title: Lars Tingsten

texts:
 acquired in the army's officer corps the honorary title of "General of the Infantry". As Inspector of the Infantry he published Infantry Training Regulations (Infanteriets utbildningsföreskrifter, 1917) and Infantry training in drill (Infanteriets utbildning i exercis, 1918), and he changed or published several instructions regarding the infantry and machine guns. In addition, he wrote a large number of essays in military journals, especially in journal of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences (1884-1924), mainly about infantry organization and tactics. As Chief of the General Staff from 1919, he met a neither easy or rewarding task, due to the postwar general indifference of the Swedish defense. Other work
<mask> was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences from 1891. He was a civil law notary in the Committee on Defence in 1892, secretary in the Committee on Defence in 1900, secretary in the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences from 1900 to 1903, chairman of the Committee for the reorganization of Field Medical Corps in 1908, member of several military committees, chairman of the Passage System Committee in 1912, chairman of experts to revise the infantry exercise regulations from 1914 to 1915, chairman of experts to draw up instructions for fortified positions in 1917 and chairman in the equipment committee in 1922.Later life
When <mask> retired from active duty in 1922, he could, with an energy that wasn't hindered by old age ailments, pursue his extensive war scientific and military history writing. He became an Honorary Doctor of Philosophy at Uppsala University in 1927. Personal life

In 1883 he was married Amy Forssell (1855–1943). <mask> died in 1937 and was buried at Solna cemetery in Solna Municipality near

masks: Tingsten Tingsten Tingsten


title: Dante Giacosa

type: original

texts:
<mask> (3 January 1905 - 31 March 1996) was an Italian automobile designer and engineer responsible for a range of Italian automobile designs — and for refining the front-wheel drive layout to an industry-standard configuration. Front wheel drive breakthrough

When Fiat began marketing the Fiat 128 in 1969 — with its engine and gearbox situated in an in-line, transverse front-drive layout, combined unequal drive shafts, MacPherson strut suspension and an electrically controlled radiator fan — it became the layout adopted by virtually every other manufacturer in the world for front-wheel drive. The approach of unequal drive shafts was crafted by <mask>. Transverse engine and gearbox front-wheel drive had been introduced to small inexpensive cars with the German DKW F1 in 1931, and made more widely popular with the British Mini. As engineered by Alec Issigonis in the Mini cars, the compact arrangement located the transmission and engine sharing a single oil sump — despite disparate lubricating requirements — and had the engine's radiator mounted to the side of the engine, but with fan blades shaped to expel heated air into the left wheel arch, and thus drawing cool rather than heated air over the engine. In various cars with front-drive configuration the whole power unit needed to be removed for many repairs, and especially for the clutch, but that did not apply to the Mini where the clutch could be removed with the power unit in-situ. As engineered by <mask>, the 128 featured a transverse-mounted engine with unequal length drive shafts and an innovative clutch release mechanism — an arrangement which Fiat had strategically tested on a previous production model, the Primula, from its less market-critical subsidiary, Autobianchi.Ready for production in 1964, the Primula featured the four-cylinder water-cooled  from the Fiat 1100D mounted transversely with the four-speed gearbox located inline with the crankshaft. With a gear train to the offset differential

masks:
Dante Giacosa
Dante Giacosa
Dante Giacosa


title: Dante Giacosa

texts:
 and final drive and unequal length drive shafts. The layout enabled the engine and gearbox to be located side by side without sharing lubricating fluid while orienting the cooling fan toward fresh air flow. By using the Primula as a test-bed, Fiat was able to sufficiently resolve the layout's disadvantages, including uneven side-to-side power transmission, uneven tire wear and potential torque steer, the tendency for the power of the engine alone to steer the car under heavy acceleration. Fiat quickly demonstrated the layout's flexibility, re-configuring the 128 drive-train as a mid-engined layout for the Fiat X1/9, and the compact, efficient layout — a transversely-mounted engine with transmission mounted beside the engine driving the front wheels through an offset final-drive and unequal-length driveshafts — subsequently became common with competitors and arguably an industry standard. Background
Born in Rome, where his father was undertaking military service, <mask>'s family roots were in Neive on the southern edge of Piedmont. He studied engineering at the Polytechnic University of Turin until 1927.After completing his compulsory military service he joined Fiat in 1928, at first working on military vehicles and then in the aero engine division. The director of the aero-engine division was Tranquillo Zerbi, designer of Grand Prix cars for Fiat. In 1933 when work commenced on the Fiat 500, the director of the aero-engine division was Antonio Fessia. He had sufficient confidence to entrust the design of all the mechanical components of the car including the chassis to <mask>. <mask> was engineering manager at Fiat by 1937 and he had become director of the engineering division of Fiat by 1950. He retired from his full-time position with Fiat in 1970, but retained close association with the company courtesy of a position which translates as "Consulting Engineer to Fiat's Presidency and General Management and a Company's Ambassador with National and

masks: Giacosa Giacosa Giacosa


title: Dante Giacosa

texts:
 International Organizations". Following his retirement he wrote several volumes of memoirs concerning his professional life.<mask> served as President of FISITA, the International Federation of Automotive Engineering Societies, from 1967 to 1969 and authored Motori Endotermici (translated from Italian: Endothermic Engines), which discusses diverse features related to internal combustion machines with explanations of their design, construction and function. The work became a reference for mechanical engineering courses in many universities and was translated into numerous languages. <mask> died in Turin in 1996. Career

The Fiat Topolino was a state of the art two-seat miniature car that soon proved popular when production commenced in 1936. It was a two-seater and had a 569 cc side-valve engine, but the chassis with independent front suspension using a transverse leaf spring and wishbones and neat packaging was a big advance, with the engine located over the front wheels and radiator behind it over the four-speed synchromesh gearbox, also excellent hydraulic brakes. With fuel consumption around 18 km/l and a maximum speed of 90 km/h, but with handling good enough to allow average speeds of 60  km/h. Between 1936 when first introduced until the end of production in 1948, 122,000 were made of this original version.Giacosa's subsequently designed the Fiat 508C, replacing the 508 Balilla, the 508C or as it became known as the "Millecento", had a short-stroke  engine, with overhead valves (the 500 engine had side valves), an outstanding chassis design that earned it a reputation for good handling and ride quality. It was with a 508C chassis that as engineering manager <mask> led a team that developed the Fiat 508CMM a streamlined coupe. Fiat used the car to win the 1100 cc class in the Mille Miglia of 1938. This model was produced in small numbers until 1940. The 508C was produced from 1937 to 1948, when it was replaced by an updated versions the 1100B and


title: Dante Giacosa

texts: 1100E which was produced until 1953. Wealthy Italian industrialist Piero Dusio approached <mask> in 1944 with a request to design a single seat racing car that could be purchased for a relatively low price. This he did in his free time away for the Fiat factory.The design utilised components from the Fiat 500 and 508C. The resulting car the Cisitalia D46 was on sale in 1946. The space frame chassis was designed using steel tubes and the body consisted of light alloy panels - this was the famous superleggera ("super-light") construction technique. The Fiat 1100 cc fitted to the car was tuned to produce 60 bhp. A maximum speed of 175 km/h was claimed. A batch of twenty cars was laid down in 1946 and the cars were raced successfully throughout the rest of the 1940s. <mask> did the initial design work on the next Cisitalia model, a two-seat sports car, the Project 202.Again he used a multi tube space frame chassis. The design being an adaptation of the single seat model. The prototype was fitted with a coupe body similar to the Fiat 508CMM. Before series production commenced, he passed over responsibility for the design to Giovanni Savonuzzi. Though <mask> had become director of the engineering division of Fiat, it didn't mean he could follow his own inclinations regarding the design of any new cars. The Fiat sales department had an overriding influence on new the model produced, and thus, the Fiat 1400 of 1950 was only a qualified success. Fiat wanted to produce a car that satisfied the needs of countries with a poor road system that had previously been supplied by American manufacturers before their cars had become bloated.They wanted a car with good stability, good visibility, and room for six people and their luggage, a speed of 120 km/h and a fuel consumption of 10 km/l. Unfortunately they also wanted the car with a modest size engine that wasn't too expensive to run in Italy. Despite <mask>'s best efforts they got a car that was neither one thing or

masks: Giacosa Giacosa Giacosa Giacosa


title: Dante Giacosa

texts: another. Only one hundred and twenty thousand examples were produced in eight years. His next light car design was the 1100-103; this model perpetuated the name Millecento previously given to the 508C. This Millecento was a compact unitary construction saloon fitted with wishbones and coil springs at the front and a live axle and half-elliptic springs at the rear. Its excellent handling and good performance was in the tradition of its predecessor.Of conventional design for its period, with a water-cooled OHV inline four-cylinder engine of , at first producing  rising to  but much more when tuned. The gearchange for the four-speed gearbox was on the steering column, and the handbrake worked on the transmission. Through a series of models culminating with the 1100R (the 1100D had a  engine), the Millecento remained in production until 1970 and one and three quarter million examples had been produced. Next <mask> and his team designed a replacement for the Fiat Topolino. The last version of the 500C had been discontinued the previous year 1954. The 600 was a totally new car, and for Fiat a new layout with the engine at the rear as well as unitary construction. When the 600 were introduced in 1955, rear-engined cars had been produced for well over a decade and their advantages and disadvantages by then well known.<mask> used the advantages to produce a four-seat car, although with limited luggage space, that had a reasonable performance from an engine of only 633 cc, due to its low weight of 585 kg and also compact dimensions. Capable of almost 100 km/h (62 mph) and returning a fuel consumption of 16 to 20 km/l and the ability to cruise at 80 km/h (50 mph). He overcame the stability problems associated with other rear-engined designs by identifying that the problem was not the weight distribution of the cars, but the simple swing axle rear suspension used in those designs. His answer was to use a semi-trailing arm type of rear suspension that eliminated the

masks: Giacosa Giacosa


title: Dante Giacosa

texts: large change in the camber of the rear wheels that was inherent with the simple swing axle suspension system. Within a year of the launch of the 600, a seven-seat version went in production, the Multipla (precursor to the contemporary minivan). By replacing the transverse leaf spring used in the front suspension by upper links and coil springs of the 1100-103, the mechanical components of the 600 were utilised in a forward control unitary body, removing the front luggage compartment and any trace of crumple zone (similar to the VW Type 2, but considerably smaller), therefore needing only a small increase in wheelbase to accommodate three rows of seats. Over seventy six thousand of this first version of the Multipla were produced by 1963.The 600 was replaced by the 600D in 1960. The engine size was increased to , with a maximum speed up to 110 km/h. Production ceased in Turin in 1970, but carried on in the SEAT factory in Barcelona. The 600 was also produced by NSU/Fiat in Germany, Zastava in Yugoslavia, and Concord in Argentina. Over two and a half million were eventually produced. <mask>'s next rear engine car for Fiat was the Nuova 500 of 1957, with a similar layout to the 600, but with a two-cylinder air-cooled engine instead of the water-cooled inline four-cylinder unit, and an unsynchronised 4-speed gearbox (the shortcomings of which being blunted by its own low inertial mass, plus that of the engine and entire vehicle), a layout kept for the entire lifespan of the model. Being a two/plus/two-seat car, it was the true replacement for the Topolino, at the bottom of the Fiat range.With a wheelbase fractionally over six feet and a length under nine feet, it was also a lightweight weighing less than five hundred kilograms. The  engines in the early production cars were so underpowered, with only , they were recalled and an uprated  engine fitted. The final 500F of 1965 had a  engine producing , sufficient to get to 110 km/h and a fuel consumption 20 km/l.


title: Mark W. Bullard

texts:
<mask><mask> (September 24, 1822 – July 18, 1902), also known as M. W<mask>, was an American pioneer who established homesteads in Oregon and Washington state. As a young man, he traveled from his family home in Vermont to California and then on to Oregon and Washington. He eventually settled in what is now Pacific County, Washington. He served in the Washington territorial militia during a regional Indian war in the mid-1850s. After the war, he moved to the Goose Lake Valley in south central Oregon. While there, he donated property to establish a new town that became Lakeview, Oregon, the county seat of Lake County. He later returned to his farm in Pacific County, Washington.Early life

<mask> was born in Stockbridge, Vermont on September 24, 1822. His parents were <mask> and Abigail (<mask>) <mask>. He grew up with three brothers and one sister. In 1849, <mask> left Stockbridge with his brother Job, heading for America’s west coast. He traveled from Vermont to New York, where he booked passage on the steamship Restless bound for San Francisco. The journey took Bullard around the Cape Horn, arriving in San Francisco on 1 May 1850. West coast pioneer

After arriving in California, <mask> and his brother mined gold in the area around the American River before heading north to Oregon.They initially settled in Milwaukie, Oregon. After a year in that area, they left to begin mining along the Rogue River in southern Oregon. In 1853, the brothers moved north again, this time to what is now Pacific County, Washington. They started logging in the Stuart Slough area; however, their business was not very successful. As a result, both brothers decided to take up  homestead claims in the Willapa Valley near what is now the community

masks:
Mark W
. Bullard
. Bullard
Bullard
Mark
Whitcomb
Bullard
Bullard
Bullard


title: Mark W. Bullard

texts:
 of Menlo, where they began farming. A short time later, their brother Seth traveled from Vermont to join them. In 1855, <mask> joined the Washington militia to fight in a regional Indian war that lasted through 1856.He served as a private for six months in Company C (Mounted Rangers) of the 2nd Regiment, Washington Territorial Volunteers. His company was commanded by Captain Benjamin L. Henness with Colonel Benjamin Franklin Shaw as his regimental commander. During his service time, <mask> fought in several battles including a major engagement near Walla Walla in eastern Washington. When his enlistment expired, <mask> returned to his farm in Pacific County. In 1860, a farmhand working on <mask>’s farm quit his job and demanded to be paid off in cash. <mask> did not want to pay in cash and an argument ensued. The employee drew his knife just as <mask>’s brother, Seth, come upon the scene.Seth attempted to disarm the man and was stabbed to death in the struggle. After about a decade of farming in Pacific County, <mask> returned to the east coast to visit friends and family. He returned by steamship with an overland leg across the Isthmus of Panama, stopping in San Francisco before finally arriving in Astoria, Oregon in December 1862. <mask> kept a daily journal of his east to west return trip. Lakeview founder

In 1869, <mask> moved to the Goose Lake Valley in south central Oregon. He was one of the first settlers to make his home in the valley. His first land claim was patented in January 1871.It included  located along what is now Bullard Creek near the mouth of Bullard Canyon at the north end of the valley. <mask> later acquired a second  land grant. His farm was mostly meadow land covered with tall native grass.

masks: Bullard Bullard Bullard Bullard Bullard Bullard Bullard Bullard Bullard Bullard


title: Mark W. Bullard

texts: Because of the lush environment, a wide range of wildlife was common on his land. Bullard enclosed his property with a crude fence and an irrigation ditch. He built a simple three-room log house on the property. The cabin had a living room for cooking and sleeping.The second room was used as a storage area and wood shed. The third area was a built-in livestock barn. In 1874, the Oregon legislature created Lake County (which at that time, included today’s Lake County and neighboring Klamath County) from what had previously been eastern Jackson County. Linkville (now Klamath Falls, Oregon) was designated as the temporary county seat pending an election scheduled for 5 June 1876. Settlers in the Goose Lake Valley on the eastern side of the new county outnumbered those on the west side near Upper Klamath Lake; however, there was no town on the east side of the county while the west side had Linkville. To remedy this, <mask> offered to donate  to establish a new town at the north end of the Goose Lake Valley. In the June election, most of the residents from the Klamath Lake area voted to keep the county seat at Linkville while east side residents voted for a variety of location in the Goose Lake Valley.The final vote was 120 votes for Bullard Creek, 88 votes for Linkville. However, a large number of voters wrote-in other names like Bullard’s Creek, Bullard Ranch, Goose Lake, and Goose Lake Valley. As a result, no site got a majority of the votes. In a community meeting on 10 August, residents of the Goose Lake Valley agreed that all the Bullard/Goose Lake related names should be counted as Bullard Creek votes. However, the county clerk in Linkville disagreed and ordered a new election. The second election was held on 7


title: Mark W. Bullard

texts:
 November 1876. By then, residents of the Goose Lake Valley had decided to build the town of Lakeview at the Bullard Creek site and a rural post office had been established at the Bullard Ranch.In the November election, Lake County voters selected Lakeview over Linkville to be the county seat by a vote of 242 to 181. On 7 December 1876, <mask> transferred the  parcel to Lake County and a two-story courthouse was built on the site. A short time later, <mask> sold his remaining  to John A. Moon, one of his neighbors. After Moon purchased <mask>’s property, he paid Frank Cheesman to survey the town site, and then filed an official plat for the town of Lakeview on 25 May 1877. The town of Lakeview developed around the property <mask> donated for the Lake County courthouse. Later life and legacy

Shortly after selling his Lake County property, <mask> returned to his farm in Pacific County, Washington.He resided on his own farm for a while and then lived with his brothers, Job and John, during his latter years. <mask> never married. He died on July 18, 1902 in Menlo, Washington. Today, <mask> is considered the founder of Lakeview, Oregon since the town was originally built on and around the property he donated for the county courthouse. There is also a street in Lakeview named in his honor. For many years, there was also a grade school in Lakeview named after Bullard. Bullard Creek and Bullard Canyon are geographic features at the north end of the Goose Lake Valley that still bear his name.References

External links
Oregon Blue Book history of Lake County History
<mask><mask> diary, 1862–1863

1822 births
1902 deaths
American city founders
People from Lakeview, Oregon
People from Pacific County, Washington
People from Windsor

masks:
Bullard
Bullard
Bullard
Bullard
Bullard
Bullard
Bullard
Mark W
. Bullard


title: Antoine de Sartine

texts:
<mask>, comte d'Alby (12 July 1729 – 7 September 1801) was a French statesman who served as Lieutenant General of Police of Paris (1759–1774) during the reign of Louis XV and as Secretary of State for the Navy (1774–1780) under King Louis XVI. Origins
<mask> was born in Barcelona in 1729, the son of <mask>, a French-born financier who arrived in Spain with the troops of King Philip V of Spain and served as intendente (i.e. governor) of Catalonia from 1726 to 1744. His mother was Catherine White, Countess of Alby (the daughter of Ignatius White, Marquess of Albeville, who served as Secretary of State to James II of England). The title Count of Alby was apparently inherited from his mother, a secondary title to that of Marquis of Albeville, granted to Ignatius White, his father Dominick White, and their descendants, by Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1679. First years in France
After the death of his mother, <mask> was sent to France and put under the guidance of Charles Colabeau, businessman and friend of his father. He studied law in Paris.In 1752 he was granted letters of naturalization. The same year, at the age of 23, he became Councilor (i.e. judge) at the Châtelet of Paris, the city's civil and criminal court. In 1755 he bought the office of Criminal Lieutenant, i.e. head, or chief judge, of the Châtelet's criminal branch. As a result of buying this office, he was ennobled and entered the prestigious aristocracy. Eventually, in 1759, he married Marie-Anne Hardy du Plessis, the granddaughter of Charles Colabeau.By then, he was in favor at the court of Versailles, and so on 21 November 1759, he was appointed Lieutenant General of Police of Paris (i.e. head of the Paris Police). He entered office in December of that year after buying the office of Lieutenant General of Police from his predecessor Bertin for the sum of 175,000 livres

masks: Antoine Raymond Jean Gualbert Gabriel de Sartine


title: Antoine de Sartine

texts:
 (approx. US$850,000 in 2006), which his friend Malesherbes advanced him. Lieutenant General of Police of Paris
As Lieutenant General of Police, <mask> <mask> was the real administrator of Paris for 15 years, invested with more powers than the Provost of the Merchants (head of the Paris municipality). Like his predecessors, he was in charge not only of public order, but also of street cleaning and maintenance, food supply, and public health and hygiene. A skilled administrator, he improved the city's food supply.Along with the Provost of the Merchants de Viarmes, he commissioned the building of a new grain market, the Halle au blé, built between 1765 and 1768, a modern and airy building much admired at the time which is still standing by Les Halles today and currently known as the Bourse du Commerce. Street cleaning and lighting were also improved. He set up a brigade of street sweepers and had the first public toilets installed in the streets of Paris. In 1766, after launching an invention contest, he improved street lighting by installing new réverbère lanterns. These were oil lamps with reflectors which were hung above the center of streets and produced a more abundant and stable light than the candle lanterns that had been used for centuries before. The same year, he founded the Royal Free Drawing School (now the National School of Decorative Arts) which taught drawing skills, free-of-charge, to the sons of families from the lowest classes of society. The aim was both to train artisans and artists so as to improve the quality of the Parisian luxury goods industries and handicrafts, but also to teach poor youths a trade and keep them from roaming the streets and disturbing public order.For the first time in history, he conducted a survey of the quarries beneath the city, many of which threatened the foundations of buildings. He also

masks:
Antoine de
Sartine


title: Antoine de Sartine

texts: to do such a job." <mask> was also a man of action, with great presence of mind. On one occasion, having to quell a riot on the Place Maubert, he met the crowd at the head of a company of musketeers and had an officer respectfully remove his hat and tell the crowd: "Gentlemen, we come here in the name of the King, but our orders are to shoot at the scoundrels only. I therefore pray the honest people to leave the square." The crowd disbanded without a gunshot. Although admired by his contemporaries, he was also criticized for using his highly efficient secret police to spy not only on criminals but also on ordinary citizens.His services opened private letters sent through the mail, which was a frequent practice in Europe at the time, and spied on families. <mask> was thus aware of all sorts of scandals in the city, notably sexual scandals, and he sent daily reports to the king containing saucy and intimate details about courtiers, clerics, and private citizens, which were said to amuse the king and relieve him from the boredom of court life. Furthermore, his political police was known for its efficiency in detecting agitators, dissenters, anticlerical propagandists, and other people perceived as trouble makers, who were imprisoned without trial through the lettres de cachet. Some sources say that there were never more political prisoners at the Bastille and at the fortress of Vincennes than under his tenure. Britannica declares that he once boasted to Louis XV, "Sire, whenever three people speak to one another in the street, one of them will be mine." In parallel with his career as Lieutenant General of Police of Paris, <mask> <mask> became maître des requêtes in December 1759 and conseiller d'État in 1767. He was the director of the Library from 1763 to 1774, succeeding his friend Malesherbes.As such, he was not only in charge of managing

masks:
Sartine
Sartine
Antoine de
Sartine


title: Antoine de Sartine

texts:
 the Royal Library (now the National Library of France), but he was also the chief censor in the kingdom, responsible for controlling the book trade and the press. Like his friend Malesherbes, he was a liberal and supported the philosophers of The Enlightenment, in particular <mask> and his Encyclopédie, which he protected against the attacks of the ecclesiastical party. <mask> <mask> was close to the party of the minister Choiseul, who had been disgraced by Louis XV in 1770 and ordered to retire to his estate. After the king's death in May 1774, Choiseul was allowed to return to Paris and his party regained favor at court. Thus, on August 24 of the same year, <mask> was appointed Secretary of State for the Navy (with the honorific rank of Minister of State in 1775) and left his office of Lieutenant General of Police to his protégé Lenoir. Secretary of State for the Navy

<mask> <mask> inherited a strong French Navy, resurrected by Choiseul after the disasters of the Seven Years' War (in which France had lost Canada, Louisiana, and India); a resurrected French Navy which would later defeat the British Navy in the War of American Independence. In the ministry, <mask> surrounded himself with able men, such as the comte de Fleurieu.He modernized and rationalized the French Navy. By seven decrees (September 27, 1776), he gave naval officers the high hand over French ports and naval dockyards, which were put under the direction of the comte de Fleurieu. He also reorganized the corps of naval artillery and marine infantry. In 1775, after the aborted attempt by his predecessor to create a Royal Marine School in Le Havre, he re-established the Companies of Marine Guards, naval schools training officers and whose access was strictly limited to children of the aristocracy. As conflict with England was looming on the horizon, he increased shipbuilding

masks:
Diderot
Antoine de
Sartine
Sartine
Antoine de
Sartine
Sartine


title: Antoine de Sartine

texts: budgets fourfold, enabling large scale shipbuilding when France entered the American War of Independence in the beginning of 1778. In the space of only one year, nine ships-of-the-line were built in the French shipyards. Sartine also initiated the building of the long breakwater which protects the port of Cherbourg and commissioned the construction of dry docks in Brest, Rochefort, Lorient, and Toulon.Particularly interested in foundries, he created the naval foundry of Indret near Nantes (now a unit of Naval Group specialized in conventional and nuclear propulsion). In these critical times, he fought successfully against insubordination in the Navy, notably by publishing a regulation in 1780 dealing with hygiene on board the vessels of the fleet and with marine crew health issues. Drawing from his police experience, he also used his spy network in the fight against England. The budget deficit, which was aggravated by France's participation in the War of American Independence, led to conflict between the finance minister, Necker, who sought to limit expenditures, and <mask>, who wanted to expand the French Navy even further. Necker accused <mask> of exceeding the budget allocated to the Navy by 20 million livres (approx. US$100 million in 2006). Necker complained sharply to King Louis XVI that this overrun threatened an already almost bankrupt State.Eventually, the king dismissed <mask> on 14 October 1780 and replaced him with the marquis de Castries. <mask>, however, was dismissed with honors: he received a reward of 150,000 livres (approx. US$700,000) for his services and he was granted a 70,000 livres yearly pension. <mask> <mask> tried to justify his actions as minister in a vitriolic pamphlet against Necker, whom he accused of having sold himself to the English, but he didn't win over the public and was the victim of numerous puns and

masks:
Sartine
Sartine
Sartine
Sartine
Antoine de
Sartine


title: Antoine de Sartine

texts:
 epigrams such as this one:

Later years
<mask> lived in retirement in Paris until the start of the French Revolution. Hated by the revolutionary crowds for his tenure as Lieutenant General of Police and his use of the lettres de cachet to imprison people without trial, attacked by Manuel in his La Police de Paris dévoilée ("The Paris Police Uncovered"), he decided to leave France shortly after the Storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, which probably saved his life. His son Charles Marie <mask> <mask>, born in 1760, who was maître des requêtes from the age of 20 until 1791 and chose to stay in France, was arrested in 1794, sentenced to death by the Revolutionary Tribunal, and guillotined on June 17 of that year along with his 19-year-old wife and his mother-in-law the comtesse de Sainte-Amaranthe. <mask> took refuge in Barcelona, where he had spent his childhood.There, he was active among émigré circles. Around 1797 he retired to Tarragona, where he was a member of the enlightened circle of Archbishop Francisco Armañá y Font (Francesc Armanyà i Font). He died in Tarragona in 1801 at the age of 72 without having returned to France. References
 Jacques Michel, Du Paris de Louis XV à La Marine de Louis XVI. L'oeuvre de Monsieur de Sartine. Tome I: La vie de la capitale, Paris, 1983. Jacques Michel, <mask> <mask>, secrétaire d’Etat de la Marine et des Colonies (1774–1780), Neptunia, No.155, 1984. Louis-Gabriel Michaud (ed. ), Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne, Paris, 1843–1865, vol. 38, pp. 36–38. Joseph Droz, Histoire du règne de Louis XVI, Renouard libraire, Paris, 1839, vol. II,  p. 360.Marc Chassaigne, La lieutenance générale de police de Paris, Paris, 1906. 1729 births
1801 deaths
People from Barcelona
18th-century French politicians
Lieutenant generals of police of Paris
Secretaries of State of the Navy (France)
French people

masks:
Sartine
Antoine de
Sartine
Sartine
Antoine de
Sartine


title: Doris M. Modly

texts:
<mask><mask> (née <mask>; January 20, 1933 – March 17, 2018) was a Director of International Health Programs at Case Western Reserve University's (CWRU) Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Director of the World Health Organization's Center for Research and Clinical Training in Home Care Nursing at CWRU (now Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization Collaborating Center, PAHO/WHO), a Professor Nursing at CWRU, and a Consultant for the World Health Organization European Office for Nursing. During her time at CWRU she aided in the development of the doctorate in nursing program and the bachelor of science in nursing program. She is most notable for her work in Central East Europe, especially Hungary, where she established nursing education programs at the university level. <mask> received the Officers Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary, Pro Cultura Hungarcia, and the J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship for her efforts in advancing nursing in the country. Early life
<mask><mask> was born to parents Otto Conrad and <mask> (née Bertani) <mask> on January 20, 1933 in a section of Yugoslavia that was part of Hungary until 1936. As a result of World War II, <mask> was separated from her parents for a period of time before reuniting in Austria in 1951 at the age of eighteen. She immigrated to the United States of America as a high school student in 1952 speaking three languages: German, Serbo-Croatian, and Hungarian.On June 5, 1957 she married Zoltan <mask> and together they had five children: Charlotte, Thomas, <mask>, Suzanne, and <mask>. <mask><mask> died March 17, 2018 at the age of eighty-five. Education

 1957 B.S.N. Case Western Reserve University
 1977 M.S.N. Case Western Reserve University
 1983 M.A. Medical Anthropology, Case Western

masks:
Doris M
. Modly
Matherny
Modly
Doris M
. Modly
Mira
Matherny
Modly
Modly
Dora Maria
Mira Modly
Doris M
. Modly


title: Doris M. Modly

texts:
 Reserve University
 1987 Ph.D. Nursing, Case Western Reserve University

Career

CWRU work
<mask> joined Case Western Reserve University in 1977 aiding in the development of CWRU's doctor in nursing program, the first of its kind in the world, as well as the bachelor of science nursing program.In 1979 she became as an Assistant Professor of Psychiatric Mental Health and remained in the position until 1982 eventually serving in the role again from 1988 until 1989. From 1982 until 1985 she acted as the Senior Instructor of Psychiatric Mental Health. <mask> also performed the job of an Assistant Professor of Acute and Critical Care from 1980 through 1990. From 1994 to 1996 she worked as Associate Professor of Nursing before being promoted to Professor of Nursing. Additionally, <mask> was Director of the B.S.N. and N.D. programs and Director of the International Health Program. On July 1, 1998 she was appointed as Professor Emerita of Nursing at CWRU.As Director of the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization Collaborating Center, PAHO/WHO at Case Western Reserve University (formerly, the World Health Organization's Collaborating Center for Research and Clinical Training in Home Care Nursing) <mask>dly developed international nursing programs geared towards development of education, practice, research, and leadership for primary care. Foreign work
<mask>'s service spanned Central and East Europe where she as a consultant for the World Health Organization European Office of Nursing; there she facilitated the reconstruction and improvement of nursing programs. Her service also touched Latin America and Africa were she functioned as a program consultant. <mask>'s work is most recognized in Hungary where as a senior nursing education fellow of Project HOPE as a fellow she

masks: Modly Modly Modly Mo Modly Modly


title: Doris M. Modly

texts:
 reconstructed the nursing programs from the established practice of vocational training to baccalaureate in nursing programs by developing the curriculum to a standard that matched the western world and complied with the Europe Nursing Council guidelines. Her success in the country was in part due to her ability to speak Hungarian, enabling her to earn the trust of her students and teach in the native tongue. Her efforts established the first baccalaureate program in the country which is part of the School of Health Sciences at the University of Pecs. J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship
In 1996, <mask><mask> was given a J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship to continue her service in the development of Hungary's first baccalaureate nursing program.The scholarship allowed her to spend five months in Hungary giving faculty development workshops in four extensions of the University of Pecs nursing program, seminars of nursing research and nursing issues, and teach how psychiatric mental health related to death, dying, and bereavement. Additionally, the timing of her trip (early 1997) enabled her to see the graduation of the first nursing students with baccalaureate diplomas. She was the first nurse-educator to be a Fulbright scholar in Hungary. The scholarship also permitted her to work with the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Nursing in Budapest and the University of Maribor in Slovenia. Additionally, through the program she continued her research from CWRU on how women from different cultures cope with breast cancer. Publications

 "An Adaptation of Ego Function Assessment Techniques During Transactions with a Schizophrenic Existence"
 "Paranoid States"
 "Comparison of Teaching Behaviors Used by Nurse Practitioner and Physician Faculty Teaching Primary

masks:
Doris M
. Modly


title: Doris M. Modly

texts:
 Care"
 Home Care Nursing Services: International Lessons
 Member of the editorial board of Nover: the Hungarian Nursing Journal
 Member of the editorial council of the Latin American Journal of Nursing. Honors and awards

Officers Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic Of Hungary
President of the Republic of Hungary, Arpad Goncz, awarded <mask><mask> the Officers Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary on August 10, 1993 for her work in the advancing the nursing education programs in Hungary.The award recognized her efforts to introduce the first baccalaureate program in nursing through several universities across the country. Pro Cultura Hungarcia
On May 29, 1997, the secretary of education for the Republic of Hungary, Bálint <mask>, presented <mask> with "Pro Cultura Hungarcia" medal in Budapest. Hungarian Republic's of Department of Education created the annual award in 1991 in order to honor citizens of foreign countries whose educational activities in Hungary received the highest recognition while simultaneously playing an important and outstanding role to disseminate Hungarian and other nations culture abroad. The award was given on account of <mask>'s six years of work to advance nursing education from vocational and secondary schools to higher levels of education in Hungary. <mask> was the first nurse-educator to receive the award. Other awards

 Proclamation of Congratulations: Mayor of the City of Cleveland 1994
 Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing 1995
 Certificate of Appreciation: Project HOPE 1995
 Who's Who in American Nursing 1995
 Who's Who in Medicine and Healthcare 1996
 Distinguished Alumna Award- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing 1997

References

1933 births
2018 deaths
World Health Organization officials
Case Western Reserve

masks:
Doris M
. Modly
Magyar
Modly
Modly
Modly


title: Joe DeRenzo

texts:
<mask> (born November 1, 1958) is an American jazz drummer, composer and producer. He is also a member of the Screen Actors Guild. <mask> has worked with Nile's Project to help stop MRSA through public awareness concerts featuring his Beatles tribute band Joe DeRenzo & Friends, a jazzy tribute to The Beatles. Biography

1958-70
<mask> was born and raised in Orange County, California, and resided in the city of Anaheim and in what is now known as Anaheim Hills for the early part of his life through 1970. It was during these years that his interest in music began by way of his dad's record collection which included the LPs of Frank Sinatra, Ray Charles, Louie Bellson and Boots Randolph. While attending St. Catherine's Military Academy from 1964 through 1966, the sound of the drums from the cadet marching band served as the inspiration for DeRenzo to fashion his first pair of drumsticks in his uncle's garage. "Thanks to the Beatles' appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, Ringo Starr was probably the first drummer that made an impression on me."By the mid- to late 1960s, AM and FM radio begin to provide the alternative soundtrack to his expanding musical awareness with pop bands such as the Beatles, Rolling Stones and Lovin Spoonful. Intrigued by the cover art of, most notably Jimi Hendrix's Are You Experienced? and Cream's Disraeli Gears, <mask> begins his fascination with late 1960s Pop-Art including Peter Max posters, scarves and school notebooks. Using his friend's copy of the In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida LP as a practice pad, he woodsheds to the Ron Bushy psychedelic opus and drum solo virtually destroying the cover in the process. 1971-89
Fall of

masks:
Joseph Peter DeRenzo
DeRenzo
DeRenzo
DeRenzo


title: Joe DeRenzo

texts: 1971 in Laguna Hills, California, <mask> meets future Tasca bandmates Bob Greco and Glenn Papandrea. Original lineup for Tasca is Bob Greco, Glenn Papandrea, Mike Tortorette, Jeff Petrie (now Sargeant), <mask>. The band plays its first gig at a girl's birthday party.The girl is disappointed when the band is unable to play her request of Puppy Love. The band is paid $10.00 which nets <mask> his first professional scratch of $2.00. After an altercation at rehearsal, Tortorette is forced out of the band. The quartet continues playing junior high school dances and parties then disbands over creative differences within two years. April 6, 1974, <mask> is one of 250,000 music fans attending The California Jam at the Ontario Motor Speedway. August 1974, begins working at The Music House, a small sole proprietorship and retail music store near his home owned by Dan Molinari. There he meets jazz guitarist and luthier Alan Simcoe.<mask> is influenced by both Molinari and Simcoe to study jazz. At the store he reads his first copy of Downbeat Magazine. Following his graduation from Mission Viejo High School and Silverado continuation school on February 9, 1976, <mask> attends Saddleback College to study jazz music in the Thursday night Big Band under the direction of Bill Kirk. Fall of 1978, <mask> goes with Dan Molinari to hear Robben Ford at Dante's, a jazz club on Lankershim Blvd in North Hollywood and meets Dan's hometown friend Russell Ferrante. January 1979, <mask> attends the Winter NAMM show and catches Jaco Pastorius and Peter Erskine Bass & Drum concert at the Acoustic Amplifier booth. After a meeting at the trade-show, <mask> begins

masks:
DeRenzo
Joe DeRenzo
DeRenzo
DeRenzo
DeRenzo
DeRenzo
DeRenzo
DeRenzo
DeRenzo


title: Joe DeRenzo

texts: studying drums with Erskine at his home in Encino, California. 1981, <mask> meets jazz pianist Tom Zink on a Saddleback Big Band gig at Mission Viejo Mall.This leads to forming a band with bass player Bill Bieschke and Canadian jazz guitarist Brian Hughes who Bill meets at GIT in Hollywood. The band known as The Brian Hughes Group performs at LA jazz clubs including Two Dollar Bills and others in the Southern California area including The Wind and Sea in Dana Point. Summer of 1982, <mask>, Tom Zink and Bill Bieschke travel to Edmonton, Alberta, to perform at Walden's and other clubs in Edmonton and in Banff, Alberta. Thanksgiving weekend, 1984, <mask> travels to Las Vegas to audition for Las Vegas lounge act, the Dae Han Sisters and is offered the job. <mask> stays with the band for 10 months performing in the lounges of The Flamingo and International Hilton in Las Vegas, Reno Hilton and other venues. During this time at an outside gig for a Los Angeles hotel, jazz guitarist Grant Geissman sits in with the band for the evening. Upon leaving The Dae Han Sisters, <mask> turns his interests to film, theatre and acting.Fall of 1985, begins attending Jack Manning's scene study workshop in Los Angeles. Over the next two years performs scenes primarily of playwrights David Mamet and Sam Shepard. October 1987, DeRenzo joins the Screen Actors Guild. For the next two years works on several movies, commercials and TV shows as an extra and uncredited bit parts including a party goer with Charlie Sheen for Japanese TV commercial, Tokyo Gas. The costumed "Mr Sparks" on It's Garry Shandling's Show (season 2, episode 10). 1940's cop with Perry King for

masks: DeRenzo DeRenzo DeRenzo DeRenzo DeRenzo


title: Joe DeRenzo

texts:
 the TV movie, "Shakedown on the Sunset Strip" CBS 1988. After a preproduction photo session for the film Bird, DeRenzo is offered a ride by a then future Academy Award-winning actor Forest Whitaker.1990-2009
October 1992, <mask> moves to Seattle, Washington. For the next 8 years, <mask> focuses on his photography with the German-made panoramic camera known as the Noblex. September 1998, meets artist Peter Max on Lexington Avenue and 31st Street in New York City. Over the next two years <mask> works on several photographic projects with Max which include 3-D and panoramic formats. 2002 Abrams Books publishes The Art of Peter Max containing several of <mask>'s photographs including a 360 degree panorama of Max's studio and the hangar photo of the Boeing 777 painted for the millennium celebration as a roving ambassador for the city of New York. Photo credits in the book appear as Joseph DeRenzo. January 2005, <mask> records his first CD entitled "Of Night and Day" with longtime friend and jazz pianist Tom Zink.On the project is founding Yellowjackets members Russell Ferrante and Jimmy Haslip. This release is followed up in January 2006 with the recording of "Core Beliefs" which included Bob Mintzer and Brian Hughes. March 16, 2007, ESC Records releases "Dante's View" which is a compilation of "Of Night and Day" and "Core Beliefs". November 2007, ESC Records releases "Step Inside LOVE, a jazzy tribute to The Beatles which features <mask>'s recording of She's A Woman from "Core Beliefs". March 2008, <mask> stages the first of two public awareness concerts with Nile's Project at Saddleback College presented as "A Night For Nile". June 2009,

masks: DeRenzo DeRenzo DeRenzo DeRenzo DeRenzo DeRenzo DeRenzo


title: Joe DeRenzo

texts:
 Anne Walsh and Tom Zink release the "Pretty World" CD which includes lyrics penned by <mask> for the compositions of Pat Metheny "So May It Secretly Begin", Keith Jarrett "My Song" and Don Grolnick "Pools". December 3, 2009, <mask> is informed that Tom Zink is nominated for a Grammy in the Arranging Category for his arrangement of "In The Still Of The Night" from the "Pretty World" CD.2010-2015
Author Walter Kolosky commissions <mask> to design the book cover for Follow Your Heart: John McLaughlin - song by song. The listener's guide is published by Abstract Logix Books on November 1, 2010. September 2011, Anne Walsh and Tom Zink release the "Go" CD which includes lyrics penned by <mask> for the composition of Wayne Shorter "Go". Influences
Music and Drums: Beatles, Chick Corea, <mask>, Keith Jarrett, John McLaughlin, Pat Metheny, Jack DeJohnette, Peter Erskine, Billy Cobham, Lenny White, John Guerin, Steve Gadd, Airto. Authors: Leonard Peikoff, Ayn Rand, Christopher Hitchens, Camille Paglia. Discography
 Dante's View (ESC, 2007)

References

 Walter Kolosky, Jazz Improv Magazine, October 2005, page 46
 Walter Kolosky, Power, Passion and Beauty: The Story of the Legendary Mahavishnu Orchestra, page 280, Abstract Logix Books 2006
 Walter Kolosky, Follow Your Heart: John McLaughlin song by song, page 302, Abstract Logix Books 2010

External links
  Official site

1958 births
Living people
American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
American jazz drummers
Record producers from California
People from Anaheim Hills, California
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
20th-century American male musicians
Jazz musicians

masks:
DeRenzo
DeRenzo
DeRenzo
DeRenzo
Joe Zawinul


title: Rose Villain

texts:
Rosa Luini (born 20 July 1989), best known as <mask>, is an Italian singer-songwriter. She is one of few Italian musicians to write and record mainly in English. Villain achieved popularity first in 2016, thanks to the certified platinum single Don Medellín together with Italian rapper Salmo and then in 2020 with the certified quadruple platinum single Chico, together the Italian rapper Guè Pequeno. Furthermore, <mask>in signed a deal with the Italian hip hop label Machete Empire Records and also the signed a record deal with Republic Records. Early life
Born and raised in Milan, she begins to discover her predisposition for singing in elementary schools. At only 18 years old she moved to Los Angeles, where she studied contemporary music at the Musicians Institute of Hollywood, taking the major in rock music. At the Musician Institute, <mask> studies all musical instruments and will be encouraged by her teachers to delve into writing lyrics.During the Los Angeles years she starts to sing into a punk rock cover band called The Villains, from here derives her name <mask>in. Years later she moved to New York City, where she completed her studies in theater and musicals at Broadway. After completed her studies she met her managers, Mark Gartenberg a former A&R of Sony Music Entertainment and Eric Beall ex vice president creative of Sony ATV who also contributed to launch the career of Britney Spears during his years at Zomba and Jive Records. A couple years later she'll met her executive producer and partner in life, the Italian multiplatinum

masks:
Rose Villain
Rose Villa
Rose
Rose Villa


title: Rose Villain

texts:
 producer SIXPM. Career

2016–2017: the debut singles

In 2016, she signed with the famous Italian hip hop independent label, Machete Empire Records label founded in 2012 by DJ Slait, Enigma and Hell Raton, becoming the first female artist of the roster. On 19 July of the same year she released her debut single Get The Fuck Out of my Pool who mix electronic music and hip hop, the music video of the song was shot between Brooklyn and Manhattan. A couple of months later she released her second single Geisha which will make her earn the tile artist of the month on the Italian MTV New Generation.On 11 November 2016, the Italian rapper Salmo released the single Don Medellín for the re-release of his album Hellvisback, the song is featuring <mask> and it peaked at number 13 on the official Italian single charts of FIMI, today the song is certified platinum and it reached more than 16 millions of views on YouTube. In 2017 Villain signs a distribution deal with Universal Music Germany, through the label she released the remix version of her single Geisha, who was remixed by Swanky Tunes. In the same year she released the singles Kitty Kitty and Don't Call The Po-Po for which she shot and directed the music video in New York. In 2020, Don't Call The Po-Po took part of the soundtrack of the second season of L.A.'s Finest. The first singles immediately caught the attention of Eddie O'Loughlin of Republic Records, who decided to meet <mask> and offer her a record deal. 2018–2019: Signing with Republic Records
In early 2018, she announced the signing with

masks:
Rose Villain
Rose Villain


title: Rose Villain

texts:
 Republic Records, thus marking the record for being the first Italian artist to ever sign a record deal with the label. The first single with Republic Records, Funeral Party was released on 20 July 2018.The song is mix between pop and dancehall, the music video of the song is directed by the same Villain and it was shot at top of 2018 in Kingston, Jamaica. In the same year she signed with Next Model Management. On 26 July 2019, she released her second single with Republic Records called SWOOP! produced by Sidney Swift and Sixpm and written by <mask> and Annika Wells  which contains a sample of Whoomp! (There It Is) by Tag Team, in the same period she released Kanye Loves Kanye via Island Records UK, with MDNT and SIXPM. At the end of 2019, <mask> ends her contract with Republic Records and decided to be an independent artist for a while, she released in the fall of the same year two singles Sneakers and It's Snowing Motherfucker, for which she already released the music video in December 2018. 2020– present: The debut with her first single in Italian
In 2020, <mask> signed a new record deal with Arista, Sony Music Italy and she released her first single in Italian named Bundy.A couple months later she released the official single in Italian titled Il Diavolo Piange, the video of the song was shot in New York and is directed by Joe Mischo also known as Brume, a popular director from Los Angeles. In the summer of 2020 was released the single Chico by the Italian rapper Guè Pequeno the single is part of his certified platinum seventh studio album

masks:
Rose Villain
Rose Villain
Rose Villain


title: Rose Villain

texts: Mr. Fini and is featuring <mask> together the Italian rapper Luchè. Initially Chico was a record written in English and meant to be a single for Republic Records that was never released, after listen to the record, rapper Guè Pequeno asked to <mask> to translate the lyrics in Italian as he wanted to use it for his new album. Chico became a huge success in Italy, it peaked at number 5 on the official singles chart of FIMI, as today is certified quadruple platinum, reaching more than 19 million views on Vevo and more than 50 millions streams on Spotify, it's also one of the ten top-selling songs in 2020 in Italy. After the huge success of Chico, <mask> released her third single in Italian titled Goodbye. At the end of 2020 the Swiss melodic death metal band Dreamshade announced their new album set to be released in March 2021 named A Pale Blue Dot, one of the song of the album called Stone Cold Digital is featuring <mask>. On February 15, 2021, Italian rapper Mondo Marcio released his EP titled My Beautiful Bloody Break up, one of the songs titled Corona Love Story seen Villain as featured artists.On April 13, 2021, she announced her collaboration with Paco Rabanne for which she was chosen as testimonial for the launch of the fragrance Lady Million Fabolous, On May 4, 2021, was released the single Soli together the Italian rapper Giaime. On July 2, 2021, she released via Coulumbia Records Italy and Arista Records Italy the single Elvis featuring Guè Pequeno and SIXPM who produced also the record, she recorded the record few months back in Santo

masks:
Rose Villain
Rose Villain
Rose Villain
Rose Villain


title: Rose Villain

texts: Domingo, the single contains a sample of Heartbreak Hotel of Elvis Presley. The video of the single directed by The Astronauts was released on August 6 2021. The single to date has surpassed over 3 million plays on Spotify. On July 9, 2021, Italian DJ and producer Don Joe released his album entitled Milano Soprano, the album contains the single Kandinsky which seen <mask> and Italian rapper Ernia as featured artists. On July 23 2021, Italian rapper Emis Killa released the mixtape Keta Music Vol 3, the mixtape includes the song Psycho which seen <mask>in as featured artist. On September 1, 2021, <mask> was chosen by Apple Music as the Up Next Italia artist, the Apple Music initiative aimed at identifying and promoting emerging talents.On September 15, 2021, on the occasion of 100 Years of Fashion of L'Officiel Italia, she has been selected by Italian singer Elisa as one of the most relevant female presences in Italian music. On October 8, 2021, the single Eva+Eva by Italian singer Annalisa was released, the song is contained in the album Nuda, for the occasion, the singer decided to revisit the song and launch it as a single in collaboration with another female artist of the Italian scene, so she chooses <mask>in. The music video of Eva + Eva was released on October 12, 2021, on the YouTube channel of Warner Music Italy. On November 12, 2021, Villain released the single Gangsta Love featuring the Italian rapper Rosa Chemical via Columbia e Arista records Italy. On December 10, 2021, her third collaboration with Guè Pequeno was released for the

masks:
Rose Villain
Rose Villa
Rose Villain
Rose Villa


title: Rose Villain

texts:
 song Piango sulla Lambo included in the seventh album of the rapper titled Guesus On the same day, <mask>in she also the songwriter of the song Luna piena of Orietta Berti. Musical influences

<mask> is very inspired by film director such as Quentin Tarantino, David Fincher, Stanley Kubrick and Alfred Hitchcock, other than be very passionate of criminology, passion that also led her to attend courses in the United States. Those interests brought Villain to create her dark sound, which mix rock and hip hop, she also inspired by artists such as Nirvana, Guns N' Roses, The Rolling Stones, Johnny Cash, The Notorious B.I.G., 2Pac, Kanye West, Ty Dolla $ign and Kid Cudi.Villain also said that she's inspired by Italian songwriter Lucio Battisti. Discography

Singles
As solo artist
 2016 – "Get the Fuck Out of My Pool"
 2016 – "Geisha"
 2017 – "Kitty Kitty"
 2017 – "Don't Call the Po-Po"
 2018 – "Funeral Party"
 2018 – "It's Snowing Motherfucker"
 2019 – "SWOOP!" 2019 – "Sneakers"
 2020 – "Bundy"
 2020 – "Il Diavolo Piange"
 2020 – "Goodbye"
 2021 – "Elvis (feat. Guè Pequeno)"
 2021 – "Gangsta Love'' (feat. Rosa Chemical)"

Guest appearances
 2016 – "Don Medellín" (Salmo feat. <mask>in)
 2019 – "Kanye Loves Kanye" (with MDNT & SIXPM)
 2020 – "Chico" (Gué Pequeno feat. <mask>in & Luchè)
 2021 – "Stone Cold Digital" (Dreamshade feat.<mask>in)
 2021 – "Corona Love Story" (Mondo Marcio feat. <mask>)
 2021 - "Soli" (Giaime feat. <mask>)
 2021 – "KANDISKY" (Don Joe feat. Ernia & <mask>in)
 2021 – "Psycho" (Emis Killa feat. <mask>)
 2021 – "Eva + Eva"

masks:
Rose Villa
Rose Villain
Rose Villa
Rose Villa
Rose Villa
Rose Villain
Rose Villain
Rose Villa
Rose Villain


title: Rose Villain

texts:
 (Annalisa feat. <mask>)
 2021 – "Piango sulla lambo ((Gué Pequeno feat. <mask>)"

References

External links

1989 births
English-language singers from Italy
Living people
Musicians from Milan
Women pop singers
People from Milan
Italian rock singers
Italian rappers
Italian pop singers
Italian women singer-songwriters
Italian singer-songwriters
21st-century Italian singers
21st-century Italian women


title: Dan Roodt

texts:
<mask> (born 26 May 1957) is an Afrikaner author, publisher, and commentator. Early life and education
Roodt was born in the mining town of Springs, east of Johannesburg, South Africa. He completed his schooling in Johannesburg, after which he enrolled for a Bachelor's degree at the University of Witwatersrand. Roodt has six degrees, including a PhD from the University of the Witwatersrand in Afrikaans, obtained with a thesis on the works of  in 1994. Career
Roodt lectured at the University of Durban-Westville for a while, and in 1985 left South Africa for France to avoid conscription in the South African Defence Force. Times LIVE said that in the 1980s, Roodt was an anti-establishment anarchist, but that now "he is branded a right-wing reactionary" for his "vehement anti-ANC essays". Two of his literary works had been banned by the South African government in 1980, a time of strict censorship.After returning to South Africa in 1992, Roodt worked for Citibank until 1999, and in 2000 he co-founded PRAAG (Pro-Afrikaanse Aksiegroep, or Pro-Afrikaans Action Group), which describes itself as an extra-parliamentary movement devoted to the rights of Afrikaners. PRAAG also has a publishing division, which has published some of his recent works. Roodt has contributed articles to Focus, the journal of the liberal Helen Suzman Foundation, columns to American Renaissance, a white nationalist magazine, various scientific or academic journals in South Africa as well as a host of articles in South African newspapers. He has also appeared on television and radio talk shows in South Africa. In May 2011 Roodt stood for the Freedom Front Plus during the municipal elections as a candidate in Johannesburg, but was not


title: Dan Roodt

texts:
 elected. Roodt is the deputy leader and spokesperson of South African right-wing political party Front Nasionaal formed in late 2013 which promotes separatism and Afrikaner self-determination. The Sunday newspaper Rapport reported on 8 February 2015 that Roodt had been "voted out of the party" without him being aware of it.He was quoted in the article as saying that "he would henceforth be devoting his energy to his publishing company, Praag... I am disillusioned with Afrikaner politics. I am finished with Afrikaner politics." Activism
Roodt has strong views on the preservation of Afrikaans and Afrikaner culture, which has led to some controversy in the South African media. He maintains a blog and the PRAAG website, commenting on issues in South Africa. Roodt also regularly writes letters regarding political matters to various South African newspapers and the literary e-zine LitNet. Controversy

Roodt caused a controversy after creating an internet site about South African journalist, writer and activist Max du Preez.Roodt explained that he had set up the site 'so that everyone who has always wanted to say something about "this idiot and prat", but did not have the means, now has the opportunity'. When contacted by Afrikaans Sunday newspaper Rapport for comment, Du Preez replied that 'it only confirms what I suspected: That <mask> has a homo-erotic fixation with me'. In May 2011, the domain name in question was seized by the regulator of South African web domain names, and given to Du Preez. A judge ruled that <mask> had misused Du Preez's name as part of a slanderous campaign against the latter. The website has since been offline. In March 2010 <mask> advised Afrikaners to support the football team

masks: Dan Roodt Roodt


title: Dan Roodt

texts:
 of the Netherlands instead of the South African team in the FIFA World Cup, hosted by South Africa in June and July 2010. In May 2010 Roodt travelled to Europe where he met with members of the Swedish Resistant Movement (Swedish: Svenska Motståndsrörelsen) a Scandinavian group which describes itself as a National Socialist organisation.Roodt was the subject of a report for The Daily Show entitled The Amazing Racists by comedian John Oliver in June 2010 in which Roodt made a number of prejudiced statements about black South Africans. This led Oliver to satirically declare Roodt's views as representing "some of the finest examples of vintage bigotry". Roodt stated that producers of the show had edited the interview to portray him in a negative light and threatened to sue the show. The South African Afrikaans civil rights organisation AfriForum publicly criticised Roodts statements as racist. In 2012, the Press Ombudsman ordered the weekly tabloid Sondag to publish a front-page apology to Roodt for publishing a defamatory article about him. Writing
Roodt's first novel, Sonneskyn en Chevrolet (Taurus, 1980), is an anti-establishment commentary on South African society (and specifically Afrikaner society) of that time. His only published volume of poetry to date, Kommas uit 'n boomzol (Uitgewery Pannevis, 1980), structurally parodies Komas uit 'n bamboesstok (Human & Rousseau, 1979), a volume of poetry by the Afrikaans poet D.J.Opperman. Afrikaans literary critic John Kannemeyer asserts that there is 'no one poem of any intrinsic value' in Kommas uit 'n boomzol, and similarly views <mask>'s subsequent prose work Twee sinne (Taurus, 1985). Roodt's first publication after Twee sinne is a critical essay on


title: Dan Roodt

texts:
 the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) entitled Om die Waarheidskommissie te vergeet ('Forgetting the Truth Commission', 2001). This would be PRAAG's first publication of one of Roodt's works. In 2004, PRAAG published the novel Moltrein, which is about a promising musician who leaves South Africa during the 1980s to avoid military service in the South African Defence Force. In 2005 Roodt released The Scourge of the ANC (PRAAG), a critique of the ANC, and also of the former South African government under leadership of FW de Klerk. The following year, Aweregs (PRAAG, 2006), another collection of political essays, was released.Regarding Aweregs, Venter notes that if the ultimate aim of the book is

to demonstrate the author's pessimism regarding Africa, the African National Congress (ANC), "the new" South Africa, and supporters of the idea that Afrikaans can only survive by developing multilingualism in South Africa, then Roodt's vision succeeds. But it is a limited and distressing vision. In 2015, <mask> published an essay Raiders of the Lost Empire: South Africa's English Identity (PRAAG) in which he "explores the country's 'new' English identity which is founded on the old colonial identity of the nineteenth century when the redcoats invaded the Cape of Good Hope." Personal life
<mask> currently lives with his wife, Karin (née Bredenkamp), and their three children in Johannesburg, South Africa. References

External links

 Homepage of the Pro-Afrikaans Action Group

1957 births
Living people
Afrikaner people
People from Springs, Gauteng
South African people of Dutch descent
Afrikaans-language writers
Afrikaner nationalists
South African white nationalists
South African male

masks: Roodt Roodt


title: Justinian II

texts:
<mask> II (; 668/9 – 4 November 711), surnamed Rhinotmetos or Rhinotmetus (ὁ Ῥινότμητος, "the slit-nosed"), was the last Byzantine emperor of the Heraclian dynasty, reigning from 685 to 695 and again from 705 to 711. Like <mask> I, <mask> II was an ambitious and passionate ruler who was keen to restore the Roman Empire to its former glories, but he responded brutally to any opposition to his will and lacked the finesse of his father, Constantine IV. Consequently, he generated enormous opposition to his reign, resulting in his deposition in 695 in a popular uprising. He only returned to the throne in 705 with the help of a Bulgar and Slav army. His second reign was even more despotic than the first, and it too saw his eventual overthrow in 711. He was abandoned by his army, who turned on him before killing him. First reign
<mask> II was the eldest son of Emperor Constantine IV and Anastasia.His father raised him to the throne as joint emperor in 681 on the fall of his uncles Heraclius and Tiberius. In 685, at the age of sixteen, <mask> II succeeded his father as sole emperor. Due to Constantine IV's victories, the situation in the Eastern provinces of the Empire was stable when <mask> ascended the throne. After a preliminary strike against the Arabs in Armenia,  <mask> managed to augment the sum paid by the Umayyad Caliphs as an annual tribute, and to regain control of part of Cyprus. The incomes of the provinces of Armenia and Iberia were divided among the two empires. In 687, as part of his agreements with the Caliphate, <mask> removed from their native

masks: Justinian Justinian Justinian Justinian Justinian Justinian Justinian Justinian


title: Justinian II

texts: Lebanon 12,000 Christian Maronites, who continually resisted the Arabs. Additional resettlement efforts, aimed at the Mardaites and inhabitants of Cyprus, allowed Justinian to reinforce naval forces depleted by earlier conflicts.In 688, <mask> signed a treaty with the Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan which rendered Cyprus neutral ground, with its tax revenue split. <mask> took advantage of the peace in the East to regain possession of the Balkans, which were before then almost totally under the heel of Slavic tribes. In 687 <mask> transferred cavalry troops from Anatolia to Thrace. With a great military campaign in 688–689, <mask> defeated the Bulgars of Macedonia and was finally able to enter Thessalonica, the second most important Byzantine city in Europe. The subdued Slavs were resettled in Anatolia, where they were to provide a military force of 30,000 men. Emboldened by the increase of his forces in Anatolia, <mask> now renewed the war against the Arabs. With the help of his new troops, <mask> won a battle against the enemy in Armenia in 693, but they were soon bribed to revolt by the Arabs.The result was that <mask> was comprehensively defeated at the Battle of Sebastopolis, caused by the defection of most of his Slavic troops, while he himself was forced to flee to the Propontis. There, according to Theophanes, he took out his frustration by slaughtering as many of the Slavs in and around Opsikion as he could lay his hands on. In the meantime, a Patrician by the name of Symbatius proceeded to rebel in Armenia, and opened up the province to the Arabs,

masks: Justinian Justinian Justinian Justinian Justinian Justinian Justinian


title: Justinian II

texts: who proceeded to conquer it in 694–695. Meanwhile, the Emperor's bloody persecution of the Manichaeans and suppression of popular traditions of non-Chalcedonian origin caused dissension within the Church. In 692 Justinian convened the so-called Quinisext Council at Constantinople to put his religious policies into effect. The Council expanded and clarified the rulings of the Fifth and Sixth ecumenical councils, but by highlighting differences between the Eastern and Western observances (such as the marriage of priests and the Roman practice of fasting on Saturdays) the council compromised Byzantine relations with the Roman Church. The emperor ordered Pope Sergius I arrested, but the militias of Rome and Ravenna rebelled and took the Pope's side.<mask> contributed to the development of the thematic organization of the Empire, creating a new theme of Hellas in southern Greece and numbering the heads of the four major themes of the Opsikion, Anatolikon, Thracesion and Armeniakon, and the naval Karabisianoi corps, among the senior administrators of the Empire. He also sought to protect the rights of peasant freeholders, who served as the main recruitment pool for the armed forces of the Empire, against attempts by the aristocracy to acquire their land. This put him in direct conflict with some of the largest landholders in the Empire. While his land policies threatened the aristocracy, his tax policy was very unpopular with the common people. Through his agents Stephen and Theodotos, the emperor raised the funds to gratify his sumptuous tastes and his mania for


title: Justinian II

texts:
 erecting costly buildings. This, ongoing religious discontent, conflicts with the aristocracy, and displeasure over his resettlement policy eventually drove his subjects into rebellion. In 695 the population rose under Leontios, the strategos of Hellas, and proclaimed him Emperor.<mask> was deposed and his nose was cut off (later replaced by a solid gold replica of his original) to prevent his again seeking the throne: such mutilation was common in Byzantine culture. He was exiled to Cherson in the Crimea. Leontius, after a reign of three years, was in turn dethroned and imprisoned by Tiberius Apsimarus, who next assumed the throne. Exile
While in exile, <mask> began to plot and gather supporters for an attempt to retake the throne. <mask> became a liability to Cherson and the authorities decided to return him to Constantinople in 702 or 703. He escaped from Cherson and received help from Busir, the khagan of the Khazars, who received him enthusiastically and gave him his sister as a bride. Justinian renamed her Theodora, after the wife of <mask> I.They were given a home in the town of Phanagoria, at the entrance to the sea of Azov. Busir was offered a bribe by Tiberius to kill his brother-in-law, and dispatched two Khazar officials, Papatzys and Balgitzin, to do the deed. Warned by his wife, <mask> strangled Papatzys and Balgitzin with his own hands. He sailed in a fishing boat to Cherson, summoned his supporters, and they all sailed westwards across the Black Sea. As the ship bearing Justinian sailed along the northern coast of the Black Sea, he and his

masks: Justinian Justinian Justinian Justinian Justinian


title: Justinian II

texts: crew became caught up in a storm somewhere between the mouths of the Dniester and the Dnieper Rivers. While it was raging, one of his companions reached out to Justinian saying that if he promised God that he would be magnanimous, and not seek revenge on his enemies when he was returned to the throne, they would all be spared. <mask> retorted: "If I spare a single one of them, may God drown me here".Having survived the storm, <mask> next approached Tervel of Bulgaria. Tervel agreed to provide all the military assistance necessary for <mask> to regain his throne in exchange for financial considerations, the award of a Caesar's crown, and the hand of <mask>'s daughter, Anastasia, in marriage. In spring 705, with an army of 15,000 Bulgar and Slav horsemen, <mask> appeared before the walls of Constantinople. For three days, <mask> tried to convince the citizens of Constantinople to open the gates, but to no avail. Unable to take the city by force, he and some companions entered through an unused water conduit under the walls of the city, roused their supporters, and seized control of the city in a midnight coup d'état. <mask> once more ascended the throne, breaking the tradition preventing the mutilated from Imperial rule. After tracking down his predecessors, he had his rivals Leontius and Tiberius brought before him in chains in the Hippodrome.There, before a jeering populace, <mask>, now wearing a golden nasal prosthesis, placed his feet on the necks of Tiberius and Leontios in a symbolic gesture of subjugation before ordering their execution by beheading,


title: Justinian II

texts:
 followed by many of their partisans, as well as deposing, blinding and exiling Patriarch Kallinikos I of Constantinople to Rome. Second reign
His second reign was marked by unsuccessful warfare against Bulgaria and the Caliphate, and by cruel suppression of opposition at home. In 708 <mask> turned on Bulgarian Khan Tervel, whom he had earlier crowned Caesar, and invaded Bulgaria, apparently seeking to recover the territories ceded to Tervel as a reward for his support in 705. The Emperor was defeated, blockaded in Anchialus, and forced to retreat. Peace between Bulgaria and Byzantium was quickly restored. This defeat was followed by Arab victories in Asia Minor, where the cities of Cilicia fell into the hands of the enemy, who penetrated into Cappadocia in 709–711. He ordered Pope <mask> to recognize the decisions of the Quinisext Council and simultaneously fitted out a punitive expedition against Ravenna in 709 under the command of the Patrician Theodore.The expedition was led to reinstate the Western Church's authority over Ravenna, which was taken as a sign of disobedience to the emperor, and revolutionary sentiment. The repression succeeded, and the new Pope Constantine visited Constantinople in 710. <mask>, after receiving Holy Communion at the hands of the pope, renewed all the privileges of the Roman Church. Exactly what passed between them on the subject of the Quinisext Council is not known. It would appear, however, that Constantine approved most of the canons. This would be the last time a Pope visited the city until the visit of Pope Paul VI to

masks:
Justinian
John VII
Justinian


title: Justinian II

texts:
 Istanbul in 1967. <mask>'s rule provoked another uprising against him.Cherson revolted, and under the leadership of the exiled general Bardanes the city held out against a counter-attack. Soon, the forces sent to suppress the rebellion joined it. The rebels then seized the capital and proclaimed Bardanes as Emperor Philippicus; <mask> had been on his way to Armenia, and was unable to return to Constantinople in time to defend it. He was arrested and executed in November 711, his head being exhibited in Rome and Ravenna. On hearing the news of his death, <mask>'s mother took his six-year-old son and co-emperor, Tiberius, to sanctuary at St. Mary's Church in Blachernae, but was pursued by Philippicus' henchmen, who dragged the child from the altar and, once outside the church, murdered him, thus eradicating the line of Heraclius. Legacy

<mask>'s reign saw the continued slow and ongoing process of transformation of the Byzantine Empire, as the traditions inherited from the ancient Latin Roman state were gradually being eroded. This is most clearly seen in the coinage of Justinian's reign, which saw the reintroduction of the Loros, the traditional consular costume that had not been seen on Imperial coinage for a century, while the office itself had not been celebrated for nearly half a century.This was linked to <mask>'s decision to unify the office of consul with that of emperor thus making the Emperor the head of state not only de facto but also de jure. Although the office of the consulate would continue to exist until Emperor Leo VI the Wise formally


title: Justinian II

texts:
 abolished it with Novel 94, it was Justinian who effectively brought the consulate as a separate political entity to an end. He was formally appointed as Consul in 686, and from that point, <mask> II adopted the title of consul for all the Julian years of his reign, consecutively numbered. Though at times undermined by his own despotic tendencies, <mask> was a talented and perceptive ruler who succeeded in improving the standing of the Byzantine Empire. A pious ruler, <mask> was the first emperor to include the image of Christ on coinage issued in his name and attempted to outlaw various pagan festivals and practices that persisted in the Empire. He may have self-consciously modelled himself on his namesake, <mask> I, as seen in his enthusiasm for large-scale construction projects and the renaming of his Khazar wife with the name of Theodora. Among the building projects he undertook was the creation of the triklinos, an extension to the imperial palace, a decorative cascade fountain located at the Augusteum, and a new Church of the Virgin at Petrion.<mask> II is venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church on 2 August. Family
By his first wife Eudokia, <mask> II had at least one daughter, Anastasia, who was betrothed to the Bulgarian ruler Tervel. By his second wife, Theodora of Khazaria, <mask> II had a son, Tiberius, co-emperor from 706 to 711. Fictional account
Justinian, a 1998 novel by Byzantine scholar Harry Turtledove, writing under the name HN Turteltaub, gives a fictionalized version of <mask>'s life as retold by a fictionalized lifelong companion, the


title: Justinian II

texts:
 soldier Myakes. In the novel, Turtledove speculates that while in exile <mask> had reconstructive surgery done by an itinerant Indian plastic surgeon to repair his damaged nose. See also

List of Byzantine emperors

References

Sources

Primary sources
Theophanes, Chronographia. Secondary sources

 Moore, R. Scott (1998) "Justinian II (685–695 & 705–711 A.D.)".De Imperatoribus Romanis. Bury, J.B. (1889). A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, Vol. II, MacMillan & Co. External links

 <mask> II's profile in Prosopography of the Byzantine World

669 births
711 deaths
7th-century Byzantine emperors
8th-century Byzantine emperors
8th-century murdered monarchs
Heraclian Dynasty
Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
Executed Byzantine people
Imperial Roman consuls
Medieval Crimea
Twenty Years' Anarchy
680s in the Byzantine Empire
690s in the Byzantine Empire
700s in the Byzantine Empire
710s in the Byzantine Empire
Assassinated Byzantine emperors
Sons of Byzantine emperors
Christian royal saints
8th-century Christian saints
7th-century Christian saints
Greek saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
Eastern Orthodox royal saints
Military saints
Eastern Orthodox

masks: Justinian Justinian


title: Tang Yin

texts: <mask> (; 1470–1524), courtesy name Bohu (), was a Chinese painter, calligrapher, and poet of the Ming dynasty period whose life story has become a part of popular lore. Even though he was born during the Ming dynasty, many of his paintings, especially those of people, were illustrated with elements from Pre-Tang to Song dynasty art. <mask> is one of the most notable painters in the history of Chinese art. He is one of the "Four Masters of Ming dynasty” (Ming Si Jia), which also includes Shen Zhou (1427–1509), Wen Zhengming (1470–1559) and <mask> (c. 1495-1552). His influence on the art of contemporaries, like Cai Han, is notable. <mask> was also a talented poet, and together with his contemporaries Wen Zhengming, Zhu Yunming (1460–1526), and Xu Zhenqing, he was one of the "Four Literary Masters of the Wuzhong Region". <mask>'s eccentric lifestyle has prompted storytellers to immortalize him as a trickster character in Chinese folklore.In one such story, he falls in love with a slave girl whom he glimpses on the boat of a high official passing through Suzhou. He has himself sold as a slave to the official's household so that he may approach her. With the help of his friends, he eventually succeeds in bringing her home. This story prompted the playwright Three Words by Feng Menglong and the opera The Three Smiles. <mask> emerged from the vital merchant class of Suzhou, at a very low economic level of the son of a restaurant operator. Contrary to some accounts, he seems to have studied assiduously during his youth, paying little attention to the worldly charms. His

masks:
Tang Yin
Tang Yin
Qiu Ying
Tang
Tang
Tang


title: Tang Yin

texts:
 genius, which would later gain him renown as the supreme talent of the Jiangnan area (Southern China), soon drew him into the wealthy, powerful, and talented circles of Suzhou.Wen Zhengming became his friend; Wen's father, Wen Lin (1445–99), acted as something of a patron, making the right connections for him. He was a brilliant student and became the protégé of Wen Lin. His friends in Suzhou's scholarly circles included Shen Zhou, Wu Kuan (1436–1504) and Zhu Yunming. In 1498 <mask> came first in the provincial examinations in Nanjing, the second stage in the Imperial examination ladder. The following year he went to the capital to sit the national examinations, but he and his friend Xu Jing (?- 1507) were accused of bribing the servant of one of the chief examiners to give them the examination questions in advance. All parties were jailed, and <mask> returned to Suzhou in disgrace, his justifiably high hopes for a distinguished civil service career dashed forever. Denied further official progress, he pursued a life of pleasure and earned a living by selling his paintings.That mode of living brought him into disrepute with a later generation of artist-critics (for example, Dong Qichang) who felt that financial independence was vital to enable an artist to follow his own style and inspiration. While <mask> is associated with paintings of feminine beauty, his paintings (especially landscapes) otherwise exhibit the same variety and expression of his peers and reveal a man of both artistic skill and profound insight. <mask>'s calligraphy and poetry
<mask> perfected an

masks:
Tang Yin
Tang Yin
Tang
Tang Yin
Tang Yin


title: Tang Yin

texts:
 admirable hand in semi-cursive script (also known as running script). His poems touch on themes which people like Wen Zhengming or the older Shen Zhou would have never taken up. <mask> seems compelled to deal with the base elements in man - envy, venality, and cupidity. Tragic unfulfillment, driven by belief in the relentlessness of fate and the bitterness of the ultimate truth imbues his more thoughtful poems. At times he is overcome by tragic sorrow for the loss of childlike innocence; at times even love is fraught with ruin and unhappiness.Those poems which do manage to begin on an optimistic note often end on a note of regret. <mask> also wrote A Short Verse on Bamboo:
"The moon sinks in the fourth watch,
Paper windows seem transparent;
Stirring from wine,
I prop my head and read awhile. High thoughts, I force myself, but can't help it;
Ten stalks, still green in winter, cast profuse shadows." The Return Home of Tao Qian
The painting, The Return Home of Tao Qian, was acquired by the previous owner, Eve Myers, in 1950. She was an employee of General Chenault's 'Flying Tigers'. She was living in Taiwan at the time when tens of thousands of Chinese were fleeing to Taiwan with whatever they could carry. She died at the age of 95 in Waikiki in 1999.This painting was purchased from her in 1987. In 1989, while visiting a relative in Honolulu, Mr. Cai Ming Yi inspected this painting. He found it to be authentic and wrote his appraisal. He was Director of Ancient Fine Arts Research Section and Chairman of Department of Art History of Graduate School-University of Beijing,

masks:
Tang
Tang Yin


title: Tang Yin

texts:
 China. Life portrayed in later media

<mask>'s life was the basis for a number of plays and films based on Feng Menglong's story. Xin <mask>hu dian Qiuxiang (Hong Kong, 1953)
 How the Scholar <mask>hu Won the Maid Qiuxiang (Hong Kong, 1957) In this film, <mask> is played by (Yam Kim-fai). The Three Smiles (Hong Kong, 1969) In this film, <mask> is played by (Ivy Ling Po).San xiao yin yuan (Hong Kong, 1975)  In this film, <mask> is played by (Loong Kim Sang). Flirting Scholar (Hong Kong, 1993)
 Flirting Scholar 2 (Hong Kong, 2010)
 Jiang Nan Si Da Cai Zi (The Four Scholars of Jiangnan) (2014)
 Flirting Scholar from the Future (Hong Kong, 2019)

<mask> was the subject of a major exhibition at the National Palace Museum, Taipei. Gallery

See also

Ming dynasty painting
Youxia

References

External links
<mask>'s Calligraphy, Painting Galleries at China Online Museum
<mask> in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

1470 births
1524 deaths
15th-century Chinese painters
15th-century Chinese poets
16th-century Chinese painters
16th-century Chinese poets
Artists from Suzhou
Chinese tea masters
Ming dynasty painters
Ming dynasty poets
Poets from Jiangsu
Writers from

masks:
Tang
Tang Bo
Tang Bo
Tang Bohu
Tang Bohu
Tang Bohu
Tang
Tang Yin
Tang Yin


title: Leonidas Zervas

texts:
<mask> (, ; 21 May 1902 – 10 July 1980) was a Greek organic chemist who made seminal contributions in peptide chemical synthesis. Together with his mentor Max Bergmann they laid the foundations for the field in 1932 with their major discovery, the Bergmann-Zervas carboxybenzoxy oligopeptide synthesis which remained unsurpassed in utility for the next two decades. The carboxybenzyl protecting group he discovered is often abbreviated Z in his honour. Throughout his life <mask> also served in many important posts, including President of the Academy of Athens or briefly Minister of Industry of Greece. He received numerous awards and honours during his life and posthumously, such as Foreign Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences or the first Max Bergmann golden medal. Biography

Early life and career abroad
<mask> was born in 1902 in the rural town of Megalopolis in Arcadia, southern Greece. He was the first of 7 children of lawyer and parliamentarian <mask> with Vasiliki Zerva (née Gyftaki).After finishing secondary education at the local Gymnasion of Kalamata in 1918, he went to study Chemistry at the University of Athens. Before finishing his studies there, he moved to Berlin in 1921 where he graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Berlin in 1924. Under the supervision of Max Bergmann, he finished his doctoral thesis on the reactions of amino acids with aldehydes and was awarded his Dr. rer. nat. from the University of Berlin in 1926. He proceeded to work with Bergmann in the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Leather Research in Dresden, of which Bergmann was the founder and director. From 1926 to 1929 <mask> was a research associate and eventually rose to head of the organic

masks:
Leonidas Zervas
Zervas
Zervas
Theodoros Zervas
Zervas


title: Leonidas Zervas

texts:
 chemistry division and vice-director of the institute (1929–1934).It was at this period that the two men developed the Bergmann-Zervas oligopeptide synthesis which brought them international fame within academic circles. <mask>, by that point a close personal friend of Bergmann, decided to follow the latter to the US in 1934 after Bergmann emigrated from Nazi Germany in 1933 under pressure due to his Jewish origin. In New York, <mask> spent 3 years as lecturer and researcher at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. In 1930, he married Hildegard Lange, and they remained together until his death. Return to Greece
After his Berlin, Dresden and New York years, <mask> decided to return to Greece in 1937. He was immediately appointed full Professor of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in recognition of his distinguished international work. He stayed in this position until 1939, when he was invited to the Professorship of Organic Chemistry at the University of Athens and also appointed director of the Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of the same institution.He continued conducting research, despite the severe limitations he often faced from the lack of equipment and funding. Concurrent to research, <mask> taught organic chemistry, oversaw the laboratory and guided many generations of young chemists as doctoral advisor for the 29 years he held the post at the University of Athens. During the Axis occupation of Greece <mask> played an active part in the Greek Resistance as a member of EDES; he was impisoned twice, first by the Italian and then by the German occupying forces, and his laboratory was destroyed. Following the liberation of Greece, <mask>

masks: Zervas Zervas Zervas Zervas Zervas Zervas


title: Leonidas Zervas

texts:
 managed to secure a small part of the American postwar aid for repairs in the University of Athens and the Athens Polytechnic, and thus rebuilt his laboratory in 1948–1951. In the following years, guided by a sense of personal and professional duty, <mask> voluntarily took on a variety of responsibilities within the Greek state. At his own insistence, he never got paid for these posts and kept receiving only his professorial salary. Some notable positions he held in chronological order until 1968 include:

 Member of the State Committee on Vocational Education (1948–1951)
 Member of numerous committees for the foundation of new industries in postwar Greece (throughout the 1950s)
 First Vice-President of the National Hellenic Research Foundation (1958–1968), of which he was a key founder
 Minister of Industry in the Paraskevopoulos technocratic caretaker government (1963–1964)
 President of the Greek Atomic Energy Commission (1964–1965)

The democratic ideals of <mask> made him a target of the military junta established in 1967, which removed him from his position in the University of Athens in 1968 after almost three decades of dedicated research and teaching.In response, the Academy of Athens of which <mask> had been a member since 1956 elected him as its president in 1970. After his term as President of the Academy, <mask> retired in 1971. Later years
With the restoration of democracy in 1974, <mask> was able to contribute once more to research and educational policy. As previously, refusing to take a salary for these positions, he served a second time as the President of the Greek Atomic Energy Commission (1974–1975) and then as the President of the National Hellenic Research Foundation

masks: Zervas Zervas Zervas Zervas Zervas


title: Leonidas Zervas

texts:
 (1975–1979). <mask> had suffered from periodic issues with respiratory health throughout his adult life, but in his final years the situation deteriorated. The extended use of phosgene in his research has been implicated as the cause of this chronic pulmonary disease. He showed perseverance and a pleasant attitude despite his health issues, continuing to attend meetings of the Academy of Athens until the very end of his life.This came in the summer of 1980 after an acute pulmonary episode, which lasted three weeks before he died at the age of 78. Contribution to Chemistry
The enduring contributions of Zervas were made together with Bergmann and involved the first successful synthesis of substantial length oligopeptides. They achieved this using the carboxybenzyl amine protecting group for the masking of the N-terminus of the growing oligopeptide chain to which amino acid residues are added in a serial manner. The carboxybenzyl group discovered by <mask> is introduced by reaction with benzyl chloroformate, originally in aqueous sodium carbonate solution at 0 °C:

The protecting group is abbreviated Cbz or, in honour of <mask>, simply Z. The typical route for deprotection involves hydrogenolysis under mild conditions e.g. with hydrogen gas and a catalyst such as palladium on charcoal. The discovery of the Bergmann-Zervas synthesis has been characterised as "epoch-making" as it allowed the advent of controlled synthetic peptide chemistry, completing the work started in the early 20th century by Bergmann's mentor Emil Fischer.Previously impossible to synthesise oligopeptides with a highly specific sequence and reactive side chains were consequently produced in the 1930s by Bergmann and <mask>. The

masks: Zervas Zervas Zervas Zervas


title: Leonidas Zervas

texts: ability of Z-protection to prevent racemization of activated derivatives of the protected amino acids and the importance thereof were also noted by the two chemists. Indeed, their method became the standard in the field for the following two decades until further developments in the early 1950s with the introduction of mixed anhydrides (e.g. the Boc group). <mask> continued his research on peptide synthesis in New York and later in Greece. The first topic of his research once in Greece was the synthesis of N- or O-phosphorylated amino acids, in which he demonstrated the utility of dibenzyl chlorophosphonate. He continued his efforts on the development of new methods within peptide chemistry, including the introduction of the o-nitrophenylsulfenyl (NPS) amino protecting group and peptide synthesis using N-tritylamino acids.One of the major issues which occupied his interests was the chemical synthesis of insulin after its characterisation by Frederick Sanger (1951). The insulin peptide hormone features two protein chains cross-linked by disulfide bridges from cysteine thiols. For this reason, <mask> undertook a systematic study on asymmetric cysteine-containing peptides. In his attempts he introduced new mercaptan protecting groups (e.g. trityl, benzhydryl or benzoyl), which finally made it possible to produce disulfide bridges in a controlled manner. This was a triumph for peptide chemistry in the lab, but could not be possibly scaled to industrial procedures. Building on this work, the first complete synthesis of insulin was simultaneously achieved in 1963 in RWTH Aachen University by Helmut Zahn and in the University of Pittsburgh by Panayotis Katsoyannis, a student of <mask>.Further work on

masks: Zervas Zervas Zervas


title: Leonidas Zervas

texts:
 asymmetrical cysteine polypeptides was also done in Athens by Iphigenia Photaki, another student of his. Overall, the research work of <mask> spans across six decades (1925–1979) and amounts to 96 publications in international chemistry journals. Honours and legacy
The scientific work of <mask> <mask> had a global resonance and his contribution was recognised by multiple awards throughout his life. In 1960 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Basel on the occasion of the university's 500th anniversary, upon recommendation of  and Nobel laureate Tadeusz Reichstein. In 1969 he was bestowed honorary membership of the American Society of Biological Chemists. In 1976 he was conferred the  (1st class) by the Socialist Republic of Romania. In the same year <mask> was made Foreign Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, an indication of the great respect for his work in the Eastern Block, too.The Max-Bergmann-Kreis company of German peptide chemists planned to present <mask> with the first Max Bergmann golden medal for peptide chemistry in 1980, but his sudden death necessitated a posthumous award ceremony. In honour of <mask>, a commemorative bust has been unveiled in his birthtown Megalopolis in 1991 and the main conference hall of the National Hellenic Research Foundation is called the "Leonidas Zervas amphitheatre". The European Peptide Society has established the Leonidas Zervas Award "in commemoration of his outstanding contributions to peptide science", awarded biennially since 1988. The award is given to the "scientist who has made the most outstanding contributions to the chemistry, biochemistry and/or biology of peptides in the five years preceding the date of selection".

masks: Zervas Leonidas Zervas Zervas Zervas Zervas