title: Robbie Fowler

texts:
 Sponsorship
In his playing career, <mask> was sponsored by the sportswear company Nike, and appeared in Nike commercials. In 1997 he starred in Nike's "Park Life" commercial (set to the tune "Parklife" by Blur) where a group of amateur pub league players playing football at Hackney Marshes in east London are suddenly joined by top Premier League footballers, including <mask>, Eric Cantona and Ian Wright. In 2000, "Park Life" ranked number 15 in Channel 4's poll of the 100 Greatest TV Ads.Personal life
<mask> married wife Kerrie on 9 June 2001 in the town of Duns, Scottish Borders in Scotland. Together they have three daughters and one son. <mask> is a supporter of Liverpool F.C. and regularly attends matches at Anfield. He does media work for Abu Dhabi Sports Channel, Sky Sports and ITV. In association with long-term friend Steve McManaman, <mask> has invested in several racehorses through their company The Macca and Growler Partnership, most notably 2003 Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother Celebration Chase runner-up Seebald. In 2005, <mask> was listed as one of the 1,000 wealthiest Britons by the Sunday Times Rich List, with the paper estimating he has a property portfolio of more than 80, while his <mask> Sports Promotions company has been reported to have net assets of £1.58 million.Other business interests including a large property portfolio have resulted in <mask>'s net wealth totaling £28 million. This gave rise to the affectionate Manchester City Football Club chant, "We all live in a <mask> house", sung to the tune of "Yellow Submarine". On 2 September 2005, <mask> released a book called <mask>: My Autobiography, about his time as a footballer and the issues surrounding him. Since his

masks:
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Robbie Fowler
Fowler
Robbie Fowler
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title: Robbie Fowler

type: original

texts:
 transfer to Liverpool, he has updated it and included a section about his return to Anfield. Excerpts published in newspapers included criticism of the England management. In June 2008, <mask> participated alongside McManaman in Steve Nash and Claudio Reyna's Showdown in Chinatown, an 8-on-8 charity football game at Sara D. Roosevelt Park in Manhattan with McManaman making five of the goals, including one for <mask>. In 2011, <mask> and McManaman participated in a Select World XI against Chechen dictator Ramzan Kadyrov and his select XI in a public relations fundraiser in the war-torn nation's capital of Grozny.The match caused much press bewilderment in the western world, mainly due to Kadyrov's abysmal human rights record and known practices of torture and rape as weapons of rule. British press also cited the use of and payment of footballers to parade the event as particularly "evil", with The Guardian labelling it "Football's moment in Bed with Kadyrov". <mask> is a cousin of boxer and 2014 Commonwealth Games gold medallist <mask>. Career statistics

Club
Sources:

International
Sources:

International goals
England score listed first, score column indicates score after each <mask>'s goal. Managerial

Honours

Club
Liverpool
FA Cup: 2000–01
Football League Cup: 1994–95, 2000–01
UEFA Cup: 2000–01
UEFA Super Cup: 2001
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2006–07

International
England U18
UEFA European Under-18 Championship: 1993

Individual
Premier League Player of the Month: December 1995, January 1996
PFA Young Player of the Year: 1995, 1996
UEFA Fair Play Award: 1997
Alan Hardaker Trophy: 2001
North Queensland Fury Player of the Year: 2010
North Queensland Fury Golden Boot: 2010
North

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Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Anthony Fowler
Fowler


title: Robbie Fowler

texts:
 Queensland Fury Players' Player of the Year: 2010
Perth Glory Golden Boot: 2011

References

Bibliography

External links

 Goal.com profile
 <mask> player profile at liverpoolfc.com
 LFC History Profile
 England Record

1975 births
Footballers from Liverpool
Living people
English footballers
Association football forwards
Liverpool F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
Manchester City F.C.players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Northern Fury FC players
Perth Glory FC players
<mask>
Premier League players
English Football League players
A-League Men players
Marquee players (A-League Men)
<mask>
UEFA Cup winning players
England under-21 international footballers
England B international footballers
England international footballers
UEFA Euro 1996 players
UEFA Euro 2000 players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
English expatriate footballers
English expatriate sportspeople in Australia
English expatriate sportspeople in Thailand
Expatriate soccer players in Australia
Expatriate footballers in Thailand
Milton Keynes Dons F.C. non-playing staff
Bury F.C. non-playing staff
Liverpool F.C. non-playing staff
English football managers
<mask>
Brisbane Roar FC managers
<mask>
A-League Men managers
Expatriate football managers in Thailand
Expatriate soccer managers in Australia
English autobiographers
FA Cup Final

masks:
Robbie Fowler
Robbie Fowler
Robbie Fowler
Robbie Fowler
Robbie Fowler


title: Yannick Bolasie

texts:
<mask> (born 24 May 1989) is a professional footballer who plays as a winger for Turkish Süper Lig club Çaykur Rizespor. Born in Lyon, he has played in the Football League for Plymouth Argyle, Barnet, Bristol City, Crystal Palace, Everton and Aston Villa. <mask> has been capped at international level by the DR Congo national football team. Club career

Early career
<mask> began his career with Rushden & Diamonds at age 16. He spent four months as a member of their youth team and then had a spell with Hillingdon Borough in the Southern Football League before moving across Europe to play for Floriana in the Maltese Premier League. He returned to England in 2008 after being offered a trial with Plymouth Argyle and impressed enough to be offered a two-year contract. He joined Dagenham & Redbridge on trial with a view to a loan move before returning to Rushden & Diamonds on loan near the end of the year.He made his debut against Eastbourne Borough on 29 November, and made seven appearances in the Conference before returning to Argyle in January 2009. <mask> then joined Barnet on loan, making his Football League debut against Accrington Stanley on 24 January 2009. He scored his first goal two weeks later, opening the scoring in a 3–3 draw against Grimsby Town. <mask> returned to Argyle at the end of the 2008–09 season having made 20 league appearances for Barnet, scoring three goals. The club's manager, Ian Hendon, was keen to bring Bolasie back, but dismissed the chances of signing him permanently. Hendon said, "Yannick is still under contract at Plymouth, so it is likely that he will return there at the end of the season." He rejoined the Barnet squad in July 2009 ahead of the new season on a six-month loan, and hoped it would act as a springboard to winning a place in the Argyle first team.<mask>

masks:
Yannick Bolasie
Bolasie
Bolasie
Bolasie
Bolasie
Bolasie


title: Yannick Bolasie

texts:
 scored against Grimsby again in October 2009, capping a fine display with a fierce shot from 30 yards <mask> scored his second goal of the season three weeks later against Darlington, as Hendon's side maintained a place in the top half of the League Two table. Plymouth Argyle

Bolasie returned to Plymouth Argyle in January 2010, having made a further 22 league appearances for Barnet, scoring twice. He was given a chance to impress by Paul Mariner, who had succeeded Sturrock a month earlier, and included him in the squad to take on Barnsley on 13 February 2010. He made his debut for the club in that game, coming off the substitute bench to provide the momentum to turn a one nil deficit into a 3–1 win for the visitors. He scored his first goal for the club two weeks later at Sheffield United. The pacy winger, ended the season with 16 Championship appearances to his name, but could not prevent the club from being relegated to League One. <mask> was offered a new contract by the club in April 2010, and <mask> signed it in July after the arrival of Peter Reid as the club's new manager.Bristol City
<mask> was transferred to Bristol City on 6 June 2011 for an undisclosed fee and signed a two-year contract. He scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 win against Coventry City on 9 April 2012. Prior to the match against Barnsley later that month, <mask> was named Young Player of the Year by the Supporters Club and Trust after a fans vote. He submitted a written transfer request in August 2012 because he wanted to move back to London. Crystal Palace
In August 2012, <mask> signed a three-year contract with Crystal Palace for an undisclosed fee. He made his debut in a 2–1 defeat at Middlesbrough, and scored his first goal for Palace in a 5–0 home win against Ipswich Town. He was an unused substitute for

masks: Bolasie Bolasie Bolasie Bolasie Bolasie Bolasie


title: Yannick Bolasie

texts:
 Palace in the 2013 Football League Championship play-off Final as the Eagles defeated Watford 1–0 to gain promotion to the Premier League for the 2013–14 season.<mask> made his Premier League debut as a substitute against Liverpool at Anfield on 5 October 2013. He was sent-off in the 78th minute of a 1–0 win at Hull City on 23 November 2013, and scored his first Premier League goal in a 3–2 win over Everton at Goodison Park on 21 September 2014. On 11 April 2015, <mask> scored an 11-minute hat-trick against Sunderland in a 4–1 win at the Stadium of Light, becoming the first Crystal Palace player to score a hat-trick in the Premier League. He signed a new three-and-a-half-year deal for Crystal Palace early in the 2015–16 season. Everton
On 15 August 2016, <mask> joined Everton for a reported £25 million transfer fee. He made his debut as a substitute in a 2–1 win away against West Bromwich Albion five days later, and three days after that made his first start for Everton, in a 4–0 EFL Cup win at home to Yeovil Town. <mask> sustained an injury to his right anterior cruciate ligament in a 1–1 draw with Manchester United on 4 December 2016, and was out injured until 26 December 2017.On 2 October 2020, manager Carlo Ancelotti said that although Bolasie was training well, he was not in his plans and was free to leave the club. He left the club in June 2021. Loans
<mask> signed for Aston Villa on a season-long loan in August 2018, but returned, early, the following January, before being loaned to Belgian side Anderlecht for the remainder of the 2018–19 season. In September 2019 he joined Portuguese club Sporting CP on loan for the 2019–20 season. On 28 January 2021, <mask> moved to EFL Championship club Middlesbrough, on a loan deal until the end of the season. He scored his first goal for Middlesbrough


title: Yannick Bolasie

texts:
 on 5 April 2021 in a 1–1 draw with Watford. Caykur Rizespor
In August 2021, <mask> moved to Turkey to join Süper Lig club Çaykur Rizespor.International career
<mask> was eligible to represent France, England and DR Congo internationally through birth, upbringing and heritage respectively. In January 2013 while playing in the Championship for Crystal Palace, <mask> rejected the chance to represent the DR Congo in the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations claiming that he did not want to disrupt making progress in his club career. In March 2013, <mask> was again called up to the Democratic Republic of Congo squad, and made his international debut in a 2014 World Cup qualification 0–0 draw with Libya. <mask> was selected in the Congolese squad for the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations in Equatorial Guinea. He scored the equaliser in their first group game, a 1–1 draw against Zambia at the Nuevo Estadio de Ebebiyín on 18 January. The team finished in third place. Personal life
His parents were born in Zaire, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo.<mask> was born in the French city of Lyon, but moved to England when he was seven months old and grew up in the London borough of Brent. Lomana LuaLua, Kazenga LuaLua and Trésor Kandol are his cousins. His younger brother Ruddock Yala is a footballer, who played for Harrow Borough F.C., Grays Athletic F.C., Borehamwood F.C. and Maldon & Tiptree F.C. Bolasie holds an active interest in grime music. In 2014, he filmed a rap battle with fellow professional footballer Bradley Wright-Phillips for the long running grime DVD series Lord of the Mics. Career statistics

Club

International

DR Congo score listed first, score column indicates score after each Bolasie goal

Honours
Crystal Palace
Football League Championship play-offs: 2013
FA Cup runner-up: 2015–16

Individual
PFA


title: Nizamuddin Auliya

texts:
<mask> (; sometimes spelled Awliya; 1238 – 3 April 1325), also known as <mask>, and Mahbub-e-Ilahi ( lit. "Beloved of God") was an Indian Sunni Muslim scholar, Sufi saint of the Chishti Order, and is one of the most famous Sufis from the Indian Subcontinent. His predecessors were Fariduddin Ganjshakar, Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki, and Moinuddin Chishti, who were the masters of the Chishti spiritual chain or silsila in the Indian subcontinent. <mask>, like his predecessors, stressed love as a means of realising God. For him his love of God implied a love of humanity. His vision of the world was marked by a highly evolved sense of religious pluralism and kindness. It is claimed by the 14th century historiographer Ziauddin Barani that his influence on the Muslims of Delhi was such that a paradigm shift was effected in their outlook towards worldly matters.People began to be inclined towards mysticism and prayers and remaining aloof from the world. it is also believed that Ghiyas-ud-din tughluq founder of Tughluq dynasty interacted with <mask>. Initially,they used to share good relationship but soon this got embittered and
relation between Ghiyas-ud-din tughluq and <mask> Auliya never been reformed due to opinion disharmony and their antagonism resulted regular disputes between them during that era. Life
<mask>  <mask> was born in Badayun, Uttar Pradesh (Also, spelled as Budaun, it is located near the Ganges river in the center of Western Uttar Pradesh). At the age of five, after the

masks:
Muhammad Nizamuddin Auliya
Harat Nizamuddin
Nizamuddin Auliya
Nizamuddin
Nizamuddin
Nizamuddin
Auliya


title: Nizamuddin Auliya

texts:
 April 1325. His shrine, the Nizamuddin Dargah, is located in Delhi. and the present structure was built in 1562. The shrine is visited by people of all faiths, through the year, though it becomes a place for special congregation during the death anniversaries, or Urs, of <mask> <mask> and Amīr Khusro, who is also buried at the Nizāmuddīn Dargāh. Key beliefs

Besides believing in the traditional Sufi ideas of embracing God within this life (as he was opposed to the idea that such partial merger with God is possible only after death), by destroying the ego and cleansing the soul, and that this is possible through considerable efforts involving Sufi practices, <mask> also expanded and practised the unique features introduced by past saints of the Chisti Sufi order in India. These included:
 Emphasis on renunciation and having complete trust in God.The unity of mankind and shunning distinctions based on social, economic and religious status. Helping the needy, feeding the hungry and being sympathetic to the oppressed. Strong disapproval of mixing with the Sultans, the princes and the nobles. Exhortation in making close contact with the poor and the downtrodden
 Adopting an uncompromising attitude towards all forms of political and social oppression. Adopting the permissibility of Sema. Holding the stance however that Sema is only permissible when musical instruments and dancing are not present. Holding the orthodox Sunni belief that musical instruments are prohibited.<mask> did not

masks: Nizamuddin Auliya Nizamuddin Nizamuddin


title: Nizamuddin Auliya

texts:
 much bother about the theoretical aspects of Sufism, believing rather that it were the practical aspects that counted, as it was anyway not possible to describe the diversified mystical experiences called spiritual states or stations which a practicing Sufi encountered. He discouraged the demonstration of Keramat and emphasised that it was obligatory for the Auliya (which roughly means the friends of God) to hide the ability of Keramat from the commoners. He also was quite generous in accepting disciples. Usually whoever came to him saying that he wanted to become a disciple was granted that favour. This resulted in him being always surrounded by people from all strata of society. Ancestral history
Like many saints before him, <mask> Aulia traced his lineage from the family of Muhammad. Spiritual history

He was merely sixteen or seventeen years old when he first heard the name of Farīduddīn Ganjshakar, and feelings of love and respect arose in his heart right then.He narrates to his disciples that he never felt the same after hearing or even meeting any other Sufi. The love kept increasing like a burning fire. If his classmates would like to have some work out of him they used to invoke the name of Baba Farid, and he never refused anything asked in his name. He didn't feel the same for anyone else in his entire lifetime. He became his disciple after completing his studies at the age of 20. He visited him thrice in his lifetime. Students
He had more than 600 khalifas (a khalifa


title: Nizamuddin Auliya

texts:
 is a disciple who is given the authority to take his own disciples and thus propagate the spiritual lineage) who continued his lineage all over the world.Some of his most famous disciples are:

Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi
He was the spiritual successor of <mask> <mask>. He is considered fifth amongst the big five of the Chisti order in India (the others being Moinuddin Chishti, Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, Fariduddin Ganjshakar, <mask> <mask>). His shrine is in Chirag Dilli, New Delhi, India. Amir Khusrow
He was the most loved disciple of his master. He was so close to his master that once Nizāmuddīn Auliyā' said, "If the sharī'ah allowed me I would have liked him to be buried with me in the same grave." It is said that he also said once that whoever comes to visit his grave must visit the grave of Amīr Khusro first and then his. He died within a few months of his master's death.He was buried at the feet of his master. His shrine is in Nizāmuddīn Dargāh, New Delhi. Qazi Qawam-Udeen Siddiqui
He was given the title Zubtadul Awliya and was a disciple of his master. He along with his father-in-law Qazi Sultan Zulqarni build Rohtak fort. His descendants are named Qawami Siddiquis and now number in thousands, all have migrated to Pakistan and can be found in Mirpur AK, Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore and Multan. Akhi Siraj Aainae Hind
He was given the title of Āainae-Hind (Mirror of India) by Nizāmuddīn Auliyā' and lived with him for a long time. He was amongst the earliest disciples of Nizāmuddīn

masks: Nizamuddin Auliya Nizamuddin Auliya


title: Nizamuddin Auliya

texts:
 Auliyā', who sent him to Bengal.His shrine is at Pirana Pir Dargah, Malda City, Malda, West Bengal. Burhanuddin Gharib
He is also amongst the earliest disciples of <mask> <mask> and lived with the master until his death. After the death of <mask> <mask>, he went to the Deccan, and the place where he lived became famous thereby. His shrine is in Khuldabad in Maharashtra. Jalaluddin Peer Manik Bhandari
He is also amongst the earliest disciples (Khalifa)of <mask> Auliya Mehbub e Ilahi Delhi. He ran the Langar khana of <mask> <mask>. He went to the Deccan with Burhanuddin Gharib with 1400 palki, and became famous by the name of Bhandari.His shrine is in Fatehabad Taluka Gangapur District Aurangabad of Maharashtra. His Grand family is living in Aurangabad Maharashtra. And they are conducting Urs shareef every year continuously. His current Gaddi Nashin is Sufi Shaikh Tajuddin Chisty Bhandari & Nayab Sajjada Nashin is Sufi Shaikh Fayazuddin Chisty Bhandari (Tausif Jalal). Descendants
<mask> <mask> had one brother named Jamaluddin. He told him, "your descendants will be my descendants". Jamaluddin had one son named Ibrahim.He was nurtured by <mask> <mask> after Jamaluddin's death. <mask> <mask> sent his nephew to Bengal in Eastern India along with one of his disciples (khalifa) Akhi Siraj Aainae Hind, known as Aaina-e-Hind. Alaul Haq Pandavi (the master (Pir) of Ashraf Jahangir Semnani) became his disciple and khalifa. Ala-ul-Haq Pandwi married his sister-in-law (sister of Syed Badruddin

masks: Nizamuddin Auliya Nizamuddin Auliya Nizamuddin Nizamuddin Auliya Nizamuddin Auliya Nizamuddin Auliya Nizamuddin Auliya


title: Nizamuddin Auliya

texts: Badr-e-Alam Zahidi) to Ibrahim. They had one son, Fariduddin Tavaela Bukhsh, who became a well known Chisti Sufi of Bihar. He was married to the daughter of Alaul Haq Pandavi. He became the khalifa of Noor Qutb-e-Aalam Padwi (the eldest son and spiritual successor of Alaul Haq Pandavi).His shrine is in Chandpura, Bihar Sharif, Bihar. Many of his descendants are well known Sufis, namely Moinuddin Sani,  Naseeruddin Sani,  Sultan Chisti Nizami,  Bahauddin Chisti Nizami,  Deewan Syed Shah Abdul Wahab (his shrine is in Choti Takiya, Biharsharif),  Sultan Sani, Amjad Hussain Chisti Nizami, among others. He spread Chisti Nizami order all over Northern India. Ijaza of his Silsila  (order) is present in all the existing khanqahs of Bihar. His descendants still reside in Bihar Sharif and can be found in many parts of the world. The current Sajjada Nasheen of Chillah of Usman Harooni is his direct descendant. Fariduddin Tavaela Bukhsh commemorated (originated) the Urs of Usman Harooni at his chillah in Belchi, Bihar Sharif (First Sajjada Nasheen).<mask> Aulia also had one sister named Bibi Ruqayya who is buried next to Bibi Zulekha, the mother of Khwaja <mask> Aulia in Adhchini village in Delhi. <mask> <mask> did not marry. He brought his Pir/Shaikh's grandson named Khwaja Muhammad Imam, who was the son of Bibi Fatima (daughter of Baba Farid and Badruddin is'haq) as mentioned in Seyrul Aulia book, Nizami bansari, The life and time of Khwaja <mask> Aulia by Khaliq Ahmed Nizami. Still the

masks: Nizamuddin Nizamuddin Nizamuddin Auliya Nizamuddin


title: Nizamuddin Auliya

texts:
 descendants of Khwaja Muhammad Imam are the caretakers of dargah sharif. The Chisti Nizami order

<mask> <mask> was the founder of the Chisti Nizami order. He had hundreds of disciples (khalifa) who had Ijaza (khilafat) from him to spread the order. Khuwaja Noman Nayyir Kulachvi (Khalifa e Majaz) Kulachi, Pakistan, Khalifa Omer Tarin Chishti-Nizami Ishq Nuri, Qalandarabad, Pakistan.Branches
The Chisti order branched out with <mask> Auliya to form the Chisti Nizami order. A parallel branch which started with Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari, another disciple of Baba Farid, was the Chisti Sabiri branch. People started adding Nizami gracefully after their name. He spiritually made many great Sufis amongst his students, descendants and the Sufis of the Nizami order. The branches of the Chisti Nizami order are as follows:

Naseeria
His disciple Nasiruddin Muhammad Chirag-e-Dehli started the Nizamia Naseeria branch. Hussainia
The Hussainia branch is named for Syed Muhammad Kamaluddin Hussaini Gisudaraz Bandanawaz. He was the most famous and loved disciple of Nasiruddin Muhammad Chirag-e-Dehli.The khanqah he established in Gulbarga, Karnataka,  is still in existence. Fakhri
The "Fakhri" branch is named for Muhib Un Nabi Maulana Fakhr Ud Din Fakhr E Jahan Dehlvi, peer o murshid of Shah Niyaz Be Niyaz. Niyazia

Shah Niyaz Ahmad Barelvi, in the 19th century started the Niyazia branch. Serajia

The Nizamia Serajia branch was started by Serajuddin Aqi Seraj. This branch is also known as Chistia

masks: Nizamuddin Auliya Nizamuddin


title: Nizamuddin Auliya

texts:
 Serajia. Ashrafia
The Chistia Ashrafia  branch was started by Ashraf Jahangir Semnani. He established a khanqah, still in existence at Kichaucha sharif, Uttar Pradesh, India.Faridia
The Chistia Serajia Faridia order was started by Fariduddin Tavaelabukhsh, a descendant of <mask> <mask> and a Sufi of the Serajia branch of the Chisti order. This branch is also known as Nizamia Serajia Faridia. Ishq-Nuri
The Ishq Nuri order, branch of the main Chishti- Nizami, was founded by Shaikh Khwaja Khalid Mahmood Chishti sahib, in Lahore, Pakistan, in the 1960s. It is the most contemporary expression of this traditional Sufi lineage. It is mostly found in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, although now some followers are also to be found in the West. Lutfia
Silsila Chishtia-Nizamia-Lutfia was continued by Moulana Lutfullah Shah Dankouri. The disciples of this silsila are found in Pakistan, India, England, Canada and USA.During the short reign of Qutbu'd-Din Mubarak Shah

During the last years of 'Ala'u'd-Din's life, the intrigues of Malik Na'ib deprived Khizr Khan of succeeding legitimately to the throne. Malik Na'ib had Khizr Khan blinded and Qutbu'd-Din Mubarak Shah (1316–20), another claimant to the throne, narrowly escaped death. When Mubarak Shah ascended the throne he had Khizr Khan and the latter's brothers executed. Shaikh Nizamu'd-Din took no interest in political upheavals but could not escape the brunt of Sultan Mubarak Shah's fury for having made Khizr Khan his disciple. Speaking

masks: Nizamuddin Auliya


title: Nizamuddin Auliya

texts:
 disparagingly of the Shaikh he began to hatch schemes against him. He prohibited his nobles from visiting Ghiyaspur. Mubarak Shah also constructed a mosque, the Masjid-i Miri, Where all the Sufis and 'ulama' were ordered to perform their prayers.The Shaikh refused to comply with the Sultan's orders, remonstrating that the mosque in his neighborhood had a greater claim on him. On the first day of each month, the entire religious community of Delhi, gathered at the palace to offer congratulations prayer to the Sultan. The Shaikh further angered the Sultan by sending a servant as his delegate. The Sultan threatened the Shaikh with serious consequences if he personally failed to pay homage. Refusing to heed the threat, the Shaikh quietly prayed at his mother's tomb and returned to his jama'at-khana. As the last day of the month approached, the capital was filled with anxiety, while the Shaikh himself remained calm. But the first day of the next month did not come for the Sultan.He was assassinated on the first night of Jumada II, 720/8 July 1320 by his favorite and protege, Khusraw Khan Barwar, who was later overthrown by Ghazi Malik who later came to be known as Ghiyasu'd-Din Tughluq. Urs
The Urs (death anniversary) of <mask> <mask> is celebrated at the Nizamuddin Dargah on the 17th-18th of Rabi II (Rabi-ul-Aaqir), and that of Amir Khusro on the 18th of Shawwal. In popular culture
Aulea-E-Islam, a 1979 Indian Muslim social film by A. Shamsheer pays tribute to various Islamic saints


title: Nizamuddin Auliya

texts:
 including <mask> <mask>, featuring a song "Nizamuddin Aulia" sung by Jani Babu Qawwal and written by Viqar Nagri. Arziyan, a qawwali in the film Delhi 6 (2009) composed by A. R. Rahman, is dedicated to <mask> <mask>. Kun Faya Kun a song in the film Rockstar (2011) is also dedicated to him, and was shot at the dargah. A famous Bangla song 'Nizamuddin Aulia" is dedicated to him on his historic return to Delhi. Further reading
 "Nizami Bansari" by Khwaja Hasan Nizami; also available in Urdu & Hindi by his successor Khwaja Hasan Sani Nizami
 The Life and Times of Shaikh Nizam-u'd-din <mask>, by Khaliq Ahmad Nizami; Idarah-i Adabyat-i Delli, 1991.Nizam Ad-Din Awliya: Morals for the Heart, by Bruce B. Lawrence; 1991, Paulist Press. .
 Khwajah Nizamuddin Auliya, by Abdurrahman Mumin; Qazi Publishers and Distributors, 1998, . Sheikh <mask> Auliya, by Khaliq Ahmad Nizami; National Book Trust, 2004, . The Dargah of Nizamuddin Auliya, by Laxmi Dhaul; Pallee, Anoop Kamath, Rupa & Co., 2006. .
 Fawa'id al-Fu'ad : Spiritual and Literary Discourses of Shaikh <mask> Awliya. Originally Compiled by Amir Hasan 'Ala' Sijzi Dehlawi. English translation with introduction and historical annotation by Ziya-ul-Hasan Faruqi. New Delhi, D.K. Printworld, 1996, 495 p. .

See also
 Nizamuddin Auliya Dargah
 Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani
Ali Hujwiri
Moinuddin Chishti
Aaj Rang Hai
Akhi Siraj Aainae Hind
Alaul Haq Pandavi
Ashraf Jahangir Semnani

References

External links
 A website about <mask> Aulia
 The Life of

masks: Nizamuddin Auliya Nizamuddin Auliya Auliya Nizamuddin Nizamuddin Nizamuddin


title: Nizamuddin Auliya

texts:
 <mask> Auliya
  <mask> Aulia at Moinuddin Chishti website

1238 births
1325 deaths
Chishtis
People from Budaun
People from Delhi
Indian people of Arab descent
Indian Sufi saints
13th-century Indian Muslims
13th-century Indian scholars
Hanafis
Maturidis
13th-century Indian philosophers
13th-century Indian people
14th-century Indian people
14th-century Indian philosophers
14th-century Indian

masks: Nizamuddin Nizamuddin


title: Mary Fisher (activist)

texts:
<mask> (born April 6, 1948) is an American political activist, artist and author. After contracting HIV from her second husband, she has become an outspoken HIV/AIDS-activist for the prevention, education and for the compassionate treatment of people with HIV and AIDS. She is particularly noted for speeches before two Republican Conventions: Houston in 1992 and San Diego in 1996. The 1992 speech has been hailed as “one of the best American speeches of the 20th Century”. She is the founder of a non-profit organization to fund HIV/AIDS research and education, the <mask> Clinical AIDS Research and Education (CARE) Fund. Since May 2006, she has been a global emissary for the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Early life
<mask> was born Lizabeth Davis Frehling on April 6, 1948, in Louisville, Kentucky, the daughter of Marjorie Faith (née Switow) and George Allen Frehling.Her parents were of Russian Jewish descent. Her parents divorced when she was four, and the following year her mother married multimillionaire <mask>, who adopted her and whose surname she took. Raised in Michigan, <mask> attended Kingswood School (today's Cranbrook Kingswood School) in Bloomfield Hills (where she had briefly dated politician Mitt Romney), and attended college at the University of Michigan for a year before taking a volunteer position at ABC television in Detroit, Michigan, which she left when afforded an opportunity to join the staff of Gerald R. Ford, then President of the United States, as the first female "advance man". In 1977, <mask> entered her first marriage, which soon dissolved. In 1984, she sought treatment at the Betty Ford Center for alcoholism; while there, she realized she was artistically

masks:
Mary Fisher
Mary Fisher
Fisher
Max Fisher
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Fisher


title: Mary Fisher (activist)

texts:
 inclined. After rehabilitation, she resettled to New York City, New York, and in 1987 she married fellow artist Brian Campbell. The couple relocated to Boca Raton, Florida, and expanded their family.<mask> gave birth to son Max and after several miscarriages, adopted a second son, Zachary, with her husband. In 1990, Campbell requested a divorce and in 1991 informed <mask> that he was HIV positive. <mask> soon learned that she had contracted the virus from him, although their children tested negative. Activist
<mask> decided to be open about her HIV status, and after the Detroit Free Press published her story in February 1992, she was invited to speak at the 1992 Republican National Convention in Houston, Texas. There, she urged the Republican Party to handle the AIDS crisis and those living with HIV with compassion. In 1995, The New York Times credited <mask>, along with Elizabeth Glaser, who spoke on her experience with AIDS at the 1992 Democratic National Convention, with having "brought AIDS home to America." <mask>'s Republican convention speech was listed as #50 in American Rhetoric's Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century (listed by rank).After that appearance, <mask> created a support group for families affected by AIDS and healthcare workers, the Family AIDS Network, and continued speaking as its representative, promoting education, prevention and acceptance of sufferers. In October 1992, President George Bush appointed her to the National Commission on AIDS to replace Magic Johnson. <mask> spoke again at the 1996 Republican National Convention in San Diego, California. <mask> did not return for the 2000 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; she was replaced by fellow AIDS

masks: Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher


title: Mary Fisher (activist)

texts:
 activist (and "abstinence-only" proponent) Patricia Funderburk Ware. In 1999, <mask> made news when she, like some other HIV-positive people, decided to stop taking anti-HIV medications which she felt were hurting her quality of life. But she and her doctors continued to try new drug combinations and, by 2001, were able to suppress the virus without unmanageable side effects. Finding medications that could prolong healthy life marked a turning point, <mask> said in a 2007 More magazine interview: "For years it was waiting to die, and then it was turning everything around and trying to figure out how to live."<mask> expanded her AIDS activism from public speaking into writing, art and international advocacy. She founded the non-profit Mary Fisher CARE Fund, based at the Center for AIDS Research at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, to support clinical AIDS research and promote public education about HIV/AIDS medicine and policy. She serves on the leadership council of the 'Global Coalition on Women and AIDS and with other HIV-positive women has toured the United States to raise awareness about the disease. <mask>'s international work has focused on Africa and especially Zambia, where she has led fact-finding tours and has promoted income-generation projects to employ HIV-positive women. She has taught African women to create handmade jewelry which is then sold online and in U.S. galleries, with profits returned to the women artisans. Art and design
<mask>'s art has been exhibited in public and private collections around the world. Collectors include: President and Mrs. George H. W. Bush, President and Mrs. Gerald Ford, Mrs. Henry Ford II, President and Mrs. Mwanawasa of Zambia, and many others.Seven

masks: Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher


title: Mary Fisher (activist)

texts:
 of her sculptures are displayed at the Geneva, Switzerland, headquarters of UNAIDS, as part of Art for AIDS, a collection created to recognize the role art has played in the response to AIDS. <mask>'s work also has been shown at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum. <mask> is represented year round by Goldenstein Gallery. Uptown Sedona, Arizona. A special show featuring her work is held annually in November. The show is titled: CHI: Art as a Healing Medium. The opening reception is held the first Friday in November.<mask> speaks in the gallery at least once a year. She is active with the Sedona Visual Artists Coalition. Author
<mask> is the author of six books: An autobiography called My Name is <mask>: A Memoir; Angels in Our Midst, a photographic tribute to AIDS caregivers; ABATAKA, a collection of her 'AIDS-themed and African-influenced arts works; two books containing transcripts of speeches, Sleep With the Angels and I'll Not Go Quietly and in 2012, Messenger: A Self-Portrait (Greenleaf Book Group, Austin, Texas). References

External links
 MaryFisher.com, <mask>'s official website

 American Rhetoric – clips and transcript of <mask>'s 1992 RNC speech

1948 births
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American women writers
HIV/AIDS activists
People with HIV/AIDS
American adoptees
American activists
American women artists
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Living people
University of Michigan alumni
Writers from Louisville, Kentucky
Artists from Louisville, Kentucky
Michigan Republicans
New York (state) Republicans
Florida Republicans
Kentucky women artists
American women non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction

masks: Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Mary Fisher Fisher


title: Edwin Albert Link

texts:
<mask> (July 26, 1904 – September 7, 1981) was an American inventor, entrepreneur and pioneer in aviation, underwater archaeology, and submersibles. He invented the flight simulator, which was called the  "Blue Box" or "Link Trainer". It was commercialized in 1929, starting a now multibillion-dollar industry. In total, he obtained more than 27 patents for aeronautics, navigation and oceanographic equipment. Early life
<mask> was born in Huntington, Indiana, in 1904, the son of <mask><mask>, Sr., and Katherine (Martin<mask>. In 1910, he moved with his family to Binghamton, New York.Aviation
He took his first flying lesson in 1920. In 1927, he obtained the first Cessna airplane ever delivered and eked out a living by barnstorming, charter flying and giving lessons. As a young man, <mask> used apparatus from his father's automatic piano and organ factory (of the Link Piano and Organ Company) to produce an advertising airplane. A punched roll and pneumatic system from a player piano controlled sequential lights on the lower surfaces of the wings to spell out messages like "ENDICOTT-JOHNSON SHOES". To attract more attention, he added a set of small but loud organ pipes, also controlled by the roll. In the 1920s, he developed the Link Trainer, "a fuselage-like device with a cockpit and controls that produced the motions and sensations of flying." Much of the pneumatic system was adapted directly from technology used in the organ factory.(In the 1970s, <mask> used parts scavenged from an inoperative trainer to help rebuild a Link pipe organ.) He formed the Link Aeronautical Corporation in 1929 to manufacture the trainers. His few early customers were amusement parks, not flight training schools; the early models served as amusement rides. Finally, in 1934, the United States Army Air Corps bought six. During World War II, more than half a million airmen were taught

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Edwin Albert Link
Edwin Link
Edwin A
. Link
) Link
Edwin Link
Link


title: Edwin Albert Link

texts:
 using the Link Trainer. In 2000 the Link Trainer was placed on the List of Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks. Together with his wife Marion Clayton <mask>, whom he had married in 1931, <mask> managed the very successful Link Aviation, Inc.He contributed a great deal to the Binghamton, New York area, where he set up a production facility that at one time employed thousands of workers. Although the company later passed through different ownership, its legacy can be traced to the current L3Harris division known as Link Training and Simulation, now headquartered in Arlington, Texas (though it still maintains some operations in Binghamton). In 1953, <mask> and <mask> established The Link Foundation. The foundation continues to provide grants and fellowships in aeronautics, simulation and training, ocean engineering, energy, and organizations of interest to the Links. Undersea interests

Man-in-Sea project
After <mask> sold his company to General Precision in 1954, he turned his attention to underwater archaeology and research. <mask> worked at developing equipment for deeper, longer lasting and more secure diving. To this end he designed several submersible decompression chambers.On August 28, 1962, at Villefranche-sur-Mer on the Mediterranean Sea, <mask> inaugurated his "Man in Sea" project by spending eight hours at a depth of  in his submersible decompression chamber (SDC), becoming the first diver to be completely saturated with a mixture of oxygen and helium (heliox) while breathing underwater. This dive served as a test run for a dive the following month by Robert Sténuit, who spent over 24 hours in the SDC at a depth of  and thus became the world's first aquanaut. In June–July 1964, <mask> conducted his second Man in Sea experiment in the Berry Islands (a chain in the Bahamas) with Sténuit and Jon Lindbergh, one of the sons of Charles Lindbergh.

masks:
Link
Edwin Link
Edwin
Marion Link
Link
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title: Edwin Albert Link

texts:
 Sténuit and Lindbergh stayed in <mask>'s SPID habitat (Submersible, Portable, Inflatable Dwelling) for 49 hours underwater at a depth of , breathing a helium-oxygen mixture. Dr. Joseph B. MacInnis participated in this dive as a life support specialist. Submersibles
In March 1967, <mask> launched Deep Diver, the first small submersible designed for lockout diving, allowing divers to leave and enter the craft while underwater. Deep Diver carried out many scientific missions in 1967 and 1968, including a  lockout dive in 1967 (at the same location as the 1964 Sténuit-Lindbergh dive) and a  lockout dive near Great Stirrup Cay in 1968.Dr. MacInnis participated in both of these dives as an observer in Deep Diver'''s forward chamber. Later in 1968, after Deep Diver had been requisitioned by the United States Navy to help search for the lost submarine USS Scorpion, the Bureau of Ships determined that Deep Diver was unsafe for use at great depths or in extremely cold temperatures because of the substitution of the wrong kind of steel, which became brittle in cold water, in some parts of the sub. <mask> proceeded to design a new lockout sub with a distinctive acrylic bubble as the forward pilot/observer compartment. In January 1971 the new sub was launched and commissioned to the Smithsonian Institution. It was named the Johnson Sea Link after its donors, <mask> and his friend John Seward Johnson I. Death of son

In June 1973, <mask>'s 31-year-old son, <mask> <mask>, and another diver, 51-year-old <mask>. Stover, died during a seemingly routine dive off Key West. They suffered carbon dioxide poisoning when the Johnson Sea Link became trapped in debris around a Navy destroyer, the Fred T. Berry, which had been sunk to create an artificial reef.The submersible's other two occupants survived. Over the next two years, <mask> designed an unmanned Cabled Observation and

masks:
Link
Link
Link
Link
Link
Edwin Clayton
Link
Albert D
Edwin Link


title: Edwin Albert Link

texts:
 Rescue Device (CORD) that could free a trapped submersible. Death
<mask> died in his sleep on September 7, 1981 in Binghamton, New York, where he had been undergoing treatment for cancer. Honors

<mask> was awarded the Howard N. Potts Medal in 1945 for developing training devices for aviators, and the Royal Aeronautical Society Wakefield Gold Medal in 1947. He received an honorary degree from Syracuse University in 1966 and Binghamton University in 1981. In 1976, he was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame. In 1992, <mask> was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.<mask> donated $6 million dollars to build the engineering building on the campus of Syracuse University. The <mask> A. <mask> Hall of Engineering'' was dedicated in presence of <mask> and his family on October 16, 1970. It currently houses offices, classrooms and laboratories of the Syracuse University College of Engineering and Computer Science. From the early 1980s to the 1990s, what is now Greater Binghamton Airport was named <mask> A. <mask> Field-Broome County Airport his honor, and there is an original "Blue Box" on display in the terminal. References

Bibliography

External links
 Biography of <mask>.Link, Binghamton University Libraries
A biographical sketch of <mask><mask>
The <mask> A. <mask> and Marion Clayton Link Collections Finding Aids, Binghamton University
Bibliography of The <mask> A. <mask> Collection of the Evans Library at Florida Institute of Technology
The Link Foundation
U.S. Coast Guard report on fatal Johnson Sea Link accident

1904 births
1981 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American inventors
American underwater divers
Aviation inventors
Aviators from Indiana
Howard N. Potts Medal recipients
National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees
People from Binghamton, New York
People from

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Link
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Edwin
Link
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Edwin
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Edwin A
Edwin A
. Link
Edwin
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Edwin
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title: Edappadi K. Palaniswami

texts:
<mask>; 12 May 1956), popularly known as E.P.S., is an Indian politician and the current leader of opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. He served as the 7th Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, from 2017 to 2021. He is also the joint coordinator of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party. <mask> has represented Edappadi since 2011 as Member of the Legislative Assembly, previously serving from 1989 to 1996. In the 1998 Indian general election he was elected as Member of Parliament of the Lok Sabha representing Tiruchengode. When AIADMK won the 2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, he was given a ministerial berth by J. Jayalalithaa and served as the Minister of Highways and Minor Ports on 16 May 2011 for the government of Tamil Nadu. After 2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election victory, he was given the additional responsibility of Ministry of Public Works by J. Jayalalithaa.Personal life
<mask> <mask> <mask> was born on 12 May 1956 to <mask> Gounder and Thavasiyammal at Siluvampalayam, Salem, Madras State, India (now in Tamil Nadu, India). His parents were farmers. After completing school, he enrolled for B.Sc degree in Sri Vasavi College but did not graduate. He was the students union leader at college. He has a brother Govindraj and a sister Ranjitham. He is married to Ratha <mask> and has one son and is an agriculturalist by occupation. Political career

<mask> entered politics as a volunteer for the AIADMK in 1974.Later he became the key member of the party in Salem district. He was first elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly in 1989,representing Edappadi constituency, and won re-election in 1991. He was elected Member of Parliament, representing Tiruchengodu constituency in the 12th Lok Sabha. He emerged a dominant force in the AIADMK in the Western belt during late 1990s . He was elected from Edappadi constituency in 2011 and 2016 when the AIADMK emerged as a ruling party. He slowly gained prominence as one

masks:
Edappadi K Palaniswami
Palaniswami
Edappadi
Karuppa
Palaniswami
Karuppa
Palaniswami
Palaniswami


title: Edappadi K. Palaniswami

texts:
 of the strong confidants of J.Jayalalithaa along with O. Paneerselvam and Dindigul C.Sreenivasan. He served as the Minister of Highways and Minor Ports in the J. Jayalalithaa, O. Panneerselvam and in his own ministry from 2011.Chief Minister, 2017-2021
<mask> was selected by the AIADMK as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu in February 2017, following the resignation of O. Panneerselvam, who became chief minister after the demise of former chief minister J. Jayalalithaa who won the 2016 Legislative Assembly election as CM candidate of AIADMK. He was announced as the Chief Minister by V. K. Sasikala and was sworn in on 16 February 2017 before a crowd of party workers, along with his 32-member cabinet. <mask> also holds the charge of Home, Prohibition & Excise Departments along with the other portfolios normally held by the Chief Ministers, and not mentioned elsewhere. He is elected from Edappadi constituency. During his reign, he introduced various schemes like Kudimaramaththu Work, FAME India scheme and Amma Patrol in Tamil Nadu to ascertain the security of women and children in public places. In May 2018, police opened fire on protests against a Sterlite plant that was polluting local groundwater in Thoothukudi, killing 13 people. While ordering a one-man commission into the violence, <mask> also declared the shootings were in "self-defence."On 28 May, <mask> led Tamil Nadu Government ordered the permanently closure of the Sterlite Copper plant. “The Amma government has issued an order to have the Sterlite plant closed down permanently in deference to the sentiments of the people of Thoothukudi,” then Chief Minister <mask> K<mask> told journalists in the evening after chairing a meeting of his party legislators at the AIADMK headquarters in Chennai. However, during the 2019 elections, AIADMK contested in alliance with the BJP and was swept out of parliament when the DMK-led alliance won 38 out of 39 seats in the state. In 2019 he went on a 13-day tour in the

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Palaniswami
Palaniswami
Palaniswami
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. Palaniswami


title: Edappadi K. Palaniswami

texts:
 United States, United Kingdom and United Arab Emirates to promote foreign investment in Tamil Nadu. While there he launched the Yaadhum Oore programme (lit. all countries, based on Puranauru 192) to encourage the Tamil diaspora to re-invest in Tamil Nadu, in the same line as other states with large NRI populations such as Kerala. During trip he secured 3 lakh crores worth of foreign investment, a greater amount than even his predecessor Jayalalithaa did.In February 2020, <mask> led Tamil Nadu government declared the Cauvery delta region as a Protected Special Agriculture Zone. The announcement was widely hailed by political parties and farmers organisations. Under his governance, Tamil Nadu was rated as the best governed state based on a composite index in the context of sustainable development according to the Public Affairs Index-2020 released by the Public Affairs Centre in Oct 2020. <mask> is also praised for his administration during the coronavirus pandemic. On 3 May 2021, <mask> resigned as Chief Minister following AIADMK's defeat in the 2021 Tamil Nadu Assembly Election. Leader of the Opposition, 2021
After the party lost the assembly elections in May 2021, <mask> won the Edappadi constituency and was elected as the Leader Of the Opposition in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. Elections contested and positions held

Lok Sabha elections

Tamil Nadu Legislative elections

Posts in Parliament of India

Posts in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly

See also

 Edappadi K. Palaniswami ministry

References

External links
 Official Biographical Sketch in Lok Sabha Website

All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
Chief ministers from All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Living people
State cabinet ministers of Tamil Nadu
People from Salem district
Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016
Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021
1956 births
Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu
12th Lok Sabha members
Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996
Tamil Nadu MLAs

masks: Palaniswami Palaniswami Palaniswami Palaniswami


title: Zina Garrison

texts:
<mask> (born November 16, 1963) is a former top five professional tennis player from the United States. She was the women's singles runner-up at Wimbledon in 1990, a three-time Grand Slam mixed doubles champion, and a women's doubles gold medalist and singles bronze medalist in Seoul at the 1988 Olympic Games. Career
The youngest of seven children, <mask> started playing tennis at the age of 10 and entered her first tournament at the age of 12. At 14, she won the national girls' 18s title. In 1981, she won both the Wimbledon and US Open junior titles and was ranked the world No. 1 junior player. <mask> graduated from Sterling High School in Houston, Texas in 1982.<mask> began suffering from the eating disorder bulimia when she was 19, following the death of her mother. "I had never been comfortable with my looks and felt I had lost the only person who loved me unconditionally", <mask> told the Observer Sport Monthly in 2006. "The pressure of being labeled 'the next Althea Gibson' only made things worse. I felt I was never going to be allowed to grow into just becoming me." <mask> turned professional in 1982, and skipped her graduation at Ross Sterling High School to compete in the French Open, her first tournament as a professional, where she reached the quarterfinals. She was awarded the WTA Newcomer of the Year in 1982. Despite battling bulimia during her first few years on the tour, <mask> enjoyed notable success on-court.She reached the Australian Open semifinals in 1983, her first full year on the tour, and finished the year ranked world No. 10. She won her first top-level singles titles in 1984 at the European Indoor Championships in Zürich. In 1985, <mask> beat world no.

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Zina Lynna Garrison
Garrison
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Garrison
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title: Zina Garrison

texts: 3 Hana Mandlíková and world no. 2 Chris Evert on her way to winning the Amelia Island Championships. She was also a Wimbledon semifinalist in 1985, and in 1986, she won her first tour doubles at the Canadian Open (partnering Gabriela Sabatini).At the Australian Open in 1987, <mask> won the mixed doubles (partnering Sherwood Stewart) and finished runner-up in the women's doubles (partnering Lori McNeil). A year later, <mask> and Stewart captured the mixed doubles title at Wimbledon. At the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, <mask> teamed with Pam Shriver to win the women's doubles gold medal for the United States, defeating Jana Novotná and Helena Suková of Czechoslovakia in the final. <mask> defeated Shriver in the quarterfinals of the singles event, where she won a bronze medal. At the US Open, she defeated defending champion Navratilova for the first time in her career, advancing to the semifinals, where she lost to Sabatini. In 1989, <mask> defeated Chris Evert 7–6, 6–2 in the quarterfinals of the US Open in Evert's final tournament. <mask> lost to Navratilova in the semifinals.She finished 1989 ranked a career-high world No. 4 in singles. The highlight of <mask>'s career came in 1990 at Wimbledon, as she defeated Samantha Smith, Cecilia Dahlman, Andrea Leand, Helena Suková, then French Open champion Monica Seles in the quarterfinals 3–6, 6–3, 9–7, and defending Wimbledon champion and world No. 1 Steffi Graf in the semifinals 6–3, 3–6, 6–4 to reach her only Grand Slam singles final, becoming the first African-American woman to do so since Gibson. Moreover, it ended Graf's record 13-time streak of Grand Slam finals. Then, she lost to Navratilova 6–4, 6–1, who thus won her record

masks: Garrison Garrison Garrison Garrison Garrison Garrison Garrison


title: Zina Garrison

texts:
 ninth women's singles title at Wimbledon. <mask> claimed her third mixed doubles title at Wimbledon that year (partnering Rick Leach).In 1992, <mask> finished runner-up in the Australian Open women's doubles (partnering Mary Joe Fernandez). At Wimbledon in 1994, <mask> beat world no. 2 Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario on the way to her 15th and final Grand Slam quarterfinal appearance. <mask> retired from professional tennis in 1996. From 1982 to 1995, she remained uninterrupted in the world's top 25. During her career, she won 14 top-level singles titles and 20 doubles titles. Personal life and post-tennis career
<mask> married Willard Jackson in September 1989; however, the marriage ended in divorce in 1997.Since retiring from the tour, <mask> has worked as a television commentator and maintained active roles in the community and in tennis. She founded the Zina Garrison Foundation for the Homeless in 1988, and the Zina Garrison All-Court Tennis Program, which supports inner-city tennis in Houston, in 1992. She has also served as a member of the United States President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. She is a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. <mask> has maintained a presence on the professional tennis scene, and was the captain for the U.S. Federation Cup (later Fed Cup) team. <mask> also led the U.S. women's team at the 2008 Beijing Games tennis event where team members Venus and Serena Williams won a gold medal in doubles. After "piling on weight" in her 40s, <mask> participated in season 16 of the reality TV competition The Biggest Loser, titled The Biggest Loser: Glory Days, which premiered September 11, 2014 on NBC.Despite losing 8 lbs., she was the first person

masks: Garrison Garrison Garrison Garrison Garrison Garrison Garrison Garrison Garrison


title: Zina Garrison

texts:
 eliminated from the program. Playing style
<mask> played an attacking style. It was common for her to slice her backhand and attack the net (a chip-and-charge tactic). <mask> had excellent volleys and overheads. She was able to rally when she wanted to but her main game plan was to get to the net so she could finish with the volley. Major finals

Grand Slam tournaments

Singles: 1 (1 runner–up)

Doubles: 2 (2 runner-ups)

Mixed doubles: 6 (3 titles, 3 runner-ups)

Olympics

Singles: 1 bronze medal

<mask> lost in the semifinals to Steffi Graf 2–6, 0–6. In 1988, there was no bronze medal play-off match, both beaten semifinal players received bronze medals.Doubles: 1 gold medal

WTA career finals

Singles: 36 (14–22)

Doubles: 46 (20–26)

Grand Slam performance timelines

Singles

Doubles

Mixed doubles

References

Bibliography
 A. P. Porter, <mask> <mask>: Ace, First Ave. Editions, 1992

External links

 ESPN biography

1963 births
African-American female tennis players
American female tennis players
Australian Open (tennis) champions
Hopman Cup competitors
Living people
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in tennis
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in tennis
Tennis commentators
Tennis players from Houston
Tennis players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Wimbledon champions
Wimbledon junior champions
US Open (tennis) junior champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doubles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in girls' singles
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American

masks: Garrison Garrison Garrison Zina Garrison


title: George McClellan (physician)

texts:
<mask> (December 22, 1796 in Woodstock, Connecticut – May 9, 1847 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was a 19th-century American surgeon. He is best known for founding the Jefferson Medical College and the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College, and his pioneering work in surgery, including writing a widely used textbook. Life and work
<mask> was born on December 22, 1796 in Woodstock, Connecticut, the son of Eunice (Eldredge) and <mask>. His family was of Scottish and English ancestry. His great-grandfather fought on the Jacobite side in the Battle of Culloden, the last pitched battle in Britain, before immigrating to Worcester, Massachusetts. <mask>'s grandfather, <mask> was a Brigadier General in the American Revolutionary War. Through his father, he was also a descendant of Plymouth, Massachusetts Governor William Bradford.Throughout his life, <mask> was known for his personality, having a mix of positive and negative traits. He had a good memory for names and faces of virtually everyone he met. One former student recalled a brief meeting with the doctor and then being recognized even one year later, stating, "the moment we entered Doctor <mask>'s office, he recognized and named each one of us, although he had seen us only once before, a year back, and only a very short time." However, Darrach wrote, "<mask> had his peculiarities." He often came across as disrespectful and even insubordinate and spoke in a "rapid incoherent manner." It has been noted that he routinely perturbed individuals above him in title. Nonetheless, some people just accepted this as something that came with his "surgical zeal."<mask>'s famous family includes his wife, Elizabeth (Brinton),

masks:
George McClellan
McClellan
James McClellan
George McClellan
Samuel McClellan
George McClellan
McClellan
McClellan
McClellan


title: George McClellan (physician)

texts:
 two sons, John Hill Brinton <mask>, who was a physician, and the other, General <mask> <mask>, who was a major general during the American Civil War. His grandson, <mask> (1849–1913) became the Chair of Anatomy at Jefferson Medical College and authored the famous medical text, Regional Anatomy. <mask> died early in the morning on May 9, 1847 from exsanguination due to an ulcerated lesion below the sigmoid flexure of the colon. He is interred at Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia. Career
<mask> entered into the sophomore class at Yale at the age of sixteen and excelled in mathematics and published natural sciences articles in the American Journal of Science. In 1815, at age 18, he obtained his baccalaureate degree. He then took up the study of medicine, first with Thomas Hubbard of Pomfret, Connecticut, later Professor of Surgery of the Medical College of New Haven, with whom he remained one year.In 1817, he went to Philadelphia to attend medical lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, and to become the private pupil of John Syng Dorsey, Professor of Materia Medica, receiving his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1819. Founder of medical schools
<mask> gave a series of private anatomy lectures before deciding to found a new medical school. Many unsuccessful requests had already been made for a new medical school in Philadelphia so he and others had the idea to couple it with Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. With this in mind, he and others made a request to the Legislature of Pennsylvania in 1824, and in 1825, received a charter for what was to become Jefferson Medical College. With the "highly regarded" University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

masks:
McClellan
George Brinton
McClellan
George McClellan
George McClellan
McClellan
George McClellan


title: George McClellan (physician)

texts:
 already being in Philadelphia, it was considered "professional heresy" to open a second school, but <mask> thought that opening a second medical school would just lead to more students going to Philadelphia to study medicine. Because of this, physicians at that time noted that he had to choose instructors "greatly inferior in talent to himself" and it was not a sure thing that the school would survive. The Jefferson Medical College opened in 1826, in Philadelphia, and in 1836 had an entering class of 360 medical students nonetheless and <mask> lectured in surgery.In 1838, Jefferson College separated from Jefferson Medical College, and all instructors, including <mask>, were vacated and the trustees hired all new individuals to teach. This change, unrelated to <mask>'s leaving, led the school came to be considered a "legitimate" medical school. For his next project, <mask> opened The Medical Department of Pennsylvania College with Samuel Colhoun, William Rush, and <mask> Morton in Philadelphia, giving the first course of lectures in November 1839. Due to monetary circumstances, the four men resigned their professorships in 1843. In 1858, the school planned to merge with the Philadelphia College of Medicine, but that school closed the next year in 1859. 1861 saw the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College close due to unpaid bills and low enrollment secondary to the American Civil War. Nonetheless, his extended medical education system (referring to more years spent in school than the standard 2 to 3 at the time) became widely accepted and spread among schools.As a teacher
Even before founding Jefferson Medical College, <mask> was regarded as a great teacher, with

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McClellan


title: George McClellan (physician)

texts:
 his colleague, William Darrach, stating, "[a] teacher so qualified will attract pupils." He had added an anatomy and surgery teaching room next to his office and lectured nightly to students of his medical classes. Before, and while at Jefferson, <mask> had a successful lectureship in surgery until 1838 when Jefferson College separated from Jefferson Medical College and the teaching positions were all vacated. He then went on to teach at the new school he co-founded. As a surgeon
<mask> was an accomplished and famous surgeon, leading to <mask> Morton summing up what many of his contemporaries thought of him in a memorandum from March 8, 1845:

The day before yesterday I was present at an operation performed by Dr. <mask>, on a gentleman from Virginia. It consisted in the removal of the whole of the parotid gland in a scirrhous and much enlarged state, from the left side of the face. Nothing could exceed the combined coolness and skill manifested by Dr. M. throughout this terrible operation, which he has now performed for the eleventh time, and hitherto with remarkable success.On this occasion, however, he was doomed to disappointment, for the patient died last night, about thirty-six hours after the operation. <mask> sent for me in the evening, to see the dying man with him, and we met in the chamber of death between ten and eleven o'clock. I had sometimes heard <mask> spoken of as a heartless surgeon, devoid of feeling or sympathy for those who came under his knife; but I can solemnly aver that I have seldom witnessed more unaffected sorrow than he manifested on this occasion. He walked the room incessantly, and repeatedly clasped my hands in his, while he

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Samuel George
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title: George McClellan (physician)

texts:
 expressed, in emphatic language, the feelings that preyed upon his mind. He moreover assured me, that he seldom performed one of his severer operations without first asking the blessing of God on his undertaking; and that days and nights of painful anxiety, often preceded those great professional efforts which have justly placed his name on the pinnacle of surgical fame. The gurgling respiration of the unfortunate patient announced the near approach of death, and I withdrew, full of sympathy for the agonized emotions of my friend. His name became widespread and he was known to have performed more surgeries than any other during his lifetime.His fame led him to operate on patients from the United States, but he also attracted patients from Europe, the West Indies, and South America, especially for operations in ophthalmic surgery. <mask> was one of the first surgeons to perform a lens extraction, and was the first American to perform many operations, including removal of the parotid gland. Expertise led to his contributing to the American Medical Review and Journal, editing textbooks, and writing a widely used surgery textbook, The Principles and Practice of Surgery. The book was left as a manuscript in 1847, but was edited by his son John H. B<mask> and published the following year. References

External links

A Brief History of Thomas Jefferson University

1796 births
1847 deaths
Physicians from Philadelphia
People from Woodstock, Connecticut
Thomas Jefferson University
Yale College alumni
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
American surgeons
University and college founders
19th-century American physicians
McClellan

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title: Mike Denness

texts:
<mask>  (1 December 1940 – 19 April 2013) was a Scottish cricketer who played for England, Scotland, Kent and Essex. Scotland did not have a representative international team at the time of <mask>' career, so he could only play for England at Test and ODI level. He was the sixth player born in Scotland to play for England, after Gregor MacGregor, Alec Kennedy, Ian Peebles, David Larter and Eric Russell, but remains the only England captain to be born in Scotland (Douglas Jardine and Tony Greig had Scottish parents, but Jardine was born in Bombay and Greig in South Africa). <mask> later became an ICC match referee. He was one of the inaugural inductees into the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame and was a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1975. He was president of Kent County Cricket Club in 2012–13. Early life
<mask> was born in Bellshill, North Lanarkshire, Scotland.His father was employed by W.D. & H.O. Wills, a tobacco importer and cigarette manufacturer and part of Imperial Tobacco. After his family moved to Ayr, he was educated at Ayr Academy, where he played rugby with Ian Ure and Ian McLauchlan and played for Ayr Cricket Club at Cambusdoon, where he was coached by former Sussex player Charles Oakes. <mask> was selected to play cricket for Scotland against Ireland in 1959 while still at school. Former Kent bowler Jimmy Allan was also in the Scotland team, and he suggested <mask>'s name to his former county. E. W. Swanton also met <mask> in Ayr and put in a good word, and Les Ames invited <mask> to a trial in 1961.Domestic cricket career
<mask> made his first-class debut for Kent against Essex in July 1962 but was dismissed by Jim Laker twice on a turning pitch for 0 and 3. But he quickly established himself in the team, scoring over 1,000 runs in the 1963 season.

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Michael Henry Denness
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title: Mike Denness

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 From 1964 he played as an opening batsman in partnership with Brian Luckhurst. <mask> became a tall, stylish right-handed batsman. He received his county cap in 1965 and Kent won the County Championship in 1970 for the first time since 1913. He succeeded Colin Cowdrey as Kent captain at the beginning of the 1972 cricket season, having often substituted for Cowdrey when he was on Test duty. Under his captaincy, the club won the John Player League three times (1972, 1973, 1976), the Benson & Hedges Cup twice (1973, 1976), and the Gillette Cup once (in 1974; also his benefit season).<mask> was a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1975. After 5 years as captain, the club voted to replace him as captain by Asif Iqbal at the end of the 1976 season. After being dismissed as captain at Kent, he moved to Essex in 1977, helping the club to win the County Championship and Benson & Hedges Cup in 1979. He retired after the 1980 English cricket season. In all, he made 501 appearances in first-class cricket and 232 more in one day matches. He scored over 30,000 domestic runs in all, including 33 first-class hundreds and a best of 195, and six one-day centuries with a top score of 188 not out. He also took two wickets with his occasional bowling.He scored over 1,000 first-class runs in 14 English cricket seasons. After he retired as a player at the end of the 1980 English cricket season <mask> became 2nd XI captain at Essex and also worked as a coach. Outside cricket, he had jobs in finance, insurance and public relations. Test cricket
<mask> played for England in 28 Tests and was the captain on 19 occasions, winning six, losing five and drawing eight matches. He made his Test debut in the final test against New Zealand at The Oval in 1969. After the cancellation of the 1970

masks: Denness Denness Denness Denness


title: Mike Denness

texts: South Africa tour, <mask> played in the first match against the Rest of the World XI in 1970, before being dropped. He was vice-captain on the tour to India in 1972-3, captained by Tony Lewis, and he was appointed to replace Ray Illingworth as captain in September 1973.As captain, he suffered a lack of support from Geoffrey Boycott, who had hoped to be appointed captain instead, and these tensions contributed to the downfall of <mask> as a skipper. Boycott played in the first 6 Tests with <mask> as captain, including the five matches in the 1–1 drawn series in the West Indies and the first Test of a 3–0 whitewash against India, during which <mask> scored his first two Test centuries, but Boycott then refused to play under <mask> and remained out of the Test team until 1977. After a 0–0 drawn three-match series against Pakistan at home in 1974, Boycott's boycott left England exposed in several matches against the fast bowling of Dennis Lillee and Jeff Thomson in the Ashes series in Australia in 1974-5. <mask> dropped himself from the England team for the 4th Test at Sydney after scoring only 65 runs in 6 innings (6, 26, 2, 20, 8, 2) in the first three Tests, although he was selected again for the 5th Test in Adelaide after his replacement John Edrich was injured, and achieving his highest Test score of 188 at Melbourne in the 6th Test to win by an innings. The victory was little consolation, as Australia had already won four of the six matches in the series. While in Australia, <mask> received an envelope that had been sent with the address "<mask>, cricketer". The letter inside read, "Should this reach you, the post office clearly thinks more of your ability than I do."He scored another large Test century, 181, when the tour continued to New Zealand, and

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title: Mike Denness

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 captained England in the 1975 Cricket World Cup, losing to Australia in the semi-final. He stepped down from the captaincy after losing the 1st Test of the 1975 Ashes series against Australia, at Edgbaston, by an innings (he had been dismissed for 3 and 8). He was replaced by Tony Greig and never played for England again. <mask> scored 1,667 runs in his 28 Tests, including four centuries. His seven accompanying half-centuries helped to leave him with a Test batting average of 39.69. His ODI career was less successful, playing only 12 matches and scoring 264 runs at an average of 29.33, with a best of 66. Match referee

<mask> was appointed as an ICC match referee in 1996.He caused controversy after the Port Elizabeth Test between South Africa and the visiting Indians in 2001-2 when he sanctioned six Indian players, four including Virender Sehwag and Harbhajan Singh for excessive appealing, Sachin Tendulkar for alleged ball-tampering, and the captain Sourav Ganguly for failing to control his players. At first, India refused to accept the sanctions and named the players for the following Test match. The International Cricket Council responded by stripping the game of Test match status. Soon after, both the BCCI and ICC decided to establish a referee committee to verify <mask>'s conclusions. The match referee was heavily criticised for failing to explain his actions at a press conference, thus infuriating the Indian cricket establishment. The BCCI later decided to forget the incident on humanitarian grounds, after <mask> underwent heart surgery. In March 2002, <mask>' role as a match referee came to an end, when the ICC rejected his bid for their newly formed Elite Panel of Referees, although he had been put forward by the ECB as a candidate.Later life
<mask>

masks: Denness Denness Denness Denness Denness Denness


title: Mike Denness

texts:
 became a committee member at Kent, and was chairman of cricket at Kent until he resigned in 2004 over a dispute involving Andrew Symonds. He was president of Kent County Cricket Club in 2012–13, <mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to sport. He published his autobiography, I Declare, in 1977. He was an inaugural member of the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame and was a member of the Scottish Cricket Hall of Fame. He married his childhood sweetheart, Molly, in 1964. They had a son and two daughters. They were divorced.<mask> died at the age of 72, on 19 April 2013, after a long battle with cancer. He was survived by his partner, Doreen Wadlow, and his three children. See also
 List of Test cricketers born in non-Test playing nations

References

Further reading

 Obituary, The Guardian, 19 April 2013
 Obituary, The Telegraph, 19 April 2013
 Obituary, The Scotsman, 20 April 2013
 Obituary, The Independent, 22 April 2013
 <mask> Obituary and Funeral Arrangements, Kent County Cricket Club, 24 April 2013

External links

1940 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from cancer in England
Cricketers at the 1975 Cricket World Cup
Cricket match referees
England One Day International cricketers
England Test cricketers
England Test cricket captains
Essex cricketers
International Cavaliers cricketers
Kent cricketers
Kent cricket captains
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Ayr Academy
Presidents of Kent County Cricket Club
Sportspeople from Bellshill
Scottish cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Scotland cricketers
Scottish cricket captains
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
A. E. R. Gilligan's XI cricketers
D. H. Robins' XI cricketers
Ayr RFC players
Marylebone Cricket Club President's

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title: Samuel J. Meisels

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<mask><mask> is an American academic in the areas  of early childhood assessment, child development and educational practices that support the developmental needs of young children. <mask> is the founding executive director of the Buffett Early Childhood Institute at the University of Nebraska, president emeritus of Erikson Institute, and a professor and research scientist emeritus at the University of Michigan. In 2010 <mask> received an honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters from Roosevelt University and in 2019 the Simms/Mann Institute awarded Meisels its Visionary Leadership Award in Development and Education. Education

<mask> received his bachelor's degree with high honors in philosophy from the University of Rochester in 1967  and then enrolled in a master's and doctoral program at Harvard University in education and philosophy. While at Harvard <mask> began studying the work of <mask>, whose ideas about children and epistemology motivated him to become a teacher of preschool, kindergarten, and first grade. <mask> completed his doctoral studies at the Harvard Graduate School of Education in 1973. Professional Positions
In 1972 Meisels accepted a position as a faculty member at Tufts University and, from 1973-1978, was director of the Eliot-Pearson Children's School, the laboratory school of the Department of Child Study.From 1979-1980 he served as Senior Advisor in Early Childhood Development in the Developmental Evaluation Clinic of Children's Hospital Medical Center at Boston before joining the faculty of the University of Michigan in the fall of 1980. During his 21 years at Michigan, <mask> held several positions including that of research scientist and acting director at the Center for Human Growth and Development, and professor, interim dean, and associate dean of research in the School of Education. In 2002 <mask> became the president of Erikson Institute. In June 2013 <mask>’s earliest work demonstrated his interest in theory-based instructional approaches in early childhood classrooms. Over his career he published more than 200 books, articles, assessments, and monographs. His research focused on developmental screening,

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title: Samuel J. Meisels

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 inclusion of young children with special needs in regular educational programs, developmental consequences of high-risk birth, school readiness, and performance assessment of young children.In addition to developing and researching early childhood assessments, Meisels prepared activity books for parents and co-edited two handbooks for the field. He has served on numerous editorial boards as a reviewer and editor. <mask> has long been committed to fairness, accuracy, utility, and developmental principles in assessment of children. He has written extensively about the use of alternative assessment strategies that are authentic, performance-based, and developmentally appropriate for young children and those in the early elementary grades and he co-authored three widely-used early childhood assessments. The Early Screening Inventory
In 1975 <mask> and his colleagues began work on a brief developmental screening instrument designed to identify children, aged 3–6, who were at risk for learning and behavior problems. Known as the Early Screening Inventory (ESI-3), this well-researched, nationally validated screening instrument identifies children who can benefit from early intervention services. It is one of the most reliable and carefully developed early childhood screening instruments available and is currently in its third edition.The Work Sampling System

The Work Sampling System (WSS) is an observational assessment for children from preschool (age 3) - Grade 3. Constructivist in orientation, WSS gives teachers a unique perspective on children's learning and development that differs sharply from conventional outcomes available from standardized achievement tests. The three times per year developmental observations recorded with WSS enable teachers to document what children are learning in relation to standards of progress they are showing and children's specific strengths and areas in need of development. The Work Sampling System has been used throughout the United States and internationally for more than three decades. Currently in its fifth edition, WSS has undergone extensive validation, and was the subject of a number of peer-reviewed

masks: Meisels Meisels


title: Kevin Trudeau

texts:
<mask> (; born February 6, 1963) is an American author, salesman, and convicted fraudster known for promotion of his books and resulting legal cases involving the US Federal Trade Commission. His ubiquitous late-night infomercials, which promoted unsubstantiated health, diet, and financial advice, earned him a fortune but resulted in civil and criminal penalties for fraud, larceny, and contempt of court. In the early 1990s, <mask> was convicted of larceny and credit card fraud. In 1998, he was accused of grossly misrepresenting the contents of his book, The Weight-Loss Cure "They" Don't Want You to Know About. In a 2004 settlement, he agreed to pay a $500,000 fine and cease marketing all products except his books, which are protected under the First Amendment. However, in 2011, he was fined $37.6 million for violating the 2004 settlement, and ordered to post a $2 million bond before engaging in any future infomercial advertising. In 2013, facing further prosecution for violations of the 2011 agreement and non-payment of the $37 million judgment, <mask> filed for bankruptcy protection.His claims of insolvency were challenged by FTC lawyers, who maintained that he was hiding money in shell companies, and cited examples of continued lavish spending, such as $359 for a haircut. In November 2013, <mask> was convicted of criminal contempt, and was sentenced to 10 years in federal prison. He will be eligible for release in 2022. Infomercials starring <mask> and promoting his books continue to air regularly on United States television stations. Early life
<mask> grew up in Lynn, Massachusetts, the adopted son of Robert and <mask>. He attended St. Mary's High School

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Kevin Mark Trudeau
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title: Kevin Trudeau

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 in Lynn, where he was voted "Most Likely to Succeed" by the class of 1981. Career
After high school Trudeau became a used car salesman, then joined the seminar circuit, selling memory improvement techniques.In 1990 he pleaded guilty to depositing $80,000 in worthless checks and impersonating a physician, but served, he said, fewer than 30 days. In 1991, he pleaded guilty to 11 counts of credit card fraud and spent two years in federal prison. After his release in 1993, <mask> joined a multi-level marketing firm, Nutrition for Life. The firm was successful until the Attorney General of Illinois charged that it was running a pyramid scheme. <mask> and Nutrition for Life settled cases brought by the state of Illinois, and seven other U.S. states, for US$185,000. Next, <mask> produced and appeared in a series of late-night television infomercial broadcasts throughout North America. They promoted a range of products, including health aids, dietary supplements (such as coral calcium), baldness remedies, addiction treatments, memory-improvement courses, reading-improvement programs, and real estate investment strategies.The FTC took regulatory action against <mask>, alleging that his broadcasts contained unsubstantiated claims and misrepresentations. In 1998, he was fined. In 2004, he settled a contempt-of-court action arising out of the same cases by agreeing to a settlement that included both payments of a $2 million fine and a ban on further use of infomercials to promote any product other than publications protected by the First Amendment. In 2004, <mask> began writing books and promoting them with infomercials in the U.S. The first book he published was a

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title: Kevin Trudeau

texts:
 medical guide titled Natural Cures "They" Don't Want You to Know About, which was published in 2005. The book was criticized for containing no natural cures. <mask> claimed he was not able to include them because of threats by the FTC.The book became a bestseller selling 5 million copies. Two years later, <mask> published a second medical book titled More Natural Cures Revealed: Previously Censored Brand Name Products That Cure Disease (). According to <mask>, the book identifies brand name products that will cure myriad illnesses. <mask>'s books claim that animals in the wild rarely develop degenerative conditions like cancer or Alzheimer's disease, and that many diseases are caused not by viruses or bacteria, but rather by an imbalance in vital energy. Science writer Christopher Wanjek critiqued and rejected many of these claims in his July 25, 2006 LiveScience.com health column. <mask> went on to publish The Weight-Loss Cure "They" Don't Want You to Know About and Debt Cures "They" Don't Want You to Know About. His writing has been commercially successful if not factual.In September 2005, Natural Cures was listed in the New York Times as the number-one-selling nonfiction book in the United States for 25 weeks. <mask> launched a self-titled Internet radio talk show in February 2009 which also aired on several small radio stations consisting of mostly brokered programming. Personal life

<mask> has been married at least three times. Little is known about his first marriage, to Oleksandra Polozhentseva, a Ukrainian immigrant. His second union, in 2007, to Kristine Dorow, a Norwegian student whom he met in London, ended in annulment after four months. In

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title: Kevin Trudeau

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 2008, he married Natalya Babenko, another Ukrainian, who currently runs several of his former companies. She has returned to her home in Kyiv, according to <mask>.Publications

Natural Cures "They" Don't Want You to Know About

In 2004, <mask> self-published his book Natural Cures "They" Don't Want You to Know About, in which he made a number of unsubstantiated claims—for example, that sunlight does not cause cancer, sunscreen is one of the major causes of skin cancer, and that AIDS was a hoax devised as an excuse to stimulate medication usage. <mask> further suggested—again without documentation—that various "natural cures" for serious illnesses, including cancer, herpes, arthritis, AIDS, acid reflux disease, various phobias, depression, obesity, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, lupus, chronic fatigue syndrome, attention deficit disorder, and muscular dystrophy, had been deliberately hidden from the public by the Food and Drug Administration, the Federal Trade Commission, and the major food and drug companies. In one widely quoted example, he asserted that the University of Calgary had developed a "natural" diabetes treatment, then quashed its data, fearing reprisals from the pharmaceutical industry. (A spokesman for the school told ABC News that "there have been no human studies conducted at the University of Calgary in the past 20 years on herbal remedies for diabetes." The university later sent <mask> a "cease and desist" letter, ordering him to stop using its name.) Rose Shapiro cited Natural Cures as a prime example in her book, Suckers: How Alternative Medicine Makes Fools of Us All. Natural Cures sold briskly due to an aggressive infomercial

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title: Kevin Trudeau

texts:
 promotion.Quackwatch and other internet watchdog sites cautioned that the infomercial itself was "misleading". In a 2005 public warning from the New York State Consumer Protection Board, CPB Chairman Teresa A. Santiago cautioned that Natural Cures contained no actual cures, only "speculation". Cures were promised, but only by subscribing to <mask>'s newsletter or website at $71.40 per year or $499 for a "lifetime membership". The paid sites contained only additional, similarly unsubstantiated speculation, according to the CPB. The Chicago Tribune also noted that a purported back-cover endorsement by former FDA commissioner Herbert Ley—who died three years before the book was written—was actually an excerpt from a 35-year-old New York Times interview. More Natural Cures Revealed
Following Natural Cures "They" Don't Want You to Know About, <mask> released a second medical guide two years later. His second book, More Natural Cures Revealed: Previously Censored Brand Name Products That Cure Disease, was self-published as well.The book is a similar publication to his first, where he purports to explain why drug and food companies hide the truth about how their products can cause disease. In More Natural Cures Revealed, <mask> writes that workers at the FDA and FTC want to censor him and, figuratively, burn his books. Though the book received negative comments from some reviewers, it received average ratings on both Amazon and GoodReads.com. The Weight Loss Cure "They" Don't Want You to Know About

In April 2007, <mask> in the 1950s involving injections of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The diet was criticized in 1962 by the Journal of the American Medical

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title: Kevin Trudeau

texts:
 Association as hazardous to human health and a waste of money. In 1976, the FTC ordered clinics and promoters of the Simeons Diet and hCG to inform prospective patients that there had been no "substantial evidence" to conclude hCG offered any benefit above that achieved on a restricted calorie diet.Clinical research trials published by the Journal of the American Medical Association and the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition have shown that hCG is ineffective as a weight-loss aid, citing "no statistically significant difference in the means of the two groups" and that hCG "does not appear to enhance the effectiveness of a rigidly imposed regimen for weight reduction." The FTC filed a contempt-of-court action against <mask> alleging that the alleged misrepresentations in the book violate a 2004 consent order. Debt Cures "They" Don't Want You to Know About
Debt Cures was published in 2007 and has been marketed on television. Chuck Jaffee, a columnist at CBS MarketWatch, stated: "Truth be told, most of the information (in the book) is readily available in personal finance columns you can find online or in books that are readily available in your local library." <mask> says that if readers disagree with items on their credit reports, they can dispute them as identity theft; this was the "magic cure" of the book's title. Your Wish Is Your Command
Published in 2009, the product says it gives tools on how to use the Law of Attraction to manifest readers' desires. The packaging also says it contains key links to using the Law of Attraction that are missing in other publications.Among the claims made in the related infomercial is <mask>'s assertion to have

masks: Trudeau Trudeau Trudeau


title: Kevin Trudeau

texts:
 virtually flunked out of high school. He also says he was "taken in" by a mysterious group called "The Brotherhood" that taught him the secrets that he is now widely announcing in his book. There is also an invitation to join the now defunct "Global Information Network," an "exclusive group of highly influential, affluent, and freedom-orientated [sic] people" (see below). The network operated out of the Caribbean island Nevis and employed the Law of Attraction as its principal wealth generator, a concept generally regarded by much of the scientific community as placebo or pseudoscience. Media interviews
<mask> has been interviewed by CNN's Paula Zahn, Matt Lauer of NBC's Today Show, and Harry Smith of CBS's The Early Show. Trudeau was also the subject of investigative reports done by Inside Edition, ABC's 20/20 and Dateline NBC. The 20/20 segment highlighted a Nightline interview with Jake Tapper in which Trudeau misrepresented the money he was forced to pay to the government, the charges filed against him and the reason the government did not follow through with charges, and claiming ignorance when the claims made in his book were called false by Tapper.Infomercials
At one time, <mask> was a prolific producer of infomercials. He consented to an FTC ban applying to everything except publications that the FTC concluded would infringe upon his First Amendment rights. All of his subsequent infomercials advertised his books, Natural Cures "They" Don't Want You To Know About and The Weight Loss Cure. Notable co-hosts included Leigh Valentine (former wife of televangelist Robert Tilton) and the late Tammy Faye Messner (the former Tammy Faye Bakker).

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title: Kevin Trudeau

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 Pharmaceutical companies
Trudeau offers a conspiracy theory, saying that the drug industry and the FDA work with each other to effectively deceive the public by banning all-natural cures in order to protect the profits of the drug industry. Trudeau says that FDA commissioners who leave the FDA to work for large drug companies are paid millions of dollars. In any other industry, according to Trudeau, this would be called "bribery," a "conflict of interest" or "payoffs."<mask> also says in his infomercials that the food industry includes chemicals (such as MSG and aspartame) to get people "addicted to food" and to "make people obese." References to scientific studies
One of the major complaints about <mask>'s infomercials is that he makes only vague references to scientific studies, making them impossible to cross-check for accuracy. The same criticism exists for the anecdotal evidence that he presents in the infomercials. He does not identify people who he claims have been cured by his methods. For example, he tells a story in an infomercial about "a friend from England" who came to his house and complained of heartburn. He also references a study done on the antidepressant qualities of St. John's Wort compared to two prescription medications. These studies, the infomercials suggest, are identified in the book being advertised for sale, but none of his books provide any such substantiation.In an interview, he explained that he cannot reveal his source material because of "FTC suppression"; but readers can join his web site, where, for $9.99 a month or $499 for a lifetime, they can gain access to the special members-only section from which they can e-mail


title: Kevin Trudeau

texts:
 him for the information. Newspaper articles
A pair of 2005 Associated Press articles by Candice Choi on the infomercials elaborated on the success and problems of the programs. Choi says that by repeatedly mentioning government sanctions against him, <mask> "anticipated any backlash with his cuckoo conspiracy theory" and can partially deflect any criticism of him or his infomercials. <mask>'s use of the word "cure" is an issue for regulators. Also, bookstores are polled on their decisions to sell or not sell a successful and controversial self-published book. Additional marketing ventures

Audio tapes: "Mega Memory"

<mask> says he adapted techniques used to improve the memory of the blind and the mentally challenged to create Mega Memory and Advanced Mega Memory audio tapes. His promotion of memory-enhancing products was ended by the intervention of the Federal Trade Commission which alleged that the claims made by <mask> were false and programs involved would not enable users to achieve a "photographic memory," as the advertising claimed.<mask> used research that Dr. Michael Van Masters conducted with the State School for the Blind in Muskogee, Oklahoma, in 1975 as the basis of the Mega Memory products. <mask> was selling automobiles at Neponset Lincoln Mercury in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston in 1982 when he first met Van Masters. Shortly after meeting Van Masters, he joined the latter's business in Chicago. Non-surgical facelift
In addition to Natural Cures, <mask> also hosted an infomercial that features the "Perfect Lift" non-surgical facelift. In the United Kingdom, this infomercial was found to violate the ITC advertising rules. In 2008,


title: Kevin Trudeau

texts:
 Trudeau began airing another infomercial, for a product called Firmalift, with Leigh Valentine. Partnership with Donald Barrett and ITV Direct
On September 11, 2006, Donald Barrett and ITV Direct, a direct marketing company based in Beverly, Massachusetts, announced that they had entered into a partnership with Trudeau to market both of his Natural Cures books.<mask> also worked with ITV to create ITV Ventures, a new MLM group based out of ITV's home office. As of December 2006, ITV Direct has pulled all information concerning both this partnership and <mask>'s books from its corporate website; however, the infomercials continued to run for several years thereafter. International Pool Tour

In 2005, <mask> founded the International Pool Tour (IPT). His goal was to transform billiards into a "major league" sport with aggressive promotion and the largest purses ever offered. The initial three events in 2005 and early 2006 were successful, but at the fourth, the IPT World Open tournament in Reno, Nevada, promoters announced that they did not have sufficient funds on hand to cover the purse. Winners were assured that they would receive their prizes in small installments, but most were never paid. The Reno fiasco marked the demise not only of IPT but of professional pool competitions as a whole.As one commentator put it, "The pool hustler wasn't murdered by any single suspect, but the last man holding the knife was <mask>." Legal proceedings

In connection with his promotional activities he has had a felony conviction and has been an unsuccessful defendant in several US Federal Trade Commission lawsuits. <mask> has been charged several times by agencies of

masks:
Trudeau
Trudeau
Trudeau
Kevin Trudeau
Trudeau