title: Bolesław III Wrymouth

texts: from a powerful and influential family, who, after the death of Emperor Henry V in 1125, as a result of the support of the opposition in Germany, lost their political influence at the court of Lothair <mask>. Leszek (1115/16 – 26 August before 1131), the eldest son of <mask> and Salomea. He probably died in infancy.Ryksa (1116 – after 25 December 1156), eldest daughter of <mask> and Salomea, in 1127 she married with to Danish prince Magnus Nilsson, future King of Västergötland. This union was made to obtain Danish support for Poland in the war against Germany, but in 1134 Denmark took the side of Germany in the conflict. After Magnus' death in 1134, Ryksa returned to Poland. Later she married with Volodar Glebovich, Prince of Minsk and Hrodno; this marriage was concluded in order to obtain an ally in the Polish war against Hungary. Her third marriage was with King Sverker I of Sweden. A daughter (before 1117/22 – after 1131), betrothed or married in 1131 to Conrad, Count of Plötzkau and Margrave of Nordmark. Casimir, known in historiography as the Older (9 August 1122 – 19 October 1131), according to sources (like Rocznik kapituły krakowskiej), he died aged 9.Jan Długosz in his chronicle wrote that he was born from the

masks: III Bolesław Bolesław


title: Bolesław III Wrymouth

type: original

texts: marriage of <mask> and Adelaide, the Prince's supposed second wife. Gertruda (1123/24 – 7 May 1160), a nun at Zwiefalten (1139). <mask> IV the Curly (c. 1125 – 5 January 1173), Prince of Masovia and Kuyavia (1138–46), of Kraków, Gniezno and Kalisz (1146–73), of Sandomierz (1166–73), married aged 12 with Viacheslava, daughter of Vsevolod, Prince of Pskov. Jan Długosz reported his birth in 1127 as the second son born from Bolesław and Adelaide. Mieszko <mask> the Old (1126/27 – Kalisz, 13 March 1202), Duke of Greater Poland (1138–1202), of Kraków (1173–77, 1190, 1199–1202), of Kalisz (1173–1202), of Upper Gdańsk Pomerania (1173–1202) and Kuyavia (1195–98), around 1136 married to Elizabeth, daughter of King Béla II of Hungary. The marriage was concluded as one of the provisions of the Congress of Merseburg. Dobroniega Ludgarda (1129 – by 1160), after her father's death she was married by her mother Salomea around 1146–48 to Theodoric I, Margrave of Lusatia, who later repudiated her.Judith (1130 – 8 July 1175), betrothed in 1136 to Prince Géza, son of King Béla II of Hungary; however, the marriage never took place and in 1148 she married to Otto I, Margrave of Brandenburg. Henry (1131 – 18 October 1166), Duke of Sandomierz

masks: Bolesław Bolesław III


title: Bolesław III Wrymouth

texts: (1146–66), according to Jan Długosz he was born in 1132. Further mention of him was made in his chronicle by 1139, describing the division of the country in districts. Karol Maleczyński placed his birth between 1127 and 1131. During his father's lifetime Henry didn't play an important political role. He died in 1166 in battle against the Prussians, unmarried and childless. Agnes (1137 – after 1182), around 1140–41 she was a proposed bride to one of the sons of Grand Prince Vsevolod II of Kiev.This union was to ensure the support of Kiev in the dispute between Salomea's sons and Władysław II, their half-brother. At the end, the marriage never took place and she married around 1149–51 to Mstislav II, Prince of Pereyaslavl and Grand Prince of Kiev since 1168. Casimir II the Just (1138 – 5 May 1194), Duke of Wiślica (1166–73), of Sandomierz (1173–94) of Kraków (1177–94), of Masovia and Kuyavia (1186–94), for a long time considered a posthumous child, and for this reason not included in his father's testament. Older historiography attributed another two daughters from the marriage of <mask> and Salomea: Adelaide and Sophia. Adelaide (c. 1114 - 25 March before 1132), was the first wife of Adalbert II the Pious, eldest son of


title: Bolesław III Wrymouth

texts:
 Leopold III, Margrave of Austria. Modern historians denies that she was a daughter of Bolesław. Sophia (d. 10 October 1136), was probably the mother of Mateusz, Bishop of Kraków.In older historiography Adelaide, a supposed daughter of Emperor Henry IV, was erroneously considered as another wife of Bolesław. The information about this stated that after the death of Zbyslava, Bolesław married her in Bamberg in 1110. This report is provided by Jan Długosz and Archdeacon Sulger. This view was challenged by Oswald Balzer. Succession provisions

Senioral principle

Bolesław's experiences during his youth probably motivated him to make a division of his domains between his surviving sons. The loyal Count Palatine Piotr Włostowic was appointed to execute the provisions. In his testament, also known as the "Statute of Succession", Bolesław introduced in Poland the senioral principle in an effort to keep the unity of the state and to prevent the struggle for power among his sons.This regulation about the succession came into force after <mask>'s death, although is unknown the exact date of his establishment. It's believed that his creation could happen in 1115 or 1116, after the birth of a son Leszek, or after the suppression of


title: Bolesław III Wrymouth

texts:
 hypothesis was the coverage and nature of power exercised by <mask> IV the Curly in 1146. Division of the Polish state

<mask> divided his domains into the following provinces:

The Seniorate Province (with his capital Kraków) was supposed to be non-inherited and indivisible. It consisted of Lesser Poland, Sieradz and Łęczyca, the western part of Kruszwica and Kuyavia, the eastern part of Greater Poland, Kalisz, Gniezno and Gdańsk Pomerania.Western Pomerania as a fief would remain under the control of the senior duke. Władysław II received the Silesian Province, comprising Silesia, with his capital Wrocław and the Lubusz land. He probably received this domain already between 1124 and 1125 after his marriage with Agnes of Babenberg. As the eldest son, he became in the first senior duke (or princeps). <mask> IV received the Masovian Province, with his capital in Płock and eastern Kuyavia. Mieszko <mask> received the Greater Poland Province, composed of the remaining western parts of Greater Poland, with his capital in Poznań. Henry received the Sandomierz Province, composed of eastern Lesser Polish territories centered around the city of Sandomierz and the Bug River to the north, with his capital in Lublin.Salomea,

masks: Bolesław Bolesław Bolesław III


title: Bolesław III Wrymouth

texts: power, which belonged to the reigning family (along with a separate court by the duchess), after them came the secular and Church dignitaries and subjects, next to lower officials, chivalry and courtly princely members and chaplains. The most important office at the court of Władysław I Herman and <mask> was the count palatine (also known as voivode). The count palatine (Latin: comes palatinus) included major command of the military expeditions (in place of the ruler), defense of the State, supervision of the administration (as head of the ducal court), control and appointment of the heads of the castellanies and the exercise of the courts. The office of count palatine was abolished in 1180. Already during the reign of Mieszko II Lambert saw the development of Polish bureaucratic apparatus. The collector (Latin: camerarius), managed the economy of the ducal court. Another specific offices in the ducal court the cześnik (cup-bearer), the stolnik (esquire), the strażnik (guard), the miecznik (Sword-bearer), the Koniuszy (Master of the Horse) and the Łowczy (Master of the Hunt).During <mask>'s reign appeared the office of the chancellor, who directed the work of the court offices and the ducal chapel (Latin: capella), which

masks: Bolesław Bolesław


title: Bolesław III Wrymouth

texts:
 transport ways in the country and was divided in three main taxes: przewód ("the cable"), powóz ("the carriage") and podwód ("the wagon").Other minor taxes involved hunting, military, guards (who custodied the grods), taxes on regalia and criminal penalties. In addition, subjects were required to repair roads, bridges, construction and maintenance of castles. Seals and coinage

Of the five oldest preserved seals from Polish rulers four were discovered in various places during 2002–06, while one of more than 100 years ago. Polish archaeologists made further discoveries in Głębokie (2002), in Ostrów Tumski (2005), in Gniezno (2005) and in an undisclosed location in the village of Susk near Sierpc, 32 km. from Płock (2006). The first preliminary studies suggested that the seals could belonged to <mask> III Wrymouth. They are made of lead, a durable material, with a diameter of 36–40 mm.The lead seals are used at that time in European courts and are from the Bulla tipe. Seals are known in municipal and military orders. Occasionally, in the most important documents (acts) were used golden bullas. The discovered bullas from Bolesław's reign fall into two major types, differing in the form of writing:

 Type I: extended stored


title: Bolesław III Wrymouth

texts: on the obverse in the genitive, with the Latin word sigillum. Type II: short and around the bulla. One example from both type of seals came from the relationship with St. Adalbert, where he emphasizes his pontifical recognition (in type I) and in the crosier, with the gesture of the imposition of hands, clearly visible in the seals after restoration (in type II). The use of the genitive seals in Poland came from the 12th century, a phenomenon (unprecedented), with its only then monetary equivalent in the denarius with the Latin legend: Denarivs ducis Bolezlai.At the end of <mask>'s reign returned to the staid mold inscriptions with the Latin legend: Dvx Bolezlavus. According to S. Suchodolski the bullas were used for the authentication of princely documents like letters, privileges, judgments, etc., and by T. Jurek, they could also be used to secure the business arrangements (like buy of doors, chests, reliquaries). In October 2006, the Poznań Society of Friends of Learning has confirmed that the discovered bullas during 2002–05 belonged to <mask> <mask>. During Bolesław's reign appeared a two-sided denarius, which was denominated the foreign coin (Polish: monetą obcą). The first known denarius from this time bears the

masks:
Bolesław
Bolesław
III Wrymouth


title: Bolesław III Wrymouth

texts:
 Latin legend Bolezlav. For the others most commonly used coins bears the Latin inscription Bolezlavs, denarivus, dicis Bolezlai with St. Adalbert in the reverse. Another type of coins didn't have legends.They differ mostly came from the weight: they were much lighter, punched for purely economic purposes. In this time was also modeled mainly on the Magdeburg technique a bracteate, who was one of the oldest in Europe. There are two types of bracteates who dated from Bolesław's reign:

 The type II shows in both sides before <mask> and St. Adalbert, who put his hand over the ruler in a gesture of protection. The legend shows the Latin inscription Bolezlaus Adalbertus. This bracteate initially was considered a way of penance from Bolesław for Zbigniew's blinding. Was probably minted in Kraków around 1127. The type I is less frequent.Showed St. Adalbert in episcopal robes, holding a crozier and Gospel. Legend of the coin determines the form of the Archbishop of Gniezno. Further studies have shown that the coin was minted between the period of the Congress of Merseburg (1135) and <mask>'s death (1138). It's now called the protective, since illustrates the protection of St. Adalbert to the Polish ruler, who after his homage to


title: Bolesław III Wrymouth

texts:
 the Holy Roman Empire in 1135 only recognizes the saint as his protector. It's one of the few examples of political propaganda in the coin's legend. According to A. Schmidt this was an Archbishop's coin which was minted in Gniezno, probably in 1135. In addition to the two presented bracteates from Bolesław's there is one, which is now counted among the oldest known in numismatics.This bracteate was found in Brzeg (in Gmina Pęczniew) and preserved almost the 2/3 part of the whole weight of 0.61 g and a diameter of 27 mm. The coin shows the figure of the ruler with crown, sword in hand and an outstretched hand. Initially, was believed that showed Władysław II the Exile. Further studies, included by A. Mikolajczyk, identified this image with <mask> <mask>. Among researchers, however, today, there are discrepancies about what ruler showed the coin, because the inscription preserved is incomplete. Princely mints are mostly located in Wrocław, Płock, Gniezno and Kraków. In that time also existed private mints, such as Palatine Sieciech, who placed them in Sieciechów and near Kraków.Church foundations
It was customary between the 12th-century ruling families a wide-ranging religious activities like donations in the benefit of

masks:
Bolesław
III Wrymouth


title: Bolesław III Wrymouth

texts: during the 12th century (at the latest from 1138) and the founder was <mask>. The Collegiate Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Ostrów Tumski was founded thanks to the donations of Haymo, Bishop of Wrocław and comes Wojsław in 1120, following the reports of the 15th-century Rocznika głogowskiego. Modern scholars believed that the founder was <mask> (T. Lalik), or the foundation was made by Bishop Haymo and Wojsław with the consent of the Duke (H. Gerlic) or was a foundation made by Bishop Haymo and <mask> (T. Jurek). In earlier studies of the history of Silesia existed the opinion that Bolesław founded the Collegiate as a gesture of gratitude for the loyalty and bravery of the people of Głogów and also as a way of penance for Zbigniew's blinding.The Benedictine Abbey in Tyniec according to some hypotheses was also founded by Bolesław. In 1124 the Papal legate issued the confirmation of the goods received from the Abbey's estates. The Abbey of Lubiń was restored during 1137–38 by Bolesław and the Awdaniec family. The Wawel Cathedral was completed during Bolesław's reign. In 1118 Bishop Maurus was buried there. The Canons regular of St. Augustine in Trzemeszno was probably founded by Bolesław. Evidence

masks: Bolesław Bolesław Bolesław


title: Bolesław III Wrymouth

texts:
 of this was in a document issued by Mieszko III the Old in 1145.The connection of <mask> and his second wife Salomea with the Swabian monastery of Zwiefalten was well known. The detailed description of Berthold of Zwiefalten was the only evidence of the cultural, artistic and religious development of the 12th-century Polish court:

 The Polish Duke <mask> sent the black cover choirs black, sewn white oxen [...] the gold, the silver, and the tablecloths, and especially in the most numerous of any kind of valuable furs to this monastery more than seventy grzywna. Salomea, his wife, sent gold woven stole, two alb knitted silk and silver pitcher with four grzywna on the box of ivory studded with gold, to draw up the choir covers his red coat decorated with gold stripes, and another coat on for the Mass all interwoven gold, dissuaded gold stripes and bottom trimmed with red frames, which according to the custom of the people is decorated with golden stars, curtain wall, one with a silk frames, the other adorned with white lions and the third red in the white list, [...] a hand from Saint Stephen the Martyr [...], a large piece of the Holy Cross, a tooth from Saint John the Baptist, a tooth from Saint Pancras, a tooth of Saint


title: Bolesław III Wrymouth

texts: Dílu I. část II, Od Břetislava I. do Přemysla I, Prague 1912. T. M. Nowak, J. Wimmer: Historia oręża polskiego 963–1795, Warsaw 1981. J. Ochmański: Dzieje Rosji do roku 1861, Warsaw – Poznań 1974. F. Piekosiński: Najdawniejszy dokument polski. Wiadomości Numizmatyczno-Archeologiczne, vol. IV, 1899–1902, p. 493.Z. S. Pietras: <mask> Krzywousty, Cieszyn 1978. M. Plezia: Nowe studia nad Gallem-Anonimem, [in:] H. Chłopocka (ed. ): Mente et litteris. O kulturze i społeczeństwie wieków średnich, Poznań 1984. M. Plezia: Wstęp [in:] Gallus Anonymous: Kronika polska, Wrocław 2003. J. Powierski: Data konsekracji katedry gnieźnieńskiej (1 maja 1099) na tle sytuacji politycznej Polski, Rusi i krajów sąsiednich [in:] "Roczniki historyczne", 1994. L. Ratajczyk L. (pod red.), Historyczny rodowód polskiego ceremoniału wojskowego, Warszawa 1981. E. Rymar: Primogenitura zasadą regulującą następstwo w pryncypat w ustawie sukcesyjnej Bolesława Krzywoustego, [in:] "Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka", cap. 1, nr 1 (48), 1993. E. Rymar: Rodowód książąt pomorskich, Szczecin 2005. B. Snoch: Protoplasta książąt śląskich, Katowice 1985. J. Spors J: Studia nad wczesnośredniowiecznymi dziejami Pomorza Zachodniego XII-połowa XIII w., Słupsk 1988.


title: Bolesław III Wrymouth

texts:
 M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, Kraków 2003.S. Suchodolski: Denar w kalecie, Wrocław 1981. S. Szczur: Historia Polski – średniowiecze, Kraków 2002. J. W. Szymański: Książęcy ród Gryfitów, Goleniów – Kielce 2006. Z. Świechowski, E. Gawlikowska-Świechowska: Sztuka polska, Romanizm, vol. I, Warsaw 2005. J. Topolski (ed. ): Dzieje Polski do roku 1501, Warsaw 1993.S. Trawkowski: <mask> <mask>usty [in:] A. Garlicki (ed. ): Poczet królów i książąt polskich, Warsaw 1978. T. Tyc: Zbigniew i Bolesław, [in:] Arcybiskup Marcin i Gniezno, Poznań 1927. J. Wyrozumski: Historia Polski do roku 1505, Warsaw 1984. B. Zientara: Władysław II Wygnaniec, [in:] A. Garlicki (ed. ): Poczet królów i książąt polskich, Warsaw 1978. J. Żylińska: Piastówny i żony Piastów, Warsaw 1975.Online bibliography
 M. Andrałojć, W. Andrałojć: Bulle księcia Bolesława Krzywoustego (in Polish) [retrieved 28 July 2014]. M. Andrałojć, W. Andrałojć: Nie śniło się historykom (in Polish) [retrieved 28 July 2014]. O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów (in Polish), Kraków 1895 [retrieved 28 July 2014]. R. Drogi: Państwo Czeskie Przemyślidów (historia Czech, cz. III. 1) (in Polish) [retrieved 28 July 2014]. M. Folwarniak:

masks:
Bolesław
III Krzywo


title: Frederick Jacobi

texts:
<mask> (May 4, 1891 – October 24, 1952) was a Jewish-American composer and teacher. His works include symphonies, concerti, chamber music, works for solo piano and for solo organ, lieder, and one opera. He taught at Juilliard School of Music from 1936 to 1950, where his pupils included Mark Bucci, Alexei Haieff, Julia Frances Smith, Robert Starer, John Verrall, and Robert Ward. He also served as the director of the American section of the International Society for Contemporary Music and was a founding member of the League of Composers. He died on October 24, 1952 in New York City of heart failure. Biography

Early life
<mask> was the son of San Francisco wholesale wine merchant, <mask>. and Flora Brandenstein (daughter of tobacco wholesaler Joseph Brandenstein), whom <mask>. had married in 1876. During the composer's childhood years, he demonstrated his musical talent, composing short pieces at the piano and playing tunes from contemporary musical comedies by ear.In these years the family traveled each summer to visit relatives in New York City. The scenery of those cross-country train rides later provided the themes of a number of Jacobi's nature-inspired compositions. Musical training and career
When <mask>. died in 1911, <mask>. inherited the estate, which provided him enough wealth that he could devote his entire livelihood to music. In his twenties Jacobi studied music and composition under such masters as Isidor Philipp of the Paris Conservatory, Rafael Joseffy, Paolo Gallico,

masks:
Frederick Jacobi
Frederick Jacobi
Frederick Jacobi Sr
Frederick Sr
Frederick Sr
Frederick Jr


title: Frederick Jacobi

texts:
 Navajo and Pueblo of New Mexico studying their music.In 1942-1944 Jacobi collaborated with Canadian playwright and librettist, Herman Voaden, to produce the opera, The Prodigal Son, which debuted at the American Opera Society of Chicago in May 1945. <mask> is also known and best remembered as a composer of works with Judaic themes. His interest in this genre began with a 1930 commission from Congregation Emanu-El of the City of New York for a sabbath evening service. Although he had not been religiously educated as a child, this experience affected him permanently, and thereafter the Bible influenced all of his music, secular and liturgical. He even taught himself Hebrew. Although <mask>'s secular work is performed only infrequently today, his liturgical works continue to receive performances in synagogues. Jacobi's work largely rejects the polytonality and atonality that was popular with the avant-garde composers of his time.Instead he finds his influence in the classical and romantic periods. Baltimore Sun critic, Florestan Croche, described Jacobi's style as having "a sense of the drama which is always aristocratic, introspective, and personal, and never allowed to become theatrical. Harmonically ... his is a language of extreme chromaticism, one, however, which always appears to be tonally oriented." New York Times critic, Olin Downes, described the aesthetics of <mask>'s music as "not so much of the 20th as of the 19th century." Awards and honors
Honorable mention in the

masks:
Legacy Jacobi
Jacobi
Jacobi


title: Frederick Jacobi

texts:
 Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge Competition, 1924
Two-time winner of the award of the Society for the Publication of American Music
David Bispham Medal awarded by The American Opera Society for The Prodigal Son. Source: New York Times

Quotes on musical composition and anecdotes
"I am a great believer in melody; a believer, too, that music should give pleasure and not try to solve philosophical problems." "The surest way to kill whatever originality one possesses within himself is to try to be original!"Irene was in a box near the Metropolitan Opera stage one evening when <mask> was the prompter. After the performance she said, "Darling, you were wonderful. I heard every word you said!" Discography
RCA Victor Red Seal, M 782, 1-5 (78rpm, late 1930s)
Hagiographia: Three Biblical Narratives for String Quartet and Piano. <mask>, piano; with the Coolidge Quartet: William Kroll, 1st violin; Nicolai Berezowsky, 2nd violin; Nicholas Moldavan, viola; Victor Gottlieb, cello

SPA [Society for Participating Artists] Records 7 Saratoga Springs, NY
Concerto for Violin and Orchestra. Andre Gertler and the Orchestra of the Institut Nationale Belge de Radiodiffusion, Franz Andre, conductor. Two pieces for Flute and Orchestra: Night Piece and Dance.Francis Stoefs, flute and the Orchestra of the Institut Nationale Belge de Radiodiffusion, Franz Andre, conductor. Concertino for Piano and String Orchestra. <mask>, piano and the Orchestra of the Institut Nationale Belge de Radiodiffusion, Franz Andre,

masks:
Frederick Jacobi
Irene Jacobi
Irene Jacobi


title: Frederick Jacobi

texts:
 conductor. CRI [Composers Recordings Inc.] 146 (LP)
Ballade for Violin and Piano. Fredell Lack, violin; <mask>, piano
Fantasy for Viola and Piano. Louise Rood, viola; <mask>, piano
String Quartet No. 3.Lyric Art Quartet: Fredell Lack and George Bennett, violins; Wayne Crouse, viola; Marion Davies, cello

CRI 174 (LP)
Concerto for Cello and Orchestra. Guido Vecchi with members of the Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra, William Strickland, conductor. Hagiographia: Three Biblical Narratives for String Quartet and Piano. <mask>, piano; with the Claremont String Quartet: Mark Gottlieb and Vladimir Weisman, violins; Scot Nickrenz, viola; Irving Klein, cello. CRI 703 (CD)
Digitally remastered contents of CRI 146 and CRI 174, with the exception of the Fantasy for Viola and Piano. NAXOS AMERICAN CLASSICS: Milken Archive of American Jewish Music (CD)
Concerto for Violincello, and Orchestra. Alban Gerhardt, cello; Barcelona Symphony/National Orchestra of Catalonia, Karl Anton Rickenbacher, conductor.Sabbath Evening Service (excerpts). Patrick Mason, baritone; Academy of St. Martin in the Fields Chorus, Joseph Cullen, conductor. Hagiographia for String Quartet and Piano. Brian Krinke, violin; Perrin Yang, violin; George Taylor, viola; Stefan Reuss, cello; Joseph Werner, piano. Ahavat Olam. Cantor Robert Bloch; New York Cantorial Choir; Aaron Miller, organ; Samuel Adler, conductor. Two Pieces in Sabbath Mood.Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra; Samuel Adler, conductor

Compositions

1915 The Pied Piper,

masks:
Irene Jacobi
Irene Jacobi
Irene Jacobi


title: Danny White (New Orleans musician)

texts:
<mask> (July 6, 1931 – January 5, 1996) was an influential R&B singer and bandleader who worked in the New Orleans area. Early years
<mask> was born at Charity Hospital in New Orleans, Louisiana, the youngest of seven children. He grew up in the Hollygrove neighborhood and the Seventh Ward. "There was always lots of music around," he explained. "I sang in church and for plays at school. It was really my teachers who thought I had a good voice and encouraged me." <mask> had his professional debut as a twenty-year-old Marine while stationed at Camp Pendleton in California.He recounted his first appearance fronting a band, "We used to go to this club called the Offshore Lounge to listen to music. It was a nice place, we'd see people like Al Hibbler there. Well, they had a house band and one night the vocalist didn't show. People started asking the band to do requests but they said they couldn't do them without the singer. I got up and said I could do the requests, and I ended up singing the rest of the night." After the show the owner approached <mask> with an offer of a full-time job. "I told him I couldn't (accept) because I was a Marine."<mask> and the owner reached an agreement in which <mask> sang on weekends for $10 a night. <mask> returned to New Orleans after he was discharged from the service. "I went back to school on the GI Bill", he said. He also frequented music clubs like Hayes' Chicken Shack, the Shadowland Club, and the Dew Drop Inn. "I got to know a lot of musicians, so me and a guy called Jack decided to start a small band that worked weekends. One of the first places we played was Dupree's Lounge on North Claiborne and St. Bernard Avenue." One busy Saturday night a white man in a

masks:
Danny White
Joseph Daniel White
White
White
White
White
White


title: Danny White (New Orleans musician)

texts:
 Cadillac came to Dupree's and offered <mask> and Jack's band a job at his Golden Cadillac Club on Poland Avenue.The club had previously been a Country and Western venue that the owner wanted to reopen as a R&B club. "He offered to pay us a lot more money than what we were making at Dupree's", <mask> said. "We agreed to work for him and it was our band that actually opened the place up. That was in 1955." The band's appearances on Friday and Saturday nights brought in big white audiences, enough that the club was expanded from 700 to 1000 capacity. After a few months the band broke up when Jack wanted to go back to playing black clubs. <mask> hired new musicians, putting together a six-piece band called the Cavaliers after the cigarettes he smoked.Career
<mask> and the Cavaliers were a top attraction at the Golden Cadillac. In November 1956 Huey "Piano" Smith took <mask> to Jackson, Mississippi to meet Ace records owner Johnny Vincent. Smith produced and played piano on several uptempo songs <mask> recorded for Ace, including "Let's Play", "Educated Fool", and the rocking "Too Late". None were released at the time. Smith knew <mask> from the Dew Drop. "I thought he was a good singer but Johnny never did anything with him." In 1960 <mask> recorded a single for Dot Records and Nashville record producer Shelby Singleton, "Give And Take" b/w "Somebody Please Help Me".The record failed to chart. <mask> and the Cavaliers left the Golden Cadillac, and began appearing regularly at the Safari club on Chef Menteur Highway and the Dream Room on Canal Street. In 1963, pianist Lawrence Cotton joined <mask>'s Cavaliers. "That was another real popular band," said Cotton. "A lot of times we played two gigs a night.

masks:
White
White
White
Danny White
White
White
White
White
White
Danny White


title: Danny White (New Orleans musician)

texts: We used to play at the Dream Room at four in the morning. All the French Quarter musicians and strippers came by the club.<mask> was a hell of an entertainer and he really could sing. Curtis Mitchell (bandleader and bass player) used to listen to every new record that came out and transcribe it to the band. That's how we were up on all the latest sounds and stayed so popular." White's guitarist Irving Banister said, "<mask>'s records could have been bigger if he was on a national label, and we could’ve toured. We worked only around N.O., and like Sugar Boy (Crawford), we only played at white clubs. We played a lot of Tulane frat gigs, and clubs like the Safari, the Sands, and the Dream Room." Banister continued, "Every night the place was packed.We usually had a job before we played the Dream Room and a lot of people would follow us there." <mask>'s saxophone player John Payne had a second gig at the Sho Bar on Bourbon Street. "I talked with the (Sho Bar) club owner, Sam Anselmo, and gave him my card", <mask> remembered. "He hired me to start a morning jam session that played from 2:00 A.M. to 6:00 A.M. I didn't know if it would work out, but people started following us from our evening gig to the Dream Room and we'd get 300 people in there on Friday and Saturday nights." Anselmo's son, Jimmy, vividly recalled <mask>'s early morning sets. "<mask> and the Cavaliers were the hottest band in town at the time", he said."And they really rocked the place." The Sho Bar's musical history was rich. In the early 1950s Louis Prima was a regular attraction there with his fourth wife, singer Keely Smith. Prima himself had been discovered on Bourbon Street two decades earlier. In 1954 they were called to Las

masks:
Danny
Danny
White
White
White
Danny White


title: Danny White (New Orleans musician)

texts: Vegas where, with saxophonist and Bourbon Street veteran Sam Butera, they became regulars on the Las Vegas Strip. By the early 1960s some of the city's top R&B acts performed at the Sho Bar, including <mask> and the Cavaliers, Ernie K-Doe, and King Floyd. Their late-night sets didn't end until the sun was up on Sunday mornings.New Orleans R&B legend Irma Thomas spoke of the part segregation played in black musicians' careers. "Early on, when I was working with <mask> And The Cavaliers, when we got off at Safari Lounge in the east we drove to the Sho  Bar Lounge on Bourbon Street. We'd start working there at 2:30 A.M. and I did it about three times and said 'never again'". She left, as she explained, because "I didn't like the accommodations. We were in a four-by-four or a six-by-six room – this is the area they wanted us (black) musicians to stay in when we weren't on stage. I'd already done two shows with <mask> at the Safari and, to me, it wasn't worth it to come down to the Sho Bar for the $12.50 they were paying us. To work from 2:30 A.M. to 7:00 A.M.?I don't think so!" "<mask> was never a big-name recording artist," composer Allen Toussaint said. "But he had a great band that used to work at the Sho Bar on Bourbon Street. <mask> inspired me to write 'Mother-in-Law' and 'Certain Girl.' Unfortunately, I wasn't recording <mask>, so I gave the songs to Ernie K-Doe." He recalled, "I thought it might be better suited for us to find a different medium, a vocal style more similar to the singing of <mask>, who was very popular in N.O. at that time.So at first I wrote for K-Doe with <mask>'s voice in my head, even though I knew K-Doe would sing it. ‘Mother In Law' was a prime example of a song in a

masks:
Danny White
Danny White
Danny White
Danny
Danny
Danny
Danny White
Danny White


title: Danny White (New Orleans musician)

texts:
 <mask> bag." Toussaint added, "There was something very influential about <mask> that was absorbed by a lot of artists that had big records here." <mask> spoke of what he did to keep the band working, "We were real professional, we had uniforms and we were disciplined. We played places where they wouldn't hire any other black band." Recordings
By 1961 <mask> and the Cavaliers were the best paid, and one of the most popular, bands in New Orleans. <mask> told author Jeff Hannusch he was approached by Connie LaRocca, who had just started Frisco Records with her partner WYLD DJ Hal Atkins."Mrs. LaRocca dropped by the Safari one night and asked me to come by her office. I didn't even think much about recording because we didn't have much time. We only had one night off a week." <mask> visited LaRocca at her office and she introduced him to Al Reed, her writer and arranger. Reed played <mask> a song he'd written called "Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye". "But it was uptempo then and I said if I was gonna cut it I'd slow it down", <mask> said. La Rocca suggested <mask> record the song."The next week we went down to Cosimo's Studio to cut it. I remember Allen Toussaint played on the session. Well, Cosimo told Connie LaRocca that 'Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye' sounded like a hit." The session was produced by Wardell Quezergue, referred to as "The Creole Beethoven" by Toussaint. He used Irving Banister to supply the stinging guitar licks. <mask>'s heartfelt vocals assured the record would be a hit. Atkins played it on his radio show and the record rose to number one in New Orleans."Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye" went on to sell 100,000 copies." Arlen Records of Philadelphia took up the distribution, with the record reaching No. 120 on

masks:
Danny White
Danny
White
Danny White
White
White
White
White
White
White


title: Danny White (New Orleans musician)

texts:
 the Billboard Bubbling Under chart in Nov. 1962. The trade magazine gave it a Pop Spotlight pick: "<mask> bows on the N.O. label with a moving reading of a touching rockaballad. He sells it with warmth, and he can sing.”

<mask> failed to follow up the success of "Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye" with two more Frisco singles. The next disc <mask> recorded, "Loan Me Your Handkerchief", a song written by Earl King, was leased by Frisco to ABC-Paramount for national distribution.This Wardell Quezergue-produced record, featuring Irving Banister on guitar and Mac Rebennack on piano, sold more than 100,000 copies, rising to the top of the local charts. <mask> and the Cavaliers toured with artists such as Jimmy Reed, Otis Redding, and Marvin Gaye. <mask> said "We played the Rockland, the Apollo, all the bigger theatres. Universal booked me." In 1964 Frisco partner Hal Atkins left New Orleans to take a job at WDIA in Memphis. <mask>'s sessions were moved to Memphis, where he was produced by Isaac Hayes and David Porter. <mask> remembered, "Hal Atkins was transferred to WDIA up in Memphis and he got to know Jim Stewart, Booker T, and the gang around Stax.He arranged for me to fly up to Memphis" for what turned out to be the last Frisco sessions. "I got with Isaac Hayes and Dave Porter and they recorded me." Hayes and Porter had yet to establish themselves as premier Stax producers so <mask>'s first recordings were made at Royal Studios with the musicians who would become the Hi Rhythm Section, including Mabon "Teenie" Hodges on guitar, Howard Grimes on drums, and the Memphis Horns. Sadly, the discs received little play and few sales. Connie LaRocca closed Frisco Records in 1966. "Stax used to lease stuff to other

masks:
Danny White
White
White
White
White
Danny White
White
White


title: Danny White (New Orleans musician)

texts:
 labels too, not just put their own stuff out", <mask> said. "They got me a deal with Atlas Records out of New York, and that's when 'Keep My Woman Home' and 'I'm Dedicating My Life' came out in 1966."Because DJs did not play the record, it did not sell. It gained popularity in U.K. discotheques, prompting British label Sue Records to issue it in the U.K., but failed to chart there. Hal Atkins remained a steady supporter of <mask>'s talent. He sent <mask> back to Royal Studios to work with producer Willie Mitchell. The resulting two releases, issued in 1966 and 1967, marked <mask>'s return to Decca Records. The discs, including a remake of "Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye" had airplay in New Orleans and select other urban areas, though not enough to hit the charts. Later life
Integration, lack of successful record sales, and the British Invasion led <mask> to disband the Cavaliers in 1966.White club owners had stopped booking black R&B bands because they feared black patrons would alienate their white clientele. R&B was pushed off of radio playlists by British bands emulating their black R&B heroes. In 1968 Allen Toussaint brought <mask> back into the studio to record two sides, "Natural Soul Brother" and "One Way Love Affair", which were released by Nashville record man Shelby Singleton's SSS International with little notice. Two more sides were recorded the following year, possibly in New York City or Washington, D.C., for Kashe Records. By 1969 <mask> had left performing to manage the seminal New Orleans funk band The Meters. <mask> moved to the Washington, D.C. area in 1972 and worked as a sales manager for a furniture company. He died January 5, 1996, after suffering a stroke.<mask> was survived by his

masks: White White White White White White White White White


title: Edward Lamb

texts:
<mask> (April 23, 1901 – March 23, 1987) was an American businessman, broadcasting executive and labor lawyer. He is best known for having defended striking workers during the Auto-Lite Strike in 1934 and for successfully resisting the federal government's attempt to strip him of his broadcasting licenses during the McCarthy era. <mask> was born to British-born Clarence and Mary (Gross<mask> in 1901 in Toledo, Ohio. He was one of ten children. <mask> was a commercial fisherman on Lake Erie, and <mask> a housekeeper. <mask> entered Dartmouth College in 1920. He received a juris doctor degree from Western Reserve University (now Case Western Reserve University) in 1927.He was admitted to the Ohio bar the same year. Career

Government
In 1928, he became assistant counsel for the city of Toledo. He quit public life in 1929 and opened a private practice. Labor lawyer
In 1934, <mask> turned from corporate to labor law after workers at the Auto-Lite auto parts manufacturer asked him to represent them during the Auto-Lite Strike. "I knew it would finish me with the corporations I represented, but those workers were in the right and I took their case." <mask> became deeply involved in the negotiations which ended the violent Auto-Lite strike, and helped to successfully negotiate a collective bargaining agreement. <mask> remained active in labor law through the 1930s and 1940s, representing more than 75 unions.He was jailed several times for contempt of court during labor union strikes. Other notable instances where <mask> represented workers were the "onion fields strike" in McGuffey, Ohio, in 1934; the Little Steel Strike in Ohio in 1937; the shoe workers'

masks:
Edward Lamb
Background Lamb
) Lamb
Clarence Lamb
Mary Lamb
Lamb
Lamb
Lamb
Lamb
Lamb


title: Edward Lamb

texts:
 strike in Portsmouth, Ohio, in 1937; and the strike against the U.S. Gypsum Company in Port Clinton, Ohio, in 1938. During the shoe workers' strike, corporate attorneys initiated disbarment proceedings against <mask> for his aggressive defense of trade union members. The disbarment proceeding was unsuccessful. <mask> won a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case in 1946. In Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co., 328 U.S. 680 (1946), the Supreme Court held that workers were entitled to pay for required preliminary duties after arriving at the places of work, if the employer made them wait before and after the shift periods, and for time spent in walking from time clocks to their places of work.The decision subsequently became known as the "portal to portal case." Associations
In the 1930s, <mask> was a member of the International Juridical Association. Broadcasting
Increasingly wealthy from a series of stock investments, <mask> began buying newspapers and television and radio stations in the 1940s. Picture Waves, Inc., a Lamb-owned affiliate, was awarded the license for WTVN-TV (now WSYX) in Columbus, Ohio and the station began broadcasting in 1949. He also owned several media interests in Erie, Pennsylvania; including the now-defunct Erie Dispatch Herald newspaper and WICU-AM-TV. He nearly lost his Erie stations in a bitter legal battle with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). When the station's license came up for renewal in 1954, the FCC tried to get <mask> to surrender his broadcasting license on grounds that he associated with communists.<mask> fought for the right to hold the license, and won his case in 1957. Investments
<mask> also owned more

masks: Lamb Lamb Lamb Lamb Lamb Lamb Lamb


title: Edward Lamb

texts:
 than 55 manufacturing and financial concerns (including Nevada National Bancorporation, later part of Security Pacific Bank). One of his largest businesses was the Seiberling Rubber Co.  <mask> fought a losing proxy fight for control over the company in 1956, but seized control after another shareholder battle in 1962. Trustee

In his later years, <mask> was a trustee of the United Nations Association chapter in the United States, and participated in peace and civil rights demonstrations in the 1960s. He was also a trustee of the Fund for the Republic, a civil rights organization which was absorbed by the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions in 1979. He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto. <mask>'s company changed its name to Great Lakes Communications after selling off all of his interests outside of Erie.He continued to serve as president and chairman until his death in 1987. Personal and death

<mask> and his wife, Prudence had two children:  Priscilla <mask> and <mask>. He died on March 23, 1987, at his home in Maumee, Ohio. Legacy

His wife and children survived him, and continued to operate WICU-TV until selling it in 1996. His estate endowed the Edward Lamb Foundation of Maumee, Ohio (also listed as Perrysburg, Ohio). References

External sources
Bernstein, Irving. The Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941.Paperback edition. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Co., 1970. (Originally published 1969.) Brown, Jr., Ralph S. "Character and Candor Requirements for FCC Licensees." Law and Contemporary Problems. 22:4 (Autumn 1957). "<mask>."The Nation. April 1987. "<mask> is Dead at 84; Millionaire and Labor Lawyer."

masks:
Lamb
Lamb
Lamb
Lamb
Lamb Scher
Edward Lamb
Edward Lamb
Edward Lamb


title: Edward Lamb

texts:
 New York Times. March 25, 1987. French, Michael. "Structure, Personality, and Business Strategy in the U.S. Tire Industry: The Seiberling Rubber Company, 1922-1964."Business History Review. 67:3 (Summer 1993). "Innocent Lamb?" Time. November 29, 1954. Kelly, Frank K. Court of Reason: Robert Hutchins and the Fund for the Republic. New York: The Free Press, 1981.<mask>, <mask>. No Lamb for Slaughter. New York: Harcourt, Brace World, 1963. <mask>, <mask>. Trial By Battle: The Case History of a Washington Witch-Hunt. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, 1964. Reeves, Thomas C. Freedom and the Foundation: The Fund for the Republic in the Era of McCarthyism.New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969. "Shorn Lamb." Time. May 7, 1956. Chapman, Roger. "American Progressivism and the Cold War: The Case of <mask> of Toledo, Ohio, 1901-1987." Ph.D.diss., Bowling Green State University, 2004. WTVN-TV History Page at the Early Television Foundation
<mask> Papers, Center for Archival Collections, Jerome Library, Bowling Green State University
Full text of Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. courtesy of Findlaw.com
Fund for the Republic archives, Princeton University
"Program 75: No Lamb for Slaughter," Audio Archive, Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, Davidson Library, University of California-Santa Barbara, September 26, 1963 (Interview with <mask>)

1901 births
1987 deaths
American people of English descent
Lawyers from Toledo, Ohio
American television executives
American labor lawyers
Dartmouth College alumni
Case Western Reserve University alumni
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American businesspeople
People from

masks:
Lamb
Edward
Lamb
Edward
Edward Lamb
Edward Lamb
Edward Lamb


title: Marin Mersenne

texts:
<mask> (also known as <mask> or le Père Mersenne; ; 8 September 1588 – 1 September 1648) was a French polymath whose works touched a wide variety of fields. He is perhaps best known today among mathematicians for Mersenne prime numbers, those which can be written in the form  for some integer . He also developed Mersenne's laws, which describe the harmonics of a vibrating string (such as may be found on guitars and pianos), and his seminal work on music theory, Harmonie universelle, for which he is referred to as the "father of acoustics". <mask>, an ordained Catholic priest, had many contacts in the scientific world and has been called "the center of the world of science and mathematics during the first half of the 1600s" and, because of his ability to make connections between people and ideas, "the post-box of Europe". He was also a member of the Minim religious order and wrote and lectured on theology and philosophy. Life
Mersenne was born of Jeanne Moulière, wife of <mask>, peasants who lived near Oizé, County of Maine (present-day Sarthe, France). He was educated at Le Mans and at the Jesuit College of La Flèche.On 17 July 1611, he joined the Minim Friars and, after studying theology and Hebrew in Paris, was ordained a priest in 1613. Between 1614 and 1618, he taught theology and philosophy at Nevers, but he returned to Paris and settled at the convent of L'Annonciade in 1620. There he studied mathematics and music and met with other kindred spirits such as René Descartes, Étienne Pascal, Pierre Petit, Gilles de Roberval, Thomas Hobbes, and

masks:
Marin Mersenne
Marinus Mersennus
Mersenne
Julien Mersenne


title: Marin Mersenne

texts:
 Tommaso Campanella but concluded that he could "teach nothing in the sciences ... but still he has a good memory and a fertile imagination." Mersenne asked if Descartes wanted Campanella to come to Holland to meet him, but Descartes declined.He visited Italy fifteen times, in 1640, 1641 and 1645. In 1643–1644 <mask> also corresponded with the German Socinian Marcin Ruar concerning the Copernican ideas of Pierre Gassendi, finding Ruar already a supporter of Gassendi's position. Among his correspondents were Descartes, Galileo, Roberval, Pascal, Beeckman and other scientists. He died on 1 September 1648 of complications arising from a lung abscess. Work

Quaestiones celeberrimae in Genesim was written as a commentary on the Book of Genesis and comprises uneven sections headed by verses from the first three chapters of that book. At first sight the book appears to be a collection of treatises on various miscellaneous topics. However Robert Lenoble has shown that the principle of unity in the work is a polemic against magical and divinatory arts, cabalism, and animistic and pantheistic philosophies.He mentions Martin Del Rio's Investigations into Magic and criticises Marsilio Ficino for claiming power for images and characters. He condemns astral magic and astrology and the anima mundi, a concept popular amongst Renaissance neo-platonists. Whilst allowing for a mystical interpretation of the Cabala, he wholeheartedly condemned its magical application, particularly angelology. He also criticises Pico della Mirandola, Cornelius Agrippa, Francesco


title: Marin Mersenne

texts:
 Giorgio and Robert Fludd, his main target. Fludd responded with Sophia cum moria certamen (1626), wherein he admits his involvement with the Rosicrucians. The anonymous Summum bonum (1629), another critique of Mersenne, is an openly Rosicrucian text. The cabalist Jacques Gaffarel joined Fludd's side, while Pierre Gassendi defended Mersenne.Harmonie universelle is perhaps <mask>'s most influential work. It is one of the earliest comprehensive works on music theory, touching on a wide range of musical concepts, and especially the mathematical relationships involved in music. The work contains the earliest formulation of what has become known as <mask>'s laws, which describe the frequency of oscillation of a stretched string. This frequency is:
 Inversely proportional to the length of the string (this was known to the ancients; it is usually credited to Pythagoras)
 Proportional to the square root of the stretching force, and
 Inversely proportional to the square root of the mass per unit length. The formula for the lowest frequency is

where f is the frequency [Hz], L is the length [m], F is the force [N] and μ is the mass per unit length [kg/m]. In this book, Mersenne also introduced several innovative concepts that can be considered the basis of modern reflecting telescopes:
 Much earlier than Laurent Cassegrain, he found the fundamental arrangement of the two-mirror telescope combination, a concave primary mirror associated with a convex secondary mirror, and discovered the telephoto effect that is critical in reflecting telescopes, although he

masks: Mersenne Mersenne


title: Marin Mersenne

texts: was far from having understood all the implications of that discovery. Mersenne invented the afocal telescope and the beam compressor that is useful in many multiple-mirror telescope designs.He recognized also that he could correct the spherical aberration of the telescope by using aspherical mirrors and that in the particular case of the afocal arrangement he could do this correction by using two parabolic mirrors, though a hyperboloid is required. Because of criticism that he encountered, especially from Descartes, Mersenne made no attempt to build a telescope of his own. <mask> is also remembered today thanks to his association with the Mersenne primes. The Mersenne Twister, named for Mersenne primes, is frequently used in computer engineering and in related fields such as cryptography. However, <mask> was not primarily a mathematician; he wrote about music theory and other subjects. He edited works of Euclid, Apollonius, Archimedes, and other Greek mathematicians. But perhaps his most important contribution to the advance of learning was his extensive correspondence (in Latin) with mathematicians and other scientists in many countries.At a time when the scientific journal had not yet come into being, Mersenne was the centre of a network for exchange of information. It has been argued that Mersenne used his lack of mathematical specialty, his ties to the print world, his legal acumen, and his friendship with the French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes (1596–1650) to manifest his international network of mathematicians. <mask>'s

masks: Mersenne Mersenne Mersenne


title: Marin Mersenne

texts:
 philosophical works are characterized by wide scholarship and the narrowest theological orthodoxy. His greatest service to philosophy was his enthusiastic defence of Descartes, whose agent he was in Paris and whom he visited in exile in the Netherlands. He submitted to various eminent Parisian thinkers a manuscript copy of the Meditations on First Philosophy, and defended its orthodoxy against numerous clerical critics. In later life, he gave up speculative thought and turned to scientific research, especially in mathematics, physics and astronomy. In this connection, his best known work is Harmonie universelle of 1636, dealing with the theory of music and musical instruments.It is regarded as a source of information on 17th-century music, especially French music and musicians, to rival even the works of Pietro Cerone. One of his many contributions to musical tuning theory was the suggestion of

as the ratio for an equally-tempered semitone (). It was more accurate (0.44 cents sharp) than Vincenzo Galilei's 18/17 (1.05 cents flat), and could be constructed using straightedge and compass. <mask>'s description in the 1636 Harmonie universelle of the first absolute determination of the frequency of an audible tone (at 84 Hz) implies that he had already demonstrated that the absolute-frequency ratio of two vibrating strings, radiating a musical tone and its octave, is 1 : 2. The perceived harmony (consonance) of two such notes would be explained if the ratio of the air oscillation frequencies is also 1 : 2, which in turn is consistent with the


title: Marin Mersenne

texts:
 claiming to be among the selected members of the Brotherhood. However, it is now generally agreed among historians that there is no evidence that the order of Rosicrucians ever existed.During the mid-1630s <mask> gave up the search for physical causes in the Aristotelian sense (rejecting the idea of “essences”, which were still favoured by the scholastic philosophers) and taught that true physics could be only a descriptive science of motions (Mécanisme), which was the direction set by Galileo Galilei. <mask> had been a regular correspondent with Galileo and had extended the work on vibrating strings originally developed by his father, Vincenzo Galilei. Music
An air attributed to Mersenne was used by Ottorino Respighi in his second suite of Ancient Airs and Dances

List of works

 Euclidis elementorum libri, etc. (Paris, 1626)
 Les Mécaniques de Galilée (Paris, 1634)
  Questions inouies ou récréation des savants (1634)
 Questions théologiques, physiques, etc. (1634)
 Harmonie universelle First edition online from Gallica (Paris, 1636). Translation to English by Roger E. Chapman (The Hague, 1957)
 Nouvelles découvertes de Galilée (1639)
 Cogitata physico-mathematica (1644)
 Universae geometriae synopsis (1644)

See also
Catalan–Mersenne number/Catalan's Mersenne conjecture
Equal temperament
List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics
Renaissance skepticism
Seconds pendulum

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

 Baillet, Adrien (1691). Vie de Descartes.Dear, Peter Robert (1988). Mersenne and the Learning of the Schools Ithaca:


title: Marin Mersenne

texts:
 Cornell University Press. Gehring, F. (1922) “Mersennus, <mask> (le Père Mersenne)”. Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians (ed. J.A. Fuller Maitland). Grosslight, Justin (2013)."Small Skills, Big Networks: <mask> as Mathematical Intelligencer". History of Science 51:337–374. Moreau, Roger (2012). <mask> et la naissance de l'esprit scientifique. Editions Anagrammes, Perros Guirec. (). Poté, J.(1816). Éloge de Mersenne. Le Mans. External links

 IMSLP Traité de l'Harmonie Universelle. The Correspondence of <mask> in EMLO

 "<mask> Mersenne", Mathematics Genealogy Project. Minimospedia "<mask> Mersenne" especially for bibliography
Scholars and Literati at the "Mersenne" Academy (1635–1800), in Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE . Documentaries
<mask>—The Birth of Modern Geometry (UK Open University TV documentary made in 1986 and transmitted on BBC2)

1588 births
1648 deaths
People from Sarthe
17th-century French mathematicians
French mathematicians
17th-century French people
Number theorists
French music theorists
French Roman Catholics
Minims (religious order)
Catholic clergy scientists
Deaths from lung disease
French male non-fiction writers
17th-century French male

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Marin Mersenne
Marin Mersenne
Marin Mersenne
Marin
Marin
Marin Mersenne


title: Regino C. Hermosisima Jr.

texts: <mask>. (born October 18, 1927) of Banilad and Sibonga, Cebu, Philippines, is the incumbent 3-termer regular member of the Judicial and Bar Council. Appointed on December 17, 1997, by Fidel Ramos, he was reappointed on September 12, 2001, and on October 4, 2005, by Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. <mask>. was initially appointed to the Supreme Court as an Associate Justice on July 10, 1995, and retired on his 70th birthday on October 18, 1997. <mask>. graduated Valedictorian at the Sibonga Elementary School (1933–1940) and Salutatorian at the Cebu Provincial High School (1940–1941). He earned his Associate of Arts and his law degree with cum laude  from the University of Visayas (1948–1952). He passed the Bar Examinations in 1953 with a fair rating of 83.45%. <mask>. started his career as Law Professor, Criminal Law and Criminal Law Review at the University of Visayas, Cebu City; he taught Evidence at the Far Eastern University, Manila and Trial Technique and Moot Court at the San Sebastian College; he was a Bar Reviewer in Criminal Law at the University of Visayas and FEU, and Bar Examiner, Criminal Law, 1999 Bar Examination.<mask> Jr. attended post-graduate studies of Program for Executive Development at the Development Academy of the Philippines (1975) and at the University of the Philippines Law Center, Institute and Seminars. <mask> Jr. began his legal career in private law practice (1953; 1955–1966) by establishing the famous Hermosisima Law Offices at Cebu, Basilan City, and Zamboanga City, Zamboanga del Sur. He was Technical Assistant in 1954 of the House of

masks:
Regino Campos Hermosisima Jr
Hermosisima Jr
Profile Hermosisima Jr
Hermosisima Jr
Hermosisima
Hermosisima


title: Regino C. Hermosisima Jr.

texts:
 Representatives, Manila, City Councilor, Basilan City (1960–1963), Vice-Mayor, Basilan City (1963), chair, Eighth Amnesty Commission in 1973 at Mindanao (appointed by the then Secretary of Justice Vicente Abad Santos, while serving as CFI Judge of Basilan City). Hermosisisa Jr. rose from the ranks. He had 31 years in the judiciary, starting as trial judge (20 YEARS): Judge, Court of First Instance (1966–1976) Basilan City and Province;  Judge, CFI of Cebu (1976–1979), Branches IX and XI; Judge, Circuit Criminal Court (1983–1986), Cebu City, Branch XVIII, Region 7. <mask> Jr. was appointed by <mask> Aquino as Sandiganbayan Justice (9 years) (May 16, 1986 – July 18, 1995), and was promoted as an Associate Justice on July 10, 1995, and retired on his 70th birthday on October 18, 1997. He is the incumbent chair of the Board of Trustees, University of Cebu.He was awarded a Medal of Honor as the most distinguished alumnus of the University of Visayas. Aquino-Galman case

On December 2, 1985, Justice Manuel Pamaran of the Sandiganbayan rendered judgment in Criminal Cases Nos. 10010-10011 acquitting all the 16 accused, who allegedly killed Benigno Aquino Jr. However, the Supreme Court nullified the proceedings, which is regarded as a "sham", and ordered a retrial of the cases before the Sandiganbayan (Galman vs. Sandiganbayan, 144 SCRA 43, 1986). In his 177 pages decision dated September 28, 1990, <mask> Jr.'s Sandiganbayan found the said accused guilty as principals of the crime of murder in both Criminal Cases Nos. 10010 and 10011, and he sentenced them to reclusion perpetua

masks: Hermosisima Corazon Hermosisima


title: Regino C. Hermosisima Jr.

texts: in each case. The judgment became final after this Court denied petitioners’ petition for review of the Sandiganbayan decision for failure to show reversible error in the questioned decision, as well as their subsequent motion for reconsideration.In August 2004, the said accused asked the High Tribunal to re-open the case, but the last appeal was denied. On August 21, 2007, (Aquino's 24th death anniversary), Enrile stated that the case of the 14 soldiers incarcerated for 24 years now, due to the assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr. should be reviewed for clemency. Enrile paid for the legal services of the soldiers during their trial and said the soldiers and their families have suffered enough. 15 soldiers of the Aviation Security Command were sentenced to double life imprisonment for the double murder of Aquino and scapegoat Rolando Galman, and one of them had died. They were all initially acquitted in December 1985, by the Sandiganbayan' Manuel Pamaran, but the Sandiganbayan's <mask> C<mask> Jr. (promoted to Supreme Court Justice and incumbent 3 termer Judicial and Bar Council regular member) convicted them on September 28, 1990. On the 24th anniversary of the death of Benigno Aquino Jr., <mask> stated that she had forgiven the 14 incarcerated soldiers for the assassination of her husband but she would not ever nod to appeals for their release. On the other hand, Andres Narvasa stressed that there was no direct evidence linking Ferdinand Marcos and Fabian Ver to the murder.Narvasa further pleaded for the release of the 14 soldiers since they have suffered enough, and

masks:
Regino
. Hermosisima
Cory


title: Regino C. Hermosisima Jr.

texts:
 warned that Mrs. Aquino is  not a vengeful person. Two guns that changed Philippine history

On August 21, 2007, the 24th anniversary of Ninoy's murder, 2 guns that altered the course of Philippine history are rusting away in the drawers of the Sandiganbayan. The first is the charcoal-toned Smith & Wesson .357 Magnum pistol, with a grip made of deer horn, was discovered near the body of Rolando Galman, and was marked "Exhibit 32. Its twin or the 2nd gun surfaced when the Supreme Court ordered a retrial in 1986. This 2nd gun, which has the same serial number "K919079" as the first one was marked as "Exhibit 12," and really added to the mystery of Aquino's assassination. Sandiganbayan Associate Justice <mask> C<mask> Jr. in a 177-page decision promulgated in September 1990, incarcerated the 16 soldiers who were already acquitted by Manuel Pamaran's Sandiganbayan. In the 1990 judgment, the gun's owner was <mask>. Octavio Alvarez, who retired from the military on March 7, 1985.Both the Agrava Board report and the <mask> Jr. court resolved that it was either a .45 cal. or a .38 cal. pistol that was used in killing Aquino, thereby dismissing Olivas’ magnum theory, which pointed to Rolando Galman as the killer and the weapon as the .357 Magnum pistol. The court maintained that it was Moreno who shot Aquino but that he used a different gun. But the real weapon and the masterminds are still unaccounted for after 24 years. Meanwhile, the 2 mysterious Magnum revolvers will remain at the Sandiganbayan’s bodega until the return of Capt. Felipe Valerio, the group commander of the

masks:
Regino
. Hermosisima
Col
Hermosisima


title: Regino C. Hermosisima Jr.

texts:
 Avsecom 805th Special Operations Squadron, might be the last key to Aquino's death.Timeline of Aquino-Galman murder
 August 21, 1983 - Benigno Aquino Jr. was assassinated after disembarking a China Airlines plane at the Manila International Airport. Also killed was Rolando Galman. August 24, 1983 – Ferdinand Marcos set a fact-finding commission headed by Supreme Court Chief Justice Enrique Fernando to investigate the Aquino murder (composed of 4 retired Supreme Court Justices who resigned, after its composition was challenged in court and thereafter,  Arturo M. Tolentino declined appointment as board chair. August 31, 1983 – Burial of Ninoy at the Manila Memorial Park, Parañaque after the 11-hour procession joined by 2 million Filipinos. October 22, 1983 – Marcos created another fact-finding Agrava Board, headed by former Court of Appeals Justice <mask>zon J. Agrava, chair, with lawyer Luciano E. Salazar, businessman Dante G. Santos, labor leader Ernesto F. Herrera and educator Amado C. Dizon, as members (3 P.D. 1886 dated October 14, 1983, and Amendatory P.D. 1903 dated February 8, 1984).It held 125 hearing days from November 3, 1983 (including 3 hearings in Tokyo and 8 hearings in Los Angeles, California), heard 194 witnesses recorded in 20,377 pages of transcripts. October 22, 1984 – Agrava Board released the reports concluding that military officers, including Armed Forces Chief of Staff Gen. Fabian Ver, conspired to kill Ninoy; the Supreme Court assigned the case to the Sandiganbayan. December 2, 1985 – Manuel Pamaran Sandiganbayan acquitted all the accused. May


title: Regino C. Hermosisima Jr.

texts: 16, 1986 – <mask> Aquino appointed <mask> C<mask> Jr. Justice of the Sandigangbyan (until July 18, 1995). September 12, 1986 – The Supreme Court ordered a retrial, granting the 2nd Motion for Reconsideration in G.R. No. 72670.September 16, 1986 – The Sandiganbayan issued a warrant to arrest 25 military men, led by Ver, and a civilian. September 28, 1989 – Marcos died in exile at age 72 in Hawaii. September 28, 1990 – <mask> C<mask> Jr. penned the 177-page Sandiganbayan judgment to jail the 16 suspects, sentencing them to reclusion perpetua in each case. Convicted of the crime were the Avsecom chief, Brig. Gen. <mask>, Capt. Romeo Bautista, 2nd Lt. <mask>, and Sergeants <mask> L. Lat, Arnulfo de Mesa, Filomeno Miranda, Rolando de Guzman, Ernesto Mateo, Rodolfo Desolong, Ruben Aquino and Arnulfo Artates, gunman Constable Rogelio Moreno, M/Sgt. Pablo Martinez, C1C Mario Lazaga, A1C <mask>va Estelo and A1C Felizardo Taran.<mask> died of cancer while in prison in 1991. Estelo was stabbed dead in 2005 by another inmate. However, no mastermind was named. July 23, 1991 – The Supreme Court affirmed the conviction. July 10, 1995 - Fidel Ramos appointed <mask> C<mask> Jr. Associate Justice of the Philippine Supreme Court and retired on his 70th natal day in October 18, 1997. December 17, 1997 – <mask> C<mask> Jr. was appointed Judicial and Bar Council regular member.November 21, 1998 – Ver died of a lung ailment in Bangkok. September 12, 2001 – <mask> C<mask> Jr. was re-appointed Judicial and Bar Council regular member. March 8, 2005 – The Supreme Court denied the petition of the

masks:
Corazon
Regino
. Hermosisima
Regino
. Hermosisima
Luther Custodio
Jesus Castro
Claro
Cordo
Custodio
Regino
. Hermosisima
Regino
. Hermosisima
Regino
. Hermosisima


title: Regino C. Hermosisima Jr.

texts:
 accused (filed in August 2004) to re-open the case. October 4, 2005 – <mask> C<mask> Jr. was reappointed Judicial and Bar Council regular member, for his 3rd term, duplicating the 3rd term of Teresita <mask>. His last term was set to expire on July 9, 2009. August 21, 2007 – The 24th anniversary of Ninoy's murder. Chief Justice Andres Narvasa appealed for the closure of the case; Juan Ponce Enrile asked for the review for clemency in favor of the 14 convicts; Palawan Bishop Pedro Arigo, chair of the CBCP’s Episcopal Commission on Prison Pastoral Care (ECPPC) asked for a pardon for the convicts, though he said the ECPPC will have to study the cases before asking clemency for the soldiers; <mask> Aquino and Benigno Aquino III forgave the 14 soldiers but opposed their appeals for clemency or parole (which Sec.Raul Gonzales submitted to the President on 2004); Eduardo Ermita stated that the Bureau of Pardons and Parole had recommended a grant of executive clemency. August 24, 2007 - Eduardo Ermita officially announced that due to political implications, the appeal for clemency by the 14 soldiers was archived, even if the Bureau of Pardons and Parole presently reviews the plea. The executive secretary refused to give a time frame for the review. Judicial and Bar Council
In April 2004, <mask> Jr. was duly appointed chair of The Change Management Committee's Technical Group, with the function of restructuring and strengthening of the Judicial and Bar Council (JBC) and the Philippine Judicial Academy (PHILJA). On March 10, 2006, <mask> Jr. delivered a brilliant speech on the

masks:
Regino
. Hermosisima
Cruz Sison
Corazon
Hermosisima
Hermosisima


title: Regino C. Hermosisima Jr.

texts:
 Judicial and Bar Council Strategic and Operations Planning Workshop at the Pan Pacific Hotel, Adriatico, Manila. Likewise, he stated in his JBC message that the Council aims to nominate the "best and the brightest" among the applicants. In support, he cited Oliver Wendell <mask> Jr. was past President of the Councils of YMCA movements in Asia and Pacific countries and Territories and incumbent Member of Executive Committee, Standing Committees and Task Groups For the Quadrennium:2004-2007 and Member also of the CONSTITUTIONAL MATTERS, YMCA. On November 27, 2005, the feast day of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal, <mask> Jr. was reelected national President of the YMCA, Philippines (established in 1911, 94 years ago). <mask> Jr. was also:
 Charter Member, Community Chest
 Past President, Basilan JAYCEES
 Past President, Cebu Capitol Tennis Club
 Past President, Cebu Tennis Club
 Past President, Philippine Columbian Association
 Past President, Rotary Club of Basilan
 Past President, Rotary Club of Cebu
 President, Parish Pastoral Council, St. Peter Parish, Quezon City
 President, YMCA of Cebu
 Roman Catholic Lay Leader
 Special Minister of Holy Communion

<mask> Jr. wrote brilliant ponencias: Sombongh v. Court of Appeals, Atok Big Wedge Mining Company v. Intermediate Appellate Court, Catholic Bishop of Balanga v. Court of Appeals, Equatorial Realty Development Inc. v. Court of Appeals, Estate of Mariano San Pedro vs. Court of Appeals, GMRC, Inc., et al. v. Court of Appeals, Islamic Directorate of the Philippines v. Court of Appeals, De Santos v. Hon. Angeles,

masks:
Holmes Jrmosisima
Hermosisima
Hermosisima
Hermosisima


title: Regino C. Hermosisima Jr.

texts:
 Defensor-Santiago, et al. v. Comelec, inter alia. Family
<mask> Jr. lives at a small condominium at the Capitol Estates, Fairview, near the St. Peter Parish and Ever Gotesco, Fairview, Quezon City.Papa Ino to his grandchildren <mask> is married to Rosemary P. Navarro of Alaminos, Pangasinan, and Lamitan, Basilan Province. They were blessed by God with very good children: Atty. Marceliano <mask>, Assistant Vice-President, Trust Department, Philippine National Bank; Mr. <mask>, businessman; Dr. <mask>-<mask>, Asst. City Health Officer, Zamboanga City; Dr. Monalisa <mask>, <mask>a, Consultant Physician, Chong Hua Hospital, Cebu City; and Dr. Beverly Ann <mask>, Consultant Physician, Chong Hua Hospital, Cebu City. See also
 Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
 Constitution of the Philippines
 Supreme Court of the Philippines

References

External links
 JBC Gallery
 JBC Profile
 Members, Supreme Court
Official website of the Judicial and Bar Council
Supreme Court of the Philippines

Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
Filipino lawyers
Living people
1927 births
People from Cebu
University of the Visayas alumni
YMCA

masks:
Hermosisima
Regino
Hermosisima
Mario Hermosisima
Carol Hermosisima
Carabaña
Hermosisima
Chu
Hermosisima


title: Earnie Shavers

texts:
<mask> (born August 31, 1944), best known as <mask>, is an American former professional boxer who competed between 1969 and 1995. A two-time world heavyweight championship challenger, Shavers is known for being one of the hardest punchers in boxing history. He scored 68 knockout wins, including 23 in the first round. He holds a 76.4% overall knockout ratio. Shavers challenged unsuccessfully twice for the heavyweight championship, losing to Muhammad Ali in 1977 and to Larry Holmes in 1979. He hurt Ali in the second round and scored a seventh-round knockdown against Holmes. Shavers defeated former world champions Vicente Rondón, Jimmy Ellis, and Ken Norton, as well as three-time European heavyweight champion Joe Bugner and top heavyweight contender  Jimmy Young.In 2001, Shavers released an autobiography called Welcome to the Big Time. Since retiring from boxing he has attended boxing events as a special guest, autograph signer, and motivational speaker. Amateur career
Shavers started boxing at the late age of 22. Before turning professional, he had a short but notable amateur career, winning the 1969 National AAU heavyweight title. In March 1969, National Golden Gloves director Tony Mange said Shavers "carries a hefty punch". He had nine straight knockout wins before he was himself knocked out by the 230-pound (104 kg) West German Horst Koschemann. Highlights

 Cleveland Golden Gloves, Cleveland, Ohio, 1968:
Finals: Defeated Mike Boswell
National Golden Gloves, Salt Lake City, Utah, March 1968:
1/8: Defeated Dave Foley
1/4: Defeated Tommy Garrett by decision
1/2: Lost to Frank Steele TKO 3
United States National Championships, Toledo, Ohio, April 1968:
1/8: Lost to Chuck Haynes TKO
National Golden Gloves, Municipal Auditorium, Kansas City, Missouri, March 1969:
1/8: Defeated Bernard Roberts

masks:
Earnie Dee Shaver
Earnie Shavers


title: Earnie Shavers

texts:
 KO 1
1/4: Defeated Nick Wells by decision
1/2: Lost to Ron Draper by decision

 United States National Championships, San Diego, California, April 1969:
1/8: Defeated Wayne McGee KO
1/4: Defeated Mose Hill Jr. KO 2
1/2: Defeated Otis Evans KO
Finals: Defeated Charles Elder TKO 1
USA–FRG Duals, Cincinnati Gardens, Cincinnati, Ohio, June 1969:
Lost to Horst Koschemann (West Germany) TKO 2
Ohio State Fair Amateur Boxing Tournament, State Fairgrounds, Columbus, Ohio, August 1969:

National Team Selection Eliminator, Fort Campbell, Kentucky, October 1969:
Lost to Charles Elder by decision

Shavers posted a 20–6 amateur record as a heavyweight and recorded 14 knockouts (with half losses also by knockout.)Professional career

Early bouts
Known as the "Black Destroyer", Shavers won 44 of his first 47 fights by knockout; mostly against unremarkable opposition. This included 27 consecutive knockouts, of which 20 were in the first round. He suffered setbacks with losses to Ron Stander and Stan Johnson. He began to rise to the upper ranks of the heavyweight division after he hired Cleveland-based promoter Don King to be his manager. His wins included a novice Jimmy Young who later became a world championship contender. Stepping up the class of opposition, he came to public prominence with a first-round KO of one time WBA heavyweight champion Jimmy Ellis. His progress was halted when he was KO'd in the first round by Jerry Quarry, which was followed by another loss to a journeyman Bob Stallings.Shavers then had a thunderous match with hard hitting Ron Lyle but was stopped after 6 brutal rounds. He then knocked out hard hitter Howard King and beat powerful prospect Roy Williams in a brutal back and forward battle in which Shavers was nearly knocked out, a match <mask> maintains was one of the


title: Earnie Shavers

texts:
 toughest of his career. Fighting champions

<mask> vs Ali

<mask> fought Muhammad Ali at Madison Square Garden on September 29, 1977. Coming into the bout, Shavers had a record of 54–5–1, with 52 knockouts. Ali nicknamed Shavers "The Acorn" because of his shaved bald head. The fight was shown in prime time broadcast television by NBC, which rarely did prime time fights (ABC tended to get the Ali fights) and had the judges' scoring announced after each round to help avoid any controversial decision. Ali's cornerman Angelo Dundee asked Baltimore matchmaker Eddie Hrica to watch the broadcast in the dressing room and signal on the scoring.In the second round, Shavers hurt Ali with an overhand right. Ali play-acted that he was seriously hurt, and Shavers hesitated. On the scorecard they exchanged rounds. Ali won the fifth decisively. To win the fight Ali had to survive the last three rounds. Shavers, whose stamina was suspect before the fight, came alive in the 13th round. In the 14th, he battered Ali about the ring.Before the 15th, according to Sports Illustrated boxing writer Pat Putnam, "Ali was on very wobbly legs." Realizing Ali needed to last three more minutes, Dundee told him, "You don't look so good. You better go out and take this round." In a furious final round, the two men tagged each other, but Ali closed strongly, nearly dropping Shavers in the last 20 seconds. He won a unanimous decision. The next day, Garden matchmaker Teddy Brenner encouraged Ali to retire by stating the Garden would never make another offer to host an Ali fight. Brenner also thought that Shavers deserved the nod against Ali.The fight made the cover of Sports Illustrated, with "ALI'S DESPERATE HOUR" featuring a photograph of Shavers scoring with an overhand right. Ali's fight doctor Ferdie Pacheco also urged

masks: Shavers Shavers


title: Earnie Shavers

texts:
 Ali to retire after noting the punishment Ali had absorbed against Shavers. Ali later said Shavers was the hardest puncher he ever faced, stating "Earnie hit me so hard, it shook my kinfolk back in Africa" - a quip Ali had previously used to describe other hard-hitting opponents. Shavers vs Norton
In a mandatory title challenge eliminator he knocked out former champion Ken Norton in the first round, possibly the best win of his career. <mask> vs <mask> then fought for the title against world heavyweight  champion Larry Holmes at Caesars Palace in Paradise, NV on September 29, 1979, exactly two years after his defeat by Ali. Shavers knocked Holmes down in round seven but  after taking punches in the eleventh round without responding, the referee stopped the fight. Holmes, known for his ability to take a punch, later said that Shavers' blow was the hardest he had ever taken in his career.Later career
The Holmes bout was the last big match for Shavers. In 1980, in a wild slugfest he was stopped in the eighth round by durable prospect Randall "Tex" Cobb. Prior to the Cobb fight, Shavers had undergone eye surgery for a detached retina. (Since eye surgery was not nearly as refined then as it is today, the majority of boxers retired for good after that kind of injury. In the words of Duane Ford, a detached retina for a boxer was like an AIDS diagnosis). Shavers had not fully recovered from the surgery when he came back for the Cobb fight. He never again fought for the world title.In 1982 he fought Joe Bugner, also on the comeback trail. Bugner was knocked down in the first, and was stopped by cuts in the second round. <mask> continued to fight professionally for several years, retiring in 1995 after losing to Brian Yates. Many thought he should have retired after his upset loss to lower contender

masks:
Shavers
Holmes Shavers
Shavers


title: Earnie Shavers

texts:
 Bernardo Mercado. Shavers suffered a similar retinal eye injury as boxer Sugar Ray Leonard. Comeback
<mask> attempted two abbreviated comebacks–—a fight in 1987, and two in 1995, in the second of which he was KO'd by Brian Yates in round 2. After this loss, Shavers retired for good.<mask> has been named among the top-10 punchers in boxing history by The Ring and others. Shavers finished his career in 1995 with a record of 74 wins (68 by knockout, 23 inside the first round, with 46 in the first 3 rounds), 14 losses and 1 draw. Fighting style

Shavers was an exceptionally heavy puncher who stalked his opponents, setting them up for his thunderous right, which was responsible for many of his knockouts, although Angelo Dundee in a Sports Illustrated mid-1970s article said "He can get you out of there with any kind of shot", referring to Shavers's ability to inflict damage with a left hook, right cross or right uppercut. Several boxers famous for their tough chins had fallen to Shavers's punches, including Bugner and Ellis who were felled by his uppercut. Shavers would throw punches against any legal area he could reach, exposed or covered, relying on his tremendous power to wear down his opponents and exploiting any opening. His fighting stance produced a short and powerful image. His chin was his weakness.He could however "box" as well as slug. Notably, he injured his right hand early in a 10-round match against rated craftsman Henry Clark and responded with  a strong jabbing performance to beat Clark, himself noted for his jabbing ability, on points. Video and book
Shavers published a video of highlights of his career in 1992 titled Earnie D. Shavers, The hardest one-punch hitter, and later an autobiography. Life after boxing

Shavers retired in 1983 after retinal problems were discovered.


title: Earnie Shavers

texts:
 After retirement, he became an ordained Christian minister and moved to Phoenix, where he preached for many years. He moved to England to pastor a church there in the early 2000s. He has been on the Benny Hinn TV show several times.During the early 1980s while preparing for the feature film Rocky III, Sylvester Stallone explored the possibility of using a real heavyweight boxer in the role of James "Clubber" Lang by inviting <mask> <mask> to spar with him. Shavers initially refused to hit Stallone with anything other than a soft jab. This frustrated Stallone, who asked Shavers, "C'mon Earnie, show me something real." <mask> responded by punching him once near the liver, forcing an immediate retirement; Stallone later said: "that nearly killed me. I went straight to the men's room and threw up". However, according to Rhonda Young, the film's casting director, the reason why he was eventually not chosen for the part is that his voice was too high-pitched and not menacing enough (Joe Frazier was also considered but, reportedly, couldn't even read the character's lines without stuttering). Shavers visited Ali several times and he says he, Ali, and George Foreman became very good friends over the years.Foreman, when asked about toughest and hardest punching opponent he ever met in the ring, said:
Foreman: You only meet three genuine punchers throughout your career: Gerry Cooney, Ronnie Lyle and Cleveland Williams, and they hit so hard that it vibrates your body even if you block, it just goes right through you. Letterman: What about <mask>? Foreman: I never fought <mask> <mask>. Thank goodness. Shavers accepted the invitation of the Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International to preach at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester. Earnie also worked in Liverpool in the UK, as head of

masks:
Earnie
Shavers
Earnie
Ernie Shavers
Earnie
Shavers


title: Earnie Shavers

texts:
 security at Hannah's bar, where he was very much respected. The staff of Hannah's bar say that he does not work there now.Until 2009, he worked at Yates' Wine Lodge in Liverpool "meeting and greeting". On occasion Shavers was a troubleshooting referee in professional wrestling after his retirement. He is also a Patron of The Shannon Bradshaw Trust, a children's charity based in Warrington, Cheshire, helping children with life-threatening conditions, and their families. Earnie speaks to pupils at Barr Beacon Language College in Walsall. Earnie also gave a speech 26 February 2008 at The Streetly School in Walsall, which was based upon helping kids make the right decisions in life. Personal life
Shavers was married to Laverne Payne. They had five daughters from their marriage together: Tamara, Cynthia, Catherine, Carla, and Amy.He also has four daughters and a son from other relationships: Catherine, Lisa, Natasha and Latonya, and a son, <mask>, Jr. He has 24 grandchildren and one great grandchild. He worked at General Motors in Lordstown, Ohio in the late 1960s. Shavers made a guest appearance on the Irish TV programme The Late Late Show hosted by Ron Lyle where the two fighters discussed their previous bout that had happened a month earlier. Shavers was a frequent visitor to the pub "Roddy Bolands" in Dublin. There is a signed picture of Shavers drinking a pint of Guinness on the wall there. Professional boxing record

References

External links

1944 births
American Christian clergy
Heavyweight boxers
Living people
Professional wrestling referees
Winners of the United States Championship for amateur boxers
African-American boxers
American male boxers
Sportspeople with a vision impairment
People from Butler County, Alabama
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American


title: Aleksander Michałowski

texts:
<mask> (17 October 1938) was a Polish pianist, pedagogue and composer who, in addition to his own immense technique, had a profound influence upon the teaching of pianoforte technique, especially in relation to the works of Chopin and J.S. Bach, and left this legacy among a large number of pupils. Early life and training
<mask> was born in 1851 in Kamianets-Podilskyi in Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire. From 1867, at the age of 16, he studied at Leipzig Conservatory as a pupil of Ignaz Moscheles, Carl Reinecke and Theodor Coccius. Coccius was his greatest influence, and he was industrious, often practising for 10 hours a day. In 1869 he went to Berlin and studied under Carl Tausig. (Tausig attempted to make him adopt a very high finger position, which nearly ruined his technique.)He moved to Warsaw, where he settled permanently, in 1870. At about this time he made the friendship of Karol Mikuli (1821-1897), who had received lessons from Chopin between 1844 and 1848, and was head of the Lviv Conservatory. Mikuli imparted to him many of the composer's own ideas about the performance of his works; <mask> also met Chopin's gifted pupil Princess Marcelina Czartoryska (née Radziwiłł), who played some mazurkas to him. Moscheles had also been a friend of Chopin's, and therefore <mask> obtained a rich understanding of Chopin's pianistic thought and performance. His Chopin style
He was familiar with all Chopin's works, and devoted a lifetime to their study. In performance, he occasionally altered the musical text, and transcribed some in the manner of Moriz Rosenthal. In 1878 he visited Franz Liszt at Weimar, and at first (having connections with the Leipzig

masks:
Aleksander Michałowski
Aleksander Michałowski
Michałowski
Michałowski


title: Aleksander Michałowski

texts:
 Conservatory) was not made welcome, but afterwards made such an impression that Liszt acknowledged his authenticity of performance and approved the variants that he introduced.A later successor at Warsaw Zbigniew Drzewiecki wrote:
'As an interpreter of Chopin he created a certain style of rendering the composer's works which found many imitators. It consisted of the chiselling of swift passages and stressing their elegance in smoothing the edges of sharper expressive climaxes, in lending Chopin's works the air of almost drawing-room sentimentality. And yet this slight sentimentality was always under the strict control of moderation, instrumental purity and good taste.' Teaching principles
In 1874 he settled in Warsaw and took up teaching, at first privately. From 1891 he became professor of the concert pianists' class at the Warsaw Institute of Music (at that time under the direction of Apolinary Katski), and continued there until 1918, after which he taught at the Fryderyk Chopin Music School of the Warsaw Music Society. He particularly emphasised the importance of contrapuntal playing, and during the first two years of his students' work with him he made them play a lot of J.S. Bach.In the case of one of his most famous pupils, Wanda Landowska, this led to a career dedicated to Bach and to baroque music. Chopin himself had a particular sympathy for Bach, and <mask> understood that the contrapuntal principles were most important for the understanding of Chopin's work. He also developed the imaginative and bravura aspects of his students' playing. He used much demonstration in his lessons, and encouraged students to imitate aspects of his own performance.


title: Aleksander Michałowski

texts:
 Students and successors
Among his very many students were several who might have had more famous international careers had not the two world wars interrupted or in some cases terminated their work. Among them was Jerzy Żurawlew, who founded the International Chopin Piano Competitions in 1927. Wanda Landowska, Vladimir Sofronitsky  and Mischa Levitzki were probably the most famous pupils.Jerzy Lefeld became his amanuensis. Bolesław Kon, an outstanding pupil, who also studied with Konstantin Igumnov, died in 1936 aged 30. Róża Etkin-Moszkowska was killed in the German retreat from Warsaw in 1944. Henryk Pachulski (b. 1859) and Piotr Maszyński (b. 1855) were among his earlier pupils, and Stanislaw Urstein, Edwarda Chojnacka, Wiktor Chapowicki, Józef Śmidowicz, Vladimir Sofronitsky, and Bolesław Woytowicz among the later ones. Heinrich Neuhaus, a renowned teacher, whose own pupils included Sviatoslav Richter, Emil Gilels, Yakov Zak and Ryszard Bakst, received lessons from <mask>.Radziwonowicz also lists Stefania Allina, Zofia Buckiewiczowa, Janina Familier Hepner, Zofia Frankiewicz, Stefania Niekrasz, Stanislaw Nawrocki, Ludomir Różycki, Piotr Rytel, Henryk Schulz-Evler, Władysław Szpilman, Juliusz Wolfsohn and Alexander Zakin as Michałowski pupils. Józef Turczyński, his immediate successor at Warsaw, and after him Zbigniew Drzewiecki, were not his students but continued his work as leading teachers of the Polish school. Later career
<mask> was also a chamber musician, and performing duos with the violinist Stanisław Barcewicz, and trios with Barcewicz and the cellist Aleksandr Verzhbilovich. He wrote 35 pianoforte works (mostly short, brilliant items) and

masks: Michałowski Michałowski


title: Aleksander Michałowski

texts:
 produced an instructive edition of the works of Chopin. He made a substantial number of gramophone records, made in three different periods, the first around 1906, the second around 1918, and the last in the 1930s. Harold C. Schonberg considered that they revealed a 'heroic voice.' Although he had been a very successful concert performer, he increasingly turned to teaching, particularly when his sight failed rapidly after 1912.However he was persuaded back to the platform by a colleague, Mme Ruszczycówna, and gave large numbers of concerts in the following years, in 1919 celebrating a half-century since his debut. In 1929 he performed both Chopin concerti in a single concert. He died in Warsaw aged 87, on 17 October 1938, the anniversary of the death of Chopin. Discographie

2016 : Acte Préalable AP0365 – <mask> <mask> - Piano Works 1 (Artur Cimirro)

See also
List of Poles

Notes

Sources
Arthur Eaglefield Hull, A Dictionary of Modern Music and Musicians (Dent, London 1924). J. Methuen-Campbell, Chopin Playing from the Composer to the Present Day (Gollancz, London 1981). H.C. Schonberg, The Great Pianists (Gollancz, London 1964). External links

 Prof Karol Radziwonowicz, The Greatest Polish Pianists in the History of Chopin's Time till today (Chopinov Zlati Prstan, 3 Oct 2007: KULTURNICA BLAŽ KUMERDEJ, Gorenjska cesta 25)

 Scores by <mask> <mask> in digital library Polona

1851 births
1938 deaths
People from Kamianets-Podilskyi
People from Kamenets-Podolsky Uyezd
Polish composers
Polish classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Lviv Conservatory alumni
Chopin University of Music faculty
Piano pedagogues
Władysław Szpilman
Officers of the Order of

masks: Aleksander Michałowski Aleksander Michałowski


title: Charles Townshend

texts:
<mask> (28 August 1725 – 4 September 1767) was a British politician who held various titles in the Parliament of Great Britain. His establishment of the controversial Townshend Acts is considered one of the key causes of the American Revolution. Early life
He was born at his family's seat
of Raynham Hall in Norfolk, England, the second son of <mask>, 3rd Viscount <mask>, and Audrey (died  1788), daughter and heiress of Edward Harrison of Ball's Park, near Hertford. He was a sickly child, suffered from epilepsy, and had a strained relationship with his parents. <mask> was a brash young man, whose "wonderful endowments [were] dashed with follies and indiscretions." <mask> graduated from the Dutch Leiden University on 27 October 1745;  while there he had associated with a small group of other English youth, who later became well known in various circles, including Dowdeswell, Wilkes, and Alexander Carlyle. The latter would chronicle their exploits in his Autobiography.Following his return in 1746, he represented Great Yarmouth in Parliament until 1756, when he found a seat for the admiralty borough of Saltash, subsequently transferring in 1761 to Harwich, another borough where the seat was in the government's gift. Public attention was first drawn to his abilities in 1753, when he delivered a lively attack against Lord Hardwicke's marriage bill, although this measure passed into law. Politics
From 1749- April 1759, <mask> was a member of the Board of Trade. It was during this time that he first showed an interest in increasing British powers of taxation and control over the American colonies. In 1754 and 1755, he served as Lord of the Admiralty,

masks:
Charles Townshend
Charles Townshend
Townshend
Townshend
Charles
Townshend


title: Charles Townshend

texts: but at the close of 1755, his passionate attack against the policy of the ministry caused his resignation. In the administration which was formed in November 1756, and which was ruled by William Pitt the Elder, the lucrative office of treasurer of the chamber was given to <mask>, but he retired the following Spring and George Grenville took over. The higher post of First Lord of the Admiralty then fell to <mask>'s lot and his refusal to accept the nomination led to his exclusion from the new administration.In the dying days of Grenville's cabinet, to retain the administration of Lord Rockingham, <mask> accepted the position of Paymaster of The Forces, though he questioned the stability of the administration, calling it a "mere Lute-string administration" and stating that it was "pretty 'summer wear', but it will never stand the winter." Under the ministry of William Pitt the Elder, <mask> accepted the role of Chancellor of the Exchequer in August 1766. A few weeks later his urgent appeals to the Prime Minister for increased power were favorably answered, and he was admitted to the inner circle of the cabinet. The new chancellor proposed the continuance of the land tax at four shillings in the pound, while he held out hopes that it might be reduced next year to three shillings, whereupon his predecessor, William Dowdeswell, by the aid of the landed gentlemen, carried a motion that the reduction should take effect at once. <mask> pledged to find revenue in America with which to meet the deficiency caused by the reduction. Early in 1767, shortly after The Stamp Act was repealed owing to colonial protests and boycotts of British goods, <mask>

masks: Townshend Townshend Townshend Townshend Townshend Townshend


title: Charles Townshend

texts:
 proposed that the Parliament could procure revenue from the Americans without causing them offense via "external" import taxes instead of internal taxes. These were known as the Townshend Acts.The Acts passed resolutions for taxing several exports to America, such as glass, paint, paper and tea. The Townshend Acts established a Board of Commissioners in Boston to enforce them, which was seen as a threat to the American colonial tradition of self-government. He estimated these export taxes would produce a sum of £40,000 for the English treasury. He had the support of his cousin <mask> who was also a minister in the government. The Townshend Acts would be <mask>'s last official act before his death. Soon after that he died somewhat suddenly of a fever on  September 4, 1767. Private life
In August 1755 he had married Caroline Campbell (d. 1794), the eldest daughter of John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll and the widow of Francis Scott, Earl of Dalkeith, the eldest son of Francis Scott, 2nd Duke of Buccleuch.<mask>'s wife was created (August 1767) baroness Greenwich, and his elder brother <mask>, 1st <mask>, was made Lord-lieutenant of Ireland. <mask> conceived a great and dangerous passion for his step-daughter Frances Douglas, Lady Douglas, and her memorialist, Lady Louisa Stuart, wrote after his death of his character:
This was careless, gay, inconsiderate, volatile, seemingly foreign to every serious reflection or feeling. He had one of those happy tempers which nothing can ruffle, without a grain of pride, sternness or resentment in his nature. Ready to laugh with every body and at every thing, he poured out wit in torrents; and it was so much the

masks:
Thomas Townshend
Townshend
Townshend
George Townshend
Marquess Townshend
Townshend


title: Charles Townshend

texts:
 worse for truth if ever truth stood in wit's way. The American towns of Townsend, Massachusetts and Townshend, Vermont were founded and named after <mask> in 1732 and 1753, respectively. Raynham, Massachusetts was also named after him. References

Lady Louisa Stuart, Memoire of Frances, Lady Douglas (Edinburgh and London, Scottish Academic Press, 1985)
William Edward Hartpole Lecky, History of England (1892);
Horace Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign of George III., edited by G. F. R. Barker (1894)
Reuben Percy and Sholto Percy (1823) The Percy Anecdotes, 1823; online text.Memoir (1866) by Percy Fitzgerald

1725 births
1767 deaths
18th-century English nobility
18th-century English politicians
<mask>
Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain
Younger sons of viscounts
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Saltash
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1747–1754
British MPs 1754–1761
British MPs 1761–1768
Politics of the Borough of Great Yarmouth
Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain
Lords of the Admiralty
Paymasters of the Forces
Presidents of the Board of Trade
British officials in the American Revolution
People with epilepsy
Leiden University alumni
People from North Norfolk

masks:
Charles Townshend
Charles Townshend


title: Jillian Clare

texts:
<mask> (born July 25, 1992) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her role as pre-teen Abigail "Abby" Deveraux on Days of Our Lives, Hayley on Victorious, and her lead role as Lindsey Lou in the film Pretty Broken. Biography
Born in Portland, Oregon. <mask> began a stage career on singing. One year later, she starred in A Dream is a Wish, a one-person original stage musical. Afterwards, she starred in several TV commercials. In the summer of 2000, <mask> moved to Los Angeles, and began appearing in film and television roles.In 2002 she had two roles in major movies including Sam Raimi's Spider-Man and a role as the voice of a little girl in Steven Spielberg's Catch Me if You Can. In 2004, she received a position as a host on the children's news-magazine show All Access Pass. She acted in, executive-produced, and co-wrote the theme song for the live action comedy pilot L.A.F.I.T., in 2005. Her singing has appeared on the Soap Sessions 8 Christmas CD, the Hollywood Hooligans Christmas CD, and a number of CDs for children. <mask> also has performed for many charitable causes, mostly for the protection of animals. <mask> <mask> has appeared on both the big and small screen in numerous projects including her double award winning portrayal of pre-teen Abby Deveraux on NBC's Days of Our Lives and guest appearances on ABC's Castle and Suburgatory, etc. Her most well-known character on the silver screen was in the Nickelodeon show Victorious in the two-parter "Freak the Freak Out" as Haley Ferguson, a rival to Tori Vega (played by Victoria Justice).Recent films include starring roles in The Kitchen, alongside Bryan Greenberg and Laura Prepon,

masks:
Jillian Clare
Clare
Clare
Clare
Jillian
Clare