title: Sappho

texts:
 lesbians in the late 20th century due to its location near Sappho's purported birthplace.<ref>Section "Sappho, Lesbians, and Lesvos", Lonely Planet Europe, 2019, </ref>

The discoveries of new poems by Sappho in 2004 and 2014 excited both scholarly and media attention. The announcement of the Tithonus poem was the subject of international news coverage, and was described by Marilyn Skinner as "the trouvaille of a lifetime".See also
 Ancient Greek literature
 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 7 – papyrus preserving Sappho fr. 5
 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1231 – papyrus preserving Sappho fr. 15–30
 Lesbian Poetry

Notes

References

Works cited

Further reading

External links

 The Digital Sappho
 Commentaries on Sappho's fragments, William Annis. Fragments of Sappho, translated by Gregory Nagy and Julia Dubnoff
 <mask>, BBC Radio 4, In Our Time. Sappho, BBC Radio 4, Great Lives''. Ancient Greek literature recitations, hosted by the Society for the Oral Reading of Greek and Latin Literature. Including a recording of Sappho 1 by Stephen Daitz.7th-century BC births
7th-century BC women poets
7th-century BC Greek people
7th-century BC poets
6th-century BC Greek people
6th-century BC poets
6th-century BC women writers
Aeolic Greek poets
Ancient Eresians
Ancient Greek erotic poets
Nine Lyric Poets
Poets from ancient Lesbos
Greek women composers
Ancient Greek women poets
570s BC deaths
Ancient Mytileneans
7th-century BC Greek women
6th-century


title: Hans Helwig

type: original

texts:
<mask>  (25 September 1881 – 24 August 1952) was a German Nazi Party politician, World War I veteran, Schutzstaffel general and Nazi concentration camp commandant. An early member of the Nazi movement he fulfilled a number of roles within Nazism down the years. He was born and died in Hemsbach. Military service
The son of a forest ranger and the youngest of 15 children <mask> apprenticed as a bricklayer in his home village of Hemsbach. Discontented with life as a bricklayer the 19-year-old Helwig enlisted in the German Imperial Army. He rose to the rank of master sergeant in an infantry regiment before leaving in early 1914 to work as a court clerk. <mask> was only a few months out of the army when World War I broke out, prompting him to re-enlist.Returning to the same battalion <mask> saw action on both the Western and Eastern Fronts. Joining the Nazi Party
Helwig returned to his post with the court before eventually moving on to a role as a minor official at the German Ministry of Justice. Although his personal position was largely untouched, <mask> nonetheless became deeply resentful of the situation in his native Baden which was under French occupation and was invaded and re-occupied by France and Belgium in 1923. An admirer of Adolf Hitler from early, his beliefs caused him trouble professionally and he was suspended from his job following the Beer Hall putsch, which he had been heard to praise at work. By this time <mask> was already officially a member of the Sturmabteilung, having initially joined the Deutschvölkischer Schutz und Trutzbund after the war. Suspended from work, <mask> was able to devote more of his time to the SA and the Nazi Party. A founder of the

masks:
Hans Helwig
Helwig
Helwig
Helwig
Helwig
Helwig
Helwig


title: Hans Helwig

texts:
 local branch of the reorganised Nazi Party in 1925, he was elected a city councilman not long after.At the time in Baden Nazi politics were dominated by a personality clash between local strongmen Heinrich Himmler and Robert Heinrich Wagner, a struggle in which <mask> eventually sided with Himmler, leaving the SA for the SS in 1929. Already 48 and generally considered to be of low intelligence it was unclear what use he could be to the SS but nonetheless he was received enthusiastically both due to his friendship with Himmler and the fact that he had put loyalty to the Nazi Party above his own finances by getting suspended from work due to his Nazism. Political career
<mask> initially followed a career in Nazi politics, following a personal endorsement to Adolf Hitler from Himmler. In the July 1932 election he was returned as a delegate to the Reichstag although there is no record of him accomplishing anything during his brief spell in the institution. In the meantime his old rival Wagner had re-established his control of Baden, Himmler having long since departed to serve as Reichsführer-SS, and ensured that <mask> would not be a candidate in the November 1932 election, instead ensuring his demotion to the Landtag der Republik Baden, a body that was abolished following the Nazi takeover. Camp commandant
On account of his long military service he initially served the SS as voluntary commander of a battalion and then a regiment. Following the Nazi takeover he was then appointed a governor of Bruchsal prison, a role that he did not last long in due to the mentally taxing nature of the work.Following a nervous breakdown he retired from SS duty but was dismayed to find his

masks: Helwig Helwig Helwig


title: Hans Helwig

texts: pension only stretched to 202 Marks a month. <mask> recovered from his health issues rapidly and sought to return to the SS. He was readmitted reluctantly, largely on the basis of his long service (which entitled him to the Golden Nazi Party Badge) and loyalty. By this time it was unclear what role <mask> could possibly fill in the SS and a superior officer had written a personal letter to Himmler to this effect. Within the letter it was suggested that his prison experience might make it possible for him to command a concentration camp and Himmler acted on this suggestion, and made him commandant of the women's camp at Lichtenburg. In July 1937 he succeeded Karl Otto Koch as commandant of Sachsenhausen concentration camp and was soon being put forward as a candidate for promotion by Theodor Eicke, who had initially been reluctant to have Helwig as one of his men. However Helwig did blot his copybook when it was discovered that he boasted of his atrocities at Sachsenhausen to a group of non-Germans after getting drunk in a bar, breaking protocol about keeping concentration camp activities quiet.Indeed, as was the case for all of the commandants at Sachsenhausen, <mask>'s command was noted for its viciousness. <mask> lost his position the following year over a somewhat pedantic clash between the SS hierarchy and Justice Minister Franz Gürtner over a failure to obey protocol. An inmate of Sachsenhausen, Johannes Winiarz, was given a forced vasectomy at the camp but it emerged that the operation had not been approved by a judge and Winiarz had had no chance to appeal, both of which were laid down as essential in such cases. Himmler put the blame on Eicke who in turn argued

masks: Helwig Helwig Helwig Helwig


title: Hans Helwig

texts:
 that it had been Helwig who had mixed up the orders, having become confused by a sudden influx of new prisoners at the time. Eicke told Himmler that the 57-year-old Helwig was "totally decrepit ... both mentally and physically" and recommended he be removed as commandant. He was replaced by Hermann Baranowski soon afterwards. Later years
Helwig appealed to be allowed to continue but neither Eicke nor Himmler would be moved.Given a 5000 Mark severance in order to convince him to leave he returned to Hemsbach. His standing as a party loyalist ensured that the SS continued to help him find employment and after a few failed attempts he found a role in the Organisation Todt that suited his talents. Based on the Eastern Front, he oversaw the building of a fuel camp that also doubled as a place to hold Soviet prisoners of war. The veteran, who by this time was a Brigadeführer in the SS despite having previously been described by Eicke as not officer material, finished the war as the liaison officer between the northern command of the Wehrmacht and Himmler's HQ. <mask>, who remained an active member of his local Protestant church in Hemsbach throughout his SS career despite the faith being officially discouraged, died in his hometown in 1952 before any legal proceedings could be brought against him. Ranks and promotions

References

1881 births
1952 deaths
People from Hemsbach
People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
Nazi Party politicians
German military personnel of World War I
Sturmabteilung personnel
SS-Brigadeführer
Sachsenhausen concentration camp personnel
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
Nazi concentration camp commandants
Lichtenburg concentration camp


title: Riddick Bowe

texts:
<mask> (born August 10, 1967) is an American former professional boxer who competed between 1989 and 2008. He reigned as the undisputed world heavyweight champion in 1992, and as an amateur he won a silver medal in the super heavyweight division at the 1988 Summer Olympics. After turning professional in 1989, Bowe went on to become a two-time world heavyweight champion. In 1992 he won the undisputed WBA, WBC and IBF titles by defeating then-unbeaten former undisputed heavyweight champion Evander Holyfield. That same year, Bowe was named Fighter of the Year by The Ring and the Boxing Writers' Association of America. Bowe vacated the WBC title later that year in protest, instead of defending the title against their number one contender, Lennox Lewis. This left the undisputed championship fragmented until 1999.In a rematch with Holyfield in 1993, <mask> narrowly lost the WBA and IBF titles in what would be his only professional defeat. He later regained a portion of the world heavyweight championship in 1995, defeating Herbie Hide for the WBO title. In doing so, Bowe became the first boxer in history to win the titles of all four major sanctioning bodies: the WBA, WBC, IBF, and WBO. Later that year, <mask> vacated the WBO title in order to fight Holyfield for a third time, and won decisively by being the first boxer to defeat Holyfield by knockout. 1996 saw <mask> engage in two brutal slugfests with Andrew Golota, both of which ended controversially when Golota repeatedly hit him with low blows. <mask> retired from boxing after the Golota fights, making low-key comebacks in 2004 and 2008. In a 2010 article by BoxingScene, Bowe was ranked the 21st greatest heavyweight of all time.In 2015, he was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame. Early years
Bowe was born on August 10, 1967, the twelfth of his mother <mask>'s thirteen children. Bowe was born and raised in the East New York section of Brooklyn, New York City. His

masks:
Riddick Lamont Bowe
Bowe
Bowe
Bowe
Bowe
Dorothy Bowe


title: Riddick Bowe

texts:
 Coetzer in the seventh round of a world title eliminator. Fights against Elijah Tillery
Bowe fought two interesting bouts against Elijah Tillery in 1991. Their first fight was in Washington D.C. at the Washington Convention Center was known as the 'crazy fight' for its bizarre conclusion. Bowe dominated the first round and dropped Tillery. After the round ended, Tillery walked toward Bowe and taunted him, and Bowe responded by punching Tillery. Tillery then threw several low kicks at <mask>, who then unleashed a flurry of punches on Tillery as he lay on the ropes.Bowe's trainer Rock Newman grabbed Tillery from behind on the ring apron and pulled him over the ropes as Bowe continued to throw punches. Tillery somersaulted over the ropes, and was quickly detained by security. After order was restored and the fighters returned to the ring, Tillery and Bowe continued a war of words, and minor incidents continued until the ring was cleared. Tillery was controversially disqualified for kicking Bowe, with Bowe getting the win, much to the surprise of the television announcers. The referee, Karl Milligan, had stepped between the two fighters to separate them and stepped forward as he did so, inadvertently missing the action behind him after the bell between the combatants. The fighters fought a rematch two months later at Convention Hall in Atlantic City, with <mask> dominating and stopping Tillery in four rounds. World heavyweight champion

In November 1992 he fought reigning champ Evander Holyfield for the undisputed heavyweight title.<mask> won a unanimous decision in an entertaining fight, flooring Holyfield in the 11th round. However, it was the tenth round most boxing fans will remember. The epic brutal back and forth exchanges helped make it Ring Magazine's "Round of the Year." Commentator Al Bernstein exclaimed, "That was one of the greatest rounds in heavyweight history. Period!" A couple of weeks earlier in London, <mask>'s

masks: Bowe Bowe Bowe Bowe


title: Riddick Bowe

texts: old Olympic rival, Lennox Lewis, knocked out Canadian Donovan "Razor" Ruddock in two rounds, establishing himself as the World Boxing Council's number one contender. The <mask>-Holyfield and Lewis-Ruddock fights were part of a mini-tournament, whereby all four fighters agreed the two winners would meet each other for the undisputed world heavyweight championship.Bowe's manager Rock Newman made a proposal: the $32 million purse HBO was offering should be split 90–10 in Bowe's favor, an 'absurd' offer which Lennox Lewis rejected. Lewis's manager, Kelley Maloney (known as Frank Maloney at the time), rejected another offer of two million for Lewis to fight on a Bowe undercard, citing his distrust of the Bowe camp after the aforementioned financial negotiations. Bowe responded by holding a press conference in which he dumped the WBC world heavyweight championship belt into a trash can and relinquished it in order to protest the actions of the WBC and WBC President José Sulaimán concerning the fight payoff. Bowe's first defense of his remaining titles came on February 6, 1993, when he fought 34-year-old former champion Michael Dokes at Madison Square Garden and knocked him out in the first round. In February 1993, Bowe met Pope John Paul II during the pope's general audience at the Vatican, a day after Bowe completed a goodwill mission to Somalia. In Bowe's next fight, May 22, 1993 at RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C., Bowe knocked out Jesse Ferguson in the second round to retain the title. This set up a rematch with Evander Holyfield.In the rematch with Holyfield, Bowe looked overweight. He had entered training camp at a 266 lbs and weighed in at 246 lbs, eleven pounds heavier than in the first fight with Holyfield. <mask> and Holyfield exchanged hard punches. Bowe ended up losing the belts to Holyfield by a majority decision. This fight was also known for a bizarre stunt in which parachutist James "Fan Man" Miller dropped into the

masks: Bowe Bowe


title: Riddick Bowe

texts:
 heavyweight title bout in Mannheim, Germany and won an eight-round unanimous decision over Gene Pukall. Legacy and reputation

<mask> <mask>'s boxing record stands at 43 wins and 1 loss, with 33 knockouts. In the autobiography of veteran former referee Mills Lane, Let's Get It On, who had officiated at some of Bowe's fights, he professed that Bowe could have been one of boxing's greatest boxers but foolishly squandered the opportunity through immaturity and lack of discipline. Bowe's fighting weight during his career ranged from . His prime fighting weight was .It was within this weight span that <mask> achieved all of his most notable victories. BoxRec ranks <mask> as the 32nd best heavyweight of all time. Noted for his in-fighting skills, jab and combination punching, <mask>'s first fight with Evander Holyfield is considered one of the greatest world heavyweight title fights of all time. Following this victory, he met Nelson Mandela during a visit to South Africa. <mask>'s trainer at the time, Eddie Futch, lamented that upon his return, Bowe failed to ever achieve the same physical condition for his subsequent fights. Yet, as late as 1995 and past his peak, Bowe was good enough to become the first man to stop Evander Holyfield, outclass former amateur standout and undefeated pro, Jorge Luis González, and bludgeon over-matched Herbie Hide to win the then lightly-regarded WBO version of the world heavyweight championship. In 2017, The Ring magazine ranked <mask> as the 19th best heavyweight of all time in a poll of a panel of 30 trainers, matchmakers and members of the boxing media.The consensus was that <mask>, described as both a "super talent" and a "super waste", only had one great fight, when winning the title from Holyfield, and ultimately disappointed in squandering his obvious natural ability due to laziness. <mask>'s reputation suffered because of the weak challengers he faced as champion (Michael Dokes and Jesse

masks: Riddick Bowe Bowe Bowe Bowe Bowe Bowe Bowe Bowe


title: Riddick Bowe

texts:
 Ferguson) before losing the title to Holyfield in their rematch. He is also widely criticized for relinquishing the WBC title rather than defending it against mandatory challenger Lennox Lewis, thus fracturing the undisputed championship until Lewis unified the titles in 1999. {cn}

<mask> is the first boxer in any division to hold all four major versions of the world championship (WBA, WBC, IBF, and WBO) during his career, an accomplishment emulated in the heavyweight division only by Tyson Fury. This achievement has also been followed in other weight classes: Bernard Hopkins (middleweight), Jermain Taylor (middleweight), Winky Wright (light middleweight), Joe Calzaghe (super middleweight), Floyd Mayweather Jr. (welterweight), Terence Crawford (light welterweight), Cecilia Brækhus (welterweight), Katie Taylor (lightweight), Oleksandr Usyk (cruiserweight), Claressa Shields (middleweight, light middleweight) and Josh Taylor (light welterweight). Only Hopkins, Taylor, Crawford, Brækhus, Shields, Usyk, and Taylor held all four titles simultaneously. <mask>'s sole loss, to Evander Holyfield in 1993, was avenged in 1995, meaning that he finished their trilogy 2-1 ahead.With the exception of a 1994 no-contest with Buster Mathis Jr., Bowe defeated every opponent he faced as a professional. Alongside Gene Tunney, Rocky Marciano, Sultan Ibragimov and Nikolai Valuev, Bowe is one of five former heavyweight champions to have never suffered a stoppage defeat during his career. Professional kickboxing career
In March 2013, Bowe announced his Muay Thai debut, having trained under Kru Airr Phanthip and Kru Chan in Las Vegas. He faced Levgen Golovin for the WPMF Super Heavyweight World Title in Pattaya, Thailand. On June 14, 2013, Bowe was knocked down five times from kicks to his leg. The championship match was called to a stop halfway through the second round. Life outside of boxing

Joining the Marine Corps
After the Golota fights, Bowe


title: Riddick Bowe

texts:
 retired from boxing and decided to join the United States Marine Corps Reserve.He said he made the decision both to make his mother proud and to rededicate himself to training, with the intention of returning to boxing shortly after. Bowe arrived at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island on February 10, 1997. On his first day of recruit training, Bowe discussed leaving the Corps with Marine commanders, and quit after three days of heavy physical training with his platoon in Parris Island, South Carolina on February 21, 1997. Humanitarian Activities
Shortly after winning his first title against Evander Holyfield, Bowe saw a news story on television that revealed a million dollars worth of medicines donated to the Somali refugees and orphans were not able to be transported to the war-torn region due to a lack of funds to pay for the charter aircraft needed. Bowe immediately had his representatives contact AmeriCares, the NGO leading the effort, and pledged the 100,000 dollars needed to fund the trip - on the condition he could go to the country with the goods, and make sure they got to their intended recipients. While in Somalia, he visited U.S. Marines and an orphanage on the Kenyan border. He was accompanied by several members of his management team, including manager Rock Newman and Head of International Sales Alexis Denny (CEO of an independent media distributor).Bowe also took action when he heard news of other tragedies. In 1995, when Alexis Denny was in Indonesia on other business, she read Asian news coverage of Rodolfo Yap, a young man in the Philippines who was electrocuted while positioning his antenna so his family could watch a <mask> <mask> fight. She relayed this news to Bowe, and explained to the media at the time 'The heavyweight champion was very moved by the story and having lost a brother and a sister earlier in life, decided to make a financial contribution to the family of Mr. Yap." Bowe authorized her to

masks: Riddick Bowe


title: Riddick Bowe

texts:
 fly to the Philippines and try to locate the man's family, make a contribution to their expenses, and also provide funds to support the Philippine boxing Team training for the Olympics (in the name of the deceased). Prison
Bowe was convicted of the February 1998 kidnapping of his estranged wife Judy, and their five children. Thinking it would reconcile his marriage, Bowe went to his wife's Cornelius, North Carolina home and threatened her with a knife, handcuffs, duct tape, and pepper spray.He forced her and their children into a vehicle and set out for his Fort Washington, Maryland home. During the kidnapping, Bowe stabbed his wife in the chest. Police captured Bowe in South Hill, Virginia, freeing his family. Bowe agreed to a plea bargain of guilty to "interstate domestic violence", and was sentenced to 18 to 24 months in prison. Despite the agreed sentence, on February 29, 2000, the judge sentenced Bowe to only 30 days, due to a claim of brain damage by Bowe's defense. This sentence, counter to the plea agreement, was later overturned. Bowe served 17 months in Federal prison.On February 8, 2001, Bowe was arrested in Long Island after a domestic dispute with his new wife. Bowe allegedly dragged his wife and left her with cuts on her knees and elbows. Attempted professional wrestling debut
In 2013, <mask> <mask> announced his intentions to start training to be a professional wrestler. He was to make his debut for the UK-based Preston City Wrestling organisation on March 1, 2014. On December 14, 2013, Preston City Wrestling announced on their Facebook Page that Bowe would no longer be appearing due to a disagreement with Bowe's new agent. In popular culture
In 1993, a video game entitled Riddick Bowe Boxing was released for various platforms. Also that year, Bowe appeared in an episode of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, entitled "You Bet Your Life", as a bully named "Bo".In 1997, Bowe appeared in the music video “Mo Money Mo


title: Satyendra Dubey

texts:
<mask> (1973–2003) was an Indian Engineering Service (IES) officer. He was the Project Director in the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) at Koderma. He was murdered in Gaya, Bihar allegedly for his anti-corruption related actions in the Golden Quadrilateral highway construction project. Early life
<mask>, the son of <mask> and Phulamati Devi, was born in a brahmin family at the village of Shahpur, near Pratappur Sugar Factory in the Siwan district of Bihar, India. The family of seven children, five girls and two boys, subsisted on a small piece of land, and Bageshwari also held a low-paying clerical position in a nearby sugar mill. Until the age of 15, he studied at the Ganga Box Kanodiya High School in Shahpur and then joined junior college at Allahabad, about three hundred kilometres away. <mask> was the topper of the state in 10th and 12th board exams.He gained admission to the Civil Engineering Department of IIT Kanpur in 1990 and graduated in 1994. He would subsequently complete his M. Tech (Civil Engg.) from the Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (now Indian Institute of Technology, BHU) in 1996. Professional life
After his masters, <mask> joined the Indian Engineering Service (IES) and in July 2002, went on deputation to the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI). <mask> became the Project Director at Koderma, Jharkhand, responsible for managing a part of the Aurangabad-Barachatti section of National Highway 2 (The Grand Trunk Road). This highway was part of the Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) Corridor Project, the Prime Minister's initiative, which aimed to connect many of the country's major cities by four-lane limited-access highways totalling 14,000 km, at an overall cost more than US$10 billion. During this period, <mask> got the contractor of the project to suspend three of his engineers after exposing serious financial irregularities.At one point, he had the

masks:
Satyendra Dubey
Satyendra Dubey
Bageshwari Dubey
Satyendra
Satyendra
Dubey
Dubey


title: Satyendra Dubey

texts:
 contractor rebuild six kilometres of under-quality road, a huge loss for the road contract mafia. Murder and aftermath
On 27 November 2003, his 30th birthday, <mask> was returning from a wedding in Varanasi, and called his driver to meet him at the station. He reached Gaya railway station at three in the morning, and found that the car was not able to come because of a battery malfunction. It appears that at this point <mask> decided to take a rickshaw home. When he didn’t reach home, his driver went to look for him and found him dead by the side of the road in the suburb of A.P. Colony. He had been shot.The news ignited tremendous public hue and cry. The matter was raised in Parliament, and the Prime Minister shifted the onus of investigation from the Bihar Police (who might themselves be implicated) to the CBI. The CBI registered a case against unknown persons under 120-B (criminal conspiracy) and 302 (murder) of Indian Penal Code and various provision under the Arms Act on 14 December 2003. The investigation
In early investigations, the CBI interrogated the rickshaw puller Pradeep Kumar who was caught using <mask>'s stolen cell phone. The mobile phone had been switched off for about a fortnight after the murder, but then Kumar called his 'second wife' in Kolkata, following which the CBI traced the rickshaw puller to his slum in Gaya. Although Kumar had a criminal history in similar cases of robbery, it appears he was released after interrogation, and could not be traced a month later. Two other suspects, Sheonath Sah and Mukendra Paswan, were questioned by the CBI.They were found dead from poisoning on 1 February 2004, within 25 hours of the CBI questioning. Sah's father lodged an FIR against the CBI with the Bihar Police, but CBI Director Uma Shanker Mishra called their deaths a suicide in a press meeting a few days later. The CBI later arrested four persons, Uday Mallah, Mantu Kumar, Tutu Kumar

masks: Dubey Dubey Dubey


title: Satyendra Dubey

texts:
 and Babloo, all belonging to Katari village of Gaya on 6 June 2004. On 13 June, the CBI arrested another accused Sarvan Paswan. In conclusion of its investigations, CBI arraigned four persons on 3 September 2004. Based on testimony by Pradeep Kumar, who was his rickshaw puller, the event was presented as an attempted robbery. Because <mask> put up a fight about giving up his briefcase, he was shot.The person accused of actually shooting <mask> with a country-made pistol was Mantu Kumar, son of Lachhu Singh, of Village Katari, Gaya district. Accomplices with him included Uday Kumar, Pinku Ravidas and Shravan Kumar. Mantu Kumar was arrested from near his home in Panchayatee khada in Gaya. He had apparently been living in Gaya town and working as a rickshawpuller. On 19 September 2005, while the case was being heard in Patna, Bihar in the court of Addl. Session Judge, J M Sharma, Mantu Kumar escaped from the court premises, leading to widespread allegations of police complicity. While Mantu was being held at the high security Beur Jail, the invigilation can be lax during such court appearances, and it is a common tactic of the mafia to organise a few policemen to make it possible for the criminal to escape.It was felt that the escape was engineered by higher-ups who may have executed the murder through Mantu Kumar. The CBI announced a cash reward of Rs. 100,000 for apprehending Mantu. CBI Report and Conviction of accused
It is possible that <mask> may have been the victim of a simple robbery during which Mantu Kumar shot him, as alleged in the case filed by CBI. However, given the death and disappearance of several witnesses and the startling escape of the prime accused, there is widespread speculation that vested interests may have engaged the criminals who actually pulled the trigger. As for the GQ project, the Supreme Court is currently overlooking investigations into the corruption charges initially

masks: Satyendra Dubey Dubey


title: Satyendra Dubey

texts:
 raised by the <mask> letter. Several officials have been indicted and a technical team is overseeing the actual construction.Also, as of September 2005, news reports indicated that the law ministry was about to introduce legislation to protect whistleblowers. Meanwhile, on 10 February 2006, a 600-meter stretch of the GQ highway connecting Kolkata to Chennai subsided into the ground, opening up ten meter gorge near Bally, West Bengal. This stretch had been executed as a joint venture between two Malaysian firms RBM and Pati, who had been awarded the contract after global tendering. More than six years after the murder, on 22 March 2010, a Patna Court convicted three accused Mantu Kumar, Udai Kumar and Pinku Ravidas for murdering <mask>. The court convicted accused Mantu Kumar under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) Sections 302 (Murder) and 394 (Voluntarily causing hurt in committing robbery), and section 27 (A) of the Arms Act for possessing an unlicensed weapon. The other two accused were convicted under Section 302/34 (Murder committed in furtherance of common intention) and 394 IPC. Legacy

Awards and Fellowships dedicated to <mask> <mask>
<mask>'s murder drew several protests in India and abroad, especially by the media.Student and Alumni bodies of IITs took the lead in raising this issue. S. K. Dubey Foundation for Fight Against Corruption was founded in the US by Ashutosh Aman (IIT Kanpur, Satyendra's batchmate) and Atal Bansal (IIT Kanpur) to systematically fight against corruption. IIT Kanpur instituted an annual award in his name, <mask> <mask> Memorial Award, to be given to an IIT alumnus for displaying highest professional integrity in upholding human values. The Indian Express also announced a fellowship in the name of <mask>. Institute for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences (IRDS), a Non-governmental organisation from Lucknow has been awarding the <mask> <mask> award for civil

masks:
Dubey
Dubey
Satyendra
Dubey
Dubey
Satyendra
K Dubey
Dubey
Satyendra
Dubey


title: Satyendra Dubey

texts:
 services in reverence to his contributions to the cause of fighting corruption. Awards given to <mask> <mask>
Whistleblower of the year award from the London-based Index on Censorship,
The Transparency International's  Annual integrity award. The Service Excellence award from the All India Management Association.He was nominated for the Padma awards in 2011. In Popular Media
On 26 November 2007 NDTV aired a documentary by Minnie Vaid on <mask> <mask>, produced by Ashutosh Aman on behalf of the S K Dubey Foundation. Famous Indian musician Rabbi Shergill has dedicated one stanza in his song titled 'Bilqis (Jinhe Naaz Hai)' from album Avengi Ja Nahin to <mask> <mask>. This song is a dedication to all those who died in vain or while supporting some cause (anti-corruption). Indian crime television series, Crime Patrol, dedicated their hundredth episode to <mask> <mask> on 7 April 2012. His story was highlighted in the final episode of Satyamev Jayate. Also his story was shown in Savdhaan India of Life OK channel.See also
 Shanmughan Manjunath: An IIM Lucknow graduate and Indian Oil Corporation employee, Manjunath was murdered by the oil mafia in 2005 when he tried to check petrol adulteration in Lakhimpur Kheri, Uttar Pradesh. Narendra Kumar was an IPS officer murdered by alleged members of mining mafia in Rajasthan

References

External links

 "Speak Up Gun Down" coverage of <mask> <mask> Indian Express
 Rediff.com's "Truth Silenced" pages on <mask> <mask>
 Biography of <mask> Kumar Dubey
 CBI notice of reward for Mantu Kumar
 Remembering <mask> <mask>
 Crime Patrol Dastak: Civil engineer <mask> <mask> murder case

1973 births
2003 deaths
People from Gaya, India
Deaths by firearm in India
People murdered in Bihar
Assassinated Indian people
IIT Kanpur alumni
Corruption in Bihar
Indian whistleblowers
People from Siwan district
2000s murders in India
2003 crimes in India
2003 murders in Asia
Corruption

masks: Satyendra Dubey Satyendra Dubey Satyendra Dubey Satyendra Dubey Satyendra Dubey Satyendra Dubey Satyendra Satyendra Dubey Satyendra Dubey


title: William R. Boggs

texts:
<mask> (March 18, 1829 – September 11, 1911) was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He was noted as a civil engineer who constructed the military fortifications that protected some of the Confederacy's most important seaports. Early life and career
<mask>, son of Archibald & Mary Ann (<mask><mask>, was born in Augusta, Georgia. Comparatively little is known of his early youth, but it is known he studied at the Augusta Academy. Two of his brothers would also serve in the Confederate Army. They spent their summers at the Sand Hills near what is now Summerville, South Carolina, a popular tourist resort. At the age of twenty in July 1849, he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point as a cadet from Georgia.He graduated four years later among the first five in his class. Among <mask>' classmates were James B. McPherson, Philip H. Sheridan, and John M. Schofield, later Union generals, and John Bell Hood of the Confederate service. On graduation he was brevetted as a second lieutenant and assigned to the Topographical Bureau. He spent some time in the office of the Pacific Railroad Surveys. In 1854 he was transferred to the Ordnance Corps and was made assistant at the Watervliet Arsenal in Troy, New York. In December of the same year he became second lieutenant and in 1856 he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant. While at Watervliet Arsenal, on December 19, 1855, he married Mary Sophia, daughter of Col. John Symington, the commandant.To them were born five children–<mask>., Jr., a mining engineer who was murdered in Mexico in 1907; Elizabeth McCaw,

masks:
William Robertson Boggs
Boggs
Robertson
) Boggs
Boggs
William R


title: William R. Boggs

texts:
 John Symington, Edith Allston, and Henry Patterson <mask>. (For some unknown reason a sixth child, <mask> (1860–1881) was omitted from the biographical data published for General <mask>.) In 1857 <mask> was transferred to the Louisiana Arsenal at Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In 1859 he became inspector of ordnance at Point Isobel, Texas. On December 14, 1859, he took part in an engagement with Cortina's Mexican marauders near Fort Brown, for which he was given honorable mention by General Winfield Scott. Soon after, he was transferred to the Alleghany Arsenal at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to which his father-in-law Colonel Symington had also been assigned. Civil War service
<mask> resigned from the U.S. Army the very day that the Georgia Convention adopted its ordinance of secession.However, his father-in-law stayed in the Federal service. Early in the war, <mask> was appointed by Governor Joseph E. Brown as the purchasing agent to procure arms, ammunition, and supplies for Georgia's state troops. Later, in the Provisional Confederate Army, <mask>' duties were again as an engineer and ordnance officer, given primarily to staff duty for such officers as Braxton Bragg. He was never given the command of troops in combat, although he commanded all engineers and artillery in Pensacola, Florida. His major accomplishments were to perfect and complete fortifications and supply depots in 1861 (including the defenses of Charleston, South Carolina, and Pensacola); to engineer Kirby Smith's invasion of Kentucky in 1862; and to assist Smith's military administration west of the Mississippi River from 1863 to 1865. In

masks:
Boggs
Archibald Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs


title: William R. Boggs

texts:
 1862, he was appointed colonel, Chief Engineer of the State of Georgia. In recognition of his efforts in constructing the fortifications that defended Savannah, Georgia, one of the earthworks was named Fort Boggs.During the Kentucky campaign, Colonel <mask>, by then back in the Confederate national service, won the confidence of his superiors. On General Kirby Smith's recommendation, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general and became chief of staff under him in the Trans-Mississippi Department in the spring of 1863. Late in the war, <mask> resigned after a quarrel with Smith. For a short time thereafter, he commanded the District of Louisiana, but was soon superseded by Brig. Gen. Harry T. Hays and he subsequently awaited orders at Shreveport, Louisiana. Early in 1865 he enlisted in an expedition to enter military service in Mexico. Finding that the purpose of its leaders was to fight for Maximilian, rather than Juarez, he withdrew his name and returned to the Confederate army.With the collapse of the Confederate armies in the East, Kirby Smith moved his headquarters to Houston, Texas. The surrender of his army was made by Smith's subordinates, in which General <mask> participated, the parole of <mask> being dated June 9, 1865. Postbellum career

After the war, <mask> engaged in the profession of engineering, participating to a great extent in railroad construction in the West. In 1875, he was appointed Professor of Mechanics in the Virginia Polytechnic Institute at Blacksburg, a position he held until a reorganization of the faculty in 1881. One of his colleagues wrote, "He was highly valued

masks: Boggs Boggs Boggs Boggs Boggs


title: William R. Boggs

texts:
 by his associates as a man of force and culture; was esteemed by the student body as an attractive and honest teacher; by the people of the community as an upright, genial, agreeable gentleman. Politics was alone responsible for his removal." The later years of his life were spent in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, where he died at the age of eighty-two.He was buried in Salem Cemetery. One of his nephews, Major Archibald Butt, perished in the sinking of the RMS Titanic. See also
List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

Notes

References
 <mask>, <mask>., Military Reminiscences of Gen. Wm. R<mask>, C.S.A. Durham, North Carolina: The Seeman Printery, 1913. Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Sifakis, Stewart.Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. . External links
Military Reminiscences of Gen. Wm. R<mask>, C.S.A. Durham, N.C.: The Seeman Printery, 1913.Letter from Brig. Gen. W. R<mask> to Maj. Gen. <mask>, from the Edmund Kirby-Smith Papers, Southern Historical Collection, The Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
The <mask> Robertson Boggs Family Papers

Confederate States Army brigadier generals
People from Augusta, Georgia
People of Georgia (U.S. state) in the American Civil War
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army officers
Virginia Tech faculty
1829 births
1911 deaths
People from Summerville, South Carolina
Burials at Salem

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Boggs
William R
. Boggs
. Boggs
. Boggs
Richard Taylor
William


title: George Darwin

texts:
<mask>,  (9 July 1845 – 7 December 1912) was an English barrister and astronomer, the second son and fifth child of <mask> and <mask>. Biography

<mask><mask> was born at Down House, Kent, the fifth child of biologist <mask> and <mask>. From the age of 11 he studied under Charles Pritchard at Clapham Grammar School, and entered St John's College, Cambridge, in 1863, though he soon moved to Trinity College, where his tutor was Edward John Routh. He graduated as second wrangler in 1868, when he was also placed second for the Smith's Prize and was appointed to a college fellowship. He earned his M.A. in 1871. He was admitted to the bar in 1872, but returned to science.<mask> conducted studies into the prevalence and health outcomes of contemporary first-cousin marriages in Great Britain. His father Charles had become concerned after the death of three of his children, including his favorite daughter, Annie, from tuberculosis in 1851, that his and Emma's union may have been a mistake from a biological perspective. He was reassured by <mask>'s results. Darwinian mechanics

Although <mask> was the son of the famous biologist, <mask>, rather than moving predominantly into the field of biology like his father, <mask> instead kept his focus on geology. Subsequently, his efforts within geology caused him to stumble onto many seemingly radical ideas, some of which were related to the notion that preserved within the physical structure of the planet was the mechanical energy (or the collective inertial motion), which may have allowed an ancient rapidly spinning Earth to somehow expel a piece

masks:
Sir George Howard Darwin
Charles Darwin
Emma Darwin
George H
. Darwin
Charles Darwin
Emma Darwin
George Darwin
George
George Darwin
Charles Darwin
George


title: George Darwin

texts: of its mass, and it was this expelled mass which later congealed to create the natural satellite that was now in orbit around the Earth. So, before the Apollo mission and the rise to prominence of the relativistic notion that the origin of the Moon was due in part to collisions within a very active protoplanetary disk, there was a radically different depiction of lunar and planetary evolution, which was proposed by <mask>, in 1879, called the Fission Theory. In 1879, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and won their Royal Medal in 1884 and their Copley Medal in 1911.He delivered their Bakerian Lecture in 1891 on the subject of "tidal prediction". In 1883 <mask> became Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy at the University of Cambridge. He studied tidal forces involving the Sun, Moon, and Earth, and formulated the fission theory of Moon formation. <mask> was a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) and won the Gold Medal of the RAS in 1892. From 1899–1901 he served as President of the RAS. The RAS founded a prize lectureship in 1984 and named it the <mask> Lectureship in <mask>'s honour. He was an invited speaker in the International Congress of Mathematicians 1908, Rome on the topic of "Mechanics, Physical Mathematics, Astronomy."As President of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, he also gave the Introductory Address to the Congress in 1912 on the character of pure and applied mathematics. He received the degree of Doctor mathematicae (honoris causa) from the Royal Frederick University on 6 September 1902, when they celebrated the

masks:
George Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
George Darwin
Darwin


title: George Darwin

texts:
 centennial of the birth of mathematician Niels Henrik Abel. Darwin crater on Mars is named after him. Family

<mask> married Martha (Maud) du Puy, the daughter of Charles du Puy of Philadelphia, in 1884; his wife was a member of the Ladies Dining Society in Cambridge, with 11 other members. She died on 6 February 1947. They had three sons and two daughters:

 Gwen Raverat (1885–1957), artist. Sir Charles Galton <mask> (1887–1962), physicist and applied mathematician.Margaret Elizabeth <mask> (1890–1974), married Sir Geoffrey Keynes. William Robert <mask> (1894–1970)
 <mask> (1899–1899)

<mask> and <mask> bought Newnham Grange, Cambridge in 1885. The <mask>s extensively remodelled the house. Since 1962 the Grange has been part of Darwin College, Cambridge. He is buried in Trumpington Extension Cemetery in Cambridge with his son Leonard and his daughter Gwen (Raverat), his wife Lady <mask> was cremated at Cambridge Crematorium; his brothers Sir <mask> and Sir <mask> and their respective wives are interred in the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground. Works

 The tides and kindred phenomena in the solar system (Boston, Houghton, 1899)
 Problems connected with the tides of a viscous spheroid (London, Harrison and Sons, 1879–1882)
 Scientific papers (Volume 1): Oceanic tides and lunar disturbances of gravity (Cambridge : University Press, 1907)
 Scientific papers (Volume 2): Tidal friction and cosmogony. (Cambridge : University Press, 1908)
 Scientific papers (Volume 3): Figures of equilibrium of rotating liquid and geophysical investigations.(Cambridge : University Press, 1908)

masks:
Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
Leonard Darwin
George
Maud Darwin
Darwin
Maud Darwin
Francis Darwin
Horace Darwin


title: George Darwin

texts:
 Scientific papers (Volume 4): Periodic orbits and miscellaneous papers. (Cambridge : University Press, 1911)
 Scientific papers (Volume 5) Supplementary volume, containing biographical memoirs by Sir <mask> and Professor E. W. Brown, lectures on Hill's lunar theory, etc... (Cambridge : University Press, 1916)
 The Scientific Papers of Sir <mask>. 1907. Cambridge University Press (rep. by Cambridge University Press, 2009; )

Articles
 "On Beneficial Restrictions to Liberty of Marriage," The Contemporary Review, Vol. XXII, June/November 1873. "Commodities Versus Labour," The Contemporary Review, Vol. XXII, June/November 1873."The Birth of a Satellite" Harper's Monthly Magazine, December 1903, pages 124 to 130. References

External links

"The Genesis of Double Stars"  – by <mask>, from A.C. Seward's Darwin and Modern Science  (1909). details of correspondence
Trinity College Chapel memorial

1845 births
1912 deaths
19th-century British astronomers
19th-century English mathematicians
<mask> family
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
Royal Medal winners
Second Wranglers
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
Presidents of the British Science Association
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Presidents of the Royal Astronomical Society
English eugenicists
Victoria Medal recipients
20th-century

masks:
Francis Darwin
George Darwin
George Darwin
Darwin Wegwood


title: James Nelson Barker

texts:
<mask> (June 17, 1784 – March 9, 1858) was an American soldier, playwright and politician. He rose to the rank of major in the Army during the War of 1812, wrote ten plays, and was mayor of Philadelphia. Early life
<mask> was born on June 17, 1784, in Philadelphia. He was the fourth son of <mask>, and <mask>, who were married on July 13, 1769. His education was limited, for though he attended local schools, he spent more time reading books than studying. However, <mask>'s father ensured that his son was educated in gentlemanly etiquette and the ability to defend himself with a sword or pistol. <mask> began writing in 1804.The Spanish Rover was a three-act play based on Cervantes. However, only one act was completed, and eventually burned. His studies were also challenged by travel. He joined an expedition to the West Indies in 1806, much to his parents' unease. His first produced play, Tears and Smiles (1807), was a social comedy. It premiered on March 4, 1807, at The Chestnut Street Theater in Philadelphia. His next play, The Embargo; or, What News?(1808), was a drama about the Embargo Acts of December 22, 1807, and February 19, 1808, which forbade vessels to engage in foreign trade. <mask> was a lifelong Democrat, and his father John was a mayor of the city from 1808 to 1809. In September 1808, <mask> joined "The Democratic Young Men", a Philadelphia political organization. His involvement in the organization led to his naming as a member of vigilance to supervise the voting at the election, which led to the Democratic control of councils. This control then led to his father's second term as mayor of the city from 1812 to 1813. In

masks:
James Nelson Barker
Barker
John Barker
Mary Nelson
Barker
Barker
Barker
Barker


title: James Nelson Barker

texts:
 1809, 25-year-old <mask> was sent by his father to Washington to gain political experience and to prepare for a political career. This visit served both to train him in politics and to give him political contacts, as he was invited to meet with <mask>.In 1811, <mask> married Mary Rogers. His daughter, Rachel Jackson <mask>, was named after Andrew Jackson's wife Rachel Jackson. Literary influence
<mask>'s plays show awareness of the problems with the government's attitude that it was the center of the new America's society. He sought to demonstrate that the American experience could be used to shape national identity. He considered himself to be an American playwright who was committed to exploring native subjects and themes. His work reflected the conflict for American authors in finding their own native voice. He believed that American artistic tastes should be independent of those of Europe, and condemned Americans' feelings of inferiority.He took the position that American art was to be both democratic and useful. Two of <mask>'s most popular plays were The Indian Princess and Marmion. Superstition is considered one of <mask>'s best plays. The Indian Princess

The Indian Princess; or, La Belle Sauvage (1808), is a melodrama about the Pocahontas story. Though originally written as a play, <mask> decided to turn it into an operatic melodrama, collaborating  with the English John Bray, who wrote the music. It is the first play that survives in its entirety with Native American characters, (Ponteach from 1766, for example, was a play about Native Americans that was never produced). It was also the first original American play to be

masks:
Barker
James Madison
Barker
Mary Barker
Barker
Barker
Barker
Barker


title: James Nelson Barker

texts: produced in London after being premiered in America.However, according to the American music scholar H. Wiley Hitchcock, the London production was "a bowdlerized version" of the original. In a letter of June 10, 1832, to William Dunlap, <mask> said that the London production at Drury Lane "differs essentially from mine in the plan and arrangement". It was premiered at The Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia. It is based on Captain John Smith's Generall Historie of Virginia (1624), though he used Smith's text freely. Its New York premiere was at the Park Theatre on June 14, 1809. It satisfied intrigue for both American and English audiences regarding the figure of the Native American. Even though romantic conquest takes precedence over colonial conquest, it is evident that the connection between the two is strong.The Indian Princess gained popularity due to a search for a national identity, as American history was becoming more popular. As Susan Scheckel wrote, "In bringing Pocahontas to the popular stage, <mask> <mask> enlisted the conventions of melodrama to produce a romanticized version of American history that resolved conflicts implicit in past acts of conquest and revolution and defined national identity in terms that reinforced a sense of moral and cultural integrity." Though historical accuracy is overshadowed by romantic melodrama, <mask> was aware that that was what his audience wanted, as they were accustomed to romantic melodramas from England. As Jeffrey H. Richards noted, "In <mask>, the Native Americans are identified specifically with a history of the North American mainland and a people that spectators in 1808

masks:
Barker
James Nelson
Barker
Barker
Barker


title: James Nelson Barker

texts:
 would easily identify as Indian." A common practice of the time was to add music to performances, whether in song or not. Because of the music, audiences flocked to it. Marmion
Marmion; or, The Battle of Flodden Field (1812), was premiered in New York at the Park Theatre on April 13, 1812.It is a blank-verse dramatization of Sir Walter Scott's poem Marmion. It was premiered in New York because there was already a production in Philadelphia with the same name at the Olympic Theatre. Marmion had its Philadelphia premiere on January 1, 1813. Though it is set in sixteenth century England and Scotland, it addressed nineteenth century America and its relationship with England regarding a heated debate with Congress about the imprisonment of American seamen. It was initially purposefully attributed to the English dramatist Thomas Morton, out of fear of disregard for a play by an American. It was believed that when the true playwright was revealed, ticket sales would drop. However, according to the diary of William Wood, who requested that <mask> write the play, the ticket sales were as follows:
Jan. 1, 1813, $1414.75Jan.2, $357.25Jan. 11, $578Jan. 18, $845Feb. 5, 332Feb. 15, $466. According to Wood, the truth was revealed after the sixth or seventh performance. Ticket sales remained constant, and Marmion was one of the longest running dramas of <mask>'s career.By the time Marmion premiered in Philadelphia, <mask> had gone to the Canada–US border as captain of the Second Artillery Regiment. Superstition; or, The Fanatic Father
Superstition, or, The Fanatic Father (1824) was first staged on the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia on

masks: Barker Barker Barker


title: James Nelson Barker

texts:
 March 12, 1824. Superstition is a melodrama written during the Romanticism movement that took form in America in the early 1800s. According to Allan Gates Halline in his introduction to Superstition in American Plays, "The appeal to reason and knowledge suggest that <mask> was reflecting the rationalistic thought current shortly before and partly during the period in which he was writing." The setting of Superstition takes place in the Puritan's Massachusetts Bay Colony in the early 17th-century. The play's protagonist, Charles Fitzroy, and his mother, Isabella, are unfairly condemned by the town's Puritan leader, Reverend Ravensworth. After the New England town defends itself from a Native American raid, Charles and Isabella are put on trial and are executed for supposed witchcraft.Superstition addresses the hypocritical practices of the Puritans as well as glorifying American exceptionalism. While this melodrama does follow many of the common tropes and character archetypes for which 19th-century melodrama was known, <mask> subverts many of these expectations by including a tragic ending where the protagonist dies and the antagonist goes unpunished. According to John Gassner's introduction to Superstition in Best American Plays, "It [Superstition] was also the culmination of Baker's most distinguishing characteristics, as a playwright--namely, his concern with American subjects and problems." 1812-1819
<mask> served as a soldier in the War of 1812. He was appointed captain in the Second Regiment of Pennsylvania Artillery on May 26, 1812, by William Eustis, Secretary of War. In 1814, he was severely wounded in a duel. He was shot


title: James Nelson Barker

texts:
 in both legs by Major Wade Hampton, father of the Confederate general, and he was incapacitated from active service for several years.He was appointed major when he was made assistant adjutant general of the 4th Military District by President Madison on April 8, 1814. He was honorably discharged in June 1815. After discharge, he returned to Philadelphia, where he continued working in politics, as well as writing and supporting theater. Between 1815 and 1817, he wrote reviews for the Chestnut Street Theatre and he was a trustee of the Theatrical Fund for Indigent Actors. <mask> wrote his next drama, The Armourer's Escape; or, Three Years at Nootka Sound, in 1817. It was based on the real-life adventures of John Jewitt, who played himself at the premiere. Though the playbill has survived, the two-act melodrama has not.It was premiered on March 21, 1817. His next piece, An oration delivered at Philadelphia Vauxhall Gardens, on the forty-first anniversary of American independence, was published in 1817, printed by John Binns (Philadelphia). In spring 1817, <mask> took his father's seat on the Philadelphia board of Aldermen. In 1819, <mask> was elected Mayor of Philadelphia. As mayor, he was known for being fair, speaking out against slavery, raising funds for local charities and sending aid to Savannah after the city was hurt by a devastating fire. Later life
After his term as mayor had ended, he continued to write. Superstition; or, The Fanatic Father (1824), is a tragedy, produced at the Chestnut Street Theatre in 1824 with Mary Ann Duff as Mary.According to historian Arthur Hobson Quinn, the plot revolves around "Puritan refugee


title: James Nelson Barker

texts:
 Goff, issuing from his solitude to lead the villagers to victory against the Indians. With this theme he interwove that of the intolerance of the New England Puritans and their persecution for witchcraft." His play, How to Try a Lover, was written in 1817, but was not produced until 1836 as The Court of Love. It was premiered in Philadelphia on March 26, 1836, at the Arch Street Theatre. It is a dramatic adaptation of the French picaresque novel, La folie espagnole, by Pigault-Lebrun (1753–1835). <mask> wrote, "It was the only drama I have written with which I was satisfied." However, <mask> felt he could better serve society as a politician than a dramatist.He was unable to combine his political and literary roles, which led to him seeing himself as primarily a politician and an author second. He turned his focus from writing plays to writing political tracts, commemorative poems and local history between 1818 and 1858. His non-fiction works include A Sketch of Primitive Settlements on Delaware River (1827) and contributions to the columns of many democratic journals during the Bank War and Panic, from 1832 to 1836 which were highly valued. In addition to writing, from 1829 to 1838, <mask> was the collector of the port of Philadelphia, and from 1841 to 1858, he was the assistant comptroller of the U.S. Treasury. He was involved in the presidential campaigns for both Jackson and Van Buren during the 1820s and 1830s. He died in 1858 of pneumonia in Washington, D.C.

Legacy
<mask>'s literary work advocated native dramas and emphasized a growing desire among American writers to claim the nation's early history. His plays are set in

masks: Barker Barker Barker Barker


title: James Nelson Barker

texts:
 America, which was unusual for that period, and he is considered to be among the first generation of American playwrights.He knew that his plays could shape national identity by creating an independent American consciousness. Quoted in the Philadelphia Democratic Press, <mask> believed that theatre had a higher goal, "to keep alive the spirit of freedom; and to unite conflicting parties in a common love of liberty and devotedness to country". References

External links
 Chorus of Adventurers from "The Indian Princess" Without a Penny of Money from "The Indian Princess" Larry the Irishman from "The Indian Princess"

1784 births
1858 deaths
American dramatists and playwrights
Mayors of Philadelphia
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of the War of 1812
American duellists
19th-century American


title: Marion Ross

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; October 25, 1928) is an American retired actress. Her best-known role is that of <mask> on the ABC television sitcom Happy Days, on which she starred from 1974 to 1984 and received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations. Before her success on Happy Days, <mask> appeared in a variety of film roles, appearing in The Glenn Miller Story (1954), Sabrina (1954), Lust for Life (1956), Teacher's Pet (1958), Some Came Running (1958), Operation Petticoat (1959), and Honky (1971), as well as several minor television roles, one of which was on television's The Lone Ranger (1954). <mask> also starred in The Evening Star (1996), for which she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress. Since the 1990s, <mask> has been known for voice-over work on animated television series, including King of the Hill and SpongeBob SquarePants, among others and recurring roles on The Drew Carey Show, Gilmore Girls, and Brothers & Sisters and guest appearances. Early life
<mask> was born in Watertown, Carver County, Minnesota, the daughter of Gordon and Ellen (née Hamilton) <mask>, natives of Saskatchewan, Canada. She lived in Waconia, then moved to Willmar, and eventually to Albert Lea, Minnesota.At the age of 13, she changed the spelling of her name from "Marian" to "<mask>" because she thought it would look better on a marquee. After completing her sophomore year in high school, she moved to Minneapolis, studying drama at the MacPhail Center for Music and attending Southwest High School. A year later, her family moved to San Diego, California. She graduated from Point Loma High School in San Diego. <mask> received her undergraduate degree from San Diego State University. Career

Early film and television roles: 1953–73
<mask> made her 1953 film debut in Forever Female, starring Ginger Rogers and William Holden. She found steady work in

masks:
Marion Ross
Marian Eileen Ross
Marion Cunningham
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Marion
Ross
Ross


title: Marion Ross

texts:
 film, appearing in The Glenn Miller Story (1954), Sabrina (1954), Lust for Life (1956), Lizzie (1957), Teacher's Pet (1958), Some Came Running (1958), and Operation Petticoat (1959).She also appeared in Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970), Honky (1971), and Grand Theft Auto (1977). <mask>' career on television also began in 1953, when she played the Irish maid on the series Life with Father for two years. In 1954, she appeared as Ginny Thorpe on The Lone Ranger, and in 1958, she appeared on NBC's Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer as Mary Williams. In 1959, she appeared as a teacher Miss McGinnis on ABC's The Donna Reed Show. <mask> also appeared on The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, The Millionaire (1956 episode), Steve Canyon, Perry Mason (The Case of the Romantic Rogue), Buckskin, The Barbara Stanwyck Show, Father Knows Best, The Outer Limits (The Special One), Thriller (U.S. TV series) (The Prisoner in the Mirror), The Brothers Brannagan (two episodes as Diane Warren), The Eleventh Hour, Mannix, Route 66, Mr. Novak, Death Valley Days, Hawaii Five-O, The Brady Bunch, The Fugitive, and Night Court. In the 1961–62 television season, she played Gertrude Berg's daughter on the CBS sitcom Mrs. G. Goes to College as well as starred as a mail order bride on Rawhide. <mask> had an uncredited and non-speaking role as one of the hapless passengers on board Trans Global Flight #2 in Airport (1970).That year, <mask> played a computer scientist opposite Eric Braeden in the sci-fi thriller Colossus: The Forbin Project. Happy Days success and roles thereafter: 1974–95

<mask>' best known role is on the sitcom Happy Days, which aired for 11 seasons on ABC, from 1974 to 1984. She portrayed matriarch <mask>, mother of Richie, Joanie, and (briefly) Chuck. She received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for her work on the show in 1979 and 1984. <mask> later reprised

masks:
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Marion Cunningham
Ross


title: Marion Ross

texts:
 <mask> on the spin-off series Joanie Loves Chachi and on Family Guy. Between 1978 and 1986, she appeared as different characters on The Love Boat. In the 1986–87 television season, <mask> became a series regular, playing Emily Haywood.She later starred in the short-lived, critically acclaimed comedy-drama Brooklyn Bridge, which ran on CBS from 1991 to 1993. The series won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award following its first season. <mask> also appeared on the game show Password Plus in 1979. Recent roles: 1996–2018

In 1996, she starred as housekeeper Rosie Dunlop opposite Shirley MacLaine in The Evening Star, a sequel to Terms of Endearment. Despite panning the film, New York Times critic Janet Maslin enthused that, "<mask> does a warm, sturdy job as the devoted housekeeper who has been kept too long under Aurora's wing." She went on to be nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance. <mask> had a recurring role on Touched by an Angel as a homeless woman and was in the final two episodes which closed the series.Additionally, she played a secretly ill mother  in "The Cat", an episode of Early Edition that first aired in April 1997. She had recurring roles as Drew Carey's mother on The Drew Carey Show (during one episode of which she was referred to as her Happy Days character Mrs. Cunningham, a deliberate error for a contest the show was running); as mean grandmother Bernice Forman on That '70s Show; and as Lorelai "Trix" Gilmore and Marilyn Gilmore on Gilmore Girls. She also frequently appeared on Hollywood Squares. During the 1990s, <mask> became active in voice-over work. She played Ms. Wakefield on the Fox animated series King of the Hill, Grandma SquarePants on Nickelodeon's SpongeBob SquarePants, Crane's mother on Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness and Mrs. Lopart on

masks:
Marion Cunningham
Ross
Ross
Marion Ross
Ross
Ross


title: Marion Ross

texts:
 Handy Manny. She also guest-starred on The Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries, The Wild Thornberrys, and Generator Rex. In 2007, <mask> appeared in Music Within.In 2007 and 2010, she played Ida Holden on ABC's Brothers & Sisters. In June 2008, the Albert Lea Civic Theater in Albert Lea, Minnesota changed its name to the Marion Ross Performing Arts Center. That year, <mask> played Aunt Lucille in the film Superhero Movie, and in 2009 she appeared in a guest spot on The New Adventures of Old Christine. In 2010, <mask> guest-starred on Nurse Jackie and Grey's Anatomy, and appeared in the Cartoon Network television film Scooby-Doo! Curse of the Lake Monster as Mrs. Trowburg. In 2013, she guest-starred on both Major Crimes and The Middle, and in 2014 on Two and a Half Men. In September 2015, she began making brief appearances on MeTV to share her memories of her Happy Days co-stars.In 2018, <mask> announced that she had officially retired from acting. Personal life

<mask> lives in Cardiff by the Sea, a neighborhood of the city of Encinitas, California, in northern San Diego County. In July 2011, she served as grand marshal of the Cardiff Centennial Celebrations. <mask> lived in Los Angeles, with her husband, actor Paul Michael, before his death. <mask>'s two children also work in entertainment. Son Jim Meskimen's credits include How the Grinch Stole Christmas and appearances on Whose Line Is It Anyway? <mask> and Jim have both acted in The Boondocks and Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness (although not always in the same episodes).Daughter Ellen Plummer was a writer/producer on Friends. Happy Days lawsuit
On April 19, 2011, <mask> and four of her Happy Days co-stars, Erin Moran, Don Most, Anson Williams, and the estate of Tom Bosley filed a $10 million breach-of-contract lawsuit against CBS, which owns the show, claiming they had not been paid for

masks: Ross Ross Ross Ross Ross Ross Ross Marion Ross


title: Marion Ross

texts:
 merchandising revenue owed under their contracts. The cast members claimed they had not received revenue from show-related items, including comic books, T-shirts, scrapbooks, trading cards, games, lunch boxes, dolls, toy cars, magnets, greeting cards, and DVDs where their images appear on the box covers. Under their contracts, they were supposed to be paid five percent from the net proceeds of merchandising if their sole images were used, and half that amount if they were in a group. CBS said it owed the actors $8,500 and $9,000 each, most of it from slot machine revenue, but the group said they were owed millions. The lawsuit was initiated after <mask> was informed, by a friend playing slots at a casino, of a Happy Days-themed machine on which players win the jackpot when five Marion Rosses are rolled. In October 2011, a judge rejected the group's fraud claim, which rejects their claim to millions of dollars in potential damages.On June 5, 2012, a judge denied a motion filed by CBS to have the case thrown out, which meant it would go to trial on July 17 if the matter was not settled by then. In July 2012, the actors settled their lawsuit with CBS. Each received a payment of $65,000 and a promise by CBS to continue honoring the terms of their contracts. Partial filmography

Video games
 SpongeBob SquarePants: Employee of the Month as Grandma SquarePants (voice)
 Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa as Nana (voice)

References

External links

1928 births
Living people
Actresses from Minnesota
Actresses from San Diego
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American voice actresses
American television actresses
American people of Canadian descent
California Democrats
People from Watertown, Minnesota
San Diego State University alumni
Point Loma High School alumni
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
People from


title: Dorothy Brooke

texts:
<mask> (1 June 1883 – 10 June 1955) was the founder of The Old War Horse Memorial Hospital in 1934 in Cairo – renamed The Brooke Hospital for Animals in 1961. Developing from a single operation in Cairo into one of the world’s largest equines welfare organisations, at work in many countries, with headquarters in London, it is known today as Brooke. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> on 1 June 1883 in the Cathedral Close at Salisbury, Wiltshire, England. She was the daughter of Henry Vivian and Emily Dulcibella (Wilmot) Gibson-Craig. Her grandfather was the Rt. Hon. Sir William Gibson-Craig of Riccarton.Her childhood was spent in Scotland, Wiltshire and Hampshire. By family and friends, she was always called Dodo. She was first married in 1905 to Lt.-Col. James Gerald Lamb Searight, The Royal Scots (Lothian Regiment). They were divorced in 1926. In 1926 <mask> married again, to Major-General Geoffrey Francis Heremon <mask>, C.B., D.S.O., M.C. (1884–1966), 16th/5th Lancers. <mask> was a recognised horse expert and author.Among his many titles are Horse-Sense and Horsemanship of Today (1924); Horse Lovers (1927); Horsemanship: The Way of a Man with a Horse (1929); and Good Company (1954). He trained and rode his own steeplechasers, he was a polo-player and show-jumper. He competed as a member of the British equestrian team in the 1924 Summer Olympics, although he had broken his collarbone a few days earlier. <mask> had three children: Rodney Gerald Searight, born 1909; Pamela Searight, born 1915; and John Philip Searight, born 1917. Life in Cairo
In 1930, <mask> was appointed to the command of the British Cavalry Brigade in Egypt. It was at this time that <mask> realised she would have to search for the old war horses, whom “she hated to remember yet could not forget”.

masks:
Dorothy Brooke
Dorothy Brooke
Dorothy Evelyn Gibson Craig
Brooke
Brooke
Geoffrey Brooke
Brooke
Geoffrey Brooke
Dorothy Brooke


title: Dorothy Brooke

texts:
 She could not be in Egypt and fail to do so.She had been devoted to horses since her childhood. War Horses in Cairo
In 1919, the cavalry, artillery and draught horses that had served in the British Army in the Egypt and Palestine campaigns of World War I had been sold in their many thousands to a life of continuous hard labour and a painful old age. Many had been requisitioned in England and had served in the British Yeomanry. Some had seen active service on the Western Front before being drafted as remounts to the Near East. Strict quarantine restrictions prevented the repatriation of the horses of the Australian and New Zealand Mounted Infantry. During World War I, horses cast from the veterinary hospitals had initially been sold to Egyptian dealers. British residents in Cairo had protested so forcefully that this practice had been stopped.After the Armistice, however, with 22,000 horses, mostly in Palestine and Sinai, requiring transport or disposal, the Remounts Directorate of the War Office ordered the local sale of all animals of 12 years and under that were deemed up to some work. Those over 12 and the unsound were destroyed. The surviving horses had not had an easy war. They had carried often far too much weight – up to . They had experienced rationing, withstood piercing cold, dust clouds and exhaustion. Some may also have suffered both severe and light wounds. They had covered great distances, and some had endured a summer in the heat of the Jordan Valley.By 1930, twelve years later, the war horses, many now of an advanced age, had been lost to view, toiling for the very poorest owners, or at night to avoid the police and Egyptian S.P.C.A., or in the stone quarries. <mask> had heard rumours from British residents who spoke of pitiful, emaciated creatures


title: Dorothy Brooke

texts:
 that they suspected were war horses. Their condition was said to be so bad that people could hardly bear to look at them. She was advised there could be two hundred. Weeks passed before she found the first,  but there were to be more than two hundred. In fact in the years from 1930 to 1934, she bought back 5,000 old army horses and mules. Campaign
There were many challenges and obstacles throughout the early years of <mask>’s efforts.Progress was prolonged, and, as the wife of the senior cavalry officer in Egypt, she had strenuous social duties. Nevertheless, she acquired frail old horses when and where she found them. She raised money from her friends and from her own pocket, got together a Committee, and set in motion the Old War Horse Campaign of Rescue. By April 1931, six months after her arrival in Egypt, she was writing to the Morning Post to appeal for funds. Thousands of readers responded. King George V was one of her many supporters throughout the British Commonwealth. At first, she used the premises of the Egyptian S.P.C.A., but this was to prove unrealistic in the long term, and it was difficult to find light, airy stables in Cairo – and to gain the necessary permission.However, she was persistent in working to raise money. During the first summer leave, she produced an 8-page pamphlet. There were further appeals in the press. Almost all the old war horses were totally unfit to stand a voyage home. They were pathetically grateful for a drink and for somewhere to lie down. “As their ill-shod misshapen hooves felt the deep tibbin [broken barley straw] bed beneath them, there would be another doubting disbelieving halt. Then gradually they would lower their heads and sniff as though they could not believe their own eyes or noses.Memories, long forgotten,


title: Dorothy Brooke

texts:
 would then return when some stepped eagerly forwards towards the mangers piled high with berseem, while others, with creaking joints, lowered themselves slowly on to the bed and lay, necks and legs outstretched. There they remained, flat out, until hand fed by the syces.”

They were given days of rest, and feed, and treated to kindness, and then put out of what was, for so many, their extreme misery. Very few were returned to England. Buying Committee
<mask> had the services of a Buying Committee. It was composed largely of high-ranking British officers, where it is thought she the only woman. The Chairman was General Sir Charlton Spinks, Sirdar of the Egyptian Army and fluent in Arabic. Other members included Major (later Brigadier) Roland Heveningham, R.A.V.C., who was to be first Veterinary Director of the Old War Horse Memorial Hospital, and Brigadier <mask>.The Committee was buying up to 60 or 70 animals every week, and scouts searched throughout Egypt. It was a grim task. Sometimes, one of the male committee members might be too anguished to remain at the table. In the years 1930 to 1934, some 5,000 horses and old army mules were found. They were identified by their conformation and army brands. The price paid represented the cost to the owner of a replacement. On a Friday, ‘Black Friday’, the day after Buying Day – and for nine months of the year, every year for four years – <mask> would select those to be destroyed, quietly and without alarm, by humane killer.<mask> never sought to blame the men and boys who through poverty and lack of knowledge, had failed their animals. The ‘tragic sight’ of the locally bred animals that appeared before the Buying Committee made her realise that a free hospital was needed – to which every poor owner could bring what might

masks:
Brooke
Geoffrey Brooke
Dorothy Brooke
Brooke


title: Dorothy Brooke

texts:
 be his family’s sole earner, and obtain expert help and advice at the first signs of trouble instead of waiting hopelessly. She had set up a separate fund almost from the start. She called this The Animal Assistance Fund. Criticism
<mask> attracted some criticism. Some of the British who were long familiar with Egypt felt that she was going too far in removing such a number of draught animals from a traditional economy. Others asserted that the Committee was buying frauds.Legacy
At the end of four years, the war horse campaign could be closed. The Old War Horse Memorial Hospital was founded. <mask> gained permission for the Hospital to place a drinking trough at the Pyramids. The Cairo city authorities eventually adopted a policy of sanding the slippery stretches of street. Geoffrey and <mask> moved from Egypt to India, where Geoffrey became Major-General of Cavalry. There <mask>, besides giving her time and energy to the affairs of the Hospital, “threw herself into working to alleviate the suffering she saw all about her”. She managed to return to Cairo for an annual visit.Death
The <mask>s left India at the outbreak of World War II. After a gap – through precarious years for the Hospital – <mask> was able to resume her trips to Egypt in 1946. In 1955, at their house in Heliopolis, on the outskirts of Cairo, she was not well enough to travel back to Wiltshire. She is reported as having remarked to her husband, some weeks beforehand, “If I die – not that I am going to for ever so long – promise me you won’t go to my funeral service. I know it will only distress you and I shan’t be there myself.”

<mask> died on 10 June 1955 and was buried in Cairo. “Looking back on all she had accomplished,” remarks Glenda Spooner, “one can feel certain that she thought little of

masks:
Brooke
Dorothy Brooke
Dorothy Brooke
Dorothy
Brooke
Dorothy Brooke
Dorothy Brooke


title: Dorothy Brooke

texts:
 her own share and a great deal of other people’s, for that was ever her way. She was indeed overwhelmed with gratitude to those who had made the rescue of the horses possible and it was no mean achievement.”

After his stepfather’s death in 1966, Major Philip Searight succeeded <mask> as Chairman.He guided the organisation through a period of expansion. <mask>’s grandchildren and great-grandchildren have maintained a tradition of service to The Brooke. Ann Searight, her granddaughter, served as a Trustee 1979-2011 and in 2014 is Honorary Vice-President. References

Works cited
 <mask>, Good Company, Constable 1954
 Glenda Spooner, edited by, For Love of Horses, Diaries of Mrs <mask>, paperback edition, The Brooke Hospital for Animals
 The Marquess of Anglesey, F.S.A., A History of the British Cavalry, Volume 5: 1914-1919, Egypt, Palestine & Syria, Lee Cooper 1994; Volume 8: The Western Front, 1915-1918, Epilogue 1919-1939, Lee Cooper, 1997
 Maj.-Gen. Sir L.J. Blenkinsop and Lieut.-Col. J.W. Ramsey, History of the Great War based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence: Veterinary Services, H.M. Stationery Office, 1925
 Capt. Cyril Falls, History of the Great War based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence: Military Operations, Egypt & Palestine, Part II, Vol.2, facs. ed. The Imperial War Museum, first published H.M. Stationery Office 1930
 Lieut.-Colonel the Hon. R.M.P. Preston, D.S.O., The Desert Mounted Corps: an account of the cavalry operations in Palestine and Syria 1917-1918, U.S. ed., Houghton Mifflin 1921

Further reading

External links
The Brooke Hospital for Animals

1884 births
Keepers of animal sanctuaries
People from Salisbury
1955

masks:
Geoffrey Brooke
Dorothy Brooke
Geoffrey Brooke
Geoffrey Brooke


title: Macgregor Laird

texts:
<mask> (1808 – 9 January 1861) was a Scottish merchant pioneer of British trade on the River Niger. Laird's commercial expedition between 1832 and 1834 to navigate the Niger and initiate trade between Europeans and Africans northwards of the coast was considered a failure, majority of the passengers died and the volume of trade realized was minimal. However, his experience provided information about the design of vessels suitable on the Niger and the various settlements in the interior of the Niger Delta. Laird never returned to Africa but instead devoted himself to the development of trade with West Africa and especially to the opening up of the countries then forming the British protectorates of Nigeria. One of his principal reasons for so doing was his belief that this method was the best means of stopping the slave trade and raising the social condition of the Africans. Early life
Laird was born at Greenock, the younger son of Agnes and <mask>, founder of the Birkenhead firm of shipbuilders of that name. His paternal grandfather, John Laird was a merchant and rope maker in Greenock while his maternal grandfather, Gregor Macgregor had commanded a ship that undertook voyages between Greenock and the West Indies.Laird's Brother, <mask> was himself a notable shipbuilder. Laird was educated at Edinburgh University. In 1829, while at the university, he fell ill, caused by typhus infection. He was helped to recovery by Dr Thomas Briggs who later accompanied Laird in the expedition to the Niger. After graduation, Laird joined the family business in Birkenhead where he developed interest in building steamships. Niger voyage
In the early 1830s, Richard Lander, an associate of Hugh Clapperton was provided subsidy to return to Africa and find the course of the Niger. Upon the reception of Richard Lander's report of reaching the mouth of

masks:
Macgregor Laird
William Laird
John Laird


title: L. K. Samuels

texts:
L.K<mask> (born December 7, 1951), also known as <mask>, is an American author, classical liberal, and libertarian activist. He is best known as the editor and contributing author of Facets of Liberty: A Libertarian Primer and In Defense of Chaos: The Chaology of Politics, Economics and Human Action. He coined the phrase "social chaology", which refers to the studies of complex, holistic, and self-organizing nature of society in relationship to the linear, predatory and "planned chaos" predispositions of government. Education
<mask> graduated from Sunny Hills High School in Fullerton, California, attended Fullerton Junior College, and in 1976 earned a bachelor's degree in commercial art with a minor in journalism from California State University, Fullerton. Early life
<mask> was born in Huntington Park, California, and moved two years later to the city of Fullerton in Orange County, California. He became politically active at Sunny Hills High School after listening to a speech by Dana Rohrabacher, who was later elected to U.S. Congress.<mask> co-organized a chapter of Speak-Out with Bob Conaway, and published an underground newspaper after a chapter of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) became active at his high school. He joined Young Americans for Freedom (YAF) in summer of 1969 and later became the Vice Chairman of Orange County YAF, which had 15-20 affiliate chapters on high schools and college campuses. At a journalism convention, <mask> won second place in the "on-the-spot-editorial" competition at the 1971 Beta Phi Gamma National Convention in Los Angeles, California. In 1973, he won a scholarship to attend the "Seminar on China Studies for Sino-American Youth" and spent five weeks in Taiwan and South Korea. Political activities
After interviewing <mask>evre, president of Rampart College in Santa Ana, for a college newspaper, <mask> organized the Jefferson-Libertarian Caucus within YAF

masks:
. Samuels
Lawrence Samuels
Samuels
Samuels
Samuels
Samuels
Robert LeF
Samuels


title: L. K. Samuels

texts: in 1973. In the same year he became the editor and publisher of The New Horizon, an underground newspaper at Fullerton College, while writing columns for the campus newspaper The Hornet. <mask> was briefly the editor-in-chief of the official campus newspaper.At University of California, Fullerton in 1973, <mask> became the founder and chairman of Society for Libertarian Life (SLL). The student organization sponsored and co-sponsored speeches by Prof. Tibor Machan, Phillip Abbott <mask>, <mask>, Jr., Prof. George W. Trivoli, George H. Smith, Prof. Joel Spring, Prof. Nathaniel Branden, Prof. John Hospers, John Pugsley, <mask>, Jr., Sy <mask>, Prof., David Bergland, <mask>evre, Jack Matonis, and <mask>. SLL published several news journals, The New Libertarian Horizon and later Libertas Review, produced a dozen position papers and spearheaded a draft-card burning demonstration in 1979, which received national attention. <mask> conducted a series of anti-tax demonstrations at IRS offices for almost a decade. In 1979 Samuels organized the Voluntary Census Committee to oppose the decrease of privacy by the 1980 Census with the "Count Me Out" campaign. Society for Individual Liberty (SIL), the largest libertarian organization in the country at the time, awarded SLL and Samuels the 1975–76 "outstanding local libertarian organization" in the nation. In 1978 SLL sponsored a debate between State Senator John Briggs and libertarian gay-rights activist Reverend Eric Garris on Briggs-sponsored Prop.6. This Californian initiative would have banned homosexuals from teaching in Californian schools. Briggs failed to appear at the debate and was sued by SLL and attorney David Bergland. In 1974 <mask> joined the Peace and Freedom Party and was elected to the PFP Central Committee in Orange County. He represented the 39th Congressional district as a delegate to the PFP 1974 convention in Sacramento, which resulted in a split

masks:
Samuels
Samuels
Luce
Kenneth Gregg
Kenneth Grubbs
Leon
Robert LeF
Karl Bray
Samuels
Samuels


title: L. K. Samuels

texts: between libertarian and socialist factions. The libertarian faction was recognized as the legal PFP for almost two years. <mask> worked with feminist-libertarian <mask>'s PFP campaign for California governor in 1974.<mask> was expelled by the socialist faction in 1976 after the entire PFP State Central Committee resigned and joined the Libertarian Party. In the late 1970s, <mask> supported the founding of Rampart Institute. In 1980 Rampart Institute became a 503(c)(3) non-profit educational foundation, and <mask> became its president. <mask>, founder of Rampart College and Harry Hoiles, owner of the Santa Ana Register, were on its board of directors. <mask> was editor of its quarterly journal Rampart Individualist, and he was the managing editor of the bi-monthly New Rampart. <mask> co-managed and later managed The Future of Freedom Conference series for five years (1980–85) in Southern California. The libertarian conference series included Professor Murray Rothbard, <mask>, <mask>, Professor John Hospers, Irwin Schiff, Professor David D. Friedman, Professor Thomas Szasz, Robert Anton Wilson, <mask>, Professor <mask>, Ray Bradbury, Dr. Demento, Assemblyman Dennis Brown, and others.Samuels managed two Freeland Conferences (1983–84) in Long Beach, California examine ways to create communities on floating islands, space settlements and orbiting spaceports free of government coercion. Speakers included Spencer McCallum, Gary Hudson, Poul Anderson, <mask>re, Anthony Hargis, Samuel E<mask> III, Carol Moore and Jeff Hummel, Barry Reid and Terry Savage. In 1992, Samuels sold his typesetting and graphics business and moved to Monterey County. He became involved in real estate and real estate investment and served as Northern Vice Chair of the Libertarian Party of California (2003–2007). An occasional writer for lewrockwell.com and Campaign for Liberty, he is one of the four founders of the Foundation to End Drug

masks:
Samuels
Elizabeth Keathley
Samuels
Samuels
Samuels
Robert LeFevre
Samuels
Samuels
Robert LeFre
Karl Hess
Timothy Leary
Arthur Laffer
Robert LeFev
. Konkin


title: L. K. Samuels

texts: Unfairness Policies (FED-UP), an anti-drug war organization that sponsors speeches by Jack Herer, Ed Rosenthal, Judge Jim Gray, Valerie Corral, and <mask> Shaw, and provided support to medical marijuana clinics. Samuels managed the campaign against Measure Q in Monterey County, California, a half-cent sales tax initiative in 2003. The countywide tax was initiated to increase funding for the money-losing Natividad Medical Center, a county-run hospital.Although the proponents for the sales tax increase spent almost 100 times as much as the opponents (approximately $500,000), the measure lost. Natividad Medical Center remained open, despite claims during the campaign that it would close, making record profits of nearly $13 million in the 2009-2010 financial year. Once a columnist for "Libertarian Perspective," <mask> is one of the founders and the vice chair of the Seaside Taxpayers Association. In 2008 he was elected chairman of the Project Area Committee (PAC), a citizens committee to advise the Seaside Redevelopment Agency and the city of Seaside over eminent domain issues. <mask> is the winner of the 2007 Karl Bray Memorial Award, presented by the Samuel Adams Society. <mask> was active in the anti-war movement during the second war in Iraq, organizing peace rallies and speeches, mostly under the non-interventionist organization Libertarians for Peace and the Peace Coalition of Monterey County. Samuels designed the "porcupeace" logo in 2008, which displays a peace symbol inside of a porcupine, created to give libertarians their own peace symbol.His magnum opus book, In Defense of Chaos: the Chaology of Politics, Economics and Human Action, was published in 2013 by Cobden Press. In the book, he writes that war is chaos and that "government in and of itself is the foremost agent for destroying order and imposing chaos." In 2009 <mask> ran for city council for the unestablished Town of Carmel Valley as

masks: Lynnette Samuels Samuels Samuels Samuels


title: L. K. Samuels

texts:
 one of the leaders opposed to turning rural Carmel Valley into a city. Saying he did not want to become a politician, he asked voters: "don't vote for me, don't vote for the city." Samuels finished11th out of the 15 candidates with 4.55% of the vote. The vote for incorporation failed. <mask> organized and hosts (co-host <mask>) a weekly radio show on KRXA 540AM in Sand City called "Left Coast Liberty: The Classical Liberal Hour" on Monday evenings.The show's first broadcast was on May 28, 2012. Bibliography
Samuel's writing been described as "agenda-driven history that will appeal only to those who already share the author’s disdain of contemporary leftism". His works include:
 Facets of Liberty: A Libertarian Primer, Freedom Press and Rampart Institute, 2nd edition, 2009, first published 1985. Dreams Gone to Seed, play written in 2009. In Defense of Chaos: The Chaology of Politics, Economics and Human Action, first published in 2013. Hitler and Mussolini: History’s Dirty Little Secret, written as content for a script to be used in the production of a documentary film. Killing History: The False Left-Right Political Spectrum and the Battle between the 'Free Left' and the 'Statist Left''' (2019)
 Ferret: The Reluctant King (2020)
 We Are Them: The Apocalypse Syndrome (2021)
 FACETAS DE LA LIBERTAD: Un manual libertariano (Spanish Edition of Facets of Liberty'') (2021)

References

External links

 lksamuels.com
 freedom1776.com
 Fedupfreedom.org
 seasidetaxpayers.org

1951 births
Living people
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Activists from California
American anti-war activists
American male non-fiction writers
American political writers
California Libertarians
Non-interventionism
People from Fullerton, California
People from Huntington Park, California
Writers from

masks:
Samuels
Jonathan Krost


title: Freddy Shepherd

texts:
<mask> (29 October 1941 – 25 September 2017) was an English businessman and the chairman of Newcastle United football club from 1997 until 2007. During his time at Newcastle, both as an active assistant to and later replacement of Sir John Hall as chairman for ten years, <mask> proved an often outspoken and controversial figure, at times alienating the club's support. Life and career
<mask> was born in Gilsland, Northumberland into a working class home, the son of a lorry driver; and with his brother Bruce, he expanded a road haulage business into a number of marine and related businesses. He also engaged in property development through redevelopment of the former ship facilities along the River Tyne. The assets of the company now include Mitford Hall. The <mask> brothers often worked with Sir John Hall, who owned the property development business Cameron Hall Developments, and who had become a key share-holder in Newcastle United. After Hall's vision of building Newcastle into a sporting club along the lines of A.S. Roma or FC Barcelona, he looked to consolidate the operations of Newcastle United.Shepherd Offshore had started to build a holding in Newcastle United, and so <mask> became involved in the football business, alongside Hall's son Douglas Hall. Newcastle United
Initially, <mask> became involved with the consolidation of the Newcastle sporting club to just Newcastle United, selling or reducing Hall's controlling stakes in: Newcastle Falcons rugby team, Newcastle Eagles basketball team; and the then Newcastle Cobras ice hockey team. In 1996, <mask> was tasked by Hall with bringing Alan Shearer to the club, which he did for a-then world record fee. The confidence <mask>

masks:
Freddy Shepherd
Shepherd
Freddy Shepherd
Shepherd
Shepherd
Shepherd
Shepherd
Shepherd


title: Freddy Shepherd

texts:
 showed in completing the deal persuaded Hall, who wanted to retire to Spain, to effectively offload the day-to-day running of the club to <mask> as chairman, and his son Douglas as the active Hall family member on the board. <mask> agreed with his brother Bruce to take the position, while Bruce continued to run Shepherd Offshore. Finances
<mask> owned almost all of his Newcastle shares through Shepherd Offshore. Unlike the Halls, who had been steadily selling off their shares since flotation in 1997, the Shepherds increased their holding.They owned 28.01% of the club, up from about 22% in April 2005. Since 1997, the Shepherds have made £8,351,298 from Newcastle United, £5,489,239 in share dividends and £2,862,059 in salaries. In 2005, <mask>'s annual salary from the club was £552,954. News of the World exposé
In March 1998, <mask> and Douglas Hall were the target of a News of the World exposé, led by the "Fake Sheikh" Mazher Mahmood. The pair, believing Mahmood to be a wealthy Arab prince trying to set up a business deal, were caught mocking the club's own supporters for spending extortionate amounts of money on merchandise, calling female supporters "dogs", and mocking star striker Alan Shearer by calling him the "Mary Poppins of football", all while frequenting a brothel. Amidst heavy media coverage, the Newcastle Independent Supporters Association and the then Minister for Sport, Tony Banks, called for the resignation of the pair. Although reports from sources close to <mask> initially indicated he was contractually unable to resign, he and Hall had both left their posts within two weeks of the scandal breaking.His general approach to running the club, as well as the ongoing

masks: Shepherd Shepherd Shepherd Shepherd Shepherd Shepherd


title: Freddy Shepherd

texts:
 fallout from the News of the World story, earned <mask> a number of unflattering nicknames such as "Fatty <mask>", the "Fat Controller" and "Baron Greenback". Only ten months after resigning, <mask> and Hall, the majority shareholders at Newcastle, voted themselves back on to the board. This led to the immediate resignation of the PLC chairman David Cassidy, who had taken the position just six months earlier. <mask> then went on to take over as PLC chairman. Sacking of Bobby Robson
In August 2004, <mask> fired manager Sir Bobby Robson four games into the new season. In the week before the sacking, <mask> was quoted as saying that Robson would not be offered a new deal at the end of the season, and that Robson would be "in the Guinness Book of Records" if he were still the manager at 73 years old. It is unclear if <mask> made his statement after consulting Robson, but Robson admitted that he had an agreement with the club that he would retire at the end of the season.Robson also stressed that there was an agreement that he would not be sacked. <mask> said that sacking Robson was "the hardest thing I have ever done in my life", adding "I didn’t want to be known as the man who shot Bambi." In his 2005 autobiography Sir Bobby Robson provided detailed criticism of <mask>'s chairmanship, claiming that while manager he was denied information regarding the players' contracts and transfer negotiations. He also criticised <mask> and Douglas Hall, the club's deputy chairman, for their focus only on the first team and St James' Park, causing them to neglect less glamorous, although equally important, areas such as the training ground, youth development and talent scouts. The club's

masks: Shepherd Shepherd Shepherd Shepherd Shepherd Shepherd Shepherd Shepherd Shepherd Shepherd