title: Jeffrey Epstein

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 necessary, to view the pivotal camera footage near his cell during the night of his death.<mask>'s lawyers said that the evidence concerning <mask>'s death was "far more consistent" with murder than suicide. Michael Baden, an independent pathologist hired by the <mask> estate, observed the autopsy. In October 2019, Dr. Baden said that Mr. <mask>, 66, experienced a number of injuries – among them a broken bone in his neck – that "are extremely unusual in suicidal hangings and could occur much more commonly in homicidal strangulation". Baden stated that he thinks that the evidence points to homicide rather than suicide." Final will
On August 18, 2019, it was reported that <mask> had signed his last will and testament on August 8, 2019, two weeks after being found injured in his cell and two days before his death. Until this time, <mask> had been depositing money in other inmates' commissary accounts to avoid being attacked. The signing of the will was witnessed by two attorneys that knew him.The will named two longtime employees as executors, and immediately gifted all of his assets, and any assets remaining in his estate, to a trust. Burial
Following the autopsy, <mask>'s body was claimed by his brother Mark. On September 5, 2019, <mask>'s body was buried in an unmarked grave next to those of his parents at the I.J. Morris Star of David Cemetery in Palm Beach, Florida. The names of his parents were also removed from their tombstone in order to prevent vandalism. Investigations
Attorney General Barr ordered an investigation by the Department of Justice Inspector General in addition to the investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, saying that he was "appalled" by <mask>'s death in federal

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texts: custody. Two days later Barr said there had been "serious irregularities" in the prison's handling of <mask>, promising "We will get to the bottom of what happened, and there will be accountability."On August 14, 2019, Manhattan federal court Judge Richard M. Berman, who was overseeing <mask>'s criminal case, wrote to the Metropolitan Correctional Center warden Lamine N'Diaye inquiring as to whether an investigation into the millionaire's apparent suicide would include a probe into his prior (July 23) injuries. Judge Berman wrote that to his knowledge it has never been definitely explained what they concluded about the incident. The national president of the Council of Prison Locals C-33, E. O. Young, stated that prisons "can't ever stop anyone who is persistent on killing themselves". Between 2010 and 2016, around 124 inmates killed themselves while in federal custody, or around 20 prisoners per year, out of an inmate population of 180,000. The previous reported inmate suicide in the MCC facility in Manhattan was in 1998. The union leader Young said it was unclear if there was video of <mask>'s hanging or direct observations by jail officials.He said that while cameras are ubiquitous in the facility, he did not believe that the interior of inmates' cells were within their range. Young said union officials had long been raising concerns regarding staffing, as the Trump administration had imposed a hiring freeze and budget cuts on the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), adding "All this was caused by the administration." President Serene Gregg, of the American Federation of Government Employees Local 3148, said MCC is functioning with fewer than 70 percent of the needed correctional officers, forcing many

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 to work mandatory overtime and 60 to 70-hour workweeks. In previous congressional testimony, Attorney General Barr admitted the BOP was "short" about 4,000 to 5,000 employees. He had lifted the freeze and was working to recruit sufficient new officers to replace those who had departed. <mask>'s attorneys asked Judge Berman to probe their client's death, alleging they could provide evidence that the incident resulting in his death was "far more consistent with assault" than suicide. One week after having signed his final will; it had been reported that at least one camera in the hallway outside <mask>'s cell had footage that was unusable, although other usable footage was recorded in the area.Two cameras that malfunctioned in front of <mask>'s cell were sent to an FBI crime lab for examination. Federal prosecutors subpoenaed up to 20 correctional officers concerning the cause of <mask>'s death. On November 19, 2019, federal prosecutors in New York charged Metropolitan Correctional Center guards Michael Thomas and Tova Noel with creating false records, and with conspiracy, after video footage obtained by prosecutors revealed that <mask> had, against regulation, been in his cell unchecked for eight hours prior to being found dead. On May 22, 2021, the two guards admitted they falsified records but were spared from any time behind bars under a deal with federal prosecutors. As part of a deferred prosecution agreement, on May 25, both officers pleaded guilty to falsifying records and conspiracy to defraud the United States. They were sentenced to six months supervisory release and will be required to perform 100 hours of community service. In popular culture

<mask>'s death became the subject of widespread

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title: Jeffrey Epstein

texts: controversy and debate, with the belief that his death was a homicide becoming a popular meme.HBO is creating a limited series on <mask>'s life and death to be directed and executive produced by Adam McKay. Sony Pictures Television is additionally developing miniseries based on <mask>'s life. In the season four finale of the CBS series The Good Fight, the plot revolves around <mask>'s death. The Netflix documentary series <mask>: Filthy Rich premiered in May 2020. The Lifetime documentary Surviving <mask> premiered in August 2020. On July 1, 2020, a statue of <mask> appeared in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Footage of Trump and <mask> talking at the 1992 Mar-a-Lago party appears in the 2020 comedy mockumentary Borat Subsequent Moviefilm, where the footage is shown inspiring Borat to gift his teen daughter to someone in Trump's inner circle (with Borat deciding on Mike Pence, and later Rudy Giuliani).Later in the film, one of Borat's children also changes his name to

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title: Jan-Gunnar Isberg

texts:
Brigadier General Jan-<mask> (born 7 April 1947) is a retired Swedish Army officer. <mask> has served extensively abroad, in Cyprus, Lebanon, Yugoslavia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Afghanistan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. His senior commands include commanding officer of the Norrbotten Engineer Corps and the Haparanda Border Regiment, deputy force commander of MONUC and brigade commander of the Ituri Brigade and the Kivu Brigade. Early life
<mask> was born on 7 April 1947 in Enskede Parish, Stockholm. <mask> graduated from Military Academy Karlberg (the same officer course as Ulf Henricsson) in 1969 and was commissioned as an officer the same year in Svea Engineer Regiment with the rank of lieutenant. Career

Early military career
From 1969 to 1975, <mask> served as platoon leader and company commander. He attended the Engineering Officers School at the Artillery and Engineering Officers School from 1971 to 1972 and the Swedish Armed Forces Staff College from 1975 to 1978 and served in the Army Staff from 1978 to 1983, whereupon <mask> served as company commander 1984 to 1985.His first mission abroad was with the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) in Cyprus in 1984. <mask> was head of the Army Field Work Department in the Operation Section 4 in the Joint Operations (Operationsledningen, OPL) in the Defence Staff from 1985 to 1988 and he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1986 He served as battalion commander from 1988 to 1990, after which he was commander of the Swedish Lebanon Battalions L106/L21 from 1990 to 1991 and commanding officer of the Swedish Army Field Work School (Fältarbetsskolan, FarbS) from 1991 to 1993 and at the same time head of the Swedish UN Stand-by Force in 1992. 1990s to early 2000s
In January 1992 during the Yugoslav Wars, during the planning stage of the Swedish contribution to the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), there was thought that the Swedish unit JK01 could largely amount to a battalion, possibly in cooperation with other nationalities. Battalion

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texts:
 commander would be the then colonel <mask>, but politicians and other senior decision makers wanted otherwise. The force finally came to include a purely Swedish company instead, now led by major Jan Söderberg. In January 1993, <mask> was appointed to command Nordbat 1 (Nordic Battalion 1) with the United Nations Protection Forces/Macedonia (UNPROFOR/M), a joint Nordic unit consisting of a mechanized infantry company from Sweden, Norway and Finland, as well as a joint staff and train company from these countries. In mid-1993, American troops were sent to Macedonia and were put under <mask>'s command.This was the first a Swedish officer commanded American soldiers. In 1993, <mask> was also appointed commanding officer of the Norrbotten Engineer Corps (Ing 3) and the Haparanda Border Regiment (Haparanda gränsregemente) (that consisted of the 2nd brigade of the Norrbotten Regiment) which comprised more than 6,000 men. In the 1990s, he also served as adviser in Bulgaria. In 1996, <mask> served in the Bosnia Army Corps Staff of the Implementation Force (IFOR). <mask> served at the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters in Stockholm from 1997 to 1999: as head of the Program Department (1997–1998), as head of the Ground Warfare Department in the Joint Forces Directorate (Krigsförbandsledningen) (1998–1999). <mask> served as Senior Military Adviser at the United Nations Special Mission to Afghanistan (UNSMA) from 1999 to 2000 and from 2001 to 2003 he served as head of the Baltic Cooperation Department at the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters. Congo
In 2003, the UN decided to seriously deal with the war in the Congo.It had been going on for six years and the situation in northeastern Congo in 2003 was described as a slow-going genocide. Although a peace agreement had been signed in 2002, it was broken by militia groups in the eastern part of the country. <mask> arrived in Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in late July 2003 to take up his post as deputy force commander of the UN peacekeeping mission in the DRC, known as

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texts: MONUC. On 21 August 2003, <mask> was appointed acting commander of the Ituri Brigade - the UN force that took over on 1 September from the French-led Interim Emergency Multinational Force (IEMF) that had completed its mandate of securing the eastern town in Bunia in the embattled Ituri District. Overall, Isberg commanded 5,000 men in the Ituri District. The Ituri Brigade included personnel from Morocco, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan; an Indian aviation unit; and a Bangladeshi and Indonesian engineering unit. In October 2003, <mask>, superseded as brigade commander by a Pakistani brigadier general, returned to his regular position at the MONUC headquarters in Kinshasa, a time as Acting Force Commander; the regular, Mountaga Diallo, was replaced in December by major general Somaila Ilyia from Nigeria, a superior with whom Isberg had easy cooperation.<mask> was later appointed commander of the Kivu Brigade from March 2004. He was the only western soldier in his brigade, which was composed of a Uruguayan and a Bangladeshi battalion, totalling 4,000 men. During this time, <mask> was repeatedly sent to Ituri to lead the Ituri Brigade, and periodically he commanded both brigades, a total of 9,000 professional soldiers. In March 2004, <mask> suspended the work of raising the Kivu Brigade temporarily. Due to new unrest, he was sent back to Bunia to confront the UPC militias. In mid-March, he led from helicopters and from the ground four major operations aimed at cracking down on the UPC militia's core areas. There, among other things, the UPC brigade staff and other support points were destroyed.Later during the most extensive operation, they entered a large area of three militia camps. The main force was equipped with twenty armored vehicles. One company was landed by helicopter in the back of the militia. The militia quickly opened fire, and in the coming hours, battles were fought over a large area. Eventually, the militia took refuge. The attack helicopters were used to fight militias camps. After the cleaning operations, about twenty-one

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 militiamen were arrested.<mask> would command the Kivu Brigade during 11 month, March 2004 to February 2005. <mask> has described his service in the Congo in his book By all necessary means: Brigadier General Jan-Gunnar <mask>'s experiences from service in the Congo 2003-2005 (2012). Later career
<mask> served as project manager for the Swedish Armed Forces international leadership exercises (Project Viking) from 2005 to 2010. In 2007, <mask> served as exercise director of Illuminated Summer 07, a multinational exercise with participants from Sweden, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Norway and the United Kingdom. In 2008 he was responsible for the VIKING 08 exercise. At the end of the 2000s, internal and external criticism had been made of the fact that the Swedish Armed Forces did not manage to take care of and implement experience, especially in the context of more complex missions. Furthermore, an experience management process had already been proposed in the mid-2000s for the then Joint Forces Command (OPIL), but this was considered not to have been fully implemented.As a direct result of this, an internal investigation, under the direction of brigadier general <mask>, was added to analyze and propose measures to accelerate the development and implementation rate of systematic experience management. In 2010, <mask> led a commission of inquiry into the killings of two Swedish officers in Afghanistan. Later life
<mask> was the chairman of the Fortifikationsklubben ("Fortification Club"), an association of fortification officers, engineer officers and officers of the Road and Waterway Construction Service Corps. Dates of rank
1969 – Lieutenant
19?? – Captain
19?? – Major
1986 – Lieutenant Colonel
19?? – Colonel
????– Brigadier General

Honours
Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences (9 April 2007)

Bibliography

References

1947 births
Living people
Swedish Army brigadier generals
United Nations military personnel
United Nations Protection Force soldiers
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences
Swedish officials of the


title: Johanna Poethig

texts:
<mask> (born 1956) is an American Bay Area visual, public and performance artist whose work includes murals, paintings, sculpture and multimedia installations. She has split her practice between community-based public art and gallery and performance works that mix satire, feminism and cultural critique. Poethig emerged in the 1980s as socially engaged collaborations with youth and marginalized groups (e.g., by artists such as Tim Rollins and K.O.S.) gained increasing attention; she has worked as an artist and educator with diverse immigrant communities, children from five to seventeen, senior citizens, incarcerated women and mental health patients, among others. Artweek critic Meredith Tromble places her in an activist tradition running from Jacques-Louis David through Diego Rivera to Barbara Kruger, writing that her work, including more than fifty major murals and installations, combines "the idealist and caustic." Poethig has been commissioned to create public art projects throughout the Bay Area and California, and in Chicago, Milwaukee, Cuba and Tbilisi, Georgia. She has exhibited internationally, and at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Bronx Museum of the Arts, Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (BAM/PFA), Asian Art Museum (San Francisco) and Yerba Buena Center for the Arts.She has been recognized with awards from the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) and California Arts Council, among others. Poethig is based in Oakland, California. Early life and career
Poethig was born in 1956 in Morristown, New Jersey. Her parents, Eunice and Richard, both Presbyterian missionaries, moved the family to Manila shortly after Poethig's birth; she grew up in a


title: Johanna Poethig

texts: Does Barrioque (2003, with Anne Perez and Rico Reyes) explored similar themes through paintings (gold-framed vignettes of body parts) and mixed-media performance that employed exaggeration and incongruity to comment on Filipinaness, femininity, imperialism and globalization; Artweek'''s Mark van Proyen described it as "a new performativity" embracing camp, cultural leveling and mockery of commodity fetishism.Van Proyen, Mark. "'Barrionics does Barrioque' at Togonon Gallery," Artweek, May 2003, p. 16.In 2016, Poethig curated "Songs for Women Living With War" (ProArts Gallery), which memorialized and gave voice to the experiences of women in war, in particular, Filipino "comfort women" during World War II.Santos, Dorothy. "Artists Help Break the Silence Around Abuse of Women in War," Hyperallergic, November 1, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2020. Poethig contributed Bahay Ni Lola (2016), a large, three-walled installation/monument that included the faces of comfort women, a woven banig (Filipino grass mat) draped with stories from women collected by author M. Evelina Galang, and voices knit into an abstract sound composition by Anne Perez. Poethig also frequently examines the excesses and contradictions of consumer capitalism. In the late 1990s, she conceived a fictitious consumer products conglomeration (International House of Cargo) and alter-ego (CEO Angel Savage, costumed as a hospital candy-striper/nun) in order to satirize the "cargo cult" mentality of American market culture.Helfand, Glen. "<mask>g," <mask>hig: RX, San Francisco: Washington Square Gallery, 2000.The firm's painted and sculpted offerings included technologically advanced pharmaceuticals (the "RX Series"),

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title: Tjalie Robinson

texts:
<mask> is the main alias of the Indo (Eurasian) intellectual and writer Jan Boon (born Nijmegen, 10 January 1911; died The Hague, 22 April 1974) also known as Vincent Mahieu. His father Cornelis Boon, a Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) sergeant, was Dutch and his Indo-European mother <mask> was part Scottish and Javanese. He is considered to be the author of unique Indo literature. <mask> became the most influential post war Indo activist of his generation and the most important promoter of Indo culture anywhere. In his essay "Sweet Java, about <mask>." Rudy Kousbroek, one of the Netherlands foremost essayists, simply called him "one of the greatest Dutch writers". His aim as cultural guardian was to preserve Indo culture for the future or as he put it himself: "To create living monuments for an immortal past.".In his most vivid description of the Eurasian nature of his Indo identity <mask> Robinsion wrote:
"I did not care that people wanted to call me ‘neither fish nor fowl,’ and wanted to label me (an Indo), either Indonesian or Dutch. For them I just had to choose between the two, right? Nevertheless, I stubbornly named the turtle as ‘neither fish nor fowl,’ and praised this animal as a unique, land-and-sea-lover who lives to very old ages, whose meat has an excellent taste, and who cuts through oceans from continent to continent. I said, "Just as I do not find the turtle inferior, although he is neither fish nor fowl, I do not think the Indo inferior." <mask> <mask>'s book 'Tjies' was awarded a literary prize by the municipality of Amsterdam in 1958. <mask> is the best read Dutch author in Indonesia. Life in the Dutch East Indies
Born in

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texts: Nijmegen, the Netherlands, he spent the first 44 years of his life in the Dutch East Indies.When he was a 3-months-old baby his family returned to the Dutch East Indies. As a child he lived and went to primary school in Meester Cornelis (now Jatinegara). He attended secondary schooling (MULO) in Batavia (now Jakarta). Although an eager and astute student he was also an avid and allround athlete and boxer, winning the Silver medal at the high jump and the Gold medal at the pentathlon during the Athletics Championships of Java in 1933. After completing college and obligatory military service he got married and went on to become a teacher at the so-called 'Wild (unsubsidised) Schools' on Java and Sumatra. In 1936 he became a contributing editor for the 'Batavian Newspaper' (Dutch: Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad), founded in 1885 by author P.A. Daum.It was one of the leading newspapers in the Dutch East Indies, that had also employed other important Indo writers like Karel Zaalberg, Ernest Douwes Dekker and Victor Ido. During World War II (1942–1945) he was interned in various Japanese concentration camps such as Tjimahi and the infamous Changi Prison. Imprisoned in Tjimahi <mask> <mask> kept on writing. He was part of a small group of intellectuals (including Leo Vroman and Rob Nieuwenhuys) that engaged in cultural activity. For a while <mask> <mask> was even able to print a camp periodical named 'Kampkroniek' (Camp Chronicles) and a pamphlet named 'Onschendbaar Domein' (Inviolable Domain). The gruesome war experience obviously influenced his life philosophy, nevertheless <mask> <mask> never wrote much about his years as a POW. On occasion he tried to reflect with an

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 follows: "These stories show a refined talent, a powerful imagination, an inquisitive intellect and a whole lot of feeling." Both books were translated into Indonesian in 1976 by H.B. Jassin. The latter book into German in 1993 by W.Hüsmert. English translations by M. Alibasah were published in 1995.From 1952 to 1954 he worked as journalist for the newspaper 'Nieuwsgier' where he was continuously reflecting on life in his ever-changing homeland and wrote most of his often re-printed work 'Piekerans van een straatslijper.' 'Piekerans' (Musings) is the Petjok word <mask> <mask> used to name his weekly essays in the newspaper, which in essence do not significantly differ from the work of his famous Dutch contemporary in the Netherlands Simon Carmiggelt. Together their work grew into a separate genre in Dutch literature and found successors in among others Rudy Kousbroek. He also became contributing editor with the cultural and literary magazine 'Orientatie', which published many of his short stories. In his story writing he excelled as a literary interpreter of everyday life of Indos in the Dutch East Indies. Life in the Netherlands
In 1955 he left for the Netherlands and first lived in Amsterdam and later in The Hague, where he became a zealous activist for the preservation of Indo culture. Initially he wrote columns reflecting on repatriation in Dutch newspaper 'Het Parool', where he became a direct colleague of Simon Carmiggelt, and simultaneously kept catering for the Indos still in Indonesia by writing for Surabaya based 'De Vrije Pers' (The Free Press).He originally attempted to find connection with the cultural and literary establishment of the

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texts: Netherlands, but unwilling to assimilate he wanted to establish his own cultural network of Indo authors and artists. To groom the 62-year-old Indo author Maria Dermoût who successfully debuted in 1955 he wrote her: "I am Mrs Dermoût, a barefoot child of the free seas and free mountains. Even when death would be my prediction, I will keep fighting an injustice that does not threaten me personally, but our cultural conscience (if there is such a thing)." He soon started a short-lived magazine called 'Gerilja' (Guerrilla), sub-titled 'Magazine for Self-preservation', after which he took over editorial responsibility of the monthly magazine 'De Brug' (The Bridge) in 1957, which he wanted to transform into a weekly Indo magazine. This became the predecessor of his magazine ‘Tong Tong’, sub-titled 'The only Indo magazine in the Netherlands', established one year later (1958) and that lives on to this day under the name ‘Moesson’. The magazine's main target audience was the Indo community in diaspora. At its peak in 1961 the magazine had 11,000 paying subscribers and reached an estimated 77,000 readers, one third of the Indo community in the Netherlands.Another living monument of his achievements is the annual Pasar Malam Besar (renamed to 'Tong Tong Fair' in 2009) which he co-founded in 1959. In a 1958 example how <mask> <mask> used the Tong Tong Magazine to elucidate both his own Indo community and Dutch public opinion, his editorial reaction to a government study about the repatriation from Indonesia contradicts the widespread notion Indo culture was merely a thin facade laid over a Dutch foundation. Using the evidence of centuries old Portuguese family names


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 many Indos carried and matriarchal kinship relations within Eurasian communities, he argued that in origin the Indos
sprang from an ancient mestizo culture going back all the way to the beginning of the European involvement in Asia. When in 1960 and 1961 he published his best-known work, respectively the books Tjies and Tjoek, Dutch literary critics immediately praised his style and narrative. However they found it hard to comprehend the Indies environment he was describing. <mask> <mask> himself consequently decided to give all his focus to the advancement of the Indo community in diaspora and the social objectives he coupled to that, by solely publishing in his own magazine. In 1963 he wrote: "I couldn't care less about literary life, in reality that only means your a name in a bookcase.Writing should have a living social function. 90% of what we call literature is just phraseology, obsequious embellishment and blatherskite." <mask> <mask> developed a life philosophy that evolves around the nature of the Hunt, regularly writing about the practice of hunting as a parable for 'real' and 'truthful' living as he saw it. In his stories the Hunt often returns as a theme to intellectually explore 'dangerous' and 'courageous' life and particularly to depict the life and culture of Indos. In the Netherlands he emerged as a sharp critic of assimilation, putting the hunting lifestyle of the Indo opposite to mundane lifestyle in the West. <mask> <mask> has been attributed to having single-handedly preserved the historic hybrid Indo culture of the Dutch East Indies in literature.... with the wisdom of hindsight we now know that <mask> <mask> was one of the most

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 original writers of post war Dutch literature, that in the nick of time he secured something that otherwise would have been lost to us: how people felt, thought and spoke in the now lost world of the Indo community on Java. Rudy Kousbroek, 1989.Later years
In search of a global vision on Indo culture and in a continued effort to resist assimilation <mask> <mask> traveled to Latin America, where he compared the Indo community with the racially mixed people of that continent. Already in the Dutch East Indies he had admired the status of the Creole language Papiamento and the cultural expressions of the Dutch Antilles. He also sympathised with the philosophical writings of the Spanish essayist Jose Ortega y Gasset, an outspoken proponent of perspectivism and in 1961 even initiated the creation of an Indo enclave in Spain, named 'El Atabal'. Later he moved to the United States (1963–1968) and lived in Whittier, California, where he founded 'The American Tong Tong’. He felt there was less resistance in the USA to ethnic profiling of minorities and to create a cultural sanctuary for Indos he set up the Indo Community Center 'De Soos' in Victorville, near Los Angeles, which only allowed membership to people that were also subscribed to the 'American Tong Tong' magazine. Already before his emigration to the USA he was full of admiration for multi-cultural New York City and wrote: "All these different ethnic minorities (in New York City) are allowed to be who they are (only in Holland we still believe in the folly of assimilation) and – strange as it may sound – they are all American. And now look at how richly they affect New York.All these people that can remain


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 true to themselves, give their own flair and character to American life." His literary work found comparisons with Flannery O'Connor, writer of Mystery and Manners. Occasional Prose. (as well as other Southern United States authors like Faulkner and Eudora Welty), who appropriately wrote that "great talent can put a small local history into a universal light". In his analysis of Tjalie <mask> professor E.M. Beekman also pointed out that he quite often cited or referred to American authors like: Mark Twain, Henry Miller, Tennessee Williams, T. S. Eliot and even Robert Frost when he was still an unknown writer in Europe. To save the Dutch 'Tong Tong' magazine that was suffering from a dwindling number of subscribers he returned to the Netherlands in 1968, where he spent the final years of his life. <mask> <mask> died in 1974.The necrology of this "avant garde visionary" reads: "In The Hague at the age of 63 Indo journalist and author <mask> <mask> passed away. After his return from Indonesia he had wholeheartedly given his all to preserve the unique identity of the Indo community in the Netherlands. [...] Many of his endeavours encountered resistance, but appreciation was paramount." His ashes were scattered in the Java Sea at Sunda Kelapa in Jakarta the same year. His son recalls: "Then – under the soft sounds of Kroncong music – the urn was slowly emptied into the sea. <mask> was home." Legacy
Part of his literary legacy is the fact that he wrote much of his work in the Indo mix language called Petjok, also known as petjo or pecuk, giving it a status that it never had in the Dutch East Indies and providing academic linguistic research a substantial

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texts: database.His work varies between the melancholy reminiscence of the Indos in diaspora, caught in the term Tempo Doeloe, the positioning of post-colonial Indo identity and the study of a global Eurasian cultural domain. ... an outstanding figure who helped shape and pass on the legacy of the Dutch colonial past from the East Indies, <mask> <mask>. An author who not only was a prominent voice in the colonial period, but also throughout the years of decolonisation, and during the ensuing postcolonial era. In his life and work can be detected a reflection of twentieth-century processes of change in the relations between the Netherlands and its former colony in the East. (Professor Dr. Wim Willems describing Tjali <mask> as a cultural mediator from the East.) His greatest achievement as described by Kousbroek may have been that he was: "... the only one that has restored their (Indo) self respect and granted us insight into their culture and has written about it with the hand of a master." His work is still regularly re-issued by publisher Moesson, The Hague.and often cited in academic studies. In 1992 on the facade of <mask> <mask>'s place of birth, Dominicanenstraat 117 in Nijmegen, a memorial was unveiled by the 'Literary Cafe Nijmegen', in collaboration with the Municipality of Nijmegen and the 'Cultural Council Gelderland'. In 2008 it was announced that a square would be named after him in The Hague. In 2008 Wim Willems published his biography: <mask> <mask>, Indo writer and in 2009 his compiled letters Writing with your fists, <mask> <mask>s letters for which the author received the literary award 'Witte Prijs' in 2010. In 2009 commemorating <mask>

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texts:
 <mask>'s death 35 years ago a modern multi-media theater play based on his stories was performed in Bandung and Jakarta, Indonesia. The play was also performed during the 2011 Tong Tong Fair in The Hague, Netherlands. The 'Tong Tong' magazine, renamed to 'Moesson' in 1978 lives on to this day with his widow Lillian Ducelle as director and chief editor up to 1993.Lillian Ducelle: "I can not replace my husband, but I can continue his work." 50 seasons of published editions of both the Dutch and American magazine are available online in the digital archive of the official website. The 'American Tong Tong' magazine, renamed 'The Indo' lives on to this day with Rene Creutzburg as editor and publisher, who in 2007 was awarded a Royal ribbon in the 'Order of Orange-Nassau' for his efforts over the past 44 years. This Dutch and English language magazine is still an official body of the Indo Community Center 'De Soos', established by <mask> <mask> in 1963. His Tong Tong Fair remains an annual event in The Hague and many Pasar Malam events inspired by it are held throughout the Netherlands yearly. Family
He married Edith de Bruijn in 1934. After her death in 1938 he married Ivonne Benice Christine Niggebrugge in 1940.After their divorce in 1949 he married Lilly Mary Hermine van Zele, also known under alias Lillian Ducelle, in 1950. He has 1 son and 2 daughters from his first marriage, 1 son and 1 daughter from his second marriage and 1 son and 1 daughter from his third marriage. Many of his family (wife, children, grandchildren) were actively involved in running both his magazine and festival. Publications (selection)
 1960 Tjies (Alias Vincent Mahieu) First edition

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 1955. Second edition 1958. 1961 Tjoek (Alias Vincent Mahieu)
 1965 Piekerans van een straatslijper (Alias Tjalie <mask>) Compiled work from amongst others his Dutch East Indies 'Nieuwsgier' newspaper columns. 1974 Piekeren in Nederland (Alias Tjalie <mask>) Compiled work from amongst others his Dutch 'Het Parool' newspaper columns.1974 Piekerans bij een voorplaat (ed. L. Ducelle)
 1979  'Memory and agony: Dutch stories from Indonesia (collected and introduced by Rob Nieuwenhuys, translated to English by Adrienne Dixon)
 1984 Ik en Bentiet (Alias Tjalie <mask>) Humorous dialogues containing much Petjo language in the narrative context. 1989 Schuilen voor de regen (Alias Vincent Mahieu)
 1990 Schat, schot, schat (Alias Vincent Mahieu)
 1992 Verzameld werk (Alias Vincent Mahieu)
 1992 Didi in Holland (Alias Didi) Essays written under alias Didi from his column in newspaper Het Parool. 1993 The Hunt for the Heart: Selected Tales from the Dutch East Indies (Alias Vincent Mahieu) Work translated to English by Margaret M. Alibasah. 16, Nr. 1/2: 1–28

Further reading
 Beekman E.M. Fugitive dreams: an anthology of Dutch colonial literature (Publisher: University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, 1988)

External links
  Interview with <mask> <mask> at 07:30m.Dossier Karpaan (NCRV TV channel, 16-10-1961) Original video footage TV documentary about Spijtoptanten on Dutch History Website. Retrieved 09-10-2011
  Comprehensive online selection of stories & poetry by <mask> <mask>. Article on <mask> <mask>'s 'Pasar Malam Besar' aka 'Tong Tong Fair' by Jean van de Kok for RNW, 2005. Research programme Berkeley University
 Research programme Amsterdam University
  DBNL -

masks: Robinson Robinson Robinson Tjalie Robinson Tjalie Robinson Tjalie Robinson


title: Tjalie Robinson

texts:
 Digital library of Dutch literature
  ING - Institute for Dutch history
  Fragments of Tjalie <mask>'s writings. Retrieved 27 oct 2010

Notes

1911 births
1974 deaths
Dutch writers
Indo people
People of the Dutch East Indies
Dutch people of Indonesian descent
Dutch people of Scottish descent
World War II civilian prisoners held by Japan
Postcolonialism
Neocolonialism
Postcolonial literature
People from Nijmegen
People from Batavia, Dutch East


title: Assata Shakur

texts: <mask> (born JoAnne Deborah Byron; July 16, 1947; also  married name, JoAnne Chesimard) is a former member of the Black Liberation Army (BLA), who was convicted in the first-degree murder of State Trooper Werner Foerster during a shootout on the New Jersey Turnpike in 1973. Shakur is wanted by the FBI and there is a $2 million reward for her apprehension. Born in Flushing, Queens, she grew up in New York City and Wilmington, North Carolina. After she ran away from home several times, her aunt, who would later act as one of her lawyers, took her in. She became involved in political activism at Borough of Manhattan Community College and City College of New York. After graduation, she began using the name <mask>, and briefly joined the Black Panther Party. She then joined the  BLA, a loosely knit offshoot of the Black Panthers, which engaged in an armed struggle against the US government through tactics such as robbing banks and killing police officers and drug dealers.Between 1971 and 1973, she was charged with several crimes and was the subject of a multi-state manhunt. In May 1973, Shakur was arrested after being wounded in a shootout on the New Jersey Turnpike. Also involved in the shootout were New Jersey State Troopers Werner Foerster and James Harper and BLA members Sundiata Acoli and Zayd <mask>. State Trooper Harper was wounded; Zayd <mask> was killed; State Trooper Foerster was killed. Between 1973 and 1977, Shakur was charged with murder, attempted murder, armed robbery, bank robbery, and kidnapping in relation to the shootout and six other incidents. She was acquitted on three of the charges and three were dismissed. In 1977, she was convicted of

masks:
Assata Olugbala Shakur
Assata Shakur
Malik Shakur
Shakur


title: Assata Shakur

texts:
 the murder of State Trooper Foerster and of seven other felonies related to the 1973 shootout.Her defense had argued medical evidence suggested her innocence. While serving a life sentence for murder, Shakur escaped in 1979 from the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women in Union Township, NJ, now the Edna Mahan Correctional Facility for Women. She surfaced in Cuba in 1984, where she was granted political asylum. Shakur has lived in Cuba since, despite US government efforts to have her returned. She has been on the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list since 2013 as Joanne Deborah Chesimard and was the first woman to be added to this list. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born Joanne Deborah Byron, in Flushing, Queens, New York City, on July 16, 1947. She lived for three years with her mother, school teacher Doris E. Johnson, and retired grandparents, Lula and Frank Hill.In 1950, Shakur's parents divorced and she moved with her grandparents to Wilmington, North Carolina. After elementary school, Shakur moved back to Queens to live with her mother and stepfather (her mother had remarried); she attended Parsons Junior High School. Shakur still frequently visited her grandparents in the south. Her family struggled financially and argued frequently; Shakur spent little time at home. She often ran away, staying with strangers and working for short periods of time, until she was taken in by her mother's sister Evelyn A. Williams, a civil rights worker who lived in Manhattan. Shakur has said that her aunt was the heroine of her childhood, as she was constantly introducing her to new things. She said that her aunt was "very sophisticated and knew all kinds

masks: Assata Shakur


title: Assata Shakur

texts:
 gave one paragraph to her marriage, saying that it ended over their differing views of gender roles. Black Panther Party and Black Liberation Army
After graduation from CCNY, Shakur moved to Oakland, California, where she joined the Black Panther Party (BPP). In Oakland, Shakur worked with the BPP to organize protests and community education programs. After returning to New York City, Shakur led the BPP chapter in Harlem, coordinating the Free Breakfast Program for children, free clinics, and community outreach. But she soon left the party, disliking the macho behavior of the men and believing that the BPP members and leaders lacked knowledge and understanding of United States black history.Shakur joined the Black Liberation Army (BLA), an offshoot whose members were inspired by the Vietcong and the Algerian independence fighters of the Battle of Algiers. They mounted a campaign of guerilla activities against the U.S. government, using such tactics as planting bombs, holding up banks, and murdering drug dealers and police. She began using the name <mask> Olugbala <mask> in 1971, rejecting Joanne Chesimard as a "slave name". Assata is a West African name, derived from the Arabic name Aisha, said to mean "she who struggles", while Shakur means "thankful one" in Arabic. Olugbala means "savior" in Yoruba. She identified as an African and felt her old name no longer fit: "It sounded so strange when people called me Joanne. It really had nothing to do with me.I didn’t feel like no Joanne, or no negro, or no amerikan. I felt like an African woman". Allegations and manhunt
Beginning in 1971, Shakur was allegedly involved in several incidents of assault and


title: Assata Shakur

texts: robbery, in which she was charged or identified as wanted for questioning, including attacks on New York City police and bank robberies in the area. On April 6, 1971, Shakur was shot in the stomach during a struggle with a guest at the Statler Hilton Hotel in Midtown Manhattan. According to police, Shakur knocked on the door of a guest's room, asked "Is there a party going on here? ", then displayed a revolver and demanded money. In 1987, Shakur confirmed to a journalist that there was a drug connection in this incident but refused to elaborate.She was booked on charges of attempted robbery, felonious assault, reckless endangerment, and possession of a deadly weapon, then released on bail. Shakur is alleged to have said that she was glad that she had been shot; afterward, she was no longer afraid to be shot again. Following an August 23, 1971, bank robbery in Queens, Shakur was sought for questioning. A photograph of a woman (who was later alleged to be <mask>) wearing thick-rimmed black glasses, with a high hairdo pulled tightly over her head, and pointing a gun, was widely displayed in banks. The New York Clearing House Association paid for full-page ads displaying material about Shakur. In 1987, when asked in Cuba about police allegations that the BLA gained funds by conducting bank robberies and theft, Shakur responded, "There were expropriations, there were bank robberies." On December 21, 1971, <mask> was named by the New York City Police Department as one of four suspects in a hand grenade attack that destroyed a police car and injured two officers in Maspeth, Queens.When a witness identified <mask> and Andrew Jackson from Federal Bureau of

masks: Shakur Shakur Shakur


title: Assata Shakur

texts: Investigation (FBI) photographs, a 13-state alarm was issued three days after the attack. Law enforcement officials in Atlanta, Georgia, said that <mask> and Jackson had lived together in Atlanta for several months in the summer of 1971. Shakur was wanted for questioning for wounding a police officer on January 26, 1972 who was attempting to serve a traffic summons in Brooklyn. After an $89,000 Brooklyn bank robbery on March 1, 1972, a Daily News headline asked: "Was that JoAnne?" Shakur was identified as wanted for questioning after a September 1, 1972, bank robbery in the Bronx. Based on FBI photographs, Monsignor John Powis alleged that Shakur was involved in an armed robbery at Our Lady of the Presentation Church in Brownsville, Brooklyn, on September 14, 1972. In 1972, Shakur became the subject of a nationwide manhunt after the FBI alleged that she led a Black Liberation Army cell that had conducted a "series of cold-blooded murders of New York City police officers".The FBI said these included the "execution style murders" of New York City Police Officers Joseph Piagentini and Waverly Jones on May 21, 1971, and NYPD officers Gregory Foster and Rocco Laurie on January 28, 1972. Shakur was alleged to have been directly involved with the Foster and Laurie murders, and involved tangentially with the Piagentini and Jones murders. Some sources identify Shakur as the de facto head of the BLA after the arrest of co-founder Dhoruba Moore. Robert Daley, Deputy Commissioner of the New York City Police, for example, described Shakur as "the final wanted fugitive, the soul of the gang, the mother hen who kept them together, kept them moving, kept them shooting".


title: Assata Shakur

texts: Years later, some police officers argued that her importance in the BLA had been exaggerated by the police. One officer said that they had created a "myth" to "demonize" Shakur because she was "educated", "young and pretty". As of February 17, 1972, when Shakur was identified as one of four BLA members on a short trip to Chattanooga, Tennessee, she was wanted for questioning (along with Robert Vickers, Twyman Meyers, Samuel Cooper, and Paul Stewart) in relation to police killings, a Queens bank robbery, and the grenade attack on police.Shakur was reported as one of six suspects in the ambushing of four policemen—two in Jamaica, Queens, and two in Brooklyn—on January 28, 1973. On April 16, 1981, Shakur was allegedly in the back seat of a van connected with a burglary. After the vehicle was pulled over, two men stepped out of the vehicle and opened fire on NYPD officers John Scarangella and Richard Rainey. The two men were charged with the murder of Officer Scarangella and attempted murder of Officer Rainey. By June 1973, an apparatus that would become the FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) was issuing nearly daily briefings on Shakur's status and the allegations against her. According to Cleaver and Katsiaficas, the FBI and local police "initiated a national search-and-destroy mission for suspected BLA members, collaborating in stakeouts that were the products of intensive political repression and counterintelligence campaigns like NEWKILL". They "attempted to tie Assata to every suspected action of the BLA involving a woman".The JTTF would later serve as the "coordinating body in the search for <mask> and the renewed campaign to smash the BLA", after


title: Assata Shakur

texts:
 her escape from prison. After her capture, however, Shakur was not charged with any of the crimes for which she was purportedly the subject of the manhunt. <mask> and others claim that she was targeted by the FBI's COINTELPRO as a result of her involvement with the black liberation organizations. Specifically, documentary evidence suggests that Shakur was targeted by an investigation named CHESROB, which "attempted to hook former New York Panther Joanne Chesimard (Assata <mask>) to virtually every bank robbery or violent crime involving a black woman on the East Coast". Although named after Shakur, CHESROB (like its predecessor, NEWKILL) was not limited to Shakur. Years later when she was living in Cuba, <mask> was asked about the BLA's alleged involvement in the killings of police officers. She said, "In reality, armed struggle historically has been used by people to liberate themselves...But the question lies in when do people use armed struggle... There were people [in the BLA] who absolutely took the position that it was just time to resist, and if black people didn't start to fight back against police brutality and didn't start to wage armed resistance, we would be annihilated." New Jersey Turnpike shootout
On May 2, 1973, at about 12:45 a.m., <mask> <mask>, along with Zayd <mask> (born James F. Costan) and Sundiata Acoli (born Clark Squire), were stopped on the New Jersey Turnpike in East Brunswick for driving with a broken tail light by State Trooper James Harper, backed up by Trooper Werner Foerster in a second patrol vehicle. The vehicle was "slightly" exceeding the speed limit. Recordings of Trooper Harper calling the dispatcher were played at

masks:
Shakur
Shakur
Shakur
Assata
Shakur
Malik Shakur


title: Assata Shakur

texts: the trials of both Acoli and Assata Shakur. The stop occurred  south of what was then the Turnpike Authority administration building. Acoli was driving the two-door vehicle, <mask> <mask> was seated in the right front seat, and Zayd <mask> was in the right rear seat.Trooper Harper asked the driver for identification, noticed a discrepancy, asked him to get out of the car, and questioned him at the rear of the vehicle. With the questioning of Acoli, accounts by participants of the confrontation begin to differ (see the witnesses section below). A shootout ensued in which  Trooper Foerster was shot twice in the head with his own gun and killed, Zayd <mask> was killed, and <mask> <mask> and Trooper Harper were wounded. According to initial police statements, at this point one or more of the suspects had begun firing with semiautomatic handguns, and Trooper Foerster fired four times before falling mortally wounded. At Acoli's trial, Harper testified that the gunfight started "seconds" after Foerster arrived at the scene. At this trial, Harper said that Foerster reached into the vehicle, pulled out and held up a semi-automatic pistol and ammunition magazine, and said "Jim, look what I found", while facing Harper at the rear of the vehicle. The police ordered <mask> <mask> and Zayd <mask> to put their hands on their laps and not to move; Harper said that <mask> <mask> reached down to the right of her right leg, pulled out a pistol, and shot him in the shoulder, after which he retreated to behind his vehicle.Questioned by prosecutor C. Judson Hamlin, Harper said he saw Foerster shot just as <mask> <mask> was hit by bullets from Harper's gun. In his opening

masks: Assata Shakur Shakur Shakur Assata Shakur Assata Shakur Shakur Assata Shakur Assata Shakur


title: Assata Shakur

texts: statement to a jury, Hamlin said that Acoli shot Foerster with a .38 caliber semiautomatic pistol and used Foerster's own gun to "execute him". According to the testimony of State Police investigators, two jammed semi-automatic pistols were discovered near Foerster's body. Acoli drove the car (a white Pontiac LeMans with Vermont license plates)—which contained <mask> <mask>, who was wounded, and Zayd <mask>, who was dead or dying— down the road. The vehicle was chased by three patrol cars and the booths down the turnpike were alerted. Acoli stopped and exited the car and, after being ordered to halt by a trooper, fled into the woods as the trooper emptied his gun. <mask> <mask> walked toward the trooper with her bloodied arms raised in surrender.Acoli was captured after a 36-hour manhunt—involving 400 people, state police helicopters, and bloodhounds. Zayd <mask>'s body was found in a nearby gully along the road. According to a New Jersey Police spokesperson, <mask> <mask> was on her way to a "new hideout in Philadelphia" and "heading ultimately for Washington". A book in the vehicle was said to contain a list of potential BLA targets. <mask> <mask> testified that she was on her way to Baltimore for a job as a bar waitress. With gunshot wounds in both arms and a shoulder, <mask> <mask> was moved to Middlesex General Hospital under "heavy guard" and was reported to be in "serious condition". Trooper Harper was wounded in the left shoulder, reported in "good" condition, and given a protective guard at the hospital.<mask> <mask> was interrogated and arraigned from her hospital bed. Her defense team alleged that her medical care during this period was

masks: Assata Shakur Shakur Assata Shakur Shakur Assata Shakur Assata Shakur Assata Shakur Assata Shakur


title: Assata Shakur

texts:
 "substandard". She was transferred from Middlesex General Hospital in New Brunswick to Roosevelt Hospital in Edison after her lawyers obtained a court order from Judge John Bachman, and then transferred to Middlesex County Workhouse a few weeks later. During an interview, <mask> Shakur discussed her treatment by the police and medical staff at Middlesex General Hospital. She said that the police beat and choked her and were "doing everything that they could possibly do as soon as the doctors or nurses would go outside". Criminal charges and dispositions
Between 1973 and 1977, in New York and New Jersey, <mask> was indicted ten times, resulting in seven different criminal trials. Shakur was charged with two bank robberies, the kidnapping of a Brooklyn heroin dealer, the attempted murder of two Queens police officers stemming from a January 23, 1973, failed ambush, and eight other felonies related to the Turnpike shootout.Of these trials, three resulted in acquittals, one in a hung jury, one in a change of venue, one in a mistrial due to pregnancy, and one in a conviction. Three indictments were dismissed without trial. Turnpike shootout change of venue
On the charges related to the New Jersey Turnpike shootout, New Jersey Superior Court Judge Leon Gerofsky ordered a change of venue in 1973 from Middlesex to Morris County, New Jersey, saying "it was almost impossible to obtain a jury here comprising people willing to accept the responsibility of impartiality so that defendants will be protected from transitory passion and prejudice." Polls of residents in Middlesex County, where Acoli had been convicted less than three years earlier, showed that 83% knew


title: Assata Shakur

texts:
 Shakur's identity and 70% believed that she was guilty. Bronx bank robbery mistrial
In December 1973, <mask> was tried for a September 29, 1972, $3,700 robbery of the Manufacturer's Hanover Trust Company in the Bronx, along with co-defendant Kamau Sadiki (born Fred Hilton). In light of the pending murder prosecution against Shakur in New Jersey state court, her lawyers requested that the trial be postponed for six months to permit further preparation. Judge Lee P. Gagliardi denied a postponement, and the Second Circuit denied Shakur's petition for mandamus.In protest, the lawyers stayed mute, and <mask> and Sadiki conducted their own defense. Seven other BLA members were indicted by District Attorney Eugene Gold in connection with the series of holdups and shootings on the same day, who—according to Gold—represented the "top echelon" of the BLA as determined by a year-long investigation. The prosecution's case rested largely on the testimony of two men who had pleaded guilty to participating in the holdup. The prosecution called four witnesses: Avon White and John Rivers (both of whom had already pled guilty to the robbery) and the manager and teller of the bank. White and Rivers, although having pled guilty, had not yet been sentenced for the robbery and were promised that the charges would be dropped in exchange for their testimony. White and Rivers testified that Shakur had guarded one of the doors with a .357 magnum pistol and that Sadiki had served as a lookout and drove the getaway truck during the robbery; neither White nor Rivers was cross-examined due to the defense attorney's refusal to participate in the trial. <mask>'s aunt and lawyer, Evelyn


title: Assata Shakur

texts: Williams, was cited for contempt after walking out of the courtroom after many of her attempted motions were denied.The trial was delayed for a few days after <mask> was diagnosed with pleurisy. During the trial, the defendants were escorted to a "holding pen" outside the courtroom several times after shouting complaints and epithets at Judge Gagliardi. While in the holding pen, they listened to the proceedings over loudspeakers. Both defendants were repeatedly cited for contempt of court and eventually barred from the courtroom, where the trial continued in their absence. A contemporary New York Times editorial criticized Williams for failing to maintain courtroom "decorum," comparing her actions to William Kunstler's recent contempt conviction for his actions during the "Chicago Seven" trial. Sadiki's lawyer, Robert Bloom, attempted to have the trial dismissed and then postponed due to new "revelations" regarding the credibility of White, a former co-defendant by then working for the prosecution. Bloom had been assigned to defend Sadiki/Hilton over the summer, but White was not disclosed as a government witness until right before the trial.Judge Gagliardi instructed both the prosecution and the defense not to bring up <mask> or Sadiki's connections to the BLA, saying they were "not relevant". Gagliardi denied requests by the jurors to pose questions to the witnesses—either directly or through him—and declined to provide the jury with information they requested about how long the defense had been given to prepare, saying it was "none of their concern". This trial resulted in a hung jury and then a mistrial, when the jury reported to Gagliardi that they

masks: Shakur Shakur


title: Assata Shakur

texts:
 were hopelessly deadlocked for the fourth time. Bronx bank robbery retrial
The retrial was delayed for one day to give the defendants more time to prepare. The new jury selection was marked by attempts by Williams to be relieved of her duties, owing to disagreements with Shakur as well as with Hilton's attorney. Judge Arnold Bauman denied the application, but directed another lawyer, Howard Jacobs, to defend Shakur while Williams remained the attorney of record. Shakur was ejected following an argument with Williams, and Hilton left with her as jury selection continued.After the selection of twelve jurors (60 were excused), Williams was allowed to retire from the case, with <mask> officially representing herself, assisted by lawyer Florynce Kennedy. In the retrial, White testified that the six alleged robbers had saved their hair clippings to create disguises, and identified a partially obscured head and shoulder in a photo taken from a surveillance camera as Shakur's. Kennedy objected to this identification on the grounds that the prosecutor, assistant United States attorney Peter Truebner, had offered to stipulate that <mask> was not depicted in any of the photographs. Although both White and Rivers testified that Shakur was wearing overalls during the robbery, the person identified as <mask> in the photograph was wearing a jacket. The defense attempted to discredit White on the grounds that he had spent eight months in Matteawan Hospital for the Criminally Insane in 1968, and White countered that he had faked insanity (by claiming to be Allah in front of three psychiatrists) to get transferred out of prison. Shakur personally cross-examined the


title: Assata Shakur

texts:
 witnesses, getting White to admit that he had once been in love with her; the same day, one juror (who had been frequently napping during the trial) was replaced with an alternate. During the retrial, the defendants repeatedly left or were thrown out of the courtroom.Both defendants were acquitted in the retrial; six jurors interviewed after the trial stated that they did not believe the two key prosecution witnesses. <mask> was immediately returned to Morristown, New Jersey, under a heavy guard following the trial. Louis Chesimard (<mask>'s ex-husband) and Paul Stewart, the other two alleged robbers, had been acquitted in June. Turnpike shootout mistrial
The Turnpike shootout proceedings continued with Judge John E. Bachman in Middlesex County. New Jersey Superior Court Judge Leon Gerofsky ordered a change of venue in 1973 from Middlesex to Morris County, New Jersey, saying "it was almost impossible to obtain a jury here comprising people willing to accept the responsibility of impartiality so that defendants will be protected from transitory passion and prejudice." Morris County, had a far smaller black population than Middlesex County. On this basis, Shakur unsuccessfully attempted to remove the trial to federal court.Before jury selection was complete, it was discovered that Shakur was pregnant. Due to the possibility of miscarriage, the prosecution successfully requested a mistrial for Shakur; Acoli's trial continued. Attempted murder dismissal
<mask> and four others (including Fred Hilton, Avon White, and Andrew Jackson) were indicted in the State Supreme Court in the Bronx on December 31, 1973, on charges of attempting to shoot and kill two


title: Assata Shakur

texts:
 policemen—Michael O'Reilly and Roy Polliana, who were wounded but had since returned to duty—in an ambush in St. Albans, Queens on January 28, 1973. On March 5, 1974, two new defendants (Jeannette Jefferson and Robert Hayes) were named in an indictment involving the same charges. On April 26, while Shakur was pregnant, New Jersey Governor Brendan Byrne signed an extradition order to move Shakur to New Jersey to face two counts of attempted murder, attempted assault, and possession of dangerous weapons related to the alleged ambush; however, Shakur declined to waive her right to an extradition hearing, and asked for a full hearing before Middlesex County Court Judge John E. Bachman. Shakur was extradited to New York City on May 6, arraigned on May 11 (pleading not guilty), and remanded to jail by Justice Albert S. McGrover of the State Supreme Court, pending a pretrial hearing on July 2. In November 1974, New York State Supreme Court Justice Peter Farrell dismissed the attempted murder indictment because of insufficient evidence, declaring "The court can only note with disapproval that virtually a year has passed before counsel made an application for the most basic relief permitted by law, namely an attack on the sufficiency of the evidence submitted by the grand jury."Kidnapping trial
<mask> was indicted on May 30, 1974, on the charge of having robbed a Brooklyn bar and kidnapping bartender James E. Freeman for ransom. <mask> and co-defendant Ronald Myers were accused of entering the bar with pistols and shotguns, taking $50 from the register, kidnapping the bartender, leaving a note demanding a $20,000 ransom from the bar owner, and fleeing in a rented


title: Assata Shakur

texts:
 truck. Freeman was said to have later escaped unhurt. The text of <mask>'s opening statement in the trial is reproduced in her autobiography. <mask> and co-defendant Ronald Myers were acquitted on December 19, 1975, after seven hours of jury deliberation, ending a three-month trial in front of Judge William Thompson. Queens bank robbery trial
In July 1973, after being indicted by a grand jury, <mask> pleaded not guilty in Federal Court in Brooklyn to an indictment related to a $7,700 robbery of the Bankers Trust Company bank in Queens on August 31, 1971. Judge Jacob Mishlerset set a tentative trial date of November 5 that year.The trial was delayed until 1976, when Shakur was represented by Stanley Cohen and Evelyn Williams. In this trial, Shakur acted as her own co-counsel and told the jury in her opening testimony:

I have decided to act as co-counsel, and to make this opening statement, not because I have any illusions about my legal abilities, but, rather, because there are things that I must say to you. I have spent many days and nights behind bars thinking about this trial, this outrage. And in my own mind, only someone who has been so intimately a victim of this madness as I have can do justice to what I have to say. One bank employee testified that Shakur was one of the bank robbers, but three other bank employees (including two tellers) testified that they were uncertain. The prosecution showed surveillance photos of four of the six alleged robbers, contending that one of them was Shakur wearing a wig. Shakur was forcibly subdued and photographed by the FBI on the judge's order, after having refused to cooperate, believing that the FBI would use


title: Assata Shakur

texts:
 photo manipulation; a subsequent judge determined that the manners in which the photos were obtained violated Shakur's rights and ruled the new photos inadmissible.In her autobiography, Shakur recounts being beaten, choked, and kicked on the courtroom floor by five marshals, as Williams narrated the events to ensure they would appear on the court record. Shortly after deliberation began, the jury asked to see all the photographic exhibits taken from the surveillance footage. The jury determined that a widely circulated FBI photo allegedly showing Shakur participating in the robbery was not her. Shakur was acquitted after seven hours of jury deliberation on January 16, 1976, and was immediately remanded back to New Jersey for the Turnpike trial. The actual transfer took place on January 29. She was the only one of the six suspects in the robbery to be brought to trial. Andrew Jackson and two others indicted for the same robbery pleaded guilty; Jackson was sentenced to five years in prison and five years' probation; another was shot and killed in a gunfight in Florida on December 31, 1971, and the last remained at large at the time of <mask>'s acquittal.Turnpike shootout retrial

By the time she was retried in 1977, Acoli had already been convicted of shooting and murdering Foerster. The prosecution argued that Assata had fired the bullets that had wounded Harper, while the defense argued that the now deceased Zayd had fired them. Based on New Jersey law, if Shakur's presence at the scene could be considered as "aiding and abetting" the murder of Foerster, she could be convicted even if she had not fired the bullets which had killed him. A total of


title: Assata Shakur

texts:
 Movement (AIM) members charged with murdering FBI agents. The motion (argued March 2)—which also asked the court to require the production of memos, tapes, documents, and photographs of alleged COINTELPRO involvement from 1970 to 1973—was denied. Shakur herself was called as a witness on March 15, the first witness called by the defense; she denied shooting either Harper or Foerster, and also denied handling a weapon during the incident.She was questioned by her own attorney, Stuart Ball, for under 40 minutes, and then cross-examined by Barone for less than two hours (see the Witnesses section below). Ball's questioning ended with the following exchange:
On that night of May 2[n]d, did you shoot, kill, execute or have anything to do with the death of Trooper Werner Foerster? No. Did you shoot or assault Trooper James Harper? No. Under cross-examination, Shakur was unable to explain how three magazines of ammunition and 16 live shells had gotten into her shoulder bag; she also admitted to knowing that Zayd <mask> carried a gun at times, and specifically to seeing a gun sticking out of Acoli's pocket while stopping for supper at a Howard Johnson's restaurant shortly before the shooting. Shakur admitted to carrying an identification card with the name "Justine Henderson" in her billfold the night of the shootout, but denied using any of the aliases on the long list that Barone proceeded to read.Defense attorneys

Shakur's defense attorneys were William Kunstler (the chief of Shakur's defense staff), Stuart Ball, Robert Bloom, Raymond A. Brown, Stanley Cohen (who died of unknown causes early on in the Turnpike trial), Lennox Hinds, Florynce Kennedy, Louis


title: Assata Shakur

texts:
 lawyers also claimed that their offices were bugged. Witnesses
Sundiata Acoli, <mask> <mask>, Trooper Harper, and a New Jersey Turnpike driver who saw part of the incident were the only surviving witnesses. Acoli did not testify or make any pre-trial statements, nor did he testify in his own trial or give a statement to the police.The driver traveling north on the turnpike testified that he had seen a State Trooper struggling with a Black man between a white vehicle and a State Trooper car, whose revolving lights illuminated the area. Shakur testified that Trooper Harper shot her after she raised her arms to comply with his demand. She said that the second shot hit her in the back as she turned to avoid it, and that she fell onto the road for the duration of the gunfight before crawling back into the backseat of the Pontiac—which Acoli drove  down the road and parked. She testified that she remained there until State Troopers dragged her onto the road. Trooper Harper's official reports state that after he stopped the Pontiac, he ordered Acoli to the back of the vehicle for Trooper Foerster—who had arrived on the scene—to examine his driver's license. The reports then state that after Acoli complied, and as Harper was looking inside the vehicle to examine the registration, Trooper Foerster yelled and held up an ammunition magazine as Shakur simultaneously reached into her red pocketbook, pulled out a 9mm handgun and fired at him. Trooper Harper's reports then state that he ran to the rear of his car and shot at Shakur who had exited the vehicle and was firing from a crouched position next to the vehicle.Jury
A total of 408 potential jurors were questioned


title: Assata Shakur

texts: during the voir dire, which concluded on February 14. All of the 15 jurors—ten women and five men—were white, and most were under thirty years old. Five jurors had personal ties to State Troopers (one girlfriend, two nephews, and two friends). A sixteenth female juror was removed before the trial formally opened, when it was determined that Sheriff Joseph DeMarino of Middlesex County, while a private detective several years earlier, had worked for a lawyer who represented the juror's husband. Judge Appleby repeatedly denied Kunstler's requests for DeMarino to be removed from his responsibilities for the duration of the trial "because he did not divulge his association with the juror". One prospective juror was dismissed for reading Target Blue, a book by Robert Daley, a former New York City Deputy Police Commander, which dealt in part with Shakur and had been left in the jury assembly room. Before the jury entered the courtroom, Judge Appleby ordered <mask>'s lawyers to remove a copy of Roots: The Saga of an American Family by Alex Haley from a position on the defense counsel table easily visible to jurors.The Roots TV miniseries adapted from the book and shown shortly before the trial was believed to have evoked feelings of "guilt and sympathy" with many white viewers. Shakur's attorneys sought a new trial on the grounds that one jury member, John McGovern, had violated the jury's sequestration order. Judge Appleby rejected Kunstler's claim that the juror had violated the order. McGovern later sued Kunstler for defamation; Kunstler eventually publicly apologized to McGovern and paid him a small settlement. Additionally, in his autobiography, Kunstler


title: Assata Shakur

texts: led to speculation that the jury had decided in Shakur's favor on the remaining charges, especially the two counts of murder. Appleby reiterated that the jury must consider separately the four assault charges (atrocious assault and battery, assault on a police officer acting in the line of duty, assault with a deadly weapon, and assault with intent to kill), each of which carried a total maximum penalty of 33 years in prison. The other charges were: first-degree murder (of Foerster), second-degree murder (of Zayd <mask>), illegal possession of a weapon, and armed robbery (related to Foerster's service revolver). The jury also asked Appleby to repeat the definitions of "intent" and "reasonable doubt". <mask> was convicted on all eight counts: two murder charges, and six assault charges.Upon hearing the verdict, <mask> said—in a barely audible voice— "I am ashamed that I have even taken part in this trial", and that the jury was racist and had "convicted a woman with her hands up". When Judge Appleby told the court attendants to "remove the prisoner", <mask> herself replied: "the prisoner will walk away on her own feet". After Joseph W. Lewis, the jury foreman, read the verdict, Kunstler asked that the jury be removed before alleging that one juror had violated the sequestration order (see above). At the post-trial press conference, Kunstler blamed the verdict on racism, stating that "the white element was there to destroy her". When asked by a reporter why, if that were the case, it took the jury 24 hours to reach a verdict, Kunstler replied, "That was just a pretense." A few minutes later the prosecutor Barone disagreed with Kunstler's assessment saying

masks: Shakur Shakur Shakur Shakur


title: Assata Shakur

texts:
 the trial's outcome was decided "completely on the facts". At <mask>'s sentencing hearing on April 25, Appleby sentenced her to 26 to 33 years in state prison (10 to 12 for the four counts of assault, 12 to 15 for robbery, 2 to 3 for armed robbery, plus 2 to 3 for aiding and abetting the murder of Foerster), to be served consecutively with her mandatory life sentence.However, Appleby dismissed the second-degree murder of Zayd <mask>, as the New Jersey Supreme Court had recently narrowed the application of the law. Appleby finally sentenced Shakur to 30 days in the Middlesex County Workhouse for contempt of court, concurrent with the other sentences, for refusing to rise when he entered the courtroom. To become eligible for parole, Shakur would have had to serve a minimum of 25 years, which would have included her four years in custody during the trials. Nelson murder dismissal
In October 1977, New York State Superior Court Justice John Starkey dismissed murder and robbery charges against Shakur related to the death of Richard Nelson during a hold-up of a Brooklyn social club on December 28, 1972, ruling that the state had delayed too long in bringing her to trial. Judge Starkey said, "People have constitutional rights, and you can't shuffle them around." The case was delayed in being brought to trial as a result of an agreement between the governors of New York and New Jersey as to the priority of the various charges against Shakur. Three other defendants were indicted in relation to the same holdup: Melvin Kearney, who died in 1976 from an eight-floor fall while trying to escape from the Brooklyn House of Detention, Twymon Myers, who was killed by police


title: Assata Shakur

texts:
 while a fugitive, and Andrew Jackson, the charges against whom were dismissed when two prosecution witnesses could not identify him in a lineup.Attempted robbery dismissal
On November 22, 1977, Shakur pleaded not guilty to an attempted armed robbery indictment stemming from the 1971 incident at the Statler Hilton Hotel. Shakur was accused of attempting to rob a Michigan man staying at the hotel of $250 of cash and personal property. The prosecutor was C. Richard Gibbons. The charges were dismissed without trial. Imprisonment

After the Turnpike shootings, Shakur was briefly held at the Garden State Youth Correctional Facility in Yardville, Burlington County, New Jersey, and later moved to Rikers Island Correctional Institution for Women in New York City where she was kept in solitary confinement for 21 months. <mask>'s only daughter, Kakuya <mask>, was conceived during her trial and born on September 11, 1974, in the "fortified psychiatric ward" at Elmhurst General Hospital in Queens, where Shakur stayed for a few days before being returned to Rikers Island. In her autobiography, Shakur claims that she was beaten and restrained by several large female officers after refusing a medical exam from a prison doctor shortly after giving birth.After a bomb threat was made against Judge Appleby, Sheriff Joseph DeMarino lied to the press about the exact date of her transfer to Clinton Correctional Facility for Women; He later claimed the threat to be the cause of his falsification. She was also transferred from the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women to a special area staffed by women guards at the Garden State Youth Correctional Facility, where she was the


title: Assata Shakur

texts: <mask>, Silvia Baraldini, Sekou Odinga, and Marilyn Buck were charged with assisting in her escape; Ronald Boyd Hill was also held on charges related to the escape. In part for his role in the event, Mutulu was named on July 23, 1982, as the 380th addition to the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list, where he remained for the next four years until his capture in 1986. State correction officials disclosed in November 1979 that they had not run identity checks on Shakur's visitors and that the three men and one woman who assisted in her escape had presented false identification to enter the prison's visitor room, before which they were not searched.Mutulu <mask> and Marilyn Buck were convicted in 1988 of several robberies as well as the prison escape. At the time of the escape, Kunstler had just started to prepare her appeal. After her escape, Shakur lived as a fugitive for several years. The FBI circulated wanted posters throughout the New York – New Jersey area; her supporters hung "Assata Shakur is Welcome Here" posters in response. In New York, three days after her escape, more than 5,000 demonstrators organized by the National Black Human Rights Coalition carried signs with the same slogan. At the rally, a statement from Shakur was circulated condemning U.S. prison conditions and calling for an independent "New Afrikan" state. For years after Shakur's escape, the movements, activities and phone calls of her friends and relatives—including her daughter walking to school in upper Manhattan—were monitored by investigators in an attempt to ascertain her whereabouts.In July 1980, FBI director William Webster said that the search for Shakur had been


title: Assata Shakur

texts:
 for the return of "the cop-killer Joanne Chesimard".Cultural influence
A documentary film about Shakur, Eyes of the Rainbow, written and directed by Cuban filmmaker Gloria Rolando, appeared in 1997. The official premiere of the film in Havana in 2004 was promoted by Casa de las Américas, the main cultural forum of the Cuban government. Assata aka Joanne Chesimard is a 2008 biographical film directed by Fred Baker. The film premiered at the San Diego Black Film Festival and starred <mask> <mask> herself. The National Conference of Black Lawyers and Mos Def are among the professional organizations and entertainers to support <mask> <mask>; the "Hands Off Assata" campaign is organized by Dream Hampton. Numerous musicians have composed and recorded songs about her or dedicated to her:
Common recorded "A Song for Assata" on his album Like Water for Chocolate (2000) after traveling to Havana to meet with Shakur personally. Paris ("Assata's Song", in Sleeping with the Enemy (1992),
Public Enemy ("Rebel Without A Pause" in It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back(1988),
2Pac ("Words of Wisdom" in 2Pacalypse Now (1991),
Digital Underground ("Heartbeat Props" in Sons of the P, 1991),
The Roots ("The Adventures in Wonderland" in Illadelph Halflife, 1996),
Piebald ("If Marcus Garvey Dies, Then Marcus Garvey Lives" in If It Weren't for Venetian Blinds, It Would Be Curtains for Us All, 1999),
Asian Dub Foundation ("Committed to Life" in Community Music, 2000),
Saul Williams ("Black Stacey" in Saul Williams, 2004),
Rebel Diaz ("Which Side Are You On?"in Otro Guerrillero Mixtape Vol. 2, 2008),
 Lowkey ("Something Wonderful" in Soundtrack to the Struggle,

masks: Assata Shakur Assata Shakur


title: Assata Shakur

texts:
 2011),
Murs ("Tale of Two Cities" in The Final Adventure, 2012),
Jay Z ("Open Letter Part II" in 2013),
Digable Planets, The Underachievers and X-Clan have also recorded songs about Shakur. <mask> has been described as a "rap music legend" and a "minor cause celebre". On December 12, 2006, the Chancellor of the City University of New York, Matthew Goldstein, directed City College's president, Gregory H. Williams, to remove the "unauthorized and inappropriate" designation of the "Guillermo Morales/Assata Shakur Community and Student Center," which was named by students in 1989. A student group won the right to use the lounge after a campus shutdown over proposed tuition increases. CUNY was sued by student and alumni groups after removing the plaque. As of April 7, 2010, the presiding judge has ruled that the issues of students' free speech and administrators' immunity from suit "deserve a trial".Following controversy, in 1995, Borough of Manhattan Community College renamed a scholarship that had previously been named for Shakur. In 2008, a Bucknell University professor included Shakur in a course on "African-American heroes"—along with figures such as Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, John Henry, Malcolm X, and Angela Davis. Her autobiography is studied together with those of Angela Davis and Elaine Brown, the only women activists of the Black Power movement who have published book-length autobiographies. Rutgers University professor H. Bruce Franklin, who excerpts Shakur's book in a class on 'Crime and Punishment in American Literature,' describes her as a "revolutionary fighter against imperialism". Black NJ State Trooper Anthony Reed (who has left the


title: Assata Shakur

texts:
 disappeared

Notes

References

Sources
Browder, Laura (2006). Her Best Shot: Women and Guns in America. UNC Press. .
 Burrough, Bryan. .
Christol, Helene. Gysin, Fritz, and Mulvey, Christopher (eds.). (2001)."Militant Autobiography: The Case of Assata Shakur," in Black Liberation in the Americas. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster. .
Churchill, Ward and James Vander Wall. (2002). The Cointelpro papers: documents from the FBI's secret wars against dissent in the United States. South End Press. .
Cleaver, Kathleen, and Katsiaficas, George N. (2001). Liberation, Imagination, and the Black Panther Party: A New Look at the Panthers and Their Legacy. Routledge. .
James, Joy (2003).Imprisoned Intellectuals: America's Political Prisoners Write on Life, Liberation, and Rebellion. Rowman & Littlefield. .
Jones, Charles Earl (1998). The Black Panther Party (Reconsidered). Black Classic Press. .
Kunstler, William Moses. (1994). My Life as a Radical Lawyer. Secaucus, New Jersey: Birch Lane Press. .
Perkins, Margo V. (2000).Autobiography as Activism: Three Black Women of the Sixties. Univ. Press of Mississippi. .
Rodriguez, Dylan (2006). Forced Passages: Imprisoned Radical Intellectuals and the U.S. Prison Regime. University of Minnesota Press. .
Scheffler, Judith A. (2002). Wall Tappings: An International Anthology of Women's Prison Writings, 200 to the Present.Feminist Press. .
<mask>, <mask> (1987, New edition November 1, 1999). Assata: An Autobiography. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books. .
Tomlinson, Gerald (1994). Murdered in Jersey. Rutgers University Press. .
Williams, Evelyn (1993). Inadmissible Evidence: The Story of the African-American Trial Lawyer Who Defended

masks: Shakur Assata


title: Assata Shakur

texts:
 the Black Liberation Army. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Lawrence Hill Books. .

Further reading
Belton, Brian A.(2007). <mask> <mask>: A Voice from the Palenques in Black Routes: Legacy of African Diaspora. Hansib Publications Ltd. . External links

 "New Most Wanted Terrorist Joanne Chesimard; First Woman Added to List," May 2, 2013, Federal Bureau of Investigation
 Assata <mask> Speaks – website in support of Shakur
 "The Story of Joanne Chesimard," May 2003 editorial, NJLawman.com
 The Eyes Of The Rainbow documentary
 Immoral Bounty for Assata by Michael Ratner, Covert Action Quarterly, October 27, 1998
 Why Cuba will never send <mask> <mask> to the U.S. by Achy Obejas. Chicago Tribune, December 29, 2014. Most Wanted Terrorists: JOANNE DEBORAH CHESIMARD - Federal Bureau of Investigation

1947 births
Activists from New York (state)
African-American communists
American Marxists
American autobiographers
American communists
American escapees
American exiles
American expatriates in Cuba
American female criminals
American female murderers
American murderers
American people convicted of assault
American people convicted of murdering police officers
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
American robbers
American shooting survivors
American socialists
Black Power
Borough of Manhattan Community College alumni
COINTELPRO targets
City College of New York alumni
Communist women writers
Escapees from New Jersey detention
FBI Most Wanted Terrorists
Fugitives wanted by the United States
Fugitives wanted on murder charges
Living people
Members of the Black Liberation Army
Members of the Black Panther Party
People convicted of murder by New Jersey
Prisoners sentenced to

masks: Assata Shakur Shakur Assata Shakur


title: Brian P. Kavanagh

texts:
<mask> (born January 18, 1967) is an American politician who represents the 26th district in the New York State Senate, representing Lower Manhattan and the western part of Brooklyn since December 2017. He previously served in the New York State Assembly representing the East Side of Manhattan. <mask> is a Democrat. Life and career
<mask> is a lifelong resident of New York City. He was born and raised on Staten Island and graduated from Regis High School in Manhattan. <mask> tutored students at the Lower East Side Nativity Mission Center.He graduated with an B.A. in politics from Princeton University in 1989.He then received a Juris Doctor from New York University School of Law. He worked as an attorney at the New York law firms Kaye Scholer and Schulte Roth & Zabel. While living in Manhattan, Kavanagh lived in many different neighborhoods:  the Lower East Side, Murray Hill, NoMad, and Turtle Bay. He was an aide to former New York City Mayors Ed Koch and David Dinkins. He served as chief of staff to New York City Council member Gale Brewer. Kavanagh began government service as an aide to Mayor Ed Koch and has served in three mayoral administrations. After the Happy Land Social Club fire claimed the lives of 87 people in 1990, Kavanagh helped coordinate the city's response to the tragedy on behalf of Mayor David Dinkins, co-designing a task force that shut down the most grievous fire code offenders.At the Mayor's Office, <mask> also played a key role in launching the New York City Department of Homeless

masks:
Brian Patrick Kavanagh
Kavanagh
Kavanagh
Brian
Brian


title: Brian P. Kavanagh

texts:
 Services and he then served as the agency's first Policy Director. As Chief-of-Staff for then-New York City Council member Gale Brewer, Kavanagh negotiated enactment of the Domestic Worker Protection Act, promoting the rights of housekeepers and caregivers. With then-Councilmember <mask>, Councilmember Brewer, and dozens of their colleagues on the Council, Kavanagh helped to draft and secure passage of Council Resolution 549, opposing the imminent invasion of Iraq. Kavanagh has served as a counselor, volunteer, and board member at the Lower East Side's Nativity Middle School and community center, and as a board member of the Jesuit Volunteer Corps. He is a member of the New York City Bar Association and has served on the Association's Election Law Committee. Following an unsuccessful bid for the New York City Council in 2005, Kavanagh was first elected to the New York State Assembly in November 2006. He is a member of the Democratic Party and has been endorsed by the Working Families Party.<mask> is the co-chair of the New York chapter of State Legislators Against Illegal Guns. He is also the Chair of the New York State Caucus of Environmental Legislators, a non-partisan coalition of over 30 members of the NYS legislature. <mask> has been awarded the League of Conservation Voters Eco-Star Award, the highest rating of any legislator in 2010 from Environmental Advocates of New York, the Baruch College Legislator of the Year Award, and a perfect rating from the League of Humane Voters. New York State Senate
In

masks:
Bill Perkins
Kavanagh
Kavanagh


title: Brian P. Kavanagh

texts:
 2017, <mask> announced that he would run in the special election to succeed Senator Daniel Squadron, who was resigning to found a non-profit. Not without criticism, <mask> was nominated as the Democratic candidate, despite representing very little of the same territory in the state Assembly that the Senate district encompassed. Despite this, <mask> easily won election. He was easily re-elected to a full first term in 2018.<mask> has been a proponent of election reform. Stating New Yorkers "have some of the worst election laws in the country," <mask> introduced a bill "that would allow voters to cast ballots before Election Day". Until New York enacted early voting in 2019, it was the largest state with no advance voting regime. With Democrats taking the majority in the Senate in 2019, <mask> was named Chair of the Committee on Housing, Construction and Community Development. <mask> currently lives in his district in the East Side of Manhattan. See also
 List of members of the New York State Assembly

References

Further reading
<mask>, David "Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity." New York, New York, 2020

External links
 New York State Senate: <mask>gh
 Vote Smart: Senator <mask><mask> (NY)

1967 births
Living people
Regis High School (New York City) alumni
Members of the New York State Assembly
New York (state) Democrats
New York (state) state senators
New York University School of Law alumni
Princeton University alumni
21st-century American politicians
Kaye

masks:
Kavanagh
Kavanagh
Kavanagh
Kavanagh
Kavanagh
Kavanagh
Kavanagh
Paterson
Brian Kavana
Brian P
. Kavanagh


title: Ivan Stang

texts:
<mask> (born Douglass St. Clair Smith; August 21, 1953) is an American writer, filmmaker and broadcaster, best known as the author and publisher of the first screed of the Church of the SubGenius. He is credited with founding the Church with friend Philo Drummond in 1979, though Stang himself denied this and claimed the organization was founded in 1953 by J. R. "Bob" Dobbs. Born in Washington, D.C. and raised in Fort Worth, Texas, he attended the St. Mark's School of Texas. Since the publication of the first SubGenius pamphlet in 1980, Stang has embarked on a worldwide crusade (spanning at least three continents) to promote the Church. In May 2006 he finished writing, editing and designing a new SubGenius book for Thunder's Mouth Press, The SubGenius Psychlopaedia of Slack: The Bobliographon. He has appeared on several national radio and television shows, including The Jon Stewart Show on MTV. Stang is an instructor on the faculty of the Maybe Logic Academy.Both he and J.R. "Bob" Dobbs appear as characters in John Shirley's science fiction novel Kamus of Kadizar: The Black Hole of Carcosa. SubGenius Foundation
Stang also founded the business entity of the Church, the SubGenius Foundation. The SubGenius Foundation was located in Dallas, Texas, for most of its existence, though Stang relocated to Cleveland Heights, Ohio in 1999. The SubGenius Foundation was based  there from 1999 to 2017, and the syndicated show The Hour of Slack is produced partially at WCSB at Cleveland State University. His "Rants" are a regular feature at


title: Ivan Stang

texts:
 Arise! : The SubGenius Video (Island Records) (Director, writer, & appears as self)
 1990 – The Cu Chi Tunnels (Video & script editor)
 1992 – Arise!: The SubGenius Video (Polygram Records) ASIN 6302311616 (Director, writer, & appears as self)
 1992 – Church of the Subgenius: Sect? Satire? Or Satanism? (Appears as self)
 1999 – Grass (Narrator & does commentary)
 2000 – Duelin' Firemen! (Actor)
 2003 – Maybe Logic: The Lives and Ideas of Robert Anton Wilson (Appears as self)
 2008 – God's Cartoonist: The Comic Crusade of Jack Chick (Appears as self)

See also
 St. Mark's School of Texas § Notable alumni

References

 Beale, Scott "SubGenius Reunion on Puzzling Evidence" (November 27, 2005)
 Gilboa, Netta "Getting Gray With Reverend <mask>g", interview with Rev. <mask>
 Gill, Michael (2005). "Circle of Ash" Cleveland Free Times (July 7, 2005) Feature article includes <mask> discussing Starwood
 Hermes, Will "Slack Is Back" City Pages (January 31, 1996)
 Krassner, Paul (2005)."Life Among the Neopagans" in The Nation, August 24, 2005 (web only). Niesel, Jeff "Slack Is Back: Quit Your Job! Make Waste! The Church of the SubGenius Has Come to Town!" Cleveland Scene (April 6, 2000)

External links
 The Church of the SubGenius
 The Return of High Weirdness By Mail
 Dogma Free America podcast interview with <mask>g

1953 births
Church of the SubGenius
Living people
Writers from Cleveland
People from Fort Worth, Texas
St. Mark's School (Texas) alumni
American SubGenii
American male writers
Critics of religions
People from Glen

masks:
Ivan Stan
Stang
Ivan Stang
Ivan Stan


title: Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif

texts:
<mask>-Sharif, (, Sayyid ‘Imām ash-Sharīf; born 8 August 1950), aka "Dr. Fadl" and Abd Al-Qader Bin 'Abd Al-'Aziz, has been described as a "major" figure "in the global jihad movement." He is said to be "one of Ayman Al-Zawahiri's oldest associates", and his book al-'Umda fi I'dad al-'Udda ("The Essentials of Making Ready [for Jihad]"), was used as a jihad manual in Al-Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan. Fadl is reported to be one of the first members of Al Qaeda’s top council. He has recently attacked al-Qaeda and called for a stop to violent jihad activities both in Western and Muslim countries. He is reported to have two wives, with four sons and two daughters between them. Early life and education

According to Human Rights Watch, Sharif was born in 1950, in the southern Egyptian province of Beni Suef seventy-five miles south of Cairo. His father was a headmaster in Beni Suef.Sharif studied the Quran, and was a hafez (i.e. he had memorized the Quran) by time he finished sixth grade. At fifteen, the Egyptian government enrolled him in a boarding school in Cairo for exceptional students. At 18 he entered medical school, and began preparing for a career as a plastic surgeon, specializing in burn injuries. He has been described as being "pious and high-minded, prideful, and rigid" at that time. It was while studying medicine at Cairo University in the 1970s that al-Sharif met Ayman Al-Zawahiri. In 1977, Zawahiri asked al-Sharif to join his group.According to al-Sharif, Zawahiri misrepresenting himself as a delegate from a group that was advised by Islamic scholars, when in fact Zawahiri was the group's emir and was not guided or advised by clerical authorities. Al-Sharif did not join Zawahiri's group. Egyptian Islamic Jihad
Following the 1981 assassination of the President of Egypt, Anwar Sadat – who had signed a peace treaty with Israel two years


title: Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif

texts:
 earlier – thousands of Egyptian Islamists were rounded up. These included Zawahiri, who was charged with smuggling weapons, but not Al-Sharif who fled the country, was tried in absentia, and convicted. Al-Sharif left Egypt for the UAE in 1982, where he worked as a doctor. He then resided in Pakistan for few weeks before leaving for Saudi Arabia, and then went back to Pakistan again, where he worked for a Kuwaiti Red Crescent hospital in Peshawar. In Pakistan Sharif worked with Ayman al-Zawahiri to rebuild Egyptian Islamic Jihad in exile.In the mid-eighties, Sharif is thought to have become Egyptian Islamic Jihad’s emir, or chief. Al-Sharif denies this, saying that his role was merely one of offering "Sharia guidance." Zawahiri, "whose reputation had been stained by his prison confessions", handled "tactical operations." Al-Sharif impressed other jihadis with his encyclopedic knowledge of the Koran and the Hadith. According to one source, al-Sharif stayed in the background, “Ayman was the one in front, but the real leader was [al-Sharif, aka] Dr. Fadl." The Essential Guide for Preparation
In Peshawar, <mask>-Sharif (aka Fadl) wrote a text for jihadis to "school them in the proper way to fight battles" and preached that the "real objective was not victory over the Soviets but martyrdom and eternal salvation".This work, "The Essential Guide for Preparation," appeared in 1988 and became "one of the most important texts in the jihadis' training". The "Guide" begins with the premise that jihad is the natural state of Islam. Muslims must always be in conflict with nonbelievers, Fadl asserts, resorting to peace only in moments of abject weakness. Because jihad is, above all, a religious exercise, there are divine rewards to be gained. He who gives money for jihad will be compensated in Heaven, but not as much as the person who acts. The greatest prize goes to


title: Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif

texts:
 the martyr. Every able-bodied believer is obligated to engage in jihad, since most Muslim countries are ruled by infidels who must be forcibly removed, in order to bring about an Islamic state."The way to bring an end to the rulers' unbelief is armed rebellion," the "Guide" states. Some Arab governments regarded the book as so dangerous that anyone caught with a copy was subject to arrest. In 1989, bin Laden moved from Afghanistan to Sudan along with Zawahiri and most members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad. <mask>-Sharif, who was finishing "what he considered his masterwork, The Compendium of the Pursuit of Divine Knowledge", agreed to go at the urging of Al-Zawahiri. Time in Sudan
"On September 10, 1993, al-Sharif took his wife and family to Sudan, where he was received on arrival by Ayman al-Zawahri, in Khartoum Airport. The relations between the two men, however, deteriorated further during al-Sharif's time in Sudan." Sometime in the early 1990, Al-Zawahiri and Al-Sharif fell out over questions of strategy and tactics.Al-Sharif opposed Islamic Jihad's joining another Islamist group, al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, in its terror campaign against Egyptian government and foreign tourists in Egypt saying, "this is senseless activity that will bring no benefit." "Al-Sharif believed that violent attacks were futile, and instead advocated slow and steady infiltration into the structure of the state, but the group as a whole decided otherwise." After two unsuccessful bombing attempts "members of Al Jihad demanded that their leader resign. Many were surprised to discover that the emir was Fadl." Al-Sharif  "willingly gave up the post", and Zawahiri became the official leader as well as leader of tactical operations. Before he left Sudan, however, Al-Sharif gave a copy of his finished manuscript to Zawahiri, saying that it could be used to raise money. The Compendium of