title: Vince Colletta

texts:
 like one of the unfinished prisoners of Michelangelo." Colletta himself described his methods as a necessity of the industry.When asked to describe his philosophy of inking, he said, "Well, first of all, some inkers like to pick and choose... and they'll take their time, no matter what the deadline is, even if the editor is in a jam, or a colorist is waiting for pages to come in so they can earn a living, too. I can't be that way." Personal life
By the early 1950s, Colletta was married to his wife, Viola. The couple had a son, Franklin. Circa 1962, the family began living at 3 Old Woods Road, in Saddle River, New Jersey. Some time after having recovered from a heart attack, Colletta was diagnosed with cancer; three weeks later, on June 3, 1991, aged 67, he died at Pascack Valley Hospital in Westwood, New Jersey. At least one obituary, in The Comics Journal, erroneously stated he died at age 65 and in "late June", and claimed the cause was heart disease.Awards
Colletta was posthumously awarded the Inkwell Awards Special Recognition Award in 2016. His son, Frankie, extended his thanks on the awards' official site. References

External links

 <mask>a at the Lambiek Comiclopedia. Archived October 18, 2011. <mask>a at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators

 Evanier, Mark. "POV Online" (column), March 19, 2003
 Larsen, Erik. "One Fan's Opinion" (column), Comic Book Resources, May 9, 2008

 Archive of McQuarrie, Jim, , "Oddball Comics" (column) #1156, May 14, 2007

1923 births
1991 deaths
American comics artists
Italian emigrants to the United States
Artists from the Province of Palermo
People from Saddle River, New Jersey
Silver Age comics creators
DC Comics people
Marvel Comics

masks:
Vince Collett
Vince Collett


title: Bryan MacLean

type: original

texts:
<mask> (September 25, 1946 – December 25, 1998) was an American singer, guitarist and songwriter, best known for his work with the influential rock band Love. His famous compositions for Love include "Alone Again Or", "Old Man" and "Orange Skies". Early life
<mask>'s mother was an artist and a dancer, and his father was an architect for Hollywood celebrities such as Elizabeth Taylor and Dean Martin. Neighbor Frederick Loewe, of the songwriting team Lerner & Loewe, recognized him as a "melodic genius" at the age of three as he doodled on the piano. His early influences were Billie Holiday and George Gershwin, although he confessed to an obsession with Elvis Presley. During his childhood, he wore out show music records from Guys and Dolls, Oklahoma, South Pacific and West Side Story. His first girlfriend was Liza Minnelli, and they would sit at the piano together singing songs from The Wizard of Oz (1939).He learned to swim in Elizabeth Taylor's pool, and his father's good friend was actor Robert Stack. <mask> appears in the 1957 Cary Grant film An Affair to Remember, singing in the Deborah Kerr character's music class. Maria McKee is his half-sister. At 17, <mask> heard the Beatles: "Before the Beatles I had been into folk music. I had wanted to be an artist in the bohemian tradition, where we would sit around with banjos and do folk music, but when I saw A Hard Day's Night everything changed. I let my hair grow out and I got kicked out of high school." Music career
<mask> started playing guitar professionally in 1963.He got a job at the Balladeer in West Hollywood, playing folk and blues guitar. The following year, the club changed its name to the Troubadour. His regular set routine was a mixture of Appalachian folk songs and Delta blues, and he also frequently covered Robert Johnson's "Cross Road Blues". It was there he met Gene Clark and Roger McGuinn, the founding musicians of the Byrds, when they were rehearsing as a duo. <mask> also became good friends

masks:
Bryan Andrew MacLean
Bryan MacLean
MacLean
MacLean
MacLean
MacLean


title: Bryan MacLean

texts:
 with David Crosby. During that time, <mask> also became friends with songwriter Sharon Sheeley, who fixed him up on his first date with singer Jackie DeShannon. With <mask> as equipment manager, the Byrds went on the road to promote their first single, "Mr. Tambourine Man".By the time the Byrds left for their first UK tour, <mask> was left behind and very disappointed. After an unsuccessful audition for a role in The Monkees, <mask> got into a car on the Sunset Strip that Arthur Lee was driving. Lee's band, the Grass Roots (not to be confused with the popular rock band of the same name), was the house band at a club called the Brave New World. Lee knew that the colorful dancers and scene that had followed the Byrds would follow <mask> if he joined Lee's band, so Lee had <mask> sit in with them at the Brave New World. The Grass Roots
The members of the Grass Roots were Lee (vocals, harmonica, guitar, keyboards, drums), Johnny Echols (lead guitar, vocals), Johnny Fleckenstein (bass), Don Conka (drums), and <mask> (rhythm guitar, vocals). Despite the success of Lee and the others at the Los Angeles club, another L.A. band led by P. F. Sloan was first to record under the name the Grass Roots, which spurred Lee to change the name of his band to Love. Love
Jac Holzman's Elektra Records signed Love, and they had a minor hit with their version of the Bacharach/David tune "My Little Red Book" from their March 1966 debut album, Love, to which <mask> contributed the song "Softly to Me", as well as co-writing two other songs.He also contributed the Byrds' arrangement of "Hey Joe", which he performed live, singing the lead vocal on the record. Later that year, Love hit No. 33 on the US national chart with their proto-punk single "7 and 7 Is", followed by their second album in November, Da Capo, featuring <mask>'s "Orange Skies". Despite their early success, by mid-1967, Love's "classic" lineup was already falling apart, due to a combination of factors including

masks: MacLean MacLean MacLean MacLean MacLean MacLean MacLean MacLean MacLean


title: Bryan MacLean

texts: internal tensions, complacency, lack of rehearsals, drug use, the growing creative rivalry between Lee and <mask> (<mask> was increasingly unhappy with Lee's domination of the songwriting), and Lee's refusal to tour or travel to promote their records. However, this lineup held together long enough to create their third (and final) album, Forever Changes (1967), which is considered one of the finest rock albums ever: it reached No. 40 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the Top 500 Albums of All Time (2003); No. 6 on the NME'''s 100 Best Albums of All Time (2003) and No.37 on their 500 Greatest Albums of All Time (2013); and No. 11 on Virgin's All-Time Top 1000 Albums (2000). It was entered into the National Recording Registry in May 2012. Much of the credit for the completion of Forever Changes is due to co-producer Bruce Botnick. After early sessions stalled due to the group's lack of rehearsal and preparation, Botnick hired several members of the legendary L.A. session musician collective "the Wrecking Crew" to record with Lee and <mask> on two tracks, a tactic that effectively spurred the proper group back into action. After a brief period of intensive rehearsals, Love returned to the studio and completed the remaining cuts for the album in just 64 hours. <mask>'s "Alone Again Or" is the album's opening track, with <mask> and Lee providing co-lead vocals."Alone Again Or" was the sole single released from the album to appear on the Billboard singles chart, backed with Lee's "A House Is Not a Motel". A remixed mono version of "Alone Again Or" was released as a promo single by Elektra in 1970. "Alone Again Or" initially peaked at No. 123 in 1968 in an edited version, while the longer, original album version spent three weeks on the singles chart in 1970 before peaking at No. 99, according to Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles: 1955-2010 (2011). In 2010, "Alone Again Or" came in at No. 442 in a poll of the 500 greatest songs of all time conducted by Rolling

masks: MacLean MacLean MacLean MacLean MacLean


title: Bryan MacLean

texts:
 Stone magazine (it was No.436 in the 2004 poll). It has been covered by many notable acts, including UFO, Calexico, and the Damned. Spiritual conversion and solo music career
<mask> was offered a solo contract with Elektra after the dissolution of Love, but his demo offerings were rejected by the label and the contract lapsed. Subsequently, he wrote a film score that was not used. Thereafter, he tried without success to record an album for Capitol Records in New York. "I was alone in a hotel room in New York and I had lost practically everything", <mask> was quoted as saying. "It occurred to me that I was in a tail-spin so I thought 'hell, why don't I pray?'So I did, and nothing happened for about two or three weeks. At the end of that time, I was sitting in a drug store on 3rd Avenue having a drink, and suddenly the drink turned to sand in my mouth. I left the bar and when I reached the pavement and the daylight I knew something had changed. From that point on my life has been totally different." <mask> joined a Christian ministry called the Vineyard, the same church that later took Bob Dylan. During Friday night Bible readings, <mask> took the concert part of the session and was so amazed at the money he received that he gradually assembled a catalogue of his Christian songs. His next move was to open a Christian nightclub in Beverly Hills called the Daisy.When it closed in 1976, <mask> considered going full-time into the ministry but decided once again to devote himself to music. He played an unsuccessful reunion with Lee in 1978 on two dates but wasn't paid, so he turned down an offer for a UK tour, which was to have been billed as the "original" Love. The <mask> Band got a gig supporting Lee's Love at the Whisky in 1982. <mask> also worked with his half-sister Maria McKee and wrote the song "Don't Toss Us Away" for the debut album of her band Lone Justice. Around 1996, <mask>'s Elektra Records demo tapes were discovered by his mother Elizabeth in the

masks:
MacLean
MacLean
Bryan
MacLean
MacLean
Bryan MacLean
MacLean
MacLean


title: Bryan MacLean

texts:
 family garage, and after two years of persistent shopping around to record companies, a deal was struck with Sundazed, who in 1997 released the CD Ifyoubelievein. In the album's liner notes, Rolling Stones David Fricke wrote that the collection was, "in a sense, the Love record that never was: solo demos and home recordings of fourteen original <mask> songs, all written in the earliest and most vital years of Love and all but three virtually unheard in any form since <mask> wrote them". <mask> added:

"The music that is presented in this collection was written decades ago, when I was in the band Love, and was written with that band in mind, and had been intended to be performed by, and associated with the band, Love.I firmly believe that if things had been the other way around, by now, you probably would've already heard a great deal, if not all of what is assembled here. For one thing, I would've stuck around the band a lot longer, not feeling the frustration of having such a backlog of unpublished, and unperformed material, and the natural unfulfilled desire for recognition, or even vindication." —Liner notes of Ifyoubelievein, 1997

<mask> then completed a spiritual album of Christian music and was about to record another album when he died of a heart attack in a Los Angeles area restaurant on Christmas Day 1998. DiscographyWith Love1966: Love
1966: Da Capo
1967: Forever ChangesSolo1997: Ifyoubelievein
2000: Candy's Waltz
2005: Praise & Worship
2007: Intra Muros
2010: My New SongWith Maria McKee'2005: No One Was Kinder''

References

External links

<mask> obituaries

1946 births
1998 deaths
Songwriters from California
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Love (band) members
Singers from Los Angeles
Protopunk musicians
Converts to Christianity
American performers of Christian music
20th-century American singers
Appalachian music
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Los Angeles
20th-century American male singers
American male

masks:
MacLean
MacLean
MacLean
Death MacLean
Bryan MacLean


title: Buddy Hield

texts:
Chavano Rainer "<mask>" <mask> (born December 17, 1992) is a Bahamian professional basketball player for the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was named the Big 12 Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year in 2015 and 2016, and in 2016, he received four major national player of the year awards—the John R. Wooden Award, the Naismith Award, Sporting News Player of the Year, and the Oscar Robertson Trophy. <mask> was selected with the sixth overall pick in the 2016 NBA draft by the New Orleans Pelicans and was traded to the Sacramento Kings in 2017. He was dealt to the Indiana Pacers in 2022. Early life
<mask> grew up in Eight Mile Rock, a coastal region west of Freeport, in the West Grand Bahama district in the Bahamas. He was fifth of seven children of his mother Jackie Braynen. <mask> received his nickname from his mother after Bud Bundy of the sitcom Married... with Children.<mask> was first featured in high school by The All Bahamian Brand, a basketball magazine from the Bahamas. <mask>, as a young eighth-grader, was rated by the All Bahamian Brand as the best eighth-grader in the Bahamas and one to watch. <mask> showed his early ability to lead his team from a young age by taking his Jack Hayward High School basketball team to the championship of the Providence Holiday Tournament on a buzzer-beater and also leading his team to win the Grand Bahamas High School Championships. For his exploits, <mask> was named an All Bahamian Brand All Bahamian Selection. After his performances in The Bahamas, <mask> was recruited to attend Sunrise Christian Academy in Bel Aire, a basketball prep school in a suburb of Wichita, Kansas. Current Wichita State assistant and then-Sunrise coach Kyle Lindsted recruited the 6-foot 4-inch (1.93 m) guard. In 2011,

masks: Buddy Hield Hield Hield Hield Hield Hield Hield Hield Hield


title: Buddy Hield

texts:
 during <mask>'s junior year at Sunrise Christian he led the team to the National Association of Christian Athletes national championship, getting named the MVP of the tourney.In the 2011-2012 season, his senior year, <mask> averaged 22.7 points on .491 shooting in 21.0 minutes per game. He was highly recruited and selected the Oklahoma Sooners over the Kansas Jayhawks. College career

As a freshman at Oklahoma, <mask> scored 7.8 points per game, and was the recipient of the team's Most Inspirational Award. He was a second-team All-Big 12 selection as a sophomore as he averaged 16.5 points, 4.4 rebounds and 1.4 steals per game. He worked on his defense prior to his junior year and expanded his offensive game to more of a high-volume three-point shooter. <mask> averaged 17.4 points and 5.4 rebounds per game as a junior at Oklahoma and shot 41 percent from the field. He led Oklahoma to a 24–11 record and Sweet 16 berth.Despite being a potential 2015 NBA draft selection, he decided to return for his senior season. He was a First Team All-Big 12 selection and was named Big 12 Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year. <mask> was listed on the Oscar Robertson Award preseason watchlist as well as the Naismith College Player of the Year preseason watchlist. <mask> recorded a career high of 46 points in a triple overtime loss to Kansas on January 4, 2016, receiving a standing ovation from the opposing crowd after a postgame interview with Scott Van Pelt. His 46 points tied the record for most points scored by an opponent at Allen Fieldhouse. He was named to the 35-man midseason watchlist for the Naismith Trophy on February 11. Following his senior year at Oklahoma, <mask> won the John R. Wooden Award on April 7, 2016 as the best college basketball player for the 2015–16 season, in

masks: Hield Hield Hield Hield Hield Hield Hield


title: Buddy Hield

texts:
 which he averaged 25 points, 5.7 rebounds, two assists per game, and led the nation in three-point shots.Professional career

New Orleans Pelicans (2016–2017)
On June 23, 2016, <mask> was selected by the New Orleans Pelicans with the sixth overall pick in the 2016 NBA draft. On July 22, 2016, he signed with the Pelicans. On December 15, 2016, he had his best outing as a Pelican with 21 points and five three-pointers in a 102–95 win over the Indiana Pacers. On January 3, 2017, he was named Western Conference Rookie of the Month for December. Sacramento Kings (2017–2022)
On February 20, 2017, <mask> was traded, along with Tyreke Evans, Langston Galloway and 2017 first-round and second-round draft picks, to the Sacramento Kings for DeMarcus Cousins and Omri Casspi. He made his debut for the Kings three days later, scoring 16 points off the bench in a 116–100 win over the Denver Nuggets. He was named Western Conference Rookie of the Month for March.On April 11, he set a new career high with 30 points in a 129–104 win over the Phoenix Suns. At the season's end, he was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. <mask> began the 2017–18 season as a starter before switching to a bench role and becoming the team's sixth man after seven games. On November 25, 2017, <mask> scored a season-high 27 points off the bench with a career-high seven 3-pointers in a 97–95 loss to the Los Angeles Clippers. <mask> shot 43.1 percent from 3-point range in 2017–18, which placed him ninth in the NBA among qualified players. In December 2018, <mask> had a seven-game streak with 20 points or more. On January 5, he scored 32 points and had a career-high eight 3-pointers in a 127–123 loss to the Warriors.On January 19, 2019, <mask> made an off-balance, fadeaway 3-pointer just before time expired and scored 35


title: Buddy Hield

texts: points in a 103–101 win over the Detroit Pistons. On March 23, he had 25 points and the franchise season record for 3-pointers in a 112–103 win over the Suns. He made 7 of 14 shots from beyond the arc, giving him 245 3-pointers for the season and surpassing the mark of 240 set by Peja Stojaković in 2003–04. In April, he broke Damian Lillard's NBA record (599) for most 3-pointers made in a player's first three seasons. On October 21, 2019, <mask> signed a four-year contract extension. On December 26, <mask> accused coaches and teammates of having "trust issues" after he was benched late in regulation of a game that the Kings eventually lost in double overtime to the Minnesota Timberwolves. He apologized to the entire team the next day for his remarks.<mask> eventually lost his starting spot to Bogdan Bogdanović, but the switch produced a boost in his production and efficiency; in only his second game off the bench, on January 27, 2020, and again against the Timberwolves, <mask> scored a career-high 42 points to lead the Kings to a 133–129 overtime victory. Afterwards, <mask> dedicated the game to his idol Kobe Bryant, who died in a helicopter accident the day prior. On February 15, <mask> won the Three-Point Contest at NBA All-Star Weekend in Chicago, topping Devin Booker 27–26 in the final round. On December 23, 2020, <mask> recorded 22 points, four rebounds, and three assists, alongside a game-winning, buzzer-beating tip-in, in a 124–122 overtime win against the Denver Nuggets. On February 28, 2021, <mask> became the fastest player in history to make 1,000 3-pointers, needing 350 games only to reach the mark. On July 29, 2021, it was reported that the Kings were moving towards a deal sending <mask> to the Los Angeles Lakers in exchange for forwards Kyle Kuzma and Montrezl

masks: Hield Hield Hield Hield Hield Hield Hield Hield Hield


title: Buddy Hield

texts:
 Harrell. The deal fell through as the Lakers ended up trading Kuzma and Harrell in a package to the Washington Wizards for Russell Westbrook.Indiana Pacers (2022–present)
On February 8, 2022, <mask>, Tyrese Haliburton, and Tristan Thompson were traded to the Indiana Pacers in exchange for Justin Holiday, Jeremy Lamb and Domantas Sabonis, and a 2023 second-round pick. Three days later, <mask> made his debut for the Pacers, starting alongside Haliburton in a 120–113 loss to the Cleveland Cavaliers, recording a near triple double with 16 points, eight assists and nine rebounds. On February 15, 2022, <mask> scored a season-high 36 points while dishing out four assists in a 128–119 loss to the Milwaukee Bucks. <mask>'s coach in the tournament was Larry Eustachy. He averaged a tournament-leading 19.8 points per game and a team-high 6.0 rebounds. Personal life
<mask>'s first child, a daughter, was born in 2017. In the days after Hurricane Dorian struck the Bahamas, <mask> donated $105,000 to the Hurricane Dorian Relief fund and created a GoFundMe page to help raise an extra $1,000,000 to help families devastated by the hurricane there.See also

 List of NCAA Division I men's basketball season 3-point field goal leaders

References

External links

 Oklahoma Sooners bio

1992 births
Living people
All-American college men's basketball players
Bahamian Christians
Bahamian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Bahamian men's basketball players
Basketball players at the 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Final Four
Indiana Pacers players
National Basketball Association players from the Bahamas
New Orleans Pelicans draft picks
New Orleans Pelicans players
Oklahoma Sooners men's basketball players
People from Freeport, Bahamas
People from West Grand Bahama
Sacramento Kings

masks: Hield Hield Hield Hield Hield Hield


title: Charles Moyer

texts:
<mask>. "Charlie<mask> (1866 – June 2, 1929) was an American labor leader and president of the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) from 1902 to 1926. He led the union through the Colorado Labor Wars, was accused of murdering an ex-governor of the state of Idaho, and was shot in the back during a bitter copper mine strike. He also was a leading force in founding the Industrial Workers of the World, although he later denounced the organization. Early life
Little is known about <mask> prior to 1893. He was born near Ames, Iowa. <mask>'s parents, William and <mask>, were natives of Pennsylvania who migrated to Indiana by 1852 and on to Iowa by 1860. <mask> was the youngest of five brothers and two sisters who survived their mother who died at the age of thirty-nine-years-old in 1870.In 1870, one of the sisters, a sixteen-year-old, had assumed the task of housekeeping for the family and care of <mask> who was a sickly infant and youth. He attended public school but left after the fourth grade. <mask> headed West in 1872 and found work as a cowboy in Wyoming. He returned East in 1885 and settled in Chicago, Illinois. He committed robbery, and served a year in the Illinois State Penitentiary. After his release, <mask> became a miner at the Homestake Mine in Lead, South Dakota, and joined the Lead City Miners' Union. In 1893, the Lead City Miners' Union was one of several unions which formed the Western Federation of Miners.<mask> was elected to the Executive Board of the WFM in 1900. After President Ed Boyce declined to run again in 1902, <mask> was elected his successor. WFM presidency
<mask>

masks:
Charles H
" Moyer
Moyer
Moyer
Maria Drew Moyer
Charles
Charles
Moyer
Moyer
Moyer
Moyer
Moyer


title: Charles Moyer

texts:
 was strongly committed to industrial unionism, and pushed the WFM to organize both underground and surface miners as well as all ancillary mine workers. Colorado Labor Wars

<mask>'s push for industrial union organizing involved the union in what came to be known as the Colorado Labor Wars. In August 1902, the WFM organized mill workers in Colorado City, Colorado. The employers planted a labor spy in the union, and 42 union members were fired. Negotiations over the dismissals dragged on into 1903.On February 14, 1903, the WFM struck. The employers claimed a riot was in progress, and Governor James Peabody called out the Colorado militia to suppress the strike. Miners in Cripple Creek and Telluride also struck, and the militia was deployed in those cities as well. Mass arrests began in September 1903 which finally broke the strike. One of those arrested was <mask>. He had gone to Telluride to protest the mass arrests and deportation of miners. While there, he lent his signature to a WFM poster decrying the arrests.<mask> was arrested on March 28, 1904, for desecrating the American flag. He was released on bail, but re-arrested the following day on the orders of Adjutant General Sherman Bell of the state militia on charges of "military necessity". When <mask> successfully petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus, the Colorado State Attorney General and the local district attorney refused to release him. <mask> appealed to the Colorado Supreme Court On June 6, 1904, the court ruled in In re <mask>, 35 Colo. 163, that it could not question the governor's finding that insurrection existed in

masks: Moyer Moyer Moyer Moyer Moyer Moyer


title: Charles Moyer

texts:
 Colorado and that <mask> had not been arrested or imprisoned in violation of his rights. <mask> appealed to the U.S. District Court for the District of Missouri, and obtained a writ of habeas corpus on July 5, 1904. Alarmed by the writ, Governor Peabody revoked the finding of insurrection the same day and ordered <mask> released by 3:45 p.m. (before the federal writ could be served). <mask> was released, but his case continued to the U.S. Supreme Court.On January 18, 1909, the U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed the decision of the Colorado Supreme Court in <mask> v. Peabody, 212 U.S. 78. Writing for the majority, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. refused to question the governor's assertion of facts which led to the declaration of martial law or grounds for <mask>'s arrest. Concluding that the governor's good faith would protect a person's constitutional rights, Holmes held that <mask>'s civil liberties had not been infringed. Radicalization
The state's use of military power to crush union organizing drives convinced <mask> that no single union could be effective or successful. He concluded that only "one big union" linked to a strong political party could effectively counteract the anti-union power of the state and employers. <mask> subsequently became a strong supporter of the Socialist Party of America. In January 1905, <mask> participated in a conference in Chicago to consider whether the Socialist Party would be an effective vehicle for labor's goals.It was at this conference that the delegates decided to form a new union, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). When the IWW was

masks: Moyer Moyer Moyer Moyer Moyer Moyer Moyer Moyer Moyer Moyer


title: Charles Moyer

texts:
 formed in Chicago on June 27, 1905, <mask> immediately affiliated the WFM with the new labor federation. The Haywood trial
In 1906, <mask> was implicated in the assassination of Frank Steunenberg, ex-Governor of Idaho. On December 30, 1905, Steunenberg, who had clashed with the WFM during several strikes, was killed by an explosion at his home in Caldwell, Idaho. Harry Orchard, a former WFM member who had once acted as <mask>'s bodyguard, was arrested for the crime. Using coercion and intimidation (including restricted food rations and threats of immediate execution), Pinkerton agent James McParland wrung a 64-page confession from Orchard. The confession named <mask> and other WFM leaders as the instigators of the bombing plot.But <mask> was in Colorado, not Idaho. Idaho authorities were concerned that Orchard's confession would not be enough to persuade a judge to issue extradition papers. Acting in concert with law enforcement leaders, McParland perjured himself to convince a judge to issue the extradition papers against <mask>, falsely representing that <mask> had been in Idaho at the time of the murder, and was a fugitive from justice (under Idaho law, conspirators were considered to be present at the scene of the crime.) McParland arrived in Denver on Thursday, February 15, and presented the extradition papers to Colorado Governor McDonald, who, by prior arrangement with the governor of Idaho, accepted them immediately. But they waited until Saturday evening to arrest Haywood, Pettigrew, and <mask>, then held the three overnight in the Denver Jail, and refused requests by the

masks: Moyer Moyer Moyer Moyer Moyer Moyer Moyer Moyer


title: Charles Moyer

texts:
 three to contact lawyers and family. Early Sunday morning the prisoners were put on a special train, and guarded by Colorado militia, were sped to Idaho. Although the events were very controversial, the extradition was ultimately upheld by the US Supreme Court.Haywood and Pettibone were acquitted in separate trials, after which charges against <mask> were dropped. Conservatism
His experiences with the IWW led <mask> to the conclusion that the federation was too radical. <mask> was especially disturbed by the IWW's refusal to ally with or endorse any political party, which had been the key to <mask>'s support for the creation of the IWW. In 1908, <mask> led the WFM out of the IWW, taking most of the IWW's membership (which belonged to the WFM) with him. Concerned that the WFM's reputation for radicalism was making it difficult to reach collective bargaining agreements, <mask> re-affiliated his union with the conservative American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1911. <mask> pushed for more traditional labor union policies in his last decade in office. He forced the union's locals to agree to contracts which expired after a set period of time.He pushed resolutions through the WFM convention committing the union to the same limited legislative goals favored by the AFL such as the eight-hour day, a ban on child labor, and controls on immigration. He also withdrew his support for the Socialist Party and adopted the policy of nonpartisanship advocated by Samuel Gompers. WFM membership declined sharply from 1911 to 1916. In part, this was due to the continuing intense opposition from mine

masks: Moyer Moyer Moyer Moyer Moyer Moyer Moyer


title: Charles Moyer

texts: owners in the West. But conflict with the IWW also led to significant membership losses. Historian Vernon H. Jensen has asserted that the IWW had a "rule or ruin" policy, under which it attempted to wreck local unions which it could not control. From 1908 to 1921, Jensen and others have written, the IWW attempted to win power in WFM locals which had once formed the federation's backbone.When it could not do so, IWW agitators undermined WFM locals, which caused the national union to shed nearly half its membership. Paul Brissenden noted WFM dissatisfaction with the IWW in Jerome, Arizona in 1913, attributing some of the friction to the fact that the WFM was becoming more conservative, accepting contracts with employers and affiliating with the AFL, while the IWW was becoming more revolutionary. (The IWW would not begin to accept contracts with employers until 1938.) The greatest animosity between the two organizations occurred in Butte, and resulted in the Butte, Montana labor riots of 1914. When <mask> went to Butte to mediate differences between the WFM loyalists and a dissident faction sympathetic to the IWW, he barely escaped from the WFM union hall before dissidents destroyed the building with dynamite. <mask> hid from the mob until he left town before dawn the next morning. Historian Melvyn Dubofsky, however, offers a different perspective.In Minnesota, for example, the miners went on strike in 1916 to abolish the contract system, to secure a minimum wage, and to end exploitation by the company. They approached the AFL and the WFM, both of which failed to respond. Dubofsky notes,

masks: Moyer Moyer


title: Charles Moyer

texts:
 "IWW headquarters had been advised of employee discontent on the eve of the [strike] ... and the IWW instantly had organizers on the spot." Dubofsky states that the walkout occurred without IWW involvement, and he describes the evidence for this as "incontrovertible". The IWW was approached for help and, according to Dubofsky, the IWW "achieved its aims not by coercion but by giving the striking miners leadership, funds, and publicity." With the companies and the press accusing the IWW of sending "outside agitators", M.E. Shusterich, one of the Mesabi Range strike leaders, attempted to "set the record straight":

This strike was not started by the I.W.W., but has been underway the past six years.We have appealed to every labor official in Minnesota to have the miners on the range organized, but we have been shuttled back and forth between the Western Federation of Miners and other organizations who passed us on again until finally the miners took things into their own hands and went out without organization. According to Marxist historian Philip S. Foner, the issues of socialism and industrial unionism — and more specifically, the AFL vs. the IWW — had been debated by the Minnesota miners since the WFM's Mesabi Range strike of 1907. Foner concluded that in the 1916 strike, "Most of the Range Finns ... backed the I.W.W." Whatever the reasons for the decline, the WFM was particularly hard hit in the copper mining industries of Michigan and Arizona, and in the WFM's stronghold around Butte, Montana. In 1916, <mask> led a successful movement to change the union's name to the


title: Charles Moyer

texts:
 International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers (colloquially known as "Mine Mill"). Copper Country Strike of 1913-1914

Organization of workers
The Western Federation of Miners began to heavily increase its presence in the Copper Country in 1912. <mask> warned WFM organizer Thomas Strizich on March 25, 1913, against calling a strike prematurely:I was much pleased to hear of the progress being made in the way of organizing in Michigan and sincerely trust that the men there will realize the importance, in fact the absolute necessity, of deferring action that may precipitate a conflict with the employers until they have practically a thorough organization.Initial involvement in the strike
When the Copper Country miners went out on strike on July 23, 1913, <mask> was at a conference in Europe, and so Vice President <mask>. Mahoney had to assume control of the strike until his return to the Copper Country. On August 22, soon after <mask> returned to Denver, he asked American Federation of Labor (AFL) President Samuel Gompers for financial aid for the Michigan strikers. Six days later the AFL Executive Council endorsed the strike; it did not assess affiliates but suggested an immediate appropriation of at least five cents per member. On that same day on which <mask> wrote to Gompers, the WFM sent $25,000 to Michigan, bringing the total to only $36,000 which had to suffice until September 12. On Sunday afternoon, August 31, a crowd of 2,700, 800 of them women and children, marched in sweltering heat to pack the Palestra, a "colossal oven," where <mask> encouraged them to continue

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texts: early morning picketing, telling them they had the right to peacefully persuade men to stay away from work. The WFM Executive Board fully sanctioned their strike, he told them. He had told reporters that the WFM had all kinds of money, piles and stacks of it.He assured the strikers that benefits would be forthcoming: the WFM had $161,000 "in cash here"; an assessment of $2 had been levied for September on each WFM member—90,000 of them, <mask> had said, doubling the actual membership figure. The $161,000 had included the loans he hoped to procure, but he did not tell them that. Rather, he depicted a financially secure WFM, ready and able to finance the strike, a characterization that was most unreal. The strikers passed resolutions calling for a Senate investigation, protesting the militia, and denouncing the deputies. A Mining Gazette reporter termed <mask>'s speech a refreshing change from the "radical . . . viciously inflammatory" oratory of Miller and Mahoney. Were there "a few more conservative talkers such as Moyer there might be a chance, many people believe, for the federation to accomplish something, for the other class of verbal bombs is reacting against the organization," the reporter stated.<mask> was long-winded and not an effective orator, he continued, but he really made "a nice little argument from the WFM point of view." <mask> said that he favored having the militia in the district but that "the governor should order them to disarm all these thugs and gunmen, load them on trains and dump them without the confines of the state." The reporter commented that "in this

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 statement <mask> has the approval of a great many people on both sides of the strike question." Meeting with Ferris and Darrow
<mask> cut short his visit to the strike zone to confer with Governor Woodbridge Nathan Ferris on September 3. Joining him was Clarence Darrow, who had previously defended <mask>, Haywood, and Pettibone in the Steunenberg murder case. <mask> and Darrow asked the governor to again try to arbitrate the strike. The strikers would not insist on mentioning the WFM in any settlement, but would insist on the right to organize and select representatives.Ferris was skeptical, saying it resembled his earlier rejected proposals: "When James MacNaughton says that he will let grass grow in the streets before he will ever treat with the Western Federation of Miners or its representatives, I believe what he says." <mask> countered: "I'm not willing to admit yet that James MacNaughton will not recognize organized labor before he dies." <mask> and Darrow gave Ferris affidavits claiming Waddell men were serving as deputies. He read the telegram he had sent James A. Cruse reminding him of the residency requirement for deputies, and he said: "Cruse knows what the law is but in Keweenaw County we have a sheriff that can take care of absolutely nothing. Sheriff Hepping [sic] cannot even take care of his cat." Neither <mask> nor Darrow had criticized Ferris for sending in the militia. <mask> claimed to the governor that almost all "of the 16,000 men on strike now belong to the WFM."At Ferris's urging, Darrow accompanied <mask> back to Calumet. Return to Michigan's Copper district

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title: Charles Moyer

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<mask> returned to the district for a day with Darrow and then went to Chicago to confer with Duncan McDonald of the Illinois division of the United Mine Workers of America about a $100,000 loan. It was approved by the union's executive board and the money was made available in late September. <mask> also obtained a $25,000 loan from the United Brewery Workers of America, and contributions to the WFM's Michigan Defense Fund rose to $18,074 in September. In mid-September <mask> returned to the district once more, to confer with the Department of Labor investigators. He and John Brown Lennon, AFL treasurer, spoke to a crowd of 2,000 at the Palestra on September 14. <mask> emphasized that any proposal for ending the strike must recognize the WFM.December of 1913
Tensions grew following the Jane-Dally murders. Special Houghton County Prosecutor George E. Nichols warned <mask> that he would hold him accountable if strikers attacked the Alliance parades. <mask> was said to have acted "promptly and creditably in joining with the prosecutor in an effort to prevent anything of that kind." The night before the meetings, <mask> told strikers at Red Jacket to avoid violence, and that the Alliance was looking for any opportunity to make trouble. Organizers Thomas Strizich, Yanko Terzich, Mor Oppman and Ben Goggin translated his message to the strikers. <mask> notified U.S. Representative William Josiah MacDonald and AFL officials that mine operators and the Alliance had announced on December 10 that they would give all representatives of organized labor from outside the state twenty-four hours


title: Charles Moyer

texts: to leave and that "if they fail to do so, they [would] be sent out of the district in a manner most convenient and effective." <mask> urged the AFL to give this the greatest publicity and call it to the immediate attention of President Woodrow Wilson.<mask> also wired Governor Ferris that "operators and others, calling themselves law and order citizens, threaten to deport from this district or remove by the quickest possible means of citizens of other states against whom no charges have been made other than that they dare to represent labor." Ferris then advised Nichols at once that "citizens must not commit violence on any citizen of Michigan or of any other state . . . protection must be given to all alike." He commanded him to consult with military authorities and to see that peace and dignity were maintained. <mask>'s return to the Michigan copper district in the wake of the Jane-Dally murders marked his fifth trip to the Copper Country during the strike and his first since October. It would be his longest stay. Local newspapers printed names of "outside labor agitators" still within the district.As the grand jury started its work, Judge Orrin N. Hilton of Denver arrived to reinforce the WFM's legal staff. <mask>, one of the first witnesses before the jury, testified for two days. The jury got possession of the books and records of the Calumet WFM local, but the Ahmeek leaders, alike those over at South Range, claimed that their books had been sent to Denver. Sheriff Cruse placed notices in the local newspapers reviewing lawlessness, disorder, and intimidation and stating that


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 <mask> had been notified that the right to work must be respected, and that every man who wanted to work would be protected. Law officers appeared to be especially vigilant of activities of the strike leaders. Goggin was "run out of Laurium" after witnesses identified him as being involved in the beating of Calumet men in Laurium some time previous. On December 10 Judge Patrick Henry O'Brien granted a writ of injunction to WFM attorneys restraining members of the Alliance from interfering with WFM organizers, members, or officers.The Houghton Trades and Labor Council wired Ferris on December 11 saying that it feared bloodshed from the Alliance and asked for an immediate federal investigation of the situation. After the Italian Hall disaster
<mask> was in Hancock, Michigan when he learned by telephone of the Italian Hall disaster, He summoned a meeting of the WFM on Christmas Day, where he set up a multilingual committee to consult with families of victims of the disaster about the funeral arrangements. <mask> announced that "the Western Federation of Miners will bury its own dead . . . the American labor movement will take care of the relatives of the deceased. No aid will be accepted from any of these citizens who a short time ago denounced these people as undesirable citizens." The women of the Citizens' Alliance found themselves rejected in home after home. In one household where distress was acute, the family accepted money only to return it the next day.In most of the homes the people said that they had been told to accept aid only from union members. <mask> later denied making


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 such recommendations but the evidence was unmistakable. "Deportation"
The Citizens' Alliance relief committee subsequently decided to appeal to <mask> to come before them and explain the situation. Sheriff Cruse rejected that proposal. The feelings at Calumet were running so high that Cruse believed if <mask> "appeared there even under my protection he would be lynched." Headlines in the Mining Gazette epitomized the feeling: WHILE COPPER COUNTRY MOURNS FOR ITS DEAD, MOYER TRIED TO MAKE CAPITAL OF DISASTER and USES CHILDREN'S DEATHS TO BENEFIT HIS STRIKE. Cruse telephoned <mask> and arranged for a small committee to meet with him the evening of December 26 in Hancock.Cruse wanted a small group so that he could control it if anger got out of hand. <mask> was assaulted — beaten and shot in the back by men in the employ of the mine owners. That evening, detectives from the city of Calumet escorted him, still bleeding, to a local train and "deported him" (e.g., ran him out of town). <mask> sought medical treatment in Chicago. State and Congressional investigations were unable to prove the identity of his assailants, and the crime went unsolved. Retirement and death
<mask> was unable to reverse the decline in Mine Mill's membership. After a bitter internal struggle, <mask> and his entire executive board resigned in 1926.<mask> lived in relative obscurity until his death. He died in Pomona, California, on June 2, 1929. Notes

References
 "Armed Guards Posted in Stores of Butte." Los Angeles Times. June 28, 1914. "Butte Unions Back Rebels." Los Angeles Times.June 23, 1914. Carlson, Peter.


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texts:
 Roughneck: The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1983. "Disrupted by I.W.W." Los Angeles Times. June 22, 1914.Dubofsky, Melvyn. We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World. Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 2000. Fink, Gary. Biographical Dictionary of American Labor. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1984. "Glossary."In Samuel Gompers Papers, Volume 7: The American Federation of Labor Under Siege, 1906-09. Stuart B. Kaufman, Grace Palladino, Peter J. Albert, eds. Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1998. Jensen, Vernon H. Heritage of Conflict: Labor Relations in the Nonferrous Metals Industry Up to 1930. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1950. "Mine Federation in West Doomed by Faction's War." Chicago Daily Tribune.June 27, 1914. "Moyer Tells of His Deportation." Chicago Daily Tribune. March 11, 1914. "Moyer, Wounded, Sticks to Battle." Chicago Daily Tribune. December 28, 1913."Paid <mask>'s Gunmen." Los Angeles Times. February 21, 1915. Suggs, Jr. George S. Colorado's War on Militant Unionism: James H. Peabody and the Western Federation of Miners. Tulsa, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1972. External links
Western Federation of Miners/ International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers International, District, and Local Records. University Library, University of Colorado-Boulder.Leaders of American trade unions
American miners
Industrial Workers of the World members
1866 births
1929 deaths
People from Ames, Iowa
People from the San Gabriel Valley
People from Lead, South Dakota
Western


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Oluwatosin Ajibade (born 19 July 1991), better known by his stage name <mask>, is a Nigerian singer, songwriter, and entrepreneur. He is a pioneer of Banku music, a fusion of sound he describes as a mixture of Ghanaian highlife and Nigerian chord progressions and patterns. Mr <mask> relocated to Kumasi, Ghana in 2008 and enrolled at KNUST, where he began booking artists to perform at college parties. He showed interest in music after recording a guest verse on "My Life", a song that gained traction and became a popular record at KNUST. <mask> released his debut mixtape About to Blow in July 2013. He gained an international audience following the release of the Efya-assisted single "Skin Tight". His second mixtape Life Is Eazi, Vol.1 – Accra To Lagos was released on 10 February 2017. Early life and education
Mr <mask> was born in Port Harcourt, the capital and largest city in Rivers State, Nigeria. He grew up in an entrepreneurial home. His mother owned a small business and his father is a pilot. The latter parent established his own private aviation consulting practice. While attending primary school in Lagos, Mr <mask> had a brief stint in the school's choir. During his upbringing, he listened to records his dad would play for the family while having breakfast.At age 16, Mr <mask> relocated to Ghana to further his educational endeavors, enrolling in the mechanical engineering program at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST). Mr <mask> started recording music during his time at KNUST. He contributed guest vocals to the track "My Life", a song that gained traction and became a popular record at KNUST. Prior to that, he established a party and promotion company called Swagger Entertainment. He used this platform to book shows and promote events on the campus of KNUST. When he was 23 years old, he returned to Nigeria and opened his own e-commerce platform. Mr <mask> told The Guardian newspaper he briefly worked

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 for Schlumberger when he returned to Nigeria.He also told the aforementioned newspaper his business ventures included soft drinks import, gold mining, and food distribution. He told Highsnobiety he started about six business ventures. In 2014, Mr <mask> quit being a club promoter after an artist failed to show up for the largest party he attempted to throw. 2013–2015: About to Blow and other releases
<mask> released his 13-track debut mixtape About to Blow in July 2013. It produced two singles: "Pipi Dance" and "Bankulize". The former was released in mid-2012, while the latter was released in 2013. <mask> recorded the mixtape with producer Klu and released it within a week.The Fader magazine descrie mixtape as a "heavily dancehall-leaning SoundCloud playlist". Prior to releasing the mixtape, Mr <mask> worked with producers such as Magnom, Peeweezle, Nshona, Klumonsta, D'Tunes, and E-Kelly. Moreover, he was featured on Stay Jay's "Baby Lace" and Lousika's "Knockout". In 2014, Mr <mask> relocated to Nigeria. He was contacted by UK-based Ghanaian producer Juls, who got a hold of some of his recordings. Due to not being able to locate the audio files of his old recordings, Mr <mask>'s attempt at working with Juls stalled for a long time. Mr <mask> eventually retrieved his audio files and sent them to Juls, who made a new beat and created the artwork for the mixtape's second single "Bankulize".The song features vocals from Ghanaian hiplife artist Pappy Kojo and was released in November 2014. The official remix of "Bankulize" features Burna Boy and was released in September 2016. <mask> premiered the remix on Ebro Darden's Beats 1 radio show a month earlier. In August 2015, <mask> released the dancehall-influenced track "Skin Tight". It features guest vocals from Ghanaian singer Efya and was produced by DJ Juls. In an interview with Complex magazine, Mr <mask> described the song as a "fusion". He said he spoke Ghanaian pidgin on the

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 delivery and used Nigerian melodies.In August 2016, Nigerian record producer Cobhams Asuquo released a rendition of the song. DJ Caise released a house remix of the song in September 2016, while Terry G collaborated with <mask> to release a remix of the song. In April 2017, "Skin Tight" was featured in an ad for the vodka brand Ciroc. <mask> was featured on Eugy's 2016 hit single "Dance for Me". The Guardian newspaper included the song on its list of the 10 biggest African tracks of 2016. The music video for "Dance for Me" was directed by Vertex and Gabriella Kingsely. Robin Murray of Clash magazine described the song as a "salute to their joint Ghanaian heritage".On 17 June 2016, Mr <mask> released the R&B-inspired "Anointing", a song that features rap vocals from Ghanaian rapper Sarkodie. Mr <mask> first announced plans for the song in May 2016. 2016–2017: GMA snub, Twitter backlash, Accra to Lagos, and record deal
In February 2016, organizers of the Vodafone-sponsored Ghana Music Awards made a decision not to nominate Mr <mask> in any of its Ghanaian-only categories. According to George Quaye, a spokesperson for Charterhouse, Mr <mask> was disqualified because of his nationality. Quaye also stated that Mr <mask> was only eligible to compete in the African Artiste of the Year category. However, he failed to pick up a nomination in the aforementioned category because the organizers felt that he isn't as big as the other nominees. On 11 January 2017, Mr <mask> tweeted that Ghanaian music has a great influence over present-day Nigerian music.He received heavy backlash after posting the tweet and trended nationwide in both Ghana and Nigeria. On 12 January 2017, Mr <mask> apologized to Nigerians for the comments that he made. Following his performance at the 2016 Ghana Music Awards, Wizkid announced that he signed <mask> to his imprint Starboy Entertainment. However, Mr <mask> told Star FM Ghana in July 2017 that he is not

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texts: officially signed to Starboy. He also told Star FM Ghana that he is only in business with the imprint. <mask>'s second mixtape, Life Is Eazi, Vol. 1 – Accra To Lagos, was released on 10 February 2017.The mixtape was initially scheduled for release on 11 February 2017. It debuted at number 4 on the Billboard World Albums chart. The mixtape comprises 14 tracks, including three bonus tracks. Guest artists featured on the mixtape include Tekno, Olamide, Phyno, Mugeez, Medikal, DJ Cuppy, Falz, and Big Lean. Its production was handled by Maleek Berry, Masterkraft, Legendury Beatz, and Young John. Mr <mask> announced on Instagram that the mixtape sold 200,000 copies in pre-orders. While speaking to Julie Adenuga on her Beats 1 radio show, he said the mixtape is a tribute to the two cities that influenced the evolution of his sound.The mixtape's lead single "Leg Over" was produced by E-Kelly and released on 2 December 2016. The music video for "Leg Over" features cameo appearances from comedian Eddie Kadi, Maleek Berry, and Wizkid. Mr <mask> told Lawrence Burney from Noisey.com that the song is about being taken advantage of in a relationship. He also said the song was leaked and wasn't meant to be a single. Upon its release in December 2016, "Leg Over" inspired numerous dance videos. Gabriel Myers Hansen, a critic and editor whose review was posted on the Music In Africa website, described the song as "gentle and minimalist". Hansen also said it is "freshened by delicate string and percussion placements reminiscent of highlife from decades ago".On 1 February 2017, <mask> released "Tilapia" as the mixtape's second single. It features vocals from Ghanaian hip hop artist Medikal. On 1 March 2017, <mask> released the Sesan-directed music video for "In The Morning". The song features vocals from Toronto rapper Big Lean. On 1 April 2017, <mask> released the Teekay-directed music video for "Fight", a song that features additional vocals from

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 DJ Cuppy. On 7 April 2017, <mask> released the music video for "Business", a song that features vocals from Mugeez of R2Bees. 2019: Coachella and Empawa Africa
In January 2019, it was announced that <mask> will be performing at the 2019 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival.In August 2019, Mr <mask> launched emPawa Africa, a talent incubation initiative designed to nurture and support up-and-coming African artists. Thirty musicians would be enrolled in the first edition and would receive grant and mentorship to scale up their music career. The initiative is also supported by YouTube Music. In January 2021, Ajibade announced his upcoming EP titled Something Else, set for a 19 February release. Artistry
Mr <mask> is known for pioneering Banku music, a sound "characterized by percolating rhythms and laid-back vocal delivered in Ghanaian Pidgin English". Mr <mask>'s music largely fits into the category of Afrobeats, a contemporary West African pop genre that marries global pop, Dancehall, highlife, and hip-hop. Mr <mask>'s music has been described as having an R&B-like quality reminiscent of artists such as Beres Hammond and Gregory Isaacs.Lawrence Burney from Noisey.com stated that Mr <mask> uses his deep voice to "give ballad-like qualities to dance-forward production". Personal life
Mr <mask> is known to be dating Temi Otedola, daughter of Nigerian billionaire  Femi Otedola and sister to DJ Cuppy. Discography

Mixtapes
About to Blow (2013)
Life is Eazi, Vol. 1 - Accra to Lagos (2017)
Life is Eazi, Vol. 2 - Lagos to London (2018)

EPs
One Day You Will Understand (2020)
Something Else (2021)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Living people
1991 births
21st-century Nigerian male singers
Singers from Port Harcourt
Yoruba musicians
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology alumni
English-language singers from Nigeria
Nigerian businesspeople
Yoruba businesspeople
Businesspeople from Rivers State
Mad Decent

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title: Paula Hyman

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<mask> (September 30, 1946 – December 15, 2011) was a social historian and the Lucy Moses Professor of Modern Jewish History at Yale University. She served as the president of the American Academy for Jewish Research from 2004 to 2008. She also was the first female dean of the Seminary College of Jewish Studies at the Jewish Theological Seminary from 1981 to 1986. <mask> was a pioneer for gender equality in Jewish religious practice, helping push for women's ordination as Conservative rabbis. During her time, <mask> was one of the most prominent Jewish women’s activists and her work is still widely read and cited today in the field of Jewish Studies. Jewish historian Hasia Diner credits <mask> as the originator of the study of Jewish women’s history. Early life and career (1946-1986)
<mask> was born in Boston, Massachusetts on September 30, 1946 to <mask> (née Tatelman) and <mask>, two first generation Jewish-Americans from Eastern Europe.Ida was of Russian descent and Sydney of Lithuanian. <mask> was the first of three daughters. Her mother worked as a bookkeeper and was in charge of the home while her father was an office manager. In her childhood household, Jewish culture was integral to family life. Starting in high school and continuing in early college, Hyman studied Hebrew and classic Jewish works at Hebrew Teachers College in Boston, where she earned a Bachelors of Jewish Education in 1966. In 1968, she graduated summa cum laude with a B.A. from Radcliffe College, which was then the sister school of Harvard.While at Radcliffe, <mask> was mentored by Jewish historians Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi and Isadore Twersky. After Radcliffe, <mask> went on to do post-graduate work

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 at Columbia University starting in 1972, where she would later be a professor, and earn her Ph.D. in History in 1975. <mask>’s Columbia doctoral dissertation was titled From Dreyfus to Vichy: The Remaking of French Jewry, 1906–1939 and was published by Columbia University Press in 1979. The content of her doctoral dissertation focused on Eastern European Jews immigrating to France up until World War II and how that changed French Jewry. This book was a finalist in the National Jewish Book Award competition in History. While in graduate school, <mask> co-authored a book titled The Jewish Woman in America with Charlotte Baum and Sonya Michel. The book earned her another Jewish Book Award in 1998 for Women's Studies.After graduating from Columbia, <mask> was a professor there and later at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. There, she was the first female dean of the Seminary College of Jewish Studies. She served in this position until 1986, when she moved to Yale University. Later life and death (1986-2011)
Over the years, <mask> became known as a prominent advocate for gender equality in Jewish religious life, both in her professional and personal lives. At Yale, <mask> was the Lucy Moses Professor of Modern Jewish History and served as the chair of the Program in Judaic Studies for over 10 years. This appointment made her the first woman to head a Jewish Studies program at a prominent university. Over the course of her career <mask> authored ten books and sixty articles.Additionally, <mask> was the President of the American Association for Jewish Research from 2004 to 2008, the co-chair of the academic council of the National Foundation for Jewish Culture from 1995

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 to 2002, a member of the executive board of the Association for Jewish Studies (AJS) and the Leo Baeck Institute, while being on the editorial board for various journals including Association for Jewish Studies Review, Jewish Social Studies, Journal for the Feminist Study of Religion, andYIVO Annual. Additionally, she received the Lifetime Achievement Award in Historical Studies from the National Foundation for Jewish Culture. For over two decades she edited The Modern Jewish Experience from the Indiana University Press. She was the recipient of various honors and awards: a 1999 National Jewish Book Award, a 2004 Achievement Award in Historical Studies from the National Foundation for Jewish Culture, and honorary degrees from the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in 2000, the Hebrew Union College in 2002, and the Hebrew College in 2010. <mask> died on December 15, 2011 from a long fight with breast cancer, which she was very open about. She is survived by her husband, Dr. Stanley Rosenbaum, her two daughters, Judith and Adina, two grandchildren, Ma’ayan and Aviv, her mother Ida, and her two sisters, Merle and Toby. After her death, <mask> was commemorated by the commencement of the <mask> Hyman Oral History Project, created in part by the Women’s Caucus of the AJS.<mask> was part of this caucus until the time of her death. The goal of this oral history was to conserve the reflections of the founding members of the caucus. Additionally, <mask> was commemorated by the creation of the Paula E. Hyman Mentoring Program, which selects every year young women scholars of Jewish women's and genders studies and pairs them with older mentors in the same field. Activism
In 1971,

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title: Paula Hyman

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 <mask> helped found Ezrat Nashim, a Jewish activist group whose goal was the ordination of women as Conservative rabbis and cantors, a foreshadowing of her later position as a champion of gender equality in religious Jewish life. While at Columbia, <mask> and other Jewish feminists wrote a manifesto to call for the ordination of women rabbis and cantors in Conservative Judaism, which they then delivered to hundreds of conservative rabbis at a Rabbinical Assembly. The title of this manifesto was “Jewish Women Call for Change.”

In both her personal and professional life, <mask> championed feminist ideology and sought to end political and historical sexism. Additionally, when she became the first woman to join organizations in the United States, Israel, and Europe, she would be certain to attain the participation of other women, helping further her activist identity.Research interests and reception
<mask>'s research interests included topics in modern European and American Jewish history, with a special emphasis on the history of women and gender. Her work can be summed up as the interaction of Judaism and feminism in various countries. Some of her particular interests are the way in which French Jewry changed from the Dreyfus Affair to the present, and how Eastern European Jewish women immigrants interacted with work outside the home. On the latter topic, <mask> is known for her works on Jewish women in New York as activists in events such as the kosher meat boycott of 1902 and the New York rent strike of 1907. Her interest in such activism finds its base in her growing up in the 1960s, an era known for its social changes including a widely-fought feminist movement. <mask>

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title: Paula Hyman

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 was recognized as one of the founders of Jewish women's studies and was seen as a role model for her colleagues and students for her dedication to this field. This field finds one of its starts in <mask>'s The Jewish Woman in America.In addition, she was seen as a changing force in how the modern Jewish experience is understood by scholars and laymen alike. This shift included a newfound focus on the daily ins and outs of American and European Jewish life as well as exposing the lives of often overlooked populations, such as women, through a use of popular and archival sources. After <mask>'s death, Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women's Studies and Gender Issues dedicated issue twenty-two of their journal to <mask>. Selected works

"Joseph Salvador: Proto-Zionist or Apologist for Assimilation?" Jewish Social Studies Vol. 34, No. 1, January 1972
The Jewish Woman in America, co-authored with Charlotte Baum and Sonya Michel.New York: 1976
From Dreyfus to Vichy: The Remaking of French Jewry, 1906–1939. New York: 1979
“Immigrant Women and Consumer Protest: The New York Kosher Meat Boycott of 1902.” American Jewish History (1980); 91–105
"The History of European Jewry: Recent Trends in the Literature" The Journal of Modern History Vol. 54, No. 2, June 1982
The Jewish Family: Myths and Reality, edited with Steven M. Cohen. New York: 1986
“From City to Suburb: Temple Mishkan Tefila of Boston.” In The American Synagogue: A Sanctuary Transformed, edited by Jack Wertheimer, 85–105. Cambridge and New York: 1987
"The Dreyfus Affair: The Visual and the Historical," The Journal of Modern History Vol. 61, No.1, March 1989
“The Modern Jewish Family: Image and Reality.” In The Jewish Family:

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title: Dan Ige

texts:
<mask> (born August 6, 1991) is an American mixed martial artist currently competing in UFC's Featherweight division. A professional since 2014, he has also competed for the Legacy Fighting Championship, Pancrase, the RFA, and Titan FC. As of  August 30, 2021, he is #9 in the UFC featherweight rankings. Mixed martial arts career
<mask> started his career out with 10 amateur fights. He compiled an 8–2 record before going pro. He started his pro career with a 2–1 record. He then rattled off 6 straight victories competing for various regional promotions including a win at <mask>'s Contender Series 3.Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> signed with the UFC after earning a victory on <mask>s Tuesday Night Contender Series. He was expected to face Charles Rosa in his debut at UFC 220. However, Rosa pulled out of the fight citing a neck injury. <mask> remained on the card and faced fellow newcomer and Dana White Tuesday Night Contender Series alum Julio Arce. He lost the fight via decision. <mask> faced Mike Santiago  on June 9, 2018 at UFC 225. He won the fight via TKO in the first round.Ige faced promotional newcomer Jordan Griffin on December 15, 2018 at UFC on Fox 31. He won the fight via unanimous decision. Ige faced <mask> on March 16, 2019 at UFC Fight Night 147. He won the fight via a rear-naked choke submission in

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title: Dan Ige

texts:
 the first round. The win also earned Ige his first Performance of the Night bonus award. Ige faced Kevin Aguilar on June 22, 2019 at UFC on ESPN+ 12 He won the fight via unanimous decision. Ige faced Mirsad Bektić on February 8, 2020 at UFC 247.He won the fight via a split decision. <mask> faced Edson Barboza on May 16, 2020 at UFC on ESPN: Overeem vs. Harris. He won the back-and-forth bout via split decision. 16 out of 18 MMA media outlets scored the bout in favor of Barboza. <mask> faced Calvin Kattar on July 16, 2020 at UFC on ESPN: Kattar vs. <mask>. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> was scheduled to face Ryan Hall on March 13, 2021 at UFC Fight Night 187.However, Hall pulled out of the fight on February 11 due to undisclosed reasons. Instead, <mask> faced off against Gavin Tucker at UFC Fight Night 187. He won the fight via knockout in the first round. This win earned him the Performance of the Night award. <mask> faced Chan Sung Jung at UFC on ESPN 25 on June 19, 2021. He lost the fight via unanimous decision, getting outgrappled throughout the fight. <mask> faced Josh Emmett on December 11, 2021 at UFC 269.He lost the bout via unanimous decision. <mask> is scheduled to face Movsar Evloev on June 4, 2022 at UFC Fight Night 211. Personal life
<mask> and his wife Savannah have a son, Bam (born

masks: Ige Ige Ige Ige Ige Ige Ige Ige Ige


title: Patrick Thoresen

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<mask> (born 7 November 1983) is a Norwegian professional ice hockey left winger who is currently playing for the Storhamar in the Fjordkraftligaen. He resides in Hamar, Norway, where he grew up, during the off season. He has a younger brother, Steffen who's also an ice hockey player. His father Petter was one of Norway's most notable players who played at five Olympic Winter Games (1980–1994). Thoresen would follow in his father's footsteps and play in the Winter Olympics in Vancouver 2010 and Sochi 2014. Playing career
<mask> started his career with his hometown Storhamar Dragons before he shifted to Canada and played junior hockey for two teams in the QMJHL, the Moncton Wildcats and the Baie-Comeau Drakkar. In the 2002–03 season, while a member of the Drakkar, he had 108 points in 71 games played, good enough for second in team scoring.His 75 assists that season were best in the QMJHL. This was a vast improvement from his first year of junior in which he compiled 73 points in 60 games played. His first year of pro hockey was spent mostly with the Division 2 team, Mörrums GoIS IK, where he put up 41 points in 38 games. He eventually made the Elitserien where he then spent two years playing regularly for Djurgården, and collecting 53 points, 27 of them goals, in 80 games. On 31 May 2006, Thoresen signed a contract with the Oilers as a free agent. He was somewhat of a surprise in training camp and played well enough for Oilers coach Craig MacTavish to publicly state that he had earned a spot on the roster for the 2006–07 season. Thoresen became only the fifth player from Norway to play a game in the NHL, the others being Bjørn Skaare, Anders Myrvold, Espen

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Thoresen


title: Patrick Thoresen

texts: Knutsen, and Ole-Kristian Tollefsen.In fact, Thoresen was the first Norwegian NHL player not previously drafted. <mask> scored his first NHL goal on 12 October 2006 against Evgeni Nabokov of the San Jose Sharks. In 68 games during his rookie campaign, he tallied four goals (including two game winners) and 12 assists with a plus/minus of -1, among the best of the Oilers regulars that season, but was placed on waivers before the end of the 2007-8 season. On 22 February 2008, Thoresen was claimed off waivers by the Philadelphia Flyers. On 11 April 2008, Thoresen was hit in the groin by a Mike Green slapshot during a playoff game against the Capitals. Thoresen was taken off the ice and driven to a local hospital. He returned to action later in the playoffs, the first Norwegian to take part in NHL postseason play.On 14 July 2008, <mask> signed a one-year contract with HC Lugano of the Swiss League. He finished the season with 63 points in 48 games, good for third overall in the NLA. On 21 May 2009, <mask> signed a two-year contract with Salavat Yulaev Ufa of the Kontinental Hockey League. He finished the regular season with 57 points in 56 games, sixth overall in the entire KHL. He also led all players in the plus/minus category with +45 (the previous season best was Alexei Tereshchenko with +41). He scored seven game-winning goals (2nd overall), including four consecutive game-winning goals to end the regular season. During the offseason of 2010 he opted out of his contract with Salavat Yulaev in search of a new NHL contract.Unable to get one, he decided to stay with Salavat for another season. Thoresen ended the 2010/11 KHL regular season as second overall in point

masks: Thoresen Thoresen Thoresen


title: Patrick Thoresen

texts:
 scoring (65), second in goals scored (29) and third in assists (36). During the playoffs, he amassed a total of 18 points en route to winning the Gagarin Cup, the first Norwegian to do so. His three goals and fifteen assists tied hom with Alexander Radulov for the team lead in points and fourth overall in the KHL. Thoresen is a two-time nominee for the Norwegian team sports athlete of the year award (Idrettsgallaen - 2009 and 2010). Prior to the 2011-12 season, he inked a deal with SKA St. Petersburg and in April 2014, he signed a one-year extension. He remained with the team until the end of the 2014-15 season and then spent the 2015-16 campaign with Djurgårdens IF of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).In May 2016, he signed with the ZSC Lions of the Swiss National League A (NLA). In 2017 he returned to Storhamar to aid the club in winning the 2017-18 Norwegian series, GET Ligaen. However, in October of the same year he returned to SKA St. Petersburg. He returned to Storhamar at the conclusion of the season with SKA suffering a conference finals defeat to CSKA Moscow. International play
<mask> has played for the Norwegian national team numerous times. His first international experience came at the IIHF World U18 Championship in 2000 and 2001. He played in the World Junior Championships (division 1) in 2001 and 2002.In 2002, he posted excellent numbers: four goals and four assists in five games. He participated in the World Championships in 2006 and 2007, picking up a goal and four assists in the six games in 2007. He was selected to represent Team Norway at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in which he had an impressive tournament and


title: Adam Simpson

texts:
<mask> (born 16 February 1976) is a former Australian rules footballer who is the current premiership coach of the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League (AFL). A left-footed midfielder, his playing career for  spanned from 1995 to 2009, where he played 306 games. From Melbourne, <mask> played junior football for Eltham and the Northern Knights before being recruited to North Melbourne at the 1993 National Draft. He made his debut during the 1995 season, and won a premiership the following year, during which he was also nominated for the AFL Rising Star award. Another premiership followed in 1999, and in 2002, <mask> Medal. He was appointed club captain in 2004, and held the position until stepping down at the end of the 2008 season, with his span including a preliminary final in 2007. <mask> played his 300th game in 2009, the third North Melbourne player to do so, and finished his career towards the end of the season.He was appointed coach of West Coast in October 2013, replacing John Worsfold. Early life

<mask> grew up in the northern suburbs of Melbourne where he played junior football for Eltham in the suburban Diamond Valley Football League. He also played under-18 football for Northern Knights. <mask> also had a stint in the East Gippsland town of Sale where he was part of an under 15's premiership under coach Vince Moro. As a child, <mask> supported the Carlton Football Club, the club whom he would play his final AFL game against in 2009. Playing career

1995–2009

<mask> was recruited by North Melbourne at the 1993 National Draft. He made his senior debut for the club against the Eagles in round 18 at Princes Park during the 1995 season.The following season he played for North Melbourne in the grand final win over Sydney. Earlier in the season he was nominated for the Rising Star award. <mask> Barker Medal) and he was named in the All-Australian team. Club captain (2004–2008)

<mask> was

masks:
Adam Simpson
Simpson
Simpsonyd Barker
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpsonyd
Simpson


title: Adam Simpson

texts:
 appointed club captain in 2004, and he led the Kangaroos into the finals the following year. In 2005, the skipper narrowly missed recording a fifth consecutive top-three finish in the club best and fairest. He finished 4th, one vote behind 3rd and 2 votes shy of second.That year he missed two games with a punctured lung, but he still tallied over 400 disposals for the season with his industrious playmaking style. Round 5 2007, he racked up a career equalling high 41 disposals, including a goal, in the Roos 16 point win against Geelong at Kardinia Park. Weeks later, he played his 250th game against Carlton in a home game at Carrara on the Gold Coast. North Melbourne won the game 22-13 (147) to 20-10 (130). <mask> had 20 disposals. At the end of the game, his teammates celebrated his 250 milestone by chairlifting him from the field. On 5 November 2008 <mask> announced he was stepping down as captain but he would continue playing in 2009.Brent Harvey became the new captain. Controversy

In 2009 <mask> along with Daniel Pratt admitted to making a YouTube video entitled "The Adventures of Little Boris". The video was of a rubber chicken named Boris performing sex acts on a chicken carcass. This resulted in North Melbourne giving them fines of $5,000 each over their part in the sex video. <mask> and Pratt were among seven Kangaroos players responsible for producing the film, which put a media spotlight on the club and AFL players in general over their attitudes to women. Retirement

<mask> retired during the 2009 season. With North Melbourne out of finals contention, <mask> announced his retirement on 27 July 2009.He played the last of his 306 games on Friday night against Carlton in round 18 at Docklands on 31 July He ended his playing career after 15 seasons in the same round he made his debut. <mask> played every game during the North Melbourne 1996 and 1999 premiership seasons, and during his career he missed seven

masks:
Simpson
Adam Simpson
Adam Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson


title: Adam Simpson

texts:
 games as a regular player. He was the third player to notch 300 games for North Melbourne. At the end of his playing career he was remembered as hard-at-the-ball and as a favourite son of North Melbourne Football Club. Coaching career
After his playing retirement, <mask> began his coaching career as an assistant coach under Alastair Clarkson at Hawthorn in 2010, and he was the midfield & forward coach for the Hawks when the club won the Grand Final in 2013. In October 2013, the West Coast Eagles appointed <mask> as senior coach for the 2014 season. He replaced John Worsfold who stood down after a disappointing 2013 season.<mask> was selected ahead of applicants Scott Burns, Leigh Tudor and Peter Sumich. In his first year as senior coach the Eagles finished 9th. The following year, <mask> and the Eagles surprised many commentators by their performance when the club finished 2nd at the end home & away rounds. The team went onto play in the 2015 AFL Grand Final, which they lost to Hawthorn. In the following two seasons the Eagles made the finals, bowing out in the elimination final and the semi-final in 2016 and 2017 respectively. In Round 2, 2018 against Western Bulldogs at Docklands Stadium, West Coast Eagles forwards coach Jaymie Graham served as caretaker coach of the team after <mask> was forced to return to Perth due to a family health drama

<mask> Barker Medal: 2002
North Melbourne F.C. Captain: 2004–2008
International Rules Team: 2002, 2003
AFL Rising Star Nominee:1996

Coaching Honours
Team
AFL Premiership (West Coast): 2018
Individual
Jock McHale Medal: 2018
All-Australian: 2018

Personal life
<mask> Barker Medal winners
All-Australians (AFL)
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Northern Knights players
Eltham Football Club players
West Coast Eagles coaches
West Coast Eagles Premiership coaches
Australia international rules football team players
All-Australian coaches
Two-time VFL/AFL

masks: Simpson Simpson Simpson Simpson Simpson Simpsonyd Simpsonyd


title: Sarah Bernhardt

texts:
<mask> (; born Henriette-Rosine Bernard; 22 or 23 October 1844 – 26 March 1923) was a French stage actress who starred in some of the most popular French plays of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including La Dame Aux Camelias by Alexandre Dumas fils; Ruy Blas by Victor Hugo, Fédora and La Tosca by Victorien Sardou, and L'Aiglon by Edmond Rostand. She also played male roles, including Shakespeare's Hamlet. Rostand called her "the queen of the pose and the princess of the gesture", while Hugo praised her "golden voice". She made several theatrical tours around the world, and was one of the first prominent actresses to make sound recordings and to act in motion pictures. She is also linked with the success of artist Alphonse Mucha, whose work she helped to publicize. Mucha would become one of the most sought-after artists of this period for his Art Nouveau style. Biography

Early life

Henriette-Rosine Bernard was born at 5 rue de L'École-de-Médicine in the Latin Quarter of Paris on 22 or 23 October 1844.She was the illegitimate daughter of Judith Bernard (also known as Julie and in France as Youle), a Dutch Jewish courtesan with a wealthy or upper-class clientele. The name of her father is not recorded. According to some sources, he was probably the son of a wealthy merchant from Le Havre. Bernhardt later wrote that her father's family paid for her education, insisted she be baptised as a Catholic, and left a large sum to be paid when she came of age. Her mother travelled frequently, and saw little of her daughter. She placed Bernhardt with a nurse in Brittany, then in a cottage in the Paris suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine.


title: Sarah Bernhardt

texts:
 (1862–1864)

Bernhardt studied acting at the Conservatory from January 1860 until 1862 under two prominent actors of the Comédie Française, Joseph-Isidore Samson and Jean-Baptiste Provost. She wrote in her memoirs that Provost taught her diction and grand gestures, while Samson taught her the power of simplicity. For the stage, she changed her name from "Bernard" to "<mask>". While studying, she also received her first marriage proposal, from a wealthy businessman who offered her 500,000 francs. He wept when she refused. Bernhardt wrote that she was "confused, sorry, and delighted—because he loved me the way people love in plays at the theater." Before the first examination for her tragedy class, she tried to straighten her abundance of frizzy hair, which made it even more uncontrollable, and came down with a bad cold, which made her voice so nasal that she hardly recognised it.Furthermore, the parts assigned for her performance were classical and required carefully stylised emotions, while she preferred romanticism and fully and naturally expressing her emotions. The teachers ranked her 14th in tragedy and second in comedy. Once again, Morny came to her rescue. He put in a good word for her with the National Minister of the Arts, Camille Doucet. Doucet recommended her to Edouard Thierry, the chief administrator of the Théâtre Français, who offered Bernhardt a place as a pensionnaire at the theater, at a minimum salary. Bernhardt made her debut with the company on 31 August 1862 in the title role of Racine's Iphigénie. Her premiere was not a success.She experienced stage fright and rushed her lines. Some audience members made


title: Sarah Bernhardt

texts: in Brussels where she met the Belgian aristocrat Henri, Hereditary Prince de Ligne, and had an affair with him. Other accounts say that they met in Paris, where the Prince came often to attend the theater. The affair was cut short when she learned that her mother had suffered a heart attack. She returned to Paris, where she found that her mother was better, but that she herself was pregnant from her affair with the Prince. She did not notify the Prince.Her mother did not want the fatherless child born under her roof, so she moved to a small apartment on rue Duphot, and on 22 December 1864, the 20-year-old actress gave birth to her only child, <mask>. Some accounts say that Prince Henri had not forgotten her. According to these versions, he learned her address from the theatre, arrived in Paris, and moved into the apartment with Bernhardt. After a month, he returned to Brussels and told his family that he wanted to marry the actress. The family of the Prince sent his uncle, General de Ligne, to break up the romance, threatening to disinherit him if he married Bernhardt. According to other accounts, the Prince denied any responsibility for the child. She later called the affair "her abiding wound", but she never discussed Maurice's parentage with anyone.When asked who his father was, she sometimes answered, "I could never make up my mind whether his father was Gambetta, Victor Hugo, or General Boulanger." Many years later, in January 1885, when Bernhardt was famous, the Prince came to Paris and offered to formally recognise Maurice as his son, but Maurice politely declined, explaining he was entirely satisfied to be the son of


title: Sarah Bernhardt

texts:
 <mask>t. The Odéon (1866–1872)

To support herself after the birth of Maurice, Bernhardt played minor roles and understudies at the Port-Saint-Martin, a popular melodrama theatre. In early 1866, she obtained a reading with Felix Duquesnel, director of the Théâtre de L’Odéon (Odéon) on the Left Bank. Duquesnel described the reading years later, saying, "I had before me a creature who was marvelous gifted, intelligent to the point of genius, with enormous energy under an appearance frail and delicate, and a savage will." The co-director of the theatre for finance, Charles de Chilly, wanted to reject her as unreliable and too thin, but Duquesnel was enchanted; he hired her for the theater at a modest salary of 150 francs a month, which he paid out of his own pocket. The Odéon was second in prestige only to the Comédie Française, and unlike that very traditional theatre, specialised in more modern productions.The Odéon was popular with the students of the Left Bank. Her first performances with the theatre were not successful. She was cast in highly stylised and frivolous 18th-century comedies, whereas her strong point on stage was her complete sincerity. Her thin figure also made her look ridiculous in the ornate costumes. Dumas, her strongest supporter, commented after one performance, "she has the head of a virgin and the body of a broomstick." Soon, however, with different plays and more experience, her performances improved; she was praised for her performance of Cordelia in King Lear. In June 1867, she played two roles in Athalie by Jean Racine; the part of a young woman and a young boy, Zacharie, the first of many male


title: Sarah Bernhardt

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 free. In addition, the grandmother of her father donated 120,000 francs. <mask> was able to buy an even larger residence, with two salons and a large dining room, at 4 rue de Rome. Wartime service at the Odéon (1870–1871)
The outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War abruptly interrupted her theatrical career. The news of the defeat of the French Army, the surrender of Napoleon III at Sedan, and the proclamation of the Third French Republic on 4 September 1870 was followed by a siege of the city by the Prussian Army.Paris was cut off from news and from its food supply, and the theatres were closed. Bernhardt took charge of converting the Odéon into a hospital for soldiers wounded in the battles outside the city. She organised the placement of 32 beds in the lobby and the foyers, brought in her personal chef to prepare soup for the patients, and persuaded her wealthy friends and admirers to donate supplies for the hospital. Besides organising the hospital, she worked as a nurse, assisting the chief surgeon with amputations and operations. When the coal supply of the city ran out, Bernhardt used old scenery, benches, and stage props for fuel to heat the theater. In early January 1871, after 16 weeks of the siege, the Germans began to bombard the city with long-range cannons. The patients had to be moved to the cellar, and before long, the hospital was forced to close.Bernhardt arranged for serious cases to be transferred to another military hospital, and she rented an apartment on rue de Provence to house the remaining 20 patients. By the end of the siege, Bernhardt's hospital had cared for more than 150 wounded soldiers, including a


title: Sarah Bernhardt

texts:
 Paris in early 1889 with an enormous owl given to her by the Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich, the brother of the Czar.Her 1891–92 tour was her most extensive, including much of Europe, Russia, North and South America, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, and Samoa. Her personal luggage consisted of 45 costume crates for her 15 different productions, and 75 crates for her off-stage clothing, including her 250 pairs of shoes. She carried a trunk for her perfumes, cosmetics and makeup, and another for her sheets and tablecloths and her five pillows. After the tour, she brought back a trunk filled with 3,500,000 francs, but she also suffered a painful injury to her knee when she leaped off the parapet of the Castello Sant' Angelo in La Tosca. The mattress on which she was supposed to land was misplaced, and she landed on the boards. La Tosca to Cleopatra (1887–1893)

When Bernhardt returned from her 1886–87 tour, she received a new invitation to return to the Comédie Française. The theatre management was willing to forget the conflict of her two previous periods there, and offered a payment of 150,000 francs a year.The money appealed to her, and she began negotiations. However, the senior members of the company protested the high salary offered, and conservative defenders of the more traditional theatre also complained; one anti-Bernhardt critic, Albert Delpit of Le Gaulois, wrote, "Madame <mask>t is forty-three; she can no longer be useful to the Comédie. Moreover, what roles could she have? I can only imagine that she could play mothers..." Bernhardt was deeply offended and immediately broke off negotiations. She turned once again


title: Sarah Bernhardt

texts: years, Bernhardt produced nine plays, three of which were financially successful. The first was a revival of her performance as Phédre, which she took on tour around the world.In 1898, she had another success, in the play Lorenzaccio, playing the male lead role in a Renaissance revenge drama written in 1834 by Alfred de Musset, but never before actually staged. As her biographer Cornelia Otis Skinner wrote, she did not try to be overly masculine when she performed male roles: "Her male impersonations had the sexless grace of the voices of choirboys, or the not quite real pathos of Pierrot." Anatole France wrote of her performance in Lorenzaccio: "She formed out of her own self a young man melancholic, full of poetry and of truth." This was followed by another successful melodrama by Sardou, Gismonda, one of Bernhardt's few plays not finishing with a dramatic death scene. Her co-star was Lucien Guitry, who also acted as her leading man until the end of her career. Besides Guitry, she shared the stage with Édouard de Max, her leading man in 20 productions, and Constant Coquelin, who frequently toured with her. In April 1895, she played the lead role in a romantic and poetic fantasy, Princess Lointaine, by little-known 27-year-old poet Edmond Rostand.It was not a monetary success and lost 200,000 francs, but it began a long theatrical relationship between <mask> and Rostand. Rostand went on to write Cyrano de Bergerac and became one of the most popular French playwrights of the period. In 1898, she performed the female lead in the controversial play La Ville Morte by the Italian poet and playwright Gabriele D'Annunzio; the play


title: Sarah Bernhardt

texts:
 was fiercely attacked by critics because of its theme of incest between brother and sister. Along with Emile Zola and Victorien Sardou, Bernhardt also became an outspoken defender of Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish army officer falsely accused of betraying France. The issue divided Parisian society; a conservative newspaper ran the headline, "<mask>t has joined the Jews against the Army", and Bernhardt's own son Maurice condemned Dreyfus; he refused to speak to her for a year. At the Théâtre de la Renaissance, Bernhardt staged and performed in several modern plays, but she was not a follower of the more natural school of acting that was coming into fashion at the end of the 19th century, preferring a more dramatic expression of emotions. "In the theatre," she declared, "the natural is good, but the sublime is even better."Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt (1899–1900)

Despite her successes, her debts continued to mount, reaching two million gold francs by the end of 1898. Bernhardt was forced to give up the Renaissance, and was preparing to go on another world tour when she learned that a much larger Paris theater, the Théâtre des Nations on Place du Châtelet, was for lease. The theatre had 1,700 seats, twice the size of the Renaissance, enabling her to pay off the cost of performances more quickly; it had an enormous stage and backstage, allowing her to present several different plays a week; and since it was originally designed as a concert hall, it had excellent acoustics. On 1 January 1899, she signed a 25-year lease with the City of Paris, though she was already 55 years old. She renamed it the Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt, and began to


title: Sarah Bernhardt

texts: to the United States. On this tour, she travelled with Constant Coquelin, then the most popular leading man in France.<mask> played the secondary role of Roxanne to his Cyrano de Bergerac, a role which he had premiered, and he co-starred with her as Flambeau in L'Aiglon and as the first grave-digger in Hamlet. She also changed, for the first time, her resolution not to perform in Germany or the "occupied territories" of Alsace and Lorraine. In 1902, at the invitation of the French ministry of culture, she took part in the first cultural exchange between Germany and France since the 1870 war. She performed L'Aiglon 14 times in Germany; Kaiser William II of Germany attended two performances and hosted a dinner in her honour in Potsdam. During her German tour, she began to suffer agonising pain in her right knee, probably connected with a fall she had suffered on stage during her tour in South America. She was forced to reduce her movements in L'Aiglon. A German doctor recommended that she halt the tour immediately and have surgery, followed by six months of complete immobilisation of her leg.Bernhardt promised to see a doctor when she returned to Paris, but continued the tour. In 1903, she had another unsuccessful role playing another masculine character in the opera Werther, a gloomy adaptation of the story by German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. However, she quickly came back with another hit, La Sorcière by Sardou. She played a Moorish sorceress in love with a Christian Spaniard, leading to her persecution by the church. This story of tolerance, coming soon after the Dreyfus affair, was financially successful, with


title: Sarah Bernhardt

texts: was complicated due to the Shuberts' competition with the powerful syndicate of theatre owners which controlled nearly all the major theatres and opera houses in the United States. The syndicate did not allow outside producers to use their stages.As a result, in Texas and Kansas City, <mask> and her company performed under an enormous circus tent, seating 4,500 spectators, and in skating rinks in Atlanta, Savannah, Tampa, and other cities. Her private train took her to Knoxville, Dallas, Denver, Tampa, Chattanooga, and Salt Lake City, then on to the West Coast of the United States. She could not play in San Francisco because of the recent 1906 San Francisco earthquake, but she performed across the bay in the Hearst Greek Theatre at the University of California at Berkeley, and gave a recital, titled A Christmas Night during the Terror, for inmates at San Quentin penitentiary. Her tour continued into South America, where it was marred by a more serious event: at the conclusion of La Tosca in Rio de Janeiro, she leaped, as always, from the wall of the fortress to plunge to her death in the Tiber. This time, however, the mattress on which she was supposed to land had been positioned incorrectly. She landed on her right knee, which had already been damaged in earlier tours. She fainted and was taken from the theatre on a stretcher, but refused to be treated in a local hospital.She later sailed by ship from Rio to New York. When she arrived, her leg had swollen, and she was immobilised in her hotel for 15 days before returning to France. In 1906–1907, the French government finally awarded Bernhardt the Legion d'Honneur, but only


title: Sarah Bernhardt

texts:
 just returned or about to go into battle. Propped on pillows in an armchair, she recited her patriotic speech at Strasbourg Cathedral.Another actress present at the event, Beatrix Dussanne, described her performance: "The miracle again took place; <mask>, old, mutilated, once more illuminated a crowd by the rays of her genius. This fragile creature, ill, wounded and an immobile, could still, through the magic of the spoken word, re-instill heroism in those soldiers weary from battle." She returned to Paris in 1916 and made two short films on patriotic themes, one based on the story of Joan of Arc, the other called Mothers of France. Then she embarked on her final American farewell tour. Despite the threat of German submarines, she crossed the Atlantic and toured the United States, performing in major cities including New York and San Francisco. Bernhardt was diagnosed with uremia, and had to have an emergency kidney operation. She recuperated in Long Beach, California, for several months, writing short stories and novellas for publication in French magazines.In 1918, she returned to New York and boarded a ship to France, landing in Bordeaux on 11 November 1918, the day that the armistice was signed ending the First World War. Final years (1919–1923)

In 1920, she resumed acting in her theatre, usually performing single acts of classics such as Racine's Athelee, which did not require much movement. For her curtain calls, she stood, balancing on one leg and gesturing with one arm. She also starred in a new play, Daniel, written by her grandson-in-law, playwright Louis Verneuil. She played the male lead role, but appeared in