title: Edmund Dummer (naval engineer)

texts:
 and conference with one another, on all occasions". An abstract of the costs in <mask>'s 1694 account amounted to £50,000, but he was at pains to point out that this was because of the greatness and novelty of the works, which overcame the deficiencies of the other yards. Obstructions had been brought about because of the irregular cash flow, the weakness of contracts and "the imbecile stock of a private man under the weight of so chargeable a work" (probably referring to the stonemason Robert Waters who was also blamed by <mask> for problems with the works), not to mention the fact that the country was at war. Increases on the original estimate (£23,406 in 1692, which nearly tripled by 1698) had, he maintained with some aplomb, been made purposefully by stealth so that they would be borne more easily, rather than by demanding too great a lump sum and getting rejected at the outset. Portsmouth
In 1689, Parliament ordered one new dry dock and two new wet docks (or non-tidal basins) to be built at Portsmouth and work began in 1691 at an estimated cost of £15,890. It was built to new designs developed by <mask> who again substituted brick and stone for wood and increased the number of altars or steps. As with all future extensions, the new works were built on reclaimed land and the civil engineering involved was on an unprecedented scale.The great stone dock as it was called (extensively rebuilt in 1769 as No.5 dock) was evacuated with chain pumps powered by horses. A building slip was constructed in No.3 dock where the Mary Rose is now housed. In November 1691 he oversaw the raising and repairing of the 54-gun fourth rate ship St David which had capsized


title: Edmund Dummer (naval engineer)

type: original

texts:
 and partially blocked Portsmouth harbour. Survey of the South Coast
In June 1698, under orders from the Lords of the Admiralty, <mask> undertook a plan to survey various harbours along the south coast of England, at a time when a new war with France was a real threat, and Portsmouth would have been a major target. In the survey, he was assisted by Captain Thomas Wiltshaw, a fellow Navy Board Commissioner and two Masters of Trinity House, Captain James Conaway and William Cruft, who were assisting the Navy because of their navigational experience. The surveying was completed in the months of July and August 1698, with eighteen harbours being visited – the resulting charts appear to be rushed; on close examination they appear to be incomplete as in most cases they show few soundings, only the high and low water lines, and few, if any, navigational features making it difficult for any large vessel to enter one of these so-called ports, but this was not the purpose of this undertaking. <mask> and Wiltshaw were looking for sites for new dockyards, and also to see if any of the existing smaller ports could be improved to accommodate larger vessels.When all the surveys were completed and the critique written up, the work was addressed to the Principal Officers and Commissioners of His Majesty's Navy and sent to the Lords of the Admiralty some time after 19 November 1698, just over four months after it was started. It was suggested in this report that the only ports worth considering were the ones in the area around Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight and that no further yards should be built between Dover and Land's End. A copy of this report is held by the

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title: Edmund Dummer (naval engineer)

texts:
 Hampshire County Council Museums Service. Survey of the Royal Navy Dockyards
In 1698, <mask> also produced his , which gave an account of the improvements which had been made at each of the royal dockyards since 1688, with full descriptions of the various buildings with their quantity and value, together with detailed descriptions of the new docks at Portsmouth and Plymouth. <mask>'s survey was part of a general effort on his part and that of a handful of colleagues on the Navy Board to get to grips with the management of the massive business under their charge. <mask>'s draughts constitute an extraordinary feat of surveyorship. In the volume, each royal dockyard is treated separately and its description given in the same order, each of the four types of drawing being made to the same scale so that cross-comparisons can be made.The emphasis was on exact measurement, with <mask> combining geometrical precision with great artistry. The first type of drawing relating to each dockyard gives the general situation of the port and harbour; the second focuses on the situation of the yard; the third compares the plan of the yard at the Revolution with its development ten years on, showing the improvements or new buildings added; the fourth – the most extensive section – gives in plan and elevation every single building in each yard. The Survey first covers each of the royal dockyards on the Thames and Medway – Chatham, Sheerness, Woolwich and Deptford – as well as the Navy Office, before dealing with the dockyards at Portsmouth and Plymouth. In total it was estimated that the value of His Majesty's Dockyards was £291,124, of which £166,799 had been spent in the

masks: Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer


title: Edmund Dummer (naval engineer)

texts:
 previous ten years, more than doubling the original value. The greatest investment had been made at Plymouth of £67,095, followed by Portsmouth (£63,384), Deptford (£12,880), Chatham (£11,155), Woolwich (£10,477), Sheerness (£1,566) and finally the Navy Office (£239). <mask>'s achievements as Surveyor for the royal dockyards are highly regarded by present-day naval historians with the new docks at Plymouth and Portsmouth being "lasting monuments of his great skill". Parliamentary career
In November 1695, <mask> stood for election in Portsmouth.The candidates were Admiral Russell, Alderman Hedger, and <mask>. The inhabitants of Portsea, Portsmouth living within the jurisdiction of the borough and paying "Scot and lot", supported <mask> and insisted on their right to vote, but were prevented from doing so by measures adopted on behalf of Mr. Hedger. The gates of the town were shut against them, while threats and other unconstitutional measures were resorted to. Although a petition was lodged to have the election overturned, this was not followed up, with <mask> having been elected to represent Arundel in the neighbouring county. <mask> was elected MP for Arundel three times as a supporter of the court, firstly in 1695 until 1698, when he did not stand for re-election. In January 1701 he was re-elected but this position lasted only ten months when he was replaced by Carew Weekes in November. <mask> returned to Parliament the following year and continued to represent the town for a further six years.In his Parliamentary career, he was a supporter of Robert Harley. Greenwich Hospital
<mask> was appointed as one of the Governors of the newly opened Greenwich

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title: Edmund Dummer (naval engineer)

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 Hospital in 1695, retaining this position until his death in 1713. Downfall
<mask>'s career as Surveyor of the Navy came to an abrupt end in December 1698, when he was suspended without warning following a dispute with John Fitch, the main contractor undertaking building works at Portsmouth Dockyard. The origin of the dispute went back as far as 1693, when <mask> and Sir Anthony Deane had cause to doubt Fitch's working methods and his claims for payments for "overworks". There had been endless construction problems, caused partly because the new docks were built on unstable reclaimed land. Fitch's workmen had damaged the entrance to the lower basin causing its banks to slide into the channel on the spring tide, leaving the piling exposed and vulnerable. On 20 June 1695, <mask> wrote from Portsmouth to Harley with the news that the dam which had been constructed the previous winter to shelter the work on the new docks from the sea had been breached.The following January and February he was writing to excuse his attendance at Parliament on account of the need to secure the great dam in the face of terrible weather. By the end of 1696, <mask> had finally ejected Fitch because of fraudulent claims for payment and terrible workmanship. Fitch brought a case for payment against the Crown, with the Attorney General, Richard Haddock, and <mask> himself being named as defendants. The case was first heard in the Court of Exchequer on 23 November 1696 and referred to trial. On 27 April 1697, the Court ordered that the matter be referred for arbitration to four referees, two appointed on behalf of the plaintiff and two on behalf of the defendants, with an umpire to

masks: Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer


title: Edmund Dummer (naval engineer)

texts: determine between them if they were unable to agree. The party arrived in Portsmouth on 2 June to examine the works and advise on repairs, accompanied by Sir Christopher Wren, in his capacity as Surveyor of the King's Works. After spending a day examining the works, the party returned to London and on 25 August their report took "a very strict view of the nature of the said defects" and confirmed <mask>'s condemnation of the workmanship and ordered that the upper wet dock be taken down and rebuilt.The Exchequer Court issued the final decree in late June or early July 1698, stating that Fitch should have been satisfied with the amounts already paid for the work done on the contract, £13,773 14s 6½d, and rejected his claims for payment on over work not included. It was also accepted that Fitch was still owed for further contract work completed before he was turned off site, valued at £8,757 1s 5d and £2,030 18s for materials. Fitch then complained to the Admiralty that <mask> had asked for bribes in return for awarding him Navy contracts, claiming specifically that <mask> had told him he would get an immediate certificate for his bill if he made him a present of £100 and helped him with the sale of timber for Plymouth. Although <mask> conceded that he had borrowed £152 from Fitch on behalf of William Wyatt, a Bursledon ship builder, he denied the other charges. With counter-accusations from both sides, <mask> was suspended from office with effect from Christmas Eve 1698. Although his name was cleared by a civil court, which awarded him damages of £364, his career at the Navy Office was abruptly over. He was allowed the title and salary for 1699 but was


title: Edmund Dummer (naval engineer)

texts:
 not reinstated and dismissed by the Lords of the Admiralty on 10 August 1699, with Daniel Furzer, Master Shipwright at Chatham, being appointed in his place from 22 September.Sowley Ironworks
In 1700 he and his cousin and namesake, <mask> of South Stoneham (with whom he has been confused) helped to finance an ironworks at Sowley, near Beaulieu in Hampshire, leased from Ralph, Lord Montagu to Henry Corbett, ironmaster, who had manufactured the two-sectioned gate at <mask>'s dry dock at Portsmouth. The works obtained many orders for iron wares from Portsmouth dockyard. Henry Corbett died in 1708 and <mask> seized his property by writ of exchequer, claiming unpaid debts; Chancery ruled in 1711 that <mask> was the rightful holder of the lease on the ironworks and Corbett's naval contracts. <mask> continued the business until 1712 whilst his brother Thomas (an ex-navy purser) continued to supply the navy until 1716. Packet service
In 1694, when <mask> held the appointment of Surveyor of the Navy, he had supervised the construction of a number of exceptionally fast packet-boats (sloops) for the Post Office packet service from Harwich to the Low countries. <mask> also operated a packet service between Falmouth, Corunna and Lisbon. On the loss of his position as Surveyor of the Navy, <mask> devoted much of his energies to studying the problem of a regular packet service between England and the British Island Plantations in the West Indies.In a document dated 18 June 1702, he set out the Terms for settling a monthly intelligence between England and the Island Plantations in the West Indies. <mask> proposed a monthly service to be operated by four oceangoing

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title: Edmund Dummer (naval engineer)

texts: packet-boats calling at Barbados, Antigua, Montserrat, Nevis and Jamaica. On 30 June, the Crown agreed <mask>'s plan, granting special concessions. He was permitted to fly the Queen's colours on his ships, his crews were exempted from impressment for naval service, and he was granted a letter of marque for the duration of the War of the Spanish Succession which had commenced in the previous year. The first transatlantic mail service directly sponsored by the Post Office was inaugurated on 21 October 1702, with the sailing from Portsmouth for Barbados of Dummer's packet Bridgeman. Bridgeman and its sister ship, Mansbridge, had operated on a mail service between Gravesend and Brill in the Netherlands in 1699 and 1700. Two further ships, the King William, of 90 tons and 8 guns, and the Frankland of 132 tons and 10 guns, were purchased to start the service.The four vessels were "designed to succeed each other monthly" and whose "motions are determined to be very quick, because thereon depends the chief fruit that is to be reaped". <mask>'s fast transatlantic mail service had a best time of 88 days round trip (just under three months). <mask>'s packet service created the pattern which has been adapted by subsequent overseas mail services for the British Empire – a service operated privately albeit with a heavy Government subsidy. To begin with, <mask> submitted his expenses to the Postmaster General who passed them on to the Treasury. During the first year £9,000 was impressed for the service, but the Treasury were so slow in paying that <mask>'s finances could not stand the strain. In 1704 he was granted a salary as a Commissioner of the Navy, to be paid as


title: Edmund Dummer (naval engineer)

texts: from the date of the beginning of the service. In the following year a new contract was drawn up to run for at least three years, or five years if the war continued.Under this a monthly service was to be maintained by a fleet of five vessels; <mask> was to receive £12,500 per annum, and was to be allowed to carry for his own profit 5 tons of freight on the outward journeys, and 10 tons on the homeward runs. In return he was to accept all risks to the ships and was responsible for replacements if they were lost or captured; further, he guaranteed that the Post Office would receive £8,000 per annum from the mail and passengers carried. For this new contract five new ships were built: Queen Anne, Prince George, Jamaica, Barbadoes and Antegoe. Each of these vessels was of 200 tons, armed with 20 guns, and with two decks; they were also fitted with 24 oars apiece to enable them to escape from attacking vessels in the calms, often met with in the Caribbean. By 1707 <mask> realised that he could no longer maintain the service as long as the clause guaranteeing the £8,000 income to the Crown remained in the contract. This resulted in a further contract being drawn up on 25 January 1708. Under this he was to continue the monthly service with five vessels; to supply stores and ammunition, and to be responsible for the payment of the crews; and to take all risks from the loss of ships.He was to be allowed £12,000 a year during time of war, and £8,000 in peacetime, together with all proceeds of cargo and passengers, whilst the revenue from the Mail was to go to the Crown. Even with this new contract, however, it was impossible to carry on the service indefinitely.


title: Edmund Dummer (naval engineer)

texts:
 <mask> had to borrow money on the security of future payments. By the end of 1711, with the return of the packet Martlett, the service came to an end. The loss of ships from enemy action during the War of the Spanish Succession and losses from storms, had left <mask> bankrupt. In nine years, <mask> had lost two packets at sea and had seven captured. His remaining seven packets were seized by creditors & the service lapsed.It was not until 1745 that the Post Office re-introduced a service to the West Indies, based on <mask>'s original plans, in response to demands from merchants, due to the growth of British interests in sugar plantations. Shipbuilder for the Navy
<mask> continued his association with the Royal Navy through his shipbuilding interests at Blackwall. In 1704 he presented to the Admiralty a model and a draught for a small vessel designed to "cruise on the coast of this Kingdom" and "to row with oars" as well as sail. On 7 March 1704, the Admiralty instructed the Navy Board to contract with <mask> to build two vessels to this design. These two sloops, HMS Ferret and HMS Weazle, were significantly greater in size and firepower than earlier unrated craft. These 128-ton vessels were the first sloops built to serve as effective warships, carrying eight minions and two falconets, subsequently replaced by a uniform armament of twelve 3-pounder guns. In 1709 <mask> also designed and built the small sixth rate HMS Swan by contract with the Navy Board, and in the same year they purchased from him a similar vessel which he was building on speculation – the Sixth rate HMS Hind.The French captured Ferret in 1706, the Hind unfortunately stranded and

masks: Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer


title: Edmund Dummer (naval engineer)

texts:
 wrecked off the Isle of Wight just two months after her launch in 1709, and the Weazle and Swan were sold in 1712. South Stoneham House

In 1705, <mask> acquired the estate at South Stoneham, near Southampton from Giles Frampton and by 1708 South Stoneham House was completed, probably to the designs of the architect Nicholas Hawksmoor. Bankruptcy and death
<mask> was declared bankrupt in February 1711, and although he was released from the Fleet Prison soon afterwards he was recommitted to the Fleet in April 1712. He died there at the end of April 1713 and was buried at St Andrew's, Holborn on 8 May 1713. After his death, the business at Sowley was bought from his creditor, the Duke of Montagu, by his brother, who ran the ironworks until 1716. In December 1713, a petition from his widow, Sarah, and his unmarried daughter, Jane, who were close to destitution, was presented to the Navy Board. The petition was heard by <mask>'s former political mentor, Robert Harley as Secretary to the Lord High Treasurer.In the light of <mask>'s earlier services as a civil engineer, they were granted a pension of £150 per annum. In August 1716, <mask>'s estate, including South Stoneham manor and property at Shedfield and Curdridge, were eventually sold by Jane to meet the claims of his creditors. The manor passed to Edward Nicholas of Newton Valence. Family
<mask> married Sarah in about 1680 and they had five children:

Mary (1680–1690)
Sarah (1682–1700)
<mask> (died 1701)
Susanna (born 1684, married <mask> (a cousin) and had two children, <mask> (born 1704) and Sarah (born 1705).) Jane

His widow survived him by only a few months and died in early 1714, being buried at

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title: Edmund Dummer (naval engineer)

texts:
 St. Margaret's, Westminster on 20 February. References

External links
A Survey of the Ports on the South West Coast of England from Dover to the Lands-end, made by <mask> and Captain Thomas Wiltshaw, Royal Navy, 1698. The Family of Dummer of British Origin
The Ingenious Mr Dummer: Rationalizing the Royal Navy in Late Seventeenth-Century England
Ian Kenneth Steele – The English Atlantic, 1675–1740: an exploration of communication and community

1651 births
1713 deaths
People from Southampton
British marine engineers
Surveyors of the Navy
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1707–1708
Postal history
Inmates of Fleet Prison
People from North Stoneham
English MPs 1695–1698
English MPs 1701
English MPs 1702–1705
English MPs 1705–1707
17th-century Royal Navy personnel
People imprisoned for debt
People in English Tangier
People from South


title: Elio de Angelis

texts:
<mask> (26 March 1958 – 15 May 1986) was an Italian racing driver who participated in Formula One between  and , racing for the Shadow, Lotus and Brabham teams. He was killed in an accident while testing the Brabham BT55 at the Paul Ricard circuit, near the commune of Le Castellet, France, in 1986. <mask> was a very competitive and highly popular presence in Formula One during the 1980s, and is sometimes referred to as Formula One's "last gentleman player". Early life
<mask> was born in Rome. His father Giulio was an inshore and offshore powerboat racer who won many world championships in the 1960s and 1970s. After a brief spell with karts, <mask> went on to win the Italian Formula Three Championship in 1977. In 1978 he raced in Formula Two for Minardi and then for the ICI British F2 Team, he also competed in one round of the British Formula One championship and won the prestigious Monaco F3 race.Formula One
At the end of the 1977 season, <mask> Ferrari's short list to replace Niki Lauda. <mask> successfully tested the Ferrari at the Fiorano circuit but eventually Ferrari decided to hire Gilles Villeneuve. <mask>'s debut Formula One season was in  with Shadow. He finished seventh in his maiden Grand Prix in Argentina and 15th in the championship with three points. <mask>'s performance with Shadow caught the eye of Lotus boss Colin Chapman, who hired him to partner Mario Andretti in . At the age of 21, <mask> became the youngest Grand Prix podium finisher of all time when he finished  second at the Brazilian Grand Prix, run at the  Interlagos circuit. His first victory came in the 1982 Austrian Grand Prix at the Österreichring,  0.05 seconds ahead of the Williams of eventual  World Champion Keke Rosberg.The win was the last hailed by Colin Chapman's  act of throwing his cloth cap into the air. Chapman died in December that year and Peter Warr became the new Lotus team manager. In  Lotus switched from the Cosworth DFV

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title: Elio de Angelis

texts: they had been using since , to Renault turbo engines, but it was a disappointing season, suffering multiple mechanical failures. <mask>'s best result was a fifth place in the 1983 Italian Grand Prix. In  <mask> had a much better season, scoring a total of 34 points and finishing third in the standings with three podiums. His best result was a second place at the Detroit Grand Prix. <mask> was the only driver to finish in the top 5 in 1984 not to score a race win, showing his consistent performances throughout the season with the improving Lotus-Renault.In , <mask> was joined at Lotus by Ayrton Senna, who had left the Toleman team. <mask>'s second win came in the third race of the season, at the 1985 San Marino Grand Prix, after Alain Prost was disqualified when his McLaren MP4/2B was found 2 kg underweight. <mask> also claimed his last Formula One pole position that year in Canada. He finished fifth in the championship, with 33 points, five points behind his teammate. However, <mask> chose to leave Lotus at the end of the season, frustrated that the team's efforts were being focused mostly on Senna. <mask>'s drive for  was with Brabham, as a replacement for twice World Champion Nelson Piquet, who had moved to Williams to join <mask>'s former Lotus teammate Nigel Mansell. Fellow Italian Riccardo Patrese was his teammate.Patrese was returning to the Bernie Ecclestone owned team after two unhappy years with Alfa Romeo. The 1986 Brabham-BMW, the BT55, was the brainchild of long time Brabham designer Gordon Murray. The BT55 was a lowline car with a reduced frontal area, the idea being to have a cleaner airflow over the car to create more downforce, while at the same time reducing the car's drag. The chassis proved effective, unlike the l4 BMW turbo that had to be tilted to an angle of 72°. This caused severe oil surge and an even greater lack of throttle response than the BMW had become famous for. Although the team worked

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title: Elio de Angelis

texts:
 hard to overcome these problems, it was clear from early in the season that Brabham had fallen behind the leading pack. Death and aftermath
In May 1986, during tests at the Paul Ricard circuit in France, the rear wing of <mask>'s BT55 detached at high speed resulting in the car losing downforce on the rear wheels, which instigated a cartwheel over a sidetrack barrier, causing the car to catch fire.The impact itself did not kill <mask> but he was unable to extract himself from the car unassisted. The situation was exacerbated by the lack of track marshals on the circuit who could have provided him with emergency assistance. A 30-minute delay ensued before a helicopter arrived and <mask> died 29 hours later, at the hospital in Marseille where he had been taken, from smoke inhalation. His actual crash impact injuries were only a broken collar bone and light burns on his back. <mask>'s death also saw the end of Formula One using the full 5.81 km (3.61 mi) Paul Ricard Circuit. F1 cars started using the 3.812 km (2.369 mi) "Club" version of the circuit, bypassing the Verriere curves where the Brabham had crashed, and cutting the length of the Mistral Straight from 1.8 to 1 km in length. The move was unpopular with many of the drivers, although most did like the reduced straight length as it was easier on the engines.Paul Ricard would not host a race on the full layout until , which featured sharper Verriere curves and a chicane on Mistral effectively cutting the straight to two 800m straights. <mask>'s place in the Brabham team was subsequently taken by Derek Warwick, allegedly because Warwick was the only available top level driver who did not contact team owner Bernie Ecclestone immediately after <mask>'s death asking to replace him. McLaren driver Keke Rosberg, who was a close friend of <mask>, retired at the end of the 1986 season. <mask> was the last driver to die in a Formula One car until Roland Ratzenberger died

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title: Elio de Angelis

texts:
 during qualifying for the San Marino Grand Prix at Imola eight years later. The day after Ratzenberger's death, <mask>'s former Lotus teammate (and by then a triple World Champion) Ayrton Senna was killed on the seventh lap when his Williams-Renault crashed into the Tamburello Curve wall at over . Legacy
<mask> was a concert-standard pianist, and famously kept his fellow Formula One drivers entertained with his skills while they locked themselves in a Johannesburg hotel before the 1982 South African Grand Prix at Kyalami when the Grand Prix Drivers Association held a strike in protest at the new Super Licence conditions imposed by the governing body, the  FIA. The French-Italian driver Jean Alesi, who broke into the sport in , wore a helmet that matched <mask>'s design, in tribute to his semi-compatriot.In 2016, in an academic paper that reported a mathematical modelling study that assessed the relative influence of driver and machine, <mask> was ranked the 20th best Formula One driver of all time. In 2017 <mask> was honoured at the Ludovico Scarfiotti Memorial in Rome. Racing record

Career summary

Formula One World Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

 ‡ Race was stopped with less than 75% of laps completed, half points awarded. References

External links
 <mask> <mask> Tribute Page
 Unfinished Symphony: An Elio <mask> Tribute
 <mask> <mask> at Motorsport Memorial

1958 births
1986 deaths
Italian racing drivers
Italian Formula One drivers
Shadow Formula One drivers
Team Lotus Formula One drivers
Brabham Formula One drivers
Formula One race winners
European Formula Two Championship drivers
FIA European Formula 3 Championship drivers
Italian Formula Three Championship drivers
British Formula One Championship drivers
Racing drivers killed while racing
Deaths by smoke inhalation
Italian pianists
Racing drivers from Rome
Sport deaths in France
20th-century pianists
20th-century Italian

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title: Countess Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-Münzenberg

texts:
<mask> of Hanau-Münzenberg (1602–1651) was Landgravine consort and Regent of Hesse-Kassel. She married the future William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel in 1619 and became Landgravine upon his ascension to power in 1627. In 1637, military defeats forced her and William V into exile in East Frisia. Later that year, she became regent for their son William VI upon her husband's death. Through skillful diplomacy and military successes in the Thirty Years' War, she advanced the fortunes of Hesse-Kassel and influenced the Peace of Westphalia that brought the conflict to an end. She handed over an enlarged landgraviate to her son when she abdicated upon his majority in 1650. However, her health had deteriorated over the course of the war, and she died soon after her abdication in 1651.Early life

Amalie <mask> was born in 1602 to Philip Louis II, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg and Countess Catharina Belgica of Nassau. Her mother was a daughter of William the Silent, making Amalie <mask> the niece of her contemporary Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange. Through her mother's numerous siblings, Amalie <mask> was also related to many of the other noble houses of Europe. These included the Reformation-minded Wittelsbachs in Heidelberg, where she lived for a while with her aunt, Countess Louise Juliana of Nassau, and her husband Frederick IV, Elector Palatine. After the early death of her father in 1612, she returned to Hanau. She later stayed with her relatives in the Netherlands. In 1618, when Amalie <mask> was 16, the Defenestration of Prague triggered a revolt in Bohemia, beginning the conflict that would come to be known as the Thirty Years’ War.At the time she was engaged

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texts:
 to Albrecht Jan Smiřický von Smiřice, one of the six Bohemian nobles at the Defenestration of Prague who threw the Emperor's representative from a window. However, Albrecht Johann Smiřický died later that year, before the couple could be married. There was a quarrel between Amalie <mask> and his heirs over his inheritance, which came to an end when the Habsburgs confiscated it in 1621. Soon after the death of Albrecht Johann Smiřický, Amalie <mask> was engaged to William of Hesse-Kassel. This betrothal was part of a larger effort by William’s father Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, to build alliances with other anti-Habsburg states. Landgravine

Amalie <mask> married William of Hesse-Kassel in 1619. They had their first child, Agnes, in 1620, and would go on to have 12 children together.During the first years of their marriage, William’s father Landgrave Maurice was facing serious internal and external challenges to his authority. Many of these challenges would remain unresolved until Amalie <mask> became regent. In 1604, the ruling family of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Marburg had died out, and the will of its last Landgrave stipulated that its territory should be divided between Landgrave Maurice of Hesse-Kassel and Louis V, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, provided they both agreed to preserve the Lutheran faith. However, in 1603 Maurice had converted to Calvinism and he later attempted to convert his half of the Marburg inheritance to his new faith. Louis V, a devout Lutheran, thus challenged Maurice’s right to the inheritance, taking the case to the Aulic Council. Maurice had little reason to think the court would find in his favor, as Calvinism was

masks: Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth


texts: not one of the legally recognized religions of the Empire. He began forming alliances with anti-Habsburg states, joining the Protestant Union in 1609.In 1623, the Aulic Council ruled in favor of Louis V and awarded Hesse-Darmstadt the entire inheritance and further financial reparations. In 1624 Louis V, who had established connections with the Catholic League, moved to enforce his claim, with Imperial General Tilly occupying Marburg and southern Hesse-Kassel. Landgrave Maurice tried desperately to raise a force to expel Tilly and prevent the annexation, but he was opposed from within Hesse-Kassel by the Landgraviate’s estates, composed of representatives from the local towns and nobility. No new taxes could be levied without the approval of the estates, and because they opposed Maurice’s foreign policy goals they prevented him from raising an army. After years of fruitless struggle, in 1627 the estates forced Maurice to abdicate to his son William. William now became Landgrave William V, with Amalie <mask> as his Landgravine. From the beginning of his reign, William V desired to reverse the humiliating settlement forced on Hesse-Kassel by the Emperor and the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt.His anti-Imperial sentiments were further enflamed by the issuing of the Edict of Restitution in 1629, which strengthened Imperial authority and directly threatened his religion. In 1630, when Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden invaded to oppose the Emperor, William V became the first German prince to officially ally with Sweden. Initially, the war went well for the allies, with William V and the Swedes achieving many victories. As the war continued William V began to receive


texts: subsidies from France. The allies also eventually occupied several territories in Westphalia, which Gustavus Adolphus granted to William V in lieu of subsidies. These subsidies and territories gave William V an independent source of revenue, preventing the Hessian estates from obstructing his war effort as they had his father’s. When William V was away on military campaigns, Amalie <mask> ran affairs in Hesse-Kassel on his behalf.The Imperial and Spanish troops' victory against Sweden in the 1634 Battle of Nördlingen led many German princes to desert Sweden and sign the Peace of Prague with the Emperor. However, because he was excluded from the general amnesty and because the Peace of Prague did not protect the rights of Calvinists, William V was one of the few princes who refused to make peace. Instead, he signed an alliance with the French, who now officially joined the war on the side of the Swedes. On the 13th of June 1636 William V liberated the city of Hanau, Amalie <mask>’s birthplace, from a siege by Imperial troops. Despite this success the Peace of Prague had decisively shifted the balance of the war in the Emperor’s favor, and military defeats soon left Hesse-Kassel itself under attack by Imperial armies. These defeats forced William V, Amalie <mask>, and their 8 year-old son and heir William to withdraw to the territory of East Frisia, which had been recently occupied by William V’s forces. During this flight, William V and Amalie <mask> had to leave their young daughters Amelia, Charlotte, <mask> and Louise behind in Kassel.William V soon fell ill, and on October 1, 1637, he died in Leer, East Frisia, at age 36. His will named Amalie <mask>

masks: Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth


texts:
 as regent for their still underage son, now William VI. The most important instrument of power he left his wife was his army, which had been able to flee to Frisia. Regency

Consolidation of Power
William V's will stipulated that Amalie <mask> should rule at the head of a regency council composed of the former members of his royal council. However, the Landgravine quickly enforced her own authority and diminished the influence of the other regency council members. She accomplished this by frequently flattering the councilors and shaming them when they did not eagerly obey her. She also physically separated them by sending them on frequent diplomatic missions across Europe.Another tactic she used to great effect was delaying decisions when the councilors pushed her to do things she did not wish to do. She even delayed the official establishment of the regency government, thus leaving the councilors’ authority in question. Amalie <mask> also moved quickly to secure control over her late husband’s army. In 17th century Europe, it was considered highly unusual for a female ruler to hold authority over military matters. As a result, after her ascension both Charles Louis, Prince Palatine, and William V’s half-brother Landgrave Frederick of Hesse-Eschwege asked to be given command of Hesse-Kassel’s armies. Amalie <mask> rebuffed both advances, telling the Prince Palatine that he should not approach her while he had no lands, funds, or allies, and forcing Landgrave Frederick to accept her authority. Although she was determined to retain control over the army, she did allow its command to remain in the hands of her late husband’s top general, Peter Melander,

masks: Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth


texts: Count of Holzappel.Retaining Melander was not without risk, as he was notoriously greedy and self-interested, so his defection was always a possibility. Amalie <mask> managed to retain Melander’s loyalty with the help of the French Court, which, fearing Melander’s defection to the Imperialists, offered him generous amounts of money and new titles. One of the Landgravine’s first actions as regent was to order the army and the inhabitants of the territories still under her control to swear an oath of loyalty to her young son William VI, further solidifying her power. Amalie <mask> faced unique threats to her legitimacy because she was a woman. Many in 17th century Europe considered government by women to be unjustifiable under any circumstances, but there were some exceptions. For example, in 1559 John Calvin wrote that “there were occasionally women so endowed, that the singular good qualities which shown forth in them, made it evident that they were raised up by divine authority." Throughout her reign, Amalie <mask> asserted that she was one such woman, repeatedly claiming that God had placed her in this position and it was her responsibility to carry out his will.She also stressed her role as a widow and mother to reinforce her legitimacy, refusing any course of action which would violate her late husband’s intent or compromise her son’s inheritance. Amalie <mask> also continued her husband’s efforts to limit the power of the Hessian estates. Because she retained the territories occupied by her husband and eventually renegotiated subsidies from the French, she maintained sources of revenue independent of the estates. As a result, she was able to overlook


texts:
 the estates’ hostility towards her government and rebuff their repeated calls for peace. She was also able to dismiss the grievances of the estates when they were presented to her upon her return to Hesse-Kassel. Diplomacy

Amalie <mask> inherited a desperate situation from her husband. Although she held East Frisia and other territories in Westphalia, the countryside of Hesse-Kassel was under Imperial occupation and its fortresses were under siege.The situation deteriorated further in late October 1637, when Landgrave George II of Hesse-Darmstadt, son of Landgrave Louis V, announced that the Emperor had declared the late William V an enemy of the Empire, annulled his will, and appointed George II as imperial administrator of Hesse-Kassel. The situation within Hesse-Kassel was so desperate that Amalie <mask>’s councilors and the Hessian estates opened negotiations with George II at Marburg and urged the Landgravine to accept whatever terms were necessary to achieve peace. However, George II refused to offer any concessions and demanded Hesse-Kassel’s unconditional submission to the Emperor. He also demanded very harsh terms for his own benefit, such as further territorial concessions to Hesse-Darmstadt, control over her regency government, and that the Hesse-Darmstadt line supplant Hesse-Kassel’s as the senior Hessian house. Amalie <mask> concluded that the terms were intolerable and unjust and repeatedly refused to ratify the agreement, against the advice of her councilors. Events soon vindicated her repeated refusals to make peace, as in 1638 the French and Swedish armies, along with Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar, defeated and captured an Imperial army at the


texts: Battle of Rheinfelden. This victory allowed Hessian General Peter Melander to successfully negotiate a cease-fire with the Imperial forces in the region.With her position quickly improving, Amalie <mask> sought a better settlement than the terms offered by Landgrave George II. To this end she and her councilors appealed to the other German princes, arguing that George II’s stubbornness and unreasonable demands were preventing a settlement from being reached. As more princes were convinced by this argument, and as the French and Swedish continued to gain momentum, the Emperor decided to revoke George II’s authority over the negotiations and appointed the Elector of Mainz to conclude the treaty. The Elector of Mainz was one of the princes whose lands in Westphalia were occupied by Amalie <mask>’s forces, so he sought to make peace as quickly as possible. The Elector offered more generous terms, including no further territorial or political concessions to Hesse-Darmstadt and official recognition of the right of all Calvinist princes to practice their religion. Amalie <mask> was delighted by these terms and agreed to ratify the treaty. The Emperor, however, refused to ratify it, as the legalization of Calvinism was not a concession he was willing to accept.While she was negotiating with the Emperor for a separate peace, Amalie <mask> also negotiated with France. After the death of William V, the French feared that Amalie <mask>’s regency was unstable and could collapse, so they halted all subsidy payments to Hesse-Kassel. Although French agents had since reported that the Landgravine had a firm grip on power, by early 1639 the subsidy payments had still not

masks: Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth


texts:
 resumed. She thus requested that the subsidies be renewed and increased and that the alliance between France and Hesse-Kassel be restored. In the ensuing negotiations, Amalie <mask> used her gender to her advantage by portraying herself as an unfortunate widow faced with a desperate situation and in dire need of help from the French court. She also stressed Hesse-Kassel’s importance to the allied cause, claiming that if she were to fall France and Sweden would not be able to defeat the Emperor. In addition to these tactics, she strengthened her negotiating position by making her negotiations for peace with the Emperor public, signaling to the French that she would make a separate peace if they did not agree to her terms.The French eventually agreed to her demands, and in August 1639 they signed the Treaty of Dorsten, renewing the alliance and granting her a greater subsidy than her husband had received. Over the next decade of war, the alliance between France and Hesse-Kassel would remain firm, and Amalie <mask> would maintain amicable ties with the French court. Her efforts also earned her the admiration of the First Minister of France, Cardinal Richelieu, who wrote in 1637 that the Landgravine “defended herself with courage, not least by the force, as by the justice of her cause." Thirty Years' War

After renewing Hesse-Kassel’s alliance with France, Amalie <mask> rejoined the war on the allied side. She soon agreed to support a joint allied offensive and in 1640 ordered General Peter Melander to link up with the armies of France and Sweden. Melander, however, did not support rejoining the war against the Emperor and strongly objected to serving under


texts: the Swedish Field Marshal Johan Banér, who had been given overall command of the allied army. In July 1640 Melander returned to Kassel and offered his resignation.Amalie <mask>, having had enough of Melander’s criticisms of her leadership, accepted the resignation. Peter Melander would later become a general in the Imperial army and fight against Hesse-Kassel. Over the remaining course of the war, the Landgravine chose several other men to command her armies, including Count Kaspar von Eberstein and Johann von Geyso. Amalie <mask> remained allied with France and Sweden and committed the army of Hesse-Kassel to their cause until the end of the war. In 1641 Hessian troops fought alongside the French and Swedish armies. Together they won a pyrrhic victory in the Battle of Wolfenbüttel. Later that year, the Swedish attempted to relieve a Hessian force under siege in Dorsten, where Amalie <mask> had once held court, but they were too late, and Dorsten fell to Imperial forces in September.In January 1642, Hessian forces assisted the French army under the Comte de Guébriant in winning a decisive victory at the Battle of Kempen, strengthening the allied position along the Rhine. Two Hessian cavalry regiments fought alongside Swedish Field Marshal Lennart Torstensson’s forces at the Second Battle of Breitenfeld in October 1642. The battle was a major victory for the allies, leaving the Habsburg Hereditary lands vulnerable and further turning the tide of the war. Hessian forces were also present at the last battle of the Thirty Years’ War, which took place at Wevelinghoven in 1648. In this battle, the Hessian army under Johann von Geyso defeated an Imperial army


texts: under Guillaume de Lamboy. In addition to committing troops to the major campaigns of the war, Amalie <mask> also launched initiatives to increase the size of her children’s inheritance. For example, in 1641 the last count of Hanau-Münzenberg died without a male heir and a succession struggle ensued between many different claimants.Amalie <mask> had a great deal of influence in Hanau-Münzenberg because it was the county of her birth, her husband had liberated it from Imperial siege in 1636, and its government owed money to Hesse-Kassel. One claimant, Count Friedrich Casimir of Hanau-Lichtenberg, offered to allow the territory to revert to Hesse-Kassel if his line ever lacked a male heir in exchange for Amalie <mask> supporting his claim. She accepted the deal and in 1643 Count Friedrich Casimir won the succession struggle with her help. Thereafter if the Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg ever died without a male heir, Hanau-Münzenberg would belong to Hesse-Kassel, which eventually took place in 1736. Amalie <mask>’s most significant initiative was her campaign to reclaim the Marburg inheritance lost to Hesse-Darmstadt by her late father-in-law. In October 1643, she re-asserted Hesse-Kassel’s claim to the territory, using the opinions of legal experts to show that the 1627 treaty conceding it was both illegal and forced. In 1645, she went a step further by launching an invasion and occupying Marburg and the rest of the disputed territory.This was the start of the Hessenkrieg, or "Hessian War," which would be waged throughout the later stages of the Thirty Years’ War. Initially, the experienced army of Hesse-Kassel was easily able to defeat the meager forces


texts:
 Landgrave George II was able to muster. However, George II requested aid from the Imperialists, and the Emperor and the Elector of Bavaria sent a force under Peter Melander to assist him. Amalie <mask> called upon her French and Swedish allies to support her, and the main focus of the war shifted to the conflict in Hesse. In 1647 Melander managed to retake the city of Marburg, but the city’s fortress held out and Melander’s army began to run out of supplies. In December of that year a cannonball from the fortress seriously injured Melander, and in January 1648 his army retreated from the territory. Amalie <mask>’s forces re-occupied Marburg, and George II was forced to come to terms.In April of that year, both Hessian houses signed an agreement in which Amalie <mask> received most of the disputed territory, including the valuable city of Marburg. Peace of Westphalia
In 1642, diplomats laid plans to host a general peace conference between the Emperor, the French and the Swedish in the Westphalian cities of Münster and Osnabrück, although the negotiations would not begin for several more years. Once they began all the princes of the Empire were invited to attend the congress, with Catholic princes joining the French at Münster and Protestant princes going to Osnabrück with the Swedes. Because Amalie <mask> was one of the few German princes remaining at war with the Emperor, she sent diplomatic delegations to both Münster and Osnabrück. Throughout the negotiations the Landgravine instructed her diplomats to pursue an uncompromising strategy to achieve her demands. This strategy did not endear her to any of the other princes, as her demands were far more


texts: ambitious than they had expected and many thought she was being unreasonable. In addition to negotiating with the princes of the Empire, Amalie <mask> also had to repeatedly ensure that her French and Swedish allies would not abandon her demands in favor of their own.One of Amalie <mask>’s most ambitious demands was a formal change in the structure of the Holy Roman Empire. Her husband, the late Landgrave William V, had been a staunch opponent of the Habsburg emperors’ attempts at centralization and believed that every Imperial prince should enjoy the same rights. Amalie <mask> thus sought to achieve her husband’s goal of stripping the Emperor and the Electors of their power over the Empire by formalizing an aristocratic interpretation of the Imperial constitution. This goal was also supported by the French, the Swedes, and a few German princes, the most prominent of which was the Elector of Brandenburg. However, these allies were prevented from working together by other disputes. Sweden and Brandenburg both claimed the territory of Pomerania, so the Imperial negotiator mediated the dispute, awarding Sweden half of Pomerania and compensating Brandenburg with lands elsewhere. As a result of this mediation, both parties agreed to drop their demands for changes to the constitution of the Empire.Without their support, Amalie <mask> was unable to achieve all of her constitutional goals. Although a complete re-interpretation of the Imperial constitution did not occur, Amalie <mask> and her allies did achieve important concessions on this issue. The Peace of Westphalia confirmed that every Imperial Prince had the right to make alliances and take up arms


texts: independently. The most important issue for Amalie <mask> was the question of religion. Throughout the conference she repeatedly demanded that Calvinism be given the same legal status within the Empire as Catholicism and Lutheranism. She faced strong opposition on this issue, both from the Emperor’s delegates and from those of the Lutheran princes, who were not inclined to make common cause with their fellow protestants. However, this was not an issue she was willing to compromise on, as she had repeatedly refused to make peace in the past without explicit protections for her religion.Eventually her hardline stance won out, and the delegates agreed to grant Calvinists the same rights enjoyed by Catholics and Lutherans since the Peace of Augsburg. Amalie <mask> also advanced the interests of Hesse-Kassel throughout the conference. She initially demanded territorial concessions from the princes whose lands in Westphalia she occupied. These demands were strongly opposed by many other princes, so she eventually agreed to drop them in exchange for 600,000 Reichsthalers in reparations payments. Although she did not achieve these territorial demands, she did gain recognition of her acquisition of the Marburg inheritance and several smaller territories such as Hersfeld Abbey and parts of the County of Schaumburg. In addition, the Landgravine successfully negotiated an amnesty going back to 1618 for herself and all other princes outside the Habsburg hereditary lands. With the help of Sweden and France, she also secured a compensation payment to demobilize her army, the only German territory to do so.In total <mask> <mask> achieved many of her objectives and

masks: Elisabeth Elisabeth Amalie Elisabeth


texts:
 wielded significant influence on the Peace of Westphalia, despite being the ruler of a minor German state. In the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück, there are a full 15 paragraphs specifically addressing the affairs of Hesse-Kassel and Amalie Elisabeth. Death
Amalie <mask>’s efforts during the war and the burdens they brought with them had a lasting impact, and her health had steadily deteriorated through the war. In September 1650, she declared her intention to abdicate and transfer power to her son William VI, who had turned 21 earlier that year. On the 5th of October, she held an extravagant abdication ceremony, attended by her advisors and the Hessian estates, at which William VI was officially granted control over the court. Before her abdication, Amalie <mask> had overseen the marriage of her daughter Charlotte to Elector Charles Louis of the Palatinate. In March 1651, she and her daughter <mask> traveled to Heidelberg to visit the newly married Electress Charlotte and her husband.While she was there, she suffered a severe bout of rheumatism in her foot and had to have part of it amputated in a painful surgery. Amalie <mask> returned to Kassel completely exhausted and with her condition much deteriorated. Four weeks later, on August 8, 1651, Amalie <mask> died in her sleep in Kassel. She was buried in the Martinskirche cemetery on September 30. Legacy
Amalie <mask> was remembered fondly among Calvinists for her efforts to preserve the Reformed faith in the Holy Roman Empire. When she visited Heidelberg in 1651, she was praised by the city’s inhabitants, who called her a second Deborah. In his 1901 book Women of the Reformed Church, James Isaac


texts:
 Good calls her both a “Reformed Deborah” and a “Reformed Joan of Arc."Her first biography was likely written by Christian Gottfried Körner and appeared as an appendix to the Representation of the Thirty Years War by Friedrich Schiller. <mask> <mask> was one of only four women accepted into King Ludwig I's Walhalla hall of fame during his lifetime (There are twelve women present today). Her bust was carved by Christian Friedrich Tieck. Although <mask> <mask>’s reign was remembered for generations, modern scholarship on the Thirty Years’ War often pays little or no attention to her or her accomplishments. The foremost English-language biography on her is The Iron Princess: Amalia Elizabeth and the Thirty Years' War, written by Dr. Tryntje Helfferich and published in 2013. In her book, Dr. Helfferich argues that Amalie <mask>’s role in the Thirty Years’ War has been marginalized in modern works “largely because she was a woman, for her role in the Thirty Years War rivaled that of Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar, Cardinal Mazarin, or even King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden." Issue
Agnes (24 November 1620 – 20 August 1626).Maurice (born and died 24 September 1621). <mask> (21 October 1623 – 13 January 1624). William (31 January 1625 – 11 July 1626). Emilie (11 February 1626 – 15 February 1693), married 15 May 1648 to Henri Charles de La Trémoille. Charlotte (20 November 1627 – 16 March 1686), married 12 February 1650 (div. 14 April 1657) to Charles I Louis of the Palatinate. William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (23 May 1629 – 16 July 1663), married 9 July 1646 to Margravine Hedwig Sophie of Brandenburg.Philipp (16 June 1630 – 17 August 1638). Adolf (17 December 1631 –

masks: Amalie Elisabeth Amalie Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth


texts:
 17 March 1632). Karl (18/19 June 1633 – 9 March 1635). <mask> (23 June 1634 – 22 March 1688), Princess-Abbess of Herford. Stillbirth (8 February 1635). Luise (5 November 1636 – 6 January 1638). Stillbirth (28 May 1637).References

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1602 births
1651 deaths
17th-century women rulers
Countesses of Hanau-Münzenberg
House of Hesse-Kassel
Landgravines of Hesse-Kassel
German people of the Thirty Years' War
German female regents
17th-century German


title: Scott Elarton

texts:
<mask> (born February 23, 1976) is a retired right-handed pitcher. He played for the Houston Astros (–), Colorado Rockies (2001–), Cleveland Indians (2004–, ) and the Kansas City Royals (–)

Playing career

Minor leagues; Houston Astros (1994–2001)
Elarton was chosen by the Astros in the first round of the  Major League Baseball Draft (25th overall) when he was 18 years old. Foregoing college for the Minor Leagues, Elarton went from the single-A level to triple-A in  and made his Major League debut on June 20, 1998, at 22 years of age. He spent most of 1998 as a relief pitcher and registered a 3.32 earned run average,  but gave up the game-winning run in the pivotal Game 3 of the National League Division Series against the eventual league champion San Diego Padres. Elarton started  in the bullpen. He was moved to the starting rotation in early July and recorded a 3.48 ERA and 9–5 record. Elarton had shoulder surgery after the 1999 season and started  on the disabled list and in Minor League rehabilitation.Despite the injury, he had the best season of his career in 2000, posting a 17–7 record for a poor Astros team that compiled only a 72–90 record. Winning twice as many games as any other pitcher on the team at the hitter-friendly Enron Field while posting a 4.81 ERA, he was named the team's Pitcher of the Year. In 2001, <mask>'s ERA rose to 7.14 in 20 starts for the Astros, compiling a record of 4–8 before his trade to the Rockies. Colorado Rockies (2001–2004)
He was traded to the Rockies for Pedro Astacio at the trading deadline, returning Elarton to his home state of Colorado. The Rockies' hitter-friendly Coors Field stadium did little to improve his ERA, which finished at 7.06 as he was shut down due to shoulder discomfort, appearing in only 4 games for the

masks:
Vincent Scott Elarton
Elarton


title: Scott Elarton

texts:
 Rockies. He also finished the season at fifth-worst in the National League in home runs allowed and eighth-worst in earned runs allowed. Elarton had major shoulder surgery and missed the entire  season.He then spent  primarily in the minors, posting an ERA of 5.31 with a 6–8 record before getting the call up to the Rockies. Elarton posted a 6.27 ERA in 11 games in the majors. Entering 2004, Elarton was competing for a starting spot in the Rockies rotation. After a good spring training, Elarton made the opening day roster as the 5th starter. Through 8 starts, he posted an ERA of 9.80 without winning a decision and also set a Colorado record for most consecutive decision losses to open a season, as he opened the season 0–6. The Rockies released him in mid-May. Cleveland Indians (2004–2005)
After being released by the Rockies in 2004, he was signed to a Minor-League contract by Cleveland and was soon back in the Majors.He posted a 4.53 ERA and win-loss record of 3–5 and earned his first victory on July 29 against the Tigers, pitching 7 innings. On August 29, 2004, Elarton pitched the best game of his career against the Chicago White Sox, a two-hit complete game shutout, allowing only one walk and recording six strikeouts. In 2005, <mask> spent his first season entirely in the Majors since 2001. He recorded his first double-digit winning season since 2000. He responded with an 11–9 record for the second-place Indians and a 4.61 ERA while ranking among the ten worst in home runs allowed for the second year in a row. Kansas City Royals (2006–2007)
After the 2005 season, <mask> was signed as a free agent by the Kansas City Royals. In 2006, Elarton gave up Derek Jeter's 2000th career hit.<mask> was shut down after 20 starts, finishing with a 4–9 record and a strikeout/walk

masks: Elarton Elarton Elarton


title: Scott Elarton

texts:
 ratio of 3.8 (49 strikeouts, 52 walks) in 114 innings. The Royals released him on July 25, 2007, after going 2–4 with a 10.46 ERA in 37 innings. Return to the Cleveland Indians (2008)
He signed a Minor League contract with the Indians on August 3, 2007. He re-signed with the Indians on February 8, 2008, to a Minor League contract with an invitation to spring training. He was called up to the majors on May 24. On July 8, <mask> was put on the 15-day disabled list with a non-baseball condition. He had been on the restricted list prior to that with what Indians manager Eric Wedge described as "personal issues."Chicago White Sox (2010)
After taking a year off from baseball, Elarton signed a minor league deal with the White Sox. He appeared in just 16 games for their minor league affiliate Charlotte Knights after being hampered by a toe injury the whole season. Philadelphia Phillies (2012)
Elarton spent the following years battling numerous injuries and remaining outside of professional baseball. He was at 299 pounds between 2009 and 2011. In 2011, a chance encounter with Philadelphia Phillies general manager Rubén Amaro, Jr. led to Elarton receiving a minor league contract with Phillies and an invitation the team's  spring training. Elarton spent the whole year in the Phillies minor league affiliate Lehigh Valley IronPigs. He pitched in 26 starts, going 6–11 with an ERA of 5.41.At one point, Elarton had a 22 inning scoreless streak. For Elarton, it was just a matter of having love for the game again after appearing in just 16 games from 2009 to 2012. Minnesota Twins (2013)
On December 11, 2012, the Minnesota Twins signed <mask> to a minor-league contract. but released him before the end of spring training. He then signed a contract with the Sugar Land Skeeters for the

masks: Elarton Elarton


title: Howard Gimbel

texts:
<mask><mask> FRCSC, AOE, FACS, CABES, (born January 17, 1934) is a Canadian ophthalmologist, university professor, senior editor, and amateur musician. He is better known for his invention, along with Thomas Neuhann, of the continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC), a technique employed in modern cataract surgery. Early life
<mask> was born in Calgary, Alberta. The son of Jacob and <mask>, he grew up along with five siblings on a grain and dairy farm east of Calgary near the small town of Beiseker. In 1952, he graduated from high school at Canadian University College near Lacombe (Alberta). He attended Walla Walla University in Washington, and graduated with a degree in physics. It was here where he met his wife and lifetime companion, Judy Carl, whom he married on the evening of his graduation day.Education
<mask> attended medical school at Loma Linda University School of Medicine (California), and graduated in 1960. Given his physics background and interest in optics, the choice of specialization in Ophthalmology came naturally to him. After completing his residency training at White Memorial Medical Center (Los Angeles, California) in 1964, <mask> returned to Calgary where he set up his Ophthalmology practice. Always an early adaptor of new technologies, he soon became known as "Gadget <mask>". In January 1974, <mask> took a course with Charles Kelman in phacoemulsification, a surgical technique for the removal of cataracts through a suture-less, 3 mm incision. Prior to phacoemulsification, cataract surgery required a 10 to 12 mm incision, which was closed with sutures and caused significant astigmatism. Later that same year, he attended the

masks:
Howard V
. Gimbel
Gimbel
Ruth Gimbel
Gimbel
Gimbel
Gimbel
Gimbel


title: Howard Gimbel

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 first International Intraocular Lens Implantation Course by Cornelius "Cees" Binkhorst and Jan Worst in the Netherlands.Despite being considered standard care today, the concept of intraocular lens implantation during cataract surgery was a topic of much controversy at the time. These two novel techniques had a profound influence on <mask>, who was among the first ophthalmologists in North America to successfully implement them into his practice. Career
In 1984, <mask> introduced radial keratotomy to Canada, a refractive surgery technique in which peripheral corneal incisions are carefully placed to correct refractive errors. That same year he founded an eye surgery centre dedicated to the treatment of cataracts and refractive surgery, the Gimbel Eye Centre. It was around this time that he perfected the continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC), and the divide and conquer nucleofractis techniques, two techniques currently employed in small incision cataract surgery. His excellent surgical outcomes compelled him to share these techniques and others with his colleagues at universities and societies around the world through presentations, videotape distribution, and over 25 live satellite broadcasts at international conferences. As the first surgeon in Canada to acquire the excimer laser for refractive surgery, <mask> has remained at the forefront of refractive vision correction.In 1990, the first photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) procedure in Canada was performed at the Gimbel Eye Centre by John A. van Westenbrugge. PRK is a laser treatment of the corneal surface for the correction of refractive errors. Similarly, <mask> was the first surgeon in

masks: Gimbel Gimbel Gimbel Gimbel


title: Howard Gimbel

texts:
 North America to offer the Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) to his patients in 1997. The ICL is a posterior chamber, phakic intraocular lens used for the correction of moderate to high refractive errors. In February 2000, <mask> accepted an appointment to the Department of Ophthalmology at Loma Linda University, where he remains chairman and professor. He is also an associate professor of Ophthalmology at the University of Calgary, and director of the Anterior Segment and Refractive Surgery fellowship at the Gimbel Eye Centre. In 2009, he was presented with the Canadian Ophthalmological Society Lifetime Achievement Award, and is considered one of the most influential and accomplished ophthalmologists in the world.Continuous Curvilinear Capsulorhexis
The continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) has been crucial to modern cataract surgery. It consists of making a small circular opening on the anterior surface of the crystalline lens to facilitate subsequent phacoemulsification and cataract removal. This technique constitutes a marked improvement from the previous can-opener capsulorhexis, where multiple small anterior capsular tears were connected. By providing a smooth, continuous surface that resists radial extension, the CCC significantly improved the safety and ease of phacoemulsification, effectively popularizing it. <mask> employed this technique as early as 1983, and published his landmark description of it in 1991, along with Thomas Neuhann. Divide and Conquer Nucleofractis (CCC)
One of the basic techniques of cataract nucleofractis (fragmentation and removal), divide and conquer is among the safest approaches to phacoemulsification

masks: Gimbel Gimbel


title: Howard Gimbel

texts:
 and cataract removal. Its safety is reflected in being among the first techniques of phacoemulsification taught to ophthalmology residents and beginner surgeons around the world.It consists of fashioning two orthogonal and deep central grooves in the crystalline lens nucleus, followed by mechanical fracturing of the cataract with the phacoemulsification probe and second instrument. This effectively divides the cataract into four quadrants that are more easily removed by phacoemulsification. <mask> initially proposed this technique in 1991. Kwitko was the first to perform and introduce radial keratotomy to Canada. Other innovations and techniques

Family life and interests
<mask> currently lives in Calgary, Alberta. He commutes every two weeks between his private practice at the Gimbel Eye Centre in Calgary and his chairman position at Loma Linda University. A lifelong Seventh-day Adventist, he is the father of five children, and has 12 grandchildren.He has a 1,750 acre farm, which he visits on his free time. Besides farming, he enjoys family reunions, hiking, singing in choral groups, and playing musical saw and trombone. He is able to accomplish all of these activities with the support of his wife Judy, who provides organizational support for his travel plans, conferences, and other commitments. Awards and recognitions

References

External links
 <mask>. <mask>:Dialogue With an Adventist Eye Surgeon in Canada College and University Dialogue Retrieved November 23, 2018

1934 births
Living people
Canadian ophthalmologists
People from Calgary
Walla Walla University alumni
Members of the Alberta Order of Excellence
Canadian Seventh-day

masks:
Gimbel
Gimbel
Howard V
Gimbel


title: Gurajada Apparao

texts:
<mask> (21 September 1862 – 30 November 1915) was a noted Indian playwright, dramatist, poet, and writer known for his works in Telugu theatre. Rao wrote the play Kanyasulkam in 1892, which is considered as the greatest play in the Telugu language. One of the pioneers of Indian theatre, Rao holds the titles Kavisekhara and Abyudaya Kavitha Pithamahudu. In 1910, Rao scripted the widely known Telugu patriotic song "Desamunu Preminchumanna". In 1897, Kanyasulkam was published (by Vavilla Ramaswamy Sastrulu and Sons, Madras) and dedicated to Maharaja Ananda Gajapati. <mask> (along with his brother Syamala Rao) wrote several English poems. His Sarangadhara, published in "Indian Leisure Hour", was well received.The editor of the Calcutta-based "Rees and Ryot", Sambhu Chandra Mukherji read it and re-published it in his magazine. Gundukurti Venkata Ramanayya, editor of the "Indian Leisure Hour", encouraged <mask> greatly during the same period. In 1891, <mask> was appointed to the post of Epigraphist to the Maharaja of Vizianagaram. Early life and education
<mask> was born in a Niyogi brahmin family on 21 September 1862 at his maternal uncle's home in Rayavaram village, near Yelamanchili, Visakhapatnam district. His parents were Venkata Rama Dasu and Kausalyamma. Gurajada lived most of his life in and around Vizianagaram in what was then called as Kalinga Rajyam. He and his father before him were both employed by the princely state of Vizianagaram.Gurajada enjoyed a close

masks:
Gurajada Venkata Apparao
Apparao
Apparao
Gurajada
Gurajada


title: Gurajada Apparao

texts:
 relationship with the ruling family during his adult life. He had his initial schooling in Cheepurupalli while his father was working there. His remaining schooling was done at Vizianagaram after his father died. During that time, he was taken care of by the then M.R. College Principal, C. Chandrasekhara Sastri who provided him free lodging and boarding. He completed his matriculation in 1882 and obtained F.A. in 1884.Soon after, he was employed as a teacher in M.R. High School in 1884 with a salary of Rs.25. In 1887, Gurajada spoke at a Congress Party meeting in Vizianagaram. His daughter Voleti Lakshmi Narasamma was born in 1887. He was simultaneously involved in social work and became a member of the Voluntary Service Corps in Visakhapatnam in 1888. He was elected vice-president of the Ananda Gajapati Debating club in 1889. His son <mask> Venkata Ramadasu was born in 1890.In 1891 he was promoted to Lecturer (Level III) with a salary of Rs.125. He taught the F.A. and B.A. classes several subjects including English Grammar, Sanskrit Literature, Translation, Greek and Roman Histories. His younger brother Syamala Rao died in 1892 while studying at Madras Law College. 1908 Congress session at Madras
In 1911, he was appointed to the Board of Studies by Madras University. The same year, <mask> and his friends started the Andhra Sahitya Parishat to promote use of spoken dialects.The next year, he was invited to attend the meeting of the Bangeeya Sahitya Parishat (Bengal Literary

masks: Gurajada Gurajada


title: Gurajada Apparao

texts:
 Association) at Calcutta. Kanyasulkam

Kanyasulkam is about the deplorable condition of widows in traditional Brahmin families in the Andhra region of India during the 19th century. The play is a highly thought-provoking social drama dealing with social issues relevant to the time. <mask> Apparao was deeply troubled by the double standards, hypocrisy and social inequalities in the Indian society. The English preface to the first edition of his play states: "Such a scandalous state of things is a disgrace to society, and literature can not have a higher function than to show up such practices and give currency to a high standard of moral ideas. Until reading habits prevail among masses, one must look only to the stage to exert such healthy influence." Perhaps for the first time in Telugu literary history, a prostitute was given a very positive image so much so that she is shown to better the lives of many people during the course of the play.The play is ageless in the sense that its projection of the Indian mindset and psyche is very relevant and applicable in Indian Society today. The play was, in some ways, ahead of its time and was very bold in criticizing the popular opinions and practices during that era. It frequently jabs at the male-dominated society of India, by bringing to the forefront certain egoistic idiosyncrasies of a typical Indian male, in an unflattering manner. It also questions the practices of witchcraft, sorcery, and their popular usage in medical


title: Gurajada Apparao

texts:
 practice during that period in India. Personal life

Gurajada married Appala Narasamma in 1885. He continued his studies and graduated with B.A. (Philosophy major and Sanskrit minor) in 1886.For some period during 1886, he worked as Head Clerk in the Deputy Collector's office. On Vijayadasami day, 1887, he joined as a Lecturer (Level IV) in M.R. College with a salary of Rs.100. Around the same time, he was introduced to Maharajah Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju (1850–1897). In 1905, Gurajada's mother died. In 1906, his close friend P.T. Srinivasa Iyyangar, principal of Mrs. A.V.N.College, Visakhapatnam started an association to promote curriculum reform in high schools. One of the chief aims was to introduce spoken dialects. Along with him, J.A. Yates (1874–1951) -a British civil servant, Gidugu and Gurajada were the principal members. Another friend S. Srinivasa Iyengar (1874–1941) also gave a lot of support and encouragement. Incidentally, this Srinivasa Iyengar was a well-known lawyer and was the President of AICC (All India Congress Committee) annual session at Guwahati in 1926. <mask>li, Gidugu Rammurty (1863–1940) was his school of thought.Retirement and death
Gurajada retired in 1913, and the then Madras University honored him with the title "Emeritus Fellow". He died on 30 November 1915. Bibliography

Other Literature works
The Cook (N/A. An English Poem -1882)
Sarangadhara (In English, a long poem, (padya kavyam) -1883. {Refer a letter addressed by the Editor of Reis


title: Gurajada Apparao

texts:
 ans Rayyet, to Gundukurti Venkataramanaiah, dated:14-8-1883)
Chandrahasa (N/A. An English long poem, padya kavyam - Authorship and Date uncertain)
Victoria Prasasti (English poems in praise of Queen Victoria presented to the then Viceroy of India by Maharani of Reeva -1890)
KanyaSulkamu (Drama, First Ed. -1892, Completely revised second Ed.-1909)
Review and Introduction in English to Sree rama vijayam and jArji dEva caritaM (both Sanskrit works -1894)
Edited (1890s) "the Wars of Rajas, Being the History of Hande Anantapuram, Thathacharyula kathalu," both originally collected by C.P. Brown. These works were published after <mask>'s death. Review and introduction in English to Harischandra (An English Drama -1897)
Minugurlu (children's story, perhaps the first in modern style -1903?) Kondubhatteeyam (Unfinished humorous drama -1906)
Neelagiri patalu (Songs describing the beauty of Nilagiri hills where Gurajada recuperated from an illness -1907)
 "Madras Congress" an article by Gurajada, in The Hindu, on the 1908 Congress Party Annual Session at Madras criticizing the lack of focus, integrity and strong will to take on the British rulers, original not traceable, only Avasarala Suryarao's Telugu translation is now available. Part of the above said article, a poem parodying the session,is now available. "Canna kalapu cinna buddhulu," essay denouncing the superstitions associated with the appearance of Haley's Comet in 1910.Mutyala Saralu and Kasulu (Poems in Gurajada's own meter,


title: Henri Lambert

texts:
<mask>  (1862–1934) was a Belgian engineer and glass works owner at Charleroi near Brussels. His glass works was the largest in the world in that time. He was one of the first occupied with social economy. He spoke Walloon with his blue collar workers, which was exceptional in that time. He was a prolific writer (in French) of articles for newspaper and political journals, brochures, and books on political philosophy, and had several of his works translated into German and English. He favoured individualism, free trade, and international peace. He also wrote works about corporations, trade unions, government, democracy, and representation, voicing bold and well-intentioned ideas (which may not be altogether consistent).But his criticism of the principle of limited liability in connection with corporations is an original point which seems to have attracted attention at the turn of the century, as well as his ideas about the organisation of trade unions. He was called upon to address lawyers' and economists' associations and other bodies. References

 <mask> - A profound thinker and still relevant - Pierre Casimir-<mask>
 <mask>. Un grand penseur toujours d'actualité, Jean-Louis Van Belle, Editions La Taille d'Aulme, 2010
 <mask>, cofondateur de la

masks:
Henri Lambert
Henri Lambert
Lambert
Henri Lambert
Henri Lambert


title: Henri Lambert

texts:
 Ligue internationale du Libre-Échange (1918) ou de l’inutilité de l’Europe unie, Jean-Louis Van Belle

Books
 <mask>, Le Nouveau Contrat Social ou L’Organisation de la Démocratie Individualiste
http://www.henrilambert.eu/medias/files/nouveaucontratsocial.pdf

 The False Peace
http://www.henrilambert.eu/medias/files/falsepeace.pdf

 Pax Economica
http://www.henrilambert.eu/medias/files/paxeconomica.pdf

 The ethics of international trade (1915)
http://www.henrilambert.eu/medias/files/ethicsinternationaltrade.pdf

 Un autre aspect de la question européenne et une solution (1915)
http://www.henrilambert.eu/medias/files/autreaspectquestioneuropeenne.pdf

Articles

1893

H.L., Révision constitutionnelle. Représentation des intérêts, Tamines, s.d. [1893] brochure,15 p. (copie d’une lettre adressée à L’Indépendance belge du 27.12.1892). H.L., « La représentation des intérêts », in Gazette de Charleroi, 27 janvier 1893, p. 1-2.1894

H.L., Note complémentaire à la brochure traitant de l’organisation du suffrage général par la représentation des intérêts, Tamines, 15 p., s.d [1894]. 1895

H.L. et BAUDOUx (É. ), Les syndicats professionnels et l’évolution corporative, Bruxelles,1895, 74 p. H.L., « Situation de l’industrie du verre à vitre en Belgique », in


title: Henri Lambert

texts:
 p. 1. 1899

H.L., « La représentation des intérêts », in Gazette de Charleroi, 2 février 1899, p. 1. 1906

H.L., « Le Suffrage universel organisé », in Gazette de Charleroi, 12 février 1906, p. 1. 1907

H.L., « Une appréciation sur le marché verrier », in L’Écho de l’Industrie, 28 juillet 1907,p. 233.H.L. et BAUDOUx (É. ), « Le droit commun d’Association », in Revue des Deux-Mondes,15 août 1907, p. 842-860. 1908

H.L., « Les deux régimes », in L’Écho de l’Industrie, 12 janvier 1908, p. 10. H.L., « Les deux régimes », in Gazette de Charleroi, 14 janvier 1908, p. 1-2. H.L., « Fédération des Avocats belges. II, Note complémentaire à l’étude sur le droit commun d’association par Eugène Baudoux et <mask> », in Journal des Tribunaux,n° 2204, 16 janvier 1908, col. 52-56.- 376

H.L., « Le droit commun d’association », in Gazette de Charleroi, 19 janvier 1908, p. 1.H.L., « Fédération des Avocats belges, La Personnification civile des associations, Débats ,L’utilité publique », in Journal des Tribunaux, 23 janvier 1908, n° 2206, col. 87. H.L., « Les deux régimes », in L’Écho de l’Industrie, 26 janvier 1908, p. 25-26. H.L., « Les deux régimes », in Gazette de Charleroi, 28 janvier 1908, p. 1. H.L., « Fédération des Avocats belges. La Personnification civile


title: Henri Lambert

texts:
 des associations, discours d’H.L. », in Journal des Tribunaux, 6 février 1908, n°2210, (suppl.) col.153-159.H.L., « Les deux régimes. Conclusion », in L’Écho de l’Industrie, 9 février 1908, p. 41. H.L., « Les deux régimes. Conclusion », in Gazette de Charleroi, 11 février 1908, p. 1-2. H.L., « Le troisième régime. Lettre de M. Henri <mask> », in L’Écho de l’Industrie, 23 février1908, p. 58-59. H.L., « La question congolaise.Une solution internationale », in Gazette de Charleroi, 8 avril1908, p. 1. H.L., « Une solution internationale », in Le Ralliement, 19 avril 1908, p. 237-239. H.L., « L’internationalisation du « Congo belge », in Gazette de Charleroi, 18 juin 1908,p. 1-2. H.L., « L’internationalisation du Congo », in Le Ralliement, 5 juillet 1908, p. 408-410. H.L., « L’internationalisation du « Congo belge », in Gazette de Charleroi, 12 juillet 1908,p. 1.H.L., « L’internationalisation du Congo », in Le Ralliement, 26 juillet 1908, p. 453-454. 1909

H.L., « Le droit d’association et le problème social », in L’Opinion, 22 mai 1909, p. 679-680. H.L., « À propos d’une entente générale de la verrerie belge », in L’Écho de l’Industrie, 30 mai 1909, p. 169-170. H.L., in VAVASSEUR (J.) « Réforme de la loi sur les syndicats professionnels », Séance du 5


title: Henri Lambert

texts:
 TRUCHy (Henri), Participation ouvrière à la gestion des Entreprises »,Séance du 4 Mars 1922 de la Société d’Économie politique de Paris, in Journal des Économistes, intervention d’H. L., Paris, 15 mars 1922, p. 361. H.L., « Le seul règlement possible de la situation internationale : la paix libre-échangiste », in L’Écho de la Bourse, 8 juin 1922, p. 3.H.L., « Le seul règlement possible de la situation internationale : la paix libre-échangiste », in Journal des Économistes, 15 juin 1922, p. 315-324.- 382

H.L., « Le seul règlement possible de la situation internationale : la paix libre- échangiste », in Journal des Économistes, 15 juin 1922,10 p. (tiré à part, texte légèrement différent duprécédent). H.L., « La paix libre-échangiste », in Gazette de Charleroi, 22 juin 1922, p. 1. H.L., « La paix libre-échangiste », in Le Travail (Verviers), 2 septembre 1922, p. 1. 1924

H.L., « Une lettre de M. Henri <mask> », in La Libre Belgique, 23 février 1924, p. 2. H.L., « Lettre au directeur de « La Libre Belgique », in Bulletin de La Ligue du Libre-Échange, Journal des Économistes, 15 mars 1924, p. 382-384. H.L., « Démocratie, Libre-échange et Paix », in Gazette de Charleroi, 25 mars 1924, p. 1. H.L., « La Belgique et le libre échange », in Gazette de


title: Henri Lambert

texts:
 Charleroi, p. 1.H.L., Aux libéraux belges, 22 novembre 1924, 2 p.

1925

H.L., « Droit d’association et question sociale », Séance du 5 mai 1925 de la Société d’Économie politique de Paris, in Journal des Économistes, 15 mai 1925, p. 225-239. H.L., « Le droit d’association et la question sociale », in Comptes rendus de la Société d’Économie politique de Belgique, n° 36, 23 juin 1925, p. 51-83. 1926

H.L., in « SAINT-MARC (Pierre), Le minotaure fiscal et les droits de succession », Séance du 5 février 1926 de la Société d’Économie politique de Paris, in Journal des Économistes, intervention d’H. L., 15 février 1926, p. 239-240. H.L., « Pax Oeconomica », in Revue la Paix, vol.1, n° 3, mai 1926, p. 97-99. H.L., in « POTTIER (Aristide), Le martyre des valeurs mobilières », Séance du 4 juin 1926 de la Société d’Économie politique de Paris, in Journal des Économistes, intervention d’H. L.,Paris, 15 juin 1926, p. 422- 423.H.L., « Le socialisme, cause ou effet de la décadence européenne ? Une lettre de M. Henri <mask> », in Gazette de Charleroi, 1 juillet 1926, p. 1. H.L., « Anonymat et responsabilité. Une lettre de M. <mask> », in Gazette de Charleroi, 8 juillet 1926, p. 1. H.L., « Pour la restauration économique. Une lettre de M. Henri <mask> », in

masks:
Lambert
Henri Lambert
Lambert


title: Henri Lambert

texts:
 interventions d’ H. L., p. 10. H.L., in « CR de la séance du 28 avril 1931 de la Société d’Économie politique de Belgique consacrée au thème « Les sociétés anonymes et la bourse », in Comptes rendus des travauxde la Société d’Économie politique de Belgique n°s 71-72, 1931, interventions d’ H. L., p. 7-16. H.L., in « CR des séances des 12 et 19 juin 1931 de la Société d’Économie politique de Belgique consacrées à la question du Limbourg », in Comptes rendus des travaux de la Société d’Économie politique de Belgique n° 16, 1931, interventions d’ H. L., p. 34-39. H.L., « Les grandes enquêtes de « l’Étoile Belge ».La crise économique actuelle est-elle un phénomène d’exception ? L’opinion de M. <mask> », in L’Étoile Belge, 17 avril 1931,p. 1. H.L., « La crise économique est-elle exceptionnelle ? » in La Ligue du Libre-Échange, (octobre 1931), in Journal des Économistes, 15 octobre 1931, p. 205-207. H.L., Le seul règlement possible de la situation internationale : la solution libre-échangiste, Bruxelles [1931]. 1932

H.L., in « FERRAND (Lucien), Les conséquences financières de la législation sur les habitations à bon marché », Séance du 5 février 1932 de la Société d’Économie politique de Paris, in Journal des Économistes, intervention d’H.L., 1932,


title: Henri Lambert

texts:
 p. 172. H.L., « Les conditions de la sécurité et de la paix », in La Ligue du Libre-Échange, (mars1932), in Journal des Économistes, 15 mars 1932, p. 247-249. H.L., « Un programme de reconstruction du monde Terre et Liberté », in Bulletin de la Ligue pour la Réforme foncière et de la Ligue du Libre-Échange, 1932, mars-avril, p. 29-32. H.L., « A propos de la « Pan-Europa » et des « États-Unis d’Europe » de MM.Briand, Herriot, Coudenhove-Kalergi et consorts. Remarques présentées au Congrès européen de Bâle octobre 1932 », in Le Libre-Échange, novembre 1932, 4 p. 1933

H.L., De l’urgente nécessité d’abolir le capitalisme pour sauver la propriété privée et la liberté,s.d. [1933], 72 p.- 384

H.L., in « H.D. Les grandes enquêtes de l’ « Étoile Belge » La crise économique actuelle est-elle un phénomène d’exception ?L’opinion de M. <mask> », in L’Étoile belge, avril 1933, p.1. H.L., « Les garanties de la Sécurité et de la Paix », in La Ligue du Libre-Échange, (mai1933) in Journal des Économistes, 15 mai 1933, p. 438-439. H.L., « Les garanties de la Sécurité et de la Paix », in La Ligue du Libre-Échange, (juillet1933), in Journal des Économistes, Paris, 15 juillet 1933, p. 628-629. H.L., « L’équilibre du monde », in Le Libre-Échange n° 33,


title: Henri Lambert

texts:
 septembre-octobre 1933, p. 127-128. H.L., « L’Équilibre du monde », in La Ligue du Libre-Échange, (octobre 1933), in Journal des Économistes, 15 octobre 1933, p. 726-727. 1934

H.L., La réforme de l’État en Belgique et ailleurs. Pour un état démocratique et individualiste ; contre le corporatisme et la dictature : Le suffrage universel organisé et le parlementarisme d’intérêt général.Bruxelles, .s.d. [1934], 59 p. H.L., Le règlement de la situation internationale. Libre-échange ou Périr, Bruxelles, s.d. [1934],43 p. H.L., « Faut-il réformer l’État ? réponse de M. <mask> », in La Revue Belge, 11ème année, t. II, n° 1, 1er avril 1934, p. 49-52.H.L., in x., « Quelques remarques sur le Plan de Man. Une lettre de M. <mask> sur l’économie libre. Il faut découvrir la cause de la monopolisation graduelle ou deson danger », in L’Étoile belge, 29 avril 1934, p.1 sq. H.L., in « CR de la séance du 15 mai 1934 de la Société d’Économie politique de Belgique consacrée au plan du travail d’<mask> », in Comptes rendus des travaux de la Société d’Économie politique de Belgique, n° 96, mai 1934, interventions d’ H. L., p. 17-18, 28. 1935

H.L., Hypothèse sur l’évolution physique et métaphysique de l’Énergie, Bruxelles, 1935, 232 p.

2009

H.L., The Ethics of

masks:
Henri Lambert
Henri Lambert
Henri Deman


title: Siow Lee Chin

texts: <mask> (Traditional Chinese:蕭麗君, Simplified Chinese: 萧丽君) (born 1966) is a Singaporean violinist. Featured in the American Record Guide as "a distinguished cultural asset of international stature", and The Strad as a "trailblazing role model for string players", <mask>'s Gold Medal victory at the 1994 Henryk Szeryng International Violin Competition launched her career as one of Singapore's first soloists on the international classical stage. Her performances been viewed on China Central TV, America's CBS, National Public Radio, and Singapore's MediaCorp. As soloist, <mask> has collaborated with orchestras such as the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Ludwigsburg Festival Orchestra, Houston Symphony, Dallas Symphony, the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra, National Philharmonic of Ukraine, National Symphony Orchestra of Chile, Mexico State Symphony Orchestra, Avignon Symphony Orchestra, Auckland Philharmonia; as well as at major concert halls and festivals in Asia, Europe and the Americas including the Royal Albert Hall, Osaka Symphony Hall, Carnegie Weill Recital Hall, Alice Tully Hall at Lincoln Center, Beijing Concert Hall, City Hall in Hong Kong, Esplanade Concert Hall, Hangzhou Grand Theatre, KonzertHaus Vienna, Petronas Concert Hall, Shanghai Oriental Arts Centre, Suzhou Arts and Cultural Center, Tchaikovsky Hall; the Aspen Music Festival, Banff Music Festival, Cervantino Music Festival, Kansai International Performing Arts Festival, Lucerne International Music Festival, Ludwigsburg International Music Festival, Music Fest Perugia and Singapore Arts Festival. She performed centerstage at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games Opening Ceremony in the 55,000 capacity National Stadium,

masks:
Siow Lee Chin
Siow
Siow


title: Siow Lee Chin

texts:
 Singapore. Beginning her violin studies with her late father <mask>e Shun, <mask> traces her musical lineage all the way back to Eugène Ysaÿe, Henri Vieuxtemps and Henryk Wieniawski through their disciples and her teachers at Curtis Institute of Music, Oberlin College and Mannes: Aaron Rosand, Jascha Brodsky, Felix Galimir, Roland and Almita Vamos. Today, she continues their pedagogical tradition in her work with young people in music institutions including Beijing's Central Conservatory of Music, Seoul National University, Chicago Institute of Music, Lisbon Academy of Music, the Singapore National Youth Orchestra and as violin professor at the College of Charleston.She personalises familiar favourites with Asian motifs and introduces the music of Asian composers to the West. At the 2015 City of London Festival, she performed the world premiere of "Air", a piece written for her by Chinese composer Yao Chen, in a recital program which showcased the evolution of violin virtuosity from J.S. Bach to the present. <mask>'s CD Songs My Father Taught Me was a HMV classical bestseller in 2009 and was picked for Fanfare Magazine's Want List. In 2015, Singapore Press Holdings published her memoirs From Clementi to Carnegie – The Journey of Singaporean Violinist <mask> <mask>. Governor's School for the Arts and Humanities, South Carolina
Youth Orchestra of the Lowcountry, South Carolina
Fine Arts Institute, South Carolina
Weathersfield Music Festival
Chamber Music Festival of Milwaukee
VIRTUOSI Festival, Brazil
Music Fest Perugia, Italy

References

External links

Singaporean classical violinists
Living people
1966 births
21st-century classical violinists
Women classical

masks:
Siow He
Siow Lee Chin
Siow
Siow
Lee Chin


title: Solomun

texts:
<mask> (born December 27, 1975), better known under his stage name <mask>, is a Bosnian-German DJ. He is a four-time DJ Awards winner for Best Producer, Best DJ and Best Melodic House DJ. Musical career
After Solomun was born in Travnik, Yugoslavia (today Bosnia and Herzegovina), he moved to Hamburg with his family, where he grew up. As a young boy, he worked for his father in construction. Eventually, he discovered that he really enjoyed filmmaking. He founded a small production company with a few friends, where they created short films together. He worked in film for about five years before discovering that music was his passion.His cousin, who frequented nightclubs, brought him tapes whenever he came to town. These tapes showed Solomun that there is more to music than just commercial radio. From then on, he started purchasing vinyl records, and eventually playing at House of Youth at the age of 16 for other teenagers. After taking a break from music, he started producing and creating music at the age of 23. Similar Regional Artists: UMEK (SLO) Mike Vale (SLO), Ilija Djokovic (SRB),  Rub A Dub (BiH), Flojd Covic (BiH), Zlatinchi (BiH) Sinisa Tamamovic (BiH), Mladen Tomic (BiH), Forniva (BiH), Andrew Meller (SRB) . For about one year before he began producing on his own, he learned from a good friend that ran a hip-hop label. In 2005, Solomun began producing music, founding the record label Diynamic in late 2005 with his partner Adriano Trolio, who manages the booking for Diynamic.The motto for Diynamic is "Do It Yourself"." Eventually, Solomun met H.O.S.H. in 2006 over techno tapaa and that is when

masks:
Mladen Coroddo Solomun
Solomun


title: Reed Gusciora

texts:
<mask> (born March 27, 1960) is an American Democratic Party politician who has served as the mayor of Trenton, New Jersey since 2018. He previously served from 1996 to 2018 in the New Jersey General Assembly, where he represented the 15th Legislative District. He also served as the prosecutor for Lawrence Township. He defeated businessman Paul Perez to become Mayor of Trenton in 2018, earning 52 percent of the vote in a runoff election on June 12 since no candidate won the 50 percent threshold or more in the May 8 election. Early life
<mask> was born in Passaic, New Jersey and raised in Jamesburg, where he attended public schools and graduated from Jamesburg High School in 1978. <mask>'s father, Walter, worked at the New Jersey Department of Health in Trenton and the City was an integral part of his childhood. As a teenager, <mask> worked for his family's company, Aardvark Pest Control, and in his free time, he spent time visiting Trenton's museums and famous restaurants.He received a B.A. from The Catholic University of America (CUA) in Politics/International Relations and worked his way through college by working at the Library of Congress. After graduation, he worked on Capitol Hill in the congressional offices of U.S. Representatives Andy Ireland (D-FL) and the late Mike Synar (D-OK). <mask> was awarded a J.D. in 1988 from the Seton Hall University School of Law. Legislative career

In 1995, <mask> beat Joseph Constance, a former Mercer County Freeholder and deputy police chief of Trenton Police Department, who received support from the National Rifle Association and campaigned against New Jersey's teachers' union.At the time, Republicans outnumbered Democrats 53 to 27 in the New Jersey State Legislature, and Constance received the momentum of the State's shift towards moderate Republicanism under popular Governor Christine Todd Whitman. <mask>'s victory maintained New Jersey's 15th Legislative District as a Democratic stronghold. <mask> has been the Deputy Majority Leader since 2008, and was the Assembly's Assistant Minority Leader from 1998-2001. He currently serves as Chairman of the Assembly Regulatory Oversight, Federal

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title: Reed Gusciora

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 Relations, and Reform Committee, and is a member of the Assembly Financial Institutions and Insurance and Assembly Labor Committees. He is a former Chairman of the Environment and Solid Waste Committee. <mask> authored the "Paramount Safety" Law that changed the legal standard in child custody cases to protect the health and well being of the child when abuse has occurred. He is the author of a law that streamlines services for people with developmental disabilities through the Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Education.He is also the original prime sponsor of legislation that would allow patients to sue HMOs for malpractice and the "Senior Gold Prescription Discount Act," which expanded the state’s prescription drug program for seniors. 2011 redistricting
The redistricting plan adopted following the 2010 U.S. Census moved Gusciora's hometown of Princeton Borough out of the 15th district and into the heavily-Republican 16th. <mask> immediately announced that he would put his Princeton home on the market and move to Trenton, some  away. Trenton was the largest city in the old 15th district and remained the largest city in the newly configured 15th district. 2014–2015 Legislative session
In the 2014-2015 legislative session, Gusciora sponsored fourteen bills and co-sponsored thirty-four bills. Gusciora co-sponsored legislation creating the option to make a voluntary contribution for the support of local libraries on gross income tax returns, establishing a program to provide assistance to qualified veterans in in-patient and out-patient treatment programs to travel to in-state medical counseling, and requiring school bus drivers and school bus aides to attend a training program on interacting with students with special needs. Similarly, during this legislative session, Gusciora co-sponsored several key criminal justice reform bills: "The Opportunity to Compete Act" establishing certain employment rights for persons with a criminal record, requiring the New Jersey Department of Corrections to make reports containing information concerning treatment and reentry initiative participation, extending "Overdose

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