title: Gaius Furius Chresimus

texts:
<mask>resimus, or Cresimus, or Cressinus, was a 2nd-century BC Greek farmer and freedman in the Roman Republic mentioned in a fragment of the lost history of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, preserved in Pliny's Natural History. Piso tells that <mask>resimus was acquitted of accusations of witchcraft during the aedileship of Spurius Postumius Albinus, dated 191 BC. The trial took place in a period of reaction against the growing influence of Hellenism at Rome, notably led by Albinus. Both Piso and Pliny told the story of the trial for its moralizing aspect. Chresimus was the subject of number of history paintings in France at the end of the 18th century, when Neoclassicism became fashionable, and agricultural reform had become the subject of much political debate. Life
The only mention of Chresimus in ancient sources comes from a fragment of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, who was consul in 133 BC, and notably an enemy of Tiberius Gracchus. Piso probably wrote a history called Annales in at least seven books, which he started after his censorship in 120.The consensus among historians is to identify the Spurius Postumius Albinus mentioned in the fragment with the consul of 186 BC, who was likely aedile in 191 BC, the most probable date of Chresimus' trial. Piso's source for the trial might have been Aulus Postumius Albinus, consul in 151 BC, and author of a Roman history in Greek. However, Gary Forsythe pointed out that Albinus' history was principally focused to the Greek world and urban matters and would not have dealt with Chresimus'

masks:
Gaius Furius Ch
Furius Ch


title: Gaius Furius Chresimus

type: original

texts:
 the Censor.As consul in 186, Albinus was the leading authority in the famous Bacchanalia Case, a Greek cult of Bacchus in Southern Italy, which triggered a religious scandal and prompted Albinus to spend his entire consulship suppressing the worship. The trial took place on the Forum, before the other members of Chresimus' tribe and with Albinus presiding. Chresimus brought his farming equipment and his own slaves in order to present himself as more hard-working than his neighbours. Chresimus was thus unanimously acquitted and reintegrated in his tribe. The story of Chresimus is similar to two other moralizing fragments of Piso's work, especially the story of Gnaeus Flavius (the son of a freedman that became aedile). Piso apparently advocated a "benevolent paternalism" towards slaves as well as personal austerity from nobles in order to reduce social tensions. Piso's remark of Chresimus' well-dressed slaves also fits in this narrative.In the Naturalis Historia
Writing in the early Roman Empire, two centuries after Piso, Pliny the Elder included the story of <mask> in his giant encyclopedia Naturalis Historia. The entire anecdote is taken from Piso, as Pliny appreciated his moralizing tone; he cites him more than any other Roman historian. <mask>' story is told in the book of his Naturalis Historia that deals with grain (Book XVIII), in a chapter on the general principles of agriculture (Chapter VIII), and not in his book on magic (Book XXX). Pliny used the story to show that "hard work brings reward". In art
A French translation of

masks: Chresimus Chresimus


title: Gaius Furius Chresimus

texts:
 Pliny's Naturalis Historia by Poinsinet de Sivery was published between 1771 and 1782. Nicolas-René Jollain (the Younger) painted the scene for the 1773 Paris salon; this was the first major painting on the theme. Nicolas-Guy Brenet's painting Caius Furius Cressinus Accused of Sorcery linked agriculture with the civic virtue of the Romans.Joseph Marie Terray, the Controller-General of Finances (1769–1774) for Louis XV, commissioned the original work, probably to allay the perception that the abbé Terray was opposed to patriotic agricultural reform. Brenet painted two versions; the first, exhibited in the 1775 Paris Salon was , while the copy painted for the 1777 salon was much larger, . This larger version was commissioned for the crown by the comte d'Angiviller, director of the Bâtiments du Roi, and is now in the Musée des Augustins, Toulouse, while the smaller is lost. According to Robert Rosenblum, the scene and <mask> Chresimus's apologia echo Jean-Jacques Rousseau's 1762 Emile, or On Education, in which agriculture was described as of all endeavours "the most honest, the most useful, and by consequence the most noble". The painting of the same subject by the Genevan painter Jean-Pierre Saint-Ours, an admirer and acquaintance of Rousseau, was commissioned in 1792 after his return there from Rome, by a landowner who felt he had been unjustly accused of corruption. It is now in Los Angeles. See also
 Religion in ancient Rome

References

Bibliography

Ancient sources

 Cicero, Tusculanae Disputationes.Pliny the Elder, Historia


title: Nick Symmonds

texts:
<mask> (born December 30, 1983) is a retired American middle-distance track athlete, from Boise, Idaho, specializing in the 800 meters and 1500 meters distances. Symmonds signed with Brooks Running in January 2014 after a 7-year sponsorship with Nike. In college at Willamette University he won seven NCAA Division III titles in outdoor track. <mask> is a 6-time US National 800 meters champion. He has competed in the 800m at two Olympic Games, reaching the semi-finals in Beijing 2008, while in London 2012, he finished fifth in the final, running a personal best of 1:42.95 behind David Rudisha's world record. He won a silver medal in the 800 meters at the 2013 World Championships, having previously finished sixth in the 2009 final and fifth in 2011. <mask> is also the Co-Founder and CEO of a supplement company called Run Gum, which makes functional chewing gum used by athletes, students, professionals, etc.He launched Run Gum with his coach Sam Lapray in October 2014 with their flagship product, Energy Gum. Following his retirement, Symmonds gained more popularity in 2020 through his YouTube channel which primarily focuses on running and fitness. Early life and education
<mask> was born on December 30, 1983, in Blytheville, Arkansas. His family moved to Boise, Idaho when he was three. His father <mask> is a surgeon, and his mother Andrea is a teacher. Raised in Boise, <mask> is a 2002 graduate of Bishop Kelly High School in that city. An avid outdoorsman, <mask> earned his Eagle Scout award in high school.In high school he won state championships in the 800 meters (PR 1:53), 1600 meters (PR 4:20) and 3200 meters (PR 9:47)  individual races and on the 4 × 400 m relay. He chose Willamette University in Salem, Oregon over other schools that could offer

masks:
Nicholas Boone Symmonds
Symmonds
Symmonds
Symmonds
Jeffrey Symmonds
Nick
Nick


title: Nick Symmonds

texts:
 athletic scholarships. At Willamette, an NCAA Division III school, Symmonds earned a degree in biochemistry in 2006 and is a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity. Running career

Collegiate
While at Willamette, he won the 800 m NCAA championship race all four years and 1500 m NCAA championship race as a freshman, junior, and senior. Symmonds collegiate best in the 800m (1:45.83) currently ranks No. 1 in NCAA Division III history. His 1500m collegiate best (3:40.91) ranks No.3 all-time in NCAA Division III. Post-Collegiate

After college Symmonds joined the Oregon Track Club Elite. A seven time outdoor track champion at the NCAA III level, he was runner-up at the AT&T USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in 2006 in the 800m race. In 2007, he won the 800m race at the Prefontaine Classic meet in Eugene, Oregon, with a then personal best time of 1:44.54, shocking the current Olympic champion Yuriy Borzakovskiy by beating him with his own come-from-behind strategy. See the video. In 2008, <mask> won the United States Olympic Trials 800m final held in Eugene, Oregon with a personal best time of 1:44.10. He was the first of three Oregon associated athletes to finish at the top of this race before the home crowd, the other two being Andrew Wheating from the University of Oregon and Oregon Track Club training partner Christian Smith, an event referred to as the "Oregon sweep" and replayed many times in television coverage of the meet.This qualified him (and all three) for the U.S. Olympic Team for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, for the 800 m race. At the Beijing Olympics, Symmonds won his first-round heat, then finished a non-qualifying fifth place in his semifinal heat with a time of 1:46.96, 0.73 seconds behind the winner of that heat.


title: Nick Symmonds

texts: Symmonds continued to improve in 2009, winning the USATF Championships over Khadevis Robinson, which qualified him to represent the United States at the World Championships. As part of his preparation for the championships, <mask> ran a personal best of 1:43.83 on July 29, 2009, in Monaco. A few weeks later, <mask> became the first American to qualify for the final of the men's 800m since 1997. He finished sixth in 1:45.71. In 2010, he lowered his personal record again, to 1:43.76, while finishing third behind David Rudisha's 1:41.01 world record at the IAAF World Challenge track and field meet in Rieti, Italy.On June 25, 2012, <mask> returned to the 2012 United States Olympic Trials again on his home track in Eugene, Oregon. The race went out fast, with Charles Jock leading Duane Solomon through a sub-50 second first lap. Atypically, Symmonds was not far off that pace. As Jock faded, Solomon charged off to a big lead through the final turn. Symmonds ran around the field and sprinted past Solomon on the homestretch to make his second Olympic team. At the London Olympics, Symmonds was one of the two time qualifiers for the final of the 800m. He placed fifth in the final with a new personal best of 1:42.95; David Rudisha placed first in the world record time of 1:40.91., with Nijel Amos of Botswana second, Timothy Kitum of Kenya third, and Symmonds' teammate Duane Solomon fourth.In 2013, Symmonds achieved his highest placing at an international championship, winning a silver medal at the 2013 IAAF World Championships in Athletics by running a season's best of 1:43.55, 2nd only to Ethiopia's Mohammed Aman. At the time, this was the highest an American had ever finished in the men's 800 meters at the World Championships. Symmonds was removed from the

masks: Symmonds Symmonds Symmonds


title: Nick Symmonds

texts:
 U.S. team at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics due to a sponsorship rights conflict between personal sponsor Brooks and U.S. sponsor Nike. Symmonds had to forego racing the 2016 Olympic Trials due to an injured ankle. He retired after being eliminated in the heats of the 2017 US Championships. Run Gum
In 2014, <mask> and his former coach, Sam Lapray, founded Run Gum, which markets a caffeinated chewing gum to athletes. In January 2016 Run Gum filed an antitrust lawsuit against USA Track and Field for rules that Symmonds feels suppress competition.In May, a federal judge dismissed the suit. YouTube career
Symmonds' YouTube channel broke out in late 2019, and currently has over 500k subscribers. In his YouTube videos he often refers to himself as "The Bison". His content focuses on challenges involving fitness and running. He is good friends with fellow YouTuber A.J. Lapray. Sometime in 2020 he signed a deal with Gymshark.In June–July 2020, Symmonds became a topic of controversy in the running community when he organized events ignoring social distancing guidance for his videos. In March 2020, one of Symmonds' YouTube videos led to the suspension of three NCAA college athletes from his alma mater, Willamette University, when he gifted them Run Gum prizes for participating in his video. Personal life
Off the track, Symmonds has dated Paris Hilton. Symmonds has been called the "Brad Pitt" of track. In 2020, <mask> married Tiana Baur. Symmonds has a pet rabbit named Mortimer, with whom he posed for a PETA ad campaign against animal testing. Symmonds is also an avid fisherman.In 2017, Symmonds was hired by the newly formed Track Town Summer Series Professional Track & Field league to act as General Manager for the team representing San Francisco.

masks: Nick Nick


title: John Huston

texts: <mask> ( ; August 5, 1906 – August 28, 1987) was an American actor, director, screenwriter and visual artist. He traveled widely, settling at various times in France, Mexico, and Ireland. <mask> was a citizen of the U.S. by birth but renounced this to become an Irish citizen and resident in 1964. He later returned to the U.S., where he lived the rest of his life. He wrote the screenplays for most of the 37 feature films he directed, many of which are today considered classics: The Maltese Falcon (1941), The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948), The Asphalt Jungle (1950), The African Queen (1951), The Misfits (1961), Fat City (1972), The Man Who Would Be King (1975) and Prizzi's Honor (1985). In his early years, <mask> studied and worked as a fine art painter in Paris. He then moved to Mexico and began writing, first plays and short stories, and later working in Los Angeles as a Hollywood screenwriter, and was nominated for several Academy Awards writing for films directed by William Dieterle and Howard Hawks, among others.His directorial debut came with The Maltese Falcon, which despite its small budget became a commercial and critical hit; he would continue to be a successful, if iconoclastic, Hollywood director for the next 45 years. He explored the visual aspects of his films throughout his career, sketching each scene on paper beforehand, then carefully framing his characters during the shooting. While most directors rely on post-production editing to shape their final work, <mask> instead created his films while they were being shot, with little editing needed. Some of <mask>'s films were adaptations of important novels, often depicting a

masks:
John Marcellus Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston
Huston


title: John Huston

texts:
 "heroic quest," as in Moby Dick, or The Red Badge of Courage. In many films, different groups of people, while struggling toward a common goal, would become doomed, forming "destructive alliances," giving the films a dramatic and visual tension. Many of his films involved themes such as religion, meaning, truth, freedom, psychology, colonialism, and war. While he had done some stage acting in his youth and had occasionally cast himself in bit parts in his own films, he primarily worked behind the camera until Otto Preminger cast him in the title role for 1963's The Cardinal, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award.He continued to take prominent supporting roles for the next two decades, including 1974's Chinatown (directed by Roman Polanski), and he lent his booming baritone voice as a voice actor and narrator to a number of prominent films. His last two films, 1985's Prizzi's Honor, and 1987's The Dead, filmed while he was in failing health at the end of his life, were both nominated for multiple Academy Awards. He died shortly after completing his last film. <mask> has been referred to as "a titan", "a rebel", and a "renaissance man" in the Hollywood film industry. Author Ian Freer describes him as "cinema's Ernest Hemingway"—a filmmaker who was "never afraid to tackle tough issues head on." During his 46-year career, <mask> received 15 Oscar nominations, winning twice. He directed both his father, <mask>, and daughter, Anjelica <mask>, to Oscar wins.Early life
<mask> was born on August 5, 1906, in Nevada, Missouri. He was the only child of Rhea (née Gore) and Canadian-born <mask>. His father was an actor, initially in vaudeville, and

masks:
Huston
Huston
Walter Huston
Huston
John Huston
Walter Huston


title: John Huston

texts: later in films. His mother worked as a sports editor for various publications but gave it up after <mask> was born. Similarly, his father gave up his stage acting career for steady employment as a civil engineer, although he returned to stage acting within a few years. He later became highly successful on both Broadway and then in motion pictures. He had Scottish, Scots-Irish, English and Welsh ancestry.<mask>'s parents divorced in 1913 when he was six. For much of his childhood, he lived and studied in boarding schools. During summer vacations, he traveled separately with each of his parents  – with his father on vaudeville tours, and with his mother to horse races and other sports events. Young <mask> benefited greatly from seeing his father act on stage, and he was later drawn to acting. Some critics, such as Lawrence Grobel, surmise that his relationship with his mother may have contributed to his marrying five times, and seeming to have difficulty in maintaining relationships. Grobel wrote, "When I interviewed some of the women who had loved him, they inevitably referred to his mother as the key to unlocking <mask>'s psyche." According to actress Olivia de Havilland, "she [his mother] was the central character.I always felt that <mask> was ridden by witches. He seemed pursued by something destructive. If it wasn't his mother, it was his idea of his mother." As a child <mask> was often ill; he was treated for an enlarged heart and kidney ailments. He recovered after an extended bedridden stay in Arizona, and moved with his mother to Los Angeles, where he attended Abraham Lincoln High School. He dropped out after two years to become a

masks: John Huston Huston Huston John Huston


title: John Huston

texts:
 professional boxer. By age 15 he was a top-ranking amateur lightweight boxer in California.He ended his brief boxing career after suffering a broken nose. He also engaged in many interests, including ballet, English and French literature, opera, horseback riding, and studying painting at the Art Students League of Los Angeles. Living in Los Angeles, <mask> became infatuated with the new film industry and motion pictures, as a spectator only. To <mask>, "Charlie Chaplin was a god." <mask> returned to New York City to live with his father, who was acting in off-Broadway productions, and had a few small roles. He later remembered that while watching his father rehearse, he became fascinated with the mechanics of acting:

What I learned there, during those weeks of rehearsal, would serve me for the rest of my life. After a short period of acting on stage, and having undergone surgery, <mask> travelled alone to Mexico.During two years there, among other adventures, he obtained a position as an honorary member of the Mexican cavalry. He returned to Los Angeles and married Dorothy Harvey, a girlfriend from high school. Their marriage lasted seven years, (1926–1933). Early career as writer
During his stay in Mexico, <mask> wrote a play called Frankie and Johnny, based on the ballad of the same title. After selling it easily, he decided that writing would be a viable career, and he focused on it. His self-esteem was enhanced when H. L. Mencken, editor of the popular magazine American Mercury, bought two of his stories, "Fool" and "Figures of Fighting Men." During subsequent years, <mask>'s stories and feature articles were published in Esquire, Theatre

masks: Huston Huston Huston Huston Huston Huston


title: John Huston

texts: Arts, and The New York Times.He also worked for a period on the New York Graphic. In 1931, when he was 25, he moved back to Los Angeles in hopes of writing for the blossoming film industry. The silent films had given way to "talkies", and writers were in demand. His father had earlier moved there and already gained success in a number of films. <mask> received a script editing contract with Samuel Goldwyn Productions but, after six months of receiving no assignments, quit to work for Universal Studios, where his father was a star. At Universal, he got a job in the script department, and began by writing dialogue for a number of films in 1932, including Murders in the Rue Morgue, A House Divided, and Law and Order. The last two also starred his father, <mask>.A House Divided was directed by William Wyler, who gave <mask> his first real "inside view" of the filmmaking process during all stages of production. Wyler and <mask> became close friends and collaborators on a number of leading films. <mask> gained a reputation as a "lusty, hard-drinking libertine" during his first years as a writer in Hollywood. <mask> described those years as a "series of misadventures and disappointments". In 1933 he was in a romantic relationship with actress Zita Johann. While driving drunk, with Johann as passenger, he hit a parked car sending Johann through the glass windshield. She suffered head trauma and <mask> was charged with driving while intoxicated.His brief career as a Hollywood writer ended suddenly after a car he was driving struck and killed actress Tosca Roulien, wife of actor Raul Roulien. There is a rumor that actor Clark Gable was responsible for

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Walter Huston
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Huston
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title: John Huston

texts:
 the hit and run, but that MGM general manager Eddie Mannix paid <mask> to take the blame. However it's only a rumor because Gable
was on location filming a movie A coroner's jury absolved <mask> of blame, but the incident left him "traumatized". He moved to London and Paris, living as a "drifter." By 1937, the 31-year-old <mask> returned to Hollywood intent on being a "serious writer." He married again, to Lesley Black. His first job was as scriptwriter with Warner Brothers Studio, and he formed his personal longterm goal to direct his own scripts.For the next four years, he co-wrote scripts for major films such as Jezebel, The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse, Juarez, Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet, and Sergeant York (1941). He was nominated for Academy Awards for his screenplays for both Ehrlich and Sergeant York. <mask> wrote that Sergeant York, which was directed by Howard Hawks, has "gone down as one of Howard's best pictures, and Gary Cooper had a triumph playing the young mountaineer." <mask> was recognized and respected as a screenwriter. He persuaded Warners to give him a chance to direct, under the condition that his next script also became a hit. <mask> wrote:
They indulged me rather. They liked my work as a writer and they wanted to keep me on.If I wanted to direct, why, they'd give me a shot at it, and if it didn't come off all that well, they wouldn't be too disappointed as it was to be a very small picture. His next script was High Sierra (1941), to be directed by Raoul Walsh. The film became the hit <mask> wanted. It also made Humphrey Bogart a star with his first major role, as a gunman on the run. Warners kept their end of the bargain

masks: Huston Huston Huston Huston Huston Huston Huston


title: John Huston

texts:
 and gave <mask> his choice of subject. Screenwriter and director

The Maltese Falcon (1941)
For his first directing assignment, <mask> chose Dashiell Hammett's detective thriller, The Maltese Falcon, a film which failed at the box office in two earlier versions by Warners. However, studio head Jack L. Warner approved of <mask>'s treatment of Hammett's 1930 novel, and he stood by his word to let <mask> choose his first subject.<mask> kept the screenplay close to the novel, keeping much of Hammett's dialogue, and directing it in an uncluttered style, much like the book's narrative. He did unusual preparation for his first directing job by sketching out each shot beforehand, including camera positions, lighting, and compositional scale, for such elements as closeups. He especially benefited by selecting a superior cast, giving Humphrey Bogart the lead role. Bogart was happy to take the role, as he liked working with <mask>. The supporting cast included other noted actors: Mary Astor, Peter Lorre, Sydney Greenstreet (his first film role), and his own father, <mask>. The film was given only a small B-movie budget, and received minimal publicity by Warners, as they had low expectations. The entire film was made in eight weeks for only $300,000.Warners was surprised by the immediate enthusiastic response by the public and critics, who hailed the film as a "classic", with many ranking it as the "best detective melodrama ever made." Herald Tribune critic Howard Barnes called it a "triumph." <mask> received an Academy Award nomination for the screenplay. After this film, <mask> directed all of his screenplays, except for one, Three Strangers (1946). In

masks:
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Huston
Huston
Huston
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Huston
Walter Huston
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title: John Huston

texts:
 1942, he directed two more hits, In This Our Life (1942), starring Bette Davis, and Across the Pacific, another thriller starring Humphrey Bogart. Army years during World War II

In 1942 <mask> served in the United States Army during World War II, making films for the Army Signal Corps. While in uniform with the rank of captain, he directed and produced three films that some critics rank as "among the finest made about World War II: Report from the Aleutians (1943), about soldiers preparing for combat; The Battle of San Pietro (1945), the story (censored by the Army) of a failure by America's intelligence agencies that resulted in many deaths, and Let There Be Light (1946), about psychologically damaged veterans.It was censored and suppressed for 35 years, until 1981. <mask> was promoted to the rank of major and received the Legion of Merit award for "courageous work under battle conditions." All of his films made for the Army were "controversial", and were either not released, were censored, or banned outright, as they were considered "demoralizing" to soldiers and the public. Years later, after <mask> moved to Ireland, his daughter, actress Anjelica <mask>, recalled that the "main movies we watched were the war documentaries." <mask> performed an uncredited rewrite of Anthony Veiller's screenplay for The Stranger (1946), a film he was to have directed. When <mask> became unavailable, the film's star, Orson Welles, directed instead; Welles had the lead role of a high-ranking Nazi fugitive who settles in New England under an assumed name. The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948)
<mask>'s next picture, which he wrote, directed, and briefly


title: John Huston

texts:
 appeared in as an American asked to "help out a fellow American, down on his luck", was The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948).It would become one of the films that established his reputation as a leading filmmaker. The film, also starring Humphrey Bogart, was the story of three drifters who band together to prospect for gold. <mask> gave a supporting role to his father, <mask>. Warners studio was initially uncertain what to make of the film. They had allowed <mask> to film on location in Mexico, which was a "radical move" for a studio at the time. They also knew that <mask> was gaining a reputation as "one of the wild men of Hollywood." In any case, studio boss Jack L. Warner initially "detested it."But whatever doubts Warners had were soon removed, as the film achieved widespread public and critical acclaim. Hollywood writer James Agee called it "one of the most beautiful and visually alive movies I have ever seen." Time magazine described it as "one of the best things Hollywood has done since it learned to talk." <mask> won Oscars for Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay; his father won for Best Supporting Actor. The film also won other awards in the U.S. and overseas. Decades later, Film Comment magazine devoted four pages to the film in its May–June 1980 edition, with author Richard T. Jameson offering his impressions:

This film has impressed itself on the heart and mind and soul of anyone who has seen it, to the extent that filmmakers of great originality and distinctiveness like Robert Altman and Sam Peckinpah can be said to have remade it again and again ... without compromising its uniqueness. Key Largo (1948)
Also in 1948,

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Walter Huston
Huston
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title: John Huston

texts:
 <mask> directed Key Largo, again starring Humphrey Bogart.It was the story about a disillusioned veteran who clashes with gangsters on a remote Florida key. It co-starred Lauren Bacall, Claire Trevor, Edward G. Robinson, and Lionel Barrymore. The film was an adaptation of the stage play by Maxwell Anderson. Some viewers complained that it was still overly stage-bound. But the "outstanding performances" by all the actors saved the film, and Claire Trevor won an Oscar for best supporting actress. <mask> was annoyed that the studio cut several scenes from the final release without his agreement. That, along with some earlier disputes, angered <mask> enough that he left the studio when his contract expired.The Asphalt Jungle (1950)
In 1950 he wrote and directed The Asphalt Jungle, a film which broke new ground by depicting criminals as somewhat sympathetic characters, simply doing their professional work, "an occupation like any other". <mask> described their work as "a left-handed form of human endeavor." <mask> achieved that effect by giving "deep attention" to the plot, involving a large jewelry theft, by examining the minute, step-by-step details and difficulties each of the characters had of carrying it out. Some critics felt that, by this technique, <mask> had achieved an almost "documentary" style. His assistant director Albert Band explains further:

Film critic Andrew Sarris considered it to be "<mask>'s best film", and the film that made Marilyn Monroe a recognized actress. Sarris also notes the similar themes in many of <mask>'s films, as exemplified by this one: "His protagonists almost invariably fail at what they set out to do." This

masks: Huston Huston Huston Huston Huston Huston Huston Huston


title: John Huston

texts:
 theme was also expressed in Treasure of the Sierra Madre, where the group foundered on their own greed.It starred Sterling Hayden and Sam Jaffe, a personal friend of <mask>. Marilyn Monroe had her first serious role in this film. <mask> said, "it was, of course, where Marilyn Monroe got her start." Monroe said <mask> was the first genius she had ever met; and he made her feel that she finally had a chance of becoming a professional actress:

The film succeeded at the box office, and <mask> was again nominated for an Oscar for best screenplay and best director, along with winning the Screen Directors Guild Award. This became a model for many similar movies by other filmmakers. The Red Badge of Courage (1951)
<mask>'s next film, The Red Badge of Courage (1951), was of a completely different subject: war and its effect on soldiers. While in the army during World War II, he became interested in Stephen Crane's classic American Civil War novel of the same title.For the starring role, <mask> chose World War II hero Audie Murphy to play the young Union soldier who deserts his company out of fear, but later returns to fight alongside them. MGM was concerned that the movie seemed too antiwar for the postwar period. Without <mask>'s input, they cut down the running time of the film from eighty-eight minutes to sixty-nine, added narration, and deleted what <mask> felt was a crucial scene. The movie did poorly at the box office. <mask> suggests that it was possibly because it "brought war very close to home." <mask> recalls that at the preview showing, before the film was halfway through, "damn near a third of the audience got up and walked out of the

masks: Huston Huston Huston Huston Huston Huston Huston Huston Huston Huston


title: John Huston

texts:
 theater." Despite the "butchering" and weak public response, film historian Michael Barson describes the movie as "a minor masterpiece."At the same time, the film was also the cause of a growing feud between MGM founder Louis B. Mayer and Producer Dore Schary to the point where <mask> felt like stepping down to avoid growing the conflict. However, Mayer encouraged <mask> to stay on telling him to fight for the picture regardless of what he thought of it. The African Queen (1951)

Before The Red Badge of Courage opened in theaters, <mask> was already in Africa shooting The African Queen (1951), a story based on C. S. Forester's popular novel. It starred Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn in a combination of romance, comedy and adventure. Barson calls it "one of the most popular Hollywood movies of all time." The film's producer, Sam Spiegel, urged <mask> to change the ending to allow the protagonists to survive, instead of dying. <mask> agreed, and the ending was rewritten.It became <mask>'s most successful film financially, and "it remains one of his finest works." <mask> was nominated for two Academy Awards—Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay. Bogart, meanwhile, won his only Oscar for Best Actor for his role as Charlie Allnut. Hepburn wrote about her experiences shooting the film in her memoir, The Making of the African Queen: Or How I went to Africa with Bogart, Bacall, and <mask> and almost lost my mind. Clint Eastwood directed and starred in the film White Hunter, Black Heart, based on Peter Viertel's novel of the same name, which tells a fictional version of the making of the film. House Committee on Un-American Activities period


title: John Huston

texts:
In 1952 <mask> moved to Ireland as a result of his "disgust" at the "witch-hunt" and the "moral rot" he felt was created by investigation and hearings by the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), which had affected many of his friends in the movie industry. <mask> had, with friends including director William Wyler and screenwriter Philip Dunne, established the "Committee for the First Amendment", as a response to the ongoing government investigations into communists within the film industry.The HUAC was calling numerous filmmakers, screenwriters, and actors to testify about any past affiliations. He later described, in general, the types of people who were alleged communists:

Moby Dick (1956)
<mask> took producing, writing, and directing credits for his next two films: Moulin Rouge (1952); and Beat the Devil (1953). Moby Dick (1956), however, was written by Ray Bradbury, although <mask> had his name added to the screenplay credit after the completion of the project. Although <mask> had personally hired Bradbury to adapt Herman Melville's novel into a screenplay, Bradbury and <mask> did not get along during pre-production. Bradbury later dramatized their relationship in the short story "Banshee". When this was adapted as an episode of The Ray Bradbury Theater, Peter O'Toole played the role based on <mask>. Bradbury wrote more poems, essays, and stories on his time in Ireland, but was reluctant to write a book because he did not want to gossip about <mask>.It was not until after he read Katharine Hepburn's memoir, The Making of the African Queen, that he decided that he could write "a book which is fair, which presents the <mask>

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 that I loved along with the one that I began to fear on occasion." He published Green Shadows, White Whale, a novel about his time in Ireland with <mask>, almost 40 years after he wrote the screenplay for Moby Dick. <mask> had been planning to film Herman Melville's Moby-Dick for the previous ten years, and originally thought the starring role of Captain Ahab would be an excellent part for his father, <mask>. After his father died in 1950, <mask> chose Gregory Peck to play the role. The movie was filmed over a three-year period on location in Ireland, where <mask> was living. The fishing village of New Bedford, Massachusetts was recreated along the waterfront; the sailing ship in the film was fully constructed to be seaworthy; and three 100-foot whales were built out of steel, wood, and plastic. But the film failed at the box office.Critics such as David Robinson suggested that the movie lacked the "mysticism of the book" and thereby "loses its significance." The Misfits (1961)

Of <mask>'s next five films, only The Misfits (1961), gained critical approval. Critics have since noted the "retrospective atmosphere of doom" which is associated with the film. Clark Gable, the star, died of a heart attack a few weeks after the filming was completed; Marilyn Monroe never finished another film, and died a year later after being suspended during the filming of Something's Got to Give; and costars Montgomery Clift (1966) and Thelma Ritter (1969) also died over the next decade. But two of the Misfits stars, Eli Wallach and Kevin McCarthy, lived another 50 years. During the filming, Monroe was sometimes taking prescribed drugs, which led to her arriving

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 late on the set. Monroe also sometimes forgot her lines.Monroe's personal problems eventually led to the breakup of her marriage to playwright Arthur Miller, the scriptwriter, "virtually on set." Miller dramatized the making of The Misfits in his final play, Finishing the Picture, where <mask> is represented as the director. <mask> later commented about this period in Monroe's career: "Marilyn was on her way out. Not only of the picture, but of life." Freud: the Secret Passion (1962)
He followed The Misfits with Freud: The Secret Passion, a film quite different from most of his others. Besides directing, he also narrates portions of the story. Film historian Stuart M. Kaminsky notes that <mask> presents Sigmund Freud, played by Montgomery Clift, "as a kind of savior and messiah", with an "almost Biblical detachment."As the film begins, <mask> describes Freud as a "kind of hero or God on a quest for mankind":

This is the story of Freud's descent into a region as black as hell, man's unconscious, and how he let in the light. <mask> explains how he became interested in psychotherapy, the subject of the film:

I first got into that through an experience in a hospital during the war, where I made a documentary about patients suffering from battle neuroses. I was in the army and made the picture Let There Be Light. That experience started my interest in psychotherapy, and to this day Freud looms as the single huge figure in that field. The Night of the Iguana (1964)
For his next film, <mask> again traveled to Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, after meeting an architect, Guillermo Wulff, who owned property and businesses in the town. The filming of The Night


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 of the Iguana took place in a beach cove called Mismaloya, about thirty minutes south of town. <mask> adapted the stage play by Tennessee Williams.The film stars Richard Burton and Ava Gardner, and was nominated for several Academy Awards. The production attracted intense worldwide media attention, due to Burton bringing his celebrity mistress, actress Elizabeth Taylor (who was still married to singer Eddie Fisher at the time) to Puerto Vallarta. <mask> liked the town where filming took place so much that he bought a house near there, as did Burton and Taylor. Guillermo Wulff and <mask> became friends and always spent time together while <mask> was in town, more frequently at Wulff's El Dorado Restaurant on Los Muertos Beach. The Bible: In the Beginning (1966)
Producer Dino De Laurentis traveled to Ireland to ask <mask> to direct The Bible: In the Beginning. Although De Laurentis had ambitions for a broader story, he realized that the subject could not be adequately covered and limited the story to less than the first half of the Book of Genesis. <mask> enjoyed directing the film, as it gave him a chance to indulge his love of animals.Besides directing he also played the role of Noah and the voice of God. The Bible earned rentals of $15 million in North America, making it the second highest-grossing film of 1966. However, because of its bloated budget of $18 million (which made it the most expensive movie of <mask>'s career), 20th Century Fox ended up losing $1.5 million. <mask> enjoyed describing details about the filming:
Every morning before beginning work, I visited the animals. One of the elephants, Candy, loved to be scratched on the


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 belly behind her foreleg. I'd scratch her and she would lean farther and farther toward me until there was some danger of her toppling over on me. One time I started to walk away from her, and she reached out and took my wrist with her trunk and pulled me back to her side.It was a command: "Don't stop!" I used it in the picture. Noah scratches the elephant's belly and walks away, and the elephant pulls him back to her time after time. Involvement with the Irish film industry

While working on Casino Royale (1967), <mask> took interest in the Irish film industry, which had historically struggled to attain domestic or international success. There were rumours that he would buy Ireland's premiere film location, Ardmore Studios in Bray, County Wicklow. In 1967, <mask> gave Taoiseach Jack Lynch a tour of Ardmore and asked to form a committee to help foster a productive Irish film industry. <mask> served on the resulting committee with Irish filmmakers and journalists.Lynch also ultimately agreed to offer tax breaks to foreign production companies if they shot on location in Ireland, and signed the Film Act of 1970. <mask> was interviewed in Irish journalist Peter Lennon's Rocky Road to Dublin (1967), where he argued that it was more important for Irish filmmakers to make films in Ireland than for foreign production companies to make international films. In 1969, he shot Sinful Davey in Ireland using a mixed Irish and British cast. Fat City (1972)
After several films that were not well received, <mask> returned to critical acclaim with Fat City. Based on Leonard Gardner's 1969 novel of the same name, it was about an aging, washed-up alcoholic boxer

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 in Stockton, California trying to get his name back on the map, while having a new relationship with a world-weary alcoholic. It also featured an amateur boxer trying to find success in boxing. The film was nominated for several awards.It starred Stacy Keach, a young Jeff Bridges, and Susan Tyrrell; she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Roger Ebert stated Fat City was one of <mask>'s best films, giving it four out of four stars. The Man Who Would Be King (1975)
Perhaps <mask>'s most highly regarded film of the 1970s, The Man Who Would Be King was both a critical and commercial success. <mask> had been planning to make this film since the '50s, originally with his friends Humphrey Bogart and Clark Gable. Eventually, the lead roles went to Sean Connery and Michael Caine. The movie was filmed on location in North Africa. The film was praised for its use of old-fashioned escapism and entertainment.Steven Spielberg has cited the film as one of the inspirations for his film Raiders of the Lost Ark. Wise Blood (1979)
After filming The Man Who Would Be King, <mask> took his longest break between directing films. He returned with an offbeat and somewhat controversial film based on the novel Wise Blood. Here, <mask> showed his skills as a storyteller, and boldness when it came to difficult subjects such as religion. Under the Volcano (1984)
<mask>'s last film set in Mexico stars Albert Finney as an alcoholic ambassador during the beginnings of World War II. Adapted from the 1947 novel by Malcolm Lowry, the film was highly praised by critics, most notably for Finney's portrayal of a desperate and depressed alcoholic. The film


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 was a success on the independent circuit.The Dead (1987)
<mask>'s final film is an adaptation of the classic short story by James Joyce. This may have been one of <mask>'s most personal films, due to his citizenship in Ireland and his passion for classic literature. <mask> directed most of the film from a wheelchair, as he needed an oxygen tank to breathe during the last few months of his life. The film was nominated for two Academy Awards and was praised by critics. Roger Ebert eventually placed it in his Great Movies list; a section of movies he claimed to be some of the best ever made. <mask> died nearly four months before the film's release date. In the 1996 RTÉ documentary <mask>: An t-Éireannach, Anjelica <mask> said that
"it was very important for my father to make that film."She contends that <mask> did not think that it was going to be his last film, but that it was his love letter to Ireland and the Irish. As an actor
Earlier in his career, he had played bit parts in his own films, such as the unnamed rich American in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre. Towards the end of his career, <mask> began to play more prominent roles in films by other directors. In 1963, director Otto Preminger asked if he would portray a Boston prelate in The Cardinal, and, writes author Philip Kemp, he "virtually stole the picture." He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role. He had a little participation (as did many others) in 1967's Casino Royale as actor and director. He acted in Roman Polanski's Chinatown (1974) as the film's master villain, and as President Teddy Roosevelt's secretary of state <mask> in The Wind and the

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 Lion.<mask> enjoyed acting and denied that he took it all that seriously. "It's a cinch," he once said, "and they pay you damn near as much as you make directing." <mask> said he did not regard himself very highly as an actor, saying he was proud only of his performance in Chinatown. But he had also greatly enjoyed acting in Winter Kills. He also played the Lawgiver in Battle for the Planet of the Apes. <mask> is famous to a generation of fans of J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth stories as the voice of the wizard Gandalf in the Rankin/Bass animated adaptations of The Hobbit (1977) and The Return of the King (1980). <mask> played the lead in Orson Welles's last completed film The Other Side of the Wind.In it he played an aging filmmaker named Jake Hannaford who was having great problems getting financing for his latest uncompleted film. Much of his portrayal was filmed in the spring of 1974 in Carefree, Arizona, at Southwestern Studio and a nearby mansion. But due to political and financial complications, The Other Side of the Wind was not released until the fall of 2018. Movie themes

<mask>'s films were insightful about human nature and human predicaments. They also sometimes included scenes or brief dialogue passages that were remarkably prescient concerning environmental issues that came to public awareness in the future, in the period starting about 1970; examples include The Misfits and The Night of the Iguana (1964). <mask> spent long evenings carousing in the Nevada casinos after filming, surrounded by reporters and beautiful women, gambling, drinking, and smoking cigars. According to Kaminsky, <mask>'s stories were often about "failed


title: John Huston

texts: quests" by a group of different people.The group would persist in the face of poor odds, doomed at the outset by the circumstances created by an impossible situation. However, some members of the doomed group usually survive, those who are "cool" and "intelligent", or someone who "will sacrifice everything for self-understanding and independence". Those types of characters are exemplified by Bogart in The Maltese Falcon, and Montgomery Clift in Freud. Another type of quest often seen in <mask>'s films involves a pair of potential lovers trying to face a hostile world. Flint adds, however, that he "bucked Hollywood's penchant for happy endings", and many of his stories ended with "love unsatisfied". Film historian James Goodwin adds that in virtually all of his films, there is some type of "heroic quest – even if it involves questionable motives or destructive alliances". In addition, the quest "is preferable to the spiritless, amoral routines of life".As a result, his best films, according to Flint, "have lean, fast-paced scripts and vibrant plots and characterizations, and many of them deal ironically with vanity, avarice and unfulfilled quests". In the opinion of critics Tony Tracy and Roddy Flynn, "... what fundamentally fascinated <mask> was not movies per se – that is, form – but the human condition ... and literature offered a road map for exploring that condition." In many of his films, therefore, he tried to express his interest by developing themes involving some of the "grand narratives" of the twentieth century, such as "faith, meaning, truth, freedom, psychology, colonialism, war and capitalism". To Jameson, all of <mask>'s films

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 forgive the term, classics, weren't all that well thought of at the time they came out." After an interview a few years before he died, the reporter writes that "<mask> said he missed the major studio era when people savored making movies, not just money." According to Roger Ebert, in his review of Fat City, "His fascination with underdogs and losers. The characters in Huston movies hardly ever set out to achieve what they're aiming for. Sam Spade, in The Maltese Falcon, <mask>'s first film, ends up minus one partner and one woman he thought he could trust. Everyone is a loser in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, and the gold blows back into the dust and is lost in it. Ahab, in Moby Dick.Marlon Brando's career Army officer in Reflections in a Golden Eye, even Bogart and Hepburn in The African Queen – they all fall short of their plans. The African Queen does have a happy ending, but it feels tacked-on and ridiculous, and the Queen destroys itself in destroying the German steamer. So this [Fat City] is a theme we find in <mask>'s work, but rarely does he fit it to characters and a time and place so well as in Fat City. Maybe that's because <mask> knows the territory: he was a professional boxer himself for a while, and not a very good one." Directing techniques

George Stevens, Jr. notes that while many directors rely on post-production editing to shape their final work, <mask> instead created his films while they were being shot: "I don't even know the editor of my films most of the time," <mask> said. Actor Michael Caine also observed the same technique: "Most directors don't know what they want so they shoot everything they can think of —


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 they use the camera like a machine gun. <mask> uses it like a sniper."<mask> confirmed as much when he recalled what <mask> said to him as the then-youngster was fooling around with a Kodak Super 8: "and I was shooting all these various things. He said, 'Stop it, stop doing that.' I said, 'What?' He said, 'When you go from left to right and right to left, what do you do?' So I looked from left to right and right to left. I said, 'I give up. What do I do?'He said, 'You blink. That's a cut.'" Film writer Peter Flint pointed out other benefits to <mask>'s style: "He shot economically, eschewing the many protective shots favored by timid directors, and edited cerebrally so that financial backers would have trouble trying to cut scenes." <mask> shot most of his films on location, working "intensely" six days a week, and "on Sundays, played equally intense poker with the cast and crew." When asked how he envisions his films while directing and what his goals are, <mask> replied:

To me the ideal film — which I've never succeeded in making — would be as though the reel were behind one's eyes and you were projecting it yourself, seeing what you wish to see. This has a great deal in common with thought processes ... That's why I think the camera is an eye as well as a mind. Everything we do with the camera has physiological and mental significance.According to Kaminsky, much of <mask>'s vision probably came from his early experience as a painter on the streets of Paris. While there, he studied art and worked at it for a year and a half. <mask> continued painting as a hobby for most of his life. Kaminsky also notes that most of <mask>'s films "reflected

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 this prime interest in the image, the moving portrait and the use of color." <mask> explored the use of "stylistic framing", especially well-planned close-ups, in much of his directing. In his first film, The Maltese Falcon, for instance, <mask> sketched out all of his scenes beforehand, "like canvases of paintings". Anjelica <mask> recalled that even for his subsequent films, he sketched storyboards "constantly... it was a form of study, and my father was a painter, a very good one... there was an extremely developed sensory quality about my father, he didn't miss a trick."Personal life and death
To producer George Stevens, Jr., <mask> symbolized "intellect, charm and physical grace" within the film industry. He adds, "He was the most charismatic of the directors I knew, speaking with a soothing, melodic voice that was often mimicked, but was unique to him." While driving on Sunset Boulevard on September 25, 1933, <mask> struck and killed a pedestrian, a Brazilian dancer named Tosca Roulien. The resulting media frenzy forced <mask> to retreat temporarily from public performance and instead work as a screenwriter. A subsequent inquest absolved <mask> of any blame for the accident. Prior to this accident <mask> crashed into a parked car injuring his passenger Zita Johann. Johann suffered head trauma as she was thrown through the windshield.<mask> was charged with driving while intoxicated. <mask> loved the outdoors, especially hunting while living in Ireland. Among his life's adventures before becoming a Hollywood filmmaker, he had been an amateur boxer, reporter, short-story writer, portrait artist in Paris, a cavalry rider in Mexico, and a


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 documentary filmmaker during World War II. Besides sports and adventure, he enjoyed hard liquor and relationships with women. Stevens describes him as someone who "lived life to its fullest". Barson even suggests that <mask>'s "flamboyant life" as a rebel would possibly make for "an even more engaging tale than most of his movies". His daughter, Anjelica <mask>, noted that he did not like Hollywood, and "especially despised Beverly Hills ... he thought it was just fake from the ground up.He didn't like any of that; he was not intrigued or attracted by it." She noted that, in contrast, "he liked to be in the wild places; he liked animals as much as he liked people." It has been suggested that <mask> was an atheist, but his religious beliefs are hard to determine. He claimed that he had no orthodox religion. His daughter, Anjelica, was raised Roman Catholic. <mask> serially married. His five wives were:

Dorothy Harvey
(m. 1925; div.1933)
Lesley Black
(m. 1937; div. 1945)
Evelyn Keyes
(m. 1946; div. 1950)
Enrica Soma
(m. 1950; died 1969)
Celeste Shane
(m. 1972; div. 1977)

 Dorothy Harvey (1906–1982) — This youthful marriage ended after seven years (October 17, 1926 – January 10, 1933). Lesley Black  — (m. 1937; div. 1945) — During his marriage to Black he embarked on an affair with a married New York socialite, Marietta FitzGerald. While her lawyer husband was helping the war effort, the pair were once rumoured to have made love so vigorously they broke a friend's bed.Evelyn Keyes (1916–2008) – (m. 1946; div. 1950) – They adopted a son Pablo, who <mask> discovered orphaned in Mexico. Enrica Soma (1929–1969) – (m. 1950; died 1969) - Huston & Soma

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texts: were married until she died at age 39 in a car accident. They had two children: Walter Antony "Tony" <mask> (b. 1950), screenwriter and attorney, father of actor <mask>; and a daughter, actress Anjelica <mask> (b. 1951). During the marriage, <mask> fathered a son, <mask> (b.1962), with author Zoe Sallis. Danny became an actor. Soma also had a child from an extramarital affair during their marriage. Her daughter, Allegra <mask> (b. 1964), is the child of <mask> Norwich. After Soma died at the age of 39, <mask> treated the girl as one of his own children. Celeste Shane – (m. 1972; div.1977) – In his autobiography, An Open Book, <mask> refers to her as a "crocodile", and says that if he had his life to do over, he would not have married a fifth time. His friends included George Hodel, Orson Welles and Ernest Hemingway. Humphrey Bogart was one of his best friends, and <mask> delivered the eulogy at his funeral. <mask> visited Ireland in 1951 and stayed at Luggala, County Wicklow, the home of Garech Browne, a member of the Guinness family. He visited Ireland several times afterwards and on one of these visits, he purchased and restored a Georgian home, St Clerans, of Craughwell, County Galway. Between 1960 and 1971 he served as Master of Fox Hounds (MFH) of the County Galway Hunt, whose kennels are at Craughwell. He renounced his U.S. citizenship and became an Irish citizen in 1964.His daughter Anjelica attended school in Ireland at Kylemore Abbey for a number of years. A film school is now dedicated to him on the NUI Galway campus. <mask> was an accomplished painter who wrote in his autobiography, "Nothing has played a more important role in my

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 life". As a young man, he studied at the Smith School of Art in Los Angeles but dropped out within a few months. He later studied at the Art Students League of New York. He painted throughout his life and had studios in each of his homes. He had owned a wide collection of art, including a notable collection of Pre-Columbian art.A heavy smoker, <mask> was diagnosed with emphysema in 1978. By the last year of his life he could not breathe for more than twenty minutes without needing oxygen. He died on August 28, 1987, in his rented home in Middletown, Rhode Island, from pneumonia as a complication of lung disease, three weeks after his 81st birthday. <mask> is interred in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood with his mother. Archives
The moving image collection of <mask> is held at the Academy Film Archive. The film material at the Academy Film Archive is complemented by production files, photographs, and personal correspondence found in the <mask> papers, 1932–1981, at the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library. The film archive preserved several of <mask>'s home movies in 2001.Filmography

Films

Other work

Acting roles

Awards and honors

<mask> received 15 Oscar nominations in the course of his career and is the oldest person ever to be nominated for the Best Director Oscar when, at 79 years old, he was nominated for Prizzi's Honor (1985). He won two Oscars, for directing and writing the screenplay for The Treasure of the Sierra Madre. <mask> also won a Golden Globe for that film. He received the Life Achievement Award from the American Film Institute in 1983, and the Career Achievement Award from the U.S. National Board of Review of

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 Motion Pictures in 1984. He also has the unique distinction of directing both his father Walter and his daughter Anjelica in Oscar-winning performances (in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre and Prizzi's Honor, respectively), making the <mask>s the first family to have three generations of Academy Award winners. He also directed her in Sinful Davey in 1969. In addition, he also directed 13 other actors in Oscar-nominated performances: Sydney Greenstreet, Claire Trevor, Sam Jaffe, Humphrey Bogart, Katharine Hepburn, José Ferrer, Colette Marchand, Deborah Kerr, Grayson Hall, Susan Tyrrell, Albert Finney, Jack Nicholson and William Hickey.In 1960, <mask> was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contribution to motion pictures. In 1965, <mask> received the Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement from the Writers Guild of America. In 1981, his film Escape to Victory was nominated for the Golden Prize at the 12th Moscow International Film Festival. A statue of <mask>, sitting in his director's chair, stands in Plaza John Huston in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. Major association awards

Academy Awards

Golden Globes

BAFTA Awards

Independent Spirit Awards

Critics awards

Film festivals

Guild awards

Other awards

References

External links

 They Shoot Pictures, Don't

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title: John Prescott

texts: <mask>, <mask> (born 31 May 1938) is a British politician who served as Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and as First Secretary of State from 2001 to 2007. A member of the Labour Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Kingston upon Hull East from 1970 to 2010. He was seen as the political link to the working class in a Labour Party increasingly led by modernising, middle-class professionals such as Tony Blair and Peter Mandelson and developed a reputation as a key conciliator in the often stormy relationship between Blair and Gordon Brown. Born in Prestatyn, Wales, in his youth <mask> failed the eleven-plus entrance exam for grammar school and worked as a ship's steward and trade union activist. He went on to graduate from Ruskin College and the University of Hull. In the 1994 Labour Party leadership election, he stood for both the leadership and deputy leadership, winning election to the latter office. He was appointed Deputy Prime Minister after Labour's victory in the 1997 election, with an expanded brief as Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions until 2001 then subsequently First Secretary of State until 2007.In June 2007, he resigned as Deputy Prime Minister, coinciding with Tony Blair's resignation as Prime Minister. Following an election within the Labour Party, he was replaced as deputy leader by Harriet Harman. After retiring as a Member of Parliament at the 2010 general election, he entered the House of Lords as a life peer with the title <mask>, of Kingston upon Hull in the County of East Yorkshire. He stood as the Labour candidate in the 2012 election to be the first Police and Crime Commissioner for Humberside Police but lost to Conservative Party candidate Matthew Grove.

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 <mask> resigned from the Privy Council in 2013 to protest delays to the introduction of press regulation of which he had become a proponent. In February 2015, he returned to politics as an adviser to Labour leader Ed Miliband. Early life
The son of <mask> <mask>, a railway signalman and Labour councillor, and Phyllis, and the grandson of a miner, <mask> was born in Prestatyn, Wales, on 31 May 1938.In 2009, he said: "I've always felt very proud of Wales and being Welsh...I was born in Wales, went to school in Wales and my mother was Welsh. I'm Welsh. It's my place of birth, my country." He left Wales in 1942 at the age of four and was brought up initially in Brinsworth in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England. He attended Brinsworth Manor School, where in 1949 he sat but failed the 11-Plus examination to attend Rotherham Grammar School. Shortly afterwards, his family moved to Upton-by-Chester, and he attended Grange Secondary Modern School in nearby Ellesmere Port. <mask> became a steward and waiter in the Merchant Navy, thus avoiding National Service, working for Cunard, and was a popular left-wing union activist.<mask>'s time in the Merchant Navy included a cruise from England to New Zealand in 1957. Among the passengers was former British Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden, recuperating after his resignation over the Suez Crisis. <mask> reportedly described Eden as a "real gentleman". Apart from serving Eden, who stayed in his cabin much of the time, <mask> also won several boxing contests, at which Eden presented the prizes. He married Pauline "Tilly" Tilston at Upton Church in Chester on 11 November 1961. He then went to Ruskin College, which specialises in courses for union officials, where he gained a diploma in economics and politics in

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 1965. In 1968, he obtained a BSc degree in economics and economic history from the University of Hull.Member of Parliament
<mask> returned to the National Union of Seamen as a full-time official before being elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament (MP) for Kingston upon Hull East in 1970, succeeding Commander Harry Pursey, the retiring Labour MP. The defeated Conservative challenger was Norman Lamont. Previously, he had attempted to become MP for Southport in 1966, but came in second place, approximately 9,500 votes behind the Conservative candidate. From July 1975 to 1979, he concurrently served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) and Leader of the Labour Group, when its members were nominated by the national Parliaments. In 1988 <mask> and Eric Heffer challenged Roy Hattersley for the deputy leadership of the party, but Roy Hattersley was reelected as deputy leader. <mask> stood again in the 1992 deputy leadership election, following Hattersley's retirement, but lost to Margaret Beckett. <mask> held various posts in Labour's Shadow Cabinet, but his career was secured by an impassioned closing speech in the debate at the Labour Party Conference in 1993 on the introduction of "one member, one vote" for the selection and reselection of Labour Parliamentary candidates that helped swing the vote in favour of this reform.In 1994 <mask> was a candidate in the party leadership election that followed the death of <mask>, standing for the positions of both leader and deputy leader. Tony Blair  won the leadership contest, with <mask> being elected deputy leader. Deputy Prime Minister
With the formation of a Labour government in 1997, <mask> was made Deputy Prime Minister and given a very large portfolio as the head of the

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 newly created Department for Environment, Transport and the Regions. In the United Kingdom, the title of Deputy Prime Minister is used only occasionally, and confers no constitutional powers (in which it is similar to the pre-20th century usage of Prime Minister). The Deputy Prime Minister stands in when the Prime Minister is unavailable, most visibly at Prime minister's questions, and <mask> had attended various Heads of Government meetings on behalf of then Prime Minister Tony Blair. Since the position of Deputy Prime Minister draws no salary, <mask>'s remuneration was based on his position as Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions until 2001. This "super department" was then broken up, with the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and the Department for Transport established as separate entities.<mask>, still Deputy Prime Minister, was also given the largely honorific title of First Secretary of State. In July 2001 an Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (ODPM) was created to administer the areas remaining under his responsibility. This was originally part of the Cabinet Office, but became a department in its own right in May 2002, when it absorbed some of the responsibilities of the former Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions. The ODPM had responsibility for local and regional government, housing, communities and the fire service. Environment, Transport and the Regions

Environment
The UK played a major role in the successful negotiations on the Kyoto Protocol on climate change and <mask> led the UK delegation at the discussions. In May 2006, in recognition of his work in delivering the Kyoto Treaty, Tony Blair asked him to work with the Foreign Secretary and the Environment

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 Secretary on developing the Government's post-Kyoto agenda. As minister on 24 August 1999 <mask> signed into law a ban the use of Chrysotile Asbestos which resulted in a complete ban on the usage of any Asbestos containing products in the United Kingdom from 24 November 1999.Integrated transport policy
On coming to office, <mask> pursued an integrated public transport policy. On 6 June 1997, he said: "I will have failed if in five years time there are not...far fewer journeys by car. It's a tall order but I urge you to hold me to it." However, by June 2002, car traffic was up by 7%. This prompted Friends of the Earth's Tony Bosworth to say "By its own test, Government transport policy has failed". <mask> had success in focusing attention on the role of car usage in the bigger environmental picture and the need for effective public transport alternatives if car volume is to be reduced. The subsequent debate on road pricing evolved from his policy.A contrast was highlighted between <mask>'s transport brief and an incident, in 1999, when an official chauffeur-driven car was used to transport <mask> and his wife  from their hotel to the venue of the Labour Party Conference, where <mask> gave a speech on how to encourage the use of public transport. <mask> explained, "Because of the security reasons for one thing and second, my wife doesn't like to have her hair blown about. Have you got another silly question?" <mask> has been fined for speeding on four occasions. Rail regulation
<mask> had a stormy relationship with the privatisation of the railway industry. He had vigorously opposed the privatisation of the industry while the Labour Party was in opposition, and disliked the party's policy, established in 1996 just before the flotation of

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texts: Railtrack on the London Stock Exchange, of committing to renationalise the industry only when resources allowed, which he saw as meaning that it would never be done. Reluctantly, he supported the alternative policy, produced by then shadow transport secretary Clare Short, that the industry should be subjected to closer regulation by the to-be-created Strategic Rail Authority (in the case of the passenger train operators) and the Rail Regulator (in the case of the monopoly and dominant elements in the industry, principally Railtrack).The policy was spelled out in some detail in the Labour Party's statement in the June 1996 prospectus for the sale of Railtrack shares, and was widely regarded as having depressed the price of the shares. In 1998, <mask> was criticised by Transport Minister <mask> for his statement – at the Labour Party conference that year – that the privatised railway was a "national disgrace", despite receiving a standing ovation from the Labour Party audience. The companies felt that they had had some considerable successes in cutting costs and generating new revenues in the short time since their transfer to private sector hands, and that the criticisms were premature and unfair. In that speech, <mask> also announced that he would be taking a far tougher line with the companies, and to that end he would be having a "spring clean" of the industry. This meant that the incumbent Director of Passenger Rail Franchising – <mask>'Brien – and the Rail Regulator <mask> QC – both appointed by the previous Conservative government, would have to make way for new Labour appointees. In July 1998, <mask>, published a transport White Paper stating that the rail industry needed an element of stability and certainty if it was to plan its

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 activities effectively. In February 1999, the regulation of the passenger rail operators fell to Sir Alastair Morton, who <mask> announced would be appointed as chairman of the Strategic Rail Authority, which would take over from the Director of Passenger Rail Franchising whose office would be wound up.In July 1999, the new Rail Regulator appointed by <mask> was Tom Winsor. They shared <mask>'s view that the railway industry needed a considerable shake-up in its institutional, operational, engineering and economic matrix to attract and retain private investment and enable the companies within it to become strong, competent and successful. Local and regional government
Responsible for local government, <mask> introduced a new system guiding members' conduct after 2001. The new system included a nationally agreed Code of Conduct laid down by Statutory Instrument which all local authorities were required to adopt; the Code of Conduct gives guidance on when councillors have an interest in a matter under discussion and when that interest is prejudicial so that the councillor may not speak or vote on the matter. Although on many areas councillors had previously been expected to withdraw where they had declared an interest, the new system made the system more formal and introduced specific sanctions for breaches; it was criticised for preventing councillors from representing the views of their local communities. <mask> supported regional government in England. Early in his term, he introduced regional assemblies (consisting of delegates from local authorities and other regional stakeholders) to oversee the work of new Regional Development Agencies in the regions of England.Following Labour's second election victory, he pressed for the introduction of

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 elected regional assemblies, which would have seen about 25 to 35 members elected under a similar electoral system to that used for the London Assembly. However, because of opposition, the government was forced to hold regional referendums on the change. The first three were intended to be in the North-East, North-West and Yorkshire and the Humber. The North-East referendum in November 2004 was first (where support was felt to be strongest) but resulted in an overwhelming vote of 78% against. As a consequence, the plan for elected regional assemblies was shelved. Housing
A rising number of households (especially in the south-east) were putting added pressure on housing during <mask>'s tenure as the minister responsible. An increase in the housebuilding was proposed, primarily on brownfield sites, but also on some undeveloped greenfield areas and as a result he was accused of undermining the Green Belt.During a radio interview in January 1998, <mask> was asked about housing development on the green belt; intending to convey that the government would enlarge green belt protection, <mask> replied: "It's a Labour achievement, and we mean to build on it". He had not intended to make a joke and was distressed when it prompted laughter. In the north of England, <mask> approved the demolition of some 200,000 homes that were judged to be in "failing areas" as part of his Pathfinder regeneration scheme. It has been argued that renovating properties, rather than demolishing them, would have made better financial and community sense. <mask> led the campaign to abolish council housing, which ran out of steam when tenants in Birmingham voted to stay with the council in 2002. A previous attempt to privatise all the council housing in the London Borough of


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 Camden failed in 1997. Opposition to education reforms
On 17 December 2005, <mask> made public his disapproval of Tony Blair's plans to give state schools the right to govern their finances and admission policies and to increase the number of city academies.It was the first policy stance that <mask> had made against Blair since his election as leader in 1994. <mask> said that the move would create a two-tier educational system that would discriminate against the working class. He added that Labour were "always better fighting class". Links with the grass roots
<mask>, sometimes described as "an old-school unionist", kept in touch with the views of the traditional Labour voters throughout his career. He became an important figure in Tony Blair's "New Labour" movement, as the representative of 'old Labour' interests in the Shadow Cabinet and subsequently around the Cabinet table as Deputy Prime Minister. However, now a member of the establishment, relationships with the grass roots were not always smooth. Whilst attending the BRIT Awards in 1998, Chumbawamba vocalist Danbert Nobacon poured a jug of iced water over <mask>, saying, "This is for the Liverpool Dockers".(Dock workers in Liverpool had been involved in a two-year industrial dispute: a strike that had turned into a lock-out, until a few weeks earlier.) A reporter from the Daily Mirror threw water over Nobacon the following day. Abolition of department
In a Cabinet reshuffle on 5 May 2006, <mask>'s departmental responsibilities were transferred to Ruth Kelly, as Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, following revelations about his private life and a poor performance by Labour in that year's local elections. He remained as Deputy Prime Minister, with a seat in the

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 Cabinet, and was given a role as a special envoy to the Far East as well as additional responsibilities chairing cabinet committees. Despite having lost his departmental responsibilities it was announced that he would retain his full salary (£134,000pa) and pension entitlements, along with both his grace-and-favour homes, an announcement which received considerable criticism. The press speculated in July 2006 that, as a consequence of the continuing problems centred on <mask>, Blair was preparing to replace him as Deputy Prime Minister with David Miliband, whilst possibly retaining <mask> as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party, but nothing came of this. Announcement of retirement
In a speech to the 2006 Labour Party Conference in Manchester, <mask> apologised for the bad press he had caused the party during the previous year.He said: "I know in the last year I let myself down, I let you down. So Conference, I just want to say sorry", and confirmed that he would stand down as deputy leader when Blair resigned the premiership. <mask> subsequently announced in the House of Commons that he was "... in a rather happy demob stage", in January 2007. Within 30 minutes of Blair announcing the date of his resignation on 10 May 2007, <mask> announced his resignation as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party. During the subsequent special Labour Party Conference, at which Gordon Brown was elected Leader and Harriet Harman succeeded <mask> as Deputy Leader, <mask> received a prolonged standing ovation from the members present, in recognition of his many years of service to the party. Life after government
Following his resignation, it was announced that he would take over from Tony Lloyd as the lead UK Representative in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council

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texts: of Europe. In a jocular response to the appointment, Shadow Europe Minister Mark Francois wished the translators good luck.The post is unpaid but has an expenses allowance and allows him to sit on the Assembly of the Western European Union. He has used his role on the council to make his campaign against slave labour a key issue. On 27 August 2007, <mask> stated that he would stand down as an MP at the next general election. His autobiography, Prezza, My Story: Pulling no Punches was published on 29 May 2008 and ghostwritten by Hunter Davies. During the 2010 general election campaign, <mask> toured the UK in a customised white transit van dubbed his "Battlebus" canvassing support for the Labour Party. <mask> was publicly very supportive of Gordon Brown, and has called him a "global giant". It was announced on 28 May 2010 that <mask> was to be awarded a life peerage, The peerage was gazetted on 15 June in the 2010 Dissolution Honours.<mask> has stated in interviews that he is not religious. He chose to make a non-religious solemn affirmation rather than swearing an oath during his introduction in the House of Lords. He was introduced into the House on 8 July as <mask>, of Kingston upon Hull in the County of East Yorkshire, and the Letters Patent were gazetted on 12 July, dated 7 July. <mask> is a director of Super League rugby league club Hull Kingston Rovers, who are based in his former constituency of Kingston upon Hull East. <mask> ran for Labour Party Treasurer in September 2010 but was defeated by Diana Holland, who took 68.96% of the total vote. On 30 July 2010, <mask> appeared before the panel at the Chilcot Inquiry concerning the Iraq War. <mask> stated that he was doubtful about the legality, intelligence and information about Iraq's

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texts: Weapons of Mass Destruction.The inquiry was launched by Gordon Brown in the summer of 2009 shortly after operations in the war ended. In 2016, after publication of the resultant Chilcot Report, which was critical of the war but remained neutral on its legality, <mask> declared that the invasion by UK and US forces had been "illegal" and that members of Tony Blair's Cabinet "were given too little paper documentation to make decisions". In February 2012 <mask> announced he would stand for Labour's nomination in the election to be the first Police and Crime Commissioner for Humberside Police. In June he was selected as the Labour candidate for the election in November 2012. In the November election <mask> won the most first preference votes but ended up losing to Conservative Matthew Grove in the second count. In March 2013, <mask> suggested that the Queen, Elizabeth II, should abdicate due to her health. <mask> was criticised for his position by several MPs.On 6 July 2013, <mask> revealed in a newspaper column that he had resigned from the Privy Council in protest against the delays to the introduction of press regulation. The resignation only became effective on 6 November the same year. The Coalition Government had insisted that the Privy Council must consider a cross-party Royal Charter to underpin a new system of regulation, but that this meant that a final decision would not be taken before 2015. On 21 February 2015, it was announced <mask> would return to politics as an adviser to Labour leader Ed Miliband. In October 2015, <mask> was presented with the Shechtman International Leadership Award at the Sustainable Industrial Processing Summit 2015 in Antalya, Turkey, for his contributions to sustainable development in politics. Television

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 appearances
In June 2008, <mask> made a cameo appearance, playing a policeman, in the BBC Radio 4 adaptation of Robert Tressell's The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists. In 2009, he made a brief cameo appearance as himself in the final episode of the BBC Three comedy series Gavin & Stacey (this referred to a running joke in the show regarding a relationship the character Nessa had years ago with <mask>).Beginning on 7 January 2011, <mask> appeared in a TV advert for price comparison website moneysupermarket.com, along with comedian Omid Djalili, which gently mocks events in his political career. On 27 February 2011, he appeared on the BBC's Top Gear as the "Star in the Reasonably Priced Car", where he set a lap time of 1.56.7, the second slowest in a Kia Ceed. He also engaged in a discussion with host Jeremy Clarkson regarding his time in Government. He appeared as himself in the 2014 Comic Relief film David Walliams' Exes. In October and November 2008, <mask> was the subject of a two-part documentary, Prescott: the Class System and Me, on BBC Two, looking at the class system in Britain, and asking whether it still exists. In 2009, he featured in the BBC Wales programme Coming Home about his Welsh family history, with roots in Prestatyn and Chirk. In October 2009, he was featured in another BBC Two documentary, Prescott: The North/South Divide, where he and his wife Pauline explored the current state of the North-South Divide from their perspective as Northern Englanders long used to living in the south of the country.In 2019, <mask> hosted the television series Made in Britain, which explored the manufacturing of some of Britain's favourite foods. Controversies

Council tax
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 in Clapham; he had left the union in June 2002. <mask> paid £220 a month for the property – a fifth of its market value. Though he had not declared the flat in the register of members' interests, he was subsequently exonerated by MPs who overruled Elizabeth Filkin, the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards. On 12 January 2006, <mask> apologised after it was revealed that the council tax for the government flat he occupied at Admiralty House was paid from public money, rather than his private income. He repaid the amount, which came to £3,830.52 over nearly nine years. Sexual infidelities
<mask> has come under fire for additional controversies over sexual infidelities.On 26 April 2006, he admitted to having had an affair with his diary secretary, Tracey Temple, between 2002 and 2004. This two-year affair is said to have commenced after an office party and, in part, took place during meetings at <mask>'s grace-and-favour flat in Whitehall. Conservative MP Andrew Robathan tabled questions in the House of Commons over <mask>'s reported entertainment of Temple at Dorneywood, his official residence, which raised questions over the possible misuse of public finances. He was criticised for maintaining the benefits of Deputy Prime Minister despite losing his department in 2006. He was criticised for visiting the American billionaire Phil Anschutz who was bidding for the government licence to build a super casino in the UK, and questioned over his involvement in the business of his son <mask> <mask>. He was photographed playing croquet at Dorneywood, his then "grace and favour" home, when Tony Blair was out of the country on a visit to Washington. <mask> was mocked in the media – in part because the game was so divorced from his working-class roots –

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 and he gave up the use of the house.He later said that it had been his staff's idea to play croquet and that contrary to press reports, he had not been Acting Prime Minister when he had played the game. Sexual assault allegation
On 7 May 2006, The Sunday Times quoted Linda McDougall, wife of Austin Mitchell, as saying that in 1978 <mask> had pushed her "quite forcefully" against a wall and put his hand up her skirt as she opened the door for him to a meeting in her own house just after her husband became an MP; <mask> had not previously met her. Expenses claims
On 8 May 2009, The Daily Telegraph began publishing leaked details of MPs' expenses. The Telegraph reported that <mask> had claimed £312 for fitting mock Tudor beams to his constituency home, and for two new toilet seats in as many years. <mask> responded by saying, "Every expense was within the rules of the House of Commons on claiming expenses at the time". 2001 Rhyl incident

On 16 May 2001, when arriving for a rally in Rhyl, <mask> was assaulted by a pro-hunting advocate throwing an egg at him. <mask> retaliated by punching the protester.A momentary ensuing scuffle was broken up by police and bystanders. This earned <mask> the nickname "Two Jabs". Public profile
<mask> gained a reputation in the British press for confused speech, mangled syntax and poor grammar. The Guardian columnist Simon Hoggart once commented: "Every time <mask> opens his mouth, it's like someone has flipped open his head and stuck in an egg whisk." An oft-quoted but unverified story in Jeremy Paxman's The Political Animal is that, before being accepted as transcribers to the Parliamentary record Hansard, applicants must listen to one of <mask>'s speeches and write down what they think he was trying to say.

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texts: However Liz Davies wrote that on the Labour National Executive Committee <mask> "spoke in clear, concise sentences and his point was always understandable. Contrary to his television and parliamentary image, he appears to choose his words with care."The media have attached various sobriquets to <mask> during his political career. Originally, <mask>'s nickname was "Prezza", but as various misfortunes befell him the sobriquets became more colourful, leading to "Two Jags", which set the template for later nicknames. <mask> owns one Jaguar, and had the use of another as his official ministerial car. A later version of this term was "Two Jabs", following his retaliation against a protester farmer in 2001, and "Two Shacks", referring to his former country house. When he lost his department in a cabinet reshuffle following exposure of his affair, newspapers dubbed him "Two Shags" and "No Jobs". Banned from driving after being convicted of speeding in 1991, <mask> was banned again after a similar conviction in June 2015. This led to him being nicknamed "Two bans".<mask> has been involved in a number of incidents that have caused widespread media interest. During the 2001 election campaign, <mask> was campaigning in Rhyl, Denbighshire, when one Craig Evans threw an egg at him. <mask>, a former amateur boxer, responded immediately with a straight left to the jaw. The incident, overshadowing the launch of the Labour Party manifesto on that day, was captured by television cameras. Tony Blair responded by stating: "<mask> is <mask>". A National Opinion Polls (NOP) survey found that the incident did no public harm to <mask>, and may even have benefited his standing amongst male voters. Speaking on Top Gear, <mask> stated: "I was against fox-hunting, and he

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 thought I was one of the guys he hated because I wanted to keep fox-hunting".He elaborated

Personal life

Family
<mask> and Pauline Tilston married in 1961. They have two sons. The elder, <mask> <mask>, is a businessman. Their younger son, <mask>, is active in Labour Party politics and works in the office of former party leader Jeremy Corbyn; he failed to be selected for his father's parliamentary seat in Hull but was the Labour candidate for Gainsborough in 2015. Pauline had a son by an American airman in the 1950s, whom she gave up for adoption. Health concerns
<mask> was diagnosed with diabetes in 1990, although this was not publicly disclosed until 2002. On 2 June 2007 he was admitted to hospital after being taken ill on a train from his constituency in Hull to London King's Cross.He was later diagnosed with pneumonia and was treated at University College Hospital, London. He was moved to a high-dependency ward on 5 June 2007 so he could be monitored more closely because of his age and the fact he suffers from diabetes. On 6 June 2007 it was reported in the media that his condition was stable and that he was sitting up and "joking" with hospital staff. He was subsequently released from hospital on 10 June 2007 to continue his recovery at home. In April 2008, <mask> recounted having suffered from the eating disorder bulimia nervosa, which he believed was brought on by stress, from the 1980s until 2007. <mask> was admitted to Hull Royal Infirmary on 21 June 2019 after suffering a stroke. He subsequently returned to his duties.Bibliography

See also
 Cabinet of the United Kingdom

Notes

References

External links

 Parliamentary profile

 BBC Profile, 5 May 2006
 <mask>'s gift of the gaffe, BBC News, 6 June

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<mask> (, ; c. 1780 – 1813), known simply as Hajduk <mask> (Хајдук Вељко, [xǎjduːk v̞ɛ̌ːʎkɔ]), was one of the vojvodas (military commanders) of the Serbian Revolutionary forces in the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire, in charge of the Negotin area. He was one of the biggest heroes of the Uprising. Biography

Early life
He was born in Lenovac, near Zaječar, in the Crna Reka nahija, into the family of Petar (hence he took Petrović as his surname) and Petrinja. He had two younger brothers, Milutin and Miljko. His father was called Sirenjar Petar ("Peter the Cheese Maker") due to his multitude of livestock which he possessed, and the amount of cheese he sold. His father was a very calm person, though <mask> was an unruly kid. In his youth he kept cattle, even becoming čobanbaša ("head herder") among the local herders.The local Turks often visited their house, eating their food, drinking and taking cheese, butter oil, and milk. Osman Pazvantoğlu's krdžalije (Ottoman brigands), who were deemed rebels by the Sultan, had fought the Imperial troops at Crna Reka, and then continued to attack local Turks loyal to the Sultan, and burned and devastated several villages in the region, including Lenovac. This prompted <mask>, only 15 years old, to leave his parents and brothers for Vidin. There he was hired as a shepherd by a Turk, and after some time he left for Požarevac, where he was hired by the Vojvoda of Požarevac to prepare food. As he had also spent some time there, at Easter time, he danced the kolo with his friends, forgetting to prepare the important dinner for his master. For this, his master chased to beat him, thus Veljko fled, ending up in the hajduk (Serbian brigands) bands

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 of Stanoje Glavaš. In the winter time of 1803, Glavaš had arranged for Veljko to stay at the house of a jatak ("concealer", civil hajduk supporter) in Dubona, in the Smederevo nahija, where he would work as a shepherd.In the same village Veljko met Marija, a widow and relative of Glavaš, and married her, moving to her house. Not long after the wedding, the Slaughter of the Knezes took place (January 1804), in which prominent Serb leaders were executed by the Janissary military junta of the Sanjak of Smederevo (these janissaries, under the leadership of Kučuk Alija, had murdered sanjak-bey Hadži Mustafa Pasha on 15 December 1801 and taken the rule of the sanjak). As a response to the executions, the Serbian population, without a central figure, took measures of self-defence, and spontaneously attacked the jannisaries. First Serbian Uprising

Hearing of Karađorđe's activities, <mask> immediately asked his wife for hajduk wear and weapons and joined Glavaš' bands. When Karađorđe arrived at Orašac on the Meeting of the Lord, February 2, 1804, and was chosen by the people, Glavaš, Katić, Čarapić, Jakovljević, Vule, and others, to be the "Supreme Leader of the Serb People", <mask> was present in Glavaš' četa (band of fighters). As the Uprising developed, Glavaš lay away his weapon, and <mask> then served the Smederevo Vojvoda Đuša Vulićević fighting the Ottomans. In the fall of 1805, Vojvoda Đuša was killed by the Turks in Smederevo.Karađorđe put Đuša's younger brother Vujica Vulićević in his place. <mask> became one of Vujica's buljukbašica (a commander of a few men). With Vujica Vulićević he fought to free Belgrade (1806), where he excelled in combat. In 1807 he became a buljubaša / буљубаша and

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texts: is granted permission from the Council to incite rebellion in the areas of Krivi Vir and Crna Reka. In 1809, he, despite being heavily outnumbered, bravely defended Soko Banja from the Turks. His personal bravery was extraordinary and won him extraordinary praise and fame throughout Serbia and the Balkans. In 1810 he was decorated with the Russian Golden Cross for his bravery.He was noted in the battle of Varvarin, where he was wounded in his left arm and became slightly crippled. In 1811 he became Voivoda of the Timok Valley and he was sent to Negotin, in the Timok Valley. In 1813, a detachment of Turkish cavalry attacked him at the village of Bukovče where Veljko destroyed them. Turks then set forth with much stronger force, so Veljko retreated to Negotin to defend it. Large battles took place around Negotin in the summer of 1813. The Turks began to lay siege to Negotin with reinforcements from Vlaška (Walachia). In total, 16,000 Turkish soldiers attacked Negotin, which was defended by 3,000 Serbian soldiers.Veljko fortified Negotin, built a moat and towers, and waited for the Turks. The tallest tower in which Veljko resided, was named Baba Finka. In the moats, together with <mask> were his brothers Milutin and Miljko. Also, there were the prominent buljubaše and Dimbaše Hadži-Nikola, Abrašelibalta among many others. The expected aid that Veljko had requested didn't arrive, and ammunition was running low, so Veljko ordered all tin objects in the city melted down for ammunition, and he ordered metal coins to be put into the cannons. One morning after twenty days of heroic defence, he ordered repair around his moat was struck by a cannonball. He died almost immediately.The Battle of Negotin