title: David W. Johnson (scholar)

texts:
 the publication of Creative Conflict  and then finalized with the publication of Teaching Student To Be Peacemakers in 1991.Program of research
<mask>'s research efforts began in the 1960s. Overall, he has published over 25 studies on integrative negotiations, conflict resolution, and peer mediation. In the 1980s, <mask> began direct research studies on teaching school students, from kindergarten to high school, how to engage in integrative negotiations and mediate peers' conflicts. In addition, he has published over 28 non-empirical articles and book chapters describing the nature of integrative negotiations and peer mediation, the research validating their use, and the operational procedures needed to engage in them. Implementation
Finally, the Peacemaker Program has been implemented in elementary, secondary, and university settings throughout North America and many parts of the world. The book has been translated into Korean and Arabic, and book chapters on the program have been published in Spanish and several other languages. The Teaching Students To Be Peacemakers Program was presented in Israel in January, 2000 to a group of Israeli Jewish School Principals, Israeli Bedouin school principals, and Palestinian school principals from Gaza as the means to teach their students how to manage conflicts constructively.The program was identified as an Effective Program through the National Registry of Effective Prevention Programs (NREPP) in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and as a Model Program by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration also in the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Social skills and experiential learning
<mask> has published two of the classic books in the field of Experiential Learning (Reaching Out:  Interpersonal Effectiveness and Self-Actualization  and Joining Together:  Group Theory and Group Skills ). The books utilize experiential learning to teach interpersonal and small group skills. These books present an overall theoretical framework for defining interpersonal and small group skills, systematic reviews of the research on the skills, and numerous experiential exercises to teach them. These books have been used all over the world and are now in their eleventh editions. Many of


title: David W. Johnson (scholar)

type: original

texts:
 the research studies on cooperation and conflict resolution, furthermore focus on social skills and the implementation of these programs involves the implementation of the teaching of social skills. Among the training programs he has conducted, <mask> trained educators how to teach students social skills at a United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Conference in Beirut, Lebanon, in May 2000.Peace education
<mask> joined SANE in the early 1960s and has been active in peace movements since that time. He has edited two special issues of Journals on Peace Education and written eight articles and book chapters on the issue. He has been a major speaker at several international conferences (Australia, Cyprus) on peace education and reconciliation. Cooperative learning is being used in Armenia as a basic procedure for teaching elementary and secondary students the skills necessary to be a citizen in a democracy. <mask> has helped train teachers and administrators in Armenia to implement cooperative learning as part of a democratic citizenship program. He has also helped a United Nations Program in Turkey to implement cooperative learning as part of a training program to reduce violence towards women in that country. Constructive controversy is being used to teach elementary and secondary students how to be citizens in a democracy in such countries as Azerbaijan, Czech Republic, and Lithuania.Psychotherapy

<mask> is a practicing psychotherapist who had a part-time psychotherapy practice from 1973 to 1987at the Nicollet Clinic in Minneapolis. During that time he conducted a series of studies on therapist behavior and wrote three book chapters on psychotherapy methods. He is a licensed consulting psychologist in Minnesota and is listed in the National Register of Health Service Providers in Psychology. Since 1966, <mask> has been a member of the National Training Laboratories Institute for Applied Behavioral Science. Civil Rights Movement

In 1960, <mask> began conducting research on reducing prejudice and became involved in the national civil rights movement. He was awarded the Russell Bull Scholarship Award (given by the United Packinghouse, Food, and Allied Workers) for the most outstanding work done in civil rights in the

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson


title: David W. Johnson (scholar)

texts:
 United States in 1962 (Martin Luther King Jr. chaired the selection committee). During the summer of 1963, he led a day camp for children in the Bedford–Stuyvesant area of Brooklyn, New York, and a youth center for the Brooklyn Bishops (a street gang).In 1964, he helped plan and conduct the training program for the Mississippi Freedom Summer sponsored by the Mississippi Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). From 1963 to 1965, <mask> taught African American history at Freedom Schools in New York City, sponsored by the Harlem Parents Committee, and conducted two studies on the impact of learning Black history on African American children. At the same time, he worked with the Northern Student Movement, among other things organizing rent strikes in Harlem. He trained group leaders in the use of guided group interaction for juvenile delinquents in the Essex Fields Program in New Jersey. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, <mask> worked with teenage runaways and teenagers with drug problems (through The Bridge and the Walk In Counseling Center in Minneapolis). He has been active in politics, serving as Treasurer for the 2nd Ward in Minneapolis in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and ran for the Minnesota State Legislature twice in the 1990s. Honors and awards

<mask> is a past editor of the American Educational Research Journal (1981-1983).He founded and is past Chair of two Special Interest Groups in the American Educational Research Association:  Cooperative Learning:  Theory, Research, and Practice and Conflict Resolution and Violence Prevention. In 2012 he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from Division G (Social Context of Education) of the American Educational Research Association. In 2011 he received the Alfred M. Wellner Distinguished Career Psychologist Award from the National Register of Health Service Providers in Psychology. In 2010 <mask> received the Jeffrey Rubin Theory To Practice Award, awarded by the International Association for Conflict Management and the Program on Negotiation at the Harvard Law School. In 2008 <mask> received the American Educational Research Association's Distinguished Contributions to Research in Education Award. <mask>, with his brother Roger, was the recipient of the 2007 Brock International

masks:
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
David Johnson


title: David W. Johnson (scholar)

texts:
 Prize in Education. In 2003 <mask> received the American Psychological Association's Distinguished Contributions of Applications of Psychology to Education and Training Award.In 1981 <mask>, with his brother Roger and Geoffrey Maruyama, received the Gordon Allport Intergroup Relations Award, presented by the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (Division 9 of the APA). In 2004 <mask>, with his brother Roger, received the Distinguished Scholar Award for Outstanding Research on Democratic Citizenship from the Democratic Citizenship in Education Special Interest Group of the American Educational Research Association. In 2001 they received the Distinguished Scholar Award from the Stress and Coping Special Interest Group of the American Educational Research Association. In 1996 they received the Award For Outstanding Research Contribution To Cooperative Learning from the Special Interest Group, Cooperative Learning:  Theory, Research, and Practice of the American Educational Research Association. In 2010 they received the Promise Award given by the Conflict Resolution and Violence Prevention Special Interest Group of the American Educational Research Association. Also in 2010 <mask> received the Jeffrey-Rubin Theory to Practice Award from the International Association for Conflict Management and the Program on Negotiation at the Harvard Law School. In 2011 <mask> received the Alfred M. <mask>ner Distinguished Career Psychologist Award given by the National Register of Halth Service Providers in Psychology.In 2013 <mask> received the Lifetime Achievement Award of Division G (Social Context of Education) of the American Education Research Association. In 2014 <mask> was given the Distinguished Alumni Award, Teachers College, Columbia University. In 2015 <mask> was given the Award for Life Time Contributions to Thinking Education, by the International Conference on Thinking (ICOT). Also in 2015 <mask> and Roger were given the Lifetime Achievement Award by the International Association for the Study of Cooperation. In 2016 <mask> was given the Gold Metal for Life Achievement in the Application of Psychology by the American Psychological Foundation. References

University of Minnesota faculty
American psychologists
Living people
1940

masks:
Johnson
David Johnson
David Johnson
David
David
Well
David
David
David
David
David


title: T. A. Barron

texts:
<mask> (born March 26, 1952) is an American writer of fantasy literature, books for children and young adults, and nature books. Biography
<mask>  spent his early childhood in Harvard, Massachusetts, a town full apple orchards and lots of New England history. His family moved to Colorado Springs, Colorado and he spent much of his youth on a ranch in the Rocky Mountains. <mask>'s writing reflects his great passion for nature and the spiritual values of the natural world, as well as his belief in the power of every person. He studied politics at Princeton University, where he was a Trustee, and graduated in 1974 before he attended Balliol College at Oxford University on a Rhodes scholarship, and has business and law degrees from Harvard University. After finishing his education, he spent a year hiking in places around Asia and Africa. He served as president of a private equity firm in New York City before changing careers in 1990, when he returned to Colorado with his wife, Currie, and their five children to become a full-time writer and conservationist.Since then, he has written more than thirty novels, children's books, non-fiction books, and nature books. In 2011, he received The de Grummond Medallion for "lifetime contribution to the field of children's and young adult literature." He has also won the Nautilus Award Grand Prize, and many other literary awards. He is actively involved with environmental and conservation organizations, including the Wilderness Society, Earthjustice, World Wildlife Fund, Wildlife Conservation Society, the Alaska Conservation Foundation, and Colorado Open Lands. In 2000, he founded a national prize to celebrate outstanding young people, who help other people, or the environment—the <mask> Prize for Young Heroes (named after his mother). He has produced a documentary film, “Dream Big”, as well as several highly acclaimed videos that honor extraordinary young people of diverse backgrounds for his

masks:
Thomas Archibald Barron
Barron
Barron
Gloria Barron


title: T. A. Barron

texts:
 Inspiring Young Heroes website. He won a Telly Award in 2020 for excellence in video production in the Social Impact category.At Princeton University <mask> created the Barron Family Fund for Innovations in Environmental Studies which assists faculty and students involved in the environment and humanities. Another creation of his is the T.A. Barron Price for Environmental Leadership that is given to students that demonstrate they have taken the initiative in an environmental issue. <mask> also helped to create the High Meadows Environmental Institute at Princeton University. He and his wife also created The Thomas A. and Currie C. Barron Family Biodiversity Research Challenge Fund which helps with research that protects different species and ecosystems. Recently, the Wilderness Society honored him with the Robert Marshall Award, its highest award given to citizens active in conservation. Writer
In many of his novels, <mask> writes about nature and ecology in mythical settings.Inspired by nature's power of renewal as well as humanity's power of free choice, he says, "I truly believe every person can make a difference — that's why I'm drawn to heroic quest stories." . His books have received the Nautilus Award Grand Prize for literature that helps to renew the spirit and envision a better world, as well as many other awards from the American Library Association, and the International Literacy Association. The Merlin Saga (13 titles) and the novel The Ancient One have been international best sellers; The Great Tree of Avalon trilogy has been a New York Times best seller. According to Booklist, his books are "completely magical" and "will enchant readers." The New York Times has called his work "august" and "compelling". Fellow author <mask> has said his writing is "brilliant—a real gift"; similarly, author Madeleine L'Engle called his stories "a crescendo of miracles." Fellow writer <mask> Williams has hailed him as the creator of

masks:
Barron
Barron
Barron
Isabel Allende
Terry Tempest


title: T. A. Barron

texts:
 "environmental fables for our time."Robert Coles, M.D. has praised his work by saying, "Here is so much grace." And writer <mask> called his books "an intense and profoundly spiritual adventure." Adaptations
Disney film studios is currently developing a film adaptation of The Merlin Saga. In November 2015, Philippa Boyens was hired to write the script. On January 4, 2018, it was reported that Ridley Scott was in talks about directing it. On October 15, 2021, it was announced that Michael Matthews will direct it.As of October 28, 2021, Gil Netter was set as the movie's producer. Works

Adventures of Kate Books
 The Heartlight Saga (Combined edition) (2013)
 Heartlight (1990) (Illustrated by <mask> Gilbert in 2003)
 The Ancient One (1992) (Illustrated by <mask> Gilbert in 2004)
 The Merlin Effect (1994)

The Atlantis Saga
 Atlantis Rising (2013)
 Atlantis in Peril (2015)
 Atlantis Lost (2016)
 Never Again: The Origins of Grukkar (eBook) (2017)

The Merlin Saga
The Merlin Saga (2011) is a 12-book series originally sold as three separate series: The Lost Years of Merlin epic, Merlin's Dragon trilogy, and The Great Tree of Avalon trilogy. It also includes the prequel, GIANT (2021). The final book in the series is The Book of Magic, an encyclopedia of the characters and places in the series. Prequel
 GIANT (2021)

The Lost Years of Merlin Epic

 Merlin Book 1: The Lost Years; originally issued as The Lost Years of Merlin (1996)
 Merlin Book 2: The Seven Songs; originally issued as The Seven Songs of Merlin (1997)
 Merlin Book 3: The Raging Fires; originally issued as The Fires of Merlin (1998)
 Merlin Book 4: The Mirror of Fate; originally issued as The Mirror of Merlin (1999)
 Merlin Book 5: A Wizard's Wings; originally issued as The Wings of Merlin (2000)

Merlin's Dragon Trilogy

 Merlin Book 6: The Dragon of Avalon; originally issued as Merlin's Dragon (2008)
 Merlin Book 7: Doomraga's Revenge (2009)
 Merlin Book 8: Ultimate Magic

masks:
Lloyd Alexander
Anne Yvonne
Anne Yvonne


title: T. A. Barron

texts:
 (2010)

The Great Tree of Avalon Trilogy

 Merlin Book 9: The Great Tree of Avalon; originally issued as Child of the Dark Prophecy (2004)
 Merlin Book 10: Shadows on the Stars (2005)
 Merlin Book 11: The Eternal Flame (2007)

The Book of Magic

 Merlin Book 12: Merlin: The Book of Magic (2011), companion to the Merlin Saga

Other fiction books
 Tree Girl (2001)
 Ben Barron: How the Boy Became King of Shadows

Picture books
 Where is Grandpa? (1999)
 High as a Hawk (2004)
 The Day the Stones Walked (2007)
 Ghost Hands (2011)

Books to Inspire (Nonfiction)
 The Hero's Trail: True Stories of Young People to Inspire Courage, Compassion, and Hope (2015)
 The Wisdom of Merlin (2015)

Nature books
 To Walk In Wilderness (1993)
 Rocky Mountain National Park: A 100 Year Perspective (1995)

References

  "T. A. Barron Author Documentary
  "NRDC Artists and Visionaries Interview
  "Jane Goodall on the Barron Prize for Young Heroes
  "Jane Goodall on T. A. Barron's Books
  "It's Only Natural: T.A. Barron follows his passion on a literary quest", Interview by Linda Castellitto
  "T. A. Barron receives the de Grummond Medallion
  "Here is a recent piece from The Hollywood Reporter
  "Another piece from CG Life

External links

 What Matters Most with T.A.<mask> - Part 1 and Part 2 (May 2015), Stanford Graduate School of Business

1952 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American novelists
American children's writers
American conservationists
American fantasy writers
American male novelists
American nature writers
American non-fiction outdoors writers
Harvard Law School alumni
Princeton University alumni
American Rhodes Scholars
Place of birth missing (living people)
People from Harvard, Massachusetts
21st-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
Writers of modern


title: Rhea Chakraborty

texts:
<mask> is an Indian actress and VJ. She started her career as a VJ on MTV India. She made her acting debut with the 2012 Telugu film Tuneega Tuneega and later appeared in the Hindi film Mere Dad Ki Maruti (2013). Early life
<mask> was born into a Bengali family in Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Her father was an Indian Army officer. She did her schooling from Army Public School Ambala Cantt, Ambala. Career
<mask> started her television career in 2009 with MTV India's TVS Scooty Teen Diva where she was the first runner-up.She later auditioned to be a VJ at MTV Delhi and was selected. She has hosted several MTV shows, including Pepsi MTV Wassup, TicTac College Beat and MTV Gone in 60 Seconds. In 2012, she made her film debut with the Telugu film Tuneega Tuneega where she played the character Nidhi. In 2013 she debuted in Bollywood with Mere Dad Ki Maruti as Jasleen. In 2014 she played the character of Sonali in Sonali Cable. In 2017 she appeared in YRF's Bank Chor. She also did cameo appearances in Half Girlfriend and Dobaara: See Your Evil.In 2018 she appeared in Jalebi opposite debutante Varun Mitra. She topped the list of The Times of India's "Most Desirable Women" in 2020. Personal life

<mask> started dating actor Sushant Singh Rajput in April 2019. She founded an artificial intelligence company called Vividrage Rhealityx in partnership with her brother and Rajput in September 2019. The couple moved in together in December 2019. On 14 June 2020, Rajput died by suicide at his home in Bandra, Mumbai, six days after she moved out. Death of Sushant Singh Rajput

On 25 July, Rajput's family lodged a first information report (FIR) with Patna Police, where his father lives,

masks:
Rhea Chakraborty
Rhea Chakraborty
Rhea
Chakraborty


title: Rhea Chakraborty

texts:
 alleging Chakraborty and several others of abetment of suicide, wrongful restraint, wrongful confinement, theft, criminal breach of trust, and cheating under various sections of the IPC.Rajput's father said in the FIR that Rajput had confided to his sister about Chakraborty threatening to make his medical receipts public and prove him mad; that Rajput was afraid Chakraborty would frame him for his secretary's suicide; and that before his day of suicide, Chakraborty took away all doctor's receipts. On 7 August, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) questioned <mask> and her brother over allegations of money laundering. On 19 August, the Supreme Court of India allowed the CBI to take control of the investigation. The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB), India's national drug law enforcement agency, arrested Chakraborty on 8 September, charging that she and her brother had caused marijuana to be supplied to Rajput. On 6 October, Mumbai Sessions Court extended Chakraborty's judicial remand until 20 October, but a day later she was granted bail by the Bombay High Court. "Since she has no criminal antecedents," the high court ruled, "there are reasonable grounds for believing that she is not likely to commit any offence while on bail." Moreover, the high court rejected the NCB's theory that Chakraborty had harboured and financed Rajput's drug addiction, finding instead that she was not part of the chain of drug dealers involved in the case."She has not forwarded the drugs allegedly procured by her to somebody else to earn monetary or other benefits," wrote Justice Sarang Kotwal." Media coverage
On 27 August 2020, BBC News reported that in the wake of Rajput's death, Chakraborty had "found


title: Rhea Chakraborty

texts:
 Indian journalists and media houses "equally complicit in pushing an agenda against <mask> Chakraborty." In particular, during the first month following Rajput's death, news channel Republic TV "pushed insinuations on the finances of <mask> <mask>'s parents." Over time, the researchers recount, <mask> Chakraborty was slandered, hounded, and "intensely targeted by trolling and mainstream media speculation online."They conclude that "the case and its victims are a reminder of ways the patriarchy is alive and well, and always readying its blades for the next execution." On 7 October 2020, as <mask> was released on bail after nearly a month in pretrial confinement, the South China Morning Post noted that "India's hyperbolic television channels, which have given more airtime to this case than India's battle against Covid-19 and the recent rapes of lower-caste women, labelled Chakraborty a 'murderer'." Variety observed that since Rajput's death, "Indian media, fueled by aggressive television anchors, has worked itself into an unprecedented feeding frenzy." Following <mask>'s arrest, said Variety, "Haranguing television anchors appointed themselves judge and jury, with daily trials on primetime television." The general audience, Variety added, "appears to be consuming the ongoing drama with relish." Filmography

Films

 All films are in Hindi, unless otherwise indicated. Television

References

External links

Living people
Bengali actresses
Actresses from Bangalore
Indian film actresses
VJs (media personalities)
Indian women television presenters
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Actresses in Telugu cinema
Participants in Indian reality television series
21st-century Indian

masks: Rhea Rhea Chakraborty Rhea Chakraborty Chakraborty


title: Sajjad Ali

texts:
<mask> (born 1966) is a Pakistani semi-classical, pop and rock singer, poet, actor, film director as well as a film producer from Karachi, Pakistan. Early life and education
His father, Shafqat Hussain (Sajan), was a Pakistani film actor and also a cricketer. his father appeared for the first time in a film, Badal Aur Bijli in 1971. <mask> completed his F.A degree from National Arts College, Karachi. After that, his uncle, Tassaduq Hussain started teaching music to him with his classical collections. During <mask>'s training, Hussain played music from classical artists such as Ustad <mask>, Ustad <mask> and Ustad <mask> who all were <mask>'s grand-uncles also. He was also briefly trained by his uncle Ustad <mask> from India who himself was the son of Ustad <mask>.<mask> <mask> belongs to the Kasur Patiala Gharana of classical musicians. Career

Music
<mask> <mask>'s first classical hit album, Master Sajjad Sings Memorable Classics was released in 1979 by EMI-Pakistan. The musicians were Bade Ghulam <mask>, Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam <mask> and Amanat <mask>, while most of the songs were written by Hasrat Mohani, Momin and others. <mask> made his television debut in many programs before his debut program, Aap Janab by Athar Shah Khan. After this, he appeared in Rung Barangi Duniya by musician Sohail Rana. He also performed in the program Rag Rung in 1980 at the age of 14. He became famous at the 25th anniversary of PTV's stage show, called Silver Jubilee by Shoaib Mansoor, by singing the song "Banwari Chakori", originally sung by Noor Jehan.On

masks:
Sajjad Ali
Sajjad
Sajjad
Bade Ghulam Ali Khan
Barkat Ali Khan
Mubarak Ali Khan
Sajjad Ali
Munawar Ali Khan
Bade Ghulam Ali Khan
Sajjad
Ali
Sajjad
Ali
Ali Khan
Ali
Ali Khan
Sajjad


title: Sajjad Ali

texts:
 26 November 1983 during a show, <mask> sung the songs "Lagi Ray Lagay Lagan Yehe Dil Mein" and "Bawari Chakuri". He produced the music albums Babia 93, Chief Saab and  Sohni Lag Di. His brother Waqar <mask> is also in the music industry. <mask>, along with his brother, wrote lyrics for most of the songs in his albums, while lyricists Sabir Zafar, Mohammad Nasir, Nadeem Asad, and <mask> have also written some songs. In July 2006, Sajjad released a single called "Chal Rein De", a more classical song. On 3 September 2006, he released another single in a totally different genre with the help of Meloscience Corp. The song is known as "Sajjad-Ali Sinsym Fligh", and it has an experimental, jazzy, Sufi beat.In late April 2008, <mask> released his album, Chahar Balish, which contained new tracks as well as some previous tracks such as "Chal Rein De". Two new compositions of <mask> <mask> from the film Bol by Shoaib Mansoor were released by Tips music on 22 May 2011 in India and on 30 May 2011 by Fire Records in Pakistan. He also appeared in the second episode of Coke Studio with his song "Kir Kir", which was broadcast on major television channels across Pakistan on 5 June 2011. In 2017, <mask> released his single with Bohemia (rapper) (Tamasha), a massive hit on YouTube and social media. It was his first collaboration. Films and television
<mask> directed his first telefilm, Love Letter in 1989, and then his first full-length motion picture, Aik Aur Love Story in 1998. Before that, he also performed as an actor and a singer in a film,  Munda Tera

masks:
Sajjad
Ali
Sajjad
Ali Moin
Sajjad
Sajjad
Ali
Sajjad
Sajjad


title: Sajjad Ali

texts:
 Deewana which was directed by Zahoor Husain Gillani.<mask> has also sung songs for drama serials, Teri Yaad (Album) in the PTV drama serial Thori Khushi Thora Ghum, "Na Boloon Gi" in Na Tum Jano Na Hum Janain (ARY Digital) and "Sunn Leyna" in Sunn Leyna (ARY Digital). His brother Waqar <mask> is also credited with the making of these songs. Sajjad composed songs in Shoaib Mansoor's 2011 film Bol. Sajjad stated that the songs were recorded in his own studio in Dubai and by the name of Din Pareshan hai, having two versions. According to <mask> <mask> this song is different from the song in his album Chahar Balish which has also the same title. Critical acclaim
Musician A. R. Rahman has described Sajjad as the original crossover:
"From the realm of the classical, he metamorphosed into one of the brightest lights of Pakistani pop. Always striking the right note, and never missing a beat, even the most hardened purist has to give Sajjad his due.This man can breathe life in a Ghazal even as he puts the V back into verve. He is one of the very few singers in Pakistan who seems a complete singer. As far as skill is concerned I feel nobody compares to <mask> <mask>. He is simply too good at everything he chooses to create." Personal life
<mask> married his uncle's daughter Naureen in 1990. They have four children; two sons and two daughters. He lives in Dubai Marina, United Arab Emirates with his family, where he has been based for many years.His two brothers, named "Waqar <mask>" and "<mask>", have also made a name in the Pakistan music

masks:
Sajjad
Ali
Sajjad
Ali
Sajjad
Ali
Sajjad
Ali
Lucky Ali


title: Red Cloud (rapper)

texts:
Henry Andrade (born November 18, 1978), known professionally as <mask>d, is an American rapper based in Los Angeles, California who creates hip hop tracks recognizably influenced by his spiritual and Indigenous heritage. Early life
Henry Andrade was born on November 18, 1978, in Hawthorne, California. He is of Indigenous Mexican heritage (Wixáritari). He became a confessed, or "born again,"  believer in Jesus Christ in 1991, while in the eighth grade, and at that time repented from being a gang member. Music career
Moving from gangs to hip hop and gospel in the early 90s, <mask>loud signed with Syntax Records in 2000 and recorded Is This Thing On?, his first studio album released in April 2001. This album got two four and a half star out of five reviews by AllMusic's Jo-Ann Greene and Scott Fryberger of Jesus Freak Hideout, yet The Phantom Tollbooths Brian A. Smith rated it three clocks out of a possible five. His second release, Traveling Circus, was released on December 16, 2003 with Syntax.The album received a five star review from Jesus Freak Hideout's Scott Fryberger, while attaining a four star rating from Jo-Ann Greene at AllMusic. While Cross Rhythms' Tony Cummings rated it a nine out of ten, and over at Rapzilla they rated it three and a half R's. Tony LaFlanza, indicating for The Phantom Tollbooth, the album was a four clock release. His most recent album, Hawthorne's Most Wanted, was his third studio album with Syntax Records that came out on May 22, 2007. This time around Scott Fryberger rated the album four stars, while Jo-Ann Greene rated

masks: RedClou RedC


title: Red Cloud (rapper)

texts: it four and a half stars. Wayne Gough, rated the album nine out of ten for Cross Rhythms, and The Phantom Tollbooth'''s Bert Saraco rated it four clocks. RedCloud released a mix tape in 2006, The Warriors Society, again with Syntax Records.<mask>Cloud moved more than 50,000 units of his releases in his decade with the label. He toured with KRS-One, Immortal Technique, Evidence, Tech N9ne, and Murs, among others. After splitting with Syntax Records in 2010, he formed the independent 1491 Nations record label and released his underground mix tape, 1491 Nation Presents: <mask>loud (2011). The following year, <mask>Cloud subsequently redefined his music with the help of collaborators Crystle Lightning and DJ Hydroe, creating a performance crew known for its electro-house/hip hop fusion featuring RedCloud’s underground spit. Called LightningCloud, Sam Slovik of the L.A. Weekly called the crew, "a near-earth object inventing new realms of the Electro-House-Hip-Hop revolution on the planet. Urban futurist[s], <mask>loud and Crystle Lightning are L.A.’s subterranean Bonnie and Clyde." Their self-titled debut (2012) is an eclectic mix of straight hip hop (“Burn It Down”), the digital groove of electro house dance styles (e.g.“Zoom,” or “Gravitron”), hip hop inflected French yé-yé (“Hang It Up Daddy”), with a twist of B-movie slasher flick tango (“Zombie Love”). He travels North America as a performance artist and is known for songs that travel the globe in geography, message, and experience. His collaborative LightningCloud album (2012) features the work of

masks:
Red
MC RedC
Red
MC RedC


title: Red Cloud (rapper)

texts:
 time-honored collaborators, including Pigeon John, DJ Wise, and producer Greg “DJ Ei8ht” Leonti. The LightningCloud album received recognition from the Aboriginal Peoples Choice Music Awards (APCMA) for Best Hip Hop Album in November 2012. In 2013, <mask>Cloud battled against MCs across Southern California to win the “Who’s Next: Battle for the Best” contest on the number one hip hop station in the United States, Power 106. As winners, his LightningCloud crew received a cash prize, a performance with Kendrick Lamar, and represented west coast hip hop against Hot 97’s Brooklyn-based, east coast representative Radamiz in a freestyle battle in Austin, Texas on March 15, 2013. After winning that MC battle, LightningCloud received the opportunity to use a beat produced with Timbaland for a subsequent track called Sake Bombs.<mask>Cloud’s rhyme connects to Native American hip hop, a musical genre popular with American and Canadian indigenous peoples.Like comparable MCs old and new (including Litefoot, RezOfficial, Joey Stylez, and War Party, among many others), <mask>loud raps about Native issues, politics, and social consciousness. He also fuses traditional native musics to contemporary hip hop style and provides workshops and performances to raise the indigenous consciousness of tribal youth. In 2014, <mask>loud broke the Guinness World Record for freestyle rapping that was previously set at 17 hours, and he went 18 hours one minute and 14 seconds. Discography
Studio albums
 Is This Thing On? (April 3, 2001, Syntax Records)
 Traveling Circus (December 6,

masks: Red Red RedC RedC


title: Red Cloud (rapper)

texts:
 2003, Syntax Records)
 Hawthorne's Most Wanted (May 22, 2007, Syntax Records)
 1491 Nation Presents: <mask>loud (July 22, 2011, 1491 Nations Records)
 LightningCloud (June 30, 2012, 1491 Nation Records)

References

 Amsterdam, Lauren J. 2013. "All the Eagles and Ravens in the House Say Yeah: (Ab)original Hip-Hop, Heritage, and Love," American Indian Culture and Research Journal 37(2):53-72.Aplin, T. Christopher. 2012. “Expectation, Christianity, and Ownership in Indigenous Hip-Hop: Religion in Rhyme with Emcee One, RedCloud, and Quese, Imc,” MUSICultures (formerly, The Canadian Journal for Traditional Music), 39(1): 42-69. Aplin, T. Christopher. 2013. “Urban Beats, Religious Belief, and Interconnected Streets in Indigenous North American Hip-Hop: Native American Influences in African American Music,” in Sounds of Resistance: The Role of Music in Multicultural Activism,'' edited by Eunice Rojas and Lindsay Michie Eades. Praeger.Aplin, T. Christopher. [Forthcoming]. “Get Tribal: Cosmopolitan Worlds and Indigenous Consciousness in Hip Hop,” in Music and Modernity Among First Peoples of North America, edited by Victoria Levine and Dylan Robinson. External links
 Syntax Records artist profile

 LightningCloud, by Lightningcloud
 1491 Nation Presents: <mask>Cloud, by <mask>loud
 MC <mask>Cloud (@RedCloud1491) | Twitter

1978 births
Living people
Performers of Christian hip hop music
Rappers from California
21st-century American rappers
American rappers of Mexican descent
People from Hawthorne, California
Native American rappers
Hispanic and Latino American

masks:
MC RedC
MC Red
MC RedC
Red


title: Thomas Lubanga Dyilo

texts:
<mask> (born 29 December 1960) is a convicted war criminal from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the first person ever convicted by the International Criminal Court (ICC). He founded and led the Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC) and was a key player in the Ituri conflict (1999–2007). Rebels under his command have been accused of massive human rights violations, including ethnic massacres, murder, torture, rape, mutilation, and forcibly conscripting child soldiers. On 17 March 2006, Lubanga became the first person arrested under a warrant issued by the ICC. His trial, for the war crime of "conscripting and enlisting children under the age of fifteen years and using them to participate actively in hostilities," began on 26 January 2009, and he was found guilty on 14 March 2012, and faced a sentence of up to 30 years. On 10 July 2012, Trial Chamber I of the International Criminal Court (ICC) sentenced Lubanga to a total period of 14 years of imprisonment, also ordering that the time from Lubanga's surrender to the ICC in 2006 until the sentencing day should be deducted from the 14-year term, which meant he would spend 6 fewer years in prison. Early life and family
Lubanga was born on 29 December 1960 in Djiba in the Ituri Province of the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville).He is of the Hema-Gegere ethnic group. He studied at the University of Kisangani and has a degree in psychology. He is married and has seven children. Ituri conflict
During the Second Congo War, Lubanga was a military commander and "minister of defence" in the pro-Uganda Congolese Rally for Democracy-Liberation Movement (RCD-ML). In July 2001, he founded another rebel group, the Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC). In early 2002, Lubanga was sidelined from the military control of the RCD-ML and he split from the group. In September 2002, he became President of the UPC and founded its military wing, the Patriotic


title: Thomas Lubanga Dyilo

texts:
 all the confidential information available to the court, so the Trial Chamber reversed its decision and ordered that the trial could go ahead. The Prosecutor was widely criticised for his actions, but the court was also praised for its "determination to ensure fairness to the defence".Human rights groups have expressed their concern about the narrow scope of the charges against Lubanga, and urged the Prosecutor to add more crimes to the indictment. Several organisations wrote to the Prosecutor in 2006 arguing that "the failure to include additional charges in the case against Mr. Lubanga could undercut the credibility of the ICC in the DRC. Moreover, the narrow scope of the current charges may result in severely limiting victims' participation in the first proceedings before the ICC. This could negatively impact on the right of victims to reparations." Lubanga's lawyer complained that the defence team was given a smaller budget than the Prosecutor, that evidence and witness statements were slow to arrive, and that many documents were so heavily censored that they were impossible to read. References

External links
 The Prosecutor v. <mask> Dyilo — public court records relating to the ICC trial
  — special edition focusing on the Lubanga trial
 <mask> <mask> — the Hague Justice Portal
 <mask>a — Trial Watch
 www.lubangatrial.org — daily coverage of the trial and legal analysis
 2003 interview with <mask>a — IRIN
 Report on the opening day of <mask>a's trial – Radio France International

1960 births
Living people
People from Ituri Province
Hema people
Democratic Republic of the Congo prisoners and detainees
Democratic Republic of the Congo people imprisoned abroad
People of the Ituri conflict
Democratic Republic of the Congo people convicted of war crimes
People convicted by the International Criminal Court
People extradited from the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the

masks:
Thomas Lubanga
Thomas Lubanga
Dyilo
Thomas Lubang
Thomas Lubang
Thomas Lubang


title: Khem Singh Gill

texts:
<mask> (1 September 1930 – 17 September 2019) was an Indian academic, geneticist, plant breeder and Vice-Chancellor of the Punjab Agricultural University. He was known for his contributions to the Green Revolution in India. Instrumental for breeding new strains of wheat, linseed, and sesame, he was the author of the book Research on wheat and triticale in the Punjab along with several additional articles on the subject. He was also the Vice-President of The Kalgidhar Trust and The Kalgidhar Society, Baru Sahib, which is one of the largest Sikh charities. A <mask> Chair Professor in Sikhism of the Eternal Global University and a founding fellow of The World Academy of Sciences, he was a recipient of Rafi Ahmad Kidwai Memorial Prize, Team Research Award of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), FICCI Award, ICAR Golden Jubilee Award and Silver Jubilee Award of the Indian Society of Oilseeds Research. In 1992, the Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honor of the Padma Bhushan for his contributions to science. Biography
Born 1 September 1930 at Kaleke, a small village in the Punjab State of India (presently in Moga District), <mask> graduated in Agricultural Science (BSc) from Khalsa College, Amritsar in 1949 and secured his master's degree (MSc) from Punjab University in 1951.He started his career as a Research Assistant at the Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab and later moved to Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) as Assistant Oilseed Breeder before taking a break from work to pursue his doctoral studies at the University of California in 1963. After obtaining his PhD in Genetics from the University in 1966, he returned to India and joined Punjab Agricultural University as a professor and the head of the Department of Genetics (1966-1968). Dr. <mask> later became a professor and the head of the Department of Plant Breeding (1968–79), Dean of the College of

masks:
Khem Singh Gill
Sant Teja Singh
Khem Singh Gill
Gill


title: Khem Singh Gill

texts: Agriculture (1979–83), Director of Research (1983–87), and Director of Extension Education (1987–89). He eventually earned the post of Vice Chancellor of PAU in 1990. Dr. <mask> Served as Vice Chancellor until 1993. During his tenure at the university, he contributed to the development of the Department of Plant Breeding into a Center of Excellence. His contributions were also reported in the introduction of research programs the Hisar and Ludhiana campuses of the institution.He headed the Wheat Improvement Program of the state government. On the research front, his work assisted in the development of improved cultivars of linseed, sesame, and wheat and in the genetic improvement of pearl millet, barley and triticale. His researches were documented by way of over 475 scientific papers and articles and many books, including Development of triticales for stability of yield and improved quality of grains: Final technical report and Research on wheat and triticale in the Punjab. He also guided 17 doctoral and 8 master's students in their researches. While serving as the head of the Department of Plant Breeding at PAU, Dr. <mask> founded the Crop Improvement Society of India in 1974. He served as its president until 1979, while remaining a loyal patron ever since. He was associated with the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center as a member of its program committee and board of trustees (1988–93).He was the evaluator of two UNDP programs: sorghum and millets improvement program of International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in Hyderabad (1981) and rice program of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines (1983). Dr. <mask> served as the Senior Vice President of the International Triticale Association from 1988 to 1994. He was a council member of the Indian National Science Academy from 1983 to 1985. He was the founding board member of the Kalgidhar

masks: Gill Gill Gill


title: Khem Singh Gill

texts:
 Trust, Baru Sahib, an international non-profit charitable organization along with Baba Iqbal <mask> who was the President of the board. He was associated with Baba Iqbal <mask> since early college days and they both found their mentor in Sant Teja <mask>, (MA LLB AM Harvard). Since 1994, Dr. <mask> served as chairman of 129 Akal Academies under The Kalgidhar Trust/Society in the rural areas of Northern India. Scientific Contributions
Dr. <mask> <mask> worked with Nobel Peace Laureate Norman Borlaug in the 1960s to develop new varieties of wheat.Under his leadership, the Department of Plant Breeding received recognition at the international level. His main focus area, however, remained the wheat improvement program. Dr. <mask> carried out excellent work in the development and identification of improved varieties of wheat, which revolutionized wheat production in Punjab and several other parts of India and Pakistan. He was one of the main contributors to the Green Revolution in India, which made India a self-reliant country with an added capacity to export grains to other countries. Dr. <mask> has over 300 research publications and has authored many books in the area of his expertise (K. S. <mask>, personal communication, 22 November 2016). Awards and honors
Dr. <mask> <mask> was a founder fellow of The World Academy of Sciences (1974), as well as an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy (1981) and the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1991). He was also a fellow of the Indian Society of Agricultural Sciences, Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Genetic Association of India and the Crop Improvement Society of India.The Indian Council made him a National Professor of Eminence in 1980 and the Eternal Global University conferred the Sant Teja <mask> Chair Professorship in Sikhism on him in 2016. Dr. <mask> Ahmed Kidwai Award of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research

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title: Khem Singh Gill

texts:
 (ICAR) in 1976 and a cash prize from Punjab Agricultural University in 1978. ICAR honored him again in 1981 with the Team Research Award and he was awarded the FICCI Award in 1985. He received three appreciations from the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington in 1981, 1987 and 1991 and two Wheat Research Medals from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center in 1973 and 1993. The Government of India awarded him the civilian honor of the Padma Bhushan in 1992, the same year as he received the Golden Jubilee Award of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. He was also a recipient of the Silver Jubilee Award of the Indian Society of Oilseed Research in 1993. In 2015, Dr. <mask> was conferred Doctor of Science (honoris causa) by Punjab Agricultural University in Ludhiana in Punjab, India.Controversy
Dr. <mask> <mask> was involved in a controversy in 1985 when his son, Ranjit <mask>, was indicted in the assassination of Lalit Maken and his wife, Geetanjali. Controversy surrounded Maken's alleged involvement in the massacres of Sikhs during the 1984 anti-Sikh genocide in New Delhi. Ranjit was convicted, despite his father's efforts, and sentenced to life imprisonment in 2003. His sentence was later commuted. Ranjit <mask>, after the release from incarceration, is involved in community and social development activities. See also
 Khalsa College, Amritsar

References

External links

Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering
1930 births
Scientists from Punjab, India
University of the Punjab alumni
Punjab Agricultural University faculty
University of California alumni
Fellows of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Indian geneticists
Indian agriculturalists
Indian botanical writers
Plant breeding
Heads of universities and colleges in India
TWAS fellows
2019 deaths
20th-century Indian biologists
People from Moga

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Singh Gill


title: Talitha Getty

texts:
<mask> (; 18 October 1940 – 11 July 1971) was a Dutch actress, socialite, and model who was regarded as a style icon of the late 1960s. She lived much of her adult life in Britain and, in her final years, was closely associated with the Moroccan city of Marrakesh. Her husband was the oil heir and subsequent philanthropist <mask>. Early life
<mask> was born in Java, then part of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), daughter of the artists  (1905–1988) and Arnoldine Adriana "Adine" Mees (1908–1948). Her father subsequently married Poppet John (1912–1997), daughter of the painter Augustus John (1878–1961), a pivotal figure in the world of Bohemian culture and fashion. She was thus the step-granddaughter of both Augustus John and his muse and second wife, Dorothy "Dorelia" McNeil (1881–1969), who was a fashion icon in the early years of the 20th century. By Ian Fleming's widowed mother, Evelyn Ste Croix Fleming née Rose, Augustus John had a daughter and <mask>'s step-aunt, Amaryllis Fleming (1925–1999), who became a noted cellist.Pol spent her early years, during the Second World War, with her mother in a Japanese prison camp. Her father was interned in a separate camp, and her parents went their own ways after the war, Pol moving to Britain with her mother, who died in 1948 in The Hague. Pol studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London. Writer and journalist Jonathan Meades, who was at RADA several years later, recalled that, after first coming to London in 1964, he saw Pol with her stepmother at Seal House, Holland Park (home of Poppet John's sister, Vivien). Meades thought her "the most beautiful young woman I had ever seen ... I gaped, unable to dissemble my amazement". In 1988, a former Labour Member of the British Parliament Woodrow, Lord Wyatt recalled, with reference to the "success with women" of Anthony, Lord Lambton, former Conservative Government Minister, that

...there was that <mask>

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Talitha Dina Getty
John Paul Getty Jr
Talitha Dina Pol
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Talitha


title: Talitha Getty

texts:
 Pol who was very pretty and had a little starlet job in Yugoslavia; and he went and stayed at the hotel and sent her huge bunches of flowers about every two hours and showered her with presents.Another to come under Pol's spell was the dancer Rudolf Nureyev, who first met her at a party in 1965. According to Nureyev's biographer, Julie Kavanagh, the two were in thrall to each other, to the extent that Nureyev "had never felt so erotically stirred by a woman" and told several friends that he wished to marry Pol. In the event, Nureyev was unable to attend a dinner party given by Claus von Bülow, at which he and Pol were to have been seated next to each other, and so von Bülow invited instead John Paul <mask> Jr., son of his employer, the oil tycoon <mask>. Pol and <mask> Jr. forged a relationship that led to their marriage in 1966. Marriage to John Paul <mask>

Pol became the second wife of John Paul <mask> Jr. on 10 December 1966. She was married in a white miniskirt, trimmed with mink. The Gettys became part of Swinging London's fashionable scene, becoming friends with, among others, singers Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones and his girl-friend Marianne Faithfull.Faithfull has recounted her apprehension, through "ingrained agoraphobia", about an invitation to spend five weeks with the Gettys in Morocco ("but for Mick this is an essential part of his life") and how, after splitting from Jagger, she took up with <mask> <mask>'s lover, Count Jean de Breteuil, a young French aristocrat (1949–1971). Breteuil supplied drugs to musicians such as Jim Morrison of The Doors, Keith Richards, and Marianne Faithfull, who wrote that Breteuil "saw himself as dealer to the stars" and has claimed that he delivered the drugs that accidentally killed Morrison less than two weeks before Talitha's own death in 1971. For his part, Richards recalled that John Paul and <mask> <mask> "had the best and finest opium". Print designer Celia

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Paul Getty
Getty
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Talitha
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title: Talitha Getty

texts:
 Birtwell, who married designer Ossie Clark, recalled <mask> <mask> as one of a number of "beautiful people" who crossed her threshold in the late 1960s, while couturier Yves Saint Laurent likened the Gettys to the title of a 1922 novel by F Scott Fitzgerald as "beautiful and damned". Among other glamorous figures of the Sixties, the fashion designer Michael Rainey, who founded the Hung on You boutique in Chelsea, and his wife Jane Ormsby-Gore, daughter of British ambassador David Ormsby-Gore to the United States during the Kennedy era, "hung out" with the Gettys in Marrakesh between their moving from Gozo to the Welsh Marches. John Paul <mask>, who has been described as "a swinging playboy who drove fast cars, drank heavily, experimented with drugs and squired raunchy starlets", eschewed the family business, Getty Oil, during this period, much to the chagrin of his father. However, in later years, he became a philanthropist and, as a U.S. citizen, received an honorary British knighthood in 1986.His luxury yacht, built in 1927 and renovated in 1994, was the MY Talitha G.

In July 1968, the Gettys had a son, Tara Gabriel Gramophone Galaxy, who became a noted ecological conservationist in Africa, dropped his third and fourth forenames, and took Irish citizenship in 1999. He and his wife Jessica (a chalet maid he met in Verbier) have three children, including a daughter named Talitha. By 1969, the dissolute lifestyle the Gettys were leading in Italy and Morocco had begun to wear on <mask>, who wished to pursue treatment for heroin and alcohol addiction and return to Britain. Both she and Paul were unfaithful to one another (Paul was having an affair with Victoria Holdsworth, whom he would go on to marry in 1994), and Paul showed no commitment to becoming sober. He agreed to a separation and purchased a house for his wife and son to live in on Cheyne Walk in London. In early 1970 Talitha was sober and living an active

masks: Talitha Getty Getty Talitha


title: Talitha Getty

texts:
 social life in London. Marrakesh photo
<mask> <mask> is probably best remembered for an iconic photograph taken on a roof-top in Marrakesh, Morocco in January 1969 by Patrick Lichfield.With her hooded husband in the background, this image, part of the collection of the National Portrait Gallery in London, portrayed her in a crouching pose, wearing a multi-coloured kaftan, white harem pants and white and cream boots. The look seemed stylishly to typify the hippie fashion of the time and became a model over the years for what, more recently, has been referred to variously as "hippie chic", "boho-chic" and "Talitha Getty chic". Film career
As an actress, Pol appeared in several films, including Village of Daughters (1962) (as a daughter, Gioia Spartaco); an Edgar Wallace mystery, We Shall See (1964) (as Jirina); The System (1964) (aka "The Girl-Getters" as Helga, a German tourist and the first girl to be hit on by the young men)); Return from the Ashes (1965) (as Claudine, alongside Maximilian Schell, Ingrid Thulin and Samantha Eggar); and Barbarella (1968), a sexually charged science-fiction fantasy starring Jane Fonda, in which she had the minor uncredited role of a girl smoking a hookah pipe. Death
In the spring of 1971, <mask> <mask> asked her husband for a divorce after years of living separately, but Paul Jr. was adamant that he still loved her and pleaded with her to come to Rome for a reconciliation. Her lawyers advised her that divorce proceedings would be easier if <mask> could show that she had attempted to reconcile with Paul, so on 9 July 1971 she flew to Rome. She was found dead on 11 July in the Getty apartment on Piazza d'Aracoeli, allegedly of a heroin overdose. However, her death certificate listed the cause as cardiac arrest, with high levels of alcohol and barbiturates found in her blood.Speculation flared up in the Italian press that Paul's continued heroin usage had caused Talitha to relapse. An

masks: Talitha Getty Talitha Getty Talitha


title: Talitha Getty

texts:
 autopsy conducted 8 months after her death found traces of heroin in <mask>'s system, but this was inconclusive since heroin can persist in the body for many months, and might therefore have pre-dated her sobriety. In January 1973, Italian authorities announced that an inquest would be held into the causes of <mask>'s death; they requested that Paul Jr. submit to an interview. <mask> was afraid that his continued drug use would lead to arrest and prosecution, so he fled Italy for the UK in February, and never returned. <mask> <mask> died within the same 12-month period as Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Edie Sedgwick and, as noted, Jim Morrison, other cultural icons of the 1960s. Her friend Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones, with whom she had spent time in Marrakesh, had predeceased Hendrix by a little over a year. Reception
The death of <mask> <mask> is the subject of the Italian political drama Number One (1973).The film, which disappeared from the public eye because of its clear references to the <mask> case and the Number One nightclub, was restored and screened again in 2021. The death of <mask> Pol serves as a trigger for major investigations into drug trafficking and art theft surrounding the nightclub. <mask> <mask>'s cinematic stand-in character "Deborah Garner" is played by Josiane Tanzilli, John Paul <mask> II in the character of "Teddy Garner Jr." by Paolo Malco. Selected filmography
 Village of Daughters (1962)
 The Comedy Man (1964)
 The Edgar Wallace Mystery Theatre (1 episode, 1964)
 The System (1964)
 The Long Ships (1964)
 Return from the Ashes (1965)
 Barbarella (Uncredited, 1968)

References

External links

 Article featuring Marrakesh photo

1940 births
1971 deaths
Deaths by heroin overdose
Dutch expatriates in Italy
Dutch film actresses
Dutch television actresses
Drug-related deaths in Italy
Talitha
20th-century Dutch actresses
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
People from Mojokerto

masks: Talitha Talitha Getty Talitha Getty Talitha Getty Getty Talitha Talitha Getty Getty


title: Caroline Massin

texts:
<mask> (2 July 1802 – 27 January 1877) was a French seamstress known for her tempestuous marriage with the philosopher Auguste Comte during the most creative period of his life. Comte was mentally unstable and had jealous fantasies about his wife's infidelities. Early in the marriage he broke down and was confined to an asylum for several months. The marriage continued to be strained, with constant money worries. Although <mask> supported her husband and believed in his genius, Comte could never accept her independence. They separated after 17 years. In his last years Comte wrote an appendix to his will in which he accused <mask> of having been a prostitute, The slur was later repeated by his followers.After his death <mask> encouraged a sympathetic biographer of Comte and helped launch a magazine devoted to his philosophy of positivism. Early years

<mask> was born in Châtillon-sur-Seine on 2 July 1802. Her parents were Louis Hilare <mask> and Marie Anne Baudelot, provincial actors. They were not married and separated soon after she was born. She was raised in a warm and upright environment by her maternal grandmother in Paris, wife of a tailor. In 1813 her grandfather died. Her grandmother could no longer support her and returned her to her mother.Her life in the next few years is obscure. She seems to have been given some education since her surviving letters show she wrote well. She may have worked as a laundress, seamstress or actress. She was running a bookshop or reading room in 1822, when Auguste Comte met her through a mutual friend, a young and liberal lawyer Antoine Cerclet. Comte and <mask> began meeting occasionally in public. In the autumn of 1823 Comte began giving <mask> mathematics lessons at her apartment, and they became intimate. Early in 1824 <mask> sold the reading room, planning to live off the proceeds for a while.In February 1824 she and Comte moved into an apartment just off the  rue Saint-Honoré for which she supplied the furniture. They settled into a regular and happy routine, eating at

masks:
Caroline Massin
Caroline
Caroline
Caroline
Caroline Massin
Massin
Caroline Massin
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title: Caroline Massin

texts:
 home and retiring early. In letters written in 1824 Comte described <mask> as "very spiritual, very kind, and pretty." He loved "her good heart, her graces, her rare spirit, her kindness, her happy character and her good habits." His best friend Pierre Valat wrote that she had great charm and high intelligence, and was passionately loved by Comte. They decided to marry, and Comte wrote to ask his parents for their approval. The marriage took place on 19 February 1825.<mask>'s mother attended and gave her consent. Both she and <mask> gave their occupations as washerwomen. There were four witnesses, including Antoine Cerclet. Married life

The marriage was unhappy, often violent, stressed by lack of money and with several separations, but it was during the marriage that Comte wrote his masterwork, the six volume Cours de Philosophie Positive (Course in Positive Philosophy). The couple had little money and Comte could not find work he liked, but at the end of July they managed to make a visit to Comte's parents in Montpellier. <mask> and Comte's parents did not get on. Comte suspected that <mask> was being unfaithful, possibly with Cerclet and others.They separated in March 1826, and soon after Comte had a mental breakdown. Comte took refuge in a hotel in Saint Denis, from where he wrote to <mask>, then disappeared. She guessed that he had gone to Montmorency, one of his favorite places, and found him there trying to set fire to his room. With the help of a local doctor she calmed him down. She returned to Paris to get help from Cerclet, and he was able to find a place at the asylum run by the psychiatrist Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol. Cerclet, <mask> and Comte's friend the celebrated biologist Henri Blainville managed to move Comte there through a ruse. <mask>, <mask>'s father, had showed up just before Comte's breakdown to ask her for money.She refused, and in revenge he slandered her to Comte's very respectable parents, telling them her infidelities had driven their son mad. Comte's mother Rosalie came to Paris

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Caroline
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title: Caroline Massin

texts: to help her son. The family tried to obtain an "interdiction", which would remove Comte's legal rights and place him under the care of his father. They appeared before a judge on 2 June 1826 and declared to the judge that they were the only people in Paris close to Comte, making no mention of his wife but saying he had a mistress whose depravity was the cause of his madness. The interdiction was granted. When <mask> heard of this she asked Blainville for help and he arranged to have the interdiction cancelled. Rosalie Comte stayed in Paris for six months, spending much time with <mask>, and began to feel her daughter-in-law had been maligned.She checked the register of prostitutes and found no trace of her name. She showed <mask> the letter her father <mask> had written, and <mask> was profoundly shocked. On 2 December Esquirol declared that he could not cure Comte, and returned him to <mask>. He was forced to submit to a Catholic wedding that Rosalie had arranged. At first Comte was violent and unpredictable, but <mask> began to nurse him back to sanity. He was still unstable and depressive. In March 1827 Comte tried to kill himself by jumping into the Seine from a bridge, but was prevented by a passing royal guard.After his second attempt at suicide he decided he had been saved so he could undertake his life's work, the description of a positivist philosophy. <mask> supported him throughout this time. She acted as Comte's full-time secretary while he was writing his book. <mask> fell ill with smallpox in late 1832. Comte was not helpful during her convalescence, and they lived apart from the middle of March to the end of August 1833. <mask>'s mother died on 29 August 1833 and she suffered a strong emotional crise. Comte did what he could to help her through this period.The marriage continued to be strained by lack of money, particularly in 1834. The letters exchanged between <mask> and Comte during the times they were apart show mutual affection, but also show tension. <mask> and Comte separated for a third time

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Caroline
Caroline
Louis Massin
Caroline
Caroline
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title: Caroline Massin

texts:
 on 3 May 1838. She was given a financial settlement and moved to a new apartment. The break did not last, and she returned later that month. Comte was unable to get a full-time teaching appointment, and survived through low-paid jobs like teaching mathematics at a private school and being an external examiner at the École Polytechnique. In December 1839 <mask> told Blainville she thought Comte was on the verge of another attack like that of 1826.For the last year he had treated her with coarse reproaches, harsh words and violence out of all proportion to her offenses. She did not know what to do, and feared that if he went mad again he would be lost forever. Final separation

At yet another crisis in the relationship, <mask> found an apartment for herself in the 9th arrondissement and moved there on 5 August 1842. This time the separation proved final. She left Comte just after the completion of his Cours de philosophie positive. <mask> recognized that the problems with the marriage were due to her insistence on equality. She wrote,

Comte wrote to John Stuart Mill on 24 August 1842 to pour out his troubles,

Later life

<mask> was intelligent and had some education.She was offered a job as a governess immediately after she finally separated from Comte. After Comte was dismissed from the École Polytechnique in 1844, his English collaborator John Stuart Mill gave him some immediate funds and arranged for three of his wealthy friends to provide him with a pension. Later his supporter Émile Littré arranged for a group of 73 of his French supporters to provide a stipend on which he could live comfortably. Some sources say that <mask> began an affair with Émile Littré. Certainly Comte broke with Littré due in part to jealousy of Littre's friendship with <mask>. After the break Comte began in visit his benefactors in person rather than have the funds delivered by Littre. He continued to give half his money to <mask>.<mask> continued to correspond with Comte, and continued to help him. When the government refused to

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Caroline
Caroline
Caroline Massin
Caroline
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title: Caroline Massin

texts:
 authorize him to continue teaching his course on the history of humanity in 1850, <mask> obtained an interview with Jean-Martial Bineau, the Minister of Public Works, and wrote follow-up letters that eventually resulted in renewal of the authorization. Due to the breakdown of their marriage, and because he had fallen in love with another woman, Clotilde de Vaux, Comte later tried to destroy her reputation. He wrote a "secret addition" to his will in which he insinuated that she was a prostitute. Comte blamed <mask> for causing his mental breakdown in 1826-27, which he claimed had cost him four years of lost productive time. He described her as meretricious, unworthy, heartless and ungrateful. <mask> heard of Comte's death in September 1857 and attended the commemorative ceremony in his apartment, to the horror of his disciples.When she heard of the contents of the "secret addition" she was furious. She exercised her rights as widow of an author and owner of their common property. The marriage contract between her and Comte said she had contributed 20,000 francs to the household, and she exerted the rights to this amount in cash or property. She also had the rights to his writings, and could decide what could be published. She specifically wanted the will and the correspondence between her husband and Clotilde de Vaux suppressed. She encouraged Littré to write a biography of Comte in which he would promote his scientific positivism, but discredit the last years of his life when his mind was degenerating. She also helped establish the Revue de la Philosophie Positive, which was effective in consolidating Comte's reputation.<mask> died on 27 January 1877 in Paris 75, aged 74. The insinuations in the "secret addition" have often been repeated by Comte's biographers. Letters that may have given a more complete picture were later destroyed by his disciples. Littré is the sole contemporary biographer to have given a sympathetic view of her character. Publications

Notes

Citations

Sources

1802 births
1877 deaths
French

masks:
Caroline
Caroline
Caroline
Caroline Masson


title: Ali Abdel Raziq

texts:
<mask> () (1888–1966) was an Egyptian scholar of Islam, judge and government minister. His writings, some controversial, debated the role of religion and Islamic history in 20th-century politics and government. While the implication of his arguments still remain a point of debate, his 1925 book Islam and the Foundations of Governance argued against a role for religion in politics or the political prescriptive value of religious texts. He argued that Islamic texts were and should remain neutral in political debate and civil institution building. He attended Oxford University, and he was a scholar and jurist at Al-Azhar, Cairo. Biography
<mask> was born in Minya Governorate in 1888 to a well-off family. His father, <mask>, was of Arab origin.He was a large farm-owner and was, in 1907, among the founders of the Umma Party. <mask> <mask>'s mother was of North African origin. His brother, Mustafa Abd al-Rizq, a well known philosopher, studied at Al-Azhar University under the famous reformer Muhammad Abduh. He later received his 'alim degree from Al-Azhar in 1911. In 1912, he traveled to Oxford University to study economics and political science, but he returned to Cairo at the outbreak of the First World War. Back at Al-Azhar in 1915, he became a qadi (religious judge) in Mansoura. <mask> became famous for his book Islam and the Foundations of Governance (Al-Islam Wa Usul Al-Hukm), published in 1925, and Consensus and Islamic Law (Al-Ijma´ Fi Ash-Shari´ah Al-Islamiyyah), published in 1947.Following popular debate about his 1925 book, Al-Azhar stripped him of his office, but he got it back in the 1940s. <mask>, his father and his brother remained close to the Liberal Constitutional Party. He eventually became a government minister and lost his position as scholar

masks:
Ali Abdel Raziq
Ali Abdel Raziq
Hassan Abdel Raziq
Ali Abdel
Raziq
Ali
Ali


title: Ali Abdel Raziq

texts:
 and jurist at Al-Azhar. He twice served as Minister of Endowments, one of the three highest positions in religious administration, beside the Rector of Al-Azhar and the Grand Mufti. He died in 1966. Work
The argument of his 1925 book has been summarized as "Islam does not advocate a specific form of government". He focused his criticism both at those who use religious law as contemporary political proscription and at the history of rulers claiming legitimacy by the caliphate.The focus of this debate was Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal's abolition of the caliphate in 1924, and the response of some Arab Muslim scholars that it was incumbent upon Arabs, in particular, to reinstate the caliphate in Arab lands. He wrote that past rulers spread the notion of religious justification for the caliphate "so that they could use religion as a shield protecting their thrones against the attacks of rebels". The journalistic and academic debate that his book set off projected him into fame. The thesis Islam and the Foundations of Governance (Al-Islam Wa Usul Al-Hukm) was published recently by Hamed, the grandson of <mask> Raziq, with a familial introduction. He remains controversial, and his specific arguments are part of a longer tradition of jurisprudence and scripture. His work has since been both praised and condemned, as a precursor of secularist philosophy in Muslim societies. It has been criticized as having drawn on the works of Orientalist western writers.Secularism

He was regarded as the intellectual father of Islamic secularism (the separation of state and religion, not the secularization of society). Its controversial standpoints regarding the necessity of the caliphate and religious government made the book trigger an intellectual and political battle in


title: Ali Abdel Raziq

texts:
 Egypt. In essence, it claims that the Muslims may agree on any kind of government, religious or worldly, as long as it serves the interest and common welfare of their society. Arguments
 The two main sources of Islamic law (sharia), the Quran and the Sunnah (the tradition of Muhammad), neither demand nor reject the rule of a caliph or imam. There is no real ijma (consensus) on the necessity of the caliphate. Experience shows that the caliphate was a series of disasters for the Muslim community, and there is no single rational argument for the re-establishment of the caliphate. As he recounts the horrors of the caliphate, among other things, one can conclude that he advocated a humanist kind of governance, probably a democratic state.The word 'secular' entered the Arab lexicon at the turn of the 20th century, bringing with it a host of meanings and interpretations. It was first introduced into Arab discourse, as a reference to the separation between religion and state. That later evolved to become "la dini", irreligious. In current circles, secularism is often both understood as "almaniya" and associated with immorality or the lack of ethics. Criticism
Syrian Islamic theologian Muhammad Rashid Rida (d. 1935) was one of the most fierce critics of '<mask> al-Raziq and his ideas. Rida likened the ensuing uproar over his controversial work al-Islam wa ’usul al-hukm [Islam and the Foundations of Political Power] to the "sudden arrival of the Day of Judgment". Through Al-Manar, Rashid Rida charged ‘Abd al-<mask> with blasphemy and Kufr (disbelief) that no batini, Mu’tazili, or Jahmi have ever uttered before.Excommunicating '<mask> al-<mask> as an apostate (murtad), Rida praised the Azhari court verdict stripping Abd al-<mask> of his scholarly titles as a "great

masks:
Ali Abd
Raziq
Ali Abd
Raziq
Raziq


title: Ali Abdel Raziq

texts:
 manifest victory for the believers over the atheists". Rida condemned the work as “.. a destruction and uprooting of the Islamic regime and its legislation; a tearing apart of its community, and a complete endorsement of disobedience of Allah and His messenger and all religious rules pertaining to the secular order, whether personal, political, civil or criminal... it considers ignorant all generations of Muslims: The Companions, Successors, Imams, Mujtahids, Hadith scholars, and theologians. All in all, it calls for taking a path other than that of the believers, one at a conflict with Islam as it is understood by Muslims from the first generations to the present.”

See also
 Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i
 Mustafa Sabri
  Muhammad Rashid Rida

Writings
 <mask> <mask>, <mask>: Al-Islam Wa Usul Al-Hukm: Bahth Fi-l Khilafa Wa-l Hukuma Fi-l Islam (Islam and the Foundations of Governance: Research on the Caliphate and Governance in Islam). Critique and commentary by Mamdooh Haqqi (Beirut, 1978). <mask> Razek, A., trans. by Loutfi, M., ed. Filali-Ansary, A. Islam and the Foundations of Political Power.In Translation: Modern Muslim Thinkers Vol. 2. Aga Khan University-Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilisations (AKU-ISMC) / Edinburgh University Press, 2013. References

 Adams, Charles C.: Islam and Modernism in Egypt. Russell & Russell, New York, 1968 (2ndd Edition). Page: 259–68. Meier, Andreas: Der Politische Auftrag des Islam (The Political Mission of Islam).Wuppertal (GER), 1994. Page: 106–114. External links
 Islam and the Foundations of Political Power (full eBook) at Aga Khan University eCommons

1888 births
1966 deaths
20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Sharia judges
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Al-Azhar University alumni
People from Minya

masks: Abdel Raziq Ali Abdel


title: Georges Rasetti (painter, born 1851)

texts:
<mask> (15 January 1851 - 22 July 1938) was a French Impressionist and Modernist painter and ceramicist who was born in Paris, France. Rasetti began by being a painter of genre and landscapes. In 1886, he married Céline Chaudet, sister of <mask>, painter and photographer. His son, <mask>, was also a painter and sculptor. Rasetti produced ceramics in his workshop in Colombes, France. He practiced painting during his frequent stays in Brittany, France. His favorite subjects included historical figures, genre scenes, landscapes, seascapes and still-life paintings.Biography
Study under Bonnat at École des Beaux Artes

<mask> was a student of the French painter and educator Léon Bonnat. Bonnat was a French painter, Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur and professor at the École des Beaux Arts. In addition, <mask> was also a student of artist Florent Willems. The École des Beaux Arts is one of a number of influential art schools in France. It is the cradle of Beaux-Arts style in architecture and city planning that thrived in France and the United States during the end of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century. The school has a history spanning more than 350 years, training many of the great artists in Europe. Exhibitions at Salon des Artistes Indépendants

<mask> was a member of the Salon des Artistes Indépendants (Society of Independent Artists) in Paris.The Salon des Artistes Indépendants began with the organization of massive exhibitions in Paris, choosing the slogan "sans jury ni récompense" ("without jury nor reward"). The Salon des Indépendants arose through the need by artists to present their works to the

masks:
Georges Rasetti
Georges Chaudet
Georges Estrel Rasetti
Rasetti
Rasetti
Rasetti


title: Georges Rasetti (painter, born 1851)

texts:
 general public independently, rather than through the official selective method of the "Salon" (created by Louis XIV). Rasetti exhibited at the Salon many times. In 1877, Rasetti exhibited a large canvas entitled David continued by Séméï at the Paris Salon. In 1878, he presented a painting titled La Fagotière de Samois. In 1879, he presented a painting titled Le Chapelet, winning a mention. In 1880 and 1881, Rasetti presented portraits at the Paris Salon; at the same time, he began to produce etchings, including one published in L'Union littéraire des poètes et des prosateurs.Friendship with Paul Gauguin and Work with Les Nabis

In the fall of 1888, Rasetti met Paul Gauguin, which helped him to break with realism and meet the future Les Nabis. Gauguin was a French Post-Impressionist artist. Unappreciated until after his death, Gauguin is now recognized for his experimental use of color and Synthetist style that were distinct from Impressionism. <mask>'s brother in law, <mask> Chaudet, was a painter, photographer and art dealer for Paul Gauguin until Chaudet's death. Les Nabis were a group of young French artists active in Paris from 1888 until 1900, who played a large part in the transition from impressionism and academic art to abstract art, symbolism and the other early movements of modernism. The members included Pierre Bonnard, Maurice Denis, Paul Ranson, Édouard Vuillard, Ker-Xavier Roussel, Félix Vallotton, Paul Sérusier and Auguste Cazalis. Rasetti introduced Les Nabis to the techniques of ceramics in his Bois-Colombes workshop.Bois-Colombes is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9 km (5.6 mi) from

masks:
Rasetti
Georges Alfred


title: Georges Rasetti (painter, born 1851)

texts:
 the center of Paris. Participation in the Artists School of Pont-Avon

<mask> was a member of the School of Pont-Avon. He was a ceramicist at the Pont-Avon school. The Pont-Aven School encompasses works of art influenced by the Breton town of Pont-Aven and its surroundings. Originally, the term applied to works created in the artists' colony at Pont-Aven, which started to emerge in the 1850s and lasted until the beginning of the 20th century. Many of the artists were inspired by the works of Paul Gauguin, who spent extended periods in the area in the late 1880s and early 1890s.Their work is frequently characterized by the bold use of pure color and their Symbolist choice of subject matter. Rasetti was very close with Pont-Aven painters Armand Seguin and Paul Sérusier. Rasetti's painting Élégantes au jardin public (1890-1892, unsigned oil on canvas, 38 x 55 cm) is representative of the Pont-Aven influence. With this work, Rasetti offers a reinterpretation of a famous painting by Paul Gauguin, Jardin public à Arles, from December 1888. Brittany and Huelgoat in 1891

During the summer of 1891, Rasetti and his wife Céline Chaudet went to Brittany, a region in northwestern France. There, he spent time with his friends, artist Paul Sérusier, a French painter who was a pioneer of abstract art and an inspiration for the avant-garde Nabis movement, Synthetism and Cloisonnism; artist Jan Verkade, a Dutch Post-Impressionist and Christian Symbolist painter; and artist Mogens Ballin, a Danish artist and silversmith. Rasetti introduced them to painting on ceramics.At a celebration for Gauguin in March 1891, Mogens Ballin met the Dutch painter Jan


title: Georges Rasetti (painter, born 1851)

texts:
 Verkade, who had a marked influence on the development of his career. After this celebration, Gauguin departed for Tahiti. Ballin and Verkade went to Brittany together, staying at the Pension Gloanec, an inn in Pont-Aven, Brittany, France. Pension Gloanec was a base for artists of the Pont-Aven School in the last half of the 19th century. It was known for economical but excellent quality food, where the diners served themselves from shared dishes set out on a long table in the dining room. Pension Gloanec's most famous resident was Paul Gauguin, who stayed several times between 1886 and 1894. Today the building houses a bookstore, gallery and exhibition space.Later in 1891, Ballin and Verkade joined Sérusier and Rasetti in Huelgoat, a commune in the Finistère department of France. Son <mask> <mask>'s Exhibit at the 1924 and 1928 Olympics

<mask>'s son, <mask> <mask>, participated in the painting event in the art competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics. <mask> <mask>'s work, titled Cross-Country, was an 80 cm tall oil-on-canvas painting featuring football players. In addition, <mask> <mask> also participated in the painting event in the art competition at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. Paintings and artwork

<mask>'s work has been offered at auction multiple times, with realized prices ranging from USD $1,841 to USD $22,354 depending on the size and medium of the work. Since 2007, the record price for Rasetti at auction is USD $22,354 for Le Chemin, sold at Boisgirard-Antonini in Paris, France, in 2019. Personal life

<mask> <mask> was born in Paris, France, on 15 January 1851.He was the son of the ornamental sculptor Victor

masks:
Georges Estrel
Rasetti
Rasetti
Georges Estrel
Rasetti
Georges Estrel
Rasetti
Georges Estrel
Rasetti
Georges Rasetti
Georges Joseph
Rasetti


title: Georges Rasetti (painter, born 1851)

texts:
 Auguste <mask> (1824-1898) who owned a workshop at 18 rue Pierre-Charron in Paris, France. In 1886, Rasetti married Céline Alexandrone Constance Chaudet (1863-1941), sister of <mask> Chaudet. <mask> was a painter, photographer and art dealer for Paul Gauguin. George Chaudet died in 1899. <mask> was a member of the Société des Artistes Français, with whom he exhibited. <mask> met Gauguin in the Breton village of Douarnenez, in Brittany, France, and became Gauguin's friend and art dealer until Chaudet's death. In 1891, Chaudet participated in a group exhibition in Pont-Aven together with Gustav Loiseau and Armand Séguin.The refined colors and hieratic style of his landscapes and still life paintings betray the influence of both Gauguin and Cézanne. <mask>'s son with Céline Chaudet was named <mask> <mask>. <mask> <mask>, who sometimes signed his paintings as Estrel, was also a painter and sculptor. <mask> <mask> exhibited in the painting competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. His painting was an oil on canvas painting called Cross-country that was 80x117 cm. In addition, <mask> <mask> also participated in the painting event in the art competition at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. <mask>'s daughter, Alice Eléonore <mask> (1894-1944), was an artist in her own right, making hundreds of French character stockinette dolls over the course of her lifetime.For example, Cloth Man from Brittany, France and Normandy French Character Dolls. References

External links

1851 births
1938 deaths
20th-century French painters
20th-century male artists
French male painters
Olympic competitors in art

masks:
Rasetti
Georges Alfred
Georges Chaudet
Georges Chaudet
Georges Chaudet
Rasetti
Georges Estrel
Rasetti
Georges Estrel
Rasetti
Georges Estrel
Rasetti
Georges Estrel
Rasetti
Rasetti
Anne Rasetti


title: Ben Fernandez

texts:
<mask> "<mask><mask> (February 24, 1925 – April 25, 2000) was an American politician, financial consultant and special ambassador. He was a member of the Republican Party. He ran for President of the United States three times, seriously in 1980 and with more perfunctory campaigns in 1984 and 1988, making him America's first major-party presidential contender of Hispanic or Latino origin. <mask> was born in Kansas to Mexican parents who were illegal immigrants. He served in World War II, then began a successful business career. He began to get involved with politics in the late 1960s, co-founding the Republican National Hispanic Council and serving as a fundraiser for Republican candidates starting with President Richard Nixon in 1972. In 1973, Nixon appointed him U.S. Special Envoy to Paraguay.Early life
<mask> was born in the railroad yards of Kansas City, Kansas in a converted railroad boxcar. <mask> was one of seven brothers and sisters. His parents were illiterate Mexican migrants who were in the U.S. illegally seeking work. The entire family worked as farm workers in Michigan and Indiana, refusing government assistance. During his political career he was fondly nicknamed "Boxcar Ben". <mask> enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II and served in the military for three years. After his tour of duty, he landed in California with only $20 and his G.I.benefits. <mask> enrolled at the University of Redlands in Redlands, California and found a job as a waiter and "supervisor of youngsters" at the local YMCA, paying his own way through college. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics. Career
Upon graduating from Redlands, <mask> moved to New York City. He worked at General Electric during the day and attended night school at the Graduate School of Business of New York University. He received a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree in Foreign Trade and Marketing. In addition, he completed all of the course work for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Economics, Marketing, Corporate Finance, Foreign Trade and Financial History.<mask>

masks:
Benjamin
Ben
" Fernandez
Fernandez
Benjamin Fernandez
Fernandez
Fernandez
Fernandez
Fernandez
Fernandez


title: Ben Fernandez

texts:
 completed the four-year course work in two years. General Electric recruited him for its financial management training program. Following his employment and training with General Electric, he was appointed Director of Marketing Research at the O. A. Sutton Corporation of Wichita, Kansas. After three years at the post, he moved to Los Angeles, California, and became a consulting economist, specializing in the organization of savings and loan associations and commercial banks. His work as a financial consultant gained national attention. From 1960 through 1976, <mask> was asked to testify over 500 times under oath before federal and state agencies on his specialties.He also received national acclaim for his innovation in business and was recognized by the United States Department of Commerce for his work with the National Economic Development Association (NEDA), a non-profit corporation <mask> founded to foster the free enterprise system among Spanish-speaking Americans. NEDA was responsible for over $2 billion in private sector loans, with a default factor of less than two percent. Through his various business ventures <mask> became a millionaire. Political involvement
When a reporter asked him why he was a Republican, <mask> recalled a story from his college days in California when someone told him that the Republican Party was the party of rich people. "Sign me up!" <mask> replied. "I've had enough of poverty."<mask> stated that Hispanic voters presented a "golden opportunity for the GOP," and that the Republican Party was "truly the party of the open door." He was persistent in stating that the party could reap huge benefits by embracing the fast-growing Hispanic minority in the United States, claiming that Hispanics were "natural Republicans" because they had a "centuries-old suspicion of oppressive central governments" and "learned fiscal conservatism at the knees of their mothers, who assured them that if they didn't watch their nickels they wouldn't eat." <mask> was very active within Republican circles and served in multiple political positions throughout the Nixon and Reagan

masks:
Fernandez
Fernandez
Ben Fernandez
Fernandez
Fernandez
Fernandez
Fernandez


title: Ben Fernandez

texts:
 administrations. In 1972, he served as a fundraiser for President Nixon, chairing the Hispanic Finance Committee to Re-elect the President and as National Co-Chairman of the Finance Committee to Re-Elect the President. With the help of <mask>, Nixon's 1972 Presidential campaign was the first in U.S. history to create an outreach committee for Hispanics, which was instrumental in the acquisition of 60% of the Hispanic vote. President Nixon later named <mask> to the President's Council for Minority Enterprise. After <mask>'s fundraising for Nixon led to accusations that he promised government favors in return for campaign contributions, <mask> appeared before the Senate Watergate Committee on November 8, 1973, to deny allegations of wrongdoing.In August 1973, President Nixon appointed <mask> as Special Ambassador to the Republic of Paraguay to represent the United States at the inauguration of the President of Paraguay. While there, he addressed the banking and savings and loan industries. <mask> also served as a member of the Executive Council of the Republican National Committee in 1976. Republican National Hispanic Assembly
<mask> was an early and adamant supporter of Hispanic involvement within the GOP. In 1967, <mask> was one of five World War II veterans who came together in Washington, D.C. to discuss Hispanic involvement in American Politics. He co-founded the Republican National Hispanic Council and was elected as its first national chairman. The group would later change its name to the Republican National Hispanic Assembly, and became an official branch of the Republican National Committee under the leadership of then-RNC Chairman George H.W.Bush. While chairman of the Republican Hispanic Assembly, <mask> experienced his share of controversy. In one instance, he sent out a "dear amigos" letter to federal employees and contractors urging attendance at a fundraising dinner for President Gerald Ford. A Republican Hispanic Assembly spokesman said he saw no impropriety in the solicitations. President Ford relied heavily on <mask> to raise money and rally support for him in the

masks: Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez


title: Ben Fernandez

texts:
 Spanish-speaking community. When President Ford's director of the Office of Minority Business Enterprise, Alex Armendaris was accused of misconduct, <mask> allegedly made a personal phone call to Ford urging him not to fire Armendaris. <mask> had previously teamed up with Armendaris to raise over $400,000 for Richard Nixon.During the Senate's Watergate hearings, a Florida builder who was in trouble with the government testified that <mask> had promised him cabinet-level help in return for a $100,000 cash donation to the Nixon campaign. <mask> stated that he was never promised any favors for a $25,000 contribution he had made. <mask> also denied that he had attempted to help the Nixon administration's political backers by speeding up the approval of contracts by the Office of Minority Business. <mask> was exonerated by the Senate Watergate committee of any wrongdoing. Presidential runs

In October 1978, <mask> announced his candidacy for the Republican Party's nomination for President at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. He was the first major-party presidential contender of Hispanic origin. Running in a crowded primary field in 1980, he appeared on the ballot in 18 primaries.He received 25,520 votes nationally, enough to win thirty delegates at the Republican nominating convention. During the Presidential primaries, <mask> campaigned in both English and Spanish, emphasizing that private enterprise can do a better job than government and calling for a balanced federal budget. His campaign focused heavily on the first primary in the nation in Puerto Rico, believing that the Hispanic vote would go to a fellow Hispanic. <mask>'s campaign manager, David Miller, later admitted that the Puerto Rico strategy was a failure, as the early voting states of New Hampshire and Iowa completely overshadowed the Puerto Rico primary. After a lackluster showing in Puerto Rico, <mask> admitted that he was unable to fire up his Hispanic base as much as he thought he could, and the lack of TV coverage of his campaign made it difficult to raise money and garner name recognition. After <mask> ended

masks: Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez


title: Ben Fernandez

texts:
 his primary bid, he spoke at the 1980 Republican Convention in Detroit in support of Ronald Reagan. President-elect Reagan appointed <mask> to his transition team as his senior small business adviser.<mask> also welcomed Reagan to Texas during his general election campaign, helping him make the pitch for the sought-after Mexican-American vote. In 1984, <mask> attempted a second, largely ceremonial run for the Presidency. Despite being a former Reagan adviser, <mask> ran to highlight his disagreement with the high unemployment rate, deficit spending, and "heavy-handed" military approach of the Reagan Administration. He kept to the New Hampshire primary, along with perennial candidate Harold Stassen. Each received around one percent of the vote. <mask> ran one last campaign on a similar scale in 1988. Personal life and later years
<mask> had three daughters with his first wife.He remarried later in life to Jacqueline Coon and they lived in Calabasas, California. <mask> then resided in Las Vegas, Nevada until his death. He continued his work professionally and politically even after his retirement, often traveling throughout the country as a consulting economist. In 2000, he served on the McCain Presidential Finance Committee, his last political involvement before his death. <mask>'s status as the first Hispanic presidential candidate was largely forgotten in subsequent decades; when New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson, running in 2008, declared himself to be the first ever Hispanic candidate, his statement went mostly uncorrected. References

External links
 Republican National Hispanic Assembly web site

1925 births
2000 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
American politicians of Mexican descent
California Republicans
Hispanic and Latino American candidates for President of the United States
Politicians from Kansas City, Kansas
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
Candidates in the 1980 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 1984 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 1988 United States presidential election
20th-century American

masks:
Fernandez
Fernandez
Fernandez
Fernandez
Fernandez
Fernandez
Fernandez
Legacy Fernandez


title: Émile Durkheim

texts: <mask> ( or ; 15 April 1858 – 15 November 1917) was a French sociologist. He formally established the academic discipline of sociology and is commonly cited as one of the principal architects of modern social science, alongside Max Weber and Karl Marx. Much of <mask>'s work was concerned with how societies can maintain their integrity and coherence in modernity, an era in which traditional social and religious ties are much less universal, and in which new social institutions have come into being. <mask>'s conception of the scientific study of society laid the groundwork for modern sociology, and he used such scientific tools as statistics, surveys, and historical observation in his analysis of suicides in Catholic and Protestant groups. His first major sociological work was  (1893; The Division of Labour in Society), followed in 1895 by  (The Rules of Sociological Method), the same year in which <mask> set up the first European department of sociology and became France's first professor of sociology. <mask>'s seminal monograph, Le Suicide (1897), a study of suicide rates in Catholic and Protestant populations, especially pioneered modern social research, serving to distinguish social science from psychology and political philosophy. The following year, in 1898, he established the journal L'Année Sociologique.(1912; The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life) presented a theory of religion, comparing the social and cultural lives of aboriginal and modern societies. Durkheim was deeply preoccupied with the acceptance of sociology as a legitimate science. He refined the positivism originally set forth by Auguste Comte, promoting what could be considered as a form of epistemological realism, as well as the use of the

masks:
David Émile Durkheim
Durkheim
Durkheim
Durkheim
Durkheim


title: Émile Durkheim

texts:
 hypothetico-deductive model in social science. For Durkheim, sociology was the science of institutions, understanding the term in its broader meaning as the "beliefs and modes of behaviour instituted by the collectivity," with its aim being to discover structural social facts. As such, Durkheim was a major proponent of structural functionalism, a foundational perspective in both sociology and anthropology. In his view, social science should be purely holistic in the sense that sociology should study phenomena attributed to society at large, rather than being limited to the study of specific actions of individuals. He remained a dominant force in French intellectual life until his death in 1917, presenting numerous lectures and published works on a variety of topics, including the sociology of knowledge, morality, social stratification, religion, law, education, and deviance.Some terms that he coined, such as "collective consciousness", are now also used by laypeople. Biography

Early life and heritage
<mask> <mask> was born 15 April 1858 in Épinal, Lorraine, France, to Mélanie (Isidor) and Moïse <mask>, coming into a long lineage of devout French Jews. As his father, grandfather, and great-grandfather had all been rabbis, young <mask> began his education in a rabbinical school. However, at an early age, he switched schools, deciding not to follow in his family's footsteps. In fact, <mask> led a completely secular life, whereby much of his work was dedicated to demonstrating that religious phenomena stemmed from social rather than divine factors. Despite this fact, <mask> did not sever ties with his family or with the Jewish community. Actually, many of his most prominent collaborators and students were Jewish, some

masks:
David Émile
Durkheim
Durkheim
Durkheim
Durkheim
Durkheim