title: Hirooki Goto

texts: night of Wrestle Kingdom 14 in Tokyo Dome, Goto defeated KENTA to win the NEVER Openweight Championship for the fifth time.He lost the title to Shingo Takagi on February 1, at The New Beginning in Sapporo. In June, <mask> took part in the 2020 New Japan Cup, being eliminated from the tournament by EVIL in the second round. On August 9, <mask>, Ishii & Yoshi-Hashi defeated fellow CHAOS stablemates Kazuchika Okada, Toru Yano & Sho in a tournament final to win NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship. From September 19 until October 17, Goto took part in the 2020 G1 Climax, finishing the tournament with a record of four wins and five losses, failing to advance to the finals of the tournament. During the tournament, <mask> and Toru Yano broke the record of the shortest match in the tournament's history with the match lasting 18 seconds, surpassing the record held by Kenzo Suzuki against Tadao Yasuda in the 2002 tournament, which their match lasted 37 seconds. From November 15 until December 6, <mask> and Yoshi-Hashi took part in the 2020 World Tag League, finishing the tournament with a record of five wins and four losses, failing to advance to the finals of the tournament. In March 2021, Goto took part in the 2021 New Japan Cup, losing in the second round to eventual finalist Shingo Takagi on March 13.From September 19 to October 20, <mask> took part in the 2021 G1 Climax, where he finished with a record of three wins and six losses, failing to advance to the finals of the tournament. <mask>, Ishii & Yoshi-Hashi's


title: Hirooki Goto

type: original

texts:
 reign would break the record for the longest reign as champions at 454 days and the most successful title defenses with 9 defenses, before losing the titles to House of Torture (EVIL, Sho & Yujiro Takahashi) on November 6 at Power Struggle. From November 14 to December 12, <mask> took part in the round-robin portion of the 2021 World Tag League, alongside Yoshi-Hashi. The team finished with a record of nine wins and two losses, advancing to the finals of the tournament. On December 15, <mask> & Yoshi-Hashi defeated EVIL & Yujiro Takahashi in the finals to win the 2021 World Tag League. On January 4, 2022, on the first night of Wrestle Kingdom 16, <mask> and Yoshi-Hashi defeated Taichi & Zack Sabre Jr. to win the IWGP Tag Team Championship. Other media
<mask> made his acting debut in 2016 with a cameo appearance as a gangster in the Indonesian action film Headshot.In 2020, <mask> appeared in Kamen Rider Zero-One the Movie: Real×Time as Buga, a computer avatar and one of the users of the Kamen Rider Abaddon powers. Championships and accomplishments

New Japan Pro-Wrestling
IWGP Intercontinental Championship (2 times)
IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Minoru
IWGP Tag Team Championship (2 times, current) – with Katsuyori Shibata (1) and Yoshi-Hashi (1, current)
NEVER Openweight Championship (5 times)
NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Yoshi-Hashi and Tomohiro Ishii
G1 Climax (2008)
New Japan Cup (2009, 2010, 2012)
World Tag League (2012) – with Karl Anderson
World

masks: Goto Goto Goto Goto Goto


title: Zenzl Mühsam

texts:
<mask> (born Kreszentia Elfinger:  27 July 1884 – 10 March 1962) was a political activist who was involved, with her husband, <mask>, in the Munich Soviet ("workers' council") of 1919. Fifteen years later, after her husband had been murdered in the Oranienburg concentration camp near Berlin, she made her way to Moscow, hoping to arrange for the publication of her husband's political writings. Eight months after her arrival, identified as a "Trotskyist spy" she was caught up in the political purges of the late 1930s and first arrested in April 1936. She was unable to leave the Soviet Union for another eighteen years, spending much (though not all) of that time in prisons or labour camps. She survived. Life

Provenance and early years
Kreszentia Elfinger was born in the Hallertau countryside region of Bavaria, to the north of Munich. She was the fifth recorded child of the guesthouse keeper and hop farmer Augustin Elfinger.Her first job was as a domestic servant, working at the home of a local butcher:  she was dismissed after a few months. Moving to Munich she came across political exiles from Russia, following the failed 1905 revolution and organised welfare support. She was much affected by the tales told by exiled Russian students of fellow revolutionaries killed or exiled in Siberia. During this time she met and then moved in to live with the 24 year old artist and sculptor Ludwig Engler, employed as a domestic servant or, according to some bourgeois neighbourly gossip, illegally as a concubine. On 15 September 1915 she married the pacifist-anarchist writer <mask>. In 1917 her fifteen year old son Siegfried (born  16 October 1902), who up to this point had grown up with relatives, moved in with the couple. Siegfried's own paternity has never been made public:  the marriage with Mühsam would remain childless.The marriage was nevertheless a close and mutually supportive one. Weimar

masks:
Zenzl Mühsam
Erich Mühsam
Erich Mühsam


title: Zenzl Mühsam

texts:
 years
The end of the First World War was followed by months of revolutionary turmoil in many parts of Germany. In Munich a Soviet republic was declared in April 1919, led by Ernst Toller and other prominent left wingers and anarchists including <mask>. <mask> <mask> was his most fervent fellow activist before, during and after what turned out to be a six day period in power. They were both arrested and imprisoned, but <mask> was released whereas Erich was sentenced to fifteen years "confined in a fortress" where, it seems, he had a little more freedom than in a conventional prison:  he wrote numerous poems and, in 1920, published "Judas", his first play. Zenzl turned to campaigning on behalf of all the political prisoners detained following the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic uprising. One objective - widely shared, as matters turned out - was a more general amnesty, which the new democratic German government granted in 1923/24.During the early 1920s she was organising sewing meetings in support of "Russia Aid" ("Russland-Hilfe"), and she took part in the first congress of Red Aid ("Rote Hilfe"), a left-wing welfare organisation closely linked to the recently founded Communist Party. and to the Comintern in Moscow. It was here that she got to know Elena Stasova, a Russian communist whom one source identifies as "Lenin's former secretary". On 28 April 1923, while her husband was still in prison, <mask> <mask>  wrote a personal letter to Lenin asking that he arrange for <mask> to be transferred to Moscow. She even wrote to the papal nuncio, hoping to invoke papal intervention with the authorities. Nothing came directly out of her requests, but at the end of 1924 <mask> was released from prison, according to one source let out "early" by the Bavarian authorities because he was suffering from heart problems. The couple now relocated from Munich to Berlin.During the later 1920s and early

masks:
Erich Mühsam
Zenzl
Mühsam
Zenzl
Zenzl
Mühsam
Erich Mühsam
Erich Mühsam


title: Zenzl Mühsam

texts:
 1930s the Mühsams lived and worked in Berlin with various politically like-minded comrades. They moved several times. At one stage they were living with the Communists Fritz Weigel and Willi Münzenberg in Berlin-Charlottenburg. Later they were greeted by Wilhelm Pieck's Red Aid team near Berlin's Anhalter Station. In 1927 they moved again, apparently to a home of their own in the Hufeisensiedlung (social housing estate) on the south side of the city centre. Nazi years and exile
Régime change in January 1933 marked a savage change in political direction as the Hitler government lost little time in transforming Germany into a one-party dictatorship. At the end of February 1933 the Reichstag fire was instantly blamed on "communists" and triggered a wave of arrests.<mask> had long enjoyed a frosty relationship with the Communist Party, but as a left-wing anarchist writer he was evidently high on the Nazi target list, and he was among the first to be arrested. Fifteen months later, on 10 July 1934, he died under torture at the Oranienburg concentration camp. Newly widowed, Zenzl <mask> turned to friends and comrades for support, notably Meta Kraus-Fessel (although the two quickly fell out). Keen to preserve both her husband's legacy and her own liberty, she transferred <mask>'s copious collection of papers to a comrade called Ernst Simmerling who was in turn able to pass them to the relatively safe care of his brother in law, Rudolf Rocker, an anarcho-syndicalist who around this time successfully fled to the United States. Zenzl <mask> herself relocated from Berlin to Dresden, relatively close to the German border with Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia at this stage was still an independent country, and its capital, Prague, was the destination of choice for a large number of political refugees keen to avoid imprisonment or worse in the new Germany. Her demands for a public investigation into her

masks:
Erich Mühsam
Mühsam
Erich Mühsam
Mühsam


title: Zenzl Mühsam

texts: husband's death did not endear Zenzl <mask> to the Nazi authorities, and when she was warned by the American journalist, Dorothy Thompson, that she was about to be arrested by the Gestapo, on 15 July 1934 she crossed the border into Czechoslovakia.She was accompanied by her nephew, Joseph Elfinger, whose father had recently been sent to the Dachau concentration camp. In September 1934, with the help of a book dealer called Fritz Picard and Camill Hofmann, the Czechoslovak press attaché, she managed to smuggle her dead husband's papers into Prague as "diplomatic baggage". By this time she had already been able to report on the German Concentration Camps in front of international journalists, though it is not clear whether this attracted much notice. <mask>'s will had also been published, appointing Rudolf Rocker as joint literary executor in collaboration with Zenzl. In January 1935 she published "The Ordeal of Erich Mühsam". Back in Germany the government responded by removing her German citizenship. One place where <mask>'s murder had not gone unnoticed was Moscow.After rejecting several invitations to move to the Soviet Union, and despite comradely warnings about the dangers, she moved with her nephew to Moscow, arriving on 8 August 1935. One reason for her change of heart was the hope that in Moscow her nephew, Joseph Elfinger, would be able to find work. Her move to the Soviet Union had been anticipated by the publication by International Red Aid in Moscow of a "brochure" detailing the suffering of <mask> and the subsequent deprivation of German citizenship for his widow. On her arrival she was able to give lectures on the atrocities in Germany to large audiences of workers. In November 1935 she participated in an "<mask> memorial event". In February 1936 <mask>'s papers arrived in Moscow and were handed over to the Soviet authorities. Zenzl decided to remain in Moscow for another year

masks:
Mühsam
Erich Mühsam
Erich Mühsam
Erich Mühsam
Erich Mühsam
Erich Mühsam


title: Zenzl Mühsam

texts:
 to oversee their transfer to the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute.On 8 April or 23 April 1936 she was arrested, however, accused of "counter-revolutionary Trotskyite activities", and taken into Moscow's Lubyanka jail. In June 1936 the philosopher-scholar André Gide, visiting Moscow, enquired about the whereabouts of Zenzl <mask> but was given incorrect answers. In July 1936 Ruth Oesterreich, a communist activist from Berlin exiled, at this point, in Prague, urged to <mask>'s siblings in Palestine to launch an international campaign for <mask> <mask>'s release. In the meantime, Mühsam had been moved from the Lubyanka jail to the Butyrka prison, also in Moscow. However, the authorities were evidently not indifferent to international campaigns, and in October 1936 she was released, subject to the condition imposed by the NKVD law enforcement agency that she should not remain in Moscow. Also during 1936 her nephew Joseph Elfinger was arrested:  nothing more was heard of him. There was another round of political show trials in January 1937 including that of Karl Radek, which was attended by  .During his stay in Moscow Zenzl <mask> was able to visit him in his hotel. Later that year, in June, she concluded a deal with the Gorky Institute whereby she sold <mask>'s literary legacy in return for a monthly maintenance payment of 500 roubles. She retained certain authorship rights. In order to be able to publish <mask>'s "Unpolitischen Erinnerungen" ("Unpolitical Memories") and his "Jolly Gedichte" ("... poems") Zenzl set about researching in various institutes and libraries. In the Summer of 1938 she applied for an exit visa in order to visit the United States of America. Sources speculate that refusal of the application was intended to prevent her reporting the Stalin Show Trials and Soviet prison conditions in the west. War years
She was rearrested, probably in November 1938.However, it was only on

masks:
Mühsam
Erich Mühsam
Zenzl
Mühsam
Mühsam
Erich Mühsam
Erich Mühsam


title: Zenzl Mühsam

texts:
 what had hitherto been the Communist Party of Germany. She moved out of Moscow to nearby (by Russian standards) Ivanovo where she found work in an orphanage.In Ivanovo she was rearrested in October 1949 and deported to the Omsk region where she was set to work on a collective farm and lived with the Götting family, surviving members of the Volga German community. Meanwhile Rudolf Rocker, who by this time had lived in the United States for many years, launched an international campaign for her release:
"Why Zenzl <mask> has been kept in Russian captivity for thirteen years – a time that not even eternity can give back to her – remains incomprehensible. It is possible that she was only used as a propaganda tool from the beginning; as a mere means of taking possession of <mask>'s papers. It is also possible that she got to know too much about the inner workings of the NKVD and that the government considered it dangerous to let her return to Prague. Shortly after her arrival in Moscow, the era of terror began. If this was the case, then she was neutralized to protect the interests of the state - a purpose for which no means are despicable enough. A human life counts for nothing in a totalitarian police state like Russia."In the end she was allowed to return to her work at the orphanage in Ivanovo only after the death, early in 1953, of Joseph Stalin. The path to rehabilitation and celebration
The Soviet occupation zone was superseded in October 1949 by the Soviet sponsored German Democratic Republic. Her German nationality was reinstated and her German passport returned, albeit only after a succession of "bureaucratic delays", in March 1955. On 27 June 1955 <mask> <mask> arrived in (East) Berlin, back on German soil for the first time in nearly twenty years. In East Berlin, now the capital of a new kind of German state, she was given an honorary pension in respect of her husband as well as a

masks:
Mühsam
Erich Mühsam
Zenzl
Mühsam


title: Zenzl Mühsam

texts:
 pension on her own account. In 1959 her 75th birthday was celebrated with the award of the Patriotic Order of Merit in silver. In July 1956 a solemn ceremony took place in which 94,000 micro-filmed pages of the Erich Mühsam literary archive were handed over from the Maxim Gorky Institute to the (East) Berlin Arts Academy.Zenzl now launched a campaign to have her husband's output posthumously published in East Germany. In 1958 at the East Berlin "Club of the Creatives" ("Klub der Kulturschaffenden") an event was organised to celebrate, had he lived for longer, what would have been <mask>'s eightieth birthday. Meanwhile the publishers "Volk und Welt" published a (savagely shortened) selection from his poetry. Back in Moscow, in July 1959 a military tribunal in the Moscow military quarter lifted the earlier sentence against her, which it attributed to an error in the criminal procedure. There followed a rehabilitation covering the sentences of 1936/38. Rehabilitation in respect of her 1949 sentence followed only after her death, however. <mask> <mask> died of Lung cancer on 10 March 1962.The body
Her ashes were placed buried in the Socialists' Memorial Zone, where the East German government placed the bodies of its heroes, in the Friedrichsfelde Main Cemetery. <mask>'s body had ended up in what became, after 1945, West Berlin. It was only in 1992, following German reunification, that her ashes were removed without ceremony or any public announcement to the grave of her husband, in the context of a "rationalisation" of the city's cemetery administration, and because the Berlin Senate determined that "only the division of the city had, till then, prevented a shared grave location" for the two of them. References

People from Freising (district)
Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Soviet Union
Great Purge victims from Germany
Foreign Gulag detainees
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit
1884

masks:
Erich Mühsam
Zenzl
Mühsam
Erich Mühsam


title: Luc Mbah a Moute

texts:
<mask> a <mask> ( ; born 9 September 1986) is a Cameroonian professional basketball player who last played for the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). <mask> also plays for the Cameroon national team. College career
<mask> attended Montverde Academy in Florida from 2001 to 2005, where he was coached by Kevin Sutton. Soon, he would be Westwood-bound to play for <mask> and UCLA. As a freshman in 2005–06, <mask> led the Pac-10 Champion Bruins in rebounding. <mask> a Moute led or tied for the lead for the Bruins in rebounding in 27 regular-season games. In the NCAA tournament, <mask> a <mask> scored the winning layup at the end of a comeback win over Gonzaga in the Sweet 16.<mask> a <mask> also posted 17 points, 9 rebounds, 2 steals, and 1 assist in a Final Four victory over LSU. For the year, <mask> <mask>ute averaged 8.9 points and 8.1 rebounds, and he was named Pac-10 Freshman of the Year. He became something of a cult phenomenon among the UCLA faithful. Along with fellow Cameroonian Alfred Aboya, the dynamic duo sparked the "Cameroon Crazies" (a take-off of Duke's "Cameron Crazies" fans) section, along with an enormously popular T-shirt which read "Moute Kicks Boute". <mask> a <mask> himself became known as The Fresh Prince, after the television show of the same name. His mother, <mask> a Ziem Agnes Bertine, and his father, <mask> <mask>, had never seen him play for UCLA until they came from Cameroon to attend the Final Four of the 2008 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament. During the 2008 season, his team had a record of 35–4 and won their third straight Pac-10 title and made their third straight NCAA Final Four.<mask> <mask> ended his UCLA career with an honorable mention All-Pac-10, honorable mention Pac-10 All-Defensive Team selection and a fifth-place finish in scoring (8.8 ppg). He is ranked the No. 15 rebounder with a

masks:
Luc Richard Mbah
Moute
Mbah a Moute
Mbah a Moute
Ben Howland
Mbah a Moute
Mbah
Mbah
Moute
Mbah
Moute
Mbah
a Mo
Mbah
Moute
Goufane
Camille Moute
à Bias
Mbah
a Moute


title: Luc Mbah a Moute

texts:
 total of 775 rebounds. <mask> <mask> became the first player to start in three straight Final Fours at UCLA in 34 years. <mask>, <mask> Wilkes, and Greg Lee (1972–74) were the last players at UCLA, and Andre Hutson and <mask> of Michigan State (1999–2001) were the last to do so. Professional career

Milwaukee Bucks (2008–2013)

<mask> <mask> gave up his final year of college eligibility at UCLA to enter the 2008 NBA draft, in which he was selected by the Milwaukee Bucks with the 37th overall pick. <mask> <mask> got off to a quick start with the Bucks and quickly became a fan favorite.His strong play, especially on defense, led to him overtaking <mask> as the Bucks' starting power forward only nine games into the season. In his second game as a starter, <mask> a <mask> posted career highs of 19 points and 17 rebounds in a 101–96 victory over the Memphis Grizzlies. Bucks head coach Scott Skiles and general manager <mask> both praised <mask> a Moute's defensive skills. After the 2010–11 season, <mask> a <mask> became a restricted free agent. On 10 December 2011, he received a four-year, $18.7 million offer sheet from the Denver Nuggets. Three days later, the Bucks matched the offer sheet, re-signing <mask> a Moute. Sacramento Kings (2013)
On 12 July 2013, <mask> a <mask> was traded to the Sacramento Kings.Minnesota Timberwolves (2013–2014)
On 26 November 2013, <mask> a Moute was traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves for <mask>. Philadelphia 76ers (2014–2015)
On 23 August 2014, a three-team trade was completed, involving the Timberwolves, the Cleveland Cavaliers, and the Philadelphia 76ers. As part of the deal, <mask> a <mask> and teammate Alexey Shved were traded to the Sixers, along with a 2015 first round draft pick from Cleveland. The Cavaliers received Kevin Love from Minnesota, whereas the Wolves received Andrew Wiggins and Anthony Bennett from Cleveland

masks:
Mbah
a Moute
Bill Walton
Jamaal
Charlie Bell
Mbah
a Moute
Mbah
a Moute
Charlie Villanueva
Mbah
Moute
John Hammond
Mbah
Mbah
Moute
Mbah
Mbah
Moute
Mbah
Derrick Williams
Mbah
Moute


title: Luc Mbah a Moute

texts:
 and <mask> Young from Philadelphia. On 14 July 2015, <mask> <mask> signed with the Sacramento Kings once again. However, two days later, his contract was voided by the Kings after he failed his physical examination. <mask> a <mask> felt he was mistreated by the Kings and filed grievance against the team.He later passed a medical test in order to compete for Team Africa at the 2015 NBA Africa exhibition game on 1 August. Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)
On 25 September 2015, <mask> <mask> signed with the Los Angeles Clippers. Midway through the 2015–16 season, the Clippers placed <mask> a <mask> in the starting lineup. On 8 July 2016, <mask> <mask> re-signed with the Clippers. On 21 April 2017, in Game 3 of the Clippers' first-round playoff series against the Utah Jazz, <mask> a Moute scored a career playoff-high 15 points to help the Clippers win 111–106, taking a 2–1 lead in the series. The Clippers went on to lose the series to the Jazz in seven games. Houston Rockets (2017–2018)
On 19 July 2017, <mask> <mask> signed with the Houston Rockets.On 22 November 2017, in a 125–95 win against the Denver Nuggets, <mask> a <mask> finished with a plus-minus of +57, the highest in an NBA game in 20 years. He was a perfect 5-of-5 shooting for 13 points in 26 minutes, during which the Rockets outscored the Nuggets 93–36. On 14 December 2017, he was ruled out for two to three weeks with a shoulder injury. <mask> <mask> dislocated his shoulder for a second time on 10 April 2018, in a 105–99 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. He subsequently missed the first round of the playoffs. Return to the Clippers (2018–2019)
On 19 July 2018, <mask> <mask> signed with the Los Angeles Clippers, returning to the franchise for a second stint. He appeared in just four games for the Clippers in 2018–19 after injuring his left knee in a game against the New Orleans Pelicans on 23 October

masks:
Thadus
Mbah
a Moute
Mbah
Moute
Mbah
a Moute
Mbah
Moute
Mbah
a Moute
Mbah
Mbah
a Moute
Mbah
Moute
Mbah
a Moute
Mbah
a Moute


title: Luc Mbah a Moute

texts:
 2018.He initially underwent various non-surgical treatment options before ultimately undergoing a partial medial meniscectomy on his left knee, with medial femoral condyle chondroplasty, on 28 March 2019. He was subsequently waived by the Clippers on 7 April. Return to the Rockets (2020)
On July 7, 2020, the Houston Rockets announced that they had signed <mask> a Moute. His father is a high-ranking government official, managing the National Employment Fund of Cameroon, a training and job-placement national agency. <mask> a Moute is the twin brother of <mask> a Moute, who played basketball for Texas State University. His younger brother, <mask> a Bidias, is a basketball player for the California Golden Bears. <mask> a Moute married Aurelie <mask> on February 15, 2020, in Yaounde their hometown.<mask> <mask>ute helped discover Cameroonian center Joel Embiid, the third overall pick in the 2014 NBA draft and eventual teammate on the Philadelphia 76ers. He also helped discover another Cameroonian player, power forward <mask>, the 27th pick in the 2016 NBA draft. and NBA G-League 2017-18 Defensive Player of the Year <mask> Nnoko. References

External links

 UCLA bio

1986 births
Living people
Basketball players at the 2006 NCAA Division I Men's Final Four
Basketball players at the 2007 NCAA Division I Men's Final Four
Basketball players at the 2008 NCAA Division I Men's Final Four
Cameroonian men's basketball players
Cameroonian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Houston Rockets players
Los Angeles Clippers players
Milwaukee Bucks draft picks
Milwaukee Bucks players
Minnesota Timberwolves players
Montverde Academy alumni
National Basketball Association players from Cameroon
Philadelphia 76ers players
Power forwards (basketball)
Sacramento Kings players
Small forwards
Twin people from Cameroon
Twin sportspeople
UCLA Bruins men's basketball

masks:
Mbah
Mbah
Emmanuel Bidias
Roger Moute
Luc Mbah
Van Assche
Mbah
a Mo
Pascal Siakam
Landry


title: Robert Scholz (pianist)

texts:
<mask> (; 16 October 1902 –  11 October 1986) was an Austrian-born American pianist, conductor, composer and teacher. He achieved fame as a pianist, especially in Austria during the Twenties and Thirties in a piano duo with his brother <mask> with whom he also published the first authoritative collection of Mozart’s works for piano. After emigrating to the United States in 1938 he became a well-known conductor and founder of the American Chamber Orchestra in New York. In 1963 the US State Department invited him to teach in Taiwan as part of a scholarly exchange program. Here he achieved lasting fame as a conductor and especially as the founding father of Taiwan's piano tradition. Most influential piano professors in Taiwan today can trace their roots back to his teachings. He died in Taipei in 1986.Life

Genealogy

<mask> was born in Steyr, Austria, on 16 October 1902. His father, <mask>, was a store manager, his mother, Johanna Mayr, a soprano who met and corresponded with Anton Bruckner. His elder brother, the pianist <mask> (1897-1988), was president of the Mozarteum Salzburg in 1964. Some genealogical research of the <mask> family from 1750 until the present time has been undertaken by the composer Martin Fiala in Steyr. Early Years in Austria

Scholz received his first piano lessons from his mother in 1906 but failed to find a more professional piano teacher in Steyr during the war years. Together with his brother Heinz he participated in charity concerts to raise funds for the Red Cross and to help the wounded. He graduated from highschool ("Realschule") in 1920.In 1921 he took about ten piano lessons with Austrian pianist Friedrich Wührer in Vienna, each time traveling 16 hours

masks:
Robert Scholz
Heinz Scholz
Robert Scholz
Karl Scholz
Heinz Scholz
Scholz


title: Robert Scholz (pianist)

texts:
 from Steyr, and was later admitted to the Mozarteum  in Salzburg where he studied with Felix Petyrek. After only ten lessons <mask> returned to Steyr studying without a teacher. Just nine months after he entered it, Scholz passed the Mozarteum's final exams in piano and composition with distinction ("mit Auszeichnung") and also received a teaching certificate. Subsequently he taught piano and composition at the Mozarteum from 1924-1937. In 1935 he even became the first teacher for harpsichord at an Austrian music college. <mask> and <mask> had a distinguished career as a piano duo which began with a European tour in 1923. They performed concertos for two pianos by Mozart, <mask> himself and others with world famous conductors such as Clemens Krauss, Dimitri Mitropoulos in Athens, Herbert von Karajan in Aachen, Bruno Walter and Arturo Toscanini at the Salzburg Festival.During their tours till 1938, including tours in the US and Canada, they often performed a two-piano arrangement of Bach's The Art of Fugue by Erich Schwebsch. In 1937, the year when <mask> received an Honorary professorship, he gave a recital on Mozart's original piano at Salzburg Residenz, a concert which was attended by Walter and Toscanini. In 1927 the Viennese Universal Edition commissioned the <mask> brothers to edit Mozart's piano works based on his manuscripts. America

In 1938 <mask> emigrated to the US settling in New York where he began to teach at the David Mannes Music School. During the same time he started teaching the eight-year old Martin Canin, who was to become a famous piano teacher and performer. The idea of Scholz was to bring Salzburg's music tradition to New York. Collaborating with violinists Ivan

masks:
Scholz
Robert
Heinz Scholz
Robert Scholz
Robert Scholz
Scholz
Robert Scholz


title: Robert Scholz (pianist)

texts:
 Galamian and Louis Persinger as well as pianist Isabelle Vengerova he founded a Mozart orchestra and later a chorus at the Music School of the Henry Street Settlement, a project that was intended to foster talented children from underprivileged backgrounds.Between 1945 and 1950 this orchestra and chorus performed annual concerts at New York Town Hall. <mask>, who took conducting lessons with George Szell in 1940 and taught in summer-camps together with Ivan Galamian, also collaborated with Bruno Walter and his orchestra. <mask> composed large-scale works during this period and arranged Bach's The Art of Fugue for orchestra. Having performed Bruckner's Fourth Symphony and Te Deum with the Mozart orchestra and chorus of the Henry Street Settlement he was presented with the Bruckner Medal of Honor on 12 March 1950 by the Bruckner Society of America. In 1953 <mask> founded the professional American Chamber Orchestra with which he regularly appeared at New York Town Hall and toured the US and Canada. In 1956 he recorded various works by Mozart with this orchestra for Westminster Records, among others the Haffner Serenade and also recorded Mozart piano concertos with Dame Myra Hess. Late Years in Taiwan

In 1963, through the recommendation of the US State Department and the Fulbright Program, <mask> was invited to Taiwan where he would live until his death in 1986.He accepted a professorship for piano and chorus at Taiwan Provincial Teachers’ College (now National Taiwan Normal University). He also taught at the National Academy of Arts (now National Taiwan University of Arts) and later at the College of Chinese Culture ("Hwa Kang", now Chinese Culture University). Besides piano, which he

masks:
Scholz
Robert Scholz
Robert Scholz
Robert Scholz


title: Robert Scholz (pianist)

texts: also taught privately, Scholz taught conducting, chorus conducting, composition, theory and vocal accompaniment. Seminaries were arranged by the United States Information Service. Taiwanese composer  has called <mask> a "missionary of music" and compared him to the French Jesuit missionary Amiot in Qing China. Unlike in New York Scholz did not found an orchestra in Taiwan, but served as a principal and guest conductor of all leading local orchestras, especially the Taiwan Provincial Symphony Orchestra (now National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra), the Ministry of Defense Symphony Orchestra, but also school orchestras, building a foundation for their rehearsal methods, repertoire expansion, etc. Hsu Tsang-Houei wrote that Scholz "laid the foundation stone of orchestra culture in Taiwan".During his time in Taiwan he conducted numerous concerts and gala concerts collaborating with most leading local performers, such as pianists Francis Wu, Azusa Fujita and Liu Fu-Mei. In 1969 <mask> married Emane Wu (吳漪曼, Wu Yi-Man, 1931-2019), a well-known pianist and professor in Taiwan. Her father, Wu Bochao (吳伯超), was a famous Chinese composer who perished in the Taiping Steamer's voyage to Taiwan, 1949, while fleeing advancing Chinese Communist forces during the Chinese Civil War. Scholz later conducted his works. In 1970 <mask> conducted the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra and accepted a professorship at  Musashino Academy of Music whose orchestra and chorus he led as well. He returned to Taiwan in 1971. In 1973 he also appeared as a guest conductor in Seoul.During the last years of his life <mask> became interested in philosophical studies. His writings were compiled by Bernhard Fuehrer and Bernhard Pohl

masks:
Robert Scholz
Robert Scholz
Robert Scholz
Robert Scholz


title: Robert Scholz (pianist)

texts:
 and posthumously published by the Robert Scholz Music Foundation as "Posthumous Works of <mask>", in 8 volumes, 1993. On October 11, 1986, <mask> died at the National Taiwan University Hospital in Taipei. Teaching

 As a piano teacher <mask> emphasized controlled breathing and watched the harmonious movement of the student's arm and body. He also insisted on notating phrasing, pedal marks and fingering in the score before the student learned the piece. Many students of Professor Scholz left Taiwan on a program organized by Taiwan's Ministry of Education as "gifted children" ("資賦優異天才兒童") before their sixteenth birthday to study in Austria or other countries and many of them are pianists today or leading professors in Taiwan and abroad, among others Tai-Cheng Chen, Se-Se Chang, Lucy Revers, Judy Chin, Han-An Liu, Lina Yeh, Lee-Hwei Wang. Conductors who studied with Professor Scholz include Felix Chen and Dau-Hsiong Tseng and composers Tyzen Hsiao.Works

Most important compositions and writings of <mask> were published  by the Robert Scholz Music Foundation and the R.O.C. National Committee of the Asian Composers League. His personal book collection and annotated musical scores were donated to the National Central Library by Emane Wu. These include personally annotated musical scores dating back to 1938, a 10-volume set of selected works, manuscripts on the thought of Prof. Scholz, musical recordings, and materials on the professor’s musical theory, biography, literature and lyrics. Compositions

Preludio-Chorale; Fughetta;  Toccata for two pianos (1924)
Country Tunes for Woodwind (1925)
Concerto for 2 Pianos and Orchestra (1928)
Andante and Allegro for Flute and Orchestra (1929)
Suite for


title: Robert Scholz (pianist)

texts:
 Orchestra (1932)
Oriental Suite for Orchestra (1932)
Oriental Suite for 2 Pianos (1932)
Second Suite for Orchestra (1935)
Adagio for Violoncello and Orchestra (1935)
Epilogue for the Symphony in E (1937)
The Art of the Fugue [Bach] orchestrated by Scholz (1950)
Symphony in E (1951)

Musicological Essays

The Art of the Fugue
The Vibrating String
Proportions
The Alphabet – The Art of Writing Sounds

Philosophical Essays and Miscellaneous Notes

Denkanregungen
Miscellaneous Notes on Mathematics, Geometry, Numbers & Ciphers
Miscellaneous Notes on Language & Linguistics
Miscellaneous Notes on Denkanregungen

Recordings

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Haffner Serenade (Serenade No. 7 In D Major, K. 250).The American Chamber Orchestra, <mask>, 1956. Label: Westminster – SWN 18164
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Divertimento in D Major, K. 131. Casation in B Flat Major, K. 99. The American Chamber Orchestra, <mask>, 1956. Label: Westminster – SWN 18261
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Piano Concerto No.12 in A Major K. 414. Piano Concerto No. 27 in B Flat Major. Myra Hess [Myra Hess in Concert, 1949-1960, disk 2 of 4]. The American Chamber Orchestra, <mask>holz, 20 March 1956. Label: Music and Arts Programs of America – CD-0779

Bibliography

  Liu Lung-Kai, Chang Hui-Chung, eds. (2001)."<mask>. Weltbürger der Musik. Ein Österreicher – in Taiwan verliebt. Seine Musik. Sein Wirken. Seine Lehren." Taipei: Robert Scholz Musikstiftung.Peng Shengjin (彭聖錦) (2002). "<mask>. European. Taiwanese Soul." ("蕭滋：歐洲人台灣魂"). Taipei: Times Culture (時報文化). . External links
 <mask> (Mozarteum MOZWEB)
 蕭滋 SCHOLZ, <mask> (Who's Who in Taiwan Music)
 Posthumous Works of <mask> (SOAS Research Online)
 <mask> (Universal

masks:
Robert Scholz
Robert Scholz
Robert Sc
Robert Scholz
Robert Scholz
Robert Scholz
Robert
Robert Scholz
Robert Scholz


title: Jim Langley

texts:
<mask> (7 February 1929 – 9 December 2007) was an English footballer noted for his pacey, rampaging runs from the left fullback position and his long throw-ins. He is remembered particularly fondly by supporters of Fulham for his long service with the club during which he helped them achieve promotion to the First Division during the 1958–59 season; by Queens Park Rangers fans for featuring in the side which won the Third Division title and sensationally beat First Division West Bromwich Albion in the League Cup Final in the 1966–67 season and by non-league side Guildford City where he remains one of their most successful former players. <mask> also enjoyed a short spell as an England international, playing three games for his country in 1958. Amateur career
<mask> started his football career as an amateur playing for a number of non-league sides in the London area whilst still a teenager. His ability was soon attracting attention and in 1946 <mask> was given his dream move – First Division side Brentford signing him when he was still only 17. <mask>'s stay with the Bees did not last long however - his height of 5 feet 9 inches apparently counting against him with manager Harry Curtis - and the Londoner was soon looking for another club. As with many youngsters his age, <mask> was called upon to do national service and it was while he was still in the army that <mask> joined Guildford City in 1948.After a season playing with the Southern League side as an amateur, during which they narrowly avoided relegation, <mask> turned professional in 1949. Professional career

Domestic

Guildford City
Langley was a huge crowd favourite at Guildford City, helping them to two Southern League cup finals in 1951 and 1952 during his four seasons there. After the near catastrophic 1948–49 season he also helped the Surrey side to record a top ten finish in each of the following three seasons. It was hence with great reluctance that Guildford were forced to sell their prized asset to

masks:
Ernest James Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley


title: Jim Langley

texts:
 Second Division Leeds United for £2,000 in the summer of 1952 after slipping some £12,000 into debt. He was not forgotten by the club however and in the mid 1970s when Guildford City merged with Dorking FC and were forced to sell their Joseph's Road ground for housing, a Langley Close was created on the site in his honour

Leeds United
Langley's second shot at making it in the Football League was as unhappy as his first as <mask> made only 9 appearances for Leeds during his one season there. Despite scoring on his debut and on two subsequent occasions in his nine appearances on the left wing, manager Major Frank Buckley preferred to play Elland Road stalwart Grenville Hair at Langley's preferred position of left back and <mask> moved to Third Division (South) Brighton & Hove Albion in the summer of 1953. Brighton and Hove Albion
Albion finally provided <mask> with the opportunity to show his ability and he thrived at the south coast club during his four seasons there, helping them secure runners up position in the 1953–54 and 1955–56 seasons and captaining them for two years.He was selected to play for the Third Division South representative side in 1954–55 and 1956–57. <mask> clearly felt he needed to prove his ability at a higher level, however and he agreed to a £12,000 move to Second Division Fulham in 1957. Fulham

This move to Craven Cottage was arguably the making of <mask> as he slotted well into Doug Livingstone's stylish side alongside the legendary midfielder Johnny Haynes. During <mask>'s eight seasons at the club he helped the Cottagers to the FA Cup semi finals in 1957–58 where they lost to Manchester United; and then to promotion back to the first division the following season. In 1959–60 the Cottagers secured their highest league position in the top flight ever as they finished 10th – a record not beaten until Chris Coleman helped the Cottagers to a ninth position finish in 2003–04. There were many highlights in <mask>'s career at Fulham but

masks: Langley Langley Langley Langley Langley Langley Langley


title: Jim Langley

texts:
 particularly picked out by the press after his death were his goal in the 1962 FA Cup semi-final replay against Burnley, despite his side eventually losing to the Clarets; and his selection for a London XI which lost to Barcelona in the Inter City Fairs Cup final in 1958. Perhaps the ultimate accolade however came from Sir Stanley Matthews when he selected <mask> to be his opposite number in his final league match.Queens Park Rangers
<mask> left Fulham in 1965, moving to Queens Park Rangers in a £5,000 deal. Despite being in his mid thirties, he helped Rangers to a third-place finish in the Third Division in 1965–66 and the following season, he featured in the side which won the Third Division and won the 1966–67 League Cup, pulling off one of the greatest comebacks in football. They had had an outstanding run in earlier rounds, beating Colchester United 5–0 in the first round and Leicester City (4-2) Carlisle (2–1) and Birmingham City (7–2 on aggregate) in the semi finals. In the final at Wembley Stadium, they met the holders, First Division side West Bromwich Albion and appeared to be heading for a comprehensive defeat after conceding two Clive Clark goals in the first half. Yet Rangers responded by scoring three goals in the last 17 minutes and winning 3–2, handing <mask> the first, and only silverware of his career. Return to non-league
After being released by QPR at the end of that season, <mask> turned his attention to management, becoming player-boss of Hillingdon Borough of the Southern League. Yet again he tasted success, steering the club into the third round proper of the FA Cup, beating Luton Town in the second round.He almost triumphed at Wembley once again in 1970–71 when Hillingdon featured in the FA Trophy final but his side lost 3–2 to Telford United. International

England
<mask>'s career for his national team was short and sweet and he perhaps should have had more time to prove himself. Then manager Walter Winterbottom selected <mask> for the home

masks: Langley Langley Langley Langley Langley Langley


title: Jim Langley

texts:
 international against Scotland in April 1958 after his impressive first season with Fulham and he helped the side to a 4–0 victory and he played in the 2–1 victory over Portugal at Wembley, though he did miss a penalty in that game. However a 5–0 defeat by Yugoslavia in the next game meant that he was never called up again after an international career of barely three weeks. Post playing career
<mask> retired in 1971 and became a coach at Crystal Palace before returning to Hillingdon Borough as a club administrator. He appears to have had one last sojourn in management for Dulwich Hamlet in the latter part of the 1976–77 season where he strived, ultimately fruitlessly, to prevent their relegation into the Second Division of the Isthmian League. <mask> after his time at Hillingdon Borough Football Club was finally finished moved into a career in hospitality as managing steward with overall responsibility for the operation of the club including the bar and premises firstly at West Drayton Royal British Legion and then at Sipson Royal British Legion.He was a popular person well known for his slightly wide legged gait caused by a lifetime of strenuous physical activity playing football and his characteristic friendly charm that he displayed to everybody that he met. <mask> died in London at the age of 78. Six days after his death his former club Fulham held a minute's silence before their home match with Newcastle United. References

1929 births
2007 deaths
Footballers from Kilburn, London
English footballers
England international footballers
Association football defenders
Hillingdon Borough F.C. players
Hounslow F.C. players
Uxbridge F.C. players
Hayes F.C.players
Brentford F.C. players
Guildford City F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Fulham F.C. players
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
English Football League players
English Football League representative players
London XI players
English football managers
Dulwich Hamlet

masks: Langley Langley Langley


title: Una H. Moehrke

texts:
<mask> (born July 7 1953 in Hanover) is a German visual artist specializing in painting, drawing, performance art and experimental text. She was a Professor for Art and Art Mediation at Burg Giebichenstein University of Art and Design in Halle from 1994 to 2018. Life
<mask>. Moehrke studied Painting at the Berlin University of the Arts (graduated in 1980 as a Master Student of Raimund Girke), along with Art History, Religious History, and Philosophy at the Free University of Berlin. She has received stipends from the Berlin Senate, the State of Lower Saxony, and the German Academic Exchange Service and prizes from the Ilse Augustin Foundation, Berlin, the Federal Garden Exhibition in Berlin, and the Baer Art Center, Iceland. After lectureships and guest professorships in Berlin, Lüneburg, Kiel, Braunschweig, and Dresden, she was appointed a Professor at the Burg Giebichenstein University of Art and Design in Halle in 1994. There she taught until 2018 in the Faculty of Art and was a Professor for Art and Art Mediation Art Education. Ulf Aminde, Irmela Gertsen, Georg Lisek, Julian Plodek, Luise von Rohden, Juliane Schickedanz, Jochen Schneider, Ella Ziegler and others were taught by Moehrke.Along with her teaching, Moehrke pursued her own painting and drawing. Moehrke is a member of the International Artists Bureau and an associate member of the German Artists Association. She lives in Berlin. Teaching
As an instructor, Moehrke combined in an experimental and multi-media manner societally related art mediation with artistic

masks:
Una Helga Moehrke
Una H


title: Una H. Moehrke

texts:
 categorized as site-specific art and that stands in dialog with nature and architectonic environments, for example industrial architecture, sacred buildings, or park facilities. Moehrke says drawings can grasp something ungraspable. In them, the lines condense to emblems and, in some work complexes, refer to examples from art history. Thus, in Venice in 2015, the drawings were fragmentarily transposed from historical paintings into a free and contemporary language of lines. With small, linear interventions, tradition is transferred to contemporaneity (Personal Structures. Crossing Borders: These lines are dedicated to... Palazzo Bembo, 56th International Art Exhibition, la Biennale di Venezia, Venice 2015).Moehrke's art develops dialogically in the media of performance, photography, painting, drawing, and text. Many of <mask><mask> Aalto Kulturhaus, Wolfsburg, Germany
 2016 Images, Galerie Drei Ringe, Leipzig, Germany
 2015 Personal Structures. Crossing Borders, Palazzo Bembo, Venice Biennale, Italy
 2015 Die Geste der Zeichnung, <mask> H. Moehrke, City Gallery Lauenburg, Germany
 2014 Line of Grace, Moritzburg Foundation, Saxony-Anhalt State Museum, Halle/Saale, Germany
 2013 Whiteness, Gallery Inga Kondeyne, Berlin, Germany
 2012 <mask><mask>, Lines & Beams, painting and drawing. Gallery enpassant, Berlin
 2011 <mask>. Moehrke, Gallery Inga Kondeyne, Berlin
 2008 Bleistift, Buntstift & so weiter, drawings <mask>. <mask> (Touring exhibition and catalogue: Museum Abtei Liesborn of the District of Warendorf; Raum <mask>rot; Städtische

masks:
Una H
. Moehrkevar
Una
Una H
. Moehrke
Una H
Una H
Moehrke
Hell


title: Una H. Moehrke

texts:
 Galerie Wolfsburg). 2005 Una H. Moehrke, erscheinen und verschwinden, Painting 2001–2005, Stiftung Stadtmuseum, Berlin (Touring exhibition and catalogue: Märkisches Museum at Köllnischen Park Berlin; Kunstverein Leipzig, 2006)
 2001 Una H. Moehrke, Flächenselbst, interfacial self, Oil paintings and drawings 1998–2001, Kunstverein Unna e.V., Unna, Germany (Touring exhibition and catalogue: Kunstverein Unna e.V. ; Kunsthof e.V.Halberstadt; Fassbender Gallery, Chicago, Illinois)
 2001 <mask><mask>, Präsenz - Repräsentanz, Photo installation, Kunstforum Halberstadt, Halberstadt 2001 (Exhibition catalogue: Das Gleimhaus, Halberstadt 2001)
 1992 <mask><mask>. Exhibition Sprengel Museum, Hanover, Germany

Bibliography (selection)

Publications on Teaching
 erreger-| EIGEN frequenz, Catalogue of the exhibition and mediation project, Burg Galerie Halle, ed. by  Burg Giebichenstein University of Art and Design Halle, Halle/Saale 2018. Burg Giebichenstein Kunsthochschule Halle; Reuter, Jule (eds. ): Burg 100 – Professoren und Professorinnen der Burg aus Kunst und Design. Burg Giebichenstein: Halle 2015, . <mask>, Ingrid; <mask>, <mask>.; <mask>, Klaus (eds.): Im Modus der Gabe. Theater, Kunst, Performance in der Gegenwart. Bielefeld: Kerber Verlag 2011, . Drebber, Madalena; <mask>, <mask>.; Penzel, Joachim (eds): Geometrie der Arbeit. Transfer von Kunst in gesellschaftliche Funktionsbereiche. Bielefeld: Kerber Verlag 2008, . Monographs
 <mask><mask>, Bild_Text R A U M. Malerei-Zeichnung, Performance-Text, 1984–2018, ed.by Burg Giebichenstein

masks:
Una H
. Moehrke
Una H
. Moehrke
Hentschel
Moehrke
Una H
Hoffmann
Moehrke
Una H
Una H
. Moehrke


title: Una H. Moehrke

texts:
 University of Art and Design Halle, Halle/Saale 2018, . Personal Structures. Crossing Borders. Cat. ed. by Global Art Affairs Foundation, Venice 2015, . Camelia Flowers (Cat.), Camelia Hills Jeju, Korea 2012
 PANTA RHEI. Der Fluß und seine Bilder. Ed. by Ute Seiderer, Leipzig: Reclam-Verlag,  2009. Weiß sehen. Bleistift, Buntstift & so weiter. Painting, drawing, ed.by Museum Abtei Liesborn and Raum Hellrot, Halle 2008, . Es ist das Andere. <mask> H. Moehrke, Malerei 2007, ed. by Anhaltischer Kunstverein Dessau e.V. and BIK Gallery 149, Bremerhaven 2007, . Positions-Directions. (Cat.), Stadtgalerie im Elbeforum, Brunsbüttel 2005
 Erscheinen und Verschwinden. Una H. Moehrke Malerei 2001–2005,  ed. by Stiftung Stadtmuseum, Berlin 2005, . Larass, Petra; Drück, Patricia: Die Quelle als Inspiration. Historisches Wissen in der zeitgenössischen Kunst, ed. by Franckesche Stiftungen, Halle/Saale 2002, . Flächenselbst, Ölbilder und Zeichnungen.Interfacial Self, Oil paintings and drawings (Cat. ), Kunstverein Unna & Kunsthof e. V., Halberstadt, and Fassbender Gallery, Chicago, 2001, . Mehrmirmär, Zeichnungen und Bilder, Gallery Kasten, Mannheim, and Galerie von Tempelhoff, Karlsruhe 1999. Una, Bilder 1992–1994, Künstlerhaus Göttingen, 1994. Oberflächenferne, Museum für Photographie, Braunschweig 1988. Oberwasser, Unterwasser oder das Aufgehobensein im Wasser, Kunstverein Lüneburg, Schiffshebewerk, Scharnebeck 1987. Narziß oder die Kunstliebe, Neue Berliner Kunstverein (NBK), Berlin 1986.Kein Blatt wie das andere, Sprengel Museum, Hannover 1984.


title: Tom McNeeley

texts: <mask>. (February 27, 1937 – October 25, 2011) was a heavyweight boxer in the 1950s and 1960s. He hailed from Arlington, Massachusetts, and played football for Michigan State University. McNeeley had his first professional bout at the Norwood Stockcar Arena July 17, 1958. On December 4, 1961, McNeeley challenged Floyd Patterson for the world heavyweight championship. McNeeley was on the November 13, 1961 cover of Sports Illustrated. <mask> served eight years as the boxing commissioner of the Massachusetts State Boxing Commission. <mask>'s son <mask> and father, <mask>., were also boxers.<mask> died on October 25, 2011 at the age of 74 of complications from a seizure.

masks:
Thomas William McNeeley Jr
McNeeley
Tom McNeeley
Peter McNeeley
Tom McNeeley Sr
Tom McNeeley


title: Paul Keating

texts: <mask> (born 18 January 1944) is an Australian former politician who served as the 24th prime minister of Australia from 1991 to 1996. A member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP), he previously served as treasurer of Australia in the Hawke Government from 1983 to 1991 and as deputy prime minister of Australia from 1990 to 1991. <mask> was born in Sydney and left school at the age of 14. He joined the Labor Party at the same age, serving a term as State President of Young Labor and working as a research assistant for a trade union. He was elected to the Australian House of Representatives at the age of 25, winning the division of Blaxland at the 1969 election. <mask> briefly served as Minister for Northern Australia from October to November 1975 in the final weeks of the Whitlam Government. After Labor lost power, he held senior portfolios in the Shadow Cabinets of Gough Whitlam and Bill Hayden.During this time he came to be seen as the leader of the Labor Right faction, and developed a reputation as a talented and fierce parliamentary performer. After Labor's landslide victory at the 1983 election, <mask> was appointed Treasurer by prime minister Bob Hawke. The pair developed a powerful political partnership, overseeing significant reforms intended to liberalise and strengthen the Australian economy. These included the Prices and Incomes Accord, the float of the Australian dollar, the elimination of tariffs, the deregulation of the financial sector, achieving the first federal budget surplus in Australian history, and reform of the taxation system, including the introduction of capital gains tax, fringe benefits tax, and dividend imputation. <mask> became deputy prime minister in 1990, but in June 1991 he resigned from the Government to unsuccessfully

masks:
Paul John Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating


title: Paul Keating

texts:
 challenge Hawke for the leadership, believing he had reneged on the Kirribilli Agreement. He mounted a second successful challenge six months later, and became prime minister. <mask> was appointed prime minister in the aftermath of an early 1990s economic downturn he had famously described as "the recession we had to have".This, combined with poor opinion polling, led many to predict Labor was certain to lose the 1993 election, but <mask> fought a strong campaign and managed to increase the Government's majority. The <mask> Government enacted the landmark Native Title Act to enshrine Indigenous land rights, introduced compulsory superannuation and enterprise bargaining, created a national infrastructure development program, privatised Qantas and the Commonwealth Bank, established the APEC leaders' meeting, and promoted republicanism by establishing the Republic Advisory Committee. At the 1996 election, after 13 years in office, Labor suffered a landslide defeat to the Liberal–National Coalition led by John Howard. <mask> retired from Parliament shortly after the election, but has since remained active as a political commentator, whilst maintaining a broad series of business interests, including serving on the international board of the China Development Bank. Since leaving office, <mask> received broad praise from historians and commentators for his role in modernising the Australian economy as treasurer, while reviews of his period as prime minister have been more mixed. Early life and education
<mask> was born at St Margaret's Hospital in
Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, on 18 January 1944. He was the first of four children born to Minnie (née Chapman) and Matthew John <mask>.His father worked as a boilermaker for the New South Wales Government

masks: Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating


title: Paul Keating

texts:
 Railways. All of <mask>'s grandparents were born in Australia. On his father's side, he was descended from Irish immigrants born in counties Galway, Roscommon, and Tipperary. On his mother's side, he was of mixed English and Irish descent. His maternal grandfather, Fred Chapman, was the son of two convicts, John Chapman and Sarah Gallagher, both of whom had been transported for theft in the 1830s. <mask> grew up in Bankstown, a working-class suburb in western Sydney, with the family home from 1942 to 1966 being a modest fibro and brick bungalow at 3 Marshall Street, Bankstown (demolished for flat development in 2014). His siblings include <mask>, a company director and businesswoman.Leaving De La Salle College—now known as LaSalle Catholic College—at the age of 14, <mask> left high school rather than pursuing higher education, instead working as a pay clerk at the Sydney County Council's electricity distributor. <mask> also attended Belmore Technical High School to further his education. He then worked as research assistant for a trade union, having joined the Labor Party as soon as he was eligible. In 1966, he became President of New South Wales Young Labor. During the 1960s, <mask> also managed a rock band named The Ramrods. Early political career

Through his contacts in the unions and Young Labor, then known as Youth Council, <mask> met future senior Labor figures such as Laurie Brereton, Graham Richardson and Bob Carr. He also developed a friendship with former New South Wales Premier Jack Lang, who Keating took on as a political mentor.In 1971, he succeeded in having Lang re-admitted to the Labor Party. <mask> successfully gained the Labor nomination for the seat of Blaxland in the western suburbs of Sydney, and was elected to the House of

masks:
Keating
Keating
Anne Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating


title: Paul Keating

texts: Representatives in 1969 when he was just 25 years old. <mask> was initially more socially conservative; in his maiden speech he declared that the Liberal Government had "boasted about the increasing number of women in the workforce. Rather than something to be proud of, I feel it is something of which we should be ashamed". He later voted against former Prime Minister John Gorton's motion to decriminalise homosexuality in 1973. According to Tom Uren he was originally a "very narrow-minded young man", who later "matured" and became far less socially conservative. After Labor's victory at the 1972 election, <mask> narrowly failed to be elected to serve in the Cabinet, instead being a backbencher for most of the Whitlam Government.He was eventually appointed Minister for Northern Australia in October 1975, but served in the role only until the Government was controversially dismissed by Governor-General John Kerr the following month. In a 2013 interview with Kerry O'Brien, <mask> called the dismissal a "coup" and raised the idea to "arrest [Kerr]" and "lock him up", adding that he would not have "[taken] it lying down" if he was prime minister. After Labor's defeat in the 1975 election, <mask> was quickly added to the Shadow Cabinet, serving as Shadow Minister for Minerals, Resources and Energy until January 1983. During this time he achieved a reputation as a flamboyant and fierce parliamentary performer, adopting the style of an aggressive debater. In 1981, he was elected president of the New South Wales Labor Party, thus becoming the leader of the influential Labor Right faction. At this time, he initially supported the former Treasurer Bill Hayden for Labor Leader over the former ACTU President Bob Hawke as leadership tensions between the two men began

masks: Keating Keating Keating Keating


title: Paul Keating

texts:
 to mount; he later explained that part of his reasoning was that he privately hoped to succeed Hayden himself in the near future. However, by 1982, the members of his faction had swung behind Hawke, and <mask> endorsed his challenge.The formal announcement of <mask>'s support for Hawke was written by a fellow Labor politician, Gareth Evans. Although Hayden survived the challenge, pressure continued to mount on him; in an attempt to shore up his position, Hayden promoted <mask> to the role of Shadow Treasurer in January 1983. However this did not prove sufficient, and Hayden resigned a month later, after a poor by-election result. Hawke was elected unopposed to replace him, and he subsequently led Labor to a landslide victory in the 1983 election just six weeks later. Treasurer of Australia

Early days
Following Labor's victory in the 1983 election, <mask> was appointed Treasurer of Australia by Prime Minister Bob Hawke; he succeeded John Howard in the position. He and Hawke were able to use the size of the budget deficit that the Hawke Government had inherited from the Fraser Government to question the economic credibility of the Liberal-National Coalition over the coming years. According to Hawke, the historically large $9.6 billion budget deficit left by the Coalition "became a stick with which we were justifiably able to beat the Opposition".Although Howard was widely regarded at this time as being "discredited" by the hidden deficit, he had in fact argued unsuccessfully against Fraser that the revised figures should be disclosed before the election. In the ensuing years, Hawke and <mask> developed an extremely powerful partnership, which proved to be essential to Labor's success in government; multiple Labor figures in years since have citing the

masks: Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating


title: Paul Keating

texts:
 partnership between the two as the party's greatest ever. The two men proved a study in contrasts: Hawke was a Rhodes Scholar; <mask> left high school early. Hawke's enthusiasms were cigars, betting and most forms of sport; <mask> preferred classical architecture, Mahler symphonies and collecting British Regency and French Empire antiques. Despite not knowing one another before Hawke assumed the leadership in 1983, the two formed a personal as well as political relationship which enabled the Government to pursue a significant number of reforms, although there were occasional points of tension between the two. <mask>, along with Hawke, oversaw a "National Economic Summit" in their first month in office, with <mask> leading several sessions outlining the Government's economic agenda. The Summit, which brought together a significant number of senior business and industrial figures alongside trade union leaders and politicians, led to a unanimous adoption of a national economic strategy, generating sufficient political capital for the Government to begin a wide-ranging programme of economic reform previously resisted by much of the Labor Party.Macroeconomic reforms

<mask> used the authority and relative autonomy provided to him by Hawke to become one of the major driving forces behind the various extensive macroeconomic reforms of the Government. In December 1983, Hawke and <mask> approved the floating of the Australian dollar, disregarding advice from the Treasury Secretary John Stone to retain the fixed currency framework. The success of the move, which was lauded by economic and media commentators, gave confidence to <mask> to pursue even more reforms. Over the Hawke Government's first and second terms, <mask> oversaw the gradual elimination of tariffs

masks: Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating


title: Paul Keating

texts: on imports, the privatisation of several state-owned companies such as Qantas, CSL Limited, and the Commonwealth Bank, the deregulation significant sections of the banking system, including allowing for numerous foreign-owned banks to begin operating in Australia for the first time, and the granting of autonomy on decision-making to the Reserve Bank of Australia. <mask> was also instrumental in the establishment of the Hawke's Government signature industrial relations and wages policy, the Prices and Incomes Accord. This was an agreement directly between the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) and the Government to guarantee a reduction in demands for wage increases, in exchange for the Government providing a significant increase in social programmes, including the introduction of Medicare and the Family Assistance Scheme; in so doing, the Government was able to reduce inflation and unemployment over the decade. <mask>'s management of the Accord, and the close working relationship he developed with ACTU Secretary Bill Kelty, became a source of significant political power for <mask>, who negotiated multiple versions of the Accord with Kelty throughout the Hawke Government.Through the power given to him, <mask> was often able to bypass the Cabinet altogether, notably in exercising monetary policy, and he was regularly referred to as "the most powerful Treasurer in modern times". In the wake of the raft of macroeconomic reforms introduced by <mask> throughout the first term of the Hawke Government in particular, in 1984 he was awarded the Euromoney Finance Minister of the Year, an award which became colloquially known in Australia as the "World's Greatest Treasurer", becoming the first Australian Treasurer to be presented with the award.


title: Paul Keating

texts:
 Microeconomic reforms

Throughout the second and third terms of the Hawke Government, <mask> led a significant overhaul of the long-stagnant Australian taxation system. In 1985, he became a passionate advocate within the Cabinet for the introduction of a broad-based consumption tax, similar in nature to the goods and services tax that was later introduced by the Howard Government, as a means of addressing Australia's chronic balance of payments issue. In the build-up to the 1984 election, Hawke promised a policy paper on taxation reform to be discussed with all stakeholders at a "National Taxation Summit". Three options – A, B and C – were presented in the paper, with <mask> and his Treasury colleagues fiercely advocating for C, which included a consumption tax of 15% on goods and services along with reductions in personal and company income tax, a fringe benefits tax and a capital gains tax. Although <mask> was able to win the support of a reluctant Cabinet, Hawke believed that the opposition from the public, the ACTU, and the business community would be too great.He therefore decided to abandon any plans for a consumption tax, although the remainder of the reforms were adopted in the tax reform package. The loss of the consumption tax was seen a defeat for <mask>; he later joked about it at a press conference, saying, "It's a bit like Ben Hur. We've crossed the line with one wheel off, but we have crossed the line." Whilst the remainder of the package represented the biggest overhaul of the Australian taxation system for decades, <mask> continued to agitate for further changes to address the balance of payments problems faced by Australia. On 14 May 1986, frustrated at the slow pace of dealing with the issue, <mask> caused considerable public comment

masks: Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating


title: Paul Keating

texts: and a degree of controversy when he declared on a radio programme that if Australia did not address the problem, it risked degenerating to the status of a "banana republic". Although the remark was quickly disowned by Hawke in public, the Government increased efforts to deal with the growing balance of payments crisis. With no consumption tax to generate a significant increase in incomings, <mask> and his ministerial colleagues led a process to significantly reduce Government outlays instead, resulting in some criticism from the grassroots of the Labor Party, who opposed cuts to spending.Despite the criticism, the Government was able to produce a national budget surplus for the years 1988, 1989 and 1990, with the surplus of 1988 proving to be the largest budget surplus in Australian history. During the campaign for the 1987 election, <mask> was credited as dealing a "fatal" blow to the Liberal-National Coalition's hopes for victory, after giving a press conference in which he exposed a significant accounting error in the costings the Liberal Party had released to demonstrate how its economic policies would be paid for. Then-Opposition Leader John Howard accepted the error, and subsequent opinion polling reported that the mistake greatly contributed to Labor's vote in what proved to be a landslide victory. <mask>'s later tenure as Treasurer was heavily criticised by some for consistently high interest rates, which <mask> argued was necessary to reduce economic growth gradually so that demand for imports did not grow out of control. Throughout the 1980s, both the global and Australian economies grew quickly, and by the late 1980s, inflation had grown to around 9%. By 1988, the Reserve Bank of Australia began tightening monetary policy, and household


title: Paul Keating

texts:
 interest rates peaked at 18%. It is often said that the Bank was too slow in easing monetary policy, and that this ultimately led to a recession.In private, <mask> had argued for rates to rise earlier than they did, and fall sooner, although his view was at odds with the Reserve Bank and his Treasury colleagues. Publicly, Hawke and <mask> had said there would be no recession – or that there would be a "soft landing" – but this changed when <mask> announced the country was indeed in recession in 1990, several months after the Hawke Government had won an unprecedented fourth consecutive term in office. Announcing the recession, <mask> memorably stated that the recession was a "recession Australia had to have". The remark was referred to by political journalist <mask> as "perhaps the most stupid remark of <mask>'s career, and it nearly cost him the Prime Ministership." Kelly did also concede that, "...however, it is largely true that the boom begat the recession." The economic reform package throughout the 1980s has been claimed by numerous economic commentators and journalists to have been the basis for an unprecedentedly long period of economic growth, with Australia's gross domestic product increasing unbroken every year for 30 years, and the end of chronic inflation and balance of payments difficulties, along with the increasingly globalised domestic economy, enabling long periods of stability and growth. Leadership challenges
At the end of 1988, <mask>, who had long believed that he would succeed Hawke as prime minister, began to put pressure on Hawke to retire in the new year.Hawke rejected this advice, but reached a secret agreement with <mask> that he would remain as leader through to the 1990 election, and that he would resign in <mask>'s favour

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texts: shortly after the election, which he convinced <mask> he could win. Hawke subsequently won that election, albeit narrowly, and appointed <mask> his deputy prime minister to replace the retiring Lionel Bowen. However by the end of 1990, frustrated at the lack of any indication from Hawke as to when he might retire, <mask> delivered a provocative speech questioning the direction of the government. As a result, Hawke told <mask> he would renege on the deal on the basis that <mask> had been publicly disloyal. Although tensions between the two remained private for some time, <mask> eventually resigned from the Cabinet in June 1991 and challenged for the leadership. Hawke won the ballot by 66 votes to 44, and in a press statement afterwards <mask> declared that he had fired his "one shot" as regards the leadership. Publicly, at least, this seemed to spell the end of his leadership ambitions.Having failed to defeat Hawke, <mask> realised that events would have to move very much in his favour for a second challenge to be even possible, and he strongly considered retiring from politics altogether. However, Hawke's leadership was regarded by many as being "wounded" as a result of losing his long-term political partner and the growing confidence of the Liberal-National Coalition under the new leadership of John Hewson. After Hawke was forced to sack John Kerin, the man appointed to replace <mask> as Treasurer, for a public gaffe in attempting to combat the Coalition's new 'Fightback!' policy, <mask> took the opportunity to challenge a second time in December 1991, this time emerging victorious by 56 votes to 51. <mask> paid tribute to Hawke's nine years as Prime Minister, and stated that he would provide a robust challenge to Hewson. Prime Minister of

masks: Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating


title: Paul Keating

texts:
 Australia

On 20 December 1991, <mask> was sworn in as Prime Minister by the Governor-General Bill Hayden. On becoming Prime Minister, <mask> thought of becoming Treasurer again, noting that state premiers had often served as their own Treasurers, but decided against it.John Dawkins was appointed Treasurer instead. <mask> entered office with an extensive legislative agenda, including pursuing reconciliation with Australia's Indigenous population, deepening Australia's economic and cultural ties with Asia, and making Australia a republic. The addressing of these issues came to be known as <mask>'s "big picture." Indigenous land rights and domestic policy

Shortly after <mask> became prime minister, the High Court of Australia handed down a judgment in a long-running case on Indigenous land rights; the judgement would come to be known as Mabo, and declared that a right to native title did exist in Australia, overturning terra nullius, but not clarifying exactly who had the right to access the title. <mask> led the Government's response to the ruling, beginning a high-profile public campaign on raising awareness of the issue, and advocating repeatedly in favour of the judgment and for an expansion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander land rights. On 10 December 1992, <mask> delivered a major address which came to be known as the Redfern Park Speech on Aboriginal reconciliation, a speech which has since regularly been cited as among the greatest in Australian political history, in which he explicitly noted the responsibility of settler Australians for destroying much of Indigenous society. This work culminated in the passage of the Native Title Act in 1993, which "provide(d) a national system for the recognition and protection of native title and for


title: Paul Keating

texts:
 its co-existence with the national land management system".As well as creating the legal field of native title, the Act established an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner, who was required to prepare an annual report to the Attorney-General on the operation of the Native Title Act and its effect on the exercise and enjoyment of human rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and to report, when requested by the Attorney-General, on any other matter relating to the rights of Indigenous people under the Act. Elsewhere in domestic policy, <mask> established and promoted the first Commonwealth cultural policy, known as 'Creative Nation'. The policy allocated AU$250 million over four years to promote the cultural and creative arts sectors in Australia. <mask> had frequently espoused the benefits of the arts in public, and used the policy as an opportunity to develop the Australian cultural sector. During the <mask> Government, mandatory detention for asylum seekers was also introduced for the first time. Superannuation and economic policy

Arguably <mask>'s most far-reaching achievement as prime minister was the full introduction of the National Superannuation Scheme, implemented to address Australia's long-term problem of chronically low national savings. This initiative built on policies that <mask> had pursued whilst Treasurer, and was aimed at ensuring that most Australians would have enough money to retire.In 1992, the compulsory employer contribution scheme became a part of a wider reform package addressing this retirement income dilemma. It had been demonstrated that Australia, along with many other Western nations, would experience a major demographic shift in the coming decades, due to ageing population,


title: Paul Keating

texts: and it was claimed that this would result in increased pension payments that would place an unaffordable strain on the Australian economy. <mask>'s solution was a "three pillars" approach to retirement income, requiring compulsory employer contributions to superannuation funds, permitting further contributions to superannuation funds and other investments, and introducing, where this was insufficient, a safety net consisting of a means-tested government-funded age pension. The compulsory employer contributions were branded "Superannuation Guarantee" (SG) contributions. As a result of this policy, along with the gradual increases in the minimum contribution amount, Australia grew to become the fourth largest holder of pension fund assets in the world, with a balance of nearly AU$3 trillion in superannuation assets by 2020. In the aftermath of the 1990 recession, <mask> appointed his close ally John Dawkins as Treasurer, and together the two developed an economic package to counter the Liberal-National Coalition's 'Fightback!' proposals; this package came to be known as 'One Nation', and involved using funding from the budget surplus to produce new welfare-to-work programmes, as well as introducing a new degree of competition within the telecommunications and communications industries and creating the Australian National Training Authority (ANTA).'One Nation' also proposed a series of further tax cuts for middle-income workers coming in two tranches, in 1993 and 1995, although these would later be deferred to 1995 and 1998, a move which cost the Government considerable political support among the public. A further major economic policy development was the introduction of an enterprise bargaining scheme as part of the final stage of the Prices and Incomes

masks: Keating Keating


title: Paul Keating

texts:
 Accord, intended to allow for greater flexibility and economies of scale within industrial wage arbitration, although much of this was curtailed by the Howard Government after 1996. Foreign policy

Throughout his time as prime minister, <mask> took a number of steps to strengthen and develop bilateral links with Australia's closest neighbours; he frequently said that there was no country in the world that was more important to Australia than Indonesia, and undertook his first overseas visit to the country, becoming the first Australian prime minister to do so. <mask> made a conscious effort to develop a personal relationship with Indonesian President Suharto, and to include Indonesia in multilateral forums attended by Australia. <mask>'s friendship with Suharto was criticised by human rights activists supportive of East Timorese independence, and by Nobel Peace Prize winner José Ramos-Horta. The Keating Government's cooperation with the Indonesian military, and the signing of the Timor Gap Treaty, were also strongly criticised by these same groups. It was alleged by some that Keating was overlooking alleged human rights abuses by the Indonesian government as part of his effort to dramatically increase Australia's cultural, diplomatic and economic ties with Asia.Following the creation of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Economic Forum by Bob Hawke, <mask> developed the idea further, winning the support in 1993 of recently-elected US President Bill Clinton and Chinese Premier Li Peng to expand APEC to a full Leaders' Meeting. This led to APEC becoming one of the most significant high-level international summits, and at the 1994 APEC Leaders' Meeting, hosted by Indonesia, members agreed to the Keating Government's proposals for what became


title: Paul Keating

texts:
 known as the Bogor Declaration, which set targets for a significant increase in free trade and investment between industrialised APEC countries by 2010 and between developing APEC countries by 2020. In December 1993, <mask> became involved in a diplomatic incident with Malaysia when he described Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad as "recalcitrant". The incident occurred after Mahathir refused to attend the 1993 APEC summit. <mask> said, "APEC is bigger than all of us – Australia, the U.S. and Malaysia, and Dr. Mahathir and any other recalcitrants." The translation of the word "recalcitrant" into Malaysian rendered the word a more egregious insult, and Mahathir demanded an apology from <mask>, threatening to reduce diplomatic ties and trade drastically with Australia, which became an enormous concern to Australian exporters. Some Malaysian officials talked of launching a "Buy Australian Last" campaign; <mask> subsequently apologised to Mahathir over the remark.1993 and 1996 elections

As prime minister, <mask> maintained his aggressive debating style. When asked by Opposition Leader John Hewson why he would not call an early election, <mask> replied, "because I want to do you slowly." He referred to the Liberal Party as "a motley, dishonest crew", and the National Party as "dummies and dimwits; desperadoes". During an opposition debate that sought to censure <mask>, he described being attacked by Peter Costello as "like being flogged with warm lettuce". Despite this renewed attack on the Opposition, and a busy legislative agenda, many commentators predicted that the 1993 election was "unwinnable" for Labor. During the campaign, <mask> focused a great amount of effort on attacking the Coalition's proposed goods and services tax (GST), arguing that it would


title: Paul Keating

texts: prove "a dead weight" on the economy, and stating that "every time you put your hand in your pocket, Dr. Hewson's will be in there with you". He was helped by Hewson struggling towards the end of the campaign to explain exactly which products would have the GST levied on them, and which would not.Having begun the campaign far behind the Coalition in opinion polls, on 13 March <mask> led Labor to an unexpected and record-breaking fifth consecutive election victory, picking up a two-seat swing. The speech <mask> delivered at the victory celebration has been described as one of the great Labor speeches. Opening with "This is a victory for the true believers; the men and women of Australia who, in difficult times, have kept the faith", the speech has been described as providing a source of inspiration for Labor Party faithful to the present day. Like Hawke before him, <mask> was able to benefit from disunity in the Liberal Party. Fourteen months after the March 1993 election, John Hewson was replaced as Liberal Leader by Alexander Downer, whose leadership was quickly marred by gaffes and controversies within months. <mask> routinely succeeded in outwitting Downer within Parliament, and in early 1995, Downer resigned to be replaced by John Howard, who had previously led the Liberals from 1985 to 1989. Howard was able to give the Coalition renewed momentum after Labor lost the seat of Canberra in a by-election.In contrast to Hewson, Howard adopted a "small target" campaign strategy for the 1996 election, publicly committing to keep numerous Labor reforms such as Medicare, and defusing the republic issue by promising to hold a constitutional convention. This combined with a narrative of "time for a change" led to a heavy defeat for the <mask> Government on 2


title: Paul Keating

texts:
 March 1996, suffering a five percent two party preferred swing and losing 29 seats, making it the second-worst defeat of a sitting government in Australian history. <mask> announced he would retire as Labor Leader and from Parliament, and tendered his resignation as prime minister on 11 March, 13 years to the day after Bob Hawke had first taken office. Post-political career

After leaving Parliament in 1996, <mask> moved to the affluent eastern Sydney suburb of Woollahra. He accepted appointment as a director for various companies, and also became a senior adviser to Lazard, an investment banking firm. <mask> was also appointed to the Advisory Council to the Chinese Government Development Bank. He was also appointed a Visiting Professor of Public Policy at the University of New South Wales and was awarded honorary doctorates in law from Keio University in Tokyo (1995), the National University of Singapore (1999), the University of New South Wales (2003) and Macquarie University (2012).In 1997, <mask> declined appointment in the Australia Day Honours as a Companion of the Order of Australia, an honour which has been offered to all former prime ministers since the modern Australian Honours System was introduced in 1975. On his refusal, <mask> expressed that he had long believed honours should be reserved for those whose work in the community went unrecognised and that having been prime minister was sufficient public recognition. In 2000, he published his first book since leaving office, Engagement: Australia Faces the Asia-Pacific, which focused on foreign policy during his time as prime minister. In 2002, <mask>'s former speechwriter and adviser, Don Watson, published Recollections of a Bleeding Heart: A Portrait of <mask> PM. The book first drew

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title: Paul Keating

texts: criticism from <mask>'s by then-estranged wife, Annita <mask>, who said that it understated her contribution, a complaint Watson rejected. <mask> himself was so unhappy with the book that it brought the two men's friendship to an abrupt end. <mask> initially avoided public political comment during the Howard Government, although made occasional speeches criticising his successor's social policies.Ahead of the 2007 election, <mask> joined former Labor Prime Ministers Gough Whitlam and Bob Hawke to campaign against Howard, describing Howard as a "desiccated coconut" who was "Araldited to the seat", as an "...old antediluvian 19th century person who wanted to stomp forever...on ordinary people's rights to organise themselves at work...he's a pre-Copernican obscurantist". He also described Howard's deputy, Peter Costello, as being "all tip and no iceberg" when referring to an alleged pact made by Howard to hand the leadership over to Costello after two terms. In February 2008, after Labor's victory in the 2007 election, <mask> joined former Prime Ministers Whitlam, Fraser and Hawke in Parliament House to witness new Prime Minister Kevin Rudd deliver the National Apology to the Stolen Generations. In August 2008, he spoke at the book launch of Unfinished Business: <mask>'s Interrupted Revolution, authored by economist David Love. Among the topics discussed during the launch were the need to increase compulsory superannuation contributions, as well as to restore incentives for people to receive their superannuation payments in annuities. In 2013, <mask> took part in a series of four-hour-long interviews with Kerry O'Brien which were broadcast on the ABC in November of that year. The series covered <mask>'s early life, his entry into Parliament, his years as

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texts: treasurer and prime minister, and canvassing his academic, musical and artistic interests, economic and cultural vision for Australia, and commitment to Australia's integration into Asia.O'Brien used these conversations as the basis for a 2014 book <mask>: The Interviews. <mask> repeatedly declared he would not write a memoir, so his cooperation with O'Brien was perceived as the closest he would come to producing an autobiography. In 2016, Troy Bramston, a journalist for The Australian and a political historian, wrote an unauthorised biography that <mask> cooperated with titled <mask>: The Big-Picture Leader. Bramston was given full access to <mask>'s personal papers, was granted a series of interviews with <mask> and also interviewed more than 100 other people. It was described as the "authoritative" and "definitive" <mask> biography written by a "first class" political historian. In 2019, during campaigning for that year's federal election, <mask> spoke out against the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation by calling them "nutters." His remarks attracted media criticism, and Labor Leader Bill Shorten distanced himself from <mask>'s views.<mask> later issued a joint statement with Bob Hawke endorsing Labor's economic plan as part of the election campaign, and condemning the Liberal Party for "completely [giving] up the economic reform agenda". They stated that "Shorten's Labor is the only party of government focused on the need to modernise the economy to deal with the major challenge of our time: human induced climate change"; it was the first joint press statement released by the two since 1991. After Hawke's death in the same month, <mask> gave an address at Hawke's state memorial service at Sydney Opera House on 14 June, where he reflected

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texts:
 on the "great friendship and partnership" the two had enjoyed. In September 2021, following the announcement of the AUKUS trilateral military alliance between the United States, United Kingdom and Australia, <mask> criticised the alliance, saying that "Australia turns its back on the 21st century, the century of Asia, for the jaded and faded Anglosphere" and the deal would be "locking the country and its military forces into the force structure of the United States by acquiring US submarines". <mask> went on to criticize Labor's opposition foreign affairs spokesperson Penny Wong, accusing the Labor opposition of being complicit with the Liberal government in "false representation of China’s foreign policy". His comments were criticised by Labor MPs Anthony Byrne and Peter Khalil. In January 2022, <mask> accused British Foreign Secretary Liz Truss of making "demented" comments about Chinese military aggression in the Pacific, saying that "Britain suffers delusions of grandeur and relevance deprivation."Personal life
In 1976, <mask> married Annita van Iersel, a Dutch-born flight attendant for Alitalia. They had four children, who spent some of their teenage years in The Lodge, the prime minister's official residence in Canberra. The couple separated in November 1998. While they did not formally divorce until 2008, Annita had resumed her maiden name long before then. Before his marriage to van Iersel, <mask> had in 1972 announced his engagement to fashion consultant Kristine Kennedy, but they did not marry. Since 1998, <mask>'s partner has been the actress Julieanne Newbould. <mask>'s daughter, <mask>, is a former adviser to former New South Wales Minister Craig Knowles as well as former New South Wales Premier Bob Carr.In the early 1970s, <mask> moved

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texts:
 from the family home in Bankstown when he purchased a new brick-veneer house at 12 Gerard Avenue, Condell Park, two doors up from his parent's new home at No. 8 Gerard Avenue. This became the family home after his marriage in 1976 until 1983, when the <mask>s sold the property for $123,000 and moved to a one-storey rental house in the Canberra suburb of Red Hill to be closer to work. <mask>'s interests include the music of Gustav Mahler and collecting French antique clocks. He currently resides in Potts Point, in inner-city Sydney, and has a holiday home on the Hawkesbury River. Popular culture
In 2005, Keating!, a musical based on <mask>'s life and career, premiered at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival. It went on to run until 2010, winning a number of awards and eventually being broadcast on ABC2.See also

 Keating Government
 <mask> Government
 First Keating Ministry
 Second Keating Ministry
 Redfern Speech

References

Further reading

 Bramston, Troy (2016), <mask>: The Big-Picture Leader, Scribe. Carew, Edna (1991), <mask>ating Prime Minister, Allen and Unwin. Edwards, John (1996), Keating: The Inside Story, Viking. Gordon, Michael (1993), A Question of Leadership. <mask>. Political Fighter, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland. Gordon, Michael (1996), A True Believer: <mask>, UQP.<mask>, <mask> (1995), Advancing Australia, Big Picture. <mask>, <mask> (2011), "After Words", Allen & Unwin,
 Lowe, David (2008), Unfinished Business: <mask>'s interrupted revolution, Scribe. Watson, Don (2002), Recollections of a Bleeding Heart: A Portrait of <mask> PM, Knopf. <mask> (2011), After Words: The Post-Prime Ministerial Speeches, Allen & Unwin. External links

 <mask>'s official website

 <mask> Insults Archive
 <mask> at the

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 National Film and Sound Archive
 Photo – Delivering the annual John Curtin Prime Ministerial Lecture 2009
 Text – 2009 John Curtin Prime Ministerial Lecture
 Painting – <mask>
 Video of the Redfern Address

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Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Labor Right politicians
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1975 Australian constitutional crisis
Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Blaxland
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
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People from Sydney
Prime Ministers of Australia
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Articles containing video clips
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Sydney County


title: Arthur Wing Pinero

texts: Sir <mask> (24 May 185523 November 1934) was an English playwright and, early in his career, actor. <mask> was drawn to the theatre from an early age, and became a professional actor at the age of 19. He gained experience as a supporting actor in British provincial theatres, and from 1876 to 1881 was a member of Henry Irving's company, based at the Lyceum Theatre, London. <mask> wrote his first play in 1877. Seven years later, having written 15 more, three of them highly successful, he abandoned acting and became a full-time playwright. He first became known for a series of farces, of which The Magistrate (1885) was the longest-running. During the 1890s he turned to serious subjects.The Second Mrs Tanqueray (1893), dealing with a woman with a scandalous past, was regarded as shocking, but ran well and made a large profit. His other successes included Trelawny of the "Wells" (1898), a romantic comedy celebrating the theatre, old and new, and The Gay Lord Quex, about a reformed roué and a feisty young woman. A venture into opera, with a libretto for The Beauty Stone (1898), was not a success, and <mask> thereafter generally stuck to his familiar genre of society dramas and comedies. Although he continued to write throughout the first three decades of the 20th century and into the fourth, it is <mask>'s work from the 1880s and 1890s that has endured. There have been numerous revivals of many of his plays; and some have been adapted for the cinema or as musicals. By his later years, <mask> was seen as old-fashioned, and his last plays were not

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title: Arthur Wing Pinero

texts:
 successful. He died in London at the age of 79.Life and career

Early years

<mask> was born in London, the only son, and second of three children, of John Daniel <mask> (1798–1871), and his wife Lucy, née Daines (1836–1905). <mask>'s father and grandfather were London solicitors. They were descended from the Pinheiro family, described by <mask>'s biographer John Dawick as "a distinguished family of Sephardic Jews who rose to prominence in medieval Portugal before suffering the persecutions of the Inquisition". <mask>'s branch of the family fled to England. His grandfather abandoned the Jewish faith, became a member of the Church of England, married a Christian Englishwoman, <mask>, and became a highly successful lawyer. His younger son, <mask>'s father, also took up the legal profession, but was much less successful; <mask> was brought up in circumstances that were not poor but were not affluent. He attended Spa Fields Chapel charity school in Exmouth Street, Clerkenwell, London, until the age of ten, when he went to work in his father's office.John Daniel <mask> died in May 1871, leaving very little money. To contribute to the family income, <mask> continued to work as a solicitor's clerk, earning £1 a week. In the evenings he studied elocution at the Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution. He and his fellow students staged several productions of plays, and Pinero became irresistibly drawn to the theatre. In May 1874 he abandoned the legal profession and joined R. H. Wyndham at the Theatre Royal, Edinburgh, as a "general utility" actor.

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title: Arthur Wing Pinero

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 He made his professional debut in the small role of a groom in an adaptation of Wilkie Collins's The Woman in White. Actor and rising playwright: 1874–1884

As a junior member of Wyndham's company <mask> quickly gained experience in a range of roles, supporting E. A. Sothern in Our American Cousin, and Charles Mathews in the Balzac adaptation A Game of Speculation, and graduating to larger parts such as Crosstree in Black-Eyed Susan.His engagement in Edinburgh came to a sudden end in February 1875 when the theatre was destroyed by fire. He was fortunate in being offered another provincial engagement, at the Royal Alexandra Theatre, Liverpool, where he began to be noticed by the press, gaining approving reviews for his acting in supporting roles. A production of Miss Gwilt, an adaptation of Wilkie Collins's Armadale, starring Ada Cavendish, was reported by the theatrical paper The Era as "a genuine triumph"; the play transferred from Liverpool to the West End, and <mask> retained his role as an elderly solicitor. The production was not the hoped-for success in London, but <mask> received good notices for his performance, and when the run finished after ten weeks he was immediately engaged by Henry Irving's manager, Mrs Bateman, as a member of the supporting cast for Irving's forthcoming provincial tour. Although the tour was uncongenial, and <mask> gathered some highly critical notices, he continued to work as a supporting actor to Irving for five years. He first appeared at the Lyceum, Irving's London base, in December 1876 and played a total of

masks: Pinero Pinero Pinero Pinero