title: Colin Allred

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<mask> (born April 15, 1983) is an American politician, lawyer, and former professional football player. A member of the Democratic Party, he is the U.S. representative from . The district includes the northeastern corner of Dallas, as well as many of its northeastern suburbs, such as Garland, Richardson, Sachse, Wylie, the Park Cities, and Rowlett. <mask> is a lawyer and former linebacker who played for the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League (NFL). He left football to pursue a degree in law, receiving his J.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, followed by positions in both the Obama administration and the U.S. Attorney's office. Football career

<mask> attended Hillcrest High School in Dallas, where he played baseball, basketball and football.He accepted a scholarship to play college football at Baylor University. He played for the Baylor Bears as a linebacker. In December 2005, <mask> graduated from Baylor with a B.A. in history. As a senior, he was All-Big 12 honorable mention. <mask> was signed by the Tennessee Titans as an undrafted free agent following the 2006 NFL Draft on May 4, 2006. He was waived on August 29 but re-signed on January 26, 2007.Next, <mask> was waived on September 1 during final cuts, and was subsequently signed to the practice squad on September 2. He was promoted to the active roster on December 15 and re-signed on February 17, 2010. Law career
After his football career, <mask> enrolled in law school. After receiving his J.D. degree from the UC Berkeley School of Law in 2014, he worked as a special assistant in the Department of Housing and Urban Development's Office of General Counsel alongside then-Secretary Julian Castro in the Obama administration. Subsequently, <mask> worked as an attorney at the Perkins Coie law firm, where he was a voting rights litigator and counsel to clients including national and state political candidates and advocacy organizations. Politico described him as a "civil rights attorney."U.S. House of

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 Representatives

Elections

On April 21, 2017, <mask> announced his campaign to challenge incumbent Republican Pete Sessions in 2018. In a crowded Democratic primary that included two other Obama administration alums, <mask> finished first, by 20 points, but did not get 50% of the vote. In the May 22 runoff election, <mask> defeated Lewisville businesswoman Lillian Salerno, receiving 69.5% of the vote. <mask> faced Sessions in the general election. As of November 2016, this was considered a swing district because Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton received marginally more votes than Donald Trump even as Sessions was reelected with no major-party opposition. <mask> has described himself as a moderate Democrat. On November 6, 2018, <mask> was elected to the House of Representatives for the 32nd district of Texas.His victory was considered an upset because Sessions had been in Congress since 1997 and represented the 32nd district since its creation in 2003. <mask> became the second person to represent this district and the first Democrat. Sessions had represented the neighboring 5th district, and transferred to the 32nd after the 5th was seemingly made less Republican in redistricting. As a measure of how Republican this area had been, much of what is now the 32nd had not been represented by a Democrat since 1968, when it was part of the neighboring 3rd district. <mask> was one of two former NFL players to win a seat in Congress that year, along with Anthony Gonzalez. Tenure
In November 2018, <mask> was elected co-president of the 116th Congressional Freshman Class, alongside fellow Obama administration alumna Haley Stevens of Michigan. In February 2019, <mask> endorsed his former boss and fellow Texan, former Housing and Urban Development Secretary Julian Castro, in the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries.After Castro withdrew from the race, <mask> endorsed Joe Biden. On December 18, 2019, <mask> voted for both articles of impeachment against President Donald J.

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title: Colin Allred

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 Trump. He also voted to impeach Trump in January 2021 during his second impeachment. In 2021, <mask> sought over $241 million in earmarks for his district, which was among the largest earmark requests of any House member. As of September 2021, <mask> had voted in line with Joe Biden's stated position 100% of the time. Committee assignments
 Committee on Foreign Affairs
 Subcommittee on the Middle East, North Africa and International Terrorism
 Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure
 Subcommittee on Aviation
 Subcommittee on Highways and Transit
 Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials
 Committee on Veterans' Affairs
 Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs

Caucus memberships

 Congressional Black Caucus
 New Democrat Coalition

Electoral history

Personal life
<mask> was born in Dallas, Texas. His father is black and his mother is white.He married Alexandra Eber on March 25, 2017. They have two sons, born in 2019 and 2021. See also
 List of African-American United States representatives
 List of American sportsperson-politicians

References

External links

 Congressman <mask> official U.S. House website
<mask> for Congress
Tennessee Titans profile
Baylor Bears profile

|-

1983 births
African-American lawyers
African-American members of the United States House of Representatives
African-American people in Texas politics
American athlete-politicians
American football linebackers
American justices of the peace
Baylor Bears football players
Baylor University alumni
UC Berkeley School of Law alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Hillcrest High School (Dallas) alumni
Living people
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas
Obama administration personnel
Players of American football from Houston
Players of American football from Dallas
Tennessee Titans players
Texas Democrats
Texas lawyers
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development officials
Politicians from

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title: Pedro Albizu Campos

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<mask> (September 12, 1891 – April 21, 1965) was a Puerto Rican attorney and politician, and the leading figure in the Puerto Rican independence movement. Gifted in languages, he spoke six. He graduated from Harvard Law School with the highest grade point average in his law class, an achievement that earned him the right to give the valedictorian speech at his graduation ceremony. However, animus towards his mixed racial heritage led to his professors delaying two of his final exams in order to keep <mask> from graduating on time. During his time at Harvard University he became involved in the Irish struggle for independence. <mask> was the president and spokesperson of the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico from 1930 until his death in 1965. Because of his oratorical skill, he was hailed as El Maestro (The Teacher).He was imprisoned twenty-six years for attempting to overthrow the United States government in Puerto Rico. In 1950, he planned and called for armed uprisings in several cities in Puerto Rico. Afterward he was convicted and imprisoned again. He died in 1965 shortly after his pardon and release from federal prison, some time after suffering a stroke. There is controversy over his medical treatment in prison. Early life and education
He was born in a sector of Barrio Machuelo Abajo in Ponce, Puerto Rico to Juana <mask>, a domestic worker of African ancestry, on 12 September 1891. His father <mask> Romero, known as "El Vizcaíno," was a Basque merchant, from a family of Spanish immigrants who had temporarily resided in Venezuela From an educated family, <mask> was the nephew of the danza composer Juan Morel <mask>, and cousin of Puerto Rican

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texts: educator Dr. <mask> Miranda.The boy's mother died when he was young and his father did not acknowledge him until he was at Harvard University. <mask> <mask> graduated from Ponce High School, a "public school for the city's white elite." In 1912, <mask> was awarded a scholarship to study Chemical Engineering at the University of Vermont. In 1913, he transferred to Harvard University so as to continue his studies. At the outbreak of World War I, <mask> <mask> volunteered in the United States Infantry. <mask> was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the Army Reserves and sent to the City of Ponce, where he organized the town's Home Guard. He was called to serve in the regular Army and sent to Camp Las Casas for further training.Upon completing the training, he was assigned to the 375th Infantry Regiment. The United States Army, then segregated, assigned Puerto Ricans of recognizably African descent as soldiers to the all-black units, such as the 375th Regiment. Officers were men classified as white. <mask> <mask> was black. <mask> <mask> was honorably discharged from the Army in 1919, with the rank of First Lieutenant. However, his exposure to racism during his time in the U.S. military altered his perspective on U.S.- Puerto Rico relations, and he became the leading advocate for Puerto Rican independence. In 1919, <mask> returned to his studies at Harvard University, where he was elected president of the Harvard Cosmopolitan Club.He met with foreign students and world leaders, such as Subhas Chandra Bose, the Indian Nationalist leader, and the Hindu poet Rabindranath Tagore. He became interested in the cause of Indian independence and also helped to

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texts: establish several centers in Boston for Irish independence. Through this work, <mask> <mask> met the Irish leader Éamon de Valera and later became a consultant in the drafting of the constitution of the Irish Free State. Also while at Harvard University he co-founded the university's Knights of Columbus chapter along with other Catholic students. <mask> graduated from Harvard Law School in 1921 while simultaneously studying literature, philosophy, Chemical Engineering, and Military Science at Harvard College. He was fluent in six modern and two classical languages: English, Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Italian, Latin, and ancient Greek. Upon graduation from law school, <mask> <mask> was recruited for prestigious positions, including a law clerkship to the U.S. Supreme Court, a diplomatic post with the U.S. State Department, the regional vice-presidency (Caribbean region) of a U.S. agricultural syndicate, and a tenured faculty appointment to the University of Puerto Rico.On June 23, 1921, after graduating from Harvard Law School, <mask> returned to Puerto Rico—but without his law diploma. He had been the victim of racial discrimination by one of his professors. He delayed <mask> <mask>' third-year final exams for courses in Evidence and Corporations. <mask> was about to graduate with the highest grade-point average in his entire law school class. As such, he was scheduled to give the valedictory speech during the graduation ceremonies. His professor delayed his exams so that he could not complete his work, and avoided the "embarrassment" of a Puerto Rican law valedictorian. <mask> <mask> left the United States, took and passed the required two

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 exams in Puerto Rico, and in June 1922 received his law degree by mail.He passed the bar exam and was admitted to the bar in Puerto Rico on February 11, 1924. Marriage
In 1922, <mask> married Dr. Laura Meneses, a Peruvian biochemist whom he had met at Harvard University. They had four children named <mask>, Laura, Rosa Emilia, and Héctor. Historical context
After nearly four hundred years of colonial domination under the Spanish Empire, Puerto Rico finally received its colonial autonomy in 1898 through a Carta de Autonomía (Charter of Autonomy). This Charter of Autonomy was signed by Spanish Prime Minister Práxedes Mateo Sagasta and ratified by the Spanish Cortes. Despite this, just a few months later, the United States claimed ownership of the island as part of the Treaty of Paris, which concluded the Spanish–American War. Persons opposed to the takeover over the years joined in what became the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party.Their position was that, as a matter of international law, the Treaty of Paris could not empower the Spanish to "give" to the United States what was no longer theirs. Several years after leaving Puerto Rico, in 1913 Charles Herbert Allen, the former first civilian U.S. governor of the island, became president of the American Sugar Refining Company, the largest of its kind in the world. In 1915, he resigned to reduce his responsibilities, but stayed on the board. This company was later renamed as the Domino Sugar company. According to historian Federico Ribes Tovar, Charles Allen leveraged his governorship of Puerto Rico into a controlling interest over the entire Puerto Rican economy. Early career

Puerto Rican Nationalist Party

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 leadership

Nationalist activists wanted independence from foreign banks, absentee plantation owners, and United States colonial rule. Accordingly, they started organizing in Puerto Rico.In 1919, José Coll y Cuchí, a member of the Union Party of Puerto Rico, took followers with him to form the Nationalist Association of Puerto Rico in San Juan, to work for independence. They gained legislative approval to repatriate the remains of Ramón Emeterio Betances, the Puerto Rican patriot, from Paris, France. By the 1920s, two other pro-independence organizations had formed on the Island: the Nationalist Youth and the Independence Association of Puerto Rico. The Independence Association was founded by José S. Alegría, Eugenio Font Suárez and Leopoldo Figueroa in 1920. On September 17, 1922, these three political organizations joined forces and formed the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. Coll y Cuchi was elected president and José S. Alegría (father of Ricardo Alegría) vice president. In 1924, <mask> <mask> joined the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and was elected vice president.In 1927, <mask> <mask> traveled to Santo Domingo, Haiti, Cuba, Mexico, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela, seeking support among other Latin Americans for the Puerto Rican Independence movement. In 1930, <mask> and José Coll y Cuchí, president of the Party, disagreed on how the party should be run. <mask> <mask> did not like what he considered to be Coll y Cuchí's attitude of fraternal solidarity with the enemy. As a result, Coll y Cuchí left the party and, with some of his followers, returned to the Union Party. On May 11, 1930, <mask> <mask> was elected president of the Puerto Rican

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 Nationalist Party. He formed the first Women's Nationalist Committee, in the island municipality of Vieques, Puerto Rico. After being elected party president, <mask> declared: "I never believed in numbers.Independence will instead be achieved by the intensity of those that devote themselves totally to the Nationalist ideal." Under the slogan, "La Patria es valor y sacrificio" (The Homeland is valor and sacrifice), a new campaign of national affirmation was carried out. <mask> <mask>' vision of sacrifice was integrated with his Catholic faith. Accusation against Dr. Cornelius P. Rhoads

In 1932, <mask> published a letter accusing Dr. Cornelius P. Rhoads, an American pathologist with the Rockefeller Institute, of killing Puerto Rican patients in San Juan's Presbyterian Hospital as part of his medical research. <mask> <mask> had been given an unmailed letter by Rhoads addressed to a colleague, found after Rhoads returned to the United States. Part of what Rhoads wrote, in a letter to his friend which began by complaining about another's job appointment, included the following:

<mask> sent copies of the letter to the League of Nations, the Pan American Union, the American Civil Liberties Union, newspapers, embassies, and the Vatican. He also sent copies of the Rhoads letter to the media, and published his own letter in the Porto Rico Progress.He used it as an opportunity to attack United States imperialism, writing:

A scandal erupted. Rhoads had already returned to New York. Governor James R. Beverley of Puerto Rico and his attorney general Ramón Quiñones, as well as Puerto Rican medical doctors Morales and Otero appointed thereby, conducted an

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 investigation of the more than 250 cases treated during the period of Rhoads' work at Presbyterian Hospital. The Rockefeller Foundation also conducted their own investigation. Rhoads said he had written the letter in anger after he found his car vandalized, and it was intended "as a joke" in private with his colleague. An investigation concluded that he had conducted his research and treatment of Puerto Ricans appropriately. When the matter was revisited in 2002, again no evidence was found of medical mistreatment.The American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) considered the letter offensive enough to remove Rhoads' name from a prize established to honor his lifelong work in cancer research. Early Nationalist efforts

The Nationalist Party obtained poor electoral results in the 1932 election, but continued its campaign to unite the island behind an independent Puerto Rico platform. In 1933, <mask> <mask> led a strike against the Puerto Rico Railway and Light and Power Company for its alleged monopoly on the island. The following year he represented sugar cane workers as a lawyer in a suit against the United States sugar industry. The Nationalist movement was intensified by some of its members being killed by police during unrest at the University of Puerto Rico in 1935, in what was called the Río Piedras Massacre. The police were commanded by Colonel E. Francis Riggs, a former United States Army officer. Albizu withdrew the Nationalist Party from electoral politics, saying they would not participate until the United States ended colonial rule.In 1936, Hiram Rosado and Elías Beauchamp, two members of the Cadets of the Republic, the Nationalist

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texts:
 youth organization, assassinated Colonel Riggs. After their arrest, they were killed without a trial at police headquarters in San Juan. Other police killed marchers and bystanders at a parade in the Ponce massacre (1937). The Nationalists believed these showed the violence which the United States was prepared to use in order to maintain its colonial regime in Puerto Rico. Historians Manuel Maldonado-Denis and César Ayala believe the motive for this repression, especially during the Great Depression, was because United States business interests were earning such enormous profits by this colonial arrangement. First arrest
After these events, on April 3, 1936, a federal grand jury submitted an indictment against <mask> <mask>, Juan Antonio Corretjer, Luis F. Velázquez, Clemente Soto Vélez and the following members of the cadets: Erasmo Velázquez, Julio H. Velázquez, Rafael Ortiz Pacheco, Juan Gallardo Santiago, and Pablo Rosado Ortiz. They were charged with sedition and other violations of federal law proscribing subversive activities.The prosecution based some of its charges on the Nationalists' creation and organization of the Cadets, which the government referred to as the "Liberating Army of Puerto Rico". The prosecutors said that the military tactics which the cadets were taught were for the purpose of overthrowing the Government of the United States. A jury of seven Puerto Ricans and five Americans was unable to reach a unanimous verdict, voting 7-to-5 for acquittal. Following the hung jury, Judge Robert A. Cooper permitted a retrial. The second jury was composed of ten Americans and two Puerto Ricans. Following trial, this jury concluded that the


title: Pedro Albizu Campos

texts: defendants were guilty. In 1937, a group of lawyers, including a young Gilberto Concepción de Gracia, appealed the case, but the 1st Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals, which held appellate jurisdiction, upheld the verdict.<mask> <mask> and the other Nationalist leaders were sentenced to the Federal penitentiary in Atlanta. In 1939, United States Congressman Vito Marcantonio, strongly criticized the proceedings, calling the trial a "frame-up" and "one of the blackest pages in the history of American jurisprudence." In his speech Five Years of Tyranny in Puerto Rico, Congressman Marcantonio said that <mask>'s jury had been profoundly prejudiced since it had been hand-picked by the prosecuting attorney Cecil Snyder. According to Marcantonio, the jury consisted of people "...who had expressed publicly bias and hatred for the defendants." He said Snyder had been told that "the Department of Justice would back him until he did get a conviction." Marcantonio argued for Puerto Rican rights, saying "As long as Puerto Rico remains part of the United States, Puerto Rico must have the same freedom, the same civil liberties, and the same justice which our forefathers laid down for us. Only a complete and immediate unconditional pardon will, in a very small measure, right this historical wrong."In 1943, <mask> <mask> became seriously ill and had to be interned at the Columbus Hospital of New York. He stayed there until nearly the end of his sentence. In 1947, after eleven years of imprisonment, <mask> was released; he returned to Puerto Rico. Within a short period of time, he began preparing for an armed struggle against the United States' plan to turn Puerto Rico into

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 a "commonwealth" of the United States. Later career

Passage of the Gag Law
In 1948, the Puerto Rican Senate passed Law 53, also called the Ley de la Mordaza (Gag Law). At the time, members of the Partido Popular Democrático (Popular Democratic Party), or PPD, occupied almost all the Senate seats, and Luis Muñoz Marín presided over the chamber. The bill was signed into law on June 10, 1948, by the United States-appointed governor of Puerto Rico Jesús T. Piñero.It closely resembled the anti-communist Smith Law passed in the United States. The law made it illegal to own or display a Puerto Rican flag anywhere, even in one's own home. It limited speech against the United States government or in favor of Puerto Rican independence and prohibited one to print, publish, sell or exhibit any material intended to paralyze or destroy the insular government or to organize any society, group or assembly of people with a similar destructive intent. Anyone accused and found guilty of disobeying the law could be sentenced to ten years imprisonment, a fine of $10,000 dollars (US), or both. Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa, then a member of the Partido Estadista Puertorriqueño (Puerto Rican Statehood Party) and the only non-PPD member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives, spoke out against the law, saying that it was repressive and in direct violation of the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, which guarantees Freedom of Speech. Figueroa noted that since Puerto Ricans had been granted United States citizenship they were covered by its constitutional protections. 1950s uprisings and second arrest

<mask> <mask> was jailed again after the October 30, 1950

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texts: Nationalist revolts, known as the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s, in various Puerto Rican cities and towns against United States rule.Among the more notable of the revolts was the Jayuya uprising, where a group of Puerto Rican Nationalists, under the leadership of Blanca Canales, held the town of Jayuya for three days; the Utuado uprising which culminated in what is known as the "Utuado Massacre"; and the attack on La Fortaleza (the Puerto Rican governor's mansion) during the Nationalist attack of San Juan. On October 31, police officers and National Guardsmen surrounded Salón Boricua, a barbershop in Santurce. Believing that a group of Nationalists were inside the shop, they opened fire. The only person in the shop was <mask> <mask>' personal barber, Vidal Santiago Díaz. Santiago Díaz fought alone against the attackers for three hours and received five bullet wounds, including one in the head. The entire gunfight was transmitted "live" via the radio airwaves, and was heard all over the island. Overnight Santiago Díaz, the barber who survived an armed attack by forty police and National Guardsmen, became a legend throughout Puerto Rico.During the revolt, <mask> was at the Nationalist Party's headquarters in Old San Juan, which also served as his residence. That day he was accompanied by Juan José Muñoz Matos, Doris Torresola Roura (cousin of Blanca Canales and sister of Griselio Torresola), and Carmen María Pérez Roque. The occupants of the building were surrounded by the police and the National Guard who, without warning, fired their weapons. Doris Torresola, who was shot and wounded, was carried out during a ceasefire by Muñoz

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 Matos and Pérez Roque. Alvaro Rivera Walker, a friend of <mask> <mask>, somehow made his way to the Nationalist leader. He stayed with <mask> <mask> until the next day when they were attacked with gas. Rivera Walker then raised a white towel he attached to a pole and surrendered.All the Nationalists, including <mask>, were arrested. On November 1, 1950, Nationalists Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola attacked Blair House in Washington, D.C. where president Harry S. Truman was staying while the White House was being renovated. During the attack on the president, Torresola and a policeman, Private Leslie Coffelt, were killed. Because of this assassination attempt, <mask> <mask> was immediately attacked at his home. After a shootout with the police, <mask> <mask> was arrested and sentenced to eighty years in prison. Over the next few days, 3,000 independence supporters were arrested all over the island. Lolita Lebrón and third arrest
<mask> was pardoned in 1953 by then-governor Luis Muñoz Marín but the pardon was revoked the following year after the 1954 United States Capitol shooting incident, when four Puerto Rican Nationalists, led by Lolita Lebrón, opened fire from the gallery of the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C.Though in ill health, <mask> <mask> was arrested when Lolita Lebrón, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Andrés Figueroa Cordero, and Irvin Flores, unfurled a Puerto Rican flag and opened fire on the members of the 83rd Congress on March 1, 1954, with the intention of capturing world-wide attention to the cause of Puerto Rican independence. Ruth Mary Reynolds, the American Nationalist, went to the defense of <mask> <mask> and the four

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 Nationalists involved in the shooting incident with the aid of the American League for Puerto Rico's Independence. Later years and death
During his imprisonment, <mask> suffered deteriorating health. He alleged that he was the subject of human radiation experiments in prison and said that he could see colored rays bombarding him. When he wrapped wet towels around his head in order to shield himself from the radiation, the prison guards ridiculed him as El Rey de las Toallas (The King of the Towels). Officials suggested that <mask> <mask> was suffering from mental illness, but other prisoners at La Princesa prison including Francisco Matos Paoli, Roberto Díaz and Juan Jaca, claimed that they felt the effects of radiation on their own bodies as well. Dr. Orlando Daumy, a radiologist and president of the Cuban Cancer Association, traveled to Puerto Rico to examine him.From his direct physical examination of <mask> <mask>, Dr. Daumy reached three specific conclusions:
1) that the sores on <mask> Campos were produced by radiation burns
2) that his symptoms corresponded to those of a person who had received intense radiation,
3) that wrapping himself in wet towels was the best way to diminish the intensity of the rays. The FBI investigated any doctors who planned to visit and diagnose <mask> <mask>. Dr. Nacine Hanoka (Miami Beach, FL), was thoroughly investigated. In one FBI memo to J. Edgar Hoover regarding Dr. Hanoka, an instruction near the end of the memo stated "The Miami office is requested to identify Dr. HANOKA, determine whether he made a trip to Puerto Rico since 9/30/53, and furnish any subversive information concerning him." In 1956, <mask>

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 suffered a stroke in prison and was transferred to San Juan's Presbyterian Hospital under police guard. On November 15, 1964, on the brink of death, <mask> <mask> was pardoned by Governor Luis Muñoz Marín. He died on April 21, 1965.More than 75,000 Puerto Ricans were part of a procession that accompanied his body for burial in the Old San Juan Cemetery. Legacy

<mask> <mask>'s legacy is the subject of discussion among supporters and detractors. Lolita Lebrón called him "Puerto Rico's most visionary leader" and nationalists consider him "one of the island's greatest patriots of the 20th century." In describing his legacy, social scientist Juan Manuel Carrión wrote that "<mask> still represents a forceful challenge to the very fabric of [Puerto Rico's] colonial political order." His followers state that <mask>'s political and military actions served as a primer for positive change in Puerto Rico, including the improvement of labor conditions for peasants and workers, a more accurate assessment of the colonial relationship between Puerto Rico and the United States, and an awareness by the political establishment in Washington, D.C. of this colonial relationship. Supporters state that the legacy is that of an exemplary sacrifice for the building of the Puerto Rican nation ... a legacy of resistance to colonial rule. His critics say that he "failed to attract and offer concrete solutions to the struggling poor and working class people and thus was unable to spread the revolution to the masses."The revival of public observance of the Grito de Lares and its significant icons was a result of <mask> <mask>'s efforts as the leader of the Puerto Rican

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 Nationalist Party. FBI files on <mask> <mask>
In the 2000s, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) files released under the Freedom of Information Act, revealed that the San Juan FBI office coordinated with FBI offices in New York, Chicago and other cities, in a decades-long surveillance of <mask> and Puerto Ricans who had contact or communication with him. These documents are viewable online, including some as recent as 1965. Honors

<mask> <mask> has been the subject of hundreds of books and countless articles. He has also been honored both in the United States and in Puerto Rico in many ways:
In Chicago, an alternative high school is named the Dr. <mask> Campos High School. La Casa de Don Pedro in Newark, New Jersey is named after him. In New York City the Campos Plaza Community Center and housing project in Manhattan are named after him.In New York City, Public School 161 in Harlem is named after him. In Puerto Rico, there are streets in most municipalities named after him. In Ponce, there is a <mask>zu Campos", a plaza and 9-foot statue dedicated to his memory. It was dedicated on January 11, 2013, the birth day of Eugenio María de Hostos, another Puerto Rican who struggled for Puerto Rico's independence. Quite unique among Puerto Rican thought, the plaza-monument was erected and dedicated by a municipal government of the opposite (statehood) political ideology as that of <mask> <mask>.In 1993, Chicago alderman Billy Ocasio, in supporting a statue of <mask> <mask> in Humboldt Park, likened him to such American leaders as Patrick Henry, Chief Crazy Horse, John Brown, Frederick Douglass, and W. E. B. Du Bois. Gallery

See also

Puerto Ricans in

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 World War I
San Juan Nationalist revolt
Puerto Rican Independence Party

References

Further reading
Acosta, Ivonne, La Mordaza/Puerto Rico 1948–1957. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico, 1987
Connerly, Charles, ed. Dr. <mask> <mask>, Vieques Times, Puerto Rico, 1995
Corretjer, Juan Antonio, El Líder De La Desesperación, Guaynabo, Puerto Rico, 1978
García, Marvin, Dr. <mask> <mask>, National Louis University
Torres Santiago, José M., 100 Years of <mask> Albizu Campos
"War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony"; Author: Nelson Antonio Denis; Publisher: Nation Books (April 7, 2015); . External links

Five Years of Tyranny in Puerto Rico. Vito Marcantonio.August 14, 1939. Accessed 19 January 2022. Archived. Joan Klein, Oncology Times Interview: "Susan B. Horwitz, PhD, Finishes Term (Plus!!) As AACR President!/Cornelius P. Rhoads Controversy", Oncology Times, 25 July 2003, Vol. 25 – Issue 14, pp. 41–42
"<mask> <mask>", Portraits of Notable Individuals in the Struggle for Puerto Rican Independence, Peace Host website
Pedro Albizu Campos Archive at marxists.org
"Human Radiation Experiments", US Department of Energy, 1994
"<mask> <mask> Campos, Paredon Records, Smithsonian Institution
¿Quién Es Albizu Campos?(Who is <mask> Campos? ), Film Documentary website, not in distribution
"War Against All Puerto Ricans: Inside the US Crackdown on <mask> <mask> and the Nationalist Party" Democracy Now!, 21 April 2015

1891 births
1965 deaths
COINTELPRO targets
Puerto Rican nationalists
Burials at Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery
Puerto Rican military officers
<mask>-<mask>, Pedro
Puerto Rican Army personnel
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party

masks:
Pedro Albizu
Campos
Pedro Albizu
Campos
Don Pedro
Pedro Albizu
Campos
Pedro Albizu
Camposzu
Albizu
Pedro Albizu
Campos
Albizu
Campos


title: George Devereux

texts: <mask> (born György Dobó; 13 September 1908 – 28 May 1985) was a Hungarian-French ethnologist and psychoanalyst, often considered the founder of ethnopsychiatry. He was born into a Jewish family in the Banat, Austria-Hungary (now Romania). His family moved to France following World War I. He studied the Malayan language in Paris, completing work at the Institut d'Ethnologie. In 1933 he converted to Catholicism and changed his name to <mask>. At that time, he traveled for the first time to the United States to do fieldwork among the Mohave Indians, completing his doctorate in anthropology at University of California at Berkeley in 1936. In the postwar years, Devereux became a psychoanalyst, working with the Winter Veterans Hospital and Menninger Clinic in Topeka, Kansas.He treated Native Americans by drawing on his anthropology background. A pioneer, he is "well regarded among French and American scholars interested in psychoanalytic anthropology". Devereux taught at several colleges in the United States, returning to Paris about 1962 at the invitation of anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss. He was appointed as director of studies of Section VI at the noted École pratique des hautes études (EPHE) in Paris, where he worked from 1963 to 1981. In addition, he had a private clinical practice. Devereux published more than 400 texts. In 1993 the Centre George Devereux was founded in his honor at the University of Paris 8 Saint-Denis, to offer care to students and people in the community.His 1951 work, Reality and

masks:
Georges Devereux
Georges Devereux


title: George Devereux

texts:
 Dream, about his ethnopsychoanalysis of a Native American Blackfoot man, was adapted as a French film, Jimmy P: Psychotherapy of a Plains Indian (2013), written and directed by Arnaud Desplechin. <mask> is buried in the Colorado River Indian Tribes (CRIT) cemetery in Parker, Arizona. The land is the CRIT reservation. Biography
He was born György Dobó in 1908, in Lugoj, the Banat, now in Romania and then part of Austria-Hungary. His family was Hungarian Jewish and bourgeois. His father was a lawyer, and his mother of ethnic German Jewish background. Devereux had a rather difficult relationship with his mother.He said that the "insincerity of the adults", their "lack of respect for the world of the children" was a formative experience of his childhood and youth. His cousin was Edward Teller. As a youngster growing up in that imperial and cosmopolitan world, and later in France, Dobó learned and spoke four languages: Hungarian, Romanian, German, and French. He studied piano seriously as a youth but, after an unsuccessful operation to correct a problem with his hand, had to give up his dream of performing professionally. His older brother committed suicide. Education and early career in France
Following the breakup of Austria-Hungary after World War I, the Dobó family left Romania for France. as a youth, Georgy studied chemistry and physics with Marie Curie in Paris.He was looking for ‘objective truth’ in physics and 'subjective' truth in music. In his later writings, he often referred to notions taken from


title: George Devereux

texts: He noted that they paid much attention to their dreams as a culture. He learned how they used interpretation to gain aid from their dreams. He said they "converted him to Freud". In 1933 György Dobó converted to Catholicism, and adopted the French name of <mask>. As part of his anthropology work, he later traveled to Indochina to live among and study the Sedang Moi. <mask> completed his PhD in anthropology in 1936 at the University of California-Berkeley, working under Alfred Kroeber.Deeply interested in the use of dreams, <mask> decided to study psychoanalysis, still a new field of study in the United States. He was analyzed by Marc Schlumberger and Robert Jokl. He completed his analytical training in 1952 at the Topeka Institute of Psychoanalysis in Kansas, now part of the Menninger Clinic. In the early 21st century, the Clinic moved to Houston and became affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine. From 1945 to 1953 Devereux was associated with the Winter Veterans Hospital in Topeka as ethnologist and research director. He treated and studied several Native Americans suffering from mental illness in this period, including Jimmy Picard, a Blackfoot whom he wrote about. He drew from his anthropology background to treat these men.From 1953 to 1955 Devereux worked in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with children and teenagers at the Devereux School (no relation to him). In 1956 he was appointed as professor of ethnopsychiatry to the medical faculty of Temple University in that city. In 1959 he moved to New York

masks:
Georges Devereux
Devereux
Devereux


title: George Devereux

texts:
 always influenced by his own activity of observing. He recognized that the only data to which the observer had access were his own perceptions, his reaction to reactions he provoked. According to Devereux, the observer must think about his relation to the observed in the same manner as an analyst would do in his relation to his analysand. The analyst works with the transference he triggers and with the countertransference he can perceive from the patient. In any study where the subject relates to the subjectivity of human beings (or even of animals), Devereux believed this process should be used. In addition to using his own experiences, Devereux closely studied Claude Lévi-Strauss' Tristes tropiques [A World on the Wane], a classic work of his anthropology studies among indigenous peoples in Brazil; <mask> Afrique ambiguë [Ambiguous Africa: Cultures in Collision]; and Condominas' L'Exotique au quotidien.He described these as "[…] the only major attempts known to me to appraise the impact of his data and of his scientific activity upon the scientist". Devereux is considered among the group of French-speaking anthropologists who established new lines of research in the postwar period. Together with a former student, Tobie Nathan, he founded the journal, Ethnopsychiatrica in the 1970s. Influence
According to <mask>, Devereux has been more influential in Europe than in North America in terms of ethnopsychiatry. Andrew and Harrit Lyons have assessed him as important in both France and the United States to

masks:
Georges Balandiers
George Gaillard


title: George Devereux

texts:
 those interested in psychoanalytic anthropology. Since the late 20th century, numerous American anthropologists have published studies that acknowledge and stress the subjectivity of researchers, noting they are in the middle and influence the work, as <mask> and Levi-Strauss noted. He also applied this insight to psychoanalysis.In France, Tobie Nathan and Marie Rose Moro continue Devereux's ethnopsychiatric work, especially in psychotherapy with immigrants. In Switzerland the second generation of the "Zurich School" of ethnopsychoanalysis, Mario Erdheim, Maya Nadig, Florence Weiss, etc., has been deeply influenced by <mask> was founded in his honor at the University of Paris 8 Saint Denis, as part of the Psychology Department. It runs a clinic for ethnopsychiatry, aiding students as well as members of the community, including immigrants. His book, Reality and Dream: Psychotherapy of a Plains Indian (1951), about his psychoanalytic work with a Blackfoot Indian in the United States, was adapted as a French film, Jimmy P: Psychotherapy of a Plains Indian (2013), written and directed by Arnaud Desplechin, and starring Benicio del Toro as Jimmy Picard, and Mathieu Amalric as <mask>. It was nominated for numerous awards, including three Césars.Writings (selection)
Devereux has published more than 400 texts. Among them:
 Reality and Dream: Psychotherapy of a Plains Indian, New York: International Univ. Press, 1951
 A Study of Abortion in Primitive Societies; a typological, distributional, and dynamic analysis

masks:
Devereux
Devereux
Georges Devereux


title: George Devereux

texts:
 of the prevention of birth in 400 pre-industrial societies, New York: Julian Press, 1955
 From Anxiety to Method in the Behavioral Sciences, The Hague [etc..]: Mouton, 1967
 Mohave ethnopsychiatry and suicide: the psychiatric knowledge and the psychic disturbances of an Indian tribe, St. Clair Shores, Michigan: Scholarly Press, 1976
 Ethnopsychoanalysis: psychoanalysis and anthropology as complementary frames of reference, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978
 Basic problems of ethnopsychiatry, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980
 Dreams in Greek Tragedy: An Ethno-Psycho-Analytical Study, University of California Press, 1976
 Les Femmes et les psychotiques dans les sociétés traditionelles, (edited by Devereux), Paris 1981
 Femme et Mythe, Paris: Flammarion, 1982
 Baubo, la vulve mythique, Paris: J.-C. Godefroy, 1983
 The character of the Euripidean Hippolytos: an ethno-psychoanalytical study, Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press, 1985. Cléomène le roi fou. Etude d'histoire ethnopsychanalytique, Paris: Aubier Montaigne, 1998,
 correspondence Henri Ellenberger-<mask>ux, in: Ethno-psychiatry (Emmanuel Delille ed. ), Lyon, ENS Éditions, 2017. http://books.openedition.org/enseditions/7967

See also
Paul Parin
Henri Ellenberger

References

Secondary literature
English
 Gérald Gaillard, "Devereux, Georges" in: The Routledge Dictionary of Anthropologists, Psychology Press, 2004, pp. 181 and 292
 Andrew P. Lyons, Harriet D. Lyons, Irregular Connections: A History of Anthropology and Sexuality (Critical


title: George Devereux

texts:
 Studies in the History of Anthropology), Paperback Edition, University of Nebraska Press, 2005
 Tobie Nathan, translated from the French by Catherine Grandsard, "Georges Devereux and Clinical Ethnopsychiatry", n.d, Centre Georges Devereux
Simone Valentin, “Devereux, Georges (1908-1985)” in: International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis, Detroit: Thomson Gale 2005, vol.1, A-F, pp. 409–410. Emmanuel Delille, "On the History of Cultural Psychiatry: <mask>, Henri Ellenberger, and the Psychological Treatment of Native Americans in the 1950s", Transcultural Psychiatry, 53 (3), 2016, pp. 392–411

French
 Marie-Christine Beck: "La jeunesse de <mask>ux. Un chemin peu habituel vers la psychanalyse". In: Revue Internationale d'Histoire de la Psychanalyse, 1991, 4, pp. 581–603
 Elisabeth Burgos, "<mask>, Mohave": Le Coq Héron, n°109, 1988, pp.71–75
 Françoise Michel-Jones: "<mask>ux et l'ethnologie française. Rencontre et malentendu", In: Nouvelle revue d'Ethnopsychiatrie, 1986, n°6, pp. 81–94
 Simone Valantin-Charasson, Ariane Deluz: Contrefiliations et inspirations paradoxales. <mask> (1908-1985). In: Revue Internationale d'Histoire de la Psychanalyse. 1991, 4, pp. 605–617
 Tobie Nathan, Devereux, un hébreu anarchiste, préface à <mask>, Ethnopsychiatrie des Indiens Mohaves, Paris, Synthélabo, 1996.Emmanuel Delille, "De la psychiatrie exotique aux réseaux universitaires de psychiatrie culturelle: pour une histoire de l’ethnopsychiatrie comme corpus de savoirs en période de transition (1945-1965)", in: H. Ellenberger,

masks:
Georges Devereux
Georges Devere
Georges Devereux
Georges Devere
Georges Devereux
Georges Devereux


title: George Devereux

texts:
 Ethno-psychiatrie, Lyon, ENS Éditions, 2017, pp. 9–1115. German
<mask>: 'Es gibt eine kulturell neutrale Psychotherapie. Gespräch mit <mask>'. In: Hans Jürgen Heinrichs (hg. ): Das Fremde verstehen. Gespräche über Alltag, Normalität und Anormalität.Frankfurt, Paris: Qumran, 1982, pp. 15–32
 Ulrike Bokelmann: '<mask>ux'. In: Hans Peter Duerr: Die wilde Seele. Zur Ethnopsychoanalyse von <mask>ux, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp 1987, pp. 9–31
 Klaus-Dieter Brauner: Kultur und Symptom. Über wissenschaftstheoretische und methodologische Grundlagen von <mask>' Konzeption einer Ethnopsychoanalyse und Ethnopsychiatrie. Frankfurt am Main, Bern, New York: Peter Lang, 1986
 Hans Peter Duerr (Hg.): Die wilde Seele. Zur Ethnopsychoanalyse von <mask>. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1987
Johannes Reichmayr: Einführung in die Ethnopsychoanalyse. Geschichte, Theorien und Methoden. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 2001,  – Revised new edition: Giesssen:Psychosozial-Verlag, 2003,
 Ekkehard Schröder (Hg. ): <mask> zum 75. Geburtstag.Eine Festschrift, Braunschweig [etc. ]: Vieweg, 1984

External links
 Centre Georges Devereux (Université de Paris VIII)
 Vie et Œuvre de Georges Devereux, by Patrick Fermi

French ethnologists
1908 births
1985 deaths
People from Lugoj
Hungarian Jews
Hungarian Roman Catholics
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
École pratique des hautes études faculty
University of California, Berkeley alumni
American anthropologists
French anthropologists
American psychoanalysts
Jewish psychoanalysts
20th-century

masks:
Georges Devereux
Georges Devereux
Georges Devere
Georges Devere
George Devereux
Georges Devereux
Georges Devereux


title: Aliki Vougiouklaki

texts:
<mask> (Greek: Αλίκη Σταματίνα Βουγιουκλάκη Greek pronunciation: [aˈlici stamaˈtina vuʝuˈklaci]; 20 July 1934 – 23 July 1996) was a Greek cinema and theater actress, singer and theatrical producer. She is one of the most popular actresses in Greece, and was given the title of the National Star of Greece. Theatrically, she mostly starred in renditions of widely known Broadway musicals as well as multiple Greek tragedy plays. Vougiouklaki died in 1996 at the age of 62, just three months after being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. <mask> made her stage debut in a 1953 Athens production of Molière's Le Malade imaginaire. Around the same time she made her movie debut in The Little Mouse (1954). She then appeared in over 41 films, one of which, apart from the original Greek, also had a Turkish version but was never officially released in Turkey because of political issues between the two neighboring countries.The majority of her movies met with great success and in 1960 she won the award for Best Actress in the Thessaloniki International Film Festival for her performance in the movie Madalena. Biography

Vougiouklaki was born in Marousi to Emmy Koumoundourou and Ioannis <mask>, who was the provincial governor of Arcadia in the Peloponnese during the war and was executed by the resistance organisation ELAS as a collaborator. She had two brothers, Takis Vougiouklakis (film director) and Antonis (an architect). As a student, she participated in school plays, which eventually led her to an acting career. In 1952, she secretly auditioned for National Theatre of Greece, passed the exams, and started attending

masks:
Aliki Stamatina Vougiouklaki
Aliki Vougiouklaki
Vougiouklakis


title: Aliki Vougiouklaki

texts:
 the Athens Medical Centre.On 14 July she fell into hepatic coma and had no communication with those around her. After two months in hospital Vougiouklaki died at 10:15 on 23 July 1996 in Athens Medical Centre. Her funeral was held in Athens Cathedral on 25 July 1996 and she was buried in the First Cemetery of Athens. Trivia

The film I Aliki Sto Nautiko (1961) was filmed aboard the active Greek naval vessel Aetos D01, which previously saw action during World War 2 with the United States Navy as  USS Slater DE-766. Slater now operates as a museum ship in Albany, NY. Chtipokardia sto thranio (1963) was shot simultaneously in Greek and Turkish, with two different crews. Vougiouklaki starred in both versions, with her voice being dubbed in the Turkish version, Siralardaki heyecanlar.The film, Ipolochagos Natassa (1970) sold 751,000 tickets in Athens, which made it the most successful film in Greece, a record held for almost three decades before being broken by Safe Sex. She worked with writer Willy Russell when she performed in Shirley Valentine onstage in 1989. Scottish writer Ali Smith used a portrait of Vougiouklaki (from the picture Klotsoskoufi by Dinos Dimopoulos, 1960) in her book Artful about four lectures given at Oxford University by the writer. Filmography

Cinema

Television

References

External links

 <mask> Vougiouklaki profile, Cine.gr

1934 births
1996 deaths
Actresses from Athens
20th-century Greek women singers
Cinema of Greece
Greek stage actresses
Greek film actresses
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Deaths from cancer in Greece
Burials at the First Cemetery of Athens
20th-century Greek


title: Ted Kaufman

texts:
<mask> (born March 15, 1939) is a retired American politician and businessman who served as a United States senator from Delaware from 2009 to 2010. He chaired the Congressional Oversight Panel for the Oversight of the Troubled Asset Relief Program; he was the second and final person to hold the position, succeeding Elizabeth Warren. <mask> is a member of the Democratic Party. <mask> was appointed to the Senate to serve the remainder of longtime Senator Joe Biden's term after he was elected Vice President in 2008. Prior to becoming a U.S. Senator, <mask> had served as an advisor to Biden for much of his political career and served as the head of his presidential transition. Early life, education and business career
<mask> was born on March 15, 1939, in Philadelphia, the son of Helen (née Carroll), a teacher, and <mask>, a social worker.His father was of Russian Jewish ancestry and his mother was a Catholic of Irish descent. He was raised Catholic, his mother's religion. <mask> graduated Central High School in Philadelphia, earned a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from Duke University, and a Master of Business Administration degree from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. <mask> originally moved to Delaware in 1966 to work for DuPont as an engineer. Work for Joe Biden
In 1972 he joined Joe Biden's U.S. Senate campaign, which was considered to be a long shot, on a volunteer basis. After Biden's surprise victory in 1972, he took a one-year leave of absence from DuPont to organize and head Senator Biden's Delaware Office. In 1976 he became Biden's Chief of Staff and administrative assistant and served until 1995, also working on Biden's subsequent Senate campaigns.After Biden's victory in the 2020 presidential election, <mask> was chosen to head Biden's transition team. Prior to serving as a U.S. senator, <mask> was a member of the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG) – the independent, autonomous, federal entity responsible for all U.S. government and government-sponsored non-military international broadcasting. He was appointed to the BBG by Presidents Clinton and Bush and was

masks:
Edward Emmett Kaufman
Kaufman
Kaufman
Kaufman
Edward Emmett Kaufman
Manuel Kaufman
Kaufman
Kaufman
Kaufman
Kaufman


title: Ted Kaufman

texts:
 confirmed by the U.S. Senate for four terms. U.S. Senate (2009–2010)

Appointment
On November 24, 2008, Delaware Governor Ruth Ann Minner announced her intention to appoint <mask> to replace Biden in the Senate. He was appointed on January 15, 2009, the same day Biden resigned his seat, and was sworn in the next day. <mask> served in the Senate until his successor, Chris Coons, was elected in a special election in 2010 to finish out the term. <mask> chose not to run for a full term.<mask> inherited appointments to the same two committees that his predecessor, Biden, had served on before his resignation – the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on the Judiciary. Tenure
Early in his term, <mask> supported the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA). The stimulus package has meant more than $800 million in federal funding to support Delaware's economic recovery. In July 2009, <mask> participated in the Senate Judiciary Committee's Supreme Court nomination hearing for Judge Sonia Sotomayor. During the hearing, <mask>'s line of questioning focused on the current Court's recent treatment of business cases and on Judge Sotomayor's judicial approach. <mask> voted to send Judge Sotomayor's nomination to the full Senate for a vote. In June 2010 <mask> participated in the Senate Judiciary Committee's Supreme Court nomination hearing for Judge Elena Kagan.<mask> voted to send Judge Kagan's nomination to the full Senate for a vote. In response to his perception that "people just feel it's perfectly okay to denigrate federal employees", <mask> gave speeches once a week starting in May 2009 praising a different federal employee until the end of his term. <mask> was succeeded by Chris Coons, a Democrat, after Coons defeated Republican nominee Christine O'Donnell in November 2010. <mask> resigned and Coons took office on November 15, 2010, in accordance with Delaware state law and Senate rules. Financial industry
As a member of the Senate Judiciary Committee, <mask> introduced bipartisan legislation with Senators Patrick Leahy (D-VT) and Chuck Grassley (R-IA) to strengthen tools and increase resources

masks: Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman


title: Ted Kaufman

texts:
 available to federal prosecutors to combat financial fraud. The Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 (FERA) was signed into law by President Obama on May 20, 2009. <mask> had sought to further restore confidence in the U.S. financial markets by introducing bipartisan legislation to address abusive short selling and other market manipulation.<mask> urged the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) to consider reinstating the "uptick rule" – which aids market stability and hampers price discovery. He gave multiple floor statements and written numerous letters to the agency with Senate colleagues on this issue, as well as the need for a pre-borrow requirement or a "hard locate" system for short sales. In 2010, <mask>, along with Senator Sherrod Brown (D-OH), introduced an amendment to the then-proposed Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, known as the <mask> amendment. The amendment would have limited the nondeposit liabilities of banks to two percent of gross domestic product, effectively curtailing the size to which banks could grow. <mask> stated on the Senate floor his intention to recapture the spirit of the Glass–Steagall Act, passed in 1933, which had been rescinded in 1999. The amendment failed in a Senate vote of 61 to 33 on May 6, 2010. Foreign affairs
In April 2009, <mask> took his first trip to Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, where he visited with U.S. troops, foreign leaders, and others to examine U.S. strategy in the region.He is a co-sponsor of the Enhanced Partnership with Pakistan Act of 2009, which will triple non-military aid to Pakistan, providing $1.5 billion per year for development over the next five years. <mask> has also stressed the need for increased civilian-military training focused on counterinsurgency and stability operations as essential to success in Afghanistan, introducing an amendment to the 2009 Defense Supplemental Appropriations Bill with Senators Richard Lugar (R-IN) and Jack Reed (D-RI). <mask> has since visited Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan twice more. In May 2009, <mask> visited Israel, Syria and Turkey to discuss regional security issues and areas of

masks:
Kaufman
Kaufman
Kaufman
Brown Kaufman
Kaufman
Kaufman
Kaufman
Kaufman
Kaufman


title: Ted Kaufman

texts:
 mutual interest and cooperation. He met with foreign government and military officials, political leaders and civil society representatives. During the 2009–2010 Iranian election protests, <mask> introduced a resolution supporting the protesters that was unanimously passed in the Senate. <mask> also introduced the Victim of Iranian Censorship Act (VOICE) as an amendment to the 2009 National Defense Authorization Act.The VOICE Act – unanimously adopted by the Senate – supports similar objectives and authorizes funding for the Broadcasting Board of Governors to expand transmission capability and programming on Radio Farda and the Persian News Network. <mask> spoke out for freedom of the press in China. Education reform
<mask> sponsored the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics ("STEM") Education Coordination Act to establish a committee to coordinate the efforts of Federal STEM education programs. <mask> also supported the Edward M. Kennedy National Service Act, which provides increased service opportunities for engineers and scientists to help inspire a new generation of science and technology students. In 2010 <mask> was presented with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 2010 President's Award for his work on promoting STEM education. Committee assignments
Committee on Armed Services
Committee on Foreign Relations
Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs
Subcommittee on African Affairs
Subcommittee on International Operations and Organizations, Human Rights, Democracy and Global Women's Issues
Subcommittee on European Affairs
Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
Committee on the Judiciary
Subcommittee on Administrative Oversight and the Courts
Subcommittee on Antitrust, Competition Policy and Consumer Rights
Subcommittee on the Constitution
Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs
Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security
Impeachment Trial Committee on the Articles against Judge G. Thomas Porteous, Jr.

Congressional Oversight Panel (2010–2011)
Senator Harry Reid, the Senate Majority Leader, appointed <mask> to replace Elizabeth Warren on the

masks: Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman Kaufman


title: Ted Kaufman

texts:
 Congressional Oversight Panel on October 1, 2010. Three days later, <mask> was unanimously elected as the panel's second chairman, succeeding Warren in that capacity as well.He remained chairman of the panel despite the expiration of his Senate term. Post-Senate career
Since 1991, <mask> has taught a course on the United States Congress in the law school of his alma mater, Duke University, as well as "Government, Business, and Public Policy in the Global Economy" for law and business students at Duke. From 1995 to 1999 he was co-chair of the Duke Law School Center for the Study of the Congress. <mask> is currently a member of the board of trustees of the Institute of International Education. He is also co-chair of the Delaware STEM Council. In September 2014, <mask> joined the board of directors of the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. Ahead of the 2020 United States presidential election, <mask> was made a co-chair of the Biden-Harris Transition Team, which planned the presidential transition of Joe Biden.<mask> and his wife, Lynne, have been married since 1960 and reside in Wilmington. They have three daughters, Kelly, Murry, and Meg, and seven grandchildren. He was a member of the Board of Directors of Children and Families First, WHYY, and the Board of Trustees of Christiana Care. References

External links

Senator <mask> official U.S. Senate website (archived)

Duke University School of Law
Kaufman Bill to Punish Financial Fraud Passes Senate
Passage of Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act
University of Delaware's Finding Aid for the Edward E. "<mask>" <mask> papers

|-

1939 births
2008 United States presidential electors
21st-century American politicians
American people of Irish descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American political consultants
Delaware Democrats
Democratic Party United States senators
Duke University School of Law faculty
Duke University Pratt School of Engineering alumni
Biden administration personnel
Living people
Political chiefs of staff
United States congressional aides
United States senators from Delaware
Wharton School of the University of

masks:
Kaufman
Kaufman
Kaufman
Kaufman
Kaufman
Personal Kaufman
Ted Kaufman
Ted
Kaufman


title: John Rocker

texts:
<mask> (born October 17, 1974) is a former American relief pitcher who played six seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), primarily with the Atlanta Braves. Making his major league debut in 1998 as a member of the Braves, with whom he played four seasons, he was also a member of the Cleveland Indians, Texas Rangers, and Tampa Bay Devil Rays for one season each. He last played professionally for the Long Island Ducks of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball in 2005. <mask> received notoriety during his career for making controversial statements, which began with a 1999 Sports Illustrated interview and continued after his retirement. Following the conclusion of his baseball career, <mask> competed on Survivor: San Juan del Sur with girlfriend Julie McGee, placing 16th. Baseball career
In high school, he was a pitcher for First Presbyterian Day School in Macon, Georgia. He threw  three no-hitters during his high-school career.He initially committed to play college baseball for the Georgia Bulldogs. He was drafted by the Atlanta Braves in the 18th round (516th overall) of the 1993 Major League Baseball Draft. In 1998, he was promoted to the major league club. In Rocker's first season in the major leagues, he was 1–3 with a 2.13 ERA in 38 innings pitched. The following year, an injury put Atlanta closer Kerry Ligtenberg on the DL, moving <mask> into the role of closer, where he was 4–5 with 38 saves and a 2.49 ERA. In 2000, he was 1–2 with 24 saves, posting a 2.89 ERA, but in June 2000, Rocker was demoted for threatening a reporter. Rocker started to receive intense taunting from opposing teams' fans due to

masks:
John Loy Rocker
Rocker
Rocker
Rocker


title: John Rocker

texts:
 his negative behavior, and his pitching performance began to decline.On June 23, 2001, <mask>, along with minor-league infielder Troy Cameron (Atlanta's first-round draft pick in 1997), was traded to the Cleveland Indians for right-handed relievers Steve Karsay and Steve Reed, along with cash. In Cleveland, his record that year was 3–7 with a 5.45 ERA and four saves. <mask> also played that year for the Indians in the ALDS against the Seattle Mariners. The following year, the Indians traded him to the Texas Rangers for pitcher David Elder. In Texas, he refused designation to the minor leagues. In 2002, he again struggled at 2–3 with a 6.66 ERA and was released. In 2003, <mask> signed with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays but was released after two appearances and an ERA of 9.00.He took the 2004 season off to recover from surgery on his left shoulder. In 2005, he signed with the Long Island Ducks of the independent Atlantic League. In April 2005, he asked New Yorkers to "bury the hatchet." After going 0–2 with a 6.50 ERA in 23 games, he was released on June 27, 2005. Controversies

Controversial statements
In a story published in the December 27, 1999, issue of Sports Illustrated, Rocker made a number of allegations stemming from his experiences in New York City and answering a question about whether he would ever play for the New York Yankees or the New York Mets. During the interview, he also spoke of his opinion of the New York Mets and their fans:

The interview was conducted while driving to a speaking engagement in Atlanta. The reporter, Jeff Pearlman, wrote that during the interview session, Rocker spat on a

masks: Rocker Rocker Rocker


title: John Rocker

texts: Georgia State Route 400 toll machine and mocked Asian women.Also, Rocker referred to Curaçaoan teammate Randall Simon as a "fat monkey". Although Rocker later apologized after speaking with Braves legend and Hall of Famer Hank Aaron and former Atlanta mayor and congressman Andrew Young, he continued to make controversial remarks. For his comments, Commissioner Bud Selig suspended Rocker without pay for the remainder of spring training and the first 28 games of the 2000 season,  which on appeal was reduced to 14 games (without a spring-training suspension). In 2002, while with the Rangers, <mask> again made national headlines for his views after directing slurs towards patrons of a Dallas restaurant at which he was dining, located in the heavily LGBT-populated neighborhood of Oak Lawn. In June 2006, <mask> defended former teammate Ozzie Guillén, at the time the manager of the Chicago White Sox, for referring to Chicago Sun-Times sports columnist Jay Mariotti as a "fag". Guillen, a native of Venezuela, claimed it was not a derogatory term and that, in Venezuela, the term only questions another man's courage rather than his sexual orientation. "This is a free country.If he wants to use a lewd term, he should be able to use a lewd term," Rocker told the Chicago Tribune. "Can't you use a lewd term in America if you want?" Referring to sensitivity training, he was quoted as saying: "It was a farce, a way for the scared little man, Bud Selig, to get people off his ass." Rocker stated that when he attended mandatory sensitivity training he would seldom remain longer than 15 minutes. He also claimed he never paid the

masks: Rocker Rocker


title: John Rocker

texts:
 $500 fine that was levied against him. In late 2006, <mask> was interviewed by the sports blog Deadspin, along with fitness model and then-girlfriend Alicia Marie. In the interview, Rocker discussed his "Speak English" campaign, as well as his upcoming book, Rocker: Scars & Strikes.Rocker stated that the book would not be used to try to repair his reputation, but would rather be "more conservative Republican rantings". Also during the interview, Rocker lambasted <mask>, his former general manager with the Braves, calling him "a piece of shit". On Survivor, during an argument with fellow castaway Natalie Anderson, Rocker told her, "If you were a man, I'd knock your teeth out." Steroid use
In March 2007, Rocker was implicated in a steroid ring that included Applied Pharmacy of Mobile, Alabama. In December 2011, he admitted to using steroids, saying "Yeah, of course I was [using steroids]. I mean who wasn't? Let’s be honest here, who wasn't?"Movie and television appearances
<mask> made his screen-acting debut in the 2002 horror comedy The Greenskeeper as a murderous golf-club groundskeeper. In 2006, Rocker appeared on the Spike TV network's Pros vs. Joes, a program that pits retired professional athletes against amateurs. In August 2014 it was announced that <mask> would appear on the 29th season of the competitive reality series Survivor alongside his girlfriend Julie McGee. He was the third person voted out, finishing in 16th place after he became the center of negative attention. He was immediately recognized by some of the other players who were aware of his controversial statements. He was voted out of the

masks:
Rocker
John Schuerholz
Rocker
Rocker


title: John Rocker

texts:
 game with an immunity idol in his pocket on Day 8. McGee made it to the merge phase of the game, but quit in 12th place after suffering an emotional breakdown, citing the negativity surrounding Rocker earlier in the game as one of the multiple reasons that she decided to withdraw from the competition.Though not directly based on <mask>, Danny McBride said that Kenny Powers, the main protagonists of the HBO series Eastbound and Down that the pitcher was "more or less an inspiration" for the character. Other media activity
In December 2011, <mask> released his autobiography, Scars and Strikes. As of 2012, he writes a column for WorldNetDaily, a conservative political site. See also

Tampa Bay Rays all-time roster
List of Major League Baseball players named in the Mitchell Report

References

External links
, or Retrosheet, or Pelota Binaria (Venezuelan Winter League)

1974 births
American autobiographers
American columnists
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball players from Georgia (U.S. state)
Cardenales de Lara players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Cleveland Indians players
Danville Braves players
Durham Bulls players
Eugene Emeralds players
Greenville Braves players
Living people
Long Island Ducks players
Macon Braves players
Major League Baseball controversies
Major League Baseball pitchers
Oklahoma RedHawks players
Orlando Rays players
People from Statesboro, Georgia
Presbyterians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Richmond Braves players
Obscenity controversies
Sportspeople from Macon, Georgia
Survivor (American TV series) contestants
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
Texas Rangers players
Tulsa Drillers


title: Krystal Garib

texts:
<mask> is a Broadway performer, singer, dancer, filmmaker, producer, choreographer and philanthropist. In 2010 she became the first and sole North American singer and performer to tour the world with Oscar and Grammy Award-winning Bollywood film composer A.R. Rahman of Slumdog Millionaire. <mask> has modeled for Femina (India) magazine has appeared on the cover of Dance Spirit Magazine. Early life and education
<mask> was born and raised in the small Canadian town of Penticton, British Columbia while also spending time living in Kolkata, West Bengal where her father's family is from. As a youngster, she attended Parkway Elementary, Calcutta International School, Penticton Community Christian School, Wiltse Elementary, The Glenfir School and Penticton Secondary School. <mask> is of Sikh-Punjabi heritage and is fluent in English and Punjabi.Growing up in Canada, she started studying dance at the age of three in forms of ballet, jazz, tap, hip hop, modern, contemporary, musical theatre and Kathak when in Kolkata. As a teenager, she took part in community theatre productions such as Westside Story and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat. Struggling with a severe stutter growing up, <mask> began taking vocal lessons at the age of fourteen as an alternative to speech therapy when traditional methods didn't work. She studied western classical voice and Bel canto technique when in Canada while switching to Hindustani classical music when on frequent visits to India. In 2001, <mask> enrolled in the Miss Penticton Royalty program with the intention of exploring another possible avenue to overcome stuttering and a fear of public speaking. <mask> went on to win the pageant, along with the award for 'Best Speech', and was crowned the 54th

masks:
Krystal Kiran Garib
Garib
Garib
Garib
Garib
Garib
Garib


title: Krystal Garib

texts:
 Queen Val Vedette. She graduated from Penticton Secondary School in 2002.In 2009 she was inducted in the School District 67 Wall of Fame, which recognizes outstanding alumni of School District 67 Okanagan Skaha. Shortly after graduating high school, <mask> was cast in the Broadway production of Andrew Lloyd Webber and A.R. Rahman's musical Bombay Dreams,. Broadway Breakthrough and other Stage Performances
<mask> began her performing career in the summer of 2001 at the age of sixteen as a dancer at Vancouver's Pacific National Exhibition (PNE). In 2004, she became an original ensemble cast member and was one of the understudies for the leading role of Priya in the Broadway production of Andrew Lloyd Webber and A.R. Rahman's musical Bombay Dreams which was directed by Steven Pimlott and choreographed by Anthony Van Laast and Bollywood choreographer Farah Khan with assistant Geeta Kapoor. With the Bombay Dreams production, <mask> performed on television shows Good Morning America, Live with Regis and Kelly and Canada AM.In 2005 and as a member of the Bombay Dreams cast, <mask> was selected to headline performances for 'Macy's Passport' in Los Angeles and San Francisco hosted by Sharon Stone and Jennifer Lopez and MAC Cosmetics Fashion Cares Bollywood Cowboy along with Jann Arden, Pamela Anderson, Feist and Punjabi Hit Squad. The following year, she appeared in the world premiere stage production of the Lord of the Rings (musical) produced by Kevin Wallace and Mirvish Productions with music again by A.R. Rahman, Värttinä and Christopher Nightingale, book and lyrics by Matthew Warchus and Shaun McKenna and choreography by Peter Darling. Garib understudied all female ensemble roles, including that of Aragorn's love interest, Arwen. As a

masks: Garib Garib Garib Garib


title: Krystal Garib

texts:
 dancer, Garib has appeared in the following films: Hairspray, The Love Guru, and Repo! The Genetic Opera. A.R.Rahman Connection and Mentorship
In 2010, <mask> was invited to perform with Academy Award-winning Bollywood composer, A.R. Rahman on his A. R. Rahman Jai Ho Concert: The Journey Home World Tour. On her consistent work with Rahman, <mask> has said "I've wanted to work with Rahman since I was eight years old, when I first heard his music in the film Bombay. His music was and always has been a connection to my homeland, which I think is why he's been a constant source of inspiration throughout my life and career". House of Kiran and Philanthropy

In 2009, <mask> founded the House of Kiran, a non-profit performing arts production company producing fundraising events for the likes of DesiFEST Toronto and Toronto's Speech and Stuttering Institute. <mask>'s production of "Speaking of Shakespeare..." was headlined by the Stratford Shakespeare Festival, Tony Award winning actor Brent Carver and Grammy Award winning musician Jonathan Arons. The event helped raise over $40,000 for the children and adults suffering from speech disorders.In 2011, along with the family of slain 19-year-old Simon Fraser University student, Maple Batalia, House of Kiran set up a performing arts bursary campaign in honor of the aspiring artist, performer and model. In addition, the family of Batalia set up a scholarship at her the university at which she was studying, raising more than $50,000 for students wishing to study Health Sciences. Filmmaking
In 2012, House of Kiran created its first short filmed titled Thy Beauty's Doom - In Memory of Maple Batalia which was funded by Canada's bravoFACT. The film was written and directed by <mask> and features her

masks: Garib Garib Garib Garib Garib


title: Krystal Garib

texts:
 as a performer, with music by Christine Wu. The film is based on the paintings of slain Simon Fraser University student, actor and model Maple Batalia and is created in her tribute. iTunes sales of "Forever Gone" the music featured in the film, will support the Maple Batalia Bursary for the Arts which supports young South Asian-Canadian women wanting to pursue the arts, but lack family or community support. The film premiered at the Punjabi International Film Festival / International Film Festival of South Asia Toronto 2014 on 17 May 2014.The music for the film features a vocal sample of singing and poetry performed by Batalia's mother, Sarbjit and flute by Naveen Kumar (Flautist), who was heavily featured on the Bombay (soundtrack), the music of which a major influence in <mask>'s early childhood and with whom she toured with on the A. R. Rahman Jai Ho Concert: The Journey Home World Tour. Dance Instruction
<mask> teaches Bhang 'n' Beats and Bollywood dance classes at the Cornerstone Studio in Toronto, Ontario. Garib is the owner of the Penticton School of Dance in Penticton, British Columbia. References

External links

Living people
Actresses from British Columbia
Canadian film actresses
Canadian female dancers
Canadian expatriate actresses in the United States
People from Penticton
1984

masks: Garib Garib


title: Solomon Passy

texts:
<mask> () (born 22 December 1956) is a Bulgarian scientist, politician, and innovator, founder and President of the Atlantic Club of Bulgaria (since 1990), Foreign Minister in the Government of Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (2001-2005), Chairman-in-Office of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in 2004. He represented Bulgaria at UN Security Council and was its Chairman (September 2002 and December 2003), and was nominated by Bulgaria for Secretary General of NATO (2009). Passy served as Chairman of the Parliamentary Committees on Foreign Affairs (2005-2009) and Foreign Affairs, Defense and Security (2001). He was a Member of Parliament in three legislations (1990-1991, 2001-2005, 2005–2009) and the first CEE Vice-President of the Atlantic Treaty Association (ATA), Paris (1996-1999) and Chair of the Transparency and Accountability Committee of the Parliamentary Assembly of OSCE (2006-2009). In the 1980s <mask> was active in anti-establishment and pro-democratic movements. He holds a Ph.D. in mathematical logic, entitling him to the honorific title Dr <mask>, and was a computer scientist at Sofia University and the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (1979-1994). <mask> and his wife Gergana are co-authors of the EU Universal USB charger for GSM (2008-2014) and he is a pioneer of Bulgaria's Antarctic presence and membership in the Antarctic Treaty.Early life and education
<mask> was born in Plovdiv to a Bulgarian Jewish family, rescued during World War II from being sent to a Nazi concentration camp. He is the son of Bulgarian philosopher Prof. <mask> and physician, inventor and endocrinologist <mask>. He is a mathematician and holds a Ph.D. (1985) in Mathematical Logic and Computer Science from Sofia University. In the 1980s he was involved in the dissident movements opposing the communist regime. Career and politics
In 1990 <mask> became the founding President and CEO of the Atlantic Club of Bulgaria (ACB), the only NGO operating within Warsaw Pact countries

masks:
Solomon Isaac Passy
Passy
Passy
Passy
Solomon Passy
Isaac Passy
Lily Passy
Passy


title: Solomon Passy

texts:
 vocally advocating its dissolution, and the accession of New Europe to NATO and the EU. He also co-founded the Green Party serving as its spokesman (1989), the Union of Democratic Forces (1989), the  Club for Support of Glasnost and Perestroika of Zhelyu Zhelev (1989), as well as the National Movement Simeon II (2001). The Berlin Wall era
In the 1980s <mask> was an activist of various opposition, underground and ecological movements opposing communism, including in defense of the oppressed Turkish minority in Bulgaria; in solidarity with them he assumed the Turkish pseudonym Syuleyman Tehlikeli when publishing mathematical papers and graphics art in the 1980s.He attended the Solidarity Trade Union Congress in Gdansk in the fall of 1981. In May 1987 <mask> was the co-host-organizer of the first public opposition happening in Sofia University. After his efforts in communist Bulgaria,  in 1990-1991, as MP in the Grand National Assembly,  he co-authored the first democratic Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria and tabled the bill for abolishment of the death penalty in Bulgaria. Atlantic and European integration
In August 1990 <mask>, as a Member of Parliament, appealed to the Grand National Assembly and drafted the Parliamentary Bill for the withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact and Bulgaria's accession to NATO. <mask> and others founded the ACB, which was succeeded by dozens of other Atlantic NGOs in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), Asia, and Africa. The logo of the Atlantic Club – the NATO compass rose encircled by the 12 EU stars – became the symbol of unity of the Euro-Atlantic area adopted by number of the emerging Atlantic NGOs. In November 1990 the ACB founders led by Passy made the first visit of an East European delegation to NATO HQ by invitation of NATO SG Manfred Wörner and the US Permanent Representative to NATO Ambassador William Taft IV, who supported the Bulgarian idea to establish ACB on a Warsaw Pact territory.Subsequently, the Bulgarian know-how was

masks: Passy Passy Passy Passy


title: Solomon Passy

texts:
 replicated in a joint statement by US Secretary of State James Baker and the Foreign Minister of Germany Hans-Dietrich Genscher in May 1991 who advocated the creation of Atlantic councils in other Warsaw Pact countries. In June 1991 NATO SG Manfred Wörner agreed to be "kidnapped" in Sofia by <mask> in his East German car Trabant. Manfred Wörner became a supporter of ACB and personally endorsed in 1992 ACB's accession as first CEE member of ATA. ACB erected a monument in Sofia of him in 1996, which was inaugurated by his successor Javier Solana. For 14 years <mask> worked on Bulgaria's membership of NATO, which was finalized on April 2, 2004 when Minister <mask> raised the Bulgarian flag over NATO HQ in Brussels. <mask> co-authored the bill concerning Bulgaria’s membership in the EU, adopted by the Grand National Assembly in December 1990. He negotiated as Foreign Minister the EU Accession Treaty of Bulgaria and signed it on April 25, 2005.The Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet was adopted as the third official EU alphabet. In September 1990 <mask> became co-author of the draft of the Parliamentary Bill for Bulgaria's participation in the US-led coalition that liberated Kuwait from Saddam Hussein's occupation. <mask> proposed in 2003 the creation of joint US-Bulgarian defense facilities in Bulgaria - a project he ratified in 2006 as Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Parliamentary Committee. Global affairs
In 2001 Bulgaria was elected for rotational member of the UN Security Council (2002-2003); <mask> represented Bulgaria on UNSC and chaired the Council in September 2002 and December 2003. In 2004 <mask> became the OSCE Chairman-in-Office. During his chairmanship the frozen conflict in Ajaria (Georgia) was solved, and Mongolia joined OSCE network. <mask>, Joschka Fischer, and Colin Powell hosted the OSCE Berlin Conference on Antisemitism (April 2004).While Passy was part of King Simeon's Government, constructive and pragmatic relations with Russia were formed, following 45 years of

masks:
Solomon Passy
Solomon Passy
Passy
Passy
Passy
Passy
Passy
Passy
Passy


title: Solomon Passy

texts:
 de facto Soviet occupation of Bulgaria. Bilateral relations with China and India were refreshed and the Bulgarian diplomatic network with the Arab countries restored. See also: Dr. <mask> and China, Dr. <mask>y: Central Asia, Caucasus and Post-Soviet Space (as CiO of the OSCE – 2004), and Memorandum about Relationships between the Holy See and the Atlantic Club of Bulgaria. Mediation and diplomatic action
As Minister, <mask> was responsible for the strategy of the EU-US-BG negotiating Troika with Libya’s dictator col. Gaddafi for the successful release (July 2007) of six Bulgarian medics held by Libya as hostages in 1999. On behalf of the Western Allies <mask>, as MP, undertook successful mediation missions in North Korea (July–August 2007), which eventually contributed to the destruction of the cooling tower for heavy water at the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center (North Korea) - agreed upon the Six-Party Talks in 27–30 September 2007 - and to Summit meeting between North and South Korea. He mediated for the release of US citizen collaborators of George Soros detained in Iran in May 2007. In 2007 <mask> assumed a one-year assignment as an advisor to the Macedonian Government on NATO accession.In 2008 the Bucharest Summit of NATO agreed on Macedonia's membership of NATO, conditional on resolving the bilateral dispute with Greece. In 2008 the government of Bulgaria nominated <mask> for Secretary General of NATO. Globalization of Bulgaria
ACB is the first non-NATO NGO invited to join the Atlantic Treaty Association, in 1992. <mask> is the first non-NATO Vice-President of ATA (1996-1999). Bulgaria is the first non-NATO member state to host an ATA General Assembly (1997). Passy and ACB in November 1994, invited Pope John Paul II to Bulgaria. The visit, the first papal visit to Bulgaria, took place in 2002 when <mask> was Foreign Minister; the Pope announced in Sofia that Bulgaria – contrary to widespread allegations — had not been involved in the 1981 attempt to

masks:
Solomon Passy
Solomon Pass
Passy
Passy
Passy
Solomon
Passy
Passy


title: Solomon Passy

texts:
 assassinate the Pope.<mask> co-chaired the host committee of the ACB-Tibetan Friendship Society for the visit to Bulgaria of the XIV Dalai Lama of Tibet in October 1991. Passy's ACB hosted Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew in 1993, subsequent dialogue between the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and the Vatican eventually made the Bulgarian visit of Pope John Paul II possible. In 1999 <mask> became co-chair of the Host Committee for the first US presidential visit to Bulgaria, by President Bill Clinton. In 1993 <mask> and ACB were involved in establishing the Bulgarian Antarctic Institute and the annual Antarctic Expedition as part of the national Antarctic Program. Bulgaria became the 28th Consultative Party to the Antarctic Treaty in 1998. Futuristic visions
In 2007 <mask> visited China by invitation of the Chinese Parliament and launched the creation of NATO-China Council and membership of China in OSCE. In 2007 during a visit to Lhasa (Tibet) Passy launched the Theory of e-Democracy (Link): a computerized simulator replacing elections and manned governments by optimizational algorithms guaranteeing sustainable increase of quality of life.Scientific
<mask> holds a PhD (1985) and M.Sc. (1979) in Mathematical Logic and Computer Sciences from Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski. He has published dozens of academic papers on mathematical logic and computer sciences. The Combinatory Dynamic Logic (Modal Logic with Nominals) was developed in Bulgaria by <mask> and Professors Tinko Tinchev, George Gargov, Valentin Goranko, and Dimitar Vakarelov. <mask>’s scientific publications from 1980-1990s are widely cited. Today <mask> is a frequent commentator on international affairs, defense and security, and innovations for national and world media. Awards

 The Peak Passy on Livingstone Island (Antarctica) is named after Dr. <mask> in recognition of his contribution to Bulgaria's Antarctic presence.Badge of Honor “Bulgaria-NATO” 1st Degree (2014), awarded by the Minister of Defense of

masks:
Passy
Passy
Passy
Solomon Passy
Solomon Passy
Solomon Passy
Solomon
Solomon
Passy


title: Solomon Passy

texts:
 Bulgaria
 Worthy Bulgarians Award (along with his wife Gergana), for their idea for a common USB charger for the GSM in EU (2010)
 Doctor Honoris Causa of the South-West University "Neofit Rilski" in Blagoevgrad (2005)
 Honorary citizen of the State of Texas (2004) and the State of Nebraska (2019)
 Honorary citizen of the town of Nedelino (2003)
 Event of the Year, awarded about the invitation for the accession of Bulgaria to NATO (2002)

International State Awards

Boardships
 Board of Directors, American Chamber of Commerce in Bulgaria (2011–present)
 Board of Trustees, AUBG, American University in Bulgaria (2006-2015)
 Board of Trustees, Member of the Burgas Free University (2006–present)

Personal life
<mask> and Gergana Passy have four children from their three marriages. The Passys run a consulting business Passy Experience Ltd., serving governmental and corporate clients from various sectors of business: pharmaceuticals, agriculture, nuclear energy, heavy industries, defense. <mask>y is a partner in a start-up company developing iSOSu mobile application along with an Indian partner, ASADEL Technologies Pvt. Ltd., for the Indian and global markets and other innovations. See also

List of foreign ministers in 2005
 Foreign relations of Bulgaria
List of Bulgarians

References

External links

For personal and family details:
 Personal website
For business and public activities:
  The Atlantic Club of Bulgaria
 Digital National Alliance
 Atlantic Digital Network

1956 births
Living people
Foreign ministers of Bulgaria
Members of the National Assembly (Bulgaria)
National Movement for Stability and Progress politicians
Bulgarian people of Jewish descent
Bulgarian logicians
Bulgarian activists
Politicians from Plovdiv
20th-century Sephardi Jews
21st-century Sephardi Jews

Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit
Grand Crosses of the Order of Prince

masks:
Solomon
Solomon Pass


title: Don Charlwood

texts:
<mask> AM (6 September 1915 – 18 June 2012) was an Australian author. He also worked as a farm hand, an air traffic controller and, most notably, as an RAAF navigator in Bomber Command during the Second World War. While best known for No Moon Tonight, his fictionalised memoir of life as a crew member in RAF Bomber Command (the fiction is revealed by comparing his straight autobiographical account of those experiences, Journeys into Night), <mask> wrote a number of other biographical, fiction and non-fiction works. Early life
Born in Melbourne, Victoria, in 1915, <mask>'s family moved to Frankston when he was eight. <mask> left Frankston High School in his Leaving Certificate year, to take a job with a local estate agency and produce market. When approaching 18 years of age he was required to train his replacement, and found himself unemployed in 1933. He took a holiday at a relative's farm, Burnside, near Nareen, in south-west Victoria.He found the life enjoyable and was invited back to work there for the shearing and harvest of 1934. During this time he completed a short-story course by correspondence with the London School of Journalism and had a number of stories published, sometimes under the pseudonym E. K. Dwyer. At Burnside, <mask> was already writing and occasionally supplemented his wages by selling articles and short stories. He remained there through the thirties, but in 1940, as war unfolded in Europe and France, and the Low Countries fell, he signed up for the RAAF, and was placed on the reserve. Military service
For the rest of 1940, <mask> worked at The 21 Lessons – a course to ensure candidates were fitted for the theoretical work of initial training. In May 1941, after 11 months

masks:
Donald Ernest Cameron Charlwood
Charlwood
Charlwood
Charlwood
Charlwood
Charlwood


title: Don Charlwood

texts: on the reserve, <mask> was called up and posted to No 1. Initial Training School, Somers, Victoria.From Somers, he proceeded to Sydney and then to Vancouver in Canada. Their trip to Canada on the liner SS Monterey was the first across the Pacific by Australian service personnel on a ship registered in neutral America. On reaching Vancouver, <mask> along with the rest of his group, was sent to Edmonton. In October 1942, they started their training as bomb-aimer/navigators on Course 35 of No. 2 Air Observer Training School, Empire Air Training Scheme. Six months, a number of courses and stations, and around 160 hours of flying time later, initial training was complete. In May 1943, <mask> and his course travelled to England, on the Polish liner MS Batory anchoring on the River Clyde on the evening of 12 May.Here the course was split, with Charlwood and half of them posted to No. 3 Advanced Flying Unit, Bobbington, between the Severn Valley and Birmingham. After completing Advanced Flying, aircrew were posted to Operational Training Units, their entry into combat operations. <mask> was posted to No, 27 OTU, Lichfield – a unit that fed Bomber Command. He had almost 200 hours flying time. At Tatenhill, a satellite airfield of Lichfield, <mask>, with Pilot Geoff Maddern, crewed up to form a crew of five – the basis of all his future flying in Bomber Command. On 1 August 1942 they flew together as a crew for the first time, in a Wellington Bomber.On the night of 5 September 1942, they made their last training flight. Charlwood's total flying time was now just under 257 hours. Training completed, they were posted to fly with No. 103 Squadron RAF, Elsham Wolds. Soon after joining the squadron converted

masks: Charlwood Charlwood Charlwood Charlwood Charlwood


title: Don Charlwood

texts:
 from Handley Page Halifaxes to Avro Lancasters. Charlwood completed a full tour of 30 operations, the first 103 Squadron to survive a tour in nine months, and was then "screened" to training duties with 27 OTU. Of the 20 men who had qualified as navigators with Charlwood, only five were alive at the end of the war.He was subsequently mustered for repatriation to Australia via the US where he was to train for duties in the Pacific theatre on Considated Liberator 4 engined bombers. Later life
When back problems ended his flying career in the US, <mask> returned to Australia. On route to Australia, <mask> detoured to Edmonton, Canada, where he married Nell East, who he had first met when training as a Navigator in 1941. Following his return to Australia he was invalided out of the RAAF in July 1945, and commenced work with the Department of Civil Aviation, initially as an Air Traffic Controller, and later in training and recruitment. It was while working at the DCA that he wrote No Moon Tonight relying heavily on diaries he kept during training and operational flying. By 1965, when he came to write All the Green Year, he and wife Nell had four children, including two teenage daughters. He became Vice President of the Victorian branch of the Fellowship of Australian writers in 1975 and held the position for 15 years.In 1992, <mask> was made a Member of the Order of Australia in recognition of service to literature. He died in June 2012. Books / Critical reception
All the Green Year (1965) has been described as a perceptive observation of Australian childhood. The critic A. A. Phillips wrote, "The first part reads as a book about boys; the second part – the flight from home – as a book for boys". The

masks: Charlwood Charlwood Charlwood


title: Don Charlwood

texts:
 book sold more than 100,000 copies and there were 21 editions between 1965 and 1983. All the Green Year features in the anthology, The Australian Collection: Australia's Greatest Books.In 1980, All the Green Year was made into a television series. No Moon Tonight (1956) and Journeys into Night (1991) have been described as among the finest autobiographical works on Bomber Command in World War II. Bibliography

Autobiographical
 No Moon Tonight, Angus and Robertson, 1956. Marching as to War,  Hudson, 1990. (Winner of the Fellowship of Australian Writers (Vic) Christina Stead Award in 1990)
 Journeys Into Night, Hudson, 1991. Novels
 All the Green Year, Angus and Robertson, 1965. Short Story Collection
 Flight and Time, Neptune Press, 1979.Non Fiction
 An Afternoon of Time, Angus and Robertson, 1966. Take-Off to Touchdown: The Story of Air Traffic Control, Angus and Robertson, 1967. The Wreck of the Loch Ard: End of a Ship, End of an Era, Angus and Robertson, 1971. Wrecks and Reputations: The Loss of the Schomberg and Loch Ard, Angus and Robertson, 1977. Settlers Under Sail, Premier's Department, 1978. The Long Farewell, Penguin Books, 1981. The Wreck of the Sailing Ship Netherby: A Miracle of Survival, Burgewood Books, 2005.References

External links
 Australian War Memorial Service Record
 Australian War Memorial profile
 <mask> <mask>, as Flight Lieutenant (408794) interviewed for the Keith Murdoch Sound Archive – Australian War Memorial
 <mask>'s Twenty Men
 Burgewood Books
 Daily Telegraph (UK) obituary

1915 births
2012 deaths
Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II
Air traffic controllers
Australian male writers
Maritime writers
Members of the Order of Australia
Australian

masks:
Donald Ernest
Cameron Charlwood
Don Charlwood