title: Kellie Leitch

texts:
<mask>  FRCSC (born July 30, 1970) is a Canadian surgeon and former politician who served as the Member of Parliament for the riding of Simcoe—Grey from 2011 to 2019 as a member of the Conservative Party. She was first elected in the 2011 federal election, succeeding Member of Parliament Helena Guergis who was dismissed from the Conservative Party caucus. Following her election, <mask> was appointed as the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Human Resources and Skills Development. On July 15, 2013, Prime Minister Stephen Harper named <mask> Minister of Labour and Minister for the Status of Women. She served in Cabinet until the defeat of the Conservative government in the 2015 federal election. <mask> ran in the 2017 contest for the leadership of the Conservative Party. On January 23, 2018, <mask> announced that she would not be seeking re-election for the 43rd Canadian federal election and would return to being a full-time surgeon.Training and medical career
<mask> was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the daughter of Eleanor Lynne (Conway) and Kelburne "Kit" McNabb <mask>, who owned and operated a construction company. She was raised a Catholic, and still practises the religion. She graduated from Queen's University in 1991 with an undergraduate degree. She earned her MD from the University of Toronto in 1994, MBA from Dalhousie University in 1998, and completed the Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Program in 2001 at the University of Toronto. She became a fellow of clinical paediatric orthopaedics at Children's Hospital Los Angeles/University of Southern California in 2002. <mask> formerly taught at the University of Western Ontario, where she served as the assistant dean of external affairs at the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, and is a former chair of paediatric surgery at the Children's Hospital of Western Ontario. She was an orthopaedic pediatric surgeon at SickKids Hospital for one year before pursuing a career in politics.<mask> is also an associate professor at the University of Toronto. <mask> was the founding chair of the Ivey Centre for Health Innovation and

masks:
Khristinn Kellie Leitch
Leitch
Leitch
Leitch
Leitch
Leitch
Leitch
Leitch
Leitch
Leitch


title: Kellie Leitch

type: original

texts:
 Leadership  and led the health sector stream of the MBA programme at the Richard Ivey School of Business located at the University of Western Ontario. In 2009, <mask> founded the Kids Health Foundation (now known as The Sandbox Project), an organization that sought to work with academia, the not-for-profit sector, government and industry to make Canada the healthiest place on earth for children to grow up. <mask> maintained her medical credentials while serving in politics, and had hospital privileges at Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario in Ottawa. Political involvement
<mask> is an active member of the Conservative Party of Canada and the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario. She was a strategist in Progressive Conservative MPP Christine Elliott's leadership bid in 2009. She also served as president of the Ontario PC Campus Association, and has been actively involved in the Conservative Party since she was 14.<mask> served as chair of the expert panel for the Children's Fitness Tax Credit in 2006, which made recommendations to Jim Flaherty, Minister of Finance, regarding the best ways to implement this tax credit designed to encourage health and fitness among Canadian children. In 2008, <mask> authored the report entitled Reaching for the Top: A Report by the Advisor on Healthy Children & Youth. The report is a "call to action" for government and industry on key issues affecting Canadian children and youth. <mask> serves on the boards for CANFAR, the National Research Council, YMCA, and Genome Canada, among others. Federal politics
On September 17, 2010, The Globe and Mail reported that <mask> would run for the Conservative nomination in Simcoe–Grey. The seat was, at the time, held by Helena Guergis, who was expelled from the Conservative Party. The Globe described <mask> as a "star candidate" and noted that her launch event in Creemore the following day would include former Ontario premier Bill Davis and federal Finance Minister Jim Flaherty.<mask> won the nomination over Collingwood mayor Chris Carrier and Paul Throop with 67% of all ballots cast in a large turnout. <mask>

masks: Leitch Leitch Leitch Leitch Leitch Leitch Leitch Leitch Leitch Leitch


title: Kellie Leitch

texts:
 won the general election with more votes than any candidate for public office had ever received in Simcoe–Grey, with 31,784 ballots cast for her and a plurality of 20,590 votes, or 49.36% of the vote. Following her election, <mask> was appointed as the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Human Resources and Skills Development. Minister of Labour and Minister for the Status of Women
As part of the February 2014 budget, <mask> announced a $25 million plan to address violence against aboriginal women and girls. On July 15, 2013, Prime Minister Harper named <mask> Minister of Labour and Minister for the Status of Women. During the 2015 Canadian federal election, <mask> said that she was pro-life when asked at a local debate, citing her experience as a paediatric surgeon as her reason. On October 2, 2015, during the general election, <mask> and then-Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Chris Alexander announced a Royal Canadian Mounted Police "tip line" where Canadians could report "barbaric cultural practices", which, along with the niqab issue, was widely viewed as an attempt to keep cultural and immigration issues at the forefront of the election campaign.<mask> later expressed regret in her involvement of the "barbaric cultural practices tip line". However, in an interview, on the statement the tip line "is a good idea but wasn't communicated as effectively as it could be to the public" she characterised it as being "absolutely correct". Conservative leadership election
Although <mask> was re-elected in the 2015 election, the Conservatives were relegated to Official Opposition status. During the election, <mask> campaigned with over 70 Conservative candidates, which prepared the groundwork for her participation in the 2017 Conservative leadership election to replace Stephen Harper. <mask>'s policy stances faced similar controversy in October 2015 during the federal election, where she and fellow Conservative MP and Immigration Minister Chris Alexander pledged support and funding to establish a tip-line for Canadians to call in regards to what they called "barbaric cultural

masks: Leitch Leitch Leitch Leitch Leitch Leitch Leitch Leitch Leitch


title: Kellie Leitch

texts: practices". <mask> has since made an effort to apologize for her role in the proposed legislation, saying that she regrets her decisions. She recruited Nick Kouvalis and Richard Ciano to head her leadership campaign, and Andy Pringle of the Toronto Police Services Board was her chief fundraiser.<mask> was the first official candidate to enter the race. As part of her leadership campaign, <mask> proposed a Canadian value screening for all new residents. Michael Chong, Conservative MP for Wellington-Halton Hills and an opponent of <mask> in the leadership race, spoke out against <mask>'s proposal, saying that it "does not represent our Conservative Party or our Canada". Despite the censure, <mask> stood by her proposal. In a September interview with the Canadian Press, <mask> made the following statement in response to the backlash she had been receiving: "I don't think it's intolerant to believe in a set of values that we expect everyone to share here and include those people who are coming to visit or immigrate to Canada." The focus of her campaign around the policies surprised some of her long-time mentors, such as former Conservative senator Hugh Segal, who couldn't support her leadership bid. <mask> proposed screening visitors, refugees and immigrants for "Canadian values".This process would include face to face interviews by trained immigration officers with 100% of immigrants, rather than the 10% or so that happens now, with questions pertaining to their views on whether Canadian law should be the only set of laws that applies to all Canadians, hate speech, violence, and equality between genders, sexual orientation, religious & political views. Stephen Maher, based on information he received from  former staffers of Letich, argued that her campaign manager  Nick Kouvalis, thought that it would give <mask>, a way to win. In a November 9, 2016 interview with Toronto Life magazine, <mask> cited the belief that gays should not be sentenced to death as an example of one such Canadian value. During the campaign she was endorsed by Council of European Canadians, but her campaign rejected


title: Kellie Leitch

texts:
 the endorsement. Regarding the endorsement, <mask> said that for anyone to think her campaign is in any way based on ethnic nationalism is to be willfully ignorant of what her campaign is about. <mask> finished sixth in the race. After the leadership race
She was not included into Andrew Scheer's shadow cabinet.In December 2017, it was reported that Essa Township mayor Terry Dowdall and physician Gillian Yeates were challenging <mask> for the Conservative nomination in Simcoe—Grey for the next election. On January 23, 2018, <mask> announced that she would not seek re-election. <mask> threw her support towards Marc Biss and Tim Bulmer, to be the party candidate for her riding arguing that they were "real conservatives" while believing Yeates and Dowdall were not. On March 24, it was announced that Dowdall won the party nomination for her riding after it was rumoured that he defeated Yeates on the third ballot. On January 23, 2018, <mask> announced that she would not be seeking re-election for the 43rd Canadian federal election and would return to being a full-time surgeon. As of December 1, 2019, she is chief of orthopaedic surgery at Children's of Mississippi. Electoral history

References

External links

1970 births
Canadian Roman Catholics
Canadian pediatricians
Women pediatricians
Canadian orthopedic surgeons
Canadian women physicians
Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Dalhousie University alumni
Living people
Members of the 28th Canadian Ministry
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Members of the Order of Ontario
Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
Physicians from Ontario
Politicians from Winnipeg
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
Right-wing populism in Canada
University of Toronto alumni
University of Toronto faculty
University of Western Ontario faculty
Women in Ontario politics
Women's ministers
Women government ministers of Canada
Women members of the House of Commons of Canada
Women surgeons
20th-century women physicians
21st-century women physicians
20th-century Canadian physicians
21st-century Canadian physicians
21st-century Canadian women

masks: Leitch Leitch Leitch Leitch Leitch Leitch


title: Henry Browne Blackwell

texts:
<mask> (May 4, 1825 – September 7, 1909), was an American advocate for social and economic reform. He was one of the founders of the Republican Party and the American Woman Suffrage Association. He published Woman's Journal starting in 1870 in Boston, Massachusetts with Lucy Stone. Early life
<mask> was born May 4, 1825, in Bristol, Gloucestershire, England, the seventh of nine children of <mask> and <mask>. <mask>'s father, a sugar refiner whose livelihood conflicted with his abolitionist principles, experimented with making beet sugar as an alternative to slave-grown cane sugar. In 1832, the family – including eight children and their father's sister Mary – emigrated to the United States. The family settled first in New York, where <mask>'s father established a sugar refinery and the ninth child was born, and then just outside New York in Jersey City.<mask>'s father took an interest in the nascent abolition movement. William Lloyd Garrison and other leaders of the movement were visitors in the family's home. <mask>'s eldest sister, Anna, participated in the emerging agitation for women's rights, attending the 1837 Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women and drafting its letter to John Quincy Adams thanking him for his support of women's right to petition. After fire destroyed the refinery and the Panic of 1837 destroyed remaining resources, the family moved to Cincinnati in 1838, where <mask>'s father intended to establish another refinery. However, within months of their arrival, he died, leaving the family destitute. <mask>'s mother, aunt, and three elder sisters opened a school in their home, while thirteen-year-old <mask> and his brother Sam took clerking jobs. In 1840 <mask> was sent to Kemper College in St.

masks:
Henry Browne Blackwell
Henry Blackwell
Samuel Blackwell
Hannah Lane Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Henry
Blackwell


title: Henry Browne Blackwell

texts: Louis with the intent that he should become a lawyer.But financial difficulties forced him to return home and resume  clerking. Around 1845 he became a partner in a flour mill business, in which he managed operations of three mills. Within a year he had made enough profit to purchase a small brick house in Cincinnati's Walnut Hills section, which remained the <mask> family home until they moved east in 1856. Seeking a business in which he might achieve financial independence, <mask> next tried sugar refining. When that failed, a visiting English cousin persuaded him to accept a loan with which he and brother Sam purchased half interest in a Cincinnati wholesale hardware business. In 1850, at the age of twenty-four, <mask> became the traveling partner of Coombs, Ryland, and Blackwells, making semi-annual two-month-long horseback journeys through Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, selling hardware to country merchants and collecting payments due the firm. All the <mask> siblings had been imbued with a philosophy of personal improvement and working for the betterment of mankind, as well as a deep interest in literature, languages, music, and art.Possessing a special passion for literature, <mask> wrote poetry in his spare time and always carried several books with him to make every spare moment "useful" and "self-improving." He was a founding member of the Literary Club of Cincinnati, whose members discussed literature and debated issues of the day. He and fellow club member Ainsworth R. Spofford made business trips together, during which they relieved the tedium of slow travel by reading aloud to each other the works of Bacon, Shakespeare, Aristotle, and Plato. Through this club, whose early members included not only

masks:
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Henry Blackwell


title: Henry Browne Blackwell

texts:
 Spofford, who would become chief librarian of the Library of Congress, but also Rutherford B. Hayes and Salmon P. Chase, <mask> formed lasting friendships with men who played prominent roles in the history of Ohio and the nation. <mask> siblings
<mask>'s eldest sister, <mask> (1816–1900), became a poet, translator, and journalist. She was a member of the Brook Farm community in 1845 but settled in France thereafter, where she translated the works of the French socialist Fourier and the novels of Georges Sand. She was also a contributing correspondent for several newspapers in the United States, India, Australia, South Africa, and Canada.<mask> (1818–1897) taught school in her younger years but became a semi-invalid and lived with and looked after other family members. The best-known of <mask>'s siblings was <mask> (1821–1910), the first woman to earn a medical degree in the United States. In 1853 she founded the New York Dispensary for Poor Women and Children, and in 1857, with sister Emily and Maria Zakrzewska, established the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children. Samuel Charles <mask> (1823–1901), only a year and a half older than <mask>, was bookkeeper and businessman, best known as the husband of Antoinette (Brown<mask>, the first woman ordained as a minister in the United States and prominent speaker and suffragist. <mask> had four younger siblings. <mask> (1826–1910), who was the third woman to earn a medical degree in the United States. In addition to co-founding the New York Infirmary, she helped organize the Women's Central Association of Relief, which selected and trained nurses for service in the Civil War.Sarah Ellen <mask> (1828–1901) was an artist and author best known for writing the first

masks:
Blackwell
Blackwell
Henry Blackwell
Anna Blackwell
Marian Blackwell
Blackwell
Elizabeth Blackwell
Blackwell
Henry
) Blackwell
Henry
Emily Blackwell
Blackwell


title: Henry Browne Blackwell

texts:
 full-length biography of Anna Ella Carroll. (John) Howard <mask> (1831–1866) returned to England and worked in iron manufacturing with a cousin, then joined the East India Company. His death at the age of 36 was a blow to the entire family. George Washington <mask> (1832–1912), the only <mask> sibling born in the United States, became a land agent under <mask>'s tutelage in the 1850s, studied law in New York City, and took over <mask>'s real estate business in the late 1860s. Courtship and marriage
<mask> was smitten by Lucy Stone when he heard her speak at an antislavery meeting in New York in May 1853, moving her audience to tears with what became known as her "fugitive mother" speech. He followed her to Massachusetts and obtained a formal letter of introduction from William Lloyd Garrison. Although Stone gladly accepted him as a friend, she rejected him as a suitor because she believed marriage would require her to surrender control over herself and prevent her from pursuing her chosen work.But <mask>, not having been rejected personally, determined to convince Stone that marriage to him would require sacrifice of neither individuality nor career. He maintained that a marriage based on equality would enable each of them to accomplish more than they could alone. He, too, wanted to work for the good of humanity, but believed he must wait until he had attained the freedom to command his own time and action—"pecuniary independence," which he expected to achieve in three years. Through correspondence over the summer, <mask> and Stone discussed the nature and faults of the marriage institution and the benefits of a true, ideal marriage. Then, eager to demonstrate how he could help Stone accomplish more, <mask> offered to

masks:
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Henry
Henry Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell


title: Henry Browne Blackwell

texts: arrange a lecture tour for her in the west (then the mid-western states of Indiana, Illinois, and western Ohio and Kentucky). She accepted, and he wrote to business acquaintances to engage halls and place newspaper notice while personally printing and mailing broadsides for posting. From mid-October 1853 through the first week of January 1854, Stone lectured on women's rights in more than ten cities in five states, including Cincinnati, Louisville, Indianapolis, St. Louis, and Chicago.Newspaper reports described her enthusiastic reception by the largest audiences ever assembled in some of the cities, as well as the deep influence she was having on those who heard her. During an intimate rendezvous before she returned east, Stone expressed not only her deep gratitude to <mask> for making her success possible, but also a genuine affection. Nevertheless, she remained resolute about never placing herself in the legal position occupied by a married woman. As the long-distance courtship continued, <mask> shifted his arguments to how couples could shape their own marriages, regardless of society's laws. After nine additional months of correspondence and brief meetings, <mask> met Stone in Pittsburgh for a clandestine three-day rendezvous, after which Stone agreed to marry him. Through continued correspondence the couple set the terms of a private agreement aimed at protecting Stone's financial independence and personal liberty. <mask> proposed that their marriage be like a business partnership in monetary matters, with husband and wife being "joint proprietors of everything except the results of previous labors."Neither would have claim to lands belonging to the other, nor any obligation for the other's costs of holding

masks: Blackwell Blackwell Blackwell Blackwell


title: Henry Browne Blackwell

texts:
 them. While married and living together they would share earnings, but if they should separate, they would relinquish claim to the other's subsequent earnings. Each would have the right to will their property to whomever they pleased unless they had children. <mask> advised Stone to secure all her money in the hands of a trustee for her benefit. Stone agreed to everything except the issue of marital support. She refused to be supported by <mask> and insisted on paying half of their mutual expenses. Despite <mask>'s strenuous objection, Stone remained adamant.In addition to financial independence, <mask> and Stone agreed that each would enjoy personal independence and autonomy: "Neither partner shall attempt to fix the residence, employment, or habits of the other, nor shall either partner feel bound to live together any longer than is agreeable to both." And <mask> agreed that Stone would choose "when, where and how often" she would "become a mother." This was <mask>'s way of agreeing that Stone would control their sexual relations as advocated by <mask>. Wright, a copy of whose book Marriage and Parentage; Or, The Reproductive Element in Man, as a Means to His Elevation and Happiness, Stone had earlier given to <mask> and asked him to accept its principles as what she considered the relationship between husband and wife should be. Protest against marriage laws
<mask> also proposed that as part of their marriage ceremony, he would "renounce all the privileges which the law confers upon me which are not strictly mutual" and "pledge myself to never avail myself of them under any circumstances." The wedding took place at Stone's home in West Brookfield, Massachusetts, on  May 1, 1855, with Stone's close friend and

masks:
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Henry C
Blackwell
Blackwell


title: Henry Browne Blackwell

texts:
 coworker Thomas Wentworth Higginson officiating. During the ceremony, <mask> read the protest that both had signed:

While acknowledging our mutual affection by publicly assuming the relationship of husband and wife, yet in justice to ourselves and a great principle, we deem it our duty to declare that this act on our part implies no sanction of or promise of voluntary obedience to such of the present laws of marriage as refuse to recognize the wife as an independent, rational being, while they confer upon the husband an injurious and unnatural superiority, investing him with legal powers which no honorable man should possess. We protest especially against the laws which give the husband:
1.The custody of the wife's person. 2. The exclusive control and guardianship of their children. 3. The sole ownership of her personal and use of her real estate, unless previously settled upon her or placed in the hands of trustees, as in the case of minors, idiots, and lunatics. 4. The absolute right to the product of her industry.5. Also against laws which give to the widower so much larger and more permanent interest in the property of the deceased wife than they give to the widow in that of the deceased husband. 6. Finally, against the whole system by which the legal existence of the wife is suspended during marriage, so that, in most States, she neither has a legal part in the choice of her residence, nor can she make a will, nor sue or be sued in her own name, nor inherit property. We believe that personal independence and equal human rights can never be forfeited except for crime; that marriage should be an equal and permanent partnership and so recognized by law; that until it is so recognized, married partners should


title: Henry Browne Blackwell

texts:
 provide against the radical injustice of present laws by every means in their power. We believe that where domestic difficulties arise, no appeal should be made to legal tribunals under existing laws, but that all difficulties should be submitted to the equitable adjustment of arbitrators mutually chosen. Thus, reverencing law, we enter our protest against rules and customs which are unworthy of the name since they violate justice, the essence of law.News of the <mask> marriage sped across the country after Higginson sent an announcement and copy of their protest to the Worcester Spy. While it drew amused ridicule from some commentators who viewed it as a protest against marriage itself, it inspired other couples to make similar protests part of their wedding ceremonies. On Sunday, September 14, 1857, <mask> was at home for the birth of the couple's daughter, Alice, delivered by <mask>'s sister Emily. Two years later, while the family was living temporarily in Chicago, Stone miscarried and they lost a baby boy. Business and investments
In January 1856, <mask> and his brother Sam sold their interests in the hardware company, and the entire family moved east. In October, <mask> took a position with C. M. Saxton and Company, publisher of agricultural books. During his first year with the company, as he traveled through the west selling books to farmers’ libraries, he developed a new venture for the company – selling a collection of books suitable as a basic library for district schools.After consulting with the Illinois superintendent of schools, he compiled a list of appropriate books, arranged for special terms from publishers, and obtained a contract from the state of Illinois authorizing the firm to sell to school

masks:
Stone Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell


title: Henry Browne Blackwell

texts: districts. However, when the Panic of 1857 threatened the firm's survival, <mask> withdrew until the company could reorganize. During the interlude, he worked as a bookkeeper for the Vanderbilt steamship line. When he returned to the book company at the end of August 1857, Augustus Moore had taken sole ownership and the firm was renamed the A.O. Moore Company. Moore put <mask> in charge of the "school libraries" enterprise, and in the spring of 1858 <mask> established an office in Chicago from which he obtained endorsements, arranged publicity, corresponded with school officials in each of the state's one hundred counties, and hired agents to canvass the state. So successful was the venture that <mask> contacted school officials in other states about introducing the books there and Moore doubled his salary to $3,000.The following year, Stone and their daughter accompanied him to Chicago, where the family lived for nine months while <mask> managed the school libraries venture. When they returned in the fall of 1859, Moore's failing health forced him to sell the company, and <mask> left as well. During the 1850s land boom, the entire <mask> family were avid land speculators, purchasing land first in Illinois and later in Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota. In December 1853, a group of Cincinnati businessmen hired <mask> to be their agent in purchasing 640-acre sections of land in Wisconsin, which the government was selling on easy terms. As compensation, <mask> received ten percent of the land he registered. By the time he married in the spring of 1855, <mask> owned more than forty-eight hundred acres of Wisconsin land in addition to land he had purchased elsewhere. When Lucy Stone married into the <mask> family, she became

masks: Blackwell Blackwell Blackwell Blackwell Blackwell Blackwell Blackwell Blackwell Blackwell Blackwell Blackwell


title: Henry Browne Blackwell

texts: an eager investor too but kept her purchases and accounts separate from her husband's.In 1857 they took equal ownership in a house in Orange, New Jersey, for which they traded western lands. They later sold the house to make a down payment on a farm in Montclair, New Jersey, and traded more western land to purchase a neighboring tract. After their return from Illinois in September 1859, <mask> opened a real estate business, through which, in addition to selling and trading for clients, he traded western land for eastern properties. In this way both he and Stone became owners of a string of rental properties. While they were "land rich," they were "cash poor," so to raise funds for tax and interest payments, <mask> briefly sold kitchen stoves manufactured by fellow abolitionist Cornelius Bramhill and then, from 1862 to 1864, was bookkeeper for the sugar refining business of one of his father's former employees. In the summer of 1864, <mask> sold a large property whose proceeds allowed him to pay off all his debt, including the mortgage on a house he and brother George had purchased for their mother, as well as purchase property on Martha's Vineyard and invest a large sum in government bonds. Additional land  trades over the next few years and the rental income they produced gave <mask>, as his daughter termed it, a "competence" that enabled him "to devote himself fully to the progressive causes which he always had at heart."Around 1872, Stone told Francis J. Garrison in confidence that she and <mask> could live on their income and thus "cheerfully give" their time and effort to the Woman's Journal. <mask> continued to dabble in business that interested him. In 1871 he was part of a presidential committee sent to Santo

masks: Blackwell Blackwell Blackwell Blackwell Blackwell Blackwell


title: Henry Browne Blackwell

texts:
 Domingo to explore commercial ramifications of a possible annexation, and even after annexation failed he continued to promote a model commercial base in the country. <mask> continued to be keenly interested in developing a successful alternative to cane sugar as a means of combating slavery in the West Indies. After obtaining a patent for a new refining method, he established the Maine Sugar Beet Company in 1878. Although early in its operation he telegraphed Stone: "Beet sugar manufacture a success. Slavery in Cuba is doomed," he and his partners found it impossible to obtain the quantity of sugar beets to keep the enterprise going, and shut the operation down in 1882.Work for Woman Suffrage
In the early years of <mask>'s marriage to Lucy Stone, he assisted her work whenever his business schedule permitted. In 1855, he lectured with her in and around Cincinnati during the summer, helped her manage the National Woman's Rights Convention held in Cincinnati that fall, and arranged winter lecture engagements for her in Wisconsin, Indiana, and Ohio. In 1856, he lectured with her in the region around their summer residence in Viroqua, Wisconsin. In the winter of 1857, when the tax bill came for their newly purchased house in Orange, New Jersey, Stone refused to pay on the basis of "no taxation without representation." After submitting to a public auction of household items to pay the tax and attendant court costs, <mask> and Stone lectured together in Orange on "Taxation without Representation." It was in these February 1858 speeches that <mask> first argued that woman suffrage was politically expedient no matter a party's principles or goals: Enfranchising women, he said, would allow Republicans to more than double their


title: Henry Browne Blackwell

texts:
 influence toward abolishing slavery, the American Party to double the number of native-born voters, and Democrats to give votes to labor. Reconstruction issues

In 1866, the National Woman's Rights Convention, meeting for the first time since before the Civil War, voted itself into the American Equal Rights Association (AERA) to work for universal suffrage – the vote for both blacks and women.<mask> served as secretary of this organization during its three-year existence. In the winter of 1866–67, <mask> and Stone lectured together on universal suffrage and formed local Equal Rights Leagues in New York and New Jersey. They also traveled to Washington, D.C., to lobby Charles Sumner against inclusion of the word "male" in the proposed Fourteenth Amendment, which would penalize states for denying black suffrage but not woman suffrage. Unsuccessful in persuading Northern politicians to use this opportunity to extend the franchise to women, <mask> published an open letter to Southern legislators titled "What the South Can Do," again arguing that woman suffrage was politically expedient no matter a party's (or in this case, a region's) goals or fears. Using estimated figures of a white male and female electorate and a black male and female electorate, he argued that the vote of white Southern women would counterbalance the combined vote of black men and women. In the spring of 1867, the AWSA received an appeal for help from Kansas, where voters would face two suffrage referenda in the fall: one for removing the word "male" from voter qualifications, along with one for removing the word "white." <mask> and Stone left for Kansas in March and opened the campaign.They canvassed the state for two months, returned east full of


title: Henry Browne Blackwell

texts: optimism, and raised funds to send more speakers and tracts. After their return, <mask> and Stone also addressed a committee of the Connecticut Legislature in support of removing the word "male" from the state constitution's voter qualifications. <mask> served a second speaking stint in Kansas in the fall, during which defeat became apparent. Upon his return east, he and Stone turned their full attention to creating a demand for woman suffrage apart from the AERA's call for universal suffrage. After holding a series of woman's rights meetings across New Jersey, they called a state convention to form a state woman suffrage society. The object of the New Jersey Woman Suffrage Association that formed in November 1867 with Lucy Stone as president was to use all available means to secure woman suffrage. At the AERA convention in May 1868, Stone presented two forms of petition to Congress, one for woman suffrage in the District of Columbia and territories, which could be established by an Act of Congress, and the second for a separate woman suffrage amendment to the federal Constitution.As the petitions circulated in both the east and the west during the following months, <mask> and Stone continued organizing a woman suffrage movement separate from the AERA and its auxiliaries. In November 1868 they helped found a New England Woman Suffrage Association and in December they helped organize state societies in Rhode Island and New Hampshire. Believing their best chance for winning an amendment to a state constitution lay in Massachusetts, <mask> spearheaded a movement to form Liberty Leagues across the state – local organizations of male suffragists who pledged to vote only for pro-woman suffrage candidates to the legislature.


title: Henry Browne Blackwell

texts:
 After passage of the Fourteenth Amendment, Congressional Republicans began drafting a Fifteenth Amendment to explicitly prohibit states from denying the vote to black men. Again <mask> and Stone traveled to Washington to lobby for the inclusion of woman suffrage, and again their efforts failed. Meanwhile, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony mounted a campaign opposing any suffrage amendment that did not enfranchise women – seen by many as overt opposition to the Fifteenth Amendment. Disagreement over that amendment divided the May 1869 convention of the AERA.The convention rejected resolutions opposing the Fifteenth Amendment, and when Stanton and Anthony then proposed that the AERA reorganize as a woman suffrage society, the convention accepted Stone's motion that it wait until after ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment so as not to give the appearance of opposition. Nevertheless, two days later Stanton and Anthony formed the National Woman Suffrage Association, which immediately came out as opposed to the Fifteenth Amendment. With no notice having been given that such a society was to be formed, their critics thus excluded, and no representation from state and local woman suffrage associations then in existence, many long-time suffragists did not view the organization as legitimately "national." The New England Woman Suffrage Association appointed a committee, headed by Stone, to call a convention to form a "truly national" woman suffrage organization with delegates from each state. The American Woman Suffrage Association was formed by a national convention meeting in Cleveland, Ohio, on October 24 and 25, 1869. <mask> drafted its constitution and was elected recording secretary. The Woman's Journal
The

masks: Blackwell Blackwell


title: Henry Browne Blackwell

texts:
 New England Woman Suffrage Association also established the Woman's Journal, a weekly woman suffrage newspaper that became the organ of the American, New England, and Massachusetts woman suffrage associations.<mask> donated the first $1,000 of the $10,000 raised to start the paper, was one of three trustees under whom the joint stock company was incorporated, and was always the paper's largest shareholder. [44] In 1872, both he and Stone became editors and thereafter edited the Woman's Journal together, joined by their daughter, Alice Stone <mask>, in 1881. After Stone's death in 1893, <mask> continued editing until his death in 1909. He never took a salary for his work on the Woman's Journal, which became the longest-running suffrage paper in the nation (1870–1917). Campaigner and Strategist
<mask> was an officer of the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) for many years, including being its president in 1880. He was also an officer of the New England and Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Associations, all of which shared offices with the Woman's Journal in Boston. Through involvement in Republican politics, he obtained a strong endorsement of woman suffrage from the Massachusetts Republican Party in 1872.As one of the American wing's most effective orators, <mask> spoke on organizing tours, before state and local suffrage meetings and conventions, at hearings before state legislatures and constitutional conventions, and at hearings before Congressional committees. He and Stone worked together on several state campaigns, including Colorado in 1877 and Nebraska in 1882. After frail health kept Stone from traveling, <mask> continued on without her, campaigning in Rhode Island in 1887 and South Dakota in 1890. One

masks:
Henry Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell


title: Henry Browne Blackwell

texts: scholar characterized their work saying, "In the annals of the suffrage movement, Lucy Stone and <mask> were as much a team as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony." Stone thanked <mask> for the "abundant and unselfish work [he did] for women," saying, "Few men would have done it, leaving business, friends, pleasure for it." <mask> originated the AWSA's strategy of seeking partial suffrage by legislative action.Noting that state legislatures could establish women's right to both municipal suffrage (the right to vote in city elections) and presidential suffrage (the right to vote for presidential electors) through statute, he argued that such measures might be more readily gained than constitutional amendments, which after passage by a legislature had to then be ratified by the populace. He also noted that no constitutional amendment was required for Congress to establish full woman suffrage in either the District of Columbia or the territories. Believing that achieving such measures would undercut arguments against women's voting and become a permanent wedge for full suffrage, he urged that "every point gained is a great step forward." The AWSA campaigned widely for municipal and presidential suffrage, especially during the 1880s and 1890s. After the merger of the American and National wings in 1890, <mask> was made chair of the united association's Committee on Presidential Suffrage. Before the woman suffrage amendment to the federal Constitution passed in 1920, eleven states had established presidential suffrage, and four of those had granted municipal suffrage at the same time. Another strategy <mask> devised was aimed at constitutional conventions.In 1889 when the territories of North Dakota, Montana, and

masks:
Henry Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell


title: Henry Browne Blackwell

texts:
 Washington began drafting state constitutions for entry into the Union, the AWSA mobilized to press for inclusion of woman suffrage. But <mask> realized the chances for success were slim and devised a backup plan – persuading pro-suffrage delegates, if and when it became apparent a suffrage provision would fail, to push for a clause that would enable a future state legislature to extend suffrage to women by statute. <mask> obtained endorsements for the strategy from leading politicians and judges in other states, traveled to the constitutional conventions, lobbied their leaders, got his resolution introduced, and was given a hearing at each one. Though the effort failed, North Dakota and Montana came very close to adopting it. Death
<mask> died of inflammation of the bowels in 1909. Legacy
Alice Stone <mask>, the daughter of <mask> and Lucy Stone, helped her parents in editing the Woman's Journal; she became another leader for women's rights as well as for the Temperance movement and Prohibition. Writings
"Equal Suffrage vs.Prostitution"
"The Lesson of Colorado" (1877)
"Objections to Woman Suffrage Answered"

See also
List of suffragists and suffragettes
List of women's rights activists
Timeline of women's suffrage

Notes

References

Bibliography
 <mask>, Alice Stone. Lucy Stone: Pioneer of Woman's Rights. 1930. Reprint, University Press of Virginia, 2001. <mask>, Alice Stone. "What I Owe to My Father." Holt, 1931, pp.35–48. Reprint, with an introduction by Peter C. Engleman, Alice Stone Blackwell Trust: 1999. Hays, Elinor Rice. Morning Star: A Biography of Lucy Stone 1818–1893. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1961. ,
 Hays, Elinor Rice.

masks: Blackwell Blackwell Blackwell Blackwell Blackwell Blackwell Blackwell


title: Henry Browne Blackwell

texts:
 [https://www.amazon.com/Those-Extraordinary-Blackwells-Journey-Better/dp/B001EVC4CG/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1374254436&sr=1-1&keywords=Those+Extraordinary+Blackwells%3B+Story+Journey Those Extraordinary Blackwells: The Story of a Journey to a Better World."] Harcourt, 1967.ASIN  BOO1EVC4CG
 Kerr, Andrea Moore. Lucy Stone: Speaking Out for Equality. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1992. Million, Joelle. Woman's Voice, Woman's Place: Lucy Stone and the Birth of the Women's Rights Movement. Praeger, 2003. Wheeler, Leslie.Loving Warriors: Selected Letters of Lucy Stone and <mask><mask>, 1853–1893''. Dial Press, 1981. External links

LOC: The Blackwell Family archive
Papers, 1832–1981. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. 1825 births
1909 deaths
American abolitionists
American feminists
American suffragists
<mask> family
English emigrants to the United States
English feminists
English suffragists
First-wave feminism
Male feminists
Massachusetts

masks:
Henry B
. Blackwell
Blackwell


title: Mornington Cannon

texts:
<mask> (1873–1962), commonly referred to as <mask>, was a six-time Champion jockey in the United Kingdom in the 1890s. He holds the records for the most wins by a jockey in the Craven Stakes, Coronation Stakes and Prince of Wales's Stakes. His most famous mount was Flying Fox who won the British Triple Crown in 1899. He was the son of English jockey and trainer <mask> (1846–1917). In his day he was considered the most perfect master of style and he epitomised "the art of jockeyship". Early life
<mask> was born on 21 May in Houghton, Hampshire, the same day that his father <mask> won the Somersetshire Stakes, at Bath, on a colt named <mask> (who also won the 1873 City and Suburban Handicap). <mask> derived his middle name from his father's mount and went by the nickname "Morny" for much of his racing career.His mother was Catherine Day, a grand daughter of English horse trainer John Barham Day. <mask> had three brothers who were also jockeys: Walter Kempton (1879–1951), <mask>, Jr. (1872–1945) and Charles. His sister Margaret married Ernest Piggott, who was the grandfather of champion jockey Lester Piggott. He was educated at Banister's Court, Southampton, and afterwards at Queenswood College by a private tutor. He married Miss E (Nelly) Dennett, of The Park, Nottingham, on 11 January 1894, at the old parish church, St Mary Abbots, Kensington. The wedding was a quiet one owing to the recent death of the bride's father. They honeymooned in Brighton with a view to setting up home near Danebury.Racing career
He had his first mount in public on 11 October 1886, on his father's mare Coraline at Kempton in the Middlesex All-aged Selling Plate. He finished well behind. His first mount in 1887 was at

masks:
Herbert Mornington Cannon
Morny Cannon
Tom Cannon
Herbert Mornington Cannon
Tom Cannon
Mornington
Cannon
Cannon
Tom Cannon


title: Mornington Cannon

texts:
 the Epsom Spring Meeting. Claiming the 5 pound apprentice allowance, he rode Koster at 6 stone 3 pounds in the Metropolitan Stakes. <mask>'s first race win occurred shortly before his fourteenth birthday, on 20 May 1887, in the City Bowl Salisbury. on Mr H E Tidy's Flint. By 1900 <mask> had won 1,542 races.His most famous mount was Flying Fox with which he captured the 1899 St. Leger Stakes, 2,000 Guineas and Epsom Derby, securing the Triple Crown. During his career, he was noted as having good hands for piloting 2-year-old horses. Morny <mask>’s Doncaster

Cannon monopolised the 1894 Doncaster St Leger meeting. His wins were as follows:
First Day: -Stand Plate (9 runners), Rowallan, 100/8; Champagne Stakes (5), Solero, 10/1; Great Yorkshire Handicap (16), Bushey Park, 100/12; Doncaster Welter (13), Lumberer, 100/8. Second Day: - Milton Stakes (7), Newmarket 4/5; St Leger (8), Throstle, 50/1. Third Day: - Juvenile Selling (10), Queen Saraband, 9/4; Rous Plate (6), Matabele, 100/30; Portland Plate (15), Grey Leg, 8/1; Corporation Selling (10), St Ignatius, 11/8. He drew a blank on the fourth day but was second in the Doncaster Cup on the 100/6 shot Portland.There were 26 races over the four days and <mask> rode in all but five of them yielding ten wins, four seconds, two thirds. There was almost one more because after dead-heating in the Tattersalls Stakes on The Brook he was beaten in the run-off. As well as winning most of the principle races the majority of his winners were outsiders and Throstle’s 50/1 victory in the St Leger was sensational. He was originally entered as a pacemaker for his more fancied stable mate, Matchbox, but it was Morny’s idea to change tactics and so bring off a

masks: Cannon Cannon Cannon Cannon


title: Mornington Cannon

texts:
 memorable success. As John Porter, Throstle’s trainer understated, Morny "was in irresistible form." Diamond Jubilee
<mask> would have ridden another Triple Crown winner in 1900, but Diamond Jubilee had an intense dislike of the jockey. Jack Watts, Prince of Wales's jockey, had already refused to take the ride on the notoriously unruly Diamond Jubilee, before connections turned to <mask>.<mask> had ridden the horse in the Boscawen Stakes in 1900, achieving a narrow win over Paigle in a finish that required a generous application of whip on Diamond Jubilee. The horse never again allowed <mask> to ride him, rolling on top of the jockey on one occasion. <mask>'s advice to the Prince was that "a brute like that ought to be shot," whilst claiming that he would not ride the horse for a pension. Diamond Jubilee was instead ridden by newcomer Herbert Jones during his Triple Crown campaign. Career statistics

<mask> won six Jockeys' Championship and retired from racing in 1909. Riding style

Morny's spell at the top was curtailed by rising weight and the 'American Invasion' of jockeys, which led to faster run races and riding in a crouching style with a shorter length of stirrup.At the time, despite the success of the American style of riding, many were convinced it was not the proper way to sit a horse. They felt sure in the long run the traditional English style of riding would prove the more successful, as it was certainly the more elegant and artistic.However, in their prime, there was not much to choose between “Tod” Sloan and <mask> as horseman, but Morny was well clear when it came to honesty and integrity. Despite his success in the saddle, trainer Mat Dawson, Fred Archer's mentor, dismissed

masks: Cannon Cannon Cannon Cannon Cannon Cannon Cannon


title: Mornington Cannon

texts:
 him as a 'dilettante jockey'. Most turfites, however, concurred with Rapier's opinion that Morny was always a "the most conscientious of professional horseman." <mask> was one of the old school of jockeys like Fordham and Archer, but towards the end of his career altered his riding methods, having his saddle further forward and shortening his stirrup leathers. He was also known for leaving his challenge very late in races, a trait he had learnt from his father, and considered the "English style", to win by the narrowest margin. Fellow jockey and later trainer, George Lambton commented, "It really was extraordinary, after apparently being out of a race, how he would sweep down on three or four struggling horses and beat them",
also adding, "there is no doubt that most of the jockeys were frightened to death of Morny with his tremendous rush at the finish." Such tactics were not always popular.Another trainer, John Porter believed it cost him the 1901 Derby on William The Third. However, weighing room colleague, Danny Maher, considered Morny as, "one of the finest horsemen that he had ever fought out a finish." Retirement
Increasingly suffering from rheumatism <mask> announced his retirement from racing in April 1909  and lived in Brighton and Hove for many years until his death in 1962 at the age of 89. Maybe of Interest
The nine times Champion Jockey in Ireland, Morny Wing was named after Morny <mask>, whom his father idolised. He is mentioned in James Joyce's "Ulysses", "Morny <mask> is riding him." See also
List of significant families in British horse racing

References

Bibliography

External links

1873 births
1962 deaths
People from Test Valley
British Champion flat jockeys
English


title: Peter Wyngarde

texts:
<mask> (born Cyril Goldbert, 23 August 1927 – 15 January 2018) was a British television, stage and film actor from the late 1940s to the mid 1990s. He was best known for portraying the character Jason King, a bestselling novelist turned sleuth, in two television series: Department S (1969–70) and Jason King (1971–72). His flamboyant dress sense and stylish performances led to success, and he was considered a style icon in Britain and elsewhere in the early 1970s. Background and early life
<mask>'s birth name was Cyril Goldbert. His full name may have been Cyril Louis Goldbert. According to his own account, he was born on 23 August 1933 to a French mother and a British father at an aunt's home in Marseille, France. Other than being born in August, this is all either untrue or disputed.Like many actors and other celebrities, Wyngarde changed his name and claimed to be younger than he was. He also cited a false family background by changing his father's name and profession and both his parents' nationalities and their ethnic origins, and he would also fabricate a false education and work history of his early years in the UK. He maintained these versions of his biography until his death at 90 in 2018. The Guardian newspaper said in March 2020 that "his life story is shrouded in mystery". Date and place of birth

His 2018 death certificate states that he was born on 23 August 1927. Most reports of his death in January 2018 concur and say that he was 90 years old when he died. A biography published in 2020 which claimed to draw on personal knowledge of the subject gave his date of birth as 28 (not 23) August 1928.Most formal official sources cite 1927 as his year of birth, but other more informal sources have reported a range of birth years from 1924 to 1937. In a 1993 interview Wyngarde claimed not to know his own age. His death certificate records his birthplace as Singapore and on immigration documents related

masks:
Peter Paul Wyngarde
Peter Wyngarde


title: Peter Wyngarde

texts:
 to two trips to the United States in 1960 Wyngarde stated his place of birth was Singapore. However, during a subsequent visit to Singapore in 1972 he denied having previously been there. Throughout his life Wyngarde always cited Marseille as his place of birth, and this is repeated in the biography published in 2020. Family

Passenger records of <mask>e's journey to the UK in 1945 and a biography published in 2020 name his father as a British merchant seaman called Henry Goldbert (1897–1945). Henry Goldbert was of Russian ethnicity and born in present day Ukraine.He grew up in British Malaya, where he became a naturalised British citizen. Wyngarde had claimed that Henry Goldbert was his stepfather, and that his birth father was an Englishman named <mask> who had a prestigious career in the British Diplomatic Service in Hong Kong, Malaya, Singapore and India, before becoming an importer-exporter of antique watches living in Eaton Square, London. No such person appears in any public records in the UK or anywhere in the world. Despite being named as Wyngarde's next of kin on the passenger manifest, Henry Goldbert appears to have died in the US in October 1945, a few weeks before his son arrived in the UK from Shanghai. <mask>'s mother was Margherita Goldbert,  Ahin (1908–1992), known as Madge. In interviews he always said she was French. She appears to have been born to a Eurasian family from Singapore.She and Henry Goldbert divorced in 1937. Wyngarde had two younger siblings: Henry Goldbert Jr, known as Joe (1930–2011) and Marion Goldbert Wells (1932–2012). They would move to England in 1946, shortly after Wyngarde did, but the 2020 biography says that he chose to have very little further contact with them or their families, including Henry Jr's two sons who were named executors of Wyngarde's estate. After <mask>e's parents divorced, his mother is said to have married Charles Léo Juvet of the Shanghai-based

masks:
Peter Wgard
Henry Wyngarde
Peter Wyngarde
Peter Wyngard


title: Peter Wyngarde

texts: from Cyril Goldbert to <mask> on arrival in the UK in December 1945, within a few months he began his professional acting career. He first appeared at the Buxton Playhouse in 1946, and the following year in a production of Noël Coward's Present Laughter at the Theatre Royal, Birmingham. He appeared with Alec Guinness in Hamlet in London in 1951, and with Siobhán McKenna in Saint Joan in 1954. His theatre appearances included playing opposite Vivien Leigh in 1958, and as Cyrano de Bergerac at the Bristol Old Vic in 1959, which he considered a highlight of his career. After making his film debut in a brief, uncredited role as a soldier in Dick Barton Strikes Back (1949), Wyngarde had more roles in feature films, television plays and television series guest appearances from the mid-1950s. One of these, a television adaptation of Julien Green's novel South (1959, originally Sud), in which Wyngarde featured in a lead role, is thought to be the earliest television play with an overtly homosexual theme. He appeared as Long John Silver in an  adaptation of The Adventures of Ben Gunn (1958), and as Sir Roger Casement in an episode of Granada Television's On Trial series produced by <mask>blood.He also featured in the title role of Rupert of Hentzau in 1964. Wyngarde's film work was not extensive, but gained attention. He took the role of Pausanias opposite Richard Burton in the film Alexander the Great (1956), and appeared in the film The Siege of Sidney Street (1960) with Donald Sinden. In Jack Clayton's The Innocents (1961), he had brief unspeaking scenes as the leering <mask> with Deborah Kerr and Pamela Franklin. He followed this appearance as the lead in the occult thriller Night of the Eagle (US title: Burn Witch Burn, 1962), his only film appearance in a lead role. By the late 1960s, Wyngarde was guest starring in television series of the time, many of which were shown internationally, including The Avengers,

masks:
Peter Wyngarde
Peter Wilde
Peter Quint


title: Peter Wyngarde

texts:
 The Saint, The Baron, The Champions and I Spy. He also appeared in The Prisoner ("Checkmate", 1967) as the authority figure called Number Two.Wyngarde was also a guest star, playing himself as a Shakespearean actor in Lucy in London (1968), a prime-time TV special starring Lucille Ball. Popular success as Jason King

Wyngarde became a British household name through his starring role in the espionage series Department S (1969). His Jason King character, a novelist turned sleuth, was reputedly based on the author Ian Fleming. King led a hedonistic lifestyle; he often got the girl but as she is about to kiss him manages to avoid it, much to the annoyance of co-actor Joel Fabiani. After that series ended, his character, the suave womaniser Jason King, was spun off into a new action espionage series entitled Jason King (1971), which ran for one season of 26 fifty-minute episodes. One obituary described Wyngarde as playing the role "in the manner of a cat walking on tiptoe, with an air of self-satisfaction", but that increasingly his acting became more mannered and he came to believe his own publicity. His director, Cyril Frankel, said: "It got to a point where he wouldn't accept direction."Frankel also said: "He was a very fine actor, but unfortunately a difficult person." The series led Wyngarde to briefly become an international celebrity, being mobbed by female fans in Australia. Carl Gresham, his promotional manager at this time said later that "During the '70s we had a contract to officially open over 30 Woolworths newly refurbished stores throughout the UK. Other than my friends and clients, Morecambe & Wise, <mask> was the most requested and highest paid celebrity making personal appearances." In the role, he "became a style icon, with his droopy moustache, hair that looked like a bearskin hat and a wardrobe of wide-lapelled, three-piece suits, cravats and open-necked shirts in colours so bright they might


title: Peter Wyngarde

texts:
 recording extras for a box-set of The Prisoner, including a mock interview segment titled "The Pink Prisoner". In January 2014, he narrated an episode of the BBC Four Timeshift documentary strand How to Be Sherlock Holmes: The Many Faces of a Master Detective. In It was Alright in the 1960s, a 2015 documentary series for Channel 4, Wyngarde expressed his unease at having had to don blackface to play a Turk in The Saint, but said he had done it only in the hope that a theatre director might pick him to play Othello. Recordings
In 1970, Wyngarde recorded an album released by RCA Victor entitled simply <mask>e, featuring a single, "La Ronde De L'Amour"/"The Way I Cry Over You".The album is a collection of spoken-word musical arrangements produced by Vic Smith and Hubert Thomas Valverde. Wyngarde claimed that: "It sold out in next to no time... but RCA point-blankly refused to press any more. I was fuming, as I'd been given a three-album contract with the company, who promised to release one LP every 12 months. The excuse was that production was being moved... They told me that everything would have to go on the back burner, but I just believe that they got cold feet". A promo single of the track "Rape" (entitled "Peter Wyngarde Commits Rape") was also issued in 1970. In 1998, the album was reissued on CD by RPM Records, re-titled When Sex Leers Its Inquisitive Head.The album is now usually treated as a curiosity because of its unusual spoken-word style and the controversial subject matter of some of the tracks. Personal life
<mask> married the actress Dorinda Stevens on 6 March 1951 when he was 23. They lived at 9 Holland Park, Kensington. By November 1955, Stevens was described in a TV Times profile as "a bachelor girl, sharing a mews flat near Portland Place, London, with Cassio, her wire-haired terrier". She married the Canadian cinematographer William Michael Boultbee (1933–2005) in Nairobi in 1957 while

masks:
Peter Wyngard
Peter Wyngarde


title: Peter Wyngarde

texts:
 found guilty and fined £75. It is said that Wyngarde's career never fully recovered from the publicity surrounding this prosecution. Wyngarde told an interviewer in 1993 that he was an alcoholic and that at the height of his fame "I drank myself to a standstill ... I am amazed I am still here", but that he stopped drinking in the early 1980s.He was declared bankrupt in 1982 and again in 1988. An obituary reported that he lived partly on social security benefits. Wyngarde and the singer Morrissey were friends. Morrissey wrote in his 2013 autobiography about visiting Wyngarde at home in Earls Terrace:

Fandom, biographies
<mask>e had an active fan club from the mid-1950s to 1985. An appreciation society called The Hellfire Club was founded in 1992 with the actor's support, with members receiving its quarterly magazine by post. It went online in 2000, and maintains a regularly updated blog. A biography of the actor was published in 2012 by the organiser of the Six of One, the appreciation society of The Prisoner TV series.It was reissued in 2019. The organiser of The Hellfire Club took Wyngarde's surname after his death and in 2020 she published a biography which claimed to draw on personal knowledge of the subject. Death and legacy
His agent and manager reported that Wyngarde was admitted to the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital in London in October 2017 with an unspecified illness. He died on 15 January 2018. <mask>-Hopkins' 2020 biography of Wyngarde and its accompanying website detail some disputes and conflict between the author and Wyngarde's executors and next of kin over his estate and the location of his remains. An auction of 250 items from his estate took place on 26 March 2020. All items sold, and the auction fetched over £35,000.His trophy for "best dressed personality of 1970" reached the highest selling price with a winning bid of £2,200. Mike Myers credited Wyngarde with inspiring the character

masks:
Peter Wyngard
Tina Wyngarde


title: Silas Jayne

texts:
<mask> (July 3, 1907 – July 13, 1987) was a Chicago-based stable owner, horse trainer, and horse trader who was heavily involved in criminal activity, including fraud, intimidation, arson, and murder. He covered up the infamous Peterson-Schuessler murders and hired the murder of his stepbrother. Life history and background
<mask> was born on July 3, 1907, in Cuba Township, in Lake County, Illinois. He was one of four boys and eight girls born to Arthur and <mask>. <mask> had a half brother, <mask>, born in 1923 to his mother and her employer, married attorney George William Spunner. When <mask> was tried for rape at age 17, his step father acting as his attorney wrote the judge that <mask> was a wild young man who wouldn't be hurt by a year in jail. <mask> was convicted and served one year at Pontiac Correctional Center.<mask> and his younger brothers DeForest and Frank and half brother George were skilled horse trainers and riders, who owned and operated a number of stables in the Chicago area during the 1930s. In 1932 <mask> opened the Idle Hour stable at Lincoln and Peterson avenues on Chicago's northwest side. About the same time <mask> and his brothers began operating the Elston Riding Academy at 5663 Elston Avenue in Chicago. The academy hosted the Elston Saddle Club which held an annual horse show and rodeo featuring the <mask> brothers and their students. In 1933 <mask> began operating a livestock hauling and trading business in Woodstock, Illinois. The <mask> brothers shipped feral horses from the Western United States by railroad to Woodstock, where they were herded through the streets to Frank's corral south of the city.

masks:
Silas Carter Jayne
Silas Jayne
Katherine Jayne
Silas
George William Jayne
Silas
Silas
Silas
Silas Jayne
Silas
Silas
Jayne
Frank Jayne
Jayne


title: Silas Jayne

texts: The best horses were trained and the rest were shipped to Rockford, Illinois to be slaughtered for dog food In 1936 <mask> began holding annual horse shows at his Sportsman's Riding Stables in Morton Grove, Illinois The following year the Elston Saddle Club held a show in Woodstock and <mask> purchased a farm west of Elgin, Illinois, which he called Our Day Farm.DeForest <mask> earned many trophies for his horsemanship and was the instructor at the Elston Riding Academy. On October 15, 1938, DeForest's fiancee, Mae Sweeny, committed suicide by swallowing arsenic. Five days later DeForest, dressed in his best Western attire, killed himself with a 12-gauge shotgun on Sweeny's grave. By the time of his death DeForest had acquired twenty acres and a stable, that he bequeathed to his half brother George. After DeForest's death <mask> established Green Tree Stable at 4701 Cumberland Avenue in the Chicago suburb of Norridge. On June 3, 1940, a fire killed ten horses at the Green Tree Stable. This was the first of several suspicious fires linked to <mask>.<mask> and his employees were able to free 35 other horses from the burning building. <mask> had acquired a reputation for bullying behavior. In order to intimidate rivals he would falsely claim that he had served time for murder. In one case when he was losing in a horse show competition, <mask> and his brothers beat the rider who was winning until he could no longer compete. Because of <mask>'s reputation for violence, he was able to demand a 10% stake of the profits in horse shows held near Chicago. <mask> sold virtually worthless horses to prosperous men with daughters in their early

masks:
George Jayne
Frank Jayne
Jayne
Silas
Silas
Silas
Jayne
Silas
Jayne
Jayne


title: Silas Jayne

texts: teenage years, claiming that the horses were of the top quality needed if the daughters were to become champion riders. Parents allowed their daughters to spend extended periods of time at <mask>'s stables unchaperoned.<mask> boasted to his associates of having molested many of these underage girls. When fathers complained about the poor quality of horses they had bought from him, he would tell them that their daughters had become notorious among his employees for their promiscuity. Though the accusation may have been groundless, scandal-wary fathers rarely pressed the point. It was suspected that allegations against <mask> were not investigated because he had friendly relations with police officers. He was not a made man of the Chicago Outfit, but his Idle Hour Stables were patronized by "Mad Sam" DeStefano and other prominent gangsters. It was said that the gangsters "played cowboy" there, riding around on horses and firing guns into the air. In the early 1950's <mask> wanted his half-brother George to purchase his Green Tree Stable, but George, whose Sportsman's Riding Stables was prospering, refused.Shortly thereafter, while George and his family were wintering in Florida, his house, located at the Sportsman's Riding Stables, burned down. The cause of the fire was never determined, but George suspected that <mask> was responsible. A month after the fire George sold Sportsman's Riding Stables, and after that he bought Green Tree Stable from Silas, renaming it Happy Days Stables. In 1954 <mask> moved his Idle Hour Stable to a larger facility at 8600 West Higgins Road in Park Ridge, Illinois, not far from George's Happy Days

masks: Jayne Jayne Jayne Silas Silas Silas


title: Silas Jayne

texts:
 Stables. Ethan Hansen and his sons Curtis and Kenneth operated a stable not far from <mask>' relocated Idle Hour Stable. Curtis was an enforcer for the Chicago Outfit tied to Sam DeStefano and Frank Schweihs. The Hansen stable went out of business after several accidents resulted in the deaths of two young stable hands, after which Curtis Hansen maintained a close relationship with <mask> and Kenneth Hansen was hired to work at the Idle Hour Stable.Peterson–Schuessler murders
On October 18, 1955, the naked bodies of three young boys, John Schuessler, aged 13, his brother Anton Jr., aged 11, and their friend Robert Peterson, aged 14, were found in a ditch in the Robinson Woods Forest Preserve on the northwest side of Chicago. When found, they had been missing for two days. The boys had traveled from Jefferson Park to downtown Chicago to see Walt Disney Productions' The African Lion at the Loop Theater, 165 North State Street, on the afternoon of October 16. Nearly forty years later, ATF agents investigating the February 17, 1977 disappearance of candy heiress Helen Brach were told by informants that <mask>'s former employee, Kenneth Hansen, had boasted of committing the murders at the Idle Hour Stable. Hansen had threatened others that they would "end up like the Peterson boy." A second informant, Red Wemette, had told the FBI of Hansen's boasts in the 1970s, but apparently no action was taken. It emerged that Hansen, who was 22 years old at the time, had met Peterson and the Schuesslers while they were hitchhiking after having last been seen by a classmate at the Monte Cristo Bowling Alley on 3326 West Montrose, about eight miles

masks:
Silas
Silas Jayne
Silas Jayne


title: Silas Jayne

texts:
 from the Loop theater.Hansen lured them into the Idle Hour stables under the pretext of showing them horses. When Peterson discovered Hansen sexually abusing the Schuessler brothers, Hansen had attacked all three and killed them. <mask> had been enraged at Hansen when he discovered what he had done. However, realizing the murders on his property had the potential to ruin him, <mask> concealed the crime. The bodies were put in a station wagon, and disposed of. The original forensic investigators in the case believed that marks on the bodies had been caused by the floor mats of a Packard station wagon model that had been owned by both Hansen and <mask> in 1955. The barn in which the murders allegedly occurred burned down on May 15, 1956, in a suspected arson.Neighbors had reported to the police that they had heard screams from the stables on the day the boys disappeared, but the leads were not followed up, despite the stable's proximity to the site where the bodies were found. According to a detective who worked on the case, Kenneth Hansen had preyed on hundreds of boys before his 1995 arrest and conviction for the murders. Hansen's conviction was overturned five years later on the grounds that the jury should not have heard prejudicial testimony regarding his frequent cruising the streets in search of boys to prey upon, whom he termed "chicken". Found guilty at a 2002 retrial with a subsequent affirmation of the verdict in a 2004 appeal, Hansen was sentenced to life imprisonment. He died at Pontiac Correctional Center on September 12, 2007. Attacks on <mask>
In October 1959 <mask> moved his stable business from the Happy Days

masks:
Jayne
Jayne
Jayne
George Jayne
George Jayne


title: Silas Jayne

texts:
 Stables to the 95-acre Tri Color Farm near his home in Inverness, Illinois. <mask>' competition with George, both in business and at horse shows, became intense and led to a prolonged effort to kill George.Cheryl Rude was a professional rider who went to work for George after she was fired by <mask>. At the Oak Brook Hounds Horse Show in 1961 Rude won a jumping class over protests from <mask>, and George's daughter beat <mask>' best horse to take the top prize, after which <mask> stood in the middle of the horse ring and shouted at George "I'll never talk to you again, you bastard." This was the beginning of campaign of harassment against George. In 1962 shots were fired at George's office and the office was burglarized. At various times George's tires were punctured, lug nuts on his truck tires were loosened, sugar was poured into his gas tank, cars attempted to run him off the road at night, two of his horses were poisoned, and dynamite was left by his back door, but the fuse fizzled out. In March of 1963 while working late at his Tri Color Stables' office, George, perhaps sensing danger, departed in a borrowed car leaving the lights on and his own car at the office. That night 28 bullets were fired into the office.In 1965 Eddie Moran confessed that he and another man were paid $300 to kill George, and it was they who had fired the shots into George's office in 1963. In May of 1963 when George's horse beat <mask>' at the Lake Forest Horse Show, <mask> threatened George, "I'll kill you, you son of a bitch." After this on five or more occasions <mask> made threats to kill George. Murder of Cheryl Rude
On June 14, 1965 <mask> asked

masks:
Silas
Silas
Silas
Silas
Silas
Silas
Silas
Silas
George Jayne


title: Silas Jayne

texts: his 22-year-old employee, Cheryl Rude, to move his Cadillac. When she turned the ignition key, a bomb composed of three sticks of dynamite exploded killing her. George believed that he was the intended target of the bomb, and that <mask> was responsible for planting it. Sheriff's investigators agreed with this assessment.On July 14 Chicago police found bomb making equipment in the home of Haladane Cleminson, who told them that James Blottiaux had asked him how to wire a car bomb. Bomb making equipment was also found in Bottiaux's home, and handwriting experts tied him to a receipt for explosives. Blottiaux, who was a handyman at <mask>'s Idle Hour Stable, told investigators he had heard <mask> offer Eddie Moran $10,000 to bomb <mask>'s car. A white Buick had been seen at George's Tri Color Stable shortly before the bombing. Knowing that Blattiaux did repair work at his friend Thomas Hanna's used car dealership, authorities questioned Hanna who said he didn't have a white Buick on his lot. In 1967 the evidence implicating Battiaux in the Rude murder, including the receipt signed by Bottiaux, was destroyed by the Chicago Police. Thereafter the case went cold for nearly thirty years.Then when authorities requestioned Hanna, he told them that Blottiaux had borrowed a 1960 white Buick LeSabre from his lot on the day of the murder. When Blottiaux returned the car, he was visibly upset and kept repeating. "I killed the wrong person." When Hanna asked what he was talking about, Blottiaux vomited. Blottiaux confessed the murder to Hanna, who sold the Buick LeSabre as soon as he could. On December 16, 1997 Battiaux was charged with Cheryl

masks:
Silas
Silas Jayne
Jayne
George Jayne


title: Silas Jayne

texts:
 Rude's murder. At his trial in July 1999, Haldane Cleminson testified under immunity that he had helped Blottiaux make the car bomb, and Hanna and his wife testified that Blottiaux had confessed the murder to them.<mask>, who was deceased by the time of the trial, paid Blottiaux $10,000 for the murder. Bottiaux was found quilty and on September 10, 1999, sentenced to 200-300 years. After his conviction Blottiaux admitted his guilt. He confessed that he saw Rude get into the car, but did nothing to warn her. Blottiaux was denied parole on September 24, 2020. Conspiracy to murder <mask>
A few days after the murder of Cheryl Rude, <mask> offered Stephen Grod and Edward Moran $15,000 to kill <mask>. In an effort to double-cross <mask>, Grod and Moran contacted George and proposed that he hide out until after they collect their fee from <mask>.George called the Cook County, Illinois, Sheriff's Police, who had Grod set up a meeting with <mask>. A sheriff's detective, posing as a third hitman, accompanied Grod to the meeting where <mask> gave Grod $1000 as a down payment. There was now sufficient evidence to charge <mask> with conspiracy to commit murder. Grod was the chief witness against <mask> when the case came to trial in March 1966. As Grod was walking into the courthouse, <mask>'s brother Frank handed him an article about a key witness in a criminal case being murdered. When called to testify Grod had a sudden case of amnesia, stating under oath, "I can`t even remember what I had for breakfast this morning. I'm sick."As a result the case against <mask> was dropped and Grod was fined $1000 and jailed for thirty days. In November of

masks:
Silas Jayne
George Jayne
Silas Jayne
George Jayne
Silas
Silas
Silas
Silas
Silas Jayne
Jayne
Silas Jayne
Jayne


title: Silas Jayne

texts: 1965 <mask> sold the Idle Hour Stables and moved to Our Day Farm. After the conspiracy charges against <mask> were dropped, <mask>'s office was burglarized. <mask> told one of George's employees "I gave the IRS all the dope on him [George]. We got enough out of his office to put him in jail for good." George was subsequently indicted for income tax fraud. A jury found him not guilty on November 2, 1966.In 1967 <mask> and <mask>'s six sisters called a family meeting to resolve their differences. According to George's wife, speaking through her attorney, George agreed at that meeting not to show horses in the hunter and jumper classes. She didn't say what, if anything, <mask> agreed to. <mask> said that the meeting ended with the brothers being friends. Killing of Frank Michelle Jr. Fearing more attacks, <mask> hired Frank Michelle Sr, a former chief of police of Inverness, to provide security for his home and business. He hired Michelle's son, Frank Michelle Jr., to surreptitiously place on <mask>'s car a transmitter which would alert George whenever the car came within five miles.The transmitter was periodically monitored and when it stopped transmitting after twelve days, Frank Michelle Jr. was dispatched to change the battery. On January 19, 1969, Michelle's wife dropped him off near <mask>'s home at Our Day Farm. Michelle would not have found the car with the transmitter, because <mask> had traded it in for another car. According to <mask>, his door bell rang and when he asked who was there, he was shot at through the door. He returned fire and saw Michelle, who he didn't recognize, crawl away leaving a bloody trail on the lawn.

masks:
Silas Jayne
Silas Jayne
George Jayne
Silas
Silas
George Jayne
Silas
Silas
George Jayne
Silas Jayne
Silas Jayne
Jayne
Jayne


title: Silas Jayne

texts:
 <mask> grabbed additional guns and followed Michelle shooting him to death. Michelle was shot nine times with three different weapons: an M1 carbine and  .22- and .38-caliber pistols.The shooting was ruled to be self defense and no charges were brought against <mask>. <mask> boasted of crushing Michelle's testicles using vise-grip pliers. When investigators tried to verify this claim, they discovered that the coroner's report and medical records had gone missing. Murder of <mask>
On October 28, 1970, <mask> was fatally shot in the heart through a basement window in his Inverness home while playing cards with family on his son, George Jr.'s, sixteenth birthday. Investigation
A neighbor boy identified the get away car as red and white with a license plate beginning 936. Melvin Adams, a 37-year-old dishwasher from Posen, Illinois, became a suspect when he was spotted driving a red-and-white Ford with a license number beginning 936. When questioned Adams was found to be carrying $10,000 in cash.Seventeen of the bills in Adams possession were found to have <mask>'s fingerprints. In order to keep <mask> from fleeing while the investigation continued, agents of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms raided <mask>'s home at Our Day Farm confiscating 18 weapons. <mask> was charged with illegal possession of firearms by a felon, the rape he was convicted of at age 17 being a felony. When arraigned <mask> was required to surrender his passport. In May 1971 <mask>'s widow, Marion, accompanied by Illinois State Police investigator David Hamm, offered $25,000 in cash to Melvan Adams as a reward for information. Adams told them that Julius

masks:
Jayne
Jayne
Jayne
George Jayne
George Jayne
Silas Jayne
Jayne
Jayne
Jayne
Jayne
George Jayne


title: Silas Jayne

texts:
 Barnes was the shooter. He also told where the murder weapon was hidden and where Barnes could be found.Rather than take the $25,000 reward, Adams accepted an offer of immunity from prosecution. Barnes' fingerprints were on the murder weapon and he also decided to cooperate with authorities. Adams and Barnes said that Edwin Nefeld, the chief of detectives at the Markham, Illinois police department, had been hired by <mask> to assassinate George. Nefeld subcontracted the murder to Adams, and Adams in turn subcontracted Barnes. <mask>'s handyman, Joseph LaPlaca, was also involved in the plot. <mask> initially wanted Adams to kidnap George so that he could murder him himself, but Adams argued that assassination would be less risky. After the murder <mask> paid $30,000 to Adams, who passed $12,500 to Barnes.On May 22, 1971, <mask>, LaPlaca, Barnes, and Nefeld were indicted for the murder of <mask>. In a plea deal Nefeld pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit murder and testified against the other defendants in exchange for the dropping of murder charges. He was sentenced to 1 to 3 years in prison. Conviction and sentence
<mask>, Joseph LaPlaca, and Julius Barnes went on trial for murder on April 4, 1973. <mask> was represented by famed attorney F. Lee Bailey. Barnes retracted his confession and <mask> denied everything. The jurors were permitted to find the defendants guilty of the lesser charge of conspiracy to commit murder.Barnes, the shooter, was found guilty of murder, and <mask> and LaPlaca were found guilty of conspiracy to commit murder. Barnes was sentenced to 25-35 years in prison, and <mask> and LaPlaca each received a

masks:
Silas Jayne
Silas Jayne
Silas Jayne
Jayne
Jayne
George Jayne
Silas Jayne
Jayne
Jayne
Jayne
Jayne


title: Silas Jayne

texts:
 sentence of 6-20 years, the maximum under Illinois law for conspiracy to murder. After his conviction, <mask> sued <mask> for $7 million in damages for her husband's death. In 1973 she was awarded $1 million. In 1980 <mask> offered Marion $250,000 to settle the matter, but she refused. <mask> was imprisoned at the Vienna Correctional Center in southern Illinois. <mask>'s cellmate said that <mask> was allowed to keep his horses at the prison's stable and to ride unescorted into a nearby town to buy whiskey.Also <mask>'s brother Frank regularly transported prostitutes from Chicago to the prison to have sex with <mask>. On May 23, 1979, <mask> was paroled after having served six years. Trial for arson
<mask> was tried and acquitted of arson in 1980, after he allegedly had a former cellmate start a fire in a stable where men against whom he had a grudge kept their horses. Thirty-three horses perished in the fire. Other crimes and suspicions
On July 2, 1966, a little more than a year after the murder of Cheryl Rude, Ann Miller, age 21, Patricia Blaugh, age 19, and Renee Bruhl, age 19, disappeared from Indiana Dunes State Park never to be seen again. They were last seen getting into a blue and white speedboat. They were all avid horsewomen who frequented <mask>'s Tri Color Stable.It is suspected that they were killed because they had information about the Cheryl Rude murder. <mask> had an employee who owned a blue and white speedboat that he often took to the Indiana dunes. When investigators asked about the boat they were told that it had been destroyed by fire. In 1967 deputy Cook County Sheriff's Office Deputy Ralph Probst died after

masks:
Marion Jayne
Silas Jayne
Silas
Silas Jayne
Jayne
Jayne
Jayne
Jayne
Jayne
Silas
George Jayne
Silas Jayne


title: Silas Jayne

texts:
 being shot through the kitchen window of his Hometown, Illinois residence. The murder weapon was a  forty-one caliber magnum revolver. Probst had been investigating horse rackets and had told colleagues that he was pursuing "something big". Death and legacy
<mask> died of leukemia in 1987 at the age of 80.The Our Day Farm near Elgin is still operated by the <mask> family. <mask>'s great-nephew <mask> was the first alternate for the U.S. show jumping team at the 2012 Summer Olympics. See also
 Disappearance of Helen Brach
Horse murders scandal

References

Cited works and further reading

1907 births
1987 deaths
American horse trainers
American outlaws
American rapists
Criminals from Illinois
Deaths from cancer in Illinois
Deaths from leukemia
Horse breeders
Murder-for-hire cases
People from Lake County, Illinois
Suspected serial

masks:
Jayne
Jayne
Silas Jayne
Charlie Jayne


title: Paul Steinhardt

texts:
<mask> (born December 25, 1952) is an American theoretical physicist whose principal research is in cosmology and condensed matter physics. He is currently the Albert Einstein Professor in Science at Princeton University where he is on the faculty of both the Departments of Physics and of Astrophysical Sciences. <mask> is best known for his development of new theories of the origin, evolution and future of the universe. He is also well known for his exploration of a new form of matter, known as quasicrystals, which were thought to exist only as man-made materials until he co-discovered the first known natural quasicrystal in a museum sample. He subsequently led a separate team that followed up that discovery with several more examples of natural quasicrystals recovered from the wilds of the Kamchatka Peninsula in far eastern Russia. He has written two popular books on these topics. Endless Universe: Beyond the Big Bang (2007), co-authored with Neil Turok, describes the early struggles in challenging the widely accepted big bang theory and the subsequent development of the bouncing or cyclic theories of the universe, which are currently being explored and tested.The Second Kind of Impossible: The Extraordinary Quest for a New Form of Matter (2019) recounts the story of quasicrystals from his invention of the concept with his then-student , to his expedition to far eastern Russia to recover meteorite fragments containing natural quasicrystal grains formed billions of years ago. Education and career
Born to Helen and <mask>, <mask> is the second oldest of four children. He grew up in Miami, Florida, where he attended Coral Gables Senior High School while attending classes at a local university.

masks:
Paul Joseph Steinhardt
Steinhardt
Charles Steinhardt
Paul Steinhardt


title: Paul Steinhardt

texts:
 <mask> received his Bachelor of Science in Physics at Caltech in 1974, and his Ph.D. in Physics at Harvard University in 1978 where his advisor was Sidney Coleman. He was a Junior Fellow in the Harvard Society of Fellows from 1978 to 1981; rose from junior faculty to Mary Amanda Wood Professor  at the University of Pennsylvania between 1981 and 1998, during which he maintained a long-term association with the Thomas J. Watson Research Center; and has been on the faculty at Princeton University since the Fall of 1998. He co-founded the Princeton Center for Theoretical Science and served as its Director from 2007 to 2019. Research

Inflationary cosmology

Beginning in the early 1980s, <mask> co-authored seminal papers that helped to lay the foundations of inflationary cosmology.Slow-roll inflation and Generation of the seeds for galaxies: In 1982, <mask> and Andreas Albrecht (and, independently, Andrei Linde) constructed the first inflationary models that could speed up the expansion of the universe enough to  explain the observed smoothness and flatness of the universe and then "gracefully exit" to the more modest expansion observed today. The Albrecht-Steinhardt paper was the first to note the effect of Hubble friction in sustaining inflation for a sufficiently long period (the “slow-roll” effect), setting the prototype for most subsequent inflationary models. Hubble friction played a critical role in the 1983 paper by  James Bardeen, <mask> and Michael S. Turner  who were the first introduce a reliable, relativistically gauge invariant method to compute how quantum fluctuations during inflation might naturally generate a nearly scale-invariant spectrum of density fluctuations with a small tilt,

masks: Steinhardt Steinhardt Steinhardt Steinhardt


title: Paul Steinhardt

texts: properties later shown by observations of the cosmic microwave background to be features of our universe. The density fluctuations are seeds about which galaxies eventually form. Contemporaneous calculations by several other groups obtained similar conclusions using less rigorous methods. Eternal inflation and the multiverse: In 1982, <mask> presented the first example of eternal inflation. Neverending inflation  was  eventually shown to be a generic feature of inflationary models that leads to a multiverse, the break-up of space into an infinite multitude of patches spanning an infinite range of outcomes instead of the single smooth and flat universe, as originally hoped when first proposed.Although some cosmologists would later come to embrace the multiverse, <mask> consistently expressed his concern that it utterly destroys the predictive power of the theory he helped create. Because the inflationary theory  leads to a multiverse that allows for every possible outcome, <mask> argued, we must conclude that the inflationary theory actually predicts nothing. Imprint of gravitational waves on the cosmic microwave background: In 1993, Robert Crittenden, Rick Davis, J.R. Bond, G. Efstathiou and <mask> performed the first calculations of the complete imprint of gravitational waves on the B-mode temperature maps and on the polarization of the microwave background radiation in 1993. Despite his criticisms of the idea, <mask>'s major contributions to the inflationary theory were recognized in 2002 when he shared the Dirac Prize with Alan Guth of M.I.T. and Andrei Linde of Stanford. The unlikeliness problem: In 2013, Anna Ijjas, Abraham Loeb and <mask> added to the criticisms  in a widely discussed

masks: Steinhardt Steinhardt Steinhardt Steinhardt Steinhardt Steinhardt


title: Paul Steinhardt

texts:
 pair of papers that the inflationary model was much less likely to explain our universe than previously thought.According to their analysis of the Planck satellite 2013 results, the chances of obtaining a universe matching the observations after a period of inflation is less than one in a googolplex. <mask> and his team dubbed the result the “unlikeliness problem.” The two papers also showed that Planck satellite data ruled out what had been historically accepted as the simplest inflationary models and that the remaining inflationary models require more parameters, more fine-tuning of those parameters, and more unlikely initial conditions. In 2015, the unlikeness problem was reaffirmed and strengthened by a subsequent round of measurements reported by the Planck satellite team. Incompatibility with the string-swampland conjectures: In 2018, <mask>, in collaboration with Prateek Agrawal, George Obieds, and Cumrun Vafa, argued that inflation may also be incompatible with string theory because inflationary models generally violate constraints (sometimes called the “swampland conjectures”) on what is required for a model to be consistent with quantum gravity. Bouncing and cyclic cosmology

Motivated by what he viewed as the failures of inflationary theory, <mask> became a leading developer of a new class of cosmological models that replace the so-called big bang with a bounce. The new theory envisions a smooth transition from a previous period of contraction to the current period of expansion, avoiding any need for inflation and evading the infamous cosmic singularity problem associated with a big bang. A natural extension of these ideas is a neverbeginning and neverending cyclic universe in which

masks: Steinhardt Steinhardt Steinhardt


title: Paul Steinhardt

texts: epochs of bounce, expansion, and contraction repeat at regular intervals.Early models: The first examples of these bouncing and cyclic models, referred to as "ekpyrotic," were presented in papers in 2001 with Justin Khoury, Burt A. Ovrut and Neil Turok. The first model was based on the speculative notion suggested by string theory that the universe has extra-dimensions bounded by “branes” (where “brane” is derived from "membrane," a basic object in string theory). The bounce corresponded to the collision and rebound of these branes. The bounce (that is, brane collision) would be a violent event that would depend sensitively on quantum gravity effects that are not yet established. In 2002, <mask> and Turok then incorporated the ekpyrotic idea into a bolder proposal: an early version of a cyclic theory of the universe. The new cyclic model: More recent versions developed by Anna Ijjas and <mask> do not require extra dimensions or branes or string theory; ordinary fields with potential energy evolving in space-time, similar to inflationary models, can be used. Furthermore, the bounce is a gentle transition that can be fully computed because it occurs long before quantum gravity effects become important.There is no cosmic singularity problem, unlike theories based on the big bang. In the cyclic version of these models, space never crunches; rather, it necessarily grows overall from bounce to bounce every 100 billion years or so. After each bounce, gravitational energy is converted into the matter and radiation that fuels the next cycle. To an observer, the evolution appears to be cyclic because the temperature, density, number of stars and galaxies, etc., are on average the same from one cyclic to

masks: Steinhardt Steinhardt


title: Paul Steinhardt

texts: ultimately detectable. A second prediction is that the current acceleration expansion must eventually stop and the vacuum must be eventually decay in order to initiate the next cycle.(Other predictions depend on the specific fields (or branes) that cause the contraction.) The cyclic model may naturally explain why the cosmological constant is exponentially small and positive, compared to the enormous value expected by quantum gravity theories. The cosmological constant might begin large, as expected, but then slowly decay over the course of many cycles to the tiny value observed today. The discovery of the Higgs field at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) may provide added support for the cyclic model. Evidence from the LHC suggests that the current vacuum may decay in the future, according to calculations made by <mask>, Turok and Itzhak Bars. The decay of the current vacuum is required by the cyclic model in order to end the current phase of expansion, contract, bounce and a new era of expansion; the Higgs provides a possible mechanism of decay that can be tested. The Higgs field is a viable candidate for the field that drives the cycles of expansion and contraction.Dark energy and dark matter: <mask> has made significant contributions researching the "dark side" of the universe: dark energy, the cosmological constant problem and dark matter. First evidence of cosmic acceleration: In 1995, <mask> and Jeremiah Ostriker used a concordance of cosmological observations to show there must be a non-zero dark energy component today, more than 65 percent of the total energy density, sufficient to cause the expansion of the universe to accelerate. This was verified three years later by supernova


title: Paul Steinhardt

texts:
 observations in 1998. Quintessence: Working with colleagues, he subsequently introduced the concept of quintessence, a form of dark energy that varies with time. It was first posited by <mask>'s team as an alternative to the cosmological constant, which is (by definition) constant and static; quintessence is dynamic. Its energy density and pressure evolve over time. The 2018 paper on swampland conjectures with Agrawal, Obieds and Vafa  points to quintessence as being the only option for dark energy in string theory and consistent quantum gravity.Self-interacting dark matter: In 2000, David Spergel and <mask> first introduced the concept of strongly self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) to explain various anomalies in standard cold dark models based on assuming dark matter consists of weakly interacting massive particles (also referred to as "WIMPs")

In 2014, <mask>, Spergel and Jason Pollack have proposed that a small fraction of dark matter could have ultra-strong self-interactions, which would cause the particles to coalesce rapidly and collapse into seeds for early supermassive black holes. Quasicrystals

Development of the theory: In 1983, <mask> and his then-student Dov Levine first introduced the theoretical concept of quasicrystals in a patent disclosure. The complete theory was published the following year in a paper entitled "Quasicrystals: A New Class of Ordered Structures." The theory proposed the existence of a new phase of solid matter analogous to Penrose tilings with rotational symmetries previously thought to be impossible for solids. <mask> and Levine named the new phase of matter a "quasicrystal." The never-before-seen atomic structure had quasiperiodic atomic ordering, rather

masks: Steinhardt Steinhardt Steinhardt Steinhardt Steinhardt


title: Paul Steinhardt

texts: than the periodic ordering characteristic of conventional crystals. The new theory overturned 200 years of scientific dogma and proved that quasicrystals could violate all of the previously accepted mathematical theorems about the symmetry of matter.Symmetries once thought to be forbidden for solids are actually possible for quasicrystals, including solids with axes of five-fold symmetry and three-dimensional icosahedral symmetry. The first synthetic quasicrystal: Working simultaneously to, but independently of, <mask> and Levine, Dan Shechtman, Ilan Blech, Denis Gratias and John Cahn at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) were focused on an experimental discovery they could not explain. It was an unusual alloy of manganese and aluminum with a diffraction pattern of what appeared to be sharp (though not perfectly point-like) spots arranged with icosahedral symmetry that did not fit any known crystal structure. The alloy was first noted in 1982, but results were not published until November 1984 after more convincing data had been obtained. <mask> and Levine were shown a preprint of the Shechtman team's paper and immediately recognized that it could be experimental proof of their still-unpublished quasicrystal theory. The theory, along with the proposal that it could explain the mysterious, forbidden structure of the new alloy was published in December 1984. The new alloy was ultimately discovered to be problematic.It proved to be unstable and the noted imperfections in the diffraction pattern allowed for multiple explanations (including one about crystal twinning proposed by Linus <mask>) that were hotly debated for the next few years. In 1987, An-Pang Tsai and his group  at Japan's Tohoku

masks: Steinhardt Steinhardt Pauling