title: Joan of Acre

texts:
 to meet him. As she had spent her entire life away from Edward and Eleanor, when she returned she "stood in no awe of her parents" and had a fairly distanced relationship with them.Before he was able to meet or marry <mask>, Hartman died. It was reported that he had fallen through a patch of shallow ice while "amusing himself in skating" while a letter sent to the King himself stated that Hartman had set out on a boat to visit his father amidst a terrible fog and the boat had smashed into a rock, drowning him. First marriage
Edward arranged a second marriage almost immediately after the death of Hartman. Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, who was almost 30 years older than <mask> and newly divorced, was his first choice. The earl resigned his lands to Edward upon agreeing to get them back when he married <mask>, as well as agreed on a dower of 2,000 silver marks. By the time all of these negotiations were finished, <mask> was 12 years old. Gilbert de Clare became very enamoured with <mask>, and even though she had to marry him regardless of how she felt, he still tried to woo her.He bought her expensive gifts and clothing to try to win favour with her. The couple were married on 30 April 1290 at Westminster Abbey, and had four children together. They were:

 Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Hertford
 Eleanor de Clare
 Margaret de Clare
 Elizabeth de Clare

<mask>'s first husband, Gilbert de Clare, died on 7 December 1295. Secret second marriage
<mask> had been a widow for only a little over a year when she caught the eye of Ralph de Monthermer, a squire in <mask>'s father's household. <mask> fell in love and convinced her father to have Monthermer knighted. It was unheard of in European royalty for a noble lady to even converse with a man who had not won or acquired importance in the household. However, <mask> secretly married Ralph in January 1297.<mask>'s

masks: Joan Joan Joan Joan Joan Joan Joan Joan Joan Joan Joan


title: Joan of Acre

type: original

texts: father was already planning another marriage for <mask> to Amadeus V, Count of Savoy, to occur on 16 March 1297. Being already married, unbeknownst to her father, <mask> was in a dangerous predicament. <mask> sent her four young children to their grandfather, in hopes that their sweetness would win Edward's favor, but her plan did not work. The king soon discovered his daughter's intentions, but not yet aware that she had already committed to them, he seized <mask>'s lands and continued to arrange her marriage to Amadeus of Savoy. Soon after the seizure of her lands, <mask> told her father that she had married Ralph. The king was enraged and retaliated by immediately imprisoning Monthermer at Bristol Castle. The people of the land had differing opinions on <mask>'s predicament.It has been argued that the noblemen who were most upset were those who wanted her hand in marriage. With regard to the matter, <mask> famously said, "It is not considered ignominious, nor disgraceful, for a great earl to take a poor and mean woman to wife; neither, on the other hand, is it worthy of blame, or too difficult a thing for a countess to promote to honour a gallant youth." Coming at the time of a pregnancy which may have been obvious, <mask>'s statement seemed to soften Edward's attitude towards the situation. Her first child by Monthermer was born in October 1297; by the summer of 1297, when the marriage was revealed to the king, <mask>'s condition would certainly have been apparent, helping to convince Edward that he had no choice but to recognise his daughter's second marriage. Edward I eventually relented, for the sake of his daughter, and released Monthermer from imprisonment in August 1297. Monthermer paid homage on 2 August, was granted the titles of Earl of Gloucester and Earl of Hertford, and rose in the King's favour during <mask>'s lifetime. Monthermer and <mask>


title: Joan of Acre

texts:
 had four children:

 Mary de Monthermer, born October 1297.In 1306 her grandfather King Edward I arranged for her to marry Duncan Macduff, 8th Earl of Fife. <mask> Monthermer, born 1299, became a nun at Amesbury. Thomas de Monthermer, 2nd Baron Monthermer, born 1301. Edward de Monthermer, born 1304 and died 1339. Relationship with family
<mask> of Acre was the seventh of Edward I and Eleanor's fourteen children. Most of her elder siblings died before the age of seven, and many of her younger siblings died before adulthood. Those who survived to adulthood were <mask>, her younger brother, Edward of Caernarfon (later Edward II), and four of her sisters: Eleanor, Margaret, Mary, and Elizabeth.<mask>, like her siblings, was raised outside her parents' household. She lived with her grandmother in Ponthieu for four years, and was then entrusted to the same caregivers who looked after her siblings. Edward I did not have a close relationship with most of his children while they were growing up, yet "he seemed fonder of his daughters than his sons." However, <mask> of Acre's independent nature caused numerous conflicts with her father. Her father disapproved of her leaving court after her marriage to the Earl of Gloucester, and in turn "seized seven robes that had been made for her". He also strongly disapproved of her second marriage to Ralph de Monthermer, a squire in her household, even to the point of attempting to force her to marry someone else. While Edward ultimately developed a cordial relationship with Monthermer, even granting him two earldoms, there appears to have been a notable difference in Edward's treatment of <mask> as compared to the treatment of the rest of her siblings.For instance, her father famously paid messengers substantially when they brought news of the birth of grandchildren, but did not do this upon the birth of <mask>'s daughter. <mask>

masks:
Joan de
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan


title: Joan of Acre

texts:
 retained a fairly tight bond with her siblings. She and Monthermer both maintained a close relationship with her brother, Edward, which was maintained through letters. After Edward became estranged from his father and lost his royal seal, "<mask> offered to lend him her seal". Death
<mask> died on 23 April 1307, at the manor of Clare in Suffolk. The cause of her death remains unclear, though one popular theory is that she died during childbirth, a common cause of death at the time. While <mask>'s age in 1307 (about 35) and the chronology of her earlier pregnancies with Ralph de Monthermer suggest that this could well be the case, historians have not confirmed the cause of her death.Less than four months after her death, <mask>'s father died. <mask>'s widower, Ralph de Monthermer, lost the title of Earl of Gloucester soon after the deaths of his wife and father-in-law. The earldom of Gloucester was given to <mask>'s son from her first marriage, Gilbert, who was its rightful holder. Monthermer continued to hold a nominal earldom in Scotland, which had been conferred on him by Edward I, until his death. <mask>'s burial place has been the cause of some interest and debate. She is interred in the Augustinian priory at Clare, which had been founded by her first husband's ancestors and where many of them were also buried. Allegedly, in 1357, <mask>'s daughter, Elizabeth De Burgh, claimed to have "inspected her mother's body and found the corpse to be intact", which in the eyes of the Roman Catholic Church is an indication of sanctity.This claim was only recorded in a fifteenth-century chronicle, however, and its details are uncertain, especially the statement that her corpse was in such a state of preservation that "when her paps [breasts] were pressed with hands, they rose up again." Some sources further claim that miracles took place at <mask>'s tomb, but no cause

masks: Joan Joan Joan Joan Joan Joan Joan Joan Joan


title: Joan of Acre

texts:
 for her beatification or canonisation has ever been introduced. <mask> in fiction
<mask> <mask> makes an appearance in Virginia Henley's historical romance Infamous. In the book, <mask>, known as <mask>, is described as a promiscuous young princess, vain, shallow and spoilt. In the novel she is only given one daughter, when she historically had eight children. There is no evidence that supports this picture of <mask>. In The Love Knot by Vanessa Alexander, <mask> <mask> is an important character.The author portrays a completely different view of the princess from the one in Henley's novel. The Love Knot tells the story of the love affair between Ralph de Monthermer and <mask> <mask> through the discovery of a series of letters the two had written to each other. Between historians and novelists, <mask> has appeared in various texts as either an independent and spirited woman or a spoiled brat. In Lives of the Princesses of England by Mary Anne Everett Green, <mask> is portrayed as a "giddy princess" and neglectful mother. Many have agreed to this characterisation; however, some authors think there is little evidence to support the assumption that <mask> of Acre was a neglectful or uncaring mother. Ancestry

References

Bibliography

 Costain, Thomas. A History of the Plantagenets, Vol III.Green, Mary Anna Everett. Lives of the Princesses of England. London: Henry Colburn, 1850. Google Books full text

 Parsons, John Carmi. Eleanor of Castile. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995. 1272 births
1307 deaths
13th-century English people
14th-century English people
13th-century English women
14th-century English women
Deaths in childbirth
English princesses
Gloucester
House of Plantagenet
English people of French descent
English people of Portuguese descent
English people of Italian descent
Burials at Clare Priory
Daughters of kings
Children of Edward I of

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Joan of
Acre
Joan
Joanna
Joan
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Joan of
Acre
Joan
Joan
Joan


title: J. Bowyer Bell

texts:
J<mask> (November 15, 1931 – August 23, 2003) was an American historian, artist and art critic. He was best known as a terrorism expert. Background and early life
<mask> was born into an Episcopalian family in 1931 in New York City. The family later moved to Alabama, from where <mask> attended Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia, majoring in history. He also studied art, and discovered he had "total visual memory"–the equivalent of perfect pitch in a singer. His first solo art showing was in the college library in his senior year. He considered becoming a professional artist and made frequent visits to New York to visit other artists, including his hero Franz Kline, but committed to academia.<mask> graduated in 1953, and began studying the Spanish Civil War at Duke University in North Carolina. <mask> interrupted his studies at Duke after being awarded a Fulbright, and travelled to Italy to study at the University of Rome. <mask> travelled Europe interviewing veterans of the Spanish Civil War, and in Rome he mixed with writers and artists including Cy Twombly. After returning to America, <mask> completed his doctorate at Duke in 1958. Professional career
After graduating, <mask> began teaching at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University and Trinity School in Manhattan. In 1962, he married Charlotte Rockey, an Egyptologist, and they moved into an apartment in Manhattan. In New York, <mask> socialised with the likes of Robert Rauschenberg, <mask>, <mask> and Frank Stella at the Cedar Tavern.<mask> exhibited his paintings and collages at the Allan Stone Gallery, and collected paintings and sculptures by artists including <mask>. <mask> was fascinated by global terrorism conflicts and decided to "write [his] way back into academia". While researching the Middle East, he discovered that the Irgun drew inspiration from the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Irish War of

masks:
. Bowyer Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Jasper Johns
Jack Kerouac
Bell
John Chamberlain
Bell


title: J. Bowyer Bell

texts: Independence, and began to study the IRA. <mask> and his family travelled to County Carlow in the Republic of Ireland in 1965, where he spent several months researching the Republican Movement. He discovered little had been published on Irish history after 1922, and the state archives were closed until the 1980s. He began research in the National Library of Ireland, and also interviewed Irish republicans in a Kilkenny public house and hotels in Dublin. In 1966, his first book was published; Besieged: Seven Cities Under Siege.That same year he returned to Dublin with his family to continue his research. In 1967, he made his first visit to Northern Ireland where he attended a meeting of the banned Republican Clubs. In 1969, he published his second book on the Middle East; The Long War: Israel and the Arabs since 1946. The Troubles began in Northern Ireland in 1969, and <mask>'s The Secret Army: the IRA 1916-1970 was published the following year, and was one of the first detailed histories of the IRA, along with The IRA by Tim Pat Coogan, which was also published in 1970. After the publication of The Secret Army <mask> lived mostly in New York and London, England, and continued to visit Ireland annually. While researching in Ireland, <mask> was tear gassed and shot at during riots in Belfast, which he described as "field work a bit too near the centre of the field". <mask> continued to travel extensively, researching in the Middle East, Africa, Europe and Asia as part of a career described as "talking to terrorists, gunmen, mad dogs and mercenaries".He was held hostage in Jordan, shot at in Lebanon, kidnapped in Yemen and deported from Kenya. Horn of Africa: Strategic Magnet in the Seventies was published in 1973. In 1974, he began writing with the "Insight Team" of The Sunday Times about the war in Cyprus. This was followed by the 1976 publication of On Revolt: Strategies of National Liberation, for which

masks: Bell Bell Bell Bell Bell


title: J. Bowyer Bell

texts: he interviewed over a hundred participants from revolts against the British Empire. Terror Out of Zion, published in 1977, covered the Irgun and Lehi's guerrilla campaign in the British Mandate of Palestine. Following the death of his first wife in 1981, <mask> married an Irishwoman, Norah Browne from County Kerry, whom he had met while filming his 1972 documentary, The Secret Army. He continued to work in other areas; he was an adjunct professor at Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs, and he held the position of research associate at the university's Institute of War and Peace Studies.He was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and founded a consultancy, the International Analysis Centre, whose clients included the United States Department of State, the United States Department of Justice, the Central Intelligence Agency and American television networks. He continued to work as an independent scholar, carrying out research with the aid of grants; he received over seven Guggenheim Fellowships and turned down a Rockefeller Humanities Award. <mask> also continued his career in painting, receiving a Pollock-Krasner Fellowship and exhibiting work inspired by the conflicts he witnessed. From 1979 onward, his paintings were exhibited annually at the Taylor Gallery in Dublin, and he also held exhibitions in Manhattan and Hungary. <mask> launched a career as an art critic in the 1990s, writing for New York-based journal Review, and he was also commissioned to write catalogue entries for galleries and museum retrospectives. <mask> continued writing about the IRA and the ongoing events of the Troubles in Northern Ireland, and in 1994 he was a speaker at West Belfast Festival, where he suggested the IRA was the only organisation in Northern Ireland that understood its problems. In 1996, he made headlines in Ireland and abroad after meeting with the Army Council of the dissident

masks: Bell Bell Bell Bell


title: J. Bowyer Bell

texts:
 republican splinter group Continuity IRA at a secret rural location in Ireland.Former IRA member Anthony McIntyre claimed <mask> had a pro-Irish republican bias, with McIntyre stating "<mask> <mask>'s long familiarity with Irish Republicanism once prompted the caustic comment that there are none more vindictive than a reformed gunman". As well as releasing updated versions of The Secret Army, <mask> continued to write about other aspects of the conflicts in Ireland and the Middle East. Cheating and Deception was published in 1991, The Irish Troubles: A Generation of Violence 1967-1992 in 1993, In Dubious Battle: The Dublin and Monaghan Bombings 1972-1974 and Back to the Future: The Protestants and a United Ireland in 1996, and Dynamics of the Armed Struggle in 1998. With the aid of a grant from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, <mask> returned to the Middle East in 2000 to conduct research for his next book, on Egyptian Islamic terrorism. As with The Secret Army first being published shortly after the start of the Troubles, <mask>'s timing was again good with Murders on the Nile: The World Trade Center and Global Terrorism being published in 2002, shortly after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States by Al-Qaeda. Death
<mask> died from renal failure in a New York hospital on 23 August 2003. His paintings continue to be exhibited since his death.References

1931 births
2003 deaths
American art critics
American expatriates in Italy
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
Deaths from kidney failure
Columbia University faculty
Duke University alumni
Harvard University faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Sapienza University of Rome alumni
Washington and Lee University alumni
Artists from New York City
20th-century American male writers
Historians from New York

masks: Bell Bowyer Bell Bell Bell Bell Bell


title: Nathaniel Bowditch

texts:
<mask> (March 26, 1773 – March 16, 1838) was an early American mathematician remembered for his work on ocean navigation. He is often credited as the founder of modern maritime navigation; his book The New American Practical Navigator, first published in 1802, is still carried on board every commissioned U.S. Naval vessel. In 2001, an elementary and middle school in Salem was named in his honor. Life and work
<mask>, the fourth of seven children, was born in Salem, Province of Massachusetts Bay, to <mask>, a cooper who at one point was a sailor as well but stopped after his ship went aground in 1775, and <mask>. At the age of ten, he was made to leave school to work in his father's cooperage, before becoming indentured at twelve for nine years as a bookkeeping apprentice to a ship chandler. Here is where he first learned bookkeeping, an important step in his life.In 1786, age fourteen, Bowditch began to study algebra and two years later he taught himself calculus. He also taught himself Latin in 1790 and French in 1792 so he was able to read mathematical works such as Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. He found thousands of errors in John Hamilton Moore's The New Practical Navigator; at eighteen, he copied all the mathematical papers of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Among his many significant scientific contributions would be a translation of Pierre-Simon de Laplace's Mécanique céleste, a lengthy work on mathematics and theoretical astronomy. This translation was critical to the development of astronomy in the United States. Serendipity aided Bowditch's self-directed study, in as much as he found himself able to use the eminent Irish chemist Richard Kirwan's library: Hugh Hill, a privateer from Salem who captained the Pilgrim, had intercepted the ship carrying the library between Ireland and England and brought the library back to Salem in June 1791. In 1795, Bowditch went to sea on the first of four

masks:
Nathaniel Bowditch
Nathaniel Bowditch
Habakkuk Bowditch
Mary Ingersoll Bowditch


title: Nathaniel Bowditch

texts: voyages as a ship's clerk and captain's writer.His fifth voyage was as master and part owner of a ship. Following this voyage, he returned to Salem in 1803 to resume his mathematical studies and enter the insurance business. One of his family homes in Salem, the <mask> House, still exists and was restored in 2000. This house has been designated a National Historic Landmark. In 1798 <mask> married Elizabeth Boardman, who died seven months later. In 1800 <mask> married his second wife and cousin, Mary "Polly" Ingersoll <mask> (1781–1834). They had 2 daughters and 6 sons, including Henry Ingersoll <mask>.Among his grandchildren were Henry Pickering <mask> and Charles Pickering <mask>. In 1802, his book The American Practical Navigator was first published. That same year, Harvard University awarded Bowditch an honorary degree. In 1804, <mask> became America's first insurance actuary as president of the Essex Fire and Marine Insurance Company in Salem. Under his direction, the company prospered despite difficult political conditions and the War of 1812. <mask>'s mathematical and astronomical work during this time earned him a significant standing, including election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1799 and the American Philosophical Society in 1809. He was offered the chair of mathematics and physics at Harvard in 1806, but turned it down.In 1804, an article on his observations of the Moon was published and in 1806 he published naval charts of several harbors, including Salem. More scientific publications followed, including a study of a meteor explosion (1807), three papers on the orbits of comets (1815, 1818, 1820) and a study of the Lissajous figures created by the motion of a pendulum suspended from two points (1815). In 1816, Harvard awarded <mask>ch an honorary Doctor of Laws.Thornton, Tamara Pkakins, "<mask>ch: Brief life of a mathematician and businessman: 1773-1839", Harvard Magazine, July-August 2016. As well as Harvard, the United

masks:
Nathaniel Bowditch
Bowditch
Bowditch
Bowditch
Bowditch
Bowditch
Bowditch
Bowditch
Bowditch
Nathaniel Bowdit
Nathaniel Bowdit


title: Nathaniel Bowditch

texts:
 the crew of 12, including the ship's cook, became competent to take and calculate lunar observations and to plot the correct position of the ship. In 1802 Blunt published the first edition of Bowditch's American Practical Navigator, which became the western hemisphere shipping industry standard for the next century and a half. The text included several solutions to the spherical triangle problem that were new, as well as extensive formulae and tables for navigation.In 1866, the United States Hydrographic Office purchased the copyright and since that time the book has been in continuous publication, with regular revisions to keep it current. <mask>'s influence on the American Practical Navigator was so profound that to this day mariners refer to it simply as Bowditch. Student Naval officers prior to the establishment of the Naval Academy referred to the work as "the immaculate Bowditch". <mask> died in Boston in 1838 from stomach cancer. He is buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery, where a monument to him was erected through public collections. The statue was the first life-size bronze to be cast in America. It was the creation of renowned sculptor Robert Ball Hughes.The following eulogy was written by the Salem Marine Society:

In the 1840s and 1850s, <mask>'s son, Dr. H. I<mask>, ran the "Bowditch Library" on Otis Place in Boston's Financial District. It was "free to those who reside in Boston, or in the vicinity. ... This is the library of the late <mask>, and is almost exclusively of a scientific character." In 1858 the family gave the collection, "which consists mostly of mathematical and astronomical works", to the Boston Public Library. Legacy

The Oceanographic Survey Ship  and the <mask>ditch, a high-speed catamaran passenger ferry serving downtown Boston and Salem, were named for him, as was a lunar crater. Additionally, a William Hand–designed Schooner built in 1922, which is currently part of the Maine Windjammer fleet and sails out of Rockland, Maine,

masks:
Bowditch
Bowditch
Bowditch
. Bowditch
Nathaniel Bowditch
Nathaniel Bow


title: Nathaniel Bowditch

texts:
 is also named after <mask>.In 1955, a book for younger readers, Carry On, Mr. Bowditch, was published by Jean Lee Latham, portraying Bowditch's life dramatized and fictionalized. A serious modern biography is Robert E. Berry's Yankee Stargazer, published in 1941. A grammar school, two middle schools and a dorm in America were also named for him, in Boston, Foster City, California (Bowditch Middle School), Salem, Massachusetts and Salem State College, respectively. The Department of Marine Transportation building on the grounds of the United States Merchant Marine Academy is named in his honor and houses classrooms, laboratories, and the 900-seat Ackerman Auditorium. He also gives his name to a street in Berkeley, California. Actor David Morse was named after him − <mask> Morse. Bowditch Point Park, in Fort Myers Beach, Florida, is named for Bowditch.Bowditch was inducted into the National Sailing Hall of Fame in 2014. See also
Bowditch curve
List of actuaries
List of amateur mathematicians
USS Bowditch

References

Further reading
 <mask>oll Bowditch. Memoir of <mask>. Boston: C.C. Little and J. Brown, 1840. Internet Archive
 "Carry on, Mr. Bowditch" by Jean Lee Latham, 1955.Newbery Medal Award Winner Carry On, Mr. Bowditch
 <mask> and the Power of Numbers: How a Nineteenth-Century Man of Business, Science, and the Sea Changed American Life by Tamara Plakins Thornton, University of North Carolina Press, 2016

External links

 Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum. Bowditch Family Papers, 1726/7-1975

 Boston Public Library. <mask>, <mask> (1773-1838) Collection

1773 births
1838 deaths
18th-century American mathematicians
19th-century American mathematicians
American astronomers
History of navigation
American sailors
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Deaths from stomach cancer
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
American actuaries
Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
Deaths from cancer in

masks:
Nathaniel Bowditch
David Bowditch
Nathaniel Ingers
Nathaniel Bowditch
Nathaniel Bowditch
Bowditch
Nathaniel


title: Wilson Ramos

texts:
<mask> (born August 10, 1987), nicknamed "The Buffalo", is a Venezuelan professional baseball catcher who is currently a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Minnesota Twins, Washington Nationals, Tampa Bay Rays, Philadelphia Phillies, New York Mets, Detroit Tigers, and Cleveland Indians. He is a two-time All-Star, and a Silver Slugger Award winner. Professional career

Minnesota Twins
<mask> signed with the Minnesota Twins as a non-drafted free agent on July 7, 2004. He caught 43% of potential base stealers in his minor league career, and had a .987 fielding percentage. In 2008, with the Twins' High-A affiliate, the Fort Myers Miracle, he batted .242 with eight home runs and 42 runs batted in (RBIs) in the first half of the 2008 season, helping his team capture the Florida State League first-half West Division title. When 2008 Florida State League All-Star catcher James Skelton of the Lakeland Flying Tigers suffered an injury, <mask> was added to the West Division All-Star team, joining teammates Rob Delaney, Brian Dinkelman, Jeff Manship, Anthony Slama and Danny Valencia.<mask>' batting average jumped to .333 in the second half of 2008. For the season, he batted .288 with thirteen home runs, and was named to the All FSL Team. His 78 RBIs was fourth in the Florida State League. <mask> entered the 2009 season ranked as the Twins third best prospect by Baseball America behind Aaron Hicks and Ben Revere, and #71 in all of minor league baseball. The Twins added <mask> to their 40-man roster, and invited

masks:
Wilson Abraham Ramos Campos
Ramos
Ramos
Ramos
Ramos
Ramos


title: Wilson Ramos

texts: him to Spring training. After which, he was assigned to the Twins' double A Eastern League affiliate, the New Britain Rock Cats. He broke his right index finger in May and suffered a hamstring injury in June, forcing him to do a nearly two-month rehab assignment, during which he hit three home runs in five games with the Gulf Coast League Twins.<mask> rejoined his team in August, and batted .317 with four home runs and 29 RBIs for the season. <mask> batted over .400 in spring training in 2010. However, with Joe Mauer behind the plate, the Twins sent <mask> to the Triple-A Rochester Red Wings rather than have him serve in a back-up role in the majors. <mask> received his first major league call-up on May 1, when Mauer was sidelined by a bruised left heel and was limited to emergency pinch hitting. <mask> took the roster spot of Pat Neshek, who was placed on the 15-day disabled list retroactive to April 29 with inflammation of the middle finger on his right hand. On May 2, facing the Cleveland Indians, <mask> slapped a single between third base and the shortstop in the top of the second inning for his first major league hit. <mask> went four-for-five on the day with three singles and a double.He is the first Twins player since Kirby Puckett in 1984 to collect four hits in a major league debut, and the only catcher in modern history (since 1900) to collect four hits in his MLB debut. On May 3, he followed up his debut by going 3 for 4 and driving in his first RBI. All told, he played seven games with the Twins while filling in for

masks: Ramos Ramos Ramos Ramos Ramos Ramos Ramos


title: Wilson Ramos

texts:
 Mauer, batting .296 with three doubles and one RBI. On May 13, with Mauer ready to return to action, and José Morales coming off the DL, <mask> was reassigned to Rochester. Washington Nationals
On July 29, 2010, <mask> was traded to the Washington Nationals along with Joe Testa for closer Matt Capps. In 2011, <mask> was chosen by Baseball America as the catcher on its All-Rookie Team. On May 12, 2012, <mask> tore an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in his right knee while trying to field a passed ball in a game against the Cincinnati Reds.He was placed on the 60-day disabled list for the 2012 season. <mask> and Kurt Suzuki began 2013 as the Nationals starting catchers. However, on April 13, <mask> hurt his hamstring while trying to beat out a ground ball, putting him on the disabled list, with Jhonatan Solano replacing him and Suzuki started. After being activated on April 29, <mask> quickly went back on the disabled list on May 16 with the same injury. <mask> was activated on July 4, and in his first game back against the Brewers, he went 3–4 with a three-run home run and five RBI game. His solid July, in which he hit .302/.333/.540 with four home runs and 17 RBI in 18 games, earned him more starts over Suzuki before they eventually traded Suzuki to Oakland on August 23. <mask> finished the year as the starting catcher.In 78 games with the Nationals, <mask> hit .272/.307/.470 with 16 home runs and 59 RBI. <mask> broke his left hand in the opening game of the 2014 season and left the game. A foul tip hit his hand while he was

masks: Ramos Ramos Ramos Ramos Ramos Ramos Ramos Ramos Ramos Ramos Ramos


title: Wilson Ramos

texts:
 catching. <mask> received the Tony Conigliaro Award following the 2014 season. In 2015, <mask> hit .229 in a career-high 475 at-bats, with 15 homers, 68 RBIs and 101 strikeouts. His .258 on base percentage was the lowest of all qualified major league batters. On January 13, 2016, he and the Nationals agreed to a one-year, $5.35 million deal to avoid salary arbitration.<mask> was the battery-mate for Nationals pitcher Max Scherzer on May 11, 2016 when Scherzer struck out 20 batters to tie Roger Clemens and Kerry Wood for the major league single-game strikeout record in a 9 inning game. He was named to the 2016 MLB All-Star Game. In 131 games in the 2016 season, <mask> batted .307 with 22 home runs and 80 RBI. On September 26, 2016, <mask> suffered a torn ACL, ending his season. Despite his slightly shortened season, <mask> won the Silver Slugger for National League catchers. Despite leaving the Nationals following the 2016 season, <mask> has said he looks back on his time with the team as a period of "great moments," including his first career walk-off home run (off Seattle Mariners pitcher David Pauley) on June 21, 2011. Tampa Bay Rays
On December 12, 2016, <mask> signed a two-year contract worth $12.5 million with the Tampa Bay Rays.<mask> made his Rays debut on June 24 against the Baltimore Orioles and went 1–4 with a single. <mask> missed the first three months of the 2017 season with Tampa Bay due to his torn ACL injury he suffered the season before. He struggled at the plate his first 35 games upon his return, hitting only

masks: Ramos Ramos Ramos Ramos Ramos Ramos Ramos Ramos Ramos Wilson


title: Wilson Ramos

texts:
 .194, but bounced back and hit .330 for the last 29 games of 2017. <mask> batted .260 with 11 home runs and 35 RBI, despite only playing in 64 games during the 2017 season. He had the third-slowest baserunning sprint speed of all major league players, at 22.8 feet/second. Philadelphia Phillies
On July 31, 2018, <mask> was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies for a player to be named later. Between the two teams, in 2018 in aggregate he batted .306/.358/.487 with 15 home runs in 382 at bats.He again had the third-slowest baserunning sprint speed of all major league players, at 22.8 feet/second. New York Mets
On December 18, 2018, the New York Mets signed <mask> to a two-year, $19 million deal. In 2019 he batted .288/.351/.416, and had the highest ground ball percentage in the major leagues (62.4%), and the lowest fly ball percentage in the majors (19.2%). On defense, he had a -13 Defensive Runs Saved (DRS) rating, the lowest in the major leagues among catchers, and led all major league catchers in stolen bases allowed, with 94. Mets catcher <mask> had a career-best 26-game hitting streak through September 4, 2019. It was tied with David Wright in 2006–07 for the second-longest streak in Mets history, was the longest ever for a Mets catcher, and was the longest in the MLB since Freddie Freeman's 30-game streak for the Atlanta Braves in 2016. In 2020, <mask> hit .239/.297/.387 with 5 home runs and 15 RBIs in 45 games during the 60-game season.On defense <mask> tied for the NL lead in stolen bases allowed, with 28. On October 28,

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title: Wilson Ramos

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 2020, the Mets declined a $10 million option on <mask>' contract for the  season. He was instead given a $1.5 million buyout and declared a free agent. Detroit Tigers
On January 29, 2021, the Detroit Tigers signed <mask> to a one-year, $2 million contract. <mask> hit .200/.238/.392 with 6 home runs and 13 RBI in 35 games for Detroit before being designated for assignment on June 15, 2021. He was released by Detroit on June 20. Cleveland Indians
On July 6, 2021, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Cleveland Indians organization.<mask> was assigned to the Triple-A Columbus Clippers. The Indians selected <mask>'s contract on August 6, 2021. On August 29, 2021, <mask> suffered his third career ACL tear along with an MCL sprain, which effectively ended his 2021 season. <mask> became a free agent on November 3, 2021. Kidnapping

While in Valencia, Venezuela on November 9, 2011, at approximately 6:45 pm local time, <mask> was kidnapped at gunpoint from his mother's home. According to his account four gunmen threw <mask> into the back of a Chevrolet Captiva and drove him to a mountainous region near the town of Montalban, Venezuela. On November 10, 2011 at approximately 4:00 pm local time, <mask> was reported alive.Originally back in his homeland to play during the offseason for his Venezuelan team, Tigres de Aragua, <mask> was rescued on November 12, 2011. A declassified Department of State cable, obtained by The National Security Archive through a Freedom of Information Act request, shows that Venezuela's Corps of

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title: Wilson Ramos

texts:
 Scientific, Penal, Criminal Investigative Corps (CICPC) “already had the abductors under investigation prior to <mask>’s kidnapping because the group had kidnapped other individuals in the same area of Valencia.” Because of this the CICPC was able to immediately identify the kidnappers and their location. After being held in captivity for 50 hours, the police rescued <mask> after exchanging gunfire with the kidnappers. According to the declassified State Department cable, the exchange of gunfire was an intentional CICPC technique used to create a “diversion to disorient the abductors during the raid.”

The former President of Venezuela Hugo Chavez repeatedly called CICPC for updates on the rescue mission. The declassified cable from the State Department also indicated that around 300 CICPC officials worked to rescue <mask>. Six people were arrested in relation to the kidnapping, although a Sports Illustrated article speculated that these arrests may have been arbitrary. Reflecting over the incident, <mask> said "I'm very thankful, and I feel like I've been born again."Personal life
<mask> has one child, born in August 2014. Two of his brothers are also baseball players. Natanael is a minor league catcher in the New York Mets organization, and David is a pitcher in the Nationals organization. See also
 List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela

References

External links

<mask> at SABR (Baseball BioProject)

1987 births
Living people
American League All-Stars
Beloit Snappers players
Charlotte Stone Crabs

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title: Reggie White

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<mask> (December 19, 1961 – December 26, 2004) was an American professional football player who played defensive end in the National Football League (NFL) for 15 seasons during the 1980s and 1990s. He played college football for the University of Tennessee, and was recognized as an All-American. After playing two professional seasons for the Memphis Showboats of the United States Football League (USFL), he was selected in the first round of the 1984 Supplemental Draft, and then played for the NFL's Philadelphia Eagles, Green Bay Packers, and Carolina Panthers, becoming one of the most awarded defensive players in NFL history. The two-time NFL Defensive Player of the Year, 13-time Pro Bowl, and 13-time All-Pro selection holds second place all-time among NFL career sack leaders with 198 (behind Bruce Smith's 200 career sacks, but most all-time when USFL totals are tallied) and was selected to the NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team, NFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Team, NFL 1990s All-Decade Team, and the NFL 1980s All-Decade Team. During his professional career, he was also known for his Christian ministry as an ordained Evangelical minister, leading to his nickname, "the Minister of Defense". <mask> is a member of the College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Early years
<mask> was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee.He played high school football at Howard High School under Coach Robert Pulliam, a former defensive lineman at Tennessee. During his senior year with the Hustlin' Tigers, <mask> recorded 140 tackles (88 solo) and 10 sacks, and received All-American honors. He was rated the number one recruit in Tennessee by the Knoxville News

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title: Reggie White

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 Sentinel.Mike London, "Ex-Vol Robert Pulliam Dies ", InsideTennessee.com, October 9, 2007. Retrieved: July 30, 2013. <mask>'s mother, Thelma Collier, told Sports Illustrated that when he was 12 years old he announced that he wanted to be two things: a football player and a minister. College career

<mask> played college football at Tennessee from 1980 to 1983. He had worked his way into the starting lineup by the end of his freshman year, in which he registered 51 tackles (32 solo) and two sacks, recovered two fumbles, and blocked a punt that set up Tennessee's first score in the team's 23–10 win over then-rival Georgia Tech.He was awarded the "Andy Spiva Award", given annually to the Vols' most improved defensive player. As a sophomore during the 1981 season, <mask> registered 95 tackles (61 solo), a team-leading eight sacks, and a team-leading seven tackles-for-loss. He also blocked three extra-point attempts. He had 10 tackles and two sacks, one of which resulted in a safety, against Memphis State, and was named the team's "outstanding defensive player" for the game. For his performance in Tennessee's 10–7 win over Georgia Tech, which included a late fumble recovery that sealed the Vols' victory, he was named "Southeast Lineman of the Week" by UPI. <mask> had eight tackles in Tennessee's 28–21 victory over Wisconsin in the 1981 Garden State Bowl, and was named the game's "Best Defensive Player". At the end of the season, he was named to the Sophomore All-American team by The Football News.<mask> was named a Preseason All-American going into the 1982 season, but was consistently bothered by an ankle injury, and his production dropped off. While he registered

masks: Reggie White White White White


title: Reggie White

texts: just 47 tackles (36 solo), he nevertheless led the team with seven sacks, and was third only to teammates Mike Cofer and Carlton Peoples in "big plays". His best game of the season came in the Vols' 24–24 tie against LSU, in which he registered eight tackles, including a sack and a fourth-down stop. He had eight tackles, two sacks, and a forced fumble in Tennessee's 28–22 loss to Iowa in the 1982 Peach Bowl. Determined to improve upon what he considered a disappointing junior campaign, <mask> erupted during his senior season in 1983, registering 100 tackles (72 solo), a school single-season record 15 sacks, 9 tackles-for-loss, and an interception. Although Pittsburgh defeated Tennessee 13–3 in the season opener, <mask> consistently kept the Panthers' offense off balance, in spite of being lined up against the Panthers' All-American offensive lineman Bill Fralic. He had two sacks in Tennessee's 31–6 win over New Mexico, and a school single-game record four sacks in the Vols' blowout win over The Citadel.<mask> was named "Southeast Lineman of the Week" for his performance – which included 12 tackles and three sacks – in Tennessee's 20–6 win over LSU, and he twice sacked Alabama quarterback Walter Lewis in Tennessee's 41–34 win over the Tide. In Tennessee's 30–23 win over Maryland in the 1983 Florida Citrus Bowl, <mask> sacked heralded Maryland quarterback Boomer Esiason in the second quarter, knocking him out of the game. <mask> was a consensus All-American, SEC Player of the Year, and a Lombardi Award finalist. During his tenure at the University of Tennessee, <mask> registered 293 tackles (201 solo), 32 sacks, 19 tackles-for-loss, four fumble recoveries, and

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title: Reggie White

texts:
 seven batted-down passes. His 15 sacks in a season (in 1983) remain a school record. His mark of 32 career sacks remained a school record until it was broken by Derek Barnett during the 2016 season. His school single-game record of four sacks (against The Citadel in 1983) stood until 2013, when Corey Miller had four and a half sacks against Kentucky.Professional football career

USFL

Memphis Showboats
After his college football career, <mask> was chosen by the Memphis Showboats in the 1984 USFL Territorial Draft, and the opportunity to play pro ball in the same state where he went to college was enough enticement to get "The Minister of Defense" to sign with the 'Boats. He played for Memphis for two seasons, starting in 36 games. As a member of the Showboats, he racked up 23.5 sacks, one safety and one forced fumble recovered for a touchdown. NFL
Philadelphia Eagles
When the USFL collapsed in 1985, <mask> took a salary cut in Philadelphia. The Eagles signed him to a four-year, $1.85 million deal after buying out the remaining three years on his Memphis contract. At the time <mask> was still an unproven entity, but his anonymity did not last long. He joined the Eagles after the 1985 season had begun, missing the first few games.When he finally did start, he made ten tackles and two-and-a-half sacks in his first game. By season's end he had turned in 13 sacks in as many games, and he was named NFC defensive rookie of the year. He played with the Eagles for eight seasons, He played in 121 games  and picked up 124 sacks, becoming the Eagles' all-time sack leader. He also set the Eagles' regular-season record with 21 sacks in a single season (1987, a season

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title: Reggie White

texts:
 shortened to 12 games). The lowest number of sacks he ever recorded in Philadelphia was 11 in 1989. <mask> also became the only player ever to accumulate 20 or more sacks in just 12 games. He set an NFL regular-season record during 1987 by averaging the most sacks per game, with 1.75.Over the course of his tenure with the Eagles, <mask> actually accumulated more sacks than the number of games he played. He was voted by ESPN Sportsnation as the greatest player in Eagles' franchise history. In 1991, he set the record for most passes defended in a single season by a defensive lineman with 13, a mark that has been since broken by J. J. Watt. Green Bay Packers

In 1993, <mask> became a free agent. He was signed by the Green Bay Packers and agreed to terms on a four-year contract worth $17 million. He played for the Packers for six seasons. <mask> notched up another 68.5 sacks to become, at the time, the Packers' all-time leader in that category (third now to Clay Matthews III and Kabeer Gbaja-Biamila).<mask> was also just as valued for his role as a team leader. He helped the Packers win a Super Bowl, with a game-ending sack, in Super Bowl XXXI. During the game, <mask> had 3 sacks to set the single game record for a Super Bowl. That victory was his only championship at any level. In 1998, <mask> was named the NFL Defensive Player of the Year for the second time. Carolina Panthers
In 2000, he came out of a one-year retirement and started all 16 games for the Carolina Panthers. <mask> had five and a half sacks and one forced fumble while with the team.He again retired at the end of the 2000 season. NFL career statistics

Retirement

At the time of his retirement,

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title: Reggie White

texts:
 <mask> was the NFL's all-time sacks leader with 198. (He has since been surpassed by Bruce Smith, who accumulated 200 in 47 more games played.) Counting his time in the USFL, <mask> has 221.5 sacks in professional football, making him professional football's all-time sacks leader. <mask> also recorded three interceptions, which he returned for 79 yards. He recovered 19 fumbles, which he returned for 137 yards and three touchdowns. His nine consecutive seasons (1985–1993) with at least 10 sacks remain an NFL record.He was named an All-Pro for 13 of his 15 seasons, including eight as a first-team selection. <mask> is considered by many to be one of the best defensive players in NFL history. Professional wrestling
<mask> appeared on screen at two professional wrestling events, wrestling one match. In April 1995, he was ringside as part of Lawrence Taylor's "All-Stars" for his match against Bam Bam Bigelow at WrestleMania XI. During the show, he participated in one backstage segment with the All-Stars, calling out The Million Dollar Corporation member King Kong Bundy. Before and during the actual match, the All-Stars and the Million Dollar Corporation were involved in a scuffle, in which <mask> participated. On May 18, 1997, <mask> wrestled his only professional wrestling match for WCW at Slamboree.He wrestled fellow NFL (and LT's All-Star teammate) alumnus Steve McMichael. The two men emulated football tackles during their bout. <mask> received a warm response from the professional wrestling crowd in Charlotte, North Carolina, but nonetheless lost to McMichael after being hit with a steel Zero Halliburton briefcase secretly given to McMichael by his Four Horsemen

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 teammate, Jeff Jarrett. Christian ministry
<mask> became involved with the Fellowship of Christian Athletes while at the University of Tennessee, and expressed an interest in becoming an evangelist as early as his sophomore year in 1981. He became an ordained Baptist minister during this period. He had acquired the nickname "Minister of Defense" by the time he was a senior. In <mask>'s last year of football, a friend reportedly gave <mask> a teaching CD from Messianic teacher Monte Judah.Following his retirement, <mask> began studying Torah and Torah-observant Messianic theology. <mask> also studied Hebrew under Nehemia Gordon. In October 2003, <mask> was interviewed by Messianic teacher and televangelist Michael Rood, and he discussed his studies of Torah. The interview was broadcast on February 4 and 6, 2005, on the Sky Angel cable channel. <mask> went on to co-produce Rood's half-hour "A Rood Awakening From Israel" TV programs. Following <mask>'s death, the January 2005 edition of Messianic magazine Yavoh was dedicated to him as a "Messianic believer", leading to confusion regarding <mask>'s religious beliefs. Some reported – incorrectly – that <mask> had abandoned Christianity and was studying Judaism.<mask> was touched by the African American church arson scares during the mid-1990s. The Inner City Church in Knoxville, Tennessee, where <mask> was an associate minister, burned to the ground in 1996. That same year, he starred with Pat Morita in Reggie's Prayer, a Christian film. He played protagonist <mask>, a football player who retires after the 1996 season to become a 10th-grade history teacher and head coach of a high school football team in Portland,

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title: Reggie White

texts:
 Oregon. The film also had appearances by his Packers teammates Brett Favre and Mike Holmgren as janitors, and Keith Jackson as an assistant coach. M.C. Hammer plays a park ranger.In an interview with ABC's 20/20, <mask> made comments about gays and lesbians. <mask> became an ally of organizations opposed to homosexuality; he appeared in a newspaper advertising campaign to convince gays and lesbians that they could "cease" their homosexuality. As a result, CBS withdrew a five-year, $6-million contract for being a part of The NFL Today because of his statements calling homosexuality a sin. Both the Green Bay Packers and the NFL objected to the ads, since <mask> had appeared in his football uniform without the consent of the team or the league. Later versions of the ad removed the uniform. Death and legacy

On the morning of December 26, 2004, <mask> was rushed from his home in Cornelius, North Carolina, to a nearby hospital in Huntersville, North Carolina, where he was pronounced dead. <mask> had succumbed to cardiac arrhythmia.According to the Mecklenburg County Medical Examiner's Office, the most likely cause was the cardiac and pulmonary sarcoidosis <mask> had lived with for years. It was also stated that sleep apnea, from which <mask> was known to suffer, may have contributed to his death. His grave site is located at Glenwood Memorial Park, Mooresville, North Carolina. <mask>'s widow, Sara, in conjunction with the Sleep Wellness Institute, founded the Reggie White Sleep Disorders Research and Education Foundation, dedicated to all people having access to treatment for sleep disorders, regardless of their socio-economic status. Accolades

Jersey number


title: Reggie White

texts:
 retirements

During the 2005 season, the Philadelphia Eagles, the Green Bay Packers, and the University of Tennessee retired <mask>'s number 92 jersey. The University of Tennessee retired <mask>'s jersey at a halftime presentation on October 1, 2005, during their game against Ole Miss, the third such retirement in the modern era of football at the school; a commemorative sign was also unveiled in the south end of Neyland Stadium. During a halftime presentation at Lambeau Field on September 18, 2005, <mask> became the fifth Green Bay Packer to have his number retired by the franchise.On December 5, 2005, the Philadelphia Eagles retired his jersey in a halftime ceremony during the Eagles' Monday Night Football game with the Seattle Seahawks, which were coached by Mike Holmgren, <mask>'s former coach in Green Bay. <mask> became the first player in NFL history to have his number officially retired by multiple teams. The Packers and the Eagles also wore a helmet decal honoring <mask> for the remaining games in the season. Hall of Fame
<mask> was posthumously elected to the Professional Football Hall of Fame on his first ballot on February 4, 2006. He was enshrined at a ceremony on August 5, 2006, in Canton, Ohio. <mask>'s widow, <mask>, delivered her husband's acceptance speech at the ceremony. She was introduced by their son, <mask>, who also released the first copies of his autobiography, In His Shadow: Growing Up With <mask>'', during the Hall of Fame weekend in honor of his father.Jeremy thanked the "God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob" in his introduction, echoing <mask>'s dedication to his faith. <mask> was elected to the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 2005,

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title: Reggie White

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 and the Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame in 2007. Named streets
The official sign hanging for <mask> Boulevard took place on Monday, December 8, 2008, at 2 p.m. at the intersection of 20th and Carter Street in Chattanooga, Tennessee. <mask>'s mother, Thelma <mask>, along with other family and friends, were on hand to witness the change to <mask> Boulevard. The official name change was approved by the Chattanooga City Council on November 4, 2008. <mask> White Way in Green Bay, Wisconsin, is off Lombardi Avenue near Lambeau Field. See also

Crescent Rising
List of athletes who came out of retirement

References

External links

1961 births
2004 deaths
100 Sacks Club
20th-century American clergy
20th-century Baptist ministers
African-American Baptist ministers
African-American players of American football
All-American college football players
American football defensive ends
American football defensive tackles
Anti-same-sex-marriage activists
Baptist ministers from the United States
Baptists from North Carolina
Baptists from Tennessee
Burials in North Carolina
Carolina Panthers players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Deaths from heart disease
Green Bay Packers players
Leaders of the Fellowship of Christian Athletes
Memphis Showboats players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League Defensive Player of the Year Award winners
National Football League players with retired numbers
People from Cornelius, North Carolina
Philadelphia Eagles players
Players of American football from Knoxville, Tennessee
Players of American football from North Carolina
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Sportspeople from Chattanooga, Tennessee
Tennessee

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Reggie White
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White Collier
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Reggie


title: Todd Duffee

texts:
<mask> (born December 6, 1985) is an American mixed martial artist who competed in the Heavyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He trains predominantly with the Combat Sports Academy and the American Kickboxing Academy in California. <mask> has also competed in the Super Fight League in India, Jungle Fight in Brazil, and Dynamite!! 2010 in Japan. In addition to his mixed martial arts career he had a role in the 2010 film Never Back Down 2: The Beatdown as well as minor roles in both film and television. <mask> has also appeared on the front cover of Muscle & Fitness magazine. <mask> was born in Evansville, Indiana but grew up in Raleigh, Illinois and Eldorado as the third son of a coal miner father and nurse mother.Duffee played many sports growing up, including baseball, football, track, bull riding, soccer, and basketball. Duffee also began training in boxing but was not very devoted to it as he was playing other sports. A standout football player, he was signed on to play college football but his career was derailed from an injury. <mask> then moved to Atlanta, Georgia when he was 18 years old and continued boxing, before watching a UFC event and shifting his training to mixed martial arts. He was working on a degree from the University of Georgia before leaving to train mixed martial arts full-time. As of February 2016, he is pursuing a degree in business from the University of Georgia. Mixed martial arts

Early career
Duffee won his first three fights against Mike Walbright, Mark Haniger and Josh Bennett.<mask> then agreed to fight UFC and PRIDE FC veteran, Assuério Silva in the main event of Jungle Fights 11. <mask> dominated the fight and won by knockout in the second round. Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> was set to make his UFC debut against Mostapha al-Turk at UFC 99 until the UFC pulled <mask> from the fight. <mask> was replaced by Mirko Filipović. He was next announced by the UFC to face fellow UFC newcomer Mike Russow. However, <mask> was then pulled from that match and

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title: Todd Duffee

texts: instead was matched up against Tim Hague at UFC 102. <mask> set the record for the fastest KO in UFC heavyweight history (0:07) after flooring Hague with a stiff jab and rendering him unconscious with follow-up ground and pound.After the finish, he celebrated to the camera by saying "That was an appetizer, I want to eat now Dana, let me eat!" <mask> was expected to face Paul Buentello at UFC 107 but pulled out due to a back injury. <mask> fought Mike Russow at UFC 114 in which he lost via KO in the third round. Prior to the fight <mask> went on record to say that he was being overhyped by the MMA world, while his opponent was very much underrated. After dominating the first two rounds by utilizing his boxing, <mask> looked to be on his way to a unanimous decision win, when, from out of nowhere, Russow caught <mask> with two straight right hands followed by a hammerfist that prompted the referee to stop the fight as <mask> laid unconscious on the canvas. Joe Rogan stated that the nature of the knockout was "like something out of a movie" and was "one of the greatest comebacks in UFC history". Russow broke his left ulna while deflecting <mask>'s punches at the end of round 1.After the fight it was revealed that <mask> fought with a torn MCL as well as Shingles of the eye. <mask> was expected to face Jon Madsen on October 23, 2010 at UFC 121, but <mask> was once again forced off the card due to injury and replaced by Gilbert Yvel. On September 7, 2010, <mask> was surprisingly released from the UFC for unknown reasons. It is rumored that Duffee requested financial aid in order to pay for a knee surgery which he couldn't afford, but when UFC said that he must pay for it himself there was a dispute between the two parties. <mask> spoke publicly about MMA fighters being underpaid and how he needed to take a second job just to pay for his training. Dana White later said in an interview with Ariel Helwani that Duffee had an attitude problem and that it seemed to him that "he doesn't want to be in the UFC, he doesn't

masks: Duffee Duffee Duffee Duffee Duffee Duffee Duffee Duffee Duffee Duffee Duffee Duffee Duffee


title: Todd Duffee

texts:
 like being in the UFC." He also said that he could work his way back into the organization via fighting in smaller leagues.Following his release <mask> said that he couldn't understand his release and has never been told why, although he harbors no bitterness towards the UFC president or the company. DREAM
After his release from the UFC, <mask> Went to DREAM, a promotion based out of Japan, was unable to secure an opponent for former Strikeforce Heavyweight Champion Alistair Overeem in DREAM's first Heavyweight Championship bout at Dynamite! !, <mask> had his manager throw his name in the mix of potentials for the bout. Less than one week before the event, he was officially named to take on Overeem in the title fight, leaving him very little time to prepare, but an opportunity to fight a big name in the sport. As the bout started <mask> charged in very aggressively flurrying punches to no avail, and the veteran Overeem stayed calm and landed a knee that rocked <mask> then followed by punches that put Duffee out cold at 19 seconds of the first round. <mask> said after the fight that he respected Overeem's ability but felt that if he had sufficient time to train and prepare that it would have been a completely different outcome. Overeem brought <mask> in for his training camp in preparation for his UFC debut vs. Brock Lesnar in late 2011 in order for <mask> to help him with his takedown defense.<mask> was scheduled to face Nick Gaston on July 16, 2011 at DREAM 17, but an injury sustained fighting Tyler East 2 weeks prior to fighting Duffee forced Nick Gaston to withdraw from the event. Dream was unable to find a replacement. Super Fight League
In February 2012 <mask> signed an exclusive four-fight deal with Super Fight League, India's first professional Mixed Martial Arts fighting league launched and owned by Raj Kundra & Sanjay Dutt. He faced fellow UFC veteran Neil Grove on the SFL's second show held on April 7, 2012. He won via TKO after just 34 seconds in the first round, following up a right-hook that

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title: Todd Duffee

texts:
 dropped Grove with heavy ground-and-pound. After the fight he thanked his training partners at the American Kickboxing Academy and credited them with helping him through a rough training camp, and stated that he is looking to fight again as soon as possible, adding that he "missed this". Shortly after his win, with SFL taking a 4-month break until their next event it was revealed that Duffee would be allowed to fight outside of the organization that summer if he could find fights.<mask> was appealing to promoters on Twitter for fights in both MMA and Professional Boxing but none came to fruition by the time of SFL's next event. <mask> was originally announced to fight at SFL 4 on September 29 against former UFC title contender Jeff Monson but after the event was pushed back twice the SFL decided to change the structure of their shows, with weekly events replacing monthly events. <mask> and SFL agreed his departure in September and he returned to free agency. Though frustrated by his fight with Monson falling out, the departure was amicable. Return to UFC
<mask> made his UFC return against Phil De Fries on December 29, 2012 at UFC 155, as a replacement for Matt Mitrione. Despite fighting with a respiratory infection he won the fight via first-round TKO, weathering an early ground exchange before finishing De Fries on the feet. The performance earned Duffee Knockout of the Night honors.Injury, Parsonage–Turner syndrome diagnosis and return
After the De Fries fight it emerged that <mask> had fought with an undisclosed injury sustained during his training camp and would be ruled out for much of 2013. He returned to training after successfully rehabbing the injury in September. However, 3 weeks into his return to the gym, after waking up with severe pains and numbness in his arm Duffee was diagnosed with an unknown affliction which was later revealed to be Parsonage–Turner syndrome. Despite initially being told by doctors that he would not be able to return for at least two years, <mask> returned to training after

masks: Duffee Duffee Duffee Duffee Duffee Duffee


title: Todd Duffee

texts:
 six months and in September 2014 announced that he was ready to fight. <mask> returned from his extended hiatus to face Anthony Hamilton on December 6, 2014, at UFC 181. He won the fight via knockout in the first round. <mask> faced Frank Mir in the main event at UFC Fight Night 71 on July 15, 2015.He lost the fight by 1st-round knockout after being dropped by a left hook. <mask> was expected to face Mark Godbeer on March 4, 2017, at UFC 209. However, <mask> pulled out of the fight in mid-February for undisclosed reasons, later revealed to be a shoulder injury. After suffering setbacks in his shoulder rehabilitation, but ultimately recovering from the injury and returning to training, <mask> then suffered a knee injury. In August 2018, during the surgery to repair his ACL, the doctors discovered that he needed a surgery in his other knee as well. Subsequently, in December 2018, he underwent another surgery for the other knee and during the recovery, was infected with MRSA. After battling the infection, <mask> relocated to Las Vegas in order to rehabilitate and continue training at the UFC Performance Institute.Return to competition after shoulder rehabilitation

After a four-year hiatus, <mask> returned to face Jeff Hughes on September 14, 2019 at UFC Fight Night 158. The bout ended in the first round as a No Contest due to an accidental eye poke that rendered Duffee unable to continue. In May 2021, <mask> returned to training after successfully rehabbing further shoulder and knee surgeries, as well as a positive COVID-19 diagnosis. Acting
In 2011 <mask> made his film debut in the Michael Jai White-produced Never Back Down 2: The Beatdown, portraying Tim Newhouse, a talented MMA fighter who lives in relative poverty and has to deal with losing his father. He also had a cameo in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice in a fight scene. Championships and accomplishments

Mixed martial arts
Ultimate Fighting Championship
 Third Fastest knockout (0:07 seconds) in UFC Heavyweight division history. Knockout of the Night

masks: Duffee Duffee Duffee Duffee Duffee Duffee Duffee Duffee Duffee


title: John Sloan

texts:
<mask> (August 2, 1871 – September 7, 1951) was an American painter and etcher. He is considered to be one of the founders of the Ashcan school of American art. He was also a member of the group known as The Eight. He is best known for his urban genre scenes and ability to capture the essence of neighborhood life in New York City, often observed through his Chelsea studio window. <mask> has been called the premier artist of the Ashcan School, and also a realist painter who embraced the principles of Socialism, though he himself disassociated his art from his politics. Biography
<mask> was born in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania, on August 2, 1871, to <mask>, a man with artistic leanings who made an unsteady income in a succession of jobs, and <mask>, a schoolteacher from an affluent family. <mask> grew up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he lived and worked until 1904, when he moved to New York City.He and his two sisters (Elizabeth and Marianna) were encouraged to draw and paint from an early age. In the fall of 1884 he enrolled at the prestigious Central High School in Philadelphia, where his classmates included William Glackens and Albert C. Barnes. In the spring of 1888, his father experienced a mental breakdown that left him unable to work, and <mask> became responsible, at the age of sixteen, for the support of his parents and sisters. He dropped out of school in order to work full-time as an assistant cashier at Porter and Coates, a bookstore and seller of fine prints. His duties were light, allowing him many hours to read the books and examine the works in the store's print department. It was there that <mask> created his earliest surviving works, among which

masks:
John French Sloan
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John Sloan
James Dixon Sloan
Henrietta Ireland Sloan
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title: John Sloan

texts: are pen-and-ink copies after Dürer and Rembrandt. He also began making etchings, which were sold in the store for a modest sum.In 1890, the offer of a higher salary persuaded <mask> to leave his position to work for A. Edward Newton, a former clerk for Porter and Coates who had opened his own stationery store. At Newton's, <mask> designed greeting cards and calendars and continued to work on his etchings. In that same year he also attended a night drawing class at the Spring Garden Institute, which provided him his first formal art training. He soon left Newton's business in quest of greater freedom as a freelance commercial artist, but this venture produced little income. In 1892, he began working as an illustrator in the art department of The Philadelphia Inquirer. Later that same year, <mask> began taking evening classes at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts under the guidance of the realist Thomas Anshutz. Among his fellow students was his old schoolmate William Glackens.In 1892, <mask> met Robert Henri, a talented painter and charismatic advocate of artistic independence who became his mentor and closest friend. Henri encouraged <mask> in his graphic work and eventually convinced him to turn to painting. They shared a common artistic outlook and in the coming years promoted a new form of realism, known as the "Ashcan school" of American art. In 1893, <mask> and Henri founded the short-lived Charcoal Club together, whose members would also include Glackens, George Luks, and Everett Shinn. Towards the end of 1895, <mask> decided to leave The Philadelphia Inquirer to work in the art department of The Philadelphia Press. His schedule was now less rigid,

masks: Sloan Sloan Sloan Sloan Sloan Sloan Sloan


title: John Sloan

texts: allowing him more time to paint. Henri offered encouragement and often sent <mask> reproductions of European artists, such as Manet, Hals, Goya and Velázquez.In 1898, the socially awkward <mask> was introduced to Anna Maria (Dolly) Wall (born July 28, 1876), and the  two fell immediately in love. In entering into a relationship with her, <mask> accepted the challenges posed by her alcoholism and her sexual history, which included prostitution; although Dolly worked in a department store by day, <mask> had, in fact, met her in a brothel. They were married on August 5, 1901, providing <mask> with an affectionate partner who believed in him absolutely, but whose lapses and mental instability led to frequent crises. A particularly close friend in their New York years, who helped the couple to weather many of these crises, was the artist <mask> Yeats, the elderly father of poet William Butler Yeats. By 1903, <mask> had produced almost sixty oil paintings but had yet to establish a name for himself in the art world. In April 1904, he and Dolly moved to New York City and found quarters in Greenwich Village where he painted some of his best-known works, including McSorley's Bar, Sixth Avenue Elevated at Third Street, and Wake of the Ferry. He became increasingly prolific, but he sold little, and he continued to rely on his earnings as a freelancer for The Philadelphia Press, for which he continued to draw weekly puzzles until 1910.By 1905, he was supplementing this income by drawing illustrations for books (including Wilkie Collins' The Moonstone) and for such journals as Collier's Weekly, Good Housekeeping, Harper's Weekly, The Saturday Evening Post, and Scribner's.

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title: John Sloan

texts: <mask> participated in the landmark 1908 exhibition at the Macbeth Galleries of a group that included four other artists from the Philadelphia Charcoal Club (Henri, Glackens, Luks and Shinn) as well as three artists who worked in a less realistic, more impressionistic style, Maurice Prendergast, Ernest Lawson, and Arthur B. Davies. The group was afterward collectively known as "The Eight." The Macbeth Galleries exhibition was intended as a rebuke to the restrictive exhibition practices of the powerful, conservative National Academy of Design. <mask> organized a touring exhibition of the paintings from that show that traveled to several cities from Newark to Chicago and elicited considerable discussion in the press about less academic approaches to art and new definitions of acceptable subject matter. A doctor who was consulted in an effort to help Dolly overcome her drinking problem suggested a scheme to <mask>: he was to start a diary in which he would include his fondest thoughts of her, with the expectation that she would surreptitiously read it and be freed of her disabling fear that <mask> would leave her. Spanning the period from 1906 to early 1913, the diary soon grew beyond its initial purpose, and its publication in 1965 supplied researchers with a detailed chronicle of <mask>'s activities and interests and a portrait of the pre-war art world.<mask>'s growing discontent with what he called "the Plutocracy's government" led him to join the Socialist Party in 1910. <mask> also became active in Socialist projects at this time. <mask> became the art editor of The Masses with the December 1912 issue and contributed powerful anti-war and anti-capitalist

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title: John Sloan

texts: drawings to other socialist publications as well, such as the Call and Coming Nation. As <mask> was never entirely comfortable with propaganda, his work for these magazines did not always contain overt political content. His belief that "The Masses" was becoming too doctrinaire led to a dispute with fellow editors Max Eastman and Floyd Dell, causing him to resign his position with that journal in 1916. He was never an ally of the Communist Party in the United States, although he remained hopeful that the Soviet Union would succeed in creating an egalitarian society. Throughout his life, he identified with left-wing political causes and expressed vehement disapproval of the inequities of the American economic system.A pacifist, he also opposed the American entry into World War I. In 1913, <mask> painted a two-hundred-foot backdrop for the Paterson Strike Pageant, a controversial work of performance art and radical politics organized by activist <mask> and philanthropist Mabel Dodge. The play, a benefit staged for the striking silk mill workers of Paterson, New Jersey, took place in Madison Square Garden and incorporated over 1,000 participants. <mask> has been called "the premier artist of the Ashcan School who painted the inexhaustible energy and life of New York City during the first decades of the twentieth century". Also in 1913, <mask> participated in the legendary Armory Show. He served as a member of the organizing committee and also exhibited two paintings and five etchings. In that same year, the important collector Albert C. Barnes purchased one of <mask>'s paintings; this was only the fourth sale of a painting for <mask> (although it has often

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John Reed
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title: John Sloan

texts: erroneously been counted as his first).For <mask>, exposure to the European modernist works on view in the Armory Show initiated a gradual move away from the realist urban themes he had been painting for the previous ten years. In 1914–15, during summers spent in Gloucester, Massachusetts, he painted landscapes en plein air in a new, more fluid and colorful style influenced by Van Gogh and the Fauves. Beginning in 1914, <mask> taught at the Art Students League, where for the next eighteen years he became a charismatic if eccentric teacher. <mask> also taught briefly at the George Luks Art School. His students respected him for his practical knowledge and integrity, but feared his caustic tongue; as a well-known painter who had nonetheless sold very few paintings, he advised his students, "I have nothing to teach you that will help you to make a living." He disdained careerism among artists and urged his pupils to find joy in the creative process alone. The summer of 1918 was the last he spent in Gloucester.For the next thirty years, he spent four months each summer in Santa Fe, New Mexico, where the desert landscape inspired a new concentration on the rendering of form. Still, the majority of his works were completed in New York. As a result of his time in the Southwest, he and Dolly developed a strong interest in Native American arts and ceremonies and, back in New York, became advocates of Indian artists. In 1922 he organized an exhibition of work by Native American artists at the Society of Independent Artists in New York. He also championed the work of Diego Rivera, whom he called "the one artist on this continent who is in the class of the old masters." The

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title: John Sloan

texts:
 Society of Independent Artists, which <mask> had co-founded in 1916, gave Rivera and José Clemente Orozco their first showing in the United States in 1920. In 1943, <mask> died of coronary heart disease.The next year, <mask> married Helen Farr, a former student forty years his junior with whom he had been romantically involved for a time in the 1930s. On September 7, 1951, <mask> died of cancer while vacationing in Hanover, New Hampshire. The following January the Whitney Museum of American Art presented a well-received retrospective of his career. Helen Farr <mask>, who became a noted philanthropist in her later years, oversaw the distribution of his unsold works to major museums throughout the country. Career

Training
<mask>'s training consisted of his study and reproduction of works by painters such as Rembrandt, a few classes at various institutions, mentorship by Robert Henri, and his work experience as an etcher and draughtsman. The high school that <mask> attended had a good art department, but it is not known whether he gained any training there. <mask> worked several jobs in draughtsmanship, etching, and commercial artwork before he attended the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, where he studied briefly under Thomas Anshutz.The experience <mask> gathered from his various press jobs provided him with a certain amount of knowledge and allowed room for him to explore and expand in his free time. Henri's mentorship was significant in <mask>'s training because he encouraged him to paint more, and introduced him to the work of various artists, whose techniques, composition, and style <mask> studied. He sought additional guidance from Ruskin's The

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title: John Sloan

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 Elements of Drawing and <mask>'s A Manual of Oil Painting. <mask> believed his study and mentorship at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, as well as his early Philadelphia experiences, to be his "college education." Early influences
At a young age, <mask> had been exposed to numerous books and reproductions through his uncle, Alexander Priestley, who held an extensive collection in his library. One major influence that he discovered was <mask>, an English caricaturist. When <mask> entered his position at The Philadelphia Press his newspaper drawings reflected the style of Leech, Charles Keene and George du Maurier.But by 1894 he had begun attracting attention with decorative illustrations in a new style related to the poster movement; these works combine the influences of European artists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, including Walter Crane, and reveal <mask>'s study of Botticelli and  Japanese prints. <mask>'s early paintings may have been influenced by Thomas Eakins as a result of his time studying under Anshutz. In 1893, <mask> and Glackens became regulars at a weekly "open house" at Henri's studio, where he encouraged the young men to read Whitman and Emerson and led discussions of such books as George Moore's Modern Painting and William Morris Hunt's Talks on Art. Henri believed in the need to create a new, less genteel American art that spoke more immediately to the spirit of the age, an outlook that found ready adherents in <mask> and Glackens. Style and the Ashcan School

As someone who painted city crowds and tenement rooms, shop girls and streetwalkers, charwomen and hairdressers, <mask> is one of the artists most closely

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texts: identified with the Ashcan School. Yet it was a term <mask> despised. He came to feel that it homogenized too many different painters, concentrated viewers' attention on content rather than style, and presupposed a muckraking intent.His wariness was not misplaced: exhibitions of Ashcan art in recent decades often stress its documentary quality and importance as part of an historical record, whereas <mask> felt that any artist worth anything had to be appreciated for his skilled brushwork, color, and composition. Unlike Henri, <mask> was not a facile painter and labored over his work, leading Henri to remark that "<mask>" was "the past participle of 'slow.'" (When Glackens and <mask> were at The Philadelphia Inquirer, Glackens usually got the reportorial assignments because he was more adept than <mask> in making quick sketches.) His methodical approach towards sketching carried over to his painting. "<mask>'s approach to making urban realist art was based on images seen and remembered (and sometimes written down) rather than sketched in the street, even though his autographic handling of paint and print media conveys the look of a rapid drawing. The effect is conceptual rather than perceptual, which <mask> denigrated as "eyesight painting." This was a major characteristic of his style, consistent with the Ashcan School's goal of presenting a subject to the viewer with all the immediacy of a snapshot.<mask> tended to observe city dwellers interacting in an intimate setting. A student of his wrote, he "concerned himself with what we call genre: street scenes, restaurant life, paintings of saloons, ferry boats, roof tops, back yards, and so on through a whole

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title: John Sloan

texts: catalogue of commonplace subjects." Like Edward Hopper, <mask> often used the perspective of the window in his painting, in order to gain a tight focus, but also to observe his subject undetected. He wrote in his diary, in 1911; "I am in the habit of watching every bit of human life I can see about my windows, but I do it so that I am not observed at it ... No insult to the people you are watching to do so unseen." <mask>'s attention to isolated incidents within the urban environment recalls the narrative techniques used in the realist fiction and Hollywood films he enjoyed. <mask> was described as an "early twentieth-century realist painter who embraced the principles of Socialism and placed his artistic talents at the service of those beliefs." Yet whenever <mask> was asked about the social context of his paintings or about his fervent Socialism, he said that his paintings were made with "sympathy, but no social consciousness ...I was never interested in putting propaganda into my paintings, so it annoys me when art historians try to interpret my city life pictures as 'socially conscious.' I saw the everyday life of the people, and on the whole I picked out bits of joy in human life for my subject matter." In the late 1920s, just as the market for his city pictures was finally reaching a point at which he might have made a comfortable living, <mask> changed his technique and abandoned his characteristic urban subject matter in favor of nudes and portraits. This independence was entirely typical of him, to the dismay of his dealer, Charles Kraushaar. Rejecting as superficial the spontaneous painterly technique of Manet and Hals—and also of Robert Henri and

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texts:
 George Luks—he turned instead to the underpainting and glazing method used by old masters such as Andrea Mantegna. It was an eccentric choice. The resulting paintings, which often made unconventional use of superimposed hatchings to define the forms, have never attained the popularity of his early Ashcan works.Legacy

<mask>'s paintings are represented in almost all major American museums. Among his best-known works are Hairdresser's Window (1907) in the collection of the Wadsworth Atheneum, The Picnic Ground (1907) in the collection of the Whitney Museum of American Art, The Haymarket (1907) in the collection of the Brooklyn Museum, Yeats at Petitpas in the collection of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, McSorley's Bar (1912) in the collection of the Detroit Institute of Arts, The 'City' from Greenwich Village (1922) in the collection of the National Gallery of Art, and The White Way (1927) in the collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art. In 1971, his painting Wake of the Ferry (1907) was reproduced on a U.S. postage stamp honoring <mask>. His students included Peggy Bacon, Aaron Bohrod, Alexander Calder, Reginald Marsh, Barnett Newman, Minna Citron, and Norman Raeben. In 1939, he published a book of his teachings and aphorisms, Gist of Art, which remained in print for over sixty years. In American Visions, the critic Robert Hughes praised <mask>'s art for "an honest humaneness, a frank sympathy, a refusal to flatten its figures into stereotypes of class misery ... He saw his people as part of larger totality, the carnal and cozy body of the city itself."In American Painting from the Armory Show to the Depression, art historian Milton Brown called <mask> "the

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title: John Sloan

texts:
 outstanding figure of the Ash Can School." To his friend, the painter <mask> Yeats, and to art critic Henry McBride, he was "an American Hogarth." The lobby of the United States Post Office in Bronxville, New York, features a mural by <mask> painted in 1939 and titled The Arrival of the First Mail in Bronxville in 1846 commissioned by the Treasury Section of Fine Arts. The post office and mural were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. See also
American realism
Ashcan school

Notes

Sources
 Brooks, Van Wyck. <mask>: a Painter's Life. New York: E.P.Dutton & Co, 1955. Hills, Patricia, "<mask>'s Images of Working-Class Women: A Case Study of the Roles and Interrelationships of Politics, Personality, and Patrons in the Development of Sloan's Art, 1905–16", Prospects 5 (1980): 157–96. Cambridge University Press. Loughery, <mask>. <mask>: Painter and Rebel . New York: Henry Holt, 1995. Further reading

 Coco, Janice M. <mask>'s Women: A Psychoanalysis of Vision.Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2004. .
 Hughes, <mask>. Excerpt from American Visions: The Epic History of Art in America. Hunter, Sam. Modern American Painting and Sculpture. New York: Dell, 1959. Kennedy, Elizabeth (ed.) The Eight and American Modernisms.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009. Perlman, Bennard B (editor), introduction by Mrs. <mask>. Revolutionaries of Realism: The Letters of <mask> and Robert Henri. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1997. .
 Leeds, Valerie Ann. The World of <mask>. Orlando, Florida: Mennello Museum of American Art, 2009. St. John, Bruce (ed.).<mask>'s New York Scene: From the Diaries, Notes, and Correspondence, 1906-1913.

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title: John Sloan

texts:
 New York: Harper & Row, 1965. Zurier, Rebecca. Art for "The Masses": A Radical Magazine and Its Graphics, 1911-1917. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988. (see index)

External links

 Sloan's Cats
 <mask> at Artcyclopedia
 <mask> at ArtNet.com
 <mask> at AskART.com
 Seeing the City: Sloan's New York, Delaware Art Museum
 <mask> at New Mexico Museum of Art

1871 births
1951 deaths
American etchers
19th-century American painters
19th-century male artists
American male painters
20th-century American painters
Artists from Philadelphia
Artists from Santa Fe, New Mexico
Art Students League of New York faculty
Modern painters
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni
Central High School (Philadelphia) alumni
Taos Society of Artists
Federal Art Project artists
20th-century American printmakers
People from Lock Haven, Pennsylvania
Society of Independent

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title: María Luisa Algarra

texts:
<mask> (1916 in Barcelona – 1957 in Mexico City) was a Spanish playwright who lived and wrote in exile in Mexico after the Spanish Civil War and World War II. Life
<mask> “was educated first at local schools, then studied at the University Autonomous of Barcelona. At age Twenty she received her law degree, a rather uncommon occurrence for a woman at the time.”  She emigrated to France at the end of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). There she aided the resistance movement during the Second World War, an effort that resulted in her three-year internment in the Vernet concentration camp. Upon her release, she left Europe to permanently live in Mexico where she met José Reyes Mesa, the famous painter, whom she married and with whom she had two daughters, Reyes and Fernanda. She had a close friendship with a fellow playwright, the Mexican Emilio Carballido, who described Algarra as “asombrosa…atractiva…alta, altísima”  (astonishing…attractive…tall, very tall). She died in 1957 at the age of 41.Work
Algarra was best known as a playwright, although she also wrote movie and television scripts and radio novels (arguably having most financial success in the film industry). As well as her original work, she also wrote theatre adaptations of Cervantes’ La Cueva de Salamanca and Juan Ruiz’ La verdad sospechosa. While many of her plays were produced during her lifetime, her texts were not published until after her death. Individual plays were featured in a variety of theatre publications, and a complete anthology was published by Universidad Veracruz, a Mexican Publishing House, in 2008. Her plays often feature a female protagonist and treat a variety of themes, including the situation of women in society, familial

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 conflict, friendship, exile, and love, and Algarra treats many of these concepts from a psychological perspective. Some of her works deal with issues specific to Mexico or her own experience in exile, while others feature universally-applicable issues. Reception
<mask>’s plays were generally well received by her contemporaries.In 1935 she received the Concursal Teatral Universitario award from the Universidad Autónoma in Barcelona for her first play, Judith, which was written in Catalan, and in 1954 she earned the “máximo reconocimento en el teatro mexicano”  (the maximum recognition in Mexican theatre) when she won the award at the Concurso de Grupos Teatrales del Distrito Federal (Mexico City Theatre Conference) for her play Los años de prueba. It is of note that the aforementioned prize is awarded to a play that should be “de autor mexicano, escrita con posterioridad al año 1917, y tratar un problema mexicano”  (by a Mexican author, written after 1917, and about a Mexican problem). Los años de prueba also won the INBA and Juan Ruiz de Alarcon awards, the latter for the best play of 1954. Her work has not been the focus of a great amount of literary criticism, but recently has garnered slightly increased attention. Carballido, in his prologue to Algarra’s complete works anthology affirms that “las obras de teatro…siguen brillantes y actuales”  (the plays continue to be brilliant and currently relevant); while other critics are not quite as complimentary. In the Algarra entry in the reference book Teatro español [de la A a la Z], by Javier Huerta Clavo, Emilio Peral Vega and Hector Urzáiz Tortajada, several of her plays are mentioned, and then the authors refer to “[t]ítulos posteriores…donde insiste en


title: María Luisa Algarra

texts:
 Escuela para suegras (1958) (story) ... aka School for Mothers-in-Law (International: English title)
 La sombra del otro (1957) (dialogue)
 La mujer marcada (1957) (story)
 Mal de amores (Rogaciano el huapanguero) (1957) (additional dialogue)
 Que me toquen las golondrinas (1957) (writer) ... aka La despedida (Argentina)
 Las aventuras de Pito Pérez (1957) (additional dialogue) ... aka The Adventures of Pito Perez (International: English title)
 Tú y las nubes (1955) (story) ... aka Limosna de amores (Spain)
 Nosotros dos (1955) (screenplay) (story) ... aka We Two (International: English title)
 La posesión (1950) (writer)
 Encadenada (El yugo) (1947) (additional dialogue) ... aka Encadenado (Mexico)

References

Works cited
 Carballido, Emilio. “Prólogo.” Antología de obras dramáticas / María Luisa Algarra. Veracruz: Universidad Veracruzana, 2008. Heras González, Juan Pablo. “María Luisa Algarra, una autora de exilio: trayectoria dramática.” Signa 15 (2006): 325-339.Huerta Calvo, Javier, Emilio Peral Vega, and Héctor Urzáiz Tortajada. Teatro español [de la A a la Z]. Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 2005. The Internet Movie Database. 2009. 26 September 2009 <https://www.imdb.com/>. <mask> Campos, A. de.Veintiún años de crónica teatral en México, I. Primera parte (1944–1950); II. Segunda Parte (1951–1955). México: INBA-CITRU-IPN, 1999. Stroll, Anita K. Dictionary of Mexican Literature. Ed. By Eladio Cortés. West Port, CT: Greenwood Publishing, 1992.1916 births
1957 deaths
Mexican dramatists and playwrights
Mexican women writers
Catalan dramatists and playwrights
People from Barcelona
Spanish emigrants to Mexico
Women dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Spanish women writers
20th-century Spanish dramatists and


title: Frank Fenner

texts:
<mask>  (21 December 1914 – 22 November 2010) was an Australian scientist with a distinguished career in the field of virology. His two greatest achievements are cited as overseeing the eradication of smallpox, and the control of Australia's rabbit plague through the introduction of Myxoma virus. The Australian Academy of Science awards annually the prestigious Fenner Medal for distinguished research in biology by a scientist under 40 years of age. Early life
<mask> was born in Ballarat in 1914, but the family moved to Adelaide, South Australia in November 1916. He attended Rose Park Primary School and Thebarton Technical School. He attended the University of Adelaide, where he earned degrees in medicine and surgery in 1938. That year, uneasy about Hitler's rise, he legally changed his middle name to John.<mask> was a member of an Adelaide University anthropological expedition to Nepabunna Mission in the northern Flinders Ranges in South Australia in May 1937 led by J.B. Cleland, which also included Charles P. Mountford as ethnologist and photographer, as well as botanist Thomas Harvey Johnston, and others. From 1940–1946 he was a Captain and Major in the Australian Army Medical Corps with service in Australia, Palestine, Egypt, New Guinea, and Borneo, as medical officer in field ambulance and casualty clearing station, pathologist to general hospital, and malariologist. For his work in combating malaria in Papua New Guinea he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1945. Following his war-time service he was recruited by <mask> Burnet to work at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research in Melbourne. Initially they worked on smallpox in mice, for which he coined the term "mousepox", and later on the genetics of poxvirus. In 1949 he received a fellowship to study at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City, he worked on mycobacterium Bairnsdale bacillus, which causes Buruli ulcer, the third most important mycobacterial disease worldwide

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 after tuberculosis and leprosy. Here he worked with and was influenced by René Dubos, who is one of the claimed originators of the phrase "Think Globally, Act Locally".Career in Canberra
Returning to Australia in 1949, he was appointed Professor of Microbiology at the new John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National University, Canberra. Here he began studying viruses again, in particular the myxoma virus. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s Australia had severe rabbit plagues. <mask>'s work on the myxoma virus showed that initially it killed rabbits in 9 to 11 days and was 99.5% lethal. Under heavy selection pressure, the few rabbits that survived developed resistance, which meant that the pest was never completely eradicated, but their numbers were reduced. Prior to the release of the virus as a biological control for the rabbits, <mask>, <mask> Burnet, and Ian Clunies Ross famously injected themselves with myxoma virus, to prove it was not dangerous for humans. <mask> was Director of the John Curtin School from 1967 to 1973.In 1977, he was named the chairman of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication. The last known case of naturally transmitted smallpox occurred in Somalia in 1977. Professor <mask> announced the eradication of the disease to the World Health Assembly on 8 May 1980. This success story is regarded as the greatest achievement of the World Health Organization. Before its eradication, smallpox was one of the world's most virulent viruses, responsible for millions of deaths, and leaving many of the victims who survived with disfiguring scars for life. Professor <mask> had an abiding interest in the environment, and was the foundation Director of the Centre for Resources and Environmental Studies at the ANU (1973), where he worked until his retirement in 1979, and which became part of the Fenner School of Environment and Society in 2007. He was a keen supporter of Australia having an ecologically, socially sustainable population.He

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