title: Xanthippus

texts: sum too large to pay and thrown in prison as a debtor. He died there of his wounds. Athenians would come to regret their treatment of their war hero, but immediately following the trial <mask> became the pre-eminent politician of the day, if only briefly. <mask>' leadership was short lived due to the rise of Themistocles, who was a populist set against the aristocracy that <mask> represented. <mask> teamed up with his fellow aristocrat Aristides to counter the ambitions of Themistocles, but Themistocles out-maneuvered them with a series of ostracisms that were basic referendums concerning the direction of the Athenian government. The lower classes had begun to flex their political muscle with Themistocles, and the results of the ostracisms reflected their new-found power. There were 5 prominent ostracisms of aristocrats during the political clashes of the 480's BC, and both <mask> and Aristides were among the victims.<mask>ocles and Athens recalled both <mask> and Aristides to aid in the defence of the city. The rival politicians settled their differences and prepared for war. The city of Athens had to be abandoned to protect its citizens and Plutarch relates a folk tale about <mask>' dog, who had been left behind by his master when the Athenians embarked for the safety of the Island of Salamis. The dog was so loyal that it jumped into the sea and swam after <mask>' boat, managing to swim across to the isle, before dying of exhaustion. In Plutarch's day there was still a place on Salamis called "the dog's grave."Although not mentioned directly, it would seem that <mask> at least witnessed, if not fought in, the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC, which saved the Athenians and began to force back the Persian invaders. <mask> was elected to the position of eponymous archon the following year (479/478 BC), showing the esteem in which he was then held. At that time a large force of Persian infantry still remained in

masks: Xanthippus Xanthippus Xanthippus Xanthippus Xanthippus Xanthippusist Xanthippus Xanthippus Xanthippus Xanthippus Xanthippus


title: Xanthippus

type: original

texts:
 Greece and Athens was still under threat. He also succeeded Themistocles as commander of the Athenian fleet that year, while Aristides was given command of the land forces. (It remains unclear why Themistocles, after his brilliant victory at Salamis, did not retain his position.) Battle of Mycale
Xanthippus' greatest military accomplishment was his command of the Athenian naval forces at the decisive Battle of Mycale against the Persians, which was fought off the coast of Lydia in Asia Minor under the command of Leotychidas of Sparta. The remains of the Persian fleet that had survived the Battle of Salamis were stationed at the island of Samos.When they discovered that they were being pursued by the Greek fleet they abandoned Samos and sailed to the opposite shore, under the slopes of Mount Mycale, where they beached their ships and retreated inland to set up a defensive fort. The Greek forces launched an attack on them, with <mask> leading his Athenian contingent on the left flank (Greek generals fought on the front lines as an example for their men). <mask>' men had easier terrain to cross than the other flank, so they engaged in combat with the Persians first and fought ferociously to earn all the credit. They broke through the line and sent the Persian troops running to their fort for safety. But the Athenians were able to breach the wall and when the other flank joined them they set to slaughtering the enemy. After the rout, the Greeks, led by <mask> and Leotychidas, went back to the beach and set fire to the Persian ships effectively destroying the Persian fleet. Herodotus claims this battle occurred on the same day as the Battle of Plataea, where Aristides led the Athenian contingent under the command of the Spartan Pausanias, and defeated the Persian land-forces.With these two decisive battles the war was won and Athens was now safe. Siege of Sestus
After the Battle of Mycale, the Spartans suggested

masks: Xanthippus Xanthippus Xanthippus


title: Xanthippus

texts:
 that the defence of the Ionian colonies of Asia Minor should be abandoned, since it would be difficult to protect them from the nearby Persians. Xanthippus, however, refused to consider the proposal. Athens was the "mother city" of many of the Ionian colonies and she felt a deep kinship with them that demanded their common defence. So the Greek fleet sailed to the Hellespont to destroy the Persian pontoon bridge there, but when they discovered it had already been destroyed, the Spartans withdrew and headed home, while Xanthippus led the remaining force on an assault upon Sestus in the Thracian Chersonese, which had been captured by the Persians and left under the charge of a Persian governor, Artayctes. Sestus controlled the European side of the Hellespont and all the shipping trade that passed. Since Athens was very dependent upon imported grain, this made trade with the Black Sea of strategic importance and Xanthippus was determined to bring these shipping lanes back under Athenian protection.After a winter siege, Artayctes and his son attempted to escape, but they were captured. Artayctes offered 200 talents to <mask> to spare his life - a huge sum. But <mask> refused. Artayctes' son was stoned to death in front of his father, and then Artayctes himself was crucified. That Herodotus ends his account of the great war with Persia with this relatively minor affair has led some scholars to imply that the historian wished to end on a note that flattered <mask>' son, Pericles, who was one of Herodotus' patrons. Legacy
<mask> returned to Athens a hero. He died a few years later, but Pericles, his son, would go on to build upon the family glory, transforming Athens into the greatest centre of learning, art and architecture in Greece, while leading the city into battle against her rival, Sparta.References

External links

5th-century BC Athenians
Alcmaeonidae
Ostracized Athenians
Eponymous archons
People of the

masks: Xanthippus Xanthippus Xanthippus Xanthippus


title: T. H. Green

texts:
<mask> (7 April 183626 March 1882), known as T. H<mask>, was an English philosopher, political radical and temperance reformer, and a member of the British idealism movement. Like all the British idealists, <mask> was influenced by the metaphysical historicism of G. W. F<mask>. He was one of the thinkers behind the philosophy of social liberalism. Life

<mask> was born on 7 April 1836 at Birkin, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, where his father was rector. On his paternal side, he was descended from Oliver Cromwell. His education was conducted entirely at home until, at the age of 14, he entered Rugby, where he remained for five years. In 1855, he became an undergraduate member of Balliol College, Oxford, and was elected fellow in 1860.He began a life of teaching (mainly philosophical) in the university—first as college tutor, afterwards, from 1878 until his death, as Whyte's Professor of Moral Philosophy. The lectures he delivered as professor form the substance of his two most important works, viz., the Prolegomena to Ethics and the Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation, which contain the whole of his positive constructive teaching. These works were not published until after his death, but <mask>'s views were previously known indirectly through the Introduction to the standard edition of <mask>'s works by <mask> and T. H. Grose, fellow of Queen's College, in which the doctrine of the "English" or "empirical" philosophy was exhaustively examined. In 1871 he married Charlotte Byron <mask> who was known as a promoter of women's education. In 1879, <mask> sat in the committee which was formed to create an Oxford women's

masks:
Thomas Hill Green
. Green
Green
. Hegel
Green
Green
David Hume
Green
Green
Green


title: T. H. Green

texts:
 college "in which no distinction will be made between students on the ground of their belonging to different religious denominations." <mask> and his wife's work resulted in the founding of Somerville Hall (later Somerville College). <mask> was involved in local politics for many years, through the university, temperance societies and the local Oxford Liberal association.During the passage of the Second Reform Act, he campaigned for the franchise to be extended to all men living in boroughs even if they did not own real property. In that sense, <mask>'s position was more radical than that of most other Advanced Liberals, including William Ewart Gladstone. It was in the context of his Liberal Party activities that in 1881, <mask> gave what became one of his most famous statements of his liberal political philosophy, the "Lecture on Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract". At this time, he was also lecturing on religion, epistemology, ethics and political philosophy. Most of his major works were published posthumously, including his lay sermons on Faith and The Witness of God, the essay "On the Different Senses of 'Freedom' as Applied to Will and the Moral Progress of Man", Prolegomena to Ethics, Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation, and the "Lecture on Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract". <mask> died of blood poisoning at the age of 45 on 26 March 1882. In addition to friends from his academic life, approximately 2,000 local townspeople attended his funeral.He helped to found the City of Oxford High School for Boys. Thought
<mask>'s empiricism and biological evolution (including <mask>) were chief features in

masks:
Green
Green
Green
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Green
Hume
Herbert Spencer


title: T. H. Green

texts: English thought during the third quarter of the 19th century. <mask> represents primarily the reaction against such doctrines. <mask> argued that when these doctrines were carried to their logical conclusion, they not only "rendered all philosophy futile", but were fatal to practical life. By reducing the human mind to a series of unrelated atomic sensations, these related teachings destroyed the possibility of knowledge, he argued. These teachings were especially important for <mask> to refute because they had underpinned the conception of mind that was held by the nascent science of psychology. <mask> tried to deflate the pretensions of psychologists who had claimed that their young field would provide a scientific replacement for traditional epistemology and metaphysics.<mask> further objected that such empiricists represented a person as a "being who is simply the result of natural forces", and thereby made conduct, or any theory of conduct, meaningless; for life in any human, intelligible sense implies a personal self that (1) knows what to do, and (2) has power to do it. <mask> was thus driven, not theoretically, but as a practical necessity, to raise again the whole question of humankind in relation to nature. When (he held) we have discovered what a person in themselves are, and what their relation to their environment is, we shall then know their function—what they are fitted to do. In the light of this knowledge, we shall be able to formulate the moral code, which, in turn, will serve as a criterion of actual civic and social institutions. These form, naturally and necessarily, the objective expression of moral ideas, and it is in

masks: Green Green Green Green Green Green


title: T. H. Green

texts: some civic or social whole that the moral ideal must finally take concrete shape. What is man? To ask "What is man?"is to ask "What is experience?" for experience means that of which I am conscious. The facts of consciousness are the only facts that, to begin with, we are justified in asserting to exist. On the other hand, they are valid evidence for whatever is necessary to their own explanation, i.e. for whatever is logically involved in them. Now the most striking characteristic of humans, that in fact which marks them specially, as contrasted with other animals, is self-consciousness. The simplest mental act into which we can analyse the operations of the human mind—the act of sense-perception—is never merely a change, physical or psychical, but is the consciousness of a change.Human experience consists, not of processes in an animal organism, but of these processes recognised as such. That which we perceive is from the outset an apprehended fact—that is to say, it cannot be analysed into isolated elements (so-called sensations) which, as such, are not constituents of consciousness at all, but exist from the first as a synthesis of relations in a consciousness which keeps distinct the "self" and the various elements of the "object," though holding all together in the unity of the act of perception. In other words, the whole mental structure we call knowledge consists, in its simplest equally with its most complex constituents, of the "work of the mind." Locke and <mask> held that the work of the mind was eo ipso [by that very act] unreal because it was "made by" humans and not "given to" humans. It thus represented a subjective creation,


title: T. H. Green

texts:
 not an objective fact. But this consequence follows only upon the assumption that the work of the mind is arbitrary, an assumption shown to be unjustified by the results of exact science, with the distinction, universally recognised, which such science draws between truth and falsehood, between the real and "mere ideas." This (obviously valid) distinction logically involves the consequence that the object, or content, of knowledge, viz., reality, is an intelligible ideal reality, a system of thought relations, a spiritual cosmos.How is the existence of this ideal whole to be accounted for? Only by the existence of some "principle which renders all relations possible and is itself determined by none of them"; an eternal self-consciousness which knows in whole what we know in part. To God the world is, to humans the world becomes. Human experience is God gradually made manifest. Moral philosophy
Carrying on the same method into the area of moral philosophy, <mask> argued that ethics applies to the conditions of social life—that investigation into human nature which metaphysics began. The faculty employed in this further investigation is no "separate moral faculty", but that same reason which is the source of all our knowledge—ethical and other. Self-reflection gradually reveals to us human capacity, human function, with, consequently, human responsibility.It brings out into clear consciousness certain potentialities in the realisation of which human's true good must consist. As the result of this analysis, combined with an investigation into the surroundings humans live in, a "content"—a moral code—becomes gradually evolved. Personal good is


title: T. H. Green

texts:
 interests". Its basis is can be conceived as coercive authority imposed upon the citizens from without or it can be seen as a necessary restriction of individual liberty in light of a social contract, but this consists in the spiritual recognition or metaphysics, on the part of the citizens, of what constitutes their true nature, some conceptions and complicating factors are elaborating questions concerning: "Will, not force, is the basis of the state. ", "Citizen Rights Against the State", "Private Rights.The Right to Life and Liberty", "The Right of the State Over the Individual in War", "The Right of the State to Punish",  "The Right of the State to Promote Morality ",  "The Right of the State in Regard to Property", and "The Right of the State in Regard to the Family". Philosophy of state action
<mask> believed that the state should foster and protect the social, political and economic environments in which individuals will have the best chance of acting according to their consciences. But the state must be careful when deciding which liberties to curtail and in which ways to curtail them. Over-enthusiastic or clumsy state intervention could easily close down opportunities for conscientious action thereby stifling the moral development of the individual. The state should intervene only where there is a clear, proven and strong tendency of a liberty to enslave the individual. Even when such a hazard had been identified, <mask> tended to favour action by the affected community itself rather than national state action itself—local councils and municipal authorities tended to produce measures that were more imaginative and better suited to the

masks: Green Green


title: T. H. Green

texts: daily reality of a social problem. Hence he favoured the "local option" where local people decided on the issuing of liquor licences in their area, through their town councils.<mask> stressed the need for specific solutions to be tailored to fit specific problems. He stressed that there are no eternal solutions, no timeless division of responsibilities between national and local governmental units. The distribution of responsibilities should be guided by the imperative to enable as many individuals as possible to exercise their conscientious wills in particular contingent circumstances, as only in this way was it possible to foster individual self-realisation in the long-run. Deciding on the distribution of responsibilities was more a matter for practical politics than for ethical or political philosophy. Experience may show that the local and municipal levels are unable to control the harmful influences of, say, the brewery industry. When it did show this, the national state should take responsibility for this area of public policy. <mask> argued that the ultimate power to decide on the allocation of such tasks should rest with the national state (in Britain, for instance, embodied in Parliament).The national state itself is legitimate for <mask> to the extent that it upholds a system of rights and obligations that is most likely to foster individual self-realisation. Yet, the most appropriate structure of this system is determined neither by purely political calculation nor by philosophical speculation. It is more accurate to say that it arose from the underlying conceptual and normative structure of one's particular society. Influence of

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title: T. H. Green

texts:
 <mask>'s thought
<mask>'s teaching was, directly and indirectly, the most potent philosophical influence in England during the last quarter of the 19th century, while his enthusiasm for a common citizenship, and his personal example in practical municipal life, inspired much of the effort made in the years succeeding his death to bring the universities more into touch with the people, and to break down the rigour of class distinctions. His ideas spread to the University of St Andrews through the influence of David George Ritchie, a former student of his, who eventually helped found the Aristotelian Society. John Dewey wrote a number of early essays on <mask>'s thought, including Self-Realization as the Moral Ideal. <mask> was directly cited by many social liberal politicians, such as <mask> and H. H. Asquith, as an influence on their thought.It is no coincidence that these politicians were educated at Balliol College, Oxford. <mask> called for <mask>'s work to be applied to the problems of 21st century Britain. Works and commentary
<mask>'s most important treatise—the Prolegomena to Ethics, practically complete in manuscript at his death—was published in the year following, under the editorship of A. C. Bradley (4th ed., 1899). Shortly afterwards, R. L. Nettleship's standard edition of his Works (exclusive of the Prolegomena) appeared in three volumes:

 Reprints of <mask>'s criticism of <mask>, Spencer, G. H. Lewes
 Lectures on Kant, on Logic, on the Principles of Political Obligation
 Miscellanies, preceded by a full Memoir by the Editor. All three volumes are available for download at Internet Archive

The Principles of Political

masks:
Green
Green
Green
Green
Herbert Samuel
Roy Hattersley
Green
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Hume


title: T. H. Green

texts:
 Obligation was afterwards published in separate form. A criticism of Neo-Hegelianism will be found in Andrew Seth (Pringle Pattison), Hegelianism and Personality (1887). Hume and Locke, Apollo Editions, 425 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016, 1968 (Reprint of Thomas Y. Crowell Company edition).Contains <mask>'s "Introductions to <mask>'s Treatise of Human Nature" and also <mask>'s "Introduction to the Moral Part of <mask>'s Treatise"

See also
 Consent of the governed
 Liberalism in the United Kingdom

References

Further reading
 Articles in Mind (January and April 1884) by A. J. Balfour and <mask>
 In the Academy (xxviii. 242 and xxv. 297) by S. Alexander
 David George Ritchie, The Principles of State Interference (London, 1891)
 W. H. Fairbrother, Philosophy of <mask>. <mask> (London and New York, 1896)
 S. S. Laurie The Metaphysics of T H <mask> an article in the Philosophical Review (Volume vi, March 1897) pages 113 to 131
 <mask>, Lectures on the ethics of <mask>. <mask>, Mr. <mask>, and J. Martineau (London, 1902)
 <mask>, Lectures on the Philosophy of Kant (London, 1905)
 A. W. Benn, The History of English Rationalism in the Nineteenth Century (1906), volume ii, pp. 401 foll. H. Sturt, Idola theatri, a criticism of Oxford thought and thinkers from the standpoint of personal idealism, 1906.J. H. Muirhead, The Service of the State: Four Lectures on the Political Teaching of T. H<mask> (1908)
W. D. Lamont, Introduction to <mask>'s moral philosophy, 1934. J. Pucelle, La nature et l'esprit dans la philosophie de <mask><mask>; la renaissance de l'idéalisme en Angleterre au 19e siècle, 1960. M. Freeden (1978) The New Liberalism: An

masks:
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Hume
Henry Sidgwick
T H
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Henry Sidgwick
T H
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Herbert Spencer
Henry Sidgwick
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. Green


title: T. H. Green

texts: ideology of Social Reform, Oxford, Clarendon Press. I.M<mask> (1981) <mask>-<mask> and the Development of Liberal-Democratic Thought, University of Toronto Press. <mask> (1988) The Moral Philosophy of T. H<mask> (Oxford and New York).Avital Simhony (1993) "<mask>. <mask>: the common good society", History of Political Thought 14(2):225–247. David O. Brink (2003) Perfectionism and the Common Good: Themes in the Philosophy of T. H<mask>, Oxford: Clarendon

masks:
. Greengarten
Thomas Hill
Green
Geoffrey Thomas
. Green
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title: Kathryn Tucker

texts: <mask> (born 1959) is an American attorney and the executive director of the End of Life Liberty Project, which she founded during her tenure as executive director of  the Disability Rights Legal Center. She graduated from Georgetown University Law Center in 1985 and Hampshire College in 1981. <mask> has been an adjunct law professor at Lewis and Clark School of Law, Seattle University  the University of Washington, Loyola/LA and Hastings. Beginning in 1990, while an attorney at the Seattle firm of Perkins Coie, she did pro bono work for Washington Citizens for Death with Dignity, which led her into the movement to expand end of life liberty. As legal director of Compassion & Choices in 1997 <mask> argued Washington v. Glucksberg before the U.S. Supreme Court, seeking to establish a federal constitutional right to choose aid in dying; the Court referred the issue to the states. The Glucksberg case is widely recognized as prompting widespread effort to improve end of life care. <mask> successfully defended the Oregon Death with Dignity Act from attacks from the federal legislature and the U.S. Department of Justice.She represented terminally ill Oregonians challenging the law by former United States Attorneys General John Ashcroft and Alberto Gonzales, in Oregon v. Gonzales. The Oregon law was upheld by the United States Supreme Court. <mask> was a lead author of a California law requiring pain management education for physicians, which passed in 2001. <mask> defends physicians who face prosecution for adequate pain management. She has published numerous articles on end-of-life issues in law, medicine and health policy journals.

masks:
Kathryn Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker


title: Charles Francis Adams Sr.

texts:
<mask>. (August 18, 1807 – November 21, 1886) was an American historical editor, writer, politician, and diplomat. He was a son of President <mask>, and grandson of President <mask>, about whom he wrote a major biography. He had two daughters and five sons, including <mask> II, <mask>., <mask>, and <mask>. <mask> served two terms in the Massachusetts State Senate before running unsuccessfully as vice-presidential candidate for the Free Soil Party in the election of 1848 on a ticket with former president Martin Van Buren. During the Civil War, <mask> served as the United States Minister to the United Kingdom under Abraham Lincoln, where he played a key role in keeping the British government neutral and not diplomatically recognizing the Confederacy. <mask> became an overseer of Harvard University and built Adams National Historical Park, a library in Quincy, Massachusetts honoring his father. Early life
<mask> was born in Boston on August 18, 1807, and he was one of three sons and a daughter born to <mask> (1767–1848) and Louisa Catherine Johnson (1775–1852).His older brothers were George Washington <mask> (1801–1829) and <mask> II (1803–1834). His sister, Louisa, was born in 1811 but died in 1812 while the family was in Russia. He attended Boston Latin School and Harvard College, where he graduated in 1825. He then studied law with Daniel Webster, attained admission to the bar, and practiced in Boston. He wrote numerous reviews of works about American and British history for the North American Review. During the presidency of John Quincy <mask> (1825–1829), <mask> and his brothers John and George were all rivals for the same woman, their cousin Mary Catherine Hellen, who lived with the <mask> family after the death of her parents. In 1828, John married Mary in a White House ceremony, and both <mask> and George declined to attend.Career

In 1840, <mask> was elected to three one-year terms in the Massachusetts House of Representatives and he served in the Massachusetts Senate

masks:
Charles Francis Adams Sr
John Quincy Adams
John Adams
John Quincy Adams
Charles Francis Adams Jr
Henry Adams
Brooks Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
John Quincy Adams
Adams
John Adams
Adams
Charles
Adams
Charles
Adams


title: Charles Francis Adams Sr.

texts:
 from 1843 to 1845. In 1846, he purchased and became editor of the Boston Whig newspaper. In 1848, he was the unsuccessful nominee of the Free Soil Party for Vice President of the United States, running on a ticket with former president Martin Van Buren as the presidential nominee. From the 1840s, <mask> became one of the finest historical editors of his era. He developed his expertise in part because of the example of his father, who in 1829 had turned from politics (after his defeated bid for a second presidential term in 1828) to history and biography. John Quincy <mask> began a biography of his father, <mask>, but wrote only a few chapters before resuming his political career in 1830 with his election to the U.S. House of Representatives. The younger <mask>, fresh from his edition of the letters of his grandmother <mask>, Letters of Mrs. <mask>, the Wife of <mask> (1840), took up the project that his father had left uncompleted and between 1850 and 1856, turned out not just the two volumes of the biography but eight further volumes presenting editions of <mask>'s Diary and Autobiography, his major political writings, and a selection of letters and speeches.The edition, titled The Works of <mask>, Esq., Second President of the United States, was the only edition of <mask>'s writings until the family donated the cache of <mask> papers to the Massachusetts Historical Society in 1854 and authorized the creation of the Adams Papers project; the modern project had published accurate scholarly editions of <mask>'s diary and autobiography, several volumes of <mask> family correspondence, two volumes on the portraits of John and <mask> and John Quincy and Louisa Catherine <mask>, and the early years of the diary of <mask> <mask>, who published a revised edition of the biography in 1871. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1857. Congressman and diplomat
As a Republican, <mask> was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1858,

masks:
Adams
Adams
John Adams
Adams
Abigail Adams
Adams
John Adams
John Adams
John Adams
John Adams
Adams
John Adams
Adams
Abigail Adams
Adams
Charles Francis
Adams
Adams


title: Charles Francis Adams Sr.

texts: where he chaired the Committee on Manufactures. He was re-elected in 1860, but resigned to become U.S. minister (ambassador) to the Court of St James's (Britain), a post previously held by his father and grandfather, from 1861 to 1868. Powerful Massachusetts Senator <mask> had wanted the position and so became alienated from <mask>. Britain had already recognized Confederate belligerency, but <mask> was instrumental in maintaining British neutrality and preventing British diplomatic recognition of the Confederacy during the American Civil War. Part of his duties included correspondence with British civilians including Karl Marx and the International Workingmen's Association.<mask> and his son, <mask>, who acted as his private secretary, also were kept busy monitoring Confederate diplomatic intrigues and the construction of rebel commerce raiders by British shipyards (like hull N°290, launched as  Enrica from Liverpool but was soon transformed near the Azores Islands into sloop-of-war CSS Alabama). His main success as a diplomat was keeping Britain neutral. He helped resolve the Trent Affair in 1861, in which an American naval officer violated British rights, with the help of Lincoln. With American blockade of the Confederacy growing increasingly successful, very little cotton now reached Europe except through Union channels. A strong element in Britain, including Chancellor of the Exchequer William Gladstone, wanted to intervene to help the Confederacy. <mask> warned that meant war with the United States, as well as the cutting off American food exports, which comprised about a fourth of the British food supply. The American Navy, increasingly strong, would try to sink British shipping.The British government pulled back from talk of war when the Confederate invasion of the North was defeated at Antietam, and Lincoln announced that he would issue the Emancipation Proclamation. <mask> and his staff collected details on the shipbuilding issue, showing how warships built for

masks:
Charles Sumner
Adams
Adams
Adams
Henry Adams
Adams
Adams


title: Charles Francis Adams Sr.

texts:
 the Confederacy caused widespread damage to the American merchant marine. The evidence became the basis of the postwar Alabama Claims. The claims went to arbitration, with <mask> in charge of the American side. The British in 1872 agreed to pay $15 million in damages. Later life
Back in Boston, <mask> declined the presidency of Harvard University, but became one of its overseers in 1869. In 1870 he built the first presidential library in the United States to honor his father John Quincy <mask>.The Stone Library includes over 14,000 books written in twelve languages. The library is located on the property of the "Old House" (also known as "Peacefield") at Adams National Historical Park in Quincy, Massachusetts. In 1876 <mask> ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Massachusetts. During the 1876 electoral college controversy, <mask> sided with Democrat Samuel J. Tilden over Republican Rutherford B. Hayes for the White House. Personal life

On September 3, 1829, he married Abigail Brown Brooks (1808–1889), whose father was shipping magnate Peter Chardon Brooks (1767–1849). She had two sisters, Charlotte, who was married to Edward Everett, a Massachusetts politician, and Ann, who was married to Nathaniel Frothingham, a Unitarian minister. Together, they were the parents of:

 Louisa Catherine <mask> (1831–1870), who married <mask>hn
 John Quincy <mask> II (1833–1894)
 <mask> <mask>. (1835–1915)
 Henry Brooks <mask> (1838–1918)
 Arthur George <mask> (1841–1846), who died young
 Mary Gardiner <mask> (1845–1928), who married Dr. Henry Parker Quincy
 Peter Chardon <mask> (1848–1927)

<mask> died in Boston on November 21, 1886, and was interred in Mount Wollaston Cemetery, Quincy.He was the last surviving child of John Quincy <mask>. His wife Abigail's "health and spirits" worsened after her husband's death, and she died at Peacefield on June 6, 1889. References
Notes

Sources
 <mask>, Jr., <mask>, <mask> <mask>, Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1900. Butterfield, L.

masks:
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Charles Ku
Adams
Charles Francis
Adams Jr
Adams
Adams
Adams
Brooks Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Charles Francis
Charles Francis
Adams


title: Charles Francis Adams Sr.

texts:
 H. et al., eds., The Adams Papers (1961– ). Multivolume letterpress edition of all letters to and from major members of the <mask> family, plus their diaries; still incomplete. Donald, Aida Dipace and Donald, David Herbert, eds., Diary of <mask> <mask> (2 vols.). Harvard University Press, 1964.Duberman, Martin. <mask> <mask>, 1807–1886. Stanford University Press, 1968. Egerton, Douglas R. Heirs of an Honored Name: The Decline of the <mask> Family and the Rise of Modern America. Basic Books, 2019. External links

 Appleton's Biography edited by Stanley L. Klos

 <mask> <mask>, Sr. Civil War era diaries Digital Edition
 Nagel, Paul. Descent from Glory: Four Generations of the <mask> Family.Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999. Texas and the Massachusetts Resolutions, by <mask> <mask>, published 1844, hosted by the Portal to Texas History
 Selected diplomatic Letters of the Lincoln administration at Ford's Theatre site, including several to or from Adams
Mount Wollaston Cemetery Tour (includes grave image)

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1807 births
1886 deaths
19th-century American diplomats
19th-century American politicians
<mask>, <mask> I
Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom
Children of presidents of the United States
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
American people of English descent
Harvard College alumni
Lawyers from Boston
Massachusetts Free Soilers
Massachusetts lawyers
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Massachusetts Whigs
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
Politicians from Boston
Politicians from Quincy, Massachusetts
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
1848 United States vice-presidential candidates
1872 United States vice-presidential candidates
People from Beacon Hill, Boston
Thomas Johnson

masks:
Adams
Charles Francis
Adams
Charles Francis
Adams
Adams
Charles Francis
Adams
John Adams
Charles Francis
Adams
Adams
Charles Francis


title: Reg Lindsay

texts:
<mask>AM (7 July 1929 – 5 August 2008) was an Australian country music singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, producer and radio and television personality. He won three Golden Guitar Awards and wrote more than 500 songs in his 50-year music career. <mask> recorded over 65 albums and 250 singles. <mask> made his first trip to Nashville in June 1968 and recorded his first Nashville EP on this historic trip. <mask>'s most popular cross-over hit was a cover version, "Armstrong" (March 1971), which reached No. 6 on the Go-Set National Top 60. It was written and originally performed by the American folk musician John Stewart as a tribute to Neil Armstrong's lunar landing in 1969.Early years

<mask> was born  in  Waverley, New South Wales in 1929, his parents were Jim and <mask>. He was two years of age when his father gave him a harmonica which he quickly mastered. His father taught him to play, "The Wheel on the Wagon Is Broke", on harmonica by the age of four. He subsequently learned the banjo, mandolin, guitar and fiddle. After Sydney he grew up in Parkes and then Adelaide. His aunt Anne gave him a guitar when he was 15. After leaving school (Adelaide, South Australia) he initially worked for the Department of Agriculture and studied wool classing.As a teenager his career ambition was to become a stockman and learned how to shear sheep. Later he reflected, "The outback has always been romantic to me. People of that ilk have always been romantic. We have the longest cattle drives in the world,

masks:
Reginald John Lindsay O
Lindsay
Reg
Lindsay
Lindsay
Ellen Lindsay


title: Reg Lindsay

texts:
 you know. I was scheduled to go into a reservation in the north-west of South Australia, but I ended up as a jackeroo in Broken Hill instead." Around 1946 <mask> started singing around the Adelaide area with a mate Dave Burchell. As a 'Hillbilly' duo, they entertained over radio, swimming carnivals, and other events in the area.In 1948 <mask> and Dave auditioned for Dick Fairs Amateur Hour. They had also recorded a couple songs which were never released. After he twisted his leg in a rodeo accident, he recuperated at his parents' home in Adelaide for several weeks in 1950. He was listening to country music on 2SM with Tim McNamara promoting a radio talent quest. In November 1950 <mask> travelled to Sydney via a motorcycle to compete, in the following year, which launched his career as a singer-songwriter. Radio shows and recording

<mask> was a performer in the 2KY radio show, On the Melody Trail, from September 1951, alongside, "Joy McKean and Heather McKean, Australia's Melody Cowgirls, Slim Dusty, Gordon Parsons and other hillbilly artists." The McKean Sisters were a country music duo of Joy McKean and her younger sister Heather, who had presented the show since 1949.Heather married <mask> in February 1954, while Joy had married Slim Dusty in 1951. <mask> was signed to Rodeo Records in 1951, which issued his early material. His singles with that label include, "Blue Velvet Band", "My Home Way Out Back" (written by <mask>), "Sundowner Yodel", "If You've Got the Money, I've Got the Time", "By

masks:
Reg
Reg
Lindsay
Reg Lindsay
Reg Lindsay
Lindsay
Lindsay


title: Reg Lindsay

texts:
 the Old Slip Rail", "Sweeter than Flowers", "Shackles and Chains", "My Blue-Eyed Jane" (all before 1955), "I Love You a Thousand Ways", "Country Mile", "I'll Never Live It Down", Got Those Itchy Feet", "In the Luggage Van Ahead" (all five in 1954). Radio station 2CH had him present, The <mask> Show, in 1951 to showcase his own country music. Late in that year he and his show moved over to rival station, 2SM, where it continued for 12 years. His singles from the late 1950s on Columbia Records include, "Tom Dooley", "The Walkabout Rock and Roll" (both 1958), "The Ghost of Tom Dooley", "Don't Steal Daddy's Medal", "The Wog", "Where No One Stands Alone" (both 1959), "The Caribbean" and "The House Down Willow Lane". AllMusic's Jason Ankeny observed, "despite his public recognition and relentless touring schedule, success as a performer continued to elude him."Radio, touring and television

<mask>'s first tour came about in January 1955 when he was chosen as the headliner for the Wilf Carter tour. About two weeks in the tour Wilf Carter fell ill and had to return to the US, and <mask> continued the tour as 'The <mask> Show'. <mask> continued issuing singles and presenting a radio show into the early 1960s. He also headed a touring line-up for The <mask> Show, which in February 1960 included Heather, "Kevin King, Jacqueline Hall, Nev Nicholls, Hayseeds, Fred Maugher and comedian George Nichols." In 1964 he returned to Adelaide where he hosted a local TV show, The Country and Western Hour, which ran for

masks:
Reg Lindsay
Reg Lindsay
Reg
Reg Lindsay
Reg Lindsay
Reg Lindsay


title: Reg Lindsay

texts:
 seven-and-a-half years, until 1972. It won two state-based Logie Awards for South Australia's Most Popular show in 1964 and 1965. By 1966 the show was broadcast throughout Australia with <mask>, as host, flying in from Sydney to Adelaide each week.In that year he issued a single, "They Gotta Quit Kickin' My Dog Around". He travelled to the United States in 1968, to record material for his TV show, while there he was asked to appear on the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville. He was so successful in this debut he was invited back for the ultimate encore, the Saturday night show. <mask> was the first Australian ever to do so and was the first of many Grand Ole Opry appearances.<

Upon return to Sydney in 1968, with his wife Heather, he established a business, <mask>'s Country Store, to sell "records, clothing and musical instruments." Heather described, "It's surprising how many of the young people like to wear this gear-particularly the hand-carved leatherwork. The young surfies like the fringed jackets-they're fantastic sellers-and the girls go for the cotton jackets to wear over bathers to the beach." A second store soon followed, both were sold off ten years later.Later career

<mask> was best known for his single, "Armstrong" (March 1971), a tribute to the historic 1969 moon landing by American astronauts, particularly Neil Armstrong. It peaked at No. 6 on the Go-Set National Top 60 and remained in the charts for 16 weeks. It is included in a time capsule at the Johnson Space Center in Houston,

masks:
Lindsay
Reg
Reg Lindsay
Reg Lindsay


title: Reg Lindsay

texts:
 Texas. The song is written and was recorded by John Stewart, an ex-member of the Kingston Trio. It is <mask>'s first major hit, reaching No. 8 on the Australian Singles Chart in 1971.His other popular singles from the 1970s are "July You're a Woman" (1973), "Silence on the Line" (1977) and "Empty Arms Hotel" 1979). In January 1974 he won a Golden Guitar trophy at the Country Music Awards of Australia for Best Male Vocal with "July You're a Woman". He won the same category in 1978 for "Silence on the Line". A third trophy for "Empty Arms Hotel" was awarded in that category in 1980. The Country and Western Hour had finished in 1972 and was followed in late 1977 by his own TV program, <mask>'s Country Homestead, on Brisbane's channel 9, which ran for four years until 1982. <mask>'s Country Homestead also won two state-based Logie Awards for Queensland's Most Popular Show in 1978 and 1979. <mask> supported charities and appeared on TV telethons to raise money for various community organizations.Some of his performances were issued on a DVD video album, <mask> : live across Australia 1979-1994, in 2015 via Umbrella Entertainment. In a music career of over 50 years he wrote more than 500 songs and hosted various TV shows. He recorded over 65 albums and 250 singles. Personal life

<mask> was married twice. His first marriage was to Heather McKean (born 1932) on 13 February 1954 in Granville. McKean's older sister Joy McKean had married fellow country musician, Slim Dusty in 1951; that couple are the

masks:
Lindsay
Reg Lindsay
Reg Lindsay
Lindsay
Reg Lindsay
Lindsay


title: Reg Lindsay

texts: parents of another country musician, Anne Kirkpatrick. The McKean Sisters were a country music duo from 1948.Heather continued performing under her maiden name during their marriage. In May 1969 <mask> and Heather opened <mask>'s Country Store and Trading Post to sell Western gear. They separated in 1982 and Heather resumed her solo career as well as working with Joy as the McKean Sisters. <mask> married his second wife, Roslyn née Winfield (born 1959), a rodeo champion, on October 12, 1988 at Brampton Island – they first met in 1984 at the Warwick Rodeo, Queensland where the 24 year old was competing in the National Finals. Dave Dawson described Roslyn, "glamorous former barrel racer, steer roper and country chanteuse." His son-in-law, Ross Smith, was one of six victims of Malcolm Baker, a spree killer, in October 1992, the murders are referred to as the Central Coast massacre. In January 1995 he had a brain hemorrhage and in the following month he underwent surgery to remove the related brain aneurysm.He had a heart attack in January 1996 and had triple bypass surgery. A series of strokes followed, Roslyn observed, "He had lots of seizures, and it was very, very tough for him for many years, trying to get those seizures under control." From 2003 he was under 24-hour care at John Hunter Hospital in Newcastle, New South Wales. <mask> died of pneumonia on 5 August 2008 in Newcastle, aged 79. Coincidentally, this date is the birthday of Neil Armstrong. <mask> is survived by his wife Roslyn; his

masks:
Lindsay
Reg Lindsay
Reg
Reg Lindsay
Lindsay


title: Reg Lindsay

texts:
 three daughters from his first marriage, Dianne, Sandra and Joanne; and his grandchildren. His daughter, Dianne <mask> is also a country music singer-songwriter – she won Best Female Vocal at the Australian Country Music People's Choice Awards in Tamworth in January 2017.March 2015, the <mask> statue was unveiled at East Cessnock Bowling Club. In 2019 the first <mask> DVD was released titled 'Country All The Way' and in January 2021, Roslyn <mask> released the first ever <mask> pictorial book 'Setting The Pace' a collection of photos throughout his career with rare photos including McKean Sisters, Slim Dusty, Kenny Sole, Judy Stone, Chad Morgan, Buddy Williams, Lily Connors and many others. The DVD, CDs and Book are available at the <mask> official website

On 21 January 2021 Roslyn with the Federal Member for New England Barnaby Joyce and selected guests officially opened The Reg <mask> Memory Barn at Spring Ridge, south of Tamworth, in honor of her late husband. The Reg Lindsay Memory Barn, which is full of <mask>'s personal and career's memorabilia spanning 60 years, was expected to be officially opened in 2020 but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. DVDs and Books

 DVD - 'Country All The Way' (2019)
 Pictorial Book - 'Setting The Pace' (2021)

Discography

 Secrets of Life
 20 Golden Country Greats
 Ten Ten Two and a Quarter
 No Slowin' Down
 40th Anniversary Album
 The Roundup - 50th Anniversary Collection
 The Rodeo Years
The Best of <mask>
If You Could See Me Now
 Down by the Old

masks:
Lindsay
Reg Lindsay
Reg Lindsay
Lindsay
Reg Lindsay
Reg Lindsay
Lindsay
Reg
Reg Lindsay


title: Reg Lindsay

texts:
 Slip-Rail
 Reasons To Rise
No Stone Unturned
Armstrong (Digitally Remastered)

Charting singles

Awards and Honours
<mask> became the first Australian to appear at Nashville's Grand Ole Opry in June 1968; he is officially recognized with a plaque on Nashville's Walkway of Stars. He performed "A Man Named Armstrong". "Memories and Dreams" by Dianne <mask>, part 1, part 2, part 3 archived from the originals in November–December 2008 at her official website.Accessed on 2 January 2018. 1929 births
2008 deaths
20th-century guitarists
Australian country guitarists
Australian country singers
Deaths from pneumonia in New South Wales
Australian male guitarists
People from New South Wales
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
20th-century Australian male

masks:
Reg Lindsay
Lindsay


title: Vesna Vulović

texts:
<mask> (, ; 3 January 1950  23 December 2016) was a Serbian flight attendant who holds the Guinness world record for surviving the highest fall without a parachute: . She was the sole survivor after a briefcase bomb exploded in the baggage compartment of JAT Flight 367 on 26 January 1972, causing it to crash near Srbská Kamenice, Czechoslovakia. The Yugoslav authorities suspected that Croatian nationalists were to blame, but no one was ever arrested. Following the bombing, Vulović spent days in a coma and was hospitalised for several months. She suffered a fractured skull, three broken vertebrae, broken legs, broken ribs, and a fractured pelvis. These injuries resulted in her being temporarily paralyzed from the waist down. She made an almost complete recovery but continued to walk with a limp.Vulović had no memory of the incident and had no qualms about flying in the aftermath of the crash. Despite her willingness to resume work as a flight attendant, Jat Airways (JAT)  gave her a desk job negotiating freight contracts, feeling her presence on flights would attract too much publicity. Vulović became a celebrity in Yugoslavia and was deemed a national hero. She was fired from JAT in the early 1990s after taking part in anti-government protests during the breakup of Yugoslavia, but avoided arrest as the government was concerned about the negative publicity that her imprisonment would bring. She continued her work as a pro-democracy activist until the Socialist Party of Serbia was ousted from power during the Bulldozer Revolution of October 2000. Vulović later campaigned on behalf of the Democratic Party, advocating for Serbia's entry into the European Union. Her final years were spent in seclusion and she struggled with survivor guilt.Having divorced, she lived alone in her Belgrade apartment on a small pension until her death in 2016. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in

masks:
Vesna Vulović
Vesna
Vulović


title: Vesna Vulović

texts:
 Belgrade on 3 January 1950. Her father was a businessman and her mother was a fitness instructor. Driven by her love of the Beatles, Vulović travelled to the United Kingdom after completing her first year of university, hoping to improve her English-language skills. "I initially stayed with my parents' friends in Newbury," she recalled, "but wanted to move to London. It was there that I met up with a friend who suggested we go to Stockholm. When I told my parents I was living in the Swedish capital, they thought of the drugs and the sex and told me to come home at once."Upon returning to Belgrade, Vulović decided to become a flight attendant after seeing one of her friends in a flight attendant's uniform. "She looked so nice and had just been to London for the day," Vulović recalled. "I thought, 'Why shouldn't I be an air hostess? I could go to London once a month'." She joined JAT, Yugoslavia's national flag carrier and largest airline, in 1971. JAT Flight 367

The secondary crew of JAT Flight 367, flying from Stockholm to Belgrade with stopovers in Copenhagen and Zagreb, arrived in Denmark on the morning of 25 January 1972. According to Vulović, she was not scheduled to be on Flight 367, and JAT had confused her for another flight attendant also named <mask>.Nevertheless, Vulović said that she was excited to travel to Denmark because it was her first time visiting the country. The crew had the entire afternoon and the following morning to themselves. Vulović wished to go sightseeing but her colleagues insisted that they go shopping. "Everybody wanted to buy something for his or her family," she recalled. "So I had to go shopping with them. They seemed to know that they would die. They didn't talk about it, but I saw ...I felt for them. And the captain was locked in his room for 24 hours. He didn't want to go out at all. In the morning, during breakfast, the co-pilot


title: Vesna Vulović

texts:
 cabin depressurized and kept her heart from bursting on impact. Vulović said that she was aware of her low blood pressure before applying to become a flight attendant and knew that it would result in her failing her medical examination, but she drank an excessive amount of coffee beforehand and was accepted. Between 1962 and 1982, Croatian nationalists carried out 128 terror attacks against Yugoslav civilian and military targets. The Yugoslav authorities suspected that they were to blame for bringing down Flight 367. On the day of the crash, a bomb exploded aboard a train travelling from Vienna to Zagreb, injuring six. A man, describing himself as a Croatian nationalist, called the Swedish newspaper Kvällsposten the following day and claimed responsibility for the bombing of Flight 367.No arrests were ever made. The Czechoslovak Civil Aviation Authority later attributed the explosion to a briefcase bomb. Paralysis and recovery
Following the crash, <mask> spent days in a coma, having fractured her skull and then hemorrhaged. She also suffered two broken legs and three broken vertebrae, one of which was crushed completely. Her pelvis was fractured and several ribs broken. Her injuries resulted in her being temporarily paralyzed below the waist. She had total amnesia from the hour preceding her fall until one month afterwards.Vulović's parents told her that she first learned of the crash about two weeks after it occurred. She fainted upon being shown a newspaper headline by her doctor and had to be tranquilized. The last thing that Vulović could remember from before the crash was greeting passengers as they boarded. The next thing she remembered was seeing her parents in her hospital room about one month later. Vulović underwent treatment in a Prague hospital until 12 March 1972, after which she was flown to Belgrade. She was offered a hypnotic injection to help her sleep


title: Vesna Vulović

texts:
 during the flight back to Yugoslavia, but declined, explaining that she was not afraid of flying because she had no memory of the crash. In Belgrade, Vulović's hospital room was placed under 24-hour police protection because the authorities feared that the perpetrators of the bombing would wish to kill her.The guards changed shifts every six hours, and no one was allowed in to see her except for her parents and doctors. <mask>'s hospitalization lasted until June 1972, after which she travelled to Montenegro to recuperate at a seaside resort, where her doctors visited her every two or three days. Vulović underwent several operations to restore her movement. At first, she could only move her left leg, and one month thereafter, she was able to move her right. Vulović's parents had to sell both of their cars to pay for debts. Within ten months of her fall, Vulović had regained the ability to walk, but limped for the rest of her life, her spine permanently twisted. In total, she spent 16 months recuperating."Nobody ever expected me to live this long," she recounted in 2008. Vulović attributed her recovery to her "Serbian stubbornness" and "a childhood diet that included chocolate, spinach, and fish oil". Fame

In September 1972 Vulović expressed willingness to resume working as a flight attendant. The airline felt that her presence on flights would attract too much publicity and instead gave her a desk job negotiating freight contracts. In Yugoslavia, Vulović was celebrated as a national hero. Her reputation as a "Cold War heroine" also extended to the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries. After the crash, Vulović received a decoration from the President of Yugoslavia, Josip Broz Tito, and the Serbian folk singer Miroslav Ilić recorded a song titled "Vesna stjuardesa" ("Vesna the Stewardess").She was soon made an honorary citizen of Srbská Kamenice. Honke, the man who


title: Vesna Vulović

texts: found Vulović alive after the crash, had a granddaughter born six weeks after her fall. She was named <mask> in Vulović's honour. Vulović continued to fly regularly, stating that other passengers were surprised to see her on flights and wanted to sit next to her. Vulović's parents both died within a few years of the crash. In 1977, she married mechanical engineer Nikola Breka after a year of dating. Although she was advised by physicians that her injuries would not have an adverse effect on her reproductive function, Vulović experienced an ectopic pregnancy that nearly proved fatal and was never able to have children.In 1985, The Guinness Book of World Records recognized her as the world record holder for surviving the highest fall without a parachute: . Vulović was thus officially acknowledged as having surpassed the records of other fall survivors, such as Alan Magee, Juliane Koepcke, Nicholas Alkemade, and Ivan Chisov. She received the recognition at a London gala from musician Paul McCartney. In the early 1990s Vulović and her husband divorced. Vulović attributed the divorce to her chain smoking, which her husband disapproved of. Around the same time, Vulović was fired from JAT for speaking out against Serbian statesman Slobodan Milošević and taking part in anti-government protests. She avoided arrest because the government was concerned about the negative publicity that her imprisonment would bring.In response to her activism, pro-Milošević tabloids launched a smear campaign against her, claiming that Flight 367 had been shot down by a Czechoslovak surface-to-air missile and that she had fallen from a lesser height than previously believed. Vulović continued taking part in anti-government demonstrations throughout the 1990s. When Milošević and his Socialist Party of Serbia were ousted in the Bulldozer Revolution of October 2000, Vulović was among several celebrities


title: Vesna Vulović

texts:
 who took to the balcony of Belgrade's city hall to make victory addresses. She later campaigned on behalf of the Democratic Party and advocated for Serbia's entry into the European Union, which she believed would bring economic prosperity. Later life and death
Vulović told reporters that she did not think of her fall every day, but admitted to struggling with survivor's guilt. "Whenever I think of the accident, I have a prevailing, grave feeling of guilt for surviving it and I cry ... Then I think maybe I should not have survived at all." Vulović declined therapy to help cope with her experiences and instead turned to religion, becoming a devout Orthodox Christian.She stated that her ordeal had turned her into an optimist. "If you can survive what I survived," she said, "you can survive anything." In 2005, <mask>'s fall was recreated by the American television program MythBusters. In 2009, Peter Hornung-Andersen and Pavel Theiner, two Prague-based journalists, claimed that Flight 367 had been mistaken for an enemy aircraft and shot down by the Czechoslovak Air Force at an altitude of , far lower than the official altitude of . The two claimed that the Czechoslovak State Security had conjured up Vulović's record fall as part of a cover-up. They also hypothesized that the call received by the Kvällsposten, claiming responsibility for the aircraft's downing, was a hoax. The Czech Civil Aviation Authority dismissed the journalists' claim, calling it a conspiracy theory.Hornung-Andersen conceded that the pair's evidence was only circumstantial. Vulović said that she was aware of the journalists' claims, but stated that because she had no memory of the event, she could not confirm or deny the allegations. Guinness World Records continues to list her as the record-holder for surviving the highest fall without a parachute. In the last years of her life, Vulović lived on a


title: Aaron Tveit

texts:
<mask> (; born October 21, 1983) is an American actor and singer. Tveit originated the lead role of Christian in the stage adaptation of Moulin Rouge! on Broadway, a performance for which he won the 2020 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical and received a 2020 Grammy Award nomination. His other work on the Broadway stage includes originating the roles of Gabe in Next to Normal and Frank Abagnale Jr. in Catch Me If You Can, as well as performing the roles of Fiyero in Wicked and Link Larkin in Hairspray. Tveit has also portrayed several musical theatre roles on screen, such as Enjolras in the film adaptation of Les Misérables (2012), as well as Danny Zuko in Fox's Grease: Live (2016). Tveit is also known for his work in television, including the roles of Gareth Ritter on BrainDead, Tripp van der Bilt on Gossip Girl, Mike Warren on Graceland, and Danny Bailey in Schmigadoon!. Early life and education
Tveit was born in Middletown, Orange County, New York, to Posie and Stanley Tveit.His brother, Jon, is five years younger and a Catholic priest in the Archdiocese of New York. His surname is Norwegian. Tveit graduated from Middletown High School in 2001, where he was active both in chorus and sports, playing golf, soccer and basketball; he also performed in all four of his school's theater productions, including starring as Tony in their production of West Side Story. As a child, he played the violin and French horn. He turned down business school scholarships to major in vocal performance at Ithaca College, a decision his parents supported, before switching to musical theater after his first year because he missed acting and theater. Career

2003–2007: Early career and Broadway debut


title: Aaron Tveit

texts:
Tveit began his professional career in 2003 when he joined the national tour of Rent as Steve and the understudy for Roger/Mark. He was in his second year of studying at Ithaca College at the time; nine years later, in 2012, Tveit completed his college degree, when he was given college credit for his theatre roles.Following Rent, he returned to school briefly but left to play Link Larkin in the first national tour of Hairspray. He made his Broadway debut in this role in 2006. In the following two years, he performed in regional productions including as Matt in Barrington Stage Company's Calvin Berger in July 2007 and as D'Artagnan in a musical adaptation of The Three Musketeers which played at the North Shore Music Theatre from August to September 2007, before returning to the Broadway production of Hairspray. Tveit made his film debut in Ghost Town (2008), as a young anesthesiologist. 2008–2011: Next to Normal, Catch Me If You Can, and Gossip Girl

Next to Normal and Wicked
In 2007, Tveit originated the role of Gabe in the Off-Broadway production of the musical Next to Normal. The production ran from January 16 through March 16, 2008, at the Second Stage Theater. Tveit received a nomination for the Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Featured Actor for this role.In the interim time before the out-of-town production of Next to Normal, <mask> played Dean in the musical theatre adaptation of the film Saved!, which ran for a limited engagement at Playwrights Horizons in June 2008. Also in June 2008, <mask> took over the role of Fiyero in Wicked on Broadway. He left the show in November to reprise his role in the Arena Stage production of Next to Normal, for which he won the 2009 Helen

masks: Tveit Tveit


title: Aaron Tveit

texts:
 Hayes Award for Outstanding Supporting Performer in a Non-Resident Production. <mask> returned to Wicked as Fiyero in January 2009. However, he left once again on March 8, 2009, after only a couple of months, to join the Broadway production of Next to Normal, which began previews in March 2009 and officially opened on April 15. His performance as Gabe earned him the Clarence Derwent Award from the Actors' Equity Association. Tveit was included on AfterElton.com's 2009 list of the "37 Hottest Guys in Theater".Catch Me If You Can
Tveit left Next to Normal on June 6, 2009, to prepare for Catch Me If You Can, where he played Frank Abagnale Jr. The musical was performed at the 5th Avenue Theatre in Seattle from July 28 through August 16, 2009. Tveit returned to Next to Normal from September 7 through January 3, 2010. In August, he also starred in the Hollywood Bowl's production of Rent directed by Neil Patrick Harris, as Roger Davis. He took part in the MCC Theater Miscast Gala in 2009 and 2010. Tveit played Frank Abagnale Jr in the Broadway production of Catch Me If You Can, opening on April 10, 2011, and closing on September 4, 2011. For this role he was nominated for the Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical, the Drama League Award for Distinguished Performance, and the Fred Astaire Award for Best Male Dancer on Broadway.Gossip Girl and other screen acting work
During the Broadway production of Next to Normal, <mask> also had a recurring role in the CW series Gossip Girl as Tripp van der Bilt, the cousin of Nate Archibald. During this period, Tveit appeared in an episode of the television series Ugly Betty titled "All the World's a Stage" as Zachary Boule, Betty


title: Aaron Tveit

texts:
 Wilkes Booth. The production ran from November 21, 2014, to March 7, 2015.However, he had to leave the production on February 8, due to his working schedule. During this time he also began performing solo concerts and recorded his own album The Radio in My Head as well as the concept album for a new Broadway show An American Victory: A New Musical in January 2014 with Ashley Brown, Hugh Panaro, Ruthie Henshall, Alexander Gemignani, and many other Broadway stars. The cast recording was released more than two years later in April 2016. Additionally, he appeared in the film Big Sky which was released on August 14, 2015 and performed at the first Elsie Fest in New York that September. Grease and BrainDead
Following the end of Graceland, Tveit was cast in a variety of other television and film productions. In 2016, Tveit appeared as Danny Zuko in a live version of Grease that aired on Fox on January 31. He is featured on the soundtrack for Grease Live.He returned to the MCC Theater Miscast Gala in April 2016. <mask> then starred in Undrafted which was released on July 15. His next film Better Off Single was released in theaters and on demand on October 7. In October 2015, it was announced that <mask> would star in CBS's summer series BrainDead, which premiered on June 13, 2016. Following the cancellation of BrainDead after one season on October 17, 2016, Tveit had time to perform more concerts in 2017 and more screen roles including a reprisal of his role from The Good Wife on an episode of The Good Fight and a starring role in the independent film Created Equal which held screenings in early 2018. Tveit returned to Barrington Stage Company for their production of Company in the role of


title: Aaron Tveit

texts: Bobby, running from August 10 to September 10, 2017. He next had a role in the Patricia Clarkson-starring thriller Out of Blue, which premiered at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival.2018–present: Moulin Rouge! In November 2017, Tveit participated in a developmental lab for the stage adaptation of the 2001 movie Moulin Rouge!, cast in the role as Christian, the character originally created by Ewan McGregor. In April 2018, it was announced that <mask> would be reprising his role in the premiere engagement of Moulin Rouge! at Boston's Emerson Colonial Theatre. The musical's premiere was scheduled for June 27; however, delays pushed the start of performances to July 10, 2018. Between the Boston and Broadway productions of Moulin Rouge!, Tveit had a recurring role as the aspiring politician Matt Dobbins on the 2019 CBS show The Code. Tveit stars as Christian in the Broadway production of Moulin Rouge!at the Al Hirschfeld Theatre; previews began on June 28, 2019, and the production had its opening night on July 25. Tveit has been universally praised for his portrayal; New York Times theater critic Ben Brantley said that Christian was "a role [Tveit] was born to play" during the Boston run of the show and later said that his 'passionate and uncompromising' performance was his "best Broadway work to date". The production was put on hold, beginning on March 12, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and on March 23, Tveit became the first Broadway star to announce a positive COVID-19 test result. He was one of at least four cast members who contracted the virus. In October 2020, he was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical, one of the musical's


title: Aaron Tveit

texts:
 tracks
An American Victory (Studio Cast Recording) (Broadway Records, 2016); "Sons of Adventure"
 Moulin Rouge! The Musical (Original Broadway Cast Recording) (RCA, 2019); 13 tracks
 Hallmark Channel's Christmas Album, Vol. II (Crown Media/Warner Music Nashville, 2020); "Winter Wonderland" from One Royal Holiday
 Schmigadoon!(Apple TV+ Original Series Soundtrack) EPs (Milan Records, 2021)

Accolades

Film and television

Theatre

References

External links

 <mask> at Castalbums.org

1983 births
Living people
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male musical theatre actors
American male television actors
American people of Norwegian descent
Clarence Derwent Award winners
Ithaca College alumni
Male actors from New York (state)
People from Middletown, Orange County, New York
Singers from New York (state)
Tony Award


title: Armand Louis de Gontaut

texts:
<mask>, duc de Lauzun, later duc de Biron, and usually referred to by historians of the French Revolution simply as Biron (13 April 174731 December 1793) was a French soldier and politician, known for the part he played in the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary Wars. In 1773, he was Grand second warden of Grand Orient de France. Biography

Early life
Born in Paris to <mask>iron, duke de Biron and <mask>, marquis de Montferrand (8 October 1708 - 25 Octobre 1798) and his wife Antoinette-Eustachie née Crozat du Châtel (25 October 1727 – 16 April 1747), daughter of <mask>t (1691-1750), granddaughter of banker Antoine Crozat, the first proprietary owner of French Louisiana, from 1712 to 1717. <mask> bore the title of Duc <mask>n, which had passed, on the death of <mask>, duc de Lauzun (1633–1723), to his niece, the wife of <mask>ut, duc de Biron (1663–1756). In 1788, he succeeded to the duchy of Biron on the death of his uncle, <mask>ut, duc de Biron (1700–1788). On 4 February 1766 he married <mask> (5 May 1751 - guillotined on 27 June 1794), only daughter of Charles-<mask> (1731–1751) and <mask> (1732–1797). He lived apart from his wife, had no children (legitimate, at least), even though his wife was a young woman described as a paragon of gentle, virginal shyness; a combination of shrewdness and simplicity.Similarly the Duke was a popular companion and house guest. He served in the guards as early as 1761, and in 1767 made the expedition of Corsica as aid-de camp of <mask>in. On 29 June 1769, he was made chevalier of the order of Saint Louis. Traveling throughout Europe, engaging in idle frivolity, and - according to his Memoirs - various love affairs, he wasted his fortune, which in 1777 forced him to transfer his

masks: Mary Anne Philippine de Montmorency Logny


title: Armand Louis de Gontaut

texts:
 estates to <mask>, Prince of Guéméné (grand chamberlain and captain lieutenant of the gendarmes of the king's ordinary guard), upon the payment of an annuity of 80,000 livres. The prince, however, became bankrupt and the annuity was reduced more than half. Around that time he attracted attention by an essay on the military defenses of Great Britain and her colonies (État de défense d’Angleterre et de toutes ses possessions dans les quatres parties du monde), leading to his appointment to a command against the English in 1779, in which he had some success. That in turn lead to his being sent with some ships under the command of <mask>-<mask> Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil on an expedition to Senegal and other coast possessions of the English, <mask>uil capturing Senegal in January 1779, shortly before sailing to North America in aid of Rochambeau in 1780.Though the fortress at Cape Blanc he seized on 30 January 1779 was recaptured directly after his departure during the same year, <mask> was awarded the Grand Cross of St. Louis in 1789, whereas Lauzun received the title of colonel of hussars, and became  colonel of a foreign regiment named after him. Appointed brigadier on the first of March, 1780, Lauzun decided to take part in the War of American Independence. American Revolution service
Following his appointment to a command against the British in 1779, commanding the troops that captured Fort St Louis, in Senegal, from the British, Lauzun raised an army of volunteer hussars and infantry, subsequently known as Lauzun's Legion, for service in North America. He arrived with 600 of his men in Rhode Island; the remainder were in France, prevented from leaving. Despite having only a portion of his force, he engaged in several active

masks:
Henri Louis
Louis
Philippe de
de Vdre
de Vaudreuil


title: Armand Louis de Gontaut

texts: skirmishes, including one near Gloucester, Virginia on 4 October 1781. In 1781, he took an important part in the American War of Independence by being the advance party of the main French army of Rochambeau sent to reinforce General George Washington at the Siege of Yorktown in 1781. Lauzun's Legion left their winter quarters in Lebanon, Connecticut on 9 June 1781 and marched south through Connecticut known as the Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary Route.Their main function was to be an advance party but also to remain ten to fifteen miles south of the main army to protect the flank against any British located in the many Tory towns in lower Fairfield County. While in Connecticut, the French made camps in Middletown, Wallingford, North Haven, Ripton and North Stratford. They arrived at North Stratford, now Nichols on 28 June and stayed for two days. From the hilltop in North Stratford, now Abraham Nichols Park, one could easily see for seventy miles past Long Island Sound to New York and beyond. The French used this time to conduct reconnaissance on British ships in New York harbor. De Lauzun received the order to sail for France on 11 March 1783. On 24 October 1781, after the Siege of Yorktown, Surveillante, under Villeneuve Cillart, brought Lauzun to France to bring the news of the victory.She arrived at Brest on 15 November. Lauzun had a hero's welcome and was made maréchal de camp. On the death of his uncle, <mask> <mask> <mask>iron, in 1788, he took the title of the duke <mask>iron. In 1789 he was returned as deputy to the States General by the noblesse of Quercy and attached himself to the revolutionary cause. He entered the party of the duke Philippe d'Orléans and later was accused of being the confidant and his secret agent. He

masks:
Louis Antoine
de Gontaut
de B
de B


title: Armand Louis de Gontaut

texts:
 intérieure et extérieure de l'Empire français et trahir les intérêts de la République en abusant de sa qualité"). Imprisoned in the Abbaye, sentenced to death by the Revolutionary Tribunal and guillotined.His wife, Amélie <mask>, was herself executed on 27 June 1794. Works
His Memoires, which come down to 1783, were published under his name in 1822 (and reprinted in a new edition of 1858), and letters were published in 1865, said to have been written by him in 1789 to friends in the country, describing the Estates-General. Legacy
 An American warship was named after <mask> <mask>ut: . P Street Bridge, a bridge over Rock Creek Park in Washington, D.C., was renamed Lauzun's Legion Bridge in 2006. The Duc <mask>zun, was portrayed in the book, Mistress of the Revolution by Catherine Delors. He also is portrayed as the main character in the play Fortuna by Marina Tsvetaeva. Notes, citations, and references
Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Hall, Charles S., Life and Letters of Samuel Holden Parsons, Ostenigo Publishing Co., Binghamton, NY, 1905

External links

Web site "of the Volontaires-ètrangers de Lauzun, also known as Lauzun’s Legion"
"The Duc de Lauzun and his Legion: Rochambeau's most troublesome, colorful soldiers," by Robert A. Selig

The USGenWeb Project, Fairfield County

1747 births
1793 deaths
Dukes of Lauzun
French essayists
French generals
French memoirists
French political writers
18th-century French politicians
18th-century peers of France
French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Writers from Paris
French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution
French people of the American Revolution
Dukes of Biron
French Freemasons
French male essayists
Names inscribed under the Arc de

masks:
de Boufflers
Armand Louis
de Gonta
de Lau


title: Knuckles Nelson

texts:
Brendan Higgins (born September 26, 1963), best known by his ring name <mask> is a retired American professional wrestler, promoter and trainer who wrestled throughout the North American independent circuit during the 1990s and 2000s. He competed in several regional promotions such as the Century Wrestling Alliance, the National Wrestling Alliance and the United States Wrestling Association. He also briefly appeared in World Championship Wrestling and the World Wrestling Federation as well as touring Japan as Super Destroyer between 1997 and 1999. He was a founding member of Tony Rumble's The Brotherhood, a "heel" stable which dominated NWA New England during the late 1990s, and which included Eric Sbraccia, Dukes Dalton and Rick Fuller. He and Sbraccia won the NWA World Tag Team Championship in 1998, and defended both the World and NWA New England titles with Sbraccia and other Brotherhood members in their home promotion for almost two years. Following Rumble's death, <mask> helped run NWA New England for a time and later became a full-time booker and promoter for Wrestling Star Wars until his retirement in 2003. As head of "The Combat Zone" wrestling school, he was involved in training several independent wrestlers, most notably, Yankee Pro Wrestling veteran "Big Gun" Jim Sergeant.Biography

Early life and career
Born in Providence, Rhode Island. As a child, he often watched wrestling on Fox 25 Boston and was a fan of both World Class Championship Wrestling and the Von Erich family as well as a reader of wrestling newsletters The Torch and The Observer. As a young man, he decided to try his luck in the business after reading an article in the Warwick Beacon of a retired professional wrestler starting a local independent promotion. He and a friend visited a trainer at the promotion's headquarters, then occupying a rundown warehouse in

masks:
Knuckles Nelson
Nelson


title: Knuckles Nelson

texts:
 Providence, and returned the following day to start their first training session. It was there that they met local independent wrestlers Bob Evans and Paul Lazon who invited them to their wrestling school in Freetown, Massachusetts. <mask> took them up on their offer and soon began training at the Freetown facility. It was there that he met Nick Steel and Brian Brieger who, in addition to Evans and Lazon, became his principal trainers.One of his earliest matches was against his former trainer Bob Evans whom he defeated at a show in New Bedford, Massachusetts. He eventually made his debut in 1994, under the name Tully McShane, and spent some time in Coastal Pro Wrestling before meeting Tony Rumble who would bring him into his emerging Boston promotion, the Century Wrestling Alliance. Century Wrestling Alliance (1995-1998)
<mask>'s first match in the CWA was under a mask and against Rumble himself. He suffered a bloody mouth during the match and Rumble ended up beating him with a Boston crab submission hold. Rumble paid him $100 and booked for three more shows beginning the start of his long career in the promotion. Rumble didn't like the "Tully McShane" name and began helping develop his later in-ring persona, <mask> <mask>. On February 4, 1995, <mask> made a one-time appearance in the United States Wrestling Association where he teamed with The Shadow against PG-13 (J.C. Ice & Wolfie D).PG-13, then feuding with Tommy Rich and Doug Gilbert over the USWA Tag Team Championship, were attacked by their rivals during the post-match interview. Back in the CWA, he was initially paired with Sonny C as The Cash Money Boys but split up and feuded with each other during 1996. A top contender to the CWA Heavyweight Championship during this time, he was unable to take the title from then champion Kevin Sullivan. He did, however, win the CWA Television

masks: Nelson Nelson Knuckles Nelson Nelson


title: Knuckles Nelson

texts:
 Championship from Vic Steamboat in Derry, New Hampshire on July 6, 1996. Earlier that year, he had also appeared on the 1st annual Eddie Gilbert Memorial Show in Cherry Hill, New Jersey defeating the Inferno Kid after hitting him with brass knuckles. He was also a regular on the promotion's television show, Mass Madness. On one occasion, during a match against a young Steve Bradley, <mask> attempted to use his brass knuckles but lost them to Bradley.The referee, seeing the foreign object, immediately disqualified Bradley giving <mask> the win. It was also on the show that he started teaming with Erich Sbraccia. On March 17, 1997, <mask> <mask> appeared on Monday Night Nitro alongside longtime independent star T. Rantula to take on Lex Luger & The Giant in Savannah, Georgia. He and his tag team partner lost the match when The Giant pinned <mask> with a chokeslam and, following the match, Luger put T. Rantula in the "Torture Rack". On May 18, he faced another WCW tag team, The Power Company (Dave & Dean Power), whom he and partner Tre lost to. At the end of the night, <mask> and Tre took part in a 10-man tag team match with Tony Rumble, Waldo and Rick Fuller to beat Vic Steamboat, El Mascarado, Baby Black and the Power Company. Holding the CWA Television Championship for over a year and a half, <mask> lost the title back to Steamboat in Brattleboro, Vermont on December 8, 1997.NWA New England (1998-1999)
On January 24, 1998, Knuckle <mask> appeared at a CWA fundraising event, billed as "Killer Kowalski Night" held at the high school in Ridgefield, CT. Along with Killer Kowalski in attendance, other high-profile stars included Tony Rumble, King Kong Bundy, Tito Santana, Devon Storm and Johnny Grunge. That same night, the CWA announced that it would be joining the National Wrestling Alliance and changed its name to NWA New England. That same

masks: Nelson Nelson Knuckles Nelson Nelson Nelson Nelson Nelson


title: Knuckles Nelson

texts: year, Rumble arraigned for <mask> to tour Japan as Super Destroyer with Barry Darsow and Wild Bill Irwin, Irwin having once been a mainstay of World Class Championship Wrestling. By early-1998, <mask> had formed a successful tag team with Erich Sbraccia as part of Tony Rumble's "heel" stable The Brotherhood. Two months before dropping the television title to Steamboat, they had won the CWA Tag Team Championship from The Extremists (Ace Darling & Devon Storm) and held the titles until the CWA became NWA New England. He and Sbraccia later represented NWA New England in an interpromotional match at the NWA 50th Anniversary Show where they faced NWA World Tag Team Champions The Border Patrol (Agent Gunn & Agent Maxx) from NWA All-Star Wrestling.This was a "Four Corners" match that included Team Extreme (Kit Carson & Khris Germany) from NWA Southwest and Barry Windham & Tully Blanchard, although Windham was later replaced with Dr. Tom Prichard. Together with manager Tony Rumble, The Brotherhood defeated The Border Patrol to win the titles. Although the NWA wanted <mask> and Sbraccia to tour the various NWA territories to defend the championship, Rumble fought to keep the titles in New England. Their run as the tag team champions is considered one of the high points in NWA New England's history. On February 18, 1999, <mask> <mask> also won the NWA New England Heavyweight Championship from Trooper Gilmore in Mansfield, Massachusetts. Early in their title reign, Sbraccia was injured and other members of the stable often substituted for him. The titles were held up on March 3, 1999, when <mask> and his partner were forced to miss a scheduled title defense in North Richland Hills, Texas due to heavy snow.Staying in NWA New England, he and Dukes Dalton defeated Jason Rage & Slyk Wagner Brown at a house show in Southbridge, Massachusetts several days

masks: Nelson Nelson Nelson Knuckles Nelson Nelson


title: Knuckles Nelson

texts:
 November 1999, he and Katz were chosen by his widow and co-owner Ellen Magliaro to take over running the promotion. Shortly thereafter, <mask> started his own promotion and Katz moved to Las Vegas to take over the morning drive show on that market's most successful talk radio station.After that,
he and Katz were replaced by Jason Delgatta. Delgatta portrayed Tony Rumble's kayfabe son, "Boston Bad Boy" Jason Rumble who would remain the top star in the promotion. Wrestling Star Wars and retirement (1999-2003)
<mask> founded Wrestling Star Wars, a regional promotion based in Salisbury Beach, Massachusetts, which he initially started in memory of Tony Rumble feeling it was his duty "to continue his work". On October 11, 2003, <mask> retired from the business in favor of spending more time with his family. In August 2009, he gave an interview with longtime NWA commentator Brian Webster discussing his post-wrestling career and the current state of wrestling. Championships and accomplishments
Century Wrestling Alliance
CWA Television Championship (1 time)
CWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Eric Sbraccia

National Wrestling Alliance
NWA World Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Erich Sbraccia, Dukes Dalton and Rick Fuller

NWA New England
NWA New England Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA New England Television Championship (1 time)
NWA New England Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Dukes Dalton
New England Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2014
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him #255 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 1996. References

Further reading
Lister, John.Slamthology: Collected Wrestling Writings 1991-2004. Adlibbed Ltd., 2005. External links

<mask> <mask> on Myspace

CageMatch.de - <mask> <mask>
GenickBruch.com - <mask> <mask>

1963 births
Living people
American male professional

masks: Nelson Nelson Nelson Knuckles Nelson Knuckles Nelson Knuckles Nelson


title: Nancy Cunard

texts:
<mask> (10 March 1896 – 17 March 1965) was a British writer, heiress and political activist. She was born into the British upper class, and devoted much of her life to fighting racism and fascism. She became a muse to some of the 20th century's most distinguished writers and artists, including Wyndham Lewis, Aldous Huxley, Tristan Tzara, Ezra Pound and Louis Aragon—who were among her lovers—as well as Ernest Hemingway, James Joyce, Constantin Brâncuși, Langston Hughes, Man Ray and William Carlos Williams. MI5 documents reveal that she was involved with Indian socialist leader VK Krishna Menon. In later years she suffered from mental illness, and her physical health deteriorated. When she died in the Hôpital Cochin, Paris, she weighed only 26 kg (57 pounds). 1910s
Her father was Sir <mask>, an heir to the Cunard Line shipping businesses, interested in polo and fox hunting, and a baronet.Her mother was Maud Alice Burke, an American heiress, who adopted the first name Emerald and became a leading London society hostess. <mask> had been brought up on the family estate at Nevill Holt, Leicestershire, but when her parents separated in 1911, she moved to London with her mother. Her education was at various boarding schools, including time in France and Germany. Whilst in London she spent a good deal of her childhood with her mother's long time admirer, the novelist George Moore. Indeed, it was even rumoured that Moore was her father, and though this has been largely dismissed, there is no question that he played an important role whilst she was growing up. She would later write a memoir about her affection for 'GM'. On 15November 1916 she married Sydney Fairbairn, a cricketer and army officer who had been wounded at Gallipoli.After a honeymoon in Devon and Cornwall, they lived in London in a house given to them by <mask>'s mother as a wedding present. The couple separated in 1919 and divorced in 1925. At

masks:
Nancy Clara Cunard
Bache Cunard
Nancy
Nancy


title: Nancy Cunard

texts:
 this time she was also on the edge of the influential group The Coterie, associating in particular with Iris Tree. She contributed to the anthology Wheels, edited by the Sitwells, for which she provided the title poem; it has been said that the venture was originally her project. Cunard's lover Peter Broughton-Adderley was killed in action in France less than a month before Armistice Day. Many who knew her claimed that she never fully recovered from Adderley's loss. Paris
<mask> moved to Paris in 1920; there, she became involved with literary Modernism, Surrealists and Dada.Much of her published poetry dates from this period. During her early years in Paris, she was close to Michael Arlen. Also in 1920 she had a near-fatal hysterectomy, for reasons that are not entirely clear. However, she recovered, and was then able to lead an active sexual life without the fear of pregnancy. A brief relationship with Aldous Huxley influenced several of his novels. She was the model for Myra Viveash in Antic Hay (1923) and for Lucy Tantamount in Point Counter Point (1928). In Paris, Cunard spent much time with Eugene McCown, an American artist from the hard-drinking set whom she made her protégé.It has been suggested that she became dependent on alcohol at this time, and may have used other drugs. In 1928, the year she founded her publishing company, Hours Press, she met Henry Crowder, with whom she lived until 1933. Personal style
Cunard's style, informed by her devotion to the artefacts of African culture, was startlingly unconventional. The large-scale jewellery she favoured, crafted of wood, bone and ivory, the natural materials used by native crafts people, was provocative and controversial. The bangles she wore on both arms snaking from wrist to elbow were considered outré adornments, which provoked media attention, visually compelling subject matter for photographers of the day. She was often photographed


title: Nancy Cunard

texts:
 last book, The Revaluation of Obscenity by sexologist Havelock Ellis. Political activism
In 1928 (after a two-year affair with Louis Aragon) she began a relationship with Henry Crowder, an African-American jazz musician who was working in Paris. She became an activist in matters concerning racial politics and civil rights in the USA, and visited Harlem. In 1931, she published the pamphlet Black Man and White Ladyship, an attack on racist attitudes as exemplified by Cunard's mother, whom she quoted as saying: "Is it true that my daughter knows a Negro?"She also edited the massive Negro Anthology, collecting poetry, fiction, and nonfiction primarily by African-American writers, including Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston. It also included writing by George Padmore and <mask>'s own account of the Scottsboro Boys case. Press attention to this project in May 1932, two years before it was published, led to <mask>'s receiving anonymous threats and hate mail, some of which she published in the book, expressing regret that "[others] are obscene, so this portion of American culture cannot be made public." She identified as an anarchist. Anti-fascism
In the mid-1930s she took up the anti-fascist fight as well, writing about Mussolini's annexation of Ethiopia and the Spanish Civil War. She predicted, accurately, that the "events in Spain were a prelude to another world war". Her stories about the suffering of Spanish refugees became the basis for a fundraising appeal in the Manchester Guardian.<mask> herself helped deliver supplies and organize the relief effort, but poor health – caused in part by exhaustion and the conditions in the camps – forced her to return to Paris, where she stood on the streets collecting funds for the refugees. In 1937 she published a series of pamphlets of war poetry, including the work of W. H. Auden, Tristan Tzara and Pablo Neruda. Later the same year, together with Auden and

masks: Cunard Cunard Cunard


title: Nancy Cunard

texts:
 small house in the French village Lamothe-Fénelon in the Dordogne Valley. In later years she suffered from mental illness and poor physical health, worsened by alcoholism, poverty, and self-destructive behaviour. She was committed to a mental hospital after a fight with London police; but, after her release, her health declined even further, and she weighed less than sixty pounds when she was found on the street in Paris and brought to the Hôpital Cochin, where she died two days later. Her body was returned to England for cremation and the remains were sent back to the Cimetière du Père-Lachaise in Paris.Her ashes rest in urn number 9016. Tributes
Constantin Brâncuși's La Jeune Fille Sophistiquée (Portrait de <mask>unard), a polished bronze on a carved marble base (1932), sold in May 2018 for US$71 million (with fees) at Christie's New York, setting a world record auction price for the artist. According to an account of drafts of the poem "Nancy Cunard" by Mina Loy held in the Yale University Library,

Works
Outlaws (1921), poems
Sublunary (1923), poems
Parallax (1925, Hogarth Press), poems
Poems (Two) (1925, Aquila Press), poems
Poems (1930)
Black Man and White Ladyship (1931) polemic pamphlet
Negro (1934) anthology of African literature and art, editor
Authors Take Sides (1937) pamphlet, compiler
Los poetas del mundo defienden al pueblo español (1937, Paris), co-editor with Pablo Neruda
The White Man's Duty: An analysis of the colonial question in the light of the Atlantic Charter (with George Padmore) (1942)
Poems for France, La France libre, London, 1944 and Poèmes à la France, Seghers, Paris, 1947
Releve into Marquis (1944)
Grand Man: Memories of Norman Douglas (1954)
GM: Memories of George Moore (1956)
These Were the Hours: Memories of My Hours Press, Réanville and Paris, 1928–1931 (1969), autobiography
Poems of <mask>: from the Bodleian Library (2005), edited with an introduction by John

masks:
Nancy C
Nancy Cunard


title: Nancy Cunard

texts:
 Lucas. Selected Poems (2016), edited with an introduction by Sandeep Parmar. Notes

References
Bankes, Ariane. "Nancy Cunard, Rebel Lover". The Times Literary Supplement, 7 April 2007.(Rev. of Gordon.) Chisholm, Anne. <mask>: A Biography. 1979. New York: Penguin Books, 1981. Fielding, Daphne.Those Remarkable Cunards, Emerald and <mask> (1968). Ford, Hugh, ed. <mask>: Brave Poet, Indomitable Rebel 1896–1965 (1968). Gordon, Lois. <mask>: Heiress, Muse, Political Idealist. New York: Columbia UP, 2007. (10).(13). Loy, Mina. "<mask> Cunard". 103 in The Lost Lunar Baedeker: Poems. Selected and ed. Roger L. Conover. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1996.Lyden, Jackie. "<mask>: Rebellious Heiress, Inspired Life". Interview of Lois Gordon and featured excerpts from her biography of Cunard (includes NPR Media Player link). All Things Considered. National Public Radio. 21 July 2007. Accessed 30 January 2008.Mackrell, Judith. Flappers: Six Women of a Dangerous Generation. 2013. Weber, Caroline. "The Rebel Heiress". The New York Times Book Review, 1 April 2007. 2 pages.(Rev. of Gordon.) Weiss, Andrea. Paris Was a Woman: Portraits from the Left Bank (2001). External links

<mask> – Biography on SchoolNet at Spartacus Educational. Accessed 30 January 2008. Henry Crowder and <mask>rd
 <mask>rd on Josephine Baker
 <mask>'s Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin.Accessed 30 January 2008. <mask> correspondence and other archival material at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Special Collections Research Center

1896 births
1965 deaths
British people of the Spanish Civil War
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
English anarchists
English polo players
English women poets
English people of American descent
Women in the Spanish Civil War
English anti-fascists
20th-century English poets
20th-century English women writers
Fairbairn family
<mask>
Private press movement

masks:
Nancy Cunard
Nancy
Nancy Cunard
Nancy Cunard
Nancy
Nancy Cunard
Nancy Cunard
Nancy Cuna
Nancy Cuna
Nancy Cunard
Nancy Cunard
Nancy


title: Pier Alessandro Paravia

texts:
<mask> was born in Zara, Dalmatia on July 15, 1797 and was an Italian writer, scholar, philanthropist and professor of Italian eloquence at the University of Turin. Biography

Early years
Son of Giovanni, colonel of the Oltremarini (or Schiavoni), an elite infantry division of the Navy of the Republic of Venice, and grandson of Antonio, also a naval officer of the Venetian Republic, he was born in Zara (present-day Zadar) two months after the fall of the Republic. As a child he moved to Venice, where he studied at the Lyceum of Santa Caterina. He graduated in law at Padua in 1818, and served in Venice as a state functionary for twelve years, until - in 1832 - he was called to the chair of Eloquence of the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Turin. He had already published several studies: mostly biographies of writers and artists, but also a popular translation of the Letters of Pliny the Younger. In Turin
On taking up his new post, he commenced a prolific period of production, in which he ranged from Italian literature (studies on Torquato Tasso and Ariosto) to Provençal literature and even Chinese novels (which he was one of the first to study in Italy). In addition to literature, he was also interested in history and politics, to which he dedicated an essay significantly entitled Del Sentimento Patrio ("On Patriotic Feeling").He purchased a villa near Treviso (in Veneto, then part of the Austrian Empire), which he frequented. Although politically conservative, he was constantly monitored by the Austro-Hungarians, owing to his adherence to Italian patriotic ideals

He was a friend of and corresponded with many illustrious Italians - from Niccolò Tommaseo to Silvio Pellico, from King Charles Albert of Sardinia to Vincenzo Gioberti -


title: Pier Alessandro Paravia

texts:
 and had a sincere and lifelong affection for Antonio Rosmini, whom he had known since his days at the University of Padua. Greatly interested in the Italian language, he wrote important essays about it which earned him a nomination to the Accademia della Crusca. He died in Turin on March 18, 1857. In his honor a herma was erected at the University of Turin, where is also preserved a large and valuable collection of manuscripts that had belonged to his uncle Antonio. Relationship with Zadar
Paravia never forgot his native town of Zara, and after a visit in 1850, he donated his private library of over ten thousand volumes in 1855 to create a public library, which was later named in his honor Municipal Library Paravia. Its purpose was not simply philanthropic.<mask> pleaded: "Study your language, because in it lies your future greatness; it is a merit which nobody can deny you, and it is great honor." <mask> clearly meant, through his donation, to send a strong message to the Dalmatians, so much so that he invited the leaders of contemporary Italian culture, with whom he maintained a very active correspondence, to also offer books. This library, which was housed in the ancient Venetian Loggia of Zara/Zadar until 1938, was from its opening on August 18, 1857 the largest in the whole of Dalmatia. Closed during World War II, it was reopened on October 14, 1945 with the new name Narodna Biblioteka (National Library). National identification
Given <mask>'s personal history, his enthusiastic adhesion to the sentiments of the Italian Risorgimento and his explicit affirmations of nationality (he wrote "No one can be a great writer without being a national writer, without representing, that is, in his writings his proper nation, his proper era. "),

masks: Paravia Paravia Paravia