title: Majel Barrett

texts:
 Stanley Kramer thriller The Domino Principle; and the 1979 television film The Man in the Santa Claus Suit starring Fred Astaire. Her later film appearances included small roles in Teresa's Tattoo (1994) and Mommy (1995). After Gene Roddenberry's death, <mask> took material from his archives to bring two of his ideas into production. She was executive producer of Earth: Final Conflict (in which she also played the character Dr. Julianne Belman), and Andromeda. She also served as creative director for Gene Roddenberry's Lost Universe, a comic book series based on another archival Roddenberry concept. In a gesture of goodwill between the creators of the Star Trek franchise and of Babylon 5, she appeared in the Babylon 5 episode "Point of No Return", as Lady Morella, the psychic widow of the Centauri emperor, a role which foreshadowed major plot elements in the series.Parodying her voice work as the computer for the Star Trek series, <mask> performed as a guest voice on Family Guy as the voice of Stewie Griffin's ship's computer in the episode "Emission Impossible". <mask>'s widely recognized voice performance as the Star Trek computer inspired the Amazon Alexa interactive virtual assistant, according to its developer Toni Reid, although <mask> had no direct role in it. Railroad voicework
The Southern Pacific Railroad used her voice talent  contained inside Harmon Electronics (of Grain Valley, MO) track-side defect detector devices, used in various locations west of the Mississippi River. When a defect is identified on the passing train, the system responds with her recorded voice announcing the defect location information to the train crew over the radio. In railroad forums and railroad radio monitoring groups, she was and is still referred to as the "SP Lady". However, with the implementation of newer hotbox detector technology, finding her voice today on working detectors is very rare. The hotbox detectors that had her voice installed in them were not upgradeable to the

masks: Barrett Barrett Barrett Barrett


title: Majel Barrett

type: original

texts: newer digital signaling requirements, and finding parts for them was difficult.Today, her voice is found on smaller regional railroads, usually only at dragging equipment locations, such as in California at milepost 24.6 on the Metrolink Lancaster line (under the I-5 and I-210 interchange in Sylmar), and in Oregon on the Portland & Western at milepost 746.5, near Lake Oswego. These voiced detectors remain because the lines were once owned by Southern Pacific, and because only two unchanging recorded messages are used, compared to the dynamic changing library used in hotbox detectors. The only major railroad that still uses her voice today is Union Pacific. Initially, Guilford commissioned Majel to say "Guilford Rail System", and the recording was programmed into detectors across the railroad. Train crews and local rail enthusiasts dubbed the MBTA Andover detector with the nickname "Andover Annie". Both the Andover and Shirley detectors with Majel's voice were replaced between 2015 and 2017 respectively with General Electric brand detectors, which use a male voice. In 2006–2007, just before <mask> <mask> died on December 18, 2008, the recently re-branded Pan Am Railways (formerly Guilford) was able to commission Majel one last time to say "Pan Am Railways" for their defect detectors.As of October 2020, Pan Am Railways still uses <mask> <mask>'s voice for defect detectors at eight different locations between Maine, Massachusetts, and Upstate New York. Pan Am Railways defect detectors that still utilize <mask>'s voice recordings include the following locations: In District 1, MP 134.1 in Readfield, Maine, just off of Plains Road crossing. Second is MP 157.2 in Lewiston, Maine, just off of Merrill Road crossing. Lastly, MP 176.7 in Gray, Maine, just off of Depot Road crossing. In District 2, only one detector with her voice is in service. MP 234.2 in North Berwick, Maine, just off of Elm Street/Route 4 crossing. In District 3, there are four locations that still utilize her

masks:
Majel
Barrett Roddenberry
Majel
Barrett Roddenberry
Barrett


title: Majel Barrett

texts:
 voice.First, MP 346.6 in Gardner, Massachusetts, near Parkers Street underpass. Second is at MP 369.1 in Wendell, Massachusetts, just off of Wendell Depot Road crossing. Third is at MP 410.9 in Zoar, Massachusetts, paralleling Zoar Road. Finally, at MP 440.2 in Hoosick, New York. The future of these defect detectors remains uncertain with the current state of Pan Am Railways being for sale. If a new railroad takes over, these rare defect detectors will likely be replaced. Final voiceover work
Some of <mask>'s final voiceover work was still in post-production, to be released in 2009 after her death, as mentioned in the credits of the 2009 film Star Trek, again as the voice of the Enterprise  computer.An animated production called Hamlet A.D.D. credited her as <mask> <mask>, playing the voiceover role of Queen Robot. Personal life and death

In 1969, while scouting locations in Japan for MGM, Roddenberry claimed that he realized that he missed <mask> and proposed to her by telephone. In the version recited by Herbert F. Solow, Roddenberry traveled to Japan with the intention of marrying <mask>. She subsequently joined Roddenberry in Tokyo, where they were married in a Shinto ceremony on August 6, 1969. Roddenberry had considered it "sacrilegious" to use an American minister in Japan, and the ceremony was attended by two Shinto priests as well as maids of honor. Roddenberry and <mask> both wore kimono, and spent their honeymoon touring Japan.He continued to have liaisons with other women, telling his friends that while in Japan he had an encounter with a masseuse about a week after he was married. The new marriage was not legally binding, as his divorce from Eileen had not yet been finalized. This was resolved two days after his divorce was complete, and on December 29, a small ceremony was held at their home followed by a reception for family and friends. Despite this, the couple continued to celebrate August 6 as their wedding anniversary. Roddenberry's young daughter, Dawn,

masks:
Barrett
Majel
Barrett Roddenberry
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett


title: Majel Barrett

texts:
 decided to live with <mask> and him, and the family moved to a new house in Beverly Hills the following October. In February 1974, <mask> and Roddenberry had a son, Eugene Jr., commonly referred to as Rod Roddenberry. They remained married until Roddenberry's death at <mask>'s side on October 24, 1991 in Santa Monica, California.After her husband's death, <mask> <mask> commissioned Celestis to launch her together with Gene on an infinite mission to deepest space. After manifesting them on NASA's "Sunjammer" mission, the agency cancelled the mission in 2014. Celestis has rescheduled their launch for 2020, the next available commercial mission to deep space. A sample of the couple's cremated remains will be sealed into a specially made capsule designed to withstand space travel. A spacecraft will carry the capsule, along with digitized tributes from fans, on Celestis' "Enterprise Flight". <mask> died on the morning of December 18, 2008, at her home in Bel Air, Los Angeles, California, as a result of leukemia. She was 76 years old.A public funeral was held on January 4, 2009, in Los Angeles. More than 250 people attended, including Nichelle Nichols, George Takei, Walter Koenig, Marina Sirtis, Brent Spiner and Wil Wheaton. Honors
<mask> and her husband were honored in 2002 by the Space Foundation with the Douglas S. Morrow Public Outreach Award for their work creating awareness of and enthusiasm for space. Filmography

 Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? (2014) – Queen Robot (voice) (final film role)

References
Notes

Citations

Sources

External links

 AP Obituary in the Los Angeles Times''

1932 births
2008 deaths
Actresses from Cleveland
American film actresses
American television actresses
Television producers from Ohio
American voice actresses
Audiobook narrators
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from leukemia
Gene Roddenberry
University of Miami alumni
American women film producers
Film producers from Ohio
20th-century American actresses
American women

masks:
Barrett
Barrett
Barrett
Majel
Barrett Roddenberry
Barrett Roddenberry
Barrett


title: Delilah Beasley

texts:
<mask> (September 9, 1867 – August 18, 1934), was a historian and newspaper columnist for the Oakland Tribune in Oakland, California. <mask> was the first African-American woman to be published regularly in a major metropolitan newspaper. <mask> was also first to present written proof of the existence of California's black pioneers in her book Slavery in California (1918) and her classic, The Negro Trail-Blazers of California (1919). Her career in journalism spanned more than 50 years. She detailed the racial problems in California and the heroic achievements by Blacks to overcome them during the late 19th century and early 20th century. Biography
<mask> was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, the oldest of five children in the family of <mask>, an engineer, and Margaret Harris, a homemaker. After her parents' death while she was still a teenager, Beasley had to find a full-time job to support herself, and she pursued a career as a trained masseuse.She began her newspaper career in 1883 writing for a black newspaper, the Cleveland Gazette, founded by Harry C. Smith. She wrote briefly about church and social activities. Three years later, she published her first column in the Sunday Cincinnati, Ohio Enquirer under the headline "Mosaics". <mask> studied journalism under Daniel Rudd, a well-known newspaper publisher of the Colored Catholic Tribune in Cincinnati. She, like Rudd, was a devout Catholic. In 1910, at age 39, <mask> moved to Oakland, California, attending lectures and researching at University of California, Berkeley and writing essays for presentations at local churches. In 1910 the African American population in Oakland was 3,055.The small black population supported a flowering of indigenous institutions and community formation in the 10s and 20s. Among these institutions were various black-owned small businesses, churches, and private social-welfare organizations. In addition,

masks:
Delilah Leontium Beasley
Beasley
Beasley
Beasley
Daniel Beasley
Beasley
Beasley


title: Delilah Beasley

texts:
 several black newspapers were published in Oakland, including the Oakland Sunshine, which began publication in 1902, publisher William Prince, and the Western Outlook, established in 1894, publishers J. S. Francis and J. L. Derrick. In 1915, she wrote for a black audience in the Oakland Sunshine. Trail-Blazers book
<mask> chronicled African American "firsts" and notable achievements in early California in her book The Negro Trail-Blazers of California (1919), which is a compilation of records from the California Archives in the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, found in newspapers from 1848 to the 1890s, and most particularly all the black newspapers from the first in 1855 through 1919. <mask>'s Trail-Blazers book included diaries, biographical sketches, poetry, photographs, old papers, conversations with old pioneers, and a comprehensive history of early legislation and court cases. Beasley's informative compilation of records is full of success stories.It gives many hundreds of names of blacks in California from the pioneer period to the late 19th century. <mask> writes about the black gold miners of the late 1840s:

"A history of the Negro people of California would be incomplete without mention of the mining men who came in 1849. There were at one time several hundred Negro miners working claims on Mormon and Mokelumn Hill, at Placerville, Grass Valley and elsewhere in California mountains. One such man was Moses Rodgers a mining expert and was considered one of the best mining engineers in the state. He was also a metallurgist and owned a group of mines at Hornitus. The colored miners rarely took a chance in buying mining stock. He had more sacred duties to perform with his money.He either used it to pay for the freedom or liberty of himself, his family or other loved ones in faraway "Dixie-Land". If not that, then he contributed largely from his

masks:
Delilah Beasley
Beasley
Beasley


title: Delilah Beasley

texts:
 diggings to assisting the "Executive Committee of the Colored Convention" in their struggles to secure legislative enactments in the interest of the Negro race in California". <mask> spent nine years writing her book, which is important to historians of California and the West, and of African American western history. She knew many people who had been in California from the beginning of statehood and before. So much of what we know of California black pioneers grows out of her book. One of her possible heroes in the book was Lt. Col. Allen Allensworth, in 1908 founder of an all African American town in Allensworth, California, now a state park, Colonel Allensworth State Historic Park. Beasley wrote, "The late Colonel Allensworth was born a slave, and yet there are few, if any, who have made more out of life and done more for their fellow man".<mask> placed women prominently in her book. Over the next four decades, no other major works followed <mask>'s volume. One might expect a plethora of articles and books concerning various aspects of black women's history during and immediately following the civil rights movements of the 1910s. Yet western black women received little attention. Newspaper columnist
Her work on the book The Negro Trail-Blazers paved the way for <mask> to become the first Black woman in California to write regularly for a major metropolitan newspaper. By 1925 <mask> was writing regularly for the Oakland Tribune, whose Sunday column Activities Among Negroes was authored by <mask>. She often spent far over forty hours a week collecting material for her column.She wrote about churches, social events, women's clubs, literary societies, and local as well as national politics. <mask>'s motivation was to give the white readers of the Oakland Tribune a positive picture of the black community by documenting the achievements of successful black men and women, both in

masks:
Beasley
Delilah Beasley
Beasley
Beasley
Delilah
Beasley
Beasley


title: Delilah Beasley

texts:
 Oakland and elsewhere. By highlighting such items, she served the larger goal of demonstrating the capabilities of African-Americans while building a strong constituency for her column and a network of sources from whom she could count on receiving information. There is no doubt that in performing this service she laid an important part of the groundwork for the expanded inter-racial cooperation that developed during the Depression era of the 1930s. Richard Dillon, whose book on California Pioneers highlighted special qualities of their unusual and stimulating lives, wrote that Beasley was "born 50 years before her time". <mask> wrote for the Oakland Tribune from 1925–1934. Community service and social activist
<mask>, who never married, belonged to many civic organizations, including The Delilah L. Beasley Literary and Improvement Club, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), northern California branch founded in 1915, headquarters in Oakland.She was a member of the Alameda County League of Women Voters, the Public Welfare League of Alameda County, and the League of Nations Association of the California Federated Women's Club, which hosted the biennial convention in the Oakland Auditorium, attracting delegates from across the country. In 1920, Oakland's black club women, including <mask> and others, organized the Linden Center Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) to combat the cold reception extended to them by the all-white branches in the city. The Linden Center YWCA provided an array of services, including "religious and vocational training, adult education, counseling services, and a full calendar of recreational and cultural programs". In the mid-1920s, <mask> was a national historian of the National Association of Colored Women (NACW), and the Alameda County League of Colored Women Voters, devoted press coverage to both in her column,

masks:
Beasley
Beasley
Delilah Beasley
Beasley


title: Delilah Beasley

texts: Activities Among Negroes, which ran in the white daily, the Oakland Tribune. In 1929, <mask> also used her professional skills and prominence in international groups to rebut white fears about the consequences of creating an International House at the University of California, Berkeley. Many Berkeley landlords protested the construction of the House, fearing an influx of foreigners. International House at UC Berkeley is a multi-cultural residence and program center serving students, the local community and alumni worldwide.Its mission is to foster intercultural respect, understanding, lifelong friendships and leadership skills for the promotion of a more tolerant and peaceful world. The university wrote: "More than 800 people gathered in Berkeley to protest racial integration in the proposed International House. At that meeting, <mask>, a black reporter for the Oakland Tribune, passionately defended the concept to a disgruntled and stunned audience. And it was <mask> who stood up to the protests of property owners who feared that I-House would cause Berkeley to be overrun with Blacks and Asians". Notable I-House alumni and residents are, Delbert E. Wong, Jerry Brown, Oona King, Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, Rose Bird, F. Drew Gaffney, Eric E. Schmidt, and Sadako Ogata. The weekly column she wrote for the newspaper, Activities Among Negroes, enhanced her standing in the community because of her ability to generate favorable publicity for black political struggles. Recognition of her ability to influence the white community strengthened her status within both white and black communities.She confronted misconceptions and contradictions as a newspaper journalist, and campaign against the use in the press of explicitly derogatory words when writing about African Americans. In 1932, <mask> organized the donation of a painting by a Black artist to the Oakland Museum. Due to her efforts

masks:
Beasley
Delilah Beasley
Beasley
Beasley


title: Delilah Beasley

texts:
 as president of the “Far Western Inter-Racial Committee,” a painting by Eugene Burk, titled "The Slave Mother" was unveiled and presented to gallery director William Clapp, with <mask> expressing hope that "the presentation of this picture to the permanent collection of the Oakland Municipal Art may be the means of opening many doors to young aspiring Negroes, not only of Oakland but of the United States." Clapp responded,

"We feel a very great appreciation of the thought and effort. Even under normal conditions the gift would be remarkable, since it is the first presented in this gallery as a formal expression of racial culture. It is also noteworthy because it is the first work of art that has been presented to the gallery by an organized group of citizens". In 1933, it was at Beasley's urging that California State Assemblyman William F. Knowland, then assistant publisher of the Oakland Tribune, and Assemblyman Frederick M. Roberts of Los Angeles County, introduced an anti-lynching bill, that passed unanimously in both branches of the California Legislature.It was the state's first mob violence law. The majority of lynching in California between 1850 and 1935 were perpetrated against Latinos, Native Americans, and Asian Americans. Death
<mask> <mask> died on August 18, 1934, at Fairmont Hospital in San Leandro, California. According to her death certificate, the cause of death was arterio-sclerotic heart disease with hypertension. Her home at that time was listed as being in Oakland, California. She was laid to rest at Saint Mary Cemetery in Oakland. Twenty years later, a monument was erected, and a perpetual care endowed.Carved on the old tombstone is a simple epitaph: "Author and columnist, a native of Ohio and for 25 years a resident of Oakland." Legacy
Veteran and student journalists are honored with the Hall of Fame & Scholarship Awards of the Cincinnati chapter of the

masks:
Beasley
Delilah Leontium
Beasley


title: Delilah Beasley

texts:
 National Association of Black Journalists, with the "Delilah Leontium Beasley Scholar" awards. Works by <mask>
<mask>, <mask>. "Slavery in California", Journal of Negro History, vol. 3, (January 1919) (includes California Freedom Papers (1851–1856)
___. The Negro Trail-Blazers of California (1919), reprinted 1969, 1997 & 2004 –
___. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Biennial Convention, National Association of Colored Women: Held in Municipal Auditorium, Oakland, California, July 29 to August 6, 1926

Resources
Brown, Hallie Q. Homespun Heroines and Other Women of Distinction (1925), Oxford University Press, reprinted (1988), Oxford University Press. –
Crouchett, Lorraine Jacobs.<mask> Beasley: Oakland's Crusading Journalist, El Cerrito, California, Downey Place Publishing House, (1990) –
Hine, Darlene, et al. Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia, Carlson Publishing Inc., (1994) –
Roses, Lorraine E. Harlem's Glory: Black Women Writing, 1900–1950, Harvard University Press (1997) –
Streitmatter, Roger. <mask>, Beasley: A Black Woman Journalist Who Lifted As She Climbed, American Journalism Historians Association, October 1991, Philadelphia
Wheeler, B. Gordon. Black California: The History of African-Americans in the Golden State, Hippocrene Books, New York, (1993) –

References

External links

American columnists
American women columnists
Journalists from Oakland, California
Writers from Cincinnati
University of California, Berkeley alumni
African-American non-fiction writers
1867 births
1934 deaths
Oakland Tribune people
African-American history in Oakland, California
African-American Catholics
American women historians
20th-century American historians
Catholics from California
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American writers
Masseurs
19th-century American women
Deaths from hypertension
Historians from Ohio
Historians from

masks:
Beasley
Beasley
Delilah L
Delilah Leontium
Delilah


title: Joey Smallwood

texts:
Joseph Roberts "<mask>" <mask>  (December 24, 1900 – December 17, 1991) was a Newfoundlander and Canadian politician. He was the main force who brought the Dominion of Newfoundland into the Canadian Confederation in 1949, becoming the first premier of Newfoundland, serving until 1972. As premier, he vigorously promoted economic development, championed the welfare state, and emphasized modernization of education and transportation. The results of his efforts to promote industrialization were mixed, with the most favourable results in hydroelectricity, iron mining and paper mills. <mask> was charismatic and controversial. While many Canadians today remember <mask> as the man who brought Newfoundland into the Canadian Confederation, the opinions held by Newfoundlanders and their diaspora remain sharply divided as to his legacy. Early life
<mask> was born at Mint Brook, near Gambo, Newfoundland, to Charles and <mask>.His grandfather, <mask>, was a well-known maker of boots in St. John's. Growing up in St. John's, as a teenager he worked as an apprentice at a newspaper and moved to New York City in 1920. In New York, he worked for the socialist newspaper The Call. <mask> returned to Newfoundland in 1925, where he soon met and married Clara Oates (23 October 1901 – 14 April 1996). In 1925, he founded a newspaper in Corner Brook. In 1928, he acted as campaign manager for the prime minister of the Newfoundland, Sir Richard Squires. He also ran unsuccessfully as a Liberal candidate in Bonavista in 1932.During the Great Depression, <mask> worked for various newspapers and edited a two-volume collection titled The Book of Newfoundland. He also hosted a radio program, The Barrelman, beginning in 1937, that promoted pride in Newfoundland's history and culture. He was very successful in this job with a voice for radio that was easily recognizable throughout all of Newfoundland. He left the Broadcasting Corporation of Newfoundland in 1943 to operate a pig farm at the Newfoundland Airport

masks:
Joey
Smallwood
Smallwood
Smallwood
Smallwood
Minnie May Smallwood
David Smallwood
Smallwood
Smallwood


title: Joey Smallwood

texts:
 at Gander. National Convention and Confederation

As soon as prosperity returned in 1942, action began to end the Commission of Government. Newfoundland, with a population of 313,000 (plus 5,200 in Labrador), seemed too small to be independent. At this point, <mask> was a well-known radio personality, writer and organizer; he was a nationalist who had long criticized British rule.In 1945, London announced that a National Convention would be elected in Newfoundland to advise on what constitutional choices should to be voted on by referendum. Union with the United States was a possibility, but London rejected that option and instead offered two options: a return to dominion status or continuation of the unpopular Commission. Canada issued an invitation to join on generous financial terms. In 1946, <mask> was elected as a delegate to the Newfoundland National Convention, which was organized to make recommendations to London about the future of Newfoundland that would be placed before the people of the country in a constitutional referendum. <mask> supported joining Canada, arguing that union with Canada would bring prosperity. His skills as a radio broadcaster served him well. He was able to use the proceedings of the Convention, which were broadcast over the radio, to publicise the benefits of union with Canada.He founded and led the Confederate Association that supported the Confederation option in the Convention during the 1948 Newfoundland referendums. At the convention <mask> emerged as the leading proponent of confederation with Canada, insisting, "Today we are more disposed to feel that our very manhood, our very creation by God, entitles us to standards of life no lower than our brothers on the mainland." He succeeded in putting the Canada option on the ballot. His main opponents were Peter Cashin and Chesley Crosbie. Cashin, a former finance minister, led the Responsible Government League, warning against cheap Canadian imports and the high Canadian income tax.

masks: Smallwood Smallwood Smallwood Smallwood


title: Joey Smallwood

texts:
 Crosbie, a leader of the fishing industry, led the Economic Union Party, seeking responsible government first, to be followed by closer ties with the United States, which could be a major source of capital. <mask> carried his cause in a hard-fought referendum and a runoff in June and July 1948 as the decision to join Canada (rather than restoration of independent dominion status) carried 77,869, against 71,464, or 52.3%.A strong rural vote in favour of Canada overwhelmed the pro-independence vote in the capital of St. John's. Catholics (mostly of Irish descent) in the city desired independence to protect their parochial schools, leading to a Protestant backlash in rural areas. The promise of cash family allowances from Canada proved decisive. <mask> was a member of the 1947 Ottawa Delegation that negotiated the Terms of Union with Canada. He created another newspaper, The Confederate, to promote Confederation. The 1948 referendums resulted in Confederation being approved, and in 1949, as leader of the Liberal Party, <mask> was elected premier of the new province. Premiership

<mask> ran Newfoundland virtually unchallenged for 23 years.He governed with large majorities for virtually his entire tenure. During his first six terms he never faced more than eight opposition MHAs. He vigorously promoted economic development through the Economic Development Plan of 1951, championed the welfare state (paid for by Ottawa), and attracted favourable attention across Canada. He emphasised modernisation of education and transportation to attract outsiders, such as German industrialists, because the local economic elite would not invest in industrial development. Although he had had socialist leanings in his youth, he often sided with bankers and became hostile to the militant unions that sponsored numerous strikes. He relied heavily on the expertise of German industry in his repeated attempts to industrialise Newfoundland in the post-Confederation period. His efforts to promote


title: Joey Smallwood

texts: industrialisation were a mixed bag, with the most favourable results in hydroelectricity, iron mining, and paper mills.Part of Smallwood’s industrialization legacy is the 1969 agreement locking Newfoundland into selling electricity from the power dam at Labrador’s Churchill Falls to Quebec until the year 2041—at a fixed rate that is now roughly one-tenth of the market price. <mask> was willing to side with corporations in his drive to industrialise the province. He granted foreign companies concessions to encourage development and even intervened in a labour dispute in 1959. The International Woodworkers of America had struck to get higher wages and better working conditions in the logging camps. In a controversial move, <mask> decertified and effectively made the union illegal, replacing it with a government-sponsored union. During his long career as Premier, <mask> was often accused of being autocratic and self-aggrandising. He brought libel suits against The Telegram and he would threaten to pull government advertising over stories.He kept a tight rein on his ministers, regarding them as extensions of his own authority rather than as colleagues. Additionally, the House of Assembly did not have a question period, unlike most other provincial legislatures. <mask> announced his retirement in 1969, only to change his mind and run for the leadership against John Crosbie. In the ensuing contest, <mask> sent Cabinet ministers to delegate selection meetings with notebooks, detailing who voted for which slate of delegates. They brought Crosbie delegates to his residence, forcing them to sign affidavits supporting <mask>'s leadership. The affidavits would later be published in local newspapers. By Newfoundland's seventh general election, in 1971, <mask>'s government had become tired and complacent.The election resulted in a hung parliament, with <mask>'s Liberals winning 20 seats to the Progressive Conservatives' 21. The Labrador Party's lone MHA, Tom Burgess, threw his support

masks: Smallwood Smallwood Smallwood Smallwood Smallwood Smallwood Smallwood Smallwood


title: Joey Smallwood

texts:
 to <mask>, resulting in a three-month deadlock. However, under the threat of a revolt in his own caucus, <mask> was forced to resign in January 1972 in favour of the PCs' Frank Moores. <mask> was voted out as Liberal leader soon afterward. In 1975, he took most of his followers into the Newfoundland Reform Liberal Party, which elected four candidates in that year's election. He retired for good at the end of the term. Life after politics

In his retirement <mask> resumed writing; publishing several books including an autobiography titled I Chose Canada.Later in his life he began an ambitious project compiling a comprehensive Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador. The five volume set was completed by a charitable foundation after Smallwood's death. Smallwood's publishing firm, Newfoundland Book Publishers (1967) Ltd., published Volumes 1 and 2; the Smallwood Heritage Foundation completed and published Volumes 3, 4, and 5. In 1986, he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada, after hesitating because he felt that he should be more honoured for bringing Newfoundland and Labrador into the Canadian confederation and he would have liked to have had The Right Honourable added to his name as well as a knighthood. In 1989, a new Marine Atlantic ferry, , was placed in service; she was paid-off in 2011. Death
On December 17, 1991, a week before his 91st birthday, <mask> died. He was buried at Mount Pleasant Cemetery in St. John's, Newfoundland.His wife Clara, who died in 1996, is buried beside him. Notable quotes
"I don't need you. I've been elected. But you need me. I'm sitting on top of the public chest, and not one red cent will come out of it for Ferryland unless Greg Power is elected [to Ottawa]. Unless you vote for my man, you'll be out in the cold for the next five years ... Those settlements which vote against Greg Power will get nothing – absolutely nothing." In popular culture

<mask> was featured in two National Film Board of Canada documentaries: In 1970, he was

masks: Smallwood Smallwood Smallwood Smallwood Smallwood Smallwood


title: Joey Smallwood

texts:
 the subject of Julian Biggs's documentary film A Little Fellow from Gambo, for which he unusually received a Canadian Film Award for Best Actor in a Non-Feature at the 22nd Canadian Film Awards.In 1974, he was featured alongside Newfoundland media mogul Geoff Stirling and director Michael Rubbo in Rubbo's Waiting for Fidel. In 1998, Wayne Johnston's novel The Colony of Unrequited Dreams presented a fictionalized portrayal of <mask>. CJON-DT, Geoff Stirling's television station, conducted several interviews with <mask>, particularly during the years after he left politics; many of these were extended dialogues with Stirling on various esoteric topics. Many of <mask>'s interviews, as well as numerous solo films and speeches he made, are rebroadcast during the Captain Atlantis block of freeform telecasts that CJON carries very early on Saturday mornings. References

Further reading
Gwyn, Richard. <mask>: The Unlikely Revolutionary (1968)
 Hiller, James K. "<mask>, Joseph Roberts (1900–1991)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition
Horwood, Harold. <mask> (1989)
 <mask>, Joseph R. I Chose Canada: The Memoirs of the Honourable Joseph R. "<mask>" <mask> (1973)

External links
Biography, Canadian Encyclopedia; accessed January 31, 2018.Premiers of Newfoundland and Labrador
Fathers of Confederation
Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador MHAs
Newfoundland Reform Liberal Party MHAs
Canadian radio personalities
Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
Members of the United Church of Canada
Newfoundland National Convention members
Companions of the Order of Canada
1900 births
1991 deaths
Politicians from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Writers from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Canadian people of British descent
Dominion of Newfoundland people
People from Gambo, Newfoundland and Labrador
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Canadian political party founders
20th-century Canadian journalists
Canadian Screen Award winners
Canadian

masks: Smallwood Smallwood Smallwood Smallwood Smallwood Joey Smallwood Joey Smallwood


title: Charles Kanaʻina

texts: <mask> (Kanaʻina II  May 4, 1798 – March 13, 1877), was an aliʻi (hereditary noble) of the Kingdom of Hawaii, prince consort of Kuhina Nui, Kaʻahumanu III and father of <mask>, the 6th monarch of the Kamehameha Dynasty. Kanaʻina was a descendant of several figures from ancient Hawaiian history, including Liloa, Hakau and Umi-a-Liloa of Hawaii Island as well as Piilani of Maui. He served on both the Privy Counsel and in the House of Nobles. He was named after his uncle Kanaʻina, a name that means "The conquering" in the Hawaiian Language. This uncle greeted Captain James Cook in 1778 and confronted the navigator before he was killed. His wife Miriam Auhea Kekāuluohi was a widow and niece of Kamehameha I. She was also married to Kamehameha II before he converted to Christianity and gave up all but one wife.Kanaʻina and Kekāuluohi lived in a traditional aliʻi style home in a sacred neighborhood in Honolulu called Pohukaina near Kekūanāoʻa, Kaʻahumanu and their offspring. The compound would eventually become the Iolani Palace (the official Royal Residence of the Hawaiian Royal Family) and Palace Walk when Kekūanāoʻa built Hale Aliʻi in the center of the families estates as a gift to his daughter Victoria Kamāmalu. <mask> kept his property at the palace until his death and would be the only original owner to do so while the Palace was in use, living there through five monarchs, from the 1820s to 1877. <mask>'s son, <mask> Lunalilo, was named by Kamehameha III as an heir to the throne of the kingdom and ascended in 1873 while his father still lived. Lunalilo died only a year later, three years before his father's death on March 13, 1877. Having not re-written his will, which

masks:
Charles Kanaʻina
William Charles Lunalilo
Kanaʻina
Kanaʻina
William Charles


title: Charles Kanaʻina

texts:
 left everything to his son who had predeceased, <mask> died intestate. Probate hearings proceeded for 5 years.On final adjudication his property was auctioned with the proceeds going to several of <mask>'s cousins including Ruth Keelikōlani and Bernice Pauahi Bishop. Birth, early life and marriage

<mask> Eia was born about May 4, 1798 to his mother Kauwā and father Eia, at Napoʻopoʻo, Hawaiʻi, although the year has been dated as late as 1812. There was speculation <mask> was not a High Chief by birth, however recent research has identified his father to be Eia Kalaikuʻahulu, making him a descendant of the first aliʻi nui Liloa through both sons, Umi-a-Liloa and Hakau. Abraham Fornander states in his 1916-17 publication; "Fornander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-lore" that C. Kanaina was descended from Kanealai, aliʻi nui wahine (female ruler) of Molokai, through a grandmother named Kaha. Fornander records that Kanealai was one of the recognized wives of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku with whom she had for children, including Kumukoa (k) who became the father of Kalaikuʻahulu who is connected to Molokai. In the 2000 publication; "Kamehameha's Children Today", authors <mask>, Rubellite Kawena Kinney Johnson and Jerry Walker state that <mask>'s maternal grandfather, Palila Nohomualani was Kamehameha I's grandson through the monarch's first born child named Kahiliopua, a daughter of Kalola-a-Kumukoa. This genealogy is based on previously unpublished family trees compiled by the DeFries family.Eia and Kauwā's other four children were named Naʻea, Iʻahuʻula, Kahele and Kaikumoku. He was named Kanaʻina, after the nickname of his uncle Kalaimanokahoʻowaha, the Native

masks:
Kanaʻina
Kanaʻina
Charles Kanaʻina
Kanaʻina
Charles Ahlo
Kanaʻina


title: Charles Kanaʻina

texts:
 Hawaiian drawn by artist John Webber, who greeted Captain James Cook and was present at the navigator's death at Kealakekua Bay. In the Hawaiian language, ka naina means "the conquering". Kanaʻina was part of the kaukau aliʻi class, which was one of five levels of kānaka maoli (ʻōiwi) (Native Hawaiian) aliʻi (hereditary noble) status that served the ruling class as close relatives. Marriage

In 1810 the monarch of the independent Island of Kauaʻi, Kaumualii (c. 1778–May 26, 1824), negotiated a peaceful agreement that allowed Kauaʻi to become a part of Kamehameha I's new Hawaiian Kingdom, while still allowing Kaumualii to remain the islands ruler until his death. The agreement established Kamehameha's son Liholiho as supreme monarch after Kaumauii's death. After Kamehameha I's death, a council was held in July 1821 with Kaumualii and Liholiho, now styled as "Kamehameha II" along with the top chiefs and advisors, including <mask>.Kamehameha II decided to continue his father's arrangements. For this, Kaumualii asked the new monarch to take some Kauaʻi lands for his wives, to appease Liholiho's guardians. While Kamehameha II refused to do so—stating that his father had left no instructions about the land, only that he should be the supreme monarch—he did take Kaumualii's wife Kekaihaʻakūlou as one of his own wives and gave his wife Kekāuluohi to his most trusted advisor, Kanaʻina, as a way to please the chiefs. It is believed the council decision displeased the new Kuhina Nui, Kaʻahumanu. A year later, she would take Kaumualii and later his son Kealiiahonui as her husbands, using the teachings of the missionaries on marriage, to make herself their heirs. Kanaina married


title: Charles Kanaʻina

texts:
 Miriam Auhea Kekāuluohi that same year on Kauaʻi. Kekāuluohi had been one of several wives of both Kamehameha I and Kamehameha II.She became co-ruler of the Hawaiian Kingdom with Kamehameha III in 1839 as Kuhina Nui (co-regent), styled as Kaahumanu III. Residence

Kanaʻina and Kekāuluohi lived near Kekūanāoʻa, who had his home just west of theirs called Haliimaile. The homes were in the area called Pohukaina. This area was a sacred burial site for aliʻi. Their home was similar to that of the other estates in the neighborhood consisting of small buildings used for different purposes. The sitting and sleeping area had a folding door entrance of green painted wood under glass upper panels. The house had two rooms separated by a festooned tent door of chintz fabric and was carpeted with hand crafted makaloa mats.In the front was a lounge area opposite a sideboard and mirror. In the middle they placed a semi circle of armchairs with a center table where the couple would write. Four matching cabinet-bookshelves with glass doors were set in each corner of the room with silk scarves hanging from each. In his book, A visit to the South Seas, in the U.S. Ship Vincennes: during the years 1829 and 1830, <mask> Stewart states:

Next to their home was an old estate that had been demolished called Hanailoia. This was the spot of an ancient heiau called Kaahaimauli. In July 1844 Kekūanāoʻa began building a large home here as a gift to his daughter Victoria Kamāmalu. Instead, Kamehameha III would buy the estate and use as his Royal Residence after moving the capitol of the kingdom to Honolulu.It would become the Iolani Palace. As older alii died, the lands were passed down and


title: Charles Kanaʻina

texts:
 concentrated into fewer hands. Kekāuluohi's lands were passed down to her from the Kamehameha family. When she died, she left her accumulated lands and wealth to her son, not her husband <mask> however, Lunalilo predeceased his father. Kanaʻina served as a member of the House of Nobles of Kamehameha III from 1841 to 1876, on the Privy Council from July 29, 1845, to 1855, and on the Supreme Court from when it was first founded on May 10, 1842. In the tradition of European royalty, he was granted the style (manner of address) of "His Highness". Children

<mask> and Kekāuluohi had two sons.Their first son Davida, died young. Their surviving natural son, <mask> Lunalilo was born on January 31, 1835, at Pohukaina. He was considered the grandnephew of Kamehameha I, and second cousin to King Kamehameha V, King Kamehameha IV, and Princess Victoria Kamāmalu, through his mother, Kekāuluohi, who was the cousin of Elizabeth Kīnau (later called Kaahumanu II). Lunalilo was declared eligible to succeed by the royal decree of King Kamehameha III and sent to the Chief's Children's School (later called the Royal School) when it was founded by missionaries Amos Starr Cooke and Juliette Montague Cooke. They had several hānai (informal adoption) children including Kalama, the daughter of Iʻahuʻula (Kanaʻina's sister) and Naihekukui. Kalama became the queen consort and wife of Kamehameha III. Kanaʻina and Kekāuluohi also hānai adopted Kalama and Kamehameha III's second son Keaweaweulaokalani II.Lunalilo Trust
Kanaʻina acted as trustee of the royal lands that had been inherited by his wife while his son was a minor, and after his son's death. When Kanaina died, the court appointed nine

masks:
Kanaʻina
Kanaʻina
William Charles


title: Charles Kanaʻina

texts:
 trustees, six of which would take part in the militia that overthrew the monarchy and also take part in the new provisional government. Dole himself had been on the record as supporting the break up of crown lands to promote American style farming in his newspaper in 1872. Various lawsuits ensued over the property including a suit questioning the validity of the will due to Lunalilo being under the guardianship of his father when he made it out. Lunalilo had requested in his will to use the estate to fund a charity. The trustees favored splitting up the estate by selling it off, while others claimed the value of land was underestimated, and an endowment to run the charity could have been funded by lease income. For example, <mask> leased (and later his heirs would sell) thousands of acres of land on the island of Hawaii to businessman (and son of missionaries) William Herbert Shipman.Death and legacy

Kanaina died on March 13, 1877, in Honolulu, Oahu, and was buried at Kawaiahao Church in the Lunalilo Mausoleum, next to his son who had died before him. While <mask> had made out a will, he had left everything to his son, and so had died intestate. Petitions to administer the estate began the following day. Probate proceedings were litigated for four years, between 1877 and 1881, and re-affirmed in 1886. Attorney General Alfred S. Hartwell applied for the appointment of trustees shortly after <mask>'s death under the articles of Lunalilo's will. Article three of that will bequeathed the entirety of his estate to three trustees appointed by the Justices of the Supreme Court of the Hawaiian Kingdom. The property was to be sold and invested until the sum of $25,000.00 was

masks: Kanaʻina Kanaʻina Kanaʻina


title: Charles Kanaʻina

texts:
 raised to fund a home for the poor and destitute.Chief Justice <mask> Harris ordered a hearing for April 5, 1877, to hear the petition pertaining to the estate of the late <mask> and anyone who could show reason not to grant it. Estate probate
A petition was filed by King David Kalakaua, his sisters and brother-in-law, Lydia K. Dominis, Miriam K. Cleghorn and Archibald Scott Cleghorn, with a hearing set by Justice Lawrence McCully. In July 1878, Justices Harris, Judd and McCully heard Kalakaua's appeal. While the Justices felt that the claim of Kalakaua and his sisters had not been proven, they were impressed with that of Kilinahe (Kanaʻina's first cousin) and other claimants based on testimony and witnesses. The court decreed that the estate be split into four equal shares: one quarter to go to Haalilio (k), Haalelea (k) and Kahukaiola (k); one quarter each to Pahua (w) and Kaahua (k); and one quarter to the widow and children of Kilinahe, who had died before the adjudication of his claim. Claimants from the line of Moana Wahine made petitions to the court under the act of 1874 to quite land titles. The act was later deemed unconstitutional and a new decree of heirship was made.By December 1879 disbursement of land in trust with William Cooper Parke, (Marshal of Hawaii from 1853 to 1884) and owned by heirs, could not be agreed upon for settlement. Most supported the sale of the lands, so an order was made and all land sold at auction. Heirs and legacy
Final adjudication of probate found a total of eight parties or groups of relatives, most of whom were descended from Moana and her four husbands, as heirs to the Kanaʻina estate splitting a total of 9 shares, with 2

masks:
Charles Coffin
Charles Kanaʻina


title: Charles Kanaʻina

texts:
 shares going to one party. The probate records include a great deal of information from the four years of litigation. A great number of people petitioned the courts to claim title as heirs after the initial 1878 judgement. In the final adjudication, Bernice Pauahi Bishop received two of the nine shares. The remaining seven of the nine shares were divided equally in 1/9th and distributed to Ruth Keelikōlani, Haalilio and Haalelea (namesakes of the historic figures), Kilinahe (Whose grandmother was the older sister of Kanaina's mother and 5 other parties.The first three trustees included John Mott-Smith and Sanford B. Dole. The Hawaii public archives building, built in 1906 on the ʻIolani Palace grounds, in a section that was formerly the Kanaʻina's estate, was dedicated as the Kanaina building. It originally held the public archives but today hold the administrative offices of Friends of ʻIolani Palace. Honours
 K.G.C. Knight of the Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Kamehameha I May 28, 1874
 K.G.C. Knight of the Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Kalakaua

Arms

Family tree

Notes

Noted from above: <mask>'ina had a 1/2 sister named Kapau, and a full sister named Kahele. This would make sense that these woman were his kahu in his later years.Citations

References

1798 births
1877 deaths
Hawaiian nobility
Royalty of the Hawaiian Kingdom
Hawaiian Kingdom politicians
Members of the Hawaiian Kingdom House of Nobles
Members of the Hawaiian Kingdom Privy Council
Heirs to the Hawaiian throne
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Kalākaua
Hawaiian Kingdom judges
Justices of the Hawaii Supreme Court
Burials at


title: David Lipsky

texts:
<mask> (born July 20, 1965) is an American author. His works have been New York Times bestsellers, New York Times Notable Books, Time, Amazon,  and NPR Best Books of the Year, and have been included in The Best American Magazine Writing and The Best American Short Stories collections. <mask> received the National Magazine Award in 2009. He is portrayed by Jesse Eisenberg in the 2015 feature film The End of the Tour, an adaptation of his memoir Although of Course You End Up Becoming Yourself. He is a contributing editor at Rolling Stone. He currently lives in New York City. Background and education
<mask> was born in New York City, and is the son of the painter <mask>.He graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1983 and matriculated at Bennington College. <mask> transferred in his sophomore year to Brown University, where he graduated magna cum laude and studied with the writer John Hawkes. He received his M.A. from Johns Hopkins University, where he studied with the novelist John Barth. <mask> currently teaches creative writing at the M.F.A. program at New York University. As an undergraduate, <mask> published his story "Three Thousand Dollars" in The New Yorker.It was selected by Raymond Carver as one of the Best American Short Stories of 1986. Carver was surprised by the author's youth, noting in his introduction, I confess to not having read <mask> before this. Have I been asleep and missed some stories of his, or maybe even a novel or two? I don't know. I do know I intend to pay attention from now on. Career

Three Thousand Dollars and The Art Fair
As a graduate

masks:
David Lipsky
Lipsky
David Lipsky
Pat Lipsky
Lipsky
Lipsky
Lipsky
David Lipsky


title: David Lipsky

texts: student, <mask> wrote the stories that would become his first book, Three Thousand Dollars (1989). The novelist John Gregory Brown explained, "It was kind of apparent that <mask> might have the brightest future of anyone [here]."The book was well received upon publication, with the trade publication Booklist summarizing, "Critics loved <mask>'s short story collection"; the author was seen to possess "unlimited depth and range of vision," and the stories were compared to the works of F. Scott Fitzgerald. The Los Angeles Times, while noting the book's "astonishing insights into the New York art world,"  concluded, "<mask> has given his contemporaries a general autobiography, one that will fit the majority with only minor adjustments." His novel The Art Fair (1996), a bildungsroman composed of a number of autobiographical elements, tells the story of Richard and Joan Freely—a New York artist and her precocious son. The novel won rave reviews and was named a Time Best Book of the Year. The work earned Lipsky comparisons to writers Michael Chabon and Harold Brodkey. The New York Times called the novel "riveting," The New Yorker described it "a darkly comic love story," People noted, "<mask>'s portrayal of the art world is unblinking, his portrayal of the ties between parent and child deeply affecting"; the critic Francine Prose called the book's "Darwinian" milieu a "testament to <mask>'s skill" and James Atlas wrote "the novel perfectly captures artists and dealers, the tiny gestures of cruelty that confirm or withhold status." The trade publication Library Journal

masks: Lipsky Lipsky Lipsky Lipsky Lipsky Lipsky


title: David Lipsky

texts:
 summarized, "The praise has poured as thick as impasto."Although of Course You End Up Becoming Yourself and Absolutely American

<mask>'s non-fiction book Absolutely American (2003) was written after the author spent four years living at West Point. The book's genesis was a piece <mask> wrote for Rolling Stone—the longest article published in that magazine since Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. As Newsweek noted, composition of the book required "14,000 pages of interview transcripts, 60 notebooks and four pairs of boots"; the magazine called the book "addictive," and Lev Grossman in Time wrote that it was "fascinating, funny, and tremendously well-written. Take a good look: this is the face America turns to most of the world, and until now it's one that most of us have never seen." In The New York Times Book Review, <mask> called the book "wonderfully told," praising it as both "a superb description of modern military culture, and one of the most gripping accounts of university life I have read." Within a few weeks of publication, the work had sold out of most American distributors. As Sara Nelson reported in the New York Observer, It’s every author’s dream: You write a book that everybody loves.It gets fabulous reviews—one of them on the front page of The New York Times Book Review. You appear on the Today show and on C-Span and you tape Charlie Rose. There’s even interest from Hollywood—and you fly out to take some meetings. There’s only one problem: There are precious few copies of your book to be found in the bookstores—and if someone wants

masks:
Lipsky
Lipsky
David Brooks


title: David Lipsky

texts:
 one, they’re going to have to wait, sometimes as long as three weeks. That’s exactly the situation author <mask> found himself in last week.The work was a New York Times best-seller, Amazon Best Book of the Year, New York Times Notable Book, and a Time magazine Best Book of the Year. <mask> optioned the motion picture and television rights to the story to Disney. In April 2010, Lipsky published Although of Course You End Up Becoming Yourself, about a five-day road trip with the writer <mask> Wallace.In Time Magazine, Lev Grossman wrote, "The transcript of their brilliant conversations reads like a two-man Tom Stoppard play or a four-handed duet scored for typewriter." The Atlantic Monthly called the work, "far-reaching, insightful, very funny, profound, surprising, and awfully human"; at National Public Radio, Michael Schaub described the book as "a startlingly sad yet deeply funny postscript to the career of one of the most interesting American writers of all time." Newsweek noted, "For readers unfamiliar with the sometimes intimidating Wallace oeuvre, <mask> has provided a conversational entry point into the writer's thought process. It's odd to think that a book about Wallace could serve both the newbies and the hard-cores, but here it is." Publishers Weekly, in a starred review, described the book as "rollicking" and "compellingly real," The Wall Street Journal as "lovely," and Laura Miller in Salon called it "exhilarating." The book was a New York Times best-seller and an NPR Best Book of the Year. The End of the Tour

A feature film adaptation of Although of

masks:
David Lipsky
Lipsky
David Foster
Lipsky


title: David Lipsky

texts: Course You End Up Becoming Yourself, The End of the Tour, was released in July 2015, with Academy Award-nominated actor Jesse Eisenberg portraying <mask> and Jason Segel portraying Wallace.In his review for The New York Times, critic A.O. Scott wrote, "I love it," adding, "You hang on its every word and revel in its rough, vernacular beauty . . . There will always be films about writers and writing, and this one is just about as good as it gets." The film received a 92% "Certified Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 159 reviews, with an average rating of 8.02/10. The site's critical consensus states: "Brilliantly performed and smartly unconventional, The End of the Tour pays fitting tribute to a singular talent while offering profoundly poignant observations on the human condition." The film also holds a score of 82 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 35 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim."At Rogerebert.com, critic Brian Tallerico called the film a "joy," and "stunning . . .a gift of highly intellectual discussion between two brilliant people at turning points in their lives," while also praising Jason Segel and Jesse Eisenberg. The Washington Posts Ann Hornaday gave the film four out of four stars and called it, "A five-day conversation you won't want to end ... Part love story, part road trip, part elegy to a bygone, pre-9/11 age, 'The End of the Tour' brims with compassion and sharply honed insight" about "what it means to be human." In his review for Vanity Fair, Richard Lawson called it a "wise, humbly sublime film ... a profound, and profoundly


title: David Lipsky

texts: Times, Vanity Fair, Vogue, The Guardian, Entertainment Weekly, USA Today, Variety, The Washington Post, The New York Post, Huffington Post  Wired, The New Republic. <mask>'s work has appeared in Rolling Stone, Harper's Magazine, The New Yorker, The New York Times, Details, This American Life, and All Things Considered. He received a GLAAD Media Award for journalism in 1999. In 2009, he received the National Magazine


title: Marie Henrieta Chotek

texts:
Countess  <mask>a Ferdinanda <mask>á of Chotkov and Vojnín –  (known as <mask> or <mask> - ) - (1863–1946), also known as the countess of roses was a grower of roses, who established the rosarium of Dolná Krupá (Slovakia),

The Dolná Krupá mansion

The village of Dolná Krupá (, ) is located in the Danubian Hills at the foot of the Little Carpathians in the Krupá River valley. The development of the Dolná Krupá estate started when it entered in the possession of  Michael II Brunswick (1671–1719) as he married Hungarian noblewoman, Margarethe Maria Theresia Vitalis de Vitalisfalva, the newlyweds choosing the property as their residence. In 1749–1756, their son, Anton Brunswick, built the first baroque mansion, designed by the viennese architect Johann Baptist Martinelli. On October 7, 1775, empress Maria Terezia of Austria awarded Anton Brunswick the title of count Brunswick of Korompa. After Anton's death, in 1780, the estate was inherited by his son, Jozef Brunswick (1750–1827), who appointed architect Johann Joseph Thalherr to renovate the mansion, the works being carried out from 1782 to 1796. The renovation significantly increased the size of the building but kept the baroque style of the mansion. An orangery and other annex buildings were constructed.In 1813 Jozef Brunswick asked architect Anton Pius Riegel to procure several old statues from Rome for the ornamentation of the mansion and of the park, in order to enhance its classical appearance. At the same time, from 1813 to 1819, landscaping architect Christian Heinrich Nebbien created an English garden

masks:
Henrieta Hermína Rudolfín
Marie Antonie Anna Chotkov
Marie Henrieta Chotek
Marie Henriette Chotek


title: Marie Henrieta Chotek

texts:
 covering 100 hectares with many ponds. Other extensions and renovations were made from 1822 to 1828. The mansion was considered to be one of the most attractive residences of the aristocracy in Slovakia. Are informaţii suplimentare

Jozef Brunswick was a friend of composer Ludwig van Beethoven who was his guest at the Dolná Krupá mansion from 1797 - 1806. A small building near the entrance to the park, called the ‘’Beethoven House’’ is claimed to be the place where the composer lived during his stay. This is where he composed  the (Sonata No.14, (Moonlight Sonata). At present, a Beethoven Museum is located in the house. In 1813, Henrietta Brunswick, daughter of Jozef Brunswick, married count Heřman <mask> of Chotkov and Vojnín (1786–1822) and received the Dolná Krupá as dowry. The Choteks were an old Czech aristocratic family. <mask>, wife of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, was a cousin of Maria Henrietta's. <mask> died in 1822. In the following years, the estate stayed in the possession of the counts Chotek, first Herman's son,  Rudolf Chotek, and thereafter Maria Henrietta <mask> (1863–1945).Maria Henrietta Chotek and the beginning of the Dolná Krupá rose garden

Countess Maria Henrietta <mask> was born on November 24, 1863. Maria Henrietta was a lonely person. She never married and though she was very wealthy and was part of the Austro-Hungarian high aristocracy she never wanted to go to the imperial court, even after her cousin had married the Crown prince. Maria Henrietta enjoyed her residence in Dolná Krupá where she could devote all her time to her

masks:
Chotek
Sophie Chotek
Herman Chotek
Chotek
Chotek


title: Marie Henrieta Chotek

texts: only passion: growing roses. For a long time after her death, villagers remembered her as a friendly person, fluent in the local Slovak, who participated to village festivities where she dressed in local clothes. Countess Maria Henrietta participated in local charities, generously supporting orphans and abandoned children. In the 1890s, when she inherited the Dolna Krupa estate, she decided to create a rosarium in the mansion's park, able to compete with the major rose gardens of the such as the Roseraie de L'Haÿ in France and Rosarium of  Sangerhausen  (at present called Europa Rosarium) in Germany.She was personally involved in breeding her roses and carried out experiments of improving rose species and developing new cultivars. Well known rosarians such as Peter Lambert, Wilhelm Kordes, Hermann Kiese, Johannes Böttner und Rudolf Geschwind were proud of being her friends and appreciated not only her competence but her unselfish help. In 1909 Pope Pius X awarded her a diploma of appreciation. Countess Chotek was an important member of the Verein Deutscher Rosenfreunde – VDR (Union of German Friends of Roses), which had been created in 1903. She actively participated in various congresses of rose-breeders, where her rosarium was seen as one of the first three in Europe. In 1910, at the Liegnitz (today Legnica in Silesia) congress, count Carl Friedrich von Pückler-Burghauss, mentioned the three rosaria by stating: "Today chains of roses link Germany with France and Austria-Hungary". Countess <mask> <mask> was known as the "countess of roses".She is still

masks:
Marie Henrieta
Chotek


title: Marie Henrieta Chotek

texts: mentioned under this name in works on the history of rose breeding. Her enthusiasm regarding roses was remarkable. Peter Lambert states that during an exhibition in Liegnitz <mask> <mask> was so impressed by a rambling rose cultivar named "Fragezeichen" (Question Mark) presented by Johannes Böttner, that she left for Frankfurt as soon as the congress was over in order to be able to admire the new rose culvitars in all their splendor. In 1910, after Rudolf Geschwind's death, countess <mask> acquired his entire collection of roses, thus ensuring the preservation of the genetic patrimony created by Geschwindt. She sent two of her employees to supervise the packing and transportation of the roses, which were thereafter transplanted to a special section of her rosarium. She thus acquired over 2,000 plants, including some cultivars which had not yet been on the market. It is due to those efforts that some of Geschwind's creations are present in Sangerhausen and other today's rosaria.The Dolná Krupá rosarium was a pride of the Union of German Friends of Roses, and, in 1914, at the Rose Congress of Zweibrücken, rosarian Hermann Kiese presented an enthusiastic description of the rosarium which he had visited a short time before. The Zweibrücken Congress was the last major event organized by the Union and a recognition of Countess Chotek's achievements. Only a few days after the closure of the congress, on June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Austria-Hungary's crownprince and his wife Sophie (<mask>'s cousin) were Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in

masks:
Henrieta
Chotek
Chotek
Marie Henrieta


title: Marie Henrieta Chotek

texts:
 Saraevo. This marked not only the beginning of World War I but also the end of an era. From this moment, countess Chotek's and her rosarium's fates started their inexorable decline. During World War I, countess Chotek gave up her gardening and worked as a nurse, taking care of wounded soldiers, working in the hospital of Tyrnau (now Trnava). When she returned to her estate, at the end of the war, her rosarium was completely destroyed.The Austro-Hungarian monarchy had ceased to exist, Unter Krompach was not called Alsókorompa but had taken the name of Dolná Krupá and the little village was now part of Czechoslovakia. Decline of the Dolná Krupá rosarium

After the end of the war, countess <mask> <mask> started to work on rebuilding her rosarium. But, after the war, the number of those interested in roses or who could afford such an activity had dramatically declined. In order to revive the interest for the roses she loved so dearly, besides working on her rosarium, she also established in Dolná Krupá a school for rose growing. Dr. Gustav Brada, a Czech horticulturist also specializing in growing roses, who visited Dolná Krupá in 1921, stated that the rosarium had been extremely damaged during the war and that the loss of some rare rose cultivars was practically impossible to overcome. The only rose garden which had not suffered due to the war was the Roseraie de L'Haÿ in France and the successors of Jules Gravereau, who were in charge of the rosarium were not inclined to help competition develop in the countries defeated during the war. Also, rebuilding the rose


title: Marie Henrieta Chotek

texts: garden required important investments and countess <mask> <mask> did not have the means in the difficult economic conditions after the war.Rose growing required much labor as the according to the procedures used in the 1920s, roses had to be replanted every 4–5 years, in order to avoid the depletion of the nutrient qualities of the soil. After the roses were removed, the plots were covered with manure and for one year potatoes were grown. The following years beans or peas were grown after which the plots had to be ploughed deeply before roses could be replanted. These procedures were very expensive. However, when Gustav Brada visited Dolná Krupá again, in 1927, he could assess that countess <mask> <mask> had succeeded in rebuilding a model rosarium, which, according to him, was an important attraction in Slovakia. The catalog printed by the rosarium listed 885 different cultivars, including 228 climbing roses, 33 Bourbon roses and 210 garden roses, the rest being so-called noble roses. The rosarium also created new cultivars, the most important being a "Nordlandrose II", an improvement of one of Rudolf Geschwind's creations.The last important creations included in the catalog were "Phaenomen" in 1933 and "Ignis" in 1934. However these successes were superficial. The rosarium never regained the richness and the size it had in 1914, before the war. Countess <mask> <mask> was in idealist, who had an outstanding knowledge in rose breeding, who loved roses above anything in the world but who had few skills as a businesswoman. Her rose breeding school ran into

masks:
Marie Henrieta
Chotek
Marie Henrieta
Chotek
Marie Henrieta
Chotek


title: Marie Henrieta Chotek

texts:
 palace was ransacked by the Red Army and the park was destroyed.The cottage in which the countess was living in those days, called the "Swiss mansion", was completely demolished by the villagers who used the bricks as building materials to repair their own houses. Countess <mask> <mask>, old, sick and completely destitute, had to rely on the charity of the villagers in order to survive. On February 13, 1946, at age 83, the countess of the roses died while being cared for by the nuns of a neighboring monastery. <mask> <mask> was buried in the family mausoleum, located in the graveyard next to the parrish church of Dolná Krupá. The mausoleum had been built in 1895 by her father, <mask>, and had been spared by the war. Legacy

All the properties of the <mask> family were nationalized by the Czechoslovak communist authorities. The palace was converted into a psychiatric hospital which operated from 1949 to 1969.In 1969 it was converted into a retreat for Slovak writers and consequently became a museum. It still has this destination. Nothing was left of the rosarium which had once been one of the finest in the world. The land was converted into agricultural land. The socialist economy needed crop production, not roses. In the 1990s, German horticulturist Johannes Kalbus attempted to revive the tradition, by donating various precious rose cultivars to the Dolná Krupá domain. A new rosarium was created in Dolná Krupá in memory of the one which had belonged to <mask> <mask>.The new rosarium is sponsored by the Club of Rose Lovers of Slovakia ("Rosa Club"). Starting

masks:
Marie Henrieta
Chotek
Marie Henrieta
Chotek
Rudolf Chotek
Chotek
Marie Henrieta
Chotek


title: Marie Henrieta Chotek

texts:
 1993 at the beginning of June the rosarium organizes an exhibition "The beauty of roses and of forms". Periodically seminars discussiong "Roses in human life" are organized. But the name of Maria Henrietta <mask>, who established rose breeding in Dolná Krupá, seems to be forgotten is not mentioned any more. Several rosarians have dedicat their roses to <mask> Chotek:

 Gräfin Chotek created by Hermann Kiese in 1910;
 <mask> Gräfin Chotek created by Peter Lambert in 1911;
 Comtesse Maria Henrietta (Győry, 2006)
 Rosengräfin <mask>ette (Kordes 2013)

The cultivar created by Hermann Kiese in 1910 still survives and exists in the rosarium of Sangerhausen. And thus, the name of countess <mask> <mask> remains closely linked to the Union of Rose Lovers of Germany and reminds viewers of times long gone when roses alone could be the purpose of life. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M._H._Gr%C3%A4fin_Chotek-Lambert.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C_S.Gy%C5%91ry_Comtesse_Maria_Henrietta_2006.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rosengr%C3%A4fin_<mask>ette.jpg

References

Notes

Bibliography

1863 births
1946 deaths
Floriculturists
Slovak women
Czech women
Bohemian

masks:
Chotekova
Marie Henrieta
Marie Henriette
Marie Henri
Marie Henrieta
Chotek
Marie Henri


title: Wilhelm Groener

texts:
<mask> (22 November 1867 – 3 May 1939) was a German general and politician. His organisational and logistical abilities resulted in a successful military career before and during World War I. After a confrontation with Erich Ludendorff the Quartermaster general () of the German Army, <mask> was reassigned to a field command. When Ludendorff was dismissed in October 1918, <mask> succeeded him. <mask> worked with the new Social Democratic president Friedrich Ebert to foil a left-wing take-over during the German Revolution of 1918–19. Under his command, the army bloodily suppressed popular uprisings throughout Germany. <mask> tried to integrate the military, which was dominated by an aristocratic and monarchistic officer corps, into the new republic.After resigning from the army in the summer of 1919, <mask> served in several governments of the Weimar Republic as minister of transportation, interior and defence. He was pushed out of the government in 1932 by Kurt von Schleicher, who was working on a pact with the Nazis. Early life
<mask> was born in Ludwigsburg in the Kingdom of Württemberg as the son of Karl Eduard <mask> (1837–1893), regimental paymaster, and his wife Auguste (née Boleg, 1825–1907) on 22 November 1867. After attending gymnasium at Ulm and Ludwigsburg, where his father had been stationed, <mask> entered the  of the Württemberg Army in 1884. In 1890, he was promoted to  and from 1893 to 1896 attended the War Academy at Berlin, where he finished top of his class. In 1899, <mask> married Helene Geyer (1864–1926) in Schwäbisch Gmünd. They had a daughter, <mask>-Geyer (b.1900).Military

masks:
Karl Eduard Wilhelm Groener
Groener
Groener
Groener
Groener
Groener
Wilhelm Groener
Groener
Groener
Groener
Dorothea Groener


title: Wilhelm Groener

texts:
 career

Pre-war
As a captain, he won appointment to the General Staff in 1899 and was attached to the railway section, where he worked for the next 17 years. This was only interrupted for the usual assignments to other locations, from 1902 to 1904 he was  of Infantry Regiment 98 at Metz, from 1908 to 1910 he was with the XIII Army Corps and in 1910 he became a battalion commander in Infantry Regiment 125 at Stuttgart. In 1912, as a lieutenant-colonel, <mask> became head of the railway section at the General Staff. His plans for the extension of the railway network and for deployment routes were based the deployment plans of Alfred von Schlieffen, the Chief of the General Staff of the German Army from 1891 to 1906. World War I

The deployment of millions of troops to the frontier by rail boosted <mask>'s reputation and he received numerous decorations in 1914. In June 1915, he was promoted to . Due to his organisational skills, in December 1915 <mask> was put in charge of food deliveries from Romania.In May 1916, he joined the leadership of the newly created  (War Food Ministry). In November 1916, as a  he became head of the  (War Office) the department that managed the war economy and deputy of the Prussian Minister of War. With Erich Ludendorff, <mask> worked on the draft for the Hilfsdienstgesetz (Auxiliary Services Act, 1916), which laid down the conscription of men () for the war economy. <mask> negotiated with the civilian bureaucracy, unions and representatives of the employers. Despite his efforts to appear neutral to maximise output, he became the target of criticism. Factory owners resented him for

masks: Groener Groener Groener Groener Groener


title: Wilhelm Groener

texts:
 accepting the unions as partners. Revolutionary groups used his strict admonishments against those who went on strike while soldiers died at the front to undermine his standing with the workers.The negotiations made the limits of Germany military power obvious to <mask> and he began to doubt that Germany could win the war. This caused confrontations with the third Oberste Heeresleitung (OHL, the supreme command of the German army), led by Paul Hindenburg and Ludendorff. During the change at the  in July 1917, when Georg Michaelis replaced Bethmann-Hollweg as Chancellor, <mask> suggested that the state should intervene to limit corporate profits and the wage growth that resulted from booming war-related public demand. On 16 August 1917 he was recalled from his post and reassigned to an operational command. This was seen by the public as a response to his views on social policy. <mask> served for six months at the western front first as the commander of the 33rd Division, and then of the XXV Reserve Corps, where he was able to observe trench warfare and the mood of the troops. In March 1918, he commanded the I Corps during the occupation of Ukraine.On 28 March, he was appointed chief of staff of the army group Heeresgruppe Eichhorn-Kiew. This task required him to deal with organisational and political challenges, in particular confrontations with the army high command of Austria-Hungary and supervising, then reshuffling, the Ukrainian government which needed help against Bolshevik revolutionaries. End of the war and German revolution

After the dismissal of Erich Ludendorff on 26 October 1918, <mask> was

masks: Groener Groener Groener Groener


title: Wilhelm Groener

texts: recalled and on 29 October appointed as Ludendorff's successor as First Quartermaster General (Deputy Chief of the General Staff) under Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg. The military situation was becoming untenable and social unrest and rebellion in the German armed forces and the civilian population threatened to break out into revolution. <mask> started to prepare the withdrawal and demobilisation of the army. As the revolution spread through Germany in early November, <mask> began to see the Emperor, <mask> II, as an impediment to saving the monarchy and the integrity of the army. Privately, he felt the Kaiser should sacrifice himself in a hero's death at the front.On 6 November, <mask> had reacted indignantly when the Social Democrat Friedrich Ebert suggested that the Emperor should abdicate. <mask> advised <mask> II to go on 9 November, because he had lost the confidence of the armed forces and recommended abdication to the monarch, when Emperor <mask> suggested to use the army to crush the revolution at home. <mask>'s goal was to preserve the monarchy, but under a different ruler. He was also in favour of accepting the armistice conditions put to the German government, despite their severe nature. On the evening of 10 November, <mask> contacted the new chancellor, Friedrich Ebert and concluded the <mask> pact, which was to remain secret for a number of years. Ebert agreed to suppress the Bolshevik revolutionaries and to maintain the traditional role of the armed forces as a pillar of the German state; <mask> promised that the army would support the new government. For this act, <mask> earned the

masks:
Groener
Groener
Wilhelm
Groener
Groener
Wilhelm
Wilhelm
Groener
Groener
Ebert Groener
Groener
Groener


title: Wilhelm Groener

texts: enmity of many other military leaders, many of whom sought the retention of the monarchy.<mask> oversaw the retreat and demobilisation of the defeated German army after the signing of the armistice on 11 November 1918. Despite a very tight schedule, the withdrawal was effected without problems. <mask> organised the defence of the eastern borders of the  until a peace treaty could be signed. The headquarters of OHL, at Schloss Wilhelmshöhe from 14 November 1918 to 13 February 1919, were moved to Kolberg. <mask> also planned for and expected the German peacetime army to be built up to 300.000 in the coming years, a plan that would be ruined by the treaty of Versailles. On 23 June 1919, Ebert asked OHL for an opinion on whether the  should sign the Treaty of Versailles. <mask> supported signing as he was worried that the unity of the  would be in danger if fighting was resumed, contradicting the officer corps and the views of Walther Reinhardt, the Prussian Minister of War.Hindenburg followed <mask> on this issue and when Hindenburg resigned, <mask> succeeded him. <mask>, who expected to be made a scapegoat, began actively cooperating in this process to save the popular von Hindenburg's reputation, something Ebert immediately noticed. OHL was dissolved as a condition of the treaty and <mask> temporarily took over command at Kolberg. He started to organise the establishment of the new peace-time (), arguing in favour of a high share of former general staff officers among the new leadership, including in the . He also supported a senior position for Hans von Seeckt. On 30 September, <mask> resigned from the

masks: Groener Groener Groener Groener Groener Groener Groener Groener Groener


title: Wilhelm Groener

texts:
 army, against the wishes of Friedrich Ebert, <mask> felt that his pact with the Social Democrat had cost him the trust of many of his fellow officers. Political career
After his resignation from the army, <mask> moved in and out of retirement during the 1920s.Not a member of any party, at Ebert's request he served as Minister of Transport between 1920 and 1923. His main achievement was the rebuilding of the . In 1923, when the Cuno government resigned, <mask> left politics and wrote military and political treatises, such as  (1927). Hindenburg, Ebert's successor as , appointed <mask> as the successor of Otto Geßler as Minister of Defence on 20 January 1928, a post he held until 1932. Besides expanding the , <mask> made an effort to integrate it into the society of the Weimar Republic. In 1930, <mask> married Ruth Naeher-Glück (born 1894) in Berlin and had a son. This second marriage and the early birth date of his son undermined <mask>'s relationship with the conservative Hindenburg.On 8 October 1931 he became acting Interior Minister in the government of Heinrich Brüning and favoured the banning of the Nazi  (SA storm troops). As Interior Minister he was asked to outlaw the SA, whilst his goal as Defence Minister was to integrate it into a national, non-partisan paramilitary force. In April 1932, under pressure from several German states, <mask> outlawed the SA and  (SS). Kurt von Schleicher, his subordinate at the  wanted to set up a cooperation with the two groups and worked on Hindenburg, to have <mask> dismissed. He also allied himself with the NSDAP. After a rhetorical defeat in the , <mask> resigned

masks: Groener Groener Groener Groener Groener Groener Groener Groener Groener Groener


title: Wilhelm Groener

texts:
 on 13 May as Defence Minister, urged by Schleicher who told <mask> that he had lost the trust of the . When the Brüning government fell on 30 May, <mask> also lost his position as  and left politics for good.<mask> moved to Potsdam-Bornstedt in 1934, where he wrote his memoirs, . <mask> died of natural causes in Bornstedt on 3 May 1939. He is buried in the Südwestkirchhof Stahnsdorf, located between Potsdam and Berlin. Decorations and awards
 Pour le Mérite (11 September 1915)
 Commander of the Military Order of Max Joseph Bavaria
 Officer of the Military Merit Order with Swords (Bavaria)
 Knight of the Military Merit Order (Württemberg)
 Order of the Red Eagle, 2nd class with Crown and Swords (1917)
 Honorary citizen of Ludwigsburg

Notes

References

 Eschenburg, Theodor "The Role of the Personality in the Crisis of the Weimar Republic: Hindenburg, Brüning, <mask>, Schleicher" pages 3–50 from Republic to Reich The Making Of The Nazi Revolution edited by Hajo Holborn, New York: Pantheon Books, 1972. <mask>, <mask>. Lebenserinnerungen: Jugend-Generalstab-Weltkrieg. Edited by Friedrich Frhr.Hiller von Gaertringen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1957. <mask>-Geyer, Dorothea. General <mask>: Soldat und Staatsmann. Frankfurt a. M.: Societäts-Verlag, 1955. Haeussler, Helmut H. General <mask> and the Imperial German Arm. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin for Dept.of History, University of Wisconsin, 1962. Available online:
 Hürter, Johannes. <mask>: Reichswehrminister am Ende der Weimarer Republik (1928–1932). Munich: Oldenbourg, 1993. Rakenius, Gerhard W. <mask> als Erster

masks:
Groener
Groener
Groener
Groener
Groener
Groener
Wilhelm
Groener
Groener
William Groener
Wilhelm Groener
Wilhelm Groener


title: Wilhelm Groener

texts:
 Generalquartiermeister: Die Politik der Obersten Heeresleitung 1918/19. Boppard a.R. : Boldt, 1977.Stoneman, Mark R. <mask>, Officering, and the Schlieffen Plan  (PhD) Georgetown University, 2006. Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John. The Nemesis of Power: German Army in Politics, 1918–1945. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005. External links

 <mask> Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University

1867 births
1939 deaths
People from Ludwigsburg
People from the Kingdom of Württemberg
Ministers of the Reichswehr
German Army generals of World War I
Lieutenant generals of Württemberg
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Commanders of the Military Order of Max Joseph
Officers Crosses of the Military Merit Order (Bavaria)
German anti-communists
Interior ministers of Germany
Transport ministers of

masks:
Wilhelm Groener
Wilhelm Groener


title: M. Stanton Evans

texts:
<mask> (July 20, 1934 – March 3, 2015), better known as M<mask>, was an American journalist, author and educator. He was the author of eight books, including Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator <mask> and His Fight Against America's Enemies (2007). Early life and education
<mask> was born in Kingsville in Kleberg County in South Texas, the son of <mask>, an author, college professor at Northwestern State University in Natchitoches, Louisiana, and official of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, and the classics scholar <mask>. He grew up in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. <mask> graduated in 1955 magna cum laude from Yale University, Phi Beta Kappa, with a Bachelor of Arts in English, followed by graduate work in Economics at New York University under <mask>ses. Journalism
As an undergraduate, <mask> was an editor for the Yale Daily News. It was at Yale that he read One Is a Crowd by Frank Chodorov.In The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945, George H. Nash writes:

Upon graduation, <mask> became assistant editor of The Freeman, where Chodorov was editor. The following year, he joined the staff of William F. Buckley's fledgling National Review (where he served as associate editor from 1960 to 1973), and became managing editor of Human Events, where he remained a contributing editor until his death. <mask> became a proponent of National Review co-editor <mask>'s "fusionism", a political philosophy reconciling the traditionalist and libertarian tendencies of the conservative movement. He argued that freedom and virtue are not antagonistic, but complementary:

In 1959, <mask> became head editorial writer of

masks:
Medford Stanton Evans
. Stanton Evans
Joe McCarthy
Evans
Medford Bryan Evans
Josephine Stanton Evans
Evans
Ludwig von Mi
Evans
Evans
Evans
Frank Meyer
Evans


title: M. Stanton Evans

texts:
 The Indianapolis News, rising to editor the following year—at 26, the nation's youngest editor of a metropolitan daily newspaper—a position he held until 1974. In 1971, <mask> became a commentator for the CBS Television and Radio Networks, and in 1980 became a commentator for National Public Radio, the Voice of America, Radio America and WGMS in Washington, D.C. In 1974, he became a nationally syndicated columnist for The Los Angeles Times syndicate. Barry Goldwater wrote that <mask> "writes with the strength and conviction and authority of experience."<ref>Fulton Lewis, Jr., "Washington Report", Reading Eagle, November 17, 1961, p. 10</ref> In a 1975 radio address, Ronald Reagan cited <mask> as "a very fine journalist." In 1977, he founded the National Journalism Center, of which he served as director until 2002. The center sponsors young journalists getting established in the nation's capital. Cliff Kincaid of Accuracy in Media was among those who began their careers through <mask>' auspices. In 1980, <mask> became an adjunct professor of journalism at Troy University in Troy, Alabama, where he held the Buchanan Chair of Journalism. From 1981 to 2002, he was publisher of Consumers' Research magazine. <mask> expressed his journalistic philosophy as follows:

Political activism
<mask> was present at Great Elm, the family home of William F. Buckley in Sharon, Connecticut, at the founding of Young Americans for Freedom, where, on September 11, 1960, he drafted YAF's charter, the Sharon Statement.Some conservatives still revere this document as a concise statement of their principles. From 1971 to 1977, <mask> served as chairman of the American Conservative Union (ACU). He was one of the

masks: Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans Evans


title: M. Stanton Evans

texts: first conservatives to denounce U.S. President Richard M. Nixon, just a year into his first term, co-writing a January 1970 ACU report condemning his record. Under <mask>' leadership, the ACU issued a July 1971 statement concluding, "the American Conservative Union has resolved to suspend our support of the Administration." <mask> often joked that he "never liked Nixon until Watergate." In June 1975, the ACU called upon Ronald Reagan of California to challenge incumbent Gerald R. Ford, Jr., for the 1976 Republican presidential nomination. In June 1982, <mask> and others met with now-President Reagan to warn him that the White House staff was undermining Reagan by making a deal with the Democratic Congress.(Reagan subsequently made such a deal in which for each $1 in higher taxes Congress promised $3 in spending cuts; Reagan delivered the tax hike, but Congress broke its promise and actually increased spending.) In 1974, upon leaving the now-defunct The Indianapolis News after 15 years, he taught journalism at Troy University in Troy, Alabama for more than thirty years. From 1977 to 2002, he led the National Journalism Center in Washington, D.C., which was established with financial help from the conservative movement and brought promising beginning journalists to the nation's capital. He founded the Education and Research Institute. He was the president of the Philadelphia Society, a member of the Council for National Policy, sat on the advisory board of Young Americans for Freedom, and was a trustee of the Intercollegiate Studies Institute (ISI). He was an advisor to the National Tax Limitation Committee. <mask> was awarded honorary doctorates from Syracuse University, John Marshall

masks:
Evans
Evans
Evans
Honors Evans


title: M. Stanton Evans

texts:
 Law School, Grove City College and Francisco Marroquín University.He is a past winner of two Freedom Foundation awards for editorial writing and the National Headliners Club Award for "consistently outstanding editorial pages." <mask> was also awarded the Heartland Institute's Heartland Freedom Prize, the Media Research Center's William F. Buckley Jr. Award for Media Excellence, Accuracy in Media's Reed Irvine award for excellence in journalism, the American Spectators Barbara Olson Award for Excellence & Independence in Journalism, the Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs' John M. Ashbrook Award, the ISI's Regnery Award for Distinguished Institutional Service and four Freedoms Foundation George Washington medals. Troy University's Hall School of Journalism hosts an annual M. Stanton Evans symposium named in his honor. There is also the M. <mask> Evans Alumni Award. Becky Norton Dunlop, an official of the Heritage Foundation, said that <mask> had a sense of humor that

PublicationsSelected articles "Dark Horses." National Review, August 3, 1979, pp. 985-988.“Unhand Them Spooks.” National Review, Vol. 32, Issue 6, March 21, 1980, p. 357. "The Gender Gap Revisited." National Review, Vol. 40, Issue 18, September 16, 1988, pp. 41-60. "The Amerasia Affair: Historic Expose of Spying, Official Cover-up and Perjury."Human Events, Vol. 52, Issue 26, July 12, 1996. "Airport 2000: How to Break the Gridlock." Consumers' Research Magazine, Vol. 83, Issue 11, November 2000, p. 10. “Levin and Collins Trigger Disinformation: Senate Historian Clams Up When Queried on <mask>”. Human Events, Vol.59, Issue 16, May 12, 2003, p. 1. "The True Wall of Separation." American Spectator, Vol. 40, Issue 3, April

masks: Evans Stanton Evans McCarthy


title: M. Stanton Evans

texts:
 2007, pp. 26-30.Books Revolt on the Campus. Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1961. The Fringe on Top: Political Wildlife Along the New Frontier.American Features, 1963. The Liberal Establishment. New York: Devin-Adair, 1965. The Politics of Surrender. New York: Devin Adair, 1966. The Lawbreakers: America's Number One Domestic Problem. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1968.The Future of Conservatism: From Taft to Reagan and Beyond. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968. Clear and Present Dangers: A Conservative View of America's Government. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975. The Theme Is Freedom: Religion, Politics, and the American Tradition. Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1996. Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator <mask> and His Fight Against America's Enemies.Random House, 2007. .
 Stalin's Secret Agents: The Subversion of Roosevelt's Government. Co-authored with Herbert Romerstein. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012.Book contributions' "Introduction." Romney Behind the Image, by Antoni E. Gollan. Arlington, VA: Crestwood Books, 1967. References

External links

 Articles by M<mask> <mask> in Human Events''
 Books by M<mask> <mask> at HathiTrust
 Works by M<mask> <mask> at Internet Archives
with <mask> <mask> by <mask>, Binghamton University Libraries Center for the Study of the 1960s, August 6, 2009

1934 births
2015 deaths
American male journalists
Espionage in the United States
Yale University alumni
People from Kingsville, Texas
People from Chattanooga, Tennessee
People from Indianapolis
People from Hamilton, Virginia
Deaths from cancer in Virginia
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Writers from Texas
Writers from Virginia
New Right (United States)
American

masks:
Joe McCarthy
. Stanton
Evans
. Stanton
Evans
. Stanton
Evans
Medford
Stanton Evans
Stephen McKiernan


title: Agustín Barrios

texts:
<mask> (also known as <mask> and Nitsuga—Agustin spelled backward—Mangoré; May 5, 1885 – August 7, 1944) was a Paraguayan virtuoso classical guitarist and composer, largely regarded as one of the greatest performers and most prolific composers for the guitar. Biography

Birthplace
It has been generally accepted that <mask> was born in San Juan Bautista, Paraguay. However, there is no definitive proof of this as his baptismal document found in the book of registries in the cathedral in San Juan Bautista does not state his precise place of birth. Also, several biographers and authorities present convincing documented evidence that <mask> was born, instead, in the nearby town of Villa Florida, Misiones, situated on the Tebicuary River some 30  km north of San Juan Bautista. His diplomatic papers found in 2019 did not shed any light on this question as they listed only "Missiones" as the place of birth. Early life
As a child, <mask> developed a love of music and literature, two arts that were very important to his family. <mask> would eventually speak two languages (Spanish and Guarani), and read three others (English, French, and German).<mask> began to show an interest in musical instruments, particularly the guitar, before he reached his teens. He went to Asunción in 1900, at the age of fifteen, to attend Colegio Nacional de Asunción, thus becoming one of the youngest university students in Paraguayan history. Apart from his studies in the music department,

masks:
Agustín Pío Barrios
Agustín Barrios Mangoré
Barrios
Barrios
Barrios
Barrios
Barrios


title: Agustín Barrios

texts:
 <mask> was highly appreciated by members of the mathematics, journalism and literature departments. He was a skilled graphic artist and worked for a time in the Agricultura bank and the Paraguayan Naval office. After leaving the Colegio Nacional, <mask> dedicated his life to music, poetry, and travel. He composed more than 100 original works and arranged another 200 works of other composers. <mask> made several friends during his many trips across South America.He was known for giving his friends and fans signed copies of his poems. As a consequence, there are several versions of his poetical works that have surfaced across the Americas. Many current collectors warn potential buyers to be careful when they come across a work reportedly autographed by <mask> because an individual has been known to create forgeries. Career
<mask> was famed for his phenomenal performances, both live and on gramophone recordings. Eye witness testimony from Lope Texera in Caracas Venezuela on April 18, 1932, declared that <mask> was "superior to Segovia whom I saw in London last year". <mask> has been credited as the first classical guitarist to make recordings, in 1909/10, but the earliest known recording were by guitarists Luis and Simon Ramirez, onto cylinders, for the "Viuda de Aramburo" label, in Madrid, between 1897 and 1901. <mask> at times performed in concert in traditional Paraguayan dress (he was partly of Guaraní origin), beginning in 1932 using the pseudonym of

masks: Barrios Barrios Barrios Barrios Barrios Barrios Barrios Barrios


title: Agustín Barrios

texts: Nitsuga Mangoré ('Nitsuga' being Agustín spelled backwards, and 'Mangoré' being the name of a cacique of the South American indigenous group Timbú).His works were largely late-Romantic in character, despite his having lived well into the twentieth century. Many of them are also adaptations of, or are influenced by, South American and Central American folk music. Very many of them are of a virtuosic nature. The Johann Sebastian Bach-inspired La Catedral, from 1921, is widely considered to be <mask>' magnum opus, even winning the approval of Andrés Segovia, who said "In 1921 in Buenos Aires, I played at the hall La Argentina noted for its good acoustics for guitar, where <mask> had concertized just weeks before me. He was presented to me by his secretary Elbio Trapani. At my invitation <mask> visited me at the hotel and played for me upon my very own guitar several of his compositions among which the one that really impressed me was a magnificent concert piece The Cathedral whose first movement is an andante, like an introduction and prelude, and a second very virtuosic piece which is ideal for the repertory of any concert guitarist. <mask> had promised to send me immediately a copy of the work (I had ten days remaining before continuing my journey) but I never received a copy."However, it is equally possible that Segovia did receive the score and chose not to play it, either out of distaste for <mask>' folk-based music or professional jealousy (because <mask>

masks: Barrios Barrios Barrios Barrios Barrios Barrios


title: Agustín Barrios

texts:
 was more of a composer than he was). La Catedral composed about bells sounds extremely good on bells of a Grand Carillon. Here is a recording of the composition by the city carilloneur of Rotterdam (Netherlands). Later life and death
After touring Europe in 1934-35, <mask> performed in Venezuela, Haiti, Cuba, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala. Several writers have suggested that <mask> revisited Mexico in 1939, but his immigration file with the Mexican government did not include an entry for him or his wife Gloria that year. He fulfilled his dream to reach the United States after getting an entry visa at the US Embassy in Maracaibo Venezuela on December 23, 1936. Ship passenger lists reveal that <mask> and his wife travelled as diplomats and arrived in Puerto Rico, a US territory, in January 1937.He reportedly suffered a myocardial infarction in front of the US Embassy in Guatemala City on October 27,1939, after it was discovered that he was travelling with phony diplomatic papers issued by his lifetime friend and Patron Tomas Salomoni. Having recently been in Germany, at the lead-in to the Second World War, <mask> was never again able to use his diplomatic connections. He was sent an invitation to leave Guatemala because of his political leanings. He accepted the invitation of Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, then President of El Salvador, to move to El Salvador and take up a position in the Conservatory and Declamation Rafael Olmedo. He was

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