title: Robert Blair (moderator)

texts:
 Church of Scotland (3 June). Later, on the death of Alexander Henderson, he was appointed chaplain-in-ordinary to the king, supported by the revenues of the Chapel Royal. The Commission of the General Assembly, in 1648, named him one of those for 'endeavouring to get Cromwell to establish a uniformity of religion in England.' At the division of the church, in 1650, into Resolutioners and Protesters, he leaned to the former, but lamented the strife. Summoned with others to London in 1654, that 'a method might be devised for settling affairs of the church,' he pleaded ill-health and declined to go.In the same year he was appointed by the council of England 'one of those for the admission to the ministry in Perth, Fife, and Angus.' At the Restoration he came under the notice of Archbishop James Sharp, had to resign his charge in September 1661, and was confined to certain places, first of all to Musselburgh, afterwards to Kirkcaldy (where he remained three and a half years), and finally to Meikle Couston near Aberdour. As a Covenanter he preached outdoors. He died at Aberdour on 27 August 1666, and was buried in the parish churchyard. Works
Autobiography was published by the Wodrow Society (1848); fragments were published in 1754. Preface to Durham's Treatise on Scandal. Commentary on the Book of Proverbs, (ready but not published)
Answer to Bishop Hall's Remonstrance, ready for the Press, but these were never published.Bibliography
Edin. Guild. Reg. ;
Edin. Marr. Reg. ;
Reg.Sec. Sig. ;
G. R. Sas., iii. 164, ix. 106;
Lamont's Diary;
Tombst. ;
Baillie's Letters ;
Hill's Life of <mask> ;
Reid's Ireland, i., 101 et seq.;
Dictionary Nat. Biog. Reed's


title: Robert Blair (moderator)

type: original

texts:
 Presbyterianism of Ireland, i.;
Row and Stevenson's Hist. ;
Rutherford's and Baillie's Letters;
Kirkcaldy Presb. Reg. ;
Connolly's Fifeshire;
Chambers's Biogr. ;
Scott's Fasti, ii.91;
Hill's Life of <mask>

Family
He married first Beatrix, daughter of <mask>, merchant, in right of whom he became a burgess of Edinburgh on 16 July 1626; she died in July 1632, aged 27. Their issue were two sons and a daughter: James, one of the ministers of Dysart, <mask>, and Jean, who married William Row, minister of Ceres. His second wife was Katherine, daughter of Hugh Montgomerie of Braidstane, afterwards Viscount Airds. Their issue were seven sons and a daughter. One of these sons, David, was father of <mask>, the poet of the Grave, and another, Hugh, grandfather of Dr. <mask>. He marr. (1) 16 July 1626,
Beatrix (died July 1632, aged 27), daugh.of <mask>, merchant, burgess of
Edinburgh, and had issue – James, min. of Dysart ; <mask> ; Jean (marr. William
Row, min. of Ceres) : (2) Katherine, daugh. of Hugh Montgomerie of Braidstane, Vis-
count Airds, and had issue – William ;
David, min. of Old Kirk Parish, Edinburgh
[father of <mask>., min. of Athelstane-
ford, author of The Grave] ; Samuel ;
John, writer, Edinburgh, born 1640; Archi-
bald ; Alexander in Edinburgh ; Andrew,
born 1644; Montgomery, born 1646; Hugh,
merchant, Edinburgh ; Catherine (marr.George Campbell, min. of Old Kirk, Edin-
burgh, and Professor of Divinity). References
Citations

Sources

1593 births
1666 deaths
Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
Scottish Commissioners at the Westminster Assembly
People from Irvine, North Ayrshire
Alumni of the University of

masks:
Hugh Blair
Robert Hamilton
Robert
Robert Blair
Hugh Blair
Robert Hamilton
Robert
Robert B


title: Beniamino Filon

texts:
<mask> (2 August 1900 - 21 July 1948) - in religious Giacomo da Balduina - was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and a professed member from the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin. <mask> studied in Rovigo before being summoned to Milan for mandated service in the armed forces towards the close of World War I but following it was able to resume his studies in Bassano del Grappa. He was ordained to the priesthood and spent a brief respite in Slovenia due to a disease he was suffering from. He remained for most of his time as a friar listening to confessions in Udine but died in 1948 in Lourdes while on a pilgrimage. <mask>'s cause for beatification launched in the 1980s and he became titled as a Servant of God while the confirmation of his life of heroic virtue enabled for Pope Francis to name him as Venerable on 16 June 2017. Life
<mask> was born in Balduina di San Urbano on 2 August 1900 as the eighth of ten children to the modest farmers <mask> (d. 11 March 1924) and Giuseppina Marin (d. 31 July 1932) who were married in Padua on 24 March 1887. He received baptism on 5 August 1900 from Father Cristiano Sartori with the names <mask>; his godparents were Angelo Bertoet and Maddalena Sartori.On 18 April 1910 he received his Confirmation from the Bishop of Padua Luigi Pellizzo and then his First Communion on 2 April 1911 in his hometown from Father Eugenio Bau. <mask> attended school from 1906 until 1909 and then attended school in Lendinara from 1910 until 1914. It was in Lendinara that he had his first encounters with friars from the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin; he became impressed with their order and so began visiting them and decided that he wished to enter their order which he did on 13 October 1917 with the beginning of his ecclesial studies in Rovigo. On 20 March 1918 he was called to Milan for mandated service with the armed forces due to World War I. He remained in the armed forces for his service until 1921. He began his novitiate in Bassano del Grappa on 28 September 1922 at which point he was vested in

masks:
Beniamino Filon
Filon
Filon
Beniamino Filon
Giacomo Filon
Beniamino Angelo
Filon


title: Beniamino Filon

texts: the Franciscan habit and assumed his religious name. He made his initial profession into the order on 29 September 1923.<mask>'s studies in Thiene in Vicenza were interrupted on 3 July 1924 when he was transferred for his education at Santissimo Redentore in Venice. During his theological studies around 1925 he began feeling the effects of the disease encephalitis lethargica that led to doubts for his proceeding towards ordination. His superiors feared his premature death and so decided to dispense him from the final part of his theological formation so that he could be ordained but he did make his solemn profession on 8 December 1926. He received his ordination to the priesthood from the Cardinal Patriarch of Venice Pietro La Fontaine in the church of Saint Nicholas of Tolentino on 21 July 1929. He celebrated his first Mass in his hometown on 4 August 1929. <mask>'s suffering increased at a gradual rate but he offered his suffering for the salvation of souls and the sanctification of priests. He spent a brief respite in Koper in Slovenia and then on 28 November 1931 arrived in Udine where he would live but first underwent a thorough examination.The doctors diagnosed him with postencephalitic parkinsonism on 29 September 1932. His cell was positioned on the first floor to act as a confessional where he would hear penitents due to his disease. On 15 September 1941 he made a pilgrimage to Loreto and then made another one there in 1946. <mask>'s renown in the confessional became great to the point that people called him "santo confessore". There were some penitents that often said that <mask> could mention their faults to them before having the chance to speak with people comparing it to Padre Pio's reading of hearts. Monsignor Pietro Baldassi - a priest who served the Unione Nazionale Italiana Transporto Ammalati a Lourdes Santuari Internazionali - knew just how ill Filon was and so invited him to make a pilgrimage to Lourdes. He left on 19 July 1948 (he celebrated his final Mass that morning) via train reaching

masks: Filon Filon Filon Filon


title: Beniamino Filon

texts:
 Lourdes but could not proceed from there to the grotto as he had hoped.The next evening his condition worsened. He experienced great pain at 11:00pm on 21 July with his breathing becoming labored. He lost consciousness and woke sometime later and so received the Anointing of the Sick when the pain continued but died just moments later while singing the Magnificat. His funeral was held on 23 July and he was buried in a wooden coffin. His remains were interred in Lourdes but on 15 October 1949 his remains were exhumed to be placed in another grave in a coffin of oak lined with zinc and exhumed once more on 9 June 1997. Beatification process
The beatification process launched on 15 October 1982 after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints granted the official "nihil obstat" (no objections to launching the cause) decree thus titling him as a Servant of God. The cognitional process to investigate Filon and his reputation for holiness opened on 25 February 1984 and was concluded later on 18 November 1989.The C.C.S. validated this process on 11 March 1994 as having complied with their regulations for conducting causes. The postulation submitted the Positio dossier on 21 July 2001 to the C.C.S. for further assessment. Nine theologians approved the dossier on 13 October 2016 as did the cardinal and bishop members of the C.C.S. some months later. Pope Francis named <mask> as being Venerable on 16 June 2017 upon confirming that the late friar had lived a life of heroic virtue.<mask>'s beatification depends upon the confirmation of a miracle that in most cases is a healing that science and medicine cannot explain. The diocesan investigation for such a case was called for in September 2016 and was launched on 11 February 2017. The current postulator for this cause is the Capuchin friar Carlo Calloni. References

External links
 Hagiography Circle
 Official website

1900 births
1948 deaths
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
20th-century venerated Christians
Capuchins
Clergy from Padua
Venerated Catholics by Pope

masks: Filon Filon


title: Katrina McClain

texts:
<mask> (born September 19, 1965) is a retired American basketball player. She played for the University of Georgia, as well as many USA Basketball teams including three Olympic teams. <mask> was inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame and the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Early years

<mask> grew up in Charleston, South Carolina, where she attended St. Andrews High School. In her senior year, she helped lead the team to a 30–0 record, including a state championship. College years
<mask> began her career at the University of Georgia, where she was a two-time All-American (1986, 1987) and won varsity letters all four years. In her freshman year, she was named to the Freshman All-American team, and was the first ever SEC Freshman of the year.She went on to become the National Player of the Year in 1987. While she was at Georgia, the team won the SEC twice. The team earned invitations to the NCAA Tournament every year in each of her four years, reaching the Sweet Sixteen twice, the Elite Eight once, and finishing as the national runner up in 1985. <mask> is the holder of several single season records that still stand:
 Points (796)
 Points per game (24.9)
 Field goals made (310)
 Free throws made (176)
 Free throws attempted (240)

Over her four-year career, she hit 62% of her field goal attempts, a school record. In NCAA Tournament games, she holds the record for best field goal shooting percentage, hitting 60 of her 84 attempts in the 12 games she played (1984–1987). In the 1985 NCAA semi-final game against Western Kentucky, she hit 10 of 12 field goal attempts, a record field goal percentage for NCAA semi-final games. Georgia compiled a record of 116–15 while <mask>

masks:
Katrina McClain
McClain
McClain
McClain
McClain
McClain


title: Katrina McClain

texts:
 was on the team.She ranks second on Georgia’s all-time career charts with 2,195 points (17.6 ppg) and 1,193 rebounds (9.5). Her jersey number (#32) was retired, making one of only three Lady Bulldogs to receive that honor. Georgia statistics
Source

USA Basketball

<mask> was a member of eleven USA basketball teams. She holds several records in international competitions including the USA Olympic record for rebounds (66) in a single competition and the USA Goodwill Games competition record for rebounds (54). World University Games 1985

While a sophomore at Georgia, <mask> was selected for the team to represent the US at the 1985 World University Games, held in Kobe, Japan. <mask> was the leading scorer in the first three games, including a 38-point output in the first game against the People's Republic of Korea, along with 13 rebounds. She would end up leading the team in scoring, with 17 points per game, rebounding, with almost eight per game and blocks with eleven.The team ended up with a 5–1 record, losing to the USSR in the title match. The USA team was down by 18 points at one time, fought back to close the margin, but ended up losing 87–81, to end up with the silver medal. Goodwill Games 1986

<mask> was selected to represent the US at the inaugural Goodwill Games, held in Moscow in July 1986. North Carolina State's Kay Yow served as head coach. The team opened up with a 72–53 of Yugoslavia, and followed that with a 21-point win over Brazil 91–70. The third game was against Czechoslovakia and would be much closer. <mask> was one of the scoring leaders in this game, scoring 12 points to help the US to a 78–70 victory.The USA faced Bulgaria in the semi-final match up, and again

masks: McClain McClain McClain McClain McClain


title: Katrina McClain

texts:
 won, this time 67–58. This set up the final against the Soviet Union, led by 7-foot-2 Ivilana Semenova, considered the most dominant player in the world. The Soviet team had a 152–2 record in major international competition over the prior three decades, including an 84–82 win over the US in the 1983 World Championships. The Soviets held the early edge, leading 21–19 at one time, before the USA went on a scoring run to take a large lead they would never relinquish. The final score was 83–60 in favor of the US, earning the gold medal for the USA squad. <mask> was the second leading scorer in the finals with 17 points, behind only Cheryl Miller with 18. For the entire event, <mask> averaged eleven points, tied for third leading scorer with Anne Donovan.World Championship 1986

<mask> continued to represent the US with National team at the 1986 World Championship, held in Moscow, a month after the Goodwill games in Moscow. The USA team was even more dominant this time. The early games were won easily, and the semifinal against Canada, while the closest game for the USA so far, ended up an 82–59 victory. <mask> was one of the stars of the tournament, scoring a team high 19 points against Czechoslovakia, and a team high 21 points against Hungary. At the same time, the Soviet team was winning easily as well, and the final game pitted two teams each with 6–0 records. The Soviet team, having lost only once at home, wanted to show that the Goodwill games setback was a fluke. The USA team started by scoring the first eight points, and raced to a 45–23 lead, although the Soviets fought back and reduced the halftime margin to 13.The USA went on a 15–1 run in the second half to out the game away, and

masks: McClain McClain McClain McClain


title: Katrina McClain

texts:
 ended up winning the gold medal with a score of 108–88. <mask> was one of five double-digit scorers in the game. Pan American Games 1987

<mask> was a member of the USA team at the 1987 Pan American Games held in Indianapolis, Indiana USA. The USA team won their first game easily, then had a closer game against Brazil, winning 84–81. The next game was against Cuba, which again was a close match. The USA team was behind at the half, and trailed by seven in the second half, but came back to win 85–80. The title game was a rematch with Brazil.While Brazil's Hortência Marcari scored 30 points, <mask> matched her output with 30 points of her own, helping the USA win gold with a 111–87 victory. <mask> was the leading scorer (17.8) and rebounder(10) for the USA team. Olympics 1988

<mask> represented the US at the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, Korea. The opening match against Czechoslovakia was not easy, with the USA team trailing at the half, but coming back in the second half to win 87–81. <mask> scored 19 for the US, second most behind Teresa Edwards. The USA team went on to beat Yugoslavia and China, with <mask> having a 27-point and 13 rebound game against China. The next match was against the USSR, a team the USA had beaten in recent competitions, but never in the Olympics, until this year, when the USA won a "surprisingly easy" game 102–88, with <mask> scoring 26 points, only one fewer than Cynthia Cooper's 27.The gold medal game was a rematch against Yugoslavia, which the USA team won 77–70. <mask> was the leading scorer and rebounder for the team, with 17.6 and 10.4 respectively. World Championship 1990

<mask> continued her USA representation as a member of the USA National team at the

masks: McClain McClain McClain McClain McClain McClain McClain McClain McClain McClain


title: Katrina McClain

texts:
 1990 World Championships, held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The team won their opening round games fairly easily, with the closest of the first three games a 27-point victory over Czechoslovakia. Then they faced Cuba, a team that had beaten the US in exhibition matches only a few weeks earlier. The USA team was losing at halftime, but came back to win 87–78. The USA team found itself behind at halftime to Canada in their next game, but came back to win easily 95–70.After an easy match against Bulgaria, the USA team faced Czechoslovakia again, end achieved an almost identical result, winning 87–59 with Teresa Edwards scoring 23 points, and <mask> scoring 16. In the title match, <mask> was the leading scorer with 23 points, and added nine rebounds, to help the USA team win the gold medal. For the entire event, <mask> was the second leading scorer behind Teresa Edwards, and the leading rebounder on the team. Goodwill Games 1990

The 1990 Goodwill game were held in Seattle, Washington less than two weeks following the World Championships. The USA team had now won 36 consecutive games in major international competition, and hoped to continue the trend at the Goodwill Games. The team members and coaches on the USA were unchanged. The USA team struggled in its first two games, starting out behind to South Korea before winning, and falling behind to the Soviet team at halftime, before winning 86–78.<mask> was the star of that game scoring 23 points and pulling down 16 rebounds. The team won against Australia and Bulgaria to face the Soviet team for the gold medal. The USA team won the gold medal with an 82–70 win over the Soviet team. <mask> again led the team in rebounds at almost eleven per


title: Katrina McClain

texts:
 game, and was second in scoring honors, behind Teresa Edwards. Pan American Games 1991

<mask> was a member of the USA team invited to the 1991 Pan American Games held in Havana, Cuba. The teams started with a strong performance against Canada, winning 87–70. The next game against Brazil started well, with the USA team jumping out to an 18–3 lead, which they extended to 26–8, but Brazil came back to take a halftime lead.The game was tied at 81 with just over two minutes left. Hortência Marcari scored in the final minute to give Brazil a three-point lead. <mask> responded to bring the margin to one, but Brazil made free throws in the final seconds to secure the 87–84 upset. After beating Argentina easily, the USA team faced the host Cuba team, and won 91–71. That moved both teams to a rematch in the semi-finals, but this time Cuba would prevail. The USA team then went on to beat Canada for the bronze medal. <mask> was the team's leading rebounder, with 8.8 per game, and the second leading scorer, at 15.3 per game, behind Teresa Edwards.Olympics 1992

<mask> earned a place on the team representing the US at the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. The team started out impressively, scoring 111 points in their opening match against Czechoslovakia, at that time, the most points ever scored by the USA Olympic team. They would best that mark four days later with 114 points against host team Spain. They also had a strong victory over China, winning 93–67, before facing the Unified team. The USA team fell behind by eleven points in the second half, rallied to take a small lead, but could not secure the victory, and ended up with a loss 79–73. The USA team beat Cuba 88–74 to win the bronze medal.


title: Katrina McClain

texts:
 <mask> again dominated the boards, leading the team with 9.6 rebounds per game.She scored 11.4 points per game, which was fourth best on the team. World Championship 1994

<mask> continued her participation on the USA team at the 1994 World Championships. The preliminary rounds were held in Hobart, Tasmania while the final rounds were in Sydney, Australia. <mask> was the leading scorer with 20 points in the first round win over South Korea. The USA team won their first six games before playing Brazil in the semi-final match up. <mask> had one of the most impressive performances in World Championship history, with 29 points and 19 rebounds. However, Brazil's Hortência Marcari also had a great game scoring 32 points, and the final score of 110–107 favored the Brazilian team.The USA team regrouped to beat the host Australia team 100–95 to take home the bronze medal. <mask> led all scores on the USA team with 14.6 points per game and was the teams's leading rebounder, with 11.1 per game. Olympics 1996

<mask>'s final event as a member of the USA team was the 1996 Olympics, held in Atlanta, Georgia USA. The USA team won all their pool play games by large margins, although they were behind Cuba by as much as seven points before Lisa Leslie's 24 points, helped the USA take over the game. The USA victory over Australia featured a record setting 15 assists by Teresa Edwards, while <mask> was the leading scorer with 24 points. Against Japan, Lisa Leslie set a USA Olympic scoring record with 35 points, and <mask> tied a USA scoring record with 16 rebounds. In the final, the USA team faced 7–0 Brazil—a team that had beaten the USA squad in the 1991 Pan Am games and the 1994 World Championships.This

masks: McClain McClain McClain McClain McClain McClain McClain McClain


title: Katrina McClain

texts:
 time, playing before a home crowd of 32,987, the USA team started out very strong, hitting 71.9 per cent of their field goals leading to an eleven points margin at the half. The USA team scored the first eight points of the second half and won the gold medal 111–87. <mask> was the second leading scorer (behind Lisa Leslie) and the team's leading rebounder. Professional career
<mask> played professionally internationally for several years and ended her professional career with the Atlanta Glory of the American Basketball League (ABL). She was honored as a member of the 1998 ABL All-Star Game Eastern Conference Team. 1989–1991 Kyoto Petroleum (Japan)
 1992 Sidis Ancona (Italy)
 1993–1995 Valencia (Spain)
 1995–1996 Galatasaray (Turkey)

Legacy
The NCAA named the annual <mask> Award in her honor, which recognizes the top power forward in women's NCAA Division I college basketball. Awards and honors

 1986—Consensus All-America team
 1987—Consensus All-America team
 1987—National Player of the Year
 1987—Winner of the Honda Sports Award for basketball
 1987—WBCA Player of the Year
 1988—USA Basketball’s Female Athlete of the Year
 1992—USA Basketball’s Female Athlete of the Year
 2005—Induction into Georgia Sports Hall of Fame
 2006—Induction into Women's Basketball Hall of Fame
 2012—Induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

References

Bibliography

External links
 WBHOF Bio

1965 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
All-American college women's basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American women's basketball players
Atlanta Glory players
Basketball players at the 1987 Pan American Games
Basketball players at the 1988

masks:
McClain
McClain
Katrina McClain


title: Trungram Gyalwa Rinpoche

texts:
<mask>che (Trungram Gyaltrul Rinpoche) is the head of the Trungram lineage and one of the highest tulkus of the Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism. He has received extensive transmissions of the Nyingma lineages, and teaches in the spirit of the nonsectarian Rimé movement. He is also the first incarnate lama to earn a Ph.D. in the West, having completed a doctoral program in Indo-Tibetan Buddhist Studies at Harvard University. Widely recognized for his ability to modernize ancient Buddhist teachings for today's challenges, he is dedicated to the value of education in bringing wisdom to life. To realize this vision, he has founded organizations throughout Asia and the United States. Born into a Nepalese Sherpa family, <mask> was recognized by Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa, as the 4th Trungram Gyalwa Rinpoche, the reincarnation of the 3rd Trungram Gyalwa. Birth and recognition

<mask> was born on the mountain of Tsari, near Daporijo, Arunachal Pradesh, India, into a Sherpa family from Nepal.As an infant, <mask> Gyalwa had a transparent abdomen, which eventually led his parents to take him to seek out the 16th Karmapa, supreme head of the Kagyu lineage. In a public audience, even before his parents had a chance to speak with the Karmapa, the 16th Karmapa recognized the child on sight as the “intentionally reborn” manifestation (tulku) of the 3rd Trungram Gyalwa. The 16th Karmapa explained Trungram Gyalwa's marking as a symbol of his predecessor's realization of Mahamudra practice. The 16th Karmapa proclaimed the boy as the 4th Trungram Gyalwa, with the formal name of “Trungram Gyalwa Tulku Karma

masks:
Trungram Gyalwa Rinpo
Trungram Gyalwa
Trungram Gyalwa
Trungram


title: Trungram Gyalwa Rinpoche

texts:
 Tenpai Gyaltsen Trinlay Kunkhyab Pal Sangpo" and bestowed him with dharma robes. He gave him Buddhist refuge vows, and wrote a long-life prayer for him. Trungram <mask> was enthroned at Rumtek Monastery, the main seat of the Karmapa, in Sikkim, India. Names

Gyalwa Trulku was the name of the first incarnation of the Trungram Gyalwa lineage.Gyalwa was his personal name; Trulku refers to incarnation. Since this first Trugram Gyalwa belonged to the Trungram teaching lineage and was well respected by people, his full name was <mask> <mask> Trulku Rinpoche. This name is quite long, so he often used Gyaltrul, the shortened form of Gyalwa Trulku, making the name Trungram Gyaltrul Rinpoche. The 4th Trungram <mask> Rinpoche is also known as Trungram Gyaltrul Rinpoche, and, to a lesser degree, Drungram Gyaltrul, Tenpai Gyaltsen, <mask> Lama, and <mask> Trulku. He himself prefers to write Trungram Gyalwa, although his official name is either H. E<mask> <mask> Rinpoche or H. E<mask> Gyaltrul Rinpoche. In the west, he often uses <mask> <mask> Rinpoche, PhD; worldwide, his students simply call him Rinpoche. Education

Early years in Rumtek
Trungram <mask>'s studies began at Rumtek Monastery at age three.There he received a traditional monastic education, followed by studies on Tibetan and Buddhist literature and philosophy at Jamyang Khang school. He took the vows of a novice monk (getsul), but did not later take full ordination, and returned his novice vows before attending university. Nalanda
Trungram <mask> entered the Karma Shri Nalanda Institute for Higher Buddhist Studies, in Rumtek, where he studied

masks:
Gyalwa
Trungram
Gyalwa
Gyalwa
Gyalwa
Gyalwa
. Trungram
Gyalwa
. Trungram
Trungram
Gyalwa
Gyalwa
Gyalwa


title: Trungram Gyalwa Rinpoche

texts:
 the traditional fields of Buddhist philosophy, logic, epistemology, soteriology, cosmology, codes, debates, history, poetry, Sanskrit, literature, medicine, and meditation. During his time at Nalanda, he, with others, helped to set up and run the Students' Welfare Union of Nalanda. He also served as one of the three main teaching assistants of Nalanda Institute. He earned the title of Ka-rabjampa ("one with unobstructed knowledge of scriptures," the Kagyu equivalent of the Geluk Geshe degree) from Nalanda, and also received the degree of Acharya, or Master of Buddhist Philosophy, with First Class Honors, from Sampurnanant Sanskrit University, in Varanasi, India. Teachings from all traditions
Reflecting the non-sectarian approach of his predecessor, Trungram <mask>'s teachers come from all four main schools of Tibetan Buddhism (Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya, Geluk).He studied with some of the greatest masters of recent years, particularly the 16th Karmapa and Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche. He received most of his teachings and empowerments from these two Rinpoches and from Khenchen Trinley Paljor <mask> (appointed by the 16th Karmapa to be <mask> <mask>'s tutor). His other Buddhist teachers include Sakya Trizin, the late Ugyen Tulku <mask>, the late Khamtrul <mask>, Trulshik <mask>, the late Kalu <mask>, the late Salje <mask> and the late Gendun <mask>. He studied extensively under Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche and Khenpo Choedrak Rinpoche. Further studies
Besides traditional Buddhist education, <mask> <mask> studied liberal arts at Kirkwood College in Iowa, USA, and later at Newbury College in

masks: Gyalwa Rinpoche Trungram Gyalwa Rinpoche Rinpoche Rinpoche Rinpoche Rinpoche Rinpoche Trungram Gyalwa


title: Trungram Gyalwa Rinpoche

texts:
 Massachusetts, USA. He worked with Professor Donald Lopez as a visiting scholar at the University of Michigan, and was involved in a teaching exchange program and sutra translation there. Later, he studied Chinese for six months in Taiwan at the Language Learning Center of National Taiwan Normal University.He is fluent in Tibetan, English, Nepali, Sherpa, Chinese, and has a good knowledge of Sanskrit, Hindi and French. Harvard Ph.D.
<mask> <mask> entered the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences as a doctoral student in the Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies. His concentration was on Indo-Tibetan Buddhist Studies with special emphasis on comparative studies. He was awarded a Ph.D. in 2004, with a dissertation on Gampopa, the most prominent disciple of Milarepa, focusing on Gampopa's seminal role in the development of the Kagyu School of Tibetan Buddhism. Worldwide activities

Traditional teachings
<mask> <mask> gave his first public teaching as a young boy, to visitors from European countries. He taught the essence of Naropa's Mahamudra and the practice of Avalokiteshvara. The next year he gave a teaching on the Thirty-seven Practices of Bodhisattvas to the monks of Rumtek, praised by all the khenpos and rinpoches present.Soon after, he performed his first initiation, transmitting the essence of the Kagyupa Long Life Buddha practice. <mask> <mask> has given teachings and initiations and helped create groups and centers for Buddhist studies in many countries, including Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bhutan, Canada, China, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hong

masks: Trungram Gyalwa Trungram Gyalwa Trungram Gyalwa


title: Trungram Gyalwa Rinpoche

texts:
 Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Macau, Malaysia, the Netherlands, the Philippines, Poland, Singapore, Sweden, Taiwan and the United States. Academic teachings
In 2016 <mask> <mask> returned to academia, serving as the Numata Visiting Professor at McGill University, where he taught a course in Issues in Buddhist Studies (RELG 556). Preserving practice lineages
When <mask> <mask> visited the Trungram Monastery in Tibet and the nearby cave where the 3rd <mask> Gyalwa had practiced, he met with thousands of disciples of his prior incarnation. During this short visit, he took measures to preserve the Nyengyu tradition - a special oral lineage of Trungram Monastery that was down to only a few transmission holders at that time. For three years, <mask> <mask> served as the President of Dharmodaya, the National Buddhist Association of Nepal. In that capacity, he represented Nepal at the 1998 International Buddhist Conference near Sydney, Australia.He is a lifetime advisor to the organization. Teaching wellbeing
In 2004, with his support, monks of the Trungram tradition founded Dharmakaya, a US-based Buddhist church, for the express purpose of preserving and sharing the wisdom teachings. In 2017, an affiliated center opened, offering long- and short-term retreats and the study of Dharma; it is known as the Dharmakaya Center for Wellbeing in Cragsmoor, New York. The Center is based on the fundamental principle that emotional and physical wellbeing are interconnected and equally essential, and serves to foster both through meditative practices. Philanthropic activities
Early on, <mask> <mask> founded the

masks: Trungram Gyalwa Trungram Gyalwa Trungram Trungram Gyalwa Trungram Gyalwa


title: Trungram Gyalwa Rinpoche

texts:
 United Trungram Buddhist Foundation, first in Nepal, followed by several other countries, and later, the United Trungram Buddhist Fellowship (UTBF). These organizations share three goals: To preserve the wisdom teachings; to be a vehicle for educational activities; and to help those who most need it, with special emphasis on supporting disadvantaged children in Nepal and other underdeveloped countries. The foundation has been working to fulfill these goals.In the wake of the 2015 earthquake that devastated Nepal, <mask> <mask> immediately organized aid for the villagers of Barpak VDC, Gorkha, the epicenter of the earthquake, providing food, medicine and temporary shelters. He then founded Buddhist Relief Services, with the mission to bring relief to the victims of disaster. Promoting peace and unity

Another of <mask> <mask>'s projects, the World Center for Peace and Unity, at Buddha Shakyamuni's birthplace in Lumbini, Nepal, is intended as a locus for the growth of an all-encompassing non-sectarian spirit, and an example of 21st century Buddhism contributing to a greener world and reviving ancient art and culture. Inaugurated in 2011, it is located in a special development zone connected to the Lumbini UNESCO World Heritage Site. Unlike the other monasteries, it was specifically conceived to be a non-sectarian center for any Buddhist, or non-Buddhist, visitors to Lumbini, regardless of tradition or lineage, and especially for those who were not represented by the nations who built the other monasteries. Although it is the largest building inside the Lumbini United Nations Development Project

masks: Trungram Gyalwa Trungram Gyalwa


title: Trungram Gyalwa Rinpoche

texts:
 Site, it is the most environmentally friendly, with cavity walls, natural air circulation, and solar power. <mask> <mask>, who designed the building himself, feels this “green” approach highlights the importance of our interconnectedness, thus physically promoting peace and unity.The center's design is based on the ancient stupa at the original Nalanda University. It includes elements of early Nepalese architecture, drawn from the style of the 7th-13th centuries, known as the premier era of Buddhist architecture. Educational initiatives
A model secondary school, Trungram International Academy (TIA), has been in operation since 1995. TIA is a highly regarded private English Medium day and boarding school near Kathmandu, Nepal. Its more than 800 students span kindergarten through twelfth grade; many graduate with distinction every year. In 2003, <mask> <mask> initiated work on the Trungram Gyalwa Foundation, which was formally established in 2015. The goal of the organization is to foster knowledge and wisdom through multiple channels, supporting the intellectual and emotional development of people the world over.Projects include traditional schools—expanding TIA to provide schools for Nepal's earthquake victims; developing a Compassion curricula; preserving ancient teachings; and conducting scientific research into the tangible benefits of values such as compassion, care and tolerance. Writing and lecturing
<mask> <mask> is a widely sought after speaker, giving teachings and participating in conferences around the United States. A sample of engagements include:

 POS Research Conference,


title: Trungram Gyalwa Rinpoche

texts:
 University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI, 2017)
 Numata Visiting Professor Public Talk, Buddhist Social Action (McGill University, Montreal, Canada, 2016)
 Facebook: Monks & Merchants, Three Moment Method® (Palo Alto, CA, 2013, 2015)
 International Association for Conflict Management, Annual Conference: Leading with Emotions: Mindfulness Practices Fuel Negotiation Success (Clearwater, FL, 2015)
 Association for Contemplative Mind in Higher Education, Tenth Annual Summer Session on Contemplative Pedagogy: Applying the Three Moment Method in Education (2014)
 Mercury Insurance Company (Taiwan): Resilience in the Face of Stress (2014)
 Google: Mindfulness on the Mountain (Mountain View, CA, 2013)
 Contemplative Practices for a Technological Society (Virginia Tech, 2013)

He is also a regular contributor to the HuffPost and has written for Tricycle: The Buddhist Review. Inventions
In 2015, Trungram Gylawa began collaborating on a computer implemented system that monitors the user's current state of mind and provides biofeedback and auto-antidotes to help achieve a targeted state of mind. He and his co-inventor received patent approval in 2017. The initial use will be for meditators, but ultimately the system is applicable for all daily living. Trungram mind-stream emanation lineage
The Trungram Gyalwa is a lineage of tulkus of the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.The first <mask> <mask> Tulku". Under his guidance, the Trungram Monastery located at the border of Sichuan and Tibet flourished and "Trungram" was added to his name. His younger brother and disciple Trinley Rabgye became the first

masks: Trungram Gyalwayalwa


title: Trungram Gyalwa Rinpoche

texts: Aten Rinpoche. The second <mask> Gyalwa, Gowa <mask>, was both a scholar and an accomplished practitioner, displaying a Ushnisha (crown proturbance). The 3rd Trungram Gyalwa, Gotsa <mask> Luntok Thrinlay (1894–1959), was born in the Wood Horse year in Derge, East Tibet and was recognized by the 15th Gyalwa Karmapa Khakyab Dorje (1871–1922). He was a heart disciple of Karmapa, respected and remembered among the Tibetans as one of the leading meditation masters of the twentieth century. His knowledge of the Tripitaka and attainment in his meditation and Bodhisattva practice made him a model master.Tens of thousands of people in the thinly populated Tibet - laymen, monks, nuns, scholars, abbots and well known masters of the Kagyu, Nyingma, Sakya and Gelug schools, and the Bon tradition came to receive teachings from him. The broad range of students demonstrated the result of his Rimé (non-sectarian) practices which enabled him to teach students from different schools in a style most suitable to each one of them. Among these students were Dilgo Khyentse <mask>, family members of the 16th Karmapa, Chagmey <mask>, Dzigar Choktrul <mask>, Dzigar Thuksey <mask>, Zozi Jetrung <mask>, Surmang Rolpai Dorje and many more. As a child, the 3rd Trungram Gyalwa was a very active boy who liked to play with dogs. At the age of eighteen, he suddenly became quiet and began to meditate in caves. The rest of his life was spent practicing meditation and helping others. He built many short-term and long-term retreat houses beside the Trungram Monastery.He incorporated Rechungpa's Whispered Lineage (Nyengyu) practice

masks: Trungram Gyalwa Gyalwa Rinpoche Rinpoche Rinpoche Rinpoche Rinpoche


title: Trungram Gyalwa Rinpoche

texts:
 into the Trungram Tradition. Most of the time Trungram <mask> stayed in Ngonmo Namzong (Azure Sky Castle), a mountain cave not far from the monastery, doing intensive meditation practice. It is said that he loved to eat the nettles naturally growing around the cave. Khandro Lhamo, Dilgo Khyentse <mask>'s wife, describes their visit to Azure Sky Castle: "One of Khyenste <mask>'s main teachers was Drungram Gyaltrul <mask>, who lived his entire life in a cave near Ngoma Nagsum. I had never met him before, but one time I accompanied Rinpoche to Drungram Monastery, and we stayed near his cave. His cave was in the middle of a large rock outcropping shaped like a vajra and surrounded by meadows. Five or six hundred of his disciples lived in the surrounding caves and practiced the Guru Rinpoche sadhana.So many people circumambulated the rock that the earth was worn away down to waist level. When I met him, his hair hadn't turned gray yet, so he must have been in his fifties. He would eat only once a week and almost never slept." References

Sources
Khyentse, Dilgo; Ani Jinpa Palmo (trans) (2008). Brilliant Moon: The Autobiography of Dilgo Khyentse. Shambhala. . External links

 Dharmakaya Center for Wellbeing
 Dharmakaya Organization
 United Trungram Buddhist Fellowship
 Trungram International Academy
 World Center for Peace and Unity, Lumbini
 Trungram Gyalwa Foundation
 Buddhist Relief Services

1980 births
Living people
Newbury College (United States) alumni
Harvard Divinity School alumni
21st-century Indian inventors
21st-century Indian writers
20th-century lamas
Karma Kagyu tulkus
Rimé

masks: Gyalwa Rinpoche Rinpoche Rinpoche


title: Charles Williams (boxer)

texts:
<mask> (born June 2, 1962) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1978 to 1996, holding the IBF light heavyweight title from 1987 to 1993. Career
Born in Columbus, Ohio, <mask> was known as "Prince" <mask> and turned pro in 1978. He lost his pro debut against former Olympic boxer Henry Bunch. However, in 1987 he captured the IBF light heavyweight title by stopping Bobby Czyz in Las Vegas. He defended the title against eight boxers before losing the title to Henry Maske in 1993. In 1994 he moved down to Super Middleweight to take on IBF super middleweight title holder James Toney, but he was KO'd in the 12th round. He retired in 1996.

masks:
Charles Williams
Williams
Charles


title: Joseph A. Lopez

texts:
<mask>  (born <mask>; October 4, 1779October 5, 1841) was a Mexican Catholic priest and Jesuit. Born in Michoacán, he studied canon law at the Colegio de San Nicolás and the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico. He became acquainted with the future Empress consort <mask> and was made chaplain to the future imperial family. He was later put in charge of the education of all the princes in Mexico. <mask> was a close ally of Emperor <mask>, residing in Madrid for four years as his attorney and political informant, and accompanying him during his exile to Italy and England. Following Iturbide's execution in 1824, <mask> moved to the United States with the exiled Empress <mask> and her children and settled in Washington, D.C. He became the chaplain to the Georgetown Visitation Monastery and entered the Society of Jesus in 1833, working also as a novice and minister at Georgetown College.When the president of Georgetown College, William McSherry, died, <mask> became acting president in 1840, making him the first Latin American president of a university in the United States. As an educator, he garnered a reputation as a strict disciplinarian. Just several months into his presidency, he fell ill and was sent to recuperate in St. Inigoes, Maryland; he died there in 1841. Early life

<mask> López was born on October 4, 1779, in Cotija, Michoacán, in New Spain, located today in Mexico. Born to a family of ranchers, he had a distinguished  lineage. López attended first the Colegio de San Nicolás, and then the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico, where he received a bachelor's degree in canon law. He was then put in charge of the local

masks:
Joseph Anton Lopez
José Antonio López
Ana María Huarte
Lopez
Agustín de Iturbide
Lopez
Ana María
Lopez
José Antonio


title: Joseph A. Lopez

texts:
 church in Peribán, Michoacán.Later in life, López related that when the first leader of the Mexican War of Independence, Miguel Hidalgo, was traveling through Michoacán in 1810, López unsuccessfully tried to arrest him, and then fled to Valladolid. There, he became acquainted with <mask> Huarte, the wife of the future Emperor of Mexico, <mask> de Iturbide. As a result of his familiarity with Huarte, López was appointed chaplain to Iturbide's counter-revolutionary army, and later the interim priest in Tingüindín, Michoacán. Chaplain to the Iturbides

When Iturbide was relieved of command by the Viceroy of New Spain in 1816, López traveled to Madrid the following year to defend him as his attorney. Remaining in Spain for several years, López kept Iturbide informed of political events in Madrid, including the early discord between King FerdinandVII and the liberals, which led to an uprising and the Liberal Triennium. In May 1821, López returned to Mexico to rejoin Iturbide during his push to establish Mexican independence. López became the chaplain to the Iturbide family and tutored one of the children, <mask> Jerónimo.Eventually, he was placed in charge of the education of all the princes in Mexico in July 1822 by the Minister of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs and wrote a curriculum titled Método y reglamento de instrucción de los príncipes mexicanos. Modeled on the educational curriculum of Spanish princes, this manual was not published due to military unrest. His curriculum viewed favorably a strong monarchy and a prominent role for the imperial family in politics, putting it somewhat at odds with the newly established

masks:
Ana María
Agustín
Agustín


title: Joseph A. Lopez

texts:
 constitutional monarchy that shared political power with a representative legislature. Upon Iturbide's exile from Mexico in 1823, López accompanied the imperial entourage, including the emperor's eight children, to Livorno, Italy. He then followed them to England when King Ferdinand of Spain pressured the Grand Duke of Tuscany to expel Iturbide from his country. In 1824, López sailed to Soto la Marina with Iturbide's junta in their unsuccessful attempt to retake Mexico. Move to the United States

When Iturbide was executed in Mexico in 1824, his widow, Empress consort <mask> Huarte, and children fled Mexico for the United States.López accompanied them to New Orleans, where they resided for several months, before traveling north to Baltimore and then settling in the city of Georgetown in the District of Columbia. Huarte enrolled her daughters in the Georgetown Visitation Academy; two of them later became nuns at the Visitation Monastery attached to the academy. One of her sons married a woman residing in Georgetown, and another son, Prince Salvador, enrolled as a student at Georgetown College. López was incardinated as a priest in the Archdiocese of Baltimore and became the chaplain to the Georgetown Visitation Monastery. He began anglicizing his name as <mask> <mask>. Though already a priest, he sought admission to the Society of Jesus and was received on December 10, 1833. As a Jesuit novice, he worked at Georgetown College during his formation, eventually becoming minister of the college.He also became the librarian of the college. His work at Georgetown required him to relinquish his role as chaplain to the Iturbides, who

masks:
Ana María
Joseph Anton
Lopez


title: Joseph A. Lopez

texts:
 eventually moved to Philadelphia. Georgetown College

Following the death of William McSherry, <mask> was named president of Georgetown College on January 1, 1840, in an acting capacity, with the expectation that the provincial superior would soon appoint a permanent successor to relieve him of this post. Upon his appointment, he became the first Latin American president of a university in the United States. He was known as a strict disciplinarian, both of his students and all Jesuits under his charge. One notable event during his tenure was the establishment of a literary society alongside the existing Philodemic Society, known as the Philonomosian Society, which replaced the Phileleutherian Society. His presidency lasted just several months, before he became ill, and was succeeded by James A. Ryder on May 1, 1840.He returned to the position of minister only briefly, before being sent to St. Inigoes, Maryland, to recuperate. A week before his death, the Jesuits tending to <mask> feared that a coffin would not be ready for him in time; upon learning this, <mask> told them not to worry because he would not die until Saturday. True to his prediction, on October 5, 1841, he died in St. Inigoes, where he was buried in Chapel Field. Eventually, all the graves there were reinterred in the cemetery adjoining St. Ignatius Church in the same village. Notes

References

Citations

Sources

External links

1779 births
1841 deaths
People from Cotija de la Paz
Mexican people of Spanish descent
Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico alumni
Catholic chaplains
American chaplains
19th-century American Jesuits
Mexican Jesuits
Presidents of

masks: Lopez Lopez Lopez


title: Barboncito

texts:
<mask> or Hastiin Dághaaʼ (ca. 1820–1871) was a  Navajo political and spiritual leader. Background
His name means "little bearded one" in Spanish (barbón = bearded and -cito = diminutive). He also was known as Hástiin Dághá ("Man with the Whiskers"), ,  ("The Orator"), and  ("Blessing Speaker"). <mask> was born into the Ma'íí deeshgíízhiníí (Coyote Pass People) clan at Cañon de Chelly in 1820 and was a brother to Delgadito. Political career
He was a signatory of several treaties between the United States and Navajos, including the Doniphan Treaty of 1846 (Also known as the Bear Springs Treaty), which was an attempt to establish peace between the Navajo and Americans during the Mexican War. This treaty proved to be unsuccessful, as not all of the Navajo leaders signed it.This would later lead to armed rebellion against the United States where <mask> worked together with another Navajo, Manuelito, in order to try and stop the forced relocation of Navajo tribe members to Bosque Redondo. <mask> was the Head Chief of the Navajo when the Bosque Redondo Treaty of 1868 was signed. This treaty contained articles which would end hostilities between the United States and the Navajo people, as well as allowing them to return to their ancestral land at Cañon de Chelly in Arizona and having a reservation established there. The impact of this aspect of the treaty was the end of the Long Walk of the Navajo which had claimed the lives of thousands of Navajo people. Of all the Navajos of his time, <mask> is probably most responsible for the long-term success of the Navajo culture and relations with non-Navajos. As well as being established as a skillful negotiator

masks: Barboncito Barboncito Barboncito Barboncito Barboncito


title: Barboncito

texts: and leader of the Navajo people. Shortly after the enactment of the Bosque Redando Treaty, <mask> died in 1871 at Cañon de Chelly.Barboncito was also known as “The Orator” and “Blessing Speaker”, and did not participate in skirmishes amongst the Navajo and White people. In the 1850s, Barboncito was considered a mediator between the two conflicting groups, and proposed peace between them in order to prevent escalating warfare. Despite this, problems reigned on between the White people and the Navajo people. Navajos and whites fought over the grazing lands of Canyon Bonito near Fort Defiance, located in what is now the eastern part of the state of Arizona. The Navajos had let their horses graze in these pastures for centuries, but the newcomers also wanted the lands for their horses. In 1860, U.S. soldiers slaughtered a number of Navajo horses, leading the Navajos to raid army herds in order to replenish their losses. The White attack on Navajo horses forced Barboncito to take action.<mask> led one-thousand men to Fort Defiance. <mask>’s great efforts nearly won the Navajo the fort, but he and his team of warriors were driven off by the US Army into the Chuska Mountains, but there the United States’ forces could not withstand the Navajo hit-and-run attacks. Stalemated, American Indians and whites sat down at a peace council once again. <mask>, Manuelito, Delgadito, Armijo, Herrero Grande, and 17 other chiefs met Colonel Edward R. S. Canby at Fort Fauntleroy, 35 miles south of Fort Defiance. They all agreed to the terms of a treaty in 1861. For a time, the Navajos and the whites tried to forge the bonds of friendship. Despite the treaty, an

masks: Barboncito Barboncito Barboncito Barboncito


title: Barboncito

texts: undercurrent of distrust caused conflict between the two groups to continue.The United States led an extensive campaign to "burn-and-imprison" the Navajos, administered by Colonel Christopher "Kit" Carson and Ute mercenaries, historic enemies of the Navajos. Barboncito made peaceful overtures to General James H. Carleton, Carson's commanding officer, in 1862, but the assault against the Navajo people dragged on. Carson destroyed fields, orchards, and hogans—an earth-covered Navajo dwelling—and he confiscated cattle from the Continental Divide to the Colorado River. Though only 78 of the 12,000 Navajo people were killed, Carson's efforts crushed the Navajo spirit. By 1864, he had devastated Cañon de Chelly, hacking down thousands of peach trees and obliterating acres of corn fields. Eventually, a shortage of food and supplies forced the Navajos to surrender their sacred stronghold. In 1864 <mask> was captured in his hometown of Cañon de Chelly by troops under the command of Colonel Christopher “Kit” Carson.After experiencing the terrible conditions under Colonel Christopher “Kit” Carson, <mask> escaped with about 500 followers in June 1865. That same year, the "Long Walk" began, in which 8,000 Navajo people — two-thirds of the entire tribe — were escorted by 2,400 soldiers across 300 miles to Bosque Redondo, New Mexico. Almost 200 of the Indians died en route. The remaining 4,000 Navajos escaped west with Manuelito, who eventually surrendered in 1866 (two months before Barboncito). <mask> was the last Navajo leader to be captured and led to Bosque Redondo. Once he found conditions there worse than imagined, he escaped and returned to Cañon de

masks: Barboncito Barboncito Barboncito


title: Barboncito

texts:
 Chelly, but he was recaptured. In 1868, <mask>, Manuelito, and a delegation of chiefs traveled to Washington, D.C., after General Carleton had been transferred from Fort Sumner at Bosque Redondo and could no longer inflict his policies on the Navajo.<mask> was granted great status by the whites—more authority than would have been accorded him by tribal custom. He played a leading role in negotiations with General William T. Sherman and Colonel Samuel F. Tappan, telling them that the creator of the Navajo people had warned the tribe never to go east of the Rio Grande River. However, the US government was not inclined to return all their land to the Navajos. Sherman provided <mask> and the other chiefs with three choices: go east to Indian Territory, relocate in New Mexico and be governed by the laws of that territory, or return to a diminished portion of their original lands. The Navajos chose the last option. On June 1, 1868, the Navajo leaders, including <mask>, signed the Treaty of Bosque Redondo with the U.S. government. As reprinted in Wilcombe Washburn's American Indian and the United States: A Documentary History, the agreement begins: "From this day forward all war between the parties to this agreement shall forever cease."He is thought to have been buried with a handwritten copy of the treaty. Death and legacy
Barboncito was a gifted negotiator, as well as talented ceremonial singer. Shortly after the Bosque Redondo treaty was enacted, Barboncito died in 1871, at the age of 50 in his home village at Cañon de Chelly. References

External links
 Barboncito
 Barboncito by Harrison Lapahie

Navajo leaders
1820 births
1871 deaths
19th-century


title: Sheikh Madar

texts:
<mask>, better known as Sheikh <mask> () was a 19th-century Somali political/religious leader, a social reformer, merchant and a jurist that was instrumental in the modern foundation of Hargeisa. He hailed from the Yunis Nuh division of the wider Sacad Muuse Habr Awal Isaaq clan. His tomb is now a venerated Sufi shrine in the city. Biography

Early life
Born into a wealthy mercantile family in Berbera, Madar was sponsored by his father to study religion for 20 years in Harar. Harar was the centre of Islamic learning in the Horn, and a very familiar city for his Habr Awal clan which controlled the lucrative caravan trade stretching to Berbera with strong ties with the Emirate of Harar. Upon the completion of his studies Sheikh Kabir Khalil one of the three top ulema in Harar advised him to establish a Qadiriyya tariqa commune in present-day Hargeisa. Move to Hargeisa

In the mid 19th century Hargeisa and the surrounding region was a hotbed of clan strife with raids being made on caravans attempting to pass through.Madar alongside other Sufi sheikhs established the Jama'a Weyn or the big congregation in Hargeisa. The new congregation adhered to the 900 year old Qadiriyya order established by renowned Shaykh Abdul Qadir Gilani and introduced new practices that would put Hargeisa on the trajectory to becoming the largest Somali city in Somaliland and the second largest Somali inhabited city to date. Hargeisa and its environs had suitable soil and ample water supply for agriculture yet the pastoralists had not been taking advantage of this fact. Madar alongside the other leaders of Jam'a Weyn introduced the cultivation of sorghum and the new construction of permanent housing and creating his grand mosque in 1883. The Sheikh was also responsible for leading the communal prayers supplicating to Allah for rain in a ritual known as roobdoon. Sheikh <mask> and Isaaq Sultan Deria Hassan met outside Hargeisa in 1870 to

masks:
Madar Ahmed Shirwac
Madar
Madar


title: Sheikh Madar

texts:
 discuss issues regarding the new town and agreed that poaching and tree cutting in the vicinity should be banned. The Saad Musa branch of the Habr Awal began to settle in Hargeisa under the watch of Madar and the Sultan Deria and eagerly took up the new farming methods.The Jama'a formed a nucleus that attracted other pastoralists to come and settle in the burgeoning town. As well, clan conflicts were mitigated as the new community had managed to unify on a shared religious identity rather than aligning strictly on traditional clan basis. With the Sheikh succeeding in the task delegated to him by his master Sheikh Kabir. Religious leaders in the Jama'a took it upon themselves to place the disabled in the region under their care. Berbera debates
In Berbera the established Qadiriyya tariqa would soon be challenged by a new tariqa. The most prominent Sheikh of the Salihiyya order was Mahmud Abdalla Hassan who arrived in Berbera in 1895 and constructed his own masjid and began propagating. He was strongly against khat and chewing tobacco, both of which the Qadiriyya had permitted.Amongst other disputes he would come to debate the leading Qadiriyya sheikhs of Berbera including Aw Gaas and Xaaji Ibrahim Xirsi. Sheikh <mask> the leader of Somali Qadiriyya was invited to participate in 1897 and after rigorous discussion, the Qadiriyya tariqa had proved victorious and Mahmud Abdalla Hassan had been refuted. British authorities took note of the disturbance and turmoil and he was thus expelled from the city. The divisions were deep and both sides had accused the other of heresy, Mahmud Abdalla Hassan would go on to form the Dervish movement based on Salihiyya just two years after the debates partly in rebuke of the Qadiriyya status quo. Influence & anti Ethiopian efforts

As a respected elder and influential peacemaker Sheikh <mask> held considerable sway over the Habr Awal clan and this leverage was recognized by the

masks: Madar Madar


title: Sheikh Madar

texts:
 British Parliament in the face of the Salihiyya Dervish Movement which had severely disrupted the trade of British Somaliland. The protectorate was required to raise its own revenues to cover expenses and trade being halted or crippled was a massive blow to stability in the region. In the 1901 Parliamentary Sessional Report <mask>'s influence is discussed
Sheikh Matter the head of the religious community here is entirely on the side of law and order and exerts considerable influence over the Habr Awal tribes in this direction, one and all of whom are opposed to the Mullah's faction

Reports are now current that the Mullah will move towards Odweina.At Hargaisa Sheikh Mattar is collecting the Aidagalleh and Habr Awal tribes to oppose his advances in that direction. Sheikh can command a sufficient following to safeguard Hargaisa, and I should say that the Mullah will not attempt to penetrate so far west. As well, the quickly expanding Ethiopian Empire had taken large swathes of new territory around the turn of the century and tribes just outside the protectorate were cowed to pay tribute to General Ras Makonnen. His forces threatened Hargeisa itself and coerced tribes to leave British protection. Sheikh <mask> alongside other traditional leaders organized the scouting alongside protectorate authorities to gain advanced warning of potentially devastating attack. Fortunately, Makonnen was checked and the raid did not materialize. Legacy

Following <mask>'s death in 1918 his son Yusuf followed in his footsteps and became a respected Sheikh in his own right.However, His other son Ali Sh <mask> Ahmed chose to become an entrepreneur and become a successful and wealthy entrepreneur with the blessing of his father Sheikh <mask>. At a later years. <mask> <mask>'s son Sh Yussuf <mask> Madar later become the 2nd Chairman of SNM and was a scholar and teacher and the first Foreign Minister of Somaliland. Sh Yusuf's son

masks:
Madar
Madar
Madar
Madar
Madar
Ali Sheikh
Madar
Ali Sheikh


title: Sheikh Madar

texts:
 Ibrahim Yusuf <mask>]], also a Sheikh, would go on to be the lead mediator in the grass roots reconciliation process of the northern clans following the Somali Civil War at the Borama Conference. Ibrahim ensured adequate clan representation to truly create a lasting peace in Somaliland. Hargeisa has grown to become a vibrant cultural hub and is the current capital of Somaliland. The eponymously named neighborhood of Sheikh Madar today in Hargeisa is one of the oldest in the city and the site of the original jama'a falls in the area.Sheikh Madar's introductions and reforms left behind a lasting effect that continuous into the present day. He introduced permanent settlements, reforming nomadic life based on following after the rains and pastures, Second he brought together members of various clans in an affiliation of brotherhood and directed his followers toward agriculture, changing the culture of nomadic pastoralism and as well as the culture based on single clan loyalty. The impact of Sheikh Madar's introduction of agriculture can be seen in the agricultural firms in the area west of Hargeisa, Gabiley and Borama districts. See also
 Sheikh Ibrahim Sheikh <mask> Madar's grandson and former Guurti leader
Kabir Khalil Sheikh Madar's teacher
Sultan Deria Hassan, Grand Sultan of the Isaaq clan
Harald George Carlos Swayne British officer & author of Seventeen Trips to Somaliland who photographed Sheikh Madar
Mohammed Abdullah Hassan leader of the Dervish movement and prominent Salihiyya Sheikh who was opposed to Qadiriyya and debated Madar
Hargeisa the setting of most of Madar's adult life
Sheikh Uways Al-Barawi leading Qadiriyya scholar from Barawa and fiercely anti-Salihiyya, architect of the Benadir revolt
Harar the city where he studied and became versed in religion

References

Somalian religious leaders
Somalian Muslims
19th-century Somalian people
20th-century Somalian people
1825 births
1918

masks:
Madar
Yusuf Sheikh


title: Paul Kirchner

texts:
<mask> (born January 29, 1952) is an American writer and illustrator who has worked in diverse areas, from comic strips and toy design to advertising and editorial art. Early life
<mask> was born in New Haven, Connecticut. He attended Cooper Union School of Art but left in his third year, when, with the help of Larry Hama and Neal Adams, he began to get work in the comic book industry. Career

Comics
He penciled stories for DC’s horror line and assisted on Little Orphan Annie for Tex Blaisdell, who took over the strip after the death of Harold Gray. In December 1973, Ralph Reese introduced Kirchner to Wally Wood, for whom he worked as assistant for several years. In the mid-1970s, Kirchner wrote and illustrated the surrealistic comic strip Dope Rider  for High Times. For Heavy Metal he did an equally surrealistic monthly strip, the bus (1979–85).These strips were collected in a book published by Ballantine in 1987. A new edition has been released in 2012 by French publisher Tanibis. <mask> also wrote and illustrated occasional short features for Heavy Metal and Epic Illustrated. Most of them were collected in the book Realms (Catalan Communications, 1987). In 1981, through his brother <mask>, a Zen Buddhist monk, <mask> met the Zen practitioner and author Janwillem van de Wetering. Together they produced a graphic detective novel, Murder by Remote Control (Ballantine, 1986). In 1983–84, Kirchner did the licensing art and in-pack comic books for the Robo Force robot toy line from CBS Toys.From the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, he wrote and

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 drew comics features for He-Man, GoBots, ThunderCats, G.I. Joe and Power Rangers magazines, published by Telepictures (later Welsh Publications). He illustrated a surreal cartoon for VQ Magazine and the long-running Jack B. Quick feature in Sports Illustrated for Kids. <mask> stopped doing comics from the mid-90s to early 2010s. Between 2013 and 2015 he drew new episodes of the bus which have been published in various magazines in US and in Europe. He also relaunched Dope Rider for High Times.He is currently doing a comic strip, Hieronymus & Bosch, which is featured in the comics section of the Adult Swim website. He drew a four-page autobiographical story for The Boston Globe 2015 Boomers Issue. Illustration

In the 1970s and early 1980s, Kirchner did several dozen covers for the pornographic magazine Screw. He regularly did illustrations for The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and other publications. Toy design
In 1981, he co-designed a line of military action figures, the Eagle Force, for the Mego Corporation. Kirchner freelanced regularly for Tyco Toys, working on the Dino-Riders, Crash Dummies, and Spy-Tech toy lines, for which he wrote the back stories, did design work, wrote and drew in-pack comics and scripted for animation. Non fiction Books
He illustrated Col. Jeff Cooper's To Ride, Shoot Straight and Speak the Truth, as well as seven subsequent books for the noted firearms authority and big game hunter.<mask> wrote three pop-culture books for Rhino Entertainment. The first, Forgotten Fads and Fabulous Flops,

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 inspired an episode of The History Channel's Modern Marvels, "Failed Inventions", in which Kirchner is featured. He has published five books with Paladin Press: The Deadliest Men, Dueling With the Sword and Pistol, Jim Cirillo's Tales of the Stakeout Squad, More of the Deadliest Men Who Ever Lived, and Bowie Knife Fights, Fighters, and Fighting Techniques. Advertising
From 1996 to 2002, <mask> held the post of senior art director at Jordan, McGrath, Case & Taylor (later Arnold New York). <mask> and his creative partner, writer Andrew Cahill, created a campaign for Zest body wash featuring football's Craig "Ironhead" Heyward. In 2002, Kirchner returned to freelance illustration, working primarily in advertising. Personal life
Kirchner lives in Connecticut with his wife, Sandy Rabinowitz, an illustrator specializing in equine art.They have three adult children. Bibliography

Comics
 Murder by Remote Control with Janwillem van de Wetering  (Ballantine, 1986, Dover, 2016 (reissue ed.)) Realms (Catalan Communications, 1987)
 The Bus (Ballantine, 1987; Tanibis, 2012 (reissue ed.)) The Big Book of Losers: Pathetic but True Tales of the World's Most Titanic Failures (DC Comics, 1997)
 The Bus 2 (Tanibis, 2015)
 Awaiting the Collapse: Selected Works 1974 - 2014 (Tanibis, 2017)
 Hieronymus & Bosch (Tanibis, 2018)
 Dope Rider: A Fistful of Delirium (Tanibis, 2021)

Non fiction
 Forgotten Fads and Fabulous Flops: An Amazing Collection of Goofy Stuff That Seemed Like a Good Idea at the Time (Rhino, 1995)
 Everything You Know is Wrong (Rhino,

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<mask> (born March 26, 1973) is an American computer scientist and Internet entrepreneur. He is best known as one of the co-founders of Google, along with Sergey Brin. <mask> was the chief executive officer of Google from 1997 until August 2001 (stepping down in favor of Eric Schmidt) then from April 2011 until July 2015 when he moved to become CEO of  Alphabet Inc. (created to deliver "major advancements" as Google's parent company), a post he held until December 4, 2019. He remains an Alphabet board member, employee, and controlling shareholder. Creating Google built a significant amount of wealth. According to Bloomberg Billionaires Index, as of February 2022, <mask> has a net worth of approximately $123 billion, making him the fifth-wealthiest person in the world. <mask> is the co-creator and namesake of PageRank, a search ranking algorithm for Google.He received the Marconi Prize in 2004 with co-writer Brin. Early life and education
<mask> was born on March 26, 1973, in Lansing, Michigan. His mother is Jewish; his maternal grandfather later immigrated to Israel, though <mask>'s household growing up was secular. His father, Carl Victor <mask>., earned a PhD in computer science from the University of Michigan. BBC reporter Will Smale described him as a "pioneer in computer science and artificial intelligence". <mask>'s father was a computer science professor at Michigan State University and his mother Gloria was an instructor in computer programming at Lyman Briggs College at the same institution. During an interview, <mask> recalled his childhood home "was usually a mess, with computers, science, and technology magazines and Popular Science magazines all over the place", an environment in which he immersed himself.<mask>

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 was an avid reader during his youth, writing in his 2013 Google founders letter: "I remember spending a huge amount of time pouring [sic] over books and magazines". According to writer Nicholas Carlson, the combined influence of <mask>'s home atmosphere and his attentive parents "fostered creativity and invention". <mask> also played instruments and studied music composition while growing up. His parents sent him to music summer camp — Interlochen Arts Camp at Interlochen, Michigan, and <mask> has mentioned that his musical education inspired his impatience and obsession with speed in computing. "In some sense, I feel like music training led to the high-speed legacy of Google for me". In an interview <mask> said that "In music, you're very cognizant of time. Time is like the primary thing" and that "If you think about it from a music point of view, if you're a percussionist, you hit something, it's got to happen in milliseconds, fractions of a second".<mask> was first attracted to computers when he was six years old, as he was able to "play with the stuff lying around"—first-generation personal computers—that had been left by his mother and father. He became the "first kid in his elementary school to turn in an assignment from a word processor". His older brother also taught him to take things apart and before long he was taking "everything in his house apart to see how it worked". He said that "from a very early age, I also realized I wanted to invent things. So I became interested in technology and business. Probably from when I was 12, I knew I was going to start a company eventually." Education
<mask> attended the Okemos Montessori School (now called Montessori Radmoor) in Okemos, Michigan, from ages 2 to 7 (1975 to

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 1979).He attended East Lansing High School graduating in 1991. In summer school, he attended Interlochen Center for the Arts playing flute but mainly saxophone for two summers. <mask> holds a Bachelor of Science in computer engineering from the University of Michigan, with honors and a Master of Science in computer science from Stanford University. While at the University of Michigan, <mask> created an inkjet printer made of Lego bricks (literally a line plotter), after he thought it possible to print large posters cheaply with the use of inkjet cartridges—<mask> reverse-engineered the ink cartridge, and built the electronics and mechanics to drive it. <mask> served as the president of the Beta Epsilon chapter of the Eta Kappa Nu honor society, and was a member of the 1993 "Maize & Blue" University of Michigan Solar Car team. As an undergraduate at the University of Michigan, he proposed that the school replace its bus system with a personal rapid transit system, which is essentially a driverless monorail with separate cars for every passenger. He also developed a business plan for a company that would use software to build a music synthesizer during this time.PhD studies and research
After enrolling in a computer science PhD program at Stanford University, <mask> was in search of a dissertation theme and considered exploring the mathematical properties of the World Wide Web, understanding its link structure as a huge graph. His supervisor, Terry Winograd, encouraged him to pursue the idea, and <mask> recalled in 2008 that it was the best advice he had ever received. He also considered doing research on telepresence and self-driving cars during this time. <mask> focused on the problem of finding out which web pages linked

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 to a given page, considering the number and nature of such backlinks as valuable information for that page. The role of citations in academic publishing would also become pertinent for the research. Sergey Brin, a fellow Stanford PhD student, would soon join Page's research project, nicknamed "BackRub." Together, the pair authored a research paper titled "The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine" , which became one of the most downloaded scientific documents in the history of the Internet at the time.John Battelle, co-founder of Wired magazine, wrote that Page had reasoned that the:

... entire Web was loosely based on the premise of citation—after all, what is a link but a citation? If he could devise a method to count and qualify each backlink on the Web, as <mask> puts it "the Web would become a more valuable place." Battelle further described how <mask> and Brin began working together on the project:

At the time <mask> conceived of BackRub, the Web comprised an estimated 10 million documents, with an untold number of links between them. The computing resources required to crawl such a beast were well beyond the usual bounds of a student project. Unaware of exactly what he was getting into, <mask> began building out his crawler. The idea's complexity and scale lured Brin to the job. A polymath who had jumped from project to project without settling on a thesis topic, he found the premise behind BackRub fascinating."I talked to lots of research groups" around the school, Brin recalls, "and this was the most exciting project, both because it tackled the Web, which represents human knowledge, and because I liked <mask>." Search engine development
To convert the backlink data gathered by BackRub's web

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 crawler into a measure of importance for a given web page, Brin and <mask> developed the PageRank algorithm, and realized that it could be used to build a search engine far superior to existing ones. The algorithm relied on a new technology that analyzed the relevance of the backlinks that connected one web page to another. Combining their ideas, the pair began utilizing <mask>'s dormitory room as a machine laboratory, and extracted spare parts from inexpensive computers to create a device that they used to connect the now nascent search engine with Stanford's broadband campus network. After filling <mask>'s room with equipment, they then converted Brin's dorm room into an office and programming center, where they tested their new search engine designs on the Web. The rapid growth of their project caused Stanford's computing infrastructure to experience problems. <mask> and Brin used the former's basic HTML programming skills to set up a simple search page for users, as they did not have a web page developer to create anything visually elaborate.They also began using any computer part they could find to assemble the necessary computing power to handle searches by multiple users. As their search engine grew in popularity among Stanford users, it required additional servers to process the queries. In August 1996, the initial version of Google, still on the Stanford University website, was made available to Internet users. By early 1997, the BackRub page described the state as follows:

BackRub already exhibited the rudimentary functions and characteristics of a search engine: a query input was entered and it provided a list of backlinks ranked by importance. <mask> recalled: "We realized that we had a querying tool. It gave

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 you a good overall ranking of pages and ordering of follow-up pages." <mask> said that in mid-1998 they finally realized the further potential of their project: "Pretty soon, we had 10,000 searches a day.And we figured, maybe this is real." <mask> and Brin's vision has been compared to that of Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of modern printing:
In 1440, Johannes Gutenberg introduced Europe to the mechanical printing press, printing Bibles for mass consumption. The technology allowed for books and manuscripts – originally replicated by hand – to be printed at a much faster rate, thus spreading knowledge and helping to usher in the European Renaissance ... Google has done a similar job. The comparison was also noted by the authors of The Google Story: "Not since Gutenberg ... has any new invention empowered individuals, and transformed access to information, as profoundly as Google." Also, not long after the two "cooked up their new engine for web searches, they began thinking about information that was at the time beyond the web" such as digitizing books and expanding health information. Google

1998–2010

Founding
Mark Malseed wrote in a 2003 feature story:Soliciting funds from faculty members, family and friends, Brin and Page scraped together enough to buy some servers and rent that famous garage in Menlo Park. ... [soon after], Sun Microsystems co-founder Andy Bechtolsheim wrote a $100,000 cheque to "Google, Inc." The only problem was, "Google, Inc." did not yet exist—the company hadn't yet been incorporated.For two weeks, as they handled the paperwork, the young men had nowhere to deposit the money.In 1998, Brin and Page incorporated Google, Inc. with the initial domain name of "Googol", derived from a number that

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 consists of one followed by one hundred zeros—representing the vast amount of data that the search engine was intended to explore. Following inception, <mask> appointed himself as CEO, while Brin, named Google's co-founder, served as Google's president. Writer Nicholas Carlson wrote in 2014:The pair's mission was "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful." With a US$1-million loan from friends and family, the inaugural team moved into a Mountain View office by the start of 2000. In 1999, Page experimented with smaller servers so Google could fit more into each square meter of the third-party warehouses the company rented for their servers. This eventually led to a search engine that ran much faster than Google's competitors at the time. By June 2000, Google had indexed one billion Internet URLs (Uniform Resource Locators), making it the most comprehensive search engine on the Web at the time.The company cited NEC Research Institute data in its June 26 press release, stating that "there are more than 1 billion web pages online today", with Google "providing access to 560 million full-text indexed web pages and 500 million partially indexed URLs." Early management style
During his first tenure as CEO, <mask> embarked on an attempt to fire all of Google's project managers in 2001. <mask>'s plan involved all of Google's engineers reporting to a VP of engineering, who would then report directly to him—<mask> explained that he didn't like non-engineers supervising engineers due to their limited technical knowledge. <mask> even documented his management tenets for his team to use as a reference:
 Don't delegate: Do everything you can yourself to make things go faster. Don't get in the way


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 if you're not adding value. Let the people doing the work talk to each other while you go do something else. Don't be a bureaucrat.Ideas are more important than age. Just because someone is junior doesn't mean they don't deserve respect and cooperation. The worst thing you can do is stop someone from doing something by saying, "No. Period." If you say no, you have to help them find a better way to get it done. Even though <mask>'s new model was unsustainable and led to disgruntlement among the affected employees, his issue with engineers being managed by non-engineering staff gained traction. <mask> also believed that the faster Google's search engine returned answers, the more it would be used.He fretted over milliseconds and pushed his engineers—from those who developed algorithms to those who built data centers—to think about lag times. He also pushed for keeping Google's home page famously sparse in its design because it would help the search results load faster. 2001–2011

Changes in management and expansion
Before Silicon Valley's two most prominent investors, Kleiner Perkins and Sequoia Capital, agreed to invest a combined total of $50 million in Google, they applied pressure on <mask> to step down as CEO so that a more experienced leader could build a "world-class management team." <mask> eventually became amenable to the idea after meeting with other technology CEOs, including Steve Jobs and Intel's Andrew Grove. Eric Schmidt, who had been hired as Chairman of Google in March 2001, left his full-time position as the CEO of Novell to take the same role at Google in August of the same year, and <mask> moved aside to assume the President of Products role. Under Schmidt's leadership, Google underwent a period of major


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 growth and expansion, which included its initial public offering (IPO) on August 20, 2004. He always acted in consultation with <mask> and Brin when he embarked on initiatives such as the hiring of an executive team and the creation of a sales force management system.<mask> remained the boss at Google in the eyes of the employees, as he gave final approval on all new hires, and it was <mask> who provided the signature for the IPO, the latter making him a billionaire at the age of 30. <mask> led the acquisition of Android for $50 million in 2005 to fulfill his ambition to place handheld computers in the possession of consumers so that they could access Google anywhere. The purchase was made without Schmidt's knowledge, but the CEO was not perturbed by the relatively small acquisition. <mask> became passionate about Android and spent large amounts of time with Android CEO and cofounder Andy Rubin. By September 2008, T-Mobile launched the G1, the first phone using Android software and, by 2010, 17.2% of the handset market consisted of Android sales, overtaking Apple for the first time. Android became the world's most popular mobile operating system shortly afterward. Assumption of CEO position at Google
Following a January 2011 announcement, <mask> officially became the chief executive of Google on April 4, 2011, while Schmidt stepped down to become executive chairman.By this time, Google had over $180 billion market capitalization and more than 24,000 employees. Reporter Max Nisen, described the decade prior to <mask>'s second appointment as Google's CEO as <mask>'s "lost decade" saying that while he exerted significant influence at Google via product development and other operations, he became increasingly disconnected and

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 less responsive over time. Schmidt announced the end of his tenure as CEO on January 20, 2011, jokingly tweeting on Twitter: "Adult-supervision no longer needed." 2011–2013
As Google's new CEO, <mask>'s two key goals were the development of greater autonomy for the executives overseeing the most important divisions, and higher levels of collaboration, communication, and unity among the teams. Then <mask> also formed what the media called the "L-Team", a group of senior vice-presidents who reported directly to him and worked near his office for a portion of the working week. Additionally, he reorganized the company's senior management, placing a CEO-like manager at the top of Google's most important product divisions, including YouTube, AdWords, and Google Search. Following a more cohesive team environment, <mask> declared a new "zero tolerance for fighting" policy that contrasted with his approach during the early days of Google, when he would use his harsh and intense arguments with Brin as an exemplar for senior management.<mask> had changed his thinking during his time away from the CEO role, as he eventually concluded that ambitious goals required a harmonious team dynamic. As part of <mask>'s collaborative rejuvenation process, Google's products and applications were consolidated and underwent an aesthetic overhaul. Changes and consolidation process
At least 70 of Google's products, features and services were eventually shut down by March 2013, while the appearance and nature of the remaining ones were unified. Jon Wiley, lead designer of Google Search at the time, codenamed <mask>'s redesign overhaul, which officially commenced on April 4, 2011, "Project Kennedy", based on <mask>'s use of the term "moonshots" to


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 describe ambitious projects in a January 2013 Wired interview. An initiative named "Kanna" previously attempted to create a uniform design aesthetic for Google's range of products, but it was too difficult at that point in the company's history for one team to drive such change. Matias Duarte, senior director of the Android user experience when "Kennedy" started, explained in 2013 that "Google passionately cares about design." <mask> proceeded to consult with the Google Creative Lab design team, based in New York City, to find an answer to his question of what a "cohesive vision" of Google might look like.The eventual results of "Kennedy" which were progressively rolled out from June 2011 until January 2013, were described by The Verge technology publication as focused upon "refinement, white space, cleanliness, elasticity, usefulness, and most of all simplicity." The final products were aligned with Page's aim for a consistent suite of products that can "move fast",  and "Kennedy" was called a "design revolution" by Duarte. Page's "UXA" (user/graphics interface) design team then emerged from the "Kennedy" project, tasked with "designing and developing a true UI framework that transforms Google's application software into a beautiful, mature, accessible and consistent platform for its users." Unspoken of in public, the small UXA unit was designed to ensure that "Kennedy" became an "institution." Acquisition strategy and new products
When acquiring products and companies for Google, <mask> asked whether the business acquisition passed the toothbrush test as an initial qualifier, asking the question "Is it something you will use once or twice a day, and does it make your life better?". This approach looked for usefulness


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 above profitability, and long-term potential over near-term financial gain, which has been noted as rare in business acquiring processes. With Facebook's influence rapidly expanding during the start of <mask>'s second tenure, he finally responded to the intensive competition with Google's own social network, Google+, in mid-2011.After several delays, the social network was released through a very limited field test and was led by Vic Gundotra, Google's then senior vice president of social. In August 2011, Page announced that Google would spend $12.5 billion to acquire Motorola Mobility. The purchase was primarily motivated by Google's need to secure patents to protect Android from lawsuits by companies including Apple Inc. <mask> wrote on Google's official blog on August 15, 2011, that "companies including Microsoft and Apple are banding together in anti-competitive patent attacks on Android. The United States Department of Justice had to intervene in the results of one recent patent auction to 'protect competition and innovation in the open source software community' ... Our acquisition of Motorola will increase competition by strengthening Google's patent portfolio, which will enable us to better protect Android from anti-competitive threats from Microsoft, Apple and other companies". In 2014, Page sold Motorola Mobility for $2.9 billion to Personal Computer maker, Lenovo which represented a loss in value of $9.5 billion over two years. Page also ventured into hardware and Google unveiled the Chromebook in May 2012.The hardware product was a laptop that ran on a Google operating system, Chrome OS. 2013–2015
In January 2013, <mask> participated in a rare interview with Wired, in which writer Steven Levy discussed <mask>'s

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texts: "10X" mentality—Google employees are expected to create products and services that are at least 10 times better than those of its competitors—in the introductory blurb. Astro Teller, the head of Google X, explained to Levy that 10X is "just core to who he [<mask>] is", while <mask>'s "focus is on where the next 10X will come from." In his interview with Levy, <mask> referred to the success of YouTube and Android as examples of "crazy" ideas that investors were not initially interested in, saying: "If you're not doing some things that are crazy, then you're doing the wrong things." <mask> also stated he was "very happy" with the status of Google+, and discussed concerns over the Internet concerning the SOPA bill and an International Telecommunication Union proposal that had been recently introduced:... I do think the Internet's under much greater attack than it has been in the past. Governments are now afraid of the Internet because of the Middle East stuff, and so they're a little more willing to listen to what I see as a lot of commercial interests that just want to make money by restricting people's freedoms.But they've also seen a tremendous user reaction, like the backlash against SOPA. I think that governments fight users' freedoms at their peril.At the May 2013 I/O developers conference in San Francisco, <mask> delivered a keynote address and said "We're at maybe 1% of what is possible. Despite the faster change, we're still moving slow relative to the opportunities we have. I think a lot of that is because of the negativity ... Every story I read is Google vs someone else. That's boring. We should be focusing on building the things that don't exist" and that he was "sad the Web isn't advancing as fast as it should


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texts: be", citing a perceived focus on negativity and zero-sum games among some in the technology sector as a cause. In response to an audience question, <mask> noted an issue that Google had been experiencing with Microsoft, whereby the latter made its Outlook program interoperable with Google but did not allow for backward compatibility—he referred to Microsoft's practice as "milking off".During the question-and-answer section of his keynote, <mask> expressed interest in Burning Man, which Brin had previously praised—it was a motivating factor for the latter during Schmidt's hiring process, as Brin liked that Schmidt had attended the week-long annual event. In September 2013, <mask> launched the independent Calico initiative, a R&D project in the field of biotechnology. Google announced that Calico seeks to innovate and make improvements in the field of human health, and appointed Art Levinson, chairman of Apple's board and former CEO of Genentech, to be the new division's CEO. <mask>'s official statement read: "Illness and aging affect all our families. With some longer term, moonshot thinking around healthcare and biotechnology, I believe we can improve millions of lives." <mask> participated in a March 2014 TedX conference that was held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The presentation was scripted by <mask>'s chief PR executive Rachel Whetstone, and Google's CMO Lorraine Twohill, and a demonstration of an artificially intelligent computer program was displayed on a large screen.<mask> responded to a question about corporations, noting that corporations largely get a "bad rap", which he stated was because they were probably doing the same incremental things they were doing "50 or 20 years ago". He went on to juxtapose


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texts: that kind of incremental approach to his vision of Google counteracting calcification through driving technology innovation at a high rate. <mask> mentioned Elon Musk and SpaceX:He [Musk] wants to go to Mars to back up humanity. That's a worthy goal. We have a lot of employees at Google who've become pretty wealthy. You're working because you want to change the world and make it better ... I'd like for us to help out more than we are.<mask> also mentioned Nikola Tesla with regard to invention and commercialization:Invention is not enough.[Nikola] Tesla invented the electric power we use, but he struggled to get it out to people. [You have to] combine both things ... invention and innovation focus, plus ... a company that can really commercialize things and get them to people.<mask> announced a major management restructure in October 2014 so that he would no longer need to be responsible for day-to-day product-related decision making. In a memo, <mask> said that Google's core businesses would be able to progress in a typical manner, while he could focus on the next generation of ambitious projects, including Google X initiatives; access and energy, including Google Fiber; smart-home automation through Nest Labs; and biotechnology innovations under Calico. <mask> maintained that he would continue as the unofficial "chief product officer". Subsequent to the announcement, the executives in charge of Google's core products reported to then Google Senior Vice President Sundar Pichai, who reported directly to <mask>. In a November 2014 interview, <mask> stated that he prioritized the maintenance of his "deep knowledge" of Google's products and breadth of projects, as it had been a key motivating factor for team members. About his


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texts: then role as the company's CEO, <mask> said: "I think my job as CEO—I feel like it's always to be pushing people ahead."On August 10, 2015, <mask> announced on Google's official blog that Google had restructured into a number of subsidiaries of a new holding company known as Alphabet Inc with <mask> becoming CEO of Alphabet Inc and Sundar Pichai assuming the position of CEO of Google Inc. In his announcement, <mask> described the planned holding company as follows:Alphabet is mostly a collection of companies. The largest of which, of course, is Google. This newer Google is a bit slimmed down, with the companies that are pretty far afield of our main Internet products contained in Alphabet instead. ... Fundamentally, we believe this allows us more management scale, as we can run things independently that aren't very related.As well as explaining the origin of the company's name:We liked the name Alphabet because it means a collection of letters that represent language, one of humanity's most important innovations, and is the core of how we index with Google search! We also like that it means alpha‑bet (Alpha is investment return above benchmark), which we strive for!<mask> wrote that the motivation behind the reorganization is to make Google "cleaner and more accountable."He also wrote that there was a desire to improve "the transparency and oversight of what we're doing" and to allow greater control of unrelated companies previously within the Google ecosystem. <mask> has not been on any press conferences since 2015 and has not presented at product launches or earnings calls since 2013. The Bloomberg Businessweek termed the reorganization into Alphabet a clever retirement plan allowing <mask> to retain control over Google,


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 at the same time relinquishing all responsibilities over it. Executives at Alphabet describe <mask> as a "futurist", highly detached from day-to-day business dealings, and more focused on moon-shot projects. While some managers of Alphabet companies speak of <mask> as intensely involved, others say that his rare office check-ins are "akin to a royal visit" . 2019
On December 3, 2019, <mask> announced that he will step down from the position of Alphabet CEO and would be replaced by Google CEO Sundar Pichai. Pichai will also continue as Google CEO.Page and Google co-founder and Alphabet president Sergey Brin announced the change in a joint blog post, "With Alphabet now well-established, and Google and the Other Bets operating effectively as independent companies, it's the natural time to simplify our management structure. We’ve never been ones to hold on to management roles when we think there's a better way to run the company. And Alphabet and Google no longer need two CEOs and a President." Other interests
<mask> is an investor in Tesla Motors. He has invested in renewable energy technology, and with the help of Google.org, Google's philanthropic arm, promotes the adoption of plug-in hybrid electric cars and other alternative energy investments. He is also a strategic backer in the Opener startup which is developing aerial vehicles for consumer travel. <mask> is also interested in the socio-economic effects of advanced intelligent systems and how advanced digital technologies can be used to create abundance (as described in Peter Diamandis' book), provide for people's needs, shorten the workweek, and mitigate the potential detrimental effects of technological unemployment.<mask> also helped to set up Singularity

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