title: Anand Satyanand

texts:
 John Key on 8 March 2009, the Queen approved <mask>'s redesignation from a Principal Companion in the New Zealand Order of Merit (PCNZM) to a Knight Grand Companion of that Order (GNZM) on 27 March 2009. On assuming the role of governor-general, Satyanand received the style The Honourable for life; in 2010, he was advanced to the style of The Right Honourable. This style was accorded for life to all future governors-general, prime ministers, chief justices, and Speakers of Parliament. Satyanand completed his term of office as governor-general on 23 August 2011. Finances
The New Zealand Government pays for the costs associated with the Queen's representative, the governor-general, in their exercising of the powers of the Crown on behalf of the Queen, including travel, security, residences, offices, ceremonial occasions. In the 2010 Budget, the total cost of supporting the governor-general was $3,591,000 for Support Services and Maintenance of the residences, $1,710,000 for Depreciation Expenses on Government Houses, $1,279,000 Remuneration and Travel and an estimated $1,680,000 for Policy Advice and Co-ordination; a total of $7,610,000 and $11 million on capital investment in Government House, Wellington, principally used for its conservation, a total of over $18 million. Fijian coup talks
On 30 November 2006, <mask> hosted a meeting between the Prime Minister of Fiji, Laisenia Qarase, and Fiji's military commander, Commodore Frank Bainimarama, at Government House in Wellington in an attempt to resolve the escalating crisis in Fiji.Although he hosted the meeting, he did not take part in the discussions, which were chaired by New Zealand's then Foreign Minister, Winston Peters. This was the last serious

masks: Satyanand Satyanand


title: Anand Satyanand

type: original

texts:
 effort by the international community to avert a military coup, which followed on 5 December. Public transport in Auckland
At the opening of the new New Lynn Train Station on 25 September 2010, <mask> stated heavy investment in motorways and the decline of public transport after trams were taken off the roads in the 1950s had led to severe congestion to the detriment of both individuals and the economy. Paul Henry controversy
On 5 October 2010, TVNZ Breakfast show host Paul Henry questioned whether Satyanand was "even a New Zealander". He then repeated the question, saying of Satyanand's replacement, "Are you going to choose a New Zealander who looks and sounds like a New Zealander this time ... are we going to go for someone who is more like a New Zealander this time?" Henry attracted criticism from both sides of politics and New Zealand's race relations commissioner Joris de Bres. Henry later apologised, was suspended, and then resigned from TVNZ.Subsequent roles
Since returning to private life, <mask> and his wife have remained in Wellington. He was Chair of the Commonwealth Foundation for two 2-year terms, ending in December 2016. He then led the Commonwealth team in observing the National Elections of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea. He maintains active interests in several organisations, including as President of the NZ Institute of International Affairs and as a member of Transparency International's Anti-Corruption Council. He is a Distinguished Fellow at the University of Auckland Law School, visiting on a monthly basis. Susan and <mask> are both active members of the Rotary Club of Wellington; both have been made Paul Harris Fellows, and <mask> received the Rotary International Award of

masks: Satyanand Satyanand Anand Satyanand


title: Ellen Broe

texts:
<mask> (1900–1994) was a Danish nurse who spent several decades working and seeking education abroad before returning to Denmark and helping to establish educational and training initiatives in Denmark. She helped draft minimum curriculum requirements for nursing students, as well as continuing education guidelines. She was active in the International Council of Nurses (ICN) and sought to find ways to bring nursing education to developing areas most in need of trained nursing staff. She received the Florence Nightingale Medal in 1961 for her contributions to nursing excellence. Early life
<mask> was born on 11 February 1900, in Horsens, Denmark, to Anna (née Raahauge) and Peter Johannes Broe. She was the youngest child in the family, which had three daughters. Her father was a pastor at the local prison.She completed her secondary education at Horsens State School in 1916. Then, because she wanted to travel and she saw nursing as a way to do that, Broe enrolled in a student nursing program at Bispebjerg Hospital in 1919, but was rejected by Charlotte Munck, the head of the program, because she was too young. Broe moved to England, where she had a sister living with her English spouse and remained until 1921, when she was accepted into the program at Bispebjerg now that she was almost 22, the minimum age for admission. She competed her training in 1924. Career
Broe began her career at Otto Møller's Birth Clinic but, encouraged by Munck, she shortly afterwards took a job as a private nurse with an English family who lived in Morocco. She then worked as a private nurse in Paris and later in the Netherlands. In 1930, she studied and worked at the East Harlem Nursing and Health Service and New York City's Presbyterian Hospital, but had to return to Denmark to care for her father who was ailing.She became head of the  briefly and then began working at the Central Tuberculosis Center in Copenhagen. In 1933, Broe became the head nurse at Sundby Hospotal, which had just opened in the Copenhagen district of Sundby, serving there until 1938. During her tenure she helped establish a

masks:
Ellen Johanne Broe
Ellen Johanne Broe


title: Ellen Broe

texts: continuing education curriculum for nurses to help reduce infant mortality. The work was influential and allowed her to take a leave of absence and study nursing organization and administration at Teachers College, Columbia University in New York City during the 1936-1937 term, along with Elisabeth Larsen and <mask> Schrøder. The curriculum also spurred the adoption of legislation in 1937, titled the Law on Control of Morbidity and Mortality to establish standards. The National Board of Health created guidelines for teaching nurses at Aarhus University, the leading trainer of nurses until the Danish Nursing School opened in 1938. Simultaneously, Broe became involved with the Danish Nurses Organisation ().Between 1934 and 1935, she served on the Committee for Additional Training and from 1934 to 1950, worked among others on the Building Committee. From 1938, Broe served on DSR's Teaching Committee and was its chair between 1943 and 1946. The committee task was to propose minimum curriculum for nursing students along with basic educational prerequisites. When Broe returned from study in New York in 1938, she was hired as training manager for the new program offered at Aarhus University to train nurses and senior nurses. It was a twelve-year appointment, marked with three sabbaticals. Broe joined the Danish Florence Nightingale Committee and the Nurses' Cooperative of Nordic Countries () in 1940 and increasingly sought international cooperation in developing nursing standards. Between April and May 1945, Broe worked at the Padborg Quarantine Station set up by the Danish Red Cross.The rescue mission was an evacuation of sick prisoners from the Neuengamme concentration camp in Sweden to Denmark. After arriving at one of three quarantine stations, the prisoners were bathed, fed, hydrated and given basic medical aid. After a night of stabilization, all evacuees proceed to Sweden where their care continued until Germany‘s unconditional surrender. In 1947, Broe joined the International Council of Nurses (ICN) and took a leave to study abroad, first at Columbia's Teachers College


title: George Ogle

texts:
<mask> (14 October 1742 – 10 August 1814) was an Irish Tory politician. Life
He was born 14 October 1742, the only child of <mask> (1704–1746). He was brought up at Rossminoge, near Camolin, County Wexford, under the care of one Miller, vicar of the parish, and was imbued through life with strong Protestant feeling. <mask> received his early education at Kilkenny College. He had literary tastes and composing, while at Rossminoge, two songs which are still popular. The earlier, called "Banna's Banks" beginning "Shepherds, I have lost my love", was said to be inspired by Miss Stepney, of Durrow House, Queen's County, afterwards Mrs. Burton Doyne of Wells. The second, "Moll Ashore", was written to celebrate the charms of Mary Moore, whose sister Elizabeth, daughter of William Moore of Tinrahan, County Wexford, subsequently became his wife.Burns, writing to Thomson 7 April 1793, described <mask>'s "Baana`s Banks" as "heavenly" and "certainly Irish"; but it was included in "Songs of Scotland", 1851. A gentleman of wealth and fashion, <mask> appears to have been affluent visitor at Laly Miller's assemblies at Bath, and he contributed to the volume, Poetical Amusements at a Villa near Bath, published by that lady's admirers in 1775. Some songs by him appear in Crofton Croker's Popular Songs of Ireland and in Samuel Lover's Poems and Ballads, where the fine lyric is assigned to him known as Banish Sorrow. He declined to publish any of his poems himself. In 1768, <mask> was elected to the Irish House of Commons as a

masks:
George Ogle
George Ogle
Ogle
Ogle
Ogle
Ogle


title: George Ogle

texts:
 member for Wexford County, and he sat for that constituency till 1796. A brilliant speaker, he delighted in 'splendid superlatives and figurative diction, whilst the spirit and energy of his manner corresponded to the glowing warmth of his expressions'. He joined the whig party, and, although in favour of extending to Ireland popular rights and legislative independence, he was opposed to catholic emancipation, and was a staunch upholder of the established church.Before 1778, he was challenged to a duel by Barney Coyle, a whisky distiller and member of the catholic board, on the ground that he had publicly said that "a papist could swallow a false oath as easily as a poached egg". Eight shots were exchanged, but the combatants remained unhurt. <mask> declared that the remark which led to the encounter had been misreported, and he had referred not to "papists", but to "rebels". Shortly afterward he publicly stated that

In 1779, he attacked Fox and the opposition in England for not resisting with greater vivacity Lord North's coercive policy in Ireland. Fox wrote to the Duke of Leinster explaining the difficulties of the parliamentary situation at Westminster, and expressed especial regret at <mask>'s dissatisfaction "because I have always heard that he is a very honest man and a good whig". In 1779, <mask> joined the association called the Monks of St. Patrick. In 1782, he became a colonel in the Irish Volunteers, actively supported that movement, and strongly asserted the claim of Ireland to legislative

masks: Ogle Ogle Ogle


title: George Ogle

texts: independence.But when the national convention assembled at Dublin under Lord Charlemont's presidency, in November 1783, <mask> is said to have delivered a message purporting to come from Lord Kenmare to the effect that the Catholics of Ireland were satisfied with the privileges they had already obtained and desired no more. Kenmare at once denied that he had authorised the delivery of such a message. According to later accounts, Sir Boyle Roche was responsible for the incident, but the contemporary reports saddle <mask> alone with the responsibility for the ruse. In 1783, <mask> was admitted to the Irish privy council, and in the following year obtained the patent place of registrar of deeds at Dublin, at a salary of £1,300 a year. The step was taken "from some disarrangement of his family affairs, as it is supposed", but his constituents were content, and no difference appeared in his political action. His zeal for wise reform was not diminished, and in April 1786, when the relations of landlords and Protestant clergy to the tenants were under discussion, he described the landlords as "great extortioners". In 1789, he opposed the English government's proposals for a regency.In February 1793, he denounced Hobart's Catholic Relief Bill, and prophesied that the admission of Catholics to political power must lead either to separation or to a legislative union. In 1796, when he became governor of Wexford, he retired from the House of Commons and lived mainly on his estate, Bellevue, in County Wexford. But in the


title: Robert C. Stebbins

texts:
<mask> (March 31, 1915 – September 23, 2013) was an American herpetologist and illustrator known for his field guides and popular books as well as his studies of reptiles and amphibians. His Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, first published in 1966, is still considered the definitive reference of its kind, owing to both the quality of the illustrations and the comprehensiveness of the text. A professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, for over 30 years, he was the first curator of herpetology at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, a 1949 Guggenheim fellow, and author of over 70 scientific articles. His discovery of the ring species phenomenon in Ensatina salamanders is now a textbook example of speciation, and he performed extensive research on the parietal eye of reptiles. He produced nature films, supported science education in primary grades, and organized conservation efforts that aided in the passing of the 1994 California Desert Protection Act. After retirement he continued to paint, collect field notes, and write books. Stebbins is commemorated in the scientific names of three species: Batrachoseps stebbinsi, the Tehachapi slender salamander; Anniella stebbinsi, a legless lizard; and Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi, the endangered Sonora tiger salamander.Early life

<mask> was born on March 31, 1915, in Chico, California, to parents <mask> and <mask> (née Beck). His father, born in Wisconsin of English descent, was an instructor at Chico State Normal School who had also published on birds and agriculture, stressing the importance of gardening in education. The oldest of seven children, young <mask> grew up learning about local birds and exploring the wildlife of Northern California. His mother, born in Switzerland and educated at the Normal School, instilled a sense of artistry in <mask>, painting pictures for <mask> and his siblings in her spare time. When Stebbins was seven, his family moved to the San Francisco Bay Area, where his father

masks:
Robert Cyril Stebbins
Robert Stebbins
Cyril Adelbert
Louise Stebbins
Robert
Robert
Robert


title: Robert C. Stebbins

texts:
 worked on agricultural curriculum for children and taught at the University of California, Berkeley. Around the age of nine, his family moved to Southern California, living first in Pomona, then in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles. Stebbins spent time hiking in the nearby Santa Monica Mountains, exploring the wildlife and amassing a collection of bird and mammal specimens which he prepared and mounted himself.Stebbins attended North Hollywood High School, where his father taught hygiene and agriculture. <mask> graduated in 1933. He discovered his artistic talents around sixteen years old. His early work consisted of cartoons: he drew illustrations on classmates' clothing and contributed cartoons to youth magazines, winning several awards. University and early career (1933–1945)
Shortly after graduating high school, Stebbins enrolled in the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He initially majored in civil engineering, thinking it a better career option than biology, but became unhappy with the program. Struggling with poor performance and health issues related to congenital heart problems, he took a leave for year and a half.During his time in recuperation, he turned his attention back to natural history, and was persuaded to return to UCLA by <mask>, a biology professor there. Stebbins returned with enthusiasm despite the perceived lack of job security, remarking in 1985: "I was cautious because of the Great Depression, but I was determined to pursue biology even if it meant standing on a corner with a tin cup." He switched his major to zoology and graduated in 1940 with highest honors. After graduating, Stebbins split his time between a summer job as a naturalist at Lassen Volcanic National Park and pursuing graduate school at UCLA. Over the next few years he also obtained teaching credentials in junior college, high school, and elementary education. Stebbins initially planned to study birds, with an eye towards roadrunners, but felt the field of ornithology was too crowded,

masks:
Robert
Raymond Cowles


title: Robert C. Stebbins

texts:
 while herpetology, the study of reptiles and amphibians, offered more opportunities for new research. <mask> became his graduate advisor.The main focus of Stebbins' graduate research was the biology of fringe-toed lizards, a group of sand-dwelling lizards of the American Southwest. For his master's degree (completed in 1942) he studied the anatomical structure of the nasal passages of the lizards, documenting in detail the looped, horseshoe-shaped structure of the nasal passages that functions as a u-trap, preventing sand grains from being inhaled while the lizards lay buried at the sand's surface. His Ph.D dissertation (completed in 1943) further explored the anatomical, behavioral, and physiological adaptations of the lizards. During this time he also published on the behavior of the sidewinder rattlesnake, and, with his father, produced two field guides to birds, providing illustrations to his father's text. Their first book, What Bird is That?, was pressed in the family garage. Stebbins considered his father "a pioneer of sorts in the extensive use of drawings in teaching natural history," a tradition he later strove to continue in his own works. On June 8, 1941, Stebbins married Anna-rose <mask>, who would eventually type the text of all of Stebbins' field guides.Part of their honeymoon was spent camping in the Owens Valley of southeastern California. Career (1945–1978)

In 1945 Stebbins was hired an assistant professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, and became the first curator of herpetology at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, where he would remain throughout his career. The first faculty member to teach herpetology at Berkeley, he wrote new lab manuals, created the herpetology teaching collection, and co-taught a popular course on vertebrate natural history. Ring species in salamanders

Stebbins soon became interested in Ensatina salamanders, which occur from British Columbia to Baja California and are present in both the Sierra Nevada and Coast

masks: Cowles Cooper


title: Robert C. Stebbins

texts:
 effects on lizard reproductive behavior, and parietal skull openings in fossil "mammal-like reptiles" such as Lystrosaurus. His work had implications beyond reptile biology: Nobel laureate Julius Axelrod, after reading the work of Stebbins and others, began investigating the pineal gland in mammals, with emphasis on the effect of melatonin on activity cycles.Melatonin has since been found to influence human health. Stebbins was proud of his parietal and pineal work, calling it "possibly the single piece of research which gives me the most satisfaction." Other research, conservation, and field guides
In 1949 Stebbins received a Guggenheim Fellowship that allowed him to extend his studies throughout the western United States and to collect enough material to begin preparing his first amphibian field manuals. The first of these to appear was Amphibians of Western North America (1951, University of California Press), covering the U.S. and Canada roughly west of the 102nd meridian. Praised for its thoroughness as well as its illustrations, the book "unquestionably provides more information concerning the 51 species ... covered than any preceding it," wrote <mask>. Bogert: "The maps provided for each species and subspecies are on the whole the most detailed and accurate of any thus far published." Stebbins' second herpetological field guide, Amphibians and Reptiles of Western North America (1954, McGraw-Hill), was similarly praised. In 1964 Stebbins visited the Galápagos Islands on a research expedition and studied the ecology and behavior of marine iguanas and lava lizards.Also on the expedition was Roger Tory Peterson, who recalled "While the rest of were enjoying high adventure on the more remote islands and sea-girt rocks, he patiently snared 200 frisky lizards with a noose of thread suspended from a rod. He took their cloacal temperatures, marked them with dye, and then dosed them with radioactive iodine, which enabled him to locate the elusive reptiles later with a Geiger


title: Robert C. Stebbins

texts: counter." In 1966, Stebbins produced what became his best-known book, A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians (Peterson Field Guides), which Peterson called "a classic ... one of the most beautiful as well as scholarly works in the series". Stebbins was also committed to education and conservation. He made appearances on the TV series Science in Action, traveled to Asia to promote science education, and chaired a U.C. elementary school science project which recommended that science be taught to children as early as six. In conjunction with the Sierra Club he produced two educational films: Nature Next Door (1962) and No Room for Wilderness?(1967). Stebbins co-authored revisions of the widely used textbooks General Zoology (5th ed.,1972; 6th ed., 1979) and Elements of Zoology (4th ed., 1974), books originally written by Tracy Storer and <mask>er. In the late 1960s Stebbins became concerned about the impacts that increasingly popular off-road vehicle (ORV) driving was having on desert ecosystems of southern California—witnessing environmental degradation in some of the same places he had studied during graduate school—and became actively involved in over a decade of conservation efforts. Stebbins and colleagues studied the diversity of organisms in and around ORV areas, communicated research to Bureau of Land Management officials, and petitioned President <mask> to limit all-terrain vehicle use in deserts. Stebbins faced opposition from ORV riders and their lobbyists: American Motorcyclist magazine called him a "staunch abolitionist in the war against motorized vehicles in the desert." Stebbins' efforts eventually helped secure the passing of the California Desert Protection Act of 1994 which established the Mojave National Preserve and elevated Joshua Tree and Death Valley from national monuments to more protected national parks. In 1998 Stebbins was recognized in the U.S. Congress by Representative George Miller and the Contra Costa Times as one of 10 environmental

masks:
Robert Using
Jimmy Carter


title: Robert C. Stebbins

texts:
 leaders deemed "national treasures" for their activism.Other research included field work in Colombia, South Africa, and Australia, and the description of several species: the Jemez Mountains salamander, southern torrent salamander,  yellow-eyed ensatina, and the panamint alligator lizard. Two salamanders were named in his honor during his time at Berkeley: the Tehachapi slender salamander (Batrachoseps stebbinsi) and the Sonora tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi). Over his 32 years at Berkeley, Stebbins was the advisor to 29 graduate students, including Wade Fox, Richard G. Zweifel, and R. Bruce Bury. Upon his retirement from UC Berkeley in 1978, Stebbins was awarded the highest faculty honor, the Berkeley Citation. Retirement years (1978–2013)
After retiring, Stebbins remained active in painting, conservation, and education, and continued to make natural history observations. He revised his well-known and widely used Field Guide in 1985 and again in 2003. He co-wrote the non-specialist book A Natural History of Amphibians with former student <mask> in 1997, and revised his Field Guide to California Amphibians and Reptiles in 2012, with new contributions by Samuel McGinnis, another former student.In 2009 he produced Connecting With Nature: A Naturalist's Perspective, a book intended to help connect children with nature. He took additional art lessons, broadened his subject matter to include landscapes, African wildlife, portraits, and still lifes, and took up the violin, which he had studied decades earlier. His paintings have been shown and sold in galleries and museums in Berkeley, Palm Springs, and Oregon. Stebbins was a fellow of the California Academy of Sciences, which awarded him its highest honor, the Fellows Medal, in 1991. Stebbins died at age 98 at his home in Eugene, Oregon on September 23, 2013, having been in declining health over the previous year. He was survived by his wife and three children. Only one week before his death, he was honored in the


title: Robert C. Stebbins

texts:
 scientific name of a newly described species of legless lizard, Anniella stebbinsi.His collected field notes, comprising over 35 bound volumes, are archived in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. The "Stebbins"

Stebbins' book A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, first published in 1966 and revised in 1985, 2003, and 2018, has widely been considered "the bible of the field" for American herpetologists. Often referred to simply as "Stebbins", the book has educated and inspired generations of naturalists and herpetologists. On the impact of the guide, professor Samuel Sweet of UC Santa Barbara stated "Before that book, if people went out to look for snakes, it was so they could gather them up to sell to pet shops or just show off to their buddies. What [Stebbins] did was help make a transition to a similar situation as bird watching, where it became OK to just look at the animals and leave them alone." In 2017 the book was ranked #7 in BookFinder.com's "out-of-print and in demand", a list of the most searched for out-of-print titles. In 1966, the Houghton-Mifflin Company first published A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians as part of its Peterson Field Guide series.While including some illustrations from Stebbins' previous books, the high quality of the artwork was immediately recognized, as was the quality and thoroughness of the writing. Biologist David Wake, then of the University of Chicago but later to work with Stebbins at Berkeley, considered the only "serious defect" to be absence of any coverage of snake-bite first aid. Wake also noted that the geographic area covered left a gap ranging from 75 miles to over 400 miles wide when paired with the earlier Peterson Guide to eastern reptiles and amphibians by <mask>t. The second edition, published in 1985, included several changes such as 37 new species, 12 new plates of illustrations, the inclusion of endemic species of the Baja California Peninsula, and new common names chosen to enhance clarity. In his


title: Robert C. Stebbins

texts:
 1986 review, Sweet remarked on the frankness of imperfect knowledge: "For the first time we have a field guide that indicates clearly which taxonomic interpretations are tentative and where distributions and life history features remain poorly known." Concerned about the impact of over-collecting, Stebbins reduced coverage of collecting and keeping animals, and also removed a section on handling venomous snakes. The third edition, published in 2003, included 36 new species and several new paintings.Stebbins considered keeping up-to-date with current scientific literature the most daunting task due to the volume of recent publications. The fourth edition was published posthumously in 2018, with Samuel McGinnis as co-author. It covers 332 species compared to the third edition's 281, a result of taxonomic changes in the preceding 15 years, although only two of the newly included species are illustrated. Books

 2nd ed., 1985; 3rd ed., 2003; 4th ed., 2018

Films
Nature Next Door. Sierra Club, National Press. Palo Alto, California. (1962)
No Room for Wilderness?Lawrence Dawson Productions, San Francisco. (1967)

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

"Discovering a ring species", Understanding Evolution, University of California
Video: Stebbins on Life (2005), at YouTube
Photographs by <mask>. Stebbins at CalPhotos, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology collection

Finding Aid to the <mask> C. Stebbins papers at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology
Collection guide to <mask>. Stebbins illustrations of western reptiles, amphibians and birds, Bancroft Library, U.C. Berkeley

1915 births
2013 deaths
20th-century American zoologists
American conservationists
American herpetologists
American people of English descent
American people of Swiss descent
Animal artists
People from Chico, California
Artists from Eugene, Oregon
Scientists from the San Francisco Bay Area
University of California, Berkeley faculty
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Activists from Los Angeles
North

masks:
Robert C
Robert
Robert C


title: Alexander Bullock

texts:
<mask> (March 2, 1816 – January 17, 1882) was an American lawyer, politician, and businessman from Massachusetts. First a Whig and then a Republican, he served three terms (1866–69) as the 26th Governor of Massachusetts. He was actively opposed to the expansion of slavery before the American Civil War, playing a major role in the New England Emigrant Aid Society, founded in 1855 to settle the Kansas Territory with abolitionists. He was for many years involved in the insurance industry in Worcester, where he also served one term as mayor. <mask> was educated as a lawyer, and married into the wealthy Hazard family of arms manufacturers, becoming one of the state's wealthiest men. He served in the state legislature during the war, and was active in recruiting for the war effort. He was an advocate of temperance, and of the expansion of railroads in the state.Early years
<mask> <mask> was born on March 2, 1816, in Royalston, Massachusetts, the son of Sarah (Davis) and <mask>. His father was a merchant and farmer who also owned a small mill and was active in local politics. He attended the local schools before going to Leicester Academy. <mask> graduated from Amherst College in 1836 and from Harvard Law School in 1840. He was then admitted to the Massachusetts Bar and joined the law practice of Emory Washburn in Worcester. However, he drifted away from the law, becoming involved in the insurance business as an agent. He eventually joined the State Mutual Life Assurance Company, which had John Davis as its first president.In 1842 <mask> became active in political and public service. He served as a military assistant to John Davis, who was Governor of Massachusetts that year, after which he was frequently referred to as "<mask>". In that year he also became editor of the National Aegis, a Whig newspaper with which he would remain associated for many years. In 1844 <mask> married Elvira Hazard, daughter of

masks:
Alexander Hamilton Bullock
Bullock
Alexander Hamilton
Bullock
Rufus Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Colonel Bullock
Bullock


title: Alexander Bullock

texts:
 Augustus George Hazard of Enfield, Connecticut; they had three children, including explorer <mask> Workman. Elvira's father was owner of a major munitions factory, and upon his death in 1868 the Bullocks inherited a significant fortune, becoming one of the wealthiest families in the state. Massachusetts legislature
<mask> was first elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a Whig in 1844, serving until 1848; for two years he was chairman of the Judiciary Committee. In 1849 he served in the Massachusetts Senate.In 1854, <mask> became a principal in the New England Emigrant Aid Company, established by Eli Thayer to send anti-slavery settlers to the Kansas Territory after the Kansas-Nebraska Act specified that slavery in the territory was to be determined by popular sovereignty. Worcester politics
When Worcester was chartered as a city in 1848, <mask> was elected to serve on its inaugural Common Council. He first ran for mayor of Worcester in 1853, but lost the election. In 1859, he was elected mayor of Worcester, narrowly defeating Republican William W. Rice. During his one-year term he donated his $1,000 salary to the awarding of medals to recognized students in the city's schools. The city authorized the establishment of a public library, and acquired the land for its construction. He did not stand for reelection in 1860.<mask> was elected a member of the Worcester-based American Antiquarian Society in 1855. He served as president of the Worcester County Horticultural Society from 1860 to 1863. Civil War
In 1861 <mask> was again elected to the state legislature, serving until 1866. <mask> was elected Speaker of the House in January 1862, serving in that role until 1865 with near-unanimous support. He was energetic in recruitment of troops for the Union Army, and was diligent in the oversight of the state's finances during the conflict. He supported labor reforms, in particular

masks:
Fanny Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock


title: Alexander Bullock

texts:
 legislation limiting the length of the workday, although such legislation would not be enacted in the state until 1874, when a ten-hour workday was mandated (albeit with significant loopholes). Governor of Massachusetts
<mask> received the Republican Party nomination for governor in 1865 after John A. Andrew decided not to stand for reelection.<mask> defeated Civil War General Darius Couch in the general election, and served three consecutive one-year terms. <mask> was a member of an informal group of Republicans known as the "Bird Club" (for its organizer, paper magnate Francis W. Bird), which effectively controlled the state Republican Party organization and dominated the state's elected offices into the 1870s. During his tenure he improved the state's finances, reducing war-related debts. <mask> was an outspoken advocate of women's suffrage, although the more conservative legislature never enacted enabling legislation. He also favored state support for railroads, signing bills providing loans totalling $6 million to the Troy and Greenfield Railroad for the construction of the Hoosac Tunnel in each of his terms. He was also responsible for hiring Benjamin Latrobe, Jr. to oversee the work on that troubled project. One of the more contentious issues during <mask>'s tenure was the state's alcohol prohibition law, which had been enacted in the 1850s, and which politically divided the otherwise dominant Republicans.Easing of either the law's strict rules or their enforcement was regularly debated in the legislature. <mask>, in contrast to the laissez-faire approach of Andrew before him, enforced the prohibition law more strictly than any other governor of the period. This policy was probably responsible for the declining margins of victory in his three elections. In 1868, legislative proponents of relaxed rules secured passage of a law abolishing the state police, who were tasked with the law's

masks: Bullock Bullock Bullock Bullock Bullock Bullock


title: Alexander Bullock

texts:
 enforcement. <mask> vetoed this bill, pointing out that the state police performed other vital functions. At the same time, a law replacing abolition with a licensing scheme was passed; <mask> allowed this bill to become law without his signature. In 1869, a more conservative legislature restored the previous prohibition statute.<mask> declined to run for reelection in 1868, promoting Henry L. Dawes as his successor. Opposing Dawes for the Republican nomination was George F. Loring, a protégé of Benjamin Franklin Butler. <mask>'s mentor Francis Bird worked behind the scenes to secure the nomination instead for William Claflin, who went on to win the election. Later years
After leaving office, <mask> returned to the insurance business, in which he remained until the end of his life. He refused repeated offers to stand for the United States Congress, and in 1879 turned down an offer by President Rutherford B. Hayes of the ambassadorship to the United Kingdom. In early January 1882, he was elected president of the State Mutual Life Assurance Company, but died quite suddenly in Worcester on January 17, 1882. He was buried in Worcester's Rural Cemetery.See also

 83rd Massachusetts General Court (1862)
 84th Massachusetts General Court (1863)
 85th Massachusetts General Court (1864)
 86th Massachusetts General Court (1865)

Notes

References

External links

Governors of Massachusetts
Amherst College alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Massachusetts Whigs
19th-century American politicians
Massachusetts lawyers
Massachusetts Republicans
Mayors of Worcester, Massachusetts
Massachusetts state senators
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Speakers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
1816 births
1882 deaths
People from Royalston, Massachusetts
Burials at Rural Cemetery (Worcester, Massachusetts)
Republican Party state governors of the United States
Members of the American Antiquarian

masks: Bullock Bullock Bullock Bullock Bullock


title: Ariana DeBose

texts:
<mask> (; born January 25, 1991) is an American actress, singer, and dancer. She is the recipient of multiple accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, and nominations for an Academy Award, a Tony Award, two BAFTA Awards, and two Critics Choice Movie Awards. <mask> made her television debut competing on So You Think You Can Dance. She then made her Broadway debut in the musical Bring It On: The Musical in 2011 and appeared in further Broadway roles in Motown: The Musical in 2013 and Pippin in 2014. She also appeared in the original cast of Hamilton from 2015 to 2016 and as Jane in A Bronx Tale from 2016 to 2017. In 2018, she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her role as Donna Summer in Summer: The Donna Summer Musical. <mask> also appeared in the filmed stage recording of Hamilton, which was released in 2020 on Disney+.She played Alyssa Greene in Netflix's The Prom (2020) and Emma in the Apple TV+ musical comedy series Schmigadoon! (2021). In 2021, her role as Anita in Steven Spielberg's musical film West Side Story (2021), an adaptation of the 1961 film of the same name and inspired by the 1957 play of the same name, earned her worldwide recognition and several accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, making her the first Afro-Latina and openly queer woman of color to win the latter award, and nominations for two British Academy Film Awards, two Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and an Academy Award. Early life
<mask> was born on January 25, 1991, in Raleigh, North Carolina. Her mother, <mask>, is an 8th grade teacher. <mask> trained in dance at CC & Co. Dance Complex in Raleigh. <mask> has stated that her father is Puerto Rican and her mother is white, and that she also has African-American and Italian ancestry.Career

2009–2017: Early work
<mask> made her television debut in 2009, when she competed on the TV series So You Think You Can Dance, making it into the Top 20. She later appeared on the soap opera One Life to Live and played Inez in the

masks:
Ariana DeBose
DeBose
DeBose
DeBose
Gina DeBose
DeBose
DeBose
DeBose


title: Ariana DeBose

texts:
 North Carolina Theatre's production of Hairspray before appearing in the role of Nautica in the 2011 Alliance Theatre production of Bring It On. She also appeared in the ensemble of the New York Philharmonic production of Company, which was filmed for television. At the end of 2011, Bring It On embarked on a national tour across the United States. <mask> continued her role into the 2012 Broadway production and understudied the character Danielle. In 2013, <mask> played Mary Wilson in Motown on Broadway, understudying the role of Diana Ross. She later joined the cast of Pippin on Broadway, playing a noble and a player and understudying the role of the Leading Player, which she ended up taking over for a short period in 2014.She can be heard playing director/choreographer Zoey Taylor in As the Curtain Rises, an original Broadway soap opera podcast from the Broadway Podcast Network. In 2015, <mask> left Pippin to join the ensemble of the off-Broadway musical Hamilton. The show moved to Broadway later that year. She left Hamilton in July 2016 and made a guest appearance on the TV series Blue Bloods as Sophia Ortiz. She also starred as Daphne in the thriller film Seaside. From November 2016 to August 2017, <mask> portrayed Jane on Broadway in A Bronx Tale. 2017–present: Breakthrough and further recognition
In late 2017, <mask> received her breakthrough role, playing Disco Donna in Summer: The Donna Summer Musical at San Diego's La Jolla Playhouse.She reprised this role in the Broadway production, which opened in April 2018. She was nominated for the 2018 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. <mask> played Alyssa Greene in the film adaptation of The Prom, directed by Ryan Murphy. In March 2021, <mask> released a dance-pop recording and video of Rodgers & Hammerstein's "Shall We Dance" for the album R&H Goes Pop, produced by Justin Goldner and arranged by Benjamin Rauhala. In 2021, <mask> played Emma Tate in the parody musical comedy series Schmigadoon! on Apple TV+. She will also star in the spy film Argylle for the service.Despite initially

masks: DeBose DeBose DeBose DeBose DeBose DeBose DeBose DeBose


title: Ariana DeBose

texts:
 not seeing herself playing the role and refusing to audition for it, <mask> played Anita in the 2021 film adaptation of the musical West Side Story, directed by Steven Spielberg. The film was released in December 2021 to critical acclaim. <mask> herself received critical attention for her performance of Anita, with Caryn James of BBC praising her performance, declaring, "Anita, in a layered, dynamic performance by <mask> <mask>, is the centre of attention, swirling her skirt and dancing to the Latin rhythms that infuse the film." David Fear of Rolling Stone magazine wrote, "DeBose...strong contender for Most Valuable Player here, whose energy—in her singing, her dancing, her line-reading, her side-eyeing—could power a metropolitan block." She also received multiple accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, making her the first Afro-Latina and openly queer woman of color to win the latter award, and nominations for the Academy Award, BAFTA Award, and Critics' Choice Movie Award. In February 2021, it was announced that she would play Kira Foster in the upcoming film I.S.S. On January 6, 2022, <mask> was announced as the host of Saturday Night Live on January 15, 2022.Personal life
<mask> identifies as queer and came out to her grandparents in 2015. In December 2020, <mask> and Jo Ellen Pellman launched the Unruly Hearts Initiative. The initiative was created to help young people connect with organizations and charities that advocate for the LGBTQ+ community. Acting credits

Theatre

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links
Official website

Living people
1991 births
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American women singers
Actresses from North Carolina
African-American actresses
21st-century African-American women singers
American actresses of Puerto Rican descent
American musical theatre actresses
American people of Italian descent
Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
LGBT people from North Carolina
Queer actresses
21st-century American singers
21st-century LGBT

masks: DeBose DeBose Ariana DeBose DeBose DeBose DeBose


title: Manuel Casanova

texts:
<mask><mask> and Gisela Kolb Endowed Chair in Outpatient Psychiatry and a Professor of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology at the University of Louisville. <mask> has four daughters: Cristina, Sabrina, Belinda, and Melina. <mask> is the Founder and President of the NGLY1 Foundation. He is married to <mask>, a research assistant professor at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville who studies autism genetics. He has a personal blog titled "Cortical Chauvinism". His son-in-law is Matt Might, director of the Hugh Kaul Personalized Medicine Institute at the University of Alabama Birmingham.Education and early career
<mask> earned his medical degree from the University of Puerto Rico. He then completed clinical and research fellowships at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, including three years in neuropathology, where he was in-charge of pediatric neuropathology, which was when his interest in developmental disorders of the brain arose. He subsequently helped establish two brain banks, the Johns Hopkins Brain Resource Center and the Brain Bank Unit of the Clinical Brains Disorders Branch at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). <mask> spent several years as a deputy medical examiner for Washington, D.C., where he gained experience with the postmortem examination of sudden infant death syndrome and child abuse, which was when he began publishing extensively on postmortem techniques, including neuronal morphometry immunocytochemistry, neurochemistry, and autoradiography. He also worked as a consultant and was staff neuropathologist at Sinai Hospital in Maryland, the North Charles Hospital, and the D.C. General Hospital. He is also a former lieutenant commander in the US Public Health Service. After serving as a professor of psychiatry and neurology at the Medical College of

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Manuel F
. Casanovafried
Casanova
Cristina Casanova Might
Emily Casanova
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Casanova


title: Manuel Casanova

texts:
 Georgia, he subsequently joined the University of Louisville faculty.In June 2014, he moved to the University of South Carolina and the Greenville Health System. Research
<mask>'s recent research projects have examined brain abnormalities in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders and dyslexia. His interest has gradually come to focus on abnormalities of cortical neurocircuitry, in particular on the cell minicolumn, a vertical conglomerate of eighty to one hundred neurons that have in common a latency of response to stimulation. Using computerized imaging analysis, he has established the anatomical validity of the cell minicolumn. <mask> has reported interhemispheric differences in the morphometry of minicolumns that could provide explanations for the speciation of hominids. Localized in Brodmann area 22—part of Wernicke’s language region—the morphometric difference may play a role both in the development of language and in related disorders. His neuromorphology research, conducted in collaboration with other researchers from around the globe, has found there are drastic differences in the brains of autistic individuals.The studies that he conducted show that minicolumns (or 'brain strands') of autism spectrum individuals have more cells, but they are narrower and more densely packed, which he says can limit the brain's ability to send messages. <mask> claimed this helps explain symptoms since "there's not enough juice to actually power very long connections in the brain". <mask> has also been studying the autonomic nervous system in autistic individuals. He found that the sympathetic branch of the ANS is overactive in autistic children, which leads to higher levels of anxiety. Additionally, he believes that TMS and neurofeedback can reduce autonomic dysfunction that is

masks: Casanova Casanova Casanova Casanova


title: Manuel Casanova

texts:
 linked to certain foods. <mask> notes that one of the problems with brain banks is that preserved brain tissue can deteriorate over time, but claims that brain banks promote far more research insight than MRI scans. Recognition
His expertise in the field of postmortem techniques was recognized by honorary appointments as a Scientific Expert for the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and as a Professorial Lecturer for the Department of Forensic Science at George Washington University.Awards

 Presidential Award of the American Medical Association, Puerto Rico Chapter (1981)
 Physician's Recognition Award by the American Medical Association (1982-5)
 National Research Service Award (1984-6)
 Stanley Scholar (1994)
 Distinguished Faculty, The Medical College of Georgia (1995)
 Scientific Advisory Board, National Alliance for Autism Research (1996)
 Tissue Advisory Board, Autism Tissue Board (1999-2000)
 Senior Scientist Award, 11th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia (2002)
 Distinguished Clinical Research Award, Medical College of Georgia (2003)
 Gottfried and Gisela Kolb Endowed Chair in Psychiatry (2003)
 Chairperson, NIH-CSR Developmental Brain Disorders Study Section (2007-9)
 Magisterial Presentation. Third World Congress of Autism (2010)
 Contributing Piece Award presented by Families for Effective Autism Treatment (FEAT) (2011)
 Opening Speaker for the International Symposium 2012 of the FRA/CIBERER on Advances in the Biomedical Research of Autism Spectrum Disorders (2012)
 Member of the Scientific Advisory Committee for Generation Rescue (2013)
 Magisterial presentation. XV Simposio de investigaciones en salud: discapacidad y ciclo vital (2013)
 Honorary Professor the International Autism Institute (2013)
 Scientific Advisory Board, Clearly Present Foundation (2013)
 Scientific Advisory Board, Center


title: Manuel Casanova

texts:
 for Advanced Diagnostics, Evaluation, and Therapeutics, LLC (2013)
 Miembro equipo fundador: Autismo Colombia (2014)
 Scientific Advisory Board, Autism Research Institute, San Diego CA (2015)
 Honorary Doctor of Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University (2015)
 Visiting Professor of the Krasnoyarsk State Medical University (2015)
 President elect, International Consortium of Autism Institutes (2016)
 Special Recognition, Distinguished Seminar Series, University of Louisville (2016)
 Advisory Board, Our Sunny World, Russia (2017)
 Member of the Irlen International Professional Advisory Board (2017)
 The Outstanding Scholar Award (2017)
 Frontiers Spotlight Award (2017)

Views on neurodiversity

Casanova has stated that most of the neurodiversity movement is based on the good intention to destigmatize autism, but some of their scientific arguments are questionable. He sees many other positives in the movement, such as the desire for acceptance and accommodations. Casanova states that the concepts behind neurodiversity originated in ancient Greek times, when Socrates attempted to determine which behaviors were a disorder and which ones were simply differences. According to him, those ideas were also seen in the Renaissance, the Romantic era, and the antipsychiatry movement. He further claims that Leo Kanner originated the modern version of the neurodiversity movement through studying autistic individuals.However, he says that the loudest voices in the neurodiversity camp are disruptive. <mask> said on their views that “They see the world in black and white, and either you are with them or against them” and “it might end up hurting research, and hurting the delivery of services to those people who most need them.”  Additionally, he said  “It’s not a blessing to have head-banging, eye-gouging or self-biting; those have


title: Manuel Casanova

texts:
 serious side effects, including retinal detachment, cauliflower ears, they can get brain trauma, contusions. Those people need to be treated.”

In response to neurodiversity's claim that autistic individuals do not need medical treatment, <mask> points out that parents that support therapy or treatment for autistic children say that it will reduce their suffering and give them the best chance to succeed in adulthood. <mask> additionally claimed that until recently, the neurodiversity movement wilfully neglected the roles of Leo Kanner and Bernard Rimland in advocating for accommodations, claiming that they were ignored because those individuals also wanted medical treatments for autism. <mask> has also claimed that Neurotribes by Steve Silberman was unfairly weighted against Leo Kanner. <mask> has also written against Silberman's perspective that Hans Asperger, one of the first autism researchers, should be forgiven for his involvement in the Nazi regime. "Contrary to Mr. Silberman," <mask> wrote in response, "I do not defend or condone [Asperger’s] murderous actions."<mask> claims that some media sources have misrepresented his views on autism and neurodiversity. One article from WAVE 3 claimed that <mask> wanted to wipe out autism entirely when he said that was not true. Additionally, a Newsweek article claimed that <mask> received death threats from writing about autism, but this actually happened because some autistic individuals falsely thought he wanted to wipe out autism based on the WAVE 3 article. References

External links

<mask> - Professor of Psychiatry, University of Louisville Google Scholar Profile
WAVE3.com - 'UofL Neuroscientist So Close To Autism Breakthrough He's Helping Fund Research', Lori Lyle, (July 14, 2006)

American neurologists
Autism researchers
Living people
Year of birth missing

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Casanova
Casanova
Casanova
Casanova
Casanova
Casanova
Casanova
Casanova
Manuel Casanova


title: Carla Ching

texts:
<mask> is an American playwright, television writer, and teacher. <mask> has written for multiple television shows including, USA’s series, Graceland (TV series), AMC’s Fear the Walking Dead, Amazon’s I Love Dick (TV series), Hulu’s The First, and AMC’s The Preacher. She has also written many of her own full length and one act plays: Nomad Motel, The Two Kids That Blow Shit Up, Fast Company, The Sugar House at the Edge of the Wilderness, Dirty and Big Blind/Little Blind and eight one act plays. <mask> has taught numerous workshops at New York Victory Theatre, Lincoln Center Institute, The Public Theatre, The Women’s Project, American Palace Theatre, TDF, Young Playwrights, The Wallis Annenberg Center, and Center Theatre Group. <mask> received a Bachelor of Arts from Vassar College and a Masters in Fine Arts from The New School of Drama. <mask> taught play writing at Pace University in New York City and is a member of the Kilroys and New Dramatists. Childhood and education
<mask> grew up in Encino, Los Angeles, California with her parents and sister.She claims that growing up, she never imagined she would be involved in the theatre or screenwriting industry. She was extremely shy throughout middle school and had trouble speaking up in class. <mask> forced herself to audition for a show at her high school to push herself to be more outspoken. <mask> claims that she thought it would be easier to start speaking in a voice that wasn't her own while she learned how to be more assertive. She soon discovered that being in the theatre community made her part of a team that included people from all different friend groups, backgrounds, and ethnicities coming together with one common goal: to understand one another. This is where her idea of theatre as  " the great equalizer" stems from. <mask> took a break from her life in the theatre for her college career.She attended Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York where she studied film and received a minor in education. <mask> believed she would be a poet and would support herself as a teacher and decided to stay in the New York

masks:
Carla Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Carla Ching
Ching
Ching
Carla Ching
Ching


title: Carla Ching

texts:
 area, specifically New York City after graduation to begin her career as a middle school English teacher. Life in New York
<mask> worked at multiple different educational institutions during her time as an English Teacher. The first school she taught at was a junior high school in East Harlem in which most of her students were economically disadvantaged. She found many of her students there faced difficulty focusing during her class due to outside stresses. Later, she taught at Hunter College High School, a school for gifted students who, based on test scores, represent the top one-quarter 1% of students in New York City. <mask> claims her teaching job at Hunter College High School was the best job she has ever had but she was expected to teach at a college level, which left her no time to write.<mask> began to search for a community in New York where she came across Peeling, a pan-Asian performance collective at the Asian American Writer's Workshop. <mask> was initially attracted to Peeling because she thought she would find a deeper sense of community amongst people with similar backgrounds/ethnicity as herself and felt she could workshop her poetry there. <mask> worked with Peeling for three years, contributing to their autobiographical performance art, beginning with her poems and expanding to larger works she began writing inspired by the small cruelties she faced (or witnessed) on the streets of New York City. The pieces she workshopped to at Peeling became increasingly more performative and steadily began to include more people until she realized she was creating theatre. <mask> claims she "grew tired of her own voice" which motivated her to begin writing characters with their own narrative and began attempting full length plays. However, <mask> realized she had not learned about theatre writing before and was lacking the tools to create what she wanted so she went back to school. <mask> received her Masters of Fine Arts from The New School for Drama in New York City.Immediately following grad school, <mask> became a teaching artist. She again utilized her

masks: Ching Ching Ching Ching Ching Ching Ching Ching Ching


title: Carla Ching

texts:
 minor in education, traveling by subway to different New York City public schools to teach about the art of theatre and theatre making. Plays and playwriting
Shortly after <mask> began writing full length plays, she stopped performing in them. <mask> claims this is due to the lack of representation of Asian women in theatre, and her feelings that there were more talented Asian American actors than herself who deserve the roles. Her full length plays focus on broad questions. <mask> has stated that some of the questions are "Why are parents so hard on their kids?" Why do people lie?""Why are we so mean to people that we love?" <mask> claims the question need to make her angry enough that she can stick with that question for however many years it takes to complete the play, and that she hopes that during that time she answers the question for herself. Full-length plays

Nomad Motel is about "Motel Kids/Parachute Kids" raising themselves and living on the poverty line. This drama is about 100 minutes long with a cast of two women and three men. The story of Alix, who lives in a motel room with his mom and two brothers and is desperately trying to make ends meet and Mason, who lives in a barren mansion while his father is away running jobs for the Hong Kong Triad. Mason's father vanishes, leaving Mason to care for himself, and hiding from the INS and Child Services. Mason and Alix become friends through their struggle to survive and escape their parents' mistakes.Nomad Motel was produced at the O'Neill Playwrights Conference, National New Play Network Showcase of New Plays, Atlantic Theatre Company's Mixfest, City Theatre Company and is an SCR Time Warner CrossRoads Commission. The Two Kids That Blow Shit Up takes place in New York, but was written by <mask> in Los Angeles. This play made <mask> realize she needed to become more familiar with Los Angeles in order to make it a setting for her plays. With a cast of two people (one male, one female), the play is about falling in and out of love with your best friend. More specifically, Max and Diana who are forced to play

masks:
Ching
Ching
Carla Ching
Ching
Cara Ching
Ching


title: Carla Ching

texts: together while their parents go on a date. Over the course of their parents relationship (dating, marriage, and eventually divorce) Max and Diana become unpredictably close and they see each other through the ups and downs of their own adult lives. The Two Kids That Blow Shit Up has been produced by Huntington Theatre Company's Breaking Ground Festival, Artists at Play and Mu Performing Arts and runs approximately 75 minutes in length.Fast Company  According to <mask> the play was inspired by the questions: What is family? Why do we run cons each other every day? What is talent and how do we use talent? Is family just blood, or the people one chooses to surround themselves with? With a cast of two women and two men this dark comedy is about 90 minutes long and is a winner of the Edgerton New American Play Award and the Seattle Times Footlights Award for one of the year's best New Plays on a Small Stage. It is an EST/Sloan Commission and has been produced by South Coast Rep, Ensemble Studio Theatre, Porkfilled Productions, and Lyric Stage in Boston. The Sugar House at The Edge of the Wilderness was first produced with a cast of six (three women, three men) at the Ma-Ying Theatre Company.This drama is an adaptation of the classic children's fairytale Hansel and Gretel in which the two children, Han and Greta are adopted from China and are abandoned by their adopted parents and forced to live with their uncle, a rock journalist, in his apartment in the East Village of Chicago. Greta's rebellious nature turns dangerous when she begins to experiment with arson and is institutionalized. The Sugar House at the Edge of the Wilderness consists of two acts and runs about 90 minutes. TBA consists of two acts and utilizes a cast of two women and three men with a run time of 120 minutes. It has been produced by 2g and The Women's Project and is published in Out of Time and Place edited by Alexis Clements and Christine Evans. TBA is drama about Silas Parks who, prompted by a breakup, becomes a recluse, writing autobiographical stories from his Brooklyn apartment. After some fame for


title: Carla Ching

texts:
 his stories, Silas' adopted brother, Finn, accuses Silas of stealing his life.Dirty is about 80 minutes long and requires a cast of four, two women and two men. There have been staged readings of Dirty by IRT, and Cannery Works with Stamford Center for the Arts and it was a finalist for Cherrylane Mentorship Project and Ignition Festival at Victory Gardens. Life back in California
<mask> was brought back to her home-state of California when her boyfriend at the time moved there for work. They were dating in New York City before he moved to Los Angeles for the pilot season of a television series. He later called her and said he felt he needed to stay in Los Angeles. The two remained in a long distance relationship for some time before <mask> decided to move to California to try her hand at working in television. She put most of her stuff in storage in New York, in case she were to move back.<mask> worked as a secretary in Los Angeles for one year before she was hired as a writer for season 2 of USA's television series, Graceland  (her first experience in television). She has gone on to write for AMC's Fear the Walking Dead, Amazon's I Love Dick, Hulu's The First, and AMC's The Preacher. She has since removed her belongings from storage in New York and moved them to California. <mask> claims her adult relationship with Los Angeles is very different than the one she had with the city as a child and is excited about getting reacquainted with Los Angeles as a character for her plays, as New York was. Teaching
<mask> remains an active theatre artist and teacher. She has taught workshops at the New York Victory Theatre, Lincoln Center Institute, The Public Theatre, The Women's Project, American Place Theatre, Young Playwrights, TDF, The Wallis Annenberg Center, and Center Theatre Group. She taught playwriting at Pace University in New York City, and is an active member of The Kilroys and New Dramatists.References

American women dramatists and playwrights
American television writers
Vassar College alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century

masks:
Carla Ching
Ching
Ching
Ching
Carla Ching


title: Gloria (Bulgarian singer)

texts:
Galina Peneva Ivanova (), born 28 June 1973), known professionally as <mask> (), is a Bulgarian singer, sometimes referred to as the "Prima of Bulgarian pop-folk music". She was awarded the title Singer of the year in 1999, 2000, 2003 and 2004, and Singer of the decade in 2007. <mask> is the only representative of the pop-folk genre with 4 independent concerts in Hall 1 of the prestigious National Palace of Culture in Sofia. Early life
<mask> was born to Stefka Ivanova and Penko Ivanov on 28 June 1973 in Ruse, Bulgaria, and after her parents' divorce was raised with her brother by their grandparents in the town of Dve Mogili. Music
<mask> has been a performer since 1992. Her debut album Щастието е Магия ("The Happiness is Magic") sold over 100 000 copies. За Добро или Зло ("For Good or Evil"), her second album, topped the charts with 400 000 – 500 000 copies, achieving a golden status in Bulgaria.On 2000 she released 12 Диаманта ("12 Diamonds"), which became certified as golden by The Bulgarian Association of Music Producers (BAMP). But perhaps the biggest hits in her career came with the release of her ninth album Крепост ("Fortress") in 2003. Her twelfth studio album Благодаря was released in Bulgaria in March 2007 and it sold over 16 000 physical copies within the first week of release. <mask> has been a jury in Music Idol and

masks: Gloria Gloria Gloria Gloria Gloria


title: William C. Edenborn

texts:
<mask><mask> (1848–1926) was an inventor, steel industrialist, and railroad magnate. He patented the design for a machine for inexpensive manufacture of barbed wire. <mask> founded the Louisiana Railway and Navigation Company, which operated between Shreveport, Louisiana, and New Orleans, Louisiana. Through a series of mergers and acquisitions, this railroad formed the Louisiana and Arkansas Railroad and eventually part of the Kansas City Southern Railroad. By the time of his death in 1926, <mask> was reputed to be the wealthiest resident of Louisiana. The New Orleans Times-Picayune stated that <mask> was "one of the most colorful and picturesque, and at the same time one of the least known, of the Louisiana captains of industry." Personal life
<mask> was born to parents <mask> and <mask> (née Hessmer) on March 20, 1848, in Plettenberg, Westphalia, Prussia.As a child, he attended private schools. However, his parents both died when <mask> was twelve years old. After his parents death, his sister Lena and he were without financial resources and so they lived with the Keyser family who were relatives of the <mask>s. Because of his limited finances, <mask> obtained an apprenticeship at a steel-wire manufacturing plant in Plettenberg, Germany. Here <mask> learned about metal work and the wire production business. In 1867, <mask> emigrated to the United States with his cousin Herman Keyser, whom he had befriended, initially living in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In the United States, <mask> continued in the wire production business, obtaining work as a mechanic at a wire mill in Frankstown, Pennsylvania.During this Post-Civil War Expansion of the United States, there was much

masks:
William C
. Edenborn
Edenborn
Edenborn
Edenborn
Edenborn
Jacob Edenborn
Antoinette Edenborn
Edenborn
Edenborn
Edenborn
Edenborn
Edenborn
Edenborn


title: William C. Edenborn

texts:
 demand for steel-wire and various other wire products. In 1869, <mask> moved to St. Louis, Missouri, at which time he worked with local businessman F.M. Ludlow in the design and construction of a wire mill. <mask> carried out this work partly on a futures basis, a start in his ownership of wire production enterprises. He continued to work with Ludlow, as manufacturing manager until 1874. At that time, <mask> took on sales responsibilities at another of Ludlow's enterprises, the Ludlow-Saylor Wire Company. <mask> supplemented his on-the-job training with a business course at Jones's Commercial College in St. Louis.In 1875, he took leave from Ludlow's enterprises for a leave-of-absence in Europe to refresh his knowledge of state-of-the-art wire technology. Marriage and later years
In 1876, <mask> married Sarah Drain of St. Louis, Missouri. They had two children, one of whom they adopted. Both children died at young ages, one of a horseback riding accident and the other of diphtheria. His wife Sarah also served as a business confidant for the rest of <mask>'s life. She often accompanied him on his frequent business trips. Following their relocation to Louisiana, at a time when <mask> had already acquired considerable wealth, he and his wife maintained two homes.One was in New Orleans, and the other was a plantation home near Atlanta, Louisiana, which he named Emden after the Ems River in Europe. During his time in New Orleans, <mask> and his wife lived modestly despite their wealth. His business enterprises paid him a salary of $200 per year. The couple's New Orleans home was a modest house at 8018 Hampson Street in the Carrollton neighborhood of New Orleans. <mask>

masks: Edenborn Edenborn Edenborn Edenborn Edenborn Edenborn Edenborn Edenborn Edenborn


title: William C. Edenborn

texts:
 developed an extensive network of friends and acquaintances during his life and career. He befriended others, such as singer Leadbelley Ledbetter, whom <mask> frequently visited while Ledbetter was incarcerated at Angola State Penitentiary. He was reputed to be a generous philanthropist, although the extent of his philanthropy is unknown since his gifts were generally done anonymously.He was a member of the Democratic Party throughout his business career. In 1918, during United States involvement in World War I, <mask> was accused by federal authorities of being in violation of the Sedition Act of 1918, because of a public statement <mask> made that Germany was not a threat to US soil. He was arrested and briefly detained, with no charges being pressed. <mask> spent most of the latter years of his life at the Emden Plantation home. He died in 1926 of vascular diseases and was buried at Forest Park Cemetery in Shreveport. His estate was contested for many years. As of 2017, Emden Plantation is no longer extant.Estate disposition
<mask> died without a will in 1926 and left no surviving children or forced heirs. Consequently, his widow, Sarah, succeeded to his entire estate, then valued at more than $12 million. Earlier, in 1908, <mask> had executed a will, under which Paul Hessmer and others were named as legatees; but in 1919 <mask> signed another document revoking the 1908 will. Years after Sarah had been placed in possession of the entire estate, Hessmer and the other legatees under the 1908 will initiated litigation arguing that the 1919 revocation was invalid, and sought to have the 1908 will admitted to probate. In a 1941 decision, the Louisiana Supreme Court held

masks: Edenborn Edenborn Edenborn Edenborn Edenborn Edenborn Edenborn


title: William C. Edenborn

texts:
 that the 1919 revocation was valid, thus confirming <mask>'s succession to the entire estate. Career

Wire and cable industry

In 1877, on his return from his leave-of absence in Europe, <mask> founded the St. Louis Wire Mill Company with business associate O.P. Saylor by leasing the manufacturing facility first built by F.M.Ludlow. <mask> then had a succession of business interests and technical inventions related to wire manufacture and expanding its markets. These included acquisition of smaller barb wire producers, enabling him to consolidate the industry. He conducted his wire business with various business partners. Most notably, with John Warne Gates, <mask> formed the Consolidated Steel and Wire Company. <mask>'s inventions significantly reduced the cost of production of barb-wire, enabling Edenborn's wire company to control approximately 75% of the market. Besides the lower cost, Edenborn's barb wired production process resulted in a more humane form, one that was less injurious to farm animals.In standard practice, <mask>'s patented inventions were all in his own name without direct assignment to his corporate holdings. He granted royalty-free licenses to the companies that he owned and licensed his inventions elsewhere in the world for a significant royalty. New markets and opportunities
By the latter part of the 19th century, the market for telegraph and telephone wire expanded significantly, and <mask>'s companies capitalized on this opportunity. He established a series of new wire companies to take advantage of the growth opportunities and to capitalize on his inventions. Some of <mask>'s new companies included the Harrison Wire Company, Missouri Barbed

masks:
Sarah Edenborn
Edenborn
Edenborn
Edenborn
Edenborn
Edenborn
Edenborn
Edenborn


title: William C. Edenborn

texts:
 Fence Company, Western Union Barbed Wire Fence Company. He also acquired the Harrison Wire Company of St. Louis, Missouri. Subsequently, under <mask>'s direction, Consolidated Steel and Wire Company merged with six other companies in the wire industry to form the American Steel and Wire Company.This firm was incorporated under Illinois state law in 1898 and became known colloquially as the "wire trust". Edenborn and Gates remained principle stockholders in the new firm. The firm was the world's largest producer of barb wire and steel wire products at the time. As the owner and manager of the American Steel and Wire Co., <mask> took action to mutually beneficial relations between labor and management. This included establishing the Employees' Benefit and Insurance Association, providing insurance and a pension at the company's expense, to benefit his employees. In 1901, <mask> sold his ownership of the wire companies to J.P. Morgan for $100 million, putting him among the wealthiest people in the United States at the time. These companies then became part of the US Steel Corporation.As a result of the acquisition of his companies, <mask> served on the board of directors and on the executive committee of US Steel Corporation until his resignation in 1909. During his time with the American Steel and Wire Company, <mask> is reputed to have said:

Railroads and land

Toward the end of the 19th century, as his business interests in wire and cable diminished, <mask> pursued diverse business interests including cotton, forestry products, and railroads. He and his wife visited Shreveport, Louisiana, for which <mask> perceived that the town's cotton and forestry products


title: William C. Edenborn

texts: businesses were under-served by railroads. For this reason, <mask> began investing in land and railroads in Louisiana. Within a short period of time, he acquired more than a million acres of land in Louisiana. He established the Shreveport and Red River Valley Navigation Railroad Company. In 1898 <mask> created the Louisiana Central Construction Company for construction of his railroads, with a mix of freight and passenger service beginning in that year.One of his construction practices was to choose very low grades for the routes of the railroad so as to hold construction costs to a minimum. At times, <mask> purchased used rolling stock and railroad locomotives to minimize costs. He also built branches of the railroad, such as the Colfax and Northern Railway in order to better serve the local timber industry. Initially <mask>'s railroad had no competition, although the Louisiana and North West Railroad, the Arkansas Southern Railroad, and the Louisiana and Arkansas Railroad soon appeared. The competition caused <mask> to extend his service ultimately to New Orleans. Early on, <mask> used a mix of rail and steamboat service for the extension to New Orleans, and, in this way, his railroad could serve the lucrative cotton trade of the region. Around the same time, <mask> and John Warne Gates invested in another regional railroad, the Kansas City, Pittsburgh and Gulf Railroad, which served a corridor near Shreveport.Edenborn and Gates reorganized the railroad at which time it became known as the  Kansas City Southern Railway Company. <mask> served on the railroad's board of directors from 1900 to 1902. He eventually became chairman of the board of the Kansas City Southern

masks: Edenborn Edenborn Edenborn Edenborn Edenborn Edenborn Edenborn Edenborn


title: William C. Edenborn

texts:
 Railroad. In 1903, <mask> created the Louisiana Railway and Navigation Company. This new company pursued service of <mask>'s network of Louisiana railways all the way into New Orleans. The service into New Orleans commenced in 1906. His railroads started passenger service into New Orleans the following year.Public funding and politics
As <mask> sought to expand his railroad, he often pursued public funding to offset construction costs. Huey Long was a rising local politician at the time, from an influential political family. Long and his political family opposed <mask>'s pursuit of public funding, which set the stage for a political feud between <mask> and Huey Long. This feud persisted for the rest of <mask>'s career. <mask> had been managing his Louisiana railroads from his home in New York City. He relocated to New Orleans, coincident with the start of his railroad service into the city. By that time, his railroad was approximately 306 miles long, with ferry service to cross the Mississippi River in order to enter the city of New Orleans.The railroad carried various types of freight, especially timber, cotton, sugar, and oil. Edenborn at times leased trackage rights to other railroads. The railroad billed itself as the "Short Line Through Louisiana". While <mask> continued to spend money expanding the railroad and purchasing rolling stock and suitable ferry service, he compromised on track maintenance. In 1918, Huey Long became a member of the Louisiana Railroad Commission. In that position, Long pressured Edenborn to provide suitable upkeep on the railroad. Financial records indicate that the railroad was earning a low return-on-investment, even though it appeared


title: William C. Edenborn

texts:
 to meet Edenborn's cash flow needs.Long's pressure on <mask> subsided when Long became governor of Louisiana. <mask> continued to expand the railroad. In 1923, <mask>'s Louisiana Railway & Navigation Co. purchased a route to Dallas, Texas, in a $700,000 cash transaction. Subsequently, the railroad went through a succession of name changes, from the Louisiana Arkansas & Texas Railroad to the Louisiana & Arkansas Railroad. After his death, his wife <mask> became chief executive of their railroad. She was the first woman to hold such a position at a railroad in the United States. <mask> sold the railroad to railroad executive <mask> in a transaction that was completed just before the 1929 stock market crash.Experimental farming
<mask> used his Emden Plantation and its surrounding land as an agricultural experiment station. Among his agricultural endeavors, he experimented with improved peanut production using advice he received from George Washington <mask>. At Emden Plantation, <mask> invented an apparatus for improved distillation of pine oil for turpentine manufacture, for which he received a United States patent. He worked on means of farming silkworms, improved cotton harvest, and pest protection of cotton plants. <mask> was also involved in a reforestation effort in the nearby community of Winnfield, Louisiana. Recognition

A Great Lakes freighter ship, the SS <mask>, was named after <mask>. The ship ran aground in 1905 in a storm, five years after its launching.The ship was severely damaged, although it was restored to service, operating until its decommissioning in 1962. Another Great Lakes freighter ship was named after his wife, the SS <mask>. Edenborn Avenue in

masks:
Edenborn
Edenborn
Edenborn
Sarah Edenborn
Sarah Edenborn
Harvey Couch
Edenborn
Carver
Edenborn
Edenborn
William Edenborn
Edenborn
Sarah Edenborn


title: William C. Edenborn

texts:
 Metairie, Louisiana, is named after him, as was the Edenborn Post Office in Gonzales, Louisiana. <mask> named a railroad depot in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana, "Hessmer" after his mother's surname at birth. A village eventually was built around this depot, and it became known as Hessmer, Louisiana. United States patents
 <mask>, <mask>.; Griesche, Gustav. Barb-wire Machine.US 270,646, United States Patent and Trademark Office, January 16, 1863. <mask>, <mask>. Machine for Coiling Wire. US 480,565A, United States Patent and Trademark Office, August 9, 1892. <mask>, <mask>. Wire-Fencing Machine. US 653,889, United States Patent and Trademark Office, July 10, 1900.<mask>, <mask>. Apparatus for Extracting Resin and Allied Products. US 1,351,629, United States Patent and Trademark Office, August 31, 1920. References

Further reading
 <mask>, Glen. The Man Who Fenced the West. Osthoff-Thalden Publishers, 1984, . The library at Louisiana State University at Shreveport maintains a collection of <mask>'s papers.Fair, James R. The Louisiana and Arkansas Railway: the Story of a Regional Line. Northern Illinois University Press, 1997, . 1848 births
1926 deaths
19th-century American inventors
Businesspeople from New Orleans
Businesspeople from Louisiana
American

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William C
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Coleman
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title: Emanuel Kiriakou

texts:
<mask> "Eman" <mask> (born August 16, 1966) is an American songwriter, producer, record executive, music publisher and multi-instrumentalist, based in Los Angeles. He recently co-wrote and produced "Take You Dancing" by Jason Derulo, and has produced a number of Billboard Hot 100 charting singles including: "What's Left of Me" by Nick Lachey, "Crush" by David Archuleta, "Who Says" by Selena Gomez & the Scene, and "Tonight Tonight" by Hot Chelle Rae, which was #1 on the Billboard Hot AC charts, "It Girl" by Jason Derulo, as well as "Classic" and "American Dream" by MKTO. He has also collaborated with Celine Dion, Ne-Yo, MKTO, Demi Lovato, Selena Gomez, ZAYN, Gabby Barrett, Rachel Platten, David Foster, Madison Beer, Robert DeLong, Whitney Houston, Simple Plan, and Backstreet Boys. Early life
Kiriakou began playing with the guitar and piano at the age of 5, and joined his father's Greek band at the age of fourteen. He credits this time in his father's band as his real musical education. He graduated from Youngstown State University's Dana School of Music, in Youngstown, Ohio with a degree in music, and then relocated to Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he won a Cleo Award for a Miller Lite television commercial. After relocating to New York City, he linked up with Joey McIntyre and produced his second solo record, "Meet Joe Mac".<mask> relocated to Los Angeles in 2004 (where he worked closely with Walter Afanasieff) where he currently resides with his wife, Aliki Theofilopoulos

masks: Emanuel Kiriakou Emanuel


title: Giovanni Boccaccio

texts: <mask> (, , ; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Born in the town of Certaldo, he became so well known as a writer that he was sometimes simply known as "the Certaldese" and one of the most important figures in the European literary panorama of the fourteenth century. Some scholars (including Vittore Branca) define him as the greatest European prose writer of his time, a versatile writer who amalgamated different literary trends and genres, making them converge in original works, thanks to a creative activity exercised under the banner of experimentalism. His most notable works are The Decameron, a collection of short stories which in the following centuries was a determining element for the Italian literary tradition, especially after Pietro Bembo elevated the Boccaccia style to a model of Italian prose in the sixteenth century, and On Famous Women. He wrote his imaginative literature mostly in Tuscan vernacular, as well as other works in Latin, and is particularly noted for his realistic dialogue which differed from that of his contemporaries, medieval writers who usually followed formulaic models for character and plot. The influence of <mask>'s works was not limited to the Italian cultural scene but extended to the rest of Europe, exerting influence on authors such as Geoffrey Chaucer, a key figure in English literature, or later on Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega and the Spanish classical theater. <mask>, together with Dante

masks:
Giovanni Boccaccio
Boccaccio
Boccaccio


title: Giovanni Boccaccio

texts:
 Alighieri and Francesco Petrarca, is part of the so-called "Three Crowns" of Italian literature.He is remembered for being one of the precursors of humanism, of which he helped lay the foundations in the city of Florence, in conjunction with the activity of his friend and teacher Petrarch. He was the one who initiated Dante's criticism and philology: Boccaccio devoted himself to copying codices of the Divine Comedy and was a promoter of Dante's work and figure. In the twentieth century, <mask> was the subject of critical-philological studies by Vittore Branca and Giuseppe Billanovich, and his Decameron was transposed to the big screen by the director and writer Pier Paolo Pasolini. Biography

Florentine childhood, 1313–1327

The details of <mask>'s birth are uncertain. He was born in Florence or in a village near Certaldo where his family was from. He was the son of Florentine merchant Boccaccino di Chellino and an unknown woman; he was likely born out of wedlock. <mask>'s stepmother was called Margherita de' Mardoli.<mask> grew up in Florence. His father worked for the Compagnia dei Bardi and, in the 1320s, married Margherita dei Mardoli, who was of a well-to-do family. <mask> may have been tutored by <mask>li and received from him an early introduction to the works of Dante. In 1326, his father was appointed head of a bank and moved with his family to Naples. <mask> was an apprentice at the bank but disliked the banking profession. He persuaded his father to let him study law at the Studium (the present-day University

masks:
Boccaccio
Boccaccio
Boccaccio
Boccaccio
Boccaccio
Giovanni Mazzuo
Boccaccio


title: Giovanni Boccaccio

texts:
 of Naples), where he studied canon law for the next six years. He also pursued his interest in scientific and literary studies.His father introduced him to the Neapolitan nobility and the French-influenced court of Robert the Wise (the king of Naples) in the 1330s. At this time, he fell in love with a married daughter of the king, who is portrayed as "Fiammetta" in many of Boccaccio's prose romances, including Il Filocolo (1338). Boccaccio became a friend of fellow Florentine Niccolò Acciaioli, and benefited from his influence as the administrator, and perhaps the lover, of Catherine of Valois-Courtenay, widow of Philip I of Taranto. Acciaioli later became counselor to Queen Joanna I of Naples and, eventually, her Grand Seneschal. It seems that Boccaccio enjoyed law no more than banking, but his studies allowed him the opportunity to study widely and make good contacts with fellow scholars. His early influences included Paolo da Perugia (a curator and author of a collection of myths called the Collectiones), humanists Barbato da Sulmona and <mask>, and theologian Dionigi di Borgo San Sepolcro. Neapolitan adolescence, 1327–1340

A cosmopolitan environment: self-taught training

Boccaccino wanted his son to enter the profession of merchant, according to the family tradition.After having made him do a short internship in Florence, in 1327 Boccaccino decided to take his young son with him to Naples, the city where he played the role of business broker for the Bardi family. Adult years

In Naples, <mask> began what he

masks:
Giovanni Barrili
Boccaccio


title: Giovanni Boccaccio

texts: considered his true vocation of poetry. Works produced in this period include Il Filostrato and Teseida (the sources for Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde and The Knight's Tale, respectively), The Filocolo (a prose version of an existing French romance), and La caccia di Diana (a poem in terza rima listing Neapolitan women). The period featured considerable formal innovation, including possibly the introduction of the Sicilian octave, where it influenced Petrarch. <mask> returned to Florence in early 1341, avoiding the plague of 1340 in that city, but also missing the visit of Petrarch to Naples in 1341. He had left Naples due to tensions between the Angevin king and Florence. His father had returned to Florence in 1338, where he had gone bankrupt.His mother died shortly afterward (possibly, as she was unknown – see above). <mask> continued to work, although dissatisfied with his return to Florence, producing Comedia delle ninfe fiorentine in 1341 (also known as Ameto), a mix of prose and poems, completing the fifty-canto allegorical poem Amorosa visione in 1342, and Fiammetta in 1343. The pastoral piece "Ninfale fiesolano" probably dates from this time, also. In 1343, <mask>'s father remarried to Bice del Bostichi. His other children by his first marriage had all died, but he had another son named Iacopo in 1344. In Florence, the overthrow of Walter of Brienne brought about the government of popolo minuto ("small people", workers). It diminished the influence of the nobility and the wealthier merchant classes and assisted in

masks: Boccaccio Boccaccio Boccaccio


title: Giovanni Boccaccio

texts: the relative decline of Florence.The city was hurt further in 1348 by the Black Death, which killed some three-quarters of the city's population, later represented in the Decameron. From 1347, <mask> spent much time in Ravenna, seeking new patronage and, despite his claims, it is not certain whether he was present in plague-ravaged Florence. His stepmother died during the epidemic and his father was closely associated with the government efforts as minister of supply in the city. His father died in 1349 and Boccaccio was forced into a more active role as head of the family. <mask> began work on The Decameron around 1349. It is probable that the structures of many of the tales date from earlier in his career, but the choice of a hundred tales and the frame-story lieta brigata of three men and seven women dates from this time. The work was largely complete by 1352.It was <mask>'s final effort in literature and one of his last works in Tuscan vernacular; the only other substantial work was Corbaccio (dated to either 1355 or 1365). Boccaccio revised and rewrote The Decameron in 1370–1371. This manuscript has survived to the present day. From 1350, <mask> became closely involved with Italian humanism (although less of a scholar) and also with the Florentine government. His first official mission was to Romagna in late 1350. He revisited that city-state twice and also was sent to Brandenburg, Milan and Avignon. He also pushed for the study of Greek, housing Barlaam of Calabria, and encouraging his tentative translations of works

masks: Boccaccio Boccaccio Boccaccio Boccaccio


title: Giovanni Boccaccio

texts: by Homer, Euripides, and Aristotle.In these years, he also took minor orders. In October 1350, he was delegated to greet Francesco Petrarch as he entered Florence and also to have Petrarch as a guest at <mask>'s home, during his stay. The meeting between the two was extremely fruitful and they were friends from then on, Boccaccio calling Petrarch his teacher and magister. Petrarch at that time encouraged Boccaccio to study classical Greek and Latin literature. They met again in Padua in 1351, Boccaccio on an official mission to invite Petrarch to take a chair at the university in Florence. Although unsuccessful, the discussions between the two were instrumental in Boccaccio writing the Genealogia deorum gentilium; the first edition was completed in 1360 and this remained one of the key reference works on classical mythology for over 400 years. It served as an extended defense for the studies of ancient literature and thought.Despite the Pagan beliefs at its core, <mask> believed that much could be learned from antiquity. Thus, he challenged the arguments of clerical intellectuals who wanted to limit access to classical sources to prevent any moral harm to Christian readers. The revival of classical antiquity became a foundation of the Renaissance, and his defense of the importance of ancient literature was an essential requirement for its development. The discussions also formalized Boccaccio's poetic ideas. Certain sources also see a conversion of <mask> by Petrarch from the open humanist of the Decameron to a more


title: Giovanni Boccaccio

texts: ascetic style, closer to the dominant fourteenth century ethos. For example, he followed Petrarch (and Dante) in the unsuccessful championing of an archaic and deeply allusive form of Latin poetry. In 1359, following a meeting with Pope Innocent VI and further meetings with Petrarch, it is probable that Boccaccio took some kind of religious mantle.There is a persistent (but unsupported) tale that he repudiated his earlier works as profane in 1362, including The Decameron. In 1360, <mask> began work on De mulieribus claris, a book offering biographies of 106 famous women, that he completed in 1374. A number of <mask>'s close friends and other acquaintances were executed or exiled in the purge following the failed coup of 1361. It was in this year that <mask> left Florence to reside in Certaldo, although not directly linked to the conspiracy, where he became less involved in government affairs. He did not undertake further missions for Florence until 1365, and traveled to Naples and then on to Padua and Venice, where he met up with Petrarch in grand style at Palazzo Molina, Petrarch's residence as well as the place of Petrarch's library. He later returned to Certaldo. He met Petrarch only once again in Padua in 1368.Upon hearing of the death of Petrarch (19 July 1374), <mask> wrote a commemorative poem, including it in his collection of lyric poems, the Rime. He returned to work for the Florentine government in 1365, undertaking a mission to Pope Urban V. The papacy returned to Rome from Avignon in 1367, and <mask> was again

masks: Boccaccio Boccaccio Boccaccio Boccaccio Boccaccio


title: Giovanni Boccaccio

texts: sent to Urban, offering congratulations. He also undertook diplomatic missions to Venice and Naples. Of his later works, the moralistic biographies gathered as De casibus virorum illustrium (1355–74) and De mulieribus claris (1361–1375) were most significant. Other works include a dictionary of geographical allusions in classical literature, De montibus, silvis, fontibus, lacubus, fluminibus, stagnis seu paludibus, et de nominibus maris liber. He gave a series of lectures on Dante at the Santo Stefano church in 1373 and these resulted in his final major work, the detailed Esposizioni sopra la Commedia di Dante. <mask> and Petrarch were also two of the most educated people in early Renaissance in the field of archaeology.<mask>'s change in writing style in the 1350s was due in part to meeting with Petrarch, but it was mostly due to poor health and a premature weakening of his physical strength. It also was due to disappointments in love. Some such disappointment could explain why <mask> came suddenly to write in a bitter Corbaccio style, having previously written mostly in praise of women and love, though elements of misogyny are present in Il Teseida. Petrarch describes how Pietro Petrone (a Carthusian monk) on his death bed in 1362 sent another Carthusian (Gioacchino Ciani) to urge him to renounce his worldly studies. Petrarch then dissuaded <mask> from burning his own works and selling off his personal library, letters, books, and manuscripts. Petrarch even offered to purchase Boccaccio's library, so that it would become


title: Giovanni Boccaccio

texts:
 part of Petrarch's library. However, upon <mask>'s death, his entire collection was given to the monastery of Santo Spirito, in Florence, where it still resides.His final years were troubled by illnesses, some relating to obesity and what often is described as dropsy, severe edema that would be described today as congestive heart failure. He died on 21 December 1375 in Certaldo, where he is buried. Works

Alphabetical listing of selected works

Amorosa visione (1342)
Buccolicum carmen (1367–1369)
Caccia di Diana (1334–1337)
Comedia delle ninfe fiorentine (Ninfale d'Ameto, 1341–1342)
Corbaccio (around 1365, this date is disputed)
De Canaria  (within 1341–1345)
De Casibus Virorum Illustrium (). Facsimile of 1620 Paris ed., 1962, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, . De mulieribus claris (1361, revised up to 1375)
The Decameron (1349–52, revised 1370–1371)
Elegia di Madonna Fiammetta (1343–1344)
Esposizioni sopra la Comedia di Dante (1373–1374)
Filocolo (1336–1339)
Filostrato (1335 or 1340)
Genealogia deorum gentilium libri (1360, revised up to 1374)
Ninfale fiesolano (within 1344–46, this date is disputed)
Rime (finished 1374)
Teseida delle nozze di Emilia (before 1341)
Trattatello in laude di Dante (1357, title revised to De origine vita studiis et moribus viri clarissimi Dantis Aligerii florentini poetae illustris et de operibus compositis ab eodem)
Zibaldone Magliabechiano (within 1351–1356)

See Consoli's bibliography for an exhaustive listing. See also

 Influence of Italian humanism on Chaucer

Notes

Citations

Sources


title: Stéphane Lasme

texts:
<mask> (born December 17, 1982) is a Gabonese former professional basketball player. He played college basketball at the University of Massachusetts (UMass), with the UMass Minutemen, and he was selected by the Golden State Warriors in the second round, 46th overall, in the 2007 NBA draft. In 2016 Stephane won the EuroCup Championship and earned the Finals MVP award, as well as, an All-EuroLeague Second Team selection in 2014 and won the EuroLeague Best Defender award in 2013, among others. Early career
On December 17, 1982, <mask> was born in Port-Gentil, Gabon, to Onanga Liliane. He was brought up in Port-Gentil, Gabon, his father being an oil company engineer. His mother, Liliane, was an economist. <mask> knew how to speak French and his native language of Myene in his childhood, but learned some English through high school classes.<mask> grew up loving soccer, but began playing basketball at 14, when he was introduced to his school's coach. When asked why he started playing the game, Lasme said, "I was growing faster than the other kids my age." One media report stated that he nailed a basketball hoop to a tree at age 15 and estimated the official NBA requirement of 10 feet, but instead put it 12 feet above the ground. He said, "I had a rim put in at my house. It was higher than 10 feet, though." His favorite players as a child were Scottie Pippen and Michael Jordan, whom he used to watch on television by sneaking out of bed at night. He also grew up as a fan of Marcus Camby.<mask> competed for Aveley Club Port-Gentil, a youth club that was designed to be an

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Yann Ulrich Stéphane Lasme
Lasme
Lasme
Lasme
Lasme