title: Natalie Horler

texts:
<mask> (born 23 September 1981) is a German singer and television presenter, best known for being the lead singer of the Eurodance group Cascada. Early life and family

<mask> was born in Bonn, West Germany, to English parents. They had moved to (then) West Germany from the United Kingdom in 1980. Her father, David Horler, is a jazz musician and her mother, Christine, is a foreign languages teacher. Horler grew up with her two siblings, Sally and Victoria. <mask> soon began singing jazz songs in her father's studio as well as songs from Disney films. Musical career

Beginnings
Horler began her musical career by singing in bars and casino bar.At 18, she started to work with different DJs, and recording a number of tracks. This is how she met future bandmembers Manian and Yanou. Her most notable song of her pre-Cascada era is "Piece of Heaven" as Akira. In addition, Horler appeared on the German adaptation of Star Search in 2004. Breakthrough with Cascada

In 2004, she formed the group Cascada with DJ Manian and Yanou (the latter known for his track with DJ Sammy and Dominique van Hulst, "Heaven", released in 2002), and began touring with her dancers Essa and Falk. Originally Cascade, the group name was soon changed to Cascada due to legal issues. On 21 February 2006, Cascada's 14-track album titled Everytime We Touch was released in the United States.Her most successful song in the U.S remains the band's U.S. debut single "Everytime We Touch". It was a worldwide hit, peaking at No. 10 on the US Hot 100. In addition, it peaked at No. 2 in the UK Charts, No. 1 in Israel for 2 weeks and No. 1 in Ireland for an impressive six weeks.Horler has stated that at that time that they were overwhelmed at their success, suggesting they came along at the right time, and were very lucky (particularly in the American market, where Eurodance music hardly accomplishes mainstream

masks:
Natalie Christine Horler
Natalie Horler
Natalie


title: Pierre Emile Lelong

type: original

texts:
<mask> (24 March 1908 – 29 June 1984) was a neo-Impressionist painter based in France, winner of the Grand Prix des Peintres Témoins de Leur Temps in 1972. He is considered one of the postwar group of artists referred to as “La Nouvelle Ecole de Paris.”

Biography
<mask> was born in 1908 in Neuilly-sur-Seine. His father, <mask>, was a military man from Alsace; his mother, Marie Odette Collot, came from a Parisian family. She died when <mask> was six years old, at the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. <mask> was brought up largely by his grandmother, Madeleine Collot and his great-aunt Huguette. He began to draw and paint at an early age. In the 1920s he took classes at the Atelier Julien in Paris, but stopped painting in his late teens and early twenties – the period during which he was required to complete his military service.After finishing his tour of duty, he went to work for an insurance company, Mutualité Agricole, where he had a successful career and was able to travel during his vacations. In about 1933 he started to paint again and by 1935 had rented a studio in Montmartre (91, rue Caulaincourt). He continued to work for the insurance company and to travel. His work appeared in newspapers and magazines. He first exhibited his work at the Salon des Indépendants in 1935, and as part of a group at the Galerie Rotgé. He later destroyed much of his earliest work, so few paintings from this period survive. <mask> married Marie-Rose Salvatori, whose family came

masks:
Pierre Emile Gabriel Lelong
Pierre Emile Lelong
Albert Lelong
Pierre
Pierre
Pierre Lelong


title: Pierre Emile Lelong

texts: from Trinidad, in July 1938, and the couple spent four months in Trinidad not long after the wedding.In 1939 he moved his studio to 30 quai de Passy (later the avenue President Kennedy). When World War II broke out, he became a liaison officer for a British regiment. He was taken prisoner at Dunkirk and sent to Camp Oflag IV-D near Dresden. He spent his time sketching his fellow prisoners and the events in the camp. He was later transferred to an outpost of Stalag IV-A, at Zittau, near the Czech frontier. After at least one failed attempt at escape, he succeeded in 1942 and returned to France, where he turned his sketches into a book Une Vie de Camp, published in 1943. He spent the remainder of the war in Trinidad with his wife’s family.During this period (1943–45), he worked on his painting technique, which had been interrupted by his earlier military service and professional career. He and his wife moved to New York City after the war, where their only son, Jean-François, was born. The family returned to France in 1947, and <mask> took a studio at 10, rue des Batignolles. During the late 1940s, he produced illustrations for various journals, including Cavalcade, Paysage, La Pensée Française, Lisez-moi, Champs-Elysées, Paris-Dimanche, and Fantasia. La Galerie Doucet arranged a solo exhibition for <mask> in 1950. Thereafter, he exhibited more and more frequently: the Salon d'Automne, the Salon de la Peinture à l’Eau, the Salon des Indépendants, the Salon du Dessin. His

masks:
Lelong
Pierre Lelong


title: Pierre Emile Lelong

texts:
 work became increasingly well-known and in 1956, he was invited to do a portrait of the composer Jacques Ibert.He was also commissioned to paint frescos for several institutional clients. He spent most summers in the south of France, and created a large body of work depicting boats, beaches, bathers, and southern towns. A fall from a horse in March 1961 led to a spell in hospital, but he recovered and continued to paint. A monograph on his work by Gerard Mourgue was published later that year. He exhibited in the Salon des Peintres Témoins de Leur Temps in 1963. In 1966 he moved to a studio at 74, rue des Plantes, in the 14th arrondissement. As abstract art became more popular, he wrote articles defending figurative art, including “Pourquoi je suis figuratif” in Connaissance des Hommes in 1971.He received the Grand Prix of the Peintres Témoins de Leur Temps in 1973 after a successful exhibit at the Galerie Minet. A retrospective of his work was mounted in Nice in 1974 at the Palais de la Méditerranée. His last major exhibition was at the Galerie d’art de la Place Beauvau in 1980, a series of works depicting the city of Paris. His health began to fail the following year and he died on 29 June 1984. Six months later, his only son was killed in a car accident in Morocco. Examples of books illustrated by <mask>
Une vie de camp, preface by Henri Curtil, Presses Victor Michel, 1943. Les cent nouvelles, special edition produced for the Cercle des Professeurs Bibliophiles de


title: Pierre Emile Lelong

texts:
 France, 1962.L’Amour, edition prepared for Peintres Témoins de Leur Temps, 1964. Les Français, edition prepared for Peintres Témoins de Leur Temps, 1966. La Bruyère de Septembre, Yves Frontenac, SNPMD Publishers, 1972. L’Escalier de la Nuit, Yves Frontenac, SNPMD Publishers, 1973. L’Art d’Aimer, Ovid, Moulin de Vauboyen–<mask> Tartas. 1973. L’Art d’Aimer, Ovid, translation by Pirault des Chaumes, Editions Roissard, 1979.Awards
Prix des Beaux Arts, 1945. Prix Othon Friesz, finalist, 1952. Prix Portier, 1955. Prix de la Biennale de Menton, 1957. Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur, 1959. Grand Prix des Peintres Témoins de Leur Temps, 1972. Solo exhibitions
Galerie Maurice Deuillet, Paris, 1958.Galerie Carlier, Paris, 1959. Leicester Galleries, London, 1960. Galerie Carlier, Paris, 1961. Galerie Walter, New York, 1967. Galerie Mirage, Montpellier, 1968. Galerie Carlier, Paris, 1969. Galerie Walter, New York, 1970.Distelheim Galleries, Chicago, 1971. Galerie Squarcifichi, Tokyo, 1972. Galerie d’art de la Place Beauvau, Paris, 1972. Galerie 65, Cannes, 1973. Galerie d’art de la Place Beauvau, Paris, 1973. Retrospective, Palais de la Méditerranée, Nice, 1974. Galerie d’art de la Place Beauvau, Paris, 1976.Galerie de Noyers, Yonne, 1977. Galerie d’art de la Place Beauvau, Paris, 1978. Galerie Squarcifichi, Tokyo, 1979. Galerie d’art de la Place Beauvau, Paris, 1980. Galerie Triade, Barbizon, 1987. References

1984 deaths
1908 births
Impressionist artists
20th-century French


title: Raiden Tameemon

texts:
<mask> (雷電爲右衞門), born Seki Tarōkichi (January 1767 – February 11, 1825), was a Japanese sumo wrestler from Tōmi, Nagano Prefecture. He is considered one of the greatest rikishi in history, although he was never promoted to yokozuna. To date, he holds the record for best top division win ratio of all time. Early life
<mask> was born to a farming family in a village in rural Shinano Province. He is said to have possessed great physical strength even in childhood. His father Hanemon, who enjoyed sumo as much as sake, allowed 14-year-old <mask> to attend sumo classes at Nagaze (today called Murokocho), the neighbouring village. When Raiden was 17, the Urakaze-beya stablemaster noticed him when he came through the area while on jungyō (regional tour) with his wrestlers.He was especially impressed with the young man's physique, which was extraordinary at the time. Young Raiden was  tall, which was three head lengths taller than most of his contemporaries. He also had matching long arms and large hands; a handprint at the Shofukuji temple near Okayama, which is said to be of Raiden's hand, measures  from the wrist to the tip of the middle finger. When Raiden trained as a wrestler, he developed a weight of . When Urakaze Kazuki invited him to Edo and started training him, it turned out that Raiden possessed not only the body of a giant (by 18th-century Japanese standards), but also a talent for sumo wrestling. He was especially talented in oshi-sumo techniques and was able to move at a high speed considering his size. Soon Raiden

masks:
Raiden Tameemon
Raiden
Raiden


title: Raiden Tameemon

texts:
 left his stable and unofficially joined Isenoumi-beya, where yokozuna Tanikaze became his coach.Professional sumo career
In 1789, the shikona (wrestler name) "Raiden", which means "thunder bolt", appeared in the banzuke ranking, although Raiden did not have his debut until fall 1790. Raiden was ranked as a sekiwake, as was common practice then. He had the best record in the basho (tournament) without a defeat. After Tanikaze's death, Raiden was promoted to ōzeki in March 1795, a rank he retained for nearly 17 years. Between November 1793 and April 1800, Raiden finished with the best record in all tournaments he participated in, ahead of the other great fighters of his time, Tanikaze and Onogawa. After 1800, he remained dominant, and sumo officials even disallowed him to use his favourite techniques in order to keep his matches interesting. Of the 35 tournaments in which he participated (there were only two basho a year at the time), Raiden had the best record in no fewer than 28.In seven of those, he won without suffering a single defeat or draw. In total, he achieved 254 victories and only ten defeats, a winning percentage of 96.2, an all-time record. His longest winning streaks were eleven consecutive tournaments, or 44 bouts. Raiden's championships are, however, regarded as unofficial by the Japan Sumo Association, as before the current yūshō system was established in 1909, there was no prize given for individual performances in tournaments. Retirement from sumo
Finally, in spring 1811, <mask> retired from sumo at


title: Raiden Tameemon

texts:
 the age of 43. He became chairman of the sumo association of Izumo Province (in today's Shimane Prefecture), where his sponsor daimyō resided. In 1816, he moved to Edo and finished his diary Shokoku Sumo Hikae-cho ("journal of sumo in various regions"), which describes his time as an active wrestler since 1789.After his death, he was buried in Akasaka in Edo. Two locks of his hair are buried in other graves which are located in his home village and in Matsue in Shimane. When <mask> was still an active wrestler, his home village's residents built monuments honoring his parents. Raiden himself contributed a sake barrel made of stone in memory of his father. Since his death, Raiden has appeared not only as subject of a number of statues, but also on postage stamps and beer labels. Lack of yokozuna promotion
Despite his dominance at the time, Raiden never was promoted to yokozuna, the highest rank in sumo. The exact reason for this remains a mystery in the history of the sport.Journalist Masahiko Nomi theorized that the 19th Yoshida Oikaze granted yokozuna licences to only two wrestlers, Tanikaze and Onogawa, and had not intended to honour any more in the future. Decades later, the 20th Yoshida Oikaze attempted to defeat the Gojo family, which wanted to promote Kashiwado and Tamagaki to yokozuna, by awarding a yokozuna licence to Ōnomatsu Midorinosuke. Ōnomatsu became the first new yokozuna in nearly 40 years. Another theory has suggested that the reason for the snub may have been due to clan politics. Raiden's sponsor,


title: Raiden Tameemon

texts:
 Daimyo Matsudaira Harusato, was a descendant of Yūki Hideyasu, a son of Tokugawa Ieyasu. The Yoshida family, who held the privilege of awarding the yokozuna licenses, supported the Hosokawa clan, who had a history of supporting Ishida Mitsunari. Yokozuna was not formally recognized as rank on the banzuke until the beginning of the 20th century.When Jinmaku Kyūgorō erected the yokozuna memorial monument at Tomioka Hachiman Shrine in 1900, he included <mask>'s name as a "peerless rikishi", in spite of his never having been officially promoted. Top division record
The actual time the tournaments were held during the year in this period often varied. *Championships for the best record in a tournament were not recognized or awarded before the 1909 summer tournament and the above unofficial championships are historically conferred. For more information see yūshō. See also

List of sumo record holders
Glossary of sumo terms
List of past sumo wrestlers

References

External links
Raiden's basho results

1767 births
1825 deaths
Japanese sumo wrestlers
Ōzeki
Sumo people from Nagano Prefecture
Japanese diarists
18th-century diarists
19th-century


title: Yakov Nagen

texts:
Rabbi Dr. <mask> (born June 17, 1967; Hebrew: יעקב מאיר נגן) is an Israeli Rabbi and author. Nagen teaches at Yeshivat Otniel and has written extensively about Jewish philosophy and Talmud. He is a leader in interfaith peace initiatives between Judaism and Islam and in encounters between Judaism and Eastern religions. Nagen is also the Director of the Blickle Institute for Interfaith Dialogue and the Beit Midrash for Judaism and Humanity. Biography

Early life
Nagen was born in Manhattan, New York to Azriel and Ahuva Genack. After completing high school in the United States, he studied in Israel at Yeshivat Shaalvim. Nagen returned to the US to study at Yeshiva University where he received a bachelor's degree in Judaic studies and a master's degree in Jewish history in addition to rabbinic ordination.In 1993 he moved to Israel and studied at Yeshivat Har Etzion and in 1997 joined the faculty at Yeshivat Otniel. In 2004 Nagen received a doctoral degree in Jewish philosophy at the Hebrew University. His dissertation dealt with the interplay  between Halacha and Aggada, Kabbala and philosophy in the context of the holiday of Sukkot. Nagen's interdisciplinary approach towards Talmudic literature is developed his books: "Water, Creation and Revelation – Sukkot in the philosophy of halacha (Geloy, 2008) and "The Soul of the Mishna - a literary reading and search for meaning" (Dvir, 2016)

Interfaith activity
In 2006, Nagen traveled to India in the context of his research about the relationship between Judaism and eastern spirituality. Nagen see Judaism as incorporating elements both of Eastern and Western philosophy, as he presents in his book "Waking up to a new day – a renewed reading of Torah and life" (Maggid, 2013). In 2019 the book appeared in English as "Be, Become, Bless – Jewish Spirituality between East and West" (Maggid). Nagen is a leader in interfaith encounters in Israel and the Palestinian Authority between Jewish and Muslim leaders.In wake of his colleague, Rabbi


title: Yakov Nagen

texts:
 Menachem Froman, Nagen believes that as religion is at the heart of the problem in the conflicts in the Middle East, religion must also be part of the solution. Through the Interfaith Encounter Association (IEA) he coordinates a group of West Bank Rabbis that meet regularly with Muslim Sheiks and Imam's, mostly from the Hebron and Ramallah areas. He is the co-chairman of the board of the Abrahamic Reunion. The Abrahamic Reunion composes of representatives of the four Abrahamic religions - Jews, Muslims, Christians and Druze dedicated to promoting peace in the Middle East. <mask> was a representative of the organization at the World Parliament of Religions in 2015 at Salt Lake City. Nagen is also active in the URI, United Religions Initiative, and was one of Israel's representatives at the annual conference for the Middle East, held in Jordan in November 2017. After the murder of the Dawabsheh family in Duma, Nagen was an organizer of the prayer vigil for the victims and outcry against the violence.In March 2016 <mask> visited Al-Azhar University in Cairo and Fayuum to promote mutual respect between Islamic and Judaism. In 2016 <mask> was profiled in Tablet Magazine as one of the 10 "Israeli Rabbis You Should Know". <mask> is active in spreading Judaism in China in the context of the "Shofer from Zion" organization. Many of his writings have been translated into Chinese and in 2017 he gave lecture series in Beijing and Shanghai. In 2020 <mask> was appointed as the director of the Ohr Torah Stone network's Blickle Institute for Interfaith Dialogue and the Beit Midrash for Judaism and Humanity. <mask> is also a member of the Tzohar and Beit Hillel organizations, Rabbinical organizations that focus on the relations between the Religious and secular communities in Israel. Personal life
In 1993 Nagen married Michal, head of the pre-army seminary Tzahali and daughter of Professor Uriel Simon.The couple lives in the Israeli settlement Otniel in the West Bank  and have seven

masks: Nagen Nagen Nagen Nagen Nagen Nagen


title: Jane Edward Schilling

texts:
<mask>, CSJ (October 8, 1930 – September 13, 2017) was an American activist, historian, university administrator, and religious sister who served as founding Vice President of Martin University in Indianapolis, Indiana. Early life
Born <mask> in 1930 in the lake resort town of Minocqua, Wisconsin, <mask> was the eldest of five children of <mask>, a dentist, and wife, <mask>, a homemaker. Early on, Nancy excelled in athletics and scholarship. Finding that her high school did not offer the courses she needed to take in order to become a dentist like her father, she moved to Green Bay, Wisconsin to live with two aunts to attend St. Joseph's Academy for junior and senior high school. During this period, she found that she had a vocation to follow in the footsteps of her teachers and become a Sister of St. Joseph of Carondolet. During her formation with the Sisters of St. Joseph, she received the name Sister <mask>, a combination of her younger sister's and brother's names. An avid scholar, she received her bachelor's degree in European and American History at Fontbonne University in Saint Louis and her Master's of Ancient History at Loyola University in Chicago.Following her first assignment as a teacher in St. Rita's School in St. Louis, she was next assigned to St. Matthew's School in the inner city. Here, she developed a passion for civil rights and social justice. She assisted with curriculum development for students at the Saint Louis hospital for black residents, Homer G. Phillips, and assisted in ministering to ex-convicts at nearby Dismas House, established by Father Charles "Dismas" Clark and Morris Shenker. Holy Angels
In 1964, <mask>'s was assigned to teach at Holy Angels Catholic School in Indianapolis, Indiana, a school that had transitioned to a majority black student population. She embraced this role with high energy, establishing a drum and bugle corps to increase school pride and visibility within the community. After she was named principal, she engaged in implementing educational reforms of the time, such as open classrooms, right/left brain teaching, and psychomotor approaches for teaching reading. Shortly after her arrival at Holy Angels, <mask>'s life was radically

masks:
Jane Edward Schilling
Nancy Mary Schilling
Jane Schilling
Lyle Franklin Schilling
Rosalie Julia Wolk Schilling
Jane Edward
Schilling
Schilling


title: Jane Edward Schilling

texts:
 changed when a new Associate Pastor at Holy Angels Parish, Boniface Hardin, arrived on the scene.The two shared a commitment to education and social change, a bond that created a partnership that would last for the remainder of their lives. Working together, <mask> and Hardin became activists in church and community reform. They fought police brutality and targeting of black citizens, de facto school segregation, lack of representation of black clergy and traditions within the Catholic Church, poverty, and unfair housing practices. A key focus became the fight to prevent a major highway, Interstate 65, from bifurcating the predominately black northwest neighborhood surrounding Holy Angels Parish. When police pressure on the Archbishop of Indianapolis, Paul Schulte, triggered a decision to remove Hardin from Holy Angels Parish in 1969, parishioners rose up and staged a nationally publicized demonstration in Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral where the Archbishop was presiding at Easter services. Although the Archbishop rescinded his order, Hardin left Holy Angels to found Martin Center, an educational and social justice center, at the close of 1969. Within a year, Schilling received permission from her religious community to work full-time at Martin Center as Education Coordinator.The Martin Center
Martin Center was named for Martin Luther King Jr. and St. Martin de Porres, patron saint, within the Catholic Church, of poor and mixed race people. Its mission evolved from an initial goal of educating clergy and white people about discriminatory attitudes and practices to include celebrating black cultural heritage and engaging black community members in activism and self-identity. While Hardin traveled as a speaker and consultant to raise funds for the Center, Schilling became the day-to-day administrator. Drawing on her background as a history scholar, Schilling did the research and production of designs and materials for workshops, speeches, and activities of Martin Center. Soon, the mission of the Center expanded to include the Martin Sickle Cell Center, which received major national funding to educate the community and screen for this disease, and the Afro-American Institute, which


title: Jane Edward Schilling

texts:
 focused on African and African-American culture and achievements. Schilling served as Director of Community Education at the Sickle Cell Center from 1970 to 1977 and received its award for 25 Years of Dedication to Sickle Cell and Visionary Leadership. Through the Afro-American Institute, Martin Center housed a library of materials and artifacts, created and acquired by Schilling and Hardin.They also produced a regular scholarly periodical, the Afro-American Journal (1973–78); two full-length TV documentaries—The Kingdom Builders and For Love of Freedom—for the local NBC affiliate in Indianapolis; a weekly radio program, The Afro-American in Indiana (1971-1991) for WIAN, the local public radio station; and a weekly television show, Afro-American (1974–79), for public television. Schilling co-hosted these programs and was the major researcher behind the productions. As Martin Center expanded its educational offerings to the community, it collaborated with Indiana University Purdue University-Indianapolis to create courses for college credit. This venture led Schilling and Hardin to found Indiana's only minority serving institution, Martin University. Martin University
From the start, Schilling's role in the creation and growth of Martin University was chief academic officer, strategist, and educational developer. As Founding Vice President for Academic Affairs, she was a key voice in articulating the philosophy behind the institution, inspired by the concept of “andragogy” advanced by Malcolm Knowles. The approach emphasized drawing on the strengths and past experience of adult learners, the major population of the university.Through her hiring decisions and curriculum and faculty development efforts, <mask> collaborated with Hardin to become the guiding force behind the school's educational direction. Schilling presided over Academic Affairs at Martin University from its early beginnings with a handful of students in 1977 as Martin Center College, through 1979 as Martin College became a separate entity from Martin Center, and finally through 1990, when the addition of graduate programs enabled the change to Martin University, a school with nearly 1000 students. She was the key


title: Jane Edward Schilling

texts:
 architect of successful accreditation and expansion proposals to the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (changed in 2014 to the Higher Learning Commission). She became known at Martin for her sense of humor and the compassion she showed students through acts such as serving soup to those who came directly from work to classes. While Vice President of Martin University, Schilling participated in numerous initiatives within the Indianapolis community, including serving on the Crispus Attucks Museum Committee and acting as consultant and workshop facilitator for the Indianapolis Public Schools. She continued to guide the Martin Center, serving as its Executive Director from 1984 to 1988. Schilling received a number of Martin University Awards.These included the Mary McLeod Bethune Award and the Martin University Board of Trustees Wind Under Our Wings Award. In 2005, she received the Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Martin University. After 30 years of service, <mask> retired from Martin University in 2007. She died on September 13, 2017 at Nazareth Living House, Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondolet, St. Louis. Community Awards
WIAN-FM Outstanding Service Award

Leadership in Education Award, Indianapolis Education Association

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Drum Major Award, Indiana Christian Leadership Conference

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. 1995 Individual Award, Madame Walker Institute, Indianapolis

Diamond Award, United to Serve America

Service to the Black Community, King-Walker-Wilkins-Young Awards Committee

Paul Harris Fellow, Rotary International

Heroism Award, American Red Cross

Sagamore of the Wabash, Governor of Indiana

Role Modelship Award, Wheeler Boys and Girls Club

Mother of the Year, Nur-Allah Islamic Center, Indianapolis

100 Heros, United Way of Central Indiana

References

American civil rights activists
People from Indianapolis
1930 births
2017 deaths
People from Minocqua, Wisconsin
American Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Indianapolis
Fontbonne University alumni
Loyola University Chicago
Activists from Indiana
20th-century Christian nuns
Catholics from Wisconsin
Catholics from Indiana
21st-century


title: Andrew Solomon

texts:
<mask> (born October 30, 1963) is a writer on politics, culture and psychology, who lives in New York City and London. He has written for The New York Times, The New Yorker, Artforum, Travel and Leisure, and other publications on a range of subjects, including depression, Soviet artists, the cultural rebirth of Afghanistan, Libyan politics, and Deaf politics. <mask>'s book The Noonday Demon: An Atlas of Depression won the 2001 National Book Award, was a finalist for the 2002 Pulitzer Prize, and was included in The Times list of one hundred best books of the decade. Honors awarded to Far from the Tree: Parents, Children, and the Search for Identity include the 2012 National Book Critics Circle Award, the Media for a Just Society Award of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency, the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Dayton Literary Peace Prize, the J. Anthony Lukas Book Prize, and the Wellcome Book Prize. <mask> is a Professor of Clinical Psychology at Columbia University Medical Center, a Lecturer at Yale School of Medicine, and a past President of PEN American Center. Early life and education

Family
<mask>'s paternal grandfather, who was Jewish, emigrated from Dorohoi, Romania, to the United States in 1900. <mask> is the oldest son of Carolyn Bower <mask> and <mask>, former chairman of Forest Laboratories and founder of Hildred Capital Partners; he is brother to <mask>, also of Hildred Capital Partners.<mask> described the experience of his family's presence at his mother's planned suicide at the end of a long battle with ovarian cancer in an article for The New Yorker; in a fictionalized account in his novel, A Stone Boat; and again in The Noonday Demon. <mask>'s subsequent depression, eventually managed with psychotherapy and antidepressant medications, inspired his father to secure FDA approval to market citalopram (Celexa) in the United States. Education
<mask> was born and raised in Manhattan. He attended the

masks:
Andrew Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Howard Solomon
David Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon


title: Andrew Solomon

texts:
 Horace Mann School, graduating cum laude in 1981. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Yale University in 1985, graduating magna cum laude, and later earned a master's degree in English at Jesus College, Cambridge. In August 2013, he was awarded a Ph.D. in psychology from Jesus College, Cambridge, with a thesis on attachment theory prepared under the supervision of Juliet Mitchell. Publications and career

In 1988, <mask> began his study of Russian artists, which culminated with the publication of The Irony Tower: Soviet Artists in a Time of Glasnost (Knopf, 1991).His first novel, A Stone Boat (Faber, 1994), the story of a man's shifting identity as he watches his mother battle cancer, was a runner up for the Los Angeles Times First Fiction prize. From 1993 to 2001, <mask> was a contributing writer for The New York Times Magazine. The Noonday Demon: An Atlas of Depression was originally published in May 2001, and has been translated into twenty-four languages. It was named a Notable Book of 2001 by The New York Times, and was included in the American Library Association's 2002 list of Notable Books. It won the National Book Award for Nonfiction; the Books for a Better Life Award from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society; the 2002 Ken Book Award from the National Alliance on Mental Illness of New York City; Mind Book of the Year; the Lambda Literary Award for Autobiography/Memoir; and Quality Paperback Book Club's New Visions Award. Following publication of The Noonday Demon, <mask> was honored with the Dr Albert J. Solnit Memorial Award from Fellowship Place; the Voice of Mental Health Award from the Jed Foundation and the National Mental Health Association (now Mental Health America); the Prism Award from the National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association; the Erasing the Stigma Leadership Award from Didi Hirsch Mental Health Services; the Charles T. Rubey L.O.S.S. Award from the Karla Smith

masks: Solomon Solomon Solomon


title: Andrew Solomon

texts: Foundation; and the Silvano Arieti Award from the William Alanson White Institute.In 2003, <mask>'s article, "The Amazing Life of Laura", a profile of diarist Laura Rothenberg, received the Clarion Award for Health Care Journalism, and the Angel of Awareness Award from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. In April 2009, his article, "Cancer & Creativity: One Chef's True Story," received the Bert Greene Award for Food Journalism by the International Association of Culinary Professionals; the story was also a finalist for the 11th Annual Henry R. Luce Award. <mask>'s reminiscence on a friend who committed suicide won the Folio Eddie Gold Award in 2011. In addition to his magazine work, <mask> has written essays for many anthologies and books of criticism, and his work has been featured on National Public Radio's Moth Radio Hour. Far from the Tree: Parents, Children, and the Search for Identity is about how families accommodate children with physical, mental and social disabilities and differences; it was published in November 2012 in the United States and two months later in the UK (under the title, Far from the Tree: A Dozen Kinds of Love). The writing of the book was supported by residencies at Yaddo, MacDowell Colony, Ucross Foundation, and the Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center; at MacDowell, <mask> was the DeWitt Wallace/Reader's Digest Fellow and later the Stanford Calderwood fellow. The book was named one of the 10 best books of 2012 by The New York Times.It won the National Book Critics Circle Award in the Nonfiction category, the Media for a Just Society Award of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency, the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Dayton Literary Peace Prize, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society Books for a Better Life Award, the J. Anthony Lukas Book Prize, the Wellcome Book Prize, and the New Atlantic Independent Booksellers Association (NAIBA) Book of the Year Award for Nonfiction. A young adult

masks: Solomon Solomon Solomon Solomon


title: Andrew Solomon

texts:
 edition of Far from the Tree was published in July 2017. Following publication of Far from the Tree, <mask> was also honored with the Yale Department of Psychiatry's Neuroscience 2013 Research Advocacy Award, the Fountain House Humanitarian Award, the Gray Matters Award from the Columbia University Department of Psychiatry, the University of Michigan's Mike Wallace Award, the Friend and Benefactor Award of the Global and Regional Asperger Syndrome Partnership, the National Alliance on Mental Illness Seeds of Hope Award, and the Klerman Award from the Weill-Cornell Medical College Department of Psychiatry. In Summer of 2014, <mask> was appointed Professor of Clinical Psychology at Columbia University Medical Center. In 2014, <mask> was awarded the Erikson Institute Prize for Excellence in Mental Health Media. In February 2016, <mask> wrote the introduction to A Mother's Reckoning, a memoir by Sue Klebold, mother of one of the Columbine shooters, Dylan Klebold. He also interviewed Peter Lanza, the father of Adam Lanza, the perpetrator of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.In April 2016, Scribner published Far and Away: Reporting from the Brink of Change, a collection of <mask>'s international reporting since 1991; the book has since been reissued with the title, Far and Away: How Travel Can Change the World. The New York Times included Far and Away in its list of 100 Notable Books of 2016. On November 10, 2017, Far from the Tree, a documentary based on <mask>'s book, premiered at the DOC NYC festival. North American rights to the documentary have been acquired by Sundance Selects. Activism and philanthropy
<mask> is an activist and philanthropist in LGBTQ rights, mental health, education and the arts. He is founder of the Solomon Research Fellowships in LGBT Studies at Yale University, a member of the board of directors of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force and a patron of the Proud2Be Project. His articles on

masks: Solomon Solomon Solomon Solomon Solomon Solomon Solomon


title: Andrew Solomon

texts:
 gay marriage have appeared in Newsweek, The Advocate, and Anderson Cooper 360.<mask> has lectured widely on depression, including at Princeton, Yale, Stanford, Harvard, MIT, Cambridge, and the Library of Congress. He is a Distinguished Associate of the Centre for Family Research at Cambridge University; a director of the University of Michigan Depression Center, Columbia Psychiatry, and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; a member of the Board of Visitors of Columbia Medical School, and the Advisory Boards of the Mental Health Policy Forum at Columbia Mailman School of Public Health and the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance. In 2011, he was appointed Special Advisor on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Mental Health at the Yale School of Psychiatry. In 2008, <mask> received the Society of Biological Psychiatry's Humanitarian Award for his contributions to the field of mental health, and in 2010, the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation's Productive Lives Award. <mask>'s work in the arts and education has included service on the boards of the Alliance for the Arts, the World Monuments Fund, and The Alex Fund, which supports the education of Romani children, He is a member of the PEN American Center Board of Directors, and served as its president from 2015 to 2018. <mask> is a Trustee of the New York Public Library, a Trustee of the Metropolitan Museum, and a member of the Board of Directors of the artists' retreat Yaddo. He is also a fellow of Berkeley College at Yale University, and a member of the New York Institute for the Humanities and the Council on Foreign Relations.Personal life
As an adult, <mask> became a dual citizen of the United States and the United Kingdom. He and journalist John Habich had a civil partnership ceremony on June 30, 2007, at Althorp, the Spencer family estate and childhood home of Diana, Princess of Wales. The couple married again on July 17, 2009, the eighth anniversary of their

masks: Solomon Solomon Solomon Solomon Solomon


title: Andrew Solomon

texts:
 meeting, in Connecticut, so that their marriage would be legally recognized in the state of New York. In 2003, <mask> and longtime friend Blaine Smith have a child together; their daughter, Carolyn Blaine <mask>, was born in November 2007. Smith and their child live in Texas. A son, George Charles Habich <mask>, was born in April 2009, and lives in New York with <mask> and Habich, his adoptive father. Habich is also the biological father of two children, Oliver and Lucy Scher, born to lesbian friends who live in Minneapolis.The development of this composite family was the subject of a feature article by <mask> published in Newsweek in January 2011, and in an April 2012 profile in The Observer. Bibliography

Non-fiction

Fiction

Reviews and criticism of <mask>'s work

TED and TEDx Talks
<mask> is also a TED speaker. The themes of his TED talks include depression, identity, love, acceptance, and the value of travel. References

External links

 <mask> interview with Charlie Rose, 28 November 2012
 "<mask>: 'I'm one of five parents with four children in three states'", Carole Cadwalladr, The Observer, February 16, 2013. 1963 births
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American novelists
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
American health activists
American male journalists
American male novelists
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
American people with disabilities
American psychology writers
Columbia University faculty
Harvard University staff
Horace Mann School alumni
Journalists from New York City
Lambda Literary Award winners
LGBT academics
LGBT Jews
LGBT memoirists
American LGBT novelists
LGBT people from New York (state)
Living people
National Book Award winners
Novelists from New York (state)
People with mood disorders
Stanford University staff
The New Yorker people
University of Michigan staff
Wellcome Book Prize
Writers from New York City
Yale University alumni
21st-century LGBT people
Yaddo

masks:
Solomon
Smith Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Andrew Solomon
Andrew Solomon


title: Pier Giorgio Righetti

texts:
<mask>  (born 25 April 1941,  Forlì, Northern Italy) is a professor emeritus of chemistry. He worked primarily at the University of Milano (1971-1995) and at the Department of Chemistry of the Politecnico di Milano in Milan, Italy (2005-2011). He has served as the President of the Società Italiana di Proteomica (Italian Proteome Society, IPSo). A special issue of Electrophoresis was published in <mask>'s honor in 2006, recognizing his work developing new methods and techniques for electrophoresis. His contributions have been described as "paramount in the ability to separate biomolecules electrophoretically". <mask> uses those techniques to study proteomes, sets of proteins that are expressed in organisms. He focuses particularly on animals and foods.Proteomics describes the proteins that can exist in a given type of cell and their interactions, form and structure. Proteins can remain intact for hundreds or even thousands of years. One of many applications of <mask>'s techniques is the study of  historical artifacts, analyzing minute amounts of protein left on them to learn more about their owners and the conditions under which they were used. Education and career
<mask> attended the University of Pavia in Italy, from which he received a Ph.D in Organic Chemistry in 1965. He also did compulsory military service, in the Mountain Artillery. Between 1966 and 1970 he held postdoctoral positions: first at Massachusetts Institute of Technology for three years and then at Harvard Medical School for one year where he studied electrophoresis with James W. Drysdale. They developed techniques for isoelectric focusing (IEF) using soluble carrier ampholytes and polyacrylamide gels.In 1971, <mask> accepted a position at

masks:
Pier Giorgio Righetti
Righetti
Righetti
Righetti
Righetti
Righetti


title: Pier Giorgio Righetti

texts:
 the University of Milano as a professor of biochemistry. He remained there for the next 24 years. He then worked for two years at the University of Calabria with Roberto Bartolino, and for another eight years at the University of Verona with Franco Tagliaro and Mahmud Hamdan. Finally he returned to Milan to work at the Politecnico di Milano, where he established a proteomics lab. He  became professor emeritus at age seventy, under mandatory retirement laws. <mask> has consulted with NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency on experiments in microgravity. Research

In 2012, <mask> was awarded the 2012 Beckman award for "outstanding career achievement in the field of electrodriven separations and technologies with particular consideration given to developments of new methods and techniques in electrophoresis."The methodologies that <mask> developed include isoelectric focusing in soluble buffers and immobilized pH gradients; multicompartment electrolyzers for isoelectric membranes and membrane‐trapped enzyme reactors, and temperature‐programmed capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). In 2017, researchers stated "The work of P.G<mask> has been paramount in the ability to separate biomolecules electrophoretically, particularly according to isoelectric point." <mask> has published more than 750 papers, with an H-index of 60. He has created 10 patents and written 11 books. Several of his works are considered classic sources for electrophoretic methods. Righetti was closely involved with the journals Electrophoresis (founded 1980), and its sister journal Proteomics (founded 2001).He served as a member of the editorial board of Electrophoresis from its founding by Bertold J. Radola onwards. He

masks:
Righetti
Righetti
Righetti
. Righetti
Righetti


title: Pier Giorgio Righetti

texts:
 has also worked on the editorial boards of  the Journal of Chromatography, the  Journal of Capillary Electrophoresis, the Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods, BioTechniques, and the  Journal of Proteomics. He has served as the President of the Società Italiana di Proteomica (Italian Proteome Society, IPSo). Applications
Righetti has applied his methods to biomedical  and  clinical  problems,  including the study of hemoglobin and the development of neonatal screening for the inherited blood disorder Beta thalassemia. His work  on  immobilized  pH  gradients led to pioneering mapping of human proteins using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. His multicompartment electrolyzer (MCE) for  purifying proteins using amphoteric buffering membranes, has been used for pre-fractionation in proteome analysis. His work on capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) supports the identification of DNA point mutations.He has been involved in the development of  large  hexapeptide libraries for the identification of unique protein  sequences, and in combinatorial peptide ligand capture. Beginning in 2011, <mask>'s methods also have been used for the examination of historical artifacts. In 2011, <mask> was asked by Alberto Melloni to determine the composition of a Bible, believed to have belonged to the Italian explorer Marco Polo in 1271. After four centuries in Shangdu, China, the Bible was given to Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, in 1685, and became part of the holdings of the Laurentian Library in Florence, Italy. Fragmented into almost ten thousand pieces, the bible was slated for conservation. The ultrathin sheets of parchment, barely 80 microns thick, were suspected to be made from the skin of

masks: Righetti Righetti


title: Pier Giorgio Righetti

texts: lamb fetuses. A team led by Lucia Toniolo examined a fragment from the manuscript, microwaving it, dissolving it with trypsin, and purifying it.They identified eight proteins from the genus Bos taurus indicative of calf tissue. They suggested that the parchment dated to southern France before 1250, and was likely a livre de poche, or pocket Bible, produced by scribes at the University of Paris. Next, <mask> sought to develop non-invasive techniques for analyzing the proteins left on manuscripts and diaries. In 2015 he, Gleb Zilberstein and others reported an analysis of pages from an original manuscript by Mikhail Bulgakov:  Master and Margarita. They used resin beads which were placed on the page to extract proteins. From the margins of the manuscript, the team detected protein biomarkers indicative of kidney disease and the painkiller morphine. Bulgakov finished the novel a few weeks before he died of an inherited kidney disorder.When it was suggested that the beads might cause damage, <mask>, Zilberstein, Alfonsina d’Amato and  others immobilized them within diskettes of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) film, which is used to lift acids and proteins during manuscript preservation. Inspired by The Betrothed, Alessandro Manzoni's account of the Great Plague of Milan, a devastating 1630 outbreak of bubonic plague in which nearly half the population died, the researchers examined the city's death registries. They found evidence of proteins from the plague bacterium, Yersinia pestis, rat droppings, and corn, rice, carrots, and chickpeas, suggesting that the scribes ate their lunches at their desks. There were also indications that sheep and goats may have been housed in the lazaretto near the sick. In 2017,


title: Pier Giorgio Righetti

texts:
 <mask>, Zilberstein, d’Amato and others analyzed five letters and a blood-stained shirt that was worn by Anton Chekhov as he died. The researchers used beads in EVA films to collect proteins. Then they extracted and purified them, and used liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to analyze the results.They found traces of spittle,  saliva, 108 proteins found in human blood, and proteins characteristic of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, from which Chekhov was known to have suffered. Unexpectedly, they also found ITIH4, a protein associated with blood clots. Their results open up the possibility that the immediate cause of Chekhov's death may have been a stroke. Books
Titles include:

Awards
 2014, AES Award, American Electrophoresis Society
 2014, Distinguished Achievement in Proteomic Sciences Award, Human Proteome Organization (HUPO)
 2012, Inaugural Beckman Award, at the Microscale Bioseparation Symposium, c/o Beckman‐Coulter, Inc.
 2011, Honorary member of the Spanish Proteomics Society
 2008, Csaba Horvath Medal (also given to Barry L. Karger), Connecticut Separation Science Council, Yale University
 2006, CaSSS Award (also given to Walter Jennings), California Separation Science Society
 2006, Special issue of Electrophoresis, published in Righetti's honor
 1999, Hirai Prize (also given to Julio Enrique Celis), Japanese Electrophoresis Society
 1997, Milano  Award for  advanced  genetic  research  in  mutational analysis, ATB'97 Conference, Milano, November-1997
 1997, Prize of the English Electrophoresis Society, Seattle Meeting of the International Electrophoresis Society
 1995, Biotechnologist  of the Year, Consorzio  Italiano  di  Biotecnologie (CIB)

References

1941 births
Living


title: Pedro Ramírez Vázquez

texts:
<mask> (April 16, 1919 – April 16, 2013) was a late twentieth century Mexican architect. He was born in Mexico City. He was persuaded to study architecture by writer and poet Carlos Pellicer. <mask> earned a Bachelor of Architecture degree from UNAM in 1943. He was responsible for the construction of some of Mexico's most emblematic buildings. He was a modern architect with influences from the European modern movement, Latin American modern architects and precolumbian cultures. Concrete is the material he used most often.He developed a system to construct schools in rural areas, constructing thousands of schools in Mexico and abroad. The UNICEF has used such system. He was the president of the organizing committee of the Mexico City Olympics in 1968 and the World Cup in 1970. He was a member of the International Olympic Committee. He won several awards including the National Arts Award in 1973, Cemex Award in 2003 and IDSA's Special Award in 1969 for notable results, creative and innovative concepts and long-term benefits to the industrial design profession, its educational functions and society at large. He was minister of public infrastructure and human settlements during president's José López Portillo government. He was founder and rector of the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana.He was part of the faculty of the UNAM and received various honorary degrees (doctor honoris causa) granted by several universities including the UNAM. The Los Angeles Times wrote that "Ramirez Vazquez was known for stunningly original designs that blended a European modernist sensibility with pre-Columbia aesthetics." Most representative honours
 1956 Honor Award from the International Festival of Architecture and Monumental Art in Paris, France, for the exhibition and book four thousand

masks:
Pedro Ramírez Vázquez
Ramírez Vázquez


title: Pedro Ramírez Vázquez

texts:
 years of Mexican architecture
 1958 Golden Star, World's Fair and Expo Brussels, Belgium. By the Mexico Pavilion
 1960 Grand Prix XII Milan Triennale by the project Aula Bed prefabricated
 1965 Grand Prize and Gold Medal VIII Bienal de Arte de São Paulo, Brazil, by the National Museum of Anthropology. In the Olympics created the advertising program for peace and identity link between the cultures of young people participating countries. He thought it was more important to leave a legacy of peace in which young people would identify the traits that unite them and that they meet not only to compete, but to appreciate how every aspect and resources of their time are likely to be applied to keep hope alive for peace; for this reason, among others, <mask> promoted and managed that the International Olympic Committee withdrew the invitation for the Olympic Committee of South Africa to participate in the games in solidarity with the marginalized minority of people who lived in that country. He included in the official movie game (produced by the organizing committee), the scene of the award of the 200 freestyle planes in which Tommie Smith and John Carlos raised his fist in protest, demanding greater equality for the human rights of the African American population in the United States (this against the wishes of the President of the International Olympic Committee, and the then Mexican members of that body).In the Olympics for the first time, <mask> <mask> wanted to give women an important place in the celebration of the games. The 1968 Summer Olympics were the first in which a woman lit the Olympic fire in the stadium. He managed that the then West Germany and East Germany, participated under one anthem, and under the same flag, in the context of a Cold War with radically

masks:
Ramírez Vázquez
Pedro Ramírez
Vázquez


title: Pedro Ramírez Vázquez

texts: opposing positions, <mask> managed to find common ground between them, and because of this, the Mexico 1968 Olympics were the only time during the period of the Cold War, that the two German Nations were united in their identity elements, which were their official anthem and flag. He also managed that the Spanish Olympic Committee delegation participated in the games, when Mexico had no relations with the government of Francisco Franco and the Spanish Republican Government in exile, laid in Mexico City. This was able, thanks and through <mask>´s management with the Republican government in exile. He organized the children's painting festival for children around the world to come together and express themselves through art. He organized the youth camp for the young people around the world so that they could come together with the purpose of enriching each other by understanding their traditions, so that they would know each other better than they did before.He also organized numerous events of coexistence, and cultural enrichment for the youth and human genetics program. The exhibition space of knowledge and exposure on the application of nuclear energy to the welfare of mankind, so that young people knew of the cultures of young people from other parts of the world, and achieved thus better understand each other. He organized the exhibition of popular atesanías, the world festival of folklore, international gathering of poets, meeting the international festival of arts, international meeting of sculptors, and exhibition of masterpieces of world art. It organized a film festival whose theme was the "mission of youth". In 1968, he chaired in Mexico Pro Defense Committee of the Jewish minority in the Soviet Union. As president of the International Cultural Commission of

masks:
Ramírez Vázquez
Ramírez Vázquez


title: Pedro Ramírez Vázquez

texts:
 Campuzano. 2011 City Theatre in Piedras Negras, Coahuila (2011).Representative Unrealized projects

 1961 Headquarters Building Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). 1962 Border Museum of Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico. 1969 Source of Olympism Chicago, Illinois. 1971 Symbol Tower office, Cuautitlan Izcalli, Mexico State. 1972 Building International Trade Center, and Public Square in Marseille, France. 1973 Museum of Anthropology, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 1975 National Museum of Iran.Tehran, Iran. 1975 Ecumenical Church in Cancun, Quintana Roo, Mexico. 1979 Museum Avery Brundage, Olympia, Greece. 1979 Square Urban Rescue Isabel the Catholic, Mexico. 1981 Mexican Cultural Center, Managua, Nicaragua. 1982 Project Arche de la Defense, Paris, France. 1982 Project to the Parc De La Villette, Paris, France.1985 Expansion Project Louvre, Paris, France. 1989 Project Museum Acropolis, Athens, Greece. 1989 Monumental Cruz de Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico. 1993 Eagle Tower, Paseo de la Reforma, Mexico. 1995 National Museum of Korea, Seoul. 1997 cultural and multipurpose center, Monte Carlo, Monaco. 1997 Expansion Project Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fatima, Fatima, Portugal.1999 Zoo Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. 1999 Cathedral of Christ the King, Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico. 2000 Square Mariana, Mexico City. 2004 Project to the Olympic Stadium Beijing, China. 2008 Project Bicentennial Monumental Arch, Mexico City. Main achievements in design

 1952 Club America logo FC (being <mask> Vázquez President of the Club). Cartel oficial Juegos Olímpicos México 1968, con sello y firma de registro de derecho de author
 1952 Design Exhibition for the Pan American Congress of Architects.1957 Corporate image of the Office of Architects <mask> and Mijares. 1958 Design museology Mexico Pavilion at the

masks:
Miguel Ramírez
Ramírez Vquez


title: Pedro Ramírez Vázquez

texts:
 APASCO. 1976 Corporate image DYNAMICS (Alpha Group). 1976 Corporate image BANCAM SA (Monterrey). 1976 Corporate image SICARTSA. 1977 Corporate image Sports Forecast for Public Assistance. 1977 NOVA Corporate image (Alpha Group).1977 Corporate Image for the National Sports Institute. 1980 Wallpaper Design for Living Council of FAO, Rome, Italy. 1985 Logo for the Mexican Health Foundation AC. 1985-1988 Designs printed on silk to the International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland. 1986 Design and development of urban atmospheres for the World Cup, and the Estadio Azteca. 1992 design museum Mexico Pavilion of the Universal Exhibition 92 Sevilla, Spain. 1997 With Iker Larrauri, planning and design museum Nubia Museum in Aswan Culture, Egypt.2007 Museografía exposure Latin Migration for Universal Forum of Cultures, Monterrey. 2010 logo Coahuilenses Presidents Museum, Saltillo, Coahuila. Until 2012, since 1956, different works in editorial design. Up to 2013 from 1969, designed glassware for Cristaluxus Monterrey, México, DAUM (France) and own. There are parts of his own in the Museums of DAUM, (Nancy, France), Museum of Glass Monterrey, México Museum of Death (Aguascalientes), México, Museo Amparo (Puebla), México Olympic Museum (Lausanne, Switzerland), Ski Museum Hollmenkollen, (Oslo, Norway), STAUBO Museum Collection (Hamar, Norway)

Furniture design
The creative spirit of <mask> Vázquez was not limited to architecture, because it also included furniture design, both indoors as urban furniture. This activity began in the 1950s, with the design of a wooden chair with leather. In the early 1970s, he developed a line of furniture in steel plate with different finishes, covering indoor and outdoor chairs, coffee tables and dining room tables.All in different designs,


title: Pedro Ramírez Vázquez

texts:
 shapes and sizes, and some wooden furniture. With the same concept in steel plate designed benches for urban accessories, among them several models "you and me", or love seat characteristic can be found in the City of Yucatán, in Mexico. These designs also include street signs in large format, designs that were applied in the State of Mexico, during the government of Professor Carlos Hank Gonzalez. It was at this time when equipal contemporary designs inspired by traditional Mexican equipal, showing its principle expressed in current form, the cultural constants regarding typical furniture. These designs are still valid, now the Civic Plaza of the Chamber of Deputies in Mexico, is equipped with this type of seats. In turn, the furniture Ramirez Vazquez is now known in the design world of interior design, as it has been released by the magazine Wallpaper, New York Post, Metropolis Magazine, Architectural Digest, Paris Match, The Editor at Large, and the Wall Street Journal. Its main selling points are found in the United States.Art Object in glassware
In 1965, when <mask> designed the headquarters of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mexico, then Secretary Don. Antonio Carrillo Flores commissioned to design glassware for such dependence. Inspired by the "Glass pulquero of Tlatelolco" PRV designed crystal glasses with a similar shape, making a cut that similar to the shape of a maguey. From this design, he defined that working with glass was just as "making sculpture with light", as it is a material in which transparency all sides are visual at the same time, and depending on the cuts, reflexes are variable by the appearance of a piece of Glass, according to the view as it looks and the lighting it receives. He had a shop called "Cristal-Art" and installed a cutting


title: Pedro Ramírez Vázquez

texts:
 workshop in his office, which still remains operating, and continues to produce <mask>´s designs, given that he left many of them in sketch. His pieces of art object in crystal, have been requested as awards from various institutions, such as Nadro, ANTAD, The International Olympic Committee, the WBC, the Mexican Foundation Health, etc. For its quality, there have been exhibitions in the Merk Up gallery, the Misratchi gallery, the Glass Museum in Monterrey, Mexico, the Museum of Modern Art in Mexico, the Museum of Anthropology Mexico City, and the Cabañas Cultural Institute, Guadalajara, Mexico.He performed with Salvador Dalí, and many other important artists, designs in glass paste (pâte du verre) for DAUM glassware. Other important personalities such as, Juan Antonio Samaranch, Manuel Espinosa Yglesias, Jose Lopez Portillo, (President of Mexico from 1976-1982), among others, had collection of pieces of <mask> Vazquez. He designed glassware for Cristaluxus Monterrey, Mexico different pieces for DAUM line (France), and lines for the same firm, Articles of crystal Macrisa, Nouvel Studio and own. There are pieces designed by himself in the Museums of DAUM, (Nancy, France), Museum of Glass Monterrey, Mexico, Museum of Death (Aguascalientes), Mexico, Amparo Museum (Puebla) Mexico, Olympic Museum (Lausanne, Switzerland), Museum of Coahuila Presidents Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico, Hollmenkollen Ski Museum (Oslo, Norway), Staubø Museum collection (Hamar, Norway). References

Articles in magazines

>

>

<

External links

 <mask> Vazquez official site
 Olympic Project for Human Rights
 1968 Summer Olympics

1919 births
2013 deaths
Mexican architects
International Olympic Committee members
Presidents of the Organising Committees for the Olympic Games
Architecture firms of

masks:
Ramírez Vzquez
Pedro Ramírez
Pedro Ramirez


title: Gillis van den Vliete

texts:
<mask> known in Italy as Egìdio della Riviera  (Mechelen, c. 1535 - buried on 4 September 1602 in Rome) was a Flemish sculptor, restorer of ancient sculptures and antique dealer. His active career was spent in Italy, mostly in Rome. He produced both religious and secular sculpture including garden ornaments and tomb monuments. On some large projects he collaborated with other sculptors such as Nicolaes Mostaert, a Flemish sculptor active in Italy at the same time. His works are executed in the Northern Renaissance style which he had been trained in, in his native Flanders, but also intimate the advent of Baroque sculpture. Life
The biographical details about <mask>liete are scarce. It is believed that he was born in Mechelen as in a contract signed in Rome in 1597 he is referred to as 'Egidio  della  Riviera  Mechinense'.Nothing is known about his training. He is first recorded in 1567 when he is part of a group of Flemish artists working in Rome. He was a restorer of antique sculptures. Like many other Flemish sculptors in Italy, he also traded in antique statues. He was highly regarded and received various commissions. He made secular commissions such as the Fontana Della Madre Natura (Fountain of Mother Nature} made in 1568 for the garden of the Villa d'Este, a 16th-century villa in Tivoli, near Rome. He also executed various large-scale commissions in Roman churches.He created most of his known works in the Santa Maria dell'Anima in Rome. This shows that he was able to establish a long-term relationship with some of the leading figures at this Roman church. Some of these works were created in collaboration with Nicolas Mostaert with whom he may have shared a workshop. He married and had various children in the period from 1574 to 1597. His son <mask> <mask>, known as Pietro della Riviera, was born in Rome likely in

masks:
Gillis van den Vliete
van den V
Pieter van
den Vliete


title: Gillis van den Vliete

texts:
 1583. Pietro was also active as a sculptor and was the heir of his father. <mask> <mask> <mask> was admitted on 14 June 1579 as a member of the Pontificia Insigne Accademia di Belle Arti e Letteratura dei Virtuosi al Pantheon, a pontifical academy in Rome established for the purpose of studying, cultivating and perfecting the fine arts.He owed this recognition to the creation of the funerary monument of Duke Karl Friedrich of Jülich-Cleves-Berg in the Santa Maria dell'Anima. He was also a member of the Università dei Marmorari, Rome's sculptors' guild. <mask> Vliete was active as an appraiser of the sculptural works of other sculptors. An example is the case of the work on the horses at Monte Cavallo executed from 1589 to 1590 by Flaminio Vacca, Pietro Paolo Olivieri and Lodovico Sormanno. He and his colleague <mask> di Bianchi provided an estimate in the amount of 2250 scudi for the work done. The papal office did not accept the estimate and reduced the amount to 1800 scudi. In 1597, <mask> entered into a contract with the Flemish architect and painter Wenceslas Cobergher for the decoration of a chapel dedicated to the Holy Spirit in the Santa Maria in Vallicella, where the founder of this chapel, Didacodel Campo, the Pope's physician, had recently been buried.In the contract, he is called 'Egidio della Riviera Mechinense' (of Mechelen). He was assisted in this commission by his son Pietro. Pietro was still living in 1623, according to a contract he made that year for a house in the Porta Pia. He died in Rome where he was buried on 4 September 1602 in San Lorenzo in Lucina. Work
<mask> Vliete is mainly known for his monumental projects and bas-reliefs created for the churches in Rome. Various works have been attributed to him based on contemporary documents, such as contracts or payments for commissions. As he

masks:
Gillis
van den
Vliete
Van den
Giovanni Battista
Gillis
Van den


title: Gillis van den Vliete

texts: collaborated on some of his commissions with other sculptors, his exact contribution to such works cannot always be determined and art historians are not unanimous in their attributions.The identification of his oeuvre has remained problematic. His work shows his roots in Northern Mannerism and a development towards a more Baroque approach. In the Santa Maria dell'Anima in Rome he and Mostaert collaborated from 1576 to 1579 on marble reliefs for the tomb of Duke Karl Friedrich of Jülich-Cleves-Berg. This monument was designed by the Duke's tutor Stephanus Winandus Pighius. The monument was dismantled in 1750 and the remaining parts of it are now located at various locations in the church. The principal section shows, among other things, a scene of the Last Judgement, with some male nudes that cite the famous Laocoön and His Sons sculpture discovered in 1506. According to Baglione, the central relief with the Last Judgment was flanked by statues of religion and faith on the right and left, all set in columns, niches, frontons; above a bas-relief with the presentation of a staff of honor to the Duke and two putti to the side.On a sarcophagus, kneeling, was a statue of the Duke. The Last Judgment and the statue of the Duke are still there. The relief of the Last Judgment was worked in two parts. The lower part and the figure of the duke are by Mostard. In niches there are Wisdom and Christian Love, coming from a tomb of Cardinal Andrew of Austria. The second part of the tomb, a relief with the scene of the consecration of the consecrated sword by Gregory XIII, hangs today in the vestibule of the church. The inscription on it states that Karl Friedrich had a precocious sense of piety, was brilliant despite his youth and knew many things and many languages.<mask> Vliete and Mostaert collaborated round 1600 on a marble


title: Gillis van den Vliete

texts: funerary monument for Cardinal and Margrave Andrew of Burgau (Andreas von Österreich) in the Santa Maria dell'Anima. The funerary monument of Count Egon von Fürstenberg in the Santa Maria dell'Anima, for which he was paid 360 scudi, was his work alone. He also made works in other Roman churches such as the Santa Maria Maggiore and the Santa Maria in Vallicella. In the past two bas-reliefs on the funeral monument of Pope Pius V in the Santa Maria Maggiore were attributed to <mask> Vliete. although some art historians have attributed these to Mostaert: one representing the pontiff giving a standard to Admiral Marcantonio Colonna, at the time of his departure for the battle of Lepanto (1571) where he commanded twelve galleys and the other showing the same pontiff handing the baton of command to the Count of Santa Fiore before his departure for France at the head of an army of the Holy See. In the same church, he has been traditionally credited with creating for the funeral monument of Pope Sixtus V, two bas-reliefs, one having as its subject the canonisation of Saint Didacus of Alcalá and the other, the pontiff's deputy sending Cardinal Cinzio Aldobrandini to Germany as a legate. The Coronation of Pius V in this monument is also attributed to <mask> Vliete.A further tomb monument in the same church has been attributed to <mask> Vliete. It is the tomb monument for Cardinal Francisco de Toledo, which he created in 1598 after a design by Giacomo della Porta. The monument is similar to other designs by della Porta in the church. The portrait of Toledo is similar to that of Sixtus V in the same church. It has been suggested that he was responsible for the Funeral monument for Maximilian von Pernstein in the basilica Santa Maria Maggiore. Von Pernstein was a Bohemian who served as papal chamberlain to Pope Clement VIII in

masks:
van den
van den
van den


title: Gillis van den Vliete

texts:
 Rome. His tomb was in the choir, close to the tomb of Pope Hadrian VI in the right aisle of the basilica leaning against the wall between the Patrizi chapel and the entrance to the baptistery.This was likely its original location. The tomb monument was completed in 1597. For the garden of the Villa d'Este in Tivoli <mask> den Vliete created the Fontana Della Madre Natura which included a statue of Diana of Ephesus, the nature goddess. Sculpted in 1568, the statue was originally part of the Fountain of the Organ (Fontana dell’Organo). It was moved in the 17th century to another location as it was regarded as too overly pagan. The main element of the small fountain, surrounded by a luxuriant espalier of roses, is a statue of Artemis of Ephesus, which <mask> Vliete executed probably after a design by Pirro Ligorio or after an ancient statue formerly in the Farnese collection. The statue is surmounted by an arch with limestone concretions and from Diana Efesia's multiple breasts water gushes back into the basin below.A few other sculptures have been attributed to the artist, including a Lying warrior (Museo Bardini ) and a Andromeda (Sotheby's 8 July 2005 London lot 75). The latter is clearly inspired by classical sculpture which is tempered by a naturalism in the form and composition. <mask> Vliete also created the Tritons in the Fontana del Moro in the Piazza Navona. The marble basin of the Fontana del Moro was made in 1575 by Giacomo della Porta and was decorated with groups of tritons, dragons and masks by 16th-century artists including <mask> <mask>, Taddeo Landini, Simone Moschini and Giacobbe Silla Longhi to designs by della Porta himself, which were replaced in 1874 with copies by Luigi Amici. References

External links

1602 deaths
Flemish sculptors (before 1830)
16th-century Flemish sculptors
Artists from

masks:
van
van den
Van den
van den
Vliete


title: Muhammad II of Granada

texts: <mask> () (also known by the epithet al-Faqih, "the canon-lawyer",  – 8 April 1302; reigned from 1273 until his death) was the second Nasrid ruler of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula, succeeding his father, <mask>. Already experienced in matters of state when he ascended the throne, he continued his father's policy of maintaining independence in the face of Granada's larger neighbours, the Christian kingdom of Castile and the Muslim Marinid state of Morocco, as well as an internal rebellion by his family's former allies, the Banu Ashqilula. After he took the throne, he negotiated a treaty with Alfonso X of Castile, in which Castile agreed to end support for the Banu Ashqilula in exchange for payments. When Castile took the money but maintained its support for the Banu Ashqilula, <mask> turned towards Abu Yusuf of the Marinids. The Marinids sent a successful expedition against Castile, but relations soured when the Marinids treated the Banu Ashqilula as <mask>'s equals. In 1279, through diplomatic manoeuvring, <mask> regained Málaga, formerly the centre of Banu Ashqilula power. In 1280, his diplomacy backfired when Granada faced simultaneous attacks from Castile, the Marinids and the Banu Ashqilula.Attacked by his more powerful neighbours, <mask> exploited the rift between Alfonso and his son Sancho, as well as receiving help from Volunteers of the Faith, soldiers recruited from North Africa. The threat subsided when Alfonso died in 1284 and Abu Yusuf in 1286; their successors (Sancho and Abu Yaqub, respectively) were

masks:
Muhammad II
Muhammad I
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad


title: Muhammad II of Granada

texts:
 preoccupied with domestic matters. In 1288 the Banu Ashqilula emigrated to North Africa at Abu Yaqub's invitation, removing <mask>'s biggest domestic concern. In 1292, Granada helped Castile take Tarifa from the Marinids on the understanding that the town would be traded to Granada, but Sancho reneged on the promise. <mask> then switched to the Marinid side, but a Granadan–Marinid attempt to retake Tarifa in 1294 failed. In 1295, Sancho died and was succeeded by Ferdinand IV, a minor. Granada took advantage by conducting a successful campaign against Castile, taking Quesada and Alcaudete.<mask> also planned a joint offensive with Aragon against Castile, but he died in 1302 before the operation took place. During his 25-year rule, <mask> consolidated the state founded by his father and implemented administrative and military reforms. He instituted the Nasrid royal protocol and the court chancery, organized the Volunteers of the Faith—troops recruited from North Africa—and increased the importance of the office of the vizier in the government. He also directed the construction of a series of strongholds in strategic positions throughout his frontiers, which formed the backbone of Granadan border defences in the centuries to come. He expanded the Alhambra palace and fortress complex, and increased the emirate's trade with Christian Europe, especially with traders from Genoa and Pisa. His epithet al-Faqih reflects his high education as well as his preference for surrounding himself with scholars and poets. Early life
<mask> was born in 633 AH (1235 or 1236

masks:
Muhammad
Muhammad II
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad


title: Muhammad II of Granada

texts: CE) to the Nasrid clan, which originated from the town of Arjona, then in Al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula.According to the later Granadan historian and vizier Ibn al-Khatib, the clan—also known as Banu Nasr or Banu al-Ahmar—was descended from Sa'd ibn Ubadah, a prominent companion of the Islamic prophet <mask>, from the Banu Khazraj tribe in Arabia; Sa'd's descendants migrated to Spain and settled in Arjona as farmers. He had at least two older brothers, Faraj (b. 628 AH/1230 or 1231 CE) and Yusuf, and two sisters named Mu'mina and Shams. In 1232, his father <mask> established the independence of the town, and it later grew to a sizeable independent state in the south of Spain, centred on Granada after the loss of Arjona in 1244. The Emirate of Granada became the last independent Muslim state in the Iberian peninsula. In 1257, after the death of Faraj, <mask> declared his sons <mask> and Yusuf as his new heirs. On August of the same year, the younger <mask> had his first son, the future <mask> III.He had another son, Nasr, and a daughter, Fatima. Fatima would later marry his father's cousin Abu Said Faraj, and their descendants would be the future rulers of Granada, replacing the direct male line after the ousting of Nasr in 1314. As heir, the future <mask> II was involved in matters of state, including war and diplomacy. He served as vizier for some time during his father's rule. He became the sole heir after the death of Yusuf, who did not leave a descendant, during their father's lifetime. By the time of his father's death in 1273, <mask> II was

masks:
Muhammad
Muhammad I
Muhammad I
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad


title: Muhammad II of Granada

texts:
 aged 38 and an experienced statesman. Rule: 1273–1302

Background

Granada was located between two larger neighbours: the Christian kingdom of Castile to the north and the Muslim Marinid state centred in today's Morocco to the south.Castile's objectives were to keep Granada in check, prevent it from conducting raids and force it to continue paying tribute. The tribute amount was 300,000 maravedís—about half of Granada's revenue—and represented an important source of income for Castile, though Granada often suspended payments. On the other hand, the Marinids, following in the footsteps of their Almohad and Almoravid predecessors, saw the protection of the Muslims in the Iberian peninsula, as well as participation in jihad against the Christian expansion there—the so-called "Reconquista"—as their duty as Muslims and as a way to increase their legitimacy. By the time of <mask>la, another Arjona clan which was initially allied with the Nasrids, and whose military strength had helped establish the kingdom. They rebelled against <mask> I from at least 1266, and received assistance from Castile, then under the rule of Alfonso X, who wanted to keep Granada in check.Alfonso sent a force under Nuño González de Lara to help the Banu Ashqilula, but the Castilian nobleman had his own grievances against Alfonso; Nuño González ended up rebelling against his king, and was welcomed by <mask>. In the beginning of <mask>'s rule, the Banu Ashqilula's territories included Málaga—the second biggest city in the emirate after Granada and an important Mediterranean port—as well

masks:
Muhammadlu
Muhammad
Muhammad I
Muhammad II


title: Muhammad II of Granada

texts:
 as Guadix. Accession and negotiation with Alfonso X
On 22 January 1273, <mask> fell from a horse and died of his injuries. The younger <mask> took the throne as <mask> II. As he was the designated heir, the transition of power went smoothly. His first order of business was to deal with the Banu Ashqilula rebellion and the Castilian rebels who had been allied to his father and welcomed in Granadan territories. Relations with the Castilian rebels, who were led by Nuño González and had been useful in checking both Castile and the Banu Ashqilula, weakened as both sides were concerned about losing each other's support after the succession.Alfonso was also interested in reconciling with some of the rebels. <mask> then entered into negotiations with Alfonso—if he could secure Castile's alliance, he would not need to worry about losing the support of the rebels. In late 1273, he and some of the rebel leaders visited Alfonso at his court in Seville, where they were welcomed with honour. Alfonso agreed to Granada's demands—to end his support for the Banu Ashqilula—in exchange for <mask>'s promise to be Alfonso's vassal, to pay 300,000 maravedís each year in tribute, and to end his co-operation with the rebels. However, once the payment was made, Alfonso reneged on his part of the bargain, maintained his support for the Banu Ashqilula and pressed <mask> to grant them a truce. Marinid expeditions against Castile

Frustrated by Alfonso, <mask> sought help from the Marinids, ruled by Abu Yusuf Yaqub. While Alfonso was away on a journey to meet Pope Gregory X,

masks:
Muhammad I
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad II
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad


title: Muhammad II of Granada

texts: leaving his realm under his heir and the regent Ferdinand de la Cerda, <mask> sent envoys to the Marinid court.Abu Yusuf had expressed interest in fighting the Christians in Spain since 1245, and now, having gained control of the former Almohad capital of Marrakech and unified most of Morocco, he had the power and the opportunity to do so. In April 1275 Abu Yusuf mobilised an army which included 5,000 cavalry under the command of his son, Abu Zayyan Mandil. Three months later Abu Zayyan crossed the Strait of Gibraltar, landed at Tarifa and took over the town. Soon the governor of Algeciras seceded from Granada and yielded his town to Abu Zayyan. The Marinid prince established a beachhead between Tarifa and Algeciras, and began raiding Castilian territory up to Jerez. Amid the landings, <mask> attacked the Banu Ashqilula in Málaga on June 1275, but he was repulsed. Ferdinand de la Cerda marched to meet the Muslim forces, but he died on 25 July 1275 in Villareal, leaving Castile with uncertain leadership.With the beachhead established and the Castilian territories reconnoitred, Abu Yusuf sent more troops across, including his own household troops, ministers, officials and North African clerics. Abu Yusuf himself crossed to Spain on 17 August 1275. He then met with <mask> and the leader of the Banu Ashqilula, <mask>, who joined the Sultan with their armies. The Marinids treated the Nasrids and the Banu Ashqilula as equals, and <mask>, offended at being seen as an equal to his rebellious subjects, left the army after three days, although his forces remained.

masks:
Muhammad
Muhammad II
Muhammad
Abu Muhammad
Muhammad


title: Muhammad II of Granada

texts: In September 1275 this army won a major victory against Castile at the Battle of Ecija. Nuño González, now fighting for Castile, was killed. According to Marinid chronicles, the Banu Ashqilula contributed much to this victory and their leaders were present, while Granadan forces contributed little, with <mask> himself staying in Granada.Abu Zayyan celebrated the victory in Algeciras and sent the head of Nuño González to Granada. This probably offended <mask>, who abhorred this type of cruelty and might have respected or even befriended his former ally. He embalmed the head in musk and camphor and sent it to Castile to be interred properly with his body. Marinid sources portrayed this as an attempt by <mask> to "court [Alfonso's] friendship". At this point, the Marinids became more friendly with the Banu Ashqilula and less sympathetic towards <mask>. After losing a naval battle off Tarifa, Abu Yusuf, wary of being cut off from Morocco, decided to return home. Abu Yusuf, <mask> and Castile agreed to a two-year truce in late December 1275 or early January 1276.Before Abu Yusuf left, <mask>'s secretary Abu Umar ibn Murabit wrote a poem expressing fear of Castile's power and appealing for the Marinids' continued help (see box). Abu Yusuf left Spain and landed at Ksar es-Seghir on 19 January. Abu Yusuf and the Marinids returned to Spain in June 1277. Initially they were joined by the Banu Ashqilula and campaigned without <mask> and the Nasrid forces. The Marinids defeated the Castilian forces outside Seville on 2 August and took several castles along the

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad II of Granada

texts:
 Guadalquivir river before retiring to Algeciras on 29 August. Abu Yusuf marched again on 30 October, this time joined by <mask> near Archidona. They took the castle of Benamejí, encircled Córdoba and pillaged the surrounding towns.Either Alfonso or the towns affected by the war sued for peace, which was accepted by <mask> and Abu Yusuf. Abu Yusuf retired to Algeciras on 28 November, concluded a truce on 24 February 1278, and returned to Morocco in May. Although the Marinids had won a battlefield victory and the Muslim forces plundered multiple towns, they failed to take any major settlement or permanently annex Christian territories. On the other hands, the ports of Tarifa and Algeciras on the Strait, remained as the Marinids' outposts in the peninsula. Diplomatic manoeuvring up to 1280
During Abu Yusuf's second expedition, the Banu Ashqilula handed over Málaga—their centre of power—to their new ally. This action was motivated by the fear that they could not defend it against Granada. The Marinids occupied it in mid-February 1278, and Abu Yusuf appointed his uncle, Umar ibn Yahya, as governor.<mask> was alarmed at this Marinid encroachment on his domain, reminiscent of the actions of the Almoravids and Almohads, two previous North African Muslim dynasties which had annexed Al-Andalus after initially intervening against the Christians. He encouraged Yaghmurasen of Tlemcen to attack the Marinids in North Africa, and Castile to attack the Marinids' Spanish base at Algeciras. Abu Yusuf, overstretched and attacked on multiple fronts, pulled back from Málaga

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad II of Granada

texts:
 and handed the city to <mask> on 31 January 1279. It was also alleged that Granada bribed Umar ibn Yahya by giving him the castle of Salobreña and fifty thousand gold dinars. <mask> named his cousin and close advisor Abu Said Faraj governor. With Málaga in his hands, <mask> then helped the Marinids defend Algeciras, possibly feeling guilty about the sufferings of the besieged Muslims in the city. Joint Marinid–Granadan forces defeated the Castilian besiegers in 1279.Castilian sources at the time seemed not to realise the Granadan involvement and thought they were defeated solely by the Marinids. War on two fronts
The manoeuvring that saw the gain of Málaga and prevented Castile from taking Algeciras angered both the Marinids and Castile. Both, together with the Banu Ashqilula, attacked Muhammad in 1280. The Marinids and Banu Ashqilula moved towards Málaga, unsuccessfully attacking the region of Marbella in the south. Castile attacked from the north, led by the infante (prince) Sancho (later Sancho IV), son of Alfonso, who was checked by the North African Volunteers of the Faith led by Ibn Muhalli and Tashufin ibn Mu'ti. The Volunteers were a component of Granada's military made up of warriors from North Africa, largely political exiles who migrated with their families and tribes. They still defended Granada against Castile despite Granada also being at war with the Marinid state which they came from.On 23 June, Granadan troops ambushed a large Castilian force at Moclín. In June 1281, Castile invaded again, led by Alfonso himself and accompanied by the


title: Muhammad II of Granada

texts:
 Infantes Sancho, Peter and John. They defeated <mask> in a battle near Granada's walls on 25 June, but after the failure of the negotiations that followed, the Castilians left Granada. At the end of 1281, Alfonso sent Sancho to Granada for further negotiations and <mask> agreed to renew his vassalage to Castile. However, Alfonso accused Sancho of acting treacherously and of appropriating <mask>'s tribute. A rift broke out between the king and his son, which weakened the Castilian threat to Granada. Alfonso ended up asking for Abu Yusuf's help against Sancho, and the two monarchs campaigned together against Sancho's partisans in Castile.Meanwhile, <mask> sealed an alliance with Sancho at Priego in late 1282. At the end of 1283, Abu Yusuf attacked Málaga, forcing <mask> to sue for peace. Mediated by Abu Yusuf's son, Abu Yaqub Yusuf, they agreed to reconcile and attack the Christians together. Alfonso died in 1284, and was succeeded by Sancho. Sancho was friendly towards Granada and pulled back the Castilian troops, while <mask> declared his vassalage to him. In 1286 Abu Yusuf died and was succeeded by his son Abu Yaqub. At the beginning of his reign Abu Yaqub was more preoccupied with domestic affairs, and so withdrew his forces from the Iberian campaign.In 1288 Abu Yaqub offered the Banu Ashqilula lands in North Africa. The clan took up the offer and emigrated en masse from Granadan territory. Tarifa campaigns

The Marinids retained outposts in Iberia, including Tarifa, an important port town on the Strait of Gibraltar. In 1290, <mask> came to an


title: Muhammad II of Granada

texts:
 arrangement with Sancho and the ruler of Tlemcen. Castile would attack Tarifa, Granada would attack other Marinid possessions, and Tlemcen would open hostilities against the Marinids in North Africa. According to the agreement, Castile would then hand Tarifa to Granada in exchange for six border fortresses. In November and December 1291, <mask> of Aragon met Sancho and agreed to join the war against the Marinids.In October 1292 Castile, with assistance from Aragon's navy and supplied by Granada, succeeded in taking Tarifa. Castile also took the six border fortresses from Granada as agreed, but refused to cede Tarifa even after <mask> met with Sancho in Córdoba in December. Granada, feeling cheated, then switched sides to the Marinids. <mask> travelled to North Africa and met Abu Ya'qub at Tangier on 24 October, bearing many gifts and asking his friendship and forgiveness. Both monarchs agreed to an alliance against Castile. In 1294, the Marinids and Granada unsuccessfully besieged Tarifa. The town would never again be in Muslim hands.After this failure, the Marinids decided to withdraw to North Africa. Granada proceeded to retake its former outposts, including Algeciras and—after some local resistance—Ronda. Final years and death

In 1295, Sancho died and was succeeded by his nine-year-old son Ferdinand IV. During his minority Castile was governed by a regency led by his uncle, Infante Henry. His cousin, Alfonso de la Cerda made a rival claim for the throne, supported by James of Aragon. <mask> exploited this situation to strike at Castile: in late 1295

masks:
James II
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad


title: Muhammad II of Granada

texts: he captured Quesada and routed a Castilian army at the Battle of Iznalloz. Ferdinand was also attacked by Aragon, Denis of Portugal, and his uncle, Infante John.In 1296, Granada and Aragon concluded a pact of friendship and agreed to split their objectives: Murcia would go to Aragon and Andalusia to Granada. In June 1296, Infante Henry made peace overtures to <mask>, offering to hand over Tarifa, but this broke down when the town's commander, Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, declared that he would not hand it over even if ordered to do so. Late that year, Granadan forces defeated Infante Henry near Arjona and nearly captured him. Henry's horse was captured, but <mask> ordered it returned in a gesture of chivalry. The Marinids joined the war to support Granada and defeated Castile in a major battle near Seville in May or June 1299; they then laid siege to Tarifa. Castile renewed the offer to yield Tarifa in exchange for an alliance with Granada, but this was again frustrated by Alfonso Pérez's refusal to comply. The war continued and <mask> took more border fortresses, including Alcaudete in June 1299, and raided Castilian cities including Jaén and Andújar.In April 1301, <mask> and James renewed their alliance, although James secretly sent supplies to the besieged Christians in Tarifa. On 6 September, Pope Boniface VIII declared Ferdinand the legitimate king of Castile, weakening the resolve and legitimacy of his Christian enemies. In September 1301, Granada and Aragon renewed their alliance at Zaragoza. They planned a new offensive against Castile and aligned

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad II of Granada

texts:
 their war goals; among others they agreed that Granada was to regain Tarifa and acquire several frontier towns. This agreement was ratified in January 1302, and subsequently Alfonso de la Cerda also joined the alliance and recognised <mask>'s rights to Tarifa. However, before the campaign started, <mask> died on 8 April 1302 (8 Shaban 701 AH). He was succeeded by his son, <mask>.There were allegations that <mask>, perhaps impatient to assume power, had poisoned his father, although this was never confirmed. Governance and legacy

<mask> built on the nascent state created by his father, and continued to secure his realm's independence by alternatively allying with other powers, especially Castile and the Marinids, and sometimes encouraging them to fight each other. A sense of identity also emerged in the realm, united by religion (Islam), language (Arabic), and an awareness of an ever-present threat to its survival from its Romance-speaking Christian neighbours. Historian Ibn Khaldun commented that these ties served as a replacement for asabiyyah or tribal solidarity, which Ibn Khaldun thought was fundamental to the rise and fall of a state. <mask> was the true organiser of the Nasrid state with his reforms to the administration and the army. His considerable legislative activity included the institution of the Nasrid royal protocol (rusūm al-mulk), and of the court chancery (al-kitāba), in which the chief figure of his reign was the future vizier Abu Abdallah ibn al-Hakim. His reign also saw the expansion and institutionalisation of the Volunteers of

masks:
Muhammad
Muhammad II
Muhammad III
Muhammad III
Muhammad
Muhammad II


title: Muhammad II of Granada

texts: the Faith (also called ghazis in Arabic): soldiers recruited from North Africa to defend Granada against the Christians.Many of them were members of tribes or families which had been exiled from the Marinid state. Some of them settled in the city of Granada, establishing the quarter of Zenete (named after the Berber tribe of Zenata), and some in the western areas of the realm, such as Ronda and the surrounding area. They received payments from the state, but often came into conflict with the locals in the areas they settled. When, in the early 1280s, Granada came into conflict with the Marinids, the Volunteers remained loyal and defended Granada against Castile, when it attacked at the same time. Over time, the Volunteers became Granada's most important military force, numbering 10,000 at the end of <mask>'s rule and eclipsing Granada's locally recruited army. Their leader, the shaikh al-ghuzat, held an influential position in Granadan politics. Different men were named as the shaikh by <mask> at different points of his reign, including Ali ibn Abi Iyad ibn Abd al-Haqq, Tasfin ibn Mu'ti, Musa ibn Rahhu, Abd al-Haqq ibn Rahhu, and Ibrahim ibn Yahya.Territorially, <mask>la was eliminated, and <mask> not only saw off successfully the repeated Marinid attacks, but deprived them of their holdings in Al-Andalus as well. <mask> oversaw a large-scale fortification project for the kingdom's defences, building a series of strategically positioned and well-supplied strongholds from the west to the east, which formed the backbone of Granadan frontier defences in the

masks: Muhammad Muhammad Muhammadlu Muhammad Muhammad


title: Muhammad II of Granada

texts: centuries to come. He worked with his own hands during the constructions of the moat (khandaq) in Alcaudete. The fortifications that he built also served to enforce royal authority because they were controlled by military governors (qa'ids) appointed and rotated by the court rather than by hereditary lords. They were often located in mountainous or other areas that were difficult to reach, and could only be conquered or breached by expensive siege warfare.<mask> increased the importance of the vizier in the Nasrid state. He had only one vizier throughout his long reign, Abu Sultan Aziz ibn Ali ibn al-Mun'im al-Dani, who became his trusted ally. He also served as <mask>'s ambassador to the Marinids, commanded some military operations, and co-signed many royal documents. <mask> also expanded the Alhambra, steadily establishing a royal residence zone in what was largely a fortress complex built by his father. He continued his father's constructions of a precinct wall surrounding the royal zone, as well as multiple residence buildings and bathhouses. The chronology for each part of the Alhambra during the early Nasrid period is not always clear—partly due to alterations and renovations under later Muslim or Christian rulers—but <mask> II definitely built the original palace that today becomes the Convent of San Francisco as well as the original Dar al-Mamlaka al-Saida in the Generalife. He also built the Tower of the Ladies (Torre de las Damas, the site of today's Partal Palace built by his son <mask>) and the Tower of the Points (Torre de los Picos).Further

masks:
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad III


title: Muhammad II of Granada

texts: afield, the Nasrid palace structure now known as the Cuarto Real de Santo Domingo, located on along the edge of what was Granada's southern walls, has been dated by scholars to his reign as well. Externally, <mask> pursued an increase in trade with Christian Europe, especially with Italian traders from Genoa and Pisa. On 18 April 1279, <mask> concluded a treaty with the ambassador of Genoa, granting the republic the rights to export Granadan goods with an especially low fee of 6.5% and to establish a trading post in the emirate, in exchange for supplying ships to Granada in the event of conflict against another Muslim power not allied to Genoa. <mask> II was known by the epithet al-Faqih, literally meaning "the canon-lawyer", but which can also be understood as "the Wise", and reflects not only his high education, but also his preference for surrounding himself with scholars and poets. Much like his contemporary, King Alfonso X of Castile, <mask> wrote poetry—he was a decent poet himself according to Ibn al-Khatib—and fostered significant cultural activity at his court. He competed with Alfonso in attracting learned men, especially Muslim men of science from territories conquered by the Christians. Among those he welcomed to his court were the mathematician-physician <mask>-Riquti and the astronomer-mathematician <mask> al-Raqqam, who migrated to Granada despite being offered substantial payments by Alfonso if they were to convert and stay in Christian territory.The Spanish historian Ana Isabel Carrasco Manchado writes, "al-Faqih is an unusual sobriquet

masks:
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad al
Muhammad ibn