title: Kimberly D. Manning

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<mask> is an American physician. She currently serves as a Professor of Medicine as well as the Associate Chair of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion for the Department of Medicine at Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta, Georgia. <mask> has been recognized at the national level for her mentorship and teaching as well as her blogging and public speaking. She is the winner of the ACGME Parker J. Palmer Courage To Teach Award, the Evangeline Papageorge Award, and her blog “Reflections of a Grady Doctor” was named as one of the top four medical blogs by “O” The Oprah Magazine. Early life and education
<mask> was born in California and grew up in inner city Los Angeles. In high school, <mask>'s father told her that, as a Black man in Alabama, people warned him that becoming a physician was not attainable. Hearing this story from her father motivated her to pursue a career in medicine.Following high school, <mask> attended Tuskegee University in Alabama, a Historically Black College/University (HBCU) for her undergraduate education. <mask> completed her pre-medical studies, and is a part of the Delta Sigma Theta sorority. After completing her pre-medical studies in 1992, <mask> was still set on a path to a career in medicine. She pursued her medical degree training at Meharry Medical College, also an HBCU. Upon completion of her M.D. in 1996, <mask> attended one of Case Western's affiliates, MetroHealth, for her residency training. She completed a combined internal medicine and pediatrics residency.In 2000, she was Chief Resident at Case Western Reserve University/MetroHealth and was selected by her classmates for an honorary membership in the Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society. Career
In 2001, <mask> joined the Emory University School of Medicine faculty as a professor in

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title: Kimberly D. Manning

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 the Department of Medicine. She has since become an Associate Professor of Medicine as well as the Associate Vice Chair of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in the Department of Medicine at Emory University School of Medicine. Her leadership led to the development of the strategic plan for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion at Emory University School of Medicine. She also led the Emory University Task force on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion and has been a critical mentor and advocate for underrepresented minorities in medicine throughout her time at Emory. In addition to the roles she plays in enhancing diversity and equity at Emory, she is also a prominent educator, and is known nationally for her teaching at both the level of medical students as well as residents. She was one of the 16 faculty chosen to lead the new medical school curriculum, started in 2007.She also serves as the director for the Transitional Year Residency Program at Emory where she provides a clinical base to students that match into Emory's residency program. At the medical school level, <mask> is an advisor for the Semmelweiss Society where she mentors and supports a small group of medical students throughout their time at Emory Medical School. She has been an advisor in this role since 2007. In addition to roles in promoting diversity and educating both pre-clinical students and residents, <mask> also treats patients at Grady Memorial Hospital, one of the largest public hospitals in the United States. Writing
<mask> preaches humanism in medicine and teaches how reflective writing can be used consecutively for personal mental health and community building. She embodies both of her educational lessons by writing the blog “Reflections of a Grady Doctor” to describe her personal experience in the medical field

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title: Kimberly D. Manning

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 as a physician and educator at the Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. Her blog was recognized by Oprah.com as one of the best Doctor's Blogs in 2010.The practice of writing often, Grady calls “habitual reflection” and she teaches that it is vital in the practice of becoming a good doctor. As a Fellow of the American College of Physicians, <mask> is also a weekly writer for the American College of Physicians Hospitalist Blog, sharing narratives of medical experiences on the wards and educating readers on key topics in medicine such as owning medical mistakes, imposter syndrome, and physician burnout. In addition to her blogging, <mask> writes for several top tier journals and publishers including the Journal of the American Medical Association, the Annals of Internal Medicine, and Academic Medicine. She has also played a key role in writing the McGraw-Hill educational textbooks for teaching the Principals and Practice of Hospital Medicine. Awards and honors

 2019 Master Clinician Visiting Professor at University of California, San Francisco
 2019 Lifetime Achievement Award from the Association of  Black Women Physicians
 2018 ACGME Courage to Teach Award
 2016 Best Conference Faculty Teaching Award
 2013 Juha P. Kokko Teaching Award
 2011-2014 Voted “Best Attending” by the School of Medicine Graduating Class
 2011 Evangeline Papageorge Distinguished Teaching Award - Highest Honor in teaching that the School of Medicine Bestows
 2011 Juha P. Kokko Teaching Award for best overall teacher
 Three time Golden Apple Teaching Award Winner of Emory University School of Medicine
 2000 Honorary Membership in the Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society

Select media

 Blog - “Reflections of a Grady Doctor”, named in 2010 by The Oprah Magazine as one of 4 medical blogs you should

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 read. #50 Virtual Morning Report with the Clinical Problem Solvers Podcast
 The Curbsiders Podcast - Hotcakes: Imposter syndrome 2019
 Fox5 - The Importance of Vitamin D in 2018
 CNN - Discussing health concerns after the earthquake and tsunami in Japan
 WebMD Biography and Parenting
 Dr. Oz :”Top three reasons you dislike your doctor”

Select publications

 <mask> KD. Black Women in Medicine—A Documentary.JAMA. 2017;318(14):1306–1307. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.11551
 <mask> KD. Professionalism in Hospital Medicine. In: Principles and Practice of Hospital Medicine. McKean S, Ross J, <mask> D, Ginsberg J, Brotman D eds. McGraw-Hill, 2015
 <mask> KD.The Death of a Clinician-Educator. In: On Being a Doctor Volume 4, Laine C, LaCombe M eds. American College of Physicians. 2014
 <mask>D, Winawer N, Murali M. Allergy and Anaphylaxis. In: Principles and Practice of Hospital Medicine. McKean S, Ross J, <mask> D, Ginsberg J, Brotman D eds. McGraw-Hill, 2012
 <mask>is AP, Tellez I, Winawer NH, <mask> L, <mask> KD, Kripalani S. (2010) On-site Night Float by Attending Physicians: A Model to Improve Resident Education and Patient Care.Journal of Graduate Medical Education: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 57–61
 <mask> KD, Kripalani S. The use of standardized patients to teach low-literacy communication skills. American Journal of Health Behavior, 2007; 31 (Suppl) S105 – S110
 Kripalani S, Jacobson KL, Brown S, <mask> KD, Rask KJ, Jacobson TA. Development and implementation of a health literacy training program for medical residents. Medical Education Online 2006;11 (13):1-8

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Date of birth missing (living people)
American physicians
Case Western Reserve University alumni
Emory University School of Medicine

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<mask> (January 10, 1916 – November 26, 2015) was an African-American artist and printmaker. His work typically features elongated nude figures in intimate settings, influenced by both traditional African art and European surrealism. <mask> is known for his style of realism that makes accurate depictions of poor, Black living conditions look fantastic as he distorts perspective. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Richmond, Virginia, to John and <mask>. His family moved to Chicago when Cortor was about a year old, eventually settling in that city's South Side, where Cortor attended Englewood High School. His family was a part of the Great Migration of African Americans from the South to the industrial North. Fellow students at Englewood included the African-American artists Charles Wilbert White and Margaret Burroughs.<mask> attended the Art Institute of Chicago, along with artist Gus Nall, gaining a degree in 1936. While at the Art Institute, Cortor studied its collections extensively and grew an appreciation for traditions of Western Painting. Studying the African sculptures at an exhibit at the Field Museum transformed his work. He said "That was the most important influence in all my work, for to this day you will find in my handling of the human figure that cylindrical and lyrical quality I was taught...to appreciate in African art." Growing up, he was an avid reader of the Chicago Defender, which was a popular newspaper that focused on celebrating the successes of African Americans. He also had success in white publications and was featured in the Chicago Tribune in 1939 due to his involvement in the South Side Community Art Center.

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 This is ultimately translated into the main thematic focus of his artwork, which is to portray African Americans in a positive light and highlight their beauty and achievements.For the majority of his career, <mask> played with different representations of the black female figure and how to represent her strength and beauty. <mask> saw Black women as the carriers of Black culture. His style is often described as experimenting with black physiognomy while infusing it with surrealism. Career
In 1940 he worked with the Works Progress Administration (WPA), where he drew scenes of Depression-era Bronzeville, a neighborhood on Chicago's South Side. Cortor often painted intimate scenes of the home. These surreal works emphasis the subject's role in society and relationship to the outer world. In 1949, he studied in Jamaica, Cuba, and Haiti on a Guggenheim Fellowship, and taught at the Centre d'Art in Port-au-Prince from 1949 to 1951.In 1944 and in 1945, <mask> won the Julius Rosenwald Foundation Fellowships consecutively, which allowed him to travel to the Sea Islands off the coast of Georgia and South Carolina. The Gullah people resided in these islands and Cortor was particularly interested in this area because of how untouched their culture had been by white people and American culture. In this regard, <mask> decided to explore a different African diasporic culture that had more African elements prevalent overall in their culture. He spent two years living on the islands and immersed himself into the Gullah culture. "As a Negro artist I have been particularly concerned with painting Negro racial types not only as such but in connection with particular

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title: Eldzier Cortor

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 problems in color, design and composition…I have felt an especial interest in…painting Negroes whose cultural traditions had been only slightly influenced by whites…I should like to…paint a series of pictures which would reflect the particular physical and racial characteristics of the Gullahs." Cortor incorporated hints of traditional Africanisms within his art during his stay at the Gullah Islands. He would paint individuals with elongated necks, arms, legs, and faces.This elongation was a tribute to traditional African sculptures which often incorporated this elongation. <mask> through his time with the Gullah people, became passionate about the beauty of African Women, which he referenced in many of his paintings. He painted black women in a way to encapsulate their beauty, he wanted to bring light to the beauty of black women. He went against the beauty standards of his, as white, Eurocentric standards were the standard. <mask> rebelled against this standard, as he painted black women in a surrealistic style, surrealism being very common is Europe, this showed deep skin tones are just as beautiful as white skin tones. He painted black woman as he believed the black woman represented the black race as a whole he once stated, "“The Black woman represents the Black race. She is the Black spirit.She conveys a feeling of eternity and a continuance of life.”"

Through <mask>'s life his style varied wildly, he shifted from surrealism to print making and many other mediums. This changed in style could be attributed to the many places he traveled to and the vastly differing experiences he had. As well as to his desire to always learn new techniques and

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 styles from the places he visited. Cortor expressed in an interview through Bomb Magazine, that he often enjoyed changing his art style, and that he was proud of how his art style had evolved and shifted over the course of his very lengthy career. When an artists begins creating works in childhood and continues through their entire life it is highly likely the art style would change. Death
Eldzier <mask> died on November 26, 2015, at the age of 99 just months before his one-hundredth birthday. <mask> was one of the first African-American artists to make African-American women his dominant theme, explaining, "the Black woman represents the Black race, continuance of life."His treatment of women has been criticized, for instance in a 1985 article in Art, which described the figure in Southern Gate (1942–43) as, "Stripped of integrity and reduced to a mere object…" According to Adrienne Childs, <mask>’s Cuban Souvenir "presents an exoticized black woman whose red dress, red lips…evoke the stereotypical notion of the Latin female sexuality." (Childs 1998: 122). Mel Edwards mentions Cortor as an example of an African-American artist influenced by surrealism, "who often uses the female figure in a surreal interior and exterior environment." <mask> is considered to be the first African American artists to depict nude women as the central theme of his work. This was an unpopular choice for many artists at the time as a reaction to the dominant European and American cultural landscape at the time (Farrington 2004: 20). This was also unfavored because of the historical legacy of the sexual exploitation of black women during slavery. Cortor refutes these

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texts: notions by showing the nude black female body as a source of strength.<mask> also believed that the black woman conveys a sense of eternity and continuance of life (Jennings 1988:, 47). An example of this is <mask>’s famous painting named Southern Gate, which is illustrated in Figure 2. The central figure to this painting is a young, naked black woman. The background of the painting is very dark; the gate is in ruins and the clouds are indicative of a storm. Immediately behind the woman, there are less clouds and more light, which illuminates her figure. The woman also has a flower in her hair and a bird on her shoulder, perhaps indicating the dawn of a new day. The figure in the painting stands stall, giving an overall sense of a triumphant figure still standing throughout the crumbling ruins and the resilience of black women in general (Dallow 2004:98).<mask>'s 1948 work The Room No. VI was produced after <mask>'s time at the WPA creating portraits of people in Bronzeville. Cortor wanted to depict the living conditions in these poor, Black areas of Chicago in a way that was not exploitative of their poverty. The figures in the work have long, exaggerated bodies reminiscent of those in Africans sculpture. While these bodies are very thin with visible ribs, this sign of poverty adds to the graceful lines of the work. Cortor conveys the small size of the room through flattening the image and placing objects almost on top of on another with conflicting lines of perspective. These clashing patterns evoke the African American quilting tradition which continues <mask>'s dedication to depicting the beauty of Black culture.The four bodies create circular

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title: Eldzier Cortor

texts: eye movement around the work. The vertical lines of the figures, wall paper, and wood-stove are contrasted by diagonal floor boards and horizontal patterns. This composition confuses the viewer's sense of space which adds a surreal quality to the piece. This painting depicts poverty without demanding the viewer's pity and gives its subject dignity and grace. Starting in the 1950s, <mask> became further inspired by African sculptures. In these works, one can see that he works more with cylindrical, graceful and elongated limbs. This is evident through <mask>’s painting Dance Composition No.31, which was produced in 1978 as a part of a series. It is seen as a reflection of his time that he spent with the Gullah people. In this painting, he evokes basketry and dance, which were two activities considered essential to the Gullah people. The swirling lines and the subtle incorporation of vibrant colors implies a sense of visual movement of the dancers (Bearden 1993: 57). The women’s faces’ are depicted like sculptures, giving them a marble feel within the painting, referencing African art along with the decorative patterning. The sculptural women are also conveyed with a sense of peacefulness. This shows how important basket weaving and dancing are to the Gullah people and their culture.This work is a prime example of the importance of depicting Black culture to <mask>'s work. Black women are shown as the harbingers of these traditions, and their physical beauty is an extension of their cultural beauty. Another example of this subtle shift in <mask>’s work is a painting of his named Classical Study No. 34 which was created in 1968 and also a part of a


title: Eldzier Cortor

texts: different series. In this painting, the woman is resting her head on her hand in a profile representation. Cortor plays with her features and makes them rather elongated, which gives a sculptural feel to the subject. She is also wearing a red, yellow and green scarf which is symbolic of the Pan-African flag, which pays homage to her African roots.The figure also resembles ancient marble sculptures, which were used in the past to celebrate someone. This painting is representative of celebrating the beauty and strength of black women, while emphasizing her African roots. <mask> <mask> was well known for his prints. Two of these prints being L'Abbatoire No. III and L'Abbatoire No.I. Cortor mainly used the intaglio printing process, however during the 1950s made several woodblock prints with Japanese printmaker Jun’ichiro Sekino. Woodblock printing is a form of relief printing where the parts that are not to be printed are simply cut out.L'Abbatoire was made with acid to etch the designs and <mask> used formaldehyde to prevent mold from growing on the work. These two materials are very reflective of the tone of these prints. The French word L’Abbatoire translates to a slaughterhouse in English. He was inspired to make the L’Abbatoire series by his experiences in Haiti when several of his friends were killed by François “Papa Doc” Duvalier’s dictatorial regime. He based the imagery on a slaughterhouse that he had visited while he was there. The gore is symbolic of the brutality of humanity. Looking closely, you can see hooks chains within the paintings, as well as a furnace on the right indicating a slaughterhouse.The print on the left is reminiscent of

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 rotting meat whereas the print on the right seems slightly less grotesque. I believe this is intentional as the print on the left was made about ten years later and is reflective of how the event had been festering in <mask>'s mind. On the right there appears to be human figures burning in the background. It is possible that these figures are symbolic of his friends. Both pictures include vague outlines of carcasses, and specifically within L'Abbatoire No. III, you can see what looks like ribs, a skull, and various other bones. Exhibitions and collections
Cortor exhibited in the 1938 interracial show "An Exhibition in Defense of Peace and Democracy", which was sponsored by the Chicago Artists' Group.In 1940 he was one of the young artists exhibited at "The Exhibition of the Art of the American Negro" in Chicago. He also contributed to the 1967 City College of New York exhibition "The Evolution of Afro-American Artists: 1800 - 1950". In 1976 his painting Interior was included in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art exhibition "Two Centuries of Black American Art", curated by David Driskell, which toured the U.S in 1977. The 1988 group exhibition "Three Masters", at New York's Kenkeleba Gallery, featured <mask>'s work alongside that of Hughie Lee-Smith and Archibald Motley. Michael Brenson, in The New York Times review of the show, expressed a preference for <mask>'s still-life paintings, rather than his paintings of people. The solo show "Eldzier Cortor: Master Printmaker" was exhibited at the Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute in 2002. In 2010 his works were included in an exhibition at the Library of Congress, and a selection of his works


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 on paper exhibited at the Indiana University Art Museum.In 2013 <mask>'s prints were featured in an exhibition at the San Antonio Museum of Art

His works are held in the collections of Howard University, the Smithsonian American Art Museum and The Art Institute of Chicago, among others. Awards and Fellowships

 Recipient Bertha A. Florsheim award Art Institute Chicago, 1945; recipient William H. Bartels award, 1946, Carnegie Institute award, 1947; Julius Rosenwald fellow, Chicago, 1945–47; John Simon Guggenheim fellow, New York City, 1949-50. References

Further reading

Monographs
 Bearden, Romare, and Harry Henderson. A History of African-American Artists: From 1792 to the Present. New York: Pantheon Books, 1993. 978-0-394-57016-7  pp. 272–279.Bucknell University. Since the Harlem Renaissance 50 Years of Afro-American Art. Lewisburg, PA. The Center Gallery of Bucknell University, 1985. pp. 80–82, 119
 Fine, Elsa Honig. The Afro American Artist: A Search For Identity. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973.Gips, Terry, Adrienne L. Childs et al.Narratives of African American Art and Identity: The David C. Driskell Collection. San Francisco, CA: Pomegranate, 1998. Catalog of a traveling exhibition first held at the Art Gallery of the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, Oct. 22-Dec. 19, 1998 et al. Jennings, Corrine L. "<mask> Cortor: The Long Consistent Road." Three Masters: <mask> <mask>, Hughie Lee-Smith, Archibald John Motley, Jr.: May 22, 1988-July 17, 1988. New York, N.Y. (214 E. 2nd St., New York 10009): Kenkeleba Gallery, 1988. Exhibition catalog.Powell, Richard J. Black Art and Culture in the 20th Century. New York, NY:

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 Thames & Hudson, 1997. Rogers, Denise. Becoming Black Women: <mask> <mask>'s Visualization of the Black Female Body. Ph. D. Thesis/dissertation, Visual Studies University of California, Irvine: 2009.Trachtenberg, Alan. Reading American Photographs: Images As History: Mathew Brady to Walker Evans. New York: Hill and Wang, 2008. Articles
 Backer, Matthew, <mask> <mask>, and Jennifer Heusel. Black Spirit: Works on Paper by <mask> <mask>. Bloomington, IN: IU Art Museum Publications, 2006. Published in conjunction with an exhibition held at the Indiana University Art Museum, Mar.7-May 7, 2006. Dallow, Jessica. "Reclaiming Histories: Betye and Alison Saar, Feminism, and the Representation of Black Womanhood." Feminist Studies. Vol. 30, No. 1.(Spring 2004): pp. 74–113. Farrington, Lisa E. "Reinventing Herself: The Black Female Nude." Woman's Art Journal. Vol. 24, No. 2: (Autumn, 2003 - Winter, 2004): pp.15–23. Images
 Miller, Wayne. Chicago's South Side, 1946-1948. Berkeley: University of California Press published in association with the Graduate School of Journalism, Center for Photography, University of California, Berkeley, 2000. External links
 <mask> <mask> papers at Smithsonian Archives of American Art
 <mask> <mask> at Smithsonian Institution National Portrait Gallery
 <mask> Coror at askART

1916 births
2015 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Painters from Virginia
Artists from Chicago
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
Federal Art Project artists
20th-century American printmakers
Painters from Illinois
20th-century male artists
African-American printmakers
20th-century African-American painters
21st-century

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title: Chang Hsueh-liang

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<mask>iang (, 3 June 1901 – 15 October 2001), also romanized as Zhang Xueliang, nicknamed the "Young Marshal" (少帥), known in his later life as Peter H. L<mask>, was the effective ruler of Northeast China and much of northern China after the assassination of his father, Zhang Zuolin (the "Old Marshal"), by the Japanese on 4 June 1928. He was an instigator of the 1936 Xi'an Incident, in which Chiang Kai-shek, the leader of China's ruling party, was arrested in order to force him to enter into a truce with the insurgent Communist Party of China and form a united front against Japan, which had occupied Manchuria. Chiang agreed, but when he had an opportunity, he seized <mask>, who then spent over 50 years under house arrest, first in mainland China and then in Taiwan. <mask> is regarded by the Communist Party of China as a patriotic hero for his role in the Xi'an Incident. He was also known for having an affair with Edda Mussolini. Biography

Early life
<mask>iang was born in Haicheng, Liaoning province on 3 June 1901, <mask> was educated by private tutors and, unlike his father, felt at ease in the company of westerners. He graduated from Fengtian Military Academy, was made a colonel in the Fengtian Army, and appointed the commander of his father's bodyguards in 1919.In 1921 he was sent to Japan to observe military maneuvers, where he developed a special interest in aircraft. Later, he developed an air corps for the Fengtian Army, which was widely used in the battles that took

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 place within the Great Wall during the 1920s. In 1922, he was promoted to Major General and commanded an army-sized force. Two years later, he was also made commander of the air units. Upon the death of his father in 1928, he succeeded him as the leader of the Northeast Peace Preservation Forces (popularly "Northeast Army"), which controlled China's northeastern provinces of Heilongjiang, Fengtian, and Jilin (Kirin). In December of the same year he proclaimed his allegiance to the Kuomintang (KMT; Chinese Nationalist Party). Warlord to republican general

The Japanese believed that <mask>-liang, who was known as a womanizer and an opium addict, would be much more subject to Japanese influence than was his father.On this premise, an officer of the Japanese Kwantung Army therefore killed his father, Zhang Zuolin (the "Old Marshal"), in the Huanggutun incident, by exploding a bomb above his train while it crossed under a railroad bridge. Surprisingly, the younger <mask> proved to be more independent and skilled than anyone had expected and declared his support for Chiang Kai-shek, leading to the reunification of China in 1928. With the assistance of Australian journalist William Henry Donald, he overcame his opium addiction in 1933. He was given the nickname "Hero of History" () by PRC historians because of his desire to reunite China and rid it of Japanese invaders; and was willing to pay the price and become "vice" leader of China (not because it was good that he was supporting

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 the Red Army showed a higher combat capability, and the conflict ended with the signing of the Khabarovsk Protocol of December 22, 1929. In 1930, when warlords Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan attempted to overthrow Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang government, <mask> stepped in to support the Nanking (Nanjing)-based government against the Northern warlords in exchange for control of the key railroads in Hopeh (Hebei) and the customs revenues from the port city of Tianjin. A year later, in the September 18 Mukden Incident, Japanese troops attacked <mask>'s forces in Mukden (Shenyang) in order to provoke a full-on war with China, which Chiang did not want to face until his forces were stronger. In accordance with this strategy, Zhang's armies withdrew from the front lines without significant engagements, leading to the effective Japanese occupation of Zhang's former northeastern domain. There has been speculation that Chiang Kai-Shek wrote a letter to <mask> asking him to pull his forces back, but Zhang later stated that he himself issued the orders. Apparently, <mask> was aware of how weak his forces were compared to the Japanese and wished to preserve his position by retaining a sizeable army. Nonetheless, this would still be in line with Chiang's overall strategic standings.<mask> later traveled in Europe before returning to China to take command of the Encirclement Campaigns, first in Hopeh-Honan (Henan)-Anhui and later in the Northwest. Xi'an incident

On 6 April 1936, <mask> met

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 with CPC delegate Zhou Enlai to plan the end of the Chinese Civil War. KMT leader Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek at the time took a non-aggressive position against Japan and considered the communists to be a greater danger to the Republic of China than the Japanese, and his overall strategy was to annihilate the communists before focusing his efforts on the Japanese. He believed that "communism was a cancer while the Japanese represented a superficial wound." Growing nationalist anger against Japan made this position very unpopular, and led to <mask>'s action against Chiang, known as the Xi'an Incident. On 12 December 1936, <mask> and General Yang Hucheng kidnapped Chiang and imprisoned him until he agreed to form a united front with the communists against the Japanese invasion. After two weeks of negotiations, Chiang agreed to unite with the communists and drive the Japanese out of China.When Chiang was released on 26 December, <mask> chose to return to the capital city of Nanking with him; once they were away from <mask>'s loyal troops, Chiang had him placed under house arrest. From then on, he was under constant watch and lived near the Nationalist capital city, wherever it moved to. Later life from 1949

In 1949, <mask> was transferred to Taiwan, where he remained under loose house arrest for the next 40 years in a villa in Taipei's northern suburbs, where he received the occasional guests. Much of his time was spent studying Ming dynasty literature, the Manchu language,

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 collecting Chinese fan paintings, calligraphy and other works of art by illustrious artists (a collection of more than 200 works, using his studio's name "Dingyuanzhai" (), was auctioned with tremendous success by Sotheby's on 10 April 1994). Zhang studied the New Testament Bible. In 1964, he formally married Edith Chao, daughter of a senior official, who left her family in her teens to become his companion and later followed him into exile. His first wife, Ms. Yu, said she was so moved by Ms. Chao's devotion that she released her husband from his vows.<mask> and his wife, Edith, became devout Christians who also regularly attended Sunday services at the Methodist chapel in Shilin, a Taipei suburb, with Chiang Kai-Shek's family. After Chiang's death in 1975, his freedom was officially restored. <mask> immigrated to Honolulu, Hawaii in 1995. There were numerous pleas for him to visit mainland China, but <mask> declined, citing his political closeness to the KMT. He died of pneumonia at the age of 100 at Straub Hospital in Honolulu, and was buried in Hawaii. Honours

  Order of Rank and Merit (1920)
  Order of National Glory
  Order of Blue Sky and White Sun
  Order of Wen-Hu (1919, 1921)
  Legion of Honour
  Order of the Rising Sun
  Order of the Sacred Treasure

Family
Parents
Zhang Zuolin (張作霖 <mask>so-lin) (1875-1928), father of <mask>, Warlord of Manchuria, assassinated by the Japanese
Zhao Chungui (趙春桂) (?-1912), mother of <mask>

Spouses
Yu Feng Tze (于鳳至 Yu Fengzhi) (c.

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 1899-1990), known in the U.S. as Feng Tze <mask>, first wife of <mask> (m. 1916; div. 1964), immigrated to the U.S. in 1940, died in Los Angeles, CA
Gu Ruiyu (谷瑞玉) (1904-1946), concubine of <mask> (m. 1924; div.Zhang Xuequan (張學銓 <mask>eh-chuan) (1925-1992 or 1996), died in Tianjin

In popular culture
 <mask> was portrayed by Andy Lau in a cameo appearance in the 1994 martial arts film Drunken Master II. <mask> was centrally featured in the 1981 Chinese film The Xi'an Incident (Xi'an Shibian), directed by Cheng Yin, with <mask> played by Jin Ange. A 2007 TV series on the Xi'an Incident was produced and aired in mainland China, with <mask>üeh-liang being portrayed by Hu Jun. <mask> is a main figure in the American novel Soul Slip Peak (2013). The Peter H. L. <mask> reading room at Columbia University's Butler Library is named after <mask>. The library hosts a collection of <mask>'s papers. Beijing microbrewery Great Leap Brewing named its Little General IPA after <mask>.A Chinese TV series titled  is based on <mask>'s life. See also

 Warlord era
 History of the Republic of China
 Military of the Republic of China
 Politics of the Republic of China
 Sino-German cooperation (1911–1941)

Notes

References

Further reading
 Matray, James I., ed. East Asia and the United States: an encyclopedia of relations since 1784. (2 vol, Greenwood, 2002) 2:700. Mitter, Rana. "The Last Warlord" History Today (Feb 2004), Vol. 54 Issue 2, p28-33 online
 Itoh, Mayumi.The Making of China’s War

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Chang
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Chang Hsu
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Chang Hs
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title: Pandurangashram

texts:
 after Krishnāshram attained died on the 8th day of the month of Mārghshīrsha in 1863 (See Months of the Hindu Calendar). He mooted the idea of organizing the Rathōtsav (See Rathōtsav) and was involved with the execution of the first Rathōtsav. "...the young Shishya, <mask> Swami used to play games in which items such as a Palki and a Chariot featured.The Chariot game blossomed into a Car Festival in the four years following the Shishya Sweekar. Two separate appeals helped this development. First, during the tours of North and South Kanara which the Guru Swami undertook with His young Shishya, the local Grihasthas at various places suggested that a Car Festival be held at Shri Chitrapur Math as was done at several other religious centres. Second, about three years after the ordination, <mask> Swami was very keen on attending the Car Festival in nearby Bhatkal but was dissuaded by His Guru as it was not befitting Their Order. However, the Guru was so impressed by the Shishya’s fervent desire to see the Car Festival that He promised to hold such a function at Chitrapur. Accordingly, arrangements were made for constructing a Rath (Car). Carpenters and artisans were invited from Goa to execute the work and the Car was built in due course.H.H. Shrimat Krishnashram Swami inaugurated the Car Festival at Shri Chitrapur Math, Shirali, on 14 April 1862 (Saka 1784, Dundubhi Samvatsara, Chaitra Sh 15). The festival was established according to Agamokta Vidhi followed by the ancient temples in South India." Infrastructure development
Pāndurangāshram collected vanitga(Donations) from devotees and used it for developmental activities of the matha and the community in general. After becoming the Head of the community, he made a four-step plan of development. Reconstruction/Renovation of Samādhis
 Planned

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title: Margaret Sullavan

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<mask> (May 16, 1909 – January 1, 1960) was an American actress of stage and film. Sullavan began her career onstage in 1929. In 1933, she caught the attention of film director John M. Stahl and had her debut on the screen that same year in Only Yesterday. Sullavan preferred working on the stage and made only 16 films, four of which were opposite James Stewart in a popular partnership that included The Mortal Storm and The Shop Around the Corner. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Three Comrades (1938). She retired from the screen in the early 1940s, but returned in 1950 to make her last film, No Sad Songs for Me, in which she played a woman who was dying of cancer. For the rest of her career, she appeared only on the stage.Sullavan experienced deafness and depression during the 1950s. She died of an overdose of barbiturates, which was ruled accidental, on January 1, 1960, at the age of 50. Early life
Sullavan was born in Norfolk, Virginia, the daughter of a wealthy stockbroker, <mask>, and his wife, Garland Councill <mask>. She had a younger brother, Cornelius, and a half-sister, Louise Gregory. The first years of her childhood were spent isolated from other children. She suffered from a painful muscular weakness in the legs that prevented her from walking, so that she was unable to socialize with other children until the age of six. After her recovery she emerged as an adventurous and tomboyish child who preferred playing with the children from the poorer neighborhood, much to the disapproval of her class-conscious parents.She attended boarding school at Chatham Episcopal Institute (now Chatham Hall), where she was president of the student body and delivered the salutatory oration in 1927. She moved to Boston and lived with her half-sister, Weedie, while she studied dance at the Boston Denishawn studio and (against her parents' wishes) drama at the Copley Theatre. When her

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title: Margaret Sullavan

texts: project to Sullavan. After Only Yesterday she wanted to try "the real thing". She later said that it was one of the few things she did in Hollywood that gave her a great measure of satisfaction. The Good Fairy (1935) was a comedy that Sullavan chose to illustrate her versatility. During the production, she married its director, William Wyler. King Vidor's So Red the Rose (1935) dealt with people in the South in the aftermath of the Civil War. It preceded by one year the publication of <mask>'s bestselling novel Gone With the Wind, and the novel's film adaptation by four years; the latter became a blockbuster.Sullavan played a childish Southern belle who matures into a responsible woman. The film also dealt with the situation of characters who were freed black slaves. In Next Time We Love (1936), Sullavan plays opposite the then-unknown James Stewart. She had been campaigning for Stewart to be her leading man, and the studio complied for fear that she would stage a threatened strike. The film dealt with a married couple who had grown apart over the years. The plot was unconvincing and simple, but the gentle interplay between Sullavan and Stewart saves the movie from being a soapy and sappy experience. Next Time We Love was the first of four films made by Sullavan and Stewart.In the comedy The Moon's Our Home (1936), Sullavan played opposite her ex-husband Henry Fonda. The original script was rather pallid, and Dorothy Parker and Alan Campbell were brought in to punch up the dialogue, reportedly at Sullavan's insistence. Sullavan and Fonda play a newly-married couple, and the movie is a cavalcade of insults and quips. Her seventh film, Three Comrades (1938), is a drama set in post–World War I Germany. Three returning German soldiers meet Sullavan, who joins them and eventually marries one of them. She gained an Oscar nomination for her role and was named the year's best actress by the New York Film Critics Circle.


title: Margaret Sullavan

texts: heard of him. At Sullavan's suggestion Universal agreed to test him for her leading man and eventually he was borrowed from a willing MGM to star with Sullavan in Next Time We Love. Stewart had been nervous and unsure of himself during the early stages of production. At that time he had only had two minor MGM parts which had not given him much camera experience. The director, Edward H. Griffith, began bullying Stewart. "Maggie, he's wet behind the ears," Griffith told Sullavan."He's going to make a mess of things." She believed in Stewart and spent evenings coaching him and helping him scale down his awkward mannerisms and hesitant speech that were soon to be famous around the world. "It was <mask>n who made James Stewart a star," director Griffith later said. "And she did, too," Bill Grady from MGM agreed. "That boy came back from Universal so changed I hardly recognized him." Gossip in Hollywood at that time (1935–36) was that William Wyler, Sullavan's then-husband, was suspicious about his wife's and Stewart's private rehearsing together. When Sullavan divorced Wyler in 1936 and married Leland Hayward that same year, they moved to a colonial house just a block down from Stewart.Stewart's frequent visits to the Sullavan/Hayward home soon restoked the rumors of his romantic feelings for Sullavan. Sullavan and Stewart's second movie together was The Shopworn Angel (1938). "Why, they're red-hot when they get in front of a camera," Louis B. Mayer said about their onscreen chemistry. "I don't know what the hell it is, but it sure jumps off the screen." Walter Pidgeon, who was part of the triangle in The Shopworn Angel later recalled: "I really felt like the odd-man-out in that one. It was really all Jimmy and Maggie ... It was so obvious he was in love with her.He came absolutely alive in his scenes with her, playing with a conviction and a sincerity I never knew him to summon away from her." Eventually the duo made four


title: Margaret Sullavan

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 whimpering from the bedroom: "She walked in and found mother under the bed, huddled in a fetal position. Kenneth was trying to get her out. The more authoritative his tone of voice, the farther under she crawled.Millicent Osborne took him aside and urged him to speak gently, to let her stay there until she came out of her own accord". Eventually Sullavan agreed to spend some time (two and a half months) in a private mental institution. Her two younger children, Bridget and Bill, also spent time in various institutions. Bridget died of a drug overdose in October 1960, while Bill died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound in March, 2008. Hearing loss
Sullavan suffered from the congenital hearing defect otosclerosis that worsened as she aged, making her more and more hearing-impaired. Her voice had developed a throatiness because she could hear low tones better than high ones. From early 1957, Sullavan's hearing declined so much that she was becoming depressed and sleepless and often wandered about all night.She often stayed in bed for days, her only words: "Just let me be, please". Sullavan had kept her hearing problem largely hidden. On January 8, 1960 (one week after Sullavan's death), The New York Post reporter Nancy Seely wrote: "The thunderous applause of a delighted audience—was it only a dim murmur over the years to <mask>n? Did the poised and confident mien of the beautiful actress mask a sick fear, night after night, that she'd miss an important cue?" Death
On January 1, 1960, at about 5:30 p.m., Sullavan was found in bed, barely alive and unconscious, in a hotel room in New Haven, Connecticut. Her copy of the script to Sweet Love Remembered, in which she was then starring during its tryout in New Haven, was found open beside her. Sullavan was rushed to Grace New Haven Hospital, but shortly after 6:00 p.m. she was pronounced dead on arrival.She was 50 years old. No note was found to indicate suicide, and no


title: Margaret Sullavan

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 conclusion was reached as to whether her death was the result of a deliberate or an accidental overdose of barbiturates. The county coroner officially ruled Sullavan's death an accidental overdose. After a private memorial service was held in Greenwich, Connecticut, Sullavan was interred at Saint Mary's Whitechapel Episcopal Churchyard in Lancaster, Virginia. For her contribution to the motion picture industry, <mask>n has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 1751 Vine Street. She was inducted, posthumously, into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1981. Sullavan was the favorite actress of silent-film beauty Louise Brooks, who said Sullavan was "the person I would be if I could be anyone" and thought Sullavan's life could only be understood by her love of LeLand Hayward, even after their divorce.Brooks wrote this: "After he left her to marry Nancy (Slim) Hawks in 1947, this terrifyingly self-willed woman shredded her career through the following twelve years with her struggle to repossess him. When Nancy divorced him there was a flaming period of hope in 1959. Then came the news of LeLand's decision to marry Pamela Churchill - and she sank in to despair and death." In popular culture
Sullavan's eldest daughter, actress Brooke Hayward, wrote Haywire, a best-selling memoir about her family, that was adapted into the miniseries Haywire'' starring Lee Remick as <mask>n and Jason Robards as Leland Hayward. Partial filmography

Radio appearances

See also

1930s in film

References

Bibliography

External links

 Literature on <mask>n

1909 births
1960 deaths
20th-century American actresses
Accidental deaths in Connecticut
American film actresses
American stage actresses
Actresses from Virginia
Burials in Virginia
Donaldson Award winners
Drug-related deaths in Connecticut
Barbiturates-related deaths
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
Actors from Norfolk, Virginia
People from Norfolk, Virginia
Fonda

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Margaret Sullava
Margaret Sullava


title: Reinhard Marx

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<mask> (born 21 September 1953) is a German cardinal of the Catholic Church. He serves as the Archbishop of Munich and Freising. Pope Benedict XVI elevated <mask> to the cardinalate in a consistory in 2010. Biography
Born in Geseke, North Rhine-Westphalia,  <mask> was ordained to the priesthood, for the Archdiocese of Paderborn, by Archbishop Johannes Joachim Degenhardt on 2 June 1979. He obtained a doctorate in theology from the University of Bochum in 1989. On 23 July 1996, he was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Paderborn and Titular Bishop of Petina by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on 21 September, his forty-third birthday, from Archbishop Degenhardt, with Bishops Hans Drewes and Paul Consbruch serving as co-consecrators.On 20 December 2001 he was named Bishop of Trier, the oldest diocese in Germany. On 30 November 2007 Pope Benedict XVI appointed <mask> metropolitan archbishop of Munich and Freising, a position that Benedict held from 1977 to 1981. On 2 February 2008, <mask> was installed as Archbishop of Munich and Freising in the Munich Frauenkirche. He became first Cardinal-Priest of San Corbiniano on 20 November 2010. <mask>'s title is that of Saint Corbinian,  who was the first bishop of Freising and of whom <mask> is the successor. <mask> currently serves as head of the committee for social issues at the German Bishops' Conference. In addition to his duties as archbishop of Munich, on 11 December 2010 <mask> was named by Pope Benedict as a member of the Congregation for Catholic Education for a five-year renewable term.On 29 December 2010 he was appointed a member of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace. On 7 March 2012, he was appointed a member of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches. On 22

masks:
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title: Reinhard Marx

texts: March 2012, the Commission of the Bishops' Conferences of the European Community elected him its president. He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2013 papal conclave that elected Pope Francis. On 13 April 2013 he was appointed to a Council of Cardinal Advisers, a group established by Pope Francis, exactly a month after his election, to advise him and to study a plan for revising the Apostolic Constitution on the Roman Curia, Pastor Bonus. On the question whether the Church should allow people who have divorced and attempted remarriage to partake in Holy Communion, it came to disagreements with Gerhard Ludwig Müller, the head of the Congregation of the Faith at the Vatican, in November 2013. <mask> called for a wide debate on the treatment of the Catholic Church with those who have attempted remarriage.When the Vatican suspended Franz-Peter Tebartz-van Elst in 2013 over his alleged lavish spending, <mask> was also criticized as he spent around $11 million renovating the archbishop's residence and another $13 million for a guesthouse in Rome. On 19 February 2014 he was confirmed as a member of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches until the end of his current five-year term. On 12 March 2014 <mask> was also elected chairman of the German Bishops' Conference as successor of Robert Zollitsch. He was elected in Münster by the German bishops and auxiliary bishops only in the fifth round of voting in which a simple majority is sufficient. He served in this capacity until his replacement Georg Bätzing was elected on 3 March 2020. On 15 October 2020, Pope Francis renewed <mask>'s term on the Council of Cardinal Advisers. In May 2021, <mask> offered his resignation as archbishop of Munich to Pope Francis, citing his

masks: Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx


title: Reinhard Marx

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 responsibility for the response to the sexual abuse crisis.On 10 June 2021, the pope declined his resignation. He accepted <mask>'s description of clerical abuse as a "catastrophe" that requires every bishop to engage with it personally, to "put their own flesh on the line". He wrote: "We will not be saved by investigations or the power of institutions. The prestige of our Church which tends to conceal her sins will not save us; neither the power of money nor the opinion of the media will save us." Instead he proposed all "confess our nakedness" and admit to sin and ask for "the grace of shame". He compared <mask>'s statement to Peter's confession to Christ: "Turn away from me for I am a sinful man" and countered with Christ's exhortation to Peter: "Feed my sheep." President of the Bishops' Conference of the European Community
He was elected as President of the Commission of the Bishops' Conferences of the European Community on 22 March 2012.After Britain voted to leave the European Union in June 2016, <mask> issued a statement saying: "This decision of the British voters should of course be respected, even if we, as COMECE, find it extremely regrettable." He praised the EU's "project of community and solidarity" but also stated: "We need to 'rethink' Europe in some way. ... we will only be able to build a good future if the nations of Europe are united. It also raises the question on the way to achieve the 'true European humanism' to which Pope Francis has encouraged the Europeans." Despite protests by Catholics in Germany, including the Catholic Workers Movement, <mask> spoke positively of the proposed Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. He said: "Given today’s huge social and environmental challenges, I won’t have a good feeling

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title: Reinhard Marx

texts: if Europe pulls out of shaping globalization and leaves the issues and actions to others". Following the Christmas market attack in Berlin in December 2016, <mask> said "The news from Berlin have deeply shocked me.The violence on the Christmas market is the opposite of what visitors were seeking. My compassion goes to the relatives of the dead and injured. For all of them I will pray." In April 2017, <mask> met with Jean-Claude Juncker, the President of the European Commission, and he hailed the great achievements that had been made in Europe in recent history. In a joint statement with Anglican bishop Christopher Hill, <mask> said: "In the decades since the founding of the European Union and its predecessor institutions, Europeans have benefitted from historic periods of peace, the expansion of democracy on the continent, and increased freedom to work, travel, and study,' and 'We believe more than ever in the European project and believe that a common path resting on shared values is the best path, ... A united Europe brings about peace in a world where peace cannot be taken for granted." In May 2017, the leaders of COMECE met in Rome in relation to a high-level congress to take place in Rome on the theme 'Rethinking Europe'. On the occasion, <mask> stated that putting the human person back at the centre of European public policy was, along with dying to oneself, the church's message and he further stated, "I see, when I meet politicians and 'other' people, that they are open to discuss....We cannot [do] politics, we are not politicians ... but we can enable the way." On 2 December 2018, <mask> attended the "Pulse of Europe" meeting in Munich and made statements in favour of greater European unity. He said "Nationalism means war. Germany first?


title: Reinhard Marx

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 That is egotism and won’t get us any further" and "The Romanian poor and the Italian unemployed are all our problem". He also said he did not understand why no one was speaking of United States of Europe any longer. Contribution to global Synod of Bishops
<mask> participated in the Synod of Bishops on the Family in 2014 and 2015.In 2014, addressing a question raised on the family, he argued that church doctrine can change over time, and "doesn't depend on the spirit of time but can develop over time. ...Saying that the doctrine will never change is a restrictive view of things," <mask> later clarified at a Vatican press conference: "The core of the Catholic Church remains the Gospel, but have we discovered everything? This is what I doubt." <mask> has supported the view that no  second marriage is possible within Catholic teaching, but he wanted it to be possible that people whose marriages had "failed" could still be accepted within the church. He supported Cardinal Walter Kasper's proposal that Catholics who have divorced and attempted remarriage outside the Church be admitted to Communion, emphasizing that it would be applied to individual cases: "Not for no one, and not for everyone." Though he once suggested that the German church might go in a different direction than the Synod, <mask> insisted at the 2015 Synod that he would abide by whatever the Pope decided. He said "the Church is the only institution in the world that can reach unanimous agreement.Thank God we have the pope. We bishops do not have to decide. Church unity is not in danger. And once the pope has decided, we will abide by his decision." When several cardinals who believed that no circumstances allow for someone who had attempted remarriage to receive communion published a


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 set of questions asking for clarifications of Amoris Laetitia, <mask> objected. He said that the exhortation was not ambiguous as some said, and that it did in fact allow for people to receive the Eucharist after attempted remarriage under certain circumstances. In February 2017, <mask>, when speaking of the events surrounding this controversy, stated: "We have discussions in the church, normal discussions, tensions.It will be forever like this." <mask> also said he believed that support for the Pope within the church was substantial. Coordinator for Council of the Economy
In 2014, Pope Francis created a new agency for organizing the economic affairs of the Holy See called the 'Secretariat for the Economy'. In coordination with this, the Pope also created a council of bishops and laity who would oversee the secretariat known as the Council for the Economy. <mask> was named as coordinator of this council. The Vatican reported a budget deficit of 70 million Euros for the year 2018, which was double the previous year. <mask> commented on this situation at the time that the deficit could be resolved within a year or two.In October 2019, he said "We have to go forward, otherwise I cannot see how to sign a budget with a structural deficit," and "But that is a way we can go in several years. That is not a catastrophe." Vatican revenues and finances went into further collapse in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. In February 2020, cardinal <mask> announced he would not have accepted a new six-year mandate as head of the German Bishops' Conference, due to his age of 66. Two months later, Father Juan Antonio Guerrero, the head of the Vatican's Dicastery for Finances, and <mask> sent a letter to Vatican offices to get them to drastically cut costs and

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title: Reinhard Marx

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 revise their budgets for 2020. The contents of the letter called for a reduction of travel throughout the year, a cancellation of all conferences, meeting and ad limina visits, radical limits on consultancy and overtime, as well as to postpone all work to the following year which wasn't absolutely necessary. Views

Economic reform
<mask> has been critical of some aspects of capitalism and he has also promoted some economic reform ideas.While he was bishop of Trier, he criticized a culture of greed in modern capitalism and called for managers to subscribe to the social components of a social market economy. In 2006 he criticized the 'audacious' salary hikes of top managers. He said: "We are more and more moving away from a social market economy to capitalism, where the return is the only thing that counts. ", "The other goals of companies, like for example, generating jobs, are not kept in mind anymore. That’s a mistake", and "It’s pure capitalism without social responsibility. The other <mask> from Trier could still be proven right. And that, I would find awful".In 2020 he echoed Pope Francis's call for a universal basic income as part of recovery plans from the pandemic. Homosexuality, gay rights, and the Church
In 2011, <mask> was reported as saying that the Catholic Church "has not always adopted the right tone" toward LGBT people. He went on to add that, while he cannot officially bless a union between two people of the same sex, he can (and implicitly will) pray for their relationship if asked. In 2014, <mask> responded in an interview to the issues under consideration at the Synod of Bishops concerning the Church's treatment of people that are gay: "I have the impression that we have a lot of work to do in the theological field, not only


title: Reinhard Marx

texts: related to the question of divorce, but also the theology of marriage. I am astonished that some can say, "Everything is clear" on this topic. Things are not clear. It is not about church doctrine being determined by modern times.It is a question of aggiornamento, to say it in a way that the people can understand, and to always adapt our doctrine to the Gospel, to theology, in order to find in a new way the sense of what Jesus said, the meaning of the tradition of the church and of theology and so on. There is a lot to do". He went on to say, "Take the case of two homosexuals who have been living together for 35 years and taking care of each other, even in the last phases of their lives. How can I say that this has no value?" At the 2015 Synod in Rome, <mask> urged his fellow bishops that, "We must make it clear that we do not only judge people according to their sexual orientation. ...If a same-sex couple are faithful, care for one another and intend to stay together for life God won't say 'All that doesn't interest me, I'm only interested in your sexual orientation.'" <mask> supports legal recognition for same-sex unions arguing that there are positive elements that can be found and supported in same-sex relationships, but is against same-sex marriage.In 2015, in Germany he stated: "Human dignity is not state-made, it’s not made by the constitution, which is why neither the constitution nor the state can pass judgment on it. ...And this also applies to the topic of marriage and the family." In June 2016, on a visit to Ireland, <mask> argued that the church and society had harmed gay people in the past and should publicly apologise. In July 2017, in an interview with the Augsburger Allgemeine in Germany, <mask> commented on the recent


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 legalization of same-sex marriage in Germany and said that it was not a concern for the church. He said that church teaching cannot be moulded into the laws of a secular state and he said: "In a secular society, the state must make laws that are valid for everyone". He also lamented that the Catholic church in Germany had not done more in the past to fight against laws that criminalized homosexual activity in Germany. In February 2018, it was widely reported that <mask> said in an interview with German journalists that blessing of same-sex unions is possible in Catholic churches in Germany, but later clarified that he had not implied this and was misunderstood, stating that there merely could be "spiritual encouragement."In December 2019 <mask> allegedly said again that same-sex couples can be blessed. In February 2022, following a television documentary produced by a group called 'OutinChurch', in which 120 German priests, church employees and lay people identified themselves as LGBT, Cardinal <mask> stated "Not everyone is obliged to declare [to others] their own sexual inclination, whether heterosexual or homosexual. It's up to him to decide." and "But if he does, then that must be respected and it is not a restriction on his ability to become a priest. This is my position and we must defend it". These remarks were themselves contrasted with current rules from the Holy See since 2005 that have banned same-sex attracted persons from being ordained to holy orders. Abortion and euthanasia
<mask> is an active opponent of abortion in Germany and has also spoken against physician-assisted suicide as well as embryonic stem cell research.On the occasion of the 2015 pro-life march in Germany, he publicly stated: "As Christians we share the conviction


title: Reinhard Marx

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 that the inviolable dignity of every human being has its origin in God, the Creator of all life." However, he has been criticized by some anti-abortion groups for signalling his approval to issue the 'morning-after pill' in German Catholic hospitals, which could potentially destroy a viable embryo. Church role in the modern world
In a visit to Ireland in June 2016, <mask> said that Christianity is the 'religion of the future'. He quoted Ratzinger's (later Pope Benedict XVI) speech in Paris in 2000, when Ratzinger said that Christianity was not a faith that dealt with 'magic things' but with the real world. <mask> said that Christianity had a role in making the world a better place. He said that in past times there were occasions when the church was on 'the wrong side' of various issues, but that in the future it must rely on its own social doctrine and Christian anthropology as a source from which to help make a new and better society, which also embraced the marginalized. He also expressed concern over a tendency by some to want to go back to a dream of society where things were 'more cohesive and simpler', and that future debates would be about identity and security rather than freedom.On the occasion of the death of former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl in June 2017, <mask> praised Kohl (who was a practicing Catholic) as an example of Christian witness in the modern world. <mask> praised Kohl's work for German reunification, work for democracy and human rights, work for European integration, and his work to create a social market economy in Germany based on church teaching. <mask> said of Kohl: "The Church in Germany is grateful for the Christian testimony of Helmut Kohl. Wherever the values of a free society were trampled on in the world, he


title: Reinhard Marx

texts: pledged that these values be respected. He wanted and knew how to show his Christian convictions in Europe. " In October 2017, <mask> along with other bishops and European politicians attended a conference in Rome entitled "Thinking Europe: A Christian Contribution to the Future of the European Project" that was meant to discuss the role of religion in the future of Europe. On the occasion, <mask> commented that 20 years prior, many people thought that religion would disappear from society, but that that was not the case.He stated that the great fear for religion was not that it would disappear but rather "it will be instrumentalized for other reasons, for political reasons. That will be perhaps the great fear for the 21st century." In 2018, after Pope Francis had endorsed Pope Benedict's rejection of the "Marxist state", <mask> told an interviewer that without <mask> "there would not be any Catholic social doctrine" and that <mask> the 19th-century sociologist is not responsible for the crimes of those who claim to be inspired by him. On 1 September 2018 the anniversary of the German invasion of Poland, <mask> visited the Polish city of Gdansk and paid tribute to the Polish Solidarity movement supported by the church that had fought against communism in the 1980s. In an interview on the occasion, he spoke about future of Europe and said that the church was in favour of European unification and against Nationalism. On the occasion, he said, "Faith tells us we belong to a human family. Patriotism is good, but nationalism is not Catholic.I agree with Franz-Josef Strauss, who has always said: Bavaria is our home, Germany is our fatherland, Europe is our future." While attending the Synod on Youth in Rome in October 2018, <mask> said that Pope

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Marx
Karl Marx
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title: Reinhard Marx

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 Francis had decided to use synods as a way of moving the church forward and that it was important for the church to accompany young adults at their sensitive age, otherwise the church would be "a lost playing field" for evangelization. He reiterated his call for women to be given real participation in the church's decision-making process and his view that the church would be foolish not to make use of their potential. Migration
<mask> has consistently criticized European policies towards asylum seekers, saying that they keep away people who need help. On the occasion of the sinking of a migrant boat near Lampedusa in 2013, he said: For years, we have followed a policy which has prevented those in need reaching our shores. This is not the kind of Europe we want. To claim asylum is a fundamental human right which we must respect.Refugees and asylum seekers deserve to be treated humanely. On 5 September 2015, <mask> along with Lutheran bishop Heinrich Bedford-Strohm, members of the clergy and crowds of Germans enthusiastically welcomed Syrian refugees coming to Germany at the Munich train station. He has also spoken out against xenophobia and violence done against migrants in Germany. He said that Catholics are not allowed to be xenophobic. In September 2015, he chaired a meeting of COMECE joined by the Conference of European Churches, which had been convened to discuss the Syrian migrant crisis in Europe. <mask> made clear that "Those who enter Europe must not be afraid to drown or suffocate. And they must get a fair asylum process.These are minimum standards which must apply throughout Europe." Following the 2015-2016 New Year's Eve attacks on women in Germany and the discovery that most of the violence was carried out by people from the Middle

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title: Reinhard Marx

texts: East or North Africa who entered Germany as refugees, <mask> condemned the violence: "These new forms of violence and especially the inhumane treatment of women cannot be tolerated" and he demanded that "all the different forces in society must work together to prevent this type of incidents and guarantee safety." On 6 February 2016, he remarked that Germany cannot take in all of the world's refugees and that there needs to be a reduction in the number coming in. There had already been 1.1 million migrants entering Germany in the past year up to that point, and an unknown number yet to come. He said that in order to help refugees, it needed not only "charity but also reason". At the same time, <mask> also criticized the anti-foreigner sentiments growing in Germany that had been spreading in society. In September 2016, an aide to the head of the Christian Social Union (CSU) party in Germany made negative comments about refugees, saying it was hard to deport them.<mask> criticized the remarks and said that politicians should by finding ways to integrate them, rather than get rid of them. At the 2016 St Michael's reception in Berlin, <mask> addressed a crowd of 800, including Chancellor Merkel, and praised Germany's policy of welcoming in refugees. He also warned against nationalism and stated: 'Patriotism yes, we love our homeland, but any form of nationalism must be opposed." In February 2017, <mask> praised Chancellor Angela Merkel over her policy towards refugees: "In a critical phase of Europe, you have set an important sign of humanity and given an example of Christian love of neighbor in politics," he said, adding, "she knows that Christians must not simply let the world run its course. We have helped shape it!" <mask> also criticized

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 populist movements, stating that "a retreat to the national, to the closed is no Christian option." In the wake of the German parliamentary elections in September 2017 that saw the far-right AfD party enter the German parliament for the first time, <mask> spoke out in support of reaffirming Germany's commitment to help migrants and refugees, saying: "For Christians, who'll be present in all parties, topics of fundamental importance will include dealing with foreigners seeking our protection and with our society's poor and disadvantaged....In the common struggle for the right path, black-and-white images of hate and exclusion aren't appropriate." In July 2018, the Bavarian Christian Social Union (CSU) party nearly pushed Angela Merkel's government to the brink of collapse after it demanded that she do more to restrict the number of migrants entering Germany. In response, <mask> criticized the CSU for going against Christian values: "A party that has chosen the C in the name has an obligation, in the spirit of Christian social teaching, especially in its attitude towards the poor and the weak". In July 2020 a Benedictine abbess named Mechthild Thürmer in Bavaria sheltered a migrant at her Abbey who the government wanted to deport. The abbess granted church asylum to the migrant and a Bamberg court threatened her with imprisonment. <mask> and other Bavarian bishops came out in strong support for the abbess. <mask> commented: "The bishops see no reason for a court sentence.They fully support the tradition of church asylum, which lays bare the exceptionally inhuman hardship of the EU asylum system". Environment
<mask> has asserted that climate change and the refugee crisis are the two biggest problems facing Europe. He has repeated Pope Francis'


title: Reinhard Marx

texts:
 words in asserting the existence of an 'ecological debt' of richer more developed nations to poorer less developed nations. He has said that the Church can learn from the world in 'recognizing the signs of the times'. Foreign relations
<mask> has served as the representative of the church in Germany in other parts of the world. In 2015, he visited the United States, including the US-Mexican border. He spoke about this experience in 2016, by saying, 'When I visited the U.S.-Mexican border last year and saw the Mexico-United States barrier with its series of walls, I thought to myself that cannot be the future of European borders."In January 2016, he visited Viet Nam and had a meeting with the chief of the Vietnamese Fatherland Front, a communist party umbrella-organization that has control of all social organizations within Viet Nam. The President of the Front stated that relations between Viet Nam and the Holy See had greatly improved, and that the church in Viet Nam was engaging in many activities that benefited Vietnamese society. <mask> expressed his hope that the Front would assist in developing Catholicism in Viet Nam and facilitating humanitarian activities among the Catholic community. During the same visit, <mask> was refused permission to travel to Vinh diocese, without any stated reason from official sources. It may have been related to the cases of religious persecution that had occurred in Vinh against the clergy and laity of the diocese. <mask> said that "no political and economic organizations can injure religious freedom". Reconciliation
On 22 November 2015, to mark the 50th anniversary of the exchange of letters between German and Polish bishops in 1965, German and Polish bishops met at the monastery of Jasna Góra in


title: Reinhard Marx

texts: Poland.<mask> gave the homily at the Mass where Polish Archbishop Stanisław Gądecki. Representatives of each country's bishops signed a statement about their common mission to build a Europe based on Christianity and the need for continued efforts to recover from their past as wartime adversaries. In September 2016, in anticipation of the 500th anniversary of the Reformation, <mask> and Lutheran bishop Heinrich Bedford-Strohm called for healing of past wounds between Catholics and Protestants. Their statement said: "A look at history reveals the suffering and wounds that Christians have inflicted on each other. This shocks and shames us. ...We see it as an exceptional moment of our fellowship, after centuries of mutual separation, to mark a Reformation anniversary with such readiness to engage in forgiveness and a new beginning." They planned to mark the anniversary with a mutual ecumenical meeting at Hildesheim on 11 March 2017 where "we will confess our guilt before God on behalf of our churches, asking God and each other for forgiveness and committing ourselves before God to continue to deepen our togetherness".<mask> said of Luther："We as Catholics can now clearly say that Luther never wanted to create a new Church." In February 2017, <mask> attended an ecumenical meeting of Catholics and Lutherans in Stuttgart to release revised versions of German translations of the Catholic and Lutheran bibles. At the event, <mask> said, "I am very pleased that we are placing God's word in our midst in such an ecumenically meaningful year as 2017, in which we together recall the events of the Reformation 500 years ago and celebrate them today as a celebration of Christ, to place God's word in our midst." In August 2020, <mask> and Lutheran Bishop Heinrich


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 Bedford-Strohm were awarded the 2020  for their "unconditional will to live together in peace". <mask> was praised for his commitment to ecumenical dialogue and cooperation between the two churches that had long been divided for the past 500 years. <mask> said on the occasion: "Christianity in Germany and Europe will only have a future if we strongly work together and stay together ecumenically. That is important, and that is where I see the prize as encouragement".In September 2019, representatives of the Catholic and Protestant churches in Germany proposed "reciprocal Eucharistic hospitality". In September 2020, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticized it for doctrinal errors. <mask> supported the proposal, saying that plans were "already far advanced" and that "the ball is in the Vatican's court". He said: "I would like to see Christians celebrate the eucharist together, without becoming a unified Church. Ecumenism only works if we try to understand the position of others and sometimes accept differences." Church reform
<mask> has taught that Catholic doctrine remains the same, but the church's understanding of it changes over time. He has said that theology and doctrine are not the same, and that theology can change, but doctrine can't.He has said that "truth does not change but we gain greater understanding of the truth as we grow... We don't own the truth, the truth owns us, since it is a person we encounter, not something we possess." While at the 2015 Synod of the family, he contrasted Pope Pius XI's encyclical Casti connubii and Pope John Paul II's Apostolic Exhortation 'Familiaris Consortio' as evidence of the church's living tradition. In relation to the 2001 Congregation for Divine Worship's document Liturgiam


title: Reinhard Marx

texts: Authenticam, which called for literal translations of the Latin into the vernacular, <mask> commented that it was too 'narrow in view' and a 'dead end'. In June 2017, <mask> called for the global church to admit more women into top leadership positions. He said "And that is why I want to emphasize that positions of responsibility and executive positions in the Church that are open to lay people must be shared by both men and women." In 2018, <mask> and a majority of other German bishops supported a proposal to allow Protestant spouses of German Catholics to receive the Eucharist at Mass. However, a minority of German bishops opposed this proposal and appealed to the Vatican for clarification of the issue.Archbishop Luis Ladaria, representing Pope Francis, issued a statement in June 2018 that temporarily rejected the German proposal on several grounds, including that it was an issue for the wider church as a whole to consider. In September 2019, <mask> gave his support to the idea of having married priests within certain regions and under certain conditions. In July 2020, the Vatican's Congregation of the Clergy issued a document on parish reform entitled: "The pastoral conversion of the parish community at the service of the evangelizing mission of the Church". Many German bishops criticized this document, including <mask>. <mask> criticized the way that the document was issued from the Vatican without consultation at the local level. In Munich Cathedral, on 24 July, he said: "It is a little strange that a document arrives from Rome without ever having been discussed with us. Is this the coexistence of the universal Church with the particular Church that they have desired?Not really!". He then added: "It is not for one person to proclaim


title: Reinhard Marx

texts:
 something and for others to simply follow, but to listen to each other, to learn together, to absorb the experiences of the local Church—which is missing from the document that has been released these days. As if in Germany we had never thought of missionary parishes!". However, <mask> welcomed Pope Francis' drive for a more synodal church. From September 30 to October 2, 2021, <mask> and other German bishops attended a plenary assembly for discussing the 'German synodal path' in Frankfurt. <mask> spoke in favour of the text that was passed that discussed power and checks and balances, he said: "I think the text is good because it is realistic and does not say that we want to change canon law but that we can move forward step by step". Following the publication of the report on sex abuse in the Munich archdiocese in early 2022, Cardinal <mask> spoke out in favour of lifting celibacy rules for priests.Speaking to the Sueddeutsche Zeitung newspaper, <mask> said that things cannot continue as they are. He also said: "And if some say: without the obligation of celibacy, they will all get married! My answer is: so what! If they all marry, it would at least be a sign that things are not currently working." Ecumenism
While president of the German Conference of Catholic Bishops, <mask> supported the guide the organization issued to allow for Lutheran spouses of Catholics to receive Holy Communion in Catholic churches. Persecution of Christians
In April 2017, during the Good Friday service held in Munich, <mask> lamented the persecution of Christians that occurred in the world, especially in nations that had been shaped by Islam: "there can be no peace between religions," he said, unless "all human beings are permitted to live their faith and be


title: Reinhard Marx

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 respected in it." Violence and religion
In June 2017, during an interview <mask> said that religious leaders needed to be on guard to make sure that they did not provide a kind of pious framework from which religious extremists could perform violence.He indicated that both Catholics and Muslims needed to think about this. He said, "Religions simply must ask themselves—and permit themselves to be asked—whether by the way they are being interpreted or lived, they are contributing toward justifying or even fueling conflicts"

Democracy and human rights
In August 2020, <mask> spoke out in favour of the pro-democracy protestors in Belarus. On 15 August, he preached in Munich Cathedral: "Everywhere where people rise up and defend human dignity, the dignity of life and the dignity of freedom, one becomes conscious of Easter and that includes Belarus. Easter means rising up against hatred, violence and injustice"

In September 2020, <mask> spoke out against an attempt in the Danish parliament to ban non-medical circumcision. He said, "The Catholic Church in the European Union considers any attempt on the fundamental right to freedom of religion as unacceptable. The criminalization of circumcision is a very grave measure that raises deep concern". Opposition
During the 2015 Synod on the family, <mask> faced opposition from other bishops for supporting Kasper's proposal that the rules be relaxed to allow people who have divorced and attempted remarriage to receive Holy Communion.Divisions were particularly acute between the group of bishops from Germany (notably <mask>), and conservatives such as George Pell of Sydney. <mask> accused Pell of trying to foster division by making it seem as if there were two camps within the Church, one around Pope


title: Reinhard Marx

texts: Benedict XVI and the other around Kasper. A spokesman for Pell welcomed the suggestion that <mask> saw no differences between the two groups. <mask> was indirectly criticized by retired Pope Benedict in a 2016 book of interviews. The occasion was related to how, shortly before Benedict's resignation in 2013, <mask> had criticized him by saying he had turned the Roman curia into his own court. In response to this, Benedict said "I have always lived simply, always, ever since my childhood." The retired Pope's personal secretary Georg Gänswein also stated "One should be careful of making statements or valuations of a situation that one does not know well."In August 2020, the German Bishops Conference published a photo of <mask> posed in front of a monumental statue of <mask> on its Facebook page. A Polish Catholic magazine, , said the photo showed "where contemporary modernist Catholicism has gone". It described the cardinal as "inspired by the Red Revolution not only in economics" but even in supporting sexual "liberation". It said he was "trying to reinterpret Scripture and Tradition in the light of contemporary (anti) culture and the often questionable findings of science". <mask> and other German bishops have been widely criticized, including from other bishops, about a 'synodal' path for reform of the church that they are alleged to be conducting within the church in Germany. Attempts by <mask> and the German bishops to try to have synods that make decisions for church issues within Germany are seen by such critics as being on a path to 'schism' and 'heresy'. Others, however, have given support for this path, including Brisbane Archbishop Mark Coleridge who dismissed the criticism and said in May 2021 "I have great confidence in the Germans

masks:
Marx
Marx
Marx
Marx
Karl Marx
Marx
Marx


title: Reinhard Marx

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 (and) in <mask>,"

Cardinal Gerhard Muller criticized <mask> in June 2021 in an article in the Bonn General-Anzeiger.Müller, who has himself been severely criticized for his handling of abuse accusations, claimed that the Cologne abuse crisis was not about abuse but was an attempt by <mask> to discredit Cardinal Woelki, who was opposed to the German 'synodal path' being supported by <mask>. Muller alleged that the synodal path <mask> was initiating was an "attempt to react to the abuse crisis with a heretical and schismatic agenda". In February 2022, Czech Cardinal Dominik Duka accused Cardinal <mask> of "defaming and tarnishing" the reputation of former Pope Benedict XVI. This was due to the fact that the report on sex abuse in the Munich archdiocese, which had been commissioned by Cardinal <mask>, faulted Pope Benedict (then Joseph Ratzinger) for his handling of four cases of sex abuse while he was serving as Archbishop of Munich in the 1970s and 1980s. <mask> expressed grief over the findings of the report and said that the church needed to change, however, he did not make any public statement about the findings as it related to Pope Benedict. Cardinal Duka, however, held <mask> responsible for damaging Pope Benedict's reputation through the report. Sexual abuse
German media reported that an unidentified priest in the diocese of Trier had allegedly sexually abused minors, and that this priest was not removed by Cardinal <mask> when he was bishop of Trier, even though he had been made aware of the case.Cardinal <mask>'s spokesperson claimed that <mask> had acted with the relevant guidelines in place at the time. It was further claimed by the media that the priest continued to serve in Trier until 2015 and his abuse also allegedly continued up

masks: Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx


title: Reinhard Marx

texts: until that point. The rules governing these cases were reformed in 2010 and 2013, and the spokesperson claimed that had the new rules been in place at the time, the church would have acted differently. <mask> opened a meeting of bishops in Fulda in late September 2018 to discuss a study concerning widespread sexual abuse within the German church. The study had been commissioned by the German bishops' conference and given to the press in September 2018, and it showed widespread sexual abuse had occurred in the German church from 1946 to 2014, with almost 4,000 victims abused. On the occasion, <mask> said the report "makes it clear to us that the Catholic Church has by no means overcome the issue of dealing with the sexual abuse of minors." "I feel we have reached a turning point about the issues such as prevention and the treatment of victims, but also about how the Church will deal with its own future" and "We must do more: listen, understand and take appropriate measures."In February 2019 <mask> spoke at a conference on paedophilia in the Catholic church summoned by Pope Francis, saying that procedures to prosecute offenders "were deliberately not complied with", and files were destroyed, or not created, allowing abuse to continue. "Instead of the perpetrators, the victims were regulated and silence imposed on them." He called for greater transparency, saying that it is not transparency that damages the church, but its lack, and covering up. In December 2020 <mask> called the Archdiocese of Cologne's decision not to publish an investigation into clergy sexual abuse as 'devastating' for the entire church. In a newspaper interview, <mask> said "the public now perceives that lawyers are quibbling over details on the backs of the victims". <mask>


title: Reinhard Marx

texts: promised that the Archdiocese of Munich would publish its own report on sexual abuse once it was finished in 2021, which would name those who were responsible and that it would not be about sparing his predecessors (Joseph Ratzinger and Friedrich Wetter). Also in December 2020, <mask> announced he would set up a charitable foundation in his diocese to help people who were affected by sexual abuse in the church and that he would be giving the vast majority of his private assets, which totaled 500,000 Euros, to the foundation.In February 2021, <mask> was accused in a report published by Deutschlandfunk of mishandling a case in the Diocese of Trier that said he had investigated a priest who had gotten a parish employee pregnant around 2000 but not a second priest who, in the confessional, had advised her to have an abortion. <mask> confessed this error to the Congregation for Clergy in 2007. Also in the same month, Christian Pfeiffer, a German criminologist who had been hired by the German Bishops' Conference in 2011 to investigate sex abuse, accused <mask> of denying his team access to some key documents. He had similar criticisms a year before. He alleged that <mask> was trying to protect Pope Benedict, himself as well as other German church leaders. <mask> rejected the allegations as baseless. Sex abuse victims, in April 2021, urged German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier not to go ahead with plans to award <mask> with the Knight Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany on grounds of his alleged mishandling of sex abuse cases in the past.Peter Bringmann-Henselder who represented sex abuse victims and was himself a recipient of the same award said he would give back his award if <mask> was awarded. <mask>

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title: Reinhard Marx

texts: responded by declining the award and said: "I take very seriously the criticism now being leveled by people dealing with sexual abuse in the Church, regardless of the correctness of the individual statements in open letters and in the media" and said he would not ignore the criticism. While <mask> has not been directly implicated in any wrongdoing regarding the Church sexual abuse crisis, he said that all members of the hierarchy bear some responsibility for it, and that it has led to a credibility crisis among Church leadership. <mask> said that the Church has reached a "dead end" regarding the sex abuse crisis and hopes that his resignation would be "a personal signal for a new beginning, for a new awakening of the Church, not only in Germany." In May 2021 <mask> sent a letter to Pope Francis offering to resign as archbishop. <mask> wrote, "I have to share responsibility for the catastrophe of sexual abuse by officials of the church over past decades". <mask> wrote further there were, "a lot of personal failure and administrative errors" and also, "institutional and systemic failure" and <mask> wrote as well, "I would like to make it clear that I am ready to take personal responsibility, not only for my own mistakes but for the church as an institution which I have helped to shape over the decades."The Archdiocese of Munich stated that Pope Francis had allowed <mask> to make his resignation letter public, and asked him to remain in his role until he had received an answer. A law firm commissioned by the archdiocese to investigate historic sexual abuse allegations is set to release its report shortly after the letter became public. On 10 June 2021, in a lengthy letter addressed to <mask>, Pope Francis informed him that he should continue as

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title: Reinhard Marx

texts: Archbishop of Munich and Freising. In July 2021, <mask> visited a parish in Garching an der Alz in his diocese where a priest accused of abuse of minors had been stationed prior to <mask>'s becoming Archbishop. A spokesman for the Catholic reform movement 'We are Church' commented that the visit was 'a concrete opportunity to demonstrate his pastoral commitment as a pastor and to work for the spiritual renewal of the Church – as he offered in his resignation and as Pope Francis then instructed him in his refusal'. <mask> suggested in July 2021 that he might offer a second resignation. He said: "I do not understand my service as a bishop as an office that belongs to me and that I have to defend, but as a mission for the people of this archdiocese and as a service to the unity of the Church" and "Should I no longer be able to fulfill this ministry, then it would be time — after consultation with the diocesan bodies and also the abuse appraisal  commission and the affected persons’ advisory board — to decide for the good of the Church and offer my resignation from office once again."An ecclesiastical document cited by German media in January 2022 criticized Cardinal <mask> for failing to remove a Chaplain cited as 'Peter H' from the priesthood in the late 2000s. The same document also faulted former Pope Benedict XVI for failing with regard to the same priest while he served as Archbishop of Munich. It was reported in November 2021 that the Munich law firm Westpfahl Spilker Wastl had been investigating Cardinal <mask> and several other bishops as part of a report on sexual abuse in the Archdiocese of Munich and Freising due to be published in 2022. They published their report on January 20th 2022. In the report, Cardinal <mask> was accused of


title: Reinhard Marx

texts: mishandling two cases of sex abuse in the archdiocese. Following the release, he made a statement: "My first thought today is for those affected by sexual abuse, who have experienced harm and suffering at the hands of Church representatives, priests, and other employees in the sphere of the Church, on an appalling scale. I am shocked and ashamed."Martin Pusch one of the authors of the report, alleged that <mask> had said the main responsibility for handling abuse cases belonged to archdiocese's ordinariate and vicariate general. Push questioned <mask>'s position by saying: 'When, if not in the case of the sexual abuse of minors, is the classification of an issue as a ‘matter for the boss’ applicable?'. Marion Westpfahl one of the founding partners of the law firm, also lamented that Cardinal <mask> was absent for the presentation of the report. In the aftermath of the report by the law firm, <mask> said he would not attempt to make another resignation as he had done the previous year and said that: "I am ready to continue serving if that is helpful for the further steps that have to be taken for a more reliable reappraisal, even more attention to those affected and for reform of the church". However, he also said that if he found that his continued presence was more of a hindrance than a help that he would step aside. He also pointed at the report and said that what they saw in it was a disaster, and he repeated calls that the church needed deep reform, including the 'synodal path' that would open up debate within the church about issues the church faced including homosexuality, priestly celibacy and the role of women. He said, 'Anyone who still denies systemic causes and opposes a necessary reform of the church in its stances and structures


title: Reinhard Marx

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 hasn't understood the challenge.'Books
In October 2008 <mask> published Das Kapital: A Plea for the Human Being. He described it as "an argument with Marxism". It opened with a letter addressed to <mask>: "The consequences of your thinking were disastrous." Contrary to his namesake's prediction of the inevitable collapse of capitalism, he proposed an important role for the Church in the survival of a healthy form of capitalism: "Capitalism without humanity, solidarity and justice has no morals and no future." Notes

References

External links

Catholic-Hierarchy
Archdiocese of Munich and Freising
Diocese of Trier

}

1953 births
Living people
People from Geseke
Roman Catholic archbishops of Munich and Freising
21st-century German cardinals
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Germany
Roman Catholic bishops of Trier
Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI
Members of the Congregation for Catholic Education
Members of the Congregation for the Oriental

masks:
Marx
Karl Marx


title: Annette O'Toole

texts:
<mask>'Toole (born April 1, 1952) is an American actress. She is known for portraying Lisa Bridges in the TV series Nash Bridges; Beverly Marsh in the 1990 television mini-series version of Stephen King's It; Lana Lang in Superman III; Kathy in the romantic-comedy Cross My Heart; and Martha Kent, the mother of Clark Kent, on the television series Smallville. Early life and career
O'Toole was born <mask> in Houston, Texas, the daughter of Dorothy Geraldine (née Niland) and William West Toole Jr. Her mother taught dance, which O'Toole herself began learning at the age of three. She started taking acting lessons after her family moved to Los Angeles when she was 13. Her first television appearance was in 1967 on The Danny Kaye Show, followed over the next few years with guest appearances in shows such as My Three Sons, The Virginian, Gunsmoke, Hawaii Five-O, and The Partridge Family. 1970s–1980s
O'Toole's first major film role was as a jaded beauty pageant contestant in the 1975 satire Smile; she got the role after doing an impression of a "dead cockroach" at the audition.She also appeared as the tutor and girlfriend of Robby Benson's character in the college basketball story One on One in 1977. She co-starred opposite Gary Busey in the 1980 film Foolin' Around. In 1981, she starred in the HBO onstage production of Vanities, as well as in the TV movie Stand By Your Man, which detailed the life of country music legend Tammy Wynette. Later on in 1982, she appeared briefly as Nick Nolte's girlfriend in 48 Hrs. That same year, she played Alice Perrin in Cat People, and then in 1983 she played Lana Lang (love interest to Clark Kent/Superman), and single mother of Ricky in Superman III. In 1985, she co-starred with Barry Manilow in the CBS television movie Copacabana playing Lola La Mar to Manilow's Tony Starr. Also in 1985, she had a starring role as Ms. Edmunds in the original Bridge to Terabithia, and appeared in the TV adaptation of Strong Medicine the following year.In 1987's

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Annette O
Annette Toole