title: Muhammad

texts:
 opposition remained. <mask> expelled from Medina the Banu Qaynuqa, one of three main Jewish tribes, but some historians contend that the expulsion happened after <mask>'s death. According to al-Waqidi, after Abd-Allah ibn Ubaiy spoke for them, <mask> refrained from executing them and commanded that they be exiled from Medina. Following the Battle of Badr, <mask> also made mutual-aid alliances with a number of Bedouin tribes to protect his community from attacks from the northern part of Hejaz.Conflict with Mecca

The Meccans were eager to avenge their defeat. To maintain economic prosperity, the Meccans needed to restore their prestige, which had been reduced at Badr. In the ensuing months, the Meccans sent ambush parties to Medina while <mask> led expeditions against tribes allied with Mecca and sent raiders onto a Meccan caravan. Abu Sufyan gathered an army of 3000 men and set out for an attack on Medina. A scout alerted <mask> of the Meccan army's presence and numbers a day later. The next morning, at the Muslim conference of war, a dispute arose over how best to repel the Meccans. <mask> and many senior figures suggested it would be safer to fight within Medina and take advantage of the heavily fortified strongholds.Younger Muslims argued that the Meccans were destroying crops, and huddling in the strongholds would destroy Muslim prestige. <mask> eventually conceded to the younger Muslims and readied the Muslim force for battle. <mask> led his force outside to the mountain of Uhud (the location of the Meccan camp) and fought the Battle of Uhud on 23 March 625. Although the Muslim army had the advantage in early encounters,

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad

type: original

texts: lack of discipline on the part of strategically placed archers led to a Muslim defeat; 75 Muslims were killed, including Hamza, <mask>'s uncle who became one of the best known martyrs in the Muslim tradition. The Meccans did not pursue the Muslims; instead, they marched back to Mecca declaring victory. The announcement is probably because <mask> was wounded and thought dead. When they discovered that <mask> lived, the Meccans did not return due to false information about new forces coming to his aid.The attack had failed to achieve their aim of completely destroying the Muslims. The Muslims buried the dead and returned to Medina that evening. Questions accumulated about the reasons for the loss; <mask> delivered Quranic verses  indicating that the defeat was twofold: partly a punishment for disobedience, partly a test for steadfastness. Abu Sufyan directed his effort towards another attack on Medina. He gained support from the nomadic tribes to the north and east of Medina; using propaganda about <mask>'s weakness, promises of booty, memories of Quraysh prestige and through bribery. <mask>'s new policy was to prevent alliances against him. Whenever alliances against Medina were formed, he sent out expeditions to break them up.<mask> heard of men massing with hostile intentions against Medina, and reacted in a severe manner. One example is the assassination of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf, a chieftain of the Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir. Al-Ashraf went to Mecca and wrote poems that roused the Meccans' grief, anger and desire for revenge after the Battle of Badr. Around a year later, <mask> expelled the Banu Nadir from Medina forcing their

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts: emigration to Syria; he allowed them to take some possessions, as he was unable to subdue the Banu Nadir in their strongholds. The rest of their property was claimed by <mask> in the name of God as it was not gained with bloodshed. <mask> surprised various Arab tribes, individually, with overwhelming force, causing his enemies to unite to annihilate him. <mask> Nadir, the Quraysh military leader Abu Sufyan mustered a force of 10,000 men. <mask> prepared a force of about 3,000 men and adopted a form of defense unknown in Arabia at that time; the Muslims dug a trench wherever Medina lay open to cavalry attack. The idea is credited to a Persian convert to Islam, Salman the Persian. The siege of Medina began on 31 March 627 and lasted two weeks. Abu Sufyan's troops were unprepared for the fortifications, and after an ineffectual siege, the coalition decided to return home. The Quran discusses this battle in sura Al-Ahzab, in verses . During the battle, the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza, located to the south of Medina, entered into negotiations with Meccan forces to revolt against <mask>.Although the Meccan forces were swayed by suggestions that <mask> was sure to be overwhelmed, they desired reassurance in case the confederacy was unable to destroy him. No agreement was reached after prolonged negotiations, partly due to sabotage attempts by <mask>'s scouts. After the coalition's retreat, the Muslims accused the Banu Qurayza of treachery and besieged them in their forts for 25 days. The Banu Qurayza eventually surrendered; according to Ibn Ishaq, all the men apart from a few converts to Islam were beheaded, while the women and

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title: Muhammad

texts:
 children were enslaved. Walid N. Arafat and Barakat Ahmad have disputed the accuracy of Ibn Ishaq's narrative. Arafat believes that Ibn Ishaq's Jewish sources, speaking over 100 years after the event, conflated this account with memories of earlier massacres in Jewish history; he notes that Ibn Ishaq was considered an unreliable historian by his contemporary Malik ibn Anas, and a transmitter of "odd tales" by the later Ibn Hajar. Ahmad argues that only some of the tribe were killed, while some of the fighters were merely enslaved.Watt finds Arafat's arguments "not entirely convincing", while Meir J. Kister has contradicted the arguments of Arafat and Ahmad. In the siege of Medina, the Meccans exerted the available strength to destroy the Muslim community. The failure resulted in a significant loss of prestige; their trade with Syria vanished. Following the Battle of the Trench, <mask> made two expeditions to the north, both ended without any fighting. While returning from one of these journeys (or some years earlier according to other early accounts), an accusation of adultery was made against Aisha, <mask>'s wife. Aisha was exonerated from accusations when <mask> announced he had received a revelation confirming Aisha's innocence and directing that charges of adultery be supported by four eyewitnesses (sura 24, An-Nur). Truce of Hudaybiyyah

Although <mask> had delivered Quranic verses commanding the Hajj, the Muslims had not performed it due to Quraysh enmity.In the month of Shawwal 628, <mask> ordered his followers to obtain sacrificial animals and to prepare for a pilgrimage (umrah) to Mecca, saying that God had promised

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts: him the fulfillment of this goal in a vision when he was shaving his head after completion of the Hajj. Upon hearing of the approaching 1,400 Muslims, the Quraysh dispatched 200 cavalry to halt them. <mask> evaded them by taking a more difficult route, enabling his followers to reach al-Hudaybiyya just outside Mecca. According to Watt, although <mask>'s decision to make the pilgrimage was based on his dream, he was also demonstrating to the pagan Meccans that Islam did not threaten the prestige of the sanctuaries, that Islam was an Arabian religion. Negotiations commenced with emissaries traveling to and from Mecca. While these continued, rumors spread that one of the Muslim negotiators, Uthman bin al-Affan, had been killed by the Quraysh. <mask> called upon the pilgrims to make a pledge not to flee (or to stick with <mask>, whatever decision he made) if the situation descended into war with Mecca.This pledge became known as the "Pledge of Acceptance" or the "Pledge under the Tree". News of Uthman's safety allowed for negotiations to continue, and a treaty scheduled to last ten years was eventually signed between the Muslims and Quraysh. The main points of the treaty included: cessation of hostilities, the deferral of <mask>'s pilgrimage to the following year, and agreement to send back any Meccan who emigrated to Medina without permission from their protector. Many Muslims were not satisfied with the treaty. However, the Quranic sura "Al-Fath" (The Victory) (Quran ) assured them that the expedition must be considered a victorious one. It was later that <mask>'s followers realized the benefit behind the treaty. These benefits

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title: Muhammad

texts:
 included the requirement of the Meccans to identify <mask> as an equal, cessation of military activity allowing Medina to gain strength, and the admiration of Meccans who were impressed by the pilgrimage rituals.After signing the truce, <mask> assembled an expedition against the Jewish oasis of Khaybar, known as the Battle of Khaybar. This was possibly due to housing the Banu Nadir who were inciting hostilities against <mask>, or to regain prestige from what appeared as the inconclusive result of the truce of Hudaybiyya. According to Muslim tradition, <mask> also sent letters to many rulers, asking them to convert to Islam (the exact date is given variously in the sources). He sent messengers (with letters) to Heraclius of the Byzantine Empire (the eastern Roman Empire), Khosrau of Persia, the chief of Yemen and to some others. In the years following the truce of Hudaybiyya, <mask> directed his forces against the Arabs on Transjordanian Byzantine soil in the Battle of Mu'tah. Final years

Conquest of Mecca

The truce of Hudaybiyyah was enforced for two years. The tribe of Banu Khuza'a had good relations with <mask>, whereas their enemies, the Banu Bakr, had allied with the Meccans.A clan of the Bakr made a night raid against the Khuza'a, killing a few of them. The Meccans helped the Banu Bakr with weapons and, according to some sources, a few Meccans also took part in the fighting. After this event, <mask> sent a message to Mecca with three conditions, asking them to accept one of them. These were: either the Meccans would pay blood money for the slain among the Khuza'ah tribe, they disavow themselves of the Banu Bakr, or they

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts:
 should declare the truce of Hudaybiyyah null. The Meccans replied that they accepted the last condition. Soon they realized their mistake and sent Abu Sufyan to renew the Hudaybiyyah treaty, a request that was declined by <mask>. <mask> began to prepare for a campaign.In 630, <mask> marched on Mecca with 10,000 Muslim converts. With minimal casualties, <mask> seized control of Mecca. He declared an amnesty for past offences, except for ten men and women who were "guilty of murder or other offences or had sparked off the war and disrupted the peace". Some of these were later pardoned. Most Meccans converted to Islam and <mask> proceeded to destroy all the statues of Arabian gods in and around the Kaaba. According to reports collected by Ibn Ishaq and al-Azraqi, <mask> personally spared paintings or frescos of Mary and Jesus, but other traditions suggest that all pictures were erased. The Quran discusses the conquest of Mecca.Conquest of Arabia

Following the conquest of Mecca, <mask> was alarmed by a military threat from the confederate tribes of Hawazin who were raising an army double the size of <mask>'s. The Banu Hawazin were old enemies of the Meccans. They were joined by the Banu Thaqif (inhabiting the city of Ta'if) who adopted an anti-Meccan policy due to the decline of the prestige of Meccans. <mask> defeated the Hawazin and Thaqif tribes in the Battle of Hunayn. In the same year, <mask> organized an attack against northern Arabia because of their previous defeat at the Battle of Mu'tah and reports of hostility adopted against Muslims. With great difficulty he assembled 30,000 men; half of whom on the second day

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts:
 returned with Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy, untroubled by the damning verses which <mask> hurled at them. Although <mask> did not engage with hostile forces at Tabuk, he received the submission of some local chiefs of the region.He also ordered the destruction of any remaining pagan idols in Eastern Arabia. The last city to hold out against the Muslims in Western Arabia was Taif. <mask> refused to accept the city's surrender until they agreed to convert to Islam and allowed men to destroy the statue of their goddess Al-Lat. A year after the Battle of Tabuk, the Banu Thaqif sent emissaries to surrender to <mask> and adopt Islam. Many bedouins submitted to <mask> to safeguard against his attacks and to benefit from the spoils of war. However, the bedouins were alien to the system of Islam and wanted to maintain independence: namely their code of virtue and ancestral traditions. <mask> required a military and political agreement according to which they "acknowledge the suzerainty of Medina, to refrain from attack on the Muslims and their allies, and to pay the Zakat, the Muslim religious levy."Farewell pilgrimage

In 632, at the end of the tenth year after migration to Medina, <mask> completed his first true Islamic pilgrimage, setting precedent for the annual Great Pilgrimage, known as Hajj. On the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah <mask> delivered his Farewell Sermon, at Mount Arafat east of Mecca. In this sermon, <mask> advised his followers not to follow certain pre-Islamic customs. For instance, he said a white has no superiority over a black, nor a black any superiority over a white except by piety and good action. He abolished old blood feuds


title: Muhammad

texts:
 and disputes based on the former tribal system and asked for old pledges to be returned as implications of the creation of the new Islamic community. Commenting on the vulnerability of women in his society, <mask> asked his male followers to "be good to women, for they are powerless captives (awan) in your households. You took them in God's trust, and legitimated your sexual relations with the Word of God, so come to your senses people, and hear my words ..." He told them that they were entitled to discipline their wives but should do so with kindness.He addressed the issue of inheritance by forbidding false claims of paternity or of a client relationship to the deceased and forbade his followers to leave their wealth to a testamentary heir. He also upheld the sacredness of four lunar months in each year. According to Sunni tafsir, the following Quranic verse was delivered during this event: "Today I have perfected your religion, and completed my favours for you and chosen Islam as a religion for you" (Quran ). According to Shia tafsir, it refers to the appointment of Ali ibn Abi Talib at the pond of Khumm as <mask>'s successor, this occurring a few days later when Muslims were returning from Mecca to Medina. Death and tomb
A few months after the farewell pilgrimage, <mask> fell ill and suffered for several days with fever, head pain, and weakness. He died on Monday, 8 June 632, in Medina, at the age of 62 or 63, in the house of his wife Aisha. With his head resting on Aisha's lap, he asked her to dispose of his last worldly goods (seven coins), then spoke his final words:

According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, <mask>'s

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts:
 death may be presumed to have been caused by Medinan fever exacerbated by physical and mental fatigue.Academics Reşit Haylamaz and Fatih Harpci say that Ar-Rafiq Al-A'la is referring to God. <mask> was buried where he died in Aisha's house. During the reign of the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I, al-Masjid an-Nabawi (the Mosque of the Prophet) was expanded to include the site of <mask>'s tomb. The Green Dome above the tomb was built by the Mamluk sultan Al Mansur Qalawun in the 13th century, although the green color was added in the 16th century, under the reign of Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. Among tombs adjacent to that of <mask> are those of his companions (Sahabah), the first two Muslim caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar, and an empty one that Muslims believe awaits Jesus. When Saud bin Abdul-Aziz took Medina in 1805, <mask>'s tomb was stripped of its gold and jewel ornamentation. Adherents to Wahhabism, Saud's followers, destroyed nearly every tomb dome in Medina in order to prevent their veneration, and the one of <mask> is reported to have narrowly escaped.Similar events took place in 1925, when the Saudi militias retook—and this time managed to keep—the city. In the Wahhabi interpretation of Islam, burial is to take place in unmarked graves. Although the practice is frowned upon by the Saudis, many pilgrims continue to practice a ziyarat—a ritual visit—to the tomb. After <mask>

<mask> united several of the tribes of Arabia into a single Arab Muslim religious polity in the last years of his life. With <mask>'s death, disagreement broke out over who his successor would be. Umar ibn al-Khattab, a prominent companion of


title: Muhammad

texts:
 <mask>, nominated Abu Bakr, <mask>'s friend and collaborator. With additional support Abu Bakr was confirmed as the first caliph.This choice was disputed by some of <mask>'s companions, who held that Ali ibn Abi Talib, his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated the successor by <mask> at Ghadir Khumm. Abu Bakr immediately moved to strike against the Byzantine (or Eastern Roman Empire) forces because of the previous defeat, although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an event that Muslim historians later referred to as the Ridda wars, or "Wars of Apostasy". The pre-Islamic Middle East was dominated by the Byzantine and Sassanian empires. The Roman–Persian Wars between the two had devastated the region, making the empires unpopular amongst local tribes. Furthermore, in the lands that would be conquered by Muslims many Christians (Nestorians, Monophysites, Jacobites and Copts) were disaffected from the Eastern Orthodox Church which deemed them heretics. Within a decade Muslims conquered Mesopotamia, Byzantine Syria, Byzantine Egypt, large parts of Persia, and established the Rashidun Caliphate. Islamic social reforms

According to William Montgomery Watt, religion for <mask> was not a private and individual matter but "the total response of his personality to the total situation in which he found himself.He was responding [not only]... to the religious and intellectual aspects of the situation but also to the economic, social, and political pressures to which contemporary Mecca was subject." Bernard Lewis says there are two important political traditions in Islam—<mask> as a statesman in Medina, and <mask>


title: Muhammad

texts:
 as a rebel in Mecca. In his view, Islam is a great change, akin to a revolution, when introduced to new societies. Historians generally agree that Islamic social changes in areas such as social security, family structure, slavery and the rights of women and children improved on the status quo of Arab society. For example, according to Lewis, Islam "from the first denounced aristocratic privilege, rejected hierarchy, and adopted a formula of the career open to the talents". <mask>'s message transformed society and moral orders of life in the Arabian Peninsula; society focused on the changes to perceived identity, world view, and the hierarchy of values. Economic reforms addressed the plight of the poor, which was becoming an issue in pre-Islamic Mecca.The Quran requires payment of an alms tax (zakat) for the benefit of the poor; as <mask>'s power grew he demanded that tribes who wished to ally with him implement the zakat in particular. Appearance

In <mask>-Bukhari's book Sahih al-Bukhari, in Chapter 61, Hadith 57 & Hadith 60, <mask> is depicted by two of his companions thus:

The description given in <mask> Isa at-Tirmidhi's book Shama'il al-Mustafa, attributed to Ali ibn Abi Talib and Hind ibn Abi Hala is as follows:

The "seal of prophecy" between <mask>'s shoulders is generally described as having been a type of raised mole the size of a pigeon's egg. Another description of <mask> was provided by Umm Ma'bad, a woman he met on his journey to Medina:

Descriptions like these were often reproduced in calligraphic panels (Turkish: hilye), which in the 17th century developed into an art form of their own in the Ottoman Empire.

masks:
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad al
Muhammad
Muhammad ibn
Muhammad
Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts:
 Household

<mask>'s life is traditionally defined into two periods: pre-hijra (emigration) in Mecca (from 570 to 622), and post-hijra in Medina (from 622 until 632). <mask> is said to have had thirteen wives in total (although two have ambiguous accounts, Rayhana bint Zayd and Maria al-Qibtiyya, as wife or concubine). Eleven of the thirteen marriages occurred after the migration to Medina. At the age of 25, <mask> married the wealthy Khadijah bint Khuwaylid who was 40 years old.The marriage lasted for 25 years and was a happy one. <mask> did not enter into marriage with another woman during this marriage. After Khadijah's death, Khawla bint Hakim suggested to <mask> that he should marry Sawda bint Zama, a Muslim widow, or Aisha, daughter of Um Ruman and Abu Bakr of Mecca. <mask> is said to have asked for arrangements to marry both. <mask>'s marriages after the death of Khadijah were contracted mostly for political or humanitarian reasons. The women were either widows of Muslims killed in battle and had been left without a protector, or belonged to important families or clans with whom it was necessary to honor and strengthen alliances. According to traditional sources, Aisha was six or seven years old when betrothed to <mask>, with the marriage not being consummated until she had reached puberty at the age of nine or ten years old.She was therefore a virgin at marriage. Modern Muslim authors who calculate Aisha's age based on other sources of information, such as a hadith about the age difference between Aisha and her sister Asma, estimate that she was over thirteen and perhaps in her late teens at the time of her marriage.


title: Muhammad

texts: After migration to Medina, <mask>, who was then in his fifties, married several more women. <mask> performed household chores such as preparing food, sewing clothes, and repairing shoes. He is also said to have had accustomed his wives to dialogue; he listened to their advice, and the wives debated and even argued with him. Khadijah is said to have had four daughters with <mask> (Ruqayyah bint <mask>, Umm Kulthum bint <mask>, Zainab bint <mask>, Fatimah Zahra) and two sons (Abd-Allah ibn <mask> and Qasim ibn <mask>, who both died in childhood). All but one of his daughters, Fatimah, died before him.Some Shi'a scholars contend that Fatimah was <mask>'s only daughter. Maria al-Qibtiyya bore him a son named Ibrahim ibn <mask>, but the child died when he was two years old. Nine of <mask>'s wives survived him. Aisha, who became known as <mask>'s favourite wife in Sunni tradition, survived him by decades and was instrumental in helping assemble the scattered sayings of <mask> that form the Hadith literature for the Sunni branch of Islam. <mask>'s descendants through Fatimah are known as sharifs, syeds or sayyids. These are honorific titles in Arabic, sharif meaning 'noble' and sayed or sayyid meaning 'lord' or 'sir'. As <mask>'s only descendants, they are respected by both Sunni and Shi'a, though the Shi'a place much more emphasis and value on their distinction.Zayd ibn Haritha was a slave that <mask> bought, freed, and then adopted as his son. He also had a wetnurse. According to a BBC summary, "the Prophet <mask> did not try to abolish slavery, and bought, sold, captured, and owned slaves himself. But he insisted that slave owners

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts:
 treat their slaves well and stressed the virtue of freeing slaves. <mask> treated slaves as human beings and clearly held some in the highest esteem". Legacy

Islamic tradition

Following the attestation to the oneness of God, the belief in <mask>'s prophethood is the main aspect of the Islamic faith. Every Muslim proclaims in Shahadah: "I testify that there is no god but God, and I testify that <mask> is a Messenger of God."The Shahadah is the basic creed or tenet of Islam. Islamic belief is that ideally the Shahadah is the first words a newborn will hear; children are taught it immediately and it will be recited upon death. Muslims repeat the shahadah in the call to prayer (adhan) and the prayer itself. Non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed. In Islamic belief, <mask> is regarded as the last prophet sent by God. states that "...it (the Quran) is a confirmation of (revelations) that went before it, and a fuller explanation of the Book—wherein there is no doubt—from The Lord of the Worlds." Similarly,  states "...And before this was the book of Moses, as a guide and a mercy.And this Book confirms (it)...", while  commands the believers of Islam to "Say: we believe in God and that which is revealed unto us, and that which was revealed unto Abraham and Ishmael and Isaac and Jacob and the tribes, and that which Moses and Jesus received, and which the prophets received from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them, and unto Him we have surrendered." Muslim tradition credits <mask> with several miracles or supernatural events. For example, many Muslim commentators and some Western


title: Muhammad

texts: scholars have interpreted the Surah  as referring to <mask> splitting the Moon in view of the Quraysh when they began persecuting his followers. Western historian of Islam Denis Gril believes the Quran does not overtly describe <mask> performing miracles, and the supreme miracle of <mask> is identified with the Quran itself. According to Islamic tradition, <mask> was attacked by the people of Ta'if and was badly injured. The tradition also describes an angel appearing to him and offering retribution against the assailants.It is said that <mask> rejected the offer and prayed for the guidance of the people of Ta'if. The Sunnah represents actions and sayings of <mask> (preserved in reports known as Hadith) and covers a broad array of activities and beliefs ranging from religious rituals, personal hygiene, and burial of the dead to the mystical questions involving the love between humans and God. The Sunnah is considered a model of emulation for pious Muslims and has to a great degree influenced the Muslim culture. The greeting that <mask> taught Muslims to offer each other, "may peace be upon you" (Arabic: as-salamu 'alaykum) is used by Muslims throughout the world. Many details of major Islamic rituals such as daily prayers, the fasting and the annual pilgrimage are only found in the Sunnah and not the Quran. Muslims have traditionally expressed love and veneration for <mask>. Stories of <mask>'s life, his intercession and of his miracles have permeated popular Muslim thought and poetry.Among Arabic odes to <mask>, Qasidat al-Burda ("Poem of the Mantle") by the Egyptian Sufi al-Busiri (1211–1294) is particularly well-known, and


title: Muhammad

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 widely held to possess a healing, spiritual power. The Quran refers to <mask> as "a mercy (rahmat) to the worlds" (Quran ). The association of rain with mercy in Oriental countries has led to imagining <mask> as a rain cloud dispensing blessings and stretching over lands, reviving the dead hearts, just as rain revives the seemingly dead earth (see, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif). <mask>'s birthday is celebrated as a major feast throughout the Islamic world, excluding Wahhabi-dominated Saudi Arabia where these public celebrations are discouraged. When Muslims say or write the name of <mask>, they usually follow it with the Arabic phrase ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam (may God honor him and grant him peace) or the English phrase peace be upon him. In casual writing, the abbreviations SAW (for the Arabic phrase) or PBUH (for the English phrase) are sometimes used; in printed matter, a small calligraphic rendition is commonly used (). Sufism

The Sunnah contributed much to the development of Islamic law, particularly from the end of the first Islamic century.Muslim mystics, known as sufis, who were seeking for the inner meaning of the Quran and the inner nature of <mask>, viewed the prophet of Islam not only as a prophet but also as a perfect human being. All Sufi orders trace their chain of spiritual descent back to <mask>. Depictions

In line with the hadith's prohibition against creating images of sentient living beings, which is particularly strictly observed with respect to God and <mask>, Islamic religious art is focused on the word. Muslims generally avoid depictions of <mask>, and mosques are decorated


title: Muhammad

texts: with calligraphy and Quranic inscriptions or geometrical designs, not images or sculptures. Today, the interdiction against images of <mask>—designed to prevent worship of <mask>, rather than God—is much more strictly observed in Sunni Islam (85%–90% of Muslims) and Ahmadiyya Islam (1%) than among Shias (10%–15%). While both Sunnis and Shias have created images of <mask> in the past, Islamic depictions of <mask> are rare. They have mostly been limited to the private and elite medium of the miniature, and since about 1500 most depictions show <mask> with his face veiled, or symbolically represent him as a flame.The earliest extant depictions come from 13th century Anatolian Seljuk and Ilkhanid Persian miniatures, typically in literary genres describing the life and deeds of <mask>. During the Ilkhanid period, when Persia's Mongol rulers converted to Islam, competing Sunni and Shi'a groups used visual imagery, including images of <mask>, to promote their particular interpretation of Islam's key events. Influenced by the Buddhist tradition of representational religious art predating the Mongol elite's conversion, this innovation was unprecedented in the Islamic world, and accompanied by a "broader shift in Islamic artistic culture away from abstraction toward representation" in "mosques, on tapestries, silks, ceramics, and in glass and metalwork" besides books. In the Persian lands, this tradition of realistic depictions lasted through the Timurid dynasty until the Safavids took power in the early 16th century. The Safavaids, who made Shi'i Islam the state religion, initiated a departure from the traditional Ilkhanid and Timurid


title: Muhammad

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 artistic style by covering <mask>'s face with a veil to obscure his features and at the same time represent his luminous essence. Concomitantly, some of the unveiled images from earlier periods were defaced. Later images were produced in Ottoman Turkey and elsewhere, but mosques were never decorated with images of <mask>.Illustrated accounts of the night journey (mi'raj) were particularly popular from the Ilkhanid period through the Safavid era. During the 19th century, Iran saw a boom of printed and illustrated mi'raj books, with <mask>'s face veiled, aimed in particular at illiterates and children in the manner of graphic novels. Reproduced through lithography, these were essentially "printed manuscripts". Today, millions of historical reproductions and modern images are available in some Muslim-majority countries, especially Turkey and Iran, on posters, postcards, and even in coffee-table books, but are unknown in most other parts of the Islamic world, and when encountered by Muslims from other countries, they can cause considerable consternation and offense. Medieval Christians

The earliest documented Christian knowledge of <mask> stems from Byzantine sources. They indicate that both Jews and Christians saw <mask> as a false prophet. Another Greek source for <mask> is Theophanes the Confessor, a 9th-century writer.The earliest Syriac source is the 7th-century writer John bar Penkaye. According to Hossein Nasr, the earliest European literature often refers to <mask> unfavorably. A few learned circles of Middle Ages Europeprimarily Latin-literate scholarshad access to fairly extensive biographical material about <mask>.


title: Muhammad

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 They interpreted the biography through a Christian religious filter, one that viewed <mask> as a person who seduced the Saracens into his submission under religious guise. Popular European literature of the time portrayed <mask> as though he were worshipped by Muslims, similar to an idol or a heathen god. In later ages, <mask> came to be seen as a schismatic: Brunetto Latini's 13th century Li livres dou tresor represents him as a former monk and cardinal, and Dante's Divine Comedy (Inferno, Canto 28), written in the early 1300s, puts <mask> and his son-in-law, Ali, in Hell "among the sowers of discord and the schismatics, being lacerated by devils again and again." European appreciation

After the Reformation, <mask> was often portrayed in a similar way.Guillaume Postel was among the first to present a more positive view of <mask> when he argued that <mask> should be esteemed by Christians as a valid prophet. Gottfried Leibniz praised <mask> because "he did not deviate from the natural religion". Henri de Boulainvilliers, in his Vie de Mahomed which was published posthumously in 1730, described <mask> as a gifted political leader and a just lawmaker. He presents him as a divinely inspired messenger whom God employed to confound the bickering Oriental Christians, to liberate the Orient from the despotic rule of the Romans and Persians, and to spread the knowledge of the unity of God from India to Spain. Voltaire had a somewhat mixed opinion on <mask>: in his play Le fanatisme, ou Mahomet le Prophète he vilifies <mask> as a symbol of fanaticism, and in a published essay in 1748 he calls him "a sublime and hearty charlatan", but

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts: in his historical survey Essai sur les mœurs, he presents him as legislator and a conqueror and calls him an "enthusiast." Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in his Social Contract (1762), "brushing aside hostile legends of <mask> as a trickster and impostor, presents him as a sage legislator who wisely fused religious and political powers." Emmanuel Pastoret published in 1787 his Zoroaster, Confucius and Muhammad, in which he presents the lives of these three "great men", "the greatest legislators of the universe", and compares their careers as religious reformers and lawgivers.He rejects the common view that <mask> is an impostor and argues that the Quran proffers "the most sublime truths of cult and morals"; it defines the unity of God with an "admirable concision." Pastoret writes that the common accusations of his immorality are unfounded: on the contrary, his law enjoins sobriety, generosity, and compassion on his followers: the "legislator of Arabia" was "a great man." Napoleon Bonaparte admired <mask> and Islam, and described him as a model lawmaker and a great man. Thomas Carlyle in his book Heroes and Hero Worship and the Heroic in History (1840) describes <mask> as "[a] silent great soul; [...] one of those who cannot but be in earnest". Carlyle's interpretation has been widely cited by Muslim scholars as a demonstration that Western scholarship validates <mask>'s status as a great man in history. Ian Almond says that German Romantic writers generally held positive views of <mask>: "Goethe’s 'extraordinary' poet-prophet, Herder’s nation builder (...) Schlegel’s admiration for Islam as an aesthetic product, enviably authentic,


title: Muhammad

texts:
 radiantly holistic, played such a central role in his view of Mohammed as an exemplary world-fashioner that he even used it as a scale of judgement for the classical (the dithyramb, we are told, has to radiate pure beauty if it is to resemble 'a Koran of poetry')." After quoting Heinrich Heine, who said in a letter to some friend that "I must admit that you, great prophet of Mecca, are the greatest poet and that your Quran... will not easily escape my memory", John Tolan goes on to show how Jews in Europe in particular held more nuanced views about <mask> and Islam, being an ethnoreligious minority feeling discriminated, they specifically lauded Al-Andalus, and thus, "writing about Islam was for Jews a way of indulging in a fantasy world, far from the persecution and pogroms of nineteenth-century Europe, where Jews could live in harmony with their non-Jewish neighbors."Modern historians
Recent writers such as William Montgomery Watt and Richard Bell dismiss the idea that <mask> deliberately deceived his followers, arguing that <mask> "was absolutely sincere and acted in complete good faith" and <mask>'s readiness to endure hardship for his cause, with what seemed to be no rational basis for hope, shows his sincerity. Watt, however, says that sincerity does not directly imply correctness: in contemporary terms, <mask> might have mistaken his subconscious for divine revelation. Watt and Bernard Lewis argue that viewing <mask> as a self-seeking impostor makes it impossible to understand Islam's development. Alford T. Welch holds that <mask> was able to be so influential and successful because of his firm belief in his vocation.


title: Muhammad

texts:
 Other religions

Followers of the Baháʼí Faith venerate <mask> as one of a number of prophets or "Manifestations of God". He is thought to be the final manifestation, or seal of the Adamic cycle, but consider his teachings to have been superseded by those of Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí faith, and the first Manifestation of the current cycle. Druze tradition honors several "mentors" and "prophets", and <mask> is considered an important prophet of God in the Druze faith, being among the seven prophets who appeared in different periods of history.Criticism

Criticism of <mask> has existed since the 7th century, when <mask> was decried by his non-Muslim Arab contemporaries for preaching monotheism, and by the Jewish tribes of Arabia for his unwarranted appropriation of Biblical narratives and figures, vituperation of the Jewish faith, and proclaiming himself as "the last prophet" without performing any miracle nor showing any personal requirement demanded in the Hebrew Bible to distinguish a true prophet chosen by the God of Israel from a false claimant; for these reasons, they gave him the derogatory nickname ha-Meshuggah (, "the Madman" or "the Possessed"). During the Middle Ages various Western and Byzantine Christian thinkers considered <mask> to be a perverted, deplorable man, a false prophet, and even the Antichrist, as he was frequently seen in Christendom as a heretic or possessed by demons. Some of them, like Thomas Aquinas, criticized <mask>'s promises of carnal pleasure in the afterlife. Modern religious and secular criticism of Islam has concerned <mask>'s sincerity in claiming to be a prophet, his morality,


title: Muhammad

texts:
 his ownership of slaves, his treatment of enemies, his marriages, his treatment of doctrinal matters, and his psychological condition. <mask> has been accused of sadism and mercilessness—including the invasion of the Banu Qurayza tribe in Medina—sexual relationships with slaves, and his marriage to Aisha when she was six years old, which according to most estimates was consummated when she was nine. See also

 Ashtiname of Muhammad
 Arabian tribes that interacted with <mask>
 Companions of the Prophet (aka Sahabah)
 Diplomatic career of <mask>
 Glossary of Islam
 List of founders of religious traditions
 List of notable Hijazis
 <mask> and the Bible
 <mask> in film
 <mask>'s views on Christians
 Possessions of <mask>
 Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)
 Relics of <mask>

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Al-Hibri, Azizah Y. (2003)."An Islamic Perspective on Domestic Violence". 27 Fordham International Law Journal 195. US edn. by Inner Traditions International, Ltd.

  (New edition 1974)

Encyclopedias

Further reading

Books

 Musa, A.Y. Hadith as Scripture: Discussions on The Authority Of Prophetic Traditions in Islam, New York: Palgrave, 2008

Articles
 Ali, Tariq, "Winged Words" (review of Maxime Rodinson, Muhammad, translated by Anne Carter, NYRB, March 2021, 373 pp., ), London Review of Books, vol. 43, no. 12 (17 June 2021), pp.11–14. Online

 Muḥammad, in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, by Ahmad S. Moussalli, Gordon D. Newby, Ahmad Moussalli
 <mask>: Prophet of Islam, in Encyclopædia Britannica Online, by Nicolai Sinai


title: Jay Rodriguez

texts:
<mask> (born 29 July 1989) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for  club Burnley. <mask> began his career with his hometown club Burnley, for whom he scored 41 goals in 128 appearances across all competitions from his debut in 2007. In 2012, he joined Southampton for around £7 million, where his form earned him his only England cap, but missed over a year with injury. Early life
<mask>, of Spanish descent through his father and paternal grandparents, was born in Burnley, Lancashire. His father Kiko was also born in Burnley, to Spanish parents, and grew up in Spain and England. Kiko was a non-league footballer. <mask> is the older of two sons.He attended Heasandford Primary School and Barden High School in the town. Club career

Burnley
<mask> signed a contract with Burnley and was promoted to the senior squad at the end of the 2006–07 season after progressing through the youth ranks at the club and completing his two-year apprenticeship. He was the only player to be signed by Burnley manager Steve Cotterill from the seven youth players available at the time. He made his first team debut for Burnley in the Championship on 29 December 2007, when he came on as a late substitute for Stephen Jordan in the 1–0 defeat to Bristol City at Turf Moor. <mask> finished the 2007–08 season on loan at Scottish First Division club Stirling Albion after signing in January 2008. He continued to train with the Clarets whilst reporting for Stirling on match days. He made his debut for Albion a day later in the 3–0 defeat against Celtic in the fourth round tie of the Scottish Cup at Celtic Park.He came on as a second-half substitute for David McKenna. He made his first start a week after against Livingston, but after the match he then faced a six-week absence through fatigue and lack of fitness. His first match

masks:
Jay Enrique Rodriguez
Rodriguez
Rodriguez
Rodriguez
Rodriguez
Rodriguez


title: Jay Rodriguez

texts: back on 1 March saw him come off the bench to score a consolation in the last minute and his first professional goal away at Morton which ended in a 2–1 defeat. He stayed with Stirling until the end of the campaign and also scored goals against Livingston and St Johnstone, but these goals weren't enough to keep Albion up and they were relegated after finishing bottom of the table. <mask> was given his first appearance of the 2008–09 season on 23 September 2008, when he scored his first goal for Burnley in the League Cup third round against Fulham, coming on as a late substitute securing a win in the 88th minute. He started featuring regularly in the first team as a substitute and followed this up with goals against Queens Park Rangers in the FA Cup, and scored a dramatic goal against Tottenham Hostpur in the League Cup semi-final, equalising the tie on aggregate making it 4–4 late on, and although Burnley went on to win the match 3–2 on the night, the tie finished 6–4 to Spurs on aggregate after late goals in extra time from Jermain Defoe and Roman Pavlyuchenko. His first league goal for Burnley came on 11 March 2009 in a 4–2 victory over Crystal Palace at Turf Moor.He then scored a stunning goal three days later in an emphatic 5–0 home victory over Nottingham Forest, which later on won him the accolade of Burnley goal of the season. His first start for the Clarets came a month later on 11 April 2009 in the Championship match against Queens Park Rangers in a 1–0 win. <mask> was also played a part in Burnley's play off campaign which saw them promoted to the Premier League after victories over Reading, and a 1–0 Championship play-off final win over Sheffield United at Wembley Stadium. He featured in this match as a substitute replacing Steven Thompson. Following the club's promotion to the Premier League in 2009,

masks: Rodriguez Rodriguez


title: Jay Rodriguez

texts:
 <mask> injured an ankle while playing for the reserves and found it difficult to break into the first team. On 1 February 2010, he completed a one-month loan move to Barnsley. He scored on his debut for Barnsley against Preston North End.<mask> enjoyed a successful 2010–11 season by becoming Burnley's top goal scorer with 14 league goals, and 15 in all competitions. At the end of the season, he won Burnley's Player of the Year and Players' Player of the Year awards. On 9 August 2011, <mask> scored four goals in the League Cup first round against Burton Albion. His first two were from the penalty spot in normal time, with the other two from open play in extra time to make the score 6–3. His first and second league goals of the season came in a 5–1 win against Nottingham Forest, opening the scoring and adding a second goal 10 minutes later. On 26 November 2011, he scored a 93rd-minute winner in a 3–2 win away to Hull City. He scored again three days later in the following match in a 4–0 win at home to Ipswich Town.His first goal of 2012 came on 7 January in an FA Cup third round match away to Norwich City. He scored his first league goal of 2012 the following match in a 2–0 win away at Middlesbrough. On 31 January, he scored two goals as Burnley beat Nottingham Forest 2–0. He scored again the following match in a 1–1 draw at home to Peterborough United, this time rescuing a point for Burnley as he scored a terrific solo goal, dribbling the ball from near the centre circle before scoring. This was his 17th goal of the season in all competitions. <mask> finished the season as Burnley's top goalscorer with 21 in all competitions which helped him earn a place in the Championship PFA Team of the Year. Southampton

In the summer of 2012, <mask> was subject to a lot of interest from Premier League clubs, and on 23 May,

masks: Rodriguez Rodriguez Rodriguez Rodriguez Rodriguez


title: Jay Rodriguez

texts: Championship rivals Cardiff City were reported to have made an offer for <mask>.On 28 May, it was reported that Burnley had accepted a "substantial offer" from newly promoted Premier League side Southampton. On 10 June, <mask> signed for Southampton on a four-year deal reported to be in the region of £7 million. <mask> made his Premier League debut on the opening day of the 2012–13 season, starting against Manchester City, before being substituted by Rickie Lambert in the 55th minute. He scored his first competitive goals for Southampton on 25 September, scoring twice in a 2–0 win against Sheffield Wednesday in the League Cup. <mask> scored his first Premier League goal for Southampton against Tottenham Hotspur on 28 October 2012. He scored his first FA Cup goal for Southampton on 5 January 2013 in a defeat to Chelsea in the third round. On 30 January, he opened the scoring in a 2–1 defeat to Manchester United at Old Trafford, before two goals from Wayne Rooney turned the match around.On 16 March, he scored the final goal in 3–1 home win against Liverpool. He continued his fine run of form with goals in a 2–1 home win over reigning European champions Chelsea and in a 2–0 away victory against Reading. <mask> scored his first goal of the 2013–14 season in a 5–1 League Cup win over Barnsley on 27 August 2013. His first Premier League goal came in a 2–0 win at home to Swansea City on 6 October. On 2 December, he scored the fastest Premier League goal of the season with a strike in the 15th second of a 3–1 loss to Chelsea at Stamford Bridge. On 4 January 2014, <mask> scored for Southampton in a 4–3 FA Cup third round win over his former team Burnley. During March 2014, <mask> scored five goals in four matches to reach 15 Premier League goals for the season.On 5 April, he was stretchered off during a match against

masks: Rodriguez Rodriguez Rodriguez Rodriguez Rodriguez Rodriguez Rodriguez


title: Jay Rodriguez

texts:
 Manchester City after injuring his knee. Three days later, it was revealed that <mask> had ruptured an anterior cruciate ligament and would be out for eleven months, ruling him out of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in the process. He did not play a single match during the 2014–15 season as a result of this injury. On 12 May 2015, it was announced that <mask> signed a new four-year deal with Southampton. He made his first competitive appearance for 16 months on 6 August, when he replaced Graziano Pellè for the final 18 minutes of a 2–0 away victory (5–0 aggregate) against Vitesse Arnhem in the UEFA Europa League third qualifying round. Two weeks later he scored the first goal since his return, equalising with a penalty in a 1–1 home draw with FC Midtjylland in the first leg of the play-off. He registered his first Premier League goal in nearly two years on 27 August 2016 against Sunderland, at St. Mary's, coming on late to equalise and rescue a point for Southampton in a 1–1 draw.He came on as a 90th-minute substitute in Southampton's 3–2 defeat to Manchester United in the 2017 EFL Cup Final at Wembley Stadium on 26 February. West Bromwich Albion
On 2 July 2017, <mask> signed for fellow Premier League club West Bromwich Albion on a four-year contract for a £12 million fee. He made debut for the club in the opening game of the 2017–18 season, a 1–0 win over AFC Bournemouth, on 12 August 2017. His first West Brom goal came ten days later in the second round of the EFL Cup, in a 3–1 win over League Two side Accrington Stanley. During the 2–0 victory over Brighton & Hove Albion on 13 January 2018, Brighton defender Gaëtan Bong accused <mask> of racial abuse. The charges were later found not proven by the Football Association due to lack of evidence, following which West Bromwich issued a club statement in support of <mask>. In


title: Jay Rodriguez

texts:
 December 2018, <mask> scored a stoppage-time equaliser against local rivals Aston Villa when the officials failed to notice that he "had clearly bundled the ball into the net with his hands".He admitted doing so, but said it had not been deliberate. Return to Burnley
On 9 July 2019, <mask> was re-signed by Burnley on a two-year contract, for an initial fee of £5 million, with another £5 million to be paid after 12 months. On 21 September 2021, <mask> scored all four goals in Burnley's 4–1 victory over Rochdale in the League Cup. International career
In February 2011, <mask> received his first call up for the England under-21 squad. On 8 February 2011, he made his international debut in a friendly against Italy under-21, coming on as a substitute in the 60th minute replacing James Vaughan. <mask> earned his first call-up to the full England squad on 7 November 2013, along with Southampton teammates Rickie Lambert and Adam Lallana, for England's friendlies against Chile and Germany. He won his first cap for England on 15 November in a friendly match against Chile at Wembley Stadium.Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Burnley
Football League Championship play-offs: 2009

Southampton
EFL Cup runner-up: 2016–17

Individual
Burnley Player of the Year: 2010–11
Burnley Players' Player of the Year: 2010–11
PFA Team of the Year: 2011–12 Championship

References

External links

Profile at the Burnley F.C. website

1989 births
Living people
Footballers from Burnley
English footballers
England under-21 international footballers
England international footballers
Association football forwards
Burnley F.C. players
Stirling Albion F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Southampton F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
English Football League players
Scottish Football League players
Premier League players
English


title: Chesty Puller

texts:
Lewis Burwell "<mask><mask> (June 26, 1898 – October 11, 1971) served as a United States Marine Corps officer. Beginning his career fighting guerillas in Haiti and Nicaragua as part of the Banana Wars, he later served with distinction in World War II and the Korean War as a senior officer. By the time of his retirement in 1955, he had reached the rank of lieutenant general. <mask> is the most decorated Marine in American history. He was awarded 5 Navy Crosses and one Distinguished Service Cross. With 6 crosses, Puller is second behind Eddie Rickenbacker for citations of the nation's second-highest military award for valor. <mask> retired from the Marine Corps in 1955, after 37 years of service.He lived in Virginia and died in 1971 at age 73. Early life
Puller was born in West Point, Virginia, to Matthew and <mask>. Puller was of English ancestry; his ancestors who came to America emigrated to the colony of Virginia from Bedfordshire, England in 1621. His father was a grocer who died when Puller was 10 years old. Puller grew up listening to old veterans' tales of the American Civil War and idolizing Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. He wanted to enlist in the United States Army to fight in the Border War with Mexico in 1916, but he was too young and could not get parental consent from his mother. The following year, Puller attended the Virginia Military Institute but left in August 1918 as World War I was still ongoing, saying that he wanted to "go where the guns are!"Inspired by the 5th Marines at Belleau Wood, he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps as a private and attended boot camp at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South

masks:
Chesty
" Puller
Puller
Puller
Martha Puller


title: Chesty Puller

texts:
 to attack the Cacos. The Gendarmes charged beside him and scattered the Cacos, who used guerilla tactics and therefore seldom stood their ground if attacked by a significant force. The Cacos fired a handful of shots at the onrushing American-led Gendarmes and then dispersed to make pursuit more difficult.With the burden of the pack mules, Puller could not pursue the evasive Cacos. After the clash ended, one dead Caco bandit was found. This skirmish was <mask>'s first engagement in the occupation and showed his adeptness at aggressive action and effective leadership from the front. Puller and his force of Gendarmes reached Mirebalais and delivered the supplies needed by the town. The next day, Puller made a 34-hour round trip to Lascahobas to deliver the final supplies and then returned to Port-au-Prince completing his supply run. Ambushing the Cacos
Puller was assigned a new duty to begin offensive operations against the Cacos. Puller inherited a force of one hundred Gendarmes who were supported unofficially by about the same number of female camp followers.Puller's assigned chief assistant was acting Second Lieutenant Augustin B. Brunot, a Haitain who was fluent in English. Other pro-American Haitians added to Puller's force were newly commissioned lieutenants Lyautey and Brunot, and a Haitian private named Jean Louis Cermontout, who Puller recruited with the promise of promotion after seeing him return from a successful patrol with the severed heads of two Cacos bandits. Brunot and Lyautey advised Puller on how to combat the Cacos insurgents. They advised him that daylight patrols had little chance of encountering the Cacos, as they hid


title: Chesty Puller

texts:
 during the day, only emerging from hiding to ambush government patrols if they had superior numbers. Chance encounters such as Puller's supply run were rare because the Cacos knew the terrain and had good intelligence of constabulary activities. They advised him that the Cacos encamped at night and that night patrols would have a better chance of surprising them. When Puller and his unit, following this advice, patrolled along a ridge-top trail one night, he observed campfires and heard drums nearby.Puller with Lyautey and some Gendarmes went to scout, while Brunot remained with the rest of the Gendarmes. The noise turned out to be a celebration at a Cacos guerrilla encampment. After returning, Puller came up with a plan to ambush the Cacos at dawn. Puller placed the main body of men in a line facing the bandit camp and sent the smaller crews with three Lewis machine guns to the flank in a position where they covered the enemy rear, setting an L-shaped ambush. After Puller's force of Gendarmes got into position, Puller executed the ambush. As Puller had predicted, when the main body of men opened fire at first light, the surprised Cacos bandits fled from the source of immediate danger into the fields of fire of the machine guns, where all seventeen were killed. Dozens of machetes and a large flock of gamecocks were found.<mask> and his Gendarmes celebrated their victory and feasted on abandoned supplies while using the game cocks for cockfighting. Puller later participated in more patrols as he gained experience and learned the peculiarities of small wars. Further operations against the Cacos, October–November 1919
Puller would conduct more


title: Chesty Puller

texts:
 offensive operations to suppress the Cacos. On October 28, 1919, Puller went on a patrol with Brunot and a mixed force of fifteen American Marines and Gendarmes. They would stay out ten days, at which time another group would relieve them. The unit, using night movements, made contact on October 31 with a small band, killing two of the enemy and capturing four rifles, several machetes, and some swords. On November 1, they arrested three suspected bandits.Infiltrating and raiding a Cacos camp, November 4, 1919
On the afternoon of November 4, 1919, <mask> and his men entered a small village of grass shacks ten miles west of Mirebalais. A priest told Brunot that a high ranking Cacos insurgent leader named Dominique Georges had a camp about fifteen miles away. He and his men decided to take this opportunity to kill or capture Dominique Georges. Despite heavy rain, Puller took a small patrol of Marines and Gendarmes out immediately. Puller, Brunot, and Private Cermontout Jean Louis scouted out ahead of the small column during the night when they came upon the remains of a bonfire, indicating a bandit guard post. A Cacos sentry armed with a rifle challenged Puller's group. The sentry could not see them clearly as it was very dark and his bonfire had been put out by the rain.Brunot replied in his Haitain accent "Cacos", at which the guard let them through. <mask>, Brunot, and Jean Louis were able to infiltrate the Cacos camp and came upon a clearing with many huts and lean-tos. <mask> and Jean Louis took firing positions on the ground after Puller sent Brunot to gather the rest of the patrol to assault the camp. Puller aimed his rifle at a man he

masks: Puller Puller Puller


title: Chesty Puller

texts:
 later believed was Georges, but waited for the main attack instead of firing. A Caco challenged the two prone figures, so that Puller had to shoot the Caco, starting the battle. The marines and gendarmes rushed forward, but the estimated two hundred Cacos scattered, with <mask> and Jean Louis firing as fast as they could at fleeing figures. After the government forces had possession of the camp, they found one dead Caco.Puller's patrol took twenty seven rifles, swords, and machetes, and several dozen gamecocks. Among the booty was George's personal rifle, identified by his initials in the stock. <mask> and his patrol spent the night at the camp and then withdrew safely to their base at Mirebalais. Patrol and Raid, November 9, 1919
On November 9, <mask> and Brunot led a patrol of thirty-three Gendarmes. Just before dawn they found a camp and attacked it. This time <mask> and his fellow Gendarmes killed ten Cacos and captured two rifles. After the raid of the Cacos camp, they safely withdrew to Mirebalais by a circuitous route and fell into garrison routine for a few days.Further patrol operations
After the successful assassination of Charlemagne Péralte by Herman H. Hanneken in a raid, Benoît Batraville became the next leader of the Cacos. <mask> and Brunot each took a part of the company out on a patrol. Brunot spotted a Caco force that turned out to be Batraville's, but before Brunot could get his force into position for an attack, the Cacos broke camp and melted away. Puller had better luck, with two Cacos killed and sixteen captured. Ending of the fighting in Haiti
The Cacos rebellion collapsed altogether when a Marine patrol killed

masks: Puller Puller Puller Puller Puller


title: Chesty Puller

texts:
 Batraville on May 19, 1920. A month later, the last significant Caco leader surrendered. More patrols by the Gendarmes and American Marines in the following year killed a further eighty-five Cacos.Later on in September 1920, Herman H. Hanneken penetrated a Caco camp in disguise, arresting five chiefs while killing another. By June 1921, a government military commander declared the country to be "completely tranquil." Return to the United States
<mask> returned stateside and was finally recommissioned as a second lieutenant on March 6, 1924 (Service No. 03158). After completing assignments at the Marine barracks in Norfolk, Virginia, The Basic School in Quantico, Virginia, and with the 10th Marine Artillery Regiment in Quantico, Virginia, he was assigned to the Marine barracks at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in July 1926 and in San Diego, California, in 1928. United States occupation of Nicaragua
In December 1928, <mask> was assigned to the Nicaraguan National Guard detachment, where he was awarded his first Navy Cross for his actions from February 16 to August 19, 1930, when he led "five successive engagements against superior numbers of armed bandit forces." He returned stateside in July 1931 and completed the year-long Company Officers Course at Fort Benning, Georgia, thereafter returning to Nicaragua from September 20 to October 1, 1932, and was awarded a second Navy Cross.Puller led American Marines and Nicaraguan National Guardsmen into battle against Sandinista rebels in the last major engagement of the Sandino Rebellion near El Sauce on December 26, 1932. Patrolling, June 4–6, 1930
After Puller inherited command of Nicaraguan Guardia Nacional

masks: Puller Puller


title: Chesty Puller

texts: called Company M. He was prepared to conduct operations against the Sandinista rebels. Puller immediately departed on a patrol. Puller moved eastward for a five-day sweep, but soon received orders to head northeast. The patrol moved by day and camped each night in a village. In the afternoon of June 4, the company was at San Antonio cooking a steer in preparation for a trek into the uninhabited area around Mt. Kilande.After hearing some gunshots to the north, Puller sent thirteen men of the Guardia to investigate a thousand yards beyond the town. The Guardia encountered six rebels who may have been Sandinistas and a firefight occurred. The Guardia killed one rebel while the other five fled. The rebel bandit was armed with a Springfield rifle and Colt revolver. On June 6, the patrol moved toward the village of Los Cedros when it encountered an equally surprised force of Sandinistas who were on top of a brush covered hill that sloped about 175 yards down to the trail. The Sandinistas opened fire on the patrol and the patrol returned fire. Without hesitation, Puller dashed up the rise while yelling for his men to charge.<mask>'s men joined in the attack and fired their weapons while charging the enemy position. <mask> and his Guardia were able to avoid being hit by small arms fire and crude improvised grenades thrown by the rebels. The rebels were routed and fled. <mask> and his men realized they stumbled onto an insurgent camp. Seven dead rebel bodies were found and <mask>'s force suffered no casualties. <mask>'s patrol found two rifles, one pistol, and ten machetes. They also found rosters and papers in the rebel camp, which revealed that two


title: Chesty Puller

texts:
 of the seven dead rebels were leaders of the group.After that, <mask>'s company returned to Jinotega. Further operations, June 12-July 12, 1930
Puller departed on a new patrol on June 12. <mask>'s patrol searched fruitlessly and found nothing. <mask> and his men arrived back at their base at June 20. At June 24,  <mask>, William "Ironman" Lee, and their men joined forces with another government patrol of thirty men under the command of Lieutenant M.K. Chenoweth. Together the combined American-Nicaraguan force left Jinotega.At Santa Fe, Puller picked up an additional fifteen Guardias. After patrolling, <mask>'s men had encountered lone bandits on two occasions and killed them both. Puller's large group operated for nearly two more weeks, often split into two patrols with one following the other at a distance. The reinforced unit finally returned to base on July 12. Attempted ambush against the rebels, further pursuit, and raiding a rebel camp, November 6–27, 1930
<mask> and his Company M went out on a patrol again on November 6, 1930. Puller, Lee, and twenty-one men left Jinetoga to search for the enemy. The patrol picked up a trail of about thirty bandits who were pillaging small ranches near Santa Isabel.<mask>'s patrol caught sight of the enemy at 9:00 A.M.  on November 19 pursuing them for three miles, and wounding at least one of them. Puller's patrol decided to surprise the bandits. The patrol set up an ambush hiding themselves along a trail when a manager of a local finca spotted them and walked up to them to provide them information on a rebel band. With the ambush compromised by the finca manager, the patrol moved on. <mask>'s patrol

masks: Puller Puller Puller Puller Puller Puller Puller Puller


title: Chesty Puller

texts:
 reported into Corinto Finca on November 20 for supplies and pack animals, then left on the same day to check out a report of a rebel concentration near Mt. Guapinol. <mask> and his patrol struggled through heavy rains, muddy trails, and flooded rivers.On the morning of 25 November, the patrol came across a bandit trail. The Guardia under Puller followed this trail and at 10:30 A.M., the point sighted about ten rebels amongst some fallen trees. Puller's men opened fire and the enemy fled. Further along the trail, the pursuers came upon the rebel camp which had four buildings with log barricades in front and a hundred-foot cliff in the rear. There were at least forty or so rebels who fought briefly. Then the rebels threw their belongings and three wounded men into the ravine and then clambered down on ropes and ladders, which they pulled down after themselves. By the time some of the Guardia worked their way down into the draw the enemy had disappeared.Puller's patrol found two dead bandits and some supplies. Puller was certain that the three wounded bandits who had gone over the cliff had died. Puller's force captured documents which showed that one of their previous operations on August 19, 1930, wounded a minor chief of the rebels. After raiding this rebel camp, Puller's unit withdrew and returned to Jinotega on November 27 after three weeks of hard patrolling. Patrol and Raid against the rebels September 20–26, 1932

Puller discovered a trail which seemed to be used by rebels. Puller, along with Lee, gathered 40 Guardia Nacional members for a raid like patrol against the rebels. <mask>, Lee, and the Guardia left on September 20.After


title: Chesty Puller

texts:
 traveling a long distance, the patrol came by the northwest from the bank of Auyabal river. On September 26, <mask>'s patrol was ambushed by the rebels. Lee used a Lewis machine gun to keep the enemy pinned down while the Guardia Nacional worked their way up the slope opposite the rebel ambush party. When they gained the crest, they were able to fire directly into the rebel emplacements. <mask>'s men penetrated the center of a rebel encampment, killing at least 16 rebels. Of <mask>'s force, two men were killed and four wounded. In order to obtain medical care for the wounded, <mask> immediately withdrew back to Jinotega.During <mask>'s withdrawal, his patrol was ambushed twice, but suffered no more casualties and fought off the ambushers. <mask>'s Guardia killed at least eight more rebels. <mask>'s force arrived back at Jinotega on September 30 after their raid on the rebel encampment. Final battle in Nicaragua 26 December 1932

There were rumors that Sandinista rebels were planning an attack on a ceremony that was going to commemorate the completion of the LeónEl Sauce railway. An expedition of eight American marines and 64 Nicaraguan National Guardsmen led by Puller were sent to El Sauce on the 26 December 1932. As <mask>'s force of American marines and Nicaraguan national guard were traveling some distance in their train to their destination, they were ambushed by the rebels from both sides of the tracks. <mask> and William A. Lee quickly with their troops immediately engaged the rebel ambushers.After a firefight of one hour and ten minutes, the Marines and Guardia Nacional were able to drive off the rebels. <mask>'s victorious force had

masks: Puller Puller Puller Puller Puller Puller Puller Puller Puller Puller


title: Chesty Puller

texts:
 suffered three dead and three wounded for the Guardia Nacional. The rebels suffered thirty one killed and lost 63 live horses to capture by <mask>'s force. The ceremony went on as planned two days later, while <mask> and Lee got promoted. Aftermath
After his service in Nicaragua, <mask> was assigned to the Marine detachment at the American Legation in Beijing, China, commanding a unit of China Marines. He then went on to serve aboard , a cruiser in the Asiatic Fleet, which was commanded by then-Captain Chester W. Nimitz. <mask> returned to the States in June 1936 as an instructor at The Basic School in Philadelphia, where he trained Ben Robertshaw, Pappy Boyington, and Lew Walt.In May 1939, he returned to the Augusta as commander of the on-board Marine detachment, and then back to China, disembarking in Shanghai in May 1940 to serve as the executive officer and commanding officer of 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines (2/4) until August 1941. Major <mask> returned to the U.S. on August 28, 1941. After a short leave, he was given command of 1st Battalion, 7th Marines (1/7) of the 1st Marine Division, stationed at New River, North Carolina (later Camp Lejeune). World War II

Early in the Pacific theater, the 7th Marines formed the nucleus of the newly created 3rd Marine Brigade and arrived to defend Samoa on May 8, 1942. Later they were redeployed from the brigade and on September 4, 1942, they left Samoa and rejoined the 1st Marine Division at Guadalcanal on September 18, 1942. Soon after arriving on Guadalcanal, Lt. Col. <mask> led his battalion in a fierce action along the Matanikau, in which Puller's quick thinking saved three of his companies from

masks: Puller Puller Puller Puller Puller Puller


title: Chesty Puller

texts: annihilation. In the action, these companies were surrounded and cut off by a larger Japanese force.Puller ran to the shore, signaled a United States Navy destroyer, the , and then Puller directed the destroyer to provide fire support while landing craft rescued his Marines from their precarious position. U.S. Coast Guard Signalman First Class Douglas Albert Munro—Officer-in-Charge of the group of landing craft, was killed while providing covering fire from his landing craft for the Marines as they evacuated the beach and was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for the action, to date the only Coast Guardsman to receive the decoration. <mask>, for his actions, was awarded the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V". Later on Guadalcanal, <mask> was awarded his third Navy Cross, in what was later known as the "Battle for Henderson Field". Puller commanded 1st Battalion, 7th Marines (1/7), one of two American infantry units defending the airfield against a regiment-strength Japanese force. The 3rd Battalion of the U.S. Army's 164th Infantry Regiment (3/164) fought alongside the Marines. In a firefight on the night of October 24–25, 1942, lasting about three hours, 1/7 and 3/164 sustained 70 casualties; the Japanese force suffered over 1,400 killed in action, and the Americans held the airfield.He nominated two of his men (one being Sgt. John Basilone) for Medals of Honor. He was wounded himself on November 9. <mask> was then made executive officer of the 7th Marine Regiment. While serving in this capacity at the Battle of Cape Gloucester, <mask> was awarded his fourth Navy Cross for overall performance of duty between December 26, 1943, and

masks: Puller Puller Puller Puller


title: Chesty Puller

texts:
 January 19, 1944. During this time, when the battalion commanders of 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines (3/7) and later, 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines (3/5), were under heavy machine gun and mortar fire, he expertly reorganized the battalion and led the successful attack against heavily fortified Japanese defensive positions. He was promoted to colonel effective February 1, 1944, and by the end of the month had been named commander of the 1st Marine Regiment.In September and October 1944, <mask> led the 1st Marine Regiment into the protracted battle on Peleliu, one of the bloodiest battles in Marine Corps history, and received his first of two Legion of Merit awards. The 1st Marines under <mask>'s command lost 1,749 out of approximately 3,000 men, but these losses did not stop Puller from ordering frontal assaults against the well-entrenched enemy. The corps commander had to order the 1st Marine Division commanding general to pull the annihilated 1st Marine Regiment out of the line. During the summer of 1944, <mask>'s younger brother, Samuel D<mask>, the executive officer of the 4th Marine Regiment, was killed by an enemy sniper on Guam. <mask> returned to the United States in November 1944, was named executive officer of the Infantry Training Regiment at Camp Lejeune and, two weeks later, commanding officer. After the war, he was made director of the 8th Reserve District at New Orleans, and later commanded the Marine barracks at Pearl Harbor. Korean War

At the outbreak of the Korean War, <mask> was once again assigned as commander of the 1st Marine Regiment.He participated in the landing at Inchon on September 15, 1950, and was awarded the Silver

masks:
Puller
Puller
Puller
. Puller
Puller
Puller


title: Chesty Puller

texts:
 Star Medal. For leadership from September 15 through November 2, he was awarded his second Legion of Merit. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross from the U.S. Army for heroism in action from November 29 to December 4, and his fifth Navy Cross for heroism during December 5–10, 1950, at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir. It was during that battle that he said the famous line, "We've been looking for the enemy for some time now. We've finally found him. We're surrounded. That simplifies things."In January 1951, <mask> was promoted to brigadier general and was assigned duty as assistant division commander (ADC) of the 1st Marine Division. On February 24, however, his immediate superior, Major General O.P. Smith, was hastily transferred to command IX Corps when its Army commander, Major General Bryant Moore, died. Smith's transfer left <mask> temporarily in command of the 1st Marine Division until sometime in March. He completed his tour of duty as assistant commander and left for the United States on May 20, 1951. He took command of the 3rd Marine Division at Camp Pendleton, California until January 1952, and then was assistant commander of the division until June 1952. He then took over Troop Training Unit Pacific at Coronado, California.In September 1953, he was promoted to major general. Post-Korean War
In July 1954, <mask> took command of the 2nd Marine Division at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina until February 1955 when he became Deputy Camp Commander. He suffered a stroke, and was retired by the Marine Corps on November 1, 1955, with a promotion to lieutenant general. His nickname was related to the way his barrel chest stood out due


title: Chesty Puller

texts:
 to his aggressive stance, with legends claiming that a steel plate had been inserted by surgeons to treat a battle wound. In a handwritten addition to a typed 22 November 1954 letter to Major Frank C. Sheppard, <mask> wrote, "I agree with you 100%. I had done a little soldiering previous to Guadalcanal and had been called a lot of names, but why 'Chesty'? Especially the steel part??"Relations
Puller's son, Lewis Burwell <mask>, Jr. (generally known as <mask>), served as a Marine lieutenant in the Vietnam War. While serving with 2nd Battalion, 1st Marines (2/1), Lewis Jr. was severely wounded by a mine explosion, losing both legs and parts of his hands. Lieutenant General <mask> broke down sobbing at seeing his son for the first time in the hospital. Lewis Jr. won a 1992 Pulitzer Prize for his autobiography, Fortunate Son: The Healing of a Vietnam Vet. He committed suicide in 1994. <mask> was father-in-law to Colonel William H. Dabney, USMC (retired), a Virginia Military Institute (VMI) graduate, who was the commanding officer (then Captain) of two heavily reinforced rifle companies of the 3rd Battalion, 26th Marines (3/26) from January 21 to April 14, 1968, in Vietnam. During the entire period, Colonel Dabney's force stubbornly defended Hill 881 South, a regional outpost vital to the defense of the Khe Sanh Combat Base during the 77-day siege at the Battle of Khe Sanh.Dabney was recommended for the Navy Cross for his actions on Hill 881 South, but his battalion executive officer's helicopter carrying the recommendation papers crashed and the papers were lost. It was not until April 15, 2005, that Colonel Dabney received the Navy Cross during

masks:
Puller
Puller
Lewis Puller
Puller
Puller


title: Chesty Puller

texts:
 an award ceremony at Virginia Military Institute. Puller was a distant cousin to U.S. Army General George S. Patton. He was an Episcopalian and parishioner of Christ Church Parish in Saluda and is buried in the historic cemetery there next to his wife, Virginia Montague Evans. Decorations and awards
Puller received the second-highest U.S. military award six times (one of only two persons so honored): five Navy Crosses and one U.S. Army Distinguished Service Cross. He was the second of two U.S. servicemen (after U.S. Navy submarine commander Roy Milton Davenport) to ever receive five Navy Crosses. Puller's military awards include:

First Navy Cross citation
Citation:
For distinguished service in the line of his profession while commanding a Nicaraguan National Guard patrol.First Lieutenant Lewis B<mask>, United States Marine Corps, successfully led his forces into five successful engagements against superior numbers of armed bandit forces; namely, at LaVirgen on 16 February 1930, at Los Cedros on 6 June 1930, at Moncotal on 22 July 1930, at Guapinol on 25 July 1930, and at Malacate on 19 August 1930, with the result that the bandits were in each engagement completely routed with losses of nine killed and many wounded. By his intelligent and forceful leadership without thought of his own personal safety, by great physical exertion and by suffering many hardships, Lieutenant Puller surmounted all obstacles and dealt five successive and severe blows against organized banditry in the Republic of Nicaragua. Second Navy Cross citation
Citation:

First Lieutenant Lewis B<mask>, United States Marine Corps (Captain, Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua)

masks:
. Puller
. Puller


title: Chesty Puller

texts: performed exceptionally meritorious service in a duty of great responsibility while in command of a Guardia Patrol from 20 September to 1 October 1932. Lieutenant <mask> and his command of forty Guardia and Gunnery Sergeant William A. Lee, United States Marine Corps, serving as a First Lieutenant in the Guardia, penetrated the isolated mountainous bandit territory for a distance of from eighty to one hundred miles north of Jinotega, his nearest base. This patrol was ambushed on 26 September 1932, at a point northeast of Mount Kilambe by an insurgent force of one hundred fifty in a well-prepared position armed with not less than seven automatic weapons and various classes of small arms and well-supplied with ammunition. Early in the combat, Gunnery Sergeant Lee, the Second in Command, was seriously wounded and reported as dead. The Guardia immediately behind Lieutenant Puller in the point was killed by the first burst of fire, Lieutenant Puller, with great courage, coolness and display of military judgment, so directed the fire and movement of his men that the enemy were driven first from the high ground on the right of his position, and then by a flanking movement forced from the high ground to the left and finally were scattered in confusion with a loss of ten killed and many wounded by the persistent and well-directed attack of the patrol.The numerous casualties suffered by the enemy and the Guardia losses of two killed and four wounded are indicative of the severity of the enemy resistance. This signal victory in jungle country, with no lines of communication and a hundred miles from any supporting force, was largely due to the


title: Chesty Puller

texts:
 indomitable courage and persistence of the patrol commander. Returning with the wounded to Jinotega, the patrol was ambushed twice by superior forces on 30 September. On both of the occasions the enemy was dispersed with severe losses. Third Navy Cross citation
Citation:

For extraordinary heroism as Commanding Officer of the First Battalion, Seventh Marines, First Marine Division, during the action against enemy Japanese forces on Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, on the night of 24 to 25 October 1942. While Lieutenant Colonel <mask>'s battalion was holding a mile-long front in a heavy downpour of rain, a Japanese force, superior in number, launched a vigorous assault against that position of the line which passed through a dense jungle. Courageously withstanding the enemy's desperate and determined attacks, Lieutenant Colonel <mask> not only held his battalion to its position until reinforcements arrived three hours later, but also effectively commanded the augmented force until late in the afternoon of the next day.By his tireless devotion to duty and cool judgment under fire, he prevented a hostile penetration of our lines and was largely responsible for the successful defense of the sector assigned to his troops. Fourth Navy Cross citation
Citation:

For extraordinary heroism as Executive Officer of the Seventh Marines, First Marine Division, serving with the Sixth United States Army, in combat against enemy Japanese forces at Cape Gloucester, New Britain, from 26 December 1943 to 19 January 1944. Assigned temporary command of the Third Battalion, Seventh Marines, from 4 to 9 January, Lieutenant Colonel Puller quickly reorganized and


title: Chesty Puller

texts:
 assaults which severely threatened the security of the unit, and personally supervised the care and prompt evacuation of all casualties. By his unflagging determination, he served to inspire his men to heroic efforts in defense of their positions and assured the safety of much valuable equipment which would otherwise have been lost to the enemy. His skilled leadership, superb courage and valiant devotion to duty in the face of overwhelming odds reflect the highest credit upon Colonel <mask> and the United States Naval Service. Distinguished Service Cross citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America, under the provisions of the Act of Congress approved July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Colonel Lewis B. "<mask><mask> (MCSN: 0-3158), United States Marine Corps, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United Nations while serving as Commanding Officer, First Marines, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy aggressor forces in the vicinity of the Chosin Reservoir, Korea, during the period 29 November to 4 December 1950. Colonel <mask>'s actions contributed materially to the breakthrough of the First Marine Regiment in the Chosin Reservoir area and are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service.Silver Star citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star (Army Award) to Colonel Lewis B. "<mask>" <mask> (MCSN: 0-3158), United States Marine Corps, for conspicuous gallantry and

masks:
Puller
Chesty
" Puller
Puller
Chesty
Puller


title: Chesty Puller

texts:
 intrepidity while Commanding the First Marines, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy aggressor forces during the amphibious landing resulting in the capture of Inchon, Korea, on 15 September 1950 in the Inchon-Seoul Operation. His actions contributed materially to the success of this operation and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the Military Service. Namesakes and honors
In addition to his military awards Puller has received numerous honors due to his Marine Corps service:
 On October 26, 2017, a groundbreaking ceremony was held for the Puller Veterans Care Center located in Vint Hill, Virginia. The facility was named in honor of <mask> and his wife. The frigate  was named after him. The headquarters building for 2nd Fleet Antiterrorism Security Team on Yorktown Naval Weapons Station in Yorktown, Virginia, is named <mask> Hall in his honor.Route 33 in Middlesex County, Virginia, is named General Puller Highway. It is the county in which Puller is buried. On November 10, 2005, the United States Postal Service issued its Distinguished Marines stamps in which Puller was honored. The Marine Corps' mascot is perpetually named "<mask> <mask>." (e.g. Chesty XIII). He is always a purebred English Bulldog.In 2012, Military Sealift Command announced that a Mobile Landing Platform will be named after Puller, . Death and legacy

Following his retirement Puller lived in Saluda, Virginia, where he was later buried after his death on October 11, 1971, at Christ Church Parish Episcopal next to his wife. Puller remains a well-known figure in U.S. Marine Corps folklore, with both true and exaggerated tales of his

masks: Puller Puller Chesty Pullerton


title: Chesty Puller

texts:
 experiences being constantly recounted among U.S. Marines. A common incantation in U.S. Marine Corps boot camp is to end one's day with the declaration, "Good night, Chesty, wherever you are!" Another common encouragement is "Chesty Puller never quit!" In U.S. Marine Corps recruit training and OCS cadences, Marines chant "It was good for <mask> Puller/And it's good enough for me" as well as "Tell <mask> Puller I did my best. "—Chesty is symbolic of the esprit de corps of the Marines.Also, the recruits sing "<mask> Puller was a good Marine and a good Marine was he." U.S. Marines, while doing pull-ups, will tell each other to "do one for Chesty!" Puller insisted upon good equipment and discipline; once he came upon a second lieutenant who had ordered an enlisted man to salute him 100 times for missing a salute. Puller told the lieutenant, "You were absolutely correct in making him salute you 100 times, Lieutenant, but you know that an officer must return every salute he receives. Now return them all, and I will keep count." While on duty in Hawaii and inspecting the armory, Puller fined himself $100 for accidentally discharging a .45 caliber pistol indoors, although the charge for his men was only $20. In popular culture
 The book Marine!: The Life of <mask> Puller, , is about his life as a Marine. The book <mask> <mask>'s Rules of Success, , written by Bill Davis, Col, USMC (ret) explores 20 of Puller's "self-imposed principles of action" he gleaned from numerous meetings with the legendary General. The book Chesty: The Story of Lieutenant General Lewis B<mask>, USMC, , by Col. Jon T. Hoffman, USMCR, is a complete biography of his life, and

masks:
Chesty
Chesty
Chesty
Chesty
Chesty
Puller
. Puller


title: Barbara Stoler Miller

texts:
<mask> (August 8, 1940 – April 19, 1993) was a scholar of Sanskrit literature. Her translation of the Bhagavad Gita was extremely successful and she helped popularize Indian literature in the U.S. She was the president of the Association for Asian Studies in 1990. Biography
Born in New York City on August 8, 1940, she attended Great Neck High School on Long Island in New York, graduating in 1958. She was one of three children. She went on to Barnard College and Columbia University, where she earned her B.A. in philosophy from 1959 to 1962 and her M.A. in Indic Studies from 1962 to 1964.During this period, she was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, was awarded the Montague Philosophy Prize, and was awarded her B.A. magna cum laude at Barnard in 1962. <mask> proceeded to earn a Ph.D. in Indic Studies, with distinction, from the University of Pennsylvania in 1968. She was one of the last of the era of scholars trained by the W. Norman Brown and Stella Kramrisch, her two supervisors. The department of Asian and Middle Eastern Cultures at Barnard College in New York City was the site of her floreat; she was made an Assistant Professor in 1968, and promoted to a full Professor from 1977 before being made the departmental head in 1979. Following her promotion in 1979, Dr. <mask> was awarded the Award in Higher Education by the National Council of Women. In 1983 she was made the Samuel R. Milbank Professor of Asian and Middle Eastern Cultures.As part of her research, <mask> frequently traveled to India. <mask> edited and translated many works of Sanskrit poetry and drama. These included Bhartrihari: Poems (1967): Phantasies of a Love-Thief: The Caurapancasika Attributed to Bilhana (1971): Love Song of the Dark Lord: Jayadeva's Gitagovinda (1977): The Hermit and the Love-Thief: Sanskrit Poems of Bhartrihari and Bilhana (1978): Theatre of Memory: The Plays of Kalidasa (1984, with Edwin Gerow and David Gitomer): and The Bhagavad-Gita, Krishna's Counsel in Time of War

masks:
Barbara Stoler Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller


title: Barbara Stoler Miller

texts: (1986). All of these texts were published by Columbia University Press and the Bhagavad-Gita was also published by Bantam Books also. Her translation of the Bhagavad Gita, the most popular of the Hindu texts, was extremely successful, surpassing the popularity of many prior translations. Her work introduced a broad American audience who had not heard the Bhagavad Gita until they encountered the Bantam edition. She was known among the academic community in humanities and South Asian studies for her ability to present Indian poetry to the layperson in a manner that was aesthetically pleasing and academically rigorous.She popularized Indian literature without diluting the intellectual integrity. <mask>’s enthusiasm for responsible popularization was demonstrated in the pride she took in her role as advisor to the director Peter Brooks in his production of the Mahabharata, which was mounted at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in 1978 and televised on the Public Broadcasting Service, an event that was seen as watershed in American popular awareness of Indian culture. In addition to her major translations, <mask> wrote a number of articles and edited several books, including Explaining India's Sacred Art: Selected Writings of Stella Kramrisch (1983), a work of dedicated to her former teacher; and Songs for the Bride: Wedding Rites of Rural India (1985), a book of essays by W. G. Archer, which she edited after his death. In 1989, she published another edited volume, The Powers of Art: Patronage in Indian Culture from 1000 B.C. to A.D. 1900, which was derived from a symposium that she planned and conducted at the National Humanities Center in October 1985, in conjunction with the Festival of India in the United States. In 1977, she published a book, Love Song of the Dark Lord, the English translation of the well-known Sanskrit epic poem, Gita Govinda. <mask>’s work was not confined to Sanskrit; she published a translation of the Spanish poems of Agueda Pizarro de

masks: Miller Miller Miller


title: Barbara Stoler Miller

texts:
 Rayo entitled Sombraventadora (Shadowinnower) in 1979.<mask> was an active and powerful presence in shaping the future direction of Barnard and Columbia. She served on the executive committee of the Southern Asian Institute at the School of International Affairs, was president of the Society of Fellows in the Humanities, and was the co-director of the Barnard Centennial Scholars Program, and was part of the editorial board of the Columbia University Press series of Translations from the Oriental Classics. She nurtured many students and fought strongly to ensure that their talents were rewarded and encouraged by grants and research posts. At a time when female scholars were still very much in the minority, <mask> was trailblazer. She served on the P.E.N. Translation Committee, as Director-at-Large of the American Oriental Society, was on the Board of Directors of the American Council of Learned Societies and of the Taraknath Das Foundation, and she was president of the Association for Asian Studies in 1990. <mask> was a Guggenheim Fellow and was given grants by the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Ford Foundation, the Smithsonian Institution, the American Council of Learned Societies, the American Institute of Indian Studies, and the Social Sciences Research Council.During the final months of her life, she continued to work from her hospital bed, finishing her translation and analysis of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, which was published posthumously as Yoga: Discipline of Mind and Spirit. She died in New York’s Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center of cancer on April 19, 1993 and was survived by her husband, Maxwell Greenwood, her daughter, Gwenn A<mask>, her mother, <mask>, her sister, <mask>, and her brother <mask>. Books

Translations

Other

References

1940 births
1993 deaths
American Indologists
Barnard College faculty
Barnard College alumni
Columbia University alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Presidents of the Association for Asian

masks:
Miller
Miller
Miller
. Miller
Sara Stoler
Ann Stoler
William Stoler


title: Antonio de Guevara

texts:
<mask> (c. 1481 – 3 April 1545) was a Spanish bishop and author. In 1527 he was named royal chronicler to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. His first book Libro áureo first appeared in pirated editions the following year. This pseudo-historical book of incidents and letters from the life of Marcus Aurelius (known in a later expanded edition as Relox des principes) was translated into nearly every language of Europe, including Russian, Swedish, Hungarian, Polish, Armenian, and Romanian. The popularity of <mask>’s book led scholar and translator Méric Casaubon to remark that no book besides the Bible was so often translated as <mask>’s Relox de principes, or Dial of Princes. Besides his book of Marcus Aurelius, <mask> wrote eight other books, some of which continued to be translated and republished in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Biography

Born in Treceño in the province of Cantabria, he spent some of his youth at the court of Isabella I of Castile.In 1505 he entered the Franciscan order. He successively held the offices of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor's court preacher, court historiographer, Bishop of Guadix, Bishop of Mondoñedo and counselor to Charles V. He travelled in the royal entourage during Charles V's journeys to Italy and other parts of Europe. His most well-known work, entitled The Dial of Princes (Reloj de príncipes in its original Spanish), published at Valladolid in 1529, and, according to its author, the fruit of eleven years' labour, is a mirror for princes in the form of a

masks:
Antonio de Guevara
Guevara
Guevara
Guevara


title: Antonio de Guevara

texts: didactic novel, designed after the manner of Xenophon's Cyropaedia, to delineate in a somewhat ideal way, for the benefit of modern sovereigns, the life and character of an ancient prince, Marcus Aurelius, distinguished for wisdom and virtue. It was often reprinted in Spanish; and it so speedily attained fame that before the close of the century there were published several translations in Latin, Italian, French, German, Dutch and English. The two earliest English translations are by Lord Berners (London, 1534) and later by Thomas North. This book appeared in an earlier form in 1528 in pirated editions as Libro Aureo. The pseudo-historical nature of the book gave rise to a literary controversy, the author having claimed in his prologue that the book was drawn from an imaginary manuscript in a library belonging to the Medicis in Florence.Other works of Guevara include the four works published in a single volume in Valladolid in 1539: Década de los Césares, or Lives of the Ten Roman Emperors in imitation of the manner of Plutarch and Suetonius; the Epístolas familiares, or The Familiar Epistles; Libro de los inventores del arte de marear, on the art of navigation; and Aviso de privados y doctrina de cortesanos. In this last-mentioned work, known in the English translation of Edward Hellowes as The Favored Courtier, Guevara anatomized the concept of the courtier, and thus, also the society of the royal court. <mask>, who most certainly had read Il Cortegiano (1518) by Baldassare Castiglione—whom Charles


title: Antonio de Guevara

texts:
 V called the greatest courtier of his age—brought a different aspect to the figure of the courtier: while the latter's work was a 'behavioral' guide, Guevara described the practical aspects of men surrounding a monarch and differentiated their duties from those who were part of religious orders in a famous passage in Chapter 1:

"En la Religión si se levanta a media noche, es por loar al Señor en el culto Divino; mas en la Corte infinitas veces trasnochan, no por más de cumplir con el mundo." "As far as religion is concerned, if one wakes up in the middle of night, it is to laud the Lord in the Divine worship. But at the court, they stay awake all night infinite times, for no other reason than to keep up with the world." Besides the above-mentioned controversy, there was another regarding the two chapters on the Danubian Farmer, which appeared in different versions both in the Libro áureo and the Reloj de príncipes in which, it has been argued, the Farmer is a metaphor for the New World indigenous peoples and the Roman Empire is nothing less than the Spanish Empire. Guevara died in Mondoñedo.He was the cousin of <mask> <mask>. Criticism and Legacy
Critical attitudes toward <mask>’s literary works may be roughly grouped into three phases: first, a period of great popularity throughout Europe peaking in the mid- to late-sixteenth century; second, a period during which <mask>’s works were censured on stylistic grounds and for using spurious citations and historical references, and consequently devalued;

masks:
Diego de
Guevara
Guevara
Guevara