title: Mordechai Tsanin

texts:
 sharp political differences with Mapai and its successor, the Labor Party, <mask> remained editor-in-chief until his retirement from journalism in 1977. In parallel with Lezte Neies, Tsanin founded  (, ), a magazine covering news, the arts, theater, movies and fashion.Naming it for himself was a bid to capitalize on his fame. This operated from 1968 to 1975. Lezte Neies itself kept on after Tsanin's retirement until 2006 when it succumbed, as had all its competitors already, to the dwindling population of Yiddish speakers in Israel. Books
<mask>'s first published book appeared in 1935, in Poland. It was a collection of stories,  (, ). Two years later he published his first novel,  (, ). He authored some twenty more books, with a few translated to English, Hebrew and French but the lion's share as yet available only in the original Yiddish.The account of his  post-war mission to Poland has been noted above. Among his other books, especially notable is the story of his long war-time flight through the USSR, the Far East, India, Egypt and finally to Israel,  (, ), 1970. His biggest literary work is , translated to English as Artapanos Comes Home, (Gazelle Book Services Ltd, 1980) an epic six-volume work that follows the eponymous hero's family through the Jewish people's 1900-year exile. As of 2014, the University of California, Berkeley, library holds nine distinct Tsanin books. These include novels, reflections on the condition of the Jewish people, collected essays, and a dictionary. The dictionary is notable as the first Yiddish-Hebrew (and Hebrew-Yiddish) dictionary that reflects modern Hebrew usage. Reviews of it, however, have been

masks: Tsanin Tsanin


title: Mordechai Tsanin

type: original

texts:
 mixed.In the words of one reviewer, "The author was a journalist and not a linguist or possessed
of any deep knowledge of historical linguistics or of Yiddish itself, and his dictionary reflects that fact: each entry and its translation, nothing more." To be fair, that reviewer has little good to say about any extant Yiddish-Hebrew dictionaries. Yiddish politics and controversy
At the beginning of the twentieth century, three languages competed for the loyalty of modernizing Jews in Eastern Europe: Russian, Yiddish and Hebrew. The Zionist movement lined up behind Hebrew, and after the establishment of the State of Israel made establishing Hebrew among the many new immigrants a top priority. Yiddish was viewed as a threat to the nation's unity, and the early Israeli state's uncertain commitment to press freedom provided a tool. Thus, in 1949, when <mask> wished to convert Lezte Neies from a weekly to a daily, he had to apply with the government for permission. Permission was granted to go to a three-day-a week format, but no further.Tsanin evaded this stricture by establishing a second thrice-weekly newspaper,  (, ) and arranged to have that and Lezte Neies published on alternate days. The authorities chose to look the other way on that, and finally approved Lezte Neies for daily format in 1957. It would be wrong to describe the government's attitude to Yiddish, even early on, as uniformly hostile. The Israeli army itself ordered copies of Tsanin's first magazine, , in quantity for the benefit of newly arrived Yiddish-speaking soldiers. However, the army cancelled that subscription after only three months, a decision Tsanin interpreted as


title: Mordechai Tsanin

texts:
 ideologically motivated. Friction between Tsanin and the establishment came to a head in 1964. Lezte Neies was by then, as mentioned above, owned by a subsidiary of Mapai (the governing party at the time and long a leading force in the battle against Yiddish).Though <mask>, still editor-in-chief, had much to complain about on the language-war front (for example the government's policy of discouraging Yiddish theater) he consciously toned down his criticism in the interests of keeping his job. Nonetheless, a group of party functionaries felt that <mask>'s fulsome praise of Yiddish and the Eastern European Jewish culture that went with it went too far at suggesting an invidious comparison to the heritage of Jews from North Africa and the Middle East, and for that tried to get Tsanin fired. They found some support from the prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, who said about Tsanin, "I don't read that Lezte Neies paper, but I know its editor was once an anti-Zionist and I have no idea how he wound up in Israel." Ben Gurion's accusation was not implausible in view of <mask>'s own statement (see above) about "treif" Zionist newspapers. Nonetheless, <mask> kept his job. In time, the government became more tolerant of Yiddish. <mask>'s one-time
protege Yitzhak Luden summed it up: "Tsanin symbolized Yiddish in the
Jewish state, and the authorities' attitude to him was always an
indication of its attitude to the Yiddish language."References

1906 births
2009 deaths
Israeli Ashkenazi Jews
Israeli people of Polish-Jewish descent
Israeli centenarians
Men centenarians
Yiddish-language journalists
Burials at Nahalat Yitzhak Cemetery
20th-century Polish

masks: Tsanin Tsanin Tsanin Tsanin Tsanin


title: William I, Elector of Hesse

texts:
<mask>, Elector of Hesse (; 3 June 1743 – 27 February 1821) was the eldest surviving son of Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) and Princess Mary of Great Britain, the daughter of George II. Biography

Early life

Prince <mask> was born on 3 June 1743 in Kassel, capital of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel in the Holy Roman Empire. Born into the House of Hesse, he was the second but eldest surviving son of Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel (the future Landgrave Frederick II), and his wife Princess Mary of Great Britain. A former heir to the landgraviate, also named <mask>, had died in infancy in 1742; therefore, hopes were high for the future of the new heir apparent. He had two younger brothers: Prince Charles and Prince Frederick. His father's marriage with the British princess was not a happy one, and Frederick abandoned the family in 1747 and converted to Catholicism in 1749. In 1755 he formally annulled his marriage.<mask>'s grandfather, Landgrave <mask>, granted the newly acquired county of Hanau to his daughter-in-law and grandsons. Technically, young <mask> became the reigning prince of Hanau, while under his mother's regency. The young prince <mask>, together with his two younger brothers, lived with their mother, the landgravine Mary. From 1747 they were supported by Protestant relatives and moved to Denmark. There they lived with Mary's sister, Louise of Great Britain, and her family; Louise died in 1751. Marriage
On 1 September 1764, <mask> married his first cousin, Wilhelmina Caroline of Denmark and Norway (1747–1820), who was the second surviving daughter of Frederick V of Denmark and Norway.

masks:
William I
William
William
William
William
William
William
William


title: William I, Elector of Hesse

texts:
 They married at Christiansborg Palace and resided for two decades mostly in Denmark.In 1785 they moved to Kassel when <mask> succeeded to the landgraviate. During the lifetime of his father, <mask> had already received the Principality of Hanau, south of the Hessian territories near Frankfurt, as successor of its newly extinct princes. The Hanau people did not want to have a Catholic ruler. <mask>'s younger brother Charles in 1766 married another of their Danish first cousins, Princess Louise of Denmark. Reign
Upon the death of his father on 31 October 1785, he became <mask> IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. He was said to have inherited one of the largest fortunes in Europe at the time. <mask> looked for help in managing his estate.He hired Mayer Amschel Rothschild as "Hoffaktor" in 1769, to supervise the operation of his properties and tax-gathering. The wealth of <mask>'s estate provided a good living for Rothschild and the men had a strong relationship; he founded the Rothschild family dynasty, which became important in financing and banking in Europe. Although they had been acquainted since 1775, <mask> did not formally designate Rothschild as his overseer until 1801. The early fortunes of the Rothschild family were made through a conjunction of financial intelligence and the wealth of Prince <mask>. During the Napoleonic Wars, <mask> used the Frankfurt Rothschilds to hide his fortune from Napoleon. This money then saw its way through to Nathan Mayer, (N.M.) in London, where it helped fund the British movements through Portugal and Spain. The interest made from this venture was reaped by the budding banker barons, who used

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William
William
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William IX
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William


title: William I, Elector of Hesse

texts:
 it to swiftly develop their fortune and prestige in Europe and Britain.It was not long before their riches outweighed those of their benefactor, <mask> of Hesse-Kassel. In 1803, Landgrave <mask> was created His Royal and Serene Highness The Prince-Elector of Hesse. In 1807 his electorate was annexed by the Kingdom of Westphalia, ruled by Jérôme Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother. <mask> escaped to Denmark with his family and lived there in exile until the French were expelled from Germany. Following the defeat of the Napoleonic armies in the Battle of Leipzig, <mask> was restored in 1813. He was a member of the Tugendbund, a quasi-Masonic secret society founded after the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in June 1808 at Koningsberg. Several other prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire had been recognized as kings at the Congress of Vienna (1815), and <mask> attempted to join them by declaring himself King of the Chatti.However, the European powers refused to recognize this title at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) and instead granted him the grand ducal style of "Royal Highness." Deeming the title of Prince-Elector to be superior in dignity to that of Grand Duke, <mask> chose to remain an Elector, even though there was no longer a Holy Roman Emperor to elect. Hesse-Kassel would remain an Electorate until it was annexed by Prussia in 1866. He ruled until his death in Kassel in 1821. He was succeeded by his son <mask>. Issue

With his wife Wilhelmina Caroline of Denmark and Norway he had four children:

 Marie Friederike (14 September 1768 – 17 April 1839), married Alexius Frederick Christian, Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg on 29 November

masks: William William William William William William William


title: Gaston Rivero

texts:
<mask> (February 6, 1978 in Montevideo, Uruguay) is an Uruguayan-US American operatic tenor. He is a winner of the Hans Gabor Belvedere Singing Competition in Vienna 2009, has appeared in many opera houses, including Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie Bruxelles, Arena di Verona, Teatro Regio Torino, Royal Opera House Muscat, Staatsoper Berlin, Opéra National de Paris Bastille, Opéra de Monte-Carlo, Deutsche Oper Berlin, New National Theatre Tokyo, Oper Leipzig, as well as on Broadway and off Broadway shows. Early years
<mask> was born in Montevideo, Uruguay, and raised in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He grew up in the Abasto (a district of the neighbourhood of Balvanera), in which the central fruit and vegetable market was located, where grew up Carlos Gardel the most prominent figure in the history of tango and the Carlos Gardel Museum is now. Rivero worked as an assistant for lawyers while studied at the National Conservatory of Music Carlos Lopez Buchardo in Buenos Aires. Upon his arrival in New York City <mask> received his education from conductor Eugene Kohn. During this period <mask> received training from several teachers and coaches from Juilliard School of Music and Manhattan School of Music.In the course of his studies he received grands from the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions, the Opera Orchestra of New York, the Opera Foundation, the Sergio Franchi Foundation and the Puccini Foundation among others institutions. During his professional career Mr. Rivero collaborated with renowned musicians such as Ulf Schirmer, Zubin Mehta, Daniel Barenboim, Gianandrea Noseda, Christoph Gedschold,

masks:
Gaston Rivero
Rivero
Gaston Rivero
Gaston Rivero


title: Gaston Rivero

texts:
 Giacomo Sagripanti, Giuliano Carella, Fabrizio Maria Carminati, Oleg Caetani, Frederic Chaslin, Friedrich Haider, Massimo Zanetti, Balazs Kocsar and Daniel Oren among several others. Professional career
His international stage debut came when film director Baz Luhrmann selected him for his production of Puccini's La Bohème on Broadway in 2002. The same year <mask> made his solo concert debut at Carnegie Hall in New York City. Since then Mr. <mask> has been known worldwide for his skills and abilities representing the lead Tenor roles from the most demanding Italian Opera repertory in over 1000 performances while guesting worldwide. Made his European debut in 2005 while performing the role of B.F. Pinkerton in Madame Butterfly at the Staatstheater Nürnberg. Worked with Maestro Zubin Mehta and the Israel Philharmonic in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem performing the role of Alfredo in Verdi's La Traviata.Made his debut as Radames in Aida  and Manrico in Il Trovatore  in 2010 at the Stadttheater Klagenfurt. His roles and venues include: Don Jose in Carmen at Deutsche Oper Berlin, Tokyo National Theater and Teatro Massimo Bellini, the title role in Don Carlo at the Staatsoper Berlin, the Opéra National du Rhin  and the Hungarian State Opera Budapest, Ismaele in Nabucco at Teatro Massimo di Palermo and The Opéra de Monte-Carlo, the title role in Verdi's "Otello" and Rodolfo in "Luisa Miller" at Aalto Theater Essen, Des Grieux in Manon Lescaut and Mario Cavaradossi in Tosca at Oper Leipzig, Radames in Aida at Opéra national de Paris Bastille, Théâtre Royal de La Monnaie Bruxelles, Arena di Verona, the National

masks:
Gaston Rivero
Rivero


title: Gaston Rivero

texts:
 Theater Prague and the Royal Opera House Muscat, Manrico in "Il Trovatore" at Oper Leipzig, Staatsoper Berlin and Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux and Calaf in Turandot at Teatro Regio Torino. Philanthropy and outreach
Mr. <mask> collaborates with several institutions worldwide visiting schools and hospitals with the purpose of introducing children to Opera, as well as sponsoring concerts for young talents and skilled professionals in renowned venues such as Carnegie Hall, the Schumannhaus in the city of Leipzig, the Konzerthaus in Berlin and the Dresdner Piano Salon Kerstin. Some of his protégés include Steinway & Sons's pianist Sandro Russo and pianist Miriam Gallego Lorente winner of the Lang Lang piano Competition in Berlin. In 2021 <mask> became a member of the voice teachers team of the Lotte Lehmann's Akademie in Perleberg, Brandenburg, Germany. The Academy each year transforms the German city into an international meeting point for Opera.This prestigious position allow Mr. Rivero to join a passionate community of mentors preparing emerging opera singers for professional work while sharing with them essential expertise, experience, support, and motivation for a lasting professional career in Opera. Rivero's career has also spanned several media and arts professions: actor, opera singer, producer, composer and music consultant.Recordings
<mask> is known for playing the role of Manrico in the Deutsche Grammophon DVD of Il Trovatore alongside Plácido Domingo, Anna Netrebko and Daniel Barenboim. He has worked with many different film-makers such as ; Philipp Stölzl, Johannes Schaaf and Baz Luhrmann

masks:
Rivero
Gaston Rivero
Rivero


title: Benjamin Bell

texts:
<mask> of Hunthill FRSE FRCSEd (6 September 1749 – 5 April 1806) is considered to be the first Scottish scientific surgeon. He is commonly described as the father of the Edinburgh school of surgery, or the first of the Edinburgh scientific surgeons. He published medical works of significance, notably his surgical textbook A System of Surgery which became a best seller throughout Europe and in America. His treatise on venereal disease was one of the early works that suggested syphilis and gonorrhea were different diseases, a hypothesis which was not accepted by mainstream medicine until many decades later. <mask>'s main contribution to surgical practice was his adage 'save skin', which led to improved rates of wound healing in operations like mastectomy and limb amputation. He was also an early advocate of routine pain relief in surgery. Early life
<mask> was born in Dumfries on 6 September 1749, the eldest surviving child in a family of 15 children.His father <mask> (1722–1813) farmed at Woodhouselees, a mile south of the village of Canonbie in Dumfriesshire. In addition to farming, <mask> was involved in a series of business ventures which met with mixed success. This background of modest wealth was to prove important for <mask> in later life, allowing him to visit surgeons in London and Paris and enabling him to take time away from his surgical practice to write a major textbook. The family tradition in agriculture was to re-emerge towards the end of his life. They owned Blackett House in Middlebie Parish (Dumfriesshire), which was later sold to fund the education of the family. <mask>'s early education was at Dumfries Grammar school. Surgical training

He became an apprentice to James Hill (1703-1776), a surgeon in Dumfries, before moving to Edinburgh in 1766 to study medicine at Edinburgh University under the tutelage of some of the most inspiring medical teachers of the day, including Alexander Monro secundus (1733–1817) the anatomist, Joseph Black (1728–99) the chemist and John Hope (1725–86) the botanist.In November 1767 he was appointed dresser

masks:
Benjamin Bell
Bell
Benjamin Bell
George Bell
George Bell
Benjamin
Benjamin


title: Benjamin Bell

texts:
 in the surgical wards of the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, and surgeons' clerk 2 years later. He visited London and Paris, writing to his father that had he been planning a career as a physician he would have been happy to stay in Edinburgh, "but for a surgeon I assure you Edinburgh comes greatly short of either Paris or London and for that reason Dr. Monro and any others that I have spoken to here upon the subject approve of the scheme [the Paris visit] very much". In 1770 after passing the necessary examinations, he was elected a freeman surgeon-apothecary of the Incorporation of Surgeons of Edinburgh later the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. In 1772 <mask> was in London from where he wrote to Dr. Cullen thanking him for his letter of introduction to John Hunter (1728–1793) whom he described as "the most agreeable and at the same time the most useful acquaintance I ever met with." He also visited and observed the London surgeon Percivall Pott (1714–1788) to whom he would later dedicate his treatise on ulcers. <mask>'s interest in science is evident from his description of a lecture which he attended at the Royal Society given by Joseph Priestley. Priestley's suggestion that atmospheric air contained fixed air (carbon dioxide) and dephlogisticated air (oxygen) clearly made an impression on <mask> who noted from the lecture that "air can be spoiled by one or more animals breathing it in a confined space and become unfit for purposes of life"

Practice
On return to Edinburgh he set up in surgical practice and within a year, at the age of 24, was elected one of four attendant surgeons to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.Surgeons attended in rotation and <mask> managed to remain a surgeon to the Infirmary for eighteen years, an unusually long period. This may have been because of his lifelong friendship with James Gregory, the Professor of Physic, and the most influential member of the Infirmary Board of Management. In 1800 there was pressure from younger members of the Royal College of Surgeons to change the system of appointment of surgeons to the

masks: Bell Bell Bell Bell


title: Benjamin Bell

texts: Infirmary, making shorter appointments so that more junior surgeons might gain Infirmary experience. At that time, now well established in practice, <mask> was content to step down, but he wrote to the College setting out the case for 'permanent appointments' to the Infirmary rotation, a view which had been also promoted by Gregory. Of the 23 members of the Royal College of Surgeons asked to vote on the matter, not one supported <mask>'s proposal. <mask> (1763–1820), a successful teacher of anatomy in his own extramural school and an accomplished Edinburgh surgeon (but not related to <mask>), failed to gain appointment to the Infirmary rota, and began to campaign against what he saw as the injustice of the rota system. As part of this he wrote criticising Gregory's views, and this brought the Bells, <mask> and John into conflict.This feud was at the heart of much of the criticism to which <mask> was subjected by his namesake. In 1775 <mask> fell from horseback and sustained injuries that were to force him to take an rest from surgical practice for some two years. This rest was to prove fortuitous, for it allowed him time to reflect and to write, and his relatively wealthy background enabled him to do this without financial concerns. To further develop his interest in farming during this period of recuperation, he took the lease of Liberton Farm situated some two miles south of the centre of Edinburgh. Returning to what was to prove a highly successful career as a surgeon in Edinburgh, <mask> went into practice with James Gibson (died 1815) who was to become president of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1778–79. Later he formed another surgical partnership with James Russell (1754–1836) and Andrew Wardrop (died 1823). Bell, Wardop and Russell became the leading surgical practice in Scotland with a wide referral base.Wardrop reckoned <mask> "… was a successful operator and during many years was more employed than any surgeon in Scotland". A fellow surgeon John Campbell, who had been apprenticed to <mask>, went so far as to suggest that "…no

masks:
Bell
Bell
John Bell
Benjamin Bell
Benjamin
Benjamin Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell


title: Benjamin Bell

texts:
 one could die contented without having consulted <mask>." On 17 November 1783 <mask> was one of the founding Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He died at Newington House in south Edinburgh. He is buried with other family members, including his wife Grizzel Hamilton, in the south-east corner of Canongate Churchyard in Edinburgh. <mask>'s contributions to surgery
<mask> is considered by many to have been the first Scottish scientific surgeon. This reputation was based largely on his influential textbook A System of Surgery.He can be regarded as a 'scientific' surgeon because of his rational thought processes which are apparent in his treatises, particularly his Treatise on Gonorrhoea virulenta and Lues venerea (1793). Another treatise, The Theory and Management of Ulcers, was first published in 1778 and is still considered one of the classics of 18th-century physiology. A System of Surgery
The System appeared in six volumes between 1783 and 1788. By 1801 no fewer than seven editions had been published, and it went on to Italian, French, Spanish, German and three American editions. It was popular because it was comprehensive; made use of up-to-date published material from all over Europe, and because of <mask>'s reputation as a surgeon. <mask> was an advocate of the routine use of opium to relieve post-operative pain, stating "to be able to alleviate the misery of those who are obliged to submit to dangerous operations must afford the biggest gratification to every practitioner." <mask> also credited his fellow Scot, James Moore, with developing a clamp to produce nerve compression in the arm or leg to provide analgesia for amputation.Farming

<mask>'s family background was in farming, and, during his two-year break from surgery after his accident in 1775, he rented Liberton farm two miles from central Edinburgh, and his interest in the subject was revived. He frequently wrote to his father for agricultural advice. Property dealings

<mask> bought the lands of Newington in South Edinburgh in 1803 and was responsible for the development of the

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Benjamin Bell
Bell
Benjamin Bell
Bell
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Bell
Bell


title: Benjamin Bell

texts:
 area. He built Newington House for himself just before his death. Although this house was demolished in 1966, the streets around where it lay include Blacket Avenue and Middleby Street named after the Dumfriesshire localities of <mask>'s youth. His son, <mask> FRSE (1777–1832) commissioned architect James Gillespie Graham (1776–1855) to prepare plans for housing and the subdivision of the land into plots. Family
Prior to marriage he lived as Gosford Close on the Royal Mile.<mask> married Grizel Hamilton, daughter of the Very Rev Prof Robert Hamilton FRSE (1707–1787), in 1774. After marriage he moved to a handsome house on Old Assembly Close. They had several sons who rose to prominence in Edinburgh society: <mask> FRSE (1777–1832), <mask> FRSE (1782–1861), <mask> FRSE (1783–1849)

<mask> was the progenitor of one of the great Edinburgh surgical dynasties. His son Joseph, grandson <mask> and great-grandson Joseph (1837–1911) were all surgeons in Edinburgh, and all became presidents of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. His son <mask> (1777-1832) was the official surgeon to H.M. King George IV when visiting Scotland in 1822. His great-grandson <mask> (1837–1911), was known for his diagnostic abilities, which depended on his ability to observe minute details. This inspired a young Edinburgh medical student Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) to base the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes on <mask>.Further reading

 Kirkup, J '<mask>, <mask> (1749–1806)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2006

References

External links

1749 births
1806 deaths
People from Dumfries
18th-century Scottish medical doctors
Scottish anatomists
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons
Scottish surgeons
Scottish medical writers
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Scottish farmers
Burials at the Canongate Kirkyard
Members of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh
Founder Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Enlightenment scientists
19th-century Scottish medical doctors
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of

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George Bell
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Joseph Bell
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Benjamin


title: Marthe Donas

texts:
<mask> (26 October 1885 – 31 January 1967) was a Belgian abstract and cubist painter and is recognized as one of the leading figures of Modernism. Donas worked under the androgynous pseudonyms Tour d'Onasky, <mask> and M. <mask>. Biography

Early life
Born on 26 October 1885, <mask> grew up in Antwerp as the daughter of a prosperous French-speaking bourgeois family. On her own initiative, she enrolled at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts Antwerp at the age of seventeen. Her authoritarian father, however, did not support her wish to become a painter, preventing her from going to drawing class and exhibitions and would not allow her being in contact with other students and artists in Antwerp. Donas´ paintings at that time were confined to still lifes and portraits of her family and friend circle. Against her father's will, she re-enrolled at the Higher Institute of Fine Arts in 1912 following the course for young ladies with Frans Van Kuyck.Beginning of her artistic career in Dublin
After the breakout of the First World War and the German invasion of Belgium, 4 August 1914, the <mask> family fled to Goes, Netherlands. Soon after, <mask> freed herself from the family pressure and moved with one of her sisters to Dublin. There, she continued perfecting her drawing, painting and print-making skills and followed a course in stained-glass art. At the end of 1915, she was taken on at Sarah Purser´s stained-glass art studio An Tur Gloine where she produced three large stained-glass windows for churches as well as some smaller works. Due to the political events surrounding the Easter Rising in Dublin in 1916, she once again was forced to leave her place of residence. While her sister sailed back to the family to the Netherlands, Marthe decided not to return to her old life but to head for Paris instead, at the time the artistic centre of Europe. Arrival in Paris

She settled in Montparnasse at the end of 1916 and rented a studio in a large complex at 9 Rue Campagne

masks:
Marthe Donas
Tour Donas
Donas
Marthe Gabrielle Donas
Donas
Donas


title: Marthe Donas

texts:
 Première.It was in Paris where she got into touch with the latest artistic màovements. She continued her education at the Académies de la Grande Chaumière and Ranson. In January 1917 she discovered the work of André Lhote and Cubism, which left a deep impression on her. <mask> soon became Lhote's pupil and started to adapt a cubist style in her own paintings. With Archipenko in Nice

Due to her precarious financial situation <mask> accepted the offer of an aristocratic lady to join her to the South of France in exchange for painting lessons. In spring 1917 she moved to Nice where she met the Ukrainian sculptor Alexander Archipenko. They developed not only an intensive collaboration in their artistic work but also an intimate personal relationship.<mask>' paintings and drawings of that time show how skilfully she incorporated elements of Archipenko's sculpto-paintings in a highly personal way. She then worked fully in a cubist manner, further developing her remarkable sense of colour under Archipenko's influence. Her most recurring motive was the female figure and still lives. By including concave and convex forms, alternating between round, angular and blurred elements, she introduced energy and investigated movement in her paintings which became more and more abstract. Already in Paris, she had experimented with collage techniques, but in Nice regularly incorporated materials like cement, sand, different kinds of fabric and lace, sandpaper and wallpapers into her work. International career
At the end of the First World War, <mask> returned to Paris and rented a studio at a studio complex at 26 Rue de Départ. The studio was previously occupied by Diego Riviera.Also, Piet Mondrian rented a studio in the same complex at that time. <mask> joined the artist group Section d'Or which was revived after the war under the leading of Archipenko. Through this international group of connections and with the help of Archipenko who intensely promoted Donas, she was able to

masks: Donas Donas Donas Donas Donas


title: Marthe Donas

texts: have her work published in several leading art magazines of the time: the Dutch De Stijl and the dadaist magazine Mécano, the German Der Sturm, the Italian Noi and the Belgian Sélection. In these years, <mask> started publishing her work under the pseudonyms 'Tour d'Onasky', 'M. Donas' and later exclusively 'Tour Donas' which disguised her gender. Especially cubist and abstract art were seen as too intellectual and rational for women. For a female artists to work under a male pseudonym secured considerably more respect within the art world, a higher chance of promotion and thus of commissions and sales.The network she had built up in Nice and Paris made one of her first participations in a mayor exhibition possible: The Exhibition of French Art 1914–19 in London compiled by Léopold Zborowski in which she was present with seven of her paintings alongside work by Othon Friesz, Vlaminck, Derain, Matisse, Picasso, Modigliani, Valadon, Kisling, Léger, Lhote, Utrillo and Dufy. Archipenko continued promoting <mask>' work internationally which lead to solo-exhibitions in Librairie Kundig in Geneva in December 1919 and the famous avant-garde gallery Der Sturm of Herwarth Walden in Berlin in Summer 1920 which would turn out to be the most important exhibitions in her entire career. Herwarth Walden most likely purchased many of her work which meant being recognized by one of the most influential dealers of that period. She also exhibited her work together with among other Gleizes, Férat, Villon, Natalia Goncharova, Léger, Braque, Irène Lagut, Archipenko and R. Duchamp in the Section d'Or-exhibitions in Paris in Galerie La Boétie and successively at different locations in the Netherlands organized by Theo van Doesburg with whom she had become close friends. <mask> visited him and his wife Lena Milis in Leiden during late spring 1920 to oversee the transportation of art works and to attend the opening in Rotterdam of the Section d'Or-exhibition. After her stay in the

masks: Donas Donas Donas


title: Marthe Donas

texts: frequently featuring her in his exhibitions and publications until at least September 1925. At one of these exhibitions, Donas work was certainly bought by American artist Katherine Dreier. In January 1920, she had founded the Societé Anonyme in New York together with Marcel Duchamp and Man Ray aiming to familiarize the American audience with the latest developments in European modern art. The Societé Anonyme showed Donas paintings and drawings alongside work by Campendonk, Klee, Schwitters, Molzahn and Stuckenberg in New York and later at a travelling group show at different other locations in the United States.Dreier continued to include <mask> work in numerous group exhibitions until 1940. The Societé Anonyme-collection, including <mask>' work, has later been donated by Dreier to the Yale University and are still kept at the Yale University Gallery in New Haven. In the meantime, <mask> continued working in Paris until she fell severely ill in the summer of 1921. The lack of savings forced her to leave her studio in Paris and return to her parents in Antwerp. In Antwerp, she must have been in contact with the Belgian art scene around Jozef Peeters seeing she participated prominently with twelve of her latest paintings and a portfolio of linocuts in a large-scale exhibition at El Bardo on Sint-Jacobsmarkt in Antwerp in January 1922 organized by Peeters in the framework of the Second Congress for Modern Art. By giving her exhibited paintings the title Composition with the Roman numerals I to VII, she clearly associated her work with that of the Belgian variant of international Constructivism 'plastique pure' (Pure plasticism), distancing herself even more from the movements in Paris. By January 1922, she was back in Paris to marry Henri Franke, an philosophy student from a Belgian family whom she still knew from her childhood.In February, she got sick again and was diagnosed with a form of hepatitis which made the couple move to the Paris suburb Fontenay-aux-Roses,


title: Marthe Donas

texts:
 a popular resort among artists. There, she continued drawing and painting and her work was featured in a number of exhibitions in Paris, Düsseldorf and Oslo in 1922/1923. Her paintings started developing away from the geometric abstraction towards a more figurative style. Due to her weak health however, <mask> and Franke permanently moved back to Belgium in July 1923. They settled in Ittre, a small village in Walloon Brabant where part of Franke's family lived already. Even though, her work appeared at several exhibitions in Brussels, Berlin and Paris, she was not very well known in Belgium and did not enjoy the fame she received in her years in Paris. The themes in her works became more traditional, she painted mainly still lives and landscapes, and she moved away completely from cubism and abstraction.In April 1926 however, the gallery A La Vierge Poupine of Paul van Ostaijen and Geert Van Bruaene organized the first large-scale retrospective of <mask> <mask>' oeuvre with seventy of her paintings. Through the renewal of her contacts in the avant-garde art scene in Belgium, <mask> decided to move back into the city of Brussels at the beginning of 1927. Her work was admired by many of the Belgian artists though just a few knew about her cubist work at the beginning of the 1920s and she was rather seen as an up-and coming artist in Brussels. Again, it was her colour palette which drew most attention and which was seen as highly refined. Being inside this urban artistic milieu again and able to participate in a number of exhibitions in Brussels and in Paris with the artists' group L’Assault, reinvigorated her artistic inspiration. In a softer palette this time, she picked up a neo-cubist style again and produced a great body of work in the year 1927. Hiatus from painting and second career
The renewed contact with the French and Belgian art scene and her rediscovered artistic energy did not last long though.Disheartened, she stopped painting entirely for 20 years.

masks: Donas Marthe Donas Donas


title: Marthe Donas

texts: There was little appreciation for modern art in Belgium, additionally she experienced some personal setbacks. Her parents died shortly after another in 1927 and 1929 and financial straits further made life difficult forcing her and her husband to seek refuge once more in Ittre. At the age of forty-five, <mask> <mask> got pregnant and gave birth to her daughter Francine in January 1931. After having moved around again for some years with her husband in search for an income, they returned to Ittre at the outbreak of the Second World War in the year 1939. <mask> was now fully occupied with the household of Chateau Bauthier and the upbringing of her daughter, which proved not to be easy at her age. Significantly, when her daughter turned sixteen and independent, she started painting again.<mask> and Henri moved back the Brussels in 1948. Her paintings from that period expressed a sense of innocence and humour, <mask> herself called it "romantic with a Cubist tenor", found appreciation in exhibitions in Brussels and Antwerp. Starting from 1954, her paintings became again more abstract and finally entirely non-figurative starting from 1958 drawing inspiration from pure intuition. Around that period, she came into contact with Dutch gallerist Maurits Bilcke who promoted her work extensively in the 1960s. From the United States, too, came interest in especially her early work after Katherine Dreier had donated the collection of the Société Anonyme'''s collection to the Yale University's gallery. Also in Belgium, the interest grew into the pioneers of abstraction of the early 20th century. German art historian Herta Wescher included her work in her book about collages.Due to this upcoming attention towards her <mask> <mask> started composing her autobiography. In the following years, she was featured in a number of important exhibitions among them The First Abstract Artists in Belgium: Tribute to the Pioneers in 1959 in Antwerp, Salon de femmes peintres et sculpteurs at the

masks: Marthe Donas Donas Donas Donas Marthe Donas


title: Marthe Donas

texts:
 Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, a big overview of solely her work in two rooms at the Palais de Beaux-Arts in Brussels, both in 1960, and an exhibition dedicated to the influence of Herwarth Walden and his gallery Der Sturm at the Nationalgallerie in Berlin in 1961 alongside Archipenko, Chagall, Delaunay, Gleizes, Goncharova, Jawlenksy, Kandinsky, Klee, Kokoschka, Léger, Macke, Marc, Schwitters and Severini. Being included with these artists which have by then been acknowledged as the important avant-gardists of the 20th century, must have been especially gratifying for <mask>. While her work finally was internationally recognized, her health was declining and again she had financial struggles. She was forced to sell the majority of her work to Maurits and Suzanne Bilcke. Subsequently, a major Donas exhibition at the Schleiper gallery in Brussels was organized by the Bilckes in October 1961. This exhibition was a big success and received a lot of attention internationally by art critics and fellow artists alike.Maurits Bilcke further promoted her work and made sure it was included in important collections. In the 1960s, her work was purchased by the ministry of Belgium, the Museum of Fine Arts in Brussels, the Francophone Section of the Ministry of Education and the Royal Museum of Fine Arts in Antwerp. She was happy that towards the end of her life, she was finally recognized as one of the great pioneers of the avant-garde. <mask> <mask> died on 31 January 1967 in the company of her husband and her daughter in a nursing home in Audreignies, Belgium. Exhibitions
 1920: La Section d’Or, Galerie La Boétie, Paris, 5 march 1920. 2016: Donas. De Belgische avant-gardiste'', Museum voor Schoone Kunsten, Gent.References

Biography

External links

 Marthe Donas Museum
 Marthe Donas Foundation

 https://www.coleccionrobertopolo.es/en/must-see-pieces/

Belgian artists
20th-century Belgian painters
Belgian women painters
1885 births
1967 deaths
Royal Academy of

masks: Donas Marthe Donas


title: Alessandra Macinghi Strozzi

texts:
<mask> ( – March ) was a Florentine Renaissance business and noblewoman known for her preserved correspondence which chronicled her financial and political struggles in Medici Florence. <mask> was largely family oriented and worked hard to place her sons in successful banking positions and all her children beneficial marriages. Seventy-three of her letters were preserved by her son Filippo and are now housed by the Archivio de Stato di Firenze. <mask>'s letters rank among the most significant primary sources from fifteenth-century Florence. Life

Early life
<mask> was born between 1406 and 1408 to <mask> and Caterina di Bernardo Alberti. The date of her birth is contested as the final entry in her book of accounts in 1471 gives her age as 63 but a tax document from 1427 claims her age to be 22 years and 2 months. Not much is known about <mask>'s childhood.The Macinghi family was a new elite family and thus lacked the social standing held by more established families such as the Strozzi. <mask>'s mother died while she was still a young child and her father remarried to Ginevra di Albertuccio Ricasoli. <mask> had 5 siblings. Her elder brother Berto was illegitimate and her only full sibling was her younger brother Zanobi. Filippo's marriage to Ginerva gave <mask> an additional 3 siblings, Caterina, Antonio, and Ginevra. <mask>'s father died in 1420 when she was around the age of 12. Analogous to women of similar social standing, <mask> received an education that covered the basics of reading, writing, and keeping accounts.Marriage
<mask> <mask> married Matteo di <mask> on June 10, 1422 bringing a dowry of 1,600 florins. Due to her father's death, <mask>'s marriage was negotiated by her stepmother and uncles. <mask>

masks:
Alessandra Macinghi Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Alessandra di Filippo Macinghi
Filippo di Niccolò Macinghi
Strozzi
Alessandra
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Alessandra
Macinghi
Simone Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi


title: Alessandra Macinghi Strozzi

texts:
 and Matteo had 9 children together, 8 of which survived infancy and 5 of whom survived to adulthood. Due to Matteo's involvement against the Medici in Florentine politics, in 1434 he was exiled to Pesaro for 5 years along with other male members of his extended family for considering violence against the Medici. Though she had the opportunity to remain in the family household in Florence and run it, <mask> only stayed long enough to put family affairs in order and followed Matteo into exile bringing along their children. The entirety of the <mask> family was blocked from prominent political offices while the Macinghi began to rise in political prominence as they supported the Medici beginning a rift between <mask> and her birth family. In 1435, the plague hit Pesaro and Matteo along with Andreuola Caterina, Simone, and Piero all perished.Widowhood
Following Matteo's death, <mask> returned her family to Florence. It was after this return that she had her final child who she named Matteo after his father. She chose not to remarry citing religious reasons which as in line with a majority of women. Additionally, she sought to remain a part of her children's lives which would have been impossible if she remarried. Due to patrilineal norms, children remained to be raised by their father's extended family upon the re-marriage of their mother; the mother was not involved in the lives of her children partially due to an inherent distrust of the mother's new husband. In Matteo the Elder named <mask> guardian of her children in his will so long as she did not remarry. Matteo the Elder's will also allowed <mask> to choose her male representative when handling family affairs.Much of Matteo the Elder's properties had been sold

masks: Strozzi Strozzi Strozzi Strozzi Strozzi Strozzi


title: Alessandra Macinghi Strozzi

texts:
 to pay off family debts, however, <mask> owned property that held a value equivalent to that of her dowry. The first many years of <mask>'s widowhood were spent with tight finances as she paid off debts and was taxed at a higher rate as a result of Matteo the Elder's poor relationship with the Medici. <mask> maintained close connections with her in-laws who helped ensure a stable upbringing for her children and their future success. <mask> arranged with relatives for her sons to be given banking positions in Naples so that they could contribute to family finances and live in a less precarious situation. To this end, <mask> made careful selections in matters such as where her family lived, who they rented property to, and what alliances and connections they made. <mask>'s life largely revolved around her children. For her daughters, she negotiated marriages she believed would be good.She did the same for her sons Filippo and Lorenzo after the exile order which had carried over from father to sons was lifted in 1466 by Piero di Cosimo de' Medici and their social standing increased. Matteo the Younger died prior to this at the age 23 in 1458. Several times during her sons' exile, <mask> considered joining them in Naples. In Florence, <mask> maintained a small household consisting of her ward <mask>, an illegitimate daughter of one of Matteo's relatives, whom she raised from age 8 until Isabella was married at age 16. Additionally, <mask>'s brother Zanobi came to stay with her as he had financial difficulties and both were on bad terms with a majority of their Macinghi relatives. Financial involvements
As head of household, <mask> controlled the family finances and worked through many challenges to keep the household

masks:
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Isabella Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi


title: Alessandra Macinghi Strozzi

texts:
 stable. To this end, she was in charge of her children's education and steered her sons towards banking as a method of improving the family finances.All that <mask>'s children were set to inherit came from the property not sold to pay of Matteo the Elder's debts as it constituted a value equivalent to the 1,600 florins of <mask>'s dowry. Property <mask> was able to keep included the main family house in Florence as well as another, smaller house within the city and other properties and farms in the country. In the early years of <mask>'s widowhood, she had her family mainly reside in the smaller house in Florence as it cost less to maintain while she rented the family house out to one of Matteo the Elder's cousins for significantly more than she was spending maintaining the smaller home. Additionally, she rented out the farmlands to peasants who would in turn give her a share of the profits as if the land sat idle, she made nothing. When <mask>'s own finances stabilized with the success of her sons in Naples, she continued to look after much of her family's finances. <mask> assisted her brother Zanobi when he ran into financial troubles by buying some of his properties contradicting the will of their father and driving a deeper rift between <mask> and most of the Macinghi family. Death and legacy

<mask>'s final preserved letter was written in 1470.She died of old age in March of 1471 and her death was recorded by her son Filippo in her book of accounts as occurring at the age of 63. She was entombed within the Strozzi Chapel at what was then the Church of Santa Maria Novella. No portraits of her exist. Letters
Letters written by <mask> dating from August 24, 1447 until April 14, 1470 detail aspects of <mask>'s

masks: Strozzi Strozzi Strozzi Strozzi Strozzi Strozzi Strozzi Strozzi Strozzi Strozzi


title: Alessandra Macinghi Strozzi

texts:
 life. Additionally, they provide an insight into the life of a widow in fifteenth century Florence and detail additional aspects of culture and family life that provide valuable information to historians. These letters were preserved by her eldest surviving son, Filippo <mask> the Elder, most likely as they contained details about financial transactions and negotiations that pertained to the family. All of the letters were written in Strozzi's hand and all except one of the seventy-three are addressed to either Filippo, Lorenzo, or Matteo as <mask> updates them on the events in Florence involving family members and general major occurrences.References

Sources

 Brucker, Gene (2005). Living on the Edge in Leonardo's Florence. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 151-168. .
 Ann, Crabb (1992). "How Typical Was <mask> Macinghi <mask> of Fifteenth-Century Florentine Widows?". In Mirrer, Louise. Upon My Husband's Death: Widows in the Literature and Histories of Medieval Europe.Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 47–61. .
 Crabb, Ann (2000). The Strozzi of Florence: Widowhood and Family Solidarity in the Renaissance. University of Michigan Press. .
 Gregory, Heather (1997). Selected Letters of <mask> <mask>: Bilingual Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. .
 Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane (1985).Women, Family, and Ritual in Renaissance Italy. London: The University of Chicago Press. . External links

1407 births
1471 deaths
Nobility from Florence
Italian Renaissance writers
Italian letter writers
Women letter writers
Businesspeople from Florence
15th-century people of the Republic of Florence
15th-century Italian women
Medieval letter writers
Medieval businesswomen
15th-century Italian

masks: Strozzi Strozzi Alessandra Strozzi Alessandra Strozzi


title: Arman Tsarukyan

texts:
<mask> (; born October 11, 1996) is an Armenian-Russian mixed martial artist who competes in the lightweight division. He is currently signed with the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). As of February 28, 2022, he is #12 in the UFC lightweight rankings. Background
<mask> was born to an Armenian family in Akhalkalaki, Georgia. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
<mask> made his professional debut in mixed martial arts on September 25, 2015 against Shamil Olokhanov and won by technical knockout in the first round. He lost his next fight against Alexander Belikh by first-round knockout. <mask> continued fighting for mixed martial arts promotions in Russia and Asia, winning his next 12 fights with 9 finishes, including a first round submission victory against Belikh to avenge his first loss.He compiled a 13–1 record prior to signing a four-fight contract with the UFC. Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> made his UFC debut against Islam Makhachev, one of the main training partners of Khabib Nurmagomedov, on April 20, 2019 at UFC Fight Night: Overeem vs. Oleinik. It was a fast-paced fight with high level wrestling exchanges, and <mask> lost the fight via a unanimous decision. This fight

masks:
Arman Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Arman
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan


title: Arman Tsarukyan

texts: earned him the Fight of the Night bonus. <mask> faced Olivier Aubin-Mercier on 27 July 2019 at UFC 240 and won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> was expected to face Davis Ramos on April 11, 2020 at UFC Fight Night: Overeem vs. Harris. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was eventually postponed.The bout eventually moved to UFC Fight Night 172 on July 19, 2020. He won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> was expected to face Nasrat Haqparast on January 24, 2021 at UFC 257. However, on the day of the weigh ins, Haqparast pulled out of the fight citing an illness. As a result, the promotion negotiated a matchup between <mask> and Matt Frevola. Subsequently, <mask> forfeited 20% of his purse as a result of missing weight, which went to Frevola. <mask> won the fight via unanimous decision.<mask> faced Christos Giagos on September 18, 2021 at UFC Fight Night 192. He won the fight via technical knockout in round one. This win earned him the Performance of the Night award. <mask> faced Joel Álvarez on February 26, 2022 at UFC Fight Night 202. He won the bout via ground and pound TKO in the second round. The win also earned <mask> his second consecutive Performance of the Night bonus

masks: Tsarukyan Tsarukyan Tsarukyan Tsarukyan Tsarukyan Tsarukyan Tsarukyan Tsarukyan Tsarukyan


title: Víctor Celorio

texts:
<mask> (born July 27, 1957 in Mexico City) is an author, entrepreneur, inventor, and former union organizer. He is best known as the inventor of InstaBook, a digital printing technology. He lives and works in Gainesville, Florida. Inventions

InstaBook

As an inventor, Celorio obtained patents for the technology popularly known as InstaBook or Book On Demand, as well as that of distributed printing technology in which a digital file is distributed among as many printing centers as required for immediate production and delivery. (US PATENTS 6012890, 6213703, Chinese Patent 97705, Mexican Patent 241092, others). In regards to patent 6213703, on 2013 the Federal Court of Appeals affirmed the USPTO decision in full and ruled that the patent was valid and adopted all allowed claims. https://cases.justia.com/federal/appellate-courts/cafc/13-1194/13-1194-2013-10-22.pdf?ts=1411173123.The full text of the patent may be found at: https://patents.justia.com/patent/6213703-

In the late eighties, <mask> created a digital network of print on demand centers around Mexico City, and in the nineties he founded InstaBook Corporation, a company to market the technology that became known as Print on Demand or Book on Demand. Kinetic Lung
In 2019 he received patent US 10406466, for a technology that uses kinetic energy to process massive amounts of urban air, to locate and separate the toxic particles known as PM2.5 and PM10 which have been found to be poison for every living being. In 2018 he founded the nonprofit organization Pulmón Urbano AC (Urban Lung Inc. In US) to deploy his technology in cities with contaminated urban air. After an initial test in 2017 in the city of

masks:
Víctor Celorio
Celorio


title: Víctor Celorio

texts:
 León, in México, in June 2019 his foundation installed in Mexicali, Baja California, -the worst contaminated city in Mexico- the first network of Urban Lungs in the world. That network is composed of 300 Residential Lungs -hosted by volunteers at their homes-, and 10 Solar Lungs, hosted by 10 of the most prestigious universities and colleges of the city. Since June his organization self proclaimed this Urban Lung Network has been cleaning 3 million cubic meters of air each day, for a total of hundreds of millions of cubic meters of contaminated air to date and an effective reduction of a 35% in the amount of toxic particles PM2.5 and PM10 floating in the air of Mexicali at the end of October 2019, as was reported in a study presented to the California Air Resources Board by the head of the local nonprofit EconCiencia y Salud AC.The nonprofit Pulmon Urbano AC relied on independent and internationally well known companies such as PurpleAir  and VisualAir, to show, in real time, the daily reduction of polluted air in Mexicali achieved by the Urban Lung Network. Celorio is also a writer and publisher of several books. In an interview published in The Seybold Report, written by George A. Alexander, (2002) <mask> described his love affair with books since he was a child. He knew he wanted to be a writer from the time he was 10 years old and he published his first short story at the age of 14 in a magazine called Al Sur del Sur. Bibliography

As an author, <mask> has published six books, both in Spanish and in English. His titles include one of the first books ever distributed through the Internet. The book was entitled Proyecto Mexico (Blue Unicorn Editions

masks:
Victor Celorio
Celorio


title: Víctor Celorio

texts:
 Florida, 1995, ).This work is a political essay published in 1995 in which the author proposes that Mexico, his country of origin, lacks a long-term project as a country. Therefore, all political remedies to the problems affecting that country will lack a global goal and will be short term in nature. Thus, Mexico as a country will go from one short-term solution to the next short-term solution until a true national project is negotiated among all political parties. Further reading
There have been about 200 articles about <mask> and his book-printing invention, written by, among others, The New York Times, Forbes, Seybold Report, Publishers Weekly, Chicago Tribune, and the Rochester Institute of Technology; and interviews in National Public Radio; etc. This short list includes a few  of the US published articles as a sample. There have been articles written in many other countries (Canada, Mexico, Germany, Italy, India, China, etc.). Alexander, George A."The InstaBook Maker: book printing eases into the bookstore", The Seybold Report: Analyzing Publishing Technologies, Seybold Publications. Callea, Donna. "E-publisher Makes Mark" Daytona Beach Press. Available online at Archives
 Edwards, Steve. "InstaBook Launches 'Books-On-Demand'", May 26, 2004, The Seybold Report: Analyzing Publishing Technologies, Seybold Publications. Available online at
 Haack, Douglas F. "The Simpleton Author's Guide to"Self-Book Publishing and Printing", 04, 2000. Available online at
 Kleper, Michael L. "The Handbook of Digital Publishing".Vol. II. By, Rochester Institute of Technology. Page 565, Published by Prentis Hall, 2000,  Encyclopedia of Printing Technologies in 2


title: Susan Curtiss

texts:
<mask> is Professor Emerita at the University of California, Los Angeles. <mask>' main fields of research are psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics. Her 1976 UCLA PhD dissertation centered on the study of the grammatical development of Genie, a famous feral child. Her subsequent work has been on grammatical development in children with SLI; maturational constraints on first-language development ("Critical period" effects); hemispheric specialization for language and language acquisition; and the cognitive modularity of grammar. Biography
<mask> received her undergraduate degree from the University of California, Berkeley. She attended the University of California, Los Angeles where her doctoral advisor was Victoria Fromkin. There, she studied Genie, the feral child.Curtiss wrote her doctoral thesis on Genie. Curtiss’ dissertation is now regarded as the most significant research that addressed Genie’s acquisition of language. After receiving her PhD, she continued to study critical periods, modularity, and grammatical development at UCLA. She is married and has two daughters. Work with Genie
In November 1970, the child welfare authorities of Los Angeles discovered a young girl who

masks:
Susan Curtiss
Curtiss
Susan Curtiss


title: Susan Curtiss

texts: had been subject to extreme isolation and abuse. At the time of her discovery, the girl, who was given the pseudonym “Genie,” was approximately 13 years and 7 months old, and it was determined that her isolation began at around 20 months of age. Many people were involved in Genie’s case including social workers, psychologists, and linguists.In May 1971, <mask>, alongside a team of researchers, began researching Genie. At the time of Genie’s discovery, there was little evidence that she had acquired any language, and so the team of researchers aimed to determine whether Genie was capable of comprehending or producing language. They were able to find that Genie could understand far more than she was able to produce, and from there, the team tried to both teach Genie facets of the English language as well as test her understanding of how to employ those features. <mask>, specifically, set out to teach Genie the difference between singular and plural count nouns. Curtiss developed a game to help Genie understand the plural construction rule—Curtiss would say a noun phrase such as “four horses,” and Genie would find the index card that had the number 4, the index card that had a picture of

masks:
Susan Curtiss
Curtiss


title: Susan Curtiss

texts: horses, and the index card that had the letter “s” to construct that phrase. Using this game, Genie was able to learn regular English pluralization in 3 weeks. Over the course of study, Genie’s language developed in several ways.The researchers noted, however, that there were significant differences between Genie’s language development and that of a normal child—surprisingly, considering her limited exposure to language at the time she was placed into custody, Genie’s vocabulary rapidly grew very large. For example, after 7 months in the hospital, Genie could produce about 200 words whereas a child at the equivalent linguistic stage can produce about 50 words. To contrast, her syntax was quite limited. Genie acquired few syntactic rules, and she produced few sentences longer than 3 words. <mask> and her research team found that despite Genie’s limited acquisition of syntax, she had relatively advanced cognitive abilities. Curtiss observed isolated incidents in which she believed Genie showed evidence of using recursion, a complex feature of human language. Genie’s linguistic development was seen as an opportunity to research critical periods.Prior to the research done on Genie, it was


title: Susan Curtiss

texts:
 treated Genie as a human rather than a test subject. Other Major Accomplishments

Critical Periods
<mask>s’ work with Genie lent itself greatly to her research on critical periods. As the case study of Genie demonstrated, reaching puberty without having had significant exposure to language does not mean that an individual will be unable to communicate for the remainder of their life.Rather, it means that while the individual can learn vocabulary but will be extremely unlikely to learn the syntax of the language. In 1980, Curtiss began research on a woman who was given the pseudonym “Chelsea.” Chelsea, 32, had been born deaf, but in childhood was not diagnosed as such. This misdiagnosis led to Chelsea never receiving any language input from American Sign Language (ASL) nor any auditory input. Additionally, no system of home-sign ever arose in her home. Local social services requested an examination of Chelsea when she was 32, leading to the discovery that she was deaf. At that time, she was fitted with her first pair of hearing aids, and began working with <mask>. Curtiss observed that Chelsea was able to learn new vocabulary quickly, similarly to Genie.Chelsea showed strength in

masks:
Susan Curtis
Susan Curtiss


title: Susan Curtiss

texts:
 that the number of errors made by each Alzheimer’s patient correlated with the severity of the disease. Curtiss has also helped develop several key language tests for use by clinicians and researchers to diagnose language development.The CYCLE (Curtiss Yamada Comprehensive Language Evaluation) Test is widely used to diagnose language development and language impairments in children and adults. Another test, the CYCLE-N (Curtiss Yamada Comprehensive Language Evaluation—Neurological), was designed specifically for adults and for mapping grammar in the brain. These tests are administered to children and adults with various conditions including autism, Specific Language Impairment (SLI), and dementia to determine which language faculty has been affected so that clinicians can determine the best course of treatment. Language Impaired (LI) Children

<mask>s has performed significant research in the field of language development in children with various language impairments compared to normal children. In 1987, Curtiss provided a report to the US Congress. This report offers data pertaining to the phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of both language impaired (LI) and


title: Susan Curtiss

texts:
 impaired parents, siblings were 52.6% more likely to have language impairments. In families where only one parent had a language impairment, the rate of sibling impairment was 31.6%. Families in which neither parent was language impaired showed a 25% rate of siblings being language impaired. Indeed, this study showed that SLI children are far more likely to have parents or siblings that are language impaired than normal children.The researchers observed that “most families reported either several [SLI] cases in the same family or no [SLI] cases at all.”

Selected Publications
Each of the following publications can be found on Curtiss' website: https://linguistics.ucla.edu/person/susan-curtiss/

Caplan, R., <mask>, S., Chugani, H. and Vinters, H.V. 1996. Pediatric Rasmussen Encephalitis: Social communication, language, PET, and pathology before and after hemispherectomy. Brain and Cognition, 32, 45-66. Curtiss, S. 1978. A New “Wild Child”? [Review of the book The Wild Boy of Burundi: A Study of an Outcase Child by H. Lane & R. Pillard].Contemporary Psychology, vol. 25, 4, 337. Curtiss, S. 1981. Dissociations between language and cognition. Journal of Autism and Developmental


title: Susan Curtiss

texts: Linguistic Theory: Extensions and Implications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 96-116. Curtiss, S. 1990.What happens if you are raised without language?. Curtiss, S. 1995. Language as a cognitive system. In N. Chomsky (Ed.) Critical Assessment. Routledge, 211-255. Curtiss, S. 2000.Acquisition of word and sentence structure. In V. Fromkin (Ed.) Linguistics: An Introduction to Linguistic Theory. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. Curtiss, S. 2013. Revisiting modularity: Using language as a window to the mind. In M. Piatelli-Palmarini and R.C.Berwick (Eds.) Rich Languages from Poor Inputs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 68-90. <mask>, S. and de Bode, S. 1998. Language outcomes for hemispherectomized children. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual BUCLD, vol. 1, 121-133.<mask>, S. and de Bode, S. 1999. Age and etiology as predictors of language outcome following hemispherectomy. Developmental Neuroscience, vol. 21, 174-181. <mask>, S. and de Bode, S. 2003. How normal is grammtical development in the right hemisphere following hemispherectomy? The root infinitive stage and beyond.Brain and Language, vol. 86, 193-206. <mask>, S. and Schaeffer, J. 2005. Syntactic development in

masks: Curtiss Curtiss Curtiss Curtiss


title: Susan Curtiss

texts: children with hemispherectomy: The I-, D-, and C-systems. Brain and Language, vol. 94, 2, 147-66.<mask>, S. Krashen, S., Fromkin, V., Rigler, D. and Rigler, M. 1973. Language acquisition after the critical period: Genie as of April, 1973. 98-103. <mask>, S., de Bode, S., and Mathern, G.W. 2001. Spoken language outocmes after hemispherectomy: Factoring in etiology. Brain and Language, vol.79, 3, 379-96. <mask>, S., Fromkin, V., Krashen, S., Rigler, D. and Rigler, M. 1974. The linguistic development of Genie. Language, vol. 50, 3, 528-554. <mask>, S., Fromkin, V., Rigler, D., Riger, M. and Krashen, S. 1975. An update on the linguistic development of Genie.In Dato, D.P. (Ed.) Developmental Psycholinguistics: Theory and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 145-153. <mask>, S., Fromkin, V.A. and Krashen, S.D. 1978.Language development in the mature (minor) right hemisphere. ITL: Review of Applied Linguistics 39-40, 23-37. <mask>, S., Jackson, C.A., Kempler, D., Hanson, W.R. and Metter, E.J. 1986. Length vs. structural complexity in sentence comprehension in aphasia. Clinical Aphasiology, vol. 16, 45-55.Curtiss, S., Katz, W. and Tallal, P. 1992. Delay versus deviance

masks: Curtiss Curtiss Curtiss Curtiss Curtiss Curtiss


title: Susan Curtiss

texts:
 in the language acquisition of normal and language-impaired children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, vol. 35, 2, 373-383. <mask>, S., MacSwan, J., Schaeffer, J., Kural, M. and Sano, T. 2004. GCS: A grammatical coding system manual. <mask>, S., MacSwan, J., Schaeffer, J., Kural, M. and Sano, T. 2004.GCS: A grammatical coding system for natural language data. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, vol. 3, 459-480. Curtiss, S., Prutting, C.A. and Lowell, E.L. 1979. Pragmatic and semantic development in young children with impaired hearing. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, vol.22, 534-552. <mask>, <mask>. "The Case of Chelsea." UCLA Working Papers in Linguistics, vol. 18, pp. 115–46. de Bode, S. and Curtiss, S. 1999.Neurobiological mechanisms of language acquisition in Sturge Weber Syndrome. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual BUCLD, vol. 1, 150-161.

de Bode, S. and Curtiss, S. 2000. How the brain copes with a phantom hemisphere and supports language development. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual BUCLD, vol. 1, 232-41.

de Bode, S. and Curtiss. S. 2000.Language after hemispherectomy. Brain and Cognition, vol. 43, 135-205. Fromkin, V., Krashen, S., <mask>, S.,

masks: Curtiss Curtiss Curtiss Susan Curtiss


title: Susan Curtiss

texts: Rigler, D. and Rigler, M. 1974. The development of language in Genie: A case of language acquisition beyond the “Critical Period”. Brain and Language, vol. 1, 81-107.Gilkerson, J., Hyams, N., and <mask>, S. 2002. ‘No I Understand Negation’: A preferential looking paradigm study of early knowledge of sentential and anaphoric negation. Gilkerson, J., Hyams, N., and <mask>, S. 2003. On the scope of negation: More evidence for early parameter setting. To appear in Proceedings of Generative Approaches to Language Acquisition. Utrecht, The Netherlands. Grinstead, J., MacSwan, J., <mask>, S. and Gelman, R. 1998.The independence of language and number. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual BUCLD, vol. 1, 303-313. Grinstead, J., MacSwan, J., <mask>, S., and Gelman, R. 2004. The independence of language and number. Jackson, C.A., Kempler, D., Hanson, W.R., <mask>, S., Metter, E.J. and Van Lancker, D. 1988.Syntactic facility in fluent aphasia. In T. Prescott (Ed. ), Clinical Aphasiology, 1988 (Conference on Clinical Aphasiology//Clinical Aphasiology). Cape Cod, MA: College Hill Press, 357-367. Katz, W., Tallal, P., and Curtiss, S. 1992. Rapid automatized naming and gesture by normal and

masks: Curtiss Curtiss Curtiss Curtiss Curtiss


title: Susan Curtiss

texts: language-impaired children. Brain and Language, vol.43. 623-641. Kempler, D., <mask>, S. and Jackson, C. 1987. Syntactic preservation in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, vol. 30, 343-350. Kempler, D., <mask>, S., Metter, E.J., Jackson, C.A., and Hanson, W.R. 1991.Grammatical comprehension, aphasic syndromes and neuroimaging. Journal of Neurolinguistics, vol. 6, 3, 301-318. Krashen, S.D., <mask>, S., Fromking, V., Rigler, D. and Rigler, M. 1974. Lateralization in the case of Genie. From: BRI, CEREBRAL DOMINANCE, Conference Report #34. University of California, Los Angeles, 13-14.Połczyńska M, Japardi K, <mask> S,  Moody 1, Benjamin C, Cho A, Vigil C1, Kuhn T, Jones M, Bookheimer S. 2017. Improving language mapping in clinical fMRI through assessment of grammar. Neuroimagg Clin. 15:415-427. Połczyńska M., Kuhn T., You S.C., Walshaw P., <mask> S., Bookheimer S. 2017b. Assessment of grammar optimizes language tasks for the intracarotid amobarbital procedure. Epilepsy & Behavior.76:89-100. Polczynska, M., <mask>, S.,  Walshaw, P., Siddartha, P., Benjamin, C., Moseley, BD., Vigil, C., Jones, M., Eliashiv, D. and S, bookheimer. Grammar tests increase the ability


title: Susan Curtiss

texts:
 to lateralize language function in the Wada test. Epilepsy Res. 108, (10), 1865-1873. S<mask> and J. Yamada. The Curtiss-Yamada Comprehensive Language Evaluation for Neurosurgy (The CYCLE-N)

Tallal, P., <mask>, S. and Kaplan, R. Curtiss, S. 1988.The San Diego Longitudinal Study. In S.E. Gerber & G.T. Mencher (Eds.) International Perspectives on Communication Disorders. Washington D.C.: Gallaudet University Press, 86-126. Tallal, P., Ross, R. and Curtiss, S. 1989.Familial aggregation in Specific Language Impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, vol. 54, 167-173. Tallal, P., Ross, R. and Curtiss, S. 1989. Unexpected sex-ratios in families with language learning-impaired children. Neuropsychologia, vol. 27, 7, 987-998.Tallal, P., Townsend, J., <mask>, S. and Wulfeck, B. 1991. Phenotypic profiles of language. Brain and Language, vol. 41, 81-95. See also
 Linguistic development of Genie

References

Linguists from the United States
Living people
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Women linguists
Year of birth missing (living

masks:
. Curtiss
Curtiss
Curtiss


title: Joe Mattock

texts:
<mask> (born 15 May 1990) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for  club Rotherham United. <mask> was a regular for the Leicester under-18 side (playing alongside the likes of Ashley Chambers, Max Gradel, Andy King and Eric Odhiambo) as well as England U17s. He was part of the U18 squad that won the FA Premier Academy League by beating Sunderland U18s 4–3 on penalties in the 2006–07 season, and was voted Leicester's academy player of the season. He made his senior debut for Leicester in a 2–1 home defeat to Norwich City on 14 April 2007, replacing Gareth McAuley in the 78th minute at left back. He was given the number 30 shirt worn the year before by another promising youngster, James Wesolowski. <mask> went on to start three games against Birmingham City, Preston North End and Barnsley during the close of the 2006–07 season.On 9 November 2007, during the 2007–08 season, <mask> signed a new three-year contract with Leicester. The club rejected a bid from an unnamed Premier League club for <mask> on 14 January 2008 (later revealed to be West Ham United). Following Leicester's relegation in the 2007–08 season, Aston Villa became interested in <mask> and then-teammate Richard Stearman. While Stearman left for Wolves in the July transfer window, <mask> remained at the club for another year. He did, however, hand in a transfer request during pre-season, but was unable to secure a deal with any club. <mask> suffered ligament damage to his left ankle in a 1–0 League Cup win over Stockport County on 12 August 2008. Fortunately, there was no fracture, meaning he would be out for several weeks instead of months.On 28 August, three days before the close of the transfer window, Leicester rejected seven-figure offers from two unnamed clubs for <mask>. He scored his first and only goal for Leicester in a 2–0 win over Yeovil Town on 19 January 2009. Leicester went on to regain promotion to the Championship by finishing the season as league champions. West Bromwich Albion
On 6 August, while away on international duty, <mask> was ecstatic when informed by

masks:
Joseph William Mattock
Mattockock
Mattock
Mattock
Mattock
Mattock
Mattock
Mattock
Mattock
Mattock


title: Joe Mattock

texts:
 his agent that West Bromwich Albion were interested in him. Eager to leave Leicester, he submitted his transfer request to chairman Milan Mandarić. The manner in which <mask> made the request infuriated manager Nigel Pearson. He signed a three-year contract with West Brom four days later for a fee of £1 million, citing Richard Stearman as his motivation for leaving Leicester.The comment angered many Leicester fans and he was booed upon his return to the Walkers Stadium in November. <mask> made his debut for Albion in the 2–0 League Cup win over Bury. In January 2011, he joined Sheffield United on loan until end of the 2010–11 Football League Championship season making his first start for the Blades away at Coventry City a couple of days later. He went on to make 13 appearances for the Yorkshire club but was unable to help prevent them from being relegated at the end of the season. In November of the same year, <mask> joined Championship team Portsmouth on a loan deal lasting until 2 January 2012, alongside George Thorne. He made his debut two days later, starting in the 1–1 draw against Leicester City. On 31 January 2012, <mask> signed for Championship side Brighton & Hove Albion on a loan deal lasting until the end of the season.On 17 March, he scored in a 3–1 away defeat to Blackpool. In total, <mask> made 15 league appearances for the Seagulls during his loan spell. On 16 May 2012, <mask> was released by West Bromwich Albion after his contract was not renewed. Sheffield Wednesday
In June 2012, <mask> was expected to complete a permanent transfer to Brighton following his successful loan spell, but instead agreed a three-year contract at newly promoted Championship side Sheffield Wednesday. At the end of the 2014–15 season, <mask> was one of eleven players released from their contracts by the club. Rotherham United
On 12 June 2015, <mask> signed for Championship club Rotherham United. He made his debut in a 2–1 defeat against Nottingham Forest on 15 August 2015 and scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 defeat to Brentford on 17 October 2015.On 24 May 2017,

masks: Mattock Mattock Mattock Mattock Mattock Mattock Mattock Mattock Mattock


title: Joe Mattock

texts:
 <mask> signed a two-year extension to his contract, keeping him at the club until June 2019.

International career
After making his first team debut, <mask> was named in the England squad for the U17 Championships in Belgium. On 3 October 2007, <mask> was called up to the England U19 squad for the 2008 European U19 Championship. On 12 November, <mask> was called up to the England U21 squad alongside former clubmate Richard Stearman for the 2009 European U21 Championship qualifiers, making his debut in a 2–0 win over Bulgaria U21 on 16 November. In doing so he became the second youngest player to represent the England U21, behind Theo Walcott. However, he did not make the final squad for the tournament and instead played at the U19 European Championships. He scored his first ever international goal in the group stage and helped England to the final where they lost out to the hosts, Ukraine. Personal life
<mask> grew up in the Eyres Monsell area of Leicester.On 2 September 2009, he was charged with assaulting four people in the Churchgate area of Leicester. In July 2011, <mask> pleaded guilty to a charge of affray and on 23 October 2011 he was sentenced to ten months in prison, suspended for two years, and ordered to complete 150 hours of unpaid work and pay £1,500 costs. Career statistics

Honours
Leicester City
Premier Academy League: 2006–07
Football League One: 2008–09

West Bromwich Albion
Football League Championship runner-up: 2009–10

Rotherham United
EFL League One play-offs: 2018

England U19
UEFA European Under-19 Championship runner-up: 2009

Individual
Leicester City Academy Player of the Year: 2006–07

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Leicester
English footballers
England youth international footballers
England under-21 international footballers
Association football defenders
Leicester City F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Portsmouth F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Rotherham United F.C. players
English Football League

masks: Mattock Mattock Mattock Mattock Mattock Mattock


title: Thomas Savery

texts:
<mask> (; c. 1650 – 15 May 1715) was an English inventor and engineer, born at Shilstone, a manor house near Modbury, Devon, England. He invented the first commercially used steam-powered device, a steam pump which is often referred to as an "engine", although it is not technically an engine. <mask>'s steam pump was a revolutionary method of pumping water, which solved the problem of mine drainage and made widespread public water supply practicable. Career
<mask> became a military engineer, rising to the rank of Captain by 1702, and spent his free time performing experiments in mechanics. In 1696 he took out a patent for a machine for polishing glass or marble and another for "rowing of ships with greater ease and expedition than hitherto been done by any other" which involved paddle-wheels driven by a capstan and which was dismissed by the Admiralty following a negative report by the Surveyor of the Navy, Edmund Dummer. <mask> also worked for the Sick and Hurt Commissioners, contracting the supply of medicines to the Navy Stock Company, which was connected with the Society of Apothecaries. His duties on their behalf took him to Dartmouth, which is probably how he came into contact with <mask>n.Steam powered pump

On 2 July 1698 <mask> patented a steam powered pump, "A new invention for raising of water and occasioning motion to all sorts of mill work by the impellent force of fire, which will be of great use and advantage for draining mines, serving towns with water, and for the working of all sorts of mills where they have not the benefit of water nor constant winds." He demonstrated it to the Royal Society on 14 June 1699. The patent had no illustrations or even description, but in 1702 <mask> described the machine in

masks:
Thomas Savery
Savery
Savery
Savery
Thomas Newcome
Savery
Savery


title: Thomas Savery

texts: his book The Miner's Friend; or, An Engine to Raise Water by Fire, in which he claimed that it could pump water out of mines. <mask>'s was a pistonless pump with no moving parts except from the taps. It was operated by first raising steam in the boiler; the steam was then admitted to one of the first working vessels, allowing it to blow out through a downpipe into the water that was to be raised. When the system was hot and therefore full of steam the tap between the boiler and the working vessel was shut, and if necessary the outside of the vessel was cooled. This made the steam inside it condense, creating a partial vacuum, and atmospheric pressure pushed water up the downpipe until the vessel was full.At this point the tap below the vessel was closed, and the tap between it and the up-pipe opened, and more steam was admitted from the boiler. As the steam pressure built up, it forced the water from the vessel up the up-pipe to the top of the mine. However, his pump had four serious problems. First, every time water was admitted to the working vessel much of the heat was wasted in warming up the water that was being pumped. Second, the next  stage of the process required high-pressure steam to force the water up, and the pump's soldered joints were barely capable of withstanding high pressure steam and needed frequent repair. Third, although this pump used positive steam pressure to push water up out (with no theoretical limit to the height to which water could be lifted by a single high-pressure pump) practical and safety considerations meant that in practice, to clear water from a deep mine would have needed a series of moderate-pressure pumps all the way from the bottom level to the surface. Fourth, water was pushed up


title: Thomas Savery

texts:
 into the pump only by atmospheric pressure (working against a condensed-steam 'vacuum'), so the pump had to be no more than about  above the water level – requiring it to be installed, operated, and maintained far down in the dark mines all over.Fire Engine Act
Savery's original patent of July 1698 gave 14 years' protection; the next year, 1699, an Act of Parliament was passed which extended his protection for a further 21 years. This Act became known as the "Fire Engine Act". Savery's very broad patent covered all pumps that raised water by fire, and it thus hindered the early development of steam machinery in the British Isles. The architect James Smith of Whitehill acquired the rights to use Savery's pump in Scotland. In 1699, he entered into an agreement with the inventor, and in 1701 he secured a patent from the Parliament of Scotland, modelled on <mask>'s grant in England, and designed to run for the same period of time. Smith described the machine as "an engine or invention for raising of water and occasioning motion of mill-work by the force of fire", and he claimed to have modified it to pump from a depth of 14 fathoms, or 84 feet. In England, Savery's patent meant that <mask>n was forced to go into partnership with him.By 1712, arrangements had been made between the two men to develop Newcomen's more advanced design of steam engine, which was marketed under Savery's patent, adding water tanks and pump rods so that deeper water mines could be accessed with steam power. Newcomen's engine worked purely by atmospheric pressure, thereby avoiding the dangers of high-pressure steam, and used the piston concept invented in 1690 by the Frenchman Denis Papin to produce the first steam engine capable of raising water from

masks:
Savery
Thomas Newcome


title: Thomas Savery

texts:
 deep mines. When Denis Papin was back to London in 1707, he was asked by Newton, new President of The Royal Society after Robert Boyle, Papin's friend, to work with <mask>, who worked for 5 years with Papin, but never gave any credit nor revenue to the French scientist. After his death in 1715 Savery's patent and Act of Parliament became vested in a company, The Proprietors of the Invention for Raising Water by Fire. This company issued licences to others for the building and operation of Newcomen engines, charging as much as £420 per year patent royalties for the construction of steam engines. In one case a colliery paid the Proprietors £200 per year and half their net profits "in return for their services in keeping the engine going". The Fire Engine Act did not expire until 1733, four years after the death of Newcomen.Application of the steam pump
A newspaper in March 1702 announced that <mask>'s pumps were ready for use and might be seen on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons at his workhouse in Salisbury Court, London, over against the Old Playhouse. One of his pumps was set up at York Buildings in London. According to later descriptions this produced steam 'eight or ten times stronger than common air' (i.e. 8–10 atmospheres), but blew open the joints of the machine, forcing him to solder the joints with spelter. Another was built to control the water supply at Hampton Court, while another at Campden House in Kensington operated for 18 years. A few Savery pumps were tried in mines, an unsuccessful attempt being made to use one to clear water from a pool called Broad Waters in Wednesbury (then in Staffordshire) and nearby coal mines. This had been covered by a sudden eruption of water some years before.However the pump

masks: Savery Savery


title: Gail Henley

texts:
<mask> (born October 15, 1928) is a retired American professional baseball player, scout and manager. Although his playing career lasted for 14 seasons (1948–61), he appeared in only 14 games in Major League Baseball as a right fielder and pinch hitter, all during the opening weeks of , for the  Pittsburgh Pirates. He batted left-handed, threw right-handed, and stood  tall and weighed . Playing career
Born in Wichita, Kansas, <mask> grew up in Los Angeles, where he graduated from Inglewood High School and attended the University of Southern California. As a sophomore, he starred for the 1948 national-champion USC Trojans baseball team, batting .400. He then signed a professional contract with the New York Giants. <mask> would never play for the Giants, however; after five years in their farm system, he was acquired by the Pirates via the Cincinnati Redlegs in October 1952 in a transaction that brought four-time National League All-Star Gus Bell to Cincinnati.<mask> made the 1954 Pirates out of spring training and appeared in 14 of the Bucs' first 22 games. After going hitless in his first four major league at bats, <mask> broke through on April 19 with a first-inning home run against his old team, the Giants, a key blow in a 7–5 Pirate victory. But <mask> was injured running into a wall during a game against Brooklyn, then ran afoul of general manager Branch Rickey when he went dancing at a nightclub as he was recovering from the head wound. When the rosters were cut from 28 to 25 men in May, he was sent to Double-A New Orleans and

masks:
Gail Curtice Henley
Henley
Henley
Henley
Henley
Henley


title: Gail Henley

texts:
 never returned to the majors. His nine MLB hits also included a double, and he drove in two runs, both RBI coming from his April 19 homer. Minor league manager and scout
<mask> remained in baseball for another 50 years as a player, manager and scout. He ran teams in the Detroit Tigers' minor league system from 1961–66.Then he joined the Los Angeles Dodgers as a scout based in Southern California, in addition to handling Rookie-level Dodger farm clubs for six seasons during the 1970s and 1980s. He later scouted for the Kansas City Royals, San Diego Padres and Tampa Bay Devil Rays. Teams managed
Montgomery Rebels (1961)
Thomasville Tigers (1962)
Lakeland Tigers (1963)
Duluth–Superior Dukes (1964)
Jamestown Tigers (1965)
Daytona Beach Islanders (1966)
Ogden Dodgers (1972–1973)
Lethbridge Dodgers (1977, 1979–1980, 1983)

References

Further reading

Articles
 Associated Press. "USC Outfielder Signs With New York Giants". The Spokane Spokesman-Review. June 28, 1948. Associated Press."Squad Games On Majors' Slates". The Kentucky New Era. March 7, 1949. Fullerton, Jr., Hugh. "Roundup: Stars From College Baseball Catch Eyes Of Seasoned Pros, Catch On". The Milwaukee Journal. March 17, 1949.Associated Press. "Home Steal Wins". The Milwaukee Sentinel. April 3, 1949. Associated Press. "Training Camp Briefs: Rookie Slugger". The Rome News-Tribune.March 13, 1952. Associated Press. "Stretch Hurler Down On Option". The Spokane Spokesman-Review. April 16, 1952. "Gus Bell Traded to Reds for Three Players: Bucs Get Abrams, Rossi and <mask>". The

masks: Henley Henley


title: Gail Henley

texts: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.October 15, 1952. Hernon, Jack. "Haney Says Bucs Better Than Anticipated; Pirate Boss Raps Critics of His Club". The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 4, 1953. Hernon, Jack. "Henley's First Hit a Homer, Bucs Win, 7-5; Giants Victimized By 5-Run Third; Rookie Socks Two-Run Clout In First Inning Of His Debut".The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 20, 1954. "Teammate Goes to Aid of Fallen Pirate; Wall Wins; Scared Me, Pal". The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 26, 1954. McHugh, Roy. "Sports Week in Review".The Pittsburgh Press. May 1, 1954. Biederman, Les. "The Scoreboard: <mask> Becomes Part of 'New Orleans Story'". The Pittsburgh Press. May 13, 1954. Hernon, Jack."Roamin' Around: Toughest Time of the Year". The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. May 13, 1954. Biederman, Les. "The Scoreboard". The Pittsburgh Press. May 14, 1954.United Press. "Stars Sell Henley". The Pittsburgh Press. May 20, 1955. Butler, Vernon (AP). "Southern Association: <mask> in Barons' Win". The Florence Times Daily.April 26, 1960. "Lakeland Tigers Name Henley Pilot". The Lakeland Ledger. November 30, 1962. Slayton, Jack. "Slants on Sports". The Lakeland Ledger.March 14, 1963. Slayton, Jack. "Lakeland Tigers Appear Set for Season Opener". The Lakeland Ledger. April 14, 1963. Slayton, Jack. "Slants on Sports; Henley Offers Umpire Solution".The Lakeland Ledger. August 1, 1963. "Baseball: <mask> To Manage Islanders". The Daytona Beach Morning Journal. December 24, 1965. Willson, Brad. "Press Box".The Daytona Beach Morning Journal. February 18, 1966. Willson,

masks:
Henley
Henley Sparks
Gail Henley


title: Rockwell Kent

texts:
<mask> (June 21, 1882 – March 13, 1971) was an American painter, printmaker, illustrator, writer, sailor, adventurer and voyager. Biography
<mask> was born in Tarrytown, New York. <mask> was of English descent. He lived much of his early life in and around New York City, where he attended the Horace Mann School. <mask> studied with several influential painters and theorists of his day. He studied composition and design with Arthur Wesley Dow at the Art Students League in the fall of 1900, and he studied painting with William Merritt Chase each of the three summers between 1900 and 1902 at the Shinnecock Hills Summer School of Art, after which he entered in the fall of 1902 Robert Henri's class at the New York School of Art, which Chase had founded. During the summer of 1903, in Dublin, New Hampshire, <mask> was apprenticed to painter and naturalist Abbott Handerson Thayer.An undergraduate background in architecture at Columbia University prepared <mask> for occasional work in the 1900s and 1910s as an architectural renderer and carpenter. At Columbia, <mask> befriended future curator Carl Zigrosser, who became his close friend, supporter, and collaborator. <mask>'s early paintings of Mount Monadnock and New Hampshire were first shown at the Society of American Artists in New York in 1904, when Dublin Pond was purchased by Smith College. In 1905 <mask> ventured to Monhegan Island, Maine, and found its rugged and primordial beauty a source of inspiration for the next five years. His first series of paintings of Monhegan were shown to wide

masks:
Rockwell Kent
Rockwell Kent
Kent
Kent
Kent
Kent
Kent
Kent
Kent


title: Rockwell Kent

texts: critical acclaim in 1907 at Clausen Galleries in New York. These works form the foundation of his lasting reputation as an early American modernist, and can be seen in museums across the country, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Seattle Art Museum, New Britain Museum of American Art, and the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. Among those critics lauding <mask> was James Huneker of the Sun, who praised <mask>'s athletic brushwork and daring color dissonances.(It was Huneker who deemed the paintings of The Eight as "decidedly reactionary".) In 1910, <mask> helped organize the Exhibition of Independent Artists, and in 1911, together with Arthur B. Davies he organized An Independent Exhibition of the Paintings and Drawings of Twelve Men, referred to as "The Twelve" and "Kent's Tent". Painters Marsden Hartley, John Marin, and Max Weber (but not John Sloan, Robert Henri, or George Bellows) participated in the 1911 exhibition. A transcendentalist and mystic in the tradition of Thoreau and Emerson, whose works he read, <mask> found inspiration in the austerity and stark beauty of wilderness. After Monhegan, he lived for extended periods of time in Winona, Minnesota (1912–1913), Newfoundland (1914–15), Alaska (1918–19), Vermont (1919–1925), Tierra del Fuego (1922–23), Ireland (1926), and Greenland (1929; 1931–32; 1934–35). His series of land and seascapes from these often forbidding locales convey the Symbolist spirit evoking the mysteries and cosmic wonders of the natural world. "I don't want petty self-expression", <mask> wrote, "I want

masks: Kent Kent Kent Kent Kent


title: Rockwell Kent

texts: the elemental, infinite thing; I want to paint the rhythm of eternity."In the late summer of 1918, <mask> and his nine-year-old son ventured to the American frontier of Alaska. Wilderness (1920), the first of <mask>'s several adventure memoirs, is an edited and illustrated compilation of his letters home. The New Statesman (London) described Wilderness as "easily the most remarkable book to come out of America since Leaves of Grass was published." Upon the artist's return to New York in March 1919, publishing scion George Palmer Putnam and others, including Juliana Force—assistant to Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney—incorporated the artist as "Rockwell Kent, Inc." to support him in his new Vermont homestead while he completed his paintings from Alaska for exhibition in 1920 at Knoedler Galleries in New York. Kent's small oil-on-wood-panel sketches from Alaska—uniformly horizontal studies of light and color—were exhibited at Knoedler's as "Impressions." Their artistic lineage to the small and spare oil sketches of James Abbott McNeill Whistler (1834–1903), which are often entitled "Arrangements," underscores <mask>'s admiration of Whistler's genius. Approached in 1926 by publisher R. R. Donnelley to produce an illustrated edition of Richard Henry Dana, Jr.'s Two Years Before the Mast, <mask> suggested Moby-Dick instead.Published in 1930 by the Lakeside Press of Chicago, the three-volume limited edition (1,000 copies) filled with <mask>'s haunting black-and-white pen/brush and ink drawings sold out immediately; Random House also produced a trade


title: Rockwell Kent

texts: edition. Less well known are <mask>'s talents as a jazz age humorist. As the pen-and-ink draftsman "Hogarth, Jr.," <mask> created dozens of whimsical and smartly irreverent drawings published by Vanity Fair, New York Tribune, Harper's Weekly, and the original Life. He also brought his Hogarth, Jr., style to a series of richly colored reverse paintings on glass that he completed in 1918 and exhibited at Wanamaker's Department Store. (Two of these glass paintings are in the collection of the Columbus Museum of Art, part of the bequest of modernist collector Ferdinand Howald.) In Rockwell Kent: The Mythic and the Modern, Jake Milgram Wien devotes an entire chapter to Hogarth, Jr. and reproduces several of the ink drawings and reverse paintings on glass. <mask> frequently crossed into the realm of illustration in the 1920s and contributed drawings for reproduction on the covers of many leading magazines.For example, <mask>'s pen, brush, and ink drawings were reproduced on the covers of the pulp magazine Adventure in 1927, leading Time magazine to say that "if it were distinguished for nothing else, Adventure would stand apart from rival 'pulps'... because it was once entirely illustrated by <mask> <mask>..." Decorative work ensued intermittently: in 1939, Vernon Kilns reproduced three series of designs drawn by <mask> (Moby Dick, Salamina, Our America) on its sets of contemporary china dinnerware. At the Art Students League in the 1920s or 1930s, <mask> met and befriended many artists, including Wilhelmina Weber Furlong and Thomas Furlong.

masks: Kent Kent Kent Kent Rockwell Kent Kent Kent