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 Becky Sharp. She told Hollywood columnist Erskine Johnson in 1959 that her time in films was "too fleeting even for recollections embellished by the years"  and that "my choice of a career was teaching school and the many jobs I pursued were merely to help with college expenses."In 1937, <mask> graduated cum laude from USC with a Bachelor of Science degree in merchandising, together with a certificate to teach at the high school level, which USC deemed equivalent to a master's degree. <mask> accepted a position as a high school teacher in Whittier, California. Marriage and family, early campaigns
While in Whittier, <mask> met <mask>, a young lawyer who had recently graduated from the Duke University School of Law. The two became acquainted at a Little Theater group when they were cast together in The Dark Tower. Known as Dick, he asked <mask> to marry him the first night they went out. "I thought he was nuts or something!" she recalled.He courted the redhead he called his "wild Irish Gypsy" for two years, even driving her to and from her dates with other men. They eventually married on June 21, 1940, at the Mission Inn in Riverside, California. She said that she had been attracted to the young <mask> because he "was going places, he was vital and ambitious ... he was always doing things". Later, referring to <mask>, she said, "Oh but you just don't realize how much fun he is! He's just so much fun!" Following a brief honeymoon in Mexico, the two lived in a small apartment in Whittier. As U.S. involvement in World War II began, the couple moved to Washington, D.C., with Richard taking a position as a lawyer for the Office of Price Administration (OPA); <mask> worked as a secretary for the American

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texts: Red Cross, but also qualified as a price analyst for the OPA.He then joined the United States Navy, and while he was stationed in San Francisco, she resumed work for the OPA as an economic analyst. Veteran UPI reporter Helen Thomas suggested that in public, the <mask>s "moved through life ritualistically", but privately, however, they were "very close". In private, <mask> was described as being "unabashedly sentimental", often praising <mask> for her work, remembering anniversaries and surprising her with frequent gifts. During state dinners, he ordered the protocol changed so that <mask> could be served first. <mask>, in turn, felt that her husband was vulnerable and sought to protect him. Of his critics, she said that "Lincoln had worse critics. He was big enough not to let it bother him.That's the way my husband is." <mask> campaigned at her husband's side in 1946 when he entered politics and successfully ran for a seat in the United States House of Representatives. That same year, she gave birth to a daughter and namesake, <mask>, known as Tricia. In 1948, <mask> had her second and last child, Julie. When asked about her husband's career, <mask> once stated, "The only thing I could do was help him, but [politics] was not a life I would have chosen." <mask> participated in the campaign by doing research on his opponent, incumbent Jerry Voorhis. She also wrote and distributed campaign literature.<mask> was elected in his first campaign to represent California's 12th congressional district. During the next six years, <mask> saw her husband move from the U.S. House of Representatives to the United States Senate, and then be nominated as Dwight D. Eisenhower's vice presidential candidate. Although

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 <mask> was a Methodist, she and her husband attended whichever Protestant church was nearest to their home, especially after moving to Washington. They attended the Metropolitan Memorial Methodist Church because it sponsored her daughters' Brownie troop, occasional Baptist services with the Reverend Dr. Billy Graham, and Norman Vincent Peale's Marble Collegiate Church. Second Lady of the United States, 1953–1961

At the time of her husband coming under consideration for the vice presidential nomination, <mask> was against her husband accepting the selection, as she despised campaigns and had been relieved that as a newly elected senator he would not have another one for six years. She thought she had prevailed in convincing him, until she heard the announcement of the pick from a news bulletin while at the 1952 Republican National Convention. During the Presidential campaign of 1952, <mask>'s attitude toward politics changed when her husband was accused of accepting illegal campaign contributions.<mask> encouraged him to fight the charges, and he did so by delivering the famed "Checkers speech", so-called for the family's dog, a cocker spaniel given to them by a political supporter. This was <mask>'s first national television appearance, and she, her daughters, and the dog were featured prominently. Defending himself as a man of the people, <mask> stressed his wife's abilities as a stenographer, then said, "I should say this, that <mask> doesn't have a mink coat. But she does have a respectable Republican cloth coat, and I always tell her she would look good in anything." <mask> accompanied her husband abroad during his vice presidential years. She traveled to 53 nations, often bypassing luncheons

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 and teas and instead visiting hospitals, orphanages, and even a leper colony in Panama. On a trip to Venezuela, the <mask>s' limousine was pelted with rocks and the couple was spat upon as representatives of the U.S. government.A November 1, 1958, article in The Seattle Times was typical of the media's favorable coverage of the future First Lady, stating that "Mrs. <mask> is always reported to be gracious and friendly. And she sure is friendly. She greets a stranger as a friend. She doesn't just shake hands but clasps a visitor's hand in both her hands. Her manner is direct ... Mrs. <mask> also upheld her reputation of always looking neat, no matter how long her day has been." A year and a half later, during her husband's campaign for the presidency, The New York Times called her "a paragon of wifely virtues" whose "efficiency makes other women feel slothful and untalented". <mask> was named Outstanding Homemaker of the Year (1953), Mother of the Year (1955), and the Nation's Ideal Housewife (1957), and once admitted that she pressed all of her husband's suits one evening."Of course, I didn't have to," she told The New York Times, "But when I don't have work to do, I just think up some new project." Her husband's campaigns—1960, 1962 and 1968
In the 1960 election, Vice President <mask> ran for president of the United States against Democratic opponent Senator John F. Kennedy. <mask> was featured prominently in the effort; an entire advertising campaign was built around the slogan "<mask> for First Lady". <mask> conceded the election to Kennedy, although the race was very close and there were allegations of voter fraud. <mask> had urged her husband to demand a recount of votes, though <mask>

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 declined. <mask> was most upset about the television cameras, which recorded her reaction when her husband lost—"millions of television viewers witnessed her desperate fight to hold a smile upon her lips as her face came apart and the bitter tears flowed from her eyes", as one reporter put it. This permanently dimmed <mask>'s view of politics.In 1962, the <mask>s embarked on another campaign, this time for Governor of California. Prior to <mask>'s announcement of his candidacy, <mask>'s brother Tom Ryan said, "<mask> told me that if Dick ran for governor she was going to take her shoe to him." She eventually agreed to another run, citing that it meant a great deal to her husband, but <mask> lost the gubernatorial election to <mask>. Six years later, <mask> ran again for the presidency. <mask> was reluctant to face another campaign, her eighth since 1946. Her husband was a deeply controversial figure in American politics, and <mask> had witnessed and shared the praise and vilification he had received without having established an independent public identity for herself. Although she supported him in his career, she feared another "1960", when <mask> lost to Kennedy.She consented, however, and participated in the campaign by traveling on campaign trips with her husband. <mask> made a political comeback with his presidential victory of 1968 over Vice-President Hubert Humphrey—and the country had a new First Lady. First Lady of the United States, 1969–1974

Major initiatives
<mask> felt that the First Lady should always set a public example of high virtue as a symbol of dignity, but she refused to revel in the trappings of the position. When considering ideas for a project as First Lady, <mask>

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texts: refused to do (or be) something simply to emulate her predecessor, Lady Bird Johnson. She decided to continue what she called "personal diplomacy", which meant traveling and visiting people in other states or other nations. One of her major initiatives as First Lady was the promotion of volunteerism, in which she encouraged Americans to address social problems at the local level through volunteering at hospitals, civic organizations, and rehabilitation centers. She stated, "Our success as a nation depends on our willingness to give generously of ourselves for the welfare and enrichment of the lives of others."She undertook a "Vest Pockets for Volunteerism" trip, where she visited ten different volunteer programs. Susan Porter, in charge of the First Lady's scheduling, noted that <mask> "saw volunteers as unsung heroes who hadn't been encouraged or given credit for their sacrifices and who needed to be". Her second volunteerism tour—she traveled  within the United States—helped to boost the notion that not all students were protesting the Vietnam War. She herself belonged to several volunteer groups, including Women in Community Services and Urban Services League, and was an advocate of the Domestic Volunteer Service Act of 1973, a bill that encouraged volunteerism by providing benefits to a number of volunteer organizations. Some reporters viewed her choice of volunteerism as safe and dull compared to the initiatives undertaken by Lady Bird Johnson and Jacqueline Kennedy. <mask> became involved in the development of recreation areas and parkland, was a member of the President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped, and lent her support to organizations dedicated to improving the lives of

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 handicapped children. For her first Thanksgiving in the White House, <mask> organized a meal for 225 senior citizens who did not have families.The following year, she invited wounded servicemen to a second annual Thanksgiving meal in the White House. Though presidents since George Washington had been issuing Thanksgiving proclamations, <mask> became the only First Lady to issue one. Life in the White House

After her husband was elected president in 1968, <mask> met with the outgoing First Lady, Lady Bird Johnson. Together, they toured the private quarters of the White House on December 12. She eventually asked Sarah Jackson Doyle, an interior decorator who had worked for the <mask>s since 1965 and who decorated the family's 10-room apartment on Fifth Avenue in New York with French and English antiques, to serve as a design consultant. She hired Clement Conger from the State Department to be the Executive Mansion's new curator, replacing James Ketchum, who had been hired by Jacqueline Kennedy. <mask> developed and led a coordinated effort to improve the authenticity of the White House as an historic residence and museum.She added more than 600 paintings, antiques and furnishings to the Executive Mansion and its collections, the largest number of acquisitions by any administration; this greatly, and dramatically, expanded upon Jacqueline Kennedy's more publicized efforts. She created the Map Room and renovated the China room, and refurbished nine other rooms, including the Red Room, Blue Room and Green Room. She worked with engineers to develop an exterior lighting system for the entire White House, making it glow a soft white. She ordered the American flag atop the White House flown day and night,

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 even when the president was not in residence. She ordered pamphlets describing the rooms of the house for tourists so they could understand everything, and had them translated into Spanish, French, Italian and Russian for foreigners. She had ramps installed for the handicapped and physically disabled. She instructed the police who served as tour guides to attend sessions at the Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library (to learn how tours were guided "in a real museum"), and arranged for them to wear less menacing uniforms, with their guns hidden underneath.The tour guides were to speak slowly to deaf groups, to help those who lip-read, and <mask> ordered that the blind be able to touch the antiques. The First Lady had long been irritated by the perception that the White House and access to the President and First Lady were exclusively for the wealthy and famous; she routinely came down from the family quarters to greet tourists, shake hands, sign autographs, and pose for photos. Her daughter Julie Eisenhower reflected, "she invited so many groups to the White House to give them recognition, not famous ones, but little-known organizations..."

She invited former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and her children Caroline and John Jr. to dine with her family and view the White House's official portraits of her and her husband, the late President Kennedy. It was the first time that the three Kennedys had returned to the White House since the president's assassination eight years earlier. <mask> had ordered the visit to be kept secret from the media until after the trip's conclusion in an attempt to maintain privacy for the Kennedys. She also invited President Kennedy's mother Rose Kennedy to see her son's

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texts: official portrait. She opened the White House for evening tours so that the public could see the interior design work that had been implemented.The tours that were conducted in December displayed the White House's Christmas decor. In addition, she instituted a series of performances by artists at the White House in varied American traditions, from opera to bluegrass; among the guests were The Carpenters in 1972. These events were described as ranging from "creative to indifferent, to downright embarrassing". When they entered the White House in 1969, the <mask>s began inviting families to non-denominational Sunday church services in the East Room of the White House. She also oversaw the White House wedding of her daughter, Tricia, to Edward Ridley Finch Cox in 1971. In October 1969, she announced her appointment of Constance Stuart as her staff director and press secretary. To the White House residence staff, the <mask>s were perceived as more stiff and formal than other first families, but nonetheless kind.She spoke out in favor of women running for political office and encouraged her husband to nominate a woman to the Supreme Court, saying "woman power is unbeatable; I've seen it all across this country". She was the first of the American First Ladies to publicly support the Equal Rights Amendment, though her views on abortion were mixed. Following the Court's 1973 Roe vs. Wade decision, <mask> stated she was pro-choice. However, in 1972, she said, "I'm really not for abortion. I think it's a personal thing. I mean abortion on demand—wholesale." In 1972, she became the first Republican First Lady to address a national convention.Her efforts in the 1972 reelection campaign—traveling across the

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 country and speaking on behalf of her husband—were copied by future candidates' spouses. Travels

<mask> held the record as the most-traveled First Lady until her mark was surpassed by Hillary Rodham Clinton. In President <mask>'s first term, <mask> traveled to 39 of 50 states, and in the first year alone, shook hands with a quarter of a million people. She undertook many missions of goodwill to foreign nations as well. Her first foreign trip took in Guam, India, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Pakistan, Romania, and England. On such trips, <mask> refused to be serviced by an entourage, feeling that they were an unnecessary barrier and a burden for taxpayers. Soon after, during a trip to South Vietnam, <mask> became the first First Lady to enter a combat zone.She had tea with the wife of President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu in a palace, visited an orphanage, and lifted off in an open-door helicopter—armed by military guards with machine guns—to witness U.S. troops fighting in a jungle below. She later admitted to experiencing a "moment of fear going into a battle zone", because, as author and historian Carl Sferrazza Anthony noted, "<mask> was literally in a line of fire." She later visited an army hospital, where, for two hours, she walked through the wards and spoke with each wounded patient. The First Lady of South Vietnam, Madame Thieu, said <mask>'s trip "intensified our morale". After hearing about the Great Peruvian earthquake of 1970, which caused an avalanche and additional destruction, <mask> initiated a "volunteer American relief drive" and flew to the country, where she aided in taking relief supplies to earthquake victims. She toured damaged regions and embraced homeless townspeople; they

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texts: trailed her as she climbed up hills of rubble and under fallen beams. Her trip was heralded in newspapers around the world for her acts of compassion and disregard for her personal safety or comfort, and her presence was a direct boost to political relations.One Peruvian official commented: "Her coming here meant more than anything else President <mask> could have done," and an editorial in Peru's Lima Prensa said that Peruvians could never forget <mask>. Fran Lewine of the Associated Press wrote that no First Lady had ever undertaken a "mercy mission" resulting in such "diplomatic side effects". On the trip, the Peruvian government presented her with the Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun, the highest Peruvian distinction and the oldest such honor in the Americas. She became the first First Lady to visit Africa in 1972, on a , eight-day journey to Ghana, Liberia, and the Ivory Coast. Upon arrival in Liberia, <mask> was honored with a 19-gun salute, a tribute reserved only for heads of government, and she reviewed troops. She later donned a traditional native costume and danced with locals. She was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Most Venerable Order of Knighthood, Liberia's highest honor.In Ghana, she again danced with local residents, and addressed the nation's Parliament. In the Ivory Coast, she was met by a quarter of a million people shouting "Vive Madame <mask>!" She conferred with leaders of all three African nations. Upon her return home, White House staffer Charles Colson sent a memo to the President reading in part, "Mrs. <mask> has now broken through where we have failed ... People—men and women—identify with her, and in return with you." Another notable journey was the <mask>s'

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 historic visit to the People's Republic of China in 1972. While President <mask> was in meetings, <mask> toured through Peking in her red coat. According to Carl Sferrazza Anthony, China was <mask>'s "moment", her turning point as an acclaimed First Lady in the United States.She accompanied her husband to the <mask>rezhnev summit meetings in the Soviet Union later in the year. Though security constraints left her unable to walk freely through the streets as she did in China, <mask> was still able to visit with children and walk arm-in-arm with Soviet First Lady Viktoria Brezhneva. Later, she visited Brazil and Venezuela in 1974 with the unique diplomatic standing of personal representative of the president. The <mask>s' last major trip was in June 1974, to Austria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Israel, and Jordan. Fashion and style

The traditional role of a First Lady as the nation's hostess puts her personal appearance and style under scrutiny, and the attention to <mask> was lively. Women's Wear Daily stated that <mask> had a "good figure and good posture", as well as "the best-looking legs of any woman in public life today". Some fashion writers tended to have a lackluster opinion of her well tailored, but nondescript, American-made clothes."I consider it my duty to use American designers", she said, and favored them because, "they are now using so many materials which are great for traveling because they're non crushable". She preferred to buy readymade garments rather than made-to-order outfits. "I'm a size 10," she told The New York Times. "I can just walk in and buy. I've bought things in various stores in various cities. Only some of my clothes are by designers." She did, however, wear the

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 custom work of some well-known talents, notably Geoffrey Beene, at the suggestion of Clara Treyz, her personal shopper.Many fashion observers concluded that <mask> did not greatly advance the cause of American fashion. <mask>'s yellow-satin inaugural gown by Harvey Berin was criticized as "a schoolteacher on her night out", but Treyz defended her wardrobe selections by saying, "Mrs. <mask> must be ladylike." <mask> did not sport the outrageous fashions of the 1970s, because she was concerned about appearing conservatively dressed, especially as her husband's political star rose. "Always before, it was sort of fun to get some ... thing that was completely different, high-style", she told a reporter. "But this is not appropriate now. I avoid the spectacular." Watergate

At the time the Watergate scandal broke to the media, <mask> "barely noticed" the reports of a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters.Later, when asked by the press about Watergate, she replied curtly, "I know only what I read in the newspapers." In 1974, when a reporter asked "Is the press the cause of the president's problems? ", she shot back, "What problems?" Privately, she felt that the power of her husband's staff was increasing, and President <mask> was becoming more removed from what was occurring in the administration.<mask> did not know of the secret tape recordings her husband had made. <mask> Eisenhower stated that the First Lady would have ordered the tapes destroyed immediately, had she known of their existence. Once she did learn of the tapes, she vigorously opposed making them public, and compared them to "private love letters—for one person alone". Believing in her husband's innocence, she also

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texts: encouraged him not to resign and instead fight all the impeachment charges that were eventually leveled against him.She said to her friend Helene Drown, "Dick has done so much for the country. Why is this happening?" After President <mask> told his family he would resign the office of the presidency, she replied "But why?" She contacted White House curator Clement Conger to cancel any further development of a new official china pattern from the Lenox China Company, and began supervising the packing of the family's personal belongings. On August 7, 1974, the family met in the solarium of the White House for their last dinner. <mask> sat on the edge of a couch and held her chin high, a sign of tension to her husband. When the president walked in, she threw her arms around him, kissed him, and said, "We're all very proud of you, Daddy."Later <mask> said of the photographs taken that evening, "Our hearts were breaking and there we are smiling." On the morning of August 9 in the East Room, <mask> gave a televised 20-minute farewell speech to the White House staff, during which time he read from Theodore Roosevelt's biography and praised his own parents. The First Lady could hardly contain her tears; she was most upset about the cameras, because they recorded her anguish, as they had during the 1960 election defeat. The <mask>s walked onto the Executive Mansion's South Lawn with Vice President Gerald Ford and Betty Ford. The outgoing president departed from the White House on Marine One. As the family walked towards the helicopter, <mask>, with one arm around her husband's waist and one around Betty's, said to Betty "You'll see many of these red carpets, and you'll get so you hate 'em." The helicopter

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 transported them to Andrews Air Force Base; from there they flew to California.<mask> later told her daughter Julie, "Watergate is the only crisis that ever got me down ... And I know I will never live to see the vindication." Public perception

Historian Carl Sferrazza Anthony noted that ordinary citizens responded to, and identified with, <mask>. When a group of people from a rural community visited the White House to present a quilt to the First Lady, many were overcome with nervousness; upon hearing their weeping, <mask> hugged each individual tightly, and the tension dissipated. When a young boy doubted that the Executive Mansion was her house because he could not see her washing machine, <mask> led him through the halls and up an elevator, into the family quarters and the laundry room. She mixed well with people of different races, and made no distinctions on that basis. During the <mask>s' trip to China in 1972, foreign minister Zhou En-lai was sufficiently smitten with her so as to give two rare giant pandas to the United States as a gift from China. <mask> was listed on the Gallup Organization's top-ten list of the most admired women fourteen times, from 1959 to 1962 and 1968 to 1979.She was ranked third in 1969, second in 1970 and 1971, and first in 1972. She remained on the top-ten list until 1979, five years after her husband left office. To many, she was seen as an example of the "American Dream," having risen from a poor background, with her greatest popularity among the "great silent majority" of voters. Mary Brooks, the director of the United States Mint and a long-time friend of <mask>'s, illustrated some of the cultural divides present at the time when she described the First

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texts: Lady as "a good example to the women of this country–if they're not part of those Women's Liberation groups". Additionally, it was the view of veteran UPI correspondent Helen Thomas that <mask> "was the warmest First Lady I covered and the one who loved people the most. I think newspeople who covered her saw a woman who was sharp, responsive, sensitive." Press accounts framed <mask> as an embodiment of Cold War domesticity, in stark contrast to the second-wave feminism of the time.Journalists often portrayed her as dutiful and selfless and seeing herself as a wife first and individual second. Time magazine described her as "the perfect wife and mother–pressing [her husband's] pants, making dresses for daughters Tricia and Julie, doing her own housework even as the Vice President's wife". In the early years of her tenure as First Lady she was tagged "<mask>," a derogatory nickname applied because, according to critics, she was always smiling while her face rarely expressed emotion and her body language made her seem reserved, and at times, artificial. Some observers described <mask> as "a paper doll, a Barbie doll–plastic, antiseptic, unalive" and that she "put every bit of the energy and drive of her youth into playing a role, and she may no longer recognize it as such". As for the criticisms, she said, "I am who I am and I will continue to be." She unguardedly revealed some of her opinions of her own life in a 1968 interview aboard a campaign plane with Gloria Steinem: "Now, I have friends in all the countries of the world. I haven't just sat back and thought of myself or my ideas or what I wanted to do.Oh no, I've stayed interested in people. I've kept working. Right here in the plane I keep this

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 case with me, and the minute I sit down, I write my thank you notes. Nobody gets by without a personal note. I don't have time to worry about who I admire or who I identify with. I've never had it easy. I'm not like all you ... all those people who had it easy."Despite her largely demure public persona as a traditional wife and homemaker, she was not as self-effacing and timid as her critics often claimed. When a news photographer wanted her to strike yet another pose while wearing an apron, she firmly responded, "I think we've had enough of this kitchen thing, don't you?" Some journalists, such as columnist and White House Correspondent Robert E. Thompson, felt that <mask> was an ideal balance for the 1970s; Thompson wrote that she proved that "women can play a vital role in world affairs" while still retaining a "feminine manner". Other journalists felt that <mask> represented the failings of the feminine mystique, and portrayed her as being out of step with her times. Those who opposed the Vietnam War identified her with the <mask> administration's policies, and, as a result, occasionally picketed her speaking events. After she had spoken to some of them in one instance in 1970, however, one of the students told the press that "she wanted to listen. I felt like this is a woman who really cares about what we are doing.I was surprised." Veteran CBS correspondent Mike Wallace expressed regret that the one major interview he was never able to conduct was that of <mask>. Later life

After returning to San Clemente, California, in 1974 and settling into the <mask>s' home, La Casa Pacifica, <mask> rarely appeared in public and only granted occasional interviews to the press. In late May 1975, <mask>

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texts: went to her girlhood hometown of Artesia to dedicate the <mask> Elementary School. In her remarks, she said, "I'm proud to have the school carry my name. I always thought that only those who have gone had schools named after them. I am happy to tell you that I'm not gone—I mean, not really gone."It was <mask>'s only solo public appearance in five and a half years in California. On July 7, 1976, at La Casa Pacifica, <mask> suffered a stroke, which resulted in the paralysis of her entire left side. Physical therapy enabled her to eventually regain all movement. She said that her recovery was "the hardest thing I have ever done physically". In 1979, she and her husband moved to a townhouse on East 65th Street in Manhattan, New York. They lived there only briefly and in 1981 moved to a  house in Saddle River, New Jersey. This gave the couple additional space, and enabled them to be near their children and grandchildren.<mask>, however, sustained another stroke in 1983 and two lung infections the following year. Appearing "frail and slightly bent", she appeared in public for the opening of the Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace (now Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum) in Yorba Linda, California, on July 19, 1990. The dedication ceremony included 50,000 friends and well-wishers, as well as former Presidents Ford, Reagan, and Bush and their wives. The library includes a <mask> room, a <mask> amphitheater, and rose gardens planted with the red-black <mask> Rose developed by a French company in 1972, when she was first lady. <mask> also attended the opening of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California, in November 1991. Former First Lady Barbara Bush reflected, "I loved

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 <mask>, who was a sensational, gracious, and thoughtful First Lady", and at the dedication of the Reagan Library, Bush remembered, "There was one sad thing. <mask> did not look well at all.Through her smile you could see that she was in great pain and having a terrible time getting air into her lungs." The <mask>s moved to a gated complex in Park Ridge, New Jersey, in 1991. <mask>'s health was failing, and the house was smaller and contained an elevator. A heavy smoker most of her adult life who nevertheless never allowed herself to be seen with a cigarette in public, she eventually endured bouts of oral cancer, emphysema, and ultimately lung cancer, with which she was diagnosed in December 1992 while hospitalized with respiratory problems. Death and funeral
<mask> died at her Park Ridge, New Jersey, home at 5:45 a.m. on June 22, 1993, the day after her fifty-third wedding anniversary. She was 81 years old. Her daughters and husband were by her side.The funeral service for <mask> took place on the grounds of the Richard Nixon Library in Yorba Linda on June 26, 1993. Speakers at the ceremony, including California Governor Pete Wilson, Kansas senator Bob Dole, and the Reverend Dr. Billy Graham, eulogized the former First Lady. In addition to her husband and immediate family, former presidents Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford and their wives, Nancy and Betty, were also in attendance. President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Clinton did not attend the funeral and former presidents Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush and their wives Rosalynn and Barbara also did not attend. Lady Bird Johnson was unable to attend because she was in the hospital recovering from a stroke, and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis

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 did not attend either. President <mask> sobbed openly, profusely, and at times uncontrollably during the ceremony. It was a rare display of emotion from the former president, and Helen McCain Smith said that she had never seen him more distraught.<mask>'s tombstone gives her name as "<mask> <mask>", the name by which she was popularly known. Her husband survived her by ten months, dying on April 22, 1994. He was also 81. Her epitaph reads:

Popular culture impact

In 1994, the Pat Nixon Park was established in Cerritos, California. The site where her girlhood home stood is on the property. The Cerritos City Council voted in April 1996 to erect a statue of the former first lady, one of the few statues created in the image of a first lady. <mask> has been portrayed by Joan Allen in the 1995 film <mask> (for which Allen earned a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress), <mask> in the 2008 film Frost/Nixon and Nicole Sullivan in the 2009 film Black Dynamite.She was sung by soprano Carolann Page in John Adams' opera <mask> in China 1987 world premiere in Houston, Texas; a New York Times critic noted that the performance captured "the First Lady's shy mannerisms" while one from the Los Angeles Times described the subject as the "chronically demure First Lady". The part was later sung by Scottish soprano Janis Kelly in the 2011 Metropolitan Opera premiere in New York. This New York Times critic wrote that Kelly "was wonderful as <mask>. During the affecting Act II scene in which she is guided by Chinese escorts and journalists to a glass factory, a people's commune and a health clinic, she is finally taken to a school. She speaks of coming from a poor family and tells the obliging

masks:
Nixon
Nixon
Patricia Ryan
Nixon
Pat
Nixon
Patty McCormack
Nixon
Pat Nixon


title: Pat Nixon

texts:
 children that for a while she was a schoolteacher. In Mr. Adams's tender music, as sung by Ms. Kelly, you sense Mrs. <mask> wistfully pondering the much different life she might have had." Footnotes

 References

Further reading

 External links

 Richard <mask> Foundation biography of <mask>
 White House biography on <mask>

 Video of funeral services for <mask>, 1993
 <mask> at C-SPAN's First Ladies: Influence & Image''

|-

1912 births
1993 deaths
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American educators
20th-century American women educators
20th-century Methodists
American Methodists
American people of German descent
American people of Irish descent
Burials in Orange County, California
California Republicans
Deaths from cancer in New Jersey
Deaths from emphysema
Deaths from lung cancer
First Ladies of the United States
Fullerton College alumni
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Sun of Peru
Marshall School of Business alumni
Nevada Republicans
New Jersey Republicans
Nixon family
People from Cerritos, California
People from the Upper East Side
People from Park Ridge, New Jersey
People from Saddle River, New Jersey
People from Ely, Nevada
People from Whittier, California
Retail clerks
Second Ladies of the United States
Spouses of California politicians
USC Rossier School of Education

masks:
Nixon
Nixon
Pat Nixon
Pat Nixon
Pat Nixon
Pat Nixon


title: Geoffrey Hilton Bowman

texts:
Group Captain <mask>Beery<mask>,  (2 May 1891 – 25 March 1970) was a British First World War fighter ace credited with 32 victories. After attaining the rank of major in the Royal Flying Corps, he later became a group captain in the Royal Air Force. Early life
<mask> was born in Manchester, England, the son of <mask>, a physician, and his wife Mary. He was educated at Haileybury College and Trinity College, Cambridge. First World War
Having served in the Officers' Training Corps, <mask> was commissioned as a probationary second lieutenant in the 3rd Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment on 15 August 1914. After serving with his regiment in France, on 20 March 1916 <mask> was seconded to the Royal Flying Corps. He was awarded the Royal Aero Club's Aviator's Certificate No.7977 on 27 June, and was appointed a flying officer in the RFC two days later. <mask> joined No. 29 Squadron on 7 July 1916, based at Abeele, flying the Airco DH.2. His first victory was against a Roland C.II two seater, with which he unintentionally collided on 3 September; he turned into its attack, firing away, and the German plane tore away his aileron kingpost. <mask> "babied" his crippled craft home despite its lack of lateral control. His second victory, on 27 September, was a run-away German observation balloon which he downed after finding it drifting over the lines; however he crashed while trying to land alongside the balloon wreckage on Mount Kemmel. On 1 January 1917 he was appointed a flight commander with the temporary rank of captain, receiving promotion to the permanent rank of captain on 1 April 1917.On 11 May he was posted to No. 56 Squadron as a flight commander, flying S.E.5. By July he had claimed another five victories. On 23 September

masks:
Geoffrey Hilton "
" Bowman
Bowman
George Bowman
Bowman
Bowman
Bowman
Bowman


title: Geoffrey Hilton Bowman

texts:
 <mask> was one of the eight British aces who fought and shot down German ace Werner Voss. <mask> was awarded the Military Cross on 14 September, and a bar on 26 October. On 9 February 1918 he was posted to command of No. 41 Squadron.Awarded the Distinguished Service Order in March 1918, his final tally at the end of the war in November was one aircraft shared captured, one balloon destroyed, 15 aircraft destroyed and 15 driven 'out of control'. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross on 30 May 1919, and the Croix de guerre from Belgium in July 1919. Inter-war career
In February 1919 <mask> completed the Naval Co-operation Course at RAF Calshot. On 7 June he was appointed acting-major, and served as the commander of No. 3 Squadron, Slavo-British Aviation Corps, an Anglo-Russian unit based around Arkhangelsk, fighting for the White Russians during the Russian Civil War. <mask> eventually relinquished his Army commission on joining the Royal Air Force on 1 August 1919, with the rank of flight lieutenant. <mask> served in India in 1920, and was promoted to squadron leader on 1 January 1921.He served in the RAF Coastal Area, and as a supernumerary at the RAF Depot (Inland Area), before attending the Central Flying School for a flying refresher course before embarking for overseas service on 16 January 1922. He served as the Commanding Officer of No. 8 Squadron in Iraq from 1922 to 1924. He then served on the staff at No. 5 Flying Training School, RAF Sealand, in 1925, and from December 1925 attended the Staff College, Quetta, and then served at Headquarters RAF India until 1928. On 21 January 1928 he returned to No. 8 Squadron as Commanding Officer, based in Aden, and on 15 March 1929 his name was brought to notice by Group

masks: Bowman Bowman Bowman Bowman Bowman


title: Geoffrey Hilton Bowman

texts:
 Captain William Mitchell, commander of British Forces in Aden, for his "distinguished services rendered in connection with the operations in the Protectorate of Aden during the period June to August 1928".He was promoted to wing commander on 1 January 1929. On 9 August 1929 <mask> was assigned to Headquarters, Inland Area, for Air Staff duties. In June 1931 he competed in a race at the annual Hendon Air Show, flying an Armstrong Whitworth Siskin. <mask> served as the Commanding Officer of No. 1 Armament Training Camp at RAF Catfoss, Yorkshire, from 1 March 1932, and on 15 November was assigned to the Experimental Section at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, for flying duties. He married Pamela Ward of Marden Hill, Hertfordshire, on 5 December. From 16 October 1933 he was Commanding Officer of RAF South Farnborough, home of the Royal Aircraft Establishment, the School of Photography, and No 4 (Army Co-operation) Squadron.On 6 August 1934 <mask> was assigned to No. 27 Group Headquarters at RAF Grantham for Air Staff duties. Finally, on 20 January 1937, <mask> was placed on the retired list at his own request. World War II and later life
<mask> was recalled for active service on 1 September 1939, and served until 15 December 1941 before retiring for a second time. He served on the board of the Heston Aircraft Company in the 1940 and 1950s. Group Captain <mask> died on 25 March 1970. His funeral was held at Southwest Middlesex Crematorium, Hanworth, Middlesex, on 2 April, and a memorial service held at St Clement Danes, Aldwych, on 17 April.Awards and citations
Military Cross
Lieutenant (Temporary Captain) <mask> <mask>, Royal Warwickshire Regiment (Special Reserve), and Royal Flying Corps. For conspicuous gallantry and

masks:
Bowman
Bowman
Bowman
Bowman
Bowman
Bowman
Geoffrey Hilton
Bowman


title: Geoffrey Hilton Bowman

texts:
 devotion to duty. He has taken part in many offensive patrols, which he led on twenty occasions, in the course of which four enemy aircraft were destroyed and twelve others driven down out of control. Although outnumbered by five to one on one occasion he handled his patrol of four machines with such skill and gallantry that after a very severe fight he was able to withdraw them without loss, having destroyed at least two enemy machines and driven down one out of control. His fearlessness and fine offensive spirit have been a splendid example to others. Bar to the Military Cross
Lieutenant (Temporary Captain) <mask> <mask>, MC, Royal Warwickshire Regiment (Special Reserve), and Royal Flying Corps. For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty in leading twenty-five offensive patrols in two months, shooting down five enemy aircraft and showing marked skill as a leader.Distinguished Service Order
Lieutenant (Temporary Captain) <mask> <mask>, MC, Royal Warwickshire Regiment (Special Reserve), and Royal Flying Corps. For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. He has recently destroyed six enemy aeroplanes and driven down others out of control. He has at all times shown splendid courage and determination, and by his leadership and good example has contributed largely to the success of his squadron. References
Notes

Bibliography

1891 births
1970 deaths
People from Manchester
Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers officers
Royal Flying Corps officers
Royal Air Force personnel of World War I
British World War I flying aces
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Recipients of the Military Cross
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)
Royal Air Force personnel of

masks:
Geoffrey Hilton
Bowman
Geoffrey Hilton
Bowman


title: Brad Templeton

texts:
<mask> (born June 1960 near Toronto) is a Canadian software developer, internet entrepreneur, online community pioneer, publisher of news, comedy, science fiction and e-books, writer, photographer, civil rights advocate, futurist, public speaker, educator and self-driving car consultant. He graduated from the University of Waterloo. Notable projects

ClariNet
Most notably, <mask> was founder and CEO in 1989 of ClariNet Communications, the first company founded to engage in commercial activity over the early Internet. Electronic Frontier Foundation

<mask> has been involved with the Electronic Frontier Foundation since 1997, including being chairman from 2000 to 2010. His involvement in online civil rights also includes being subject of one of the first major internet bans and being a plaintiff before the Supreme Court of the United States in Reno v. ACLU  Templeton's strongest efforts have been in the areas of free speech, computer security, privacy and intellectual property. rec.humor.funny and USENET
Templeton played an active role over the life of Usenet, including the development of software tools for it. His most notable activities involved the creation and moderation of the newsgroup "rec.humor.funny", a moderated newsgroup devoted to comedy.USENET statistics reported by Brian Reid reported rec.humor.funny as the most widely read online publication starting in 1989, continuing in that position into the mid-1990s, with an estimated 440,000 readers. Software career
<mask> began as the first employee of VisiCorp (then called Personal Software

masks:
Brad Templeton
Templeton
Templeton
Templeton


title: Brad Templeton

texts:
 Inc.) the first PC applications software company, where he published several games and tools and assisted on Visicalc the first spreadsheet and personal computing productivity tool. He also developed the IBM-PC version of the VisiPlot companion before release of the PC. He was CEO and Founder of Looking Glass Software Ltd. in Ontario. His software specialty has been languages, tools and spreadsheets, as well as software for USENET. e-Books
<mask> was editor and publisher for ClariNet's Hugo and Nebula Anthology 1993, one of the largest early commercial e-Book projects. It offered 5 full novels still in hardback release, along with a wide array of short fiction and multimedia.In later years, it has become the norm for the administrators of the Hugo Award to produce an annual digital anthology of award nominees. This was an adjunct of the "Library of Tomorrow" project, which offered a full library of fiction on an "all you can read" subscription basis. The library failed, but presaged many similar attempts to sell online content by subscription. Foresight Institute
Since 2004, <mask> has been a board member of the Foresight Institute, one of the oldest futurist organizations and the leading one in the field of nanotechnology. Singularity University
<mask> joined the founding faculty for Singularity University, an educational institution and think-tank devoted to rapidly changing technology and its effects. Since 2010 he has been Chair for Networks and Computing on that faculty. Robocars
<mask> has been an active writer in the field of Robocars

masks: Templeton Templeton Templeton Templeton


title: Brad Templeton

texts:
 since 2007, building the site Robocars.com and writing regularly at Brad Ideas.In 2010, he joined the Google self-driving car project (now known as Waymo) where he consulted on strategy and technology. He has also served as a consulting advisor for Starship Technologies in the delivery robot space and Quanergy LIDAR, among others. He writes frequently on this topic on his own web site, the Forbes site and others. <mask> is inventor on 21 patents in self-driving cars and telephony. Speaker
<mask> has been a keynote speaker at many conferences and events, including Wired UK, Pioneers Festival Vienna, University of British Columbia Master Mind Class, Web Summit, Next Berlin, The Next Web Amsterdam, Ontario Centres of Excellence Toronto, USI Paris, Australian Unix Users Group (AUUG) Sydney, Korean Global Leaders Forum, CLSA Forum Hong Kong and Tokyo, Baidu Big Talk, Beijing, Singularity Summit Chile (also Buenos Aires, Christchurch, Budapest, Seville, Johannesburg, Milan, Amsterdam, Berlin and Copenhagen) and Innotown Norway. He is also the author of several well known internet essays on copyright and netiquette. He was also an active artist at Burning Man creating installations based on photography and telephony.<mask> is the son of <mask> and Sylvia Murphy, and the brother of <mask>. See also
 List of University of Waterloo people

References

External links
  – Templeton's home page
  – rec.humor.funny website
  – Templeton's blog
  – Robocars

1960 births
Living people
Computer programmers
Canadian businesspeople
Usenet people
University of Waterloo

masks:
Templeton
Templeton
Family Templeton
Charles Templeton
Ty Templeton


title: Eric Reynolds (fighter)

texts:
<mask> (born May 11, 1983 in Bradenton, Florida) is an American professional mixed martial artist who last competed in 2018. A professional since 2007, he has fought in Bellator, the World Series of Fighting, and Absolute Championship Berkut. Mixed martial arts career
<mask> made his debut for Bellator Fighting Championships, competing in their lightweight division tournament. <mask> had his first fight in the tournament against Thomas Schulte. <mask> ended up defeating Thomas via TKO at the end of the first round. <mask>'s second fight in the tournament was against number three lightweight fighter, Eddie Alvarez, the bout was at Bellator 5. In the start of the third round, <mask> gave up his back and was submitted by rear naked choke.<mask> fought Jorge Masvidal at Bellator 12, both fighters agreed to a catchweight bout of 160 lbs. <mask> lost after a third round rear naked choke submission. He fought Greg Loughran at the event Art of Fighting: Sauer vs. Cruz and won via TKO in the first round. On October 17, he fought one of Peru's top unsigned fighters, Ivan Iberico at Night of Battle 1. The fight was back and forth with <mask> showing great submission defense after being put into numerous

masks:
Eric Reynolds
Reynolds
Eric
Reynolds
Reynolds
Reynolds
Reynolds
Reynolds
Reynolds


title: Eric Reynolds (fighter)

texts: submission holds. The fight end with <mask>ico with a down kick that the referee as well as the crowd thought was an illegal stomp. The crowd was not pleased by Reynold's move and began booing and throwing items into the cage.<mask> was in talks with the Japan based promotion, DREAM. However, for unknown reasons a contract never materialized. He then moved out to Coconut Creek, Florida to train full-time with the American Top Team. He also defeated IFL vet, Travis Cox, at Art of Fighting 8 in May. On December 4, 2010, <mask> was scheduled to fight Korean fighter, Seung Hwan Bang, but Bang was forced out of the bout. He was replaced by UFC veteran Rob Emerson. <mask> lost the fight by split decision in a fight that most thought <mask> won.<mask> most recently has seen success in XFC cage accumulating 3 straight wins. Since signing his XFC contract <mask> has faced top opponents like Brazilian jiu-jitsu Black Belt Jonatas Novaes, American Top Team striking coach Luciano Dos Santos and Blackzilian team member Lorenzo Borgomeo. <mask> fought Nick Newell for the vacant XFC lightweight championship belt on December 7, 2012 in Nashville, TN. He was submitted in the first round via rear naked

masks: Ericber Eric Reynolds Reynolds Reynolds Eric Eric Eric


title: Daniel Brière

texts:
<mask>-<mask> (born October 6, 1977) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and executive. He was drafted in the first round of the 1996 NHL Entry Draft by the Phoenix Coyotes, and also played for the Buffalo Sabres, Philadelphia Flyers, Montreal Canadiens and Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League (NHL). He is best known as one of the top Stanley Cup Playoffs performers in NHL history, with 116 points in 124 career playoff games. Internationally, Brière won four gold medals in as many appearances with Team Canada at the 1994 World U18 Championships, 1997 World Junior Championships, and the 2003 and 2004 World Championships. He currently is the Special Assistant to the General Manager for the Philadelphia Flyers. Playing career

Junior
Growing up and playing hockey in his hometown Gatineau, Brière played Bantam hockey in 1992–93 for the Abitibi Regents before graduating to the AAA Gatineau Intrepide of the Quebec Midget League for the 1993–94 season. In his first season with the Intrepide, the team captured the bronze medal at the 1994 Air Canada Cup, where Briere was the top scorer and named Top Forward.Soon after, he was drafted by the Drummondville Voltigeurs in the 1994 QMJHL Draft. <mask>'s number 14 was retired by this team, on January 21, 2007, during a ceremony in the Marcel Dionne Center of Drummondville. In his rookie season, he recorded 123 points, third overall in the league, was awarded the Michel Bergeron Trophy as league rookie of the year, and the Marcel Robert Trophy as scholastic player of the year. The following season, he improved to 163 points, earning the Jean Béliveau Trophy as the league's leading scorer. He was also named the QMJHL Humanitarian of the Year and awarded the Ford Cup as offensive player of the year. Despite a remarkable six-game, 18-point post-season effort from Brière, Drummondville was not able to advance from the divisional round-robin. After <mask> was drafted by the Phoenix Coyotes in the first round, 24th overall, in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft, he

masks:
Daniel Jean
Claude Brière
Brière
Brière


title: Daniel Brière

texts:
 returned to Drummondville for one more season.He recorded 130 points, finishing in the top three in league scoring for the third consecutive season, and was awarded the Frank J. Selke Memorial Trophy as the most sportsmanlike player. Phoenix Coyotes and AHL
Graduating from major junior, <mask> split his first four seasons in the NHL between the Coyotes and their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Springfield Falcons. In his first professional season in 1998, he recorded 92 points in 68 games and was awarded the Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award as top rookie, as well as being named the AHL's First Team All-Star center. He is the third leading scorer in Falcons' franchise history. Brière's training regimen became newsworthy in 2001 when it became known that, in order to overcome his diminutive size (at 5 ft. 9 in., he is comparatively small by NHL standards), he had begun off-season strength training with Canadian World's Strongest Man competitor Hugo Girard, who shares Gatineau as a hometown. He earned a consistent NHL roster spot in the second half of the 2000–01 season and spent his first full season with the Coyotes in 2001–02, recording 60 points. Buffalo Sabres
At the 2002–03 trade deadline, the Coyotes traded <mask> to the Buffalo Sabres alongside a third round pick in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft in exchange for Chris Gratton and a fourth round pick in 2004.After playing with SC Bern of the Swiss Nationaliiga A during the 2004–05 NHL lockout, he returned to Buffalo and emerged as a bona fide NHL star, beginning with a 58-point season in just 48 games during the 2005–06 campaign. <mask> was kept out of the lineup for 32 games due to an abdominal injury suffered in January that required surgery and a two-game suspension following an inadvertent high-stick to Boston Bruins defenceman Brian Leetch. Completing the season with the Sabres healthy, Brière helped lead the club to their first post-season berth in four years. During this time he earned the nickname "Cookie Monster" from Sabres play by play

masks: Brière Brière Brière


title: Daniel Brière

texts:
 announcer Rick Jeanneret for his notoriety for shooting top shelf, "where momma hides the cookies." Playing on a rejuvenated team that included stars Chris Drury, Thomas Vanek and Brian Campbell, the Sabres advanced to the conference-finals, paced by Brière's team-high 19 points. In the off-season, Brière filed for salary arbitration, which resulted in a one-year, $5 million contract that the Sabres agreed to on August 5, 2006. The following season, Brière scored two hat tricks.His first came on December 5, 2006, against the Tampa Bay Lightning's goaltender Marc Denis. His second came shortly after, on January 30, 2007, in front of a home crowd at HSBC Arena in a 7–1 victory against the Boston Bruins, with two goals against Hannu Toivonen and one against his replacement Tim Thomas. He was voted in as a starter to his first NHL All-Star Game in Dallas, Texas, and recorded a game-high five points (one goal, four assists). He was named All-Star Game MVP and received a Dodge Nitro that he ended up giving to his sister. Brière finished the season with a career-high 32 goals, 63 assists and 95 points. He added 15 points in the post-season as the Sabres made their second straight appearance in the conference finals, but were eliminated by the Ottawa Senators. Philadelphia Flyers

As Brière's one-year contract expired at the end of 2006–07, he became an unrestricted free agent on July 1, 2007.It was widely speculated that <mask> would return to his home province and play for the Montreal Canadiens, but he instead signed with the Philadelphia Flyers, who finished the previous season as the worst team in the NHL, to an eight-year, $52 million contract with a no-trade clause. The Flyers front-loaded the deal, paying Brière $10 million in the first season of the contract, making him the highest paid player of the league in 2007–08, along with Scott Gomez of the New York Rangers and former Sabres teammate Thomas Vanek. His decision to join the Flyers is often attributed to the influence of his friend Martin Biron, who was


title: Daniel Brière

texts: traded from Buffalo to Philadelphia at the previous season's trade deadline. He later cited the prospect of anonymity in Philadelphia as opposed to Montreal as an additional factor in his decision. <mask>'s production dipped in his first season with the Flyers in 2007–08, but he still finished second in team scoring with 72 points in 79 games, behind eventual team captain Mike Richards. He scored his third career hat trick near the beginning of the season on November 21, 2007, against the Carolina Hurricanes's goaltender Cam Ward. Led by <mask> and Richards on the newly revamped Flyers (additional off-season acquisitions included Kimmo Timonen, Scott Hartnell and Joffrey Lupul), Philadelphia went from worst team in the NHL the previous season to an appearance in the 2008 conference-finals against eventual Eastern Conference champions, the Pittsburgh Penguins.Brière recorded nine goals and seven assists in his third straight semi-finals appearance. Less than a month into the 2008–09 season, on October 22, Brière suffered another abdominal tear requiring surgery. He was expected to be sidelined at least a month, but returned within half that time on November 8 against the Tampa Bay Lightning. In the next game, however, against the New York Islanders on November 11, he suffered a groin pull, sidelining him for nine games. In his first game back, Brière suffered yet another setback; he re-injured his groin on December 3 against the Tampa Bay Lightning. Preparing to make a return to the Flyers lineup, he was assigned to the Philadelphia Phantoms of the AHL on January 13, 2009, to play three games on a conditioning basis. Brière finished the season having played in just 29 games for the Flyers, recording 11 goals and 14 assists.The Flyers were eliminated for the second consecutive year in the playoffs by the Pittsburgh Penguins, the eventual Stanley Cup champions. <mask> scored one goal along with three assists in the series. The following season, <mask> was suspended by the NHL for two games for leaving his feet to

masks: Brière Brière Brière Brière


title: Daniel Brière

texts: check Colorado Avalanche defenceman Scott Hannan, making contact with Hannan's neck with his elbow during a game on November 23, 2009. He also suffered a tweaked groin during that season and missed five games because of it. However, a highlight came to <mask> on February 13, 2010, in a game in Montreal where he scored a hat trick with all goals in different situations: power-play, even strength and penalty shot against Carey Price. <mask> led the entire 2010 Stanley Cup playoffs in scoring with 30 points (12 goals and 18 assists) and in the process broke the record for points in a post-season by a Flyer, held previously by Brian Propp, who had 28 in 1987. Five games into the playoffs, he was placed with wingers Scott Hartnell and Ville Leino, where the line went on to be one of the most effective of the post-season.In the 2010 Stanley Cup Final series alone, <mask> finished with 12 points (three goals and nine assists), one point shy of Wayne Gretzky's record of 13 in a final, and the highest output in a final since Mario Lemieux in 1992. During the last minute of an October 30, 2010, game against the New York Islanders, Brière was given a five-minute cross-checking major and a game misconduct for a stick-swinging incident with Frans Nielsen. On November 1, the NHL suspended Brière for three games. Brière disagreed with the ruling, saying, "If you look at the replay, it's clearly not a crosscheck which is two hands moving forward. It's a push with one hand. The mistake I made is my stick was up there. Is it worth three games for that?I don't think so. And on top of that, I missed him. I didn't even get him... My glove grazed the top of his helmet, not my stick." On January 19, 2011, <mask> was named as the replacement to play in the All-Star Game for Calgary Flames player Jarome Iginla, who cited health concerns about his grandmother as the reason for dropping out of what would have been his sixth All-Star appearance. <mask> scored two goals for Team Lidstrom in the game, helping them to an 11–10 victory over

masks: Brière Brière Brière Brière Brière


title: Daniel Brière

texts:
 Team Staal. <mask> finished the 2010–11 NHL season with 34 goals and 34 assists. He went on to record seven goals during the 2011 Stanley Cup playoffs, a post-season that saw the Flyers defeat <mask>'s former team, the Buffalo Sabres, in seven games but fall to the eventual Stanley Cup champion Boston Bruins in a four-game sweep.On January 7, 2012, <mask> scored his fifth hat trick as well as his third NHL fight (against Kyle Turris) on home ice. His third goal, against Craig Anderson, was the game winner in overtime as the Flyers beat the Ottawa Senators by a 3–2 score, Brière having scored all of the Flyers' goals. During the 2012 Stanley Cup playoffs, <mask> continued his dominant playoff play, scoring eight goals in 11 games as the Flyers eventually fell to the New Jersey Devils, the eventual Eastern Conference Champions, in five games in the second round. During the 2012–13 NHL lockout, <mask> and Flyers teammate Claude Giroux played for Eisbären Berlin of the German Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). Brière played in a total of 21 games before being injured by an uncalled slash of his wrist which resulted in hyperextension and a bone bruise. On June 18, 2013, <mask> was informed by Flyers management that he would be given a compliance buyout, ending his tenure with the Flyers. Montreal Canadiens
On July 4, 2013, Brière signed a two-year, $8 million contract with the Montreal Canadiens.<mask> became the first player in NHL history to have an accent grave on his jersey. On October 19, 2013, Brière sustained another concussion against the Nashville Predators after a collision with Eric Nystrom, which sidelined him for almost a month before returning to the lineup on November 12, 2013. Brière returned to the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia on December 12, 2013, and was greeted with a standing ovation by the home crowd. Colorado Avalanche
On June 30, 2014, <mask> was traded to the Colorado Avalanche in exchange for P. A. Parenteau and a fifth-round draft pick in 2015. Following the conclusion of the 2014–15

masks: Brière Brière Brière Brière Brière Brière Brière Brière


title: Daniel Brière

texts:
 season, <mask> was not re-signed by the club, and on August 17, 2015, he announced his official retirement from professional hockey. Management career
After his retirement, <mask> remained involved in the Flyers organization. In June 2017, it was announced that he had been appointed to run the day-to-day operations of the upcoming Maine Mariners that had been purchased by the Flyers' owners Comcast Spectacor and moved to Portland, Maine, to begin play in 2018–19.Partway through the  season, <mask> was named the special assistant to the general manager for the Flyers. International play
<mask>a Memorial Tournament, a highly competitive under-18 event not directly sanctioned by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). He scored five points and earned his first gold medal as Canada defeated the United States 5–2 in the final. Three years later, during his final year of major junior in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), he competed for Team Canada at the 1997 World Junior Championships in Switzerland. Brière scored six points in seven games and captured his second gold medal, defeating the United States once more 2–0. <mask> debuted at the senior level with Team Canada at the 2003 World Championships and scored nine points in nine games. He earned another gold medal, defeating Sweden in the final.The next year, at the 2004 World Championships, Brière earned his fourth gold medal in as many international appearances, again topping Sweden 5–3 in the final. He tallied eight points to finish ninth in tournament scoring. Personal life
Growing up, Brière attended Collège Saint-Alexandre, a private high school in Gatineau. He has three sons- Caelan (born July 1998); Carson (born September 1999); and Cameron (born April 2001) – with his ex-wife, Sylvie. He currently resides in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with his three boys and wife Dr. Misha Briere. Brière had fellow Flyer Claude Giroux as a housemate in 2011; when Giroux moved out after the 2011 season, Flyers rookie and fellow French-Canadian Sean

masks: Brière Brière Brière Brièrelink Brière


title: Indrek Allmann

texts:
<mask> (born 8 December 1972 in Viljandi, Estonia) is an Estonian architect and city planner. <mask> attended J. Köler 4th Secondary School in Viljandi (Viljandi Maagümnaasium) from 1987-1990. He obtained his higher education in the Faculty of Architecture in the Estonian Academy of Arts from 1990-1999. From 1995-1998, <mask> worked in the architectural bureau R. Puusepp Stuudio 911 OÜ. From 1998-2000, he worked as a senior architect in the architectural bureau Kolde Projekt AS and from 2000-2004 as a senior architect in the architectural bureau Kolde Grupp OÜ. Since 2004, <mask> has worked as the lead architect and partner in PLUSS Architects. Architectural bureau Pluss OÜ was founded in 2002 and has designed more than a million square metres of public buildings, apartment buildings and private residences – both new builds as well as renovations and restorations.<mask> <mask> has been a member of the Estonian Association of Architects since 1999. Since 2000, he has been a member of the Supervisory Board and from 2006-2010 he performed his duties as Vice-chairman of the association. <mask> <mask> was the President of the Estonian Association of Architects from 2014-2016 and Vice-president from 2016-2017.

Notable works
<mask> <mask> is a spokesman for responsible design and emphasises in his work that the most environmentally friendly square metre is the one that does not need to be built. His work is characterised by a high technical level, inventive choice of materials, keen awareness of the environment and carefully thought-out structure. <mask> tries to avoid anything impractical in his work, emphasizing strongly on planning phase, for the sake of creating high-quality integrated environment. <mask> <mask> is the primary author behind the idea of the climate-neutral Hundipea neighbourhood (and one of the project leaders). The pilot project aims to create a new

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title: Indrek Allmann

texts:
 climate-neutral neighbourhood in Paljassaare, Northern Tallinn.The comprehensive solution for the climate-neutral neighbourhood is created in cooperation with several stakeholders from the private and public sector, including scientists, the local community, city planners, developers, startups and the Tallinn City Government. As part of the Hundipea project, <mask> <mask> participates in the activities of the collaboration platform for environmental awareness called Rohetiiger (the Green Tiger). <mask> <mask> is known as a visionary for many extensive infrastructure developments. In cooperation with architect Jaan Jagomägi, and Futudesign architects Risto Wimberg and Teemu Seppänen, <mask> highlighted the need for smart direction of the urban impact of the Tallinn-Helsinki tunnel. <mask> is also one of the authors of the Rail Baltic Pärnu terminal. The authors of the winning design “Water Strider” of the international architectural competition for the terminal are <mask> <mask>, Jaan Jagomägi, Gunnar Kurusk, Tanno Tammesson and Holden Vides. The conceptual design for the Talsinki tunnel and the design for the Rail Baltic Pärnu terminal were presented at the 2016 Venice Biennale of Architecture as part of the joint exhibition “Balti Atlas” by the three Baltic states.Other well-known works from <mask> are the concept for the Noblessner harbour area and the Lurich quarter in Ülemiste City, Tallinn. He has also garnered recognition for Hotel L’Ermitage in Tallinn, Tulbi-Veeriku apartment buildings, and the church complex of the Tartu St. Luke's UMC in Tartu, Eisma harbour, the semi-detached house in Lucca, the small house in Padise and Nordic Hotel Forum in Tallinn. <mask> <mask> is active in several countries and in addition to Estonia has designed buildings in Ukraine, Denmark, Latvia, Norway and Sweden. Social activities
<mask> <mask> has been a speaker at several

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title: Indrek Allmann

texts:
 international conferences, at the Estonian Academy of Arts and TalTech and been a member of the jury at various international architectural competitions, including for the buildings of the Estonian Academy of Arts and the Estonian Business School, the 2012 Latvian Building of the Year competition and the 2014 Lithuanian Building of the Year competition. <mask> <mask> participated in the work of the Supervisory Board of Eesti Arhitektuurikeskus (Estonian Centre of Architecture) from 2014-2015 and the Supervisory Board for the architecture endowment of the Cultural Endowment of Estonia from 2013-2015. <mask> <mask> was a member of the Supervisory Board of Saarte Liinid AS from 2017-2020 and again as of 2020. <mask> <mask> is a volunteer maritime rescuer and is a member of the Muhu Merepääste Selts (Muhu Maritime Rescue Association).Selected works
·        2021 Apartment buildings in Siili quarter, Tartu (with T. Tammesson); participation in the anniversary exhibition of the Estonian Museum of Architecture “The Houses That We Need” (with J. Jagomägi and G. Kurusk)

·        2020 Commercial building “Alma Tomingas”, Sepise 7, Tallinn (with G. Kurusk); concept for Hundipea climate-neutral neighbourhood, Tallinn

·        2019 Haljala School, Haljala (with K. Krass)

·        2015 Buildings in the Lurich block in Ülemiste City, Tallinn; business district Elemental, Skanste, Riga; Rail Baltic Pärnu passenger terminal (with J. Jagomägi, T. Tammesson)

·        2014 Residential and commercial building Poordi 1, Tallinn (with J. Jagomägi)

·        2013 Experimental and energy-efficient timber commercial building Novaator, Paldiski mnt 135, Tallinn (not built); Aidu rowing centre buildings, Aidu. “Best Urban Space Update” (Noblessner harbour)

·        2019 – Award “SMALL 2018” for small objects from the Estonian Association of Architects (extension of the ant shed and

masks: Indrek Allmann Indrek Allmann Indrek Allmann


title: William Charles Wells

texts:
Dr <mask> FRS FRSE FRCP (24 May 1757 – 18 September 1817) was a Scottish-American physician and printer. He lived a life of extraordinary variety, did some notable medical research, and made the first clear statement about natural selection. He applied the idea to the origin of different skin colours in human races, and from the context it seems he thought it might be applied more widely. <mask> said: "[<mask>] distinctly recognises the principle of natural selection, and this is the first recognition which has been indicated". Life
<mask> was born in Charleston on 24 May 1757, the second son of Mary and <mask>, a printer. His parents were Scots who had settled in South Carolina in 1753. He is the brother of <mask> and <mask>.He was sent to school in Dumfries, Scotland in 1768, at the age of 11, and after completing his preparatory school studies he attended the University of Edinburgh for a year. <mask> returned to Charleston in 1771 and became a medical apprentice under Dr Alexander Garden, a naturalist and physician, who himself was a pupil of <mask>, Director of the Botanical Gardens in Edinburgh. In 1775, soon after the commencement of the American War of Independence, he left Charleston suddenly, and went to London in England. He had been called upon to sign a paper the object of which was to unite the people in a resistance to the claims of the British Government. This he would not do. In 1776 he returned to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine graduating with his medical degree in 1778. In the autumn he returned to London, and attended a course of <mask>'s lectures, took instructions in practical Anatomy, and became a surgeon's pupil at St Bartholomew's Hospital.In 1779 he went to Holland as a surgeon of the British Army attached to a Scottish regiment. There he received

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title: William Charles Wells

texts: ill-treatment from his commanding officer, and resigned his commission. On the day on which he received his dismissal from the service, he challenged the officer to a duel: the officer refused to respond. <mask> then moved to Leiden in the Netherlands and matriculated at the University of Leiden 19 Feb. 1780. On this university he prepared his dissertation. This was the Inaugural Thesis, published at Edinburgh in 1780 when he took the degree of Doctor of Medicine; the subject of his thesis was Cold (De frigore). The title description of his thesis is: Disputatio medica, inauguralis, de frigore ... - Edinburgi : Balfour et Smellie, 1780.Early in 1781 he returned to Carolina to put his family's affairs in order. He was "at the same time an officer in a corps of volunteers; a printer, a bookseller, and a merchant, a trustee for some of his father's friends in England for the management of affairs of considerable importance in Carolina; and on one occasion exercised, at the instance of the Colonel Commandant of the militia, the office of Judge Advocate, in conducting a prosecution in a general court martial of militia officers." When the British withdrew from Charleston in December 1782, he traveled to St. Augustine, Florida. There he published the East Florida Gazette, the first weekly newspaper printed in Florida. Other publications during the British period of Florida included the Address of the principal inhabitants of East Florida. He returned to England in 1784 to practice medicine. In 1790 he was appointed one of the Physicians to the Finsbury Dispensary, and remained so until 1798.In 1793 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1798 he was elected Assistant Physician to St Thomas's Hospital; and in 1800 became one of the Physicians. From about 1800, his health was uncertain,


title: William Charles Wells

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 and he led a more limited life which was nevertheless fairly productive in medical research. <mask> was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1814. His proposers were <mask>, Lord Glenlee, John Playfair, and Baron Hume nephew of David Hume the philosopher. In the same year the Royal Society of London awarded him the Rumford Medal for his Essay on Dew. He died on 18 September 1817 at Serjeant's Inn in London, after suffering symptoms of heart malfunction (auricular fibrillation).He is buried at St Bride's Church. His parents, Robert and <mask>, are buried nearby. A tablet was erected by Louisa Susannah <mask> "as a tribute of duty to her parents and of affection to her brother." <mask>' recognition of natural selection
<mask> was the elder of three British medical men who formulated evolutionary ideas in the period 1813–1819. He was, arguably, the most successful in this endeavour; the others were James Cowles Prichard and <mask>. In 1813 a paper by <mask> was read before the Royal Society; it was published in 1818. This was Two Essays... with some observations on the causes of the differences of colour and form between the white and negro races of men.By the Late W.C<mask>…with a Memoir of his life, written by himself. <mask> was clearly interested in how different races might have arisen. After some preliminary remarks on the different races of man, and of the selection of domesticated animals, he observes that:

"[What was done for animals artificially] seems to be done with equal efficiency, though more slowly, by nature, in the formation of varieties of mankind, fitted for the country which they inhabit. Of the accidental varieties of man, which would occur among the first scattered inhabitants, some one would be better fitted than the others to bear the diseases of

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title: William Charles Wells

texts:
 the country. This race would multiply while the others would decrease, and as the darkest would be the best fitted for the [African] climate, at length [they would] become the most prevalent, if not the only race." <mask> and Alfred Russel Wallace were not aware of this work when they published their theory in 1858, but later Darwin acknowledged:

"In this paper he [<mask>] distinctly recognizes the principle of natural selection, and this is the first recognition which has been indicated; but he applies it only to man, and to certain characters alone. After remarking that negroes and mulattoes enjoy an immunity from certain tropical diseases, he observes, firstly, that all animals tend to vary in some degree, and, secondly, that agriculturalists improve their domesticated animals by selection; and then he adds, but what is done in this latter case by art, seems to be done with equal efficacy, though more slowly, in the formation of varieties of mankind, fitted for the country which they inhabit."Credit for the first appreciation of natural selection could therefore go to <mask> rather than to Edward Blyth or Patrick Matthew. The triumph is limited to the extent of being applied only to skin colour, and not, as Darwin and Wallace did, to the whole range of life. A form of the idea had already been set out by an earlier Edinburgh author, James Hutton, but in that case the effect was limited to improvement of varieties rather than the formation of new species. <mask>' work on dew
In the 1780s, <mask> and a few others had the idea that dew and frost occurred when the ground was a few degrees colder than the air above. But they thought the cold was caused by the dew and frost, not the other way around. In the autumn of 1811 <mask> took some measurements and soon came to doubt his old idea.

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 He began serious experiments soon after and published the results in August 1814.He compared the formation of dew under varying conditions of material, location, temperature, humidity, weather, cloud cover, season, and time of day. <mask> concluded that dew is a condensation of water vapor in the air caused by just the right combination of conditions involving especially temperature, temperature change, and heat conductivity of materials. <mask>' inquiry into the nature of dew were widely cited in the 1830s as an outstanding example of inductive scientific inquiry. Sir John Herschel used it as the primary illustration in his Discourse on the study of Natural Philosophy, calling the theory, "one of the most beautiful specimens we can call to mind of inductive experimental enquiry lying within a moderate compass." In 1836, the Encyclopedia Metropolitana reported, "We know of no work in our day which has been more universally admired than the Treatise of Dr. <mask>, certainly none that practically exemplifies in a purer and better form the admirable inductive system which it was the object of Bacon to teach." John Tyndall and <mask> praised it similarly. Publications
Wells W.C. 1814.An essay on dew. Taylor & Hessay, London. [The basis of his Rumford Medal]
Wells W.C. 1818. Two essays: upon a single vision with two eyes, the other on dew. Constable, London. This contains an appendix titled An account of a female of the white race of mankind, part of whose skin resembles that of a negro, with some observations on the cause of the differences in colour and form between the white and negro races of man. [It is this last part which contains the idea of natural selection.The book, which concludes with a memoir of his life, written by himself, contains the material which he had designated for

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title: William Charles Wells

texts:
 publication before his death; apparently there was other material destroyed on his instructions]. Most of his writings on medical subjects are contained in the second and third volumes of the Transactions of a Society for the Promotion of Medical and Chirurgical Knowledge 1811-12:
Observations on Erysipelas. An instance of an entire want of hair in the human body. Observations on the dropsy which succeeds Scarlet Fever. A case of Tetanus, with observations on the disease. A case of aneurism of the Aorta, communicating with the Pulmonary artery. A case of considerable enlargement of the Cœcum and Colon.A case of extensive Gangrene of the cellular membrane between the muscles and skin of the neck and chest. On rheumatism of the heart. On the presence of the red matter and serum of the blood in the urine of dropsy, which has not originated in Scarlet Fever. Observations on Pulmonary Consumption and intermittent fever, chiefly as diseases opposed to each other; with an attempt to arrange several other diseases, according to the alliance or opposition which exists between them, and one or other of the two former. References

Sources
All sources depend ultimately on <mask>' own account of his life. <mask>'s Roll of the Royal College of Physicians
 Dictionary of National Biography
 James R. R. <mask> <mask>. British Journal of Ophthalmology, November 1928.External links

1757 births
1817 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
18th-century Scottish medical doctors
19th-century Scottish medical doctors
Proto-evolutionary biologists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Businesspeople from Charleston, South Carolina
People from Dumfries
American people of Scottish descent
Scottish printers
American printers
British Army regimental surgeons
Leiden University

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title: Martin Lightband

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<mask> (1831 – 1 August 1914) was a 19th-century Member of Parliament from Nelson, New Zealand. Early life
Born in Worcester, England, in 1831, he arrived at Nelson in 1842 on the Thomas Harrison with his parents, Mr and Mrs <mask>. <mask> was 10 years old when he arrived. He lived in Nelson almost his entire life, except for a brief stay in Christchurch. His younger brother, <mask> was killed in a canoe accident at Tahuna on 1 June 1909.

Business interests
<mask> worked in his fathers tanning business as a tanner. Later he went into partnership with Benjamin Jackson as boot, shoe, and leather merchants. In 1865 the partnership was dissolved and <mask> continued on his own in premises in Collingwood Street.In 1858 he was one of the founders of the Nelson Coal Mining Company and was involved in the development of the Pakawau coal mine. <mask> was elected a Director of the unsuccessful Culliford Gold Mining Company in 1869 and in 1870 was one of the provisional Directors of the Nelson Patent Slip Company. In 1896 <mask> started in business as a grain merchant. On 25 April 1888 he helped found the Nelson Bowling Club. and his own lawn was used for matches until the clubs greens were completed later in 1888. Political career

<mask> took a keen interest in Imperial, colonial, and local affairs. He was asked to stand in Westport in 1867, but declined.The budget of 1870 provoked heated discussion in Nelson and a public meeting was called to condemn it. <mask> spoke in the budget's favour and after further debate the meeting ended with those attending supporting the budget. <mask>, in absentia, was put forward as a candidate for the 1871 election. He was described by Mr Burns, who nominated him, as a thorough hardworking, painstaking, straightforward businessman. Mr Tregea seconded the nomination. The candidates for election were Oswald Curtis, <mask>, J C Richmond, and Joseph Shephard. Polling day was 6

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title: Martin Lightband

texts:
 February 1871.In his election campaign he spoke support for the Vogel Scheme with the proviso that the money was spent wisely and for immigration provided it was to the betterment of the colony. He was also in favour of taxing property and income, but not in favour of compulsory education due to the financial constraints of the time. New Zealand was described as in a depression and heavily dependent on borrowing. The editorial of the Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle dismissed <mask> as but a tyro in politics, and that his opinions are crude and but half formed. The paper's editor supported Richmond, a Stafford supporter, as did Curtis. <mask> was considered a Liberal for supporting Vogel. <mask> and Curtis were elected to represent Nelson.<mask> represented the City of Nelson electorate from 1871 to 1872, when he resigned. On 25 August 1871 he was appointed to a Select Committee on the producing and manufacturing resources of the colony. Among the more unusual recommendations of the committee was encouraging German migrants to come and grow beetroot. In September Lighband supported the abolition of grand juries. Later during his term the Nelson-Foxhill railway was approved for construction. <mask> supported its construction. Despite being opposed to Stafford when elected and during his term in Parliament, <mask> spoke highly of him.Stafford stated that he considered <mask> among the men he would like to see at the head of the colony's affairs. Wooden tramway dispute
On 8 January 1872 the Nelson Evening Mail published and article suggesting wooden tramways in the Upper Buller District. <mask> then wrote to the Evening Mail supporting the construction of wooden tramways within the area. The letter seemed to imply that he preferred these over conventional railways such as the proposed Nelson-Foxhill Line. The paper's editor then responded suggesting that <mask> was vacillating and not standing

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title: Martin Lightband

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 for what he had said he would. In a letter to the editor a prominent citizen Wm Rout wrote expressing concern and dismay at <mask>'s letter. Similar letters followed from others.Even the Colonist, which supported <mask>, expressed concern in its editorial, but noted that as <mask> was absent from Nelson they would need to wait for clarification. On his return at the end of January from the West Coast Lightband responded to his critics. He stated that in his opinion the proposed Nelson-Foxhill line would take a long time to construct and that his preference was for a more rapid opening up of the area, hence the wooden tramway. The debate continued with support for Lighband coming from outlying area's and opposition from within his electorate. On 19 March 1872 the Colonist editorial announced <mask>'s intention to sail for England via San Francisco in April of the year. It also stated that he would be resigning from Parliament. Whether his resignation and journey were because of the controversy or not is not stated.Sir David Monro, Richmond, and David Luckie stood to replace him. <mask>'s letter of 16 April gave formal notice of his resignation and was published in Nelson Evening Mail. Journey to England
<mask> sailed from Nelson to the Manukau on the steamer Phoebe on 16 April, the same day as his resignation. His journey to England was via Honolulu, San Francisco, thence overland to New York. He intended to travel for about 9 months, promoting New Zealand. <mask> sailed from Auckland on the 2,166 ton paddle steamer Nevada on 21 April. News of his arrival in England was reported in the Nelson Evening Mail on 11 September.Citing a European Mail correspondent, Anglo Australian, it said that <mask> was dissatisfied with the Honolulu to San Francisco leg of his journey and hoped to find any novelty's in England that might advance New Zealand industry. <mask> sailed from Galle on the P and O 1,790 ton


title: Martin Lightband

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 steamship RMSS Behar on 28 October 1872. The ship encountered rough weather during its passage, arriving in King George Sound on 14 November 1872. Lighband sailed with the ship to Melbourne. Given <mask> sailed from Galle to Australia on his return voyage, his most likely route would have been from Southampton to Alexandria, Egypt, overland to Suez, and then steamship to Galle. If <mask> was feeling particularly prosperous he may have sailed through the Suez Canal, but it was more expensive and slower than the overland route by rail to Suez. From Melbourne <mask> sailed to Bluff on the 765 ton steam ship Albambra.It left Port Phillip on 8 December 1872 and arrived at Bluff on 12 December 1872 along with his wife and child. They reached Nelson on 20 December. Return to local politics
By mid May 1873 he was again advocating opening of access to the Buller-Reefton area to enable the exploitation of its mineral reserves. Then in July 1873 he wrote to the Editor of the Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle supporting the establishment of a Municipality. In late July early August 1873 he had joined the outcry against proposed increased tariffs on goods, although he was in favour of using them to protect local industry. In 1902 he was elected to the Nelson City Council and remained a Councillor almost up until his death. <mask> died peacefully in his sleep at his home "Wainui" on 1 August 1914, after suffering a stroke several days earlier.<mask> was 83. "Wainui" was located in Nile Street East, Nelson and was built by his father. The family must have been relatively well off from quite early on, because <mask>'s wife advertised for a female servant in 1859. References

1804 births
1891 deaths
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
People from Nelson, New Zealand
New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates
English emigrants to New Zealand
People from Worcester, England
19th-century New

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title: Jackie Baillie

texts:
<mask> ( Barnes; born 15 January 1964) is a Scottish politician who has served as Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party since 2020. She has been Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Dumbarton constituency since 1999. She also served as acting Leader of the Scottish Labour Party in 2017 and again in 2021. Born in British Hong Kong, Baillie was educated at St Anne's School, Windermere before studying at Cumbernauld College and the University of Strathclyde. After working in local government, she was elected at the 1999 Scottish Parliament election and served in the Scottish Executive as Minister for Social Justice under Henry McLeish. In December 2014, she was appointed as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Finance, Constitution and Economy; later Economy, Jobs and Fair Work. After Kezia Dugdale resigned as Leader of the Scottish Labour Party and acting leader Alex Rowley was suspended, Baillie served as acting leader until Richard Leonard was elected as Scottish Labour leader in 2017.She was sacked by Leonard as economy spokesperson in October 2018, who also replaced her in the role. After she was elected Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party, Leonard reappointed Baillie to his Shadow Cabinet as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Finance in April 2020. She again served as acting Scottish Labour leader for six weeks following Leonard's resignation in January 2021. Early life and career
Baillie was born on 15 January 1964 in British Hong Kong to Sophie and Frank Barnes. Her mother is Scottish and her father Portuguese. After education at the private St Anne's School, Windermere in the Lake District, she studied at Cumbernauld College and the University of Strathclyde. She went on to work as a resource centre manager at Strathkelvin District Council and a community economic development manager at East Dunbartonshire Council.Political career

Scottish Executive: 1999–2007
Baillie was chair of Scottish Labour in 1997. She was first elected at the inaugural election for the


title: Jackie Baillie

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 Scottish Parliament in May 1999. A member of the Scottish Executive, she served as Minister for Social Justice when Henry McLeish was First Minister of Scotland, during which time she was involved with the Homelessness Task Force. She was re-elected in 2003 and became a member of the Scottish Parliament's Justice 2 Committee and Public Petitions Committee. Opposition: 2007–2020
In December 2007, Baillie defended Labour leader Wendy Alexander on Newsnight Scotland, during the controversy regarding alleged illegal donations to Alexander's leadership campaign. In 2009, Baillie successfully brought into being an act of the Scottish Parliament, with the unanimous support of all MSPs, to allow for greater protection of disabled parking spaces. Baillie has opposed minimum pricing of alcohol, being unconvinced about the overall benefits.In 2010, she stated it would not be the best way of tackling the country's alcohol-related problems but instead backed a tax-based alternative amongst other measures. The legislation was passed setting a minimum unit pricing floor price for a unit of alcohol of 50 pence per unit. <mask> held the position of Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Health in the Shadow Cabinet of Iain Gray, retaining the post in December 2011 following the election of Johann Lamont as Gray's successor. When Lamont announced a major shakeup of the Labour frontbench team on 28 June 2013, <mask> was moved from Health to Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Social Justice and Welfare. On 27 March 2014, <mask> stood in for Johann Lamont at First Minister's Questions while Lamont was attending the funeral of veteran Labour politician Tony Benn. She also stood in at FMQs following Lamont's resignation as Labour leader in October 2014. Baillie ruled herself out of standing in the leadership election that followed Lamont's departure, stating that she wanted a "supporting role" rather than to be Labour leader.As a backbench MSP, Baillie campaigned for a public inquiry into a lethal outbreak of

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title: Jackie Baillie

texts:
 Clostridium difficile colitis at the Vale of Leven Hospital in her constituency. The inquiry into the outbreak cost £10 million, while the families were offered £1 million, something which prompted Baillie to plead Health Secretary Shona Robison for greater compensation for those affected, during a session of the Scottish Parliament in November 2014. In December 2017, Baillie was reduced to tears when raising the concern of fire safety following the deaths of two men in the Cameron House Hotel Fire. After Kezia Dugdale resigned as Scottish Labour leader in August 2017 and interim leader Alex Rowley was suspended, Baillie served as acting leader until Richard Leonard was elected as the new leader following the 2017 Scottish Labour leadership election. <mask> continued to serve as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Economy, Jobs and Fair Work until October 2018 when she was sacked by Leonard, who also replaced her in the role. Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party: 2020–present
In January 2020, Baillie announced that she would be standing as a candidate for the post of Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party. On 3 April, it was announced she had won the contest by 10,311 votes to Matt Kerr's 7,528 votes.After she was elected, Leonard reappointed her to his frontbench as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Finance. She served as acting Leader of the Scottish Labour Party since after the resignation of Leonard on 14 January 2021 and served until the election of Anas Sarwar as leader. On 1 March 2021, <mask> was moved from shadowing Finance to Health, Social Care and Equalities. Between 2020 and 2021, <mask> was a member of Committee on the Scottish Government Handling of Harassment Complaints that concluded that the Scottish Government's handling of harassment complaints against Alex Salmond was "seriously flawed". As a committee member, <mask> quizzed both Salmond and Nicola Sturgeon, asking the latter: "You have described these errors as catastrophic. That's a strong word, tell me why

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