title: Rico Puestel

texts: <mask>, also known as Dinamoe, Elco and Central Scrutinizer, is a German record producer, live-act, DJ and labelowner. Born in 1986, he early got in touch with different musical expressions, devices and behaviours - playing the piano, guitar and drums. He started spinning records and dealing with creative processing through various kinds of electronic music at the age of 12. He grew up in Uslar, Lower-Saxony. Since July 2007, he lives in Kiel and studies musicology and philosophy at the University. In 2005 and 2006, he released his first EPs on the German labels Dark-Noize-Recordings and Minimal Sound Noise that were followed by his musical re-invention as Dinamoe two years later, initiated for developing his individual sound and to focus on mainly performing live. He already cooperated with the labels Mothership, Pimprinella, OZZ, Freundchen, Archipel, Test Tube, ProgCity Deep Trax, Frankie Rec., Faste Music, Flicker Rhythm, Wreckless Recordings, Get Physical, Trapez, Cometomusic, IPOLY Music, Microtonal, Hi Freaks, Alpaca Records, Opossum Rec., Partyservice, Stop Clone Music, 9volt Musik, Minisketch, Robsoul Recordings, WirrWarr, Kostbar|Musik, Playtime Records, Malatoid Records, Naked Lunch, Manual


title: Rico Puestel

type: original

texts:
 Music, Niveous Tracks, Deep Series, Athletikk, Laka, Suara, Only Records, SNEJL, Shufflemood, Mischievous Musique, Multi Vitamins, Stolen Moments, Sui Generiz, Tanzbar|Digital, Schieber Prod., Minimal Sound Noise and Dark-Noize-Black Recordings while managing his own labels Ponsactrilau, Dinamuzac and Fabulesque!(on hold) where he presents his own productions and personal musical ideas. Discography

Albums / EPs / Singles

 <mask>el: Senjor Soldjas / Eucharist - Dark-Noize-Black Recordings (DNB5001 12") - 2005
 Central Scrutinizer: And You All Didn't Get It / 139 - Dark-Noize-Black Recordings (DNB5003 12") - 2005
 <mask>el: Winterkaelte / Senjor Soldjas Rmx - Dark-Noize-Black Recordings (DNB5004 12") - 2005
 <mask>uestel: Binary EP - Minimal Sound Noise (MSN001 12") - 2006
 Central Scrutinizer: Something Must Happen / Côté Exposé Au Soleil - Minimal Sound Noise (MSN004 12") - 2006
 Dinamoe: Danser En Enfer / STL / Walk Warm, Feel Green - Schieber Productions (Schieber04 12") - 2007
 Dinamoe: Larissar II - Minisketch VIR (Minisketch VIR1.0 MP3) - 2007
 Dinamoe: Fabulesque - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ001 MP3) - 2007
 <mask>üstel: Les Désires - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ002 MP3) - 2007
 Dinamoe: Bivouac - Fabulesque!

masks:
Rico Puest
Rico Puest
Rico P
Rico P


title: Rico Puestel

texts:
 (FBLSQ003 MP3) - 2007
 <mask>üstel: Non-Non - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ004 MP3) - 2007
 Dinamoe: Lostin (incl. Ludovic Vendi Remix) - Minisketch VIR (Minisketch VIR1.1 MP3) - 2007
 Dinamoe: Fabulesque Remixes - Fabulesque!(FBLSQ005 MP3) - 2008
 Dinamoe: Poggenphot - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ006 MP3) - 2008
 Dinamoe: Simulacron 6.1 - Stolen Moments Digital (STMDIG 001 MP3) - 2008
 Dinamoe: Simulacron 6.2 - Stolen Moments Digital (STMDIG 002 MP3) - 2008
 <mask>üstel: Sone Auric - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ007 MP3) - 2008
 Dinamoe vs. Crosspatch: Geese I - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ008 MP3) - 2008
 <mask>el: A Divine Proclamation To Space And Time - Archipel (ARCH045 MP3) - 2008
 Dinamoe: FLIC - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ009 MP3) - 2008
 Dinamoe: Dab-Chat - 9volt Musik (9VOLT08 12") - 2008
 <mask>üstel: Nauic Rose - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ010 MP3) - 2008
 Dinamoe: When Peaches Spoke - Tanzbar|Digital (TANZBARDIGITAL006 MP3) - 2008
 <mask>el: Beyond Connexions, Crossing Sanctions - Mischievous Musique (MISCHIE001 MP3) - 2008
 <mask>el: Copm - Multi Vitamins (MVD02 MP3) - 2008
 <mask>el: IMHOTEP - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ011 MP3) - 2008
 Dinamoe: The Green French One (Body Language Vol.7) - Get Physical (GPMLP025 12") - 2008
 Dinamoe: Lifeline EP - SNEJL

masks:
Rico P
Rico P
Rico Puest
Rico P
Rico Puest
Rico Puest
Rico Puest


title: Rico Puestel

texts:
 (SNEJL006 MP3) - 2008
 <mask>el: Keyhole Pieces - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ012 MP3) - 2008
 <mask>uestel: Consequences Dictate - Shufflemood (SHFLMD002 MP3) - 2008
 Dinamoe: Crackerbarrels EP - Frankie Records (Frankie Rec 039 MP3) - 2008
 Dinamoe: 1986 - Minisketch: VIR (MVIR20 MP3) - 2008
 Dinamoe: A Baa Relenting EP - Manual Music (MANDIG015 MP3) - 2009
 Dinamoe: The Green French One Remixes - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ013 MP3) - 2009
 From Behind - Malatoid Records (MALATOID004 12"/MP3) - 2009
 Dinamoe: Bedpost Promise - 9volt Musik (9VOLT11 12") - 2009
 Dinamoe: Renaissance - Fabulesque! (FBLSQ014 MP3) - 2009
 Dinamoe: In My Totem EP - Stop Clone Music (SCM002 12") - 2009
 Dinamoe: Stakes EP - Alpaca Records (ALPC004 12") - 2009
 Dinamoe: A Keen Catastrophe #3 (Transformers 2) - Athletikk (ATHL009 MP3) - 2009
 Dinamoe: In My Totem EP [Digital] - Stop Clone Music (SCM002 MP3) - 2009
 Dinamoe: Born 1920 (VARIOUS ARTISTS Sampler) - Robsoul Recordings (Robsoul Ltd 20 12") - 2009
 Elco: Espäce D'Âne [EP] - Partyservice (Party 01 12") - 2009
 Rico Puestel: Have You Seen Baba Yaga? EP - Faste Music (FASTE06 12") - 2009
 Rico Püstel: Amatory - Test Tube (tube167 MP3) - 2009
 Dinamoe: Vicuna Robber Monk EP - Fabulesque!

masks:
Rico Puest
Rico P


title: Rico Puestel

texts:
 (FBLSQ016 MP3) - 2009
 Dinamoe: Monthurs [EP] - WirrWarr (wirrwarr02 12") - 2009
 Dinamoe: Pay-per-View EP - Only Records (ONLYD37 MP3) - 2009
 Rico Puestel: Floss [EP] - Wreckless Recordings (WRCK009 12") - 2009
 Rico Püstel: Islescape - Test Tube (tube188 MP3) - 2009
 Dinamoe: Nurse! - Playtime Records (PLY018 MP3) - 2009
 Dinamoe: Disequilibrium EP - Fabulesque!(FBLSQ017 MP3) - 2009
 Dinamoe: Woken If Youth (Shrimpy Remix) - Only Records (ONLYD39 MP3) - 2009
 <mask>uestel: Fax Verity EP - Niveous Tracks (NIT002 MP3) - 2009
 <mask>uestel: Vertical Eclipse / Ionic Ankle - Flicker Rhythm (DMDFLICKER21 12") - 2010
 Various Artists: Interstate 5 (incl. Dinamoe - Seattle) - Cometomusic (C2M002 12") - 2010
 <mask>el: The Hissing Subsides - ProgCity Deep Trax (PCDT015 12") - 2010
 Dinamoe: Vigor (Album CD) - 2010
 Dinamoe Vs. <mask> Puestel: D99 - Cometomusic (C2M003 12") - 2010
 Various Artists: Deep Series Vol. 1 (incl. Dinamoe - Golden) - Deep Series (DS001-6 12") - 2010

Remixes

 Horrorscope: Sync (Rico Puestel Rmx) - Dark-Noize-Black Recordings (DNB5002 12") - 2005
 Manuel Fuentes: Oblivion (Rico Puestel Rmx) - Minimal Sound Noise (MSN005 12") - 2006
 Gauchel: Big Bass (Dinamoe Rmx) - Schieber.Net

masks:
Rico P
Rico P
Rico Puest
Rico


title: Rico Puestel

texts:
 (Gastspiel) - 2009
 Dippers - Tretmuehle Presents A Beautiful World Volume 6 (Tretmuehle) - 2010
 Stakes - Hier Ist... Berlin 2 - German Electronic Underground Volume 5 (Tretmuehle) - 2010
 Vertical Eclipse - Ibiza Nightlife 2 (C47 Digital) - 2010
 Dippers - Tretmuehle Presents MINIMAL = MAXIMAL Volume 02 (Tretmuehle) - 2010
 Alba - 5 Years Of Manual Music Part 3/3 (Manual Music) - 2010
 Seattle - Minimal Techno Vol. 16 (Futureaudio) - 2010

External links
 Rico Puestel Website
 <mask>el MySpace Page
 <mask>el at Discogs

German record producers
German DJs
Living people
Electronic dance music DJs
Year of birth missing (living

masks:
Rico Puest
Rico Puest


title: Priscila De Carvalho

texts:
<mask> (born 1975) is a Brazilian-born American contemporary artist who is known for paintings, sculptures, murals, site-specific art installations, and permanent public art. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Curitiba, Brazil in 1975. At the age of nine years old, she started composing small photo-realistic drawings influenced by cartoons, comics and fashion magazines. <mask> moved to San Francisco, California in the 1990s. She has traveled extensively and lived in different cities including Tokyo, Berlin, and New York City, where she has been active as an artist since 2004. During this time, <mask> has been engaged in her studio practice and involved in several exhibitions throughout the U.S., Europe, Latin America, and Southeast Asia. Among many professional accomplishments are her Pollock-Krasner Foundation Award, Sculpture Space residency, Aljira Emerge 10 fellowship, Lower East Side Printshop exhibit, the Bronx Museum of the Arts' Artist in the Marketplace, and Workspace Artist residency at the Jamaica Center for the Arts and Learning Gallery.She made her first solo exhibition debut with Passageways in the Jersey City Museum, opening March 19, 2009. Work

A recurring theme in <mask>'s work is the passage of time and its effect on cultures. She compares the environment and human civilization in a way to make viewers question their relationship with both and thus, define what they expect from their culture and themselves. <mask> mixes influences of Pop Art and Spanish Informalism to create works that draw attention to the strange beauty of unbridled urbanization and pay reverence to architecture as an art form. Her installation art

masks:
Priscila De Carvalho
De Carvalho
De Carvalho
De Carvalho
De Carvalho
De Carvalho


title: Priscila De Carvalho

texts:
 and murals  often include paintings  with augmented surfaces, which encourage the spectator to engage with the art as a three-dimensional subject, sometimes by expanding the images into interactive landscapes. <mask>'s work has been exhibited by the Brooklyn Bridge Park (New York, USA), The Bronx Museum of the Arts (New York, USA), Socrates Sculpture Park (New York, USA), the Basque Museum-Center of Contemporary Art (Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain), Deutsche Bank (New York, USA), the Grand Palais (Paris, France), the Nepal Art Council in (Kathmandu, Nepal), The Museum of Contemporary African Diasporan Arts (New York, USA), and The Jersey City Museum (Jersey City, USA). She was also a celebrated participant in El Museo's Sixth Biennial in New York City, The First AIM Biennial at The Bronx Museum of the Arts, and The Kathmandu International Triennial in Nepal, where she represented her native nation of Brazil.She has been commissioned for large-scale permanent public art projects by the MTA Arts & Design and the department of education in New York. In collaboration with School Construction Authority, in 2019 <mask> began creating permanent public artwork for the SBS Woodhaven median stations commissioned by New York City's department of cultural affairs’ "Percent for Arts Program" as well as her largest and most ambitious sculptural work to date for the Valley Metro Rail System in Phoenix, Arizona. Publications

Book chapters and articles related to <mask>:
 New York's Underground Art Museum MTA Arts and Design, Written by Sandra Bloodworth, William Ayres, foreword by Stanley Tucci, Preface by Thomas F. Prendergast by The Monacelli Press, 2014
 2013

masks:
De Carvalho
De Carvalho
De Carvalho


title: Priscila De Carvalho

texts:
 Info En Punto: Nueva obra de Priscila de <mask> para el programa Grey Flag de Artium, May 7, 2014
 El Pais: Un paisaje urbano de Priscila <mask> sobre la fachada, May 7, 2013
 Tsering, Dolker. Nepali Times. Koloring Kathmandu. Page # 650 April 5, 2013
 The Katmandu Post. January at Sattya January 1, 2013
 Hallie, Sekoff.The Huffington Post ArtRio 2012. “The Second Annual Fair Reflects Brazil's Growing Presence In The Contemporary Art World”, September 4, 2012
 Kurchi, Dasgupta. Hyperallergic. “Painting is Alive and Kicking at the Kathmandu International Art Festival", December 20, 2012
 Jessica, Allen. CBS New York, 5 NYC Street Art Murals To See Right Now, July 2, 2012
 Jaime, Rojo. The Huffington Post: "What's New in Bushwick: A Quick Street Art Survey", June 6, 2012
 Holland, Cotter. “The New York Times: Artists Whose Vitality Flows From the Streets”, June 16, 2011
 Amir, H. Fallah.Beautiful Decay Magazine: ”<mask>'s Majestic Brazil”, October 28, 2011
 Eduardo, Graça. O GLOBO: ”Crise econômica e política chamam a atenção em retrospectiva de artistas contemporâneos no Museo del Barrio, em Nova York", Rio de Janeiro, June 24, 2011
 Allison, Meier. Hyperallergic: Bronx Calling: The First AIM Biennial, Review, July 18, 2011
 Gisele, Regatao. Culture WNYC: "Pickles, Turntables and Graffiti at El Museo del Barrio's 'Bienal' of Latino Art”, June 14, 2011
 Marisol, Nieves. Catalogue. “Taking AIM! : The Business of Being an Artist Today", Page 285, October 3, 2011
 Art Paris, Catalogue "Out of Nothing", Paris, France, March 5, 2010
 <mask> <mask> at Praxis.Remezcla. New York, NY, February, 2010
 Benjamin,

masks:
Carvalho
de Carvalho
Priscila
Priscila
De Carvalho


title: Olive Pink

texts:
<mask> (17 March 1884 – 6 July 1975) was an Australian botanical illustrator, anthropologist, gardener, and activist for Aboriginal rights. <mask> spent much of her life agitating and being a passionate advocate for improved rights and conditions for Australia's Indigenous people. She never married, having lost a 'very dear friend' Harold Southern, a fellow artist who was killed at Gallipoli in 1915. In her later years, <mask> concentrated on botanical pursuits and established the currently named Olive Pink Botanic Garden in Alice Springs. Early life

<mask> was born in Hobart, Tasmania, the eldest child of <mask> and his wife Eveline Fanny Margaret (née Kerr). She received her education from Hobart Girls High School and later studied art at Hobart Technical School under acclaimed artist and sculptor Benjamin Sheppard. In 1909 she joined as staff of the school.Her father died in 1907, and in 1911 she moved with her mother and brother to Perth, Western Australia and then in 1914 to Sydney, offering art lessons both privately and in private girls' schools. In May 1915, she joined the New South Wales Department of Public Works as a tracer having attained a Town Planning Diploma the previous year. Sometime later she moved to the NSW Government Railways and Tramways where she designed various advertising posters. During this period, she developed her artistic skills further by attending classes at the Sydney Art School, one of the most influential art schools in Australia and run by Julian Ashton. Central Australia
In 1926 she holidayed with well-known welfare worker and anthropologist Daisy Bates in remote Ooldea on the edge of the Nullarbor Plain, having her first encounter with Aboriginal culture. In 1930, <mask> found herself retrenched

masks:
Olive Muriel Pink
Pink
Pink
Pink
Robert Stuart Pink
Pink


title: Olive Pink

texts: from her government position and with her interest having been piqued by visits to the remote countryside, she travelled to central Australia sketching desert flora. She returned to Sydney and attended lectures in anthropology at the University of Sydney and became secretary to the Anthropological Society of New South Wales.Between 1933 and 1936 she received grants from the Australian National Research Council to work among the Arrernte people near Alice Springs and the Warlpiri people of the Tanami Desert. She published several papers on the Arrernte in 1933 and 1936, but, sensitive to cultural needs, refused to release her work on the Warlpiri. She also met Albert Namatjira during this period and purchased two of his early paintings. The two remained friends until his death in 1959. At this time, <mask> started agitating by writing endless letters to politicians and newspapers to raise the profile and awareness of difficulties faced by Aboriginal people. She strongly criticised government officials, missionaries and pastoralists, making uncompromising demands and constant badgering of politicians which resulted in her being investigated by ASIO as a communist sympathiser. <mask> lived with the remote people for several years, teaching English and other skills and including a failed attempt at establishing a 'secular sanctuary' (or commune) for the Warlpiri people, before moving to Alice Springs to live in 1946.Suffering financial difficulties she lived in huts and a tent on the outskirts of the town living off the proceeds of her home grown fruit and flowers and exhibitions of her artwork as well as a job cleaning the local courthouse. During this period, she met with the artist Sidney Nolan and his wife, with whom she discussed her

masks: Pink Pink


title: Olive Pink

texts:
 experiences with the Aborigines. She refused the old age pension and managed to live on an income of approximately £6.00 a week. In 1955 she applied to the Northern Territory administrator for a reservation of about 20 hectares of land on the eastern bank of the Todd River as a flora reserve. The following year the grant was gazetted as the 'Australian Arid Regions Flora Reserve', with assistance from the Minister for the Territories, Sir Paul Hasluck. <mask> was appointed as the 'honorary curator'. Hasluck had considerable correspondence with <mask> over many years.In the Northern Territory Newsletter obituary in 1975 he told the following story:

'At the Arid Zone reserve Miss <mask> planted trees and, with the aid of her Aboriginal helper, watered them and tended them. Each tree bore the name of some prominent citizen and if that citizen fell out of favour with her she ceased to water it. So that if the leaves of 'Mr Archer' were drooping and the leaves of 'Mr Marsh' were bright and green or 'Mr Barclay' was growing vigorously one knew at once what had happened in the handling of her latest request. I visited her on several occasions and could never restrain a curious glance at my tree and felt suitably gratified if I saw that 'Mr Hasluck' was being watered regularly.' Death
<mask> lived in the reserve, assisted by her longtime companion and gardener, Johnny Jambijimba Yannarilyi, until her death, in Alice Springs, Northern Territory, at the age of 91. She died in Alice Springs Hospital and is buried in the Alice Springs Memorial Cemetery, within the Quaker section, a group with which she held close ties throughout her life and close to the Aboriginal section of the cemetery. <mask> was also buried, according to her instructions,

masks:
Pink
Pink
Pink
Olive Pink
Pink


title: Olive Pink

texts:
 with her gravestone facing  west (opposite to others buried there) in order to face the direction of Mount Gillen which she loved.After her death, the botanical garden she built was renamed the Olive Pink Botanic Garden and opened to the public in 1985. A collection of <mask>'s sketches, in pencil and crayon, is held in the University of Tasmania Library to whom she bequeathed most of her art collection. Several Namatjira paintings previously owned by her were bequeathed and are held at the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. See also
 List of Australian botanical illustrators

References

Cited

General

Further reading
<mask>: Artist, Activist & Gardener: A Life in Flowers, Gillian Ward, 2018, Australia, Hardie Grant Books

External links
Olive Pink Botanic Garden website
Olive Pink Digital Collection
<mask>, <mask> (1884–1975) in The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia

1884 births
1975 deaths
Australian botanists
Botanical illustrators
Australian human rights activists
Women human rights activists
People from Hobart
People from Alice Springs
Australian Quakers
Australian anthropologists
Australian women anthropologists
20th-century Australian painters
Julian Ashton Art School alumni
19th-century Australian women
20th-century Australian women
20th-century

masks:
Olive Pink
Olive Pink
Pink
Olive


title: Freeman Dyson

texts: <mask>  (15 December 1923 – 28 February 2020) was an English-American theoretical and mathematical physicist, mathematician, and statistician known for his works in quantum field theory, astrophysics, random matrices, mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, condensed matter physics, nuclear physics, and engineering. He was Professor Emeritus in the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and a member of the Board of Sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Dyson originated several concepts that bear his name, such as Dyson's transform, a fundamental technique in additive number theory, which he developed as part of his proof of Mann's theorem; the Dyson tree, a hypothetical genetically engineered plant capable of growing in a comet; the Dyson series, a perturbative series where each term is represented by Feynman diagrams; the Dyson sphere, a thought experiment that attempts to explain how a space-faring civilization would meet its energy requirements with a hypothetical megastructure that completely encompasses a star and captures a large percentage of its power output; and Dyson's eternal intelligence, a means by which an immortal society of intelligent beings in an open universe could escape the prospect of the heat death of the universe by extending subjective time to infinity while expending only a finite amount of energy. Dyson disagreed with the scientific consensus on climate change. He believed that some of the effects of increased CO levels are favourable and not taken into account by climate scientists, such as increased agricultural yield, and further that the positive benefits of CO likely outweigh the negative effects. He was skeptical about the


title: Freeman Dyson

texts:
 simulation models used to predict climate change, arguing that political efforts to reduce causes of climate change distract from other global problems that should take priority. Biography

Early life
Dyson was born on 15 December 1923, in Crowthorne in Berkshire, England.He was the son of Mildred () and <mask>. His father, a prominent composer, was later knighted. His mother had a law degree, and after Dyson was born she worked as a social worker. Dyson had one sibling, his older sister, Alice, who remembered him as a boy surrounded by encyclopedias and always calculating on sheets of paper. At the age of four he tried to calculate the number of atoms in the Sun. As a child, he showed an interest in large numbers and in the solar system, and was strongly influenced by the book Men of Mathematics by Eric Temple Bell. Politically, Dyson said he was "brought up as a socialist".From 1936 to 1941 <mask> was a scholar at Winchester College, where his father was Director of Music. At the age of 17 he studied pure mathematics with Abram Besicovitch as his tutor at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he won a scholarship at age 15. During this stay, Dyson also practiced Night climbing on the university buildings, and once walked from Cambridge to London in a single day together with his friend Oscar Hahn, nephew of Kurt Hahn, who was a wheelchair user due to polio. At the age of 19 he was assigned to war work in the Operational Research Section (ORS) of RAF Bomber Command, where he developed analytical methods for calculating the ideal density for bomber formations to help the Royal Air Force bomb German targets during World War II. After the war, <mask> was readmitted to Trinity College,

masks:
George Dyson
Dyson
Dyson


title: Freeman Dyson

texts:
 where he obtained a BA degree in mathematics. From 1946 to 1949 he was a fellow of his college, occupying rooms just below those of the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, who resigned his professorship in 1947. In 1947 Dyson published two papers in number theory.Friends and colleagues described him as shy and self-effacing, with a contrarian streak that his friends found refreshing but intellectual opponents found exasperating. "I have the sense that when consensus is forming like ice hardening on a lake, Dyson will do his best to chip at the ice", Steven Weinberg said of him. His friend the neurologist and author Oliver Sacks said: "A favourite word of <mask>'s about doing science and being creative is the word 'subversive'. He feels it's rather important not only to be not orthodox, but to be subversive, and he's done that all his life." Career in the United States
On G. I. Taylor's advice and recommendation, Dyson moved to the United States in 1947 as a Commonwealth Fellow for postgraduate study with Hans Bethe at Cornell University (1947–1948). There he made the acquaintance of Richard Feynman. Dyson recognized the brilliance of the flamboyant American and worked with him.He then moved to the Institute for Advanced Study (1948–1949), before returning to England (1949–51), where he was a research fellow at the University of Birmingham. In 1949, <mask> demonstrated the equivalence of two formulations of quantum electrodynamics (QED): Richard Feynman's diagrams and the operator method developed by Julian Schwinger and Shin'ichirō Tomonaga. He was the first person after their creator to appreciate the power of Feynman diagrams and his paper written in 1948 and published in 1949 was

masks: Freeman Dyson


title: Freeman Dyson

texts: the first to make use of them. He said in that paper that Feynman diagrams were not just a computational tool but a physical theory and developed rules for the diagrams that completely solved the renormalization problem. <mask>'s paper and also his lectures presented Feynman's theories of QED in a form that other physicists could understand, facilitating the physics community's acceptance of Feynman's work. J. Robert Oppenheimer, in particular, was persuaded by Dyson that Feynman's new theory was as valid as Schwinger's and Tomonaga's. Also in 1949, in related work, <mask> invented the Dyson series.It was this paper that inspired John Ward to derive his celebrated Ward–Takahashi identity. <mask> joined the faculty at Cornell as a physics professor in 1951, though he still had no doctorate. In December 1952, Oppenheimer, the director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, offered <mask> a lifetime appointment at the Institute, "for proving me wrong", in Oppenheimer's words. <mask> remained at the Institute until the end of his career. In 1957 he became a US citizen. From 1957 to 1961 <mask> worked on Project Orion, which proposed the possibility of space-flight using nuclear pulse propulsion. A prototype was demonstrated using conventional explosives, but the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty, in which Dyson was involved and which he supported, permitted only underground nuclear weapons testing, and the project was abandoned in 1965.In 1958 <mask> was a member of the design team under Edward Teller for TRIGA, a small, inherently safe nuclear reactor used throughout the world in hospitals and universities for the production of medical isotopes. In 1966, independently

masks: Dyson Dyson Dyson Dyson Dyson Dyson Dyson


title: Freeman Dyson

texts: of Elliott H. Lieb and Walter Thirring, <mask> and Andrew Lenard published a paper proving that the Pauli exclusion principle plays the main role in the stability of bulk matter. Hence it is not the electromagnetic repulsion between outer-shell orbital electrons that prevents two stacked wood blocks from coalescing into a single piece, but the exclusion principle applied to electrons and protons that generates the classical macroscopic normal force. In condensed matter physics, <mask> also analysed the phase transition of the Ising model in one dimension and spin waves. Dyson also did work in a variety of topics in mathematics, such as topology, analysis, number theory and random matrices In 1973 the number theorist Hugh Lowell Montgomery was visiting the Institute for Advanced Study and had just made his pair correlation conjecture concerning the distribution of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function. He showed his formula to the mathematician Atle Selberg, who said that it looked like something in mathematical physics and that Montgomery should show it to <mask>, which he did. Dyson recognized the formula as the pair correlation function of the Gaussian unitary ensemble, which physicists have studied extensively.This suggested that there might be an unexpected connection between the distribution of primes (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ...) and the energy levels in the nuclei of heavy elements such as uranium. Around 1979 <mask> worked with the Institute for Energy Analysis on climate studies. This group, under Alvin Weinberg's direction, pioneered multidisciplinary climate studies, including a strong biology group. Also during the 1970s, <mask> worked on climate studies conducted by the JASON

masks: Dyson Dyson Dyson Dyson Dyson


title: Freeman Dyson

texts:
 defense advisory group. <mask> retired from the Institute for Advanced Study in 1994. In 1998 he joined the board of the Solar Electric Light Fund. he was president of the Space Studies Institute, the space research organization founded by Gerard K. O'Neill; as of 2013 he was on its board of trustees.<mask> was a longtime member of the JASON group. Dyson won numerous scientific awards, but never a Nobel Prize. Nobel physics laureate Steven Weinberg said that the Nobel committee "fleeced" Dyson, but Dyson remarked in 2009, "I think it's almost true without exception if you want to win a Nobel Prize, you should have a long attention span, get hold of some deep and important problem and stay with it for ten years. That wasn't my style." <mask> was a regular contributor to The New York Review of Books, and published a memoir, Maker of Patterns: An Autobiography Through Letters in 2018. In 2012 <mask> published (with William H. Press) a fundamental new result about the prisoner's dilemma in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. He wrote a foreword to a treatise on psychic phenomena in which he concluded that "ESP is real... but cannot be tested with the clumsy tools of science".Family
Dyson married his first wife, the Swiss mathematician Verena Huber, on 11 August 1950. They had two children, Esther and George, before divorcing in 1958. In November 1958 he married Imme Jung (born 1936) and they had four more children: Dorothy, Mia, Rebecca, and Emily Dyson. Dyson's eldest daughter, Esther, is a digital technology consultant and investor; she has been called "the most influential woman in all the computer world". His son George is a

masks: Dyson Dyson Dyson Dyson


title: Freeman Dyson

texts:
 historian of science, one of whose books is Project Orion: The Atomic Spaceship 1957–1965. Death
Dyson died on 28 February 2020 at a hospital near Princeton, New Jersey, from complications following a fall. He was 96.Concepts

Biotechnology and genetic engineering

Dyson admitted his record as a prophet was mixed, but thought it is better to be wrong than vague, and that in meeting the world's material needs, technology must be beautiful and cheap. <mask> coined the term "green technologies", based on biology instead of physics or chemistry, to describe new species of microorganisms and plants designed to meet human needs. He argued that such technologies would be based on solar power rather than the fossil fuels whose use he saw as part of what he calls "gray technologies" of industry. He believed that genetically engineered crops, which he described as green, can help end rural poverty, with a movement based in ethics to end the inequitable distribution of wealth on the planet. The Origin of Life

Dyson favored the dual origin theory: that life first formed as cells, then enzymes, and finally, much later, genes. This was first propounded by the Russian biochemist, Alexander Oparin. J.B. S. Haldane developed the same theory independently. In <mask>'s version of the theory life evolved in two stages, widely separated in time. Because of the biochemistry he regards it as too unlikely that genes could have developed fully blown in one process. Current cells contain adenosine triphosphate or ATP and adenosine 5'-monophosphate or AMP, which greatly resemble each other but have completely different functions. ATP transports energy around the cell, and AMP is part of RNA and the genetic

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 apparatus. <mask> proposed that in a primitive early cell containing ATP and AMP, RNA and replication came into existence only because of the similarity between AMP and RNA. He suggested that AMP was produced when ATP molecules lost two of their phosphate radicals, and then one cell somewhere performed Eigen's experiment and produced RNA.There is no direct evidence for the dual origin theory, because once genes developed, they took over, obliterating all traces of the earlier forms of life. In the first origin, the cells were probably just drops of water held together by surface tension, teeming with enzymes and chemical reactions, and having a primitive kind of growth or replication. When the liquid drop became too big, it split into two drops. Many complex molecules formed in these "little city economies" and the probability that genes would eventually develop in them was much greater than in the prebiotic environment. Dyson sphere

In 1960 <mask> wrote a short paper for the journal Science titled "Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation". In it he speculated that a technologically advanced extraterrestrial civilization might surround its native star with artificial structures to maximize the capture of the star's energy. Eventually the civilization would enclose the star, intercepting electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from visible light downward and radiating waste heat outward as infrared radiation.One method of searching for extraterrestrial civilizations would be to look for large objects radiating in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Dyson conceived that such structures would be clouds of asteroid-sized space habitats, though


title: Freeman Dyson

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 sum of no more than six primes. Dyson series

The Dyson series, the formal solution of an explicitly time-dependent Schrödinger equation by iteration, and the corresponding Dyson time-ordering operator  an entity of basic importance in the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, are also named after Dyson.Quantum physics and prime numbers
<mask> and Hugh Montgomery discovered an intriguing connection between quantum physics and Montgomery's pair correlation conjecture about the zeros of the zeta function. The primes 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19,… are described by the Riemann zeta function, and <mask> had previously developed a description of quantum physics based on m by m arrays of totally random numbers. Montgomery and <mask> discovered that the eigenvalues of these matrices are spaced apart in exactly the same manner as Montgomery conjectured for the nontrivial zeros of the zeta function. Andrew Odlyzko has verified the conjecture on a computer, using his Odlyzko–Schönhage algorithm to calculate many zeros. There are in nature one, two, and three dimensional quasicrystals. Mathematicians define a quasicrystal as a set of discrete points whose Fourier transform is also a set of discrete points. Odlyzko has done extensive computations of the Fourier transform of the nontrivial zeros of the zeta function, and they seem to form a one-dimensional quasicrystal.This would in fact follow from the Riemann hypothesis. Rank of a partition

In number theory and combinatorics rank of a partition of a positive integer is a certain integer associated with the partition. <mask> introduced the concept in a paper published in the journal Eureka. It was presented in the context of a study of


title: Freeman Dyson

texts:
 certain congruence properties of the partition function discovered by the mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan. Crank of a partition

In number theory, the crank of a partition is a certain integer associated with the partition in number theory. <mask> first introduced the term without a definition in a 1944 paper in a journal published by the Mathematics Society of Cambridge University. He then gave a list of properties this yet-to-be-defined quantity should have.In 1988, George E. Andrews and Frank Garvan discovered a definition for the crank satisfying the properties <mask> had hypothesized. Astrochicken

Astrochicken is the name given to a thought experiment <mask> expounded in his book Disturbing the Universe (1979). He contemplated how humanity could build a small, self-replicating automaton that could explore space more efficiently than a crewed craft could. He attributed the general idea to John von Neumann, based on a lecture von Neumann gave in 1948 titled The General and Logical Theory of Automata. <mask> expanded on von Neumann's automata theories and added a biological component. Projects <mask> collaborated on

Lumpers and splitters

Dyson suggested that philosophers can be broadly, if simplistically, divided into lumpers and splitters. These roughly correspond to Platonists, who regard the world as made up of ideas, and as detailed by Gerard Cecil De Van Der Wall materialists, who imagine it divided into atoms.Views

Climate change
<mask> agreed that technically humans and additional CO emissions contribute to warming. However, he felt that the benefits of additional CO outweighed any associated negative effects. He said that in many ways increased atmospheric carbon

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 dioxide is beneficial, and that it is increasing biological growth, agricultural yields and forests. He believed that existing simulation models of climate change fail to account for some important factors, and that the results thus contain too great a margin of error to reliably predict trends. He argued that political efforts to reduce the causes of climate change distract from other global problems that should take priority and compared acceptance of climate change as real to religion. Climate scientist James Hansen said that Dyson "doesn't know what he's talking about… If he's going to wander into something with major consequences for humanity and other life on the planet, then he should first do his homework – which he obviously has not done on global warming." Dyson replied that "[m]y objections to the global warming propaganda are not so much over the technical facts, about which I do not know much, but it's rather against the way those people behave and the kind of intolerance to criticism that a lot of them have."Since originally taking interest in climate studies in the 1970s, <mask> suggested that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere could be controlled by planting fast-growing trees. He calculated that it would take a trillion trees to remove all carbon from the atmosphere. In a 2014 interview he said, "What I'm convinced of is that we don't understand climate… It will take a lot of very hard work before that question is settled." <mask> was a member of the academic advisory council of the Global Warming Policy Foundation, a UK climate change denial lobbying group. Warfare and weapons
At RAF Bomber Command, <mask> and colleagues proposed removing two gun turrets from

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 Avro Lancaster bombers, to cut the catastrophic losses due to German fighters in the Battle of Berlin. A Lancaster without turrets could fly  faster and be much more maneuverable. On hearing the news of the bombing of Hiroshima:

In 1967, in his capacity as a military adviser, Dyson wrote an influential paper on the issue of possible US use of tactical nuclear weapons in the Vietnam War.When a general said in a meeting, "I think it might be a good idea to throw in a nuke now and then, just to keep the other side guessing…" Dyson became alarmed and obtained permission to write a report on the pros and cons of using such weapons from a purely military point of view. (This report, Tactical Nuclear Weapons in Southeast Asia, published by the Institute for Defense Analyses, was obtained, with some redactions, by the Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability under the Freedom of Information act in 2002.) It was sufficiently objective that both sides in the debate based their arguments on it. <mask> says that the report showed that, even from a narrow military point of view, the US was better off not using nuclear weapons. <mask> opposed the Vietnam War, the Gulf War and the invasion of Iraq. He supported Barack Obama in the 2008 US presidential election and The New York Times described him as a political liberal. He was one of 29 leading US scientists who wrote Obama a strongly supportive letter about his administration's 2015 nuclear deal with Iran.Science and religion
Dyson was raised in what he described as a "watered-down Church of England Christianity". He was a nondenominational Christian and attended various churches, from Presbyterian to Roman Catholic. Regarding


title: Freeman Dyson

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 doctrinal or Christological issues, he said, "I am neither a saint nor a theologian. To me, good works are more important than theology." Dyson partially disagreed with the remark by his fellow physicist Steven Weinberg that "With or without religion, good people can behave well and bad people can do evil; but for good people to do evil – that takes religion." While Dyson called himself a Christian, he identified himself as agnostic about some of the specifics of his faith. For example, in reviewing The God of Hope and the End of the World by John Polkinghorne, <mask> wrote:

In The God Delusion (2006), evolutionary biologist and atheist activist Richard Dawkins singled out Dyson for accepting the Templeton Prize in 2000: "It would be taken as an endorsement of religion by one of the world's most distinguished physicists."In 2000, <mask> declared that he was a (non-denominational) Christian, and he disagreed with Dawkins on several subjects, such as evolution. Named after Dyson
 Dyson sphere
 Parasitic number, also known as a Dyson number
 Dyson operator
 Dyson series
 Dyson conjecture
 Dyson equation
 Dyson tree
 Dyson's transform
 Dyson's eternal intelligence
 Dyson–Maleev spin wave theory
 Schwinger–Dyson equation
 Thue–Siegel–Dyson–Roth theorem
 Feynman diagram, also known as Dyson graphs
 Wigner–Yamase–Dyson conjecture
 <mask>, a fictional character named after Dyson

Honors and awards
 Dyson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1952. Dyson was awarded the Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics in 1965, Lorentz Medal in 1966, Max Planck Medal in 1969, the J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize in 1970, the Harvey Prize in 1977 and Wolf Prize in 1981. In

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title: Freeman Dyson

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 1986, Dyson received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. In 1989, Dyson was elected as an Honorary Fellow of Trinity College, University of Cambridge. In 1990, <mask> taught at Duke University as a Fritz London Memorial Lecturer. Dyson published a number of collections of speculations and observations about technology, science, and the future.In 1996, he was awarded the Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science. In 1993, <mask> was given the Enrico Fermi Award. In 1995, he gave the Jerusalem-Harvard Lectures at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, sponsored jointly by the Hebrew University and Harvard University Press that grew into the book Imagined Worlds. In 2000, <mask> was awarded the Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion. In 2003, <mask> was awarded the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology in Telluride, Colorado. In 2011, Dyson received as one of twenty distinguished Old Wykehamists at the Ad Portas celebration, the highest honor that Winchester College bestows. In 2018, <mask> received the first Presidential Science and Humanism Award from the American University of Beirut.Works

 (Winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award). A formerly secret document, declassified December 2002. Documentaries
 To Mars by A-Bomb: The Secret History of Project Orion
 The Oakes
 Atomic Dream
 2001: The Science of Futures Past
 Cool It
 Nuclear Dynamite
 Gaia Symphony III
 The Starship and the Canoe
 The Day After Trinity
 The Untold History of the United States
 The Uncertainty Has Settled
 A Glorious Accident
 <mask>: Space Dreamer

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links

By <mask>
 <mask> at The New York Review of

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title: Freeman Dyson

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 Books (content for subscribers only)
 "Heretical thoughts about science & society", essay by <mask> [8.7.2007]
 Templeton Prize acceptance lecture 2000, by <mask>on
 Imagined Worlds by <mask>, 1996: Chapter 1

 A radio interview with <mask>on Aired on the Lewis Burke Frumkes Radio Show in 2009. Suzan Mazur interviewing Dyson, 2012, CounterPunch
 "Pushing the Boundaries – A Conversation with <mask>" , Ideas Roadshow, 2014
 , Arthur C. Clarke Center for Human Imagination, February 2019. A ‘Rebel’ Without a Ph.D.

About Dyson
 "Freeman Dyson's Brain", interview by Stewart Brand at Wired, 1998
 2008 Video Interview with <mask> by Atomic Heritage Foundation, Voices of the Manhattan Project

 "Three Mathematicians We Lost in 2020: John Conway, Ronald Graham, and <mask> all explored the world with their minds" Rockmore, Dan. (December 31, 2020) The New Yorker. <mask><mask>, a Biographical Memoir by Ann Finkbeiner and William H. Press.1923 births
2020 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century mathematicians
21st-century scientists
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in New Jersey
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
American Christians
American anti–nuclear weapons activists
American nuclear physicists
Cornell University alumni
Donegall Lecturers of Mathematics at Trinity College Dublin
English Christians
English anti–nuclear weapons activists
British emigrants to the United States
English mathematicians
English memoirists
English nuclear physicists
English science writers
Enrico Fermi Award recipients
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Futurologists
Institute for Advanced

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title: Gruffudd Vychan

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Sir <mask> ( 1395 – 1447) was a Welsh knight who supported the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr against the English, captured the Lollard John Oldcastle and was finally executed after the murder of Sir Christopher Talbot. Family
Lord of Burgedin, Treflydan, Garth and Gearfawr, Wales <mask> was the 2nd son of <mask> ap Ieuan ap Madoc ap Wenwys by Maud, daughter of Griffri ap Rhys Fongam. The Gwenwys clan traced its ancestry from Brochwel Ysgithrog through descent from Elisedd ap Cyngen the eldest son of the last King of Powys from whom they inherited their lands and titles. Their principal houses lay in the parish of Guilsfield, in the commote of Ystrad Marchell. The name is variously spelt <mask>, Griffith Vaughan, or Gruffydd Fychan : <mask>an is the standard orthography in Welsh. <mask> married twice, first to Margaret daughter of Madoc of Hope or Hob. His second wife was also Margaret, daughter of Griffith ap Jenkin Broughten by whom he had two sons, David Lloyd and Reinallt.The Glyndŵr rebellion
Griffith ap Ieuan ap Madoc ap Gwenwys was appointed Seneschal of Caus Castle by Sir Hugh Stafford, Lord of Caus to defend it against the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr in the 15th century. Following calls from Welsh graduates in law and students in the University of Oxford he and his two sons, Ieuan and Griffith, changed sides and supported Glyndŵr. As a result, his family lands and role at Caus Castle were forfeited in 1404. Capture of Sir John Oldcastle
The family honours were re-affirmed as a result of his role in the capture of the renegade Lord Cobham in November 1417. The reward for his capture was awarded to the

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title: Gruffudd Vychan

texts: Lord of Powys, but he died before receiving it, though a portion was paid to his widow in 1422. The principal agents in the capture were four of the tenants of the lord of Powys, Ieuan and Griffith, sons of <mask> ap Ieuan, being two of them. By a charter dated at Mathrafal, 6 July 1419, Sir Edward de Cherleton pardoned the murders and felonies committed by them on the occasion.At Shrewsbury, 4 March 1420, in the presence of Henry V and of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, the four acknowledged satisfaction by the Lord of Powys for their portion of the reward for the capture of Oldcastle. On 10 March 1420, the lordship of Broniarth was constituted a mesne manor in favour of Ieuan and Sir Griffith Vaughan, empowering the brothers to hold tri-weekly courts. A knight banneret at Agincourt? There is a persistent tradition that <mask> Vychan was in the band of Welshmen who are said to have saved the life of King Henry V when he rushed to rescue his brother, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, at the Battle of Agincourt, 1415. The belief grew that he, like Dafydd Gam, Roger Vaughan, and others, were knighted on the field. These knights are not recorded in Shaw's Knights of England. If <mask> Vychan was of age he could well have been at Agincourt, for two of his territorial lords, John Grey, 1st Earl of Tankerville, son-in-law of Sir Edward de Cherleton, Lord of Powis, and Sir Hugh Stafford, Lord of Caus, were in that campaign, in the retinue of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester.The view that he was the "Griffin Fordet" of a French chronicle of Agincourt must be rejected. A Welsh poet, Llywelyn ap Moel y Pantri perhaps, in a

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 cywydd states that <mask> Vaughan was made an esquire in London and knighted in a town beyond Rouen in France. It may be gathered that his promotion was largely due to the patronage of Duke Humphrey after Sir John Grey fell at the Battle of Baugé in March 1421, and Sir Gruffydd arranged for the body to be returned to Welshpool for an impressive funeral. He was styled knight in the poem and was probably knighted by Henry VI after the death of Henry V in 1422 in recognition of his valour as a leading captain in the King's service at home in Powis, in England and the field in France – maybe after Pontoise fell in 1441. Later life and execution
This was still a time when any discussion of Welsh independence or pretensions of royal title were extremely dangerous occupations. However, by virtue of his ancient pedigree and local connections as time went on his rise in stature became increasingly apparent and probably fearing a "second Glyndŵr" the local English lord allowed him no quarter. On 10 August 1443, at Caus Castle Sir Gruffydd pierced with a lance the heart of his master, Sir Christopher Talbot (1419–1443), son of John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, and the champion tilter of England.It is not known whether the blow was struck by accident or design. He was outlawed and a reward of 500 marks (£333 6s 8d) offered for his capture, as the death of the young knight was not regarded as an accident. For the next four years, Sir Gruffydd remained at large as an outlaw. A year later on 18 July 1444, his estates and those of his eldest son, Reynold, and nephew David Lloyd, were made over to John Sutton, 1st Baron


title: Gruffudd Vychan

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 Dudley. In April 1447, a general pardon was issued for those involved in the affair, but Sir Gruffydd was excluded from it. The Welsh poets were infuriated by Grey's treachery, and the indignant elegies of Lewis Glyn Cothi and Dafydd Llwyd ap Llywelyn ap <mask> (Dafydd Llwyd o Fathafarn) have survived. In the second of these Dafydd Llwyd o Fathafarn expresses the deep sense of anger and loss in Powys at the taking of his life:

Descendants
<mask> was succeeded by his children David Lloyd (Inherited Garth), Cadwaladr, Reinallt (Reginald) Vychan, Gwenhwyvar, Catherine, Anne and Margaret.Reynold and David Lloyd received the royal pardon 21 December 1448. On David Lloyd's death (d. 1497), his wide estates were divided between the children of his two marriages, who founded numerous families of Montgomeryshire Lloyds. David Lloyd's son, Humphr(e)y Lloyd, became the first High Sheriff of Montgomeryshire in 1541. Reinallt, or Reginald, was the ancestor of the Wynnes and Myttons of Garth and the Derwes Family. References
 Shaw, William A. The Knights of England: A Complete Record from the Earliest Time 2v. London: Central Chancery, 1906 (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1970).Williams G. (1998). Sir Gruffydd Fychan (?–1447) Montgomeryshire Collections Vol 86, p17-28

External links
The proclamation offering a reward for the capture of Sir John Oldcastle, held at The National Archives
Evan David Jones bio on Sir <mask> Vaughan (Vychan), Welsh Biography Online

1390s births
1447 deaths
Place of birth unknown
Welsh soldiers
People from Powys
Welsh rebels
Welsh knights
Knights banneret of England
Executed Welsh


title: Pyrros Dimas

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<mask> (; ; born 13 October 1971) is a Greek politician and former weightlifter. He is currently the technical director for USA Weightlifting, having taken that position in June 2017. <mask> has also been involved in politics as a member of the Greek parliament, representing the Panhellenic Socialist Movement from 2012 to 2015. <mask> is the most decorated Greek athlete in the Olympics and is widely considered one of the greatest weightlifters of all time, having been three times Olympic Gold Medalist (in his fourth Olympiad, a knee injury notwithstanding, he won the bronze medal), and three times World Champion. He was named the Greek Male Athlete of the Year, for the years 1992, 1993, 1995, and 1996. Early years

<mask> was born in 1971 in Himara, southern Albania, to ethnic Greek parents. <mask> started the sport at 11 and competed at a junior's level at 14.At 18, in 1989, he became triple Champion of Albania for the 82.5 kg category and in 1990 he repeated himself. While in Albania, he was coached by Zef Kovaci. In 1990 he was also accorded the title "Master of Sports" by the Albanian government and the title "European Master" by the European Weightlifting Federation. Results representing Albania

He was part of the Albanian weightlifting team to which he made important contributions: In 1989 in the 62nd World Championship of Weightlifting <mask> ranked 12th in the World and helped Albania rank 13th in the world.). In the 69th European Weightlifting Championship (held in Aalborg, Denmark May 1990), <mask> ranked 4th in Europe and Albania ranked 3rd (after 1st placed USSR and 2nd placed Bulgaria), and in the European Cup for nations (in Antalya, Turkey,

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 December 1990) <mask>, Leonidas Sabanis and Fatmir Bushi helped Albania rank 2nd in Europe (after 1st placed Bulgaria). Results representing Greece
During his stay in Aalborg he came in contact with representatives of the Greek national team: Giannis Sgouros and Christos Iakovou and he expressed great enthusiasm for a future cooperation. However, the political situation in the People's Republic of Albania prohibited him from leaving the country.<mask> managed to cross the Greek-Albanian border at 7 February 1991, after a several hour exhaustive trip. He then stayed in Athens. He acquired Greek citizenship in 1992, and first competed under the Greek flag in the 1992 Summer Olympics, winning the gold medal in the 82.5 kg class. During his third lift at the clean and jerk, he shouted "Για την Ελλάδα!" (transliterated "Gia tin Ellada! "; meaning "For Greece! "), thus dedicating his victory to Greece.This is the catchphrase with which he is most associated in Greece. At a time when Greek success at the Olympics was limited, he and Voula Patoulidou (the surprise gold medalist at the 100m hurdles) became instant national heroes. They were greeted as such on their return to Greece at a grand ceremony attended by 60,000 people at the Panathinaikon Stadium in Athens, with a further 30,000 outside the stadium. His birthplace gave rise to his nickname "The Lion of Himara". His outstanding number of Olympic Gold Medals created another nickname "Midas". Characteristic of his self-confidence was his tendency to keep the weights lifted after the buzzer had sounded so that the crowd could take photographs. With the 1993 and 1995 World titles under his belt, <mask> was the

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 favorite to win Olympic Gold in the 83 kg class at the 1996 Summer Olympics, where he was the flag bearer of the Greek Olympic team.He won the event with two new World Records. At the 2000 Summer Olympics, he won yet another gold medal, this time in the 85 kg class. This made him one of just three weightlifters at that time to have won three Olympic gold medals, the others being Naim Süleymanoğlu (Turkey, but born in Bulgaria) and Kakhi Kakhiashvili (Greece, but born in Georgia). Halil Mutlu (like Süleymanoğlu, a Bulgaria-born Turk) would become the fourth in 2004. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, <mask> was again chosen as Greek flag bearer for both the opening and closing ceremonies. <mask> was recovering from knee surgery and a hurt wrist and was not expected to compete in these Olympics, but he came away with a bronze medal in the 85 kg class, becoming only the fourth weightlifter in history to win a medal at four different Olympic Games, the third to win those four medals successively, and the only one whose four medals include 3 golds, thus cementing his status as a national hero in Greece and as an international weightlifting legend. After earning the bronze medal he signalled his retirement by leaving his shoes on the platform, while the appreciative Greek crowd gave him a standing ovation.In June 2008, <mask> became vice-president, and in October 2008 president of the Hellenic Weightlifting Federation. Political activities
In 2012 <mask> entered politics as a member of PASOK. He was soon polemical with Greece's policies with Northern Epirus, claiming that the Greek government has "forgotten" it. On 17 February 2014 <mask> participated in

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 the ceremony of 100th anniversary of the declaration of Autonomy of the Republic of Northern Epirus. <mask> propagates against what he considers to be discrimination policies of the Albanian state against the Greek community of Himara. Personal life
<mask> was married to Anastasia Sdougkou, a former  Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT) sports reporter. Together they had four children, Eleni (b.1995), Victor (b. 1998), Maria (b. 2000), and Nickolas (b. 2009). His wife Anastasia Sdougkou died of brain cancer on 14 June 2018. Career bests
Snatch: 180.5 kg 1999 in Athens in the class to 85 kg. Clean and jerk: 215.0 kg 2000 Summer Olympics in the class to 85 kg.Total: 392.5 kg 1996 Summer Olympics in the class to 83 kg. Major results

Notes and references

See also
List of multiple Summer Olympic medalists

External links
 Personal page of <mask> <mask> <mask> at Lift Up
 iwrp.net

1971 births
Living people
People from Himara
Albanian male weightlifters
Greek male weightlifters
Olympic weightlifters of Greece
Weightlifters at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Greece
Olympic bronze medalists for Greece
Northern Epirotes
Olympic medalists in weightlifting
Naturalized citizens of Greece
Greek MPs 2012 (May)
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Greek MPs 2012–2014
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Albanian people of Greek descent
Greek expatriates in the United States
European Weightlifting Championships medalists
World Weightlifting

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title: Jimmy Launders

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Captain <mask>,  (1919–1988) was an officer in the Royal Navy during and after the Second World War. He retired from the service in 1974, but continued to serve in an unofficial capacity on training programs until his death in 1988. In addition to his reputation amongst his crew, colleagues, and historians as a brilliant, highly skilled, and courageous officer, <mask> is remembered as the only submarine commander in history to have engaged and sunk an enemy submarine (U-864) using only his own unaided vessel () while both boats were fully submerged. Early Royal Navy career

In 1925, when he was five years old his parents took him to the British colony known as the Uganda Protectorate. He spent his childhood "exploring" what is today Mount Elgon National Park and took many extended trips with his father into the far western part of the country in what would later become Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. Launders returned to England in late 1935 at the age of 16 and joined the Royal Navy as a cadet on 1 January 1938. Upon completion of his training, he was posted as a midshipman to the battlecruiser  on 1 January 1939.He was serving aboard Repulse when the war broke out. Second World War service

Assignment to Venturer and reputation
Though he would continue to serve aboard Repulse for more than two years, it was to be his last assignment to a surface vessel for some time. On 1 April 1941 (after the war had been raging for about a year and a half and the Battle of the Atlantic was well underway), Launders was posted to his first submarine assignment aboard . In recognition of

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title: Jimmy Launders

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 his outstanding service during that critical phase of the Battle of the Atlantic, <mask> was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) on 22 December 1942. He was subsequently promoted to lieutenant on 1 April 1943. His career was on a "fast track", and on 18 May 1943, he received his first command, one that would make him famous: Venturer. Venturer was Launders' first submarine posting, but his intellect, quick thinking, and leadership had put him in position for just such a challenging command.Venturer was a fast-attack "hunter-killer" sub, whose mission was to hunt for enemy shipping and other submarines, attack them, and to effect a speedy getaway without engaging in a prolonged action. Launders was a "rising star" in the Royal Navy submarine command at the time. a "boy-wonder with a genius for mathematics," which gave him a tremendous edge in making the necessary vector calculations (manual or minimally mechanical-computer assisted reckoning of speed and trajectories for targets, torpedoes, attacking vessels and currents) that were part of submarine warfare tactics of the day. The Royal Navy staff's opinion of Launders' capabilities was apparently shared by his crew. Regarding his time aboard Venturer with Launders, former Royal Navy Sub Lieutenant John Frederick Watson (a retired geologist who served with Launders during the war aboard Venturer and was decorated "Awarded for Great Keenness and Devotion to Duty" for his actions during that time) stated:

It was very much a Band of Brothers. Only 37 in the crew and Launders was way ahead in terms of his experience,


title: Jimmy Launders

texts:
 the German submarine was submerged with one or both diesel engines running, the object sighted by the officer of the watch may well have been its snorkel. Combined with the hydrophone reports of the strange noise, which he determined to be coming from a submerged vessel, Launders surmised that they had found U-864. Launders tracked U-864 by hydrophone (in itself a difficult feat), hoping it would surface and allow a clear shot. However, U-864 detected the presence of the British submarine and remained submerged and started to zig-zag. This made U-864 quite safe according to the assumptions of the time. After several hours, it became clear that the U-boat was not going to surface, but Launders decided to attack anyway. It was theoretically possible to compute a firing solution in three dimensions, but this had never been attempted in practice because it was assumed that making the complex calculations would be impossible.Nevertheless, <mask> and his crew did just that, making assumptions about U-864s defensive manoeuvers. Launders ordered the firing of all torpedoes in the four bow tubes (as a small, fast-attack boat, Venturer was equipped with only four in the bow, none in the stern, and carried only eight torpedoes), with a 17.5 second delay between each shot, and at variable depths. U-864 made a crash dive, straight into the path of the 4th torpedo. The result was catastrophic damage to U-864s hull, causing the German boat to instantaneously implode, with the loss of all hands. U-864 sank  from Bergen. Aftermath of the U-864 engagement
For their actions, several crewmen


title: Jimmy Launders

texts:
 aboard Venturer were decorated by the Royal Navy, and <mask> himself was awarded a bar to his DSO "for gallantry, judgment and skill in a successful patrol." Launders became the first, and to date only, submarine commander to be publicly acknowledged as having sunk another submarine in combat while both vessels were submerged.After the war
After victory in Europe on 8 May 1945, <mask> did not muster out of the Royal Navy, but continued to serve, receiving promotions to lieutenant commander in 1949 and commander in 1957. In the post-war years, he was posted to a number of different vessels and shore stations, held a number of staff posts, and was  posted to NATO. He was a full 4 ring Captain of HMS Forth, looking to the 7th submarine squadron at Singapore 1968 to 1970. Launders retired from the Royal Navy in 1974. <mask> died in 1988 of natural causes at the age of 69. Service record

According to the Royal Navy's Historical Society, the service record of Launders is as follows:

Cadet – 1 January 1938
Midshipman – HMS Repulse – 1 January 1939
Posted to HMS Umbra – 1 April 1941DSC – war patrols in the Mediterranean,  22 December 1942
Promoted Lieutenant – 1 April 1943
Posted to HMS Venturer 18 May 1943. He remained with her until the end of the war.Bar to DSC – war patrols, 18 July 1944DSO – For destruction of U-771, 1 November 1944Bar to DSO – for destruction of U-864'', 9 February 1945
1946 – Off active service
Posted to  – Submarine depot, Portsmouth.January 1947
Posted to  – Training unit, Navigation officer. 1949. Promoted Lieutenant Commander - 1 April 1949
Posted  – A

masks:
Launders
Launders
Jimmy Launders


title: Jimmy Launders

texts:
 class submarine, 5 July 1951
Posted to  – Shore station, London, 1953
Posted to HMS Terror – Far East Station, 1955, Staff
Promoted to Commander – 30 June 1957
Posted to  – Reserve Fleet, 1959. Officer specialising in seamanship training. Posted to NATO – 1961
Captain  and Commander 7th Submarine Squadron at Singapore 1968 to 1970
Chief of Staff, Rosyth Dockyard, May 1973 to August 1974
Appointed Naval Aide-de-camp to Queen Elizabeth II on 7 July 1974. Placed on Retired List (Medically Unfit) on 29 November 1974. External links

<mask> at unithistories.com
<mask> at uboat.net

References

1919 births
1988 deaths
Royal Navy officers
Royal Navy officers of World War II
Royal Navy submarine commanders
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United

masks:
James Launders
James Launders


title: Ibas of Edessa

texts:
<mask> (, Ihiba or Hiba;  October 28, 457) was bishop of Edessa (–457) and was born in Syria. His name is the Syriac equivalent of "Donatus". He is frequently associated with the growth of Nestorianism, although this assertion is contentious and has been opposed. Biography

Presbyter at Edessa
He appears first as a presbyter of the church of Edessa during the episcopate of Rabbula, warmly espousing the theological views which his bishop uncompromisingly opposed. He admired the writings of Theodore of Mopsuestia, which he translated into Syriac and diligently disseminated through the East. The famous theological school of Edessa, of which, according to some accounts, <mask> was head, and to which the Christian youth from Persia and adjacent lands came for education, offered many opportunities for propagating Theodore's beliefs. The growing popularity of doctrines which appeared clearly heretical alarmed Rabbula, and he endeavored to get Theodore's works anathematized and burnt.However the church of Edessa was generally favorable to Theodore's teaching, and supported <mask> against their bishop. <mask> attended the First Council of Ephesus in 431 as a presbyter, was cognizant of the autocratic conduct of Cyril of Alexandria, and wrote in 433 the letter to a man that became known as "Maris, bishop of Hardaschir (or Adashir) in Persia", a letter which later became one of the Three Chapters. The name might well be a misunderstood appellation formula for the bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, a city known as Adashir during the Sassanid period, which at that point was a certain Catholicus Dadyeshu (421-56), head of the Nestorians in Persia. "Maris" had been at Edessa previous to the Nestorian controversy, and <mask> wrote to tell him what had occurred since his visit. Though evidently written under great exasperation, it shows <mask> as a man of independent judgment, and free from

masks: Ibas Ibas Ibas Ibas Ibas Ibas


title: Ibas of Edessa

texts:
 partisanship. In the letter, Nestorius is severely censured for refusing the title Theotokos to the Virgin Mary, and <mask> accuses Cyril of Apollinarianism, and denounces the heresy of his 12 chapters, charging him with maintaining the perfect identity of the manhood and Godhead in Christ, and denying the Catholic doctrine of the union of two Natures in One Person. Election as bishop and accusations
When Rabbula died in 435 or 436, <mask> was elected his successor.This was distasteful to those who held the strong anti-Nestorian views of their late bishop, and they speedily planned to secure his deposition, by spreading charges against him of openly preaching heretical doctrines. The accusations soon reached the ears of Theodosius II and Archbishop Proclus of Constantinople. To Proclus the matter appeared so serious that towards the close of 437 he wrote to John I of Antioch as the leading prelate of the East, begging him to persuade <mask>, if innocent, to remove the scandal by condemning publicly certain propositions chiefly drawn from Theodore's writings against the errors of Nestorius. The same demand was made by Proclus of all the Eastern bishops; but <mask> and the other bishops generally refused to condemn Theodore's propositions. Although blocked so far, the malcontents at Edessa continued to work against their bishop. Their leaders were four presbyters, Samuel, Cyrus, Eulogius and Maras, who acted at the instigation of one of <mask>'s own suffragans, Uranius, bishop of Himeria, a pronounced Eutychian. While Domnus II, who had in 442 succeeded his uncle John I of Antioch as Patriarch of Antioch, visited Hierapolis Bambyce for the enthronization of the new bishop Stephen, <mask>' opponents chose that moment for action.Cyrus and Eulogius formally laid before Domnus the accusation against <mask>, signed by about 17 clergy of Edessa, and supported by 30. <mask>, starting

masks: Ibas Ibas Ibas Ibas Ibas Ibas Ibas Ibas


title: Ibas of Edessa

texts:
 his journey for Hierapolis Bambyce to pay his respects to Domnus, learned of the accusation, at once summoned his clergy, pronounced excommunication on Cyrus and Eulogius as calumniators, and threatened the same treatment to all who participated in their proceedings. Trials at Antioch and Beirut
In 445, <mask> was summoned by Domnus to the synod held at Antioch in the matter of Athanasius of Perrha, but he excused himself by letter. Domnus supported <mask>, and he showed no readiness to entertain the charges brought against him. At last, in Lent 448, the four chief accusers presented their indictment before Domnus and the council of the East in a manner too formal to be neglected. Domnus consequently summoned <mask> to appear before him after Easter to answer the charges. The council was held at Antioch, and was attended by only nine bishops.<mask> in person answered the 18 charges, mostly of a frivolous character and destitute of proof, e.g. that he had appropriated a jewelled chalice to his own use; that the wine at the Eucharist was inferior in quality and quantity; the malversation of sums given for the ransom of captives; simoniacal ordinations and the admission of unfit persons to the ministry and episcopate, especially his nephew Daniel, whom he had made bishop of Harran. The most serious charges were that he had anathematized Cyril and charged him with heresy; that he was a Nestorian; and especially that at Easter 445, in the presence of his clergy, he had spoken the blasphemous words, "I do not envy Christ His becoming God, for I can become God no less than He." and "This is the day that Jesus Christ became God". The first charge he acknowledged, the others he indignantly repudiated as base slanders. Only two of the accusers appeared. Samuel and Cyrus had gone to Constantinople, in defiance of the terms on which the excommunication had been lifted, to lay their

masks: Ibas Ibas Ibas Ibas


title: Ibas of Edessa

texts: complaint before the emperor and the Patriarch of Constantinople, deciding that a hearing by Domnus would obviously be biased towards Ibas.Domnus and the council declined to proceed in the absence of the chief witnesses, and the case seemed to be postponed indefinitely. Eulogius and Maras then hastened to join their companions in Constantinople, where they found a powerful party strongly hostile to the Eastern bishops, Theodoret in particular. Their faction was soon strengthened by the arrival of Uranius, and half a dozen more Edessene clergy. The emperor and Flavian, who had succeeded Proclus as archbishop, listened to their complaints, but declined to hear them officially. The case was remitted to the East, and by an imperial commission, dated October 26, 448, Uranius of Himeria, Eustathius of Beirut and Photius of Tyre, who was elected September 9, 448, on the deposition of Irenaeus, were deputed to hear it, and Damascius, the tribune and secretary of state, was dispatched as imperial commissioner. The whole proceeding was contrary to the canons that bishops should be subjected to the judgment of other bishops, two belonging to another province, on the strength of an imperial decree. No one, however, protested: imperial power was regarded as absolute.The tribunal also was grossly unfair. One of the three judges, Uranius, was ringleader of the movement against <mask>, while the other two had obtained their sees with his help. Tyre was named as the place of trial but the hearing was moved to the episcopal residence in Beirut to avoid disturbances. In response to the indictment, <mask> laid before his judges a memorial signed by many of his clergy, denying that he had ever uttered the alleged blasphemies. Only three witnesses supported the accusation, and brought forward a copy of the controversial letter to "Maris." It was later alleged by <mask>' enemies during the Second

masks: Ibas Ibas Ibas


title: Ibas of Edessa

texts:
 Council of Ephesus and the Council of Chalcedon that <mask> admitted to writing the Letter to Maris and that the minutes of the Council of Beirut were not forged. Justinian's assertion that <mask> had disowned the letter to Maris at Beirut, as having been forged in his name, is disputed by Facundus.Allegations of forgeries of the Council of Beirut's minutes lay bare that <mask> either did admit he wrote the letter and then reneged by having partisans falsify the aforementioned minutes, or that he denied writing the letter, forcing his accusers to falsify the said minutes in the same section. In any event, the commissioners, avoiding any judicial decision, brought about a friendly arrangement. His enemies agreed to withdraw their accusations on <mask> promising that he would forget the past, regard his accusers as his children, and remit any fresh difficulty for settlement to Domnus; and that, to avoid suspicion of malversation, the church revenues of Edessa should be administered, like those of Antioch, by oeconomi. <mask> gave equal satisfaction on theological points. He engaged to publicly anathematize Nestorius and all who thought with him on his return, and declared the identity of his doctrine with that agreed upon by John and Cyril, and that he accepted the decrees of Ephesus equally with those of Nicaea as due to the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. The concordat was signed, Uranius alone dissenting, February 25, 449. Deposition at Ephesus
The truce was broken within a very few weeks.The Eutychian party was aided by the intrigues of Chrysaphius, Dioscorus of Alexandria and their partisans to obtain an edict summoning a further General Council at Ephesus for August 1, 449. Although the council was intended to rehabilitate the reputation of Eutyches, it served as a weapon against <mask> as well. Reports diligently spread in Edessa during his absence of <mask>'s

masks: Ibas Ibas Ibas Ibas Ibas Ibas Ibas


title: Ibas of Edessa

texts: heterodoxy made his reception so hostile that he was obliged to leave the town and request the Magister militum for a guard to protect him. He soon discovered that all appeal to the civil power was in vain. The count Chaereas was governor of Osrhoene, but had secret instructions from Chrysaphius and Eutyches to arrest and imprison him and reopen the suit. When Chaereas entered Edessa on April 12, 449, to commence the trial, he was met by a mob of abbots and monks and their partisans, clamoring for the immediate expulsion and condemnation of <mask> and his followers. Two days later the inquiry began with <mask> absent and a mob agitating for his condemnation.All Edessa knew that Chaereas had come merely to announce a sentence of condemnation already passed. Chaereas, however, was moving too slowly for their hatred, and on Sunday, April 17, the excitement in church was so violent that the count was compelled to promise that the verdict of the synod of Beirut should be reviewed and a new investigation commenced. This began on the next day; all the old charges were reproduced by the same accusers, amid wild yells of "Ibas to the gallows, to the mines, to the circus, to exile" drowning every attempt at explanation or defence. Chaereas, as had been predetermined, addressed a report to the imperial government, declaring the charges proved; and on June 27 the emperor, acknowledging the receipt of the document, ordered that a bishop who would command the confidence of the faithful should be substituted for <mask>. Only a legally constituted synod could depose him, but meanwhile his enemies' malice could be gratified by his maltreatment. He was forbidden to enter Edessa, apprehended and treated as the vilest of criminals, dragged about from province to province, changing his quarters 40 times and being in 20 different prisons. The Second Council of Ephesus opened on August 3.One of


title: Ibas of Edessa

texts:
 its objects was to finally get rid of <mask>, which was the work of the second session, held on August 22. The three bishops who had conducted the investigation at Tyre and Beirut were asked for an account of their proceedings; they avoided reporting <mask>'s acquittal, stating that the investigation that was later made at Edessa would be more useful. The monks of Edessa and the other parties to the indictment were admitted, and asked for their report, which condemned <mask> as expected. The motion of deposition carried without objection, Eustathius of Beirut and Photius of Tyre, who had previously acquitted him on the same evidence, voting with the majority. <mask> was not called to appear, being then in prison at Antioch. It is not clear what befell <mask> on his deposition. Reinstatement at Chalcedon
At the beginning of 451 the bishops who were deposed and banished as a consequence of the Second Council of Ephesus were allowed to return from exile, but the question of their restoration was left for the Council of Chalcedon.At the 9th session, October 26, the case of <mask> came before the assembled bishops. On his demand to be restored in accordance with the verdict of Photius and Eustathius at Beirut and Tyre, the Acts of that synod (as well as a previous synod in Tyre) were read, and the next day the pope's legates gave their opinion that <mask>, was unlawfully deposed, and should be at once restored. After much discussion this was carried unanimously. The legates led the way, declaring "his letter" to be orthodox, and commanded his restitution. All the prelates agreed in this verdict, on the condition that he should anathematize Nestorius and Eutyches and accept the tome of Leo. <mask> consented without hesitation. "He had anathematized Nestorius already in his writings, and would do so again ten thousand times, together with Eutyches and all who teach the One Nature,


title: Ibas of Edessa

texts:
 and would accept all that the council holds as truth."On this he was unanimously absolved, restored as bishop of Edessa at the subsequent sessions. Nonnus, who had been chosen bishop on <mask>' deposition, having been legitimately ordained, was allowed to retain his episcopal rank, and on <mask>'s death, October 28, 457, quietly succeeded him as metropolitan. The acceptance of "his letter," the Council not being specific which letter was being referred to, would lead to later controversy and allegations that the Council of Chalcedon had approved of the contents of the Letter to Maris. Sixth-century controversy
A controversy concerning his letter to "Maris" arose in the next century, in the notorious dispute about the "Three Chapters", when the letter was branded as heterodox (together with the works of Theodore of Mopsuestia and Theodoret's writings in favour of Nestorius) in the edict of Justinian, and was formally condemned in 553 by the fifth general council, which pronounced an anathema against all who should pretend that it and the other documents impugned had been recognized as orthodox by the Council of Chalcedon. Later, the Syriac Orthodox Church anathematized <mask> as a Nestorian. Church builder
According to the Chronicle of Edessa, <mask> erected the new church of the Apostles at Edessa, to which a senator gave a silver table of 720 lb. weight, and Anatolius, Magister militum per Orientem, a silver coffer to receive the relics of Thomas the Apostle, who was said, after preaching in Parthia, to have been buried there.References

Attribution

Bibliography

Claudia Rammelt, <mask> von Edessa, Rekonstruktion einer Biographie und dogmatischen Position zwischen den Fronten, De Gruyter, 2008

457 deaths
5th-century Byzantine bishops
Bishops of Edessa
5th-century Mesopotamian bishops
Ancient Christians involved in controversies
Year of birth

masks: Ibas Ibas Ibas Ibas Ibas


title: Mierle Laderman Ukeles

texts:
<mask> (born 1939, Denver, Colorado) is a New York City-based artist known for her feminist and service-oriented artwork, which relates the idea of process in conceptual art to domestic and civic "maintenance". She is the Artist-in-Residence at the New York City Department of Sanitation and creates art that brings to life the very essence of any urban center: waste flows, recycling, sustainability, environment, people, and ecology. Biography
As an undergraduate, Ukeles studied history and international studies at Barnard College and later began her artistic training at the Pratt Institute in New York. Ukeles is Jewish and the daughter of a rabbi. She earned a Master's degree from New York University in 1974 in Inter-related Arts. She is married and has three children. In 1969 she wrote a manifesto entitled Maintenance Art Manifesto 1969!Proposal for an exhibition "CARE", challenging the domestic role of women and proclaiming herself a "maintenance artist". Aside from "personal" or household maintenance, the manifesto also addressed "general" or public maintenance and earth maintenance, such as addressing polluted waters. Her exhibitions were intended to bring awareness to the low cultural status of maintenance work, generally paying either minimum wage or no payments for housewives. Maintenance, for Ukeles, includes the household activities that keep things going, such as cooking, cleaning and child-rearing and during her exhibitions, she performed the same tasks that she would perform in her daily life, including


title: Mierle Laderman Ukeles

texts:
 to challenge conventional stereotypes. Honors and awards
<mask> Ukeles was given honorary doctorates from: School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, RI, and Maine College of Art, Portland, ME.She has been awarded several prestigious awards and fellowships including:

Francis J. Greenburger Award, Art Omi, 2019, Charlotta Kotik, Presenter

Public Art Dialogue Award, College Art Association, 2017

Lily Auchincloss Foundation, 2015

The Shelley & Donald Rubin Foundation, 2015. Queens Museum Honoree, 2015. Ann Chamberlain Distinguished Fellow, San Francisco Art Institute, 2010. Jewish Cultural Achievement Awards, National Foundation for Jewish Culture, 2003. Anonymous was a Woman Foundation Award, 2001. Works
 Manifesto For Maintenance Art 1969! Proposal for an Exhibition "CARE" (1969) - a proposal for an exhibition to display maintenance work as contemporary art, which was published in Artforum in 1971.Ukeles then participated in Lucy Lippard's traveling exhibition of conceptual female artists c. 7,500 (1973–74) and fourteen other exhibitions and interventions in museums followed, including in the Wadsworth Atheneum. Maintenance Art Tasks (1973) - a photograph collection of household activities performed by <mask> Ukeles and her husband, with 12 to 90 images per activity. Maintenance Art Tasks performances at the Wadsworth Atheneum, 1973 - During the course of 1973, Laderman performed The Keeping of the Keys (July 20, 1973), Transfer: The Maintenance of the Art Object:

masks: Laderman Laderman


title: Mierle Laderman Ukeles

texts:
 Mummy Maintenance: With the Maintenance Man, The Maintenance Artist, and the Museum Conservator (July 20, 1973), Washing/Tracks/Maintenance: Inside and Washing/Tracks/Maintenance: Outside (July 23, 1973) at the Wadsworth Atheneum
 Hartford Wash: Washing/Tracks/Maintenance: Outside (1973)
 Hartford Wash: Washing/Tracks/Maintenance: Inside (1973)
 Touch Sanitation (1978–80)
 The Work Ballets, seven ballets for large-machinery that took place intermittently between 1983 and 2013 in Rotterdam, New York City, Givors, Pittsburgh and Echigo-Tsumari. They are the subject of Ukeles' first monograph published by Sternberg Press in 2015 and edited by Kari Conte. Turnaround Surround, "Glassphalt" path in Danehy Park in North Cambridge, Massachusetts. Park is built on site of a dump and landfill closed in 1972. (1997-2002)

Publications
Author
"A Journey: Earth/City/Flow."Art Journal (Summer 1992): 12-14. "Maintenance Art Activity (1973)." Documents 10 (Fall 1977):8. "Manifesto For Maintenance Art 1969! Proposal for an exhibition 'Care'. "; Originally published in Jack Burnham. "Problems of Criticism."Artforum (January 1971) 41; reprinted in Lucy Lippard. Six Years: The Dematerialization of the Art Object. New York:New York University Press, 1979: 220-221. "Sanitation Manifesto! (1984)." The Act 2, no.1, (1990): 84-85. Coauthor
<mask>, <mask> <mask> and Alexandra Schwartz."<mask> <mask> Ukeles in conversation with Alexandra Schwartz." in Butler, Cornelia et al.From Conceptualism to Feminism: Lucy Lippard's Numbers Shows 1969-1974

masks: Ukeles Mierle Laderman Mierle Laderman


title: Mierle Laderman Ukeles

texts:
 London: Afterall, 2012. References

Further reading
Buckberrough, Sherry, and Andrea Miller-Keller. <mask> <mask> Ukeles: Matrix 137. (exhibition catalogue) Hartford, CT: Wadsworth Atheneum, 1998. Jackson, Shannon. "High Maintenance: The Sanitation Aesthetics of <mask> <mask> Ukeles."In Social Works: performing art, supporting publics, 75-103. New York: Routledge, 2011. Knaup, Bettina and Stammer, Beatrice Ellen. "Labour of Love and Care". In re.act feminism #2 - a performing archive Live Art Development Agency 2013. Kwon, Miwon. "In Appreciation of Invisible Work: <mask> <mask> Ukeles and the Maintenance of the 'White Cube'."Documents 10, (Fall 1997):15-18. Molesworth, Helen. “Cleaning Up in the 1970s: The Work of Judy Chicago, May Kelly and <mask> <mask> <mask>,” in Rewriting Conceptual Art. Ed. Michael Newman and Jon Bird. London: Reaktion, 1999. 107-122.Molesworth, Helen. "House Work and Art Work." October 92, (Spring 2000):71-97. Molesworth, Helen. "Work Stoppages: <mask> <mask> Ukeles' Theory of Labor Value." Documents 10 (Fall 1997): 19-22. Philips, Patricia C., "Maintenance Activity: Creating a Climate for Change."In But is it Art? Nina Felshin, Seattle Bay Press 1995: 165-193. Erin Salazer. "Mierle Laderman Ukeles Interview." Coordinated by Erin Salazer, Bronx Museum TCG (Spring/Summer 2006):14-21. Stiles, Kristine and Selz, Peter (eds) "Maintenance Art Manifesto" and "Sanitation Manifesto!" In Theories and Documents of Contemporary Art University of California Press, 1996: 623-625.Stratford, Helen. "Collective

masks: Mierle Laderman Mierle Laderman Mierle Laderman Mierle Laderman Ukeles Mierle Laderman


title: Mierle Laderman Ukeles

texts:
 Assemblages, Embodiment and Enunciations." In Recoveries and Reclamations: Advances in Art and Urban Futures vol.2 Daniel Hinchcliffe and Judith Rugg (eds) Intellect 2003: 107-117. External links
 Touch Sanitation: <mask> <mask> Ukeles
 Ecological Restoration: <mask> <mask>, Flow City
 2009 Art In American interview
 NYC Department of Cultural Affairs website for Ukeles's work Honor 2000 (2000)
 Ukeles's site at the Brooklyn Museum

1939 births
20th-century American women artists
American conceptual artists
American contemporary artists
Artists from Colorado
Artists from New York City
Jewish American artists
Jewish feminists
Barnard College alumni
Feminist artists
Living people
Modern artists
Women conceptual artists
21st-century American women artists
21st-century American

masks: Mierle Laderman Mierle Ukeles


title: Marie Anne de La Trémoille, princesse des Ursins

texts:
<mask>ille, princesse des Ursins (1642 – 5 December 1722), was a French courtier and royal favourite known for her political influence, being a de facto ruler of Spain from 1701 until 1714. She spent most of her life as an agent of French influence abroad, at first in Rome, and then in Spain under the new Bourbon dynasty, followed by a final period at the exiled Stuart court in Rome. She played a central role at the Spanish royal court during the first years of the reign of Philip V, until she was ousted from the country following a power struggle with the new queen consort, Elisabeth Farnese. Life and family
She was the daughter of <mask>ille, Duc <mask>irmoutier, and his wife Renée <mask>ort. She belonged to a cadet branch of the <mask>ille family, which held the exalted rank of prince étranger in France. She was married young to <mask>, Prince de Chalais. Her husband, having been implicated in the duel of four against four, in which <mask>, son of the Duc <mask>gnan, was killed in 1663, was compelled to flee France.He died soon afterward in Spain, and <mask>, now widowed, established herself in Rome. In 1675, she married Flavio Orsini, Duke di Bracciano (1620–1698). The marriage was far from harmonious, but her husband left her his fortune (popular imagination thought it to be huge, but in reality, the duke was almost bankrupt) and the leadership of the French party in Rome. It brought her a series of lawsuits and troubles with Livio <mask>, nephew of Pope Innocent XI, who claimed that he had been adopted by the duke. Eventually, the widow sold the title and estates to <mask>. She then assumed the title Princesse des Ursins, a French translation of Orsini, and was tacitly allowed to use it, though it had no legal basis. She had indulged in much unofficial diplomacy at Rome, particularly with Neapolitans and Spaniards of rank, whom it was desirable to secure as French partisans in view of the approaching death of Charles II

masks:
Marie Anne de La Trémo
Louis II de La Trémo
de No
Julie Aubery de Tillep
Lamo
Adrien Blaise de Talleyrand
Pierre de Beauvilliers
de Saint Ai
Marie Anne
Odescalchi
Odescalchi


texts: of Spain, and the plans of Louis XIV to place his family on the Spanish throne.Her services in favour of France were rewarded in 1699 by a pension, which her problematic financial situation made necessary. When Philippe of France, Duke of Anjou, grandson of the French king, was declared heir by the will of Charles II, she took an active part in arranging his marriage with Princess Maria Luisa of Savoy, a daughter of <mask> II, Duke of Savoy. Her ambition was to secure the post of camarera mayor de palacio (head of the queen's household) to the young queen, a child of barely thirteen. By quiet diplomacy and with the help of Madame <mask>, she succeeded, and in 1701, she accompanied the young queen to Spain. Until 1714, the year of the death of the queen, she was the most powerful person in the country. Her functions in relation to the king and queen were almost those of a nurse. Her letters show that she had to put them to bed at night, and get them up in the morning.She gives a most amusing description of her embarrassments when she had to enter the royal bedroom, laden with articles of clothing and furniture. But if the camarera mayor de palacio did the work of a domestic servant, it was for a serious political purpose. She was expected to look after French interests in the palace and to manage the Spanish nobles, many of whom were of the Austrian party, and who were generally opposed to foreign ways or to interference with the elaborate etiquette of the Spanish court. Madame <mask> was resolved not to be a mere agent of Versailles. During the first period of her tenure, she was in frequent conflict with the French ambassadors, who claimed the right to attend the privy council and to direct the government. Madame <mask>rsins urged that the young king should rely as much as possible on his Spanish subjects. In 1704, her enemies at the French court secured her recall, but she still had the support of <mask> Maintenon, and her

masks:
Victor Amadeus
de Maintenon
des Uins
des U
Madame de


texts:
 own tact enabled her to placate Louis XIV.Spain
In 1705, she returned to Spain with a free hand, and with what was practically the power to name her own ministry. During the worst times of the War of the Spanish Succession, she was the real head of the Bourbon party and was well aided by Princess Maria Luisa of Savoy, the spirited young queen of Philip V. She did not hesitate to quarrel even with so powerful a personage as Cardinal <mask> Portocarrero, Archbishop of Toledo, when he proved hostile. Yet she was so far from offending the pride of the nation that, when in 1709 Louis XIV, severely pressed by the other Great Powers, threatened or pretended to desert the cause of his grandson, she dismissed all Frenchmen from the court and threw the king on the support of the Castilians. Her influence on the sovereigns was dominant until the death of the queen. <mask> <mask> confesses in her voluminous correspondence that she made herself a burden to the king in her anxiety to exclude from him all other influence, watching him as if he were a child. Philip was too weak to break the yoke himself, and could insist only that he should be supplied with a wife. <mask> <mask> was persuaded by Alberoni to arrange a marriage with Elisabeth Farnese, hoping to govern the new queen as she had done the old.However, Saint-Simon relates that the princess tried first to become queen of Spain herself and, when this plan failed, she persuaded Alberoni to choose a member of the House of Farnese, hoping that Elisabeth, who could not otherwise have hoped for a royal crown, would feel indebted to her. In trying to become queen, <mask> <mask> lost the last remnants of support from <mask> Maintenon; in promoting Elisabeth Farnese without French consent, she also lost Louis XIV's support. Elisabeth Farnese managed to stipulate that she should be allowed to dismiss the camarera mayor. <mask> <mask>, who had gone to meet the new queen at Quadraque near the

masks:
Luis de
Madame des
Ursins
Madame des
Ursins
Madame des
Ursins
Madame de
Madame des
Ursins


texts:
 frontier, was driven from her presence with insult and sent out of Spain without being allowed to change her court dress, in such bitter weather that the coachman lost his hand by frostbite. In Bayonne, she waited for a while hoping that the king would call her back, in vain. Saint-Simon believes that the dismissal had been schemed beforehand, and even happened with consent of the king. After a short stay in France, she went to Italy, eventually establishing herself in Rome, where she imposed her personality on the small émigré Jacobite court of "The Old Pretender", effectively running it until she died on 5 December 1722.She had the final satisfaction of meeting Alberoni there after his fall. Legacy
Madame des Ursins has the credit of having begun to check the overgrown power of the church and the Inquisition in Spain, and of having attempted to bring the finances to order. In his Mémoires, Saint-Simon draws a devastating portrait of a scheming intrigant, her accomplices and minions, without crediting the important and sometimes positive role the princess played in getting and keeping the royal pair on the throne, and improving the poor finances of the kingdom of Spain (despite his harsh view of her political influence, Saint-Simon admits that he personally liked and admired her). <mask> Ursins also is credited as having introduced the essence of bitter orange as a fashionable fragrance by using it to perfume her gloves and her bath. Since then, the name of Neroli (she was Princess of Nerola, in Lazio, Italy) has been used to describe this essence. References

Attribution

The Princess des Ursins in Spain, by C. Hill (London, 1899)
Lettres inédites of the Princesse des Ursine, edited by A.Geoffroy (Paris, 1859)

Ursins, <mask> <mask> Tremoille, Princesse des
Ursins, <mask> <mask> Tremoille, Princesse des
Marie Anne
House of La Trémoille
French princesses
18th-century spies
Spanish ladies-in-waiting
18th-century letter

masks:
Madame des
Marie Anne
de la
Marie Anne
de la