title: Ezra Stiles

texts:
 with infinite wisdom and infinite benevolence is the most perfect of all possible governments." Yale presidency

In 1778, <mask> was appointed president of Yale, a post he held until his death. He freed Newport on June 9, 1778, as he prepared to move to New Haven; he would in 1782 hire his former slave for $20 a year and the indenturing of Newport's two-year-old son until age 24. As president of Yale, <mask> became its first professor of Semitics, and required all students to study Hebrew (as Harvard students already did); his first commencement address in September 1781 (no ceremonies having been held during the American Revolutionary War) was delivered in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic. By 1790, however, he was forced to face failure in instilling an interest in the language in the student body, writing

From my first accession to the Presidency ... I have obliged all the Freshmen to study Hebrew.This has proved very disagreeable to a Number of the Students. This year I have determined to instruct only those who offer themselves voluntarily. The valedictorians of 1785 and 1792, however, did deliver their speeches in Hebrew. <mask> was an amateur scientist who corresponded with Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin about scientific discoveries. Using equipment donated to the college by Franklin, <mask> conducted the electrical experiments in New England, continuing a practice first begun by his predecessor, President Thomas Clap. He charged a glass tube with static electricity and used it to "excite the wonder and admiration of an audience". He shocked 52 people at once,

masks: Stiles Stiles Stiles Stiles


title: Ezra Stiles

type: original

texts:
 fired spirits of wine and rum, and caused counterfeit spiders to move about as if they were alive.These were all experiments that had been performed before, and "<mask> seems to have had little genius for pushing back the frontiers of knowledge" and his observations "disclosed nothing new". He was more a learner and teacher than an experimenter. Nevertheless, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1781. His book The United States elevated to Glory and Honor was printed in 1783. The book is a transcript of a sermon given to the Connecticut General Assembly, on May 8, 1783. The sermon draws parallels between the United States and the Biblical nation of Israel. <mask> refers to the US as an "American Israel, high above all nations which He hath made, in numbers, and in praise, and in name, and in honor", suggesting that the White Americans are like the Chosen People of Israel.He opined that "in God’s good providence" Indians and Africans "may gradually vanish", thus ensuring that "an unrighteous SLAVERY may at length, in God’s good providence, be abolished and cease in the land of LIBERTY." Death and legacy at Yale
<mask> died in New Haven in 1795, while serving as president. It is false that <mask> is responsible for the addition of the Hebrew words "Urim" and "Thummim" () to the Yale seal. Indeed, the Hebrew on the Yale seal appears on <mask>' own master's degree diploma from Yale in 1749, decades before he became president of Yale College. In 1961, Yale named a new residential college in his honor: Ezra Stiles College. The college is

masks: Stiles Stiles Stiles Stiles Stiles


title: Ezra Stiles

texts:
 noted for its design by modernist architect Eero Saarinen. <mask>' upholstered armchair is currently in the Yale University Art Gallery in New Haven, Connecticut.The chair was made in Newport, Rhode Island. <mask> married twice (Elizabeth Hubbard and Mary Checkley Cranston) and had eight children. <mask>' son <mask>, Esq., was educated first at Yale College, then at Harvard College, where he studied law, graduating in 1778. <mask>, Jr., subsequently settled in Vermont, and served to establish the boundaries between Vermont and New Hampshire. He died prematurely at Chowan County, North Carolina, on August 22, 1784, and his two daughters by his wife Sylvia (Avery) <mask> of Vermont (and formerly of Norwich, Connecticut) had their uncle Jonathan Leavitt appointed their guardian. <mask>' daughter Emilia married Judge and State Senator Jonathan Leavitt of Greenfield, Massachusetts. His daughter Mary married, in 1790, Abiel Holmes, a Congregational clergyman and historian and a 1783 graduate of Yale College.By his second marriage to Sarah Wendell, Abiel was the father of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.

Notes

References

Further reading

 Dexter, Franklin Bowditch. (1901). The Literary Diary of <mask> (Vol. I, January 1, 1769 – March 13, 1776). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. __. (1901).The Literary Diary of <mask> Vol. II, March 14, 1776 – December 31, 1781. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. OCLC 2198912
  __. (1901). The Literary Diary of <mask> (Vol. III, January 1, 1782 – May 6, 1795).New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Holmes, Abiel. (1798). The Life of <mask> D.D. LL.D.

masks:
Stiles
Family Stiles
Stiles
Ezra Stiles
Ezra Stiles
Stiles
Stiles
Ezra Stiles
Ezra Stiles
Ezra Stiles
Ezra Stiles


title: Ezra Stiles

texts:
 ... President of Yale College. Boston: Thomas & Andrews.OCLC 11506585
 Kelley, Brooks Mather. (1999). Yale: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press. ; OCLC 810552
 Morgan, Edmund Sears. (1983). The Gentle Puritan: A Life of <mask>, 1727–1795.The gentle puritan: a life of <mask>, 1727–1795. Raleigh: University of North Carolina Press. Welch, Lewis Sheldon and Walter Camp. (1899). Yale, Her Campus, Class-rooms, and Athletics. Boston: L. C. Page and Co. OCLC 2191518

External links

Brown University's John Hay Library
Brown University Charter
<mask> Papers. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.1727 births
1795 deaths
American slave owners
18th-century American people
Yale University alumni
Presidents of Yale University
American theologians
People from North Haven, Connecticut
People of colonial Connecticut
Christian Hebraists
American Hebraists
Burials at Grove Street Cemetery
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
University and college founders
Brown University people
Clergy in the American Revolution
18th-century Congregationalist ministers
American Congregationalist ministers
Religious leaders from New Haven, Connecticut
White

masks:
Ezra Stiles
Ezra Stiles
Ezra Stiles


title: Brian O'Connor (baseball coach)

texts:
<mask>'Connor (born April 20, 1971) is the head baseball coach of the Virginia Cavaliers. Previously serving as an Associate Head Coach at Notre Dame, he was hired on July 8, 2003, to replace the retiring Dennis Womack (who moved on to assistant athletic director of facilities management and operations). O'Connor has taken the Virginia baseball team to fourteen NCAA baseball tournaments during his 15 seasons in Charlottesville, including the 2009 College World Series, the first in school history; the 2011 College World Series, as the No. 1 national seed; the 2014 College World Series, as the No. 3 national seed; and the 2015 College World Series, which they won and became National Champions for the first time in school history. O'Connor is a native of Omaha, where the College World Series is held each year. Playing career

College
O'Connor graduated from Creighton University in 1993 where as a pitcher he posted a career record of 20-13 with seven saves and a 3.78 ERA.He was an integral starter in Creighton's 1991 College World Series team. To this day he carries on a close relationship with former pitching coach Todd Wenberg. Minor league
O'Connor was selected in the 29th round of the Major League Baseball draft by the Philadelphia Phillies. He posted a 4-2 record with a 4.03 earned run average for the Martinsville Phillies of the Appalachian Class A League in 1993. Coaching

Creighton University
After his time with the Philadelphia Phillies organization, O'Connor rejoined his college team as their pitching coach from 1993 to 1995. University of Notre Dame
At Notre Dame under head coach Paul Mainieri, O'Connor served as an assistant coach for the Fighting Irish from 1995-2001 before being promoted to associate head coach in 2001. He was named the 2001 National Assistant Coach of the Year by the American Baseball Coaches Association (ABCA) and


title: Brian O'Connor (baseball coach)

texts:
 Baseball America.<mask> was also named the AFLAC National Assistant Coach of the Year in 2003. O'Connor worked with the Fighting Irish's pitchers and also served as the program's recruiting coordinator. Eleven years after playing in the College World Series, he was coaching in it for the Fighting Irish in the 2002 Series. University of Virginia

2004
O'Connor was named the head baseball coach at Virginia on July 8, 2003. In his first season as head coach, he guided UVa to one of the most successful seasons ever in the history of the baseball program. He led the Cavaliers to a 44-15 overall record and an 18-6 mark in the ACC. The 18 wins were the most ever by a Cavalier team in league play at the time.For the first time in school history, Virginia hosted an NCAA Regional in its own backyard when Davenport Field at the UVa Baseball Stadium played host to the Charlottesville Regional. It was Virginia's fourth NCAA appearance in school history. O'Connor directed the Cavaliers to a second-place finish in the league in 2004. Virginia swept five three-game series over conference foes for the first time ever, including a three-game sweep over ACC-favorite Georgia Tech in Atlanta, Georgia., for the first time in school history. The Cavaliers also swept Clemson in three games for the first time in 32 years (since 1972). 2005
O'Connor followed up the 2004 season by going 41-20 overall and 14-14 in the ACC in 2005. As the No.7 seed in the conference tournament, he led the Cavaliers to the championship knocking off three ranked opponents along the way including two wins over No. 12 Clemson and a win over No. 18 NC State. During the 2005 season, Virginia posted nine wins over ranked opponents including a three-game sweep of No. 4 Georgia Tech in Charlottesville, which was his second straight sweep of the Yellow Jackets during the regular season. The Cavaliers


title: Adam Weishaupt

texts:
<mask> (; 6 February 1748 – 18 November 1830) was a German philosopher, professor of civil law and later canon law, and founder of the Illuminati. Early life
<mask> was born on 6 February 1748 in Ingolstadt in the Electorate of Bavaria. Many have suggested his family were of Jewish origin. Weishaupt's father <mask> (1717–1753) died when <mask> was five years old. After his father's death he came under the tutelage of his godfather <mask> who, like his father, was a professor of law at the University of Ingolstadt. Ickstatt was a proponent of the philosophy of Christian Wolff and of the Enlightenment, and he influenced the young Weishaupt with his rationalism. Weishaupt began his formal education at age seven at a Jesuit school.He later enrolled at the University of Ingolstadt and graduated in 1768 at age 20 with a doctorate of law. In 1772 he became a professor of law. The following year he married Afra Sausenhofer of Eichstätt. After Pope Clement XIV's suppression of the Society of Jesus in 1773, Weishaupt became a professor of canon law, a position that was held exclusively by the Jesuits until that time. In 1775 Weishaupt was introduced to the empirical philosophy of Johann Georg Heinrich Feder of the University of Göttingen. Both Feder and Weishaupt would later become opponents of Kantian idealism. Foundation of the Illuminati

On 1 May 1776 <mask> Weishaupt founded the "Illuminati" in the Electorate of Bavaria.Initially Illumination was designated for a group of outstanding and enlightened individuals in the society.

masks:
Johann Adam Weishaupt
Adam Weishaupt
Johann Georg Weishaupt
Adam
Johann Adam Freiherr von Ickstatt
Johann Adam


title: Adam Weishaupt

texts: Indeed, the word was adapted from a Latin root, Iluminatus, which directly translates to "enlightened." He also adopted the name of "Brother Spartacus" within the order. Even encyclopedia references vary on the goal of the order, such as New Advent saying the Order was not egalitarian or democratic internally, but sought to promote the doctrines of equality and freedom throughout society; while others such as Collier's have said the aim was to combat religion and foster rationalism in its place. The Illuminati was formed with the vision of liberating humans from religious bondage and undermining corrupted governments. The actual character of the society was an elaborate network of spies and counter-spies. Each isolated cell of initiates reported to a superior, whom they did not know: a party structure that was effectively adopted by some later groups.<mask> was initiated into the Masonic lodge "Theodor zum guten Rath", at Munich in 1777. His project of "illumination, enlightening the understanding by the sun of reason, which will dispel the clouds of superstition and of prejudice" was an unwelcome reform. He used Freemasonry to recruit for his own quasi-masonic society, with the goal of "perfecting human nature" through re-education to achieve a communal state with nature, freed of government and organized religion. Presenting their own system as pure masonry, Weishaupt and Adolph Freiherr Knigge, who organised his ritual structure, greatly expanded the secret organisation. Contrary to Immanuel Kant's famous dictum that


title: Adam Weishaupt

texts:
 Enlightenment (and Weishaupt's Order was in some respects an expression of the Enlightenment Movement) was the passage by man out of his 'self-imposed immaturity' through daring to 'make use of his own reason, without the guidance of another,' Weishaupt's Order of Illuminati prescribed in great detail everything which the members had obediently to read and think, so that Dr. Wolfgang Riedel has commented that this approach to illumination or enlightenment constituted a degradation and twisting of the Kantian principle of Enlightenment. Riedel writes:

'The independence of thought and judgement required by Kant ... was specifically prevented by the Order of the Illuminati's rules and regulations. Enlightenment takes place here, if it takes place at all, precisely under  the direction of another, namely under that of the "Superiors" [of the Order].Weishaupt's radical rationalism and vocabulary were not likely to succeed. Writings that were intercepted in 1784 were interpreted as seditious, and the Society was banned by the government of Karl Theodor, Elector of Bavaria, in 1784. Weishaupt lost his position at the University of Ingolstadt and fled Bavaria. Activities in exile
He received the assistance of Duke Ernest II of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1745–1804), and lived in Gotha writing a series of works on illuminism, including A Complete History of the Persecutions of the Illuminati in Bavaria (1785), A Picture of Illuminism (1786), An Apology for the Illuminati (1786), and An Improved System of Illuminism (1787). <mask>t died in


title: Adam Weishaupt

texts:
 Über die Lehre von den Gründen und Ursachen aller Dinge. (1794) Über die Selbsterkenntnis, ihre Hindernisse und Vorteile. (1797) Über die Zwecke oder Finalursachen. (1802) Über die Hindernisse der baierischen Industrie und Bevölkerung.(1804) Die Leuchte des Diogenes. (1817) Über die Staats-Ausgaben und Auflagen. Google Books
 (1818) Über das Besteuerungs-System. Works relating to the Illuminati

(1786) Apologie der Illuminaten, . (1786) Vollständige Geschichte der Verfolgung der Illuminaten in Bayern. (1786) Schilderung der Illuminaten. (1787) Einleitung zu meiner Apologie.(1787) Einige Originalschriften des Illuminatenordens...
(1787) Nachtrage von weitern Originalschriften...
(1787) Kurze Rechtfertigung meiner Absichten. (1787) Nachtrag zur Rechtfertigung meiner Absichten. (1787) Apologie des Mißvergnügens und des Übels. (1787) Das Verbesserte System der Illuminaten. (1788) Der ächte Illuminat, oder die wahren, unverbesserten Rituale der Illuminaten. (1795) Pythagoras, oder Betrachtungen über die geheime Welt- und Regierungs-Kunst. Source

Works by <mask>t in English translation

(2008) Diogenes' Lamp, or an Examination of Our Present Day Morality and Enlightenment, translated by Amelia Gill, The Masonic Book Club.Internet Archive
(2015) The Secret School of Wisdom: The Authentic Rituals and Doctrines of the Illuminati, translated by Jeva Singh-Anand, edited by Josef Wäges and Reinhard Markner, London: Lewis Masonic, 447 pp.,

Notes

External links

  Biography in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Vol. 41, pp. 539–550 by


title: John Barbirolli

texts: Sir <mask>  ( <mask>; 2 December 189929 July 1970) was a British conductor and cellist. He is remembered above all as conductor of the Hallé Orchestra in Manchester, which he helped save from dissolution in 1943 and conducted for the rest of his life. Earlier in his career he was Arturo Toscanini's successor as music director of the New York Philharmonic, serving from 1936 to 1943. He was also chief conductor of the Houston Symphony from 1961 to 1967, and was a guest conductor of many other orchestras, including the BBC Symphony Orchestra, London Symphony Orchestra, the Philharmonia, the Berlin Philharmonic and the Vienna Philharmonic, with all of which he made recordings. Born in London of Italian and French parentage, Barbirolli grew up in a family of professional musicians. After starting out as a cellist, he was given the chance to conduct, from 1926 with the British National Opera Company, and then with Covent Garden's touring company. On taking up the conductorship of the Hallé he had less opportunity to work in the opera house, but in the 1950s he conducted productions of works by Verdi, Wagner, Gluck, and Puccini at Covent Garden with such success that he was invited to become the company's permanent musical director, an invitation he declined.Late in his career he made several recordings of operas, of which his 1967 set of Puccini's Madama Butterfly for EMI is probably the best known. Both in the concert hall and on record, Barbirolli was particularly associated with the music of English composers such as Elgar, Delius and Vaughan Williams. His interpretations of other late Romantic composers, such as

masks:
John Barbirolli
Giovanni Battista Barbirolli


title: John Barbirolli

texts:
 Mahler and Sibelius, as well as of earlier classical composers, including Schubert, are also still admired. Biography

Early years

Giovanni Battista <mask> was born on 2 December 1899 in Southampton Row, Holborn, London, the second child and eldest son of an Italian father and a French mother. He was a British national from birth, and as Southampton Row is within the sound of Bow Bells, Barbirolli always regarded himself as a Cockney. His father, <mask> (1864–1929), was a Venetian violinist who had settled in London with his wife, Louise Marie, née Ribeyrol (1870–1962). Lorenzo and his father had played in the orchestra at La Scala, Milan, where they had taken part in the première of Otello in 1887.In London they played in West End theatre orchestras, principally that of the Empire, Leicester Square. The young Barbirolli began to play the violin when he was four, but soon changed to the cello. He later said that this was at the instigation of his grandfather who, exasperated at the child's habit of wandering around while practising the violin, bought him a small cello to stop him from "getting in everybody's way". His education at St. Clement Danes Grammar School overlapped, from 1910, with a scholarship at Trinity College of Music. As a Trinity student, he made his concert debut in a cello concerto in the Queen's Hall in 1911. The following year he won a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Music, which he attended from 1912 to 1916, studying harmony, counterpoint and theory under J. B. McEwen and the cello with Herbert Walenn.In 1914 he was joint winner of the academy's Charles Rube Prize for ensemble

masks:
Barbirolli
Lorenzo Barbirolli


title: John Barbirolli

texts:
 playing, and in 1916 The Musical Times singled him out as "that excellent young 'cello player, Mr Giovanni Barbirolli." The principal of the Academy, Sir Alexander Mackenzie, had forbidden students to play the chamber music of Ravel, which he regarded as "a pernicious influence". Barbirolli was keenly interested in modern music, and he and three colleagues secretly rehearsed Ravel's String Quartet in the privacy of a men's lavatory in the Academy. From 1916 to 1918 Barbirolli was a freelance cellist in London. He recalled, "My first orchestral engagement was with the Queen's Hall Orchestra – I was probably the youngest orchestral musician ever, joining them in 1916. We had an enormous repertory – six concerts a week, three hours or more rehearsal a day. In those days we were happy if we began and finished together".While playing in the Queen's Hall Orchestra, Barbirolli also played in the opera pit for the Beecham and Carl Rosa opera companies, in recitals with the pianist Ethel Bartlett, with orchestras in theatres, cinemas, hotels and dance-halls, and, as he said, "everywhere except the street". During the last year of the First World War, Barbirolli enlisted in the army and became a lance-corporal in the Suffolk Regiment. Here he had his first opportunity to conduct, when an orchestra of volunteers was formed. He later described the experience:

While in the army, Barbirolli adopted the anglicised form of his first name for the sake of simplicity: "The sergeant-major had great difficulty in reading my name on the roll-call. 'Who is this Guy Vanni?' he used to ask. So I chose <mask>."After demobilisation he


title: John Barbirolli

texts:
 reverted to the original form of his name, using it until 1922. On re-entering civilian life, Barbirolli resumed his career as a cellist. His association with Edward Elgar's Cello Concerto began with its première in 1919, when he played as a rank and file member of the London Symphony Orchestra. He was the soloist at another performance of the concerto just over a year later. The Musical Times commented, "Signor Giovanni Barbirolli was not entirely equal to the demands of the solo music, but his playing unquestionably gave a considerable amount of pleasure." At the Three Choirs Festival of 1920 he took part in his first Dream of Gerontius, under Elgar's baton, in the LSO cellos. He joined two newly founded string quartets as cellist: the Kutcher Quartet, led by his former fellow student at Trinity, Samuel Kutcher, and the Music Society Quartet (later called the International Quartet) led by André Mangeot.He also made several early broadcasts with Mangeot's quartet. First conducting posts
Barbirolli's ambition was to conduct. He was the prime mover in establishing the Guild of Singers and Players Chamber Orchestra in 1924, and in 1926 he was invited to conduct a new ensemble at the Chenil Gallery in Chelsea, initially called the "Chenil Chamber Orchestra" but later renamed "<mask>i's Chamber Orchestra". Barbirolli's concerts impressed Frederic Austin, director of the British National Opera Company (BNOC), who in the same year invited him to conduct some performances with the company. Barbirolli had never conducted a chorus or a large orchestra, but had the confidence to accept. He made his operatic debut


title: John Barbirolli

texts: politically unacceptable to a section of the Philharmonic's audience because he continued to live and work in Germany under the Nazi government. Following a campaign of protest in New York he felt unable to take up the appointment.For want of any available conductor of comparable fame the management of the orchestra invited five guest conductors to divide the season among them. Barbirolli was allotted the first ten weeks of the season, comprising 26 concerts. He was followed by the composer-conductors Igor Stravinsky, Georges Enescu and Carlos Chávez, each conducting for two weeks, and finally by Artur Rodziński of the Cleveland Orchestra, for eight weeks. <mask>'s first concert in New York was on 5 November 1936. The programme consisted of short pieces by Berlioz and Arnold Bax, and symphonies by Mozart (the Linz) and Brahms (the Fourth). During his ten weeks, he programmed several American novelties including Charles Martin Loeffler's tone-poem Memories of My Childhood, a symphony by Anis Fuleihan, and Philip James's Bret Harte overture. He also conducted Serge Koussevitzky's Double Bass Concerto.The players told the Philharmonic management that they would be happy for Barbirolli to be appointed to a permanent position. The outcome of this was an invitation to him to become Music Director and Permanent Conductor for three years starting with the 1937–38 season. At the same time as this great change in his professional life, Barbirolli's personal life was also transformed. His marriage had not lasted; within four years he and Marjorie Barbirolli had been living apart. In 1938 she sued for divorce on the


title: John Barbirolli

texts: were also members of the BBC Northern Orchestra. The Hallé board resolved that its orchestra must follow the example of the Liverpool Philharmonic, which the Hallé's former conductor Malcolm Sargent had transformed into a full-time, permanent orchestra. Only four of the players shared with the BBC chose to join the Hallé. The Times later wrote of Barbirolli's first actions for the orchestra: "In a couple of months of endless auditions, he rebuilt the Hallé, accepting any good player, whatever his musical background – he found himself with a schoolboy first flute, a schoolmistress hornist, and various brass players recruited from brass and military bands in the Manchester area ... The reborn Hallé's first concert somehow lived up to the Hallé's great reputation."The Musical Times also noted, "From his earliest days with the orchestra it was the string tone that commanded immediate attention and respect. There was a fiery intensity and glowing warmth that proclaimed the born string coach". Barbirolli retained his reputation for training orchestras: after his death, one of his former players commented, "If you wanted orchestral experience you'd be set for life, starting in the Hallé with <mask>i." Further afield, critics, audiences and players in Europe and the United States commented on the improvement in the playing of their orchestras when Barbirolli was in charge. Later he extended his teaching skills to the Royal Academy of Music, where he took charge of the student orchestra from 1961. Barbirolli refused invitations to take up more prestigious and lucrative conductorships. Shortly after he took over the


title: John Barbirolli

texts:
 1968. Awards from musical institutions included the Freedom of the Worshipful Company of Musicians, 1966; Honorary Academician of the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, 1960; Gold Medal of the Royal Philharmonic Society, 1950; Bruckner Medal, Bruckner Society of America, 1959; and the Mahler Medal, Mahler-Bruckner Society of America, 1965. He was also awarded the title of Doctor of Music honoris causa (DMus h.c.) from the National University of Ireland in 1952. There are memorials to Barbirolli in Manchester and London.Barbirolli Square in Manchester is named in his honour and features a sculpture of him by Byron Howard (2000). The square includes the present base of the Hallé Orchestra, the Bridgewater Hall, in which the Barbirolli Room commemorates the conductor. At his old school, St Clement Danes, now relocated in Chorleywood, the main hall is named in his honour. A commemorative blue plaque was placed on the wall of the Bloomsbury Park Hotel in Southampton Row in May 1993 to mark Barbirolli's birthplace. The Sir <mask>i Memorial Foundation of the Royal Philharmonic Society was instituted after his death to assist young musicians with the purchase of instruments. In 1972 the Barbirolli Society was set up with the principal aim of promoting the continued release of Barbirolli's recorded performances. Its honorary officers have included <mask>, Daniel Barenboim and Michael Kennedy.In April 2012, he was voted into the inaugural Gramophone "Hall of Fame". Repertoire and recordings

Barbirolli is remembered as an interpreter of Elgar, Vaughan Williams and Mahler, as well as Schubert, Beethoven, Sibelius,

masks:
John Barbiroll
Evelyn Barbirolli


title: John Barbirolli

texts:
 Verdi and Puccini, and as a staunch supporter of new works by British composers. Vaughan Williams dedicated his Eighth Symphony to Barbirolli, whose nickname, "Glorious <mask>", comes from the inscription Vaughan Williams wrote at the head of the score: "For glorious <mask>, with love and admiration from Ralph." Barbirolli did not disdain lighter repertoire. The music critic Richard Osborne wrote that, if all Barbirolli's recordings were to be lost except that of Lehár's Gold and Silver Waltz, "there would be reason enough to say, 'Now, there was a conductor!'" Barbirolli's repertoire was not as wide as that of many of his colleagues because he insisted on exhaustive preparation for any work he conducted. His colleague Sir Adrian Boult liked and admired Barbirolli but teased him for his meticulousness: "We can't all be like you and spend months studying these things and then have days of rehearsals before we conduct them.For some of us they're only sporting events." Barbirolli was shocked by such levity. His approach was illustrated by the care he took with Mahler's symphonies. His biographer Michael Kennedy commented, "it is ironical that the effort of composing the symphonies shortened Mahler's life; interpreting them certainly put an enormous strain on Barbirolli in his last decade." He found that mastering a Mahler symphony took between 18 months and two years, and he would spend hours meticulously bowing all the string parts in preparation for his performances. His first performance of Mahler's Ninth took nearly 50 hours of rehearsal. Pre-war
From almost the start of his career Barbirolli was a frequent

masks: John John


title: John Barbirolli

texts: recording artist.As a young cellist he made four records for Edison Bell in 1911, with piano accompaniment by his sister Rosa, and as part of the Kutcher and the Music Society string quartets he recorded music by Mozart, Purcell, Vaughan Williams and others in 1925 and 1926. As a conductor he began recording in 1927 for the National Gramophonic Society (an offshoot of The Gramophone). Among his records from that period was the first to be made of Elgar's Introduction and Allegro for Strings. On hearing it, the composer said, "I'd never realised it was such a big work." Elgar, despite an extensive discography as a conductor, never recorded the work himself, and some have speculated that "the breadth, nobility and lyrical poetry" of Barbirolli's interpretation left the composer disinclined to compete. In 1928 Barbirolli made some recordings for the Edison Bell label. The same year, he began his long association with the His Master's Voice (HMV) label.Immediately after the LSO concert at which he had stood in for Beecham, he was approached by Fred Gaisberg, the chief recording producer for HMV who signed him for his company shortly afterwards. An HMV colleague of Gaisberg described Barbirolli as "a treasure", because he "could accompany Chaliapin without provoking an uproar, win golden opinions from Jascha Heifetz, Artur Rubinstein, Fritz Kreisler and Pablo Casals, and conduct one of the finest recorded performances of the Quintet from Meistersinger". {{ external media | align = center|width=210px |audio1 = You may listen to <mask>i conducting Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov's 'Capriccio Espagnol with the New York


title: JJ Hickson

texts:
James Edward "<mask>" <mask>. (born September 4, 1988) is an American former professional basketball player. He played one season of college basketball for North Carolina State University before being drafted 19th overall by the Cleveland Cavaliers in the 2008 NBA draft. He played for the Cleveland Cavaliers, Sacramento Kings and Portland Trail Blazers, as well as in Israel for Bnei HaSharon during the 2011 NBA lockout. High school career
Hickson attended Joseph Wheeler High School in Marietta, Georgia. In the class of 2007, he was ranked as the No. 10 overall recruit and No. 2 power forward by Rivals.com and as the No.13 overall and the No. 3 power forward by Scout.com. In 2005–06, <mask> took Wheeler High to the 5A Final Four. As a senior in 2006–07, he averaged 25.9 points, 13.8 rebounds and 3.0 blocks per game as he earned McDonald's All-American honors. College career
<mask> played one season of college basketball for NC State in 2007–08. In his first game as a freshman, Hickson scored 31 points, making all 12 of his attempted field goals against William & Mary, setting an NCAA Division I record for field goal percentage (minimum 12 makes) by a player in his first career game. Hickson was named ACC Rookie of the Week on three occasions, scored 20 or more points seven times and registered 10 double-doubles.He set an ACC single-game freshman record by pulling down a career-high 23 rebounds and also added 13 points and four blocked shots versus Clemson. Hickson scored a career-high 33 points on 10–of–11 shooting and grabbed 13 rebounds against Western Carolina University, and put up 27 points and 14 rebounds against Miami in the first round of the ACC Tournament. For the season, he averaged 14.8 points and 8.5 rebounds (leading all freshmen) while shooting 59% from the field. He was selected to the All-Freshman team in the ACC, and an honorable mention for All-ACC. College statistics

|-
| align="left" | 2007–08
|

masks:
JJ
Hickson Jr
Hickson
Hickson


title: JJ Hickson

texts:
 align="left" | NC State
| 31 || 31 || 28.7 || .591 || .000 || .677 || 8.5 || 1.0 || 0.7 || 1.5 || 14.8
|}

Professional career

Cleveland Cavaliers (2008–2011)
<mask> was selected with 19th overall pick in the 2008 NBA draft by the Cleveland Cavaliers. On July 10, 2008, he signed his rookie scale contract with the Cavaliers. He went on to score four points in his NBA debut against the Charlotte Bobcats, making one field goal and two free throws.On November 26, 2008, he had career-highs with 14 points, six rebounds and four blocks against the Oklahoma City Thunder. <mask> surpassed his career-high by grabbing seven rebounds on January 13, 2009 against the Memphis Grizzlies. Then on February 24, 2009, he surpassed his previous career-high of 7 rebounds to 9 rebounds against the Grizzlies. On October 26, 2009, the Cavaliers exercised their third-year team option on Hickson's rookie scale contract, extending the contract through the 2010–11 season. On January 27, 2010, Hickson set a new career-high in scoring with 23 points against the Minnesota Timberwolves. On October 23, 2010, the Cavaliers exercised their fourth-year team option on Hickson's rookie scale contract, extending the contract through the 2011–12 season. On November 2, 2010, Hickson had a career-high 31 points in a losing effort to the Atlanta Hawks.On January 22, <mask> grabbed a career-high 20 rebounds, including a career-high 11 offensive rebounds, against the Chicago Bulls. On February 25, he set a career high of five blocks in a victory over the New York Knicks. Sacramento Kings (2011–2012)
On June 30, 2011, <mask> was traded to the Sacramento Kings in exchange for Omri Casspi and Sacramento's protected first-round pick in the 2012 NBA draft. On October 21, 2011, <mask> signed with Bnei HaSharon of the Israeli Basketball Premier League for the duration of the NBA lockout. After making his lone appearance for Bnei on October 30, <mask> was released by the club on

masks: Hickson Hickson Hickson Hickson Hickson Hickson


title: JJ Hickson

texts:
 November 5. In December 2011, following the conclusion of the lockout, he joined to the Sacramento Kings. He went on to play 35 games for Sacramento in 2011–12 before he was waived by the franchise on March 19, 2012.Portland Trail Blazers (2012–2013)
On March 21, 2012, <mask> was claimed off waivers by the Portland Trail Blazers. On July 13, 2012, <mask> re-signed with the Trail Blazers to a one-year deal. In 2012–13, he averaged a career-high 10.4 rebounds, as well as 12.7 points per game. Denver Nuggets (2013–2016)
On July 11, 2013, <mask> signed with the Denver Nuggets. On February 25, 2014, Hickson recorded 16 points and a career-high 25 rebounds in a 95-100 loss to the Portland Trail Blazers. On March 22, 2014, it was announced that Hickson would miss the rest of the season after tearing his anterior cruciate ligament in the March 21 loss to the Dallas Mavericks. On September 17, 2014, <mask> was suspended by the NBA for the first five games of the 2014–15 season for violating the NBA's anti-drug policy.On February 19, 2016, <mask> was waived by the Nuggets. Washington Wizards (2016)
On February 25, 2016, <mask> signed with the Washington Wizards. Three days later, he made his debut with the Wizards in a 113–99 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers, recording two points and two rebounds in six minutes off the bench. Fuijan Sturgeons (2016–2017)
On August 20, 2016, <mask> signed with the Fujian Sturgeons of the Chinese Basketball Association. Jiangsu Tongxi (2017)
On August 11, 2017, <mask> signed with Jiangsu Tongxi of the Chinese Basketball Association. Champville (2018)
On April 2, 2018, <mask> signed with Champville SC of the Lebanese Basketball Federation. Hickson was arrested after the season's ending along with two other persons and charged with burglary, physical assault and armed robbery with a knife of a man from Coweta County, Georgia.Leones de Ponce (2019)
On May 8, 2019, Leones de Ponce announced that they had

masks: Hickson Hickson Hickson Hickson Hickson Hickson Hickson Hickson Hickson


title: Joey Giardello

texts:
Carmine Orlando Tilelli (July 16, 1930 – September 4, 2008) was an American boxer who was the world middleweight champion from 1963 to 1965, and was better known by his professional pseudonym of <mask>. Early life
<mask> was born in Brooklyn, but lived most of his life in the Lower Moyamensing area of South Philadelphia, where, as a young man, he joined many other Americans of Italian ancestry in taking up boxing. He turned professional in 1948, not long after his 18th birthday. It was said that <mask> changed his name from Tilelli in an attempt to join the US Army under the legal age using his cousin's name. He then served, underage, in an Airborne unit for the short remainder of World War II. He built up a neat resume whilst serving, though suffered an initial setback: "He had a scuffle at a gas station which cost him his $100,000 Prize Fight money and five months in jail" during his early career. Pro career
As a pro, he quickly racked up an 18–0–1 record in his first 19 fights while facing less-than-stellar opposition.He fought just three men who had previously won a fight during that time. It caught up with Tilelli on January 16, 1950, when he was handed his first defeat by Joe DiMartino, a journeyman with a 6–10 record. After that embarrassment, he began to face better opposition and by 1951, was beating some of the better middleweight boxers on the Philadelphia scene. He continued to do so for years afterward, but was blocked from receiving a shot at the world championship by the underworld figures who controlled the sport at that time. (On June 4, 1954, Los Angeles-based heavyweight boxer Clarence Henry, who was managed by Mafiosi Frank "Blinky" Palermo, was arrested in New York City for attempting to bribe Oakland, California middleweight Bobby Jones to throw his June 11 Madison Square Garden match with <mask>. Henry allegedly offered $15,000 (equivalent to approximately $ in today's

masks:
Joey Giardello
Giardello
Giardello
Giardello


title: Joey Giardello

texts: funds) to Jones to throw the fight. Once the third-ranked heavyweight contender, Henry was released after posting $2,000 bail and subsequently retired from the ring.<mask> beat Jones in a close decision). <mask>'s fight vs. Billy Graham was the next significant bout. The decision first was awarded to Graham, then later reversed to a decision in favor of <mask>, then reversed again, some time later, in favor of Graham. This fight is known in boxing lore as "The reversed reversal." It was only in 1960 that Tilelli, now known as <mask>, received any kind of championship opportunity. On April 20, he faced Gene Fullmer for the National Boxing Association version of the world middleweight title. He missed out on the title when he and Fullmer fought to a draw over 15 rounds.<mask> lost four of his next six fights, but then came back strong with an 8–1–1 record in his next 10, all of which were over some of the biggest names in the division at that time. One of his wins, a 10-round decision over Henry Hank on January 30, 1962, was chosen as Ring Magazine's fight of the year. Then, on June 24, 1963, <mask> upset boxing legend Sugar Ray Robinson, and at the age of 33, was finally named as the No. 1 challenger for the world middleweight title. He wasted no opportunity. On December 7, <mask> faced Dick Tiger in Atlantic City for the title and won, taking the world championship by decision in 15 rounds and drawing with Tiger in two others. He reigned as world champion for nearly two years, winning four fights during that time.The most notable was a December 14, 1964 title defense against Rubin Carter. He won the fight handily, using a slick jab to keep Carter at bay, despite taking a few solid rights to the head in the early rounds, though Carter was not able to follow them up. By the 5th round, <mask> had taken control of the fight and was awarded a unanimous decision. However, the fight's depiction in the

masks: Giardello Giardello Giardello Giardello Giardello Giardello Giardello Giardello


title: Joey Giardello

texts:
 1999 film The Hurricane has led many non-boxing fans to believe the decision was in some way corrupt or even racist. However, the decision was agreed upon by Boxing experts present at the fight, to the tune of a <mask> victory by a 3–1 margin; a subsequent informal poll of sportswriters present agreed that <mask> had won. Carter himself agreed with the decision. As detailed further down this page, after the release of 'The Hurricane' in 1999, <mask> was awarded damages relating to the inaccurate depiction of him and manner of his win.<mask> gave Tiger a rematch on October 21, 1965 and this time, the Nigerian decisioned <mask> over 15 rounds to regain the belt. <mask> fought just four more times over the next two years before retiring. Life after boxing
After retirement, he went into private business and went back to his real name. He was an insurance salesman and later joined the Misco International Chemical Company as their New York-Philadelphia-New Jersey distributor. He had married his wife Rosalie in 1950, with whom he had four children. He did a lot of work with the intellectually disabled, particularly for St. John of God School Community Services in Westville Grove, New Jersey, where his son, Carman, who had Down Syndrome, lived for ten years. He met the pope and was invited to President John F. Kennedy's Inauguration.With his celebrity and title, he participated in countless fundraising events for the intellectually disabled and contributed his time and talent to the Special Olympics, founded by Eunice Kennedy Shriver. At one event he taught the Special Olympians to jump rope. He had a small role as a man from "The Syndicate" in the 1975 movie Moonrunners. In 1996, he was invited to a Hungarian TV talk-show, (Friderikusz show) in which he made appearance in Budapest, Hungary, to celebrate Laszlo Papp's 70th birthday, that was a honorary invitation because of eastern communist block did

masks: Giardello Giardello Giardello Giardello Giardello Giardello


title: Joey Giardello

texts:
 not let Papp to match with <mask> in 1966, therefore <mask> could keep holding the 2 world titles, while Laszlo Papp was forced by the communist Hungarian government to bring his boxing career to an end. He later filed a federal lawsuit against Universal Pictures, Beacon Communications and Aloof Films, for unspecified damages, for its "thoroughly false depiction" of his bout with Rubin Carter in Norman Jewison's 1999 film The Hurricane. "In a key scene, the film shows a punch-drunk, blood-spattered <mask> being clearly beaten by Carter but winning a racially-tinged decision...[<mask> had] suffered only a small cut over the left eye caused by a butt in the 4th round and won what a majority at ringside thought was a clear decision over a listless Carter...." <mask> settled out-of-court for an undisclosed sum and Jewison's agreement to make a statement on the DVD version of the film that <mask> "no doubt" was a great fighter. He died on September 4, 2008 in Cherry Hill, New Jersey.He was 78 years old. <mask> was inducted into the Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame in 2009, the 3rd boxer to be inducted after Joe Frazier (2004) and Tommy Loughran (2008). He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1993. His career record was 101 wins, 25 losses and 7 draws. He was 5-3-1 against other boxers in the Hall of Fame, including a 2–2 mark against Tiger. A public statue honoring <mask> is situated in the East Passyunk Crossing section of South Philadelphia. Professional boxing record

See also
List of middleweight boxing champions

References

External links

1930 births
2008 deaths
Middleweight boxers
American boxers of Italian descent
World boxing champions
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
Boxers from Philadelphia
Sportspeople from Brooklyn
United States Army personnel of World War II
American male boxers
United States Army soldiers
Boxers from New York City
Child soldiers in

masks:
Giardello
Giardello
Giardello
Giardello
Giardello
Giardello
Honors Giardello
Giardello


title: George Foulkes, Baron Foulkes of Cumnock

texts: <mask>, <mask> of Cumnock  (born 21 January 1942) is a Scottish politician and life peer who served as Minister of State for Scotland from 2001 to 2002. A member of the Scottish Labour Party and Co-operative Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley, formerly South Ayrshire, from 1979 to 2005. He was later a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP), as one of the additional members for the Lothians region, from 2007 to 2011. Born in Shropshire, <mask> was educated at Keith Grammar School in Moray and privately at The Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Hertfordshire and studied Psychology at the University of Edinburgh. He served as President of the Scottish Union of Students before being elected to City of Edinburgh District Council and Lothian Regional Council. After unsuccessfully contesting Edinburgh West in 1970 and Edinburgh Pentlands in October 1974, he was elected to represent South Ayrshire in parliament at the 1979 general election and to represent Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley at the 1983 general election following boundary changes. Appointed to the opposition frontbench in 1983, Foulkes served as a shadow Europe minister, shadow foreign and Commonwealth affairs minister and shadow defence minister respectively.He was forced to resign from the latter role in 1993, after striking a police officer and being convicted of being drunk and disorderly. He rejoined the frontbench in 1994 as a shadow overseas aid minister. After the Labour Party won the 1997 general election, he was Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for International Development from 1997 to 2001 and Minister of State for Scotland from 2001 to 2002. He

masks:
George Foulkes
Baron Foulkes
Foulkes


texts:
 stepped down from the House of Commons at the 2005 general election. While serving as a delegate to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Foulkes joined the House of Lords in June 2005 and was appointed to the Privy Council in July. Elected at the 2007 Scottish Parliament election on the Lothians regional list, he was critical of the conduct of the minority Scottish National Party (SNP) government and campaigned for presumed consent for organ donation. He stood down from the Scottish Parliament at the 2011 election.In the Lords, he continued to be loyal to the New Labour government and supported the ongoing Iraq War and proposals for mandatory identity cards. During the 2009 expenses controversy, he accused presenters who questioned MPs' expenses of undermining democracy. He was a critic of Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn for failing to tackle antisemitism in the party and made calls for Richard Leonard to resign as Leader of the Scottish Labour Party. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Oswestry, Shropshire, and raised in Banffshire, later Moray, where he was educated at the state secondary Keith Grammar School. He later attended the independent, fee-paying Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Hertfordshire. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Psychology from the University of Edinburgh, where he was Senior President of the Students' Representative Council in 1963. He later became the full-time President of the Scottish Union of Students, after which he was elected as a City of Edinburgh district councillor for the Sighthill ward and then as a member of Lothian Regional Council.House of Commons
Before gaining election to the House of


texts: Commons, <mask> unsuccessfully contested Edinburgh West in 1970, being beaten by the Conservative Party candidate Anthony Stodart. In October 1974, he stood for Edinburgh Pentlands but was beaten by Malcolm Rifkind. He was first elected in the 1979 general election, as Labour and Co-operative Member of Parliament for South Ayrshire. After the constituency's abolition in boundary changes, he was elected in the 1983 general election for the new constituency of Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley. In 1981, Foulkes drafted a political bill called the "Control of Space Invaders (and other Electronic Games) Bill" in an attempt to ban the game for its "addictive properties" and for causing "deviancy". The bill was debated and only narrowly defeated in parliament by 114 to 94 votes. He introduced the first-ever proposals for a smoking ban in public places in 1982 and legislation against age discrimination in 1985, both through private member's bills.A supporter of Scottish devolution, he was involved in the drafting of "A Claim of Right for Scotland" in 1988. After serving on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee and Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Foulkes was appointed to the Opposition frontbench in 1983, serving as a shadow Europe minister and later a shadow foreign and Commonwealth affairs minister. In 1992, he was made Shadow Minister for Defence, Disarmament and Arms Control. He was forced to resign in 1993, after being convicted of being drunk and disorderly during an incident in which he struck a police officer. He returned to the frontbench in 1994, serving as deputy to Overseas Aid spokespersons Joan Lestor and Clare Short until 1997. When Labour


texts:
 won the general election in 1997, Foulkes was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the new Department for International Development. He was then Minister of State for Scotland from 2001 until a May 2002 cabinet reshuffle.He stepped down from the House of Commons at the 2005 general election. House of Lords

On 13 May 2005, it was announced that <mask> was to receive a life peerage. On 16 June 2005, he was created Baron <mask> of Cumnock, of Cumnock in East Ayrshire. He was made a member of the Privy Council in July of that year. He continued to be an "ultra loyalist" to the 1997–2010 Labour government. He was a strong supporter of 2006 government proposals for mandatory identity cards. He also continued to support the Iraq War and described Tony Blair's conduct of the war as clearly intentioned, carried through brilliantly and resulting in much improvement for the people of Iraq.Commenting on Sir Christopher Meyer's testimony to the Iraq Inquiry in 2009, he described the inquiry as "a procession of primadonnas and the usual suspects grandstanding for the TV". Foulkes was a member of the Intelligence and Security Committee in the Cabinet Office from 2007 to 2010 and the Joint Committee on National Security Strategy from 2010 to 2015. He serves on the Executive Committee of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and the Board of Governors of the Westminster Foundation for Democracy. Since March 2011, he has been a member of the Lords EU Select Committee and Lords EU Sub Committee on Social Policy and Consumer Protection. Foulkes is very active on Caribbean matters, serving as president of the Caribbean Council, chair of the Belize and Dominican Republic

masks: Foulkes Foulkes


texts:
 proposing a separate referendum be held on the subject in the event independence were rejected and Scotland voted to stay in the UK. Foulkes in July 2019 was among 67 Labour peers to lend their names to an unauthorised advertisement in The Guardian which criticised Jeremy Corbyn for failing to effectively tackle antisemitism in the party. In August, he said Richard Leonard and Lesley Laird should resign as Leader and Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party respectively, accusing Leonard of having "no charisma and no leadership credentials" and saying "almost anyone would be better" than Laird. He repeated calls for Leonard to resign in July 2020. Scottish Parliament

<mask> returned to electoral politics in 2007 when he was first on Scottish Labour's Lothians regional list in the 2007 Scottish Parliament election. He appeared in place of leader Jack McConnell on a February 2007 Question Time special and accused Scottish National Party leader Alex Salmond of acting in a "xenophobic way" for saying Gordon Brown was an example of "London Labour". Former Scottish Labour leader Henry McLeish joined others calling on Foulkes to apologise for the claim.He was elected as a Member of the Scottish Parliament on 3 May 2007. After his election, he appeared on the BBC's Scotland at Ten radio program and criticised the SNP for "trying to build up a situation in Scotland where the services are manifestly better than south of the border in a number of areas" in an interview. When asked by presenter Colin Mackay "Is that a bad thing? ", Foulkes responded, "No, but they are doing it deliberately." In the Scottish Parliament, Foulkes was part of Labour's opposition to the


texts:
 minority SNP government, regularly tabling parliamentary questions criticising the Scottish Government's conduct. He highlighted several supposed irregularities, including the taxpayer-funded entertaining of wealthy SNP backers at Bute House and preferential treatment for Stagecoach in the Forth hovercraft project, after their co-founder Brian Souter donated £500,000 to the SNP. Foulkes became a target of criticism by SNP bloggers, whom he branded "Cybernats".He was also part of a campaign for presumed consent on organ donation. <mask> did not seek re-election in the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, with the Lothian list instead returning Sarah Boyack, Neil Findlay and Kezia Dugdale. Dugdale had previously served as his constituency agent and would go on to become Leader of the Scottish Labour Party. Council of Europe
In June 2003, Tony Blair appointed Foulkes as a UK delegate to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and Assembly of the Western European Union. In January 2022, Foulkes and four other Labour delegates tabled ten amendments to Resolution 2417, "Combating rising hate against LGBTI people in Europe". The amendments sought to include the word "sex" alongside gender identity, de-conflate the situation in the UK from Hungary, Poland, Russia and Turkey, and remove references to alleged anti-LGBTI movements in the UK. The delegates received both praise and criticism.Personal life
Foulkes married his wife Elizabeth Anna Hope in 1970 and they have two sons and one daughter together. He was chairman of Heart of Midlothian football club from April 2004 until his resignation in October 2005. He resigned in protest at the majority shareholder


title: John Pitcairn Jr.

texts:
<mask>. (January 10, 1841 – July 22, 1916) was a Scottish-born American industrialist. With just an elementary school education, <mask> rose through the ranks of the Pennsylvania railroad industry, and played a significant role in the creation of the modern oil and natural gas industries. He went on to found the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company (now PPG Industries), an early industry innovator which quickly grew into the largest manufacturer of plate glass in the United States, and amassed one of the largest fortunes in the United States at the time. <mask> was also the primary financial benefactor of the General Church of the New Jerusalem, a Christian church that follows the teachings of Emanuel Swedenborg, and was a major activist in the American anti-vaccination movement. Early life
<mask> was born on January 10, 1841, in Johnstone, Renfrewshire, Scotland, to <mask>. (1803–1884), a machinist, and Agnes McEwan (1803–1891), a housekeeper. He was one of six children resulting from the marriage, and also had two older half-siblings from his father's first marriage. <mask>'s parents had initially emigrated to America around 1835, and lived first in Brooklyn, New York, and then in Paterson, New Jersey, where <mask>' sister, Janet, was born.Meeting with a lack of financial success, they returned to Scotland a few years later. In 1846, however, the family emigrated again to America, this time with four new children, and settled in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, where <mask>'s uncle, <mask>, had started a woolens business. There, Pitcairn attended public school until dropping out at age 14 to pursue a career in the railroad. Around 1849 <mask> and the rest of his family were baptized by David Powell, a reverend of the New Church. Career

Rail

Pitcairn began his professional life at the age of 14, working as an office boy for the general superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad in Altoona. He soon learned telegraphy, and through that became friends with Andrew Carnegie. Pitcairn rapidly worked his way up through the railroad industry; first as

masks:
John Pitcairn Jr
Pitcairn
Pitcairn
Pitcairn
John Pitcairn Sr
Pitcairn
Pitcairn
Pitcairn
Alexander Pitcairn
Pitcairn


title: John Pitcairn Jr.

texts:
 Assistant to the Superintendent of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, and next as Assistant to the Superintendent of the Philadelphia Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad.On February 22, 1861, during his tenure at the latter, <mask> was in charge of the train which carried President-elect Abraham Lincoln from Harrisburg to Philadelphia, en route to the inauguration in Washington, DC. Later, when the Confederate Army invaded Pennsylvania before the Battle of Antietam, <mask> and his brother <mask> were dispatched by Colonel Thomas A. Scott, then Assistant Secretary of War, to Chambersburg, to head the train service for the government. <mask> next served as Assistant Superintendent of the Middle Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and followed this with a stint as the Superintendent of the Middle Division of the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad. Finally, in 1869, he was appointed General Manager of the Oil Creek and Allegheny River Railway Company. Energy
Upon forming a partnership with J. J. Vandergrift of Pittsburgh and George V. Forman of Buffalo, <mask> resigned from his position of general manager to focus exclusively on the oil business. During this period, <mask> built the Imperial Refinery at Oil City, Pennsylvania, and was heavily involved with the production, refining, and pipeline transportation of oil. With Vandergrift, he built and controlled the first natural gas pipeline for manufacturing purposes, and had a controlling stake in the Natural Gas Company, Ltd., founded in the summer of 1875, and later to become the Natural Gas Company of West Virginia.Through these and other successful investments in energy, mining, and banking, <mask> substantially expanded his wealth. Glass

In 1883, <mask> teamed up with Captain <mask> Ford and several others to establish the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company (PPG). Based in Creighton, Pennsylvania (about 20 miles north of Pittsburgh along the Allegheny River), PPG soon became the United States' first commercially successful producer of high-quality, thick flat glass using the

masks:
Pitcairn
Pitcairn
Robert Pitcairn
Pitcairn
Pitcairn
Pitcairn
Pitcairn
Pitcairn
John Baptiste


title: John Pitcairn Jr.

texts:
 plate process. PPG was also the world's first plate glass plant to power its furnaces with locally produced natural gas, an innovation which rapidly stimulated widespread industrial use of the cleaner-burning fuel. PPG expanded quickly. By 1900, known as the "Glass Trust", it included ten plants, had a 65 percent share of the U.S. plate glass market, and had become the nation's second largest producer of paint. Today, known as PPG Industries, the company is a multibillion-dollar, Fortune 500 corporation with 150 manufacturing locations around the world.It now produces coatings, glass, fiberglass, and chemicals. <mask> served as a director of PPG from its start, its president from 1897 to 1905, and  chairman of the board from 1894 until his death. Magnate
<mask>'s interests and holdings were not limited to PPG; at the time of his death, he was also president of the C. H. Wheeler Manufacturing Company, the Pittsburgh Valve and Fittings Company, and the Loyal Hanna Coal and Coke Company, and a director of the Central National Bank of Philadelphia, the Columbia Chemical Company, the Michigan Chemical Company, the Natural Gas Company of West Virginia, and the Owosso Sugar Company. <mask> was the brother of Pennsylvania railroad magnate <mask> and consul-general <mask>. In 1877, the already highly successful, 38-year-old <mask> met 21-year-old Gertrude Starkey (1855–1898). Two years later, he proposed marriage, but was gently turned down. Reputedly, Starkey's strong New Church beliefs about the ideal of marriage required her to conduct a close examination of the spiritual nature of her feelings for him.Undeterred by her rejection, <mask> continued to court Starkey for five more years. Finally she accepted, and they were married in 1884. Following their marriage, the couple lived on Spring Garden Street in Philadelphia, until the completion of the new family estate, Cairnwood, in 1895. Together they had six children, only four of whom survived infancy. These were:
 <mask> (1887–1910). Vera died suddenly of appendicitis at the age of 23. <mask>

masks:
Pitcairn
Pitcairn
Family Pitcairn
Robert Pitcairn
Hugh Pitcairn
Pitcairn
Pitcairn
Vera Pitcairn
Raymond Pitcairn


title: John Pitcairn Jr.

texts:
 (1885–1966).Raymond was a lawyer, a businessman, a collector of ancient and medieval art, and an amateur architect. He supervised the building of the Bryn Athyn Cathedral. He was also the national chairman and a major financial supporter of the Sentinels of the Republic, a right-wing political group of the 1920s and 1930s which opposed child labor legislation and the New Deal. <mask> (1893–1973). Theodore was an arts collector and philanthropist, and a minister in the General Church of the New Jerusalem. In the late 1930s a doctrinal schism within the church led him and several other members to found another "New Church" branch known as The Lord's New Church Which Is Nova Hierosolyma. He served as a leader of this new church until his death.Harold Frederick <mask> (1897–1960). Harold, a lifelong aviation enthusiast, started Pitcairn Aviation, an air mail service that ultimately grew into Eastern Airlines. He founded the Pitcairn Aircraft Company, which designed and built under license pioneering airmail aircraft and autogyros. He played a key role in promoting rotary wing flight leading to development of the helicopter. Religious philanthropy

Pitcairn was an active member and benefactor of the General Church of the New Jerusalem, a branch of the New Church, which follows the teachings of Emanuel Swedenborg. Pitcairn's financial largess enabled the founding of the Swedenborgian settlement at Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania,  the construction of the town's library, and the New Church's Bryn Athyn Cathedral. He also financed the construction of a new campus for the Academy of the New Church, a Swedenborgian learning center comprising a secondary school, a college, and a theological school.The campus was completed in 1911. Anti-vaccination activism

During the last ten years of his life, <mask> was highly active in the American anti-vaccination movement. According to public health historian James Colgrove, <mask>'s opposition to vaccination stemmed from Swedenborgian teachings, a devotion to homeopathy, an alternative medical practice embraced by

masks:
Theodore Pitcairn
Pitcairn
Pitcairn
Pitcairn


title: John Pitcairn Jr.

texts:
 many New Church members, and his son Raymond's adverse reaction to a vaccination. On March 5, 1907, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, he delivered an address to the Committee on Public Health and Sanitation of the Pennsylvania General Assembly criticizing vaccination. He later sponsored the National Anti-Vaccination Conference, which, held in Philadelphia on October, 1908, led to the creation of the Anti-Vaccination League of America. When the League was organized later that month, <mask> was chosen to be its first president. In May, 1910, an article by <mask> entitled 'The Fallacy of Vaccination' was published in the Ladies Home Journal, a periodical with a readership of several million.On December 1, 1911, he was appointed by Pennsylvania Governor <mask>. Tener to the Pennsylvania State Vaccination Commission, which in accordance with the law mandating it, was to include as members two anti-vaccinationists as well as two pro-vaccinationists. <mask> subsequently authored a detailed report strongly opposing the Commission's pro-vaccination conclusions. Later life and death

Construction of <mask>'s family estate, Cairnwood, was completed in 1895. His wife, Gertrude, died just a few years later, in 1898. <mask> never remarried. When asked why, he once responded, "I would no sooner remarry than if Gertrude were standing in the other room." <mask> remained quite active in his numerous business, philanthropy, and social activism capacities well into his seventies.Finally, in the fall of 1915, he suffered a bout of pneumonia, from which he never fully recovered. He died at Cairnwood on July 22, 1916. In 2002, Cairnwood was entered onto the National Register of Historic Places. References

External links

Photograph of <mask>, Jr. (at the Gyllenhaal Family Tree Project)
PPG Industries corporate history

1841 births
1916 deaths
American philanthropists
American Swedenborgians
People from Pennsylvania
Scottish emigrants to the United States
American railroad executives
Pitcairn family
People from Johnstone
American anti-vaccination activists
PPG

masks:
Pitcairn
Pitcairn
John K
Pitcairn
Pitcairn
Pitcairn
Pitcairn
John Pitcairn


title: Martin Bryant

texts:
<mask> (born 7 May 1967) is a convicted Australian mass shooter who murdered 35 people and injured 23 others in the Port Arthur massacre, one of the world's deadliest shooting sprees, in Port Arthur, Tasmania, between 28 and 29 April 1996. He is concurrently serving 35 life sentences, plus 1,652 years, all without the possibility of parole, at Risdon Prison in Hobart. Childhood
<mask> was born on 7 May 1967 at the Queen Alexandra Hospital in Hobart, Tasmania. He was the first son of Maurice and <mask>. Although the family home was in Lenah Valley, <mask> spent some of his childhood at their beach home in Carnarvon Bay. In a 2011 interview, his mother recalled that while <mask> was very young, she would often find his toys broken and that he was an "annoying" and "different" child. A psychologist's view was that <mask> would never hold down a job as he would aggravate people to such an extent that he would always be in trouble.Locals recall abnormal behavior by <mask>, such as pulling the snorkel from another boy while diving and cutting down trees on a neighbour's property. He was described by teachers as being distant from reality and unemotional. At school <mask> was a disruptive and sometimes violent child who suffered severe bullying by other children. After he was suspended from New Town Primary School in 1977, psychological assessments noted that he tortured animals. <mask> returned to school the following year with improved behaviour; however, he persisted in teasing younger children. He was transferred to a special education unit at New Town High School in 1980, where he deteriorated both academically and behaviourally throughout his remaining school years. Psychological and psychiatric assessments
Descriptions of <mask>'s behaviour as an adolescent show that he continued to be disturbed and outlined the possibility of an intellectual disability.When leaving school in 1983, he was assessed for a disability pension by a psychiatrist who wrote: "Cannot read or write. Does a bit of gardening and watches TV ... Only his parents' efforts

masks:
Martin John Bryant
Martin Bryant
Carleen Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant


title: Martin Bryant

texts:
 prevent further deterioration. Could be schizophrenic and parents face a bleak future with him." <mask> received a disability pension, though he also worked as a handyman and gardener. In an examination after the massacre, forensic psychiatrist Ian Joblin found <mask> to be borderline mentally disabled with an I.Q. of 66, equivalent to an 11 year-old. While awaiting trial, <mask> was examined by court-appointed psychiatrist Ian Sale, who was of the opinion that <mask> "could be regarded as having shown a mixture of conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity and a condition known as Asperger syndrome".Psychiatrist Paul Mullen, hired at the request of <mask>'s legal counsel, found that <mask> was socially and intellectually impaired. Furthermore, finding that he did not display signs of schizophrenia or a mood disorder, Mullen concluded, "Though Mr. <mask> was clearly a distressed and disturbed young man, he was not mentally ill." <mask> was eventually diagnosed with Asperger syndrome while incarcerated at Risdon Prison. Adulthood
In early 1987, when <mask> was 19, he met 54 year-old Helen Mary Elizabeth Harvey, heiress to a share in the Tattersall's lottery fortune, while looking for new customers for his lawnmowing service. Harvey, who lived with her mother Hilza, befriended <mask>, who became a regular visitor to her neglected mansion in New Town and assisted with tasks such as feeding the fourteen dogs living inside the house and the forty cats living inside her garage. In June 1990, someone reported Harvey to the health authorities and medics found both Harvey and her mother in need of urgent hospital treatment. Hilza Harvey died several weeks later at the age of 79. A cleanup order was placed on the mansion and <mask>'s father took long-service leave to assist in cleaning the interior.Harvey now invited <mask> to live with her in the mansion and they began spending large amounts of money, which included the purchase of more than thirty new cars in less than three years. The couple began to spend most days shopping, usually after

masks: Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant


title: Martin Bryant

texts: having lunch in a local restaurant. Around this time, <mask> was reassessed for his pension and a note was attached to the paperwork: "Father protects him from any occasion which might upset him as he continually threatens violence ... <mask> tells me he would like to go around shooting people. It would be unsafe to allow <mask> out of his parents' control". In 1991, as a result of no longer being allowed to have animals at the house, Harvey and <mask> moved together onto a  farm called Taurusville that she had purchased in Copping, a small township. Neighbours recalled that <mask> always carried an air gun and often fired it at tourists as they stopped to buy apples at a stall on the highway and that late at night he would roam through the surrounding properties firing the gun at dogs when they barked at him. They avoided him "at all costs" despite his attempts to befriend them.On 20 October 1992, Harvey was killed when her car veered onto the wrong side of the road and hit an oncoming car directly. <mask> was inside the vehicle at the time of the accident and was hospitalised for seven months with severe neck and back injuries. He was briefly investigated by police for the role he played in the accident, as <mask> had a known habit of lunging for the steering wheel and Harvey had already had three accidents as a result. She often told people that this was the reason she never drove faster than 60 kilometres an hour (37 mph). <mask> was named the sole beneficiary of Harvey's will and came into possession of assets totaling more than AU$550,000. As <mask> had only the "vaguest notions" of financial matters, his mother subsequently applied for and was granted a guardianship order, placing <mask>'s assets under the management of Public Trustees. The order was based on evidence of <mask>'s diminished intellectual capacity.After Harvey's death, <mask>'s father Maurice looked after the Copping farm. <mask> returned to the family home to convalesce after leaving hospital. Maurice had been prescribed antidepressants and had discreetly transferred his

masks: Bryant Martin Martin Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant


title: Martin Bryant

texts: joint bank account and utilities into his wife's name. Two months later, on 14 August 1993, a visitor looking for Maurice at the Copping property found a note saying "call the police" pinned to the door and found several thousand dollars in his car. The rates officer at the time found no reason to suspect criminal intent and sent council members and police to quell the stresses put forward by letters sent to the local council chambers. Police searched the property for Maurice without success. Divers were called in to search the four dams on the property, and on 16 August, his body was found in the dam closest to the farmhouse, with a diving weight belt around his neck.Police described the death as "unnatural" and it was ruled a suicide. <mask> inherited the proceeds of his father's superannuation fund, valued at AU$250,000. <mask> sold the Copping farm for AU$143,000 and kept the New Town mansion. While living at Copping, the white overalls he habitually wore were replaced with clothing more in line with Harvey's financial status. Now that he was alone, <mask>'s dress became more bizarre; he often wore a grey linen suit, cravat, lizard-skin shoes, and a Panama hat while carrying a briefcase during the day, telling anyone who would listen that he had a well-paying career. He often wore an electric-blue suit with flared trousers and a ruffled shirt to the restaurant he frequented. The restaurant owner recalled: "It was horrible.Everyone was laughing at him, even the customers. I really felt suddenly quite sorry for him. I realised this guy didn't really have any friends." With both his father and Harvey dead, <mask> became increasingly lonely. From 1993 to late 1995, he visited various overseas countries fourteen times and a summary of his domestic airline travel filled three pages. <mask> hated the destinations he travelled to, as he found that people there avoided him just as they did in Tasmania. He enjoyed the flights, as he could speak to the people sitting adjacent to him who had no choice but to be polite.He later took great joy in

masks: Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant


title: Martin Bryant

texts:
 describing some of the more successful conversations he had with fellow passengers. In late 1995, <mask> became suicidal after deciding he had "had enough". He stated, "I just felt more people were against me. When I tried to be friendly toward them, they just walked away." Although he had previously been little more than a social drinker, <mask>'s alcohol consumption increased and, although he had not consumed any alcohol on that day, had especially escalated in the six months prior to the Port Arthur massacre. His average daily consumption was estimated at half a bottle of Sambuca and a bottle of Baileys Irish Cream, supplemented with port wine and other sweet alcoholic drinks. According to <mask>, he thought the plan for Port Arthur may have first occurred to him four to twelve weeks before the event.Port Arthur massacre

<mask> has provided conflicting and confused accounts of what led him to kill 35 people at the Port Arthur site on 28 April 1996. It could have been his desire for attention, as he allegedly told a next-door neighbour, "I'll do something that will make everyone remember me." <mask>'s defence psychiatrist Paul Mullen, former chief of forensic psychiatry at Monash University, said, "He followed Dunblane. His planning started with Dunblane. Before that he was thinking about suicide, but Dunblane and the early portrayal of the killer, Thomas Hamilton, changed everything." <mask>'s first victims, David and Noelene (Sally) <mask>, owned the bed and breakfast guest house called 'Seascape'. The Martins had bought the bed and breakfast that <mask>'s father had wanted to buy, and his father had complained to him on numerous occasions of the damage done to <mask>'s family because of that purchase.<mask> apparently believed the Martins had deliberately bought the property to hurt his family and blamed the Martins for the depression that led to his father's death. He fatally shot the Martins in the guest house before travelling to the Port Arthur site. At Port Arthur, <mask> entered the Broad Arrow Café on the grounds of the historic

masks: Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Martin Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant


title: Martin Bryant

texts:
 site, carrying a large blue duffel bag. Once he finished eating, <mask> moved toward the back of the café and set a video camera on a vacant table. He took out a Colt AR-15 SP1 Carbine (semi-automatic rifle) and, firing from the hip, began shooting patrons and staff. Within fifteen seconds, he had fired seventeen shots, killing twelve people and wounding ten. <mask> then walked to the other side of the shop and fired twelve more times, killing another eight people while wounding two.He then changed magazines before fleeing, shooting at people in the car park and from his yellow Volvo 244 car as he drove away; four were killed and an additional six were injured. <mask> drove 300 metres down the road, to where a woman and her two children were walking. He stopped and fired two shots, killing the woman and the child she was carrying. The older child fled, but <mask> followed her and killed her with a single shot. He then stole a gold BMW by killing all four of its occupants. A short distance down the road, he stopped beside a couple in a white Toyota and, drawing his weapon, ordered the male occupant into the boot of the BMW. After shutting the boot, he fired two shots into the windscreen of the Toyota, killing the female driver.<mask> returned to the guest house, set the stolen car alight and took his hostage inside where he had left the Martins' corpses. The police soon arrived and tried to negotiate with <mask> for many hours before the battery in the phone he was using ran out, ending communication. <mask>'s only demand was to be transported in an army helicopter to an airport. During the negotiations, <mask> killed his hostage. The next morning, eighteen hours later, he set fire to the guest house and attempted to escape in the confusion. Suffering burns to his back and buttocks, <mask> was captured and taken to Royal Hobart Hospital, where he was treated and kept under heavy guard. Imprisonment
<mask> was judged fit to stand trial, which was scheduled to begin on 7 November 1996.He initially pleaded not guilty but was persuaded by his

masks: Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant


title: Martin Bryant

texts:
 court-appointed lawyer, John Avery, to plead guilty to all charges. Two weeks later, Hobart Supreme Court Judge William Cox gave <mask> 35 life sentences, plus 1,652 years in prison, without the possibility of parole, all of which is to be served concurrently; this life sentence being applied is "for the term of [his] natural life." For the first eight months of his imprisonment, <mask> was held in a purpose-built special suicide-prevention cell in almost complete solitary confinement. He remained in protective custody for his own safety until 13 November 2006, when he was moved into Hobart's Wilfred Lopes Centre, a secure mental health unit run by the Tasmanian Department of Health and Human Services. The 35 bed unit for inmates with serious mental illness is staffed with doctors, nurses and other support workers. Inmates are not locked down and can come and go from their cells. Exterior security at the facility is provided by a three-wall perimeter patrolled by private contract guards.On 25 March 2007, <mask> attempted to end his life by slashing his wrist with a razor blade. On 27 March, he cut his throat with another razor blade and was hospitalised briefly. As of January 2022, <mask> is housed in the maximum-security Risdon Prison near Hobart. Media coverage
Newspaper coverage immediately after the Port Arthur massacre raised serious questions about journalistic practices, and criticism was directed toward Australian media. Photographs of <mask> published in The Australian had his eyes digitally manipulated with the effect of making him appear deranged and "glaring". Despite criticism, the manipulated photographs continued to be used in media reporting a decade later. There were also questions as to how the photos had been obtained.The Tasmanian director of public prosecutions warned the media that the coverage compromised <mask>'s right to a fair trial and writs were issued against The Australian, the Hobart Mercury (which used <mask>'s picture under the headline "This is the man"), The Age and the ABC. The chairman of the Australian Press

masks: Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant


title: Martin Bryant

texts:
 Council at the time, David Flint, argued that because Australian newspapers regularly ignored contempt-of-court provisions, this showed that the law, not the newspapers, needed change. Flint suggested that such a change in the law would not necessarily lead to trial by media. Australian newspapers also came under critical scrutiny of their accounts of <mask> and how the kind of identity responsible for his and other similar kinds of killing might be understood. Political aftermath
As a response to the spree killing, Australian state and territory governments placed extensive restrictions on all firearms, including semi-automatic centre-fire rifles, repeating shotguns (holding more than five shots) and high-capacity rifle magazines. In addition to this, limitations were also put into place on low-capacity repeating shotguns and rim-fire semi-automatic rifles. Though this resulted in stirring controversy, opposition to the new laws was overcome by media reporting of the massacre and mounting public opinion in the wake of the shootings (see Gun laws in Australia for more information on the 1996 legislation).In popular culture
In March 2012, Sydney artist Rodney Pople controversially won the AU$35,000 Glover Prize for his landscape painting depicting Port Arthur with <mask> in the foreground holding a firearm. The 2021 film Nitram, directed by Justin Kurzel, is based on <mask>'s life, with Caleb Landry Jones in the role of <mask>. Jones won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor for his portrayal. See also
 List of rampage killers
 The Alannah and Madeline Foundation

References

External links

1967 births
Living people
20th-century Australian criminals
Australian mass murderers
Australian murderers of children
Australian people convicted of murder
Australian prisoners sentenced to multiple life sentences
Australian spree killers
People convicted of murder by Tasmania
People from Hobart
People with Asperger syndrome
People with antisocial personality disorder
People with intellectual disability
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment

masks: Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant


title: Du Yuanying

texts:
<mask> (杜元穎) (769–833), formally the Baron of Jian'an (建安男), was an official of the Chinese dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Muzong. His policy error while being chancellor was blamed for the imperial government's losing control over the circuits north of the Yellow River. While later serving as the military governor (Jiedushi) of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu), he was further blamed for failure of discipline that caused his soldiers to provoke a major Nanzhao invasion against Xichuan, leading to his exile. Background
<mask> was born in 769, during the reign of Emperor Daizong. Traditional histories indicate that he was from the same clan as the famous early-Tang Dynasty chancellor <mask>, but provide conflicting accounts as to whether he was descended from <mask> – with <mask>'s biography in the Old Book of Tang indicating that he was a "descendant" of <mask>'s; his biography in the New Book of Tang indicating that he was a fifth-generation descendant of <mask>'s; the table of the chancellors' family trees in the New Book of Tang indicating that he was a descendant of <mask>'s uncle <mask>, who was himself a chancellor as well; and the Zizhi Tongjian, apparently adopting that latter assertion, indicating that he was a descendant of <mask>'s. In any case, the <mask> clan claimed original ancestry from the Zhou Dynasty states Tang and Du and traced its ancestry to officials of Lu, Chu, Qin Dynasty, Han Dynasty, Cao Wei, Jin Dynasty (266–420), Sui Dynasty, and Tang. Neither <mask>'s great-grandfather <mask> (杜自遠) nor grandfather <mask> (杜繁) was listed with any offices, although <mask>ying's father

masks:
Du Yuanying
Du Yuanying
Du Ruhui
Du Ruhui
Du Yuanying
Du Ruhui
Du Ruhui
Du Ruhui
Du Yan
Du Yan
Du
Du Yuanying
Du Ziyuan
Du Fan
Du Yuan


title: Du Yuanying

texts:
 <mask>uo (杜佐) served as a judge at the supreme court.<mask> had at least one younger brother, <mask> (杜元絳). <mask> himself passed the imperial examinations late in the Zhenyuan era (785–805) of Emperor Daizong's son Emperor Dezong, and thereafter served on the staff of a regional governor. During Emperor Xianzong's reign
During the middle of the Yuanhe era (805–821) of Emperor Dezong's grandson Emperor Xianzong, <mask>ying became a Zuo Shiyi (左拾遺), a low-level consultant at the examination bureau of government (門下省, Menxia Sheng); and then a You Bujue (右補闕), a higher-ranked consultant at the legislative bureau (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng). He was then also made an imperial scholar (翰林學士, Hanlin Xueshi). <mask> wrote things quickly and much impressed Emperor Xianzong. After Emperor Xianzong destroyed the warlord Wu Yuanji in 817, <mask>, on account of his diligence in drafting edicts during the campaign against Wu, was given a special honor of a red fish-shaped handbag that would be used for officials of higher ranks. (Red-colored uniforms and accessories were to be used by officials of the fourth and fifth ranks, while You Bujue was only seventh rank.)He thereafter was made Sixun Yuanwailang (司勳員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部, Libu), but continued to serve as imperial scholar. During Emperor Muzong's reign
Emperor Xianzong died in 820 and was succeeded by his son Emperor Muzong. Immediately after Emperor Muzong's ascension, he summoned <mask>ying for a meeting and promoted him to be Zhongshu Sheren (中書舍人), a mid-level official at the legislative bureau. Later that year, Emperor Muzong made <mask> the deputy

masks:
Du Z
Du Yuanying
Du Yuanjiang
Du Yuanying
Du Yuan
Du
Du
Du Yuan
Du


title: Du Yuanying

texts: minister of census (戶部侍郎, Hubu Shilang) and the chief imperial scholar (承旨, Chengzhi). In 821, he gave <mask> the title Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事), making <mask> a chancellor de facto. Emperor Muzong also created him the Baron of Jian'an. It was said that no chancellor had ever risen so quickly on the path that <mask> took as an official responsible for imperial edicts.In 821, Liu Zong the military governor (Jiedushi) of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in Beijing), whose circuit had long been ruled in a de facto independent manner from the imperial government, offered to resign and surrender control of the circuit to the imperial government. To try to ensure that the people of the circuit would submit to imperial rule, Liu proposed that the circuit be divided into three circuits, recommending the former chancellor Zhang Hongjing, the general Xue Ping, and the official Lu Shimei (盧士玫) to take over the three circuits, while he also sent a number of officers, such as Zhu Kerong, that he found difficult to control to the capital Chang'an, asking that they be given commissions and honors so that the soldiers of Lulong would be encouraged by the examples to obey imperial orders. Emperor Muzong accepted Liu's submission, but did not fully implement Liu's partition plan; two prefectures of Lulong were given to Lu, but the remaining prefectures were all given to Zhang, under the suggestion of <mask> and fellow chancellor Cui Zhi, who did not understand the rationale of Liu's plan. Further, Zhu and the other officers that Liu sent to Chang'an were not given offices or salaries, and it was said that as they lacked income, they fell into

masks: Du Du Du Du


title: Du Yuanying

texts:
 financial desperation, even requiring loans for their food and clothing, despite their frequent submission of requests for offices to Cui and <mask>. When Zhang arrived at Lulong, he ordered Zhu and the others to return to Lulong, further angering them. In fall 821, Lulong soldiers mutinied and put Zhang and Lu under arrest, supporting Zhu as their leader. Eventually, the imperial government lost control not only of Lulong, but also of Chengde (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) and Weibo (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei) Circuits, and traditional historians blamed the losses on <mask>, Cui, and fellow chancellor Wang Bo for their incompetence.In 822, a mutiny occurred at Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), led by the officer Li Jie (李㝏), that expelled the military governor Li Yuan (李愿). <mask> and the director of finances Zhang Pingshu (張平叔) advocated placating Li Jie by making him military governor, while fellow chancellor Li Fengji advocated a campaign against Li Jie. Emperor Muzong accepted Li Fengji's suggestion, and Li Jie was soon killed by his own subordinate Li Zhi (李質), who then surrendered to imperial authority. In 823, <mask> was sent out of the capital to serve as the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), still carrying the Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi title as an honorary title. During Emperor Jingzong's and Emperor Wenzong's reigns
Emperor Muzong died in 824 and was succeeded by his son Emperor Jingzong. Because Emperor Jingzong was young, playful, and liked extravagant things, <mask>ying, in order to please the emperor, often

masks:
Du
Du
Du
Du
Du Yuan


title: Du Yuanying

texts: offered rare and valuable treasures to Emperor Jingzong. <mask> was thus harsh with his people in extracting wealth and treasures, and this caused much resentment toward him.<mask> was also said to be corrupt and had diverted funds from the soldiers' salaries and clothing and food stipends, and to lack knowledge in military matters. Meanwhile, Li Fengji had accused <mask> and Li Shen of having supported Emperor Muzong's brother Li Cong (李悰) the Prince of Shen as Emperor Muzong's successor, but any suspicions of Emperor Jingzong on that issue were dissipated after he found, in Emperor Muzong's archives, petitions from <mask> and Li Shen requesting that he be made crown prince. Over the years, because of <mask>'s mistreatment of the soldiers, the soldiers, lacking food and clothing, were forced to pillage the borders of Nanzhao in order to have sufficient supplies. Nanzhao reacted by giving gifts of clothing and food to these Tang soldiers in exchange for information about Xichuan Circuit. As a result, Nanzhao became highly aware of Xichuan's vulnerabilities. By 829, at which time Emperor Jingzong's brother Emperor Wenzong was emperor, the Nanzhao prince Mengcuodian (蒙嵯顛) was planning a major attack against Xichuan. When the border prefectures received rumors of Mengcuodian's plans, their warnings to <mask> were unheeded, and thus, when Mengcuodian, guided by Xichuan soldiers who resented <mask>, launched his attack, he encountered no resistance, quickly capturing Xi (雟州, in modern Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan) and Rong (戎州, in modern Yibin, Sichuan) Prefectures.<mask> sent forces to resist Mengcuodian, but after Mengcuodian defeated

masks: Du Du Du Du Du Du Du Du


title: Du Yuanying

texts:
 Xichuan forces, Qiong Prefecture fell to Nanzhao as well. Nanzhao forces put Chengdu under siege and entered its western city, while forward troops reached as far as Zi Prefecture (梓州, in modern Mianyang, Sichuan), the headquarters of Xichuan's neighboring circuit Dongchuan (東川). Nanzhao forces stayed at Chengdu's western city for 10 days before pillaging Chengdu and withdrawing, taking with them tens of thousands of Xichuan craftspeople and young men and women. It was said that after this incident, Nanzhao had crafts capabilities rivaling Xichuan. Emperor Wenzong initially demoted <mask> to be the prefect of Shao Prefecture (邵州, in modern Shaoyang, Hunan). After Mengcuodian submitted a petition accusing <mask> of crimes and explaining the reasons for the incursion, and further demanding <mask>'s execution, Emperor Wenzong further demoted <mask> to be the military advisor to the prefect of Xun Prefecture (循州, in modern Huizhou, Guangdong). Subsequently, the military governor of Dongchuan, Guo Zhao (郭釗), was made the military governor of Xichuan and made peace with Nanzhao.Several of <mask>'s key staff members were likewise demoted. <mask> died in 833 at Xun Prefecture. Before he died, he submitted a petition begging for posthumous restoration to a higher office, and Emperor Wenzong awarded him a posthumous promotion to prefect. <mask>'s nephew <mask>n (<mask>'s son) and <mask>n's son <mask>neng later served as chancellors as well. Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 163. New Book of Tang, vol.96. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. vol. 241, 242, 243, 244. 769 births
833 deaths
Chancellors under Emperor Muzong of Tang
Tang dynasty jiedushi of

masks:
Du
Du
Du
Du
Du
Du
Du Yuanying
Du Shenqua
Du Yuanjiang
Du Shenqua
Du Rang


title: Tommy Farr

texts:
<mask>, known professionally as <mask>Bach' <mask> (Bach meaning 'Small' in Welsh) (12 March 1913 – 1 March 1986) was a Welsh boxer from Clydach Vale, Rhondda, nicknamed "the Tonypandy Terror". Prior to 1936, Farr boxed in the light heavyweight division, in which he was the Welsh champion. He became British and Empire heavyweight champion on 15 March 1937. He challenged for the world title against Joe Louis in the same year and gave Louis one of the toughest fights of his career, hurting him numerous times and lasting the full 15 rounds on his way to a wide unanimous decision loss, with the referee awarding Louis the fight thirteen rounds to one, while the judges scored the fight eight to five and nine to six, both in Louis's favour. The decision was booed by spectators. Farr is considered to be one of the greatest British heavyweight fighters ever. Farr was inducted into the Welsh Sports Hall of Fame in 1997.Boxing career

Early career
In his early career he didn't have much success. He garnered some wins but losses specked his record every two or three wins. Most of his losses were against unknowns. He soon started improving, with a win over top contender <mask>ran in 1936. In 1937 he bested ex-champion Max Baer and earned a title shot against Joe Louis. World title fight vs Joe Louis
On 30 August 1937, Farr fought world heavyweight champion Joe Louis at the height of his career at Yankee Stadium, New York City. He earned respect despite losing a controversial points decision after 15 rounds.Louis had knocked out eight of his previous

masks:
Thomas George Farr
Tommy '
Farr
Tommy Lough


title: Tommy Farr

texts: nine opponents and proceeded to knock out his next seven, but was attacked and hurt by Farr. The 50,000 crowd booed when Louis won. Referee Arthur Donovan, Sr. had seemingly raised Farr's glove in victory, causing controversy. Seven years later, in his published account of the fight, Donovan apologised for the 'mistake', claiming he had meant to shake <mask>'s hand to congratulate him for what he saw as an impressive fight. "Mistakes" hardly ended there, however. Donovan's own scorecard, had 13 rounds going to Louis. Though mixed accounts say Louis deserved the nod, 13 frames out of 15 prompted these words from a British sportswriter: "The verdict is that of a man either blindly partisan or afflicted with astigmatism.It is a verdict that justifies the beliefs that nothing short of the annihilation of Louis would have given Farr victory. That Louis won may not be disputed, but as I read the fight, there was only a fractional difference in his favour at the finish." However, In Donovan's account, he stands by his scoring of the fight, claiming that while Farr's punches may have appeared to have done more damage than Louis's from the crowd's point of view, from his perspective and that of the ringside judges the opposite was true. Contrary views of the fight's result continued for many years. In The Encyclopedia of Boxing, as compiled by Gilbert Odd in the 1980s, <mask>'s listing concludes its thumbnail on the championship bout with "...Louis came back strongly and clinched a narrow points verdict." The actual ferocity of the battle and its

masks: Farr Tommy