title: Curtis Scott

texts: asleep outside the Sydney Cricket Ground precinct. Police alleged that when they arrived at the scene, <mask> pushed one officer away and punched the other officer in the face. These allegations were later shown to be false when bodycam video of the arrest was released. He was tasered and pepper-sprayed while still on the ground and then taken to the Sydney Police Centre in Surry Hills, where he was charged with six offences including two counts of assaulting an officer in the execution of duty, behaving in an offensive or indecent manner and remaining on trust lands after a request to leave. <mask> was granted conditional bail.The incident came only days after <mask> had been interviewed by Fox Sports where he stated he signed for Canberra to "stay out of the Sydney rat-race and the Sydney fishbowl". <mask> also told Fox Sports "I would have had too many distractions in Sydney and it just would have been a little bit too full on. It would have been easier for me to go out and end up … not in trouble, but just not take footy as serious as I did when I moved away and focused on it". On 31 January 2020, <mask> entered not guilty pleas to all six charges at Downing Centre Local Court. <mask>'s lawyer spoke on his behalf saying "We will defend this to the last breath, The police clearly misunderstood their powers. There is a significant concern about the manner in which police conducted themselves. We’ll flesh it out in due course.We’re saying Mr <mask> is not guilty of all charges". On 3 March 2020, <mask> was cleared by the NRL to play in round one of the 2020 NRL season after they declared he would not be subject to the league's no-fault stand down policy. The NRL released a statement saying "<mask>'s charges carry a maximum five years imprisonment and do not qualify for an automatic no-fault stand down. Having considered the charges against <mask>, the NRL has determined that he should not be prevented from playing

masks: Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott


title: Curtis Scott

type: original

texts:
 whilst he responds to them," the statement said. "The NRL regards the charges as extremely serious and the Raiders have been advised <mask> will face a significant penalty if found guilty of the charges". On 9 September 2020, five allegations made against <mask> were dropped by police after bodycam footage showed him asleep and not resisting arrest. <mask> pleaded guilty however to two charges of offensive behaviour.On 6 June 2021, it was revealed that <mask> was alleged to have been involved in a fight at a Canberra nightclub. It was alleged that <mask> punched one man several times, and assaulted another man who suffered a broken nose and concussion. <mask> was reportedly forced to leave the club but police were not involved and he was not charged. On 13 July 2021, <mask> was given a backdated three-game ban and fined $15,000 for bringing the game into disrepute in relation to the fight. On 5 January 2022, <mask> was arrested when he was walking around a Sydney Golf course. He was charged with two counts of intentionally choke person with recklessness, two counts of assault occasioning actual bodily harm, stalk/intimidate intend fear physical etc harm (domestic), and three counts of common assault (DV). Sutherland Shire Police began investigating <mask> in November 2020 following reports of domestic-related assaults alleged to have occurred in 2018.It is alleged the woman involved filed a complaint against <mask> with both NSW Police and the NRL. Honours
Club
 2017 NRL Grand Final Winners
 2017 Minor Premiership Winners
 2018 World Club Challenge Winners

Statistics

NRL

* = Unfinished season

References

External links
Melbourne Storm profile
 Storm profile

1997 births
Australian rugby league players
Melbourne Storm players
Sunshine Coast Falcons players
Rugby league centres
Rugby league wingers
Living people
People educated at Endeavour Sports High School
Rugby league players from Sydney
Canberra Raiders


title: Paula Hamilton

texts:
<mask> (born 23 January 1960) is an English model. She is best known for her appearance in the 1987 Mk II Volkswagen Golf TV advert Changes. In 2006, she returned to public recognition as a judge on Britain's Next Top Model, for two cycles. Early life
<mask>'s father died in Liverpool before her birth, after which her mother moved to South Africa, where she was brought up by her mother and stepfather. The family moved to Hertfordshire when she was eight years old. <mask> has five half-siblings. Aged 11, she learned that her real father was not Thomas "Ian Gunner" <mask>, but a family friend, John Johnson.<mask> is dyslexic, and did not learn to read and write until she was 11. For several years she attended Burnham Secondary Modern School near Slough under the name of <mask>. She later attended the Licensed Victuallers' School, which was then in Slough, along with Nicholas and Simon Cowell, who were both at the school for one year. Career
At the age of 18, after appearing in pornographic poses and after several rejections as a model, <mask> moved to Tokyo, Japan and worked for 18 months. She then established herself in Australia and Germany, before moving to Italy. Returning to England, <mask> was discovered by the photographer David Bailey, and as a result became the main model of the Queen's couturier Sir Hardy Amies. During a tough interview with top Italian photographer Fabrizio Ferrei, <mask> was told her hair was too long for the job.She promptly cut her hair, got the job, and went on to learn the tricks of the trade at Ferrei's side. <mask> reached the zenith of her modelling career at the age of 27, when she appeared in an iconic 1987 television advert for the Volkswagen Golf. Changes starred <mask>, made up to resemble Diana, Princess of Wales. She is seen leaving her husband, posting her wedding ring back through the letterbox, throwing her pearl necklace, throwing her brooch towards a cat and ditching her fur coat – but keeping the car

masks:
Paula Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Paula Sherrin
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton


title: Paula Hamilton

texts: keys. "If only everything in life was as reliable as a Volkswagen" ran the tagline. The advert began a new era in car advertising. She went into rehab in her twenties having become addicted to cocaine, after being introduced to the drug by her agent.She was clean of drugs for seven years before becoming an alcoholic. In the early 1990s, <mask> participated in a television programme Back to the Present hosted by Eamonn Holmes and Esther McVey, where celebrities are regressed to 'uncover' their past lives. <mask>, whilst being regressed, revealed that in a former life, she had been a male servant named Ashley Brown who emigrated from London to Dublin. <mask> also acted, appearing in feature films such as Mad Dogs and Englishmen (1995) and Monk Dawson (1998). In 1996, she featured in the music video accompanying the British boyband Take That's single "How Deep Is Your Love". The single reached number one on the UK singles chart. In the same year, she also published her autobiography, "Instructions Not Included".In 2000, after the death of her friend <mask> from a drugs overdose, she left the UK and emigrated to New Zealand's south island, and started studying business at Christchurch Polytechnic. Having checked herself into Christchurch-based alcohol treatment clinic The Deanery, she later ended up as a media celebrity after leading a campaign to close the clinic down after it revealed private details of her admission and treatment. After her second arrest and conviction for drink driving, she returned to the UK after five years. In 2006, it was announced that <mask>, at the age of 45, had been re-signed by the leading agency Models 1, who hoped to capitalise on the popularity of more mature models, led by Twiggy and her successful advertising campaign for Marks & Spencer. Also in 2006 she was a mentor and judge on the second and third series of Britain's Next Top Model on Living TV, presented by model Lisa Snowdon. <mask> received therapy in 2006, and

masks:
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Paula Yates
Hamilton
Hamilton


title: Paula Hamilton

texts:
 was diagnosed with bipolar disorder. It was revealed in 2007 that she had a combination of dyslexia, developmental coordination disorder, and Asperger syndrome.In May 2011, <mask> starred in the second series of Channel 4's Celebrity Five Go To... in which the guest stars visited South Africa. In 2012, she was convicted for drunk driving again after crashing her car into her neighbour's conservatory in Farnham Common, Buckinghamshire, and lost her driving licence. On 3 January 2013, <mask> was revealed as a contestant on Celebrity Big Brother 11, becoming the third celebrity to enter the house on that night, and was sent straight to the basement. On Day 7 she became the first celebrity to evicted from the Big Brother house, losing to Heidi & Spencer and Frankie Dettori. In February 2013, <mask> was found guilty of assaulting a police officer with a sunflower, and was fined £400. <mask> is now signed to the London-based Mandpmodels. Personal life
<mask> has reported losing her virginity to Simon Cowell, then a boy attending the same school, when she was sixteen.After naked pictures of her had appeared in Mayfair, she moved to London and for two years lived with a boyfriend, Andrew, and his parents in Rutland Gate, South Kensington. In September 1986, <mask> met Danny Mindel, a camera focus-puller, and they married in London the next year. They stayed together until 1989, when they began a long divorce process. In the 1990s, <mask> met Michael Ashcroft at the Savoy, when he offered her £200 for her charity Tusk Force if she would dance with him, and they went on to have a long affair. Filmography

References

External links
 Official Website

 Telegraph interview – March 2006
 VW Advert

1960 births
English expatriates in New Zealand
English expatriates in South Africa
Actors from Lancashire
English female models
Living people
People educated at Licensed Victuallers' School
People with Asperger syndrome
People with bipolar disorder
People with

masks: Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton


title: Helen Peterson

texts:
<mask> (native name: Wa-Cinn-Ya-Win-Pi-Mi, August 3, 1915 – July 10, 2000) was a Cheyenne-Lakota activist and lobbyist. She was the first director of the Denver Commission on Human Relations. She was the second Native American woman to become director of the National Congress of American Indians at a time when the government wanted to discharge their treaty obligations to the tribes by eliminating their tribal governments through the Indian termination policy and forcing the tribe members to assimilate into the mainstream culture. She authored a resolution on Native American education, which was ratified at the second Inter-American Indian Conference, held in Cuzco, Peru. In 1986, <mask> was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame and the following year, her papers were donated to the Smithsonian's National Anthropological Archives. Early life
<mask> was born on August 3, 1915 on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in Bennett County, South Dakota to Lucy (née Henderson) and Robert B. White.She was given the native name Wa-Cinn-Ya-Win-Pi-Mi, meaning "woman to trust and depend on". The family lived in northern Nebraska and White attended Hay Springs High School, graduating in 1932. She went on to further her education at Chadron State College, studying business education. On August 29, 1935, White married Richard F<mask> in Garden County, Nebraska and she worked at the U.S. Land Use Resettlement Administration to pay their way through school. Richard enlisted in the war effort and <mask> had their only child, R. Max, soon after. In 1942, the couple divorced and <mask> moved with her mother to Denver. <mask> began work at the University of Denver as the executive director of the Rocky Mountain Council of Inter-American Affairs.In 1948, she was hired by the newly elected mayor, J. Quigg Newton, to work on the Commission on Community Telations. The mayor had a goal of desegregating the community and

masks:
Helen Peterson
Peterson
Helen Louise White
. Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Career Peterson


title: Helen Peterson

texts: to do that, he needed voters willing to change the municipal charter. Working with Bernie Valdez, Director of the Denver Welfare Department, <mask> attempted to build bridges between the established Latin American citizens and the new migrant farm workers who had come to work on the beetroot farms. She went door to door in Hispanic neighborhoods, registering voters and organizing the community. <mask> developed cultural programs and met with city leaders to provide lecture series on issues, such as fair labor and housing laws. At the end of the year, she was made the director of the Committee on Human Relations, the first person to hold the post. In that capacity, she led a drive to hire minority workers and assisted the mayor in passing anti-discriminatory employment and housing regulations.In 1949, she was asked to go to Peru as an advisor to the United States delegation attending the Second Inter-American Indian Conference. She authored a resolution to improve education for indigenous people, which was ratified by the conference. In 1953, <mask> was urged by Eleanor Roosevelt to move to Washington, D. C. and help reorganize the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI). The organization, founded in 1944 to fight against the government's Indian termination policy was in disarray, on the verge of bankruptcy, and was facing pressure from President Dwight D. Eisenhower for its dissolution. Because of <mask>'s experience in organizing minority programs, she was able to slow the assimilationist aims of Congress and assist tribes in asserting their own sovereign rights. <mask> was hired to replace Frank George, who had in turn replaced Ruth Muskrat Bronson as executive director. Early in 1954, <mask> scheduled an emergency conference with tribal leaders to discuss termination.The meeting was the largest gathering of protest that had ever been assembled by American Indians, and was scheduled in response

masks: Peterson Peterson Peterson Peterson Peterson Peterson


title: Helen Peterson

texts: to the passage of House concurrent resolution 108, which called for the end of federal responsibility for selected tribes, which were to be debated beginning on February 15, 1954. She and her mother prepared the materials for the conference on a hand cranked mimeograph machine in her basement. Another bill was introduced that year to eliminate competency restrictions on land transactions and required <mask> to mobilize tribal leaders to wire their congressmen to defeat the bill. At issue was whether property patents would be assigned by allotment directly to tribal members who had no real knowledge of property values or laws governing transfer, or whether the deeds to allotted property were held in trust until allottees actually had an understanding of property ownership and fair market value. Her efforts in advancing Native Americans and fighting against discriminatory legislation was recognized by the American Indian Exposition of Anadarko, Oklahoma, which named her the "Outstanding Indian of 1955". As NCAI made progress in slowing termination, <mask> helped develop new tactics to protect Native rights, such as creating a summer school program with D'Arcy McNickle in 1956 for ethnic studies and convincing NBC to air a program on the policy and its effect on the Klamath Tribes in 1957. In 1958, <mask> and NCAI president Joseph R. Garry went to Puerto Rico to study the methods of Operation Bootstrap, which had transformed the economic relationship between the island and the United States government.They were hopeful that the program could be mirrored for Native Americans to become self-sufficient, but legislators refused to act. In 1960, at the invitation of Sol Tax, an anthropologist, <mask> met with McNickle and John Rainer to prepare materials for a conference to be held in Chicago the following year. Largely drafted by McNickle the, "Declaration of Indian Purpose" for the 1961 American Indian

masks: Peterson Peterson Peterson Peterson


title: Helen Peterson

texts: Chicago Conference contained provisions for a reversal of the termination policy to be replaced by programs focused on development of economic, educational, social and legal nature. The declaration also called for the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to be replaced by a Commission of six members, half of whom were Native American, to evaluate issues effecting tribes. As the conference date neared in June 1961, factions emerged. Some felt that the organized NCAI operated more in the manner of a non-Indian reform association, rather than one that used traditional methods to address problems, whereas others felt that its focus did not adequately represent the issues of tribal identity and reservation realities. By August, the factionalism which had become apparent in planning the convention, created calls for restructuring the NCAI and <mask> resigned.Returning to Denver in 1962, <mask> again took up the post as the director of the Commission on Community Relations. The Indian Relocation Act of 1956 caused a large influx of Native Americans to the Denver area, but Congress had failed to sufficiently fund the program. <mask>'s office tried to fill the gap by providing social and employment services, as well as job training for Denver's Native American community. Though no longer employed at the NCAI, controversy continued and her replacement, Robert Burnette, accused both <mask> and Garry of mismanagement during their tenure. The dispute between Burnette and his supporters and <mask> and hers, continued through the 1960s dividing the NCAI membership. Burnette was forced out in 1964 and replaced by Vine Deloria Jr., who had the difficult task of trying to bring the organization back to financial stability and heal the factionalism. After eight years, of directing the Commission, <mask> accepted a position with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), working as a field liaison officer and coordinator with the


title: Helen Peterson

texts:
 United States Customs Service in Denver.In 1971, she returned to Washington, D. C. and served as the assistant for the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. In 1978, the BIA transferred her to serve as a tribal government services officer in Portland, Oregon. Focusing on treaty obligations and Indian health, she worked to ensure that federal, state, local and tribal governments worked together in serving the American Indian community. She remained with the BIA until her retirement in 1985. The year after her retirement, <mask> was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame. The following year, her papers were donated to the National Anthropological Archives of the Smithsonian Institution. When the National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center was created in 2007, her papers were transferred there.Upon her retirement, <mask> devoted her time to local and regional projects in and around Portland for the Episcopal Church. She remained an active member in the NCAI through the early 1990s, participating in the 1993 Albuquerque conference held at the University of New Mexico on developing inter-tribal relationships. Death and legacy
<mask> died on July 10, 2000 in a nursing home in Vancouver, Washington. <mask> is credited with having led NCAI to stop, or at least slow, the termination movement while she served as director of NCAI. The ethnic studies program that she and McNickle developed for Colorado College between 1956 and 1970 became a model for universities throughout the United States. References

Citations

Bibliography

1915 births
2000 deaths
Female Native American leaders
People from the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota
Lakota people
Cheyenne people
American civil rights activists
Women civil rights activists
Chadron State College alumni
Native American activists
20th-century Native American women
20th-century Native Americans
American women activists
Activists from


title: Vikram Dharma

texts:
<mask> (born as R. N<mask> in 1956 – 28 June 2006) was an Indian fight master/action choreographer in the Tamil film industry (also known as Kollywood) in Indian cinema. He won the Filmfare Award for Best Action for Yuva. He was the son of fight master R. N. Nambiar who was known for his works in MGR's movies. He worked with actor Kamal Haasan in many films. His working name of "<mask>" was assigned to him once he became acted in Kamal Haasan's movie of the same name in 1986. Stunt masters and Actors like Ponnambalam, Thalapathy Dinesh, K. Ganesh Kumar, Ram Laxman, Mahanadi Shankar, Besant Ravi, Rajendran, T. Ramesh, Indian Baskar, Rajasekhar and Sai Dheena have worked as fighters and assistants to him. He died of a heart attack in early 2006.2000 Kandukondain Kandukondain
 2000 Kushi
 2000 Appu
 2000 Sabhash
 2000 Thenali
 2001 Nila Kaalam
 2001 Little John
 2001 Asathal
 2001 12B
 2001 Aalavandhan
 2002 Pammal K. Sambandam
 2002 Kannathil Muthamittal
 2002 123
 2002 Panchathanthiram
 2002 Baba
 2002 Samurai
 2002 Hey! 1985 Chinna Veedu 1985 Nalla Thambi 1985 Ketti Melam 1985 Deivapiravi 1985 Arthamulla Aasaigal 1986 Viduthalai 1987 Anjatha SingamAwards
Won
 1994 Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Stunt Coordinator – Mahanadi 2002 Cinema Express Award for Best Stunt Director – Kannathil Muthamittal 2004 Film Today Award for Best Stunt Master - Aaytha Ezhuthu''

References

External links

20th-century Indian male actors
Tamil male actors
1961 births
2006 deaths
Indian action choreographers
Filmfare Awards winners
Male actors from Tamil Nadu

masks:
Vikram Dharma
. Dharmaseelan
Vikram


title: Svetolik Dragačevac

texts:
<mask> (; 15 April 1883 – 9 July 1942) was a retired Serbian law enforcement official who sent a threatening typewritten letter to German dictator Adolf Hitler on the eve of the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in late March 1941. A veteran of World War I, Dragačevac served as the police chief of several towns in interwar Yugoslavia. At the time of his retirement in 1933, he had been posted to the town of Paraćin, in central Serbia. On 25 March 1941, at a time of heightened tensions between Yugoslavia and the Axis powers, which would eventually culminate in the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia, Dragačevac typed a threatening letter addressed to Hitler. Following the Axis invasion, occupation and dismemberment of Yugoslavia, Dragačevac was arrested by the Gestapo and taken to Belgrade, where he was interrogated. During his interrogation, Dragačevac attributed his authorship of the letter to Serbian nationalist zeal and excessive alcohol consumption. He was subsequently imprisoned in Graz and then deported to the Mauthausen concentration camp, where he died of peritonitis in July 1942.<mask>'s memory fell into obscurity after the war and he remained forgotten for decades hence. The rediscovery of his defiant letter to Hitler in the early 2000s led to renewed public interest in his case. A Serbian-language documentary chronicling Dragačevac's life, and the circumstances leading to his imprisonment and death, was released in 2013. A street in Paraćin bears his name. Biography

Early life
<mask> Dragačevac was born in the town of Požega, in central Serbia, on 15 April 1883. He was the third child of the merchant Maksim <mask>. After completing his primary education, Dragačevac spent several years working for his father's business.At the age of fifteen, he joined the local police force as a trainee. After passing the

masks:
Svetolik Dragačevac
Dragačevac
Svetolik
Dragačevac


title: Svetolik Dragačevac

texts:
 originally intended because the local post office refused to dispatch such an incendiary message, fearing reprisal in the event of a German invasion. As the letter was written before the Axis invasion, occupation and dismemberment of Yugoslavia, the historian Krešimir Erdelja writes, "[Dragačevac] could not have been fully aware of the danger he was courting."Instead, the historians Tamara Ćirić-Danilović and Ljubomir Zečević note, he celebrated the dispatch of the letter with music and marching songs. On 27 March, in response to its signing of the Tripartite Pact, the Government of Yugoslavia was deposed in a bloodless coup d'état by a group of high-ranking pro-Western, Serbian nationalist military officers. <mask>'s letter arrived in Berlin on 1 April and was subsequently translated into German. On 6 April, in direct response to the Yugoslav coup d'état, Germany and Italy invaded and quickly occupied the country. The Wehrmacht entered Paraćin on 9 April. Arrest, captivity and death
The German-language translation of Dragačevac's letter was soon sent from the Office of the Führer to the Sicherheitsdienst (SD), the intelligence wing of the Nazi Party and the Schutzstaffel (SS). On 16 May, the SD circulated an internal memorandum denouncing Dragačevac for levelling "the most brutal insults and accusations against the Führer," and further ordering that he be arrested.Dragačevac was arrested by the Gestapo on 9 June 1941, more than two months after sending his letter. He thus became the first resident of Paraćin to be taken captive by the Germans. Following his arrest, Dragačevac was denounced by local Volksdeutsche community leader Jozef Paulus, who had been appointed mayor of Paraćin by the German occupational authorities. Dragačevac was taken to Belgrade and interrogated by the Gestapo, who inquired


title: Charles Allen Thomas

texts:
<mask> (February 15, 1900 – March 29, 1982) was a noted American chemist and businessman, and an important figure in the Manhattan Project. He held over 100 patents. A graduate of Transylvania College and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, <mask> worked as a research chemist at General Motors  as part of a team researching antiknock agents. This led to the development of tetraethyllead,  which was widely used in motor fuels for many decades until its toxicity led to its prohibition. In 1926, he and Carroll A. "Ted" Hochwalt co-founded Thomas & Hochwalt Laboratories in Dayton, Ohio, with <mask> as president of the company. It was acquired by Monsanto in 1936, and <mask> would spend the rest of his career with Monsanto, rising to become its president in 1950, and chairman of the board from 1960 to 1965.He researched the chemistry of hydrocarbons and polymers, and developed the proton theory of aluminium chloride, which helped explain a variety of chemical reactions, publishing  a book on the subject in 1941. From 1943 to 1945, he coordinated Manhattan Project work on plutonium purification and production. He also coordinated development of techniques to industrially refine polonium for use with beryllium in the triggers of atomic weapons in the Manhattan Project's Dayton Project, part of which was conducted on the estate of his wife's family. Shortly before the war ended, he took over the management of the Clinton Laboratories in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Monsanto pulled out of Oak Ridge in December 1947, but became the operator of the Mound Laboratories in 1948. Secretary of State Dean Acheson appointed <mask> to serve on a 1946 panel to appraise international atomic inspection, which culminated in the Acheson–Lilienthal Report. In 1953 he was appointed as a consultant to the National Security Council, and served as U.S. Representative to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission.Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on a farm in Scott County, Kentucky, the son of a Disciples of

masks:
Charles Allen Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Charles Allen
Thomas


title: Charles Allen Thomas

texts: Christ minister, <mask>, and his wife Frances Carrick <mask>. His father died when he was six months old, and he and his mother went to live with his grandmother in Lexington, Kentucky, just across the street from  Transylvania College. While living on the farm he was home schooled by his mother and grandmother. After moving to Lexington he attended Hamilton College's preparatory school, and then Morton High School. When he was 16, he entered Transylvania College, which awarded him his Bachelor of Arts (AB) degree in 1920. During World War I, he served in the Student Army Training Corps, and for a time was a rifle instructor at Camp Perry. He then entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), from which he received a Master of Science (MS) degree, majoring in chemistry, in 1924.To help pay for his tuition, he worked as a professional singer,  and for a time he considered a career as a vocalist. His singing voice was described by his son as a high baritone. In 1923 <mask>. Kettering and Carroll A. "Ted" Hochwalt recruited <mask> to work as a research chemist at General Motors (GM). There, he worked with <mask>, Jr., as part of Kettering's team researching antiknock agents. This led to the development of tetraethyllead,  which was used in motor fuels for many years before being banned in most parts of the world as a poison. At General Motors, <mask> also worked on a process for extracting bromine from sea water, and with Midgely on making synthetic rubber from isoprene.<mask> left General Motors in 1924 for a job as a research chemist, a joint venture between GM and Esso to make and sell tetraethyllead gasoline additives. <mask> married Margaret Stoddard Talbott, the sister of Harold E. Talbott, Jr. on September 25, 1926. They had four children: <mask> <mask>, Margaret Talbott, Frances Carrick, and Katharine Tudor. That year, he and Hochwalt co-founded Thomas & Hochwalt Laboratories in Dayton, Ohio, with <mask> as president of the company. The company carried out

masks:
Charles Allen
Thomas
Charles F
Thomas
Thomas Midgley
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Charles Allen
Thomas III
Thomas


title: Charles Allen Thomas

texts:
 research for various companies, looking into such diverse subjects as a fire extinguisher that would not freeze in unheated buildings, and a means to speed up the aging of whiskey. Their work attracted the attention of Edgar Monsanto Queeny, the chairman of Monsanto, who bought Thomas & Hochwalt Laboratories  for $1.4 million in Monsanto stock in 1936. Queeny moved <mask> to St Louis, Missouri, where he became director of Central Research, while Hochwalt remained in Dayton to work on Acrilan, Monsanto's acrylic fiber.<mask> would spend the rest of his career with Monsanto, becoming a member of its board of directors in 1942, vice president in 1943, executive vice president in 1947, president in 1950, and ultimately chairman of the board from 1960 to 1965. He subsequently  served as chairman of Monsanto's Finance Committee from 1965 to 1968. He retired in 1970. In this time, Monsanto's annual sales grew from $34 million to $1.9 billion, and its expenditure on research from $6.2 million to 101.4 million. He researched the chemistry of hydrocarbons and polymers. In studying the chemical reactions between alkenes and dienes, particularly in the presence of an aluminium chloride catalyst, he developed the proton theory of aluminium chloride, which helped explain a variety of chemical reactions, including cracking, polymerization and dehydrogenation. This research culminated in the publication of his book Anhydrous Aluminum Chloride in Organic Chemistry in 1941.Manhattan Project
In December 1942, during World War II, <mask> joined the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) as the Deputy Chief of its Division 8, which was responsible for propellants, explosives and the like. Early in 1943, he travelled to the East with Richard Tolman, a member of the NDRC,  and James B. Conant, the president of Harvard University and the chairman of the NDRC, to witness a demonstration of a new underwater explosive. Conant and Tolman took the opportunity to quietly investigate <mask>'s

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas


title: Charles Allen Thomas

texts: background. <mask> was then invited to a meeting in Washington DC with Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves, Jr., the director of the Manhattan Project, and, as he discovered when he got there, Conant. Groves and Conant were hoping to harness his industrial expertise for the benefit of the project. They offered him a post as a deputy to Robert Oppenheimer, at the Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico, but he did not wish to move his family or give up his responsibilities at Monsanto. Instead he accepted the role of coordinating the plutonium purification and production work being carried out at Los Alamos, the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago, Radiation laboratory in Berkeley, and Ames Laboratory in Iowa.Monsanto's Central Research Department began to conduct research on behalf of the Manhattan Project as part of the Manhattan Project's Dayton Project, some of which was conducted on the estate of his wife's family. Initially, there were concerns about the purity of plutonium, an element about which little was known, but <mask> was able to report to Groves and Conant in June 1944 that techniques had been developed that would yield highly pure plutonium, and that the problem was solved. Unfortunately, experiments by Emilio G. Segrè and his P-5 Group at Los Alamos on reactor-produced plutonium showed that it contained impurities in the form of the isotope plutonium-240, which has a far higher spontaneous fission rate than plutonium-239, making it unsuitable for use in the Thin Man gun-type nuclear weapon design. <mask> attended a series of crisis meetings in Chicago with Connant, Groves, Arthur Compton, Kenneth Nichols and Enrico Fermi. It was agreed that the isotopes could not be separated, so high-purity plutonium would not be required. <mask> therefore decided to disband his plutonium purification team. The Los Alamos laboratory then turned to the technologically much more difficult task of building an implosion-type nuclear weapon.Monsanto was already working on a key


title: Charles Allen Thomas

texts: component of the device. In April 1943, Robert Serber had proposed that instead of relying on spontaneous fission, the chain reaction inside the bomb should be triggered by a neutron initiator. The best-known neutron sources were radium-beryllium and polonium-beryllium. The later was chosen as it had a 140-day half life, which made it intense enough to be useful but long-lived enough to be stockpiled. <mask> brought in Monsanto to work on the development of techniques to industrially refine polonium for use with beryllium in the urchin detonators. <mask> established the project in the Runnymede Playhouse on the grounds of his wife's family estate in a wealthy residential section of Oakwood, a suburb of Dayton. He promised the Oakwood City Council that he would return the Runnymede Playhouse building intact after the war, but he was unable to keep this promise because the building became so badly contaminated with radioactivity.The facility, also known as Dayton Unit IV, was in use for nuclear work until 1949 when Mound Laboratories opened in Miamisburg, Ohio. The Playhouse was dismantled in 1950, and buried in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. <mask> was one of a number of scientists who watched their work come to fruition on July 16, 1945, at the Trinity nuclear test. For his work on the project, he received the Medal for Merit from the president Harry S. Truman in 1946. On May 2, 1945, Groves and <mask> agreed that Monsanto would take over the running of the Clinton laboratories at Oak Ridge, Tennessee from July 1, 1945. <mask> brought in some 60 new staff from Dayton to help run the Clinton Laboratories, and he persuaded Eugene Wigner to come from Chicago to work on new reactor designs. Under Wigner, the Laboratories made a pioneering study of Wigner's disease, the swelling and distortion of the graphite used as a moderator in reactors due to the neutron bombardment produced in a reactor.<mask> became frustrated with restrictions on spending and the uncertainty about the future of

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas


title: Charles Allen Thomas

texts:
 the laboratory. In May 1947, he decided not to renew the contract with the Atomic Energy Commission to operate the Clinton Laboratories on a month-to-month basis while a new operator was found. Union Carbide took over the contract in December 1947. Monsanto was, however, given the contract to operate the new Mound Laboratories in early 1948. Later life
In 1946 Secretary of State Dean Acheson appointed <mask> to serve on a panel with Robert Oppenheimer, David Lilienthal, Chester I. Barnard and Harry Winne to appraise international atomic inspection, culminating in the Acheson–Lilienthal Report. In 1951 Truman appointed <mask> to the Science Advisory Committee, an eleven-man committee of prominent scientists to advise on defense planning. In 1953 President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed him a scientific consultant to the National Security Council, and he was the U.S. Representative to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission.In the wake of the Sputnik crisis, <mask> was part of a group that persuaded Secretary of Defense Neil H. McElroy to establish DARPA. <mask> served as a trustee of the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Universities Research Association, a curator of Transylvania College, chairman of the board of trustees of Washington University, a member of the Corporation that runs MIT, and the chairman of the board of directors of the Washington University Medical Center. He was also member of the board of directors of several companies, including Chemstrand Corporation, Southwestern Bell, St. Louis Union Trust, the First National Bank in St. Louis, the Central Institute for the Deaf, Metropolitan Life Insurance, RAND Corporation and the Civic Center Redevelopment Corporation of St. Louis. He was involved with organizations including the Boy Scouts of America, Radio Free Europe and the St Louis Research Council. <mask> was elected to the National Academy of Sciences at age forty-eight and was one of the founding members of the National Academy of Engineering.

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas


title: Charles Allen Thomas

texts:
 He was also a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In addition, he received over 100 patents, the Industrial Research Institute Medal in 1947, the American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal in 1948, the Missouri Award for Distinguished Service in Engineering in 1952, the Society of Chemical Industry's Perkin Medal in 1953, the American Chemical Society Priestley Medal in 1955, the Société de Chimie Industrielle (American Section) International Palladium Medal in 1963, the American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award in 1965, and the St. Louis Globe-Democrat Man of the Year award in 1966.<mask> was concerned that the United States did not spend enough money on basic research. To this end he donated $600,000 to Washington University in St. Louis as an endowment for a chair, the <mask> <mask> Professor of Chemistry. He rejected the notion large corporations as being driven solely or mainly by greed. In a 1952 speech he enjoined his fellow businessmen to "remember that our businesses and their profits are only a means to an end, a means toward making Americans happier and America a stronger and more unified nation." In retirement, <mask> spent much of his time managing Magnolia Plantation, a  family farm near Albany, Georgia, where he employed a staff of 50 and grew peanuts, pecans, soybeans, corn and timber. His first wife died in 1975, and he married Margaret Chandler Porter in 1980. He died at his farm on March 29, 1982.He was survived by his second wife and four children. His papers are collected at Washington University. Notes

References

1900 births
1982 deaths
People from Scott County, Kentucky
20th-century American chemists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
20th-century American engineers
Founding members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Medal for Merit recipients
Manhattan Project people
Transylvania University alumni
Monsanto
20th-century

masks:
Thomas
Charles Allen
Thomas
Thomas


title: Ahmed Mahsas

texts:
<mask> (November 17, 1923 – February 24, 2013) was an Algerian militant in the nationalist movement against French Algeria. Early life
<mask> was born on 17 November 1923 in Boudouaou, Kabylia (now Boumerdès). He grew up in the wooded and mountainous region of the Col des Beni Aïcha. His family is from the village of Mahsas near Tidjelabine and the Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi. His parents settled in Boudouaou at the start of the 20th century. Algerian nationalism

<mask> was an early independence activist, and joined the Algerian People's Party (PPA) in Boudouaou in 1940 when he was 16. He was arrested by French authorities for the first time in 1941 with Mohamed Belouizdad for his actions within the PPA in the Belcourt (Belouizdad) district of Algiers.He became a militant in Algiers within organizations related to the PPA, such as the Central Youth Committee of Grand Paris () (CCJGA) and the Youth Committee of Belcourt () (CJB). <mask> was imprisoned several times for his militant activities and had important responsibilities within the PPA where he was a member of the Central Committee and the Organizing Committee. He also participated in organizational work at the territorial and national levels. <mask> was drafted during World War II to serve under France between 1944 and 1945, but he refused to join the colonial French army. As a result, he was arrested in 1949 and sentenced by the court. He was appointed as the head of wilaya (administration district) Constantine and member of the organizing committee of the PPA. Special Organisation

In 1947, <mask> was one of the founders of the Special Organization (OS) of which he was a national staff member

masks:
Ahmed Mahsas
Ahmed Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas


title: Ahmed Mahsas

texts:
 with Belouizdad.When OS was dismantled by the French police in 1950, he was second-in-command. <mask> was arrested in 1950 when OS was dismantled, and was held in a prison in Blida along with other nationalist activists of the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties (MTLD). From 19 March to 27 May 1950, most of the networks of OS in Constantinois, Algérois, and Orania were dismantled with more than 500 arrests, or half the number of militants. Five out of seven members of the staff were imprisoned: <mask> Bella, Djillali Belhadj, Djillali Reguimi, M'hamed Yousfi, <mask>, Driss Driss, while others, including Mohamed Maroc, Lakhdar Ben Tobbal, Mohamed Boudiaf, and Mourad Didouche, escaped. <mask> escaped with <mask> Bella from an Algiers prison in 1952. He then left Algeria for France, where he joined members of the Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action to prepare for the Algerian Revolution. During the crisis that arose in the MTLD after the April 1953 congress, <mask> refused to choose between Messali Hadj and the centralists.Algerian Revolution

As soon as the Algerian Revolution began after the publication of the Declaration of 1 November 1954, <mask> joined the National Liberation Front (FLN). When the FLN Federation of France was created in December 1954, <mask> was part of the first circle which worked to root the militancy of the FLN, which competed with the Messalists to gain the support of Algerian emigrants. <mask> joined the city of Cairo in 1955 in order to join the FLN external delegation and become a member of the National Council of the Algerian Revolution in 1956 and 1957. <mask>, like Ben Bella, denounced the results

masks:
Mahsas
Ahmed Ben
Ahmed Mahsas
Mahsas
Ahmed Ben
Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas


title: Ahmed Mahsas

texts:
 of the Soummam conference, and in December 1956 and early 1957 tried to bring dissident elements from the border regions with Tunisia together. After Ben Bella was arrested in 1956, Mohamed Boudiaf, Hocine Aït <mask>, Mohamed Khider, and Mostefa Lacheraf started a power dispute between supporters of Ben Bella and those of Abane Ramdane. After a disagreement started between him and the other revolutionary leaders, <mask> was ousted from the FLN base in Tripoli. He was then sentenced to death by Amar Ouamrane and imprisoned in a Tunisian prison.He escaped with some help, left for Germany, and remained there until Algerian independence in 1962. After <mask> had taken refuge in Germany, Ouamrane, who was in Tripoli, asked M'hamed Issiakhem to kill Mahsas in Bonn. Bachir El Kadi gave 1,000 dollars to Issiakhem to go to Bonn. Issiakhem found <mask> and informed him about Ouamrane's plan before giving him 500 dollars and a recommendation to leave Germany. Career
After Algeria became independent in 1962, <mask> held several positions, including director of the home ownership and rural exploitation fund (), and director of the National Office for Agrarian Reform (). He was appointed on 18 September 1963 as Minister of Agriculture in Ben Bella's government, a post that he kept during the government reshuffle of 2 December 1964. He was elected to the People's National Assembly as deputy for the Algiers Province on 20 September 1964, and was then elected member of the political bureau and of the central committee of the FLN.The day after Houari Boumédiène organized the 1965 Algerian coup d'état on 19 June against the power of Ben Bella, <mask> rallied the

masks: Ahmed Mahsas Mahsas Mahsas Mahsas Mahsas


title: Ahmed Mahsas

texts:
 Revolutionary Council () and was thus maintained in his post of Minister of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform in the new government formed on 10 July. <mask> then was appointed member of the Revolutionary Council resulting from this coup, which led to Ben Bella's incarceration for 14 years. But after a little more than a year of service under tutelage of the Revolutionary Council, a conflict arose between <mask> and Boumédiène, which prompted the former to submit his resignation to be replaced on 24 September 1966 by the lawyer Ali Yahia Abdennour. Doctoral studies

After settling in France in September 1966, <mask> resumed his university studies in Paris. In 1974 <mask> defended a thesis to obtain a graduation diploma at the École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), the theme of which was Notations on the establishment of agricultural self-management in Algeria (1962-1964) (). He obtained a degree in sociology, and in 1978 defended his thesis "The revolutionary movement in Algeria from World War I to 1954" () under the direction of Jacques Berque. He published his thesis the same year at L'Harmattan, where he explained the theory of the Algerian Revolution and its achievements on the historical level, and describeed the context surrounding creation of the PPA and the OS.Political opposition
In his Parisian exile with Bachir Boumaza (1927-2009), <mask> tried to collaborate in an action against Boumédiène power by joining the Clandestine Organization of the Algerian Revolution () (OCRA). the organization was created in April 1966 headed by Mohammed Lebjaoui, a former leader of the Federation of France (). <mask> quickly withdrew from OCRA because he

masks: Mahsas Mahsas Mahsas Mahsas Mahsas Mahsas


title: Ahmed Mahsas

texts:
 saw leaders like Aït <mask> and Boudiaf who had distanced themselves from it. As a doctor in sociology, <mask> returned in 1978 to the political struggle a year before Boumédiène's death, and he with <mask> and Tahar Zbiri, created an opposition structure in Paris called the National Rally for Democracy and Revolution (), which dissolved with the end of the old regime. Return to Algeria
<mask> returned to Algiers in 1981, a day after Boumédiène's death. He was then appointed by the government of the new president, Chadli Bendjedid, as Advisor to the National Publishing and Distribution Company () (SNED). With the establishment of a democratic multiparty system in Algeria the day after the 1988 October Riots, <mask> created a political party called the Union of Democratic Forces () (UFD).The UFD was of Algerian nationalism obedience with an Arab-Muslim orientation according to the precepts of the Declaration of 1 November 1954. The UFD was deactivated per the law on political parties adopted by the National Transitional Council () (CNT) in 1996. <mask> tried to reactivate the UFD in 2006, but failed. Death
<mask> died on 24 February 2013 in the Aïn Naâdja military hospital located in Djasr Kasentina at age 90. He was to have been honored at the Moufdi Zakaria Palace of Culture as a former nationalist activist and previous minister of agriculture, but was evacuated and transferred to the military hospital in Algiers after suffering from a health problem on the sidelines of the ceremony of honor. He was kept in the hospital's intensive care unit, and scans and tests revealed that he was bleeding internally. He was buried the next day in the El Alia

masks: Ahmed Mahsas Ahmed Mahsas Mahsas Mahsas Mahsas


title: David Bridges

texts: <mask> (born 22 September 1982) is an English former professional footballer. He played as a midfielder. <mask> started his career with local club Cambridge United, progressing through the club's youth system and eventually breaking into the first-team in 2001. He spent three seasons at Cambridge, before being released at the end of the 2003–04 season after failing to agree terms on a new contract. <mask> had a brief spell in Latvia playing for FK Rīga, before returning to England to play four games for Braintree Town in January 2005. He joined Histon in March 2005, playing for the club until the end of the season. He left Histon at the end of the season, and subsequently earned himself a one-year contract to rejoin Cambridge United in July 2005.He played regularly for the club for two seasons, but was released again in 2007. <mask> then joined Kettering Town ahead of the 2007–08 season, helping the club achieve promotion from the Conference North to the Conference Premier in his first season at the club. At the end of the season he rejected a contract offer from Kettering and joined Stevenage on a free transfer. In his first season at the Hertfordshire club, he helped the team to FA Trophy success, as well as helping the club earn promotion to the Football League for the first time in the club's history the following season. He was also part of the squad that helped Stevenage earn back-to-back promotions during the 2010–11 season. Ahead of the 2011–12 season, <mask> re-joined Conference Premier club Kettering Town. He left the club after one season, and spent a year at Chelmsford City, before signing for Bury Town in May 2013.He had a brief spell at Brackley Town, before spending two seasons combining

masks:
David Stephen Bridges
Bridges
Bridges
Bridges
Bridges


title: David Bridges

texts:
 playing and coaching at King's Lynn Town. He initially announced his retirement from playing in May 2016 and joined St Neots Town as first-team coach a year later, where he began playing again for the 2017–18 season. He left St Neots Town in August 2018, taking up the position of head of coaching at League Two club Lincoln City. <mask> also earned one cap for the England C team. Early life
Born in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, <mask> attended St Peter's School in Huntingdon. Club career

Cambridge United
Bridges played for local team Cambridge United, whom he joined at the age of eight, and he progressed through the club's youth system before signing his first professional contract in February 2002. He broke into the first-team towards the end of the 2001–02 season, making his debut as a substitute in a 1–0 defeat to Huddersfield Town at the Abbey Stadium on 16 March 2002.He played six further games in the same season, scoring his first goal for Cambridge in a 2–1 home victory against Tranmere Rovers on 13 April 2002. <mask> played regularly in the opening half of the 2002–03 season, playing 25 times and scoring once in a 3–0 victory against York City. A "persistent" ankle injury cut his run in the first-team short, and he did not play from February through to the remainder of the season. He returned to the first-team in a 1–0 defeat to Wycombe Wanderers on 14 October 2003, and played a further 22 times for the club throughout the 2003–04 season. <mask> left Cambridge at the end of the season after failing to agree a contract extension. On leaving Cambridge, <mask> said "I was offered a contract that was almost a kick in the teeth after the time I had been at the club when players were coming in from all

masks: Bridges Bridges Bridges Bridges Bridges


title: David Bridges

texts:
 over the place who did not care about the club. They were getting paid five or six times what I was offered, and I thought it was probably time to move on".During his three seasons with the club, <mask> made 55 appearances in all competitions, scoring four times. Journeyman
<mask> trialled at a number of clubs before the start of the 2004–05 season, including Chesterfield and Northampton Town, without successfully securing a deal. He also spent the majority of the close season in the United States training with two professional American football clubs, before realising it was not financially viable to move to America on a permanent basis. <mask> struggled to find a club ahead of the 2004–05 season, and took up an offer to play for FK Rīga in Latvia. He suffered a fractured foot just ten days after signing for the club, and did not make any appearances for the Latvian club. Despite the injury, he spent three months in Latvia before returning to England to "assess his options". After returning to England in November 2004 for rehabilitation at Lilleshall, he began part-time training with Cambridgeshire club Histon in January 2005.He signed for Braintree Town on a short-term contract shortly after training with Histon, making his debut for the club in a 2–1 home victory against Slough Town a day after joining the club. He suffered a foot injury in a 3–1 away victory at Hendon, which proved to be his last game for the club; he played four times for Braintree, all of which were victories. A month later, <mask> joined Histon on a short-term basis, making his debut for the club in March 2005, playing the whole match in a 3–1 home win against Tiverton Town. He scored once for Histon in a 3–0 home victory against

masks: Bridges Bridges Bridges Bridges


title: David Bridges

texts:
 Solihull Borough on 18 April 2005. <mask> made 11 appearances for Histon and helped the club achieve promotion to the Conference South in his two months at the club. He left Histon at the end of the season, and subsequently earned himself a one-year contract to re-join his former employers, Cambridge United, following a successful trial at the club. <mask> said he "did not hesitate in joining Cambridge for a second time" when he was eventually offered a full-time contract in June 2005.Return to Cambridge
During the 2005–06 season, <mask> was a regular in the centre of Cambridge's midfield. He made his second debut for Cambridge in a 1–0 defeat at Forest Green Rovers, and scored in the following two games against both Hereford United and Accrington Stanley. <mask> played 40 times during the season, scoring seven goals from midfield. He was voted the club's Player of the Year award at the end of that season, as well as earning a one-year contract extension in May 2006. He continued playing regularly under new manager Jimmy Quinn in the 2006–07 season. He scored his first goal of the season in a 3–0 home win against Gravesend & Northfleet in November 2006, and scored again two weeks later in the club's 2–1 away win at Southport at Haig Avenue. After Cambridge's 2–0 home defeat to St Albans City in December, <mask> did not feature in the first-team for two months.He returned to the first-team in Cambridge's 3–0 win against Woking on 27 January 2007, and scored his third of the season in a 2–1 away victory against Stafford Rangers. He played 31 games during the season, scoring three times. <mask> was released by Cambridge in May 2007 as they made wholesale changes to their playing squad. During his second

masks: Bridges Bridges Bridges Bridges Bridges Bridges


title: David Bridges

texts:
 spell at Cambridge, <mask> made 71 appearances in all competitions over two seasons, scoring ten times. Kettering Town
Two months later, <mask> joined Conference North club Kettering Town on a one-year deal. <mask> made his debut for Kettering in late August 2007, starting in the club's 3–2 away victory against Worcester City. He scored his first goal for the club in the following game, doubling Kettering's lead in a victory against Tamworth.He played regularly for the Northamptonshire club throughout Kettering's 2007–08 league season, scoring 11 goals in 27 appearances to help Kettering earn promotion to the Conference Premier. Stevenage
He was offered a new contract by manager Mark Cooper, which was rejected, as he opted to join his former Kettering team-mates Craig Westcarr and Gary Mills in signing for Stevenage on 13 May 2008. <mask> suffered a knee injury during pre-season and subsequently missed the first half of the 2008–09 season. He eventually made his debut for the Hertfordshire club in a 1–1 draw against Oxford United on 20 December 2008, scoring Stevenage's goal with an "unstoppable drive from outside the area". <mask> scored three goals in the club's successful FA Trophy run that season, scoring in 4–0 victories against both Burton Albion and Forest Green Rovers, as well as scoring the winner in Stevenage's 3–2 home win against Ebbsfleet United in the first leg of the semi-final. His season was cut short when he suffered an injury in a 1–1 draw against Oxford United at Broadhall Way, a game in which he scored Stevenage's goal, but ultimately missed the rest of the season. <mask> made 19 appearances during the club's 2008–09 season, scoring six times.<mask> returned from injury at the start

masks: Bridges Bridges Bridges Bridges Bridges Bridges Bridges


title: David Bridges

texts:
 of the 2009–10 season, starting in a 0–0 draw against Barrow at Holker Street on 15 August 2009. He scored his first goal of the season in a 2–0 victory over Ebbsfleet United on 12 December 2009, and followed this up by scoring twice against Vauxhall Motors in the FA Trophy. He scored his eighth goal that season in a 1–0 victory over York City, the final league match of the club's 2009–10 season, as Stevenage earned promotion as Conference Premier champions. <mask> played 38 times during the season, scoring eight goals from midfield. He missed the first three games of the 2010–11 season as a result of the red card he received in the FA Trophy 2010 FA Trophy Final. He made his first appearance of the 2010–11 season in Stevenage's 1–1 draw away to Aldershot Town, coming on as a 38th-minute substitute. He suffered an ankle injury in training that ruled him out of first-team action for a month, returning to the first-team as a second-half substitute in Stevenage's 2–0 home defeat to Wycombe Wanderers, but admitted he was "not fully fit".He scored his only goal of the season in Stevenage's 3–1 away victory against Port Vale on 22 February 2011. <mask> played 24 games in all competitions, helping Stevenage earn promotion to League One in their first Football League season. Return to Kettering
Bridges re-joined Conference Premier club Kettering Town on 1 August 2011, signing a two-year deal with the club. He joined Kettering on a free transfer, having been out of contract at Stevenage — "I got injured at the back end of last season and I was out of contract and because of all the deals that needed to be sorted at Stevenage, I wasn't a priority and I had to wait. There comes a time when you can't wait any

masks: Bridges Bridges


title: David Bridges

texts:
 longer and I needed to sort my future out so here we are". <mask> made his Kettering Town debut in a 2–0 away win at Lincoln City on 10 September 2011, the club's first away victory of the season. After making just five appearances for Kettering, <mask> was transfer-listed by new manager Mark Stimson on 29 September.Despite being transfer-listed due to Kettering's financial problems, <mask> continued to play in the first-team, and he scored his first goal for the club in a 2–2 draw against Ebbsfleet United, scoring from close range to give the club an initial one-goal lead. <mask> was forced to take training following the departure of Stimson, with only six other Kettering players turning up to train due to unpaid wages. Despite the off-field problems, he remained ever-present for the remainder of the season, playing 38 times in all competitions, and scoring his third and final goal of the season in a 1–1 home draw with Barrow on 21 April 2012. Kettering were relegated, finishing bottom of the league, and faced a further relegation due to entering a Company Voluntary Arrangement. <mask> had one-year remaining on his contract at Kettering, but left in July 2012, calling the season the "worst of his career". Chelmsford City
In August 2012, <mask> signed for Conference South club Chelmsford City on a free transfer. He made his debut for the club in a 3–2 home win over Bromley on 25 August 2012.<mask> scored his first goal for Chelmsford in the club's 2–2 draw with East Thurrock United in the FA Cup on 20 October 2012, with a shot through a crowded penalty area after East Thurrock had failed to clear a corner. It took <mask> seven months to score his first league goal, netting on the hour mark in a 6–0 home

masks: Bridges Bridges Bridges Bridges Bridges Bridges Bridges Bridges


title: David Bridges

texts:
 victory over Farnborough on 18 March 2013, a game in which he also assisted two other goals. It proved to be his only league goal of the season, in which Chelmsford would once again make the Conference South play-offs, but ultimately fall short. They lost 2–1 on aggregate in the semi-finals to Salisbury City, with <mask> playing in both games. He made 36 appearances in all competitions during the season, scoring two goals. Later career
Shortly after the end of the 2012–13 season, <mask> signed for Isthmian League Premier Division club Bury Town on a free transfer. On joining Bury Town, <mask> said — "I'm good friends with Adam Tann and Craig Parker and they couldn't say enough good things about the club.They told me that the players are really well looked after and the club is full of good honest people". He left Bury Town in December 2013 due to the club's financial problems, and subsequently joined Brackley Town of the National League North in January 2014. <mask> made his debut for Brackley on 11 January 2014, coming on as an 87th-minute substitute in a 3–1 victory over Gainsborough Trinity. He made 15 appearances during the second half of the 2013–14 season whilst at Brackley, scoring two goals. <mask> left Brackley in the summer and signed for King's Lynn Town of the Northern Premier League on 28 May 2014. On securing the signing of <mask> for the season, manager Gary Setchell stated "I'm probably very, very fortunate I've stumbled across Bridgo when he's got a lot going on outside of football, business wise". Whilst out injured, and having already obtained his UEFA 'B' coaching badge, <mask> was made first-team coach at the club in February 2015.He combined the role alongside continuing to play in


title: David Bridges

texts:
 the first-team. King's Lynn were moved into the Southern League Premier Division for the 2015–16 season and <mask> played regularly in the King's Lynn team during the campaign, making 39 appearances in all competitions. <mask> retired from playing in May 2016 to "concentrate on his successful business ventures and spend time with his family". On his retirement, manager Setchell said "<mask> will be missed by a lot of people at the football club but I totally understand his decision to call it a day on his fantastic playing career and pursue his business interests and spend more time with his young family." Having been retired from playing for over a year, <mask> appeared for St Neots Town of the Southern League Premier Division, the club he was also first-team coach, in a 1–0 away loss against AFC Rushden & Diamonds in a Southern Combination Challenge Cup match on 3 October 2017. He ended up playing 25 times during the 2017–18 season, his final season playing, scoring five goals, including two in his final appearance as St Neots won the Huntingdonshire Senior Cup. International career
<mask> was named in the England C team, who represent England at non-League level, in January 2006, for a friendly against Italy C, staged at Cambridge's Abbey Stadium, his home ground at the time.He came on as a 73rd-minute substitute as England C won the match 3–1 in front of a crowd of 2,711. Style of play
Deployed predominantly as a central midfielder throughout his career, <mask> also played across all of the midfield areas. Manager Graham Westley said that <mask> is a player with "a lot of off-the-ball intelligence" and that he "reads the game well". Coaching career
<mask> gained experience coaching whilst playing at

masks: Bridges Bridges David Bridges Bridges Bridges Bridges Bridges


title: David Bridges

texts:
 Kettering Town, taking training sessions in January 2012 in the absence of a first-team manager. He gained his UEFA B Licence during his time playing at King's Lynn Town and became the club's first-team coach in February 2015, staying in the role for a year-and-a-half whilst also playing. In May 2017, he took up his first coaching-only role when he joined St Neots Town of the Southern League Premier Division as first-team coach. <mask> left St Neots in order to become head of coaching at League Two club Lincoln City on 13 August 2018.He spent over two years at Lincoln, before being appointed as a coach educator for the Professional Footballers' Association in February 2021. Personal life
He supports Manchester United. Career statistics

A. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals (including those as a substitute) in the Conference League Cup, FA Trophy and Football League Trophy. International

Honours
Histon
 Southern Premier League: 2004–05

Kettering Town
 Conference North: 2007–08

Stevenage
 FA Trophy: 2008–09; runner-up: 2009–10
 Conference Premier: 2009–10
 League Two play-offs: 2010–11

St Neots Town
 Huntingdonshire Senior Cup: 2017–18

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
People from Huntingdon
English footballers
England semi-pro international footballers
Association football midfielders
Cambridge United F.C. players
FK Rīga players
Braintree Town F.C. players
Histon F.C.players
Kettering Town F.C. players
Stevenage F.C. players
Chelmsford City F.C. players
Bury Town F.C. players
Brackley Town F.C. players
King's Lynn Town F.C. players
St Neots Town F.C.players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Southern Football League


title: Billie Joe Armstrong

texts:
<mask> (born February 17, 1972) is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist and actor. He is best known as the lead vocalist, primary songwriter, and lead guitarist of the rock band Green Day, which he co-founded with Mike Dirnt in 1987. He is also a guitarist and vocalist for the punk rock band Pinhead Gunpowder, and provides lead vocals for Green Day's side projects Foxboro Hot Tubs, The Network, The Longshot, and The Coverups. <mask> developed an interest in music at a young age, and recorded his first song at the age of five. He met Dirnt while attending elementary school, and the two instantly bonded over their mutual interest in music, forming the band Sweet Children when the two were 14 years old. The band later changed its name to Green Day. <mask> has also pursued musical projects including numerous collaborations with other musicians.In 1997, to coincide with the release of Nimrod, he founded Adeline Records to help support other bands, signing acts such as The Frustrators, AFI, and Dillinger Four. The record company later shut down in August 2017. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Oakland, California, on February 17, 1972, the youngest of six children of Ollie Jackson (born 1932) and Andrew Marciano <mask> (1928–1982). He was raised in Rodeo, California. His father, a jazz musician and truck driver for Safeway, died of esophageal cancer in September 1982, when <mask> was 10 years old. The song "Wake Me Up When September Ends" is a memorial to his father. <mask> has three older sisters named Marci, Hollie, and Anna, and two older brothers named David and Alan.His mother worked as a

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Billie Joe Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Billie Joe
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong


title: Billie Joe Armstrong

texts:
 waitress at Rod's Hickory Pit in El Cerrito, California, where he and Mike Dirnt would play their first gig in 1987. His great-great-grandparents Pietro Marsicano and Teresa Nigro were Italian immigrants from Viggiano who settled in Boston until 1869, when they moved to Berkeley, California. He also meet with Nigro family while he visit Viggiano

<mask> attended Hillcrest Elementary School in Rodeo, where a teacher encouraged him to record a song titled "Look for Love" at the age of five on the Bay Area label Fiat Records. After his father died, his mother married a man whom her children disliked, which resulted in <mask>'s further retreat into music. At the age of 10, he met Dirnt in the school cafeteria, and they immediately bonded over their love of music. He became interested in punk rock after being introduced to the genre by his brothers. He has also cited The Replacements and Hüsker Dü as major musical influences.The first concert he watched was Van Halen in 1984. Along with Hillcrest Elementary, <mask> attended Carquinez Middle School and John Swett High School, both in Crockett, California, and later transferred to Pinole Valley High School in Pinole, California. On his 18th birthday, he dropped out to pursue a musical career. Career
In 1987, aged 15, <mask> formed a band called Sweet Children with his childhood friend Mike Dirnt. In the beginning, <mask> and Dirnt both played guitar, with Raj Punjabi on drums and Sean Hughes on bass. Punjabi was later replaced on drums by John Kiffmeyer, also known as Al Sobrante. After a few performances, Hughes left the band in 1988; Dirnt then began

masks: Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong


title: Billie Joe Armstrong

texts: playing bass and they became a three-piece band.They changed their name to Green Day in April 1989, choosing the name because of their fondness for marijuana. In 1989, Green Day released their debut EP 1,000 Hours through Lookout! Records. They recorded their debut studio album 39/Smooth and the extended play Slappy in 1990, which were later combined with 1,000 Hours into the compilation 1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours in 1991. In 1990, <mask> provided lead guitar and backing vocals on three songs for The Lookouts' final EP IV, which featured Tré Cool on drums. Tré became Green Day's drummer in late 1990 after Sobrante left in order to go to college. Cool made his debut on Green Day's second album, Kerplunk (1991).In 1991, <mask> joined the band Pinhead Gunpowder, consisting of bassist Bill Schneider, drummer Aaron Cometbus, and fellow vocalist/guitarist Sarah Kirsch. Kirsch left the group in 1992, and was replaced by Jason White. The group has released several extended plays and albums from 1991 to the present, and performs live shows on an intermittent basis. In 1993, <mask> played live several times with California punk band Rancid. Rancid's lead singer, <mask>, asked <mask> <mask> to join his band, but he refused due to his progress with Green Day. However, <mask> <mask> was credited as a co-writer on Rancid's 1993 song, Radio. With their third LP, Dookie (1994), Green Day broke through into the mainstream, and have remained one of the most popular rock bands of the 1990s and 2000s with over 60 million records sold worldwide.The album was followed by Insomniac (1995), Nimrod (1997), and Warning

masks:
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Tim Armstrong
Billie Joe
Armstrong
Billie Joe
Armstrong


title: Billie Joe Armstrong

texts: (2000). <mask> collaborated with many artists. He co-wrote The Go-Go's 2001 song "Unforgiven". He has also co-written songs with Penelope Houston ("The Angel and The Jerk" and "New Day"), and sung backing vocals with Melissa Auf der Maur on Ryan Adams' "Do Miss America" (where they acted as the backing band for Iggy Pop on his album Skull Ring ("Private Hell" and "Supermarket"). <mask> produced an album for The Riverdales. He was part of the Green Day side project The Network from 2003 to 2005, which became active again in 2020. The Network released two albums: 2003's Money Money 2020 and 2020's Money Money 2020 Part II: We Told Ya So!.Hoping to clear his head and develop new ideas for songs, <mask> traveled to New York City alone for a few weeks in 2003, renting a small apartment in the East Village of Manhattan. He spent much of this time taking long walks and participating in jam sessions in the basement of Hi-Fi, a bar in Manhattan. However, the friends he made during this time drank too much for his liking, which was the catalyst for <mask>'s return to the Bay Area. After returning home, <mask> was arrested for driving under the influence on January 5, 2003 and released on $1,200 bail. In 2004, Green Day debuted American Idiot, their first rock opera. The album has sold more than 15,000,000 copies worldwide, fueled by the hit singles "American Idiot", "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" and "Wake Me Up When September Ends". In 2009, Green Day released 21st Century Breakdown, the band's second rock opera, which was another commercial success.Between these two projects, <mask> was the lead vocalist of

masks: Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong


title: Billie Joe Armstrong

texts: the Green Day side project Foxboro Hot Tubs, who formed in 2007 and have performed intermittent live shows ever since. Foxboro Hot Tubs released one album, Stop Drop and Roll!! !, in 2008. In 2009, <mask> formed a band called Rodeo Queens, along with members of Green Day and NYC punk rocker Jesse Malin. They released one song, along with a video, called "Depression Times". In 2009, American Idiot was adapted into a Broadway musical, also called American Idiot. The musical won two Tony Awards.<mask> appeared in American Idiot in the role of St. Jimmy for two stints in late 2010 and early 2011. In 2012, Green Day released a trio of albums: ¡Uno!, ¡Dos!, and ¡Tré!. In 2013, <mask> appeared on Season 3 of NBC's The Voice as an assistant mentor for Christina Aguilera's team. In 2013, <mask> and singer-songwriter Norah Jones released the album Foreverly, consisting of covers of songs from The Everly Brothers' album Songs Our Daddy Taught Us. The first single from the album, "Long Time Gone", was released on October 23. <mask> also collaborated with the comedy hip hop group Lonely Island in their song "I Run NY" from The Wack Album released on June 7, 2013. He starred alongside Leighton Meester in the 2014 film Like Sunday, Like Rain.For his work in the film, Bilie <mask> won the Breakout Performance Award at the 2014 Williamsburg Independent Film Festival. <mask> wrote songs for These Paper Bullets, a rock musical adaptation of Much Ado About Nothing, which premiered at Yale Repertory Theater in March 2014. In 2014, <mask> joined The Replacements for a number of shows beginning on April 19 at Coachella.

masks: Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Joe Armstrong Armstrong


title: Billie Joe Armstrong

texts: Frontman Paul Westerberg had been suffering with back problems and spent the majority of the gig lying on a sofa while <mask> helped play his parts. Westerberg referred to <mask> as an "expansion of the band". <mask> joined The Replacements on stage again at the Shaky Knees music festival in Atlanta in May. In November 2014, <mask> moved with his son Joseph to New York and began working on another acting role, in the film Ordinary World.It was <mask>'s first lead acting role. The film centers on the mid-life crisis of a husband and father who attempts to revisit his punk past, and was released in 2016. It included new songs written and performed by <mask>. The film got mixed reviews, although <mask>'s own performance was generally praised, with The Village Voice writing that he had "a low-key charm suggesting that, if he desired it, he could get more onscreen gigs in between albums." In October 2016, Green Day released their latest album, Revolution Radio. In July 2017, it was announced <mask> formed a supergroup with <mask> of Rancid, aptly named The Armstrongs. In April 2018, <mask> formed the rock band The Longshot, and on April 20, the band released their debut studio album Love Is For Losers.Shortly after, <mask> announced that he and The Longshot would embark on a summer tour. Aside from <mask>, the band's lineup consists of Kevin Preston and David S. Field of the band Prima Donna on lead guitar and drums, respectively, and longtime Green Day live member Jeff Matika on bass. In 2019, <mask> co-wrote and performed the track "Strangers & Thieves" on the album Sunset Kids by Jesse Malin.

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Billie Joe
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Armstrong
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Tim Armstrong
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title: Billie Joe Armstrong

texts:
 Instruments

<mask>'s first guitar was a Cherry Red Hohner acoustic, which his father bought for him. He received his first electric guitar, a Fernandes The Revival RST-50 Stratocaster that he named "Blue", when he was ten years old in 1982, the same year his father died. His mother got "Blue" from George Cole, who taught <mask> playing guitar for 10 years. <mask> says in a 1995 MTV interview, "Basically, it wasn't like guitar lessons because I never really learned how to read music.So he just taught me how to put my hands on the thing." Cole bought the guitar new from David Margen of the band Santana. Cole install the Bill Lawrence L500XL Humbucker pickup in the bridge position at an angle similar to Eddie Van Halen's guitar Frankenstrat which <mask> very influenced by Van Halen. <mask> replace the L500XL with a white Yamaha Pacifica humbucker at Woodstock '94. <mask> later reinstalled the  Bill Lawrence L500XL pickup before recording Insomniac, and used it for a long time after that, although he has switched to a black Seymour Duncan SH-4 JB in 1995, this also inspired Tom DeLonge to put DiMarzio X2N pickup similar to L500XL with rail  at an angle albeit with white color to his famous "Sticker Guitar" Stratocaster in 1995 like <mask>, He toured with this guitar from the band's early days and still uses it to this day. "<mask> fetishized his teacher's guitar, partly because the blue instrument had a sound quality and Van Halen-worthy fluidity he couldn't get from his little red Hohner. He prized it mostly, however, because of his relationship with Cole, another father figure after the death of

masks: Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong


title: Billie Joe Armstrong

texts: Andy."Both middle and neck pickups are disconnected and the pickup selector locked in the bridge position, this also apply to his backup guitar and "Blue" copies, mainly Fender Stratocaster. "Blue" appears in a number of Green Day music videos such as "Longview", "Welcome to Paradise", "Basket Case", "Geek Stink Breath", "Stuck with Me", "Brain Stew/Jaded", "Hitchin' a Ride" and most recently in "Minority", "Blue" also  appears on the album cover of Insomniac, the "BJ" initial  on Blue is stand for <mask>, it was inspired by Stevie Ray Vaughan which his Stratocaster has "SRV" initial on pickguard. Today, <mask> mainly uses Gibson and Fender guitars. Twenty of his Gibson guitars are Les Paul Junior models from the mid- to late-1950s. His Fender collection includes: Stratocaster, Jazzmaster, Telecaster, a Gretsch hollowbody, Rickenbacker 360 and his copies of "Blue" from Fender Custom Shop. Recently he has begun giving away guitars to audience members invited to play on stage with Green Day, usually during the songs "Knowledge" or "Longview". He states that his favorite guitar is a 1956 Gibson Les Paul Junior he calls "Floyd".He bought this guitar in 2000 just before recording the album Warning. <mask> also has three of his own Les Paul Junior signature models from Gibson. The first has been in production since 2006 and is modeled closely after "Floyd", <mask>'s original 1956 Les Paul Junior. The second began production in 2012 and is a TV Yellow double-cutaway Junior. Both models include a Gibson "H-90" pickup, exclusive to <mask>'s models. Gibson has also released an extremely limited run of acoustic

masks:
Billie Joe
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title: Billie Joe Armstrong

texts:
 signature guitars. He plays several other instruments as well as guitar.He recorded harmonica and mandolin parts on (Nimrod and Warning), piano parts on 21st Century Breakdown, American Idiot: The Original Broadway Cast Recording (2010) and ¡Tré!, and plays drums and bass from time to time. Personal life

In June 2018, <mask> was given honorary citizenship of Viggiano, the Italian commune from where his great-great-grandparents hailed, by Viggiano's mayor Amedeo Cicala. <mask> is a member of the board of directors of Project Chimps, a sanctuary for former research chimpanzees funded in large part by the Humane Society of the United States. Business ventures
In 1997, <mask> co-founded Adeline Records, a rock and punk rock record label which had, in recent years, been managed by Pat Magnarella, Green Day's manager. Adeline Records closed in August 2017 following Magnarella's split from Green Day. In April 2015, <mask> opened Broken Guitars, a guitar shop in Oakland, California with fellow Pinhead Gunpowder member and longtime Green Day associate, Bill Schneider. In December 2015, <mask> and Mike Dirnt launched a coffee company, Oakland Coffee Works.The company sells organic coffee beans and is said to be the first company to use mass-produced compostable bags and pods. Fashion

<mask> has been noted for his punk fashion style, which influenced his followers of previous and current generations to the point of being known as an "style icon". He also launched an eye liner with Kat Von D named "Basket Case", which is a cosmetic that he implemented as part of his singing character since his beginnings.


title: Billie Joe Armstrong

texts:
 Political views
<mask> supported Barack Obama during the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections, and Bernie Sanders in the 2016 presidential election. Following Sanders' failure to become the Democratic nominee, <mask> declared his support for Hillary Clinton. He was critical of Donald Trump during the election and throughout Trump's presidency, calling him a "fascist" and a "puppet of the Illuminati", comparing him to Adolf Hitler, and blaming "uneducated white working-class people" for his rise to power. In a 2017 Rolling Stone interview, he stated that he does not align himself with any political party and described himself as an independent.He again supported Sanders during the 2020 presidential election, later endorsing <mask> after Sanders lost the primary. Relationships and sexuality

<mask> has identified himself as bisexual, saying in a 1995 interview with The Advocate, "I think I've always been bisexual. I mean, it's something that I've always been interested in. I think people are born bisexual, and it's just that our parents and society kind of veer us off into this feeling of, 'Oh, I can't.' They say it's taboo. It's ingrained in our heads that it's bad, when it's not bad at all. It's a very beautiful thing."In an April 2010 interview for Out magazine, he stated, "There were a lot of people who didn't accept it, who were homophobic. The fact that it's an issue is kind of phobic within itself. At some point, you gotta think, this should be something that's just accepted. I don't really classify myself as anything. And when it comes to sex, there are parts of me that are very shy and

masks:
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Joe Biden
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title: Billie Joe Armstrong

texts: conservative." In February 2014, he again discussed his bisexuality in a Rolling Stone article about the Green Day album Dookie, which he described as "touch[ing] on bisexuality a lot". About the song "Coming Clean", he said, "It was a song about questioning myself.There are these other feelings you may have about the same sex, the opposite sex, especially being in Berkeley and San Francisco then. People are acting out what they're feeling: gay, bisexual, transgender, whatever. And that opens up something in society that becomes more acceptable. Now we have gay marriage becoming recognized... I think it's a process of discovery. I was willing to try anything." <mask> met his first serious girlfriend, Arica Pelino, at 924 Gilman Street on his 16th birthday.She became known as the "first official Green Day fan" as she listened to the first four-track recordings by <mask> and Sean Hughes, encouraging the band, touring with them and acting as an occasional photographer for them. She inspired many of Green Day's well-known songs, including "Christie Road", which was written about the local railroad tracks where she and <mask> would sneak out to meet. When <mask> began living in punk houses and warehouses at the age of seventeen, including the warehouse above a West Oakland brothel which ultimately inspired the song "Welcome to Paradise", she would often stay with him despite the dangers of doing so, later saying, "I would stay with him sometimes in these warehouses full of crusty punks." The couple split in late 1991. Arica is the sister of former Green Day touring member Mike Pelino and the sister-in-law

masks: Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong


title: Billie Joe Armstrong

texts: of Janna White, who is married to Green Day touring guitarist Jason White. Shortly after his split with Pelino, <mask> met a woman he has identified only as "Amanda" at 924 Gilman Street, and they began dating. Amanda produced and distributed her own fan zine and was an "iron-willed" feminist, which enthralled <mask>.Amanda, however, was unimpressed with <mask>; though the couple dated for some time, she ultimately dumped him in 1994 and joined the Peace Corps, leaving him feeling suicidal. <mask> stated in an interview with Spin about the inspiration behind the Green Day song "Armitage Shanks" in 1995: "It was right before Dookie came out and I was really at odds with myself. I was like, 'Man, do I really want to do this?' A lot of time I was thinking about suicide, how it's so easy to kill yourself, but it's so hard to stay alive. I was in a break-up with my then-girlfriend, a total, raving punk rocker who didn't approve of me being on a major label. She moved down to Ecuador saying she couldn't live in a world with McDonald's and such. It was fucking me up pretty bad."<mask> has written many songs about Amanda, both during their relationship and afterwards, including "She", "Good Riddance", "Stuart and the Ave", "Sassafras Roots", "Amanda", "She's a Rebel", "Extraordinary Girl", and "Whatsername". The character of Whatsername on the album American Idiot, and in the American Idiot musical, is based on Amanda. In 1990, <mask> met Adrienne Nesser (the sister of professional skateboarder Steve Nesser) at one of Green Day's early performances in Minneapolis. They married on July 2, 1994, with Nesser


title: Billie Joe Armstrong

texts:
 discovering that she was pregnant the day after their wedding. Their first son, Joseph Marciano "<mask>" <mask>, was born on February 28, 1995. He would go on to play drums in the Oakland-based band SWMRS until accusations of sexual misconduct and coercion were made against him in 2020. Their second son, Jakob Danger <mask>, was born on September 12, 1998; he is a guitarist and singer-songwriter who released his first material online in 2015 and currently plays with the band Mt.Eddy. In a February 2014 interview with Rolling Stone, <mask> described his sudden marriage and fatherhood: "I was very impulsive at that time. I think that impulsive behavior was meant to counteract the chaos in my life." Controversies

Substance abuse
On September 21, 2012, during a Green Day performance at Las Vegas' iHeartRadio Music Festival, <mask> became agitated onstage and stopped the band's set midway through their performance of the 1994 hit song "Basket Case". In an expletive-filled rant, <mask> criticized the event's promoters for allegedly cutting short the band's performance, before smashing his guitar and storming off stage. The band later issued a statement apologizing for the incident and clarifying that their set had not actually been cut short. The incident occurred just four days prior to the release of Green Day's ninth studio album, ¡Uno!Two days after the incident at the iHeartRadio Music Festival, Green Day announced that <mask> was seeking treatment for an unspecified substance abuse problem. As a result, scheduled appearances on Jimmy Kimmel Live and The Ellen DeGeneres Show were canceled. According

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title: Billie Joe Armstrong

texts:
 to Claudia Suarez Wright, Tre Cool's ex-wife and the mother of <mask>'s godson, <mask> had been drinking heavily in Las Vegas prior to the iHeartMusic Festival, following approximately one year of sobriety. <mask> gave an interview to Rolling Stone in March 2013 in which he said that he had "been trying to get sober since 1997, right around Nimrod". He discussed how, during the 21st Century Breakdown tour of 2009–2010, "There were meltdowns on that tour that were huge". <mask> detailed his addiction, in particular how it had escalated in the months prior to the release of the ¡Uno!, ¡Dos!, and ¡Tre! albums and the performance at iHeartRadio, stating that during the band's 2011 summer tour of Europe, "I was at my pill-taking height at that time, medicating the shit out of myself".<mask> gave details of a gig at Irving Plaza in New York just over a week before the iHeartRadio incident, in which he "Threw back four or five beers before we went on and probably had four or five when we played. Then I drank my body weight in alcohol after that. I ended up hungover on the West Side Highway, laying in a little park." Green Day canceled all remaining concert dates for 2012 and early 2013 as <mask> continued dealing with his personal problems. In late December 2012, the band announced they would return to touring at the end of March 2013. <mask> later said that the substances he had been abusing were alcohol and prescription pills for anxiety and insomnia. Awards

Discography

Solo releases
Albums
 Foreverly (2013, with Norah Jones)
 No Fun Mondays (2020)

Singles
 "Look for Love" (1977)
 "Long Time Gone"

masks: Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong


title: Dan Dworsky

texts:
<mask> (October 4, 1927 – January 19, 2022) was an American architect who was a longstanding member of the American Institute of Architects College of Fellows. Among other works, Dworsky designed Crisler Arena, the basketball arena at the University of Michigan named for Dworsky's former football coach, Fritz Crisler. Other professional highlights include designing Drake Stadium at UCLA, the Federal Reserve Bank in Los Angeles and the Block M seating arrangement at Michigan Stadium. He is also known for a controversy with Frank Gehry over the Walt Disney Concert Hall. Previously, <mask> was an American football linebacker, fullback and center who played professional football for the Los Angeles Dons of the All-America Football Conference in 1949, and college football for the Michigan Wolverines from 1945 to 1948. He was an All-American on Michigan's undefeated national championship teams in 1947 and 1948. College football at the University of Michigan
Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1927, Dworsky lived in the Twin Cities and Sioux Falls, South Dakota before attending the University of Michigan.Dworsky was a four-year starter for Fritz Crisler's Michigan Wolverines football teams from 1945 to 1948. He played linebacker, fullback, and center for the Michigan Wolverines and was a key player on the undefeated 1947 and 1948 Michigan football teams that won consecutive national championships. The 1947 team, anchored by Len Ford, Alvin Wistert, <mask> and Rick Kempthorn, has been described as the best team in the history of Michigan football. Dworsky won a total of six varsity letters

masks:
Daniel Leonard Dworsky
Dworsky
Dworsky


title: Dan Dworsky

texts:
 at Michigan, four in football and two in wrestling where he competed in the heavyweight division. Dworsky is among the famous Jews in football, and has been extensively profiled in encyclopedic Jewish publications. Dworsky married the former Sylvia Ann Taylor on August 10, 1957. The couple has three children: Douglas, Laurie and Nancy.They resided in Los Angeles. 1947 season

The 1947 Michigan Wolverines football team went 10–0 and outscored their opponents 394 to 53. Dworsky led a defensive unit that gave up an average of 5.3 points per game and shut out Michigan State (55–0), Pitt (60–0), Indiana (35–0), Ohio State (21–0), and USC (49–0). He also played fullback and center for the 1947 team and was named a third team All-American by the American Football Coaches Association. In a 1988 interview with the Los Angeles Times, Dworsky described the 1947 team's defensive scheme as follows: "We were an intelligent team and we had some complex defenses, the nature of which you see today. I called the defensive signals and we would shift people, looping, or stunting." After going undefeated and winning the Big Ten championship, Michigan was invited to Pasadena to face the USC Trojans in the 1948 Rose Bowl—the Wolverines' first bowl game since 1901.Just before Christmas, the team boarded a train in Ann Abor for a three-day trip across the country. With little to do on the train, Alvin Wistert recalled that Dworsky entertained the team with music. "<mask>y was a piano player. We'd gather around and sing. There was a piano in the last car." After the long trip, the Wolverines beat the


title: Dan Dworsky

texts:
 Trojans 49–0. Dworsky recalled that the coaching staff did an excellent job of scouting the Trojans."When we went to the Rose Bowl, we had USC down pat. We knew their system as well as they did." The Trojans gained only 91 yards rushing and 42 yards passing, moving past midfield only twice. Dworsky played center during the Rose Bowl, blocking USC's All-American tackle (and future Los Angeles city councilman), John Ferraro. In Dworsky's collegiate days, the final national rankings were determined before the bowl games. At the end of the regular season in 1947, Michigan was ranked No. 2 behind Notre Dame, but after defeating USC 49–0 in the Rose Bowl, the Associated Press held a special poll, and Michigan replaced Notre Dame as the national champion by a vote of 226 to 119.Dworsky later noted, "Notre Dame still claims that national championship and so do we." 1948 season
The 1948 Michigan Wolverines football team went 9–0 and outscored their opponents 252 to 44. The defensive unit led by Dworsky held its opponents to just 4.9 points per game, including shutouts against Oregon (14–0), Purdue (40–0), Northwestern (28–0), Navy (35–0), and Indiana (54–0). The 1948 Wolverines finished the season ranked No. 1 by the AP, but Big Ten Conference rules prohibited a team from playing in the Rose Bowl two years in a row. Dworsky did, however, play in the 1948 Blue–Gray All Star game. Relationship with Fritz Crisler
Dworsky was a four-year starter under Michigan's legendary coach, Fritz Crisler.<mask> later said that Crisler's "real genius" was in blending all the elements. The 1947 championship


title: Dan Dworsky

texts:
 receiving his degree in architecture in 1950, Dworsky moved to Los Angeles and served as an apprentice in the early 1950s with prominent local early modernists William Pereira, Raphael Soriano, and Charles Luckman. In 1953, Dworsky began his own architecture firm in Los Angeles, known as Dworsky Associates.The firm grew into one of the most prominent architectural firms in California, creating major public buildings in California. Dworsky Associates won the 1984 Firm of the Year Award from the California Council of the American Institute of Architects. In September 2000, Dworsky Associates merged with CannonDesign and ceased to operate as an independent firm. Architectural style
Dworsky belongs to the generation of post-World War II modernists that took its cues from the 1920s German Bauhaus and the French-Swiss master Le Corbusier. In 1988, Dworsky noted: "I am most intrigued by the essential mystery of architecture. For me, built space will always be a kind of theater, a stage on which life is played, and played out. That's why I keep on being an architect.Asked what inspires his architecture, <mask> said he draws from the "solid, resolved concepts" of modern designers such as Le Corbusier and Marcel Bruer, while being encouraged on occasion to experiment by such "new wave" designers as Frank Gehry and Eric Owen Moss. Crisler Arena and the Block "M"

<mask>'s first major commission was to design a basketball arena for his alma mater, the University of Michigan. The members of the 1947 Michigan Wolverines football team had reunions with Fritz Crisler every five years in Ann

masks: Dworsky Dworsky


title: Dan Dworsky

texts: architect Frank Gehry in designing the future home of the Los Angeles Philharmonic. Dworsky was selected to translate Gehry's conceptual designs into working drawings that would meet building code specifications. By 1994, the cost of the project had skyrocketed to $160 million (it eventually reached $274 million), and controversy halted the project. By 1996, a major donor was sought to complete the project by 2001 (four years behind schedule). Gehry and his design came under fire, and some considered him a spoiled, impractical artist. Gehry publicly blamed Dworsky: "The executive architect was incapable of doing drawings that had this complexity. We helped select that firm.I went to <mask>, supposedly a friend, and I said, 'This is going to fail and we now have the capability to do it, so let us ghost-write it.'" Dworsky refused. Gehry was also quoted in the Los Angeles Times as saying: "We had the wrong executive architect doing the drawings. I helped pick him, I'm partly responsible. It brought us to a stop."" Gehry told Los Angeles magazine in 1996 that he "no longer speaks to his former friend (Dworsky)". Gehry continued his public attacks on Dworsky: "He (Dworsky) made a lot of money.He begged me for the job. I'd like to shoot him." <mask> was eventually told to stop working on the drawings before he completed them, but he defended himself against Gehry's criticism. "Knowledgeable people were supportive of us. They were saying it's a very complex and unusual design, and they can understand the difficulties in trying to achieve this within a limited budget and a limited

masks: Daniel Dworsky