title: Andrea Kalin

texts:
 part of the United Nations Association Film Festival; A Voice of Her Own, is a film that documents the transforming status of women in Asia. Funded by the Asian Development Bank, and shot on location in Cambodia, Bangladesh and the Philippines, the film looks at the changes underway of women's status in the region including the role women are playing in national economic development."A Voice of Her Own" won the Chris Award;  Commissioned by the IDB, Kalin Produced and Directed a film called  "Battered Lives, Broken Trust" is a video program and outreach campaign on domestic violence; The InterAmerican Bank also commissioned Breaking the Poverty Cycle: Investing in Early Childhood Care and Development, a film about the importance of early childhood development and education on eliminating the inter-generational cycle of poverty; Commissioned by the Asian Development Bank, Kalin produced and directed the film "Asia's Water Crisis: The Struggle Within Each Drop", a film about Asia's severe growing water problems and how the water needs of growing urban Asian populations are competing with industry and agriculture. This short documentary chronicles how the region's supply, management and distribution of water is dwindling at alarming rates. The documentary was filmed in Sri Lanka, the Philippines and the People's Republic of China "Asia's Water Crisis" was screened at the 1998 U.S. Environmental Film Festival. won a Silver Screen award in 1998 at the International Film & Video Festival under the "Environmental Issues and Concerns category as well as a CINE Golden Eagle award in the environment category. Awards
In addition to winning a TIVA-DC Peer bronze, silver, gold (classic) award and "Best of DC" award for three of her documentaries in the documentary category, Spark Media also won five other TIVA-DC Peer film awards in 2010, including a gold for script writing for "Soul of a People: Writing America's Story" (David A. Taylor, Olive Emma Bucklin, <mask>-Spark Media); a bronze in the Education category for the training film: "Siemens: Export Control &


title: Andrea Kalin

type: original

texts:
 Customs Awareness", produced and directed by James Mirabello/Spark Media); a bronze in the education category for a film on financial responsibility for NFL players called "Game On: Protecting Your Financial Future" (Andrea Kalin & Walter Gottlieb/Spark Media); a gold in the Audio Post Original Composition category for "Soul of a People: Writing America's Story", (Joseph Vitarelli, Wall Matthews- Spark Media); and a silver in the Audio Post Sound Mixing category for "Soul of a People: Writing America's Story" (Joe Powers, Clean Cuts/ Spark Media)  Kalin also was an honored awardee in November 2010 of the Tikkun Olam Women's Foundation of Greater Washington ("TOWF"). TOWF is a non profit foundation dedicated to creating social change for women and girls through grants. In addition to documentaries, Kalin also produced and directed a comedy concert film with Unity Productions Foundation featuring three Muslim-American comedians, titled "Allah Made Me Funny", which was theatrically released in seventeen markets across the US as well as in markets overseas.Michael Ordona of the Los Angeles Times observed: [The Allah Made Me Funny film] "has the potential to be culturally bridging in its way, and that makes looking for Muslim comedy in the Western world worthwhile. <mask>n produced a number of commissioned films for non-profits, NGOs and development banks including the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), UNICEF, UNFPA, Refugees International, PCRM CSPI, the World Bank, the Urban Institute, Southeast Asian Refugees Association, and the NFPLA. For a number of years, <mask>n provided media, interactive and broadcast reporting services to the Inter-American Development Bank IADB. Kalin established and operated a news bureau in the member bank country that was hosting the bank's annual meeting in order to provide live coverage of the meeting. Selected filmography

References

External links

Living people
Writers from Boston
American University alumni
American Jews
American documentary filmmakers
Spark Media
Year of birth

masks:
Andrea Kali
Andrea Kali


title: Amalia of Solms-Braunfels

texts:
<mask> of Solms-Braunfels (31 August 1602 – 8 September 1675) was Princess of Orange by marriage to Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange. She acted as the political adviser of her spouse during his reign, and acted as his de facto deputy and regent during his infirmity from 1640–47. She also served as chair of the regency council during the minority of her grandson William III, Prince of Orange from 1650 until 1672. She was the daughter of count Johann Albrecht I of Solms-Braunfels (1563-1623) and countess Agnes of Sayn-Wittgenstein (1568-1617). Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Braunfels, a member of the House of Solms, a ruling family with Imperial immediacy, and spent her childhood at the parental Braunfels castle. She became part of the court of Elizabeth, wife of Frederick V, Elector Palatine, the "Winter King" of Bohemia. After imperial forces defeated Frederick V, she fled from Prague with the pregnant queen to the west.Shelter was denied to them along the way because the emperor forbade it as Frederick had been placed under an Imperial ban. Elizabeth went into labour during their flight and <mask> helped her with her delivery of Prince Maurice at Küstrin castle. The end of their journey was The Hague, where stadtholder Maurice of Nassau, uncle of the elector gave them asylum in 1621. They often appeared at his court, where Maurice's younger half-brother Frederick Henry became infatuated with <mask> in 1622. She refused to become his lover and held out for marriage. They were first cousins, once removed. When Maurice of Nassau died, he made his half-brother

masks: Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia


title: Amalia of Solms-Braunfels

texts:
 Frederick Henry promise to wed. Frederick married <mask> on 4 April 1625.Wife to the Stadtholder

When Frederick Henry became stadtholder after the death of his half-brother Prince Maurice, his influence grew substantially, as did <mask>'s. Together Frederick Henry and <mask> succeeded in expanding court life in The Hague. They had several palaces built, including Huis ten Bosch. <mask> was a great collector of art and amassed many jewels, which were inherited by her four surviving daughters. She was described as intelligent, arrogant and ambitious, not beautiful but with a fresh and appealing appearance. <mask> was the prime mover of several royal marriages, including that of her son William II to Mary, Princess Royal of England and Scotland (daughter of King Charles I of England) and of their daughters with several German princes. The relationship between <mask> and Frederik Hendrik was described as happy, and <mask> is acknowledged to have acted as his political adviser.From 1640 until his death in 1647, Frederik Hendrik's health (he suffered from gout and probably also from a form of Alzheimer's) made it increasingly difficult for him to participate in politics, and during these seven years, <mask> therefore effectively functioned as regent and stadtholder, maintaining diplomatic contacts and making political decisions on his behalf. Her de facto political position was acknowledged and diplomats, aware of this, tried to influence her decisions by costly presents. It was reportedly <mask> who was behind Frederik Hendrik's participation in the negotiations which was

masks: Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia


title: Amalia of Solms-Braunfels

texts:
 eventually to result in the Peace of Münster of 1648. As a recognition, King Philip IV of Spain granted her the seigniory and castle of Turnhout in 1649. In 1647, her spouse died and was succeeded as stadtholder and Prince of Orange by their son William II, Prince of Orange. Regency
After the death of her son William II in 1650, her grandson William III (Prince William III of Orange and later also King William III of England) became prince of Orange. A regency council was appointed during his minority, and <mask> and her former daughter-in-law Mary Stuart fought over guardianship and thereby chairmanship of the regency council; the High Court of Holland and Zeeland finally granted both Mary and <mask> shared guardianship, and thereby shared part in the regency council of Orange.<mask> was supported against Mary by her son-in-law, the Elector of Brandenburg, and she was on good terms with the Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt, a relationship which did not change with the Act of Exclusion of 1654, barring the prince from all ancestral offices. When Mary died in 1660, <mask> in practice took sole control of the regency of her grandson. She maintained good relations to De Witt even by the passing of the 1667 Eternal Edict, which abolished the office of stadholder entirely. During this time she lived in the Oude Hof on the Noordeinde, maintaining her court and diplomatic contacts with royalty. In 1672, her grandson was declared an adult and his regency council thereby dismissed. <mask> retired and witnessed him becoming stadholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and

masks: Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia


title: Amalia of Solms-Braunfels

texts:
 Overijssel and captain-general of the Union. She died at her home in The Hague, aged 73.Tributes

A wine from wine estate Solms-Delta in Franschhoek (South Africa) is named after <mask> of Solms-Braunfels. The wine honours the role played by her in Dutch political life. Her grandson, William III, King of England, provided refuge and support to thousands of French Huguenots after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. Some 180 of these refugees, fleeing religious persecution, were relocated to the Cape and granted farms in Franschhoek. Here they laid the foundations of the modern South African wine industry. Issue

 Stadtholder William II (1626–1650), married Mary of England
 Luise Henriette of Nassau (1627–1667), married Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg
 Henriette <mask> of Nassau (1628)
 Elisabeth of Nassau (1630)
 Isabella Charlotte of Nassau (1632–1642)
 Albertine Agnes of Nassau (1634–1696), married William Frederick, Count of Nassau-Dietz
 Henriette Catherine of Nassau (1637–1708), married John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau
 Henry Louis of Nassau (1639)
 Maria of Nassau (1642–1688), married Louis Henry Maurice, son of Louis Philip of Palatine-Simmern-Kaiserslautern

Ancestry

References

External links

The Correspondence of Amalia von Solms-Braunfels in EMLO
County of Solms in German Wikipedia

1602 births
1675 deaths
People from Braunfels
People from Solms-Braunfels
Princesses of Orange
House of Orange-Nassau
House of Solms-Braunfels
Countesses of Nassau
Burials in the Royal Crypt at Nieuwe Kerk, Delft
17th-century women rulers
German

masks: Amalia Amalia


title: Anselm Haverkamp

texts:
<mask> (born July 18, 1943) is a  German-American professor of literature and philosophy. Biography
He received his academic education in Freiburg/Brsg, Zurich, Bonn and Konstanz. After his PhD in Heidelberg and his Habilitation in the Konstanz School of Criticism, he moved from Konstanz to Yale; since 1989 he has taught as professor of English at New York University, where he also founded the Poetics and Theory Program. Since 1994 he has served as founding member of the newly established European University Viadrina in Frankfurt an der Oder, East of Berlin. In 2009, he was made an honorary professor of philosophy at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Works
<mask> was a member and co-editor of the research group Poetik und Hermeneutik in its later phase, 1979-1996. Under the influence of the Yale School of deconstruction (Paul de Man, Jacques Derrida), he developed the Konstanz School's Rezeptionsästhetik (Wolfgang Iser, Hans Robert Jauß, Wolfgang Preisendanz) from a theory of literary response (Reader-response criticism) to a theory of literary latency.Relevant parts of this theory are the theory of metaphor or metaphorology, including the history of rhetoric and historical epistemology, as well as the relationship of philosophy and literature. Main references of his work include the Poetics of Aristotle, the Rhetoric of Quintilian, the Aesthetics of Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, as well as the work of Benjamin and Derrida, Hans Blumenberg and Stanley Cavell. Relevant literary authors include Ovid, Shakespeare and Keats, Hölderlin, Joyce and Beckett. More recently, <mask>

masks:
Anselm Haverkamp
Haverkamp
Haverkamp


title: Anselm Haverkamp

texts:
 Übersetzungspolitik zwischen den Kulturen. Frankfurt am Main (Fischer) 1997
 Die paradoxe Metapher. Frankfurt am Main (Suhrkamp) 1998
 Hans Blumenberg, Ästhetische und metaphorologische Schriften. Frankfurt am Main (Suhrkamp) 2001
 Form und Geschichte. Festschrift für Wolfgang Preisendanz. Ed.with Hermann Kinder. Stuttgart (Metzler) 2002 (Issue of Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift)
 Walter Benjamin after the 20th Century. The Future of a Past. New York (Cardozo Law School) 2004 (Issue of Cardozo Law Review)
 Derrida/America. The Present State of America′s Europe. Ed. with Peter Goodrich.New York (Cardozo Law School) 2005 (Issue of Cardozo Law Review)
 Das Bild ist der König. Repräsentation nach Louis Marin. Ed. with Vera Beyer and Jutta Voorhoeve. München (Fink) 2006
 Hans Blumenberg, Theorie der Unbegrifflichkeit. Frankfurt am Main (Suhrkamp) 2007
 Metaphorologie. Zur Praxis von Theorie.Ed. with Dirk Mende. Frankfurt am Main (Suhrkamp) 2009

 Festschriften for <mask> Haverkamp
 Literatur als Philosophie – Philosophie als Literatur. Ed. Eva Horn, Bettine Menke and Christoph Menke. München (Fink) 2006
 Latenz. 40 Annäherungen an einen Begriff.Ed. Stephanie Dieckmann and Thomas Khurana. Berlin (Kulturverlag Kadmos) 2007
 Denkfiguren. Für <mask> Haverkamp / Figures of Thought. For <mask> <mask>. Ed. Eva Horn and Michèle Lowrie.Berlin (August) 2013

References

External links
 Haverkamp´s homepage at NYU

See also
List of deconstructionists

21st-century German philosophers
Continental philosophers
Deconstruction
German literary critics
1943 births
Living

masks: Anselm Anselm Anselm Haverkamp


title: Daniel Okrent

texts:
<mask> (born April 2, 1948) is an American writer and editor. He is best known for having served as the first public editor of The New York Times newspaper, inventing Rotisserie League Baseball, and for writing several books (such as Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition, which served as a major source for the 2011 Ken Burns/Lynn Novick miniseries Prohibition). In November 2011, Last Call won the Albert J. Beveridge prize, awarded by the American Historical Association to the year's best book of American history. His most recent book, published May 2019, is The Guarded Gate: Bigotry, Eugenics, and the Law That Kept Two Generations of Jews, Italians, and Other European Immigrants Out of America. Early life and education
Born to a Jewish family in Detroit, Michigan, <mask> graduated from Cass Technical High School in Detroit in 1965 and from the University of Michigan, where he worked on the university's student newspaper The Michigan Daily. Career
Most of his career has been spent as an editor, at such places as Alfred A. Knopf; Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich; Esquire Magazine; New England Monthly; Life Magazine; and Time, Inc.

His book Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center (Viking, 2003) was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for History. In October 2003, <mask> was named public editor for The New York Times following the Jayson Blair scandal.He held this position until May 2005. <mask> and Peter Gethers, having acquired the theatrical rights to the site and name of the web series Old Jews Telling Jokes, co-wrote and co-produced a revue of that name. It opened at the Westside Theatre in Manhattan on May 20, 2012. From

masks:
Daniel Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent


title: Daniel Okrent

texts:
 2003-2008, he was chairman of the Smithsonian’s National Portrait Gallery. He has been awarded honorary degrees by the University of Michigan and the Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts. Since 2017, <mask> has been listed on the Advisory Board of the Secular Coalition for America. <mask>'s law

He formulated what has become known as "<mask>'s law" in an interview comment he made about his new job.It states: "The pursuit of balance can create imbalance because sometimes something is true", referring to the phenomenon of the press providing legitimacy to unsupported fringe viewpoints in an effort to appear even-handed. Baseball
<mask> invented Rotisserie League Baseball, the best-known form of fantasy baseball, in 1979. The name comes from the fact that he proposed the idea to his friends while dining at La Rôtisserie Française restaurant in New York City. <mask>'s team in the Rotisserie League was called the "Okrent Fenokees", a pun on the Okefenokee Swamp. He was one of the first two people inducted into the Fantasy Sports Hall of Fame. <mask> was still playing Rotisserie as of 2009 under the team name Dan Druffs. Despite having been credited with inventing fantasy baseball he has never been able to win a Rotisserie League.His exploits of inventing Rotisserie League Baseball were chronicled in Silly Little Game, part of the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary series, in 2010. <mask> is also credited with inventing the baseball stat, WHIP. At the time he referred to it as IPRAT, signifying "Innings Pitched Ratio". In May 1981, <mask> wrote and Sports Illustrated published "He Does It by the Numbers". This profile of the then-unknown Bill

masks: Okrent Okrent Okrent Okrent Okrent Okrent Okrent Okrent


title: Daniel Okrent

texts:
 James launched James's career as baseball's foremost analyst. In 1994, <mask> was filmed for his in-depth knowledge of baseball history for the Ken Burns documentary Baseball. During the nine-part series, a red-sweater-wearing <mask> delivered a detailed analysis of the cultural aspects of the national pastime, including a comparison of the dramatic Game 6 of the 1975 World Series between the Boston Red Sox and Cincinnati Reds to the conflict and character development in Russian novels.The death of print
In the late 1990s, as editor of new media at Time Inc., <mask> wrote about the future of magazine publishing. He believed that the advancement of digital technologies would make it easier for people to read newspapers, magazines and books online. In late 1999, <mask> made a prediction about the future of print media in the Hearst New Media Lecture at the Graduate School of Journalism of Columbia University. He told his audience:

Personal life
<mask> has participated in LearnedLeague under the name "OkrentD". Bibliography
 The Ultimate Baseball Book (co-editor, with Harris Lewine) (1979)
 Nine Innings: The Anatomy of Baseball as Seen Through the Playing of a Single Game (1985)
 Baseball Anecdotes (co-author, with Steve Wulf) (1987)
 The Way We Were: New England Then, New England Now (1988)
 Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center (2003)
 Public Editor #1 (2006)
 Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition (2010)
 The Guarded Gate: Bigotry, Eugenics, and the Law That Kept Two Generations of Jews, Italians, and Other European Immigrants Out of America (2019)

Filmography
 Baseball (1994), (2010) | Documentary | Directed by: Ken

masks: Okrent Okrent Okrent Okrent Okrent


title: Brian Kelly (historian)

texts: <mask> is an American historian and a lecturer in US history, teaching at Queen's University Belfast in Northern Ireland. His work is concerned mainly with labor and race in the American South, although much of his most recent scholarship focuses on the formative struggles around slave emancipation during the American Civil War and the Reconstruction Era that followed. <mask> came into academia after extended stints in the construction and shipbuilding industries in Boston, where he was involved in labor and anti-racist activism throughout the 1980s and 1990s. After brief periods working construction in Seattle and New York, he was awarded a Crown Fellowship to pursue postgraduate study in US History at Brandeis University. Awarded his doctorate at Brandeis in 1998 for a dissertation supervised by Jacqueline Jones, <mask> has published widely on race and class in the nineteenth and twentieth-century United States, including an award-winning study of working-class interracialism in the Birmingham district (Alabama) coal mines. <mask>'s Race, Class, and Power in the Alabama Coalfields, 1908-1921 (University of Illinois Press, 2001, ) won five major book awards, including the HL Mitchell Award and the Frances Butler Simkins Prize from the Southern Historical Association and the Isaac and Tamara Deutscher Memorial Prize for the "best and most innovative work in marxist historiography". <mask>'s Alabama study made three main historiographical contributions.It argued that the re-subordination of black labor that followed the defeat of Reconstruction was a key component of the New South modernization project: progress and reaction went hand-in-hand. Countering the trend in labor history toward the explanatory power of 'whiteness', the study aimed to show that the region's most powerful employers (and not white workers) were the main beneficiaries of Jim Crow, and that the most substantial challenge to racism in early twentieth-century Birmingham came not from

masks:
Brian Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly


title: Brian Kelly (historian)

texts: liberal elites, but from an interracial working-class movement that held together in the face of energetic attempts to divide them. Finally, <mask> discovered in the Birmingham district an emerging black middle class, deeply influenced by Booker T. Washington's 'industrial accommodationism', that had hitched its influence to anti-union employers. In a series of articles published after the Alabama study, <mask> attempted to follow up on this latter theme, charting the emergence of intra-racial tensions across the Jim Crow South, including in his "Sentinels for New South Industry," published in Time Longer than Rope (2003), in a chapter in Eric Arnesen's The Black Worker: Race and Labor Activism since Emancipation (2007) and in "No Easy Way Through: Race Leadership and Black Workers at the Nadir" (2010). Between 2010 and 2015, <mask> directed an international collaborative research project, After Slavery: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post-Emancipation Carolinas with project partners Bruce E. Baker (Newcastle) and Susan E. O'Donovan (Memphis). In March 2010, the After Slavery Project hosted a Conference on Race, Labor, and Citizenship in the Post-Emancipation South at the College of Charleston, the largest-ever academic conference on the Reconstruction era, with more than 250 participants, including leading scholars Steven Hahn (who gave the keynote) and Eric Foner. Out of this came a co-edited volume, After Slavery: Race, Labor and Citizenship in the Reconstruction South, with essays by leading historians in the field, and appraised by Bruce Levine as "an unusually stimulating collection" and "a must-read for scholars working in the field" of Reconstruction.He has held fellowships at the National Humanities Center (NC), the Institute for Southern Studies of the University of South Carolina and the W. E. B. Du Bois Institute at Harvard University. He is a faculty affiliate of the Lowcountry and Atlantic World Program (CLAW) at the College of Charleston in

masks: Kelly Kelly Kelly


title: Brian Kelly (historian)

texts:
 South Carolina, and has been involved in teaching exchanges in Brazil and South Africa. In recent years <mask>'s work in US history has straddled three main areas: labor and abolition; black working-class political mobilization during and immediately after the Civil War; and marxist historiography and the history of the American Left. He is particularly interested in the intellectual legacy of WEB Du Bois's magisterial Black Reconstruction in America and, in an extended article on "Slave Self-Activity and the Bourgeois Revolution in the United States" [Historical Materialism, 2018] published "the first systematic reappraisal of the scale and dynamics of [Du Bois's notion of the] slaves’ general strike". His current project is an extended monograph on African American labor and political mobilization in black-majority Reconstruction South Carolina, under contract with Verso. <mask> is active in the local branch of the University and College Union, in local anti-racist and anti-sectarian organizing, and in socialist politics in Belfast, where he is a prominent supporter of People Before Profit, and maintains an interest in contemporary Irish and US politics.He has published on racial tensions between famine-era Irish immigrants and African Americans, wrote the foreword to Seán Mitchell's study of the 1932 Outdoor Relief Riots, Struggle or Starve: Working-Class Unity in Belfast 1932 Outdoor Relief Riots, and is the author of a widely-read article on the political economy of post conflict Northern Ireland, "Neoliberal Belfast". He has published a number of articles on the controversy about Irish involvement in the transatlantic slave trade, including a two-part series in Rebel (reproduced in Counterpunch), and a Platform piece on the subject in History Ireland. Select publications

Books
Race, Class, and Power in the Alabama Coalfields, 1908-1921 (University of Illinois Press, 2001). Labor, Free and Slave (University of Illinois Press, 2007)
After Slavery:

masks: Kelly Kelly


title: Brian Kelly (historian)

texts:
 Race, Labor and Citizenship in the Reconstruction South (Florida University Press, 2013)

Articles and Book Chapters
 'Beyond the "Talented Tenth"': Black Workers, Black Elites, and the Limits of Accommodation in Industrial Birmingham, 1900–1920'. In Adam Green and Charles Payne (eds), Time Longer than Rope: A Century of African-American Activism, 1850–1950 (New York, 2003). 'Materialism and the Persistence of Race in the Jim Crow South' [Deutscher Memorial Prize Lecture] in Historical Materialism 12 (2004). 'Black workers, the Republican Party, and the crisis of Reconstruction in lowcountry South Carolina'.International Review of Social History 51:3 (2006). 'Industrial Sentinels Confront the "Rabid Faction"': Booker T. Washington, Industrial Accommodation, and the Labor Question in the Jim Crow South'. In Eric Arnesen (ed. ), The Black Worker: Race and Labor Activism since Emancipation (Illinois, 2006). "Mapping Alternate Routes to Antislavery" – Contribution to ‘Up for Debate' in Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas 5:4 (Winter 2008): 69-73. ‘Emancipations and Reversals: Labor, Race, and the Boundaries of American Freedom in the Age of Capital'. International Labor and Working Class History (Nov. 2008).'Labor and Place: The Contours of Freedpeoples' Mobilization in Reconstruction South Carolina'. Journal of Peasant Studies: Special Issue on ‘Rethinking Agrarian History' (Nov. 2008). ‘Martin Luther King, the Memphis Sanitation Strike, and the Unfinished Business of the American Civil Rights Movement'. International Socialism Journal 118 (Spring 2008). References

External links
Academic homepage (archived)
<mask>: Publications

Living people
Academics of Queen's University Belfast
Brandeis University alumni
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Historians of the Reconstruction Era
Labor historians
Harvard Fellows
University of South Carolina faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
American male


title: Dickie Goodman

texts:
<mask> (April 19, 1934 – November 6, 1989), known as <mask>, was an American music and record producer born in Brooklyn, New York. He is best known for inventing and using the technique of the "break-in", an early precursor to sampling, that used brief clips of popular records and songs to "answer" comedic questions posed by voice actors on his novelty records. He also wrote and produced some original material, most often heard on the B-sides of his break-in records. Career
In June 1956, <mask> created his first record, "The Flying Saucer Parts 1 & II", which he co-wrote with his partner Bill Buchanan, and which was a four-minute rewrite of Orson Welles' War of the Worlds radio show. This recording was the subject of a copyright infringement case against <mask>. The court eventually ruled his sampled mix was considered a parody and thus an entirely new work. The song "The Flying Saucer" was officially released under the artist name "Buchanan and <mask>" and was <mask>'s highest-charting single on Billboard, peaking at No.3. Buchanan and <mask> followed up with five other records: "Buchanan and Goodman on Trial" (#80 in 1956), "Banana Boat Story" (in which the duo used a single song, the Tarriers' "Banana Boat Song", as a break-in spoof of broadcast commercials), "Flying Saucer the 2nd" (#18 in 1957), "The Creature (From a Science Fiction Movie)" (by Buchanan and Ancell) (#85 in 1957), and "Santa and the Satellite (Parts I & II)" (#32 in 1957). Both Buchanan and <mask> attempted to continue with the break-in approach after their breakup, but only <mask> had sustained success. Buchanan's later collaboration

masks:
Richard Dorian Goodman
Dickie Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman


title: Dickie Goodman

texts:
 with Brill Building legend Howard Greenfield was not as successful. There were some lawsuits filed against Buchanan and <mask> for the use of unlicensed materials. the couple had operated their business from a telephone booth at a pharmacy. While the couple got richer, the courts, however, ate up the profits (Source: Dick Clark's: 25 years of Rock and Roll.1981)

With Mickey Shorr in 1959, <mask> recorded two singles under the name 'Spencer and Spencer', both of which relied much less on sampling and more on sketch comedy. "Russian Bandstand" was a re-imagining of the then-popular TV series American Bandstand set in a totalitarian Soviet Union. "Stagger Lawrence" imposed Lloyd Price's recording of "Stagger Lee" onto a spoof of The Lawrence Welk Show, borrowing heavily from an earlier Welk parody done by Stan Freberg. Neither recording with Shorr would be as popular as the recordings <mask> made with Buchanan. Starting in 1961, <mask> released his pieces as a solo artist. He scored three Billboard Hot 100 hits based on the hit TV series The Untouchables: "The Touchables" (#60), "The Touchables in Brooklyn" (#42), and "Santa and the Touchables" (#99). In 1962, <mask> spoofed Ben Casey with "Ben Crazy" (#44).In 1966, his spoof of Batman resulted in "Batman & His Grandmother" (#70). In 1964, <mask> decided to try something different: rather than his usual "break-in" records, he recorded an entire album of parodies called My Son the Joke. The title was a take-off of the then-highly popular Allan Sherman records; unlike Sherman, <mask>'s material was much more risque (such as "Harry's Jockstrap", featuring his

masks: Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman


title: Dickie Goodman

texts: wife Susan, to the tune of "Frère Jacques") and failed to chart. During the late 1960s, <mask> recorded a mostly musical album featuring his wife, aptly entitled <mask> <mask> and His Wife Susan. Mr. <mask> sang one track on the record ("Never Play Poker with a Man Named Doc (or Eat at a Place Called Mom's)", paraphrasing Nelson Algren's novel A Walk on the Wild Side), and produced two break-in style pieces, with Susan singing the rest of the songs. In 1969, <mask> parodied the political unrest on college campuses with "On Campus" (#45) and the first moon landing with "Luna Trip" (#95). Vik Venus' Goodman-like "Moonflight" reached an even higher No.38 on 9 August 1969, one week after "On Campus" peaked. <mask>'s records also inspired KQV morning disc jockey Bob DeCarlo to cut his own sample-spliced top 10 hit "Convention '72" as by the Delegates. <mask> himself spoofed political issues such as the Watergate scandal with "Watergrate" (#42 in 1973), the 1973 energy crisis with "Energy Crisis '74" (#33 in 1974), and Richard Nixon with "Mr. President" (#73 in 1974). <mask> failed to chart with a different version of "Mr. President" in 1981 after Ronald Reagan became president. In addition to work under his own name, <mask> also produced for other acts. John & Ernest's "Superfly Meets Shaft" (#31 in 1973), while oriented more toward a black audience, retained <mask>'s "break-in" format. An unusual act <mask> produced was the Glass Bottle; <mask> created the band primarily as an advertising ploy to promote actual glass bottles, which were going out of fashion due to soda companies beginning to use plastic

masks: Goodman Dickie Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman


title: Dickie Goodman

texts:
 bottles.The Glass Bottle recorded two singles. Both were straight pop songs. "I Ain't Got Time Anymore" hit No. 36 in 1971. Also, in 1974, <mask> anonymously released Screwy T.V., an album of risque parodies of then-popular TV series. This album was even less popular than My Son the Joke, as many record shops kept it "under the counter", due to its cover featuring two nude models (reportedly Susan and <mask> <mask> themselves) seen from the rear. In 1975, <mask> parodied the film Jaws with "Mr.Jaws" (#4 in 1975), becoming <mask>'s biggest-selling record by achieving R.I.A.A. gold disc status in September 1975. The record shot to No. 1 on 11 October 1975 on Chicago's WLS, who played a customized version featuring "This is <mask> <mask> at WLS ..." at the beginning. <mask>'s final chart record was "Kong" (#48 in 1977), spoofing the 1976 King Kong film remake, followed by others that failed to chart. Altogether, <mask> charted seventeen hits, with five of them reaching the top 40. <mask> produced several other break-in records which garnered airplay and charted only in regional areas, usually Los Angeles and New York City, but in a few other areas as well.Luniverse, <mask>'s record label, also featured works by other artists, including the Del-Vikings. <mask>'s break-in records were themselves spoofed by Albert Brooks in a comedy bit called "Party from Outer Space". Death
<mask> died in North Carolina from a self-inflicted gunshot wound. He is survived by his two sons, Jon and Jed, and his daughter Janie. In 2000, Jon released The King of Novelty, a biography of <mask>'s life and work, along with

masks: Goodman Dickie Goodman Goodman Goodman Dickie Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman Dickie


title: Dickie Goodman

texts:
 autobiographical material. The book, which also contains the most comprehensive chronology of <mask> <mask>'s records, including CD re-releases, is still available and in print. Discography

As Buchanan and <mask>

As Spencer and Spencer

Solo

I Really Wanted to Be a "Singar" / Young and Foolish — Rori 714 — 1964; written and produced by Buchanan & Goodman
The Ride of Paul Revere — 1960?– (Label unknown) – 1974; <mask>'s impersonations of popular TV shows
Mr. President (#73) / Popularity — Rainy Wednesday 207 — 6/15/74
Gerry Ford (A Special Report) / Robert — Rainy Wednesday 208 — late 1974
Inflation in the Nation / Jon & Jed's Theme — Rainy Wednesday 209 — 1975
Mr. Jaws (#4) / Irv's Theme — Cash 451 — 9/6/75
Kong (#48) / Ed's Tune — Shock 6 – 2/5/77
Just Released — Tsuaris — 1977
Star Warts / The Boys' Tune — Janus 271 — summer 1977
Mrs. Jaws / Chomp Chomp — Shark 1001 — summer 1978
Super, Superman / Chomp Chomp — Shark 1002 — early 1979
Energy Crisis '79 / Pain — Hot Line 1017 — summer 1979
Election '80 – Prelude — fall 1980
Mr. President / Dancin' U.S.A. – Wacko 1001 — spring 1981
The Monster Album – studio unknown – 1980s
Super-Duper Man / Robert's Tune — Wacko 1002 — summer 1981
America '81 (Short Version) / (Long Version) – Wacko 1381 — 1981
Hey, E.T. / Get a Job — Extran 601/Montage P-B-1220 — fall 1982
Hey Dickie! – no label — 1982
Attack of the Z-Monster / Mystery — Z-100 — summer 1983
Radio Russia / Washington Inside-Out – Rhino RNOR 019 — 11/83
The Return of the Jedi Returns (Star Wars IV) – Rhino RNLP 811 — 11/83
Election '84 / Herb's Theme — Shell 711—1984
Safe Sex Report / Safety First —

masks: Dickie Goodman Goodman Goodman


title: R. T. Claridge

texts:
Captain <mask>, FSA (c. 1797/1799 – 5 August 1857), was a prominent asphalt contractor and captain in the Middlesex UK Militia, who became best known for his prominent promotion of hydropathy, now known as hydrotherapy, in the 1840s. It was also known as the Cold Water system or Cold Water cure. <mask> is widely credited with introducing the methods of Vincent Priessnitz to England, thus initiating the populist movement of the time. Indeed, much of what is popularly known about Priessnitz in the English-speaking world comes from two seminal publications. Firstly, <mask>'s Hydropathy; or The Cold Water Cure, as practised by Vincent Priessnitz... (1842 & 1843). Secondly, <mask>'s Life of Vincent Priessnitz (1898), with Metcalfe himself drawing upon <mask>, although Metcalfe also later wrote a historical overview and added more about <mask> and his role in the promotion of hydropathy. Biographical synopsis
<mask> was born in Farnborough, a village or parish in the county of Warwickshire, and administered by the Stratford-on-Avon District Council.<mask>, a member of the Arcadian Academy at Rome, was the elder and only surviving son of James and <mask>, and a descendant of church minister and subsequent Quaker, <mask>. Rev. <mask> was himself a curate in the Established, or Episcopal Church. The Rev. <mask> died by accident, leaving <mask> an orphan at age eight. <mask> married twice. On 28 June 1822, at St George's, Hanover Square, he married Elizabeth Ann Aldsworth Green, who was the only child of the late William Green, of Bolton Street, Piccadilly, and of Kew, Surrey.In April 1824 they had a daughter named

masks:
Richard Tappin Claridge
Claridge
Claridge
Richard Metcalfe
Claridge
Claridge
Richard Tappin Claridge
Claridge
Hannah Claridge
Richard Claridge
James Claridge
James Claridge
Richard
Claridge


title: R. T. Claridge

texts: Emma Green, who later married Marie Etienne Charles Henri, Marquis de St. Aignan, and subsequently resided in Nice. <mask> was a man of independent means, who in 1841 attended Priessnitz's establishment at Graefenberg along with his wife and daughter. He claimed that his promotion of hydropathy was "completely philanthropic. Having gained my own health and saved the life of my daughter at Graefenberg, and having witnessed most astounding cures there", he wanted to promote this system. Elizabeth died on 24 August 1842. <mask> spent some time in Italy, from where around 1847 he continued promoting hydropathy by petition and a letter written at Bagni de Lucco on 12 May 1847. On 7 January 1854, <mask>, now residing at a villa on the left bank of Paillon in Nice, married his second wife, Eliza Ann Morgan (née Beville) at Trinity Church, Marylebone.Eliza had herself been previously married to the late George Gould Morgan, of the Tredegar peerage. Eliza Morgan <mask> died sometime before 1866. Before his prominence as a hydropathy promoter, <mask> tried his hand in other fields: with which, indeed, some critics alluded he should have stuck. This included a partnership as a boot and shoe-maker, with the partnership dissolving on 7 February 1824. And as a wine merchant, through at least May 1824 to August 1825, and where early on, he found himself as a potential creditor of a bankrupt. At this time, <mask> resided at 37 Wigmore Street, Marylebone. <mask> himself was declared bankrupt in 1826.However, it was another field where <mask> first became prominent, namely that of pioneering the use of asphalt paving in

masks: Claridge Claridge Claridge Claridge Claridge Claridge Claridge Claridge


title: R. T. Claridge

texts:
 the United Kingdom, which he embarked on after returning from a tour of Europe in 1836. He also served with the Middlesex Militia, attaining the rank of captain, before resigning in 1854. At the end of his life, <mask> was still living in Nice and died in Castellammare di Stabia on 5 August 1857, and a copy of his will is held at The National Archives, Kew. At least one portrait of <mask> is known to have been created, by painter James John Hill. It was exhibited in 1844 at the Royal Society of British Artists, at Suffolk Street, Pall Mall, and titled Portrait of Captain <mask>, Author of Hydropathy, or the Cold-Water Cure. Before hydropathy
In 1836, prior to his involvement in the promotion of hydropathy, <mask> journeyed through Europe, making notes along the way, from which he published his first known work in 1837, titled A Guide Along the Danube..., for which he wrote the preface on 1 May 1837, at Venice. This was a tour guide for travel down the Danube, made possible by recent socio-political developments and "the establishment of steam navigation throughout the entire length of the Danube, the Black Sea, the Bosphorous, the Arhipeligo, and the Adriatic", which "converted what was hitherto a journey of toil and danger into one of unmixed pleasure and enjoyment".On 10 June 1837, Bent's Monthly Literary Advertiser carried a brief advertisement announcing the pending release of the book by "<mask><mask>, Esq. ", with the announcement comprising the book's lengthy title, and noting "Observations on the recent political and social changes in Turkey and Greece." A second edition, with numerous additions,

masks:
Claridge
Claridge
Claridge
Claridge
Richard T
. Claridge


title: R. T. Claridge

texts:
 was published in 1839, which <mask> states was prompted by "very favourable reception" of the first edition. One review described it as appearing to convey, "in a concise manner, the necessary directions for a traveller to make a very interesting and instructive tour at the least possible expenditure of both time and money". The second edition incorporated a range of new material, including:

in addition to the voyage down the Danube, and the tour of Constantinople, Asia Minor, Greece, Italy, &c., the route from Paris to the Mediterranean, via Marseilles and Malta – the route from Paris to Ancona, via Geneva and Milan – the routes from Paris to Munich, via Nancy, Strasbourg, Badenbaden; and via Metz and Frankfort – the route from Munich to Venice and Trieste, via the Tyrol – the routes from London to the Rhine and the Danube – and the route from Alexandria to Cairo, &c., on the way to India. In these publications, <mask> was not yet known as captain, a title which he only commenced using from the publication of Hydropathy in 1842 onwards. In 1839, <mask> was promoted from Gentleman to Lieutenant in the Royal Westminster Middlesex Regiment of Militia, then in 1842 he was promoted to captain, before eventually resigning on 24 June 1854.In the meantime, between his 1836 tour of the European Continent, and his hydropathic adventures from the 1840s onwards, <mask> embarked on some pioneering business ventures in asphalt pavement, obtaining some patents, and setting up a company. <mask>'s patents
The first asphalt patent in Britain was 'Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen' in 1834, and there was an

masks: Claridge Claridge Claridge Claridge Claridgelaridge


title: R. T. Claridge

texts:
 unsuccessful attempt to use mastic pavement at Vauxhall by a competitor of <mask>. But it was <mask>'s efforts that were to give the industry impetus. In France, Seyssel asphalt was being successfully implemented for paving by Count de Sassenay. On 25 November 1837, <mask> <mask> (then a "Salisbury Street, gentleman") patented Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849) for use in pavements in Britain, where he managed Sassenay's affairs, <mask> had seen Seyssel asphalt employed in France and Belgium when visiting with Frederick Walter Simms, who worked with him on the introduction of asphalt to Britain. In 1838, <mask> (listed as a gent of 8 Regent St., Middlesex) obtained patents in Scotland on 27 March, and Ireland on 23 April. In 1847, <mask> sold his interest in the patents to the trustees of his company, who in 1851 sought to extend the duration of all three patents, although unsuccessfully.Apart from the asphalt patents, on 26 April 1842, a six-month patent was granted for a composition called "oropholithe" to <mask> and two others, namely <mask>, and <mask> Joseph Jean Comte de la Chatre (patent #9331). This was a composition used "in preparing fabrics for covering floors, roofs, and other surfaces", which involved coating the fabric on one side for dry applications, or both sides "for roofs and other surfaces exposed to wet and damp". At time of this patent, <mask> was described as living at Weymouth Street, in the County of Middlesex. Formation and growth of Claridge's company
Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company was formed for the purpose of introducing to Britain "Asphalte in its natural state from the mine

masks:
Claridge
Claridge
Richard Tappin
Claridge
Claridge
Claridge
Claridge
Claridge
Richard Hodgson
Raoul Armand
Claridge


title: R. T. Claridge

texts: at Pyrimont Seysell in France", and "laid one of the first asphalt pavements in Whitehall". Trials were made of the pavement in 1838 on the footway in Whitehall, the stable at Knightsbridge Barracks, "and subsequently on the space at the bottom of the steps leading from Waterloo Place to St. James Park". "The formation in 1838 of Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company (with a distinguished list of aristocratic patrons, and Marc and Isambard Brunel as, respectively, a trustee and consulting engineer), gave an enormous impetus to the development of a British asphalt industry". Per response to a query on <mask>, "in 1839, the offices of the company were at Stangate, Westminster, as appears in an advertisement in the Athenaeum of 4 May 1838, p.342".Although asphalt use took off in the 1830s, Mechanic's Magazine noted the existence of a pamphlet from 1621, by "a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys" stating he had discovered large quantities of asphaltum in the vicinity of Neufchâtel, and that prior to his discovery, asphaltum was only known to exist in the Dead Sea. Mechanics Magazine added "we wonder, by-the-bye, no 'Dead Sea Asphalt Company' has yet made its appearance in the market", and wondering whether the lack of such a market take-off in two centuries hinted at limitations of the product. Nevertheless, "By the end of 1838, at least two other companies, Robinson's and the Bastenne company, were in production". Indeed, in 1838, there was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity over asphalt, which had uses beyond paving. For example, asphalt could also be used for flooring, damp proofing in buildings, and for


title: R. T. Claridge

texts:
 failure of Clarmac Roads had a flow-on effect to Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company, with a petition to wind it up lodged with the High Court on 2 November 1917 by company director William Allback. Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company finally ceased operating on 10 November 1917, after becoming insolvent following the failure of the joint venture entered into in 1914. The sequel to this was legal action by the liquidator to recover lost funds from Allback, who had played a prominent role in the promotion of Clarmac Roads and investment of funds therein.This case itself is sometimes cited in corporate law, as an early example of exemption from legal liability where the directors of a company sought and obtained legal advice in good faith. Hydropathy and beyond
<mask> wrote a number of works, but his best known, and most widely cited publication was Hydropathy; or The Cold Water Cure, as practised by Vincent Priessnitz.... The work itself provides an indication of impact and popularity of hydropathy at the time. It was first published in 1842, with the preface to the first edition dated 21 January 1842. In his preface to the third edition, dated 23 May 1842, <mask> noted that the book had "excited considerable attention". It reached its third edition "in the short space of three months", and in that time,  "several imperfect extracts in the form of Pamphlets" appeared, and the Hydropathic Society was formed, on 17 March 1842, "at the rooms of the Society of Arts, Adelphi". The fifth edition contains an advertisement (which remained in subsequent editions), stating "it is little more than nine months since

masks: Claridge Claridge


title: R. T. Claridge

texts: the first announcement of the work appeared; and during that brief period of time, five editions, of one thousand copies each, and eight editions of an Abstract, have passed through the press; besides which, several unauthorised publications, in the form of pamphlets, extracted from the work, have been sold in great numbers".With growing popularity among the public, some favourable publications written by a few medical practitioners, and several hydropathic establishments fully operational, <mask> declared that "the year 1842 may be considered as a new era in the mode of curing disease in this country". <mask> reports that his attention was first seriously drawn to the subject of hydropathy by an officer of marines at Venice, who "Seeing me attacked by rheumatism and head-ache, to both of which complaints I have been subject for the greater part of my life, my friend strongly advised me, in the winter of 1840, to follow his example", and go to Priessnitz's establishment at Graefenberg. This he did, but not before being confined to his bed "for nearly two months", after arriving at Florence in Rome. He stayed at Graefenberg for three months, "during which time the health of that part of my family who were subjected to the treatment was perfectly established; we acquired the habit of living more moderately, of taking more exercise, of drinking more water, and of using it more freely in external ablutions than we were accustomed to; and, I may add, that we have learned how to allay pain". During his time at Graefenberg, <mask> made notes, which would form the foundation of his 1842 Hydropathy book, from his

masks: Claridge Claridge Claridge


title: R. T. Claridge

texts:
 own experiences, his observations of other patients' experiences, and of the methods employed, from his discussions with Priessnitz and other patients. He also collected statistics on patient numbers and break-down by nationality, up to the beginning of September 1841. <mask> and his family returned to England in November 1841, and stayed at a hotel in Thames Street, until they found lodgings in Weymouth St., where, on 6 January 1842, the cook at the house was alleged to have stolen a quantity of continental lace belonging to Claridge's wife and daughter.The cook was indicted again for theft of other items on 14 February. Both cases were heard on 28 February 1842, and the cook was found not guilty.

.

Hydropathy promotion and responses
Following his return to England, <mask> commenced promoting hydropathy in Britain, first in London in 1842, then with lecture tours in Ireland and Scotland in 1843. His 10-week tour in Ireland included Limerick, Cork, Wexford, Dublin and Belfast, over June, July and August 1843, with two subsequent lectures in Glasgow. <mask> states "The leading papers reviewed my work favourably; my lectures in England, Ireland, and Scotland met with serious attention; and baths and wash-houses resulted from a lecture I gave in Edinburgh". Some other Englishmen preceded <mask> to Graefenberg, although not many. One of these was Dr. James Wilson, who himself, along with Dr James Manby Gully, operated a water cure establishment at Malvern. While acknowledging in an 1843 publication that <mask> did much to promote hydrotherapy, Wilson states that "I had been a considerable time at

masks: Claridge Claridge Claridge Claridge Claridge


title: R. T. Claridge

texts:
 Graefenberg", and that Claridge "came to Graefenberg some time after I had been there".Nevertheless, in an earlier 1842 publication, Wilson wrote with some praise of <mask>, stating:
I have read Mr <mask>'s work on the 'Cold Water Cure', and I think I ought to notice it. As a non-professional man, it does him infinite credit; he has collected a considerable body of evidence from the works of professional as well as non-professional men, and it will always be read with interest by the advocates of this system. Such men as Mr <mask> ought not to be abused, for he could have no pocket motive in its production; all that can be said is that he is a little enthusiastic in these matters – a little enthusiasm does a great deal of good sometimes, when the motives are such as Mr <mask>'s. Similarly, Sir John E. Eardley-Wilmot, in his Tribute to Hydropathy, praised <mask> "for his strenuous exertions in the cause", to which every hydropathist "owes a deep debt of gratitude". But not everyone wrote favourably, or even kindly, about <mask> and his promotion of hydropathy. One satirical review of <mask>'s Hydropathy, playing on both German and English language (e.g. bad=bath in German, but bad in English – see image of hydropathic applications at Graefenberg), summed up the enthusiastic promotion of Priessnitz's water cure thus:
it has been our good fortune, since reading <mask> on Hydropathy, to see a sick drake avail himself of the "Cold Water Cure" at the dispensary in St. James's-park.First in waddling in, he took a Fuss-Bad; then he took a Sitz-bad, and then, turning his curly tail up into the air, he took a


title: R. T. Claridge

texts:
 Kopf-Bad. Lastly, he rose almost upright on his latter end, and made such a triumphant flapping with his wings, that we really expected he was going to shout "Priessnitz for ever!" But no such thing. He only cried, "Quack! Quack! Quack! One of the most critical reviews was in The Lancet medical journal of March 1842, in which <mask> was accused of ignorance and plagiarism, a criticism all the worse for his indulgence in antiquarian research.Moreover, in 1843, doctor <mask>. Graham wrote somewhat triumphantly that after returning from Graefenberg, "one of the most zealous Hydropathists in this country – a gentleman who in his common conversation speaks most contemptuously of everything but cold water as a remedy for disease", sought his advice for mouth ulcers and bronchial complaints "from which his favourite Cold Water Cure could not deliver him!." Dr Graham "prescribed for him a vegetable alternative, and was favoured thereby to cure him perfectly within six weeks". In a footnote, Graham states "This was no less of a Hydropathist than Captain <mask>". Hydropathy and related movements
Nevertheless, <mask> and others continued their efforts, and the hydropathic movement gained considerable interest. When Hydropathy was first published in 1842, there were two prominent water-cure establishments. Ten years later, there were 24 establishments in Britain and Ireland, with many famous enough to be known simply by the owner's name. Surveying the publications on hydropathy from 1820 up to 1850, Metcalfe lists 69 authors of English works, and two Water-cure journals – one in London (from 1847) and one in America

masks:
Claridge
Thomas J
Claridge
Claridge


title: R. T. Claridge

texts: (from 1845).He also listed 136 authors of German works, 48 of French works, 43 of Latin works, and nine in other languages. Hydropathic establishments also flourished. In Europe, hydropathy was already well established at the time of <mask>'s first visit: In his Hydropathy book, he listed 47 known establishments as at 1840. By October 1845, <mask> noted that "in Germany, there are at least fifty; France, Switzerland, the Tyrol, Hungary, Russia, Ireland, Scotland, all have their institutions, and England counts at least twenty, besides private individuals who are introducing it into their practice; and to show its dissemination, it is only necessary to state that at Graefenberg, at this moment, there are amongst the visitors some of the leading nobles of England, Russia, Poland, Austria and Italy". A 1997 review of the hydropathic movement states: "At the peak of the movement in the late nineteenth century there were over fifty hydropathic hotels in Britain, of which the best-known were Smedley's at Matlock in Derbyshire and Ben Rhydding near Leeds. Scotland, however, was over-represented with over twenty", while Ireland had one. There were a number of efforts towards sanitary reform in the nineteenth century, and the hydropathy movement is credited with contributing to this."There can be no doubt that the Bath and Washhouse Movement received a great stimulus through the introduction of Hydropathy into this country, and the consequent dissemination of the curative virtues of water appliances, and sanitary reformers saw the necessity of personal cleanliness in order to ensure perfect health". Metcalfe


title: R. T. Claridge

texts: notes that it was the attention drawn by the publication of <mask>'s work "followed by others", that drew attention to hydropathy, "and gave a further stimulus to the movement which resulted in the passing of the Baths and Washhouses Act of Sir George Grey, in 1846, himself a zealous advocate of hydropathy". A series of statutes followed, which became known collectively as "The Baths and Wash-houses Acts 1846 to 1896". This was an important milestone in the improvement of sanitary conditions and public health in those times, with early, strong support for the promotion of public baths and washhouses from prominent advocates of sanitary reform such as Erasmus Wilson, who applauded the establishment of Public Baths and Wash-houses, as "amongst the noblest of the institutions…as they are one of the greatest discoveries of the present age". <mask> himself was an early advocate, dating back to a lecture he gave in Edinburgh in 1843. <mask>'s Scottish lecture tours highlight overlap of yet another movement with that of hydropathy, namely that of the temperance movement, with both the temperance and hydropathy movements feeding off each other. <mask> revisited Graefenberg, from where in July 1845, he wrote a letter to the New York Tribune, which was reproduced in New York's Water Cure Journal in May 1846.And in October 1845, <mask> was one of 124 signatories in an address to Arch-Duke Franz Carl, extolling the virtues of Vincent Priessnitz and his methods. He sent another letter from Graefenberg on 4 March 1846, this time to an American acquaintance. In this wide-ranging letter, amongst other things he commends


title: R. T. Claridge

texts:
 the progress of the Water-Cure in America, and describes the progress in Great Britain, including the growth of washhouses. He also comments on some of the criticism against him and other hydropathy proponents, and discusses a book by Dr Erasmus Wilson. He also acknowledges the antiquity of hydropathy, and the work of his predecessors, such as "Dr Sir John Floyer", and his work Febrifugum Magnum, and Dr James Currie. On the antiquity of hydropathy, <mask> addresses some of his critics, stating that "we are not urging its novelty, but its UTILITY" (p. 2, emphases in original text), and praises Priessnitz for bringing it to the fore again. Hydropathy in the United States of America
In the United States of America, the first hydropathic facility has been attributed to Joel Shew (1816–1855), in 1843 or 1844, and to <mask> <mask> ('R.T.Trall'. 1812–1877) in 1844. Metcalfe credits Dr Charles Munde with the first facility, although this is not supported by Munde himself, or by historical evidence now available. Munde describes himself as becoming familiar with Priessnitz' methods around 1836, and later migrating from Germany, where he treated scarlet fever cases in Dresden during the winter of 1845–46. Munde's son recalls that the family went to the area now called Florence, Massachusetts "in the early fifties", after his father had struggled "for nearly a year in New York in search of a practice". A blind colored man named <mask> had previously set up a water cure practice, and after his death in 1849, Charles Munde learned "of the opportunity to take up his favorite method", which led him to pick up where

masks:
Claridge
Russell Tcher
Tl
David Ruggles


title: R. T. Claridge

texts:
 Journal concurred with this writer on all counts, noting that there were "simple generalisations" that could be deduced regarding the effects of heat and cold on physiological processes, and lamenting the lack of such generalisations by "therapeutical authorities", let alone scientific investigations.Since then, there has been considerable research and advances in the understanding of underlying physiological mechanisms, including those of circulation and thermoregulation, and their application to hydrotherapy. Known publications by <mask>
This list comprises known publications by <mask>. Apart from the Spanish translation and the Abstract of Hydropathy, the primary sources here are Metcalfe, who lists all of <mask>'s publications so far referred to in this article, and Browne, who gives a brief mention of <mask> and his works on the first page of her article. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
 Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
 Hardcopy edition. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
 (Google Books). Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org). Note the pagination is close, but not exactly the same, as the American edition.Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org). Note the pagination is close, but not exactly the same, as the English edition. Spanish translation of the English book. Further reading
 Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)

Notes

a. It is difficult to resolve the birth year discrepancies without access to a copy of original documents, although the IGI record looks specific, whereas the biographical sketch clearly includes indirect sources for some of its

masks: Claridge Claridge Claridge Claridge


title: R. T. Claridge

texts: information (which does match collateral sources already cited in this article). However, a range of collateral information leaves no doubt that they refer to the same person. b.  Hydropathy, Cold Water system, and Cold Water cure, were essentially synonymous in that era, with publications under those titles all referring to the same legacy, namely Priessnitz, and – for U.K. publications – often also Claridge.So searches for publications from that period would need to try all three variations to capture relevant works. c.  The Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.) states that <mask> introduced hydropathy to England in 1840. However, <mask> describes himself as first paying attention to hydropathy in the winter of 1840, following which he was confined to bed for nearly two months before proceeding to Graefenberg, where he stayed for three months. From his comments on page 81, it is evident that he was at Graefenberg sometime around September 1841. <mask> himself cites 1842 as the year in which "a new era" commenced. d.  The Lancet review states (p. 833): "Mr <mask> will probably find that he made a mistake in turning his talents to physic, and crying water about the streets; he had better have continued crying 'there is nothing like leather ', or 'there is nothing like aspalt ', or 'there is nothing like wood '.We do not feel called upon to notice his asphaltic squireship's aspersions on the character of the medical profession". e.  To aid in finding information on <mask>'s portrait, it is noted that at the time (1844), artist James John Hill was residing at 58 Newman Street, as listed in Johnson's book, and


title: R. T. Claridge

texts: was still there in 1848, per Graves (1908). f.  Indeed, a search for material for the section on <mask>'s Patent Asphalte Co. brings up increasing reference to the case as the range of search terms is both expanded and refined.g. The preface to the first edition remained in all known subsequent editions, including the third (which had its own additional preface), the fifth, and the eighth (both of which contain only the preface from the first edition)h.  The pagination for the text of the fifth and eighth editions are the same, so where practical, citations will be from the eighth, since that is available online. The only visible differences between the fifth and eighth editions are that the fifth includes two additions at either end of the book, not affecting the pagination. These are, the inclusion of a hand-written letter at the front, and at the back, "Critical notices of Captain <mask>'s Hydropathy."i. At least some hydropathy proponents appreciated the humour in this, as evidenced it being quoted in the humour section of the 1849 Water-Cure Journal.Light-hearted satire about the water cure was also engaged in by a theatrical group.j.' Munde operated the Florence Water-Cure, at Florence, Massachusetts (see preface in his 1857 book, p.vi). He previously migrated from Germany at an unknown date. However, in his text, he does cite a case he dealt with in Dresden in the winter of 1845–46. His own familiarity with Priessnitz's methods date back to circa 1836, when he was "almost a novice in Priessnitz's practice". "During an epidemic of scarlatina" in the city of Freiberg, two of his children, boys aged


title: Ted Sorensen

texts:
<mask> (May 8, 1928 – October 31, 2010) was an American lawyer, writer, and presidential adviser. He was a speechwriter for President John F. Kennedy, as well as one of his closest advisers. President Kennedy once called him his "intellectual blood bank". Most notably, he was generally regarded as the author of Profiles in Courage, a claim he addresses in his 2008 memoir. The book won Kennedy the Pulitzer Prize for biography in 1957. <mask> helped draft Kennedy's inaugural address and was also the primary author of Kennedy's 1962 "We choose to go to the Moon" speech. Early life
<mask> was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, the son of Christian A<mask> (1890–1959), who served as Nebraska attorney general (1929–1933), and Annis (Chaikin<mask>.His father was Danish American and his mother was of Russian Jewish descent. His younger brother, Philip C<mask>, later became the lieutenant governor of Nebraska. He graduated from Lincoln High School during 1945. He earned a bachelor's degree at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, and attended University of Nebraska College of Law, graduating first in his class. During January 1953, the 24-year-old <mask> became the new Senator John F. Kennedy's chief legislative aide. He wrote many of Kennedy's articles and speeches. In his 2008 autobiography Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History, <mask> said he wrote "a first draft of most of the chapters" of John F. Kennedy's 1956 book Profiles in Courage and "helped choose the words of many of its sentences."Kennedy administration

<mask> was President Kennedy's special counsel, adviser, and primary speechwriter, the role for which he is remembered best. He helped draft the inaugural address in which Kennedy said famously, "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country." Although <mask> played an important part in the composition of the inaugural address, he has stated that "the speech and its famous turn of phrase that everyone remembers was written by Kennedy himself." In his 2008 memoir, Counselor: A

masks:
Theodore Chaikin Sorensen
Sorensen
Sorensen
. Sorensen
) Sorensen
. Sorensen
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title: Ted Sorensen

texts: Life at the Edge of History, <mask> claimed, "The truth is that I simply don't remember where the line came from." During the early months of the administration, <mask>'s responsibilities concerned the domestic agenda. After the Bay of Pigs debacle, Kennedy asked <mask> to participate with foreign policy discussions as well. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, <mask> served as a member of ExComm and was named by Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara as one of the "true inner circle" members who advised the president, the others being Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy, Secretary of State Dean Rusk, General Maxwell D. Taylor (chairman of the Joint Chiefs), former ambassador to the USSR Llewellyn Thompson, and McNamara himself.<mask> played a critical role in drafting Kennedy's correspondence with Nikita Khrushchev and worked on Kennedy's first address to the nation about the crisis on October 22. <mask> was devastated by Kennedy's assassination, which he termed "the most deeply traumatic experience of my life. ... I had never considered a future without him." He later quoted a poem that he said summed up how he felt: "How could you leave us, how could you die? We are sheep without a shepherd when the snow shuts out the sky." He submitted a letter of resignation to President Johnson the day after the assassination but was persuaded to stay through the transition.<mask> drafted Johnson's first address to Congress as well as the 1964 State of the Union. He officially resigned February 29, 1964, and was the first member of the Kennedy Administration to do so. As Johnson was later to recount in his memoirs, <mask> helped in the transition to the new administration with those speeches. Prior to his resignation, <mask> stated his intent to write Kennedy's biography, calling it "the book that President Kennedy had intended to write with my help after his second term." He was not the only Kennedy aide to publish writings; Paul “Red” Fay, Jr., Kennedy’s Secretary of the Navy and a

masks: Sorensen Sorensen Sorensen Sorensen Sorensen Sorensen Sorensen Sorensen Sorensen


title: Ted Sorensen

texts: close friend of Kennedy’s from his Navy service wrote ‘’ The Pleasure Of His Company’’, David Powers and Kenneth O’Donnell, Special Assistants to the President wrote ‘’Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye’’, and historian and special assistant Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. wrote his Pulitzer Prize winning memoir A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House during the same period. <mask>'s biography, Kennedy, was published during 1965 and became an international bestseller. Politics after <mask> later joined the U.S. law firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, where he was of counsel, while still staying involved in politics.He was involved with Democratic campaigns and was a major adviser of Robert F. Kennedy in Kennedy's 1968 presidential campaign. After the death of Robert Kennedy he wrote a book entitled `The Kennedy Legacy: A Peaceful Revolution For The Seventies' (1969) about the political ideals of the Kennedy brothers that could be applied to the Democratic party in particular and to America and American society in general going forward. During the next four decades, <mask> had a career as an international lawyer, advising governments around the world, as well as major international corporations. During 1970, <mask> was the Democratic party's designee for the Democratic nomination for U.S. senator from New York. He was challenged in the primary election by Richard Ottinger, Paul O'Dwyer, and Max McCarthy, and polled third. During 1977, Jimmy Carter nominated <mask> as Director of Central Intelligence (CIA), but the nomination was withdrawn before a Senate vote. <mask>'s help with explaining <mask>'s Chappaquiddick incident was cited as a factor of Senate opposition to his nomination as CIA director.<mask> in his autobiography attributed the loss of Senate approval for his nomination for CIA director to his conscientious objector status as a youth, his two failed marriages, and his writing an affidavit in defense of releasing the Pentagon Papers. <mask> was the national co-chairman for Gary Hart

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Ted Kennedy
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title: Ted Sorensen

texts: for the presidential election of 1984 and made several appearances on his behalf. In addition to his successful career as a lawyer, <mask> was also a frequent spokesman for liberal ideals and ideas, writing opinion-editorials and delivering speeches concerning domestic and international subjects. For several years during the 1960s, he was an editor of the Saturday Review. He was affiliated with a number of institutions, including the Council On Foreign Relations, The Century Foundation, Princeton University, and the Institute of Politics at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government. <mask> was a board member of the International Center for Transitional Justice and an advisory board member of the Partnership for a Secure America, a not-for-profit organization dedicated to recreating bipartisan consensus for American national security and foreign policy. He also was chairman of the advisory board to the International Center for Ethics, Justice and Public Life at Brandeis University.<mask> also attended meetings of the Judson Welliver Society, a bipartisan social club composed of former presidential speechwriters. During 2007, a model Democratic presidential nomination acceptance speech written by <mask> was published in the Washington Monthly. The magazine had solicited him to write the speech that he would most want the 2008 Democratic nominee to give at the 2008 Democratic National Convention, without regard to the identity of the nominee. On March 9, 2007, he spoke at an event with then-senator Barack Obama at New York City's Grand Hyatt Hotel and officially endorsed him for the presidential election in 2008. Very active in his campaign, <mask> spoke early on and frequently about the similarities between Senator Barack Obama's and Senator John F. Kennedy's presidential campaigns. He also provided some assistance with President Obama's 2009 Inaugural Address. <mask> served on the advisory board of the National Security Network.In his book Let The Word Go Forth, <mask>'s selects from more than 110 speeches

masks: Sorensen Sorensen Sorensen Sorensen Sorensen Sorensen Sorensen


title: Ted Sorensen

texts:
 and writings that indicate the importance of historical insights in Kennedy's thoughts and actions. Personal life
He was married three times. His first marriage, in 1949, was to Camilla Palmer. The couple had three sons: Eric, Steven, and Phillip. They later divorced. In 1964, he married Sara Elbery. That marriage also ended in divorce.In 1969, <mask> married Gillian Martin of the United Nations Foundation. They had a daughter, <mask>, and remained married until <mask>'s death. On February 25, 2010, he received the National Humanities Medal for 2009 in a ceremony in the East Room of the White House. He was awarded the medal for "Advancing our understanding of modern American politics. As a speechwriter and adviser to President Kennedy, he helped craft messages and policies, and later gave us a window into the people and events that made history." Death
On October 31, 2010, <mask> died at NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital in New York City of complications from a stroke he suffered the previous week. Publications

Portrayals in media
<mask> has been portrayed as a character in the following films and miniseries:
 The 1974 TV film The Missiles of October, by Clifford David
 The 1998 HBO mini-series From the Earth to the Moon, by Jack Gilpin
 The 2000 film Thirteen Days, by Tim Kelleher; although, in an interview after the film's release, Robert McNamara stated that the lead role of Kenneth O'Donnell (played by Kevin Costner) was modeled after Sorensen: "It was not Kenny O'Donnell who pulled us all together—it was <mask>."The 2016 film LBJ, by Brent Bailey
 The 2018 film Chappaquiddick, by Taylor Nichols

See also

"Ich bin ein Berliner"
American University speech
Profiles in Courage (1964 TV series)

References

Further reading
 ABC News online, 2008-02-08. Passing the Torch: Kennedy's Touch on Obama's Words
 Clarke, Thurston. 2005. Ask Not: The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed America. Macmillan, 304 pp. (Originally published 2004 by Henry Holt and Co., 272 pp.) Marcus, Jacob Rader.1981.

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Sorensen
Juliet Sorensen
Sorensen
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Ted Sorensen


title: Ted Sorensen

texts:
 The American Jewish Woman, 1654–1980. KTAV Publishing House. 231 pp
 The New York Times, 1983-04-21. New York Day by Day; Gary Hart Opens Campaign Headquarters
 The New York Times, Sunday Book Review, 18 May 2008, review of <mask>'s Counselor. <mask>, <mask> (as Theodore C.) The New Vision. Washington Monthly, July/August 2007.<mask>, <mask>. 2008-07-23. Heir Time: Is Barack Obama The Next JFK? The New Republic
 <mask>, <mask> (as Theodore). 2007-07-25. Barack Obama: the new JFK. Guardian (London, UK)
 .Wall Street Journal, 9 May 2008, p. W3, review of <mask>'s Counselor. External links

John F. Kennedy Library and Museum: Inventory of personal papers
PBS interview with <mask>, 29 August 1996
As a ghostwriter for Kennedy
Webcast of speech at the 2005 Nuclear Non Proliferation Conference (RealPlayer)
Lincoln High School Distinguished Alumni Profile
<mask>'s Acceptance Address Prepared for the 2008 Democratic Presidential Nominee
<mask> speaks at MIT Symposium
An February 2009 interview by Thorsten Overgaard with <mask> in Stockholm on Obama and Kennedy

Booknotes interview with <mask> on Why I Am a Democrat, July 14, 1996. 1928 births
2010 deaths
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American people of Danish descent
American political writers
American male non-fiction writers
Speechwriters for presidents of the United States
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Kennedy administration personnel
Lawyers from New York City
Lyndon B. Johnson administration personnel
Members of the Universalist Church of America
National Humanities Medal recipients
Nebraska lawyers
Nebraska Democrats
New York (state) Democrats
People from Ridgefield, Connecticut
United States presidential advisors
University of Nebraska College of Law alumni
White House Counsels
Writers from Lincoln, Nebraska
Writers from New York City
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison people
The Century Foundation
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male

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Ted Sorensen
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title: Galileo Galilei

texts: <mask><mask> ( , ; 15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), commonly referred to as <mask>, was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath, from the city of Pisa, then part of the Duchy of Florence. <mask> has been called the "father" of observational astronomy, modern physics, the scientific method, and modern science. <mask> studied speed and velocity, gravity and free fall, the principle of relativity, inertia, projectile motion and also worked in applied science and technology, describing the properties of pendulums and "hydrostatic balances". He invented the thermoscope and various military compasses, and used the telescope for scientific observations of celestial objects. His contributions to observational astronomy include telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, observation of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, observation of Saturn's rings, and analysis of lunar craters and sunspots. <mask>'s championing of Copernican heliocentrism (Earth rotating daily and revolving around the sun) was met with opposition from within the Catholic Church and from some astronomers. The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1615, which concluded that heliocentrism was foolish, absurd, and heretical since it contradicted Holy Scripture.<mask> later defended his views in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632), which appeared to attack Pope Urban VIII and thus alienated both the Pope and the Jesuits, who had both supported <mask> up until this point. He was tried by the Inquisition, found "vehemently suspect of heresy", and forced to recant. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest. During this time,

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Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de
' Galilei
Galileo
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title: Galileo Galilei

texts:
 he wrote Two New Sciences (1638), primarily concerning kinematics and the strength of materials, summarizing work he had done around forty years earlier. Early life and family

<mask> was born in Pisa (then part of the Duchy of Florence), Italy, on 15 February 1564, the first of six children of <mask>, a lutenist, composer, and music theorist, and Giulia Ammannati, who had married in 1562. <mask> became an accomplished lutenist himself and would have learned early from his father a scepticism for established authority. Three of <mask>'s five siblings survived infancy.The youngest, Michelangelo (or Michelagnolo), also became a lutenist and composer who contributed to <mask>'s financial burdens for the rest of his life. Michelangelo was unable to contribute his fair share of their father's promised dowries to their brothers-in-law, who would later attempt to seek legal remedies for payments due. Michelangelo would also occasionally have to borrow funds from <mask> to support his musical endeavours and excursions. These financial burdens may have contributed to <mask>'s early desire to develop inventions that would bring him additional income. When <mask> was eight, his family moved to Florence, but he was left under the care of Muzio Tedaldi for two years. When <mask> was ten, he left Pisa to join his family in Florence and there he was under the tutelage of Jacopo Borghini. He was educated, particularly in logic, from 1575 to 1578 in the Vallombrosa Abbey, about 30 km southeast of Florence.Name
<mask> tended to refer to himself only by his given name. At the time, surnames were optional in Italy, and his given name had the same origin as his sometimes-family name,

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Galileo
Vincenzo Galilei
Galileo
Galileo
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Galileo Galilei
Galileo
Galileo


title: Galileo Galilei

texts:
 Galilei. Both his given and family name ultimately derive from an ancestor, <mask>, an important physician, professor, and politician in Florence in the 15th century. <mask> was buried in the same church, the Basilica of Santa Croce in Florence, where about 200 years later, <mask> was also buried. When he did refer to himself with more than one name, it was sometimes as <mask> Linceo, a reference to his being a member of the Accademia dei Lincei, an elite pro-science organization in Italy. It was common for mid-sixteenth-century Tuscan families to name the eldest son after the parents' surname. Hence, <mask> was not necessarily named after his ancestor <mask>.The Italian male given name "<mask>" (and thence the surname "Galilei") derives from the Latin "Galilaeus", meaning "of Galilee", a biblically significant region in Northern Israel. Because of that region, the adjective galilaios (Greek Γαλιλαῖος, Latin Galilaeus, Italian <mask>), which means "Galilean", was used in antiquity (particularly by emperor Julian) to refer to Christ and his followers. The biblical roots of <mask>'s name and surname were to become the subject of a famous pun. In 1614, during the <mask> affair, one of <mask>'s opponents, the Dominican priest Tommaso Caccini, delivered against <mask> a controversial and influential sermon. In it he made a point of quoting Acts , "Ye men of Galilee, why stand ye gazing up into heaven?" (in the Latin version found in the Vulgate: Viri Galilaei, quid statis aspicientes in caelum?). Children

Despite being a genuinely pious Roman Catholic, <mask> fathered three children out of wedlock with Marina Gamba.They had two daughters, Virginia (born 1600) and Livia

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Galileo Bonaiuti
Galileo Bonaiuti
Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei
Galileo Bonaiuti
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Galileo
Galileo
Galileo
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title: Galileo Galilei

texts:
 (born 1601), and a son, Vincenzo (born 1606). Due to their illegitimate birth, <mask> considered the girls unmarriageable, if not posing problems of prohibitively expensive support or dowries, which would have been similar to <mask>'s previous extensive financial problems with two of his sisters. Their only worthy alternative was the religious life. Both girls were accepted by the convent of San Matteo in Arcetri and remained there for the rest of their lives. Virginia took the name Maria Celeste upon entering the convent. She died on 2 April 1634, and is buried with <mask> at the Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence. Livia took the name Sister Arcangela and was ill for most of her life.Vincenzo was later legitimised as the legal heir of <mask> and married Sestilia Bocchineri. Career as a scientist
Although <mask> seriously considered the priesthood as a young man, at his father's urging he instead enrolled in 1580 at the University of Pisa for a medical degree. He was influenced by the lectures of Girolamo Borro and Francesco Buonamici of Florence. In 1581, when he was studying medicine, he noticed a swinging chandelier, which air currents shifted about to swing in larger and smaller arcs. To him, it seemed, by comparison with his heartbeat, that the chandelier took the same amount of time to swing back and forth, no matter how far it was swinging. When he returned home, he set up two pendulums of equal length and swung one with a large sweep and the other with a small sweep and found that they kept time together. It was not until the work of Christiaan Huygens, almost one hundred years later, that the tautochrone nature of a swinging pendulum was used to create an

masks: Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo


title: Galileo Galilei

texts: accurate timepiece.Up to this point, <mask> had deliberately been kept away from mathematics, since a physician earned a higher income than a mathematician. However, after accidentally attending a lecture on geometry, he talked his reluctant father into letting him study mathematics and natural philosophy instead of medicine. He created a thermoscope, a forerunner of the thermometer, and, in 1586, published a small book on the design of a hydrostatic balance he had invented (which first brought him to the attention of the scholarly world). <mask> also studied disegno, a term encompassing fine art, and, in 1588, obtained the position of instructor in the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno in Florence, teaching perspective and chiaroscuro. In the same year, upon invitation by the Florentine Academy, he presented two lectures, On the Shape, Location, and Size of Dante's Inferno, in an attempt to propose a rigorous cosmological model of Dante's hell. Being inspired by the artistic tradition of the city and the works of the Renaissance artists, <mask> acquired an aesthetic mentality. While a young teacher at the Accademia, he began a lifelong friendship with the Florentine painter Cigoli.In 1589, he was appointed to the chair of mathematics in Pisa. In 1591, his father died, and he was entrusted with the care of his younger brother Michelagnolo. In 1592, he moved to the University of Padua where he taught geometry, mechanics, and astronomy until 1610. During this period, <mask> made significant discoveries in both pure fundamental science (for example, kinematics of motion and astronomy) as well as practical applied science (for example, strength of materials and pioneering

masks: Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo


title: Galileo Galilei

texts:
 the telescope). His multiple interests included the study of astrology, which at the time was a discipline tied to the studies of mathematics and astronomy. Astronomy

Kepler's supernova
Tycho Brahe and others had observed the supernova of 1572. Ottavio Brenzoni's letter of 15 January 1605 to <mask> brought the 1572 supernova and the less bright nova of 1601 to <mask>'s notice.<mask> observed and discussed Kepler's Supernova in 1604. Since these new stars displayed no detectable diurnal parallax, <mask> concluded that they were distant stars, and, therefore, disproved the Aristotelian belief in the immutability of the heavens. Refracting telescope

Based only on uncertain descriptions of the first practical telescope which Hans Lippershey tried to patent in the Netherlands in 1608, <mask>, in the following year, made a telescope with about 3x magnification. He later made improved versions with up to about 30x magnification. With a Galilean telescope, the observer could see magnified, upright images on the Earth—it was what is commonly known as a terrestrial telescope or a spyglass. He could also use it to observe the sky; for a time he was one of those who could construct telescopes good enough for that purpose. On 25 August 1609, he demonstrated one of his early telescopes, with a magnification of about 8 or 9, to Venetian lawmakers.His telescopes were also a profitable sideline for <mask>, who sold them to merchants who found them useful both at sea and as items of trade. He published his initial telescopic astronomical observations in March 1610 in a brief treatise entitled Sidereus Nuncius (Starry Messenger). Moon

On 30 November 1609, <mask> aimed his telescope

masks: Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo


title: Galileo Galilei

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 at the Moon. While not being the first person to observe the Moon through a telescope (English mathematician Thomas Harriot had done it four months before but only saw a "strange spottednesse"), <mask> was the first to deduce the cause of the uneven waning as light occlusion from lunar mountains and craters. In his study, he also made topographical charts, estimating the heights of the mountains. The Moon was not what was long thought to have been a translucent and perfect sphere, as Aristotle claimed, and hardly the first "planet", an "eternal pearl to magnificently ascend into the heavenly empyrian", as put forth by Dante. <mask> is sometimes credited with the discovery of the lunar libration in latitude in 1632, although Thomas Harriot or William Gilbert might have done it before.A friend of <mask>'s, the painter Cigoli, included a realistic depiction of the Moon in one of his paintings, though probably used his own telescope to make the observation. Jupiter's moons

On 7 January 1610, <mask> observed with his telescope what he described at the time as "three fixed stars, totally invisible by their smallness", all close to Jupiter, and lying on a straight line through it. Observations on subsequent nights showed that the positions of these "stars" relative to Jupiter were changing in a way that would have been inexplicable if they had really been fixed stars. On 10 January, <mask> noted that one of them had disappeared, an observation which he attributed to its being hidden behind Jupiter. Within a few days, he concluded that they were orbiting Jupiter: he had discovered three of Jupiter's four largest moons. He discovered the fourth on 13 January. <mask> named the

masks: Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo


title: Galileo Galilei

texts:
 group of four the Medicean stars, in honour of his future patron, Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Cosimo's three brothers.Later astronomers, however, renamed them Galilean satellites in honour of their discoverer. These satellites were independently discovered by Simon Marius on 8 January 1610 and are now called Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, the names given by Marius in his Mundus Iovialis published in 1614. <mask>'s observations of the satellites of Jupiter caused a revolution in astronomy: a planet with smaller planets orbiting it did not conform to the principles of Aristotelian cosmology, which held that all heavenly bodies should circle the Earth, and many astronomers and philosophers initially refused to believe that <mask> could have discovered such a thing. His observations were confirmed by the observatory of Christopher Clavius and he received a hero's welcome when he visited Rome in 1611. <mask> continued to observe the satellites over the next eighteen months, and by mid-1611, he had obtained remarkably accurate estimates for their periods—a feat which Johannes Kepler had believed impossible. Phases of Venus

From September 1610, <mask> observed that Venus exhibits a full set of phases similar to that of the Moon. The heliocentric model of the Solar System developed by Nicolaus Copernicus predicted that all phases would be visible since the orbit of Venus around the Sun would cause its illuminated hemisphere to face the Earth when it was on the opposite side of the Sun and to face away from the Earth when it was on the Earth-side of the Sun.In Ptolemy's geocentric model, it was impossible for any of the planets' orbits to intersect


title: Galileo Galilei

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 the spherical shell carrying the Sun. Traditionally, the orbit of Venus was placed entirely on the near side of the Sun, where it could exhibit only crescent and new phases. It was also possible to place it entirely on the far side of the Sun, where it could exhibit only gibbous and full phases. After <mask>'s telescopic observations of the crescent, gibbous and full phases of Venus, the Ptolemaic model became untenable. In the early 17th century, as a result of his discovery, the great majority of astronomers converted to one of the various geo-heliocentric planetary models, such as the Tychonic, Capellan and Extended Capellan models, each either with or without a daily rotating Earth. These all explained the phases of Venus without the 'refutation' of full heliocentrism's prediction of stellar parallax. <mask>'s discovery of the phases of Venus was thus his most empirically practically influential contribution to the two-stage transition from full geocentrism to full heliocentrism via geo-heliocentrism.Saturn and Neptune
In 1610, <mask> also observed the planet Saturn, and at first mistook its rings for planets, thinking it was a three-bodied system. When he observed the planet later, Saturn's rings were directly oriented at Earth, causing him to think that two of the bodies had disappeared. The rings reappeared when he observed the planet in 1616, further confusing him. <mask> observed the planet Neptune in 1612. It appears in his notebooks as one of many unremarkable dim stars. He did not realise that it was a planet, but he did note its motion relative to the stars before losing track of it. Sunspots

<mask> made naked-eye and telescopic studies of sunspots.Their


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 existence raised another difficulty with the unchanging perfection of the heavens as posited in orthodox Aristotelian celestial physics. An apparent annual variation in their trajectories, observed by Francesco Sizzi and others in 1612–1613, also provided a powerful argument against both the Ptolemaic system and the geoheliocentric system of Tycho Brahe. A dispute over claimed priority in the discovery of sunspots, and in their interpretation, led <mask> to a long and bitter feud with the Jesuit Christoph Scheiner. In the middle was Mark Welser, to whom Scheiner had announced his discovery, and who asked <mask> for his opinion. Both of them were unaware of Johannes Fabricius' earlier observation and publication of sunspots. Milky Way and stars
<mask> observed the Milky Way, previously believed to be nebulous, and found it to be a multitude of stars packed so densely that they appeared from Earth to be clouds. He located many other stars too distant to be visible with the naked eye.He observed the double star Mizar in Ursa Major in 1617. In the Starry Messenger, <mask> reported that stars appeared as mere blazes of light, essentially unaltered in appearance by the telescope, and contrasted them to planets, which the telescope revealed to be discs. But shortly thereafter, in his Letters on Sunspots, he reported that the telescope revealed the shapes of both stars and planets to be "quite round". From that point forward, he continued to report that telescopes showed the roundness of stars, and that stars seen through the telescope measured a few seconds of arc in diameter. He also devised a method for measuring the apparent size of a star without a telescope. As described


title: Galileo Galilei

texts:
 in his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, his method was to hang a thin rope in his line of sight to the star and measure the maximum distance from which it would wholly obscure the star. From his measurements of this distance and of the width of the rope, he could calculate the angle subtended by the star at his viewing point.In his Dialogue, he reported that he had found the apparent diameter of a star of first magnitude to be no more than 5 arcseconds, and that of one of sixth magnitude to be about 5/6 arcseconds. Like most astronomers of his day, <mask> did not recognise that the apparent sizes of stars that he measured were spurious, caused by diffraction and atmospheric distortion, and did not represent the true sizes of stars. However, <mask>'s values were much smaller than previous estimates of the apparent sizes of the brightest stars, such as those made by Brahe, and enabled <mask> to counter anti-Copernican arguments such as those made by Tycho that these stars would have to be absurdly large for their annual parallaxes to be undetectable. Other astronomers such as Simon Marius, Giovanni Battista Riccioli, and Martinus Hortensius made similar measurements of stars, and Marius and Riccioli concluded the smaller sizes were not small enough to answer Tycho's argument. Theory of tides

Cardinal Bellarmine had written in 1615 that the Copernican system could not be defended without "a true physical demonstration that the sun does not circle the earth but the earth circles the sun". <mask> considered his theory of the tides to provide such evidence. This theory was so important to him that he originally intended to call his Dialogue Concerning the


title: Galileo Galilei

texts:
 Two Chief World Systems the Dialogue on the Ebb and Flow of the Sea.The reference to tides was removed from the title by order of the Inquisition. For <mask>, the tides were caused by the sloshing back and forth of water in the seas as a point on the Earth's surface sped up and slowed down because of the Earth's rotation on its axis and revolution around the Sun. He circulated his first account of the tides in 1616, addressed to Cardinal Orsini. His theory gave the first insight into the importance of the shapes of ocean basins in the size and timing of tides; he correctly accounted, for instance, for the negligible tides halfway along the Adriatic Sea compared to those at the ends. As a general account of the cause of tides, however, his theory was a failure. If this theory were correct, there would be only one high tide per day. <mask> and his contemporaries were aware of this inadequacy because there are two daily high tides at Venice instead of one, about 12 hours apart.<mask> dismissed this anomaly as the result of several secondary causes including the shape of the sea, its depth, and other factors. Albert Einstein later expressed the opinion that <mask> developed his "fascinating arguments" and accepted them uncritically out of a desire for physical proof of the motion of the Earth. <mask> also dismissed the idea, known from antiquity and by his contemporary Johannes Kepler, that the Moon caused the tides—<mask> also took no interest in Kepler's elliptical orbits of the planets. <mask> continued to argue in favour of his theory of tides, considering it the ultimate proof of Earth's motion. Controversy over comets and The Assayer
In 1619, <mask> became embroiled

masks: Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo