title: Geoffrey Hodson

texts:
<mask> (12 March 1886 in Lincolnshire – 23 January 1983 in Auckland, New Zealand) was an occultist, Theosophist,Co-Freemason, mystic, Liberal Catholic priest, philosopher and esotericist, and a leading light for over 70 years in the Theosophical Society. Early life
<mask> was educated in England. According to <mask>, his occult experiences began when he was about five or six years old. He had dream experiences in the half waking state and this seemed to be connected with Kundalini, the power of life and one of the great forces also known as the "Serpent Fire". He served in the British Army as an officer and tank commander during the First World War. Subsequently he spent his life as an anti-war activist through his teachings and insights. Following demobilisation he married Miss Jane Carter and he joined the YMCA Secretariat.Angelic visionary
It was around this time he met Mary De La Middleton, who said that her own master, the Master Rakoczy, had instructed her to show him how to awaken clairvoyance when required, focus it at different levels, project energies and heal others. It was at this stage <mask> with his wife toured Lancashire on his motorcycle and sidecar making detailed notes on the various types of fairies and nature spirits there. This culminated when he was on holiday in the valley of Sheepscombe where he and his wife claimed to have studied the angelic kingdom and that he received teachings from a high angel. This was the beginning of his work with the angelic kingdom. He wrote many books about his investigations there and the angelic teachings given him throughout his life. <mask> was one of many (along with Arthur Conan Doyle) fooled by the Cottingley Fairies hoax. South Africa, Australia and New Zealand
In 1937 he traveled to South Africa to stay with friends Mr and Mrs Quail and their

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Geoffrey Hodson
Hodson
Hodson
Geoffrey Hodson
Hodson


title: Geoffrey Hodson

type: original

texts:
 daughter Ethelwynne, who was an artist.Under <mask>’s direction she painted the illustrations for his book, The Kingdom of the Gods. <mask> then went to Australia to be with his wife Jane, who since 1929 had progressive paralysis due to multiple sclerosis. She died in 1962. He served there as president of the Blavatsky Lodge, while a Perth theosophist Miss Sandra Chase took care of his wife. In 1940 he was invited by the New Zealand lodge to tour their main centres. While there he became founder and president of the New Zealand Vegetarian Society. He was also elected president of the Council of Combined Animal Welfare Organisations of New Zealand.India and America
<mask> also served as the director of studies of the School of the Wisdom at the International Headquarters of the Theosophical Society at Adyar, Chennai in India, for four sessions, in 1953-54, then in 1954-1955 and again in 1961. <mask> was a guest lecturer at the Krotona School of Theosophy in Ojai, California. Writing
<mask> was the author more than 50 books on spirituality, many being still in print. He wrote on psychic powers, Theosophy, Spiritualism, mysticism, fairies, angels, meditation, clairvoyance, health and disease. He also wrote over two hundred articles and radio talks and travelled the world lecturing for the Theosophical Society. He was awarded the Subba Row Gold Medal in 1954 for his contributions to Theosophical literature. There are also several posthumous publications, such as Light of The Sanctuary - the Occult Diary of <mask>.Published by his wife <mask>. Other books published based on his notes and diaries were: Yogic Ascent to Spiritual Heights, Illuminations of the Mystery Traditions. Death
He gave his last lecture, on 4 May 1982 at HPB Lodge in Auckland, aged 96. Eight months later he died in Auckland, on January 23,

masks:
Hodson
Hodson
Hodson
Hodson
Hodson
Geoffrey Hodson
Sandra Hodson


title: Judith Durham

texts:
<mask>  (<mask>; born 3 July 1943) is an Australian singer, songwriter and musician who became the lead singer of the Australian popular folk music group The Seekers in 1963. The group subsequently became the first Australian pop music group to achieve major chart and sales success in the United Kingdom and the United States and have sold over 50 million records worldwide. <mask> left the group in mid 1968 to pursue her solo career. In 1993, <mask> began to make sporadic recordings and performances with The Seekers, though she remains primarily a solo performer. On 1 July 2015, she was named Victorian of the Year for her services to music and a range of charities. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> on 3 July 1943 in Essendon, Victoria, to William Alexander Cock DFC, a navigator and World War II pathfinder, and his wife, Hazel (née <mask>). From her birth until 1949, she lived on Mount Alexander Road, Essendon, and attended Essendon Primary School.She spent summer holidays at her family's weatherboard house (which since has been demolished) on the west side of Durham Place in Rosebud. Her father accepted work in Hobart, Tasmania, in 1949. From early 1950 the family lived in Taroona, a suburb of Hobart, where <mask> attended the Fahan School before moving back to Melbourne, residing in Georgian Court, Balwyn, in 1956. She was educated at Ruyton Girls' School Kew and then enrolled at RMIT. <mask> at first planned to be a pianist and gained the qualification of Associate in Music, Australia (AMusA), in classical piano at the University of Melbourne Conservatorium. She had

masks:
Judith Durham
Judith Mavis Cock
Durham
Durham
Durham
Judith Mavis Cock
Durham
Durham
Durham


title: Judith Durham

texts:
 some professional engagements playing piano and also had classical vocal training and performed blues, gospel and jazz pieces. Her singing career began one night at the age of 18 when she asked Nicholas Ribush, leader of the Melbourne University Jazz Band, at the Memphis Jazz Club in Malvern, whether she could sing with the band.In 1963, she began performing at the same club with Frank Traynor's Jazz Preachers, using her mother's maiden name of Durham. In that year she also recorded her first EP, <mask> with Frank Traynor's Jazz Preachers, for W&G Records. The Seekers

The Seekers consisted of Durham, Athol Guy, Bruce Woodley and Keith Potger, an ABC radio producer; through Potger's position the three were able to make a demo tape in their spare time. This was given to W&G Records, which wanted another sample of Durham's voice before agreeing to record a Jazz Preachers' album. W&G instead signed The Seekers for an album, Introducing The Seekers, in 1963. (Potger does not appear on the album cover because he was not allowed to have a second job.) Durham, however, recorded two other songs with the Jazz Preachers, "Muddy Water" (which appeared on their album Jazz From the Pulpit) and "Trombone Frankie" (an adapted version of Bessie Smith's "Trombone Cholly").In early 1964, The Seekers sailed to the United Kingdom on the S.S. Fairsky on which the group provided the musical entertainment. Originally they had planned to return after ten weeks, but they received a steady stream of bookings through the Grade Agency because they had sent the agency a copy of their first album.


title: Judith Durham

texts:
 On 4 November 1964 at EMI's Abbey Road Studios, The Seekers recorded "I'll Never Find Another You" composed and produced by Tom Springfield and subsequently released in December 1964. In February 1965, the song reached number one in the UK and Australia, while their 1966 recording of Springfield and Jim Dale's "Georgy Girl" (from the film of the same name) reached number two (Billboard chart) and number one (Cashbox chart) in the United States. On 12 March 1967, The Seekers set an official all-time Australian record when more than 200,000 people (nearly one tenth of the city's entire population at that time) flocked to their performance at the Sidney Myer Music Bowl in Melbourne, Australia. Their TV special The Seekers Down Under scored the biggest TV audience ever (with a 67 rating), and early in 1968 they were all awarded the nation's top honour as "Australians of the Year 1967". On a tour of New Zealand in February 1968, <mask> advised the group that she was leaving The Seekers and subsequently left in July 1968.Solo career

<mask> returned to Australia in August 1968 and her first solo television special, 'An Evening with <mask>' screened on the Nine Network in September. During her solo career she has released albums titled For Christmas with Love, Gift of Song and Climb Ev'ry Mountain. In 1970 she made the television special, Meet <mask>, in London, ending with her rendition of "When You Come to the End of a Perfect Day" by Carrie Jacobs-Bond (1862–1946). In 1975 <mask> starred in an acting and singing role as Sarah Simmonds, a burlesque type performer in "The

masks:
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Durham
Judith Durham
Judith Durham
Judith


title: Judith Durham

texts: Golden Girl", an episode of the Australian television series Cash and Co. Set in the 1800s Australian goldfields, this episode also featured <mask>'s husband, Ron Edgeworth, on piano. She performed six songs including "Oh Susanna", "When Starlight Fades", "Maggie Mae", "Rock Of Ages", "There's No Place Like Home" and "The Lord Is My Shepherd". The decision was then made to record The Australian Cities Suite with all proceeds from the sale of the CD to go to the charitable sector. The album was originally planned for release in October 2008, but was pushed back eventually to April 2012.The project was to benefit charities such as the Motor Neurone Disease Association of Australia (Durham is national patron) and Orchestra Victoria, in addition to other charities which benefit from the Lord Mayor's Charitable Fund or its national affiliated network United Way. In 2006, <mask> started modernising the music and phrases in the Australian National Anthem, "Advance Australia Fair". She first performed it in May 2009 at Federation Hall, St Kilda Road. It was released on CD single. On 13 February 2009, <mask> made a surprise return to the Myer Music Bowl when she performed the closing number at the RocKwiz Salutes the Bowl – Sidney Myer Music Bowl 50th Anniversary with "The Carnival is Over". On 23 May 2009, Durham performed a one-hour a cappella concert in Melbourne as a launch for her album Up Close and Personal. In October 2011, Durham signed an exclusive international deal with Decca Records.George Ash, President of Universal Music Australasia said "It is an honour to have

masks: Durham Durham Durham


title: Judith Durham

texts:
 <mask> join Decca's wonderful roster of artists. When you think of the legends that have graced the Decca Records catalogue it is the perfect home to welcome <mask> to, and we couldn't be more excited to work with <mask> on not only her new recordings but her incredible catalogue as well." In June 2018, to celebrate Durham's 75th birthday, a collection of 14 previously unreleased songs was released on the album So Much More. Personal life
On 21 November 1969, Durham married her musical director, British pianist Ron Edgeworth, at Scots' Church in Melbourne. They lived in the UK and Switzerland until the mid 1980s when they bought property in Nambour, Queensland. In 1990, Durham, Edgeworth and their tour manager, Peter Summers, were involved in a car accident on the Calder Freeway. The driver of the other car died at the scene and Durham sustained a fractured wrist and leg.The response from her fans made Durham consider getting back together with the other members of the Seekers for a Silver Jubilee show. During this reunion Edgeworth was diagnosed with motor neurone disease. He died on 10 December 1994 with Durham by his side. In the late 1990s, Durham was stalked by a former president of a <mask> fan club, a woman who sent her dozens of doormats through the post. The woman was subsequently prosecuted, and was later imprisoned for other serial crimes. In May 2013, during The Seekers' Golden Jubilee tour, Durham suffered a stroke that diminished her ability to read and write—both visual language and musical scores. During her convalescence she made progress to rebuild

masks:
Judith Durham
Judith
Judith
Judith Durham


title: Judith Durham

texts:
 those skills.Her singing ability was not affected by the stroke. Solo releases

Studio albums
 For Christmas with Love (1968)
 Gift of Song (1970)
 Climb Ev'ry Mountain (1971) (re-released in 2015) AUS No. 44
 <mask> and The Hottest Band in Town (1974)
 <mask> and The Hottest Band in Town Volume 2 (1974)
 Let Me Find Love (1994) – AUS No. 8
 re-release Hold On to Your Dream (2000)
 Mona Lisas (1996)UK No. 46
re-release Always There (1997)
 Future Road (with The Seekers) (1997) AUS No. 4
 The Australian Cities Suite (2008) (re-released in 2012) AUS No. 81
 Up Close and Personal (2009)
re-release An Acappella Experience (2016)
 Epiphany (2011)
 It's Christmas Time (2013)

Compilation albums
 Australia's Own <mask> (1971)
 Here Am I (1972)
 The Silver Jubilee Album (with The Seekers) (1993) AUS No.3
 A Carnival of Hits (with the Seekers) (1994) UK No.7
 Colours of My Life (2011) AUS No. 44
 The Platinum Album (2013) AUS No. 36
 So Much More (2018) AUS No. 46

Live albums
 The Hot Jazz Duo (with Ron Edgeworth) (1979)
 25 Year Reunion Celebration (<mask> and the Seekers) (1993) AUS No. 9/ UK No. 93
 Live in Concert (Melbourne Welsh Male Choir with <mask>) (2002)
 Live in London (2014) NZ No. 16

Extended plays
<mask> (with Frank Traynor's Jazz Preachers) (1963)

Singles
1964 "Trombone Frankie" (Frank Traynor's Jazz Preachers & <mask>) / "House Of The Rising Sun" (Frank Traynor's Jazz Preachers & Helen Violaris)
1967 "The Olive Tree"/"The Non-Performing Lion Quickstep" – UK No.In 1968, Durham and the other members of The Seekers were named jointly and severally Australians

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Judith Durham
Judith Durham
Judith Durham
Judith Durham
Judith Durham
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Judy Durham


title: Judith Durham

texts:
 of the Year 1967. In 1995, Durham and the other members of The Seekers were inducted into the Australian Record Industry Association (ARIA) Hall of Fame. In the 1995 Australia Day Honours, Durham, along with the other members of The Seekers, was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM). In 2001, Durham was awarded the Centenary Medal by the Governor-General for valued service to Australian society through music. In 2003, Rotary International invested Durham as a Paul Harris Fellow, in recognition of her extensive work on behalf of charities. In 2006, Durham and the other members of The Seekers were presented with the Key to the City by Melbourne's Lord Mayor, John So. In 2012, Durham and the other members of the Seekers were honoured by Australia Post with a special Legends Of Australian Music postage stamp.In the 2014 Queen's Birthday Honours, Durham, along with the other members of The Seekers, was advanced as an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO). In 2013, Durham and The Seekers received the Ted Albert Award from the Australian Performing Rights Association (APRA) for Outstanding Services to Australian Music. In 2015, Durham was named Victorian of the Year, for exemplary services to music and numerous charities. In 2015, Durham, along with the other members of The Seekers, was inducted into the Music Victoria Hall of Fame. In 2019, Durham became the second inductee into the Australian Women in Music Awards Honour Roll. References

Further reading
 Simpson, Graham. Colours of my life: The <mask> story.Melbourne: Random House Australia, 1994, 1998, 2000;


title: Susan Kiefel

texts:
<mask>  (; born 17 January 1954) is the chief justice of Australia, in office since 30 January 2017. She has served on the High Court since 2007, having previously been a judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland and the Federal Court. Kiefel is the first woman to serve as Chief Justice. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Cairns, Queensland, in 1954. She attended Sandgate District State High School, leaving at the age of 15 upon completing year 10. In 1971, she completed secretarial training at Kangaroo Point Technical College on a scholarship. She worked as a secretary for a building society, an architect, and an exploration company before starting work as a receptionist for a group of barristers.During this time, she completed secondary school and began studying law. In 1973, Kiefel joined a firm of solicitors as a legal clerk. Completing her education at night, she enrolled in the Barristers Admission Board course and passed her course with honours. In 1984, while on sabbatical leave, she completed a Master of Laws (LLM) at the University of Cambridge, where she was awarded the C.J. Hamson Prize in Comparative Law and the Jennings Prize. In 2008, she was elected to an honorary fellowship of Wolfson College, Cambridge. She is a life fellow of the Australian Academy of Law.Career

Legal and judicial career
<mask> was admitted to the bar in 1975. She became an honorary secretary of the Queensland Bar Association in 1978 and served on its committee in 1993. She was appointed as the first female Queen's Counsel in Queensland in 1987 and was appointed to the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission in 1989. In May 1993, Kiefel was appointed to the Supreme Court of Queensland. The following year she was appointed by the Keating Government to the Supreme Court of Norfolk Island and was one of the first women to be appointed to the Federal Court of Australia on 17 October 1994, after Justice Deirdre O'Connor. In October 2001, Kiefel was appointed Deputy President of the Australian Federal Police Disciplinary Tribunal and became its president in April 2004. In 2003, Kiefel was

masks:
Susan Mary Kiefel
Kiefel
Kiefel


title: Susan Kiefel

texts:
 appointed as a part-time commissioner of the Australian Law Reform Commission, and was re-appointed for a further three years in 2006.In August 2009, <mask> was granted an honorary doctorate from Griffith University. <mask> was chosen to recognise her distinguished contributions to the legal profession and for leading the way for women in the industry. On 13 June 2011, she was named a companion of the Order of Australia for eminent service to the law and to the judiciary, to law reform and to legal education in the areas of ethics, justice and governance. Appointment to the High Court
On 13 August 2007, Attorney-General Philip Ruddock announced Kiefel as the nominee to the High Court of Australia to replace the retiring High Court Justice Ian Callinan. Kiefel had previously been considered a favourite nominee to replace former High Court Justice Mary Gaudron when she retired in 2003, and again in 2005 as replacement for Justice Michael McHugh. Kiefel is the third female High Court Justice and the forty-sixth overall. Her appointment alongside incumbent Justice <mask> marked the first time two women sat concurrently on the High Court bench.<mask>'s nomination was met with support from the Australian Bar Association amid criticism of the lack of consultation by the Australian government. She was considered a conservative "black-letter" judge. She may remain on the High Court until 2024, when she will reach the constitutionally mandatory retirement age of 70. Chief Justice of Australia
On 29 November 2016, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull and Attorney-General George Brandis announced <mask>'s appointment as Chief Justice of Australia. The appointment took effect from 30 January 2017, following the retirement of Robert French. <mask> is the first woman to be appointed as Chief Justice. Her seat on the court was filled by James Edelman.Giving the inaugural Lord Atkin Lecture in November 2017, Kiefel expressed her disapproval of the prevalence of judicial dissent, which she believes should be reserved for only the most important cases. She said law students should devote more attention to

masks:
Justice Kiefel
Justice Kiefel
Susan Crennan
Kiefel
Kiefel
Kiefel


title: Ramsey Clark

texts:
<mask> (December 18, 1927 – April 9, 2021) was an American lawyer, activist and federal government official. A progressive, New Frontier liberal, he occupied senior positions in the United States Department of Justice under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, notably serving as United States Attorney General from 1967 to 1969; previously he was Deputy Attorney General from 1965 to 1967 and Assistant Attorney General from 1961 to 1965. As attorney general, he was known for his vigorous opposition to the death penalty, his aggressive support of civil liberties and civil rights, and his dedication in enforcing antitrust provisions. <mask> supervised the drafting of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and Civil Rights Act of 1968. After leaving public office, <mask> led many progressive activism campaigns, including opposition to the War on Terror. He offered advice or legal defense to figures such as Charles Taylor, Slobodan Milošević, Saddam Hussein, Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and Lyndon LaRouche. <mask> was the last surviving member of the cabinet of Lyndon B. Johnson.Early life and career
<mask> was born in Dallas, Texas, on December 18, 1927, the son of jurist Tom C<mask> and his wife Mary Jane (née <mask>). <mask>'s father served as United States Attorney General from 1945 to 1949 under President Harry S. Truman and then became a Supreme Court Justice in August 1949. His maternal grandfather was William Franklin <mask>, who served on the Supreme Court of Texas, while his paternal grandfather, lawyer William Henry <mask>, was president of the Texas Bar Association. <mask> attended Woodrow Wilson High School in Washington, D.C., but dropped out at the age of 17 in order to join the United States Marine Corps, seeing action in Western Europe in the final months

masks:
William Ramsey Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
. Clark
Ramsey
Clark
Ramsey
Clark
Clark


title: Ramsey Clark

texts:
 of World War II; he served until 1946. Back in the U.S., he earned a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Texas at Austin in 1949, and obtained a Master of Arts in American history from the University of Chicago and a Juris Doctor from the University of Chicago Law School in 1950 and 1951, respectively. While at the University of Texas, he was a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity. He was admitted to the Texas bar in 1950, and was admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of the United States in 1956.From 1951 to 1961, <mask> practiced law as an associate and partner at his father's Texas law firm, Clark, Reed and Clark. Kennedy and Johnson administrations

In the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, <mask> occupied senior positions in the Justice Department; he was Assistant Attorney General, overseeing the department's Lands Division from 1961 to 1965, and then served as Deputy Attorney General from 1965 to 1967. In 1967, President Lyndon B. Johnson nominated him to be Attorney General of the United States. He was confirmed by the Senate and took the oath of office on March 2. <mask> was one of Johnson's popular and successful cabinet appointments, being described as "able, independent, liberal and soft-spoken" and a symbol of the New Frontier liberals; he had also built a successful record, especially in his management of the Justice Department's Lands Division; he had increased the efficiency of his division and had saved enough money from his budget so that he had asked Congress to reduce the budget by $200,000 annually. However, there also was speculation that one of the reasons that contributed to Johnson's making the appointment was the expectation that <mask>'s father, Associate Justice Tom C<mask>, would resign from the Supreme Court to avoid

masks:
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
. Clark


title: Ramsey Clark

texts:
 a conflict of interest. Johnson wanted a vacancy to be created on the Court so he could appoint Thurgood Marshall, the first African American justice.The elder <mask> assumed senior status on June 12, 1967, effectively resigning from the Supreme Court and creating the vacancy Johnson apparently desired. During his years at the Justice Department, <mask> played an important role in the history of the civil rights movement. He:
supervised the federal presence at Ole Miss during the week following the admission of James Meredith;
surveyed all school districts in the South desegregating under court order (1963);
supervised federal enforcement of the court order protecting the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches;
headed the Presidential task force to Watts following the 1965 riots; and
supervised the drafting and executive role in passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and Civil Rights Act of 1968. As attorney general during part of the Vietnam War, <mask> oversaw the prosecution of the Boston Five for "conspiracy to aid and abet draft resistance." Four of the five were convicted, including pediatrician Dr. Benjamin Spock and Yale chaplain William Sloane Coffin Jr., but in later years, <mask> expressed his regret at the prosecution's victory: "We won the case, that was the worst part." <mask> served as the attorney general until Johnson's term as president ended on January 20, 1969. Because of Richard Nixon's attacks on <mask>'s liberal record during the 1968 presidential election campaign and ultimate narrow victory over Hubert H. Humphrey, relations between Johnson and <mask> soured and, by inauguration day, they were no longer on speaking terms.In addition to his government work, during this period <mask> was also director of the American Judicature Society (in

masks: Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark


title: Ramsey Clark

texts:
 1963) and national president of the Federal Bar Association in 1964–65. Private career
Following his term as attorney general, <mask> taught courses at the Howard University School of Law (1969–1972) and Brooklyn Law School (1973–1981). He was active in the anti-Vietnam War movement and visited North Vietnam in 1972 as a protest against the bombing of Hanoi. During this time he was associated with the New York law firm Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison, but he resigned in 1973, saying, "I didn't feel like working on things I didn't believe in, I didn't think were important." On January 28, 1970, <mask> testified in the Chicago Seven trial. He was barred by Judge Julius Hoffman from testifying before the jury after <mask> had testified outside the presence of the jury. Judge Hoffman upheld the prosecution's objections to 14 of Defense Attorney William Kunstler's 38 questions to <mask>, but <mask> did testify that he had told the prosecutor Tom Foran to investigate the charges against the defendants through Justice Department lawyers "as is generally done in civil rights cases", rather than through a grand jury.At the 1972 Democratic National Convention, <mask> received one delegate vote for the presidential nomination and two delegate votes for the vice-presidential nomination. In the 1974 New York state election, <mask> ran as the Democratic candidate for U.S. Senator; he defeated the party's designee Lee Alexander in the primary, but lost in the general election to the incumbent Jacob Javits. In the 1976 election, <mask> again sought the Democratic nomination to represent New York in the Senate, but finished a distant third in the primary behind Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Congresswoman Bella Abzug. On November 5, 1979, at the start of the Iranian hostage

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Ramsey Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
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Clark


title: Ramsey Clark

texts:
 crisis, President Jimmy Carter instructed <mask> and Senate staffer William Miller to visit Tehran and seek to open negotiations with Iranian authorities for the hostages' release; while en route, they were refused entry into the country by Ayatollah Khomeini. Defying a travel ban, <mask> went to Tehran again in June 1980 to attend a conference on alleged U.S. interference in Iranian affairs, on which occasion he was granted admission. While there he both demanded the release of the hostages and criticized past U.S. support for the deposed Shah.This second unauthorized trip reportedly infuriated President Carter. International activism
In September 1998, <mask> led a delegation to Sudan to collect evidence in the aftermath of President Bill Clinton's bombing of the Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum the previous month as part of Operation Infinite Reach. Upon returning to the U.S., the delegation held a press conference on September 22, 1998, to refute the U.S. State Department's claims that the facility had been producing VX nerve agent. U.S. officials later acknowledged that the evidence cited as the rationale for the Al-Shifa strike was weaker than initially believed. In 1991, <mask>'s Coalition to Stop U.S. Intervention in the Middle East opposed the U.S.-led war and sanctions against Iraq. <mask> accused the administration of President George H. W. Bush, its officials Dan Quayle, James Baker, Dick Cheney, William Webster, Colin Powell, Norman Schwarzkopf, and "others to be named" of "crimes against peace, war crimes", and "crimes against humanity" for its conduct of the Gulf War against Iraq and the ensuing sanctions; in 1996, he added the charges of genocide and the "use of a weapon of mass destruction".Similarly, after the 1999 NATO bombing of the

masks: Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark


title: Ramsey Clark

texts: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia <mask> charged and "tried" NATO on 19 counts and issued calls for its dissolution. As a lawyer, <mask> was criticized by both opponents and supporters for some of the people he agreed to defend, such as foreign dictators hostile to the United States; <mask> stood beside and defended his clients, regardless of their own admitted actions and crimes. In 2004, <mask> joined a panel of about 20 Arab and one other non-Arab lawyers to defend Saddam Hussein in his trial before the Iraqi Special Tribunal. <mask> appeared before the Iraqi Special Tribunal in late November 2005 arguing "that it failed to respect basic human rights and was illegal because it was formed as a consequence of the United States' illegal war of aggression against the people of Iraq." <mask> said that unless the trial was seen as "absolutely fair", it would "divide rather than reconcile Iraq". Christopher Hitchens said <mask> was admitting Hussein's guilt when <mask> reportedly stated in a 2005 BBC interview: "He [Saddam] had this huge war going on, and you have to act firmly when you have an assassination attempt". Hitchens continued to describe <mask> in the following terms: "From bullying prosecutor he mutated into vagrant and floating defense counsel, offering himself to the génocideurs of Rwanda and to Slobodan Milosevic, and using up the spare time in apologetics for North Korea.He acts as front-man for the Workers World Party, which originated in a defense of the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956." Sociologist and anti-communist scholar Paul Hollander wrote of <mask>: "It is likely that well before <mask> took his bizarre positions in support of highly repressive, violent, and intolerant political systems and their leaders, he came to the conclusion that the

masks: Ramsey Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark


title: Ramsey Clark

texts: United States was the most dangerous and reprehensible source of evil in the world. This overarching belief led to the reflexive sympathy and support for all the enemies and alleged victims of the United States. They include dictators of different ideological persuasion noted above, whose inhumane qualities and policies <mask> was unable to discern or acknowledge, let alone condemn. It was sufficient for <mask>'s moral accounting that if these dictators were opposed to (and allegedly victimized by) the United States, they deserved and earned his sympathy." <mask> was not alone in criticizing the Iraqi Special Tribunal's trial of Saddam Hussein, which drew intense criticism from international human rights organizations. Human Rights Watch called Saddam's trial a "missed opportunity" and a "deeply flawed trial", and the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention found the trial to be unfair and to violate basic international human rights law.Among the irregularities cited by HRW, were that proceedings were marked by frequent outbursts by both judges and defendants, that three defense lawyers were murdered, that the original chief judge was replaced, that important documents were not given to defense lawyers in advance, that paperwork was lost, and that the judges made asides that pre-judged Saddam Hussein. One of the aforementioned outbursts occurred when <mask> was ejected from the trial after passing the judge a memorandum stating that the trial was making "a mockery of justice". The chief judge Raouf Abdul Rahman shouted at <mask>, "No, you are the mockery ... get him out. Out!" On March 18, 2006, <mask> attended the funeral of Slobodan Milošević. He commented: "History will prove Milošević was right. Charges are just that: charges.The trial did not have facts." He

masks: Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark


title: Ramsey Clark

texts: compared the trial of Milošević with Saddam's, stating "both trials are marred with injustice, both are flawed." He characterized Milošević and Saddam Hussein as "both commanders who were courageous enough to fight more powerful countries." In June 2006, <mask> wrote an article criticizing U.S. foreign policy in general, containing a list of 17 U.S. "major aggressions" introduced by "Both branches of our One Party system, Democrat and Republican, favor the use of force to have their way." He followed this by saying, "The United States government may have been able to outspend the Soviet Union into economic collapse in the Cold War arms race, injuring the entire planet in the process. Now Bush has entered a new arms race and is provoking a Second Cold War." On September 1, 2007, in New York City, <mask> called for detained Filipino Jose Maria Sison's release and pledged assistance by joining the latter's legal defense team headed by Jan Fermon.<mask> doubted Dutch authorities' "validity and competency", since the murder charges originated in the Philippines and had already been dismissed by the country's Supreme Court. In November 2007, <mask> visited Nandigram in India where conflict between state government forces and villagers resulted in the death of at least 14 villagers. In a December 2007 interview, he described the War on Terrorism as a war against Islam. In April 2009, <mask> spoke at a session of the UN's anti-racism Durban Review Conference at which he accused Israel of genocide. In September 2010, an essay on torture by <mask> was published in a three-part paperback entitled The Torturer in the Mirror (Seven Stories Press). <mask> was a recipient of the 1992 Gandhi Peace Award, and also the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award for his commitment to

masks: Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark


title: Ramsey Clark

texts:
 civil rights, his opposition to war and military spending and his dedication to providing legal representation to the peace movement, particularly, his efforts to free Leonard Peltier. In 1999, he traveled to Belgrade to receive an honorary doctorate from Belgrade University.In 2008, the United Nations awarded him its Prize in the Field of Human Rights for "his steadfast insistence on respect for human rights and fair judicial process for all". Advocating the impeachment of George W. Bush

In 2002, <mask> founded "VoteToImpeach", an organization advocating the impeachment of George W. Bush and several members of his administration. For the duration of Bush's terms in office, <mask> sought, unsuccessfully, for the House of Representatives to bring articles of impeachment against Bush. He was the founder of the International Action Center, which holds significant overlapping membership with the Workers' World Party. <mask> and the IAC helped found the protest organization A.N.S.W.E.R. (Act Now to Stop War and End Racism). On March 19, 2003, the New Jersey newspaper and website The Independent reported <mask>'s efforts to impeach Bush and others, prior to the start of the Iraq War.The paper commented: "<mask> said there is a Web site, www.votetoimpeach.org, dedicated to collecting signatures of U.S. citizens who want President George W. Bush impeached, and that approximately 150,000 have signed to impeach, he said." The Weekly Standard magazine stated in an article dated February 27, 2004, "<mask>'s VoteToImpeach.org is a serious operation", and said the group had run full-sized newspaper advertising on both coasts of the U.S. though the Standard also went on to describe them as also being an "angry petition stage." <mask>'s speech to a counter-inauguration protest

masks:
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Ramsey Clark
Clark


title: Ramsey Clark

texts:
 on January 20, 2005, at John Marshall Park in Washington D.C. was broadcast by Democracy Now in which <mask> stated: "We've had more than 500,000 people sign on 'Vote to Impeach'." The San Francisco Bay Guardian listed the website as one of three "Impeachment links", alongside afterdowningstreet.org and impeachpac.org. The organization, under <mask>'s guidance, drafted its own articles of impeachment against President Bush, Vice President Richard B. Cheney, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, and Attorney General John Ashcroft. The document argues that the four committed, "violations and subversions of the Constitution of the United States of America in an attempt to carry out with impunity crimes against peace and humanity and war crimes and deprivations of the civil rights of the people of the United States and other nations, by assuming powers of an imperial executive unaccountable to law and usurping powers of the Congress, the Judiciary and those reserved to the people of the United States." Votetoimpeach.org claimed to have collected over one million signatures in favor of impeachment as of January 2009.

Notable clients
As a lawyer, <mask> also provided legal counsel and advice to prominent figures, including many controversial individuals.Regarding his role as a defense lawyer in the trial of Saddam Hussein, <mask> said: "A fair trial in this case is absolutely imperative for historical truth." <mask> stated that by the time he decided to join Hussein's defense team, it was clear that "proceedings before the Iraqi Special Tribunal would corrupt justice both in fact and in appearance and create more hatred and rage in Iraq against the American occupation...affirmative measures must be taken to prevent prejudice from affecting the conduct of the case and


title: Ramsey Clark

texts:
 the final judgment of the court...For there to be peace, the days of victor's justice must end." A partial listing of persons who have reportedly received legal counsel and advice from <mask> includes:

Lori Berenson, an American convicted of support of MRTA guerrillas in Peru. Father Philip Berrigan, a Catholic priest and antiwar activist (one of the Harrisburg Seven). <mask> served as defense counsel at trial and won an acquittal. Young church worker Jennifer Casolo, charged by Salvadoran authorities in 1989 with aiding the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front. <mask> traveled to El Salvador to aid in her defense.Casolo was released and deported to the U.S. after 18 days in police detention. Radovan Karadžić, former Bosnian Serb politician. In the 1990s, <mask> represented Karadžić in a civil suit brought by Croats and Muslims from the former Yugoslavia who sued Karadžić under the Alien Tort Claims Act of 1789 and Torture Victims Protection Act of 1992 for atrocities and human rights abuses committed during the Bosnian War. About 100 survivors and relatives of the dead members of the Branch Davidian sect, whose Mount Carmel compound besieged by federal agents in a 51-day Waco siege in 1993, resulting in the death of about 80 members. <mask> represented the plaintiffs in a suit alleging wrongful death and excessive force, giving an impassioned closing argument in which he called the siege "the greatest domestic law enforcement tragedy in the history of the United States." In a trial in 2000, the jury returned a verdict for the government. "Political-cult guru" Lyndon LaRouche.Nazi concentration camp commandant Karl Linnas. Camilo Mejía, a U.S. soldier who deserted his post. The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws Advisory Board during the

masks:
Ramsey Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark


title: Ramsey Clark

texts:
 1970s and early 1980s. American Indian Movement prisoner Leonard Peltier. Elizaphan Ntakirutimana, a leader in the Rwandan genocide. Palestine Liberation Organization leaders in a lawsuit brought by the family of Leon Klinghoffer, who was murdered during hijacking of the Achille Lauro. Nazi War criminal Jakob "Jack" Reimer, charged for the killings of Jews in Warsaw.Liberian dictator Charles Taylor during his 1985 fight against extradition from the United States to Liberia, Taylor would later be convicted of crimes against humanity. Civil rights attorney Stephen Yagman, whose disbarment from U.S. federal court was sought based on his harsh criticism of a federal judge, William Duffy Keller, calling him an anti-Semite and saying he had been drunk on the bench. In popular culture
In Aaron Sorkin's 2020 film The Trial of the Chicago 7, <mask> was portrayed by Michael Keaton. Personal life
<mask> married Georgia Welch, a classmate from the University of Texas, on April 16, 1949. They had two children, Ronda <mask> and Tom Campbell <mask> II. His wife died on July 3, 2010, at the age of 81. His son Tom died from cancer on November 23, 2013.<mask> lived in Greenwich Village in New York City, where he died on April 9, 2021, at age 93. Works

See also

 List of peace activists

Notes

References

Further reading

 <mask>: A Life of Principle – documentary film on the life of former U.S. Attorney General <mask> (2018, 95 minutes)

External links

Biography from the Department of Justice website. Longer biography from the Department of Justice website. International Action Center Founded by <mask>. Guide to the Citizens for Ramsey Clark papers 1969-1980

|-

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1927 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American politicians
American anti–death penalty activists
American

masks:
Clark
Clark
Kathleen Clark
Clark
Clark
Citizen Clark
Ramsey Clark
Ramsey Clark


title: Kohndo

texts:
<mask> (also known as Doc Odnok, full name <mask>ba) is a French rapper and producer born on June 17, 1975, in Saint-Cloud, a suburb of Paris. <mask> is known as one of the best lyricist in french rap. He gained recognition as a rapper during the 1990s as a part of the influential rap group, La Cliqua. Biography

Early career
After his birth in France, <mask> moved to Benin (West Africa) where his family originated. A few years later he moved back to France, and grew up in Bobigny, a suburb located north-east of Paris. In 1984, he discovered part of Hip-Hop culture through the TV Show, H.I.P. H.O.P.hosted by Sidney. In 1987, he relocated to the "Cité du Pont de Sèvre" (Pont de Sèvre Housing Projects) in Boulogne Billancourt, a wealthier suburb located west of Paris. There he befriended his downstairs neighbor whose family, like his, came from Benin, and who would be later known in the rap scene as Zoxea, a member of Les Sages Poètes de la Rue. With Zoxea, <mask> discovered the deeper aspects of Hip-Hop, and after having learned ‘human beatboxing’ began rapping. Zoxea introduced <mask> to his cousin: Egosyst, with whom he formed the band: "Coup d’Etat Phonique" alongside producer Lumumba and then-young rapper, Raphael. In 1994, at a radio show, Egosyst and <mask> met Daddy Lord C, a rapper and former member of the Black Dragons, a Parisian gang. With Daddy Lord C, producer Chimiste, dj Jelahee and Rocca they would form La Cliqua.The La Cliqua years
With the stage name Doc Odnok and as a part of La Cliqua, Kohndo toured radios and stages, and then released, in 95, a first EP, now considered a master piece of French Rap: "Conçu pour durer" (Built to Last) on

masks:
Kohndo
Kohndo Assog
Kohndo
Kohndo
Kohndo
Kohndo
Kohndo


title: Kohndo

texts:
 Arsenal Records. Doc Odnok delivered, for the first time on record, his then eccentric rhyming style alongside his microphone associates: Daddy Lord C, Rocca, Raphael and Egosyt. The record was an immediate success in the French Hip-Hop scene. Quickly Arsenal Records signed with major label Barclay, and La Cliqua worked on their next project released in 1996 as a compilation album: "Arsenal Represente le Vrai Hip-Hop" (Arsenal represents the Real Hip-Hop). The record featured all members of La Cliqua and their young affiliates: Petit Boss and Cercle Vicieux. Critically acclaimed, La Cliqua became a major feature on the French Hip-Hop landscape. They opened for Arrested Development at the Olympia in Paris and performed in New York City at the Zulu Nation Anniversary.Following in the footsteps of "Represente le Vrai Hip-Hop", Rocca was the first emcee from La Cliqua to release a solo album: "Entre Deux Monde" which featured <mask> on: "Mot pour mot" and "Rap Contact 2". In 1997, Egosyst, <mask>'s rhyme partner on "Coup d’Etat Phonique" decided to leave La Cliqua. <mask> would remain with the band until 1998, when he left the crew to develop his solo projects and career. After La Cliqua
Shifting lyrical styles for a more relaxed and mature approach, in 1998, <mask> was invited on NAP's album "La fin du Monde", on Koma's "Le Reveil" and to participate in the compilations: "ZonZon" (Soundtrack) and "Paris, New York, Marseille" (along with Jay-Z and IAM). In 1999, <mask> released a first EP: "Prélude à l’Odysée", establishing himself as a solo artist. The following year he released another EP: "Jungle Boogie", and then a 3rd one in 2001: "J’entends les Sirènes". On

masks: Kohndo Kohndo Kohndo Kohndo Kohndo


title: Kohndo

texts:
 those solo projects, <mask> exposed his vision of a Hip-Hop far from the clichés of violence and fake gangsterism.2003 saw the release of his long-awaited album, the critically acclaimed: "Tout est écrit", presented as a recollection of "urban poetry" with welcome hints of soul and jazz. In 2004, <mask> released "Blind Test", a compilation of older tracks and previously-unreleased materials. Over the years <mask> has open stages for Masta Ace, Edo G (at Nouveau Casino), Talib Kweli, Mobb Deep (La Scène Bastille) and Isaac Hayes (Olympia). "Stick to Ground"
<mask> released his second solo album in 2006: "Deux Pieds sur Terre / Stick to ground", a new masterpiece partly mixed in Detroit, featuring the Motor City's very own: Slum Village and Dwele. Other American artists contributed to this album such as Jaheim and Insight with who Kohndo delivers one of the best combination of French and English lyrics ever recorded. The album was released with a DVD which featured 3 new videos, including "Dis-moi" with Slum Village and "Stick to Ground" with Insight, both shot in Paris. Kohndo produced 4 tracks on the album.Other producers on the album include 20Syl of Hocus Pocus, dj Brasco as well as Jee 2 Tuluz and Stix  who were already featured on "Tout est écrit". It must be pointed out that "Deux Pieds sur Terre / Stick to Ground" offers an international angle of Hip-Hop, not only because of the featured American artists but also because it has been released in Europe, Japan, Australia and in the USA. Kohndo & Velvet Club
It was following the release of "Deux Pieds sur Terre / Stick to Ground", and after various collaborations with musicians that <mask> decided to form a


title: Kohndo

texts:
 live band to share the stage with him. In a few months of meetings and auditions, <mask> had created the "Velvet Club" - composed of: Sebastien Artigue (Bass), Yann Massoubre (Drum), David Santhino (Keys), Thomas Agrinier (Guitar) and Dj Kozi (Turntables). Kohndo & Velvet Club have performed all over France, noticibale performances have been at the festivals "La Rue au Grand Palais", "Nancy Jazz Pulsation" and the "Printemps de Bourges". La Cliqua Reunion
In April 2008, <mask> and the other members of La Cliqua (minus Raphael) came back together for a performance at the Festival l'Original in Lyon. This successful, unexpected, reunion which resurrected on stage some of La Cliqua's classic repertoire, was followed in January 2009 by a sold out concert in Paris, at the Elysée Montmartre.Soul Inside
After touring with his live band for years, <mask> worked on his third album "Soul Inside", influenced by live instrumentation, the album was released in May 2011 in Europe and a year later in the United States with 2 additional tracks inviting Rasco, Amad-Jamal, Flip and Rascue (Rasta Cue Tip of Various Blends). The first video for the single Soul Inside was released in December 2010. Other videos extracted from Soul Inside include "Rock On" featuring Song and Karl The Voice, "Mon Ghetto", "My Tribute (Mon Ghetto remixed by Flip)", "Mes Nuits" featuring Marie M, and "Vise le Ciel Remix" featuring Brother Amir. Career developments and engagements
A rapper, beatmaker and executive producer, <mask> is also working as a sound engineer on various projects, such as on the album of dj Brasco "Fill the Gap" which features American rappers: Frank n Dank, Phat Kat, Black Milk,

masks: Kohndo Kohndo Kohndo Kohndo


title: Kohndo

texts:
 Wildchild, Rasco, Declaime, etc. <mask> is a member of the French Zulu Nation. He has collaborated on various projects and shows with french pioneer Hip-Hop Dj and main representative of the French Zulu Nation: Dj Deenasty. Woop !)(EP - Nothing but soul records) (2001)
 Dis-Moi ce qu’elles veulent feat. Slum Village b/w Stick to ground feat. Insight (12 inch - Ascetic Music, Greenstone Records) (2005)
 D’un mot à l’autre / Sur le toit du monde (12 inch - Ascetic Music, Greenstone Records) (2006)
 Classic and Rare Joints (Mixtape, Greenstone Records) (2009)
 Soul Bag (Compilation Mixtape by Dj XYZ, Greenstone Records) (2012)
 Jee Van Cleef presents The Soul Brother Blends (Compilation Blends, JVC) (2012)
 Artchives vol.1 (by Jee Van Cleef) (Compilation of unreleased materials, Greenstone Records) (2016)

Notable appearances
 On se retrouvera - East feat. Kohndo & Daddy Lord C (1997)
 Front Nubien - Kohndo, IMS, Cercle Vicieux ("Sachons dire non") (1998)
 Au Sommet de Paris - NAP ("La fin du monde") (1998)
 Zonzon (Soundtrack) (1998)
 Paris, New York, Marseille (Compilation) (1998)
 Un parmi des millions - Koma feat. Kohndo and Rocé (Le Réveil) (1998)
 Qui Sommeille en moi - Triptik (TR-303)  (2003)
 Du Sable sur les Paupières - Hocus Pocus (2006)
 "Regretter le Temps" (Hommage à Fredy K) - Madison, Mokobe, Manu Key, Kohndo, Daddy Lord C, Ill, Zoxea (2008)
 Music Hall - Blackstamp Music (2009)
 Hip Hop Ninja Remix - Vicelow (2012)

External links
  Kohndo's official homepage
  "Dis-Moi / What she wants" feat. Slum VIllage - Music video
  "Faiseur de Pluie" feat. Gas - Music video

References

French rappers
French people of Beninese descent
Living people
1975


title: Felix Frankfurter

texts:
<mask> (November 15, 1882 – February 22, 1965) was an American lawyer, professor, and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Frankfurter served on the Supreme Court from 1939 to 1962 and was a noted advocate of judicial restraint in the judgments of the Court. Frankfurter was born in Vienna, Austria, and immigrated to New York City at the age of 12. After graduating from Harvard Law School, Frankfurter worked for Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson. During World War I, Frankfurter served as Judge Advocate General. After the war, he helped found the American Civil Liberties Union and returned to his position as professor at Harvard Law School. He became a friend and adviser of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who appointed him to fill the Supreme Court vacancy caused by the death of Benjamin Cardozo.Frankfurter served on the Court until his retirement in 1962, and was succeeded by Arthur Goldberg. Frankfurter wrote the Court's majority opinions in cases such as Minersville School District v. Gobitis, Gomillion v. Lightfoot, and Beauharnais v. Illinois. He wrote dissenting opinions in notable cases such as Baker v. Carr, West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, Glasser v. United States, and Trop v. Dulles. Early life and education
<mask> was born into a Jewish family on November 15, 1882, in Vienna, then part of Austria-Hungary. He was the third of six children of <mask>, a merchant, and Emma (Winter<mask>. His uncle, <mask>, was head librarian at the Vienna University Library. Frankfurter's forebears had been rabbis for generations.In 1894, when he was twelve, his family immigrated to New York City, settling on

masks:
Felix Frankfurter
Frankfurter
Leopold Frankfurter
) Frankfurter
Solomon Frankfurter


title: Felix Frankfurter

texts:
 married Marion Denman, a Smith College graduate and the daughter of a Congregational minister. They married after a long and difficult courtship, and against the wishes of his mother, who was disturbed by the prospect of her son marrying outside the Jewish faith. Frankfurter was a non-practicing Jew, and regarded religion as "an accident of birth". Frankfurter was a domineering husband and Denman suffered from frail health. She suffered frequent mental breakdowns. The couple had no children. Founding ACLU
Frankfurter's activities continued to attract attention for their alleged radicalism.In November 1919, he chaired a meeting in support of American recognition of the newly created Soviet Union. In 1920, Frankfurter helped to found the American Civil Liberties Union. Following the arrest of suspected communist radicals in 1919 and 1920 during the Palmer raids, <mask>, together with other prominent lawyers including Zechariah Chafee, signed an ACLU report which condemned the "utterly illegal acts committed by those charged with the highest duty of enforcing the laws" and noted they had committed entrapment, police brutality, prolonged incommunicado detention, and violations of due process in court. <mask> and Chafee also submitted briefs to a habeas corpus application to the Massachusetts Federal District Court. Judge George W. Anderson ordered the discharge of twenty aliens, and his denunciation of the raids effectively ended them. It was during this time that J. Edgar Hoover followed Frankfurter, referring to him as "the most dangerous man in the United States", and describing him in a report as a "disseminator of Bolshevik propaganda". In 1921, Frankfurter was

masks: Frankfurter Frankfurter


title: Felix Frankfurter

texts:
 given a chair at Harvard Law School, where he continued progressive work on behalf of socialists and oppressed and religious minorities.When A. Lawrence Lowell, the President of Harvard University, proposed to limit the enrollment of Jewish students, Frankfurter worked with others to defeat the plan. In the late 1920s, he attracted public attention when he supported calls for a new trial for Sacco and Vanzetti, two Italian immigrant anarchists who had been sentenced to death on robbery and murder charges. Frankfurter wrote an influential article for The Atlantic Monthly and subsequently a book, The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti: A Critical Analysis for Lawyers and Laymen. He critiqued the prosecution's case and the judge's handling of the trial; he asserted that the convictions were the result of anti-immigrant prejudice and enduring anti-radical hysteria of the Red Scare of 1919–20. His activities further isolated him from his Harvard colleagues and from Boston society. Adviser to President Roosevelt

Following the inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933, Frankfurter quickly became a trusted and loyal adviser to the new president. Frankfurter was considered to be liberal and advocated progressive legislation.He argued against the economic plans of Raymond Moley, Adolf Berle and Rexford Tugwell, while recognizing the need for major changes to deal with the inequalities of wealth distribution that had led to the devastating nature of the Great Depression. Frankfurter successfully recommended many bright young lawyers toward public service with the New Deal administration; they became known as "<mask>'s Happy Hot Dogs". Among the most notable of these were Thomas


title: Felix Frankfurter

texts:
 court decisions against laws prohibiting racial intermarriage. For the October 1948 court term, Frankfurter hired William Thaddeus Coleman Jr., the first African American to serve as a Supreme Court law clerk. In 1960, despite a recommendation from the dean of Harvard Law School, Frankfurter turned down Ruth Bader Ginsburg for a clerkship position because of her gender. Ginsburg later became an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, thereby re-establishing the so-called "Jewish seat" on the Court once occupied by Frankfurter. However, although Ginsburg's 1993 appointment made her the first Jewish justice on the Court since 1969, Frankfurter's specific seat, which would eventually be occupied by four consecutive Jewish justices (Cardozo, <mask>, Goldberg, and Fortas), would be held by another when Associate Justice Stephen Breyer joined the Court, succeeding Harry Blackmun, in 1994. Personal relations on the Court
Throughout his career on the court, Frankfurter was a large influence on many justices, such as Clark, Burton, Whittaker, and Minton. He generally attempted to influence any new justice coming in, though he managed to repel Justice Brennan – who had voted with Frankfurter half the time in his first year, but then opposed him after Frankfurter's attempts at inculcation.Frankfurter turned against Brennan completely after the case of Irvin v. Dowd. Other justices who received the Frankfurter treatment of flattery and instruction were Burton, Vinson, and Harlan. With Vinson, who became Chief Justice, Frankfurter feigned deference, though he sought influence. Some, possibly apocryphal, reports have Frankfurter remarking that Vinson's death in 1953 was the


title: Felix Frankfurter

texts: first solid piece of evidence he had seen to prove the existence of God. <mask> was in his time the leader of the conservative faction of the Supreme Court; he would for many years feud with liberals like Justices Black and Douglas. He often complained that they "started with a result" and that their work was "shoddy," "result-oriented," and "demagogic". Similarly, Frankfurter panned the work of Chief Justice Earl Warren as "dishonest nonsense".Frankfurter saw justices with ideas different from his own as part of a more liberal "Axis" – these opponents were chiefly Justices Black and Douglas, but would also include Murphy and Rutledge; the group would for years oppose Frankfurter's judicially restrained ideology. Douglas, Murphy, and then Rutledge were the first justices to agree with Hugo Black's notion that the Fourteenth Amendment incorporated the Bill of Rights protection into it; this view would later mostly become law, during the period of the Warren Court. For his part, Frankfurter would assert that Black's incorporation theory would usurp state control over criminal justice by limiting states' development of new interpretations of criminal due process. Frankfurter's argumentative style was not popular among his Supreme Court colleagues. "All Frankfurter does is talk, talk, talk," Chief Justice Earl Warren complained. "He drives you crazy." Hugo Black reported that "I thought <mask> was going to hit me today, he got so mad."In the Court's biweekly conference sessions, traditionally a period for vote-counting, Frankfurter had the habit of lecturing his colleagues for forty-five minutes at a time or more with his book resting on a podium. Frankfurter's

masks:
Justice Frankfurter
Felix


title: Felix Frankfurter

texts:
 ideological opponents would leave the room or read their mail while he lectured. Frankfurter was close friends with Justice Robert H. Jackson. The two exchanged much correspondence over their mutual dislike for Justice William O. Douglas. Frankfurter also had a strong influence over Jackson's opinions. Frankfurter was universally praised for his work before coming to the Supreme Court, and was expected to influence it for decades past the death of FDR. However, Frankfurter's influence over other justices was limited by his failure to adapt to new surroundings, his style of personal relations (relying heavily on the use of flattery and ingratiation, which ultimately proved divisive), and his strict adherence to the ideology of judicial restraint.Michael E. Parrish, professor at UCSD, said of Frankfurter: "History has not been kind to [him]... there is now almost a universal consensus that Frankfurter the justice was a failure, a judge who... became 'uncoupled from the locomotive of history' during the Second World War, and who thereafter left little in the way of an enduring jurisprudential legacy." Retirement, death
Frankfurter retired in 1962 after suffering a stroke and was succeeded by Arthur Goldberg. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by John F. Kennedy in 1963. <mask> died from congestive heart failure in 1965 at the age of 82. His remains are interred in the Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Legacy

There are two extensive collections of Frankfurter's papers: one at the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress and the other at Harvard University. Both are fully open for research and have been distributed to other


title: Felix Frankfurter

texts:
 libraries on microfilm.However, in 1972 it was discovered that more than a thousand pages of his archives, including his correspondence with Lyndon B. Johnson and others, had been stolen from the Library of Congress; the crime remains unsolved and the perpetrator and motive are unknown. A chapter of the international youth-led fraternal organization for Jewish teenagers Aleph Zadik Aleph in Scottsdale, Arizona, is named in his honor. A chapter of the international legal fraternal organization Phi Alpha Delta at Suffolk University in Boston, Massachusetts, is named in his honor. Works
Frankfurter published several books including Cases Under the Interstate Commerce Act; The Business of the Supreme Court (1927); Justice Holmes and the Supreme Court (1938); The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti (1927) and <mask> Reminisces (1960). <mask>, <mask>, and James M. Landis. 1925. "The Compact Clause of the Constitution: A Study in Interstate Adjustments."Yale Law Journal 34, No. 7: 685–758. See also

Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)
List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office
United States Supreme Court cases during the Hughes Court
United States Supreme Court cases during the Stone Court
United States Supreme Court cases during the Vinson Court
United States Supreme Court cases during the Warren Court

References

Further reading

Abraham, Henry J., Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court. 3d. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). .
.
.
Cushman, Clare, The Supreme

masks:
Felix Frankfurter
Frankfurter
Felix


title: Felix Frankfurter

texts:
 Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies,1789–1995 (2nd ed.) (Supreme Court Historical Society), (Congressional Quarterly Books, 2001) ; ..
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.
.
 <mask>, <mask>, Mr. Justice Cardozo and Public Law, Columbia Law Review 39 (1939): 88–118, Harvard Law Review 52 (1939): 440–470, Yale Law Journal 48 (1939): 458–488. .
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Martin, Fenton S. and Goehlert, Robert U., The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography, (Congressional Quarterly Books, 1990). .
Murphy, Bruce Allen, The Brandeis/Frankfurter Connection: The Secret Political Activities of Two Supreme Court Justices, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982). .

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.
Pritchett, C. Herman, Civil Liberties and the Vinson Court (The University of Chicago Press, 1969) ; .
.
Urofsky, Melvin I., Conflict Among the Brethren: <mask>, William O. Douglas and the Clash of Personalities and Philosophies on the United States Supreme Court, Duke Law Journal (1988): 71–113. Urofsky, Melvin I., Division and Discord: The Supreme Court under Stone and Vinson, 1941–1953 (University of South Carolina Press, 1997) . Urofsky, Melvin I., The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary (New York: Garland Publishing 1994). 590 pp. ; . Jeffrey D. Hockett, Richard E. Morgan (Editor), Gary J. Jacobsohn (Editor), New Deal Justice: The Constitutional Jurisprudence of Hugo L. Black, <mask>, and Robert H. Jackson, 9780847682102, 0847682102, 0847682110, 9780847682119, 0585071578, 9780585071572 Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 1996
.
.External links

 The personal papers of <mask>er are kept at the  Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem. The notation of the record group is A264. Oyez: U.S. Supreme Court media on <mask>er
 Supreme Court Historical

masks:
Frankfurter
Felix
Felix Frankfurter
Felix Frankfurter
Felix Frankfurt
Felix Frankfurt


title: Felix Frankfurter

texts:
 Society, <mask> Frankfurther. 1882 births
1965 deaths
20th-century American judges
American Jewish Congress
American labor lawyers
American legal scholars
American legal writers
American people of World War I
American Zionists
American Civil Liberties Union people
Austro-Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Austro-Hungarian Jews
Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
City College of New York alumni
Franklin D. Roosevelt administration personnel
Harvard Law School alumni
Harvard Law School faculty
Jewish American attorneys
New York (state) lawyers
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Military personnel from New York City
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Townsend Harris High School alumni
United States federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt
United States presidential advisors
Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
Assistant United States


title: Lacina Traoré

texts:
<mask> (born 20 May 1990) is an Ivorian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Portuguese club Varzim S.C. He is nicknamed “The Big Tree”, due to his 2.03m frame, which puts him among the tallest professional footballers. Club career

Early career

Growing up in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, Traoré began his career with Jean-Marc Guillou's football school ASEC Mimosas, before joining Stade d'Abidjan in 2006. He played in Abidjan until January 2008, when he joined the Romanian club CFR Cluj. CFR Cluj
Traoré made his European debut with CFR, scoring a second goal in the first match of the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League group stage, against Copenhagen. He then scored another goal in the 3–2 home loss against Sparta Prague. The following season for Traoré continued smoothly for him at CFR Cluj, when he was constantly in the first squad as a full-time regular.He scored his first league goal of the season and set up Cristian Bud in a match against Astra Ploiești on 13 August 2010. Traoré received his first red card of his career after a brutal foul in the second half as CFR lost 3–0 against Sportul Studențesc on 20 August 2010. On 15 November 2010, he scored his first brace of his career in a 3–0 win over Gloria Bistrița. In the 2010–11 UEFA Champions League group stage, Traoré scored one goal in the 2–1 win against Basel and one goal in the 1–1 draw against Roma (after hitting the post twice in Italy against the same team in the first match), both matches in the group phase and home. Kuban Krasnodar

In February 2011, Traoré was transferred to Kuban Krasnodar in the Russian Premier League for a reported fee of €6 million. In the opening game of the season on 13 March 2011, Traoré made his debut, coming on as a substitute, in a 2–0 loss against Rubin Kazan. On 2 April 2011, Traoré scored his first league goal of the season, followed up by setting up a goal for Vladislav Kulik in a 3–1 win over Spartak Moscow.After the match,


title: Lacina Traoré

texts:
 2017, following CSKA's signing of another striker Aaron Olanare, Traoré was removed from CSKA's Russian Premier League roster, as he was negotiating another loan deal to Sporting Gijón. Loan to Sporting Gijón
On 31 January 2017, he signed a loan deal with Sporting Gijón that will run until the end of the 2016–17 season. He made his debut in La Liga on 5 February 2017 against Alavés when he came on as a substitute in the 70th minute and scored on his debut, as his team lost with the score of 2–4. He started in the next game for Gijón on 12 February 2017 against CD Leganés. Loan to Amiens
On 31 August 2017, Traoré joined Ligue 1 side Amiens SC on a season-long loan deal. Újpest
In February 2019, he moved to Hungarian club Újpest FC. Return to CFR Cluj
On 15 August 2019, after 8 years, he returned to Romanian First League champions CFR Cluj.International career

2011 CAF U-23 Championship
Traoré was involved in Ivory Coast's successful 2011 CAF U-23 Championship qualification campaign. Traoré scored against Liberia U23 in a 4–0 win. He was also named in the Ivory Coast squad for the final stage of the tournament, which acted as CAF's qualification for the Summer Olympics football tournament. Ivory Coast did not fare too well in the competition, finishing third in the Group stage behind Egypt and Gabon. Traoré scored a consolation goal against Gabon in a 3–1 loss. 2013 CAF Africa Cup of Nations
Traoré was selected in the final squad for the Ivorians, playing in two games. He played for 68 minutes versus Tunisia, before he was replaced by Didier Drogba.Then, he had a 7-minute cameo versus Nigeria in the quarter final stage which ended the Ivorians' campaign following a 2–1 loss. At the end of the 2013–14 season, Traoré was initially featured as part of the country's World Cup squad, but was then left out after the national team's manager selected the final squad. Personal life
<mask> is a Muslim and he has 16 brothers. Two of


title: Charles Rodman Campbell

texts:
<mask> (October 21, 1954 – May 27, 1994) was a convicted murderer who was executed by hanging in 1994 by the state of Washington. Crimes
In December 1974, <mask> attacked 23-year-old Renae Wicklund while she was doing yard work outside her Clearview, Washington home. He demanded that she perform oral sex on him at knife point, threatening to kill her infant daughter, Shannah, if she did not comply. Wicklund submitted to his demands, and then called police after he left. <mask> was not apprehended until 1976, when she picked him out of a police line-up. Local law enforcement were not surprised, as they had been familiar with <mask> since his childhood. At the subsequent trial, Wicklund and her neighbor, Barbara Hendrickson, testified in detail about the assault, and <mask> was sentenced to 40 years in prison for first-degree rape.Unknown to Wicklund, <mask>'s sentences ran concurrently, not consecutively. This meant that he could in theory be paroled in as little as seven years. Ultimately, <mask> ended up being released in 1981 for "good behavior". His victims were not informed of his release. During the intervening years, Wicklund had separated from her husband, Jack, due to the lingering stress of the assault, and devoted herself to raising her daughter, supporting herself and Shannah with an in-home business as an accountant for local beauty parlors, as well as helping students obtain loans for beautician school. Jack Wicklund meanwhile fell victim to a bizarre incident in December 1977, when he was found tied to a chair in his West Seattle home with massive third-degree burns. After receiving medical treatment, he said that a complete stranger visited his house,

masks:
Charles Rodman Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell


title: Charles Rodman Campbell

texts: tied him up, doused him with gasoline, and set him on fire.Wicklund was forced to wear a rubber bodysuit to protect his damaged skin. Five months later, he died when his car crashed into a tree. The exact circumstances surrounding Jack Wicklund's death are unclear, and police never satisfactorily determined whether he had been murdered or had committed suicide. On April 14, 1982, Barbara Hendrickson's husband, Don, walked over to Wicklund's house, and discovered Renae, her nine-year-old daughter Shannah and his wife, Barbara Hendrickson, all with their throats cut. <mask>, then residing at a halfway house, was arrested the following week and charged with first-degree murder and second-degree theft (he had attempted to sell some of Renae Wicklund's jewelry only hours after the killings). Police described the crime scene as "resembling a massacre". Wicklund's body was naked, and she had been severely beaten, strangled, and raped with a blunt instrument in addition to having her throat slit (the murder weapon and the object used to rape her were never found).She was covered with bruises, and had a broken nose, jaw, and ribs, a testament to her attacker's aggression. Wicklund also had bruising on her knuckles, suggestive of defensive wounds. Barbara Hendrickson had been attacked and her throat cut after going over to the house to check on Wicklund, who had been ill with the flu that week. Shannah suffered the same fate when she came home from school. She had been choked, and her throat cut so deep that she was nearly decapitated. One of her earlobes was also torn, as the killer had made off with a pair of earrings she was wearing that day. Police were told by a


title: Charles Rodman Campbell

texts:
 neighbor girl that she saw <mask> sneaking around Wicklund's yard with a knife that morning, and other neighbors observed him heading towards the house with a large blanket roll in his hands.It was also obvious that <mask>'s getaway from the crime scene was extremely sloppy, with no attempt to conceal anything. A bloody hand print was found on a drinking glass in the Wicklunds' kitchen that matched his fingerprints, and a trail of Renae Wicklund's jewelry was running from the front door of the house down the walkway. <mask>'s car had dried blood on the driver's side door handle, and the above-mentioned earring of Shannah's was found in the back seat. A pair of earrings belonging to Renae were found in <mask>'s pants pockets when he was arrested. In addition, a fellow work-release resident directed police to a location along the banks of the Snohomish River, where he and <mask> had been on the evening of April 14. Divers retrieved more jewelry and knick-knacks taken from the Wicklund's home. When questioned by police, Hendrickson stated that "the man who'd attacked Renae eight years earlier" was the only possible perpetrator he could think of.<mask> was arrested at the Monroe Reformatory on April 19, and charged with first degree murder. Held in the Snohomish County Jail, he was unpopular with other prisoners, since he had murdered a child, and because the circumstances of his crime meant that stricter rules would be imposed on the freedoms of inmates on parole. Trial
At <mask>'s November 1982 trial, he refused to testify in his defense, or discuss the murders at all. Testifying for the prosecution were neighbors who had seen him sneaking around the house on the

masks: Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell


title: Charles Rodman Campbell

texts: afternoon of April 14, and his girlfriend Judy Dirks, who said that on the morning of the killings, he'd been at her home, where he consumed an entire six pack of beer. The next day, she noticed one of her kitchen knives was missing. Dirks testified that <mask> had "considerable resentment" towards Renae Wicklund and had driven past her home a couple of times while on work release. <mask> took the unusual step of cross-examining his girlfriend himself, and got her to admit that he had never told her he wanted to harm Renae Wicklund.The defense did not call any witnesses or present any evidence other than that the case was a miscarriage of justice because investigators immediately focused on <mask> and did not search for any other potential suspects. Numerous citizens of Clearview had signed a petition demanding the death penalty for him, and the jury agreed, arguing that he showed no signs whatsoever of remorse for killing the Wicklunds and Barbara Hendrickson. During the trial, <mask> remained for the most part detached, and said little. Even the crime scene and autopsy photos (see below) did not arouse much noticeable emotion in him. Renae Wicklund's mother and sister, who lived in North Dakota, were particularly shocked by the murders because she had never told them about being raped eight years earlier. During the trial, <mask>'s attorneys argued that he could not be charged with rape, since the wound in Renae Wicklund's vagina was a post-mortem injury that had not bled. Snohomish County Coroner Dr. Clayton Haberman, who performed the autopsies, pointed out that brain death does not occur until a few minutes after circulation ceases, and she could technically

masks: Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell


title: Charles Rodman Campbell

texts:
 have still been alive when the assault happened, but it may just as easily have been hours later.He also noted that Shannah lost so much blood that it was difficult to collect a sample from her. Judge Dennis Britt thus ordered the jury to disregard the rape allegations. The defense also protested the prosecution's decision to display graphic autopsy photos of the Wicklunds and Barbara Hendrickson. Judge Britt allowed this, but said that the jurors could decide for themselves whether they wanted to see their blood-splattered clothing. Because the only living witness to the murders would not speak of or recount what happened, investigators had to roughly piece together the sequence of events on April 14. Renae Wicklund had obviously been attacked first. Shannah was found lying in the bedroom next to her, and it was believed that <mask> may have shown the girl her mother's lifeless body prior to slitting her throat.They were probably both dead by the time Barbara Hendrickson entered the home. Knocked-over furniture in the living room indicated that she could have run into <mask> and attempted to flee, but was caught. The bodies were all positioned in such a way that "the effect seems to have been to intentionally shock whoever came across them". Incarceration and appeals
<mask>'s prison record showed that he had not committed anything more than relatively minor offenses there, but one inmate, who was fearful of being labeled a prison snitch and so had his identity hidden, testified that he had terrorized fellow prisoners into submitting to sex and to get him drugs. Several guards at the Monroe Reformatory attested to being afraid of him as well, and had put in a

masks: Campbell Campbell Campbell


title: Charles Rodman Campbell

texts: request to have him transferred to the state penitentiary at Walla Walla, which ultimately went nowhere. <mask>'s ex-wife told police that he went to her house and raped her on Christmas Day 1981 and on two subsequent occasions. Police told her that there was insufficient evidence to charge <mask> with anything.<mask>'s mother claimed that he had sex with a pet dog that he adopted, and after learning of his arrest for first-degree murder told investigators that, "It was inevitable. I never believed he was going to end up anywhere but the electric chair." His father and sisters could not be located. As a condition of his parole, he was also required to attend rape counseling sessions, but he ended up becoming romantically involved with his counselor, which led to the therapy being terminated (she became pregnant and gave birth to <mask>'s second child). <mask>'s mother did not live to see his execution. In the aftermath of the trial, there were numerous lawsuits. His ex-wife sued the State of Washington for negligence in allowing him to go free on work release and rape her two times.Hilda Ahlers filed a lawsuit seeking damages for the same negligence that led to the death of her daughter and granddaughter. The state also agreed to pay Don Hendrickson $950,000 in damages. In 1985, a still more damning report emerged alleging that Monroe Reformatory staff had not only covered up for <mask>, but were actively conspiring with him. Inmate counselor Roger Button kept certain inmates on his "payroll", which included <mask>. The inmates supplied Button with sexual favors in exchange for his covering up their prison infractions; and in addition, he used them as extortion

masks:
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Charles Campbell


title: Charles Rodman Campbell

texts: agents to beat up prisoners he disliked, collect debts, or protect prisoners he did like. Button denied all of these allegations. The judge sentenced <mask> to death on December 17, 1984.By 1989, the case had gone through the entire state court system. <mask>'s lawyers appealed his conviction and sentence for 12 years (a total of three appeals). The Washington Supreme Court affirmed the conviction and sentence. The state offered inmates the choice of execution by lethal injection or hanging. If the inmate did not choose, execution would be by hanging. <mask> declined to choose how he would be executed, arguing that participating in the decision on how he would die was akin to his committing suicide, which <mask>'s lawyers argued violated Washington public policy. While his case was at various stages of appeal, he remained a much-feared figure in Walla Walla's death row for the next decade, even spitting at then-Governor Booth Gardner when he peered into his cell.On November 7, 1988, <mask> petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court to review his case. The Supreme Court denied his petition, but that did not end the appeals. There was now debate over whether hanging, fearing decapitation due to <mask>'s obesity, was cruel and unusual punishment, and thus unconstitutional. This time, it was Washington State appealing to the Supreme Court in 1993, because the state wanted the case concluded, instead of dragging on for years. <mask>'s repeated appeals showed that he would prefer to spend the rest of his life behind bars, rather than face execution. Interviews with <mask> by prison psychologists concluded that he had "a near-total lack of empathy" for other human beings and felt

masks: Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell


title: Charles Rodman Campbell

texts:
 that it was his right to live life and act however he pleased, and he also had the right to destroy anyone who angered him. He told them, "The world has created me, and I am free to do what I want.There is no right or wrong, or anyone to tell me what to do." Execution
On April 14, 1994, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit lifted the stay of execution. On May 3, 1994, <mask> asked the U.S. Supreme Court to put another stay on his execution, and to rule on his claim that hanging was unconstitutional, but his request went unanswered. His execution was set for May 27. Then-governor Mike Lowry was an opponent of the death penalty, but upon hearing the details of <mask>'s crimes, he refused to commute his sentence to life in prison. Twenty-four hours before the execution, <mask> was given his last shower. His last meal was served two hours before the hanging took place, and he refused to eat most of it.The family members of the victims asked to watch the execution, but this request was turned down. <mask> spent his final hours talking to friends and relatives, including his ex-counselor and son. <mask>'s was the second hanging in two years, after serial child killer Westley Allan Dodd. When the time for his execution arrived, <mask> refused to cooperate, and resorted to passive resistance, refusing to get up off the floor of his cell when instructed, finally having to be removed from his cell using pepper spray. On the execution platform, <mask> refused to stand. Corrections officers had to forcefully strap him to a board. <mask> then repeatedly moved his head so that neither the cloak nor noose could be put on easily.It took prison officials 90


title: Charles Rodman Campbell

texts:
 seconds to place a hood on his head, and to fix the noose before the trap was opened. The execution took place, and <mask> was pronounced dead about two minutes later. An autopsy confirmed that he had died of a fracture of the cervical spine, and that his death was quick. Later, while cleaning out <mask>'s holding cell, authorities found a four-inch piece of metal that he had been sharpening into a knife. See also
 Capital punishment in Washington (state)
 Capital punishment in the United States
 List of people executed in Washington

References

General references
Washington Hangs Murderer; Texas Executes Officer-Killer May 28, 1994
Federal Court Upholds Execution by Hanging February 9, 1994
Inmate Faces 1st Hanging in U.S. Since 1965 March 27, 1989
The State of Washington, Respondent, v. <mask>. <mask>, Appellant. External links
 <mask>' son, <mask>'s experiences regarding father

1954 births
1994 deaths
1982 murders in the United States
American rapists
American murderers of children
American people convicted of murder
People executed for murder
20th-century executions by Washington (state)
People executed by Washington (state) by hanging
People convicted of murder by Washington (state)
20th-century executions of American people
American male criminals
People from

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Charles R
Campbell
Charles
Jacob Campbell


title: Donal McDermott

texts: <mask> began his career at Ashbourne United then moved to Cherry Orchard of Dublin, where he was scouted, and signed up by Manchester City. McDermott was a member of the team that clinched the 2008 FA Youth Cup for the Blues. On 12 September 2008, <mask> joined Football League One side Milton Keynes Dons on a one-month loan deal. The following day, he made his debut for the club against Oldham Athletic, coming on as a second half substitute, in a 2–0 loss. This would turn out to be his only appearance for the Milton Keynes Dons as his loan spell was ended prematurely due to injury. <mask> returned to Manchester City where he remained in the reserves for the remainder of the season.At the start of the 2009–10 season, <mask> signed a new two-year deal to stay at the City of Manchester Stadium. After signing the new contract, he joined Football League Two side Chesterfield on a three-month loan deal. <mask> made his debut on the opening day of the season in a defeat to Torquay United. A week later on 15 August 2009, he scored his first goal for the club on his home debut in a 1–0 win over Northampton Town. Since joining Chesterfield, <mask> became a first team regular for the club, playing in the midfield position. He then scored two goals in the next two matches between 12 September 2009 and 19 September 2009 against Dagenham & Redbridge and Macclesfield Town. Eleven days later on 30 September 2009, <mask> scored his fourth goal for Chesterfield, as well as, setting up one of the club's goals, in a 3–2 win against Grimsby Town.This was followed up by setting up two goals in the next two matches against Accrington Stanley and Bournemouth. Two weeks later on 24 October 2009, he scored his fifth goal of the season, in a 5–2 win against Burton Albion. <mask> returned to his parent club when his loan spell with the club expired at the end of October. By the time he left Chesterfield, <mask> made sixteen appearances and scoring five times for the

masks:
Donal Jeremiah McDermottcDermott
McDermott
McDermott
McDermott
McDermott
McDermott
McDermott
McDermott
McDermott


title: Donal McDermott

texts:
 club. Following his loan spell at Chesterfield ended, <mask> spent the next three months, playing for the Manchester City Elite Development Squad. Towards the end of the January 2010 transfer window, he went out on loan for a third time, this time until the end of the season at Championship side, Scunthorpe United. <mask> made his debut for the club, coming on as a second half substitute, in a 1–0 win against Queens Park Rangers on 30 January 2010.Following this, he found his playing time, mostly coming from the substitute bench. At the end of the 2009–10 season, <mask> went on to make nine appearances in all competitions. For the first seven months of the 2010–11 season, <mask> continued to play for the Manchester City Elite Development Squad. On 24 March 2011, he was loaned out for a fourth time, this time to Football League One club Bournemouth. <mask> made his debut for the club, coming on as an 82nd-minute substitute, in a 2–2 draw against Charlton Athletic on 26 March 2011. Since joining Bournemouth, he was involved in a number of matches in the first team for the rest of the 2010–11 season. <mask> then scored his first goal for the club, in a 2–2 draw against Hartlepool United on 30 April 2011, resulting in them securing a League One play–offs place.In the follow–up match against Rochdale, however, he suffered a hamstring injury and was substituted in the 44th minute, as Bournemouth lost 2–1. <mask> recovered from his injury and returned to the starting line–up in the semi-final of League One play–offs against Huddersfield Town and scored his second goal for the club, in a 1–1 draw on 14 May 2011. In the return leg, he started the match and played 77 minutes before being substituted, as Bournemouth lost on penalties to Huddersfield Town after the semi-final finished 4–4 on aggregate. At the end of the 2010–11 season, <mask> made eleven appearances and scoring two times in all competitions. Huddersfield Town
Despite interest from

masks: McDermott McDermott McDermott McDermott McDermott McDermott McDermott McDermott


title: Donal McDermott

texts:
 Bournemouth, it was announced on 1 July 2011 that <mask> signed a two-year contract with Huddersfield Town on the expiry of his contract at Eastlands. As he was offered a new deal, the fee will be decided by a tribunal. Upon joining the club, <mask> was given a number twenty shirt.He made his Terriers debut, starting a match and playing 52 minutes before being substituted, in the 1–1 draw against Bury at the Galpharm Stadium on 6 August 2011 in the opening game of the season. After the match, manager Lee Clark said about McDermott: "He showed that he can be a genius in terms of creating chances. McDermott can put others in and also create opportunities for himself, but it's important he learns to do the right thing in the right areas of the pitch, because a couple of times at Port Vale, he got caught out. <mask> knows it and with our help, he’ll learn, and <mask> will be an excellent acquisition for us, because in the final third, he's a real threat." <mask> then set up a goal for Lee Novak, who scored a winning goal, in a 3–2 win against Colchester United on 20 August 2011. Ten days later on 30 August 2011, he scored his first goal for the club in the 2–1 win over Northampton Town at the Sixfields Stadium in the Football League Trophy. For his performance, <mask> was nominated for the Ultimate Finish Award in Johnstone's Paint Trophy.Having become a first team regular at the start of the 2011–12 season, he soon lost his first team place, due to strong competitions. As a result, <mask> made four more appearances for the rest of the year. Manager Clark responded to his lack of first team opportunities, saying: "He has had to be patient and McDermott did lots of good things. There are things he has to work on, and we have to nurture him, but McDermott has unbelievable ability, which we see every week in training." By the time he left Huddersfield Town, <mask> made fourteen appearances and scoring once in all competitions. AFC Bournemouth
On 31


title: Donal McDermott

texts: January 2012, <mask> made a permanent switch from Huddersfield Town to return to Bournemouth. Upon joining the club, he said: "I have come here to fight for my place.There is an unbelievable squad here and it is down to me to work hard and get myself in the side. I am so happy to be back here and my aim is to help the club as much as I can. The quality is here to have success this season." <mask> made his second debut for Bournemouth, starting a match and playing 68 minutes before being substituted, in a 2–0 win against Exeter City on 7 February 2012. Since re–joining the club, he found himself in and out of the starting line–up, playing in the midfield position. <mask> scored his first goal for the club in over a year, in a 1–1 draw against Scunthorpe United on 28 April 2012. In a follow–up match against Preston North End, he set up the only goal of the game by winning a penalty, allowing Charlie Daniels to successfully convert the penalty, in a 1–0 win.At the end of the 2011–12 season, <mask> went on to make fourteen appearances and scoring once in all competitions. <mask> made his first appearance of the 2012–13 season, coming on as a 76th-minute substitute, against Oxford United in the first round of the League Cup, and was one of the three players to successfully convert their penalties as Bournemouth lost 5–3 on penalties following a 0–0 draw. However, he found his first team opportunities limited, due to competitions, with returning manager Eddie Howe challenged him to fight for his place in the first team. At one point, <mask> was linked with a move to Chesterfield, but the move was never materialised. He found his playing time mostly, coming from the substitute bench. Despite this, <mask> set up two goals, coming from the league against Notts County on 23 October 2012 and then from the FA Cup match against Dagenham & Redbridge on 3 November 2012. The club was later promoted to the Championship after beating Carlisle United 3–1 on 20

masks: McDermott McDermott McDermott McDermott McDermott McDermott McDermott


title: Donal McDermott

texts:
 April 2013.At the end of the 2012–13 season, he went on to make eight appearances in all competitions. In the 2013–14 season, <mask> continued to find his first team opportunities limited, as he found himself placed on the substitute bench. As a result, <mask> made only two appearances for the club this season, both of the matches were from League Cup. On 3 April 2014, Bournemouth announced his departure from the club despite having fifteen months left to his contract. Dundalk and non–league football
On 5 July 2014, <mask> made a permanent switch from Bournemouth to Dundalk, marking his first club in his home country. He made his debut for the club, coming on as a 58th-minute substitute, in a 1–0 win against Shamrock Rovers on 13 July 2014. <mask> played in both legs of the UEFA Europa League second round against Hajduk Split, as Dundalk lost 3–2 on aggregate.<mask> found his playing time, mostly coming from the substitute bench for the rest of the 2014 season. Despite this, his contributions saw Dundalk win the title for the first time since the 1994–95 season after beating Cork City 2–0 in Oriel Park in the last game of the season. At the end of the 2014 season, he went on to play thirteen times for the club. Following this, <mask> left the club. After leaving Dundalk at the end of the 2014 season, <mask> returned to England, where he joined Salford City on 6 January 2015. However, <mask> made no appearances for the club and he joined Ramsbottom United on 11 February 2015. <mask> made his Ramsbottom United debut, starting the whole game, in a 1–1 draw against Stamford on 14 February 2015.It wasn't until on 20 March 2015 when he scored his first goal for the club, in a 3–3 draw against Blyth Spartans. This was followed up by scoring his second goal for Ramsbottom United, in a 2–1 win against Belper Town. At the end of the 2014–15 season, <mask> went on to make nine appearances and scoring two times in all competitions. Rochdale
On 7 May

masks: McDermott McDermott McDermott McDermott McDermott McDermott McDermott McDermott McDermott McDermott


title: Donal McDermott

texts: 2015, <mask> signed a one-year contract with Rochdale. Upon joining the club, he was given a number twelve shirt. <mask> made his debut for Rochdale, starting a match and playing 67 minutes before being substituted, in a 2–0 win over Peterborough United in the opening game of the season. Three days later on 11 August 2015, he scored his first goal for the club in the 45th minute against Coventry City in the first round of the League Cup and helped Rochdale win 5–3 on penalties following a 1–1 draw.His goal against Coventry City later earned him the club's Goal of the Month for August and Goal of the Season. Four days later on 15 August 2015, <mask> scored his second goal for the club, in a 2–0 win against Blackpool. Since joining Rochdale, <mask> quickly became a first team regular, playing in the midfield position. For his performance, he was awarded the club's Player of the Month for August. <mask> then scored his second goal for Rochdale, in a 3–1 win against Colchester United on 19 December 2015. Two weeks later on 2 January 2016, <mask> set up two goals for Calvin Andrew, who scored twice during the match, in a 3–0 win against Walsall. However, he was sidelined for a month after suffering a stomach complaint.It wasn't until on 5 March 2016 when <mask> made his return to the starting line–up against Coventry City, playing 60 minutes before being substituted, in a 1–0 win. Following his return from injury, he began to contribute with six assists, including twice against Blackpool on 16 April 2016. <mask> also regained his first team place, playing in the midfield position. At the end of the 2015–16 season, he went on to make forty–three appearances and scoring three times in all competitions. Following this, <mask> signed a contract extension with the club. At the start of the 2016–17 season, <mask> contributed to assist three goals, including two times in the League Cup. However, he found his playing time, mostly coming from the