title: Morgana King

texts:
<mask> (June 4, 1930 – March 22, 2018), known as <mask>, was an American jazz singer and actress. She began a professional singing career at sixteen years old. In her twenties, she was singing at a Greenwich Village nightclub when she was recognized for her unique phrasing and vocal range, described as a four-octave contralto range. She was signed to a label and began recording solo albums. She recorded dozens of albums well into the late 1990s. <mask> had her debut and breakout role in film as Carmela Corleone in The Godfather (1972) and The Godfather Part II (1974). She had roles in three additional films including her latest performance in A Brooklyn State of Mind in 1997.She was twice married to fellow jazz musicians, first to Tony Fruscella and later to Willie Dennis. Morgana died on March 22, 2018, in Palm Springs, California. Early life
<mask> was born Maria Grazia <mask> Messina in Pleasantville, New York. Her parents were from Fiumefreddo di Sicilia, Province of Catania, Sicily, Italy. She grew up in New York City with five siblings. Her father, who owned a coal and ice business, played the piano and guitar by ear. Her family experienced a difficult financial period after her father died.Around the age of thirteen her vocal gifts were recognized when she was overheard singing the aria "I'll See You Again" from Noël Coward's operetta Bitter Sweet. At age 16 she developed a love for big bands. A scholarship to the Metropolitan School of Music soon followed. Singing debut
Her professional singing career began at age sixteen as <mask> <mask>. When she sang in a Greenwich Village nightclub in 1953, a record label executive took an interest after being impressed with the unique phrasing and multi-octave range. Three years later in 1956, her first album, For You, For Me, For

masks:
Maria Grazia Morgana Messina
Morgana King
King
King
Morgana
Morgana
King


title: Morgana King

type: original

texts:
 Evermore, was released. Film debut
In the first appearance of Leonard G. Feather's Encyclopedia of Jazz (1960), <mask> <mask> stated that her ambition was "… to become a dramatic actress."She began her acting career in The Godfather, directed by Francis Ford Coppola, as Carmela Corleone, wife of Don Vito Corleone. In the film, she sang the song "Luna mezzo mare". <mask> appeared as herself in the television documentary The Godfather: Behind the Scenes (1971). She reprised the role in The Godfather Part II (1974), where her character dies aged 62, due to natural causes. Career

Singing
<mask> headlined clubs, concert halls and hotels, and toured throughout the United States, Europe, Australia and South America; e.g. : Basin Street; bla-bla café; Blue Note; Blue Room at the Supper Club; Café Leon; Club Bali; Cotton Club; Fat Tuesday's; Jilly's; Joe Howard's Place; Kenny's Castaways; Lainie's Room; Les Mouches; Lush Life; Mr. Sam's; Rainbow Grill; Reno Sweeney; Scullers; Sniffen Court; Sweet Basil; The Metropole; Town Hall; the Waterbury Hotels; and Trude Heller's. A few of the venue performances during her active career: the March 1956 Easter Jazz Festival at Town Hall in New York City; she opened Trude Heller's in July 1957 and returned throughout her career for anniversary performances; four months later, in November 1957, along with seven female jazz instrumentalists, she performed at the Jazz Female concert held at Carnegie Recital Hall; the Schaefer Music Festival in June 1976; A Tribute to Billie Holiday at the Hollywood Bowl in July 1979; the AIDS Research – Benefit Bash in 1983, the Benefit for the Theater Off Park in May 1988; the 2nd annual WPBX Jazz Festival at the Fine Arts Theater in August 1989.While performing in Lisbon, Portugal, she was interviewed by the

masks: Morgana King King King


title: Morgana King

texts:
 television show host Henrique Mendes at the television station RTP (the sole television station at that time)." Musicians
A limited list of artists who performed and/or recorded with Morgana <mask> over the years of her career are Ben Aronov, Ronnie Bedford, Ed Caccavale (drums), Clifford Carter, Don Costa, Eddie Daniels, Sue Evans, Larry Fallon, Sammy Figueroa, John Kaye (percussion), Helen Keane, Art Koenig, Steve LaSpina, Scott Lee, Jay Leonhart, Ray Mantilla, Bill Mays, Charles McCracken, Ted Nash, Adam Nussbaum, Warren Odze, Joe Puma, Don Rebic, Jack Wilkins, Joe Williams (bass), and Torrie Zito. Recording
Her repertoire contains more than two hundred songs on more than thirty albums. Most of her recordings and re-issues have not remained in the catalogs. In 1964, she received a Grammy Award nomination for Best New Artist. The award went to the Beatles. The UCLA Music Library's Jimmy Van Heusen papers include a letter dated September 5, 1965 pertaining to "songs… to be given to Morgana <mask>."She recorded three songs by Van Heusen: "Here's That Rainy Day" (on It's a Quiet Thing, 1965), "Like Someone in Love" (on Stardust, 1986; and Another Time, Another Space, 1992) and "Imagination" (on Looking Through The Eyes Of Love, 1998). <mask>'s 1967 single "I Have Loved Me A Man" appeared in the US "Easy Listening" survey and the Australian Top 20, according to the Kent Music Report. Television
Beginning with The Andy Williams Show and The Hollywood Palace in 1964. For more than a decade she performed on television talk and variety shows including The Mike Douglas Show, The Dean Martin Show and The David Frost Show. Retirement
<mask> announced her retirement from performing during an engagement at the Cotton Club in Chicago on Friday, December 10, 1993, and added that her

masks: King King King King


title: Morgana King

texts:
 recording would not be affected by the decision. She continued to perform after that date at the Ballroom, Maxim's, Mirage Night Club (a benefit jazz session), and Roosevelt Hotel's Cinegrill. Her last film appearance was in the film A Brooklyn State of Mind (1997).Personal life

Relationships and family
Morgana <mask> married twice. Her first marriage (when she was 17 years old) was to jazz trumpeter Tony Fruscella (1927–1969), which ended in divorce after nine years; they had a daughter, Graysan (1950–2008). During their marriage, the couple frequently had "Sunday dinner with Charlie Parker and his family." Her second marriage, in 1961, was to jazz trombonist Willie Dennis (né William DeBerardinis; 1926–1965), whom she met during an off-night visit to the Birdland Jazz Club where she went to hear Sam Donahue's group. He had performed with both Gerry Mulligan and Charles Mingus and recorded the 1953 album release, Four Trombones on Mingus' record label, Debut Records. He had toured extensively with Benny Goodman, Woody Herman and Buddy Rich. She traveled to Brazil with Dennis to experience this "new" music style when he toured with Rich in 1960.She said the experience was "an introduction to myself." Their close collaboration was suddenly shattered in 1965 with his death from an automobile accident in New York's Central Park. It's a Quiet Thing (Reprise, 1965) is a memorial to him. After Dennis's death, <mask> relocated and lived for more than two decades in Malibu, California. She accepted Frank Sinatra's offer to record three albums on his record label Reprise Records (It's a Quiet Thing (1965), Wild Is Love (1966) and Gemini Changes (1967)). Death
Morgan owned a condo in Palm Springs, California. She died, aged 87, of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Palm Springs on March 22,

masks: King King


title: Morgana King

texts:
 2018.Influence
There have been reports that, as a child, <mask> lived near a Synagogue and was intrigued by the singing of the Synagogue's Cantor. Some have theorized that <mask>'s unique singing style was due, in part, to the singing of a Cantor that she carried in her memories. <mask>'s voice is notable for its four-octave contralto range. She continued to pursue new forms of expression and presentation by exploring current music trends, which can be heard and read from the list of songs and composers on more than thirty albums. She ventured into new creative areas throughout her career all the while keeping contact with her musical point of origin in jazz. Her distinctive sound has its criticism and detractors. In literature, the Library of Jazz Standards by Ronny Schiff (2002) recognizes <mask> <mask> as one of the performers who made famous the songs "Imagination" (Van Heusen, Burke), "Like Someone in Love" (Van Heusen, Burke) and "Will You Be Mine" (Adair, Dennis).Also, there is the occasional mention of her in fiction. <mask> has been credited with composing "Moe's Blues", a song  recorded by Beverly Kenney on Beverly Kenney Sings for Johnny Smith (1955), and "Simply Eloquent", with Monte Oliver, which appears on an album of the same title, initially released in 1986 by Muse Records. In 1991, she produced a set of seminars called Morgana King Fine Arts Series. The seminars brought together small groups for recurring meetings every few months held at select venues including Lincoln Center. One of the functions of the series was to familiarize participants with performance methodologies. There was a panel available to critique the performances. Her signature song is "A Taste Of Honey", originally released on the album With A Taste of Honey (Mainstream Records, 1964).Her

masks: King King King Morgana King King


title: Morgana King

texts:
 most re-issued songs are "My Funny Valentine", from Everything Must Change (Muse, 1978), and the title track of For You, For Me, For Evermore (EmArcy Records, 1956). Discography

Filmography

Videography

Notes

 D'Acierno, Pellegrino. The Italian American Heritage, A Companion to Literature and Arts (1998), p. 434;
 Inman, David. Television Variety Shows, Histories and Episode Guides to 57 Programs (2005), pp. 250–51, 293;
 Meil, Eila. Casting Might-Have-Beens, A Film by Film Directory of Actors Considered For Roles Given To Others (2005) p. 102;
 Ross, Wallace A. Best TV & Radio Commercials, Volume 1 (1967), pp.103, 153
 Shaw, Arnold. 52nd Street: The Street Of Jazz (1977), pp. 321, 338;
 Shilts, Randy. And The Band Played On (2007); p. 331;
 Thomas, Sam. Best American Screenplays 3, Complete Screenplays (1995), pp. 7, 62;
 Review, The Godfather New York Times, March 16, 1972 by Vincent Canby. Rolling Stone January 3, 1974, Issue 151
 Singing, 20th century.History.com Encyclopedia
 Westways Volume 69 (1967), p. 55

References

External links

 <mask> <mask> at Verve Records

 <mask> <mask> at Billboard.com

 Morgana <mask> at Last.fm

1930 births
2018 deaths
American contraltos
Actresses from New York (state)
Actresses from Palm Springs, California
20th-century American actresses
American film actresses
American women jazz singers
American jazz singers
American people of Italian descent
Bebop singers
Cool jazz singers
Mainstream Records artists
Mercury Records artists
Muse Records artists
People from Pleasantville, New York
Singers from New York (state)
Reprise Records artists
Savoy Records artists
Torch singers
Traditional pop music singers
Verve Records artists
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from lymphoma
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
21st-century

masks: Morgana King Morgana King King


title: John C. Hooper

texts:
<mask><mask> (Jock; born 1945) is an American conservationist, forest manager, and organic farmer. He has been active in the preservation and restoration of forests, wilderness, and rivers for more than four decades. <mask> is a fifth generation San Franciscan. Early life
<mask> grew up in San Francisco until age 12 when his father was appointed U.S. Defense Representative to NATO. The family moved to Paris for the next dozen years. <mask> developed a lifelong interest in France as a result  and has returned many times, including taking several long hikes on ancient pilgrimage trails ( le Chemin de St Jacques de Compostelle). Education

Groton School, cum laude 1963;
Harvard College, BA cum laude, 1968;
Boston University, MA, international relations, 1971.Military service

<mask> served in Germany as a lieutenant in the U.S. Army Adjutant General's Corps from 1968 to 1970. Career

After serving as a lieutenant in the U.S. Army adjutant General's Corps (1968–1970), <mask> owned and managed farms on Prince Edward Island, Canada. (1971–1976). He returned to the U.S. to serve as press secretary and environmental aide to California Congressman <mask> (R) CA (1976–1977). From 1978 to 1980 <mask> served as lobbyist for The Wilderness Society in Washington, D.C. He worked with Congressional staff on regulations implementing the National Forest Management Act of 1976, which reformed timber practices on public lands. He also advocated for federal wilderness legislation (RARE II) to protect federal roadless lands the Western U.S., including organizing Congressional hearings for several statewide bills.In 1980 <mask> went to work for the national  Sierra Club and moved back to his hometown of San Francisco. As Public Lands Representative and a registered lobbyist he continued to work on federal wilderness legislation and national forest management issues. During his five years with Sierra Club he helped to enact laws

masks:
John C
. Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Pete McCloskey
Hooper
Hooper


title: John C. Hooper

texts: protecting millions of acres of wilderness lands in Colorado, New Mexico, and California. From 1981-2000, as President as well as long-time board member of the Buena Vista Neighborhood Association, <mask> championed the restoration of  historic Buena Vista Park in San Francisco. The 36-acre park, designed at the turn of the 20th century by <mask>, creator of Golden Gate Park, had fallen into disrepair. <mask> was instrumental in developing a park master plan that was adopted by the San Francisco Department of Recreation and Parks, for which he received the Emily Prettyman Lowell Award from the San Francisco Friends of the Urban Forest. In 1985 <mask> founded and operated Arbor & Espalier Company, a fruit tree nursery in Healdsburg, California that revived heirloom varieties of apples and pears in a partnership with Sonoma Antique Apple Nursery.In 1989 Jock and his wife, Molly, acquired 330 acres on the Garcia River in Mendocino County and established Oz Farm, (12)(13) an organic apple farm they owned and managed until 2015. Oz Farm's apples were sold at farmers’ markets and grocery stores throughout the North Coast and Bay Area. Oz Farm became a well-known venue for weddings and other celebrations and served as a meeting place for environmental activists. The annual Harvest Festival at Oz Farm raised thousands of dollars for local nonprofits, including the Coast Community Library, Friends of the Garcia River, and the Arena Theater. The Farm-to-Table Dinners at Oz Farm, featuring leading chefs, helped Point Arena's historic movie theater to keep its doors open. <mask> has been a long term Board member of Friends of the Garcia River (FROG) and a driving force to restore the salmon and steelhead fishery in that coastal river. In 2011 <mask> was the lead plaintiff in a lawsuit (Sierra Club v CALFIRE) that successfully challenged an aggressive logging plan for old-growth redwoods and Douglas fir at the Bohemian Grove,

masks:
Hooper
John McLaren
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper


title: John C. Hooper

texts:
 a 2,700-acre enclave on the Russian River owned by the elite San Francisco Bohemian Club.The lawsuit gained national attention. <mask> is a founder and currently spokesperson for Protect Our Water, a Bay Area citizens’ group concerned about the environmental and economic impacts of the state of California's proposed Twin Tunnels,  a large water diversion project from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta to southern California. Service and Board positions
From 2014 to 2018, <mask> served as a Trustee of the National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG), which is dedicated to preserving tropical plant diversity and stemming the tide of plant extinctions. Its botanical gardens are located in Hawaii and Florida. The NTBG's Hawaii-based Breadfruit Institute, which <mask> chaired, promotes the conservation and use of breadfruit for food and reforestation. The institute is documenting traditional uses and cultural practices associated with this important food source, and developing partnerships to make breadfruit varieties a sustainable resource for agriculture, agroforestry, and reforestation. <mask> is a founding member of the Board of the California Tahoe Conservancy.Appointed in 1985 by the Speaker of the California State Assembly as the Board's public member, <mask> served as Vice-Chair for 32 years until 2017. The agency is charged with protecting and restoring Lake Tahoe. <mask> also was a founding Board member of the Tahoe-Baikal Institute in 1991. Dedicated to scientific research, the institute organizes international student exchanges to study the unique, largely pristine Siberian lake. <mask> participated in the California Resources agency's delegation to Lake Baikal in 1990. Since 1990, <mask> has served on the Board of Directors of Friends of the Garcia River (FROG), a grassroots advocacy group dedicated to restoring the Garcia River and its endangered steelhead and Coho salmon. From 2000 to 2004 <mask> was

masks: Hooper Hooper Hooper Hooper Hooper Hooper Hooper Hooper Hooper


title: John C. Hooper

texts:
 appointed by Mayor Willie Brown to serve on the San Francisco-Paris Sister City Committee.He organized tree plantings in the Bois de Boulogne to help repair damage from a major storm there in 1999. <mask> currently serves on the Advisory Board of the Conservation Fund's 23,000-acre Garcia River Forest Project, co-managed with The Nature Conservancy. In addition, <mask> served on the following Boards of Directors:

Sierra Club Foundation
San Francisco Conservation Corps
Friends of the Urban Forest
San Francisco Parks Trust (now SF Parks Alliance)
Buena Vista Neighborhood Association

Personal life
During the 1990s <mask> produced several musical shows for the theater company, The Vocal Minority, raising money for San Francisco parks, museums, and the San Francisco Main Library. <mask> occasionally sings with a Point Arena-based band. In 2015 he released a CD called Bathtub Ballads and Roadtrip Blues. Family

<mask> is a fifth generation San Franciscan. Parents: <mask><mask> (1917-2007) and Patricia L<mask> (1922-2010), both of Woodside, California.Wife: Molly Bolton (1949). Children: Nate (1980), Hannah (1982), and Rachel (1985). Granddaughter, Willa Payne Zucconi (2015). Publications
Conservationist’s Guide to National Forest Planning. Sierra Club, May 1981. Saving the Solitude: A Guide to the BLM Wilderness Study Process, Sierra Club, 1983. Privatization: The Reagan Administration's Master Plan for Government Giveaway, Sierra Magazine November/December 1982.Awards
Emily Prettyman Lowell Award from the San Francisco Friends of the Urban Forest, 1991

References
12. California Fault: Searching for the Spirit of a State along the San Andreas Fault by Thurston <mask>, Ballantine Books NY 1996

13. Justice on Earth by Tom Turner, Chelsea Green Publishing, VT 2002

Harvard College alumni
1945 births
Living people
Groton School alumni
Boston University College of Arts and Sciences alumni
American

masks:
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
John A
. Hooper
. Hooper
Clarke


title: Ronald Poulton

texts:
<mask>Ronnie<mask> (later <mask>) (12 September 1889 – 5 May 1915) was an English rugby union footballer, who captained . He was killed in the First World War during the Second Battle of Ypres. Born in north Oxford, he was the son of Emily Palmer and her husband, the zoologist <mask>. He was educated at the Dragon School, Rugby School, and Balliol College, Oxford. <mask> played for Balliol College, Oxford University RFC, Harlequins and Liverpool F.C. <mask> is one of three men to score a hat-trick of tries in The Varsity Match – he scored five, still the individual record for the fixture, in 1909. He captained England during the 1913–14 unbeaten season (now what would be called a 'Grand Slam'), scoring four tries against France in 1914, in the last test match prior to the outbreak of World War I. <mask> was renowned for his elusiveness and glamorous style of play – "the very mention of swerving sends one's thoughts to the late <mask>, the swerver par excellence ... swerving and Poulton are almost synonymous terms".Personal life
<mask> was born on 12 September 1889 at Wykeham House, Oxford to Edward Bagnall <mask> and his wife Emily Palmer <mask>. His father Edward was Hope Professor of Zoology at Oxford University, and a Fellow of Jesus College. He was born into a wealthy family, and brought up at Wykeham House, an impressive residence on Oxford's Banbury Road, with six servants. His siblings were Edward, Hilda, Margaret, all older, and his younger sister, Janet. He was educated at Oxford Preparatory School ("OPS", now the Dragon School) from 1897 to 1903. The headmaster of OPS described <mask> as "the best all-round athlete who had ever been at the school". School records reveal that he scored 15 tries in one match against St Edward's Juniors.After OPS, he went to Rugby School from 1903 to 1908. There, he was in the rugby XV for four years, joint-captain with C. C. Watson for the last. He was also in the

masks:
Ronald '
' William Poulton
sometimes Poulton Palmer
Sir Edward Bagnall Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Ronald Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton


title: Ronald Poulton

texts:
 cricket XI in 1907 and 1908, and was the winner of the 'Athletic Cup' in his final three years. He then went up to Oxford, where he studied at Balliol College from 1908 to 1911, and was in both the rugby XV and the hockey XI for the Varsity matches of 1909, 1910, and 1911. He joined the Oxford University Officers Training Corps in 1908 and resigned three years later, having been promoted to the rank of Cadet Colour Sergeant. After Oxford, <mask> moved to Reading in 1912, where he joined his uncle, the Rt Hon George Palmer in the Huntley and Palmer biscuit company. There, he concerned himself with the welfare of the factory workers, and joined them in sporting pursuits, hoping to introduce the game of rugby to them.He moved again to Liverpool to train in engineering, and played for the Liverpool FC XV. After his uncle suddenly died on 8 October 1913, he inherited a fortune. He reportedly said: "What troubles me is the responsibility of how to use it for the best." A condition of his inheritance was that he change his surname to Palmer, which he did by Royal Licence in 1914. His surname was never actually '<mask> Palmer' (or even the hyphenated version '<mask>-Palmer), although he was often later called this. Rugby career

At Oxford, 1908 to 1911
<mask> was one of the most able and most discussed rugby players in the history of the game. He followed in the steps of Adrian Stoop, who was one of the great innovators of rugby tactics, both at Oxford and Harlequins.<mask> was still at school when Stoop went up to Oxford and played in the Varsity matches of 1902, 1903, and, as captain, 1904. At Oxford, Stoop already applied an intelligent approach to improving the game with rigorous attention to detail, and new ideas about changing the direction of attack, and deliberately surprising the opponent's defence. Stoop supposedly discovered <mask>, and introduced him into the Harlequins threequarter line for his debut

masks:
Poulton
Poulton
Poulton
Ronnie Poulton
Poulton
Poulton


title: Ronald Poulton

texts: first class match in 1908. <mask>'s reputation as a rugby player preceded him at Oxford, but he knew before he arrived at Balliol in October 1908 that it was going to be difficult to get into the Oxford side, whose back line was filled with exceptional players. The only vacancy was given to Colin Gilray, who was a little older and arrived from New Zealand with a strong reputation. In his first term, <mask> played several games for Oxford, at first on the wing but then at centre. The penultimate fixture before the Varsity Match of 1908, was against Blackheath on 28 November.Being so close to the game against Cambridge, it was something of a trials match, and <mask> had a bad game at right centre. So Harold Hodges, Oxford's captain, opted for the centre pairing of Vassall and Frank Tarr, which had proven itself in 1906 and 1907. Although he had missed selection for the Varsity match, <mask> was called up to play at centre for England, alongside Frank Tarr, against France on 30 January 1909. As yet, France was not part of what was to become the Five Nations Championship, and was a relatively easy side to beat, England coming away with a 22–0 victory. Tarr scored two tries that day, but was dropped from the team, only playing once more for England in 1913. <mask>, however, was kept on to play the remaining Championship games against Ireland and Scotland. The following season, George Cunningham, who later captained , was Oxford's skipper, and he selected <mask> in place of Vassall for the Varsity match.Cunningham had the same threequarter line as the previous year at his disposal, and it was only shortly before the match that he opted for <mask> over Vassall. Vassall, for his part, was considered one of the world's best centres, and had made his mark in the previous three Varsity games, beginning in 1906, his fresher year, and in 1908 had played both for England against Ireland, and for the Anglo-Welsh touring

masks: Poulton Poulton Poulton Poulton Poulton Poulton Poulton


title: Ronald Poulton

texts: side against New Zealand. In earlier matches, <mask> had played at centre with Gilray on the wing, but for the Varsity Match of 1909, they reversed places. The match came to be known as "Poulton's Match": within a brilliant performance by the Oxford backline, his contribution was notable, and his tally of five tries in the Varsity Match remains unrivalled. <mask> received only one cap for England in 1910, in the first international rugby match to be played at Twickenham, on 15 January 1910 against Wales. Ben Gronow kicked off and sent the ball directly to Adrian Stoop, England's captain and flyhalf. In a break with orthodox play, which required him to kick the ball back into touch, Stoop began an angled run from the right side towards the far left corner.He then passed the ball to Bert Solomon at centre, and from there it moved on quickly to John Birkett and then <mask> on the left wing. <mask> was out of space and put in a kick towards the posts, and after England regathered the ball, Dai Gent, at scrumhalf, sent the ball towards Fred Chapman on the right wing, who on receiving it scored in the corner. England dominated the first half to lead 11–3 at half time, and Wales were only managed to close the score with one try to 11–6. For the Varsity Match of 1910, a 9,000-strong crowd turned up at Queen's, mostly to watch <mask> play. That year he was at left centre, with Geen on the wing. Cambridge started strong but a try by Bryn Lewis was disallowed in the opening minutes and, moments later, <mask> ran through the Cambridge defence, drew the fullback and passed to Geen to dive in at the corner for a try. With Turner's conversion, Oxford led 5–0.A similar passage of play again saw <mask> put Geen through for another try, but the latter dropped the ball after crossing the line while trying to get closer to the posts. Geen did get a second try, from another Poulton break, but Cambridge, meanwhile, scored two


title: Ronald Poulton

texts:
 tries and were leading 15–13 at the break. Another Cambridge try early in the second half gave them a five-point lead, but an injury to a winger reduced them to 14 men. <mask> capitalised on it: he scored from a dummy pass to Geen; and ran in a solo try after receiving a pass from flyhalf Freddie Knott. The end score was 23–18 to Oxford. Following this performance, Geen and <mask>, who together were considered the scoring force of the Oxford team, were both selected to play for England in the second trial match against The North in Leeds. Although Geen scored a try in the game, he was outshone by <mask>, "the only man who was adding to his reputation, and [played] a really brilliant game."For the third and final trial, England versus The Rest on 7 January 1911, Geen was dropped, while <mask> was kept on. <mask>, for his part, was only picked to play for England in one test match in 1911, against Scotland on 18 March. <mask> captained Oxford in his last term, in the autumn of 1911. In the run up to the 1911 Varsity Match, the <mask>–Geen partnership was a constant threat to opposition teams. Ten days before the game, Oxford beat London Scottish 39–3, <mask> twice putting Geen in the clear, with the latter ending the day with four tries in total. Cambridge, nevertheless, were favourites to win on 12 December, but <mask> led Oxford to victory, in front of a crowd of 10,000. <mask>, however, after scoring the first try of the match in the opening moments, suffered a hamstring injury approaching half time, and his replacement Eric Thomas, a forward, lacked the speed and skills to combine effectively with Geen.Nevertheless, Geen came close to scoring, but, as he had done in the previous year's match, he dropped the ball over the tryline. He was to repeat the error the following year. 1912 to 1914
Moving to Liverpool, <mask> played for Liverpool Football Club (which later merged with St Helen's RUFC to form

masks: Poulton Poulton Poulton Poulton Poulton Poulton Poulton Poulton Poulton Poulton Poulton


title: Ronald Poulton

texts: Liverpool St Helens FC) under the captaincy of Freddie Turner, a former Oxford teammate, and captain of Scotland. The team also included Dickie Lloyd, Ireland's flyhalf and captain, so that the club had in the 1913–14 season three international rugby captains of the same era. The club lost 57 members in the First World War, including both Turner and <mask>. <mask> played three games for England in 1912, against Wales on 20 January, Ireland on 10 February, and Scotland on 16 March. His next international game was on 4 January 1913 at Twickenham against a touring side from South Africa, in which he scored the only try by any of the international teams to face the tourists of 1912–13.E.H.D. Sewell recounts how England might have scored a further try in the game. <mask>, playing at left centre, cut through the midfield and swerved to the right, leaving the South African fullback Gerhard Morkel standing, and would have scored, had it not been for E.E. McHardy's tackle. Cyril Lowe, England's right wing was criticised by the press for not following up, but <mask> placed the blame on his left wing, V.M.H. Coates. Sewell, who thought that <mask> was better suited to play on the wing than in the centre, considered that <mask>'s elusiveness had made it impossible for the wings to keep up with him.Two weeks later, on 18 January, the Welsh hosted the English at Cardiff. England had not won in Wales since 1895. Norman Wodehouse, England's captain, was confident of victory until the morning of the match when it was raining, and the first half of the match, played in wind and rain, ended without a score. In the second half, <mask> having found 'a small green patch in a sea of mud', kicked a dropgoal to open the scoring. England then scored two tries, one initiated by <mask>, to win the match 0–12. <mask> was appointed captain of England in 1914, and led the team for all four matches of the Five Nations Championship, and a

masks: Poulton Poulton Poulton Poulton Poulton Poulton Poulton Poulton Poulton


title: Ronald Poulton

texts: second successive 'Grand Slam', though the term had not yet been coined. The first match was against Wales, and England only just managed to win.For the next game, against Ireland, a large police contingent was posted outside the ground in anticipation of violent protests relating to the Home rule debate, but the 40,000 crowd were peaceable and kept entertained. The Irish flyhalf and captain that day was <mask>'s Liverpool teammate Dickie Lloyd, who praised <mask> as 'the greatest player I ever came in contact with ... It was as much a pleasure to play against him as with him for he was always the same fascinating figure ...' The next match was against Scotland for the Calcutta Cup and the Triple Crown. England, through a hat-trick of tries from Lowe, got ahead 16–6, but Scotland fought back to within one point. The last international rugby match to be held before the First World War was the 1914 fixture between England and France, at Colombes on 13 April 1914. Scoring four tries in England's 39–13 victory, <mask> set a record for tries scored in an international match. It remained unmatched until 2011, when Chris Ashton equalled his tally.Five players from that England team were killed in the First World War: <mask>, James, Watson, Arthur Dingle, Francis Oakley, and Arthur Harrison, who was awarded the Victoria Cross. When it transpired that some farmers and fishermen in Devon were receiving money to play, <mask> challenged the RFU on the question of payment to players, arguing that recompensing workers for lost wages did not amount to professionalism, but would allow rugby to flourish amongst all social classes. He was ignored. <mask> reckoned that the best game he played was England versus Scotland in March 1914, when he led England to victory in the last international game of rugby to played in the United Kingdom before the First World War. Besides that game, he considered the next best to be those

masks: Poulton Poulton Poulton Poulton Poulton Poulton


title: Ronald Poulton

texts:
 against Wales and South Africa in 1913. Against Wales, playing on the wing, he dropped a goal in England's 12–0 victory away at Cardiff, with his former Oxford partner Billy Geen at centre for the opposition. International appearances

Military service and death

After leaving Oxford and stepping down from the Officers' Training Corps, <mask> moved to Reading in January 1912, where he was commissioned into 1st/4th Battalion Princess Charlotte of Wales's (Royal Berkshire Regiment) (Territorial Force) in June of the same year, and promoted to the rank of lieutenant in July 1913.At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, <mask> volunteered for overseas service. He wrote to his parents saying: "Darling parents, nothing counts till this war is settled and Germany beaten. You can't realise in Australia what is happening here. Germany has to be smashed, i.e. I mean the military party and everybody realises and everybody is volunteering. Those who are best trained are most wanted so I would be a skunk to hold back." The battalion was sent to Chelmsford and remained there in training until 30 March 1915, when it departed for the Western Front.His experience of the war was brief. On the morning of 5 May 1915, <mask> was involved in repairing a trench, in the vicinity of Ploegsteert Wood in Belgium, when he was shot by an enemy sniper. His commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Thorne, wrote that his death must have been instantaneous. Captain Jack Conybeare, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, a school friend from both OPS and Rugby, wrote later that day: "I was talking to one of the Berks' officers this morning. He told me that <mask> was far and away the most popular officer in the battalion, both among officers and men. Apparently he was standing on top of the parapet last night, directing a working party, when he was hit. Of course, by day, anyone who shows his head above the parapet is

masks: Poulton Poulton Poulton Ronald


title: Ronald Poulton

texts:
 courting disaster; in fact if one is caught doing so one is threatened with court-martial.At night, on the other hand, we perpetually have working parties of one kind or another out, either wiring, repairing the parapet, or doing something which involves coming from under cover, and one simply takes the risk of stray bullets." Three weeks earlier, on 14 April he had captained a South Midlands Division team to a 17–0 victory in a game of rugby against the 4th Division, with Basil Maclear, the former Irish international, as referee. It was <mask>'s last. His team included two other internationals, Sidney Smart of England, and William Middleton Wallace of Scotland, while the opposition fielded Billy Hinton and Tyrell, both of Ireland, Rowland Fraser of Scotland, and Morton of England. <mask> Palmer's grave is in Hyde Park Corner (Royal Berks) Cemetery, near Ploegsteert, Belgium. A memorial to him was erected at Balliol College, on the west wall of the Chapel passage. The cross marking <mask>'s grave in Flanders was taken back to Oxford, and is mounted in a wall in Hollywell Cemetery.In memoriam
George Cunningham, his Oxford teammate and captain, wrote on hearing of his death: "He ran, as everyone remembers, with a curiously even, yet high-stepping motion, his head thrown back, the ball held in front at full arms' length. Invariably cheerful, seldom without a beaming smile on his face, he was a welcome companion on the football field and everywhere else." At Rugby, a service was held on 10 May. The Reverend Albert David, Head Master of Rugby School, delivered these words in his sermon: "... we have indeed given of our best. If we were asked to describe what highest kind of manhood rugby helps to make, I think we should have Ronnie in mind as we spoke of it. God had endowed him with a rare combination of graces ... what we hoped would come of it ... strong and tender and true, he lived for others and died for

masks:
Poulton
Ronald Poulton
Poulton


title: Ronald Poulton

texts:
 others." On 30 May 1915, a memorial service was held at St Giles' Church in Oxford.Reverend William Temple addressed the congregation, saying: "Many of us believed that with his ready sympathy, his utter freedom from selfishness, and his courage to follow what he saw to be right, he would grasp the causes of our labour unrest and class friction, and by removing them from the great industry in whose control a large part was to be his, set an example which would prove a great force in our social regeneration ... What he hated most in our usual manner of life was the artificial barriers that hold people apart, and the suspiciousness of one class towards another ..."

Twenty seven England international rugby players were killed in World War I of a total international toll of one hundred and thirty. One of the most notable was <mask>-Palmer, who was considered by many contemporary observers as perhaps the greatest-ever attacking rugby union threequarter. Awards
<mask> was inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame on 20 September 2015. See also
 List of England rugby union footballers killed in the World Wars
 List of international rugby union players killed in action during the First World War

References

Bibliography

 Starmer-Smith, Nigel (ed) Rugby – A Way of Life, An Illustrated History of Rugby (Lennard Books, 1986 )

External links

1889 births
1915 deaths
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Royal Berkshire Regiment officers
English rugby union players
England international rugby union players
People educated at The Dragon School
British military personnel killed in World War I
British Army personnel of World War I
Rugby union players from Oxford
People educated at Rugby School
Harlequin F.C. players
World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees
Deaths by firearm in Belgium
Military personnel from Oxfordshire
Burials at Hyde Park Corner (Royal Berks) Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery
Officers'

masks: Poulton Poulton


title: Scarlat Vârnav

texts: <mask>, or Sofronie Vârnav (also known as Charles Basile Varnav, Charles de Wirnave, Varnavu or Vîrnav; died ), was a Moldavian and Romanian political figure, philanthropist, collector, and Orthodox clergyman. The scion of an aristocratic family, he was made to study for a career in the church, but fled Moldavia and studied abroad. Acquainted with the Romanian liberal movement, and an ardent Romanian nationalist, he helped establish bodies of intellectuals dedicated to cultural and political cooperation across the Danubian Principalities and beyond—including, in 1846, the Romanian library of Paris. His purchase of mainly Baroque paintings, donated by him to Academia Mihăileană, forms the core of the Iași Museum of Art. With Nicolae Bălcescu and C. A. Rosetti, <mask> also managed the Society of Romanian Students in Paris, whose revolutionary agenda brought him into conflict with European governments. He then played a small part in the French Revolution of 1848, before returning to take orders at Neamț Monastery, a Hieromonk and Starets. Throughout the 1850s, he and his brother Constantin, who was the son-in-law of Gheorghe Bibescu, took part in the nationalist movement that established the United Principalities, and was especially active as an electoral campaigner.However, his support of modernization in schools and the church was not welcomed by the religious establishment, and his stand-off with the conservative monks of Neamț resulted in the establishment of a dissident monastery. Subsequently, Vârnav lost the backing of Domnitor

masks:
Scarlat Vasile Vâv
Vârnav


title: Scarlat Vârnav

texts:
 Alexandru Ioan Cuza, although he still approved of Cuza's authoritarian agenda. After campaigning nationally in support of Carol I, Vârnav ended his career in Tutova County. Active in antisemitic circles, he was allied with the Free and Independent Faction. On this basis, he contested a seat in the Assembly of Deputies during December 1867, but died after sudden illness just days after winning. Rumors of his poisoning by the Romanian Jews sparked a riot, which had to be quelled by armed intervention, and an official inquiry. He was survived by his brother Constantin and a nephew, engineer and politician <mask> C. Vârnav.Biography

Early activities
It is known that Vârnav was a native of Hilișeu (or Silișeu), Dorohoi County, but other details remain sketchy, with his year of birth given as far back as 1801 or as recent as 1813. Historian Petronel Zahariuc notes that it may be impossible to pinpoint the exact date, though he notes that the most likely one was provided by Vârnav himself as being October 14, 1813. Zahariuc also points out that another record from Vârnav's day had 1810, and sees 1801 as unrealistic. A family manuscript, which has September 29, 1816, also notes that Vârnav was baptised by, and named after, the reigning Prince <mask> Callimachi. Vârnav belonged to a large family of the Moldavian boyar nobility, attested back to 1621; he was distantly related to Teodor Vârnav, the Bessarabian writer. His immediate ancestors had taken up liberal causes, inspired by the Carbonari. One relative, Petrachi, also led the Moldavian

masks: Scarlat Scarlat


title: Scarlat Vârnav

texts: resistance to the "Sacred Band" during the civil war of 1821, alongside Gavril Istrati.<mask> was generally believed to have been the son of Ban Vasile Vârnav (died 1824), noted as a book collector and translator to Romanian—in particular for his renditions of Dimitrie Cantemir's Descriptio Moldaviae, Condillac's Logique, Dionisie Fotino's Istoria tis palai Dakias, and Cesare Beccaria's On Crimes and Punishments. As argued by Zahariuc, this identification is partly misleading: <mask>'s father was indeed a Vasile Vârnav, but not the same as the translator; his wife, and <mask>'s mother, was Maria née Gheuca. The future monk's distant cousins included Sofronie Miclescu, who would later serve as Metropolitan Bishop of Moldavia. Scarlat had a brother, Constantin (also known as Costandin or Costache), who trained himself as a surgeon. Together, the two inherited Hilișeu estate and part of Liveni. After an early education allegedly provided by his father, Scarlat began trying his hand at copying manuscripts. Zahariuc notes that both <mask> and Constantin were sent to study abroad in the Duchy of Bukovina "immediately after" the 1821 troubles, but that Scarlat as back in his home village in 1826.Following the death of his father, Maria remarried to another boyar, Costache Roset of Botoșani. One account is that <mask> was selected by his mother to take orders in the Moldavian Church. According to this reading, he was tutored at home by his cousin Miclescu, but escaped to his relatives in Bukovina, and later made his way to Paris. His departure,

masks: Scarlat Scarlat Scarlat Scarlat Scarlat


title: Scarlat Vârnav

texts: Moldavia, Constantin became famous for his advocacy of balneotherapy, and also for his work during the 1848 cholera epidemic: he was the only doctor of Iași to have survived the calamity. This was particularly unusual, as he did not believe that cholera was contagious, and relied on folk medicine in his attempts to cure it.He shared some of <mask>'s views about modernization, publishing his plans to set up a sanitary service and medical schools. From 1844, he was also son-in-law of the Wallachian Prince Gheorghe Bibescu, a conservative figure. Nonetheless, the Students' Society revolutionary connections irritated Bibescu, and also caused concern in Russia, which, at the time, shared custody of the Principalities. Despite Lamartine's support, these developments also worried the French monarchy, which was transitioning to conservatism. The Guizot government chose not to give any recognition to the Society, pushing it into the underground. In early 1847, Vârnav's Library welcomed the French republican historian Edgar Quinet; after hearing Quinet speak, Vârnav reportedly stood up and obtained that all Romanians present swear an "oath that they would die for their motherland". By November of that year, Vârnav, Bălcescu, Lecca and Chinezu, alongside Grigore Arghiropol, Dimitrie Brătianu, Ion C. Brătianu and Mihail Kogălniceanu, had founded the semi-legal Însocierea Lazariană ("Lazarian Association").Named in honor of Gheorghe Lazăr, it had a political project to unify and standardize education in both Principalities. This agenda was seen as


title: Scarlat Vârnav

texts: untimely by other intellectuals, including Alexandru G. Golescu, who refused to participate. Now openly drawn to radical politics, Vârnav became an active participant in the February Revolution. He rallied with the majority of Romanian students who saluted the French Provisional Government, outvoting the more cautious young boyars, including Vasile Alecsandri and Costache Negri. According to a letter sent home by Mihail Kogălniceanu's brother Alecu, Vârnav was regarded as "insane" by the more conservative exiles, who feared that he had no grasp of the revolution's weakness. He went on to serve briefly in the National Guard and set up a first-aid station inside his library. As reported by N. Ionescu, the events also saw the creation of a single Romanian tricolor, combining the Wallachian blue-yellow and the Moldavian blue-red.Constantin, meanwhile, played a part in the abortive Moldavian liberal revolution, helping to draft its only manifesto. <mask> fed this effort by sending his friends at home issues of the French radical newspapers, especially La Démocratie Pacifique. This activity created the impression that Vârnav himself was editing the newspaper; as noted by Zahariuc, it remains plausible that Vârnav was in fact the author of Romanian-centered news in La Démocratie Pacifique, and, as such, that he was attracted by socialism in its Fourierist form. Vârnav reportedly tried to cross the border into Moldavia that March, just days before of the revolutionary attempt; the conservative Prince Mihail Sturdza ordered the border guards to


title: Scarlat Vârnav

texts:
 prevent him from doing so. One of his companions, Teodor Râșcanu, managed to pass through, but soon after had to flee for Wallachia. Vârnav made a return to Bukovina, where other Moldavian radicals had found temporary refuge. He proposed that the library funds be used to sponsor selective clandestine returns to the country; when other Society members argued against this initiative, he promised to pay back the money using his personal assets.Some reports suggest that Vârnav eventually returned to his native country alongside Claude Thions, Consul to Moldavia of the French Second Republic. Zahariuc dismisses these as rumors, proposing that they may refer to another <mask> Vârnav. According to Ion Nistor, Vârnav received the title of Postelnic and was advanced to Sublieutenant in the Moldavian Militia; however, Iorga indicates, these were bestowed upon the other Vârnav, who had been allowed in Moldavia. Unionist agent and legal troubles
As recounted by Zahariuc, Vârnav could only have been repatriated following the enthronement of Grigore Alexandru Ghica, a more liberal Prince, in late 1849. A passing note by an adversary suggests that in summer 1850 the Romanian Library had gone out of business, and that its Cashier "has returned to his family in Moldavia." Upon his eventual arrival, Moldavian officials asked him to pay storage fees for the Marismas collection, but he was also able to recover it from Galați. He ordered its restoration, and assigned it to Bardasare and Gheorghe Asachi at Academia Mihăileană.It was the basis of the Iași Museum


title: Scarlat Vârnav

texts: in philanthropy, Vârnav acquired a negative reputation, and, in March 1856, a formal investigation by the Ispravnic of Dorohoi, for his violent persecution of the peasants, his disregard for others' property, and his attempts to chase away police agents inspecting his lands. One allegation was that he had personally tortured a Moldavian Gendarme for three days on end. Vârnav, who had obtained French citizenship, could not be tried in a regular tribunal; the French consul heard and dismissed the charges against him in December 1857. The Vârnavs sold their Dorohoi estate over the late 1850s, with <mask> liquidating all his assets there in December 1857. His land was sold to Eugeniu Alcaz.From before 1850, Vârnav had been affiliated with the National Party, which supported the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia. This prompted speculation that his turn to religion, again publicized in 1858, was a ruse for nationalists to have an agent of influence in the clergy. A passing note by Bishop Iacov Antonovici contradicts this claim, suggesting that Vârnav, whom he knew and befriended, wanted to raise the intellectual level of the church by climbing through church ranks. A hostile account by Hieromonk Andronic Popovici contrarily suggests that Vârnav turned to monasticism as a result of scandals on his estate, during which "his woman ran away". As Andronic claims, Vârnav was faced with a choice between prison and monastery, and chose the latter. This account is doubtful, with some biographers doubting that Vârnav was ever married; according to


title: Scarlat Vârnav

texts: Antonovici, he "slept in his clothes and would never allow any woman to visit him, under no pretext." M. D. Sturdza notes however that Vârnav had been the husband of Eliza Jora, making him brothers-in-law with Kogălniceanu.Vârnav was again visible in political life shortly after the Crimean War, which inaugurated a series of major changes in Moldavian society. At the time, he openly celebrated Captain G. Filipescu for his defiance of the invading Russian Army, and later sent him a stallion. By June 1856, Vârnav was one of the Roman County clergymen who adhered to the National Party's Unionist Committee, which openly advocated the Principalities' merger, and later signed petitions for union's international recognition. Before the election of July 1857, he became the head organizer of the National Party in Bacău County, during which time he became highly aware of the censorship and intimidation tactics used against his colleagues. As "Hieromonk Varnav", <mask> was a registered elector for the clergy estate in the Diocese of Huși, while Constantin was registered with the boyars' college at Dorohoi. Their campaigning failed to prevent an anti-unionist, Iorgu Mavrodin, from taking a seat in the ad-hoc Divan. Both Vârnavs signed a letter of protest condemning Moldavia's Education Minister, Alexandru Sturdza-Bârlădeanu, for using his position to canvass anti-unionist votes.The results were cancelled due to widespread electoral fraud by the anti-unionists; during the repeat election of September, <mask> himself was documenting instances of


title: Scarlat Vârnav

texts: authoritarian abuse, describing how peasant voters in Broscăuți were being threatened with physical harm by a servant of the Mavrodin boyars. For these elections, Vârnav endorsed an old friend, Vasile Mălinescu, who became a county delegate to the Divan. The younger Vârnav brother remained active with the National Party; he published the short-lived gazette Timpul ("Times"), and eventually ran in the elections of 1858, representing Dorohoi in the Divan. His campaign was organized by <mask>, who lectured the peasant voters of Hilișeu in church and re-baptized the village rallying point as "Union Square". The Divan's subsequent election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza as Domnitor of the United Principalities was saluted as a major fulfillment in <mask>'s letters to Constantin Hurmuzachi. Described as an "independent unionist", he agitated in the streets, mocking his 1848 adversary Prince Sturdza, who had stood as a Moldavian-and-separatist candidate for the throne. As recounted by literary historian N. Petrașcu, it was who first Vârnav quipped that Strudza's royal cypher, M.S.V., stood for Mai Stăi Voinice ("Whoa There Fella")—and thus launched an urban legend.However, writer V. A. Urechia also claimed paternity of that particular joke. Vârnav is known to have introduced several slogans for the unionist cause, which appeared on painted banners; his favorite was: Viața, averea, onorul, / Patriei prosternă Românul! ("The Romanian to his Motherland / Pledges his life, his fortune, his honor!"). This was also featured on his 1859 testament, by which he


title: Scarlat Vârnav

texts:
 to protect them", actually "facilitated things for the rioters"; the investigation of the riot "was opened, but carried no effect." On February 25, Brătianu spoke in the Assembly to announce that "solely Jews" had participated in the riot. As noted by the AIU, Vârnav's death was likely caused by "some rather particular disease." The Starets was buried at Bârlad's Sfinții Voievozi Cemetery later that month, but his belongings, including itemized lists of donations for the Transilvania Cultural Society, were still in police custody by February. Constantin, who served several terms in the Assembly and Senate, survived his brother by nine years, dying shortly after Romanian independence was achieved.His own son, <mask> C. Vârnav, was by then becoming distinguished as a civil and military engineer. After managing the School of Bridges, Roads and Mines, he also pursued a career in politics with the Junimea constitutionalists in the 1890s. The Hieromonks painting collection was only gradually restored by Gheorghe Șiller, who worked under Bardasare's supervision. In the interwar period, Iorga took over and revived Vârnav's student library, which became the nucleus of a Romanian School in Fontenay-aux-Roses. The Vârnav line had been extinguished shortly after Romania entered World War I: in September 1916, Constantin's grandson Petre S. Vârnav was decapitated by shrapnel during the bombing of Zimnicea. By then, Iorga claims, both Scarlats had been unduly forgotten. Notes

References

19th-century births
1868 deaths
Members of the Chamber of


title: Algur H. Meadows

texts: <mask> (April 24, 1899 – June 10, 1978) was an American oil tycoon, art collector, and benefactor of Southern Methodist University and other institutions. <mask> was born on April 20, 1899, in Vidalia, Georgia, the third of seven children of John Morgan and Sally Marie Elora (Dailey) <mask>. After receiving his diploma from Vidalia Collegiate Institute in 1915, he studied at Georgia and Alabama Business College and Mercer University, both in Macon, Georgia. <mask> subsequently left Mercer to travel around the South with a friend, during which journey he held a variety of jobs. He first manifested his business acumen in his accounting work for Standard Oil Company in Shreveport, Louisiana, from 1921 to 1929. During this period he earned a law degree from Centenary College and was admitted to the Louisiana state bar, in 1926. On December 11, 1922, he married Virginia Stuart Garrison, with whom he had one son.In the fall of 1928 <mask> and friends <mask>. Peters, his son Eric Woods, and Ralph G. Trippett founded a loan company, the General Finance Company, which later became the General American Finance System in 1930. In the summer of 1936 <mask>, Peters and Trippett united with J. W. Gilliland, a petroleum expert, to form the General American Oil Company. The headquarters were then moved from Shreveport to Dallas in 1937. The new company experienced a phenomenal expansion in operations, due to an ingenious method of acquiring oil-producing properties that <mask> developed. The scheme, which <mask> dubbed the "ABC plan," involved three parties in the purchase transaction to minimize tax liability and the use of interest-bearing oil payments to meet a large percentage of the purchase price. <mask> became the president and major stockholder of the General American Oil Company in 1941 and was elected chairman of the board in 1950. By 1959 his company had acquired 2,990 oil wells in fifteen states and Canada and was drilling for oil in Spain.In 1983, <mask>, Trippett, and Peters' son, Eric Woods, sold General American Oil Company to Phillips Petroleum. On business trips to Madrid in the

masks:
Algur Hurtle Meadows
Life Meadows
Meadows
Meadows
Meadows
Henry W
Meadows
Meadows
Meadows
Meadows
Meadows


title: Algur H. Meadows

texts: 1950s, <mask> insisted on staying at the Ritz Carlton. A hotel located right next door to the Museo Nacional del Prado Prado, where <mask> frequented which inspired an interest in Spanish old masters. He began acquiring paintings attributed to artists such as El Greco and Goya. Following the death of his wife in 1961, he donated his collection and a million-dollar endowment to Southern Methodist University in order to establish a museum of Spanish art in her memory. He subsequently donated a collection of contemporary Italian sculpture to SMU in order to found an outdoor sculpture garden in honor of his second wife, Elizabeth Boggs Bartholow, whom he married in 1962. In recognition of <mask>'s multiple gifts, exceeding $34 million, the SMU trustees named the university's school of arts in his honor in 1969, Meadows School of the Arts.In 1964 <mask>, with the encouragement of his second wife, began collecting paintings by French Impressionists and post-Impressionists. Three years later, in a widely publicized discovery, he learned that thirty-eight of the fifty-eight works in his private collection were forgeries and that many of the earlier works in SMU's Meadows Museum collection were falsely attributed. With characteristic generosity, <mask> immediately gave the museum a million dollars to replace the questionable works and began rebuilding his private collection, much of which was donated to the Dallas Museum of Art after his death. In 1965, <mask> purchased 360 pieces of original artwork from the family of the recently deceased French artist, Jean Despujols. Despujols immigrated to the United States during World War II and lived in Shreveport, Louisiana until his death. <mask> paid the Despujols family $250,000 for the paintings and promptly donated them to Centenary College. He also gifted $200,000 to the college to remodel the former administration building into an art gallery and later gave an additional $150,000 to be used for museum maintenance.The Meadows Museum of Art opened on Centenary's campus in 1975. <mask> generously benefitted programs throughout Texas in health,

masks: Meadows Meadows Meadows Meadows Meadows Meadows Meadows Meadows


title: Algur H. Meadows

texts:
 education, visual arts, and social services, under the auspices of the Meadows Foundation, which he and his first wife established in 1948. He was on the board of directors of Republic National Bank of Dallas, a trustee of SMU, and on the board of directors at St. Mark's School, Presbyterian Hospital, Children's Medical Center, Hope Cottage, and the Wadley Research Center. <mask> was a Presbyterian, a Mason, and a member of numerous professional, civic, and social organizations, including the American Petroleum Institute, Independent Petroleum Association, Dallas Petroleum Club, Dallas Art Association, Dallas Citizens Council, and Sigma Nu fraternity. He received an honorary doctor of humane letters degree from SMU in 1965 and an honorary doctor of laws degree from Centenary College in 1969. He died in a Dallas hospital on June 10, 1978, after an automobile accident in Duncanville, Texas the night before, and was entombed at Hillcrest Mausoleum. His legacy of generosity to the public lives on in the Meadows Museum of Art at Centenary College, the Meadows Museum at SMU, now considered to be the finest collection of Spanish art outside of Spain, and through the beneficence of the Meadows Foundation, which by the end of 2013 had donated more than $1 billion to charitable organizations in Texas.See Also
 The Meadows Building earn an award of Midcentury Modern Design, in The Preservation Dallas 2021 Achievement Awards

References

Current Biography Yearbook, 1960. William A. McWhirter, "How Art Swindlers Duped a Virtuous Millionaire," Life, July 7, 1967. Mark Singer, "The ABC's of Oil," Texas Monthly, January 1986. Vertical Files, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin. General American Oil Company

American businesspeople in the oil industry
Philanthropists from Texas
1899 births
1978 deaths
People from Vidalia, Georgia
20th-century American philanthropists
20th-century American businesspeople
Businesspeople from Texas
Philanthropists from Georgia (U.S. state)
Businesspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
American art collectors
Road incident deaths in


title: Rowena Granice Steele

texts:
<mask> (née Graniss; after first marriage, Claughley; after second marriage, <mask>; June 20, 1824 – February 7, 1901) was an American performer (actress, singer, elocutionist), author of poetry and novels, as well as a newspaper journalist, editor, and publisher. The first novel written by a woman in California was <mask>'s, The Victims of Fate, a work of fiction loosely based on David C. Broderick, the preface stating: "Some of the incidents of this little story, (although mingled with fiction,) are real facts. I had the honor of being acquainted with the hero, from my earliest childhood. First as a lad of little promise, although to use a quaint expression, King-Bee among his boy companions. After, as a young, terprising aspirant for political fame. Last, as the finished gentleman and a nation's pride." <mask> was well known for the entertainments which she provided during the early days of the California Gold Rush, where, with her son, George, she acted out scenes from Shakespeare and bits of comedy.<mask> died in 1901. Early life
<mask> Granniss was born in Goshen, New York, June 20, 1824. Her parents were Harry and Julie Granniss. Her siblings were: Rodney Grannis (1813–1813), Mary Emily Grannis (1814–1878), John V Granniss (1815–1898), Mary Grannis (1816–1870), Harriet E Grannis (1819–1901), Joel M Grannis (1820–1856), Horace Rosive Grannis (1821–1889), John Chandler Grannis (1824–1881), Reliance Roxanna Grannis (1827–1829), Frances A. Granniss (1827–1902), Henry Martyn Grannis (1830–1874), Charles Norbert Grannis (1848–1868), and Luella Grannis (1850–1918). At an early age, she showed talent for composition, but, being of an extremely sensitive nature, her efforts were burned as soon as written. Career

Performer and theater

masks:
Rowena Granice Steele
Steele
Steele
Steele
Steele
Rowena


title: Rowena Granice Steele

texts:
 manager
In 1846, she married Thomas Neptune Claughley (1818–1860). While he abandoned the family in 1853 to pursue the California Gold Rush, she performed in Barnum's American Museum in New York City.In 1856, she and the couple's two sons, Henry and George, removed to California in search of Thomas. After finding him and discovering him to be a "bum", she gave up his surname. In April of that year, she
was a performer of Shakesperian readings, songs, dances, and Yankee stories at San Francisco's Metropolitan Theater using the stage name "Miss <mask> <mask>". In September, with Dan Virgil Gates, she was performing a similar program in Petaluma, California. The following month, the Trinity Times gave her performance in Trinity County, California, a poor review: "A certain Rowena <mask> sang hideously. She has no voice, or rather the voice of a diseased crow. Rowena cannot dance, unless bears dance."In 1857, <mask> became the lessee and manager of the Sacramento Theater. In the year and the following, she performed in various Northern California venues including the National Theater of Sacramento in Oroville, the Southern Mines (gold mines below the Mokelumne River), and Folsom, as well as in the Sandwich Islands. Though she and Mr. Claughley were not divorced, she married John P. ("Yankee") Addams (d. 1885) on 5 March 1858, in Sacramento. Though he was a one-time leader of a large Mormon colony, when she met him, Addams was an actor, manager, dramatist, comedian, and ultimately "a hopeless rover". <mask> and Addams formed a traveling theater company, along with Myers and Gale. In May 1859, <mask> opened a saloon, "The Gaieties, Temple of Mirth and Song" on Commercial Street in San Francisco where she performed burlesque. Lotta Crabtree,

masks: Rowena Granice Granice Granice Granice Steele


title: Rowena Granice Steele

texts:
 Granice's protege and Louise Paullin were members of <mask>'s company at The Gaieties.In August, Mr. Claughley closed and nailed up the theater. The next morning, <mask> re-opened it. Claughley closed it a second time, and <mask> opened it a second time. Each complained of the other and they were both arrested. The business closed for a while that year, during which time she performed at a Sacramento, California theater. In November of that year, while she was the proprietor of the Union Theater in San Francisco, she was arraigned in the San Francisco Police Court for assault and battery on a theater goer, but when the complaint was called, Grance was discharged on the consent of the complainant. The Gaieties had reopened by January 1860, when there was news of an altercation which involved Mr. Claughley and others.In 1866, she was traveling in San Joaquin County, giving readings and comic songs; and in July 1868, she was in Tuolumne City with her son, George, performing scenes from Macbeth and Othello as well as skits she had penned, including Judy Murflinnigan's trip from Ould Ireland and The Maniac. In 1871, while residing in Snelling, she was the head of a local amateur dramatic association. Author and publisher
Through the force of circumstances, she was compelled to offer her stories and sketches to the newspapers and magazines, and in less than two years, the name of <mask> <mask> had become a household word in every town in the new State of California. The newspapers praised the simple home stories of the new California writer. The taste for sensational stories among the early miners, in harmony with their own feverish life, was indicated by the favor accorded to the contributions of <mask>, then writing as <mask> <mask>, to The

masks: Granice Granice Granice Rowena Granice Steele Rowena Granice


title: Rowena Granice Steele

texts: Golden Era, so much so as to prompt the reissue of several stories. The first novel written by a woman in California, so far as known, was <mask>'s, The Victims of Fate. Appearing in 1857, it was published by Sterrett & Co. One thousand copies were sold in San Francisco and five thousand throughout the State.She published The Family Gem in 1858, a collection of her short stories. On June 13, 1861, at Salmon Falls, California, she married Robert Johnson <mask>. In April 1862, while living in Auburn, California, she published a novelette, The Suicide's Curse. In July, <mask> and her new husband started the Pioneer newspaper in Snelling, California. They soon removed to Merced, California, where the paper was enlarged. The San Joaquin Valley Argus was published every Saturday morning in Merced. The San Joaquin Valley Argus described itself as "the only Independent, Reform paper in Merced county, advocating Temperance and general Reform, socially, morally and politically.This paper was the first newspaper ever published in Merced county, being started at Snelling, the county seat, July 3d, 1862, with Mr. R. J<mask> as proprietor and editor, and Mrs. R. G<mask> as assistant editor. It is bold and fearless in advocating right and truth. It is permanently established, has a large circulation in three counties, is well known, and consequently one of the best advertising mediums in the San Joaquin Valley." This also included the Republican Weekly of which Mr. and Mrs. <mask> were its editors, while Mrs. <mask> was the publisher and proprietor. In 1874, she authored Dell Dart, or, Within the meshes. She continued to act as associate editor of the couple's newspaper until 1877, when the failing health of her husband compelled her to take entire

masks:
Steele
Steele
Granice
. Steele
. Steele
Steele
Steele


title: Rowena Granice Steele

texts:
 charge, and for seven years, she was editor and proprietor. In 1884, assisted by her son, she started a daily, in connection with the weekly.In 1889, her husband died. After conducting successfully the newspaper business in the same county for twenty-eight years, she sold out. In 1892, she was editor and proprietor of the Budget, in Lodi, California. <mask> was an active writer and worker for the temperance cause. She was also an advocate of woman suffrage, both as a speaker and writer. Personal life
<mask> had three sons, Henry Hale <mask> (unknown–1915), George Law <mask> (1853–1877), and Lee Richmond <mask> (1862–1925). Henry and Lee both became journalists.In 1874,
She died February 7, 1901, in Merced, after an illness of several weeks from a general breaking down of the system;. She had been failing for several years and rapidly the last few months. She was buried at the Merced Cemetery. Selected works
 1857, Victims of Fate
 1858, The Family Gem
 1861, Camorie, or the Kanaka Girl's Revenge (novelette)
 1862, Leonnie St. James, or the Suicide's Curse"
 1862, The Suicide's Curse (novelette)
 1874, Dell Dart, or, Within the meshes 1893, Weak or wicked? : a romance''

References

Attribution

Sources

External links

1841 births
1901 deaths
19th-century American actresses
19th-century American singers
19th-century American women singers
19th-century American poets
19th-century American novelists
19th-century American newspaper editors
19th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
19th-century American women writers
American stage actresses
People from Goshen, New York
Writers from New York (state)
Writers from California
American women non-fiction writers
Women newspaper editors
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from A

masks: Steele Steele Granice Granice Steele


title: Ivone Kirkpatrick

texts:
Sir <mask>,  (3 February 1897  – 25 May 1964) was a British diplomat who served as the British High Commissioner in Germany after World War II, and as the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, the highest-ranking civil servant in the Foreign Office. Early life and family

<mask> was born on 3 February 1897 in Wellington, India, the elder son of Colonel <mask> (1860–1936) of the South Staffordshire Regiment, and his wife, Mary Hardinge (d. 1931), daughter of General Sir Arthur Edward Hardinge, later Commander-in-Chief, Bombay Army, and Governor of Gibraltar. His father was a descendant of a Scottish family that settled in Ireland during the eighteenth century. His mother was former Maid of Honour to Queen Victoria, and her grandfather Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge, served in the cabinets of Wellington and Peel, and was later governor-general of India in 1844–1848. Her first cousin Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst was Permanent Under-Secretary of the Foreign Office in 1906–1910 and 1916–1920, and Viceroy of India in 1910–1916. Being a Roman Catholic, <mask> was sent to Downside School to be educated between 1907 and 1914. <mask> volunteered for active service on the outbreak of the First World War and was commissioned in November 1914 in the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers.Severely wounded in action against the Turks in August 1915, he was accepted by Balliol College, Oxford, in October, but chose to resume his war service early in 1916 when he was employed in propaganda and intelligence activities for the GHQ intelligence service Wallinger London. During the last year of the war he was stationed in Rotterdam in the Netherlands as replacement for Sigismund Payne Best. From there he worked as a spy master, running a network of Belgian resistance agents operating in

masks:
Ivone Augustine Kirkpatrick
Kirkpatrick
Ivone Kirkpatrick
Kirkpatrick
Kirkpatrick


title: Ivone Kirkpatrick

texts:
 German-occupied Belgium. Early career in the Foreign Office
He entered the diplomatic service in July 1919. He was firstly posted to Brazil for one year, returning to London in August 1920 to take up a post in the Western Department of the Foreign Office. He was promoted second secretary in December 1920 and first secretary in October 1928. On 10 January 1929 he married Violet Caulfield, daughter of Colonel Reginald James Cope Cottell, army surgeon, of 7 Phillimore Terrace, London; they had one son, <mask> Peter (1930–2013), and one daughter, Cecilia Sybil (1932–Unknown).<mask> was then posted to the British Embassy at Rome from 1930 to 1932; chargé d'affaires at the Vatican in 1932–33; and first secretary at the British Embassy at Berlin from 1933 to 1938. It was during this time that he got firsthand experience of dealing with the emerging European dictatorships. Second World War
During the Second World War <mask> was once again employed in the propaganda and information work which he had so relished twenty-five years earlier. Appointed Director of the Foreign Division of the Ministry of Information in April 1940, he became Controller of the European services of the BBC in October 1941. During this time, he made a major contribution which included the task of interviewing Hitler's deputy, Rudolf Hess, following Hess's flight to Scotland in May 1941. His report on Hess was shown only to the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden, Lord Privy Seal Clement Attlee and Minister of Aircraft Production Lord Beaverbrook. In September 1944 <mask> was appointed to organize the British element of the Allied Control Commission for Germany, and following the end of the war he served at Supreme Allied Headquarters as British political adviser to U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower until

masks: Ivone Kirkpatrick Kirkpatrick Kirkpatrick


title: Ivone Kirkpatrick

texts:
 that organization's disbandment.After the war, he became Permanent Under-Secretary for the German Section at the Foreign Office in 1949. British High Commissioner for Germany

In June 1950, <mask> was appointed by King George VI as British High Commissioner for Germany. As one of the three joint sovereigns of western Germany, <mask> carried immense responsibility particularly with respect to the negotiation of the Bonn conventions during 1951–52, which terminated the occupation regime and (in parallel) prepared the way for the rearmament of West Germany. In November 1953, <mask> was brought back to London to succeed Sir William Strang as Permanent Under-Secretary. Permanent Under-Secretary
Sir <mask> <mask> succeeded Sir William Strang as Permanent Under-Secretary (PUS) in 1953. In his memoirs, <mask> later recalled his thoughts on taking up his new position:

<mask> was related to a former PUS, his mother being first cousin to Charles Hardinge. He joined the Office in February 1919 after spending the previous three years in wartime intelligence and propaganda work, an activity to which he returned when in 1941 he became foreign adviser to the BBC.Serving as head of Chancery in Berlin during 1933–1938, he made clear his detestation of the Nazis. His views seem not, however, to have made any great impression on the British Ambassador, Sir Neville Henderson. After 1945 he was again very much involved with German affairs, serving for a year in the Office's Germany Section and then, during 1950–1953, as High Commissioner in Bonn. <mask> had a reputation as a combative, even aggressive, Irishman, who had little time for discussion. He was not, according to some of his former colleagues, the easiest of men to work with, and in Lord Gladwyn's opinion he would have made 'an excellent general'. Suez

masks: Kirkpatrick Kirkpatrick Kirkpatrick Ivone Kirkpatrick Kirkpatrick Kirkpatrick Kirkpatrick


title: Ivone Kirkpatrick

texts:
 Crisis
<mask>'s difficult period as PUS culminated in the Suez Crisis of 1956, an event that was little referred to in his memoirs, The Inner Circle (London, 1959). Convinced that the nation's survival was dependent upon the exercise of great power responsibilities, he encouraged the Prime Minister, Anthony Eden, in his dangerous fixation with Nasser as a Middle Eastern Hitler.The experience of the 1930s had led both men to oppose any 'appeasement' of Nasser. <mask>'s closeness to Eden was reinforced by the Prime Minister's dissatisfaction with what he perceived as a pro-Arab stance held by his Foreign Office subordinates during the last Churchill administration. As a result, Eden increasingly used <mask> as an intermediary between himself and other senior officials in the Office. This close relationship took an ominous turn when the PUS found himself obliged to exclude the Foreign Office from the decision-making process during the final crisis. For <mask>, the Suez debacle was a test of Britain's great power status, leading him later to reflect that:

No country [in the Western world] can any longer pursue an independent foreign policy. The liberty of action of each is in varying degrees restricted by the need to obtain the concurrence of one or more members of the alliance. As Permanent Under-Secretary during the Suez Crisis <mask> was in favour of a strong line against Colonel Nasser.In a letter to the British Ambassador on 10 September 1956, <mask> said:

If we sit back while Nasser consolidates his position and gradually acquires control of the oil-bearing countries, he can and is, according to our information, resolved to wreck us. If Middle Eastern oil is denied to us for a year or two, our gold reserves will disappear. If our gold reserves disappear, the sterling area disintegrates. If the

masks: Kirkpatrick Kirkpatrick Kirkpatrick Kirkpatrick Kirkpatrick Kirkpatrick


title: Ivone Kirkpatrick

texts:
 sterling area disintegrates and we have no reserves, we shall not be able to maintain a force in Germany, or indeed, anywhere else. I doubt whether we shall be able to pay for the bare minimum necessary for our defence. And a country that cannot provide for its defence is finished. Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh said of <mask>: "He was so sharp that he cut".However, Suez sullied <mask>'s reputation as PUS, though he may have been guilty of no more than fulfilling a civil servant's duty of loyalty to his political chiefs..

Retirement and death

After retiring from the Foreign Office in February 1957 <mask> served for five years as chairman of the Independent Television Authority. In addition to his memoirs he wrote Mussolini: Study of a Demagogue (published posthumously in 1964). He was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1939, Knight Commander (KCMG) in 1948, Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in 1951, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) in 1953, and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) in 1956. He died at his home, Donacomper, Celbridge, co. Kildare, Ireland, on 25 May 1964. He was survived by his wife and two children. Notes

Publications
The Inner Circle: The Memoirs of <mask> <mask> (London: Macmillan, 1959). Mussolini: Study of a Demagogue (London: Odhams, 1964).External links

1897 births
1964 deaths
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the Holy See
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers officers
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Members of HM Diplomatic Service
People from Celbridge
Permanent Under-Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs
Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)
Spymasters
Foreign Office

masks: Kirkpatrick Kirkpatrick Kirkpatrick Ivone Kirkpatrick


title: C. H. Gonda

texts:
<mask> (22 June 1889 – 1 April 1969), professionally known as C. H<mask>, was a Hungarian architect famous for his ultra-modern style of building. He was active in Shanghai throughout the 1920s–1940s and began working on his first project, the Messrs, Lane, Crawford & Co's New Frontage building, in 1922 after leaving his previous firm Probst, Hanbury & Co.. Among his largest extant works are the Capitol Theatre (光陆大戏院), Sun Sun Department Store (新新公司), Cathay Theatre (国泰电影院), the Bank of East Asia (东亚银行) and the Bank of Communications (交通银行). Biography

Early life

C. H<mask> was born in Gyöngyös , Austro-Hungary as Károly Goldstein, the younger son in a family of the Jewish merchant <mask> and the housewife Róza Balkányi. In 1902, the Goldsteins changed their surname to <mask> to make it sound more Hungarian. Following the death of <mask>, the family moved to Vienna, where Károly finished his secondary education and his older brother Aurel started working as a doctor. In 1908, <mask> enrolled at the Technical College of Vienna's School of Architecture but dropped out during the summer semester of 1914.He made his way to Paris, where he likely received a diploma from the Ecole des Beaux-Arts and later apprenticed in London for about a year. When the First World War broke out, both Károly and Aurel were drafted. Károly served in the 309th regiment of the national guard infantry, for which in 1917 he was awarded a silver medal for valor, second class. He was captured by the Russians and assigned to a prisoner's war camp near Nikolsk-Ussuriysk. While in captivity, he met Evdokia,

masks:
Charles Henry Gonda
. Gonda
. Gonda
Henrik Goldstein
Gonda
Henrik
Károly Gonda


title: C. H. Gonda

texts:
 the daughter of the well-known architect N.V. Dmitriev, who had moved from Moscow to Vladivostok to escape the tumult of the Russian revolution. As <mask> spoke Hungarian, German, English, French, and Russian, Evdokia hired him as the language teacher for her two sons from the previous marriage, George and Vladimir. Károly and Evdokia married in January 1919, and Gonda adopted Evdokia's sons.Life in Shanghai

As Russia was getting entrenched in the civil war, the couple left the country and went to China, arriving in Shanghai on September 15, 1920; the children followed soon after. <mask> found employment at the Property and Estate Department of the British firm Probst, Hanbury & Co., and the family settled on Dixwell Road (now Liyang Lu 溧阳路). Having soon attained a promotion, <mask> relocated to the more central Ferry Road (now Xikang Lu 西康路), where they lived in an affluent colonial-style villa, with a private tennis court, driving a large green Packard and employing several servants. As he rose to be a renowned architect, <mask> revolved with the foreign elites, including Shanghai's top oligarch Victor Sassoon. The family also socialized with the Hungarians, Austrians, and Russians, many of whom were former prisoners of war. C. H<mask> had an architectural career that spanned 25 years. By some accounts, he designed more than forty buildings in Shanghai alone.He was an avid proponent of modernist style, having published a eulogy for it entitled "Modern and Ancient Forms in Local Architecture," writing under the pseudonym Adnog (his surname reversed), in which he expressed

masks:
Gonda
Gonda
Gonda
Gonda
. Gonda


title: C. H. Gonda

texts:
 his animosity towards historicism: “As an engineer would refuse to design an airship in Gothic or Renaissance style, an architect should refuse to design a bank building or an apartment house in Renaissance of Gothic. […] The pulse of our time has to be heard, and from the chaos of indescribable horrors of bad taste slowly but surely the new style is awakening.”

<mask> was among the first practitioners of the modernist, or art deco, style in Shanghai: “A new architecture has been born out of our mechanical age, and rightly or wrongly termed ‘modernistic,’ is the logical outcome of the tremendous social changes in our lives, in our methods of construction and in our needs and tastes.”. Consistent with his commitment to technological progress, <mask> considered cinema the most important of contemporary entertainments and embraced its influence on modern architecture. Among the two dozen of his buildings in China that have been identified to this day, more than half are movie theaters. <mask> was also a proficient oil painter; his paintings were frequently exhibited at Shanghai art shows, and he sat on the selection committees. <mask> was an active member of the Shanghai Jewish community and participated in its fund-raising campaigns, as well as in Russian charity events. In 1938, the architect's brother, Dr. Aurel <mask>, and his family escaped the fascist Vienna and joined C. H. <mask> in Shanghai.After the Communist victory in China in 1949, the brothers and their families left for the US and settled in Lakewood, New Jersey. Having retired from architecture, C. H<mask>

masks:
Gonda
Gonda
Gonda
Gonda
Gonda
Gonda
. Gonda


title: C. H. Gonda

texts:
 focused on landscape painting. He died in 1969, one year after his wife. Architectural career

The 1920s
In the early months of 1922, the architectural studio of C. H. <mask> (Chinese name 鸿达) opened at 4 Ezra Road (now Xinkang Lu 新康路). Initially, it only employed one Russian assistant architect, N. N. Emanoff, and one Chinese agent, L. C. Mow, but as the practice grew, it employed other architects, engineers, interior designers, and draftsmen, mostly from among the Eastern European and the Russian communities, as well as local Chinese specialists. A business listing of C. H. <mask>'s firm in July 1926 lists 11 persons on the staff, including a representative in Tianjin. Specializing primarily in commercial buildings, Gonda's studio won numerous design competitions and received major commissions in Shanghai, Hangzhou, Yantai, Tianjin, and Beijing.His first known project was the rebuilding and the modernization of the Lane, Crawford & Co. store on Shanghai's main shopping promenade, Nanking Road, which was built without interrupting the store's operation and finished in December 1922. The show windows, believed to be the largest in the Far East, spanned 48 feet and installation of extra large glass required some ingenuous engineering and the use of sturdy concrete pillars sunk into the soil. In summer 1923, <mask> designed and supervised the construction of the China and the South Sea Bank (中南银行). He commuted to Amoy (now Xiamen) several times and in 1923 was elected honorary architect to the Amoy University. <mask>'s next project was the design of the Sun Sun Department Store

masks: Gonda Gonda Gonda Gonda


title: C. H. Gonda

texts:
 (新新百货公司) for the local businessmen S. K. Lau, situated on Nanking Road. The construction began in early 1924, and the building, which cost 4,000,000 taels, was inaugurated in January 1926. The seven-story department store, hotel and amusement centre was topped with a tower, bringing the total height to 55 meters (180 feet).The press called Sun Sun Co. “spacious, commodious and different department store […] constructed on the most modern lines, [with] plenty of windows and good indirect lighting, comfortable lifts and adequate display counters.”

In April 1925, the construction work started on the six-story Bank of East Asia (东亚银行), on the corner of Jiujiang and Middle Sichuan Roads. When the building was inaugurated in February 1926, it was called <mask>'s “triumph in a style of architecture new to Shanghai.” The building boasted innovative structural decisions, such as the banking hall without a single column. This project emphatically put forward the modernist aesthetic, still novel at that time, which would become <mask>'s signature. In 1927, <mask>'s other project rose in the downtown – the Shahmoon Building, at 21 Museum Road (today's Huqiu Lu 虎丘路), the property of S. E. Shahmoon & Co. Its architectural design was praised for its originality, simplicity and restrained ornamentation. The curved facade featured three horizontal divisions topped by a classic stepped-back art deco pinnacle – a recurring element in <mask>'s buildings. The Shahmoon Building housed the Capitol Theatre at the bottom and offices of major film studios on the five floors above. The 1000-seat


title: C. H. Gonda

texts: Capitol Theatre was Shanghai's first air-conditioned movie house, and the first to feature a pillar-less design, for unobstructed sight lines.The foyer was richly decorated with frescoes – the work of the Russian artist Victor Podgoursky – and twenty allegorical sculptures representing various arts, created by the Hungarian George Koppany. Concealed lighting fixtures and ornamental copper grills lent the space its theatrical and elevated atmosphere. In February 1928, C. H<mask> relocated his practice to the Shahmoon Building and announced a partnership with the German architect Emil Busch, under the name Gonda & Busch (Chinese name 鸿宝). The new studio produced the design of the Grand Theatre (大光明电影院), on Bubbling Well Road opposite the Racecourse, which opened in December 1928. The movie house, constructed in the old Carlton Ballroom building, was called “the most luxurious in the Far East.” Besides a 1200-seat auditorium, it had two tearooms decorated in jazz patterns. Gonda & Busch were said to have “achieved a noteworthy effect in combining the beautiful old circular staircases, spacious lounges, and rotunda with the most advanced ideas in theatrical design.” The walls and staircases were treated with filigree flat-oil stain in old gold – the first use of this technique in China – executed by the studio of the Russian artist Jacob Lehonos. Melchers Godown was among other projects of Gonda & Busch, which was the construction of the 50,000 square-foot 5-story warehouse, owned by the German A. Widmann, which opened in May 1929 on East Broadway (now Dongdaming Lu 东大名路).At the


title: C. H. Gonda

texts:
 end of the year, the Gonda & Busch partnership dissolved. In December 1929, C. H<mask> publicized his design of the 16-story Grand Hotel, to stand next to the Grand Theatre facing the Racecourse. The 560-room hotel was appointed to the top floors, while the lower floors provided ten lounges, ballrooms, and concert rooms. Later announcements anticipated the start of the construction for autumn 1930 and increased the projected height of the building to 21 floors. The construction, intended for the Grand Realty Co., was estimated at 900,000 taels, later reevaluated to 2,500,000 taels. Another project for the Grand Realty was publicized simultaneously, estimated to cost 200,000 taels. This was a four-story office building at the corner of Burkill and Park Roads, designated to host legal and medical professionals.Neither of these projects was realized. Another unrealized 1929 project was a 7-story apartment house on the corner of Rue Lafayette and Route Pichon, in the French Concession. The building was to contain 28 apartments, garages, and a roof garden; the cost of the construction was estimated at 200,000 taels. The 1930s
The next decade saw the realization of multiple designs by C. H<mask>. In August 1930, he took charge of the reconstruction of the Whiteaway, Laidlaw & Co. department store on Nanking Road. The work intended to increase the amount of natural light and ventilation by adding steel casement windows and to visually update the façade by removing excess ornamentation. When the building was still in scaffolding, in November 1930, a fire gutted the two top floors and

masks:
. Gonda
. Gonda


title: C. H. Gonda

texts: erased much of the recently finished interiors.In September 1930, the Shanghai Jewish School opened on Seymour Road (now Shaanxi Bei Lu 陕西北路), next to the Ohel Rachel Synagogue. The utilitarian two-story building with a capacity for 250 students was constructed at a low cost of 200,000 taels, financed largely by the donation of the deceased entrepreneur S. Perry. The building contained an auditorium and a school canteen and was modeled after the recently built schools in Holland and the USA. Its construction, devoid of “superfluous and meaningless ornaments,” prioritized the access of maximum daylight and air into the classrooms. Luna Park, the open-air amusement centre in the port district of Yangtszepoo, constructed after C. H<mask>'s designs, opened in July 1931, in time for the first citywide beauty pageant Miss Shanghai. The architect called Luna Park an “outstanding piece of outdoor construction and architectural work in Shanghai today.” That year <mask> also designed the interior of the Russian-owned restaurant Valencia, in the Hall & Holtz building on Sichuan Road. Commissioned by the China Theatres Ltd., the Cathay Theatre (国泰电影院), on Avenue Joffre, opened on the first day of 1932, to become yet another triumph for its architect.A reinforced concrete corner structure clad in red brick was called “extra-super-modernistic,” while the “sumptuous interior” struck a viewer “dumb with excitement,” although some journalists called it “bizarrely decorated.” The interior walls were painted bronze, orange, and gold, with opaque glass lampshades providing illumination. For the

masks:
. Gonda
Gonda


title: C. H. Gonda

texts: 1,080-seat auditorium, <mask> designed a special chair, with added attention to “slope, height, comfort and appearance.” Cathay Theatre introduced a number of innovations, such as the rooftop projector, to screen films al fresco. In November 1932, after two years of construction, the 2000-seat Ritz Theatre (融光大戏院) opened in Hongkou district, becoming the largest movie house in Shanghai. The façade with “severe constructional lines” was “naturally devoid of any superfluous ornamentation,” reserving ample space for billboards. The reinforced concrete single-story building had a large elliptical foyer with a domed ceiling on the ground floor, while the 2,000-seat auditorium was situated underground. In 1934, <mask> publicized the plans for the Cosmopolitan Theatre on the border of the French Concession and the Chinese City. The six-story building was free not only from all the ornament but also “from the faults of false modernism such as is often seen.” The movie house on the ground floor accommodated 1,100 seats, and there were two floors of offices and three floors of apartments above it.The entrance was sheltered by a canopy, used for lighting and for advertising; three illuminated columns above it supported allegorical figures carrying globes of floodlight. The wide proscenium arch extended over the entire front of the auditorium; the stage could be used for theatrical performances as well as for movie screenings. <mask>'s expertise in the construction of movie theatres and hotels ensured him commissions in other cities in China. Late in 1934, <mask> designed the 800-seat


title: C. H. Gonda

texts: Capitol Theatre in Beijing (then called Peiping) and the 900-seat Victoria Theatre in Tianjin's British Concession. The latter building was sited on a corner lot and combined a vertical stepped structure in the centre with horizontally banded wings. The canopy over the entrance functioned as a lighting feature, and the interior was lit with concealed lamps. The Capitol Theatre in Chefoo was also credited to C. H<mask>.Early in 1936, the Grand Hotel (大华饭店) opened in Hangzhou, built for the local magnate W. S. Tung on a site of a private villa on Wuping Road. The four-story building, overlooking the famous West Lake, contained 30 bedrooms, each with a bathroom and a deep-set concrete balcony. Back in Shanghai, <mask> helped his cousin, the entertainer Joe Farren, design a nightclub at the western end of the International Settlement, which opened in December 1937. The conversion of the garden residence into a ballroom and amusement centre involved “structural alterations of a very complicated nature.” <mask> incorporated his usual indirect lighting scheme, minimalist lines, spring dance floor, and built-in air conditioning. In 1938, <mask> supervised the conversion of an indoor shopping arcade in the Bubbling Well Apartments into the 500-seat Uptown Theatre (平安电影院), owned by the Asia Theatres Inc. In June 1939, the 800-seat Doumer Theatre (杜美大戏院) opened on Route Doumer, converted from the old St. George's cabaret; the owners were Karl Gumpert and <mask>. The minimalist interior design was done in contrasting colors and had concealed lightning fixtures.In December that year, the

masks:
. Gonda
Gonda
Gonda
Gonda
Heinz Cohn


title: C. H. Gonda

texts:
 Roxy Theatre (大华大戏院) opened on Bubbling Well Road, owned by the Far Eastern Theatres, Inc., reconstructed from the Embassy Theatre, which used to be at this address. Retaining the original foundations and bearing walls, <mask> completely redesigned the building, adhering to “simplicity and grandeur instead of indulging in detailed finesse.”

The 1940s
In 1941, <mask> designed the residential compound Hardoon Villas (哈同别墅) for the China Star Land Investment Co, composed of 88 three-story buildings, at 910 Weihaiwei Road (now Weihai Lu 威海路). The same year saw the construction of the Queen's Theater (皇后大戏院) on Yu Ya Ching Road (now Xizang Zhong Lu 西藏中路), for the Queen's Theatres Inc, which opened in February 1942. The theatre cost 3,000,000 taels to build and had 1,450 seats, which were unusually wide and arranged on a double incline. The architect departed from the usual ceiling design in theaters by bringing down the ceiling to the proscenium in gradual steps, to enhance the acoustics. In 1942, the 950-seat Royal Theater (上海大戏院) was built in the French Concession, on Rue Lafayette (now Fuxing Zhong Lu 复兴中路), for the Société Française des Cinemas. The decor of the lobby was in rough-texture, multi-colored plaster, illuminated by decorative light fixtures, while the auditorium had concealed fluorescent light tubes.<mask>'s final large project in Shanghai was the Bank of Communications (交通银行) on the Bund, designed a decade earlier, but delayed because of the Japanese occupation. The building was finished in 1948, with the assistance of the Chinese firm Allied Architects. The

masks: Gonda Gonda Gonda