title: Walther Nernst

texts: fell markedly and would probably disappear at absolute zero. This fall was predicted for liquids and solids in a 1909 paper of Albert Einstein's on the quantum mechanics of specific heats at cryogenic temperatures. Nernst was so impressed that he traveled all the way to Zurich to visit Einstein, who was relatively unknown in Zurich in 1909, so people said: "Einstein must be a clever fellow if the great Nernst comes all the way from Berlin to Zurich to talk to him." Nernst and Planck lobbied to establish a special professorship in Berlin and Nernst donated to its endowment. In 1913 they traveled to Switzerland to persuade Einstein to accept it; a dream job: a named professorship at the top university in Germany, without teaching duties, leaving him free for research. In 1911, <mask> and Max Planck organized the first Solvay Conference in Brussels. In the following year, the impressionist painter Max Liebermann painted his portrait.In 1914, the Nernsts were entertaining coworkers and students they had brought to their country estate in a private railway car when they learned that war had been declared. Their two older sons entered the army, while father enlisted in the voluntary driver's corps. He supported the German army against their opponent's charges of barbarism by signing the Manifesto of the Ninety-Three, On 21 August 1914, he drove documents from Berlin to the commander of the German right wing in France, advancing with them for two weeks until he could see the glow of the Paris lights at night. The tide turned at the battle of the Marne. When the stalemate in the trenches began, he returned home. He contacted Colonel Max Bauer, the staff officer responsible


title: Walther Nernst

type: original

texts: for munitions, with the idea of driving the defenders out of their trenches with shells releasing tear gas. When his idea was tried one of the observers was Fritz Haber, who argued that too many shells would be needed, it would be better to release a cloud of heavier-than-air poisonous gas; the first chlorine cloud attack on 22 April 1915 was not supported by a strong infantry thrust, so the chance that gas would break the stalemate was irrevocably gone.<mask> was awarded the Iron Cross second class. As a Staff Scientific Advisor in the Imperial German Army, he directed research on explosives, much of which was done in his laboratory where they developed guanidine perchlorate. Then he worked on the development of trench mortars. He was awarded the Iron Cross first class and later the Pour le Mérite. When the high command was considering unleashing unrestricted submarine warfare, he asked the Kaiser for an opportunity to warn about the enormous potential of the United States as an adversary. They would not listen, Ludendorff shouted him down for "incompetent nonsense." He published his book The Foundations of the New Heat Theorem.Both sons had died at the front. In 1918, after studying photochemistry, he proposed the atomic chain reaction theory. It stated that when a reaction in which free atoms are formed that can decompose target molecules into more free atoms would result in a chain reaction. His theory is closely related to the natural process of Nuclear Fission. In 1920, he and his family briefly fled abroad because he was one of the scientists on the Allied list of war criminals. Later that year he received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in recognition of his


title: Walther Nernst

texts: work on thermochemistry. He was elected Rector of Berlin University for 1921–1922.He set up an agency to channel government and private funds to young scientists and declined becoming Ambassador to the United States. For two unhappy years, he was the president of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (National Physical Laboratory), where he could not cope with the "mixture of mediocrity and red tape". In 1924, he became director of the Institute of Physical Chemistry at Berlin. In 1927, the decrease in specific heat at low temperatures was extended to gases. He studied the theories of cosmic rays and cosmology. Although a press release described him as "completely unmusical", Nernst developed an electric piano, the "Neo-Bechstein-Flügel" in 1930 in association with the Bechstein and Siemens companies, replacing the sounding board with vacuum tube amplifiers. The piano used electromagnetic pickups to produce electronically modified and amplified sound in the same way as an electric guitar.In fact, he was a pianist, sometimes accompanying Einstein's violin. In 1933, Nernst learned that a colleague, with whom he had hoped to collaborate, had been dismissed from the department because he was a Jew. Nernst immediately taxied to see Haber to request a position in his Institute, which was not controlled by the government, only to learn that Haber was moving to England. Soon, <mask> was in trouble for declining to fill out a government form on his racial origins. He retired from his professorship but was sacked from the board of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. He lived quietly in the country; in 1937 he traveled to Oxford to receive an honorary degree, also visiting his


title: Walther Nernst

texts:
 eldest daughter, her husband, and his three grandchildren. Nernst had a severe heart attack in 1939.He died in 1941 and is buried near Max Planck, Otto Hahn and Max von Laue in Göttingen, Germany. Publications
 <mask> <mask>, "Reasoning of theoretical chemistry: Nine papers (1889–1921)" (Ger., Begründung der Theoretischen Chemie : Neun Abhandlungen, 1889–1921). Frankfurt am Main : Verlag Harri Deutsch, c. 2003. <mask> <mask>, "The theoretical and experimental bases of the New Heat Theorem" (Ger., Die theoretischen und experimentellen Grundlagen des neuen Wärmesatzes). Halle [Ger.] W. Knapp, 1918 [tr. 1926].[ed., this is a list of thermodynamical papers from the physico-chemical institute of the University of Berlin (1906–1916); Translation available by Guy Barr
 <mask> Nernst, "Theoretical chemistry from the standpoint of Avogadro's law and thermodynamics" (Ger., Theoretische Chemie vom Standpunkte der Avogadroschen Regel und der Thermodynamik). Stuttgart, F. Enke, 1893 [5th edition, 1923]. See also
German inventors and discoverers
C. Bechstein Pianofortefabrik
Chain reaction
Cosmological constant problem
Cosmic background radiation
History of electrophoresis
Nernst–Einstein equation
Nernst–Lewis–Latimer convention
Solid state ionics
Stochastic electrodynamics
Threshold potential
Tired light
Zero-point energy

References

Cited sources
Stone, A. Douglas (2013) Einstein and the Quantum. Princeton University Press. Further reading

External links

  – Review of Diana Barkan's Walther Nernst and the Transition to Modern Physical Science
 "<mask> Nernst, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920 : Prize Presentation". Presentation Speech by Professor Gerard De Geer, President of

masks:
Walther
Nernst
Walther
Nernst
Walther
Hermann Walther


title: Ali Khan Vali

texts:
<mask> (, 1262 - 1318 Hijri; c. 1845 CE - c. 1901 CE) was an Iranian photographer and political figure of the era of Naser al-Din Shah and Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar. Biography

Early life
<mask>, son of <mask>, son of <mask>lek, was born in Tehran on 1262 Hijri. After returning from the post of consulate general of Tbilisi, Mohammad Gasem went to Saint Petersburg with grand ambassador <mask> as an embassy advisor to congratulate the coronation of Alexander III, Tsar of Russia and after returning, he was appointed first as minister resident and then minister plenipotentiary in Saint Petersburg. During youth, <mask> was living in Russia with his father and started studying French language, history, geography and geometry there and learned the new art of photography along with it. After returning, Mohammad Gasem was appointed as the governor of Gilan and performed valuable services there, including checking law enforcement of the cities, building the Iraq road and checking the stations along the roads. Mohammad Gasem became known as Vali for frequent governances until it became their surnames. Reign of Maragheh
In 1285 Hijri, <mask> was dismissed from ruling Gilan and <mask> was appointed as special servant of the royal court and achieved the chance to go to Atabat-e Aliat (Karbala) along with Naser al-Din Shah the next year.In 1288 when Gasem <mask> was appointed by Zell-e Soltan to serve in the government of Fars, <mask> did not accompany Gasem and stayed in Tehran. After Gasem's death (1289), Saheb Divan was removed from governor of Azerbaijan in 1296 and <mask> was assigned to Azerbaijan along with a group with the crown prince and was appointed as governor of Maragheh. <mask> began photography en route to Maragheh and added pictures of the city hall and authorities of

masks:
Ali Khan Vali
Ali Khan
Mohammad Gasem Khan Vali
Dust Ali Khan Mo ayyerolmama
Abbas Goli Khan Nuri
Ali Khan
Gasem Khan Vali
Ali Khan Vali
Khan Vali
Ali Khan
Ali Khan
Ali Khan


title: Ali Khan Vali

texts:
 Maragheh to the first pages of his album. During <mask>'s reign in Maragheh, the city was cleansed from thieves and security was established. At the beginning of <mask>'s reign, some powerful figures hired some scoundrels in disguise of servants and sent them to the houses of the people for theft, and the victims did not dare to complain and sue their lost properties due to fearing the recruiters of the thieves. <mask> tried to fight those actions since the start of his reign and in order to do that, he personally lurked in alleys with some of his agents during cold nights of winter until he eradicated theft and arrested and imprisoned the thieves. Only months had passed since his takeover in Maragheh before the crisis of Sheikh Ubeydullah Nahri occurred.After ending the crisis and twenty months of reign in Maragheh, <mask> went to Tabriz and formally resigned from governor of Maragheh there and stayed in Tabriz for a while. During the time, <mask> <mask> intended to suppress the scoundrels of the borderlands and in order to prevent an evil event in his absence in the lands of Azerbaijan, he formed a parliament titled Public Majlis of Azerbaijan from authorities and governors of the lands and assigned <mask> to supervise the mentioned parliament. Reign of Urmia and Khoy
In Shawwal the same year Hijri, due to the illness of Sani'ol-Doleh, the governor of Urmia, <mask> was appointed for the post and remained as governor of Urmia until the end of Jumada al-awwal 1300. Then, on the order of the crown prince's agents, Salar Lashkar was removed from governor of Khoy and <mask> <mask> was appointed as governor of Khoy and Salmas. In there, he had several architectural actions like paving streets, renovating the city hall, and reconstructing the Grand Bazaar of the city recorded in

masks:
Ali Khan
Ali Khan
Ali Khan
Ali Khan
Hasan Ali
Khan Garroosy
Ali Khan
Ali Khan
Ali Khan
Vali


title: Ali Khan Vali

texts:
 his government legacy. In there, he sent visualized reports of his jurisdiction to the Shah and achieved a handwriting of the Shah due to those efforts. In 1302, he appointed Jamshid <mask>yi as lieutenant governor of Khoy and went to Urmia himself.Then he went to Tehran and brought Gasem, his 15-year-old son, with him back to Khoy for training and established a special school in the government mansion for his education. But after a short while, he was removed from governor of Khoy due to some provocations and Amidoddoleh replaced him as governor. In Jumada al-Thani 1303, <mask> departed for Tabriz and stayed in that city for six and a half months went to Sain Qaleh in order to discipline Soleyman <mask>'s children in Dhu al-Hijjah the same year and produced some photos of Takht-e Soleymān in that region. In Rabi' al-awwal the same year, the royalty reappointed him as governor of Urmia due to some disturbances in Urmian region and <mask> soon suppressed the riot in the new post. In those disturbances, Hasu, who had taken Fort Jarmi with his troops, was suppressed by <mask> and as a result, peace was once again established in Urmia. Due to that good work and his merit, <mask> officially achieved the title Jinab by an executive order. In the trip, he picked <mask> the Photographer as his pupil and determined to train him and added new photos to his album by the latter's help.<mask> remained as governor of Urmia for two years and eight months. Reign of Ardabil
In Naser al-Din Shah's return from his third trip to Europe, <mask> welcomed him and was appointed as governor of Ardabil by the Shah. in 1308 Hijri, <mask> got in a slight controversy with some market men including tanners about his order to transfer workplace to outside the city. Those controversies caused the

masks:
Khan Maku
Ali Khan
Khan
Ali Khan
Ali Khan
Ali Khan
Ali Agha
Vali
Ali Khan
Vali


title: Ali Khan Vali

texts:
 reputation that <mask>neh, the governor, the government decided to appoint <mask> ValI as governor of Ardabil once again. He did a full-scale effort in resolving disputes. With no accomplishment, he arrested <mask> Akbar, one of Ne'mati headmasters, and exiled him to Maragheh.When <mask> returned to Ardabil after one year, he provoked Khosro <mask> against the governor for revenge. After gathering troops, Khosro <mask> surrounded <mask> in Dasheskan garden and sent him to Tabriz with some people after arresting him. The crown prince considered that insult to the governor unacceptable and summoned Khosro <mask> to Tabriz. But he disobeyed the order and was finally spared with a ten thousand-toman suit. In the same year, <mask> became affected with a dangerous disease and left Ardabil for Tehran for treatment. Death
After three years of illness, <mask> died in Tehran on 1318 Hijri. Personal life
<mask> had much interest in exercise.<mask> Mo'ayyeri has described his interest this way:

<mask> Palace
On the upstream of the village Ja'far Abad, Shemiran, <mask> founded a summer mansion and a large garden. During summer, he invited the ministers and important figures of his time to the garden and arranged large feasts. A while later, <mask>'s son, Gassem <mask> had another mansion built beside the mountain, which formed one side of the walls of the mansion. The garden and the mansions were titled <mask> Khan Palace and were attached to the foundations of Sa'dabad Complex in Pahlavi era. See also
 Culture of Iran
 Islamic art
 Iranian art
 Iranian art and architecture
 List of Iranian artists

References

19th-century Iranian people
Iranian generals
Iranian photographers
Mayors of places in Iran
Pioneers of photography
1840s births
1900s deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of

masks:
Ali Khanssalta
Ali Khan
Mirza Ali
Ali Akbar
Khan Yurtchi
Khan
Ali Khan
Khan
Ali Khan
Ali Khan
Ali Khan
Dust Ali
Ali Khan
Ali Khan
Ali Khan
Khan
Ali


title: Chucho Castillo

texts:
<mask> (June 17, 1944 – January 15, 2013) was a Mexican professional boxer. Better known as <mask>, he was the Lineal, WBA and WBC Bantamweight world champion in 1970. <mask> and Rubén Olivares sustained one of the most important rivalries in the history of Mexican boxing. <mask> was described by the boxing book The Ring: Boxing In The 20th Century as quiet and sullen, while Olivares was more of an outgoing partygoer, according to the book. The personality contrast made fans very interested in their matches. Early career
<mask> was born in Nuevo Valle de Moreno, a small town in the municipality of León, Guanajuato, Mexico. He made his professional debut on 26 April 1962 against Carlos Navarrete, suffering his first loss by a decision after six rounds.His next bout was his first win, outpointing Arnulfo Daza in eight rounds. <mask> built a record of 24 wins and 7 losses, with 11 knockout wins, before facing José Medel for the Mexican Bantamweight title on 29 April 1967. He won the title on points after the twelve rounds, retaining it twice and also winning an additional seven non-title bouts before his first world title challenge.

masks:
Jesús Castillo Aguilera
Chucho Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo


title: Chucho Castillo

texts:
 Among the fighters he beat during that streak were Jesus Pimentel and Memo Tellez, who had beaten <mask> twice before. Lineal, WBC & WBA Bantamweight Championship
<mask> made his first world title attempt against Australia's Lionel Rose, the first Aborigine ever to win a world title. The fight was held on 6 December 1968 at the Forum in Inglewood, where Rose won a very unpopular fifteen-round decision in front of a decidedly pro-<mask> crowd, causing a riot. <mask> had eight bouts in 1969, going 5-1-2 during that period.He beat future world champion Rafael Herrera to defend his Mexican title, had a ten-round draw in Tokyo with Ushiwakamaru Harada, drew with Medel, and split two decisions with Raul Cruz. <mask> vs. Olivares
In 1970, <mask> was given a second world title chance when he and Olivares clashed to begin their three fight rivalry, with all three fights taking place at the Forum in Inglewood. On 18 April, Olivares retained the crown by outpointing over <mask>. However, a rematch between the two fighters took place on 16 October. <mask> cut Olivares in round one, and when it was determined that Olivares could not continue

masks: Castillo Castillo Castillo Castillo Castillo Castillo Castillo Castillo


title: Chucho Castillo

texts:
 in Round 14, <mask> was declared winner by a technical knockout, winning the world bantamweight championship. After one non-title win, <mask> met Olivares for a third time on 3 April 1971, when Olivares recovered the crown by outpointing <mask> despite suffering an early knockdown. Later in career
<mask> went on fighting until 1975, but his record from the third Olivares fight until his retirement was a rather ordinary one of 5 wins and 7 losses.He lost to former or future world champions Enrique Pinder, Bobby Chacon, and Danny "Little Red" Lopez. After losing to Ernesto Herrera on 12 December 1975, he retired. Professional boxing record

|- style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|47 Wins (23 knockouts, 23 decisions, 1 disqualification), 17 Losses (6 knockouts, 11 decisions), 2 Draws
|- style="text-align:center; margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%; background:#e3e3e3;"
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Res. |-align=center
| Win
|43–10–2
|align=left| Earl Large
|align=left|PTS
|10
|1971-08-04
|align=left| Ciudad Juárez
|align=left|
|-align=center
| Loss
|42–10–2
|align=left|

masks: Castillo Castillo Castillo Castillo


title: James Losh

texts:
<mask> (1763–1833) was an English lawyer, reformer and Unitarian in Newcastle upon Tyne. In politics, he was a significant contact in the North East for the national Whig leadership. William Wordsworth the poet called Losh in a letter of 1821 "my candid and enlightened friend". Early life
He was the second son of <mask> of Woodside, Wreay in Cumberland, born on 10 July 1763; <mask> (1756–1814), his elder brother, was father of <mask>, while <mask> was a younger brother. His mother was Catherine née Liddell, and Joseph Liddell the industrialist and banker was his uncle. With his brother John, Losh had instruction from the local curate, William Gaskin, and then went to the academy of John Dawson. He was trained up for university at school in Penrith, and matriculated in 1782 at Trinity College, Cambridge.John Tweddell was a close friend from college, as was John Bell the barrister. Another friend from this time was Charles Warren. <mask> graduated B.A. in 1786, and M.A. in 1789. He was admitted to Lincoln's Inn in 1789, and was called to the bar. His family's choice of career for him had been the church, rather than the law.But at Cambridge <mask> had become a Unitarian, a change of view that has been attributed to William Frend. Radical lawyer
In 1791 <mask> made himself conspicuous by publishing an edition of Areopagitica by John Milton. He held republican views and joined a club in Carlisle for the like-minded. Even if inconclusively, he was the subject, with his brother John and others, of an arrest warrant for disturbing the peace. In the second part of 1792, he went to revolutionary Paris. In

masks:
James Losh
John Losh
John Losh
Sara Losh
William Losh
Losh
Losh
Losh


title: James Losh

texts: an uncomfortable visit, he attended the National Convention, and saw Danton speak. But he felt under threat, conceived a dislike for Robespierre and the disorder, and returned to England after the September Massacres.The Friends to the Liberty of the Press was set up on 18 December 1792, and in March 1793 <mask> supported its dinner for Frend, who had been expelled as Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge, for a pamphlet Peace and Union. In 1793, for the Society of the Friends of the People, Losh worked with George Tierney on the drafting of a reform petition. It was then presented to parliament by Charles Grey. Losh returned to the subject with a pamphlet in 1831. In the aftermath of arrests at a London Corresponding Society meeting at Chalk Farm, treason charges were laid against Thomas Hardy, John Thelwall and John Horne Tooke among others; <mask>, Frend and associates (John Cartwright, Godfrey Higgins, William Maxwell (1760–1834), Gilbert Wakefield and the publishers Joseph Johnson and J. S. Jordan) formed a committee to raise defence funds. When Joseph Priestley emigrated to America that year, <mask>, with Frend, Higgins and Tweddell presented him with an inkstand. At this period he also involved himself with the investigations of Edward Christian into the circumstances of the Mutiny on the Bounty, assisting with interviews of mutineers who been brought back to the United Kingdom.<mask> belonged to the London radical circle of William Godwin: they are thought to have met on 3 February 1794 at a dinner given by <mask>. He attended a noted tea party on  27 February 1795, held by Frend, at which

masks:
Losh
Losh
Losh
Losh
James Mackintosh


title: James Losh

texts:
 Godwin was a guest. It served to introduce the poet William Wordsworth to the London group: <mask> and Wordsworth were already connected via family (<mask> was a school contemporary of Wordsworth) and their expatriate period in Paris. Losh has been suggested as the source of Wordsworth's introduction, but Gill writes that more likely it was William Mathews, his closest college friend. It was later that Wordsworth and <mask> became good friends. Bristol and Bath
In 1795 <mask> left London for Bristol. He encountered there William Wordsworth, whom he already knew; and through Wordsworth he met Samuel Taylor Coleridge; and then Robert Southey, at a breakfast given by Coleridge with Thomas Beddoes and Charles Lloyd as other guests, in November 1796.<mask> was often mentioned in Southey's correspondence. At this period <mask> was in poor health, with tuberculosis and possibly having suffered a breakdown. He was a patient and supporter of Beddoes, and through him encountered Humphry Davy. He had radical contacts in Bristol, but went to stay in Bath, Somerset. He translated a work of Benjamin Constant, De la force du gouvernement actuel de la France et de la nécessité de s'y rallier (1796), as Observations on the Strength of the Present Government in France (1797). In it, Constant supported the Directoire by now ruling France, and argued that the aims of the First Coalition attacking it went well beyond restoring the House of Bourbon. <mask> attended a Bath anti-war meeting of 1 February 1797, of a group in which Edward Long Fox, William Coates and the banker Joseph Edye were prominent.He also joined the

masks:
Losh
William Losh
Losh
Losh
Losh
Losh
Losh


title: James Losh

texts:
 Catch Club of the loyalist Henry Harington. Losh in 1796 and 1797 paid visits to the north-east, where a family alkali business was being set up at Scotswood-on-Tyne in partnership with Archibald Cochrane, 9th Earl of Dundonald. He married in 1798, and spent time at Shirehampton. In March Wordsworth announced, by letter from Alfoxton House, his long poem The Recluse to Losh and <mask> Tobin. Losh found Shirehampton bad for his health, however, and moved back to Bath. There he and Wordsworth dined as guests of Richard Warner in July 1798. E. P. Thompson concluded from <mask>'s diary at this period that he was quitting radical politics, discouraged.Newcastle radical and Whig
<mask> moved back north, to Newcastle upon Tyne, in 1799. The match had caused a cooling of his relationship with his uncle Joseph Liddell, who up to this point had given him generous support. First staying with his brother George, he then lodged with Thomas Bigge. In time he bought a house in Jesmond, The Grove, where he and Cecilia his wife settled. Losh supported Bigge in producing The Oeconomist, Or, Englishman's Magazine, an anti-war monthly. In 1802 he backed the creation of the New Institution for Permanent Lectures, for which Bigge was pushing. In activist causes he was an ally also of William Turner, Unitarian minister with a congregation in Hanover Square.In Newcastle, <mask> prospered both as a lawyer, and in business; comments in his diaries from 1812 onwards suggest profitable legal work in bankruptcy and arbitration. He was partner in the family alkali works; a shareholder in a brewery in Hexham; and held

masks:
James Webbe
Losh
Losh
Losh


title: James Losh

texts:
 partnerships in coal mines. He was left land by both his brother-in-law and an uncle. The stoppage of the local bank Sanders, Burdon & Co. on 30 June 1803 did cause him losses, which he sustained by selling coal and brewing interests. His "very moderate" Whig positions, wide contacts and sympathy with certain workers' grievances led <mask> to be involved in a number of industrial disputes. In the keelmen's strike of 1819 he came out on their side. In 1832 he was appointed recorder of Newcastle; the position was open to him as a Unitarian only after the legislation of 1828, as was remarked at the time.On the previous occasion, in 1829, Christopher Cookson was unopposed when he replaced Robert Hopper Williamson. Reformer
In the period before the Great Reform Bill, <mask> took part in public reform meetings, in Newcastle and Durham. A moderate, he noted the strength of feeling against the bishops, but deprecated it, despite being a Unitarian, and feeling there was some justification. He was deterred from speaking in Durham, on 31 October 1831. His moderation was not shared by all, and the Northern Reform Union, represented by Charles Attwood, John Fife and Charles Larkin, tried to take over a major meeting in 1832, a move <mask> countered. Abolitionist
<mask> spoke at meetings that supported the Anti-Slavery Society's petitions of the mid 1820s, with John Ralph Fenwick M.D. (1761–1855).On 29 January 1833 he was introduced to William Knibb, by the Quaker William Beaumont; their speeches at a meeting the following day, for the abolition of slavery in the British colonies, at the Brunswick Place Chapel

masks: Losh Losh Losh Losh


title: James Losh

texts:
 in Newcastle, were published together. Education
Losh had progressive views on education, and took an interest in many facets of it. During his time in the south-west, he collaborated with Beddoes on religious education (Sunday Schools) and vocational education (Schools of Industry, in the contemporary terminology). In a diary entry for 1814 he dismissed the educational reformers Andrew Bell and Joseph Lancaster as "very useful but very vain men", anticipated in essentials by Pestalozzi.<ref>Diaries''' vol, 1, p. 34</ref>

At the end of his life, in 1832, Losh criticised publicly his fellow coal owners for a short-sighted view, in leaving pitmen illiterate. One owner who heeded him was Robert William Brandling. The context was the rise in the early 1830s of the North-East Pitmen's Union: Brandling who chaired the local coalowners had addressed Losh in the Newcastle Chronicle on the union's power, while Losh had publicly denied the owners were a cartel. Other interests

<mask> was the first chairman of the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway.In 1824 there was opposition to the idea from Armorer Donkin and William Armstrong, who proposed a canal; but <mask> carried the day. Involved as chairman and shareholder in the company from 1825, he led a deputation to London in May 1833 that obtained an exchequer loan to finance ongoing work. He was a member of The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne from 1799 to 1833, being a vice-president from 1802. The Society had a bust of Losh made, by David Dunbar the younger; and in 1836, after his death, a statue by John Graham Lough. He was a

masks: Losh Losh


title: James Losh

texts:
 vice-president also of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne. Losh collected meteorological data in Newcastle from 1802. He collected a million items of meteorological data from 1802-1833, this data has contributed to climate change studies in 2019.Losh’s data highlighted the River Tyne froze over for a whole month in January 1814. This attracted a fair and visitors, with tents pitched on the ice by the Newcastle bridge. Death and burial
<mask> died at Greta Bridge, Yorkshire, on 23 September 1833. He was buried at Gosforth on 3 October, with a well-attended funeral. <mask> kept a diary from January 1797, for the rest of his life. It is preserved, in 33 volumes, that were kept at Tullie House, and then went to the Carlisle Public Library. An edition in two volumes of the diaries from 1811 was published by the Surtees Society, from 1962, edited by Edward Hughes.He expressed a private view in the diary, as a colliery owner, that industrial relations in mining were too adversarial, and the owners and "viewers" excessive in their wish to exploit labour. Family

Losh married Cecelia or Cecilia Baldwin, daughter of Roger Baldwin F.R.S., rector of Aldingham, then in Lancashire. There was a connection through Wordsworth, whose student time at St John's College, Cambridge had overlapped with Cecilia's brother John Baldwin's. They had a family of five sons and three daughters, with one child, the first-born, who died shortly. Of the daughters:

Cecilia (1801–1866) married William Gale, a cousin;
Margaret Catherine (1813–1894) married Edmund Townson on 9 July 1836;
Jemima Christophina (1817–1891)

masks:
Losh
Diary Losh


title: James Losh

texts:
 married Richard Blomley Postlethwaite on 10 April 1841. Of the sons, William Septimus <mask> (1810–1888) was the survivor, and his son <mask> (1834–1904), who took the old form of the family surname, was an only child, the last in the male line. Arlosh was a patron of Edward Burne-Jones; on his death, childless, his money went to Manchester College.V.D. Davis, A History of Manchester College (1932) (PDF), at p. 178

 Sources The Worthies of Cumberland, Henry Lonsdale, published by George Routledge & sons, 1873William Wordsworth: The Critical Heritage, Robert Woof, published by Routledge, 2001The Diaries and Correspondence of <mask>''. Diary, 1811–1823, published for the Society by Andrews & Co, 1962

Notes

1763 births
1833 deaths
English lawyers
English Unitarians
People from Newcastle upon Tyne
People from

masks:
Losh
James Arlosh
James Losh


title: Wei Yan

texts:
<mask> () (died 234), courtesy name Wenchang, was a military general of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Originally a subordinate of the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty, <mask> rose through the ranks and became a general when Liu Bei seized control of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) in 214. His performance in battle helped him to become a prominent figure in the Shu military in a short period of time. He was later appointed as the Administrator of Hanzhong Commandery and as an Area Commander in 219. Between 228 and 234, he participated actively in the Northern Expeditions led by the Shu regent Zhuge Liang against Shu's rival state, Cao Wei. After Zhuge Liang's death in 234, <mask> was killed by another Shu general, Ma Dai, for alleged treason. Early Life
<mask> was from Yiyang Commandery (), which covered parts of present-day Nanyang in southern Henan and parts of northern Hubei.He started his career as a foot soldier under the warlord Liu Bei, probably sometime between 209 and 211 when Liu Bei was in southern Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan). Around 212, he followed Liu Bei into Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) and fought on Liu Bei's side in a war against Liu Zhang, the Governor of Yi Province (益州牧). Huang Zhong and <mask> scored many military exploits during the capture of Guanghan County. Thus, <mask> promoted to full general. In 214, <mask> and Liu Bei captured

masks:
Wei Yan
Wei Yan
Wei Yan
Wei Yan
Wei Yan
Wei Yan
Wei Yan


title: Wei Yan

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 Luocheng, an important town in Yizhou, and surrounded and occupied Chengdu together with Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei and others. The campaign in Yi province ended successfully despite the earlier skepticism from Lü Dai, Sun Quan's officer, who witnessed Liu Bei has lost half of their army. Thus, Around 214, after Liu Bei seized control of Yi Province from Liu Zhang.As <mask> has made several contributions in the campaign of Yi, Liu Bei promoted him to the rank of General of Ivory Gate (). Administrator of Hanzhong
In 219, <mask> participated in Liu Bei campaign against his rival Cao Cao in the Hanzhong Campaign. After Liu Bei captured Hanzhong, Liu Bei asked his subjects to nominate one of his generals to remain behind and guard Hanzhong. His subjects nominated Zhang Fei, who also strongly believed that he would most likely be chosen. However, much to everyone's surprise, Liu Bei chose <mask> instead and appointed him as General Who Guards Distant Lands () and acting Administrator of Hanzhong (). When Liu Bei asked <mask> in front of everyone how would he perform his duty, the latter confidently replied:

During his tenure, <mask> explained to Liu Bei that he borrowed a strategy which were called the "double gates" (重门之计) strategy according to  the ancient text I Ching, which described as particularly designed fortifications which laid numerous military garrison surrounding the outskirt and trail exits linking to Hanzhong. Following the end of the Eastern Han dynasty and the start of

masks:
Wei Yan
Wei Yan
Wei Yan
Wei Yan
Wei Yan


title: Wei Yan

texts:
 the Three Kingdoms period in 220, Liu Bei declared himself emperor in 221 and established the state of Shu Han (or Shu) to challenge the legitimacy of the Cao Wei (or Wei) state established by Cao Cao's successor, Cao Pi, to replace the Eastern Han dynasty.Liu Bei further promoted <mask> to General Who Guards the North () after his coronation. Northern Expeditions

After Liu Bei died in 223, his son Liu Shan succeeded him as the emperor of Shu. In the same year, Liu Shan enfeoffed <mask> as a Marquis of a Chief Village (). In 227, Zhuge Liang, the Imperial Chancellor of Shu, mobilised the Shu military and gathered troops in Hanzhong Commandery in preparation for a large-scale invasion of Shu's rival state, Cao Wei (or Wei), where he put <mask> in charge of the vanguard division and appointed him as acting Major under the Imperial Chancellor () and acting Inspector of Liang Province (). During this campaign, <mask> always requested to lead a separate detachment of 10,000 troops, take a different route and rendezvous with the Shu main army at Tong Pass (潼關; in present-day Tongguan County, Shaanxi). <mask> argued that The valley and the people in it has sufficient food supply which can support the operation at least for a week. However, Zhuge Liang rejected the plan because he thought that it was too risky, which prompted <mask> to scold Zhuge Liang as a coward and complained that his talent was not put to good use.When Chen Shou compiled the unofficial works on the history of Shu to

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title: Wei Yan

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 write the Sanguozhi, he only mentioned that <mask> suggested to Zhuge Liang to split the Shu army into two, and the two forces would take two different routes and rendezvous at Tong Pass. Later in 230, during the Ziwu Campaign, <mask> led a troops towards Yangxi (陽谿; southwest of present-day Wushan County, Gansu) and engaged the Wei forces led by and Guo Huai and Fei Yao, where <mask> managed to inflict a heavy defeat to them. Also, during the same year, along with another Shu general Wu Yi, <mask> were ordered to attack Nan'an Commandery (南安郡; southeast of present-day Longxi County, Gansu) where they scored another victory against Wei's army led by Fei Yao. During the fourth campaign in 231, <mask> also involved in the Battle of Mount Qi when he together the Shu generals Gao Xiang and Wu Ban, in operation where they scored a major victory against Wei army led by Sima Yi, where they killed 3,000 Wei soldiers and seized 5,000 sets of armour and 3,100 crossbows. Sima Yi retreated back to his camp. Zhang He, a veteran Wei general was also killed during this conflict. As a reward for his contributions, the Shu government promoted <mask> to Vanguard Military Adviser () and Senior General Who Attacks the West (), and elevated him from a village marquis to a county marquis under the title "Marquis of Nanzheng" ().Battle of Wuzhang Plains

In 234, as Zhuge Liang launched the fifth Shu invasion of Wei, with <mask> leading the Shu vanguard force as one of his commanding officer, <mask>

masks:
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Wei Yan
Wei Yan
Wei Yan
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title: Wei Yan

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 reportedly had a dream that on the top of his head would grow a horn, he asked the meaning of this to the dream diviner Zhao Zhi (趙直). Zhao Zhi lied to him and said

After he left, he revealed to someone that the word horn (角) is composed of a knife (刀) with use (用) bellow it, which dream of "using knife" atop one person head were considered as extremely ominous omen. Later, in the encampment <mask> had quarrel with <mask>, Zhuge Liang's chief clerk, as <mask> was extremely resentful of <mask>. Whenever they got into heated quarrels, <mask> often drew his sword and brandished it in front of <mask> who sobbed as tears rolled down his cheeks; which prompted Fei Yi then stepped in to stop them from fighting and managed to keep them under control until Zhuge Liang's death. Zhuge Liang was upset by the lack of harmony between <mask> and <mask>, but was unwilling to side with either of them because he appreciated the talents of both men. When Zhuge Liang became critically ill during the invasion, he gave secret orders to <mask>, Fei Yi and <mask> to lead the army back to Shu after his death, with <mask> in charge of the rearguard and <mask> to follow behind, and being instructed If <mask> refused to follow the order, they were to retreat without him. When Zhuge Liang died, news of his death were kept secret.<mask> sent Fei Yi to meet <mask> and assess his intentions. <mask> told Fei Yi:

<mask> then asked Fei Yi to assist him in making arrangements for part of the Shu army to remain

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Yang Yi
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Yang Yi
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Jiang Wei
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title: Wei Yan

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 behind and continue with the campaign, while the rest would retreat back to Shu. Fei Yi pretended to write a letter, signed by both of them, and told <mask> that he would read out the letter to all the officers about the new arrangements, where he lied by telling <mask> that he will go back and explain <mask> answer to <mask>. Death
<mask> then let Fei Yi leave, but he immediately regretted his decision and went after Fei Yi, although <mask> could not catch up Fei Yi in time. He then sent his subordinate to meet <mask> and the others, but was shocked to discover that all units were preparing to retreat in accordance with Zhuge Liang's final orders. <mask> wanted to continue the battle even though Zhuge Liang had died, so he became furious when he heard of the retreat. He intended to block the Shu forces from retreating, so he led his force towards the south – ahead of the main army under <mask>'s command – and sealed the return route by destroying the gallery roads leading back to Shu.<mask> and <mask> separately wrote memorials to the Shu imperial court to accuse each other, which both memorials arrived in Chengdu on the same day. The Shu emperor Liu Shan asked the ministers Dong Yun and Jiang Wan for their opinions. Both of them sided with <mask> and felt that <mask>'s actions were suspicious. In the meantime, <mask> ordered his men to cut down trees to rebuild the gallery roads, and his troops marched day and night to catch up with <mask>. <mask> arrived at the southern valley

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Yang Yi
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title: Wei Yan

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 first and ordered his soldiers to attack <mask>. <mask> sent Wang Ping to resist <mask>. Wang Ping shouted at <mask>:

As <mask> was left with only his son(s) and a few followers, They fled towards Hanzhong Commandery, <mask> ordered Ma Dai to give chase and  caught up with <mask>.Ma Dai killed <mask>, brought his head back, and threw it in front of <mask>. <mask> trampled on <mask>'s decapitated head and said:

Thus, the family members and close relatives of <mask> were also executed. Before <mask>'s death, Jiang Wan had led the imperial guards from Chengdu to deal with what appeared to be a mutiny by <mask>. They had travelled for about 10 li (about three miles) when they received news of <mask>'s death; they then turned back and returned to Chengdu. Character analysis

<mask> was known to treat his soldiers well and for his bravery with valor that surpassed others, although he was also boastful of his talents hence his peers tended to avoid him. Sun Quan, the ruler of Wu and another contemporary figure of three kingdoms era, has remarked that the moment Zhuge Liang passed away, <mask> will be proven unreliable. Chen Shou, who wrote <mask>'s biography in the Sanguozhi, analysed <mask>'s death as such: {{quote|"<mask>'s initial intention was not to head north to surrender to Cao Wei.Instead, he wanted to retreat back to the south. He desired to kill <mask> and the others who disagreed with him. Although the officers held differing opinions, he strongly believed that they

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Yang Yi
Yang Yi
Wei Yan
Wei Yan
Wei Yan
Yang Yi
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Yang Yi
Yang Yi
Wei Yan
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Yang Yi


title: Wei Yan

texts:
 would generally agree to him becoming Zhuge Liang's successor. That was his true intention; he was not thinking of rebelling. "<ref name="阳平关口说三分 2"> Chen Shou also remarked that Zhuge Liang himself highly valued <mask> bravery and caught in dilemma when the latter had conflict with <mask>, ration and transportation staff officer which talent in managing his duties Zhuge Liang also valued. A similar, but somewhat different and more detailed account exists in the historical text Weilüe work by later Wei dynasty historian named Yu Huan stated that Zhuge Liang told <mask> to setting up defense, although he also gave further instruction to "not return here". <mask> kept this order for himself and did not share with others, thus prompting <mask>'s rival, <mask>, to spread false rumours that <mask> has intended to defect to the enemy, which led the incited Shu soldiers to attack <mask> and killing him.However, Pei Songzhi, who added the Weilüe account to <mask>'s biography and annotated the Sanguozhi, doubted the Weilüe account as he remarked:

Furthermore, modern era historical analysis stated that <mask>'s death was explained in political terms in Injustice to <mask> (), a neoteric article by Zhu Ziyan, a history professor from Shanghai University, where Zhu wrote that Zhuge Liang personally appointed Jiang Wan, Fei Yi and <mask> to be his successors, but <mask>'s appointments and contributions were greater than those of any of them at the time. Zhuge Liang ostracised <mask> and

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Yang Yi
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Yang Yi
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Wei Yan
Wei Yan
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Jiang Wei
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Wei Yan


title: Wei Yan

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 cracked down on him because he wanted to eliminate <mask> as a possible obstacle to his appointed successors.<ref name="Zhu Ziyan">{{cite web |last1=Ziyan |first1=Zhu |title=Injustice to <mask> (魏延的千古奇冤) |url=http://www.qulishi.com/news/201405/13854.html |website=quilishi |publisher=quilishi |access-date=20 January 2022 |language=zh |date=2014 |quote=诸葛亮亲自指定了接班人，蒋琬、费袆、姜维。但是魏延的官职、功劳要比他们个人大得多，诸葛亮打击魏延，排挤魏延是为他的接班人扫除障碍，去掉绊脚石}}</ref>

Meanwhile, in the Analysis of the Three Kingdoms, Yi Zhongtian commented that Zhuge Liang's last order to forcibly retreat and leave <mask> alone was contradicted by what he personally instructed <mask>, such contradiction indirectly leading to the tragedy between <mask> and <mask>. Hence the forcible retreat might be the idea of <mask>, not Zhuge Liang, since Zhuge Liang died before devising any withdrawal plan, thus prompted Yi Zhongtian to theorized that there was no evidence of this theory that <mask> fabricated the order. Yi Zhongtian also explained another possible hypothesis that Zhuge Liang's final order "leave <mask> alone" simply meant "ignore <mask>", did not mean "kill <mask>". Shu Han's main forces must withdraw to guard the rear area, and if Wei Yan could not be stopped then just let him be. Yi Zhongtian analized and criticize that Wei Yan did not grasp the political-economical reasons behind both of Zhuge Liang's expeditions and his extreme caution. Zhuge Liang launched the expeditions not only to restore the Han dynasty, but also to keep Shu

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Wei Yan
Wei Yan
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Yang Yi
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title: Wei Yan

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 Han in warring conditions and used that to increase his control over the internal affair and suppress the potential dissidents amongst local nobility.As smallest and weakest amongst the Three Kingdoms, Shu Han would be the first one to be targeted at, hence it had to make pre-emptive attacks to intimidate the opponents, to enlarge its territory and to improve its conditions - the rate of success was not high but it was better than doing nothing. Zhuge Liang's goal of Han restoration was sincere and never changed, however the powerful <mask> could not be defeated quickly in one single blow, hence the expeditions must be done in a careful manner with guaranteed advances rather than daring but risky strikes which could lead to disasters like Xiaoting or Fancheng. Such a complicated situation could not be explained clearly to <mask>, and probably it did not need to be, as Zhuge Liang wanted to keep <mask>'s spirit at its highest. Ziwu Valley plan analysis
<mask>'s reasoning for his Ziwu Valley Plan was recorded in the Weilüe, which was then added as an annotation to his biography in the Sanguozhi, where Chen Shou recorded that <mask> received intelligence that the defender of the strategic city Chang'an, that he judged Xiahou Mao, as incompetent commander. Thus, <mask> reasoned, it would be easy for him to take 5,000 troops (and another 5,000 to carry supplies) across the Qin Mountains via the Ziwu Valley (子午谷) and into Chang'an. <mask> estimated that he would reach Chang'an in ten

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Cao Wei
Wei Yan
Wei Yan
Wei Yan
Wei Yan
Wei Yan
Wei Yan


title: Wei Yan

texts: days and scare Xiahou Mao into flight, leaving the grain in Chang'an's storehouses for Shu's taking. There, <mask>'s force can wait for Zhuge Liang's main army to take the safer road out of Xie Valley (斜谷) and rendezvous in Chang'an.In this way, the region west of Xianyang could be conquered in one movement." <mask>lue argued the possibility of Ziwu valley plans, as although the plan of <mask> could have been worked since although Sima Yi intelligence has acknowledged the plan, Xiahou Mao, who at that time was the commander of Chang'an did not realize it. When the Wei government received intelligence about <mask>'s Ziwu Valley Plan, the Wei emperor Cao Rui immediately removed Xiahou Mao from his military command in Chang'an and reassigned him to be a Master of Writing () in Luoyang. Yi Zhongtian in his Analysis of the Three Kingdoms commented that both proponents and opponents of <mask>'s plan have their own good reasons. <mask> met the first Northern Expedition with little preparation as they didn't fathom that Shu Han could make such an offensive, hence the combination of Zhuge Liang and Wei Yan's strikes could results in huge impact. However, <mask>'s plan was also very risky, as neither the flight Xiahou Mao or his subordinates nor the timely arrival of Zhuge Liang's main forces was guaranteed, moreover the formidable Guo Huai was also in nearby region and could come to assist Xiahou Mao. However, recent scholarship of Chinese history criticized the account of Yu Huan in his

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Wei
Wei Yan
Wei Yan
Wei Yan
Cao Wei
Wei Yan


title: Wei Yan

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 Weilue work that Yu Huan has exaggerated the alleged conflict between <mask> with his superior, Zhuge Liang, regarding the rejection of the latter for the strategy which proposed by <mask>.Wen-Chin Wang from Department of Chinese Language and Literature has suspected the bias of Yu Huan personal view which he viewed Yu Huan as Wei supporter, where Wei kingdom during the late Han era were the arch enemy of Shu kingdom. Legacy
 Military fortification
The "Heavy Gate" (重门之计) bulwark which designed by <mask> during his tenure as administrator of Hanzhong particularly came to use when used by the successor administrator of Hanzhong, Wang Ping, to defend the province from massive invasion led by Cao Shuang. Later, <mask>, the grand commandant of Shu kingdom dismantled this "Heavy Gate" fortification which designed by <mask> in favor of his own design. However, <mask>'s new defense strategy was failed to impede the advance of Zhong Hui, general of Wei, while <mask> himself were repelled from Hanzhong effectively causing Hanzhong fall to Wei kingdom. Wei Yan Shrines
A Wei Yan Shrine () is located in Baique Village, Sanquan Township, Zitong County, Sichuan. In front of the shrine flows a Wei Family River (). On the plains east of the river, there once stood a Wei Family River Temple (), which had three stone tablets in front of it.One of the stone tablets bore the words "<mask> once led soldiers and was stationed here.". According to legend, in 231, during the fourth Shu invasion of Wei,

masks:
Wei Yan
Wei Yan
Wei Yan
Jiang Wei
Wei Yan
Jiang Wei
Jiang Wei
Wei Yan


title: Wei Yan

texts:
 Zhuge Liang ordered <mask> to lead a separate force to station south of the Wei Family River where, in memory of the incident, the locals built the Wei Family River Temple beside the river and a small bridge called "General Bridge" (). The Wei Yan Shrine was initially demolished by the government but was rebuilt in 1995. A statue of <mask> stands in the main hall of the shrine. There is another another temple attributed to <mask> in allegedly <mask> Yan hometown, in Weijia village Gaobao Township, Qingfeng County, Puyang City, in Henan Province. In popular cultures

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
<mask> appears as a character in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong, which romanticises the historical events leading to, and during the Three Kingdoms period, such as <mask> participation in the fictional Battle of Changsha. <mask> surrendered to Liu Bei after killing his superior, Han Xuan.During a clash between Liu Bei against Ma Chao forces, <mask> defeat Ma Dai after they duelled for several bouts, causing the latter to flee. During the battle in ianzhong, <mask> and Zhang Fei were unable to overcame Zhang He, causing both to retreat. According to Zhang Chaoju, <mask> were beaten during this campaign by Cao Cao general named Pang De. Later, during the battle of Wuzhang plains, <mask> lured Sima Yi and his two sons, Sima Shi and Sima Zhao into fire ambush. However, suddenly there are heavy raining that caused the fire extinguished and the plan failed,

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Wei Yan
Wei
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Wei Yan


title: Wei Yan

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 prompting the Simas to escape. Modern era depictions
“Sun Qi Mountain” drama which was written by <mask>-Lun, that described the relationship between two important historical figures Zhuge Liang and <mask> depicted the latter in positive light as it was not <mask> intent to betray Shu, which making him as tragic hero figure. <mask> is featured as a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series.He also appears in Koei's Dynasty Tactics 2. Bibliography

 Notes

 Reference

 Primary & secondary sources
 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi). Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu''). External links

Year of birth unknown
234 deaths
Generals under Liu Bei
Shu Han generals
Han dynasty politicians from Henan
Political office-holders in Shaanxi
Officials under Liu Bei
Executed Shu Han people
People executed by Shu Han
Shu Han politicians
Executed Three Kingdoms people
People executed by a Three Kingdoms state by decapitation
3rd-century executions
Executed people from Henan
Han dynasty generals from

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Wei Yan
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title: Abdulmejid I

texts:
<mask> (, ; 25 April 182325 June 1861) was the 31st Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on 2 July 1839. His reign was notable for the rise of nationalist movements within the empire's territories. <mask> wanted to encourage Ottomanism among secessionist subject nations and stop rising nationalist movements within the empire, but despite new laws and reforms to integrate non-Muslims and non-Turks more thoroughly into Ottoman society, his efforts failed. He tried to forge alliances with the major powers of Western Europe, namely the United Kingdom and France, who fought alongside the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War against Russia. In the following Congress of Paris on 30 March 1856, the Ottoman Empire was officially included among the European family of nations. <mask>'s biggest achievement was the announcement and application of the Tanzimat (reorganization) reforms which were prepared by his father and effectively started the modernization of the Ottoman Empire in 1839. For this achievement, one of the Imperial anthems of the Ottoman Empire, the March of <mask>, was named after him.Early life

<mask> was born on 25 April 1823 at the Beşiktaş Sahil Palace or at the Topkapı Palace, both in Istanbul. His mother was his father's first wife in 1839, Valide Sultan Bezmiâlem, originally named Suzi (1807–1853), either a Circassian or Georgian slave. <mask> received a European education and spoke fluent French, the first sultan to do so. Like Abdülaziz who succeeded him, he was interested in literature and classical music. Like his father Mahmud II, he was an advocate of reforms and was lucky enough to have the support of progressive viziers such as Mustafa Reşit Pasha, Mehmet Emin Ali Paşa and Fuad Pasha. <mask> was also the first sultan to directly listen to the public's complaints on special reception days, which were usually held every Friday without any middlemen. <mask> toured the empire's

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title: Abdulmejid I

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 territories to see in person how the Tanzimat reforms were being applied.He travelled to İzmit, Mudanya, Bursa, Gallipoli, Çanakkale, Lemnos, Lesbos and Chios in 1844 and toured the Balkan provinces in 1846. Reign
When <mask> succeeded to the throne on 2 July 1839 when he was only sixteen, he was young and inexperienced, the affairs of the Ottoman Empire were in a critical state. At the time his father died at the start of the Egyptian–Ottoman War, the news reached Istanbul that the empire's army had just been defeated at Nizip by the army of the rebel Egyptian viceroy, Muhammad Ali. At the same time, the empire's fleet was on its way to Alexandria, where it was handed over to Muhammad Ali by its commander Ahmed Fevzi Pasha, on the pretext that the young sultan's advisers had sided with Russia. However, through the intervention of the European powers during the Oriental Crisis of 1840, Muhammad Ali was obliged to come to terms, and the Ottoman Empire was saved from further attacks while its territories in Syria, Lebanon and Palestine were restored. The terms were finalised at the Convention of London (1840). Egyptian governor Mehmed Ali Pasha, who came to Istanbul as the official invitation of the sultan on 19 July 1846, was shown privileged hospitality by the sultan and vükela.So much so that the old vizier built the Galata bridge in 1845 so that he could drive between Beșiktaș Palace and Babıali. In compliance with his father's express instructions, <mask> immediately carried out the reforms to which Mahmud II had devoted himself. In November 1839 an edict known as the Hatt-ı Șerif of Gülhane, also known as Tanzimat Fermanı was proclaimed, consolidating and enforcing these reforms. The edict was supplemented at the close of the Crimean War by a similar statute issued in February 1856, named the Hatt-ı Hümayun. By these enactments it was provided that all classes of the sultan's subjects should have their lives and

masks: Abdulmejid Abdulmejid


title: Abdulmejid I

texts:
 property protected; that taxes should be fairly imposed and justice impartially administered; and that all should have full religious liberty and equal civil rights. The scheme met with strong opposition from the Muslim governing classes and the ulema, or religious authorities, and was only partially implemented, especially in the more remote parts of the empire. More than one conspiracy was formed against the sultan's life on account of it.Among measures promoted by <mask> were:
 Introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes (1840)
 Reorganisation of the army, including the introduction of conscription (1842–1844)
 Adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag (1844)
 Reorganisation of the finance system according to the French model
 Reorganisation of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model
 Reorganisation of the court system, establishing a system of civil and criminal courts with both European and Ottoman judges. Establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye (1845) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament (1876)
 Institution of a council of public instruction (1846)
 Creation of the Ministry of Education
 According to legend, plans to send humanitarian aid of £10,000 (£1,225,053.76 in 2019) to Ireland during its Great Famine, but later agreed to reduce it to £1,000 (£122,505.38 in 2019) at the insistence of either his own ministers or British diplomats to avoid violating protocol by giving more than Queen Victoria, who had made a donation of £2,000. Plans to abolish slave markets (1847)
 Plans to build a Protestant chapel (1847)
 Establishment of modern universities and academies (1848)
 Establishment of an Ottoman school in Paris
 Abolition of a capitation tax which imposed higher tariffs on non-Muslims (1856)
 Non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers in the Ottoman army (1856)
 Various provisions for the better administration of the public service and for


title: Abdulmejid I

texts:
 the advancement of commerce
 New land laws confirming the right of ownership (1858)

Another notable reform was that the turban was officially outlawed for the first time during <mask>'s reign, in favour of the fez. European fashions were also adopted by the Court. (The fez would be banned in 1925 by the same Republican National Assembly that abolished the sultanate and proclaimed the Turkish Republic in 1923). According to the memoirs of Cyrus Hamlin, Samuel Morse received an  Order of Glory for his contributions to the telegraph, which was issued by Sultan Abdulmejid who personally tested Morse's new invention. When Kossuth and others sought refuge in Turkey after the failure of the Hungarian uprising in 1849, the sultan was called on by Austria and Russia to surrender them, but he refused.He also would not allow the conspirators against his own life to be put to death. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica says of him, "He bore the character of being a kind and honourable man, if somewhat weak and easily led. Against this, however, must be set down his excessive extravagance, especially towards the end of his life." In 1844 he created the Ottoman lira and in 1851 he instituted the Order of the Medjidie. The Ottoman Empire received the first of its foreign loans on 25 August 1854 during the Crimean War. This major foreign loan was followed by those of 1855, 1858 and 1860, which culminated in default and led to the alienation of European sympathy from the Ottoman Empire and indirectly to the later dethronement and death of <mask>'s brother Abdülaziz. On the one hand, financial imperfections, and on the other hand, the discontent caused by the wide privileges given to the non-Muslim subjects again led the country to confusion.Incidents took place in Jeddah in 1857 and in Montenegro in 1858. The major European states have taken the opportunity to intervene in their own interests. The Ottoman statesmen, who panicked in the


title: Abdulmejid I

texts: face of this situation, started following a policy that fulfilled their every wish. The fact that <mask> could not prevent this situation further increased the dissatisfaction caused by the Edict of Tanzimat. The opponents decided to eliminate <mask> and put Abdulaziz on the throne in order to prevent the European states from acting like a guardian. Upon a notice, this revolt attempt, which was referred to as the Kuleli Foundation in history, was suppressed before it even started on 14 September 1859. Meanwhile, the financial situation deteriorated and foreign debts, which were taken under heavy conditions to cover the costs of war, placed a burden on the treasury.All of the debts received from Beyoğlu consumers exceeded eighty million gold liras. Some of the debt securities and hostages were taken by foreign traders and bankers. The Grand Vizier  who criticized this situation harshly, was dismissed by the sultan on 18 October 1859. His success in foreign relations was not as notable as his domestic accomplishments. His reign started off with the defeat of his forces by the Viceroy of Egypt and the subsequent signing of the Convention of London (1840), which saved his empire from a greater embarrassment. The Ottomans successfully participated in the Crimean War and were winning signatories at the Treaty of Paris (1856). His attempts at strengthening his base in the Balkans failed in Bosnia and Montenegro, and in 1861 he was forced to give up Lebanon by the Concert of Europe.Although he emphasized his commitment to the ceremonial rules imposed by his ancestors at the ceremonies reflected outside, he adopted radical changes in the life of the palace. For example, he completely abandoned the Topkapı Palace, which was a place for four centuries, about the Ottoman dynasty. The traditions of the British, French, Italian troops and officers and diplomats who came to Istanbul during the Crimean War (1853-1856) directed even


title: Abdulmejid I

texts:
 middle-class families to consumerism and luxury. Between 1847 and 1849 he had repairs made to the Hagia Sophia mosque, and was responsible for the construction of the Dolmabahçe Palace. He also founded the first French Theatre in Istanbul. Many reconstruction activities were also carried out during the reign of Abdulmecid. Palaces and mansions were built with some of the borrowed money.Dolmabahçe Palace (1853), Beykoz Pavilion (1855), Küçüksu Pavilion (1857), Küçük Mecidiye Mosque (1849), Teșvikiye Mosque (1854) are among the main architectural works of the period. Again in this period, as was done by Bezmiâlem Sultan's Gureba Hospital (1845-1846), the new Galata Bridge was put into service on the same date. In addition, many fountains, mosques, lodges and similar social institutions were repaired or rebuilt. Death

<mask> died of tuberculosis (like his father) at the age of 38 on 25 June 1861 in Istanbul, and was buried in Yavuz Selim Mosque, and was succeeded by his younger half-brother Sultan Abdülaziz, son of Pertevniyal Sultan. At the time of his death, <mask> had one legal wife and queen consort, Perestu Kadın, and many concubines. Issue

Honours
 1851: Founder of the Order of the Medjidie (Ottoman Empire)
 1856: Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword (Kingdom of Portugal)
 5 November 1856: Stranger Knight of the Garter (United Kingdom)
 20 March 1860: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (military) (Belgium)
 Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (French Empire)

In fiction
 A fictionalized version of <mask> I appears in the 2008 novel The Bellini Card, by Jason Goodwin. References

Sources

External links

1823 births
1861 deaths
People of the Revolutions of 1848
19th-century Ottoman sultans
Turks of the Ottoman Empire
Tuberculosis deaths in Turkey
Ottoman dynasty
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in the Ottoman Empire
Extra Knights Companion of the Garter
Grand Croix of the Légion

masks: Abdulmejid Abdulmejid Abdulmejid


title: David Hawker

texts:
<mask>  (born 1 May 1949) is a former Australian politician who served as a Liberal member of the Australian House of Representatives from May 1983 to July 2010, representing the Division of Wannon, Victoria, previously represented by former Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser. Background
He was born in Adelaide, and was educated at Geelong Grammar School and the University of Melbourne, where he entered residence at Trinity College in 1968. A graduate in engineering, Hawker was also a farmer and grazier before entering politics. He comes from a family with a long history of political involvement. He is a cousin of <mask>, who was a member of the House of Representatives from South Australia from 1929 to 1938. His great-grandfather, <mask>, was Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1860 to 1865. Career
After Fraser announced his retirement from politics amid the Coalition's heavy defeat in the 1983 federal election, Hawker won the seat in a May 1983 by-election.Hawker was a member of the Opposition Shadow Ministry 1990–93, a Deputy Opposition Whip 1989–90 and 1994, and Chief Opposition Whip 1994–96. On 15 November 2004 Hawker was chosen by the Parliamentary Liberal Party as its candidate for the position of Speaker of the House of Representatives. He was formally elected to the position on 16 November without opposition. After the 2007 federal election, Labor member Harry Jenkins succeeded Hawker as Speaker of the House, and took office on 12 February 2008. Hawker announced in June 2009 that he would retire from parliament at the 2010 federal election. Speaker

As speaker from 2004 to 2007, Hawker was the subject of some controversy. Early dissent

Some of Hawker's rulings, from motions put by the Australian Labor Party Opposition, were somewhat controversial early in his term, with one session of Question Time on 1 December 2004 resulting in twelve points of order, some continuously raised, to Brendan Nelson's response to a question on school funding raised by Sophie

masks:
David Peter Maxwell Hawker
Charles Hawker
George Charles Hawker


title: Danny Mayor

texts:
<mask> (born 18 October 1990) is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger for  club Plymouth Argyle. He has played in the English Football League for Tranmere Rovers, Preston North End, Sheffield Wednesday, Southend United and Bury. Early life
<mask> was born in Leyland, Lancashire. Career

Preston North End
According to then manager Gary Peters, he revealed that <mask> joined Preston North End at age nine for £40 after his parents enrolled him to do the club's Centre of Excellence and was given "free bottle of milk and a season ticket for coming to the school". He went on to come through Preston North End's youth ranks. On 15 December 2008 he was given his first professional two-and-a-half-year contract with fellow youngster, Adam Barton. On 5 March 2009, he joined Tranmere Rovers on a one-month loan deal.Tranmere manager Ronnie Moore was reported to say: "He is a hard working winger with the ability to go past people and has a trick up his sleeve." Two days later, on 7 March 2009, he was handed his League One debut against Northampton Town, where he set up a goal for Bas Savage. After the match, Manager Moore praised <mask> performance, citing he "direct, took people on and played a great ball in for the goal." After making three appearances, <mask> returned to Preston, where manager Alan Irvine believed that the loan move to Tranmere Rovers made him "grow up", due to giving him "more confidence". <mask> made his debut for Preston North End on 16 January 2010 against Bristol City. He came on as a substitute in the 70th minute for Richard Chaplow. Preston lost the match 4–2.It was Darren Ferguson's debut as

masks:
Daniel John Mayor
Mayor
Mayor
Mayor
Mayor
Mayor


title: Danny Mayor

texts:
 Preston manager. Due to Ferguson started to use youngsters in the first team, He was handed his full home debut in a game against Scunthorpe United on 10 April 2010, a game which Preston won 3–2. At the start of 2010–11 season, <mask> signed a two-year contract that will keep him until 2013. After making 21 league appearance in the 2010–11 season, which resulted the relegation to League One, <mask> scored his first League goal for Preston against his old club Tranmere Rovers on 26 September 2011. His next goal came against Hartlepool United, which went on to win the goal of the season for the club's 2011–12 season and also went on to be awarded the Young Player of the Year. The 2011–12 season proved to be a breakthrough for <mask>, as he made a very impressive displays and become the fan favourite. <mask> allegedly told manager Graham Westley before the 2012/13 season that he would like to play at a higher level, with teammate Jamie Proctor making the same statement, despite the pair both being contracted to the club and part of the manager's plans.As a result of wanting to leave, Preston chairman Peter Ridsdale was unsure towards the <mask> and Proctor. Sheffield Wednesday
After being unsettled at the club, <mask> was linked with a move to Blackpool, before a bid for <mask> from Championship side Sheffield Wednesday was accepted, with Manager Dave Jones stating that he "would be a good addition". One day later, <mask> joined the club for an undisclosed fee on a three-year contract. <mask> made his debut on 1 September 2012 for the club, coming on as a substitute in the 84th minutes, in a 2–1 loss against Crystal Palace. He

masks: Mayor Mayor Mayor Mayor Mayor Mayor Mayor Mayor Mayor


title: Danny Mayor

texts:
 soon have his first team opportunities become limited since joining the club. He joined Southend United on an initial 28-day loan deal on Tuesday 12 February 2013, going straight into the first team to play against Cheltenham Town that night. The move occurred when the club needed a replacement for Michael Timlin, who was ruled out for the entire season.After making five appearances, <mask>'s loan spell with Southend United came to an end. Bury
Ahead of the 2013–14 season, <mask> joined Bury on a season-long loan, which kept him until the end of the 2013–14 season. He made his debut, coming on as a substitute, in a 2–0 loss against Chesterfield in the opening game of the season. Four weeks later, on 31 August 2013, <mask> scored his first goal from a 30-yard strike, in a 4–1 win over Cheltenham Town before setting up the fourth goal. Since scoring his first goal, <mask> began establishing himself as a first team regular. <mask> struggled to score further goals until scoring his second goal of the season, in a 3–0 win over Hartlepool United on 1 January 2014. He went on to make 42 appearance in all competitions, scoring five times.At the end of the next season, Bury named <mask> as the Players' Player of the Season as part of End of Season Awards Dinner at the Village Hotel. It was also confirmed an Undisclosed Fee had been agreed with Sheffield Wednesday for his services, <mask> signed a three-year deal with Bury after the move was announced by the club's chairman, Stewart Day, who surprised fans at the End of Season Awards Dinner. Upon the move, Manager David Flitcroft believed <mask> had the experience of playing "with

masks: Mayor Mayor Mayor Mayor Mayor Mayor Mayor Mayor


title: Danny Mayor

texts:
 Championship quality". <mask>'s first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came in the opening game of the season, a 1–0 loss against Cheltenham Town. <mask>'s next goal came three weeks later, in a 2–1 win over Accrington Stanley. <mask> later scored two goals in two games to add his third and fourth goal between 11 October 2014 and 18 October 2014 against Wimbledon and Portsmouth Mayor did the same thing again when he scored later scored two goals in two games to add his fifth and sixth goal between 26 December 2014 and 28 December 2014 against Northampton Town and Mansfield Town. <mask> finished the season with eight league goals (eight overall), for which he was awarded as League Two Player of the Year and was also included in League Two's PFA Team of the Year.Plymouth Argyle
Mayor signed for newly relegated League Two club Plymouth Argyle on 1 July 2019 on a contract of undisclosed length. <mask> recorded an assist on his debut against Crewe as Argyle won their first game of the 2019–20 season. Career statistics

Honours
Bury
Football League/EFL League Two runner-up: 2018–19; third-place promotion: 2014–15

Individual
PFA Team of the Year: 2014–15 League Two
Football League Two Player of the Year: 2014–15

References

External links
Profile at the Plymouth Argyle F.C. website

1990 births
Living people
People from Leyland, Lancashire
Sportspeople from Lancashire
English footballers
Association football wingers
Preston North End F.C. players
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Southend United F.C.players
Bury F.C. players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
English Football League

masks: Mayor Mayor Mayor Mayor Mayor


title: Frankie Yale

texts:
Francesco Ioele (; January 22, 1893 – July 1, 1928), known as <mask> or <mask>, was an Italian-born American gangster based in Brooklyn and second employer of Al Capone. Early life
<mask> was born in Longobucco, Italy on January 22, 1893 to Domenico and Isabella (née DeSimone) Ioele. He had an older brother, John, and two younger siblings, Assunta and Angelo. He and his family arrived in the United States c. 1900. As a teenager, Ioele was befriended by John Torrio, who ushered him into the Five Points Gang and groomed him for a life of crime. Shortly after Torrio left for Chicago, in 1909, Ioele "Americanized" his last name to <mask>. Despite his medium height and chubby build, <mask> was a fearsome fistfighter and thief.In 1910, at age 17, Yale and a friend, a wrestler named Bobby Nelson, severely beat several men during a fight in the Coney Island pool hall, which involved cracking pool cues and hurling billiard balls. One of his early arrests, in October 1912, was on suspicion of homicide. Brooklyn crime boss
Like his mentor Johnny Torrio, Yale was one of a new breed of gangster who believed in putting business ahead of ego. After getting started with some basic racketeering, Yale took control of Brooklyn's ice delivery trade by selling "protection" and creating monopolies. In 1917, with the proceeds from these rackets, Yale opened the Harvard Inn bar on Seaside Walk in Coney Island. Hoping to capitalize on the collegiate name of his bar, he began using the name Yale. It was at the Harvard Inn that a young bouncer named Al Capone got his famous facial scars in a dispute with Frank Galluccio, after Capone flirted with Galluccio's sister.After two years in Yale's employ, Capone was shipped off west to Chicago by Yale, and joined Torrio's organization. Yale's gang engaged in Black Hand extortion activities

masks:
Frankie Yale
Frankie Uale
Yale
Yale
Yale


title: Frankie Yale

texts:
 and ran a string of brothels. Their gang became the first new-style Mafia "family" which included Italians from all regions and could work in partnership with other ethnic groups if it was good for business. Yale's "services" to his customers included offering "protection" to local merchants and controlling food services for restaurants, as well as ice deliveries for Brooklyn residents. Yale's notorious sideline was his line of cigars, foul-smelling stogies packaged in boxes that bore his smiling face. Yale also owned and operated his own funeral home at 6604 14th Avenue (he and his family lived across the street). When asked about his profession, Yale wryly commented that he was an "undertaker".At the beginning of Prohibition, Yale became one of Brooklyn's biggest bootleggers. In addition to Capone, other gangsters who worked under Yale at one time or another included Joe Adonis, Anthony "Little Augie" Carfano, and Albert Anastasia. Yale's top assassin was Willie "Two-Knife" Altieri, nicknamed as such due to his preferred method of dispatching a victim. Personal life
Soon after the Harvard Inn opened, Yale married Maria Delapia, with whom he had two daughters, Rosa and Isabella. They later separated, he married a younger woman called Lucita in 1927 and they had a daughter, Angelina. <mask> was also noted as a stylish dresser, favoring expensive suits and diamond jewelry. One newspaper reporter called him the "Beau Brummell of Brooklyn".<mask> was also known for generosity toward the less fortunate people in his neighborhood, who often approached him and requested financial assistance. After a local delicatessen owner was robbed, <mask> replaced his lost cash. When a fish peddler lost his cart, Yale gave him $200 with an admonition: "Get a horse, you're too old to walk". <mask> was dubbed the "Prince of

masks: Yale Yale Yale Yale


title: Frankie Yale

texts:
 Pals". Conversely, <mask> was a violent man who did not hesitate to inflict pain on others. When angered by his younger brother Angelo, Yale beat him so badly that he wound up in the hospital. When two extortionists attempted to shake down the popular hat-check operator of a neighborhood restaurant, Yale battered the two unconscious.In May 1920, Yale traveled to Chicago and personally killed longtime gang boss Big Jim Colosimo at the behest of Chicago Outfit friends Torrio and Capone. Colosimo was allegedly murdered because he stood in the way of his gang making huge bootlegging profits in Chicago. Although suspected by Chicago police, Yale was never officially charged. Rivals
Tradition has long claimed that Yale fought a desperate gang war for control of the Brooklyn docks with the Irish White Hand Gang. Recent research has called much of that into question and indicated that Yale's worst enemies were not the Irish waterfront racketeers but rival Italian crime families who were constantly jockeying for power in Brooklyn during the 1920s. The first known attempt on Yale's life occurred on February 6, 1921, when he and two of his men were ambushed in Lower Manhattan after they stepped from their car in order to attend a banquet. One of Yale's bodyguards was killed and the other wounded, with Yale himself sustaining a severe lung wound.Yale pulled through after an extended recovery. Five months after Yale's injury, on July 15, 1921, he, his brother Angelo, and four men were driving on Cropsey Avenue in Bath Beach when another car filled with rival gunmen overtook them and opened fire. Angelo and one of Yale's men were wounded. This attack was believed to have been carried out in revenge for the June 5th killing of a Manhattan mobster named Ernesto Melchiorre, who had been murdered after a late-night visit to


title: Frankie Yale

texts:
 the Harvard Inn. Melchiorre's brother Silvio was believed to have been the driving force behind the unsuccessful attack. Eight days later, Yale's men gunned down Silvio Melchiorre in front of his Little Italy cafe. Yet another attempt on Yale's life took place on July 9, 1923.Yale's chauffeur, Frank Forte, had taken the Yale family to a christening at a nearby church. While <mask> decided to walk back to his 14th Avenue home, Forte drove <mask> and her two daughters back. As the women exited the vehicle a carload of four gangsters rolled past, mistook Frank Forte for his boss, and shot him. O'Banion Murder
In November 1924, <mask> was asked once again to come to Chicago to assist Capone and Torrio, who needed another rival murdered. On November 10, 1924, <mask>, John Scalise, and Albert Anselmi reportedly entered the Schofield Flower Shop and killed North Side Gang leader Dean O'Banion. Eight days later, the Chicago Police arrested <mask> and Sam Pollaccia at Chicago's Union Station as they were about to depart for New York. Yale said he had come to town for the funeral of Unione Siciliana president Mike Merlo and stayed to see old friends.Yale further claimed to be having lunch at the time of O'Banion's murder. Police could not shake his alibi and were compelled to release him. The Adonis Club Incident
In the early morning hours of December 26, 1925, White Hand gang boss Richard "Pegleg" Lonergan and a few of his men were attacked at Brooklyn's Adonis Club by a handful of Yale's men and a visiting Al Capone (Capone's son Sonny had just had an operation for a mastoid infection in New York). The usual story has the long-dreaded war between the "Black Hand" and the "White Hand" coming to a climax in dramatic fashion by a down-and-out Lonergan leading his men into the club to attack the Yale crew when they

masks:
Yale
Maria Yale
Yale
Yale
Yale


title: Frankie Yale

texts:
 gathered for their annual Christmas party. Instead, Yale has Al Capone and his men setting up an ambush and opening fire on Lonergan, Aaron Harms, James "Ragtime" Howard, Paddy Maloney, Cornelius "Needles" Ferry, and James Hart. Lonergan, Ferry, and Harms were all killed while Hart was severely wounded. An examination of the original police reports and witness accounts does not support this version.According to author Patrick Downey, the Adonis Club shootings were most probably a spur-of-the-moment reaction to a drunken argument that Needles Ferry had engaged in with Capone and his companions. Downfall
By the mid-1920s, <mask> was noted as one of the most powerful gangsters in Brooklyn. In addition to his numerous rackets, Yale made inroads into labor racketeering and dockside extortion as well. In spring of 1927, however, Yale's long friendship with Capone began to fray. As a major importer of Canadian whisky, Yale supplied much of Capone's whiskey. Yale would oversee the landing of the booze and make sure the Chicago-bound trucks made it safely through New York. Soon, many of the trucks began being hijacked before they left Brooklyn.Suspecting a double cross, Capone asked an old pal James "Filesy" DeAmato to keep an eye on his trucks. DeAmato reported that Yale was indeed hijacking his booze. Soon after this, Capone's spy realized that his cover had been blown and tried unsuccessfully to shoot Yale on the night of July 1, 1927. Six nights later, DeAmato was gunned down on a Brooklyn street corner. In a last-ditch effort to mend the relationship with his longtime friend, Capone invited Yale to Chicago to view the Dempsey-Tunney heavyweight title rematch at Soldier Field on September 22, 1927. While their visit was civil enough, the pair's friendship began to rapidly deteriorate after Yale returned to New


title: Frankie Yale

texts:
 York. Distracted by a gang war with rival mobster Joe Aiello, a brief exile from Chicago, and the 1928 Republican primary election, Capone had to wait until the spring of 1928 to plan retaliation.On Sunday afternoon, July 1, 1928, <mask> was in his Sunrise Club, located at 14th Avenue and 65th Street, when he received a cryptic phone call. The caller said something was wrong with Yale's new wife Lucy, who was at home looking after their year-old daughter. Refusing Joseph Piraino's offer to drive him, Yale dashed out to his brand new, coffee-colored Lincoln coupe and took off up New Utrecht Avenue, where a Buick sedan carrying four armed individuals stopped next to him. While Yale's new Lincoln was fashioned with armor plating, the dealer had neglected to bullet-proof the windows. Recognizing his peril, when the light changed, Yale took off. After a chase up New Utrecht, Yale swerved west onto 44th Street, with the Buick close behind. Yale's car was soon overtaken by the Buick, whose occupants opened fire at close range.A shotgun blast struck the Brooklyn gang boss on the left side of the head while a submachine gun bullet sliced through his brain. Either wound would have killed Yale instantly. The now out-of-control Lincoln veered to the right, hopped the curb, and crashed into the stoop of a brownstone at No. 923. This was the first time a submachine gun had been used in a gangland killing in New York City. On August 2, 1928, was reported that two men were sought for the murder of Yale. Aftermath
The abandoned Buick was later discovered a few blocks away from the murder site.Inside the car police found a .38 caliber revolver, a .45 automatic, a sawn-off pump shotgun, and a Thompson submachine gun. The handguns were eventually traced to Miami, the car itself was traced to Knoxville, Tennessee, and the


title: Frankie Yale

texts:
 submachine gun to a Chicago sporting goods dealer named Peter von Frantzius. Police noted that at the time of murder, <mask> was wearing a four-carat diamond ring, as well as a belt buckle engraved with his initials. The letters on the buckle held a total of 75 diamond chips. Capone was said to give such belt buckles to those he admired very much. Police repeatedly questioned Capone about the <mask> murder, but nothing came of the inquiries. <mask>'s murder represented the first time that the Thompson submachine gun was used in New York gangland warfare.Yale's killers were theorized to be Capone mob gunmen Tony "Joe Batters" Accardo, Fred "Killer" Burke, Gus Winkler, George "Shotgun" Ziegler, and Louis "Little New York" Campagna. Most of these hitmen are believed to have participated in the St. Valentine's Day Massacre seven months later. One of the submachine guns used in the Massacre was later ballistically linked to Yale's murder. <mask> received one of the most impressive gangland funerals in American history, at which thousands of Brooklynites lined the streets to watch the procession. He was buried wearing evening clothes, holding grey suede gloves and a gold rosary. Thirty-eight cars were required to bear all the floral arrangements while 250 Cadillac limousines carried the mourners. Yale's $15,000 silver casket rested on an open hearse with a podium.At Holy Cross Cemetery, there was additional drama when two different women claimed to be Yale's wife. As the casket was lowered, 112 mourners simultaneously tossed roses into the grave. Yale's funeral set a standard of opulence for American gangsters that has been seldom matched over the years. Legacy
While <mask> is somewhat overlooked in crime histories, he was one of New York's leading gangsters in the 1920s. In the initial aftermath of Yale's murder,

masks: Yale Yale Yale Yale Yale


title: Frankie Yale

texts:
 leadership of his family was taken over by Anthony Carfano. Four months later Joe Masseria orchestrated the murder of mobster Salvatore D'Aquila. The December 1928 Hotel Statler meeting in Cleveland was most probably called to head off a potential New York gang war.Roughly half of Yale's men and territory were absorbed by the D'Aquila crime family, which was now led by Al Mineo, while the rest remained under Carfano. <mask>'s murder turned out to be the first in a series of events that facilitated Masseria's attempt to consolidate all of New York's Mafia families under his control, which eventually resulted in the Castellammarese War. In popular culture
<mask> is mentioned in Arthur Miller's play A View from the Bridge. <mask>'s story was given the comic book treatment in All True Detective Cases No. 2, Avon Comics April/May 1954. <mask> is portrayed by John Cassavetes in the 1975 film Capone. <mask> is played by Robert Ellenstein in the TV series The Lawless Years and by Al Ruscio in the original The Untouchables television series.A much more simplified depiction of his murder was featured in the opening scene of an episode of the remake series. He is portrayed by Joseph Riccobene in the HBO Series Boardwalk Empire. References

Sources

External links

Prohibition - The "Noble Experiment": Other Crime Figures

1893 births
1928 deaths
1928 murders in the United States
American crime bosses
Al Capone associates
Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Brooklyn
Criminals from Brooklyn
Deaths by firearm in Brooklyn
Five Points Gang
Funeral directors
Genovese crime family
Italian emigrants to the United States
Italian crime bosses
Italian gangsters
Male murder victims
Murdered American gangsters of Italian descent
Prohibition-era gangsters
People murdered by the Chicago Outfit
People murdered in New York City
People


title: Neil Flanz

texts:
<mask> (June 22, 1938 - Dec 2, 2021) was a Canadian pedal steel guitarist who grew up in Montreal. In the mid-1960s he moved to Nashville and played on the Grand Ole Opry. He later lived in Florida and Austin, Texas. The Austin Chronicle dubbed <mask>' playing style as "country traditionalist". He is perhaps best known for his performance as a member of Gram Parsons' Fallen Angels. He played and toured for over 30 years with artists including Marcia Ball, Emmylou Harris, Charlie Louvin and Joe Sun. <mask> was inducted into the International Steel Guitar Hall of Fame in 2016.Biography
His musical influences as a child included Jimmie Rodgers, Wilf Carter, Hawaiian music and the Grand Ole Opry radio broadcasts. He began playing guitar at the age of 13 when his parents bought him a flat top guitar; by the time he was 17, he had moved on to the lap steel guitar and played a double-neck Fender Stringmaster. He was influenced by Bud Isaacs' unique sound on a 1954 Webb Pierce recording called "Slowly", the first hit record to feature a pedal steel guitar. In order to replicate this new sound, Flanz enlisted Montreal steel guitarist George Essery to modify his guitar with a pedal. His first job as a musician was with Cowboy Jack, a Montreal artist with several country music hits in French. During the ensuing years, he worked with various musicians in Montreal and began making albums of his own, including 1962's <mask>z and his Nashville Steel, and 1964's Get On The Star Route (recorded in Toronto using an Emmons Stereo pedal steel guitar). The success of the two albums gained him recognition, both in Canada and the United States.He toured in the Toronto area with Dusty King, and in Ontario with Jack Kingston and Gary Buck. At age 24, Flanz worked in Montreal's "Country Palace" backing up many Nashville artists including Charlie Louvin of the Louvin Brothers duet. After obtaining his green card, <mask> moved to Nashville, where he worked as a session guitarist and toured with Louvin, Jean

masks:
Neil Lanny Flanz
Flanz
Flanz
Neil Flan
Neil


title: Neil Flanz

texts:
 Shepard, Billy Walker, Ray Pillow and many other Grand Ole Opry artists. He eventually connected with Nashville’s "The Kelly Rogers Breed" with a regular engagement at the "Broadway Barn" located near the Ryman Auditorium from which the Opry originated. Tour with Gram Parsons

In 1973, Phil Kaufman hired <mask> to perform a six-week tour with Gram Parsons and Emmylou Harris. The tour was put together to promote Parsons' solo debut album entitled "GP". The newly-created band was called "The Fallen Angels" and featured Kyle Tullis on bass, N.D. Smart on drums and Jock Bartley on lead guitar.The rehearsals were at Kaufman's house in Van Nuys. According to Parsons' biographer Ben Fong-Torres, "More often than not, rehearsals were fueled by marijuana and liquor". Speaking about the rehearsals Emmylou Harris said. "Gram knew so many songs that we never finished anything". On their first show in Boulder, Colorado, the undisciplined rehearsals translated to blunders on stage and Harris was horrified, especially by the fact that the audience included Rock and Roll Hall of Famer member Richie Furay of the band Poco. Subsequently Parsons met with the band and agreed to curtail his substance abuse and they voted to replace the guitarist by hiring Jock Bartley. They came up with song arrangements and improved greatly with each performance.Flanz was more country-oriented and not used to rock-concert crowds. He cited the Parsons tour as one of the most exciting parts of his career, with thousands of cheering young long-haired fans crowding the stage just to touch the band members. Parsons' Live: 1973 album was recorded live for a radio broadcast in the middle of the tour by the Fallen Angels and features Flanz' steel playing. After the Parsons tour, <mask> returned to Nashville to rejoin the "Kelly Rogers Breed", which later changed its name to "Peppertree". In the following months, he also toured with Roy Drusky, returning to play in Nashville whenever possible. This eventually led to a regular

masks: Flanz Flanz


title: Neil Flanz

texts:
 engagement at the Deeman's Den (named after owner and singer Nancy Dee). His shows there regularly featured sit-ins by Little Jimmy Dickens, Faron Young, Johnny Paycheck, Webb Pierce, Jimmy Day, Buddy Emmons and Jimmy Bryant.Over the ensuing years, <mask> spent time touring the country with various groups, including stops in Austin and Dallas, and a two-week stint introducing President Jimmy Carter on a primary tour in North Carolina. In 1980, Joe Sun called and offered <mask> a job as his full-time pedal steel player. The band, called “Shotgun”, rehearsed in Key West, FL for a month before beginning touring and playing in Nashville, at which time Joe asked the band to record with him in the studio as well. Living On Honky Tonk Time was the first album featuring the band, and the song "Bombed Boozed and Busted" climbed the top twenty of the country charts, and remained a juke box favorite. The band played on the Austin City Limits television show and made three trips to Europe, including shows at London's famed Wembley Stadium. The band also toured Stockholm, Zurich, Amsterdam, Germany, and Scotland. Two albums featuring Flanz were recorded in Nashville for release in Germany on the Intercord label (German Wikipedia page: :de:Intercord) and a second album for Elektra Records was released called I Aint Honky Tonkin' No More.<mask> lived in Austin, Texas, where he played regular shows with FingerPistol. He taught all levels of pedal steel guitar. In 1969 he recorded an instruction album for the Sho-Bud Company teaching the Nashville approach to the E9 tuning. He also published a book entitled "Pedal Steel Chord Dictionary for the C6 Nashville SetUp". <mask>  played a double neck Emmons pedal steel guitar. <mask> died December 2, 2021 several days after abdominal surgery. References

Sources

 Twenty Thousand Roads: The Ballad of Gram Parsons and His Cosmic American Music, David N. Meyer, Villard Books, 2007.<mask> Personal Home Page

Canadian guitarists
Pedal steel guitarists
Musicians

masks:
Neil
Neil
Flanz
Neil
Flanz
Neil Flanz


title: Ricardo Fuller

texts:
<mask> (born 31 October 1979) is a retired Jamaican professional footballer who last played as a forward for Hanley Town. <mask> started his football career with Jamaican side Tivoli Gardens, before he moved to England with Crystal Palace in February 2001. He returned to Jamaica and then went on loan to Hearts, before joining Preston North End. He scored 27 goals in 58 League game at Preston, which prompted Portsmouth to pay £1 million for his services. <mask> failed to make an impact at Portsmouth and joined rivals Southampton in 2005 before Stoke City signed him for £500,000 in August 2006. At Stoke, he became an influential member of the first team and his goals helped the "Potters" gain promotion to the Premier League in 2008. He remained a key figure in the top-flight, despite a poor disciplinary record, and helped Stoke reach the 2011 FA Cup Final, but missed out on the final due to injury.After he recovered from his injury he was only given a bit-part role and he left the club in June 2012 for a one-season stay with Charlton Athletic. He spent the 2013–14 season with Blackpool and 2014–15 with Millwall. He joined Oldham Athletic in October 2015. <mask> played 77 international matches for the Jamaica national team between 1999 and 2012. Club career

Crystal Palace
<mask> was born in Kingston, Jamaica, and began his career with Tivoli Gardens. He had a trial with Charlton Athletic, playing in three reserve team matches. He moved to English club Crystal Palace in February 2001 for a possible fee of £1 million (the exact figure being dependent on appearances), after impressing on trial the previous month.At the time of his transfer he was suspended by the Jamaican football authority for kicking a Wadadah player in the head. He suffered from knee problems, and played just eight games for the "Eagles". He returned to Tivoli at the end of the campaign after failing to

masks:
Ricardo Dwayne Fuller
Fuller
Fuller
Fuller
Fuller