut as a part of the NXT Arrival DLC pack in WWE 2K15, then reappeared as part of WWE 2K16, WWE 2K17, WWE 2K18 and WWE 2K19. Championships and accomplishments
Atomic Revolutionary Wrestling
ARW Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) with Vik
Coastal Championship Wrestling
CCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
CCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Sean Allen
Deep South Wrestling
DSW Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
Four Star Championship Wrestling
FSCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
FSCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Jeff "J-Dawg" Brooks
Georgia Championship Wrestling
GCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 Insane Wrestling Revolution
 IWR World Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current)
Kings of Pro Wrestling
KPW Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
Maximum Pro Wrestling
MPW Television Championship (1 time)
NWA Sunray Pro Wrestling
NWA Sunray Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Platinum Pro Wrestling
PPW Platinumweight Championship (1

masks: Konnor Konnor


title: Carlos Castillo Armas

texts: <mask> (; 4 November 191426 July 1957) was a Guatemalan military officer and politician who was the 28th president of Guatemala, serving from 1954 to 1957 after taking power in a coup d'état. A member of the right-wing National Liberation Movement (MLN) party, his authoritarian government was closely allied with the United States. Born to a planter, out of wedlock, <mask> was educated at Guatemala's military academy. A protégé of Colonel Francisco Javier Arana, he joined Arana's forces during the 1944 uprising against President Federico Ponce Vaides. This began the Guatemalan Revolution and the introduction of representative democracy to the country. <mask> joined the General Staff and became director of the military academy. Arana and <mask> opposed the newly elected government of Juan José Arévalo; after Arana's failed 1949 coup, <mask> went into exile in Honduras.Seeking support for another revolt, he came to the attention of the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). In 1950 he launched a failed assault on Guatemala City, before escaping back to Honduras. Influenced by lobbying by the United Fruit Company and Cold War fears of communism, in 1952 the US government of President Harry Truman authorized Operation PBFortune, a plot to overthrow Arévalo's successor, President Jacobo Árbenz. <mask> was to lead the coup, but the plan was abandoned before being revived in a new form by US President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1953. In June 1954, <mask> led 480 CIA-trained soldiers into Guatemala, backed by US-supplied aircraft. Despite initial setbacks to the rebel forces, US support for the rebels made the Guatemalan army reluctant to fight, and Árbenz resigned on 27 June. A series of military juntas

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Carlos Castillo Armas
Castillo Armas
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