title: Ivan Aivazovsky

texts:
 record number. 38 of the works were moved from the Aivazovsky Art Gallery in Feodosia, which prompted Ukraine to call for an international boycott of the Tretyakov Gallery as it considers Crimea an occupied territory. Exhibitions were also held at the National Art Museum of Ukraine in Kiev, and the National Gallery of Armenia in Yerevan. In 2018, the third series of Armenian dram banknotes were issued. The 20,000 Dram banknote bears a portrait of <mask> on the obverse and a view of his art museum and statue in Feodosia in the reverse. Auctions
<mask>'s paintings began appearing in auctions (mostly in London) in the early 2000s. Many of his works are being bought by Russian oligarchs.His works have risen steadily in auction value. In November 2004, his Saint Isaac's Cathedral On A Frosty Day, a rare cityscape, sold for around £1 million ($2.1 million). In 2007, his painting American Shipping off the Rock of Gibraltar auctioned at £2.71 million, "more than four times its top estimate". It was, "the highest price paid at auction for <mask>" at the time. In April 2012, his 1856 work View of Constantinople and the Bosphorus was sold at Sotheby's for a record $5.2 million (£3.2 million), a tenfold increase since it was last at an auction in 1995. Stolen paintings
In January 2011 a number of paintings, including those of <mask>, were stolen from the country house of Aleksandr Tarantsev, an owner of a chain of jewelry stores in Russia. In 2017 it was reported that a fake of one of the paintings stolen from Tarantsev's house was presented to Armenian president Serzh Sargsyan by the Pyunik


title: Ivan Aivazovsky

type: original

texts:
 foundation.In June 2015 Sotheby's withdrew from auction an 1870 Aivazovsky painting Evening in Cairo, which was estimated at £1.5–2 million ($2–$3 million), after the Russian Interior Ministry claimed that it was stolen in 1997 from a private collection in Moscow. These allegations were not maintained before the English court, which ordered the return of the painting to the seller. In 2017 View on Revel (1845), stolen from the Dmitrov Kremlin Museum in 1976, was found at  in Zürich, Switzerland. Awards

Ranks
Russian Table of Ranks:

1870 – Actual Civil Councilor ()
1885 – Privy Councilor ()
1896 – Actual Privy Councilor ()

See also
Russian culture
Armenian culture
Armenians in Crimea

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

Books and articles on Aivazovsky

Articles analyzing Aivazovsky's works

External links

 Chronological List of paintings by <mask>vsky

Galleries of Aivazovsky's paintings

 at the Russian State Museum
National Gallery of Armenia
Russian Art Encyclopedia
The Athenaeum
Old Istanbul paints at Organization of Istanbul Armenians
<mask>vsky in collection of the Odessa Art Museum. Album. Odessa, Astroprint, 2012. 1817 births
1900 deaths
People from Feodosia
Ethnic Armenian painters
19th-century Armenian painters
19th-century Russian painters
Painters of the Russian Empire
Russian male painters
Armenian people of the Russian Empire
Armenian romantic painters
Russian romantic painters
Russian landscape painters
Imperial Academy of Arts alumni
Russian marine artists
Ethnic Armenian academics
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Members of the Imperial Academy

masks:
Ivan Aivazo
Ivan Aivazo


title: Green McCurtain

texts:
<mask><mask><mask> (November 28, 1848 – December 27, 1910) was a tribal administrator and Principal Chief of the Choctaw Republic (1896–1900 and 1902–1906), serving a total of four elected two-year terms. He was the third of his brothers to be elected as chief. (His older brothers <mask> and <mask> had previously been elected as chief, serving a total of three terms.) He was a Republican in the late 19th century, leaning toward allotment and assimilation when the nation was under pressure by the United States government, as he believed the Choctaw needed to negotiate to secure their best outcome prior to annexation. After 1906 and dissolution of tribal governments under the Dawes Act prior to Oklahoma achieving statehood, and the annexation of the Choctaw Republic by the United States, <mask> was appointed as chief by the United States government. He served in that capacity until 1910 and his death in office. He was the last freely-elected Chief of the Choctaws until 1971.<mask> represented his tribe as a delegate at the Sequoyah Constitutional Convention. This was an effort by American Indian nations in Indian Territory to create an Indian-controlled state in what is now Oklahoma. They were not successful in getting Congressional support for this proposal. European Americans, who had established considerable presence in the Oklahoma Territory, had lobbied strongly for the entire area to be admitted as a regular state. Personal life
<mask><mask><mask> was born on November 28, 1848 in Skullyville, Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory, the third son of <mask>, born in Mississippi, and Mayhiya "Amy" Blevins, both Choctaw. He was named after leader <mask>. Blevins's grandmother was Sho-Ma-Ka, a captive from a neighboring tribe who was adopted and assimilated into the Choctaw.<mask>'s paternal ancestry was of Irish origin. His Irish immigrant ancestor was <mask>, nephew of Cornelius Curtain, from County Cork, who settled in

masks:
Greenwood "
Green
" McCurtain
Jackson Frazier McCurtain
Edmund McCurtain
McCurtain
Green McCurtain
Greenwood "
Green
" McCurtain
Cornelius McCurtain
Greenwood LeFlore
McCurtain
Cornelius McCurtain


title: Green McCurtain

texts:
 Spanish Florida in the 18th century with a land grant from the Spanish crown. He became a trader and married into the Choctaw tribe. In 1833 <mask>'s parents and older brother Jackson had moved with numerous other Choctaw to Indian Territory as part of Indian Removal and the Choctaw Trail of Tears. His family became prominent as leaders of the tribe. His older brothers were Jackson Frazier <mask>, born in Mississippi (1830-1885); Edmund Aaron <mask>, (1842-1890); and David Cornelius <mask> (1846-1874). They also had a younger brother <mask> (1853-1874), who was fatally shot at age 20 by a cousin.<mask>'s older brother Jackson Frazier <mask> became a leader and served as president of the Choctaw senate before succeeding Isaac Garvin as president. Jackson served 1880-1884; he was succeeded by his brother Edmund, who served 1884-1886, a total of three two-year terms by the two of them. Marriage and family
<mask> was a Baptist, at a time when numerous Choctaw had become Protestants, influenced by missionaries. He married Martha Ainsworth, a European-American woman, and together they had a son, D.C<mask>. He later lived in Spiro, Oklahoma. The senior McCurtain later married his second wife, Kate 'Kittie' Spring. They had a son and four daughters together: Alice, Lena, Bertha and Cora.Political career
<mask> was an imposing man, described as six foot two. He had a variety of positions locally and in the tribe before becoming principal chief after his brothers. In 1872 he served as sheriff of Skullyville County. By the late nineteenth century, he represented the Tuskahoma, or Progressive party of his tribe, also known as the "Eagles", who began to favor negotiation with the United States over proposals for allotment and statehood of the Choctaw communal lands. Originally opposed to this, McCurtain came to believe he needed to negotiate to try to achieve the best outcome for the Choctaw. The nation was violently torn by the

masks:
McCurtain
McCurtain
McCurtain
McCurtain
Robert McCurtain
Green
McCurtain
McCurtain
. McCurtain
McCurtain


title: Green McCurtain

texts: prospect of losing their sovereign governance and lands: the day after the 1884 elections, Nationalist Charles Wilson was brutally killed. While more than one Progressive was implicated in the assassination, several Choctaw were acquitted and only Jackson Crow, an African American, was convicted and executed for the crime.In the 1890s, Silan Lewis, a committed Nationalist, killed five Progressives in related retaliatory political assassinations. He was convicted and executed by the Choctaw in 1894. <mask> continued to gain power in this period. He served as Choctaw National Treasurer for two terms and oversaw the distribution of $2 million in treaty settlements. Twice he served as the Choctaw Delegate to the U.S. federal government in Washington, DC. He served as a member of his district's board of education within the tribe. In addition, he served as  district attorney.In 1896 and 1898, <mask> was elected as Principal Chief of the Choctaw Nation. Term limits prevented him from a third successive term. In 1902, he was eligible to run again and won the election. He won a fourth term in 1904. Before Oklahoma was admitted as a state, <mask> represented the Choctaw Nation and served as a vice president at the Sequoyah Constitutional Convention in 1905. Attendees discussed proposals for Indian Territory to be admitted as a separate state, under Native American control. It is thought to have laid the groundwork for the Oklahoma Constitution.Under the Dawes Act, in 1906 the U.S. government broke up tribal governments and institutions. The Bureau of Indian Affairs appointed <mask> as chief. He acted under BIA supervision until his death in office in 1910. Although originally a member of the Democratic Party, which represented a solid block in the states of the former Confederacy, <mask> came to believe their Congressional delegation was hostile to his people. He shifted his affiliation to the Republican Party, and many of his

masks: McCurtain McCurtain McCurtain McCurtain McCurtain


title: Green McCurtain

texts:
 tribesmen did the same. In those years, the Democrats had established the Solid South, a block they controlled because of having disenfranchised most blacks, Natives and other minorities at the turn of the century, and retaining full control of the region's congressionally apportioned seats, based on the total population (until 2003, the only Natives elected to the U.S. Congress from Oklahoma were all Democrats with the backing of the party - five in total). Even if <mask> influenced many Choctaws to become Republicans, they remained both racial and political minorities in the new Southern state of Oklahoma, and as such they were cast aside by the ruling White Democratic establishment.<mask>'s Haskell County home
His former home, the <mask> House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 21, 1971. The house was in ruins at the time and has since been reconstructed. It is a two-story, L-shaped residence. The <mask> House, once more in ruins following a tragic fire, is located in Kinta, Haskell County, Oklahoma. <mask> died December 27, 1910 at his home in Kinta, Oklahoma. He was buried in San Bois Cemetery in Kinta, Haskell County, Oklahoma. Legacy and honors
McCurtain County, Oklahoma was named for this family of chiefs.Notes

Further reading
Lewis, Anna Lewis. "<mask>," The Chronicles of Oklahoma 11 (December 1933). Meserve, John Bartlett. "The McCurtains," The Chronicles of Oklahoma 13 (September 1935). Thoburn, Joseph Bradford. A Standard History of Oklahoma, Volume 5., Chicago: American Historical Society, 1916. External links

Choctaw people
1848 births
1910 deaths
Native American politicians
Native American leaders
Native American Christians
Oklahoma Democrats
Oklahoma Republicans
People of Indian Territory
People from Le Flore County, Oklahoma
Pre-statehood history of Oklahoma
Baptists from Oklahoma
19th-century Baptists
20th-century Native Americans
19th-century Native

masks:
McCurtain
McCurtain
Green McCurtain
Green McCurtain
Death McCurtain
Jane McCurtain


title: Élie Halévy

texts:
<mask> (6 September 1870 – 21 August 1937) was a French philosopher and historian who wrote studies of the British utilitarians, the book of essays Era of Tyrannies, and a history of Britain from 1815 to 1914 that influenced British historiography. Biography
<mask> was born in Étretat, Seine-Maritime, where his mother had fled as the German army marched on Paris. His father was the playwright <mask>, his brother was the historian <mask>. His family was of Jewish descent, but his parents were Protestant and he was brought up as a Protestant. <mask> grew up surrounded by musicians, scholars, and politicians. After studying at the École Normale Supérieure, he received his doctorate in philosophy in 1901 with the theses The Platonic Theory of Knowledge and The Origins of Philosophical Radicalism. The latter formed the base of his first major study, The Formation of English Philosophical Radicalism (3 vols., 1901-1904).In an article of 1893, <mask> suggested that the great moral question of modern thought was how the abstract idea of duty could become a concrete aim of society. This question had first attracted him to the utilitarians, and he found at the core of their answer a fundamental contradiction. Utilitarianism, he said, was based on two principles: first, that the science of the

masks:
Élie Halévy
Élie Halévy
Ludovic Halévy
Daniel Halévy
Halévy
Halévy


title: Élie Halévy

texts: legislator must bring together the naturally divergent interests of individuals in society; and, second, that social order comes about spontaneously through the harmony of individual interests. To Halévy, this exemplified two fundamental human attitudes toward the universe: the contemplation of the astronomer and the intervention of the engineer. In 1892, Émile Boutmy invited <mask> to lecture on English political ideas at the newly founded School of Political Science. After 1900, he alternated this course with another, on the history of socialism. At the same time he helped found the Revue de métaphysique et de morale, in which he retained an interest until his death.<mask>'s teaching led him to undertake annual trips to England, during which he became the intimate friend of many of the most important scholars and political figures of the age. He thoroughly explored the Jeremy Bentham manuscripts at Cambridge for his work on philosophical radicalism and over the years developed a deep and intensive knowledge of all the sources of 19th-century English history. In 1901 he began to work on the first volume of his masterpiece, the History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century (published from 1913 onwards). In this first volume, he described England in 1815 and sought to explain how

masks: Halévy Halévy


title: Élie Halévy

texts: England avoided violent social change. "If economic facts explain the course taken by the human race," he wrote, "the England of the nineteenth century was surely, above all other countries, destined to revolution, both politically and religiously." Neither the British constitution nor the Established Church was strong enough to hold the country together. He found the answer in religious nonconformity: "Methodism was the antidote to Jacobinism."He did not write his history in chronological sequence, nor did he live to complete it. The second and third volumes of this history (1923) carried the story up to 1841. Then <mask>, profoundly moved by World War I, turned his attention to the period from 1895 to 1914. The two volumes on this period (published in 1926-1930) were written with considerable detachment, considering the immediacy of the problems he discussed. Together with Célestin Bouglé he would republish a set of Saint-Simonian lectures of the 1830, bundled in the 1924 work Doctrine de Saint-Simon. In lectures of 1929, revised in 1936 (published in 1938; The Era of Tyrannies), <mask> argued that the world war had increased national control over individual activities and opened the way for de facto socialism. In opposition to those who saw socialism as the last step in the French


title: Élie Halévy

texts:
 Revolution, he saw it as a new organization of constraint replacing those that the Revolution had destroyed.Wallas translates:

In what proved to be his last work (which he did not live to complete), <mask> began to bridge the gap between 1841 and 1895 with a volume entitled The Age of Peel and Cobden (1841-1852). A liberal individualist to the last, <mask> died at Sucy-en-Brie on 21 August 1937. His publishers posthumously commissioned R. B. McCallum to contribute a supplementary essay to link this volume with the concluding ones, the whole appearing under the title Victorian Years in 1961. Publications

In French
Most of these are online free. (1896). La Théorie platonicienne des sciences. Paris: Félix Alcan.(1901-1904). La Formation du radicalisme philosophique. Paris: Félix Alcan. (1901). La Jeunesse de Bentham 1776-1789. (1901). L'Évolution de la doctrine utilitaire de 1789 à 1815.(1904). Le Radicalisme philosophique. (1903). Thomas Hodgskin (1787-1869). Paris: Librairie Georges Bellais. (1913-1946). Histoire du peuple anglais au XIXe siècle.(1913). L'Angleterre en 1815. (1923). Du lendemain de Waterloo à la veille du Reform Bill. (1923). De la Crise du Reform Bill à l'Avènement de Sir Robert Peel: 1830-1841. (1946).Le Milieu du siècle: 1841-1852 (posth.) (1926). Épilogue 1. Les


title: Élie Halévy

texts:
 impérialistes au pouvoir: 1895-1914. (1932). Épilogue 2. Vers la démocratie sociale et vers la guerre: 1895-1914.(1938). L'Ère des tyrannies, préf. de Célestin Bouglé. (posth.) (1948). Histoire du socialisme européen. Paris: Gallimard (posth.)Works in English translation
Most of these are online free. (1928). The Growth of Philosophic Radicalism. New York: The Macmillan Company [London: Faber & Faber, 1952; Clifton, N. J.: Kelley, 1972]. (1930). The World Crisis of 1914-1918: An Interpretation. Oxford: Clarendon.(1932, 1949–52). History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century. Translated by E. I. Watkin. London: Ernest Benn, Ltd. online
 (1949). England in 1815. (1949). The Liberal Awakening (1815-1830).(1950). The Triumph of Reform (1830-1841). (1951). Victorian Years (1841-1895). (1951). Imperialism and the Rise of Labour (1895-1905). (1952).The Rule of Democracy (1905-1914). (1956). Thomas Hodgskin. London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.
 (1965). The Era of Tyrannies. Essays on Socialism and War. Translated by R. K. Webb.Notes by Fritz Stern. New York: Doubleday [London: Allen Lane, 1967]. Selected articles
<mask>, <mask> (1921). "Chartism," The Quarterly Review, Vol. 236, No. 468, pp. 62–75.<mask>, <mask> (1922). "Where England Stands at Present," The Living Age, Vol. 314, No. 4078, September

masks: Halévy Élie Halévy Élie


title: Élie Halévy

texts:
 2, pp. 569–574. See also
 Historiography of the United Kingdom

References

Further reading
 Bone, Christopher (1973). "Elie Halevy: Philosopher as Historian," Journal of British Studies, Vol.13, No. 1, pp. 151–168. Boyd, Kelly, ed. Encyclopedia of historians and historical writing. Vol. 1 (Taylor & Francis, 1999) 508-9.Bresciani, Marco. "From 'East to West', the «world crisis» of 1905-1920: a re-reading of Elie <mask>." First World War Studies 9.3 (2018): 275-295. Chase, Myrna. Elie <mask>, an Intellectual Biography (Columbia University Press, 1980). Frobert, Ludovic (2007). "Elie <mask>'s First Lectures on the History of European Socialism," Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol.68, No. 2, pp. 329–353. Jones, Hugh Stuart (2002). "The Era of Tyrannies: <mask> <mask> and Friedrich von Hayek on Socialism," European Journal of Political Theory 1, pp. 53–69. Smith, Catherine Haugh (1942)."<mask> Halévy," in Bernadotte Everly Schmitt, (ed.) Some Historians of Modern Britain: Essays in Historiography. University of Chicago Press. Vergara, Francisco (1998). A critique of <mask> <mask>:Refutation of an important distortion of British moral philosophy, Philosophy (Journal of the Royal Institute of Philosophy), London, January 1998. External links

 Works by <mask> <mask>, at JSTOR
 <mask> <mask>,

masks: Halévy Halévy Halévy Élie Halévy Élie Élie Halévy Élie Halévy Élie Halévy


title: Élie Halévy

texts:
 1870-1937
 Drawing of <mask> Halévy, by William Rothenstein

1870 births
1937 deaths
People from Seine-Maritime
Lycée Condorcet alumni
École Normale Supérieure alumni
French essayists
French historians
20th-century French philosophers
Consequentialists
Utilitarians
French people of Jewish descent
French socialists
French male essayists
French


title: Wynne Godley

texts: <mask> (26 September 192613 May 2010) was an economist famous for his pessimism about the British economy and his criticism of the British government. In 2007, he and Marc Lavoie wrote a book about the "Stock-Flow Consistent" model, an analysis that predicted the global financial crisis of 2008. <mask> was born in London to <mask>, 2nd Baron Kilbracken and his wife Elizabeth Usborn. He was born six years after his older brother, John who was to become the <mask>, 3rd Baron Kilbracken. <mask> attended Sandroyd School in Wiltshire before attending Rugby School then read politics, philosophy and economics at New College, Oxford where Isaiah Berlin and Philip Andrews, one of the main economists of the Oxford Economic Research Group, were two of his most important mentors. <mask> trained to become a professional musician, studying at the Paris Conservatoire for three years, and then becoming principal oboist at the BBC Welsh Orchestra. He was however continuously nervous about performing in public, and gave up this career, although he remained interested in music and was director of the Royal Opera from 1976 to 1987.In 1955 he married Kitty Epstein, daughter of Jacob Epstein the sculptor, who used his "impossibly handsome" head as the model for his statue of St Michael at the rebuilt Coventry Cathedral. After his musical career ended he became an economist at the Metal Box company, and then from 1956 to 1970 he worked at the Treasury where he worked in macroeconomic policy issues and short term forecasting, bridging economic and policy issues, including the 1967 devaluation of the pound under Harold Wilson. While at the Treasury he met Nicholas Kaldor, who persuaded him to move to Cambridge University where he became a fellow of King's College and director of the department of applied economics, although he continued to work as a government economic advisor at times, and

masks:
Wynne Godley
Life Godley
Hugh Godley
John Godley
Godley
Godley


title: Wynne Godley

texts:
 was appointed as one of Norman Lamont's 'seven wise men' external economic advisors after Black Wednesday. He predicted that the 1973–74 economic boom would end, and that unemployment would hit 3 million in the 1980s. As one of his proteges noted, these dire warnings "… earned him the title 'Cassandra of the Fens' and were derided – until they came true". His contributions to Treasury policy thinking over the years were acknowledged by Dave Ramsden, chief economic advisor to the treasury: "In the 2000s, much of which coincided with a period of apparent and widely researched stability, what stands out is his distinctive analysis and his prescience about the looming financial and economic crisis, and the potential role for what had become by then innovative policies in responding." In 1992 he warned that without shared fiscal policy to replace currency movements there would be problems with monetary union in Europe.In 1983, <mask> published a book call Macroeconomics, co-authored with Francis Cripps. In 1995, <mask> took up a post at the Levy Economics Institute of Bard College in New York State, where his work focused on the strategic prospects for the US and world economies, and the use of accounting macroeconomic models to reveal structural imbalances. In 1998, he was one of the first to warn that the growing imbalance in the global economy, fuelled by burgeoning American private sector debt, was unsustainable. His book Monetary Economics: Integrated Approach to Money, Income, Production and Wealth (2007), written with Marc Lavoie, deals with stock-flow consistent macro modelling. Contribution to economics

Economist Martin Wolf gave credit to Godley's "sectoral financial balances" analytical framework in a 2012 analysis of the Great Recession. Wolf explained: "The essential idea is that since income has to equal expenditure for the economy, as a whole, (which is the

masks: Godley Godley


title: Wynne Godley

texts:
 indicates that deindustrialization is a serious problem which threatens the nation's ability to maintain balance of payments equilibrium in the long run. The situation after North Sea oil runs out appears troublesome. De-industrialization imposes that serious social consequences. Workers skilled in the manufacturing sector are no longer needed, and are shuffled off to lower paying, less technologically valuable jobs. Computization and globalization are compounding that problem. Prediction of the Great Recession
Dirk Bezemer argues that <mask> was notable for being one of relatively few economists to predict the nature of the Great Recession of the late 2000s  well in advance, and for doing so on the basis of a formal model. Bibliography
Books
<mask> <mask> and Marc Lavoie, 2007.Monetary Economics: An Integrated Approach to Credit, Money, Income, Production and Wealth, Palgrave MacMillan. Description. <mask> <mask> and T. Francis Cripps, 1983. Macroeconomics,

Papers
<mask> <mask> and Marc Lavoie, April 2007. Fiscal Policy in a Stock-Flow Consistent (SFC) Model, Working Paper No. 494, Levy Economics Institute

Bibliographies
Robert A. Cord, 2017. The Palgrave Companion to Cambridge Economics, pp 929–953, Palgrave MacMillan,

Criticism
In an 1983 review of Macroeconomics, Lester Thurow wrote that the usefulness of macro-economic models is questionable, especially as the Godley-Cripps model described a closed economy.References

External links
Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 16 May 2008 (video)

1926 births
2010 deaths
Civil servants from London
British economists
Post-Keynesian economists
English classical oboists
Male oboists
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
People educated at Sandroyd School
People educated at Rugby School
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Analysands of Masud Khan
Younger sons of barons
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century British male

masks: Godley Wynne Godley Wynne Godley Wynne Godley


title: Fresh Kid Ice

texts:
Christopher Wong Won (May 29, 1964July 13, 2017), better known by his stage name <mask>, was an American rapper. He was a co-founder of the rap group 2 Live Crew, appearing on all of the group's albums from 1985 to 1998. Wong Won was born and spent his early childhood in Trinidad and Tobago, before emigrating to the United States. In his early twenties, Wong Won was in the United States Air Force and he co-founded 2 Live Crew while he was stationed in California. Early 2 Live Crew singles gained so much traction in Florida that they relocated there. By 1986, the group released the single "Throw The 'D; it is now considered the blueprint of Miami bass. Later in 1986, 2 Live Crew released their debut album, The 2 Live Crew Is What We Are.The album established the group's signature style of comical sexually explicit lyrics. After a slew of successful releases the group met with considerable controversy as a U.S. district court ruled the album legally obscene. They were prosecuted, but all later acquitted. Wong Won is the only 2 Live Crew member to appear in the all of 2 Live Crew's subsequent albums. Wong Won was the first prominent Asian and Asian American rapper, releasing his first solo album, The Chinaman, in 1992. In the 2000s, he continued touring and releasing singles with 2 Live Crew. Wong Won's last projects, before his death in 2017, were his autobiography My Rise 2 Fame (2015) and the compilation Breaking Glass Ceilings Volume 1 (2017).Early life
Wong Won was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago on May 29, 1964. Wong Won's family is of Trinidadian Chinese ancestry, with his Asian heritage originating primarily in Hong Kong. Both of his grandmothers were of African ancestry. In 1976, at the age of 12, Wong Won and


title: Fernando Cavenaghi

texts:
<mask> (; born 21 September 1983) is a retired Argentine professional footballer. He played as a striker who was efficient in front of goal with either foot and from any range. He spent most of his career with River Plate in three separate spells, playing 210 games and scoring 112 goals, while winning honours including the 2014 Copa Sudamericana and the 2015 Copa Libertadores. Abroad, he had his best successes with Bordeaux, whom he helped win a Ligue 1 title and two each of the Coupe de la Ligue and Trophée des Champions. He also had short spells in Spain, Brazil, Mexico and Cyprus, finishing as the Cypriot First Division's top scorer as APOEL won it in his final year as a professional. <mask> was part of the Argentina under-20 team that won the 2003 South American Youth Championship, finishing as its top scorer with eight goals. In the same year, he was part of the team that reached the semi-finals at the FIFA U-20 World Cup, and was joint top scorer with four goals.He earned four caps for the senior team in 2008. Club career

River Plate / Spartak
Born in O'Brien, Buenos Aires Province, Cavenaghi played for Rivadavia de Chacabuco and Bravado in the regional leagues between the ages of nine and twelve. Cavenaghi made his professional debut for River Plate in the 2000–01 season in which he scored one goal in five appearances. In his first full season he scored 17 goals in 23 appearances, including a hat-trick against Estudiantes. In July 2004, Cavenaghi moved abroad for the first time, joining Spartak Moscow for a fee of US$12 million, then a record for a Russian team. He failed to adapt to Russian football, and was frozen out of the team following

masks:
Fernando Ezequiel Cavenaghi
Cavenaghi


title: Fernando Cavenaghi

texts:
 the arrival of manager Vladimir Fedotov in April 2006, whom he publicly criticised for his tactics. He was put up for sale that December.Bordeaux

On 22 January 2007, Cavenaghi was sold to French club Bordeaux. He signed a four-and-a-half-year deal for a €7 million fee. Through an Italian passport earned by his ancestry, he could work freely in the European Union. On 3 February he played his first Ligue 1 match against Nice. In his first season, Bordeaux won the Coupe de la Ligue with a 1–0 win over Lyon in the final, with Cavenaghi an unused substitute. During the 2007–08 season he scored 22 goals in 35 appearances for Bordeaux. In the 2008 Trophée des Champions, Cavenaghi came on as a 70th-minute substitute for Alou Diarra in a goalless draw against Lyon at the Stade Chaban-Delmas.Though both he and David Bellion had their attempts saved by Grégory Coupet in the penalty shootout, Bordeaux were victorious. In the 2008–09 Ligue 1 season Cavenaghi helped Bordeaux to its first league title in ten years, scoring 13 goals in 29 league matches. The team also won the Coupe de la Ligue in the same season, with Cavenaghi scoring in a 4–2 home win over Guingamp in the last 16. The Girondins won their third honour of the calendar year on 25 July 2009 as they retained the Trophée des Champions with a 2–0 win over Guingamp in Montreal, Cavaneghi scoring the opening goal for Laurent Blanc's team. <mask> signed for Spanish club Mallorca on 26 August 2010 a season-long loan with the option to purchase for €3.5 million. He scored six goals in 13 total games for the Balearic club, all in the form of braces against Real Sociedad in La Liga, and Sporting Gijón and


title: Fernando Cavenaghi

texts:
 the 2015 FIFA Club World Cup in Japan representing CONMEBOL. He was the second-highest scorer in Argentina's Primera División 2015 with 11 goals.APOEL and retirement
On 25 August 2015, Cavenaghi moved back to Europe signing a two-year contract with Cypriot First Division club APOEL FC. Five days later, he scored twice on his debut in a 6–2 home victory against Pafos FC for the Cypriot First Division. He scored in each of his first seven league appearances, totalling twelve goals in that sequence. He helped APOEL to win the Cypriot First Division title, and despite playing his last match on 10 February 2016, missing the last three months of the season  due to his injury, he also won the top goalscorer award with 19 goals in only 18 league appearances. Cavenaghi appeared in 26 matches and scored 23 goals in all competitions with APOEL, before a serious knee injury forced him to mutually terminate his contract with the club on 2 April 2016, as his recovery from the knee surgery was estimated to take more than eight months to complete. His serious knee injury eventually forced Cavenaghi to retire from the professional scene, making the official announcement through a YouTube video on 27 December 2016 at River Plate's El Monumental in Buenos Aires. International career
In December 2002, manager Hugo Tocalli named Cavenaghi in the Argentina under-20 team for the 2003 South American U-20 Championship in Uruguay.He was top scorer with eight goals – four in each stage – as the Argentines won the title, and scored the only one against Colombia on 28 January to seal the Championship. In October, <mask> was again called up by Tocalli for the squad at the 2003


title: Fernando Cavenaghi

texts: FIFA U-20 World Cup in the United Arab Emirates. In the last 16 against Egypt in Dubai, he scored both goals, including the golden goal, in a 2–1 victory. He scored a golden goal again in the quarter-finals against the United States in Abu Dhabi. Argentina finished fourth, and Cavenaghi was one of four top scorers with four goals apiece, though the Golden Shoe award went only to the American Eddie Johnson. However, due to his non-liberation by River Plate for the 2004 CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament, he would not get any chances with Marcelo Bielsa. Cavenaghi had then the fifth better goal average in River Plate history, very close to Alfredo Di Stéfano numbers at that club, but he missed the 2004 Summer Olympics, won by Bielsa team.Bielsa resigned soon after the gold medal and Cavenaghi got a first chance in Argentina main team in 29 December, in a non-official match against Catalonia. José Pekerman, the new Argentina coach, used him as a substitute for Diego Milito. In that 3-0 win at the Camp Nou, Cavenaghi was already in FC Spartak Moscow. Cavenaghi had an offer from Juventus, but he chose Spartak instead by feeling he would not get easily a place in Juve regular team. Years later, he admitted that staying in Moscow did not help him at all in getting new chances with Pekerman: "they didn't call players from Russian football". In March 2008, <mask>'s form for Bordeaux earned him a first official call up to the senior national side by Alfio Basile, ahead of a friendly against Egypt on 26 March. He made his debut in the 2–0 win at the Cairo International Stadium, as a 69th-minute substitute for Julio Cruz, and played three more friendlies that


title: Siti Nurhaliza

texts: Dato' Sri <mask>  (Jawi: سيتي نورهاليزا بنت تارودين ; IPA: ; born 11 January 1979)  is a Malaysian singer, songwriter, actress and businesswoman with more than 300 local and international awards. She made her debut after she won a local singing competition show, "Bintang HMI" in 1995 when she was 16. Her debut single, Jerat Percintaan, won the 11th Anugerah Juara Lagu and another two awards for Best Performance and Best Ballad. The album, as of 2005, has sold more than 800,000 units in Malaysia. She has recorded and sung in multiple languages, including Malaysian, Javanese, English,and Mandarin. Throughout her career, Siti has received an unprecedented number of music awards in Malaysia and its neighbouring countries: 42 Anugerah Industri Muzik, 25 Anugerah Bintang Popular, 28 Anugerah Planet Muzik, 21 Anugerah Juara Lagu, four MTV Asia Awards, three World Music Awards, two Anugerah Musik Indonesia (Indonesian Music Awards), and two records in the Malaysia Book of Records. Having 19 studio albums, she is one of the most popular artists in the Malay Archipelago and Nusantara region – she has been voted for Regional Most Popular Artiste ten times in a row beating other fellow artists from Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore in the Anugerah Planet Muzik since 2001.Currently listed as one of Malaysia's richest, most-influential, most award-winning, and most single-produced artist. She is also one of Malaysia's best selling artists, with her album sales having contributed to 10 percent of Malaysia's total album sales for 2001. To date, she has sold more than 6 million in record sales. At international stage, Siti has won the Gold Award in Asia New Singer Competition at Shanghai Asia Music Festival in 1999, two awards from


title: Siti Nurhaliza

texts:
 'South Pacific International Song and Singing Competition 1999' held in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, and the Grand Prix Champion title in Voice of Asia in 2002 held in Almaty, Kazakhstan. In 2020, after receiving a record breaking of votes, she won the public choice for Adelaide Festival Centre's Walk of Fame 2019. Besides musical awards, she has various other achievements. In 1998, Siti was chosen to perform during the closing ceremony of 1998 Commonwealth Games in front of Queen Elizabeth II and her consort, Prince Philip, among other dignitaries and officials from 70 countries including those from the Commonwealth of Nations.In 2005, Siti became the first Southeast Asian singer, and third Asian singer to perform a solo concert at the Royal Albert Hall, London, while being backed by the London Symphony Orchestra. She was listed second by MTV Asia in Asia's Best Musical Artiste and Channel V's Biggest Asian Artiste in 2005. Later in 2008, she was named as one of Asia's Idol by Asia News Network. She also has been listed as one of The Muslim 500 - The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims from year 2015 to 2022. Her success in the Asian region has gained her honorific titles including the "Voice of Asia" and "Asia's Celine Dion". Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 11 January 1979, in Berek Polis (police barrack) Kampung Awah in Temerloh, Pahang, Malaysia where she was the fourth child in a family of seven siblings to Tarudin Ismail, a police officer and <mask> Salmah Bachik, a housewife. She comes from a musically inclined family; her brother, Saiful Bahri Tarudin, and her sisters, <mask> Norsaida and <mask> Nursairah are also singers.Her grandfather was a famous violinist, and her mother used to be a local

masks: Siti Nurhaliza Siti Siti Siti


title: Siti Nurhaliza

texts:
 competitions, she also used to follow her uncle, Abdul Rahim Bachik, to invitational shows like wedding ceremonies and dinner parties, which have helped to expose her to performing live. Career

Early commercial success (1995–1996)

<mask> <mask>'s family performed at many public local ceremonies in their hometown, such as weddings and public soirées. At the age of 2, Siti began to learn traditional songs from her mother and went on performing the same music genre during special occasions and events. She was also the vocalist for 'Family Group', a small band founded by her uncle, Abdul Rahim Bachik.She started to improve her singing skills by participating in numerous local singing competitions. When she was 14, she went for the audition for Asia Bagus but failed to go through. Despite her frustration, she did not give up. Two years later, she participated in 1995 RTM Bintang HMI competition at the age of 16 where she auditioned with a song made famous by Ruth Sahanaya, Kaulah Segalanya. In the competition, she met Adnan Abu Hassan, the music composer who tutored and helped her with her vocal performance, before she finally won the contest with the song by Aishah, Camar Yang Pulang. She signed a contract with Suria Records thus rejecting four other offers from different international recording companies, including Sony Music, BMG Music and Warner Music. In 1996, Suria Records released her first eponymous self-titled debut album, and the first single, Jerat Percintaan won the 11th Anugerah Juara Lagu In that year too, she won Most Popular Television Entertainer, Most Popular Female Singer, Most Popular Teen Artiste and the top award Most Popular Star in Anugerah Bintang Popular 1996.Career development (1997–1998)
In

masks: Siti Nurhaliza


title: Siti Nurhaliza

texts: (Myanmar), Jolina Magdangal (Philippines), Tanya Chua (Singapore), Briohny (Thailand) and Lam Truong (Vietnam). For the concert, a special song was composed by a Japanese composer, Kazufumi Miyazawa with lyrics by a Singaporean lyricist, Dick Lee entitled, Treasure the World. The same song was also sung by each singer from each participating country in their native languages, where Siti's version which was in Malay, entitled Dunia Milik Kita was also performed for the first time during the event.<mask> was the first non-Chinese artiste to be invited to perform at the 15th Golden Melody Awards, Taiwan in 2004. Apart from performing solo with 征服 (Conquer) cover of Na Ying's single, she also sang a duet with Leehom Wang in a song called 月亮代表我的心 (The Moon Represents My Heart) which is a cover of the late Teresa Teng and as awards presenter alongside Taiwanese news anchor Patty Hou. She also appeared on a half-hour special program by Azio TV during her brief four days in Taipei. She also made her third appearance on MTV Asia Awards in 2004 held in Singapore, where she performed for the second time in a row for the ceremony with Gareth Gates, the runner up from the first series of England version of Idol, Pop Idol, in a song originally by Gareth's himself, 'Say It Isn't So'. In 2004 also her company Siti Nurhaliza Production (M) Sdn. Bhd. (SNP) produced television programs.With the first musical program Muzikal Aidiladha (Musical of Eid Al-Adha) in conjunction with the Eid Al-Adha. After that, the company came up with the Siti Nurhaliza 3D (Siti Nurhaliza Dari Dalam Diri), a reality television series that exclusively reveal the private life of Siti Nurhaliza with 13 episodes and airing on RTM, a Malaysian public


title: Siti Nurhaliza

texts:
 professional juries and judges – Best Female Artist, Best Song (Biarlah Rahsia) and Best Album. She won three out of five – Most Popular Female Artist, Best Female Artist and Best Song.Hadiah Daripada Hati, Lentera Timur and other works (2007–2008)

<mask> <mask> was the first Malaysian to be given the honour of walking up the red carpet meant for invited celebrities at the Grammy Awards held at Staples Centre in Los Angeles on 11 February 2007, after she won the two tickets as Best Dressed celebrity at Star World's "Breakfast With the Stars" in conjunction with the 78th Annual Academy Awards. 2007 also showed Siti's participation on soundtracks for films where she recorded two songs for two different films where she sang Menanti Pasti and Hati for Kayangan and 1957: Hati Malaya respectively. However, only the song Hati was included in her twelfth studio album, Hadiah Daripada Hati and also received the award of Best Original Theme Song from Anugerah Festival Filem Malaysia ke-21 (21st Malaysian Film Festival) in 2008. In the same year too she finally agrees to act in a production where she performed as Azizah, P. Ramlee's mysterious lover, in the musical 'Remy ... Kisah P. Ramlee (Remy ... The Story of P. Ramlee), which is a tribute to the late P. Ramlee, staged at Istana Budaya from 19 October to 3 November 2007. On 10 December of the same year, Siti's twelfth studio album Hadiah Daripada Hati was released, with the Latin-influenced pop song Ku Mahu as the first single of this album and it was featured as the opening theme song for a local Malay drama, Spa-Q. Later, Melawan Kesepian was chosen as her second single and was the first track of this album to have a video clip.The song was a remake of a hit that was once


title: Siti Nurhaliza

texts: popularised by an Indonesian band called Jikustik. Hadiah Daripada Hati came under criticism from the press when it was released. Critics said it was a moderate performance from her and was not on the same par as her previous album Transkripsi, which was touted as the best album she had ever made. But these criticisms were rebutted when Hadiah Daripada Hati received five nominations in the 15th edition of AIM including Best Pop Album, Song of The Year, Best Vocal Performance in an Album (Female), Best Arrangement and Best Album Cover making Siti the second nominee with the most nominations after newcomer Faizal Tahir. Out of five categories including three multiple nominations for Best Arrangement category, the album earned her three awards for Best Pop Album, Best Musical Arrangement in a Song (Malay) for the song Cintamu as well as her ninth Best Vocal Performance in an Album (Female) in which she had lost to Jaclyn Victor the previous year. Her acting debut in the musical 'Remy... The Story of P. Ramlee' also saw the debut of her third single Mulanya Cinta, which was composed by Dick Lee, a Singaporean composer.Siti has also become one of the most frequently searched persons on Google by Malaysian Google users, according to Google's 2007 Malaysia Year-End Zeitgeist, beating celebrities like Paris Hilton and Britney Spears. In January 2008, she was cited as one of the Asia's Idols by Asia News Network for her exemplary achievements and gaining the status as the icon of Malaysian entertainment. and on 21 March 2008, Siti held one of her first solo acoustic concert at the Esplanade Theatre in Singapore. The concert was called Diari Hati – Dato' Siti <mask>'s Heart (Diary of Dato' <mask> <mask> Daripada Hati and

masks: Nurhaliza Siti Nurhalizaiah


title: Siti Nurhaliza

texts:
 Performance in a Song) through her single, Amarah from her collaboration album with Indonesian artiste, Krisdayanti, CTKD.This is her 11th time winning Best Vocal Performance out of 17 years history of AIM, creating a record of her own. She also won another two awards from local fashion magazine, EH! voted by users through online and mail poles, Anugerah Stail EH! 2010 (EH! 's 2010 Style Awards) for the category of Selebriti Pencapaian Terbaik (Celebrity with the Best Achievements) and Selebriti Contoh (Role Model Celebrity) on 21 July. Less than two months after being commercialised since late March, her skincare products range, SimplySiti received "The Best Halal Product" under Cosmetic category by Halal Journal Magazine. and on 11 January 2011, she received two awards from The BrandLaureate – Small and Medium Enterprises Chapter Awards (The BrandLaureate – SME's Chapter Awards), one for her SimplySiti range, for Most Promising Brand and another one for herself, first time introduced in 2011, The BrandLaureate Tun Dr. Siti Hasmah SME's Women of The Year 2010 which was presented by Tun Dr. <mask> Hasmah, wife of Malaysia's fourth Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir herself.She also received Inspiration Woman Award from Association of Malaysian and Indonesian Journalists (ISWAMI) on 29 January. SITI, All Your Love and History Channel (2011–2012)

In early 2011, she hosted her own talk show programme, SITI, which with 13 episodes, encompassing four main segments – V.I.P. Siti, Sentuhan Kasih (Caring Touch), Siti's Perspective and Siti's Symphony with the first episode aired on 12 February. In early March 2011, she announced that she is working on her first full English album, entitled All Your Love which was produced by


title: Siti Nurhaliza

texts:
 project with Universal Music. After the concert, she announced that she will be start touring Indonesia from 8 December until 14 December in several major cities, including Jakarta, Pekanbaru and Banjarbaru. However, on 13 December, she has to call off her last destination tour for her husband was involved in a motorcycle accident in New Zealand. On 13 December also, she was announced as one of the finalists in World Music Awards 2012 alongside another Malaysian singer, Shila Amzah in the categories of World's Best Female Artist, World's Best Live Act and World's Best Entertainer of the Year. However, the awards ceremony was postponed from 22 December 2012 to a later date in 2013, due to logistic and immigration issues. New image, <mask> Nurhaliza in Symphony and Lentera Timur concert (2013)
On her 34th birthday, she has made a decision to fully observe the Islamic code of dressing for females by wearing a hijab at all times even when performing on stage. She also has commented that she will be taking a short break until April to take care of her husband who was involved in an accident in December 2012.In the same month, her company, Siti Nurhaliza Productions (SNP) was reported to be working on the second season of I-Klon, a reality singing competition, where it will be aired later this year after its debut in 2011. Later, in early February, she debuted her own 13-episode game show, Siti Ooo...Som where she co-hosted with Nabil Ahmad and Sharifah Shahira. The game show is basically divided into six main segments – Sepantas Kilat, Riuh Rendah, Siapa Hebat, Kebaboom, <mask> Cabar and Huru Hara. Also, in the same month, she was revealed to be short listed for the fifth Shorty Awards in the category of Best Reality Star

masks: Siti Siti


title: Siti Nurhaliza

texts:
 where she performed two songs – "Lebih Indah" and "On the Floor" where the show was broadcast for the first time to both STAR World and Channel V reaching audiences in Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. Where the Heart Is and Live in Singapore concerts, Icon of Malaysia and Fragmen (2014)

On 6 January, she announced the dates for her first charity concert, where proceeds will be channelled to her own charity organisation, Yayasan Nurjiwa (Nurjiwa Foundation), where it will provide aid to those who are in needs.Named "Dato Siti Nurhaliza Live in Concert – Where the Heart is", the two-hour concert was held on two consecutive nights, 8 and 9 February at Plenary Hall, Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre. On 9 February, it was revealed that the two-day concert managed to reach its goal by grossing more than RM 1 million, from ticket sales and donations from philanthropists alone. In February, she announced a collaboration with Artelier Gallery Kuala Lumpur, in her continuous 2014 effort to raise funds for her foundation. With participation from 15 Malaysian, one Spanish and one Iranian painters, "SITI: An Iconic Exhibition of Dato' Siti Nurhaliza" was an exhibition of artworks and sculptures by the 17 painters and artists – their takes on how <mask> Nurhaliza has inspired them. A month before the exhibition, every single painter and sculpture artist was given the opportunity to personally interview Siti before proceeding with producing their artworks based on their preferred materials and styles. The exhibition was opened from 27 February until 26 March. All the artworks were up for sale, where 30 percent of total grossed sale will be channelled to Yayasan Nurjiwa.The highest


title: Siti Nurhaliza

texts: Dendam Pontianak was released.It only took Siti two hours to complete the recording of her vocals for the song. After almost 10 years in the Malaysian market, she returned to Indonesia to launch and promote Simplysiti on 8 August. In the same month, she reprised her role as a regular judge for the second season of Big Stage. In collaboration with Shopee Malaysia, she performed for Shopee X Simplysiti mini concert at Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre on 14 September where more than 1,000 fans were in attendance. During the mini concert, she also launched her first health drink Beausiti. On 15 April 2020, <mask> <mask> launched a fund to aid frontliners and people affected by the coronavirus outbreak in Malaysia. The initiative is called Dana PKP (Peduli, Kemanusiaan, Prihatin) Siti Nurhaliza [Siti Nurhaliza PKP (Care, Humanity, Concern) Fund].Siti said that the set goal will be increased and will go on as the Movement Control Order (MCO) is prolonged and different types of help will be given out. She is confident that everyone can help fight against the pandemic. The initiative is divided into three categories: Peduli (Care), Kemanusiaan (Humanity) and Prihatin (Concern). The fund is abbreviated as the Siti Nurhaliza PKP Fund. The Peduli (Care) category provides aid for facilities and equipment at hospitals that handle the pandemic. It also provides funds for the preparation of PPE, nose and mouth coverings, gloves and other equipment.Individuals and families who have lost their earnings including family members with disabilities or serious illness, will fall under the Kemanusiaan (Humanity) category. Last but not least is the Prihatin (Concern) category where for the month of Ramadan and Syawal, aid will be given to the


title: Siti Nurhaliza

texts:
 underprivileged and charities.The newly launched fund has accumulated a jaw-dropping RM114,711 in just two weeks. In fact, Siti shared that the fund managed to raise RM78,625 in just five days and Siti's Live concert on YouTube, which aired live for almost two hours on April 18, managed to raise funds amounting to RM29,803. Siti Nurhaliza's 18th studio album, ManifestaSITI2020 was released on July 3, 2020. Originally planned to be released in April 2020, the album launching was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and nationwide quarantine to combatting the deadly coronavirus. ManifestaSITI2020 contains 11 tracks wherein 6 of them was released as singles earlier. The Malaysian music industry was revitalized when famed Malaysian music figure Dato <mask> <mask> released her latest album titled ManifestaSITI2020 on 3 July amidst the Recovery Movement Control Order (RMCO). Her album received positive feedback from local music listeners and received a warm response for both digital platforms and physical album sales.The legendary singer also successfully held an online interactive concert ‘Manifestival Siti Nurhaliza x HotKool’ on 21 July 2020. Thanks to inspiration from previous concerts that were held in Korea and Thailand, the interactive 360-degree concert via Zoom is the first of its kind in Malaysia which also made Dato <mask> <mask> the first artist to be involved in a large-scale online concert. Second pregnancy and recent development (2020–present)

On 1 December 2020, once again  The popular Malaysian singer took to Instagram on Tuesday to share the good news with her 7.9 million followers. In the post, which she wrote in Malay, Siti announced that she is four months pregnant. She included three black and

masks:
Sri Siti
Nurhaliza
Siti
Nurhaliza


title: Siti Nurhaliza

texts: white photos of herself cradling her baby bump. She later added that she underwent the same In-Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) procedure she did with her first child – daughter Siti Aafiyah. On the same day, Siti also announced her 2 new products which are Beautéssence & BeauNest which comes under BeauSiti X WonderLab collaboration via YouTube Live.Later on 12 December, that the bundle of joy will be a boy which she announce on Shopee 12.12 Birthday Sale and it may be the first time a Malaysian artiste is doing a gender reveal on a local e-commerce platform. Before this on 7 December, she was listed as the Forbes Asia's 100 Digital Stars Most Influential Asian Pacific Celebrities for her advocacy work during the Covid-19 pandemic alongside International Stars such as BLACKPINK, BTS, Jay Chou, Rich Brian, Shah Rukh Khan, Hrithik Roshan, Angelababy, Jackson Wang, Lee Min-Ho, and more  Forbes Asia's inaugural 100 Digital Stars List highlights 100 singers, bands, and film and TV stars from across the Asia-Pacific region who have taken the digital world by storm. In 2020, Forbes Asia gives special focus to celebrities who, despite cancelled physical events and activities, managed to remain active and relevant, largely by using social media to interact with their fans, raise awareness and inspire optimism. Many also used their influence to help worthy causes, especially those with a Covid-19 focus. Before ending 2020, once again Dato'Sri <mask> <mask> made the Nusantara especially Malaysian proud of her. On 22 December, Adelaide Festival Centre announce that  and which adds another feather to her cap    and that makes <mask> <mask> won the public choice vote for her first-ever Australian concert at Adelaide Festival Centre's

masks: Siti Nurhaliza Siti Nurhaliza


title: Siti Nurhaliza

texts:
 OzAsia Festival back in 2019. This also make Siti the first South East Asian & Malaysian to have her name chosen for immortalization at Adelaide's Festival Center Walk of Fame.11 January 2021, <mask> who is a mother of 1 and 2 soon also with extraordinary success, <mask> <mask> shares  getting her second child. The whole Vlog caught the attention of viewers as it shows the procedures that Siti underwent and the main highlight is that, She revealed that the Embryo was actually frozen for almost 3 years. Siti commented when asked by press " Due to this IVF process, when making the stages of the embryo, this baby boy is actually Aafiyah's twin. Happens on the same day at the same time." Siti added that her doctor; Dato’ Dr Colin Lee Soon Soo advised at the time was not to perform the procedure at the same time. Hence they proceed to insert one only which is <mask> Aafiyah in the second half of 2017 and another one in the second half of 2020. On 18 March, in conjunction with <mask> Aafiyah's third birthday (19 March), Siti, alongside Siti Nurhaliza Productions (M) Sdn.Bhd, Universal Music Malaysia, BeauSiti, Wonder Lab & Cuckoo held an event called 2 Legacy.During that event, not only to have an early birthday celebration for her daughter but also a few important announcements which are

releasing her first single called Klasik Siti (1) / Buai Laju-Laju/Tepuk Amai-Amai/Suriram/Bunga Matahari,

Official Launch of BeauSiti X WonderLab — Aafiyah Nutri-Jelly Drink from BeauKids which is also taking Siti Aafiyah as the product face,

Cuckoo Brand Ambassador for the second year. At the event also, Siti also received various awards from Universal Music Malaysia, which included a Gold Award for her SimetriSiti album, an 11X

masks: Siti Siti Nurhaliza Siti Siti


title: Siti Nurhaliza

texts: Platinum Award (for Anta Permana single), a 4X Platinum Award (Comel Pipi Merah single), a 1X Gold Award (Cinta Syurga single) and a 2x Platinum Digital Award (Aku Bidadari Syurgamu single). Earlier this month, Siti also launched an exclusive new line of cookware called Vantage Siti Series 2021 and Siti Nurhaliza Special Edition Dinner Set under Siti Collection as Vantage Brand Ambassador. On 1 April 2021, Siti Nurhaliza celebrated her 25th anniversary in the music industry with the hashtag JubliSITI25 with the tagline 25 Years of Siti Nurhaliza  The 42-year-old artiste, who has released 29 albums in her 25 years as a singer, Siti launched a new album that feature children's songs, befitting her little one's arrival. Titled  the album features seven tracks with two additional lullabies. Six of the songs are traditional children's songs which have been re-arranged and will have slightly different lyrics. Among them are Bintang Kecil, Burung Kakak Tua, Buai Laju-Laju, Tepuk Amai-Amai, and Suriram.Some will be turned into medley numbers. Another track, Anakku Sayangku, has been adapted from Tan Sri P. Ramlee's popular tune, Anakku Sazali and the album also include two songs composed by Siti herself for her children;  for Siti Aafiyah [2018] & .Anaknda by Dato'Sri <mask> Nurhaliza for Muhammad Afwa [2021]. Siti recorded the album over three days in early March 2021 with her pregnancy entering 8 month. Later on 3 April, Siti who is now have multiple companies which are Siti Nurhaliza Production (M) Sdn. Bhd, Siti Nurhaliza Marketing Sdn Bhd, Siti Nurhaliza Collections Sdn Bhd, SN Mobile Digital Sdn.Bhd, Siti Sound Sdn Bhd, Simply SS Trading Sdn Bhd [SimplySiti], Creación By Siti Nurhaliza, BeauTyra, BeauSiti, BeauNest,


title: Siti Nurhaliza

texts: from her natural voice to falsetto in a hair-raising cadenza somewhere in the absurdly high range most women vocalists would cringe from. But she pulled it off effortlessly, sending shivers down my spine." Gareth Gates who has performed together with Siti during MTV Asia Awards 2004 when he was asked what does he think about Siti, he said, "She definitely has the looks and she certainly has the voice. If she continues to sing the way she does, she'll go really far." Lea Salonga, Filipino singer and actress who has done various theatrical work, including Miss Saigon and several Disney's movies has also expressed her praise and respect towards Siti's vocal ability during her concert in Malaysia in 2010 where she sang one of the songs made famous by Siti and 2 By 2, Tiga Malam during the closing ceremony of her concert.In 2011, another Filipino artist, Gary Valenciano during his visit in Malaysia has expressed her admiration of Siti's vocal ability. He commented, "Based on what I've been told by the local media, I believe the best Malay song and the best vocal I've ever heard has to be <mask> <mask>'s. If it was possible for me to meet her, I would definitely want to do a duet with her. If [I] were given a chance, I definitely want to compose a song for her, that is if she wishes." Sami Yusuf who requested for her to be featured in his album, Salaam has commented, "Siti is not only has a good voice, but also has an interesting personality. She is a real woman that Malaysia and ASEAN should be proud of." In 2013, an American singer, Kenny Babyface who did a duet with her during Sapurakencana Petroleum Malaysia Grand Prix Charity Gala 2013 has also repeatedly expressed his admiration towards Siti.He praised Siti for her


title: Siti Nurhaliza

texts: conservative singer) for her modest attire and her refusal to take pictures with a man for a magazine cover, unless at a ceremony or at an award-accepting event. During her early years as a singer, she was criticised for refusing to wear daring clothes and her principle of not taking pictures with male artistes. She was quoted as saying: "As an artist, I do realize that there are many social responsibilities that I need to take care of. So, I opt to be moderate in everything, including in my sartorial matter." and "I want to show what my talent is, and my God-gifted vocal ability without relying [on the image] of being sexy.".Her debut in Indonesia in 1997 with modest, beautiful and talented personality has said to revolutionise Indonesian music industry which famous with Dangdut which before this promoted sensual and erotic elements through the performances, especially those by female artistes. Her modest image was the subject of appraisals and positive feedback even from the Islamic scholars from Malaysia and Indonesia. Since then, her popularity throughout the South East Asia music industry has remained strong, proven as she was voted as Most Popular Female Artiste ten times in a row and Regional Most Popular Artiste in 2011 in Anugerah Planet Muzik 2011, beating contenders from Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. Her eastern image was also being cited as a good example for other artists to follow. In 2008, former State Minister for Youth and Sport Affairs of Indonesia, Adhyaksa Dault has advised Dewi Persik who is known for her open and sexy dancing movements to tone down her performances and follow the steps that <mask> <mask> has taken when venturing into the entertainment industry – "She's not over the top, she


title: Siti Nurhaliza

texts:
 Palmy (Thailand), Lam Trường (Vietnam). In addition, Siti had also collaborated with Gareth Gates (UK), during MTV Asia Awards 2004. One of Thailand most sought after singers, Tata Young has also expressed her interest in collaborating with Siti and has praised Siti as "Asia's Mariah Carey" for her outstanding performances. From 2011 and 2012, she has recorded songs with Sean Kingston, Christian Alexanda from Australia and Sami Yusuf from Britain.She also has performed with Donnie Radford of The Platters on 30 November 2012 for a charity event in support of Breast Cancer awareness. International covers
Throughout her career, <mask> <mask>'s songs have been covered by other artists, including her first Malay traditional single, Cindai which was re-recorded in Chinese version by Chien Bai Hui, a Chinese singer, with also re-recorded Bukan Cinta Biasa and Tirai Semalam in Chinese version. Also, her first hit song in Indonesia, Aku Cinta Padamu was known as I Wonder when it was covered by North, an Australian boy band in their second album, Straight Up. This song also re-recorded in Chinese and Bahasa version by Lin, an Indonesian singer. Her song Cinta Tak Berganti from Prasasti Seni also re-recorded by the Dutch band After Touch. In popular culture
In Music
 Datuk M. Daud Kilau's Anak Seni
 KRU's Empat Syarat

International performances
By far, she has been thrice to be invited to perform at the MTV Asia Awards, which are in 2003, where she sang her debut, Bukan Cinta Biasa, in 2004 where she performed together with Gareth Gates and her 2005 solo performance with Seindah Biasa, one of her singles from her tenth solo album, Prasasti Seni. However, one of her earliest performances at an international stage is during the


title: Siti Nurhaliza

texts:
 5. On 13 June 2010, <mask> and her husband, Datuk Seri Khalid, was recognised by E! News Asia as the Third Most Powerful Celebrity Couple in Asia, behind Chinese entertainer couple, Simon Yam and wife, Qi Qi and Bollywood superstar couple, Aishwarya Rai and husband, Abhishek Bachchan. In December 2015, Siti suffered a miscarriage two months into her pregnancy prompting her to share her difficult fertility journey with the public. In October 2017 after seeking longterm treatment at an Alpha Fertility Centre, Siti announced via social media live that she was expecting her first child with Datuk Khalid. Their daughter was born on 19 March 2018 via caesarean section. The new parents said they chose Monday as the delivery date for their first child as it coincided with the Prophet Muhammad's birthday.They named their daughter Siti Aafiyah Khalid. On 1 December 2020, Siti announced she was 4 months pregnant via her social media. On 19 April 2021, Siti gave birth to her second child, a son. They named their son Muhammad Afwa Khalid. In December 2020, Siti as recipient for the homegrown Nona Superwoman Award, had mentioned that Khalid is the pusher in her success. Controversies
<mask> <mask> and her husband Datuk Seri Khalid Mohamad Jiwa were issued a RM10,000 compound each for violating the Covid-19 standard operating procedure (SOP) during the tahnik ceremony for their second child. Selangor police chief Comm Datuk Arjunaidi Mohamed said Minister in the Prime Minister's Department (Religious Affairs) Datuk Dr Zulkifli Mohamad Al-Bakri along with Ustaz Azhar Idrus, Ustaz Don Daniyal and Ustaz Iqbal were also issued with RM2,000 compounds each.It was reported that police had earlier detected an article from an online news

masks: Siti Siti Nurhaliza


title: George Augustus Westphal

texts:
Sir <mask> (26 July 1785 – 12 January 1875) was a Nova Scotian admiral in the Royal Navy who served in more than 100 actions. He was midshipman on HMS Victory during the Battle of Trafalgar. Early life

Westphal was born on 26 July 1785 in Nova Scotia, the son of <mask>l and older brother of Admiral Philip Westphal. He joined the Royal Navy aged 13 as a first class volunteer on board the Royal navy frigate  stationed in North America. Later he moved to serve on the home station and in the West Indies as a Masters mate and midshipman on  and . In March 1803 Westphal joined the 32 gun fifth rate frigate HMS Amphion as a midshipman whilst transporting Horatio Nelson to the Mediterranean to take command. Westphal was transferred to HMS Victory.Battle of Trafalgar

On 21 October 1805 Westphal was in the Battle of Trafalgar fighting on Nelson's flagship Victory. Westphal was shot in the head and taken to the sick bay, where he was laid near the injured Nelson. Westphal explained in an 1842 article in the United Service magazine:

Many years after the battle, the Admiralty asked Westphal to identify Nelson's coat after Prince Albert had bought it for the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich. Westphal was able to authenticate it with his fragments. After Trafalgar
Westphal served as a midshipman on , the flagship of Lord Collingwood. Ocean was a 98-gun second-rate ship of the line commanded by Captain Frances Pender. Westphal went on to serve as a midshipman on , a 120-gun first-rate ship of the line and flagship of John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent.On 15 August 1806 Westphal was promoted to lieutenant on the sloop  in the West Indies. He was captured when the French privateer Alerte took , the merchant ship he was returning to England

masks:
George Augustus Alexander Westphal
George Westpha


title: George Augustus Westphal

texts: on, during which action he was again severely wounded while leading her resistance. However he escaped from prison in Guadeloupe and was picked up by an American ship. He returned to the West Indies as a lieutenant aboard , and later , ships under the command of Commodore Sir <mask>. He fought on land during the 1809 invasion of Martinique. After another period in home waters, he returned to West Indies where he served aboard HMS Chesapeake. On 11 (or 12) July 1813, Westphal, by then first lieutenant of , led a group of boats into Ocracoke Inlet during Rear Admiral Sir <mask>'s campaign against Portsmouth and Ocracoke Island in North Carolina.Their targets were two privateer schooners, Anaconda and Atlas, as well as a revenue cutter. As the British boats approached, the Americans opened fire. Westphal's division, attacked and captured both privateers. However, the revenue cutter escaped up the Neuse River to New Bern, where she gave warning of the British forces, permitting the preparation of defences that forestalled the Royal Navy from any further advance. Both privateers were condemned at Halifax and the British took them into service,  under her name, and Atlas as HMS St Lawrence. Westphal, newly promoted to commander with backdate to 8 July, commissioned Anaconda. The Anaconda was refitted at Halifax, and Westphal received a crew of 60 men, most of whom were the dregs of the fleet, offered by their captains when Admiral John Borlase Warren asked for drafts.Her first task was to escort a convoy of twelve merchant vessels from there to the West Indies. While doing so she fought off an attack by two large American privateers. One of the privateers surrendered after losing her jib-boom and fore-top-mast but then escaped when the

masks:
George Cockburn
George Cockburn


title: George Augustus Westphal

texts:
 campaign to merit retention in service. Anaconda was condemned and then sold on 5 May 1815. Westphal returned to Britain in July as a passenger aboard . Post-war
Westphal married Alicia Chambers in 1817. He was promoted to post-captain on 12 August 1819.In 1822 Westphal took command of HMS Jupiter, and in her took Lord Amherst to India to serve as governor general. Westphal was knighted on his return to England and served as flag captain to Sir <mask> in 1832 but was invalided out of active service in 1834. Retirement

Westphal retired to Hove in Sussex where he lived (1836–1875) until his death. On the retired list, he was promoted to rear admiral (17 August 1851), vice admiral (10 September 1857) and finally admiral (23 March 1863). When Westphal died on 12 January 1875, he was the last surviving Royal Navy officer to have fought at Trafalgar on board HMS Victory''. He had lived until the age of 90, some 70 years after seeing Nelson die. He was buried in the family vault at the St Andrew's Church, Church Road, Hove.Legacy
 Westphal, Nova Scotia
 Admiral Westphal Elementary School

See also

Military history of Nova Scotia

External links
  Plaque  - Admiral Sir <mask> Westphal served in over 100 actions and wounded at Trafalgar on HMS Victory lived here 1836-1875  by Hove Borough Council
  Gravesite of Admiral Sir <mask> Westphal
 House of Admiral Sir <mask> <mask>, Hove, England
 Image of Nelson's Jacket used to assist Westphal

References
Texts
  Biography of Westphal

 Weston, William (1550?-1615)	Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 60, Westphal, <mask> by John Knox Laughton. Nova Scotians - <mask> Westphal

Endnotes

Royal Navy admirals
Canadian knights
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
1785

masks:
George Cockburn
George Augustus
George Augustus
George Augustus
Westphal
George Augustus
George Augustus


title: James Omura

texts:
<mask> (November 17, 1912 – June 20, 1994) was the English language editor of the Rocky Shimpo newspaper in Denver, Colorado, during World War II. He was an outspoken critic of the expulsion of people of Japanese ancestry from the west coast of the United States to concentration camps, following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Subsequently, he became a vocal champion of the Nisei draft resisters, providing a 'substantial anchor' to the work of the Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee by publishing their grievances in the Rocky Shimpo. At a time when the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) preached passive conformity with the federal government as the best policy, <mask> became the JACL's arch-enemy for counseling active resistance. Childhood
<mask> was born in Winslow, Bainbridge Island, in the state of Washington. He was one of six children born to father Tsurumatsu Matsumoto and mother Harue (née Higashi). When <mask> was six, his mother became ill and returned to Japan with the three youngest children.When the three older children were given the option of going to Japan with their mother, they chose to stay in the United States for fear they could never return. Current Life

<mask> was the editor and publisher of Current Life, based in San Francisco, CA, when he gave testimony before the Tolan Committee National Defense Migration Hearings before the Select Committee Investigating National Defense Migration on February 23, 1942. <mask> founded Current Life in October 1940 with his own income. The objective of this magazine was to  present the Nisei fairly and justly, to counterbalance the propaganda of the Japanese newspapers and Japanese community. Tolan

masks:
James Yutaka Matsumoto Omura
Omura
James Omura
James
James Omura
Omura


title: James Omura

texts:
 Committee

Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the question of the loyalty of the Nisei to the United States had been a huge issue, culminating in the decision to incarcerate all persons of Japanese ancestry in American concentration camps. <mask> stated before the select committee of the 77th House of Representatives, that he was opposed to the mass incarceration of all American citizens of Japanese descent, based on inconclusive proof of their loyalty to the United States. Rocky Shimpo

On March 29, 1942, <mask> moved to Denver, Colorado during the removal of people of Japanese ancestry from the west coast of the United States.Those who were unable to relocate were sent to hastily constructed 'Projects' known as War Relocation Centers (WRC) which served as way-stations for those who found residency elsewhere, but were concentration camps for the majority who could not find alternative accommodation. At this Denver newspaper, <mask> did yeoman service, by becoming the sole public voice of dissent for his community. Expulsion of the Japanese race from the west coast states

The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) became the de facto leadership for people of Japanese ancestry, when the natural leaders, the Issei (first generation Japanese) parents were taken into custody by the U.S. government. The Nisei (second generation, American citizens) took a stand in contradistinction to their Japanese non-citizen parents and conformed with the discriminatory policies of the leadership of the United States. <mask> published articles opposing this passive-aggressive stance of the JACL, for which he was singled-out as 'Public Enemy Number One

masks:
Omura
James Omura
Omura
Omura


title: James Omura

texts:
 of the JACL'. Nisei draft resisters

Hansen:  If you were to be asked to erect a hall of fame for Japanese Americans who, during the last fifty or sixty years, have made a mark that you can respect, who would be in that group for you? <mask>:  I admire the resisters a great deal, because of their courage and the firmness of their stand, and the fact they were willing to fight overwhelming odds, knowing that they had very little opportunity to win.Because I always admire people who pursued noble endeavors or resisted overwheling odds, and so did these people. This was wartime, conditions were all against them, but they had a belief in what they did. In fact, the only Nisei draft resistance case favorable to the defendants came out of the Tule Lake Segregation Center, in Northern California. Judge Louis Earl Goodman championed the 27 draft resisters of conscience and dismissed the case based on a due process violation of the U.S. Constitution. Arrest

<mask> was arrested on July 20, 1944, for conspiracy to counsel draft evasion. Although a Wyoming grand jury indicted him, he was acquitted on November 1, 1944, on his first amendment right to free speech as a newspaperman. Judge T. Blake Kennedy confessed to defense attorney Sidney Jacobs that if the defendant had been convicted by the jury, he would have sustained it, even  though he would be reversed by a higher court.Exile

During World War II, Japanese community opinion sided with the critical stand the Rocky Shimpo took toward the forced resettlement and the drafting of Nisei soldiers from the concentration camps. After the war, the Japanese community shifted their opinion in favor of the brave soldiers of the 100th

masks:
Omura
James Omura


title: James Omura

texts:
 Infantry Battalion and the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, in effect endorsing the position of the JACL - the organization which pushed for the drafting of the incarcerated Nisei. Consequently, <mask> was exiled after the war by the Japanese community, until the 1980s, for having authored anti-JACL articles during the war. Some may argue that <mask> is still in exile to this day for his marked absence from any exhibit (permanent or temporary) in the Japanese American National Museum in Los Angeles, California. Awards

In 1989 <mask> was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Asian American Journalists Association. In 1994, <mask> received the Fighting Spirit Award from the Nikkei for Civil Rights and Redress (NCRR) (formerly, National Coalition for Redress/Reparations). References

Further reading

 Hansen, Arthur A. Japanese American World War II Evacuation Oral History Project.Westport: Meckler, 1991. Hansen, Arthur A., and Betty Kulberg Mitson. Voices Long Silent: An Oral Inquiry into the Japanese American Evacuation. Fullerton: Japanese American Project, California State University, Fullerton Oral History Program, 1974. Chin, Frank. Born in the USA: A Story of Japanese America, 1889-1947. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.Interviews
 <mask><mask> interview
 <mask><mask> interview references
 <mask><mask> interview index

External links
 Fighting Spirit Award
 <mask> Papers housed at Stanford Libraries

1994 deaths
1912 births
American writers of Japanese descent
People from Bainbridge Island, Washington
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
American journalists of Asian descent
Journalists from Colorado
Journalists from Washington

masks:
James Omura
James Omura
James Omura
James Omura
James M
. Omura
James M
. Omura
James M
. Omura
James Omura


title: Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester

texts:
<mask>, 6th Earl of Chester and 1st Earl of Lincoln (1170–1232), known in some references as the 4th Earl of Chester (in the second lineage of the title after the original family line was broken after the 2nd Earl), was one of the "old school" of Anglo-Norman barons whose loyalty to the Angevin dynasty was consistent but contingent on the receipt of lucrative favours. He has been described as "almost the last relic of the great feudal aristocracy of the Conquest". Early life
<mask>, born in 1170, was the eldest son of <mask>c and <mask> of Evreux. He was said to have been small in physical stature. He succeeded to the earldom of Chester (like his father before him) as a minor (aged eleven) and was knighted in 1188 or 1189, which gave him control of his estates in England and Normandy. Although he used, not inconsistently, the style Duke of Brittany on account of his marriage, he never had the control of the duchy, and is not known to have played an important role there. Lands
<mask> originally inherited the viscounty of Avranches and the County of Chester along with substantial English lands (Chester itself was not considered part of England).He lost the viscounty of Avranches in 1204 with the Capetian conquest of Normandy but he still held substantial estates; at the end of the 12th century the he was supposed to be able to muster 80 knights from his Cheshire lands and his English lands were supposed to be able to muster 118 knights which would have meant Ranulf could have mustered 198 knights in theory. The reality was that when called for campaign he was asked not to bring so many knights (usually he was asked to bring between 7-20) as it would have been too much of a financial burden. This figure doesn't

masks:
Ranulf de Blondeville
Ranulf
Hugh de Kevelio
Bertrade de Montfort
Ranulf de Blondeville


texts:
 include his acquisition of the Earldom of Lincoln in 1217. Through his most powerful vassal the <mask>y constable of Chester he was also overlord of the honors of Clitheroe and Pontefract, Halton, and the Lordship of Bowland which were large baronies with dozens of fiefs attached to them. Whether or not these lands were included in the 118 knights fiefs on English lands is not known. Ranulf held several important developing manors and market towns such as Frodsham, and Macclesfield in Cheshire and Chipping Campden in Gloucestershire

In addition to the manors which were held by sub-tenants the Earl of course had manors of his own and he owned several castles too in the County of Chester including; Chester Castle, and Shotwick Castle. When he became earl of Lincoln he acquired or built the castles of; Lincoln Castle, Bolingbroke Castle, Beeston Castle, and Chartley Castle.In his capacity as Viscount of Avranches he would have also owned Château d'Avranches until 1204. He also was temporarily the Castellan of the important Oxfordshire castle Wallingford Castle. Chronology of Ranulf's career

Early career
In 1188 or 1189, he was married to the Duchess Constance of Brittany, the widow of Henry II's son <mask> II, Duke of Brittany, and mother of Arthur of Brittany, with whom King John contested the succession to the crown of England. Richard Coeur <mask>, John's brother, had no known legitimate issue. The King had named Arthur of Brittany as his adopted son and heir to the crown of England. Henry did not envy the Duchess and wanted her married to a magnate whom he could trust. The marriage gave Ranulf control of the earldom of Richmond, but it wasn't a success, and they separated.In 1196, King Richard I of England

masks:
de Lac
Geoffrey
de Lion


texts: nominated the nine-year-old Arthur as his heir, and summoned him and his mother, Duchess Constance, to Normandy. Constance left Nantes and travelled towards Rouen. On the way she was abducted by her estranged husband. Richard, furious, marched to Brittany at the head of an army, intent on rescuing his nephew. Arthur was secretly taken away by his tutor to the French court to be brought up with Louis, son of the French king Philip II. In 1199, Constance escaped from her husband and their marriage was dissolved on the grounds of desertion. In 1200 Ranulf cemented his power in Normandy by marrying Clemence of Fougères; she was the daughter of William of Fougères, widow of <mask> Dinant, and sister of <mask> of Fougères.He had opposed John's attempted coup of 1193–4, and retained many contacts with partisans of his former stepson Arthur. He spent most of 1199–1204 in France and his continued loyalty was bought by John with further patronage. However the King was suspicious of the Earl, perhaps with some reason. In the winter of 1204–5, Ranulph, suspected of dealings with the rebellious Welsh and of contemplating revolt himself, had extensive estates temporarily confiscated by the king. This episode apparently convinced Ranulph to show loyalty in future. Thereafter he was showered with royal favours. In return he fought John's Welsh wars 1209–12; helped secure the peace with the pope in 1213–14, and was with the king in Poitou in 1214.Loyal to the king in 1215–16, he was one of the few magnates to witness Magna Carta of 1215, which he would later adapt to appease his own barons in the form of the Magna Carta of Chester. He played a leading military role in the civil war by virtue of his extensive estates and numerous

masks:
Alan de
Geoffrey


texts:
 castles. Ranulf stood with William Marshal and the Earls of Derby and Warwick with the King, whilst the other nobility of the land stood with the enemy or remained aloof from the conflict. Regency
Chester was appointed in 1215 Lord of the County of Lancashire with the power to appoint sheriffs. He was also High Sheriff of Lancashire, High Sheriff of Staffordshire and High Sheriff of Shropshire in 1216. On John's death in 1216, Ranulf's influence increased further. There was an expectation at Gloucester that Ranulf would contend the regency for the young Henry III.Events moved quickly at Gloucester, where William Marshal and the young king were, in Ranulph's absence. The Marshal was put forward and offered the regency by the nobility and clerics gathered at Gloucester before the arrival of Ranulph. There was concern that Ranulph might object to the decision, but when he arrived (29 October 1216) he stated that he did not want to be regent, so any potential conflict vanished. Campaign of 1217
Before John's death, rebel barons had offered the throne of England to Louis, the dauphin. Louis had invaded the country during the summer of 1216 and had taken Winchester. <mask> put his political weight behind re-issuing Magna Carta in 1216 and 1217; his military experience was used in defeating the rebels at Lincoln in 1217. Ranulph was based in the north midlands and was charged with stopping the northern barons linking up with Louis in the south.The Earl chose to combine personal concerns with those of the country by attacking Saer <mask>, 1st Earl of Winchester's castle at Mountsorrel in Leicestershire – from which the Earl of Winchester's predecessors had ousted Ranulph's grandfather, <mask> <mask>. Louis was persuaded

masks:
De Blondeville
de Quincy
Ranulf
de Gernon


texts:
 by the Earl of Winchester to send a relief force to the castle. When they arrived, <mask>ville and the Royalist force were gone. In fact they had headed to Lincoln to deal with a French force besieging the castle there. William Marshal with his main army at Northampton also made for the city, and at Lincoln a battle was fought between the Royalists headed by William Marshal and <mask>ville and the French forces and their allies. The battle went in favour of the Royalists, and they captured forty-six Barons and the Earls of Winchester and Hereford and the Earl of Lincoln, recently created by Louis the French King. Following the battle in recognition of his support Ranulf was created Earl of Lincoln by King Henry III of England on 23 May 1217.Fifth Crusade
In 1218, <mask>ville decided to honour the crusading vow he had made three years previously, and he journeyed eastwards. He met up with the Count of Nevers and the Count of La Marche in Genoa, accompanied by the Earls of Derby, Arundel and Winchester. They then sailed on towards Egypt and the Nile. An icy winter in camp was followed by a burning summer which affected the morale of the crusaders greatly. During September 1219, the Sultan, wary of the conflict outside Damietta, offered the Crusaders a startling bargain – Bethlehem, Nazareth, Jerusalem and central Palestine and Galilee, so long as the Crusaders gave up their war in Egypt. Earl Ranulph was one of many voices in support of taking the offer, and was supported by his English peers. However, Bishop Pelagius, the Patriarch of Jerusalem and the military orders would have none of it.They finally refused the offer and on 5 November they found the walls of Damietta poorly manned, so they attacked and secured

masks:
de Blonde
de Blonde
de Blonde


texts:
 the city. When winter came the army was smouldering with discontent. Earl Ranulf left Damietta in September 1220, with his fellow English earls, leaving behind an indecisive force under the command of Bishop Pelagius and the Military Orders. Upon the crusade's failure he returned to England to find his rival, William Marshal dead and the government in the hands of <mask> Burgh. Final years

From 1220 to 1224, tensions grew between government officials and old loyalists of King John. This flared into open conflict in the winter of 1223–4 when Ranulf among others briefly tried to resist <mask>'s policy of resumption of sheriffdoms and royal castles. Ranulf built Bolingbroke Castle near Spilsby in Lincolnshire around 1220, later the birthplace of King Henry IV, as well as Chartley Castle Staffordshire, and Beeston Castle in Cheshire.Ranulf was briefly made castellan of Wallingford Castle. He made an alliance with Llywelyn the Great, whose daughter Elen married Ranulf's nephew and heir, John the Scot, in about 1222. <mask>ville's final years saw him acting as an elder statesman, witnessing the 1225 re-issue of Magna Carta, playing a prominent role in the dispute in 1227 over Forest Laws and, as a veteran, leading Henry III's army on the ill-fated Poitou expedition of 1230–1. He came to lead the campaign after the death of William Marshal (the younger). He showed vigour and made a thrust into Anjou, but by the end of June the French had reached the Breton border. Ranulf concluded the campaign with a truce with the King of France for three years, to end in 1234. Earl Ranulf kept in sight his personal advantage.In 1220 some of his estates avoided carucage; in 1225 Aid was not levied in Cheshire; and in 1229 he

masks:
Hubert de
de Burgh
De Bde


texts:
 successfully resisted the ecclesiastical tax collector. His only major failure, in old age, was not avoiding the 1232 levy of the fortieth on his lands. Ranulf's death

Ranulf died at Wallingford on 26 October 1232, aged sixty. His viscera were buried at Wallingford Castle, his heart at Dieulacres Abbey, which he had founded, and the remainder of his body at St Werburg's in Chester. His various estates were divided between his four sisters Matilda (Maud), Mabel, Agnes (Alice), and Hawise as co-heirs. <mask>'s second sister Mabel and his eldest sister Matilda (Maud) shared in the estates with their other sisters. <mask>'s third sister Agnes (Alice) inherited, along with a share in other estates with her sisters, lands between the Ribble and the Mercy rivers, Powis Castle near Welshpool in Wales, Chartley Castle, Staffordshire, and land at Bugbrooke, Northamptonshire.Ranulf's youngest sister Hawise inherited the honour and castle of Bolingbroke, other large estates such as Lindsey and Halland in Lincolnshire, and a share of other estates with her sisters. Prior to <mask>'s death, however, he had also made Hawise, his youngest sister an inter vivos gift, after receiving dispensation from the crown, of the Earldom of Lincoln. In April 1231 he granted her the title by a formal charter under his seal which was confirmed by King Henry III. She was formally invested as suo jure 1st Countess of Lincoln on 27 October 1232 the day after Ranulf's death. She held the Earldom of Lincoln until less than a month later with the consent of the King she likewise gifted the Earldom inter vivos to her daughter <mask> Quincy and her son-in-law <mask> Lacy, 2nd Earl of Lincoln. They were formally invested by King Henry III as Countess

masks:
Ranulf
Ranulf
Ranulf
Margaret de
John de


texts:
 and Earl of Lincoln on 23 November 1232. After his death, his nephew John the Scot (son of his eldest sister Matilda (Maud) of Chester), was formally invested by King Henry III as Earl of Chester on 21 November 1232, which suggests a prior agreement.In popular culture

As an important figure in the reigns of Richard I and King John, Ranulf appears in novels set in the period. <mask> <mask>ville is a supporting character in James Goldman's 1979 novel Myself as Witness set in the reign of King John. Goldman's narrator describes Ranulf as the "only living Visigoth" and condemns him for killing many Welshman in his capacity as an Anglo-Norman lord of the Welsh Marches. He is represented as a brutal and aggressive opponent of all things, and people, Welsh. He appears early in Sharon Kay Penman's novel Falls the Shadow, on the life and career of <mask> Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, when he promises to personally support Simon's appeal to the king to recognise his right to the impoverished Leicester earldom. Ranulf makes a brief appearance in Lauren Johnson's 2013 novel The Arrow of Sherwood participating at the siege of Nottingham in 1194. Ranulf is mentioned several times over the course of the 1980s television series Robin of Sherwood.Notes

References

 Keith Stringer, ‘David, earl of Huntingdon and lord of Garioch (1152–1219)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008. Further reading

1170 births
1232 deaths
12th-century English nobility
13th-century English nobility
Anglo-Normans
Norman warriors
High Sheriffs of Staffordshire
High Sheriffs of Shropshire
High Sheriffs of Lancashire
Earls of Lincoln
Christians of the Fifth Crusade
Burials at Chester

masks:
Ranulf
de Bde
Simon de


title: Danzell Gravenberch

texts:
<mask> (born 13 February 1994) is a Dutch professional footballer, of Surinamese descent, who plays as a striker for Eerste Divisie club De Graafschap. Club career

Ajax
Born in Amsterdam, Gravenberch began playing football in the youth ranks of local amateur side SV Bijlmer, from where he was recruited to join the Ajax Academy in 2002. Gravenberch helped the Ajax A1 youth squad win the 2011–12 Nike Eredivisie league title. The team finished as runners-up to Inter Milan in the NextGen Series (the Champions League equivalent for under-20 teams) after losing on penalties (5–3) following a 1–1 deadlock after extra time. On 7 June 2012, it was announced that Gravenberch had signed his first professional contract, a three-year deal binding him to the club until 30 June 2015. Gravenberch began his career in the youth teams of Ajax as a striker, but was moved back to play as a defender while playing for Jong Ajax under manager Fred Grim in the 2012–13 Beloften Eredivisie. Jong Ajax were promoted to the Eerste Divisie, the second tier of professional football in the Netherlands, for the 2013–14 season.<mask> made his professional debut in a 2–0 away loss to FC Oss in the Eerste Divisie on 8 August 2013. He was cautioned before being replaced by Sven Nieuwpoort on 46 minutes. NEC (loan)
On 17 January 2014, it was announced that Gravenberch had been sent on loan to NEC until the end of the season. Universitatea Cluj
On 4 September 2014, it was announced that <mask> had signed with Romanian club Universitatea Cluj. The move came after an unsuccessful trial period with Scottish Premiership side Dundee. <mask> Groenendijk, as well as newly appointed manager and former Ajax player George Ogăraru. He made his Liga I debut on 14 September 2014 in an away match against FC Rapid București which ended in a 2–1 loss.FC Dordrecht
On 24 June 2015 it was announced that <mask> had returned to the Netherlands, signing with the recently relegated FC

masks:
Danzell Orlando Marcelino Gravenberch
Gravenberch
Gravenberch
Gravenberchns
Gravenberch


title: Danzell Gravenberch

texts:
 Dordrecht, competing in the Eerste Divisie. Reading
On 25 May 2016 Reading announced the signing of Gravenberch on a three-year contract, the deal was then officially completed when the transfer window opened on 1 July 2016. On 23 August 2016 <mask> made his competitive debut vs MK Dons in the EFL Cup. He made his league debut as a late substitute against Aston Villa on 18 October 2016. In October 2016, <mask> was criticized by Arsenal manager, Arsene Wenger, for a challenge on Lucas Perez, which left the Arsenal striker out for at least 6 weeks. On 4 July 2017, Gravenberch moved to Belgian First Division B club Roeselare for two seasons on loan. However, he was injured throughout his first season with Roesleare.He was released by Reading at the end of the 2018–19 season. Return to the Netherlands
In September 2019, Gravenberch joined Eerste Divisie club TOP Oss. After an unfortunate first half of the season, in which he failed to score and was also utilised as a centre-back, he left the club again. <mask> would play the remainder of the season at his former club Dordrecht. In June 2020, Sparta Rotterdam picked up Gravenberch from Dordrecht one a one-year deal. However, he also failed to succeed there, as he mostly appeared as a substitute. On 30 March 2021, it was announced that his contract would not be extended.In May 2021, <mask> signed a two-year contract with De Graafschap. International career
<mask> has played for the Netherlands at various youth levels. On 6 February 2010, he received his first U-16 cap in a match against Italy at the Albufeira 4 Nations Tournament in Portugal. On 17 September 2010, <mask> made his U-17 debut in another encounter with Italy during the Ursapharm-Vier-Nationen-Turnier in Germany. The following year, he was selected by Albert Stuivenberg to play in the 2012 UEFA European Under-17 Championship, where he helped the Netherlands to their second consecutive title, defeating Germany in the

masks: Gravenberch Gravenberch Gravenberch Gravenberch Gravenberch Gravenberch