title: Wang Guangmei

texts:
 of the third "China Population Award". Around 2000, she underwent another operation, and her health gradually deteriorated. In 2005, she resigned from the post of planning director.<mask> died on October 13, 2006, at the No. 305 Military Hospital in Beijing due to lung infection caused by heart failure. Her funeral was held at the Babaoshan Revolutionary Martyrs' Cemetery in Beijing on October 21, 2006. Four days after her death, she was selected by the China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation as the winner of the 2nd China "Poverty Elimination Award" Achievement Award. On October 24th, Fu Jen Catholic University in Taipei held a memorial service for her at the Yesheng Building on campus. Family

<mask> is survived by four children. Her eldest son, retired Gen. Liu Yuan, was a prominent officer in the People's Liberation Army.Her daughter Liu Ting graduated from Boston University and Harvard Business School, and is chairman and president of the Asia Link Group, consultants in corporate finance. References

Notes

Bibliography
 "  Wang Guangmei and Peach Garden Experience," in Timothy Cheek, Klaus Mühlhahn, and Hans J. Van de Ven, ed., Chinese Communist Party : A Century in Ten Lives  (Cambridge University Press, 2021). External links
Short Biography on chinavitae.com
"<mask>, 85, Dies; Former First Lady of China", The New York Times, October 17, 2006
<mask> on China Digital Times
<mask> on Guardian Unlimited

1921 births
2006 deaths
Liu Shaoqi family
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Tianjin
People of the Cultural Revolution
Spouses of national leaders
Catholic University of Peking alumni
Victims of the Cultural Revolution
Republic of China politicians from Tianjin
People's Republic of China politicians from Tianjin
Burials at Babaoshan

masks:
Wang
Wang
Wang Guangmei
Wang Guangmei
Wang Guangmei


title: Friedrich Weber (general)

type: original

texts:
<mask> (March 31, 1892 – September 2, 1974) was a German general in World War II. He fought in Africa and in the Eastern Front. He was the commander of the fortress division defending Warsaw in January 1945. Early years
<mask> was born on 31 March 1892 in Château-Salins, in Lorraine, then the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine. The Imperial German administration strongly discouraged the French language and culture in favor of High German, which became the administrative language (Geschäftssprache). It required the use of German in schools in areas which it considered or designated as German-speaking. French was allowed to remain in use only in primary and secondary schools in municipalities definitely considered Francophone, such as Château-Salins and the surrounding arrondissement, as well and in their local administration.The French name Château-Salins was changed to Salzburg shortly after 1871, which caused problems beyond the language conflict due to the risk of confusion with the better-known Salzburg, so that the French name form was reintroduced and was not affected by the wave of Germanization in 1915. <mask> attended high school in Metz, where his father was an imperial notary. After graduating from high school, he studied law at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich. On July 15, 1911, he joined the Transrhenania Munich Corps (Corps Transrhenania München), his father's corps. He switched to the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, where he also studied economics. First World War
At the beginning of the First World War he joined the 2nd Foot Artillery Regiment (2.

masks:
Friedrich Weber
Friedrich Weber
Weber


title: Friedrich Weber (general)

texts:
 Fußartillerie-Regiment) of the Bavarian Army as a Fahnenjunker.As an officer he fought on the Western Front in the battles of Verdun and Reims, on the Aisne, near Artois and Ypres. At the end of the war he was Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) and had received both classes of the Iron Cross and the Military Merit Order IV class with swords for his services. Reichswehr
In 1919 <mask> joined Freikorps Epp, commanded by Franz Ritter von Epp, and containing personalities such as Ernst Röhm, Rudolf Hess and the later "Hero of Narvik" Eduard Dietl. In the same year he was accepted into the Reichswehr and stationed in Ingolstadt and Nuremberg. <mask> married in 1924, and had four sons. In 1926 he came to Amberg for the training battalion of the 20th (Bavarian) Infantry Regiment (20. (Bayerischen) Infanterie-Regiment), where he was promoted to Hauptmann (captain) on April 1, 1928.In 1930 he became company commander of the 13. Minenwerfer-Kompanie in Regensburg, and in 1935 commander of the 3rd battalion of the 20th Infantry Regiment (Infanterie-Regiment 20) in Deggendorf. When his corps was suspended during the Nazi era, he became a member of the old comradeship "von der Pfordten" founded on June 19, 1938. Second World War
Since the 1939's invasion of Poland an Oberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel) <mask> was the commander of the 481th Infantry Regiment (Infanterie-Regiment 481), part of the 256th Infantry Division, which he led in the invasion of Western Europe, fighting in the Netherlands. On May 17, 1940, his regiment succeeded in penetrating the fortress area of Rotterdam. <mask> also excelled in the

masks:
Weber
Friedrich Weber
Weber
Weber


title: Friedrich Weber (general)

texts: battles for Nieuwpoort and Dunkirk and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on June 8, 1940. On October 1, 1940, he was promoted to Oberst (colonel).From January 4 to February 14, 1942, he served as the commander of the 256th Infantry Division in the Eastern Front. Temporarily in the Führerreserve, on 15 November  1942 he took over the 334th Infantry Division that was promptly sent to Tunisia. With his troops he stormed the Djebel Manson and was involved in the attack on Medjez el Bab and Beja at the head of Korpsgruppe Weber, comprising the 334th Infantry Division, elements of the Hermann Göring Division and the 10th Infantry Division, in Operation Oxhead (Unternehmen Ochsenkopf); the attack proceeding in three groups or horns, in the shape of a bull's head. The northern horn, with most of the tanks, was to advance on the route from Mateur from the north-east, to capture Béja 40 km (25 mi) west of Medjez. The second group was to attack from Goubellat towards Sloughia and Oued Zarga to envelop the British at Mejez El Bab and the third group was to carry out a pincer attack in the Bou Arouda valley, then advance through El Aroussa to Gafour, with the objective of the road junction at El Aroussa. Shortly before the Afrikakorps surrendered in April 1943, he was supposed to inform Hitler of the grievances in Africa, but was turned away by Field Marshal Keitel and dismissed as commander. On January 1, 1943, he was promoted to Generalmajor (major general).On 20 November 1943, Generalmajor <mask> commanded the Silesian 298th Infantry Division in the Soviet Union. On January 10, 1944, he succeeded


title: Friedrich Weber (general)

texts:
 General of the Artillery Heinrich Meyer-Bürdorf until the end of October 1944 as commander of the 131st Infantry Division that was to hold a line at Vitebsk. On July 1, 1944, <mask> was promoted to Generalleutenant (lieutenant general) and from December 20, 1944, appointed commander of the Festung Division "Warsaw", created on 12 January 1945. Relief of Command
Contrary to a no longer executed Führer decree to keep the enclosed fortress, he led his men back to the German main battle line, taking all the wounded with them and after breaking through the front, which was already 60 kilometers away. For abandoning the Polish capital, <mask> was relieved of command on January 25, 1945 and formally transferred to the Führerreserve. Taken to court martial, <mask> was sentenced to three years imprisonment. The execution was suspended for probation at the front.Post-war years
From May 8, 1945, until June 26, 1947, <mask> was a US prisoner of war. After his release, he pursued various activities. From 1949 he became involved in adult education. He participated in the founding of the Deggendorf Volkshochschul adult education center and took over its management in 1951. He was chairman of the Niederbayern district working group of adult education centers and a member of the main committee of the Bavarian Adult Education Association. In 1961 he founded the contemporary history education center at Schloss Egg (Zeitgeschichtliches Bildungszentrum Schloss Egg). For many years he was chairman of the Deggendorf student association (Waffenring).<mask> died on 2 September 1972 in Deggendorf, in Bavaria, West Germany.

masks:
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Friedrich Weber


title: Friedrich Weber (general)

texts:
 Family
<mask> had been married since 1924 and had four sons. Orders and awards

 Iron Cross, 2nd and 1st classes. The Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918. Service Award Cross for 24 years of service. Anschluss Commemorative Medal 1938. Sudentenland Medal with Prague Castle clasp.Wound Badge in black and silver. Certificate of Appreciation from the Commander in Chief of the Army for excellence on the battlefield. Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross as Oberstleutnant and commander of Infanterie-Regiment 481 (8 June 1940). German Cross in gold (22 April 1942). Infantry Assault Badge. Eastern Medal. Medal of Military Valor in silver (Italian).Grand Officer's Cross of the Bey of Tunis. Africa Cuff Title. Federal Cross of Merit 1st Class (15 October 1959). Bavarian Order of Merit. Honor armband of the Transrhenania Corps. Golden Citizen Medal of the City of Deggendorf. Bibliography

 Mitcham, Samuel W., Jr. (2007).German Order of Battle. Volume One: 1st – 290th Infantry Divisions in WWII. PA; United States of America: Stackpole Books. pg. 183–305, ISBN 978-0-8117-3416-5. Mitcham, Samuel W., Jr. (2007). German Order of Battle.Volume Two: 291st – 999th Infantry Divisions, Named Infantry Divisions, and Special Divisions in WWII. PA; United States of America: Stackpole Books. pg. 41-235, ISBN 978-0-8117-3437-0. References

Citations

Bibliography

1892 births
1972 deaths
Lieutenant generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
German occupation of Poland during World War II
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of


title: Samar Mubarakmand

texts:
Dr. <mask> (Urdu: ; b. 17 September 1942; ), is a Pakistani nuclear physicist known for his research in gamma spectroscopy and experimental development of the linear accelerator. He came to public attention as the director of the test teams responsible for the performing the Pakistan's first atomic tests (see Chagai-I and Chagai-II) at the Ras Koh Hills, located in Balochistan Province, Pakistan. Prior to that, he was the project director of the Pakistani missile research and development program and supervised development of the Shaheen-I ballistic missile, and the Babur cruise missile programs. <mask> was the founding chairman of the National Engineering and Scientific Commission (Nescom) from 2001 until 2007. He was subsequently appointed by the Government of Pakistan to assist the Thar coalfield project. He is Voluntarily Heading the Mineral Exploration work in district Chiniot as Chairman Board of Directors Punjab Mineral Company, (M&M Deptt) Government of Punjab.Biography

Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born in Rawalpindi on 17 September 1942 to a Punjabi family from Hoshiarpur, East Punjab. He gained his education in Lahore and matriculated from St. Anthony's High School in 1956. After passing the university entrance exams, he enrolled at Government College University (GCU) where he studied physics under Dr. Tahir Hussain. In 1960, he graduated with a Bachelor of Science (BSc) in physics with a concentration in experimental physics and a minor in mathematics. During his college years, Mubarakmand was an avid swimmer and represented GCU at the National Games of Pakistan. He

masks:
Samar Mubarakmand
Mubarakmand
Samar
Mubarakmand


title: Samar Mubarakmand

texts: collaborated with Hafeez Qureshi and Zaman Sheikh. He once described them: "These (Engineering) people at DTD were really smart. They were trained very thoroughly in the development of a weapon's necessary materials at very low cost." After a 3-dimensional geological survey was completed in 1978, Mubarakmand first visited the Chagai Hills in 1981 with Ishfaq Ahmad and other scientists from divisions. In 1998, he was appointed as Member (Technical) at PAEC, and guided the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on experimental physics and test preparations. Mubarakmand assisted the government in evaluating the Pokhran-II tests conducted by India in 1998 and supervised test preparations at the Chagai. At the National Security Council's Cabinet Committee on National Security, Mubarakmand backed Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan's strong advocacy for conducting the tests, immediately calling for the decision to test.On 19–20 May 1998, Mubarakmand led some 140 experimental physicists to oversee the preparations in Chagai, Balochistan, Pakistan where he personally supervised the complete assembly of all five nuclear devices. Mubarakmand walked a total of 5 km back and forth in the hot tunnels checking and re-checking the devices and cables which would be forever buried under the concrete. On 28 May 1998, Mubarakmand led the countdown of the tests, codename Chagai-I. <mask> Mubarakmand was called by PM Nawaz to Prime Minister House just after India conducted Pokhran II and PM Nawaz asked him the status of preparedness of Pakistan and (Mubarakmand) assured Prime Minister Nawaz that scientists were ready and Pakistan could go


title: Samar Mubarakmand

texts:
 for its first nuclear test. On 30 May 1998, Ishfaq Ahmad cleared with the Prime Minister, and Mubarakmand led the very small team of academic scientists that supervised the country's plutonium fission weapon – codename Chagai-II. In 2005, Mubarakmand eulogised his memories in an interview with Hamid Mir's Capital Talk television show and said:

Recalling Munir Ahmad Khan and PAEC's role and its relation to the atomic bomb project priority dispute, Mubarakmand later said that:

Government work and political advocacy

Space programme

In 1990s, Mubarakmand took special initiatives in the advancement of the space program and led a team of engineers to successfully develop the Shaheen-I missile. He was the founding director of the National Defence Complex (NDC) bureau that initiated the work on the Shaheen-I and gathered support for the program.Necessary funding for the program was secured by the military. Mubarakmand oversaw the development of the solid-fuel rocket booster. Initiated in 1987 by the Pakistan Ministry of Defence in response to India's Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme, Pakistan's spin-off missile program was aggressively pursued by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1993. The Shaheen-I missile was successfully test fired in 1999 by a team of engineers led by Mubarakmand. Key strategic weapon systems, such as the Babur and Ghaznavi missiles, were also built by his team. In 2008, <mask> joined the Planning Commission of Pakistan where he strongly advocated for peaceful usage of their space program. In 2009, he revealed the work on Paksat-1R, the nation's first


title: Samar Mubarakmand

texts:
 geostationary satellite that was launched in 2011.The satellite was described as being able to monitor agricultural programs, minerals programs and weather conditions and quoted that there were sufficient funds for the defence, nuclear and space programs. The satellite was launched in 2011 from  the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China. His relations with Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan often remained tense over several scientific issues. He sees Dr. Mubarakmand as "no authority over materials as he is an expert on electromagnetism." Thar Coal project

In 2013, Mubarakmand assisted the Provincial Government of Balochistan in mineral extraction. He lobbied heavily for the implementation of the Thar coal project initiated by the Provincial Government of Sindh despite strong public criticism by Abdul Qadeer Khan, which described it as "intellectual dishonesty". In 2015, a breakthrough in the Thar coal project was reported by the media.Misstatements

The Tethyan Cooper Company (TCC) has approached the High Court of Justice in the British Virgin Islands for the enforcement of the $5.97 billion award against Pakistan by the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) in the Reko Diq case in Dec-20. A senior official revealed that the “misstatement” of scientist, Dr <mask> Mubarakmand before the Supreme Court tribunal,  in 2011, was one of the main reasons behind the Supreme Court Decision On January 7, 2013, when a three-member bench of the apex court, headed by then Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, declared Chejva “illegal, void” and non-binding, causing ICSID slapping the


title: Samar Mubarakmand

texts:
 heavy penalty on Pakistan. Dr <mask> had claimed that the Reko Diq gold mines would fetch the country around $2.5 billion annually. He had also maintained Reko Diq and other gold reserves in the country will bring in $131 billion to the national exchequer. The tribunal relied on his statement. State honours

<mask> has been conferred with state honors for his services to the country by the Government of Pakistan. He is the recipient of the: Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1993); Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1998); and the Nishan-e-Imtiaz (2003), which is the highest civil honor of Pakistan.In addition, he is a Fellow of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences (PAS), inducted by Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad in 2000. Nishan-e-Imtiaz (2004)
Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1998)
Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1993)
PAS Nazir Ahmad Award (2005)
International Scientist of the Year (2007)
Life Member, Pakistan Nuclear Society
Roll of Honour GCU (1962)
Fellow, Pakistan Mathematical Society (2003)

Scientific journals and papers

Conference papers
 "A Science Oddyssey: Pakistans Nuclear Emergence", <mask> <mask>, Khalil Qureshi, Masoor Beg, Masud Ahmad. Research publications
 Aspects of a-emission from the bombardment of 58Ni with 14.7 MeV neutrons, by Naeem Ahmad Khan, <mask> Mubarakmand and Masud Ahmed, journal of Nuclear physics, PINSTECH. Cross-section measurements with a neutron generator by <mask> Mubarakmand, Masud Ahmad, M. Anwar and M. S. Chaudhry. Some characteristic differences between the etch pits due to 86Rn and 232 Th α particles in CA80–15 and LR–115 cellulose nitrate track detectors, by Hameed Ahmad Khan, M. Afzal, P. Chaudhary, <mask> <mask>, F. I. Nagi and

masks: Samar Mubarakmand Samar Mubarakmand Samar Samar Samar Mubarakmand


title: Samar Mubarakmand

texts:
 A.Waheed, journal of Isotopic Radiation, PINSTECH (1977). Application of glass solid state nuclear track detectors in the measurement of the + particle fission cross–section of uranium, by <mask> <mask>, K. Rashid, P. Chaudhry and Hameed Ahmad Khan, Methods of Nuclear Instrumentation. (1977)
Etching of glass solid state nuclear track detectors in aqueous solutions of (4NH)2HF, NaOH and KOH, by Hameed Ahmad Khan, R. A. Akbar, A. Waheed, P. Chaudhry and Samar Mubarakmand, journal of Isotopic Radiation, PINSTECH (1978).See also
Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
Shaheen (missile)
Chagai-I
Chagai-II
Kirana Hills

References

Biographical annotations
*

External links
<mask> Mubarakmand
 http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28142/1/people11_12-99
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090507090152/http://www.ciitlahore.edu.pk/PL/News/VisitDrSamar110209.html

Living people
1942 births
Punjabi people
Pashtun people
People from Rawalpindi
Government College University, Lahore alumni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Pakistani nuclear physicists
Experimental physicists
Project-706 people
Fluid dynamicists
Fellows of Pakistan Academy of Sciences
Government College University, Lahore faculty
St. Anthony's High School, Lahore

masks: Samar Mubarakmand Samar


title: Bojan Veličković

texts:
<mask> (; born December 18, 1988) is a Serbian mixed martial artist and sambist currently competing in the Welterweight division. A professional competitor since 2010, he has competed for the UFC, Professional Fighters League, and RFA, where he was the Welterweight Champion. Background
Born and raised in Novi Sad, Serbia, <mask> began training in judo at the age of ten, before transitioning to Muay Thai at 14. Then at the age of 22, he began training in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and mixed martial arts. In Muay Thai, <mask> holds a record of 14–2. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
<mask> was a gold medalist in amateur MMA at the FILA World Wrestling Federation before making his professional debut in 2010 as part of the "Road to the Ring of Fire" reality show. <mask> won all four fights and the show.He then began competing for the Tesla Fighting Championship in his native Serbia, where he was also Welterweight champion. Resurrection Fighting Alliance
After compiling a professional record of 9–2, <mask> signed with the promotion in 2014. After losing his promotional debut to former UFC competitor and Ultimate Fighter Season 17 contestant Gilbert Smith, he won his next four fights with the promotion, capturing the Welterweight Championship in his final fight before signing with the UFC. Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> signed with the UFC after compiling a record of 13–3 first and relocating to Colorado. <mask> made his promotional debut against Alessio Di Chirico on April 10, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 86. He won the fight via unanimous decision (29–28, 29–28, and 30–27). <mask> next faced Michael Graves on July 30, 2016 at UFC 201.The bout was declared a majority draw. <mask> faced Sultan Aliev on December 17, 2016 at UFC on Fox 22. He lost the fight via split decision. <mask> faced Nico Musoke on May 28, 2017 at UFC Fight Night 109. He won

masks:
Bojan Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković


title: Bojan Veličković

texts:
 the fight by knockout in the third round. This win also earned <mask> his first Performance of the Night bonus award. <mask> fought Darren Till on September 2, 2017 at UFC Fight Night: Struve vs. Volkov, losing the bout in a unanimous decision.<mask> faced Jake Matthews on November 19, 2017 at UFC Fight Night 121. He lost the fight via split decision, and was subsequently released from the promotion. PFL
After the release from the UFC, <mask> signed with Professional Fighters League, participating the inaugural season's welterweight bracket. He advanced from the regular season to quarterfinals where he eventually was eliminated, but was brought back to semifinals due to an injury of Abubakar Nurmagomedov. He lost the semifinal bout against Magomed Magomedkerimov via second round knockout. <mask> also participated in the 2019 season of the Professional Fighters League, ending up losing both of his regular season bouts and not advancing to the playoffs. Post-PFL career
<mask> was expected to face Escley Araujo at Serbian Battle Championship 27 on March 14, 2020.However, Araujo withdrew from the bout due to an injury and was replaced by Danillo Santos. <mask> won the fight via second-round submission. <mask> then challenged Vladislav Kanchev for the SBC Welterweight Championship at Serbian Battle Championship 29 on November 7, 2020. He won the fight via unanimous decision. OKTAGON
As the first bout of his three-fight contract with OKTAGON MMA, <mask> faced Emmanuel Dawa at OKTAGON 25 on June 19, 2021. He won the fight via technical knockout after the first round. In his sophomore appearance he faced Carlo Prater at OKTAGON 27 on September 11, 2021.He won the fight via first-round technical knockout. <mask> faced David Kozma for the Oktagon MMA Welterweight Championship on December 4, 2021 at Oktagon 29. He lost the bout via TKO in the 4th

masks: Veličković Veličković Veličković Veličković Veličković Veličković Veličković Veličković Veličković Veličković


title: Corey Sanders

texts:
<mask> (born March 7, 1975) is an South African boxing trainer and former professional boxer. Known as "T-Rex", <mask>' most notable victory came in an upset knockout against future WBC world champion Oleg Maskaev in 2002, which temporarily derailed Maskaev's plans of fighting for a title. <mask>' other notable opponents included Michael Grant, Andrew Golota, DaVarryl Williamson and Timo Hoffmann. <mask> is perhaps best remembered for his wild brawl with Golota, which saw both fighters trading heavy blows on the inside throughout the fight, and <mask> receiving a gruesome, deep cut above his left eye. Background
Born and raised in Washington D.C., <mask> attended Theodore Roosevelt High School where he was All-City lineman in football. <mask> turned down various college football offers to stay home and take care of his mother, who was sick. He attended Montgomery College.Amateur career
<mask> began boxing in 1993 at the age of 19, and had a very brief amateur career before turning professional a year later in 1994. Professional career
<mask> gained widespread media attention in late 2006, when he fought a series of four-round exhibition bouts against former undisputed heavyweight Mike Tyson during a world tour, which was organized to help pay off Tyson's financial debts. Tyson fought without headgear against the headgeared <mask>, and Tyson appeared to be holding back during the bouts to prevent an early end to the show. He last fought in December 2007, dropping a six rounds decision to Dennis Bakhtov, which became his seventh loss in a row. His current professional record stands at 23 wins (15 KO), and 13 losses out of 36 fights.

masks:
Corey Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders


title: William C. James

texts:
<mask> (June 22, 1896 – September 30, 1974) was an officer of the United States Marine Corps with the rank of brigadier general, most noted for his service as chief of staff, 1st Marine Division during the Guadalcanal Campaign and later as commanding officer, Marine Corps Base San Diego. <mask> spent most of his career in administrative positions and never held field command until he was appointed chief of staff, 1st Marine Division. He sailed with that division to Guadalcanal in August 1942, but was relieved in September of that year due to poor performance as divisional chief of staff and ordered back to the United States. <mask> never held combat command again and spent the remainder of his career in administrative positions. Early career

<mask><mask> was born on June 22, 1896, in Florence, South Carolina, and following high school, he attended the Citadel in Charleston, South Carolina. He graduated in June 1916 and entered the Marine Corps service as second lieutenant and was ordered to the Marine Officer's School at Norfolk Navy Yard, Virginia, for further officer training. Following the completion of the school, <mask> was ordered to Santo Domingo in April 1917 for his first tour of expeditionary duty which lasted until February 1919.He then returned stateside as first lieutenant for duty at Marine Barracks Quantico. <mask> was ordered to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, in February 1922 and served with local Marine Barracks at Naval Base Guanatanamo until June 1924. He then served at Marine Barracks, Philadelphia Navy Yard until he was ordered to the Marine Barracks, Charleston Navy Yard in September 1926. He was ordered for his second tour of expeditionary duty to Nicaragua in October 1927, but returned one month later to the United States after commanding detachment of Guardia Nacional in Chinandega. <mask> was subsequently promoted to the rank of captain and transferred to the Marine Barracks, Parris Island, South Carolina where he remained until summer

masks:
William Capers James
James
James
William C
. James
James
James
James


title: William C. James

texts:
 1929. In July 1929, <mask> was appointed commanding officer of Marine detachment aboard the battleship USS Tennessee and participated in the patrol cruises in the Pacific Ocean. A Marine detachment under his command won the Fleet Trophy for excellent gunnery.He left Tennessee in August 1931 and returned to Marine Corps Base Quantico, where he completed Field Officers' course at the Marine Corps Schools. Upon his graduation, <mask> was promoted to the rank of major in June 1932 and ordered back to Parris Island. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel in Jun 1936 and ordered to the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, for senior course, which he completed in May 1937. <mask> was ordered to China upon the completion of the course at Naval War College and assumed command of the Marine detachment in Peking. He commanded "China Marines" during the next two years and faced the permanent provocations of Japanese garrison. <mask> was succeeded by Colonel <mask>. Ashurst in August 1939 and returned to the United States for duty with Division of Reserve, Headquarters Marine Corps. He was promoted to the rank of colonel on August 21, 1939.World War II

Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, <mask> was still stationed at Headquarters Marine Corps in Washington, D.C., and appointed as Military Secretary to the Commandant, Thomas Holcomb in March 1940. In this capacity, he was responsible for the day-to-day operations of the Office of the Commandant, supervision of the schedule of the commandant and other duties connected with administration of Commandants officer. He also simultaneously served as officer in charge, Marine Corps Public Information. During the April 1942, commanding general of 1st Marine Division, Alexander A. Vandegrift, was looking for new Divisional Chief of Staff as substitute of Colonel LeRoy P. Hunt. He requested colonel <mask>, whom he knew from his service at Headquarters Marine Corps and Commandant Holcomb and his deputy

masks:
James
James
James
James
William W
James
James


title: William C. James

texts: Ralph S. Keyser agreed. To be mentioned, wives of Keyser and <mask> were cousins and also cousins of Lottie Thomas, wife of 1st Marine Division operations officer, Gerald C. Thomas. <mask>, who had no previous experience of field command, became the chief of staff of combat division.He joined te 1st Marine division at New Zealand in July of that year and participated in the planning for upcoming Guadalcanal Campaign. Due to lack of combat experiences, <mask> had not taken hold as division chief of staff and rest of the core divisional staff cooperated rather with divisional operations officer Gerald C. Thomas. Although they were distant relatives, relationship between <mask> and Thomas started to get worse. Colonel <mask> participated in the landing on Guadalcanal in August 1942 and following the establishment of forward command post, he tried to coordinate divisional staff. His cautious approach quickly caused the loss of confidence of Vandegrift. General Vandegrift, who saw, that his only operational opinion was that patrolling was too dangerous, started looking for a replacement for <mask>. Colonel <mask> was relieved by Colonel Thomas on September 24, 1942, and ordered back to the United States.Although they were distant cousins, <mask> left Guadalcanal as bitter enemy of Thomas. Vandegrift recommended <mask> for the promotion of brigadier general, which was ultimately not approved. Upon his return, <mask> assumed command of Marine Corps Base San Diego, California, and had the opportunity to train the men who benefited from his experience during the Guadalcanal Campaign. He held this assignment until the end of April 1944, when he was replaced by Brigadier General Matthew H. Kingman. He was ordered back to the Pacific area in May 1944 and attached to the staff of V Amphibious Corps under Major General Harry Schmidt as deputy chief of staff, Military Government Section. <mask> participated in the Marianas Islands Campaign and subsequently was attached to

masks: James James James James James James James James James James James


title: William C. James

texts:
 Military Government command on Tinian as deputy chief civil affairs officer. While in this capacity, <mask> was commended by Brigadier General Frederick V. H. Kimble, Commanding General Tinian Garrison Force, for his "cheerful and optimistic attitude in relieving and organizing a destitute people quickly bestowed a spirit of high morale which was daily reflected in the cooperative attitude of Tinian civilians."Later career

<mask> assumed command of Forward Echelon, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, on Oahu, Hawaii, and held this assignment until June 1945. However, his career was given some satisfaction when he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in July 1945 and appointed assistant director of personnel and deputy to Major General Thomas E. Watson at Headquarters Marine Corps. His transfer to Headquarters Marine Corps was no coincidence, because general Watson had a grudge against now-brigadier general Gerald C. Thomas, director of plans and policies at Headquarters Marine Corps and needed an ally. He believed that Thomas had isolated general Vandegrift from all his old friends, which included Watson. Aware of <mask>'s grudge against Thomas, Watson requested <mask> as his deputy. General <mask> served as assistant director of personnel until November 1946, when he was retired after 30 years of commissioned service. Brigadier General <mask><mask> died on September 30, 1974, in Daytona Beach, Florida.He and his wife were survived by their son, <mask><mask> Jr. who also served in the Marines and commanded Mortar platoon during Marshall Islands campaign. Decorations

Here is the ribbon bar of Brigadier General <mask><mask>:

References

1896 births
1974 deaths
People from Florence, South Carolina
The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina alumni
Naval War College alumni
American military personnel of the Banana Wars
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War I
United States Marine Corps World War II

masks:
James
James
James
James
James
William C
. James
William C
. James
William C
. James


title: Graham Kirkham, Baron Kirkham

texts:
<mask>, <mask>,  (born 14 December 1944) is an English businessman, the founder and chairman of sofa retailer DFS. Previously executive chairman of DFS Furniture Company Ltd, <mask> is a strong political and financial supporter of the Conservative Party, and is one of South Yorkshire's richest men, with a personal fortune estimated at £1 billion. After selling DFS in April 2010 he now has a large share in Iceland supermarkets. He is also now involved in fish and chip shops having bought the Whitby chain. Early life
Adopted at the age of three weeks, he is the only son of Edlington miner <mask> and his wife Elsie: "My whole life has been the luck of going to a good family." After passing the Eleven plus exam, he attended Maltby Grammar School (since 1967 called Maltby Comprehensive School) and hoped to join the Royal Air Force as a pilot. Failing to get the required five O levels, <mask> got a job in a local furniture store.Career

Northern Upholstery
In 1969, having visited a few manufacturers in his daily work, he decided that making furniture was relatively easy and that by cutting out the warehouse dealers in the middle of the supply chain, he could sell direct to the public at cheaper prices. <mask> rented a room above a snooker hall in Carcroft, and started making furniture upstairs and retailing it downstairs. DFS
By 1983, Darley Dale–based Direct Furnishing Supplies had become one of Northern Upholstery biggest suppliers. When Direct Furnishing Supplies went bankrupt with debts of £900,000 on a turnover of £3,000,000, <mask> bought it. Northern Upholstery now renamed itself DFS and at the time had a total of 63 stores employing 2,000 staff. In 1993, DFS was floated on the stock market and valued at £271 million, with <mask> and his family trusts owning just over half of the shares. This brought the <mask>

masks:
Graham Kirkham
Baron Kirkham
Kirkham
Tom Kirkham
Kirkham
Kirkham
Kirkham
Kirkham
Kirkham


title: Graham Kirkham, Baron Kirkham

texts:
 family to the attention of thieves, who in 1994 broke into the family home at Sprotborough while they were on holiday.The burglars bound and gagged the housekeeper and made off with money and jewels worth £2.4m – later recovered, but still South Yorkshire's largest armed robbery. In 1998 DFS announced its first drop in profits in 28 years to the London Stock Exchange. In 2000 DFS announced a 79 per cent profit increase. But the revival was short lived, and in light of the continuing prevalence for private equity, <mask> took the chain private again, leveraging his family's own 9.46% stake with £150 million of family funds in an eventual £496 million deal. <mask> told the Yorkshire Post: "It's something that's caused me fitful sleep in the time I've been thinking about it. I've no hobby, this is my hobby – it's what I do. I'm an entrepreneur.It's almost as if I can feel the adrenaline running through my veins." On 23 April 2010, it was announced that DFS had been sold to private equity firm Advent International for a reported £500m. Conservative party donations
<mask> is well known for his donations to the Tory Party which began in the 1980s. By 1996 he had lent the party £4 million in an interest free loan, and in the 1996 New Year Honours was given a knighthood. John Prescott, then in opposition called it "the crudest example yet of honours given for financial services to the Tory Party". <mask> responded that the honour was for his charitable work for The Duke of Edinburgh's Award and the Animal Health Trust. In September 1996 <mask> told The Daily Telegraph that his donations were not "anything at all like that sort of magnitude", and that the £4m had in fact been a loan to the party from his son Michael which was repaid a few weeks later.<mask> gave £200,000 to Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex's Ardent TV company

masks: Kirkham Kirkham Kirkham Kirkham Kirkham Kirkham


title: Graham Kirkham, Baron Kirkham

texts:
 in 1994 because he had "a burning desire to succeed". On 23 July 1999, <mask> was made a life peer as Baron <mask>, of Old Cantley in the County of South Yorkshire. He was one of the working peers recommended by then Tory leader William Hague, who had borrowed Kirkham's helicopter for electioneering. <mask> has given modestly to charity, allocating grants totalling £455,000 in 1998/99. Among his charitable donations made mainly via the Graham Kirkham Foundation, <mask> gave £225,000 to help cancer research by Bradford University, had a gallery named after him at the River and Rowing Museum in Henley on Thames, and is also Deputy Patron and a member of the board of Outward Bound trustees. <mask> is also the Chairman of Trustees and a very active supporter of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award (DofE) in the UK. <mask> was appointed Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) in the 2001 Birthday Honours for services to the Duke of Edinburgh's Award and the Outward Bound Trust and Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in the 2021 Birthday Honours for services to the Duke of Edinburgh's Award.Personal life
<mask> married Pauline Fisher in 1965. The couple have two children. <mask> has two houses in his native South Yorkshire, one in Cadeby Road, Sprotborough; and Grade II*-listed Georgian mansion Cantley Hall which he bought in 1990 from motor dealer John Carnell. Neighbours have complained about both a wall <mask> built to protect his privacy, as well as the noise from a 1998 fireworks party at which the singer was Elaine Paige. <mask> furnishes his homes using DFS sofas, as well as old master paintings including John Constable's View of the Stour (bought for £6.7m) and Thomas Gainsborough's Peasants Going To Market (bought for £3.5m). In 1997 <mask> lent works by Édouard Manet and Orazio Gentileschi to

masks:
Kirkham
Kirkham
Charity Kirkham
Kirkham
Kirkham
Kirkham
Kirkham
Kirkham
Kirkham
Kirkham
Kirkham


title: Graham Kirkham, Baron Kirkham

texts:
 the Getty Center in Brentwood, Los Angeles. <mask> has long been interested in dogs, and owns Dalmatians.He has been a Kennel Club member since 1995 and while he owned DFS, it was the main sponsor of Crufts for its show in 2010. He is President of Driffield Agricultural Society and is always present on the last day of the championship dog show to make all the main presentations. With Lord Harris of Peckham, he is co-owner of the "Hello" horses: Hello Sanctos, Hello Mr President, Hello M'Lady, Hello Sailor, Hello Unique and Hello Boyo, which are ridden by Scott Brash. In April 2008, <mask> was involved in an altercation with another motorist in an alleged road rage incident. Charges of assault occasioning actual bodily harm were subsequently brought against him. In court in December 2008, <mask> denied the charges, and claimed that while he was "not proud" of what had happened, it was he who had been the victim of a road rage attack. <mask> was cleared of all charges after a three-day trial.Awards
 1995 – Knighthood
 1995 – Honorary Member of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
 1997 – Honorary Fellow of the Animal Health Trust
 1997 – Honorary Doctorate from Bradford University
 1999 – made a Life Peer as Baron Kirkham
 2001 – CVO
 2004 – Yorkshire Television accolade of "Yorkshire Man of the Year"
 2021 – KCVO

Arms

References

External links

 <mask> at TheyWorkForYou.com
 Present list of Kirkhams interests at the House of Lords register

1944 births
Living people
British manufacturing chief executives
British retail company founders
English adoptees
English company founders
People from Doncaster
English billionaires
English businesspeople
English art collectors
Conservative Party (UK) life peers
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights Bachelor
Conservative Party (UK) donors
Manufacturing company

masks:
Kirkham
Kirkham
Kirkham
Kirkham
Lord Kirkham


title: Roy Korving

texts:
<mask> (born 5 June 1995) is a Dutch former amateur boxer. He won a bronze medal at the 2017 European Championships as a heavyweight, and competed at two editions of the World Championships. Amateur career
Before boxing, Korving played association football in the youth systems of CVV Be Fair and VV Waddinxveen. However, a serious injury made him quit football and he eventually started boxing after doing a trial lesson. Korving represented his country in a continental competition for the first time at the 2013 European Youth Championships in Rotterdam. He moved up to the highest age group in amateur boxing, the senior division the following year. The 19-year-old immediately won a gold medal at the German Senior National Championships in the heavyweight class, defeating reigning champion Johan Visscher in the finals.After taking first at a tournament in Helsinki in March 2015, he won another gold two months later at the Algirdas Socikas Tournament in Kaunas, where he impressed by beating European Youth Championship silver medalist Adam Hamori in the semi-finals. He won two fights before falling to Tervel Pulev in the quarter-finals of that year's European Championships. He also participated in his first World Championships in Doha, but was eliminated by the eventual gold medalist, Evgeny Tishchenko, in his second bout. In March 2016, Korving won the prestigious Chemistry


title: Chan Sau Chung

texts:
<mask> 陳秀中, The Monkey King (born in Hong Kong on May 6, 1934—February 7, 2020) was the Head of the Tai Shing Pek Kwar Kung Fu. He was the protégé and sole successor of Gan Dak Hoi, of Tai Shing Pek Kwar Kung Fu. Early training
<mask> became a student of Gan Dak Hoi 耿德海 (Geng De Hai) when he was roughly 12 years old and has been practising ever since. Initially he was taught sanshou by Gan, however over time Gan began to teach him Da Sheng Pi Gua. Gan Dak Hoi had learned Pi Gua kung fu from his father, Master Gan Wing 耿榮貴. Gan Dak Hoi later invited <mask> to study kung fu everyday and to help manage his school in Hong Kong. At the age of 16 years <mask> quit his regular school and became a full-time teaching assistant to Gan Dak Hoi at the Hong Kong school.<mask> <mask> also learned Da Sheng Pi Gua from Gan Dak Hoi, who in turn had learned it from its founder Kau Sei (Kou Si) 寇四. Having learned the entire Pi Gua system, Gan Dak Hoi then taught his young protégé all five styles of Da Sheng Kung Fu. As <mask>'s knowledge and expertise in Da Sheng Pi Gua grew Gan Dak Hoi would take him into the mountains outside of Hong Kong for special training in Da Sheng kung fu. This included walking tightropes, scrambling up ropes, rolling around on rocky ground and walking around in a slightly bow legged monkey styled squat until his legs burned. However, not all training included physical exercise as once or twice each week <mask> would go to the Kam Shan Country Park (金山郊野公園) just outside Hong Kong to watch the monkeys play, fight, frolic and generally be themselves. He gradually incorporated their gestures, eye movements, facial expressions and their short sharp burst of speed in his kung fu routines. Opening of first school
<mask> <mask> and three of his batch mates Lam Sy Fun, Hiu Hoi and Chow Sing Fun were selected by Gan Dak Hoi and authorised to

masks:
Chan Sau Chung
Chan Sau Chung
Chan
Chan
Chan Sau
Chung
Chan
Chan
Chan Sau
Chung


title: Chan Sau Chung

texts:
 teach Da Sheng Pi Gua.In 1954, at the age of 22, <mask> <mask> opened his first school in Hong Kong. It had only eleven students nonetheless, <mask> <mask> was determined to continue teaching kung fu, things remained very slow and low-keyed until the late sixties when monkey kung fu burst onto the international scene. Trainer of champions
In 1969, <mask>'s student <mask> Tai won five straight matches to claim the middleweight title in the Southeast Asia Open Martial Arts Tournament. For the next three years <mask> sent a fighter who won his weight class. After having trained four South-east Asian champions, <mask> <mask> retired. Over the years <mask> <mask> has trained many students. Hong Kong Kung Fu Association
<mask>u <mask> established the Hong Kong Kung Fu Association Ltd. in 1977 to better organise the kungfu community in Hong Kong.He was elected as the Chairman in 1978. Under his supervision, the Association gave many charity shows and all receipts from sales tickets were donated to charity institutions. The most significant one was the "Saving Child Sponsoring Schooling" campaign organized by the Hong Kong Wah Kiu Yat Poa. The Malaysian Government sent a Senior Governor to Hong Kong to invite him to give performance charity shows in Malaysia in 1978. He led a group over 30 people and gave shows in 5 cities in Malaysia. <mask> is also the chairman and consultant of the other major kungfu associations in Hong Kong, and he is the Permanent Honorary President & Vice Chairman of the Hong Kong Chinese Martial Arts Association. Da Sheng Pi Gua International Kung Fu Federation
<mask> Sau <mask> formally launched the Da Sheng Pi Gua International Kung Fu Federation in Hong Kong on December 7, 2000.It sought to lend organisation and structure on a worldwide basis, to the teaching of genuine Da Sheng Pi Gua Kung Fu together with this, the

masks:
Chan Sau
Chung
Chan Sau
Chung
Chan
Chan Goon
Chan
Chan Sau
Chung
Chan Sau
Chung
Chan Sa
Chung
Chan
Chan
Chung


title: Chan Sau Chung

texts:
 Master <mask> Leung and Grandmaster <mask> <mask>. The Master's level period of training could take upward of five years prior to successful completion. It is important to again note that no skipping of levels was allowed so no student could enter the program at the Master's level. Bear in mind also that there are five variations taught by the Federation (lost monkey, stone monkey, wooden monkey, tall monkey and the drunken monkey) and that there are upwards of one hundred and twenty-six weapon and empty hand forms.At various levels, approved students were permitted to participate in tournaments as members of the Da Sheng Pi Gua International Kung Fu Federation. Upon successful completion of the Master's level training, students would be graded and where appropriate certified by Grandmaster <mask> <mask> to open their own Da Sheng Pi Gua Kung Fu schools. Together with the video taped lessons, Intermediate level students were initially provided with a book written jointly by <mask> <mask> and his son <mask> Leung, entitled "Essence Of The Monkey". This book gave very detailed insights into the development of Da Sheng Pi Gua Kung Fu and provided information obtained directly from Gan Dak Hoi himself etc. It also provided information on ALL students who were trained by Gan Dak Hoi and which ones were certified to teach Da Sheng Pi Gua Kung Fu. The Federation continues to update this family tree with the modern day students who have mastered all five variations but only those from the lineage previously certified by Gan Dak Hoi. For reasons related to the preservation of information, the Federation came to the conclusion that it had to take down the website and make the "E
essence Of The Monkey" book available to its Advanced and Masters students only.References

Sources

Martial arts school founders
1934 births
2020 deaths
Hong Kong kung fu

masks:
Chan Kai
Chan Sau
Chung
Chan Sau
Chung
Chan Sau
Chung
Chan Kai


title: William Lipscomb

texts:
<mask>. (December 9, 1919April 14, 2011) was a Nobel Prize-winning American inorganic and organic chemist working in nuclear magnetic resonance, theoretical chemistry, boron chemistry, and biochemistry. Biography

Overview

<mask> was born in Cleveland, Ohio. His family moved to Lexington, Kentucky in 1920, and he lived there until he received his Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry at the University of Kentucky in 1941. He went on to earn his Doctor of Philosophy degree in Chemistry from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 1946. From 1946 to 1959 he taught at the University of Minnesota. From 1959 to 1990 he was a professor of chemistry at Harvard University, where he was a professor emeritus since 1990. <mask> was married to the former Mary Adele Sargent from 1944 to 1983.They had three children, one of whom lived only a few hours. He married Jean Evans in 1983. They had one adopted daughter. <mask> resided in Cambridge, Massachusetts until his death in 2011 from pneumonia. Early years

"My early home environment ... stressed personal responsibility and self reliance. Independence was encouraged especially in the early years when my mother taught music and when my father's medical practice occupied most of his time." In grade school Lipscomb collected animals, insects, pets, rocks, and minerals.Interest in astronomy led him to visitor nights at the Observatory of the University of Kentucky, where Prof. H. H. Downing gave him a copy of Baker's Astronomy. <mask> credits gaining many intuitive physics concepts from this book and from his conversations with

masks:
William Nunn Lipscomb Jr
Lipscomb
Lipscomb
Lipscomb
Lipscomb


title: William Lipscomb

texts:
 Downing, who became <mask>'s lifelong friend. The young <mask> participated in other projects, such as Morse-coded messages over wires and crystal radio sets, with five nearby friends who became physicists, physicians, and an engineer. At age of 12,  <mask> was given a small Gilbert chemistry set. He expanded it by ordering apparatus and chemicals from suppliers and by using his father's privilege as a physician to purchase chemicals at the local drugstore at a discount. <mask> made his own fireworks and entertained visitors with color changes, odors, and explosions. His mother questioned his home chemistry hobby only once, when he attempted to isolate a large amount of urea from urine.<mask> credits perusing the large medical texts in his physician father's library and the influence of Linus Pauling years later to his undertaking biochemical studies in his later years. Had <mask> become a physician like his father, he would have been the fourth physician in a row along the <mask> male line. The source for this subsection, except as noted, is <mask>'s autobiographical sketch. Education

<mask>'s high-school chemistry teacher, Frederick Jones, gave Lipscomb his college books on organic, analytical, and general chemistry, and asked only that <mask> take the examinations. During the class lectures, <mask> in the back of the classroom did research that he thought was original (but he later found was not): the preparation of hydrogen from sodium formate (or sodium oxalate) and sodium hydroxide. He took care to include gas analyses and to search for probable side reactions. <mask>

masks: Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb


title: William Lipscomb

texts:
 later had a high-school physics course and took first prize in the state contest on that subject.He also became very interested in special relativity. In college at the University of Kentucky <mask> had a music scholarship. He pursued  independent study there, reading Dushman' s Elements of Quantum Mechanics, the University of Pittsburgh Physics Staff's An Outline of Atomic Physics, and Pauling's The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Structure of Molecules and Crystals. Prof. Robert H. Baker suggested that <mask> research the direct preparation of derivatives of alcohols from dilute aqueous solution without first separating the alcohol and water, which led to <mask>'s first publication. For graduate school <mask> chose Caltech, which offered him a teaching assistantship in Physics at $20/month. He turned down more money from Northwestern University, which offered  a research assistantship at $150/month. Columbia University rejected <mask>'s application in a letter written by Nobel prizewinner Prof. Harold Urey.At Caltech <mask> intended to study theoretical quantum mechanics with Prof. W. V. Houston in the Physics Department, but after one semester switched to the Chemistry Department under the
influence of Prof. Linus Pauling. World War II work divided <mask>'s time in graduate school beyond his other thesis work, as he partly analyzed smoke particle size, but mostly worked with nitroglycerin–nitrocellulose propellants, which involved handling vials of pure nitroglycerin on many occasions. Brief audio clips by <mask> about his war work may be found from the External Links

masks: Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb


title: William Lipscomb

texts:
 section at the bottom of this page, past the References. The source for this subsection, except as noted, is <mask>'s autobiographical sketch. Later years

The Colonel is how <mask>'s students referred to him, directly addressing him as Colonel. "His first doctoral student, Murray Vernon King, pinned the label on him, and it was quickly adopted by other students, who wanted to use an appellation that showed informal respect. ... <mask>'s Kentucky origins as the rationale for the designation."Some years later in 1973 <mask> was made a member of the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels. <mask>, along with several other Nobel laureates, was a regular presenter at the annual Ig Nobel Awards Ceremony, last doing so (in a wheelchair) on September 30, 2010. Scientific studies

<mask> worked in three main areas, nuclear magnetic resonance and the chemical shift, boron chemistry and the nature of the chemical bond, and large biochemical molecules. These areas overlap in time and share some scientific techniques. In at least the first two of these areas <mask> gave himself a big challenge likely to fail,
and then plotted a course of intermediate goals. Nuclear magnetic resonance and the chemical shift

In this area <mask> proposed that:
"... progress in structure determination, for new polyborane species and for substituted boranes and carboranes, would be greatly accelerated if the [boron-11] nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, rather than X-ray diffraction, could be used." This goal was partially achieved, although X-ray diffraction is still necessary to determine many such atomic


title: William Lipscomb

texts:
 structures.The diagram at right shows a typical nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of a borane molecule. <mask> investigated, "... the carboranes, C2B10H12, and the sites of electrophilic attack on these compounds using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This work led to [<mask>'s publication of a comprehensive] theory of chemical shifts. The calculations provided the first accurate values for the constants that describe the behavior of several types of molecules in magnetic or electric fields." Much of this work is summarized in a book by Gareth Eaton and <mask>, NMR Studies of Boron Hydrides and Related Compounds, one of <mask>'s two books. Boron chemistry and the nature of the chemical bond

In this area <mask> originally intended a more ambitious project: "My original intention in the late 1940s was to spend a few years understanding the boranes, and then to discover a systematic valence description of the vast numbers of electron deficient intermetallic compounds. I have made little progress toward this latter objective.Instead, the field of boron chemistry has grown enormously, and a systematic understanding of some of its complexities has now begun." Examples of these intermetallic compounds are KHg13 and Cu5Zn7. Of perhaps 24,000 of such compounds the structures of only 4,000 are known (in 2005) and we cannot predict structures for the others, because we do not sufficiently understand the nature of the chemical bond. This study was not successful, in part because the calculation time required for intermetallic compounds was out of reach in the 1960s,

masks:
Lipscomb
Lipscomb
William Lipscomb
Lipscomb
Lipscomb


title: William Lipscomb

texts:
 but intermediate goals involving boron bonding were achieved, sufficient to be awarded a Nobel Prize. The three-center two-electron bond is illustrated in diborane (diagrams at right). In an ordinary covalent bond a pair of electrons bonds two atoms together, one at either end of the bond, the diboare B-H bonds for example at the left and right in the illustrations. In three-center two-electron bond a pair of electrons bonds three atoms (a boron atom at either end and a hydrogen atom in the middle), the diborane B-H-B bonds for example at the top and bottom of the illustrations.<mask>'s group did not propose or discover the three-center two-electron bond,
nor did they develop formulas that give the proposed mechanism. In 1943, Longuet-Higgins, while still an undergraduate at Oxford, was the first to explain
the structure and bonding of the boron hydrides. The paper reporting the work, written with his tutor R. P. Bell,
 also reviews the history of the subject beginning with the work of Dilthey. Shortly after, in 1947 and 1948, experimental spectroscopic work was performed by Price
that confirmed Longuet-Higgins' structure for diborane. The structure was re-confirmed by electron diffraction measurement in 1951 by K. Hedberg and V. Schomaker, with the confirmation of the structure shown in the schemes on this page. <mask> and his graduate students further determined the molecular structure of boranes (compounds of boron and hydrogen) using X-ray crystallography in the 1950s and developed theories to explain their bonds. Later he applied the same methods to related problems,

masks: Lipscomb Lipscomb


title: William Lipscomb

texts:
 including the structure of carboranes (compounds of carbon, boron, and hydrogen).Longuet-Higgins
and Roberts
discussed the electronic structure of an icosahedron of boron atoms and of the borides MB6. The mechanism of the three-center two-electron bond was also discussed in a later paper by Longuet-Higgins, and an essentially equivalent mechanism was proposed by Eberhardt, Crawford, and Lipscomb. <mask>'s group also achieved an understanding of it through electron orbital calculations using formulas by Edmiston and Ruedenberg and by Boys. The Eberhardt, Crawford, and Lipscomb paper discussed above  also devised the "styx number" method to catalog certain kinds of boron-hydride bonding configurations. Wandering atoms was a puzzle solved by <mask> in one of his few papers with no co-authors. Compounds of boron and hydrogen tend to form closed cage structures. Sometimes the atoms at the vertices of these cages move substantial distances with respect to each other.The diamond-square-diamond mechanism (diagram at left) was suggested by <mask> to explain this rearrangement of vertices. Following along in the diagram at left for example in the faces shaded in blue,
a pair of triangular faces has a left-right diamond shape. First, the bond common to these adjacent triangles breaks, forming a square,
and then the square collapses back to an up-down diamond shape
by bonding the atoms that were not bonded before. Other researchers have discovered more about these rearrangements. The B10H16 structure (diagram at right) determined by Grimes, Wang, Lewin, and <mask> found a bond directly

masks: Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb


title: William Lipscomb

texts:
 between two boron atoms without terminal hydrogens, a feature not previously seen in other boron hydrides. <mask>'s group developed calculation methods, both empirical and from quantum mechanical theory. Calculations by these methods produced accurate Hartree–Fock self-consistent field (SCF) molecular orbitals and were used to study boranes and carboranes.The ethane barrier to rotation (diagram at left) was first calculated accurately by Pitzer and <mask> using the Hartree–Fock (SCF) method. <mask>'s calculations continued to a detailed examination of partial bonding through "... theoretical studies of multicentered chemical bonds including both delocalized and localized molecular orbitals." This included "... proposed molecular orbital descriptions in which the bonding electrons are delocalized over the whole molecule." "<mask> and his coworkers developed the idea of transferability of atomic properties, by which approximate theories for complex molecules are developed from more exact calculations for simpler but chemically related molecules,..."

Subsequent Nobel Prize winner Roald Hoffmann was a doctoral student

in <mask>'s laboratory. Under <mask>'s direction the Extended Hückel method of molecular orbital calculation was developed by Lawrence Lohr and by Roald Hoffmann. This method was later extended by Hoffman. In <mask>'s laboratory this method was reconciled with self-consistent field (SCF) theory by Newton and by Boer.Noted boron chemist M. Frederick Hawthorne conducted early and continuing research with <mask>. Much of this work is summarized in a book by <mask>,

masks: Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscomb


title: William Lipscomb

texts:
 Boron Hydrides, one of <mask>'s two books. The 1976 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to <mask> "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding". In a way this continued work on the nature of the chemical bond by his doctoral advisor at the California Institute of Technology, Linus Pauling, who was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances." The source for about half of this section is <mask>'s Nobel Lecture. Large biological molecule structure and function

<mask>'s later research focused on the atomic structure of proteins, particularly how enzymes work. His group used x-ray diffraction to solve the three-dimensional structure of these proteins to atomic resolution, and then to analyze the atomic detail of how the molecules work.The images below are of Lipscomb's structures from the Protein Data Bank displayed in simplified form with atomic detail suppressed. Proteins are chains of amino acids, and the continuous ribbon shows the trace of the chain with, for example, several amino acids for each turn of a helix. Carboxypeptidase A (left) was the first protein structure from Lipscomb's group. Carboxypeptidase A is a digestive enzyme, a protein that digests other proteins. It is made in the pancreas and transported in inactive form to the intestines where it is activated. Carboxypeptidase A digests by chopping off certain amino acids one-by-one from one end of a protein. The size of this structure was


title: William Lipscomb

texts:
 Pharmaceuticals in 2010, exploring the possibility of finding a treatment for type 2 diabetes, as the MB06322 inhibitor slows the production of sugar by fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Lipscomb's group also contributed to an understanding of
concanavalin A (low resolution structure),
glucagon, and
carbonic anhydrase (theoretical studies). Subsequent Nobel Prize winner Thomas A. Steitz
was a doctoral student in Lipscomb's laboratory. Under Lipscomb's direction, after the training task of determining the structure of the small molecule methyl ethylene phosphate, Steitz made contributions to determining the atomic structures of carboxypeptidase A

and aspartate carbamoyltransferase. Steitz was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for determining the even larger structure of the large 50S ribosomal subunit, leading to an understanding of possible medical treatments. Subsequent Nobel Prize winner Ada Yonath, who shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas A. Steitz and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, spent some time in Lipscomb's lab where both she and Steitz were inspired to pursue later their own very large structures. This was while she was a postdoctoral student at MIT in 1970.Other results

The mineral lipscombite (picture at right) was named after Professor <mask> by the mineralogist John Gruner who first made it artificially. Low-temperature x-ray diffraction was pioneered in <mask>'s laboratory at about the same time as parallel work in Isadore Fankuchen's laboratory at the then Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. Lipscomb began by studying compounds of nitrogen,


title: William Lipscomb

texts:
 oxygen, fluorine, and other substances that are solid only below liquid nitrogen temperatures, but other advantages eventually made low-temperatures a normal procedure. Keeping the crystal cold during data collection produces a less-blurry 3-D electron-density map because the atoms have less thermal motion. Crystals may yield good data in the x-ray beam longer because x-ray damage may be reduced during data collection and because the solvent may evaporate more slowly, which for example may be important for large biochemical molecules whose crystals often have a high percentage of water. Other important compounds were studied by <mask> and his students. Among these are
hydrazine,
nitric oxide,
metal-dithiolene complexes,
methyl ethylene phosphate,
mercury amides,
(NO)2,
crystalline hydrogen fluoride,
Roussin's black salt,
(PCF3)5,
complexes of cyclo-octatetraene with iron tricarbonyl,
and leurocristine (Vincristine), which is used in several cancer therapies.Positions, awards and honors
 Guggenheim Fellow, 1954
 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1960. Member of United States National Academy of Sciences
Member of the Faculty Advisory Board of MIT-Harvard Research Journal
 Foreign Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (1976)
 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1976)

Five books and published symposia are dedicated to <mask>. A complete list of <mask> Pauling: Video of a talk by <mask>. See especially the "Linus and Me" section. World War 2 research in brief audio clips by <mask>, which include his attempt to save the life of Elizabeth Swingle.

masks: Lipscomb Lipscomb Lipscombus Lipscomb Lipscomb


title: William Lipscomb

texts:
 Technical description of the Swingle accident.Scientific Character of W. <mask> Curriculum Vitae, publication list, science humor, Nobel Prize scrapbook, scientific aggression, family stories, portraits, eulogy. 1919 births
2011 deaths
American chemists
American Nobel laureates
California Institute of Technology alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Harvard University faculty
Theoretical chemists
Inorganic chemists
Members of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
Scientists from Cleveland
People from Lexington, Kentucky
Sayre School alumni
University of Kentucky alumni
University of Minnesota faculty
Deaths from pneumonia in


title: Alex Suarez (musician)

texts:
<mask> (born April 6, 1981) is an American musician, producer, songwriter, DJ, remixer and mixing engineer. He was best known for his work as the bass player and additional keyboardist, co-producer, mixer and backup vocalist for Cobra Starship until his departure in 2014. He is also the co-founder of This is Ivy League, a band created with fellow Cobra Starship member and high school best friend Ryland Blackinton and now pursues a producer/DJ project as LEFTI. Early life
<mask> was born in Stamford, Connecticut but moved to Boca Raton, Florida when he was young. He was heavily influenced by his older brothers who were into 1980s hair metal and grew up listening to bands from Metallica to Iron Maiden, which inspired him to start playing guitar. During his final years of high school, <mask> founded and provided vocals, drums, bass and guitar for popular Florida band Kite Flying Society. He attended Olympic Heights Community High School where he met friend Ryland Blackinton in 1997, bonding over the fact they were both avid guitar players and both played in local bands with varying degrees of accolade.Suarez got Ryland a job waiting tables at "Mr. Deli's Jewish Delicatessan," in Boca Raton. A few years later, <mask> went off to pursue a degree in the culinary arts while Ryland procured his BFA in Acting. The two lost touch for several years. Suarez chose to bank on a future as a chef. His interest in the kitchen took root his freshman year of High School when he had the limited choice between registering for either Food Production or Sewing. He chose the former and became instantly hooked, sticking with it all four years of high school

masks:
Alex Suarez
Alex Suarez
Suarez
Suarez


title: Alex Suarez (musician)

texts:
 and capitalized on the school's work program, which allowed students to work in their chosen field in exchange for class credit. He was the only student to complete all four years of Food Production courses.Since he had already decided to attend the Florida Culinary Institute in West Palm Beach. Post-culinary school, he continued his path and landed a couple Sous Chef positions at local restaurants in Winter Park, FL before starting a catering business with a few friends in Orlando - Thyme to Dine - specializing in wine and food pairings. Musical career

Kite Flying Society
This was the first touring project Suarez was part of. Starting in a garage in 1999, the band starting playing local shows. A constant rotation of band members, Kite Flying Society continued with root members <mask> and Rick Barnocky until the end in 2004. They released two EPs and one Discography. Their first EP was released on Goodbye Blue Skies Records, second EP on Twenty Seven Records and the final discography CD on indie label Init Records They did a few East Coast tours and one that brought them to the Midwest.The band ended after Suarez took a break from the constant rotation of changing members to pursue a restaurant career opportunity in South Florida, which fell apart and later brought him to New York to continue pursuing music. This Is Ivy League
<mask> decided to move to Brooklyn after Thyme to Dine ran its course and took a job as a delivery person at Whole Foods Market to save up enough money for his relocation. Two months after living in NY, he reconnected with former high school friend Ryland Blackinton, who was living only ten minutes away.

masks:
Alex Suarez
Suarez


title: Alex Suarez (musician)

texts:
 After catching up over lunch and learning that each was writing some music, the duo formed This is Ivy League, an indie pop/folk band that often draws comparisons to Simon & Garfunkel and Belle & Sebastian. Just as This is Ivy League started to take flight, <mask> and Blackinton were presented with a contrasting opportunity from Suarez's neighbor at the time, Midtown drummer Rob Hitt to join Cobra Starship. Cobra Starship

<mask> was approached to join Gabe Saporta's newly formed band Cobra Starship before the release of the hit song, "Snakes on a Plane (Bring it)". <mask> and Ryland initially turned down the offer, preferring to stay as Ivy League.The song was featured on the soundtrack for the film Snakes on a Plane and the band was offered a record deal from Pete Wentz's Fueled By Ramen Records imprint, Decaydance. <mask> and Ryland eventually accepted and has contributed to four full-length albums and completed several international tours with Cobra Starship since. On October 21, 2014, both <mask> and Ryland left the band to pursue their own separate careers as record producers/songwriters. They had been replaced for a short period before Cobra Starship was officially ended by frontman Gabe Saporta. LEFTI
LEFTI is a project by producer <mask>, which threads between Disco, House and Funk. He released his first single "Castle" on Laid-back Luke's record label Mix Mash), followed by his debut EP "Somebody", which attributed to the commercial viability of his brand. LEFTI then released eight individual songs spread out across 2017 including singles "City Heart" and "Eyes Tied Together".In 2019, “Every Time" feat. Spencer Ludwig

masks:
Suarez
Suarez
Alex
Suarez
Suarez
Alex Suarez


title: August Hermann Francke

texts:
<mask> (; 22 March 1663 – 8 June 1727) was a German Lutheran clergyman, theologian, philanthropist, and Biblical scholar. Biography
Born in Lübeck, <mask> was educated at the Illustrious Gymnasium in Gotha before he studied at the universities of Erfurt and Kiel — where he came under the influence of the pietist Christian Kortholt — and finally Leipzig. During his student career he made a special study of Hebrew and Greek; and in order to learn Hebrew more thoroughly, he for some time put himself under the instructions of Ezra Edzardi at Hamburg. He graduated at Leipzig, where in 1685 he became a Privatdozent. A year later, by the help of his friend P. Anton, and with the approval and encouragement of Philipp Jakob Spener, he founded the Collegium Philobiblicum, at which a number of graduates met regularly for the systematic study of the Bible, philologically and practically. He next spent some months at Lüneburg as assistant or curate to the learned superintendent, K. H. Sandhagen, and there his religious beliefs deepened. On leaving Lüneburg he spent some time in Hamburg, where he became a teacher in a private school, and made the acquaintance of Nikolaus Lange.After a long visit to Spener, at that time a court preacher in Dresden, <mask> returned to Leipzig in the spring of 1689, and began to give Bible lectures of an exegetical and practical kind, at the same time resuming the Collegium Philobiblicum of earlier days. He soon became popular as a lecturer; but the peculiarities of his teaching almost immediately aroused a violent opposition on the part of the university authorities; and before the end of the year he was interdicted from lecturing on the ground of his alleged pietism. That was how <mask>'s name first came to be publicly associated with that of Spener, and with pietism. Prohibited from lecturing in Leipzig, <mask> in 1690 found work at Erfurt as "deacon" of one of the city churches. Here his evangelistic fervour attracted multitudes to his

masks:
August Hermann Francke
Francke
Francke
Francke
Francke


title: August Hermann Francke

texts: preaching, including Roman Catholics, but at the same time excited the anger of his opponents; and the result of their opposition was that after a ministry of fifteen months he was commanded by the civil authorities (27 September 1691) to leave Erfurt within forty-eight hours. That same year Spener was expelled from Dresden. In December, through Spener's influence, <mask> accepted an invitation to fill the chair of Greek and oriental languages in the new University of Halle, which was at that time being organized by the elector Frederick III of Brandenburg; and at the same time, the chair having no salary attached to it, he was appointed pastor of Glaucha in the immediate neighbourhood of the town.He afterwards became professor of theology. Here, for the remaining thirty-six years of his life, he discharged the twofold office of pastor and professor with energy and success. At the very outset of his labours, he had been profoundly impressed with a sense of his responsibility towards the numerous outcast children who were growing up around him in ignorance and crime. After a number of tentative plans, he resolved in 1695 to institute what is often called a "ragged school," supported by public charity. A single room was at first sufficient, but within a year it was found necessary to purchase a house, to which another was added in 1697. In 1698, there were 100 orphans under his charge to be clothed and fed, besides 500 children who were taught as day scholars. The schools grew in importance and were later known as the Franckesche Stiftungen.The education given was strictly religious. Hebrew was included, while the Greek and Latin classics were neglected; the Homilies of Macarius took the place of Thucydides. A chemist, whom Francke had visited on his deathbed, bequeathed to him the recipe for compounding certain medicines, which afterwards yielded an annual income of more than $20,000, and made the institution independent. Shortly after its founding, the


title: August Hermann Francke

texts:
 institution comprised an orphan asylum, a Latin school, a German (or burgher) school, and a seminary for training teachers for these establishments. Although <mask>'s principal aim was religious instruction, he also taught natural science and physical exercises and manual trades. He ran an apothecary's shop and, having assisted his friend Carl Hildebrand von Canstein in founding the first modern Bible society, a printing press for publishing cheap copies of the Bible for mass distribution. At the time of <mask>'s death, the schools were frequented by more than 2,300 pupils.<mask>'s schools provided a prototype which greatly influenced later German education. In his university teaching as well, he gave great emphasis to religion. Even as professor of Greek, he had given great prominence in his lectures to the study of the Scriptures; but he found a much more congenial sphere when, in 1698, he was appointed to the chair of theology. Yet his first courses of lectures in that department were readings and expositions of the Old and New Testament; and to this, as also to hermeneutics, he always attached special importance, believing that for theology a sound exegesis was the one indispensable requisite. "Theologus nascitur in scripturis," he used to say; but during his occupancy of the theological chair he lectured at various times upon other branches of theology also. Amongst his colleagues were Paul Anton, Joachim J. Breithaupt,  Joachim Lange and Johann Juncker—men who shared his beliefs. Through their influence upon the students, Halle became a centre from which pietism became very widely diffused over Germany.Under <mask>'s influence, Christian missionary efforts were greatly enhanced, zeal was aroused and recruits for Christian missions were gained, and Halle also became the centre for Danish-Halle Mission to India. Works
<mask>'s principal contributions to theological literature were:  (1693);  (1717);  (1724); and  (1726-1736). The Manuductio was

masks: Francke Francke Francke Francke Francke


title: August Hermann Francke

texts:
 translated into English in 1813, under the title A Guide to the Reading and Study of the Holy Scriptures. An account of his orphanage, entitled , (1709), which subsequently passed through several editions, has also been partially translated, under the title The Footsteps of Divine Providence, or, The Bountiful Hand of Heaven Defraying the Expenses of Faith. Francke, <mask> (1704): <mask> Franckes Schrift über eine Reform des Erziehungs- und Bildungswesens als Ausgangspunkt einer geistlichen und sozialen Neuordnung der Evangelischen Kirche des 18. Jahrhunderts: der Grosse Aufsatz. Mit einer quellenkundlichen Einführung.Hrsg. v. Otto Podczeck. Berlin. Akademie 1962. Notes

References

 . Brigitte Klosterberg: "The “Mission Archives” in the Archives of the Francke Foundations in Halle." in: MIDA Archival Reflexicon (2020), ISSN 2628-5029, 9 pp.Attribution

Further reading
Sattler, Gary R. (1982). God's Glory, Neighbor's Good: A brief introduction to the life and writings of <mask> <mask>. Chicago: Covenant Press. .
Yoder, Peter James (2021). Pietism and the Sacraments: The Life and Theology of <mask> <mask>. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. . External links

 <mask> Francke Christ the sum and substance of all the Holy Scriptures, in the Old and New Testament Published 1732
 <mask> Francke Nicodemus, or, A treatise against the fear of man Published 1831
<mask> Francke A guide to the reading and study of the Holy Scriptures Published 1823
Heinrich Ernst Ferdinand Guericke, 1803-1878 Life of <mask> Franke Published 1847
Memoirs of <mask> Francke by American Sunday-School Union 1831

1663 births
1727 deaths
Clergy from Lübeck
German Lutheran theologians
17th-century Latin-language writers
18th-century Latin-language writers
18th-century German male writers
17th-century Lutherans
18th-century Lutherans
Christian Hebraists
People from the Duchy of Magdeburg
18th-century German Protestant theologians
German male non-fiction writers
Georgia

masks:
August Hermann
August Hermann
August Hermann
Francke
August Hermann
Francke
Augustus Hermann
Augustus Hermann
Augustus Hermann
Augustus Herman
Augustus Hermann


title: Angus Montagu, 12th Duke of Manchester

texts:
<mask>, 12th Duke of Manchester (Kimbolton Castle, 9 October 1938 – 25 July 2002), was a British hereditary peer. He inherited the Dukedom of Manchester in 1985 and was a member of the House of Lords until the House of Lords Act 1999. Until he inherited the dukedom, he was known by the courtesy title of <mask>. <mask> grew up in Britain, Ceylon and Kenya. After serving in the Royal Marines, he lived for some years in Australia from 1959 and had a number of jobs. He returned to England in the late 1960s. During middle age, he suffered from financial hardship and fell victim to a number of confidence tricks for which he took the blame.He was known for his friendly and outgoing personality, and his few speeches in the House of Lords were viewed positively. Early life
Lord <mask> was born on 9 October 1938 in the family seat of Kimbolton Castle near Bedford, the younger son of Viscount Mandeville, who in February 1947 became Duke of Manchester, by his marriage to Nell Vere Stead. His older brother was the future Sidney Montagu, 11th Duke of Manchester. Their parents moved frequently during their childhood, including spending time in Singapore and Ceylon, with a period of living in a convent in the latter. Lord <mask> did not enjoy his time there, later saying the nuns "weren't very pleasant people". In 1950, Lord <mask> joined his father, the 10th Duke, in Kenya for a short period after Kimbolton was sold. He had a good relationship with his mother, who enjoyed looking after young children, and was spoiled as a result.He attended the local school in Kenya, but was bullied and stopped going, and consequently had no regular formal education until he was eleven. He was later educated as a boarder at Trearddur House, Trearddur Bay, Anglesey, a prep school, and Gordonstoun School, Moray, Scotland, returning to Kenya each summer to spend time with his family. He left school in 1956 without any qualifications and began service in the Royal Marines, joining HMS Loch Fyne in January 1957.

masks:
Angus Charles Drogo Montagu
Lord Angus Montagu
Angus
Angus Montagu
Angus
Angus


title: Angus Montagu, 12th Duke of Manchester

texts:
 He was the only public-school educated man on the ship and did not get on well with his fellow recruits. Upon discharge, Lord <mask> had jobs in the oil industry and in tourist-related activities across the United States. He moved to Australia in 1959 and was variously employed as a clothes salesman, a barman, and a crocodile wrestler. He later spent time in Canada and by 1968 had moved into a single room in Bedford, England, near Kimbolton.The 10th Duke's business ventures in Kenya failed, reducing the family fortune from millions to £70,000 by time of his death in 1977. Becoming Duke of Manchester
On 3 June 1985, Lord <mask>'s older brother, the 11th Duke, who had no children, died suddenly in the United States, so that he inherited his titles and seat in the House of Lords, but little else. He had had a fraught relationship with his elder brother, whose remaining property passed to his widow, Andrea, Duchess of Manchester. On her death in 1996, she left everything she had to her eldest child, the 11th Duke's stepson. As a hereditary peer, the new Duke was able to take a seat in the Lords, but he did not make his maiden speech there until 25 November 1991, in a debate on the European Union. The speech was only three minutes long; it was praised for its brevity and succinctness by other peers, including Viscount Tonypandy. The Duke also raised questions about redundancies in the Armed Forces with the Leader of the House of Lords, Viscount Cranborne.Criminal charges
By the 1980s, Lord <mask> had little money and no profession, and his warm personality made him vulnerable to fraudsters and confidence tricksters. In 1985, Lord <mask> was arrested for conspiracy to commit fraud against the National Westminster Bank (NatWest) for £38,000. He inherited the title of Duke of Manchester while awaiting trial. He was acquitted, after the trial judge had found him to lack the competence and intelligence to conduct and organise such a raid and considered he had been set up by others to

masks: Angus Angus Angus Angus


title: Angus Montagu, 12th Duke of Manchester

texts:
 take the blame. In the judge's words, "on a business scale of one to ten, the Duke is one or less, and even that flatters him". In 1991, the Duke became honorary chairman of the Tampa Bay Lightning ice hockey team, pledging to raise $25 million. He was also chairman of a holding company based in Dublin, Link International, which was responsible for raising the money.The company failed, unable to pay significant debts, and in 1996 the Duke was convicted of fraud. At the trial, his defence lawyer argued that he was the victim of a confidence trick by a business partner, and that the Duke had been made use of because of his gullibility, vanity, and foolishness. He was jailed for 33 months and served 28, following which he was deported back to Britain. Other work
The Duke was good friends with celebrity photographer Allan Warren. Together, they established the Duke's Trust, a charity for children in need. Towards the end of his life, the Duke set up the company Unique Tours, to show American tourists places such as Stratford Upon Avon. He found that customers liked meeting a genuine English peer.Family

<mask> was married four times:
 On 22 November 1961 in Geelong, County of Grant, Victoria, Australia, he married Mary Eveleen McClure (1937/1938), a newspaper columnist, daughter of Walter Gillespie McClure, who had been a director of General Motors Holden, and Beatrice Evelyn Stinton. They had three children (see below). <mask> and Mary were separated in 1965 and divorced in 1970; she continued to style herself Duchess of Manchester. <mask> walked out on Mary days after the latter birth, and did not have a proper relationship with his daughter Emma until 20 years later, when he regained contact with her and her brother Kimble. <mask> remained distant from Alexander, and attempted to bar him from inheriting the title of Duke of Manchester. Emma briefly lived with <mask> in his Bedford flat in the early 1990s. Issue from the first marriage:
 (1) Lord Alexander Charles David Drogo

masks:
Angus Montagu
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus


title: Angus Montagu, 12th Duke of Manchester

texts:
 Montagu (born 1962)
 (2) Lord Kimble William Drogo Montagu (born October 1964)
 (3) Lady Emma Montagu (September 1965 – 29 April 2014)
 On 5 March 1971, <mask> married Diane Pauline Plimsaul of Wimborne, Dorset, daughter of Arthur Plimsaul of Corfe Mullen.They were divorced in 1985, after Montagu had inherited the dukedom, and his second wife is now Diane, Duchess of Manchester. On 27 January 1989, Manchester married Anne-Louise Taylor (known as Louise), formerly Mrs Bird, daughter of Dr. Alfred Butler Taylor of Cawthorne, Yorkshire. They were divorced in 1998, following his incarceration. She is now Anne-Louise, Duchess of Manchester. At the time of the Duke's death, he was attempting to reconcile with Louise. On 22 April 2000, at the Swedish Church, Mayfair, in London, the Duke of Manchester married the former fashion model Biba Hiller (born Jennians on 3 February 1942), but they were divorced the following year. Biba, Duchess of Manchester, died of cancer aged 61 on 11 October 2003.<mask> had been a close friend with Jane Probyn (now Jane Bishop) and they were briefly informally engaged around 1960. They remained friends for the rest of his life. Death
The Duke died of a heart attack at home on 25 July 2002, aged 63. At the time of his death, his estate had a net deficiency, and he weighed over . His funeral took place at Bedford Crematorium on 5 August, with his children Kimble and Emma, and ex-wives Diane and Louise in attendance. The House of Lords Act 1999 largely abolished the rights of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords with some limited exceptions; the <mask> of <mask> was not among them. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Alexander.References
Notes

Citations

Sources

External links

1938 births
2002 deaths
English fraudsters
English philanthropists
<mask>, 12th Duke of Manchester
Angus
British people imprisoned abroad
20th-century Royal Marines personnel
People educated at Gordonstoun
20th-century English criminals
20th-century English

masks:
Angus
Angus
Duke
Manchester
Angus Montagu


title: John Dunstaple

texts:
<mask> (or Dunstable,  – 24 December 1453) was an English composer who was the leading composer of 15th century England and among the most influential composers of his time. He developed the contenance angloise style ("English manner"), which pioneered the prominent use of harmonies with thirds and sixths. Crucial in the developing style of the Burgundian School, <mask>'s music spans the transition from the medieval to the Renaissance periods. His reputation eclipsed that of his contemporary Leonel Power and the other contributors to the Old Hall Manuscript. The contenance angloise style was continued by <mask> and Walter Frye after his death. Name
The spelling "Dunstaple" is preferred by Margaret Bent, since it occurs in more than twice as many musical attributions as that of "Dunstable". The few English musical sources are equally divided between "b" and "p"; however, the contemporary non-musical sources, including those with a claim to a direct association with the composer, spell his name with a "p." Both spellings remain in common usage.Life

<mask> was probably born in Dunstable, Bedfordshire. His birth date is a conjecture based on his earliest surviving works (from around 1410–1420) which imply a birth date of around 1390. Many of the details of his life are conjectural. Nothing is known of his musical training and background. He was clearly a highly educated man, though there is no record of an association with either Oxford or Cambridge universities. He is widely held to have been in the royal service of <mask> of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, the fourth son of Henry IV and brother of Henry V. As such he may have stayed in France for some time, since the duke was Regent of France from 1423 to 1429, and then Governor of Normandy from 1429 to his death in 1435. He owned property in Normandy, and also in Cambridgeshire, Essex and London, according to tax records of

masks:
John Dunstaple
Dunstaple
John Hothby
Dunstaple
John


title: John Dunstaple

texts:
 1436.After the death in 1437 of another patron, the Dowager Queen Joan, he evidently was in the service of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, the fifth son of Henry IV. Unlike many composers of the time, he was probably not a cleric, though there are links with St Albans Abbey (see below); he was probably married, based on the record of women sharing his name in his parish, and he also owned a manor in Hertfordshire. In addition to his work as a composer, he had a contemporary reputation as an astronomer, astrologer, and mathematician (for example, a volume in the Bodleian Library, largely in the hand of William Worcester, acknowledges that certain information within it had been copied from Dunstaple's writings). Some of his astrological works have survived in manuscript, possibly in his own hand. Dunstaple's connections with St Albans Abbey are at least twofold:
the abbot <mask>e is associated with the Duke of Gloucester (who was buried at St Albans following his death in 1447), and Dunstaple's isorhythmic motet Albanus roseo rutilat, possibly with some of the Latin words adapted by Whethamstede from an older poem, was clearly written for St Albans, possibly for a visit to the abbey by the Duke of Bedford in 1426. Whethamstede's plan for a magnificent library for the abbey in 1452–53 included a set of twelve stained glass windows devoted to the various branches of learning. Dunstaple is clearly, if indirectly, referred to in some of the verses the abbot composed for each window, not only music but also astronomy, medicine, and astrology.He died on Christmas Eve 1453, as recorded in his epitaph, which was in the church of St Stephen Walbrook in London (until it was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666). This was also his burial place. The epitaph—stating that he had "secret knowledge of the stars"—had been recorded in the early 17th century, and was reinstated in the church in 1904.


title: John Dunstaple

texts:
 Compositions
The musical output of medieval England was prodigious, yet almost all music manuscripts were destroyed during the English Reformation, particularly as a result of the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536–1540. As a result, most of <mask>'s work has had to be recovered from continental sources (predominantly those from northern Italy and the southern Alps). Because numerous copies of his works have been found in Italian and German manuscripts, his fame must have been widespread. Two problems face musicologists of the 15th century: first, determining which of the many surviving anonymous works were written by which composers and, second, unraveling conflicting attributions.This is made even more difficult for English composers such as Dunstaple: scribes in England frequently copied music without any ascription, rendering it immediately anonymous; and, while continental scribes were more assiduous in this regard, many works published in Dunstaple's name have other, potentially equally valid, attributions in different sources to other composers, including Gilles Binchois, <mask> and, Leonel Power. Of the works attributed to him only about fifty survive, among which are two complete masses, three sets of connected mass sections, fourteen individual mass sections, twelve complete isorhythmic motets (including the famous one which combines the hymn Veni creator spiritus and the sequence Veni sancte spiritus, and the less well-known Albanus roseo rutilat mentioned above), as well as twenty-seven separate settings of various liturgical texts, including three Magnificats and seven settings of Marian antiphons, such as Alma redemptoris Mater and Salve Regina, Mater misericordiae. Dunstaple was one of the first to compose masses using a single melody as cantus firmus. A good example of this technique is his Missa Rex seculorum. He is believed to have written secular music, but

masks:
Dunstaple
John Forest


title: John Dunstaple

texts:
 no songs in the vernacular can be attributed to him with any degree of certainty: although the French-texted rondeau Puisque m’amour is attributed to Dunstaple in two sources and there is no reason to doubt his authorship, the ballade remained the more favoured form for English secular song at this time and there is limited opportunity for comparison with the rest of his output. The popular melody "O rosa bella", once thought to be by Dunstaple, is now attributed to <mask>am (or Bedingham). Yet, because so much of the surviving 15th-century repertory of English carols is anonymous, and Dunstaple is known to have written many, most scholars consider it highly likely—for stylistic as well as statistical reasons—that some of the anonymous carols from this time are actually by Dunstaple.Influence
Dunstaple's influence on the continent's musical vocabulary was enormous, particularly considering the relative paucity of his (attributable) works. He was recognized for possessing something never heard before in music of the Burgundian School: la contenance angloise ("the English countenance"), a term used by the poet Martin le Franc in his Le Champion des Dames. Le Franc added that the style influenced Dufay and Binchois—high praise indeed. Writing a few decades later in about 1476, the Flemish composer and music theorist Tinctoris reaffirmed the powerful influence Dunstaple had, stressing the "new art" that Dunstaple had inspired. Tinctoris hailed Dunstaple as the fons et origo of the style, its "wellspring and origin." The contenance angloise, while not defined by Martin le Franc, was probably a reference to Dunstaple's stylistic trait of using full triadic harmony, along with a liking for the interval of the third. Assuming that he had been on the continent with the Duke of Bedford, Dunstaple would have been introduced to French fauxbourdon; borrowing some of the sonorities, he created