title: Francis Delafield

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 Kappa. In 1863, he graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia, and then for some months continued his medical studies abroad — in Paris, Berlin and London. Career
Upon his return to the U.S. in 1865, he became surgeon in the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, and physician and pathologist in 1871 to the Roosevelt Hospital (now Mount Sinai West). He was the founder of the first pathological laboratory in US, and his writings upon pathological subjects were accepted as standard authorities. His first important literary work, "A Handbook of Post-Mortem Examination and Morbid Anatomy" (1872) was later rewritten and enlarged into "A Handbook of Pathological Anatomy and Histology" (1885) and became a textbook for medical colleges.In 1878, appeared his "Manual of Physical Diagnosis," and in 1895 "Diseases of the Kidneys". Another achievement was his classification of the group of diseases generally treated under pulmonary consumption. Probably his most important contribution to medicine was "Studies in Pathological Anatomy," published in 1882. Since 1868, when he became a lecturer on pathological anatomy in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, <mask> had been a member of the Faculty of Columbia University. In 1875, he was appointed adjunct professor of medicine under Professor Alonzo Clark, and upon the latter's retirement in 1882 was elected his successor, as professor of pathology and the practice of medicine, being made professor emeritus in 1901. For a number of years since 1874, he was attached to the staff of Bellevue Hospital, at first as a member of the house staff, later as attending physician, and finally as consulting physician. He had served also as pathologist and attending physician to Roosevelt Hospital and as surgeon to the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary.In


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 1890, he was honored with the degree of LL.D. from Yale, and, in 1904, Columbia conferred a similar degree upon him. He held membership in the New York County Medical Society, the New York Academy of Medicine, the Pathological Society, and the Association of American Physicians, becoming the first president of the latter organization in 1886. The Delafield Commission

<mask> was the nephew of Major <mask>. In 1855, Secretary of War Jefferson Davis dispatched Maj. <mask>, Maj. Alfred Mordecai, and Capt. George B. McClellan to the battlefields of Crimea to observe the European military in action. American military commanders had studied European armies before, but the Delafield Commission was the most ambitious military observation mission up to that time and the first to observe an ongoing war.Major <mask> procured illustrations of Crimean weaponry that informed designs for the United States Civil War. Attended William McKinley
<mask> was the primary physician who was consulted following the shooting of United States President William McKinley in September 1901. While <mask> argued to use the X-Ray machine to photograph McKinley's organs and assess the damage, he met opposition from others unwilling to use the new technology. Some attribute this inaction to contributing to McKinley's ultimate demise. Legacy
In 1948, in recognition for his career in medicine, the Francis Delafield Hospital opened as a cancer research center for Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. The six-story building was located at 163rd Street and Fort Washington Avenue in Manhattan. Its 2,000,000 volt roentgen ray installation was the second ever in New York City.Terms
 Delafield's hematoxylin — a strong solution of hematoxylin crystals, 4 cc. ;  95% alcohol, 25 cc. ;  saturated aqueous solution of ammonia alum, 400 cc. ;

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  expose in an unstoppered bottle to sun and air three or four days;  filter and add 100 cc. of glycerin and 100 cc. of 95% alcohol. Dorland's Medical Dictionary (1938)

Personal life
On January 17, 1870 in Mulenburgh's church (6th avenue and 20th)  <mask> married Katherine Van Rensselaer (1849–1901), the daughter of Henry Bell Van Rensselaer and the granddaughter of Stephen Van Rensselaer III.Together, they were the parents of one son and three daughters:

 Elizabeth "Bessie" Ray <mask> (1872–1923), who was active in the missions of the Episcopal Church and worked with the wounded during World War I.
 Julia Floyd <mask> (1874–1952), who married Frederick S. Crosby. They were the grandparents of the musician David Crosby. Cornelia Van Rensselaer <mask> (b. 1876)
 Edward Henry <mask> (1880–1955)

<mask> died in Noroton, Connecticut while visiting his sister. For some time he had been in poor health, and a week before his death suffered an attack of apoplexy. He was buried in Grace Church Cemetery at Jamaica, Long Island. Delafield Island
Between 1859 and 1865, his father Dr. <mask>, assembled a  tract of land in Darien, Connecticut.After his parents died, in the summer of 1879, <mask> inherited the  entirety of the property in Darien then called "Delafield Farm". After the death of <mask>, the property was looked after by his spinster sister Emma Harriot <mask>. When she died in 1921, the property then went to the only son of <mask>: Edward Henry <mask>. After the 1929 stock market crash, Edward partitioned and parcelled off the land over the ensuing years. In an effort to sell land, the name was changed to "Delafield Wood" then "Delafield Estates" until Edward settled on the current name "Delafield Island". Edward Henry <mask> was a graduate of Yale college. He married Winifred Folsom and had

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 four daughters.He lived on Delafield Island until his death in 1955. His daughter Elizabeth Van Rensselaer <mask> (1908–1983) lived on Delafield Island for many years. She had two children from her first marriage to the architect Robert Spurgeon; And two children from her second marriage to the attorney Frank A. Zunino Jr.

Lineage
<mask>ield was of the family of Count de la Feld, which dates back to the darkest period of the Middle Ages (about the sixth century) and seated at the Chateaux of La Feld, in Alsace (extensive ruins still remain). Hubertus De La Feld from Alsace-Lorraine near Colmar, was the first of the family that emigrated to England. Because of his service in Hastings during the 1066 invasion of England,  Hubertus De La Feld received large grants of land from William the Conqueror and settled near Halifax. In England, the family rose in stature when <mask> distinguished himself in the imperial service against the Turks: having taken a standard from the enemy at the Battle of Zenta in Hungary was in 1697 created a Count of the Holy Roman Empire by Emperor Leopold I. See also
 Pathology
 List of pathologists

References

Further reading
Irish and Anglo-Irish Landed Gentry, by John O'Hart
Reflections, by Edward V.R Spurgeon, 2001
The Delafields and Delafield Island, by Robert W. Baylis, 1981
Encyclopedia of Heraldry or General Armor, Edition of 1844 by John Burke
A Genealogical & Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage & Baronetage of the British Empire, 1853

External links

1841 births
1915 deaths
American science writers
Yale College alumni
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
Columbia Medical School faculty
American pathologists
Cornell family
People included in New York Society's Four Hundred
Scientists from New York (state)
People from

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title: Edith Stein

texts: <mask> (religious name Saint Teresia Benedicta a Cruce ; also known as Saint Teresa Benedicta of the Cross or <mask>; 12 October 1891 – 9 August 1942) was a German Jewish philosopher who converted to Christianity and became a Discalced Carmelite nun. She is canonized as a martyr and saint of the Catholic Church; she is also one of six patron saints of Europe. She was born into an observant Jewish family, but had become an agnostic by her teenage years. Moved by the tragedies of World War I, in 1915, she took lessons to become a nursing assistant and worked in an infectious diseases hospital. After completing her doctoral thesis at the University of Freiburg in 1916, she obtained an assistantship there. From reading the life of the reformer of the Carmelite Order, Saint Teresa of Ávila, <mask> was drawn to the Christian faith. She was baptized on 1 January 1922 into the Catholic Church.At that point, she wanted to become a Discalced Carmelite nun but was dissuaded by her spiritual mentor, the abbot of Beuron Archabbey. She then taught at a Catholic school of education in Speyer. As a result of the requirement of an "Aryan certificate" for civil servants promulgated by the Nazi government in April 1933 as part of its Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, she had to quit her teaching position. <mask> was admitted as a postulant to the Discalced Carmelite monastery in Cologne on 14 October, on the first vespers of the feast of Saint Teresa of Avila, and received the religious habit as a novice in

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 April 1934, taking the religious name Teresia Benedicta a Cruce (Teresia in remembrance of Saint Teresa of Avila, Benedicta in honour of Saint Benedict of Nursia). She made her temporary vows on 21 April 1935, and her perpetual vows on 21 April 1938. The same year, Teresa Benedicta a Cruce and her biological sister Rosa, by then also a convert and an extern (tertiary of the Order, who would handle the community's needs outside the monastery), were sent to the Carmelite monastery in Echt, Netherlands, for their safety. In response to the pastoral letter from the Dutch bishops on July 26, 1942, in which they picked up the treatment of the Jews by the Nazis as a central theme, all baptized Catholics of Jewish origin (according to police reports 244 people) were arrested by the Gestapo on the following Sunday, 2 August 1942.They were sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where they were murdered in a gas chamber on 9 August 1942. Early life

<mask> was born in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland), Lower Silesia, into an observant Jewish family. She was the youngest of 11 children and was born on Yom Kippur, the holiest day of the Hebrew calendar, which combined to make her a favorite of her mother. She was a very gifted child who enjoyed learning, in a home where her mother encouraged critical thinking, and she greatly admired her mother's strong religious faith. By her teenage years, however, <mask> had become an agnostic. Though her father died while she was young, her widowed mother was determined to give her children

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 a thorough education and consequently sent <mask> to study at the Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Breslau. At age 19, <mask> moved with her family to Breslau to a house bought by her mother, which she later described in her Autobiography.Today <mask> Stein House hosts a museum dedicated to the history of the <mask> family. Academic career
In April 1913, <mask> arrived at the University of Göttingen in order to study for the summer semester with Edmund Husserl. By the end of the summer, she had decided to pursue her doctoral degree in philosophy under Husserl and chose empathy as her thesis topic. Her studies were interrupted in July 1914 because of the outbreak of World War I. She then served as a volunteer wartime Red Cross nurse in an infectious diseases hospital at Mährisch Weißkirchen in 1915. In 1916, <mask> moved to the University of Freiburg in order to complete her dissertation on Empathy. Shortly before receiving her degree from Freiburg she agreed to become Husserl's assistant there.Her dissertation entitled Das Einfühlungsproblem in seiner historischen Entwicklung und in phänomenologischer Betrachtung (The Empathy Problem as it Developed Historically and Considered Phenomenologically) was awarded a doctorate in philosophy with the summa cum laude honor. <mask> then became a member of the faculty at Freiburg, where she worked until 1918 as a teaching assistant to Husserl, who had transferred to that institution. The University of Göttingen rejected her habilitation thesis in 1919. Although

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texts: <mask> passed her doctoral examination with distinction, her attempts to habilitate failed due to the fact that <mask> was a woman. Her rejected habilitation thesis, Beiträge zur philosophischen Begründung der Psychologie und der Geisteswissenschaften (Contributions to the Philosophical Foundations of Psychology and the Human Sciences), was published in the Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung in 1922. She is categorized as a realistic phenomenologist. While <mask> had earlier contacts with Catholicism, it was her reading of the autobiography of the mystic Teresa of Ávila during summer holidays in Bad Bergzabern in 1921 that prompted her conversion and eventually the desire to seek the life of a Discalced Carmelite.Baptized on 1 January 1922, and dissuaded by her spiritual advisers from immediately seeking entry to the enclosed and hidden life of a Carmelite nun, <mask> obtained a position to teach at the Dominican nuns' school in Speyer from 1923 to 1931. While there, <mask> translated Thomas Aquinas' De Veritate (Of Truth) into German, familiarized herself with Catholic philosophy in general and tried to bridge the phenomenology of her former teacher, Husserl, to Thomism. She visited Husserl and Heidegger at Freiburg in April 1929, the same month that Heidegger gave a speech to Husserl on his 70th birthday. In 1932 she became a lecturer at the Catholic Church-affiliated Institute for Scientific Pedagogy in Münster, but antisemitic legislation passed by the Nazi government forced her to resign

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 the post in 1933. In a letter to Pope Pius XI, she denounced the Nazi regime and asked the Pope to openly denounce the regime "to put a stop to this abuse of Christ's name." Her letter received no answer, and it is not known for certain whether the Pope ever saw it. However, in 1937 the Pope issued an encyclical written in German, Mit brennender Sorge (according to it's German first words, lit."With deep anxiety"), in which he criticized Nazism, listed violations of the Concordat between Germany and the Church of 1933, and condemned antisemitism. Discalced Carmelite nun and martyr
<mask> entered the Discalced Carmelite monastery St. Maria vom Frieden (Our Lady of Peace) in Cologne-Lindenthal in October 1933 and took the religious name Teresia Benedicta a Cruce (Teresa Benedicta of the Cross). In Cologne she wrote her metaphysical book Endliches und ewiges Sein (Finite and Eternal Being), which attempted to combine the philosophies of St. Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus and Husserl. To avoid the growing Nazi threat, the Order transferred <mask> and her sister, Rosa, who was also a convert and an extern sister of the Carmel, to the Discalced Carmelite monastery in Echt, Netherlands. There she wrote Studie über Joannes a Cruce: Kreuzeswissenschaft ("Studies on John of the Cross: The Science of the Cross"). In her testament of 9 June 1939 she wrote:

<mask>'s move to Echt prompted her to be more devout and even more observant of the Carmelite rule. After having her teaching position revoked by the implementation of the

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texts: Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, <mask> quickly eased back into the role of instructor at the convent in Echt, teaching both fellow sisters and students within the community Latin and philosophy.Even prior to the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands, <mask> believed she would not survive the war, going so far as to write the Prioress to request her permission to "allow [<mask>] to offer [her]self to the heart of Jesus as a sacrifice of atonement for true peace" and made a will. Her fellow sisters would later recount how <mask> began "quietly training herself for life in a concentration camp, by enduring cold and hunger" after the Nazi invasion of the Netherlands in May 1940. Ultimately, she would not be safe in the Netherlands. The Dutch Bishops' Conference had a public statement read in all churches across the nation on 20 July 1942 condemning Nazi racism. In a retaliatory response on 26 July 1942 the Reichskommissar of the Netherlands, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, ordered the arrest of all Jewish converts who had previously been spared. Along with two hundred and forty-three baptized Jews living in the Netherlands, <mask> was arrested by the SS on 2 August 1942. <mask> and her sister Rosa were imprisoned at the concentration camps of Amersfoort and Westerbork before being deported to Auschwitz.A Dutch official at Westerbork was so impressed by her sense of faith and calm, he offered her an escape plan. <mask> vehemently refused his assistance, stating: "If somebody intervened at this point and

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 took away [her] chance to share in the fate of [her] brothers and sisters, that would be utter annihilation." On 7 August 1942, early in the morning, 987 Jews were deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp. It was probably on 9 August that Sister Teresa Benedicta of the Cross, her sister Rosa, and many more Jewish people were killed in a gas chamber. Philosophy

<mask>'s development as a philosopher is frequently divided into three periods: an early, phenomenological (1916-25), a middle, comparative (1925-33) and a late, Christian (1935-42). In reality the same factors work themselves out throughout her work and propels it forward: 1. a profound understanding of and commitment to the phenomenological method as taught by Husserl and Reinach; 2. a deep sense of responsibility to the other for what we believe and 3. an acceptance of my own inability to form a complete, meaningful worldview without divine assistance. The three periods are best understood as stages of integration of these three factors, with <mask>'s baptism New Year's Day 1922, marking a decisive step on the way and her entering Carmel 14 October 1933 marking another.The early phenomenological period (1916-25)
<mask>'s dissertation on empathy was according to her own account an attempt to fill a gap in Husserl's work. In her autobiographical Life in a Jewish Family, she recalled that he took empathy to be the crucial act in which intersubjectivity was established, but nowhere detailed exactly what was meant by it. She therefore wanted to undertake

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 this task and thereby clarify this crucial idea for the development of the phenomenological movement. While working as Husserl's assistant (1916-18) she edited Husserl's manuscripts of what was later to be published as Ideas II and III, and in the process came to understand the extraordinary importance this act has for our constitution of the intersubjective world, and in particular for the objects studied by psychology and the humanities. When she resigned from her position as Husserl's assistant, the phenomenological constitution of those objects: the psyche and the spirit, it was thus the first work she undertook. The result was the two treatises of Philosophy of Psychology and the Humanities, published in Husserl's Jahrbuch 1922: Psychic Causality and Individual and Community. From this period also dates Introduction to Philosophy, An Investigation Concerning the State, and very importantly Freedom and Grace.The middle comparative period (1925-33)
Encouraged to study and compare Thomas Aquinas' philosophy with that of the phenomenological movement, <mask> embarked on a translation project of Aquinas' De Veritate, which was to be published in two volumes in 1932. The work, which translates Aquinas' way of thinking into a modern German idiom and restyles it as a contemporary academic treatise, occasioned that <mask> engaged with Aquinas' thought as a phenomenologist, i.e. as someone interested in the matters discussed by Aquinas, as distinct from providing an interpretation of Aquinas' thought or writing in

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 prolongation of it as a thomist. The most important works from this period are 'Husserl and Aquinas: A Comparison', in which she discusses the differing methodologies of Husserl and Aquinas and accounts for their differences, Potency and Act, in which she attempts a phenomenological investigation of 'potency' and 'act' and the twin work of anthropology: The Structure of the Human Person. Philosophical Anthropology and What is the Human Being? Theological Anthropology (the second volume remains a highly developed draft rather than a completed work, since <mask>'s lectures were canceled in 1933). During this period she also lectures on women's education and vocation and on education in general to very large audiences and to great acclaim.In these lectures, published in ESGA 13 and ESGA 16, she works out for herself the important questions concerning social type and essence, which find a fuller development in The Structure of the Human Person. The later Christian period (1934-42)
The first task <mask> was assigned in the monastery was the writing of her incomplete autobiography, Life in a Jewish Family, a confession of her life as much as an apology in the literal sense for being of Jewish descent. Her next assignment was to prepare Potency and Act for publication, a task she accomplished by writing a new book: Finite and Eternal Being – An Ascent to the Meaning of Being. This work proposed a phenomenological doctrine of being (Seinslehre), which knows itself to be Christian, i.e. as taking Christian Revelation to


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 contribute towards the view of the world in which it looks for and finds the meaning of being in being's unfolding. <mask> also worked on Dionysius the Areopagite, translating his works into German and writing (for him) a work supposed to be lost on symbolic theology. <mask>'s final work, the Science of the Cross, was a commentary on St. John of the Cross, which developed the specifically Carmelite understanding of the depths of the soul, already of interest to <mask> in her early work.Legacy and veneration

Teresa Benedicta of the Cross was beatified as a martyr on 1 May 1987 in Cologne, Germany, by Pope John Paul II and then canonized by him 11 years later on 11 October 1998 in Rome. The miracle that was the basis for her canonization is the cure of Benedicta McCarthy, a little girl who had swallowed a large amount of paracetamol (acetaminophen), which causes hepatic necrosis. The young girl's father, Emmanuel Charles McCarthy, a priest of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, immediately called together relatives and prayed for Teresa's intercession. Shortly thereafter the nurses in the intensive care unit saw her sit up, completely healthy. Ronald Kleinman, a pediatric specialist at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston who treated the girl, testified about her recovery to Church tribunals, stating: "I was willing to say that it was miraculous." McCarthy would later attend Sr. Teresa Benedicta's canonization. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross is one of the six patron saints of Europe, together with Benedict of


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texts: Nursia, Cyril and Methodius, Bridget of Sweden, and Catherine of Siena.Today there are many schools named in tribute to her, for example in her hometown, Lubliniec, Poland  Darmstadt, Germany, Hengelo, Netherlands, and Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. Also named for her are a women's dormitory at the University of Tübingen and a classroom building at The College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts. Lubliniec in Poland hosts Edith Stein Museum (Muzeum Pro Memoria Edith Stein) localised on the first floor of the Courant family house (<mask>'s grandparents' family home). Wroclaw hosts a museum called Edith Stein House localised in the house <mask>'s mother bought for the family in 1919 on the street then called Michaelisstrasse 38 (today Nowowiejska 38). The philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre published a book in 2006 titled <mask>: A Philosophical Prologue, 1913–1922, in which he contrasted her living of her own personal philosophy with Martin Heidegger, whose actions during the Nazi era, according to MacIntyre, suggested a "bifurcation of personality." Playwright Arthur Giron wrote <mask>, a play that was inspired by <mask>'s life. It was produced at the Pittsburgh Public Theater in 1988.In 1988, <mask> was pictured on a German postage stamp with Rupert Mayer SJ in honor of their beatification. In 1995, Hungarian film director Márta Mészáros made a movie about the life and death of <mask> with the title A hetedik szoba (The Seventh Room/Chamber), starring Maia Morgenstern. In 1999, a memorial statue by German

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 sculptor Bert Gerresheim was dedicated in Cologne, Germany. The statue comprises three different views of <mask> reflecting her Jewish and Christian faith, and a pile of empty shoes representing the victims of the holocaust. In 2007, <mask>'s life and work was dramatised in the novel Winter Under Water (Picador, London) by author James Hopkin. In 2008, the first Stolperstein () that was ever laid in Poland was placed near <mask>'s childhood home at 38 ul. Nowowiejska (formerly the Michaelisstraße) in Wrocław.Other Stolpersteine for her are in Cologne (several) and Freiburg. In 2009, her bust was installed at the Walhalla Memorial near Regensburg, Germany. In June 2009 the International Association for the Study of the Philosophy of Edith Stein (IASPES) was founded, and held its first international conference at Maynooth University, Ireland, in order to advance the philosophical writings of <mask>. On 6 June 2014, the 70th anniversary of D-Day, a bell dedicated to her was named by Prince Charles at Bayeux Cathedral. Also in 2014, the book <mask> and Regina Jonas: Religious Visionaries in the Time of the Death Camps, by Emily Leah Silverman, was published. Controversy as to the cause of her murder
The beatification of St. Teresa Benedicta as a martyr generated criticism. Critics argued that she was murdered because she was Jewish by birth, rather than for her Christian faith, and that, in the words of Daniel Polish, the beatification seemed to "carry the tacit message encouraging conversionary activities" because

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 "official discussion of the beatification seemed to make a point of conjoining <mask>'s Catholic faith with her death with 'fellow Jews' in Auschwitz."The position of the Catholic Church is that St. Teresa Benedicta also died because of the Dutch episcopacy's public condemnation of Nazi racism in 1942; in other words, that she died because of the moral teaching of the Church and is thus a true martyr. Gallery

Bibliography

For a detailed chronology of <mask>'s writings see IASPES' website. Primary literature

In German

 1917, Zum Problem der Einfühlung Halle: Buchdruckerei des Waisenhauses. (Doctoral Thesis). 1916-1220, Einführung in die Philosophie, lectures taught at a proseminar in Freiburg in 1916-1918 and, later, privately in Breslau in Edith Stein House in 1920
 1921, Freiheit und Gnade. This work has for years been wrongly identified and quoted as Die ontische Struktur der Person und ihre erkenntnistheoretische Problematik, a title that appeared in print after WWII due to an incorrect connection between title page and work. 1922, Beiträge zur philosophischen Begründung der Psychologie und der Geisteswissenschaften, in Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung 5, Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1-284.1924, Was ist Phänomenologie? 1924, Was ist Philosophie? Ein Gespräch zwischen Edmund Husserl und Thomas von Aquino
 1925, Eine Untersuchung über den Staat, in Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung 7, Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1-123. 1929, Husserls Phänomenologie und die Philosophie des


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 heiligen Thomas von Aquino. Versuch einer Gegenüberstellung, in Festschrift Edmund Husserl zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet, (Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung 10), Ergänzungsband, Halle: Max Niemeyer, 315–338. 1930/1931, Die weltanschauliche Bedeutung der Phänomenologie
1931, Potenz und Akt.Studien zu einer Philosophie des Seins
1932, Der Aufbau der menschlichen Person. Vorlesung zur philosophischen Anthropologie
1933, Was ist der Mensch? Theologische Anthropologie. Das Menschenbild unseres Glaubens
1928-1933, Die Frau. Fragestellungen und Reflexionen
1935/1936, Endliches und ewiges Sein. Versuch eines Aufstiegs zum Sinn des Seins, written with two supplements:
Die Seelenburg zu Endliches und ewiges Sein
Martin Heidegger’s Existenzphilosophie
1940/1941, Wege der Gotteserkenntnis. Studie zu Dionysius Areopagita
1941/1942, Kreuzeswissenschaft.Studie über Johannes vom Kreuz

Contemporary critical edition
(<mask> Gesamtausgabe, Herder 2000-2020) with English and Polish translations available
 ESGA 1: <mask>., Aus dem Leben einer jüdischen Familie und weitere autobiographische Beiträge, Herder, Freiburg 2002. English translation: CWES 1: Life in a Jewish Family: Her Unfinished Autobiographical Account, trans. Josephine Koeppel in: The Collected Works of <mask>. Volume 1, ICS Publications, Washington D.C. 1986;
 Polish translation: ESGA PL 1: Dzieje pewnej rodziny żydowskiej, trans. Immakulata J. Adamska, Wydawnictwo Karmelitów Bosych, Cracow 2005. ESGA 2: <mask>., Selbstbildnis in Briefen I. Erster

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texts: Teil 1916-1933, Herder, Freiburg 2000. English translation: CWES 5: Self-portrait in Letters 1916-1942, trans.Josephine Koeppel in: The Collected Works of <mask>. Volume 1, ICS Publications, Washington D.C. 1993. Polish translation: Autoportret z listów I, trans. Immakulata J. Adamska, Anna Talarek, Wydawnictwo Karmelitów Bosych, Cracow 2003. ESGA 3: <mask>., Selbstbildnis in Briefen II. Zweiter Teil 1933-1942, Herder, Freiburg 2000. Polish translation: ESGA PL 3: Autoportret z listów II, trans.Immakulata J. Adamska, Anna Talarek, Wydawnictwo Karmelitów Bosych, Cracow 2003. ESGA 4: <mask>., Selbstbildnis in Briefen III. Briefe an Roman Ingarden, Herder, Freiburg 2005. English translation: CWES 12: Self-Portrait in Letters, trans. Hugh Candler Hunt, ICS Publications, Washington D.C. 2001. Polish translation ESGA PL 4: Autoportret z listów. Cz.3. Listy do Romana Ingardena trans. Małgorzata Klentak-Zabłocka, Andrzej Wajs, Wydawnictwo Karmelitów Bosych, Cracow 2003; an older Polish translation: PL 4: Spór o prawdę istnienia. Listy <mask> do Romana Ingardena, trans. Małgorzata Klentak-Zabłocka, Andrzej Wajs, Wydawnictwo M, Warsaw 1994. ESGA 5: <mask>., Zum Problem der Einfühlung, Herder, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2008. English translation: CWES 3: On the problem of empathy, trans.Waltraut <mask>, ICS Publications, Washington D.C. 1989. Polish translation: O zagadnieniu wczucia, trans. Danuta Gierulanka, Jerzy F. Gierula, Znak, Cracow 1988. ESGA 6: <mask>., Beiträge zur philosophischen Begründung der Psychologie und der

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texts:
 Geisteswissenschaften, Herder, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2010. English translation: CWES 7: Philosophy of Psychology and the Humanities, trans. Mary Catharine Baseheart, Marianne Sawicki, ICS Publications, Washington D.C. 2000;
 Polish translation: ESGA PL 6: Filozofia psychologii i humanistyki, trans. Piotr Janik SJ, Marcin Baran SJ, Jolanta Gaca, Wydawnictwo Karmelitów Bosych, Cracow 2016.ESGA 7: <mask>., Eine Untersuchung über den Staat, Herder, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2006. English translation: CWES 10: An Investigation Concerning the State, trans. Marianne Sawicki, ICS Publication, Washington D.C. 2006. ESGA 8: <mask>., Einführung in die Philosophie, Herder, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2004. No translation is available. ESGA 9: <mask>., ‘Freiheit und Gnade’ und weitere Beiträge zu Phänomenologie und Ontologie, Herder, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2014. English translation: CWES 8: Husserl and Aquinas.A Comparison, in: CWES 8: Knowledge and Faith, trans. Walter Redmond, ICS Publications, Washington D.C. 2000, pp. 1-64. Older translation is available in: M. C. Baseheart, Person in the World: Introduction to the Philosophy of <mask>, Kluwer, Dordrecht 1997, pp. 129-144, transl. by M. C. Baseheart. Polish translation of Was Ist Philosophie?Ein Gespräch zwischen Edmund Husserl und Thomas von Aquino is Co to jest filozofia? Rozmowa między Edmundem Husserlem a Tomaszem z Akwinu, in: PL 9: Światło rozumu i wiary. Duchowa droga Edyty Stein św. Teresy Benedykty od Krzyża, Totaldruk, Poznań 2002, pp. 29-77. ESGA 10: <mask>., Potenz und Akt.

masks:
Stein E
Stein E
Stein E
Edith Stein
Stein E


title: Edith Stein

texts: Studien zu einer Philosophie des Seins, Herder, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2005.English translation: CWES 11: Potency and Act, Studies Toward a Philosophy of Being, trans. Walter Redmond, ICS Publications, Washington D.C. 2009. ESGA 11/12: <mask>., Endliches und ewiges Sein. Versuch eines Aufstiegs zum Sinn des Seins. Anhang: Martin Heideggers Existenzphilosophie. Die Seelenburg, Herder, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2006. English translation: CWES 9: Finite and eternal being, trans.K. F. Reinhardt, ICS Publications, Washington D.C. 2002. Polish translation: PL 11/12a: Byt skończony a byt wieczny, trans. Immakulata J. Adamska OCD, W drodze, Poznań 1995. The appendixes (Die Seelenburg and Martin Heideggers Existenzphilosophie) are translated in: PL 11/12b: Twierdza duchowa, trans. Immakulata J. Adamska, Zysk i S-ka, Poznań 2006, 93-122 and 135-203. ESGA 13: <mask>., Die Frau. Fragestellungen und Reflexionen, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2000, Herder.English translation: CWES 2: The Collected Works of <mask>. Volume II. Essays on Woman, trans. F. M. Oben, Washington D.C. 1996, ICS Publications. Polish translation: ESGA PL 13: Kobieta. Pytania i refleksje, trans. Wiesław Szymona, Wydawnictwo Karmelitów Bosych, Cracow 2015.ESGA 14: <mask>., Der Aufbau der menschlichen Person. Vorlesung zum philosophischen Anthropologie, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 1994, Herder, Freiburg 2004. Polish translation: ESGA PL 14: Budowa osoby ludzkiej. Wykład z antropologii filozoficznej, trans. Grzegorz Sowinski, Wydawnictwo Karmelitów Bosych, Cracow 2015. ESGA 15:

masks:
Stein E
Stein E
Edith Stein
Stein E


title: Edith Stein

texts:
 <mask>., Was is der Mensch? Theologische Anthropologie, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2005, Herder.Polish translation: ESGA PL 15: Czym jest człowiek? Antropologia teologiczna, trans. Grzegorz Sowinski, Wydawnictwo Karmelitów Bosych, Cracow 2012. ESGA 16: <mask>., Bildung und Entfaltung der Individualität. Beiträge zum christlichen Erziehungsauftrag, Herder, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2001. ESGA 17: <mask>., Wege der Gotteserkenntnis. Studie zu Dionysius Areopagita und Übersetzung seiner Werke, Herder, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2013.Polish translation: Drogi poznania Boga: studium o Dionizym Areopagicie i przekład jego dzieł, trans. Grzegorz Sowinski, Wydawnictwo Karmelitów Bosych, Cracow 2006. ESGA 18: Kreuzeswissenschaft. Studie über Johannes vom Kreuz, Herder, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2003. English translation: CWES 6: The Science of the Cross, trans. Josephine Koeppel, ICS Publications, Washington D.C. 2002;
 Polish translation: Wiedza Krzyża. Studium o św.Janie od Krzyża, trans. Immakulata J. Adamska, Grzegorz Sowinski, Wydawnictwo Karmelitów Bosych, Cracow 2013. ESGA 19: Geistliche Texte I, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2009, Herder. English translation: The Hidden Life: Essays, Meditations, Spiritual Texts, trans. Waltraut <mask> in: The Collected Works of <mask>. Volume IV, ICS Publications, Washington D.C. 2014. ESGA 20: Geistliche Texte II, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2007, Herder.English translation: ESGA EN 4: The Hidden Life: Essays, Meditations, Spiritual Texts, trans. Waltraut <mask> in: The Collected Works of <mask>. Volume IV, ICS

masks:
Stein E
Stein E
Stein E
Stein
Edith Stein
Stein
Edith Stein


title: Edith Stein

texts:
 Publications, Washington D.C. 2014. ESGA 21: Übersetzung von John Henry Newman, Die Idee der Universität, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2014, Herder. ESGA 22: Übersetzung von John Henry Newman, Briefe und Texte zur ersten Lebenshälfte (1801–1846), Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2004, Herder. ESGA 23: Übersetzung: Des Hl. Thomas von Aquino Untersuchungen über die Wahrheit - Quaestiones disputatae de veritate 1, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2014, Herder.ESGA 24: Übersetzung: Des Hl. Thomas von Aquino Untersuchungen über die Wahrheit - Quaestiones disputatae de veritate 2, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2002, Herder. ESGA 25: Übersetzung von Alexandre Koyré, Descartes und die Scholastik, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2008, Herder. ESGA 26: Übersetzung: Thomas von Aquin, Über das Seiende und das Wesen - De ente et essentia - mit den Roland-Gosselin-Exzerpten. Eingeführt und bearbeitet von Andreas Speer und Francesco Valerio Tommasi, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2008, Herder. ESGA 27: Miscellanea thomistica, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2013, Herder. See also
 St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross OCD, patron saint archive

Notes

References

Further reading

 Maskulak, Marian, ed.2016. <mask>: Selected Writings. New York: Paulist


title: Thompson Capper

texts:
Major General <mask>,  (20 October 1863 – 27 September 1915) was a highly decorated and senior British Army officer who served with distinction in the Second Boer War and was a divisional commander during the First World War. At the Battle of Loos in 1915, <mask> was shot by a sniper as he reconnoitered the front line during an assault by his division on German positions. He died the next day in a casualty clearing station from wounds to both lungs; his grave is in the nearby Lillers Communal Cemetery. <mask> was an active and vigorous soldier who had been wounded just six months before his death in an accidental grenade detonation. Shortly before this wound he had been knighted by King George V for his service in command of his division during the First Battle of Ypres. Field Marshal Sir John French commented upon his death that "he was a most distinguished and capable leader and his death will be severely felt." He was also a keen military historian and his collected papers are currently stored at the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives at King's College London.Early career
<mask> was born in October 1863 to William and <mask> (née Copeland). <mask> was a civil servant with the Bengal Civil Service and Sarah was the daughter of industrialist William Copeland. <mask> and his elder brother John were born in Lucknow but at a young age were sent to England for their education. <mask> attended Haileybury and Imperial Service College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst before being commissioned into the East Lancashire Regiment as a lieutenant on 9 September 1882. He was employed on home service for the next ten years and whilst serving as regimental adjutant was promoted to captain on 22 April 1891, attending Staff College before being transferred with his unit to India. It was in India that <mask> saw his first action, when in 1895 his regiment was attached to a force sent to the Indian-Afghan border to relieve a trapped British force in Chitral.

masks:
Sir Thompson Capper
Capper
Capper
Thompson Capper
Sarah Capper
William Capper
Thompson
Thompson Capper
Capper


title: Thompson Capper

texts:
 Three years later he was again in action as an advisor to an Egyptian unit of the Anglo-Egyptian army under Horatio Kitchener which travelled down the Nile in the final campaign of the Mahdist War.During these operations, <mask> participated in the battle of Atbara and was with the force which fought in the culminating Battle of Omdurman. He received a brevet promotion as major on 16 November 1898. South African service
The following year, 1899, <mask> and his regiment were again engaged in Africa, being transported to South Africa to serve in the Second Boer War. There <mask> performed his duties with distinction for the next three years, being heavily engaged at the defeat of Spion Kop and participating in the relief of Ladysmith in early 1900. He remained in South Africa engaged in guerilla operations against the Boer forces until the armistice of May 1902, commanding a flying column in the Cape Colony. During the war, he received a brevet appointment as lieutenant colonel on 29 November 1900, and was promoted to the substantive rank of major on 5 December 1901. Following the war's conclusion in June 1902, <mask> was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) on his return home.He was also awarded the Queen's South Africa Medal with six clasps and the King's South Africa Medal with two clasps in recognition of his service during the war, and was twice Mentioned in Despatches. <mask> returned to the United Kingdom in the SS Dunottar Castle, which arrived at Southampton in July 1902. Staff career
After his return, <mask> was initially selected as a deputy-assistant adjutant-general on the divisional staff of the 1st Army corps at Aldershot, but as an experienced staff officer, he was shortly thereafter given a post as a professor at the Staff College, Camberley from December 1902 to 1904. He was promoted to brevet colonel on 11 December 1904. He was then transferred to the Staff College, Quetta in India as commandant (and substantive colonel). It has been

masks: Capper Capper Capper Capper Capper Capper


title: Thompson Capper

texts:
 suggested that this move was initiated by jealous colleagues at the college due to his ability as a teacher and tactician. He retained this position until 1911, teaching the lessons of the Russo-Japanese War and emphasising the importance of "attacking dash" as the best means of overcoming entrenched positions.He came into contact with numerous important figures of the First World War through this work, including Douglas Haig, with whom he did not get on and Hubert Gough, who admired his "spirit of self-sacrifice and duty, instead of the idea of playing for safety and seeking only to avoid getting into trouble". He also amassed a prodigious collection of military literature during his research and teaching. In 1906 he was promoted to temporary Brigadier–General and in 1908 he married Winifride Mary, with whom he would have one son. In 1910 his work at the staff college was recognised with the award of the Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the King's Birthday Honours. In 1911, after a brief period of half-pay in his permanent rank of Colonel, <mask> was transferred from India to Ireland, where he commanded the 13th Infantry Brigade until 1913. He returned to Ireland briefly a year later in the aftermath of the Curragh Incident, to support his friend Hubert Gough. During early 1914, <mask> was briefly the Inspector of Infantry but in the emergency of the summer of 1914 he was promoted to substantive Major-General and posted to the regular 7th Division, which was sent to the Western Front.First World War
During the opening months of the war, <mask> busied himself with organising the new division placed under his command; the work involved in this task meant that the division was not ready for action until October 1914. On 6 October 7th Division arrived at Zeebrugge just as the German forces began to push into that area as part of the "Race for the Sea". Initially forced back, <mask>'s division covered the Belgian withdrawal to the Yser and then held the

masks: Capper Capper Capper Capper


title: Thompson Capper

texts:
 line near the town of Ypres. For the next two months, the 7th Division was embroiled in bitter fighting at the First Battle of Ypres, when they were crucial in stopping the German advance but lost over 10,000 men. The Times later stated that "no one but <mask> himself could, night after night, by the sheer force of his personality, have reconstituted from the shattered fragments of battalions a fighting line that could last through tomorrow". For the service he and his men provided during the battle, <mask> was awarded a knighthood as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in early 1915. Remaining on the front lines during the winter of 1914–1915, <mask>'s men held the German advance and were given some respite in early 1915 with the arrival of territorial divisions.It was during one of these rest periods that <mask> was seriously wounded when in April 1915 he was struck in the shoulder by shrapnel from a "Jam-tin bomb" during a demonstration of improvised grenades being held behind the lines. He was temporarily replaced by General Gough and returned to England to convalesce, but was back with the 7th Division on 19 July 1915. Battle of Loos

In late September 1915, the division was assigned to participate in the Battle of Loos against fortified German positions at Loos-en-Gohelle and Hulluch. Advancing on 26 September against furious German opposition, the 7th Division was held up several times and <mask> visited the frontline to view the enemy for himself from the captured trenches. Urging his men into a final assault, <mask> stayed behind to view the field and was struck by a sniper's bullet fired from houses along the line of advance which were thought to have been abandoned. The assault failed and <mask> was discovered by his retreating units and taken to Number 6 Casualty Clearing Station at Lillers to the rear of British lines personally by Captain O'Reilly, a medical officer. O'Reilly had gone out at 8pm to bring <mask> in from the

masks: Capper Capper Capper Capper Capper Capper Capper Capper


title: Thompson Capper

texts:
 battlefield (the war diary suggests that <mask> had been wounded at 5.50pm) and had arranged for the wound to be dressed at the Divisional Collecting Station before onward transfer to the CCS – O'Reilly was subsequently recommended for the Military Cross.The bullet had penetrated both lungs, and doctors gave no hope of survival. Major-General Sir <mask> died the following day, on 27 September 1915 in the casualty clearing station. His division had lost over 5,200 men killed or wounded in just three days of fighting. Following his death, a rumour abounded that he had been killed charging the German lines on horseback. This story has persisted despite eye-witness accounts to the contrary. <mask> was buried in Lillers Communal Cemetery behind British lines and his grave is marked by a Commonwealth War Graves Commission headstone bearing the inscription TOMMY. He is also commemorated on the War Memorial in Rayne, Essex, where he spent much of his boyhood with his uncle, the Rector of Rayne, Rev W S Hemming.His collected papers were donated to King's College in 1971, where they are still available to researchers and contain a wide selection of primary materials concerning the warfare of the early twentieth century. Notes

References

|-

1863 births
1915 deaths
People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
East Lancashire Regiment officers
British military personnel of the Chitral Expedition
British Army personnel of the Mahdist War
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
British Army generals of World War I
British military personnel killed in World War I
Military personnel from Lucknow
People from Braintree District
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
Commandants of the Staff College, Quetta
British Army generals
Academics of the Staff College,

masks:
Capper
Thompson Capper
Capper


title: Dido (singer)

texts: Florian Cloud de Bounevialle O'Malley Armstrong (born 25 December 1971), known professionally as <mask> ( ), is an English singer and songwriter. She attained international success with her debut album No Angel (1999). Hit singles from the album include "Here with Me" and "Thank You". It sold over 21 million copies worldwide, and won her several awards, including two Brit Awards: Best British Female and Best British Album, and the MTV Europe Music Award for Best New Act. The first verse of "Thank You" is sampled in "Stan", a collaboration with American rapper Eminem. Her next album, Life for Rent (2003), continued her success with the hit singles "White Flag" and "Life for Rent". In 2004, Dido performed with other British and Irish artists in the Band Aid 20 version of the charity single "Do They Know It's Christmas?".<mask>'s first two albums are among the best-selling albums in UK chart history, and both are in the top 10 best-selling albums of the 2000s in the UK. Her third studio album, Safe Trip Home (2008), received critical acclaim but failed to duplicate the commercial success of her previous efforts. She was nominated for an Academy Award for the song "If I Rise". <mask> was ranked No. 98 on the Billboard chart of the top Billboard 200 artists of the 2000s (2000–2009) based on the success of her albums in the first decade of the 21st century. <mask> made a comeback in 2013, releasing her fourth studio album Girl Who Got Away, which reached the top 5 in the UK. Having taken time out of the music industry to raise her son, she reappeared on stage at the 2013 Reading and Leeds festival where she reunited with Eminem.<mask> released her fifth studio album, Still on My Mind, on 8 March 2019 and embarked on her first tour in 15 years in support of the new album. In May 2019, <mask> received the Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Song Collection from the British Academy of

masks: Dido Dido Dido Dido Dido Dido


title: Dido (singer)

texts:
 Songwriters, Composers, and Authors. Early life

<mask> was born Florian Cloud de Bounevialle Armstrong, at St. Mary Abbot's Hospital in Kensington, on Christmas Day in 1971. As she was born on Christmas Day, she also celebrates an "official birthday" on 25 June, following the example of Paddington Bear. Her mother, Clare (née Collins), is a poet of French ancestry, and her father, William O'Malley Armstrong (1938–2006), was an Irish publisher and former managing director of Sidgwick & Jackson. Her elder brother, Rowland Constantine O'Malley Armstrong, is better known as record producer Rollo, part of the British electronica trio Faithless. Despite their birth names, the pair were known from childhood by the names <mask> and Rollo.<mask> considers hers as her real name, not simply a stage name or nickname. As a child, she had to deal with her birth name's ambiguous and unusual nature, which led to her being bullied and even to her pretending to have an ordinary name. In a 2001 interview, she said "To be called one thing and christened another is actually very confusing and annoying. It's one of the most irritating things that my parents did to me. ... Florian is a German man's name. That's just mean. To give your child a whole lot of odd names.They were all so embarrassing. ... I thought it was cruel to call me <mask> and then expect me to just deal with it." The name "<mask>" derives from the legendary Queen of Carthage. <mask> was educated at Thornhill Primary School in Islington, Dallington School, City of London Girls' and Westminster School, where she was taught by the contemporary musician and Head of Academic Music, Sinan Savaskan. After she stole a recorder from school at the age of five, her parents enrolled her at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London. By the time she reached her teens, she had learned to play the piano, recorder, and the violin.She later


title: Dido (singer)

texts:
 studied law at Birkbeck, University of London, while working as a literary agent. She never completed the degree, deciding instead to take up music full-time. Career

1995–1996: Early recordings
In 1995, Dido began recording 10 demo tracks which were put together on a collection entitled Odds & Ends and sent out by Nettwerk management. Nettwerk had signed her after she was brought to their attention by her collaborations with Faithless, the UK dance act spearheaded by her brother, Rollo Armstrong (Dido co-wrote and provided vocals for album tracks, such as "Flowerstand Man" and "Hem of His Garment"). The collection was released by Nettwerk on CD-R acetate in 1995 and featured a mixture of finished productions and demo versions which she later considered for release on her 1999 debut album, No Angel. Odds & Ends brought her to the attention of A&R Peter Edge at Arista Records, who signed her in the US in late 1996, and negotiated a co-sign deal with her brother's independent record label, Cheeky Records. Of the tracks included on Odds & Ends, "Take My Hand" was included on all editions of No Angel as a bonus track; "Sweet Eyed Baby" was remixed and renamed to "Don't Think of Me", while "Worthless" and "Me" were released exclusively on the Japanese edition.Peter Leak became <mask>'s manager during the recording of No Angel after Edge played some of the in-progress recordings and been "blown away" by them. 1998–2002: No Angel and breakthrough
Cheeky Records, to which <mask> was signed, was sold to BMG records in 1999. This delayed the release of the album No Angel in the United Kingdom, but also allowed her to concentrate on promoting No Angel in the United States, including a slot on Sarah McLachlan's Lilith Fair tour. Through touring, both before and after the album was available, <mask>'s music began to receive more exposure. The first official single chosen by Dido and her

masks: Dido Dido Dido


title: Dido (singer)

texts: label, "Here with Me", initially struggled to make an impact on radio, but while the label were considering switching to an alternative track, the song made a breakthrough as a result of its use in television programme Roswell. The song was used as the theme music of the show, but it was actually when it was played in its entirety during the season finale that it really made an impact with audiences. Manager Peter Leak told HitQuarters that sales jumped from 2,000 to 9,000 units during the week of the show's transmission.Arguably it was this, as well as the airplay on MTV throughout Europe of the single's video, which brought her mass attention. Subsequently, the song was used in the British romantic comedy Love Actually. In 1998, the music producer for the film Sliding Doors picked her track "Thank You" for the soundtrack. No Angel was released in 1999, and <mask> toured extensively to promote the record. American rapper Eminem helped introduce <mask> to a US audience in 2000 when he received permission from <mask> herself to sample the first verse of "Thank You" in his hit single "Stan". <mask> also appeared in the music video as Stan's pregnant girlfriend. She did not want to do the video at first, as she was uncomfortable with the scene in the video where she had to be tied up and have her mouth covered with duct tape, but later agreed to it and got along well with Eminem and the crew on set.In North America, the video usually aired with the trunk scene censored. Interest soared in her debut album, leading it to hit charts in Europe on import sales alone, charting in the top five on the UK Albums Chart before its official UK re-release. No Angel went on to become the top-selling album of 2001 worldwide, debuting at, and returning to, number one in the official UK Albums Chart many times throughout the year. It spawned two top ten hit singles, "Here with Me" and "Thank You",

masks: Dido Dido Dido Dido


title: Dido (singer)

texts:
 a further top twenty hit, "Hunter" and a fourth and final single release "All You Want" which reached the top 25. It was certified platinum in over thirty-five countries, and is estimated to have sold over 21 million copies worldwide. <mask>'s widely emulated hairstyle at this time became known as the "Dido flip". Her sold-out worldwide tour featured hip-hop artist Pete Miser as her live band's DJ.No Angel claimed No. 97 according to the Decade-end Album Chart by Billboard. 2003–2005: Life for Rent and Live 8

Life for Rent was released in 2003. Preceded by the hit single "White Flag", the album sold over 152,000 copies in the first day alone in the UK, and went on to sell over 400,000 in the first week. Three further singles—"Life for Rent", "Don't Leave Home" and "Sand in My Shoes"—were lifted from the album, with <mask> embarking on a worldwide tour in support of the album (a DVD of footage from the tour was released in 2005 entitled Live at Brixton Academy). Following her sold-out world tour of 2004, <mask> was asked to perform at three of the Live 8 concerts on 2 July 2005—performing in London, then at the Eden Project in Cornwall, before flying over to Paris, performing both solo ("White Flag") and duetting with Youssou N'Dour ("Thank You" and "Seven Seconds"). Also in 2005, <mask> provided vocals for her brother's side project Dusted on the album Safe from Harm.She sings on the tracks: "Time Takes Time", "Hurt U" and "Winter" and she co-wrote three tracks on the album: "Always Remember to Respect & Honour Your Mother, Part 1", "The Biggest Fool in the World" and "Winter". 2006–2008: Safe Trip Home and hiatus
<mask>'s third album, Safe Trip Home, was released in November 2008. The album, which Dido began work on in October 2005, was produced by Jon Brion and Dido herself and features contributions from Brian Eno, Questlove, Mick Fleetwood, Rollo Armstrong, and Matt

masks: Dido Dido Dido Dido Dido


title: Dido (singer)

texts:
 Chamberlain. Recording sessions were held at London's Abbey Road and at Jon Brion's home studio in Los Angeles. During production of the album, Dido attended evening classes in music and English at the University of California, Los Angeles. The first single from the album, "Don't Believe in Love", was released in October 2008, and a track titled "Look No Further" was made available to download from her official website for a limited time. The album failed to sell as well as No Angel or Life for Rent, and Dido opted not to tour in support of the album due to her difficulties with performing the material that was written about the death of her father.It was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. In December 2008, <mask>'s Safe Trip Home song "Let's Do the Things We Normally Do", was criticised by Gregory Campbell, MP for East Londonderry and Minister for Sports, Arts and Leisure for Northern Ireland, for referencing lyrics from a song, "The Men Behind the Wire", which was written in the aftermath of the introduction of detention without trial for persons accused of being members of paramilitary groups. Campbell described "The Men Behind the Wire" as "written about people who were murderers, arsonists and terrorists", and suggested "she [Dido] should clarify her position so that her fans and the wider public knows where she stands on these things". The album's artwork features a photograph of astronaut Bruce McCandless II during a spacewalk, as part of space shuttle mission STS-41-B; McCandless sued Dido, Sony Music Entertainment, and Getty Images Inc for unauthorised use of this photo in September 2010. The case was settled under undisclosed terms on 14 January 2011. 2009–2018: Girl Who Got Away and Greatest Hits
Shortly after the release of Safe Trip Home, Dido returned to the studio to start recording new material for inclusion on her


title: Dido (singer)

texts:
 fourth studio album. In July 2009, Dido said that the album would have an electronic approach, in an attempt to take it in a totally different direction to her previous albums.In September 2010, <mask> released the single "Everything to Lose" via digital download, following its appearance on the soundtrack of the film Sex and the City 2 (released in May 2010). In January 2011, <mask> released "If I Rise", a collaboration with producer A.R. Rahman, for which an official music video was released. "If I Rise" was written for 127 Hours, a thriller film directed by Danny Boyle. The soundtrack features a mix of electric guitars with orchestral arrangements and sound loops, and "If I Rise" is featured in the climax of the film. The song was nominated for Satellite Award, Houston Film Critics Society Awards and Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award, as well as the 83rd Academy Award for Original Song. It won the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Song.Dido's fourth album, Girl Who Got Away, was released by Sony Music Entertainment in March 2013. "No Freedom" was released as the album's lead single in January 2013. The album was recorded in London and California and features production from Rollo Armstrong, Sister Bliss, Lester Mendez, A. R. Rahman, Rick Nowels, Greg Kurstin, Brian Eno, and Jeff Bhasker. Dido appeared on the second series of televised singing competition The Voice UK in May 2013, serving as an advisor to coach Danny O'Donoghue during the show's battle rounds. In November 2013, Dido released the album Greatest Hits, a compilation of previous material and remixes that also included a new track, "NYC". The release of Greatest Hits completed Dido's contractual obligations with RCA Records, and she spoke of her plans to release her music independently. By late 2013, she was writing material for a fifth studio album.2018–present: Still on My Mind

<mask> signed


title: Dido (singer)

texts:
 to BMG to release her fifth album in early 2019. <mask> worked with her brother and long-time collaborator Rollo Armstrong, along with Rick Nowels and Ryan Louder. On 9 November 2018, <mask> announced her new album's title, Still on My Mind, along with its cover. It was released on 8 March 2019 and charted at number 3 on the UK Albums chart, number 1 on the UK Indie Album chart and sold over 60,000 copies in the UK. The teaser single "Hurricanes" was released on 12 November 2018. The official lead single "Give You Up" was premiered 22 January 2019 on BBC Radio 2. The single peaked at number 32 on the UK Singles Download chart.It peaked at number 1 on the US Dance Club Songs chart. "Give You Up" was followed by edited versions of "Take You Home" (released 5 April 2019) and "Friends" (released 22 July 2019) as singles. <mask> toured in support of the album from May 2019, making it her first world tour in 15 years. The deluxe edition of the album was released on 15 November 2019 but failed to chart, despite the release of another single, "Just Because". In October 2019, <mask> was featured on her brother Rollo's The Last Summer album, which was released under the alias "R Plus". The album charted at number 96 on the UK Album Sales Chart. Other work
In addition to her solo work, <mask> has co-written and provided vocals for tracks with Faithless, including "One Step Too Far"—which was released in the UK as a limited edition single, where it debuted at number six—and "No Roots", the title track of the fourth Faithless album.Rollo—<mask>'s brother—co-writes and co-produces much of <mask>'s solo material, including many tracks on No Angel, Life for Rent and Safe Trip Home. She provided guest vocals for each of the six studio albums by Faithless, from 1996's Reverence to 2010s The Dance. <mask> worked with her brother on a CD to accompany the children's book he wrote with Jason White,

masks: Dido Dido Dido Dido Dido Dido Dido Dido


title: Dido (singer)

texts:
 Safe from Harm; the CD is also titled Safe from Harm and the artist is listed as "Dusted". She co-wrote Britney Spears's worldwide number one hit "I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman", soundtrack feature track to Spears's first major film debut, and co-wrote the song "Never Ending" on Rihanna's 2016 album Anti. Dido's song "Thank You" was also sampled by Rihanna for "Never Ending". <mask> has provided guest vocals to tracks by other artists including "Feels Like Fire" for Carlos Santana's 2002 album, Shaman, and a duet with Rufus Wainwright entitled "I Eat Dinner (When the Hunger's Gone)" for the Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason film soundtrack. A sample of the Dido track "Do You Have a Little Time" is used on the song "Don't You Trust Me?"by Tupac, on the album "Loyal to the Game", which was almost entirely produced by Eminem in 2004. <mask> joined Annie Lennox and 21 other female artists to raise awareness of the issue of mother-to-child transmission of HIV to unborn children in Africa. The collaborative single "Sing" was released on World Aids Day on 1 December 2007, in conjunction with Lennox's appearance at the Nelson Mandela 46664 concert in South Africa. Personal life

After releasing No Angel in 1999, and after much time spent promoting the album, <mask> broke up with her fiancé, entertainment lawyer Bob Page, after a seven-year relationship. <mask> married Rohan Gavin in 2010. They have one son, Stanley, who was born in July 2011. <mask> Novello Award winners
People from Kensington
RCA Records artists
Singers from London
Trip hop musicians
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
20th-century English women singers
20th-century English singers
21st-century English women singers
21st-century English singers
World Music Awards winners
English women in electronic music
20th-century women guitarists
21st-century women guitarists
Downtempo musicians
Electropop

masks: Dido Dido Dido Dido Didovor


title: Catharina Ahlgren

texts:
<mask> (1734 – c. 1800) was a Swedish Proto feminist poet and publisher, and one of the first identifiable female journalists in Sweden. She was the publisher and chief editor of a number of different women's periodicals in Stockholm and in Finland between 1772 and 1783, and the publisher of the first periodical (as well as the first one by a woman) in Finland Om konsten att rätt behaga (1782). She is also known for her correspondence with Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht. <mask> was a leading person in the Swedish "female literary world of the 1750s and 1770s". Biography
Catharina <mask> was the daughter of <mask>, governor of Östergötland, and Laurentia Juliana Liungenfeldt. Through her sister, she was the sister-in-law of Johan Gustaf Halldin, chancellor of the Kungliga Biblioteket. According to V. Örnberg, she was at one point a chamber lady in the court of the queen Louisa Ulrika, but lost her position because of some kind of intrigue: "Chamberlady at court but soon lost her position because of plotting, managed a book shop that failed.Made translations and wrote literary things." <mask> <mask>'s first marriage was to Bengt Edvard Eckerman, cavalry master of the royal Scanian Husars. During her first marriage, she had the daughters Charlotte Eckerman and Julie Eckerman and the sons Bengt Gustaf and Christopher. Her first marriage was reportedly troubled by economic difficulties and her youngest son were not acknowledged by her spouse as his. The marriage ended in a divorce in 1770. She married for the second time to the book printer journeyman Anders Bark or Barck. She moved with her second spouse to Finland, possibly in 1775, and are listed as a resident in Åbo in 1782.Also her second marriage ended in a

masks:
Catharina Ahlgren
Ahlgren
Ahlgren
Anders Ahlgren
Catharina
Ahlgren


title: Catharina Ahlgren

texts:
 divorce. At the death of her eldest daughter Charlotte in 1790, she was one of the beneficiaries of the will. In 1796, she settled with her youngest daughter Julie in Linköping. Her contemporary, the orientalist and writer Jonas Apelblad, listed her in his writers dictionary as a strong and gifted personality, "[f]emina potens, sed ingenio plena" ("a forceful woman, but full of talent") who did not live a more peaceful life with her second spouse then she had with her first. Literary career

Translator and poet
<mask> <mask> reportedly became known as a poet and translator in the 1750s literary world before she had anything formally published. She was a personal friend of the famed poet Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht, and their correspondence is preserved. While her friend Nordenflycht wrote under the pseudonym "Herdinnan i Norden" (Shepherdess of the North), <mask> <mask> wrote under the name "Herdinnan i Ahl-Lunden" (Shepherdess of the Alder-Grove).She was active as a translator of both poetry and novels from the English, French and German languages. Among her translations were the German poem Die Prüfung Abrahams by Christoph Martin Wieland, and the English novel The Distressed Wife, or the history of Eliza Wyndham. She debuted as a poet with her French language poem , dedicated to the queen, Louisa Ulrika, on the queen's birthday in 1764. Journalist and publisher

Likely through her second marriage, <mask> <mask> acquired a printing press, which she managed for a period. Among the writers she published was Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht. On 29 October 1772, <mask> <mask> published and edited the periodical Brefwäxling emellan twänne fruntimmer, den ena i Stockholm och den andra på landet i åskillige

masks: Catharina Ahlgren Catharina Ahlgren Catharina Ahlgren Catharina Ahlgren


title: Catharina Ahlgren

texts: blandade ämnen ('Correspondence between two ladies, one in Stockholm and the other one in the country, about a number of various subjects'), under the signature Adelaide. This was a feminist essay publication, written in the form of a debate i letters between two female signatures, in which she argued in favor of a social conscience, democracy and gender equality, and recommended solidarity between women as a protection against male guardianship and superiority.She stated that the only way to reach true love within a relationship is to be equals, adding that as men so often want to rule over women, it is much harder to retain friendship with them than with another woman. She discussed love and friendship, upbringing and education, monarchy and religion. In February 1773, the essay was renamed Brefväxling emellan Adelaide och någre wittre snillen i omwäxlande ämnen ('Correspondence between Adelaide and some literary geniuses in various subjects'), and later that year Fortsättning af Adelaides brefwäxling, angående Fru Windhams historie ('Adelaide's continuing correspondence, concerning the history of Mrs Windham'). <mask> <mask> is also presumed to be the publisher and author of the noted periodical De Nymodiga Fruntimren, eller Sophias och Bélisindes Tankespel ('Modern Women, or the thought play of Sophia and Belisinde'), which were written in the same fashion. This primarily promoted women's education as a mean of reform in women's position. She criticized the dominating French language in the customary education of females, as this was used for nothing more than reading of romantic novels, and advocated that girls should learn English instead, so they could be able to take part in scientific literature,

masks: Catharina Ahlgren


title: Catharina Ahlgren

texts:
 such as history and geography, which was normally only published in that language. <mask> <mask> also played a pioneer role in Finland, where she lived in Åbo from at least 1782 onward.She is identified as the editor behind Om konsten att rätt behaga ('Of the Art to Please Properly'), which was, in fact, the first periodical published in Finland. She discontinued Om konsten at rätt behaga officially because of health reasons. In her farewell she wrote: "You may see, gentlemen, how much I wished to copy you." In 1783 she published her last periodical, Angenäma Sjelwswåld ('Pleasant Defyings'). Legacy

During the Swedish age of liberty and the Gustavian era, many periodicals were published discussing important issues in society, notably the Then Swänska Argus. These periodicals were often written in form of a debate or a correspondence between two anonymous signatures. Some of them also took up the topic of the role of women in society and gender equality, the earliest one being Samtal emellan Argi Skugga och en obekant Fruentimbers Skugga by Margareta Momma in 1738-39.This presaged first-wave feminism in the English-speaking world. Many of them are believed to have been written by women, but as they were mostly written under anonymous pseudonyms  few have been identified. Margareta Momma, Anna Maria Rückerschöld and <mask> <mask> belong to the few which has been identified. Literary women were viewed as fashionable. A male editor stated during a publication of a female poet: "As we wish for nothing higher than to encourage the knowledge among us, it cannot be anything other than pleasant that a member of the gender [women] so admirably support our intention." ), Svenska män och kvinnor: biografisk

masks: Catharina Ahlgren Catharina Ahlgren


title: Reginald Maudling

texts:
<mask> (7 March 1917 – 14 February 1979) was a British politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1962 to 1964 and as Home Secretary from 1970 to 1972. From 1955 until the late 1960s, he was spoken of as a prospective Conservative leader, and he was twice seriously considered for the post; he was Edward Heath's chief rival in 1965. He also held directorships in several British financial firms. As Home Secretary, he was responsible for the UK Government's Northern Ireland policy during the period that included Bloody Sunday in 1972. Soon afterwards, he left office due to an unrelated scandal in one of the companies of which he was director. Early life
<mask> was born in Woodside Park, North Finchley, and was named after his father, <mask>, an actuary at R. Watson & Sons and Public Valuer, who contracted to do actuarial and financial calculations as the Commercial Calculating Company Ltd. The family moved to Bexhill to escape German air raids; Maudling won scholarships to the Merchant Taylors' School and Merton College, Oxford.He stayed out of undergraduate politics at Oxford, and studied the works of Hegel; he was to formulate his conclusions later as to the inseparability of economic and political freedom: "the purpose of State control and the guiding principle of its application is the achievement of true freedom". He obtained a first class Greats degree. Political career
Shortly after graduating, <mask> set up a meeting with Harold Nicolson to discuss whether it would be better, as a moderate conservative, to join the Conservative Party or National Labour; Nicolson advised him to wait. <mask> was called to the Bar at

masks:
Reginald Maudling
Reginald Maudling
Reginald George Maudling
Maudling
Maudling


title: Reginald Maudling

texts:
 the Middle Temple in 1940. However, he did not practise as a barrister, having volunteered for service in the Royal Air Force (RAF) in the Second World War. Owing to poor eyesight he took desk jobs in the RAF intelligence branch, where he rose—as a "Wingless Wonder", as officers who were not qualified to wear pilot's wings were nicknamed—to the rank of Flight Lieutenant; he was then appointed Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Air, Sir Archibald Sinclair. Parliamentary candidate
<mask> wrote an essay on Conservative policy in November 1943, recommending that the Conservatives neither imitate the Labour Party nor reflexively oppose all controls; in the general election of July 1945, he was selected as parliamentary candidate for Heston and Isleworth, a newly created constituency in Middlesex, although there were four applicants and he had no ties to that constituency.In the subsequent Labour landslide <mask> was defeated like many others, although Heston and Isleworth had been expected to be a safe Conservative seat. After its defeat in the 1945 general election, the Conservative Party engaged in an extensive rethink of its policy. <mask> argued that the Party had depended excessively on outdated economic slogans and the popularity of Winston Churchill. In November 1945, <mask> became the first staff member of the Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat, later the Conservative Research Department, where he was head of the Economic Section. He persuaded the party to accept much of the Labour government's nationalisation programme and social services while cutting government spending. In March 1946, <mask> was chosen as the

masks: Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling


title: Reginald Maudling

texts:
 prospective candidate for Barnet, close to his birthplace in Finchley, and began giving speeches there. Labour had unexpectedly won the seat in 1945, but it was considered to be marginal.In 1950, <mask> was elected as Member of Parliament with an absolute majority. Member of Parliament and Cabinet
Following the 1951 election, Churchill made <mask> a junior Minister at the Ministry of Civil Aviation. However, his experience of preparing economic policy led to his speaking on behalf of the Treasury on the 1952 budget and thus to an appointment, later that year, as Economic Secretary to the Treasury. With his mentor Rab Butler as Chancellor of the Exchequer, <mask> worked to reduce taxes and controls in order to move from post-war austerity to affluence. When Anthony Eden took over as Prime Minister in 1955, <mask> was promoted to head a department as Minister of Supply. He supported the invasion of Suez. The Ministry was responsible for aircraft production and supplying the armed forces, and <mask> came to agree with critics who argued that it was an unnecessary intermediary; he therefore recommended its abolition.Although supportive of Harold Macmillan's appointment as Prime Minister over the rival claims of Butler in 1957, <mask> found himself in difficulties over his position in the new government. He refused to continue at the Ministry of Supply and also rejected an offer of the Ministry of Health because Iain Macleod, with whom he had a rivalry, had held the post five years earlier and Maudling did not want to be seen as five years behind him. Macmillan appointed <mask> to the post of Paymaster General and spokesman in the House of

masks: Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling


title: Reginald Maudling

texts:
 Commons for the Ministry of Fuel and Power, which was technically a demotion. Nine months later, <mask> had proved his usefulness; Macmillan brought him into the Cabinet on 17 September 1957, where he acted more as a Minister without Portfolio: he had specific responsibility for persuading the six members of the embryonic European Economic Community, who had recently signed the Treaty of Rome, to abandon their proposal for a customs union in favour of a wider free-trade area where each country would preserve their own external tariffs. However, <mask>'s lack of international experience led him to underestimate the importance of the nascent Community and what was constructive in it. Faced with widespread rejection of the proposals, <mask> aroused hostility in Bonn and Paris by seeking to play off the Germans against the French. On 14 November 1958, six months after the election of General de Gaulle as premier, Jacques Soustelle, the French Minister of Information, confirmed to the Press that France would reject the Maudling plan.Two days later, the British delegation to the Community formally called an end to accession negotiations. <mask> later revised his proposals, which were to form the basis of the European Free Trade Association. Meanwhile, <mask> became an underwriting member of Lloyd's of London in December 1957, although his assets were somewhat below average for other 'names'. President of the Board of Trade
<mask> entered the front line of politics after the 1959 election when appointed President of the Board of Trade. He was responsible for introducing the government's proposals to help areas of high unemployment. This was

masks: Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling


title: Reginald Maudling

texts:
 achieved by paying grants to companies to create new plants in these deprived areas, and also by the government taking over unused land for development. <mask> also succeeded in negotiating a free trade agreement between the countries outside the Common Market; this became the European Free Trade Association and was some compensation for his failure to negotiate a free trade area with the Common Market.<mask> was opposed to any proposal to join the Common Market on the basis that it would end Britain's right to make commercial agreements with New Zealand and Australia. He was later to remark that "I can think of no more retrograde step economically or politically". This comment was to be quoted against him when, less than two years later, he was Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time of the reopening of negotiations for Common Market membership. Colonial Secretary
<mask> was for a short time, as Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1961, responsible for the process of decolonisation. In this position he chaired constitutional conferences for Jamaica, Northern Rhodesia and Trinidad and Tobago which prepared them for independence; his plan for Northern Rhodesia was controversial and he had to threaten resignation before it was approved. However, <mask> was keen to return to economic policy, and seized his opportunity when Macmillan made it clear in private that he supported a voluntary incomes policy. <mask> promptly made his case in public, and three weeks later was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in Macmillan's "Night of the Long Knives" attempt to rejuvenate his Cabinet.Chancellor of the Exchequer
As Chancellor, <mask> soon

masks:
Maudling
Maudling
Reginald Maudling
Maudling
Maudling
Maudling


title: Reginald Maudling

texts:
 cut purchase tax and bank interest rates. His 1963 budget aimed at "expansion without inflation". Following a period of economic difficulty, with a growth target of 4%, <mask> was able to remove income tax from owner-occupiers' residential premises. He also abolished the rate of duty on home-brewed beer which in effect legalised it. This was the period in which <mask> was at his most popular within the Conservative Party and in the country. However, later commentators have been less kind to Maudling: Harold Wilson and his Chancellor James Callaghan (who nevertheless sounded out Maudling for the governorship of the Bank of England in 1966) blamed the "dash for growth" that followed the 1963 budget for increasing sterling's chronic instability between 1964 and 1967 and by greatly increasing domestic demand the budget certainly exacerbated the existing balance of payments problem. <mask> largely recognised this himself by the time of the 1964 budget and, although he increased taxes, he did little to subdue demand in an election year.First unsuccessful leadership bid
By 1963, during the Profumo affair, there was talk, encouraged by Martin Redmayne (Chief Whip) and Lord Poole (Party Chairman), of Maudling succeeding Macmillan as Prime Minister. <mask> visited Butler (Deputy Prime Minister) and obtained a mutual promise that they would, if necessary, agree to serve under one another – <mask> believed that he had gained an advantage in obtaining the agreement of Butler, his senior, to serve under him if necessary. William Rees-Mogg claimed in The Times on 28 July that Butler led <mask> by 2:1 in the Cabinet, although <mask> had more support


title: Reginald Maudling

texts: amongst backbench MPs. Macmillan's sudden illness and announcement of his resignation in October 1963 came at a time when <mask>'s support had fallen. He was also poorly received at the Conservative Party conference, which had become a hustings for the leadership, despite coaching from Iain Macleod, in how to deliver his speech. Back in London the following week, a process of "consultation" by Lord Chancellor Dilhorne and by Redmayne declared Foreign Secretary Lord Home, rather than <mask> or Butler, to be the compromise candidate. Enoch Powell, Macleod, Hailsham and <mask> (known as "the Quad" in some accounts of the following days) sought to persuade Butler to refuse to serve, so that Butler rather than Home would have to become Prime Minister.Macleod and <mask> demanded that Dilhorne lay the results of his consultations before the Cabinet but he refused. <mask> attended the meeting at Powell's house late in the evening of 17 October, "well-refreshed" after attending a formal dinner and seems to have "gone along with it" rather than being a ringleader, although he and Hailsham agreed to serve under Butler. On the morning of Saturday 19 October Butler then <mask> agreed to serve under Home, enabling him to accept office as Prime Minister. <mask> retained his post as Chancellor under the new Prime Minister and in the 1964 election, <mask> had a prominent role at the helm of the party's daily press conferences, while Douglas-Home toured the country. On the BBC's election results programme, the journalist Anthony Howard said that he believed that if <mask> had been leader, the narrow Conservative defeat would have been a narrow

masks: Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling


title: Reginald Maudling

texts:
 Conservative victory. Upon being forced out of the post by the election defeat, <mask> left a note to his successor, James Callaghan, simply stating "Good luck, old cock.... Sorry to leave it in such a mess".Second unsuccessful leadership bid
Out of office, <mask> accepted the offer of a seat on the board of Kleinwort Benson in November 1964, one of the factors which led to his being shifted to spokesman on Foreign Affairs in early 1965. Unlike other potential leadership contenders, <mask> publicly maintained his loyalty to Douglas-Home as criticisms of his leadership mounted. When Douglas-Home resigned, after putting in place a system in which the leadership was directly elected, <mask> fought against Edward Heath for the position of candidate to the party centre-right. Unfortunately for <mask>, Enoch Powell also stood, but he was a candidate supporting monetarist and proto-Thatcherite economics, which at that time had little support. Powell won 15 votes. <mask> won 133 votes against Heath's 150; Powell's 15 votes were seen as more likely to have gone to <mask> had Powell not stood, but they would have made no difference to Heath's narrow majority. This was a moment of philosophical instability for the Conservatives.Their historic scepticism of Keynesianism began to grow through the 1960s because there was little to distinguish between the policies of the Tories and Labour. The cross-party support for economic planning and union negotiation was becoming increasingly unable to stimulate high levels of economic growth. <mask>'s business directorships with Kleinwort Benson and others were mentioned by his opponents as evidence of his

masks: Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling


title: Reginald Maudling

texts:
 lack of commitment for the role, and he was criticised as too close to the Macmillan/Douglas-Home style of politics. Deputy Leader and Home Secretary
<mask> served as Deputy Leader under Heath, and was also a prominent member of the Shadow Cabinet. However, he was neither personally nor politically close to Heath, and as a consequence his influence declined; his support for an incomes policy now went against party policy. He also tended to make gaffes, as for example when he said Harold Wilson had been following the same policy as the Conservatives on Rhodesia and "I can't think of anything he has done wrongly". After Enoch Powell had been sacked from the Shadow Cabinet in 1968 for his controversial Rivers of Blood speech, <mask> was moved from the position of Shadow Commonwealth Secretary to become Shadow Defence Secretary until 1969 when he was replaced by Geoffrey Rippon.When the Conservatives returned to power in 1970, <mask> was appointed Home Secretary; the most pressing problem at the Home Office was tackling the Troubles in Northern Ireland. After boarding the aircraft at the end of his first visit to the region, he remarked "For God's sake bring me a large Scotch. What a bloody awful country." <mask>'s attitude of reassuring calmness in interviews, normally helpful to him, was damaging when he referred to reducing IRA violence to "an acceptable level", a remark widely regarded as a gaffe. He also tended to trust the Unionist-controlled Government of Northern Ireland and gloss over differences between their approach and that of the United Kingdom government. This backfired when the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, James

masks: Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling


title: Reginald Maudling

texts:
 Chichester-Clark, resigned when denied the full number of troops he requested in March 1971. That August, <mask> authorised the Northern Ireland government to introduce internment without trial for terror suspects, which caused widespread upheaval and anger among the nationalist population due to its exclusive use on that community, and was followed by an already planned massive escalation in the level of violence.Regarding criminal justice, <mask> made no attempt, despite his personal support, to reintroduce capital punishment after its abolition in 1969. He introduced Community Service, a new alternative to prison, and in 1971 modestly tightened the immigration rules. He was criticised for ordering the deportation of Rudi Dutschke, a leader of the German student movement. Dutschke, who was in Britain to recuperate from an assassination attempt, was considered a student anarchist. <mask> was often the target of satirical cartoons in major newspapers, and was lampooned in the magazine Private Eye and the television comedy show Monty Python's Flying Circus. Bloody Sunday
<mask>'s statement in the House of Commons after Bloody Sunday agreed with the British army's statement that the Parachute Regiment had fired only in self-defence, although this turned out to be untrue. Bernadette Devlin, a Northern Ireland nationalist MP, had been present in Derry at the protest, yet she was denied recognition to speak on the massacre by the Speaker of the House Selwyn Lloyd.Devlin walked across the floor of the Commons and slapped <mask>. She later said to journalists that <mask>'s statement had been untrue and perfunctory, and that it had expressed


title: Reginald Maudling

texts:
 no regrets for the 13 people shot and killed by British soldiers. Eventually, Edward Heath decided to bring in direct rule of Northern Ireland under a separate Secretary of State. In 1974, Shane Paul O'Doherty, a PIRA member, sent <mask> a letter bomb, which slightly injured him. Scandal
In 1972, <mask>'s business activities were causing considerable disquiet and speculation in the press. In 1966, he had obtained a directorship in the company of John Poulson, an architect Maudling helped obtain lucrative contracts. Poulson routinely did business through bribery and in 1972 was made bankrupt.The bankruptcy hearings disclosed his bribe payments, and <mask>'s connection became public knowledge. <mask> came to the decision that his responsibility for the Metropolitan Police, which was beginning fraud investigations into Poulson, made his position as Home Secretary untenable. He resigned on 18 July, to general sympathy from the press. Shortly after receiving <mask>'s resignation, Edward Heath's government performed a 'U-turn' on economic policy and subsequently adopted an approach strikingly similar to <mask>'s. Heath advised <mask> not to drop out of the public eye and he continued to make many media appearances. In the year after the Conservative Party's electoral defeat in 1974, Heath was replaced as leader by Margaret Thatcher. She appointed <mask> to the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary.However, <mask> clashed with Thatcher over economics, and after less than two years in the role he was dismissed on 19 November 1976. Departing, <mask> summed up his career as "hired by Winston Churchill, fired by Margaret Thatcher". Last years
In

masks: Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling Maudling


title: Reginald Maudling

texts:
 1969, <mask> had been president of the Real Estate Fund of America, whose chief executive, Jerome Hoffman, had been imprisoned for fraud; <mask> had also been an adviser to the Peachey Property Corporation, whose chairman, Sir Eric Miller, had embezzled company money and later took his own life. He was revealed to have lobbied for more aid to Malta after obtaining a commission for Poulson there, which had led to heavy losses for the Maltese government. These further revelations led to a Parliamentary inquiry into the conduct of <mask> and two other MPs linked to Poulson. This inquiry published its report on 14 July 1977; the report concluded that Maudling had indulged in "conduct inconsistent with the standards which the House is entitled to expect from its members". When the report was considered by the House of Commons, the Conservative Party organised its MPs to attend the debate to "Save Reggie".An amendment was put down to "take note" of the report, instead of endorsing it, and carried by 230 votes (211 Conservatives, 17 Labour, 2 Liberals and 2 Ulster Unionists) to 207. No punishment was imposed. An attempt by backbench Labour MPs to expel <mask> from the House was defeated by 331 votes to 11, and a move to suspend him for six months was lost by 324 to 97. As Lewis Baston's 2004 biography recounts, <mask> and his wife became heavy drinkers once his political career was effectively ended by the scandal. The drinking turned to alcoholism and <mask>'s health rapidly deteriorated in the late 1970s. He collapsed in early 1979. Death
<mask> died at the Royal Free Hospital in London, from kidney failure and cirrhosis of the liver, on


title: Reginald Maudling

texts:
 14 February 1979; he was 61.His body was buried in the churchyard of Little Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire. A stone seat from his garden was placed beside the grave. Family life
<mask> married actress Beryl Laverick (1919–1988) in 1939. They had three sons and a daughter, <mask>, who became a journalist in the 1960s as the "travelling teenager" of the Daily Mail and, among other things, appeared alongside John Lennon on BBC TV's Juke Box Jury in 1963. <mask>'s mother had disowned him as a result of his marriage, and Maudling did not attend her funeral in 1956. When Caroline aroused comment by having a child out of wedlock in the late 1960s, Maudling was staunch in her defence, publicly expressing paternal pride. Beryl <mask>'s body was buried next to her husband's at Little Berkhamsted.In popular culture
<mask> was portrayed by Irish actor Michael Culkin in the BBC-produced 2018 limited television series A Very English Scandal. See also
 List of deaths through alcohol

References

Further reading
 Dell, Edmund. The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945-90 (HarperCollins, 1997) pp 283–303, covers his term as Chancellor. Lewis Baston (2004) Reggie: The Life of <mask>. Sutton Publishing. Principal source, where no other is specified. Michael Gillard (1974) A little pot of money.The story of <mask> and the Real Estate Fund of America. Private Eye productions / André Deutsch. Michael Gillard (1980) Nothing to declare: the political corruptions of John Poulson. John Calder. Howard, Anthony RAB: The Life of R. A. Butler, Jonathan Cape 1987
<mask> (1978) Memoirs. Sidgwick & Jackson. Robert Shepherd (2004) "<mask>" in

masks:
Maudling
Caroline Maudling
Maudling
Maudling
Maudling
Reginald Maudling
Reginald Maudling
Reginald Maudling
Reginald Maudling


title: Greg James

texts:
<mask> (born 17 December 1985) is an English television and radio presenter, comedian and author. He is the host of BBC Radio 1's breakfast show, co-presenter on the cricket podcast Tailenders alongside Felix White and <mask> and writer of the Kid Normal book series alongside Chris Smith. Early life
<mask> was born to Alan and Rosemary Milward on 17 December 1985 in Lewisham, London. His parents were both teachers; Alan a headteacher, and Rosemary a special-needs teacher. He has one sister, Catherine. As a baby, he received three life-saving blood transfusions and was in an incubator for a week. <mask> used to play cricket for Hertfordshire Under-18s.He first broadcast on hospital radio aged 14, however, he later discovered that the transmitter was broken and none of his shows actually went out. <mask> is an alumnus of The Bishop's Stortford High School, where he was deputy head boy. He studied drama at the University of East Anglia in Norwich and achieved a 2:1. Career

Radio
While at university, he presented several shows on the students' union radio station Livewire 1350AM, becoming the station manager in 2006. He later said that being station manager was a job he did not enjoy. He also presented several breakfast shows on Future Radio in Norwich and also on Pulse Rated in Salhouse before he got his break at BBC Radio 1. He won 'Best Male Presenter' at the Student Radio Awards 2005.During university holidays he presented stints on Galaxy North East. <mask> joined BBC Radio 1 in June 2007, to present Early Breakfast on Friday, and cover for the likes of Sara Cox and Vernon Kay. He presented his first show on Friday 1 June 2007, the day after graduating from university. In October 2007, he was awarded the Early Breakfast Show (4:30am7am, which was soon changed to 4am6:30am) five days a week. He presented his first full-time show on Monday 1 October 2007, and his first ever Record of the Week was Hometown Glory by Adele. On 21 September 2009,

masks:
Gregory James Alan Milward
James Anderson
James
James
James
James