title: Arkady Shevchenko

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 specialist.<mask> attended the 1962 Geneva Committee on Disarmament Negotiations as a member of the Soviet delegation. The next year, he accepted an assignment as Chief of the Soviet Mission's Security Council and Political Affairs Division at the United Nations. Since that was a permanent posting, his family accompanied him to New York City. He continued in that post until 1970 when he was appointed advisor to Andrei Gromyko. His duties covered a broad range of Soviet foreign policy initiatives. In his disarmament role, <mask> had a close view of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Soviet leadership's perspective of it. He later described it in an interview with WGBH.In 1973, <mask> was promoted and became an Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations. Although he was nominally employed by the United Nations and owed his allegiance to the international organization, he was in practice expected to support and to promote Soviet aims and policies. He eventually became resentful of the restrictions that his Soviet superiors subjected him to that prevented him from carrying out his duties as an Under Secretary objectively. Espionage and defection
The early 1970s were a time of détente between the Eastern Bloc and NATO nations. SALT I, the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, the Helsinki Accords, and other international agreements were negotiated during this time. According to <mask>'s memoirs, he became increasingly disillusioned with real Soviet attitudes toward these international agreements. He had immediate access to the inner workings of the Soviet foreign policy establishment and felt that the Soviet government was cheating on the intent of the agreements for short-term political gain, which would be ultimately to its own disadvantage.He also stated clearly that Soviet leaders, while pretending to respect the UN, actually disdained it and viewed it solely as a means to advance Soviet interests covertly or otherwise. Furthermore, Moscow's requirement for him, as a UN officer, to put Soviet interests ahead of UN interests but to pretend otherwise was a violation of the UN Charter. He also came to believe that the Soviet's internal economic policies and their

masks: Shevchenko Shevchenko Shevchenko Shevchenko


title: Arkady Shevchenko

type: original

texts:
 insistence on hard-line communist centralization of power were depriving the Russian people of their freedom and ability to better themselves and their country. His long years of exposure to Western democracies convinced him that the Soviets were "taking the wrong path" economically and politically. He also was tired of and bitter about not being free and not being able to speak freely, and he wanted personal freedom. He briefly considered resigning his position with the UN and returning to the Soviet Union in an attempt to change the system from within, but he soon came to the realization that it would have been an impossible task, as he had neither the power nor the influence to effect any significant change. He did not like that option because he felt that such a life in retirement would be meaningless.By 1975, he had decided to defect. He made contact with the CIA to seek political asylum. However, the CIA pressured him to continue at his UN post and to supply them with inside information on Soviet political plans. Although fearful of the consequences if he were to be found out by the KGB, he reluctantly agreed with the idea that if he wanted to fight against the regime's existence, that was an opportunity to do so in a way with real effect or power. For the next three years, he became in effect a "triple agent". Outwardly, a dedicated servant of the United Nations but covertly promoting Soviet political aims and secretly reporting the Soviets' hidden political agenda to the CIA. In early 1978, he became aware of increased KGB surveillance of his movements.Suddenly, on March 31, 1978, he received a cable from Moscow that summoned him to return to the Soviet Union for "consultations". Suspicious of the demand and realizing that if he flew to Moscow, he might never be permitted to return to his UN duties or even to leave the Soviet Union, he called his CIA contact and demanded for it to fulfill their promise of political asylum. Defection
<mask> often wrestled with how he would broach the idea of upcoming defection with his wife, Leongina. He knew that she would probably react angrily and refuse to accede. He ended up never telling her until he left a


title: Arkady Shevchenko

texts:
 note for her right before he rushed out the door on April 10, 1978 while she slept. His plan, at least consciously, was that she could read the note and catch up with him soon if she chose to, which he hoped would occur. However, when he called her the next day, a KGB man answered the phone.He surmised that as soon as she had read the note, she called the KGB. She was immediately whisked back to Moscow, where she died mysteriously, supposedly by suicide, less than two months later. <mask> surmised that in trying to gain leverage in her predicament, she may have threatened senior party members with exposure of their corruption, which made killing her the easiest solution. He also later admitted to himself that the reason that he never told her in advance about his defection was that he knew she would probably get angry and expose his plan to the KGB. In the Soviet Union <mask> was tried in absentia and sentenced to death. Later life
From 1978 to his death 20 years later in Bethesda, Maryland, <mask> lived in the United States and supported himself by written contributions to various publications and on the lecture circuit. In 1985, he published his autobiography, Breaking With Moscow in which he described Soviet Russia as, among other things, a gangster economy in which the KGB played a prominent role.In the summer of 1978, the FBI ordered a 22-year-old Washington call girl named Judy Chavez for <mask>. Chavez later went public with the affair and published a book in 1979, Defector's Mistress, The Judy Chavez Story. <mask> died of a heart attack on February 28, 1998, and was buried in Washington, DC. See also
 List of Eastern Bloc defectors

References

Bibliography

<mask> <mask>. Breaking With Moscow, 1985 - excerpts published online
Oleg Kalugin, The First Directorate. St. Martins' Press, 1994. Memoirs of <mask> <mask>'s son

1930 births
1998 deaths
American spies against the Soviet Union
Expelled members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Deaths from cirrhosis
People from Horlivka
Soviet defectors to the United States
Soviet diplomats
Ukrainian emigrants to the United States
Under-Secretaries-General of the United Nations
Soviet officials of

masks: Shevchenko Shevchenko Shevchenko Shevchenko Shevchenko Arkady Shevchenko Arkady Shevchenko


title: Damond Williams

texts:
<mask><mask> (born October 10, 1980) is an American professional basketball player in the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) Asia League. <mask>, who is  6'6", is known for his versatility as a combo guard, effective at playing both point guard and shooting guard positions. He led his team through a perfect season in the Syrian Premier League and Syrian League Cup in the 2009 season. In 2009 <mask> was voted the best shooting guard of the 20th Dubai International Basketball Tournament. <mask> is also Founder of the Chicago Basketball Academy a private non-sectarian coeducational high school focused on academic and athletic excellence in the field of basketball. Early life and youth
<mask><mask> was born on Chicago's southeast side. He attended the esteemed Hyde Park Career Academy where he was a constant honor role student-athlete.Damond earned All-City accolades in cross country, but excelled in basketball as he often won slam-dunk contests and proved to be a prolific scorer. He received a full-athletic scholarship to New Mexico State University in 1997 when he was 17. College career

Damond earned great athletic notoriety having played for a number of NCAA Division 1 schools under a full athletic scholarship University of Memphis, and New Mexico State before finding a permanent role on the McNeese State University Men's Basketball team, where he was the Lake Charles Toyota 2003 McNeese State University MVP. In 50 games with the McNeese State Cowboys, Damond established himself as a standout student-athlete and earned a bachelor's degree in Social Sciences. Heralded for his brilliant all-around game and explosive play style, Damond played a pivotal role in McNeese State's sharp rise to the top of the Southland Conference and the 2002 NCAA Tournament where he was named Chevrolet MVP of the 1st-round game against Mississippi State University. Professional career

<mask> started his professional career

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Damond L
. Williams
Williams
Damond
Damond
Damond L
. Williams
Ireland Williams


title: Damond Williams

texts:
 in Ireland with the Tralee Tigers of the Premier League during the 2003–04 season, helping the team win the championship. United States
<mask> played in the United States Basketball League for the Cedar Rapids River Raiders during the 2004-2005 season.<mask> later played in the Continental Basketball Association league, playing for the Dakota Wizards during the 2005-2006 seasons. Shortly after, <mask> was drafted to play in Argentina and upon his return to the U.S, he was drafted into the NBA Development League to play for the Los Angeles D-Fenders. However, <mask> instead choose to accept an offer to compete internationally for the top basketball league in Syria. <mask> also played in exhibition games for the world-famous Harlem Globetrotters in 2004 and 2007. Latin America
In 2007, <mask> joined the Argentine LNB League team Boca Juniors (basketball), where he led his team to win Copa Argentina de Básquetbol Argentina Cup at the National Level, and  Campeonato Sudamericano de Clubes at the International Level. Within the LNB, <mask> would later play for multiple teams, including: Reales de La Vega, Titanes Del Distrito Nacional, Mineros de Cananea  and Huracanes del Atlantico. West Asia
In 2007, <mask> joined the Syrian Basketball League, playing for 3 teams from 2007 - 2010:  Al-Jaish SC (Damascus), Al-Ittihad SC Aleppo, and Jalaa SC (men's basketball).While playing in the Syrian Premier League, <mask> won several titles in the Syrian League and in the Syrian League, Hoops Club and the Dubai International Basketball Tournament. Tournament Semifinals

External links
 Eurobasket.com Profile
 Asiabasket.com Profile

References

1980 births
Living people
Basketball players from Chicago
Dakota Wizards players
Los Angeles D-Fenders players
McNeese State Cowboys basketball players
New Mexico State Aggies men's basketball players
American men's basketball players
Huracanes del Atlántico players
Guards

masks: Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams


title: Joe Mesi

texts:
"Baby<mask> (born November 27, 1973) is an American retired boxer and Democratic Party politician from Tonawanda, New York. During his career, he defeated former world champion Vassily Jirov as well as former title challengers Bert Cooper, Monte Barrett, DaVarryl Williamson, and Jorge Luis González. Early life
<mask> grew up in Tonawanda, New York, a suburb of Buffalo. He attended Sweet Home High School in Amherst, New York. He did not start his boxing career until he was about 19 years of age. Boxing career
He was a New York State Golden Gloves champion, and as an amateur boxer he defeated future two-time Heavyweight champion Hasim Rahman. <mask> made it all the way to the finals in the 1996 Olympic Trials, but lost to eventual US heavyweight representative Lawrence Clay-Bey.In Buffalo, for a brief period, <mask> was once considered by some to be the city's "third professional franchise", with the Buffalo Sabres and Buffalo Bills being the other two. <mask> is still often seen at Bills and Sabres games and also supports many local charities. Philanthropy
In 2002, <mask> started a non-profit to raise awareness about organ donation and transplantation upon finding out his cousin was in need of a kidney transplant, and to help others in the Upstate New York area who needed such surgeries. His cousin, Ganelle Shanor, died in an accident before she was able to receive the operation. In January 2004, <mask> donated $7,500 to the Golisano Children's Hospital in Rochester, New York as a way of giving back to the Rochester community and to promote an upcoming fight at the Blue

masks:
" Joe Mesi
Joe
Mesi
Joe
Joe
Mesi
Mesi


title: Joe Mesi

texts:
 Cross Arena, with kidney transplant recipient Dillon Gonzalez and his family in attendance. The foundation was funded in part by admission fees to victory parties. Injury and suspension
<mask>'s promising boxing career was set back greatly when an MRI indicated he had suffered at least one, perhaps two subdural hematomas

The injuries came from a 2004 bout with former cruiserweight champion Vassiliy Jirov.In round 9, <mask> was knocked down from a right hook and in the tenth round he was knocked down two more times. <mask> managed to finish the fight on his feet and the bout was scored 94-93 for <mask> by all three judges. In June 2005, <mask>, along with his attorneys and three doctors supporting his reinstatement, went before the Nevada State Athletic Commission to argue <mask>'s hematomas had healed, and, he was, "in no more danger than any other boxer." <mask>'s appeal was denied by a 5-0 vote. In response to Dr. Julian E. Bailes, chairman of the department of neurosurgery at the West Virginia University School of Medicine, opinion that: "Football players and other athletes who had even more severe head injuries than <mask> were allowed to continue their careers without further harmful effects." Dr. Tony Alamo, one of the board's commissioners, replied, "You play football, you don't play boxing." The suspension effectively blacklisted him from boxing anywhere in the United States under the premise of the full faith and credit clause.He launched several ineffective lawsuits against parties they claimed had leaked news of his health, while also appealing to Nevada

masks: Mesi Mesi Mesi Mesi Mesi Mesi Mesi Mesi


title: Joe Mesi

texts:
 representatives that he should be allowed to box. The suspension was officially lifted when <mask>'s Nevada boxing license expired at the end of 2005. However, he was unable to renew the license due to the concerns of Nevada boxing officials. In 2006, <mask> was again licensed by boxing commissions in Puerto Rico, Louisiana, Arkansas and Michigan, with a handful of other states to follow suit in 2007. Over that time, <mask> won all of his handful of fights, though effectively retired from boxing in 2007. <mask> had one of the longest active undefeated professional boxing records in the world for a heavyweight. Ranked #1 heavyweight contender by the WBC prior to his two-year layoff, <mask> was #16 in the December 2007 rankings.In 2018, <mask> was inducted into the Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame and the New York State Boxing Hall of Fame. Politics and life after boxing

On February 14, 2008, <mask> publicly expressed his interest to run for the New York State Senate. He attempted to fill the 61st District seat vacated by Mary Lou Rath. He won the Democratic primary for the seat on September 9, 2008. <mask> lost the general election to Republican Michael Ranzenhofer. Most recently, <mask> has taken a position with the Democratic Senate Majority heading up a local Buffalo liaison office. <mask>'s name was circulated as a potential Democratic candidate to replace the retiring Jim Hayes in the New York State Assembly.The assembly seat was won by Raymond Walter. Professionally, <mask> is a medical supply salesman with Abbott Medical. <mask> and his wife, Michele, have three

masks:
Mesi
Mesi
Mesi
Joe Mesi
Mesi
Mesi
Mesi
Mesi
Joe
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Mesi
Mesi


title: Aditya Narayan Purohit

texts:
<mask> (born 30 July 1940) is an Indian scientist and professor who has mainly worked on ecophysiology of tree species and physiology of high altitude medicinal plants. He was born in village Kimni, Dist. Chamoli. He has served as the Vice-Chancellor of Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University and as director of the university's High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Center. He was also the Director of Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development from 1990 to 1995. <mask> was awarded Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award of India, by the President of India in 1997 for his valuable scientific contribution in Indian mountains. Personal life
<mask> was born in Kimni, Chamoli district, Uttarakhand, India.He had his early education in Tharali and Rudraprayag in Chamoli district, Lansdowne in Pauri district, Nainital and research studies in Panjab University Chandigarh. He worked at Forest Research Institute Dehradun, Panjab University Chandigarh, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, the University of British Columbia and North Eastern Hill University, Shillong before joining H.N.B. Garhwal University in 1977. He has travelled all over the world to deliver lecturers and seminars in various conferences. He is married to Malti <mask>; they have a daughter and a son. After joining HNB Garhwal University, <mask> initiated work on high altitude plants. He established an institute with its alpine field station at 13000-ft elevation at Tungnath, which is the first Alpine Center in India.The work conducted at this centre has revealed that high altitude species are less sensitive than the low altitude species to the environmental stresses. The germination studies of alpine plants made by <mask> and his

masks:
Aditya Narayan Purohit
Purohit
Purohit
Purohit
Purohit
Purohit


title: Aditya Narayan Purohit

texts:
 associates have helped in germinating many endangered species and establishing them in nature in the alpine field station at Tungnath. He and his associates have come up with the cultivation technology for Aconites, alpine and sub-alpine plants of very high medicinal value, where yield is increased 10 to 12 fold. He has made valuable scientific contribution on mountain plants and the mountain ecosystem. After retiring from H.N.B. Garhwal University in 2002, he was offered the special chair by Government of Uttarakhand to advice on conservation, development and cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants in the State. He has established a Centre for Aromatic Plants for the State.He was the member of Board of Governors, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Nepal from 1991 to 1997; Member, Initial Organizing Committee of International Mountain Forum from 1995 to 1997. He is also the member of editorial board for the Journal of Sustainable Forestry. Besides being the member of several national committees, <mask> was the member of the group constituted by the Planning Commission, Govt. of India to formulate the national policy for the development of Himalayan region. He was instrumental in preparing the action plan for the Himalayan region, which was approved by the Indian Parliament in 1992. Positions held
2010 onwards: Adjunct Professor, School of Environmental Studies, Doon University, Dehradun
 2003 -2010: "Sri M.L. Bhartia Chair for Conservation, Development and Promotion of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Uttaranchal" Government of Uttaranchal
 2001–2002: Vice- Chancellor, H.N.B.Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
 1990–1995: Director, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development,


title: Aditya Narayan Purohit

texts:
 environmental sound development of special areas for 8th Plan", Planning Commission
 1985: Member- Task Force for 7th Plan, U.P. Hills, Govt. of U.P. Lucknow
 1984 onwards: Member- Expert Group on Eco-development, Department of Environment, Govt. of India
 1982–1989: Member- Expert Group on Biomass, Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Govt.of India
 1982–1985: Member- ICAR Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Panel, for three years, March
 1981–1984: Member- Expert Committee of DST, Govt. of India for Science and Technology for SC & ST
 1980–1983: Member – Gandhi Peace Foundation Environmental Committee
 1977–78: Convener – Task Force Committee for High Altitude Plant Conservation, ICAR Sub-Committee for North-Western Humid Himalaya
 1976–1979: Member – ICAR Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Panel

Professional services (international)

 Member Editorial Board, Journal of Sustainable Forestry, The Haworth Press, Inc, USA. Member Board of Governors, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) Nepal, 1991–1997. Member, Initial Organizing Committee for International Mountain Forum established during NGO Consultation Meeting held in Lima, Peru, 1995. Consultant for Winrock International (Short-term), on Forestry Research & Education Project, ICFRE, India, 1997

Contribution to science and technology development
<mask> has worked mainly on ecophysiology of tree species and physiology of high altitude medicinal plants. <mask> demonstrated for the first time that the indeterminate species can be made determinate. Based on this observation, he proposed that it is the channelization of food factors and the reproductive hormones, which controls the indeterminate or determinate nature of the plants.Prof. <mask> has

masks: Purohit Purohit Purohit


title: Aditya Narayan Purohit

texts: shown a close relationship between photosystem I and onset of generative phase, which he has explained in terms of the energy requirement as a prelude to generative phase. He has proposed that evocation in leaves leading to the onset of floral induction starts with biophysical processes relating to the excitation of molecules in response to light and oxidation-reduction state of reaction centre pigments. <mask> worked out the dynamics of shoot elongation and expansion showing recurrent growth pattern and reported appreciable histological changes in the shoot apex during longest period of dormancy and onset of reproductive phase, which was the first report of such developmental process in trees. This he further confirmed by a simple experiment in which he grew dogalus fir seedlings in high concentration of  which induced bud dormancy leading to differentiation of cone like structure in one year old seedlings of this plant. He studied the effect of  enrichment and reported that high concentration of  inhibits flowering in classical short day plants and induces flowering in long day plants and even the phytochrome mediated responses in flowering are associated with the presence of  during red light interruption. He also reported for the first time that  enrichment also affects viral multiplication. <mask> and his associates have added valuable information to the scientific field with respect to the applied value of variations in leaf temperatures in plants.They have identified two groups of tree species; namely under and over temperature tree species. According to their findings under temperature species have higher survival potential on highly exposed subtropical mountain slopes with high temperature and irradiance. Based on physiological

masks: Purohit Purohit


title: Aditya Narayan Purohit

texts: parameters, he worked out the superiority index for selection of tree species for plantation in mountains and their fuel wood value index. <mask>'s study on large cardamum and mandarin based agroforestry systems in Sikkim revealed: (1) acceleration of nutrient cycling under the influence of  fixing trees, (2) greater release of nutrients from non--fixer letter and (3) solubilisation of secondarily fixed phosphorus by Alnus and Albizia. These findings have great significance in agroforestry model development. After joining Garhwal University, <mask> initiated work on the physiology of high altitude plants. He established a High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre with its alpine field station at 13000-ft elevation at Tungnath.The work conducted at this centre has reveals that high altitude species are less sensitive than the low altitude species to the environmental stresses. He has reported "Pseudomonocotyle" and regulatory role of cotyledons in the growth of epicotyle in some of the alpine dicot species. The germination studies of alpine plants made by <mask> and his associates have helped in germinating many endangered species and establishing them in nature in the alpine field station at Tungnath. He and his associates have come up with the cultivation technology for Aconites, alpine and sub-alpine plants of very high medicinal value, where yield is increased 10 to 12 fold. <mask> helped the government of India in establishing G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development. The institute has its units all over Indian Himalaya.With the assistance of all the staff members of the institute, <mask> prepared a based document entitled "Action Plan for Himalaya" which forms the base document for the sustainable

masks: Purohit Purohit Purohit Purohit Purohit


title: Aditya Narayan Purohit

texts:
 development of the Himalayan region. During his tenure, he initiated number of programmes in Himalayan region Badrivan Restoration with the help of pilgrims was one of the unique programme which has been cited internationally as a model for restoration of religious places all over the World. For his valuable scientific contribution in Indian mountains, <mask> was awarded Padma Shri by the President of India in 1997. Books edited
 Views on Physiology of Flowering, 1978 (with R. Gurumurti)
 Conservation and Management of Biological Resources in Himalaya, 1996 (with P.S. Ramakrishnan, K.G. Saxena, K.S. Rao and R.K. Maikhuri)
 Harvesting the Herbs -2000, 1997 (with A.R.Nautiyal and M.C. Nautiyal)

Popular publications
 Blossoming Garhwal Himalaya, 1985
 Murmuring Man: Man in search of environmentally sound development, 1995

He has published more than 175 papers and has guided 20 research scholars. Awards and professional recognition
 1969: J.J. Chinoy Gold Medal for the best piece of research work published in Indian Journal of Plant Physiology
 1975: Elected Member of Institute of Biology, London
 1989: Fellow of National Academy of Sciences, India (NASI)
 1992: Fellow of National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, India
 1992: SICO- Sponsored Award for Environmental Sciences by National Academy of Sciences, India, 1992 for outstanding work on Mountain Environment. 1992: Seth Memorial Award – 1992 for contribution in Tree Ecophysiology, by Indian Society of Tree Scientists. 1984: Fellow of Indian National Science Academy (INSA)
 1996: Vir Keshri Environment – Conservation Award – 1996, by Citizens Council, Dehra Dun, U.P. 1996: Om Prakash Bhasin Foundation Award in Agriculture for the Advancement in Science & Technology
 1997: Padma Shri


title: Chico O'Farrill

texts:
Arturo "<mask>" O'Farrill (October 28, 1921 – June 27, 2001) was a Cuban composer, arranger, and conductor, best known for his work in the Latin idiom, specifically Afro-Cuban jazz or "Cubop", although he also composed traditional jazz pieces and even symphonic works. Born to an Irish father and a German mother, he played the trumpet early in his career. He composed works for Machito (Afro-Cuban suite with Charlie Parker, 1950) and Benny Goodman's Bebop Orchestra ("Undercurrent Blues"), and arranged for Dizzy Gillespie and Stan Kenton, among others. In the 1990s, O'Farrill led a big band that took up residence at New York's Birdland nightclub. <mask>'s son, pianist Arturo O'Farrill, eventually took over the band. Biography
O'Farrill was born in Havana, Cuba. He was raised to follow family tradition and enter into law practice, though before he could, he became enamored with jazz music and pursued that instead.He discovered big band jazz when he attended military boarding school in Florida, where he first learned to play the trumpet, and after returning to Havana began studying classical music under Felix Guerrero at the Havana Conservatory and playing in local nightclubs alongside figures like Isidro Perez and Armando Romeu. In 1948, he relocated to New York City, where he continued his classical music studies under Stefan Wolpe, Bernard Wagenaar, and others at the Juilliard School, and began to pursue the jazz scene in his free time. Soon after moving to New York City, he began working as an arranger for Benny Goodman, and wrote "Undercurrent Blues". It was at this point his nickname was born: Goodman had trouble

masks: Chico Chico


title: Chico O'Farrill

texts: pronouncing his name, and began referring to him as "<mask>" instead. During this period, he also worked as an arranger with Stan Kenton (Cuban Episode), Count Basie, Art Farmer, and Machito (the Afro-Cuban Jazz Suite feat. Charlie Parker, recorded on December 21, 1950), and contributed to several Afro-Cuban jazz works by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie (Manteca Theme, recorded on May 24, 1954). He also started his own band, the Afro-Cuban Jazz Orchestra, during this time, which toured the country, recorded, and played weekly gigs at the Birdland jazz club.In 1957, he moved to Mexico and lived with his wife, singer Lupe Valero, until 1965; while there he wrote a suite for Art Farmer in 1959 and performed concerts in Mexico City. In 1965, he returned to New York City, where he worked as an arranger and music director for CBS on their TV program "The CBS Festival of Lively Arts for Young People." He also wrote arrangements of pop songs for Count Basie in 1965 and 1966, and recorded Spanish Rice, an album of his Afro-Cuban jazz compositions, with Clark Terry in 1966. From the 1970s through the mid-1990s, O'Farrill was largely absent from the jazz scene: he was technically active during this period, but the work he released diminished further and further. He wrote scores for Stan Kenton and Art Barbieri during the early part of this inactive period, as well as some for Machito and Dizzy Gillespie's jazz orchestra. O'Farrill did, however, make a comeback as a band leader in the jazz world with the 1995 release of the Grammy-nominated album Pure Emotion, which marked the first time he'd recorded as a leader in nearly


title: Chico O'Farrill

texts: parts that don't collide with the rhythmic concept." This is indicative of O'Farrill's general compositional style: he is heavily associated with the Latin idiom in jazz, but his works are typically closer to more mainstream American big band jazz in melody and harmony, and mostly incorporate Cuban music in the rhythms. In fact, it is <mask>'Farrill who is credited with first introducing the clave to jazz band rhythm sections. Owing to his strict conservatory education, first at the Havana Conservatory and then the Juilliard School, O'Farrill composed in a highly strict, tightly-organized fashion. His pieces are constructed down to minute details, and while improvisation is a hallmark of many jazz styles, his works use a minimum of it; Ben Ratliff, writing for The New York Times, describes his work as "cinematic", saying that the music is "complicated and leaves little to chance." O'Farrill's style is best described as a fusion of the Cuban music he heard growing up, the jazz music that he became enamored with in school, and the European classical music he studied in conservatories, and it is best summarized in his Afro-Cuban Jazz Suite. Even just the title alludes to the inclusion of these three elements, and several movements are inspired by music of a Latin idiom (Canción, Mambo, Rhumba Abierta), while others are more jazz-inspired (6/8, Jazz), and all are brought together under the orderly form of a European suite.O'Farrill states about this piece, "I was never an expert on Cuban music. What I did, for example, in that suite was purely instinctive [...] They asked me, 'write a suite, <mask>,' [so] I just wrote

masks:
Chico O
Chico


title: Chico O'Farrill

texts:
 according to my best understanding, letting my jazz sensibility to [sic] guide me most of the time." Critical reception
Todd Barkan, O'Farrill's manager and record producer from his 90s comeback on, notes in his obituary that O'Farrill "felt a good measure of appreciation for his contributions. The interest that surrounded his work when he returned to recording in the '90s exceeded everything that he had experienced up until that point." Two of the three albums released after his 1990s return were nominated for Grammy awards, and he was featured in the Latin jazz film Calle 54. In a review of Pure Emotion, Paul Verna writes for Billboard, "The return of veteran composer/arranger <mask>'Farrill should earn an enthusiastic welcome for devotees of swinging, straight-ahead Latin jazz." Few glowing records exist of O'Farrill's works from before the 1990s, but Peter Watrous, writing a review of a 1998 Afro-Cuban jazz concert featuring O'Farrill's older work (specifically, the Manteca Suite composed for Dizzy Gillespie and the Afro-Cuban Jazz Suite) for The New York Times, calls O'Farrill "a gifted musician who stands as one of jazz's great cultural translators", lauding the concert as "[making] the case for [his] brilliance."While he was an important behind-the-scenes figure in earlier life in composing and arranging for more notable names, his band did not achieve significant fame until this period. Records artists
Verve Records artists
20th-century trumpeters
20th-century American composers
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century jazz composers
Cuban emigrants to the United


title: Ashkan Rahgozar

texts:
<mask> (born 12 April 1986 in Tehran) is an author, director and filmmaker of animation. He is founder and chief executive of Hoorakhsh Studios. He earned his bachelor of arts degree in graphic design and master of arts degree in illustration. Career
Since 1999 he has started his professional career in Saba Animation Center and in 2004 he established his own animation production studio, Hoorakhsh 7th Sky. Along with a highly motivated team of young artists, they produced multiple 2D computer animation both for promotion and commercial purpose. Since then he has concentrated on writing and directing short and feature animation. 2016
“The Last Fiction” - Winner of the Cocomix Music Award from Bucheon International Animation Festival
“The Last Fiction” - Winner of Best Animated Movie from International Animation Festival AJAYU – Peru, 2019
“The Last Fiction” - Winner of Best Animated Movie, Epic ACG fest, 2019
“The Last Fiction” - Crystal Simorgh for Best Animated Feature from Fajr International Film Festival, 2019
“The Last Fiction” - Winner of Best Director, Best Screen Play and Special Jury Awards, from International Film Festival for Children and Youth, Isfahan, 2018
“The Last Fiction” - Winner of Best Animation Movie from Southern Cone International Film Festival, 2019
“The Last Fiction” - Best Animation Feature Film from GIRAF International Festival of Independent Animation, 2018
“The Last Fiction” - Best Animated Feature and Best International Animated Feature from Tehran Animation Festival, 2018
“You!” - Honorary Diploma for the animated short “You!” at Tehran International Animation Festival
Silver Statue for creating unique projects from Tehran International Animation Festival.Asifa‘s Special Prize for creating unique projects. Special thanks for advanced technology from 5th Digital Media Festival. Honorary Diploma for digital illustration from 5th Digital Media Festival. Nominations
“The Last Fiction” - Nominated for Best Animated Feature from Palm Springs Intl.


title: Ludwig Meidner

texts:
<mask> (18 April 1884 – 14 May 1966) was a German expressionist painter and printmaker born in Bernstadt, Silesia. Meidner is best known for his painted, drawn, and printed portraits and landscapes, but is especially noted for his "apocalyptic" series of work featuring his stylized visions of a pending transformation of Germany before World War I.

Overview
<mask> was apprenticed to a stonemason, but his apprenticeship was not completed. He studied at the Royal School of Art in Breslau and, from 1906 to 1907 he studied painting at the Académie Julian and Cormon Academies in Paris where he met and became friends with Amedeo Modigliani. He returned to Berlin to work as a fashion illustrator and produced views of Berlin. In 1912 he began a series of paintings that marked a radical departure in style and would make his reputation. "Apocalyptic Landscapes," such as the 1914 graphite drawing at the Art Institute of Chicago, are interesting because Meidner executed them before any of the devastation of the First World War. During the same time, <mask> co-founded the German expressionist group, "Die Pathetiker" with Jacob Steirnhardt and Richard Janthur.Their focus is on the use of pathos in art to get an emotional response, which can be seen in the apocalyptic landscapes. However his art group disbanded after their first art show in 1912. During WWI <mask> served in the German military as a French interpreter and an infantry soldier. After the First World War Meidner turned to Orthodox Judaism and began producing more baroque-like religious paintings including a long and repetitive series of portraits of "prophets." He was an habitual self portraitist producing a series of

masks:
Ludwig Meidner
Ludwig Meidner
Ludwig
Ludwig


title: Ludwig Meidner

texts:
 Rembrandt-inspired self-portraits. His portraits from 1915 to the end of the 1920s are a gallery of the leading expressionist and Dada writers and poets. Meidner himself increasingly turned to writing—he produced several books of dense expressionist prose and contributed to many newspaper articles.In order to escape antisemitic repressions he moved to Cologne where he became an art teacher at Yawneh Jewish School in 1935. In 1939 he fled with his family to England (his wife Else Meidner was also an artist) where he was interned as an enemy alien on the Isle of Man. He stayed in England, unrecognised, hovering on the brink of poverty until 1953 when he returned to Germany. Although the years in exile were a period of hardship and disappointment, he created an extensive oeuvre of very original works during this time. Among those are drawings and watercolors on religious subjects, humoristic scenes and a cycle on the holocaust. In 1963 he had his first major exhibition since 1918 in Recklinghausen and Berlin. He died on 14 May 1966 in Darmstadt, aged 82.Meidner's artistic bequest is now part of the collections of the Jewish Museum Frankfurt. Painting
<mask>er created numerous portraits throughout his life as a painter. His portraits are known to be distorted with flowing movements that create unusual perspectives in the paintings. This form of distortion and his unrefined brushstrokes is credited as  helping to create an emotional sense of depression and anxiety in his portraits, which in turn detoured many from getting portraits done by <mask>. Multiple expressionist writers such as Johannes R Becher and Max Herrmann-Neisse got painted portraits done by Meidner. Other than

masks:
Ludwig Meidn
Ludwig


title: Ludwig Meidner

texts:
 portraits <mask> also created multiple landscapes of Berlin, which are frequently known as apocalyptic from the style of the pieces. However, only a single painting is directly connected the idea of apocalypse through the title.While some people believe they predict the oncoming of WWI, others see it as presenting the movement and chaos of the urban world. The series, produced rapidly in a hectic heatwave, are sometimes considered some of the purest "expressionist" works; in them, comets cross the sky like canon shells, fires rage, men scream and flee for their lives, buildings totter on the edge of collapse. Meidner would, however, never repeat the intensity and creativity of the apocalyptic landscapes. Printmaking
<mask>'s prints are made mostly through the processes of  hard ground etchings, lithographs, and dry point. He continued making portraits in printmaking, such as a lithograph Theodor Dauber and an etching of Johannes Becher, that are reminiscent of his painted portrait style. He also created an eight piece collection of lithographs known as "Krieg" ("War"-German). The different prints show scenes of battle, death, bombs, guns, and overall destruction.They are made near the start of WWI to protest the war and show the horrific outcomes of war. These prints show <mask>'s far left political views on War and his connection to the Social Democratic Party of Germany. Writing
Along with being a visual artist. Meidner is also an author of poetry and stories. While he mostly wrote poems, he also wrote a short story and three books: "Gang in die Stile" 1929," Septemberschei" 1920, and "Im Nacken das Sternemeer" 1918; none of which became popular. Meidner created  a

masks: Ludwig Ludwig Ludwig


title: Ludwig Meidner

texts:
 large majority of his poetry during his time at war in WWI, since he did not have much time or supplies needed  to paint, draw, or make prints. A large majority of his writing has a darker tone and eerie stories, which are told from his point of view on the world.However, Meidner's writing never grew in popularity as much as his art did with the expressionist. References

Bibliography
 Eliel, Carol S., "The Apocalyptic Landscapes of <mask>er", Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1989. <mask>, <mask>, "<mask>er, An Expressionist Master", Ann Arbor, Michigan, The Museum, 1978. "Ludwig und Else Meidner" (exhibition catalogue in German and English) Frankfurt a. M. Jüdisches Museum Frankfurt, Ben Uri Gallery, 2002
 "Eavesdropper on an age : <mask>er in exile" (exhibition catalogue Museum Giersch der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main). Munich, Hirmer, 2016,  (Englisch);  (German)
  Erik Riedel, Mirjam Wenzel (Ed. ): <mask>er. Expressionismus, Ekstase, Exil / Expressionism, Ecstasy, Exile.Berlin 2018, . (German and English)

External links

 Works by <mask>er at Jewish Museum Frankfurt
 Online exhibition about <mask>er at Arts in Exile
 Online exhibition about <mask>er at Google Arts & Culture

1884 births
1966 deaths
People from Bierutów
People from the Province of Silesia
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom
20th-century German painters
20th-century male artists
German male painters
Jewish painters
German Expressionist painters
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People interned in the Isle of Man during World War II
Alumni of the Académie Julian
German Jewish military personnel of

masks:
Ludwig Meidn
Meidner
Ludwig
Ludwig Meidn
Ludwig Meidn
Ludwig Meidn
Ludwig Meidn
Ludwig Meidn
Ludwig Meidn


title: Luka Šamanić

texts:
<mask> (born 9 January 2000) is a Croatian professional basketball player for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA), on a two-way contract with the Westchester Knicks of the NBA G League. A power forward, he was drafted 19th overall by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2019 NBA draft. A native of Zagreb, <mask> started his youth career with the homonymous basketball club. In 2016, at age 16, he moved to Barcelona, Spain, where he joined the FC Barcelona's reserve team in the Spanish second-tier league. <mask> has represented Croatia multiple times in FIBA events, leading his team to a gold medal at the FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship Division B in 2017, while earning most valuable player honors. Early life
<mask> was born in Zagreb, Croatia. His father, <mask>, played basketball professionally for 19 years, including in the EuroLeague, with Slovenian club Krka.Due to his father's career, <mask> lived in a number of countries in his early life. When he was nine months old, he moved to Belgium, and he later stayed in Slovenia and Germany. <mask> grew up playing a variety of sports, including football, handball, and tennis, and was also involved in breakdancing. He did not start playing basketball, the last sport he attempted, until he was 11 years old. He credits his football experience for improving his coordination as a basketball

masks:
Luka Šamanić
Šamanić
Šamanić
Šamanić
Marko Šamanić
Šamanić
Šamanić


title: Luka Šamanić

texts:
 player. Youth career
<mask> Karlovac.On 16 November, he recorded 43 points, 8 rebounds, and 7 steals for Zagreb to help defeat Samobor, 160–21. On 3 January 2016, <mask> led his team to a championship win against Virtus Roma in a youth tournament in Italy, for which he earned most valuable player (MVP) honors. He scored 32 points on 16 January, in a blowout 111–43 win over the Rudeš junior team. Later in the month, <mask> dominated versus the Cedevita junior team, notching 26 points, 10 rebounds, 4 steals, and 4 blocks. He continued his success on 22 February, when he erupted for 39 points and 21 rebounds in a 160–50 win over the junior team for Sisak. On 29 May, <mask> was named MVP of the Croatian cadet championship after his double-double of 16 points and 11 rebounds in a blowout of Cibona junior squad. In June, he attended the Adidas EuroCamp, a three-day pre-National Basketball Association (NBA) draft camp for international prospects held in Treviso, Italy.On 14 June 2016, <mask> signed a 2-year amateur contract with Spanish club FC Barcelona, initially joining its junior ranks. On 22 December, he won the Slam Dunk Contest at a youth tournament in Tenerife. In January 2017, <mask> played with Barcelona's junior team at the Ciutat de L'Hospitalet qualifiers for the 2016–17 Adidas Next Generation Tournament and was one year younger than most of his

masks: Šamanićc Šamanić Šamanić Šamanić Šamanić Šamanić


title: Luka Šamanić

texts:
 opponents at both events. In his first game at the qualifiers, on 6 January, he recorded 11 points and 5 rebounds in a 79–56 win over the Olimpija junior team. In the final tournament in May, <mask> averaged 8.7 points, 6 rebounds, and 0.7 assists through 3 games, earning the Rising Star Trophy. Later that month, he won the Slam Dunk Contest at the EuroLeague FanZone, a three-day entertainment event at the 2017 EuroLeague Final Four. By August 2017, <mask> was drawing attention from several NCAA Division I programs, including Florida, Gonzaga, Purdue, and Stanford.In the 2017–18 season with Barcelona's junior team, he assumed a greater role after many of its top players left. In January 2018, <mask> joined Barcelona at the Ciutat de L'Hospitalet qualifiers for the 2017–18 Adidas Next Generation Tournament. He posted 27 points, 16 rebounds, and 3 blocks on 7 January, as his team lost to the Joventut Badalona junior team in the championship. Still, <mask> was named L'Hospitalet tournament MVP and earned All-Tournament Team honors after averaging 23.2 points, 14.8 rebounds, 3 assists, and 2.8 blocks through 4 games. Professional career

FC Barcelona B (2017–2018)
In the 2017–18 season, <mask> competed for FC Barcelona Bàsquet B—the reserve team of FC Barcelona—in the LEB Oro, the second-tier Spanish league. He debuted on 1 October 2017, in a 76–69 win over

masks: Šamanić Šamanić Šamanić Šamanić Šamanić


title: Luka Šamanić

texts:
 Força Lleida, playing only 4 minutes. <mask>ri. In his following appearance, <mask> collected 10 points and 8 rebounds in a win over Peñas Huesca. He scored a season-high 17 points on 9 February 2018, leading his team past Palencia. Through 22 games, <mask> averaged 5.1 points, 2 rebounds, and 0.7 assists in 12.7 minutes per game. In February 2018, he took part in a Basketball Without Borders camp in Los Angeles, joining several other international NBA prospects. Olimpija (2018–2019)
On 31 May 2018, <mask> signed a multi-year professional contract with Petrol Olimpija of the Slovenian League and ABA League. He joined Olimpija after failing to agree to terms with Croatian club Zadar.<mask> debuted for Olimpija on 21 September in an 86–60 loss to Crvena zvezda at the 2018 ABA League Supercup, recording 2 points and 3 rebounds in 19 minutes. On 7 May 2019, he recorded season-high marks of 22 points and 11 rebounds in an 85–73 win over Šenčur in the Slovenian League. In late June 2019, Petrol Olimpija announced the departure of <mask>. San Antonio Spurs (2019–2021)
On 20 April 2019, <mask> declared his entry into the 2019 NBA draft. He became one of a record-high 58 international prospects to declare entry that year. <mask> later entered the 2019 NBA Draft Combine as one of 77 total participants. On 20 June 2019, <mask> was the 19th pick of the 2019 NBA

masks: Šamanićer Šamanić Šamanić Šamanić Šamanić Šamanić Šamanić Šamanić Šamanić


title: Luka Šamanić

texts:
 draft, after being selected by the San Antonio Spurs.On 1 July 2019, <mask> officially signed with the Spurs. On 30 October 2019, <mask> received his first assignment to the Austin Spurs, the affiliate team of the San Antonio Spurs in NBA G League. On 13 August 2020, <mask> recorded 16 points and 6 rebounds in a 112–118 loss to the Utah Jazz, on his first NBA game as a starter. The Spurs waived Šamanić on 11 October 2021 as part of final roster cuts before the 2021–22 NBA season. New York Knicks (2021–present)
On 16 October 2021, <mask> was signed to a two-way contract by the New York Knicks. Career statistics

NBA

Regular season

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|San Antonio
| 3 || 1 || 16.0 || .313 || .375 || .750 || 3.3 || 2.0 || .0 || .7 || 5.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|San Antonio
| 33 || 4 || 9.3 || .448 || .279 || .552 || 2.1 || .5 || .2 || .2 || 3.7
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 36 || 5 || 9.9 || .430 || .294 || .576 || 2.2 || .6 || .2 || .3 || 3.8

National team career
<mask> represents Croatia in FIBA competition. He made his national team debut at the 2016 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship in Radom, Poland.On 16 August 2016, <mask> recorded 17 points, 15 rebounds, 5 assists, and 9 blocks in a 74–67 victory over Sweden. In his final game at the

masks: Šamanić Šamanić Šamanić Šamanić Šamanić Šamanić


title: Luka Šamanić

texts:
 event, he posted 24 points and 12 rebounds, shooting 4-of-9 from the three-point line, in a loss to Turkey. As Croatia finished in fourth place, <mask> averaged 17.7 points, 10.4 rebounds, and 2.9 blocks per game, earning All-Star Five honors. In 2017, he played at the FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship Division B in Tallinn, Estonia. <mask> led Croatia to a gold medal after recording 21 points, 8 rebounds, 4 steals, and 3 blocks in an overtime win over Great Britain. He was named tournament MVP and made the All-Star Five after averaging 13.3 points, 7.3 rebounds, 1.8 steals, and 1.6 blocks per game. <mask> took part in the 2018 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship in Latvia.On 3 August 2018, he notched 29 points, 10 rebounds, and 4 blocks, shooting 5-of-5 from the three-point line, to help defeat Ukraine. Even though <mask> averaged 17 points, 7.7 rebounds, and 1.8 blocks per game in the tournament, Croatia finished in 11th place. Personal life
Aside from Croatian, <mask> speaks English and Spanish. Off of the basketball court, he likes to play soccer and table tennis. He admires former Croatian basketball player, Toni Kukoč,
and American basketball player, Kevin Durant. References

External links

 Eurobasket.com profile
 NBADraft.net profile

2000 births
Living people
ABA League players
Austin Spurs players
Basketball players from Zagreb
Croatian


title: Doreen Massey (geographer)

texts:
<mask>  (3 January 1944 – 11 March 2016) was a British social scientist and  geographer. She specialized in Marxist geography, feminist geography, and cultural geography, as well as other topics. She was Professor of Geography at the Open University. <mask> was born in Manchester, England, and spent most of her childhood in Wythenshawe, a council estate. She studied at Oxford University and later at the University of Pennsylvania, receiving a master's degree in Regional Science. She then began her career at a thinktank: the Centre for Environmental Studies (CES) in London. CES contained several key analysts of the contemporary British economy.There, <mask> established a working partnership with Richard Meegan, among others. When CES closed down she  then became Professor of Geography at the Open University. <mask> retired in 2009 but remained a frequent media commentator, particularly on industry and regional trends. As Professor Emerita at the Open University she continued her speaking engagements and involvement in educational TV programmes and books. <mask> <mask>'s main fields of study were globalisation, regional uneven development, cities, and the reconceptualisation of place. Although associated with an analysis of contemporary western capitalist society, she also worked in Nicaragua, South Africa and Venezuela. Her work on space, place and power has been highly influential within a range of related disciplines and research fields.Economic geography
<mask>'s early work at CES established the basis for her spatial divisions of

masks:
Doreen Barbara Massey
Career Massey
Massey
Massey
Doreen
Massey
Massey


title: Doreen Massey (geographer)

texts:
 labour theory (Power Geometry), that social inequalities were generated by the unevenness of the capitalist economy, creating stark divisions between rich and poor regions and between social classes. "Space matters" for poverty, welfare and wealth. Over the years this theory has been refined and extended, with space and spatial relationships remaining central to her account of contemporary society. Sense of place
While <mask> has argued for the importance of place, her position accords with those arguing against essentialised or static notions, where:
 places do not have single identities but multiple ones. places are not frozen in time, they are processes. places are not enclosures with a clear inside and outside. <mask> used the example of Kilburn High Road in north-west London to exemplify what she termed a "progressive" or "global" sense of place, in the essay "A Global Sense of Place".In a Podcast interview with Social Science Space <mask> talks about the idea of physical space being alive: "A lot of what I've been trying to do over the all too many years when I’ve been writing about space is to bring space alive, to dynamize it and to make it relevant, to emphasize how important space is in the lives in which we live. Most obviously I would say that space is not a flat surface across which we walk; Raymond Williams talked about this: you’re taking a train across the landscape – you’re not traveling across a dead flat surface that is space: you’re cutting across myriad stories going on. So instead of space being this flat

masks: Massey Massey Massey


title: Doreen Massey (geographer)

texts:
 Vautrin Lud ('Nobel de Géographie')
 1994 - Victoria Medal of the Royal Geographical Society

♯ <mask> <mask> declined the award of an Order of the British Empire (OBE)

Books
 Cordey-Hayes, M., & D. B. <mask> (1970), An operational urban development model of Cheshire. London: Centre for Environmental Studies. <mask>, D. B. (1971), The basic: service categorisation in planning  London: Centre for Environmental Studies. <mask>, D. B. (1974), Towards a critique of industrial location theory  London: Centre for Environmental Studies.<mask>, D. B., & P. W. J. Batey (eds)(1977), "Alternative Frameworks for analysis", London: Pion (). <mask>, D. B., & A. Catalano (1978), Capital and land: Landownership by capital in Great Britain. London: Edward Arnold ( and 0713161094 pbk). <mask>, D. B., & R. A. Meegan (1979), The geography of industrial reorganisation: The spatial effects of the restructuring of the electrical engineering sector under the industrial reorganisation corporation. Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press. <mask>, D. B., & R. A. Meegan (1982), The anatomy of job loss: The how, why, and where of employment decline. London and New York: Methuen.<mask>, D. B. (1984), Spatial divisions of labour: Social structures and the geography of production. New York: Methuen. <mask>, D. B. (1987), Nicaragua. Milton Keynes, England and Philadelphia: Open University Press. <mask>, D. B.(1988), Global restructuring, local responses. Atwood lecture. Worcester, Mass. : Graduate School of Geography, Clark University. Ginwala, F., M. Mackintosh & D.

masks: Doreen Massey Massey Massey Massey Massey Massey Massey Massey Massey Massey Massey


title: Doreen Massey (geographer)

texts:
 B. Massey (1991), Gender and economic policy in a democratic South Africa. Milton Keynes, UK: Development Policy and Practice, Technology Faculty, Open University. <mask>, D. B.(1994), Space, place, and gender. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <mask>, D. B. (1995), Spatial divisions of labor: Social structures and the geography of production, 2nd edition. New York: Routledge. Hall, S., <mask>, D. B., & M. Rustin (1997), The next ten years. London: Soundings.Allen, J., D. B<mask>, A. Cochrane (1998), Rethinking the region. New York: Routledge. <mask>, D. B (2005), For Space, London: Sage ( & ). <mask>, D. B. (2007), World City, Cambridge: Polity Press. <mask>, D. B. (2010), World City, with new Preface: "After the Crash", July 2010.Cambridge: Polity Press. References

External links
 Open University Radio transcript and mp3 file
 David Featherstone, "<mask> <mask> obituary", The Guardian, 27 March 2016. 1944 births
2016 deaths
British geographers
Geopoliticians
Economic geographers
Regional scientists
Fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of St Hugh's College, Oxford
Academics of the Open University
Recipients of the Vautrin Lud International Geography Prize
People from Wythenshawe
Human geographers
Victoria Medal recipients
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
English geographers
Cultural geographers
Women geographers
21st-century geographers
21st-century English women
English feminists
British women social scientists
British social scientists
21st-century English

masks:
Massey
Massey
Massey
. Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Doreen
Massey


title: Arghavan Salles

texts:
<mask> (; born February 23, 1980) is an Iranian American bariatric surgeon. Salles is the Special Advisor for DEI Programs in the Department of Medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine and a Senior Research Scholar at the Clayman Institute for Gender Research. Salles’ research focuses on gender equity, well-being, and the challenges women face in the workplace. Salles works as an advocate for equity and inclusion and as an activist against sexual harassment. Salles is an international speaker who supported health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic through social media. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Iran. In 1985, when she was five years old, she emigrated to the United States with her mother.She became a U.S. citizen when she was 21. While in high school Salles loved math. In 2002, Salles received a B.S. in Biomedical Engineering and a B.A. in French from the University of Southern California. In 2006, Salles received an M.D. from Stanford University School of Medicine.Salles did a residency in general surgery from Stanford University School of Medicine from 2006 to 2015. In 2014, Salles completed a PhD social psychology from Stanford University, after which she finished her last two years of surgical residency, going on to become a Board Certified Surgeon in 2016. After finishing her residency and PhD in 2016, Salles then completed a year long fellowship training in minimally invasive surgery at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. Career
While Chief Resident of General Surgery at Stanford, a graduate of the surgery program took his life just 6 months after graduating. Salles has said that this event dramatically impacted and motivated Salles and her peers to enact changes and educate the community about burnout, depression, and wellbeing in medicine. In 2011, <mask> and a professor of surgery at Stanford at the

masks:
Arghavan Salles
Salles
Salles


title: Arghavan Salles

texts:
 focused on the negative stereotypes about women in surgery and how those affect women training to become surgeons.Due to strongly ingrained gender biases in society, both patients and medical peers hold strong misconceptions that women are not as competent surgeons as men. This is exemplified by the old "surgeon riddle" which unveils strong gender stereotypes in medicine such that the majority of the population much more easily associate surgeons with being male than being female. These stereotypes that society holds, about women being less competent surgeons than men, leads to a phenomenon called stereotype threat which Salles explored in her work. Salles hypothesized that stereotype threat, the fear of affirming a negative stereotype about ones' group, causes women increased stress and leads to decreased performance in surgical residency. Salles tested this hypothesis by implementing methods to combat stress and stereotype threat through value affirmations. Salles saw increases in the performance of female surgeons who had done value affirmation exercises compared to those who had not, suggesting that low cost interventions targeted towards social-psychological well-being can improve female residents’ performance. Salles later also showed that women surgeons who have higher stereotype perception have worse psychological health.Fascinatingly, this correlation was only significant for female surgeons and not male surgeons or non-surgeons, further confirming the existence of stereotype threat in female surgeons and the importance of addressing the negative psychological impacts women face in order to level the playing field. Gender bias in surgery
Continuing her research on gender bias at Washington University, <mask> and her colleagues explored gender bias in clinical evaluations of surgical residents. Their results, published in The American Journal of Surgery in


title: Arghavan Salles

texts:
 2018, showed that evaluations display gendered differences and the overall tones of men's evaluations were more positive and included more standout words than women's. These findings highlight the severe impact of biases on the potential for career success in surgery. Interested in the extent to which gender bias exists in surgery, <mask> and her colleagues used the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to assess implicit biases in the medical field. They found that respondents associated men with career and surgery while they associated women with family and family medicine. These results are a critical step since they bring about awareness of the gender bias that exists in medicine, even in 2018, and this awareness will hopefully lead to conscious efforts as well as interventions to improve the current medical climate and bring it towards equality.One way that Salles and her students have discovered to address inequities in medicine, is creating networks for women physicians and trainees as well as increasing their visibility. Highlighting the achievements of women in medicine and ensuring a supportive community of fellow female physicians is exactly what Salles and her colleagues strived to do by creating 500 Women in Medicine in 2018. This community has since grown and exists as a support for women and platform for effecting positive change. Well-being in surgery
Salles also explores different facets of how well-being impacts retention of residents in the progression towards careers in surgery. In 2018, Salles found that feelings of social belonging were positively correlated with well-being and negatively correlated with thoughts of leaving surgery. She then explored how general self-efficacy impacted retention in surgical specialties and found that self-efficacy was a strong predictor of well-being, which prevents physician burnout and improves retention in the


title: Elmar Peintner

texts:
<mask> (born October 13, 1954) is an Austrian contemporary artist. Peintner lives and works in Imst, Tyrol Austria. Early life
Peintner was born in 1954 in Zams, near Landeck in Tyrol, the second of seven children of Hubert Peintner, a teacher, and <mask>, née Koeck, a tailoress. From 1954 to 1972, he spent his childhood and youth in Landeck. In 1972, he sat his A-level examinations at Landeck Grammar School. Higher education
Between 1972-74, he was a student at the Teacher Training Academy in Zams, qualifying as a primary school teacher. He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts under Prof. Maximilian Melcher from 1974 - 1979.In 1979, he was awarded a diploma and a Master of Fine Arts. He was granted a Foreign Scholarship to study in Luxembourg by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Arts. He was a guest student of Prof. Tetsuya Noda at the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music (GEIDAI), Faculty of Fine Arts in Tokyo, Japan. Private life
In 1982, <mask> <mask> moved to Imst, building himself a studio house. <mask> married Maria Foerg, a piano teacher in 1985. Awards
Peintner's works are published in a number of catalogues and books and has been awarded many honors and prizes for his art. 1977   Golden Füger Award, Vienna, Austria
1979   Uitgeverij Danthe Award, Belgium
1979   Master Class Award, Vienna, Austria
1980   Polish National Museum Award at the 8th International Biennial of Graphic Art in Cracow, Poland
1981   1st Prize at the 11th International Biennial of Graphic Art in Sint-Niklaas, Belgium
1982   1st Prize in the City of Innsbruck Art Award, Innsbruck, Austria
1984   Young Talent Award at the International

masks:
Elmar Peintner
Laura Peintner
Elmar
Peintner
Peintner


title: Elmar Peintner

texts:
 Biennial of Graphic Art "Intergraphik 84", Berlin, Germany
1984   1st Prize at the II.European Triennial of Graphic Art, Grado, Italy
1989   Creditanstalt Award at "Fingerprints ‘89", Vienna, Austria
1992   IWA Foundation Award at the Biennial of Graphic Art in Ostrava-Havirov, Czech Republic
1992/1993   Double award winner at the International Exhibition of Graphic Art in the Napa Art Center, Napa, California, U.S.
1995   Gold Medal Winner at the 2nd International Exhibition of Graphic Art in Stockholm, Sweden
2002   1st Prize at the IV. SACHA 2002, Chavantes, Sao Paulo, Brazil
2004   1st Prize at the 3rd Biennial "Lilla Europa 2004", Hallsberg and Örebro, Sweden
2005   Special Award at the 4th Lessedra World Art Print Exhibition 2005, Sofia, Bulgaria
2006   Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria
2008 Price at the International Print Exhibition Yunnan 2008, Kunming, China
2009 Price of honour at the 1st International Graphik Biennial - China 2009, Fushun City, China
2009 Guanlan International Print Prize at the 2nd Guanlan International Print Biennial 2009, Shenzhen, China
 2013 Decoration of Honour of the state Tyrol, Austria
 2016 Decoration of Honour of the City of Landeck for Art and Culture

Art

Menschenbilder (senescent children)

<mask> Peintner rose to popularity at the beginning of the 1980s. He was a contemporary artist best known for his “Menschenbilder” (senescent children pictures), usually executed with hard pencils and additional water-colour, the models being from the family circle, the neighbourhood, or local rest homes. In the forefront, as with all his work, is not the naturalistic reproduction


title: Elmar Peintner

texts:
 of nature, but the attempt to penetrate to the physical and mental structure of man via realism of microstructures. Visibility, Invisibility, Reality

In the 90s work Peintner restricts himself to placing totally different objects next to or above, and thus in relation to, each other. The artist does not seek to create a “super – reality” by means of dream and subconscious, but in his pictures he presents poetic enigmas containing questions of reality. Far from any illusionism, neutrally suspended, what has been experienced and reflected, the real and the imaginary, meet in a tense relationship with each other, in the intention of contributing to the awareness and perception of reality.Transform
Now <mask> <mask> presents (Museum Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck, 2004) a new series of graphite drawings which deal purely and simply with what nature offers: records of fragments or conglomerates from the patterns in nature, fanned out facet-like and presented in their transparency: ramifications, hollows, dense plasticity, nerve structures. They are not scientific herbaceous exhibits, nor are they a catalogue of floral prints. On the contrary, the subject matter emanates a liveliness of substance with all the phases of growth and decay. Inner issues and energy are released. The various processes in the unyieldingness of the substance are noted. Peintner's position as a re-creator of this nature also comes out. He declares himself in his consistency and his stamping of the graphic production.He reduces his ideal world to the factual in the motif. Peintner <mask>'s art "Children's Feet and  Ladders" was selected for 8th Beijing International Art Biennale China

masks: Elmar Peintner Elmar


title: Muhammad

texts: <mask> (  ;  570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of the world religion of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet, divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. He is believed to be the final prophet of God in all the main branches of Islam, though the modern Ahmadiyya movement diverges from this belief. <mask> united Arabia into a single Muslim polity, with the Quran as well as his teachings and practices forming the basis of Islamic religious belief. <mask> was born approximately 570CE in Mecca. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father Abdullah was the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, and he died a few months before <mask>'s birth.His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving <mask> an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, <mask> reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, <mask> started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (islām) to God is the right way of life (dīn), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam. <mask>'s followers were initially few in number, and experienced hostility from Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his

masks:
Muhammad ibn Abdullah
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts:
 followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622.This event, the Hijra, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri Calendar. In Medina, <mask> united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, <mask> gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested and <mask> seized the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam. The revelations (each known as Ayah literally, "Sign [of God]") that <mask> reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" on which the religion is based.Besides the Quran, <mask>'s teachings and practices (sunnah), found in the Hadith and sira (biography) literature, are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law (see Sharia). Quranic names and appellations

The name <mask> () means "praiseworthy" and appears four times in the Quran. The Quran also addresses <mask> in the second person by various appellations; prophet, messenger, servant of God ('abd), announcer (bashir), witness (shahid), bearer of good tidings (mubashshir), warner (nathir), reminder (mudhakkir), one who calls [unto God] (dā'ī), light personified (noor), and the light-giving lamp (siraj munir). Sources of biographical information

Quran

The Quran is the central religious text of

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts:
 Islam. Muslims believe it represents the words of God revealed by the archangel Gabriel to <mask>. The Quran, however, provides minimal assistance for <mask>'s chronological biography; most Quranic verses do not provide significant historical context. Early biographies

Important sources regarding <mask>'s life may be found in the historic works by writers of the 2nd and 3rd centuries of the Muslim era (AH – 8th and 9th century CE).These include traditional Muslim biographies of <mask>, which provide additional information about <mask>'s life. The earliest written sira (biographies of <mask> and quotes attributed to him) is Ibn Ishaq's Life of God's Messenger written c. 767 CE (150 AH). Although the original work was lost, this sira survives as extensive excerpts in works by Ibn Hisham and to a lesser extent by Al-Tabari. However, Ibn Hisham admits in the preface to his biography of <mask> that he omitted matters from Ibn Ishaq's biography that "would distress certain people". Another early history source is the history of <mask>'s campaigns by al-Waqidi (death 207 of Muslim era), and the work of Waqidi's secretary Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi (death 230 of Muslim era). Many scholars accept these early biographies as authentic, though their accuracy is unascertainable. Recent studies have led scholars to distinguish between traditions touching legal matters and purely historical events.In the legal group, traditions could have been subject to invention while historic events, aside from exceptional cases, may have been only subject to "tendential shaping". Hadith

Other important sources include the hadith collections, accounts of

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts:
 verbal and physical teachings and traditions attributed to <mask>. Hadiths were compiled several generations after his death by Muslims including <mask>-Bukhari, Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, <mask> Isa at-Tirmidhi, Abd ar-Rahman al-Nasai, Abu Dawood, Ibn Majah, Malik ibn Anas, al-Daraqutni. Some Western academics cautiously view the hadith collections as accurate historical sources. Scholars such as Madelung do not reject the narrations which have been compiled in later periods, but judge them in the context of history and on the basis of their compatibility with the events and figures. Muslim scholars on the other hand typically place a greater emphasis on the hadith literature instead of the biographical literature, since hadiths maintain a traditional chain of transmission (isnad); the lack of such a chain for the biographical literature makes it unverifiable in their eyes. Pre-Islamic Arabia

The Arabian Peninsula was, and still is, largely arid with volcanic soil, making agriculture difficult except near oases or springs.Towns and cities dotted the landscape; two of the most prominent being Mecca and Medina. Medina was a large flourishing agricultural settlement, while Mecca was an important financial center for many surrounding tribes. Communal life was essential for survival in the desert conditions, supporting indigenous tribes against the harsh environment and lifestyle. Tribal affiliation, whether based on kinship or alliances, was an important source of social cohesion. Indigenous Arabs were either nomadic or sedentary. Nomadic groups constantly traveled seeking water and pasture for their flocks, while the sedentary

masks:
Muhammad
Muhammad al
Muhammad ibn


title: Muhammad

texts: settled and focused on trade and agriculture. Nomadic survival also depended on raiding caravans or oases; nomads did not view this as a crime.In pre-Islamic Arabia, gods or goddesses were viewed as protectors of individual tribes, their spirits being associated with sacred trees, stones, springs and wells. As well as being the site of an annual pilgrimage, the Kaaba shrine in Mecca housed 360 idols of tribal patron deities. Three goddesses were worshipped, in some places as daughters of Allah: Allāt, Manāt and al-'Uzzá. Monotheistic communities existed in Arabia, including Christians and Jews. Hanifs – native pre-Islamic Arabs who "professed a rigid monotheism" – are also sometimes listed alongside Jews and Christians in pre-Islamic Arabia, although their historicity is disputed among scholars. According to Muslim tradition, <mask> himself was a Hanif and one of the descendants of Ishmael, son of Abraham. After a century of exhaustive archaeological investigation, no evidence has been found for a historical Abraham or Ishmael.The second half of the sixth century was a period of political disorder in Arabia and communication routes were no longer secure. Religious divisions were an important cause of the crisis. Judaism became the dominant religion in Yemen while Christianity took root in the Persian Gulf area. In line with broader trends of the ancient world, the region witnessed a decline in the practice of polytheistic cults and a growing interest in a more spiritual form of religion. While many were reluctant to convert to a foreign faith, those faiths provided intellectual and spiritual reference points. During the early


title: Muhammad

texts:
 years of <mask>'s life, the Quraysh tribe to which he belonged became a dominant force in western Arabia. They formed the cult association of hums, which tied members of many tribes in western Arabia to the Kaaba and reinforced the prestige of the Meccan sanctuary.To counter the effects of anarchy, Quraysh upheld the institution of sacred months during which all violence was forbidden, and it was possible to participate in pilgrimages and fairs without danger. Thus, although the association of hums was primarily religious, it also had important economic consequences for the city. Life

Childhood and early life

Abu al-Qasim <mask> ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim was born in Mecca about the year 570 and his birthday is believed to be in the month of Rabi' al-awwal. He belonged to the Banu Hashim clan, part of the Quraysh tribe, which was one of Mecca's prominent families, although it appears less prosperous during <mask>'s early lifetime. Tradition places the year of <mask>'s birth as corresponding with the Year of the Elephant, which is named after the failed destruction of Mecca that year by the Abraha, Yemen's king, who supplemented his army with elephants. Alternatively some 20th century scholars have suggested different years, such as 568 or 569. <mask>'s father, Abdullah, died almost six months before he was born.According to Islamic tradition, soon after birth he was sent to live with a Bedouin family in the desert, as desert life was considered healthier for infants; some western scholars reject this tradition's historicity. <mask> stayed with his foster-mother, Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb, and her husband until

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts: he was two years old. At the age of six, <mask> lost his biological mother Amina to illness and became an orphan. For the next two years, until he was eight years old, <mask> was under the guardianship of his paternal grandfather Abd al-Muttalib, of the Banu Hashim clan until his death. He then came under the care of his uncle Abu Talib, the new leader of the Banu Hashim. According to Islamic historian William Montgomery Watt there was a general disregard by guardians in taking care of weaker members of the tribes in Mecca during the 6th century, "<mask>'s guardians saw that he did not starve to death, but it was hard for them to do more for him, especially as the fortunes of the clan of Hashim seem to have been declining at that time." In his teens, <mask> accompanied his uncle on Syrian trading journeys to gain experience in commercial trade.Islamic tradition states that when <mask> was either nine or twelve while accompanying the Meccans' caravan to Syria, he met a Christian monk or hermit named Bahira who is said to have foreseen <mask>'s career as a prophet of God. Little is known of <mask> during his later youth as available information is fragmented, making it difficult to separate history from legend. It is known that he became a merchant and "was involved in trade between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea." Due to his upright character he acquired the nickname "al-Amin" (Arabic: الامين), meaning "faithful, trustworthy" and "al-Sadiq" meaning "truthful" and was sought out as an impartial arbitrator. His reputation attracted a proposal in 595 from Khadijah, a successful businesswoman. <mask> consented to the


title: Muhammad

texts:
 marriage, which by all accounts was a happy one. Several years later, according to a narration collected by historian Ibn Ishaq, <mask> was involved with a well-known story about setting the Black Stone in place in the wall of the Kaaba in 605 CE.The Black Stone, a sacred object, was removed during renovations to the Kaaba. The Meccan leaders could not agree which clan should return the Black Stone to its place. They decided to ask the next man who comes through the gate to make that decision; that man was the 35-year-old <mask>. This event happened five years before the first revelation by Gabriel to him. He asked for a cloth and laid the Black Stone in its center. The clan leaders held the corners of the cloth and together carried the Black Stone to the right spot, then <mask> laid the stone, satisfying the honor of all. Beginnings of the Quran

<mask> began to pray alone in a cave named Hira on Mount Jabal al-Nour, near Mecca for several weeks every year.John Henry Haaren, Addison B. Poland (1904), p. 83 Islamic tradition holds that during one of his visits to that cave, in the year 610 the angel Gabriel appeared to him and commanded <mask> to recite verses that would be included in the Quran.Consensus exists that the first Quranic words revealed were the beginning of Quran 96:1. <mask> was deeply distressed upon receiving his first revelations. After returning home, <mask> was consoled and reassured by Khadijah and her Christian cousin, Waraka ibn Nawfal. He also feared that others would dismiss his claims as being possessed. Shi'a tradition states <mask> was not surprised or frightened at Gabriel's appearance; rather he


title: Muhammad

texts:
 welcomed the angel, as if he was expected. The initial revelation was followed by a three-year pause (a period known as fatra) during which <mask> felt depressed and further gave himself to prayers and spiritual practices. When the revelations resumed he was reassured and commanded to begin preaching: "Thy Guardian-Lord hath not forsaken thee, nor is He displeased."Brown (2003), pp. 73–74
Sahih Bukhari narrates <mask> describing his revelations as "sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell". Aisha reported, "I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over)". According to Welch these descriptions may be considered genuine, since they are unlikely to have been forged by later Muslims. <mask> was confident that he could distinguish his own thoughts from these messages. According to the Quran, one of the main roles of <mask> is to warn the unbelievers of their eschatological punishment (Quran 38:70, Quran 6:19). Occasionally the Quran did not explicitly refer to Judgment day but provided examples from the history of extinct communities and warns <mask>'s contemporaries of similar calamities (Quran ).<mask> did not only warn those who rejected God's revelation, but also dispensed good news for those who abandoned evil, listening to the divine words and serving God. <mask>'s mission also involves preaching monotheism: The Quran commands <mask> to proclaim and praise the name of his Lord and instructs him not to worship idols or associate other deities with God. The key themes of the early Quranic verses included the responsibility


title: Muhammad

texts:
 of man towards his creator; the resurrection of the dead, God's final judgment followed by vivid descriptions of the tortures in Hell and pleasures in Paradise, and the signs of God in all aspects of life. Religious duties required of the believers at this time were few: belief in God, asking for forgiveness of sins, offering frequent prayers, assisting others particularly those in need, rejecting cheating and the love of wealth (considered to be significant in the commercial life of Mecca), being chaste and not committing female infanticide. Opposition

According to Muslim tradition, <mask>'s wife Khadija was the first to believe he was a prophet. She was followed by <mask>'s ten-year-old cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib, close friend Abu Bakr, and adopted son Zaid. Around 613, <mask> began to preach to the public (Quran ).Most Meccans ignored and mocked him, though a few became his followers. There were three main groups of early converts to Islam: younger brothers and sons of great merchants; people who had fallen out of the first rank in their tribe or failed to attain it; and the weak, mostly unprotected foreigners. According to Ibn Saad, opposition in Mecca started when <mask> delivered verses that condemned idol worship and the polytheism practiced by the Meccan forefathers. However, the Quranic exegesis maintains that it began as <mask> started public preaching. As his followers increased, <mask> became a threat to the local tribes and rulers of the city, whose wealth rested upon the Ka'aba, the focal point of Meccan religious life that <mask> threatened to overthrow. <mask>'s denunciation of the Meccan traditional religion


title: Muhammad

texts: was especially offensive to his own tribe, the Quraysh, as they were the guardians of the Ka'aba. Powerful merchants attempted to convince <mask> to abandon his preaching; he was offered admission to the inner circle of merchants, as well as an advantageous marriage.He refused both of these offers. Tradition records at great length the persecution and ill-treatment towards <mask> and his followers. Sumayyah bint Khayyat, a slave of a prominent Meccan leader Abu Jahl, is famous as the first martyr of Islam; killed with a spear by her master when she refused to give up her faith. Bilal, another Muslim slave, was tortured by Umayyah ibn Khalaf who placed a heavy rock on his chest to force his conversion. In 615, some of <mask>'s followers emigrated to the Ethiopian Kingdom of Aksum and founded a small colony under the protection of the Christian Ethiopian emperor Aṣḥama ibn Abjar. Ibn Sa'ad mentions two separate migrations. According to him, most of the Muslims returned to Mecca prior to Hijra, while a second group rejoined them in Medina.Ibn Hisham and Tabari, however, only talk about one migration to Ethiopia. These accounts agree that Meccan persecution played a major role in <mask>'s decision to suggest that a number of his followers seek refuge among the Christians in Abyssinia. According to the famous letter of ʿUrwa preserved in al-Tabari, the majority of Muslims returned to their native town as Islam gained strength and high ranking Meccans, such as Umar and Hamzah converted. However, there is a completely different story on the reason why the Muslims returned from Ethiopia to Mecca. According to this account—initially

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts: mentioned by Al-Waqidi then rehashed by Ibn Sa'ad and Tabari, but not by Ibn Hisham and not by Ibn Ishaq—<mask>, desperately hoping for an accommodation with his tribe, pronounced a verse acknowledging the existence of three Meccan goddesses considered to be the daughters of Allah. <mask> retracted the verses the next day at the behest of Gabriel, claiming that the verses were whispered by the devil himself. Instead, a ridicule of these gods was offered.This episode, known as "The Story of the Cranes," is also known as "Satanic Verses". According to the story, this led to a general reconciliation between <mask> and the Meccans, and the Abyssinia Muslims began to return home. When they arrived Gabriel had informed <mask> that the two verses were not part of the revelation, but had been inserted by Satan. Notable scholars at the time argued against the historic authenticity of these verses and the story itself on various grounds. Al-Waqidi was severely criticized by Islamic scholars such as Malik ibn Anas, al-Shafi'i, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Al-Nasa'i, al-Bukhari, Abu Dawood, Al-Nawawi and others as a liar and forger. Later, the incident received some acceptance among certain groups, though strong objections to it continued onwards past the tenth century. The objections continued until rejection of these verses and the story itself eventually became the only acceptable orthodox Muslim position.In 616 (or 617), the leaders of Makhzum and Banu Abd-Shams, two important Quraysh clans, declared a public boycott against Banu Hashim, their commercial rival, to pressure it into withdrawing its protection of <mask>. The boycott lasted three

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts:
 years but eventually collapsed as it failed in its objective. During this time, <mask> was able to preach only during the holy pilgrimage months in which all hostilities between Arabs were suspended. Isra and Mi'raj

Islamic tradition states that in 620, <mask> experienced the Isra and Mi'raj, a miraculous night-long journey said to have occurred with the angel Gabriel. At the journey's beginning, the Isra, he is said to have traveled from Mecca on a winged steed to "the farthest mosque." Later, during the Mi'raj, <mask> is said to have toured heaven and hell, and spoke with earlier prophets, such as Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. Ibn Ishaq, author of the first biography of <mask>, presents the event as a spiritual experience; later historians, such as Al-Tabari and Ibn Kathir, present it as a physical journey.Some western scholars hold that the Isra and Mi'raj journey traveled through the heavens from the sacred enclosure at Mecca to the celestial al-Baytu l-Maʿmur (heavenly prototype of the Kaaba); later traditions indicate <mask>'s journey as having been from Mecca to Jerusalem. Last years before Hijra

<mask>'s wife Khadijah and uncle Abu Talib both died in 619, the year thus being known as the "Year of Sorrow". With the death of Abu Talib, leadership of the Banu Hashim clan passed to Abu Lahab, a tenacious enemy of <mask>. Soon afterward, Abu Lahab withdrew the clan's protection over <mask>. This placed <mask> in danger; the withdrawal of clan protection implied that blood revenge for his killing would not be exacted. <mask> then visited Ta'if, another important city in Arabia, and tried to find a protector, but his effort

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad

texts:
 failed and further brought him into physical danger. <mask> was forced to return to Mecca.A Meccan man named Mut'im ibn Adi (and the protection of the tribe of Banu Nawfal) made it possible for him to safely re-enter his native city. Many people visited Mecca on business or as pilgrims to the Kaaba. <mask> took this opportunity to look for a new home for himself and his followers. After several unsuccessful negotiations, he found hope with some men from Yathrib (later called Medina). The Arab population of Yathrib were familiar with monotheism and were prepared for the appearance of a prophet because a Jewish community existed there. They also hoped, by the means of <mask> and the new faith, to gain supremacy over Mecca; the Yathrib were jealous of its importance as the place of pilgrimage. Converts to Islam came from nearly all Arab tribes in Medina; by June of the subsequent year, seventy-five Muslims came to Mecca for pilgrimage and to meet <mask>.Meeting him secretly by night, the group made what is known as the "Second Pledge of al-'Aqaba", or, in Orientalists' view, the "Pledge of War". Following the pledges at Aqabah, <mask> encouraged his followers to emigrate to Yathrib. As with the migration to Abyssinia, the Quraysh attempted to stop the emigration. However, almost all Muslims managed to leave. Hijra

The Hijra is the migration of <mask> and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE. In June 622, warned of a plot to assassinate him, <mask> secretly slipped out of Mecca and moved his followers to Medina,  north of Mecca. Migration to Medina

A delegation, consisting of the representatives of the twelve important


title: Muhammad

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 clans of Medina, invited <mask> to serve as chief arbitrator for the entire community; due to his status as a neutral outsider.There was fighting in Yathrib: primarily the dispute involved its Arab and Jewish inhabitants, and was estimated to have lasted for around a hundred years before 620. The recurring slaughters and disagreements over the resulting claims, especially after the Battle of Bu'ath in which all clans were involved, made it obvious to them that the tribal concept of blood-feud and an eye for an eye were no longer workable unless there was one man with authority to adjudicate in disputed cases. The delegation from Medina pledged themselves and their fellow-citizens to accept <mask> into their community and physically protect him as one of themselves. <mask> instructed his followers to emigrate to Medina, until nearly all his followers left Mecca. Being alarmed at the departure, according to tradition, the Meccans plotted to assassinate <mask>. With the help of Ali, <mask> fooled the Meccans watching him, and secretly slipped away from the town with Abu Bakr. By 622, <mask> emigrated to Medina, a large agricultural oasis.Those who migrated from Mecca along with <mask> became known as muhajirun (emigrants). Establishment of a new polity

Among the first things <mask> did to ease the longstanding grievances among the tribes of Medina was to draft a document known as the Constitution of Medina, "establishing a kind of alliance or federation" among the eight Medinan tribes and Muslim emigrants from Mecca; this specified rights and duties of all citizens, and the relationship of the different communities in Medina


title: Muhammad

texts:
 (including the Muslim community to other communities, specifically the Jews and other "Peoples of the Book"). The community defined in the Constitution of Medina, Ummah, had a religious outlook, also shaped by practical considerations and substantially preserved the legal forms of the old Arab tribes. The first group of converts to Islam in Medina were the clans without great leaders; these clans had been subjugated by hostile leaders from outside. This was followed by the general acceptance of Islam by the pagan population of Medina, with some exceptions. According to Ibn Ishaq, this was influenced by the conversion of Sa'd ibn Mu'adh (a prominent Medinan leader) to Islam. Medinans who converted to Islam and helped the Muslim emigrants find shelter became known as the ansar (supporters).Then <mask> instituted brotherhood between the emigrants and the supporters and he chose Ali as his own brother. Beginning of armed conflict

Following the emigration, the people of Mecca seized property of Muslim emigrants to Medina. War would later break out between the people of Mecca and the Muslims. <mask> delivered Quranic verses permitting Muslims to fight the Meccans (see sura Al-Hajj, Quran ). According to the traditional account, on 11 February 624, while praying in the Masjid al-Qiblatayn in Medina, <mask> received revelations from God that he should be facing Mecca rather than Jerusalem during prayer. <mask> adjusted to the new direction, and his companions praying with him followed his lead, beginning the tradition of facing Mecca during prayer. <mask> ordered a number of raids to capture Meccan caravans, but only the 8th of them,


title: Muhammad

texts: the Raid of Nakhla, resulted in actual fighting and capture of booty and prisoners.In March 624, <mask> led some three hundred warriors in a raid on a Meccan merchant caravan. The Muslims set an ambush for the caravan at Badr. Aware of the plan, the Meccan caravan eluded the Muslims. A Meccan force was sent to protect the caravan and went on to confront the Muslims upon receiving word that the caravan was safe. The Battle of Badr commenced. Though outnumbered more than three to one, the Muslims won the battle, killing at least forty-five Meccans with fourteen Muslims dead. They also succeeded in killing many Meccan leaders, including Abu Jahl.Seventy prisoners had been acquired, many of whom were ransomed. <mask> and his followers saw the victory as confirmation of their faith and <mask> ascribed the victory to the assistance of an invisible host of angels. The Quranic verses of this period, unlike the Meccan verses, dealt with practical problems of government and issues like the distribution of spoils. The victory strengthened <mask>'s position in Medina and dispelled earlier doubts among his followers. As a result, the opposition to him became less vocal. Pagans who had not yet converted were very bitter about the advance of Islam. Two pagans, Asma bint Marwan of the Aws Manat tribe and Abu 'Afak of the 'Amr b.'Awf tribe, had composed verses taunting and insulting the Muslims. They were killed by people belonging to their own or related clans, and <mask> did not disapprove of the killings. This report, however, is considered by some to be a fabrication. Most members of those tribes converted to Islam, and little pagan