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<mask> is a professor, author, politician, and filmmaker who formerly served as a Chicago alderman from 1971 through 1979. <mask> is considered to be a progressive. An independent during his time on the Chicago City Council, he ran in 1992 and 1994, unsuccessfully, as a challenger to incumbent Democrat Dan Rostenkowski in that party's primary for Illinois's 5th congressional district. Since 1967, <mask> has been a professor of political science at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Early life
<mask> was born in 1940 in Houston, Texas. He was an only child. His first name is <mask>, rather than "<mask>" being a nickname for Richard, as it commonly is.<mask>'s family lived in a middle class household. Participating in the civil rights movement, <mask> took part in a 1960 stand-in. <mask> graduated from University of Texas in 1963. He spent some time in Africa completing research for his doctoral dissertation. While living in Africa, he wrote to his adviser specifically requesting for him to find him a job in a large city with racial conflict, as <mask> desired to be part of the progressive political transformation of a city. Early career
<mask> began teaching as a political science professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago in 1967. During the 1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, he first became Eugene McCarthy's campaign manager for Illinois's 9th congressional district, then was promoted to his statewide Illinois campaign manager, a role he held up through the 1968 Democratic National Convention.<mask> participated in protests held during the convention. In 1969, <mask> managed the successful 44th Ward aldermanic campaign of William Singer, an independent liberal. <mask> was a cofounder of the Independent Precinct Organization, where he also served as executive director. Aldermanic career
<mask> served two terms as a Chicago alderman for the 44th Ward, from 1971 through 1979. Election campaigns
<mask> was first elected in 1971 in an open race. Incumbent 44th ward alderman William Singer was redistricted into the 43rd ward. In the redistricting that took place

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 before the 1971 election, the 44th ward was redrawn to include less of the heavily Jewish and politically independent lakefront, and to include more of the heavily Democratic areas to the west, making it a harder district for <mask> to win as an independent than it had been for Singer to win as an independent.Nevertheless, <mask> defeated the city's Democratic machine to win election to the 44th Ward seat, defeating James B. Kargman. Kragman had carried the support of the city's Democratic Party, as well as the endorsements some prominent Democratic politicians, such as Adlai Stevenson III and Sidney R. Yates. <mask> ran on a platform that advocated for community control of municipal programs such as urban renewal. Community groups of the 44th ward were in the midst of a dispute with the city over urban renewal at the time of the election. The third candidate originally on the ballot in the 1971 race, Laura C. Keith, withdrew weeks before the election and endorsed <mask>. <mask> was reelected alderman in 1975, again defeating an opponent supported by the city's Democratic Party organization, Edward Marsalek. Weeks ahead of the election, a third candidate, Wesley Pucinski (the brother of then-41st ward alderman Roman Pucinski) withdrew from the race and endorsed Marsalek.The Committee for and Effective City Council, a group founded to support the election of "independent" candidates to the Chicago City Council, endorsed <mask> and twelve other aldermanic candidates (including fellow incumbents William Cousins, Anna Langford, and John Hoellen) on the same day that Pucinksi withdrew. Tenure
As an alderman, <mask> remained a political independent. He was among a handful of liberal alderman on the Chicago City Council. He was an advocate of political reform. He was supported by the lakefront liberals. Throughout his tenure, <mask> remained a professor in political science at the University of Illinois at Chicago. During his time on the City Council, <mask> was a critic of Richard J. Daley.After he was elected alderman in February 1971, alderman-elect <mask> endorsed Daley's Republican

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texts: opponent Richard Freidman in the 1971 Chicago mayoral election (for which the general election was held in April). Daley and <mask> first directly butted heads early into <mask>'s tenure as an alderman, when, on July 27, 1971, he questioned Daley's proposed appointment of Thomas Keane Jr, son of Daley's City Council floor leader, alderman Thomas E. Keane, to the city's Zoning Board of Appeals. He questioned the conflict of appointing Keane Jr., vice-president of Arthur Rubloff & Co., one of the city's largest real estate firms. There were other instances where heated arguments erputed between <mask> and Daley. <mask> became the leader of the minority bloc of independents on the Chicago City Council. As such, <mask> came into conflict with Michael Bilandic, first during Bilandic's stint as Daley's floor leader on the City Council, and later when Bilandic took office as mayor after Daley's death in office. <mask>, along with fellow independent alderman Martin J. Oberman, was one of only two aldermen to vote against the resolution appointing Bilandic to hold the mayoralty after Daley's death.Like with Daley, he frequently stood in strong opposition to Bilandic during Bilandic's mayoralty. Being in the minority opposition to mayors Daley and Bilandic, <mask>'s proposed legislation were usually defeated. In some instances, the ideas he proposed in legislation were taken by alderman who were aligned with the majority supporting Daley, who then proposed the same ideas in pieces of legislation without <mask>'s name attached. One of the few pieces of legislation <mask> managed to pass as an alderman was an ordinance which would prevent banks and insurance companies that do business with the city from practicing redlining. The resolution, which <mask> had feared would have little chance of passing, was passed on June 26, 1974 in an unanimous 44–0 vote after it was amended by Daley-aligned alderman Paul Wigoda. Another piece of legislation that <mask> saw passed was a November 1977 resolution calling for an investigation into figures utilized the previous summer to justify a 11.7% fare increase

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 to the city's taxis. This came after former city commissioner Jane Byrne alleged a city hall "conspiracy" to raise the rates of taxis.The resolution creating this investigation, proposed by <mask> and fellow independent aldermen Ross Lathrop and Martin J. Oberman, was passed unanimously by the council. The investigation was later ended by a Chicago City Council vote of 40–3 in April of 1978 to accept the investigative committee's majority report over the minority report written by <mask>, Lathrop, and Oberman as investigative committee members. While few wholesale pieces of legislation authored by <mask> were passed, <mask> saw occasional success in making amendments to legislation. In March of 1977, <mask> and fellow aldermen Dennis H. Block, Ross Lathrop, Martin Oberman proposed a piece of legislation that would have established community zoning boards in each of the 50 wards of the city. <mask> established a "ward assembly" for the 44th Ward. This was a form of direct democracy within the ward, which was dismantled after the Democratic machine later regained control of the 44th Ward seat. It was one of <mask>'s 1971 campaign promises that he would establish such an assembly if elected alderman.Similarly, some other independent candidates that year had made similar campaign pledges. In 1978, Milton Rakove, a professor of political science at University of Illinois at Chicago, characterized <mask>'s approach to being an alderman as, "an academic idealist at loose in the arena of politics, who cannot and will not make the compromises a true politician must make." Retirement from City Council
<mask> opted against seeking reelection in 1979. He endorsed independent candidate Bruce Young, the director of the Jane Addams Center of Hull House, to succeed him. Young pledged, as a candidate, to support existing legislation and ordinances that <mask> had proposed on issues such as redlining, the creation of a code hearing bureau, starting an independent audit of the city's finances, and the establishment of a commission on governmental integrity. Young's opponent was John McCaffrey, who had


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 the backing of the city's Democratic Party. Young won election, but resigned soon after taking office, citing "personal reasons".Post-aldermanic career
<mask> has continued to teach as a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, currently serving as head of the political science department. He has been a Great Cities Scholar and a Humanities Institute Fellow at UIC. <mask> has also become a respected political analyst. He was, for three years, a monthly op-ed columnist for the Chicago Journal, and was subsequently a monthly columnist for the Chicago Sun-Times. <mask> has also been a filmmaker. In 1979, <mask> served as an advisor on the mayoral transition team of Jane Byrne. He also served on the mayoral transition team of Harold Washington in 1983.<mask> was involved in a number of political campaigns in the 1980s, such as the campaign of Ron Sable for <mask>'s former 44th Ward aldermanic seat. He also ran the organization I CARE (Independent Coalition Against Reagan Economics), which opposed the economic policies of President Ronald Reagan. <mask> endorsed Timothy C. Evans in the 1989 Chicago mayoral special election. <mask> was involved in Woody Bowman's campaign for Illinois Comptroller in 1990. <mask> also worked on both the unsuccessful 1990 Cook County State's Attorney campaign of Ray Smith and the successful 1990 campaign of Jack O'Malley for the same office. After the 1990 elections, <mask> served on David Orr's transition team for Cook County Clerk as well as Jack O'Malley's transition team for Cook County State's Attorney in 1990. Congressional campaigns
<mask> was twice an unsuccessful candidate for United States congress.<mask> ran against Dan Rostenkowski in the Democratic primary for the redrawn 5th congressional district in 1992. Posing the greatest reelection challenge Rostenkowski had faced, <mask> won approximately 43% of the vote against Rostenkowski. Rostenkowski, chairman of United States House Committee on Ways and Means, was considered among the nation's most powerful congressmen. <mask> ran on a platform of congressional reform, including support for

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 term limits. His campaign platform also focused on women's rights, universal health care, economic recovery, and senior citizens issues. <mask> also pledged to recreate a version of his 44th ward assembly in the congressional district. During the campaign, he aggressively criticized Rostenkowski.In February 1993, <mask> announced that he would file a formal complaint against Rostenkowski with the Federal Election Commission and the House Ethics Committee urging them to investigate $37,750 in spending by Rostenkowski's American Leaders Fund, alleging Rostenkowski had illegally used fund from this group to aid his reelection campaign. <mask> again challenged Rostenkowski for the Democratic nomination in 1994. At the time, Rostenkowski was under grand jury investigation, and was also being challenged for the nomination by John Cullerton. <mask> and Cullerton were joined in challenging were joined in challenging Rostenkowski by former alderman Michael Wojik and LaRouche movement member John McCarthy. In 1994, <mask> criticized Rostenkowski as corrupt and criticized him for votes such as his vote in support of extending the Hyde Amendment. <mask> placed third behind Rostenkowski and Cullerton. <mask> ran on many of the same issues in 1994 that he had in 1992.Later activities
For the 2000 Illinois Democratic Party presidential primary, <mask> was an alternate delegate candidate for Bill Bradley's campaign. <mask> served on Lisa Madigan's transition team for Illinois Attorney General in 2003. In the 2004 United States presidential election, <mask> served first as a member of the Issues Committee of Carol Moseley Braun's campaign, and subsequently as a surrogate for the John Kerry campaign. <mask> has participated in annual studies conducted by University of Illinois at Chicago to measure how independently alderman are voting from the mayor. He has also been involved in authoring studies by the University of Illinois at Chicago which rank cities and states in the United States by their level of corruption. After Langdon Neale retired from the Chicago Board of Election Commissioners, <mask>

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 applied in December 2015 to fill the seat. His candidacy for the position was endorsed by Danny K. Davis, Mike Quigley, Joe Moore, and David Orr.He was one of seven finalists for the position. Judge Timothy C. Evans, who was in charge of appointing Neale's replacement, ultimately chose to instead appoint Jonathan T. Swain. <mask> was considered the earliest significant figure to support the campaign Lori Lightfoot in the 2019 Chicago mayoral election. He formally did so on August 21, 2018. <mask> helped then-candidate Lightfoot to write a plan which included putting an end to the practice of aldermanic prerogative and banning outside employment of aldermen. For a long while, <mask> was considered the most prominent individual to have endorsed Lightfoot, still being considered such as late as mid-January 2019 (just over one month a week before Lightfoot would place first the first round of the election). Lightfoot would go on to be successfully elected mayor.After Lightfoot became mayor, <mask> worked to advise her on ethics reform. In 2021, <mask> participated in an effort run by a coalition of civic groups which formed an independent citizens commission that would draw a ward redistricting map for the city council, producing an alternative proposal to the ward map that would be drawn-up by members of the Chicago City Council itself as part of the council's decennial redistricting. <mask> was a member of the selection commission that would choose the citizens to participate in the effort. Electoral history

Aldermanic

Congressional

Bibliography

Books authored

Other works
<mask> has published in excess of 100 journal articles, magazine articles, book chapters, and book reviews. <mask> was, for three years, a monthly op-ed columnist for the Chicago Journal, and was subsequently a monthly columnist for the Chicago Sun-Times. References

Chicago City Council members
Illinois Independents
Illinois Democrats
University of Illinois at Chicago faculty
1940 births
Living people
Politicians from Houston
Writers from Houston
Writers from Chicago
Date of birth unknown
University of Texas at

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<mask> or Du Busc (5 March 1866 – 9 March 1956) was a British-born American naval architect responsible for the development of the United States Navy's first submarines. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire in England. When he was age 13, he apprenticed to Craggs & Sons of Middlesbrough, and at the age of 20 was employed as a draftsman while studying naval architecture at night. He relocated to Ulster, Northern Ireland in 1888, where he served as draftsman-in-charge at the Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast until 1892. Career in the United States
In January 1892, <mask> emigrated to the United States, and was employed as a draftsman at William Cramp & Sons Shipbuilders in Philadelphia. He was a longtime member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) which became organized in 1893 in the state of New Jersey. In 1895, <mask> moved to Elizabethport, New Jersey, where he was the shipyard superintendent at Lewis Nixon's Crescent Shipyard
This shipyard is where the United States Navy's first submarines were built under <mask>'s supervision beginning in the late fall of 1896.<mask> worked in unison with John Philip Holland to design and build the pioneering , also known as the Holland VI design. This was the first commissioned submarine in the United States Navy, and purchased by the American Government on April 11, 1900 – a day later commemorated by the United States submarine community as "Submarine Day". Holland's company was then known as the Holland Torpedo Boat Company - the forerunner and precursor to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation. The United States government then ordered more submarines after the successful trials and purchase of Holland VI. These submarines were known as the A class or . A prototype was constructed under <mask>'s direction at the Crescent Shipyard in the year 1900. This submarine craft was called Fulton, named after the American steamship pioneer Robert Fulton.However, Fulton was never commissioned into U. S. Navy service and was sold to the

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 Imperial Russian Navy in 1905 for use in the Russo-Japanese War against the Empire of Japan. Career in Japan
After Crescent Shipyard lost the contract from the US Navy for the B-class submarines, <mask> was offered a position by <mask> Rice with Electric Boat Company, which had received a contract from Japan for the construction of five Type VII submarines for the Imperial Japanese Navy. These vessels were built at the company’s Fore River Shipyards in Quincy, Massachusetts. <mask> oversaw construction of the vessels, their dismantling, transport to Seattle by rail, shipment to Yokohama and reassembly at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal in Yokosuka, Japan. The project was done in complete secrecy, as the United States was officially neutral in the Russo-Japanese War. The entire project was completed in twelve months, and <mask> was honored with the Order of the Rising Sun, 4th class by Emperor Meiji. Subsequent career
After returning from Japan, <mask> returned to work for Lewis Nixon as manager of the United States Shipbuilding Company in Perth Amboy, New Jersey.In 1909, <mask> established the American Architectural Shipbuilding and Development Company, and proposed designed for miniature submarines to the Japanese government. The venture was not a success and <mask> went to work for the New Jersey Drydock Company in Elizabeth, New Jersey and was later shipyard manager for the Moore Shipyards of the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Company, and advisor to the president of Eureka Shipyards in Newburg, New York. During his long career, <mask> was responsible for the design and development of many ship classes for the United States Navy and contributed to their production at some of the country's largest shipyards through both World Wars. He retired in 1941, and died on 9 March 1956. After World War I, <mask> changed his last name to Du Busc in 1919 - this was most probably due to the large amount of anti-German sentiment that existed in the United States during that time though his family lineage was of Huguenot origins. References
 Who Built Those Subs? by Richard

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 Knowles Morris, PhD;  Naval History Magazine - October 1998 (125th anniversary) United States Naval Institute.John P. Holland, 1841-1914 - Inventor of the Modern Submarine, University of South Carolina Press, 1998 (originally published in 1966 under the same title). Submarine Pioneers by Richard Compton-Hall MBE RN, pub Sutton Publishing Ltd, UK 1999.
 International Directory of Company Histories, Volume 86. Thomson Gale Group/St. James Press, July 2007 (General Dynamics/Electric Boat Corporation. pp 136–139). The Defender, "The Story of General Dynamics" by Roger Franklin, pub. Harper-Collins, 1986.Written by former Business Week on-line editor . The Klaxon official newsletter of the U. S. Navy's "Silent Service", published Nautilus Memorial Submarine Force Library and Museum, New London/Groton CT. March 1992. Documents and letters written by John Philip Holland, Elihu B. Frost, Lewis Nixon and others. Archives of The Nautilus Memorial Submarine Force Library and Museum, New London CT.
 Obituary in The New York Times Sunday March 11, 1956. External links
  Revised by Gary W. McCue, Naval Architect/Submarine Historian. Official Chief of Naval Operations/Submarine Warfare Division web page under — U.S.Submarine Pioneers
  Official Electric Boat/General Dynamics web site acknowledging <mask><mask>'s key role as the company's first shipbuilder. John Philip Holland's diminished role within his (own) company is also acknowledged. General Dynamics origins traces back to John P. Holland's company. Mr. <mask> was present and on the scene since this company's foundation back on 7 February 1899. Nixon and Busch started Crescent in January 1895. Further information on submarines built at Crescent under <mask> Busch's supervision including the proto-type submarine Fulton. Reocities biography

Notes

1866 births
1956 deaths
People from Elizabeth, New Jersey
People from Middlesbrough
English emigrants to the United States
American naval architects
Submarine pioneers
Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji-period Japan
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun,

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<mask> (August 15, 1933 – December 20, 1984) was an American social psychologist, best known for his controversial experiments on obedience conducted in the 1960s during his professorship at Yale. <mask> was influenced by the events of the Holocaust, especially the trial of Adolf Eichmann, in developing the experiment. After earning a PhD in social psychology from Harvard University, he taught at Yale, Harvard, and then for most of his career as a professor at the City University of New York Graduate Center, until his death in 1984. His small-world experiment, while at Harvard, led researchers to analyze the degree of connectedness, including the six degrees of separation concept. Later in his career, <mask> developed a technique for creating interactive hybrid social agents (called cyranoids), which has since been used to explore aspects of social- and self-perception. He is widely regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of social psychology. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked <mask> as the 46th-most-cited psychologist of the 20th century.Early and personal life
<mask> was born in 1933 in New York City (the Bronx) to Jewish parents. His parents were Adele (née Israel) and <mask> (1898–1953), who had emigrated to the United States from Romania and Hungary respectively during World War I. He was the second of three children. <mask>'s immediate and extended family were both affected by the Holocaust. After the war, relatives of his who had survived Nazi concentration camps and bore concentration camp tattoos stayed with the <mask> family in New York for a time. His Bar Mitzvah speech was on the subject of the plight of the European Jews and the impact that the events of World War II would have on Jewish people around the world. He said, upon becoming a man under Jewish law: "As I ... find happiness in joining the ranks of Israel, the knowledge of the tragic suffering of my fellow Jews ... makes this ... an occasion to reflect upon the heritage of my people—which

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 had moved to nearby Queens. In 1954, <mask> received his bachelor's degree in political science from Queens College in New York, which he attended tuition-free. He also studied at Brooklyn College, where he received A-grades in "Psychology of Personality" and "An Eclectic Approach to Social Psychology". He applied to a PhD program in social psychology at Harvard University, and was initially rejected due to an insufficient background in psychology (he had not taken any undergraduate courses in psychology at Queens College).He was eventually accepted to Harvard in 1954 after first enrolling as a student in Harvard's Office of Special Students. Professional life
In 1961, <mask> received a PhD in social psychology from Harvard. He became an assistant professor at Yale in the fall of 1960. He served as an assistant professor in the Department of Social Relations at Harvard from 1963 to 1966 on a three-year contract. The contract was then extended for one additional year, but with the lower rank of a lecturer. Most likely because of his controversial obedience experiment, <mask> was denied tenure at Harvard. In 1967 he accepted an offer to become a tenured full professor at the City University of New York Graduate Center, and he taught at City University until he died in 1984.<mask> had a number of significant influences, including psychologists Solomon Asch and Gordon Allport. Death
<mask> died on December 20, 1984, aged 51, of a heart attack in New York City. It was his fifth heart attack. He left behind a widow, Alexandra "Sasha" <mask>, a daughter, Michele Sara, and a son, Marc Daniel. Obedience to authority

In 1963, <mask> submitted the results of his obedience experiments in the article "Behavioral Study of Obedience". In the ensuing controversy, the American Psychological Association held up his application for membership for a year because of questions about the ethics of his work, but eventually did grant him full membership. Ten years later, in 1974, <mask> published Obedience to Authority.He won the

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texts: AAAS Prize for Behavioral Science Research in 1964, mostly for his work on the social aspects of obedience. Inspired in part by the 1961 trial of Adolf Eichmann, his models were later also used to explain the 1968 My Lai Massacre (including authority training in the military, depersonalizing the "enemy" through racial and cultural differences, etc.). He produced a film depicting his experiments, which are considered classics of social psychology. An article in American Psychologist sums up <mask>'s obedience experiments: In <mask>'s basic paradigm, a subject walks into a laboratory believing that they are about to take part in a study of memory and learning. After being assigned the role of a teacher, the subject is asked to teach word associations to a fellow subject (who in reality is a collaborator of the experimenter). The teaching method, however, is unconventional—administering increasingly higher electric shocks to the learner. Once the presumed shock level reaches a certain point, the subject is thrown into a conflict.On the one hand, the strapped learner demands to be set free, he appears to suffer pain, and going all the way may pose a risk to his health. On the other hand, the experimenter, if asked, insists that the experiment is not as unhealthy as it appears to be, and that the teacher must go on. In sharp contrast to the expectations of professionals and laymen alike, some 65% of all subjects continue to administer shocks up to the very highest levels.More recent tests of the experiment have found that it only works under certain conditions; in particular, when participants believe the results are necessary for the "good of science". According to <mask>, "the essence of obedience consists in the fact that a person comes to view himself as the instrument for carrying out another person's wishes, and he therefore no longer sees himself as responsible for his actions. Once this critical shift of viewpoint has occurred in the person, all of the essential features of obedience follow." Thus, "the

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texts: major problem for the subject is to recapture control of his own regnant processes once he has committed them to the purposes of the experimenter." Besides this hypothetical agentic state, <mask> proposed the existence of other factors accounting for the subject's obedience: politeness, awkwardness of withdrawal, absorption in the technical aspects of the task, the tendency to attribute impersonal quality to forces that are essentially human, a belief that the experiment served a desirable end, the sequential nature of the action, and anxiety.A competing explanation of <mask>'s results invokes belief perseverance as the underlying factor. What "people cannot be counted on is to realize that a seemingly benevolent authority is in fact malevolent, even when they are faced with overwhelming evidence which suggests that this authority is indeed malevolent. Hence, the underlying cause for the subjects' striking conduct could well be conceptual, and not the alleged 'capacity of man to abandon his humanity . . . as he merges his unique personality into larger institutional structures.'" Inspired by the horrific events of Nazi Germany, <mask>'s obedience experiments have been used to explain a range of social influences on the individual—including how police interrogators can get innocent people to confess to crimes they did not commit. At the same time, these experiments have come under attack. Some critics questioned whether subjects sensed the unreality of the situation.Others questioned the relevance of the laboratory setting to the real world. The most devastating criticisms involved the ethics of the basic experimental design. Professor <mask>, for his part, felt that such misgivings were traceable to the unsavory nature of his results: "Underlying the criticism of the experiment," <mask> wrote, "is an alternative model of human nature, one holding that when confronted with a choice between hurting others and complying with authority, normal people reject authority." Daniel Raver looks back:Even though <mask>'s

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 personal interests were diverse, his greatest contribution to psychology came through one set of experiments, but in that set he contributed monumentally. He helped justify a science some dismiss as unimportant, contributed to the understanding of humanity, and, even if by way of attacks against him, contributed to the consideration of the treatment of research participants. Small-world phenomenon

The six degrees of separation concept was examined in <mask>'s 1967 "small-world experiment", which tracked chains of acquaintances in the United States. In the experiment, <mask> sent several packages to 160 random people living in Omaha, Nebraska, asking them to forward the package to a friend or acquaintance who they thought would bring the package closer to a set final individual, a stockbroker from Boston, Massachusetts.Each "starter" received instructions to mail a folder via the U.S. Post Office to a recipient, but with some rules. Starters could only mail the folder to someone they actually knew personally on a first-name basis. When doing so, each starter instructed their recipient to mail the folder ahead to one of the latter's first-name acquaintances with the same instructions, with the hope that their acquaintance might by some chance know the target recipient. Given that starters knew only the target recipient's name and address, they had a seemingly impossible task. <mask> monitored the progress of each chain via returned "tracer" postcards, which allowed him to track the progression of each letter. Surprisingly, he found that the very first folder reached the target in just four days and took only two intermediate acquaintances. Overall, <mask> reported that chains varied in length from two to ten intermediate acquaintances, with a median of five intermediate acquaintances (i.e.six degrees of separation) between the original sender and the destination recipient. <mask>'s "six degrees" theory has been severely criticized. He did not follow up on many of the sent packages, and as a result, scientists

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 are unconvinced that there are merely "six degrees" of separation. Elizabeth DeVita–Raebu has discussed potential problems with <mask>'s experiment. In 2008, a study by Microsoft showed that the average chain of contacts between users of its '.NET Messenger Service' (later called Microsoft Messenger service) was 6.6 people. Lost letter experiment
<mask> developed a technique, called the "lost letter" experiment, for measuring how helpful people are to strangers who are not present, and their attitudes toward various groups. Several sealed and stamped letters were planted in public places, addressed to various entities, such as individuals, favorable organizations like medical research institutes, and stigmatized organizations such as "Friends of the Nazi Party".<mask> found most of the letters addressed to individuals and favorable organizations were mailed, while most of those addressed to stigmatized organizations were not. Anti-social behavior experiment
In 1970–71, <mask> conducted experiments which attempted to find a correlation between media consumption (in this case, watching television) and anti-social behavior. The experiment presented the opportunity to steal money, donate to charity, or neither, and tested whether the rate of each choice was influenced by watching similar actions in the ending of a specially crafted episode of the popular series Medical Center. Cyranoids

In 1977 <mask> began piloting an experimental procedure that aimed to operationalize the mind-body fusion fantasy explored in the Edmond Rostand play Cyrano de Bergerac. In the story, Cyrano supplies Christian with amorous prose so that they may jointly woo Roxane (each being incapable, given their respective physical and linguistic limitations, of doing so on their own). <mask> trained speech shadowers to replicate in real-time spontaneous prose supplied by a remote "source" by-way-of discreet radio transmission during face-to-face dialogue with naïve "interactants". In homage to Cyrano, he referred to the hybrid agent formed by


title: Stanley Milgram

texts:
 combining the words of one individual with the body of another as a "cyranoid".In his studies, interactants repeatedly failed to detect that their interlocutors were merely speech shadowing for third parties, implicitly and explicitly attributing to them communicative autonomy. <mask> referred to this phenomenon as the "cyranic illusion". This illusion held even in circumstances involving high disparity between shadower and source, such as when he sourced for child shadowers while being interviewed by panels of teachers (naïve to the deception) tasked with assessing each child's intellectual abilities. <mask> hoped that the cyranoid method could evolve into a useful means of interactively exploring phenomena related to social behavior and self-perception (e.g., racial, gender, and age-based stereotyping and behavioral confirmation). Though he continued to develop the methodology through 1984 (the year of his death), he never prepared a formal publication detailing his cyranoid experiments. In 2014, social psychologists at the London School of Economics published the first replications of <mask>'s original pilots. Robb Mitchell has explored cyranoids as an experiential learning tool within the classroom (having children shadow for teachers during teaching exercises).Cyranoids have also been used in installation art to explore social experiences whereby people encounter those familiar to them through the bodies of strangers. References in media
In 1975, CBS presented a made-for-television movie about obedience experiments, The Tenth Level, with William Shatner as Stephen Hunter, a Milgram-like scientist. <mask> was a consultant for the film, though the accuracy of the film has been contested by <mask> himself. In 1986, musician Peter Gabriel wrote a song called "We Do What We're Told (<mask>'s 37)", referring (mistakenly) to the percentage of test subjects who refused to continue administering shocks. The actual percentage was 35. <mask> 18 was reproduced to test the participants in a 2008 television special The

masks: Milgram Milgram Milgram Milgram Milgram Milgram Milgram


title: Stanley Milgram

texts:
 Heist. Created by Derren Brown and Andy Nyman for British station Channel 4, the Milgram experiment helped determine which would be given the opportunity to rob a (fake) armoured bank van.In March 2010, French television channel France 2 broadcast Jusqu'où va la télé, describing the results of a fake game show that they had run 80 times (each time independently, and with a new contestant and audience). The contestants received instructions to administer what they thought would be near fatal electric shocks to another "contestant" (really an actor) when they erred on memorized word-associations. The vast majority followed instructions even as the "victim" screamed. In 2015, an experimental biopic about <mask> called Experimenter was released, directed by Michael Almereyda. Peter Sarsgaard stars as <mask>. See also

 Harvard Department of Social Relations
 Silent Generation
 Small-world phenomenon
 Breaching experiment
 Philip Zimbardo (Lucifer Effect)
 Stanford prison experiment
 List of ethicists
 List of experiments
 List of psychologists
 List of social psychologists

References

Further reading
 Milgram, S. (1974), Obedience to Authority; An Experimental View
 Milgram, S. (1977), The individual in a social world: Essays and experiments. 3rd expanded edition published 2010 by Pinter & Martin,  .Blass, T. (2004). The Man Who Shocked the World: The Life and Legacy of <mask>. <mask>, S. (1965), Liberating Effects of Group Pressure

External links

 Guide to the <mask> Papers, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library
 <mask>, Obedience to Authority (1974) Chapter 1 and Chapter 15

1933 births
1984 deaths
American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Harvard University alumni
Harvard University faculty
Jewish American social scientists
Brooklyn College alumni
Queens College, City University of New York alumni
American social psychologists
Yale University faculty
Scientists from New Rochelle, New York
Scientists from the Bronx
Social psychologists
20th-century

masks:
Milgram
Stanley Milgram
Stanley Milgram
Milgram
Stanley Milgram
Stanley Milgram


title: Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth

texts:
<mask>tress of Saxony from 1694 to 1727 (her death) and Queen Consort of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1697 to 1727 by marriage to Augustus II the Strong. Not once throughout the whole of her thirty-year queenship did she set foot in Poland, instead living in Saxony in self-imposed exile. Born a German margravine, she was called Sachsens Betsäule, "Saxony's pillar of prayer", by her Protestant subjects for her refusal to convert to Catholicism and her loyalty to the Protestant faith. Despite the allegiance of <mask> and her mother-in-law, Anna Sophie of Denmark, to Lutheranism, her husband and son, later Augustus III, both became Catholics, ensuring Catholic succession in the Albertine lands after a century-and-a-half. Biography

Early life
She was the firstborn child of Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, and his second wife, Princess Sophie Louise of Württemberg, daughter of Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg. She was named for her father, Christian, and her mother's father, Eberhard. As the daughter of the Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, she was margravine by birth.She had five younger siblings, only two of whom survived infancy. She remained close to her relatives in Bayreuth and continued to visit them after her marriage. Marriage and issues
She married Frederick Augustus, Duke of Saxony, the younger brother of the elector, John George IV, on 20 January 1693 at age 21. The marriage was purely political and highly unhappy. Augustus considered her boring, while she was shocked and hurt by his constant infidelity. Three years later, on 17 October 1696, their son Frederick Augustus was born in Dresden. This was the only pregnancy in their entire 34-year-long marriage.He was brought up by his paternal grandmother, Anna Sophie of Denmark. Because Christiane Eberhardine and her

masks:
Christiane Eberhardineec
Christiane Eberhardine


texts:
 mother-in-law got on well, she visited her son frequently. Christiane Eberhardine's husband converted to Catholicism to become king of Poland, but she remained faithful to her Protestant beliefs and was not present at her husband's coronation, and was never crowned queen of Poland. Her Protestant countrymen named her "The Pillar of Saxony." Queen and Electress
<mask> Eberhardine became electress when Augustus succeeded his brother as elector in 1694. In the carnival procession with which Augustus celebrated his elevation, and where the members of his court drove through Dresden dressed as gods and goddesses, the mistress of her husband, Maria Aurora von Königsmarck, participated in the procession, driving the wagon of Apollo dressed as the goddess Aurora, while she participated in a minor role as one of the Vestal Virgins escorting the goddess Vesta. In 1696, Christiane Eberhardine gave birth to her only child, the heir to the throne, after the only pregnancy during her entire marriage.In 1697, Augustus converted to Catholicism and was elected King of Poland. Apparently, he had discussed neither his conversion nor his candidacy with her. His conversion caused a scandal in Saxony, and he was forced to guarantee the religious freedom of Saxony. According to the contemporary norms, Christiane Eberhardine, now queen, was expected to follow him to Poland and support him by hosting his court as queen by his side and be crowned with him in Kraków, and from the summer of 1697 until the coronation on 15 September 1697, Augustus tried to negotiate for her to come. However, Christiane Eberhardine refused to attend the coronation and to set foot in Poland despite the fact that her father also united with Augustus in persuading her. According to the Pacta Conventa, which Augustus had signed after his election, he was obliged


texts: to persuade her to convert, which she refused. In March 1698, Augustus invited her to come to Danzig, where there was a large Protestant minority and where her father was to meet her.He promised her the freedom to remain a Protestant, bring with her a Protestant clergyman and practice her own faith, as long as the clergyman did not appear in public dressed in office and she did not visit Protestant churches in public. Augustus further guaranteed that their son would not convert by entrusting him to the care of his Protestant mother, Dowager Electress Anna Sophie. Christiane Eberhardine did not agree with the terms and refused to follow her father to Danzig and therefrom to Warsaw. On April 1698, her spouse and father signed a document in Warsaw, promising freedom of religion for her in Danzig and Thorn, though not publicly. Her father then returned with the document to Dresden and tried to convince her to come to Poland. Despite repeated attempts and demands from her husband and father, Christiane Eberhardine refused to go to Poland, and she never did during the entire reign of Augustus, nor was she ever crowned queen. During his reign, Augustus traveled between Poland and Saxony, and during his visits in Saxony, Christiane Eberhardine appeared at his side at official functions, such as when he returned to Saxony after his election in Dresden in August 1699, when they appeared at the theater.Often, however, they did not meet for years at a time, such as for example in 1700–1703 and 1714–1717, when he spent all his time in Poland. Augustus visited her at Pretzsch every year he traveled to Dresden. Queen <mask> Eberhardine lived separated from her spouse with her own court in Hartenfels Castle in Torgau in winters and in her castle at Pretzsch an der Elbe in the summers, which was close to the residence of her


texts: mother-in-law, who also had the custody of her son, whom she often visited, as she and her mother-in-law was on friendly terms. She made trips to her relatives in Bayreuth and the spa at Ems and regularly visited Dresden during the carnival season and Christmas. Christiane Eberhardine continued to participate in representational court life in Dresden whenever her presence was required, the biggest festivities being the state visit of the King of Denmark in 1709 and the wedding of her son in 1719. In her voluntary exile she concentrated on cultural activities and took interest in the faith of orphaned children. At her court, she took many relatives as courtiers to educate them, among them Charlotte of Braunschweig, who married the Russian heir to the throne, Sophie Magdalene who married the Crown Prince of Denmark and Sophie Caroline who married the Prince of Ostfriesland.She was also active in the field of economics; in 1697 she took over operation of the glass factory in Pretzsch, founded by Constantin Fremel. She enjoyed to play cards and billiards, which is noted to have amassed great debts by 1711. She founded an orangery and during the last year of her life she was in the midst of planning a Protestant convent for female nobles. Queen <mask> Eberhardine, as did her mother-in-law, enjoyed immense popularity in Saxony as a symbol of Protestant faith and protection against Catholic Poland, which the Protestants feared would enforce a counter reformation. In this role, Protestant preachers liked to portray her as a miserable Protestant martyr, isolated as a virtual prisoner in her lonely castle, a portrait even more accentuated after her son had been taken from Saxony and converted to Catholicism. <mask> <mask> of Brandenburg-Bayreuth died at the age of 55 and was buried on 6 September in the parish church of

masks: Christiane Christiane Eberhardine


texts:
 Pretzsch. Neither her husband nor her son were present at the funeral.In commemoration of her death, Johann Sebastian Bach composed the cantata Laß, Fürstin, laß noch einen Strahl, BWV 198, to a text of Johann Christoph Gottsched, first performed on 15 October 1727 in the Paulinerkirche, the church of the University of Leipzig. Ancestry

References

Sources
Watanabe-O'Kelly, Helen. "Enlightenment, Emancipation, and the Queen Consort." Enlightenment and Emancipation. Ed. Susan Manning and Peter France. Lewisburg, Pa.: Bucknell UP, 2006.119–25. Print. Further reading

 Stichart, Franz Otto: Galerie der sächsischen Fürstinnen; biogr. Skizzen sämtlicher Ahnfrauen des kgl. Hauses Sachsen, Leipzig 1857
 Blanckmeister, Franz: Kurfürstin <mask> <mask> von Sachsen: eine ev. Bekennerin, Barmen 1892
 Meyer, Johannes: Frauengestalten und Frauenwalten im Hause Wettin, Bautzen 1912
 Haake, Paul: Christiane <mask> und August der Starke: eine Ehetragödie, Dresden 1930
 Lauckner, Martin: Eine alte Unterschrift von zarter Hand, in: Sächs. Heimat, Hamburg, Jg.1981
 Czok, Karl: August der Starke und Kursachsen, Leipzig 1987. Aufgeklärter Absolutismus und kirchlich-religiöse Toleranzpolitik bei August dem Starken, In: Sachsen und die Wettiner. Chancen und Realitäten (Sondernummer der Dresdner Hefte); Dresden 1990
 Fellmann, Walter: Prinzessinnen. Glanz, Einsamkeit und Skandale am sächsischen Hof, Leipzig 1996
 Böttcher, Hans-Joachim: Christiane Eberhardine Prinzessin von Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Kurfürstin von Sachsen und Königin von Polen, Gemahlin August des Starken, Dresden 2011. 1671 births
1727 deaths
German Lutherans
Electoral Princesses of Saxony
Grand Duchesses of Lithuania
House of Hohenzollern
People from Bayreuth
Polish queens consort
Prussian royal consorts
Electresses of Saxony
⚭Christiane Eberhardine of

masks: Christiane Eberhardine Eberhardine


title: Charles Ludlam

texts:
<mask> (April 12, 1943 – May 28, 1987) was an American actor, director, and playwright. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Floral Park, New York, the son of Marjorie (née Braun) and <mask>. He was raised in Greenlawn, New York, and attended Harborfields High School. He was openly gay, and performed in plays with the Township Theater Group, a community theatre in Huntington, and worked backstage at the Red Barn Theater, a summer stock theatre in Northport. During his senior year of high school, Ludlam directed, produced, and performed plays with a group of friends, students from Huntington, Northport, Greenlawn, and Centerport. Their "Students Repertory Theatre", housed in the loft studio beneath the Posey School of Dance on Main Street in Northport, seated an audience of 25, and was sold out for every performance. Their repertoire included Kan Kikuchi's Madman on the Roof; Theatre of the Soul; a readers' theatre adaptation of Edgar Lee Masters' Spoon River Anthology; and plays by August Strindberg and Eugene O'Neill.He received a degree in dramatic literature from Hofstra University in 1964. At Hofstra, Ludlam met Black-Eyed Susan, whom he cast in one of his college productions. The two became close friends, and Black-Eyed Susan performed in more of Ludlam's plays over the following decades than any other actor, except Ludlam himself. Career
Ludlam joined John Vaccaro's Play-House of the Ridiculous, and after a falling out, founded his own Ridiculous Theatrical Company in 1967. His first plays were rudimentary exercises; starting with Bluebeard, he began writing more structured plays, which were often

masks:
Charles Braun Ludlam
Ludlam
Joseph William Ludlam


title: Charles Ludlam

texts: pastiches of gothic novels; works by Federico Garcia Lorca, Shakespeare, and Richard Wagner; and popular culture and old movies. These works were humorous but had serious undertones. After seeing one of Ludlam's plays, theater critic Brendan Gill famously remarked, "This isn't farce.This isn't absurd. This is absolutely ridiculous!". <mask> commented on his own work: I would say that my work falls into the classical tradition of comedy. Over the years there have been certain traditional approaches to comedy. As a modern artist you have to advance the tradition. I want to work within the tradition so that I don't waste my time trying to establish new conventions. You can be very original within the established conventions.<mask>'s Bluebeard was produced at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club, where Vaccaro's company was in residence, in March 1970. <mask> performed in this production as Khanazar von Bluebeard. Black-Eyed-Susan, Lola Pashalinski, and Mario Montez also performed in this production. He taught and/or staged productions at New York University, Connecticut College, Yale University, and Carnegie Mellon University. He won fellowships from the Guggenheim, Rockefeller, and Ford Foundations, and grants from the National Endowment for the Arts and the New York State Council on the Arts. He won six Obie Awards over the course of his career, including a Sustained Excellence Obie Award two weeks before his death in 1987, and won the Rosamund Gilder Award for distinguished achievement in the theater in 1986. Ludlam often appeared in his plays, and was particularly noted for his female roles.He wrote one of the first

masks: Ludlam Ludlam Ludlam


title: Charles Ludlam

texts:
 plays to address, though indirectly, the AIDS epidemic. His most well-known play is The Mystery of Irma Vep, in which two actors play seven roles in a pastiche of gothic horror novels. The original production featured <mask> and his partner Everett Quinton. Rights to perform the play include a stipulation that the actors must be of the same sex, in order to ensure cross-dressing in the production. In 1991, Irma Vep was the most produced play in the United States; and in 2003, it became the longest-running production ever staged in Brazil. <mask> was diagnosed with AIDS in March 1987. He attempted to fight the disease with his lifelong interest in healthy eating and a macrobiotic diet, but died a month after his AIDS diagnosis, of PCP pneumonia, at St. Vincent's Hospital.His front page obituary in the New York Times was the newspaper's first page 1 obituary to specifically name AIDS as a cause of death (with <mask>'s parents' consent), instead of the AIDS-related illnesses such as pneumonia commonly cited at the time. The block in front of his Sheridan Square theater was renamed "<mask>am Lane" in his honor. In 2009, <mask> was inducted posthumously into the American Theater Hall of Fame. After his death, "Walter Ego", the dummy from <mask>'s 1978 play The Ventriloquist's Wife, was donated to the Vent Haven Museum in Fort Mitchell, Kentucky, where it remains on exhibit; the puppet was designed and built by actor and puppetmaker Alan Semok. References

Further reading
 Baron, Michael, The Whore of Sheridan Square (a play inspired by the life of <mask>) in Plays and Playwrights 2006 An Anthology, edited by Martin

masks:
Ludlam
Ludlam
Ludlam
Charles Ludl
Ludlam
Ludlam
Charles Ludlam


title: Charles Ludlam

texts:
 Denton, 2006. Edgecomb, Sean, <mask>am Lives! : <mask>, Bradford Louryk, Taylor Mac, and the Queer Legacy of the Ridiculous Theatrical Company, 2017.Kaufman, David A., Ridiculous! : The Theatrical Life and Times of <mask>, 2002. <mask>, <mask>, Ridiculous Theatre: Scourge of Human Folly: The Essays and Opinions of <mask>, edited by Steven Samuels, 1992. Ludlam. The Complete Plays of <mask>, edited by Steven Samuels. Roemer, Rick, <mask> and the Ridiculous Theatrical Company: Critical Analyses of 29 Plays by Rick Roemer, 1998. Katz, Leandro, Bedlam Days: The Early Plays of <mask> and The Ridiculous Theatrical Company,

External links

 BOMB Magazine interview with <mask> and Christopher Scott by Ted Castle (Winter, 1982)
 Charles Ludlam papers, 1967–1989.Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. Bedlam Days (the early plays by <mask>)
 "Bluebeard" The seduction of Miss Cubbidge, audio and photographs by Leandro Katz (1970) (Vimeo)
 Ludlam's page on La MaMa Archives Digital Collections
 “John Vaccaro and The Theatre of the Ridiculous” A brief interview recalling the actors’ walkout during rehearsals of The Conquest of the Universe, and his friendship with <mask>, by Leandro Katz

1943 births
1987 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male actors
AIDS-related deaths in New York (state)
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American gay actors
American gay writers
Hofstra University alumni
LGBT dramatists and playwrights
LGBT people from New York (state)
Obie Award recipients
People from Floral Park, New

masks:
Charles Ludl
Charles Busch
Charles Ludlam
Ludlam
Charles
Charles Ludlam
Charles Ludlam
Charles Ludlam
Charles Ludlam
Charles Ludlam
Charles Ludlam
Charles Ludlam


title: Tim Dillard

texts:
<mask> (born July 19, 1983) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Milwaukee Brewers. He is a pregame and postgame analyst for Brewers television broadcasts on Bally Sports Wisconsin. Dillard made his MLB debut with Milwaukee in 2008. He pitched in 74 games as a reliever over the course of four seasons with the Brewers. In his 18-year professional career, Dillard spent most of his playing time with the Nashville Sounds Minor League Baseball team. While with Triple-A Nashville, he appeared in 242 games across nine seasons and set the Sounds' career records for wins, games pitched, innings pitched, and strikeouts. In 2005, Dillard was named to the Florida State League postseason All-Star Team and chosen as the Milwaukee Brewers' Minor League Pitcher of the Year.He was selected for the 2006 Southern League All-Star Game the next season. His alma mater, Itawamba Community College, inducted him in their Athletic Hall of Fame in 2015. Amateur career
Dillard played catcher, and occasionally pitcher, at Saltillo High School in Saltillo, Mississippi. After his senior year, he was selected by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 15th round (448th overall) of the 2001 Major League Baseball draft. Having recently undergone left shoulder surgery, his hitting was not as proficient as the Brewers expected, so he instead attended Itawamba Community College (ICC) in Fulton, Mississippi. In his 2003 sophomore season, Dillard pitched and won a school-record 11 games for the Itawamba Indians including a win in the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) Division II College World Series. He was chosen as the NJCAA Player of the


title: Tim Dillard

texts:
 Year.The college honored him with induction in their Athletic Hall of Fame in 2015. In the 2002 draft, <mask> was selected again by the Brewers, this time in the 34th round as the 1,009th overall pick. He signed with Milwaukee on May 27, 2003, after the conclusion of Itawamba's postseason run. Rather than play at catcher as previously drafted, the Brewers chose to utilize him as a pitcher. Professional career

Milwaukee Brewers (2003–2018)
<mask> began his professional baseball career in 2003, pitching for the Rookie Arizona League Brewers and Helena Brewers. He played in 14 games, made 4 starts, and went 1–2 with a 3.29 ERA. In 2004, Dillard was primarily a reliever for the Class A Beloit Snappers.He went 2–5 in 43 appearances with a 3.94 ERA and was second on the team in saves (10). He played for the Class A-Advanced Brevard County Manatees in 2005, making 28 starts, and accumulating a 12–10 record with a 2.48 ERA. He led the Florida State League in games started (28), innings pitched (), complete games (5), and shutouts (2). He also came in second in wins (12) and fifth in strikeouts (128). Dillard was named to the league's postseason All-Star team in recognition of his performance. He was also selected by the Brewers as their Minor League Pitcher of the Year. In 2006, while playing for the Double-A Huntsville Stars, Dillard made 25 starts and 4 relief appearances.In those 29 games, he went 10–7 with a 3.26 ERA. He led the Stars in wins (10), starts (25), innings pitched (163), and came in second in strikeouts (108). He was also selected to participate in the midseason Southern League All-Star Game, in which he pitched a scoreless inning of relief and allowed only one

masks: Dillard Dillard


title: Tim Dillard

texts: hit. Dillard reached the Triple-A level in 2007, playing for the Nashville Sounds. He went 8–4 with a 4.74 ERA in 34 games (16 starts). On November 19, his contract was purchased by the Brewers, protecting him from the Rule 5 draft. He was later optioned back to Nashville on March 15, 2008, where he began the season.On May 23, <mask> was called up to the majors for the first time in his career. He made his major league debut that night against the Washington Nationals, pitching one scoreless inning and striking out Aaron Boone. He returned to Nashville in late June, but was recalled to Milwaukee that September. Over 13 games with Milwaukee, he pitched  innings of relief and accumulated a 4.40 ERA with 5 strikeouts. In Nashville, he went 6–1 with a 1.99 ERA and 55 strikeouts out of the bullpen. He was selected to participate in the Arizona Fall League with the Mesa Solar Sox after the season. Dillard played the majority of the 2009 season with the Nashville Sounds, though he did make two relief appearances with Milwaukee in late July.In 24 appearances with the Sounds, he went 11–7 with a 4.51 ERA and 64 strikeouts versus 0–1 with a 12.46 ERA and 1 strikeout with the Brewers. He was designated for assignment prior to the 2010 season to make room on the Brewers' roster for Marco Estrada. He cleared waivers and was assigned to Nashville where he played the entire season. During the 2010 campaign, Dillard completely overhauled his pitching delivery from a traditional over-the-top delivery to a sidearm delivery. In Nashville, he made 8 starts and 33 relief appearances, pitching to a 5–7 record with a 4.12 ERA and 82 strikeouts. He received an invitation to spring training with


title: Tim Dillard

texts:
 attended spring training with the Brewers in 2015 and was assigned to the Rookie Helena Brewers in a paper move.He bounced back and forth between Helena's roster and pitching for the Triple-A Colorado Springs Sky Sox for the rest of the season in a fill-in role when other pitchers were injured. He chose to become a free agent after the season, but was re-signed for 2016. He spent the entire 2016, 2017, and 2018 seasons with Colorado Springs, each time becoming a free agent and ultimately re-signing for the next year. After the 2018 campaign, however, the Brewers released him unconditionally. Texas Rangers (2019–2020)

Former Nashville teammate Chris Woodward, who had been hired as the manager of the Texas Rangers in late 2018, encouraged Rangers general manager Jon Daniels to sign Dillard so as to utilize his veteran clubhouse presence in service as a mentor to younger players. On December 17, 2018, Dillard signed a minor league contract with Texas for 2019, and he was assigned to the Triple-A Nashville Sounds, which had since become part of the Rangers organization. This arrangement allowed Dillard, who resides in Nashville, the opportunity to pitch close to his family.The Rangers informed him he would not see regular play but would be used only when absolutely necessary. By the end of April, however, <mask> was added to the starting rotation, and ended the season having pitched  innings, more than other pitcher for a single team in Minor League Baseball. In his second stretch with the Sounds, he set the franchise career records for games pitched (242) and strikeouts (437) while adding to his existing marks for wins (48) and innings pitched (710). Dillard became a free


title: Tim Dillard

texts:
 agent following the 2019 season, but he was later re-signed to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training. He was assigned to Nashville for 2020 before the COVID-19 pandemic caused the cancellation of the minor league season. With a lack of affiliated Minor League Baseball in 2020, Dillard, still under contract with Texas, was loaned to the Milwaukee Milkmen of the independent American Association on August 15. The Milkmen, with Dillard in the starting rotation, won the American Association championship.After the conclusion of their season on September 18, he was returned to the Rangers. Dillard later elected free agency but subsequently returned to the Rangers on a minor league contract for 2021. He was, however, released by the Rangers on February 25, 2021. Dillard announced his retirement from professional baseball on March 10, 2021. Broadcasting career
After retiring from playing in 2021, Dillard was hired to serve as the primary pregame and postgame analyst on Brewers Live telecasts as well as provide color commentary for select games on Bally Sports Wisconsin. He previously appeared on Brewers pregame broadcasts in their 2018 postseason run. Personal life
Dillard is the son of former major league infielder <mask> and brother of former professional baseball player Andy Dillard.He resides in Nashville, Tennessee, with his family. Off the field, <mask> is known for his social media videos in which he often involves teammates. See also
List of second-generation Major League Baseball players

References

External links

1983 births
Águilas del Zulia players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Arizona League Brewers players
Baseball players

masks:
Steve Dillard
Dillard


title: Rafael Kubelík

texts:
<mask>, KBE (29 June 1914 – 11 August 1996) was a Swiss conductor and composer who was born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Son of a well-known violinist, <mask>, he was trained in Prague, and made his debut with the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra at the age of 19. Having managed to maintain a career in Czechoslovakia under the Nazi occupation, he refused to work under what he considered a "second tyranny" after the Communist Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948, and took refuge in Britain. He became a Swiss citizen in 1967. <mask> was music director of  the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (1950–53), musical director of The Royal Opera, Covent Garden (1955–58), and music director of the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra (1961–79), and was a frequent guest conductor for leading orchestras in Europe and America. As a composer, <mask> wrote in a neo-romantic idiom. His works include five operas, three symphonies, chamber music, choral works, and songs.Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born in Býchory, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary, today's Czech Republic, the day after Archduke Ferdinand's assassination that triggered the First World War. He was the sixth child of the Bohemian violinist <mask>, whom the younger <mask> described as "a kind of god to me". His mother was a Hungarian countess, Anna Julie Marie Széll von Bessenyö. <mask> studied the violin with his father, and entered the Prague Conservatory at the age of 14,  studying violin, piano, composition, and conducting. He graduated from the conservatory in 1933, at the age of 19; at his graduation concert he played a

masks:
Rafael Jeroným Kubelík
Jan Kubelík
Kubelík
Kubelík
Kubelík
Jan Kubelík
Kubelík
Kubelík


title: Rafael Kubelík

texts:
 Paganini concerto and a composition of his own for violin and orchestra. <mask> was also an accomplished pianist, and served as his father's accompanist on a tour of the United States in 1935. Brno
In 1939, <mask> became music director of the Brno Opera, a position he held until the Nazis shut the company down in November 1941.The Nazis allowed the Czech Philharmonic to continue operating; <mask>, who had first conducted the orchestra when he was 19, became its principal conductor. In 1943 he married the Czech violinist Ludmilla Bertlová, with whom he had one son. In 1944, after various incidents, including one in which he declined to greet the Nazi Reichsprotektor Karl Hermann Frank with a Hitler salute, along with his refusal to conduct Wagner during the War, <mask> "deemed it advisable to disappear from Prague and to spend a few months undercover in the countryside so as not to fall into the clutches of the SS or Gestapo". <mask> conducted the orchestra's first post-war concert in May 1945. In 1946, he helped found the Prague Spring Festival, and conducted its opening concert. Defection
After the Communist coup of February 1948, <mask> left Czechoslovakia, vowing not to return until the country was liberated. "I had lived through one form of bestial tyranny, Nazism," he told an interviewer, "As a matter of principle I was not going to live through another."He defected during a trip to Britain, where he had flown to conduct Mozart's Don Giovanni with the Glyndebourne company at the Edinburgh Festival. He had been engaged on the recommendation of Bruno Walter,

masks: Kubelík Kubelík Kubelík Kubelík Kubelík Kubelík


title: Rafael Kubelík

texts:
 whom <mask> had assisted in this work at the 1937 Salzburg Festival. <mask> told his wife of his decision to defect as their plane left Czechoslovakia. In 1953, the Communist government convicted the couple in absentia of "taking illicit leave" abroad. In 1956, the regime invited him back "with promises of freedom to do anything I wanted," said <mask>, but he refused the invitation. In a 1957 letter to The Times, <mask> said he would seriously consider returning only when all the country's political prisoners were freed and all émigrés were given as much freedom as he would have possessed. He was invited back by the regime in 1966 but again refused; in 1968, after the Prague Spring had been ended by the Soviet invasion, he organised an international boycott, in which many of the major classical artists of the West participated.Chicago, Covent Garden and Munich

In 1950, <mask> became music director of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, choosing the position over an offer from the BBC to succeed Sir Adrian Boult as chief conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra. He left the post in 1953. Some hold that he was "hounded out of the [Chicago] job" (to quote Time magazine) by the "savage attacks" (to quote the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians) of the Chicago Tribune music critic Claudia Cassidy. But Chicago Sun-Times music critic Robert C. Marsh argued in 1972 that it was the Chicago Symphony trustees who were behind the departure. Their foremost complaint, and that of Cassidy as well, was that <mask> introduced too many contemporary works (about 70) to the


title: Rafael Kubelík

texts: orchestra; there were also objections to his demanding exhaustive rehearsals and engaging several black artists. Many recordings made by <mask> in Chicago for Mercury Records are available on CD, and have received critical praise. Kubeliki's landmark recording of "Pictures at an Exhibition" with the CSO on Mercury led New York Times music critic Howard Taubman to observe that listening to it was like "being in the living presence of the orchestra," and Mercury began releasing their classical recordings under the "Living Presence" series name.After leaving Chicago, <mask> toured the US with the Concertgebouw Orchestra,  and, in the words of Lionel Salter in the Grove Dictionary, "had a brilliant success with Janáček's Kát'a Kabanová at Sadler's Wells in London in 1954". <mask> became musical director of The Royal Opera, Covent Garden, from 1955 to 1958. Among his achievements there was, in 1957, the first practically complete production in any opera house of Berlioz's Les Troyens. Although Covent Garden sought to renew his contract, he chose to leave, partly because of a campaign by Sir Thomas Beecham against the engagement of foreign artists at Covent Garden. In 1961 <mask> accepted the position of music director of the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra (BRSO) in Munich. He remained with the BRSO until 1979, when he retired. Salter considers this 18-year association the high point of <mask>'s career, both artistically and professionally.In 1961 Ludmilla <mask> died after a car crash. Also in 1961, he premiered the concerto performance version of Schoenberg's


title: Rafael Kubelík

texts:
 Jakobsleiter-Fragment in Vienna, with the Cologne Radio Symphony Orchestra and choir. In 1963 <mask> married the Australian soprano Elsie Morison (1924–2016). In 1967 he became a Swiss citizen, and began an association with the Lucerne Festival, in addition to his work with the BRSO. In 1971, Göran Gentele, the new general manager of the Metropolitan Opera, New York, asked <mask> to accept the position of music director. <mask> accepted partly because of his strong artistic relationship with Gentele. The first production he conducted as the Met's music director was Les Troyens.The death of Gentele in a road accident in 1972 undermined <mask>'s reasons for working at the opera house. He had prior conducting commitments away from the Met in his first season there, which diverted his attention. He resigned from the Met in 1974, after only six months in the post. In his post-Czechoslovakian career, <mask> worked with the Berlin Philharmonic, Boston Symphony, Chicago Symphony, Cleveland, Israel Philharmonic, London Symphony, New York Philharmonic, Vienna Philharmonic and Royal Concertgebouw orchestras, among others. His final concert was with the Czech Philharmonic. Last years
In 1985, ill-health (notably severe arthritis in his back) caused <mask> to retire from full-time conducting, but the fall of Communism in his native land led him to accept a 1990 invitation to return to conduct the Czech Philharmonic at the festival he had founded, the Prague Spring Festival. He recorded Smetana's Má Vlast live with the Czech Philharmonic for Supraphon, his fifth recording of


title: Rafael Kubelík

texts:
 the piece.He also recorded the Mozart "Prague" Symphony and Dvořák's "New World" Symphony at the festival. During the rehearsal of the "New World," he told the Czech Philharmonic, "It is my joy to hear this. I always wanted it to sound like this but never really found it with any other orchestra in the world. That eighth [note] is great!" On October 18, 1991, <mask> shared the podium with Sir Georg Solti and Daniel Barenboim and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in a performance that re-created the orchestra's inaugural October 16 and 17, 1891, concerts. <mask> led the final work on the program: Antonín Dvořák's Husitská Overture. <mask> died in 1996, aged 82, in Kastanienbaum, in the Canton of Lucerne, Switzerland.His ashes are interred next to the grave of his father in Slavín, Vyšehrad cemetery in Prague. Compositions
Among <mask>'s compositions are five operas, three symphonies, three settings of the requiem, other choral works, many pieces of chamber music, and songs. Salter describes his musical style as "neo-romantic". Selected recordings
<mask> recorded a large repertory, in many cases more than once per work. There are two complete recordings of his traversals of three major symphony cycles – those of Brahms, Schumann, and Beethoven. When <mask> recorded his first complete Beethoven symphony cycle for Deutsche Grammophon, he employed nine different orchestras, one for each symphony. His complete cycle of Mahler's symphonies (recorded from 1967 to 1971 with the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra) is highly regarded.Of his Mahler, Daniel Barenboim remarked,


title: Rafael Kubelík

texts:
 "I often thought I was missing something in Mahler until I listened to <mask>. There is a lot more to be discovered in these pieces than just a generalized form of extrovert excitement. That is what <mask> showed." <mask> also left much-admired recordings of operas by Verdi (his Rigoletto was recorded at La Scala with Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau), Mozart, Janáček, Dvořák and others, including Wagner, whose music he had shunned during the war, but which he conducted in later years. His recordings of Die Meistersinger and Parsifal have been ranked the top choice by many critics, including BBC Radio 3's Building a Library programme. <mask>'s complete discography is enormous, with music ranging from Malcolm Arnold to Jan Dismas Zelenka, with recordings both in the studio and in concert. In addition to complete cycles of Beethoven, Brahms, Dvořák, and Mahler, <mask> made recordings of orchestral and operatic works by Bach, Mozart, Haydn, Tchaikovsky, Berlioz, Wagner, Verdi and many others, including modern composers.In May 2018, Deutsche Grammophon released a 66-disc box-set of his complete recordings for the label. References

Bibliography

Freeman, John W. "Music First," Opera News, May 2007, pp. 42–45. External links

 Extensive discography
 František Sláma Archive – contains information on Kubelik under "Conductors – Part 2" in section "Czech Philharmonic Orchestra in Documents and Reminiscences"
 Arnold Schoenberg: Jakobsleiter conducted by Kubelik (YouTube)

1914 births
1996 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century

masks: Kubelík Kubelík Kubelík Kubelík Kubelík


title: Anselmo Moreno

texts:
<mask> (born June 28, 1985) is a Panamanian professional boxer. He held the WBA bantamweight title from 2008 to 2014 (promoted to Super champion status in 2011), making him the longest reigning bantamweight world champion of all time, and challenged once for the WBC super bantamweight title in 2012. Nicknamed El Fantasma ("The Phantom"), <mask> is known for his excellent defensive skills and technical fighting style. Professional career

Early career

Super-flyweight
<mask> made his professional debut against Hussein Sanchez on March 10, 2002. He won the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> amassed a 10–1–1 record during the next three years, with three stoppage victories, before being scheduled to face Ricardo Molina for the vacant WBA Fedecentro super flyweight title on January 28, 2005. He won the fight by a ninth-round technical knockout.The two fought an immediate rematch on August 20, 2005, with the WBA Fedecentro and Panamian super-flyweight titles on the line. <mask> won the fight by unanimous decision. Move to bantamweight
<mask> moved up to bantamweight for the next fight, as he faced Yogli Herrera on March 21, 2006. He won the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 100–89, 100–89 and 99–89. Herrera was deducted two points for illegal blows, once in the fourth and once in the eight round. <mask> was next scheduled to face Félix Machado for the vacant WBA Fedecentro and WBA Fedebol bantamweight titles on May 5, 2006, his first title fight at a new weight. He won the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 98–91, 97–94 and 99–91.Machado was deducted a point in the sixth round for an illegal blow. After a quick fifth-round technical knockout of Jose de Jesus Lopez on August 5, 2006, <mask> was booked to make his first title defense against Franklin Varela on September 2, 2006. He won the fight by unanimous

masks:
Anselmo Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno


title: Anselmo Moreno

texts:
 decision, with scores of 98–92, 100–90 and 99–91. After beating the overmatched Eduardo Pacheco by technical knockout on December 7, 2006, <mask> was booked to fight Nestor Hugo Paniagua for the vacant WBA Fedecaribe bantamweight title on February 3, 2007. He won the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 100–89, 100–90 and 100–88. <mask> made the first defense of his newly acquired regional title against Tomás Rojas on June 2, 2007. He won the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 98–92, 99–92 and 98–94.<mask> made his second and final title defense against Ricardo Vargas on August 16, 2007, whom he beat by a first-round technical knockout. WBA bantamweight champion
<mask> was rewarded for his run of victories by being scheduled to challenge the reigning WBA bantamweight champion Volodymyr Sydorenko. The title fight was booked as the main event of a May 31, 2008, ZDF broadcast card, which took place at the Burg-Wächter Castello in Düsseldorf, Germany. <mask> won the fight by split decision. Two of the judges scored the fight 115–113 for him, while the third judge awarded the same scorecard to Sydorenko. <mask> made his second title defense against Rolly Matsushita on October 30, 2008, at the Figali Convention Center in Panama City, Panama. He won the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 119–109, 118–110 and 120–108.<mask> fought a rematch with Volodymyr Sydorenko in his third WBA title defense. The fight was scheduled for May 2, 2009, at the Halle 7 in Bremen, Germany, and was once again broadcast by ZDF. Although the bout was closer than their first meeting, <mask> was once again victorious. He won the fight by split decision, with scores of 115–113, 115–113 and 113–115. <mask> made his third title defense against Mahyar Monshipour on July 4, 2009, at the Parc des Expositions in Poitiers, France.

masks: Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno


title: Anselmo Moreno

texts: <mask> once again won the fight by split decision, with scores of 116–112, 113–115 and 116–113. After beating Jorge Otero by a sixth-round technical knockout on October 9, 2009, <mask> was booked to make his fourth title defense against Frédéric Patrac on December 4, 2009, at the Palais des Sports in Agde, France.He won the fight by a later eleventh-round technical knockout, stopping Patrac with four seconds to spare. More made his fifth WBA Regular title defense against the undefeated interim-champion Nehomar Cermeño on March 27, 2010, at the Polideportivo José María Vargas in La Guaira, Venezuela. He won the fight by split decision. Two judges scored the fight 114–113 and 115–112 for the reigning champion, while the third judge scored it 115–112 for the challenger. The pair fought an immediate rematch on August 14, 2010, with the bout taking place in the champion's native Panama this time around. More again won the fight by split decision. <mask>, who had at that point been promoted to the status of WBA "Super" bantamweight champion, made the first defense of the Super title against Lorenzo Parra at the Roberto Durán Arena in Panama City, Panama.He had no trouble with the challenger, who retired from the bout at the end of the eight round. <mask> was booked to make his second title defense against Vic Darchinyan on December 3, 2011. The fight presented <mask>'s United States debut, as it took place at the Honda Center in Anaheim, California. He won the fight unanimous decision, with scores of 120–107, 117–110 and 116–111. <mask> made his third title defense against David de la Mora on April 12, 2012. He won the fight by a ninth-round technical knockout. <mask> moved up in weight to super bantamweight for his next bout, in order to challenge the reigning WBC champion Abner Mares.The title fight was scheduled as the

masks: Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno


title: Anselmo Moreno

texts:
 event headliner of the November 10, 2012 Showtime card, which took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. Mares won the fight by unanimous decision, with two judges scoring the fight 116–110 in his favor, while the third judge awarded him a wider scorecard of 120–106. <mask> was knocked down in the fifth round, and was deducted a point in the eleventh round for pulling down the head of Mares. <mask> then returned to bantamweight, in order to make his fourth WBA Super title defense. Their fight was booked for August 10, 2013, at the Megapolis Convention Center in Panama City, Panama. He won the fight by unanimous decision, with two judges scoring the fight 118–110 for him, while the third judge scored it 116–112 for <mask>. <mask> made his fifth title defense against Javier Nicolas Chacon on March 22, 2014.He won the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> was booked to make his sixth title defense against Juan Carlos Payano. The fight took place on September 26, 2014, at the Mesquite Arena in Mesquite, Texas, and was broadcast by Fox Sports. The fight was stopped in the sixth round, due to a cut which was caused by an accidental clash of heads in the second round, and which worsened as the bout went on. Payano was awarded the technical decision, with scores of 59–55, 58–56 and 58–55. Later career
<mask> returned to competition a year later, in order to challenge the reigning WBC bantamweight champion Shinsuke Yamanaka. The fight took place at the Ota City General Gymnasium in Tokyo, Japan on September 22, 2015.Yamanaka won the fight by a narrow split decision. All three judges scored the fight 115–113, with two of them scoring it in favor of Yamanaka and the third in favor of <mask>. After suffering his fourth professional loss, <mask> faced the former WBC super flyweight champion Suriyan Sor Rungvisai on

masks: Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno


title: Anselmo Moreno

texts:
 May 1, 2016. He won the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 117–110, 116–111 and 117–110. After successfully bouncing back, <mask> was booked to rematch the WBC bantamweight champion Shinsuke Yamanaka on September 16, 2016. Aside from the WBC title, the vacant The Ring title was on the line as well. Yamanaka was more convincing in the rematch, winning the fight by a seventh-round technical knockout.<mask> then returned to super bantamweight, to fight Julio Ceja for the vacant WBC Silver super bantamweight title on May 27, 2017. Ceja won the fight by a quick third-round knockout. On June 3, 2017, <mask> officially announced his retirement from the sport, after suffering his fourth loss in his previous five fights. Move to featherweight
On April 9, 2019, it was revealed that <mask> would return from retirement and beginning competing at featherweight. <mask> was booked to face Daniel Colula on April 30, 2019, following a 23 month absence from the sport. He won the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 79–72, 77–74 and 78–73. <mask> was next booked to face Luis Nino on November 27, 2019.He won by an eight-round disqualification. Referee Ivan Ballesteros disqualified Nino for an evident low blow. <mask> faced Ruben Tostado Garcia for the vacant WBA Fedelatin featherweight title on May 21, 2021. He won the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 100–90, 96–94 and 100–90. <mask> made his first title defense against Walberto Ramos on October 15, 2021. He won the fight by a first-round knockout. Professional boxing record

References

External links

<mask> <mask> - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box.Live

1985 births
Living people
World Boxing Association champions
Bantamweight boxers
Southpaw boxers
Panamanian male boxers
Super-flyweight boxers
Super-bantamweight boxers
World bantamweight boxing

masks: Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Anselmo Moreno


title: Josef Strauss

texts:
<mask> (20 August 1827 – 22 July 1870) was an Austrian composer. He was born in Mariahilf (now Vienna), the son of <mask> and Maria Anna Streim, and brother of <mask> and <mask>. His father wanted him to choose a career in the Austrian Habsburg military. He studied music with Franz Dolleschal and learned to play the violin with Franz Anton Ries. He received training as an engineer, and worked for the city of Vienna as an engineer and designer. He designed a horse-drawn revolving brush street-sweeping vehicle and published two textbooks on mathematical subjects. <mask> had talents as an artist, painter, poet, dramatist, singer, composer and inventor.Family orchestra
He joined the family orchestra, along with his brothers, <mask> II and <mask> in the 1850s. His first published work was called "Die Ersten und Letzten" (The First and the Last). When Johann became seriously ill in 1853 <mask> led the orchestra for a while. The waltz-loving Viennese were appreciative of his early compositions so he decided to continue in the family tradition of composing dance music. He was known as 'Pepi' by his family and close friends, and Johann once said of him: "Pepi is the more gifted of us two;

masks:
Josef Strauss
Johann Strauss I
Johann Strauss II
Eduard Strauss
Strauss
Johann Strauss
Eduard Strauss
Josef


title: Josef Strauss

texts:
 I am merely the more popular..."

Family life
<mask> married Caroline Pruckmayer at the church of St. Johann Nepomuk in Vienna on 8 June 1857 and had one daughter, Karolina Anna, who was born on 27 March 1858. Music
<mask> wrote 283 opus numbers. He wrote many waltzes, including: Sphären-Klänge (Music of the Spheres), Delirien (Deliriums), Transaktionen (Transactions), Mein Lebenslauf ist Lieb' und Lust (My Character is Love and Joy), and Dorfschwalben aus Österreich (Village Swallows from Austria), polkas, most famously the  with his brother Johann, quadrilles, and other dance music, and also some marches.The waltz The Mysterious Powers of Magnetism (Dynamiden) with the use of minor keys showed a quality that distinguished his waltzes from those of his more popular elder brother. The polka-mazurka shows influence by <mask>, where he wrote many examples like Die Emancipierte and Die Libelle. Death
<mask> was sickly most of his life. He was prone to fainting spells and intense headaches. During a tour in 1870, he fell unconscious from the conductor's podium in Warsaw while conducting his 'Musical Potpourri', striking his head. His wife brought him back home to Vienna, to the

masks:
Josef Strauss
Josef Strauss
Strauss
Josef Strauss


title: Josef Strauss

texts:
 Hirschenhaus, where he died on 22 July of that year. A final diagnosis cited only decomposed blood.There were rumors that he had been beaten by drunken Russian soldiers after allegedly refusing to perform for them one night. A specific cause of death was not determined, since his widow forbade any autopsy. Originally buried in the St. Marx Cemetery, <mask> was later exhumed and reburied in the Vienna Central Cemetery, alongside his mother Anna. His waltzes and polkas might have surpassed those of his elder brother Johann II had he survived, since the latter had begun to specialize in operettas and other stage works. Works of <mask>
The works of <mask> include:

Die Ersten und Letzten ('The First and the Last') waltz op. 1 (1853)
Die Ersten nach den Letzten ('The First after the Last') waltz op. 12 (1854)
Die Guten, Alten Zeiten ('The Good Old Times') waltz op.26 (1856)
Mai-Rosen ('May-Rose') waltz op. 34 (1857)
Liechtenstein-Marsch op. 36 (1857)
Perlen der Liebe ('Pearls of Love') concert-waltz op. 39 (1857)
Wallonen-Marsch ('Walloon March') op. 41 (1857)
Moulinet-Polka ('Little Mill Pond') polka francaise op. 57 (1858)
Laxenburger-Polka, Op. 60 (1858)
Sympathie ('Sympathy')

masks:
Strauss
Josef Strauss
Josef Strauss


title: Josef Strauss

texts:
 op. 245 (1868)
 ('Watercolours') waltz op. 258 (1869)
Eislauf ('Ice-Skating') polka op. 261 (1869)
Neckerei ('Teasing') polka mazur op. 262
 ('My Character is Love and Joy') waltz op.263 (1869)
Die Tanzende Muse ('The Dancing Muse') polka-mazurka op. 266 (1869)
Feuerfest! ('Fireproof!') polka française op. 269 (1869). Aus der Ferne Polka Mazur op. 270 (1869)
Ohne Sorgen!('Without a Care!') polka op. 271 (1869)
Nilfluthen ('Nile's Waters') waltz op. 275 (1870)
Frauenwürde waltz op. 277 (1870)
Jokey-Polka ('Jockey')  op. 278 (1870)
Hesperusbahnen ('Hesperus’ Path') waltz op. 279 (1870)
Die Emancipierte ('The Emancipated Woman') polka-mazurka op.282 (1870)

See also
The Strauss Family – TV Drama
 Strauss Museum Vienna

References

External links

<mask> on the Johann Strauss Society of Great Britain

<mask>
1827 births
1870 deaths
19th-century Austrian composers
19th-century classical composers
19th-century male musicians
Austrian male classical composers
Austrian Roman Catholics
Austrian people of German descent
Austrian people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Austrian Romantic composers
Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery
Jewish classical composers
People from Mariahilf
Composers

masks:
Josef Strauss
Josef


title: Jon Hol

texts:
<mask> (1 September 1851 – 1941) was a Norwegian engineer and activist. He is known for his pamphlet Rifleringen, published in February 1884, that resulted in his arrest for lèse majesté. In the pamphlet, he called for soldiers and civilians to arm themselves and encircle the Parliament of Norway Building, creating a "Ring of Rifles", should the need arise. The political situation in Norway at the time was unstable, with an ongoing impeachment case against the conservative government started by political liberals. King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway supported the conservative politicians, and <mask> believed that a political and military counter-offensive was planned, hence the need for guarding the Parliament. The tensions between liberals and conservatives drew <mask> into politics in the first place in 1880. Before this, he was an engineer by occupation and a writer, albeit apolitical.He increased his writing after 1880, and also involved himself in non-socialist trade unions, including the unsuccessful attempt of establishing a national trade union center in Kristiania. When the conservatives lost the Impeachment case, there was a change of government and the charges against Hol were dropped. Two years later, he received an economic compensation from the Parliament. After some quiet years in which he concentrated on engineering work, <mask> returned to politics as a member of the city council of Skien, representing the local temperance movement. He stood for parliamentary election twice, without success. Early life
<mask> was born at the farm Ekornhol in Nord-Odal, the son of Gunder Johnsen and Rønnaug Haakonsdatter. He began a military education in

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Jon Gundersen Hol
Hol
Hol
Hol
Hol


title: Jon Hol

texts:
 1869, and later conducted self-studies as well as attending various schools, including the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry.In 1876, he married Karen Pedersdatter, a farmers' daughter from Sør-Odal and in 1878, he was hired by the city engineering corps of Kristiania. Political activism

Background
While studying, <mask> became interested in journalism. He began writing for the apolitical magazine Norsk Nationaltidende in 1877, but found his interest in politics growing as he observed the mounting political turmoil at the time. Liberal politicians in the Norwegian Parliament struggled to introduce the practice of calling government ministers in for questioning. Initially, this was not meant to function as a lever against individual ministers, but rather to increase debate on important issues. The executive branch of government was not elected, and the intention was to enhance a co-governing with the democratically elected legislature. Also, ministers were already criticized in parliamentary debates; if they were questioned in person they would have the chance to defend themselves.This required altering the Constitution, a move which the executive branch, led by King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway, continuously vetoed. The conservatives in Parliament also opposed this, fearing that the increasingly liberal-dominated parliament would use constitutional change to check the executive branch, and thereby infringe upon the separation of powers. The first royal veto came in 1872, after which the proposition was slightly altered, but it was vetoed again in 1874. Two identical propositions followed, and were defeated, in 1877 and 1880. After


title: Jon Hol

texts:
 Lagting seats through general elections. Arenas for activism
<mask> sided with Johan Sverdrup, a liberal jurist who had become the spearhead of parliamentary opposition to the King. Hol also became involved in the workers' society Kristiania Arbeidersamfund, which was dominated by political liberals (not socialists) at that time, as a member of the board. From 1881, he worked on their publication Samfundet. This periodical eventually ceased publication, but was succeeded by Nordmanden in 1883, which Hol co-owned. Hol used Samfundet and Nordmanden as the main public arenas for his activism. He was also behind the rifle associations' member magazine Norsk Skyttertidende, which had been started in 1882 and edited by David Dietrichson for a short while before Hol took over.Rifle associations and the military
<mask> eventually came to believe that King Oscar II and his supporters, if opposed by the Norwegian Parliament, would usurp political power with the help of the Norwegian Army. <mask> based this view on two speeches given by Oscar in 1882, one of them at the closing of the parliamentary session that year and hence before the 1882 general election. Harald Nicolai Storm Wergeland, the Commander at Akershus Fortress, located nearby the Norwegian Parliament, was known as a staunch conservative. In 1880, he had called for Parliament to increase the military contingent in the city. The Chief of Police supported this request; in a letter to the Ministry of Justice and the Police he stated that there was a need for preparedness regarding the political situation, as a possible pretext for "disturbances and demonstrations". Otto Nyquist, a personal friend of

masks:
Jon Hol
Hol
Hol