title: Mila Kunis

texts:
 sympathetic and funny, and she has crack comedic timing". The film went on to earn more than $183.9 million with a budget of $20 million.Following the financial success of Bad Moms, STX Entertainment reunited <mask> with her co-stars Kristen Bell and Kathryn Hahn for a sequel, A Bad Moms Christmas, which was released on November 1, 2017. It went on to receive mixed reviews and gross over $130 million worldwide with a budget of $28 million. In 2018, <mask> co-starred with Kate McKinnon in the comedy The Spy Who Dumped Me. The film received mixed reviews and went on to gross over $75 million worldwide with a budget of $40 million. <mask> co-starred with Glenn Close in the film Four Good Days. Principal photography began in September 2019 in Los Angeles, and premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 25, 2020. The film received mixed reviews but <mask> was praised for her performance, with Pete Hammond from Deadline Hollywood stating <mask> was "a revelation" in the role, while Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times concluded her performance "represents the finest work she has done".In 2021, she co-starred with Allison Janney and Regina Hall in Breaking News in Yuba County, which was filmed in Mississippi. The film was released February 12, 2021, and received negative reviews from critics. <mask> is slated to produce and star in a Netflix film adaptation of Luckiest Girl Alive based on the Jessica Knoll novel of the same name. In the media

In 2007, <mask> participated in a video for the website Funny or Die appearing alongside James Franco. The video was a parody of the MTV show The Hills and was a huge success for the website, with 2.4 million views over the next ten years. Shawn Levy, director of Date


title: Mila Kunis

type: original

texts: Night, stated that part of what made him decide to cast <mask> with James Franco in the film was the chemistry he felt they had in the Funny or Die video. In December 2008, <mask> was featured in Gap's "Shine Your Own Star" Christmas campaign.In 2010, she was featured in the "Women We Love" segment in Esquire with an accompanied video. <mask> was among several female stars photographed by Canadian singer-songwriter Bryan Adams in conjunction with the Calvin Klein Collections for a feature titled American Women 2010, with the proceeds from the photographs donated to the NYC AIDS foundation. During the summer of 2010 <mask> served with Randy Jackson as the Master of Ceremonies for the 9th Annual Chrysalis Foundation Benefit. The Chrysalis Foundation is a Los Angeles-based non-profit organization formed to help economically disadvantaged and homeless individuals to become self-sufficient through employment opportunities. GQ magazine named <mask> the Knockout of the Year for 2011, with Men's Health naming her one of the "100 Hottest Women of All-Time". FHM magazine ranked her number 9 on its 2012 Hot 100 list, but she reached number 1 on their 2013 "100 Sexiest Women in the World" list, which brought to an end a four-year run by British women. Prior to this in 2008 <mask> stated, "You've got to base your career on something other than being FHM's top 100 number one girl.Your looks are going to die out, and then what's going to be left?" Maxim has consistently ranked <mask> on its Hot 100 list, reaching a ranking of number 5 in both 2009 and 2011 and number 3 in 2012. Esquire magazine named her 2012's Sexiest Woman Alive. She ranked No. 2 on AskMen's list of Top 99 Women for 2013, behind only Jennifer Lawrence. In

masks: Kunis Kunis Kunis Kunis Kunis Kunis Kunis


title: Mila Kunis

texts:
 2013, she responded to those lists: "All I can say is, I feel honored to be considered sexy." Christian Dior signed <mask> in 2012 to be the face of its Spring fashion campaign.In February 2013, she was named Gemfields global brand ambassador and the face of their advertising campaign. Gemfields is a luxury company that produces emeralds, rubies, and amethysts. She visited Gemfields' mine in Zambia. <mask> appeared wearing Gemfields's Rubies for the world premiere of Jupiter Ascending. In 2013, she appeared in Forbes list of 100 powerful celebrities, ranking #89 on the basis of five criteria (Money, TV/Radio, Press, Social, and Marketability), with her highest ranking as #14 in marketability. She earned $11 million for the year ending in June 2013. In 2014, <mask> appeared in a range of global advertising for Beam, Inc. (makers of Jim Beam bourbon).Her announcement on Conan that she would donate to Planned Parenthood in Vice President Mike Pence's name received praise from supporters of abortion rights; conversely, several pro-life advocates criticized her and Beam, Inc. on Twitter, creating the hashtag #BoycottJimBeam. Personal life

<mask> began dating actor Macaulay Culkin in 2002. During their relationship, there were rumors of the couple getting married, but <mask> denied them. On January 3, 2011, <mask>'s publicist confirmed reports that <mask> and Culkin had ended their relationship, saying, "The split was amicable, and they remain close friends." <mask> began dating her former That '70s Show co-star Ashton Kutcher in April 2012. They became engaged in February 2014, and married during the first weekend of July 2015 in Oak Glen, California. The couple have two children: a daughter, Wyatt, born in October

masks: Kunis Kunis Kunis Kunis Kunis Kunis Kunis Kunis


title: Mila Kunis

texts: 2014 and a son, Dimitri, born in November 2016.The family resides in a sustainable farmhouse, designed by the couple and architect Howard Backen, in Beverly Hills. In January 2011, she revealed her struggle with chronic iritis that had caused temporary blindness in one eye. Some months earlier she had had surgery that corrected the problem. <mask> also has heterochromia iridum, a condition in which the irises are different colors. Her left eye is brown, while her right eye is green. On September 14, 2011, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) announced it was investigating the alleged hacking of <mask>'s cellphone and email accounts, along with those of other celebrities such as Scarlett Johansson and Vanessa Hudgens. Christopher Chaney from Jacksonville, Florida, later pleaded guilty in federal court to nine counts of computer hacking.In November 2011, <mask> was escorted by Sgt. Scott Moore to a U.S. Marine Corps Ball in Greenville, North Carolina. She had accepted Moore's invitation in July after he posted it as a YouTube video while serving with the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marine Regiment, in Afghanistan's Helmand province. The event celebrated the Marine Corps' 236th anniversary. <mask> is a supporter of the Democratic Party. In a 2012 interview, she criticized the Republican Party, saying: "The way that Republicans attack women is so offensive to me. And the way they talk about religion is offensive.I may not be a practicing Jew, but why we gotta talk about Jesus all the time?" In 2017, <mask> disclosed that she had been making monthly donations to Planned Parenthood in Mike Pence's name. In April 2020, <mask> and Kutcher developed their own wine, named Quarantine Wine, with 100% of the proceeds going to aid

masks: Kunis Kunis Kunis Kunis Kunis Kunis


title: Mila Kunis

texts:
 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The following year they launched Outside Wine, a blend of red wine, whose profits would benefit The Skate Park Project and Thorn.org. Acting credits and awards

According to the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, <mask>'s most critically successful films are Gia (1998), Forgetting Sarah Marshall (2008), Extract (2009), Date Night (2010), Black Swan (2010), Friends with Benefits (2011), Ted (2012), Oz the Great and Powerful (2013) and Bad Moms (2016). Her television projects include FOX sitcom That '70s Show (1998–2006) and animated series Family Guy (1999–present). <mask> has received one Golden Globe nomination for Best Supporting Actress and two Screen Actors Guild Awards nominations for Best Supporting Actress and Outstanding Performance by a Cast for her performance in Black Swan (2010).<mask> was nominated for an Annie Award for Best Voice Acting for her work in Family Guy and has garnered two Critics' Choice Awards nominations for Best Supporting Actress in Black Swan (2010) and Best Actress in a Comedy in Ted (2012) respectively. References

External links

1983 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
American child actresses
American film actresses
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
American television actresses
American video game actresses
American voice actresses
Bukovina Jews
California Democrats
Jewish American actresses
People from Chernivtsi
People with acquired American citizenship
Soviet emigrants to the United States
Soviet Jews
Television producers from California
Marcello Mastroianni Award winners
American women television producers
Jewish Ukrainian actors
American

masks: Kunis Kunis Kunis


title: Carmelita Maracci

texts:
<mask> (July 17, 1908 – July 26, 1987) was an American concert dancer and choreographer who creatively combined ballet arts and Spanish techniques. She excelled when before an audience with dance experience, receiving enthusiastic praise from performers and critics. Her stage career began in the mid-1920s. Her programs often were of her own design. From the 1950s she remained influential as a Los Angeles-based teacher. Origins
<mask> was born in Goldfield, Nevada, the daughter of Josephine Gauss and her second husband <mask>, a restaurateur and gambler. Her French German mother was a concert-level pianist.Her father, Italian and Spanish, had considered a career singing opera; his father was first cousin to Adelina Patti (1843-1919), a celebrated soprano. Hence the name <mask> <mask>. "Carmelita was brought up as Spanish." Her mother had told her that she was born in Montevideo, Uruguay; <mask> only learned differently much later from her husband. After the family moved to San Francisco her formal schooling began at a convent. Later in Fresno she continued her dance lessons, while attending a private school for girls. "Carmie was her mother's spoiled darling."On a nine-foot Steinway her mother played, music to which "Carmie danced, from the moment she could move--danced before she could walk," according to what choreographer Agnes de Mille later learned. In 1924, when sixteen, she relocated with her grandmother to Los Angeles, to widen her horizons and advance her dancing skills. She

masks:
Carmelita Maracci
Carmelita Maracci
Joseph Maracci
Carmelita
Patti Maracci
Maracci


title: Carmelita Maracci

texts:
 made her debut, traveled to study in New York City, toured with a show, then came to California. In Hollywood during the mid-1930s Agnes and <mask> hung out together. De Mille described the situation and people:

"I found the atmosphere of the house, comforting. There was always a group of radicals, malcontents, and indigent writers, intermingled with painters and dancers, waiting to be recharged by Carmelita's personality, for she was great fun to be with." <mask>'s dancing was already special; it sparked "extravagant" rumors."It is no ordinary experience to discover one evening that an intimate, a known, well-loved, daily companion, has genius." In her studio, the night before <mask> left for a San Francisco concert, de Mille saw her dance for the first time. She writes, "my jaw dropped". Adding, "This girl worked with thunder." New styles of dancing

In 1926 at the Hollywood Bowl <mask> had performed as a soloist, by way of her dance teacher Ernest Belcher. In New York she studied several dance styles, among her teachers: Hippolita Mora and Helba Huara (Spanish dance), and Enrico Zanfretta and Luigi Albertieri (ballet). Again as a soloist she toured with a dance company; in San Francisco she joined a small troupe.<mask> then ceased performing. While in seclusion she created her new style of dancing. In 1930, she was ready to present for the first time "a program of her own works" to music by Ravel, de Falla, Granados, and Schumann, probably held at Trinity Auditorium. A similar

masks: Carmelita Maracci Maracci Maracci Maracci


title: Carmelita Maracci

texts: debut in New York City came in 1937. Her arrival in New York was troubled by her sponsor's sudden default. Yet undeterred she continued, first on stage at the 92nd Street Y, then at other theatrical venues. Her performances were well received."Camelita <mask>, the fiery and brilliantly talented West Coast dancer, who combined ballet and Spanish dance" first performed at the Y. "<mask> mesmerized New Yorkers with her smoldering passion and unique movement style. Here were wonderfully spiraling hands, a spine that arched proudly, and dazzling technical footwork. "Kuang (2005), at the 92nd Street Y Maracci danced before an audience of "artists and intellectuals". To ballet she added Spanish dance. Some techniques derived from baile flamenco. Inspired by flamenco Manuel de Falla, in his 1919 ballet El Sombrero de Tres Picos (French: Le Tricorne) delivered its music orchestrated.Choreographer Léonide Massine used elements from the two dance arts. In 1922 Falla and poet García Lorca with a coalition of artists produced Concurso de Cante Jondo, a flamenco song and dance festival in Granada. <mask>'s innovative fusions of ballet and baile were cutting-edge works. Whether solo or small group, some critics saw her shows as 'hybrid dance'. For her pas seul, with a subtlety both novel and smooth, she'd syncopate the castanets. Simply done with the eloquence of her dancer's art, her idiosyncratic solo designs worked to dazzle audiences. These rare shows were worth the wait, the long lines.Freely

masks: Maracci Maracci Maracci


title: Carmelita Maracci

texts:
 she'd chosen from several traditions to create her works of art. From early neoclassical ballet she took, or from popular Spanish dance, not specifically flamenco yet with its moods and lines. In Los Angeles in the late 1920s she had brought together in her person the ingredients to craft one-of-a-kind performances. "<mask> began to experiment with choreography that was a blend of ballet and Spanish dance techniques." From her conjuring of the two styles emerged a singularity. John Martin, then dance critic at The New York Times, came to conclude: "Both styles are merely materials out of which she fashions an art that is altogether personal, purely subjective in its creative approach, and utterly unique." Later Agnes de Mille retold it:

Plainly and simply, Carmelita's best dances were the most passionate and powerfully devised solos I have ever seen.... ¶ Her line was visually flawless. ¶ She baffled criticism because her technique fell into two categories: ballet, which, although impeccably correct, was not classic in style, and Spanish, which was virtuoso in its range but highly unorthodox in form and flavor. She had no wish to perpetuate aesthetic traditions and used only those stock gestures so deeply imbued with emotion as to have become, under her manipulation, original." "The Nightingale and the Maiden from Enrique Granados's Goyescas" was a dance solo created by <mask>. De Mille writes, "Jerome Robbins described [it] to me as the most beautiful solo dance he had ever seen.

masks: Maracci Maracci


title: Carmelita Maracci

texts:
 In this dance Carmie's castanets made the sound of the bird's song... ."

Fruits of her creation

After touring across America with other troupes, in the 1930s and 1940s she led her own company, nationwide. The distinctive performances that <mask> presented were "a repertory of her own dances".Between <mask>'s featured solos, the six other dancers took the stage. Her act was considered top rung by those in the business. In New York City she performed in 1939 at the St. James Theatre on Broadway and in 1946 at Carnegie Hall. In 1951 at the Metropolitan Opera House for Ballet Theatre she staged her choreographic work Circo de España.<ref>Carmelita <mask> Papers, the mixed reception re Circo de Espana'; see also "Mid-career" section below.</ref>

"<mask>'s dancing was deeply personal and an innovative art form. With fiery, passionate individuality and deep political and social convictions, she created dances inspired by Goya's war drawings, García Lorca's poetry, and Unamuno's philosophy. Her dances could be satirical, witty, or flirtatious; a passionate protest of inhumanity or a celebration of human spirit, a plunge to deepest sorrow or an expression of joy." Starting in the 1930s, she received press reviews that noted her extraordinary art, e.g., in The Times of London, the Paris-Soir, and the English monthly Dancing Times.In the 1940s John Martin of The New York Times wrote six-column reviews hailing <mask>, recognizing her as "a unique phenomenon". <mask> also worked as a

masks: Maracci Maracci Maracci Maracci Maracci Maracci


title: Carmelita Maracci

texts: choreographer for Hollywood films, although with pause and an instinctive reluctance. In 1951 for Charlie Chaplin she contributed to the dance scenes in his Limelight, released in 1952. During the war she was a source for dances in the film Three Caballeros by Walt Disney released in 1944. While "commercially successful" it was for <mask> "personally unsatisfying. "Perlmutter (1985): when Herbert Ross asked to use her name in his 1977 film about the world of ballet in New York City The Turning Point she refused, but was included as "Carmelita". In later years, "her performances, though infrequent, drew lines around the block and enthralled the audiences."Yet "<mask> freely admits that her art was not for the masses." She began rehearsals, but ultimately declined to dance the lead role in the ballet Giselle. She clearly preferred her intimate solos, alternating with the 'individual voices' of her several dancers, accompanied by a chamber ensemble, rather than a large ballet company with a full orchestra. She refused to dance in a Spain ruled by  Franco. Throughout her career, <mask> excelled in fashioning and performing her singular dances, performed solo: Cante Jondo ("Deep Song"), Viva la Madre ("Live for the one who bore you"), Dance of Elegance (a satire, a "caricature of a ballet dancer preening"), La Pasionaria (a radio voice of civil-war Spain, a coal-miner's daughter), Another Goyesca (to a piano suite by Granados about painter Francisco Goya), Carlotta Grisi in Retrospect


title: Carmelita Maracci

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 (about the nineteenth century Italian ballet dancer), The Nightingale and the Maiden (inspired by a poem written in 1500, to music by Granados).Kuang (2005), her dances, the poem.Allegra Kent (2001), quotes from a Los Angeles program's description of The Nightingale and the Maiden: "The Maja, her gay frivolity gone, is portrayed in somber hues of sorrow, and finds through her castanets an affinity with the nightingale." "But unlike those who struggle for immortality, <mask> refused to compromise her sensibilities or her convictions. She turned away from the fame-makers and artist-merchants, often with just scant cause, and generally made herself inaccessible.By choice, she never connected with the major institutions nor lingered for long in the limelight." She was long acknowledged by admirers in the ballet world for her inner knowledge of the art. In 1985 Robert Joffrey of Joffrey Ballet said of her, "There was, and still is, no one like her. She had incredible strength and supreme delicacy. Her technique was astonishing, perfection itself... ." <mask> was known, according to dance writer Walter Terry, as "one of the major dance figures of our time."Cf. Carmeliita <mask> website: titles of her dances and choreography. Mid-career troubles

"Although regarded by her peers as one of the leading dancers in the United States... <mask> shrank from the concert stage after two experiences which devastated her."Dunning (1987), the two events. In 1946 a lone drunken heckler in St. Paul,

masks: Maracci Maracci Maracci Maracci


title: Carmelita Maracci

texts: Minnesota, mocked her three dancers. They were on stage doing <mask>'s choreographed tribute to the republican loyalists of the  Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). She emerged from backstage quite angry, and ordered the curtain pulled down. It terminated the performance, outraged the local theater, and eventually ended the financial backing for her touring shows. The second event concerned the 1951 staging of her choreography Circo de España, for the Ballet Theatre in New York City. Its debut was not considered successful enough by the ballet company, concludeding that it needed work.de Mille (1990), pp.60–61 (1951 Circo event in NYC). De Mille writes that it was she who successfully suggested that "Ballet Theatre  produce a suite of Carmelita's dances" (p. 60). During the Spanish Civil War, <mask> had been greatly moved by La Pasionaria, an exceptional woman whose emotional radio oratory championed a Republican faction. <mask>'s political views were strongly held; she "wanted to change the world through theater." Yet she probably overreacted in St. Paul. At the theater manager, according to Agnes de Mille, <mask> "let loose... the full extent of her primal rage. She attacked the man personally and all the people of St.Paul." Forty years later, in a private letter, "she still referred to 'the drunken audience jeering at Spanish heroes'. "Carmelita <mask> Papers re 1946 event in St. Paul: "It was a traumatic experience for <mask>... , particularly after Agnes de Mille alluded to the


title: Carmelita Maracci

texts: incident in her [1962] book To a Young Dancer." About her Circo de España at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, <mask> "was told by the famed dancer Agnes de Mille that the ballet was 'no good'." So wrote Jack Jones, a journalist for The Los Angeles Times. According to de Mille, however, <mask>'s performances had fascinated everyone in the ballet company. Yet when staged her brilliant solo dances did not fit well into the larger piece.The New York audience was "puzzled and not a little put off by Carmelita's austere, sardonic personality" and was "tepid in response". Oliver Smith, the co-director of Ballet Theatre, told de Mille it needed work, and to give <mask> a "pep talk" to pull the piece together. In <mask>'s dressing room, the pep talk unexpectedly  "produced in no time a collapse. She had to be carried out of the theater." A contrary view was expressed in a speech by dance journalist Donna Perlmutter. Although de Mille harbored an "intense admiration" for <mask>, she also had a "burning... I guess you could call it...jealousy." About the 1951 incident with Ballet Theatre,  "Agnes had no small part in this." <mask> had expressly requested dance and theater conditions that were promised, but not delivered. Consequently, she felt that the Circo de España performance "wasn't a ballet but a disaster." Antony Tudor, a resident choreographer with Ballet Theatre, however, afterward made some puzzling remarks. Perlmutter continued. After "reflecting on that April night... " de Mille


title: Carmelita Maracci

texts:
 "says she immediately told <mask> the ballet was no good, and because <mask> was always on the emotional brink, Donald Saddler carried her from the theater shortly thereafter.""Yes, I was devastated," <mask> admitted. "Agnes can be unbearably cruel. She came to my dressing room like a matador, people on either side of her... . She came to deliver the verdict. She told me that Tudor always says what he doesn't mean, that he meant I'm no good... ."Some of Perlmutter's oral remarks at the 2008 Centenary celebration drew from her 1985 article. Beyond the dissimilar views as to how it happened, there are different commentaries on its significance. The journalist Jack Jones writing about it, quotes what later "<mask> said of herself":

"People tell me my unplanned oblivion was a tragedy. ...But I say no. Save that word for human suffering, for wars that kill innocent people, for the devastation of the poor and unwanted, for the corruption and cruelty that cause these things in the world. Mine is no tragedy. If art could relieve misery, I'd gladly sacrifice it. "According to Perlmutter (video at 6:10-7:00), <mask> 'gave' this quote to Agnes de Mille. Ambivalent reflections

Agnes de Mille, her former student, expressed admiration for <mask>. In her book, de Mille describes the paradox of <mask>'s career.The New York Times had early "predicted international glory." True, "Carmelita had imagination, verve, energy, and fascination. What she did not have was the ability to cope with the

masks: Maracci Maracci Maracci Maracci Maracci Maracci Maracci


title: Carmelita Maracci

texts:
 practicalities of her career." At a setback in the late thirties in New York, she had "tongue-lashed all concerned". Collapses often are "contrived to hide flaws" yet her "talent was immaculate". Although managers want reliable clients, "anyone who prefers practical cooperation to genius is a fool." To build a great career, however, takes realistic courage, and a steadfast character; "those with a great gift generally have in their character a certain instinctive protection of the endowment."Here, "Carmie was a tragic exception. "de Mille wrote to <mask> that she and other dance professionals, Jerome Robbins and Martha Graham, had had psychiatric analysis and recommend it. <mask> was greatly offended, taking it as "wickedly mocking"; the fault was public taste and venal managers. She retired from the stage. de Mille, Portrait Gallery (1990), pp. 64–65, at 64 (quote). Donna Perlmutter, the Los Angeles journalist who carefully followed her career, quotes <mask> who here is musing on her own inner constellation, on her soul's passage through the arts:

"The terrain I've traveled led me into Goya's land of terror and blood soaked pits... ." Accordingly, "I could not be a dancer of fine dreams and graveyard decor.So I danced hard about what I saw and lived. I was not an absentee landlord. I was one of the dispossessed. "de Mille (1963), p. 165 (terrain quote of <mask>). "I was a gypsy joad," <mask> then said at the end, probably here referring to the Joad family in the 1939 novel The


title: Carmelita Maracci

texts:
 Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck. Cf., <mask> (1961). After interviews, especially of her husband Lee Freeson, and years of research, Perlmutter comes to layered conclusions.Her fate had elements of tragedy. The great gifts in the dance arts that she possessed and crafted were enjoyed for the most part by a few hundreds, by knowledgeable people in the City of Los Angeles, rather than by multitudes of aficionados nationwide, worldwide. Yet her fate was born of her character, her compass of principles. Perlmutter from a podium said:

"In literal terms, she Carmelita knew only privilege and doting parents, and never encountered a land of terror and blood soaked pits. Hers was purely a case of identification with its victims, an overt rallying to their cause, an imaginative leap. At its most profound, she tapped a kinship based on interior terror and ravaged spirit." However hard and durable was her perfectionist spirit, and however vivid her anger at acts of intentional cruelty or political mayhem, she also possessed a corresponding sensitivity for the suffering of the victims of the world.Although this might fuel her artistic expression, it also seemed to cause her vulnerability, her surprising fragility. Perhaps it led her to become overly sensitive, apprehensive before an general audience that likely would be ill-prepared, unsuspecting of her intense emotional charge.Perlmutter video at youtube, 14:49–15:17. "She did live in those 'blood soaked pits,' in her, in her mind, in her


title: Carmelita Maracci

texts:
 heart, in her soul. She was ravaged with fear. ... That's why the whole world didn't know her." On the other hand, it was the very strength of her principles that guided her when she grew and nurtured her art, and appraised the various offers to perform.Perlmutter (1985), she avoided "fame-makers and artist-merchants." Carmelita wrote:

"The performing artist is in a difficult position because the buying public doesn't want people who have dissenting opinions to disturb the illusion.""Aridity is the price we pay for fear of listening to the human cry." After she died of a heart attack her husband had to identify her body at the mortuary. Later he told Agnes de Mille that when he saw her Carmelita
"lay like a little girl, at most thirteen or fourteen years old, absolutely pure, incorporeal, weightless, a spirit. He thought she would float from the room. He had seen nothing like it in his life. This was the essence of la Maracci, a born dancer, a great one who had concealed herself, hidden somehow until this moment... ."

Teaching the ballet arts
As a student of <mask>, Allegra Kent developed "a sense of mild rebellion--I became an original dance creature." "Her reputation attracted students" whether the young or the professional dancer.For <mask> "teaching gave her more autonomy." She had offered instruction in ballet since the 1930s, but it became her focus as she approached her fiftieth year. "Her teaching included politics, poetry, music, and cooking, as a way to nurture the art


title: Carmelita Maracci

texts: of dance as an integral part of the student's journey of life. "de Mille (1990),  pp. 54–55, 66. Among her talents: cooking, drawing, dress design. She "showed me how to enjoy a city when one had no money at all" (p. 55)."She lived in a world of people who came to sit at her feet." Over a teaching career spanning 50 years, among others <mask> taught John Clifford, Gerald Arpino, Joan Bayley, Erik Bruhn, Leslie Caron, William Carter, Charlie Chaplin,  Geraldine Chaplin, Joan Chodorow, Janet Collins, Carmen de Lavallade, Agnes de Mille, Paul Godkin, Cynthia Gregory, Allegra Kent, Julie Newmar, Ruth Page, Tommy Rall, Tina Ramirez, Jerome Robbins, Janice Rule, Donald Saddler, Laurie Sibbald, Christine Sarry, and Gwen Verdon.Dunning (1987), students.Joan Bayley website. <mask> "turned down a lot of movie stars who came to her school wanting to take private lessons, even though she was struggling and needed the money." She was a major influence on Los Angeles dance teacher, Irina Kosmovska. Cynthia Gregory remembers her teaching class "on pointe and wearing pink tights puffing a cigarette, flicking it out the window and dashing off a fast, furious  set of pirouettes." "I think that a technique should be subordinated to the idea," Carmelita wrote. Tina Ramirez, the founder and artistic director of Ballet Hispanico, called <mask> a "fabulous dancer" who could "dance ballet on pointe" as well as she could in a Spanish style.She sought in her teaching to "influence the overall well-being" of


title: Carmelita Maracci

texts: her students. In "imaginative ways" <mask> related "the history of dance to that of music." She might say, "And now do an arabesque as if you were standing on top of the world looking down." Joan Chodorow describes <mask>i as "a great artist and teacher". She writes that when she was a young teenager, circa the late 1950s, she began "intensive studies" with her in Los Angeles. "[<mask>'s] daily classes became the center of my life. She demanded utter dedication from her students and imparted an unusually strong classical ballet technique.But technique was never an end in itself, rather it was necessary to give form to powerful images, to express the heights and depths of human experience. Music, emotion and dance were inseparable. Carmelita's accompanists were usually pianists of concert caliber who played with great feeling. The beauty of the music moved many of her students to tears, so it was not unusual to dance and at the same time weep." Allegra Kent writes, "As a teacher Carmelita was able to impart and illuminate... the ineffable qualities as well as the technical points of ballet." She treated me as an imaginative child, celebrated my learning, and taught me "that dancing can be a profound experience for the performer and the audience alike." She was generous."Carmelita showed me that feelings and emotions had to be genuine, not put on like a spangled dress for a party." Dancers listened to the music. "Somewhat like an athlete but also as an artist, we had to paint sound


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 and sculpt rhythm." "Passionately opinionated, Miss <mask> taught classes with a Socratic tinge, including talk of politics and the other arts of the time. She continued teaching during her last illness by gathering students around her bedside to talk with them of the art of ballet," wrote dance journalist Jennifer Dunning. A longtime student remarked, "Every class of hers was really a performance." A centennial event celebrating <mask>'s birth was held on September 28, 2008, in Los Angeles.References

Bibliography
Primary
Agnes de Mille, "<mask> Maracci" chapter in Portrait Gallery. Artists, impresarios, intimates (Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1990). Jennifer Dunning, "<mask> Maracci, a Ballet Instructor and Choreographer", Obituary, The New York Times, August 3, 1987. Jack Jones, "<mask> <mask>, the Dancers' Dancer, Dies", The Los Angeles Times, July 30, 1987. Allegra Kent, "Carmelita Maracci" in Dance Magazine, January 1, 2001, at The Free Library (website). Elspeth Kuang, "Carmelita Maracci" in Susan Ware and Stacy Braukman, editors, Notable American Women. A biographical dictionary.Completing the twentieth century, volume 5 (Harvard University 2005). <mask> <mask>, "The Portrait--the Individual Voice" in Impulse 1961. The Annual of Contemporary Dance. Donna Perlmutter, "A Legend's 'Unplanned Oblivion'," in The Los Angeles Times, April 21, 1985. Nancy Reynolds, "<mask> Maracci" in Selma Cohen, editor, The International Encyclopedia of Dance (Oxford University 1998). Jane Wollman

masks: Maracci Maracci Carmelita Carmelita Carmelita Maracci Carmelita Maracci Carmelita


title: Carmelita Maracci

texts:
 Rusoff, "Celebrating <mask> <mask>, who 'took the girdle off ballet'", The New York Times, May 22, 2017.Carmelita <mask> Papers (website).<mask> <mask> (website).Joan Bayley (website). Secondary
Ángel Alvarez Caballero, El cante flamenco (Madrid: Alianza Editorial 1994, 1998).Robert F. Amove, Talent Abounds. Profiles of master teachers and peak performers (New York: Rutledge 2009). Michael Bernal, The Golden Age of Spanish Dancing (Las Vegas: Lulu 2020). Manuel de Falla, El 'Cante Jondo' {Canto primitivo andaluz} (Granada: Editorial Urania 1922). Agnes de Mille, The book of the Dance (London: Paul Hamlyn 1963),
Agnes de Mille, America Dances. A personal chronicle, in words and pictures (New York: Macmillan 1980). Lynn Garafola, Diaghilev's Ballets Russes (Oxford University 1989).Naomi Jackson, Converging Movements. Modern Dance and Jewish Culture at the 92nd Street Y (Wesleyan University 2000). Léonide Massine, My Life in Ballet (London: Macmillan 1968). Eduardo Molina Fajardo, Manuel de Falla y El 'Cante Jondo' (Universidad de Granada 1962, 2d ed. 1998). Nancy Reynolds & Malcolm McCormick, No Fixed Points. Dance in the twentieth century (Yale University Press 2003).Mary Ellen Snodgrass, The Encyclopedia of World Ballet (Rowman and Littlefield 2015). External links
<mask> <mask>. <mask> <mask> at IMDb. <mask> <mask> photographs at LACMA. <mask> <mask> Papers at New York Public Library. Joan Bayley, "Early Life and training," as her student during the 1930s. Bethany Beacham, <mask>

masks: Carmelita Maracci Maracci Carmelita Maracci Carmelita Maracci Carmelita Maracci Carmelita Maracci Carmelita Maracci Carmelita


title: Carmelita Maracci

texts:
 <mask>, at ABT SideBarre, October 20, 2020.Accessed 2021-08-25. Jennifer Dunning, "<mask> <mask>, a Ballet Instructor and Choreographer", obituary. Jack Jones, "<mask> <mask>, the Dancers' Dancer, Dies", obituary. Allegra Kent, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Carmelita+Maracci.-a069066658 "<mask> <mask>], as her student in the 1950s. Elspeth Kuang, "Carmelita Maracci", article. Donna Perlmutter, "A Legend's 'Unplanned Oblivion'", article. "Perlmutter on Maracci Centenary - 2008" at youtube.com (16:32 video).Jane Wollman Rusoff, "Celebrating <mask> <mask>, who 'took the girdle off ballet', article. American female dancers
American choreographers
20th-century American dancers
Dancers from Nevada
Dancers from California
1908 births
1987 deaths
20th-century American

masks: Maracci Carmelita Maracci Carmelita Maracci Carmelita Maracci Carmelita Maracci


title: John Benbow

texts:
<mask> (10 March 16534 November 1702) was an English officer in the Royal Navy. He joined the navy aged 25 years, seeing action against Algerian pirates before leaving and joining the merchant navy where he traded until the Glorious Revolution of 1688, whereupon he returned to the Royal Navy and was commissioned. <mask> fought against France during the Nine Years War (1688–97), serving on and later commanding several English vessels and taking part in the battles of Beachy Head, Barfleur and La Hogue in 1690 and 1692. He went on to achieve fame during campaigns against Salé and Moor pirates; laying siege to Saint-Malo; and fighting in the West Indies against France during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714). <mask>'s fame and success earned him both public notoriety and a promotion to admiral. He was then involved in an incident during the action of August 1702, where a number of his captains refused to support him while commanding a squadron of ships. <mask> instigated the trial and later imprisonment or execution of a number of the captains involved, though he did not live to see these results.These events contributed to his notoriety, and led to several references to him in subsequent popular culture. Family and early years
<mask> was born the son of William and <mask>. The astrologer <mask> recorded the exact time and date of his birth as being at noon on 10 March 1653, and this is the date used by the National Museum of the Royal Navy, the Encyclopædia Britannica, and the local historical accounts of Joseph Nightingale published in 1818. A biography within an 1819 publication of The Gentleman's Magazine, however, records in a short biography entitled Life and Exploits of Admiral <mask> by D. Parkes that he was born in 1650, as does the 1861 Sea kings and naval heroes by <mask> Edgar. Edgar records that <mask>'s father died when <mask> was very young, while Parkes' account describes his father as being in the service of the Army under Charles I and not

masks:
John Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Martha Benbow
John Partridge
Benbow
John George
Benbow
Benbow


title: John Benbow

texts:
 dying until <mask> was in his teens. Encyclopædia Britannica writes that <mask>'s father was in fact a tanner. Meanwhile, his uncle, Thomas, was executed by Charles I.Both Parkes and the National Museum of the Royal Navy concur that <mask> was born in Coton Hill in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, and Nightingale asserts that the death of both uncle and father, and the family's association with Charles I in the years following his execution, ensured that the "family were brought very low." <mask>'s lack of possessions, Nightingale writes, turned him to a career at sea. Naval career

Early years
<mask> entered the Royal Navy on 30 April 1678, aged 25 years. He became master's mate aboard the 64-gun  under the command of Captain Arthur Herbert, whilst she was fitting out at Portsmouth. He sailed with her to the Mediterranean, where Herbert was promoted to the rank of vice-admiral whilst serving under the commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean, Admiral Sir <mask>. During this period the English fleet was often in action against the Barbary pirates of North Africa that were actively preying upon European shipping. Rupert herself captured an Algerine warship in 1678, which was later commissioned in the Royal Navy as HMS Tiger Prize.<mask> distinguished himself well in a number of actions against the Algerine vessels, and won Herbert's approval. On Narborough's return to England, Herbert was appointed acting commander-in-chief, and made <mask> master aboard  on 15 June 1679. Nonsuch would remain at Tangiers and off the African coast and had a number of successive captains who would go on to achieve flag rank, including George Rooke, Cloudesley Shovell and Francis Wheler. All were impressed by <mask>, and would afterwards help to advance his career. Nonsuch was next in action on 8 August 1681, this time against the Algerine warship Golden Horse. Golden Horse had been engaged by , under the command of Captain William Booth, and when Nonsuch arrived on the scene Golden Horse

masks:
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
John Narbugh
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow


title: John Benbow

texts:
 surrendered. A dispute then arose over the question of the prize money and how it should be shared out, and comments were made amongst Nonsuchs crew against those of Adventure.<mask>'s repetition of these eventually came to Booth's knowledge, and the captain brought a court-martial against <mask>, however this revealed that <mask> had only been repeating these words rather than being their originator. <mask> was ordered to forfeit three months' pay, amounting to £12 15s., to Adventures crew, and to "ask Captain Booth's pardon on board His Majesty's ship Bristol, declaring that he had no malicious intent in speaking those words; all the commanders being present, and a boat's crew of each ship's company". Merchant trading
Nonsuch then returned to England and was paid off on 9 November 1681. <mask> left the Royal Navy and entered the merchant service, sailing a merchant vessel from London and Bristol to ports in Italy and Spain. By 1686 he was a "tough merchant seaman" and the owner and commander of a frigate named Benbow, trading with the Levant. In May 1687 he commanded a merchant vessel, Malaga Merchant, and was aboard her when she was attacked by a Salé pirate. He mounted a successful defence and beat off the attack.It was claimed afterwards that he cut off and salted the heads of thirteen Moors who were slain aboard his ship, and then took them into Cadiz to claim a reward from the magistrates. A Moorish skull-cap, "coated with varnish and set in silver" and bearing the inscription "First adventure of Captain <mask>, and gift to Richard Ridley, 1687" is referred to in 1844 by Charles Dickens in Bentley's Miscellany where he speaks of Shrewsbury's history, and the 1885 Dictionary of National Biography also relates the story. Return to the Navy

<mask> only returned to the Royal Navy after the Glorious Revolution in 1688. His first recorded commission was to the post of third lieutenant of  on 1 June 1689, under the command of Captain David Mitchell. His first

masks:
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
John Benbow
Benbow


title: John Benbow

texts:
 command came on 20 September of that year, when he was appointed captain of . He was transferred to  on 26 October and then to  on 12 November. <mask>'s next post was as Master Attendant of Chatham Dockyard.He then moved to become Master Attendant at Deptford Dockyard in early March 1690, a post he intermittently held for the next six years. He was master of HMS Sovereign in summer 1690, under his old commander Arthur Herbert, now Lord Torrington. He was assigned to act as master of the fleet, and took part in the English defeat in the Battle of Beachy Head. After the defeat, a Royal Commission was held into the circumstances that led to it. <mask> was highly regarded as a specialist in both navigation and pilotage, and his evidence given in July 1690 to the preliminary investigation strongly favoured his old patron, Torrington. He did not however testify during Torrington's court-martial in December that year. <mask> continued aboard Sovereign throughout 1691, and by the summer of 1692, was again master of the fleet, this time under Admiral Edward Russell, then aboard Britannia.<mask> worked closely with his old colleague David Mitchell, then serving as Russell's first captain, and Josiah Burchett, Russell's clerk. <mask> may have advised Russell to take the Gull Passage inside the Goodwin Sands to the Downs, where they linked up with the Dutch forces. <mask> served as master of the fleet during the Battles of Barfleur and La Hogue. After the battles, <mask> returned to Deptford to resume his duties as master attendant, spending a brief period at Portsmouth Dockyard helping to oversee repairs to the fleet. He had already had his pay upgraded to that of a master attendant, he was now to be paid as a master, in addition to his master attendant's wage, presumably as an acknowledgement of his special services. With the bomb flotillas
<mask> returned to active naval service in September 1693, joining Thomas Phillips, the second engineer of the ordnance, in jointly

masks: Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow


title: John Benbow

texts:
 commanding a flotilla of bomb vessels to attack Saint-Malo. <mask> went aboard the 48-gun  and began the bombardment on 16 November.It continued intermittently until 19 November when a large fireship was sent into the harbour. An attempt was made to bring her alongside the town walls, but she ran aground, was set on fire, and exploded. Despite the failure of the initial plan, considerable damage was done, and <mask>'s forces were able to take the fort on Quince Rock and disabled it, carrying artillery and prisoners away and bringing them to Guernsey. <mask> was still dissatisfied with the overall result and initiated a court-martial against Captain Henry Tourville, accusing him of cowardice for not bringing his ship in closer. There was no conviction though, as the mortars were proved to be defective. <mask>'s experience led to him being promoted to a similar flotilla, this time to be deployed against Dunkirk under the command of Vice-Admiral Shovell. A number of converted merchant vessels, rigged like fireships but designed to explode rather than burn, were assigned to support the expedition.<mask> had a hand in preparing these vessels for the operation throughout 1694, and worked closely with the principal storekeeper of the ordnance, Willem Meesters. <mask>'s attacking fleet was covered by Shovell's fleet on the Downs and the attack was planned for 12 and 13 September. However, the French were able to block the entrance to the port, preventing <mask>'s squadron from entering, and a storm further disrupted operations. <mask> drew back from Dunkirk, and instead sailed around to Calais, where he carried out a further bombardment on 27 September. He returned to the Downs and then resumed his duties at Deptford Dockyard. He spent December organising a convoy for a fleet of merchant vessels due to sail to Cadiz. Rise to admiral

<mask> was soon at sea again in March 1695, being appointed commander-in-chief of His Majesty's ships which were then off the coast of

masks: Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow


title: John Benbow

texts:
 France.His squadron was highly successful, taking a number of French merchants in early April and bringing them to England as prizes. <mask> was recommended by Lord Berkeley, who had served with <mask> at Saint-Malo, to be promoted to rear-admiral at the next opportunity, and in the meantime he was appointed to the command of the 70-gun . He was soon joined by a volunteer – his then fourteen-year-old son – also named <mask>. <mask> then sailed with Berkeley and the Dutch lieutenant-admiral Philips van Almonde to Saint-Malo, intending to operate against privateering operations being conducted from the area. <mask> moved to command , to direct the inshore operations of ten English and Dutch warships, nine English bomb vessels, and seventeen small boats and vessels. They began operations on their arrival off Saint-Malo on 4 July, remaining in action until evening the next day when they withdrew, without having achieved any decisive result. Several houses had been destroyed for the damage and loss of a few of the bomb vessels.<mask> was given eight bomb vessels and seven or eight frigates and was dispatched down the coast. He attacked Granville on 8 July, shelling it with over 900 bombs over several hours, and departed having set the town ablaze. Public and private reception
The outcome of the operations had left <mask> in a tense relationship with his immediate superiors. Berkeley had been accused of excessive timidity in his actions, which it was believed had led to the failure of the attack on Dunkirk. <mask> on the other hand was widely lauded for his fearless inshore attacks with his bomb vessels. Berkeley wrote on 28 July:

As to Captain <mask>, I know of no difference between him and me, nor have we had any. He has no small obligation to me, but being called in some of the foolish printed papers ‘the famous <mask>’, I suppose has put him a little out of himself, and has made him play the fool, as I guess, in some of his letters.I will not farther now particularize

masks:
Benbow
Benbow
John Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Captain Benbow


title: John Benbow

texts:
 this business, but time will show I have not been in the wrong, unless being too kind to an ungrateful man. However the Admiralty approved of <mask>'s conduct and ordered him "to be paid as Rear-Admiral during the time he has been employed this summer on the coast of France ... as a reward for his good service." <mask> was then appointed to the grand committee of sixty men to oversee the plans for Greenwich Hospital in December 1695, but the issue dragged on until 1 May 1696. The Admiralty again stepped in and <mask> was finally promoted and appointed commander-in-chief of the squadron before Dunkirk as "Rear-Admiral of the Blue for the duration of this present expedition" and moved aboard the 70-gun . His orders were to protect English and Dutch shipping, especially from the squadron of the privateer Jean Bart. Bart was mostly successful in evading pursuit however, usually escaping into Dunkirk when <mask>'s force drew near. <mask> was appointed to command a squadron in the Soundings in December 1696.He carried out a number of cruises between March and August 1697, protecting allied trade and escorting the West Indian and Virginian merchant fleets into port. These activities marked the last English naval expedition of the war. He also carried out reconnaissance activities on the French fleet in port in Brest in July, before resuming patrol operations off Dunkirk, this time in concert with a number of Dutch ships under Rear-Admiral Philips van der Goes, until the end of the war in September 1697. Appointment to the West Indies
<mask> was made commander-in-chief of the King's ships in the West Indies on 9 March 1698 and instructed to tackle the issue of piracy. He sailed in November, the first leg taking him from Portsmouth to Madeira. Sailing under his protection from the Salé pirates was Paramore, under Edmond Halley, then sailing to the North Atlantic to carry out experiments to observe magnetic variations. <mask> finally reached Barbados in February 1699, and moved

masks: Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow


title: John Benbow

texts:
 to the Spanish Main aboard his flagship, the 60-gun .He threatened the governor of Cartagena with a blockade, and so compelled him to restore two English merchant ships that he had detained. These ships had been intended to take part in an expedition against the Scottish Darién scheme. Without the ships, this became impossible and the colonists were saved for the time being. This was counter to the English government's desire to see the end of the Scottish colonising efforts, and in June <mask> and the other West Indies governors received orders "not to assist the Scotch colony in Darien." <mask> then sailed as far north as Newfoundland in order to drive the pirates away, but they evaded capture. <mask> returned to England in the summer of 1700, and was appointed to the command of a fleet in the Downs. <mask> served there until summer 1701, under the command of Admiral Sir George Rooke.He was promoted to rear-admiral of the red on 14 April, followed by vice-admiral of the blue on 30 June. He then flew his flag in the 70-gun . Spanish treasure fleet, West Indies, the action of 1702
With the peace becoming increasingly uneasy, the English government became concerned over the possible fate of the Spanish silver fleet, due to arrive in European waters from America. They were worried that the French would intercept the ships and use the treasure for war preparations. <mask> was issued secret instructions to find the fleet, and then "to seize and bring them to England, taking care that no embezzlement be made". <mask>'s squadron was detached on 2 September and sailed for the West Indies, arriving on 14 November, and was at the Jamaica Station in mid-December. He remained there for several months, being joined on 8 May 1702 by several vessels under Captain William Whetstone.Whetstone was made Rear-Admiral under <mask>, who had been promoted to Vice-Admiral of the White on 19 January 1702

By now, the War of the Spanish Succession had broken out, and news of its declaration


title: John Benbow

texts: reached <mask> on 7 July. He detached Whetstone and six ships to search off Port St Louis in Hispaniola for a French squadron under Admiral Jean du Casse, which he believed would call at the port on his voyage to Cartagena, and from there he might raid English and Dutch shipping. After Whetstone had left, <mask> took his squadron and sailed for Cartagena, anticipating that either he or Whetstone would find Du Casse and bring him to battle. By the time that Whetstone had reached Hispaniola, Du Casse had already departed. <mask>'s force subsequently sighted the French on 19 August, sailing off Cape Santa Marta. The French had three transports and four warships carrying between 68 and 70 guns, while <mask> commanded seven ships carrying between 50 and 70 guns. The English forces were heavily scattered, and the light winds meant that they were slow to regroup.They did not achieve a form of collective order until four in the afternoon, after which a partial engagement was fought, lasting about two hours, until nightfall caused the fleets to temporarily break off. The action quickly revealed a breakdown in discipline amongst <mask>'s captains. He had intended that the 64-gun  under Captain Richard Kirkby would lead the line of battle, but Kirkby was not maintaining his station. <mask> decided to take the lead himself, and Breda pulled ahead, followed by the 50-gun  under Captain George Walton. The two maintained contact with the French throughout the night, but the other five ships refused to close. The chase ensued until 24 August, with only <mask>, Walton, and Samuel Vincent aboard  making active efforts to bring the French to battle. At times, they bore the brunt of the fire of the entire squadron.Ruby was disabled on 23 August, and <mask> ordered her to retire to Port Royal. The French resumed the action at two in the morning on 24 August, the entire squadron closing on Breda from astern and pounding her. <mask> himself was hit by a chain-shot that broke his leg and he


title: John Benbow

texts:
 was carried below. <mask> was determined to continue the pursuit, despite his wounds and despite Captain Kirkby's arrival on board, attempting to persuade <mask> to abandon the pursuit. <mask> summoned a council of war, and the other captains agreed, signing a paper drafted by Kirkby which declared that they believed "that after six days of battle the squadron lacked enough men to continue and that there was little chance of a decisive action, since the men were exhausted, there was a general lack of ammunition, the ships' rigging and masts were badly damaged, and the winds were generally variable and undependable." They recommended breaking off the action and following the French to see if the situation improved. <mask> had "seen the cowardly behaviour of some of them before, [and] had reason to believe that they either had a design against him or to be traitors to their country if an opportunity happened that the French could have destroyed the Admiral".He, therefore, ordered the squadron to return to Jamaica. On their arrival, he ordered the captains to be imprisoned, awaiting a trial by court-martial. <mask> received a letter from du Casse after the engagement:

Sir,
I had little hopes on Monday last but to have supped in your cabin: but it pleased God to order it otherwise. I am thankful for it. As for those cowardly captains who deserted you, hang them up, for by God they deserve it. Yours,
Du Casse. Trial of the captains
Acting Rear-Admiral Whetstone returned to Port Royal, having spent 62 days cruising off Hispaniola, and preparations were made for the trial.Before it could begin, Captain Thomas Hudson died, who had commanded . The remaining captains appeared at the court-martial which convened on Breda, held between 19 and 23 October. Due to his injuries, <mask> passed to Whetstone the role of presiding over the court, but he was present at the trial. The court found Captain Kirkby of  and Cooper Wade of  guilty of breach of orders, neglect of duty, and the

masks: Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow


title: John Benbow

texts:
 "ill signed paper and consultation ... which obliged the Admiral ... to give over the chase and fight", and condemned them to be shot. <mask> of  was found guilty of breach of orders and drunkenness and was cashiered. Samuel Vincent of Falmouth and Christopher Fogg of Breda were initially sentenced to be cashiered for signing the six captains' resolution, but <mask> personally declared that they had fought bravely, and their sentences were remitted by the Lord High Admiral. The sentences were deferred so that Queen Anne could have a chance to examine the proceedings.After her consideration in January 1703, she allowed the sentences to proceed and Constable, Kirkby, and Wade were returned to England as prisoners. Constable was imprisoned until 1704, when the Queen pardoned him. Kirkby and Wade were shot aboard  on 16 April 1703 while she was anchored in Plymouth Sound under Captain Edward Acton. Controversy slowly began to develop over the events of August 1702. Supporters of the disgraced Kirkby and Wade sought to discredit <mask> by publishing their own account of the action. Death and burial
<mask> died at Port Royal, Kingston, Jamaica on 4 November 1702. Whetstone reported that the cause of death was "the wound of his leg which he received in battle with Monsieur Du Casse, it never being set to perfection, which malady being aggravated by the discontent of his mind, threw him into a sort of melancholy which ended his life as before."He was buried on 16 November in the chancel of St Andrew's Church, Kingston. A marble slab was later laid over the grave, emblazoned with a coat of arms and inscribed:

Here lyeth the Body of <mask>, Esq., Admiral of the White, a true pattern of English Courage, who lost his life in Defence of his Queene & Country, November the 4th, 1702, In the 52nd year of his age, by a wound in his Legg. Received in an Engagement with Monsr. Du Casse; being Much Lamented. Secretary of State Lord Nottingham wrote to <mask> in January 1703, before news

masks:
John Constable
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
John Benbow
Benbow


title: John Benbow

texts:
 of his death had reached London, to inform him that the queen was "extremely well pleased with your conduct and much offended with the baseness of those officers who deserted and betrayed you." Meanwhile, the cabinet was preparing to promote him to vice-admiral of the white and to dispatch him to transport troops to Newfoundland. Personal life and legacy
<mask> married a woman named Martha (died 1722) after his return to England in 1681.The couple had at least seven children, including daughter Martha and sons Richard and <mask>. Another son Solomon was baptised in 1686 but died in infancy. There are also records of two more sons named Richard who were born in Kent, and another daughter named Katherine. Son <mask> went on to serve in the Royal Navy. The family lived in the parish of St Dunstan and All Saints, Stepney. In 1709, Katherine married Paul Calton of Milton, Berkshire, where <mask> is said to have stayed in the 1690s. According to Parish Records <mask> son of Admiral <mask> was buried at St Nicholas Parish Church, Deptford, Kent (now SE London) on 7 April 1729.One of the admiral's granddaughters married the Rev. <mask>, who commissioned the current Stoke Hall, Derbyshire, following his acquisition of the estate upon their marriage. <mask> and Peter the <mask> signed a three-year lease on Sayes Court in June 1696, a house belonging to diarist <mask>. Six months later, Evelyn wrote to a friend complaining, "I have let my house to Captain <mask>, and have the mortification of seeing everyday much of my former labours and expenses there impairing for want of a more polite tenant." In January 1698, Tsar Peter of Russia arrived in London to study British shipbuilding and seamanship. He and his entourage were provided with Sayes Court to reside in during their stay by William III. The Russians spent three months in London before leaving to tour the country.<mask> promptly asked for reparations from the Treasury, in order to be able to reimburse Evelyn and recover his

masks:
Benbow
John
John
Benbow
William Benbow
John Benbow
John Simpson
Benbow
Great Benbow
John Evelyn
Benbow
Benbow


title: John Benbow

texts:
 own losses. He complained that the Russians had caused considerable damage to his house, with "much of the furniture broke, lost or destroyed". Christopher Wren was instructed to survey the property and declared it "entirely ruined". <mask> lost "twenty fine paintings" and "several fine draughts and other designs relating to the Sea" from his personal property. The Treasury eventually allowed payment of £350 9s. 6d. in compensation."Brave Benbow"

<mask>'s fame led to his name entering popular culture. A monument by sculptor <mask> Thomas was erected in 1843 by public subscription in St Mary's Church, Shrewsbury commemorating <mask> as "a skillful and daring seaman whose heroic exploits long rendered him the boast of the British Navy and still point him out as the Nelson of his times." A 74-gun ship of the line and two battleships were named . There are a number of real life <mask> public houses around the world, and other institutions that have borne his name. Whether they are named as a result of Robert Louis Stevenson's use of "The Admiral Benbow Inn" in his novel Treasure Island, or if they're named for the Admiral himself, it is impossible to say. It is alleged that Stevenson named the Hawkins' Inn after the arrest of several members of the "Benbow Brandy Men" smuggling gang that frequented the Benbow pub in Penzance shortly before he visited in August 1877. The incident of August 1702 also took hold on the popular imagination, and was celebrated in an alehouse song, listed as number 223 in the Roud Folk Song Index:

Come all you seamen bold
and draw near, and draw near,
Come all you seamen bold and draw near.It's of an Admiral's fame,
O brave <mask> was his name,
How he fought all on the main,
you shall hear, you shall hear. <mask> he set sail
For to fight, for to fight
<mask> he set sail for to fight. <mask> he set sail
with a fine and pleasant gale
But his captains they turn'd tail
in a fright, in a fright. Says Kirby unto Wade:
We will run, we will run
Says

masks:
Benbow
Benbow
John Evan
Benbow
Admiral Benbow
Benbow
Brave Benbow
Brave Benbow
Brave Benbow


title: John Benbow

texts:
 Kirby unto Wade, we will run. For I value no disgrace,
nor the losing of my place,
But the enemy I won't face,
nor his guns, nor his guns. The Ruby and Benbow
fought the French, fought the French
The Ruby and Benbow fought the French. They fought them up and down,
till the blood came trickling down,
Till the blood came trickling down
where they lay, where they lay.<mask> lost his legs
by chain shot, by chain shot
<mask> lost his legs by chain shot. <mask> lost his legs,
And all on his stumps he begs,
Fight on my English lads,
'Tis our lot, 'tis our lot. The surgeon dress'd his wounds,
Cries <mask>, cries <mask>
The surgeon dress'd his wounds, cries <mask>. Let a cradle now in haste,
on the quarterdeck be placed
That the enemy I may face
'Til I die, 'Til I die. Its musical theme forms one of the three arrangements on which English composer Ralph Vaughan Williams based his Sea Songs, originally arranged for military band in 1923 as the second movement of his English Folk Song Suite, and subsequently re-arranged for full orchestra in 1942 by the composer. The song was collected in the oral tradition from traditional singers in England in the twentieth century. A recording of Sam Bennett of Ilmington, Warwickshire made by James Madison Carpenter in the 1930s can be heard on the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library Website.The Copper Family also have a traditional version of the song which was passed down through several generations and is available online. Another song has survived from the period with different air and rhythm but also known as Admiral Benbow, and it is often sung by folksingers. It begins We sailed from Virginia and thence to Fayal. References

Specific

General

Online

Printed

External links

 Letitia Elizabeth's poem '<mask>' on an illustration and accompanied by a commentary (scroll down)

1653 births
1702 deaths
17th-century Royal Navy personnel
British military personnel of the Nine Years' War
British naval commanders in the War of the Spanish

masks:
Brave Benbow
Brave Benbow
Brave Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Admiral Benbow


title: Jocelyn Benson

texts:
<mask> (born October 22, 1977) is an American politician, jurist, and former academic administrator. She is the 43rd Secretary of State of Michigan. <mask> is a former dean of Wayne State University Law School, a co-founder of the Military Spouses of Michigan, and a board member of the Ross Initiative in Sports for Equality. She is the author of State Secretaries of State: Guardians of the Democratic Process (2010). On November 6, 2018, <mask> was elected as Michigan’s Secretary of State, becoming the first Democrat to hold the office since Richard H. Austin left office in 1995. Education and career
<mask> graduated magna cum laude from Wellesley College, where she founded the now-annual Women in American Political Activism conference and was the first student to be elected to serve in the governing body for the town of Wellesley, Massachusetts. She subsequently earned her master's in sociology as a Marshall Scholar at Magdalen College, Oxford, in the United Kingdom, conducting research into the sociological implications of white supremacy and neo-Nazism.Prior to attending law school, <mask> also lived in Montgomery, Alabama, where she worked for the Southern Poverty Law Center as an investigative journalist, researching white supremacist and neo-Nazi organizations. <mask> has also worked as a summer associate for voting rights and election law for the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, and as a legal assistant to Nina Totenberg at National Public Radio. <mask> received her JD from Harvard Law School, where she was a general editor of the Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review. From 2002–2004, she served as the Voting Rights Policy Coordinator of the Harvard Civil Rights Project, a non-profit organization that sought to link academic research to civil rights advocacy efforts, where she worked on the passage of the federal Help America Vote

masks:
Jocelyn Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson


title: Jocelyn Benson

texts:
 Act. Upon graduation from Harvard Law, <mask> moved to Detroit to serve as a law clerk to the Honorable Damon J. Keith on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Wayne Law
<mask> was appointed dean of Wayne State Law School in December 2012 at the age of 35, becoming the youngest woman to lead a top 100 law school in United States history. As dean she significantly expanded the law school's opportunities for experiential learning and established two "marquee" programs: the Levin Center at Wayne Law, chaired by former United States Senator Carl Levin, and the Program on Entrepreneurship and Business Law, which helps aspiring business professionals in underserved communities participate in the economic revival of Detroit.The PEBL program offers early-stage legal assistance to participating local startups and creates forums for entrepreneurs to receive general legal guidance, access community resources and share their own business experience. Prior to being appointed Dean in 2012, <mask> was the Associate Director of the Damon J. Keith Center for Civil Rights, where she started the Michigan Allies Project, an effort designed to track hate incidents throughout Michigan and provide legal support for victims. The Ross Initiative in Sports for Equality
From 2016–2018 <mask> served as CEO of the Ross Initiative in Sports for Equality (RISE), where she led a coalition of all major sports leagues to empower athletes to advance equality. One of her major initiatives as CEO of RISE was to launch RISE to VOTE, a nonpartisan effort to register professional and college athletes to vote and encourage them to lead their fans in becoming informed and engaged citizens. Military Spouses of Michigan
In 2012, <mask> joined with three military spouses and family members in Michigan to create Military Spouses of Michigan, a network dedicated to providing support and

masks: Benson Benson Benson Benson Benson


title: Jocelyn Benson

texts:
 services to military family members and veterans in Michigan. In January 2013, the group was selected to represent the state of Michigan in the Presidential Inaugural Parade; the only group of military spouses to receive that honor. Civics education and election law
In 2011, <mask> was selected to serve with retired U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor on the national board of directors of iCivics, Inc., a nonprofit created by Justice O'Connor to improve civics education throughout the country.In addition to serving as an appointed member of the American Bar Association's Standing Committee on Election Law, she is also the founder and current director of the Michigan Center for Election Law, which hosts projects that support transparency and integrity in elections. In 2011 the center hosted Michigan's first "Citizens' Redistricting Competition", providing an opportunity for Michigan citizens to access software and draw their own redistricting maps for the state. <mask> developed and supervised three statewide nonpartisan election protection efforts in Michigan in 2007, 2008 and 2012. During the 2008 election, she was called to testify before the U.S. House Judiciary Committee, where she called on Secretary Terri Lynn Land to ban the use of foreclosure lists to challenge voters' eligibility on Election Day. She is a frequent commentator on voting rights and election law on local news and radio broadcasts. In 2007, <mask> worked with several groups to successfully keep a Secretary of State branch office open in Buena Vista Township, Michigan. The U.S. Department of Justice, under then-President George W. Bush, concluded that the closure of the office would violate the Voting Rights Act.Secretary of State
In March 2010, <mask> published her first book, State Secretaries of State: Guardians of the Democratic Process. The book highlights best

masks: Benson Benson Benson Benson


title: Jocelyn Benson

texts:
 practices of secretaries of state from throughout the country and seeks to inform voters about how secretaries of state from either side of the political spectrum can work to advance democracy and election reform. After working with secretaries of state from around the country while researching the book, <mask> was inspired to run for the office in her resident state of Michigan. On October 27, 2017, <mask> announced her candidacy for Michigan Secretary of State. She was elected on November 6, 2018, defeating Republican Mary Treder Lang, becoming the first Democrat to serve since Richard Austin left office in 1995. Family and personal life
A long-distance runner, <mask> averages two full marathons per year. She has completed twenty-three full marathons since 2005, including races in New York City, Honolulu, San Francisco, Washington DC, Florence, Venice, Chicago and Philadelphia.She completed her 18th marathon representing Team Red White and Blue in Rome, Italy. In 2016 she completed her second Boston Marathon and became one of a handful of women in history to complete the Boston Marathon while more than eight months pregnant. Awards
Crain's Detroit Business named her one of Michigan's "Most Influential Women" in 2016 and in October 2015 she became one of the youngest women in the state's history to be inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame, second only to Serena Williams. Electoral history

References

External links

 Government website
 Campaign website

1977 births
Living people
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
American legal scholars
Harvard Law School alumni
Lawyers from Detroit
Marshall Scholars
Michigan Democrats
Secretaries of State of Michigan
Wayne State University faculty
Wellesley College alumni
Women in Michigan politics
Women legal scholars
American women

masks: Benson Benson Benson


title: Paul Westerberg

texts:
<mask> (born December 31, 1959) is an American musician, best known as the lead singer, guitarist, and songwriter for the Replacements. Following the breakup of the Replacements, <mask> launched a solo career that saw him release three albums on major record labels. Following the release of his third solo album, <mask> has been mostly releasing music that he has self-produced and recorded in his basement home studio. He has also released two albums and an EP under the pseudonym Grandpaboy. In 2017, Westerberg released songs on SoundCloud as User 964848511 and on Bandcamp as Dry Wood Garage. Career

The Replacements

In the late 1970s, <mask> was working as a janitor for U.S. Senator David Durenberger, and one day while walking home from work, he heard a band practicing Yes's "Roundabout" in a basement.He talked his way into the band by convincing the singer that the other band members — Bob Stinson, Chris Mars and Tommy Stinson — were going to fire the singer. The singer quit, and Westerberg joined the group. The band was originally called the Impediments, and they played their first gig in the basement of a church, playing to members of a nearby halfway house who did not appreciate their drunken shenanigans. They soon changed their name to the Replacements after several venues declined to advertise the band under their original name. The Replacements began performing in the Twin Cities punk scene, showcasing <mask>'s songs in a classic rock–friendly punk style. The band made three albums and an EP for local label Twin/Tone before signing to Sire Records in 1985. They

masks:
Paul Harold Westerberg
Westerberg
Westerberg
Westerberg
Westerberg


title: Paul Westerberg

texts:
 made four albums for Sire, each with a different lineup.Despite the jump to Sire, the Replacements never translated their critical success into commercial sales. The band broke up in 1991. Their final album, All Shook Down, was mainly a Westerberg solo project; there were a number of guest performers and the other three members of the band (including Slim Dunlap, who had replaced Bob Stinson three years earlier to tour in support of Pleased to Meet Me), made minimal contributions. Mars left the band soon after the album was released. After touring for the album (which was critically well-received) with replacement Replacements, <mask> and bassist Tommy Stinson went their separate ways. Solo work
Westerberg's first solo releases were two songs, "Waiting for Somebody" and "Dyslexic Heart", for the soundtrack to the 1992 Cameron Crowe film Singles, for which he is also credited with composing and performing the score. The following year, Reprise Records released his first solo album, 14 Songs.During the interim between solo albums, <mask>'s songs appeared on Melrose Place ("A Star Is Bored") and Friends (his cover of Jonathan Edwards' "Sunshine" and "Stain Yer Blood") television soundtracks, in 1994 and 1995 respectively. <mask> co-wrote the song "Backlash" with Joan Jett for her 1991 album Notorious and played guitar with her on the song's video. He also recorded a duet with Jett ("Let's Do It") for the Tank Girl soundtrack (1994). In 1996, he released his second solo album, titled Eventually, which was tepidly received by critics and had modest sales. It did yield the

masks: Westerberg Westerberg Westerberg


title: Paul Westerberg

texts: alternative radio hit "Love Untold". <mask> parted ways with Reprise Records, and the following year chose to release songs that were more blues-influenced and less slickly produced under the name Grandpaboy. An EP and single were released by indie label Soundproof/Monolyth Records.His third album, Suicaine Gratifaction, is a piano-driven, melancholy, and highly personal work that was released on Capitol Records in 1999. The label was undergoing reorganization and the album was given minimal promotion. <mask> appeared on a fifth-season episode of The Larry Sanders Show (entitled "Larry's New Love") performing "Ain't Got Me" from Eventually. The episode first aired on February 26, 1997. <mask> also performed the song that same year on The Tonight Show hosted by Jay Leno. <mask> quit the major-label circuit for three years before staging a comeback in 2002. With new management and a new independent label, Vagrant Records, he released two records simultaneously, Stereo and Mono (Mono being released under his alter ego Grandpaboy).Stereo and Mono were recorded in Westerberg's basement studio. <mask> became increasingly prolific, releasing Dead Man Shake (as Grandpaboy), Come Feel Me Tremble, and Folker all within the next two years. <mask> contributed a cover of the Beatles' "Nowhere Man" for the 2002 soundtrack to the 2001 film I Am Sam. Additionally, "Lookin' Up in Heaven" appears on the Starbucks sampler Hear Music, Vol. 10: Reveal, "Outta My System" can be found on Hot Stove, Cool Music, Vol. 1, and the Vagrant Records sampler Another Year on the Streets, Vol. 3

masks: Westerberg Westerberg Westerberg Westerberg Westerberg Westerberg


title: Paul Westerberg

texts: features "As Far As I Know."All three compilations were released in 2004. In December 2005, <mask> reconvened with Tommy Stinson and Chris Mars to record two new songs for the Replacements' compilation titled Don't You Know Who I Think I Was?, which was released in 2006. In 2006, <mask> wrote eight original songs for the animated film Open Season. Two of the songs were covered by other artists. The track "Wild As I Wanna Be" is performed by Deathray, whereas Pete Yorn performs "I Belong (Reprise)." In addition, Tommy Stinson is featured playing bass on the songs "Love You in the Fall" and "Right to Arm Bears." The soundtrack also includes the song "Good Day" from <mask>'s solo album Eventually.After he was seen on stage playing a First Act production model guitar, <mask> collaborated with the Boston-based guitar manufacturer in September 2006 to create his signature edition PW580 with a red plaid pickguard. On July 21, 2008, <mask> released an album with 49 minutes' worth of music for 49 cents. The album, 49:00... Of Your Time/Life, was taken down from Amazon.com and TuneCore store a few weeks later. In its place, <mask> released a song titled "5:05" (a reference to the fact that 49:00 was really 43:55 long, 5:05 shorter than 49:00). From the lyrical content of "5:05," it is believed that 49:00 was recalled because of copyright issues in the ending cover medley. On August 27, 2008, <mask> released two new songs, "3oclockreep" and "Finally Here Once", on TuneCore. On September 13, 2008, another new song, "Bored of Edukation," was released as an MP3 download on

masks: Westerberg Westerberg Westerberg Westerberg Westerberg Westerberg Westerberg


title: Paul Westerberg

texts:
 Amazon.com.On December 24, 2008, <mask> released three songs; "Always in a Manger", the folk music standard "Streets of Laredo", and "D.G.T." on tunecore.com for $0.74. On September 22, 2009, <mask> released an EP titled PW & The Ghost Gloves Cat Wing Joy Boys with six songs: "Ghost on the Canvas," "Drop Them Gloves," "Good as the Cat," "Love on the Wing", "Gimmie Little Joy" and "Dangerous Boys". Following the March 2010 death of his chief musical influence Alex Chilton, <mask> wrote a eulogy for Chilton that appeared in The New York Times. In May 2010, he played "Dangerous Boys" and "Time Flies Tomorrow" standing on the visitors' dugout at Target Field for the documentary 40 Nights of Rock & Roll. <mask> appeared in the video for the title track of Glen Campbell's 2011 farewell studio recording, a cover of Ghost on the Canvas (which Westerberg wrote in 2009). In the May 24, 2013 online version of The New York Times' Measure for Measure feature, he set forth his songwriting creed, which privileges the virtues of inspiration and spontaneity over gradually developing and revising a song.In late 2015, <mask> announced that he had formed a new band called the I Don't Cares with musician Juliana Hatfield. Their debut album, Wild Stab, was released in January 2016. Personal life
<mask> was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the son of Mary Louise (née Philipp) and Harold ('Hal') <mask> (1918–2003), an employee of Cadillac-General Motors. He has four sisters: Anne, Julie, Agnes and Mary. He married his first wife, Lori Bizer, in 1987. After their divorce, he married former

masks:
Westerberg
Westerberg
Westerberg
Westerberg
Westerberg
Westerberg
Robert Westerberg


title: Paul Westerberg

texts:
 Zuzu's Petals guitarist and author Laurie Lindeen. They divorced in 2014.They have a son, Johnny (born 1998), whose voice is likely on 49:00 and "Whatever Makes You Happy" from <mask>'s solo album Suicaine Gratifaction. <mask> severely injured his fretting hand in 2006 in an accident while trying to remove candle wax with a screwdriver, leaving his ring finger on his left hand numb. The Replacements reunited in 2012, notably playing several dates at Riot Fest in 2013 and the Coachella Music Festival in 2014. The Replacements once again disbanded in 2015. <mask> resides in Edina, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis. His younger sister, Mary Lucia, is a DJ at local radio station 89.3 The Current. He grew up Catholic.<mask> has had problems with alcoholism but overcame his addiction in 1990. He has since resumed drinking occasionally in moderation. Honors and awards
<mask> has been honored with two stars on the outside mural of the Minneapolis nightclub First Avenue, recognizing performers that have played sold-out shows or have otherwise demonstrated a major contribution to the culture at the iconic venue. <mask> and the Replacements each have a star on the mural, making <mask> one of the few musicians to be honored with multiple stars. Receiving a star "might be the most prestigious public honor an artist can receive in Minneapolis," according to journalist Steve Marsh. Solo discography

Studio albums
14 Songs (Sire/Reprise Records, 1993)
Eventually (Reprise Records, 1996)
Suicaine Gratifaction (EMI/Capitol, 1999)
Stereo (Vagrant Records, 2002)
Come Feel Me Tremble


title: Paul Westerberg

texts:
 Heaven"
Besterberg: The Best of <mask> (Rhino, 2005)
Open Season: Featuring the songs of <mask> (Lost Highway Records, 2006)
For New Orleans (2006) – "Old Money" (under the alias PW & The Honky Heartattax). Catch and Release (2007) – "Let the Bad Times Roll"

References

External links
The Skyway
Color Me Impressed.com – The Unofficial Replacements Database
Man Without Ties – The <mask>berg Site
<mask>.net: A bad idea whose time has come

1959 births
Living people
American people of Swedish descent
American male singer-songwriters
American rock songwriters
American rock singers
Sire Records artists
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Grandpaboy
Singer-songwriters from Minnesota
The Replacements (band) members
Guitarists from Minnesota
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male

masks:
Paul Westerberg
Paul Westerberg
Paul Wester
Paul Westerberg


title: Sava Grujić

texts: <mask> (, , 25 November 1840 – 3 November 1913) was a Serbian politician, statesman, general, army officer, and author, serving five times as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Serbia under two different monarchs from 1887 to 1906. As an officer <mask> participated in both Serbian-Ottoman Wars (1876–77; 1877–78) which lead to Serbia's full independence from the Ottoman Empire; a military strategist he drafted the war plan before becoming Minister of War carrying out reforms of the military strengthening Serbia's national army before her victory against the Ottomans. Brave and resourceful on the battlefield, he was also a gifted diplomat, advocating the interests of his country in the courtyards of Europe, Russia, and Turkey. During his diplomatic career he was Serbia's representative to the Russian Empire, Serbian Deputy in Constantinople, Serbia's representative to Bulgaria and Serbian Deputy in Athens before serving as minister for foreign affairs. During the conflict between Russia, Turkey, and Austria, <mask> was sent as a special envoy to Constantinople to negotiate with the Turks on behalf of the Russian Empire. A skilled politician, <mask> was one of the leaders of the People's Radical Party serving as Prime Minister, Minister of Defence, Minister of Foreign Affairs several times between 1876 and 1910 in the Governments of both Karađorđević and Obrenović. As Chairman of the first radical Council of Ministers, he oversaw the introduction of a new constitution, redefining a more democratic and liberal Serbian society.He headed the Serbian delegation at the Second Peace Conference which led to the signing of the Hague Convention 1907. An honorary member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, he wrote many

masks:
Sava Grujić
Grujić
Grujić
Grujić


title: Sava Grujić

texts:
 books about diplomacy military organisation and war, some of them still in use today. <mask> was considered one of the builders of Yugoslavia and played an instrumental role in its creation. He was an able negotiator and diplomat and with some of his contemporaries put together ideas for the formation of a south Slav state working together with prominent liberals of his day. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born on 25 November 1840 in Kolari, a village in the district of Smederevo, just ten years after Serbia became a semi-independent principality after three and a half centuries of Turkish occupation. His paternal grandfather was Gruja Ilić, brother and aide-de-camp of Vule Ilić, a well-known Vojvoda (military commander) who distinguished himself at the battle of Suvobor and at the siege of Belgrade during the First Serbian Uprising. Sava's childhood was full of stories in which the best and boldest men were relentlessly carrying the guerrilla war against the nation's oppressor dreaming of freeing the Serb lands from Turkish rule once and for all.Once he finished his elementary education at the local school, an Orthodox priest and a local public official recognising <mask>'s potential, arranged for him to go to Belgrade for secondary education. Early military career

Officer cadet and lieutenant
In 1856 Grujić attended the Serbian Military Academy in Belgrade, the Academy known at that time as the Artillery School had been established only 6 years before, was the first military educational institution in Serbia, it contained a military high school, offering secondary level education, and a school of national defence, which conducted officer training, the main military subjects at the Artillery School,

masks: Grujić Sava Grujić Grujić


title: Sava Grujić

texts: and later at the Military Academy, were taught by Prussian instructorship education lasted until 1861. Upon graduation, he was commissioned as second lieutenant of artillery and as top graduate entered the Kriegsakademie (also known as the Prussian War College) in Berlin to continue his military education and for the practical study of artillery; at the time the Academy was the highest military facility of the Kingdom of Prussia to educate, train, and develop general staff officers. Grujić graduated in December 1864, wanting to get a higher theoretical artillery formation, Grujić left Prussia to serve in the Imperial Russian Army, he entered service with the 23rd Artillery Brigade in St Petersburg. While serving with the 23rd Brigade, wishing to achieve a high-level specialisation, Grujić applied then was admitted at the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy in 1865, the Academy prepared officers to become battery commanders, at the time Russian artillerists were the first in the world to develop methods of gunfire from closed fire position. At the time Russia was going through reforms in the artillery under Minister of War General-Adjutant Dmitrii Miliutin, one of the chief tasks set for the Main Artillery Administration was to organise the production of all kinds of artillery armament, ammunition, artillery instruments and other things for artillery provision. General Adjutant Aleksandr Barantsov, first Chief of the Main Artillery Administration, was responsible for the technical improvement of the artillery materiel, arrangement of artillery education and all measures in the artillery organisation.This would be a very valuable experience for <mask> when, a few years later, he would start reforming the Serbian Army.


title: Sava Grujić

texts:
 <mask> spent the last two years of his training in Russia at St. Petersburg's arsenal. <mask> returned to Serbia in 1870 after graduation, he was promoted to captain and appointed first Director of the state arsenal in Kragujevac as an expert in artillery and armaments and then later chief of artillery control. Kragujevac was Serbia's main centre for arms production and modernisation of armaments, the Kragujevac arms factory was the largest industrial establishment in the principality. Political education

Liberal nationalism and Slavic unity
In 1861 <mask> was in Prussia studying at the Military Academy when an uprising broke out in the Russian sector of partitioned Poland, the Polish uprising opposed young Polish insurrectionists to Russian occupiers, inspired by romantic and revolutionary nationalism that was sweeping across Europe at the time, <mask> <mask> travels to Poland and joins the rebellion. <mask> fought alongside fellow Serbian volunteer Jevrem Marković another graduate from the Belgrade Military Academy who had also been sent to Prussia to study (training as a cavalry officer). After the failure of the Uprising, <mask> returned to St. Petersburg and is allowed to return to his studies while Jevrem Marković returns to Belgrade

Back in Russia, <mask> participated actively in the founding of an organisation called  (Serbian commune).Dimitrije Durić, another artillery officer, was president, <mask> Grujić vice-president and Jevrem Marković older brother and notorious radical-socialist Svetozar Marković was secretary. The goal of the Commune, was stated to be "the establishment of fraternal relations among all Serbs in Russia", with a view to cooperation for the "general progress" of the Serbian people

masks: Grujić Grujić Grujić Sava Grujić Grujić Grujić Grujić Sava


title: Sava Grujić

texts:
 and nation. They were also inspired by Omladina (youth) a Serbian youth organisation whose members called for the formation of a Pan-Serb youth movement, a constitutional monarchy for Serbia and even a Balkan Republic. After 7 years in Russia <mask> returned to Serbia in 1871 to manage the Kragujevac arms factory; he joined a secret revolutionary society called The Main Board for Serb Liberation based in Kragujevac and founded by members of Omladina and by other patriots from all over the Yugoslav lands, the group sought the liberation and unification of Serb-inhabited territory all over the Ottoman Empire. <mask> and his group started the Associated Printing Press of Kragujevac. From Socialism to Radicalism

Under the chairmanship of Captain <mask> <mask> and the editorship of Svetozar Marković who joined them, the group started a newspaper called Javnost (The Public), Marković is the "paid and responsible" editor and the Associated Printing Press of Kragujevac the publisher. In a very short time what was being advertised as Serbia's second socialist newspaper was out discussing current political issues, a major campaign of Javnost was the fight for freedom of the press.The first issue of the newspaper appears on 8 November 1873 discussing the multitude of political and economic problems which confronted Serbia: peasant indebtedness and bankruptcy, usury, bureaucratic corruption, the strangling of the zadruga and opština by the oppressive police regime; Javnost promised to work for the elimination of such evils by "educating public opinion, giving it a scientific direction, and creating out of public opinion a force which will have a strong influence on the solution of all problems concerning our national life".

masks: Sava Grujić Sava Grujić


title: Sava Grujić

texts:
 Frustrated by the state of Serbian politics, Javnost published an article openly criticising the government and stating that the Serbian people "have the right to overthrow a prince with whom they were dissatisfied." As a result, in December 1873 the Minister of War Kosta Protić ordered the dismissal of Captain <mask> from the service, citing his "treacherous" association with Javnost and the Associated Printing Press of Kragujevac, Svetozar Marković is arrested, charged with defaming the prince and sentenced to nine months in jail. <mask> was temporarily retired from the service. Serbian Wars of Independence
In July 1875, peasants in Herzegovina rebelled against their Turkish landlords and rulers. The insurrection quickly spread to Bosnia and aroused belligerent sentiment in Serbia, still an autonomous principality within the Ottoman Empire. Prince Milan unable to resist the pressure, eventually decides to declare war.On 28 June 1876, the day of the Battle of Kosovo, Serbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire, at the time Serbia's armed force was an army of a militant type with outdated weapons and without proper military service, but it was, however, a regular military force, facing them the Turkish empire with over 50 million inhabitants had an experienced army equipped with modern weapons and equipment. Major <mask>'s War Plan
The War Council gathered in the early stage had to decide on a strategy and where to engage the enemy first. Two courses of action were proposed one by Major Dimitrije Djurić  and one by Major <mask> <mask>, both officers having done their training in Russia together previously. Major Dimitrije Djurić proposed that the majority of the army should be engaged towards Bosnia and Raška while

masks: Grujić Grujić Grujić Sava Grujić


title: Sava Grujić

texts:
 <mask> suggested towards the southeast and Niš, where the Turks were expected to be concentrating the bulk of their forces. The Council meeting took place on 15 May 1876, both proposals were considered. <mask>'s proposal was chosen, based on the strategic principle that by moving swiftly into position Serbia could concentrate the bulk of her forces and move offensively against the main Turkish contingent before it had a chance to organise its troops and this way win a decisive battle. The primary objective of this plan was the total destruction of the enemy's army.To follow <mask>'s plan it was thus decided to concentrate most of the army in the Moravian region, then make use of the superior mobilisation and motivation of the Serbian army given the known slowness in mobilisation and concentration of the Turkish army, its outdated tactics and the lack of motivation of Turkish soldiers. At the request of the Serbian government, the war operational plan of Major <mask> was changed at the last moment and Instead of the offensive on the Moravian border, it was decided to launch multiple attacks on all fronts. Orders were sent to redirect troops already in motion according to the previously adopted plan. Artillery Commander

<mask> <mask> was appointed Artillery Commander serving under General Mikhail Chernyayev, a Russian who took Serbian citizenship. Leading a Serbo Russian army against the Turks, Chernyayev embodied according to historian David MacKenzie "the Panslav ideal of selfless service to Slav Christians groaning under the Ottoman yoke". <mask> recommended that  Chernyayev be retained merely in an advisory capacity and insisted of not giving him active command. twenty two year old Prince Milan, who had great

masks: Grujić Grujić Grujić Grujić Sava Grujić Grujić


title: Sava Grujić

texts:
 faith in Chernyayev, decided instead to name Chernyayev "commander-in-chief of all Serbo-Russian forces on the eastern front".As Artillery Commander Grujić took a leading part in the battles and was instrumental in the Serbian Army's efforts and achievements throughout the War, by the end of 1876 he was promoted to the rank of Colonel. Contrary to Serbia's expectations Russia did not officially enter the war and the changes made in the operational plan, especially abandoning the <mask>'s war plan, disrupted the entire war concept of the Serbian General Staff. Chernyayev's insistence on continuing attacks on Turkish fortified positions after the failure of his opening offensive was a contributory cause of defeat. This was the main cause of the unsuccessful attacks by the Serbian army on Niš, Drina, and Ibarska. On 31 October 1876 Russia finally presents an ultimatum to the Turks and force them to conclude an armistice. Minister of War

A Professional Army
On 4 November 1876, at a critical moment for the Principality, Colonel <mask> <mask> is appointed Minister of War in the Cabinet of Stevča Mihailović;  On 24 April 1877, Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire and on 13 December is joined by Serbia and by Montenegro, the conflict is known as the Russo-Turkish War. <mask> <mask> started to reorganise the Serbian army using the Prussian experience from the Napoleonic wars: he increased garrison troops from four to eight battalions and ordered that every one of the thirty-two companies of garrison troops became a part of one battalion of National Militia in order to augment the fighting power of the latter.In August 1877, a new army force structure was established that introduced five active and one reserve army

masks: Grujić Sava Grujić Sava Grujić