title: Martha Nussbaum

texts:
<mask> (; born May 6, 1947) is an American philosopher and the current Ernst Freund Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Ethics at the University of Chicago, where she is jointly appointed in the law school and the philosophy department. She has a particular interest in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, political philosophy, existentialism, feminism, and ethics, including animal rights. She also holds associate appointments in classics, divinity, and political science, is a member of the Committee on Southern Asian Studies, and a board member of the Human Rights Program. She previously taught at Harvard and Brown. <mask> is the author of a number of books, including The Fragility of Goodness (1986), Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education (1997), Sex and Social Justice (1998), Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law (2004), Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership (2006), and From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law (2010). She received the 2016 Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy, the 2018 Berggruen Prize, and the 2021 Holberg Prize. Early life and education
Nussbaum was born on May 6, 1947, in New York City, the daughter of George Craven, a Philadelphia lawyer, and Betty Warren, an interior designer and homemaker.During her teenage years, Nussbaum attended The Baldwin School in Bryn Mawr. She described her upbringing as "East Coast WASP elite ... very sterile, very preoccupied with money and status". She would later credit her impatience with "mandarin philosophers" and dedication to public service as the "repudiation of my own

masks:
Martha Craven Nussbaum
Nussbaum


title: Martha Nussbaum

type: original

texts:
 provenance". Among her academic colleagues whose books she has reviewed critically are Allan Bloom, Harvey Mansfield, and Judith Butler. Other academic debates have been with figures such as John Rawls, Richard Posner, and Susan Moller Okin. In January 2019, Nussbaum announced that she would be using a portion of her Berggruen Prize winnings to fund a series of roundtable discussions on controversial issues at the University of Chicago Law School. These discussions will be known as the Martha C. Nussbaum Student Roundtables. Personal life
She was married to <mask> from 1969 until they divorced in 1987, a period which also led to her conversion to Judaism, and the birth of her daughter Rachel.<mask>'s interest in Judaism has continued and deepened: on August 16, 2008, she became a bat mitzvah in a service at Temple K. A. M. Isaiah Israel in Chicago's Hyde Park, chanting from the Parashah Va-etchanan and the Haftarah Nahamu, and delivering a D'var Torah about the connection between genuine, non-narcissistic consolation and the pursuit of global justice. <mask>'s daughter Rachel died in 2019 due to a drug-resistant infection following successful transplant surgery. At the time of her death she was a government affairs attorney in the Wildlife Division of Friends of Animals, a nonprofit organization working for animal welfare. She and her mother co-authored three articles about wild animals that have already appeared; a fourth will appear in 2021. Nussbaum dated and lived with Cass Sunstein for more than a decade. They had been engaged to be married. She had previously had a romantic relationship with Amartya Sen.When she became the first

masks:
Alan Nussbaum
Nussbaum
Nussbaum


title: Martha Nussbaum

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 woman to hold the Junior Fellowship at Harvard, Nussbaum received a congratulatory note from a "prestigious classicist" who suggested that since "female fellowess" was an awkward name, she should be called hetaira, for in Greece these educated courtesans were the only women who participated in philosophical symposia. Major works

The Fragility of Goodness
The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy confronts the ethical dilemma that individuals strongly committed to justice are nevertheless vulnerable to external factors that may deeply compromise or even negate their human flourishing. Discussing literary as well as philosophical texts, Nussbaum seeks to determine the extent to which reason may enable self-sufficiency. She eventually rejects the Platonic notion that human goodness can fully protect against peril, siding with the tragic playwrights and Aristotle in treating the acknowledgment of vulnerability as a key to realizing the human good. Her interpretation of Plato's Symposium in particular drew considerable attention. Under Nussbaum's consciousness of vulnerability, the re-entrance of Alcibiades at the end of the dialogue undermines Diotima's account of the ladder of love in its ascent to the non-physical realm of the forms. Alcibiades's presence deflects attention back to physical beauty, sexual passions, and bodily limitations, hence highlighting human fragility.Fragility brought attention to <mask> throughout the humanities. It garnered wide praise in academic reviews, and even drew acclaim in the popular media. Camille Paglia credited Fragility with matching "the highest academic standards"


title: Martha Nussbaum

texts:
 of the twentieth century, and The Times Higher Education called it "a supremely scholarly work". <mask>'s reputation extended her influence beyond print and into television programs like PBS's Bill Moyers. Cultivating Humanity
Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education appeals to classical Greek texts as a basis for defense and reform of the liberal education. Noting the Greek cynic philosopher Diogenes' aspiration to transcend "local origins and group memberships" in favor of becoming "a citizen of the world", Nussbaum traces the development of this idea through the Stoics, Cicero, and eventually the classical liberalism of Adam Smith and Immanuel Kant. Nussbaum champions multiculturalism in the context of ethical universalism, defends scholarly inquiry into race, gender, and human sexuality, and further develops the role of literature as narrative imagination into ethical questions.At the same time, Nussbaum also censured certain scholarly trends. She excoriated deconstructionist Jacques Derrida saying "on truth [he is] simply not worth studying for someone who has been studying Quine and Putnam and Davidson". She cites Zhang Longxi, who labels Derrida's analysis of Chinese culture "pernicious" and without "evidence of serious study". More broadly, Nussbaum criticized Michel Foucault for his "historical incompleteness [and] lack of conceptual clarity", but nevertheless singled him out for providing "the only truly important work to have entered philosophy under the banner of 'postmodernism.'" Nussbaum is even more critical of figures like Allan Bloom, Roger Kimball, and George Will for what she considers


title: Martha Nussbaum

texts:
 Humanity extends Nussbaum's work in moral psychology to probe the arguments for including two emotions—shame and disgust—as legitimate bases for legal judgments. Nussbaum argues that individuals tend to repudiate their bodily imperfection or animality through the projection of fears about contamination. This cognitive response is in itself irrational, because we cannot transcend the animality of our bodies. Noting how projective disgust has wrongly justified group subordination (mainly of women, Jews, and homosexuals), Nussbaum ultimately discards disgust as a reliable basis of judgment.Turning to shame, Nussbaum argues that shame takes too broad a target, attempting to inculcate humiliation on a scope that is too intrusive and limiting on human freedom. Nussbaum sides with John Stuart Mill in narrowing legal concern to acts that cause a distinct and assignable harm. In an interview with Reason magazine, <mask> elaborated:

Nussbaum's work was received with wide praise. The Boston Globe called her argument "characteristically lucid" and hailed her as "America's most prominent philosopher of public life". Her reviews in national newspapers and magazines garnered unanimous praise. In academic circles, Stefanie A. Lindquist of Vanderbilt University lauded Nussbaum's analysis as a "remarkably wide ranging and nuanced treatise on the interplay between emotions and law". A prominent exception was Roger Kimball's review published in The New Criterion, in which he accused Nussbaum of "fabricating" the renewed prevalence of shame and disgust in public discussions and says she intends to "undermine the inherited moral wisdom of millennia".He


title: Martha Nussbaum

texts: She identifies the "politics of disgust" closely with Lord Devlin and his famous opposition to the Wolfenden report, which recommended decriminalizing private consensual homosexual acts, on the basis that those things would "disgust the average man". To Devlin, the mere fact some people or act may produce popular emotional reactions of disgust provides an appropriate guide for legislating. She also identifies the 'wisdom of repugnance' as advocated by Leon Kass as another "politics of disgust" school of thought as it claims that disgust "in crucial cases ... repugnance is the emotional expression of deep wisdom, beyond reason's power fully to articulate it". Nussbaum goes on to explicitly oppose the concept of a disgust-based morality as an appropriate guide for legislating. <mask> notes that popular disgust has been used throughout history as a justification for persecution.Drawing upon her earlier work on the relationship between disgust and shame, Nussbaum notes that at various times, racism, antisemitism, and sexism, have all been driven by popular revulsion. In place of this "politics of disgust", Nussbaum argues for the harm principle from John Stuart Mill as the proper basis for limiting individual liberties. Nussbaum argues the harm principle, which supports the legal ideas of consent, the age of majority, and privacy, protects citizens while the "politics of disgust" is merely an unreliable emotional reaction with no inherent wisdom. Furthermore, Nussbaum argues this "politics of disgust" has denied and continues to deny citizens humanity and equality before the law on no rational grounds and causes palpable social harms to the


title: Martha Nussbaum

texts:
 University.2015: Premio Nonino, Italy
 2015: Inamori Ethics Prize
 2016: Kyoto Prize in Philosophy, Japan
 2017: Jefferson Lecture
 2017: Don M. Randel Award for Contribution to the Humanities, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 2018: Berggruen Prize
 2021: Holberg Prize "for her groundbreaking contribution to research in philosophy, law and related fields"

See also

References

External links

 University of Chicago biography
 <mask> on Anger and Forgiveness (Audio) University of Chicago
 Nussbaum's University of Chicago faculty website
 Nussbaum bibliographies

 Q&A with <mask> from The Guardian
 'Creating capabilities' Nussbaum interviewed by Laurie Taylor on BBC Radio 4, July 2011

 In Depth interview with Nussbaum, June 6, 2010 on C-SPAN
 <mask>, Land of my Dreams: Islamic liberalism under fire in India, Boston Review, March/April

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Nussbaum
Martha Nussbaum
Martha Nussbaum


title: Hector Roy Mackenzie

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<mask> of Gairloch (died 1528) was a prominent member of the <mask> clan, who acquired vast estates in and around Gairloch as a result of his services to the Scottish crown and challenged his nephew for the chiefship of the clan. Origins
<mask> was the son of <mask>, chief of the clan, by his second wife Margaret Macdonald, the daughter of Roderick Macdonald of Clanranald, 3rd of Moidart. Tutor of Kintail
Following <mask>’s death in 1488, <mask>’s half-brother Kenneth succeeded to the chiefship. Kenneth died in 1491 and was succeeded by his son, Kenneth Og, to whom <mask> was appointed to act as Tutor. Kenneth Og is thought to have died in 1497 and, on his death, the succession to the chiefship became uncertain. The elder Kenneth had had another son, John, by Agnes Fraser, the daughter of Lord Lovat, but their union had been irregular and John was widely regarded as illegitimate. <mask> was appointed to act as John’s Tutor, but had higher ambitions.Acquisition of Gairloch and other estates
It is clear that <mask> had by then already acquired at least a paper title to a large estate. When the Lords of the Association, a factious party of the nobility, took up arms against James III, Alexander of Kintail despatched his sons, Kenneth and <mask>, with a retinue of 500, to join the Royal standard; but Kenneth, hearing of the death of his father on his arrival at Perth, returned home at the request of the Earl of Huntly; and the clan was led by <mask> to the battle of Sauchieburn, near Stirling. After the defeat of the Royal forces, and the death there in 1488 of the King himself, <mask>, who narrowly escaped, returned to Ross-shire and took the stronghold of Redcastle, then held for the rebels by Rose of Kilravock, and placed a garrison in

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Hector Roy Mackenzie
Mackenzie
Hector
Alexander Mackenzie
Alexander Mackenzie
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Hector
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Hector


title: Hector Roy Mackenzie

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 it. He then joined the Earl of Huntly and the clans in the north who were rising to avenge the death of His Majesty but meanwhile orders came from the youthful King James IV, who had been at the head of the conspirators, ordering the Northern chiefs to lay down their arms, and to submit to the powers that be. Upon <mask>’s submission to James IV, according to a manuscript history of the Gairloch family, he was:
"not only received with favour, but to reward his previous fidelity and also to engage him for the future the young King, who at last saw his error, and wanted to reconcile to him those who had been the friends of his father, made him a present of the Barony of Gairloch in the western circuit of Ross-shire by knight-service after the manner of that age. He likewise gave him Brahan in the Low Country, now a seat of the family of Seaforth, the lands of Moy in that neighbourhood, Glassletter (of Kintail), a Royal forest which was made a part of the Barony of Gairloch. In the pleasant valley of Strathpeffer, Castle Leod, part of <mask>'s paternal estate, afterwards a seat of the Earl of Cromarty; Achterneed near adjacent, also Kinellan, were likewise his, and so was the Barony of Allan, now Allangrange, a few miles southwards.In the Chops of the Highlands he had Fairburn the Wester, and both the Scatwells, the great and the lesser. Westward in the height of that country he had Kinlochewe, a  district adjoining Gairloch on the east, and southward on the same track he had the half of Kintail, of which he was [sc. had been] left joint heir with his brother Kenneth, chief of the family." James I had granted Gairloch on 1430 to Neil Macleod and, although <mask> was in possession of Crown charters to at least two-thirds of the lands of

masks: Hector Hector Hector


title: Hector Roy Mackenzie

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 Gairloch, he found it very difficult to secure possession of them from the Macleods and their chieftain, Allan MacRory. Allan had married, as his first wife, a daughter of <mask> of Kintail and sister of <mask>, with issue - three sons. He married, secondly, a daughter of Roderick Macleod of Lewis, with issue - one son, also Roderick. Two brothers of Macleod of Lewis are said, traditionally, to have resolved that no <mask> blood should flow in the veins of the future head of the Gairloch Macleods, and decided to put Allan's children by <mask>'s sister to death, so that his son by their own niece should succeed to Gairloch.Crossing over the mainland, they killed Allan and two of his three sons by <mask>’s sister. <mask> started immediately, carrying the bloodstained shirts of his nephews along with him as evidence, to report the murder to the King at Edinburgh. The king, on hearing of the crime, granted <mask> a commission of fire and sword against the murderers of his nephews, and gave him a Crown charter to the lands of Gairloch in his own favour dated 1494. The assassins were soon afterwards slain at a hollow between Port Henderson and South Erradale, nearly opposite the northern end of the Island of Raasay. <mask>’s legal ownership of Gairloch is confirmed by a deed made by John De Vaux, Sheriff of Inverness, dated 10 December 1494, and his ownership of Brahan and Moy by a precept issued by the King on 5 March 1508. Dispute with the chief
A dispute arose between <mask> and his nephew, the putative new clan chief, <mask> of Killin. The dispute probably related, at least in part, to <mask>'s rights to the half of Kintail, which his father is said to have left him jointly with his eldest brother, Kenneth (John’s father).<mask>

masks:
Alexander Mackenzie
Hector Roy
Mackenzie
Hector Roy
Hector Roy
Hector Roy
Hector
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title: Hector Roy Mackenzie

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 declared John illegitimate, and held possession of the estates for himself; and the whole clan submitted to his rule. In 1499, George, Earl of Huntly, then the King's Lieutenant, granted warrant to Duncan Mackintosh of Mackintosh, John Grant of Freuchie, and other leaders, with three thousand men, to pass against the <mask>, "the  King's rebels," for the slaughter of Harold of Chisholm, dwelling in Strathglass, "and for divers other heirschips, slaughters, spuilzies, committed on the King's poor lieges and tenants in the Lordship of Ardmeanoch", but the warrant appears not to have been effectively executed. <mask> and his nephew eventually came to terms (according to the traditional account, after John had surrounded and set fire to <mask>’s house in Fairburn). The story of <mask>’s dispute with his nephew is recounted both by the Earl of Cromartie and (in the Ardintoul manuscript) by the Reverend John Macrae (died 1704). It is also supported by Gregory’s History of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland, which states that:
"<mask> <mask>, progenitor of the House of Gairloch, had, since the death of Kenneth Og <mask> of Kintail, in 1497, and during the minority of John, the brother and heir of Kenneth, exercised the command of that clan, nominally as guardian to the young chief. Under his rule the Clan Mackenzie became involved in feuds with the Munroes and other clans, and <mask> himself became obnoxious to Government as a disturber of the public peace. His intentions towards the young Laird of Kintail were considered very dubious; and the apprehensions of the latter having been roused, <mask> was compelled by law to yield up the estate and the command of the tribe to the proper heir."<mask> kept possession of Eilean Donan

masks:
Clan Mackenzie
Hector
Hector
Hector
Hector Roy
Mackenzie
Mackenzie
Hector Roy
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title: Hector Roy Mackenzie

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 Castle until compelled by an order from the Privy Council to give it up in 1511 to John, and it appears from the records of the Privy Council that from 1501 to 1508 <mask> continued to collect the rents of Kintail without giving any account of them; that he again in 1509 accounted for them for twelve months, and for the two succeeding years for the second time retained them, while he seems to have had undisturbed possession of the stronghold of Eilean Donan throughout. No record can be found of his answer to the summons commanding him to appear before the Privy Council, if he ever did put in an appearance, but in all probability he merely kept his hold of that Castle in order to compel his nephew to come to terms with him regarding his joint rights to Kintail, without any intention of ultimately keeping him out of possession. This view is strengthened by the fact that John obtained a charter under the Great Seal granting him Kintail anew on 25 February 1508-9 – the same year in which <mask> received a grant of Brahan and Moy – probably following  on an arrangement of their respective rights in those districts; also from the fact that <mask> does not appear to have fallen into any disfavour with the Crown on account of his conduct towards John: only two years after Killin raised the action against <mask> before the Privy Council, the latter receives a new charter, dated 8 April 1513, under the Great Seal, of Gairloch, Glasletter, and Coirre-nan-Cuilean "in feu and heritage for ever," and he and his nephew appear ever after to have lived on friendly terms. Later years
In acknowledgment of the King's favour, <mask> gathered his followers in the west, joined his nephew, John of Killin, with his vassals, and fought, in command of the clan,

masks: Hector Hector Hector Hector Hector


title: Hector Roy Mackenzie

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 at the disastrous Battle of Flodden, from which both narrowly escaped, but most of their followers were killed. <mask> died in 1528. On 8 September in that year, a grant is recorded to Sir John Dingwall, "Provost of Trinity College, beside Edinburgh, of the ward of the lands of Gairloch, which pertained to the umquhile Achinroy [<mask>] <mask>." Family and posterity
<mask> was betrothed to a daughter of the Laird of Grant - probably Sir Duncan, who flourished from 1434 to 1485 - but she died before the marriage was solemnised.He, however, had a son by her called <mask>, he being blind of an eye, to whom he gave Achterneed and Castle Leod, as his patrimony. <mask> married a daughter of <mask> Mackay, 9th of Strathnaver, ancestor of Lord Reay, by whom he had two sons <mask> and Murdo. <mask>, after the death of Grant of Grant's daughter, married his cousin Anne, daughter of Ranald MacRanald, generally known as Ranald Ban Macdonald of Moidart and Clanranald. Anne had previously been married to MacLeod chief William Dubh MacLeod of Harris and Dunvegan. <mask> and Anne had four sons – John "Glassich" <mask> (his heir), Kenneth, John "Tuach" and Dougal <mask> – and three daughters who married respectively, Bayne of Tulloch, John Aberach Mackay, and Hugh Bayne Fraser of Bunchrew, a natural son of Thomas, Lord Lovat, killed at Blar-na-Leine and ancestor of the Frasers of Reelick. The lands of Gairloch are still owned by <mask>'s descendants, over 500 years after they were acquired. References
This article includes text from <mask>'s History of the Mackenzies (Inverness, 1894), which is no longer in copyright.1528 deaths
Hector
History of the Scottish Highlands
Medieval Gaels from Scotland
16th-century Scottish people
Year of birth

masks:
Hector Roy
Hector
Mackenzie
Hector Roy
Hector Cam
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Angus Roy
Alexander Roy
Hector Roy
Hector Roy
Mackenzie
Roy
Hector Roy
Alexander Mackenzie


title: Johan Witteveen

texts: <mask><mask><mask> (12 June 1921 – 23 April 2019) was a Dutch politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and economist. He served as Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) from 1 September 1973 until 18 June 1978. Witteveen attended the Gymnasium Erasmianum in Rotterdam from June 1933 until June 1939 and applied at the Rotterdam School of Economics in June 1939 majoring in Economics. On 10 May 1940 Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands and the government fled to London to escape the German occupation. During the German occupation Witteveen continued his study obtaining an Bachelor of Economics degree in June 1941 but in April 1943 the German occupation authority closed the Rotterdam School of Economics. Following the end of World War II Witteveen returned to the Rotterdam School of Economics and worked as a student researcher before graduating with an Master of Economics degree in December 1945 and worked as an associate professor of Financial economics at the Rotterdam School of Economics from December 1945 until July 1947 when got a doctorate as an Doctor of Philosophy in Financial economics. Witteveen worked as a researcher for the Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis (CPB) from April 1945 until July 1947 and as a professor of Financial economics at the Rotterdam School of Economics from July 1947 until 24 July 1963.He also served as Rector Magnificus of the Erasmus University Rotterdam from 1 January 1951 until 1 January 1952. Witteveen became a Member of the Senate after the death of Anthonie Nicolaas Molenaar, taking office on 23 December 1958 serving as a frontbencher and spokesperson for Finances and deputy spokesperson for Economic Affairs and Small business. Witteveen was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the election of 1963, he subsequently resigned as a Member of the Senate the same day he was installed

masks:
Hendrikus Johannes "
Johan
" Witteveen


title: Johan Witteveen

texts: as Member of the House of Representatives, taking office on 5 June 1963. Following the cabinet formation of 1963 <mask> was appointed as Minister of Finance in the Cabinet Marijnen, taking office on 24 July 1963. The Cabinet Marijnen fell on 27 February 1965 after a disagreement in the coalition about reforms to the public broadcasting system and continued to serve in a demissionary capacity until the cabinet formation of 1965 when it was replaced by the Cabinet Cals on 14 April 1965. Witteveen returned as a distinguished professor of Public economics at the Rotterdam School of Economics on 1 September 1965. Witteveen subsequently returned as a Member of the House of Representatives after the resignation of Lambertus Oldenbanning, taking office on 21 September 1965 serving as a frontbencher chairing the parliamentary committee for Finances and spokesperson for Finances and deputy spokesperson for Economic Affairs.After the election of 1967 Witteveen was again appointed as Minister of Finance and became Deputy Prime Minister in the Cabinet De Jong, taking office on 5 April 1967. Witteveen served as acting Minister of Economic Affairs from 7 January 1970 until 14 January 1970 following the resignation Leo de Block. In February 1971 Witteveen announced that he wouldn't stand for the election of 1971 but wanted to return to the Senate. After the Senate election of 1971 Witteveen returned as a Member of the Senate, taking office on 8 June 1971 serving as a frontbencher chairing the parliamentary committee for Finances and spokesperson for Finances and Economic Affairs. Following the cabinet formation of 1971 Witteveen per his own request asked not to be considered for a cabinet post in the new cabinet, the Cabinet De Jong was replaced by the Cabinet Biesheuvel I on 6 July 1971. In August 1973 Witteveen was nominated as the next Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund


title: Johan Witteveen

texts:
 (IMF), he resigned as a Member of the Senate the same day he was installed as Managing Director, serving from 1 September 1973 until 18 June 1978. Witteveen retired after spending 20 years in national politics and became active in the private sector and public sector and occupied numerous seats as a corporate director and nonprofit director on several boards of directors and supervisory boards (Rockefeller Foundation, Tinbergen Institute, Group of Thirty, Institute of International Relations Clingendael, Society for Statistics and Operations Research and the Helen Dowling Institute) and served on several state commissions and councils on behalf of the government (SEO Economic Research, Cadastre Agency and Statistics Netherlands) and as an advocate and lobbyist for Sufism and Financial regulation.Witteveen was also a prolific author, having written more than a dozen books since 1947 about Politics, Finances, Economics, Business and Sufism. Witteveen was known for his abilities as a manager and consensus builder. Witteveen continued to comment on political affairs as a statesman until his death at the age of 97 and holds the distinction as the only Dutchman that served as Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund. His eldest son Willem was also a politician, professor and author, he like his father had served in the Senate. Early life and education
Witteveen was born on 12 June 1921 in Zeist in the province of Utrecht. He is the son of architect Willem Gerrit <mask> and Anna Maria Wibaut and the grandson of Social Democratic politician Floor Wibaut. He went to the public secondary school Gymnasium Erasmianum in Rotterdam.He studied economics at the Netherlands School of Economics from 1939 to 1946. He received his PhD in 1947 with the dissertation Loonhoogte en werkgelegenheid (Height of wages and employment). His advisor was Nobel Prize laureate Jan Tinbergen. Career


title: Johan Witteveen

texts:
Witteveen worked as an economist at the Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis under Jan Tinbergen and Fred Polak from 1947 until 1963. He is a member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). He served as a Senator from 23 December 1958 until 5 June 1963 and as member of the House of Representatives from 5 June 1963 until 24 July 1963. He then became Minister of Finance in the Marijnen cabinet serving from 24 July 1963 until 14 April 1965.He then served as a Member of the House of Representatives again from 21 September 1965 until 5 April 1967, when he returned as Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister serving from 5 April 1967 until 6 July 1971 in the De Jong cabinet. He again returned to the Senate, serving from 8 June 1971 until 1 September 1973. Afterwards he became the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund, serving from 1 September 1973 until 18 June 1978. From 1978 to 1985 he was the first chairman of the Washington-based economics body, the Group of Thirty. He became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1980. Personal life
On 3 March 1949 Witteveen married Liesbeth de Vries Feijens (born 1 April 1920). They had four children, three sons and 1 daughter.<mask> (1952–2014), <mask> (1955–1979), Raoul Witteveen and their daughter (born 1960). Liesbeth de Vries Feijens died on 25 November 2006 at the age of 86. His eldest son <mask> was also a politician, professor and author, he like his father had served in the Senate. <mask>, his wife and daughter died on 17 July 2014 when Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot down over Ukraine. Witteveen was also a first cousin once removed of the in 2004 murdered filmmaker Theo van Gogh. Witteveen died on 23 April 2019 in his home in Wassenaar at the age of . Decorations

Honorary degrees

References

External links

Official
  Dr. H.J.(Johan) Witteveen Parlement & Politiek
  Dr.

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Willem Witteveen
Paul Witteveen
Willem Witteveen
Willem Witteveen


title: Wally Downes

texts:
<mask> (born 9 June 1961) is an English professional football manager and former player who played as a midfielder. He was most recently manager of AFC Wimbledon. As a footballer, <mask> played the majority of his career for Wimbledon as well as shorter spells with Newport County, Sheffield United and Hayes. He was the manager of Brentford between 2002 and 2004. Early and personal life
<mask> was born in Hammersmith, London. He is the nephew of former world middleweight boxing champion <mask>. Playing career
<mask> started out as an apprentice with Wimbledon and was their first ever full-time Football League apprentice.He is often cited as being the main instigator of the Crazy Gang spirit at the club, as it rose from the Fourth to the First Division inside a decade. In 1979, aged 17 he scored on his league debut against Barnsley and went on to make over 200 appearances for Wimbledon, usually as a midfielder. In 1988, he left to join his mentor and former Wimbledon manager Dave Bassett at Sheffield United, but his career for his new club was severely limited by a number of serious injuries, and also by a poor disciplinary record, getting sent off twice in his nine appearances. Coaching career

Crystal Palace
Following four broken legs he retired through injury. <mask> took a coaching position at Crystal Palace, and spent 12 years at Selhurst Park, most of these under Steve Coppell. Reading
Downes then once again rejoined Coppell, this time at Reading, initially on a casual basis, but quickly proved himself invaluable, and took on the job of coaching Reading's defence. As a result, <mask> was a major reason for Reading's impressive defensive display in the 2005–06 Championship season, where Reading had the best defensive statistics in the entire English football pyramid, and were promoted to the Premier League with a record 106 points.In January 2007, <mask> was involved in a touchline scuffle with Sheffield United manager Neil Warnock after he accused Warnock of telling his players to 'break legs'. However Warnock said: "I made the

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Downes
Downes
Terry Downes
Downes
Downes
Downes
Downes


title: Wally Downes

texts:
 kicking gesture to tell the referee that Steve Sidwell's tackle on Chris Armstrong had been the worst of the game. Fortunately for me, the referee heard exactly what was said and confirmed that." <mask> was charged with improper conduct for his role in the affray. On 14 May 2009, the club announced that they wouldn't renew his and Kevin Dillon's contract after Reading failed to bounce back to the Premier League at the first attempt after getting knocked out of the play-offs by Burnley 3–0 on aggregate and the departure of Steve Coppell. This was officially announced on the day of Steve Coppell's press conference. Southampton
On 7 September 2009, <mask> was appointed to a position within the backroom staff of League 1 club, Southampton.He was dismissed along with Alan Pardew on 30 August 2010. West Ham United
For a few weeks in October and November 2010 <mask> was hired as a part-time defensive coach for League Two side Gillingham. Then on 24 November 2010, <mask> was appointed as a defensive coach at West Ham United under manager Avram Grant. His appointment came a day after the West Ham board sacked assistant manager Zeljko Petrovic. In May 2011, shortly after West Ham were relegated from the Premier League, Grant was sacked however <mask> kept his job and was named first team coach when new manager Sam Allardyce took over. On 11 December 2012 <mask>' departure from his role with West Ham United was announced. He went on to spend some time working under Harry Redknapp at Queens Park Rangers.India
Prior to the 2017–18 Indian Super League season, <mask> joined Steve Coppell at Jamshedpur. He subsequently coached at other Indian clubs, Kerala Blasters and ATK. Managerial career

Brentford
Downes left Crystal Palace in 2000 and joined Brentford as assistant manager. After Ron Noades stepped down as manager, he carried on in the role under Ray Lewington and Steve Coppell. When Coppell left Brentford in June 2002, <mask> was appointed manager. He had an unbeaten start to his reign in August 2002, winning the Division Two Manager of the

masks: Downes Downes Downes Downes Downes Downes Downes Downes


title: Wally Downes

texts:
 Month award. <mask> led the club to 16th position in the Second Division in 2002–03, but was sacked in March 2004 after a run of poor results and the club near the bottom of the table and facing relegation.AFC Wimbledon
On 4 December 2018, <mask> took over after Neal Ardley had left the club by mutual consent. His assistant manager was fellow former Wimbledon FC midfielder Glyn Hodges. When <mask> was appointed, Wimbledon were six points from avoiding relegation from League One. They had slipped further behind to be nine points below 20th place in early March. Under <mask> they won 21 points from their last 12 matches and successfully avoided relegation on the final day of the season. On 25 September 2019 he was suspended from his duties by the club after being charged by the FA for misconduct under FA Rule E1(b), in respect of eight small bets placed on various football matches in a period between 30 November 2013 and 12 July 2019. In October, the FA issued <mask> with a fine of £3,000 and banned him from football for four weeks after he admitted the offences.Two days later, he and the club parted company. Managerial statistics

Honours

As a manager
Individual
Football League Second Division Manager of the Month: August 2002

References

External links

<mask> at the League Managers Association website

1961 births
Living people
Footballers from Hammersmith
Association football midfielders
English footballers
Wimbledon F.C. players
Newport County A.F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Hayes F.C. players
English Football League players
English football managers
Brentford F.C. managers
AFC Wimbledon managers
English Football League managers
Crystal Palace F.C.non-playing staff
Lincoln City F.C. non-playing staff
Reading F.C. non-playing staff
Southampton F.C. non-playing staff
West Ham United F.C. non-playing staff
Sheffield United F.C. non-playing staff
Kerala Blasters FC non-playing staff
ATK (football club) non-playing staff
English expatriate sportspeople in India
Sportspeople involved in betting scandals
Association football

masks:
Downes
Downes
Downes
Downes
Downes
Wally Downes


title: Henri Winkelman

texts:
<mask> (17 August 1876 – 27 December 1952) was a Dutch military officer who served as Commander-in-chief of the Armed forces of the Netherlands during the German invasion of the Netherlands. Pre-war
<mask> was born in Maastricht as the son of <mask> and <mask>. After he completed his secondary education he attended the Royal Military Academy (KMA) in Breda. His goal was to become an officer in the KNIL, the Dutch colonial army for the Dutch East Indies. During his training he adjusted his goal and became an infantry officer. He was promoted to Lieutenant in 1896. He married Arendin Jacomina Coert in 1902 and they had two sons and two daughters.Having completed his military education, he began to climb up the ranks of the Dutch army. In 1913 he was promoted to Captain, in 1923 he became a Major and in 1931 he was given the rank of Major General and became the commander of the Dutch 4th division. In 1934 he became a Lieutenant General, but left the military shortly thereafter. Winkelman campaigned for the position of Chief of Staff of the Dutch Army, but lost to General Izaak Reijnders. Winkelman then decided to retire and was granted an honorable discharge. As a retired officer, he remained active in various ways and consulted. The Dutch mobilised their armed forces on 28 August 1939, four days before Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland.Chief of Staff, General Reijnders, was appointed as Supreme Commander of the Dutch forces, but it was clear from the outset that his personal and professional relationship with Defence secretary Adriaan Dijxhoorn left a lot to be desired, ultimately leading to Reijnders' (honorable) discharge on 5 February 1940. After a brief meeting of the Dutch cabinet General <mask> was summoned to The Hague (the seat of the Dutch government) and was offered appointment as the new Dutch commander. He accepted the job the following day. War
Winkelman was well aware of his army's limitations. He had 280,000 men at his disposal; not enough to defend the entire country. The Dutch army

masks:
Henri Gerard Winkelman
Winkelman
Julius Hendrik Winkelman
Charlotte Henriëtte Bams
Winkelman


title: Henri Winkelman

texts: war, General <mask> was relatively satisfied about the way his troops had reacted to the first German push. The only area where the situation was already critical was in the south: paratroopers had secured the Moerdijk bridges, south of Rotterdam and Dordrecht.Meanwhile, strong German infantry (supported by the 9th Panzer Division) had smashed through the so-called Peel-Raam Stelling and now marched rapidly through the southern province of North Brabant, threatening to establish contact with the bridge head at Moerdijk and to enter Fortress Holland from the south, effectively isolating the Netherlands from Belgium and France. An attempt, supported by French units, to recapture the Moerdijk bridges failed on 11 May. Attempts to win lost ground back in the Grebbe Line were also unsuccessful. On 13 May, after the departure of Queen Wilhelmina to London, and with most ministers in Hoek van Holland ready to depart, minister Max Steenberghe, on his own initiative, but in name of the queen and cabinet, granted the powers of government within the European part of the Netherlands to Winkelman, and requested that the permanent secretaries follow his directions. This was later informally confirmed by the cabinet and afterwards by the queen. The Grebbe Line fell in the evening of 13 May after a ferocious battle of three days. Meanwhile, the 9th Panzer Division had reached the Moerdijk bridges, breaching "Fortress Holland" and reaching Rotterdam, occupying the south bank of the river Meuse.The situation had now become strategically hopeless, but the north river bank was still in Dutch hands. Dutch machine guns made it impossible for the Germans to cross the Meuse bridges as Dutch marines put up fierce resistance in the streets of Rotterdam, much to the annoyance of Adolf Hitler, who expected to have occupied the Netherlands by now. On 14 May, he ordered that Dutch resistance be crushed at once. The bombing of Rotterdam followed and with, the Germans threatening to give major Dutch city Utrecht the same treatment,


title: Henri Winkelman

texts:
 General <mask> was forced to surrender in the evening of 14 May. The capitulation was made official the next day in the village of Rijsoord. Post-war
After he signed the Dutch surrender, General <mask> refused to officially declare that he would not resist the German forces in the Netherlands. He was therefore interned on 2 July 1940 and remained a prisoner of war for the remainder of the occupation.He was honorably discharged from the Dutch army after the war on 1 October 1945 and given the Military William Order, the oldest and highest military decoration in the Netherlands. His statue can still be seen in front of the elementary school in Rijsoord, where he signed the capitulation on 15 May 1940. An army base in Nunspeet was named after him. The name was transferred to another base (at Harskamp) as of 15 May 2007, after the former closed down. General <mask>man died peacefully at his home on 27 December 1952. References
 de Jong Dr. L., Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, Staatsuitgeverij, The Hague, 1981
 Middelkoop T. van, Een soldaat doet zijn plicht, Europese Bibliotheek, Zaltbommel, 2002
 Go2War2 (Respected and authoritative Dutch website on World War II)
 De Bange Meidagen van '40, Lecturama, Rotterdam, 1978
 Nederlands Legermuseum (Dutch Army Museum)
 Verzetsmuseum (Dutch Resistance Museum)

External links

Official
  H.G. Winkelman Parlement & Politiek

1876 births
1952 deaths
Commanders-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Netherlands
Dutch members of the Dutch Reformed Church
Royal Netherlands Army generals
Royal Netherlands Army officers
Royal Netherlands Army personnel of World War II
Royal Netherlands East Indies Army generals
Royal Netherlands East Indies Army officers
Royal Netherlands East Indies Army personnel of World War II
Dutch prisoners of war in World War II
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
Netherlands in World War II
Knights Fourth Class of the Military Order of William
Graduates of the Koninklijke Militaire Academie
People from

masks:
Winkelman
Winkelman
Henri Winkel


title: Russell Clark (criminal)

texts:
<mask> "Boobie" <mask> (August 9, 1898 – December 24, 1968) was an American thief, bank robber and prison escapee. He is best known as the "good natured" member of the John Dillinger gang and participated in armed holdups with them in a three-month crime spree across the Midwestern United States from October 1933 until his capture in January 1934. Biography

Early life and career
A native of Oaktown, Knox County, Indiana, <mask>'s criminal career began shortly after his dishonorable discharge from the United States Marines in 1919. He was a partner of Ralston "Blackie" Linton during the early 1920s and together robbed a series of "illicit roadhouses". In 1926, <mask> was a suspect in the kidnapping of two West Terre Haute bootleggers and the murder of Joe Popolardo in Danville, Illinois. That same year, both Jack Morrison and <mask> confessed to robbing the Bellevue Club in Evansville, Indiana on August 26 but the owner, Charles "Cotton" Jones, refused to press charges and the case was dropped. The following year, <mask> went on a crime spree with Frank Badgley and Charles Hovious in northeast Indiana and robbed several banks.<mask> was finally caught after his first robbery, from either Huntertown or Fort Wayne, Indiana, and sentenced to twenty years imprisonment on December 11 or 12, 1927. He spent his term at the state penitentiary in Michigan City and, while there, learned from veteran stick up artists. <mask>'s bitterness and rebellious attitude led to disciplinary problems with prison authorities. He made three unsuccessful escape attempts and was one of the ringleaders of an inmate strike in 1929. <mask> was a popular jokester among inmates and was part of a "clique" which included Harry Pierpont, Charles Makley, John "Red" Hamilton, Homer Van

masks:
Russell Lee
Clark
Russell Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark


title: Russell Clark (criminal)

texts:
 Meter and John Dillinger. When Dillinger was paroled in May 1933, he launched a series of bank raids to finance the escape of his friends and was able to smuggle guns into the prison only four months after his release. On September 26, 1933, <mask> and nine other convicts used the guns to help in a mass escape from the penitentiary.Along with Pierpont, Makley and Hamilton, the other escapees included James "Oklahoma Jack" <mask>, Walter Dietrich, Ed Shouse, Joseph Fox, James Jenkins and Joseph Burns. Dillinger had been arrested in Dayton, Ohio four days prior to the prison break and <mask> and the others quickly began planning to free him from custody. Stealing $14,000 from a bank in St. Mary's on October 3, 1933, they broke Dillinger out of prison in Lima, Ohio nine days later. Sheriff Jess Sarber was killed by Pierpont during the escape. <mask> and the rest of the gang began raiding police stations in Auburn and Peru, Indiana stocking up on weapons, ammunition and bulletproof vests in preparation for a violent three-month crime spree across the Midwest. Time with the John Dillinger gang
<mask> was absent from the gang's first robbery in Greencastle, Indiana on October 23, missing out on his share of the $18,428 in cash and $56,300 in negotiable bonds, but was with them the following month when the gang robbed $27,789 from a bank in Racine, Wisconsin. The gang were forced to use four hostages as human shields in order to make their getaway.On December 13, 1933, <mask> also took part in the robbery of a Chicago bank by chiseling through the walls and into the vault where they emptied 96 safety deposit boxes. The official report lists the theft of only $8,700 in cash however authorities estimated the gang may have gotten away with unreported cash and

masks: Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark


title: Russell Clark (criminal)

texts:
 jewelry valued as high as $50,000. Following the Chicago bank heist, the state of Illinois published a list of public enemies. Of the 21 names listed, <mask> was ranked fifth behind Dillinger, Pierpont, Hamilton and Makley respectively. The gang decided to hide out in Florida during the Christmas holidays and, by New Year's Day, regrouped in Tucson, Arizona to plan their next move. <mask> and his girlfriend Opal Long were the first to arrive on January 10 and the rest following behind over the next week and a half. On January 22, 1934, less than a day after their reunion, a fire broke out in their hotel.A local firefighter, apparently an avid fan of detective pulp magazines, recognized both <mask> and Makley. The authorities were informed and the hotel was raided three days later. <mask> was the first to be arrested and was reportedly pistol-whipped into unconsciousness when resisting arrest and going for a weapon. Dillinger, Pierpont and Makley were also arrested in the raid. Dillinger was extradited to Indiana to stand trial for the murder of an East Chicago police officer while <mask> and the others were returned to Michigan City. Transferred to Lima, they were tried for the murder of Sheriff Sarber. Trial, conviction and imprisonment
The trial began on February 14, 1934, and both Pierpont and Makley were sentenced to death the following month.<mask> expected the same sentence and expressed disinterest in his own trial. He was often seen yawning loudly and sleeping in court. His lawyer Louis Piquett, a known underworld lawyer in Chicago, was able to persuade the jury to grant leniency in <mask>'s case, especially as the triggerman was already sentenced to death, and he was sentenced to life imprisonment on March 24. The three men still held out hope

masks: Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark


title: Russell Clark (criminal)

texts:
 that they would be liberated once more by Dillinger. When Dillinger was gunned down by federal agents in Chicago four months later, they decided to break out themselves. On September 22, 1934, a little more than a year after their last escape, Pierpont and Makley surprised their guards using pistols made from soap cakes (blackened with shoe polish) and escaped from their cells. They then moved on to free <mask> and six other inmates but were stopped when they reached a set of barred doors.The convicts were then met by guards who fired at them, killing Makley and leaving Pierpont seriously wounded, while <mask> and the other prisoners retreated back to their cells. <mask> remained imprisoned in Columbus, Ohio for the next 34 years until being paroled for health reasons on August 14, 1968. He died of cancer in Detroit, Michigan on Christmas Eve only four months after his release. He was the last surviving member of the original Dillinger gang. In popular culture
<mask> has been featured in two crime novels, The Hunt (1991) by William Diehl and Handsome Harry: A Novel (2005) by James Carlos Blake. References

Further reading

Bruns, Roger. The Bandit Kings: From Jesse James to Pretty Boy Floyd.New York: Crown Publishers, 1995. Congdon, Don. The Thirties: A Time To Temember. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1962. Cook, Fred J. The FBI Nobody Knows, Volume 2. New York: Macmillan, 1964.(pg. 196-200)
Cooper, Courtney Ryley. Ten Thousand Public Enemies. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1935. Mooney, Martin. The Parole Scandal. Los Angeles: Lymanhouse, 1939.Pinkston, Joseph. Dillinger: A Short and Violent Life. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962. 1898 births
1968 deaths
American bank robbers
Fugitives
Deaths from cancer in Michigan
Depression-era gangsters
People from Vigo

masks: Clark Clark Clark Clark


title: Nikolai Patolichev

texts:
<mask>v (; 10 September 1908 – 1 December 1989) was Minister of Foreign Trade of the USSR from 1958 to 1985. Prior to that, he was the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Byelorussia from 1950 to 1956. Biography

Early life

<mask>v was born in 1908 in Zolino in Vladimir Governorate (now Nizhny Novgorod Oblast) in a peasant family of Russian ethnicity, the son of a Red Army hero in the Russian Civil War, and was orphaned at the age of twelve. After working in factories, he became a Komsomol activist. From an early age, Joseph Stalin had taken an interest in Patolichev. <mask>'s father, Semyon Patolichev, had been a good friend of Stalin's before he was killed in the Polish-Soviet War in 1920. <mask>v joined the Communist Party in 1928 in the city of Dzerzhinsk as a Komsomol.Preparations for war economy

Patolichev first arrived in Yaroslavl in August 1938, as a "special representative of the Central Committee of the CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet Union)," and was tasked with "strengthening defense-related production of synthetic rubber at the largest industrial plant in the Soviet Union, located in the city of Yaroslavl." Patolichev was promoted to first secretary of the Yaroslavl Oblast Party Committee in January 1939. The following March, at the 18th Party Congress, he was elected a candidate member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. In February 1941, at the 18th All-Union Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Patolichev was promoted to full membership on the Central Committee. On 28 December 1941, Patolichev was relieved from duties in

masks:
Nikolai Semyonovich Patoliche
Nikolai Semyonovich Patoliche
Nikolai
Nikolai Patoliche


title: Nikolai Patolichev

texts:
 together, and Patolichev requested that Stalin reassign him. He was removed from his posts on the Orgburo and Secretariat on 24 May 1947; his post in the latter body was taken by Mikhail Suslov. Patolichev next became first secretary of the Rostov Oblast and City Party Committees, serving from August 1947 to June 1950. Byelorussian period

According to historian Evan Mawdsley, Patolichev "...recovered from this 'exile' in 1950, with another surprise appointment. In one of the intervals of a Supreme Soviet meeting Stalin called him in and asked him if he wanted to be first secretary of the Belorussian SSR; Patolichev agreed ('Gotov, tovarishch Stalin – otvetil ia'). In the late Stalin years it was not unusual to appoint ethnic Russians to leading posts in the non-Russian republics; Patolichev's task was to raise local agricultural production." Patolichev succeeded <mask> as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Byelorussia on 31 May 1950.In October 1952, Patolichev delivered one of the main speeches at the 19th Party Congress and was re-elected to the Central Committee as a full member. At the Central Committee plenum that followed the 19th Congress, he was also elected candidate member of the enlarged Presidium of the Central Committee, which replaced the old Politburo. On 5 March 1953, Patolichev was removed from the Central Committee Presidium in the reorganization that followed Stalin's death. At Lavrenty Beria's instigation, in June 1953 the Presidium attempted to remove Patolichev as first secretary in Byelorussia and replace him with an ethnic Belarusian,


title: Nikolai Patolichev

texts:
 Mikhail Zimyanin. At the contentious plenum of the Byelorussian Central Committee that followed, the delegates rallied behind Patolichev and rejected the Presidium's decree, which was later dropped. During the discussion of his dismissal at the plenum, Patolichev made an impassioned speech before the assembled delegates:

Patolichev managed to fend off Beria's attempt to remove him, but at the January 1955 Central Committee plenum in Moscow he clashed with Khrushchev over agricultural policy. He was later replaced as first secretary in Byelorussia by ethnic Belarusian Kirill Mazurov, and in July 1956 became first deputy minister of Foreign Affairs.Khrushchev period

In 1956 Patolichev was reassigned from Byelorussia once more to Moscow, this time as First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs. He served in that position from 1956 to 1958, when he was elevated to the honorable post of Minister of Foreign Trade of the USSR. Though he had a seat on the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Patolichev never returned to the Politburo and thus his influence was less than that of his contemporaries Mikhail Suslov and Yuri Andropov. Patolichev served as Minister of Foreign Trade for twenty-seven years, until Mikhail Gorbachev replaced him. Death and legacy

<mask>v died in Moscow on 1 December 1989. He was 81 years old at the time of his death. Patolichev is one of two people to have received 11 Order of Lenin decorations.He was also a recipient of the Hero of Socialist Labour (1975, 1978), the Order of the October Revolution (1983), the Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1943), and Honorary citizen of


title: Kulottunga I

texts: <mask> I (1025 CE - 1122 CE) also spelt Kulothunga, was an 11th-century Chola Emperor who reigned for fifty-two years. He also served as the Eastern Chalukya Emperor succeeding his father Rajaraja Narendra. He was one of the sovereigns who bore the title "Kulottunga", literally meaning "the exalter of his race" in Tamil, succeeding his cousin Athirajindra. He is related to the Chola dynasty though his mother's side and the Eastern Chalukyas through his father's side. His mother, Ammangaidevi, was a Chola princess and the daughter of emperor Rajendra I. His father was king Rajaraja Narendra of the Eastern Chalukya dynasty who was the nephew of Rajendra  I and maternal grandson of Rajaraja I. According to historian Sailendra Nath Sen, his accession marked the beginning of a new era and ushered in a period of internal peace and benevolent administration.Kulottunga had diplomatic relations with the north Indian city Kanauj and also with distant countries like Cambodia, Srivijaya, Khmer, Pagan (Burma) and China. He established Chola overlordship over the Srivijayan province of Kedah in Malay Peninsula. An inscription in a Taoist temple in Guangzhou, dated to 1079 CE, declares Kulottunga, King of Chulien (Chola) to be the supreme chief of the Land of San-fo-tsi (Srivijaya). According to Tan Yeok Seong, the editor of the inscription, Kulottunga ruled both the Chola and Srivijayan kingdoms. In the small Leyden grant that is dated to 1090 CE, the king of Kadaram (Srivijaya) is mentioned as a vassal of


title: Kulottunga I

texts: died and the empire was thrown into a state of anarchy until Abhaya, that is Kulottunga, returned and restored order. The Teki, Chellur and Pithapuram grants of Kulottunga's sons, dated in the 17th, 21st and 23rd years of the king's reign, state that in the absence of the king's father, Rajaraja Narendra, Kulottunga was first crowned as the lord of Vengi where he obtained great fame. As per the plates. the king was later crowned in the Chola Rajya, a position said to be not less exalted than Devendra (<mask>dra). These events are narrated as a flashback story in the Chellur grant, wherein Kulottunga explains to his son, prince Vira Chola, that he left Vengi to his (Kulottunga's) paternal uncle (Vijayaditya) as he (Kulottunga) desired the Chola kingdom.Other sources like Vikramankadevacharita, a work on the western Chalukya Vikramaditya VI by his court poet Bilhana, and Vikraman Solan Ula, a work on Kulottunga's son and successor Vikrama Chola by poet Ottakoothar, corroborate these events more or less and both works agree that there was a king between Virarajendra Chola and Kulottunga. This king has been identified with Adhirajendra and it is after the death of this Chola king that the kingdom was thrown into a state of anarchy. According to Vikramankadevacharita, Kulottunga got dislodged from Vengi due to some confusion in the Chola kingdom after the death of Virarajendra Chola. Even during the time of Virarajendra Chola, Vikramaditya VI and the Eastern Ganga king Rajaraja Devendravarman both


title: Kulottunga I

texts:
 the whole of Kalinga to ashes, destroyed the Ganga Devendravarman in battle with the aid of the Kosala army, and planted a pillar of victory in the Odra frontier so as to raise aloft the fame of his king, <mask> Chola. This chief is none other than Karunakara Tondaiman as he is said to be from Tirunaraiyur nadu and the lord of Vandai as in the poem.His personal name is given as Tiruvarangan and is said to be the son of Sirilango of Vandalanjeri in Tirunaraiyur nadu. He is described as a sad-vaishnava (good vaishnavite) and is said to have built a Vishnu temple made of black stone in Alavely. According to the poem, the reason for the second war was a response to the default of Kalinga in its payment of annual tributes to Kulottunga by Anantavarman. Another view, by some historians like Venkayya is that, Kulottunga took up the expedition in order to help his relative Anantavarman against North Kalinga rebels. Yet another view is that, Devendravarman belonged to a collateral line of the Eastern Ganga dynasty and had opposed the accession of Kulottunga's relative Anantvarman. There is an inscription of Kulottunga from the Bhimesvara temple in Godavari district that describes a gift by the son of Anantavarmadeva. So it would seem that the latter was a vassal or at least in friendly terms with Kulottunga for sometime.Sri Lanka

According to the Mahavamsa, the Cholas were driven out of Lanka in the 15th year of Vijayabahu which coincides with the accession date of Kulottunga. Therefore, it would


title: Kulottunga I

texts:
 ruler of Rohana. He was slain on the battlefield during the Lankan expeditions of Kulottunga's predecessor, Rajadhiraja Chola I, when the Sinhalese kingdom lost four crowns in quick succession. At that time, this princess along with her aunt or mother was taken captive by the Chola forces. These events are described in great detail in the Mahavamsa and in an inscription of Rajadhiraja Chola I.Overseas contacts

Kulottunga maintained overseas contacts with kingdoms of Sri Vijaya, China and Khmer Empire. The renaming of the famous harbor of Visakhapattanam in Andhra Pradesh as Kulottungacolapattanam also indicates his interest in trade with foreign countries across the Bay of Bengal. In 1077 CE, king Chulien (Chola) Ti-hua-kialo sent an embassy to Chinese court for promoting trade. Sastri identifies this Chola ruler with Kulottunga. This trading venture seems to have ended profitably for the Cholas and they returned with over 81,000 strings of copper cash and many more valuables. The Khmer king Suryavarman <mask>, builder of the famous Angkor Wat, sent a mission to the Chola dynasty and presented a precious stone to Kulottunga in 1114 CE. According to Burmese accounts, Kyanzittha, the ruler of Pagan (Burma) met with the Chola royal family by sending an ambassador to the Chola emperor.In an inscription in Pagan, he even claims to have converted the Chola to Buddhism through a personal letter written on gold foils. There is also evidence to suggest that Kulottunga, in his youth (1063 CE), was in


title: Kulottunga I

texts:
 territories. The king, instead built military cantonments that were in charge of protecting his interests and collecting tribute, but did not interfere with the internal administration of the conquered territories, a responsibility which he left to the native chiefs and feudatories. Kulottunga was ably assisted in his campaigns and internal administration by his officials some of whom were; Karunakara Tondaiman, described as the minister and warrior of Abhaya; Solakon who distinguished himself in the campaigns in the west against the Kongas, Gangas and Mahrattas; the Brahmin Kannan of great fortress; Vanan (possibly the Bana Vanakovaraiyan also called Suttamallan Mudikondan) who is said to be dexterous in the use of his beautiful bow in battle; the general Naralokaviran alias Kalingar-kon who distinguished himself in the Pandya and south Kerala wars; Kadava: Vailava, the lord of Chedi (Malayaman) country; Senapati (General) Anantapala; the Irungovel chieftain, Adavallan Gangaikonda Cholan alias <mask>rungolan; the royal secretary ("Tirumandira-olai"), Arumoli-Vilupparaiyar; and the accountant, Arumoli-Porkari. Gonka I, a vassal from the Velanati Chodas family was greatly responsible for the political stability of the Chola power in the Vengi region. In appreciation of his services, the emperor conferred on Gonka I the lordship over 6000 villages on the southern bank of the Krishna River. Personal life
Kulottunga's chief queen was Dinachintamani, others being Elisaivallabhi and


title: Kulottunga I

texts:
 to the Chola kingdom from Hoysala Vishnuvardhana's court after an exile of 12 years (upon the Chola king's death), whereas Kulottunga ruled for 52 years. Some scholars are of the opinion that Kulottunga was secular through his early and middle years and persecuted Vaishnavites towards the end of his reign, succumbing to Saivite pressure. There is reason to believe that the king encouraged Vaishnavism during the later years as his records mention him giving gifts to the Vishnu shrines. For example, he visited the Ulagalandaperumal temple in Kanchipuram with his two queens, Tribuhavanamudaiyal and Solakulavalli, and made benefactions in the 40th year of his reign. Art and architecture

Kulottunga was a patron of arts and architecture. The poet-laureate Jayamkondar is said to have adorned his court. The composition of the famous poem Kalingattuparani is attributed to him.Some scholars consider the poet Kambar to be a contemporary of <mask> I and the Ramavataram is said to have been composed during his rule. Others place him during the reign of <mask> Chola II or <mask>. Likewise a few believe that Ottakoothar, the author of the three Ulas namely the Kulothunga Cholan Ula, Vikraman Chola Ula and Rajaraja Cholan Ula, lived during his reign while others place him during the reign of his successors viz. Vikrama Chola, Kulottunga II and Rajaraja II. Kulothunga I and his son expanded the Chidambaram Nataraja Temple expanse sixfold. The construction of the Amritaghateswarar Shiva temple in Melakadambur

masks: Kulottunga Kulottunga III


title: Kulottunga I

texts:
 was also attributed to the reign of <mask> Chola I. It is called as Karakkoil, and is perhaps the earliest shrine built in the shape of a chariot with wheels, and drawn by spirited horses.The temple contains an inscription of the king, dated in the 43rd year of his reign, corresponding to 1113 CE. During his time, Kulottunga Chozhapuram, now called Thungapuram, was a site of intense religious activity. The streets in the city are laid out like Madurai (square shape), hence it is called as Siru (small) Madurai. Kulottunga constructed two temples in Siru Madurai, one called Sokkanathar temple for Lord Siva, and the other, a Vishnu shrine called Lord Vinava Perumal Temple or Varadaraja perumal temple. Kulottunga was also on friendly terms with the Gahadval kings of central India, who had Lord Surya for their tutelary deity. Later, inspired by his visits to the Gahadvala kingdom, Kulottunga built several temples dedicated to the Sun God, especially the Suryanar temples at Pudukkottai and Nagapattinam. Inscriptions

Kulottunga's inscriptions mostly begin with the introduction "pugal madu vilanga" or "pugal sulnda punari".The former gives details about his conquest over Cheras, Pandyas and Vikramaditya VI while the latter is even more detailed and includes the details of his early life, viz., his heroics in Chakrakotta and Vayiragram and how he came about to wear the excellent crown of jewels of the Chola country. An inscription from Kanchi beginning with the introduction "Pugal madu" mentions his


title: Moshe Kam

texts:
<mask> (born October 3, 1955, in Tel Aviv, Israel) is an American engineering educator presently serving as the dean of the Newark College of Engineering at the New Jersey Institute of Technology. Until August 2014 he served as the Robert G. Quinn Professor and department head of electrical and computer engineering at Drexel University. In 2011, he served concurrently as the 49th president and CEO of IEEE. Earlier he was IEEE's vice president for educational activities (2005–2007) and IEEE's representative director to the accreditation body ABET. Kam is known for his studies of decision fusion and distributed detection, which focus on computationally feasible fusion rules for multi-sensor systems. Biography
Kam was born in 1955 and grew up in Tel Aviv, Israel. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical and electronics engineering in 1976 from Tel Aviv University.Between 1976 and 1983 he served in the Israel Defense Forces. In 1983 he moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. He received a Master of Science degree in electrical engineering in 1985 and a doctorate degree in 1987, both from Drexel University. Kam worked as professor of electrical and computer engineering at Drexel University between 1986 and 2014. In September 2014 he joined the New Jersey Institute of Technology as professor and dean of the Newark College of Engineering. His research interests include detection and estimation, decision fusion and distributed detection, robot navigation and data mining. He has authored over 150 journal and conference papers in these areas.He is an active IEEE volunteer, having served as chair of the IEEE Philadelphia Section, chair of the IEEE Region 2 Committee, member of the IEEE


title: So Taguchi

texts:
is a Japanese former outfielder. After ten seasons with the Orix BlueWave of Nippon Professional Baseball, he played eight years in Major League Baseball with the St. Louis Cardinals, Philadelphia Phillies and Chicago Cubs, followed by a final two years in Japan with the Orix Buffaloes. <mask> is the third Japanese-born player to win a World Series after Hideki Irabu in 1998 and Tadahito Iguchi in 2005. <mask> is also the first Japanese player to win two World Series with different teams – with the St. Louis Cardinals in 2006 and the Philadelphia Phillies in 2008. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Nishinomiya, Hyōgo, Japan. He graduated from Kwansei Gakuin University in his hometown, with a Bachelor of Arts in Business Administration. He was a teammate of Ichiro Suzuki when the two played for the Orix BlueWave in the Pacific League of NPB.Although he was drafted by the BlueWave as an infielder, he was moved to the outfield later in his career. Career

St. Louis Cardinals (2002–2007)

He was signed by the St. Louis Cardinals as a free agent in  at the age of 32, a year in which he rose through the minor league system, playing for the New Haven Ravens and the Memphis Redbirds, compiling a .262 batting average, with 6 home runs and 51 RBI. He eventually earned a call-up on September 7, and recorded the first hit of his major league career in the second inning against the Chicago Cubs. <mask> became the first (and to date only) Japanese-born player in Cardinal history. He originally requested to wear the number 6, but he couldn't because it was retired for Stan Musial, nor could he turn 6 upside down because 9 is retired for Enos Slaughter. He could not wear the number he had at the

masks: Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi


title: So Taguchi

texts: Olympics because 1 was retired for Ozzie Smith. He was also unable to double 6 as Rick Ankiel was on the roster that year.Finally, he decided to wear 99. <mask> got another brief call-up in , then got more playing time with the Cardinals in , appearing in 109 games. He was included on the '04 Cardinals postseason roster, and appeared in two games of the 2004 World Series, which the Cardinals lost to the Boston Red Sox in a four-game sweep. In , injuries to outfielders Larry Walker and Reggie Sanders opened up manager Tony La Russa's lineup card, and <mask> became an everyday player. He responded with his best season, batting .288 in 396 at-bats with eight home runs and 53 RBI, and contributing with his stellar defense at all three outfield positions as the Cardinals won 100 games and had the best record in the National League. Cardinal radio announcer Mike Shannon took to calling <mask> "the So-man" and praising his hard work and extreme personal courtesy. By habit, <mask> would even give a little bow to the umpire whenever he stepped up to the plate.His modest and happy demeanor, as well as shyness due to struggling with English in interviews early on, endeared him to St. Louis fans. In , <mask>'s playing time declined somewhat, his at-bat total falling to 316 from 396 the year before. However, <mask> would make the playoff roster for the Cardinals for the third year in a row, and have a heroic postseason moment: on October 13, 2006, he hit the go-ahead home run off Billy Wagner in the top of the 9th inning of Game 2 of the NLCS. The home run gave the Cardinals a 7–6 lead in a game they would win 9-6. <mask> played in four of five games of the 2006 World Series for the Cardinals, hitting

masks: Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi


title: So Taguchi

texts:
 .182, and won a World Series ring as the Cardinals defeated the Detroit Tigers four games to one. <mask> agreed to a one-year deal worth $925,000 with the St. Louis Cardinals for the  season. <mask> returned to the Cardinals in 2007 and had another solid season, batting .290 as a part-time player, with 307 at-bats in 130 games.He was one of manager Tony La Russa's most valuable pinch-hitters; of 46 games in 2007 where he's shown to have had just 1 AB, <mask> picked up 15 hits. <mask> played 617 innings in the field, with 41 starts (and 22 other appearances) in center (where Jim Edmonds was banged up) and 21 starts (20 other) in left (where the Cardinals hadn't settled on one player until 2008 and Skip Schumaker). <mask> played sparingly in right field (2 starts, 6 other) and part of a game at 2B. Philadelphia Phillies (2008)

After the 2007 season ended, the Cardinals declined <mask>'s option for , then decided to forgo arbitration and release <mask> on December 5, 2007, after <mask>'s agent had requested his release earlier in the week. On December 23, 2007, <mask> was signed to a one-year deal by the Philadelphia Phillies with an option for . <mask>'s numbers fell off sharply, his batting average dropping from .290 in 2007 to .220 in 2008, and he got only 91 at-bats for the whole season. However, he was included on Philadelphia's postseason roster and won his second championship ring when the Phillies won the 2008 World Series.(<mask> was 0-for-4 pinch-hitting in the NLCS and did not appear in the World Series.) Shortly after winning the World Series, the Phillies decided to decline <mask>'s option and make him a free agent. Chicago Cubs (2009)

<mask> agreed to a minor league contract

masks: Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi


title: So Taguchi

texts:
 with the Chicago Cubs for the  season, and was invited to spring training. <mask> was signed in part to provide a Japanese teammate for Cubs outfielder Kosuke Fukudome. <mask> did not make the Cubs roster and was optioned to Triple-A. After spending most of the season in the minors, <mask>, who hit .248 with four home runs and 24 RBI in 85 games in the minors, was called up to the Cubs on September 16, 2009, replacing the injured Sam Fuld. He appeared in 12 games and got three hits in 11 at-bats.Japan (2010–2011)
In January 2010 <mask>'s old team, the Orix BlueWave (since merged with the Kintetsu Buffaloes to form the Orix Buffaloes), announced that they had signed <mask> to return and play for them in 2010. On July 31, 2012, <mask> announced his retirement on his official blog. Baseball Commentator

In September 2012, <mask> embarked on a new career as a baseball commentator. By 2013, <mask> was employed by Japanese broadcaster NHK to announce Major League Baseball games. Personal life
<mask> learned English from his wife, Emiko, a former television reporter who speaks it fluently. He also practiced by watching films such as Finding Nemo and Monsters, Inc. They have one son, Kan, born December 24, 2003.References

External links

1969 births
Baseball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Chicago Cubs players
Japanese expatriate baseball players in the United States
Kwansei Gakuin University alumni
Living people
Major League Baseball outfielders
Major League Baseball players from Japan
Memphis Redbirds players
New Haven Ravens players
Orix BlueWave players
Orix Buffaloes players
Olympic baseball players of Japan
People from Nishinomiya
Philadelphia Phillies players
St. Louis Cardinals

masks: Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi Taguchi


title: Hamza Kashgari

texts:
<mask> (often <mask>, ; born 1989) is a Saudi poet and a former columnist for the Saudi daily newspaper Al-Bilad. In 2011, he was on a Mabahith watchlist of pro-democracy activists. Kashgari became the subject of a controversy after he was accused of insulting the Islamic prophet Muhammad in three short messages published through the Twitter social networking service. King Abdullah ordered that Kashgari be arrested "for crossing red lines and denigrating religious beliefs in God and His Prophet". Kashgari left Saudi Arabia, trying to seek political asylum in New Zealand. On February 12, 2012, he was extradited from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, back to Saudi Arabia and a Malaysian High Court injunction against his extradition was issued. Whether Kashgari was deported before or after the issuing of the injunction is disputed between Malaysian authorities and Lawyers for Liberty (LFL).Saudi authorities jailed him for nearly two years without trial for his Twitter messages. Early life and activities
According to Gulf News, Kashgari was born to a family of Uyghur ancestry, which had emigrated from Kashgar, Xinjiang, China. <mask> Kashgari worked as a columnist for the Saudi Arabian daily Al-Bilad. On February 7, 2012, Al-Bilad issued a statement saying that they had fired Kashgari five weeks earlier for the "inadequacy of his general views for the approach of the newspaper". <mask> has publicly supported the Arab Spring and according to the Malaysian NGO Lawyers for Liberty (LFL), he is active in a group supporting the Arab Spring. Lawyers for Liberty and N. Surendran of the Malaysian People's Justice Party (PKR) stated that Kashgari was monitored by Mabahith in 2011 and that he was "on a Saudi watchlist of young pro-democracy activists who had voiced support for the Arab Spring uprisings". When hundreds of people protested on January 29, 2011 in Jeddah against poor infrastructure after the city was flooded and eleven people died, Kashgari

masks:
Hamza Kashgari Mohamad Najeeb
Hamza Kashgari
Hamza
Kashgari


title: Hamza Kashgari

texts:
 criticised the authorities' response in his public writing for al-Bilad.He also "raised questions about the religious police". Kashgari published an article in al-Bilad about political prisoners, who constitute one of the major motivations in the 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests and made blog posts in support of Syrian uprising activists. In early February 2012, his group of activists were prevented by Saudi police from "organizing a series of forums to show solidarity with the Syrian uprising". On February 5, 2012, <mask> participated in a sit-in at Nawras Circle in Jeddah calling for the Syria Ambassador in Riyadh to be expelled. He was briefly detained by police. Twitter posts
On the occasion of Mawlid on February 4, 2012, Kashgari published three messages on the Twitter website about an imagined meeting with Muhammad:

Kashgari described his intentions in terms of human rights: "I view my actions as part of a process toward freedom. I was demanding my right to practice the most basic human rights—freedom of expression and thought—so nothing was done in vain.I believe I'm just a scapegoat for a larger conflict. There are a lot of people like me in Saudi Arabia who are fighting for their rights." Kashgari described the status of women's rights in Saudi Arabia by stating that Saudi women "won't go to hell 'because it's impossible to go there twice." Reactions
Following Kashgari's controversial messages, racist comments in reference to his Turkmen family background were made against him on Twitter as "[not being] enough of a 'pure' Saudi". Reactions included over 30,000 tweets regarding the subject, a Facebook group calling for his execution that 26,632 members joined , another Facebook group in support of him that over 1,500 members joined , and a petition calling for all blasphemy charges against him to be dropped, signed by 7,894 people . On February 5, 2012, Saudi cleric Nasser al-Omar called for Kashgari to be tried for


title: Hamza Kashgari

texts: apostasy, which is defined as a crime by some Muslim states. The majority of Muslim scholars hold to the traditional view that apostasy in Islam is punishable by death or imprisonment until repentance, at least for adult men of sound mind.Several contemporary Muslim scholars, including influential Islamic reformers, have rejected this, arguing for religious freedom instead. The YouTube video clip of al-Omar demand was watched over 650,000 times in the first three days. <mask> said that he had expected "not even 1 percent" of the reaction it elicited. On February 6, <mask> issued an apology and deleted his Twitter account, saying that "some like-minded friends have done the same". According to Emirates 24/7, <mask>'s letter of apology was published in many Saudi newspapers. Saudi Media Minister Abdel Aziz Khoja banned him from writing in any Saudi publication. On February 8, the General Presidency of Scholarly Research and Ifta, headed by Saudi Grand Mufti Abdul-Azeez ibn Abdullaah Aal ash-Shaikh, issued a statement calling for Kashgari to be tried.In mid-February, the Grand Mufti of Egypt, Ali Gomaa, responded to the calls for Kashgari's execution stating, "We don't kill our sons, we talk to them." He listed "three points before [making] any judgments": verifying what Kashgari "really said", deciding if <mask>'s statements were "a form of misconduct, an expression of doubt, or an actual insult", and "if one repents it should be accepted". On February 12, the Association of British Muslims called for King Abdullah to drop any charges laid against Kashgari, stating "Thought crime is no crime at all...Any state enforced penalty for perceived blasphemy runs contrary to the true spirit of Islam, and of our Prophet, peace be upon him, who was compassionate even to those who scorned him...No one should be legally prosecuted, imprisoned or detained for simply expressing themselves." On February 13, the Washington Post described King

masks: Kashgari Kashgari Kashgari Kashgari


title: Hamza Kashgari

texts:
 Abdullah's February 10 criticism of President Bashar al-Assad's actions during the 2011–2012 Syrian uprising to be hypocritical in comparison with his order for the prosecution of Kashgari and the killing by Saudi security forces of Muneer al-Midani on February 9 and Zuhair al-Said on February 10 in political protests in Qatif. Kashgari and his lawyers believe that the calls for his execution may be politically motivated, as part of a crackdown on Saudi Arabian activists involved in the Arab Spring. Exile, arrest, and deportation
<mask> stated that he wished to apply for political asylum in New Zealand. On February 7, Al Arabiya online reported that Kashgari had left Saudi Arabia.King Abdullah ordered Kashgari's arrest "for crossing red lines and denigrating religious beliefs in God and His Prophet." He was then arrested at Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Malaysia on February 9. On February 10, Kashgari's lawyer, Muhammad Afiq Muhammad Noor, said that the Malaysian police inspector general and Ministry of Home Affairs had received his application for access to Kashgari and had not yet granted access. Malaysia does not have an extradition treaty with Saudi Arabia. Kashgari's lawyers obtained a High Court injunction at 13:30 local time, February 12, ordering "the police, the Home Ministry, as well as the Subang and Kuala Lumpur International Airport immigration authorities to stop Kashgari's deportation". The lawyers were told that Kashgari had already boarded a plane, at 10:00 local time (02:00 UTC). According to Fadiah Nadwa Fikri of Lawyers for Liberty, the court injunction against Kashgari's injunction was granted on February 12 at 13:45 (local time).At around 14:15 to 14:30 at Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport (Subang), Kashgari's lawyers found that there were no immigration records of Kashgari's departure. At 15:15, they found no immigration records of his departure from Kuala Lumpur International Airport. Malaysian police


title: Hamza Kashgari

texts:
 spokesman Ramli Yoosuf confirmed that Kashgari had been deported back to Saudi Arabia. He was arrested in Riyadh on the "night" of February 12. Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Electronic Frontier Foundation, Freedom House, EveryOne Group, and Front Line Defenders called on the government of Malaysia to release Kashgari and not to extradite him to Saudi Arabia. Amnesty also called him a prisoner of conscience. The European Union condemned his deportation, saying it would "[take] all appropriate steps to achieve a positive outcome of Mr Kashgari's case".Interpol denied any involvement in <mask>'s case after news reports mentioned that Malaysia had arrested and deported him based on an Interpol request. The Ministry of Home Affairs and the Royal Malaysia Police withdrew their claim of Interpol involvement. The Malaysian NGO Lawyers for Liberty stated, "The initial claim of Interpol's involvement was a blatant attempt to varnish the arrest with a veneer of international legitimacy since the arrest could not be justified under international law as <mask> was clearly a political refugee". A Freedom of Information Act request to Interpol in the United States returned no responsive documents related to the case. Freedom
After nearly two years in prison, <mask> was freed on October 29, 2013. Kashgari used Twitter to inform his supporters of his release. Kashgari's lawyer, Abdul Rahman Allahim, confirmed the release in another tweet.He returned home where he was reunited with his mother. Legal cases

Malaysia
Lawyers for Liberty claimed that Malaysian authorities violated international law by not allowing Kashgari to try to obtain political asylum. Lawyer K. Ragunath and several members of Lawyers for Liberty filed a habeas corpus affidavit against the Inspector-General of Police, the Immigration Director-General, the Home Minister and the federal government of Malaysia, alleging that they had been "misled throughout [Kashgari's]

masks: Kashgari Hamza Kashgari


title: Hamza Kashgari

texts:
 arrest and deportation." Fadiah Nadwa Fikri of Lawyers for Liberty referred to the authorities' initial claim of an Interpol request that was later retracted, an incorrect claim of Kashgari's arrival date in Malaysia, and a claim that Kashgari had been deported "according to a 'long-standing arrangement' [between] Malaysia and Saudia Arabia." She said that no such treaty or official documentation exists. Lawyers for Liberty claimed that no immigration records existed for Kashgari's would-be 10:00 departure on February 12. Saudi Arabia
According to Arab News, Kashgari will be charged by Saudi Arabian judicial authorities with blasphemy.Human Rights Watch believes that he is to be charged with apostasy and that he has already been declared by Saudi religious authorities to be guilty of apostasy prior to trial. In August 2012, <mask>'s family published a poem by him in which he apologized for the offense he had caused, and they asked publicly for his release, a common practice during Eid Al-Fitr, the holiday marking the end of Ramadan. He was not released. <mask> tweeted about his sudden release on October 29, 2013 saying "Mornings of hope...souls that live and never die. Thanks to God." <mask>'s lawyer, Abdulrahman Allahim, congratulated him on his release. There has been no comment from the Saudi government.See also
 2011 Saudi Arabian protests
 Dina Ali
 Islamic Feminism
 Sara bint Talal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
 Samar Badawi
 Mishaal bint Fahd bin Mohammed Al Saud
 Manal al-Sharif

References

External links
 Supporters' website

Saudi Arabian columnists
Living people
1989 births
21st-century Saudi Arabian poets
Saudi Arabian democracy activists
Saudi Arabian dissidents
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabian people of Chinese descent
Saudi Arabian people of Uyghur descent
Saudi Arabian prisoners and detainees
People prosecuted for blasphemy
Uyghur people
People extradited from Malaysia
People

masks: Kashgari Kashgari Kashgari


title: Manuel Medina (boxer)

texts:
<mask> (born March 30, 1971, in Tecuala, Nayarit, Mexico) is a boxer, who is better known as <mask>. He is a five-time world featherweight champion. His nickname is "Mantecas", which can be loosely translated to "lard". And is now a trainer

Professional boxing career
<mask> began his professional boxing career on September 9, 1985, beating Daniel Flores by a four-round decision in Mexicali, Mexico. <mask> was only fourteen years old when his first professional fight took place. <mask> won one more fight, then lost two bouts in a row: on December 5, he lost a four-round decision to Gerardo Martinez in his first fight abroad, held in San Jose, California, United States. On January 16, 1986, he suffered his first knockout defeat, being stopped because of a cut by Alex Madrid in San Diego.After losing to Madrid, <mask> had a streak of twenty seven wins in a row. That streak was stopped by Juan C. Salazar, who outpointed <mask> over ten rounds on July 10, 1989, in Tijuana. After two more victories, however, <mask> contended for his first championship belt, the regional WBA "International" super featherweight title, which he won by a seventh round disqualification victory against Edgar Castro, on December 11 of that same year, in Inglewood. <mask> retained that title twice, then defeated Tyrone Jackson on May 21, 1990, also at Inglewood by a twelve-round decision. In his next fight on 5 July, he outpointed former world featherweight champion and Barry McGuigan conqueror, Steve Cruz over ten rounds. 1st Championship Reign
<mask> won four bouts, then had his first chance at becoming a world champion, when, on August 12, 1991, he faced IBF featherweight champion Troy Dorsey in Inglewood. <mask> was knocked down twice early, but became a world champion by getting

masks:
Juan Manuel Rubio Medina
Manuel Medina
Manuel Medina
Medina
Medina
Medina
Medina
Medina
Medina
Medina
Medina


title: Manuel Medina (boxer)

texts:
 up and defeating Dorsey by a twelve-round decision.He made four defenses of his title, including victories against Tom Johnson, beaten by a nine rounds technical decision and Fabrice Benichou, another world champion boxer, outpointed by <mask> over twelve rounds. His first reign as world featherweight champion took him to places like France and Italy. <mask> lost the championship to Johnson by a twelve-round decision on their February 26, 1993 rematch, held in France. He turned to the super featherweight division, where he won one fight, then attempted to become world champion there also. But, on June 26 of the same year, he lost to IBF super featherweight champion John John Molina by a twelve-round decision, in Atlantic City. 2nd Championship Reign
<mask> then returned to featherweight, where he won two more fights before facing Johnson in a rubber match, held on January 28, 1995 at Atlantic City. Johnson retained the IBF featherweight title he had won from <mask> by beating him via a twelve-round decision.In his next fight, <mask> won the WBC's regional Fecarbox title by defeating Juan Polo Perez by a twelve-round unanimous decision on March 15 in Miami, Florida. <mask>'s next fight was televised nationally in the United States, as he became world Featherweight champion for the second time, defeating Alejandro González on September 23 of '95, with a twelve-round unanimous decision, at Sacramento, California, for the WBC featherweight title. He lost the title in his first defense, losing a twelve-round decision to Luisito Espinosa on December 11 at Tokyo, Japan. After a win, <mask> tried to become a three time world featherweight champion by challenging Naseem Hamed for Hamed's WBO title, but he was defeated by Hamed with an eleventh-round knockout on

masks: Medina Medina Medina Medina Medina Medina Medina


title: Manuel Medina (boxer)

texts:
 August 31, 1996 in Dublin, Ireland. He followed that loss with a win, and another attempt at winning a world featherweight championship for a third time, this time around in a rematch with Espinosa. held on May 17, 1997. He lost to the Asian champion, this time by an eight rounds technical decision at Intramuros, Philippines.<mask> then lost his next fight, by a ninth-round knockout on August 7, to future world champion Derrick Gainer. On October 18, he recovered from his two loss streak to defeat Jose Ayala in Homestead, Florida, winning the WBA's Fedecentro regional championship, and setting himself in a position to obtain another chance at winning the world featherweight title for the third time. He knocked Ayala out in the eighth round. 3rd Championship Reign
On April 24, 1998, <mask> joined Carlos De León, Muhammad Ali, Sugar Ray Robinson, Edwin Rosario, Evander Holyfield and a small number of other boxers in the exclusive group of fighters to reign as world champions three or more times in the same division, when he outpointed defending IBF title holder Hector Lizarraga over twelve rounds in San Jose, California. He retained the title on April 16, 1999, in Las Vegas with a nine rounds technical decision over former world super featherweight champion Victor Polo, then proceeded to lose the championship to Paul Ingle. The fight against Ingle, held on November 13 of the same year, in Hull, England, went on to be considered one of the fights of the year by boxing fans, experts and magazine writers alike. Floored in the second and tenth rounds, <mask> almost saved his title when he dropped Ingle in the twelfth and last round.He ended up losing a unanimous decision, however. <mask> then met future world champion Frank Toledo, beating him in Las Vegas by a

masks: Medina Medina Medina Medina


title: Manuel Medina (boxer)

texts:
 ten-round decision on May 19, 2000. Toledo then went on to win the IBF title by outpointing Mbulelo Botile, who had defeated Ingle. <mask>, meanwhile, picked up two more wins, including a fourth-round knockout over future world title challenger Mike Juarez. 4th Championship Reign
<mask> and Toledo had a rematch on November 16, 2001, with <mask> joining Robinson as a four-time world champion in the same division when he knocked Toledo out in the sixth round. His next fight was filled with controversy. Faced against former two division world champion Johnny Tapia on April 27, 2002, <mask> lost the title by a twelve-round majority decision at the Madison Square Garden in New York City.The decision was criticized for months to come by writers from such publications as Ring and KO Magazine. The official scorecards reflected a very close fight, with two judges scoring it 115-113 for Tapia and a third scoring the fight a 114-114 tie. <mask>'s first attempt at tying Robinson's record as the only boxer to win a world title in the same division five times came on February 1, 2003, when he and <mask> Márquez faced off in Las Vegas for the IBF championship vacated by Tapia. <mask> was knocked out in the seventh round by Marquez, however. 5th Championship Reign
After two more wins, <mask> got his second chance at becoming world featherweight champion for the fifth time against WBO champion Scott Harrison. The two boxers fought for the first time on July 12 at the Braehead Arena in Glasgow, Scotland. <mask> made history and joined Robinson as the only two fighters in history to be five-time world champions in the same division, by defeating Harrison, who until then had been defeated only once, by a twelve-round split decision.A boxing magazine from the United States

masks:
Medina
Medina
Medina
Medina
Medina
Juan Manuel
Medina
Medina
Medina


title: Manuel Medina (boxer)

texts:
 then called <mask> the gambler's nightmare, because of his tendency to win world featherweight titles, lose them quickly, then regain them just as quick. <mask> and Harrison were rematched on November 29 of the same year, and Harrison regained the WBO  title with an eleventh-round knockout of <mask>, again, at the Braehead Arena in Glasgow. Super featherweight

<mask> only fought once in 2004, defeating Leonardo Resendiz on July 23 at Rancho Mirage, California by a third-round knockout, to win the WBA's regional NABA super featherweight title. He was to fight José Miguel Cotto on August 20, 2005 in Ponce, Puerto Rico. Had he beaten Cotto, he would have put himself in a position to challenge for the WBO super featherweight title. Cotto was not able to reduce weight to the super featherweight weight limit, however, so the fight was suspended. On 31-05-2006 he fought Cassius Baloyi for the IBF super featherweight title, the same title he'd challenged Molina for back in 1993, and lost by 11th-round TKO.<mask> returned to outpoint Kevin Kelley by a twelve-round majority decision, then fought a rematch with Baloyi on 05-07-2007 which was scored a technical draw after <mask> suffered a cut from an accidental clash of heads. In his final fight, <mask> lost by a two-round TKO to Malcolm Klassen. These final three bouts were all IBF super featherweight Title Eliminators. <mask> has a record of 64 wins and 15 losses in 78 professional boxing bouts, with 30 wins by way of knockout. Professional boxing record

See also
List of Mexican boxing world champions

External links

|-

|-

1971 births
Living people
Boxers from Nayarit
Featherweight boxers
World Boxing Council champions
International Boxing Federation champions
World Boxing Organization champions
Mexican

masks: Medina Medina Medina Medina Medina Medina Medina Medina


title: Blake Mills

texts:
<mask> (born September 21, 1986) is an American songwriter, guitarist, producer, and composer based in California. Biography
<mask> was born in Santa Monica, California, United States, and grew up in Malibu, where he attended Malibu High School with Taylor Goldsmith. <mask> and Goldsmith began their musical careers in a band they co-founded called Simon Dawes. Simon Dawes released its debut EP What No One Hears in 2005, and its first LP Carnivore in September 2006 via Record Collection. After the band broke up in 2007, Goldsmith and his younger brother, Griffin, formed the band Dawes with Simon Dawes bassist Wylie Gelber, and <mask> went on to serve as a touring guitarist for Jenny Lewis. He went on to tour with Band of Horses, Cass McCombs, Julian Casablancas and Lucinda Williams. As a session musician, <mask> has collaborated with Conor Oberst, Kid Rock, Weezer, The Avett Brothers, Paulo Nutini, Norah Jones, Carlene Carter, Jesca Hoop, Dixie Chicks, Zucchero, Pink, Lana Del Rey, Dangermouse, Vulfpeck and more.In 2010, <mask> released his first solo LP, Break Mirrors, via Record Collection. The original intent for the album was to serve as a calling card for <mask> to get session work. Break Mirrors was touted as the album of the year by many websites and fellow musicians, despite its limited release. In late 2011, after spending back-to-back years on tour and in the studio playing on other people’s records, <mask> made the decision to begin producing in order to explore musical concepts beyond guitar. Analog Edition Records released a <mask> double A side 7" in 2011, featuring the songs "Hey Lover" and "Wintersong" in 2011. In January 2012, <mask> appeared on Conan O’Brien for his

masks:
Blake Mills
Blake Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Blake Mills
Mills