title: Edith Baumann

texts:
 national legislature. From its inception in 1947 <mask>n herself sat as a member of the German People's Council ("Deutscher Volksrat") and of the East German National Parliament ("Volkskammer") which replaced it in 1949.She retained her parliamentary seat till her death in 1973. Parliamentary seats were allocated according to predetermined quotas by the ruling party not only to itself and the other political parties (which it controlled), but also to certain approved mass organisations. In the early years Baumann sat in the parliament as a member representing the Free German Youth (Freie Deutsche Jugend / FDJ). After 1949 she represented the SED itself in the Volkskammer, however. In 1947 <mask> was a co-founder of the Democratic Women's League ("Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschlands" / DFD) which, like the FDJ, was one of the so-called mass organisations with the accompanying "National Front" political privileges such as direct representation in the national parliament "Volkskammer". She remained a member of the DFD national executive till 1964. Personal

Marriage

Discussion of Erich Honecker's private life was a constant taboo.The private lives of public figures in East Germany habitually went unremarked. Honecker's relationship with <mask>, his second wife, nevertheless featured sufficiently in the consciousness of East Germany to reappear in the West German political media well before 1971, when Honecker emerged as the new East German leader. When he took over, his marriage to Baumann was already a subject of discussion in the West German press. Understandably, however, a lot of normally mainstream and uncontentious information on the Honecker-Baumann marriage emerged only after 1989, and even now sources differ over quite basic aspects of it. According to various sources, Erich Honecker married <mask> in 1947. That seems to have been the year in which, after only two years of marriage, his first wife, Charlotte Schanuel, fell ill and died. Other sources assert that the marriage took place at the

masks:
Edith Bauman
Edith Baumann
Edith Baumann
Edith Baumann


title: Edith Baumann

type: original

texts: end of 1949, after <mask> discovered she was pregnant with their daughter, Erika.Erich Honecker was three years younger than <mask>. He was still married to Charlotte in the summer of 1947 when he and <mask> travelled together to Moscow. They were already close colleagues through their FDJ and party work, and on the Moscow trip the relationship between the comrades took a new direction. Intimacy ensued. Looking back in 1990 Erich Honecker was measured in his recollections of what happened and how:  "At that time I was badly in need of support. We often sat together, also at her home in Mühlenbeck. And she was an ace with the type writer.".The later insights offered by Politburo comrade Gerhard Schürer (1921–2010), are also less than generous, though perhaps his directness is a little more striking to an English-language reader than to readers in other mainstream European languages:  "I was always a bit baffled ... politically they were of course very well attuned to one another, but in such human terms ... Honecker was a fine looking young man with a good figure, warm eyes and beautiful hair:  she came across as a much older, frumpy comrade. Whatever view Erich Honecker took of matters at the time or subsequently, for <mask> their marriage was based on love. However Klaus Herde, a close colleague of the young woman who later became Erich Honcker's third wife, has suggested that Honecker married <mask> out of a sense not of love but of duty, when he realised she was pregnant. Erich and <mask>'s marriage ended in 1953 or 1955:  again, sources differ. However, since reunification, more information has emerged on what happened. Assuming that the marriage took place in December 1949, it was just a couple of weeks later that Erich Honecker led a delegation of the East German party to Moscow in order to attend celebrations of the seventieth birthday of the Soviet dictator, Joseph Stalin. The delegation also included Margot Feist, the 22-year-old leader of the Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation.Honecker was

masks:
Edith
Edith Baumann
Edith
Edith
Edith
Edith Honecker


title: Edith Baumann

texts:
 fascinated by Feist "both because she was a pretty young girl and because she was very active in the party". Intimacy ensued. It is reported that Honecker attempted to conceal their affair, but he failed because almost every night he went directly to Feist's apartment. <mask> did not acquiesce, however. For most purposes, by this time the most powerful German in East German politics was the General Secretary of the Party Central Committee, Walter Ulbricht. Ulbricht now received a letter from Baumann asking him to have a very firm word with his ambitious, philandering young comrade, her husband, saying "Erich never gets home before one in the morning, his head is starting to cave in and he fantasizes about the wildest stuff..."

Walter Ulbricht was appalled by Honecker's affair. Unaware at this stage that news of his affair with Feist had reached Ulbricht, Honecker was summoned to visit the General Secretary at his weekend retreat north of Berlin.Baumann had written persuasively that Ulbricht should cut off her husband's lover from her important youth work ("aus der Jugendarbeit ausscheiden") and send her away from Berlin. Feist's biographer, , believes that the extra-marital romance constituted a huge threat to the political careers of both lovers. But old President Pieck took a more pragmatic view. Despite his declining health and diminishing involvement in day-to-day affairs, Pieck never lost the full confidence of Joseph Stalin. In the judgement of Politburo member Gerhard Schürer it was largely down to Pieck that the ending of Erich and <mask>'s marriage ran its jagged course without erupting into scandal. Margot Feist held on to her job and remained in Berlin. Whenever Feist's name was mentioned in Pieck's presence, he developed a twinkle in his eye.In the summer of 1952, the "unruly partnership" ("wilde Ehe") of comrades Honecker and Feist even came up in the Politburo. Under "Agenda Item 20" the two of them were authorized to take a holiday together in the Soviet Union, but the parties were also

masks:
Edith
Edith Honecker


title: Edith Baumann

texts:
 instructed to come up with a rapid clarification of their relationships. Honecker was at this point still sharing an apartment with his wife <mask> and their daughter Erika, born in 1950. But now it was Margot who was visibly pregnant with Erich's daughter: Sonja would be born at the beginning of December 1952. It was not until January 1955 that <mask>-<mask> agreed to give her husband a divorce. Soon after this Honecker married Margot Feist. Three years later the new couple moved into the residential quarter of Berlin-Wandlitz, the residential suburb of choice for upwardly mobile politburo members.According to her biographer, Ed Stuhler, Margot Honecker officially was always deeply embarrassed over the duration of the couple's premarital cohabitation. She was not embarrassed however, over how she used her relationships to later reach the pinnacle of power in East Germany. Death
<mask>n died in East Berlin on 7 April 1973. Erich Honecker led the mourning at her funeral. The urn containing her ashes was placed in the section of the Berlin Main Cemetery reserved for political leaders and others highly honoured by the East German political establishment. Awards and honours

 1955 Clara Zetkin Medal
 1955 Patriotic Order of Merit in silver
 1959 Banner of Labor
 1960 Banner of Labor
 1965 Patriotic Order of Merit in gold
 1969 Patriotic Order of Merit gold clasp

In 1989 the East German postal service featured <mask>n on a postage stampStamps of Germany (DDR) 1989, MiNr 3222.jpg. Notes

References

1909 births
1973 deaths
Politicians from Berlin
Socialist Workers' Party of Germany politicians
Members of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
Members of the Provisional Volkskammer
Members of the 1st Volkskammer
Members of the 2nd Volkskammer
Members of the 3rd Volkskammer
Members of the 4th Volkskammer
Members of the 5th Volkskammer
Members of the 6th Volkskammer
Democratic Women's League of Germany members
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit (honor clasp)
Recipients of the

masks:
Edith
Edith Honecker
Baumann
Edith Bauman
Edith Bauman


title: Niyi Osundare

texts:
<mask> is a leading African poet, dramatist, linguist, and literary critic. Born on March 12, 1947 in Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria, his poetry is influenced by the oral poetry of his Yoruba culture, which he capaciously hybridizes with other poetic traditions of the world, including African American, Latin American, Asian, and European. Osundare is a champion of free speech and his creative and critical writings are closely associated with political activism, decolonization, black internationalism, and the environment. He is the recipient of numerous prizes, including the Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA) Poetry Prize, the Commonwealth Poetry Prize, the Tchicaya U Tam'si Poetry Prize, and the ANA/Cadbury Poetry Prize (twice). In 1991, Osundare became the first Anglophone African poet to win the Noma Award (Africa's most prestigious book award), and in 1998, he was awarded the Fonlon/Nichols Prize for his "excellence in literary creativity combined with significant contributions to Human Rights in Africa." In 2014, he was admitted to the National Order of Merit, his country's highest honor for intellectual distinction and creative achievement. <mask> is Emeritus Distinguished Professor of English at the University of New Orleans.Family and education
Osundare gained degrees in English at the University of Ibadan (BA), the University of Leeds (MA), and York University, Canada (PhD, 1979). Previously professor (from 1989) and Head of English (1993–97) at the University of Ibadan, he became professor of English at the University of New Orleans in 1997. Osundare has a wife, Kemi, and three children, two girls and a son who still lives in Nigeria. His deaf daughter is the reason Niyi settled in the United States. She could not go to school in Nigeria so

masks:
Niyi Osundare
Osundare


title: Niyi Osundare

texts:
 they found a school in the U.S. for her, and moved so as to be closer to her. He has been used in many schools as an example of a poet. Career
He has always been a vehement champion of the right to free speech and is a strong believer in the power of words, saying, "to utter is to alter".<mask> is renowned for his commitment to socially relevant art and artistic activism and has written several open letters to the former President of Nigeria (Olusegun Obasanjo), whom <mask> has often publicly criticised. Osundare believes that there is no choice for an African poet but to be political:"You cannot keep quiet about the situation in the kind of countries we find ourselves in, in Africa. When you wake up and there is no running water, when you have a massive power outage for days and nights, no food on the table, no hospital for the sick, no peace of mind; when the image of the ruler you see everywhere is that of a dictator with a gun in his hand; and, on the international level, when you live in a world in which your continent is consigned to the margin, a world in which the colour of your skin is a constant disadvantage, everywhere you go – then there is no other way than to write about this, in an attempt to change the situation for the better." Under the rule of the dictator General Sani Abacha (1993–98), <mask> regularly contributed poems to a Nigerian national newspaper (now part of the collection Songs of the Season) that criticised the regime and commented upon the lives of people in Nigeria. As a result, he was frequently visited by security agents and asked to explain his poems and to whom they referred:"By that time I realized that the Nigerian security apparatus had become quite 'sophisticated', quite 'literate' indeed! ""A couple of my

masks: Osundare Osundare Osundare


title: Niyi Osundare

texts:
 students at the University of Ibadan had become informers; a few even came to my classes wired. And when I was reading abroad, someone trailed me from city to city.At home, my letters were frequently intercepted." In 1997, he accepted a teaching and research post at the University of New Orleans. In 2005 Osundare was caught in Hurricane Katrina, and he and his wife were stuck in their attic for 26 hours. Their neighbour, who at the time was driving by in his boat, heard their shouts for help. They were rescued and bounced around from rescue shelters until they ended up in Rindge, New Hampshire, where Osundare could get a teaching job as a professor at Franklin Pierce College and things settled down. Honors and recognition
Osundare is a holder of numerous awards for his poetry, as well as the Fonlon/Nichols award for "excellence in literary creativity combined with significant contributions to Human Rights in Africa". His 60th birthday literary fete took place at venues in Ikere-Ekiti, Ibadan and Lagos state of Nigeria in March 2007.His poem "Not My Business" is compulsory study in the AQA A syllabus for General Certificate of Secondary Education English Language. In 2011, an Associate Professor of English at The University of Lagos, Christopher Anyokwu, wrote an article on <mask> Osundare's Poetry and the Yoruba World View, where he analysed the use of Indigenous Yoruba concepts found in <mask> Osundare's texts. The associate professor, went further to assume that Osundare unified in his work the concepts and traditions of Yoruba culture and Marxist ideology. In December 2014, <mask> was awarded the Nigerian National Merit Award for academic excellence. Literary prizes and awards
 First Prize, Western State of Nigeria Poetry Competition

masks: Niyi Niyi Osundare


title: Niyi Osundare

texts:
 (1968)
 1981 Major Book Prize and Letter of Commendation, BBC Poetry Competition (1981)
 Honorable Mention, Noma Award for Publishing in Africa (1986)
 Honorable Mention, Noma Award for Publishing in Africa (1989)
Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA) Poetry Prize (1986)
 Joint-Winner, Overall Commonwealth Poetry Prize (1986)
 Kwanza Award (1991)
 Noma Award for Publishing in Africa (the first Anglophone African poet to receive the award) (1991)
 Cadbury/ANA Poetry Prize (Nigeria’s highest poetry prize). The film follows <mask> and Cheney-Coker on a road-trip through Sierra Leone and Nigeria as they discuss their friendship and how their life experiences have shaped their art. References

Relevant literature
 Ayinuola, Fortress Isaiah, and Onwuka Edwin."Yoruba eco-proverbs in English: An eco-critical study of <mask> Osundare’s midlife and horses of memory." Journal of Literary Society of Nigeria 6 (2014): 29-40. External links
 <mask> Osundare at the University of New Orleans
 "I am a Humanist": An Interview with <mask> Osundare
 After Katrina, Nigerian Poet Starts New Life in New England (VOA News): <mask> Osundare survives Hurricane Katrina
 Kọ́lá Túbọ̀ṣún, Review of  Niyi Osundare: A Literary Biography by Sule E. Egya. Brittle Paper, 9 October 2017. People from Ekiti State
University of Ibadan alumni
Alumni of the University of Leeds
York University alumni
University of Ibadan faculty
Nigerian poets
University of New Orleans faculty
Yoruba poets
Nigerian literary critics
Living people
1947 births
20th-century Nigerian writers
21st-century Nigerian writers
English-language writers from Nigeria
Yoruba academics
Nigerian expatriate academics in the United States
International Writing Program alumni
Recipients of the Nigerian National Order of

masks: Osundare Niyi Niyi Niyi Niyi


title: Emilio de Brigard Ortiz

texts:
<mask> (15 May 1888 – 6 March 1986) was a Colombian prelate of the Catholic Church. From 1944 until his death in 1986, he was an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Bogotá. Born in Chía, Cundinamarca, he entered the Major Seminary of Bogotá as a child and was ordained a priest in 1911. He studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University, returning to Colombia in 1918. He served the Archdiocese of Bogotá in varied capacities, including as a chaplain for clergy, and a school chaplain. In 1944, he was ordained a bishop and was appointed auxiliary bishop of Bogotá. In 1950, he became the vicar general for the archdiocese.In the 1960s, he was made a titular archbishop and participated in the Second Vatican Council. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> <mask> was born on 15 May 1888, in Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia. He was of Spanish, French, and Polish descent. His great-great-grandfather was Antonio Nariño, the Colombian independence fighter and statesman. His parents, Luís <mask> Saíz and María Josefa <mask>, both came from prominent families, and were dignified but simple people. They instilled in Brigard humanitarian principles and a devout Catholic faith. He had three siblings: Julio, Arturo, and María Luisa.<mask> was admitted as a child to the Major Seminary of Bogotá to study. He was ordained to the priesthood on 28 October 1911, at the age of 23, by the Archbishop of Bogotá, Bernardo Herrera Restrepo. A few months later he was appointed chaplain of the San Antonio Asylum. Soon after, he was sent to Rome, Italy, and entered the Pontifical Pio Latino American College. He earned two advanced degrees from the Pontifical Gregorian University, graduating with his Doctor of Theology in 1915 and his Doctor of Canon Law in 1917. Priesthood
After completing his education in Rome, he returned to Colombia in 1918 and began a

masks:
Emilio de Brigard Ortiz
Emilio de
Brigard
Ortiz
de Brigard
Ortiz Álvarez
Brigard


title: Emilio de Brigard Ortiz

texts:
 long and varied career in service of the Archdiocese of Bogotá. His work was often focused especially on care for children, the poor and the sick, and took up the cause of striving to gain better working conditions for laborers.He provided support to poorly-funded charity homes and provided charity to those in need. He was revered by the many he served and worked with, and was affectionately nicknamed "el Doctorcito" (diminutive of "the Doctor"). Officially, he served in various offices throughout his priesthood: as a chaplain to fellow priests, director of the "Home for Homeless Children," and the chaplain of the Visitation Order monastery in Bogotá. However, he was best known for serving as the chaplain of the Gimnasio Moderno, Gimnasio Nuevo, Gimnasio Femenino, and the Colegio de la Presentación Centro schools in Bogotá. He was also on the faculty of the Major Seminary of Bogotá, his alma mater, and the Pontifical Xavierian University, among others. He also served as the chancellor of the archdiocese. Auxiliary bishop
On 29 July 1944, Brigard was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Bogotá and Titular Bishop of Coracesium by Pope Pius XII.His episcopal consecration took place on  3 September 1944 at the Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá, with the Archbishop of Bogotá Ismael Perdomo Borrero, as principal consecrator. The Bishop of Manizales, Luis Concha Córdoba, and the Bishop of Antioquía, <mask> <mask>, served as co-consecrators. As auxiliary bishop, Brigard grew very close to Archbishop Perdomo. By the mid-1940s, the archbishop was in his 70s, and Brigard assisted him in leading the archdiocese. Brigard often represented the archdiocese at international events, such as the Second National Eucharistic Congress in Ecuador in 1949, and the Quinquennial visit ad limina in the Vatican City in 1950. When Archbishop Perdomo died on 3

masks:
Luis Andrade
Valderrama


title: Emilio de Brigard Ortiz

texts:
 June 1950, Brigard was appointed vicar capitular, in which capacity he administered the archdiocese until 8 September 1950, when Crisanto Luque Sánchez was installed as archbishop. He then became the vicar general of the archdiocese.Throughout his episcopacy, Brigard ordained many priests and co-consecrated multiple bishops. He ordained Father José Miguel López Hurtado in 1946, and ordained two priests who went on to become bishops: Héctor Luis Gutiérrez Pabón in 1962 and Fabio Suescún Mutis in 1966. The bishops he co-consecrated were: Vicente Roig y Villalba in 1945, Luis Pérez <mask> in 1946, Camilo Plácido Crous y Salichs in 1947, Baltasar Álvarez Restrepo in 1949, Antonio Torasso in 1952, Pedro Grau y Arola in 1953, and Pablo Correa León in 1957. On 11 October 1961, Brigard celebrated his Golden Jubilee, the 50th anniversary of his ordination to the priesthood. The occasion was a very important social event in Bogotá, with many prominent people attending the ceremonies. He was even honored by the pope, who elevated him to Titular Archbishop of Dysti two days before the anniversary. Beginning in 1962, he attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council.For his 90th birthday in 1978, he directed his many friends to, instead of giving him gifts, help him start a charitable foundation. Upon the death of Bishop Pierre Kamel Medawar on 27 April 1985, Brigard, at age 96, became the oldest living Catholic bishop, a title he held for less than a year before his death. Death and legacy
Brigard died on March 6, 1986 in Bogotá. He is buried in the Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá. His legacy lives on in the charitable foundation he started, which now bears his name, and the school Gimnasio Emilio de Brigard in Bogotá, also named for him. The Fundación Emilio de Brigard is based in the Gimnasio Moderno, where Brigard was


title: Denis Coughlan

texts: <mask> (born 7 June 1945) is an Irish retired hurler, Gaelic footballer and manager who played for Cork Senior Championship clubs Glen Rovers and St. Nicholas'. As a dual player he played for the Cork senior teams for 15 years, during which time he played as a back, a midfielder and a forward. Coughlan is regarded as one of Cork's greatest-ever dual players. Coughlan began his career at club level as a hurler with Glen Rovers and as a Gaelic footballer with St. Nicholas'. His club career spanned three decades from the 1960s until the 1980s, the highlight of which was winning All-Ireland Club Championship medals with Glen Rovers in 1973 as captain and again in 1977. Coughlan also won a combined total of four Munster Club Championship medals and seven Cork County Championship medals across both codes. At inter-county level, Coughlan was part of the successful Cork junior football team that won the All-Ireland Championship in 1964 before later winning the All-Ireland Championship with the Cork under-21 hurling team in 1966.He joined the Cork senior football team in 1965 before linking up with the Cork senior hurling team in 1968. From his debut, Coughlan was ever-present as a midfielder or left wing-back and made a combined total of 53 Championship appearances across both codes in a career that ended with his last game for the Cork hurling team in 1980. During that time he was part of five All-Ireland Championship-winning teams – four as a hurler and one as a Gaelic footballer. Coughlan also secured a combined total of 10 Munster Championship medals and three National Hurling


title: Denis Coughlan

texts:
 League medals. Coughlan won his first All-Star in 1972, before claiming a further three All-Stars in 1976, 1977 and 1978. He was also selected as the Texaco Hurler of the Year in 1977. At inter-provincial level, <mask> was selected to play in several championship campaigns with Munster as dual player, with Railway Cup wins in 1972 as a Gaelic football and 1978 as a hurler.In retirement from playing Coughlan became involved in team management and coaching at club and inter-county levels in both hurling and Gaelic football. After guiding St. Catherine's to the Cork Junior Championship in 1983, he later had two unsuccessful seasons as coach of the Cork senior football team. Coughlan also enjoyed Munster Championship victories as coach of the Cork minor and under-21 hurling teams. Playing career

North Monastery

During his secondary schooling at the North Monastery, Coughlan played in all grades of hurling before eventually joining the college's senior hurling team in his final years. He played in several Harty Cup campaigns but enjoyed little success. St. Nicholas'

On 14 November 1965, Coughlan lined out at midfield in his first final of the Cork Senior Football Championship, with St. Finbarr's providing the opposition. He ended the game with his first winners' medal after a 2-04 to 0-06 victory.<mask> was again selected at midfield when St. Nicholas' and St. Finbarr's clashed in a second successive final on 4 December 1966. Described in the Cork Examiner as "the most stylish footballer on the field", he ended the game with a second championship medal after the 1-07 to 1-06

masks: Coughlan Coughlan


title: Denis Coughlan

texts:
 victory. On 19 July 1967, <mask> claimed a Munster Club Championship medal from midfield following St. Nicholas' 2-04 to 1-06 defeat of John Mitchels in the final. On 26 October 1969, Coughlan lined in a third final with University College Cork providing the opposition. After starting at right wing-back, he was switched to right wing-forward in an effort to increase the scoring threat, however, Coughlan ended the game on the losing side after a 0-09 to 0-08 defeat. Glen Rovers

<mask> was still just 18-years-old when he was added to the Glen Rovers senior hurling team in advance of the 1964 Championship. On 11 October 1964, he was a member of the extended panel when Glen Rovers claimed the championship after a 3-12 to 2-07 defeat of St. Finbarr's in the final.By the time the Munster Club Championship was completed nearly 18 months later, Coughlan had broken onto the starting fifteen. He claimed a Munster Club Championship medal on 10 April 1966 after lining out at midfield in the Glen's 3-07 to 1-07 defeat of Mount Sion in the final. On 8 October 1967, <mask> was selected at centre-back when Glen Rovers faced St. Finbarr's in the 1967 final. He was instrumental in bolstering the labouring Glen midfield in the second half and claimed a second winners' medal - his first on the field of play - following the 3-09 to 1-09 victory. <mask> was selected at midfield when Glen Rovers qualified to meet University College Cork in the 1969 final on 21 September 1969. He ended the game with a third winners' medal after the 4-16 to 1-13 victory. On 11 April 1971, Coughlan again lined out

masks: Coughlan Coughlan Coughlan Coughlan


title: Denis Coughlan

texts: at midfield when Glen Rovers faced Roscrea in the delayed Munster Club Championship final.He ended the game on the losing side after a 3-06 to 1-09 defeat. After an absence of three years, Glen Rovers qualified for the final once again on 12 November 1972, with <mask> lining out at midfield. He ended the game with a third winners' medal after the 3-15 to 1-10 victory over first-time finalists Youghal. On 22 April 1973, Coughlan claimed a second Munster Club Championship medal after scoring two points from play in the 2-09 to 1-10 defeat of Roscrea in the final. On 9 December 1973, he captained Glen Rovers in the delayed All-Ireland final against St. Rynagh's and collected an All-Ireland Club Championship medal following the 2-18 to 2-08 victory. On 14 October 1973, Coughlan captained Glen Rovers from right wing-back when they faced Blackrock in the 1973 final. He ended the game on the losing side for the first time in his career after the Glen suffered a 2-12 to 2-10 defeat.On 14 September 1975, Coughlan lined out at centre-back when Glen Rovers played Blackrock in a second final in three years. The 4-11 to 0-10 scoreline resulted in a defeat for Glen Rovers. Glen Rovers faced Blackrock in a third final in four years on 3 October 1976, with Coughlan being selected at left wing-back. He claimed a fourth winners' medal following the 2-07 to 0-10 victory. On 19 December 1976, Coughlan collected a third Munster Club Championship medal after scoring two points from play in the 2-08 to 2-04 defeat of South Liberties in the Munster final. On 27 March 1977, he was again selected at


title: Denis Coughlan

texts:
 left wing-back when Glen Rovers faced Camross in the All-Ireland final. Coughlan collected a second All-Ireland Club Championship winners' medal after the 2-12 to 0-08 victory.On 18 September 1977, Glen Rovers faced St. Finbarr's in front of a record crowd of 34,151 in the 1977 final. Lining out at left wing-back, Coughlan ended the game on the losing side after the Glen suffered a 1-17 to 1-05 defeat,

Glen Rovers qualified for a fourth successive final on 22 October 1978, with Blackrock providing the opposition. Coughlan once again lined out at left wing-back but lost his second successive final after a 4-12 to 1-07 defeat. <mask> was appointed the Glen Rovers captain for the 1980 Championship. On 12 October 1980, he led the team from left wing-back to an appearance in the final against St. Finbarr's. Coughlan ended the game on the losing side after a 1-09 to 2-04 defeat. On 13 September 1981, Coughlan lined out in his 10th final, with reigning champions St. Finbarr's providing the opposition for a second successive year.In what was his last major game for the club, Coughlan ended on the losing side for the sixth time in his career after the 1-12 to 1-09 defeat. Cork

Minor and under-21

<mask> first played for Cork as a member of the minor football team during the 1963 Munster Championship. He made his first appearance for the team on 14 July 1963 when he was selected at left corner-back in Cork's 0-08 apiece draw with Kerry in the Munster final. Coughlan retained his position on the starting fifteen for the replay on 26 July 1963 but ended the game on the losing side


title: Denis Coughlan

texts:
 Championship medal at the third attempt following a 9-09 to 5-09 victory. Senior

On 20 June 1965, Coughlan had just turned 20 when he made his Munster Championship debut for the Cork senior football team. He lined out at left corner-back in a 2-06 to 0-06 defeat by Limerick in the Munster semi-final. <mask> was dropped from the Cork senior football team for the 1966 Munster Championship, but returned as captain of the team the following year while he was also a substitute with the Cork senior hurling team. On 16 July 1967, he won his first Munster Championship medal after captaining the team from centre-back in an 0-08 to 0-07 defeat of Kerry in the final. On 24 September 1967, <mask> captained Cork to an All-Ireland final appearance against Meath.He ended the game on the losing side following a 1-09 to 0-9 defeat. On 14 July 1968, Coughlan lined out at centre-back in a second successive Munster final against Kerry. He ended the game on the losing side as Cork surrendered their title following a 1-21 to 3-08 defeat by Kerry. A week later on 21 July 1968, Coughlan lined out at midfield when the Cork senior hurling team faced Tipperary in the Munster final. For the second week in succession he ended the Munster final on the losing side as the hurlers suffered a 2-13 to 1-07 defeat. Coughlan continued with his dual player status for the 1969 season, and won a National Hurling League medal as a non-playing substitute on 4 May 1969 after a 3-12 to 1-14 defeat of Wexford in the final. Coughlan lined out in a third successive Munster final with the Cork senior football team on 20


title: Denis Coughlan

texts: July 1969.Playing in his customary position of centre-back, he ended the game on the losing side after the 1-14 to 0-16 defeat by Kerry. A week later on 27 July 1969, <mask> was selected at midfield when the Cork senior hurling team faced Tipperary in a second successive Munster final. He scored two points from play and claimed his first Munster Championship medal in that code following the 4-06 to 0-09 victory. On 7 September 1969, <mask> was again selected at midfield when Cork suffered a 2-15 to 2-09 defeat by Kilkenny in the All-Ireland final. On 26 July 1970, Coughlan was selected at left corner-forward when Cork faced Kerry in the Munster final. He top-scored for Cork with 2-04 from play but ended the game on the losing side following the 2-22 to 2-09 defeat. After missing the Cork senior hurling team's Munster Championship campaign, <mask> was recalled to the starting fifteen at midfield on 16 August 1970 for the 4-20 to 2-09 All-Ireland semi-final defeat of Antrim.On 6 September 1970, he was relegated to the substitutes' bench for the All-Ireland final against Wexford. Coughlan remained on the bench for the entire game but claimed an All-Ireland medal after the 6-20 to 5-10 victory in the first-ever 80-minute decider. Coughlan committed solely to the Cork senior football team for the 1971 Munster Championship. He won a second Munster Championship medal on 18 July 1971 after scoring 0-10 after coming on as a substitute in Cork's 0-25 to 0-14 defeat of Kerry in the final. On 7 May 1972, Coughlan won a second National Hurling League medal - his first on the field of

masks: Coughlan Coughlan Coughlan


title: Denis Coughlan

texts: play - after Cork's 3-14 to 2-14 defeat of Limerick in the final. On 16 July 1972, he lined out at midfield when Cork faced Kerry in the Munster final once again. He scored 1-01 from play but ended the game on the losing side as the Cork senior footballers surrendered their title after a 2-21 to 2-15 defeat.Two weeks later on 30 July 1972, Coughlan lined out at midfield when the Cork senior hurling team qualified to play Clare in the Munster final. He scored a point from play and claimed a second winners' medal following the 6-18 to 2-08 victory. After missing the All-Ireland semi-final, <mask> was restored to the starting fifteen for the All-Ireland final against Kilkenny on 3 September 1972. Trailing by eight points with 13 minutes left to play, Kilkenny staged a remarkable comeback to win the game by 3-24 to 5-11. In spite of the defeat, Coughlan ended the season by being named at midfield on the All-Star Team "for his hard work and devotion to the game and his county and for his dexterity and elegance in his play." Coughlan was appointed captain of the Cork senior hurling team for the 1973 Munster Championship, however, his tenure was short-lived as Cork suffered an opening-round defeat by Tipperary. As a member of the Cork senior football team also that season, he lined out at centre-forward when Cork faced Kerry in the Munster final on 15 July 1973.<mask> was held scoreless throughout but ended the game with a third Munster Championship medal following the 5–12 to 1–15 victory. He retained his position on the starting fifteen for the All-Ireland final against Galway on


title: Denis Coughlan

texts: 23 September 1973, however, Coughlan was switched from the half-forward line to midfield. He scored a point from play and ended the game with an All-Ireland medal as Cork claimed the title for the first time since 1945 after a 3-17 to 2-13 victory. On 5 May 1974, <mask> won a second National Hurling League medal after lining out at midfield in the 6-15 to 1-12 defeat of Wexford in the final. The team later made an early exit from the 1974 Munster Championship, with Coughlan's retirement from inter-county hurling and his proposed retirement from inter-county football being reported in the Evening Echo on 27 May 1974. The lack of hurling action allowed Coughlan to commit solely to the Cork senior football team as captain for the second time in his career. On 14 July 1974, he captained the team from midfield when Cork faced Kerry in the Munster final.<mask> ended the game with a fourth winners' medal after the 1-11 to 0-07 victory, while he also had the honour of collecting the cup for a second time as captain. After having no involvement at inter-county level during the respective 1975 Championships, <mask> was recalled to the Cork senior hurling team in advance of the 1975-76 National Hurling League and was retained for the 1976 Munster Championship. On 1 August 1976, he won a third Munster Championship medal after lining out at left wing-back in Cork's 3-15 to 4-05 defeat of Limerick in the final. On 5 September 1976, <mask> was again selected at left wing-back when Cork faced Wexford in the All-Ireland final. After being eight points down after just six minutes, Cork


title: Denis Coughlan

texts:
 victory over Limerick. While a number of his teammates retired, Coughlan, who was approaching 35, once again committed to Cork for the 1979-80 season. On 4 May 1980, he was at right wing-back when Cork drew 2-10 apiece with Limerick in the National League final. Coughlan retained his position on the starting fifteen for the replay two weeks later and claimed a third National Hurling League medal after the 4-15 to 4-06 victory.On 20 July 1980, <mask> was again selected at right wing-back when Cork and Limerick renewed their rivalry in the Munster final. In what was his last game for Cork, he ended on the losing side after the 2-14 to 2-10 defeat. Munster

<mask> was first selected for the Munster inter-provincial football team in advance of the 1968 Railway Cup. He made his first appearance for the team on 25 February 1968 when he lined out at centre-back in the 0-11 to 0-05 defeat by Leinster. After a four-year absence, <mask> was recalled to the Munster football team for the 1972 Railway Cup. On 17 March 1972, he lined out at centre-forward for the 1-15 apiece draw with Leinster in the final. Coughlan retained his position on the starting fifteen for the replay on 23 April 1972 and ended the game with a winners' medal after the 2-14 to 0-10 victory.<mask> became a dual player at inter-provincial level when he was also added to the Munster hurling team for the 1973 Railway Cup. After making his first appearance for the team in the semi-final defeat of Connacht, he was at midfield on 17 March 1973 when Munster suffered a 1-13 to 2-08 defeat by Leinster in the final. On 17


title: Denis Coughlan

texts:
 March 1977, <mask> was selected at left wing-back when Munster qualified to play Leinster in the Railway Cup final. He ended the game on the losing side after a 2-17 to 1-13 defeat. Coughlan was again included on the Munster hurling selection for the 1978 Railway Cup. He was selected in his customary position of left wing-back when Munster qualified to play Leinster in the final on 7 May 1978 at Páirc Uí Chaoimh. Coughlan ended the game with a second Railway Cup medal - his first as a member of the hurling team.<mask> earned his fourth call-up to the Munster hurling team in advance of the 1979 Railway Cup. He played his last game for the province on 11 March 1979 when Munster suffered a 4-09 to 2-07 defeat by Connacht at the semi-final stage. Management career

St. Catherine's

<mask> first became involved in club management when he was appointed trainer of the St. Catherine's junior hurling team at the start of the 1983 season. On 28 August 1983, he saw the team capture the East Cork Championship after a 4-14 to 3-07 defeat of Midleton in the final. On 6 November 1983, St. Catherine's qualified for the final of the Cork Junior Championship where they faced Aghabullogue. Coughlan's side secured the title after a 1-13 to 1-09 victory. Cork

On 16 October 1984, Coughlan was elected to the position of selector with the Cork senior football team before later assuming the position of coach.Cork's National Football League campaign ended with the team finishing bottom of Division 1 and being relegated to Division 2 for the following season. On 1 May 1985, <mask>'s side suffered a


title: Denis Coughlan

texts:
 2-11 to 0-04 defeat by Kerry in the final of the 1985 Ford Open Draw Cup. Both sides renewed their rivalry in the Munster final on 21 July 1985, with Cork losing out by 2-11 to 0-11. On 6 July 1986, Coughlan coached Cork to a second successive Munster final appearance against Kerry. Cork were once again defeated on a 0-12 to 0-08 scoreline. Coughlan stepped aside as coach shortly after this defeat. Glen Rovers

In October 1986, Coughlan was appointed coach of the Glen Rovers senior hurling team.His one season in charge saw Glen Rovers reach the semi-finals of the 1987 Championship where they suffered a 0-12 to 0-08 defeat by Na Piarsaigh. Cork

On 11 July 1989, <mask> was ratified as coach of the Cork minor hurling team. On 15 July 1990, he guided the team to the Munster Championship title after a 1-09 to 0-09 defeat of Clare in the final. On 2 September 1990, Cork drew 3-14 apiece with Kilkenny in the All-Ireland final. The replay four weeks later saw <mask>'s side suffer a 3-16 to 0-11 defeat. <mask> took over as manager of the Cork under-21 hurling team in advance of the 1991 Munster Championship. On 7 August 1991, he guided Cork to the Munster Championship title after a 0-17 to 1-07 defeat of Limerick in the


title: Christopher Faust

texts:
<mask> (born 4 December 1968 in Frankfurt/Main, known as <mask>) is a German hockey coach and trainer. He was able to achieve various national and internal successes with several teams. After graduating from secondary school, he underwent a commercial education to become a professional of trade and commerce (IHK). In addition, he is a state-licensed trainer of the German Olympic Sports Confederation (DOSB as well as sports and association manager (IHK). Before taking up the coaching job, he has worked with Nestlé Deutschland for 10 years. In 2015 he began working as a speaker. Together with author Sabine Hahn, he has published the first volume of the children book series "Die Hockey-Kids" () in the Casimir Verlag.Sporting career

As a player
Starting in 1972, he picked up his first hockey stick at the age of 4, first playing for Eintracht Frankfurt, then from 1978 on he played for SC SAFO Frankfurt (Frankfurter Sportclub Sachsenhausen Forsthausstraße). He was a member of the Hesse youth state team and participated in many Southern German and German championships. When he was 17, he moved back to Eintracht Frankfurt and played regional league and Bundesliga for the club. After two cruciate ligaments and several knee surgeries, he decided to take up the role of the player and coach in the fourth and fifth division as well as a youth team at SKG Frankfurt. In 1995, he moved back to Eintracht Frankfurt again and he played one more season in the 2nd Bundesliga and the regional league. In addition, he also worked as assistant coach for the women's and men's team. As a coach (club level)
From 1998 until October 2001, he was

masks:
Christopher Faust
Chris Faust


title: Gian Marco

texts:
<mask> (born 17 August 1970) is a Peruvian singer-songwriter and actor. He has won the Latin Grammy Award for the Best Singer-Songwriter Album three times. First in 2005 for his album Resucitar, in 2011 for his album Días Nuevos, and in 2012 for his album 20 Años. <mask> was named UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in Peru. His mother is the well-known Peruvian actress and singer María Regina Alcóver Ureta, and his father was the late Peruvian composer and singer Javier Óscar Florencio Zignago Viñas, known in the musical world as Joe Danova. Biography

Childhood beginnings
<mask> was born in Lima, Peru on 17 August 1970. His mother is the Peruvian actress and singer María Regina Alcóver Ureta, and his father the Peruvian composer and singer Javier Óscar Florencio Zignago Viñas, best known as Joe Danova.As the son of artists, <mask> <mask> was introduced to music at very early age. The art surrounded him during his childhood. <mask> <mask> grew up listening to the songs of his father, and watching his mother perform in theater. As a child he traveled with his parents and learned to love the life style of an artist. At age 12, <mask> <mask> sang for the first time on television in the Argentine TV show Domingos Gigantes (Giant Sundays), broadcast by Channel 9 in Buenos Aires under the direction of <mask>. A year later, <mask> <mask> sang in Caracas on the TV show La Revista de los Sábados (The Saturday Magazine) impressing viewers that enjoyed a thirteen-year-old child singing a popular song titled "Eva Maria". At the age of six he recorded a 45 rpm together with his father

masks:
Gian Marco Javier Zignago Alcóver
Gian Marco
Gian Marco
Gian
Marco
Gian
Marco
Gian
Marco
Orlando Marconi
Gian
Marco


title: Gian Marco

texts:
 entitled "Navidad Es" ("Christmas Is").<mask> <mask> attended elementary school, middle school, and high school at the Colegio Santa Margarita located in Monterrico, a middle-class neighborhood in the district of Santiago de Surco, in Lima. He played the guitar and sang in all school activities. In 1981, at age 11, <mask> <mask> recorded a song for the musical Papito Piernas Largas (Daddy Long Legs). His mother also participated in the play. During his youth, <mask> <mask> participated in a series of artistic events, singing and acting, developing his talents and preparing for what would become a successful career. After finishing school, at the age of 18, <mask> <mask> traveled to Santiago de Chile to pursue a graphic design career. Although things were going well for him in the graphic design field, <mask> <mask> continued to feel the pull of a music career.To prove himself as an artist, he began playing in the most popular venues in Santiago and Viña del Mar where he began to make a name for himself. First album
A year and a half later he returned to Lima and one of his songs classified for the Peruvian version of the Festival OTI 1989 and his first contract with a record label which proyected him to Chile and Bolivia as well as doing theater and alternating in the telenovela "Velo negro, velo blanco with Braulio Castillo Jr. and Guatavo Rojo. He managed to capture the attention of the press, being the most publicized artist at the event. It was there that Discos Independientes proposed recording his first album. At the beginning of 1990 his first production hit the

masks: Gian Marco Gian Marco Gian Marco Gian Marco Gian Marco


title: Gian Marco

texts:
 national record market with the title Gian Marco: Historias that achieved hits as "Domitila" and "Mírame" ("Look at me"), under the musical direction of Pepe Ortega. In 1992 he recorded his second album, production with the title Personal, produced in Santiago, Chile by Pepe Ortega. From this recording the songs "Te Extrañaré" ("I Will Miss You") and "Dame un Beso" ("Give Me a Kiss") made the charts that year.In September 1993 he won first place in the national version of the Festival OTI, and gained the right to represent Perú in the "XXII edition of the International Festival OTI" with his song "Volvamos a Empezar" ("Let's Start Over"). The International Festival took place in Valencia, Spain. Television and national recognition
In the mid to late 1990s he came back with other successful productions. He began to dedicate himself to composing songs, and he was called to conduct one of the most popular game shows, Campaneando, with Bruno Pinasco. Conducting this program was crucial in gaining the recognition of the wider Peruvian public. His television appearance combined with a prolific period of musical activity. He composed and recorded the albums Entre la arena y la luna, (Between the Sand and the Moon) (1994), Señora, Cuénteme (Lady, Tell Me) (1994), and Al Quinto Día (On the Fifth Day) (1997).His fourth album, Señora, Cuénteme, is a tribute to canción criolla in which he affirms with his music the appreciation that he has for the feeling of native peoples like those in Perú. International success
Inspired by his own dreams and a blind faith in his talent, <mask>


title: Gian Marco

texts: <mask> decided to travel to the United States, convinced that he needed to introduce his artistic talent to the international market. He got the attention of Emilio Estefan who hired him as a composer and performer. He worked with Estefan on a couple tracks for Mandy Moore's self-titled album. This did not stop him from working on his own material, and he published A Tiempo (On Time) (2002) under the label Crescent Moon/Sony; this album was heard on the most significant radio stations in the world, and sold more than 50,000 copies in Spain. The album earned him with three Latin Grammy nominations and confirmed him as the most significant Peruvian sing-songwriter of recent times. In that same year, <mask> <mask> recorded the theme song for the Americas Cup (Soccer) that would be played in Perú in 2004.The song entitled "Más allá de los sueños" ("Beyond Dreams"), became a resounding success. In 2003, he received the "Artista Revelación Latino" (Emmerging Latin Artist) prize in the Musical Arts Awards of the Sociedad General de Autores y Editores de España (SGAE) (Spanish General Society of Authors and Editors). Later came the album Resucitar (Resurrection) (2004), a much more organic album that, as he says "doesn't sing as much about lost love as the previous one, it's a more positive album". This disc had unbelievable success, which brought him a Latin Grammy in 2005. Several singles were released from this album: "Resucitar" ("Resurrection"), "Sin querer" ("By Accident"), "Gota de lluvia" ("A Drop of Rain"), "Después de mi" ("After Me"), "Lejos de ti", ("Far from You"),

masks: Marco Gian Marco


title: Gian Marco

texts:
 and "Soy" ("I Am"). 15 years of career
On 2005 <mask> <mask> held a show at the Estadio Monumental de Perú to celebrate his career of 15 years, and had more than 40,000 spectators. Several guests including Regina Alcover (his mother), Mauricio y Palo de Agua, Pelo Madueño and Antonio Cartagena, among others, clothed in this emotional <mask>co concert.The concert ended with a rendition of "Hoy" ("Today"), which ended with a mix of "huaynos". Grandes Éxitos (Greatest Hits), was released in 2006, by Phantom Records only in Peruvian territory. This album focuses at <mask> <mask>'s fifth album Al Quinto Día (The Fifth Day), and also highlight the best songs of his other works. Also that year, he recorded the song for the animated film Dragones: Destino de fuego (Dragons: Destiny of Fire), where is the performer of the soundtrack, also titled "Destino de fuego". On 17 November 2006, <mask> <mask> releases 8, which includes ten unreleased tracks and features the first single in Peruvian territory, a song titled "No Te Avisa" ("It Doesn't Warn You"), for the rest of the world, the first single was "¿Qué Pasa?" ("What's Up? "), a song in which <mask> <mask> foray into the rap and gives its followers a somewhat different sound than they normally are used to hear.The album 20 Years, was made to celebrate 20 years of artistic life. There are 20 songs, 18 of which are re-recorded, and two unreleased songs "Invisible" and "In another Life". The song "Invisible" was composed by <mask> <mask> and Amaury Gutierrez. In 2012 he was awarded in Mexico a Quadruple Platinum Certification by

masks: Gian Marco Gianmar Gian Marco Gian Marco Gian Marco Gian Marco


title: Gian Marco

texts:
 his label for selling over 400,000 copies of his albums in Latin America since the beginning of his career as an independent artist in 2006. Later that year he won his third Latin Grammy. Artistry
The singer has been making public the Latin American market as a composer, and also has written songs for Marc Anthony ("Este Loco Que Te Mira", "Hasta Que Vuelvas Conmigo", "Caminaré"), Pandora ("Mientras Tanto"), Jon Secada ("Amanecer", "Si No Fuera Por Ti"), Jaci Velasquez ("Bendito Amor"), Obie Bermúdez ("Me Cansé de Ti", "El Recuerdo"), Emmanuel ("En Otra Vida"), Alejandro Fernández ("Canta Corazón", "Tengo Ganas", "Dame Un Minuto", "No Se Me Hace Fácil"), and Gloria Estefan ("Hoy", "Tu Fotografía", "Mientras Tanto"), Luis Enrique ("Parte de este Juego"), among others. <mask> <mask> has been important brand image as Pepsi, Inca Kola, currently one of the leading companies in mobile telephony in Peru Claro.He is recognized as one of the best songwriters in Peruvian history as well as one of the artists that puts Peruvian music on the international map by several media including Billboard Magazine. Awards and nominations

Discography

Historias (1990)

 Canción De Amor
 Domitila
 Te Extrañaré
 Ojalá No Sea Tarde
 Dame Un Beso
 Mírame
 Dos Historias
 Avísame
 Somos Dos
 ¿Cuántas Horas Más? Dejame Soñar Contigo
 Libres
 Corazón Solitario
 Shubi Duwa
 No Hieras Mi Corazón

Personal (1992)

 Dame Un Beso
 Te Extrañaré
 Libres
 Shubi Duwa
 ¿Cuántas Horas Más? Negrita
 No Hieras Mi Corazón
 Canción de Amor
 Dos Historias
 Te Estoy Buscando
 Somos Dos

Entre la Arena y la Luna

masks: Gian Marco


title: Élisa Garnerin

texts:
<mask> (1791-1853) was a French balloonist and parachutist. She was the niece of the pioneer parachutist André-<mask>, and took advantage of his name and of the novelty of a woman performing what were at the time extremely daring feats. She was a determined businesswoman, and at times got into trouble with the police for the disturbance her performances caused, failure to pay all taxes due and failure to deliver all that her advertising had promised. She toured the provinces of France, Spain, Italy, and other parts of Europe, making 39 descents in all between 1815 and 1835. Family

<mask> was born in 1791. She was the niece of <mask> (1769-1823). Her uncle made his first parachute jump from a balloon in the Parc Monceau on 22 October 1797.He was not the first to use a parachute, since Louis-Sébastien Lenormand had descended by parachute at Montpellier in 1783, but his jump from a balloon caused so much public excitement that from then on no great official festival was complete without a jump by <mask>, the official aérostier des fêtes publiques. Elisa was the daughter of <mask> the elder, "physician, author of several inventions, former government commissary to the armies". He had played a role in the French Revolution, and calumniated Marie Antoinette before the revolutionary tribunal. First parachute jumps

In August 1815 <mask>'s father had the idea of profiting from the <mask> name and giving Paris the new experience of a woman descending by means of a parachute. With Napoleon finally defeated at Waterloo the people of Paris wanted festivals and distractions. Balloons were very popular at the time, with balloonists such as Étienne-Gaspard Robert, Jean Margat, and Sophie Blanchard, who died in 1819 during one of her brave ascents. The publicity given to <mask> <mask> was more effective than that of any of these rivals.It included notices in the Moniteur, Journal de Paris, Constitutionnel and Quotidienne, posters on every wall and

masks:
Élisa Garnerin
Jacques Garnerin
Élisa Garnerin
André Jacques Garnerin
Jacques Garnerin
Jacques Garnerin
Élisa
Garnerin
Élisa
Garnerin


title: Élisa Garnerin

texts: pamphlets distributed to the national guards and the municipal employees. Elisa made an ascent on 20 September 1815 from the bowling green at the Jardin de Tivoli. Spectators included the King of Prussia and his son, the Prince Royal. The wind was quite strong, and quickly carried away a small pilot balloon. However, Elisa climbed into the car and to the applause of the audience rose rapidly. After eleven and a half minutes she left the balloon with her parachute, and descended majestically for over five minutes, landing safely near Meudon. On 2 May 1816 Elisa made an ascent on a calm day with a wind from the southeast.She crossed the Seine, left the car and parachuted down to the Bois de Boulogne. The balloon continued to rise and was carried away towards the plain of Montrouge. Elisa and her sister were invited to perform for the Fête of Saint Louis on 25 August 1816. It was announced that while the sisters ascended Elisa would play the harp and sing verses in honour of the King and his family. The women tried three times, but the balloon would not rise and the crowd became angry. Elisa went up alone, and after 15 minutes came down near the Bois de Boulogne. Madame Blanchard also performed at this fete, and was applauded by the masses as she rose in her balloon from the Champ de Mars.On 15 September 1816 <mask> was to jump at the Champ de Mars in front of a large crowd. The ascent was preceded by a horse race. <mask> was accompanied by her sister Eugénie, who was jumping for the first time. A trial balloon was launched at 5:00 p.m. to determine the wind direction, and at 5:30 the two sisters climbed into the basket. The line was cut and the balloon rose a few feet, but then came down again, almost touching some spectators. <mask> got out and the lightened balloon carried Eugénie south towards the Bois de Boulogne. It almost touched ground near the Porte Maillot, and Eugénie was about to get out when it rose again.Over the Plaine de

masks: Élisa Élisa Élisa


title: Élisa Garnerin

texts:
 Monceau Eugénie detached the parachute from the basket and came down to earth easily, while the balloon was lost in the sky. Around 6:00 Eugénie was brought back in triumph to the École Militaire, where she was applauded by the spectators. The festival was over. Difficulties with the police

The family constantly complained about the shares of the proceeds that was given to the poor and to the Royal Academy of Music. <mask> was caught more than once trying to hide part of the proceeds to avoid these shares. <mask> <mask> tried many projects that did not succeed. She always met hostility from the Paris police.They disliked the crowds drawn by the balloon festivals, which took considerable effort to control. The crowds ransacked the vegetable gardens which surrounded the Champ de Mars at that time, causing many complaints. The police had a strong card in the deposition by <mask>'s father against Marie Antoinette, despite the many protestations of loyalty to the monarchy by father and daughter, and used this as an excuse to refuse permission  for further exhibitions in the capital. The provinces and Madrid

For more than five year Élisa gave demonstrations in the provinces and abroad. In September 1817 she appeared in Rouen, in February 1818 in Bordeaux, in April 1818 in Madrid, in September 1819 in Orléans, in September 1821 in Grenoble, in June 1821 in Marseille and in June 1822 in Lyon. The show in Madrid was a fiasco. There was the usual storm of publicity, then the event was postponed from 19 April to 23 April, then to 3 May and finally to 11 May.On that day there was a huge crowd. The king and queen were to attend and the event was fixed for 5:00 p.m.
At the last minute handwritten posters announced that the experiment could not take place. <mask> and her father were taken to prison for their own protection, and left that night to return to France. They reimbursed the price of the seats, but kept the subscription money. <mask>'s 28 June

masks:
Jacques Garnerin
Élisa
Garnerin
Élisa
Élisa
Élisa


title: Élisa Garnerin

texts:
 1818 ascent at Bordeaux was made despite a strong wind. As she rose, waving a white flag, the balloon was quickly carried southward towards the harbour. Elisa separated from the balloon with her parachute, but a cross-current carried it into the middle of the river, where she was set down.Two boats were ready, and brought her back to safety. The account said she was terrified by the time the boats arrived. In fact she had attached a float to the parachute so she could descend safely into the Garonne. <mask> performed at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), where the German lady balloonist Wilhelmina Reichard also made an ascent, disappeared from sight and eventually landed near Cologne. Élisa rented chairs and sold seats in the balloon basket to the more daring. However, she hurt herself in a fall from the basket. The balloon flew off and was retrieved at Stuttgart.By May 1819 she had made 14 parachute descents despite the protests of her uncle, who felt his reputation was being usurped. In September 1819 <mask> announced that a magnificent fete would be held at the old burial ground in Orléans featuring the ascent of a balloon to . She did not provide the promised wonders, was reported to the magistrates and was taken "to a vile prison, where she will be brought before the Tribunal of Correctional Police!" Innovations

As she gained experience Élisa made continued improvements to the parachute, increasing its size and strength and greatly reducing its weight. In Grenoble she had the descent undertaken by a 12-year-old girl. In May 1819 <mask> was temporarily back in Paris, where she proposed to attempt a balloon ascent and parachute descent with a perfected balloon in the shape of a fish, which would somehow give it the ability to "move forward". She asked for a subsidy of 15,000 francs.The Minister said this was insane. In April 1820 <mask> proposed a huge project combining horses races with balloon trials, but apparently received no

masks: Élisa Élisa Élisa Élisa


title: Élisa Garnerin

texts:
 official response. At the end of 1821 she proposed a "Royal Agricultural Show and Royal French Races". This was rejected, and Elisa was refused permission to use the Champ de Mars for a spectacle similar to that of September 1816. She tried again in December 1822 and February 1823, and finally in July 1823 was allowed to use the Champ de Mars again. Last years

<mask> now spent five years in Italy. She was in Milan in 1824 and 1825, where she was seen by "The Imperial Majesty of Austria and all the sovereigns of Italy."She appeared in Verona and Venice, where for her 28th descent she parachuted down to the lagoon, using the float she had invented. She was in Turin in 1827 and returned to Paris in 1828, where she organized horse races combined with gymnastic, equestrian, and balloon exercises. For eight years she toured through Europe. Back in Paris, on 22 May 1835 she executed her 39th and last parachute descent at the Champ de Mars. <mask> <mask> died in Paris in April 1853. Eye Witness
In September 1815 Private William Wheeler of the 51st Kings Own Regiment was camped on the outskirts of Paris, where he was stationed following the Battle of Waterloo, when he wrote the following in a letter home dated 23 September 1815. "We have nearly had a serious row with the Hanovarian brigade belonging to our division, the following was the cause.A lady having ascended in a ballooon at Paris, it came in the direction of our camp. When the Balloon was over the Bois de Bologne the lady detached herself from the Balloon and descended in a parachute in admirable stile, the balloon pitched near us and all hands flew to the spot, when a general scramble took place and in a short time it was torn to rags. A battle royal instantly took place between the British and Hanoverians. Some of the latter ran to their camp and seized their arms, but fortunately the row was stopped without any serious mischeif." Notes

Sources

1791 births
1853 deaths
French

masks: Élisa Élisa Garnerin


title: Conor Hayes

texts:
<mask> (born 11 May 1958) is an Irish former hurler who played as a full-back for the Galway senior team. Born in Kiltormer, County Galway, <mask> first played competitive hurling in his youth. He made his first impression on the inter-county scene at the age of twenty he joined the Galway under-21 team. He made his senior debut during the 1979 championship. <mask> went on to play a key role for Galway for over a decade, and won three All-Ireland medals and two National Hurling League medals. A two-time All-Ireland-winning captain, <mask> was an All-Ireland runner-up on three occasions. As a member of the Connacht inter-provincial team for almost a decade, <mask> won four Railway Cup medal.At club level he is a one-time All-Ireland medallist with Kiltormer. In addition to this he also won two Connacht medals and three championship medals. <mask> also lined out with Glen Rovers. Throughout his career <mask> made 23 championship appearances for Galway. His retirement came following the conclusion of the 1990 championship. <mask> is widely regarded as one of Galway's greatest-ever club and inter-county hurlers. He has often been voted onto teams made up of the sport's greats, including at full-back on the Galway Hurling Team of the Millennium and on the All-Ireland Club Hurling Silver Jubilee Team.In retirement from playing, <mask> became involved in team management and coaching. During a four-year term as manager of the Galway senior hurlers, he guided the team to an All-Ireland final appearance. Playing career
He won a Fitzgibbon Cup with University College Galway in 1977. Club
<mask> joined the Kiltormer senior team as a non-playing sub in 1976, before making his championship debut the following year. He won his first championship medal that year following a 3–10 to 3–8

masks:
Conor Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes
Hayes


title: Conor Hayes

texts:
 defeat of Athenry. In 1982 <mask> missed out on Kiltormer's next championship success, as he spent the year playing with Glen Rovers in Cork. <mask> was back with Kiltormer by 1990 when the club reached the club decider once again.An 0–18 to 2–7 defeat of Turloughmore gave him his second championship medal. He later won his first Connacht medal following a 5–11 to 0–6 trouncing of Oran. Kiltormer retained their Galway title in 1991, with <mask> winning a third and final championship medal following a 3–9 to 0–15 defeat of Athenry. He later added a second Connacht medal to his collection following a 2–9 to 1–6 defeat of Four Roads. On 29 March 1992 <mask> lined out with Kiltormer against Birr in the All-Ireland final. A 0–15 to 1–8 victory gave him an All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship medal. Inter-county
<mask> first came to prominence on the inter-county scene as a member of the Galway under-21 hurling team that reached the All-Ireland decider in 1978.Tipperary provided the opposition on that occasion, however, the game ended in a draw. At the second time of asking Galway emerged victorious by 3–15 to 2–8 and <mask> collected an All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship medal. In 1979 <mask> was appointed captain of the Galway under-21 team. That year his side qualified for the All-Ireland final once again and, for the second consecutive year, Tipperary were the opponents. On this occasion Tipperary made no mistake and defeated <mask>'s team by 2–12 to 1–9. <mask> made his senior championship debut with Galway on 1 July 1979 in a 1–23 to 3–10 defeat of Laois. Galway later shocked four-in-a-row hopefuls Cork in the All-Ireland semi-final and qualified for an All-Ireland final showdown with Kilkenny.In one of the worst All-Ireland finals of the decade, Galway

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texts: goalkeeper Séamus Shinnors had an absolute nightmare of a game. A 70-yards free by Liam "Chunky" O'Brien after just four minutes dipped, hit off Shinnors and ended up in the Galway net. Galway fought back and went two points up twelve minutes into the second half, however, they failed to score for the rest of the game. Four minutes before the end of the game another long-range free for Kilkenny ended up in the net behind Shinnors. It was a score which summed up the day for <mask>'s side as Kilkenny went on to win by 2–12 to 1–8. In 1980 Galway defeated Kildare and Offaly to reach a second consecutive All-Ireland final. Munster champions Limerick provided the opposition on this occasion and an exciting championship decider followed.Bernie Forde and P. J. Molloy goals for Galway meant that the men from the west led by 2–7 to 1–5 at half-time. Éamonn Cregan single-handedly launched the Limerick counter-attack in the second-half. Over the course of the game he scored 2–7, including an overhead goal and a point in which he showed the ball to <mask> and nonchalantly drove the ball over the bar. It was not enough to stem the tide and Galway went on to win the game by 2–15 to 3–9. It was Galway's first All-Ireland title since 1923, with <mask> picking up a winners' medal and the celebrations surpassed anything ever seen in Croke Park. After missing the 1981 All-Ireland final, <mask> was restored to his usual full-back position by the time Galway reached the decider once again in 1985. Offaly provided the opposition in the subsequent All-Ireland final and another tense game ensued.Once again it was Offaly's goal-scoring ability that proved crucial. Pat Cleary scored the first of the day after twenty-five minutes of play and got his second less than half a minute after the

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title: Conor Hayes

texts: restart. Joe Dooley had a goal disallowed halfway through the second-half while a long Joe Cooney effort, which seemed to cross the goal line, was not given. P. J. Molloy was Galway's goal scorer, however, the day belonged to Offaly. A 2–11 to 1–12 score line resulted in defeat for Galway. Galway reached a second successive All-Ireland decider again in 1986. The men from the west were the red-hot favourites against an ageing Cork team, however, on the day a different story unfolded.Four Cork goals, one from John Fenton, two from Tomás Mulcahy and one from Kevin Hennessy, stymied the Galway attack and helped "the Rebels" to a 4–13 to 2–15 victory. In spite of the defeat <mask> was later presented with a first All-Star award. In 1987 <mask> was appointed captain of the Galway team. The year began well when he led the team to their first National Hurling League title in over a decade following a 3–12 to 3–10 defeat of Clare. Later that summer Galway qualified for a third All-Ireland final in-a-row. The prospect of becoming the first team to lose three consecutive championship deciders weighed heavily on the Galway team as Kilkenny provided the opposition. The game was not a classic by any standard and Noel Lane got a key goal for Galway nine minutes before the end.A 1–12 to 0–9 victory gave <mask> a second All-Ireland medal while he also had the honour of accepting the Liam MacCarthy Cup. A second All-Star award quickly followed. In 1988 <mask> was captain of the team for a second year. That year Galway reached a fourth successive All-Ireland final. After more than a decade-and-a-half in the wilderness Tipperary were back providing the opposition in the championship decider. Galway defeated Tipp in the semi-final the previous year, however, with an extra year's experience


title: Conor Hayes

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 it was expected that Tipperary might shade the victory. Galway used this to motivate themselves.Noel Lane again scored the crucial goal for Galway while Nicky English sent a late penalty over the bar for a point. A 1–15 to 0–14 score line resulted in victory for Galway and a third All-Ireland medal for <mask>. Another solid performance at full-back resulted in a third successive All-Star award for the Galway captain. In 1989 <mask> was once again captain of the team as Galway went in search of a third All-Ireland title in-a-row. For the third time in as many years Tipperary faced Galway in the All-Ireland series, however, on this occasion the men from the West were controversially without their star player Tony Keady. The game turned out to be a tense and unsavory affair as Tipp finally triumphed over Galway. A 1–17 to 2–11 victory for the Munster men meant that Galway's three-in-a-row dream was over.<mask> played his last game for Galway in an All-Ireland quarter-final defeat of London in 1990. He was listed as a substitute for the subsequent All-Ireland decider against Cork. Shortly after half-time the westerners were up by seven points and were cruising to victory. Cork were a changed team in the second half and secured a 5–15 to 2–21 victory. This defeat brought the curtain down on <mask>'s inter-county career. Inter-provincial
<mask> also lined out with Connacht in the inter-provincial series of games and enjoyed much success. In 1979 <mask> was at centre-back as Connacht reached the inter-provincial decider.A 1–13 to 1–9 defeat by Leinster was the result on that occasion. <mask> was moved to full-back in 1980 as Connacht faced Railway Cup specialists Munster in the decider. A low-scoring game followed, however, a 1–5 to 0–7 victory gave Connacht their first

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title: Conor Hayes

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 Railway Cup title since 1947. It was <mask>'s first winners' medal in the competition. Connacht reached the Railway Cup final again in 1983. A 0–10 to 1–5 victory gave <mask> his second Railway Cup medal, while the province retained the title for the first time in their history. After defeat to Munster in 1985, both sides renewed their rivalry in the inter-provincial decider again in 1986.A comprehensive 3–11 to 0–11 victory gave <mask> a third Railway Cup medal. In 1987 <mask> was captain of the Connacht team that faced Leinster in the final. A narrow 2–14 to 1–14 victory to Connacht. It was a fourth and final Railway Cup medal for <mask>, while he also had the honour of lifting the cup. Managerial career

Galway
On 11 December 2002, <mask> defeated incumbent Noel Lane, Brendan Lynskey and Gerry Fahy in a vote to become manager of the Galway senior hurling team. His first season in charge in 2003 was fruitless as Galway were out of contention very early for the National League exited the championship without reaching Croke Park. In 2004 <mask> secured his first silverware as manager.A 2–15 to 1–13 defeat of Waterford gave Galway the National Hurling League title. The subsequent championship campaign was once again unkind to Galway, who exited at an early stage. <mask>'s two-year tenure as manager effectively ended following this defeat. A seven-man sub-committee of the Galway County Board later recommended Mattie Murphy for the job, however, Murphy withdrew his candidacy when club delegates voted 27–20 against his ratification as manager. Another candidate failed to emerge and <mask> was re-appointed for another year as manager. Following his reappointment as manager <mask> was under pressure to deliver. An unconvincing league campaign resulted in many expecting little

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title: Conor Hayes

texts:
 of Galway in the subsequent championship campaign.A surprise 2–20 to 2–18 defeat of Tipperary in the All-Ireland quarter-final set up an All-Ireland semi-final meeting with Kilkenny. "The Cats" got off to a great start, however, the young Galway team fought back and exposed a poor defence to produce one of the games of the decade. A 5–18 to 4–18 victory gave Galway a place in the All-Ireland final against Cork. It was their first meeting at this stage of the championship since <mask> was an unused substitute in 1990. Cork's Ben O'Connor scored a goal in the sixteenth minute that gave his team a comfortable lead. <mask> fought back with a Galway goal in the fiftieth minute, reducing Cork's lead to a point. Galway fell flat and didn't score in the last ten minutes as Cork won by 1–21 to 1–16.<mask> was persuaded to stay on as manager for another year, in the hope that his Galway team could go one better and claim the All-Ireland crown. After little success in the National League, <mask>'s side exited the championship following a 2–22 to 3–14 defeat by Kilkenny in the All-Ireland quarter-final. Honours

Player
Kiltormer
All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship (1): 1992
Connacht Senior Club Hurling Championship (2): 1990, 1991
Galway Senior Club Hurling Championship (3): 1977, 1990, 1991

Galway
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (3): 1980, 1987 (c), 1988 (c)
National Hurling League (2): 1986–87 (c), 1988–89 (c)

Connacht
Railway Cup (4): 1980, 1983, 1986, 1987 (c)

Manager
Galway
National Hurling League (1): 2004

Individual
Awards
All-Star (3): 1986, 1987, 1988

References

1958 births
Living people
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners
Connacht inter-provincial hurlers
Galway inter-county hurlers
Glen Rovers hurlers
Hurling managers
Kiltormer

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Damien Hayes
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title: Kurt Koffka

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<mask> (March 12, 1886 – November 22, 1941) was a German psychologist and professor. He was born and educated in Berlin, Germany; he died in Northampton, Massachusetts from coronary thrombosis. He was influenced by his maternal uncle, a biologist, to pursue science. He had many interests including visual perception, brain damage, sound localization, developmental psychology, and experimental psychology. He worked alongside Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang Köhler to develop Gestalt psychology. <mask> had several publications including "The Growth of the Mind: An Introduction to Child Psychology" (1924) and "The Principles of Gestalt Psychology" (1935) which elaborated on his research. Personal life
<mask>, born March 18, 1886 in Berlin, Germany, was raised by Luis Levy and <mask>.His mother listed herself as Protestant despite having a Jewish heritage. His father was a lawyer and his younger brother, <mask>, went on to become a judge. In spite of the prevalence of law in his family, <mask> decided to pursue science as he was motivated by his maternal uncle who was a biologist. <mask> married Mira Klein, a participant in his experimental research, in 1909, but they later divorced. In 1923, he married Elisabeth Ahlgrimm who completed her PhD at Giessen, but they divorced in 1926. He remarried Mira until their second divorce in 1928 when he remarried Elisabeth whom he remained married to until his death. <mask> was forced to alter his lifestyle after developing a heart condition called Coronary thrombosis.However, his condition did not hamper his work ethic as his lecturing and scientific projects occupied his time until he died. <mask> died on November 22, 1941, in Northampton, Massachusetts and left many of his projects unfinished. Education
<mask>'s academic career began at the school of Wilhelmsgymnasium where he attended from 1892 to 1903. In 1903, <mask> traveled to Scotland to study at the University of Edinburgh for a year. His time at the University of Edinburgh was crucial as he developed a greater understanding of the English language which was a valuable tool for spreading his message in the future. In 1904, he returned to Berlin where he attended the University of Berlin for three years. He chose to pursue

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Kurt Koffka


title: Kurt Koffka

texts:
 psychology as he believed the subject matter of psychology was best suited towards his interests.While studying at the University of Berlin, <mask> examined his personal colour vision in Willibald Nagel’s physiological laboratory. He was interested in visual perception due to his own red-green blindness, which led him to study color vision and after-images. This work culminated in <mask>'s first publication in 1908 called Untersuchungen an einem protanomalen System. This paper analyzed different properties of colour including contrast as well as the effect of brightness and wavelengths on colour. The figure ground phenomenon was also studied. <mask> completed his dissertation called Experimental-Untersuchungen zur Lehre von Rhythmus securing him his Doctor of Philosophy in 1908. He worked with Carl Stumpf during the pursuit of his doctorate.Career
After receiving his doctorate in 1908, <mask> worked at the University of Würzburg as an assistant to Oswald Külpe who greatly influenced his work. After Kulpe left, <mask> continued to work as an assistant to Karl Marbe. In 1910, <mask> became an assistant to Friedrich Schumann at the Psychological Institute in Frankfurt on Main to study the perception of motion, alongside Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang Köhler. <mask> considered this period in his life significant to his scientific development. <mask> later became a professor at the University of Giessen. The University of Giessen assigned <mask> the Privatdozent title in 1911 and the ausserordentlicher while working with August Messer. Eighteen articles and six experimental works were completed over the twelve years that <mask> spent at Giessen.<mask> spent time at Professor Sommer's Psychiatric Clinic located in Giessen in the midst of World War I. They focused on subjects diagnosed with brain trauma, but focused on aphasia cases. He also studied the localization of sounds to be of aid to the army and navy. In 1924, <mask> moved to the United States of America and retained a research professor position at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, beginning in 1927. His priority during this time was work regarding visual perception. In 1932, Uzbekistan was undergoing significant socioeconomic and political changes.

masks: Koffka Koffka Koffka Koffka Koffka Koffka Koffka Koffka Koffka Koffka Koffka Koffka


title: Kurt Koffka

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 It was at this time that <mask> traveled to Uzbekistan to join others in researching the impact of these changes on affected individuals cognition.His work did not result in any publications. However, while in Uzbekistan, an illness, diagnosed as relapsing fever, rendered <mask> very ill but, in spite of his condition, he began to work on his book, "The Principles of Gestalt Psychology", which was published in 1935. Once this book was completed, <mask>'s previous self-limitations were eased as he allowed himself to delve into areas he previously felt were inappropriate for his specialty. This broadened scope was evidenced by his incorporation of psychology in other fields of interest including the arts and ethics. He spent the year 1939-1940 visiting Sir Hugh Cairns at the Nuffield Institute in Oxford. Contributions to psychology

Learning

<mask> believed that most of early learning is what he referred to as, "sensorimotor learning," which is a type of learning which occurs after a consequence. For example, a child who touches a hot stove will learn not to touch it again.<mask> also believed that a lot of learning occurs by imitation, though he argued that it is not necessary to understand how imitation works, but rather to acknowledge that it is a natural occurrence. According to <mask>, the highest type of learning is ideational learning, which makes use of language. <mask> notes that a crucial time in children's development is when they understand that objects have names. Gestalt psychology
<mask> gained his initial interest in Gestalt psychology after participating in Wertheimer's phi phenomenon study. In 1910, <mask> worked alongside Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang Köhler at the Psychological Institute in Frankfurt. They focused their research on sensory information and memory, and later became the founding fathers of Gestalt psychology. Max Wertheimer is often credited with developing the idea of Gestalt psychology, but they were influenced by Christian von Ehrenfel's idea that a holistic melody is more than a simple combination of various sounds.This later becomes essential to theories of Gestalt psychology which convey that complete perception is more meaningful than its individual parts put together. The

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title: Kurt Koffka

texts:
 Gestalt Principles were developed to delve into how the human eye perceives visual elements. The principles help to provide ways to understand how complex visual elements can be broken down into simpler parts. The principles also try to demonstrate how the human eye perceives shapes as a single “object” instead of splitting the object into simplified components of the object being seen. Some of the most commonly used principles were proximity, similarity, and continuation. Gestalt principle of proximity discussed that visual elements close to one another will be perceived as a whole. Gestalt principle of similarity establishes that people tend to categorize objects that share the same traits into a group.Gestalt principle of continuity reveals how people perceive lines or curves as a whole if they “touch” one another. <mask> needed to provide empirical evidence for the new theory. To accomplish this, <mask> formulated a three-stage proposition that revolutionized existing assumptions of psychology:

 Perceiving sensory experiences as a combination of individual parts does not align with the actual experience of perception. The school of Gestalt suggests that human sensory experience be viewed as a whole since wholes are more meaningful than the sum of its parts. It is a mistake to correlate a stimulus with sensation because functionality of a stimulus must be paired with factual information. Stimuli should be correlated to factual content of the perceptive field. The previous two premises hold that the relationship between the psyche and physical needs to be reconsidered.In 1922, <mask> published an article called "Perception: An Introduction to the Gestalt-Theorie" in the Psychological Bulletin to introduce Gestalt psychology to the American academics. The article focused on describing how Gestalt psychology studies various perceptual phenomena using different theories from existing ones. After its publication, it led to the criticisms of Gestalt psychology that it was overly focused on perception, and lacked contribution to overall themes of psychology. Aesthetic Gestalt (1940)

In 1940, Kurf <mask> traveled to Philadelphia and attended a conference at Bryn Mawr which brought together many different

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title: Kurt Koffka

texts:
 well-known figures from different fields of study to approach art from different perspectives. At the time, many subjects such as culture, ecology, evolution, emotion, psychology, knowledge, physiology had been treated as their own independent fields with no connection to one another. <mask> attempted to make a multidisciplinary theory of art known as Aesthetic of Gestalt. <mask>'s presentation at the conference advanced the scientific theory of art, but it is a neglected theory that has mostly been forgotten after its publication.The main focus in Aesthetic theory is the appreciation of beauty in art pieces. There are 3 components in the relationship: the self (the spectator), the extraordinary art piece, and the connection between the two. Aesthetic of Gestalt illustrates that the self (the individual) sees that there is an important message when observing the art piece. Koffka Identifies three problems with the aesthetic experience. The first is contingency. While behaviourists believe that art naturally evokes an emotional response, Koffka argued that the previous associations must exist to understand that redness for example means passion. This previous association is a rational and intelligible interaction that draws on a look-up table, not blindly resorting to the look-up table.The second problem is with the empathy-based art theories about aesthetic and how the fact that people put their own emotions onto the art piece is paradoxical. In order for an art piece to be appreciated the self must first recognize the emotion they must attribute to the piece. The third problem is that empathy logic implies that emotions projected by the self onto the art piece are to be felt by others. However, just because the person perceives that red is passionate does not mean they are feeling the same passion themselves. Honours
In 2006, members of the Department of Psychology of Justus Liebig University Giessen founded the <mask>ffka medal to honour scientists who have made extraordinary advances to the fields of perception or developmental psychology. Publications

"Perception: An Introduction to the Gestalt-theorie" (1922)
In 1922, <mask> published an article called "Perception: An Introduction to the Gestalt-Theorie"

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title: Kurt Koffka

texts:
 in the Psychological Bulletin to introduce Gestalt psychology to the American academics. The article focused on how Gestalt psychology describes three main points which are sensation, association and attention with a different scope than other existing theories.Sensation puts forward the idea of the "bundle-hypothesis" which means that the world is made up of elements that come together to create stimuli in our world. The second listed concept of association is acknowledged by <mask> as the primary factor that decides what is coming and going in regards to our ideas. It is association that puts one idea forward over another idea in our train of thought and ties all those separate elemental ideas together. The final point of attention is described as a "scapegoat" by <mask>. If one's attention fails to notice a stimuli then the correlated response to that stimuli will not happen, even though the stimuli is present. After its publication, <mask>'s article led to the criticisms that gestalt psychology it was overly focused on perception, and lacked contribution to overall themes of psychology. The Growth of the Mind: An Introduction to Child Psychology (1924)
One of <mask>'s most notable contributions to psychology was his book entitled, “The Growth of the Mind: An Introduction to Child Psychology".The English translation of this book was done by Robert M. Ogden. <mask> had two main goals in writing this book. His first goal was to utilize Gestalt principles to present an innovative view of childhood phenomenon. His second goal was to provide educators with an up to date resource in order to facilitate effective teaching. In this book, <mask> focused on mind development in children and outlined four ways in which development occurs. Firstly, he stated physical movements must become more advanced and precise as children grow older. As infants, we begin with rudimentary motor skills and with development we can engage in more complex physical activities.Secondly, he believed infants must develop their sensory integration skills and learn to become effective perceivers of their environment. Thirdly, <mask> stated that children must utilize their motor and sensory systems as they are dependent on each other to create

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title: Kurt Koffka

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 a coherent whole which is utilized to facilitate appropriate behaviour. Lastly, <mask> thought children must learn to rely on their cognition when acting as opposed to their impulses. The Principles of Gestalt Psychology (1935)
This book addressed applied psychology but mainly focused on the research concerning perception, memory, and learning. <mask> published this book in 1935 and it changed the basic ideas within research involving perception. Veridical perception states that objects people see in the environment will have relatively consistent characteristics such as size, and color. Before this book was published, researchers had assumed that there was no need to explain the features of veridical perception.<mask> rejected the idea that researchers should only focus on illusions within people's perception, because he thought it was always necessary to understand why people perceive objects the way that they do. This book approaches the topic of veridical perception in a phenomenological and holistic manner that supported the Gestalt Principles as well as other research that supported the Gestalt orientation. This work also explored the notion of behavioural environments. A person's behaviour can result from one's own behavioural environment or another person's behavioural environment. This means that someone can see and understand their actions one way and another person could see the same actions and understand them completely differently. Psychologists need to be mindful to view an individual's behaviour from the other individual's behavioural environment rather than their own. References

External links

 Gestalt psychology website of the international Society for Gestalt Theory and its Applications - GTA
 Website on Gestalt psychology with biographies of Wertheimer et al.Confounds Gestalt psychology, Applies Gestalt principles to child development
 <mask>, <mask>. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. 1968. 1886 births
1941 deaths
People educated at the Wilhelmsgymnasium (Munich)
German people of Jewish descent
German psychologists
Gestalt psychologists
Cornell University staff
University of Wisconsin–Madison staff
Smith College faculty
20th-century psychologists
German emigrants to the

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title: Matt Diskin

texts:
<mask> (27 January 1982) an English professional rugby league coach was the head coach of Oldham in the Betfred Championship, and a former professional rugby league footballer who played as a  in the 2000s and 2010s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, England and Yorkshire, and at club level for the Leeds Rhinos and Bradford Bulls and coached at club level for the Bradford Bulls and Batley Bulldogs. <mask> played for the Leeds Rhinos for 10-years, and won four Super League championships with the club in 2004 (Super League IX), 2007 (Super League XII), 2008 (Super League XIII), and 2009 (Super League XIV), before moving to Bradford Bulls for the 2011 season, he remained with the Bradford Bulls until the end of his playing career in 2014.the head coach of the Batley Bulldogs in the Betfred Championship

Background
<mask> was born in Dewsbury, West Yorkshire, England. Playing career
<mask> is a product of amateur rugby league club Dewsbury Moor ARLFC and growing up he attended St. John Fisher High School in Dewsbury, as did Francis Cummins and Ryan Sheridan. Leeds Rhinos
<mask> made his début first-team appearance for Leeds Rhinos in 2001 against Castleford Tigers. He played for the Leeds Rhinos at  and scored a try in their 2004 Super League Grand Final victory against the Bradford Bulls, and was man of the match. He was selected to represent Great Britain in the 2004 Tri-nations tournament.<mask> played for Leeds in the 2005 Challenge Cup Final at  in their loss against Hull FC. He played for the Leeds Rhinos from the interchange bench in

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title: Matt Diskin

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 their 2005 Super League Grand Final loss against Bradford Bulls. He played in the 2008 Super League Grand Final victory over St. Helens. He played in the 2009 Super League Grand Final victory over St. Helens at Old Trafford, scoring a try in the record-breaking third consecutive Grand Final victory over St Helens. 2010 saw <mask> celebrate his testimonial year at Leeds after 10 years of service to the most successful club of recent years. <mask> had been instrumental in all of Leeds' championship winning campaigns. He played in the 2010 Challenge Cup Final defeat by the Warrington Wolves at Wembley Stadium.On 19 October 2010, it was announced that <mask> had agreed a move to Bradford Bulls on a three-year contract, and is expected to push for the starting  position in the Bradford Bulls line-up. Bradford Bulls
<mask> appeared in two of 2011's four pre-season games. He played against Dewsbury Rams and Wakefield Trinity Wildcats. <mask> featured in 23 consecutive games from Round 1 (Leeds Rhinos) to Round 23 (Warrington Wolves). He also appeared in the Challenge Cup game against Wigan Warriors. He scored against Leeds Rhinos, Crusaders and Harlequins RL. A shoulder injury kept him out for the rest of the season.<mask> and Heath L'Estrange were appointed joint captains for the 2012 season. <mask> featured in two of the four pre-season games. He played against Dewsbury Rams and Hull FC. <mask> featured in 15 consecutive games from Round 1 (Catalans Dragons) to Round 15 (Leeds Rhinos). <mask> missed Rounds 16–23 due to injury. <mask> returned for Round 24 (Hull

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title: Matt Diskin

texts: Kingston Rovers) to Round 27 (Catalans Dragons). He also featured in the Challenge Cup against Doncaster and Warrington Wolves.<mask> scored tries against Warrington Wolves (1 try), Hull Kingston Rovers (1 try), Doncaster (2 tries), Leeds Rhinos (1 try) and Huddersfield Giants (1 try). <mask> featured in 2013's pre-season friendlies against Dewsbury Rams and Leeds Rhinos. He scored against Dewsbury Rams (1 try). He featured in four consecutive games from Round 1 (Wakefield Trinity Wildcats) to Round 4 (St. Helens). He missed Round 5 due to injury. He returned for Round 6 (Widnes Vikings) but was ill for Round 7. <mask> returned for Round 8 (Catalans Dragons) to Round 9 (Leeds Rhinos).He missed Round 10 due to an injury. <mask> featured in Round 11 (London Broncos) to Round 16 (Huddersfield Giants). He returned to the team for Round 18 (St. Helens) to Round 27 (Huddersfield Giants). <mask> also appeared in the Challenge Cup against London Broncos. <mask> scored against Widnes Vikings (1 try), Salford City Reds (1 try) and Hull F.C. (1 try). <mask> signed a 1 Year Extension to his contract midway through the season.<mask> missed the pre-season friendlies against Hull FC and Dewsbury Rams due to injury. However he did feature in the friendly against Castleford Tigers. He featured in Round 1 (Castleford Tigers) to Round 6 (Hull Kingston Rovers). <mask> next featured in Round 8 (Salford Red Devils) then in Round 11 (Warrington Wolves) to Round 13 (Huddersfield Giants). He also played in Round 15 (Wakefield Trinity Wildcats) to Round 19 (Catalans Dragons). <mask>

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title: Matt Diskin

texts:
 featured in Round 5 (Catalans Dragons) to the quarter-final (Warrington Wolves) in the Challenge Cup. He scored against Hull F.C.(1 try). Coaching career

Bradford Bulls
<mask> was put in temporary charge of the Bradford Bulls on 16 June 2014 as a player coach. It was the day following the sacking of head coach Francis Cummins, and assistant Lee St Hilaire. <mask> took charge of Bulls home match against Hull Kingston Rovers where they lost 44–18 the Tuesday after James Lowes was announced as the Bradford Bulls new head coach. At the end of the 2014 season, <mask> announced his retirement. Batley Bulldogs
In April 2016 it was announced <mask> was to take over at Batley Bulldogs from 2017 after John Kear announced he would be joining Wakefield Trinity Wildcats as director of rugby in 2017. Oldham
On 10 October 2019 <mask> was appointed as Head Coach

On 29 Jun 2021, Oldham sacked him after 9 defeats in the last 10 games with assistant-coach Brendan Sheridan taking over training.Stats
(For 2014 Super League season highlights, stats and results click on 2014 Super League season results)

References

External links
(archived by web.archive.org) Leeds Rhinos profile

1982 births
Living people
Batley Bulldogs coaches
Bradford Bulls captains
Bradford Bulls coaches
Bradford Bulls players
England national rugby league team players
English rugby league coaches
English rugby league players
Great Britain national rugby league team players
Leeds Rhinos players
Oldham R.L.F.C. coaches
Rugby league hookers
Rugby league players from Dewsbury
Yorkshire rugby league team

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