title: Peter Hain

texts:
 later emerged that four donations were channelled through a non-operating think tank, the Progressive Policies Forum (PPF) which may be connected with Morgan, who was named as a donor. On 12 January, <mask> released a statement saying that he wanted to get on with his job and it was absurd to think he had deliberately hidden anything. John Underwood, a trustee of the PPF, said that the donations and loans were "entirely permissible", though Hain said he would pay back a £25,000 interest-free loan. On 24 January 2008, he resigned from several posts including his position as Work and Pensions secretary, after the Electoral Commission referred the failure to report donations to Metropolitan Police. He cited a desire to "clear his name" as the reason for his resignation. <mask> was the first person to resign from Gordon Brown's cabinet.He was replaced as Secretary of State for Wales by Paul Murphy, and as Secretary for Work and Pensions by James Purnell in a forced cabinet reshuffle. Hain's campaign had properly declared some £100,000 of donations but failed to declare £103,156 of donations, contrary to electoral law. On 3 July 2008, the Metropolitan Police announced that they had referred <mask>'s case to the Crown Prosecution Service. On 5 December 2008 the CPS announced that Hain would not be charged because Hain was not responsible and did not control the members' association Hain4Labour that funded his campaign. He returned to the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Wales the following year. In opposition
<mask> was re-appointed Shadow Welsh Secretary in Ed Miliband's Shadow Cabinet after Miliband's election as leader in 2010. He was a supporter of the unsuccessful Alternative Vote system in the May 2011 referendum.In May

masks:
Peter Hain
Peter Hain
Peter Hain
Hain


title: Peter Hain

type: original

texts:
 2012, he announced his retirement from front-line politics. Attempted prosecution for contempt of court
On 27 March 2012, the Attorney General for Northern Ireland, John Larkin QC obtained leave from Lord Justice Higgins to bring proceedings against <mask> and "Biteback Publishing" for contempt of court. Although Hain's book Outside In had already been passed by the Cabinet Office and the Northern Ireland Office prior to publication, the alleged contempt related to statements about Lord Justice Girvan's disposal of an application for judicial review while Hain was Secretary of State. Hain's remarks had previously been strongly criticised by the Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland, Sir Declan Morgan though the decision to charge Hain with "scandalising the court", using a law already obsolete in 1899 drew ridicule in Westminster and strong criticism from senior DUP ministers. According to the Attorney General, Hain's statements prejudiced the administration of justice and amounted to an unjustifiable attack on the judiciary. At a preliminary hearing before a Divisional Court of the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice on 24 April 2012, Hain's counsel suggested that the action had no basis in common law and was contrary to the European Convention on Human Rights. The trial was intended to take place on 19 June 2012 but the case was dropped on 17 May 2012 after Hain agreed to clarify comments to show he didn't question Girvan's motives or his handling of the judicial review.House of Lords
In June 2014, <mask> announced he would stand down as the MP for Neath at the 2015 general election. He was nominated for a life peerage in the 2015 Dissolution Honours. Writing in the Guardian, he subsequently outlined his

masks: Hain Hain


title: Peter Hain

texts:
 views on House of Lords reform. He was created a life peer taking the title <mask>, of Neath in the County of West Glamorgan, on 22 October 2015. He is a member of Labour Friends of Israel. He remains a prominent supporter of Unite Against Fascism today and is vice-president of Action for Southern Africa. On 25 October 2018, he used parliamentary privilege in the House of Lords to name Sir Philip Green as the businessman accused of sexual and racial harassment by The Daily Telegraph.A legal injunction had prevented the newspaper from naming him. Following <mask>'s statement, the accusations made against Green were widely published in the media. Hain is a remunerated adviser to the law firm acting for the alleged victims, and Green subsequently announced that, due to this conflict of interest, he would lodge a complaint with the House of Lords. Hain is a member of the Steering Committee of the Constitution Reform Group (CRG), a cross-party organisation chaired by Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury, which seeks a new constitutional settlement in the UK by way of a new Act of Union. The Constitution Reform Group's new Act of Union Bill  was introduced as a Private Member's Bill by Lord Lisvane in the House of Lords on 9 October 2018, when it received a formal first reading. The Bill has been described by the BBC as "one to watch"  in the current Parliament. Political thought
Hain has written in support of libertarian socialist arguments, identifying an axis involving a "bottom-up vision of socialism, with anarchists at the revolutionary end and democratic socialists [such as himself] at its reformist end" as opposed to the axis of state socialism with Marxist–Leninists at the revolutionary end and social democrats

masks:
Baron Hain
Hain


title: Peter Hain

texts:
 at the reformist end.Hain has argued for "encouraging industrial democracy. This is one of the keys to the high productivity, investment and wealth needed for economic success, by helping generate greater team working and commitment which is such an important requirement of complex modern production systems." Business and charity interests
The renewed campaign for construction of the Severn Barrage by Hafren Power was led by Hain in 2012, until Hafren Power wound up in 2014. In May 2013 he joined Amara Mining as non-executive director until its takeover by Perseus Mining in May 2016. On 28 October 2015, <mask> was appointed to the Board of AIM listed fertiliser company, African Potash, as non-executive Director, but resigned in November 2017. He is Global and Governmental Adviser to Gordon Dadds PLC. Since 2014 he has been chair of Trustees of the Donald Woods Foundation, a charity working in the poverty stricken Transkei, Eastern Cape, near Nelson Mandela's homeland.He is also a Trustee of the Listen Charity. In 2016-17 he chaired the OR Tambo Centenary Organising Committee. From 2014 he has been Visiting Professor at the University of South Wales. In September 2016 he was appointed Visiting Professor at Witwatersrand University Business School and in September 2017 was appointed Visiting Fellow at Henley Business School. Alternative medicine
He is a member of the Advisory Council for the College of Medicine, an alternative medicine lobbying organisation set up following the disbanding of Charles, Prince of Wales's Foundation for Integrated Health in the wake of a fraud investigation. Describing its mission as "to take forward the vision of HRH the Prince of Wales" and originally called "The College of Integrated Health,"


title: Peter Hain

texts:
 several commentators, writing in The Guardian, The British Medical Journal and in the blogosphere, claim that this organisation is simply a re-branding of the controversial Foundation. It continues to act as an alternative medicine lobby group.The college has been referred to as "Hamlet without the Prince." Personal life
Hain lives in Resolven in the Neath Valley. He married his first wife Patricia Western in 1975, and they have two sons. In June 2003, he married his second wife, Welsh businesswoman,  Elizabeth Haywood, in Neath Register Office. Publications

Radical Liberalism and Youth Politics by <mask>, 1973, Liberal Publications Department
Radical Regeneration by <mask>, 1975, Quartet Books

Mistaken Identity: The Wrong Face of the Law by <mask>, 1976, Quartet Books

Policing the Police Edited by <mask>, 1979, J Calder

Neighbourhood Participation by <mask>, 1980, M. T. Smith
Policing the Police Edited by <mask>, 1980, J Calder

Proportional Misrepresentation by <mask>n, 1986, Gower Publishing Ltd

New Designs for Europe by Katinkya Barysch, Steven Everts, Heather Grabbe et al., introduction by <mask>, 2002, Centre for European Reform

Outside in (autobiography), Biteback (23 January 2012),
Ad & Wal: values, duty, sacrifice in apartheid South Africa, Biteback (January 2014),
Back to the future of socialism, Policy Press (26 January 2015),

References

External links

<mask> MP official constituency website
Profile at the Welsh Labour Party

Article archive in New Statesman

Confronting ISIL's Terror Threat. A Public lecture given by <mask>n from USW iTunesU

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1950 births
Living people
Alumni of Pretoria Boys High School
Alumni of Queen Mary University of London
Alumni of the

masks:
Peter Hain
Peter Hain
Peter Hain
Peter Hain
Peter Hain
Peter Hain
Peter Hai
Peter Hain
Peter Hain
Peter Hai


title: Edward Harwood

texts: <mask> (1729–1794) was a prolific English classical scholar and biblical critic. <mask> was born at Darwen, Lancashire, in 1729. After attending a school at Darwen, he went in 1745 to the Blackburn grammar school under Thomas Hunter, afterwards vicar of Weaverham, Cheshire. Hunter wished him to enter Queen's College, Oxford, with a view to the church. But his parents were Dissenters, and he was trained for the ministry in the academy of David Jennings, at Wellclose Square, London. Leaving the academy in 1750, <mask> engaged in teaching, and was tutor in a boarding-school at Peckham. He preached occasionally for George Benson, and became intimate with Nathaniel Lardner.In 1754 <mask> moved to Congleton, Cheshire, where he superintended a grammar school, and preached alternately at Wheelock in Cheshire and Leek, Staffordshire. At Congleton he saw much of Joseph Priestley, then at Nantwich, who thought of him as a good classical scholar and entertaining companion. From 1757 he associated also with John Taylor, who in that year became divinity tutor at Warrington Academy; and in 1761 he preached Taylor's funeral sermon at Chowbent, Lancashire. An appendix to the printed sermon takes Taylor's side in disputes about the Academy, against John Seddon, and shows, according to Alexander Gordon

masks:
Edward Harwood
Life Harwood
Harwood
Harwood


title: Edward Harwood

texts: writing in the Dictionary of National Biography, that <mask> was by this time at one with Taylor's semi-Arian theology; although he says that he never adopted the tenets of Arius. His letter of 30 December 1784 to William Christie shows, for Gordon, that in later life he inclined to Socinianism. On 16 October 1765 Harwood was ordained to the Tucker Street Presbyterian congregation, Bristol. He had married, and had a numerous family, and he describes his congregation as small.His proposals (1765) for a free translation of the New Testament, a tract against predestination, 1768, and the republication of a treatise by one William Williams on "the supremacy of the Father", made him locally unpopular. He was shunned and a charge was brought against his character, and he left Bristol in 1772. Coming to London, he settled in Great Russell Street, and employed himself in literary work. He failed to obtain a vacant place at the British Museum, but says he got a better post. Later he complained of the coldness of his dissenting friends, contrasting them unfavourably with Anglicans. In 1776, soon after publishing a bibliography of editions of the classics, <mask> sold his classical books and took lodgings in Hyde Street, Bloomsbury. He was poor, and on 15 May 1782 he was attacked by paralysis.He had

masks: Harwood Harwood


title: Edward Harwood

texts:
 therapy by application of electricity by John Birch but could neither walk nor sit, but was still able to write and to teach. He died at 6 Hyde Street on 14 January 1794. He claimed to have ‘written more books than any one person now living except Dr. Priestley’. Without being a follower of Priestley, he defended him (1785) against Samuel Badcock. His wife, a younger daughter of Samuel Chandler, died on 21 May 1791, aged 58. Their eldest son, <mask> (numismatist), wrote a Latin epitaph to their memory. Works
He indulged his bent for classical reading, employing it in New Testament exegesis.A  first volume (1767) of Introduction to New Testament Studies attracted the notice of Principal William Robertson of the University of Edinburgh, on whose recommendation he was made D.D. by Edinburgh on 29 June 1768. He published his translation of the New Testament in 1768, and another volume by way of introduction in 1771. <mask>'s biblical studies received little encouragement from dissenters. Lardner just lived long enough to commend his first volume, and give some hints for a second, and other early friends were dead. Thomas Newton, bishop of Bristol, and Edmund Law, while master of Peterhouse, gave him encouragement; Robert Lowth lent him books; and the value of his work was recognised by

masks:
Edward Harwood
Harwood


title: Edward Harwood

texts:
 continental scholars, his first volume being translated into German (Halle, 1770) by J. F. Schulz of Göttingen. His biblical works are:

‘A New Introduction to the Study … of the New Testament,’ &c., vol.i. 1767, vol. ii. 1771; 2nd edit. 1773, 2 vols. (a third volume was projected, but not published. <mask> waited for the promised issue of a posthumous volume of biblical notes by Samuel Chandler, which never appeared).‘A Liberal Translation of the New Testament … with Select Notes,’ &c., 1768. 2 vols. (appended is Clement's [first] Epistle to the Corinthians). ‘H ΚΑΙΝΗ ΔΙΑΘΗΚΗ … collated with the most approved MSS., with Select Notes in English,’ &c., 1776, 2 vols. (has appended bibliography of editions); his interleaved copy in the British Museum is corrected to 1 Nov. 1778. His contributions to classical studies are:

 ‘Catulli, Tibulli, Propertii Opera,’ &c., 1774, (with revised texts). ‘A View of … editions of the Greek and Roman Classics,’ &c., 1775; 2nd edit., 1778; 3rd edit., 1782; 4th edit., 1790, reprinted in Adam Clarke's ‘Bibliographical Dictionary,’ Liverpool, 1801, 6 vols.; translated into German by Alter, Vienna, 1778; Italian, by Pincelli, Venice, 1780; and by Boni and Gamba, with large additions and improvements, Venice, 1793, 2 vols. ; the ‘Introduction to … Editions,’


title: Edward Harwood

texts:
 &c., 1802, by Thomas Frognall Dibdin, is a tabulated arrangement from <mask>'s ‘View.’
 ‘Biographia Classica,’ &c., 2nd edit., 1778, 2 vols. <mask> also translated from the French Abauzit's ‘Miscellanies,’ 1774, and from the German (a language which he learned after 1773) Christoph Martin Wieland's ‘Memoirs of Miss Sophy Sternheim,’ 1776, 2 vols. He edited the eleventh edition of John Holmes's Latin Grammar, 1777; the twenty-fourth edition of Nathaniel Bailey's English Dictionary, 1782; and an edition of the Common Prayer Book in Latin, ‘Liturgia … Precum Communium,’ &c., 1791, reprinted 1840. An edition of Horace bearing his name was printed in 1805. Among his publications on general religious subjects are:

 ‘A Sermon at the Funeral of John Taylor, D.D.,’ &c., 1761. ‘An Account of the Conversion of a Deist,’ &c., 1762.‘Reflections on … Deathbed Repentance,’ &c., 1762 (reached a third edition). ‘Chearful Thoughts on … a Religious Life,’ &c., 1764, (reached a second edition, and was translated into Dutch). ‘Confession of Faith,’ printed with Thomas Amory's sermon and Samuel Chandler's charge at his ordination, 1765. ‘A Letter to the Rev. Mr. Caleb Evans, occasioned by his … Confession of Faith,’ &c., 1768. ‘The Melancholy Doctrine of Predestination,’ &c., 1768. ‘The Life and Character of


title: Edward Harwood

texts:
 Jesus Christ,’ &c., 1772.‘Five Dissertations,’ &c., 1772, (defines his theological position; the second dissertation ‘on the Socinian scheme’ was republished with additions, 1783, and 1786. ‘Of Temperance and Intemperance,’ &c., 1774. ‘Seven Sermons,’ &c., 1777. ‘The … Duty … of Contentment,’ &c., 1782. ‘A Letter to the Rev. S. Badcock,’ &c., 1785
 ‘Discourses,’ &c., 1790. His ‘liberal’ 1768 rendering of the New Testament was suggested by the Latin version of Castalio.But <mask>'s style was turgid prose. Here is the Lord's Prayer:

O thou great governor and parent of universal nature (God) who manifestest thy glory to the blessed inhabitants of heaven--may all thy rational creatures in all the parts of thy boundless dominion be happy in the knowledge of thy existence and providence, and celebrate thy perfections in a manner most worthy of thy nature and perfective of their own! May the glory of thy moral development be advanced and the great laws of it be more generally obeyed. May the inhabitants of this world pay as cheerful a submission and as constant an obedience to Thy will, as the happy spirits do in the regions of immortality. His reconstructed text of the Greek Testament, 1776, was likewise neglected by his contemporaries. He based his text on the Cantabrigian and Claromontane


title: Garret Sparks

texts:
<mask> (born June 28, 1993) is an American professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for the Ontario Reign in the American Hockey League (AHL) while under contract to the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL). <mask> was drafted by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the seventh round, 190th overall, in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft. , he is one of only 26 goaltenders in league history, and the second most recent, to record a shutout in his NHL debut; <mask> was also the first Maple Leafs goaltender to do so. In 2018, <mask> was awarded the Harry "Hap" Holmes Memorial Award as the AHL goaltender with the lowest goals against average, which helped lead the Toronto Marlies to their first Calder Cup. <mask>' goaltender equipment are a tribute to former NHL players Trevor Kidd and Curtis Joseph, who wore similar designs during their playing careers. He originally wore Curtis Joseph's #31 with Toronto before Frederik Andersen joined the team and claimed the number. Playing career

Junior and minor leagues
<mask> played minor league hockey with Chicago Mission of the Tier 3 Elite Hockey League, before joining the Guelph Storm of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) in 2010.He was drafted by the club in the eighth round, 160th overall in the 2009 OHL Priority Selection. <mask> made 19 appearances for the Storm, going 8–6–1 for a .890 save percentage, playing well enough to be picked by the Toronto Maple Leafs 190th overall in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft. <mask> would spend the next two seasons with the Storm, briefly playing in three games for the Maple Leafs' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Toronto Marlies, at the end of the 2012–13 season. In 2013, <mask> represented the United States and won gold at the 2013 World Junior

masks:
Garret Sparks
Sparks
Sparks
Sparks
Sparks
Sparks
Sparks
Sparks
Sparks


title: Garret Sparks

texts:
 Ice Hockey Championship in Russia. The next year, <mask> would split time between the Marlies and the Orlando Solar Bears of the ECHL. Professional

Toronto Maple Leafs (2015–19)
Entering the 2014–15 season, <mask> was expected to be the Marlies' starting goaltender. However, a poor training camp lead to goaltenders Christopher Gibson and Antoine Bibeau beating him out on the depth chart, forcing management into sending <mask> down to the Solar Bears for most of the season, only seeing brief time with the Marlies when one of their goaltenders was injured.<mask> excelled with Orlando, recording a .936 save percentage in the regular season and a .921 save percentage in the playoffs. During the following season, Gibson was traded to the New York Islanders as part of a trade for Michael Grabner, leaving an empty roster spot on the Marlies. <mask> succeeded in retaining the job and served as the backup to Bibeau to start the season. However, an injury to Jonathan Bernier on the Maple Leafs forced management to call up Bibeau, leaving <mask> the temporary starter. <mask> excelled and was named the AHL's First Star of the Week for November 8, 2015. <mask> had stopped 96 of 101 shots faced during his time as the starter in Bibeau's absence, which was good enough to hold starting duties once Bibeau returned. When injury once again plagued the Maple Leafs (this time befalling James Reimer), <mask> was called-up due to his recent solid play.Following a poor showing against the Washington Capitals after which Jonathan Bernier was publicly criticized by Maple Leafs head coach Mike Babcock in a post-game interview, <mask> was informed that he would make his first NHL start on November 30, 2015. In his debut, he recorded 24 saves and a 3–0 shutout

masks: Sparks Sparks Sparks Sparks Sparks Sparks Sparks Sparks Sparks Sparks


title: Garret Sparks

texts: win at home against the Edmonton Oilers, the first time in Maple Leafs history that a goaltender recorded a shutout in his debut. <mask> would play in the next few games before himself suffering an injury. After recovering, <mask> was sent down to the Marlies. He would see time as the Marlies' backup, as Bibeau had been playing strong. In an effort to earn <mask> more ice time, he was sent down to the Solar Bears. He would play one game for the Solar Bears before being brought back to the Marlies.In doing so, <mask> achieved a rare feat of playing in all three of the NHL, AHL and ECHL in the same season. On February 27, 2016, <mask> was called up by the Maple Leafs following the trade of starting goaltender James Reimer. <mask> would play the remainder of the season with the Maple Leafs, recording disappointing numbers. Following the completion of the campaign, and with the Maple Leafs out of contention to qualify for the 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs, <mask> was sent down to the Marlies to help the first place team in their 2016 Calder Cup playoffs run. Despite being favorites to win, the Marlies suffered a third-round exit to the Hershey Bears. In the off-season, <mask> was qualified by the Maple Leafs, in order to retain his negotiating rights. On July 15, 2016, <mask> signed a one-year, two-way contract with the Maple Leafs worth the league minimum $575,000 at the NHL level and $100,000 at the AHL level, with a guarantee of $150,000.In November 2016, <mask> was suspended indefinitely by the Maple Leafs for violating team policy after directing violent and sexist language toward a user in an online hockey related Facebook group he is an admiminstrator of. Responding in defense of someone with disabilities who users were mocking,


title: Garret Sparks

texts: <mask> wrote, "I want to go to open hockey with you, drag you out to center ice and beat you into a [expletive] pulp until you can't run that [expletive] little mouth of yours. God, you sound like a 13-year-old girl." When another member objected to <mask>' language, he added, "Girls don't even whine as much as this guy does." <mask> returned to the team later in December. During the 2017–18 AHL season, <mask> was named the AHL's goaltender of the month of January after he recorded a 5–0–0–1 record, including two shutouts. He was called-up to the NHL on an emergency basis in March, but was sent down without seeing any playing time.At the conclusion of the 2017–18 season, <mask> was voted the AHL's Top Goaltender of the season and named to the First All-Star team after amassing a 30–9–2 record and a league-leading .936 save percentage. On April 15, 2018, <mask> and fellow Marlies goaltender Calvin Pickard were awarded the Harry "Hap" Holmes Memorial Award. <mask> began the 2018–19 season in the NHL after the Toronto Maple Leafs placed goaltenders Curtis McElhinney and Calvin Pickard on waivers, facilitating their departures from the organization. On March 5, 2019, <mask> signed a new one-year, $750,000 contract with the Maple Leafs effective for the 2019–20 season. Following a poor finish to the 2018–19 regular season in which <mask> lost 8 of his last 11 starts while posting a .895 save percentage, <mask> was effectively removed from the Maple Leafs roster after Michael Hutchinson was called-up from the Marlies to serve as Frederik Andersen's backup for the final game of the regular season. On April 5, 2019, it was announced that <mask> would be spending ten days practicing with Maple Leafs goaltender coach Steve Briere away from the

masks: Sparks Sparks Sparks Sparks Sparks Sparks Sparks Sparks Sparks Sparks Sparks


title: Garret Sparks

texts:
 team. Vegas Golden Knights (2019–20)
On July 23, 2019, <mask> was traded to the Vegas Golden Knights for David Clarkson and a fourth-round pick in the 2020 NHL Entry Draft.Prior to the 2019–20 season, after attending the Golden Knights training camp, <mask> was placed on waivers on September 21, 2019. Stockton Heat (2020–21)
On December 1, 2020, it was announced that the Orlando Solar Bears of the ECHL had signed <mask> to a one-year ECHL contract. He played in six games for the Solar Bears, where he recorded a .928 save percentage, 2.21 goals-against-average and a 4–1–1 record. On December 28, the Calgary Flames invited <mask> to their 2020–21 training camp on a professional try out agreement, however <mask> was later released by the Flames on January 13, 2021 after being assigned to the AHL group in training camp. <mask> briefly returned to the Solar Bears before he was signed to a professional tryout agreement with the Flames affiliate, the Stockton Heat, on February 10, 2021. He appeared in 16 games with the Heat posting a .913 save percentage, 2.69 goals-against average, and 5–10–0 record. Los Angeles Kings (2021–present)
At the conclusion of his contract with the Heat, <mask> was signed as a free agent to a one-year, two-way NHL deal with the Los Angeles Kings on July 28, 2021.Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

Awards and honors

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
American men's ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Wolves players
Guelph Storm players
Ice hockey players from Illinois
Los Angeles Kings players
Ontario Reign (AHL) players
Orlando Solar Bears (ECHL) players
Stockton Heat players
Toronto Maple Leafs draft picks
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Toronto Marlies players
Vegas Golden Knights

masks: Sparks Sparks Sparks Sparks Sparks Sparks Sparks


title: Claire F. Gmachl

texts:
<mask><mask> is the Eugene Higgins Professor of Electrical Engineering at Princeton University. She is best known for her work in the development of quantum cascade lasers. Education and honors
<mask> earned her M.Sc. in Physics from the University of Innsbruck in 1991. She went on to receive her Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the Technical University of Vienna in 1995, graduating sub auspiciis Praesidentis (with special honors by the president of the Austrian republic). Her studies focused on integrated optical modulators and tunable surface-emitting lasers in the near infrared. From 1996 to 1998, she was a Post-Doctoral Member of Technical Staff at Bell Laboratories.In 1998, she became a formal Member of Technical Staff at Bell Labs and in 2002 she was named a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff, in part due to her work on the development of the quantum cascade laser. In 2003, she left Bell Labs and took a position as Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Princeton University, where she is currently working as a full Professor since 2007. In 2004, Popular Science named Gmachl in its "Class of 2004 - Brilliant 10," its list of the 10 most promising scientists under 40. She went on, in September 2005, to win the MacArthur Foundation's "genius grant." Recently, she was named the director of the new Mid-InfraRed Technologies for Health and the Environment (MIRTHE) Center, funded by the National Science Foundation. Gmachl succeeded Sandra Bermann as head of Whitman College, Princeton University on July 1,

masks:
Claire F
. Gmachl
Gmachl


title: Claire F. Gmachl

texts:
 Technical Communications", Laser Focus World Magazine, 9/2001
Outstanding Performer Award under the DARPA/MTO PWASSP Program, US DoD, July 2001
NASA Group Achievement Award, co-recipient, NASA, Washington D.C., 2000
"For making the first atmospheric measurements using a quantum-cascade laser, thereby demonstrating its applicability to in situ terrestrial and planetary instrumentation." - Bell Labs
Solid State Physics Award of the Austrian Physical Society, Austria, 1996
1995 Christian Doppler Award for engineering sciences including environmental sciences, Austria, 1996
Graduation "sub auspicies praesidentis" by the president of Austria, Vienna, Austria, 1996

Selected publications
<mask>, Alexey Belyanin, Deborah L. Sivco, Milton L. Peabody, Nina Owschimikow, A. Michael Sergent, <mask>, and Alfred Y. Cho. Optimized Second-Harmonic Generation in Quantum Cascade Lasers. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 39 (11), in print (2003)
Nina Owschimikow, <mask>, Alexey Belyanin, Vitaly Kocharovsky, Deborah L. Sivco, Raffaele Colombelli, <mask>, and Alfred Y. Cho. Resonant Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Processes in Quantum Cascade Lasers. Phys.Rev. Lett. 90(4), 043902-1-4 (2003)
C<mask>, A. Soibel, R. Colombelli, D. L. Sivco, F. Capasso, and A. Y. Cho. Minimal Group Refractive Index Dispersion and Gain Evolution in Ultra-Broadband Quantum Cascade Lasers. IEEE Photon. Techn. Lett.14 (12), pp. 1671 – 1672 (2002)
<mask>, Axel Straub, Raffaele Colombelli, <mask>, Deborah L. Sivco, A. Michael Sergent, and Alfred Y. Cho. Single-mode, Tunable Distributed-Feedback

masks:
Claire Gmachl
Federico Capasso
Claire Gmachl
Federico Capasso
. Gmachl
Claire Gmachl
Federico Capasso


title: Claire F. Gmachl

texts:
 and Multiple-Wavelength Quantum Cascade Lasers. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 38, 569 - 581 (2002) invited paper
<mask>, Evgueni E. Narimanov, <mask>, James N. Baillargeon, Alfred Y. Cho. Kolmogorov Arnold Moser transition and laser action on scar modes in semiconductor diode lasers with deformed resonators. Opt.Lett. 27, pp. 824 – 826 (2002)
C<mask>, D. L. Sivco, R. Colombelli, F. Capasso, and A. Y. Cho. Ultra-broadband semiconductor laser. Nature 415, pp. 883 – 887 (2002)
<mask>, <mask>, Deborah L. Sivco, and Alfred Y. Cho. Recent progress in quantum cascade lasers and applications.Reports on Progress in Physics 64, pp. 1533 – 1601 (2001)

References

External links

<mask> profile, Princeton University
Gmachl Group website, Princeton University
<mask> profile, Bell Labs

American electrical engineers
Semiconductor physicists
1967 births
Living people
Austrian women physicists
American women physicists
Scientists at Bell Labs
MacArthur Fellows
Princeton University faculty
21st-century American physicists
20th-century American physicists
20th-century American women scientists
21st-century American women scientists
Women in optics
American women academics
Optical

masks:
Claire Gmachl
Federico Capasso
. Gmachl
Claire Gmachl
Federico Capasso
Claire Gmachl
Claire Gmachl


title: Vanila Singh

texts:
<mask><mask> is an American physician and professor with involvement in United States health policy. <mask> was a candidate for the United States House of Representatives in 2014. Early in her career she taught at UCLA Medical Center, and she is currently an associate professor of anesthesiology, perioperative and pain medicine at Stanford University Medical Center. On June 12, 2017, she was appointed the chief medical officer to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, a presidential appointment at the Senior Executive Service level. She served as Chair of the Inter-Agency Pain Management Task Force established by the CARA Act of 2016, which released its final report on acute and chronic pain management best practices on May 30, 2019. Dr. <mask> was also appointed as the Acting Regional Health Administrator in Region 9 (California, Arizona, Nevada, Hawaii and six Pacific Islands) in August 2018. With various Republican Party endorsements, in early 2014 <mask> announced a campaign against incumbent Mike Honda to represent California's 17th congressional district (Silicon Valley) in the US House of Representatives.In the primaries <mask> came in third In August 2014, Neel Kashkari named <mask> the chairperson of the Indo American Coalition during his campaign for the governorship of California. In 2016, she was a California delegate at the Republican National Convention in Cleveland. <mask> is vice chairman of the National Physicians Council on Health Policy. In 2016 she was named to the editorial board of Interventional Pain Letters. For 2016 and 2017, she was named chair of the professional standards/conduct committee of the Santa Clara County Medical Association. Early life and education
<mask> M<mask> was born in Bikaner, India. At age one her parents Lalit and Leela Mathur immigrated to the United States.The family moved to California when she was four years

masks:
Vanila M
. Singh
Singh
Singh
Singh
Singh
Singh
Singh
Vanila
. Singh


title: Vanila Singh

texts:
 old, and she spent her youth in Fremont, California, attending Niles Elementary School, Centerville Junior High School, and Washington High School. During her childhood her parents helped establish the Hindu Temple in Fremont, also founding the Rajasthani Association of North America. <mask> was accepted to the University of California, Berkeley where she double-majored in economics and molecular and cell biology. Graduating with a B.S., she then moved to Washington, D.C. to become a medical student at the George Washington University Medical Center, where she received her M.D. Career

Medical roles
<mask> completed her initial medical internship at Yale University Medical Center in 1997 and 1998. An anesthesia resident at Cornell Medical Center in Manhattan from 1998 until 2001, from 2001 until 2002 she was a pain management fellow in various locations, including Cornell University, Columbia Medical Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and the Hospital for Special Surgery. She is double-certified in anesthesia and pain management from the American Board of Anesthesiology.After serving as a clinical assistant professor at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, she became a clinical associate professor at Stanford University Medical School for anesthesiology, perioperative and pain medicine. Specializing in ultrasound-guided interventional procedures for pain and regional anesthesiology, <mask> earned a Masters of Academic Medicine from University of Southern California. Dr. <mask> is named as a teaching mentor for the pain fellowship at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
<mask> was named Chief Medical Officer for the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) on June 12, 2017, as the primary medical advisor to the Assistant Secretary for Health on the development and

masks: Singh Singh Singh Singh Singh


title: Vanila Singh

texts:
 implementation of HHS-wide public health policy recommendations. <mask> chaired the congressionally mandated Pain Management Best Practices Inter-Agency Task Force and launched the National Pain Strategy, the government's first broad-ranging effort to improve how pain is perceived, assessed and treated, and what the effects of the opioid epidemic was on various communities. The task force published its report on May 30, 2019, which was endorsed by organizations including the American Medical Association. She was also appointed as the Acting Regional Health Administrator for Region 9 (California, Arizona, Nevada, Hawaii and six Pacific Islands) in August 2018.Board memberships
Dr. <mask> is an independent member of the board of Lucid Lane, a telehealth service for preventing anxiety, pain, and dependence on substances and medication. She was appointed as an independent board of directors member for BioDelivery Sciences, International (NASDAQ: BDSI), a specialty pharmaceutical company focused on the treatment of serious and debilitating chronic conditions. Dr. <mask> is also an independent board member for Virpax Pharmaceuticals Inc., a company developing novel drug delivery systems for pain management. 2014 election
In January 2014 she challenged incumbent Mike Honda, a Democrat, to represent  (Silicon Valley) in the 2014 midterm elections. She was the first Republican-endorsed candidate to enter the race leading up to the June 3, 2014 open primaries held to select the two main candidates for the official elections in November. Although new to politics, <mask> had previously supported politicians such as Democratic Representative Tulsi Gabbard of Hawaii. An early poll in March 2014 indicated <mask> ahead of Democratic challenger Ro Khanna and behind Honda.As campaign points she focused on topics such as healthcare reform. She criticized the Affordable Care Act as lacking of physician involvement in the drafting of the


title: Vanila Singh

texts:
 legislation, arguing it needed to be overhauled or shut down. She received the endorsement of the Santa Clara and Alameda Republican Party, as well as House Republicans including congressmen Pete Sessions and Eric Cantor, and she was named "one to watch" by the National Republican Congressional Campaign Committee. Voters began casting ballots by mail on May 3 and on June 4 Honda and Ro Khanna were the top finishers in the election, followed by <mask> with 16 percent of the vote. Later political roles
In August 2014, Republican gubernatorial candidate Neel Kashkari named <mask> the chair of his "Indo American Coalition team" while campaigning against incumbent Jerry Brown. In July 2016, the press reported that <mask> was serving as a California delegate at the Republican National Convention. In September, the Economic Times also reported that she was "actively working with national lawmakers on health policy issues."<mask> has since published several chapters and government papers on the opioid crisis. Personal life
A resident of the Bay Area of California, <mask> is married with two children. Awards and Achievements

On October 16, 2021, Dr. <mask> was awarded the Standiford Helm Award honoring individuals advancing the specialty of Interventional Pain Management. On February 28, 2020, she was awarded the Philipp M. Lippe award from the American Academy of Pain Medicine for outstanding contributions to the social and political aspects of pain medicine. In 2018, <mask> was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award by the American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians. See also
United States House of Representatives elections in California, 2014

References

External links
drvanilasingh.com
<mask> <mask> at Stanford University

People from Fremont, California
Living people
People from Bikaner
Stanford University faculty
California Republicans
Indian emigrants to the United States
American pain physicians
Year of birth missing

masks: Singh Singh Singh Singh Singh Singh Singh Vanila Singh


title: Asa P. Blunt

texts:
<mask> (October 19, 1826 – October 4, 1889) was an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He remained on active duty after the war. In recognition of his service during the Civil War, he was appointed to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers. Blunt was notable as commander of the 2nd Vermont Brigade and the United States Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Early life
<mask> was born in Danville, Vermont. In 1850, <mask> and his wife Mary were living in Southampton, New York, where he was an overseer in a cotton mill. By 1860, they were living in St. Johnsbury, Vermont, where Blunt was a draftsman for the Fairbanks Scales company.Civil War
<mask> was appointed adjutant of the 3rd Vermont Infantry on June 6, 1861, and was mustered into federal service on July 16. On September 25, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, 6th Vermont Infantry, and then Colonel of the 12th Vermont Infantry on September 19, 1862. On October 27, the 2nd Vermont Brigade was formed from the 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th, Vermont Infantry regiments, and <mask> assumed temporary command of the brigade as the ranking colonel, filling this position until December 7, when Brigadier General Edwin H. Stoughton arrived and assumed command. Stoughton was not popular with the officers and men of the brigade, so when he was captured by Confederate partisan John S. Mosby on March 9, 1863, few mourned his loss. Colonel <mask> assumed command of the brigade again, turning it over to the new brigade commander,

masks:
Asa Peabody Blunt
Blunt
Asa
Blunt
Blunt
Blunt


title: Asa P. Blunt

texts: Brigadier General George J. Stannard, on April 20. By the end of June, most of the brigade was waiting to muster out, their nine months obligation ended. But Robert E. Lee's incursion into Pennsylvania delayed that for a few weeks, and the brigade finally got to see some action.<mask>'s 12th and the 15th regiments, however, were left behind in Emmitsburg, Maryland, guarding the supply trains, and were not able to participate in the brigade's flanking movement that helped stop <mask>'s Charge on July 3 at the Battle of Gettysburg. On July 4, <mask>'s regiment was released to return to Vermont, and he mustered out with the regiment on July 14, 1863. Just more than six months later, On February 24, 1864, <mask> was appointed Captain and Assistant Quartermaster of Volunteers, and was ordered to report to the Commanding General, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, for duty in the Quartermaster's Department, which duties he assumed on April 25. He became the Depot Quartermaster for the Army of the James on May 4, 1864, and served in this position until late 1865. In recognition of his meritorious service at the Battle at Lee's Mills and Savage's Station, President Andrew Johnson, on May 4, 1866, nominated <mask> for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on May 18, 1866. He also received appointments to the brevet grades of major, lieutenant colonel and colonel of volunteers, Quartermaster's Department, to

masks: Blunt Pickett Blunt Blunt Blunt


title: Asa P. Blunt

texts:
 rank from June 9, 1865. He received appointments to the same brevet grades in the Regular Army to rank from March 2, 1867.Postwar life
On July 14, he was transferred to Fort Monroe, remaining there until July 1866. In late August, he was transferred to the position of Chief of Quartermaster Department of the Potomac. He received a regular army commission as Captain and Assistant Quartermaster on March 28, 1867, and the same day, brevets to major and lieutenant colonel. On April 5, 1867, he was ordered to duty in connection with the National Cemeteries in the valleys of the James and Appomattox rivers and south of Richmond. On April 9, 1867, he was mustered out of the volunteers. On April 11 appointed Chief Quartermaster, First Military District, with headquarters in Richmond. He was later ordered to Washington, D.C., and placed in charge of Lincoln Depot and the various National Cemeteries in the Department of Washington.By March 1, 1869, he was Department Quartermaster in Charleston, South Carolina. Between 1877 and 1888 <mask> was Commandant of the United States Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. <mask> was promoted to permanent major on September 29, 1889. He died in Manchester, New Hampshire on October 4, 1889, and was buried at Pine Grove Cemetery in Manchester. See also

List of American Civil War brevet generals (Union)

References

Additional sources
 Benedict, G. G., Vermont in the Civil War. A History of the part taken by the Vermont Soldiers And Sailors in the War For The Union, 1861-5.

masks: Blunt Blunt


title: Asa P. Blunt

texts:
 Burlington, VT.: The Free Press Association, 1888, i:i 128, 209, 217, ii: 402-405, 417, 420-421, 423, 430-432, 434, 446, 782.Chadwick, Albert G., Soldiers' Record of the Town of St. Johnsbury, Vermont, in the War of the Rebellion, 1861-5, St. Johnsbury, VT: C. M. Stone & Co., 1883, pp. 25–26. Boatner, Mark M., The Civil War Dictionary, New York: Vintage Books, 1959, 1991 edition, p. 71. Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Heitman, Francis B.. Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, 1789-1903. Vol.1. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1903. <mask>, Theodore S., compiler, ''Revised Roster of Vermont Volunteers and lists of Vermonters Who Served in the Army and Navy of the United States During the War of the Rebellion, 1861-66. Montpelier, VT.: Press of the Watchman Publishing Co., 1892, pp. 70, 181, 485, 677, 735, 747. United States Census for the following years and place: 1850, Southampton, Suffolk Cty, New York; 1860, St.Johnsbury, Caledonia Cty, Vermont (incorrectly transcribed as Blunk), 1870, Manchester, Hillsborough Cty, New Hampshire, 1880, Manchester, Hillsborough Cty, New Hampshire, 1890 Special Schedule of Veterans and Widows, Manchester, Hillsborough Cty, New Hampshire. External links
Vermont in the Civil War

U.S. Disciplinary Barracks

1826 births
1889 deaths
People of Vermont in the American Civil War
Union Army generals
2nd Vermont Brigade
People from St. Johnsbury, Vermont
Quartermasters
Burials


title: Jack Devine (ice hockey)

texts:
<mask> (February 22, 1919 – April 27, 1989) was a Canadian ice hockey administrator and radio sports commentator. He worked for CJBQ radio in Belleville, Ontario for 40 years as the sports director. He was involved with the local sports scene, and was president of the Ontario Hockey Association from 1967 to 1969. He moved up to the national level in 1969 becoming vice-president of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) in 1969, and later served as its president from 1973 to 1975. Devine was president of the CAHA during a period when the National Hockey League and the World Hockey Association were competing for junior ice hockey players. He spent significant time over two years negotiating the drafting and development agreements with the respective professional leagues. He oversaw the split of Canadian Junior A hockey into Tier 1 and Tier 2, and the subsequent draft system.He helped lay the groundwork for a national midget hockey tournament which later became the Telus Cup. He was involved in planning both the 1974 Summit Series, and the 1975 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships partially hosted in Canada. He was part of the negotiations for Canada returning to play at the Ice Hockey World Championships, and the planning stages of what became the Canada Cup. He later represented Canada at the International Ice Hockey Federation, and was inducted into the Belleville Sports Hall of Fame. Early life
William John <mask> was born on February 22, 1919, in Toronto, Ontario. He was the son of John James <mask>, and later served in the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II. Radio career and local sports
Starting in 1945, he was the sports director at CJBQ radio in Belleville, Ontario, for forty years until 1984.It was the first radio station in Belleville, and Devine was its first employee. He was the sports commentator for the local Belleville McFarlands ice hockey team, and travelled with them to Prague, and broadcast the game in which Belleville won the 1959 Ice Hockey World Championships. On August 20, 1960, Devine broadcast the Harmsworth Cup race for motorboats, won by the

masks:
William John Devine
Devine
Devine


title: Jack Devine (ice hockey)

texts:
 Canadian entry Miss Supertest III. He was known for finishing on-air broadcasts by saying, "to play a sport, you must be one". Devine later worked with <mask>, who would be his replacement at CJBQ. Devine also served as a president of the Eastern Ontario branch of Baseball Ontario, and was a commander of the Bay of Quinte Power Boat Squadron. He also served terms as president of the Ontario Sports Writers Association, and the Ontario Sportscasters Association.Ontario Hockey Association
Devine was elected to the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA) board of directors in 1959. He served as the OHA president from 1967 to 1969, succeeding Matt Leyden. Devine was in charge of settling the protested 1967 OHA Junior D Championship between the Tweed-Madoc Twins and the Mitchell Hawks. Mitchell protested the eligibility of five players, the lack of a scoreclock, the lack of a washroom in the visiting dressing room, and illegal goal posts. Devine ruled the five players eligible based on residency rules, and was able to get suitable upgrades to the arena to resume the series. Devine chaired the OHA committee which considered the application of the Western Ontario Junior B Hockey League to become a Junior A league in June 1968, but declined it due to the lateness of the application, and recommended the group remain as Junior B. The league instead proposed to operate outside of the OHA jurisdiction, and Devine warned the league of possible ramifications.He also urged local Belleville goaltender prodigy Steve Rexe to play for Canada men's national ice hockey team. <mask> was succeeded by Tubby Schmalz as OHA president in 1972. CAHA vice-president
<mask> was elected the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) vice-president in charge of junior ice hockey on May 23, 1969, at the annual meeting. He served two years in the capacity, being re-elected at the 1970 meeting. During this time he oversaw competition for the Memorial Cup and its scheduling. He also worked on the disagreement between the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL) and the CAHA regarding the use of overage players and distribution of

masks:
Jack Miller
Devine
Devine


title: Jack Devine (ice hockey)

texts:
 development funds from the National Hockey League (NHL), which led the WCHL to leave the CAHA's jurisdiction. He stated the present draft agreement with the NHL expires in 1972, and it sets the upper age limit on junior hockey at 20, whereas the WCHL wanted it to be 21.<mask> later said that the CAHA would also reevaluate its junior league classifications at the upcoming general meeting. At the 1970 CAHA general meeting, Devine proposed splitting junior hockey into tiers for better balance, and felt that too many leagues classified themselves as Junior A, just to compete for the Memorial Cup. CAHA delegates initially disagreed over the amount of development money from the NHL, that was allocated to the leagues under Devine's tiered proposal. His proposal was successfully implemented for the 1970–71 season, and including a draft system where Tier 1 Junior A teams were able to draft players from Tier 2 Junior A teams. At the 1971 CAHA general meeting, <mask> was elected first vice-president of the CAHA, and served in that role for two years. The WCHL requested to revisit his tiered draft configuration, and wanted an exemption from the restrictions on inter-provincial transfers, since its league operates in three provinces. Devine agreed and proposed the NHL draft payments for players at American colleges, be distributed to the last Canadian club for which the draftee played.He also led the CAHA into more involvement in minor ice hockey and skills development, after seeing the results of the Soviet Union's development system during the 1972 Summit Series. CAHA president

First term
<mask> succeeded Joe Kryczka as president of the CAHA, at the annual meeting on May 25, 1973. Devine aimed to put the fun back into hockey for children, and felt that hockey parents in Canada put too much emphasis on winning. He and the technical advisory committee of the CAHA shared the same stance against competitive hockey below age ten, and he spoke against parents that attempt to circumvent rules designed for balanced teams and fair play. He also felt that there were too many minor ice hockey organizations that

masks: Devine Devine Devine


title: Jack Devine (ice hockey)

texts: were giving into parents' desires at younger age groups. In 1973, <mask> announced that the CAHA sanctioned a new national midget hockey tournament for the top 12 teams in the country, which became known as the Wrigley Cup due to Wrigley Company being the initial sponsor. The 1974 event was scheduled at the Oshawa Civic Auditorium, with the winning team to earn a trip to the Soviet Union, and future events would be rotated around Canada.He also responded to an Alberta government report about junior hockey, and said its recommendation to eliminate player contracts would defeat the purpose of the CAHA, to provide a competitive structure in hockey. If player movements were unrestricted, the balance of power would shift to teams with more money. During the 1974 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, <mask> and Gordon Juckes were approached by Andrey Starovoytov of the Soviet Union, regarding having another Summit Series. On April 29, 1974, Devine represented the CAHA at an agreement for Team Canada to play the Soviet Team in a six-game series, and that Canada would be represented by players from the World Hockey Association (WHA). He became part of the directing committee for the 1974 Summit Series, and later extended it to eight games. Before the games in the Soviet Union, he announced that Team Canada would depart early, and play exhibition games versus Finland, Czechoslovakia, and hopefully Sweden. The remainder of his first year as president was consumed by negotiating development and draft agreements for CAHA players, with the NHL and the WHA.In May 1973, Devine met with the NHL to review details of the current agreement up for renewal on June 30, 1973, and prevent efforts by the WHA to deal independently with the WCHL. The WHA had recently signed junior-age players Mark Howe and Marty Howe, despite two letters from the WHA to Kryczka that the WHA would not do so. The WHA felt that development fees for the CAHA were too high, and took the stance that CAHA players were already professionals since they received a weekly stipend to cover living expenses. The existing agreement with the NHL

masks: Devine Devine


title: Jack Devine (ice hockey)

texts:
 provides education for players, and development funds for the junior teams. Devine doubted that the NHL would begin drafting players below the age of 20, despite internally discussing whether to renew the existing agreement with the CAHA, in response to the signings supported by WHA president Gary Davidson. Devine cautioned that a bidding war between the NHL and the WHA for junior players, would be detrimental to the amateur hockey system in Canada. Devine and the CAHA met with Davidson and the WHA in Toronto on September 7, 1973, along with Canadian Minister of Health and Welfare Marc Lalonde, and Sport Canada director Lou Lefaive to discuss long-term solutions.Devine announced a tentative draft agreement with the WHA on September 8, 1973, but he did not disclose amounts, pending ratification by both bodies. Payments were expected to be retroactive, and a clause was included for exceptional underage players to be drafted. On September 17, 1973, Devine announced that the CAHA and the NHL were close to a new draft agreement, also with a clause inserted to allow drafting players 18 to 20 years old of exceptional status. On March 29, 1974, the CAHA and the WHA signed a one-year draft agreement allowing for one exceptional player per WHA team to be drafted in the first or second round only. Second term
<mask> was re-elected to a second year as CAHA president by acclamation, on May 24, 1974. The CAHA gained another branch when it approved splitting the Maritime Amateur Hockey Association into the Nova Scotia Hockey Association and the Prince Edward Island Hockey Association. At the same meeting, Devine announced that the CAHA would shift the decision making to each individual province on how to rank its leagues within the pyramid of play, but also expressed reservation that too many leagues might rank themselves at too high of a tier.Also at the 1974 general meeting, he announced that the 1975 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships would be co-hosted in Manitoba and Minnesota. It was decided later that, an all-star team from the WCHL would represent Canada. On June 3, 1974, Devine announced that a


title: Jack Devine (ice hockey)

texts:
 Johnson as president of the CAHA, at the annual meeting on May 22, 1975. Later life

After leaving the presidency of the CAHA, Devine was elected to the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) governing council on July 24, 1975. He served in that position with the IIHF until 1978. During his time with the IIHF, it voted to allow professionals to participate in the Ice Hockey World Championships as of 1977. Devine said there were some issues to resolve before Canada decided to return to international play, such as the time of year which usually coincided with professional ice hockey playoffs. In a 1988 interview about his hockey career, he remarked that "when it comes to hockey, politicians get on and off bandwagons faster than anybody". <mask> died at Belleville General Hospital on April 27, 1989, at age 70.He and his wife Minnie Woodman had two sons and one daughter. He was interred in the Wolfe Island United Church's Point Alexandria Cemetery. Honours and awards
Devine received the Sports Federation of Canada broadcasting award in 1967. In 1973, he was recognized by Sport Canada for his contributions to amateur sport participation in Canada. He received the OHA Gold Stick award of merit in 1974, and was made a life member of the OHA in 1976. He received the City of Bellevlle Award in 1976. On May 23, 1979, Devine was given life membership in the CAHA.<mask> received the Canadian Boating Federation award of the decade for the 1970s. He was inducted into the Belleville Sports Hall of Fame in 1988. He was also life member of the Prince Edward Power Boat Racing Club, and an honorary life member of the Metro Toronto Hockey League. References

1919 births
1989 deaths
Baseball people from Ontario
Canadian Amateur Hockey Association presidents
Canadian Amateur Hockey Association vice-presidents
Canadian radio sportscasters
Canadian sports builders
Canadian sports executives and administrators
Ice hockey people from Ontario
International Ice Hockey Federation executives
Ontario Hockey Association executives
Royal Canadian Air Force personnel of World War II
Sportspeople from Belleville,


title: Johann Heermann

texts:
<mask> (11 October 158517 February 1647) was a German poet and hymnodist. He is commemorated in the Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church on 26 October with Philipp Nicolai and Paul Gerhardt. Life
Heermann was born in Raudten (modern day Rudna) in Silesia, the fourth son of a middle-class Protestant family. None of his elder siblings had survived beyond childhood, so when the infant Heermann became very ill, his mother prayed that, if he survived, she would pay for him to study at university. He attended the local school in Raudten, and when his teacher <mask>n left the school to become the local pastor in 1597, Heermann's parents took him to Wohlau, where he lived and studied with Jakob Fuchs, a doctor and apothecary. At school in Wohlau, he was taught by Georg Gigas, son of <mask>, composer of two popular hymns of the time. After a year he became ill yet again, and his parents brought him home.After recovering, he returned to school in Raudten. At the house of a teacher, Gregorius Fiebing, he began his first poetry at the age of seventeen. In 1602, he moved to Fraustadt, where he lived and worked with the theologian Valerius Herberger, who employed him as amanuensis and tutor to his son Zacharias. Here, Heermann's skills as a poet were recognized and encouraged. Despite Herberger's influence, he stayed only a year in Fraustadt, moving on to study at the Gymnasium Elisabethanum in Breslau, then to the Gymnasium in Brieg in Autumn 1604, where he had the opportunity to give speeches and recite his poetry. He decided to go

masks:
Johann Heermann
Johannes Bauman
Johann Gigas


title: Johann Heermann

texts:
 childless on 13 September 1617. He married again in 1618, this time to Anna Teichmann, daughter of a merchant; they had four children: Samuel, Euphrosina, <mask> and Ephraim. Heermann fell ill once again in 1623 and never really recovered, his nose and air passages having become infected. The effects of the Thirty Years’ War struck soon afterwards, and Köben was plundered by Catholic troops in 1632, 1633, 1634 and 1642, and Heermann lost his worldly possessions several times. In 1634, his illness prevented him from preaching altogether, and he no longer read out his sermons in church.On doctor's advice, he moved across the border to Poland, to Leszno, where he died on 17 February 1647. Works
Heermann started out writing Latin poetry, with his Flores ex Otfridi Evangeliorum vireto being published in 1609. The poems contained in this collection are Latin poems based on passages from the Gospels, yet for each Latin poem, one or two lines of German poetry were added, showing that Heermann had an early desire to write poetry in German too. Later works also belonged to the tradition of versifying passages from the Gospels, such as Andächtiger Kirchenseuftzer (1616), Exercitium pietatis (1630) – a revised version of Flores – Verbessertes Schliessglöcklein (1632) – a revised version of the Kirchenseuftzer – and Sontags- und Festevangelia (1636). Impetus for this process of revision came from Martin Opitz's Buch von der deutschen Poeterey (1624), which acted both as a defence of German poetry and a set of guidelines on how German


title: Johann Heermann

texts:
 poetry should be composed. <mask> can be regarded as one of the first German poets to write according to the rules set out in Opitz's tract. As well as poetry based on the Gospels, Heermann also wrote poetry influenced by works of devotional literature, especially those by Valerius Herberger, Martin Moller and <mask>.These works were often themselves influenced by earlier, pre-Reformation texts by the Church Fathers, especially Bernard of Clairvaux, Augustine and Anselm of Canterbury. Heermann's most influential work of devotional poetry was Devoti musica cordis (1630), ‘music for a devout heart’, which combined hymns based on texts of the Church Fathers and writers such as Moller with hymns Heermann himself had composed. In addition to works of poetry, he also published collections of sermons. Hymns from Devoti musica cordis
 "Was willst du dich betrüben" (Why do you want to distress yourself)
 "O Jesu Christe, wahres Licht" (O Christ, our true and only light)
 "Herzliebster Jesu, was hast du verbrochen" (Beloved Jesus, what have you done wrong)
 "O Gott, du frommer Gott" (O God, Thou faithful God)
 "Herr, unser Gott, lass nicht zuschanden werden" (O Lord, our Father, shall we be confounded)
 "Jesu, deine tiefen Wunden" (Jesus, Grant that Balm and Healing)

<mask> Bach based his chorale cantata Wo soll ich fliehen hin, BWV 5 on Heermann's hymn with the same name. References

Sources
Carl Hitzeroth, <mask>n (1585–1647): Ein Beitrag der Geschichte der geistlichen Lyrik im siebzehnten Jahrhundert, Marburg: Elwert, 1907
Rudolf

masks:
Johann Heermann
Johann Arndt
Johann Sebastian
Johann Heerman


title: Frank Smith Horne

texts:
<mask> was an American lyricist, poet, and government official who was an influential figure in the Harlem Renaissance. He was a member of President <mask>'s Black Cabinet where he served as Assistant Director of the Division of Negro Affairs, National Youth Administration. Later, <mask> worked for the Housing and Home Finance Agency and helped to found the National Committee Against Discrimination in Housing (NCDH). Early life and education
<mask> was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York by <mask> and <mask>. <mask> had three brothers, Errol, John Burke, and Edwin Fletcher Junior. <mask>'s father was a private contractor and builder. His parents were early members of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and well-known members of middle class Black New York.<mask> attended the City College of New York, graduating in 1921 with a Bachelor of Science. <mask> received an optometry degree from Northern Illinois College of Ophthalmology in 1923. In 1932, he graduated from the University of Southern California with a Master's Degree. Career
From 1922 through 1926, <mask> practiced optometry through private practice in Chicago and New York City. In 1927, <mask> moved to Georgia, where he was the dean and acting president of Fort Valley Normal and Industrial School in Fort Valley, Georgia until 1936. In 1938, Mary McLeod Bethune asked <mask> to join Roosevelt's Black Cabinet as the Assistant Director of the Division of Negro Affairs, National Youth Administration, and he accepted the position. In 1938, <mask> began working as the Assistant Director for the United States Housing Authority.<mask> was designated a member of the Civil

masks:
Frank Smith Horne
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Horne
Frank Smith Horne
Edwin Fletcher Horne
Cora Calhoun Horne
Horne
Horne
Horne
Horne
Horne
Horne
Horne
Horne
Horne


title: Frank Smith Horne

texts: Service Committee of Expert Examiners for the Housing and Home Finance Agency (HHFA) in 1949 and in May 1950, he conducted research into the economic situation of Negro war workers for the HHFA. <mask> was a founder of the National Committee Against Discrimination in Housing (NCDH). In October 1953, the Eisenhower Administration made an effort to dismiss <mask>, and he was consequently reassigned as the "Assistant to the Administrator" of HHFA, which he considered a demotion. In 1954, <mask>'s colleague, Edward Rutledge, was accused of being a communist sympathizer, and <mask> participated in Rutledge's defense. <mask> also conducted a fight to protect Leon Condol, a disabled World War I veteran. <mask> and his assistant, Corriene Morrow, were terminated from the HHFA in 1955 because of Republican National Committee's hostility toward <mask>'s policies. <mask> returned to New York City in 1956 and began working in city government.He was appointed as the Executive Director of the New York City Commission on Intergroup Relations by Mayor Robert Wagner. In 1960, <mask> wrote an anthology of poetry titled, "Haverstraw" which was published in 1963. Throughout his career, <mask>'s poetry appeared in work appeared in Crisis Magazine and Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life. <mask> became a consultant in human relations in the Housing and Redevelopment Board in New York City in 1962, and served the board until  to 1973. In October 1964, he helped the National Committee Against Discrimination in Housing in writing a Ten Year Plan aimed at ending discrimination in housing. In 1967, he helped to set up the Metropolitan Applied Research Center. That same year,

masks: Horne Horne Horne Horne Horne Horne Horne Horne Horne Horne Horne


title: Frank Smith Horne

texts:
 <mask> was awarded the plaque of the Housing and Urban Renewal Conference for "dauntless courage... in the battle for open housing."The mayor of New York City, John V. Lindsay, appointed <mask> as the Assistant Administrator for Equal Opportunity in the Housing and Development Administration (HDA). <mask> later received an award from the Housing and Development Administration for his work in human relations. In April 1969, <mask> participated in the establishment of a Joint Research Training Program between the Metropolitan Applied Research Center and the HDA. <mask> began the initial research for the history of Racial Relations Service in 1970 and retired from the HDA in 1972. <mask> then accepted a consulting job with the NCDH. Personal life
On August 19, 1930, <mask> married his wife, <mask> Priestly Burn in the Little Church Around the Corner in New York City. Burn died in 1939 at the Tuberculosis League Hospital.In 1950, <mask> married Mercedes Rector. <mask> is the uncle of actress and civil rights activist <mask>, and briefly served as her guardian when she began her film career. Lena lived with him from 1927 to 1929. In 1960, <mask> suffered a stroke which partially paralyzed the right side of his body. During his time in the hospital, <mask> wrote a collection of poetry titled, Haverstraw. <mask> died on September 7, 1974 from arteriosclerosis. Publications

Nonfiction
"Black Verse," Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life, November 1924, pp.330–332. "I Am Initiated into the Negro Race," Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life, May 1928, pp. 136–137. "The Epic of Fort Valley," Crisis Magazine, June 1929, pp. 190, 206-207. "Running Fools: Athletics in

masks:
Horne
Horne
Horne
Horne
Horne
Horne
Horne
Frankye
Horne
Horne
Lena Horne
Horne
Horne
Horne


title: Lord Edward Gleichen

texts:
Major General Lord <mask>  (15 January 1863 – 14 December 1937) was a British courtier and soldier. Early life and family history
Born as Count <mask>, he was the only son of Prince Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (a half-nephew of Queen Victoria) and his wife, Laura Williamina (a sister of the 5th Marquess of Hertford). Lady Feodora Gleichen, the noted sculptor, was his sister. Gleichen's comital title, shared by his sisters, derived from his mother, who had received it from Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, shortly before her morganatic marriage to his father. Gleichen had been an hereditary estate of the Princes of Hohenlohe in Germany since 1631, and their father voluntarily used it as a comital title to place himself on the same social footing as his wife. But <mask> was not entitled to any land or revenues derived from this dynastic property. On 15 December 1885, the Court Circular announced Queen Victoria's permission for <mask>'s mother to share his father's rank at the Court of St James's, and henceforth they were known as HSH Prince and Princess Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg.But the Queen did not extend that privilege to their children, although she confirmed use of their German style as count and countesses. On 12 June 1913 <mask> was granted precedence before  marquesses in the peerage of England (while his sisters were granted precedence before the daughters of dukes in the English peerage). Career
Gleichen served as a Page of Honour to the Queen from 1874 to 1879. He joined the Grenadier Guards in 1881 and gradually rose through the ranks over the years, eventually becoming a Major General. He served in the short-lived Guards Camel Corps in the Sudan campaign in 1884–85 and with the Egyptian army in the Dongala campaign in 1896. In 1899–1900 he served in the Second Boer War in South Africa, and was mentioned in despatches for his actions during the Battle of Modder River 28 November 1899. In January 1900 he was appointed

masks:
Albert Edward Wilfred Glen
Albert Edward Wilfred von Glen
Edward
Edward
Edward


title: Lord Edward Gleichen

texts:
 Deputy Assistant-Adjutant-General to the forces in South Africa.He was Sudan agent in Cairo from 1901 to 1903 with the local rank of Lieutenant-colonel, then Military Attaché to Berlin from 1903 to 1906. He and Kaiser Wilhelm II fell out, and Gleichen was sent to be Military Attaché in Washington D.C. from 1906 to 1907. He met the Wright brothers while in Washington and wrote a report on their aircraft, but also failed to form a relationship with U.S. President Teddy Roosevelt. He was Assistant Director of Military Operations from 1907 to 1911. He served in the First World War, commanding the 15th Brigade from 1911 to 1915, and then the 37th Division from 1915 to 1916. He was an Intelligence Bureau director at the Department of Information from 1917 to 1918. He served as Chairman of the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names from 1919.At court, the Count was appointed an Extra Equerry to King <mask> in July 1901. He wrote a number of books, including:
With the Camel Corps up the Nile (1888)
With the mission to Menelik (1898)
The doings of the Fifteenth Infantry Brigade, August 1914 to March 1915 (1917)
London's open air statuary (1928)
A Guardsman's Memories (1932). He was the editor of:
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: a compendium prepared by officers of the Sudan Government - Vol. I: Geographical, descriptive and historical. - 1905. Vol.II: Routes.- 1905. Suppl.: 1906

Change of title
When King George V commanded his German relatives domiciled in Britain to Anglicize their names and titles in 1917, the Gleichens' 1913 precedence was reduced several grades to that of younger son/daughters of a marquess in the peerage of the United Kingdom. This was because only marquisal rank was conferred upon the King's nearer, heretofore princely relatives, the Tecks and Battenbergs. Although inexplicably allowed to retain their German surname, the Gleichens relinquished use of the comital title and on 12 September 1917 acquired the prefix of Lord or Lady,


title: Lord Edward Gleichen

texts:
 although this was not made hereditary for <mask>'s descendants as his countship had been. On 2 July 1910, Gleichen married Sylvia Gay <mask> (a niece  of the 4th Baron Kensington), who was a Maid of Honour to Queens Victoria and Alexandra. They had no children. He is buried at Holy Trinity Church burial ground, Forest Row, Sussex, England
. Honours and awards
British decorations
CMG: Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George – 1898 – for his contributions on a Mission to Ethiopia.DSO: Companion of the Distinguished Service Order – 29 November 1900 – for his contributions in the Second Boer War. CVO: Commander of the Royal Victorian Order – 2 February 1901 – on the day of the funeral of Queen Victoria
CB: Companion of the Order of the Bath – 1906
KCVO: Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order – 1909

Foreign decorations
1897: Order of the Star of Ethiopia (Third Class) – for his contributions on a Mission to Ethiopia. 1905: Order of the Medjidie (Second Class) – for his services in the Egyptian Army
Unknown dates: Commander of the Legion of Honour, Order of the Dannebrog (First Class)

Ancestry

References

The London Gazette
Burke's Peerage & Gentry, 107th edition
Centre for First World War Studies
Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives

External links

Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Knights of Grace of the Order of St John
Pages of Honour
Equerries
Younger sons of marquesses
British Army personnel of the Mahdist War
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
British Army generals of World War I
House of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
Grenadier Guards officers
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Dannebrog
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 2nd class
1863 births
1937 deaths
British military attachés
British Army generals
British expatriates in

masks: Edward Edwardes


title: Francis Galton

texts: <mask>, FRS FRAI (; 16 February 1822 – 17 January 1911), was an English Victorian era polymath: a statistician, sociologist, psychologist, anthropologist, tropical explorer, geographer, inventor, meteorologist, proto-geneticist, psychometrician and a proponent of social Darwinism, eugenics and scientific racism. He was knighted in 1909. Galton produced over 340 papers and books. He also created the statistical concept of correlation and widely promoted regression toward the mean. He was the first to apply statistical methods to the study of human differences and inheritance of intelligence, and introduced the use of questionnaires and surveys for collecting data on human communities, which he needed for genealogical and biographical works and for his anthropometric studies. He was a pioneer of eugenics, coining the term itself in 1883, and also coined the phrase "nature versus nurture". His book Hereditary Genius (1869) was the first social scientific attempt to study genius and greatness.As an investigator of the human mind, he founded psychometrics (the science of measuring mental faculties) and differential psychology, as well as the lexical hypothesis of personality. He devised a method for classifying fingerprints that proved useful in forensic science. He also conducted research on the power of prayer, concluding it had none due to its null effects on the longevity of those prayed for. His quest for the scientific principles of diverse phenomena extended even to the optimal method for making tea. As the initiator of scientific meteorology, he devised the first weather map, proposed a theory of anticyclones, and was the first to establish a complete record of short-term climatic phenomena


title: Francis Galton

texts:
 on a European scale. He also invented the Galton Whistle for testing differential hearing ability. He was Charles Darwin's half-cousin.Early life
<mask> was born at "The Larches", a large house in the Sparkbrook area of Birmingham, England, built on the site of "Fair Hill", the former home of Joseph Priestley, which the botanist William Withering had renamed. He was Charles Darwin's half-cousin, sharing the common grandparent Erasmus Darwin. His father was Samuel Tertius <mask>, son of <mask>, Jr. He was also a cousin of Douglas Strutt <mask>. The Galtons were Quaker gun-manufacturers and bankers, while the Darwins were involved in medicine and science. Both the <mask> and Darwin families included Fellows of the Royal Society and members who loved to invent in their spare time. Both Erasmus Darwin and <mask> were founding members of the Lunar Society of Birmingham, which included Matthew Boulton, James Watt, Josiah Wedgwood, Joseph Priestley and Richard Lovell Edgeworth.Both families were known for their literary talent. Erasmus Darwin composed lengthy technical treatises in verse. <mask>'s aunt Mary Anne Galton wrote on aesthetics and religion, and her autobiography detailed the environment of her childhood populated by Lunar Society members. Galton was a child prodigy – he was reading by the age of two; at age five he knew some Greek, Latin and long division, and by the age of six he had moved on to adult books, including Shakespeare for pleasure, and poetry, which he quoted at length. Galton attended King Edward's School, Birmingham, but chafed at the narrow classical curriculum and left at 16. His parents pressed him to enter the medical profession, and he studied for two years at

masks:
Galton
Galton
Samuel Galton
Galton
Galton
Samuel Galton
Galton


title: Francis Galton

texts: Birmingham General Hospital and King's College London Medical School. He followed this up with mathematical studies at Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1840 to early 1844.According to the records of the United Grand Lodge of England, it was in February 1844 that <mask> became a freemason at the Scientific lodge, held at the Red Lion Inn in Cambridge, progressing through the three masonic degrees: Apprentice, 5 February 1844; Fellow Craft, 11 March 1844; Master Mason, 13 May 1844. A note in the record states: "<mask>ton Trinity College student, gained his certificate 13 March 1845". One of <mask>'s masonic certificates from Scientific lodge can be found among his papers at University College, London. A nervous breakdown prevented Galton's intent to try for honours. He elected instead to take a "poll" (pass) B.A. degree, like his half-cousin Charles Darwin. (Following the Cambridge custom, he was awarded an M.A.without further study, in 1847.) He briefly resumed his medical studies but the death of his father in 1844 left him emotionally destitute, though financially independent, and he terminated his medical studies entirely, turning to foreign travel, sport and technical invention. In his early years <mask> was an enthusiastic traveller, and made a notable solo trip through Eastern Europe to Constantinople, before going up to Cambridge. In 1845 and 1846, he went to Egypt and travelled up the Nile to Khartoum in the Sudan, and from there to Beirut, Damascus and down to Jordan. In 1850 he joined the Royal Geographical Society, and over the next two years mounted a long and difficult expedition into then little-known South West Africa (now Namibia). He wrote a book on his experience, "Narrative

masks:
Galton
Francis Gal
Galton
Galton


title: Francis Galton

texts:
 of an Explorer in Tropical South Africa". He was awarded the Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Gold Medal in 1853 and the Silver Medal of the French Geographical Society for his pioneering cartographic survey of the region.This established his reputation as a geographer and explorer. He proceeded to write the best-selling The Art of Travel, a handbook of practical advice for the Victorian on the move, which went through many editions and is still in print. Middle years

<mask> was a polymath who made important contributions in many fields of science, including meteorology (the anticyclone and the first popular weather maps), statistics (regression and correlation), psychology (synaesthesia), biology (the nature and mechanism of heredity), and criminology (fingerprints). Much of this was influenced by his penchant for counting and measuring. <mask> prepared the first weather map published in The Times (1 April 1875, showing the weather from the previous day, 31 March), now a standard feature in newspapers worldwide. He became very active in the British Association for the Advancement of Science, presenting many papers on a wide variety of topics at its meetings from 1858 to 1899. He was the general secretary from 1863 to 1867, president of the Geographical section in 1867 and 1872, and president of the Anthropological Section in 1877 and 1885.He was active on the council of the Royal Geographical Society for over forty years, in various committees of the Royal Society, and on the Meteorological Council. James McKeen Cattell, a student of Wilhelm Wundt who had been reading Galton's articles, decided he wanted to study under him. He eventually built a professional relationship with Galton,

masks: Galton Galton


title: Francis Galton

texts:
 measuring subjects and working together on research. In 1888, Galton established a lab in the science galleries of the South Kensington Museum. In Galton's lab, participants could be measured to gain knowledge of their strengths and weaknesses. Galton also used these data for his own research. He would typically charge people a small fee for his services.In 1873, <mask> wrote a controversial letter to The Times titled 'Africa for the Chinese', where he argued that the Chinese, as a race capable of high civilisation and only temporarily stunted by the recent failures of Chinese dynasties, should be encouraged to immigrate to Africa and displace the supposedly inferior aboriginal blacks. Heredity and eugenics

The publication by his cousin Charles Darwin of The Origin of Species in 1859 was an event that changed <mask>'s life. He came to be gripped by the work, especially the first chapter on "Variation under Domestication", concerning animal breeding. <mask> devoted much of the rest of his life to exploring variation in human populations and its implications, at which Darwin had only hinted in The Origin of Species, although he returned to it in his 1871 book The Descent of Man, drawing on his cousin's work in the intervening period. Galton established a research program which embraced multiple aspects of human variation, from mental characteristics to height; from facial images to fingerprint patterns. This required inventing novel measures of traits, devising large-scale collection of data using those measures, and in the end, the discovery of new statistical techniques for describing and understanding the data. <mask> was interested at first in the question of whether human ability was

masks: Galton Galton Galton Galton


title: Francis Galton

texts: hereditary, and proposed to count the number of the relatives of various degrees of eminent men.If the qualities were hereditary, he reasoned, there should be more eminent men among the relatives than among the general population. To test this, he invented the methods of historiometry. <mask> obtained extensive data from a broad range of biographical sources which he tabulated and compared in various ways. This pioneering work was described in detail in his book Hereditary Genius in 1869. Here he showed, among other things, that the numbers of eminent relatives dropped off when going from the first degree to the second degree relatives, and from the second degree to the third. He took this as evidence of the inheritance of abilities. <mask> recognised the limitations of his methods in these two works, and believed the question could be better studied by comparisons of twins.His method envisaged testing to see if twins who were similar at birth diverged in dissimilar environments, and whether twins dissimilar at birth converged when reared in similar environments. He again used the method of questionnaires to gather various sorts of data, which were tabulated and described in a paper The history of twins in 1875. In so doing he anticipated the modern field of behaviour genetics, which relies heavily on twin studies. He concluded that the evidence favoured nature rather than nurture. He also proposed adoption studies, including trans-racial adoption studies, to separate the effects of heredity and environment. Galton recognised that cultural circumstances influenced the capability of a civilisation's citizens, and their reproductive success. In Hereditary Genius, he envisaged a situation


title: Francis Galton

texts:
 conducive to resilient and enduring civilisation as follows:

<mask> invented the term eugenics in 1883 and set down many of his observations and conclusions in a book, Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development.In the book's introduction, he wrote:

He believed that a scheme of 'marks' for family merit should be defined, and early marriage between families of high rank be encouraged via provision of monetary incentives. He pointed out some of the tendencies in British society, such as the late marriages of eminent people, and the paucity of their children, which he thought were dysgenic. He advocated encouraging eugenic marriages by supplying able couples with incentives to have children. On 29 October 1901, <mask> chose to address eugenic issues when he delivered the second Huxley lecture at the Royal Anthropological Institute. The Eugenics Review, the journal of the Eugenics Education Society, commenced publication in 1909. <mask>, the Honorary President of the society, wrote the foreword for the first volume. The First International Congress of Eugenics was held in July 1912.Winston Churchill and Carls Elliot were among the attendees. According to the Encyclopedia of Genocide, <mask> bordered on the justification of genocide when he stated: "There exists a sentiment, for the most part quite unreasonable, against the gradual extinction of an inferior race." In June 2020, UCL announced that it was renaming a lecture theatre which had been named after Galton because of his connection with eugenics. Model for population stability

<mask>'s formulation of regression and its link to the bivariate normal distribution can be traced to his attempts at developing a mathematical model for

masks: Galton Galton Galton Galton Galton


title: Francis Galton

texts: population stability. Although <mask>'s first attempt to study Darwinian questions,  Hereditary Genius, generated little enthusiasm at the time, the text led to his further studies in the 1870s concerning the inheritance of physical traits. This text contains some crude notions of the concept of regression, described in a qualitative matter. For example, he wrote of dogs: "If a man breeds from strong, well-shaped dogs, but of mixed pedigree, the puppies will be sometimes, but rarely, the equals of their parents.They will commonly be of a mongrel, nondescript type, because ancestral peculiarities are apt to crop out in the offspring." This notion created a problem for Galton, as he could not reconcile the tendency of a population to maintain a normal distribution of traits from generation to generation with the notion of inheritance. It seemed that a large number of factors operated independently on offspring,  leading to the normal distribution of a trait in each generation. However, this provided no explanation as to how a parent can have a significant impact on his offspring, which was the basis of inheritance. <mask>'s solution to this problem was presented in his Presidential Address at the September 1885 meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, as he was serving at the time as President of Section H: Anthropology. The address was published in Nature, and <mask> further developed the theory in  "Regression toward mediocrity in hereditary stature" and "Hereditary Stature." An elaboration of this theory was published in 1889 in Natural Inheritance.There were three key developments that helped <mask> develop this theory: the  development of the law of error in


title: Francis Galton

texts: 1874–1875, the formulation of an empirical law of reversion in 1877, and the development of a mathematical framework encompassing regression using human population data during 1885. <mask>'s development of the law of regression to the mean, or reversion, was due to insights from the Galton board ('bean machine') and his studies of sweet peas. While <mask> had previously invented the quincunx prior to February 1874, the 1877 version of the quincunx had a new feature that helped Galton demonstrate that a normal mixture of normal distributions is also normal. Galton demonstrated this using a new version of quincunx, adding chutes to the apparatus to represent reversion. When the pellets passed through the curved chutes (representing reversion) and then the pins (representing family variability), the result was a stable population. On Friday 19 February 1877 <mask> gave a lecture entitled Typical Laws of Heredity at the Royal Institution in London. In this lecture, he posited that there must be a counteracting force to maintain population stability.However, this model required a much larger degree of intergenerational natural selection than was plausible. In 1875, Galton started growing sweet peas, and addressed the Royal Institution on his findings on 9 February 1877. He found that each group of progeny seeds followed a normal curve, and the curves were equally disperse. Each group was not centered about the parent's weight, but rather at a weight closer to the population average. Galton called this reversion, as every progeny group was distributed at a value that was closer to the population average than the parent. The deviation from the population average was in the same direction, but the

masks: Galton Galton Galton


title: Francis Galton

texts: magnitude of the deviation was only one-third as large. In doing so, Galton demonstrated that there was variability among each of the families, yet the families combined to produce a stable, normally distributed population.When <mask> addressed the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1885, he said of his investigation of sweet peas, "I was then blind to what I now perceive to be the simple explanation of the phenomenon." <mask> was able to further his notion of regression by collecting and analyzing data on human stature. Galton asked for help of mathematician J. Hamilton Dickson in investigating the geometric relationship of the data. He determined that the regression coefficient did not ensure population stability by chance, but rather that the regression coefficient, conditional variance, and population were interdependent quantities related by a simple equation. Thus Galton identified that the linearity of regression was not coincidental but rather was a necessary consequence of population stability. The model for population stability resulted in <mask>'s formulation of the Law of Ancestral Heredity. This law, which was published in Natural Inheritance, states that the two parents of an offspring jointly contribute one half of an offspring's heritage, while the other, more-removed ancestors constitute a  smaller proportion of the offspring's heritage.<mask> viewed reversion as a spring, that when stretched, would return the distribution of traits back to the normal distribution. He concluded that evolution would have to occur via discontinuous steps, as reversion would neutralize any incremental steps. When Mendel's principles were rediscovered in 1900, this resulted in a


title: Francis Galton

texts:
 fierce battle between the followers of <mask>'s Law of Ancestral Heredity, the biometricians, and those who advocated Mendel's principles. Empirical test of pangenesis and Lamarckism
<mask> conducted wide-ranging inquiries into heredity which led him to challenge Charles Darwin's hypothesis of pangenesis. Darwin had proposed as part of this model that certain particles, which he called "gemmules" moved throughout the body and were also responsible for the inheritance of acquired characteristics. <mask>, in consultation with Darwin, set out to see if they were transported in the blood. In a long series of experiments in 1869 to 1871, he transfused the blood between dissimilar breeds of rabbits, and examined the features of their offspring.He found no evidence of characters transmitted in the transfused blood. Darwin challenged the validity of <mask>'s experiment, giving his reasons in an article published in Nature where he wrote:

<mask> explicitly rejected the idea of the inheritance of acquired characteristics (Lamarckism), and was an early proponent of "hard heredity" through selection alone. He came close to rediscovering Mendel's particulate theory of inheritance, but was prevented from making the final breakthrough in this regard because of his focus on continuous, rather than discrete, traits (now regarded as polygenic traits). He went on to found the biometric approach to the study of heredity, distinguished by its use of statistical techniques to study continuous traits and population-scale aspects of heredity. This approach was later taken up enthusiastically by Karl Pearson and W. F. R. Weldon; together, they founded the highly influential journal Biometrika in 1901. (R. A. Fisher


title: Francis Galton

texts:
 would later show how the biometrical approach could be reconciled with the Mendelian approach.) The statistical techniques that <mask> invented (correlation and regression—see below) and phenomena he established (regression to the mean) formed the basis of the biometric approach and are now essential tools in all social sciences.Anthropometric Laboratory at the 1884 International Health Exhibition
In 1884, London hosted the International Health Exhibition. This exhibition placed much emphasis on highlighting Victorian developments in sanitation and public health, and allowed the nation to display its advanced public health outreach, compared to other countries at the time. <mask> took advantage of this opportunity to set up his anthropometric laboratory. He stated that the purpose of this laboratory was to "show the public the simplicity of the instruments and methods by which the chief physical characteristics of man may be measured and recorded." The laboratory was an interactive walk-through in which physical characteristics such as height, weight, and eyesight, would be measured for each subject after payment of an admission fee. Upon entering the laboratory, a subject would visit the following stations in order. First, they would fill out a form with personal and family history (age, birthplace, marital status, residence, and occupation), then visit stations that recorded hair and eye color, followed by the keenness, color-sense, and depth perception of sight.Next, they would examine the keenness, or relative acuteness, of hearing and highest audible note of their hearing followed by an examination of their sense of touch. However, because the surrounding area was noisy, the apparatus

masks:
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Francis Galton


title: Francis Galton

texts: intended to measure hearing was rendered ineffective by the noise and echoes in the building. Their breathing capacity would also be measured, as well as their ability to throw a punch. The next stations would examine strength of both pulling and squeezing with both hands. Lastly, subjects' heights in various positions (sitting, standing, etc.) as well as arm span and weight would be measured. One excluded characteristic of interest was the size of the head.Galton notes in his analysis that this omission was mostly for practical reasons. For instance, it would not be very accurate and additionally it would require much time for women to disassemble and reassemble their hair and bonnets. The patrons would then be given a souvenir containing all their biological data, while Galton would also keep a copy for future statistical research. Although the laboratory did not employ any revolutionary measurement techniques, it was unique because of the simple logistics of constructing such a demonstration within a limited space, and because of the speed and efficiency with which all the necessary data were gathered. The laboratory itself was a see-through (lattice-walled) fenced off gallery measuring 36 feet long by 6 feet long. To collect data efficiently, Galton had to make the process as simple as possible for people to understand. As a result, subjects were taken through the laboratory in pairs so that explanations could be given to two at a time, also in the hope that one of the two would confidently take the initiative to go through all the tests first, encouraging the other.With this design, the total time spent in the exhibit was fourteen minutes for each pair. <mask> states that the measurements