title: Ernst Nolte

texts: world, carried on for an indefinite period since 1917 (indeed anticipated as early as 1776) by several militant universalisms, each of which possesses at least one major state.Nolte ended Deutschland und der kalte Krieg with a call for Germans to escape their fate as the world's foremost battleground for the rival ideologies of American democracy and Soviet communism by returning to the values of the German Empire. Likewise, Nolte called for the end of what he regarded as the unfair stigma attached to German nationalism because of National Socialism, and demanded that historians recognize that every country in the world had at some point in its history had "its own Hitler era, with its monstrosities and sacrifices". In 1978, the American historian Charles S. Maier described <mask>'s approach in Deutschland und der kalte Krieg as: This approach threatens to degenerate into the excessive valuation of abstraction as a surrogate for real transactions that Heine satirized and Marx dissected. How should we cope with a study that begins its discussion of the Cold War with Herodotus and the Greeks versus the Persians? ... Instead Nolte indulges in a potted history of Cold War events as they engulfed Asia and the Middle East as well as Europe, up through the Sino-Soviet dispute, the Vietnam War and SALT. The rationale is evidently that Germany can be interpreted only in the light of the world conflict, but the result verges on a centrifugal, coffee-table narrative.Nolte has little regard for specific historical context in his treatment of the history of ideas, opting to seek what Carl Schmitt labeled the


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type: original

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 abstract "final" or "ultimate" ends of ideas, which for Nolte are the most extreme conclusions which can be drawn from an idea, representing the ultima terminus of the "metapolitical". For Nolte, ideas have a force of their own, and once a new idea has been introduced into the world, except for the total destruction of society, it cannot be ignored any more than the discovery of how to make fire or the invention of nuclear weapons can be ignored. In his 1974 book Deutschland und der kalte Krieg (Germany and the Cold War), Nolte wrote there was "a worldwide reproach that the United States was after all putting into practice in Vietnam, nothing less than its basically crueler version of Auschwitz". The books Der Faschismus in seiner Epoche, Deutschland und der kalte Krieg, and Marxismus und industrielle Revolution (Marxism and the Industrial Revolution) formed a trilogy in which Nolte seeks to explain what he considered to be the most important developments of the 20th century. The Historikerstreit

Nolte's thesis
Nolte is best known for his role in launching the Historikerstreit ("Historians' Dispute") of 1986 and 1987. On 6 June 1986 Nolte published a  feuilleton opinion piece entitled "Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will: Eine Rede, die geschrieben, aber nicht mehr gehalten werden konnte" ("The Past That Will Not Pass: A Speech That Could Be Written but Not Delivered") in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. His feuilleton was a distillation of ideas he had first introduced in lectures delivered in 1976 and in 1980.Earlier in 1986, <mask> had planned to deliver a speech before the Frankfurt


title: Ernst Nolte

texts: public demands for the annihilation of millions of guiltless people who were thought to be "enemies".It is probable that many of these reports were exaggerated. It is certain that the “White Terror” also committed terrible deeds, even though its program contained no analogy to the “extermination of the bourgeoisie”. Nonetheless, the following question must seem permissible, even unavoidable: Did the National Socialists or Hitler perhaps commit an “Asiatic” deed merely because they and their ilk considered themselves to be the potential victims of an “Asiatic” deed? Wasn’t the 'Gulag Archipelago' more original than Auschwitz? Was the Bolshevik murder of an entire class not the logical and factual prius of the "racial murder" of National Socialism? Cannot Hitler's most secret deeds be explained by the fact that he had not forgotten the rat cage? Did Auschwitz in its root causes not originate in a past that would not pass?In addition, <mask> sees his work as the beginning of a much-needed revisionist treatment to end the "negative myth" of Nazi Germany that dominates contemporary perceptions. <mask> took the view that the principal problem of German history was this "negative myth" of Nazi Germany, which cast the Nazi era as the ne plus ultra of evil. <mask> contends that the great decisive event of the 20th century was the Russian Revolution of 1917, which plunged all of Europe into a long-simmering civil war that lasted until 1945. To Nolte, fascism, communism's twin, arose as a desperate response by the threatened middle classes of Europe to what Nolte has often called the "Bolshevik peril". He

masks: Nolte Nolte Nolte


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 suggests that if one wishes to understand the Holocaust, one should begin with the Industrial Revolution in Britain, and then understand the rule of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. In his 1987 book Der europäische Bürgerkrieg, 1917–1945, <mask> argued in the interwar period, Germany was Europe's best hope for progress. <mask> wrote that "if Europe was to succeed in establishing itself as a world power on an equal footing [with the United States and the Soviet Union], then Germany had to be the core of the new 'United States'".Nolte claimed if Germany had to continue to abide by Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, which had disarmed Germany, then Germany would have been destroyed by aggression from her neighbors sometime later in the 1930s, and with Germany's destruction, there would have been no hope for a "United States of Europe". The British historian Richard J. Evans accused Nolte of engaging in a geopolitical fantasy. The ensuing controversy
These views ignited a firestorm of controversy. Most historians in West Germany and virtually all historians outside Germany condemned Nolte's interpretation as factually incorrect, and as coming dangerously close to justifying the Holocaust. Many historians, such as Steven T. Katz, claimed that Nolte's “Age of Genocide” concept “trivialized” the Holocaust by reducing it to just one of many 20th century genocides. A common line of criticism was that Nazi crimes, above all the Holocaust, were singular and unique in their nature, and should not be loosely analogized to the crimes of others. Some historians such as Hans-Ulrich Wehler were most forceful in arguing

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texts: that the sufferings of the "kulaks" deported during the Soviet "dekulakization" campaign of the early 1930s were in no way analogous to the suffering of the Jews deported in the early 1940s.Many were angered by <mask>'s claim that "the so-called annihilation of the Jews under the Third Reich was a reaction or a distorted copy and not a first act or an original", with many wondering why Nolte spoke of the "so-called annihilation of the Jews" in describing the Holocaust. Some of the historians who denounced Nolte's views included Hans Mommsen, Jürgen Kocka, Detlev Peukert, Martin Broszat, Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Michael Wolffsohn, Heinrich August Winkler, Wolfgang Mommsen, Karl Dietrich Bracher and Eberhard Jäckel. Much (though not all) of the criticism of Nolte came from historians who favored either the Sonderweg (Special Way) and/or intentionalist/functionalist interpretations of German history. Coming to Nolte's defence were the journalist Joachim Fest, the philosopher Helmut Fleischer, and the historians Klaus Hildebrand, Rainer Zitelmann, Hagen Schulze, Thomas Nipperdey and Imanuel Geiss. The last was unusual amongst <mask>'s defenders as Geiss was normally identified with the left, while the rest of <mask>'s supporters were seen as either on the right or holding centrist views. In response to Wehler's book, Geiss later published a book entitled Der Hysterikerstreit. Ein unpolemischer Essay (The Hysterical Dispute: An Unpolemical Essay) in which he largely defended Nolte against Wehler's criticisms.Geiss wrote Nolte's critics had "taken in isolation" his statements and were guilty of being "hasty


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 readers"

In particular, controversy centered on an argument of Nolte's 1985 essay “Between Myth and Revisionism” from the book Aspects of the Third Reich, first published in German as "Die negative Lebendigkeit des Dritten Reiches" ("The Negative Vitality of the Third Reich") as an opinion piece in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung on 24 July 1980, but which did not attract widespread attention until 1986 when Jürgen Habermas criticized the essay in a feuilleton piece. Nolte had delivered a lecture at the Siemens-Stiftung in 1980, and excerpts from his speech were published in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung without attracting controversy. In his essay, Nolte argued that if the PLO were to destroy Israel, then the subsequent history written in the new Palestinian state would portray the former Israeli state in the blackest of colors with no references to any of the positive features of the defunct state. In <mask>'s opinion, a similar situation of history written only by the victors exists in regards to the history of Nazi Germany. Many historians, such as British historian Richard J. Evans, have asserted that, based on this statement, Nolte appears to believe that the only reason why Nazism is regarded as evil is because Germany lost World War II, with no regard for the Holocaust. In a review which appeared in the Historische Zeitschrift journal on 2 April 1986 Klaus Hildebrand called <mask>'s essay "Between Myth and Revisionism" “trailblazing”. In the same review Hildebrand argued Nolte had in a praiseworthy way sought:

"to incorporate in historicizing fashion that central element for the


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 letter, Nolte described himself as the unnamed historian whose views on the reasons for the Holocaust had caused Saul Friedländer to walk out in disgust from a dinner party hosted by Nolte in Berlin in February or March 1986 that Habermas had alluded to an earlier letter

Responding to the essay "The Age of Tyrants: History and Politics" by Klaus Hildebrand that defended Nolte, Habermas wrote:

"In his essay <mask>lte discusses the 'so-called' annihilation of the Jews (in H.W.Koch, ed. Aspects of the Third Reich, London, 1985). Chaim Weizmann's declaration in the beginning of September 1939 that the Jews of the world would fight on the side of Britain, 'justified'so opined <mask> to treat the Jews as prisoners of war and intern them. Other objections aside, I cannot distinguish between the insinuation that world Jewry is a subject of international law and the usual anti-Semitic projections. And if it had at least stopped with deportation. All this does not stop Klaus Hildebrand in the Historische Zeitschrift from commending Nolte's 'pioneering essay', because it 'attempts to project exactly the seemingly unique aspects of the history of the Third Reich onto the backdrop of the European and global development'. Hildebrand is pleased that Nolte denies the singularity of the Nazi atrocities."In an essay entitled "Encumbered Remembrance", first published in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung on August 29, 1986, Fest claimed that <mask>'s argument that Nazi crimes were not singular was correct. Fest accused Habermas of "academic dyslexia" and "character assassination" in his attacks on Nolte. In a letter to

masks:
Ernst No
NolteHler
Nolte


title: Ernst Nolte

texts: the editor of Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung published on September 6, 1986 Karl Dietrich Bracher accused both Habermas and Nolte of both "...tabooing the concept of totalitarianism and inflating the formula of fascism". The historian Eberhard Jäckel, in an essay first published in the Die Zeit newspaper on September 12, 1986, argued that Nolte's theory was ahistorical on the grounds that Hitler held the Soviet Union in contempt and could not have felt threatened as Nolte claimed. Jäckel later described Nolte's methods as a "game of confusion", comprising dressing hypotheses up as questions and then attacking critics demanding evidence for his assertions as seeking to block one from asking questions. The philosopher Helmut Fleischer, in an essay first published in the Nürnberger Zeitung newspaper on September 20, 1986, defended Nolte against Habermas on the grounds that Nolte was only seeking to place the Holocaust into a wider political context of the time. Fleischer accused Habermas of seeking to impose on Germans a left-wing moral understanding of the Nazi period and of creating a "moral" Sondergericht (Special Court).Fleischer argued that Nolte was only seeking the "historicization" of National Socialism that Martin Broszat had called for in a 1985 essay by trying to understand what caused National Socialism, with a special focus on the fear of communism. In an essay first published in Die Zeit on September 26, 1986, the historian Jürgen Kocka argued against Nolte that the Holocaust was indeed a "singular" event because it had been committed by an advanced Western nation, and argued that <mask>'s


title: Ernst Nolte

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 comparisons of the Holocaust with similar mass killings in Pol Pot's Cambodia, Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union, and Idi Amin's Uganda were invalid because of the backward nature of those societies. Hagen Schulze, in an essay first published in Die Zeit on September 26, 1986, defended Nolte, together with Andreas Hillgruber, and argued that Habermas was acting from "incorrect presuppositions" in attacking <mask> and Hillgruber for denying the "singularity" of the Holocaust. Schulze argued that Habermas's attack on Nolte was flawed because he failed to provide any proof that the Holocaust was unique, and argued there were many "aspects" of the Holocaust that were "common" to other historical events. In an essay first published in the Frankfurter Rundschau newspaper on November 14, 1986, Heinrich August Winkler wrote of Nolte's essay "The Past That Will Not Pass":

“Those who read the Frankfurter Allgemeine all the way through to the culture section were able to read something under the title “The Past That Will Not Pass” that no German historian to date had noticed: that Auschwitz was only a copy of a Russian original – the Stalinist Gulag Archipelago. From a fear of the Bolsheviks’ Asiatic will to annihilate, Hitler himself committed an “Asiatic deed”. Was the annihilation of the Jews a kind of putative self-defence?That is what Nolte’s speculation amounts to.”

The political scientist Kurt Sontheimer, in an essay first published in the Rheinischer Merkur newspaper on November 21, 1986, accused <mask> and his supporters of attempting to create a new “national consciousness” intended to sever the Federal


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 Republic's “intellectual and spiritual ties with the West”. The German political scientist Richard Löwenthal noted that news of the Soviet kulak expulsions and the Holodomor did not reach Germany until 1941, so that Soviet atrocities could not possibly have influenced the Germans as Nolte claimed. In a letter to the editor of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung on November 29, 1986, Löwenthal argued the case for a "fundamental difference" in mass murder between Germany and the Soviet Union, and against the "equalizing" of various crimes in the 20th century. The German historian Horst Möller, in an essay first published in late 1986 in the Beiträge zur Konfliktforschung magazine, argued that Nolte was not attempting to "excuse" Nazi crimes by comparing them with the crimes of others, but was instead trying to explain Nazi war-crimes. Möller argued that Nolte was only attempting to explain "irrational" events rationally, and that the Nazis really did believe that they were confronted with a world Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy out to destroy Germany. In an essay entitled "The Nazi Reign – A Case of Normal Tyranny? ", first published in Die neue Gesellschaft magazine in late 1986, the political scientist Walter Euchner wrote that Nolte was wrong when he wrote of Hitler's alleged terror of the Austrian Social Democratic Party parades before 1914, arguing that Social Democratic parties in both Germany and Austria were fundamentally humane and pacifistic, instead of the terrorist-revolutionary entities Nolte alleged them to be.Der europäische Bürgerkrieg
Another area of controversy was <mask>'s 1987 book Der


title: Ernst Nolte

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 europäische Bürgerkrieg (The European Civil War) and some accompanying statements, by which Nolte appeared to flirt with Holocaust denial as a serious historical argument. In a letter to Otto Dov Kulka of 8 December 1986 Nolte criticized the work of French Holocaust denier Robert Faurisson on the ground that the Holocaust did in fact occur, but he went on to argue that Faurisson's work had admirable motives in the form of sympathy for Palestinians and opposition to Israel. In Der europäische Bürgerkrieg, Nolte claimed that the intentions of Holocaust deniers are "often honorable", and that some of their claims are "not evidently without foundation". Kershaw has argued that <mask> was operating on the borderlines of Holocaust denial with his implied claim that the "negative myth" of Nazi Germany was created by Jewish historians, his allegations of the domination of Holocaust scholarship by Jewish historians, and his statements that one should withhold judgment on Holocaust deniers, who Nolte insists are not exclusively Germans or fascists. In Kershaw's opinion, Nolte is attempting to imply that Holocaust deniers are perhaps on to something. In Der europäische Bürgerkrieg, Nolte put forward five different arguments as a way of criticizing the uniqueness of the Shoah thesis. These were as follows:
 There were other equally horrible acts of violence in the 20th century.Some of the examples Nolte cited were the Armenian genocide; Soviet deportations of the so-called “traitor nations,” such as the Crimean Tatars and the Volga Germans; British “area bombing” in World War II; and American violence in the


title: Ernst Nolte

texts: Vietnam War. Nazi genocide was only a copy of Soviet genocide, and thus can in no way be considered unique. Nolte argued that the vast majority of Germans had no knowledge of the 'Holocaust while it was happening Nolte claimed that the genocide of the Jews was Hitler's personal pet project, and that the Holocaust was the work of only a few Germans who were entirely unrepresentative of German society Contradicting the American historian Raul Hilberg, who claimed that hundreds of thousands of Germans were complicit in the Holocaust, from high-ranking bureaucrats to railway clerks and locomotive conductors, Nolte argued that the functional division of labour in modern society meant that most people in Germany had no idea of how they were assisting in genocide. In support of this, Nolte cited the voluminous memoirs of German generals and Nazi leaders, such as Albert Speer, who claimed to have no idea that their country was engaging in genocide during World War II. Nolte maintained that to a certain degree Nazi anti-Semitic policies were justifiable responses to Jewish actions against Germany, such as Weizmann's alleged 1939 “declaration of war” on Germany. Finally, Nolte hinted at the possibility that the Holocaust had never happened at all. Nolte claimed that the Wannsee Conference never took place, and argued that most Holocaust scholarship is flawed because most Holocaust historians are Jewish, and thus “biased” against Germany and in favour of the idea that there was a Holocaust.The British historian Richard J. Evans criticized <mask>, accusing him of taking too seriously the work of Holocaust deniers,


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 whom Evans called cranks, not historians. Likewise, Evans charged that Nolte was guilty of making assertions unsupported by the evidence, such as claiming that SS massacres of Russian Jews were a form of counterinsurgency, or taking at face value the self-justifying claims of German generals who professed to be ignorant of the Shoah. Perhaps the most extreme response to <mask>'s thesis occurred on 9 February 1988, when his car was burned by leftist extremists in Berlin. Nolte called the case of arson "terrorism", and maintained that the attack was inspired by his opponents in the Historikerstreit. International reaction
Criticism from abroad came from Ian Kershaw, Gordon A. Craig, Richard J. Evans, Saul Friedländer, John Lukacs, Michael Marrus, and Timothy Mason. Mason wrote against Nolte, calling for the sort of theories of generic fascism that Nolte himself had once championed:

Anson Rabinbach accused Nolte of attempting to erase German guilt for the Holocaust. Ian Kershaw wrote that Nolte was claiming that the Jews had essentially brought the Holocaust down on themselves, and were the authors of their own misfortunes in the Shoah.Elie Wiesel called Nolte, together with Klaus Hildebrand, Andreas Hillgruber, and Michael Stürmer, one of the “four bandits” of German historiography. The American historian Charles Maier rejected Nolte's claims regarding the moral equivalence of the Holocaust and Soviet terror on the grounds that while the latter was extremely brutal, it did not seek the physical annihilation of an entire people as state policy. The American historian Donald McKale blasted both <mask> and


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 Andreas Hillgruber for their statements that the Allied strategic bombing offensives were just as much acts of genocide as the Holocaust, writing that that was just the sort of nonsense one would expect from Nazi apologists like <mask> and Hillgruber. In a 1987 essay, the Austrian-born Israeli historian Walter Grab accused <mask> of engaging in an “apologia” for Nazi Germany. Grab called Nolte's claim that Weizmann's letter to Chamberlain was a "Jewish declaration of war" that justified the Germans "interning" European Jews a "monstrous thesis" that was not supported by the facts. Grab accused Nolte of ignoring the economic impoverishment and total lack of civil rights that the Jewish community in Germany lived under in 1939. Grab wrote that <mask> "mocks" the Jewish victims of National Socialism with his "absolutely infamous" statement that it was Weizmann with his letter that caused all of the Jewish death and suffering during the Holocaust.Conclusion of dispute
Writing in 1989, the British historian Richard J. Evans declared that:

Citing Mein Kampf, Evans argued that Hitler was an anti-Semite long before 1914 and that it was the SPD (the moderate left), not the Bolsheviks, whom Hitler regarded as his main enemies. Nolte's opponents have expressed intense disagreement with his evidence for a Jewish "war" on Germany. They argue that Weizmann's letter to Chamberlain was written in his capacity as head of the World Zionist Organization, not on behalf of the entire Jewish people of the world, and that <mask>'s views are based on the spurious idea that all Jews comprised a distinct "nationality" who took

masks: Nolte Nolte Nolte Nolte


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 their marching orders from Jewish organizations. Because of the views that he expressed during the Historikerstreit, <mask> has often been accused of being a Nazi apologist and an anti-Semite. Nolte has always vehemently denied these charges, and has insisted that he is a neo-liberal in his politics. Nolte is by his own admission an intense German nationalist and his stated goal is to restore the Germans' sense of pride in their history that he feels has been missing since 1945. In a September 1987 interview, Nolte stated that the Germans were "once the master race (Herrenvolk), now they are the "guilty race" (Sündervolk).The one is merely an inversion of the other". Nolte's defenders have pointed to numerous statements on his part condemning Nazi Germany and the Holocaust. Nolte's critics have acknowledged these statements, but claim that Nolte's arguments can be constructed as being sympathetic to the Nazis, such as his defence of the Commissar Order as a legitimate military order, his argument that the Einsatzgruppen massacres of Soviet Jews were a reasonable "preventative security" response to partisan attacks, his statements citing Viktor Suvorov that Operation Barbarossa was a "preventive war" forced on Hitler allegedly by an impending Soviet attack, his claim that too much scholarship on the Holocaust has been the work of "biased" Jewish historians, or his use of Nazi-era language such as his practice of referring to Red Army soldiers in World War II as “Asiatic hordes”. Later work
In his 1991 book Geschichtsdenken im 20. Jahrhundert (Historical Thinking in the 20th Century), <mask> asserted


title: Ernst Nolte

texts: that the 20th century had produced three “extraordinary states”, namely Germany, the Soviet Union, and Israel. He claimed that all three were “abnormal once”, but whereas the Soviet Union and Germany were now “normal” states, Israel was still “abnormal” and, in Nolte's view, in danger of becoming a fascist state that might commit genocide against the Palestinians. Between 1995 and 1997, Nolte debated with the French historian François Furet in an exchange of letters on the relationship between fascism and communism.The debate had started with a footnote in Furet's book, Le Passé d'une illusion (The Passing of an Illusion), in which Furet acknowledged Nolte's merit of comparatively studying communism and Nazism, an almost-forbidden practice in Continental Europe. Both ideologies typify in a radical way the contradictions of liberalism. They follow a chronological sequence: Lenin predates Mussolini, who, in turn, precedes Hitler. Furet noted that <mask>'s theses went against the established notions of culpability and apprehension to criticize the idea of anti-fascism common in the West. This prompted an epistolary exchange between the two of them in which Furet argued that both ideologies were totalitarian twins that shared the same origins, but Nolte maintained his views of a kausaler Nexus (causal nexus) between fascism and communism to which the former had been a response. After Furet's death, their correspondence was published as a book in France in 1998, Fascisme et Communisme: échange épistolaire avec l'historien allemand <mask>e prolongeant la Historikerstreit (Fascism and Communism: Epistolary

masks:
Nolte
Ernst Nolt


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texts: Exchanges with the German Historian <mask> Extending the Historikerstreit). It was translated into English as Fascism and Communism in 2001.While pronouncing Stalin guilty of great crimes, Furet contended that although the histories of fascism and communism were essential to European history, there were singular events associated with each movement which differentiated them. He did not feel there was a precise parallel, as Nolte suggested, between the Holocaust and dekulakization. Nolte often contributed Feuilleton (opinion pieces) to German newspapers such as Die Welt and the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. He was often described as one of the "most brooding, German thinkers about history". The historical consciousness and self-understanding of the Germans form a major theme of his essays. Nolte called the Federal Republic "a state born of contemporary history, a product of catastrophe erected to overcome catastrophe" In a Feuilleton piece published in Die Welt entitled “Auschwitz als Argument in der Geschichtstheorie” (Auschwitz as An Argument in Historical Theory) on 2 January 1999, Nolte criticized his old opponent Richard J. Evans for his book In The Defence of History, on the grounds that aspects of the Holocaust are open to revision and so Evans’s attacks on Nolte during the Historikerstreit had been unwarranted. Specifically, citing the American political scientist Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Nolte argued that the effectiveness of the gas chambers as killing instruments was exaggerated, more Jews were killed by mass shooting than by mass gassing, the number of people killed at Auschwitz was


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 overestimated after 1945 (the Soviets initially exaggerated the death toll at 4 million although the consensus today is 1.1 million), Binjamin Wilkomirski's memoir of Auschwitz was a forgery and so the history of the Holocaust is open to reinterpretation.In October 1999, Evans stated in response that he agreed with Nolte on those points but argued that form of argument to be an attempt by Nolte to avoid responding to his criticism of him during the Historikerstreit. On 4 June 2000, Nolte was awarded the Konrad Adenauer Prize. The award attracted considerable public debate and was presented to Nolte by Horst Möller, the Director of the Institut für Zeitgeschichte (Institute for Contemporary History), who praised Nolte’s scholarship but tried to steer clear of Nolte’s more controversial claims. In his acceptance speech, Nolte commented, "We should leave behind the view that the opposite of National Socialist goals is always good and right," while suggesting that excessive "Jewish" support for Communism furnished the Nazis with "rational reasons" for their anti-Semitism. In August 2000, <mask> wrote a favorable review in the Die Woche newspaper of Norman Finkelstein’s book The Holocaust Industry, claiming Finkelstein’s book buttressed his claim that the memory of the Holocaust had been used by Jewish groups for their own reasons. <mask>’s positive review of The Holocaust Industry may have been related to Finkelstein’s endorsement in his book of Nolte’s demand, first made during the Historikerstreit, for the “normalization” of the German past

In a 2004 book review of Richard Overy's monograph The


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texts: Dictators, the American historian Anne Applebaum argued that it was a valid intellectual exercise to compare the German and the Soviet dictatorships, but she complained that <mask>'s arguments had needlessly discredited the comparative approach. In response, Paul Gottfried in 2005 defended Nolte from Applelbaum's charge of attempting to justify the Holocaust by contending that Nolte had merely argued that the Nazis had made a link in their own minds between Jews and communists and that the Holocaust was their attempt to eliminate the most likely supporters of communism.In a June 2006 interview with the newspaper Die Welt, <mask> echoed theories that he had first expressed in The Three Faces of Fascism by identifying Islamic fundamentalism as a "third variant", after communism and National Socialism, of "the resistance to transcendence". He expressed regret that he would not have enough time for a full study of Islamic fascism In the same interview, Nolte said that he could not forgive Augstein for calling Hillgruber a "constitutional Nazi" during the Historikerstreit and claimed that Wehler had helped to hound Hillgruber to his death in 1989. <mask> ended the interview by calling himself a philosopher, not a historian, and argued that the hostile reactions that he often encountered from historians were caused by his status as a philosopher writing history. In his 2005 book The Russian Roots of Nazism: White Émigrés and The Making of National Socialism, the American historian Michael Kellogg argued that there were two extremes of thinking about the origins of National Socialism, with Nolte arguing for a


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 "causal nexus" between communism in Russia and Nazism in Germany, but the other extreme was represented by the American historian Daniel Goldhagen, whose theories debate a unique German culture of "eliminationist" anti-Semitism. Kellogg argued that his book represented an attempt at adopting a middle position between Nolte's and Goldhagen's positions but that he leaned closer to <mask>'s by contending that anti-Bolshevik and anti-Semitic Russian émigrés played an underappreciated key role in the 1920s in the development of Nazi ideology, their influence on Nazi thinking about Judeo-Bolshevism being especially notable. In his 2006 book No Simple Victory, the British historian Norman Davies lends Nolte's theories support:

Davies concluded that revelations made after the fall of communism in Eastern Europe about Soviet crimes had discredited Nolte's critics. Courtois wrote the preface to the French edition of The European Civil War, published in 2000.Awards
 Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize (1985)
 Konrad Adenauer Prize (2000)
 Gerhard Löwenthal Honor Award (2011)

Works
 "Marx und Nietzsche im Sozialismus des jungen Mussolini" pp. 249–335 from Historische Zeitschrift, Volume 191, Issue #2, October 1960. "Die Action Française 1899–1944" pp. 124–165 from Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, Volume 9, Issue 2, April 1961. "Eine frühe Quelle zu Hitlers Antisemitismus" pp. 584–606 from Historische Zeitschrift, Volume 192, Issue #3, June 1961. “Zur Phänomenologie des Faschismus” pp.373–407 from Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, Volume 10, Issue #4, October 1962. Der Faschismus in seiner Epoche: die Action


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 Zeitschrift, Volume 247, Issue #1, August 1988. "Das Vor-Urteil als "Strenge Wissenschaft."Zu den Rezensionen von Hans Mommsen und Wolfgang Schieder” pp. 537–551 from Geschichte und Gesellschaft, Volume 15, Issue #4, 1989.

 Review of The Politics of Being The Political Thought of Martin Heidegger by Richard Wolin pp. 123–124 from Historische Zeitschrift, Volume 258, Issue # 1 February 1994. "Die historisch-genetische Version der Totalitarismusthorie: Ärgernis oder Einsicht?" pp. 111–122 from Zeitschrift für Politik, Volume 43, Issue #2, 1996. Historische Existenz: Zwischen Anfang und Ende der Geschichte?, Munich: Piper 1998, .Les Fondements historiques du national-socialisme, Paris: Editions du Rocher, 2002. L'eredità del nazionalsocialismo, Rome: Di Renzo Editore, 2003.
 co-written with Siegfried Gerlich Einblick in ein Gesamtwerk, Edition Antaios: Dresden 2005, . Die dritte radikale Widerstandsbewegung: der Islamismus, Landt Verlag, Berlin 2009, . References
Notes

Bibliography

 Bauer, Yehuda Rethinking the Holocaust New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001 . Bauer, Yehuda "A Past That Will Not Go Away" pp. 12–22 from The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Reexamined edited by Michael Berenbaum and Abraham Peck, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998. Braunthal, Gerard Review of Theorien über den Faschismus by <mask>e pp.487–488 from The American Historical Review, Volume 75, Issue # 2, December 1969. Brockmann, Stephen "The Politics Of German History" pp. 179–189 from History and Theory, Volume 29, Issue #2, 1990. Craig, Gordon "The War of the German


title: Ernst Nolte

texts:
 Historians" pp. 16–19 from New York Review of Books, 15 February 1987. Diner, Dan "The Historians' Controversy: Limits to the Historicization of National Socialism" pp. 74–78 from Tikkun, Volume 2, 1987.Eley, Geoff "Nazism, Politics and the Image of the Past: Thoughts on the West German Historikerstreit" pp. 171–288 from Past and Present, Volume 121, 1988. Friedländer, Saul "West Germany and the Burden of the Past: The Ongoing Debate" pp. 3–18 from Jerusalem Quarterly, Volume 42, Spring 1987. Friedrich, Carl “Review: Fascism versus Totalitarianism: <mask>'s Views Reexamined” pp. 271–284 from Central European History, Volume 4, Issue #3, September 1971
 Gilbert, Felix “Review of Deutschland und der Kalte Krieg” pp. 618–620 from The American Historical Review, Volume 81, Issue #3 June 1976.Grab, Walter “German Historians And The Trivialization Of Nazi Criminality: Critical Remarks On The Apologetics Of Joachim Fest, <mask> And Andreas Hillgruber” pp. 273–278 from Australian Journal of Politics and History, Volume 33, Issue #3, 1987. Gutman, Yisreal "Nolte and Revisionism" pp. 115–150 from Yad Vashem Studies, Volume 19, 1988. Heilbrunn, Jacob "Germany's New Right" pp. 80–98 from Foreign Affairs, Volume 75, Issue #6, November–December 1996. Hanrieder, Wolfram F. Review of Deutschland und der Kalte Krieg pp.1316–1318 from American Political Science Review, Volume 71, September 1977. Hirschfeld, Gerhard "Erasing the Past?" pp. 8–10 from History Today Volume 37, Issue 8, August 1987. Jarausch, Konrad "Removing the Nazi Stain? The Quarrel of the German Historians" pp. 285–301 from German Studies Review, Volume

masks:
Ernst Nolte
Ernst Nolte


title: Ernst Nolte

texts: 11, 1988.Kitchen, Martin "<mask>e And The Phenomenology Of Fascism" pp. 130–149 from Science & Society, Volume 38, Issue #2 1974. Kulka, Otto Dov "Singularity and Its Relativization: Changing Views in German Historiography on National Socialism and the `Final Solution'" pp. 151–186 from Yad Vashem Studies, Volume 19, 1988. LaCapra, Dominick "Revisiting The Historians’ Debate: Mourning And Genocide" pp. 80–112 from History & Memory, Volume 9, Issue #1–2 1997. Loewenberg, Peter Review of Theorien uber den Faschismus by <mask>e pp.368–370 from The Journal of Modern History, Volume 41, Issue # 3, September 1969. Maier, Charles "Immoral Equivalence" pp. 36–41 from The New Republic, Volume 195, Number 22, Issue 3, 750, 1 December 1986. Mosse, George Review of Three Faces of Fascism: Action Française, Italian Fascism, National Socialism pp. 621–625 from Journal of the History of Ideas, Volume 27, Issue #4, October 1966. Muller, Jerry "German Historians At War" pp. 33–42 from Commentary Volume 87, Issue #5, May 1989.Nolan, Mary "The Historikerstreit and Social History" pp. 51–80 from New German Critique, Volume 44, 1988. <mask>, <mask> The Three Faces of Fascism, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1965. Peacock, Mark S. "The Desire To Understand And The Politics Of Wissenschaft: An Analysis Of The Historikerstreit" pp. 87–110 from History of the Human Sciences, Volume 14, Issue #4, 2001. Pulzer, Peter "Germany Searches for A Less Traumatic Past" pp. 16–18 from The Listerner, Volume 117, Issue 3017, June 25, 1987.Pulzer, Peter "Germany: Whose History?" pp. 1076–1088 from Times Literary Supplement, October 2–8,

masks:
Ernst Nolt
Ernst Nolt
Nolte
Ernst


title: Ernst Nolte

texts:
 1987. Pulzer, Peter Review of Das Vergehen der Vergangenheit Antwort an meine Kritiker im sogenannten Historikerstreit p. 1095 from The English Historical Review, Volume 103, Issue # 409, October 1988. Shlaes, Amity "More History" pp. 30–32 from The American Spectator, April 1987. Sauer, Wolfgang "National Socialism: Totalitarianism or Fascism?"pp. 404–424 from The American Historical Review, Volume 73, Issue #2, December 1967. Schönpflug, Daniel "Histoires Croisees: François Furet, <mask> and A Comparative History of Totalitarian Movements" pp. 265–290 from European History Quarterly, Volume 37, Issue #2, 2007. Shorten, Richard "Europe’s Twentieth Century In Retrospect? A Cautious Note On The Furet/Nolte Debate" pp. 285–304 from European Legacy, Volume 9, Issue #, 2004.Sternhell, Zeev "Fascist Ideology" pp. 315–406 from Fascism: A Reader's Guide edited by Walter Laqueur, Harmondsworth, 1976. Strute, Karl and Doelken, Theodor (editors) Who's Who In Germany 1982–1983 Volume 2 N–Z, Verlag AG: Zurich, 1983, . Thomas, Gina (editor) The Unresolved Past A Debate In German History, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990, . Vidal-Naquet, Pierre Assassins of Memory Essays on the Denial of the Holocaust, New York: Columbia University Press, 1992, . Winkler, Karen "German Scholars Sharply Divided Over Place of the Holocaust in History" pp. 4–7 from The Chronicle of Higher Education, May 27, 1987.German
 Augstein, Rudolf "Ein historisches Recht Hitlers?" (interview with Nolte) pp. 83–103 from Der Spiegel, Issue 40, October 3, 1994. Gauweiler, Peter "Bocksgesang im Duett" pp. 55–58 from Der Spiegel, Issue 46, November


title: Ernst Nolte

texts:
 14, 1994. * Leinemann, Jürgen "Der doppelte Aussenseiter" pp. 30–33 from Der Spiegel, Issue 22, May 30, 1994.Mommsen, Hans “Das Ressentiment Als Wissenschaft: Ammerkungen zu <mask>’s Der Europäische Bürgrkrieg 1917–1945: Nationalsozialimus und Bolschewismus” pp. 495–512 from Geschichte und Gesellschaft, Volume 14, Issue #4 1988. Nipperdey, Thomas "Der Faschismus in seiner Epoche: Zu den Werken von <mask> Nolte zum Faschismus" pp. 620–638 from Historische Zeitschrift, Volume 210, Issue #3, June 1970. Nipperdey, Thomas, Doering-Manteuffel, Anselm & Thamer, Hans-Ulrich (editors) Weltburgerkrieg der Ideologien: Antworten an <mask>e : Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstag, Berlin: Propyläen Verlag, 1993 . Scheibert, Peter Review of Der europäische Bürgerkrieg 1917-1945 Nationalsozialismus und Bolschewismus pp.745–747 from Historische Zeitschrift, Volume 250, Issue # 3 June 1990. Stern, Fritz Review of Der Faschismus in Seiner Epoche: Die Action Française, der Italienische Faschismus, der Nationalsozialismus by <mask> pp. 225–227 from The Journal of Modern History, Volume 36, Issue # 2, June 1964. Zitelmann, Rainer Review of Geschichtsdenken im 20 Jahrhundert Von Max Weber bis Hans Jonas pp. 710–711 from Historische Zeitschrift, Volume 256, Issue # 3, June 1993. Bosnian
 Kopić, Mario "Nolteovo povijesno relacioniranje" pp. 40–43 from Odjek, Volume 52, Issue #3, 1999
 Kopić, Mario "Nolte u svojoj epohi" pp.91–99 from Odjek, Volume 68, Issues #1–4, 2015

Czech
 Moravcová, Dagmar "Interpretace fašismu v západoněmecké historiografii v 60. a 70. letech" pp. 657–675 from Československý časopis historický, Volume 26,

masks:
Ernst Nolte
Ernst
Ernst Nolt
Ernst Nolte


title: Ernst Nolte

texts:
 Issue #5, 1978

French
 Groppo, Bruno “"Revisionnisme" Historique Et Changement Des Paradigmes En Italie Et En Allemagne” pp. 7–13 from Matériaux pour l'Histoire de Notre Temps, Volume 68, 2002. Jäckel, Eberhard “Une Querelle D'Allemandes? La Miserable Pratique Des Sous-Entendus” pp. 95–98 from Documents, Volume 2, 1987. Soutou, Georges-Henri “La "Querelle Des Historiens" Allemands: Polemique, Histoire Et Identite Nationale” pp.61–81 from Relations Internationales, Volume 65, 1991. Italian
 Corni, Gustavo “La storiografia 'privata' di <mask>” pp. 115–120 from Italia Contemporanea, Volume 175, 1989. Iannone, Luigi "Storia, Europa, Modernità. Intervista ad Ernst Nolte", Le Lettere, 2008
 Landkammer, Joachim “Nazionalsocialismo e Bolscevismo tra universalismo e particolarismo” pp. 511–539 from Storia Contemporanea, Volume 21, Issue 3, 1990
 Perfetti, Francesco “La concezione transpolitica della storia nel carteggio Nolte-Del Noce” pp. 725–784 from Storia Contemporanea, Volume 24, Issue #5, 1993.Tranfaglia, Nicola “Historikerstreit e dintorni: una questione non solo tedesca” pp. 10–15 from Passato e Presente Rivista di Storia Contemporanea, Volume 16, 1988. Russian
 Galkin, I. S "Velikaia Oktiabr'Skaia Sotsialisicheskaia Revoliutsiia i Bor'ba Idei v Istoricheskoi Nauke Na Soveremennom Etape" pp. 14–25 from Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriia 8: Istoriia, Volume 5, 1977

Slovene
 Kopić, Mario "Revizionistična zgodovina Ernsta Nolteja" pp. 8–12 from Nova revija, Volume 24, Issue 273–274, 2005

External links

 <mask> – personal website (in German)

1923 births
2016 deaths
German


title: Robert J. Parks

texts:
<mask>. "Bob<mask> (April 1, 1922 – June 3, 2011) was a US aerospace engineer and pioneer in the space program where he was intricately involved and/or directed for some of the most historic and important U.S. unmanned space missions. Over a 40-year tenure at  the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL/NASA), located in Pasadena, California, <mask>’ impact was essential to helping the United States lead the world in space exploration. He served as Guidance Engineer for Explorer 1, the first successfully launched satellite by the United States. He directed the initial flyby missions to the Moon (Ranger 7, 8 and 9 Missions), the first soft landing on the moon (Surveyor Lunar Lander), the world's first successful mission to another planet (Mariner 2 to Venus) and initial missions to Mars, Saturn, Jupiter and Uranus. <mask> concluded his career as Deputy Director of the JPL/NASA and retired in 1987. Some of the awards he received for his work include the NASA Exceptional Service Medal (1967), the Stuart Ballantine Medal (1967), the Goddard Astronautics Award (1980) and the Caltech Distinguished Alumni Award in 1982.Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 1 April 1922 in Los Angeles, California and grew up in Glendale and Balboa Island. His father was petroleum engineer <mask> <mask>, his mother was Ruth (Feltz<mask>, and his brother was <mask><mask>. He attended California Institute of Technology (Caltech), where he played in the backfield on the freshman football team (including one game in the Rose Bowl, Caltech's home field) and was elected to Tau Beta Pi, the honorary engineering fraternity. He graduated with honors in 1944, with a BS degree in electrical engineering. From February 1944 to June 1946 he served with the US Army Signal Corps, including a tour in occupied Europe. During his service, he received considerable additional schooling in electronics and radar at Harvard, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the Army's Fort Monmouth. He was discharged from the Army as a first lieutenant.While stationed in Austria, he met his future wife Hanne Richter,

masks:
Robert J
" Parks
Parks
Parks
Robert Joseph
Parks
Joseph Burton
Parks
) Parks
Jerome W
. Parks


title: Robert J. Parks

texts:
 an interpreter and the daughter of a professor at the Vienna Conservatory of Music. She and <mask> would later have three sons. After leaving the army, <mask> spent six months at Hughes Aircraft before starting work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in April 1947. JPL career
During his early years at the JPL, <mask> started out as an engineer in the Guidance and Control Section from 1947 to 1950 where he worked with Wernher von Braun in White Sands, New Mexico to develop the guidance systems for the Army's MGM-5 Corporal and MGM-29 Sergeant guided missiles. He then became Section Chief, and from 1956 to 1957 was Division Chief of Research and Development. He was Project Director for the Sergeant missile program from 1957 until June 1960 when the work at JPL was turning from missiles to spacecraft. [1]

Starting in May 1960, under <mask>' direction, JPL/NASA conducted the world's first spacecraft mission to another planet, the Mariner 2 mission to Venus in 1962; the Ranger 7, 8 and 9 missions in 1964 and 1965, which produced the first close-up photos of the Moon; and the Mariner 4 mission to Mars in 1965.In addition, he was project manager for the Surveyor lunar lander series, the first soft landing on the Moon, the precursor to the Apollo Manned Program in 1965 and 1966. <mask> also oversaw Mariner 5 to Venus in 1967; Mariners 6 and 7 to Mars in 1969; Mariner 9 to Mars in 1971; Mariner 10, which in 1973 was the first spacecraft to travel to the planet Mercury; and the JPL portion of NASA's Viking orbiter and lander mission to Mars. In 1978 and 1979, <mask> managed the Voyager Project which sent spacecraft to Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus which now has left our Solar System and continues on to this day..... <mask> served in various roles at JPL/NASA including Director of the Planetary Programs during the early 1960s Assistant Laboratory Director (ALD) for Lunar and Planetary Projects in 1963. He held this role through various name changes until 1981 when he became JPL/NASA deputy director. In this position he was responsible for the day-to-day management

masks: Parks Parks Parks Parks Parks Parks Parks


title: Robert J. Parks

texts:
 of JPL and for the direction of its technical, administrative, and service activities until his retirement in 1987. Upon his death on June 3, 2011, Bob was recognized by JPL NASA which compiled a documentary film about his career entitled a Tribute to a Space Explorer which can be viewed here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=etfIXJm9Xds

Awards and later life
<mask> received numerous awards for his distinguished service at JPL/NASA that include the NASA Public Service Award (1963) and the NASA Exceptional Service Medal (1967).The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics awarded him its Louis W. Hill Award (1963) and Goddard Astronautics Award (1980). He and his JPL colleague <mask><mask> were presented with the Stuart Ballantine Medal (Engineering) from the Franklin Institute in 1967 for their: "Application of electromagnetic communication to the first successful reconnaissance of Mars by the Mariner IV". In 1973, <mask> was elected to the National Academy of Engineering for his: "Contributions in radio-inertial guidance, communications methods, systems engineering, and project management of spacecraft and
missiles." He was awarded the Caltech Distinguished Alumni Award in 1982. At the time of his retirement from JPL in 1987, <mask> was living with his wife Hanne in nearby
Balboa Island, California|Orange County. He was survived by his son's <mask>, <mask>, and <mask>. <mask> died aged 89 on 3 June 2011.References

External links
Biographies of Aerospace Officials and Policymakers, O-S, includes a brief biography of <mask> (NASA History Division)
JPL Lunar and Planetary Program Director <mask>, photograph (figure 62) from Lunar Impact: A History of Project Ranger (1977)
 <mask> J. <mask> (Munzinger Biographie)

1922 births
2011 deaths
American aerospace engineers
American electrical engineers
California Institute of Technology alumni
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
NASA people
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
People from La Cañada Flintridge, California
Engineers from California
United States Army personnel of World War

masks:
Parks
Jack N
. James
Parks
Parks
John Parks
Rick Parks
Gary Parks
Parks
Parks
Robert Parks
Robert
Parks


title: Theodore Schwan

texts:
<mask> (July 9, 1841 – May 27, 1926) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War who received the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Battle of Peebles' Farm. He also served with distinction during the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars. Early life and Civil War
<mask> was the son of Rev. <mask> and his second wife, Dorette Polemann, and the half-brother of Rev. <mask>. Schwan was born in Wulsdorf, now a neighborhood in the city of Bremerhaven, Bremen, Germany, but in 1841 part of the Kingdom of Hanover, and received his initial schooling in Germany. He immigrated to the United States in 1857, arriving at New York on 30 May 1857 on the sailing ship Ariel.On 12 June 1857, Schwan enlisted as a Private in the Regular Army, four weeks before his 16th birthday, and served in the 10th U.S. Infantry. When the Civil War broke out, he served with his regiment, rising from Private to Quartermaster Sergeant by October 1863, when he was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant. He was promoted to First Lieutenant in April 1864 and later received the Medal of Honor for dragging a wounded Union officer to the rear and preventing him from being captured at the October 1864 Battle of Peebles Farm. After the war
He remained in the Regular Army after the close of the Civil War and was promoted to captain on March 14, 1866. From May 1866 to May 1867 he was commanding a company as chief quartermaster for the Quartermaster Department of the District of Minnesota at Fort Snelling, Minnesota. He was then on leave of absence from May to October, 1867;

masks:
Theodore Schwan
Theodore Schwan
Georg Heinrich Christian Schwan
Heinrich Christian Schwan


title: Theodore Schwan

texts:
 who fell in the Custer fight.Later in the day Colonel Sheridan passed up the river on the steamer Fletcher, being accompanied by Captain <mask>, Company G, Eleventh Infantry. Headquarters of the Military District of Dakota Territory, March 15, 1878, designated Capt. <mask> to act as Indian agent at the Cheyenne Agency, Dakota Territory. On June 20, the commissioner of Indian Affaires instructed Captain Schwan to form an Indian police force on the Cheyenne River Agency in order to reduce the need of a military force at the agency. He was then on recruiting service at David's Island N.Y. Harbor 1880–82. Captain Schwan was an instructor on the staff of the United States School of Application for Cavalry and Infantry, at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., 1882–86. Adjutant-General's Department
Captain <mask>, of the 11th Infantry, to be assistant adjutant general with the rank of major, July 6, 1886, vice Benjamin, deceased.Maj. (now Lieut. Col.) <mask>, assistant adjutant-general, detailed as acting inspector-general, Department of Dakota, July 17, 1894, per Special Orders, No. 140, Adjutaut-General's Office, 1894; relieved April 30, 1895, per Special Orders, No. 75, Adjutant-General's Office, current series (lieutenant colonel and assistant adjutant general, February 19, 1895). He was promoted to colonel and assistant adjutant-general, May 18, 1898. The Adjutant-General's Department was then Adjt.-Gen'l, Brig.-Gen. H. C. Corbin. Assistants, Col. <mask>, Col. Thos.Ward, Lieut.-Col. W. H. Carter, Maj. H. O. S. Heistand, Maj. J. A. Johnston and Maj. W. A. Simpson. Two

masks:
Schwan
Theodore Schwan
Theodore Schwan
Theodore Schwan
Theodore Schwan


title: Theodore Schwan

texts:
 weeks before his last promotion in the regular army he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, and in accordance with the Act of Congress, approved March 2, 1899, he will retain that rank until July 1, 1901. He was brevetted several times. Spanish–American War

When the Spanish–American War erupted, Lt. Col. <mask> was appointed brigadier general of volunteers and colonel in the Regular Army in May 1898, making him one of the only foreign-born generals in the Spanish–American War. He assumed command of the First Division of the Fourth Army Corps, which had mustered in at Mobile, Alabama before moving to the Tampa assembly area in early June and Miami, Florida on June 20. That unit was exchanged with the First Division, Seventh Army Corps on June 27, and at the beginning of July, Schwan was relieved of that command by the War Department, freeing him for service with the Puerto Rican invasion.Schwan assumed command of the Independent Regular Brigade and sailed for Puerto Rico; the brigade landed at Guánica on July 31 and moved west along the coast. On August 10, his brigade won the Battle of Silva Heights; the next day, he entered the town of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. The Spanish moved up for another attack on Schwan, but a cease fire was enacted before either side attacked. Allegedly during this cease fire, Schwan's troops engaged in the first game of baseball to be played in Puerto Rico. Philippine–American War
With the fighting on Puerto Rico over, General Schwan was transferred to the Philippines, where he became chief-of-staff of the Eighth Army


title: Theodore Schwan

texts:
 Corps, which had become engaged in the Philippine–American War. He personally directed the first Cavite Expedition, then took command of the Second Brigade in the corps' First Division (in this era, brigade and division numbers were repeated from one corps to another) during the second Cavite Expedition. Retirement and death
He retired from the army in 1901 and was made a Major General of Regulars and put on the retired list.<mask> died in 1926 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Medal of Honor citation

Rank and Organization:
First Lieutenant, 10th U.S. Infantry. Place and date: At Peebles Farm, Va., October 1, 1864. Entered service at: New York. Born: July 9, 1841, Germany. Date of issue: December 12, 1898. Citation:
At the imminent risk of his own life, while his regiment was falling back before a superior force of the enemy, he dragged a wounded and helpless officer to the rear, thus saving him from death or capture.See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: Q–S
Puerto Rican Campaign

Notes

References

External links

1841 births
1926 deaths
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
American military personnel of the Indian Wars
American military personnel of the Philippine–American War
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
German-born Medal of Honor recipients
Hanoverian emigrants to the United States
United States Army generals
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Union Army officers
People from


title: Kyle Carr

texts:
<mask> (born September 15, 1986) is an American short track speed skater who has qualified for the 2014 Winter Olympics. The son of a nationally ranked skater, <mask> grew up roller skating. In 2001, he switched from inline speed skating to short track. While still in high school, he moved to Marquette, Michigan to further his training. <mask> made the 2005 Junior World Championships, and the senior World Cup team for the 2005–06 season. He broke his ankle at the 2006 Junior World Team trials and missed the 2006 Olympic Trials. Following surgery and rehab, he returned to skating but found he had lost much of his speed.After several tough years, he made the 2009–10 World Cup Team. <mask> made his first World Championships in the spring, but  missed the 2010 Olympics by a hundredth of a second. He had been planning to retire after the season, but decided to give himself another four years to fulfill his Olympic dream. <mask> made the World Cup team every year from 2010–13 and helped the United States set the national relay record. In 2011, he won a bronze at the World Championships as part of the relay team. <mask> finished fourth overall at the Olympic Trials, qualifying for the 2014 Olympics in Sochi, Russia. He plans to retire after the games and finish his degree in exercise science.Early life
<mask> <mask> was born September 15, 1986 in Hunterdon County, New Jersey to mother Lisa (née Godown, now Cervantes) and father Chris. <mask>'s mother was a nationally ranked skater. His grandfather, <mask>, worked at the Frenchtown Roller Rink for 30 years where <mask> and future Olympic teammate Chris Creveling spent much of their early roller skating careers. <mask> began skating at age one. At age three, he had his first roller skating competition, and at age seven he boldly told his mother that he was going to make the Olympics. At age thirteen, he broke his wrist while inline skating. Shortly thereafter, coach Shawn Walb introduced <mask> to ice short track speed skating.<mask> fell in love with the new sport and gave up inline skating in 2001. After his junior year of high school at Governor Mifflin, he moved

masks:
Christopher Kyle Carr
Carr
Carr
Carr
Carr
Carr
Christopher Kyle
Carr
Kyle Carr
George Carr
Kyle
Carr
Carr
Carr


title: Kyle Carr

texts:
 to Marquette, Michigan in 2004 to further his training at the US Olympic Education Center. Skating career

<mask> participated in the 2005 Junior World Championships. In the fall, he made the senior World Cup team, and won a gold medal in Slovakia. However, <mask> broke his ankle at the 2006 Junior World Team trials and was unable to compete at the 2006 Olympic Trials. He moved to Peachtree City, Georgia, where his mother was living, for surgery and rehabilitation. After two surgeries and eight months of rehab, he was ready to return to the ice.When he did, he found he was a considerably slower skater and considered quitting. His high school sweetheart, Siobhan O'Rourke, moved to Marquette and <mask>'s career turned around thanks to her support. <mask> made the 2009–10 United States World Cup Team, but with O'Rourke graduating from college in 2010, <mask> was planning to give up speed skating and "become an adult" at the end of the season. He placed third in the 500 meters at the National Championships, qualified for his first World Championships, and was offered the opportunity to train full-time with the National Team. He and O'Rourke moved to Salt Lake City to give <mask>'s Olympic dream one last shot. <mask> missed the 2010 Olympic team by a hundredth of a second. In 2011, he won a bronze medal at the World Championship as part of the US relay team.In 2012, he placed third in the men's time trial and the National Championships. <mask> has made the World Cup team each year from 2010–13; he has won six World Cup medals in total – one gold, two silver, and two bronze, all for relay events. At the 2014 Olympic Trials, <mask> made the 500 meter finals after winning his semifinal. He finished fourth in the event, and followed in up with a fifth-place finish in the 1500. On the final day of the Trials, he fell in the semifinals of the 1000 meters and was disqualified. Frustrated, he approached his coach who informed him that the fall did not matter as <mask> already had enough points to make the United States' Olympic Team. "At that point, all that frustration and anxiety turned into happiness and gratitude",

masks: Carr Carr Carr Carr Carr Carr Carr Carr Carr Carr


title: Kyle Carr

texts:
 <mask> recalled.<mask> finished fourth overall and is expected to compete in the men's relay at the Olympics. Thanks to the anonymous donation of an Atlanta-area businessman through GoFundMe, <mask> will be joined in Sochi, Russia, site of the 2014 Olympic games, by his mother. Previously, <mask>, like many of his teammates, used the crowd funding website to help cover his living expenses. <mask> is coached by national coach Stephen Gough, as well as his club coaches: Anthony Barthell and Alex Izykowski. <mask> plans to retire after the Olympics. "I'm at an age now where I kind of want to progress with my life", he said. "I'd love to speedskate forever, but it doesn't pay the bills."After retiring, he plans to finish his degree in exercise science and work with elite athletes on their training regimens. As of 2014, <mask> is part of the team that holds the national record in the 3000 meter relay. Personal life
<mask> is engaged to longtime girlfriend Siobhan O'Rourke. The wedding date was originally set for September 5, 2014, but was moved to September 19 so that <mask>'s teammate and best friend J.R. Celski could attend. <mask> has a younger sister, Bethany Camp. <mask> has a pet dog, cat, and bunny. In his free time, he likes to play basketball and ride his bike.He enjoys music with a strong beat, including hip hop and techno. During the off-season, <mask> works in commercial real estate. He has volunteered with Operation Christmas Child and has participated in National Multiple Sclerosis Society fundraisers. <mask> lists basketball player LeBron James as the greatest influence on his life because of the adversity James overcame to win multiple NBA Championships. References

External links
 Personal webpage of <mask>
 Official profile at US Speedskating

1986 births
Living people
American male short track speed skaters
Olympic short track speed skaters of the United States
Short track speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Hunterdon County, New Jersey
People from Peachtree City, Georgia
Sportspeople from the Atlanta metropolitan area
World Short Track Speed Skating Championships

masks:
Carr
Carr
Carr
Carr
Carr
Carr
Carr
Carr
Carr
Carr
Carr
Carr
Carr
Kyle Carr


title: Ruth Hale (feminist)

texts:
<mask> (1887 – September 18, 1934) was an American journalist who worked for women's rights in New York City during the era before and after World War I. She was married to journalist Heywood Broun and was an associate of the Algonquin Round Table. <mask> was the founder of the Lucy Stone League, an organization whose motto was "My name is the symbol for my identity and must not be lost." <mask>'s cause led her to fight for women to be able to legally preserve their maiden names after marriage. She challenged in the courts any government edict that would not recognize a married woman by the name she chose to use. Early life
<mask> was born in Rogersville, Tennessee in 1887. Her younger brother, <mask>, also born in the town, later became a singer and then a longtime Hollywood character actor.At age 13, she entered the Hollins Institute (today Hollins University) in Roanoke, Virginia. Three years later, she left to attend Drexel Academy of Fine Art (today Drexel University) in Philadelphia, where she studied painting and sculpture, but writing was her true calling. Career in journalism
When <mask> was 18, she became a journalist in Washington, DC, writing for the Hearst syndicate. She was a sought-after writer and socialite, and attended parties at the White House when President Woodrow Wilson was in office. She worked at the Washington Post until she went back to Philadelphia to become drama critic for the Philadelphia Public Ledger. <mask> also dabbled in sports writing, which was uncommon for women to do at the time. <mask> moved to New York City about 1915 and became a feature writer for The New York Times, Vogue and

masks:
Ruth Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Richard Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale


title: Ruth Hale (feminist)

texts:
 Vanity Fair.<mask> also did a bit of acting, appearing on Broadway three times in her life. Marriage and family
<mask> was introduced to Heywood Broun, a popular newspaper columnist and sportswriter, at a New York Giants baseball game at the Polo Grounds. They were married on 6 June 1917. When Broun was sent to France to report on the war, <mask> went with him, writing for the Paris edition of the Chicago Tribune. In 1918, <mask> gave birth to her only child, Heywood <mask>roun, in New York City. Women's rights and other activism
Early in 1921 <mask> took a stand with the U.S. State Department, demanding that she be issued a passport as "<mask>", not as "Mrs. Heywood Broun". The government refused; no woman had been given a passport with her maiden name to that time.She was unable to cut through the red tape, and the government issued her passport reading "<mask>, also known as Mrs. Heywood Broun." She refused to accept the passport, and cancelled her trip to France, as did her husband. In May 1921, <mask> was believed to be the first married woman to be issued a real estate deed in her own name for an apartment house on Manhattan’s Upper West Side. Not long afterward, she was chosen to be president of the Lucy Stone League, a group she founded based on Lucy Stone's decision to keep her maiden name after marriage. The group also chose Rose Falls Bres to serve as its legal counsel. Mrs. Bres, soon to be named president of the National Association of Women Lawyers, had been <mask>'s lawyer during her battle with the State Department. Heywood Broun was among the men present, and supported his wife in her endeavors.Other Lucy

masks:
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale B
Hale
Ruth Hale
Ruth Hale
Hale
Hale


title: Ruth Hale (feminist)

texts:
 Stoners were Jane Grant, wife of Harold Ross, the founder of The New Yorker, and Beatrice Kaufman, wife of playwright George S. Kaufman. <mask> and Broun bought a farm in Stamford, Connecticut, but resided in separate homes. She started to spend more time on women’s rights causes and less time on journalism. In August 1927, <mask> took a leading role in protesting the executions of anarchists and accused murderers Sacco and Vanzetti. She traveled to Boston as part of the defense committee, along with Dorothy Parker and John Dos Passos, but the men were put to death over their fierce protests. The campaign had a galvanizing effect on her, leading her to fight against capital punishment. In 1929 Edward Bernays decided to pay women to smoke their “torches of freedom” as they walked in the Easter Sunday Parade in New York.This was a shock because until that time, women were only permitted to smoke in certain places such as in the privacy of their own homes. He was very careful when picking women to march because “while they should be good looking, they should not look too model-y,” and he hired his own photographers to make sure that good pictures were taken and then published around the world. <mask> called for women to join in the march saying, “Women! Light another torch of freedom! Fight another sex taboo!”

Later life and death
While <mask> was intelligent, fearless, and honest, she was frustrated throughout her life by her too-earnest, often hectoring style. The writer and lawyer Newman Levy, a longtime friend of <mask> and Broun, recalled a bitter exchange between <mask> and an unidentified person. Adversary: "The

masks: Hale Hale Hale Hale Hale Hale


title: Ruth Hale (feminist)

texts:
 trouble with you, <mask>, is that you have no sense of humor."<mask>: "Thank God I am not cursed with the albatross of a sense of humor." During the 1920s and 1930s, <mask> continued to write, reviewed books for the Brooklyn Eagle, and worked as a theatrical press agent. She was a leading figure in New York’s writer’s community, and, with her husband, she was an associate of the Algonquin Round Table at the Algonquin Hotel. <mask> and Broun were quietly divorced in Mexico in November 1933, although the two remained close and continued to reside on the same property in Connecticut. Ten months later, in September 1934, <mask> came down with an intestinal fever at her home in Stamford. Broun rushed his former wife to Doctor's Hospital on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, but it was too late. She died on September 18 at age 47.She was buried in her hometown of Rogersville, Tennessee. Film portrayal
<mask> was portrayed by the actress Jane Adams in the 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle. References

Bibliography
Dale Kramer, Heywood Broun, a Biographical Portrait, New York: Current Books, 1949. Heywood <mask>roun, Whose Little Boy Are You? New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1983. The New York Times, "<mask> Is Dead; Feminist Leader", September 19, 1934, page 19. "The New York Times", "Wives Debate Rights to Maiden Name", May 18, 1921, page 27.External links
 Scrapbook, 1923-1925. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. 1887 births
1934 deaths
American feminists
American women's rights activists
Drexel University alumni
Hollins University alumni
<mask>, <mask>
Vanity Fair (magazine) people
Algonquin

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Hale
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Hale
Hale B
Ruth Hale
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Ruth


title: Pratibha Ray

texts:
<mask> (born 21 January 1944) is an Indian academic and writer of Odia-language novels and stories. For her contribution to the Indian literature, <mask> received the Jnanpith Award in 2011.She was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 2022. Life and career
She was born on 21 January 1943, at Alabol, a remote village in the Balikuda area of Jagatsinghpur district formerly part of Cuttack district of Odisha state. She was the first woman to win the Moortidevi Award in 1991. Her first novel Barsha Basanta Baishakha (1974) was a best seller. Her search for a "social order based on equality, love, peace and integration", continues, since she first penned at the age of nine. When she wrote for a social order, based on equality without class, caste, religion or sex discriminations, some of her critics branded her as a communist, and some as feminist.But she says: "I am a humanist. Men and women have been created differently for the healthy functioning of society. The specialities women have been endowed with should be nurtured further. As a human being, however, woman is equal to man." She continued her writing career even after her marriage and raising a family of three children and husband Akshay <mask> who is an engineer. Her post-doctoral research was on Tribalism and Criminology of Bondo Highlander, tribes of Odisha, India. She started her professional career as a school teacher, and later she taught in various government colleges in Odisha for thirty years.She has guided doctoral research and has published many research articles. She took voluntary retirement as a Professor of Education from State Government

masks:
Pratibha Ray
Ray
Ray


title: Pratibha Ray

texts:
 Service and joined as Member, Public Service Commission of Odisha. She has active interest in social reform and has fought against social injustice on many occasions. One important incident in her life is protesting against colour (caste/religion) discrimination by the high priests of Jagannath Temple at Puri. She is currently fighting a defamation case lodged by the priests against her for her newspaper article in which she wrote against the undesirable behaviour of the priests, titled "The Colour of Religion is Black" (Dharmara Ranga Kala). She works in the cyclone-affected areas after the Odisha's Super Cyclone of October 1999 and she is working for rehabilitation of the orphans and widows of Cyclone affected areas. Travel

<mask> has travelled extensively inside India to participate in various national literary and educational conferences.She visited five republics of the erstwhile USSR in 1986 in a cultural exchange programme sponsored by ISCUS. She represented India as an Indian writer in the India Fair in Australia, "India Today 94". sponsored by Indian Council for Cultural Relations, New Delhi, in 1994. She gave readings and talks on Indian literature and languages in several universities of Australia. She has also visited the US, UK and France on speaking tours, represented India as an Indian writer in the India Festival in Bangladesh in 1996, and attended the 7th International Interdisciplinary Congress on Women in the University of Tromsø, Norway, in June 1999 as an Indian delegate. She visited Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark on a speaking tour in 1999. Visited Zurich, Switzerland,


title: Pratibha Ray

texts:
 'Padma Shri Award' in Literature and Education by the Government of India. 2011 – 'Jnanpith Award'
 2013 – Odisha Living Legend Award (Literature)
 2022 - Padma Bhushan from Government of India

See also
 List of Indian writers
 List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Odia
 Pratibha Satpathy

References

External links

 http://www.pratibharay.org/
 Prof. (Smt.)<mask> <mask> receives Padma Shri award in 2007 for Literature and Education, Odisha

1943 births
Living people
People from Jagatsinghpur district
Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education
Recipients of the Jnanpith Award
Odia-language writers
Indian women academics
Indian women novelists
Indian women short story writers
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Odia
20th-century Indian short story writers
20th-century Indian novelists
Novelists from Odisha
21st-century Indian novelists
21st-century Indian short story writers
21st-century Indian women writers
20th-century Indian women writers
Women writers from Odisha
Odisha academics
Women educators from Odisha
Educators from Odisha
Translators from English
Translators of Suman Pokhrel
Recipients of the Moortidevi Award
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature &

masks: Pratibha Ray


title: Tami Mauriello

texts:
Stefano "<mask>" <mask> (May 24, 1923 – December 3, 1999) was an American professional boxer and actor of Italian descent who was world ranked in two divisions during the 1940s. He thrice challenged for world titles, fighting Gus Lesnevich (twice) and Joe Louis for the world's Light-Heavyweight and Heavyweight titles, respectively. <mask>'s nickname was "The Bronx Barkeep". Professional boxing career
<mask> made his professional boxing debut with a first round knockout of Gilberto Ramirez Vazquez at Queensboro Arena, Long Island City, Queens, New York. <mask> went undefeated in his first 24 fights, with 15 knockout wins. He lost his condition as an undefeated prospect when he faced future NYSAC world Middleweight champion Billy Soose, who himself had come off a close split decision victory over Ken Overlin and a unanimous decision victory against Tony Zale. Mauriello-Soose took place on January 3, 1941 at the Madison Square Garden in New York.The event marked the third time that <mask> boxed as a professional in the arena. <mask> <mask> lost a razor-thin, split decision after ten rounds, one judge scoring the bout 6-4 in rounds for him (Boxing fights in New York were scored on a per-round basis instead of a "must system" as they get scored in modern times) while the other judge and the referee, Frank Fullam, scored the bout for Soose, 6-4 also. <mask> proceeded by taking on tough Bill McDowell (119-60-22) barely 5 weeks after the defeat to Soose, on February 11, 1941 at the New York Coliseum in the Bronx. <mask> won by a sixth round knockout. By this time, he was becoming known for his powerful right hand punch. Two fights later, <mask> fought young veteran (36-5-1 coming in) Steve Belloise on March 14, 1941. Belloise had twice fought Ken Overlin for the NYSAC's version of the world Light-Heavyweight championship and had lost both times

masks: Tami Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Tami Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello


title: Tami Mauriello

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 by close fifteen round decisions.<mask> knocked Belloise out at 2:59 of the first round. Wins over 'Wildcat' O'Connor, Charlie Williams, Jimmy O'Boyne, Tony Cisco and Steve Mamakos followed, setting <mask> up for his first world title challenge. World Light-Heavyweight Championship title fights
<mask> then fought Gus Lesnevich, who was the National Boxing Association's Light-Heavyweight champion of the world, for the NBA's and the vacant NYSAC's version of the championship. The first encounter between <mask> and Lesnevich was held August 26, 1941 at the Madison Square Garden. It was a close affair thorough, lasting the 15 rounds. In the end, Lesnevich was given a close, somewhat controversial split decision, judge John Potter scoring it 8-7 and judge Bill Healy 8-6-1 in rounds, respectively, for the champion, while referee Eddie Joseph had the fight 10-5 for <mask>. The closeness of the fight made a rematch possible; the second <mask>-Lesnevich contest took place, once again at the Madison Square Garden, on November 14, 1941.This time around Lesnevich outscored <mask> more comprehensively, with referee Arthur Donovan, judges George Lecron and Sam Austin each scoring the bout for the champion, 9-4-2, 9-5-1 and 10-2-3 in rounds, respectively. Move to Heavyweight
<mask> next moved to the Heavyweight division, The New York Times announcing his fight against Jay D. Turner (24-19-2) as his first in that weight. <mask> dropped Turner twice before the fight was stopped in the first round. He proceeded that by beating Gunnar Barlund, (41-13) by a knockout in 8, and the very experienced Buddy Knox (95-19-6), by a technical knockout when Knox could not come out of his corner to fight round 2. After four more wins, <mask> met three world ranked Heavyweights in a row: on May 22, 1942, he fought Bob Pastor, (52-6-4) to a 10 round draw (tie); on July

masks: Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello


title: Tami Mauriello

texts:
 14 of that year, he met Tony Musto (30-14-3), winning on points in 8 rounds; and nine days later, on July 23, he fought Red Burman, (78-20-2), winning by knockout in round 9. Each of these bouts took place in the New York City area; the Pastor and Burman ones at Madison Square Garden, and the Musto one at the New York Coliseum in the Bronx. Challenge for the "duration Heavyweight title"
After beating trail-horse Italo Collonello, <mask> next fought Jimmy Bivins.Joe Louis, who had headed to the United States Army to help boost soldier morale during World War II, had symbolically handed Bivins a "duration championship belt", so the fight was billed as for the "duration world Heavyweight championship"-a symbolic title with no official recognition. Nevertheless, when the two boxers met in Cleveland, Ohio, September 15, 1942, Bivins won by a close, split ten round decision. <mask> survived a knockdown in round 1. Lee Savold, rematch with Bivins, Lee Oma

Another win over Collonello followed, and then he faced Lee Savold, another top Heavyweight contender of the era. Savold was 73-24-1 coming into their October 30 fight, and <mask> beat him by a 10 round decision. Of the four matches that followed <mask>'s defeat of Savold, two were rematches, with one win over Vince Pimpinella (33-44-9), a ten round decision win, and one over Lou Nova, whom Mauriello knocked out in six rounds after being knocked down himself in the first round, sandwiched in. These two rematches were against Musto, whom Mauriello knocked out in seven rounds, (the fight's doctor stopped the fight because Musto suffered a dislocated jaw), and Bivins, who once again won a close decision over <mask>, a majority ten round nod.Once again, <mask> survived an early knockdown against Bivins, this time in the second round. The second Bivins-<mask> bout involved no title at stake. Six

masks: Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello


title: Tami Mauriello

texts: months later, <mask> knocked out Gunnar Barlund in eight rounds in a rematch. Then, on November 5, 1943, <mask> and Savold rematched; <mask> went to the floor in round two, but recovered to win by a unanimous decision. After another win against Buddy Knox, <mask> met Pennsylvanian fighter, Joe Baksi, in front of 16,015 people at the Madison Square Garden on February 5, 1944. Baksi almost knocked <mask> out in the first round, sending him to the canvas for a count of nine seconds. <mask> recovered and gave Baksi a serious test the rest of the way, but Baksi prevailed by a ten round unanimous decision.Wins over Pimpinella, Knox and Danny Cox followed, and then a three fight series with Lee Oma began. In the first bout, <mask> came in as a substitute for old rival Baksi; on September 22, 1944, he defeated Oma by knockout in round eight. In their second bout, held on December 8 of the same year, Oma gained revenge by winning a ten round unanimous decision, and in their rubber match, <mask> outpointed Oma over ten rounds by unanimous vote, March 23, 1945. Each of these fights were held at Madison Square Garden. The three fight series against Oma was followed with first round knockout wins over Steve Dudas and over Nova in another rematch. <mask>'s next seven fights were against boxers of average records, the notable exceptions in that span being a third fight with Barlund, won by a second round technical knockout at the Coliseum Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana, and a second round knockout of 14-5 Jerry Berthiaume at Cleveland, Ohio. On March 22, 1946, <mask> and John Thomas (22-13-1) exchanged knockdowns at the Olympia Stadium in Detroit, Michigan, with <mask> down in the first round and Thomas floored once in the second and twice in the third before <mask> won the bout by a third round knockout.<mask> then fought the famous British fighter,

masks: Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello


title: Tami Mauriello

texts:
 Bruce Woodcock, May 17, 1946 at the Madison Square Garden in New York. At stake was a possible title shot at world Heavyweight champion Joe Louis. In front of 14,000 fans, <mask> stopped Woodcock in round five, earning his third world title shot and first shot at the world's Heavyweight title. Challenge of Joe Louis for the world's Heavyweight title
On September 18, 1946, <mask> received his third world championship shot, and his first try at the world Heavyweight title, when he met Joe Louis at the Bronx's Yankee Stadium. <mask> figured that because of his right-hand power, combined with Louis' layoff during the war years, and the fact that Louis was now 32 years old, he had a chance against the champion, who was 55-1 coming into their bout. In an action-packed fight, <mask> staggered Louis with a hard right a few seconds after the beginning of the bout. Louis recovered, however, and ultimately retained the title by knocking down <mask> twice before the first round ended.<mask> failed to beat the count after the second knockdown. <mask> caused controversy after the fight when he told a reporter on live radio, "I guess I'm just an unlucky son of a bitch". Career decline
<mask> then fought Jimmy O'Brien January 8, 1947 in Chicago, scoring a first round knockout. After two more wins, one over up and coming prospect Freddie Schott (41-4-1 coming in), he faced 25-10-1 Johnny Shkor at the Arena in Boston, Massachusetts, and suffered an upset defeat, beaten by a technical knockout in round seven. Angry at the bout's stoppage, <mask> hit one of the ringside officials and was suspended for his actions. Furthermore, he suffered a cut that required hospitalization and 20 stitches. <mask>, despite the suspension, kept active and had a winning effort two months later in Brooklyn, New York against 30-10-2 Jimmy Carrollo, leading to a rematch with old


title: Tami Mauriello

texts:
 foe, Gus Lesnevich.On July 30, 1947, the pair boxed again at the Madison Square Garden. Following a very close fight, Lesnevich was rewarded with a ten round unanimous decision win, both the referee and one judge scoring the fight in his favor by one point, and the other judge favoring him by 2 points, thus making <mask> 0-3 versus Lesnevich. Two more wins followed, then a fourth face-off with Lesnevich came, this time on Halloween night, 1947. With referee Ruby Goldstein watching over, Lesnevich knocked <mask> out in seven rounds. <mask> recovered slightly and built a seven fight winning streak, including one over 26-7 Roy Taylor, and another one, his first fight abroad, against Joe Dominic, 16-7, on July 1, 1949, at the Nova Scotia Sports Centre, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada. He defeated Dominic by a sixth round knockout after downing him four times during the course of this fight. Back in the United States, <mask> took on Mike Jacobs, a 13-11 trial horse boxer, on August 9, 1949, at New Bedford, Massachusetts.In what would turn out to be his final victory as a professional boxer, <mask> took Jacobs out in round eight. A rematch with Dominic followed, in which <mask> was beaten by unanimous decision in ten rounds, and then, on October 5, 1949, <mask> had his last fight, at St. Nicholas Arena in New York, when he got knocked out in two rounds by the talented Argentine Cesar Silverio Brion. <mask> finished his career with 82 wins, 13 losses and 1 draw in 96 professional boxing matches, with 60 wins coming by knockout and 4 losses also by knockout. Acting career
<mask> acted in the boxing-themed film On the Waterfront in 1954, playing "Tillio". References

External links

1923 births
1999 deaths
American boxers of Italian descent
Light-heavyweight boxers
Heavyweight boxers
Boxers from New York City
Sportspeople from the Bronx
American male

masks: Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello Mauriello


title: Freddie Green

texts:
<mask> (March 31, 1911 – March 1, 1987) was an American swing jazz guitarist who played rhythm guitar with the Count Basie Orchestra for almost fifty years. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Charleston, South Carolina on March 31, 1911. He was exposed to music from an early age, and learned the banjo before picking up the guitar in his early teenage years. A friend of his father by the name of Sam Walker taught a young <mask> to read music, and keenly encouraged him to keep up his guitar playing. Walker gave <mask> what was perhaps his first gig, playing with a local community group of which Walker was an organizer. Another member of the group was William "Cat" Anderson, who went on to become an established trumpeter, working with notable figures such as Duke Ellington. Career
It was around this time that <mask>'s parents died, and he moved to New York City to live with his aunt and continue his education.The move opened up a new musical world to <mask>. While still in his teens, he began to play around the clubs of the city, earning money and a reputation. In one of these gigs, he was noticed by the legendary talent scout John H. Hammond, who realized the potential of <mask> and introduced him to Basie. In 1937, Basie and his ensemble went to one of <mask>'s gigs on the advice of an associate. Basie was an immediate fan, and approached <mask> with a job offer. Except for a brief interruption, <mask> would remain a pivotal fixture of the Count Basie Band for the next fifty years. Throughout his career, <mask> played rhythm guitar, accompanying other musicians, and he rarely played solos."His superb timing and ... flowing sense of harmony ...

masks:
Frederick William Green
Green
Freddie
Freddie
Green
Freddie
Green
Green
Green
Freddie Green
Green


title: Freddie Green

texts:
 helped to establish the role of the rhythm guitar as an important part of every rhythm section." <mask> did play a solo on the January 16, 1938, Carnegie Hall concert that featured the Benny Goodman big band. In the jam session on Fats Waller's "Honeysuckle Rose," <mask> was the rhythm guitarist for the ensemble, which featured Basie, Walter Page (Basie's bassist), and musicians from Duke Ellington's band. After Johnny Hodges' solo, Goodman signalled to <mask> to take his own solo, which the musician Turk Van Lake described in his commentary on the reissued 1938 Carnegie Hall concert as a "startling move." He rapidly changed chords, often with every beat, rather than every measure. His chord fingering often involved him covering four strings with his fingers, while depressing only a subset of the notes. He dampened the unsounded notes from chords with his left hand.<mask>'s  playing on his signature Stromberg guitar was the model for Ralph Patt's big-band playing. <mask> was not a prolific composer, but he did make two major contributions to Count Basie's repertoire, "Down for Double" (recorded in 1941) and "Corner Pocket" (recorded for the album April in Paris in 1955). On March 1, 1987, <mask> died of a heart attack in Las Vegas, Nevada at the age of 75. Discography

As leader/co-leader
Mr. Rhythm (RCA Victor, 1955)
Rhythm Willie  with Herb Ellis (Concord Jazz, 1975)

As sideman
With Count Basie
 The Original American Decca Recordings (GRP, 1937–39 [1992])
 The Count! (Clef, 1952 [1955])
 Basie Jazz (Clef, 1952 [1954])
 The Swinging Count! (Clef 1952 [1956])
 Dance Session (Clef, 1953)
 Dance Session Album #2 (Clef, 1954)
 Basie (Clef, 1954)
 Count

masks: Green Green Green Green Green Green


title: Jamie Whincup

texts:
<mask> (born 6 February 1983) is an Australian professional racing driver competing in the Supercars Championship. He currently drives the No. 88 Holden ZB Commodore for Triple Eight Race Engineering. He has won a record seven Supercars championship titles, four Bathurst 1000 victories, and a Bathurst 12 Hour victory. <mask> is the all-time record holder in the Supercars Championship for race wins, at 124 career wins. He is also the first driver to win the Jason Richards Memorial Trophy twice at Pukekohe Park Raceway in Auckland, New Zealand. Early life
<mask> was born in Melbourne, Australia to Sandra and <mask>.He attended Eltham College in Research, Victoria. <mask> once lived with fellow driver Will Davison. Junior racing career
In 2001 <mask> embarked on the Australian Formula Ford Championship with a team run by his father and Uncle Graeme (a former Sports Sedan star) with mechanical support from fellow V8 Supercar driver Greg Ritter, racing with the Mygale Formula Ford team. After finishing third in his debut year, he moved to Sonic Motorsport(owner Michael Ritter, Brother of Greg Ritter ) for the 2002 season and went on to win the championship convincingly,  which secured him his first ever V8 Supercar drive with Garry Rogers Motorsport. Professional career

Garry Rogers Motorsport

2002
<mask> made his Supercars debut in 2002 as an endurance co-driver for Garry Rogers Motorsport. His first event was at the 2002 Queensland 500 driving a Holden VX Commodore with Max Dumesny. He made his Bathurst 1000 debut at the next round, driving with Mark Noske.<mask> and Noske completed 72 laps before retiring from the race following a collision. 2003
<mask> continued with Garry Rogers Motorsport in 2003 and completed his first full time V8 Supercars season. Tasman Motorsport
<mask> landed himself a full-time drive in 2005 with the Melbourne-based Tasman Motorsport. He had many solid results throughout the season, including a fourth at the one-off Chinese round

masks:
Jamie Whincup
Whincup
Whincup
David Whincup
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Whincup
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Whincup


title: Jamie Whincup

texts:
 at the Shanghai International Circuit, a third at the Sandown 500 and most notably, second at the Bathurst 1000 endurance events with teammate Jason Richards after leading late in the race. Triple Eight Race Engineering

2006-9

In 2006, <mask> jumped from Holden to Ford and joined Triple Eight Race Engineering alongside Craig Lowndes. <mask> had a stellar first season, taking victory in the two biggest races of the season, the Clipsal 500 and Supercheap Auto 1000, the latter as co-driver to Craig Lowndes. After some incidents and unreliability, <mask> finished the championship in a slightly disappointing tenth position at years end.In 2007, <mask> returned with the same team which was re-branded TeamVodafone and celebrated several victories included a second Bathurst 1000 title alongside teammate Craig Lowndes and new engineer Mark Dutton. <mask> finished second in the driver's title by a mere two points to Garth Tander from the HSV Dealer Team. <mask> began a mentoring role as part of TeamVodafone's Junior Development Program, and as a co-ambassador for Formula Ford Australia alongside Will Davison. His first round win for 2007, at a water-logged Winton, was the first round win for the year by a Ford driver. He celebrated both his 50th V8 Supercar Championship start and his inaugural pole position at Triple Eight Race Engineering's test track, Queensland Raceway. <mask> moved into the championship lead after a successful defence his and Lowndes' Bathurst 1000 crown, coming just weeks after teaming with Lowndes to win the last Sandown 500 until 2012. Entering Surfers Paradise for the Indy 300 with the series lead from Garth Tander, a difficult day on Sunday with a spin in the final race saw the lead revert to Tander who won the round.<mask> then had a disappointing weekend at Desert 400 at the Bahrain International Circuit, where poor qualifying pace for Triple Eight was compounded by a run of all three races marred by minor accidents, and he took away

masks: Whincup Whincup Whincup Whincup Whincup Whincup Whincup Whincup


title: Jamie Whincup

texts:
 zero points. Tander and Craig Lowndes both had fairly good weekends, putting Tander into the series lead over Lowndes heading into the Symmons Plains race in Tasmania. Tander backed up his previous two round wins in Tasmania with a dominant race 1 win on Saturday, but a slow stop in race two dropped him to tenth, before disaster in race three after touching Steven Richards, he broke his steering and was out. <mask> won both races, and headed into the Grand Finale at Phillip Island on the 1–2 December weekend with a slender seven point championship lead. <mask> failed to keep his slender margin at Phillip Island; after Garth Tander won the first two races <mask> faced a seven-point deficit. After the final race <mask> finished second, behind Todd Kelly and two places ahead of Tander but fell just two points short of the title. At the 2007 V8 Supercar Gala Awards Dinner at the completion of the 2007 season, <mask> was awarded the Barry Sheene Medal, deemed to be the "Best and Fairest" award for V8 Supercars.<mask> won the 2008 Clipsal 500 in Adelaide, and won a further six rounds after that including the Bathurst 1000 for a third year running. During a post race interview at Symmons Plains, <mask> spun the car into a ditch whilst attempting to perform something special. He clinched his first Championship after winning the first race in the final round at Oran Park Raceway, and was awarded the Barry Sheene Medal for the second year running at the V8 Gala Awards. In 2009, <mask> successfully defended his title in a brand new Ford FG Falcon, including wins at Adelaide, Hamilton, Tasmania, Darwin, Townsville, Oueensland, Phillip Island and Barbagallo. Despite bad luck in the endurance races and at the Gold Coast, <mask> was able to put it all together at Sydney Olympic Park and became the first back-to-back championship winner since Marcos Ambrose in 2003–2004. 2010-12

In 2010, Triple Eight switched to Holden VE Commodores as Ford cut sponsorship. <mask> won the

masks: Whincup Whincup Whincup Whincup Whincup Whincup Whincup Whincup Whincup Whincup


title: Jamie Whincup

texts:
 first four races of the season and Hamilton but a run of bad luck at Queensland raceway and Winton saw him relinquish the championship lead for the first time in two years, and sat second in the points table, just ahead of teammate Craig Lowndes in third.He became close to becoming a 3-time champion, the next triple champion in a row after Mark Skaife from 2000 to 2002 and the second man to win the driver's championship in both a Ford and a Holden after Norm Beechey, but due to a multi car crash in the 25th race of the season at the Sydney Telstra 500 in wet weather his car was badly damaged and couldn't continue. In the 26th and final race of the season he was out of reach to score enough points to take back the lead from James Courtney and finished 2nd in the season. In 2011, <mask> regained the championship from James Courtney becoming the first International V8 Supercars Champion. <mask> won races in Abu Dhabi, Adelaide, Perth, Winton, Townsville, Gold Coast, Tasmania and Sandown. The title that went down to the final race in Sydney where <mask> beat teammate Craig Lowndes by 35 points. Triple Eight Race Engineering's stellar season earned them 1st in the Teams Championship, their second Teams Championship with Holden. The 2012 season saw <mask> join Bob Jane, Allan Moffat and Jim Richards as a four-time series champion.Twelve race wins at Adelaide, Symmons Plains, Hidden Valley, Townsville, Sydney Motorsport Park, Abu Dhabi and Winton, and also the marquee endurance races, the Bathurst 1000 and the Gold Coast 600 resulted in a 339-point championship win over his teammate Lowndes. 2013

The 2012 season was the last of the Holden/Ford duopoly in V8 Supercars, as 2013 would see a new challenge arise in the form of two extra manufacturers - Nissan and Mercedes-Benz. <mask> would stay with Triple Eight Race Engineering and Holden, but with a new look - Red Bull replaced Vodafone as major sponsor, with the team to be known as Red Bull Racing Australia.

masks: Whincup Whincup Whincup Whincup Whincup