title: Delfin Lorenzana

texts:
 in. The success of martial law may also be attributed to the closer engagements of the AFP with local leaders down to the barangay level, and the efficient monitoring of the performance of local chief executives, in support to the good governance agenda of the Duterte Administration. CORDS for the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
In May 2019, Secretary <mask> was again designated as the Cabinet Officer for Regional Development and Security for the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. The region is now undergoing fast transition as the Bangsamoro Organic Law is being implemented.While this designation is pursuant to Executive Order No. 70 creating the National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict, he also fully supports Muslims in their exercise of their right to autonomy and self-determination under one Philippine Flag. Given the enactment of the Bangsamoro Organic Law and its subsequent ratification after the resounding success of a two-part plebiscite, the government is now enabling the Bangsamoro Transition Authority in implementing the normalization process which includes, among others, the demilitarization of surrendered firearms as well as the decommissioning of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front Fighters. These steps are essential in building lasting peace and inclusive development and progress in the region. AFP Modernization
Under his leadership, the capacity and capability building of the Armed Forces of the Philippines became a top priority of the current administration. Under the AFP Modernization Program, 80% of all projects under the Horizon 1 and Horizon 2 have been completed as of third quarter of 2020. Among the vital assets delivered in 2020 include the BRP Jose Rizal, the first missile frigate of the Philippine


title: Delfin Lorenzana

type: original

texts:
 ASEAN (DELSA) Philippines satellite warehouse.Veterans' and soldiers' causes
Under the current administration, Php6.421 billion was ordered released by President Duterte to settle the arrearages in pensions of AFP retirees covering fiscal years 2008 to 2013. This was made possible through the Lorenzana's genuine concern for his fellow veterans and their families. In 2018, the Philippine Congress enacted RA No. 11164 increasing the pension of World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam War veterans from Php5,000 to Php20,000. <mask>'s leadership was instrumental in the approval of this monumental welfare legislation for veterans that was strongly supported by the President. Controversies
On September 8, 2020, <mask> confirmed to the House of Representatives that he signed a contract allowing Dito Telecommunity (which is 40% owned by the Government of China through China Telecom) to install cell towers inside Filipino military camps despite multiple security concerns. He assured there are enough safeguards in the deal, saying the "security of our camps will be maintained."In the final week of December, Duterte revealed to the public that several military men have already been inoculated with the Chinese COVID-19 vaccine from Sinopharm even though the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not yet approved the import and use of any COVID-19 vaccine. <mask> confirmed that the Presidential Security Group (PSG) have already been vaccinated, though he himself was not. He later confirmed that the vaccines were donated and smuggled, and that the PSG "violated FDA rules". However, he defended the vaccination, saying: "They did it in good faith. Now everybody there is safe from COVID-19". He then told the FDA to "expedite its approval of COVID-19 vaccines so that legitimate importers

masks: Lorenzana Lorenzana Lorenzana


title: Lennie Weinrib

texts:
<mask> (April 29, 1935 – June 28, 2006) was an American actor, comedian and writer. He is best known for playing the title role in the children's television show H.R. Pufnstuf, Grimace in McDonaldland commercials, the title role in Inch High, Private Eye, the original voice of Scrappy-Doo on Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo, Hunk and Prince Lotor on Voltron, and Bigmouth on The Smurfs. He also was the voice for Timer in the "Time for Timer" ABC public service announcements in the early 1970s. Life and career
A native of the Bronx, <mask> got his start in show business working with Spike Jones, then later in The Billy Barnes Revue. He made guest appearances on The Dick Van Dyke Show, The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, Burke's Law, The Munsters, Happy Days and Adam-12. He charted nationally (Music Vendor, #132) with the comedy single "Prez Conference" in 1962.He also guest starred in an Emergency! episode called "Firehouse Four" as Fred Gibson, an overweight, accident-prone man. Woody Allen's character in his 1995 film Mighty Aphrodite was named "Lenny Weinrib". Voice actor
He was most notable for his voice acting work. Starting with The Jetsons, Weinrib provided numerous voices for such animated series as Inch High, Private Eye, The New Adventures of Batman, Tarzan and the Super 7, and Hong Kong Phooey. He was the voice for both Roland and Ratfink in that series of cartoon shorts. He also provided the voice of Timer in the 1970s "Time for Timer" series of educational spots shown on the ABC network.In Voltron: Defender of the Universe, he voiced both Hunk and the villain Prince Lotor in the "Lion Voltron series", as well as Captain Newley and Cliff in the "Vehicle Voltron" series. He also voiced a secretary bird and king Leonidas the lion in the

masks:
Lennie Weinrib
Weinrib


title: Lennie Weinrib

texts:
 Brewster" ("The Sam Pomerantz Scandals", 1963), and "Phil Franklin" ("The Impractical Joke", 1965). He also appeared on single episodes of The Man From U.N.C.L.E. ("Winky Blintz" in "The Off-Broadway Affair", 1966) Happy Days ("Duke" in "Ritchie's Cup Runneth Over", 1974), and on two episodes of Adam-12 in 1973 and 1974 as Tony the police garage mechanic.He also guest starred in the 1974 Emergency! episode called "Firehouse Four" as Fred Gibson. Directing
<mask>'s directing career consists of three feature films, all in the beach party genre: Beach Ball for Paramount in 1965, and Wild Wild Winter and Out of Sight, both for Universal in 1966. Weinrib also co-wrote the 1963 joke book The Elephant Book. Retirement and death
Weinrib retired from acting in the 1990s and moved to Santiago, Chile. For the Family Guy episode "Petarded", Seth MacFarlane explained on the Season 4 DVD commentary he wanted to use Weinrib to voice Timer for a cutaway gag, but Weinrib was suffering from failing health when "Petarded" was being produced, and as MacFarlane explained, he "didn't remember doing it" after the recorded audio was played back for him later. In the end, Timer was voiced by Seth himself.<mask> died in a hospital near his home on June 28, 2006, after suffering a stroke. <mask>'s elder daughter Linda Weinrib and grandchildren Lauren Bendik and Steven Bendik are voice actors. His younger daughter <mask> has performed as part of the ensemble cast of Rojo de Chile, a Chilean talent competition broadcast by Television Nacional de Chile. His youngest daughter Grace Weinrib is an artist and also lives in Santiago, Chile as does their mother Sonia. Filmography

Voices
 H.R. Pufnstuf - Voices of H.R. Pufnstuf, Bela Lugosi Tree, Dr. Blinky's Talking Book,

masks:
Weinrib
Weinrib
Family Weinrib
Heidi Weinrib


title: Beatrice Burns

texts:
<mask> (February 2, 1906 – February 28, 1988) was the First Lady of Hawaii for three terms. Born in Oregon and raised in numerous states, she became a Registered nurse, joined the United States Army Nurse Corps, and moved to Hawaii. She met Hawaii's future governor John A<mask> during a picnic at Hanauma Bay, when he was a college student. Together they had four children, one of which was born premature and died when she was struck by poliomyelitis. She never fully recovered from her paralysis, but lived a full life as a wife and mother. During her tenure as the First Lady of Hawaii, she restored the governor's residence of Washington Place. Early life and marriage
She was born February 20, 1906, in Sumpter, Oregon to teachers Thomas Stanton Van Fleet and Bessie Majors.The family moved dozens of times throughout California, Oregon, and Nevada. After training as a registered nurse (RN) at the San Jose Hospital School of Nursing, she joined the United States Army Nurse Corps, and was assigned to Letterman Army Hospital in San Francisco, before being transferred to Schofield Barracks on Oahu in 1930. John A<mask> (Jack) was a student at the University of Hawaii, with a night switchboard job at the Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Their first date was a group picnic at Hanauma Bay. Afterwards they continued dating, eventually deciding to marry. He dropped out of college, and quit the newspaper to take a better-paying  job with the Hawaiian Pineapple Company. They married at Schofield Barracks on June 8, 1931.She was a lieutenant at the time. When the Great Depression affected jobs at the pineapple cannery, the young couple joined her parents working on a farm in Mendocino County, California. They returned to Hawaii in 1932,

masks:
Beatrice Majors Van Vleet Burns
. Burns
. Burns


title: Beatrice Burns

texts:
 with Jack working at another cannery, eventually joining the Honolulu Police Department. Their first child John Jr. (Jack Jr.) was born in 1932, followed by sister Mary Beth in 1934. Polio
In 1935, <mask> became ill with poliomyelitis during her final trimester, and delivered a premature son William who died within hours. The disease left her paralyzed. Medical practice in that era dictated that she be completely immobilized; nevertheless, she became pregnant again.Advised by her doctors to abort the fetus, she and Jack opted for alternative treatment from Seishiro Okazaki of the Nikko Sanatorium of Restoration Massage in Honolulu. Okazaki freed her from the medical splits placed on her, massaged her, and used a therapy of exercise and hot seaweed-water baths. The treatments were considered a success in that <mask> regained use of her arms and head, and began to see overall physical improvements. However, she never regained use of her legs, and spent the rest of her life in a wheelchair. <mask> gave birth to James Seishiro <mask> (Jim) in 1937. She had not converted to Jack's Catholic faith before their marriage, but did so after the birth of Jim. Political wife
At the end of World War II, Jack began his rise in politics.He quit the police force and bought the Kalama Liquor Store. Jack was often away with political involvement, and hiring employees was a financial drain on the business. <mask> eventually ran the business herself, with her youngest son Jim pushing her home in her wheelchair in the evening. When Jack ran for a seat as Delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives from Hawaii Territory in 1956, <mask>'s determination to live a normal life with polio became his political asset with a write-up

masks: Beatrice Beatrice Beatrice Burns Beatrice Beatrice


title: Beatrice Burns

texts: titled "The Woman Behind the Man: The Story of <mask>". After his election, they lived in a Washington, D.C. apartment, where <mask> saw less of her husband. She made his meals at home, and he took her for Sunday sight-seeing trips. The <mask> children were all grown and living their individual lives in the mainland United States.She entertained political wives with small gatherings in the apartment, as her husband put his legislative efforts towards helping Hawaii achieve statehood. With the Territory of Hawaii set to become the 50th state in the union on August 21, 1959, <mask>, like many of his colleagues in the nation's capitol, thought Jack would throw his hat in the ring for the United States Senate. Instead, he chose to pursue the office of Governor of Hawaii. When she learned of it from her eldest son, her immediate response was disbelief. Jack lost the 1959 gubernatorial election to William F. Quinn. The couple celebrated their 30th wedding anniversary at the Royal Hawaiian Hotel in Waikiki. When he ran for the office a second time, Jack won the 1962 gubernatorial race in Hawaii.The week before the election, the Honolulu Star-Bulletin ran cooking recopies from the wives of candidates. <mask>'s was West Indian Shrimp Curry. She was an active First Lady of Hawaii during all three of his terms as governor, hosting diplomats and legislators, and planning her children's weddings . Unlike their family home, <mask> managed a household staff in the governor's residence of Washington Place. The <mask> moved into a decaying and termite-infested house, and she was in charge of restoring it. She had learned the value of at-home entertaining as a congressional wife. Persuaded one luncheon at a time in the run-down

masks:
Beatrice Burns
Beatrice
Burns
Beatrice
Beatrice
Beatrice
Burns


title: Beatrice Burns

texts:
 mansion, the legislature appropriated $50,000 for repairs.At the March 1968 National Governors Conference in Washington D. C., the wives went with Lady Bird Johnson to a planting of dogwood trees on the Potomac River. It had been raining, and temperatures were below freezing, but <mask> rolled her chair into the mud and planted trees. As they approached Jack's third gubernatorial term in 1970, <mask> reflected with satisfaction on her overhaul of the landscaping at Washington Place. There was one gardener and no budget to cover it. The landscaping issue was solved partially through a legislative budget appropriation, but largely through volunteers. Her request for help on the lawn and gardens was met by unpaid citizens of Hawaii who regularly worked on the gubernatorial landscaping for years. Later years and death
Son Jim that she gave birth to after being paralyzed by polio became Chief Judge of Hawaii Intermediate Court of Appeals, and president of the American Judicature Society.Jack was treated for cancer during his last year in office. After George Ariyoshi won the 1974 election for governor, <mask> and son Jim represented Jack at the inaugural. Jack died on April 5, 1975, and was buried at the National Cemetery of the Pacific. <mask> died February 28, 1988, and was buried next to her husband. References

Bibliography

1906 births
1988 deaths
First Ladies and Gentlemen of Hawaii
Women in Hawaii politics
People of the Territory of Hawaii
People from Sumpter, Oregon
Female United States Army officers
American people with disabilities
American women nurses
Catholics from Oregon
Converts to Roman Catholicism
People with polio
20th-century American women
20th-century American people
Military personnel from

masks: Beatrice Beatrice Beatrice Beatrice


title: Hugh Pembroke Vowles

texts:
<mask> (1885 in Pembroke, Wales – 1951 in "The Leaze", Oxlynch, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire, England) was a British engineer, socialist and author. Early life and education

<mask> was the son of <mask>, a Wesleyan minister, author, and theologian; and of Hannah Elizabeth Thistle. Although he published under the name <mask>, early records refer to him as <mask>. He married twice. First to Margaret Winifred Pearce of the Pearce family of Priday, Metford and Company Limited. After her death, he married Eleanor Biss. He was educated at Elizabeth College, Guernsey and at the Technical School, Gloucester, where he served an apprenticeship and passed through the shops and drawing office of W. Sisson Ltd, power plant engineers from 1901 to 1906.After gaining experience as a junior draughtsman with G Waller and Son Ltd of Stroud, Gloucester, he was employed from 1909 to 1913 as a contract engineer with Messrs Williams and Rugby Robinson. This was followed by a brief connexion with the Gas Light and Coke Company as senior assistant engineer. During the First World War, he first acted as assistant district manager to the Metropolitan Munitions Committee and later as assistant Manager at the Ailsa National Shell Factory, London. According to a letter written by his daughter-in-law, <mask>, in 1995: during the First World War, <mask> "volunteered for military service and was turned down on medical grounds...  and had the horrid experience of having a very young and smart ... woman, one of a self-set up group who went about the West End, London, stopping young men in the street and asking in very contemptuous tones:

masks:
Hugh Pembroke Vowles
Hugh Vowles
Henry Hayes Vowles
Hugh Pembroke Vowles
William Hugh Pembroke Vowles
Elizabeth Vowles
Hugh Vowles


title: Hugh Pembroke Vowles

texts:
 contributor to The Citizen of Gloucester. Children

He had two sons by his first marriage:
<mask> <mask> (born Rugby 18 September 1911 died Gloucester 2 May 1990) attended Cheltenham College, obtained a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of London External System in 1937, and trained as a lawyer under his uncle Henry Hayes <mask> (junior) of H.H.Vowles and Company, Gloucester. In 1943, <mask> trained to become a Pilot Officer with the RAF at the 13th Initial Training Wing (C Flight, No.3 Squadron) which was possibly based at the Toorak Hotel, Torquay. From 17–31 September 1943, he was at the 4 EFTS Brough, Yorkshire. Between 31 September 1943 and 27 November 1943, he travelled to Canada. There he was taught trainee pilots to fly the de Havilland Tiger Moth. He was based at the 35 EFTS at Neepawa from 27 September 1943 to 11 March 1944. From 11 March 1944 to 20 October 1944, he was based at the 17 Service Flying Training School, Souris, Manitoba. In Souris, he flew Anson II planes.From 9 April 1945 to 8 August 1945, he was based at the No 1333 Transport Support Conversion Unit, Leicester East. Here he flew Oxford and Dakota planes and undertook "radar flights". <mask> went on to become a partner in Vowles, Jessop and Keen of Lorraine House, 45 Park Road, Gloucester, the house in which his Pearce grandparents had lived. He was Clerk to County Justices (Gloucester division). FH <mask> married Elizabeth Langhorne BA (1911–1999) and was a member of the Royal Air Force Association (Gloucester branch). As well as a full-time solicitor, he was also honorary legal adviser to the Gloucester Association of

masks:
Francis Hugh
Vowles
Vowles
Francis Vowles
Francis Vowles
Vowles


title: Hugh Pembroke Vowles

texts:
 parish and town councils from 1936 to 1976. Christopher David <mask> (born Gloucester March 1916) completed articles in Gloucester.He visited the Soviet Union in 1936 and as result joined the Communist Party of Great Britain, remaining a member until its dissolution. He qualified as a solicitor in 1940 but during the second world war worked as a mechanical engineer for Dowty-Rotol, Gloucester, on aircraft production and becoming the works union convenor. After the war, he became sub-editor the Daily Worker. In 1947, be went into private practice with the legal firm Garber Vowles and company, London, later known as Gaster, Vowles, Turner and Loeffler. The firm was retained by a number of trade unions and advised the governments of Czechoslovakia and Poland. His obituary was published in the Morning Star on 28 September 1993. He was a director of Priday, Metford and Company Limited and owned a cottage in Southcot, Pewsey.In 1935, <mask> met Eleanor Biss, who became his second wife. They had no children. She later lived in Stonehouse in a cottage named "Elscot". Political ideas

He recognised that there would be increased competition for resources and markets as productivity rose and that this would impact upon people's lives both by taking resources away from good causes, such as health and the advancement of science and by the effects of war:

In "post-war conditions of politics and trade... trade ... must find a vent in export for the huge increase of capacity in the productive
machinery of this and other countries, leading to fiercer and fiercer competition for foreign markets and for 'control' of the

masks:
Vowles
HP Vowles


title: Hugh Pembroke Vowles

texts:
 raw material producing regions – particularly coal and oil areas – and so to another
large scale war beside which the last will pale into insignificance, a war possibly with America, as part of the price I have to pay for the goods I buy under the present system. Many other items I have also entered up which do not commonly figure in a manufacturer's cost accounts, although they must inevitably be paid for all the same-neglect of science, neglect of health, neglect indeed of all that might to-day make life fair and gracious, simply because industry is run from the point of view of 'frenzied finance' and not for the
service of mankind. . . . ." The Price We Pay

He felt that in the 1920s political change was around the corner, in particular to the left:  "Nevertheless, in spite of all my doubts there are times when I am upon the whole more hopeful of the world ridding itself of its innumerable burdens; when I see signs of more and yet more fires being kindled in the minds of men; smouldering as yet, but soon it may be to blaze up and spread the knowledge that
a time of great change is at hand." He recognised the danger posed by Hitler to Eastern Europe at the end of the 1930s.In "Ukraine and its People" (1939), he wrote "There is good reason to believe that Herr Hitler proposes to make use of (Ukrainian minority movements) to serve his own ambitions. The nature of these ambitions, which include the annexation of Soviet Ukraine, is indicated in Mein Kampf". It is interesting that whilst being a Communist, <mask>' first wife was a shareholder in her family's milling company in Gloucester, England. The


title: Hugh Pembroke Vowles

texts:
 factor in our evolution. Its teaching of love and concord is of the very essence of the Great State. Whatever broadens the basis of sympathy and mutual understanding is a force operating in the constructive direction, and so it would seem probable that Christianity will at least survive in its spirit and intermingle with the more elaborate traditions of the future. In no case can a tradition disappear without leaving behind it some effect or influence. But this is far from asserting that there need be or will be a definite survival of Christianity as such. Contemporary Christianity must purge itself from a multitude of defects before it can possibly be acceptable to the clear-headed men who will be the normal citizens of the Great State. A mere spirit of co-operation alone can never be all sufficing for the religious basis of tradition.The Great State will be complex beyond all precedent and that he may cope successfully with these complexities the average citizen must be trained to think clearly and exhaustively, and be given a wealth of tradition for his guidance multifarious beyond any the world has yet produced. Christianity as we know it at present makes no insistence upon understanding and mental alertness as duties, nor upon the supreme necessity of thoroughness in thought and work. It is not a critical religion; it is emotionally sound, perhaps, but critically careless, and the vital preservative of right in a complex situation is a critical faculty highly stimulated and fed." It is not known if his perspective on religion changed later in his life. Collaboration with others
<mask> collaborated


title: Hugh Pembroke Vowles

texts:
 with H.G. Wells and Professor Sir E.Ray Lankester. He was a close friend of Hubert Cecil Booth, inventor of the vacuum cleaner.Booth married <mask>' sister. Publications

Books

 Under new management: a book for business men and others (published in 1922 by Allen & Unwin, London)
 The Web of Finance (published by John Bellows of Gloucester in 1926)
 The Quest for Power (Chapman and Hall, London, 1931 book published with Margaret W <mask>, his first wife)
 Ukraine and its People (W. and R Chambers, London, 1939)
 James Watt and the Industrial Revolution (published in 1943, new edition 1948 and reprinted in 1949. Also published in Spanish and Portuguese (1944) by the British Council)

Scholarly articles

 The Tradition of the Great State. Chapter in "Socialism and the Great State, Essays in Construction", by H.G. Wells et al., Harper and Brothers Publishers, New York (1912). The Price We Pay. The New Age: A Socialist Review of Religion, Science, and Art.No. 1503 Edition Vol 29, No.9 (1921)
 Essence of The Matter The New Age: A Socialist Review of Religion, Science, and Art. No. 1521 Vol 30, No 1 (1921)
 A Reply to Mr Lethaby. The Hibbert Journal: A Quarterly Review of Religion, Theology, and Philosophy (Jan. 1929)
 Engineer as Ruler (1930)
 Joseph's Well. Correspondence published in Mechanical Engineering (Monthly Journal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers), February 1930, page 163. Includes details of Le Demour's 1732 pump.Ancient Windmills, letter to Nature, 22 February 1932, page 317
 Early Evolution of Power Engineering Isis, Vol. 17, No. 2 (1932), pp. 412–420
 Science and Industrial

masks:
Margaret Vowles
Vowles


title: Hugh Pembroke Vowles

texts:
 Insanity. Article published with <mask>. July 1932. Electrification in the USS.R.in Science & Technology in the Soviet Union. Articles based on papers read at the Symposium at Easter, 1942, held under the auspices of The Faculty of Science of Marx House, 1, Doughty Street, London. British Association for the Advancement of Science, Report. Vol. II, No. 5. Science and World Order.Transactions of a Conference of the Division for the Social and International Relations of Science. British Association. 5s. net. On page 52 <mask>, speaking of the advance of mechanical science in Russia, said: "Most large Soviet cities have their pipe networks conveying hot water or steam to domestic, municipal and industrial consumers." Children's stories

 "Freaks of the Road" Boys' Own Paper, July 1932. A story.Newspaper articles

<mask> published regularly in the South Wales News in the 1920s and 1930s. The Crook is beating the Scientist. The Daily Mail, Wednesday, 27 April 1932. Article about Hubert Cecil Booth, published c1951 in the Gloucester citizen under the title "an interested reader"

References

1885 births
1951 deaths
20th-century British writers
Welsh mechanical engineers
People educated at Elizabeth College, Guernsey
People from

masks:
Margaret Vowles
Vowles
Vowles


title: Joseph D. Andrade

texts:
<mask><mask> is an American bioengineer, professor, educator, scientist and writer. He is Distinguished Professor Emeritus in the Departments of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Pharmaceutics at University of Utah. <mask>'s research has been focused on biomaterials and on biochemical sensors. He has supervised some 50 graduate students, written seven books, produced 125 scientific papers and holds six patents. <mask> became a Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering in 1991 and was awarded an honorary doctorate from Uppsala University in 2000. Education
<mask> entered the University of California-Berkeley in Fall, 1959, where he studied for more than two years and then dropped out. Two years later he was awarded the B.S.in Materials Science from San Jose State University, in 1965. He then attended the University of Denver, completing his Ph.D. in Metallurgy and Materials Science in January, 1969. Career
<mask> joined the University of Utah as an Assistant Professor in 1969. He rose through the ranks to become a Distinguished Professor in 2001. In 1983, he was appointed Dean of College of Engineering and served until 1987. He served as Chairman of the Department of Bioengineering from 1988 to 1991, Interim Chair of the Department of Pharmaceutics from 1998 to 1999 and the Co-Chair of the Department of Bioengineering from 1998 to 2000. From 1977 to 1979, <mask> was the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Bioengineering.He served as the Vice President for Public Policy at the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering from 1992 to 1994 and was the program chair of the 1993 meeting, which resulted in the book, Medical and Biological Engineering in the Future of Health Care. <mask>'s public service and community activities include enhancing elementary school science education and informal science education. He developed the University of Utah's first video-intensive general science telecourse, Science without Walls: Science in Your World,

masks:
Joseph D
. Andrade
Andrade
Andrade
Andrade
Andrade
Andrade
Andrade


title: Joseph D. Andrade

texts:
 which was broadcast throughout most of Utah on KUEN for some 20 years, ending in 2012. He contributed significantly to the genesis and establishment of The Leonardo - Salt Lake City's Science, Art, Technology Center, which opened in 2011. He continues to serve as a Science Advisor and on its Board of Directors. In 2012, <mask> retired as Emeritus and Distinguished Professor, University of Utah. The same year, he ran as an unaffiliated candidate for Congress in Utah's District 2 on a Towards a Sustainable Future campaign.Research and work
<mask>'s research has been focused on biomaterials and on biochemical sensors. He is most known for formulating the minimum interfacial free energy hypothesis for biocompatibility. His early work dealt with blood-materials interactions and with approaches for enhanced blood compatibility, based largely on protein-coated, hydrogel-coated, and/or polyethylene glycol-coated surfaces. His PhD dissertation was a theoretical model of protein adsorption. Later, the theory work was expanded to include polyethylene-glycol and similar interfaces. The focus on surfaces and interfaces required analysis of and development of tools for the characterization of polymer-based interfaces, including interface electric potentials, interfacial energy, chemical composition (via X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy), and interface fluorescence analysis. The second stage of his research career focused on biochemical sensors, based initially on fiber optics and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) analysis.The biochemical sensor work used firefly luciferase bioluminescence and enzyme biochemistry for substrate specificity. He developed the University of Utah's first video-intensive general science telecourse - Science without Walls: Science in Your World - beginning in 1989. The 40 segment TV course was broadcast on KUEN TV throughout Utah for 20 years, until 2012. In the late 2010s, he began working to make clear and obvious the underlying assumptions that form the basis of the current

masks: Andrade Andrade


title: Atukuri Molla

texts:
<mask> (1440–1530) was a Telugu poet who authored the Telugu-language Ramayana. Identified by her caste, she was popularly known as Kummara (potter) Molla. <mask> or <mask> was the daughter of Kesana Setti who was a potter by profession. That they belonged to the bayya community. Earlier historians placed her as a contemporary of Tikkana Somayaji during the times of Kakatiya empire. But, Kandukuri Veeresalingam Pantulu in his ‘Andhra Kavula Charitra’ points out that she was a contemporary of Sri Krishna Deva Raya, disproving the earlier claims that she was the sister of Kummara Gurunatha who was the scribe of Tikkana Somayaji in translating Mahabharata. Her salutations to poets like Srinatha who lived in the periods between the Kakatiya and Vijayanagara empires point out that they predated her.Biography
<mask> is the second female Telugu poet of note, after Tallapaka Timmakka, wife of Tallapaka Annamayya ("Annamacharya"). She translated the Sanskrit Ramayana into Telugu. Her father Atukuri Kesanna was a potter of Gopavaram, a village in Gopavaram Mandal near Badvel town, fifty miles north of Kadapa in Andhra Pradesh state. He was a Lingayat and devotee of Sri Srikantha Malleswara in Srisailam. He gave her daughter the name <mask>, meaning "Jasmine", a favourite flower of the god, and also nicknamed her Basavi in respect to Sri Basaveswara. Her parents were great devotees of Siva in his forms as Mallikarjuna and Mallikamba of Srisailam. They were initiated disciples of the Siva Math.<mask> was well-known not only in her own village but also in the surrounding hamlets, for her kind hearted nature, generosity and love. <mask> claimed Sri Shiva as Guru, and her inspiration is claimed to have come from Pothanna, who wrote Bhagavata

masks:
Atukuri Molla
Mollamamba
Molla
Molla
Molla
Molla
Molla


title: Atukuri Molla

texts:
 purana in Telugu. Like him, she was Saiva Hindu, but wrote the story of Rama (an incarnation of Vishnu) and also refused to dedicate her Ramayana to any king, a general practice for poets at the time. According to Varadarajn's book, "Study of Vaishnava Literature", as her popularity spread, she was invited to Sessions court and got an opportunity to recite Ramayana in front of Krishnadevaraya and his poets. She spent her old age at Srisailam in the presence of Sri Srikantha Malleswara. Works and style
Her work is known as Molla Ramayanam and is still one of the simplest of many Ramayans written in Telugu. She primarily used simple Telugu and only used Sanskrit words very rarely.Poets that had written earlier than her like Potana used Sanskrit words freely in their works. She was humble and paid tribute to the earlier scholars who had written the Ramayana in her book. The opening poem says – "Ramayana had been written many times. Does someone stop taking food because it has been taken every day? So is the story of Rama and one can write, read and love it as many number of times as possible. "Additionally, she states that if a work is filled with words that reader cannot understand instantaneously, it would be like a dialogue between a deaf person and a dumb person. In other words, poetry should be intelligible to the reader as he reads along and without referring to dictionaries and/or consulting scholars.According to <mask>, poetry should be like honey on the tongue—one should feel it as soon as the honey hits tongue. She added fictional accounts to original stories and in some instances, removed some portions from the original story. Sanskrit-to-Telugu translation works from earlier poets like Tikkana followed the exact story


title: Atukuri Molla

texts:
 sequences in the original work. She was contemporary to Srinatha and poets of the Vijayanagara Empire, who created Prabhandas which are known for adding fictions. Several critics have attested to her claim as valid. Her Ramayanam has been quoted as a work filled with native flavor, ease of diction and appealing to ordinary readers. In the royal court, the eight high class poets wanted to test <mask>’s poetic talent in front of the emperor.They asked her to demonstrate her talent by composing two stanzas, in a particular metre on the theme of ‘How the lordly elephant was saved from the grip of the crocodile who was stronger than himself’. This theme is found in the eighth canto of the second chapter of the Bhagavat Purana. And she was given only one minute to think. <mask> looked up at the heavens, then closed her eyes, mentally prayed to Sri Rama and in her melodious voice sang the two poems within the prescribed time. All the poets were struck dumb. She had been able to silence all of them. Then the poets of the royal court not only gave her the title of “Kavi Ratna” but also recommended to the king that he show great honour to this saint and poet.Later life
Returning to her native village, <mask> entrusted her Ramayana, which was already dedicated to Sri Kantha Malleswara, to the temple authorities. As her life's mission was over, she took leave of the deity as also of the village folk and left for Srisailam to spend the rest of her life performing great austerities. During her last days she also spent a great deal of time preaching to those seekers of God who came to her for inspiration and enlightenment. <mask> went into Mahasamadhi about A.D. 1530 at the ripe age of ninety years. Though <mask>'s physical body is gone, her

masks: Molla Molla Molla Molla Molla


title: Atukuri Molla

texts:
 life will continue to be a living example for ages to come. The poems <mask> composed throughout her life are sung wherever Telugu is spoken, throughout the country. Their simplicity and intense spiritual fervour have made them popular in the past five hundred years.Awards and honors
 Andhra Pradesh government erected a statue of her on the tankbund in Hyderabad along with few other Great Telugu personalities. A fictional account of her life story has been written by Inturi Venkateswara Rao, under the title Kummara Molla, published in 1969
Based on this novel, another writer Sunkara Satyanarayana wrote a ballad, which became very popular and has been sung all over Andhra Pradesh
 She was used as a symbol of women's advancement by women's associations. On one recent occasion a women's rights protest began at her statue in Hyderabad, in 2006. A movie Kathanayika Molla was made about her, with Vanisri playing the lead role. See also

Kathanayika Molla, a 1970 Telugu film produced and directed by B. Padmanabham. Potana, another poet and devotee who translated Bhagavata Purana. Tikkana, another ancient poet from Nellore.Timmakka, another ancient women poet in Telugu. References

External links
A news paper article about Molla background
Vepachedu Telugu Women author list

Indian women authors
Molla biography
A news article about Women holding candles in front of Molla

1440 births
1530 deaths
Indian women poets
Telugu poets
People from Rayalaseema
People from Kadapa district
15th-century Indian poets
16th-century Indian poets
15th-century Indian women writers
15th-century writers
16th-century Indian women writers
Poets from Andhra Pradesh
15th-century Indian translators
Vijayanagara Poets
Women of the Vjayanagara Empire
Sanskrit-Telugu


title: Mario Parente

texts: <mask>e was born in Hamilton, Ontario into a working class family of Italian immigrants. Parente was born and grew up in the "lower" part of Hamilton under "the Mountain" as locals call the Niagara Escarpment. "Lower" Hamilton is generally considered to be a more poorer area than "upper" Hamilton. As a teenager, he joined the Hamilton chapter of Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club in 1967. Despite being Italian-Canadian, Parente chose as his biker name "The Wop" in an attempt to turn a pejorative term into an affirmative one. The majority of the people in Ontario in 1967 were Protestants of British descent, and Parente stood out in the Hamilton chapter on the account of his Italian heritage, which he sought to turn to his advantage.Parente dislikes the name <mask>, which he considers to be effeminate, and prefers to be called Mike. Parente's first conviction came shortly after he joined Satan's Choice. Parente was convicted of assaulting a police officer, whom he saw beating a man who was already in handcuffs, leading Parente to attack the policeman. Parente has frequently worked as a construction worker, as a welder and as a bouncer. Detective Sergeant John Harris, a Hamilton policeman who first encountered Parente in 1967, stated: "Unlike a lot of guys, as soon as we started noticing him in Satan's Choice, he'd talk to us. Always had something to say, usually tried to be funny... He got into fights, and could sometimes be confrontational...He had this huge mop of black hair and a big, long beard. He kind of looked like Rasputin". Harris commented on the intense Italianness of Parente, saying "Parente looked

masks:
Mario Parenterent
Mario


title: Mario Parente

texts: Italian, acted Italian". Harris stated that Parente was usually jovial and friendly in his dealings with the police. He added: "One of the things I noticed about him early on was that he was always trying to improve himself, to educate himself. He always wanted to be more eloquent; and if he learned a new word, you could tell because he would use it over and over again in conversation until he found a new one". Parente developed a negative view of most policemen, calling them "bags of shit", but expressed much respect for Harris, despite him being on the other side of the law.Harris is a huge 6'7 man who once played football for the University of Minnesota and was described by the journalist Jerry Langton as "the biggest, most intimidating cop I've ever seen". Despite his respect for Harris, Parente stated that he could be "more physical than he had to be at times". Harris stated: "If you want to get on his good side, call him Mike; he hates being called <mask>". By 1969, Parente was widely viewed as the most toughest member of the Hamilton chapter. The policeman Carl MacLeod stated: "Parente would eventually achieve the exalted reputation among bikers of having a special patch which meant he had either been charged for murder or had a murder conviction to his perverted credit". In 1969, MacLeod raided the clubhouse of the Hamilton chapter, becoming involved in a tense confrontation with Parente and eight other bikers that only ended when police back-up arrived. By the 1970s, Parente had risen to become the chapter president.For a time, he was friendly with his future enemy Walter Stadnick, but the two


title: Mario Parente

texts:
 fell out when Parente vetoed Stadnick's attempt to join Satan's Choice on the grounds he was too short. In 1976, the Satan's Choice national president Bernie Guindon was imprisoned for drug charges, leading Garnet "Mother" McEwen to become the new national president. On 1 July 1977, McEwen together with a number of Satan's Choice chapters "patched over" to join the Outlaws Motorcycle Club. Parente and the Hamilton chapter chose to join the Outlaws. Outlaws
Harris stated Parente became more self-confident after he "patched over" to join the Outlaws. Harris stated: "He was always willing to talk to you, no matter what the situation was like when he was with Satan's Choice. But once he became an Outlaw, he really worked on his personality and he started speaking for the club.He was their spokesman... He was on his bike all the time. And he wore a lot of jewelry. Not just the Harley stuff all the other guys wore, but always things with the Outlaws logo on them; he was very proud to be part of the club". Parente had a reputation in underworld circles as a tough leader. The journalists Julien Sher and William Marsden called Parente the "seemingly invincible leader" of the Outlaws, who never lost a fight. Detective  Harris stated: "<mask> wasn't the smartest guy in the business, but he had all the nerve.A lot of guys act tough, but he was the one who would do everything he promised to do". One piece of jewelry Parente wore had the initials GLGC (Good-Looking Guys Club), which is an informal name the Outlaws use to describe themselves. Three Hamilton men, namely Lloyd Blaquierre, Michael Bierce, and Freddie


title: Mario Parente

texts: Weise had been looking to join the Satan's Choice Hamilton chapter and after the "patch over" found themselves unable to join the new Outlaw Hamilton chapter because they were black. Harris recalled: "The Outlaws said it was whites-only and they had to abide by that. So those guys were out; you could be Jewish or Mexican, but you just couldn't be black". Weise, Bierce, and Blaquierre formed the No-Name Motorcycle Club, better known as the "Not So Good-Looking Guys Club". Harris stated that <mask> and the rest of the Outlaws continued to associate with the Not So Good-Looking Guys Club but "they sure didn't like that name".The club ended when Weise, Bierce, and Blaquierre beat a man to death and dumped his body into Hamilton harbor, leading to their convictions and the club being disbanded. On 5 December 1977, the Popeyes Motorcycle Club of Montreal "patched over" to become the first Hells Angel chapter in Canada. On 17 February 1978, a biker war began between the Outlaws and the Hells Angels was when the Hells Angel Yves "Apache" Trudeau shot two Outlaws in Montreal, killing one. In October 1978, Stadnick travelled to Montreal to contact Yves Buteau, the Hells Angels national president to discuss having the Wild Ones "patch over" to become the first Hells Angels chapter in Ontario. Stadnick's plans were aborted by Le Tourbillion massacre on 12 October 1978 when two American Outlaws went into Le Tourbillion bar to shoot the Angels and Wild Ones who were meeting there, killing one of the Angels and two of the Wild Ones. The Hamilton Outlaw chapter killed 5 members of the Wild Ones, causing the latter gang


title: Mario Parente

texts: threat of personal harm to him that included the possibility of death". After Parente's release from prison, Brian Lewis later showed at a bar to confront Parente for killing his brother, leading to Parente to beat him up and expel him. Brian Lewis accidentally killed himself at a party when he was quite intoxicated and pointed his handgun at his head, saying "you wanna know what I'm going to do to Mike the Wop? This is what I'm gonna to do to Mike the Wop!" Lewis then pulled the trigger, sending a bullet straight through his brain. The final Lewis brother, Tim, was killed in an automobile accident.On 28 November 1992, Parente's then girlfriend, Linda DeMaria, was the target of an assassination attempt; the police believe that the bullets fired at her might have been meant for him. DeMaria was returning from a party with <mask> and several other friends. She had just parked her car in the driveway of <mask>'s house at about 2:00 am and was getting out of the vehicle when she was shot once in the lower back. The bullet fired from a 9mm handgun struck just above her pelvis and left via her abdomen, and she was rushed to the hospital where her life was saved. The police described <mask> and the other members of the group who witnessed the shooting as "co-operative up to a point". In 1992, Parente was accused of laundering money for the Mafia in connection with an Italian-born businessman, Vincenzo "Jimmy" DeMaria, but <mask> and DeMaria were able to prove a legitimate source for the money. In June 1993, Stadnick and the other Hells Angels leaders hosted a party in Wasaga Beach attended by the leaders of all

masks: Parente Parente Parente Parente


title: Mario Parente

texts: Murdock never made an attempt against Parente.Parente rose up to become the national president of the Outlaws. An Outlaw-turned-police informer known to the media as "BK" owning to a court order described him: "<mask> was a paranoid guy. Never used the phone. Never wrote anything down. Multimillionaire <mask> was for <mask>. Sold drugs by the kilo". The journalist Alex Caine described Stadnick, who had become the Hells Angels national president in 1988, as the better strategist as Stadnick saw establishing the Angels in Winnipeg as important to creating a national club while Parente was only focused on Ontario.The journalists Julian Sher and William Marsden wrote that Manitoba was crucial because it was "the axis of distribution for any drugs moving east and west in the country". Caine described Parente as the traditional biker leader, a working-class tough guy while calling Stadnick a modern biker leader who was more alike to a corporate CEO. According to the police informer BK, the American leadership of the Outlaws disliked Parente as BK stated: "He wanted money from the U.S., but they didn't like him down there. He couldn't tell the truth. They'd ask him how many members there were in Canada and he'd say 200 when we had maybe 60". BK stated the general feeling was that "<mask> was for <mask>". The journalist Jerry Langton described Parente as the "main reason" why the Hells Angels had such difficulty becoming established in Ontario, despite trying to enter the Ontario market from 1978 onward.In the summer of 2000, Stadnick made an offer to most of the Ontario outlaw biker gangs that was too sweet for

masks: Mario Mario Mario Mario Mario


title: Mario Parente

texts: raids, the police seized five stolen motorcycles, one stolen truck, 44 guns, drugs worth about $1.6 million dollars and five Outlaw clubhouses. All 58 Outlaws in Ontario were arrested. One of Parente's neighbors described him: "Really nice – I mean, we all knew he was this important biker – but he was never anything other than polite and pleasant as far as I knew". Elizabeth Maguire, the Crown Attorney prosecuting Parente, met twice in private with Justice John Getliffe before Parente's preliminary hearing (the Canadian equivalent to the grand jury phrase of a trial) where she gained the impression that Getliffe intended to convict Parente and declare the Outlaws a criminal organization.Believing that case had already been decided, Maguire did not call many witnesses at the preliminary hearing to avoid exposing them to questions from Parente's lawyer, Jack Pinkofsky. On 30 June 2004, Getliffe dismissed the charges against Parente, saying that the Crown had failed to present enough evidence. In response, Maguire chose to engage in the rare legal maneuver of preferring an indictment, asking the Attorney-General to reinstate the charges against Parente, leading to a committee of experts headed by Deputy Attorney General Murray Segal to have Parente charged again. The Crown frequently offered <mask> a plea bargain under which the would drop the charges against him if he were to confess to being a member of a criminal organization, an offer that Parente always rejected. In June 2005, Pinkofsky filed an abuse of process motion against Maguire, arguing that her private meetings with Getliffe were illegal. When


title: Mario Parente

texts: informer was unwilling to testify, making a conviction impossible. With BK unwilling to testify, the case against Parenete collapsed.Parente stated that the case against him was weak, which was BK chose not to testify. Isnor by contrast stated: "After six and a half years, he was tired, not as sure he could provide accurate evidence. I've got to hand it to Pinkofsky for dragging the trial on that long". Through <mask> and Ferreira had the charges against them dropped in 2009, Project Retire crippled the Outlaws in Ontario as the club was only a shadow of its former self with almost all of its members being convicted. Isnor stated about the outcome of the <mask> case: "My job was not to put <mask>e behind bars. It was to put the Outlaws out of business in Ontario". In 2009, Parente sued the Crown to seek the return of his confiscated assets, which the Crown refused to do under the grounds that Parente was a member of a criminal organization.The Crown's argument was that even through the charges against Parente were dropped, because other Outlaws confessed to being members of a criminal organization that his assets were still forfeited to the Crown. In an interview published with Peter Edwards, the crime correspondent of the Toronto Star published on 30 March 2009, Parente expressed much fury at the Crown, saying: "If there was so much evidence, why didn't the Crown come forward with it?". About his lifestyle, Parente stated: ""I have to say I'm not a saint. I've made mistakes... I'm not claiming that I'm goody two-shoes." Parente also expressed his disgust with his fellow Outlaws, saying: "They (other

masks:
Parente
Parente
Mario Parent


title: Mario Parente

texts:
 Outlaws) were out partying and didn't donate a dime to help out. I don't get a nickel of support from anybody to fight something that implicates everybody... With brothers like that, who needs enemies?"In the same interview, he announced his resignation as Outlaws national president, saying he was angry at the lack of support from the other Outlaws, whom he had no respect for. Parente concluded the interview by saying he was now intending to work as a construction contactor. <mask> was replaced as the Outlaws national president with Richard "Dooker" Williams. Life after the Outlaws
In 2009, Parente approached the author Jerry Langton to write his biography. Langton described <mask> as a man standing 6'0 tall with a head shaven completely bald, a Fu Manchu mustache and a face bearing the scars of the many fights he has been in over the years. He described Parente as a highly muscular man as he acquired the habit of lifting weights while he was in prison. In terms of personality, Langton described Parente as being alike to the persona projected by the actor Joe Pesci as "...he gave off a similar but far less unctuous vibe...It was hard not to be charmed by his mixture of wit, bonhomie and strident speech". Langton stated in 2010 about the writing process: "Parente approached me originally to write his life story as he saw it, but I couldn’t do that. I had to investigate things for myself. He got angry at me a couple of times, because he came into the process with certain things in mind that he wanted to get accomplished. He wanted me to tell the story as he saw it, and when I didn’t agree with that, he got

masks: Parente Parente


title: Robert L. Birmingham

texts:
<mask><mask> is an American academic and legal scholar, who specializes in admiralty law, federal courts, energy law, and law and philosophy. He is a professor of law at the University of Connecticut School of Law. He is best known for originating the theory of efficient breach of contract. Education
In 1960, <mask> earned an AB from the University of Pittsburgh. In 1963, he earned his JD at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law. While earning his law degree, <mask> distinguished himself as editor-in-chief of the University of Pittsburgh Law Review. While completing his third and final law school year, and also serving as law journal editor-in-chief, <mask> was enrolled in the first year of a PhD program in economics.After receiving his law degree, <mask> traveled to New England, where he earned his advanced law degree, an LL.M, from Harvard University (1965). <mask> returned to the University of Pittsburgh where, in 1967, he completed his doctorate in economics, and then a PhD in philosophy in 1976. Career

<mask>'s first teaching position was as visiting assistant professor of law at Ohio State University in 1967. From there he moved on and taught as assistant professor of law at Indiana University, Bloomington from 1967 to 1971. During the debate over the adoption of the proposed Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, extending the right to vote to persons over the age of 18, <mask> came down firmly in favor of ratifying the amendment, noting that successive presidential and congressional combinations could otherwise raise or lower the voting age at will. Upon ascending to Associate Professor in 1971, <mask> stayed for

masks:
Robert L
. Birmingham
Birmingham
Birmingham
Birmingham
Birmingham
Birmingham
Birmingham
Birmingham
Birmingham


title: Sathya Sai Baba

texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; 23 November 192624 April 2011) was an Indian guru. At the age of fourteen he claimed that he was the reincarnation of <mask>, and left his home and began to accept devotees. <mask>'s believers credited him with miracles such as materialisations of vibhuti (holy ash) and other small objects such as rings, necklaces and watches, along with reports of miraculous healings, resurrections, clairvoyance, bilocation and was allegedly omnipotent and omniscient. Multiple studies have concluded that his acts were based on sleight of hand or had other explanations that were not supernatural, although his devotees believe them to be signs of his divinity. The Sathya Sai Organisation, founded by <mask> "to enable its members to undertake service activities as a means to spiritual advancement", has over 1,200 Sathya Sai Centres (branches) in 126 countries. Through this organisation, <mask> established a network of free super speciality hospitals and general hospitals, clinics, drinking water projects, a university, auditoriums, ashrams and schools. Biography

Early life

Almost everything known about <mask>'s early life stems from the hagiography that grew around him, narratives that hold special meaning to his devotees and are considered by them to be evidence of his divine nature.According to these sources, <mask> Narayana Raju was born on 23 November 1926 to Meesaraganda Easwaramma and Peddavenkama Raju Ratnakaram, to a Bhatraju  family, a community of religious musicians and balladeers, in the village of Puttaparthi which was the Madras Presidency of British India. His birth was alleged by his mother Easwaramma to be of a miraculous conception. He was the fourth

masks:
Sathya Sai Baba
Ratnakaram Sathyanarayana Raju
Shirdi Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sathya Sai Baba
Sathya Sai Baba
Sathya Sai Baba
Sathya


title: Sathya Sai Baba

texts:
 among the five children of his parents. <mask> <mask>'s siblings included elder brother Ratnakaram Seshama Raju (1911–1985), elder sisters Venkamma (1918–1993) and Parvathamma (1920–1998), and younger brother Janakiramaiah (1931–2003). As a child, he was described as "unusually intelligent" and charitable, though not necessarily academically inclined, as his interests were of a more spiritual nature. He was uncommonly talented in devotional music, dance and drama. From a young age, he has been alleged to have been capable of materialising objects such as food and sweets out of thin air.Proclamation

On 8 March 1940, while living with his elder brother Seshama Raju in Uravakonda, a small town near Puttaparthi, 14-year-old <mask> was allegedly stung by a scorpion. He lost consciousness for several hours and in the next few days underwent a noticeable change in behaviour. There were "symptoms of laughing and weeping, eloquence and silence." It is claimed that then "he began to sing Sanskrit verses, a language of which it is alleged he had no prior knowledge." Doctors concluded his behaviour to be hysteria. Concerned, his parents brought <mask> back home to Puttaparthi and took him to many priests, doctors and exorcists. One of the exorcists at Kadiri, a town near Puttaparthi, went to the extent of torturing him with the aim of curing him.On 23 May 1940, Sathya called household members and reportedly materialised sugar candy (prasad) and flowers for them. His father became furious at seeing this, thinking his son was bewitched. He took a stick and threatened to beat him if Sathya did not reveal who he really was, the young Sathya responded calmly and firmly "I am <mask>", a

masks:
Sathya
Sai Baba
Sathya
Sathya
Sai Baba


title: Sathya Sai Baba

texts:
 reference to <mask> of Shirdi. This was the first time he proclaimed himself to be the reincarnation of <mask> of Shirdi—a saint who became famous in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Maharashtra and had died eight years before <mask> was born. It was then he came to be known as 'Sathya <mask>'. First mandir and development of Puttaparthi

In 1944, a mandir for <mask>'s devotees was built near the village of Puttaparthi. It is now referred to as the "old mandir".The construction of Prashanthi Nilayam, the current ashram, began in 1948 and was completed in 1950. In 1954, <mask> established a small free general hospital in the village of Puttaparthi. He won fame for his reputed mystical powers and ability to heal. In 1957 <mask> went on a North Indian temple tour. Stroke, prediction of reincarnation and sole foreign tour

In 1963, it was asserted that <mask> suffered a stroke and four severe heart attacks, which left him paralysed on one side. These events culminated in an event where he apparently healed himself in front of the thousands of people gathered in Prashanthi Nilayam who were then praying for his recovery. On recovering, <mask> announced that he would one day next be reborn as an incarnation named Prema <mask> in the neighbouring state of Karnataka.He stated, "I am Shiva-Sakthi, born in the gotra (lineage) of Bharadwaja, according to a boon won by that sage from Siva and Sakthi. Siva was born in the gotra of that sage as <mask> of Shirdi; Shiva and Sakthi have incarnated as Myself in his gotra now; Sakthi alone will incarnate as the third <mask> (Prema <mask>) in the same gotra in Mandya district of Karnataka State." He stated he would be born again eight

masks:
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sathya
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai
Sai Baba


title: Sathya Sai Baba

texts:
 years after his death at the age of 96, but died at the age of 84. On 29 June 1968, <mask> made his only overseas trip, to Kenya and Uganda. Later years

In 1968, he established Dharmakshetra or the Sathyam Mandir in Mumbai. In 1973, he established the Shivam Mandir in Hyderabad. On 19 January 1981, in Chennai, he inaugurated the Sundaram Mandir.In a 1993 incident, four intruders armed with knives entered his bedroom, either as an assassination attempt or as part of a power struggle between his followers. <mask> was unharmed. During the scuffle and the police response, the intruders and two of <mask>'s attendants were killed. The official investigation left questions unanswered. In March 1995, <mask> started a project to provide drinking water to 1.2 million people in the drought-prone Rayalaseema region in the Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh. In April 1999 he inaugurated the Ananda Nilayam Mandir in Madurai, Tamil Nadu. In 2001 he established another free super-speciality hospital in Bangalore to benefit the poor.Old age, illness and death

In 2003, <mask> suffered a fractured hip when a student standing on an iron stool slipped and the boy and stool both fell on him. After that he gave darshana from a car or his porte chair. After 2004, <mask> used a wheelchair and began to make fewer public appearances. On 28 March 2011, <mask> was admitted to the Sri Sathya Sai Super Speciality Hospital, named after and started by himself,
at Prashantigram at Puttaparthi, following respiration-related problems. After nearly a month of hospitalisation, during which his condition progressively deteriorated, he died on Sunday, 24 April at 7:40 IST, aged 84. <mask> had predicted that he

masks:
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba


title: Sathya Sai Baba

texts:
 would die at age 96 and would remain healthy until then. After he died, some devotees suggested that he was referring to that many lunar years, as counted by Telugu-speaking Hindus, rather than solar years, and using the Indian way of accounting for age, which counts the year to come as part of the person's life.Other devotees have spoken of his anticipated resurrection, reincarnation or awakening. Funeral and mourning

His body lay in state for two days and was buried with full state honours on 27 April 2011. An estimated 500,000 people attended the burial. Political leaders and prominent figures attending included then Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Congress president Sonia Gandhi, Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi (who later became Prime Minister of India), cricketer Sachin Tendulkar and Union Ministers S. M. Krishna and Ambika Soni. Political leaders who offered their condolences included the then Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa and the Dalai Lama. Cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, whose birthday was that day, cancelled his birthday celebrations. The Hindu newspaper reported that "Sri <mask> <mask>'s propagation of spiritualism and preaching of Hindu philosophy never came in the way of his commitment to secular beliefs."The Government of Karnataka declared 25 and 26 April as days of mourning and Andhra Pradesh declared 25, 26, and 27 April as days of mourning. Sathya Sai Organisation

The Sathya Sai Organisation (or Sri Sathya Sai Seva Organization) was founded in the 1960s by <mask> Sai <mask>. Initially called the "Sri Sathya Sai Seva Samithi", it was established "to enable its members to undertake service activities as

masks:
Sathya
Sai Baba
Sathya
Baba


title: Sathya Sai Baba

texts: a means to spiritual advancement." The Sathya Sai Organisation reports that there are an estimated 1,200 Sathya Sai Baba Centres in 114 countries. However, the number of active Sai Baba followers is hard to determine. Estimates vary from 6 million up to nearly 100 million. In India itself, <mask> Baba drew followers predominantly from the upper-middle-class, the urban sections of society who have the "most wealth, education and exposure to Western ideas."In 2002, he claimed to have followers in 178 countries. <mask> <mask> founded a large number of schools and colleges, hospitals, and other charitable institutions in India and abroad, the net financial capital of which is usually estimated at  400 billion (US$9 billion). However, estimates as high as  1.4 trillion (about US$31.5bn) have also been made. After his death, questions about the manner in which the finances of the organisation were going to be managed led to speculations of impropriety, with some reports suggesting that suitcases containing cash and/or gold had been removed from his personal lodgings. On 17 June 2011, officials from the Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust opened his private residence in the presence of government, bank and tax department officials. In the private residence, which had been sealed since his death, they inventoried 98 kg of gold ornaments, approximate value Rs 21 crores (US$4.7m), 307 kg of silver ornaments, approximate value Rs 16 million (US$0.36m), and Rs 116 million (US$2.6m) in cash. The cash was deposited into the Sai Trust's account at the State Bank of India with payment of government taxes (thus transferring them from religious gifts to Trust assets.)The gold and other items were

masks:
Sai
Sathya
Sai Baba


title: Sathya Sai Baba

texts:
 inventoried, assessed, and placed in secure storage. In July, district authorities inventoried an additional Rs 7.7 million (US$0.17m) in valuables in another 4 rooms. The total value of these items is believed to exceed 7.8 million US dollars. Also inventoried at Yajurmandir were thousands of pure silk sarees, dhotis, shirts, 500 pairs of shoes, dozens of bottles of perfume and hairspray, watches, a large number of silver and gold "mangala sutrams", and precious stones such as diamonds. There were also 750 saffron and white robes of the type <mask> wore. In July 2011, a similar opening of his Bangalore-area ashram tallied 6 kg of gold coins and jewellery, 245 kg of silver articles and Rs 8 million in cash. These items and goods are believed to have been donated over the years by <mask>'s devotees from all over the world as religious gifts.Recognition

On 23 November 1999, the Department of Posts, Government of India, released a postage stamp and a postal cover in recognition of the service rendered by <mask> in addressing the problem of providing safe drinking water to the rural masses. Another commemorative stamp was released on the occasion of what would have been his 88th birthday during November 2013. In January 2007, an event was held in Chennai Nehru Stadium organised by the Chennai Citizens' Conclave to thank <mask> for the 2 billion water project which brought water from the River Krishna in Andhra Pradesh to Chennai city. Four chief ministers attended the function. Ashrams and mandirs

Prasanthi Nilayam

Puttaparthi, where <mask> was born and lived, was originally a small, remote South Indian village in Andhra Pradesh. Now there is an extensive university complex,

masks:
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba


title: Sathya Sai Baba

texts:
 a speciality hospital, and two museums: the Sanathana Samskruti or Eternal Heritage Museum, sometimes called the Museum of All Religions, and the Chaitanya Jyoti, devoted exclusively to the life and teachings of <mask>; the latter has won several international awards for its architectural design. There is also a planetarium, a railway station, a hill-view stadium, an administrative building, an airport, an indoor sports stadium and more.High-ranking Indian politicians such as the former president A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, former prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Andhra Pradesh former chief minister Konijeti Rosaiah and Karnataka chief minister B. S. Yeddyurappa have been official guests at the ashram in Puttaparthi. It was reported that well over a million people attended <mask>'s 80th birthday celebration, including 13,000 delegates from India and 180 other countries. <mask> resided much of the time in his main ashram, Prashanthi Nilayam (Abode of Highest Peace), at Puttaparthi. In the summer he often left for his other ashram, Brindavan, in Kadugodi, Whitefield, a town on the outskirts of Bangalore. Occasionally he visited his Sai Shruti ashram in Kodaikanal. Characteristics, beliefs and practices of devotees

Reliable sources often describe <mask>'s following as a "movement". A study by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) states "A worldwide mass religious movement is growing around the Indian holy man and miracle worker, <mask> <mask>."later noting, "The Sai Baba movement is likely to eventually become another worldwide religion." Scholars often refer to it as either a "New Religious Movement" (NRM) or as a cult, reflecting what Robbins and Zablocki, two social science

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texts: researchers, call "the divisive polarization, which, at least until recently, has plagued the academic study of religious movements." between two camps within academia, each preferring one term over the other (i.e. NRM or cult) for such groups. It has been noted by Eugene Gallagher, a noted professor of religious studies, that in more modern times "'New Religious Movement', is the classification preferred by most academics, who see 'cult' as a pejorative term. <mask>'s following is regarded by most scholars to be of Hindu persuasion. <mask> claimed to be the reincarnation of <mask> of Shirdi, and his followers considered him to be the Avatar of Shiva.<mask> of Shirdi was known to combine Islamic and Hindu teachings; still Charles S. J. White, of The American University at Washington D.C., noted of <mask> <mask> in 1972, that "there is no discernible Muslim influence." Stephanie Tallings, in The Harvard international Review, noted <mask>'s following is drawn from people of all religions, ethnicities, and social classes. Lawrence A. Babb, of the Amherst College in Massachusetts, labelled Sai Baba movement as a cult in the 1980s, calling it "deeply and authentically Hindu..." and noted, "The most striking feature of this cult, however, is the extremely strong emphasis given to the miraculous." However, a scholarly review claims Babb misapplies the word “cult”, responding, "the so-called 'cult' of Satya <mask> seems to possess all such characteristics which are, according to the author, central to a religious movement." Deborah A. Swallow, of the University of Cambridge, referred to it as a cult and said that the "ritual and theology, then, unlike <mask> [of Shirdi]'s, is

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texts: distinctly Hindu in form and content."But John D. Kelly, a professor of anthropology at the University of Chicago, wrote about Hindu missions in Fiji that the Sathya Sai Organization (which is part of the movement) rejected the label Hindu. According to Kelly, they see their founder as the "living synthesis of the world's religious traditions" and prefer to be classified as an interfaith movement. But he observed that Sai Baba mission is a Hindu mission as active as Christian or Muslim missions. In a 2001 scholarly book Tulasi Srinivas, notes, "The Sathya Sai global civil religious movement incorporates Hindu and Muslim practices, Buddhist, Christian, and Zoroastrian influences, and "New Age"-style rituals and beliefs.’ And in the appendix of the book (p. 349) lists 10 scholarly authors/researchers in both Europe and America who all refer to it as a New Religious Movement (NRM). <mask> was known for his quote "Love All, Serve All. Help Ever, Hurt Never." Internationally, his devotees gather daily, or weekly on Sundays or Thursdays or both, for devotional songs, prayer, spiritual meditation, service to the community (Seva), and to participate in "Education in Human Values" (SSEHV) known as "Bal Vikas" (Blossoming of the Child).Followers believed in seeking the spiritual benefit of <mask>'s darshan, scheduled for morning and afternoon each day. <mask> would interact with people, accept letters or call groups or individuals for interviews. Devotees considered it a great privilege to have an interview and sometimes a single person, group or family was invited for a private interview for answers to spiritual questions and general guidance. The Vancouver Sun in 2001 reported that

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 <mask> told his adherents not to browse the internet. Criticism

Accusations
Accusations against <mask> <mask> by his critics over the years have included sleight of hand, sexual abuse, money laundering, fraud in the performance of service projects, and murder. In 1972 Abraham Kovoor made the first public criticism of <mask> <mask> when he looked into a claim publicly narrated by one devotee that <mask> had created a new model of a Seiko watch, and found the claim to be untrue. In April 1976, Hossur Narasimhaiah, a physicist, rationalist and then vice-chancellor of Bangalore University, founded and chaired a committee "to rationally and scientifically investigate miracles and other verifiable superstitions".Narasimhaiah wrote <mask> three widely publicised letters challenging him to perform his miracles under controlled conditions. The letters were ignored. <mask> <mask> said that he ignored Narasimhaiah's challenge because he felt that a scientific approach to spiritual issues was improper, adding that "Science must confine its inquiry only to things belonging to the human senses, while spiritualism transcends the senses. If you want to understand the nature of spiritual power you can do so only through the path of spirituality and not science. What science has been able to unravel is merely a fraction of the cosmic phenomena ..." Narasimhaiah's committee was dissolved in August 1977. Narasimhaiah held the fact that <mask> ignored his letters to be an indication that his miracles were fraudulent. As a result of this episode, a public debate raged for several months in Indian newspapers.Indian rationalist Basava Premanand, who began campaigning against <mask> <mask> in

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 1976, unsuccessfully attempted to sue him in 1986 for violations of the Gold Control Act, citing <mask>'s purported materialisations of gold objects. When the case was dismissed, Premanand unsuccessfully appealed on the grounds that claimed spiritual power is not a defence recognised in law. A 1995 TV documentary Guru Busters, produced by filmmaker Robert Eagle for the UK's Channel 4, accused <mask> of faking his materialisations. The clip from the film was mentioned in the Deccan Chronicle, on 23 November 1992, in a front-page headline "DD Tape Unveils Baba Magic". Claims of <mask> resurrecting American devotee Walter Cowan in 1971 have been discussed by British journalist Mick Brown in his book The Spiritual Tourist from 1998,  and subsequently by Erlendur Haraldsson, who interviewed doctors attending Cowan at the hospital; these physicians reported that Cowan had been dangerously ill but had not died. Brown also related his experiences with the alleged manifestations of vibhuti from <mask>'s pictures in houses in London, which he felt were not fraudulent or the result of trickery. Brown wrote with regards to <mask>'s claims of omniscience, that "sceptics have produced documentation clearly showing discrepancies between <mask>'s reading of historical events and biblical prophecies, and the established accounts."Allegations of  abuse
In January 2002, a documentary produced by Denmark's national television and radio broadcast company, Danmarks Radio (DR), called Seduced By <mask>, analysed videos of public manifestations of <mask> and suggested that they could be explained as sleight of hand. The documentary also presented interviews with Alaya Rahm, former devotee of <mask>

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 <mask>, where he alleged abuse by <mask> <mask>. As a result, in 2002 the parliament of the United Kingdom discussed the  danger to male children of British families intending to visit the ashram of Sathya Sai <mask> in case of individual audiences with the guru. In 2004, the BBC produced a documentary titled The Secret Swami as part of its series "The World Uncovered". One central theme of the BBC documentary was again Alaya Rahm's sexual abuse allegations against <mask> <mask>. This documentary interviewed him together with Mark Roche, who had spent 25 years of his life since 1969 in the movement and alleged abuse by <mask>. The show also featured allegations from <mask> critic Basava Premanand.Premanand stated in the documentary that, in his opinion, <mask> faked his materialisations. Responses
<mask> <mask> and his followers reject any allegations of misconduct. Devotee Bill Aitken was quoted by The Week as saying that <mask> <mask>'s reputation had not been harmed by the negative stories published about him. He said that the more detractors railed against <mask> <mask>, the more new devotees went to see him. In the article Divine Downfall, published in the Daily Telegraph, Anil Kumar, the ex-principal of the Sathya Sai Educational Institute, said that he believed that the controversy was part of <mask> <mask>'s divine plan and that all great religious teachers had to face criticism during their lives. Anil Kumar also said that allegations had been levelled at <mask> <mask> since childhood, but with every criticism he had become more and more triumphant. In the book Redemptive Encounters: Three Modern Styles in the Hindu Tradition, Lawrence A. Babb wrote of <mask>

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 <mask>, "Whoever he is, he is certainly more than the mere parlour magician many of his critics claim that he is."<mask> <mask> publicly responded to the allegations in his Christmas day message on 25 December 2000:

The Times of India on 26 December 2000 quoted <mask> <mask> as saying:

In an official letter made public in December 2001, Atal Bihari Vajpayee (then Prime Minister of India and a devotee of <mask>), P.N. Bhagwati (Former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India), Ranganath Misra (Chair Person, National Human Rights Commissioner of India and Former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India), Najma Heptulla (President of the Inter-Parliamentary Union; UNDP Distinguished Human Development Ambassador) and Shivraj Patil (Member of Parliament, India; Formerly of the Lok Sabha & Union Minister) all signed the following statement:

References

Further reading

External links

 International Sai Organization

1926 births
2011 deaths
Founders of new religious movements
Indian Hindu spiritual teachers
People from Anantapur district
People from Rayalaseema
People considered avatars by their followers
Puttaparthi
Psychokineticists
Religious pluralism
Self-declared messiahs
Tantra
Indian philanthropists
Tantric practices
Telugu people
Burials in India
Modern yoga

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title: Fakhri Pasha

texts:
Ömer Fahrettin Türkkan, commonly known as <mask> and nicknamed the Defender of Medina, was a Turkish career officer, who was the commander of the Ottoman Army and governor of Medina from 1916 to 1919. He was nicknamed "The Lion of the Desert" and "The Tiger of the Desert" by the British and Arabs for his patriotism in Medina and is known for defending Medina in the Siege of Medina during World War I. Early life

He was born in Rusçuk (present day Ruse) to mother Fatma Adile Hanım and father Mehmed Nahid Bey. He had a younger sister Sabiha Hanım, who was married to ‘Alī Ḥaydar Pāshā. Due to the Russo-Turkish War his family moved to Istanbul in 1878. He joined the War Academy and in 1888 graduated from it. His first posting was on the eastern border with Armenia in the Fourth Army.In 1908 he came to Istanbul and joined the First Regular Army. In 1911–12 he was sent to Libya and when the Balkan War broke out, he was the commander of the 31st Division stationed at Gallipoli. His unit recaptured Adrianople (present day Edirne) from Bulgaria and he entered into the city along with Enver <mask>. Family

He married Ayşe Sıdıka Hanımefendi (1884–1959) in 1900, who was the daughter of Ferik Ahmet Paşa. They had five children:
Suphiye Türkkan 1904–1978 (daughter)
Mehmed Selim Türkkan 1908–1991 (son)
Mehmed Orhan Türkkan 1910–1994 (son)
Ayşe Nermin Türkkan 1919–1997 (daughter)
Ayhan Türkkan 1928–1959 (son)

World War I
In 1914, before the Ottoman Army was mobilized, Staff Colonel Fahreddin Bey was appointed the commander of the XII Corps stationed in Mosul. He was promoted to the rank of Mirliva on 12 November 1914 and appointed to the Deputy Commander of the

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texts:
 Fourth Army stationed in Aleppo. Defender of Medina
During World War I, after Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, started preparing for a revolt against the Ottoman Empire, Fahreddin, upon the orders of Djemal <mask> on 23 May 1916 moved toward Medina in Hejaz to defend it; he was appointed the commander of the Hejaz Expeditionary Force on 17 July 1916.Medina was besieged by the Arab forces who revolted against the Ottoman Sultan and sided with the British against Fahreddin <mask>, but he stood his ground and defended the city. He also protected the single-track narrow gauge Hejaz Railway from sabotage by the Hejazi army Turkish garrisons of the isolated small train stations withstood the continuous night attacks and secured the tracks against increasing number of attacks (around 130 major attacks in 1917 and hundreds in 1918, including more than 300 bombs on 30 April 1918). With the withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from the war with the Armistice of Mudros between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I on 30 October 1918, it was expected that Fahreddin would also surrender. But he refused to do so and rejected the armistice. During the siege of Medina, Fahreddin sent the sacred artefacts and manuscripts of Medina to Istanbul in order to protect them from seizure. Most of the manuscripts were returned to Medina by the Ottoman Empire and are now in libraries in the city, while the rest remain in the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul. According to eye-witness memoirs of Turkish author Feridun Kandemir, who was a Red Crescent volunteer of that time in Medina, one Friday in the spring of 1918, after prayers in Masjid al-Nabawi (also known as the

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 Prophet's Mosque), Fahreddin addressed the troops:

"Soldiers!I appeal to you in the name of the Prophet, my witness. I command you to defend him and his city to the last cartridge and the last breath, irrespective of the strength of the enemy. May Allah help us, and may the prayers of Muhammad be with us. "Officers of the heroic Turkish army! O little Muhammads, come forward and promise me, before our Lord and the Prophet, to honor your faith with the supreme sacrifice of your lives." Fahreddin <mask> had said that he had a vision in a dream that the prophet Muhammad had ordered him not to submit. In August 1918, he received a call to surrender from Sharif Husain of Mecca.Fahreddin <mask> replied him in these words:

"Fakhr-ud-Din, General, Defender of the Most Sacred City of Medina. Servant of the Prophet. In the name of Allah, the Omnipotent. To him who broke the power of Islam, caused bloodshed among Muslims, jeopardized the caliphate of the Commander of the Faithful, and exposed it to the domination of the British. On Thursday night the fourteenth of Dhu'l-Hijja, I was walking, tired and worn out, thinking of the protection and defense of Medina, when I found myself among unknown men working in a small square. Then I saw standing before me a man with a sublime countenance. He was the Prophet, may Allah's blessing be upon him!His left arm rested on his hip under his robe, and he said to me in a protective manner, 'Follow me.' I followed him two or three paces and woke up. I immediately proceeded to his sacred mosque and prostrated myself in prayer and thanks [near his tomb]. I am now under the protection of the Prophet, my Supreme Commander. I am


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 busying myself with strengthening the defenses, building roads and squares in Medina. Trouble me not with useless offers." He refused to hand over his sword even upon the receipt of a direct order from the Ottoman minister of war.The Ottoman government was upset at his behavior and the Sultan Mehmed VI dismissed him from his post. He refused to do so and kept the flag of the Ottoman Sultan flying in Medina until 72 days after the end of the war. After the Armistice of Mudros the closest Ottoman unit was  from Medina. He replied to an ultimatum from British General Reginald Wingate on 15 December 1918 with the words:"I am a Muhammadan. I am an Osmanli. I am the son of Bayer Bay. I am a soldier."Fahreddin was arrested by his own men and brought to Abdullah on 9 January 1919 at Bir Darwish. Abdullah entered Medina shortly after the surrender, followed by Ali who entered the city on 2 February 1919. Life after war
After Fahreddin <mask>'s arrest, he was brought to the military barracks at Cairo, Egypt. Later he was transferred to Malta, where he lived as a prisoner of war until 1921. After his release, he joined the Turkish forces under the command of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and fought against the Greek and French armies occupying Anatolia. After the Turkish War of Independence, he was Turkey's ambassador to Kabul, Afghanistan from 1922 to 1926. In 1936, he was promoted to the rank of Ferik (lieutenant general) and retired from the army.Fahreddin <mask> died on 22 November 1948, after suffering a heart attack during a train trip in the vicinity of Eskişehir. According to his wishes, he was buried in the Aşiyan Cemetery in İstanbul. Legacy
In December 2017


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 Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Foreign Minister of the United Arab Emirates, sparked a diplomatic rift with Turkey by sharing a post on his personal social media account aimed at exposing Fahreddin and his forces for stealing manuscripts from Medina among other crimes against the local population during the siege. In response, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called the Foreign Minister ignorant and said, "Some impertinent man sinks low and goes as far as accusing our ancestors of theft... What spoiled this man? He was spoiled by oil, by the money he has. When my ancestors were defending Medina, you impudent (man), where were yours? First, you have to give account for this."A few days later, the Turkish government changed the name of the Ankara street where the UAE Embassy is located to Fahreddin <mask>. See also
Siege of Medina

Sources

 Public Record Office, London. F. O./371
 Emel Esin, Mecca The Blessed, Medinah The Radiant (London, 1963), p. 190

External links
 Picture of Fahreddin Pasha
 Campaign of Arabia, detailing the Arabian Peninsula front
 Photo of Fahreddin <mask> inspecting troops in Medina
 Photo of Fahreddin <mask> (sitting right) with Ali Necip Bey

1868 births
1948 deaths
People from Ruse, Bulgaria
Ottoman Military Academy alumni
Ottoman Military College alumni
Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars
Ottoman military personnel of World War I
Ottoman Army generals
Pashas
History of Medina
Ottoman prisoners of war
World War I prisoners of war held by the United Kingdom
Ambassadors of Turkey to Afghanistan
Burials at Aşiyan Asri Cemetery
Ottoman military personnel of the Italo-Turkish War
Arab Revolt
Bulgarian Turks in

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title: Empress Dowager Cixi

texts: Empress Dowager <mask> ( ; ; formerly romanised as Empress Dowager T'zu-hsi; 29 November 1835 – 15 November 1908), of the Manchu Yehe Nara clan, was a Chinese noblewoman, concubine and later regent who effectively controlled the Chinese government in the late Qing dynasty for 47 years, from 1861 until her death in 1908. Selected as a concubine of the Xianfeng Emperor in her adolescence, she gave birth to a son, Zaichun, in 1856. After the Xianfeng Emperor's death in 1861, the young boy became the Tongzhi Emperor, and she assumed the role of co-empress dowager, alongside the Emperor's widow, Empress Dowager Ci'an. Cixi ousted a group of regents appointed by the late emperor and assumed the regency along with Ci'an, who later died under mysterious circumstances. Cixi then consolidated control over the dynasty when she installed her nephew as the Guangxu Emperor at the death of her son, the Tongzhi Emperor, in 1875. This was contrary to the traditional rules of succession of the Qing dynasty that had ruled China since 1644. Cixi supervised the Tongzhi Restoration, a series of moderate reforms that helped the regime survive until 1911.Although Cixi refused to adopt Western models of government, she supported technological and military reforms and the Self-Strengthening Movement. She supported the principles of the Hundred Days' Reforms of 1898, but feared that sudden implementation, without bureaucratic support, would be disruptive and that the Japanese and other foreign powers would take advantage of any weakness. She placed the Guangxu Emperor, who, she thought, had tried to


title: Empress Dowager Cixi

texts: was the position of Prince Gong, who was Prince-Regent in the imperial court. Prince Gong gathered under his command the support of all outstanding Han Chinese armies. In addition, Prince Gong controlled daily court affairs as the head of the Grand Council and the Zongli Yamen (the de facto foreign affairs ministry). With his increasing stature, Prince Gong was considered a threat to Cixi and her power.Although Prince Gong was rewarded for his conduct and recommendation of Zeng Guofan before the Taiping rebels' defeat, <mask> was quick to move after Cai Shouqi, a minor scribe-official, filed a memorial accusing Prince Gong of corruption and showing disrespect to the emperor. Having built up a powerful base and a network of allies at court, Prince Gong considered the accusations insignificant. <mask>, however, took the memorial as a stepping stone to Prince Gong's removal. In April 1865, under the pretext that Prince Gong had "improper court conduct before the two empresses," among a series of other charges, the prince was dismissed from all his offices and appointments, but was allowed to retain his status as a noble. The dismissal surprised the nobility and court officials and brought about numerous petitions for his return. Prince Gong's brothers, Prince Dun and Prince Chun, both sought their brother's reinstatement. Prince Gong himself, in an audience with the two empresses, burst into tears.Bowing to popular pressure, Cixi allowed Prince Gong to return to his position as the head of the Zongli Yamen, but rid him of his title of Prince-Regent. Prince Gong would never return to

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 his authority, the Tongzhi Emperor returned to his former habits. It was rumoured that he caught syphilis and became visibly ill. The physicians spread a rumour that the emperor had smallpox, and proceeded to give medical treatment accordingly. Within a few weeks, on 13 January 1875, the emperor died. The Jiashun Empress followed suit in March. Judging from a modern medical perspective, the onset of syphilis comes in stages, thus the emperor's quick death does not seem to reflect its symptoms. Therefore, most historians maintain that the Tongzhi Emperor did, in fact, die from smallpox.Regardless, by 1875, <mask> was back onto the helm of imperial power. Guangxu era

New challenges and illness

The Tongzhi Emperor died without a male heir, a circumstance that created an unprecedented succession crisis in the dynastic line. Members of the generation above were considered unfit, as they could not, by definition, be the successor of their nephew. Therefore, the new emperor had to be from a generation below or the same generation as the Tongzhi Emperor. After considerable disagreement between the two Empresses Dowager, Zaitian, the four-year-old firstborn son of Prince Chun and <mask>'s sister, was to become the new emperor. 1875 was declared the first year of the Guangxu era; Guangxu was the new emperor's regnal name and it means "glorious succession". Zaitian was taken from home and for the remainder of his life would be cut completely off from his family.While addressing Ci'an conventionally as huang e'niang ("Empress Mother"), Zaitian was forced to address Cixi as qin baba ("Dear


title: Empress Dowager Cixi

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 and supported Manchu involvement in the Sino-French War of 1884–1885. Cixi used China's loss in the war as a pretext for getting rid of Prince Gong and other important decision-makers in the Grand Council in 1885. She downgraded Prince Gong to "advisor" and elevated the more easily influenced Prince Chun.When it was first developed by Empress Dowager <mask>, the Beiyang Fleet was said to be the strongest navy in East Asia. Before her adopted son, Emperor Guangxu, took over the throne in 1889, Cixi wrote out explicit orders that the navy should continue to develop and expand gradually. However, after Cixi went into retirement, all naval and military development came to a drastic halt. Japan's victories over China has often been falsely rumored to be the fault of Cixi. Many believed that Cixi was the cause of the navy's defeat by embezzling funds from the navy in order to build the Summer Palace in Beijing. However, extensive research by Chinese historians revealed that Cixi was not the cause of the Chinese navy's decline. In actuality, China's defeat was caused by Emperor Guangxu's lack of interest in developing and maintaining the military.His close adviser, Grand Tutor Weng Tonghe, advised Guangxu to cut all funding to the navy and army, because he did not see Japan as a true threat, and there were several natural disasters during the early 1890s which the emperor thought to be more pressing to expend funds on. The Guangxu Emperor's accession

The Guangxu Emperor technically gained the right to rule at the age of 16 in 1887 after <mask> issued an edict to arrange a ceremony to


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texts: mark his accession. Because of her prestige and power, however, court officials voiced their opposition to the Guangxu Emperor's personal rule, citing the emperor's youth as the main reason. Prince Chun and Weng Tonghe, each with a different motive, requested that the Guangxu Emperor's accession be postponed until a later date. Cixi, with her reputed reluctance, accepted the "advice" and legitimised her continued rule through a new legal document that allowed her to "aid" the Guangxu Emperor in his rule indefinitely. The Guangxu Emperor slowly began to take on more responsibilities in spite of <mask>'s prolonged regency. In 1886, he attended his first field plowing ceremony and began commenting on imperial state documents.By 1887, he began to rule under <mask>'s supervision. The Guangxu Emperor married and took up the reins of power in 1889. By that year, the emperor was already 18, older than the conventional marriage age for emperors. Prior to his wedding, a large fire engulfed the Gate of Supreme Harmony at the Forbidden City. This event followed a trend of recent natural disasters that were considered alarming by many observers. According to traditional Chinese political theory, such incidents were taken as a warning of the imminent loss of the "Mandate of Heaven" by current rulers. For his empress, Empress Dowager <mask> chose the Guangxu Emperor's cousin Jingfen, who would become Empress Longyu.Besides her close relation to the emperor himself, she was also Cixi's niece. Cixi in addition selected two concubines for the Guangxu Emperor who were sisters, Consorts Jin and Zhen.

masks: Cixi Cixi Cixi


title: Empress Dowager Cixi

texts: unprecedented challenges internally and abroad, with its very existence at stake.Under the influence of reformist-officials Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, the Guangxu Emperor believed that by learning from constitutional monarchies such as Japan and Germany, China would become politically and economically powerful. In June 1898, the Guangxu Emperor launched the Hundred Days' Reform aimed at sweeping political, legal and social changes and issued edicts for far-reaching modernising reforms. These abrupt reforms, however, came without building support either at court or in the bureaucracy. Cixi, whether concerned that they would check her power or fearful that they would lead to disorder, stepped in to prevent them from going further. Some government and military officials warned Cixi that the ming-shi (reformation bureau) had been geared toward conspiracy. Allegations of treason against the emperor, as well as suspected Japanese influence within the reform movement, led <mask> to resume the role of regent and resume control at the court. The Manchu general Ronglu on 21 September 1898, took the Emperor to Ocean Terrace, a small palace on an island in the middle of Zhongnanhai linked to the rest of the Forbidden City only by a controlled causeway.Cixi followed this action with an edict that proclaimed the Guangxu Emperor's total disgrace and unfitness to be emperor. The Guangxu Emperor's reign effectively came to an end. According to research by Professor Lei Chia-sheng (雷家聖), during the Hundred Days' Reform, former Japanese Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi arrived in China on 11 September


title: Empress Dowager Cixi

texts: our ancestors after death. If we must perish, why not fight to the death?" It was at this point that Cixi began to blockade the legations with the armies of the Beijing Field Force, which began the siege. Cixi stated that "I have always been of the opinion, that the allied armies had been permitted to escape too easily in 1860.Only a united effort was then necessary to have given China the victory. Today, at last, the opportunity for revenge has come", and said that millions of Chinese would join the cause of fighting the foreigners since the Manchus had provided "great benefits" to China. During the Battle of Beijing, the entire imperial court, including Empress Dowager <mask> and the Guangxu Emperor, fled Beijing and evacuated to Xi'an as the allied forces invaded the city. After the fall of Beijing, the Eight-Nation Alliance negotiated a treaty with the Qing government, sending messengers to the empress dowager in Xi'an. Included in the terms of the agreement was a guarantee that China would not have to give up any further territories to foreign powers. Many of <mask>'s advisers in the imperial court insisted that the war against the foreigners be continued. They recommended that Dong Fuxiang be given responsibility to continue the war effort.Cixi was practical, however, and decided that the terms were generous enough for her to acquiesce and stop the war, at least after she was assured of her continued reign when the war was concluded. The Western powers needed a government strong enough to suppress further anti-foreign movements, but too weak to act on its own; they supported