title: Kamala Chakravarty

texts: and as his companion in off-stage scenes filmed at the Monterey festival and (with Lakshmi) at the Los Angeles branch of his Kinnara School. Among other Shankar albums, she plays tambura on In San Francisco (1967) and Transmigration Macabre (1973), a soundtrack recorded in 1968 with French experimental percussionists Les Structures Sonores for the art film Viola. Later in 1968, she, Lakshmi and Jitendra Abhisheki were the singers in Shankar's Festival from India ensemble, which recorded an eponymous double album in Los Angeles before touring the United States. In August 1971, Chakravarty accompanied Shankar, sarod master Ali Akbar Khan and Rakha at the Concert for Bangladesh, held at New York's Madison Square Garden.The success of the resulting live album and concert film gained Indian music its largest audience up to that point. Although she provided a minor role in the performance, as the tambura player, George Harrison's introduction of Chakravarty to the New York audience ensured that her name became linked to the event. In 1973, Chakravarty was among the chorus singers at the Los Angeles sessions for Shankar's genre-fusing album Shankar Family & Friends (1974). The album was produced by Harrison and featured Lakshmi as lead vocalist and Shubho Shankar (Shankar's son by Devi) on sitar. In 1974, <mask>, Lakshmi and the latter's daughter Viji performed in Europe as part of Ravi Shankar's Music Festival from India, the first Indian orchestra to play in Europe. Her contributions, on tambura and as a backing singer, also appeared on the Music Festival's studio album, recorded in England at Harrison's Friar Park and released in 1976. That same year, Chakravarty participated in the recording of the third volume of Shankar and Menuhin's West Meets East series, issued in 1977.The album included "Morning Love", featuring Shankar and French flautist


title: Kamala Chakravarty

type: original

texts:
 Jean-Pierre Rampal backed by Rakha and <mask> – a piece that Shankar later named as a favourite among his various collaborative works. Subsequent relationship with the Shankar family
By the time that Annapoorna finally granted Shankar a divorce in 1982, he and <mask> had split up. Having nursed Uday in the weeks before his death in September 1977 and similarly cared for Shubho after the latter had attempted suicide in 1970, she remained a close friend of the musician's extended family. According to Shankar in Raga Mala, Chakravarty accepted and was welcoming towards his second wife, Sukanya, and their daughter, Anoushka. References

Sources

 Harry Castleman & Walter J. Podrazik, All Together Now: The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961–1975, Ballantine Books (New York, NY, 1976; ). Collaborations, book accompanying Ravi Shankar–George Harrison Collaborations box set (Dark Horse Records, 2010; produced by Olivia Harrison; package design by Drew Lorimer & Olivia Harrison). In Celebration, booklet accompanying Ravi Shankar: In Celebration box set (Angel/Dark Horse, 1995; produced by George Harrison & Alan Kozlowski; package design by Rick Ward/The Team Design Consultants).Peter Lavezzoli, The Dawn of Indian Music in the West, Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; ). Simon Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison, Hal Leonard (Milwaukee, WI, 2006; ). Reginald Massey, India's Dances: Their History, Technique, and Repertoire, Abhinav Publications (New Delhi, NCT, 2004; ). Ravi Shankar, My Music, My Life, Mandala Publishing (San Rafael, CA, 2007; ). Ravi Shankar, Raga Mala: The Autobiography of Ravi Shankar, Welcome Rain (New York, NY, 1999; ). World Music: The Rough Guide (Volume 2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific), Rough Guides/Penguin (London, 2000; ). 1928 births
Musicians from Chennai
Living

masks: Chakravarty Chakravarty


title: Reece Dinsdale

texts:
<mask> (born 6 August 1959) is an English actor and director of stage, film and television. Acting career

<mask> trained at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama from 1977 until 1980. After initially working in theatre in Exeter, Nottingham, Birmingham and at the Edinburgh Festival, <mask> got his first TV role in the Granada thriller Knife Edge in 1981. He followed this up by appearing in Out on the Floor a single drama for the BBC in 1982. This led to him being cast as Albert in Agatha Christie's Partners in Crime series for ITV in 1982. More theatre followed with Beethoven's Tenth with Peter Ustinov at the Vaudeville Theatre, London and the highly acclaimed Red Saturday at the Royal Court. He played Jimmy Kemp in Threads (1984), a-soon-to-be-father and husband caught up in a nuclear attack on Sheffield.1984 also saw <mask> appearing in one of his first feature films, Alan Bennett's A Private Function, and the TV movie Winter Flight opposite Nicola Cowper. Glamour Night, another single drama for the BBC followed in 1984 before <mask> was cast as Matthew Willows in the British sitcom Home to Roost written by Eric Chappell and co-starring John Thaw. <mask> played Thaw's unruly teenaged son Matthew who comes to live with his estranged father after his mother throws him out. The show ran for four series between 1985 and 1990. Interspersed with this were many appearances on stage, including the award-winning play Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching Towards the Somme at the Hampstead Theatre, London, in 1986, Woundings and Don Carlos at the Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester, and Old Year's Eve at the Royal Shakespeare Company. On television he had leading roles in the three-part series Take Me Home, and The Attractions, and the single drama Coppers opposite Tim Roth. He also played Fearnot in Jim Henson's "The Storyteller" which aired 26 October 1987.<mask> played the leading role

masks:
Reece Dinsdale
Dinsdale
Dinsdale
Dinsdale
Dinsdale
Dinsdale
Dinsdale


title: Reece Dinsdale

texts: of Jack Rover in Wild Oats in the inaugural production at the newly built West Yorkshire Playhouse in 1990. He then appeared in Young Catherine, a miniseries in which he played the Grand Duke Peter. He then appeared at the National Theatre in David Hare's Racing Demon. From 1990 to 1992 he co-starred in Haggard, a comedy set in the late 18th century. In 1994, he played the leading role in ID, a British feature film charting the demise of a police officer who goes undercover to root out a firm of football hooligans. Based on a true story, <mask> won the International Critics Award for best actor at the Geneva Film Festival. <mask> has continued to play leading roles on both stage and screen.Highlights include two series of Thief Takers in which he played the central role of Charlie Scott, and Kenneth Branagh's film of Hamlet in which he played Guildenstern opposite Timothy Spall's Rosencrantz. He guested in Spooks, Life on Mars, Murder in Mind, Silent Witness, and many others. <mask> starred opposite Julie Walters in the ITV drama Ahead of the Class and played Robert in  Conviction for the BBC (directed by Marc Munden). He starred in two series of The Chase (also for the BBC) and in two thrillers for ITV, Love Lies Bleeding and Midnight Man. In 2008, he joined the cast of Coronation Street to play the ill-fated Joe McIntyre, leaving of his own volition in February 2010. Since then he filmed leading guest roles in Waterloo Road, Taggart and Moving On. He played Doctor Wengel in Ibsen's The Lady From the Sea at the Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester.In 2012 he appeared in the feature film The Knife That Killed Me. In 2013, <mask> played the role of Walter Harrison in James Graham's smash hit play This House on the Olivier stage at the National Theatre - directed by Jeremy Herrin. In 2014, he played Alan Bennett in Bennett's autobiographical play Untold Stories at the West Yorkshire

masks: Dinsdale Dinsdale Dinsdale Dinsdale


title: Reece Dinsdale

texts:
 Playhouse. In 2015 <mask> played the central role of George Jones in Headlong's national tour of Sir David Hare's play The Absence of War, once again directed by Jeremy Herrin. In October 2015 <mask> played the title role in Shakespeare's Richard III at The West Yorkshire Playhouse for director Mark Rosenblatt. He has an extensive list of BBC Radio Drama credits and, in 2014, he was awarded a Yorkshire Award for Services to Arts and Entertainment. In 2015, he became the first actor to be named Associate Artist at The West Yorkshire Playhouse.In 2017, <mask> was made a patron of the Square Chapel Arts Centre in Halifax. In 2020, <mask> joined the ITV soap opera Emmerdale playing the villainous Paul Ashdale. <mask> left the soap after just a year in 2021 when his character was killed off in an explosion. Directing

In January 2012 <mask> directed his first drama for television; a 45-minute single drama called "The Crossing" starring Lee Boardman, Ramona Marquez and Susie Blake, in the Secrets and Words series for BBC1. In July and August 2014 he directed the episode "Madge" in the Moving On series starring Hayley Mills, Kenneth Cranham and Peter Egan, again for BBC1. In May 2015, <mask> completed his third drama for BBC Television, "Scratch", starring Will Ash and Chris Coghill, once again for the Moving On series. <mask> thereafter directed a fourth TV drama, again in the Moving On series, for Jimmy McGovern: "Eighteen", a story about the attempted deportation of an Afghan youth back to his native Kabul, starring Antonio Aakeel and Rosie Cavaliero.The series was aired in November 2016. In 2017, Dinsdale directed Sue Johnston in "Lost" by Shaun Duggan for the Moving On series. Writing
In 2009, Dinsdale wrote the short film Imaginary Friend which was subsequently filmed and stars Maxine Peake and Zara Turner. The film premiered on 8 May 2010 at the 360/365 Film Festival in New York

masks: Dinsdale Dinsdale Dinsdale Dinsdale Dinsdale Dinsdale Dinsdale Dinsdale


title: Ali Khedery

texts:
<mask> is an entrepreneur, political adviser, and chief executive of the U.S.-based Dragoman Ventures. He was the longest continuously serving American official in Iraq, from 2003 to 2009, and acted as a special assistant to five U.S. ambassadors and as a senior adviser to three heads of U.S. Central Command. He is featured in 68 WikiLeaks (CableGate or GI) files. Biography
<mask> is chief executive of the U.S.-based Dragoman Ventures, an international strategic advisory firm. He was previously an executive with ExxonMobil Corporation, where he served as senior adviser for the Middle East. During his tenure, <mask> engaged with heads of state, ministers, and opinion-makers and advised ExxonMobil's senior executives on strategic pursuits and the region’s unprecedented political, economic, security, and social developments during the "Arab Spring." <mask> played a leading role in drafting and implementing the corporation’s Iraq country strategy; its Iraqi federal- and Kurdistan regional government engagement strategies; and he was the architect and chief political negotiator of ExxonMobil's historic billion-dollar entry into the Kurdistan Region.He was promoted to serve as director of public and government affairs for ExxonMobil Kurdistan Region of Iraq Limited. <mask> also worked for the U.S. State and Defense departments, where he served as special assistant to five American ambassadors in Iraq, and as senior adviser to three four-star chiefs of U.S. Central Command, the military authority responsible for operations across the broader Middle East and Central Asia. Numerous special assignments included participation in sensitive negotiations pertaining to the formation of five Iraqi governments; the drafting of the Iraqi

masks:
Ali Khedery
Ali Khedery
Khedery
Khedery
Khedery


title: Ali Khedery

texts: Constitution and the oil and gas and revenue sharing laws; insurgent outreach which culminated in the tribal "Awakening"; the trilateral U.S.–Iran–Iraq talks; negotiating the U.S.–Iraq bilateral Strategic Framework and Security (SOFA) agreements; travel across four continents with all of Iraq's presidents and prime ministers; and Iran war- and regional contingency planning in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, Syria, Lebanon, and the United Arab Emirates. <mask> was the longest continuously-serving American official in Iraq; a member of the U.S. government's Senior Executive Service; and a recipient of the Secretary of Defense's Medal for Exceptional Public Service, the Secretary of State's Tribute, and the Joint Civilian Service Achievement Medal for his contributions to American and allied national security interests. <mask> was branded "one of the best connected men in Iraq" in a Pulitzer finalist Reuters special report chronicling Exxon's pivot from Basra to Kurdistan. He has appeared on CNN's Amanpour, BBC's Hardtalk, PBS' Frontline, al-Arabiya, al-Jazeera, France24, Sky News, Vice News, RT, NPR, and he played a leading role in the production of ABC News' investigative report uncovering Iraqi war crimes following the fall of Mosul and the reconstitution of the Iran-backed militias. The author of front-page opinion features in the Washington Post and the New York Times, he has also written for Foreign Affairs, Politico, Foreign Policy, and the Guardian.An Aspen Institute Middle East Leadership Initiative fellow, <mask> also worked for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Office of the Governor of Texas, where he helped found and administer the Governor's Council on Science and

masks: Khedery Khedery Khedery


title: Ali Khedery

texts:
 Biotechnology Development. He studied political science at the University of Texas at Austin. WikiLeaks files
The 68 WikiLeaks (CableGate or GI) files note his attendance on behalf of a US ambassador or CENTCOM at various meetings, that he held a top secret clearance, that various cables were sent to him specifically, etc. Literary references
In his book Squandered Victory, author Larry Diamond referred to <mask> as "an Iraqi American liaison to the Governing Council, who looked as though he was sixteen but operated as if he had been through a dozen of the hardest-fought political campaigns." In her book Tell Me How This Ends, author Linda Robinson highlights that <mask> "was the only American official who had been in Baghdad, in the inner circle, for the entire five years of the war. The gifted young man had worked for every iteration of the American mission, for Jay Garner, Paul Bremer, and ambassadors John Negroponte, Zalmay Khalilzad, and Ryan Crocker. <mask>, who spoke fluent Arabic, traveled with Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki and knew all the other Iraqi politicians.At Bremer's request, he had worked with Samir Sumaidaie when he was interior minister, before Bayan Jabr took over and allowed the Badr militia to set up secret prisons in the Jadriya compound. Hundreds of brutally tortured prisoners had been found there in late 2005. <mask> knew that many human rights travesties had occurred under the new regime. He knew where the metaphorical bodies were buried and many of the actual ones. Many Iraqis called him to find where their family members had been detained. Throughout the years, had used his contacts and knowledge of the players to ferret out the information and get many Iraqis released. But some trails

masks: Khedery Khedery Khedery Khedery


title: Ali Khedery

texts:
 had gone cold.One Iraqi mother called him regularly. Her son had been taken in 2005 by the Wolf Brigade, the notorious National Police brigade originally known as the Special Commandos. She believed he had been taken to the Jadriya prison. <mask> moved heaven and earth to try to find him. In the summer of 2007, she called him at his desk outside Crocker's office. Her pitiful voice rent him. He was deeply pained that he had not been able to find her son.He hated to admit it, but he knew that the young man was very likely dead. Thin and tired, <mask> finally decided it was time to go back to the United States. He left Iraq in the spring of 2009." <mask> assisted in editing and publishing Stefanie Sanford's Civic Life in the Information Age. She acknowledged him thus: "special thanks must go to my most detail-oriented friend and colleague <mask>. We traveled the post-defense last mile together, checking and rechecking formats, paginations, table numbers, and a host of minutiae demanded by MAI 101. He has been in the Green Zone trying to help build a democracy in Baghdad since his days as my right hand in the Governor's Office and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.I think that if his career as a leading diplomat falls through, there could be a job as "margin police" in his future. You're the best—come home soon and safely." References

External links

 college-era photo
 mentions he worked for two U.S. Ambassadors
 New York Times article, "Iraq's Last Chance," by <mask>ery August 15, 2014 discussing the immediate post-Maliki situation and briefly profiling the new prime minister, Mr. Abadi. American diplomats
Living people
University of Texas alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
United States government people of

masks:
Khedery
Khedery
Khedery
Ali Khedery
Ali Khed


title: Andrew Mallard

texts:
<mask> (16 August 1962 – 18 April 2019) was a British-born Australian who was wrongfully convicted of murder in 1995 and sentenced to life imprisonment. Almost 12 years later, after an appeal to the High Court of Australia, his conviction was quashed and a retrial ordered. However, the charges against him were dropped and Mallard was released. At the time, the Director of Public Prosecutions stated that <mask> remained the prime suspect and that if further evidence became available he could still be prosecuted. He was released from prison in 2006 after his conviction was quashed by the High Court, and paid $3.25 million compensation by the state government. In 2006 police conducted a review of the investigation and subsequently a cold case review. As a result, they uncovered sufficiently compelling evidence to charge convicted murderer Simon Rochford with the murder of Pamela Lawrence and to eliminate Mallard as a person of interest.After being publicly named as a suspect, Rochford was found dead in his cell at Albany Prison, having committed suicide. The Western Australian Commission on Crime and Corruption investigated whether there was misconduct by any public officer (police, prosecutors or members of parliament) associated with this case and made findings against two policemen and a senior prosecutor. Mallard died on 18 April 2019 in Los Angeles, the home area of his fiancée, at about 1:30am local time, after being hit by a car. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in England on 16 August 1962 to parents Roy and <mask>, who already had a 10-year-old daughter. The Mallards immigrated to Perth in 1967, and <mask>, unusually tall for his age, had trouble settling in to their

masks:
Andrew Mark Mallard
Mallard
Andrew Mark
Mallard
Grace Mallard
Andrew


title: Andrew Mallard

texts:
 his own blood, despite the severity of the attack, nor was his DNA or trace evidence found. The evidence used in  trial was therefore scanty and obscure, and it was later revealed that police manipulated or withheld vital information (including an undercover operation) from his defence team. He was convicted chiefly on two pieces of evidence. The first was a set of police notes of interviews with Mallard during which, the police claimed, he had confessed. These notes had not been signed by Mallard. The second was a video recording of the last twenty minutes of Mallard's eleven hours of interviews. The video shows Mallard speculating as to how the murderer might have killed Lawrence; police claimed that, although it was given in third-person, it was a confession.He was convicted on the confessions purportedly given during unrecorded interviews and the partial video-recording of an interview. Investigation and appeals
Despite the issues in his conviction, <mask>'s appeal to the Supreme Court of Western Australia in 1996 was dismissed. In 1998, <mask>'s family enlisted the help of investigative journalist Colleen Egan, who in turn managed to get John Quigley MLA and Malcolm McCusker QC involved. All were appalled at the manner in which <mask>'s trial had been conducted and eventually came to be convinced that he was innocent. Based on fresh evidence uncovered by this team, including a raft of police reports that, against standard practice, had never been passed to the defence team, the case was returned to the Court of Criminal Appeal in June 2003. Despite the fresh evidence and an uncontested claim that the DPP had deliberately concealed evidence from the defence, the Court

masks: Mallard Mallard Mallard


title: Andrew Mallard

texts:
 of Criminal Appeal again dismissed the appeal. In October 2004, <mask>'s legal team was granted special leave to appeal to the High Court of Australia and on 6–7 September 2005, <mask>'s appeal was heard in the High Court and the justices subsequently judged unanimously that his conviction be quashed and a retrial be ordered.During the hearing, Justice Michael Kirby was reported to have said that on one of the pieces of evidence alone—a forensic report, not disclosed to the defence, showing that <mask>'s theory about the weapon used in the murder could not have been true—a retrial should have been ordered. The Department of Public Prosecutions (DPP) did not immediately drop charges against Mallard but did so six months later immediately before a directions hearing was due. After almost 12 years in prison, <mask> was released on 20 February 2006. However, in announcing that the trial would not proceed the DPP stated:"Finally, I note for the record and for the future that this decision is made on evidence presently available to the prosecution. The discharge of Mr <mask> on this charge does not alter the fact that he remains the prime suspect for this murder. Should any credible evidence present in the future which again gives the state reasonable prospects of obtaining a conviction again, the state would again prosecute him." Review of the case

Following the discontinuation of the prosecution by the DPP, the Commissioner of Police instituted a review of the investigation to establish whether there were sufficient grounds for a "cold case" review.The review quickly located a record of a palm print which matched that of Simon Rochford, who had confessed to murdering his

masks:
Mallard
Mallard
Mallard
Mallard
Andrew Mallard


title: Andrew Mallard

texts: girlfriend, Brigitta Dickens, on 15 July 1994, seven weeks after Mrs Lawrence was killed. The print had been found on the top of a display case in Lawrence's shop, which was significant, as it had been the practice of the shop staff to wipe the top of that case after each customer left. Rochford's appearance, in particular his beard, was more consistent with the original accounts of eyewitnesses than was <mask>'s. On this basis the review became a cold case review. The weapon used by Rochford to kill Dickens was a steel collar of the type used by weight lifters to secure weights to a bar. Rochford had attached the collar to a broom handle and used it to club Dickens to death. The actual collar could not be located in 2006 but its dimensions were known and a photograph was available.The shape and dimensions of the collar were consistent with the form of the wounds in Lawrence's skull. The photograph of the collar indicated that it was painted blue and a rucksack belonging to Rochford was found to contain blue paint flakes which were identical in chemical composition to those removed from Lawrence's wounds. Later, at about 7:45 am AWST on 19 May 2006, the body of Simon Rochford was discovered in his cell at Albany Maximum Security Prison by prison officers, just hours after he had been named as "a person of significant interest" in the Pamela Lawrence investigation. On 12 May 2006, five police officers were stood down by the West Australian Police Commissioner in relation to the original investigation into the murder. On 11 October 2006, the commissioner announced that the cold case review was complete, that Mallard was no longer a person of interest in relation to the case;


title: Andrew Mallard

texts:
 that there was sufficient evidence to implicate Simon Rochford and that, if he had still been living, the police would have prepared a brief of evidence against him for the WA Director of Public Prosecutions. The police commissioner apologised to Mallard for any part the police had played in his conviction. The Premier of Western Australia indicated that the government would be considering compensation, though the state's attorney general stated that no decision could be made until the Commission on Crime and Corruption had completed its investigation.However, on 22 November 2006, the Adelaide Advertiser carried an AAP story stating that Mallard had received a AUD$200,000 ex gratia payment as partial compensation. Commission on Crime and Corruption hearings
The Commission on Crime and Corruption (CCC) announced that it was studying the report of the cold case review and would be holding public hearings in 2007. In the meantime it had asked the police to not release the full report, either to the public or within the police service, and in particular, to ensure that police involved in the original investigation had no access to it. The CCC hearings into whether police and/or prosecutors behaved unethically or illegally in the Mallard case began on 31 July 2007. On 7 October 2008 the CCC announced its recommendations that disciplinary action be taken against two assistant police commissioners and the deputy director of public prosecution. The two police officers subsequently resigned, thereby removing any chance of disciplinary proceedings going ahead. In May 2009, <mask> was offered a payment of $3.25 million as settlement, though the premier of the state, Colin Barnett,


title: Andrew Mallard

texts:
 said that were Mallard to take civil action against those he held responsible for his wrongful conviction, the government would support any servant of the state in that event.Media
A documentary titled Saving <mask> was directed by Michael Muntz and produced by Artemis International, focusing on Mallard's family, its struggle to have him freed, the deception undertaken by the original police investigation team and the evidence uncovered that eventually led to <mask>'s freedom. It was first aired on ABC Television on 4 May 2006. It was short-listed for a Walkley Award, and Muntz won the Outstanding Achievement in Directing Award in the WA Screen Awards. The documentary's epilogue noted that the DPP still considered <mask> a prime suspect in its investigation at that time. A book about the case, Murderer No More: <mask> and the Epic Fight that Proved his Innocence, was written by Colleen Egan, the journalist who campaigned on Mallard's behalf for eight years, was published by Allen & Unwin in June 2010. A Casefile True Crime Podcast detailing the case was released on 29 May 2016. Later life and death
Having completed a university degree in fine art, <mask> moved to London in 2010 to further his studies.He was engaged to be married, and frequently travelled to Los Angeles where his fiancée lived. In the early hours of 18 April 2019, he was fatally struck by a car while crossing a road in Hollywood. See also
Graham Stafford
List of miscarriage of justice cases

References

External links
Commission on Crime and Corruption Hearings Transcripts. Comprehensive site on the case, including Colleen Egan's weblog of the CCC's hearings in Perth. Casefile True Crime Podcast – Case 21:

masks:
Andrew Mallard
Mallard
Mallard
Andrew Mallard
Mallard


title: Andrew Mallard

texts:
 Pamela Lawrence – 28 May 2016
Website set up by <mask>'s family to publicise his plight. Legal Profession Complaints Committee and Bates (2012) WASAT 150 (Examination of prosecutor's unsatisfactory professional conduct)
Sydney Morning Herald article of 12 May 2006. The Australian article of 20 May 2006.WA Court of Criminal Appeal judgment of 3 December 2003. The High Court of Australia's judgment in the Mallard matter. 1962 births
2019 deaths
Crime in Perth, Western Australia
People from Perth, Western Australia
English emigrants to Australia
People convicted of murder by Western Australia
People acquitted of murder
Overturned convictions in Australia
People wrongfully convicted of murder
1990s in Perth, Western Australia
2000s in Perth, Western Australia
Road incident deaths in California
Pedestrian road incident deaths
Police misconduct in


title: Didier Gomes Da Rosa

texts:
<mask> (born 10 October 1969) is a French football manager and former player who is the current manager of Mauritania. He is famous for making an impressive impact in all the clubs he has managed in his early years in the African continent winning the league titles with Rayon Sports F.C. (2013), Coton Sport FC de Garoua (2014 and 2015) and also the Cameroonian Cup at the Garoua-based club. Managerial career

France
<mask> began his managerial career in 2008 in his home country France and managed AS Roquebrune Cap Martin, ES Fos sur Mer and AS Cannes in the League of the Mediterranean till 2011. Rayon Sports
He first moved out of France in 2012 to Africa and more accurately to Rwanda where he was appointed as the manager of Rwandan giants, Rayon Sports F.C. on a three-year contract. The club, nicknamed "Gikundiro" (the well-beloved), because of its popularity was in the relegation zone of the Rwanda National Football League after a disastrous start in the championship falling ten points short of league leaders and the club's arch rivals, Armée Patriotique Rwandaise F.C.Under the Frenchman's leadership, the Nyanza-based side made a spectacular comeback in the season which will be remembered by Rwandan football fans for the years to come. Seven months later, the Gikundiro thrashed rivals APR 4-0 in a historic win and were crowned the champions of the 2012–13 Rwanda National Football League. He also helped his side win the Genocide Memorial Tournament in 2013 where his side faced La Jeunesse Football Club in the finals. His side also participated 2013 Kagame Interclub Cup but unfortunately lost 1-0 to Burundi's Vital'O FC in the semi-finals. The club after facing serious financial deficits parted ways with the French manager on a mutual consent. Coton Sport
He then moved to Cameroon in December 2013 where he signed a two-year contract with Cameroonian giants, Coton Sport FC de Garoua. Appointed as the General Manager as well as the head coach, his task was to prepare the team for the Elite One, Cameroonian Cup and

masks:
Didier Gomes Da Rosa
Didier Gomes Da Rosa


title: Didier Gomes Da Rosa

texts:
 also the CAF Confederation Cup.Soon the Frenchman led his side to championship glory as his side led the league table with more than a ten points. He also helped his young side win the 2014 Cameroonian Cup. He led his team to the semi-finals of the 2014 CAF Confederation Cup where they bowed out to African giants and the eventual champions of the tournament, Al Ahly SC of Egypt. In the following season, despite a six-point penalty, he managed to lead his young side to win the 2015 Elite One. CS Constantine
Declining the proposal of renewing his contract with the Cameroonian champions, the Frenchman decided to move to Algeria where he committed himself to a contract for two-years with Constantine-based, CS Constantine when the side was in the relegation zone just twelve days into the championship. He rescued the Algerian side from relegation in the 2015–16 Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 and his side was also adjudged the third best side in the second round of the championship. Horoya
<mask> <mask> became Horoya AC manager in March 2019 and lead the Guinea giant to won the Guinean league and won the Guinean cup.Meantime , <mask> reached the CAF Confederation group stage after knocked out Bandari FC Kenya side. On 10 November 2019, following some misunderstanding between <mask> and Horoya president they mutually parted ways. Ismaily SC
He became Ismaily SC manager in 8 January 2020 , <mask> <mask> lead Ismaily to reach the semi final of the Arab Champions league and won the first leg match against al raja club 1-0 and then the Arab federation stop the cup cause of COVID-9 pandemic. On 25 August 2020 <mask> <mask> was sacked by Ismaily. Ismaily stated the reasons of dismissal due to poor results after draw two matches after the resuming of the Egyptian league. Al-Merrikh SC
On 14 November 2020, <mask> <mask> was appointed as new head coach for the Sudanese giant Al-Al-Merrikh SC. On 24 November he took charge of the first match in the Preliminary round of CAF champions league 2020–21 against the Congolese side

masks: Didier Gomes Gomes Gomes Didier Gomes Didier Gomes Didier Gomes


title: Didier Gomes Da Rosa

texts:
 Otoho.He achieved a draw 1–1 in Congo , and win against Otoho 2–0 in the second leg match to qualify to round 32. In round 32 he knocked out the giant enyimba Nigerian side after won 3-0 in first leg match and lose 2-1 in second leg match to lead the Al-Al-Merrikh to qualify to the CAF champions league for the first time in 4 seasons. Meantime, <mask> lead Al-Merrikh to lead the Sudanese premier league table with 6 points difference from the second position. on 22 January 2021 <mask> resigned as the head coach of Al-Merrikh to take charge of Simba SC The Tanzanian Giant. Simba S.C.
On 24 January 2021, the Tanzanian giant Simba SC appoint <mask> <mask> as the new head coach, after terminated his contract with Al-Merrikh SC. the club announce the main target this season is to reach the quarter final of the African champions league and win the Tanzanian league. in 6 matches in the African champions league group, Simba achieved 13 points after won 4 matches, draw 1 and lost 1 match to take lead of the group and qualify to the quarter final.<mask> <mask> created a new record by his name with Simba after achieved 13 points in the group stage to be the first Tanzanian club to reach this number of points. Also, won the first match ever for any Tanzanian club in away match in any African trophies in the group stage; as they won 1-0 against the Congolese side vita club. After leading Simba in 37 games, in which he won 27, draw 5 and lose 5 and won two titles, on 26 October 2021, Simba announced  that <mask> <mask> has resigned in a mutual agreement. This came just few days after Simba was knocked out of CAF Champions League after they threw away a 2-0 lead from the first leg to lose 3-1 at home against Botswana debutants Jwaneng Galaxy and crush out of the competition. Simba were eliminated on the away goal rule after a 3-3 aggregate result and are now have to contend in the CAF Confederation Cup play-off round. Personal life
Born in France, <mask> <mask> is of Portuguese descent. Managerial statistics

Honours
Rayon

masks:
Gomes
Gomes
Didier
Gomes
Didier
Gomes
Didier
Gomes
Gomes
Da Rosa


title: Nathan Dyer

texts:
<mask> (born 29 November 1987) is an English former professional footballer who played as a winger, spending most of his career at
Swansea City, where he made over 300 appearances. He started playing as a teenager at Southampton, making the first team. He has also had loan spells with Sheffield United, Burnley and Leicester City, where he was part of the team that won the 2015–16 Premier League. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Trowbridge, Wiltshire. His father loved cricket, and his mother was an amateur sprinter. <mask> grew up supporting Manchester United. Club career

Southampton
Dyer joined the Southampton F.C.Academy as a teenager and was a member of the Southampton youth team that reached the finals of the FA Youth Cup in 2005, although he did not make his playing debut until the following season. Ultimately, the team lost on aggregate to Ipswich Town. <mask> made his first team debut for Southampton on 26 December 2005, as a substitute after 87 minutes, in a match that resulted in a 2–0 win over Crewe Alexandra. In late 2005, he enjoyed a successful spell on loan to Burnley, where he scored two goals against Millwall and Crewe during a total of five appearances. He was recalled, despite pleas from Steve Cotterill to stay until the end of the season. After his loan to Burnley, <mask> signed a new contract at Southampton, where he played on the first team squad for the rest of his time with the club. <mask> scored his first league goal for Southampton during a match that ended in a 3–2 defeat against Watford in September 2007.This took his Southampton goal tally up to three, having already scored in League Cup matches against Southend United and Yeovil Town. His performance earned him the interest of Southampton's rival in the South Coast derby Portsmouth. The club was keen to sign him, but their public

masks:
Nathan Antony Jonah Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer


title: Nathan Dyer

texts:
 pursuit of him drew criticism from Southampton manager George Burley. On 24 July 2008, after a long period of uncertainty and an extended contract dispute, <mask> signed a new three-year deal with Southampton, keeping him at the club until 2011. <mask> was excluded from the first team and left out of the pre-season preparations until he signed the contract. In September 2008, after failing to make it onto Southampton's first team and establish himself under managers Jan Poortvliet and Mark Wotte, <mask> was sent to Sheffield United on loan until December, with the option of a permanent deal in January 2009. The move was part of a loan swap deal, with Jordan Robertson joining Southampton for the same duration.<mask> made his first appearance for the Blades the next day as a late substitute in a match that resulted in a 2–1 victory over Watford. He was unable to gain a permanent place on the Sheffield team, and he played less than thirty minutes in a Blades shirt over the next three months. He made the first team starting line-up on 20 December, when he scored his first goal for the club in a match that resulted in a 2–2 draw with Palace. Swansea City

<mask> returned to Southampton following the end of his three-month loan and was immediately loaned out again, this time to Swansea City until the end of the 2008–09 season. He impressed his new coach in his debut match with a 2–0 win at home to Reading. On 24 January 2009, <mask> scored in Swansea's FA Cup victory over Portsmouth, resulting in the FA Cup-holders Portsmouth's exit from the tournament. On 28 February 2009, <mask> scored his first league goal for Swansea, scoring the only goal in the match against Charlton Athletic.On 5 April 2009, he scored the opening goal for Swansea against their archrivals Cardiff City. On 2 June 2009, <mask> joined Swansea City on a

masks: Dyer Dyer Dyer Dyer Dyer Dyer Dyer Dyer


title: Nathan Dyer

texts: permanent basis after the Welsh side agreed to pay a £400,000 fee to Southampton. He made his debut in the opening match of the 2009–10 season against Leicester City, playing the full 90 minutes. He scored his first goal as a permanent member of the squad, a match winning score against Sheffield United, on 26 September 2009. On 7 November 2009, <mask> scored his second goal in two matches against Cardiff City, when his header from close range helped the Swans claim a 3–2 victory in the local derby. He scored again in a 1–1 draw against Queens Park Rangers. <mask> started the 2010–11 season with strong performances, including during the new coach Brendan Rodgers' home match for Swansea City: a 4–0 rout against Preston in which <mask> scored one goal and set up a goal for David Cotterill.His second goal of the season came when he scored the opening goal in a 4–3 victory over Middlesbrough on 12 February 2011. His form was sustained throughout the campaign, and he was eventually named Swansea City Supporters' Player of the Year 2010–11. <mask> played an important role in the Football League Championship's play-off final in which he made a double assist, for both Stephen Dobbie and Scott Sinclair, in a 4–2 win over Reading. That victory earned Swansea a promotion to the Premier League, making them the first Welsh club to ever play in the league. Before the start of the 2011–12 season, <mask> signed a new contract with the Swansea club that expired in 2014. <mask> was in fine form for much of the 2011–12 season, in which Swansea City had an impressive run for a promoted side in the Premier League. <mask> scored his first Premier League goal in a 3–0 win over West Bromwich Albion on 17 September 2011.In a 3–1 victory over Bolton Wanderers, <mask>'s pace and trickery on the field were extremely effective and earned him


title: Nathan Dyer

texts: praise from his coach, Brendan Rodgers. <mask> contributed to a 3–2 victory over Arsenal by winning a controversial penalty and by scoring a goal, his third in three matches (including goals in a 4–2 win against Barnsley that sent Swansea to the next round in the FA Cup, and in a 2–0 victory over Aston Villa). <mask> earned press attention in the 3–2 win over Arsenal when Arsène Wenger accused <mask> of purposely diving onto the ground to draw a foul. On 3 March 2012, <mask> received a red card for a foul on Jordi Gómez during a match which resulted in a 2–0 win over Wigan Athletic. After the match, <mask> defended his tackle, stating he was not a 'malicious player', but the league suspended him for three matches. On 14 April 2012, <mask> scored in a 3–0 win over Blackburn Rovers, bringing his league goal tally to four for the season. On 24 April 2012, <mask> scored his fifth goal of the season and set up another goal for Danny Graham in a match that ended in a 4–4 draw against Wolverhampton Wanderers.On the opening day of the new Premier League campaign at Queens Park Rangers, <mask> scored a brace of goals, and Swansea achieved a 5–0 victory. On 22 September 2012, <mask> came on as a half-time substitute for Swansea in a match against Everton at Liberty Stadium. He was booked in the 55th minute for dissent. Three minutes later, he received a second yellow card after a late tackle on Everton defender Leighton Baines. He was sent off for his second booking, having been on the pitch for only 12 minutes. Swansea lost the match 0–3. On 24 February 2013, <mask> started the League Cup final for Swansea and netted the opening goal as well as the third in a 5–0 thrashing of opponents Bradford City.His goals thus helped Swansea win their first major trophy. <mask>'s involvement was also notable as he was seen arguing with

masks: Dyer Dyer Dyer Dyer Dyer Dyer Dyer Dyer Dyer Dyer Dyer


title: Nathan Dyer

texts:
 teammates over the taker for the spot kick early in the second half. <mask> was awarded the Man of the Match. After the match was over, <mask> said that not scoring a hat-trick was a disappointment, hence the wish to take the penalty, though the victory was the club's "massive" achievement. Afterwards, <mask> expressed a desire to stay at the club and described Michu as the calmest player he knew. On 6 August 2013, <mask> signed a new four-year deal with the club, keeping him at the Liberty Stadium until June 2017. <mask> announced his retirement from professional football on 30 July 2021.Leicester City (loan)
On 1 September 2015, <mask> joined Leicester City on a season-long loan deal. He made his debut on 13 September 2015 as a half-time substitute in Leicester's home match against Aston Villa, and he scored the winning goal in the 89th minute as Leicester came from 2–0 down to win the match 3–2. At Leicester, he was a member of the team that won the club's first top-flight title of their 132-year history. International career
In October 2012, <mask> was approached by the Jamaica Football Federation to play for Jamaica during their 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign, but his agent said he was unavailable for another six months. Career statistics

Honours
Swansea City
Football League Cup: 2012–13
Football League Championship play-offs: 2011

Leicester City
Premier League: 2015–16

Individual
Alan Hardaker Trophy: 2013

References

External links

<mask> profile at Swansea City A.F.C. 1987 births
Living people
People from Trowbridge
English footballers
Association football wingers
Southampton F.C. players
Burnley F.C.players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Swansea City A.F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Black British sportspeople
English people of

masks:
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Dyer
Nathan Dyer


title: Carlos Holmes Trujillo

texts:
<mask> (23 September 1951 – 26 January 2021) was a Colombian dynasty politician, diplomat, scholar, and attorney who served as minister of defense, foreign affairs, interior, and education. He also served as the mayor of Cali and as ambassador to the Organization of American States (OAS), the European Union, and a number of nations. Youth and academic career

Family
<mask> was born in Cartago, Valle del Cauca. He was the elder son of powerful Liberal Party mogul, congressman, diplomat and attorney <mask>. and Genoveva García. His younger brother José Renán was also active in politics until 2008. Education
Trujillo received his primary education at the private Liceo Cartago and his high school education at the Pio XII high school in Cali. Following in his father's footsteps, he went to law school at the University of Cauca where he specialized in criminal law.At 25 he was appointed consul in Tokyo, Japan, where he continued his studies and received a master's degree in International Business. Early political career

Return to Colombia
After finishing his education in Tokyo, Trujillo returned to Colombia in 1983 and was appointed Cali's Finance Secretary by Mayor Julio Riascos (Conservative Party). After Riascos resigned a year later, Trujillo became director of Colombia's metal federation. Meanwhile, Trujillo made career inside his father's Liberal Party and became the political powerhouse's vice-president. Mayor of Cali
Trujillo became Cali's first elected mayor in 1988 and remained in that position until 1990, avoiding confrontations with the Cali Cartel that was becoming increasingly powerful in the city and corrupting much of Cali's public institutions. While formally running the country's third largest city, Trujillo expanded his power by founding the Colombian Federation of Municipalities (FCM) and becoming its chairman. National politics

Minister under a new constitution
As FCM chairman and vice-president of the Liberal Party, Trujillo took part in formulating Colombia's 1991 constitution that was part of a peace process with the 19th of April

masks:
Carlos Holmes Trujillo García
Trujillo
Carlos Holmes Trujillo Sr


title: Carlos Holmes Trujillo

texts:
 Movement (M-19), a guerrilla group that since 1970 had violently opposed the oligarchical political system of which Trujillo had become a prominent member.Following elections that same year, President César Gaviria (Liberal Party) appointed Trujillo education minister, a position he held from 1992 until the end of Gaviria's term in 1994. Peace policies and paramilitaries
Following that year's election of another liberal President, Ernesto Samper, Trujillo was appointed High Commissioner of Peace. During this two-year period, legal paramilitary groups called CONVIVIR and illegal paramilitary groups like the ACCU teamed up with drug traffickers and the military to brutally combat far-left guerrilla groups like the FARC and the ELN, and assassinate leftist politicians. Proceso 8000 and the OAS
The president appointed Trujillo as ambassador to the OAS in the middle of Proceso 8000, a criminal investigation into Cali Cartel Funding of Samper's presidential campaign the year before. The former Cali mayor was called back in 1997 to replace Interior Minister Horacio Serpa who was forced to resign over the scandal. Trujillo held the position until the end of Samper's presidency. Diplomatic career
Samper's successor, Andrés Pastrana Arango (Conservative Party), took office in 1998 and appointed Trujillo ambassador to Austria.Between 1999 and 2001, Trujillo was ambassador to Russia. Following a short break, <mask> was again appointed ambassador for Scandinavia in 2004, this time by President Álvaro Uribe Vélez. A year later, Iceland also became part of <mask>'s diplomatic portfolio. In 2006, Uribe appointed Trujillo ambassador to the European Union, a post he would hold until a year after the 2010 election of President Juan Manuel Santos. Democratic Center

Trujillo remained close to Uribe after Santos announced peace talks with the FARC and joined other hard-line politicians like Francisco Santos and Óscar Iván Zuluaga, and far-right politicians like Fernando Londoño and Fabio Valencia Cossio in 2013 to form the "Uribista" Democratic Center (CD) party. "Uribistas"

masks: Trujillo Trujillo


title: Don Coyhis

texts:
<mask> (born August 16, 1943) is an alcohol and addiction recovery counselor known for designing treatment programs primarily for Native Americans. He is the founder and president of White Bison, Inc., a non-profit charitable organization devoted to assisting Native Americans who are affected by substance use disorders. In 1994 <mask> started the Wellbriety Movement which aims to reduce substance abuse among Native Americans. Biography
<mask> is a Mohican Indian born and raised on the Stockbridge-Munsee Reservation in Wisconsin. Both of his parents were survivors of American Indian boarding schools, an experience that left them so traumatized that they had difficulty showing affection. Coyhis grew up "a troubled child to troubled parents...Drinking was the way of life." As an adult, <mask> left the reservation and in 1978 went to work for the Digital Equipment Corporation in Colorado Springs, eventually becoming senior manager.He designed and taught programs on leadership and diversity. His clients included AT&T, Lucent Technologies, the U.S. Forest Service, and the Bureau of Land Management. After having struggled with alcoholism for many years, drinking threatened his career and <mask> became sober in 1978. He joined Alcoholics Anonymous where he sponsored several "difficult cases," finding satisfaction in the challenge they presented, but wondering if he could do more. <mask> felt out of touch with his recovery group and suspected that other Native Americans felt the same. In 1988 he was invited by another Indian to go on a five-day fast in the Rampart Range mountains. There he had a vision of a white bison, which inspired him to help other Native Americans quit drinking.In 1990 he began doing sobriety workshops in the Idaho prison system, then quit his

masks:
Don Lawrence Coyhis
Coyhis
Coyhis
Coyhis
Coyhis
Coyhis


title: Don Coyhis

texts:
 well. According to Coyhis, "It means going beyond survival to thrive in one’s own life and in the life of the community. It means living by the laws and values of traditional Native American culture."<mask> believes that it is not enough to put an individual into rehab or a recovery group to treat alcohol or drug dependence:
"We must actively heal the community and its institutions at the same time an individual works on his or her own healing from alcohol or drugs or other unwell behaviors. The individual affects the community and the community affects the individual. They are inseparable from the point of view of addiction recovery. Everything must be in the healing process simultaneously." Coyhis also feels that historical and intergenerational trauma are responsible for much of the substance use seen among Native Americans. He argues that restoring cultural identity by returning to the principles, laws, and values of traditional Native culture promotes healing mentally, physically, emotionally and spiritually. <mask> acknowledges that each individual needs to work hard to overcome drug and alcohol dependence, but cautions that a healthy sociocultural environment makes the healing process less painful and more likely to succeed.He frames this concept in terms of the "healing forest," wherein a sick tree can only recover if the rest of the forest is healthy. This holistic approach represents a conceptual breakthrough by emphasizing the role of the community in recovery. Expanded mission
<mask> studied the underlying causes of alcoholism, then decided to expand White Bison's mission to include drug addiction, dysfunctional families and relationships, as well as suicide. Coyhis’ model, known as the "Medicine Wheel 12-Step," uses a twelve-step program

masks: Coyhis Coyhis Coyhis


title: Don Coyhis

texts:
 of whom are themselves recovering from alcohol dependence. Publications

 <mask>yhis and White Bison, Inc., The Red Road to Wellbriety in the Native American Way,  Colorado Springs, CO: Coyhis Publishing & Consulting, Inc., 2006
 <mask><mask>, Understanding Native American Culture: Insights for Recovery Professionals and Other Wellness Practitioners, Coyhis Publishing & Consulting, Inc., 2nd edition, 2009
 <mask><mask>, Meditations with Native American Elders: The Four Seasons, Coyhis Publishing & Consulting, Inc. 2007
 <mask><mask> and William L. White, Alcohol Problems in Native America: The Untold Story of Resistance and Recovery, Colorado Springs, CO: Coyhis Publishing & Consulting, Inc., 2006
 Moore, D., and Coyhis, D. 2010 "The Multicultural Wellbriety Peer Recovery Support Program: Two Decades of Community-Based Recovery," July 2010 Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 28(3):273-292
 Jan Gryczynski, Jeannette Johnson & <mask> Coyhis (2007) "The Healing Forest Metaphor Revisited: The Seen and “Unseen World” of Drug Use," Substance Use & Misuse, 42:2-3, 475-484
 <mask> Coyhis, Richard Simonelli, "Rebuilding Native American Communities," Child Welfare, Vol.84, No. 2, March/April 2005
 <mask><mask>, The Wellbriety Movement Comes of Age: The Fulfillment of Prophecy, Colorado Springs, CO: Coyhis Publishing & Consulting, Inc., 2011

External links

 White Bison website
 Wellbriety Movement
 Bill White interviews <mask>, 2007
 <mask>: Reflections on a Man and a Movement

See also

 Alcohol and Native Americans
 The red road
 Native American temperance activists
 William L. White

References

1943 births
Living people
Native American temperance activists
Native American leaders
Addiction and substance abuse organizations
American health activists
People from

masks:
Don Co
Don L
. Coyhis
Don L
. Coyhis
Don L
. Coyhis
Don
Don
Don L
. Coyhis
Don Coyhis
Don Coyhis


title: Wim Hof

texts:
<mask> (born 20 April 1959), also known as The Iceman, is a Dutch motivational speaker and extreme athlete noted for his ability to withstand freezing temperatures. He has set Guinness World Records for swimming under ice and prolonged full-body contact with ice, and previously held the record for a barefoot half marathon on ice and snow. He attributes these feats to his Wim Hof Method (WHM), a combination of frequent cold exposure, breathing techniques, yoga and meditation. Hof has been the subject of several medical assessments and a book written by investigative journalist Scott Carney. Personal life
Hof was born in Sittard, Limburg, Netherlands, one of nine children, in order of birth: Rob (1954), John (1955), Marianne (1957), <mask> and Andre (1959-identical twins), Ruud (1961), Ed (1962), Marcel (1964) and Jacqueline (1967). Hof has six children, four of them with his first wife Marivelle-Maria (also called "Olaya"), who died by suicide in 1995; a son, born in 2003 to his girlfriend; and a son born in 2017 to his last girlfriend. When he was 17 he felt a sudden urge to jump into the freezing cold water of the Beatrixpark canal.Hof has said that his sadness over the loss of his first wife was formative in leading him to develop techniques to face low-temperature environments. In 2008 he was urgently hospitalized because he sat on a public fountain in Amsterdam and ruptured his rectum, resulting in an injury that almost caused his death. Records

On 16 March 2000, Hof set the Guinness World Record for farthest swim under ice, with a distance of . The swim at a lake near Pello, Finland was filmed for a Dutch television program, and a test run the previous day almost

masks:
Wim Hof
Wim


title: Wim Hof

texts:
 reduced inflammatory response due to hyperventilation has been documented, as well as suppression of injected endotoxins, Hof's other claims have not been scientifically proven. One 2018 study of <mask> Hof published in the journal NeuroImage used a combination of fMRI and PET/CT imaging, and found:

A 2014 assessment compared <mask> Hof and his identical twin brother. The scientists had them practice Wim's breathing exercises, then exposed them to the lowest temperature that would not induce shivering. They concluded that, "No significant differences were found between the two subjects, indicating that a lifestyle with frequent exposures to extreme cold does not seem to affect BAT activity and CIT (cold-induced thermogenesis)."Both had rises of 40% of their metabolic rates over the resting rate, compared to a maximum of 30% observed in young adults. However, their brown fat percentage—while high for their age—was not enough to account for all of the increase. The rest was due to their vigorous breathing, which increased the metabolic activity in their respiratory muscles. The researchers cautions that the "results must be interpreted with caution given the low subject number and the fact that both participants practised the g-Tummo like breathing technique." A 2012 study of <mask> Hof by a group of researchers in The Netherlands and published by the journal Psychosomatic Medicine found that his "concentration/meditation during ice immersion" greatly reduced his "ex vivo proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine response":

People have died while attempting the Wim Hof Method. Four practitioners drowned in 2015 and 2016, and relatives suspected the breathing

masks: Wim Wim Wim


title: Wim Hof

texts:
 exercises were to blame. In 2022, a Singaporean man drowned in a condominium pool when attempting the Method.Hof now cautions against using his breathing method when in water or driving due to the possibility of blackout. Critics of Hof say he overstates the benefits of his method. On his website he says that it has reduced symptoms of several diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease, but these claims have not been scientifically demonstrated. Wouter van Marken Lichtenbelt, one of the scientists who studied Hof, said: "[Hof's] scientific vocabulary is galimatias. With conviction, he mixes in a non-sensical way scientific terms as irrefutable evidence." However, Van Marken Lichtenbelt goes on to say: "When practicing the Wim Hof Method with a good dose of common sense (for instance, not hyperventilating before submerging in water) and without excessive expectations: it doesn't hurt to try." Publications

See also

 Breathwork
 Kundalini energy

References

External links

 UnfoldingMaps.com – Interview with <mask> Hof by podcast Unfolding Maps (2020)

1959 births
Living people
People from Sittard
Dutch businesspeople
Dutch male long-distance runners
Dutch male marathon runners
Breathwork practitioners
Ice


title: Ruggero Leoncavallo

texts:
<mask> (or Ruggiero<mask> ( ,  , ; 23 April 18579 August 1919) was an Italian opera composer and librettist. Although he produced numerous operas and other songs throughout his career it is his opera Pagliacci (1892) that remained his lasting contribution, despite attempts to escape the shadow of his greatest success. Today he remains largely known for Pagliacci, one of the most popular and frequently performed works in the opera repertory. His other  compositions include the song "Mattinata", popularized by Enrico Caruso, and the symphonic poem La Nuit de mai. Biography
The son of <mask>, a police magistrate and judge, <mask> was born in Naples on 23 April 1857. As a child, he moved with his father to the town of Montalto Uffugo in Calabria, where <mask> lived during his adolescence. He later returned to Naples and was educated at the city's San Pietro a Majella Conservatory and later the University of Bologna studying literature under famed Italian poet Giosuè Carducci.In 1879, <mask>'s uncle Giuseppe, director of the press department at the Foreign Ministry in Egypt, suggested that his young nephew come to Cairo to showcase his pianistic abilities. Arriving shortly after the deposition of Khedive Ismail, <mask> eventually secured work as a piano teacher and pianist to the brother of the new Khedive Tewfik Pasha. His time in Egypt concluded abruptly in 1882 after revolts in Alexandria and Cairo led by ‘Urabi in which the composer quickly departed for France. In Paris, <mask> found lodging in

masks:
Ruggero
) Leoncavallo
Vincenzo Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo


title: Ruggero Leoncavallo

texts: Montmartre. An agent located in the Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis secured Leoncavallo employment as an accompanist and instructor for artists who performed in Sunday concerts mostly at cafés. It was during this time that he met Berthe Rambaud (1869–1926) a "preferred student", who became his wife in 1895. Increasingly inspired by the French romantics, particularly Alfred de Musset, <mask> began work on a symphonic poem based on Musset's poetry entitled La nuit de mai.The work was completed in Paris in 1886 and premiered in April 1887 to critical acclaim. With this success and now with enough accumulated money <mask> and Rambaud would return to Milan to begin his career as a composer of opera. Back in Italy, <mask> spent some years teaching and attempting ineffectively to obtain the production of more than one opera, notably Chatterton. In 1890 he saw the enormous success of Pietro Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana and wasted no time in producing his own verismo work, Pagliacci. (According to <mask>, the plot of this work had a real-life origin: he claimed it derived from a murder trial, in Montalto Uffugo, over which his father had presided.) Pagliacci was performed in Milan in 1892 with immediate success; today it is the only work by <mask> in the standard operatic repertory. Its most famous aria "Vesti la giubba" ("Put on the costume" or, in the better-known older translation, "On with the motley") was recorded by Enrico Caruso and laid claim to being the world's first record to sell a million copies

masks: Leoncavallo Leoncavallo Leoncavallo Leoncavallo Leoncavallo


title: Ruggero Leoncavallo

texts: (although this is probably a total of Caruso's various versions of it made in 1902, 1904 and 1907).The next year his I Medici was also produced in Milan, but neither it nor Chatterton (belatedly produced in 1896)—both early works—obtained much lasting favour. Much of Chatterton, however, was recorded by the Gramophone Company (later HMV) as early as 1908, and remastered on CD almost 100 years later by Marston Records. <mask> himself conducts the performance or at very least supervises the production. It was not until <mask>'s La bohème was performed in 1897 in Venice that his talent obtained public confirmation. However, it was outshone by Puccini's opera of the same name and on the same subject, which was premiered in 1896. Two tenor arias from <mask>'s version are still occasionally performed, especially in Italy. Subsequent operas by <mask> were in the 1900s: Zazà (the opera of Geraldine Farrar's famous 1922 farewell performance at the Metropolitan Opera), and 1904's Der Roland von Berlin.In 1906 the composer brought singers and orchestral musicians from La Scala to perform concerts of his music in New York, as well as an extensive tour of the United States. The tour was, all in all, a qualified success. He had a brief success with Zingari which premiered in Italian in London in 1912, with a long run at the Hippodrome Theatre. Zingari also reached the United States but soon disappeared from the repertoire. After a series of operettas, <mask> appeared to have tried for one last serious effort with .


title: Ruggero Leoncavallo

texts:
 It had always been assumed that <mask> had finished the work but had died before he could finish the orchestration, which was completed by . However, with the publication of Konrad Dryden's biography of <mask> it was revealed that <mask> may not have written the work at all (although it certainly contains themes by <mask>).A review of Dryden's study notes: "That fine Edipo re ... was not even composed by [<mask>]. His widow paid another composer to concoct a new opera using the music of Der Roland von Berlin. Dryden didn't find one reference to the opera in <mask>'s correspondence nor is there a single note by him to be found in the handwritten score." Pennacchio may either have concocted the opera or may have had to do more to <mask>'s more or less complete work to "fill in the gaps" using <mask>'s earlier music. Death and legacy
<mask> died in Montecatini Terme, Tuscany, on 9 August 1919. His funeral was held two days later, with hundreds in attendance, including fellow composer Pietro Mascagni and longtime rival Giacomo Puccini. He was buried in the Cimitero delle Porte Sante in Florence.70 years after his death a campaign was launched to move the composer's remains to Brissago, Switzerland, after talk of a letter written by Leoncavallo claimed to show that the composer had desired to be buried there originally, although no such letter was ever found. <mask> became an honorary citizen of Brissago and owned a lavish summer residence, Villa Myriam, in the town; in 1904 the composer had mentioned in a

masks: Leoncavallo Leoncavallo Leoncavallo Leoncavallo Leoncavallo Leoncavallo Leoncavallo Leoncavallo Leoncavallo Leoncavallo


title: Ruggero Leoncavallo

texts: speech that he would not mind having a resting place in the town's Madonna di Porte cemetery, but it was never a written request in his will. Regardless the campaign to move <mask>'s remains moved ahead and was granted official approval by Piera <mask>-Grand, the last remaining descendant of the composer. The body was exhumed for transfer to Switzerland along with the remains of his wife Berthe, who died in 1926. The Museo Leoncavallo (Leoncavallo Museum) was established in 2002 in Brissago to commemorate the composer. It includes personal items and original manuscripts on display as well as statues representing characters from his other operas Zazà and Der Roland von Berlin. Little from <mask>'s other operas is heard today, but the baritone arias from Zazà were great concert and recording favourites among baritones and Zazà as a whole is sometimes revived, as is his La bohème.The tenor arias from La bohème remain recording favorites. <mask> also composed songs, most famously "Mattinata", which he wrote for the Gramophone Company (which became HMV) with Caruso's unique voice in mind. On 8 April 1904, <mask> accompanied Caruso at the piano as they recorded the song. On 8 December 1905 he recorded five of his own pieces for the reproducing piano Welte-Mignon. <mask> was the librettist for most of his own operas. Many considered him the greatest Italian librettist of his time after Boito. Among <mask>'s libretti for other composers is his contribution to the libretto for Puccini's Manon Lescaut.Operas

masks: Leoncavallo Leoncavallo Leoncavallo Leoncavallo Leoncavallo Leoncavallo Leoncavallo


title: Ruggero Leoncavallo

texts:
 Pagliacci – 21 May 1892, Teatro Dal Verme, Milan. I Medici – 9 November 1893, Teatro Dal Verme, Milan). (The first part of the uncompleted trilogy, Crepusculum.) Chatterton – 10 March 1896, Teatro Argentina, Rome. (Revision of a work written in 1876.) La bohème – 6 May 1897, Teatro La Fenice, Venice. Zazà – 10 November 1900, Teatro Lirico, Milan.Der Roland von Berlin – 13 December 1904, Königliches Opernhaus, Berlin. Maïa – 15 January 1910, Teatro Costanzi, Rome. Zingari – 16 September 1912, Hippodrome, London. Mimi Pinson – 1913, Teatro Massimo, Palermo. (Revision of La bohème.) Mameli – 27 April 1916, Teatro Carlo Felice, Genoa. (Note that the Fondazione Leoncavallo classes this as an opera rather than an operetta.)Edipo re – 13 December 1920, Chicago Opera. (Produced after the composer's death, at very least orchestration not by <mask>, completed or perhaps composed by Giovanni Pennacchio.) Operettas

La jeunesse de Figaro – 1906, United States. Malbrouck – 19 January 1910, Teatro Nazionale, Rome. La reginetta delle rose – 24 June 1912, Teatro Costanzi, Rome. Are You There? – 1 November 1913, Prince of Wales Theatre, London.La candidata – 6 February 1915, Teatro Nazionale, Rome. Prestami tua moglie – 2 September 1916, Casino delle Terme, Montecatini. (English title: Lend me your wife.) Goffredo Mameli  – 27 April 1916, Teatro Carlo Felice, Genoa. A chi la giarrettiera? – 16 October 1919, Teatro Adriano, Rome. (English title: Whose Garter Is This?)Produced after the composer's death. Il primo bacio


title: Ruggero Leoncavallo

texts:
 – 29 April 1923 Salone di cura, Montecatini. Produced after the composer's death. La maschera nuda  – 26 June 1925 Teatro Politeama, Naples. Produced after the composer's death. Other works
La nuit de mai – poème symphonique for tenor and orchestra after Alfred de Musset, Paris 1886 (also performed and recorded in 1990 and – with Plácido Domingo – in 2010)
Séraphitus Séraphita – Poema Sinfonico after Honoré de Balzac, Teatro alla Scala, Milan 1894

Bibliography
Dryden, Konrad (2007). Leoncavallo: Life and Works, Scarecrow Press.Jürgen Maehder/Lorenza Guiot (eds. ), <mask> <mask> nel suo tempo. Atti del I° Convegno Internazionale di Studi su Leoncavallo a Locarno 1991, Milan (Sonzogno) 1993. Jürgen Maehder/Lorenza Guiot (eds. ), Letteratura, musica e teatro al tempo di <mask> <mask>. Atti del II° Convegno Internazionale di Studi su Leoncavallo a Locarno 1993, Milan (Sonzogno) 1995. Jürgen Maehder/Lorenza Guiot (eds.), Nazionalismo e cosmopolitismo nell'opera tra '800 e '900. Atti del III° Convegno Internazionale di Studi su Leoncavallo a Locarno 1995, Milan (Sonzogno) 1998. Jürgen Maehder/Lorenza Guiot (eds. ), Tendenze della musica teatrale italiana all'inizio del Novecento. Atti del IV° Convegno Internazionale di Studi su Leoncavallo a Locarno 1998, Milan (Sonzogno) 2005. Rosenthal, H. and Warrack, J. (eds.)(1979). "<mask>, <mask>", The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 2nd Edition, pp. 278–279. Oxford University Press. Sadie, Stanley and Bashford, Christina (eds.) (1992). "<mask>, <mask>

masks: Ruggero Leoncavallo Ruggero Leoncavallo Leoncavallo Ruggero Leoncavallo Ruggero


title: Wanyan Liang

texts:
Digunai (24 February 1122 – 15 December 1161), also known by his sinicised name <mask> and his formal title Prince of Hailing (or Hailing Wang), was the fourth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He was the second son of <mask> (完顏宗幹), the eldest son of Aguda (Emperor Taizu) (the founder of the Jin dynasty). He came to power in 1150 after overthrowing and murdering his predecessor, Emperor Xizong, in a coup d'état. During his reign, he moved the Jin capital from Shangjing (present-day Acheng District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province) to Yanjing (present-day Beijing), and introduced a policy of sinicisation. In 1161, after the Jin dynasty lost the Battle of Caishi against the Southern Song dynasty, Digunai's subordinates rebelled against him and assassinated him. After his death, even though he ruled as an emperor during his lifetime, he was posthumously demoted to the status of a prince – "Prince Yang of Hailing" – in 1162 by his successor, Emperor Shizong. However, in 1181, Emperor Shizong further posthumously demoted him to the status of a commoner, hence he is also known as the "Commoner of Hailing".Background

Digunai was the second son of Woben (斡本; also known as <mask> Zonggan 完顏宗幹), a son of Aguda (Emperor Taizu), the founder of the Jin dynasty. His mother was, Lady Da, came from an elite family of Balhae descent. Emperor Taizu's brother and successor, Emperor Taizong, started a series of wars

masks:
Wanyan Liang
Wanyan Zonggan
Wanyan


title: Wanyan Liang

texts:
 between the Jin and Song dynasties. During the reign of Emperor Xizong, who succeeded Emperor Taizong, <mask> Zonggan was described as the most influential man in the Jin imperial court. Digunai, who was an army marshal under Emperor Xizong, overthrew the emperor in a coup d'état in 1150 and replaced him. Having seized the throne through illegitimate means, Digunai was suspicious of other members of the Jurchen aristocracy, and, immediately upon taking the throne, started eliminating potential rivals. He ordered the massacre of the descendants of Emperor Taizong, so as to secure the position of the lineage of Emperor Taizu, to which he belonged.Reign
Digunai capitalised on the Jin dynasty's "superior status" vis-à-vis the Song dynasty after its victory over the latter in 1141, and sought to make the Jin dynasty the sole Chinese empire. To legitimise himself as a sinicised ruler, in 1150 he lifted Emperor Taizong's prohibition of wearing Han Chinese dress, and adopted an array of Han Chinese practices and institutions, such as holding of sacrificial ceremonies in the northern and southern suburbs of his capital in 1149 (cf. ceremonies conducted at the Temple of Earth and Temple of Heaven in Beijing during the Ming and Qing dynasties), the use of the imperial carriage in 1151, a system of feudal rights in 1156, and the Song dynasty's shan-hu (山呼) style of court ceremonies in 1157. Digunai also introduced the


title: Élisée Maclet

texts:
<mask> (12 April 1881–23 August 1962) was a French Impressionist painter, particularly known for his views of Montmartre. Biography
<mask> was born the son of a gardener and a laundress at Lihons in the Santerre region in Picardy. His family was poor and he began work very young as an assistant to his father. Picardy is renowned for its roses, and <mask> used to say that he was born among cabbages and roses. His artistic talent became evident very early. His father was also the sexton of the local parish church, where Maclet became a choirboy. The parish priest, Father Delval, was also an amateur painter, and often on fine Sundays he took the boy out to sketch and paint in the countryside.The artist Puvis de Chavannes found the same scenes a source of inspiration, and on an April Sunday in 1892 happened to see some of the 12-year-old boy's work. The artist was so impressed that he asked <mask>'s father to allow his son to study with him, but the father refused. In spite of paternal opposition, a few years later <mask> gave up gardening for art and moved to Montmartre, where while painting he supported himself with a variety of casual work (varnishing iron bedsteads, decorating the floats for the gala nights at the Moulin Rouge, washed dishes or opening oysters in restaurants). For several months he served as a cook on board a ship sailing from Marseilles to Indochina. When he finally returned to Paris, he painted dolls in crinolines and exhibited them at the Salon des Humoristes. But in spite of all these occupations, he found time to paint. When <mask> arrived in Montmartre, much of the country charm of the area still existed and he put it on canvas, even before Utrillo did so.Biographers have rather tended to pass over in silence the services <mask> rendered to Utrillo. <mask> knew practically all the future great

masks:
Jules Émile Élisée Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet


title: Élisée Maclet

texts: painters of his time, Utrillo among them, and it is certain that he helped him, though his own reluctance to have people write about him may account for the fact that it is known only through oblique remarks in the records of the time. <mask> painted the Lapin Agile, the Moulin de la Galette, and the Maison de Mimi Pinson several years before Utrillo painted them. He painted most often in winter in this period, skilfully suggesting snow by leaving bare white spaces in his canvas or paper. In a short time <mask> won a circle of sincere admirers. The art dealer Dosbourg bought his work, which gave him a fairly reliable source of income and enabled him to devote more time than ever to his painting. From Montmartre he launched out into the suburbs of Paris, painting them with the same affection with which he treated the scenes of Montmartre.When war broke out in 1914, <mask> served as a medical attendant in a temporary hospital run by the Little Sisters of the Poor. That allowed him to spend his periods of leave back in Montmartre, where he stayed at the Lapin Agile thanks to the hospitality of his friend Père Frédé. <mask> slept in the cabaret hall and paid for his food by washing dishes and polishing the copper pots. While on one of these periods of leave, he painted two small pictures of the Sacré-Coeur and the Moulin de la Galette which he sold to a M. Deibler, who combined his profession of official executioner with a love of the fine arts. Francis Carco, the painter and poet, was also an admirer of his work and became a patron. When the war ended in 1918, <mask> returned to Montmartre. Carco, feeling that the painter needed to widen his horizons, sent him to stay in Dieppe, and the sea coast soon featured in <mask>'s paintings.In the following year he came back to Montmartre and to his former subjects. Montmartre was now

masks: Maclet Maclet Maclet Maclet Maclet Maclet


title: Élisée Maclet

texts: changing: new apartment buildings were going up, taking the place of the green spaces, and under a huge reconstruction the picturesqueness of the Ourcq Canal was soon to disappear, as were the laundry boats on the Seine. Maclet captured these things in his canvases. His views of Paris were now earning him increasing recognition and success. Besides Carco, he found great supporters in the famous writer Colette and the American art dealer Hugo Perlsall, who regarded him as the equal of other great painters of the period. Max Jacob wrote about him. Famous dealers of the time, such as Pierre Menant and Matho Kleimann-Boch, hung <mask>'s work beside the paintings of Van Gogh and Picasso in their galleries.In 1923 Maclet entered into a contract with a wealthy Austrian manufacturer, Baron von Frey, a  condition of which was that he should leave Paris for the south of France, as the Baron sensed that Maclet would know how to handle the brilliant light and intense colors of the Midi. The Baron's judgment was vindicated only a few hours after <mask>'s arrival in Arles, when the son of an old and famous friend of Van Gogh's said to him, "Not since Van Gogh have I seen a painter use such pure color as you do." <mask> stayed in the region from 1924 to 1928. He painted in Orange, Vaison-la-Romaine, La Ciotat, Cassis, Golfe-Juan, Antibes, Cagnes, Saint-Paul-de-Vence, Villefranche, Nice, Menton, and (in Italy) San Remo, sending back to Frey glowing landscapes and glorious floral still lifes. Von Frey reserved for himself almost the total output of this period and sent most of the paintings to America, where wealthy collectors vied to buy them at high prices. Many magazines devoted articles to <mask>, and an exhibition of his work was presented in Paris in 1928. Frey also had the satisfaction of seeing paintings by Maclet purchased by

masks: Maclet Maclet Maclet Maclet


title: Élisée Maclet

texts: important museums in Lyons, Grenoble, and Monte Carlo.At the end of 1928, <mask> went to paint in Corsica. He spent 1929 and 1930 in Brittany and then went back to his native Picardy to paint. In the middle of 1933 he suffered the onset of a serious mental illness, from which he never entirely recovered, and was institutionalised for several months. After 1935 he resumed his studies of Paris and in 1945 presented a large exhibition of his work under the title Autour du Moulin ("Around the Moulin") which elicited from André Warnod the following glowing tribute: "What a happy spectacle to see Maclet paint. He begins by covering the top of his canvas with paint, the sky, the clouds. Then he attacks the chimneys and then the roofs, and then, floor by floor, he arrives at the street level of the houses... Under his brush, all becomes miraculously organized; he places the figures where they should be, and when he has painted the last paving block at the very bottom of the canvas, then he signs it.And the painting is finished; a happy painting expressing the joy of living." In 1957 a Parisian gallery organized a retrospective exhibition of <mask>'s work, and the solid rise in the prices of his paintings dates from that retrospective exhibition. When he made sporadic visits to Paris during his years in the south of France, the painters of Montmartre and Montparnasse considered him a painter on the rise; the canvases he had produced while he was in the south of France showed that the peasant from Picardy had become a master. But the general public in France did not grasp his importance and value until 1957. Five years of life remained to the painter, years beautifully described by Marcel Guicheteau and Jean Cottel in these words: "<mask> had returned to his first loves, to his first poems; but it was with all his experience, all his

masks: Maclet Maclet Maclet


title: Élisée Maclet

texts:
 wisdom that the old man now bent over the familiar motifs; his minor song had become a song full of light. In the evening of his life he could repeat himself without copying himself; explain himself without humiliating himself; remember himself without destroying himself. He had brought his work to such a degree of perfection that each painting from then on justified itself by references to earlier work and conferred, in a sense, a retroactive value on those works of a far-off past.The artist had reached the state wherein his work soundly established, across the years, its various pictorial values like echoes answering each other at intervals of ten, fifteen, twenty years, all singing the same harmony." He died in the Lariboisière Hospital in Paris on 23 April 1962 and is buried in the cemetery at Lihons next to his parents. Bibliography
 E. Bénézit, Dictionnaire des Peintres, Sculpteurs, Dessinateurs et Graveurs, Vol. 7, p. 48. Paris: Librairie Grund, 1976

 Martine and Bertrand Willot: Élisée <mask>, le dernier Montmartrois, Édition La Vie d'Artiste et Galerie Villain
 Jean Cottel and Marcel Guicheteau, 1982: Elisée Maclet, catalogue raisonné, ABC Collection
 Marcel Guicheteau and Jan Cottel, 1960: "Maclet" in L'Information Artistique
 Marcel Guicheteau and Jean Cottel: Maclet, with preface by Georges Peillex, Édition D'Arte Fratelli Pozzo
 Exhibition catalogue 23 March to 23 April 2007, Galerie Jean-Paul Villain
 André Roussard, 1999: Les peintres à Montmartre, pp. 262-390. Paris
 François Pedron, 2008: Elisée Maclet est présenté dans les rapins - l'age d'or de Montmartre, pp.183-185. Ed: La Belle Gabrielle
 Jack Russel (transl. ), 2008: Of Paupers and Painters - Studios of Montmartre Masters, pp. 183-185. Ed: La Belle Gabrielle

1881 births
1962 deaths
19th-century French painters
French male painters
20th-century


title: Choe Sejin

texts:
<mask>jin (, [t͡ɕʰwe̞ sʰed͡ʑin]; 1465 – February 10, 1542) was a Korean linguist, and a translator and interpreter of the Chinese language during the Joseon Dynasty. He is of the Goesan <mask> clan and his courtesy name was Gongseo (공서; 公瑞). He is widely known for his research with the Korean hangul letters, and comparative studies with Chinese and Korean, which further led to the propagation of hangul during a time period when Chinese characters were used as the main system of writing. Choe was recognized by many for his talents as an official interpreter in the Korean Embassies in Beijing and in his works in hangul research. However, he lived a tumultuous life due to this middle class status, which led him to be the target of many envious aristocrats of his era. Choe devised the modern Korean order of the hangul characters, and assigned names to the letters. His most famous book on hangul is the Hunmong Jahoe (;  "Collection of Characters for Training the Unenlightened", 1527).Over the course of 40 years, he composed 7 original works, and published 10 translations and research works. <mask> <mask>'s Life
Choe Sejin was born into a middle class family in Seoul. His father was <mask> Jungbal, who was also a translator and interpreter of the government. <mask> <mask>'s birth year is not found in any records, but given the record found in "Jungjong of Joseon Chronicles", his birth year is estimated as 1465. However, there are also other claims that he was born in 1473. When he was 21, he passed the "Translating and Interpreting Government Exam" and when he was 38, he placed second in another exam, the "Bong Se Ja Byul Shi" Exam, an exam conducted to celebrate the crowning of the Prince. Choe was known as very skilled as a translator and interpreter.However, during a time period when society was strictly stratified, his middle class status restricted his career and even led him to many difficulties and hardships. The

masks:
Choe Se
Choe
Choe
Sejin
Choe
Choe
Sejin


title: Choe Sejin

texts: noble class organized society in a way that they controlled and possessed a majority of the wealth and property of the country, and it was common for the nobility to be jealous over highly talented middle class government officials who might successfully become promoted, and surpass nobles in rank, although this was very rare. <mask> Sejin was a target for the nobles' jealousy, and he was sacrificed in the factional strife and tumultuous political climate at the time. For example, two months after he passed the "Bong Se Ja Byul Shi" Exam, his acceptance became nullified because of an involvement in a trial for the murder of the deposed Queen, Yoon. Even though he was not directly involved, the Minister of Culture and Education, Lee Sejwa, who conducted the exam and personally recommended Choe was involved in the trial, and as a result, all acceptances were nullified. Some were able to retain their acceptance due to familial ties, however, Choe was not one of them. Even after 3 years of waiting, he was accused of writing the anonymous letter criticizing the National Court in 1507 and was subject to a severe sentence.He was saved from this accusation after more investigation, but this highlights the kind of difficulties he faced due to his social class. Two months after the accusations proved false, he encountered a golden opportunity that allowed him to receive his government rank back. An envoy from China was visiting the King of Joseon, but there was no one appropriate and qualified to serve as the interpreter during the visit. <mask> <mask> was chosen as the interpreter reluctantly, but he successfully completed the task and was recognized for his talents. The King recognized his works, and he was able to further his career. Upon his death, a scholar named Kim An Gook dedicated a poem to Choe. The poem is called "Choi Dong Ji Se Jin Man" (崔同知世珍挽) and is widely known because of the information it holds about Choe

masks: Choe Choe Sejin


title: Choe Sejin

texts:
 Sejin.Because there are few records left about Choe, this poem provides one of the best sources of details about <mask>'s life through the eyes of his friend, Kim. Hunmong Jahoe (훈몽자회) and his works with hangul

<mask> <mask> is mostly known for his 1527 work, Hunmong Jahoe (훈몽자회). It is a textbook for children to learn the Chinese characters, and is known to be very practical in its teachings. During the Joseon Era, literacy in Chinese was an essential skill for advancement in society. Chinese was the dominant language of literature at this time, and children were taught Chinese from an early age to prepare for the future. Although hangul, the Korean orthography, existed by this time, it was not widely used in the country. Choe wanted to promote the usage of hangul through his work Hunmong Jahoe.As a textbook for children to learn Chinese, Hunmong Jahoe incorporated hangul in the textbook to promote both the learning of Chinese characters, as well as hangul. The Chinese characters were annotated in hangul, and in order for one to understand and learn the Chinese characters, one must have a full grasp of hangul first to comprehend the annotations. Choe wanted people to use hangul more extensively, and he thought that this would encourage people to take some time to fully learn hangul, before starting to learn Chinese. He wrote that "it would take [only a single day] to learn Hangul", commenting on the simplicity of hangul, and afterwards, one would be able to learn Chinese on their own without an instructor if one knew hangul and utilized his textbook. This book was known at the time for being revolutionary for its practicality and creativity. The two widely-used works for learning Chinese characters during his time were called "Thousand Character Classic" and "Yoo Hap". The "Thousand Character Classic" was considered very tedious and contained words that were conceptual and not suitable for daily use, while the


title: Choe Sejin

texts:
 rarely get recognized for their works, and no historical records are ever kept of middle-class citizens. The available records of Choe are very scarce, however, the sole presence of even a minuscule historical record indicates that he was an influential figure in the history of the Korean language. When his reputation was restored after he served as a translator to the king during a visit by the Chinese envoy , Choe successfully built his career as a translator, interpreter and linguist. His linguistic talent is even recorded in the Jungjong of Joseon Chronicles, which is a chronological record of King Jungjong's historical reigns from 1506 to 1544. Yoo Soon, a prime minister of the Joseon Dynasty, wrote that Choe was "the best in the nation when it comes to Chinese writing and pronunciation" and that he was worried that there was no one to succeed him to translate and respond to documents sent from China. Thus, Yoo Soon wrote a petition to the King, asking him to pick approximately six talented individuals to be instructed by <mask> Sejin, in order to make sure that <mask>'s legacy was maintained.The King also wrote about his worries that Choe might be the only person capable of handling proper relations with China. In addition to his skills as a translator and interpreter, his works also contain his legacy. He published a lot in the field of linguistics, especially in the realm of Chinese linguistics directed towards a Korean audience. He translated numerous works such as "Bak Tongsa", Interpreter Park, which was a Chinese textbook, and elaborated on its research through his own work "Sasung Tonghae", Explaining the Four Sounds. Commentary on <mask> <mask> and his works
There are very scarce resources available to shed light onto <mask> <mask>'s life. One work that reveals a lot about Choe's character and his influence during his time is a poem written as a eulogy by one of his friends, Kim Ankook. The poem was

masks: Choe Choe Choe Sejin Choe Sejin


title: Choe Sejin

texts:
 written in 1542 after Choe's death, and is titled "Choe Dong Ji Se Jin Man" (최동지세진만, 崔同知世珍挽).This is a poem that reflects Kim Ankook's sorrow upon his friend <mask>'s death. This is a poem that is one of the most known among Korean linguistics, because there is a lot of information about Choe packed into a single poem. According to Kim, it can be known that Choe went through a lot of hardships during the 40 years he served as a government official, and eventually lived a long life, "having seen the death of many of his loved ones". Another line of the poem, "who will I discuss and debate with when composing diplomat documents? ", indicates that he was an important figure in international diplomacy, especially with respect to translation and interpretation. Lastly, Kim notes that his accomplishments will last far into the future, since his works are considered as "a great service to the future". This highlights Choe's influence in the field of Korean linguistics.Other Notable Works
In addition to Hunmong Jahoe, Choe also composed 17 research publications over the course of 40 years in total. A few of his most notable works are:

 Sasung Tonghae (사성통해) (1517) marks the intonations, and the correct pronunciations of Chinese characters in hangul. It also includes records of 450 Korean words in hangul, and is an important source for the research on the history of the Korean language. Sohak Pyunmong (소학편몽) (1537) is a textbook for Chinese language learners, dedicated to the King. Unhoe Okpyun (운회옥편) (1537) is a supplementary material published to add on to the works in Sasung Tonghae. Yeohyo Kyung (여효경) (1541) was one of his last works, written when he was 76. Kyungsung Ji (경성지) (1541), a work about the Nanjing city in China, was one of his last works before he died at the age of 77.See also
 History of Korea
 Joseon Dynasty

References

1473 births
1542 deaths
16th-century Korean writers
Linguists from Korea
Choe


title: Andrew Leung

texts:
<mask>wan-yuen  (; born 24 February 1951) is a Hong Kong politician who is the current President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (Legco), representing the Industrial (First) functional constituency. From October 2012 to October 2016, he was the chairman of Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong (BPA), the second largest party in the legislature. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 24 February 1951 to a family who run a textile factory, the Sun Hing knitting company. He was educated in the University of Leeds and joined his father's family business. In 1970, he set up the Sun Hing Knitting Factory in Kwai Chung and became the chairman of the company. Public service career
<mask> joined the Hong Kong Woollen & Synthetic Knitting Manufacturers' Association, the chamber of commerce of the manufacturing companies, in which he later became the honorary president in 1997. He has been the chairman and Honorary Chairman of the Textile Council of Hong Kong and the member, Deputy chairman and Chairman of the Federation of Hong Kong Industries.He stepped down in 2004 after he was elected to the Legislative Council of Hong Kong and became the Honorary chairman. He has been the committee member of both Textile and Clothing Industry Training Board in the 1980s, and became a member of Vocational Training Council (VTC) board of directors in 1998, he was then appointed as the chairman of VTC from 2006 to 2012. He has also held many positions including Chairman of the Hong Kong Productivity Council (2003–2009), council member of the Hong Kong Trade Development Council (2010–2016), a member of the Economic Development Commission (2013–2017), the Deputy Chairman of the Business Facilitation Advisory Committee (2012–2016), a non-executive

masks:
Andrew Leung K
Leung
Leung


title: Andrew Leung

texts:
 director of the Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Authority (2009–2015) and a Director of The Hong Kong Mortgage Corporation Limited. He was awarded Justice of the Peace in 1996 and Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for his services to the textile industry in 1997. Legislative Councillor
In the 2004 Legislative Council election, he replaced Kenneth Ting Woo-shou to be elected uncontestedly to the Legislative Council of Hong Kong through the Industrial (First) functional constituency which was elected by the Federation of Hong Kong Industries, representing the Liberal Party. <mask> split apart from the Liberal Party in October 2008 with Jeffrey Lam Kin-fung and Sophie Leung Lau Yau-fun after the defeat of the party in the 2008 Legislative Council election in September and the resignation of chairman James Tien Pei-chun. In June 2009, the three legislators formed the Economic Synergy which later co-founded the Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong (BPA) in 2012 which <mask> became the founding Chairman of the new party.<mask> was also the committee member of 11th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. He received the Silver Bauhinia Star (SBS) and the Gold Bauhinia Star (GBS) in 2004 and 2010 respectively. On the debate over the 2014–15 Hong Kong electoral reform for the universal suffrage of the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, <mask> opposed to the Occupy Central with Love and Peace campaign by the pan-democracy camp, appealed to the "silent majority" to oppose "Occupy protest". <mask> said the campaign would threaten the rule of law and social stability, while hurting Hong Kong's business environment. President of the Legislative Council

After the 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Election,

masks: Leung Leung Leung Leung Leung


title: Andrew Leung

texts: <mask> was handpicked by the pro-Beijing camp to be their candidate for the President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong left over by the retiring Jasper Tsang, after potential candidates New People's Party's Michael Tien and nonpartisan Paul Tse withdrew their nominations, implicitly citing the influence of the Liaison Office. <mask> was questioned by the opposition over his British nationality which he renounced right before the vote and his close business ties with 11 companies in which he held shares and was the directors of seven of them. On the first meeting of the Legislative Council, <mask> was elected as president in the middle of chaos as the pan-democrats and localists tore up their ballot papers and stormed out of the meeting room before the vote.As a result, <mask> received 38 votes against pro-democrat nominee James To's zero with three blank ballots. On 27 October, <mask> was slammed and asked to step down after he took a U-turn by deciding to delay the oath-taking of Sixtus <mask> and Yau Wai-ching of Youngspiration whose qualifications were under legal challenge by the government for their pro-independence on general meeting on 27 October 2016. <mask> and Yau inserted their own words into the oath-taking on the first session of the Legislative Council and therefore were invalidated by the LegCo secretary-general Kenneth Chen. <mask> initially allowed the two to retake the oaths but backed down after the pro-Beijing camp threatened to stage a second walkout after they walked out in the on 19 October to block the two Youngspiration legislators to take the oaths. The pan-democracy camp criticised Leung for "unfit to perform his role". In November 2020, following the expulsion of 4 pro-democracy lawmakers from the Legislative

masks:
Leung
Leung
Leung
Leung
Leung
Leung
Leung
Andrew Leung