title: Mark H. Gelber

texts:
 institutes and universities, such as Stanford University, New York University, Wesleyan University, the University of California, Davis, the University of Antwerp, RWTH Aachen, the Jewish Historical Museum in Amsterdam, New School for Social Research in New York, and others, to deliver lectures or to engage in dialogue or debate regarding Kafka and his work, his relationship to Zionism, and the trial in Israel. In 2015, <mask> co-organized an international conference at Ben-Gurion University in Beer Sheva entitled "Kafka after Kafka." "Kafka after Kafka. The co-edited conference volume (with Iris Bruce), Kafka after Kafka, Dialogical Encounters with His Works from the Holocaust to Postmodernism'(Camden House) was published in 2019." Stefan Zweig
<mask> is known for his numerous publications on the Austrian-Jewish writer Stefan Zweig, which have inaugurated a new way of reading Zweig, particularly within various Jewish and Zionist contexts.He has been called "one of the world's most eminent authorities on the works of the early 20th century Jewish-Austrian author Stefan Zweig" and the "Israeli Zweig expert". He organized the first Stefan Zweig conference held in Israel in 1981, and he was invited by the city of Salzburg to organize the first major international Stefan Zweig Congress (1992). He organized two more international Zweig conferences (Jerusalem-Beer Sheva, Berlin); he co-edited and published the papers from both of these conferences. In 2011, he gave the first biannual Stefan Zweig lecture at the State University of New York at Fredonia, the location of a major


title: Mark H. Gelber

type: original

texts: Stefan Zweig archive. <mask> has lectured on Zweig in Israel, Europe, the U.S. and Canada, in Brazil, China, New Zealand and elsewhere. In 2012, he delivered opening plenary lectures at two major international Zweig conferences: the University of London and Renmin University in Beijing. ' <mask>'s monograph, 'Stefan Zweig, Judentum und Zionismus',' was published by Studien Verlag (Innsbruck: 2014).<mask> co-edited a volume of essays (with Birger Vanwesenbeeck), Stefan Zweig and World Literature: 21st Century Perspectives (Camden House: 2014). and (with Zhang Yi, Renmin University) the essay collection: Aktualität und Beliebtheit – Neue Forschung und Rezeption von Stefan Zweig im internationalen Blickwinkel (2015) The notion of an international renaissance in Zweig Studies is now being bruited and <mask> has made a significant contribution to it. <mask> was the initiator and co-organizer of an international conference, "Stefan Zweig - ein jüdischer Schrifsteller aus Europa" which took place at the Stefan Zweig Centre in Salzburg in 2015. The papers delivered at this conference (co-edited by <mask>) were published in 2017 in the Stefan Zweig Centre's book series and entitled: "Stefan Zweig - Jüdische Relationen. Studien zu Werk und Biographie". His own essay in this volume argues for the understanding of a "Fourth Life" in the career of Stefan Zweig and includes an analysis from this perspective of Zweig's book on Brazil ("Brasilien. Ein Land der Zukunft") in relation to his famous autobiography, "Die Welt von Gestern."In November 2016 <mask> lectured in Hebrew at a major

masks: Gelber Gelber Gelber Gelber Gelber Gelber Gelber


title: Mark H. Gelber

texts:
 event in memory of Zweig, organized by the National Library of Israel entitled: Stefan Zweig, the Future, and the Literary World between the World Wars. Also, <mask> contributed the entry on "Judentum und jüdische Identität" to the authoritative "Stefan Zweig Handbook"(De Gruyter, 2018). <mask> has assumed a major role and is a member of the Public Council in the recently established Israeli Association of Friends of Stefan Zweig (2021). Yiddish-German Literary Relations
Following in the footsteps of one of his mentors, Professor Solomon Liptzin, for whom he edited Identity and Ethos: A Festschrift for Sol Liptzin on the Occasion of His 85th Birthday, <mask> has contributed numerous articles in the field of Yiddish-German literary relations. In this area he has published on <mask> and Yiddish; Stefan Zweig, Sholem Asch and Yiddish; Stefan Zweig, Yiddish and East European Literature and Culture; on Yiddish lexical items (and multilingualism) in the work of Stefan Zweig, Fanya <mask>, and Ruth Klüger. An essay on Rose Ausländer in Jewish Cultural Spaces (including Yiddish and German) of Early Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe (Bukowina), based on a lecture delivered in Wellington, New Zealand, was published in the memorial volume for Petra Ernst in 2020. In his lecture at the International Kafka Conference held in Prague in 2016, "Kafka and Interculturality," <mask> spoke about the literary relationship between one of the major figures in the modern Yiddish revival, Nathan Birnbaum, and Franz Kafka.In the framework of an intercultural investigation, it can be shown that there

masks:
Gelber
Gelber
Gelber
Heinrich Heine
Heller
Gelber


title: Mark H. Gelber

texts:
 is much more to this relationship than merely a Yiddish-German (language) connection. See <mask><mask>,"Amerikanismus, Jiddisch, Judentum und Interkulturalität," in Steffen <mask> and Manfred Weinberg (Eds. ),"Franz Kafka im interkulturellen Kontext"  (Wien, Köln, Weimar: Böhlau 2019), 87-96. German-Jewish Studies
<mask> has published extensively in the field of German-Jewish Literature and Culture, which he views as a “discipline in its own right.”  In a published essay based on a conference lecture he gave in Tel Aviv in 2004, and entitled “German-Jewish Literature and Culture and the Field of German-Jewish Studies,” he wrote: “This discipline may be discerned between the boundaries of Germanistik on one side and Jewish Studies on the other, although such fields as Exile Studies (and Diaspora Studies) and Holocaust Studies (and Memory Studies), which also emerged from and appear to be tangential to German and Jewish Studies respectively, also border on and derive synergistic intellectual energy from German-Jewish Studies.” Gelber organized a major international conference on “Thirty Years of German-Jewish Literary Cultural Studies,” which took place in Beer Sheva and Jerusalem in 2010. <mask> is the author of numerous academic encyclopedia articles and essays about German-Jewish literature and culture, and German-Jewish writers, including: Max Brod,  Martin Buber, Lion Feuchtwanger, Berthold Feiwel, Iwan Goll, Sammy Gronnemann, <mask>, Leo Kompert, Theodor Lessing, Jakov Lind, Samuel Lublinski, Salomon Hermann Mosenthal, Chaim Noll, Karl Wolfskehl, Arnold Zweig, and

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. Gelber
Höhne
Gelber
Gelber
Georg Hirschfeld


title: Mark H. Gelber

texts:
 others.<ref>These and other entries have been published in: Blackwell Companion to Jewish Culture. Ed. G. Abramson (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990); "The Concept of Diaspora and Exile in German-Jewish Literature and Art" and "The Concept of the Sephardi and the Ashkenazi in German-Jewish and German Anti-Semitic Thought" in Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1.Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2009. 42-48 and 48-52.; A selection of articles and books on the subject of German-Jewish Studies includes: <mask><mask>, <mask> <mask> and Sigurd Paul Scheichl 1996,  Von Franzos zu Canetti. Jüdische Autoren aus Österreich. Neue Studien (Tübingen: Niemeyer), 428 pp. ;

<mask><mask> 2004  Confrontations/Accommodations: German-Jewish Literary and Cultural Relations from <mask>ine to Wassermann (Tübingen: Niemeyer Verlag). 288 pp. ;

<mask><mask> and Vivian Liska 2007  <mask>l: From Europe to Zion (Tübingen: Niemeyer Verlag), 250 pp.;

<mask><mask>, <mask> and Robert Jütte 2009. "Integration und Ausgrenzung. Studien zur deutsch-jüdischen Literatur- und Kulturgeschichte von der Frühen Neuzeit bis zur Gegenwart" (Tübingen: Niemeyer Verlag, 2009), 552 pp. ;

<mask><mask> 2003  "Internationalismus in der deutsch-jüdischen Literatur: Glückel <mask>n, <mask>, Julius Bab, und das Yale Handbuch," in Frank Stern and Maria Gerlinger (Eds. ), "Die deutsch-jüdische Erfahrung. Beiträge zum kulturellen Dialog" (Berlin: Aufbau Verlag), 69-84.;

<mask>. <mask> 2008, “German-Jewish Literature and Culture and the
Field of German-Jewish Studies,” in Richard Cohen and Jeremy

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Mark H
. Gelber
Hans Otto
Horch
Mark H
. Gelber
He
Mark H
. Gelber
Theodor Herz
Mark H
. Gelber
Jakob Hessing
Mark H
. Gelber
Hamel
Georg Hermann
Mark H
Gelber


title: Mark H. Gelber

texts:
 Cohen (Eds.) Jewish “Contributions” to Civilization'' (London: Littman Library), 158-175.;

<mask>. <mask> 2011, "Wieso gibt es eigentlich keine Germanistik in Israel?"in Christian Kohlross und <mask> Mittelman (hg. ), "Auf den Spuren der Schrift" (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 2011), 19-30. <mask><mask> (Ed.) 2022, "The Legacy of Ruth Klüger and the End of the Auschwitz Century" (Berlin: De Gruyter, in progress). References

External links
 Link to <mask><mask>'s page on the BGU Department of Foreign Literatures and Linguistics website
 Link to <mask><mask>'s page on the BGU Center for Austrian and German Studies website

Jewish scholars
1951 births
American expatriate academics
Jewish American writers
Jewish philosophers
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev faculty
Living people
Wesleyan University alumni
21st-century American

masks:
Mark H
Gelber
Hanni
Mark H
. Gelber
Mark H
. Gelber
Mark H
. Gelber


title: Marcia Mitzman Gaven

texts: <mask> (born February 28, 1959) is an American actress from New York. Since studying at the High School of Performing Arts and the State University of New York at Purchase, she has appeared in many musicals during her career singing in both mezzo-soprano and soprano roles. Her Broadway debut came in 1979 when she played Betty Rizzo in Grease, serving as the replacement for the original actress of the role. In the 1980s she appeared in the musicals The Rocky Horror Show,  Oliver!, Zorba, Nine, Anything Goes, Chess, and Welcome to the Club, and in the operas Brigadoon, South Pacific, and Sweeney Todd. In 1992, <mask> played the character Mrs. Walker in a new production called The Who's Tommy at La Jolla Playhouse. The musical was a success, resulting in its move to Broadway in 1993. <mask> was praised by critics for her performance and received a Tony Award nomination in the "Best Featured Actress in a Musical" category.She eventually  had to leave The Who's Tommy before its Broadway run ended because of an allergic reaction to a smoke effect used in the show. In 1995, she won an Ovation Award and a Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award for her portrayal of Florence Vassy in Chess at Hudson Theatre. She was also awarded an Ovation Award for the role of Mother in the staging of the musical Ragtime at Shubert Theatre in 1997. <mask>'s latest role in a musical was in a 2001 production of 1776 by UCLA's Freud Playhouse. Since then she has appeared in concerts and fundraisers. <mask> has also made guest star appearances in numerous television shows and films, playing both live-action and animated roles. She voiced several characters in the animated series The

masks:
Marcia Mitzman Gaven
Gaven
Gaven
Gaven
Gaven


title: Marcia Mitzman Gaven

texts:
 Simpsons from 1999 until 2002, including Maude Flanders, Helen Lovejoy, Miss Hoover, and others.She was hired after Maggie Roswell departed from the show, due to a pay dispute. She has not been heard on the show since Roswell's return in 2002. <mask> has also lent her voice to television and radio advertisements. She is currently married to <mask> owner of AV Squad, a film marketing company. Early life
<mask> was born as <mask> on February 28, 1959 in New York City. She was raised with her two siblings in the village of Hastings-on-Hudson, New York by their mother Patricia Mitzman, who had previously had a career in art. Newt <mask>, their father, directed  television specials and commercials for a living.<mask> went to Hackley Elementary School in Tarrytown, New York when she was young. At that time she was certain that she wanted to work in show business. As the result of a lie, she was able to study at the High School of Performing Arts even though the school was only open to inhabitants of New York City. She then became a drama major at the State University of New York at Purchase, though she did not get a degree. She said in a 1987 interview with The New York Times that "they kicked me out because I missed a major rehearsal", and she never applied for readmission since she had already made her first appearance on Broadway in Grease by then. While at Purchase, <mask> performed in student productions such as The Taming of the Shrew and Trumpets and Drums. Career in theatre
<mask> has had a prominent career in musical theatre and has appeared in many rock musicals.She told TheaterWeek in 1993 that she thinks those kinds of musicals are harder to sing in

masks:
Gaven
Seth Gaven
Gaven
Marcia Miman
Mitzman
Gaven
Gaven
Gaven


title: Marcia Mitzman Gaven

texts:
 compared to standard musicals, and that "the nature of rock and roll is that it's on the edge. It's written to be done dangerously. You can't be careful and do it at the same time. If you don't do it dangerously, you run the risk of losing the impact." During her career, <mask> has sung in both mezzo-soprano and soprano roles, and has been cited for her belting. According to Alvin Klein, theatre critic for The New York Times, she "is categorically a mezzo soprano." <mask> has also been noted for her strong voice, and was once told by a sound technician at An Evening Dinner Theater in Elmsford, New York that "We always turn off the mikes when you sing" because she did not need amplification.1979–1989

In March 1979, when <mask> was twenty years old, she served as the replacement actress for the character Betty Rizzo in the original Broadway production of Grease. This was her Broadway debut. In late 1980, she was cast in the lead role of Janet in the musical The Rocky Horror Show that ran for six nights at Warner Theatre. It tells the story of a couple, Brad and Janet, who find themselves lost one night and end up in the laboratory of an alien doctor. The cast, including <mask>, was praised by critics. In 1984, she played a Londoner in the revival of Oliver! at Broadway and was the understudy to Patti LuPone's Nancy.That same year, in the Broadway revival of Zorba, <mask> played the role of The Widow who is eventually stoned to death by the townspeople after being held responsible for the suicide of a young boy who fell in love with her. She then portrayed the character Luisa, the wife of an Italian film director, in a production of Nine at An Evening Dinner

masks: Gaven Gaven Gaven Gaven Gaven


title: Marcia Mitzman Gaven

texts: Theater in 1985. <mask> starred in the New York City Opera's Broadway revival of Brigadoon, in which she played Meg Brockie, at New York State Theater in 1986. The story is about a mysterious Scottish village that appears for only one day every hundred years, and Meg is one of the villagers. According to Sy Syna of the magazine The World & I, <mask> was "a huge crowd pleaser" in the role. She was also cast in the New York City Opera's spring 1987 revival of South Pacific as the female lead character Nellie Forbush, a U.S. Navy nurse who works on a South Pacific island during World War II. This nine-week run of South Pacific had an alternating cast and Nellie was also portrayed by Susan Bigelow.Later that year in July during the New York City Opera's regular season, she appeared in the opera company's Sweeney Todd as Mrs. Lovett, who makes and sells meat pies made from the victims of serial killer Sweeney Todd. In Pioneer Theatre Company's fall 1988 production of Anything Goes, <mask> played the lead role of nightclub singer Reno Sweeney. It is set on an ocean liner on which Reno helps the character Billy Crocker win the heart of the engaged Hope Harcourt who he has fallen in love with. While reviewing the musical for the Deseret News, Joseph Walker commented that <mask> "is sensational as Reno Sweeney, the saucy, sassy hoofer-with-a-heart-of-gold. She has an arresting presence and a golden voice; the whole show always seems better when she's on stage." At the end of 1988, <mask> returned to the musical Oliver! in a Theatre Under The Stars production in Houston, starring as Nancy.A critic for the Houston Chronicle commended her performance, writing that she


title: Marcia Mitzman Gaven

texts:
 "acts the compassionate Nancy with warmth and spirit, and sings in a strong voice full of character." Also in 1988, <mask> played the part of the Russian chess player's wife Svetlana in the short-lived Broadway production of the musical Chess, for which she was praised by critics. The following year she appeared as Carol Bates in the Broadway musical Welcome to the Club. It revolves around four men who have been put in jail for not paying alimony. The musical shows why they ended up divorcing their wives, one of which is played by <mask>. Both Chess and Welcome to the Club were unsuccessful. John Simon criticized the latter musical in a New York Magazine review but praised <mask>'s performance, writing: "The cast ranges from the charmless to the hopeless [...] in this mess.Only <mask>man manages to stand out from the crowd, and when she gets the right part in the right show, she'll do just fine." Associated Press drama critic Michael Kuchwara also wrote negatively about Welcome to the Club while giving praise to <mask> for projecting "a sympathy [to her character] that isn't apparent in the book." 1990–1995
In December 1990, <mask> once again appeared as Nancy in a revival of Oliver!—this time in a production at 5th Avenue Theatre in Seattle, Washington. A theatre critic for the Seattle Post-Intelligencer noted that she "has the voice to anchor anything you'd care to name, even the 5th Avenue Theatre. 5th Avenue performers often sound as if they were speaking and singing through a football stadium public address system. But Mitzman overpowers malevolent acoustics." After Oliver!, she appeared as Countess Charlotte Malcolm in Ahmanson Theatre's production of A

masks:
Gaven
Gaven
Gaven
Marcia Mitz
Gaven
Gaven


title: Marcia Mitzman Gaven

texts: Little Night Music that was performed from April 18 to June 30, 1991 at James A. Doolittle Theatre in Los Angeles, California.<mask> worked at 5th Avenue Theatre again in December 1991 in the musical Here's Love. She portrayed the divorced Doris Walker, a single-working mother of a girl who doubts the existence of Santa Claus. During spring 1992, she played the love interest of a male songwriter and his best friend in the musical The Tin Pan Man (set in 1905) at La Mirada Theatre for the Performing Arts. Starting at the beginning of July 1992, <mask> appeared in a new musical called The Who's Tommy at La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego. It was based on the rock opera album Tommy by The Who. <mask> starred as Mrs. Walker, the mother of the boy Tommy who is traumatized when he sees his father murder Mrs. Walker's new boyfriend. Tommy ultimately becomes non-responsive, leading people to believe that he is deaf, mute, and blind, and his parents try to find a cure for his condition.<mask> later told TheaterWeek that she initially did not want to do the musical, since she "had no idea how this could be staged as a theatrical piece. I hoped my agents wouldn't call me and ask me to audition." However, they did, and she was cast as Mrs. Walker after an audition in which she sang the song "Heaven Help My Heart" that she performed in Chess, also a rock musical. The Who's Tommy was La Jolla Playhouse's biggest success yet and as a result its run was lengthened by several weeks. Later that year, <mask> once again played Doris in Here's Love—this time in a Theatre Under The Stars production. In late 1992 it was announced that because of the success of The Who's Tommy, it would


title: Marcia Mitzman Gaven

texts: be produced for Broadway and open in April 1993. The production cost eight million dollars and it broke the box office record for the biggest non-opening day with US$494,897 earned on April 23, 1993 at St. James Theatre (where the musical opened on April 22),  beating Guys and Dolls 1992 record.Des McAnuff, who directed the musical at both La Jolla Playhouse and on Broadway, decided to bring many actors from the original cast with him despite weeks of auditions with thousands of actors trying out for the roles in front of him. The Broadway production featured some changes to the musical, such as a new song devoted to Tommy's parents that <mask> thought "helps show their side of the story." However, as she told The San Diego Union-Tribune, the biggest difference was the increased amount of money she earned. <mask> was praised by critics for her portrayal of Mrs. Walker in the Broadway production, with one critic from The Miami Herald writing that her "alluring alto voice makes you wish Tommy's mother had even more to sing." It was announced on May 10, 1993 that The Who's Tommy had received eleven Tony Award nominations, tying with Kiss of the Spider Woman for the most nominations that year. <mask> received a nomination in the "Best Featured Actress in a Musical" category. However, as the result of an allergic reaction, she could not perform in the musical some nights.When Daryl Miller interviewed <mask> in the Los Angeles Times in 1997, he noted that "this was one of the biggest disappointments of her life, and clouds cross her face for the first time in the conversation. She glances across the room at the Tony citation—recognizing her nomination for best

masks: Gaven Gaven Gaven Gaven


title: Marcia Mitzman Gaven

texts: featured actress in a musical—as she describes how her throat became infected due to a reaction to the oil in a haze-making compound that designers pump onstage to enhance lighting effects. She missed a lot of performances, and an untold number of Tony voters missed her performance. She can't help but wonder how that affected the outcome." At one point, <mask>'s understudy Alice Ripley took her place for eight consecutive weeks while <mask> recovered. <mask> eventually had to leave The Who's Tommy some months after it opened because of her allergy. She also disliked the idea of performing in one musical for more than a year.In late 1993, she was cast in Pasadena Playhouse's musical Sweet, Smart, Rodgers & Hart that featured music and lyrics previously written by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart. It originally played from the middle of November to December 17, 1993, but was then extended for another run between January 6 and January 23, 1994. In July 1994, <mask> played the role of the partly African-American showboat actress  Julie Dozier in Music Circus' adaptation of Show Boat in California. In the spring of the following year, she reprised her part as the Countess in a production of A Little Night Music, also by Music Circus. <mask> returned to Chess in the summer of 1995 in small-scale production at Hudson Theatre, this time as the lead character Florence Vassy. The story involves a romantic triangle between the two top players, an American and a Russian, in a world chess championship, and the woman Florence who manages one and falls in love with the other. <mask> received an Ovation Award (Best Lead Actress in a Musical) and a Los Angeles Drama Critics

masks: Gaven Gaven Gaven Gaven Gaven Gaven


title: Marcia Mitzman Gaven

texts:
 Circle Award (Best Lead Performance) for her work in the musical.1996
On May 21, 1996, <mask> and seventeen other well-known musical theatre artists appeared in the show Say It With Music at Carpenter Performing Arts Center. It was staged to raise proceeds for the Musical Theatre Group, which was described by John Woolard of the Press-Telegram as "a new organization formed to help rejuvenate musical theater in Southern California." The show was made up of singing and dancing numbers that had previously appeared in different Broadway musicals. From June to September 1997, <mask> played the role of Mother in the Los Angeles production (pre-Broadway) of the musical Ragtime at Shubert Theatre. She received her second Ovation Award (Best Lead Actress in a Musical) for this performance. The musical tells the story of three ethnic groups in the United States: White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, African-Americans in Harlem, and European immigrants. <mask> played the mother and matriarch of the Protestant family.Ragtime director Frank Galati praised her in the Los Angeles Times for her "grace and beauty and magnificent voice" and her "extraordinarily keen intelligence—she's a very deep reader of text," and commented that "she seizes the stage with energy." Many critics praised <mask> as well, though Laurie Winer of the Los Angeles Times wrote that she played Mother "valiantly but with a shade too much effort." David Littlejohn of The Wall Street Journal cited her as "the best single performance in this production." In May of the following year, she appeared in California Musical Theatre's production of Triumph of Love, a musical that had previously been staged on Broadway


title: Marcia Mitzman Gaven

texts:
 and is set in Sparta. It ran for six days at the Community Center Theater in Sacramento, California and featured <mask> in the role of the philosopher Hesione. In 2001, <mask> reappeared as Julie Dozier in another adaptation of Show Boat by Music Circus. Davis Enterprise critic Bev Sykes wrote positively about her voice but criticized her performance for not being credible, writing: "<mask>man <mask> gives an uneven performance as Julie, a singer of mixed race who passes for white until she's betrayed by a spurned suitor.She is re-discovered in Act 2, having fallen into decline. Though obviously under the influence of the liquor in the bottle she carries around before and after her delivery of the song 'He's Just My Bill,' the song itself is performed straight, with no hint of the ravages that alcohol have taken on her body and voice." Later that same year she played the role of Abigail Adams in a production of 1776 by UCLA's Freud Playhouse. <mask> performed in a cabaret, called The Girly Show, at a fundraising gala for the Blank Theatre Company on August 15, 2005. It consisted of an all-female cast singing songs by Michael John LaChiusa, with LaChiusa playing the piano. On December 15, 2008, celebrating the fifteenth anniversary of The Who's Tommy, <mask> and the rest of the original Broadway cast reunited for a concert at August Wilson Theatre in New York City. This performance was a benefit for Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS, the Broadway Dreams Foundation, and the Bachmann-Strauss Dystonia & Parkinson Foundation.Career in television and film
<mask> has done much voice acting in her career, lending her voice to television and radio advertisements and

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Gaven
Gaven
Marcia Mitz
Gaven
Gaven
Gaven
Gaven


title: Marcia Mitzman Gaven

texts:
 playing animated characters in The Pink Panther (1993), Red Planet (1994), and Small Soldiers (1998). Working with advertisements earned <mask> more money than playing theatre. "I can make in an hour what I make in a week doing theater," she said in 1997. <mask> has also made guest star appearances in live-action television series such as The George Carlin Show (1994), Ellen (1995), Get Smart (1995), The Drew Carey Show (1996), Hangin' with Mr. Cooper (1997), Frasier (1998), and Beverly Hills, 90210 (1998). In addition, she had a minor role in the 2002 film Moonlight Mile. When Maggie Roswell left the animated series The Simpsons in spring 1999 after a pay dispute with Fox Broadcasting Company, <mask> was hired to fill in for Roswell's characters. These characters included Maude Flanders, Helen Lovejoy, Miss Hoover, and others.However, Maude Flanders was killed off in the 2000 episode "Alone Again, Natura-Diddily" to open up new storylines for the show. Maggie Roswell returned to The Simpsons in 2002 after reaching a deal with Fox to record her lines from her home, and <mask> has not worked for the show since that year. Personal life
<mask> resided in Los Angeles from 1991 to 1993, when she had to move to New York City to act in The Who's Tommy. However, her stay in the city was short because of the allergic reaction and she moved back to Los Angeles. While performing in musicals, <mask> had to be protective of her vocal cords and this affected her personal life. She told Miller in 1997 that "you have to give up so much of your life", and gave the example that when "somebody coughs behind me [at the cinema] I immediately say to my husband, 'We may have to


title: Marcia Mitzman Gaven

texts:
 move.'" She also had to avoid shouting.<mask> is currently married to <mask> who owns AV Squad, a film marketing company. Acting credits

Theatre

Television

Film

References

External links

1959 births
American film actresses
American soap opera actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Living people
Actresses from New York City
People from Hastings-on-Hudson, New York
21st-century American

masks:
Gaven
Seth Gaven


title: Stephon Tuitt

texts:
<mask> (born May 23, 1993) is an American football defensive end for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Steelers in the second round of the 2014 NFL Draft. He played college football at Notre Dame. High school career
<mask> attended Monroe Area High School in Monroe, Georgia. As a junior, he recorded 56 tackles, 24 for loss, including 10 sacks and four forced fumbles. In 2010, as a senior, he led Monroe Area to an 11–2 record and third-round appearance in the Georgia Class AAA state playoffs, after Monroe Area had finished a combined 0-20 the previous two seasons. His efforts led to him being selected to play in the U.S. Army All-American Bowl in San Antonio, Texas.Rated as a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, he was rated as the 2nd best strongside defensive end in the nation, he accepted a scholarship offer from Notre Dame over offers from Georgia Tech and Georgia. College career

As a freshman, <mask> began his collegiate career by playing in 9 games, 3 in which he started. He recorded 30 tackles, including 3 for loss, and two sacks to go along with five quarterback hurries. He received Third-Team Freshman All-America honors by Phil Steele. In his sophomore season, he earned a starting position, and recorded 42 tackles, including 13 for loss, 12 sacks, nine quarterback hurries, three forced fumbles, and returned a 77-yard fumble for a touchdown against Navy. He earned second team All-American honours by the Associated Press. As a junior in 2013, after dealing with the effects from off-season hernia surgery, he totaled 49 total tackles, including nine for a loss, 7.5 sacks, forced a fumble and had a diving interception return for a touchdown against Michigan.At the end of the season, <mask> was named a first team All-American by Sports Illustrated, ESPN.com, CBS Sports, and Athlon.com

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Stephon Jakiel Tuitt
Tuitt
Tuitt
Tuitt


title: Stephon Tuitt

texts:
 in addition to a variety of other honors. <mask> got ejected in a targeting penalty during a 2013 road game at Pitt. On January 5, 2014, he announced he would forgo his remaining eligibility and enter the 2014 NFL Draft. Career statistics

Professional career
Coming out of Notre Dame, <mask> was projected by the majority of analysts to be a first or second-round pick. He was invited to the NFL Scouting Combine and was only able to perform the bench press due to a foot injury. Scouts were conflicted with whether he was better opted to be a defensive tackle or defensive end in the NFL. On March 14, 2014, <mask> attended Notre Dame's pro day and performed for 59 team representatives and scouts from all 32 teams.Jacksonville Jaguars' head coach Gus Bradley and Pittsburgh Steelers' head coach Mike Tomlin were the only coaches who attended. Tomlin flew to South Bend specifically to meet with <mask>, although he was unable to perform physically after having surgery on his foot the previous week. He was ranked as the second best defensive end prospect in the draft by NFL analyst Mike Mayock, was ranked the fourth best defensive tackle prospect by NFLDraftScout.com,
and the sixth best defensive tackle by Sports Illustrated. 2014
The Pittsburgh Steelers drafted <mask> in the second round (46th overall) of the 2014 NFL Draft. On June 18, 2014, the Steelers signed him to a four-year, $4.60 million contract with $2.72 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $1.67 million. He entered training camp his rookie year, competing with Cameron Heyward, Brett Kiesel, and Cam Thomas for a starting defensive end position. To begin the regular season, he was named the backup weakside defensive end behind Heyward.He made his professional regular season debut in the Steelers' season-opener against the Cleveland Browns. The next game, he recorded his first

masks: Tuitt Tuitt Tuitt Tuitt Tuitt


title: Stephon Tuitt

texts:
 career tackle in the Steelers' 6–26 loss to the Baltimore Ravens. On December 7, 2014, he made his first career start against the Cincinnati Bengals and finished the 42–21 victory with two combined tackles. In Week 16, <mask> collected a season-high three solo tackles and made his first career sack on Kansas City Chiefs' quarterback Alex Smith. He also forced a fumble from Chiefs' running back Jamaal Charles and helped the Steelers defeat the Chiefs, 20–12. He finished his rookie season with 19 combined tackles, one sack, one forced fumble, and a fumble recovery while appearing in all 16 regular season games and starting four of them. He received an overall grade of 43.0 from Pro Football Focus in 2014.The Steelers finished the season with an 11–5 record to clinch an AFC North pennant. On January 3, 2015, he appeared in his first career playoff game and made two solo tackles as the Steelers lost, 17–30, in the AFC Wildcard game to the Baltimore Ravens. 2015
<mask> entered training camp competing for the vacant starting defensive end position left by the retirement of Brett Kiesel. He was named a starting defensive end to begin the season, after beating out teammates Cam Thomas, Leterrius Walton, Clifton Geathers, Caushaud Lyons, and Joe Kruger. He started the season opener against the New England Patriots and assisted on one tackle during the 21–28 loss. The next game, Tuitt made four combined tackles and 1.5 sacks on San Francisco 49ers' quarterback Colin Kaepernick, helping the Steelers win, 43–18. On September 27, 2015, he collected seven combined tackles and a sack on St. Louis Rams' quarterback Nick Foles.The following week, <mask> made a career-high ten solo tackles and sacked Baltimore Ravens' quarterback Joe Flacco during the Steelers' 20–23 loss. During a Week 17 victory over the Cleveland Browns, he racked up four total

masks: Tuitt Tuitt Tuitt


title: Stephon Tuitt

texts:
 tackles and a season-high two sacks on Brown's quarterback Austin Davis. Pro Football Focus gave <mask> an overall grade of 80.4 in 2015. He finished his second season with 54 tackles, 6.5 sacks, one interception, and one pass defended while appearing in 14 regular season games and starting all of them. The Steelers finished the season with a 10–6 record and advanced to the playoffs. In the AFC Wildcard game, <mask> recorded three combined tackles, as the Steelers defeated the Cincinnati Bengals, 18–16. The following week, the Steelers lost to the eventual Super Bowl 50 champions, the Denver Broncos.In the 16–23 loss, <mask> collected four combined tackles. 2016
<mask> returned as the Steelers' starting defensive end to begin the 2016 regular season. In the Steelers' 38–16 season-opening defeat of the Washington Redskins, <mask> only made one tackle throughout the game. On September 25, 2016, he collected five solo tackles, as the Steelers were defeated by the Philadelphia Eagles, 3–34. On November 13, 2016, <mask> racked up three combined tackles and sacked Dallas Cowboys' quarterback Dak Prescott for his first of the season, as the Steelers lost, 30–35. The next game, <mask> helped the Steelers win, 24–9, after finishing the game with five combined tackles and a season-high two sacks on Cleveland Browns' quarterback Josh McCown. He was voted AFC Defensive Player of the week for his performance over Cleveland.During a Week 15 matchup against the Cincinnati Bengals, <mask> left the game after suffering a knee injury on the first drive and missed the next two games. <mask> received an overall grade of 82.0 from Pro Football Focus and was ranked 21st among all qualified interior defensive linemen in 2016. He finished the regular season with 37 combined tackles (29 solo), four sacks, and three pass deflections in 14 games and 14 starts.

masks: Tuitt Tuitt Tuitt Tuitt Tuitt Tuitt Tuitt Tuitt Tuitt


title: Stephon Tuitt

texts:
 The Pittsburgh Steelers finished first in the AFC North with an 11–5 record. On January 8, 2017, <mask> recorded four combined tackles in a 30–12 AFC Wildcard game victory over the Miami Dolphins. 2017
On September 9, 2017, the Pittsburgh Steelers signed <mask> to a five-year, $60 million contract extension with an $11 million signing bonus and $13 million guaranteed. <mask> and Cameron Heyward returned as the Steelers' starting defensive end duo to begin the regular season.He started the Steelers' season-opening 21–18 victory over the Cleveland Browns, but left after suffering an injury on the second play of the game and finished with only one tackle. The injury was confirmed to be a tear to his biceps that kept him from playing in Weeks 2–3. After returning for two games, <mask> then suffered a back injury that kept him out of Weeks 7–8. In Week 17, he collected a season-high five combined tackles during a 28–24 win against the Cleveland Browns. He finished the season with 25 combined tackles (19 solo), three sacks, and two pass deflections in 12 games and 12 starts. Pro Football Focus gave <mask> an overall grade of 86.1, which ranked him 18th among all interior defensive linemen in 2017. 2018
In week 8 against the Cleveland Browns, <mask> recorded 7 tackles, 1 sack, and 1 pass defended as the Steelers won 33–18.In week 10 against the Carolina Panthers, <mask> hyper extended his elbow and missed the next two games against the Jacksonville Jaguars and Denver Broncos. He made his return in week 13 against the Los Angeles Chargers. <mask> finished the season with 45 tackles, 5.5 sacks, and 4 passes defended. He received an overall grade of 81.8 from Pro Football Focus in 2018, which ranked as the 21st highest grade among all qualifying interior defenders. 2019
In Week 2 against the Seattle Seahawks, <mask> sacked Russell Wilson 2.5


title: Stephon Tuitt

texts:
 times as the Steelers lost 26–28. In Week 3 against the San Francisco 49ers, <mask> recorded a sack on Jimmy Garoppolo in the 24–20 loss. On October 15, 2019, he was placed on injured reserve after suffering a torn pec in a Week 6 game against the Los Angeles Chargers.2020
<mask> made his return from injury in Week 1 against the New York Giants on Monday Night Football. During the game, <mask> recorded his first sack of the season on Daniel Jones in the 26–16 win. In Week 5 against the Philadelphia Eagles, <mask> recorded 1.5 sacks on Carson Wentz during the 38–29 win. <mask>'s 3.5 sacks during the first four games of the 2020 season tied his previous season's total. In Week 8 against the Baltimore Ravens, <mask> recorded nine tackles and two sacks on Lamar Jackson during the 28–24 win. On November 4, 2020, <mask> was named the AFC Defensive Player of the Week for his performance in Week 8. In Week 11 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, <mask> recorded his seventh sack (single season career high) of the season on Jake Luton during the 27–3 win.He was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the team on November 27, 2020, and activated on December 5. In Week 16 against the Indianapolis Colts, <mask> recorded his tenth sack of the season on Philip Rivers during the 28–24 win. 2021
On September 1, 2021, <mask> was placed on injured reserve to start the season. NFL statistics

Personal life
On June 2, 2021, <mask>'s younger brother, Richard Bartlett III, was killed in a hit and run in Johns Creek, Georgia. References

External links
Notre Dame Fighting Irish bio
Pro-Football reference
Pittsburgh Steelers bio

1993 births
Living people
Players of American football from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Monroe, Georgia
Players of American football from Miami
American football defensive ends
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
Pittsburgh

masks: Tuitt Tuitt Tuitt Tuitt Tuitt Tuitt Tuitt Tuitt Tuitt Tuitt Tuitt


title: Gary Teale

texts:
<mask> (born 21 July 1978) is a Scottish professional football player and coach. <mask> started his career in Scotland in 1995 with Clydebank and Ayr United. He moved to England in 2001 when he signed for Wigan Athletic and played an important part in the Wigan side that rose from the third tier (Division Two) to second (Division One) for the first time in the club's history and then went one step further to reach the top flight. Whilst at Wigan he started in the 2006 Football League Cup Final. He then left for Championship side Derby County where he achieved promotion to the Premier League for the second time, although Teale was not a member of the matchday 16 for the 2007 Football League Championship play-off Final. During his time at Derby, he spent time on loan with Plymouth Argyle and Barnsley. After three years and over 100 appearances for the club, <mask> left Derby in June 2010 to sign for Sheffield Wednesday.Teale then moved to St Mirren in 2011, and he helped them win the Scottish League Cup in 2013. He became St Mirren manager in 2014, but left this position after the club were relegated in May 2015. Teale represented Scotland at international level, winning 13 caps for his country between 2006 and 2009. Club career

Early career
Born in Glasgow, Scotland, Teale began his career at Clydebank. As a youth player he spent time training with Davie Cooper, who Teale felt had a major influence on his development and career. In 1995, he made his debut at the age of 16 in a Scottish League Cup match against Motherwell. During his first season at the club, he made most of his appearances as a substitute, and scored his first goal for the club towards the end of the season in a 2–1 win against St Mirren.In the summer of 1996, Clydebank were forced to take several cost-cutting measures, leaving Teale as one of only two players on full-time contracts at the club. He became a first team regular at the start of the 1996–97 season, and his impressive performances earned him a call up to the Scotland under-21s. Later in the season, he was given trials at Tottenham Hotspur and

masks:
Gary Stewart Teale
Teale
Teale


title: Gary Teale

texts:
 Newcastle United, but a move failed to materialise. He finished the season with six goals as the club were relegated to the Second Division. In October 1997, Teale was involved a car crash, later admitting that he was "lucky to be alive". The incident left him with a broken collarbone, and did not feature in the team until the end of the following month. He struggled to maintain his place in the first team during the 1997–98 season, starting in only 13 of 27 league appearances, and at one point was dropped from the team by manager Ian McCall "in the hope it would give him a kick up the backside."Clydebank finished the season as runners-up in the league, regaining promotion to the First Division. In October 1998, due to Clydebank's growing financial difficulties, <mask> was sold to Ayr United for a fee of £70,000, a signing described by McCall as "a Christmas bargain in October." Although there was interest from several English clubs, <mask> opted to remain in Scotland as he felt he was not yet ready to leave his home country. He made his debut in a 2–0 win against St Mirren, and scored his first goal for the club on his home debut two weeks later in a 4–2 win against Falkirk. He played a pivotal role in a 3–0 Scottish Cup victory at home to local rivals Kilmarnock in 1999, winning a late penalty which was converted by Andy Walker, a goal that has gone down in history due to the humiliating manner in which Gordon Marshall the Kilmarnock goalkeeper was beaten. Wigan Athletic

In 2001, <mask> signed for Wigan Athletic for an initial fee of £275,000, which rose to £400,000 due to subsequent additional payments. He made his debut a day later against Oldham Athletic and scored his first goal for the club on 19 February 2002 in a 3–1 win against Notts County.He picked up a Second Division winners medal for the 2002–03 season. In the 2004–05 season Wigan were promoted into the Premiership for the first time in their history, after which <mask> signed a new two-year contract with the club. He also helped Wigan reach their first ever major cup final when they finished runners-up

masks: Teale Teale Teale Teale


title: Gary Teale

texts:
 to Manchester United in 2006. Teale was the only player to feature in every match during the cup run, and played the full 90 minutes of the final itself. He eventually left Wigan after six years at the club to join Derby County for £600,000 on 11 January 2007. Derby County

Teale was brought to Derby by Billy Davies to sustain Derby's push towards the Premiership and made his debut in a 1–0 win over Sheffield Wednesday on 13 January 2007, scoring his first goal with the opener in a 2–2 draw with Hull City on 10 February 2007. Despite this, he failed to hold a regular place in the Derby first team towards the end of the season and failed to make the squad for Derby's 1–0 win over W.B.A in the 2007 playoff final which earned Derby promotion.<mask> found himself in and out of the starting line up as Derby struggled to adapt to the top flight and despite playing a part in 22 games, primarily as substitute, over the 2007–08 season, he was loaned out to Championship side Plymouth Argyle by new Derby boss Paul Jewell until the end of the 2007–08 season because he needed to 'regain some confidence' <mask>'s loan spell at Plymouth impressed Argyle boss Paul Sturrock enough for him to want to sign the player on a permanent basis, though he was reluctant to meet Derby's £500,000 asking price. Teale was also believed to be interesting Leeds United in the 2008–09 pre-season, who would offer £400,000. The 2008–09 season started in similar fashion as he was loaned out to Barnsley on a month's emergency loan deal, where he played three games. Upon his return to Derby Teale again sporadically appeared. However, with the resignation of Jewell and the appointment of Nigel Clough, Teale began to get a run in Derby's first eleven earning many accolades, with his form improving to the extent that it prevented a loan move to Motherwell in the January 2009. He got his second goal for the club, and his first career goal for two years on 7 February 2009 with the opener in a 3–0 victory at Plymouth Argyle. Such was the upsurgence in his form, he became something of a cult hero amongst the Derby

masks: Teale Teale


title: Gary Teale

texts:
 support, earning himself the nickname Tealinho.<mask> opened his goalscoring account for the 2009–10 season with an 87th-minute winner against Peterborough United and made his 100th appearance for the club as a second-half substitute in a 1–0 win over Nottingham Forest on 30 January 2010. On 5 May 2010 it was announced that <mask> would leave Pride Park after three and a half years when his contract expired. He left Derby on 30 June 2010 with 104 appearances and five goals. Sheffield Wednesday
On 2 July 2010, <mask> signed a two-year contract at Sheffield Wednesday and was given the number 21 shirt. He scored his first goal for Sheffield Wednesday against Southport in the FA Cup on 7 November 2010. Three days later he bagged his second goal as Wednesday beat Hartlepool in the Football League Trophy. Teale left Hillsborough by mutual consent on 1 July 2011, and signed a two-year deal with St Mirren.St Mirren
After Teale left Hillsborough by mutual consent on 1 July 2011, and signed a two-year deal with St Mirren. Teale scored his first goal for Saints in a 2–0 victory in a friendly match against Dumbarton on 12 July 2011. After just 4 minutes David Barron played a ball over the Dumbarton defence, and Teale lobbed the Dumbarton goalkeeper. Teale was part of the side that won the 2012–13 Scottish League Cup. St Mirren defeated Heart of Midlothian 3–2 in the 2013 Scottish League Cup Final at Hampden Park. <mask> will be remembered for his great run down the right wing, and cross field pass that allowed Esmaël Gonçalves to score Saints equalising goal after 37 minutes. On 16 April 2013, it was announced that <mask> had signed a new one-year deal with St Mirren, that will keep him at the club until the summer of 2014.After limited appearances during season 2013–14, it was not know if Teale would be offered a new contract. On 13 May 2014 <mask> signed a new two-year deal with the club, taking on a player-coach role to assist newly appointed St Mirren manager Tommy Craig. He was appointed caretaker manager after Craig was sacked in December 2014. In January 2015, <mask> was

masks: Teale Teale Teale Teale Teale Teale Teale


title: Gary Teale

texts:
 appointed St Mirren manager on a contract until the end of the 2014–15 season. <mask> was relieved of his managerial duties after the final game of the season, as St Mirren appointed Ian Murray as their new manager on 22 May 2015. On 1 June 2015, <mask> left St Mirren by mutual consent, after failing to secure the manager's job on a permanent basis. International career
<mask> made his debut for Scotland under-21s against Latvia in 1996.<mask>'s performances for Wigan earned him a call-up to the Scotland national football team for the first time in 2004, but was forced to withdraw from the squad due to injury. He won his first cap in a 3–1 defeat to Switzerland on 1 March 2006. He has intermittently played for his country since, including some crucial appearances in Scotland's Euro 2008 qualifying campaign. In 2008, he was called up to George Burley's first Scotland squad alongside fellow on loan Plymouth player Russell Anderson. Career statistics

Career honours
Clydebank
Scottish Football League Second Division: Promotion (1997–98)
Wigan Athletic
 Football League Second Division: Winner (2002–03)
 Football League Championship: Promotion (2004–05)
 Football League Cup: Runner-up (2006)

Derby County
Football League Championship playoffs: Winner (2006–07)

St Mirren
Scottish League Cup: Winner (2012–13)

Scotland
Kirin Cup: 2006

Managerial statistics

 Includes statistics as caretaker manager. References

External links

1978 births
Ayr United F.C. players
Barnsley F.C.players
Clydebank F.C. (1965) players
Derby County F.C. players
Living people
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
St Mirren F.C. players
Premier League players
Scotland international footballers
Scotland under-21 international footballers
Scotland B international footballers
Scottish Football League players
Scottish footballers
Scottish Premier League players
English Football League players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Association football wingers
Scottish Professional Football League players
Scottish football managers
St Mirren F.C.managers
Scottish Professional Football League


title: Faraz Waqar

texts:
<mask> (born 21 January 1976) is a Pakistani filmmaker, writer and director of Pakistan's first ever silent film Meeoww Billi aur World War 3, completed in September 2013. He is also the winner as an emerging new Director of Pakistan's prestigious HUM TV Awards in 2015 for the Best Short Film - Middle East. <mask>'s latest work includes OTHER-ISTAN - The other face of Pakistan completed in 2016. The era of silent films was already over by the time of the independence of Pakistan in 1947. The new country inherited a film industry from the days of the British Raj (based mainly in the city of Lahore) that had already been producing 'talkies' or sound films since the 1930s. The Pakistani film industry (also known today as Lollywood) therefore did not produce any silent films till the year 2013 when <mask> completed his film Meeoww Billi aur World War 3. The film is an artistic experiment inspired by the era of silent cinema and carries a political message.It is regarded as the first ever silent film in the history of cinema in Pakistan. Career
A native of Karachi, <mask> has been an active filmmaker since the year 2012. His first film 9:11 am was one of the only two Pakistani films showcased at the Cannes Film Festival in 2012 in France. The film 9:11 am was also part of the Official Selection in the year 2012 at the Mosaic International South Asian Film Festival of Mississauga (MISAFF) in Canada and the Gandhara Film Festival in Pakistan. In August 2013, Waqar produced and directed an experimental music film tribute to Pakistan's and the sub-continent's pop music singer Nazia Hassan. The video, titled Imagineer, was released on the thirteenth anniversary of her death. It highlighted Hassan's contribution to South Asian pop and Bollywood film music.<mask> completed Pakistan's first silent film titled Meeoww Billi aur World War 3 in September 2013. The film is an artistic

masks:
Faraz Waqar
Faraz
Waqar
Waqar
Waqar


title: Faraz Waqar

texts:
 experiment inspired by the age of silent cinema of the 1920s with a global political message about the Middle East. Meeoww Billi aur World War 3 has been selected for screening at international film festivals in 2013–2014. <mask> was recognized as an emerging new Director at the prestigious HUM TV Awards in 2015 in the category of Best Short Films - Middle East. His latest film completed in 2016 is titled OTHER-ISTAN - The other face of Pakistan that is to be screened at international film festivals this year. With his previous background and experience in Brand Marketing, <mask> has in the past been closely involved with the development of commercial television, radio and print advertising for major international and Pakistani brands. In 2002, <mask> was part of the Brand Marketing team responsible for conceptualizing, producing and directing the first Lux Style Awards for Unilever in Pakistan.The Lux Style Awards is today considered one of Pakistan's premier annual award show events. Filmography

Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born into a Muslim family in Karachi, Pakistan. He was brought up and educated in the city of Karachi. <mask> received his Master's in Business Administration from the Institute of Business Administration (IBA) in Karachi, Pakistan in 1998. He worked as a Brand and Marketing Manager for major multinational corporations and banks in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar from 1999 to 2011. In 2012, <mask> graduated from the New York Film Academy with a 1-year diploma in film-making from the academy's Middle East campus located in Abu Dhabi,  United Arab Emirates (UAE). Personal life
<mask> is the son of (late) <mask> Ali and artist/interior designer Naheed <mask>.He has two siblings, a younger sister Rida Waqar who is an architect and a younger brother Adnan <mask> who is a banker. <mask> currently resides in Dubai in the United Arab

masks:
Faraz
Waqar
Waqar
Faraz
Waqar
Faraz
Faraz
Waqar
Syed Waqar
Waqar
Waqar
Faraz


title: John D. Spreckels

texts:
<mask> (August 16, 1853 – June 7, 1926), the son of German-American industrialist <mask>, founded a transportation and real estate empire in San Diego, California, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The entrepreneur's many business ventures included the Hotel del Coronado and the San Diego and Arizona Railway, both of which are credited with helping San Diego develop into a major commercial center. Upon his death he was eulogized as "One of America's few great Empire Builders who invested millions to turn a struggling, bankrupt village into the beautiful and cosmopolitan city San Diego is today." Early years
The oldest of five children, <mask> was born in Charleston, South Carolina, though the family soon moved to New York City. <mask> attended Oakland College and then the Polytechnic College in Hannover, Germany, where he studied chemistry and mechanical engineering until 1872. He returned to California and began working for his father, <mask>, who had grown extremely wealthy in the sugar business. In 1876 he went to the Hawaiian Islands, where he worked for his father's sugar business, Spreckels Sugar Company.Entrepreneur beginnings
In 1880, with $2 million in capital, he organized J. D. Spreckels and Brothers, a company to establish a trade between the mainland United States and the Hawaiian Islands. The company began with one sailing vessel, the Rosario, and later controlled two large fleets of sail and steam ships. The firm also engaged extensively in sugar refining, and became agents for leading sugarcane plantations in Hawaii. Much of the  development of commercial interests between the United States

masks:
John Diedrich Spreckels
Claus Spreckels
Spreckels
Spreckels
Claus Spreckels


title: John D. Spreckels

texts: and Hawaii is due to this firm. The shipping and passenger line of this enterprise was the Oceanic Steamship Company, which was founded by J.D. Spreckels in 1881. Its inaugural service was between California and Hawaii and, later, also from California to Australia, New Zealand, Samoa and Tahiti.The various of the lines’ ships transported passengers, sugar and/or other food cargoes and provided mail service. For decades, the company provided the only mail service between the U.S. and Australia and New Zealand. The Oceanic ships that transported mail to Australia and New Zealand were the Alameda (3000 horsepower plant), Mariposa (3000 horsepower plant), the steamer Zealandia, the Sierra, the Sonoma and the Ventura. The Australia provided a 33-day direct mail service to Tahiti. In 1926 Oceanic became a subsidiary of Matson Navigation Company, a company which J.D.’s father—<mask>—had early financed. Prior to its becoming associated with Matson, Oceanic had under J.D.’s control owned a total 17 ships, which were the iron ship Alameda (1883), the wood schooner Anna (1881), the iron steamer Australia (1875), the wood brigantine Claus Spreckels (1879), the wood brigantine Consuelo (1880), the wood brigantine Emma Augusta (1867), the wood brigantine <mask>. Spreckels (1880), the iron ship Mariposa (1883), the two mast schooner Rosario (1879), the wood brigantine Salina, the passenger ship Sierra (1900), the passenger liner Sonoma (1900), the Suez (1876), the Ventura (1900), the wood brigantine W.H. <mask> (1881), the wood brigantine William G. Irwin (1881), and the Zealandia (1875).In October 1877, <mask> <mask> married

masks:
Claus Spreckels
John D
Dimond
John Diedrich
Spreckels


title: John D. Spreckels

texts: Lillie Siebein in Hoboken, New Jersey, and together they had four children: Grace (born September 1878), Lillie (born November 1879), <mask> (born April 1883), and Claus (born March 1888). They first lived in the Kingdom of Hawaii and then in San Francisco. In 1887, <mask> visited San Diego on his yacht Lurline to stock up on supplies. Impressed by the real estate boom then taking place, he invested in the construction of a wharf and coal bunkers at the foot of Broadway (then called "D" Street). That boom ended soon but <mask>' interest in San Diego would last for the rest of his life. He acquired control of the Coronado Beach Company, the Hotel del Coronado and Coronado Tent City; he bought the San Diego street railway system, changing it from horse power to electricity, in 1892. The Hotel del Coronado was owned by the Coronado Beach Company which was originally capitalized with US$3 million.At the time of capitalization the original company directors were E.S. Babcock, <mask><mask>, Captain Charles T. Hinde, H.W. Mallett, and Giles Kellogg. The Coronado Beach Company was responsible for numerous other investments in the Coronado, California, area. Before investing in the Coronado Beach Company, <mask> waited for his close friend—Captain Charles T. Hinde—to join him. They jointly invested and managed new businesses. For a time, <mask> was owner of the San Francisco Call, then a morning newspaper.While still living in San Francisco, he continued investing in San Diego newspapers, buying The San Diego Union in 1890 and the San Diego Evening Tribune in 1901. He moved his family permanently to San Diego immediately

masks:
John
Spreckels
Spreckels
John D
. Spreckels
Spreckels
Spreckels


title: John D. Spreckels

texts:
 after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Relocation to San Diego
In the next decades, Spreckels became a millionaire many times over, and the wealthiest man in San Diego. At various times he owned all of Coronado Island, the San Diego-Coronado Ferry System, the Union-Tribune Publishing Co., the San Diego Electric Railway, the San Diego & Arizona Railway, and Belmont Park in Mission Beach. He built several downtown buildings, including the Union Building in 1908, the Spreckels Theater Building in 1912, the Hotel San Diego, and the Golden West Hotel. He employed thousands of people and at one time he paid 10% of all the property taxes in San Diego County. <mask> was president of several companies, including the Oceanic Steamship Company, operating a mail and passenger line to Hawaii and Australia, the Western Sugar Refining Company, the Coronado Water Company, the San Diego and Coronado Ferry Company, the San Diego and Coronado Transfer Company, the Pajaro Valley Consolidated Railroad Company, the San Diego Electric Railway, and the San Diego & Arizona Railway Company.Spreckels Mansion
Spreckels' first permanent residence in the San Diego area was the Spreckels Mansion, 1630 Glorietta Boulevard. The Mansion sat on five acres of land overlooking Glorietta Bay across from the Hotel del Coronado. In 1906, <mask>, 53, contracted Architect Harrison Albright to design and build the Mansion. The building, designed with the simple, classic lines of Italian Renaissance, was complete in 1908 with six bedrooms, three baths, a parlor, dining room and library at the cost of $35,000. At that time, Spreckels' Mansion featured a

masks: Spreckels Spreckels


title: John D. Spreckels

texts:
 brass cage elevator, a marble staircase with leather-padded handrails, skylights, marble floors and some of the Island's most spectacular gardens. The home was built with reinforced steel and concrete, an earthquake precaution Spreckels insisted upon after living through the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Spreckels lived in the Glorietta Boulevard mansion until his death in 1926.It is now a popular boutique hotel, the Glorietta Bay Inn. <mask><mask> built the beach house, located at 1043 Ocean Boulevard in Coronado, designed by architect Harrison Albright (1866-1932). <mask><mask> built the Ocean Boulevard beach house for his son Claus as a wedding present in 1910 and Claus's widow, Ellis, lived there until her death in 1967. The beach house mansion is the location of the 2011 accidental death of 6-year-old Max Shacknai, son of Jonah Shacknai, former CEO of Medicis Pharmaceutical, and the contested suicide of Jonah Shacknai's girlfriend, Rebecca Zahau. Transportation and infrastructure

San Diego Electric Railway

The San Diego Electric Railway (SDERy) was a San Diego-based, light rail mass transit system founded by Spreckels in 1892. Spreckels' strategy involved buying up several failed downtown horse- and cable-drawn trolley routes, consolidating and standardizing the trackage, and electrifying resulting unified street railway system. Over the years, the SDERy constructed new lines to connect San Diego's burgeoning downtown with the region's up-and-coming outlying communities, including Mission Beach, Pacific Beach, and Normal Heights (developments where Spreckels owned the bulk of the land).Spreckels' underlying

masks:
John D
. Spreckels
John D
. Spreckels


title: John D. Spreckels

texts:
 Hill, and Kensington. They even briefly served as a link to the U.S.-Mexico Border. These streetcars were "retired" in 1939 to give way to the cheaper, Depression-era Presidents’ Conference Committee (PCC) streetcars. Today, only three of the original twenty-four Class 1 streetcars remain in existence. San Diego and Arizona Railway

In 1919, Spreckels completed the San Diego and Arizona Railway, a short line American railroad, dubbed "The Impossible Railroad" by many engineers of its day due to the immense logistical challenges involved. Established in 1906 to provide San Diego with a direct rail link to the east by connecting with the Southern Pacific Railroad (which secretly provided the funding for the endeavor) lines in El Centro, California, the 148-mile (238-kilometer) route of the SD&A originated in San Diego and terminated in the Imperial County town of Calexico.The total construction cost was approximately $18 million, or some $123,000 per mile; the original estimate was $6 million. Construction delays, attacks by Mexican revolutionaries, and government intervention during World War I all served to push the construction completion to November 15, 1919, when the "golden spike" was finally driven by none other than <mask> himself. Completing the SD&A was a monumental task that seriously affected <mask>' health, almost costing him his life. In subsequent years, damage to the lines from heavy rainstorms, landslides, and fires took a financial toll on the railroad, as did border closings with Mexico. In 1932, financial difficulties forced Spreckels' heirs to sell their interests in the firm for $2.8 million to


title: John D. Spreckels

texts:
 the Southern Pacific, which renamed the railroad the San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway (SD&AE). Southern California Mountain Water Company

Spreckels organized the Southern California Mountain Water Company, which in turn built the Morena and the Upper and Lower Otay Reservoir dams, the Dulzura conduit and the necessary pipeline to the city. The company was acquired by the City of San Diego.Early automobile enthusiast
Speckels was noted as one of the West Coast's "most prominent and enthusiastic automobilists." When California began requiring license plates in 1905, <mask> acquired the first five plates for himself and his family. Legacy
Spreckels contributed to the cultural life of the city by building the Spreckels Theatre, the first modern commercial playhouse west of the Mississippi. He gave generously to the fund to build the 1915 Panama-California Exposition and, together with his brother Adolph B. Spreckels, donated the Spreckels Organ Pavilion in Balboa Park to the people of San Diego just before the opening of the Exposition. Spreckels paid the salaries of a resident organ tuner and of the organist for many years, providing free daily organ concerts. Both Spreckels Elementary School in San Diego and Spreckels Park in Coronado, CA, are named for him. Spreckels died in San Diego on June 7, 1926.His biographer, Austin Adams, called him "one of America's few great Empire Builders who invested millions to turn a struggling, bankrupt village into the beautiful and cosmopolitan city San Diego is today." Notes

References
  Biography. History | The Home of the Historic San Diego Class 1 Streetcars

 San


title: John D. Spreckels

texts:
 Diego Historical Society San Diego Biographies: <mask><mask> (1853–1926) — accessed September 6, 2005.
 , Part 5, Chapter 6: "<mask>. Spreckels Solves the Railroad Problem"
 ,  v. 2, pp. 5–8: "<mask>. Spreckels"
 Nolan, <mask> "2,543 Days: A History of the Hotel at the Grand Rapids Dam on the Wabash River" Discusses Charles T. Hinde, one of the silent investors of the Hotel del Coronado and how the Hotel del Coronado influenced the Grand Rapids Hotel in Wabash County, Illinois. External links

 California AGHP — <mask>. Spreckels
  — History of the Inn and <mask> D. Spreckels. The Home of the San Diego Historic Class 1 Streetcars
 "<mask>. Spreckels Solves the Railroad Problem" from The History of San Diego: 1542–1908 by William E. Smythe. "John D. Spreckels Lodge #657" Facebook page
 Spreckels Organ Society official website.Businesspeople from San Diego
American real estate businesspeople
American railway entrepreneurs
19th-century American railroad executives
19th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
American newspaper publishers (people)
Philanthropists from California
Businesspeople from Charleston, South Carolina
Businesspeople from Hawaii
1853 births
1926 deaths
History of San Diego
The San Diego Union-Tribune

masks:
John D
. Spreckels
John D
John D
John Matthew
John D
John
John D


title: Teuta

texts:
 Teuta remains uncertain. From what we know, it stretched on the Adriatic coast-land from central Albania up to the Neretva river, and they must have controlled most of the Illyrian inland. According to Polybius, Teuta soon addressed the neighbouring states malevolently, ordering her commanders to treat all of them as enemies and supporting the piratical raids of her subjects, which eventually brought Roman forces to cross the Adriatic for the first time, since those activities increasingly interfered with their trade route in the Adriatic and the Ionian Sea.Early reign (231–230 BC)

In 231 BC, <mask>'s armies attacked the regions of Elis and Messenia in the Peloponnese. On their way home, they captured the Greek city of Phoenice, at that time the most prosperous place of Epirus and a centre for the growing commerce with the Italian Peninsula. The city was soon liberated and a truce accepted against the payment of a fee and freeborn prisoners. The seizure of an urban centre, as opposed to looting in the countryside, represented an escalation in the threat posed by Illyrians to Greeks and Romans alike. During their occupation of Phoenice, some Illyrian pirates looted Italian merchant ships in such a high number that the Roman Senate, after ignoring earlier complaints, was compelled to dispatch two ambassadors to the city of Scodra in order to solicit reparations and demand an end to all pirate expeditions. The vivid account of the event, given by the Greek historian Polybius and overtly hostile to Teuta, was probably influenced by an earlier Roman tradition originally intended to justify the invasion of Illyria. On their arrival, the Roman ambassadors Lucius and Gaius Coruncanius found Queen Teuta celebrating the end of an internal Illyrian rebellion as her armies were about to lay siege to the


title: Teuta

texts:
 Greek island city of Issa.She promised that no royal force would hurt them, but that piracy was a traditional Illyrian custom she was unable to put an end to. Teuta also implied that "it was contrary to the custom of the Illyrian kings to hinder their subjects from winning booty from the sea". One of the envoys reportedly lost his temper and replied that Rome would make it her business to "improve relations between sovereign and subject in lllyria", since "[they had] an admirable custom, which is to punish publicly the doers of private wrongs and publicly come to the help of the wronged." At any rate, one of the two present ambassadors expressed himself to the queen so disrespectfully that her attendants were ordered to seize the ambassadors' ship as it embarked back for Rome, and the insolent envoy was murdered on his homeward voyage, allegedly on Teuta’s order. Cassius Dio's account suggests that the other ambassador may have been made prisoner. In Appian's version, the two ambassadors, one Roman (Coruncanius) and one Issaian (Kleemporos), were captured and murdered by some Illyrian lemboi before they landed on Illyrian land, implying that the interview between <mask> and the ambassadors may not have occurred. In any case, news of the murder caused the Romans to prepare for war: legions were enlisted and the fleet assembled.War with Rome (229–228 BC)

In 229 BC, Rome declared war on Illyria and, for the first time, the Roman armies crossed the Adriatic Sea to set foot in the western Balkans. An army consisting of approximately 20,000 troops, 200 cavalry units and an entire Roman fleet of 200 ships, led by Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus and Lucius Postumius Albinus, was sent to conquer Illyria. The Roman attack seems to have caught up Teuta by surprise, since she had ordered a large naval


title: Teuta

texts:
 expedition involving most of her ships against the Greek colony of Corcyra in the winter of 229. When the 200 Roman ships showed up at Corcyra, Teuta's governor Demetrius betrayed her and surrendered the city to the Romans, before turning into their advisor for the remaining time of the war. At the end of the conflict in 228 BC, the Romans awarded him the position of governor of Pharos and the adjacent coasts. In the meantime, the remainder of the Roman army landed further north at Apollonia. The combined army and navy proceeded northward together.After subduing one town after another, they eventually besieged the capital, Scodra. <mask> herself had retreated with a few followers to the fortified and strategically well-placed city of Rhizon, the principal base of the Illyrian fleet. According to Polybius, she made a treaty in the early spring of 228 BC by which she consented to pay an annual tribute, to reign over a restricted and narrow region north of Lissus (modern Lezhë), and not to sail beyond Lissus with more than two unarmed ships. He also reports that they required her to acknowledge the final authority of Rome. According to Cassius Dio, she abdicated later in 227 BC. Later life

Appian mentions that, after the defeat, Teuta sent an embassy to Rome to deliver captives and to apologize for the events that had occurred during her spouse Agron’s reign, but not under hers. Depictions

The most detailed account of Teuta's short reign is that of Polybius (c. 200–118 BC), supplemented by Appian (2nd c. AD) and Cassius Dio (c. 155–235 AD).According to scholar Marjeta Šašel Kos, the most objective portrait of Teuta is that of Appian. Historian Peter Derow also argues that Appian's version, especially the story of the murder of the ambassadors, is more plausible than that of Polybius. Polybius'


title: Nakayama Miki

texts:
 elapsed, God would be revealed through the soul of the mother of humankind at the place of creation and inform humankind of its origins, purpose, and means of salvation. Doctrine also maintains that as the Shrine of God, Nakayama's words and actions were in complete accordance with the divine will and that upon her death, her soul withdrew from physical existence and became everliving. Biography

Childhood
Nakayama <mask>, née Maegawa, was born on 18 April 1798 (2 June) at dawn, around five o'clock in the morning. She was born in Sanmaiden Village, Yamabe County, Yamato Province, or present day Tenri, Nara, to a family of the farming class. Her father Maegawa Hanshichi was a member of the Tōdō clan and held the title of musokunin, a samurai-like status which entitled him to have a surname and carry a sword, though without stipend.He was also an ojoya, a head of a group of local villages. Her mother, Kinu, was from the Nagao family of the same village and was said to have excelled in needlework. In the first decade of her life, Miki learned how to write with a brush from her father and how to sew and spin cotton from her mother. From the ages of nine to eleven, she attended a private school for children at a nearby village, where she was educated in reading and writing. At home, she learned needlework from her mother and became proficient enough to make handicraft items and to cut garments out of wide bolts of cotton. The Maegawas were pious adherents of the Pure Land school of Buddhism and belonged to a local temple. In her


title: Nakayama Miki

texts:
 childhood, Miki became familiar enough with Buddhist prayer so that by the age of twelve or thirteen, she was able to recite from memory various sutras as well the hymns from the Jōdo Wasan.At that time, she expressed an interest in becoming a nun. However, <mask>'s parents, on the suggestion of <mask>'s aunt, Kinu, asked her to marry Nakayama Zenbei, the son of <mask>'s aunt. At first, <mask> hesitated to agree to the request out of her desire to become a nun, but eventually she consented, on the condition that even when married she would be allowed to continue her Buddhist prayer. Marriage
On 15 September 1810 (13 October), <mask> took part in her bridal procession to the residence of the Nakayama family in the village of Shoyashiki. Dressed in a long-sleeved kimono, she was carried in a palanquin and was accompanied by attendants carrying a trousseau of five loads – two chests of drawers, two long chests, and a pair of boxes. The Nakayama family, like the Maegawa family, held some prestige in the local area. The custom in Shoyashiki was for the male head of the Nakayama household to inherit the post of toshiyori (village head), and in <mask>'s lifetime, her father-in-law Zenyemon, and later, her husband Zenbei served as toshiyori.In addition, the Nakayama family was a major landholder in the village. In 1813, <mask>'s in-laws entrusted her with the management of all household affairs. The Life of Oyasama, Tenrikyo's biography of <mask>, portrays her as a diligent and productive worker. According to its account she did every

masks: Miki Miki Miki Miki Miki Miki Miki Miki


title: Nakayama Miki

texts: type of farm work except for the men's tasks of digging ditches and plowing rice fields, pulled more than half an acre of cotton a day, and wove fabrics twice as fast as the average woman. In the spring of 1816, she completed a training course known as the Fivefold Transmission at Zenpuku Temple, her parish temple in Magata Village (now a district of the city of Tenri). During the Fivefold Transmission, she attended lectures on the writings of Hōnen, meditated, underwent tonsure, and made a vow to repeat the nenbutsu for the remainder of her life. Those who enrolled in the Fivefold Transmission were initiated into the mysteries of the Pure Land sect and were considered to have reached the highest level of faith.In June 1820, <mask> Zenyemon, <mask>'s father-in-law, died at the age of sixty-two. In July 1821, <mask>'s first child, also named Zenyemon (later renamed Shuji) was born. Her first daughter Omasa and second daughter Oyasu were born in April 1825 and September 1827 respectively. In April 1828, <mask>'s mother-in-law Kinu, died. The anecdotes from The Life of Oyasama depict <mask> as a charitable and forgiving mother. When a man was caught stealing a bag of rice from the Nakayama family's storehouse, <mask> allowed him to keep the rice instead of turning him in to the authorities. When the mothers in her village suffered from a lack of milk, she would offer to nurse their infants.In 1828, one of the infants she was nursing, a boy named Adachi Terunojo, contracted smallpox. To pray for his recovery, she underwent a

masks: Nakayama Miki Miki Miki Miki Miki


title: Nakayama Miki

texts:
 hundred-day prayer, walking barefoot to the village shrine every day. In 1830, <mask>'s second daughter Oyasu died. Her third daughter, Oharu, was born on 21 September 1831. Her fourth daughter, Otsune, was born on 7 November 1833 and died two years later in 1835. Her fifth daughter, Kokan, was born on 15 December 1837. Revelation
On 26 October 1837, Nakayama Miki's eldest son, Shūji, felt an acute pain in his leg while sowing barley in the fields.A village doctor named Gensuke was summoned to treat the leg. When Shūji's condition did not improve, the family called for Nakatano Ichibei, a shugenja (ascetic monk) who was renowned in the area for his healing rituals. Ichibei offered prayers on three occasions, but after each time Shūji had only temporary relief before the pain returned. After Zenbei, <mask>'s husband, made another entreaty to Ichibei, he agreed to conduct an incantation (yosekaji), a ritual intended to invoke the Buddha's compassion. Over the course of a year, the incantation was conducted nine times. When <mask> and Zenbei had sudden physical pains on the evening of 23 October 1838, Zenbei sent a messenger to Ichibei, who on that day was visiting his relatives in Shoyashiki for a local festival. Ichibei held another incantation the following morning.However, as the woman who regularly served as his medium, Soyo, was not available, he asked <mask> to serve as medium instead. In the middle of the incantation, Tenrikyo's doctrine asserts that Miki had her first divine revelation. After the first revelation, <mask>

masks: Miki Miki Miki Miki Miki


title: Nakayama Miki

texts:
 remained in a trance while the Nakayama family discussed how to respond to the request. Over three days, the family made several refusals, asking the divine presence to leave, but with each refusal <mask>'s trance grew in intensity and her responses became more severe. Then, at eight o'clock on the morning on 26 October 1838, <mask>'s husband Zenbei accepted the invitation on the family's behalf and her trance stopped. On this day, according to Tenrikyo's doctrine, Nakayama Miki was settled as the Shrine of Tsukihi and the Tenrikyo teachings were founded. Poverty and ministry

For the three years or so following the revelation, Miki secluded herself in a storehouse.In the 1840s, Miki gradually gave away her personal belongings and the possessions of the Nakayama family. Then <mask> requested that her husband Zenbei dismantle the main house, starting with the roof tiles at the southeast corner followed by the tiles on the northeast corner and the gable walls. In 1848, she began to give sewing lessons at her home, and in 1852 her daughter Oharu was married to Kajimoto Sojiro, the younger brother of one of the sewing students. Around this time, her son Shūji opened a classroom at home and began to instruct the village children in reading and writing. On 22 February 1853, <mask>'s husband Zenbei died. In the same year, the dismantling of the Nakayama house was completed, and <mask> sent her youngest daughter Kokan to Naniwa (in present day Osaka) to chant the divine name, thus marking the first instance of missionary work in the


title: Nakayama Miki

texts:
 Tenrikyo tradition. In 1854, Miki began to administer the grant of safe childbirth (obiya-yurushi), first to her daughter Oharu during her  pregnancy.After Oharu delivered the baby safely, expectant mothers who had heard about the grant visited the Nakayama residence and requested that the grant be administered to them as well. The grant, a form of faith healing, was conducted by stroking and breathing on the recipient's stomach three times. Recipients of the grant, <mask> instructed, would be assured of a rapid and easy delivery and would not need to observe the postnatal customs of the day, such as wearing an abdominal band, not eating certain foods, or leaning against a support. Scripture and liturgy

In 1864, Iburi Izō, a carpenter and a close disciple of Oyasama, constructed Tenrikyo's first house of worship, the Place for the Service (tsutome no basho). From 1866 to 1875, <mask> taught the Mikagura-uta, the songs of Tenrikyo's liturgy, the Service. The Mikagura-uta is divided into five sections; sections one, two and three are performed seated with hand movements while sections four and five are dances. Section one was composed first, in 1866, followed by section five from January to August 1867.In 1870, sections two and four were composed, followed by section three in 1875. From 1869 to 1882, <mask> composed what would later be called the Ofudesaki, a Tenrikyo scripture believed to contain her divine revelations. The Ofudesaki was written in the hiragana script and in the waka style of Japanese poetry, and has since

masks: Miki Miki Miki


title: Nakayama Miki

texts: been compiled into 1,711 verses divided into seventeen parts. In 1874, <mask> collected the kagura masks she had requested from her older brother Maegawa Kyosuke. The kagura masks would be used for the Kagura Service, a subset of the Service. On 26 May 1875 (29 June), Miki located the Jiba, where she claimed was the spot where God created human beings. According to The Life of Oyasama, she identified the spot by walking randomly around the yard of her residence until her foot stopped.To confirm, she asked the other followers who were present to walk around blindfolded and their feet stopped at the same spot. She instructed her followers to mark this spot with a stand called the Kanrodai, or the stand of heavenly dew. Later that year, a wooden prototype of the Kanrodai, built by Iburi Izō two years earlier on <mask>'s request, was brought out of the storehouse of the Nakayama residence and placed on the Jiba. In 1877, <mask> taught the women's instruments to be used in the liturgy – shamisen, kokyū, and koto. On 26 August 1880 (30 September), the liturgy was performed for the first time with the full set of instruments. In 1881, the construction of a stone version of the Kanrodai commenced with a search for stones in a nearby village. In May and September of the same year, the first and second layers of the stand, respectively, were put into place.However, in March 1882, the chief of the Nara police station confiscated the two layers, a measure taken to prevent the performance of the Service the next day. In the same year,


title: Nakayama Miki

texts:
 <mask> expressed her regret over the confiscation in the final verses of the Ofudesaki, completed that year, and made revisions to sections one and three of the Mikagura-uta. Persecution
An early instance of persecution occurred in 1866, when several yamabushi monks caused a disturbance at <mask>'s residence and filed a complaint to the local magistrate's office regarding the activities taking place there. The magistrate's office questioned <mask> and her followers and advised them to obtain government authorization first before continuing their activities. <mask>'s son Shūji went to the Yoshida Administrative Office of Shinto in Kyoto and received government authorization in 1867. However, the authorization became invalid in 1870 when the Yoshida Administrative Office was terminated by the recently installed Meiji government. In 1876, <mask>'s son Shūji obtained a license to operate a steam bath and inn as a pretense to allow more followers to gather without arousing suspicion from the police.Death

Miki died on 26 January 1887. Tenrikyo was said to have 30,000 followers at the time of her death. The Life of Oyasama

The Life of Oyasama, Foundress of Tenrikyo is the biography of Nakayama Miki published by Tenrikyo Church Headquarters. Background
Efforts to compile a biography of Nakayama Miki began not long after her death in 1887. An instruction recorded in the Osashizu, dated 13 October 1890, requested that the followers produce a record of Nakayama's life. In response to this request, <mask> Shinnosuke, the first

masks: Miki Miki Miki Miki Miki Nakayama


title: Nakayama Miki

texts: Shinbashira, supervised the composition of the script for the Besseki lectures, which was completed in 1896. Based on this script, <mask> Shinnosuke wrote a biography dated 3 July 1898 (referred to as the katakana version) and another one around 1907 (the hiragana version).Nakayama Shinnosuke's hiragana version became the basis of future biography compilations including The Life of Oyasama. Besides Nakayama Shinnosuke's writings, a number of other writings containing biographical information were produced by various individuals. When the Tenrikyo followers made a written request in December 1886 to establish a church, four early Tenrikyo leaders – Kōda Chūsaburō, Shimizu Yonosuke, Moroi Kunisaburō, and Masuno Shōbei – submitted Saisho no yurai (最初之由来) along with the request. In 1891, Hashimoto Kiyoshi wrote Tenrikyōkai yurai ryakki (天理教会由来略記), which was written to be submitted to groups outside the church. During the church's efforts to obtain sectarian independence at the turn of the century, Tenrikyo Church Headquarters commissioned biographies from non-Tenrikyo writers, Udagawa Bunkai in 1900 and Nakanishi Ushirō in 1902. Around this time Tenrikyo followers such as Okutani Bunchi and Masuno Michioki independently wrote biographies as well. In 1925, the Department of Doctrine and Historical Materials was founded.The department gathered historical materials and produced "The Life of Oyasama; with Revised Historical Data" (御教祖伝史実校訂本) around 1936. This was later published in volumes 29, 30, 32, 37, and 47 of the journal Fukugen


title: Nakayama Miki

texts:
 (復元). Compilation
In 1952, a group of scholars of Tenrikyo Church Headquarters known as the "Kōki Committee" began to prepare a number of drafts of Oyasama's biography. In so doing, they decided to use the research of <mask> Shinnosuke as the primary historical reference. The first draft was put together by an early Tenrikyo theologian, Ueda Yoshinaru, in the same year. All drafts from the first draft to the seventeenth draft (released 26 August 1955) were referred to as Tenrikyō kyōso den sōan (天理教教祖伝草案). The eighteenth draft was prepared on 18 October 1955.From this draft to the twenty-second draft (17 March 1956) are referred to as  Tenrikyō kyōso den kōan (天理教教祖伝稿案). After the release of the twenty-first draft in February 1956, the "16th Doctrinal Seminar" was held to discuss aspects of the draft that still needed improvement. Upon revision of the twenty-second draft, The Life of Oyasama, Foundress of Tenrikyo was published on October 26, 1956. Since its first publication, The Life of Oyasama has gone through two revisions. The first revision, published on 26 December 1981, made several historical corrections and additions. The second revision, published on 26 January 1986, changed certain expressions deemed unsuitable. The English translation has gone through three editions, the first in 1967, the second in 1982, and the third in 1996.Perspectives

Historical

Theological

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
 "Tenrikyō" from World Religions & Spirituality Project
 Religious


title: Davido

texts:
David Adedeji Adeleke (born November 21, 1992), popularly known as <mask>, is a Nigerian-American singer, songwriter, and record producer. <mask> blends traditional African elements with global mainstream pop. <mask> won the Next Rated award in 2012 at The Headies after releasing "Dami Duro", the second single from his debut studio album Omo Baba Olowo(2012). Between 2013 and 2015, he also released a number of hit singles and in January 2016 he signed a record deal with Sony Music. He then founded the record label Davido Music Worldwide (DMW), to which acts Dremo, Mayorkun,  Peruzzi and Liya have been signed. In July 2016, <mask> signed a record deal with Sony's RCA Records. In October 2016, he released the 5-track EP Son of Mercy, which was supported by the singles "Gbagbe Oshi", "How Long" and "Coolest Kid in Africa".In April 2017, <mask> re-negotiated his contract with Sony due to creative control issues and later that year he released five singles including "If" and "Fall". "If" generated worldwide social media activity while "Fall" became the longest-charting Nigerian pop song in Billboard history. <mask> has been famously referred to as 'The king of modern-day afrobeats'. <mask> released, his second studio album A Good Time in November 2019, supported by singles including "Blow My Mind" featuring popular American singer Chris Brown . <mask> was cited as one of the Top 100 most influential Africans by New African magazine in 2019. He released his third studio album A Better Time, on Friday 13 November 2020. As at August 2021, <mask> is the second most followed African on the social media app Instagram.Early life

David Adedeji Adeleke was born on November 21, 1992, in Atlanta, Georgia. His father Adedeji Adeleke is a business magnate and his mother Vero Adeleke was a university lecturer. <mask> is the youngest of five siblings and his father's second-born son. He attended the British

masks: Davido Davido Davido Davido Davido Davido Davido Davido Davido Davido


title: Davido

texts:
 International School in Lagos, Nigeria, and at the age of 16, he moved back to the US to study business administration at Oakwood University in Alabama. <mask> bought musical equipment while at Oakwood and started making beats. He also worked with his cousins B-Red and Sina Rambo to form the music act KB International. <mask> dropped out of Oakwood University to pursue music full-time and relocated to London, where he worked on his vocals.After returning to Nigeria in 2011, <mask> paused his music career and agreed to honor his father by enrolling at Babcock University. In July 2015, he graduated from Babcock with a degree in music after his father paid the university to start a music department for an inaugural class of one student. Musical career

2011–2012: Omo Baba Olowo

<mask> started working on his debut studio album Omo Baba Olowo in 2011. The album's music is a mixture of Afrobeats and hip hop. <mask> worked with Jay Sleek, Maleek Berry, GospelOnDeBeatz, Spellz, Dokta Frabz, Mr. Chidoo, Theory Soundz and Shizzi to produce the album. Omo Baba Olowo features guest appearances from Naeto C, Sina Rambo, B-Red, Kayswitch, Ice Prince and 2 Face Idibia. It received generally negative reviews from music critics, who panned its lyrical content and <mask>'s songwriting.The album won Best R&B/Pop Album and received a nomination for Album of the Year at The Headies 2013. It was also nominated for Best Album of the Year at the 2013 Nigeria Entertainment Awards. The Naeto C-assisted track "Back When" was released as the album's lead single on May 7, 2011. It was produced by <mask> and received frequent airplay. <mask> told television channel Factory 78 he recorded "Back When" in London. The Clarence Peters-directed music video for "Back When" was uploaded to YouTube on May 9, 2011. The album's second single "Dami Duro", which was released on October 30, 2011, was jointly produced by <mask> and

masks: Davido Davido Davido Davido Davido Davido Davido Davido Davido


title: Davido

texts:
 Shizzi.In an interview posted on the NotJustOk website, <mask> said he recorded the song in August of that year. The song was leaked three months after he sent it to some of his friends. The accompanying music video for "Dami Duro" was released on January 8, 2012, during the Occupy Nigeria protests. The album's third single "Ekuro" was released on January 25, 2012. Its music video was recorded and directed in Miami by Antwan Smith. Nigerian singer Aramide released a soulful rendition of the song. The album's fourth single "Overseas" was released on May 6, 2012; an unfinished version of the song was leaked prior to its official release.The GospelOnDeBeatz-produced track "All of You" was released as the album's fifth single on September 28, 2012. <mask> told Factory 78 TV he recorded the song with GospelOnDeBeatz after meeting him at a mall. 2013–2016: Standalone releases, The Baddest and Son of Mercy

On February 25, 2013, <mask> released the Shizzi-produced track "Gobe". It was ranked second on Premium Times list of the Top 10 songs of 2013. In a review for Vanguard newspaper, Charles Mgbolu said the song "exudes fun from start to finish". The music video for "Gobe" was recorded in South Africa by Godfather Productions. <mask> announced on Twitter "One of a Kind" would be released on May 13, 2013.The song was also produced by Shizzi. The video for "One of a Kind" was recorded and directed in South Africa by Tebza of Godfather Productions. It depicts a united Africa that is rich in culture and music. "Skelewu" was released on August 13, 2013. It was ranked fifth on Premium Times list of the top 10 songs of 2013. <mask> promoted "Skelewu" on 18 August 2013 by uploading an instructional dance video that was directed by Jassy Generation to YouTube. The video's release was accompanied by an announcement of a "Skelewu" dance competition."Skelewu" was supported with two music videos. The first

masks: Davido Davido Davido Davido Davido


title: Davido

texts: music video, directed by Sesan, was released on 15 October 2013. It was uploaded to YouTube using a parody account. Shortly after the video's release, <mask> said someone betrayed him by releasing it and that he would make another video with Moe Musa, a UK based music video director. In a statement released by his team, Sesan said <mask> was satisfied with his contributions to the music video; he also said it would be immature for <mask> and his management to release inaccurate statements to defame his brand. The official music video for "Skelewu" was recorded and directed in London by Moe Musa, and was released in October 2013. <mask> released the T-Spize-produced song "Aye" on February 1, 2014.The video for the song was directed by Clarence Peters and released on February 7, 2014. In the video, <mask> plays a poor farmer who falls in love with the prince's fiancé. <mask>'s collaborative single with South African duo Mafikizolo, titled "Tchelete (Goodlife)", was released on April 30, 2014. It was produced by Oskido and Shizzi, and distributed by MTN's Play and Callertunez platforms. Prior to recording "Tchelete (Goodlife)", <mask> networked with Mafikizolo at MTN Nigeria's Elite Night event in December 2013. The music video for "Tchelete (Goodlife)" was recorded and directed by Twenty Twenty Media. Oskido and Uhuru made cameo appearances in the video.In June 2014, <mask> collaborated with Mi Casa, Lola Rae, Sarkodie, Diamond Platnumz and Tiwa Savage on "Africa Rising", a song that was used for DStv's eponymous campaign to inspire Africans to partake in community-based social investment projects. The accompanying music video for "Africa Rising" was recorded and directed by South African production house Callback Dreams. The artists performed the song at the Africa Rising launch ceremony in Mauritius. In June 2015, <mask> released the Meek Mill-assisted trap song "Fans Mi". He teased fans