title: Donna de Varona

texts: D.C., to educate Congress about Title IX and the importance of providing sport and physical activity opportunities on an equitable basis to both men and women.Over the years, the Foundation has raised more than $30 million to support its programs. From 1997 to 1999, <mask> chaired the organizing committee for the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup. Recognized as the most successful women's sporting event in history, <mask>, a U.S. Olympic Hall of Famer, is a recipient of the Olympic Order, the highest honor presented by the International Olympic Committee. In 1999, Sports Illustrated for Women ranked her on its list of the "100 Greatest Athletes." She has also been awarded five honorary doctorates and in 2003, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Honors Committee awarded her the Theodore Roosevelt Award. In 2000, <mask> sued ABC Sports for $50 million, saying she was fired because of her sex and age. She filed the lawsuit after working at ABC for over 30 years.The suit was dropped in 2002 when ABC Sports rehired <mask> as an ABC & ESPN liaison for domestic and international sports, plus on-air work for certain events. She said "Filing was the hardest thing I'd ever done. I'd been associated with ABC since I was 14, when I was swimming, and I grew from commentator to producer to adviser to Roone Arledge", the first president of ABC Sports. In the fall of 2007, <mask> completed a documentary as a host, writer, and producer. This was done in observation of the 35th anniversary of Title IX, which was the legislation that outlawed discrimination in school programs, including sports. The CSTV documentary, which won a Cine Golden Eagle Award, focused on the impact of Title IX and how one recipient of a sports scholarship in America has been influential in changing

masks:
de Varona
de Varona
de Varona
de Varona
de Varona


title: Donna de Varona

type: original

texts:
 attitudes and customs in the Middle East as well as within the International Olympic Committee. The program featured Morocco's Minister of Sports, Nawal El Moutawakel, who in 1984 became the first Muslim and African woman to win an Olympic gold medal, and in 2012 was elected Vice President of the International Olympic Committee.She was inducted to the International Swimming Hall of Fame as an "Honor Swimmer" in 1969. In 2003, <mask> was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls, New York. She also serves on the distinguished Citizens' Stamp Advisory Committee (CSAC), which recommends subjects who appear on U.S. postage stamps. She is a 1986 graduate of UCLA and the mother of two children: Joanna Pinto and John David Pinto. <mask> serves on the executive board of Special Olympics International and is a member of the International Olympic Committee's Women and Sports Commission. She is also a board member of the International Swimming Hall of Fame and serves as an adviser to Jordan's Prince Feisal's Generations for Peace Foundation and Tony Blair's Beyond Sport Initiative. Most recently, <mask> was appointed to the United States Department of State's Empowerment of Girls and Women through Sports Council by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.She is also President of DAMAR Productions, a marketing, consulting and events advisory company. She was also the chair of the Athlete Advisory Committee for the 2019 Aurora Games. Activism
In 2020, <mask> along with 300+ women signed a letter to the National Collegiate Athletic Association in support of an Idaho law that bans transgender women student athletes from competing in women's and girls' sports. In 2021, <mask> joined the Women's Sports Policy Working Group, formed in opposition to President <mask>'s

masks:
de Varona
De Varona
de Varona
de Varona
de Varona
Joe Biden


title: Donna de Varona

texts:
 Executive Order 13988 that mandates blanket inclusion for all transgender women athletes whose goal is protecting the girls’ and women's competitive categories, while crafting accommodations for trans athletes into sport wherever possible. Personal life
In 1986, <mask> graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Her younger sister is actress-director Joanna Kerns, who played Maggie Seaver on the ABC sitcom Growing Pains. See also

 List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
 List of University of California, Los Angeles people
 World record progression 200 metres individual medley
 World record progression 400 metres individual medley
 World record progression 4 × 100 metres medley relay

References

External links

 Image of U.S. Olympic swimmers <mask> and Cathy Ellis, California, 1964.Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles. 1947 births
Living people
American female freestyle swimmers
American female medley swimmers
American television sports announcers
Medalists at the 1963 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Motorsport announcers
National Football League announcers
Olympic Games broadcasters
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Recipients of the Olympic Order
Swimmers from San Diego
Swimmers at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1963 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Swimming commentators
Track and field broadcasters
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Women sports announcers
Women's Sports Foundation executives
World record setters in

masks:
de Varona
Donna deVarona


title: Carl Irving Wheat

texts:
<mask> (December 5, 1892 – June 23, 1966) was a California lawyer and historian and a historical cartographer of the American West. Early life
<mask> was born in Massachusetts to Congregational Church minister <mask> and Catherine Isabel Pearce on December 5, 1892. In 1898 his parents moved the family to San Francisco, then a few years later moved south near Pasadena. <mask> graduated from Pomona College in 1915 and was admitted to Harvard Law School. In 1917 he served as an ambulance driver during the First World War. Discharged from service, he resumed his education, married Helen Millspaugh on September 22, 1919 and took his LL.B. in 1920.<mask> returned to California, where his legal practice centered on public and private utility law. He joined the California Railroad Commission in 1922, eventually becoming its chief counsel. He returned to private practice in San Francisco in 1929, then served on the legal staff of the Federal Communications Commission between 1936 and 1938. Until 1957 when he retired, <mask> interspersed public appointments with private legal activity. California history contributions
<mask> was a member of San Francisco's elite Bohemian Club and participated activity in its encampments. He also participated in the resurrection of E Clampus Vitus. Through his social activity he was introduced to Henry R. Wagner, who introduced his friend to history and the California Historical Society.<mask> was editor for the Society's journal between 1927 and 1933, which was the year he moved to Los Angeles. <mask> continued to contribute to the California Historical Society Quarterly with such articles as Pioneer Visitors to Death Valley After the Forty-Niners (September, 1939). While in Los Angeles, <mask> served on the publication committee of the Historical Society of Southern California where he published The Forty-Niners in Death Valley: A Tentative Census (1939). In 1949 he published a bibliography of work on the Gold Rush, Books of the California Gold Rush.

masks:
Carl Irving Wheat
Wheat
Frank Irving Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat


title: Carl Irving Wheat

texts:
 Frémont-Gibbs-Smith Map

In October 1950, <mask> was elected to membership in the American Antiquarian Society. Around that time, he had begun compiling information for his milestone work: Mapping the Transmississippi West, 1540–1861. In 1953 he rediscovered a copy of the 1847 Frémont map in the collection of the American Geographical Society that bore manuscript emendations by George Gibbs.Gibbs had transferred the data onto the map from an unknown source. The penciled additions showed the travels by western explorer and fur trader Jedediah Smith. <mask> spoke extensively of the map in a paper delivered to the American Antiquarian Society in 1954. With the help of Smith biographer and Bancroft Library historian Dale L. Morgan, <mask> was able to show that the emendations were likely a transcription from a long-lost map by Smith from the late 1820s. The pair released their findings in California Historical Society special publication Jedediah Smith and His Maps of the American West in 1954, the year after Morgan's Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West (Bobbs-Merrill, 1953) appeared in print. Mapping the Transmississippi West
Mapping the Transmississippi West, 1540–1861, appeared in five folio volumes (the last in two parts) between 1957 and 1963. Written with the research and editorial cooperation of Dale Morgan, the volumes describe unfolding geographic knowledge and important maps of the West's exploration and migration, from the Spanish discovery to the opening of the Civil War.<mask> incorporated and financed the Institute for Historical Cartography as the first volume was going to press in an effort to guarantee publication of the massive volumes and to dodge the onus of self publication. <mask> suffered a stroke in June 1955, which delayed production of his historical cartography. He recovered physically, but in August the same year suffered a second stroke which left him only limited use of his right hand. He dictated much of volumes 2–4 to a secretary, correcting proofs

masks: Wheat Wheat Wheat Wheat Wheat


title: Carl Irving Wheat

texts:
 left-handed. In May 1961 <mask> suffered a third stroke that completely incapacitated him. Morgan, who had participated as a confidant and editor for most of the work but remained in the background, produced the two-part fifth and concluding volume from <mask>'s collection of map, map photostats, notes, and his own massive research files. <mask> suffered a fifth, massive stroke in June 1966 and died at home several weeks later.His papers are archived in the Bancroft Library

Honorariums
<mask> served as a Trustee of Pomona College and was awarded an honorary degree from that institution in 1959. The same year, he was awarded the Henry R. Wagner Memorial Award from the California Historical Society. Select publications
The Rocky-Bar Mining Company: An Episode of Early Western Promotion and Finance California Historical Quarterly (1933)

The Maps of the California Gold Region, 1848–1857: A Biblio-cartography of an Important Decade 1942. The Pioneer Press of California (1948)
The first one hundred years of Yankee California : address at the opening of the Library of Congress California centennial exhibit, November 12, 1949 (1949)
 <mask>. <mask>. Books of the California Gold Rush: A Centennial Selection. San Francisco: Colt Press, 1949.<mask><mask>, Mapping the Transmississippi West, 1540–1861, 5 v. in 6. San Francisco: Institute for Historical Cartography, 1957–1963. References

 "<mask> <mask>," Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, (Oct 1966): 222–224. San Francisco Weekly, July 29, 1998. Silke Tudor, "Night Crawler". External links

 Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society
 The Forty-Niners in Death Valley: A Tentative Census

1892 births
1966 deaths
American cartographers
California lawyers
Harvard Law School alumni
Pomona College alumni
Pomona College trustees
20th-century American historians
20th-century American lawyers
Historians from California
Historians from Massachusetts
People from Holliston, Massachusetts
20th-century American male writers
American male

masks:
Wheat
Wheat
Carl Wheat
Wheat
Carl I
Wheat
Carl I
. Wheat
Carl Irving
Wheat


title: David Diehl

texts:
<mask> (; born September 15, 1980) is a former American football offensive lineman who played his entire career with the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). He was the Giants starting left tackle on two Super Bowl championship teams, beating the New England Patriots in both games. He played college football for the University of Illinois. The Giants selected him in the fifth round of the 2003 NFL Draft. Early life
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois, on September 15, 1980. He is of Croatian descent on his mother's side, and of German descent on his father's side. When he was younger <mask> and his family frequently visited local Croatian churches and clubs in Chicago.He strengthened his Croatian-American ties after he moved to New Jersey, where the local Croatian community often have him as a visitor. He has the Croatian coat of arms as well as "neuništiv", the Croatian word for indestructible, tattooed on his left arm. High school career
<mask> attended Brother Rice High School in Chicago, where he starred on the football, wrestling, and track teams. He also attended St. Linus Grammar school in Oak Lawn, Illinois. College career
<mask> attended the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where he played for the Illinois Fighting Illini football team. He became a second-team All-Big Ten Conference selection as a senior in 2002. Recipient of the Wright Commitment to Excellence Award, presented to the Illinois player who has dedicated himself to academic excellence despite obstacles faced during his collegiate career.Started every game at left offensive guard, registering 91 knockdowns for an offense that featured its first 1,000-yard rusher (Antoineo Harris) and 1,000-yard receiver (Brandon Lloyd) in the same season since 1984. Helped offense total 5,356 yards. In 2001, saw action at both guard and tackle. Registered 56 knockdowns as he participated in 385 plays for an offense that gained 5,041 yards as the line allowed only 16 quarterback sacks (second in the Big Ten). In 2000, was valuable reserve, seeing action in every game at right guard. Made 15

masks:
David Michael Diehl
Diehl
Diehl
Diehl
Diehl


title: David Diehl

texts:
 knockdowns as he participated in 43 plays. In 1999: Played in 6 games on the field goal and extra point protection units.He was redshirted as a freshman in 1998. Professional career

2003 NFL Draft

New York Giants (2003–2013)
<mask> was drafted by the Giants in the fifth round of the 2003 NFL Draft with the 160th overall selection. In his rookie season, <mask> started all 16 games, becoming the first Giants rookie to do so since Mark Bavaro in 1985. He was one of 14 NFL rookies to start all 16 games in 2003 and was the only rookie to start at the same position each game during the 2003 season. In 2005, <mask> played another position, starting 15 regular season games at left guard and 1 game at right tackle. That season, Tiki Barber rushed for a franchise-record 1,860 yards, and Eli Manning passed for 3,762 yards, the 5th-highest total in franchise history. The Giants signed <mask> to a six-year, $31 million contract in May 2008.At the end of the 2009 season, <mask> was elected to the 2010 Pro Bowl as a Super Bowl Participant replacement. <mask> moved from left tackle to right tackle following the release of Rich Seubert and Shaun O'Hara and the signing of <mask>. He had started every game of his NFL career until 2010, when he tore his hamstring and suffered a partially dislocated hip. At the end of the 2011 season, <mask> and the Giants appeared in Super Bowl XLVI. He started in the game as the Giants defeated the New England Patriots by a score of 21–17. On August 21, 2013, the New York Giants announced that Diehl will undergo surgery to repair his injured right thumb. The recovery time was expected to be approximately six weeks.On January 24, 2014, <mask> announced his retirement after 11 seasons. Broadcasting
On August 6, 2014, it was announced <mask> had been hired to work as a color analyst for NFL games on Fox. He teamed with Thom Brennaman as the number #4 team on these telecasts for 2014. During the 2015 season, <mask> worked fewer regular season games because former lead college football on Fox analyst Charles Davis took his place alongside Brennaman. (It was supposed to

masks:
Diehl
Diehl
Diehl
Diehl
Diehl
Diehl
David Baas
Diehl
Diehl
Diehl
Diehl


title: David Diehl

texts:
 be Donovan McNabb, but he was arrested for a DUI in July 2015, leading Fox to make this change. Joel Klatt replaced Davis on college football telecasts with Davis's former partner, Gus Johnson). <mask> would move two spots down to the number #6 team to team with Dick Stockton and replacing Stockton's former partners Brady Quinn, Kirk Morrison, and McNabb.For the 2016 and 2017 seasons, <mask> moved down to the #7 crew, where he was teamed with Sam Rosen. In 2017, <mask> joined CBS Sports Network as an college football analyst. Personal life

<mask> is of mixed German and Croatian descent. His Croat origins are from his maternal grandparents. His grandmother, Lucija Semanic (born Šamanić) was born in the USA, but was from the town of Krk in the southwestern part of the island Krk in Croatia, while his grandfather, Ante Bekavac, emigrated to United States from Lovreć in Croatia. He has a tattoo of the Croatian coat of arms on his left arm. <mask> stated his favorite tattoo is his Croatian coat of arms.He visited Croatia in June and July 2011, in search of his roots. <mask> played at the University of Illinois, and is a fan of the university's former symbol, Chief Illiniwek. During player introductions on TV, he states his school as "University of Chief Illiniwek." He also has an image of Chief Illiniwek tattooed on his arm. <mask> received the Wellington Mara NFL Man of the Year Award May 22, 2012, at the annual Boys Hope Girls Hope Dinner. On the morning of June 11th 2012, <mask> was arrested for suspicion of drunk driving after hitting several parked cars. <mask> was purportedly watching a Croatian soccer game with friends at a bar in Astoria

References

External links
New York Giants bio

1980 births
Living people
American football offensive linemen
American people of Croatian descent
American people of German descent
Illinois Fighting Illini football players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League announcers
College football announcers
New York Giants players
Players of American football from Chicago
Sportspeople from Chicago
Sportspeople from Passaic County,

masks: Diehl Diehl Diehl Diehl Diehl Diehl Diehl Diehl Diehl


title: Liv Morgan

texts:
Gionna Jene Daddio (born June 8, 1994) is an American professional wrestler currently signed to WWE, where she performs on the Raw brand under the ring name <mask>. In 2014, Daddio signed a contract with WWE and was assigned to the WWE Performance Center, later appearing in NXT under the <mask> name. She was promoted to the main roster in 2017 and was paired with Ruby Riott and Sarah Logan to form the stable The Riott Squad. After the stable disbanded in 2019, <mask> became a singles competitor. After a few months of her singles run, she reunited with the returning Riott, who had been out of action for months with a shoulder injury, to reform the Riott Squad, now as a duo rather than a trio due to the release of Logan. <mask> and Riott performed together until Riott's release in 2021. Early life
Gionna Jene Daddio was born in Morristown, New Jersey, on June 8, 1994.She was raised in Elmwood Park, New Jersey. She has four older brothers and a sister; following the death of Daddio's father, her mother raised all six children as a single mother. Daddio is a longtime fan of professional wrestling, and would participate in backyard wrestling with her siblings. She has described the matches as core to start her foray into wrestling:

Daddio was a former competitive cheerleader, and worked and modeled for the restaurant chain Hooters. Professional wrestling career

WWE

NXT (2014–2017)

In 2014, after being discovered at the Joe DeFranco's gym in Wyckoff, New Jersey, Daddio signed a contract with WWE, assigning her to their developmental territory, NXT in October 2014. She made her first televised appearance at the NXT TakeOver: Rival event on February 11, 2015, as a planted fan, who jumped on Tyler Breeze during his ring entrance. She later appeared at NXT TakeOver: Unstoppable on May 20, again as part of Breeze's entrance.In October 2015, she

masks:
Liv Morgan
Liv Morgan
Morgan
Morgan


title: Liv Morgan

texts:
 briefly worked under the ring name Marley,<ref name="marley" debuting on the November 4 episode of NXT, where she worked as a jobber losing to Eva Marie. On the December 2 episode of NXT, Daddio made her return under the new ring name <mask>, losing to Emma. On the January 13, 2016, episode of NXT, <mask> competed in a battle royal to determine the number one contender to Bayley's NXT Women's Championship, which was won by Carmella. On the August 17 episode of NXT, she competed in a six-woman tag team match, along with Carmella, and Nikki Cross, in which they defeated Daria Berenato, Mandy Rose and Alexa Bliss. On the August 31 episode of NXT, <mask> picked up her first televised singles win, defeating Aliyah. On the September 14 episode of NXT, <mask> defeated Rachel Fazio in singles competition via submission, and would issue a challenge to the NXT Women's Champion Asuka. The following week, however, <mask> was submitted by Asuka in under a minute, and would afterwards begin a rivalry with The Iconic Duo (Billie Kay and Peyton Royce), with both women confronting her following her match, leading to match between <mask> and Kay two weeks later, with Kay picking up the victory after interference by Royce.On the October 26 episode of NXT, she interrupted a match between Kay and Aliyah by attacking Royce, causing a distraction that allowed Aliyah to defeat Kay. <mask> went on to compete against Royce on the November 16 episode of NXT, which ended in a disqualification after Kay interfered in the match, attacking <mask> and Aliyah until Ember Moon made the save. The three faced off in a six-person tag team match against Kay, Royce, and Daria Berenato on the November 23 episode of NXT, with <mask>'s team coming out victorious. The Riott Squad (2017–2019)

On the November 21, 2017, episode of SmackDown Live, <mask> made her main roster debut

masks:
Liv Morgan
Morgan
Morgan
Morgan
Morgan
Morgan
Morgan
Morgan
Morgan
Morgan


title: Liv Morgan

texts: alongside Ruby Riott and Sarah Logan, attacking both Becky Lynch and Naomi, establishing themselves as heels in the process. On the same night, they interrupted a match between SmackDown Women's Champion Charlotte Flair and Natalya, then proceeded to attack both of them. The following week on SmackDown Live, the trio, now called "The Riott Squad", made their in-ring debuts for the brand, defeating Flair, Naomi, and Natalya in a six-woman tag team match. On January 28, 2018, <mask> participated in the first women's Royal Rumble match at the Royal Rumble pay-per-view as the eleventh entrant, but was eliminated by Michelle McCool.<mask> made her WrestleMania debut at WrestleMania 34, participated in the 20-woman WrestleMania Women's Battle Royal, but failed to win the match. On April 16, The Riott Squad were drafted to Raw brand as part of the 2018 Superstar Shake-Up, and caused the match between Bayley and Sasha Banks to end in a no contest. On the September 24 episode of Raw, <mask> was legitimately knocked unconscious by Brie Bella, when Bella was doing Yes Kicks when two of them connected to her head, <mask> would continue for a bit before being taken out of the match. In the inaugural all women's pay-per-view Evolution, The Riott Squad lost to Natalya, Bayley and Sasha Banks. On January 27, 2019, at Royal Rumble, <mask> participated in the women's Royal Rumble match, only to be the first to be eliminated after lasting 8 seconds, setting the record for the shortest time in the women's Royal Rumble match. <mask> and Logan competed in a six-team Elimination Chamber match for the inaugural WWE Women's Tag Team Championship at the namesake pay-per-view, where they were the third team eliminated by Nia Jax and Tamina Snuka. <mask> competed at WrestleMania 35 in a Women's battle royal match that was eventually won by Carmella.Brand switches

masks: Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan


title: Liv Morgan

texts:
 (2019–2020)
On April 16, <mask> was moved to the SmackDown brand as part of the Superstar Shake-up, effectively dissolving The Riott Squad in the process. On the July 16 episode of SmackDown Live, <mask> turned face when she confronted Charlotte Flair and faced her in a match, in which <mask> lost by submission. This was her first match outside of house shows since WrestleMania 35 in April. On the October 14 episode of Raw, <mask> was the final overall pick of the year's draft, being drafted back to the Raw brand. Throughout the month of December, vignettes aired promoting <mask>'s return. <mask> returned to television on the December 30 episode of Raw, during Bobby Lashley and Lana's storyline wedding, interrupting the proceedings and professing her love for Lana. After Lana subsequently attacked her, she aligned herself with Rusev, who has been feuding with Lana and Lashley, thus cementing her face turn.<mask> defeated Lana on the January 27, 2020, episode of Raw, doing so once again the following week. After her feud with Lana ended, <mask> entered a feud with her former Riott Squad teammate Ruby Riott who turned on her upon returning. On the March 2 episode of Raw, <mask> defeated Riott with Sarah Logan as the special guest referee. At Elimination Chamber on March 8, <mask> entered her second Elimination chamber match, during which she was eliminated by eventual winner Shayna Baszler. On the WrestleMania 36 pre-show, <mask> defeated Natalya in singles competition. After WrestleMania, <mask> continued her feud with Riott defeating her on the April 20 and 27 episodes of Raw respectively. She would later unsuccessfully go on to face then NXT Women's Champion, Charlotte Flair in a hard-fought battle as well as Natalya respectively.This would turn out to be her last match as singles competitor. Reunion with Ruby Riott (2020–2021)
After <mask>

masks: Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan


title: Liv Morgan

texts:
 lost to Natalya on the June 22 episode of Raw, Ruby Riott attempted to console <mask> backstage after her loss, which she rebuffed. On the August 3 episode of Raw, Riott asked <mask> to join her in reforming the Riott Squad, only to be interrupted by The IIconics who mocked the two which led to a tag team match where <mask> and Riott defeated The IIconics. At Payback, <mask> and Riott (now officially known as The Riott Squad again) defeated The IIconics and once more the following night on Raw, forcing The IIconics to disband, per stipulation. As part of the 2020 Draft in October, both <mask> and Riott were drafted to the SmackDown brand. She would go on to win a Fatal four-way match during her first night on SmackDown after the Draft to qualify for the women's team at Survivor Series. After Survivor Series, both Riott and <mask> would go on a tag team winning streak.They challenged for a shot at the tag team titles at WrestleMania 37 Night One but failed to win the match. On June 2, 2021, Riott was released by WWE, effectively disbanding The Riott Squad for the second time. Return to singles competition (2021–present)
On the June 4 episode of SmackDown, <mask> returned to singles competition by facing Carmella in a losing effort. The following week, they had a rematch in which <mask> was finally able to defeat Carmella, and later set her sights on the SmackDown Women's Championship. <mask> began to take issue with Sonya Deville for adding Carmella and a returning Zelina Vega to the women's ladder match at Money in the Bank. She defeated Carmella and Vega in singles matches before she took Carmella's spot in the ladder match, with Carmella competing against Bianca Belair for the SmackDown Women's Championship the following week. This was due to Bayley suffering a legitimate injury while training, causing her "I Quit" match with Belair at Money

masks: Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan Morgan


title: Liv Morgan

texts:
 in the Bank to be cancelled.At the event, <mask> was unable to win the match, causing fan backlash. On the September 17 episode of Smackdown, <mask> teamed with Toni Storm to take on Zelina Vega and Carmella. The match would end via countout, which would then lead to <mask> challenging Carmella to a match at Extreme Rules which the former won. As part of the 2021 Draft, <mask> was drafted to the Raw brand. In October, <mask> entered the Queen's Crown tournament, where she lost to Carmella in the first round. On the November 8 edition of Raw, <mask> won a Fatal 5-Way match to earn a Raw Women's Championship match which was held by Becky Lynch. <mask> would then receive her title match against Lynch in the December 6 episode of Raw, where Lynch retained the title.In a rematch at WWE Day 1, Lynch defeated <mask> again. Other media
<mask> made her video game debut as a playable character in WWE 2K19 and later appeared in WWE 2K20 and WWE 2K Battlegrounds. Personal life
In November 2020, Daddio confirmed in a screenshot on Twitter that she had taken up a course to become a real estate agent at the Bob Hogue School of Real Estate. In February 2021, it was revealed that Daddio was in a relationship with fellow wrestler Bo Dallas, with the two living on a farm and starting a real estate business to prepare for life after professional wrestling. Championships and accomplishments
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Ranked No. 53 of the top 100 female wrestlers in the PWI Women's 100 in 2018

References

External links

1994 births
American female professional wrestlers
American professional wrestlers of Italian descent
Female models from New Jersey
Living people
People from Elmwood Park, New Jersey
People from Paramus, New Jersey
Professional wrestlers from New Jersey
Sportspeople from Bergen County, New Jersey
21st-century American women
21st


title: Alan Pouton

texts:
<mask> (born 1 February 1977) is an English former football coach and  professional footballer who played as a midfielder from 1995 to 2010. Pouton was a product of Newcastle United's youth team but was signed as a professional by Oxford United. He signed on pro terms at the beginning of the 1995–96 season but soon after joined York City where he remained for two years. In 1999, he signed for Grimsby Town where he arguably spent the best years of his career. Pouton notched up 120 league appearances and 12 goals in his four and a half-year stay with the club. In 2004, he was sold to Gillingham but soon after he spent time on loan with Hartlepool United. His time with the Gills was dogged by injury woes and he eventually retired in 2007.A few months after retiring Pouton signed on a semi-professional terms for Dover Athletic and later went on to play for Maidstone United and Sutton United before eventually hanging his boots up permanently in 2010. In 2011, he returned to Maidstone as assistant manager. He left the club in January 2012 as part of budget cuts within the club. Playing career

Oxford United
Pouton came through the youth ranks at Newcastle United, his hometown club, but was not retained, and tried his luck at Oxford United. Again, he was never presented with an opportunity to play during his time there and was released at the end of the 1995–96 season. York City
Pouton was snapped up on a free transfer by York City in time for the 1996-97 season. His debut came early on in the season as a substitute in the 2–1 home defeat against AFC Bournemouth.He produced some good performances in the reserves and was eventually rewarded with his first start in the 3–0 home win against Hartlepool United. Pouton went on to make 25 appearances that


title: Udayasimha

texts:
 (Chaulukya) king.Even the Chaulukya chronicle Kirti-Kaumudi states that Lavanaprasada had to conclude a treaty with the rebels, and return to the troubled Chaulukya capital. Before <mask>'s ascension, his ancestral principality was largely confined to the area around Jalore. <mask> seems to have expanded his territory significantly. According to the Sundha Hill inscription, he ruled Javalipura (Jalor), Naddula (Nadol), Mandavyapura (Mandore), Vagabhatameru (Juna Barmer), Surachanda (Surachand), Ramasainya (Ramseen), Srimala (Bhinmal), and Satyapura (Sanchore), among other places. Historian Dasharatha Sharma theorizes that some of these places, which were earlier a part of the Chaulukya empire, came under Chahamana control while Lavanaprasada was busy fighting the Yadavas. The Sundha Hill inscription further states that Udayasimha put an end to Sindhuraja. D. R. Bhandarkar identified Sindhuraja with a Chahamana ruler of the Lata branch.However, A. K. Srivastava does not find this identification convincing, as Sindhuraja of Lata had been killed by the Yadava king Simhana. According to Dasharatha Sharma, this Sindhuraja might have been a weak ruler of Sindh. Conflict with the Delhi Sultanate

Udayasimha appears to have become a tributary to the Delhi Sultanate at some point, but refused to pay the tribute, leading to a war sometime during 1211-1216 CE. This conflict has been described in the medieval Muslim chronicles, such as the 13th century Taj-ul-Maasir of Hasan Nizami (which mentions

masks: Udayasimha Udayasimha


title: Udayasimha

texts: <mask> of Jalore as "Udi Sah of Jalewar"), and the 16th century Tarikh-i-Firishta (which calls him "Oodye-Sa of Jalwur or Udi Sah of Jalewar"). Firishta states that the Delhi Sultan Iltutmish marched to Jalore when Udayasimha discontinued the tribute payments. Hasan Nizami mentions that this army included prominent generals such as Rukn-ud-din Hamza, Izz-ud-din Bakhtiyar, Nasir-ud-din Mardan Shah, Nasir-ud-din Ali, and Badr-ud-din Saukartigin. Udayasimha took shelter in the Jalore fort, but surrendered as soon as some bastions of the fort were demolished.The Sultan accepted the surrender in return for a tribute of 100 camels and 20 horses, and then returned to Delhi. In 1221 CE, Iltutmish again launched an offensive against the Hindu rulers of present-day Rajasthan and Gujarat. Lavanaprasada's son Viradhavala and his minister Vastupala organized a confederacy of Hindu rulers, forcing the Delhi Sultan to retreat without a fight. According to the Gujarat chronicle Hammira-mada-mardana, the Chaulukya kingdom was invaded by three enemies: the Turushka (Turkic) ruler Milacchikara (Iltutmish), the Yadava king Singhana, and the Paramara king Devapala. The northern rebel feudatories (including Udayasimha) initially planned to side with the Turushkas, but Viradhavala convinced them to ally with the Chaulukyas. Iltutmish appears to have led another expedition against Udayasimha. According to the 12th century Muslim historian Minhaj-i-Siraj, Iltutmish conquered the Mandore fort in 1227 CE.Mandavyapura


title: Udayasimha

texts: or Mandore, according to the Sundha Hil inscription, was in possession of Udayasimha. Several Hindu accounts mention that Udayasimha succeeded against the Turushkas (that is, the Delhi Sultanate). The Sundha Hill inscription credits him with curbing the power of the Turushkas. The 17th century chronicler Muhnot Nainsi states that "Sultan Jalal-ud-Din" attacked Jalore in 1241 CE, but was defeated and forced to retreat. Nainsi quotes a doha according to which the asuras (Muslims) drank water from Sundara lake with their mouths, but Udaya(-simha) took this water out of their wives' eyes in form of tears. The Jain legend in the Puratana-Prabandha-Sangraha collection gives a similar account, but states that the attack was led by a general named Malik Ambar. The Turkic army drank quenched its thirst at Sundara lake, and halted at the Sirana village.There, Rawal (king) <mask> defeated them: Malik Ambar was killed in the battle. The Puratana-Prabandha-Sangraha account goes on to mention that in 1253 CE, Jalal-ud-Din himself marched to Jalore. When the Delhi army damaged the fort using explosives, Udayasimha sent Rajaputra Bapada to negotiate a peace treaty with the invaders. Udayasimha agreed to Jalal-ud-Din's demand of 3,600,000 drammas (coins). Jalal-ud-Din also took as hostage Yashovira, a son of Udayasimha's minister. He then left for Delhi, and Udayasimha repaired the damaged walls of the fort. Since no Sultan named "Jalal-ud-Din" is known to have ruled during Udayasimha's lifetime, historian


title: Michael Potter

texts:
<mask> (born 24 September 1963) is an Australian professional rugby league football coach and former player. He was previously head coach of Super League clubs, the Catalans Dragons, St Helens, the Bradford Bulls and National Rugby League club the Wests Tigers. As a player, he was a New South Wales State of Origin representative , playing his club football for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs (with whom he won the 1984 and 1985 premierships), the St George Dragons (whom he captained, and won the 1991 Dally M Medal with) and the Western Reds. Early life
<mask> was born in Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia. Playing career

Bulldogs
Canterbury signed <mask> while he was still a student at St. Gregory's, Campbelltown. He made his first grade debut in the round 18 match of 1983 against Eastern Suburbs coming in for the injured Neil Baker. There were 3 referees used in this match when the appointed referee, Mick Stone was injured.He was replaced by the reserve grade referee, Lionel Green, who subsequently was replaced by the Third Grade referee Paul Miller. This was <mask>'s only game of first grade in 1983. In only his second year of first-grade, <mask> became the first fullback to win the Dally M Player of the Year award. He is a member of Canterburys' 1984 Premiership winning team in
their 6–4 win over Parramatta. A second premiership followed when Canterbury defeated St. George, 7–6 in the 1985 Grand Final at the Sydney Cricket Ground. <mask> broke his leg in 1986 and struggled to regain his form at Canterbury. St. George Dragons

He signed with the St. George Dragons in 1989 and later became team captain.In 1991, <mask> won his second Dally M

masks:
Michael Potter
Potter
Potter
Potter
Potter
Potter
Potter


title: Michael Potter

texts:
 Player of the Year award. He played fullback for the Dragons in the 8-28 Grand Final loss to the Brisbane Broncos in 1992. <mask>'s good form for the Dragons in the back half of the 1992 season saw him in contention for Australia's World Cup Final squad as incumbent Aussie fullback Andrew Ettingshausen was unavailable because of injury, as were Gary Belcher and Dale Shearer. However, the size of the loss to the Broncos may have cost him his chance with Balmain's Tim Brasher and Newcastle's Brad Godden selected for the fullback role instead. The following season <mask> was captain of St. George in their 6–14 loss to Brisbane in the 1993 Grand Final. <mask> retired at the end of the 1993 season but signed to play for one of the four new teams introduced for the 1995 season, the Western Reds, going on to play 21 games for the Perth based team before retiring for good at the end of the 1996 ARL season. Coaching career

Following his retirement as a player in 1996, <mask> started his coaching career as assistant coach for the Super League team, the Bradford Bulls, alongside Matthew Elliott.He remained there until 1999 when he took over the coaching position for the New South Wales Under-17 squad, coaching them to consecutive wins over Queensland. <mask> coached St. George Illawarra's Premier League side for four years before being appointed in February 2006 as head coach for the French rugby league team the Catalans Dragons, succeeding Steve Deakin. <mask> coached the team to the 2007 Challenge Cup Final and in 2008 was named Super League coach of the year. <mask> succeeded Daniel Anderson as head coach of St Helens at the beginning of the 2009 season. He


title: Michael Potter

texts: coached St. Helens to the 2009 Super League Grand Final defeat by the Leeds Rhinos at Old Trafford. In May 2010 he announced that he is to leave St. Helens at the end of the 2010 season. In July 2010 <mask> signed a 2-year contract to return to Bradford Bulls, this time as head coach, commencing 2011.Despite the club being placed in receivership in 2012, the team was on the verge of making the semis as <mask> remained as unpaid coach. "I think I served above and beyond what I needed to do there," <mask> said. "I felt obliged to do that. It has made me a better coach. The reasons I want to coach aren't financial but because you love the game." In October 2012, NRL team West Tigers confirmed that <mask> would be the head coach for the 2013 and 2014 seasons. With papers reporting that he had been endorsed by the club's players, <mask> said, "I am very happy to be here, there's not many jobs like this.I have served a long apprenticeship and I think I am ready." After much speculation during the 2014 season, following reports of miscommunication between him and the playing group, as well as continued poor results on the field, it was announced on 17 September 2014 that <mask> would not be extended as a coach.. He had completed two seasons as their coach. He later said, "I found it to be a different club to any club I’d been with. It was a political hotbed. I knew the first day I went in there it was going to be a tough gig. I went in there to coach, not be a politician.It was conflicted." <mask> spent a large part of 2015 coaching the Fiji Under-20s side, and was an assistant coach with the New South Wales under-16s team. In November, it was confirmed that

masks:
Potter
Potter
Potter
Mick Potter
Potter
Potter
Potter


title: Michael Potter

texts:
 he would be joining the Newcastle Knights as an assistant coach under Nathan Brown. In 2016, along with his role as assistant coach at the Knights, <mask> became the new coach of the Fiji national rugby league team on a deal to the end of the year that would see him coach Fiji in the 2016 Pacific Test against Papua New Guinea, with the Fiji National Rugby League and <mask>, at the end of the year, to discuss extending that into the 2017 Rugby League World Cup. In 2018, <mask> stood down from his role as coach of the Fijian national team. On 2 November 2018, <mask> was announced as an NRL Development Coach at the Parramatta Eels. Fiji coaching record

References

Footnotes

External links
Newcastle Knights profile
<mask> at NRL Stats

1963 births
Living people
Australian rugby league coaches
Australian rugby league players
Bradford Bulls coaches
Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs players
Catalans Dragons coaches
City New South Wales rugby league team players
Country New South Wales Origin rugby league team players
Fiji national rugby league team coaches
Mount Pritchard Mounties coaches
New South Wales Rugby League State of Origin players
Rugby league fullbacks
St Helens R.F.C.coaches
St. George Dragons players
Western Reds players
Wests Tigers

masks:
Potter
Potter
Potter
Potter
Mick Potter


title: Chan Hyung Lee

texts:
<mask> (; born August 11, 1992) is a South Korean kickboxer. He is the current RISE Super Featherweight champion. Kickboxing career

Early career
<mask> made his professional debut against Chung Woo Chee in June 2009, winning the fight by decision. He went on to amass a 7-2 record, including a notable victory over Genji Umeno. On the back of these wins, <mask> was given a chance to fight Samuel Hadzima at Simply The Best 6 for the WKN Intercontinental Lightweight title. He beat Hadzima by decision. RISE Super Featherweight title reign
After this title win, <mask> would go on to win five of his next eight fights, before signing with RISE in 2017.For his promotional debut, <mask> fought Yuki at RISE 118. He won the fight by a second-round knockout. In his next fight, <mask> challenged Koudai Nobe for the RISE Super Featherweight title. He beat Nobe by unanimous decision. <mask>'s winning streak was snapped at RISE 122, as he lost a decision to Hideki. <mask> was scheduled to fight Hikaru Machida at RISE 125. He won by unanimous decision.<mask> extended his winning streak with stoppage wins of Hikaru Machida and Yosuke Morii. He then fought a rematch with Yuki at Rise World Series 2019, and won the rematch by unanimous decision. Losing streak
At the KNOCK OUT 2019 SPRING event, <mask> fought Yodlekpet Or. Pitisak for the KNOCK OUT 135 lbs

masks:
Chan Hyung Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee


title: Chan Hyung Lee

texts:
 title. Yodlekpet won the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> then fought Genji Umeno, for the third time in his career, in the semifinal bout of the 2019 RISE World Series. Umeno won the fight by decision.After losing to Kento Haraguchi in September 2019, <mask> fought Suakim PK Saenchaimuaythaigym in December 2019, for the Battle of Muay Thai Super Lightweight title. Suakim won the fight by a third-round TKO. Championships and awards
2015 WKN Intercontinental Lightweight Champion
2017 RISE -60kg Champion
2019 KNOCK OUT Asia Lightweight Tournament Runner-up

Kickboxing record

|-  style="background:#FFBBBB;"
| 2019-12-08||Loss||align=left| Suakim PK Saenchaimuaythaigym || BOM 2-6～THE Battle Of Muaythai SEASON II vol.6 || Tokyo, Japan || TKO (Corner Stoppage)|| 3 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#FFBBBB;"
| 2019-09-16||Loss ||align=left| Kento Haraguchi || Rise World Series 2019 Final Round || Chiba, Japan || Decision (Unanimous)|| 3  ||3:00
|-  style="background:#FFBBBB;"
| 2019-07-21|| Loss ||align=left| Genji Umeno || Rise World Series 2019 Semi Finals || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (Unanimous)|| 3 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#FFBBBB;"
| 2019-04-29 || Loss ||align=left| Yodlekpet Or. Pitisak || KNOCK OUT 2019 SPRING: THE FUTURE IS IN THE RING || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (Unanimous)|| 5 ||

masks: Lee Lee


title: André Milongo

texts:
<mask> (20 October 1935 – 23 July 2007) was a Congolese politician who served as Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo from June 1991 to August 1992. He was chosen by the 1991 National Conference to lead the country during its transition to multiparty elections, which were held in 1992. He was also the founder and President of the Union for Democracy and the Republic (UDR-Mwinda), a political party. From 1993 to 1997, he was President of the National Assembly, and he was again a deputy in the National Assembly from 2002 to 2007. Early life and political career

A member of the Lari ethnic group, <mask>, one of four children in his family, was born in October 1935 in Mankondi, a village located to the south-west of the capital Brazzaville, in the Boko District of Pool Region. After his primary and secondary schooling in Brazzaville, <mask> earned a Master's Degree in Law at the University of Nancy, after which he studied at the École Nationale d'Administration (ÉNA) in Paris, graduating in 1964. That year is also known as the "Blaise Pascal generation" at ÉNA.He was among only four Congolese citizens to have graduated from ÉNA. Former Togolese prime minister Edem Kodjo was a classmate of <mask> at ÉNA. <mask> began his professional career in 1964 as the first National Treasurer (Trésorier Payeur Général) in the newly independent Republic of the Congo, a position he held for five years. In this position, he rigorously managed the country's public funds. After this, he became director of the country's foreign investments in 1969 (Directeur General des Investissements) at the Ministry of Planning, remaining in that position until 1973. Two prime ministers also enlisted his help as an economic policy advisor under the government of Marien Ngouabi. <mask> married

masks:
André Ntsatouabantou Milongo
Milongo
Milongo
Milongo
Milongo
Milongo


title: André Milongo

texts: Ndambo Marie-Therese Laurentine on 4 February 1967, and with her he had seven children.He was elected to the board of governors at the African Development Bank in the Ivory Coast in 1976, and represented eight African countries: Congo, Cameroon, Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Niger and Mauritania. He held that position for 7 years, before being elected to the board of governors at the World Bank in Washington, D.C. in 1983, where he met his colleague Nicephore Soglo. He remained at the World Bank until 1990. In the early 1990s, the Republic of the Congo was going bankrupt because of the loss of support from the Soviet Union after the collapse of Communism. This led to the emergence of a new generation of African leaders like Nicéphore Soglo in Benin, Alassane Ouattara in the Ivory Coast and <mask>. At the end of the Sovereign National Conference of 1991, the Conference elected <mask> as Prime Minister on 8 June 1991. As Prime Minister, he was given executive powers and placed in charge of directing the country's transition to multiparty elections in 1992.The National Conference additionally assigned the positions of Minister of Defense and Minister of Mines and Energy to <mask>. <mask>'s government was dominated by members of the Lari and Bakongo ethnic groups. Tensions between the government and the army led to a serious crisis in January 1992. It was alleged that, in order to gain control of the army, members of <mask>'s government spread rumors that the army was plotting a coup. Furthermore, in moves viewed as being directed against loyalists of President Denis Sassou Nguesso, <mask> appointed Colonel Michel Gangouo, who had been implicated in a 1990 coup attempt against Sassou Nguesso, as Secretary of State for Defense on 2 January 1992. He made further

masks:
André Milongo
Milongo
Milongo
Milongo
Milongo
Milongo


title: André Milongo

texts: changes to the military command, which he said were intended to fight tribalism, in mid-January. The army strongly opposed these changes and demanded that <mask> reverse them.The Higher Council of the Republic (CSR), which was acting as the transitional parliament, judged that the coup rumors had been created by members of <mask>'s government and requested that <mask> accede to the army's demands. <mask> refused to dismiss Gangouo, however, at which point soldiers took over the international airport as well as state radio and television, fired on <mask>'s supporters, killing several, and called for <mask>'s resignation. <mask> went into hiding and called for international assistance. Gangouo then resigned from his position and <mask> appointed a new Minister of Defense who was supported by the army; however, he also placed himself in supreme command of the army. Municipal elections were held on 3 May 1992, and <mask>'s government was widely criticized for its handling of these elections. The CSR told <mask> to form a new, national unity government. Interior Minister Alexis Gabou was particularly criticized for his role in the elections, and the CSR asked that he be replaced.<mask> named a new and much smaller government on 21 May. The CSR also transferred responsibility for handling the parliamentary and presidential elections scheduled for later that year from <mask>'s government to an electoral commission. In the August 1992 presidential election, <mask> ran as a presidential candidate, placing fourth with 10.18% of the vote. He received his strongest support in Brazzaville and Pool Region, with 21.6% and 16.5% respectively. The transitional period ended with the swearing-in of the election winner, Pascal Lissouba, on 31 August 1992. <mask> founded a political

masks: Milongo Milongo Milongo Milongo Milongo Milongo Milongo Milongo Milongo Milongo Milongo Milongo Milongo Milongo


title: André Milongo

texts: party, the Union for Democracy and the Republic (UDR-Mwinda: Union pour la Démocratie et la République; Mwinda means light in the Lari language), which he headed for the rest of his life. In the 1993 parliamentary election, he was elected to the National Assembly as the UDR candidate in Boko constituency, becoming one of two UDR deputies in the National Assembly.On 22 June 1993, <mask> was elected as the President of the National Assembly, remaining in that position until 1997. During the political violence of 1993, <mask> requested and obtained a ceasefire from both parties involved in the conflict, President Pascal Lissouba and opposition leader Bernard Kolélas. After the June–October 1997 civil war, in which Denis Sassou Nguesso returned to power, <mask> remained in the Congo,  stating that he had nothing to fear from the Sassou Nguesso's leadership. He asserted that the Republic of Congo belonged to all Congolese nationals. After the war, he was a member of the National Transitional Council (CNT). On 24 September 2001, <mask>'s candidacy for the next presidential election was announced by the Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ADP), a grouping of parties that supported him. <mask> accused the government of fraud in the January 2002 constitutional referendum, claiming that the "No" vote had actually won, and said that if he won the presidential election, he would initiate a "new political order" with a peace pact to end political violence and would allow all exiled politicians to return.On 8 March 2002, two days before the presidential election on 10 March, <mask> withdrew his candidacy, accusing Sassou Nguesso of rigging the vote. He said that party members were not allowed to observe the voting process, that there were areas where half of the ballot papers

masks: Milongo Milongo Milongo Milongo Milongo Milongo


title: André Milongo

texts:
 omitted his name, and that he had requested that the election be delayed. In the May 2002 parliamentary election, <mask> was elected to the National Assembly as the UDR-Mwinda's candidate in Boko constituency; he won the seat in the first round with 59.65% of the vote. Due to his status as the oldest deputy, he presided over the National Assembly's first meeting of the new parliamentary term, at which the bureau of the National Assembly was elected, on 10 August 2002. In the National Assembly, he became President of the UDR-Mwinda Parliamentary Group on 24 August 2002. In addition to heading the UDR-Mwinda, <mask> was the chairman of a coalition of 11 political parties (Front pour une Commission Electorale independante), an assembly of political parties calling for transparency and independence in the management of all future elections. <mask> ran for re-election to the National Assembly in the 2007 parliamentary election, but was defeated in the first round, held on 24 June.Following an illness, he died in a hospital in Paris on 23 July 2007, aged 71. In a statement on 24 July, Sassou Nguesso described <mask>'s death as "a great loss for the Congolese nation" and praised <mask> for his service as Prime Minister from 1991 to 1992. <mask> was laid in state at the Parliament building, where politicians paid tribute to him and Sassou Nguesso bestowed a posthumous high honor on him, before being buried at his residence on 20 August. References

Prime Ministers of the Republic of the Congo
École nationale d'administration alumni
Presidents of the National Assembly (Republic of the Congo)
Members of the National Assembly (Republic of the Congo)
1935 births
2007 deaths
Union for Democracy and the Republic (Republic of the Congo) politicians
Nancy-Université alumni
People


title: Clyde Pearce

texts:
<mask> (24 February 1888 – 10 June 1917) was an Australian amateur golfer. He won both the Australian Open and the Australian Amateur in 1908 and was runner-up in the Australian Amateur three times. He was killed in Belgium during World War I. Early life
<mask> was born on 24 February 1888 in Hampden road, Hobart, Tasmania, the son of Edward and <mask>,  Bowman. He had an older brother, Roy, and a younger brother, Bruce. Golf career
As a 15-year-old <mask> played at the 1903 championship meeting at Adelaide. In the Australian Amateur he scored 103 and 95 and was last of those who completed the two qualifying rounds.He also competed in the 1903 Tasmanian Amateur, finishing tied for sixth place, with rounds of 101 and 99. In 1904 he improved to fourth place in the Tasmanian amateur. He played in the inaugural Australian Open at The Australian Golf Club. He finished down the field but was in the top 16 amateurs who qualified for the Australian Amateur. His opponent forfeited in the first round and in the quarter-finals he lost a close match against Jim Howden, the eventual winner, by one hole. In October he played in the Victorian Amateur Championship at Royal Melbourne. He led after a first round 76 but faded, and finished the 72-hole event tied for fifth place.<mask> came close to winning the 1905 Tasmanian Amateur at Launceston. He led by three strokes after a morning score of 84 and came to the final hole needing 5 to win. However he took 7, for an afternoon score of 90, one behind the winner Howard Giblin who took the title for the third time. The 1905 championship meeting was held at Royal Melbourne. There was no separate match-play competition, the amateur championship being won by the leading amateur in the Open. <mask>'s 87 was the best amateur score of the first morning, although he dropped 9 strokes behind

masks:
Clyde Bowman Pearce
Pearce
Emmeline Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce


title: Clyde Pearce

texts: Michael Scott after an afternoon 93. However he was then disqualified for incorrectly placing his ball, after getting relief from casual water.<mask> moved to New South Wales in 1906 and didn't play in the Tasmanian Amateur in September. The 1906 championship meeting was held at Royal Sydney. <mask> didn't challenge for the open but finished high enough to qualify easily for the amateur championship, as one of the leading 16 amateurs. He reached the final, losing, 5 and 4, to Ernest Gill from Queensland, who had finished 11 strokes behind him in the open. In September 1907 <mask> returned to Tasmania to compete in the amateur championship. He had rounds of 75 and 84 to win by 7 strokes, his first big championship success. The 1907 championship meeting was held at Royal Melbourne and, as in 1905, the amateur championship was won by the leading amateur in the Open.An amateur, Michael Scott, won both events, with <mask> finishing fifth in the open and runner-up amongst the amateurs. Tasmania played in the interstate competition for the first time. They met Victoria in the semi-finals, losing all six matches. <mask> lost heavily to Scott in the top match, finishing 9 down over the 18 holes. The 1908 Australian championship meeting at The Australian Golf Club in Sydney was <mask>'s only major meeting of the year. The Australian Open was the first important event, played on Friday 10 and Saturday 11 July. <mask> led by 7 strokes after the first day, with two rounds of 75.New Zealand amateur Arthur Duncan was second, with Dan Soutar the leading professional a further two strokes behind. <mask> took 86 on the final morning and dropped three behind Duncan, who had a 76. In the final round <mask> took 75 to win the championship with a score of 311. Soutar had rounds of 79 and 76 to finish runner-up, three behind <mask>,

masks: Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce


title: Clyde Pearce

texts: while Duncan had a final round 86 to drop to third place. <mask>'s rounds of 75 were the best of the event until Michael Scott scored 74 in the final round. The leading 8 amateurs in the open qualified for the Australian Amateur, the first two rounds being played on Monday and Tuesday of the following week with the final on the Saturday. All matches were over 36 holes.<mask> had a 10 and 8 win over Leslie Penfold Hyland in the quarter-final, scoring an approximate 73 in his morning round. He met Scott in the semi-final, Scott having beaten Duncan at the 37th hole in the first round. <mask> led Scott by four holes after the morning round and won the match, 6 and 5. On the Thursday, before the final, <mask> played for New South Wales in the interstate competition. Playing Victoria, he played in the top match against Scott and lost by two holes, Victoria winning the match. In the final of the amateur championship <mask> met Neptune Christoe. <mask> was five up after the morning round and won the match, 10 and 8.<mask> played in the Victorian Amateur Championship in August 1909 at Royal Melbourne. The event was over 72 holes of stroke-play. <mask> was tied with Michael Scott after the first day, and still tied after three rounds. However Scott scored 83 to <mask>'s 91 in the final round, to win the championship, <mask> finishing runner-up. The championship meeting was held at Royal Melbourne in September. <mask> played for Tasmania in the interstate competition. Playing in the top match against New South Wales he beat Oscar O'Brien, Tasmania winning by 5 matches to 1.In the final against Victoria he beat Scott. His brother Bruce also won, but Victoria won the remaining four matches to retain the title. In the Australian Open <mask> finished fifth, 17 strokes behind Claude Felstead. He beat his brother in the

masks: Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce


title: Clyde Pearce

texts: semi-finals of the Australian Amateur and met Scott in the final. In the final <mask> won the last two holes to level the match but Scott won the 37th hole to take the title. In July 1910, <mask> and his brother Bruce played in the South Australian Amateur at Royal Adelaide, the venue for the championship meeting the following month. Bruce led the qualifying with <mask> third.<mask> beat his brother in the semi-final and went on to win the championship, beating Bill Gunson, 6 and 4, in the final. In the Australian Open, <mask> finished fifth, behind his brother who finished in third place. He reached the semi-finals of the amateur championship, losing to Jim Howden, 4 and 3, Howden having beaten his brother Bruce in the previous round. <mask> and his brother Bruce spent most of 1911 on a trip to Britain, leaving Melbourne at the end of February and returning there in mid-November. Their first big event was The Amateur Championship at Prestwick Golf Club. <mask> lost to Bernard Darwin at the last-32 stage. He finished in a tie for 6th place in Golf Illustrated Gold Vase after rounds of 73 and 83 at Stoke Poges.The 1911 Open Championship was held at Royal St George's at the end of June. There was no qualifying and the first two rounds were played over three days. <mask> scored 81 and 84 and missed the cut by three strokes. <mask> won a three-day amateur event at Peterhead Golf Club in July, beating James Shaw in the final. His brother Bruce had won another Aberdeenshire event at Cruden Bay the previous week. They brothers played in the Irish Amateur Open Championship at Portmarnock at the end of August, both losing at the last-16 stage. In 1913 the stroke-play qualification stage of the Western Australian Amateur was opened up to professionals, becoming the first Western Australian Open Championship.It was played at

masks: Pearce Pearce Clyde Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce


title: Clyde Pearce

texts:
 the Fremantle links on 28 August, nearly 30 players competing. In both 1911 and 1912, Norman Fowlie had led the stroke-play stage but in 1913 he was challenged by <mask>. <mask> won the Open with rounds of 77 and 78, three ahead of Fowlie who had rounds of 83 and 75. <mask> would go on to win the Western Australian Amateur as well. Played two days later, he beat Fowlie, 4 and 2, in the 36-hole final. The 1914 Western Australian championship meeting was again played on the Fremantle links in late August. Norman Fowlie reversed the result of the 1913 Western Australian Open, winning by three strokes from <mask>, with rounds of 80 and 77.<mask> and Fowlie also contested the final of the Western Australian Amateur, Fowlie winning again by 4 and 3. Later life
In 1906 <mask> left Tasmania for his brother Roy's sheep farm near Corowa in the south of New South Wales. He became a member of Corowa Golf Club. in early 1912 <mask>, together with fellow golfer Claude Felstead, started farming near Pingelly, Western Australia. They bought the Chybarlis farm, between the townships of Pingelly and Mooterdine, south east of Perth. <mask> enlisted in May 1915. He was killed in Belgium on 10 June 1917 during the Battle of Messines.His remains were not recovered and his name is recorded on the Menin Gate memorial nearby. Tournament wins
1907 Tasmanian Amateur
1908 Australian Open, Australian Amateur
1910 South Australian Amateur
1911 Peterhead Amateur Tournament (Scotland)
1913 Western Australian Open, Western Australian Amateur

Team appearances
Australian Men's Interstate Teams Matches (representing Tasmania): 1907, 1909
Australian Men's Interstate Teams Matches (representing New South Wales): 1908

References

Australian male golfers
Amateur golfers
Sportspeople from Hobart
Australian military personnel killed in World War I
1888

masks: Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce Pearce


title: Barbara Bergmann

texts:
<mask> (20 July 1927 – 5 April 2015) was a feminist economist. Her work covers many topics from childcare and gender issues to poverty and Social Security. Bergmann was a co-founder and President of the International Association for Feminist Economics, a trustee of the Economists for Peace and Security, and Professor Emerita of Economics at the University of Maryland and American University. History
Bergmann's parents and grandparents, fleeing anti-Semitism, immigrated to the United States from Europe in 1914. She was born in 1927 to a Romanian-born mother and Polish-born father in the Bronx. Her parents worked instead of finishing school, but they expected <mask> to adhere to the standards and traditions of American life and eventually go to college. At the age of five, she started formulating ideas about feminism, pursuing equality for men and women, because she wanted to be an independent person when she grew up, and that required money and equality.During the Great Depression, Bergmann developed a strong belief that the government should provide resources and help to individuals who faced uncontrollable circumstances or did not have the resources and knowledge to provide for themselves. Bergmann received a scholarship to Cornell University and majored in mathematics. While in college pursuing her love for “creating models of simple processes that might or might not resemble what goes on in the actual economy,” she discovered Gunnar Myrdal’s book An American Dilemma that told of the racial inequality in the South. Myrdal's book ignited an interest in race discrimination that eventually developed into a concern for sex discrimination and followed Bergmann throughout her career. After Bergmann graduated with a B.A. in 1948, the recession, discrimination against Jews, and workplace sex segregation made it difficult to find a job that was interesting. Bergmann took a job with the federal government in the New York Office of the Bureau of Labor Statistics where she fielded public inquiries; she was head of the inquiries unit after a year.A firsthand experience with the discrimination of a black employee at the Bureau of Labor Statistics illuminated how real and pervasive race discrimination was at the time. Harvey Purdy was the only black employee at

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 the New York office and, when <mask> managed to get him promoted, he was demoted shortly after and the job was given to someone else. Bergmann received her Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1959 and developed an interest in computer simulated economics, realizing that economics should be based more on observation and field research than solely theorizing. Research and experience has led <mask>n to develop theories and ideas about government policy, the implementation of observation into economics, and racial and gender equality. Organizational involvement
During the Kennedy administration <mask> was a senior staff member of the President's Council of Economic Advisors and she was a Senior Economic Adviser with the Agency for International Development. She also served as an advisor to the Congressional Budget Office and the Bureau of the Census. In 1965 she joined the University of Maryland, teaching there until 1988.From 1988 until 1997 she taught economics at American University. Bergmann was also involved in numerous national and international organizations that promote advancement and equality. She served as chair of the American Economic Association Committee on the Status of Women in Economic Professions, and president of the Eastern Economic Association, the Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics, the American Association of University Professors (1990-1992), and the International Association for Feminist Economics (1999-2000). Awards
<mask>n received the 2004 Carolyn Shaw Bell Award for increasing the status of women in economics and creating an understanding of how women can advance in the academic field. Ideas
Bergmann has made two main contributions to economics. First, she has argued that discrimination is a pervasive characteristic of labor markets. Second, she has argued against the traditional economic methodology of drawing conclusions from a set of unrealistic assumptions.Economics
Bergmann argues that “a lot of what is bad does come from capitalism, but that can be corrected by appropriate government regulations, and by the generous government provision of important services and safety nets. But a lot of what is good and indispensable comes from capitalism too”. Bergmann studied microsimulation at Harvard University with

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 computer generated simulation that provided a model with equations of macrovariables constructed on analogies of microeconomics. She believes that microsimulation provides “rigor, realism, and an ability to incorporate complexities revealed by more empirical investigations into the workings of business.” In a class with Professor Edward Chamberlin at Harvard, Bergmann discovered that economic theory, regardless of its ingenuity or prevalence in the field, can actually produce a different picture of the economy than reality. It was in a market experiment in Chamberlin's class that Bergmann started to believe that economic theory needed to be influenced by actual observation of individuals. One of her personal views of economics is “that true anecdotes may well contain more valuable information about the state of things in the world than do economists’ theories, which are by and large nothing but (possibly untrue) stories made up by economists sitting in their offices, with no factual input whatever”. Bergmann holds that observation and empirical evidence can lead to theories that actually reflect human behavior instead of producing theories on paper that do not always work in reality.She argues that macroeconomics can fix many social problems and economic policy can be used to enhance the lives of individuals, but economists are too persuaded by political affiliation to work toward a common goal. Gender equality
<mask>n notes that equality of the sexes was not present throughout civilization – around there is an economic and social division of labor between men and women historically. Although there has been an influx of women into the labor market and men are performing a larger amount of household labor, there is still an economic division between men and women. Bergmann views the best and most feasible option for equality to be “high commodification” where many of the household tasks and childcare predominantly performed by women are outsourced to organizations and individuals. “High commodification” would include government subsidies for childcare and availability for stipends for married couples and single mothers. Bergmann believes that an increase in commodificaion alone cannot bring about equality, but there also needs to be “an end to


title: Barbara Bergmann

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 discrimination in employment, highly competitive behavior by women, and extra resources from government for families who are raising children.”  Bergmann has a passion for gender equality and desires to see government provisions for equitable treatment of women in the workforce. Death
<mask>n died by suicide at her home in Bethesda, Maryland on 5 April 2015.She was a longtime member of the Hemlock Society and advocate for assisted suicide. She is survived by her son, David Martin Bergmann, and her daughter, Sarah Nellie Bergmann, as well as three grandchildren. Her husband, Fred H<mask>, a microbiologist at the National Institutes of Health, whom she married in 1965, died in 2011. The International Association for Feminist Economics reported via social media that they were "saddened to learn of the recent death of <mask>n" and urged people to honour her memory by donating to the Barbara Bergmann Fellowship Fund. Bibliography

Books

  (new ed: )

Book chapters

Journal articles

1965 - 1969

1970 - 1974

1975 - 1979

1980 - 1984

1985 - 1989

1990 - 1994

1995 - 1999

Reprinted as:

2000 - 2004

2005 - 2009

2010 - 2015

Other

  Pdf. See also
Economics education
Economic simulation
Feminist economics
International Association for Feminist Economics
List of feminist economists
Labor economics
Welfare economics

Further reading

List of articles:

References

External links
 Profile: Barbara Bergmann College of Arts and Sciences, American University
 Home page International Association for Feminist Economics (IAFFE)
Home page Feminist Economics journal
 2004 Carolyn Shaw Bell Award announcement Committee on the Status of Women in the Economics Profession (CSWEP)

1927 births
2015 deaths
American feminists
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Economists from New York (state)
Feminist economists
Cornell University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Jewish American scientists
Jewish feminists
People from the Bronx
Presidents of the American Association of University Professors
American women economists
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American

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texts: <mask> (February 9, 1909December 20, 1994) was the United States Secretary of State from 1961 to 1969 under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, the second-longest serving Secretary of State after Cordell Hull from the Franklin Roosevelt administration. He had been a high government official in the 1940s and early 1950s, as well as the head of a leading foundation. He is cited as one of the two officers responsible for dividing the two Koreas at the 38th parallel. Born to a poor farm family in Cherokee County, Georgia, <mask> graduated from Davidson College and was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University, where he immersed himself in English history and customs. After teaching at Mills College in California, he became an army officer in the war against Japan. He served as a staff officer in the China Burma India Theater, becoming a senior aide to Joseph Stilwell, the top American general. As a civilian he became a senior official in 1945 at the State Department, rising to the number three position under <mask>.He became Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs in 1950. In 1952, <mask> left to become president of the Rockefeller Foundation. After Kennedy won the 1960 presidential election, he asked <mask> to serve as secretary of state. <mask> was a quiet advisor to Kennedy, rarely making his own views known to other officials. He supported diplomatic efforts during the Cuban Missile Crisis and, though he initially expressed doubts about the escalation of the U.S. role in the Vietnam War, he became known as one of its strongest supporters. He was a favorite of President Lyndon Johnson after Kennedy was assassinated in 1963. He left the secretary role in January 1969 and taught international relations at the University of Georgia

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 School of Law.Childhood and education
<mask> <mask> was born in a rural Cherokee County, Georgia. The <mask> ancestors had emigrated from Northern Ireland around 1795. His father Robert Hugh <mask> (1868–1944) had attended Davidson College and Louisville Theological Seminary. He left the ministry to become a cotton farmer and school teacher. <mask>'s mother Elizabeth Frances Clotfelter was of German and Irish extraction, She had graduated from normal school, and was a school teacher. When <mask> was four the family moved to Atlanta where his father worked for the U.S. Post Office. <mask> came to embrace the stern Calvinist work ethic and morality.Like most white Southerners, his family was Democratic; young <mask>'s hero was President Woodrow Wilson, the first Southern president since the Civil War era. The experience of poverty made him sympathetic to black Americans. As a 9 year old, <mask> attended a rally in Atlanta where President Wilson called on the United States to join the League of Nations. <mask> grew up on the mythology and legends of the "Lost Cause" so common to the South, and he came to embrace the militarism of Southern culture as he wrote in a high school essay that "young men should prepare themselves for service in case our country ever got into trouble." At the age of 12, <mask> had joined the ROTC, whose training duties he took very seriously. <mask> had an intense reverence for the military and throughout his later career, he was inclined to accept the advice of generals. He was educated in the best of Atlanta's public schools, graduated from Boys High School in 1925, and spent two years working for an Atlanta lawyer before working his way through Davidson College, a Presbyterian school in North Carolina.He was active in the

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 national military honor society Scabbard and Blade, becoming a cadet lieutenant colonel commanding the Reserve Officers' Training Corps battalion. He graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1931. While at Davidson, <mask> applied the Calvinist work ethic to his studies. He excelled and won a Rhodes Scholarship to Oxford University. He studied international relations, taking an MA in PPE (Politics, Philosophy and Economics). He immersed himself in English history, politics, and popular culture, making lifelong friends among the British elite. <mask>'s rise from poverty made him a passionate believer in the "American Dream", and a recurring theme throughout his life was his often expressed pride in his nation, a place in which he believed that anyone, no matter how modest their circumstances, could rise up to live the "American Dream".<mask> married the former Virginia Foisie (October 5, 1915 – February 24, 1996) on June 9, 1937. They had three children: David, Richard, and <mask>. <mask> taught at Mills College in Oakland, California, from 1934 to 1949 (except during his military service), and he earned an LL.B. law degree at the Boalt Hall law school in 1940. Career prior to 1961
While studying in England as a Rhodes Scholar at St. John's College, Oxford, he received the Cecil Peace Prize in 1933. <mask>'s experiences of the events of the early 1930s decisively shaped his later views, as he told Karnow in an interview: I was a senior in college the year that the Japanese seized Manchuria and I have the picture still etched in my mind from the newsreel of the Chinese ambassador standing before the League of Nations, pleading for help against the Japanese attack. I myself was present in the Oxford Union on that night in 1933, when they passed the motion that "this

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 house will not fight for king and country" ...So one cannot have lived through those years and not have some pretty strong feelings ... that it was the failure of the governments of the world to prevent aggression that made the catastrophe of World War II inevitable.Military in Southeast Asia
During the 1930s <mask> served in the Army reserves. He was called to active duty in December 1940 as a captain. He served as a staff officer in the China Burma India Theater. During the war, <mask> had authorized an air drop of arms to the Viet Minh guerrillas in Vietnam commanded by his future enemy Ho Chi Minh. At war's end he was a colonel, decorated with the Legion of Merit with Oak Leaf Cluster. State Department 1945-1953

<mask> returned to America to work briefly for the War Department in Washington. He joined the Department of State in February 1945, and worked for the office of United Nations Affairs.In the same year, he suggested splitting Korea into spheres of U.S. and of Soviet influence at the 38th parallel north. After Alger Hiss left State in January 1947, <mask> succeeded him (as director of the Office of Special Political Affairs), according to Max Lowenthal. <mask> was a supporter of the Marshall Plan and of the United Nations. In 1948, he supported the Secretary of State George Marshall in advising Truman against recognizing Israel, fearing it would damage relations with oil-rich Arab states like Saudi Arabia, but was overruled by Truman's legal counsel, Clark Clifford, who persuaded the president to recognize Israel. When Marshall was asked to explain why he did not resign over the recognition of Israel, he replied that the secretary of state did not resign over decisions made by the president who had the ultimate control of foreign policy.

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 <mask>, who admired Marshall, supported his decision and always quoted the remark made by Truman: "The president makes the foreign policy". In 1949, he was made deputy undersecretary of state under <mask>, who had replaced Marshall as secretary of state.Assistant secretary of state for Far Eastern affairs
In 1950, <mask> was made assistant secretary of state for Far Eastern affairs, at his own request, arguing that he knew Asia the best. He played an influential part in the US decision to become involved in the Korean War, and in Japan's postwar compensation for victorious countries, as shown in the <mask> documents. <mask> was a cautious diplomat and always sought international support. <mask> favored support for Asian nationalist movements, arguing that European imperialism was doomed in Asia, but the Atlanticist Acheson favored closer relations with the European powers, which precluded American support for Asian nationalism. <mask> dutifully declared it was his duty to support Acheson. French Indochina
When question arose as to whether the United States should support France in maintaining control over Indochina against the Communist Viet Minh guerrillas, <mask> argued for support of the French government, stating that the Viet Minh were just the instruments of Soviet expansionism in Asia and to refuse to support the French would amount to appeasement. Under strong American pressure, the French granted nominal independence to the State of Vietnam in February 1950 under the Emperor Bao Dai, which the United States recognized within days.However, it was widely known that the State of Vietnam was still in effect a French colony as French officials controlled all of the important ministries and the Emperor bitterly remarked to the press: "What they call

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 a Bao Dai solution turns out to be just a French solution." In June 1950, <mask> testified before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee: "This is a civil war that has been in effect captured by the [Soviet] Politburo and, besides, has been turned into a tool of the Politburo. So it isn't a civil war in the usual sense. It is part of the international war ... We have to look at in terms of which side we are on in this particular kind of struggle ... Because Ho Chi Minh is tied with the Politburo, our policy is to support Bao Dai and the French in Indochina until we have time to help them establish a going concern." Korean War
In April 1951, Truman sacked General Douglas MacArthur as the commander of the American forces in Korea over the question about whether to carry the war into China. At the time, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Omar Bradley, called war with China "the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, and with the wrong enemy". In May 1951, <mask> gave a speech at a diner sponsored by the China Institute in Washington, which he had not submitted to the State Department in advance, where he implied the United States should unify Korea under Syngman Rhee and should overthrow Mao Zedong in China.<mask>'s speech attracted more attention than he expected, as the columnist Walter Lippmann ran a column reading "Bradley vs. Rusk", accusing <mask> of advocating a policy of unconditional surrender in the Korean war. For embarrassing Acheson, <mask> was forced to resign and went into the private sector as the director of the Rockefeller Foundation. Rockefeller Foundation
<mask> and his family moved to Scarsdale, New York, while he served as a Rockefeller Foundation trustee from 1950 to 1961. In 1952 he succeeded Chester L.

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 Barnard as president of the foundation. Secretary of State

Selection
On December 12, 1960, Democratic President-elect John F. Kennedy nominated <mask> to be secretary of state. <mask> was not Kennedy's first choice; his first choice, J. William Fulbright, proved too controversial. David Halberstam also described <mask> as "everybody's number two".<mask> had recently written an article titled "The President" in Foreign Affairs calling for the president to direct foreign policy with the secretary of state as a mere adviser, which had Kennedy's interest after it was pointed out to him. After deciding that Fulbright's support for segregation disqualified him, Kennedy summoned <mask> for a meeting, where he himself endorsed Fulbright as the man best qualified to be Secretary of State. <mask> himself was not particularly interested in running the State Department as the annual pay for secretary of state was $25,000 while his job as director of the Rockefeller Foundation paid $60,000 per year. <mask> only agreed to take the position out of a sense of patriotism after Kennedy insisted that he take the job. Kennedy biographer Robert Dallek explained <mask>'s choice thus:

Kennedy tended to address <mask> as "Mr. <mask>" instead of <mask>. <mask> took charge of a department he knew well when it was half the size. It now employed 23,000 people including 6,000 Foreign Service officers and had diplomatic relations with 98 countries.He had faith in the use of military action to combat communism. Despite private misgivings about the Bay of Pigs invasion, he remained noncommittal during the executive council meetings leading up to the attack and never opposed it outright. Early in his tenure, he had strong doubts about US intervention in Vietnam, but later his

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 vigorous public defense of US actions in the Vietnam War made him a frequent target of anti-war protests. Just as had under the Truman administration, <mask> tended to favor hawkish line towards Vietnam and frequently allied himself in debates in the Cabinet and on the National Security Council with equally hawkish Defense Secretary Robert McNamara. Vietnam and Laos
Against the criticism made by Edward Lansdale of the embassy in Saigon, <mask> defended the performance of the State Department, saying South Vietnam was a difficult assignment. On 9 March 1961, the communist Pathet Lao won a notable victory on the Plains of Jars, and a for a moment the Pathet Lao seemed on the verge of seizing all of Laos. <mask> expressed considerable disgust when he learned that neither side in the Lao civil war fought very hard, citing a report that both sides had broken off combat to go celebrate a water festival for ten days before resuming their battle.<mask>, who had much experience of Southeast Asia during World War Two, expressed much doubt if bombing alone would stop the Lathet Lao, saying it was his experience that bombing only worked with ground troops to hold the ground or advance. Military plans
The undersecretary of state, Chester Bowles, wrote to <mask> in late March 1961, saying he heard rumors that Cuban emigres were being trained by the CIA for an invasion of Cuba, which he asked <mask> to stop, saying it was against the rules of the Organization of American States. <mask> did not pass on the memo to Kennedy nor did he himself speak out against the Bay of Pigs invasion, even his own military experience had convinced him that a single brigade "did not stand a snowball's chance in hell" of toppling's Cuba's government. In April 1961, when a proposal to

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 send 100 more American military advisers to South Vietnam to make a total of 800 appeared before Kennedy, <mask> argued for acceptance even as he noted that it violated the Geneva Accords of 1954 (which had the United States had not signed, but promised to abide by), which limited the number of foreign military personnel in Vietnam to 700 at a time. <mask> stated that International Control Commission consisting of diplomats from India, Poland and Canada which was supposed to enforce the Geneva Accords should not be informed of the deployment and the advisers "be placed in varied locations to avoid attention". <mask> favored a hawkish line on Laos. Kennedy decided otherwise, on the grounds that Laos had no modern airfields and there was a risk of Chinese intervention.<mask> opened the Geneva conference on neutralizing Laos and predicted to Kennedy that the negotiations would fail. <mask> continued his Rockefeller Foundation interest in aiding developing nations and also supported low tariffs to encourage world trade. <mask> drew the ire of supporters of Israel after he let it be known that he believed the USS Liberty incident was a deliberate attack on the ship, rather than an accident. Asian affairs
On March 24, 1961, <mask> released a brief statement saying his delegation was to travel to Bangkok and the SEATO nations' responsibility should be considered if peace settlements were not realized. In 1961, <mask> disapproved of the Indian invasion of Goa, which he regarded as an act of aggression against NATO ally Portugal, but was overruled by Kennedy who wanted to improve relations with India and who also noted the Portuguese had no other option but to be allied to the United States. Earlier in 1961, a major rebellion had broken out in the Portuguese

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 colony of Angola, which increased Portugal's reliance upon its largest supplier of arms, the United States. In regards to the West New Guinea dispute about the Netherlands New Guinea, <mask> favored supporting the NATO ally Netherlands against Indonesia as he saw Sukarno as pro-Chinese.<mask> accused Indonesia of aggression by attacking the Dutch forces in New Guinea in 1962 and believed that Sukarno had violated the United Nations charter, but was again overruled by Kennedy. In a case of realpolitik, Kennedy argued the Dutch had no choice, but to be allied with the United States, meaning they could be taken for granted whereas he was highly concerned that Indonesia, which he called "the most significant nation in Southeast Asia", might become communist. To improve relations with Sukarno, Kennedy decided to support the Indonesian claim to Dutch New Guinea; <mask> later wrote he felt "queasy" about the way that Kennedy sacrificed the Dutch to win over Indonesia and had strong doubts that the "consultation" scheduled to determine the future of the territory in 1969 would be a free and fair one. Middle East
President Nasser of Egypt was regarded as a trouble-maker in Washington owing to Egypt's alliance with the Soviet Union and his plans for a pan-Arab state that would of necessity require overthrowing the governments of every Arab state, most notably American allies such as Saudi Arabia. In the Arab Cold War between Egypt and Saudi Arabia, <mask> favored the latter. However, at the same time, <mask> argued to Kennedy to Nasser was a spoiler who wanted to play off the Soviet Union against the United States to get the best possible bargain for Egypt, and if he leaned in a pro-Soviet direction, it was because the United States refused to sell Egypt arms


title: Dean Rusk

texts: out of the fear that they might be used against Israel whereas the Soviets by contrast were willing to sell Egyptians any arms they wanted short of nuclear weapons. <mask> noted the United States still had significant leverage over Egypt in the form of the PL 480 law that allowed the United States to sell surplus American agricultural production to any "friendly nation" in the local currency instead of U.S. dollars.In Egypt, the government subsidized the sale of staple foods like bread at cost or below cost prices, and Egypt's growing population, which outstripped the capacity of Egypt's agriculture, required Egypt to import food. Nasser had become very dependent upon the PL 480 food sales to provide food at cost to his people, and moreover the Soviet Union could not hope to match America's food sales to Egypt. Nasser argued in exchange for PL 480 food sales that he would not start a war with Israel, saying for that for all his fiery speeches he promised to keep the Arab-Israeli dispute "in the icebox". <mask> argued that to Kennedy and later Johnson that they should resist congressional pressure to end the PL 480 food sales to Egypt, stating that ending the PL 480 sales would only push Nasser closer to the Soviet Union and end the leverage that kept the peace between Egypt and Israel. When Nasser sent 70, 000 Egyptian troops into Yemen in September 1962 to support the republican government against the royalist guerrillas supported by Saudi Arabia, <mask> approved of increased arm sales to Saudi Arabia, which were an indirect way of supporting the Yemeni royalists. In common with decision-makers in Washington, <mask> felt that the United States had to support Saudi Arabia against Egypt, but he advised Kennedy against pushing Nasser too hard, saying

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 that it would only drive him closer to the Soviet Union. On October 8, 1962, a "Food for Peace" deal was signed with Egypt under the United States committed itself to sell at cost $390 million worth of wheat to Egypt for the next three years.By 1962, Egypt imported 50% of its wheat consumed from the United States and owing to the PL 480 law was some $180 million per year at a time when Egypt's foreign reserves were almost deleted owing to a heavy level of military spending. In May 1963, out of anger at being trapped in the quagmire of fighting a guerrilla war in Yemen, Nasser ordered Egyptian Air Force squadrons in Yemen to start bombing towns in Saudi Arabia. With Egypt and Saudi Arabia on the brink of war, Kennedy decided with the support of <mask> to throw America's weight on the side of Saudi Arabia. Kennedy quietly dispatched several U.S Air Force squadrons to Saudi Arabia and warned Nasser that if he attacked Saudi Arabia, the United States would go to war with Egypt. The American warning had its effect and Nasser decided that discretion was the better part of valor. Despite all the tension in American-Egyptian relations, <mask> still argued that it was better to keep the PL 480 food sales to Egypt going than to end them, maintaining keeping the Arab-Israeli dispute "in the icebox" as Nasser phrased it depended upon the United States having leverage over Egypt. Cuba
During the Cuban Missile Crisis he supported diplomatic efforts.A careful review by Sheldon Stern, Head of the JFK Library, of Kennedy's audio recordings of the EXCOMM meetings suggests that <mask>'s contributions to the discussions probably averted a nuclear war. Overthrow of Vietnam President Diem
In August 1963, a series of misunderstandings rocked the Kennedy administration when,

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 in reaction to the Buddhist crisis, a policy proposal urging the overthrow of President Diem of South Vietnam was presented to Kennedy. He stated he would consider adopting it if <mask> gave his approval first. <mask>, who had gone to New York to attend a session of the United Nations, cautiously gave approval out of the impression that Kennedy had approved it first. When it emerged that was not the case, Kennedy assembled his foreign policy team for a stormy meeting at the White House, with several, such as McNamara, Vice President Lyndon Johnson, and CIA director John McCone, all speaking for standing with Diem, while others like the Undersecretary of State George Ball, W. Avrell Harriman and Roger Hilsman argued for deposing Diem. Much to Kennedy's annoyance, <mask> maintained a stony silence, refusing to take a side. At the end of the meeting, Kennedy exclaimed: "My God, my government is falling apart!"On August 31, 1963, the diplomat Paul Kattenburg reported from Saigon that public opinion in South Vietnam was overwhelmingly hostile to Diem, which led him to suggest it was time "for us to get out honorably". All of the assembled officials rejected Kattenburg's idea, with <mask> saying "we will not pull out ... until the war is won." <mask> reassigned Kattenburg from South Vietnam to Guyana. Poor relationship with President Kennedy
As he recalled in his autobiography, As I Saw It, <mask> did not have a good relationship with President Kennedy. The president was often irritated by <mask>'s reticence in advisory sessions and felt that the State Department was "like a bowl of jelly" and that it "never comes up with any new ideas". In 1963, Newsweek ran a cover story on the National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy under the title "Cool Head for the