title: Benedetto Pistrucci

texts: may it continue." <mask>'s design has also appeared on a non-circulating £20 silver coin in 2013 and on the crown in 1818–1823, 1887–1900, 1902 and 1951. Roderick Farey, in his biographical articles on <mask>, described him as "an Italian with a fiery disposition, he had numerous arguments with the authorities but no-one could doubt his genius firstly as a cameo cutter and later as an engraver and medallist."Those disputes, and a perceived slowness to complete his works (especially the Waterloo Medal) have been sources of the criticism by later writers. Howard Linecar, in his book on British coin designs and designers, wrote, "there is little doubt that <mask> held the cutting of these dies as a bargaining counter in his relentless efforts to obtain the post of Chief Engraver at the Royal Mint ... On balance it is perhaps fair to say that <mask>, having probably been promised that which he could not have ... squeezed the last drop of blood out of the situation." According to Clancy, "With great talent can often come controversy and throughout his career <mask> was acclaimed and reviled in equal measure, maintaining a series of tense relationships with his colleagues, the most pointed of which [was] with his fellow engraver William Wyon." Craig concluded, "Apart from the George and Dragon design, which was less esteemed then than now ... this artist's Mint works, unlike his private commissions, were failures". The Waterloo Medal is regarded by many as a masterpiece on a par with his St George and the Dragon. Pollard stated that the Waterloo Medal, "shows Pistrucci's command of the types (or figures) of cameos, an understanding of the figurative


title: Benedetto Pistrucci

type: original

texts:
 language of the Roman Renaissance, and an appreciation of the antique sculptured relief—his types, none the less, were always original". Marsh also praised the medal:, "no better piece of intaglio engraving  or design has surely ever been seen before or since.It contains as much as thirty ordinary-sized medals, and this alone is more than most medalists achieved in a life time." Farey concluded his study of Pistrucci,

Gallery

Notes

References

Bibliography

Leonard Forrer. <mask> <mask>: Italian medallist & gem-engraver, 1784-1855 (Spink, 1906). Further reading
Billing, Archibald & Pistrucci, B. The science of gems, jewels, coins, and medals, ancient and modern (inc. biography of Pistrucci) (London: Bell & Daldy, 1867) pp. 135–211. Illustrated.Contains list of works as well as biography. External links

B<mask> at Artnet
Pieces by <mask> in the Royal Collection
Head of Medusa, Cameo (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Portraits by <mask> (National Portrait Gallery, London)
  <mask> <mask>, in: World of coins
Museo della Zecca di Roma page with some of <mask>'s coin and medal models (in Italian)

1783 births
1855 deaths
19th-century engravers
British engravers
Italian medallists
Artists from Rome
Italian emigrants to the United Kingdom
19th-century sculptors
Coin

masks:
Benedetto
Pistrucci
. Pistrucci
Pistrucci
Pistrucci
Benedetto
Pistrucci
Pistrucci


title: Hippolyte Blanc

texts:
<mask> (18 August 1844 – 17 March 1917) was a Scottish architect. Best known for his church buildings in the Gothic revival style, <mask> was also a keen antiquarian who oversaw meticulously researched restoration projects. Early life
<mask> was born at 37 North Frederick Street in Edinburgh, third son of four children, to French parents, who ran a business on George Street importing and manufacturing ladies shoes. His father, <mask>, was from Privas in the Ardèche area of France. He met Hippolyte's mother, Sarah or  Sartia Bauress, whilst living in Dublin and moved to Edinburgh around 1840. Their firm "Madame Blanc et Fils" was at 68 George Street immediately opposite a house they moved to later in Hippolyte's life at 69 George Street. <mask> attended George Heriot's School, winning the dux medal in 1859, and was then articled to the architect David Rhind.While working for Rhind, he attended classes at the School of Art and Design, where he met Thomas Ross, and became interested in medieval architecture. In 1864, after completing his articles, he joined the Government Office of Works under Robert Matheson, where he became a senior draughtsman in 1869. He married Elizabeth Shield on 21 August 1873, and they moved to 12 St Vincent Street. They later moved to the Grange area in south Edinburgh: first to 2 Thirlestane Road and finally to 17 Strathearn Place. Architectural career
For much of his career <mask>'s office was at 40 Frederick Street, extremely close to his parental home and their shop. In 1901 the office moved to 1 Rutland Square. From the early 1870s, <mask> began to undertake

masks:
Hippolyte Jean Blanc
Blanc
Hippolyte Blanc
Victor Jacques Blanc
Blanc
Blanc
Blanc


title: Hippolyte Blanc

texts: private commissions.In 1875, he won his first architectural competition, for Christ Church, Morningside, and the following year won a second, for Mayfield Free Church. He left the Office of Works in 1878 to concentrate on his increasing workload, and by 1887 he had taken on a partner, James Gordon. <mask> executed numerous church buildings, including Kirkliston Free Church (1880), St Luke's, Broughty Ferry (1884), Coats Memorial Baptist Church, Paisley (1885), St Matthew's Parish Church (now Morningside Parish Church) (1888, opened 1890) and Morningside Free Church, Edinburgh (1892), now the Church Hill Theatre. He carried out restoration work to Edinburgh Castle (1886), John Knox House (1886), St Cuthbert's Church, Edinburgh (1892), and St Duthac's Church, Tain (1896). Secular work includes Mayville Gardens in Trinity, Edinburgh, a pleasant and quirky Victorian cul-de-sac with a low terrace of ornate houses on each side (1881). Other major commissions included houses at Eriska, Argyll, and Ferguslie Park, Paisley (1888–91), since demolished. Bangour Village Hospital, West Lothian, was a competition win in 1898, and he designed the former Bernard's Brewery buildings in Gorgie (1887).<mask> also designed several monuments. In 1912 he took his son, Frank Edward Belcombe <mask>, into partnership, and from 1913 his own architectural work drew to a close. His son continued to practice under the name Hippolyte J. Blanc & Son, until around 1950. From 1893 to 1898 his nephew, Louis David <mask> (1877-1944), also trained under him (working largely on the Coats Memorial Church in Paisley). Louis went

masks: Blanc Blanc Blanc Blanc


title: Hippolyte Blanc

texts:
 on to specialise in department store design, being employed by Harrods as their in-house architect from around 1928. <mask>'s eldest son, <mask> <mask>, chose to be a dentist rather than an architect. Sir Frank Mears trained under Hippolyte from 1896 to 1901.Alexander Lorne Campbell trained under him in 1897. Other activities

In 1871 <mask> was elected president of the Edinburgh Architectural Association for the first of three times. He became a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in 1879, a fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) in 1901, and was elected to the Royal Scottish Academy (RSA) in 1896. In addition, he was an active member of several other learned societies. He wrote and lectured extensively, largely on the subject of medieval church architecture. <mask> served as president and treasurer of the RSA from 1907–17, and was president of the Edinburgh Photographic Society from 1888 until 1892, and honorary president from 1896 until his death. In 1910 he was appointed to a Royal Commission which oversaw British involvement in International Exhibitions held in Brussels (1910), Rome (1911) and Turin (1911).He was active in encouraging the careers of younger architects, and acted as assessor on several architectural competitions. From 1913 to 1916 he served on the ruling council of the prominent Edinburgh conservationist group the Cockburn Association. Death

<mask> died from pneumonia at his home at 17 Strathearn Place, Morningside, and was buried in Warriston Cemetery in its lower section, just south of the vaults, SE of the monument to James Young

masks:
Blanc
Victor Hippolyte
Blanc
Blanc
Blanc
Blanc


title: Chris Chocola

texts:
<mask> (born February 24, 1962) is an American businessman, lawyer, and former politician. A member of the Republican Party, <mask> served in the United States House of Representatives from 2003 to 2007, representing Indiana's 2nd congressional district. In 2002, <mask> ran for the U.S. House, defeating former Democratic congresswoman Jill Long Thompson. <mask> was a member of the Agriculture, Small Business, Transportation and Infrastructure, and Ways and Means committees. In 2004, he defeated lawyer and then-Mishawaka Marian School Board President Joe Donnelly, later losing in a rematch against Donnelly in 2006. After leaving Congress, <mask> served as president of the Club for Growth, a fiscally conservative 501(c)4 organization, from 2009 through the end of 2014. Early life, education, and career
<mask> was born in Jackson, Michigan.He grew up in Michigan, graduating from Williamston High School in 1980. He graduated in 1984 from Hillsdale College, in Hillsdale, Michigan, with a double major in business administration and political economy. While at Hillsdale College he joined the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity. After graduation, he went to work at Society National Bank, now known as KeyBank, which had recruited him into its management program in Cleveland. At the time when he left to go to law school, he was employed as a foreign exchange trader for the bank. <mask> attended law school classes at night at Western Michigan University Cooley Law School, in Lansing, Michigan, while working as a credit manager for his family's business, Chocola Cleaning Materials. He graduated in 1988.In 1988, <mask> was hired as corporate counsel by CTB International in Milford, Indiana, a manufacturer of products for the poultry, egg, swine, and grain production industries, which his grandfather, Howard Brembeck, had founded. He initially managed all the legal aspects of the business as corporate counsel. He then held

masks:
Joseph Christopher Chocola
Chocola
Chocola
Chocola
Chocola
Chocola
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Chocola


title: Chris Chocola

texts:
 various management positions until he was named CEO in 1994. In April 1999, he left the CEO position to become chairman of the board. In August 2002, CTB International was sold to Berkshire Hathaway, the investment firm of billionaire Warren Buffett. The <mask> family received 55% of the $140 million paid to shareholders of the company. Congressional elections

2000
In the 2000 election, <mask> made an unsuccessful bid for Congress in what was then , losing to incumbent Democrat Timothy J. Roemer by a 52–47% margin.In that campaign, <mask> spent more than $1 million, including $465,000 of his own money. In the October 8, 2000, edition of the Elkhart Truth, an Elkhart, Indiana newspaper, <mask> was quoted as saying that "Bush's plan of individual investment of 2 percent of the money is a start. Eventually, I'd like to see the entire Social Security system privatized. It's not a 'risky scheme'." In late October, after Roemer had featured that statement in political ads, <mask> said, "There is no one proposing, including me, a plan of total privatization." The newspaper, saying <mask> had made his statement in meeting its editorial board, refused to retract the story. Roemer refused to stop running the ad despite <mask>'s contention that the quotation was taken out of context.2002
Roemer retired after his 2001–2003 term. In 2002, <mask> ran again for the open seat, which had been renumbered as the 2nd District after redistricting. In November, he defeated former Congresswoman Jill Long Thompson by a 51-46 margin with 188,446 votes cast, in a race that included campaign appearances by President Bush, Vice President Dick Cheney, and other top Republicans, to assist his bid. 2004
In 2004, <mask> defeated Democrat Joe Donnelly by a 54–45% margin with 259,355 votes cast, in an election where Bush received 56 percent of the district's vote. In that race, <mask> outspent Donnelly $1.4 million to $700,000. <mask>

masks: Chocola Chocola Chocola Chocola Chocola Chocola Chocola Chocola Chocola Chocola Chocola


title: Chris Chocola

texts:
 was assisted by a fundraising visit from Vice President Dick Cheney during the campaign. 2006

<mask> defeated Tony Zirkle, an attorney, Navy veteran, and frequent candidate, in the Republican primary on May 2, 2006 by 70% to 30%.In the November general election, <mask> lost to Democratic candidate Joe Donnelly, whom he had defeated in 2004, by a 54–46% margin with 191,861 votes cast. House of Representatives (2003–2007)

According to a profile by the Associated Press, "<mask> is a strong supporter of President Bush". The two do differ on some positions, such as illegal immigration. <mask> has supported (against the President's position) the "tough enforcement first" House version of changes in immigration law, in opposition to the President's calls for a guest worker program. In January 2006, <mask> said that great strides were being made in transitioning Iraq from military coalition to police control. He said it was too early to predict when the job will be done. Social issues
 <mask> was a cosponsor of the Federal Marriage Amendment in 2003 and voted for that Amendment when it came to the floor in 2004.He again was a cosponsor of the Marriage Protection Amendment in 2006 (H.J. Res. 88) and voted for the amendment on July 18, 2006. He voted in 2005 for an amendment to the Constitution preventing the desecration of the American flag. Voted for the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act in July 2006, which restricts credit card companies from processing payment towards Internet gambling companies. Voted for the Pledge Protection Act in mid-July 2006, which would prevent federal courts from ruling on cases involving the Pledge of Allegiance. Voted against overriding President George W. Bush's veto of the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act in July 2006.The bill would have modified restrictions on embryonic stem cell research and allowed for federal funding of the research. Fiscal and economic issues

masks: Chocola Chocola Chocola Chocola Chocola Chocola


title: Chris Chocola

texts:
 Introduced a bill that would place currency manipulation tariffs on China. He later denounced this bill when he became president of the Club for Growth. Voted against increasing the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program by $1 billion in March 2006. Voted for the Tax Relief Extension Reconciliation Act in May 2006, which extended tax cuts set to expire over the next seven (7) years. Voted for the Permanent Estate Tax Relief Act in June 2006. The bill permanently exempted personal estates of less than $5 million per spouse from estate taxes, and lowered the tax rate on larger estates.In the summer of 2006, voted for a bill that would allow private companies to drill for oil in ANWR. One of two cosponsors of HELPS Retirees Act (H.R. 2177), also known as the Healthcare Enhancement for Local Public Safety Retirees Act of 2005, which enables retired public safety officers to designate up to $5,000 per year from governmental pension or deferred compensation funds for health care premiums on a pre-tax basis. This earned <mask> an endorsement from the International Association of Fire Fighters, one of his only endorsements from organized labor. References

External links

 Collected news and commentary at The Christian Science Monitor
 Collected news and commentary at Politico
 Collected news and commentary at The Washington Times
 <mask>, 100 People to Watch This Fall, The Hill, August 7, 2013
 Campaign finance at Influence Explorer
 Column archive at Redstate.com

1962 births
Living people
Politicians from Jackson, Michigan
American Presbyterians
Indiana Republicans
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana
21st-century American businesspeople
People from Bristol, Indiana
People from Milford, Indiana
21st-century American politicians
Hillsdale College alumni
Western Michigan University Cooley Law School alumni
Members of the United States House of Representatives

masks:
Chocola
Chris Chocola


title: Laura-Ann Petitto

texts:
Laura-<mask> (born c. 1954) is a cognitive neuroscientist and a developmental cognitive neuroscientist known for her research and scientific discoveries involving the language capacity of chimpanzees, the biological bases of language in humans, especially early language acquisition (be it language on the hands in signed languages or on the tongue in spoken languages), early reading, and bilingualism, bilingual reading, and the bilingual brain. Significant scientific discoveries include the existence of linguistic babbling on the hands of deaf babies (“manual babbling”) and the equivalent neural processing of signed and spoken languages in the human brain. She is recognized for her contributions to the creation of the new scientific discipline, called educational neuroscience. <mask> chaired a new undergraduate department at Dartmouth College, called "Educational Neuroscience and Human Development" (2002-2007), and was a Co-Principal Investigator in the National Science Foundation and Dartmouth's Science of Learning Center, called the "Center for Cognitive and Educational Neuroscience" (2004-2007). At Gallaudet University (2011–present), <mask> led a team in the creation of the first PhD in Educational Neuroscience program in the United States. <mask> is the Co-Principal Investigator as well as Science Director of the National Science Foundation and Gallaudet University’s Science of Learning Center, called the "Visual Language and Visual Learning Center (VL2)". <mask> is also founder and Scientific Director of the Brain and Language Laboratory for Neuroimaging (“BL2”) at Gallaudet University.Biography

Education
<mask> received her Bachelor of Science degree in 1975 from Ramapo College of New Jersey while taking undergraduate classes and conducting cross-species language

masks:
Ann Petitto
Petitto
Petitto
Petitto
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title: Laura-Ann Petitto

texts:
 research with the chimpanzee "Nim Chimpsky" at Columbia University (New York City, New York). <mask> then conducted psycholinguistic research on American Sign Language (ASL) in the laboratory of  Dr. Ursula Bellugi  at The Salk Institute for Biological Studies (La Jolla, California), along with Linguist, Edward Klima, of the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), where <mask> began graduate study in the Department of Linguistics (1976–1977). <mask> continued graduate study at New York University (Master's degree, 1978, specializing in Rehabilitative Counseling Psychology and Deafness, 1977–1978). <mask> then researched the phonological structure of ASL in "The Linguistics Research Laboratory" of Dr. William Stokoe at Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C. (1978–1979). In 1979, <mask> began graduate study at Harvard University, Department of Human Development and Psychology, in its "Language & Cognition" track. While Drs. Roger Brown (primary Graduate Advisor)<ref

name=r1043 /> and Courtney Cazden (co-Advisor) were <mask>'s mentors in "Cognition," Noam Chomsky at MIT was <mask>'s mentor in "Language."<mask> first met the renowned Linguist when working with Nim Chimpsky on Project Nim in the mid 1970s and this intellectual mentorship endured throughout her Harvard graduate studies and for decades to follow.<ref

name=r1020 /> <mask> was graduated from Harvard with a master's degree in 1981, and a Doctorate/Ed.D. in March, 1984. Leaving Harvard in fall 1983 to take up her first faculty appointment in McGill University's Department of Psychology (Montreal, Quebec, Canada), <mask> also won a John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship (awarded to 10 young scientists in the USA). Commuting between McGill and Salk in her first few faculty years,

masks: Petitto Petitto Petitto Petitto Petitto Petitto Petitto Petitto Petitto Petitto


title: Laura-Ann Petitto

texts:
 <mask> studied with Dr. Ursula Bellugi and Dr. Francis Crick (Salk), and Dr. Elizabeth Bates (UCSD), intellectual mentorships that would span decades thereafter. <mask>'s McGill psychology department role expanded when she also became a research scientist at the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and a collaborating scientist on The McDonnell-Pew Centre Grant in Cognitive Neuroscience with Drs. Brenda Milner, Michael Petrides (PIs), as well as with Dr. Robert Zatorre (1990-2001). Scientific contributions
<mask>'s research and discoveries span several scientific disciplines.Her early work with Nim Chimpsky and her later work with humans, encompasses anthropology, comparative ethology, evolutionary biology, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive science, theoretical linguistics, philosophy, psychology, psycholinguistics, language acquisition, child development, evolutionary psychology, American Sign Language, deaf studies, and bilingualism. Her overall discoveries involve:

 (1) cross-species (apes and humans) language and cognitive capacities,
 (2) the nature of early human language acquisition, structure, and representation in the human brain; especially infants’ (ages 6–12 months) peaked neural sensitivity (involving the brain's STG and associated neural networks) to maximally-contrasting, rhythmic temporal patterning that in turn permits them to discover human language phonological structure in early life, and which is key to phonetic segmentation in word learning, discerning linguistic/syntactic patterning, and phonetic decoding in early reading,
 (3) the structure, grammar, and representation of natural signed languages of Deaf people, and
 (4) the nature of bilingual infants, children, and adults' dual language and reading development, processing, and bilingual

masks: Petitto Petitto Petitto


title: Laura-Ann Petitto

texts:
 scientists, Petitto led a research team to advance and integrate novel technology involving a Robot, an Avatar, Thermal Infrared Imaging plus fNIRS, with Eye-Tracking, and Kinect to build an artificial agent + human infant language learning tool (called RAVE) capable of socially-contingent and socially interactive communications with an infant when it is most engaged and "ready to learn."Taken together, <mask>'s research discoveries and scientific writings have offered testable hypotheses and theory regarding the neural basis for the brain's specialization for human language, the types of language features a child must minimally be exposed to (and when) in early life (sensitive or critical periods), what happens if early critical periods are missed, and how best to facilitate optimal language learning in all children acquiring all human languages be they signed or spoken. Early research
Beginning in 1973 in the Department of Psychology at Columbia University, Petitto attempted to teach signed language to a baby chimpanzee ("Project Nim Chimpsky," named after Noam Chomsky, with Professors Herbert Terrace and Thomas Bever). <mask> had a leading role on Project Nim Chimpsky as the "Primary Sign Language Teacher", "Project Coordinator", and primary "Surrogate Mother". Despite the dangers of living with a chimpanzee, Petitto lived with and cared for Nim as a child in an attempt to create a natural language, cognitive, and highly caring and rich social environment, mirroring that of a human child. Most of the chimp's scientific training and accomplishments were achieved during <mask>'s 4-year tenure on the Project as Nim's teacher and caretaker. She and her colleagues have authored several of the world's seminal scientific papers on the question of language in chimpanzees,


title: Laura-Ann Petitto

texts:
 including now classic articles on the similarities and differences between the ape and human mind. After her undergraduate work with Nim Chimpsky, <mask> went on to make discoveries about the linguistic structure, acquisition, and representation in the brain of the world's natural signed languages, especially American Sign Language (ASL).Using signed languages as a new "microscope" to discover the central/universal properties of human language in the brain (those that are distinct from the modality of language transmission and reception), Petitto focused on the following lines of research:
 (1) Universal Linguistic Structures (cross-linguistic studies of signed and spoken languages, and cross-linguistic studies of different signed languages, especially ASL and Langue des Signes Québécoise, LSQ),
 (2) Linguistic timing milestones in development (the highly similar maturational timing in the achievement of language milestones across young children acquiring spoken and signed languages),
 (3) Universal linguistic structures in development (the highly similar acquisition of specific parts of natural language structure, with similar timing and use, across signed and spoken languages). For example, similar pronouns, pronominal reference, and pronoun-reversals, across young children acquiring spoken and signed languages, despite the radically different linguistic form of pronouns in signed languages. The discovery of rhythmically alternating, phonetic-syllabic "manual babbling" on the hands in babies acquiring signed languages (be they Deaf or hearing), identical in linguistic structure, timing, and use to vocal Babbling in hearing babies acquiring spoken languages. For decades, Babbling was viewed as inextricably tied to sound and speech. However, the discovery of hand Babbling


title: Laura-Ann Petitto

texts:
 demonstrated that rather than sound being key, Babbling reflects the infant's biologically given sensitivity to highly specific patterns that are part of language structure. The discovery forced a reconceptualization of the nature of human Language by decoupling Speech and Language. The discovery of manual Babbling was featured on both the cover of Science  and the front page of the New York Times on the same day,
 (4) Distinct knowledge representation in development, e.g., domain-specific versus domain-general knowledge in child development: the difference between language versus communicative gesture in all children's development,<ref

name=r1042 >Petitto, L.A. (1994).Modularity and Constraints in Early Lexical Acquisition: Evidence from children's early language and gesture. In P. Bloom (Ed. ), Language acquisition: Core readings. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. </ref><ref

name=r1043 /><ref

name=r1034 />
 (5) Brain Tissue Dedication for Aspects of Human Language Structure and Processing (convergences of specific linguistic functions on specific brain tissue and neural systems across signed and spoken languages). For example, previously regarding spoken language, phonological processing was found to occur in the left hemisphere's (LH) Superior Temporal Gyrus (brain tissue regarded as unimodal sound processing tissue for 125 years), and the Left Inferior Frontal Cortex was regarded as the brain's site for the search and retrieval of information about word meanings (due to its proximity to LH speech production mechanisms). However, <mask>, Robert Zatorre, and team found that the same brain tissue and neural systems recruitment are used when processing the same parts of language regardless of whether the language was on the hands in signed languages or the tongue in spoken


title: Laura-Ann Petitto

texts:
 languages.<mask> is associated with advancing the  hypothesis that this brain site and systems are not neurally set to sound but to specific patterns that are universal to human language structure, which corroborated her earlier infant manual babbling discoveries and moved beyond "where" language processing occurs in the human brain to explain "why": the nature of its underlying neural basis. <mask>'s research has contributed to the body of knowledge establishing that the signed languages of deaf people around the world are real languages with the full expressive capacity as spoken languages. <mask> and colleagues were also the first to study experimentally the validity of a widely used educational practice with Deaf children in the 1970s, whereupon teachers (typically hearing) used parts of ASL signs and linguistic structure simultaneously while speaking English in the classroom, called "Simultaneous Communication" (or "Simcom"). The Petitto team's experimental study of Simcom with Deaf children demonstrated empirically that it was highly impoverished at representing either ASL or English, and, in turn, it was a non-optimal teaching method. Instead their work supported the use of a natural signed language with Deaf children from early life such as ASL, which would best provide a solid linguistic foundation upon which to learn other languages (such as English). They advanced the idea that Deaf Education would be best to move to a full Bilingual and Bicultural educational model, and that this course was most commensurate with the biological requirements in human brain development to achieve the most healthy language learning. This research had lasting implications for subsequent Deaf Education policy and practice.Current research
<mask>'s more recent studies involve the

masks: Petitto Petitto Petitto Petitto


title: Laura-Ann Petitto

texts:
 use of a combination of four disciplines:
 Genetic analyses (polymorphisms in candidate genes),
 Behavioral measures of higher cognitive processes from psycholinguistics and developmental science, combined with
 Neuroimaging from cognitive neuroscience and developmental cognitive neuroscience. <mask> and team predominately use brain imaging technology called functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS)<ref

name=r1001 /> in addition to an optical neuroimaging system called NIRx, combined with eye-tracking, and thermal infrared imaging technology as pioneered by colleague Arcangelo Merla,
 Artificial Intelligence and intelligent machines in human socially contingent conversations: The Robot-Avatar-Thermal Infrared Imaging Enhanced learning tool, called "RAVE" to teach signed language to young deaf babies with "minimal language exposure" (MLE) in early life. Since 2000, <mask>'s cognitive neuroscience/educational neuroscience research program has continued. <mask> and her laboratory team are known for discovering that young bilingual children are not harmed, delayed, or confused by early dual language exposure. These children not only achieve their language milestones (in each language) on the same timetable as monolinguals, they demonstrate the same semantic and conceptual development as monolinguals, with societal implications that early-life (rather than later) bilingual and multilingual language exposure is optimal for language and reading success. <mask> and her team have also identified the mechanisms that make possible the human infant's early capacity to phonetically discriminate (segment and categorize) the constantly varying linguistic stream around them, and they have articulated the developmental conditions required for this capacity to grow most vibrantly in


title: Laura-Ann Petitto

texts:
 all children. <mask> and team have identified fundamental processes that underlie human reading and spelling in all language users and found evidence for select reading advantages in young bilingual children as compared to matched monolingual peers, termed the "bilingual reading advantage".They have further discovered surprising ways in which bilingual schooling can ameliorate the deleterious effects of low SES. They are also among the first group of researchers to compare directly adult bilingual and monolingual brains and what happens when the adult brain learns two artificial languages as a second language. She has conducted studies of how extensive training (expertise) in one domain of knowledge impacts or "transfers" to other domains of knowledge (and the extent of this transfer). Since 2014, <mask> (PI) and her team conduct behavioral, brain, and Artificial Intelligence (Robot, Avatar, Thermal Infrared Imaging) studies specifically to advance understanding of the human learning capacity across the lifespan, and especially the optimal conditions for language learning in young deaf and hearing children acquiring signed and spoken languages. Research awards
<mask> is the recipient of over twenty international prizes and awards including,

The Sin Wai-Kin Distinguished Visiting Professorship in the Humanities, University of Hong Kong (to facilitate the creation of an Educational Neuroscience Laboratory and studies), 2014–2016. The 14th Dalai Lama: Invited presentation before, and dialogue with the 14th Dalai Lama about the neuroscience of how experience can impact brain structures and functions, October 2010. Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).Elected October 2008. Presented at the Fellow Forum, Chicago, 14 February 2009. Fellow of


title: Gary Frank (comics)

texts:
<mask> (born 1969) is a British comics artist, notable for pencilling on Midnight Nation and Supreme Power, both written by J. Michael Straczynski. He has also worked with author Peter David on The Incredible Hulk and Supergirl. He had a creator-owned series, Kin, which he wrote himself, published by Top Cow Productions in 2000. Writer Geoff Johns, who has collaborated with <mask>, has opined that <mask>'s rendition of Superman is the best of his generation and that the only other artist in the same league with <mask> in this regard is Curt Swan. Comics career

1990
<mask> began his professional career in 1991, illustrating covers and interior short stories for publications such as Doctor Who Magazine and Toxic!. This led to a stint at Marvel UK in 1992 as regular series' artist on Motormouth & Killpower. It was on that series that he began a long-running collaboration with inker Cam Smith, who would continue to ink <mask>'s work for many years.In 1992, <mask> was recruited by Marvel Comics to illustrate covers for The Incredible Hulk, beginning with issue No. 400. Shortly thereafter, he was hired as the series' ongoing artist beginning with issue No. 403 (March 1993) and ending with No. 425 (Jan. 1995). During his initial time at Marvel, <mask> contributed covers, interiors and pin-up illustrations for various series, such as X-Men Unlimited, the Sabretooth Special, X-Men Classic, X-Men Prime, and Doctor Strange, Sorcerer Supreme,

masks:
Gary Frank
Frank
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Gary Frank
Frank
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title: Gary Frank (comics)

texts:
 among others. He drew covers for Acclaim Comics' Ninjak and Harris Comics' Vampirella.In 1996, <mask> and Smith were hired as the art team on DC Comics' new Supergirl ongoing series, which re-teamed <mask> with writer Peter David. <mask>'s run as penciller ended with issue No. 9 (May 1997), although he continued to provide covers for the series until issue No. 21. Other assignments for DC included a Birds of Prey one-shot and the DC/Marvel Amalgam Comics one-shot, Bullets and Bracelets. In 1997, <mask> and Smith moved to Image Comics, where they, along with writer John Arcudi, were hired as the new creative team on the Wildstorm title Gen¹³, beginning with the epilogue story in issue No. 25.Their run on the series was praised for its dark, realistic style in both writing and art; however, the drastic change in tone and style alienated many longtime fans who had grown accustomed to the more fantastical and cartoonish approach of the Brandon Choi/J. Scott Campbell run. The Arcudi/<mask> tenure on the series lasted two years, until issue No. 41 (July 1999). It was during this run, in 1998, that Wildstorm head Jim Lee moved his studio and all its properties to DC Comics. Therefore, issues No. 25–36 were published by Image and issues No.37–41 were published by DC/Wildstorm. 2000s
In 2000, <mask> worked on various assignments for both DC and Marvel, including issue No. 7 of Tom Strong under DC's America's Best Comics imprint and writing

masks:
Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank Smith
Frank


title: Gary Frank (comics)

texts: and penciling a two-page X-Men story in X-Men: Millennial Visions, his final collaboration to date with inker Cam Smith. Kin, a six-issue miniseries created, written and penciled by <mask>, was published under Image's Top Cow imprint. The story tells of a secret government agency named S.I.A. who discovers that a race of neanderthal men exists in the mountains of Alaska and proceed to eliminate them to obtain their technology, which developed differently from that of the rest of the world. The book's protagonist, S.I.A.agent Trey McAloon, is opposed to the agency's plans and confronts them about it, while the book's other main character, Alaskan Park Ranger Elizabeth Leaky, establishes contact with one of the neanderthals. The miniseries' conclusion was open-ended, with questions left unanswered, but so far no sequel or continuation of the story has been announced. The trade paperback collection of Kin entitled Kin: Descent of Man includes six pages of additional story that were not featured in the original issues. In 2000, <mask> began his first collaboration with J. Michael Straczynski, the television writer and creator of Babylon 5. <mask> served as penciller on Straczynski's Midnight Nation, a 12-issue limited series published by Top Cow from 2000 to 2002 under their now-defunct Joe's Comics imprint. The first issue of the series included a five-page interview with <mask> and Straczynski. One of the inkers on the series was Jon

masks: Frank Frank Frank Frank


title: Gary Frank (comics)

texts: Sibal, with whom <mask> would begin a long-running artistic collaboration that continues to this day.On 16 July 2002, it was announced that <mask> had signed an exclusive contract with Marvel. His first work under this contract was a two-issue story arc on The Avengers issues No. 61–62, written by Geoff Johns and inked by Jon Sibal. In 2003, <mask> re-teamed with Straczynski on Supreme Power, a revamp of Marvel's superhero team Squadron Supreme, published under their mature-audience Marvel MAX imprint. With its realism and mature storytelling, the series became Marvel's first MAX title to sell over 100,000 copies, making it their best-selling mature-readers series of all time. The series ran for 18 issues from October 2003 to October 2005. During his run on Supreme Power, <mask> provided covers for a diverse number of Marvel series such as Silver Surfer No.7; Wolverine/Punisher No. 2; The Incredible Hulk No. 75; issues No. 4 and 6 of the Supreme Power spin-off miniseries, Doctor Spectrum; The Amazing Spider-Man No. 515 and 517; Black Panther No. 10; and numerous others, as well as two pages of interior art for the Avengers: Finale one-shot. On 10 May 2007, having worked several years on a Marvel exclusive contract, <mask> signed a new one with DC Comics.He served as the  artist on Action Comics with writer Geoff Johns. The creative team produced the "Brainiac" storyline in which Superman's adopted father Jonathan Kent was killed.

masks: Frank Frank Frank Frank Frank


title: Gary Frank (comics)

texts:
 <mask> and Johns continued to work on Superman in the Superman: Secret Origin six-issue mini-series. The story features what Johns and DC Executive Editor Dan DiDio called a "definitive" telling of the origin story of Superman, dealing with his life in Smallville, his first adventure with the Legion of Super-Heroes as Superboy, and his arrival in Metropolis and at the Daily Planet. 2010s
In 2012, <mask> and Johns collaborated on Batman: Earth One, an  original graphic novel set on Earth-one of the DC Multiverse. The novel is the first in a series of graphic novels that redefines Batman. Since 2017, Johns and <mask> have worked together on Doomsday Clock, a limited series featuring Superman and Doctor Manhattan.Work in other media
In 1990, prior working in the comics industry, <mask> produced a book titled Rovers: Portrait of a Football Team, which featured caricatures of a number of Bristol Rovers F.C. players from the 1989–90 season. He wrote it in conjunction with then-Rovers player Geoff Twentyman. <mask>'s artwork was featured during the finale of the TV series Smallville when the character Chloe Sullivan is shown reading a Superman comic book to her son. Bibliography
Comics work (interior pencil art) includes:

DC Comics

Action Comics #858–863, 866–870, 900, Annual #10 (2007–11)
The Batman Chronicles #10 (1997)
Batman: Dark Knight Dynasty (among other artists) (1998)
Batman: Earth One (2012)
Batman: Earth One - Volume Two

masks:
Frank
Frank
Frank
Gary Frank
Frank


title: Gary Frank (comics)

texts:
 (2015)
Batman: Earth One - Volume Three (2021)
Black Canary/Oracle: Birds of Prey, one-shot (1996)
Bullets and Bracelets #1 (Amalgam Comics, 1996)
Countdown #30 (General Zod) (2007)
DC Universe: Legacies, limited series, (Blue Beetle) #10 (2011)
DC Rebirth, one shot (among other artists) (2016)
Doomsday Clock  #1–12 (2017–2019)
Gen¹³ vol. 2 #37–41 (Wildstorm (1999)
JLA #15 (1998)
Just Imagine Stan Lee With <mask> Creating Shazam (2002)
Justice League, vol. 2, (Shazam!)#7–11, No. 0, #14–16, #18–21 (2012–13)
Supergirl, vol. 4, #1–9 (1996–97)
Superman: New Krypton Special, one-shot (among other artists) (2008)
Superman: Secret Origin, miniseries, #1–6 (2009–10)
Tangent Comics: The Flash #1  (1997)
Tom Strong #7 (America's Best Comics, 2000)
War of the Supermen #0 (among other artists) (2010)
Wonder Woman Annual #1 (2007)

Marvel Comics

The Avengers vol. 3 #61–62 (2003)
Avengers Finale (among other artists) (2005)
Dark Angel #6 (1992)
Doctor Strange Sorcerer Supreme #82–83 (1995)
The Incredible Hulk, vol. 2, #403–411, 413–418, 420–423, 425 (1993–95)
The Incredible Hulk, vol. 3, #100–101, 106–107 (2007)
Motormouth #1-4 (1992)
Motormouth & Killpower #6 (1992)
Sabretooth Special # 1 (1995)
Squadron Supreme vol. 2 #1–5, 7 (2006)
Supreme Power #1–18 (2003–05)
X-Men: Prime (among other artists) (1995)

Other publishers
Gen¹³ vol.2 #25–36 (Image Comics 1997–99)
Godwheel #1 (Malibu Comics, 1995)
Kin #1–6 (Image Comics, 2000)
Midnight Nation


title: Gary Frank (comics)

texts:
 #1–12 (Image omics, 2000–01)
Vampirella/Dracula: The Centennial (Harris Publications, 1997)

References

External links

<mask> at Mike's Amazing World of Comics
<mask> at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
<mask> at 2000 AD online

1969 births
Artists from Bristol
British comics artists
Date of birth missing (living people)
Inkpot Award winners
Living

masks:
Gary Frank
Gary Frank
Gary Frank


title: Matrika Prasad Koirala

texts:
<mask> ( ; 1 January 1912 – 11 September 1997) was the Prime Minister of Nepal for two terms from 16 November 1951 to 14 August 1952 and again from 15 June 1953 to 11 April 1955. Personal life
<mask> was born to <mask> and his first wife <mask> in 1912 in Varanasi, British Raj. His brothers were <mask> and <mask>, who also served as the Prime Minister of Nepal, and politician and journalist <mask>. Political career

<mask> (M.P.) was an outstanding personality of Nepal, who dominated Nepali politics for a full eight years from 1947 to 1955. During the first four years he was supreme leader of the anti-Rana movement, and during the last four years he was the Prime Minister. His first four years were a story of success, whereas his last four years were a record of failure, though he was a powerful head of the government and enjoyed the
confidence of the King throughout most of those years.He led the
successful anti-Rana movement as its supreme commander, but his
activities as Prime Minister were controversial and a sign of failure. After 1955, his political career virtually ended, though King Mahendra
nominated him as a member of the upper house of parliament in 1959,
only to encounter the absolute majority of Nepali Congress. In the 1980s
M.P. once again tried to come back in politics through election to the
national legislature but he did not succeed. M.P. died in 1997, but now he is with us through his memoir entitled
A Role in a Revolution. I myself (along with some of my friends in the
History Department at Tribhuvan University) was fortunate enough to
have carried

masks:
Matrika Prasad Koirala
Koirala
Krishna Prasad Koirala
Mohan Kumari Koirala
Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala
Girija Prasad Koirala
Tarini Prasad Koirala
Matrika Prasad Koirala


title: Matrika Prasad Koirala

texts:
 out a tape-recorded interview with M.P.for the Centre for
Nepal and Asian Studies (CNAS) in the 1980s. This interview covered
some crucial issues which he faced and tackled during the anti-Rana
movement and during his tenure of office as a Prime Minister. While
taking his interview, we were quite impressed by his sharp memory as
when he narrated the story of his father's activities, and also described his
own role during the anti-Rana movement and as Prime Minister. We
requested him to write a memoir to provide first-hand information about
this crucial period of the history of Nepal from 1947 to 1955. He smiled
and said, "Well, if the government puts me in jail for six months, my
memoir will be complete." We are glad to know that he wrote this
memoir, but, as mentioned in the preface of the book, a reputed (I would
like to say irresponsible) publisher from New Delhi lost his original
manuscript (p. vii). M.P.’s courage must be highly applauded because he
390 Studies in Nepali History and Society 13(2), 2008
took great pains to rewrite his memoir, which has now been published in
book form.Prior to reviewing the contents of the book, we must congratulate and
thank Ganesh Raj Sharma for his painstaking efforts to produce this
volume, along with his ten-page preface which includes his own analyses
of one or two political issues. One, on the basis of his conversation with
M.P. Sharma, which has also been entrusted with this responsibility by
M.P.’s wife, as he had already produced a significant volume on the
autobiography of B.P<mask> (M.P.’s younger half brother) and on


title: Matrika Prasad Koirala

texts:
 the
basis of his interview with B.P. himself. In a way, Sharma has become a
unique person by producing two volumes on two brothers, two Prime
Ministers and two big personalities of modern Nepal. M.P.’s memoir is not complete.As the name of the book suggests, it
contains M.P.’s experiences as a leader of the democratic movement
against the Ranas from 1947 to 1951, along with his own family
background and a critical overview of the Rana regime. A large number
of documents, ninety two in total, have been attached as an appendix in
part two of the book, from which we can extract a rough picture of the
political history of Nepal from 1951 to 1955, especially on issues in
which M.P. was involved. But for that to be useful, one must have a
detailed knowledge of the events of those fateful years. Divided into nine sections, the first part of the memoir focuses on
three main aspects of Nepali history. They are M.P.’s childhood and
youth along with his father's exiled life in India and afterwards; the
positive and negative aspects of Rana rule; and finally the democratic
movement starting with the formation of the NNC (Nepali National
Congress) and ending with the Delhi Compromise. M.P.admits that his father (<mask> <mask>) was very
sophisticated and lavish in his habits, but later on became very austere. He
would not smoke, though he was the sole distributor of all brands of
imported cigarettes in Nepal; he would never even touch a dice, shells or
cards, even though gambling was officially and openly permitted for
several days a year. But the irony of history is that such a man

masks:
Krishna Prasad
Koirala


title: Matrika Prasad Koirala

texts:
 in just one
stake "gambled away his whole life's earnings" (p. 5), and chose to live an
exiled life in India. M.P. describes his father's miserable condition in
India and also his younger brother's (Hari) death of cholera at Bettia "for
want of proper treatment" (pp. 6–8). He appreciates his father's decision
to give up all facilities, including a house provided by the Maharaja of
Kolhapur, since he was fighting against the atrocities of a Maharaja (of
Nepal) (pp.8–10). M.P. recollects how, upon the death of Chandra
Book Reviews 391
Shamsher, the new Prime Minister immediately summoned his father to
Nepal, but tells us how he (<mask>) again suffered at the hands of
the next Prime Minister resulting in his painful death inside the jail. M.P. writes, "Albeit, the policemen surrounded even the dead body and stood
guard until his mortal remains were consumed by the funeral pyre and his
body was reduced to ashes" (pp. 68–69). Writing about himself, M.P.describes his school life in India
including his meeting with Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru as a
school boy. He gives a brief account of the national education of India
initiated by Gandhi and Tagore (pp. 47–48), and a glimpse of the civil
disobedience movement of 1930 in which he himself was involved
(pp. 51–58). His employment under the Rana regime, first as an
apprentice and then as translator, is discussed in detail, and an interesting
incident that took place on the day of his appointment is narrated in an
attractive way (pp. 63–64). He tells us how he was relieved from his job
two months after his father's arrest


title: Matrika Prasad Koirala

texts:
 the Rana government, and
392 Studies in Nepali History and Society 13(2), 2008
mentions how people (including high officials) lived in a state of terror. When <mask> Koirala told Juddha Shamsher that the Ranas were
interested only in "three B's," namely Bank, Birta and Building, his elder
brother (possibly Kali Dass Koirala), who was just promoted to Sardar
was very afraid that he might lose his job (pp.33–34). M.P. gives credit to the Prachanda Gorkha and Praja Parishad
organizations who revolted against the Rana regime before Nepali
Congress. Most historians argue that King Tribhuvan had a secret
connection with Praja Parishad and donated some money to it. But M.P. writes that King Tribhuvan "flatly denied (his) participation and
knowledge of it. The money he gave to Mr. Bhakta (Dharma Bhakta
Mathema – a leader of Praja Parishad) which was found during the
searches was for the specific purpose of Mr. Bhakta's marriage" (p. 37).However, he admits that "King Tribhuvan had moral sympathy with any
effort against the Ranas to set up a popular representation in the
governance of the country" (p. 37). To close his narration about the Rana rule, M.P. argues that the
“tallest claim the Rana clan has made is the preservation of independence
of the country" (p. 38). In reality, and ironically, "they kept the country
locked in, including its independence" (p. 41). The last four sections of the book form the most significant part of the
memoir as they are the most relevant to the title of the book. In over one
hundred pages, M.P. analyzes the history of the democratic


title: Matrika Prasad Koirala

texts:
 movement,
especially focusing on his role in it.M.P. also mentions certain events
beyond his role in order to maintain coherence in the memoir. Although
these events have been discussed on the basis of secondary sources,
readers will still find new information in them (though this should still be
verified by primary sources). M.P. starts his analysis of the Nepali democratic movement with B.P<mask>'s press statement of October 1946 and the formation of the Nepali
National Congress (NNC) in January 1947. He, however, does not
mention the foundation of All India Nepali National Congress, which was
established on the last day of October 1946.M.P. gives great importance
to the Biratnagar Jute Mill Strike (1947). He claims that it was due to his
active role in the strike that he was made working president of NNC
without being a primary member of the party (p. 84). Most writers believe
that he was forced to resign just three months after his appointment,
because of opposition from members representing Kathmandu. But M.P. insists here that he voluntarily resigned. However, he admits that D.R.Regmi was made president to represent Kathmandu (p. 95). M.P. also
Book Reviews 393
argues that Shri Prakash Gupta prepared four different drafts of the 1948
Constitution (p. 94). This is new information and should be verified by
other sources. On the clash between B.P<mask> and D.R. Regmi, the author writes,
“while B.P.<mask> was insistent D.R. Regmi was no less a stickler. There was no honourable way out" (p. 98). However, M.P. joined the
Koirala group "finding the juridical side in

masks:
. Koirala
. Koirala
Koirala


title: Matrika Prasad Koirala

texts:
 B.P.’s favour and in
consideration that Mr. Regmi was more of an academic politician than a
man of action" (p. 99). Later on, after the NNC split into two factions,
M.P. tried to make a compromise with Regmi but it failed because
“Regmi was adamant" (p. 103).We have read in books that after NNC
was banned, a few youths from Kathmandu founded the Praja Panchayat
to fight against the Rana regime through constitutional means. M.P. claims that this organization was founded on his advice (p. 100). Similarly, our history books only mention that M.P. was elected president
of NNC in the Daravanga Convention of March 1949, but M.P. claims
that B.P<mask> and Gopal <mask>i were also candidates for the
post.The election was held by secret ballot, and M.P. won with an
overwhelming majority (p. 102). At about the same time, M.P. had talks
with a trusted Mir Subba from Mohan Shamsher for a compromise
between the Congress and the Ranas (pp. 102–103). This attempt failed
because of the negative attitude of the Rana premier. The merger of NNC and the Nepal Democratic Congress (NDC) that
took place in April 1950 is described in detail.M.P. has his own
arguments for his being chosen as the president of the new party – Nepali
Congress (NC) as against the claim of B.P<mask> (pp. 106–112). The
new party replaced the words "Constitutional and peaceful means" by "all
possible means" in their objectives (p. 110). M.P. reveals how NDC
leaders made a false claim that they had the royal seal by King Tribhuvan
to form a provisional parallel government (p. 112).M.P. admits that even before the

masks:
. Koirala
Prasad Bhattara
. Koirala


title: Matrika Prasad Koirala

texts:
 Bairgania Conference (in September
1950), NC had collected sufficient quantity of arms, but he stood for
violence only "as a last recourse" and that also only in the form of mass
insurrections (p. 112). He presents K.I. Singh as an opponent of B.P<mask> from the beginning: He also mentions how Singh opposed the
idea of empowering a single man to launch the movement under the
assumption that B.P. would be that man (pp. 118–119).M.P. expresses
the difficulty he had in maintaining the secrecy of party decisions,
because of the presence of an undercover Rana agent in disguised form. However he refuses to mention his name as he says “I cannot furnish
394 Studies in Nepali History and Society 13(2), 2008
specific proof or evidence for the same” (p. 118). M.P. also emphasizes
two incidents – getting the contact and commitment of Rudra Shamsher at
Palpa, which B.P<mask> successfully conducted (p. 124), and a mission
to create a feeling of terror among the Rana authorities in the capital led
by Ganesh Man and Sunder Raj, which, however, failed because of a
betrayal by a driver (p. 126). King Tribhuvan's refusal to give royal
assent to punish the culprits is also narrated (p. 127).When describing the royal flight to the Indian Embassy in November
1950, M.P. confirms the rumor, through King Tribhuvan, that leaving
Gyanendra in the palace was intentional and not accidental (p. 128). He
also mentions a rumor that Mohan consulted the British envoy after the
royal flight, and when the latter assured him that the new king will be
recognized, Gyanendra was proclaimed the new ruler (p.

masks:
. Koirala
. Koirala


title: Matrika Prasad Koirala

texts:
 and exert
my energy to the organisational wing only” (p. 182). He was further
disappointed, when his proposal to include either M.B. Shah or Surya
<mask> in the Cabinet was opposed by B.P<mask> and
Subarna Shamsher (p. 182).In name, M.P. was the supreme commander
of the revolution, but in practice his younger brother (B.P.) emerged as
the real hero. At this humiliating point, M.P. ends his memoir-cumautobiography. The author has given a list of events that occurred after the royal flight (pp. 168–169).However the list contains some mistakes. Gyanendra was installed as King on 7 November (not on 8 November);
M.P. gives the impression that the insurrection started even before
Tribhuvan reached Delhi, when it was not so. Mohan Shamsher's first
statement came on 24 December, (not on 24 November) and the first
batch of prisoners were released on 17 January 1951 (not on 13–14
January). Moreover, M.P. fails to mention that more than 50 percent of
released prisoners refused to come out of jail until the political settlement
was finalized. In addition, there is a major pen error on p. 130, where the
author writes “Padma” instead of “Mohan” (31st line).Part two of the book consists of ninety-two documents which are
given as appendices. All of them, except the first and the last, are related
to the history of Nepal from 1951 to 1955 – a period when M.P. became
Prime Minister three times. This part of the book may be read as a
supplement to the memoir sections dealing with the later part of M.P.’s
political career. These documents clearly show the Indian government's influence

masks:
Prasad Upadhaya
. Koirala


title: Matrika Prasad Koirala

texts:
 and
interference on Nepali affairs during the reign of King Tribhuvan. Three
documents are produced in original form. They are the cabinet proceeding
of April 1951 (pp.194–195), Tribhuvan's letter to M.P. in August 1952
(p. 260) and Mahendra's letter to M.P. as a crown prince in March 1955
(p. 370). The first two letters are in English, prepared by Indian personnel,
and the third is in Nepali, to demonstrate Mahendra's attempt to end
Indian involvement in Nepal's administration. Again there are some
letters written by Nehru to Tribhuvan (pp. 200–202, 229–230, 231–232),
addressing the latter as “My dear friend” forgetting formal protocol to
address the head of the state. Similarly, M.P.had sought permission of the
Indian advisor to Nepal, quoting provisions of the Indian Constitution, to
remove a minister from the cabinet (p. 241). Book Reviews 397
A number of letters had been exchanged between M.P. and Nehru on
different aspects of Nepali politics, which include (a) resolution of a
dispute between M.P. and B.P<mask> (pp. 208–210), (b) Tanka <mask>'s
demand for a coalition cabinet (p. 210), (c) Nehru's dissatisfaction on the
delay of Constituent Assembly election (p. 244), (d) M.P.’s detailed
information about the reorganization of administration in Nepal
(pp. 211–217) and (e) the discourtesy shown by an INA (Indian National
Army?)crew to the prime minister and ministers of Nepal (pp. 249–250). Many voices were raised against the Indian Ambassador, Chandeshwar
<mask> Singh, by Nepali leaders, including B.P<mask>, for his
active interference in Nepali affairs. However

masks:
. Koirala
Prasad
Prasad Narayan
. Koirala


title: Matrika Prasad Koirala

texts:
 the
contents of these articles or the statement. A number of brief letters (more than two dozen) written during the last
days of M.P.’s prime ministerial tenure have also been reproduced. They
deal with M.P.’s deteriorating relations with the Crown Prince and
ministers (Tanka <mask> and Bhadrakali Mishra) (pp.346–373). However
these letters do not give any new information to the reader. 398 Studies in Nepali History and Society 13(2), 2008
On the whole, the documents produced in part two of the memoir give
scattered information on Nepali politics from 1951 to 1955. They may be
used by researchers as primary sources. A review of M.P.’s memoir is not complete until we mention the tenpage preface of Ganesh Raj Sharma, the undeclared editor of the book. Sharma argues that “M.P. was not as regular nor as expressive in his
response to ideas and events as B.P.was” (p. viii), but, instead, “was a
store house of knowledge about the personalities and events of Nepali
politics, which remained unrevealed unlike in the case of B.P<mask>”
(p. ix). In my opinion, the memoir is more regular, if not more expressive,
than B.P.’s Atmabrittanta, which is quite irregular in chronological terms. Sharma is correct to say that “M.P. was appointed Prime Minister in 1951
on the suggestion of Nehru,” but his claim that M.P. was removed from
office in 1955 because of India's displeasure, as he along with King
Tribhuvan opposed the aide-memoir sent by Nehru, is debatable (p. ix). He has produced a different version of the aide-memoir which reads,
“... especially on matters of Nepal's relationship

masks:
Prasad
. Koirala


title: Matrika Prasad Koirala

texts:
 with Tibet and China,
special advice will be sought from the Government of India” (p. xi),
whereas Nehru's draft of the same speaks only about “consultations” with
the Government of India (p. 298).On the basis of information supplied by M.P. and Rishikesh Shah,
Sharma argues that Nehru had given tacit consent to King Mahendra for
the royal takeover of December 1960, though it was limited only to the
removal of B.P<mask> and not the dissolution of the parliament (pp. xi–xii) This point also seems to be debatable, in view of Nehru's strong
public condemnation of the coup. There is one more debatable point in
the preface, and that is the so-called understanding between “King
Birendra and B.P<mask> to bring M.P<mask> to power as a stop-gap in
the transition from the partyless Panchayat system to a multiparty
parliamentary democracy” (p. xii).B.P.’s question about the possibility of
M.P.’s becoming Prime Minister (p. xii) prevents Sharma from reaching
such big conclusions. However, in the conclusion part of his preface, Sharma seems to have
strictly followed the duty (dharma) of an editor, when he says “The same
period and the leadership roles have been described somewhat differently
by his brother, B.P<mask>. As the person tasked with bringing the
memoir of both M.P. and B.P. into publication, I have been careful to
ensure that their words are held sacrosanct other than in basic editing, so
that both brothers reach out to the readers in their own words and as they
wished” (p. xv). Sharma, however, does not elaborate the points of
Book Reviews 399
difference between the two

masks:
. Koirala
. Koirala
. Koirala
. Koirala


title: Camillo Castiglioni

texts:
<mask> (22 October 1879 – 18 December 1957) was an Italian-Austrian Jewish financier and banker, and was the wealthiest man in Central Europe during World War I. Nicknamed "Austrian Stinnes", he was active in aviation's pioneering days and invested in the arts. Castiglioni was credited as being instrumental to the founding of what would eventually become BMW AG. Early life
Castiglioni was born in Trieste, then part of Austria-Hungary, to the chief rabbi. It is not known when <mask> developed his interest in aviation, but it is known that he was passionate about flying. <mask>'s education was primarily law, gaining employment as an attorney and legal officer of a bank in Padua, quickly learning international finance and how to manage capital. He was the son of a rubber maker, so naturally <mask> found work with the Austro-American Gummiwarenfabrik AG (rubber products) in Vienna as an agent for the Kaufmann automobile tire division in Constantinople. Camillo found great success in this position, demonstrating his abilities to negotiate and structure financial deals.In fact, <mask> was so successful, he was promoted to director of the export department of the parent company in Vienna. Around 1901, along with Viktor Silberer and Franz Hinterstoissera <mask> helped to create the Viennese aero club (later Austrian aero club). He eventually was made deputy director, then in 1904 he was appointed to general director of the company. Through his experience in the rubber and tire production field, <mask> saw the birth of aviation as an industry, going from a ballooning hobby, to makeshift glider craft requiring tires, to fully operational aircraft operated by engines. He met many influential men in his

masks:
Camillo Castiglioni
Camillo
Camillo
Camillo
Camillo
Camillo
Camillo


title: Camillo Castiglioni

texts:
 business, and came to realize that aviation sparked not only his passion for flight, but also recognized the tremendous financial opportunity of aviation's potential as an industry. In order to draw from the arising enthusiasm for airplanes and ballooning, as well as to take advantage of the lucrative business the hobby generated, <mask> established one of his first companies, Luftfahrzeug-Gesellschaft, in 1907. Being a pure commercial firm – it acquired the Etrich balloon patents and sold balloon fliers in Austria Hungary.There were many contests that these inspired balloon drivers entered, and <mask> was no different- he bought his own balloon and successfully took his balloon driver examination on 24 August 1909. Aviation financing
During the First World War, he became one of the richest and most influential financiers in Central Europe. The first major investor in the series production of aircraft. In 1914, he purchased the German aircraft company Hansa- und Brandenburgische Flugzeugwerke, which employed Ernst Heinkel as its chief designer. Acquired a majority holding in Austro-Daimler with its chief designers Puch and Porsche. Press "czar" and sponsor of the arts (financed Max Reinhardt and helped him to organize the Salzburg Festival). After a series of setbacks, his financial empire broke up in 1926.He retired to Switzerland, then to Milan where he set up a private bank and once again amassed a considerable fortune. After the Second World War, negotiated a large US loan for his friend Josip Broz Tito in Yugoslavia. When Tito refused to pay his commission, Castiglioni succeeded in getting Yugoslavian assets in Italy worth millions sequestered. In 1916, he was awarded the Franz Joseph

masks: Camillo Camillo


title: Camillo Castiglioni

texts:
 Order with ribbon on the Military Service Cross for his services to aviation and in 1918 with the St-Georges Order for his achievements in the war material production. Castiglioni became rich in ventures during the period of inflation, acquiring a majority interest in Alpine Montan AG. The Austrian aviation company Österreichische Luftfahrtsgesellschaft was founded by him. BMW influence
Castiglioni significantly influenced the development of BMW AG in its early years.The granting of a license agreement by Austro-Daimler to the Rapp-Werke in 1917 was partly attributable to Castiglioni. 1918 At Castiglioni's insistence the Wiener Bankverein (Vienna) acquired the majority of BMW's share capital. 1922 Castiglioni purchased all the equipment relating to engine construction, the associated know-how and the rights to the name "Bayerische Motoren Werke AG" from the BMW AG, which was renamed Süddeutsche Bremse AG. <mask> Castiglioni, who was facing problems of liquidity. Failed speculation and bankruptcy
In February 1924, Castiglioni partnered with Fritz Mannheimer, and later other influential bankers to speculate on the devaluation of the French franc. They shorted hundreds of millions of franc, eventually causing the franc to drop almost 40% in less than a month. By the beginning of March 1924, one United States dollar was worth 28 francs. Then, however, investment bank Lazard, on the behalf of Banque de France and powered by J.P. Morgan & Co., bought immense amounts of francs, causing the franc to rise again, to 15 franc per dollar. Castiglioni, Mannheimer and their partners lost millions.In September 1924, the Austrian Depositenbank, of which Castiglioni had been president, collapsed. A warrant for


title: Camillo Castiglioni

texts:
 his arrest on a charge of fraud was issued, but Castiglioni had been taken care to be in Italy when the crash came. The Austrian State said that if he deposited $4,200,000 ($ in present-day value), he could return unmolested. Philanthropy
Castiglioni built up a large art collection and a theatre in Vienna. He was the richest man in Central Europe and much beloved by the Viennese whom he assisted financially on Sundays and odd occasions. He was also a patron of the arts and for some time supported the famed producer Max Reinhardt, for whom he built a theater. So fond was he of appearing in the public limelight that he lived with all the pomp and ceremony of royalty, even traveling in the Kaiser Karl's private parlor car, which he bought.Because of his famous banking activities, his life was documented in a 1988 movie on television titled <mask> Castiglioni oder die Moral der Haifische (in English: <mask> Castiglioni, or the morality of sharks), directed by Peter Patzak. See also
Fritz Mannheimer
History of BMW
Palais Miller von Aichholz

References

External links
 BMW Group archives

Austro-Hungarian Jews
Austrian bankers
Italian bankers
Italian Austro-Hungarians
Businesspeople from Trieste
1879 births
1957 deaths
Businesspeople from Vienna
Austrian transportation


title: Hank Schwartz

texts:
Henry A. (<mask><mask>, (September 8, 1927 - October 24, 2020), born in Brooklyn, was an expert in video communications technology and was involved in the broadcast, promotion, and distribution of notable boxing matches involving fighters including Muhammad Ali, Joe Frazier, and George Foreman during the 1970s. An authority in microwave and satellite technology, <mask> utilized his expertise to telecast major boxing events such as “The Rumble in the Jungle” in Zaire, “The Thrilla in Manila” in the Philippines, as well as other major events in Kingston, Jamaica; Caracas, Venezuela; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; and Madison Square Garden in New York. <mask> has developed and designed systems for E.I. Dupont, Western Electric, Bell Telephone, Westinghouse Electric, Revlon, RCA and others. He also installed and designed the first cyclotron monitoring equipment for Columbia University's School of Engineering.From 1974 to 1978 <mask> served as Minister of Communications for the former Republic of Zaire. Personal and early life
Born in Brooklyn, NY, <mask> secured a scholarship to attend Stuyvesant High School, which was at the time one of the few science and technical-based schools in New York City.<mask> finished his four-year science program in three years and became acquainted with emerging radio wave electronic equipment, as well as video networking and related electrical power systems. Upon graduating from Stuyvesant High School, <mask> entered the United States Army as a military cadet in the Army's Specialized Training Program (ASTRP) for enlistees under seventeen years of age. While enrolled in ASTRP, <mask> studied at Norwich University (Northfield, Vermont), a private military cadet-based university and one of the top scientific universities

masks:
Hank
) Schwartz
Schwartz
Hank
Schwartz
Schwartz
Schwartz
Schwartz
Schwartz


title: Hank Schwartz

texts:
 combining Cavalry Training and research related to newer communication networking, supporting electronic and communication networks that could be delivered to any fighting front. <mask> became a second lieutenant and was assigned to oversee the physical education and cavalry related activities of an ASTRP platoon and ASTRP student soldiers. At the end of WWII, <mask> was honorably discharged from the US Army and gained acceptance into Brooklyn Polytech to finish his research. <mask> earned a license from the University of the State of New York allowing him to teach radio, television and communication systems. Sports Broadcasting
Schwartz's company, Video Techniques, provided event promoters new microwave and satellite technologies that were necessary to broadcast television signals throughout the world.Video Techniques also served as the worldwide distributor of several major international sports events and provided the missing link that enabled pay-per-view cable broadcast in the U.S. In the late 1960s <mask> was invited by Bruce Norris, owner of the Detroit Red Wings, to improve the broadcast quality of televised games. <mask> had previously participated in the live broadcast of several auto racing events and had developed expertise in the transmission of video communications signals to microwave towers. <mask>'s knowledge regarding both the technical side of international networking and the communications systems needed to transmit television signals worldwide led him to become involved in the international broadcasting of boxing matches. In 1971 Madison Square Garden hired Video Techniques to broadcast the historic fight between Joe Frazier and Muhammad Ali. In 1972 <mask> was invited by the Japanese television network ITV to advise

masks: Hank Schwartz Schwartz Schwartz Schwartz Schwartz Schwartz


title: Hank Schwartz

texts:
 the production crew and engineering staff for the global broadcast of the fight between Mac Foster and Muhammad Ali. By the time Ali fought Jerry Quarry and Oscar Bonevena, Video Techniques had hit its peak and was considered to be the leader in these new distribution technologies.In 1973, <mask> traveled to Jamaica to televise the fight between George Foreman and Joe Frazier, which was the first sporting event ever broadcast on HBO. In 1974 Video Techniques acted as the promoter and producer of The Rumble in the Jungle where Ali regained his title as World Heavyweight Champion; this also marked the first telecast from the former Republic of Zaire. Video Techniques also participated in the promotion and worldwide distribution of Foreman/Roman from Tokyo, Japan, Foreman-Norton in Caracas, Venezuela, Ali-Bugner in Kuala Lumpur, and Ali-Frazier in the Philippines (The Thrilla in Manilla), Ali-Wepner from Cleveland, Ohio, and Ali-Holmes from Caesar's Palace, Las Vegas. Some notable boxing events that were produced, marketed, and funded by <mask> includes: Ali/Mac Foster in Tokyo, Ali/Bob Foster in Las Vegas, Foreman/Frazier in Kingston, Ali/Foreman in Zaire, Ali/Frazier III in the Philippines, the 1980 Kenya Golden Gloves Olympics in Kenya, and the World Television Champions II in New York City. Satellite Involvement
Hank was involved in the launching of the foreign satellite in China through a contract signed with Wu Keli, the vice president of the China Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC). The “Long March-3 Rocket” was expected to launch in 1988 and would be used to put a Westar satellite in a geostationary orbit. <mask> developed the first TELEMISSION program for Egypt supported by both the United States Government Overseas Private

masks:
Schwartz
Hank Schwartz
Schwartz


title: Hank Schwartz

texts:
 Investor Company (OPIC) and the United Nations International Development Organization.He also served as Vice President of Shamark Closed Circuit TV Distribution, Director of Electronic Transmission Corporation, and Contributing Editor of Electronic Technician, the world's largest electronic services trade circulation. <mask> holds a number of patents and patent applications in the electronics and visual communications fields including, film juke boxes (CineBox (Italy) and the Colorsonics and VideoMate IIa color video projectors. January 22, 1973 was when the first championship boxing event ever was marketed and produced by Henry A<mask>. It was produced from a foreign country for distribution by the INTELSAT satellite system. The championship fight between Joe Frazier and George Foreman was sold to HBO and became the first Pay Per View program on TV cables which set the business stage for PPV events form there on to the present. It has tuned out to be millions of dollars collected through cable companies and program owners such as ESPN, FOX, HBO, etc. Only In America
<mask> is depicted by Jeremy Piven in the 1997 film Don King: Only in America, a biopic of boxing manager and promoter Don King.The film highlights <mask>'s role in the broadcast and promotion of international boxing championships through his affiliation with King. Writing
<mask> is the author of an upcoming memoir FROM THE CORNERS OF THE RING TO THE CORNERS OF THE EARTH: The Adventure behind the Champions (CIVOM 2010) [www.cornersofthering.com]. The book tells the real-life story of his involvement with the fighters, managers, and promoters of the heyday of the heavyweight championship during the 1970s. References

American businesspeople
1927 births
2020 deaths
People from

masks:
Schwartz
. Schwartz
Schwartz
Schwartz
Schwartz


title: Joseph Colombo

texts:
<mask>. (; June 16, 1923 – May 22, 1978) was the boss of the Colombo crime family, one of the Five Families of the American Mafia in New York City. <mask> was born in New York City, where his father was an early member of what was then the Profaci crime family. In 1961, the First Colombo War unfolded, instigated by the kidnapping of four high-ranking members in the Profaci family by Joe Gallo. Later that year, Gallo was imprisoned, and in 1962, family leader Joe Profaci died of cancer. In 1963, Bonanno crime family boss, <mask>o made plans with <mask> to assassinate several rivals on The Commission. When Magliocco gave the contract to one of his top hit men, Colombo, he revealed the plot to its targets. The Commission spared Magliocco's life but forced him into retirement, while Bonanno fled to Canada.As a reward for turning on his boss, <mask> was awarded the Profaci family. His only jail term would come in 1966, when <mask> was sentenced to 30 days in jail for contempt by refusing to answer questions from a grand jury about his financial affairs. In 1970, Colombo created the Italian-American Civil Rights League. Later that year, the first Italian Unity Day rally was held in Columbus Circle to protest the federal persecution of all Italians everywhere. In 1971, Gallo was released from prison, and <mask> invited Gallo to a peace meeting with an offering of $1,000, to which Gallo refused, instigating the Second Colombo War. On June 28, 1971, <mask> was shot three times by Jerome A. Johnson, once in the head, at the second Italian Unity Day rally in Columbus Circle sponsored by the Italian-American Civil Rights League; Johnson was immediately killed by <mask>'s bodyguards. <mask> was paralyzed from the shooting.On May 22, 1978, <mask> died of cardiac arrest. Early life
<mask> Sr. was born into an Italian American family on June 16, 1923, in Brooklyn. His father, <mask>, was an early member

masks:
Joseph Anthony Colombo Sr
Colombo
Joseph Bonann
Joseph Magliocco
Colombo
Colombo
Colombo
Colombo
Colombo
Colombo
Colombo
Joseph Colombo
Anthony Colombo


title: Joseph Colombo

texts:
 of the Profaci crime family, which would eventually be renamed after his son. In 1938, he was found strangled in a car with his mistress. <mask> attended New Utrecht High School in Brooklyn for two years, then dropped out to join the U.S. Coast Guard. In 1945, he was diagnosed with neurosis and discharged from the service. His legitimate jobs included ten years as a longshoreman and six years as a salesman for a meat company.His final job was that of a real estate salesman. <mask> owned a modest home in Dyker Heights, Brooklyn and a five-acre estate in Blooming Grove, New York. He married Lucille Faiello in 1944, and had five children including sons <mask>, <mask> Jr. (1946–2014) and <mask> (1945–2017). First Colombo War
<mask> followed his father into the Profaci family. He became one of the family's top enforcers, and soon became a capo. On February 27, 1961, the Gallos kidnapped four of Profaci's top men: underboss Magliocco, Frank Profaci (Joe Profaci's brother), capo Salvatore Musacchia and soldier John Scimone. Profaci himself eluded capture and flew to sanctuary in Florida.While holding the hostages, Larry and Albert Gallo sent Joe Gallo to California. The Gallos demanded a more favorable financial scheme for the hostages' release. Gallo wanted to kill one hostage and demand $100,000 before negotiations, but his brother Larry overruled him. After a few weeks of negotiation, Profaci made a deal with the Gallos. Profaci's consigliere Charles "the Sidge" LoCicero negotiated with the Gallos and all the hostages were released peacefully. However, Profaci had no intention of honoring this peace agreement. On August 20, 1961 <mask>i ordered the murder of Gallo members <mask> "Joe Jelly" Gioielli and Larry Gallo.Gunmen allegedly murdered Gioilli after inviting him to go fishing. Larry Gallo survived a strangulation attempt in the Sahara club of East Flatbush by Carmine Persico and

masks:
Joe Colombo
Colombo
Christopher Colombo
Joseph Colombo
Anthony Colombo
Colombo
Joseph Profac
Joseph


title: Joseph Colombo

texts: Salvatore "Sally" D'Ambrosio after a police officer intervened. The Gallo brothers had been previously aligned with Persico against Profaci and his loyalists; The Gallos then began calling Persico "The Snake" after he had betrayed them. the war continued on resulting in nine murders and three disappearances. With the start of the gang war, the Gallo crew retreated to the Dormitory. In late November 1961, Joe Gallo was sentenced to seven-to-fourteen years in prison for murder. On June 6, 1962, Profaci died and was succeeded by longtime underboss <mask>.In 1963, <mask>, the head of the Bonanno crime family, made plans to assassinate several rivals on the Mafia Commission—bosses Tommy Lucchese, Carlo Gambino, and Stefano Magaddino, as well as Frank DeSimone. Bonanno sought Magliocco's support, and Magliocco readily agreed. Not only was he bitter from being denied a seat on the Commission, but Bonanno and Profaci had been close allies for over 30 years prior to Profaci's death. Bonanno's audacious goal was to take over the Commission and make Magliocco his right-hand man. Magliocco was assigned the task of killing Lucchese and Gambino, and gave the contract to one of his top hit men, Colombo. However, the opportunistic Colombo revealed the plot to its targets. The other bosses quickly realized that Magliocco could not have planned this himself.Remembering how close Bonanno was with Magliocco (and before him, Profaci), as well as their close ties through marriages, the other bosses concluded Bonanno was the real mastermind. The Commission summoned Bonanno and Magliocco to explain themselves. Fearing for his life, Bonanno went into hiding in Montreal, leaving Magliocco to deal with the Commission. Badly shaken and in failing health, Magliocco confessed his role in the plot. The Commission spared Magliocco's life, but forced him to retire as Profaci family boss and pay a $50,000 fine. As a

masks:
Joseph Magliocco
Joseph Bonanno


title: Joseph Colombo

texts:
 reward for turning on his boss, <mask> was awarded the Profaci family. At the age of 41, <mask> was one of the youngest crime bosses in the country.He was also the first American-born boss of a New York crime family. When NYPD detective Albert Seedman (later the NYPD chief of detectives) called <mask> in for questioning about the death of one of his soldiers, <mask> came to the meeting without a lawyer. He told Seedman, "I am an American citizen, first class. I don't have a badge that makes me an official good guy like you, but I work just as honest for a living." On May 9, 1966, <mask> was sentenced to 30 days in jail for contempt by refusing to answer questions from a grand jury about his financial affairs. Italian-American Civil Rights League
In April 1970, <mask> created the Italian-American Civil Rights League, the month his son <mask> Jr. was charged with melting down coins for resale as silver ingots. In response, <mask> Sr. claimed FBI harassment of Italian-Americans and, on April 30, 1970, sent 30 picketers outside FBI headquarters at Third Avenue and 69th Street to protest the federal persecution of all Italians everywhere; this went on for weeks.On June 29, 1970, 50,000 people attended the first Italian Unity Day rally in Columbus Circle in New York City. In February 1971, <mask>. was acquitted of the charge after the chief witness in the trial had been arrested on perjury charges. Under <mask>'s guidance, the League grew quickly and achieved national attention. Unlike other mob leaders who shunned the spotlight, <mask> appeared on television interviews, fundraisers and speaking engagements for the League. In 1971, Colombo aligned the League with Rabbi and political activist Meir Kahane's Jewish Defense League, claiming that both groups were being harassed by the federal government. At one point, Colombo posted bail for 11 jailed JDL members. The Godfather movie
In the spring

masks:
Colombo
Colombo
Colombo
Colombo
Colombo
Colombo
Joseph Colombo
Joseph Colombo
Colombo Jr
Colombo
Colombo


title: Joseph Colombo

texts:
 of 1971, Paramount Pictures started filming The Godfather with the assistance of Colombo and the League.Due to its subject matter, the film originally faced great opposition from Italian-Americans to filming in New York. However, after producer Albert Ruddy met with Colombo and agreed to excise the terms "Mafia" and "Cosa Nostra" from the film, the League cooperated fully. Shooting
In early 1971, Joe Gallo was released from prison. As a supposedly conciliatory gesture, Colombo invited Gallo to a peace meeting with an offering of $1,000. Gallo refused the invitation, wanting $100,000 to stop the conflict, which Colombo refused to pay. At that point, acting boss Vincenzo Aloi issued a new order to kill Gallo. On March 11, 1971, after being convicted of perjury for lying on his application to become a real estate broker, Colombo was sentenced to two and half years in state prison.The sentence, however, was delayed pending an appeal. On June 28, 1971, <mask> was shot three times by Jerome A. Johnson, with one bullet hitting him in the head, at the second Italian Unity Day rally in Columbus Circle sponsored by the Italian-American Civil Rights League; Johnson was immediately killed by <mask>'s bodyguards. Death and aftermath
<mask> was paralyzed from the shooting. On August 28, 1971, after two months at Roosevelt Hospital in Manhattan, <mask> was moved to his estate at Blooming Grove. In 1975, a court-ordered examination showed that <mask> could move his thumb and forefinger on his right hand. In 1976, there were reports that he could recognize people and utter several words. On May 22, 1978, <mask> died of cardiac arrest at St. Luke's  Hospital (later St. Luke's Cornwall Hospital) in Newburgh, New York.<mask>'s funeral was held at St Bernadette's Catholic Church in Bensonhurst and he was buried in Saint John Cemetery in the Middle Village section of Queens. Although many in the <mask> family

masks: Colombo Colombo Colombo Colombo Colombo Colombo Colombo Colombo


title: Joseph Colombo

texts:
 blamed Joe Gallo for the shooting, the police eventually concluded that Johnson was a lone gunman after they had questioned Gallo. Since Johnson had spent time a few days earlier at a Gambino club, one theory was that Carlo Gambino organized the shooting. <mask> refused to listen to Gambino's complaints about the League, and allegedly spat in Gambino's face during one argument. However, the Colombo family leadership was convinced that Joe Gallo ordered the murder after his falling out with the family. Gallo was murdered on April 7, 1972. After the Colombo shooting, <mask> became the acting boss for one year before Carmine Persico took over.In popular culture
 <mask> features in the first episode of UK history TV channel Yesterday's documentary series Mafia's Greatest Hits
 In "Christopher", an episode of The Sopranos, Silvio Dante claims that <mask> was the founder of the first Italian-American anti-defamation organization. However, the American Italian Anti-Defamation League was founded before <mask>'s Italian-American Civil Rights League
 In 2015, <mask>'s oldest son, <mask>, authored Colombo: The Unsolved Murder a biography/memoir with co-author Don Capria
 <mask>'s assassination attempt is featured in the 2019 Martin Scorsese film The Irishman. References

Further reading
 Capria, Don and <mask>. Colombo: The Unsolved Murder. New York: Unity Press, 2015,
 Reppetto, Thomas. Bringing Down the Mob. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2006.Moore, Robin and Barbara Fuca. Mafia Wife. New York: MacMillan, 1977,

1923 births
1978 deaths
American crime bosses
Bosses of the Colombo crime family
Burials at St. John's Cemetery (Queens)
Colombo crime family
Murdered American gangsters of Italian descent
People from Dyker Heights, Brooklyn
People murdered by the Colombo crime family
People murdered in New York (state)
People from Blooming Grove, New York
Burials in New York (state)
New Utrecht

masks:
Colombo
Joseph Yacovelli
Colombo
Colombo
Colombo
Joe Colombo
Anthony Colombo
Colombo
Anthony Colombo


title: Shelby Rogers

texts:
<mask> (born October 13, 1992) is an American professional tennis player. She has a career-high singles WTA ranking of No. 36, on 10 January 2022,  and a highest doubles ranking of No. 41 achieved on 21 February 2022. She has won six singles titles and one doubles title on the ITF Circuit. She won the Girls' National Championship at 17. Her best results as a professional came at the 2016 French Open and the 2020 US Open where she reached the quarterfinals.<mask> is noted for her victories against top-ranked players which include Simona Halep (No. 4) at the 2017 Australian Open, Serena Williams (No. 9) at the 2020 Top Seed Open and Ashleigh Barty (No. 1) at the 2021 US Open. <mask> is also undefeated against two-time Wimbledon champion Petra Kvitová, with wins at the 2016 French Open and 2020 US Open, the latter in which she saved four match points. Both are also the only instances in her career where she made the quarterfinals at the majors. Personal life
From Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, <mask> followed her sister, Sabra, into tennis at the age of six.She was quickly identified by her coaches for her natural athletic ability and started competing on the national stage by the age of eleven. Home-schooled during high school, <mask> was able to focus on her tennis and quickly started receiving scholarship offers from the top schools in the U.S. In 2009, she decided to forgo college and become a professional tennis player. On 15 August 2021, <mask> was awarded with a Bachelor of Science in psychology from Indiana University East in a ceremony at the Western Southern Open (WSO) tournament. Professional career

2009–15: Early years, first WTA final

<mask> made her ITF Women's

masks:
Shelby Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers


title: Shelby Rogers

texts:
 season of 2015, <mask> played in all four Grand Slam main draws for the first time in her career, and also reached her first Grand Slam third round at the US Open. 2016–17: French Open quarterfinal, breakthrough

Although she missed the Australian Open due to injury, <mask> began the year strongly by reaching her second career final on the WTA Tour, losing to Francesca Schiavone at the Rio Open on clay in February. Things then did not do well for <mask>, with early losses in the following three months. However, she then reached her first Grand Slam quarterfinal at the French Open. She became the first American other than Serena Williams to reach the quarterfinals since Venus Williams in 2006. Along the way, she defeated three seeded players including No.12, Petra Kvitová and No. 19, Karolína Plíšková. In the quarterfinal-round match, she lost to later champion Garbiñe Muguruza. With this run, she also rose to the top 60 for the first time. Despite making big progress, she then continued to struggle again with the results by the end of the year. During the season of 2017, she continued to progress. In the opening week, she defeated world top 10, Eugenie Bouchard, in the first-year match.She then participated at the Hobart International, where she reached the quarterfinals. At the Australian Open, she upset world No. 4, Simona Halep, 6–3, 6–1 in the first round. She started clay-court season with the quarterfinal of the Premier-level Charleston Open, where she also defeated compatriot and world No. 11, Madison Keys. After early losses at the Italian Open and Madrid Open, she reached the quarterfinals of the Internationaux de Strasbourg. She then followed with a third round showing

masks: Rogers Rogers Rogers


title: Shelby Rogers

texts:
 at the French Open.At Wimbledon, she reached another Grand Slam third round, but then lost to world No. 1, Angelique Kerber. At the US Open, she also reached third round, where she was stopped by another top 10 player, Elina Svitolina. 2018–20: From injury to progress, US Open quarterfinal
After battling a knee injury for some time, <mask> underwent knee surgery in May 2018. From the start of the 2018, she played only at the Australian Open and Indian Wells Open, but was knocked out in the first round in both tournaments. She was out of play for the rest of the season. She returned to action at the Charleston Open in April 2019 and won her first match, defeating Evgeniya Rodina in straight sets.However, she lost her next match to Jeļena Ostapenko in three sets, after having been 5–1 up in the third set and having match points. Later, she reached second round of the French Open and Mallorca Open. In September 2019, she won the $60K Templeton, that was her first ITF title since September 2013. In October 2019, she reached the final of the $80K Macon, where she lost to her compatriot Katerina Stewart. She enjoyed a successful campaign on American hardcourts in the summer of the 2020. Firstly, she made the semifinals at the Top Seed Open, after upsetting Serena Williams in the previous round. Then, at the US Open, she beat Irina Khromacheva, 11th seed Elena Rybakina, Madison Brengle, and sixth seed Petra Kvitová before losing to Naomi Osaka in the quarterfinals.She returned to the top 60 rankings after that. 2021: Best season: Australian Open fourth round, French Open doubles quarterfinal, top 40, US Open fourth round
<mask> reached the fourth round of the Australian Open, her best

masks: Rogers Rogers


title: Shelby Rogers

texts:
 showing at this major, where she was defeated by world No. 1 and top seed, Ash Barty. On April 12, 2021, <mask> raised to a career-high of world No. 46, after reaching the round of 16 of the Charleston Open where she lost again to Ash Barty. At the French Open, she reached the quarterfinals in doubles, partnering Petra Martić, defeating ninth seeded pair of Sharon Fichman and Giuliana Olmos. The pair reached also as alternates the quarterfinals of the 2021 Mutua Madrid Open.At Wimbledon, <mask> reached the third round for a second time, defeating 15th seed Maria Sakkari. This was her 16th victory over a top 20 player in her career. As a result, she reached a career-high of world No. 40. At the US Open, <mask> reached the round of 16 by defeating the top seed, Ash Barty. 2022: Australian Open doubles quarterfinal
In doubles, she reached the quarterfinals of the 2022 Australian Open partnering Petra Martić. Performance timelines

Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup and Olympic Games are included in win/loss records.Singles
Current through the 2022 Qatar Open. Doubles

WTA career finals

Singles: 2 (2 runner-ups)

Doubles: 1 (runner-up)

ITF Circuit finals

Singles: 10 (6 titles, 4 runner–ups)

Doubles: 6 (1 title, 5 runner–ups)

Head-to-head records

Record against top 10 players
<mask>'s record against players who have been ranked in the top 10. Active players are in boldface. Wins over players ranked No. 1

Wins over top 10 players

Notes

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
American female tennis players
Sportspeople from Charleston, South Carolina
Tennis people from South Carolina
21st-century

masks: Shelby Rogers Rogers Rogers


title: Edward Hall

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<mask> ( – ) was an English lawyer and historian, best known for his The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancastre and Yorke—commonly known as <mask>'s Chronicle—first published in 1548. He was also several times a member of the Parliament of England. Family
<mask>, born in 1497, was the son of <mask> (died 22 February 1528) of Northall in Kynnersley, Shropshire, a London grocer and Merchant of the Staple who resided in the parish of St Mildred in the Poultry. The surname <mask> appears in the records of the Worshipful Company of Grocers for several generations prior to <mask>'s birth, suggesting that members of the family had been London merchants for some time. <mask>'s father served as Warden of the Grocers in 1512. According to some sources, <mask>'s mother, Katherine Geddyng, was the daughter and coheir of Thomas Geddyng of Norfolk, while according to others she was the daughter of John Geddyng, great-grandson of William Geddyng of Lackford, Suffolk, and Mirabel Aspale, daughter and heiress of Sir John de Aspale. Katherine (née Geddying) <mask>'s burial on 19 June 1557 in the church of St Benet Sherehog was recorded by the diarist Henry Machyn.She appointed as executor of her will Sir William Garrard, and as supervisor Dame Joan Warren, the second wife of Sir Ralph Warren, Lord Mayor of London. According to some sources, Katherine was the 'Mistress <mask>' who in 1555 was imprisoned in Newgate for her faith under Queen Mary Tudor, and with whom the religious reformer John Bradford corresponded. <mask> had a brother, William, who survived him, but no other known brothers or sisters. Marriage and issue

masks:
Edward Hall
Hall
Edward Hall
John Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall


title: Edward Hall

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There is no evidence as to whether <mask> ever married. His will, made in 1546–1547, makes no mention of a wife or children, and the only family members named are his brother, William, whom he appoints as executor of his will, and his mother, whom he appoints as overseer. In his will he requested burial in the Greyfriars, London, but he was instead buried in the church of St Benet Sherehog, which was subsequently destroyed in the Great Fire of London and not rebuilt. He left all his books in French and English to his brother, William, and his manuscript of his chronicle to Richard Grafton, entrusting him with its publication.Career
<mask> began his education at Eton College. In 1514 he was admitted to King's College, Cambridge, graduating BA in 1518. At about the time of <mask>'s graduation from university, the second son of Robert Fabyan (died 1513) became apprentice to <mask>'s father, and according to Herman, it was perhaps through this connection that <mask> developed what became a lifelong interest in chronicling the events of English history. <mask> was a student at Gray's Inn by 1521, and became a lawyer by profession. He was Autumn Reader at his Inn in 1533, and Lent Reader in 1540. According to Herman, <mask> may have been first elected to Parliament as early as 1523. He was elected to represent Much Wenlock in 1529, and represented the borough again in 1539.In 1542, and again in 1545, he was elected for Bridgnorth. <mask> served as Common Serjeant of London from 17 March 1533 to 2 June 1535, and as Under-Sheriff from 2 June 1535 until his death. Chronicle

Hall's best-known work, The Union of the Two Noble

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