title: Mohan Lal Sukhadia

texts:
 the states. <mask>'s matter-of-fact and efficient problem solving tactics were valued highly in these meetings that earned him recognition of top leaders in the state. Responding to Mahatma Gandhi's call of "Quit India" in 1942, entire Rajasthan plunged into Quit India Movement with leaders like Manikya <mask>, Heera <mask>, Gokulbhai Bhatt, Jai Narayan Vyas and <mask> <mask> playing instrumental role in channelizing it. Seeing the situation go beyond control, British Government decided to contain top leadership by incarcerating them. <mask> stayed in jail for one and half years at the age of 25. Intense torrential rainfall of 1943 devastated Bhilwara and nearby areas causing huge destruction of property and life. <mask> mobilized relief workers and arranged food supply, medicines and clothing for the people.Independence and participation in government
On 15 August 1947,  22 princely states of Rajasthan (erstwhile Rajputana) agreed to join the Union of India. Their merger and unification took place in a phased manner over a period of 2 years. In the first phase,  four Princely States of Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur and Karauli formed the Matsya Union. On 25 March 1948, Union of Rajasthan was formed comprising Banswara, Bundi, Dungarpur, Jhalawar, Kishangarh, Pratapgarh, Shahapura, Tonk, and Kota. Three days after formation of Union of Rajasthan, Maharana of Udaipur decided to join Union of Rajasthan on 28 March 1948. It was formally inaugurated by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru on 18 April 1948 and cabinet was formed under the leadership of Manikya <mask>.<mask> <mask> joined the cabinet as Irrigation and Labor Minister. In the fourth phase, states of Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Jaipur and Jodhpur merged with Union of Rajasthan. Sardar Patel inaugurated unified Rajasthan on 30 March 1949 and  Heera <mask> formed the cabinet to become first Chief Minister of Rajasthan. On 15 May 1949, Matsya Union also merged with Rajasthan. After Heera <mask> resigned from the post on 26 March 1951, Jai Narayan Vyas took over his post. <mask> was appointed as minister in newly created cabinet. First state

masks:
Sukhadia
Lal Verma
Lal Shastri
Mohanlal
Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Lal Vma
Mohan Lal
Sukhadia
Lal Shastri
Lal Shasrti
Sukhadia


title: Mohan Lal Sukhadia

type: original

texts:
 Legislative elections of Rajasthan were held in 1952.Tika Ram Paliwal became Chief Minister on 3 March 1952 for a brief period of time. Jai Narayan Vyas replaced him on 1 November 1952. <mask> handled Revenue, Irrigation, Agriculture and other significant portfolios during this period. After elections in 1952, 22 members of Ram Rajya Parishad joined Congress Party on persuasion of Jai Narayan Vyas. However, congress workers objected to his decision as most of the Ram Rajya Parishad members were former zamindars and believed this would affect ongoing land reforms in the state. Amidst growing resentment against Jai Narayan Vyas, Congress High command directed him to seek Vote of Confidence of Congress legislative members. Veteran Jai Narayan Vyas was directly pitched against the 38-year-old Revenue Minister of his own cabinet, Shri <mask> <mask>.First time in history of Democratic India, two people were openly contesting for post of Chief Minister. <mask> defeated him by 8 votes to become youngest Chief Minister of India. He continued on this post for record making 17 years(13 Nov 1954 – 8 July 1971). His record of longest-serving Chief Minister in Indian political history was untouched until Jyoti Basu surpassed it in 1994. Sukhadia era of Rajasthan politics

Founding and development of Rajasthan Congress
Formation of Rajasthan Congress started in 1946 when Praja Mandals of various states merged into the Rajputana Prantiya Sabha to form a common decision making and organization framework. <mask> <mask> was one of the fifteen members of Executive Committee of Prantiya Sabha that consisted of prominent political elites of Rajasthan. <mask> along with other members of this committee played the crucial role of formulating and publicizing the policies and resolutions of the party.Desire for the inclusion of party in Indian National Congress was finally realized in April 1948 at the Bombay session of All-India Congress organization, when Rajputana Prantiya Sabha was declared as one of the provincial units of Indian national Congress. Initial years were impaired by

masks:
Sukhadia
Mohan Lal
Sukhadia
Sukhadia
Mohan Lal
Sukhadia
Sukhadia


title: Mohan Lal Sukhadia

texts:
 instability within the party, which witnessed four chief ministers in less than first six years (1948–1954), until <mask> was given the responsibility of leading the government. Major credit for deploying stability and institutionalization in Congress party goes to leadership abilities and political skills of <mask> <mask>. Serving on the post of Chief Minister for almost two decades clearly denotes the kind of support, affection and honor Sukahdia enjoyed from his party members and public. Land reforms in the state
Zamindari system, which had prevailed in Rajasthan for centuries, percolated deeply in socio-economic system of the state by the time of independence. Poor peasants were subjected to atrocities of their zamindars, had no right on the land they tilled and often had to pay very high land revenues. Congress government under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru passed a law to abolish the zamindari system.Impact of law was very limited in beginning years as zamindars approached the Supreme Court challenging the orders. To come up with the backdrop, the Congress Government passed the Rajasthan Jagir Abolition Act in 1952. With this Act,  Jagirdari system in the state was abolished and the power of judicial review over these legislations was taken away from the courts and the fundamental right to the property was amended. <mask> was given the challenging post of Revenue Minister in the cabinet, reckoning that land reforms would not be easy without establishing an efficient or uniform system of revenue administration. When <mask> took over as Chief Minister in 1954, the challenging task of implementing the reforms lay ahead of him. <mask>'s government passed Rajasthan Zamindari and Biswedari Abolition Act in 1959 that transferred the title of land to the tenants, doing away with centuries-old zamindari system in Rajasthan. Factors like political influence of jagirdars and jamindars, confusing varieties of land system in the different princely states and lack of reliable land records made the implementation immensely difficult.<mask> confronted all these hindrances

masks: Sukhadia Mohanlal Sukhadia Sukhadia Sukhadia Sukhadia Sukhadia


title: Mohan Lal Sukhadia

texts:
 and led land reforms in the state successfully. Development in health and education sector
In his famous tryst with destiny speech, India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru declared the eradication of ‘ignorance and disease’ as one of the most crucial tasks that the country faced. Challenge to eradicate ‘ignorance and disease’ was even bigger in Rajasthan as this was one of the least developed states in India at the end of British rule. During the early decades of the twentieth century Rajasthan had one of the lowest levels of education and highest levels of mortality of all provinces in India. Sukhadia Era in Rajasthan witnessed a dramatic reversal of the colonial policy of almost complete neglect of the education and health sectors. Sukhadia government's commitment to the social sector is brought out by the fact that despite facing a very precarious budgetary situation, it steadily increased its expenditure on social service. One of the clearest signals of this was decision of <mask> to retain the Education portfolio even after becoming the Chief Minister of the state.Results were evident by the end of 1970. Rajasthan's outlays on health  and education were significantly higher than all other North-Central Indian states and all-India average. By 1969 Rajasthan's education spending as a proportion of total SDP (3.2%) was double that of UP (1.5%). Similarly, in the health sector, Rajasthan's expenditure grew to Rs.8.23 per capita in 1970–71 whereas UP spent only Rs.3.2

References

Bibliography

External links

 His Excellency <mask> <mask> with Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on her visit to Raj Bhavan
 His Excellency <mask> Sukhadia taking oath of Governorship from Chief Justice
 <mask> <mask> visiting Wool Research Laboratories in Australia in 1963
 Link of Rajasthan Assembly

1916 births
1982 deaths
Chief Ministers of Rajasthan
Governors of Andhra Pradesh
Governors of Karnataka
Governors of Tamil Nadu
7th Lok Sabha members
Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan
Chief ministers from Indian National Congress
Rajasthan MLAs 1957–1962
Rajasthan MLAs 1962–1967
Rajasthan

masks:
Sukhadia
Mohan Lal
Sukhadia
Mohan Lal
Mohanlal
Sukhadia


title: Tomas Óg mac Brian Mág Samhradháin

texts:
Tomás Óg Mág Samhradháin (anglicised Thomas McGovern Junior) was chief of the McGovern Clan and Baron or Lord of Tullyhaw barony, County Cavan from 1584 until his death at the end of the 16th century. Ancestry
His ancestry was Tomás Óg son of <mask> son of Tomás (d. 1532) son of Maghnus (d. 1497) son of Tomás Óg (d. 1494) son of Tomás na Feasoige (d. 1458) son of Fearghal (d. 1393) son of Tomás (d. 1343) son of <mask> ‘Breaghach’ Mág Samhradháin (d. 1298). He was the second eldest son and had two brothers who both were chiefs of the clan, <mask>g Mág Samhradháin and Feidhlimidh Mág Samhradháin, together with a third brother Emonn of Lissanover. Chieftainship
On the death of the McGovern chief, <mask>g Mág Samhradháin in 1584, Tomás took the chieftaincy and moved to the chief's residence in Ballymagauran. Coffey Magaurans
A sub-sept of the McGoverns known as the Coffey Magaurans, centered on the northern part of Tullyhaw called Largay (now the town of Blacklion) seemed to be exercising a degree of independence from the main chieftaincy at Ballymagauran as, in an Indenture dated 1585 between the Lord Deputy of Ireland John Perrot and, inter alia, Turlough McGovern of Largay, the said Turlough claimed to be chief of the McGoverns. The indenture reads-

Turlough McGovern's genealogy was Turlough son of Cobhthach (the Coffey after whom the Coffey McGoverns are named) son of Aodh son of Tomás Maol son of Feidhlimidh son of Donnchadh Ballach (d. 1445) son of Fearghal Mág Samhradháin, chief of the McGovern Clan from 1359 until his death

masks:
Brian
Brian
Brian Ó
Brian Ó


title: Tomas Óg mac Brian Mág Samhradháin

texts:
 in 1393. The Annals of the Four Masters for 1593 state-

A warlike dissension arose in the month of May in this year between Sir George Bingham of Ballymote and Brian-na-Samhthach, i.e.<mask>, the son of <mask>, son of <mask>, son of Owen O'Rourke. The cause of this dissension was, that a part of the Queen's rent had not been received out of Breifny on that festival, <mask>'Rourke asserting that all the rents not paid were those demanded for lands that were waste, and that he Bingham ought not to demand rent for waste lands until they should be inhabited. Sir George sent soldiers into Breifny to take a prey in lieu of the rent; and the soldiers seized on O'Rourkes own milch cows. <mask> went to demand a restoration of them, but this he did not at all receive. He then returned home, and sent for mercenaries and hireling troops to Tyrone, Tirconnell, and Fermanagh; and after they had come to him, he set out, and he made no delay by day or by night until he arrived at Ballymote. On his arrival in the neighbourhood of the town, he dispersed marauding parties through the two cantreds of the Mac Donoughs, namely, Corann and Tirerrill; and there was not much of that country which he did not plunder on the excursion. He also burned on that day thirteen villages on every side of Ballymote; and he ravaged Ballymote itself more than he did any other town.Their losses were of little account, except the son of Coffey Roe Magauran, on the side of <mask>; Gilbert Grayne, a gentleman of Sir George's people, who was slain on the other side. The

masks:
Brian Oge
Brian
Brian
Brian O
Brian
Brian


title: Ali Maow Maalin

texts:
<mask> (Somali: Cali Macow Macallin; also Mao Moallim and Mao' Mo'allim; 1954 – 22 July 2013) was a Somali hospital cook and health worker from Merca who is the last person known to have been infected with naturally occurring Variola minor smallpox. He was diagnosed with the disease in October 1977 and made a full recovery. Although he had many contacts, none of them developed the disease, and an aggressive containment campaign was successful in preventing an outbreak. Smallpox was declared to have been eradicated globally by the World Health Organization (WHO) two years later. Maalin was subsequently involved in the successful poliomyelitis eradication campaign in Somalia, and he died of malaria while carrying out polio vaccinations after the re-emergence of the poliovirus in 2013. Smallpox eradication in Africa
Smallpox is an infectious disease caused by two strains of virus, Variola major and V. minor. V. minor is the rarer of the two strains, and causes a much less severe disease (sometimes called alastrim), with a fatality rate of around 1%.No treatment is available, and the only protection is vaccination. The virus is usually transmitted by prolonged face-to-face contact with a person showing symptoms. The incubation period averages 12–14 days. One of the most feared diseases of human history, smallpox was still causing an estimated 2 million deaths every year as late as 1967. The global effort to eradicate smallpox from endemic areas such as Africa began in 1959 with a mass vaccination campaign. This approach met with little success, and a more effective targeted approach was developed in the late 1960s. This involved active surveillance by case hunting, combined with rapid


title: Ali Maow Maalin

texts:
 containment of infection in areas reporting outbreaks by intensive vaccination.The majority of African countries were free from smallpox by 1972. By the end of 1975, the virus had been eradicated worldwide except in Ethiopia and Somalia in the Horn of Africa, and their neighbour Kenya. The nomadic people of the Ogaden Desert retained endemic smallpox with an unusually mild form of the disease, which facilitated persistence in the population. From 1975, WHO efforts were concentrated on this region. Ethiopia saw its last case in August 1976 and Kenya in February 1977. Somalia proved particularly challenging because much of its population of 3.5 million was nomadic. A mass vaccination campaign in the country in 1969 had failed because many nomadic people in the region had cultural objections to vaccination, and either refused or avoided it.Elimination efforts relied on an intensive reporting system. A severe drought in 1975 exacerbated the difficulties by increasing movement across the border with Ethiopia, and frequent outbreaks continued. In March 1977, surveillance efforts found over 3000 cases in the south of the country. The Somali government declared a state of emergency and successfully appealed to the United Nations for assistance. By June, when the outbreak peaked, 3,000 Somali health workers supervised by 23 international advisers were involved in the eradication efforts. Eradication work was hampered in July when the Ogaden War broke out, limiting access to the desert. <mask>'s case

Maalin worked as a cook at the hospital in the port-town of Merca in southern Somalia, as well as an occasional vaccinator for a WHO smallpox eradication team.He had not been successfully


title: Ali Maow Maalin

texts: vaccinated, even though smallpox vaccination was obligatory for hospital employees. According to CDC epidemiologist Jason Weisfeld, one of the people who led the later containment effort in Merca, Maalin had received the smallpox vaccine but it had failed to take, and he had not been protected. Other sources state that he had not been vaccinated. In an interview in 2007, Maalin said that he had not been vaccinated, explaining: "I was scared of being vaccinated then. It looked like the shot hurt." In August 1977, an outbreak developed in a Somalian nomadic group of twenty families; eight children developed symptoms in August to October. On 12 October 1977, two children with smallpox symptoms were discovered at an encampment near the small inland settlement of Kurtunawarey, around 90 km (60 miles) from Merca.Local officials drove the children to Merca, where there was a nearby isolation camp. Maalin, then aged 23, served as a guide to the party taking them in a closed Land Cruiser from the hospital where he worked either to the home of a surveillance supervisor or directly to the isolation camp. He is believed to have been infected during the journey, which lasted no more than 5–15 minutes. One of the children, a six-year-old girl named Habiba Nur <mask>, died two days later. She was the last person to die from naturally acquired smallpox. The outbreak among the nomadic group was successfully contained by WHO workers by 18 October, but – critically – investigators failed to identify Maalin as a contact. On 22 October, Maalin fell ill with fever and headache, and received malaria treatment in hospital.After four days a rash appeared. Perhaps working on the assumption that he had been


title: Ali Maow Maalin

texts:
 surveillance for six weeks. His face-to-face contacts and their families were vaccinated, but none showed any sign of having been infected. Merca Hospital was closed to new patients, all its medical staff were vaccinated and existing patients were quarantined in situ. The residents of the fifty houses neighbouring Maalin's lodgings were vaccinated, and vaccinations were later extended to the ward of the town in which Maalin lived.House-to-house searches throughout the entire town looked for cases. Police checkpoints on all exits to the town, including footpaths, were established to vaccinate anyone passing who had not been recently immunised. A total of 54,777 people were vaccinated in the two weeks following Maalin's isolation. The response later broadened, with monthly house-to-house searches across the region widening to a search throughout Somalia, completed in December 1977. The containment efforts proved effective and, on 17 April 1978, WHO's Nairobi office sent a telegram stating: "Search complete. No cases discovered. <mask> Maalin is the world's last known smallpox case."Although there was one further smallpox outbreak in 1978 acquired from a laboratory in Birmingham, UK, Maalin remains the last case of naturally acquired smallpox in the world. On 26 October 1979, two years after the day when Maalin's rash appeared, WHO declared that smallpox had been eradicated globally. Later life and involvement in polio eradication campaign
Maalin remained in the Merca area, where he was employed in a range of roles. In the mid-1990s, he was selling medicines in a nearby small town. Maalin was among the 10,000 volunteers who participated in the effort to eradicate poliomyelitis from


title: Lei Jieqiong

texts:
<mask> (; 12 September 1905 – 9 January 2011), also known as <mask>, was a Chinese sociologist, activist, and politician. Educated in the United States, she taught at Yenching University, China University of Political Science and Law, and Peking University in Beijing, and Soochow University, St. John's University, University of Shanghai, and Aurora University in Shanghai. She was a cofounder of Zhongzheng University in Jiangxi during the Second Sino-Japanese War. She co-founded the China Association for Promoting Democracy (CAPD), one of the eight legally recognized non-Communist parties in China. After performing manual labour during the Cultural Revolution, she served as Vice-Mayor of Beijing (1977–1983), Vice-President of the All-China Women's Federation, Vice-Chair of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (1986–1988), Vice-Chair of the National People's Congress (1988–1998), and Chair of the CAPD (1987–1997). Early life and education
<mask> was born 12 September 1905 in Guangzhou during the late Qing dynasty, with her ancestral home in Taishan, Guangdong. Her grandfather went to the United States during the California Gold Rush and became a prosperous businessman, but left his third son <mask> (1875–1926) in Guangdong to receive a traditional Chinese education.<mask> Zichang won a juren degree before the Xinhai Revolution overthrew the Qing dynasty in 1911. He then studied law in Beijing and became a lawyer and magazine editor in Guangdong. <mask> <mask> was born to <mask> Zichang and his wife Li Peizhi. Lei's father provided her with a progressive education and sent her to study in California when she was 19. After learning English, she studied chemical engineering at the University of California and Far East studies at Stanford University, before graduating from the University of Southern California in 1931 with a master's degree in sociology. While a student she supported herself by teaching Chinese to Chinese-American children. Wartime career
In 1931 Lei returned to

masks:
Lei Jieqiong
Kit King Lei
Lei Jieqiong
Lei Zichang
Lei
Lei
Jieqiong
Lei


title: Lei Jieqiong

texts: China and became a lecturer at the Sociology Department of Yenching University (later merged with Peking University).As Japan invaded Manchuria and encroached upon North China, Lei and her students joined the December 9th Movement to demand that the Nationalist Government resist Japanese aggression. After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937, the Japanese occupied Beijing and launched a full-scale war to invade China. Lei went to Nanchang, Jiangxi Province to join the National Salvation Movement. She served in a women's advancement group which cared for wounded soldiers and was awarded the rank of colonel. She also taught at a women's training class at the Jiangxi Political Movement Institute, one of whose two deans was Chiang Ching-kuo, the future President of the Republic of China. When Nanchang fell to the Japanese in 1939, she moved to Ji'an in southern Jiangxi, where she became a friend of the Communist leader Zhou Enlai. In 1933, Lei published an article advocating family planning.During the Sino-Japanese War, she wrote many essays based on her studies of women's lives, careers, and struggles in wartime. They were later published in the two-volume Selected Works of <mask> Jieqiong. In 1940 Lei helped to found Zhongzheng University (now Nanchang University). A year later she went to Shanghai, where she became a professor at Soochow University and also taught at St. John's University, University of Shanghai, and Aurora University. In 1945 she cofounded the political party China Association for Promoting Democracy (CAPD), and would serve as its chairwoman decades later. After the end of the World War II, in June 1946 the Shanghai Union of People's Associations sent 11 representatives, including Lei, to capital Nanjing to petition the Kuomintang government not to resume the civil war against the Communists. When they arrived at Xiaguan train station in Nanjing, they were assaulted by thugs and injured.The Xiaguan incident raised an outcry in Chinese media, which blamed the KMT


title: Lei Jieqiong

texts:
 government for the attack. Zhou Enlai visited them in the hospital. At the end of the year, <mask> returned to Yenching University and became a professor of sociology. People's Republic of China

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Lei held high-ranking positions in the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and the National People's Congress (NPC) for over 40 years. She also served as vice-dean of Beijing College of Political Science and Law (now China University of Political Science and Law). During the Cultural Revolution, she and her husband were sent to perform manual labour in rural Anhui province, but Zhou Enlai managed to relieve them from "reform through labour". After the Cultural Revolution, <mask> served as a law professor at Peking University and was appointed Vice-Mayor of Beijing (1977–1983).She also served as Vice-President of the All-China Women's Federation, Vice-Chair of the CPPCC (1986–1988), Vice-Chair of the NPC (1988–1998), and Chair of the CAPD (1987–1997). Lei taught at Peking University until the age of 100. She died on 9 January 2011 at the age of 105. Personal life
In 1941, <mask> Jieqiong married , also an American-educated sociologist and cofounder of the CAPD. They did not have children. He died in 1976. References

1905 births
2011 deaths
Chinese women sociologists
Chinese women educators
Chinese women in politics
Politicians from Guangzhou
Members of the China Association for Promoting Democracy
University of Southern California alumni
Yenching University faculty
Peking University faculty
Soochow University (Suzhou)
China University of Political Science and Law faculty
Deputy mayors of Beijing
Vice Chairpersons of the National People's Congress
Vice Chairpersons of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Chinese expatriates in the United States
Chinese centenarians
Stanford University alumni
University of California alumni
Women centenarians
All-China Women's

masks: Lei Lei Lei


title: Maurice Rioli

texts:
<mask>, Sr. (1 September 195725 December 2010) was an Australian rules footballer who represented St Mary's Football Club in the Northern Territory Football League (NTFL),  in the West Australian Football League (WAFL) and  in the Victorian Football League. Acknowledged as one of the greatest players of his era, <mask> was one of the first Indigenous Australian footballers to have a significant impact on Victorian football, and was named in the centre for the Indigenous Team of the Century. A highly skilled and solidly built centreman with exquisite ball-handling skills and lightning reflexes, <mask> was a renowned performer on the big stage. After retiring from football, <mask> became a politician in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly, and then worked in community services on the Tiwi Islands. Early days

Northern Territory
Born into the to-become famous Rioli footballing family on Melville Island off the coast of the Northern Territory, the young <mask> learnt the game at the Garden Point Orphanage on the island. He was educated at St John's College, Darwin. He joined St Mary's in the Darwin competition for the 1974–75 season; football in the top end is played during the summer months, or 'wet season'.Richard Woodgate a scout from the South Fremantle club in Perth spotted the sixteen-year-old and lured him to Western Australia to join his brother for the coming season. At this stage in his sporting life, <mask> was also an excellent amateur boxer, who some thought good enough to go to represent Australia at the Olympics. He later won state amateur titles at light middleweight and welterweight. Western

masks:
Maurice Joseph Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli


title: Maurice Rioli

texts:
 Australia
<mask> chose to sign on with South Fremantle as a professional footballer and quickly won a reputation as brilliant, elusive centreman. During this era, <mask> was one of a number of brilliant Aboriginal players in the WAFL who caught the eyes of recruiting scouts from the VFL clubs in Victoria. South Fremantle, under ex-Richmond player Mal Brown, were a form team of the competition, playing in three consecutive WAFL grand finals between 1979 and 1981, including winning a premiership in 1980. <mask> won the Simpson Medal as best player afield in the 1980 and 1981 Grand Finals.<mask> was recruited by Richmond for the 1982 VFL season, after playing 121 games for South Fremantle between 1975 and 1981. Impact in Victoria
To this point, few Aboriginal players had had extended careers in the VFL. On his arrival in 1982, which coincided with the transfer of the Krakouer brothers to North Melbourne, <mask> spoke about the racial taunts and obstacles faced by Indigenous players in the game. <mask> chose to shrug much of the racism off, and he was certainly possessed with an intense concentration on the field. His reputation as a boxer probably helped to avoid confrontation during a game – <mask> was a scrupulously fair competitor who found no trouble with the umpires. Richmond
Richmond awarded <mask> the number 17 made famous by Jack Dyer. Richmond supporters quickly warmed to their much-heralded recruit, who specialised in the audacious baulk, the pinpoint foot pass and the lightning-fast handball.His ability to work the ball out of packs and congestion was uncanny. Although his leg speed wasn't very fast, his quick

masks: Rioli Rioli Rioli Rioli Rioli Rioli Rioli Rioli


title: Maurice Rioli

texts: mind appeared several steps ahead of the play and he had no problem adjusting to the faster tempo of Victorian football. It was just as well, because the Tigers opted to play him in his favoured centre position where Geoff Raines had dominated. For the previous five years, Raines had been the best player in the team (winning three best and fairest awards) and acknowledged as the best centreman in the competition, but he was moved to accommodate <mask>. The change worked well, and Richmond finished the season on top of the ladder for the first time since 1974. The Tigers booked a berth in the Grand Final with a comfortable win in the semi-final against arch-rivals . Pitted once more against Carlton, Richmond went into the match as slight favourites.However, despite leading at half-time, the Tigers lost the match. <mask> created history by winning the Norm Smith Medal as best afield, the first Indigenous player and the first player from a losing team to do so; when combined with his consecutive Simpson Medals from the 1980 and 1981 WAFL Grand Finals, <mask> had been best on ground in three consecutive Grand Finals. Shortly after, <mask> won the Jack Dyer Medal as the club's best and fairest to cap off an amazing first season. But problems lay immediately ahead. Raines approached the club and requested a contract commensurate with <mask>'s earnings. When refused, Raines walked out and asked for a clearance to . Other prominent players fell into financial dispute with the club and left.Rapidly falling from the success of 1982, the decimated team struggled and finished third-last in 1983. <mask>, however, had another stellar

masks: Rioli Rioli Rioli Rioli Rioli Rioli


title: Maurice Rioli

texts:
 season, again winning the best and fairest, finishing runner-up in the Brownlow medal, gaining Western Australian and All-Australian selection, and winning the Simpson Medal for his state of origin performance. An acknowledged star of the game and arguably the best player at the club, <mask> continued to stand out in a mediocre team. He represented Australia in Gaelic football against Ireland, and was an immediate choice for Western Australia in state of origin matches. However, after finishing second in the Richmond best and fairest in 1985, his days there soon looked set to end. In the summer of 1985–86, the new private owner of the Sydney Swans, flamboyant and controversial doctor Geoff Edelsten, had been frantically signing talent on massive contracts to play for his team. <mask> was announced as one of his many signings.It was the salary cap that saved <mask> from leaving for Sydney. After rumours that he would either join  or return to South Fremantle, he eventually returned to the Tigers midway through the 1986 season. <mask> performed patchily through the season and the next, when Richmond finished last for only the third time in its history. <mask> captained Western Australia in the state game that year against his teammate Dale Weightman, who led Victoria. colspan=3 | Career
! 118 !! 80 !!57 !! 1645 !! 852 !! 2497 !! 243 !! 55 !! 0.7 !!0.5 !! 13.9 !! 7.2 !! 21.2 !! 2.1 !! 2.6 !! 60
|}

Honours and achievements

Playing honours
Team
 2× VFL premiership player (): 1982, 1983
 McClelland Trophy (): 1982
 WAFL premiership player (South Fremantle): 1980

Individual
 Norm Smith Medal: 1982
 3× All-Australian team:

masks: Rioli Rioli Rioli Rioli Rioli


title: Maurice Rioli

texts:
 1983, 1986, 1988
 2× Jack Dyer Medal: 1982, 1983
 Australian Football League Indigenous Team of the Century 1904-2003
 Northern Territory Team of the Century
 3× Simpson Medal: 1980, 1981, 1983
 State of Origin (Western Australia): 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987 (c)
 State of Origin (Northern Territory): 1988 (c)
 Indigenous All-Stars team: 1983

Coaching honours
Individual
 Indigenous All-Stars team: 1994

Return to South Fremantle and later career
Following the 1987 season, at 30 years of age and after 118 games with the Tigers, <mask> decided that his time in Melbourne was up and headed back to South Fremantle to be appointed as captain for the 1988 and 1989 seasons.In his absence, the football landscape in the west had altered dramatically with the formation of the West Coast Eagles. <mask> opted to play at the lower level, and the scheduling of seasons allowed him to captain-coach the Waratahs club in Darwin during the summer. He was still good enough to win All-Australian honours for a third time after the 1988 Bicentennial Carnival. <mask> played in the 1989 WAFL Grand Final, but South Fremantle went down to Claremont. In 1990, he finished as a player in Perth after 166 games for South Fremantle, but he continued as a player in Darwin until 1991. He followed that with a two-year stint as non-playing coach of the Waratahs. In 1993, he was invited by the AFL to present the Norm Smith medal at the Grand Final.Fittingly, it was won by another Territorian Aboriginal player, Michael Long (Essendon), who had played at St Mary's in Darwin, where <mask> had started his senior football a generation before. Post-career

masks: Rioli Rioli Rioli Rioli


title: Maurice Rioli

texts:
 accolades
In 2004, <mask> was inducted into the WA Football Hall of Fame. In 2016, he was posthumously inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame. The grandstand of the Marrara Oval in Darwin has been named in his honour. In 2018, he was posthumously honoured with a Richmond life membership. Politics and community work

|}
After permanently relocating with his family to Darwin, <mask> was elected as the member for Arafura in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly for the Labor Party in 1992. He held this position until 2001 when he retired from parliament.Although he played football for almost a decade in Perth and only six years in Melbourne, <mask> is still recognised as one of the best-known Northern Territorians. He was a trailblazer for indigenous Australian football players at the elite level of the game and was an acknowledged elder statesman among Aboriginal players. After leaving politics, <mask> worked as a Community Services manager for the Tiwi Islands Council until his death, as well as spending his personal time mentoring young footballers. Family
The <mask> family is one of the most notable families in the history of Australian rules football. In 1972, <mask>'s older brother <mask>, became one of the first Aboriginal footballers from the Northern Territory to move to Western Australia to play football for South Fremantle. <mask> followed in 1975 and became the most successful footballer of the eight <mask> brothers. Brothers Cyril Jr and Willie also played league football for South Fremantle, and John, Manny and Laurence also moved to Fremantle, but returned to Darwin without playing senior

masks:
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Maurice
Sebastian Rioli
Maurice
Rioli


title: Maurice Rioli

texts:
 football.Willie was drafted by  in 1990, but did not make his AFL debut. <mask> is the uncle of former  player <mask> (son of Cyril Jr), current  player <mask> (son of Willie Sr), former  player <mask> (son of Sebastian) and great uncle to Richmond player <mask>. His son, <mask> Jr. was drafted by Richmond under the father-son rule in 2020 and made his debut in 2021. Death
On Christmas Day 2010 <mask> collapsed and died at a family barbecue being held in Darwin, after suffering a heart attack; he was 53. The Northern Territory Government announced a few days later that they would hold a state funeral for him. Tributes
Upon the announcement of his death, tributes flowed in from around the country, in particular throughout the football world. Richmond chief executive Brendon Gale immediately extended condolences on behalf of <mask>'s former club, saying: <mask> was an enormously important figure in the game as a player, and more broadly in the leading role he played for Aboriginal Australians.He will be remembered as one of the greatest players in the Tigers' proud history. Former teammate and club legend Dale Weightman stated: <mask> was the cream of the crop. You couldn't tackle him, you couldn't touch him, but he was also a great tackler. He also did so much for Aboriginal players. He was always thinking about his people. On behalf of the AFL, chief executive officer Andrew Demetriou said on Boxing Day: ... he was a wonderful skilled player who could control a game. He was the trailblazer for footballers from the Northern Territory in making their mark in the VFL and the AFL and he continued to serve his community long

masks:
Maurice
Cyril Rioli
Willie Rioli
Dean Rioli
Daniel Rioli
Maurice Rioli
Maurice Rioli
Rioli
Maurice
Maurice


title: Maurice Rioli

texts:
 after his playing days, with his work in public life.Former teammate and current leading AFL commentator Brian Taylor noted about <mask>'s on-field skills that "He was absolutely electrifying ... He was just one of the greatest natural talents I have ever seen. He was the best tackler in his day and is still the best tackler I have ever seen." Richmond legend and <mask>'s first coach at the Tigers, Francis Bourke, and former teammate and star player Geoff Raines, were amongst others to also pay tribute to <mask> in the days after his death. Funerals
<mask>'s state funeral was held at St Mary's Star of the Sea Cathedral in Darwin on 7 January 2011. The funeral was a Catholic service said by the Bishop of Darwin, Eugene Hurley, but hundreds of Aboriginal mourners also paid their respects through traditional "sorry business", with faces painted, clapping sticks, and wailing throughout the ceremony. Many football identities, including AFL coaching great and noted champion of Indigenous players, Kevin Sheedy, attended the service.A traditional funeral was held for <mask> at Garden Point on Melville Island on 10 January 2011, led by his 75-year-old father <mask> senior, and attended by hundreds of residents from the Tiwi Islands. Family members, including nephew and Hawthorn star <mask>, painted their bodies and danced and chanted their family's Dreaming story of the turtle to farewell <mask>. Cyril said that he remembered his uncle more for his work on the Tiwi Islands—including helping people with alcohol, drug, and other problems—rather than his exploits on the football field. Other clans danced their own Dreaming stories,

masks:
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Rioli
Cyril Rioli
Cyril Rioli
Maurice


title: Maurice Rioli

texts:
 and wailing men and women threw themselves on his coffin throughout the three-hour ceremony. Following the funeral proceedings, mourners carried <mask>'s coffin to the cemetery, where he was buried near a mango tree. References

Further reading
 Hogan P: The Tigers of Old, Richmond FC, Melbourne 1996

External links

 Farewell comments in NT Hansard
 Biography

1957 births
2010 deaths
Richmond Football Club players
South Fremantle Football Club players
Western Australian State of Origin players
Members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
Norm Smith Medal winners
Indigenous Australian players of Australian rules football
Indigenous Australian politicians
Australian sportsperson-politicians
Jack Dyer Medal winners
All-Australians (1953–1988)
St Mary's Football Club (NTFL) players
West Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Australian rules footballers from the Northern Territory
People educated at St John's College, Darwin
Tiwi Islands people
Australian Labor Party politicians
Australian Labor Party members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Australian Roman Catholics
21st-century Australian politicians
Australia international rules football team players
<mask>

masks: Rioli Rioli


title: Andrew Atherton

texts:
<mask> (born 27 June 1966) is Global Director Transnational Education for Navitas Limited, a leading global education provider. Professor <mask> was Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Dundee which he held from January to November 2019. During his period as Principal of the University of Dundee, it rose to 4th in the UK for student satisfaction, its highest ever result, and to its highest league table position of 24th in the Sunday Times University Guide and 3rd in Scotland. During <mask>'s tenure the University was also named Student Experience University of the Year by the Sunday Times as a result of its rise in student satisfaction. Prior to this role, he held academic and directorial positions at the universities of Durham, Lincoln, and Lancaster. His areas of academic interest are business and entrepreneurship, particularly related to small and medium-sized enterprises and China. Education

Atherton read Chinese and Economics at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, graduating in 1989.This was followed, in 1992, by a Master's degree in International and Development Economics at Yale University in the United States. As a result of his studies of China, he is fluent in Mandarin. <mask> completed a PhD by publication in 2012 on the effectiveness of government enterprise policy at the University of Lincoln. Career

Atherton began his academic career at Durham University, in the Small Business Centre, Durham University Business School. He was Director of the Policy Research Unit within the Small Business Centre from 1995 to 1999, establishing the Centre as an

masks:
Andrew Atherton
Atherton
Atherton
Andrew


title: Andrew Atherton

texts:
 On small and medium-size enterprises in China, Atherton had a book published (Entrepreneurship in China) with co-author Alex Newman in 2017.After the retirement of Professor Sir Pete Downes from his principality at the University of Dundee, <mask> was announced as his successor in 2018. His tenure officially began on 1 January 2019. During his period as Principal, the University rose to 4th in the UK for student satisfaction, its best ever result, and to its highest league table position of 24th in the Sunday Times University Guide and 3rd in Scotland. The University was named Student Experience University of the Year by the Sunday Times as a result of its rise in student satisfaction. On 30 and 31 October 2019, several Scottish newspapers reported that <mask> had been suspended from office, pending an independent investigation into allegations that he had failed to pay rent in full on the Principal's official residence—University House. The financial statements 2019 for the University state that an outstanding balance of one month's rent was settled on 1 August 2019. On 8 November 2019, it was announced that <mask> had resigned.The University of Dundee confirmed that Professor <mask> had tendered his resignation in a brief statement. It said:

“The University of Dundee has announced the departure of Professor <mask>, Principal and Vice-Chancellor. “In the short time that Professor <mask> has been with the University he has shown a commitment to excellence. His broad experience has brought fresh ideas, a focus on sustainability and a drive to further enhance the University’s national and global standing.

masks:
Atherton
Atherton
Atherton
Atherton
Andrew Atherton
Atherton


title: Andrew Atherton

texts:
 However, it has become apparent that the University’s vision for its future and the values it holds are different to the aspirations of Professor Atherton. He has therefore decided to step down so that the University can continue to pursue its current strategy". <mask> is currently Global Director Transnational Education (TNE) at Navitas Limited, a leading global education provider.At Navitas he is responsible for establishing new offshore campuses with University partners globally. He is also advising the University of Cumbria on creating a new campus in Barrow-in-Furness. <mask> has been a Trustee of the Board of SOAS University London since 2017. Selection of published works

 Small firm success and the art of orienteering: the value of plans, planning, and strategic awareness in the competitive small firm with Hannon, (Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development Vol 5 Issue 2 1998) https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/EUM0000000006759/full/html
 The uncertainty of knowing: An analysis of the nature of knowledge in a small business context, (Human Relations Vol 56 Issue 11 2003) https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00187267035611005
 Examining clusters formation from the ‘bottom-up’:  An analysis of four cases in the North of England), (Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy vol. 21 no. 1 2003) https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/c0115
 Should government be stimulating start-ups? An assessment of the scope for public intervention in new venture creation), (Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy vol.24 no. 1 2006)

masks: Atherton Atherton


title: Étienne de Vesc

texts:
<mask> (ca 1445 – 6 October 1501),  was a courtier of Louis XI of France and a formative influence on Charles VIII, whom he strongly encouraged in the French adventure into Italy in the First Italian War (1494–95). Biography

<mask>'s forebears originated in Provence, appearing since the eleventh century, as modest seigneurs of Comps, Dieulefit, Béconne, Montjoux and  Espeluche, with some experience in the Crusades; the chronicler <mask>ines, an enemy of Vesc, belittled his background. He spent his youth in the Dauphiné, not part of France until 1486, finishing a courtly training in the household of the Dauphin at Plessis-les-Tours, where he served as valet de chambre from the age of seventeen, about 1462. In 1470, Louis XI, looking for persons who would prove affidés et sûrs made Vesc the governor of the household at Amboise of Charles, the future Charles VIII, who remained attached to Vesc and to the château d'Amboise the rest of his life. The education he provided his young charge was largely derived from fanciful romans courtois the romances of chivalry; his services to the King included some embassies, as far away as Spain. In 1475 he took a wife, from a rich family of bourgheois background, whose late father had been an avocat au parlement de Paris and whose mother had remarried into a family of goldsmiths. His devoted attendance during a long illness of the young prince and other services were well rewarded by Louis, and he took part in the dauphin's wedding, July 1483.After his attendance at the king's deathbed later that year, Vesc was a member of the council of regency. Among his duties was an embassy to Avignon to

masks:
Étienne de Vesc
Étienne de Vesc
Philippe de Comm


title: Étienne de Vesc

texts:
 diplomatically check the ambitions of the Cardinal Legate Giulio Della Rovere, nephew of the late Pope Sixtus IV. In the entourage of Charles, Vesc had doubtless made the acquaintance of Jean II <mask>, prince of Orange, seigneur de Caromb, which Vesc purchased in 1484 for the very considerable sum of 10,000 livres and made into an important center of the Comtat Venaissin, which remained a papal enclave within France until 1792. Pope Innocent VIII confirmed his rights as seigneur in what was papal territory in 1489, and Vesc constructed a grand château, completed in 1486. In addition to the outright purchase, <mask> Châlons granted him fiefs as well, securing part of Vesc's allegiance as his vassal. Vesc scarcely had time to reside in his château; he was appointed sénéchal of Carcassonne, then of Beaucaire and Nîmes, largest in extent in France, positions of great importance. In the Italian campaign

The extinction of the House of Anjou in the person of René, count of an independent Provence and King of Naples (1480), rendered Charles VIII the heir to Angevin titles to the Kingdom of Naples.According to Commines' chronicle, <mask> <mask> was among the most ardent proponents of a chivalrous adventure to recapture the rights of the King of France to Naples, and to gain some duchies in the south, pressed by his own ambition, thirsty for grandeur and titles. Commines reflected on Vesc's naivety in matters of war. The preliminary arrangements for the entry into Italy were in Vesc's hands. Turin and Asti welcomed the French; Milan was theirs; Piero <mask>' Medici opened the gates of Florence, 17 November: a few days later Charles

masks:
de Châlons
Jean de
Étienne de
Vesc
de


title: Étienne de Vesc

texts: declared that he was the very champion of Religion against the Turks. Pope <mask> had cooled to the too-triumphant French; Vesc arranged for safe passage for French forces across the Papal States, and even for some strongholds left in French hands to assure their safe return passage: the treaty was signed on 15 January. Welcomed as they proceeded, the French troops were in Naples by 19 February, and Charles was able to make his triumphant entry three days later, Alphonso having fled, abdicating his crown to his son. Invested with territories, including the duchy of Nola and made chamberlain, put in charge of the kingdom's finances, Vesc was also in charge of the fortress of Gaeta, commanding a major port.After arranging some festive jousts, the king decided to return to France in April 1495, his Neapolitan kingdom securely won, leaving a small occupation force under Louis II, Count of Montpensier as viceroy, but taking the major force to face the league that was assemblinmg against him in the north. On 20 May, however, the Neapolitan populace was up in arms, the experience of a rapacious, ill-paid occupying army loosely organized under captains having proved more onerous than expected. A revolt at Gaeta also had to be repressed. When Ferdinand of Aragon disembarked at Naples, with nine galleys and some thirty Spanish caravels, he was welcomed by the Neapolitans: Vesc on 6 July had scarcely time to shut himself up in the Castello Nuovo: Charles, at the battle of Fornovo the same day, was forced to abandon his rich baggage train laden with booty from Naples and return to France. Expected reinforcements never arrived in Naples.


title: Étienne de Vesc

texts:
 Vesc, with the viceroy M. <mask> and the rest of the French who remained, embarked in a small flotilla laden with booty and artillery for Salerno on 25 October, leaving Naples to the Neapolitans and Ferdinand. In March 1496 he was sent back to France to organize rescue efforts, loading the contents of a warehouse of butin sacré et profane.In May he was once again with the young king, who was already planning a return engagement. <mask> was reimbursed for his expenses defending Gaeta and placed in charge of sending required materials to the garrisons, who were being forced out of one fortress after another in the Kingdom of Naples. Gaeta, the last French toehold in the Regno, capitulated, 19 November 1497, and the last of the expedition was over, an expense of two and a half million francs. Vesc continued to be enthusiastic about a return to Italy, but the royal council was against it. In February 1498 a treaty reassigned Naples to the Aragonese. In April Charles VIII died. <mask> <mask> was retained in his posts of concierge du Palais and Sénéchal of Beaucaire by Louis XII.In September <mask> was charged with negotiations with the Republic of Venice, and he contributed a fully fitted-out galleasse for Louis XII's brief expedition to Naples. His magnificent late Gothic tomb is to be found in the church of Caromb, Drôme. See also
Italian Wars

Notes

External links
  Jean Gallian, Histoire <mask>omb: Caromb sous les Vesc Source for information in this article. Much information about <mask>c (under the name of "<mask> Vers") in:

1440s births
1501 deaths
Medieval French nobility
15th-century French people
16th-century French

masks:
de Montpenr
Vesc
Étienne de
Vesc
Vesc
de Car
de Ves
Stephen de


title: Arun K. Somani

texts:
<mask><mask> is Associate Dean for Research of College of Engineering, Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Philip and Virginia Sproul Professor at Iowa State University. <mask> is Elected Fellow of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for “contributions to theory and applications of computer networks” from 1999 to 2017 and Life Fellow of IEEE since 2018. He is Distinguished Engineer of Association for Computing Machinery(ACM) and Elected Fellow of The American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS). Biography
<mask> received a B.E. (Hons.) degree in Electronics Engineering from Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani in 1973, an M.Tech in Computer Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology in 1979 and an MSEE in Electrical Engineering from McGill University in 1983. In 1985, after completing his Ph.D at McGill University, he joined the faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering Department at University of Washington, serving as assistant professor from 1985 to 1990, associate professor from 1990 to 1995 and professor till 1997.In 1997, he joined the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Iowa State University. He served as David C. Nicholas Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering from 1997 to 2002, Jerry R. Junkins Endowed Chair Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering from 2002 to 2014, Director of Information Infrastructure Institute from 2002 to 2015 and Chair of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department from 2003 to 2010. He is serving as Anson Marston Distinguished Professor since 2007, Associate Dean for Research of College of Engineering since 2013 and Philip and Virginia Sproul Professor since 2014, all at Iowa State University. During 2010-2011, <mask> served as Ram Rajindra Malhotra Professor at Indian Institute of Technology. He also served as an honorary distinguished professor at National Taiwan University

masks:
Arun K
. Somani
Somani
Somani
Somani


title: Arun K. Somani

texts:
 of Science and Technology (Taiwan Tech) since 2010 and a visiting professor at Gujarat Technological University. Professor <mask> also is serving as a Fulbright Specialist from 2019 to 2024. Early life and family
<mask> <mask> was raised by Dulari <mask> and <mask> <mask>
in Beawar, India, and attended Government Patel Higher Secondary School before pursuing his engineering degrees and joining the workforce.His education was partially supported by a National Scholarship in India and Canadian Commonwealth Scholarship. He and his wife, Manju <mask>, raised three children. Contributions
System-Level Diagnosis is a field of study in which computing units can be utilized to test each other to locate faulty units. <mask> developed a generalized theory for system-level diagnosis

in the presence of an arbitrary fault set in a multi-computer system. He characterized diagnosable systems
in terms of their testing requirement under various model of test result interpretation and faults scenarios where faults occur sequentially or simultaneously. He also developed distributed fault diagnosis algorithms

for applications in multi-processor systems that exploit the regularity and symmetry of interconnection topology to diagnose larger sized fault sets correctly with a very high probability

In fault tolerant computer system architecture area, <mask> developed MESHKIN, a new fault tolerant computer system architecture based on distributed fault diagnosis and reconfiguration approach to tolerate multiple faults and maintain high reliability while minimizing the hardware complexity and performance penalty for the Boeing company implemented. The Boeing company implemented a fault tolerant computer system based on this work.Analyzing highly reliable systems is a complex process. The primary reason for the complexity is because these systems operate in multiple phases

with different requirements and follow involute maintenance schedules
.

masks: Somani Arun Somani Somani Kanwarlal Somani Somani Somani Somani


title: Arun K. Somani

texts:
 Hierarchical Modelling and Analysis Package (HIMAP)

developed for the Boeing Company by Somani facilitate such complex system analysis. HIMAP has also been used by other companies and universities. Most parallel computing is performed using cluster computing today. <mask> designed and implemented a fully reconfigurable

high-performance system, Proteus, for computer vision applications in 1990’s that allows overlapping of computation and communication to minimize communication penalty and optimize performance. This system used a large grain message passing network model at high level and shared memory multiprocessor node at the lowest level with software-controlled cache coherency and optimization in cache design.The Proteus design utilized universal interconnection topologies Enhanced Hypercube (EHC), Generalized Folding Cube (GFC), and Helical Binary-cube (HBC)

for embedding any arbitrary permutation routing requests in circuit switched mode. Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)-based Fiber-optics form the basis of today backbone network and wavelength conversion is considered a performance improving concept. <mask>’s research group characterized the role of wavelength converters

in optical WDM network and showed the concept is most valuable only in a class of networks. His research also developed efficient algorithms for placement of converters and then focused on a practical and cost-effective solution leading to development of alternate architecture

that employs no wavelength conversion and uses multiple fiber with fewer wavelengths on each fiber. Several efficient mechanisms for traffic grooming architectures, algorithms, and frameworks for resource allocation of efficient traffic grooming also resulted from this research

In high-speed network such as WDM-based optical network, fiber failures are not only common, but also have disastrous effects. <mask>’s research led to development of dependable routing

and

masks: Somani Somani Somani


title: Arun K. Somani

texts:
 connection management method, attack detection

and diagnosis techniques in WDM-based fiber-optic networks, and effectiveness study of these techniques

Dependability of computer systems in the presence of transient and soft faults is a major concern in processor and memory system designs. <mask> studied the error propagation characteristics due to transient faults in processor registers, logic, and cache memories

and developed low-overhead techniques to enhance system robustness.The shadow caching

for multi-bit error correction in cache memory system, and circuit and logic level error detection and correction in processor systems
Most applications running under a given operating environment do not exert the critical path every cycle, leaving room for significant performance improvements that can be achieved through dynamically adjusting clock frequency at run time beyond worst case limits. To improve both the performance and reliability of processor systems, <mask> developed a design methodology to overcome the clock rates upper bound that is determined using the worst-case timing paths to avoid timing errors

Works

References

External links
Personal website
Department profile
Google Scholar page

Living people
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Iowa State University faculty
McGill University alumni
Year of birth missing (living

masks: Somani Somani


title: Gabor G. Gyukics

texts:
<mask><mask> (born May 9, 1958) is a Hungarian American poet and literary translator. He is known for translating American poetry to Hungarian and Hungarian poetry to English. <mask><mask> is a member of the Szépírók Társasága – Hungarian Society of Writers, Critics and Literary Translators

Life
<mask> was born in Hungary in 1958. He left Hungary for Holland in 1986. In 1988, he moved to the U.S., where he worked until moving back to Budapest in 2002. Career
<mask>cs was the founder of a series of open poetry readings combined with jazz in Hungary starting in1999. His current work focuses on translations of Native American poetry and American poetry.<mask> and Michael Castro used to collaborate on translations of contemporary poems from Hungarian to English between 1989 and 2000. Together, they also translated the poetry of Attila József. Music: Ágoston Béla soprano and C melody saxophones, alto clarinet, kaval, glissonic, fijura, Bori Viktor piano, Pengő Csaba double bass, <mask>or <mask>cs poetry
 Beépített arcok, jazz poetry in Hungarian, Origo Studio, Budapest, 2018.

masks:
Gabor G
. Gyukics
Gabor G
. Gyukics
Gyukics
Gyuki
Gyukics
Gab
G Gyuki


title: Gabor G. Gyukics

texts:
 Music: Ágoston Béla soprano and C melody saxophones, alto clarinet, kaval, glissonic, fijura, Bori Viktor piano, Dóra Attila soprano saxophone, bass clarinet, Eichinger Tibor guitar, <mask> <mask>cs poetry
 Sand Snail, English language poetry;  Frogpond Productions, New York, 2000. Music: Mark Deutsch. Guest Poet:  Nagy Imola Borzos

Exhibition
The Afterlife of a Book; the poetry of <mask> G<mask> with the eyes of contemporary fine artists, 15 poems –19 artists – 21 artworks, Mucius Gallery, Budapest April 11- May 12, 2005
Versvonzatok; the poetry of <mask> G<mask> with the eyes of contemporary fine artists. 21 poems – 21 artists – 25 artworks, Petőfi Literary Museum, Budapest, December 4, 2018- January 20, 2019

Magazines
Látó literary magazine American issue 2006/5; guest editor, translator

References

Hungarian male poets
American male poets
Hungarian translators
Living people
1958 births
20th-century Hungarian poets
21st-century Hungarian poets
20th-century American poets
21st-century American poets
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male

masks:
Gabor
G Gyuki
Gábor
. Gyukics
Gábor
. Gyukics


title: Syngman Rhee

texts: <mask> (, ; 26 March 1875 – 19 July 1965) was a founding father of the Republic of Korea, who served as the first president of South Korea from 1948 to 1960. <mask> was also the first and last president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea from 1919 to his impeachment in 1925 and from 1947 to 1948. As President of South Korea, <mask>'s government was characterised by authoritarianism, limited economic development, and in the late 1950s growing political instability and public opposition. Authoritarianism continued in South Korea after <mask>'s resignation until 1988, except for a few short breaks. Born in Hwanghae Province, Joseon, <mask> attended an American Methodist school, where he converted to Christianity. He became involved in anti-Japanese activities after the 1894–95 First Sino-Japanese War and was imprisoned in 1899. Released in 1904, he moved to the United States, where he obtained degrees from American universities and met President Theodore Roosevelt.After a brief 1910–12 return to Korea, he moved to Hawaii in 1913. From 1918 to 1924, he was promoted to several high positions in some Korean provisional governments and served as a representative of these to Western powers. He moved to Washington, D.C., in 1939. In 1945, he was returned to US-controlled Korea by the US military, and on 20 July 1948 he was elected President of the Republic of Korea with 92.7% of the vote, beating Kim Gu. <mask> adopted a hardline anti-communist and pro-American stance as president. Early on in his presidency, his government put down a communist uprising on Jeju Island, and the Mungyeong and Bodo League massacres were committed against suspected communist sympathisers, leaving at least 100,000 people dead. <mask>

masks:
Syngman Rhee
Rhee
Rhee
Rhee
Rhee
Rhee
Rhee


title: Syngman Rhee

texts:
 was president during the outbreak of the Korean War (1950–1953), in which North Korea invaded South Korea.He refused to sign the armistice agreement that ended the war, wishing to have the peninsula reunited by force. After the fighting ended, the country remained at a low level economically, lagging behind North Korea, and was heavily reliant on U.S. aid. After being re-elected in 1956, the constitution was modified to remove the two-term restriction, despite protests from the opposition. He was elected uncontested in March 1960, after his opponent Cho Byeong-ok died before voting day. After <mask>'s ally Lee Ki-poong won the corresponding vice-presidential election by a wide margin, the opposition rejected the result as rigged, which triggered protests. These escalated into the student-led April Revolution when police shot demonstrators in Masan, which forced <mask> to resign on 26 April and ultimately led to the establishment of the Second Republic of Korea. On 28 April, as protesters converged on the presidential palace, the CIA covertly flew him out to Honolulu, Hawaii, where he spent the rest of his life in exile.He died of a stroke in 1965. Early life and career

Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 26 March 1875 in Daegyeong, a village in Pyeongsan County, Hwanghae Province of Joseon-ruled Korea. <mask> was the third but only surviving son out of three brothers and two sisters (his two older brothers both died in infancy) in a rural family of modest means. <mask>'s family traced its lineage back to King Taejong of Joseon, and was a 16th-generation descendant of Grand Prince Yangnyeong through his second son, Yi Heun who known as Jangpyeong Dojeong (장평도정;長平都正). His mother is a member of Gimhae Kim clan. In 1877, at

masks: Rhee Rhee Syngman Rhee Rhee Rhee


title: Syngman Rhee

texts:
 the age of two-years-old, <mask> and his family moved to Seoul, where he had traditional Confucian education in various seodang in Nakdong () and Dodong (). When <mask> was nine-years-old a smallpox infection rendered him virtually blind until he was cured by Horace Newton Allen, an American medical missionary.<mask> was portrayed as a potential candidate for the gwageo, the traditional Korean civil service examination, but in 1894 reforms abolished the gwageo system, and in April he enrolled in the Pai Chai School (), an American Methodist school, where he converted to Christianity. <mask> studied English and sinhakmun (). Near the end of 1895, he joined a Hyeopseong (Mutual Friendship) Club () created by Seo Jae-pil, who returned from the United States after his exile following the Gapsin Coup. He worked as the head and the main writer of the newspapers Hyeopseong-hoe Hoebo () and Maeil Shinmun (), the latter being the first daily newspaper in Korea. During this period, <mask> earned money by teaching the Korean language to Americans. In 1895, <mask> graduated from Pai Chai School. Independence activities
<mask> became involved in Anti-Japanese circles after the end of the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, which saw Joseon passed from the Chinese sphere of influence to the Japanese.<mask> was implicated in a plot to take revenge for the assassination of Empress Myeongseong, the wife of King Gojong who was assassinated by Japanese agents; however, a female American physician helped him avoid the charges. <mask> acted as one of the forerunners of the Korean independence movement through grassroots organizations such as the Hyeopseong Club and the Independence Club (). <mask> organized several protests against corruption

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 and the influences of the Japan and the Russian Empire. As a result, in November 1898, <mask> attained the rank of Uigwan () in the Imperial Legislature, the Jungchuwon (). After entering civil service, <mask> was implicated in a plot to remove King Gojong from power through the recruitment of Park Yeong-hyo. As a result, <mask> was imprisoned in the Gyeongmucheong Prison () in January 1899. Other sources place the year arrested as 1897 and 1898.<mask> attempted to escape on the 20th day of imprisonment but was caught and was sentenced to life imprisonment through the Pyeongniwon (). He was imprisoned in the Hanseong Prison (). In prison, <mask> translated and compiled The Sino–Japanese War Record (), wrote The Spirit of Independence (), compiled the New English–Korean Dictionary () and wrote in the Imperial Newspaper (). He was also tortured. Political activities in home and abroad

In 1904, <mask> was released from prison at the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War with the help of Min Young-hwan. In November 1904, with the help of Min Yeong-hwan and Han Gyu-seol (), <mask> moved to the United States. In August 1905, <mask> and Yun Byeong-gu () met with the Secretary of State John Hay and U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt at peace talks in Portsmouth, New Hampshire and attempted unsuccessfully to convince the US to help preserve independence for Korea.<mask> continued to stay in the United States; this move has been described as an "exile." He obtained a Bachelor of Arts from George Washington University in 1907, and a Master of Arts from Harvard University in 1908. In 1910, he obtained a PhD from Princeton University with the thesis "Neutrality as influenced by the United States" (). In August 1910, <mask> returned to


title: Syngman Rhee

texts: Japanese occupied Korea. He served as a YMCA coordinator and missionary. In 1912, <mask> was implicated in the 105-Man Incident, and was shortly arrested. However, he fled to the United States in 1912 with M. C. Harris's rationale that <mask> was going to participate in the general meeting of Methodists in Minneapolis as the Korean representative.In the United States, <mask> attempted to convince Woodrow Wilson to help the people involved in the 105-Man Incident, but failed to bring any change. Soon afterwards, he met Park Yong-man, who was in Nebraska at the time. In February 1913, as a consequence of the meeting, he moved to Honolulu, Hawaii, and took over the Han-in Jung-ang Academy (). In Hawaii, he began to publish the Pacific Ocean Magazine (). In 1918, he established the Han-in Christian Church (). During this period, he opposed Park Yong-man's stance on foreign relations of Korea and brought about a split in the community. In December 1918, he was chosen, along with Dr. Henry Chung DeYoung, as a Korean representative to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 by the Korean National Association () but they failed to obtain permission to travel to Paris.After giving up travelling to Paris, <mask> held the First Korean Congress () in Philadelphia with Seo Jae-pil to make plans for future political activism concerning Korean independence. Following the March 1st Movement in March 1919, <mask> discovered that he was appointed to the positions of foreign minister in the Noryeong Provisional Government (), prime minister for the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai, and a position equivalent to president for the Hanseong Provisional Government (). In June, in the acting capacity of the President of the

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texts: Republic of Korea, he notified the prime ministers and the chairmen of peace conferences of Korea's independence. On 25 August, <mask> established the Korean Commission to America and Europe () in Washington, D.C. On 6 September, <mask> discovered that he had been appointed acting president for the Provisional Government in Shanghai. From December 1920 to May 1921, he moved to Shanghai and was the acting president for the Provisional Government. However, <mask> failed to efficiently act in the capacity of Acting President due to conflicts inside the provisional government in Shanghai. In October 1920, he returned to the US to participate in the Washington Naval Conference.During the conference, he attempted to set the problem of Korean independence as part of the agenda and campaigned for independence but was unsuccessful. In September 1922, he returned to Hawaii to focus on publication, education, and religion. In November 1924, <mask> was appointed the position of president for life in the Korean Comrade Society (). In March 1925, <mask> was impeached as the president of the Provisional Government in Shanghai over allegations of misuse of power and was removed from office. Nevertheless, he continued to claim the position of president by referring to the Hanseong Provisional Government and continued independence activities through the Korean Commission to America and Europe. In the beginning of 1933, he participated in the League of Nations conference in Geneva to bring up the question of Korean independence. In November 1939, <mask> and his wife left Hawaii for Washington, D.C.He focused on writing the book Japan Inside Out and published it during the summer of 1941. With the attack on Pearl Harbor and the consequent

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 Pacific War, which began in December 1941, <mask> used his position as the chairman of the foreign relations department of the provisional government in Chongqing to convince President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the United States Department of State to approve the existence of the Korean provisional government. As part of this plan, he cooperated with anti-Japan strategies conducted by the U.S. Office of Strategic Services. In 1945, he participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization as the leader of the Korean representatives to request the participation of the Korean provisional government. Presidency (1948-60)

Return to Korea and rise to power

After the surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945, <mask> was flown to Tokyo aboard a U.S. military aircraft. Over the objections of the Department of State, the U.S. military government allowed <mask> to return to Korea by providing him with a passport in October 1945, despite the refusal of the Department of State to issue <mask> with a passport. The British historian Max Hastings wrote that there was "at least a measure of corruption in the transaction" as the U.S. OSS agent Preston Goodfellow who provided <mask> with the passport that allowed him to return to Korea was apparently promised by <mask> that if he came to power, he would reward Goodfellow with commercial concessions."Following the independence of Korea and a secret meeting with Douglas MacArthur, <mask> was flown in mid-October 1945 to Seoul aboard MacArthur's personal airplane, The Bataan. After the return to Korea, he assumed the posts of president of the Independence Promotion Central Committee (), chairman of the Korean People's Representative Democratic Legislature (), and president

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texts: of the Headquarters for Unification (). At this point, he was strongly anti-communist and opposed foreign intervention; he opposed Soviet Union and United States' proposal in the Moscow Conference (1945) to establish a trusteeship for Korea and the cooperation between the left-wing (communist) and the right-wing (nationalist) parties. He also refused to join the U.S.–Soviet Cooperation Committee () as well as the negotiations with the north. For decades, the Korean independence movement was torn by factionalism and in-fighting, and most of the leaders of the independence movement hated each other as much as they hated the Japanese. <mask>, who had lived for decades in the United States, was a figure known only from afar in Korea, and therefore regarded as a more or less acceptable compromise candidate for the conservative factions. More importantly, <mask> spoke fluent English, whereas none of his rivals did, and therefore he was the Korean politician most trusted and favored by the American occupation government.The British diplomat Roger Makins later recalled, "the American propensity to go for a man rather than a movement — Giraud among the French in 1942, Chiang Kai-shek in China. Americans have always liked the idea of dealing with a foreign leader who can be identified as 'their man'. They are much less comfortable with movements." Makins further added the same was the case with <mask>, as very few Americans were fluent in Korean in the 1940s or knew much about Korea, and it was simply far easier for the American occupation government to deal with <mask> than to try to understand Korea. <mask> was "acerbic, prickly, uncompromising" and was regarded by the U.S. State Department, which long had dealings with him as "a


title: Syngman Rhee

texts: dangerous mischief-maker", but the American General John R. Hodge decided that <mask> was the best man for the Americans to back because of his fluent English and his ability to talk with authority to American officers about American subjects. Once it became clear from October 1945 onward that <mask> was the Korean politician most favored by the Americans, other conservative leaders fell in behind him. When the first U.S.–Soviet Cooperation Committee meeting was concluded without a result, he began to argue in June 1946 that the government of Korea must be established as an independent entity.In the same month, he created a plan based on this idea and moved to Washington, D.C. from December 1946 to April 1947 to lobby support for the plan. During the visit, Harry S. Truman's policies of Containment and the Truman Doctrine, which was announced in March 1947, enforced <mask>'s anti-communist ideas. In November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly recognized Korea's independence and established the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea (UNTCOK) through Resolution 112. In May 1948, the South Korean Constitutional Assembly election was held under the oversight of the UNTCOK. He was elected without competition to serve in the South Korean Constitutional Assembly () and was consequently selected to be Speaker of the Assembly. <mask> was highly influential in creating the policy stating that the president of South Korea had to be elected by the National Assembly. The 1948 Constitution of the Republic of Korea was adopted on 17 July 1948.On 20 July 1948, <mask> was elected president of the Republic of Korea in the 1948 South Korean presidential election with 92.3% of the vote; the second candidate, Kim Gu, received 6.7%


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 of the vote. On 15 August the Republic of Korea was formally established in South Korea and <mask> was inaugurated as the first President of the Republic of Korea. The next month, on 9 September, the north also proclaimed statehood as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. <mask> himself had been an independence activist, and his relations with the chinilpa Korean elites who had collaborated with the Japanese were, in the words of the South Korean historian Kyung Moon Hwang, often "contentious", but in the end an understanding was reached in which, in exchange for their support, <mask> would not purge the elites. In particular, the Koreans who had served in the colonial-era National Police, whom the Americans had retained after August 1945, were promised by <mask> that their jobs would not be threatened by him. Upon independence in 1948, 53% of South Korean police officers were men who had served in the National Police during the Japanese occupation. Political repression

Soon after taking office, <mask> enacted laws that severely curtailed political dissent.There was much controversy between <mask> and his leftist opponents. Allegedly, many of the leftist opponents were arrested and in some cases killed. The most controversial issue has been Kim Gu's assassination. On 26 June 1949, Kim Gu was assassinated by Ahn Doo-hee, who confessed that he assassinated Kim Gu by the order of Kim Chang-ryong. The assassin was described by the British historian Max Hastings as one of <mask>'s "creatures". It soon became apparent that <mask> was a dictator. He allowed the internal security force (headed by his right-hand man, Kim Chang-ryong) to detain and torture suspected communists and North Korean agents.His government also

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 oversaw several massacres, including the suppression of the Jeju uprising on Jeju island, of which South Korea's Truth Commission reported 14,373 victims, 86% at the hands of the security forces and 13.9% at the hands of communist rebels, and the Mungyeong Massacre. By early 1950, <mask> had about 30,000 alleged communists in his jails, and had about 300,000 suspected sympathizers enrolled in an official "re-education" movement called the Bodo League. When the Communist army attacked from the North in June, retreating South Korean forces executed the prisoners, along with several tens of thousands of Bodo League members. Korean War

Both <mask> and Kim Il-sung wanted to unite the Korean peninsula under their respective governments, but the United States refused to give South Korea any heavy weapons, to ensure that its military could only be used for preserving internal order and self-defense. By contrast, Pyongyang was well equipped with Soviet aircraft, vehicle, and tanks. According to John Merrill, "the war was preceded by a major insurgency in the South and serious clashes along the thirty-eighth parallel," and 100,000 people died in "political disturbances, guerrilla warfare, and border clashes". At the outbreak of war on 25 June 1950, North Korean troops launched a full-scale invasion of South Korea.All South Korean resistance at the 38th parallel was overwhelmed by the North Korean offensive within a few hours. By 26 June, it was apparent that the Korean People's Army (KPA) would occupy Seoul. <mask> stated, "Every Cabinet member, including myself, will protect the government, and parliament has decided to remain in Seoul. Citizens should not worry and remain in their workplaces." However, <mask> had already left

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texts: the city with most of his government on 27 June. At midnight on 28 June, the South Korean military destroyed the Han Bridge, thereby preventing thousands of citizens from fleeing. On 28 June, North Korean soldiers occupied Seoul.During the North Korean occupation of Seoul, <mask> established a temporary government in Busan and created a defensive perimeter along the Naktong Bulge. A series of battles ensued, which would later be known collectively as the Battle of Naktong Bulge. After the Battle of Inchon in September 1950, the North Korean military was routed, and the United Nations (UN)—of whom the largest contingents were the Americans and South Koreans—not only liberated all of South Korea, but overran much of North Korea. In the areas of North Korea taken by the UN forces, elections were supposed to be administered by the United Nations but instead were taken over and administered by the South Koreans. <mask> insisted on Bukjin Tongil – ending war by conquering North Korea, but after the Chinese entered the war in November 1950, the UN forces were thrown into retreat. During this period of crisis, <mask> ordered the December massacres of 1950. <mask> was absolutely committed to reunifying Korea under his leadership and strongly supported MacArthur's call for going all-out against China, even at the risk of provoking a nuclear war with the Soviet Union.Hastings notes that, during the war, <mask>'s official salary was equal to $37.50 (U.S. dollars) per month. Both at the time and since, there has been much speculation about precisely how <mask> managed to live on a salary equivalent to $37.50 per month. The entire <mask> regime was notorious for its corruption, with everyone in the government from the President


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texts: downwards stealing as much they possibly could from both the public purse and aid from the United States. The <mask> regime engaged in the "worst excesses of corruption," with the soldiers in the Army of the Republic of Korea (ROK) going unpaid for months as their officers embezzled their pay, equipment provided by the United States being sold on the black market, and the size of the ROK army being bloated by hundreds of thousands of "ghost soldiers" who only existed on paper, allowing their officers to steal pay that would have been due had these soldiers actually existed. The problems with low morale experienced by the ROK army were largely due to the corruption of the <mask> regime. The worst scandal during the war—indeed of the entire <mask> government—was the National Defense Corps Incident. <mask> created the National Defense Corps in December 1950, intended to be a paramilitary militia, comprising men not in the military or police who be drafted into the corps for internal security duties.In the months that followed, thousands of National Defense Corps men either starved or froze to death in their unheated barracks, as the men lacked winter uniforms. Even <mask> could not ignore the deaths of so many of the National Defense Corps and ordered an investigation. It was revealed that commander of the National Defense Corps, General Kim Yun Gun, had stolen millions of American dollars that were intended to heat the barracks and feed and clothe the men. General Kim and five other officers were publicly shot at Daegu on 12 August 1951, following their convictions for corruption. In the spring of 1951, <mask>—who was upset about MacArthur's dismissal by President Truman—lashed out in a press interview against Britain, whom


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texts: he blamed for MacArthur's sacking. <mask> was absolutely committed to reunifying Korea under his leadership and strongly supported MacArthur's call for going all-out against China, even at the risk of provoking a nuclear war with the Soviet Union. <mask> declared, "The British troops have outlived their welcome in my country."Shortly thereafter, <mask> told an Australian diplomat about the Australian troops fighting for his country, "They are not wanted here any longer. Tell that to your government. The Australian, Canadian, New Zealand and British troops all represent a government which is now sabotaging the brave American effort to liberate fully and unify my unhappy nation." <mask> was strongly against the armistice negotiations the U.S. entered into in 1953. Accordingly, in April of the same year, he demanded of President Eisenhower a total withdrawal of his troops from the peninsula if an armistice were to be signed, declaring that the ROK would rather fight on its own than negotiate a cease-fire. He also deliberately carried out some actions that would deter the armistice and reignite conflicts in the region, the most provocative one being his unilateral release of 25,000 prisoners of war in June 1953. Such actions, which hindered the progress of armistice talks, upset China and the North.Moreover, for such unpredictability in his authoritarian leadership, the Truman and Eisenhower administrations considered him one of the "rogue allies" in East Asia and engaged in "powerplay", or the construction of asymmetric alliances, which helped the U.S. maximize economic and political influence over the ROK and increase ROK's dependency on the United States. On 27 July 1953, at last, "one of the 20th century's most vicious and


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 frustrating wars" came to an end with no apparent victor. Ultimately, the armistice agreement was signed by military commanders from China, North Korea and the United Nations Command, led by the U.S. Its signatories did not include the ROK, however, as <mask> refused to agree to the armistice, and neither was it supposed to be a permanent cease-fire, as a peace treaty was never signed. Re-election
Because of widespread discontent with <mask>'s corruption and political repression, it was considered unlikely that <mask> would be re-elected by the National Assembly. To circumvent this, <mask> attempted to amend the constitution to allow him to hold elections for the presidency by direct popular vote. When the Assembly rejected this amendment, <mask> ordered a mass arrest of opposition politicians and then passed the desired amendment in July 1952. During the following presidential election, he received 74% of the vote.Resignation and exile
After the war ended in July 1953, South Korea struggled to rebuild following nationwide devastation. The country remained at a Third World level of development and was heavily reliant on U.S. aid. <mask> was easily re-elected for what should have been the final time in 1956, since the 1948 constitution limited the president to two consecutive terms. However, soon after being sworn in, he had the legislature amend the constitution to allow the incumbent president to run for an unlimited number of terms, despite protests from the opposition. In March 1960, the 84-year-old <mask> won his fourth term in office as president. His victory was assured with 100% of the vote after the main opposition candidate, Cho Byeong-ok, died shortly before the 15 March elections. <mask> wanted his protégé,


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 Lee Ki-poong, elected as Vice President—a separate office under Korean law at that time.When Lee, who was running against Chang Myon (the ambassador to the United States during the Korean War, a member from the opposition Democratic Party) won the vote with a wide margin, the opposition Democratic Party claimed the election was rigged. This triggered anger among segments of the Korean populace on 19 April. When police shot demonstrators in Masan, the student-led April Revolution forced <mask> to resign on 26 April. On 28 April, a DC-4 belonging to the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), piloted by Captain Harry B. Cockrell Jr. and operated by Civil Air Transport, covertly flew <mask> out of South Korea as protesters converged on the Blue House. During the flight, <mask> and Francesca Donner, his Austrian wife, came up to the cockpit to thank the pilot and crew. <mask>'s wife offered the pilot a valuable diamond ring in thanks, which was courteously declined. The former president, his wife, and their adopted son subsequently lived in exile in Honolulu, Hawaii.Personal life and death
<mask> was married to Seungseon Park from 1890 to 1910. Park divorced <mask> shortly after the death of their son <mask> Bong-su in 1908, supposedly because their marriage had no intimacy due to his political activities. In February 1933, <mask> met Austrian Franziska Donner in Geneva. At the time, <mask> was participating in a League of Nations meeting and Donner was working as an interpreter. In October 1934, they were married in New York City. She also acted as his secretary. Over the years after the death of Bong-su, <mask> adopted three sons.The first was <mask> Un-soo, however, the elder <mask> ended the adoption in 1949. The

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 second adopted son was Lee Kang-seok, eldest son of Lee Ki-poong, who were descendants of Prince Hyoryeong and therefore distant cousins of <mask>; but Lee committed suicide in 1960. After <mask> was exiled, <mask>-In-soo, who is a descendant of Prince Yangnyeong just like <mask>, was adopted by him as his heir. <mask> died of a stroke on 19 July 1965. A week later, his body was returned to Seoul and buried in the Seoul National Cemetery. Legacy
<mask>'s former Seoul residence, Ihwajang, is currently used for the presidential memorial museum. The Woo-Nam Presidential Preservation Foundation has been set up to honor his legacy.There is also a memorial museum located in Hwajinpo near Kim Il Sung's cottage. In popular culture
 Portrayed by Lee Chang-hwan in the 1991–1992 MBC TV series Eyes of Dawn. Portrayed by Kwon Sung-deok in the 2006 KBS1 TV series Seoul 1945. In the M*A*S*H episode titled "Mail Call Again", Radar mentions a parade in Seoul due to <mask> <mask> being "elected dictator again." <mask> is referenced in the lyrics to singer Billy Joel's 1989 music single, "We Didn't Start the Fire". <mask> is mentioned in Philip Roth's "I Married A Communist". Works
 The Spirit of Independence (1904)
Neutrality as influenced by the United States
 Japan Inside and Out (1941)

See also

 List of Korea-related topics
 President of South Korea
 Francesca Donner
 Inha University
 Korean independence movement
 Korean National Association

Notes

References

Further reading

 Fields, David.Foreign Friends: <mask> <mask>, American Exceptionalism, and the Division of Korea. University Press of Kentucky, 2019, 264 pages,
 Lew, Yong Ick. The Making of the First Korean President: <mask> <mask>'s Quest for Independence (University

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 of Hawai'i Press; 2013); scholarly biography; 576 pages;

External links

<mask> <mask>'s FBI files hosted at the Internet Archive

1875 births
1965 deaths
Converts to Methodism
Deaths from cerebrovascular disease
Exiled politicians
First Republic of Korea
George Washington University alumni
Harvard University alumni
House of Yi
19th-century Korean people
Korean expatriates in China
Korean independence activists
Korean nationalists
Korean revolutionaries
Liberal Party (South Korea) politicians
Conservatism in South Korea
Far-right politics in South Korea
People from Haeju
People of the Cold War
Politicide perpetrators
Presidents of South Korea
Prime Ministers of Korea
Princeton University alumni
South Korean anti-communists
South Korean expatriates in the United States
South Korean Methodists
Speakers of the National Assembly (South Korea)
Jeonju Yi clan
Burials at Seoul National

masks: Syngman Rhee


title: Takeji Iwamiya

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was a Japanese photographer particularly known for his depiction of architecture, gardens, and Japanese crafts. Career
<mask> was born on 4 January 1920 in Yonago, Tottori, the second son of parents running a shop selling traditional confectionery. An uncle of his ran a commercial photography studio, and this triggered the boy's interest in photography; but as a high school student he was keenest on baseball. After graduation from high school he worked Hankyu Department Store in Umeda (Osaka), where he entered the Mitsuwa photography club (, Mitsuya shashin kurabu), led by Bizan Ueda and Nakaji Yasui. Following success in a photographic contest arranged by Asahi Shinbun, <mask> was invited to join the Tampei Photography Club and went on to become an assistant of Yasui's. He joined the Nankai Hawks in 1939 but left after half a year and in 1941 was sent to Manchukuo as a photographer. Iwamiya returned to [mainland] Japan before the end of the war, and after the war opened a photofinishing shop serving a US base at Sannomiya (Kobe).While recuperating from tuberculosis in 1954, he photographed a mannequin factory nearby in Osaka; these photographs won the gold medal in the second Fuji Photo Contest, and were exhibited in the Matsushima Gallery (,

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title: Takeji Iwamiya

texts:
 Matsushima gyararī) in Ginza (Tokyo), as Iwamiya's first solo show. He also exhibited in West Germany, and at around this time got to know Ken Domon, who exerted a great influence on him. In 1955 he set up Iwamiya Photos (, Iwamiya fotosu) for commercial photography. Iwamiya's photographs of Sado island were exhibited at the Osaka Fuji Photo Salon and elsewhere in 1956; these would later appear in book form. Two of Iwamiya's apprentices went on to be famous photographers in their own right. Seiryū Inoue joined Iwamiya's studio in 1951 and was encouraged by Iwamiya in his photographic work in Kamagasaki. Daidō Moriyama joined Iwamiya's studio in 1959 and was taken under Inoue's wing until Moriyama's departure for Tokyo in 1961.From 1962, Iwamiya brought out a considerable number of books, mostly depicting Japanese crafts and architecture; several won awards. In 1966 he became a professor of Osaka University of Arts. <mask> died in Osaka on 26 June 1989. Exhibitions

Solo exhibitions
"Iwamiya Takeji-ten" (). Fuji Photo Salon (Osaka), Matsushima Gallery (, Matsushima gyararī, Tokyo), 1955. "Sado" (). Fuji Photo Salon (Osaka), Matsushima Gallery (Tokyo), 1956.(Photographs of Sado island)
"Hawai" (). Takashimaya (Osaka), Fuji Photo Salon (Tokyo),


title: Takeji Iwamiya

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 Contemporary Art Center (Osaka), 2001. "<mask> Iwamiya: Photo and Drawing Exhibition". Osaka Contemporary Art Center (Osaka), January–February 2007. Selection of other exhibitions
"Tōkyō dai-ikkai demokurāto bijutsuten" (). Matsushima Gallery (, Matsushima gyararī, Tokyo), 1952. Tanpei 8-nin shashinten" (). Tokyo, 1952.(Work by eight members of the Tampei Photography Club)
"Subjektive Fotografie 2". Saarbrücken, 1954–55. "Iwamiya Takeji Horiuchi Hatsutarō-ten" (). Fuji Film Gallery (Tokyo), 1955. Work by Iwamiya and Hatsutarō Horiuchi)
"Rokunin-ten / Akiyama Shōtarō, Hayashi Tadahiko, Horiuchi Hatsutarō, Ueda Shōji, Midorikawa Yōichi, Iwamiya Takeji" (). Fuji Film Gallery (Tokyo), 1959. (Work by Shōtarō Akiyama, Tadahiko Hayashi, Hatsutarō Horiuchi, Shōji Ueda, and Yōichi Midorikawa)
"Sannin-ten / Akiyama Shōtarō, Nakamura Masaya, Iwamiya Takeji" ().Pentax Gallery (Tokyo), 1969 and annually thereafter. (Work by Shōtarō Akiyama, Masaya Nakamura, and Iwamiya)
"Ei-Q to Demokurāto-ten" (). Umeda Kindai Bijutsukan (), 1974. (On Ei-Q and the "Democrat" group)
"Butsuzō no imēji-ten" (). Ginza Wako Hall (Tokyo), Amagasaki Cultural Center (Amagasaki), museum of Hongik University (Seoul), 1975. "Sengo shashin / Saisei to tenkai" () / Twelve Photographers


title: Takeji Iwamiya

texts: Yasushi Inoue and Teiji Itō.3. Shugakuin Rikyū (). Photographs of Shugakuin Detached Palace. Text by Jirō Osaragi and Teiji Itō. Arte del objeto japonés / Art of the Japanese Object / Art de l'objet japonais / Kunst des japanischen Gegenstands. Text by Maria Lluïsa Borràs. Barcelona: Ediciones Polígrafa, 1969.Nihon Bankokuhaku no kenchiku () / The Edifice in Expo 70. Tokyo: Asahi Shinbunsha, 1970. Photography by <mask>, Yasuhiro Ishimoto, and Shōzō Kitadai of the buildings of Expo 70 (Osaka). Imperial Gardens of Japan: Sento Gosho, Katsura, Shugaku-in. New York: Weatherhill, 1970. . 1978. , . Text by Teiji Itoh, Yukio Mishima, Yasushi Inoue, Jirō Osaragi, and Loraine Kuck. Shinpen Kyūtei no niwa 2 ().Kyoto: Tankōsha, 1971. Kyōto (). Tokyo: Mainichi Shinbunsha, 1971. The Japanese Garden: An Approach to Nature. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972. . Text by Teiji Ito, translation by Donald Richie. Kyōto no miryoku.Karā: Rakuchū (). Kyoto: Tankōsha, 1972. Photographs of Kyoto. Text by Naokatsu Nakamura (). Nihon no niwa (). Tokyo: Chūōkōronsha, 1972. Text by Itō Teiji and Yūsaku Kamekura ().Nihonkai (). Kyoto: Tankōsha, 1972. Photographs of the Japan Sea. Text by Tsutomu Minakami. Nihon no kokoro: Hyakunin isshu (). Special Winter 1972 issue of