title: Léon Gambetta

texts:
 Napoleon III's Louvre expansion thus affirmed the final victory of republicanism over monarchism nearly a century after the French Revolution - in the same vein, the Gambetta monument visually overpowered Napoleon's comparatively diminutive Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel. Most of the monument's sculptures were in bronze and in 1941 were melted for military use by German occupying forces.What remained of the Gambetta Monument was dismantled in 1954. A stone urn containing Gambetta's heart was placed in 1920 in the monumental staircase leading to the crypt of the Panthéon in Paris. The Russian red quartzite stone that was used for the urn was part of the same shipment that was used for Napoleon's tomb at Les Invalides. Gambetta's Ministry, 14 November 1881 – 26 January 1882

<mask> – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs
Jean-Baptiste Campenon – Minister of War
Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau – Minister of the Interior
François Allain-Targé – Minister of Finance
Jules Cazot – Minister of Justice
Maurice Rouvier – Minister of the Colonies and of Commerce
Auguste Gougeard – Minister of Marine
Paul Bert – Minister of Public Instruction and Worship
Antonin Proust – Minister of the Arts
Paul Devès – Minister of Agriculture
David Raynal – Minister of Public Works
Adolphe Cochery – Minister of Posts and Telegraphs

See also

 List of works by Alexandre Falguière

References

Sources and further reading

 Bury, J. P. T.  <mask> and the Making of the Third Republic (Longman, 1973). Bury, J. P. T. "Gambetta and the Revolution of 4 September 1870." Cambridge Historical Journal 4#3 (1934):

masks:
Léon Gambetta
Gambetta


title: Léon Gambetta

type: original

texts:
 263-82. online. Everdell, William R. The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Foley, Susan, and Charles Sowerwine. 'A Political Romance: <mask>, <mask> <mask> and the Making of the French Republic, 1872-82 (Springer, 2012). Foley, Susan. "'Your letter is divine, irresistible, infernally seductive': <mask>, <mask> <mask>, and Nineteenth-Century Epistolary Culture." French Historical Studies 30.2 (2007): 237-267 online. Lehning, James R. "Gossiping about Gambetta: Contested Memories in the Early Third Republic."French Historical Studies (1993): 237-254 online. Marzials, Frank Thomas. Life of <mask> (WH Allen, 1890) online. Primary sources
 <mask>, <mask>, and Violette M. Montagu. Gambetta: Life and Letters (T. Fisher Unwin, 1910). Gambetta. Discours et plaidoyers politiques de M. <mask>, published by J. Reinach in 11 vols.(Paris, 1881–1886)
 Gambetta  Dépêches, circulaires, décrets… in 2 vols. (Paris, 1886–1891)
 F Laur Le Creur de Gambetta (1907, Eng. trans., 1908) contains the correspondence with <mask>ie Leon
 Caricatures de <mask>ambetta Caricatures et Caricature

1838 births
1882 deaths
People from Cahors
French people of Italian descent
People of Ligurian descent
Politicians from Occitania (administrative region)
French republicans
Republican Union (France) politicians
Prime Ministers of France
French Foreign Ministers
French interior ministers
Members of the 4th Corps législatif of the Second French Empire
Members of the National Assembly (1871)
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (France)
Members of the 1st Chamber of

masks:
Léon Gambetta
Léonie
Léon
Léon Gambetta
Léonie
Léon
Léon Gambetta
Gambetta
Léon
Gambetta
Léon
Léon G


title: Richard Price (poet)

texts:
<mask> (born 1966 Reading, England) is a British poet, novelist, and translator. Life
He grew up in Renfrewshire where he went to Kilmacolm Primary School, Houston Primary School, and Gryffe High School. He studied at Napier College, in journalism, and graduated the University of Strathclyde in English and Librarianship, with a joint first. He earned a PhD at University of Strathclyde. Career
He has worked with artists in sculpture, digital art, artist's books and music. His collaborators include Julie Johnstone, Simon Lewandowski, Karen Bleitz, Caroline Trettine and Ronald King. He is a lyricist and vocalist in the band Mirabeau and, later, The Loss Adjustors.His translations include the Guillaume Apollinaire poems in Eftirs / Afters (with translations of other French modernists by Donny O'Rourke, Au Quai, 1996) and the Louise Labé poems in Lute Variations (Rack Press, 2005). In the 1990s he co-edited the poetry magazines Gairfish (with W. N. Herbert), Verse (with Robert Crawford, Henry Hart, David Kinloch, and others) and Southfields (with Raymond Friel). At this time he also ran the poetry publisher Vennel Press with Leona Medlin, publishing books by W.N. Herbert, Elizabeth James, David Kinloch, Peter McCarey, Medlin and <mask> themselves, and others. He was one of the group associated with Informationist poetry, coining the phrase. He introduced Informationist ideas in 1991 in the magazine Interference and, later, in his introduction to the anthology of Informationist poetry Contraflow on the Superhighway, co-edited with Herbert (Gairfish and Southfields, 1994). He currently edits the magazine Painted, spoken.From 2003 to

masks:
Richard John Price
Price


title: Richard Price (poet)

texts: 2010 he was Head of Modern British Collections at the British Library, London, curating exhibitions that included Ted Hughes: The Page is Printed (2004)  and The Possibility of Poetry: From Migrant magazine to artists' books (2007). He has written on the history of the modern literary magazine in the United Kingdom, co-authoring with David Miller British Poetry Magazines 1914-2000: A History and Bibliography of 'Little Magazines''' (British Library, 2006). From 2010 to 2014 he was the Head of Content and Research Strategy at the Library, before becoming the first Head of Contemporary British Collections there, a department devoted to print, digital, manuscripts and sound.Lucky Day which reflects on the disability of his daughter, who has Angelman syndrome, was shortlisted for the Forward First Collection Prize, the Jerwood Aldburgh Prize and the  Whitbread prize.Rays (Carcanet), containing many love poems as well as variations on the sonnets and canzone of Louise Labé and Guido Cavalcanti was shortlisted for a Scottish Book Award. In 2010 he published The Island (Two Ravens Press) a novel about a father and young daughter who, as an act of revenge, steal a car. It draws on characters who first appeared in his short story collection A Boy in Summer (Neil Wilson / 11:9, 2002). In 2011 the musical project for which he was the principal lyricist, Mirabeau, released its first album, Golden Key. Several of the songs are settings of poems from his earlier poetry collections while others are closer to rock and folk genres of songwriting.Mirabeau comprised <mask> (as lyricist and vocalist) and the singer-songwriter Caroline Trettine


title: Richard Price (poet)

texts:
 with contributions by various musicians including Ian Kearey (of The Blue Aeroplanes). In 2012 his poem "Hedge Sparrows" was chosen to represent Great Britain in the Olympics project the Written World, and recorded for BBC radio by the actor Jim Broadbent. In the same year his collection Small World (Carcanet) was published, a collection of poems about fatherhood and daughters and their changing relationship, and, in a final, suspenseful sequence, a catastrophe which brings all the lives in the book into perspective. Small World won <mask>'s first major award to win the poetry category of the Scottish Mortgage Investment Trust Book Awards. A poem from the collection, 'An old drawer up beyond the children', was subsequently produced as an animation by Michael Hughes. In 2013 <mask> was Poet in Residence at the University of Coimbra, in association with Idanha-a-Nova, Portugal. In 2013 and 2014 he toured with Iain Bamforth, David Kinloch, Peter McCarey as "The Last Men on Mercury", appearing in Manchester, London, Geneva, Stasbourg and Glasgow and featuring guest poets including Lucy Burnett, Dorothy Lehane, Hannah Lowe, and Peter Manson.In 2014 the Slovakian film-maker Viera Čákanyová made a short film about his work, filming while he was on tour in Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Poland. In 2015 the second (and final) Mirabeau album was released, Age of Exploration. <mask> would later form The Loss Adjustors with Roberto Sainz de la Maza, who appeared as a guitarist on many Mirabeau tracks, and with Elisa

In 2016 he published Is This A Poem? (Molecular Press), selected essays on lyric poetry, little magazines, and artist's

masks: Price Price Price


title: Richard Price (poet)

texts:
 books. In 2017 his collection Moon for Sale (Carcanet) was published and subsequently shortlisted for the Saltire Society's Poetry Book of the Year. That year his collaboration with the artist Ronald King, Sedna and the Fulmar was also published, by Circle Press. Its focus on an episode in the Inuit spiritual world would be amplified later in his next Carcanet collection The Owner of the Sea: Three Inuit Sequences Retold (Carcanet, 2021).In 2018 he collaborated with the artist Julie Johnstone to produce the satirical work, Digital (essence press). At this time he began to work with Roberto Sainz de la Maza who composed the music, produced and played on the resulting album by The Loss Adjustors, The World Brims (2020). It features <mask> on vocals with the singer Elisa de Leon. All of the lyrics are written by <mask>, with many of the tracks based on poems in Moon for Sale as well as on newer, uncollected work. David Miller, <mask> (eds), British Poetry Magazines 1914-2000: A History and Bibliography (Oak Knoll Press/The British Library, 2006). David Kinloch, <mask> (eds), La Nouvelle Alliance: influences francophone sur la littérature écossaise moderne (Ellug, 2000)
James McGonigal, <mask> (eds) The Star You Steer By: Basil Bunting and British Modernism (Rodopi, 2000)
<mask>, Is This A Poem?'' (Molecular, 2016).Reviews

References

External links
 Official Website
 Poetry Recordings within Archive of the Now
 Poetry Recordings within The Poetry Archive
 The Loss Adjustors on Bandcamp
 Profile at Scottish Poetry Library

1966 births
Living people
Print editors
Scottish poets
English poets
People from Renfrewshire
English male

masks:
Price
Price
Richard Price
Richard Price
Richard Price
Richard Price


title: Charles Bronfman

texts:
<mask>,  (born June 27, 1931) is a Canadian-American businessman and philanthropist and is a member of the Canadian Jewish Bronfman family. With an estimated net worth of $2.5 billion (as of 2021), Bronfman was ranked by Forbes as the 27th wealthiest Canadian and 1249th in the world. Biography
Bronfman was born into a Jewish family in Montreal. He is the son of Samuel Bronfman and Saidye Rosner Bronfman. He has two older sisters, the art patron Baroness Aileen "Minda" Bronfman de Gunzberg, and architecture expert and developer Phyllis Lambert. His older brother, <mask>, Sr., was his fellow co-chair of Seagram. <mask>. is Edgar's son.He was educated at Selwyn House School in Montreal, Trinity College School in Port Hope, Ontario, and McGill University. Bronfman said he is Canadian in his heart but wanted to get dual citizenship to vote in the United States. Business career
Bronfman held various positions in the family's liquor empire, Seagram, from 1951 to 2000. In 1951 Bronfman's father Samuel Bronfman gave <mask> a 33% ownership stake in Cemp Investments, a holding company for him and his 3 siblings which controlled the family's corporate empire. Under the leadership of <mask> and brother Edgar, it controlled billions of dollars in liquor, real estate, oil and gas, and chemical companies. Bronfman and his brother, Edgar, inherited the Seagram spirits empire in 1971 after the death of their father, <mask>. Bronfman is a former co-chairman of the Seagram Company Ltd. On the demise of the company: "It was a disaster, it is a disaster, it will be a disaster," he says."It was a family tragedy." Bronfman was also well known for his forays into

masks:
Charles Bronfman
Edgar Bronfman
Edgar Bronfman Jr
Charles
Charles
Sam Bronfman


title: Charles Bronfman

texts: 1999, the program has sent more than 700,000 young Jews from around the world on a 10-day free trip to Israel.In 1991, Bronfman with billionaire Leslie Wexner formed the "Mega Group", a loosely organized club of some the wealthiest and most influential businessmen who were concerned with Jewish issues. Max Fisher, Michael Steinhardt, Leonard Abramson, <mask> Sr., and Laurence Tisch were some of the members. The "Mega Group" would meet twice a year for two days of seminars related to the topic of philanthropy and Jewishness. In 1998, Steven Spielberg spoke about his personal religious journey, and later the group discussed Jewish summer camps. The "Mega Group", went on to inspire a number of philanthropic initiatives such as the Partnership for Excellence in Jewish Education, Birthright Israel, and the upgrading of national Hillel. Bronfman is chairman of the Andrea and Charles Bronfman Philanthropies Inc., a family of charitable foundations operating in Israel, the U.S., and Canada. Since its foundation in 1986, the charity spent more than $340 million to about 1,820 organizations.In 2016 Bonfman closed the charity, which was planned over years. Bronfman is also responsible for The Charles Bronfman Prize, honoring individuals for their humanitarian contributions. The first winner was Gift of Life Marrow Registry founder Jay Feinberg. He also founded the CRB Foundation, which runs educational enrichment classes in outlying areas in collaboration with the Education Ministry in Israel. Bronfman was a founding co-chairman of Historica Canada, producers of the Heritage Minutes series of television shorts. It was at an early meeting of this


title: Charles Bronfman

texts:
 foundation (originally the CAB Foundation) that he asked the members, "If television can use 30 seconds or 60 seconds to persuade people that Cadillacs or cornflakes are interesting, couldn't we also use that short piece of time to persuade Canadians that their history is interesting? You tell me how to do it, and I'll fund it."It was out of that discussion that the Heritage Minutes were conceived, piloted, distributed through cinemas and broadcasters across the country, and then confirmed as a major contribution of the foundation – which a few years later became Historica, recently merged with the Dominion Institute. Bronfman joined the Giving Pledge, an initiative of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Personal life
Bronfman has been married four times:
 Barbara Baerwald. Married 1961, divorced 1982. They had two children. Stephen Bronfman runs the investment firm founded by his father, Claridge. He is married to Claudine Blondin.<mask> Hauptman is married to Andrew Hauptman. They are the founders of the private investment firm Andell Holdings, the owner of the Chicago Fire Soccer Club. Andrea "Andy" Brett Morrison (1945–2006). In 1982, he married Morrison; she died in 2006 after being struck by a taxi when she went out to walk her dog. She has three children from a previous marriage to Canadian manufacturer David Cohen, grandson of Lyon Cohen and cousin of singer Leonard Cohen: Jeremy Cohen, Pippa Cohen, and Tony Cohen. Bonita "Bonnie" Roche. In 2008, married Roche, an architect, in New York City.They divorced in 2011, on amicable terms, celebrating their divorce with a lavish "divorce party." Rita Mayo. They married in 2012. Awards and


title: Charles Bronfman

texts:
 honours
 1981: Made an Officer of the Order of Canada
 1990: Doctorate of Philosophy, Honoris Causa awarded from Hebrew University of Jerusalem
 1990: Doctorate of Laws, Honoris Causa received from McGill University. 1992: Member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada. 1992: Promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada
 1992: Doctorate of Humane Letters, Honoris Causa from Brandeis University
 1992: Doctorate of Laws, Honoris Causa from Concordia University
 1995: Doctorate of Laws, Honoris Causa from the University of Waterloo
 2000: Doctorate of Laws, Honoris Causa from the University of Toronto
 2002: Bronfman, along with his wife Andrea, were awarded Honorary Citizenship of Jerusalem
2019: Honorary citizen, invited by the City of Montreal to sign the city's book of honour

Works or publications
 Bronfman, <mask>, and Jeffrey Solomon. The Art of Doing Good: Where Passion Meets Action.San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2012. Bronfman, <mask>, and Jeffrey Solomon. The Art of Giving: Where the Soul Meets a Business Plan. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2010. Seagram Museum collection  at Hagley Museum and Library (finding aid)

References

External links
 <mask>fman Family at The Canadian Encyclopedia

1931 births
Living people
Anglophone Quebec people
<mask>fman
Businesspeople from Montreal
Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Canadian billionaires
Canadian people of Russian-Jewish descent
Canadian Zionists
Companions of the Order of Canada
Giving Pledgers
21st-century philanthropists
Jewish Canadian philanthropists
Major League Baseball owners
Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
McGill University alumni
Montreal Alouettes

masks:
Charles
Charles
Charles Bronmanron
Charles Bron


title: Jim Donnelly (baseball)

texts:
James B<mask> (July 19, 1865 – March 5, 1915) was an American professional baseball player whose career spanned from 1884 to 1900. He played all or part of 11 seasons in Major League Baseball, principally as a third baseman, for nine different major league clubs. In his 11 major league seasons, Donnelly compiled a .230 career batting average and led the National League's third basemen with 73 errors in 1886 and 275 assists in 1887. Donnelly's longest stints were with the Washington Nationals (243 games from 1887 to 1889), the Kansas City Cowboys (113 games in 1886), and the Baltimore Orioles (106 games in 1896). In 1896, he raised his batting average to .328 and was the starting third baseman for the 1896 Baltimore Orioles team than won the National League pennant with a 90–39 record. Early years
<mask> was born in 1865 in New Haven, Connecticut. His parents, Michael and <mask>, were immigrants from Ireland.His father worked in a lock shop. Professional baseball players

Indianapolis Hoosiers
Donnelly began his professional baseball career in 1884 with the Terre Haute, Indiana baseball club in the Northwestern League. In August of that same year, he made his major league debut with the Indianapolis Hoosiers of the National League. In 40 games with the Hoosiers, Donnelly compiled a .254 batting average

In 1885, the Hoosiers left the National League, lost their major league status, and joined the newly formed Western League in 1885. Donnelly remained with the Hoosiers at the start of the 1885 season and compiled a .211 batting average in 32 games. The Hoosiers were the dominant team in the Western League, compiling an .880 winning percentage. Detroit Wolverines
In mid June 1885, the Western League disbanded, and a mad rush developed to sign the players on the Indianapolis roster, a line-up that included Sam Thompson, Deacon McGuire, Sam Crane, Chub Collins, Mox McQuery, Gene Moriarty, and Dan

masks:
. Donnelly
Donnelly
Sarah Donnelly


title: Jim Donnelly (baseball)

texts:
 Casey.Donnelly was sold in a deal that sent most of the Hoosiers' roster to the Detroit Wolverines. Donnelly appeared in 56 games, all at third base, for the Wolverines during the 1885 season. He compiled a .232 batting average with four doubles, three triples, one home run and 22 RBIs. Kansas City Cowboys
Prior to the 1886 season, <mask> was purchased by the Kansas City Cowboys from the  Wolverines. He appeared in 113 games, all at third base, for the Cowboys in 1886 and compiled a .201 batting average. He ranked among the leading National League third basemen that year with 73 errors (1st), 153 putouts (2nd), 13 double plays turned (3rd), and a 3.52 range factor (3rd). Washington Nationals
In March 1887, the Washington Nationals purchased rights to Donnelly for $2,500.He played three seasons with the Nationals from 1887 to 1889. He was the team's starting third baseman during the 1887 and 1888 seasons, appearing in 239 games during those two seasons. During the 1887 season, he ranked among the leading National League third basemen with 63 errors (2nd), 21 double plays turned (2nd), a 3.57 range factor (4th), and 136 putouts (5th). He also ranked second in the league with 51 errors at third base in 1888. In 1889, Donnelly appeared in only four games for the Nationals and spent most of the season with the newly formed Detroit Wolverines
of the International Association. He compiled a .285 batting average in 89 games for Detroit in 1889 and played another 16 games for Detroit in 1890. St. Louis and Columbus
On July 19, 1890, Donnelly was dealt by Detroit to the St. Louis Browns of the American Association.In his return to the major leagues, he compiled a career high .333 batting average in 11 games with the Browns. Donnelly began the 1891 season with Omaha in the Western Association. He compiled a .268 batting average in 58 games with Omaha. In July 1891, Donnelly jumped from Omaha to the


title: Jim Donnelly (baseball)

texts:
 Columbus Solons of the American Association. He appeared in only 17 games for the Solons and was released on August 25, 1891. Return to the minors
After his brief stint with the Solons, Donnelly again returned to the minor leagues, playing in the Eastern League for four years from 1892 to 1895, including stints with the Buffalo Bisons, New Haven Nutmegs, Troy Trojans, and Springfield Ponies. He compiled a .334 batting average in 101 games with Troy in 1893 and hit .305 in 93 games for Springfield in 1895.Baltimore Orioles
Donnelly returned to the major leagues in 1896 with the Baltimore Orioles. Donnelly appeared in 106 games as the team's third baseman, replacing John McGraw at the position. He joined an Orioles team that was managed by Ned Hanlon, featured Hughie Jennings and Willie Keeler, and won the National League pennant with a 90–39 record. In May 1896, The Sporting Life wrote that "[a] prettier or a headier fielder than <mask>y it would be difficult to find", but found it to be a pity that he was not more capable with the bat. In the end, <mask>'s bat perked up considerably in his only season with the Orioles, as he compiled a .328 batting average with 14 doubles, 10 triples, 71 RBIs, and 38 stolen bases. Final years
In November 1896, the Orioles traded <mask> with Steve Brodie to the Pittsburgh Pirates for Elmer Horton, Tom O'Brien, Jake Stenzel and Harry Truby. Donnelly appeared in 44 games for the Pirates and finished the 1887 season appearing in 23 games for the New York Giants.His batting average in 1897 dropped to .191 – a decline of .137 points from the previous year. In November 1897, the Giants traded <mask> and Ducky Holmes with $3,500 to the St. Louis Browns for Mike Grady and Fred Hartman. In early April 1898, The Sporting News questioned Donnelly's readiness for major league play: "<mask>y has not shown up well so far. He has dicky legs, his fielding has not been

masks:
Jim Donnell
Donnelly
Donnelly
Donnelly
Jim Donnell


title: Jim Donnelly (baseball)

texts:
 particularly brilliant, and his batting has been lamentably weak." On May 12, 1898, Donnelly appeared in his first and only game for the Browns – Donnelly's last in the major leagues. He had a double in his only at bat in the game. Although his major league career ended in May 1898, Donnelly continued to play in the minor leagues through the 1900 season, including stints with the Syracuse Stars, New Haven Blues, and Springfield Ponies.Later years
At the time of the 1900 United States Census, <mask> was living with his mother, Sarah, and sister, Minnie, in New Haven, Connecticut. His occupation was listed as a ball player. <mask> was married in 1909 to Elizabeth Kissan. By 1910, <mask> and his wife were living in Stamford, Connecticut, and he was employed as a railroad brakeman. <mask> died in 1915 at age 49 in Meriden, Connecticut. Donnelly played during the same time period as James Henry <mask>, who played third base for the Kansas City Cowboys in 1884. Their statistics are often conflated into a single player record, but the two were unrelated.References

1865 births
1915 deaths
Major League Baseball third basemen
Baseball players from New Haven, Connecticut
Indianapolis Hoosiers (AA) players
Detroit Wolverines players
Kansas City Cowboys (NL) players
Washington Nationals (1886–1889) players
St. Louis Browns (AA) players
Columbus Solons players
Baltimore Orioles (NL) players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
New York Giants (NL) players
St. Louis Browns (NL) players
19th-century baseball players
Terre Haute (minor league baseball) players
Indianapolis Hoosiers (minor league) players
Detroit Wolverines (minor league) players
Omaha Lambs players
New Haven Nutmegs players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Troy Trojans (minor league) players
Springfield Ponies players
Springfield Maroons players
Troy Washerwomen players
Scranton Indians players
Syracuse Stars (minor league baseball) players
New

masks: Donnelly Donnelly Donnelly Donnelly Donnelly


title: Aga Khan IV

texts: Shāh Karim al-Husayni (born 13 December 1936), known by the religious title Mawlana Hazar Imam by his Ismaili followers and elsewhere as <mask> IV, is the 49th and current Imam of Nizari Ismailis, a denomination within Shia Islam. He has held the position of imam and the title of <mask> since 11 July 1957, when, at the age of 20, he succeeded his grandfather, Sir <mask> III. The <mask> claims direct lineal descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad through Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, Ali, considered an imam in Shia Islam, and Ali's wife Fatima, Muhammad's daughter from his first marriage. His grandfather, <mask> III, states in his memoirs that the Shias had a "need (for) Divine guidance" after the Prophet of Islam's death. This need of the Shias manifested in their belief system for the Institution of the Imamate. Thus, after the death of Prophet of Islam, the Shias established the Institute of the Imamate. According to the <mask> III as mentioned in his memoirs, he (the <mask>) has actual "Divine power, guidance, and leadership (authority)" The Institution of Imamate has continued to present day with the <mask> IV as the 49th Imam of the Ismaili Muslim Community.The <mask> <mask> is a business magnate with British and Portuguese citizenship, as well as a racehorse owner and breeder. <mask> <mask>'s net worth has been estimated at $13.3 billion. Forbes describes the Aga <mask> as one of the world's fifteen richest royals. Additionally he is unique among the richest royals as he does not rule over a geographic territory. Among the goals the <mask> <mask>i Ismailis in 1957, the <mask>

masks:
Aga Khan
Aga Khan
Sultan Muhammad Shah Aga Khan
Aga Khan
Aga Khan
Aga Khan
Aga Khan
Aga Khan
Aga
Khan
Aga
Khan
Khan
Aga
Khanzar
Aga


title: Aga Khan IV

texts:
 <mask> has been involved in complex political and economic changes which have affected his followers, including the independence of African countries from colonial rule, the expulsion of Asians from Uganda, the independence of Central Asian countries such as Tajikistan from the former Soviet Union and the continuous turmoil in Afghanistan and Pakistan. <mask> <mask> IV became the first faith leader to address the Joint Session of the Parliament of Canada on 27 February 2014. Early life and education

The <mask> <mask> IV is the eldest son of Prince Aly <mask> (1911–1960), and his first wife, Princess Taj-ud-dawlah <mask> <mask>, formerly Joan Yarde-Buller (1908–1997), the eldest daughter of the British peer John Yarde-Buller, 3rd Baron Churston, a member of the British nobility. Born in Geneva, Switzerland, on 13 December 1936, Prince Karim was declared healthy despite being born prematurely. His brother, Amyn <mask> <mask>, was born less than a year later. In 1949, his parents divorced in part due to Prince Aly <mask>'s extramarital affairs, and Prince Aly <mask> shortly after married American actress Rita Hayworth – with whom he had a daughter, Princess Yasmin <mask> <mask>, the half-sister of <mask> <mask> IV. The <mask> <mask> IV also had a half-brother, Patrick Benjamin Guinness (1931–1965), from his mother's first marriage, as Joan Yarde-Buller was previously married to Loel Guinness of the banking Guinnesses.Prince Karim spent his childhood in Nairobi, Kenya, where his early education was by private tutoring. Prince Karim later attended the Institut Le Rosey in Switzerland, the most

masks: Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan Khan Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan


title: Aga Khan IV

texts:
 expensive boarding school in the world, for nine years where he ended up with, in his words, "fair grades." As a youngster Prince Karim would have preferred to attend MIT and study science, but his grandfather, <mask> <mask> III, vetoed the decision and Prince Karim attended Harvard University, where he was elected a member of The Delphic Club. There he majored in Islamic history. When his grandfather died, the young Prince was thrust into the position of the Aga <mask> (IV), and he went from being not only a university student but also replacing his grandfather as the new Nizari Imam. He said about it: "Overnight, my whole life changed completely. I woke up with serious responsibilities toward millions of other human beings.I knew I would have to abandon my hopes of studying for a doctorate in History." He graduated from Harvard University in 1959, two years after becoming the Imam of the Nizari Ismailis, with a Bachelor of Arts degree in History (with Cum Laude honours) and his varsity H for football (soccer). The young <mask> <mask> was a competitive downhill skier, and skied for Iran at that time led by the Shah in the 1964 Winter Olympics. Ascension to Nizari Ismaili Imamat
Following the death of his grandfather the <mask> <mask> III, Prince Karim, at the age of 20, became the 49th Imam of the Nizari Ismailis and <mask> <mask> IV, bypassing his father, Prince Aly <mask>, and his uncle, Prince Sadruddin <mask> <mask>, who were in direct line to succession. In his will, the <mask> <mask> III explained the rationale for choosing his eldest grandson as his successor (which marked the second

masks: Aga Khan Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan


title: Aga Khan IV

texts:
 time in the history of the Nizari Ismaili chain of Imamat that a grandson of the preceding Imam – instead of one of the sons of the preceding Imam – was made the next Imam):

In view of the fundamentally altered conditions in the world has provoked many changes, including the discoveries of atomic science, I am convinced that it is in the best interests of the Nizari Ismaili community that I should be succeeded by a young man who has been brought up and developed during recent years and in the midst of the new age, and who brings a new outlook on life to his office. In light of his grandfather's will, the <mask> <mask> IV has sometimes been referred to by Nizari Ismailis as the "Imam of the Atomic Age." The will of the <mask> <mask> III added that the next <mask> <mask>, in the first several years of his Imamat, should look to the Aga Khan III's widow for guidance on general matters pertaining to the Imamat:

I DESIRE that my successor shall, during the first seven years of his Imamat, be guided on questions of general Imamat Policy, by my said wife, Yvette called Yve Blanche Labrousse Om Habibeh, the BEGUM AGA KHAN, who has been familiar for many years with the problems facing my followers, and in whose wise judgment, I place the greatest confidence.Nizari Ismaili Imamat

Upon taking the position of Imam, the <mask> <mask> IV stated that he intended to continue the work his grandfather had pursued in building modern institutions to improve the quality of life of the Nizari Ismailis. Takht nashini (installation of the new Imam) ceremonies occurred at several locations over the course of 1957

masks: Aga Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan


title: Aga Khan IV

texts: and 1958. During this time, the <mask> <mask> emphasized to his followers the importance of fostering positive relations with different ethnicities – a message highly appropriate considering the racially tense atmosphere in East Africa at the time between blacks and South Asians. During the <mask> <mask>'s installation ceremonies in the Indian subcontinent, the <mask> <mask> stressed his commitment to improving the standard of living of Nizari Ismailis and encouraged co-operation with individuals of other religions. In 1972, under the regime of President Idi Amin of Uganda, people of South Asian origin, including Nizari Ismailis, were expelled. The South Asians, some of whose families had lived in Uganda for over 100 years, were given 90 days to leave the country. The <mask> <mask> phoned his long-time friend Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.Trudeau's government agreed to allow thousands of Nizari Ismailis to immigrate to Canada. The <mask> <mask> also undertook urgent steps to facilitate the resettlement of Nizari Ismailis displaced from Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, and Burma, to other countries. Most of these Nizari Ismailis found new homes in Asia, Europe and North America. Most of the initial resettlement problems were overcome rapidly by Nizari Ismailis due to their educational backgrounds and high rates of literacy, as well as the efforts of the <mask> <mask> and the host countries, and with support from Nizari Ismaili community programs. The <mask> <mask> has encouraged Nizari Ismailis settled in the industrialised world to contribute towards the progress of communities in the

masks: Aga Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan


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 developing world through various development programs. He has described his role as Imam as being partly to uplift the material and spiritual wellbeing of Nizari Ismailis – a duty which requires an understanding of Nizari Ismailis in the context of their geographic location and their time. He elaborated on this concept in a 2006 speech in Germany, saying "The role and responsibility of an Imam, therefore, is both to interpret the faith to the community, and also to do all within his means to improve the quality, and security, of their daily lives and the people with whom Ismailis share their lives."This engagement of the Aga Khan with Nizari Ismailis is said to extend to the people with whom the Nizari Ismailis share their lives, locally and internationally. The Aga <mask> is one of several Shia signatories of the Amman Message which gives a broad foundation for defining those denominations of Islam that should be considered as part of the wider Muslim Ummah. During the Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy, he said:

I have two reactions to the pope's lecture: There is my concern about the degradation of relations and, at the same time, I see an opportunity. A chance to talk about a serious, important issue: the relationship between religion and logic. When the Aga <mask> IV was asked about his view on the consumption of alcohol in a 1965 interview with The Sunday Times, he said, in line with Muslim teaching:

Our belief is that the thing which separates man from the animals is his power of thought. Anything that impedes this process is wrong. Therefore, alcohol is forbidden.I have never

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 touched alcohol. But this, to me, is not a puritan prohibition. I don't want to drink. I've never wanted to drink. There's no pressure being placed on me by my religion. The Status of the Imam in Nizari Ismailism

The Ismailis are a community of Shi'a Islam, and their theology is derived from the teachings of the Shi'i Imams – 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad al-Baqir and Ja'far al-Sadiq. According to early Shi'i Ismaili theology, God or Allah is absolutely transcendent and unique.Unlike Sunni theology where God's Essence is conjoined to eternal attributes, the early Shi'i Imams emphasized a theology according to which God's Essence is beyond all names and attributes. The first creation of God is a spiritual entity (Ruhani) or light (nur) called the Intellect ('Aql), the Light of Muhammad (nur Muhammad) or the Light of Ali. This cosmic Intellect or Light exists prior to the creation of the physical world and is the highest of created beings is identified with the Eternal Imam or the spiritual essence of the Prophet Muhammad and the Shi'i Imams. The historical Imams on earth are the locus of manifestation (mazhar) of the Light (nur) or Intellect (aql). Ismaili philosophers developed these ideas further using Neoplatonic frameworks and identified the Intellect ('Aql) or Light of the Imam with the Universal Intellect (Nous) of Plotinus. Similarly, the Imam's human soul – revered as pure based on Qur'an 33:33 – is regarded as the reflective mirror of the Universal Intellect. The 1975 Ismailia Association Conference – a meeting of the <mask> <mask> with senior Nizari Ismaili council leaders from

masks: Aga Khan


title: Aga Khan IV

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 several countries – addressed the question of the status of the Imam.It mentioned:

"The Imam to be explained as the 'mazhar' ["locus of manifestation"] of God, and the relationship between God and the Imam to be related to varying levels of inspiration and communication from God to man." Paris Conference Report

The term mazhar is also used in Sufi literature by Ibn 'Arabi ("Bezels of Wisdom"), Nasir al-Din al-Tusi ("Contemplation and Action", "The Paradise of Submission") and many others. The meaning of the word mazhar denotes the idea of a mirror in which an object is reflected as an image but not incarnate. Similarly, the Imam as mazhar (locus of manifestation, mirror) 'differs greatly' from the idea of incarnation or indwelling (hulul) in which the Divine dwells inside a material body. The Imam is not seen as an incarnation of divinity. The Imam is also the Pir (Sufism) within Nizari Ismailism denoting a title from the Sufi heritage of Nizari Ismaili history. Silver Jubilee Year of Imamat
From 11 July 1982 to 11 July 1983 – to celebrate the present <mask> <mask>'s Silver Jubilee, marking the 25th anniversary of his accession to the Imamat – many new social and economic development projects were launched.These range from the establishment of the US$450 million international Aga Khan University with its Faculty of Health Sciences and teaching hospital based in Karachi, the expansion of schools for girls and medical centres in the Hunza region (one of the remote parts of Northern Pakistan bordering on China and Afghanistan that is densely populated with Nizari Ismailis), to the


title: Aga Khan IV

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 establishment of the Aga Khan Rural Support Program in Gujarat, India – and the extension of existing urban hospitals and primary health care centres in Tanzania and Kenya. Noor Karimi was married during the Silver Jubilee Year of Imamat and he even placed the ring on her finger. Golden Jubilee Year of Imamat
11 July 2007 to 13 December 2008 marked the 50th Anniversary of the Aga <mask>'s reign of Imamat (Golden Jubilee). On this occasion, leaders representing Nizari Ismailis from different areas of the world gathered at the <mask> <mask>'s residence to pay homage to the Imam. As part of the Golden Jubilee, the <mask> <mask> made official visits to various countries – using the visits to recognize the friendship and longstanding support of certain leaders of state, government, and others, to the <mask> <mask> and his Nizari Ismaili community, as well as to lay the foundations for certain future initiatives and programmes. Areas of the world visited included the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa. The <mask> <mask> also organized a Nizari Ismaili sports meet in Kenya, and teams of Nizari Ismailis from different areas of the world came to play in this event.One of the initiatives of the Golden Jubilee was the Jubilee Games, firstly named as the Golden Jubilee Games but continued as the Jubilee Games. The first event was held in Kenya in 2008. The second Jubilee Games were held in Dubai, UAE in July 2016. Diamond Jubilee Year of Imamat

11 July 2017 to 11 July 2018 was designated the Diamond Jubilee Year of the <mask> <mask>'s 60th year of reign. The <mask> <mask> travelled throughout the

masks: Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan


title: Aga Khan IV

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 Diamond Jubilee year to countries where his humanitarian institutions operate to launch new programs that help alleviate poverty and increase access to education, housing and childhood development. The <mask> <mask>'s Diamond Jubilee opening ceremony was held in his Aiglemont estate. On 8 March 2018, Queen Elizabeth II hosted the <mask> <mask> at Windsor Castle at a dinner to mark his Diamond Jubilee.He has visited a number of countries including the United States, UAE, India, Pakistan, Canada, France, UK, Kenya, and others. During his visit to Houston, he announced The Ismaili Centre Houston. The Diamond Jubilee ended with grand celebrations in Lisbon, Portugal on and around 11 July 2018. People from around the world came to celebrate with their worldwide community. There were many concerts, a Jubilee Arts festival, and other events planned for tens of thousands of people. Following a historic agreement with the Portuguese Republic in 2015, His Highness the <mask> <mask> officially designated the premises located at Rua Marquês de Fronteira in Lisbon – the Henrique de Mendonça Palace – as the Seat of the Ismaili Imamat on 11 July 2018, and declared that it be known as the "Diwan of the Ismaili Imamat". Personal life
In 1969, the <mask> <mask> married former British model Sarah Frances Croker Poole, who assumed the name Begum Salimah <mask> <mask> upon marrying him.Sarah Frances was a divorcee, having previously been married to Lord James Charles Crichton-Stuart, son of John Crichton-Stuart, 5th Marquess of Bute. The wedding ceremonies were held on 22 October 1969 (civil) and 28 October 1969

masks: Aga Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan


title: Aga Khan IV

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 (religious) at Karim <mask> <mask>'s home in Paris. By 1984, the <mask> <mask> and Begum Salimah had taken to living separate lives. The <mask> <mask> and Begum Salimah had one daughter and two sons together, Zahra <mask> <mask> (born 18 September 1970), Rahim <mask> <mask> (born 12 October 1971) and <mask> <mask> (born 10 April 1974). Eleven years later, in 1995 they divorced. On 30 May 1998, The <mask> <mask> married for the second time at his walled compound and chateau, Aiglemont, in Gouvieux, France. The bride was Gabriele Renate Thyssen, who assumed the name Begum Inaara <mask> <mask> at her wedding.Born to Roman Catholic German entrepreneur parents in 1963, Gabriele was twenty-seven years younger than the Aga <mask>. She was also a divorcee, having previously been married to Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen, by whom she had a daughter, Teresa. Two years after the wedding, the <mask> <mask> became a father again at the age of 64, with the birth of a son, Aly <mask> <mask> (born 7 March 2000). On 8 October 2004, after six years of marriage, an announcement was made that the <mask> <mask> and Begum Inaara would be seeking a divorce. In September 2011, seven years later, a divorce settlement was reached between them in the French courts, and the divorce settlement amount was agreed upon in March 2014. Personal finances
Forbes describes the <mask> <mask> as one of the world's fifteen richest royals, and the most recent estimate of his net worth is $13.3 billion. He is unique among the richest royals in that he does not preside over a geographic territory.He owns hundreds of racehorses,

masks:
Aga
Khan
Aga
Khan
Aga
Khan
Aga
Khan
Aga
Khan
Hussain Aga
Khan
Aga
Khan
Aga
Khan
Khan
Aga
Khan
Muhammad Aga
Khan
Aga
Khan
Aga
Khan


title: Aga Khan IV

texts:
 valuable stud farms, an exclusive yacht club on Sardinia, Bell Island in the Bahamas, two Bombardier jets, a £100 million high speed yacht Alamshar, and several estates around the world, with his primary residence at Aiglemont estate in the town of Gouvieux, France, north of Paris. The Aga <mask>'s philanthropic non-profit institutions spend about US$600 million per year – mainly in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. The Aga <mask> is and has been involved in multiple business ventures, in such areas as communications media and luxury hotels. In 1959 he founded the Kenyan media company Nation Media Group. In the 1990s, the Aga <mask> had a group of US$400 a night Italian luxury hotels, called Ciga. Currently the <mask> <mask>, through his for-profit AKFED, is the largest shareholder in the Serena Hotels chain. The Aga <mask>'s racing horse businesses bring in considerable income.He owns and operates the largest horse racing and breeding operation in France, the French horse auction house, Arqana, Gilltown Stud near Kilcullen in Ireland, and other breeding/stud farms in Europe. In 2009, Forbes reported that the Aga <mask>'s net worth was US$1 billion. In 2013, Vanity Fair estimated his fortune to be well over US$1 billion. In 2021 <mask> <mask> took delivery of a new Bombardier Global 7500 registered LX-PAK, operated by Global Jet Luxembourg. His previous aircraft, a Bombardier Global 6000, registered LX-ZAK, was sold in 2020. Work

Aga Khan Development Network

The <mask> <mask> is the founder and chairman of the Aga Khan Development Network, which coordinates the activities of over 200

masks: Khan Khan Khan Aga Khan Khan Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan


title: Aga Khan IV

texts: agencies and institutions, employing approximately 80,000 paid staff, the majority of whom are based in developing countries. AKDN is partly funded by his followers and donor partners that include numerous governments and several international organisations.AKDN agencies operate in the fields of health, education, culture, rural development, institution-building and the promotion of economic development, with a special focus on countries of the Third World. It is dedicated to improving living conditions and opportunities for the poor, without regard to their faith, origin or sex. AKDN includes the Aga Khan University, the University of Central Asia, the for-profit Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development, the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, the Aga Khan Foundation, the Aga Khan Health Services, the Aga Khan Education Services, the Aga Khan Planning and Building Services, and the Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance. One of the companies that the AKFED is the main shareholder of is the Serena Hotels Group – a chain of luxury hotels and resorts primarily located in Africa and Asia. The Aga Khan Award for Architecture is the largest architectural award in the world. The <mask> <mask> is also the chairman of the Board of Governors of the Institute of Ismaili Studies, which he founded in 1977. He is also a Vice-President of the Royal Commonwealth Society.Focus Humanitarian Assistance, an affiliate of the AKDN, is responsible for emergency response in the face of disaster. Recent disasters that FOCUS was involved in helping address include the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan (AKDN earthquake response) and the


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 South Asian tsunami. Significant recent or current projects that are related to the development and that are being led by the <mask> <mask> include the Delegation of the Ismaili Imamat and the Global Centre for Pluralism in Ottawa, the Aga Khan Museum in Toronto, the Al-Azhar Park in Cairo, the Bagh-e Babur restoration in Kabul, and a network of full IB residential schools known as the Aga Khan Academies. The Aga <mask> has expressed concern about the work of the AKDN being described as philanthropy. In his address to the Evangelische Akademie Tutzing, when he was awarded their Tolerance Prize in 2006, he described this concern:

Reflecting a certain historical tendency of the West to separate the secular from the religious, they often describe [the work of the AKDN] either as philanthropy or entrepreneurship. What is not understood is that this work is for us a part of our institutional responsibility – it flows from the mandate of the office of Imam to improve the quality of worldly life for the concerned communities. Promotion of Islamic architecture
In 1977, the Aga Khan established the Aga Khan Award for Architecture, an award recognising excellence in architecture that encompasses contemporary design and social, historical, and environmental considerations.It is the largest architectural award in the world (prize money for which is a million US dollars) and is granted triennially. The award grew out of the <mask> <mask>'s desire to revitalise creativity in Islamic societies and acknowledge creative solutions for buildings facilities and public spaces. The prize winner is selected by an

masks: Aga Khan Khan Aga Khan


title: Aga Khan IV

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 independent master jury convened for each cycle. In 1979, Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) established the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture (AKPIA), which is supported by an endowment from Aga <mask>. These programs provide degree courses, public lectures, and conferences for the study of Islamic architecture and urbanism. Understanding contemporary conditions and developmental issues are key components of the academic program. The program engages in research at both institutions and students can graduate with a Master of Science of Architectural Studies specialising in the Aga Khan program from MIT's Department of Architecture.Thoroughbred horse racing

The Aga <mask> operates a large horse racing and breeding operation at his estate Aiglemont, in the town of Gouvieux in the Picardy region of France – about 4 kilometres (2½ miles) west of the Chantilly Racecourse. In 1977, he paid £1.3 million for the bloodstock owned by Anna Dupré and in 1978, £4.7 million for the bloodstock of Marcel Boussac. The Aga <mask> is said to be France's most influential owner-breeder and record winner of The Prix de Diane, sometimes referred to as the French Oaks. The <mask> <mask> owns Gilltown Stud near Kilcullen, Ireland, and the Haras de Bonneval breeding farm at Le Mesnil-Mauger in France. In March 2005, he purchased the Calvados stud farms, the Haras d'Ouilly in Pont-d'Ouilly and the Haras de Val-Henry in Livarot. Haras d'Ouilly had been owned by such horsemen as the Duc Decazes, François Dupré and Jean-Luc Lagardère. In 2006 the <mask> <mask> became the

masks: Khan Khan Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan


title: Aga Khan IV

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 majority shareholder of French horse auction house Arqana.On 27 October 2009 it was announced that Sea the Stars, regarded by many as one of the greatest racehorses of all time, would stand stud at the <mask> <mask>'s Gilltown Stud in Ireland. His unbeaten homebred filly, Zarkava, won the 2008 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. His homebred colt, Harzand, won the 2016 Epsom Derby and the 2016 Irish Derby. The Aga <mask> was the lead owner of Shergar, the Irish racehorse that was kidnapped from Ballymany stud farm in County Kildare, Ireland by masked men in 1983 and held for ransom. The <mask> <mask> and the other co-owners refused to pay a ransom, and the horse was not recovered. The Aga <mask>, the police and the public suspected the Provisional Irish Republican Army of the abduction, though the IRA denied all involvement. In 1999, former IRA member Sean O'Callaghan published an autobiography in which he implicates the IRA as being responsible for the abduction.Shergar had become a national symbol in Ireland, and the IRA had underestimated the public outpouring of support for the horse and the backlash for the IRA even among Irish republicans who had historically supported the IRA, leading the IRA to deny involvement. Yacht Alamshar
The <mask> <mask> is an ardent yachtsman. He co-founded the Yacht Club Costa Smeralda in Porto Cervo, Sardinia in 1967. He also commissioned a 164-foot yacht, Alamshar, named after a prized racehorse of his, with a price tag of £200 million. The cost and maintenance are partly covered by chartering. The yacht was advertised as having a top speed of 60 knots, capable of

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 setting a new transatlantic speed record. It reached a speed in excess of 55 knots in its initial trials but despite the claims, it was never intended for transatlantic speed records as it does not have the range.Titles, styles and honours
The titles Prince and Princess are used by the Aga Khans and their children by virtue of their descent from Shah Fath Ali Shah of the Persian Qajar dynasty. The title was officially recognised by the British government in 1938. Author Farhad Daftary wrote of how the honorific title Aga <mask> (from Agha and <mask>) was first given to <mask> <mask> I at the age of thirteen after the murder of his father: "At the same time, the Qajar monarch bestowed on him the honorific title (laqab) of Agha <mask> (also transcribed as Aqa <mask>), meaning lord and master." Daftary additionally commented, "The title of Agha <mask> remained hereditary amongst his successors." On the other hand, in a legal proceeding, the Aga <mask> III noted that 'Aga <mask>' is not a title, but, instead a sort of alias or "pet name" that was given to <mask> <mask> I when he was a young man. The style of His Highness was formally granted to the Aga <mask> IV by Queen Elizabeth II in 1957 upon the death of his grandfather <mask> <mask> III. The granting of the title to the Aga Khan IV was preceded by a strong expressed desire of the Aga <mask> III to see the British monarchy award the non-hereditary title to his successor.The style of His Royal Highness was granted in 1959 to the <mask> <mask> IV by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, later overthrown in the Iranian Revolution of 1979,

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title: Aga Khan IV

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 but he uses instead His Highness. Over the years, the Aga <mask> has received numerous honours, honorary degrees, and awards. degree, Simon Fraser University (2018)
 : Honorary LL.D. degree, University of British Columbia (2018)
 : Honorary LL.D. degree, University of Calgary (2018)
 : Honorary LL.D. degree, McGill University (1983)
 : Honorary LL.D. degree, McMaster University (1987)
 : Honorary LL.D.degree, University of Toronto (2004)
 :  Honorary LL.D. degree, University of Alberta (2009)
 : Honorary DUniv degree, University of Ottawa (2012)
 : Honorary D.S.Litt. degree, University of Toronto (2013)
 : Honorary D.Litt. degree in medieval studies, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies (2016)
 : Honorary LL.D. degree, University of Sindh (1970)
 : Honorary PhD degree, NOVA University of Lisbon (2017)
 : Honorary LL.D. degree, University of Wales (1993)
 : Honorary D.D. degree, University of Cambridge (2009)
 : Honorary LL.D.degree, Brown University (1996)
 : Honorary LL.D. Nizari Imams of the Fatimid Dynasty
Adnan
Ma'ad ibn Adnan
Nizar ibn Ma'ad
Mudar ibn Nizar
Ilyas ibn Mudar
Mudrikah ibn Ilyas
Khuzayma ibn Mudrika
Kinanah ibn Khuzayma
An-Nadr ibn Kinanah
Malik ibn Al-Nadr
Fihr ibn Malik
Ghalib ibn Fihr
Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib
Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy
Murrah ibn Ka'b
Kilab ibn Murrah b. ca. 372
Qusay ibn Kilab ca. 400-ca. 480
Abd Manaf ibn Qusai
Hashim ibn Abd Manaf, ca. 464-ca. 497
Abd al-Muttalib, ca.497–578
Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib, 535–619
1st Imam Ali ibn Abu Talib, 601–661
2nd Imam Husayn ibn Ali, 626–680
3rd Imam Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, 659–713
4th Imam Muhammad al-Baqir,


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 677–733
5th Imam Jafar al-Sadiq, ca. 702–765
6th Imam Ismail ibn Jafar, ca. 722-ca. 1230-1256/1257
28th Imam Shams al-Din (Nizari), 1257–1310
29th Imam Qasim Shah, 1310–1368
30th Imam Islam Shah, d. 1424
31st Imam Muhammad ibn Islam Shah, d. 1464
32nd Imam Ali Shah Qalandar, al-Mustansir Billah II, d. 1480
33rd Imam Abd-us-Salam Shah, d. 1494
34th Imam Abbas Shah Gharib, al-Mustansir Billah III, d. 1498
35th Imam Abuzar Ali Nur Shah, d. ca. 1509
36th Imam Murād Mīrzā, d. 1574
37th Imam Zulfiqar Ali, Khalilullah I, d. 1634
38th Imam Nur al-Din Ali, d. 1671
39th Imam Ali, Khalilullah II, d. 1680
40th Imam Nizar II, d. 1722
41st Imam Sayed Ali, d. ca. 1736
42nd Imam Al-Hassan Ali Beg, d. ca. 1747
43rd Imam Sayed Jafar, Al-Qasim Ali, d. ca.1756
44th Imam Abū-l-Hasan ʻAlī, d. 1792
45th Imam Shah Khalilullah III, 1740–1817
46th Imam Hasan Ali Shah, <mask> <mask> I, 1804–1881
47th Imam Aqa Ali Shah, <mask> <mask> II, 1830–1885
48th Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah, <mask> <mask> III, 1877–1957
Prince Sayyid Aly <mask>, 1911– 1960
49th Imam Shah Karim Al-Hussaini, <mask> <mask> IV, b. 1936

References

External links

 His Highness the Aga <mask>
 NanoWisdoms Archive – Dedicated to the <mask> <mask>'s speeches and interviews (over 600 readings and 1,000 quotes)
 His Highness the Aga <mask> Spiritual Leader of Shia Ismailis
 An Islamic Conscience: the Aga <mask> and the Ismailis – Film of HH the Aga <mask> IV
 About His Highness the Karim Aga <mask>
 About Her Highness the Begum Aga <mask> (PIF)
 Aga Khan Development Network
 The Institute of Ismaili Studies
 The Institute of Ismaili Studies: Introduction

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 to His Highness the Aga <mask> and Selected Speeches
 <mask> <mask> article at SIPA (Columbia University)
 Brown University President Vartan Gregorian's introduction of the Aga <mask> (1996 baccalaureate address)
 The Ismaili website
 Read the spirit
 A rare interview with the Aga <mask> on poverty, climate change, and demystifying Islam Quartz
 The Secret Life of the Aga Khan

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masks: Khan Aga Khan Khan Khan


title: Daniel Woolf

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<mask>  (born 5 December 1958) is a British-Canadian historian and former university administrator. He served as the 20th Principal and Vice-Chancellor of Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, a position to which he was appointed in January 2009 and took up on 1 September 2009. He was previously a professor of history and the Dean of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Alberta. He was reappointed to a second 5-year term (to 2019) in 2013. In late 2017, Woolf announced his intention not to serve a third term and to retire from university administration. He was succeeded by Patrick Deane, and became Principal Emeritus. Early life and education
<mask> was born in London, England, on 5 December 1958 to a Jewish family.His mother, Margaret Mary <mask> (1929–2014), was an English instructor at a university, and his father, Cyril Isaac <mask> (1930–2012), was an otolaryngologist, a Royal College of Surgeons of England Fellow and an adjunct faculty member at a medical school. His uncle is the late historian <mask> (1936–2021), and his brother is the Vancouver-based architect <mask>. In 1961, his family emigrated to Winnipeg, Canada, where Woolf graduated from St. Paul's High School in 1976. He obtained his BA in History from Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario in 1980, and then a DPhil in Modern History from St Peter's College, University of Oxford, in 1983. He was supervised by Gerald E. Aylmer, a distinguished historian of 17th century England and then-Master of St Peter's. Along with historians John Morrill and Paul Slack, Woolf would eventually co-edit a 1993 festschrift honouring Aylmer. Among Woolf's contemporaries at St Peter's was David Eastwood, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Birmingham since 2009.Career
Woolf returned to Canada in 1984 and taught at Queen's University as an Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council postdoctoral fellow in history until 1986, when he moved to Quebec and became an assistant professor of history at Bishop's University. After a 1-year appointment he joined the Department of History at Dalhousie

masks:
Daniel Robert Woolf
Woolf
Woolf
Woolf
Stuart Woolf
Jeremy Woolf


title: Daniel Woolf

texts:
 University, Nova Scotia, as an assistant professor. Woolf was tenured in 1990, when he was also promoted to associate professor; 4 years later, he became a full professor. In 1999, McMaster University appointed Woolf as the Dean of the Faculty of Humanities, serving as a professor of history in parallel. He relocated to University of Alberta in 2002, starting a 5-year term as the Dean of the Faculty of Arts, a position to which he was re-appointed in 2007, as well as a professor in the Department of History and Classics. In 2009, he was appointed by Queen's University as its 20th Principal and Vice-Chancellor. He took up the role in 1 September that year.Academically, <mask>'s research interests are in Tudor and Stuart British history and the global history of historiography. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, Society of Antiquaries of London, and the Royal Historical Society. Between 1996 and 1997 he was a member of the School of Historical Studies under the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Since 2012, Woolf has been on the board of directors of Historica Canada (formerly the Historica-Dominion Institute). Having completed one term on the board of directors of the Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario, he is currently serving his second term (2021–2023). He is a member of the board of directors of Lakefield College School since 2020. Previously, he was the chair of the executive committee of the Council of Ontario Universities (2017–2019), a member of the board of directors of the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (2016–2017), a member of the Executive Committee and Council of the Royal Society of Canada (2012–2016), and chair of the Standing Advisory Committee on International Relation of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (renamed to Universities Canada in 2015) (2011–2014).Personal life
Woolf is married to Julie Anne <mask>, a health administrator and part-time professional harpist. He has three children from a previous marriage to political scientist Jane Arscott, Sarah, Samuel and David. During

masks:
Woolf
Gordon Woolf


title: Yolande Beekman

texts:
<mask> (7 January 1911 – 13 September 1944) was a British spy in World War II who served in the Women's Auxiliary Air Force and the Special Operations Executive. She was a member of SOE's Musician circuit in occupied France during World War II where she operated as a wireless operator until arrested by the Gestapo. She was subsequently executed at the Dachau concentration camp. Early life
<mask> was born <mask>hrer to a Swiss father and an English mother in Paris. As a child, she moved to London and grew up fluent in English, German, and French. Young Yolande had a gentle disposition and liked to draw, so her family expected that she would become a designer or illustrator. After schooling in England she was sent to a Swiss finishing school.Wartime service

WAAF and SOE
When World War II broke out, <mask> joined the WAAF where she trained as a W/T operator. Because of her language skills and wireless expertise, <mask> was recruited by the SOE for work in occupied France, officially joining the SOE on 15 February 1943. She trained with Noor Inayat Khan and Yvonne Cormeau. In 1943, <mask> married Sergeant Jaap <mask> of the Netherlands Army, whom she had met on the W/T operator's course, but a short time after her marriage she said goodbye to her husband and was flown behind enemy lines in France. <mask> was landed in France on the night of 17/18 September 1943, having been flown in a Double Lysander aircraft in operation Millner. Lands in France

In France, <mask> operated the wireless for Gustave Biéler, the Canadian in charge of the Musician circuit at Saint-Quentin in the département of Aisne, using the codenames

masks:
Yolande Elsa Maria Beekman
Beekman
Yolande Elsa Maria Unternä
Beekman
Beekman
Beekman
Beekman
Beekman
Beekman


title: Yolande Beekman

texts: "Mariette" and "Kilt" (wireless codename), and the alias "Yvonne". She also transmitted messages for the adjacent Farmer network, headed by Michael Trotobas.<mask> became an efficient and valued agent who, in addition to her all important radio transmissions to London, took charge of the distribution of materials dropped by Allied planes. <mask>'s first lodgings were with a long serving résistant and schoolmistress, Mlle Lefevre, but this could only be a temporary stay. At the beginning of October, she moved to the house of Camille Boury, who worked at the Pharmacie Corteel, and lived on the corner of Rue Baudelaire. Odette Gobeaux, who worked with Boury at the pharmacy, offered <mask> the draughty attic of her house from which to transmit. <mask> began quietly visiting Gobeaux's house in Rue de la Fère, letting herself in with her own key during the day, placing her set on a small table and passing the long aerial out through the window above. Interviewed after the war, Gobeaux remembered <mask> often waiting for the next transmission, lying on a divan with her head in a book, apparently unruffled by the possibility of arrest. Eugène Cordelette, one of MUSICIAN's lieutenants, later described Bieler and <mask> as being "both of the finest stuff imaginable", but her training should have left her more mindful of security.Following her instructions from London, <mask> transmitted using a pre‐arranged schedule (or "sked"), sending messages at specific times and frequencies three times a week. This was standard practice for SOE wireless operators in France, though most would try and set up several sets at different safe

masks: Beekman Beekman Beekman Beekman Beekman Beekman Beekman


title: Yolande Beekman

texts: houses, switching between them to avoid detection (some safety improvements such as more flexible transmission skeds were introduced only after <mask> was sent to France). Operating from a single static radio post greatly increased the chances of being hunted down by German direction finding (D/F) teams, which were known to prowl the streets of major towns and cities across the country, and it is not clear why Beekman apparently did not use additional hideouts – perhaps it was too difficult to find suitable locations in such a densely populated area, or she might have had technical problems with the wireless sets available. <mask>'s steadfast and fearless approach had proved invaluable to the circuit, but her work was becoming riskier every day. German interception of radio signals had become very efficient by this time, and the regular times of her transmissions was helping her pursuers to gradually narrow down the area of the source. <mask> and Bieler spent Christmas Eve at the Bourys' house; they listened to the BBC and did their best to be festive. On Christmas Day she made contact with London as usual, but the following week a direction finding van was seen passing the house, an ominous sign that the net was closing in.<mask> moved her set to the Boury house, where she was still living, but on 12 January Camille Boury noticed a man walking along the street, with his collar turned up and apparently listening to earphones. <mask>'s radio signal had been traced to their block. <mask> immediately packed up her set and moved again, this time to the Café Moulin Brulé, a lonely safe house on the north eastern edge of the

masks: Beekman Beekman Beekman Beekman Beekman Beekman


title: Yolande Beekman

texts:
 city, on the northern bank of the canal. Shaken by her narrow escape, she could rely on the café owners sheltering her for the night. Arrest and execution

Arrest
The next day Biéler arrived at the café to discuss where she should go next, but the Gestapo were now ready to make their haul. Two men walked in and drew revolvers, arresting all those inside. Prison

Separated from Biéler, who was later executed, <mask> was transported to Fresnes Prison several kilometres outside Paris.Again she was interrogated and brutalized repeatedly. In May 1944, <mask> was moved with several other captured SOE agents to the civilian prison for women at Karlsruhe in Germany, where she encountered a prisoner named Hedwig Müller (a nurse arrested by the Gestapo in 1944). Müller said after the war that <mask> "didn't leave her cell much as she suffered badly with her legs." She was confined there until September 1944, sharing a cell with Elise Johe (a Jehovah's Witness), Annie Hagen (arrested for working as a black marketeer) and Clara Frank (jailed for slaughtering a cow on her family farm without permission). While imprisoned, <mask> drew and embroidered. She would take a needle and prick her finger to use the blood as ink and draw on toilet paper as there was no paper and pencils. Execution at Dachau

Beekman was abruptly transferred to Dachau concentration camp with fellow agents Madeleine Damerment, Noor Inayat Khan, and Eliane Plewman and at dawn on the following morning, 13 September, the four women were executed.A Gestapo man named Max Wassmer was in charge of prisoner transports at Karlsruhe and accompanied the women to Dachau.

masks: Beekman Beekman Beekman Beekman


title: Yolande Beekman

texts:
 Another Gestapo man named Christian Ott gave a statement to American investigators after the war as to the fate of <mask> and her three companions. Ott was stationed at Karlsruhe and volunteered to accompany the four women to Dachau as he wanted to visit his family in Stuttgart on the return journey. Though not present at the execution, Ott told investigators what Wassmer had told him. Awards and honours

<mask>'s actions were recognized by the government of France with the posthumous awarding of the Croix de Guerre. In addition, she is recorded on the Runnymede Memorial in Surrey, England and as one of the SOE agents who died for the liberation of France, she is listed on the "Roll of Honour" on the Valençay SOE Memorial in the town of Valençay, in the Indre département of France. A later memorial, the SOE Agents Memorial in Lambeth Palace Road (Westminster, London), is dedicated to all SOE agents.Related cultural works
 Carve Her Name with Pride (1958)
Movie based on the book by R.J. Minney about Violette Szabo, starring Paul Scofield and Virginia McKenna. Churchill's Spy School (2010)
Documentary about the SOE "finishing school" on the Beaulieu estate in Hampshire. Les Femmes de l'Ombre (aka Female Agents) (2008)
French film about five SOE female agents and their contribution towards the D-Day invasions. Nancy Wake Codename: The White Mouse (1987)
Docudrama about Nancy Wake's work for SOE, partly narrated by Wake (Wake was disappointed that the film was changed from an 8-hour resistance story to a 4-hour love story). Now It Can Be Told (aka School for Danger) (1946)
Filming began in 1944 and starred real-life SOE

masks: Beekman Beekman


title: Yolande Beekman

texts:
 the activities of female OSS and SOE agents in France including Borrel. Overview of SOE activities. External links
Nigel Perrin - SOE Agent Profiles: <mask> <mask>
Spartacus Educational - <mask> <mask>

1911 births
1944 deaths
Executed spies
Female wartime spies
French Special Operations Executive personnel
Women's Auxiliary Air Force airwomen
Spies who died in Nazi concentration camps
French people who died in Dachau concentration camp
World War II spies for the United Kingdom
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Royal Air Force personnel killed in World War II
French people executed in Nazi concentration camps
Executed French people
People executed by Nazi Germany by firing squad
Executed people from Île-de-France
Female recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
Special Operations Executive personnel killed in World War

masks: Yolande Beekman Yolande Beekman


title: Ario Pardee Jr.

texts:
<mask>. (October 28, 1839 – March 16, 1901) was an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He rose to fame during the Battle of Gettysburg, where he led the defense of a portion of Culp's Hill on July 3, 1863. A monument on the Gettysburg Battlefield commemorates the spot as "Pardee Field." Early life
<mask><mask><mask>. was the eldest child of <mask>, a capitalist who founded Hazleton, Pennsylvania, and Elizabeth Jacobs. He was born in Hazleton on October 28, 1839. In 1847, his mother died in childbirth. The following year, his father married Anna Maria Robison, the family's governess.Pardee trained as a civil engineer at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. After graduating in 1858, he became involved in running his father’s anthracite coal mines. By the outbreak of the war, he was married to Mary Allison. Their only child was stillborn during the Civil War. <mask> <mask> Jr. had no direct descendants. Civil War in the East

Pardee joined the 28th Pennsylvania Infantry on June 28, 1861. It was encamped at Camp Coleman in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in July while completing organization.After serving as captain of Company A, organized by his father, he was named major on November 1 of that year. (Col John W. Geary had been made a brigadier general, and Pardee was among those promoted in the follow-up to that promotion.) Pardee served under Geary in the Shenandoah Valley, when MG Nathaniel Banks was bested by Stonewall Jackson. Pardee criticized Geary's actions in that campaign, especially his abandoning Thoroughfare Gap in the face of a Confederate advance. Apparently, Pardee thought a

masks:
Ariovistus Pardee Jr
Ario (
Ariovistus
) Pardee Jr
Ariovistus Pardee
Ario
Pardee


title: Ario Pardee Jr.

texts: force of 5,000 federals could withstand a force of 28,000 Confederates. His reasons for this opinion are unclear to this day. Pardee thought Geary overestimated dangers confronting him.(Geary's actions may have been the wiser, since both survived the war.) While serving under MG John Pope in Virginia, Pardee missed the Battle of Cedar Mountain; and Banks' command was not engaged at the Second Battle of Bull Run, being detailed to guard the rear of Pope's army. It only did some skirmishing after the battle had ended. At the rank of major, Pardee led the regiment at the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, serving in the brigade of Lt. Col. Hector Tyndale in Second Division of the XII Corps. <mask> escaped uninjured, despite having a horse shot out from under him. BG George S. Greene, the division commander, commended Pardee for his conduct at Antietam. Pardee even took command of the brigade briefly, because Tyndale had been wounded.Shortly thereafter, on October 9 of that year, some companies of the 28th became part of the new 147th Pennsylvania Infantry, together with three newly recruited companies. Pardee was named lieutenant colonel and commander of the new regiment. <mask> next saw combat in the Battle of Chancellorsville, where he led the regiment in the brigade of Col. Charles Candy in the Second Division of BG John White Geary, his former regimental commander. He retained command at the Battle of Gettysburg, during which he was engaged in the fighting on Culp's Hill on July 2, and July 3, 1863. A field on Culp’s Hill has been named for him, as a sign painted on a stone shows. The 147th

masks: Ario Pardee


title: Ario Pardee Jr.

texts:
 Gen. John W. Geary’s second division XX Corps in the Army of the Cumberland. This corps had been created out of XI Corps, XII Corps and some garrison troops.Hooker commanded the corps at the beginning of Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign. At the Battle of Peachtree Creek, <mask>'s regiment held its ground against attacking Confederate forces while the regiments either side of it retreated. The 147th suffered heavy losses, and <mask> complained that his right flank was thrown into disorder by routed troops. <mask>'s cousin, Isaiah Platt, was also killed at this battle. They were in the same Infantry formation. After Colonel Candy was mustered out of the service, <mask> usually led the first brigade of Geary’s Division in the later stages of the Atlanta Campaign, the March to the Sea and the Carolinas Campaign. During that latter campaign, XX Corps became part of Maj. Gen. Henry Warner Slocum’s Army of Georgia.Pardee's last major battle as a brigade commander was the Battle of Bentonville in North Carolina. Pardee received promotion to the brevet rank of brigadier general on January 12, 1865, for the Battle of Peachtree Creek. He was discharged from the service on June 13 of that year. Postbellum activities
After the Civil War, Pardee returned to Pennsylvania. There he went back into the coal business as a partner with his father and his brother Calvin. <mask> Jr. was not heavily involved in the management of these enterprises. That fell to his father and then to brothers Calvin and Frank.Colonel Pardee's health seems to have been undermined by war service, which would explain his passive

masks: Pardee Pardee Ario Pardee Ario


title: Ario Pardee Jr.

texts:
 role. He also had interests in railroads and belonged to the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. Mary Pardee predeceased her husband, and he grew testy in old age. <mask> <mask> Jr. died at Wyncote, Pennsylvania, on March 16, 1901. He was buried in the churchyard of St. Paul’s Episcopal Church in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania. Notes

References
 Bates, Samuel P., History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-5, 5 vols., Harrisburg, B. Singerly, State Printer, 1869-1871. Blair, William Alan (ed.), A Politician Goes to war: The Civil War Letters of John White Geary, University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995. Dyer, Frederick H., Compendium of the War of the Rebellion, 3 vols., New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959. Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001. Gottfried, Bradley M., Brigades of Gettysburg: the Union and Confederate Brigades at the Battle of Gettysburg, Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2002. Johnston, Gertrude K. (ed. ), Dear Pa, and So It Goes, Harrisburg, PA: Business Service Co., 1971 [includes letters of Pardee to his father].McDonough, James Lee, and James Pickett Jones, War So Terrible: Sherman and Atlanta, New York: W. W. Norton, 1987. Pfanz, Harry W., Gettysburg: Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1993, .1, . External links

Union Army colonels
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
1839 births
1901 deaths
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
People from Hazleton, Pennsylvania
Businesspeople from Pennsylvania
American civil engineers
19th-century American


title: Kevin Phillips (political commentator)

texts:
<mask> (born November 30, 1940) is an American writer and commentator on politics, economics, and history. Formerly a Republican Party strategist before becoming an independent, <mask> became disaffected with the party from the 1990s, and became a critic. He is a regular contributor to the Los Angeles Times, Harper's Magazine, and National Public Radio, and was a political analyst on PBS' NOW with Bill Moyers. <mask> was a strategist on voting patterns for Richard Nixon's 1968 campaign, which was the basis for a book, The Emerging Republican Majority, which predicted a conservative political realignment in national politics, and is widely regarded as one of the most influential recent works in political science. His predictions regarding shifting voting patterns in presidential elections proved accurate, though they did not extend "down ballot" to Congress until the Republican revolution of 1994. <mask> also was partly responsible for the design of the Republican "Southern Strategy" of the 1970s and 1980s. The author of fourteen books, he lives in Goshen, Connecticut.Southern strategy
<mask> worked for Richard Nixon's presidential campaign in 1968, and afterwards wrote a book on what has come to be known as the "Southern strategy" of the Republican Party. The book was entitled The Emerging Republican Majority and argued that the southern states of the US would keep the Republicans winning Presidential Elections and more than offset the Northeast states, based on racial politics. As he stated to the New York Times Magazine in 1970,

All the talk about Republicans making inroads into the Negro vote is persiflage. Even 'Jake the Snake' [Senator Jacob Javits of New York] only gets 20 percent. From now on, Republicans are never going to get more than 10 to 20 percent of the Negro vote, and they don't need any more than that... but Republicans would be shortsighted if they weakened the Voting Rights Act. The more Negroes who register as Democrats in the South, the sooner the Negrophobe whites will quit the Democrats and become Republicans. That's where the

masks:
Kevin Price Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips


title: Kevin Phillips (political commentator)

texts:
 votes are.Without that prodding from the blacks, the whites will backslide into their old comfortable arrangement with the local Democrats. The book however wasn't used in the campaign itself, <mask> notes in the preface to the Princeton Edition,

Some observers concluded that The Emerging Republican Majority was the emerging Republican strategy. Newsweek labeled the book "The political bible of the Nixon Era." Not quite. The book was not a blueprint of the GOP's "Southern Strategy" as some claimed,. ... Richard Nixon had read memos based on the book's analyses during the week before the November 1968 election, but in mid-1969 he truthfully said he had not read the actual book. He read it a few months later.Books

American Theocracy (2006)
Rev. Dr. Allen Dwight Callahan  states the book's theme is that the Republican Party (GOP), religious fundamentalism, petroleum, and borrowed money are an "Unholy Alliance." The last chapter, in a nod to his first major work, is titled "The Erring Republican Majority". American Theocracy, "presents a nightmarish vision of ideological extremism, catastrophic fiscal irresponsibility, rampant greed and dangerous shortsightedness." The New York Times wrote:He identifies three broad and related trends — none of them new to the Bush years but all of them, he believes, exacerbated by this administration's policies — that together threaten the future of the United States and the world. One is the role of oil in defining and, as <mask> sees it, distorting American foreign and domestic policy. The second is the ominous intrusion of radical Christianity into politics and government.And the third is the astonishing levels of debt — current and prospective — that both the government and the American people have been heedlessly accumulating. If there is a single, if implicit, theme running through the three linked essays that form this book, it is the failure of leaders to look beyond their own and the country's immediate ambitions and desires so as to plan prudently for a darkening future. <mask> uses the term financialization to

masks: Phillips Phillips Phillips


title: Kevin Phillips (political commentator)

texts:
 describe how the U.S. economy has been radically restructured from a focus on production, manufacturing and wages, to a focus on speculation, debt, and profits. Since the 1980s, <mask> argues in American Theocracy,the underlying Washington strategy… was less to give ordinary Americans direct sums than to create a low-interest-rate boom in real estate, thereby raising the percentage of American home ownership, ballooning the prices of homes, and allowing householders to take out some of that increase through low-cost refinancing. This triple play created new wealth to take the place of that destroyed in the 2000-2002 stock-market crash and simultaneously raised consumer confidence. Nothing similar had ever been engineered before. Instead of a recovery orchestrated by Congress and the White House and aimed at the middle- and bottom-income segments, this one was directed by an appointed central banker, a man whose principal responsibility was to the banking system.His relief, targeted on financial assets and real estate, was principally achieved by monetary stimulus. This in itself confirmed the massive realignment of preferences and priorities within the American system…. Likewise, huge and indisputable but almost never discussed, were the powerful political economics lurking behind the stimulus: the massive rate-cut-driven post-2000 bailout of the FIRE (finance, insurance, and real estate) sector, with its ever-climbing share of GDP and proximity to power. No longer would Washington concentrate stimulus on wages or public-works employment. The Fed's policies, however shrewd, were not rooted in an abstraction of the national interest but in pursuit of its statutory mandate to protect the U.S. banking and payments system, now inseparable from the broadly defined financial-services sector. Critical reception
American Theocracy was reviewed widely. The New York Times Book Review wrote "It is not without polemic, but unlike many of the more glib and strident political commentaries of recent years, it is extensively researched and frighteningly


title: Kevin Phillips (political commentator)

texts:
 persuasive..."

The Chicago Sun-Times wrote "Overall, <mask>' book is a thoughtful and somber jeremiad, written throughout with a graceful wryness... a capstone to his life's work."Bad Money (2008)
<mask> examines America's great shift from manufacturing to financial services. He also discusses America's petroleum policies and the tying of the dollar to the price of oil. <mask> suggests that the Euro and the Chinese Yuan/Renminbi are favorites to take the dollar's place in countries hostile towards America, like Iran. He then tackles the lack of regulatory oversight employed in the housing market and how the housing boom was allowed to run free under Alan Greenspan. The book concludes with the proposal that America is employing bad capitalism and extends Gresham's Law of currency to suggest that our good capitalism will be driven out by the bad. Top Republican Strategist Discusses The Bush Family's Rise To Power Since WWI
 Fmr. Top Republican Strategist Examines the History of the Bush Family
 Fmr.GOP Strategist <mask> on American Theocracy: The Peril and Politics of Radical Religion, Oil, and Borrowed Money in the 21st Century
 New York Times Book review of American Theocracy
 The Erring Republican Authority: <mask> is wrong about everything. Why is he taken so seriously? Twelve articles written by <mask> for Harper's Magazine
 VIDEO - Bad Money: Reckless Finance, Failed Politics, and the Global Crisis of American Capitalism, presentation from <mask>' book tour, April 28, 2008, Portland, Oregon. Booknotes interview with <mask> on The Politics of Rich and Poor, June 24, 1990. In Depth interview with <mask>, December 7, 2008
 C-SPAN Q&A interview with <mask> about 1775: A Good Year for Revolution, December 30, 2012

1940 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
American conspiracy theorists
American foreign policy writers
American male non-fiction writers
American political consultants
American political writers
The Bronx High School of Science alumni
Colgate University alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
People from Goshen,

masks:
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Kevin Phillips
Kevin Phillips
Phillips
Kevin Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips


title: Martha J. Lamb

texts:
<mask> (August 13, 1826 – January 2, 1893) was an American author, editor and historian. Early life
<mask>. Nash was born in Plainfield, Massachusetts on August 13, 1826, the third of the four children of Arvin Nash and Lucinda Vinton. Her mother died when <mask> was a child and her father remarried and with his second wife had two more children. <mask> was educated at several schools in Massachusetts: in Goshen, at the Williston Seminary in Easthampton (1844–45), and at the Northampton High School. She did especially well in mathematics and taught that subject at schools in Newark, New Jersey and Maumee, Ohio. On September 8, 1852 she married Charles A<mask> in Maumee. He was a mechanic who had two daughters from an earlier marriage.The <mask>s moved to Chicago in 1857 and <mask> became involved in charity work. She was a founder, with <mask>. Hoge, of the Home for the Friendless and the Half-Orphan Asylum. In 1863 she served as secretary of Chicago's first Sanitary Fair, held to raise money for soldiers' relief. That same year, she served as secretary to the United States Sanitary Commission Fair. Literary career
<mask> published her first article, "A Visit to My Mother's Birthplace", in her local newspaper, The Daily Hampshire Gazette, in Northampton, Massachusetts in 1847. Her marriage ended by divorce around 1866, and it became necessary for her to support herself financially. She moved to New York City and acted upon her belief that a woman "with any brains or any sort of intellectual capacity" should work at a significant occupation.She published a series of children's stories in 1869 and 1870. In the 1870s she also wrote Spicy, a romance novel featuring the Sanitary Fair and the Chicago Fire; several Christmas

masks:
Martha Joanna Reade Nash Lamb
Martha J
Martha
Martha Nash
. Lamb
Lamb
Martha
Jane C
Lamb


title: Martha J. Lamb

texts:
 annuals; and articles on a wide array of subjects for Harper's and other periodicals. She also edited The Homes of America. In the course of this writing she realized writing history was her true calling and she began extensive research for History of the City of New York: Its Origin, Rise, and Progress. The first volume on the colonial period was published in 1877; the second volume appeared in 1880. Although she was not trained as a professional historian and favored a narrative rather than analytical approach, her work was praised by the renowned contemporary historian, George Bancroft. In 1883, <mask> purchased the Magazine of American History, a financially struggling monthly founded in 1877.She devoted herself to editing the magazine for the last decade of her life, producing over fifty signed articles and more that were unsigned. She also published articles by others, original documents, book reviews, and other standard components of a professional historical journal at a time when there was little precedent for such an endeavor. The magazine ceased publication shortly after <mask>'s death in 1893. <mask> was elected to membership in fifteen historical and learned societies in the United States and Europe. <mask> was a fixture in New York social circles; she had connections with many of the old families she chronicled in her historical writings. She also belonged to numerous historical and patriotic societies. She was twice invited to the White House: President Grover Cleveland gave a dinner in her honor in 1886; in 1889 President Benjamin Harrison recognized her contributions to the centennial celebration of Washington's inauguration with an invitation.Works
 The Play School Studies (4 vols., Boston, 1869)
 Aunt

masks: Lamb Lamb Lamb Lamb


title: Martha J. Lamb

texts:
 Mattie's Library, a series of books for children including: "Merry Christmas," "Drifting Goodword," "Fun and Profit" and "Sabbath Schools." (4 vols., Boston, 1871)
 Spicy, chronicles the great Chicago fire (New York, 1873)
 Harper's Magazine, 1876:
 "Lyme, A Chapter of American Genealogy"
 "Newark," a complete sketch of that city
 "Tombs of Old Trinity"
 "State and Society in Washington," Harper's Magazine, Volume 56, Issue 334 (March 1878), pp. 481–500. (2 vols.) 1877-81 (her most noted work, the product of about fifteen years of patient labor and research)

She wrote about 50 shorter stories, and more than 100 historical and other papers in magazines. Death
<mask> died of pneumonia in New York on January 2, 1893. Her funeral service was held at the Madison Square Presbyterian Church and she was buried in Spring Grove Cemetery in Florence, Massachusetts.References

Further reading
Robinson, Raymond H. Madeleine B. "<mask>, <mask> Reade Nash" Notable American Women. Vol. 2, 4th ed., The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1975
"<mask>, <mask> Reade Nash." American Authors 1600–1900. H. W. Wilson Company, NY 1938
Frances E. Willard and Mary A. R. Livermore, eds., American Women, New York, Chicago, Ohio: Mast, Crowell & Kirkpatrick, 1897, v. 2, pp. 444–445.(source of most of the list of works)

External links

The <mask> J. <mask> Papers 1756-1892 at the New York Historical Society
<mask> J<mask> papers at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Special Collections

1826 births
1893 deaths
People from Plainfield, Massachusetts
19th-century American historians
American editors
Writers from New York City
American women historians
19th-century American women writers
Historians from Massachusetts
Historians from New

masks:
Martha Lamb
Lamb
Martha Joanna
Lamb
Martha Joanna
Martha
Lamb
Martha
. Lamb


title: Norm Van Brocklin

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<mask> (March 15, 1926 – May 2, 1983), nicknamed "The Dutchman", was an American football quarterback and coach who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 12 seasons. He spent his first nine seasons with the Los Angeles Rams and was a member of the Philadelphia Eagles during his final three. Following his playing career, he was the inaugural head coach of the Minnesota Vikings from 1961 to 1966 and the second head coach of the Atlanta Falcons from 1968 to 1974. <mask> received All-American honors at Oregon, but was not selected by the Rams until the fourth round of the 1949 NFL Draft due to concerns over his professional availability. During his first three seasons, he and teammate Bob Waterfield alternated as the starting quarterback, culminating with them leading Los Angeles to victory in the 1951 championship. After Waterfield retired, <mask> served as the Rams' primary starter from 1952 to 1957, concluding his tenure with six consecutive Pro Bowl selections and a passing-yards leading season in 1954. He joined Philadelphia in 1958, where his three seasons all saw him receive further Pro Bowl selections, bringing his total to nine.In his final season, he was named Most Valuable Player en route to winning the 1960 championship with the Eagles. As the head coach of the expansion Vikings and Falcons, <mask> had less success and was unable to reach the postseason with either team. Nevertheless, he recorded the first winning seasons for both franchises. He was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1966 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971. Early life
Born in Parade, South Dakota, <mask> was one of nine children of Mack and <mask> <mask>. His father was a watchmaker. The family moved to Northern California and settled in Walnut Creek, east of Oakland.<mask> was a three-sport standout at Acalanes High School in Lafayette, where he quarterbacked the football

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title: Norm Van Brocklin

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 team to a 5–3 record as a sophomore and a 4-2-2 record as a junior. He served in the U.S. Navy from 1943 through 1945, foregoing his senior year of high school. College career
Following World War II, <mask> followed two former high school teammates north and enrolled at the University of Oregon in Eugene. He became the starting quarterback in 1947 under first-year head coach Jim Aiken, and led the Ducks to a 16–5 record in his two seasons as a starter. In 1948, Oregon tied with California for the title of the Pacific Coast Conference, forerunner of the Pac-12. California was undefeated overall, and Oregon's only loss was at undefeated Michigan, that year's national champions, and the Ducks had seven victories in the PCC to Cal's six. Oregon did not go to the Rose Bowl, however, because Cal was voted by the other schools to represent the PCC in the game.Oregon needed only a 5–5 tie vote, as Cal had been to the game more recently, and with six Northwest schools and four in California, appeared favored to advance. Oregon had opted for a playoff game, but California declined. Among the Cal voters was the University of Washington, which elevated the intensity of the Oregon-Washington rivalry. Breaking with tradition, the PCC allowed Oregon to accept an invitation to play SMU in the Cotton Bowl in Dallas. It was the first time that a Pacific Coast team played in a major bowl game other than the Rose Bowl (a policy which was continued by the Pac-8 through 1974). Both Oregon and California lost their New Year's Day bowl games. That season, <mask> was honored with an All-America selection and finished sixth in the Heisman Trophy voting.Coincidentally, the Heisman Trophy winner that year was SMU running back Doak Walker. Both Walker and <mask>lin got Outstanding Player recognition for their performance in the Cotton Bowl Classic. <mask> left Oregon for the NFL with one remaining year of

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