title: Enayat Ahmad

texts:
 movements during the Oligocene, Miocene, and Pleistocene period. For this reason, his theory has become the more accepted theory of the Himalayan drainage system. First Research Journal of Geography in Bihar

The National Association of Geographers, India describes his contributions as: "He published more than 64 articles in reputed international and national journals. Under his editorship, the Geographical Outlook, the first research journal of Geography in Bihar, was started in 1956. He had the honour of being the first geographer of the country whose papers were published in Annals of the American Association of Geographers, and Geographical Review. This was indeed a great achievement." Indian Coastal Geomorphology

<mask> <mask>’s book Coastal Geomorphology of India published in 1972 was the first book on the subject.“In 22 concise chapters…<mask> virtually describes every feature along a vast coastline. For this, students of both Geomorphology and India will be most grateful”. This pioneering work was created, in the absence of any previous literature on the subject, from large-scale maps. The author was assisted in this work by the well-known coastal geomorphologist E.C.E. Bird and A.T.A. Learmonth. Although this work has also been criticized by Schwartz for not being rigorous, geologically, the fact remains that all work on Indian coastal geomorphology is subsequent to and follows this original and fundamental work.This was a work which brought international recognition to him. <mask> also served as the Asian Contributor for Encyclopedia Britannica. Awards
The Bhoogol Ratna Award of 2016, awarded posthumously to <mask> <mask> by the National Association of Geographers, India (NAGI), in the 38th Indian Geography Congress, held at the University of Mysore, Mysuru in recognition of his services to the field. References

1923 births
Indian geographers
People from Bihar
Aligarh Muslim University alumni
Alumni of the London School of Economics
1999 deaths
Ranchi University faculty
Magadh University faculty
Indian expatriates in the

masks: Enayat Ahmad Ahmad Ahmad Enayat Ahmad


title: Logie Bruce Lockhart

type: original

texts:
<mask> (12 October 1921 – 7 September 2020) was a British schoolmaster, writer, and journalist, in his youth a Scottish international rugby union footballer and for most of his teaching career Headmaster of Gresham's School. <mask> belonged to the <mask> family, which has long traditions of teaching and playing rugby union and has branched out into other areas. His grandfather was a schoolmaster, while his father, <mask>, and one of his older brothers, <mask>, were both public school headmasters who had played rugby union for Scotland. Another brother, J. M<mask>, was an intelligence officer, and a third brother, Patrick, was an obstetrician who fenced for Scotland. <mask>’s uncle, Sir <mask> (1887–1970), was an author and adventurer whose son, <mask>, became an author. One nephew was <mask>, <mask>hart; another, <mask>, played squash for Scotland. A great-nephew, Dugald, is an actor and director.Early life
<mask> was educated at Cargilfield School, Edinburgh, Sedbergh School, where his father was Headmaster and he became Head Boy, and then at St John's College, Cambridge, as a choral scholar, with a scholarship. However, with the Second World War just beginning he enlisted in the 9th Sherwood Foresters. Later during the war he served in the Life Guards in France and Germany and was one of the first British soldiers to enter Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. After the war, <mask> continued his interrupted education at Cambridge, where he read French and German, won the Wright Prize for Modern Languages, and was both a rugby union and a squash rackets Blue. He gained a double first, and his degree was later

masks:
Logie Bruce Lockhart
Background Lockhart
Bruce Lockhart
John Bruce Lockhart
Rab Bruce Lockhart
. Bruce Lockhart
Lockhart
Robert Bruce Lockhart
Robin Bruce Lockhart
Sandy Bruce Lockhart
Baron Bruce Lock
Kim Bruce Lockhart
Lockhart
Lockhart


title: Logie Bruce Lockhart

texts:
 promoted to MA. <mask> wrote of his time at Cambridge

After playing rugby union for Cambridge, <mask> went on to play for Scotland between 1948 and 1953, mostly at fly half and once at centre. His first and last international games were both against England, on 20 March 1948 and 21 March 1953.Career
From Cambridge, <mask> followed in a long family tradition by deciding to enter the teaching profession. He became an assistant schoolmaster and rugby union coach at Tonbridge School, and then in 1955, at the age of 33, was appointed as Headmaster of Gresham's School, Holt. He became Chairman of the Eastern Division of the Headmasters' Conference in the 1970s and broke new ground by inviting the heads of the Girls' Schools Association to attend HMC meetings. In 1977, he argued that five subjects, rather than three, should be taught in sixth forms, and that this could be made possible by universities teaching more inter-disciplinary and creative courses. <mask> retired as Headmaster of Gresham's School at the end of the Summer Term of 1982. Journalist and author
For sixty years, <mask> <mask> contributed articles to magazines and newspapers, from Country Life and Rugby World to She. He wrote mostly on education, fishing, sport, and wildlife.<mask>'s first book, The Pleasures of Fishing (1981) was about his adventures as a fly fisherman, mostly in England and Scotland. His second book, Stuff and Nonsense, gave the philosophy of a retired headmaster and thoughts on educational topics of the previous half century, the 'Stuff', while a variety of essays on rugby, fly fishing, camping in old age, wind-surfing in France,

masks:
Lockhart
Lockhart
Lockhart
Lockhart
Logie
Bruce Lockhart
Lockhart


title: Logie Bruce Lockhart

texts:
 and so forth provided the 'Nonsense'. Now We Are Very Old (2012) is a collection of <mask>’s cautionary verses for the elderly, while Now And Then, This And That (2013) is a reflection on his family history, his experiences in the Second World War, the changes in education during his teaching career, and the changes in society during his lifetime. British Bird Watching for Beginners & Enthusiasts (2018), written for his grandchildren and illustrated with his own watercolours, explored his lifetime passion for ornithology. As a boy, he was taught to paint birds by Talbot Kelly. Personal life
In 1944 <mask> <mask> married Josephine Agnew, and they had two sons and three daughters. His wife died at Holt in 2009, aged 86.<mask>-<mask> became a teacher of music in Paris. Rhuraidh <mask> is a property developer in Norfolk. Fiona Drye was a Head of English who gained a 'Teacher Trailblazer' award from the Poetry Society for her work in helping children to write poetry. Bede <mask> played rugby union for Scotland B and works in the City. Their sister Kirsty was killed in a car accident in childhood. A granddaughter, <mask> <mask>, is a data journalist at the Financial Times. One grandson, Nicolas, works in property management.Grandsons Alastair and Dacre Drye are property developers in Lisbon and Brazil respectively. <mask> died in September 2020 at the age of 98 and was buried at St Andrew’s parish church, Holt, Norfolk. Books
Trois Aveugles et Autres Contes (Oxford University Press, New Oxford French Readers, 1954) ,
The Pleasures of Fishing  (A & C Black, London, 1981)
Stuff and Nonsense: Observations of a Norfolk

masks:
Lockhart
Logie
Bruce Lockhart
Jennifer Bruce
Lockhart
Bruce Lockhart
Bruce Lockhart
Chelsea Bruce
Lockhart
Lockhart


title: Logie Bruce Lockhart

texts:
 Scot (The Larks Press, 1981)
Dick Bagnall-Oakeley, A tribute to a Norfolk Naturalist (The Gallpen Press Limited)
Now We Are Very Old (2012)
Now and Then, This and That (Larks Press, 2013), autobiography
British Bird Watching for Beginners & Enthusiasts (Bar well Print Ltd, 2018)

Selected articles
'Tom Brown's Ghost Walks' in The Times (London), 6 July 1967, p. 7
'Co-education in public schools', in The Spectator, 20 April 1974, pp. 479–80
'Crisis and Politics in England', in St. Croix Review (Stillwater, Minn., 1974)
'A new programme for Christian education' in The Times (London), 5 July 1975, p. 14
'Why Oxbridge must look to its students' in The Times (London), 4 October 1977, p. 18
'On Highlands Fishing', in Country Life, 1992
'Hooked on angling' in Scots Magazine, new series, vol. 123, no. 3, June 1985, pp. 282–286

References

External links
 profile on scrum.com
Sir James Dyson pays tribute to ‘wonderfully empathetic’ headmaster, Eastern Daily Press, 11 September 2020
<mask> <mask>: 1921-2020 at sjcchoir.co.uk, 15 September 2020
Obituary in The Times, September 19 2020

1921 births
2020 deaths
Place of birth missing
20th-century Scottish educators
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Logie
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Headmasters of Gresham's School
People educated at Cargilfield School
People educated at Sedbergh School
Scottish rugby union players
Scottish schoolteachers
Scottish educational theorists
Scottish journalists
Scotland international rugby union players
Sportspeople from Yorkshire
British Life Guards soldiers
Sherwood Foresters soldiers
British Army personnel of World

masks:
Logie
Bruce Lockhart


title: J. Michael Straczynski

texts: <mask> (; born July 17, 1954) is an American filmmaker, and comic book writer. He is the founder of Synthetic Worlds Ltd. and Studio JMS and is best known as the creator of the science fiction television series Babylon 5 (1993–1998) and its spinoff Crusade (1999), as well as the series <mask> (2002–2004) and Sense8 (2015–2018). He is also the executor of the estate of Harlan Ellison. Straczynski wrote the psychological drama film Changeling (2008) and was co-writer on the martial arts thriller Ninja Assassin (2009), was one of the key writers for (and had a cameo in) Marvel's Thor (2011), as well as the horror film Underworld: Awakening (2012), and the apocalyptic horror film World War Z (2013). From 2001 to 2007, Straczynski wrote Marvel Comics' The Amazing Spider-Man, followed by runs on Thor and Fantastic Four. He is also the author of the Superman: Earth One trilogy of graphic novels, and he has written Superman, Wonder Woman, and Before Watchmen for DC Comics. <mask> is the creator and writer of several original comic book series such as Rising Stars, Midnight Nation, Dream Police, and Ten Grand through Joe's Comics.A prolific writer across a variety of media and former journalist, <mask> is the author of the autobiography Becoming Superman (2019) for HarperVoyager, the novel Together We Will Go (2021) for Simon & Schuster, and Becoming a Writer, Staying a Writer (2021) for Benbella Books. In 2020 he was also named Head of the Creative Council for the comics publishing company Artists, Writers and Artisans. Straczynski is a long-time participant in Usenet and other early computer networks, interacting with fans through various online forums (including GEnie, CompuServe, and America Online) since 1984. He is credited as being the first TV producer to directly engage with fans on the Internet, and allow their viewpoints to influence the look and feel of his show. (See Babylon 5s use of the Internet.) Two prominent areas where he had a presence were GEnie and the newsgroup

masks:
Joseph Michael Straczynski
Jeremiah
Straczynski
Straczynski


title: J. Michael Straczynski

texts:
 rec.arts.sf.tv.babylon5.moderated. Personal life
Straczynski was born in Paterson, New Jersey, and is the son of <mask>, a manual laborer, and <mask> (née Pate).He was raised in Newark, New Jersey; Kankakee, Illinois; Dallas, Texas; Chula Vista, California, where he graduated from high school; and San Diego, California. <mask>'s family religion was Catholic, and he has Polish ancestry. His grandparents lived in the area which today belongs to Belarus and fled to America from the Russian Revolution; his father was born in the United States and has lived in Poland, Germany and Russia. Straczynski is a graduate of San Diego State University (SDSU), having earned a BA with a double major in psychology and sociology (with minors in philosophy and literature). While at SDSU, he wrote for the student newspaper, The Daily Aztec  at times penning so many articles that the paper was jokingly referred to as the "Daily Joe". Straczynski met Kathryn M. Drennan while they were both at SDSU. They moved to Los Angeles in 1981 (where he still resides), married in 1983, separated in 1999, and they were divorced in 2001.Sometime after his separation from Drennan, <mask> entered into a relationship with Patricia Tallman, whom he had met when she was acting in his 1990s series Babylon 5. She served as CEO and executive producer of Studio JMS in partnership with him; both their relationship and partnership ended in 2013. Career

1970s–1980s

Early work
<mask> began writing plays, having several produced at Southwestern College and San Diego State University before publishing his adaptation of "Snow White" with Performance Publishing. Several other plays were produced around San Diego, including "The Apprenticeship" for the Marquis Public Theater. During the late 1970s, Straczynski also became the on-air entertainment reviewer for KSDO-FM and wrote several radio plays before being hired as a scriptwriter for the radio drama Alien Worlds. He also produced his first television project in San Diego,

masks:
Charles Straczynski
Evelyn Straczynski
Straczynski
Straczynski
Straczynski


title: J. Michael Straczynski

texts:
 "Marty Sprinkle" for KPBS-TV as well as worked on the XETV-TV project Disasterpiece Theatre. He worked as a journalist for the Los Angeles Times as a special San Diego correspondent and also worked for San Diego Magazine and The San Diego Reader, and wrote for the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, the Los Angeles Reader, TV-Cable Week, and People magazine.<mask> wrote The Complete Book of Scriptwriting for Writer's Digest. Published in 1982, the book is often used as a text in introductory screenwriting courses, and is now in its third edition. He and Kathryn M. Drennan, whom he met at San Diego State, moved to Los Angeles on April 1, 1981. They married in 1983 and separated in 2002. He spent five years from 1987 to 1992 co-hosting the Hour 25 radio talk show on KPFK-FM Los Angeles with Larry DiTillio. During his tenure, he interviewed <mask>, Neil Gaiman, Ray Bradbury, Harlan Ellison and other writers, producers, actors and directors. In 2000, <mask> returned to radio drama with  The City of Dreams for scifi.com.<mask> is the author of three horror novels—Demon Night, Othersyde, and Tribulations—and nearly twenty short stories, many of which are collected in two compilations—Tales from the New Twilight Zone and Straczynski Unplugged. Work in animation
Straczynski was a fan of the cartoon He-Man and the Masters of the Universe. He wrote a spec script in 1984 and sent it directly to Filmation. They purchased his script, bought several others, and hired him on staff. During this time he became friends with Larry DiTillio, and when Filmation produced the He-Man spinoff She-Ra: Princess of Power, they both worked as story editors on the show. However, when Filmation refused to give them credit on-screen, both left, finding work with DIC on Jayce and the Wheeled Warriors. <mask> and DiTillio also worked to create an animated version of Elfquest, but that project fell through when CBS attempted to retool the show to appeal to younger audiences.While working on Jayce, <mask> was hired

masks:
Straczynski
John Carpenter
Straczynski
Straczynski
Straczynski
Straczynski


title: J. Michael Straczynski

texts:
 to come aboard the <mask> and Chuck Menville project to adapt the movie Ghostbusters to an animated version called The Real Ghostbusters. When <mask> and Menville learned that there was not only a 13-episode order but a 65-episode syndication order as well, they decided that the workload was too much and that they would only work on their own scripts. DIC head <mask>in asked Straczynski to take on the task of story editing the entire 78-episode block as well as writing his own scripts. After the show's successful first season, consultants were brought in to make suggestions for the show, including changing <mask>ine to a more maternal character, giving every character a particular "job" (Peter is the funny one, Egon is the smart one, and Winston, the only black character, was to be the driver), and to add kids into the show. Straczynski left at this point, <mask> and Menville resuming the story editing job for the second network season. Straczynski then began development on a show called Spiral Zone but left after only one script, taking his name off the series, because management drastically altered his conception of show. substituting the pseudonym "Fettes Grey" (derived from the names of the grave robbers in The Body Snatcher)

<mask> also wrote for CBS Storybreak, writing an adaptation of Evelyn Sibley Lampman's The Shy Stegosaurus of Cricket Creek.Live action and network shows
After leaving animation, <mask> freelanced for The Twilight Zone writing an episode entitled ("What Are Friends For") and, for Shelley Duvall's Nightmare Classics, adaptating The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, which was nominated for a Writer's Guild Award. <mask> was then offered the position of story editor on the syndicated live-action science fiction series Captain Power and the Soldiers of the Future. Straczynski constructed a season long arc with lasting character changes and wrote a third of the scripts himself. After one season, the toy company Mattel demanded more input into

masks:
Len Janson
Janson
Jean Chalop
Jan
Janson
Straczynski
Straczynski
Straczynski


title: J. Michael Straczynski

texts: the show, causing <mask> to quit. He recommended DiTillio to take over the job as story editor for a second season, but the toy company financing fell through and that season was never produced. Soon after, the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike began. Straczynski met Harlan Ellison during this time and later became friends with him.Straczynski is an executor of Ellison's collected works. After the strike ended, the producers of the new Twilight Zone needed to create more episodes to be able to sell the series into syndication with a complete 65-episode package. They hired <mask> as executive story editor to fill in the remaining number of needed episodes. Straczynski wrote many of the scripts himself. In addition, one episode, "Crazy as a Soup Sandwich", was written by Ellison. After leaving Twilight Zone, his agent of the time asked him to pitch for the show Jake and the Fatman. Initially wary, <mask> finally did and was hired on as an executive story consultant under <mask> Taylor and David Moessinger.When Taylor and Moessinger left the show, <mask> left too as an act of solidarity. When Moessinger was hired as executive producer for Murder, She Wrote, he offered <mask> a job as co-producer. Straczynski joined Murder for two seasons and wrote seven produced episodes. Moessinger and Straczynski moved the protagonist, <mask>, from the sleepy Maine town of Cabot Cove to New York City to revitalize the show. The move effectively brought the show back into the top ten from the mid-thirties where it had fallen. Straczynski made <mask> an instructor in writing and criminology, and he emphasized her role as a working writer, with all the deadlines and problems involved in that profession. Straczynski also wrote one episode of Walker, Texas Ranger for Moessinger between the pilot episode for Babylon 5 and the start of its first season.<mask>  wrote an adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde for the Showtime network, which was nominated

masks:
Straczynski
Straczynski
Straczynski
Jeri
Straczynski
Straczynski
Jessica Fletcher
Jessica
Straczynski


title: J. Michael Straczynski

texts:
 for a Writer's Guild of America award, and a Murder, She Wrote movie, Murder, She Wrote: A Story to Die For, which he produced. 1990s

Babylon 5 and Crusade
In late 1991, Warner Bros. contracted with <mask> and Doug Netter as partners to produce Babylon 5 as the flagship program for the new Prime Time Entertainment Network. Straczynski and Netter hired many of the people from Captain Power, as well as hiring Ellison as a consultant and DiTillio as a story editor. Babylon 5 won two Emmy Awards, back-to-back Hugo Awards, and dozens of other awards. Straczynski wrote 92 of the 110 episodes, as well as the pilot and five television movies. The show is a character-driven space opera and features an intentional emphasis on realism in its portrayal of space operations. It also pioneered extensive use of CGI for its special effects.Babylon 5 was produced and broadcast for five seasons completing Stracynski's planned story arc. Its sequel, Crusade, was produced for the TNT Network, however it ended with only 13 episodes. Production was halted before the first episode aired. He wrote the outlines for nine of the canonical Babylon 5 novels, supervised the three produced B5 telefilm novelizations (In the Beginning, Thirdspace, and A Call to Arms), and is the author of four Babylon 5 short stories published in magazines, not yet reprinted (). In 2005, <mask> began publishing his Babylon 5 scripts. This process ended in June 2008, with the scripts no longer being available from the end of July of that year. His scripts for the television movies were published for a limited time in January 2009.<mask> also wrote and produced the pilot Babylon 5: The Legend of the Rangers, a pilot for the SciFi Network, and wrote, directed and produced Babylon 5: The Lost Tales as a two-hour direct-to-DVD movie. Joe's Comics
<mask> has long been a comic fan and began writing comics in the late 1980s. His work in comics includes the adaptations of Captain Power and the Soldiers of the Future, The Twilight

masks: Straczynski Straczynski Straczynski Straczynski


title: J. Michael Straczynski

texts:
 Zone, Star Trek and Babylon 5. In 1999 he created Rising Stars for Top Cow/Image Comics. Eventually he worked mostly under his own imprint – Joe's Comics – for which he wrote the Midnight Nation miniseries and the illustrated fantasy parable Delicate Creatures. 2000s

Marvel Comics
Marvel Comics then signed him to an exclusive contract, beginning with a run on The Amazing Spider-Man, from 2001–2007. He took over the series with Volume 2 issue #30 (cover dated June 2001).<mask> and artist <mask> <mask>. crafted an acclaimed story for The Amazing Spider-Man #36 (Dec. 2001) in response to the September 11 attacks. He wrote or co-wrote several major Spider-Man story arcs including "Spider-Man: The Other", "Back in Black", and "One More Day". He later wrote several other Marvel titles including Supreme Power, Strange, Fantastic Four, Thor, and mini-series featuring the Silver Surfer and a "What If" scenario, Bullet Points. <mask>
<mask> also ran <mask>, loosely based on the Belgian post-apocalyptic comic of the same name, from 2002–2004. Straczynski ran the series for two seasons but was frustrated with the conflicting directions that MGM and Showtime wanted from the show, and even used the pseudonym "Fettes Grey" for the first time since Spiral Zone on one of the scripts. In the second season, Straczynski decided to leave the show if things did not improve, and the show ended after two seasons. Changeling
<mask> wrote Changeling, a psychological drama film based partly on the "Wineville Chicken Coop" kidnapping and murder case in Los Angeles, California.Directed by Clint Eastwood, produced by Ron Howard, and starring <mask>, the film premiered in 2008 and subsequently received eight nominations for the BAFTA Award, including a nomination for Best Original Screenplay. The first draft script was written in eleven days, after Straczynski figured out "how to tell" the story, which ended up being the shooting draft, after Eastwood declined to make any changes. It was optioned

masks:
Straczynski
John Romita
Jr
Jeremiah
Straczynski
Jeremiah
Straczynski
Angelina Jolie


title: J. Michael Straczynski

texts:
 immediately by Howard, who at first intended to direct the film but later stepped down after scheduling conflicts. At first, Straczynski expressed disbelief at the story, but spent a year researching the case, compiling over six thousands pages of documentation. Straczynski claimed that 95% of the script's content came from the historical record, and went through the script with Universal's legal department, providing attribution for every scene so the film would be described as "a true story" rather than "based on" one. On how his journalistic background helped him write the film, Straczynski stated:

Feature screenwriter
Straczynski announced on February 23, 2007 that he had been hired to write the feature film adaptation of Max Brooks's New York Times-bestselling novel World War Z for Paramount Pictures and Brad Pitt's production company, Plan B, taking screen story credit on the finished film. In 2008, <mask> wrote a draft of Ninja Assassin for <mask>, which he completed in just 53 hours.The film was produced by the Wachowskis and released on November 25, 2009. <mask> is credited as "story writer" along with Mark Protosevich for the 2011 film, Thor. He also makes a cameo appearance in the film, his first appearance in a movie and his second appearance as an actor (the first being "Sleeping in Light", the final episode of Babylon 5). <mask> was part of the writers room (along with Terry Rossio, Patrick McKay, J. D. Payne, Lindsey Beer, Cat Vasko, T.S. Nowlin, and <mask>n) to develop Godzilla vs. Kong, though was uncredited on the final script. DC Comics
When his exclusive contract with Marvel ended, he was announced as the writer for a run on The Brave and the Bold for DC Comics. He collaborated with artist Shane Davis on an out-of-continuity original graphic novel starring Superman titled Superman: Earth One.The story features a young Superman and focus on his decision about the role he wants to assume in life. On March 8, 2010 it was announced he would be taking over

masks:
Straczynski
Joel Silver
Straczynski
Straczynski
Jack Pagle


title: J. Michael Straczynski

texts:
 writing duties for the monthly Superman title with a story arc entitled "Grounded", and the Wonder Woman title, beginning with issues 701 and 601 respectively. Less than a year later he was asked by DC to step away from both titles in order to concentrate on the second volume of Superman: Earth One and handed them over to Chris Roberson and Phil Hester to finish his Superman and Wonder Woman stories respectively. In 2012, <mask> wrote Before Watchmen: Dr. Manhattan drawn by Adam Hughes and Before Watchmen: Nite Owl drawn by Andy Kubert and <mask>. A second volume of Superman: Earth One was released later that same year. At the San Diego Comic-Con in 2015, DC Comics announced The Flash: Earth One, a new graphic novel of its Earth One line to be written by <mask>, set to be published in 2016. 2010s

Studio JMS
In July 2012, J. <mask> announced the launch of Studio JMS to produce TV series, movies, comics and, down the road, games and web series.On March 27, 2013 Netflix announced they would produce the show Sense8 with Studio JMS and the Wachowskis, which aired on June 5, 2015, and earned a season 2 announcement by August 10, 2015. Joe's Comics revival
The Joe's Comics line was revived at Image Comics in 2013 with the launch of Ten Grand drawn by Ben Templesmith and Sidekick  drawn by Tom Mandrake. Dynamite Entertainment announced in July 2013 a new 12 issue The Twilight Zone comic book series penned by <mask>. The series ran for its projected 12 issues, from December 2013 to February 2015, with art by Guiu Vilanova. <mask> was announced as the writer of Terminator Salvation: The Final Battle, a 12 issue comic book series from Dark Horse Comics, along with artist Pete Woods. Sense8
Sense8, a science fiction television series created by <mask> and the Wachowskis was ordered straight-to-series by Netflix in March 2013. Sense8'''s first season debuted in June 2015 on Netflix, from Studio JMS and Georgeville Television.<mask> executive produced and co-wrote all 12 episodes of

masks:
Straczynski
Joe Kubert
Straczynski
Michael Straczynski
Straczynski
Straczynski
Straczynski
Straczynski


title: J. Michael Straczynski

texts:
 the first season with fellow creators, executive producers, and directors Lilly and Lana Wachowski. In August 2015, Netflix renewed Sense8 for a second season. 2020s

 Artists Writers and Artisans
In 2020 <mask> was named head of the Creative Council for the new comics publishing company AWA, where he was responsible for creating the shared universe used by many of its writers. Following the publication of his autobiography Becoming Superman in 2019 from HarperVoyager, the novel Together We Will Go was published in 2021 by Simon & Schuster's Scout Press, and Becoming A Writer, Staying A Writer was published in 2021 by Benbella Books. Unrealized projects
In 2004, <mask> was approached by Paramount Studios to become a producer of the Star Trek: Enterprise series. He declined, believing that he would not be allowed to take the show in the direction he felt it should go. He did write a treatment for a new Star Trek series with colleague Bryce Zabel.After both Babylon 5 and <mask> ended, <mask> transitioned to working as a feature film screenwriter. In 2006, he was hired to write a feature film based on the story of King David for Universal by producers Erwin Stoff and Akiva Goldsman. In June 2007, it was announced that <mask> had written a feature screenplay for the Silver Surfer movie for Fox, the production of which would depend on the success of the Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer. Additionally, he has written a script for Tom Hanks' Playtone Productions and Universal Pictures called They Marched into Sunlight based upon the Pulitzer nominated novel of the same name and an outline by Paul Greengrass, for Greengrass to direct, should it get a greenlight. In June 2008, Daily Variety named Straczynski one of the top Ten Screenwriters to Watch. They announced Straczynski was writing Lensman for Ron Howard (to whom he had sold a screenplay entitled The Flickering Light), that he was selling another spec, Proving Ground, to Tom Cruise and United Artists. In October

masks: Straczynski Straczynski Jeremiah Straczynski Straczynski


title: J. Michael Straczynski

texts: 2008, it was announced that <mask> was engaged to pen a remake of the science fiction classic Forbidden Planet.In the fall of 2009, it was reported that <mask> was writing a movie titled Shattered Union for <mask> and Disney. The screenplay, based on the video game of that name, concerns itself with a present-day American civil war. In October 2012, Valiant Entertainment announced a live-action feature film adaptation on its comic book series Shadowman, written and executive produced by <mask>. The Flickering Light, <mask>'s directorial debut, was announced in February 2013, with the WWII drama set to be written and produced by <mask> through his Studio JMS. <mask> and Studio JMS optioned Harlan Ellison's short story "'Repent, Harlequin!' Said the Ticktockman", who granted the option only after reading a finished screenplay written by <mask>. On San Diego Comic-Con 2014, it was announced that <mask> and Graphic India would team up with Chernin Entertainment to produce a feature film adaptation of his upcoming graphic novel Titans, to be written and produced by <mask>, through Studio JMS.<mask> was also hired to adapt Red Mars for Spike TV, based on the Kim Stanley Robinson novels, with Vince Gerardis as producer. In December 2015, Spike TV gave a 10-episode straight-to-series order to Red Mars, set to premiere in January 2017, with <mask> serving as writer, executive producer, and showrunner through Studio JMS, and production set to begin in Summer 2016. On March 25, 2016 Deadline reported that Straczynski had left his position as showrunner with Peter Noah replacing him but he too left due to creative differences with Spike. Spike has put the series on hold for further development. On July 30, 2021, Straczynski expressed an interest in becoming showrunner of the BBC Television series Doctor Who, following the departure of Chris Chibnall, confirming his representatives had been contacting the BBC. On Aug 19, Straczynski confirmed contact had been made with the BBC, but that

masks:
Straczynski
Straczynski
Jerry Bruckheimer
Straczynski
Straczynski
Straczynski
Straczynski
Straczynski
Straczynski
Straczynski
Straczynski
Straczynski


title: J. Michael Straczynski

texts:
 the organization had already begun their own selection process and were not seeking new candidates. On September 24, 2021, the BBC confirmed former showrunner Russell T Davies would return, which Straczynski commended.Selected accolades

An asteroid, discovered in 1992 at the Kitt Peak National Observatory, was honorarily named 8379 Straczynski. Bibliography

 Joe's Comics Rising Stars #1–24 (1999–2005)Midnight Nation #1–12 (2000–2002)

 Marvel Comics The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 2 #30–58, vol. 1 #500–545 (2001–2007)Supreme Power #1–18 (Marvel MAX, 2003–2006)Silver Surfer: Requiem #1–4 (Marvel Knights, 2007)Thor vol. 3 #1–12, vol. 1 #600–603 (2007–2009)

 DC Comics Superman: Earth One Volume 1–3 (2010–2015)Before Watchmen:Nite Owl #1–4 (2012)Dr. Manhattan'' #1–4 (2012)

Filmography

Film

Television

References

Further reading

External links

JMSNews

J. <mask>ki at B5races

1954 births
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American short story writers
American comics writers
American horror writers
American male journalists
American male novelists
American male screenwriters
American male short story writers
American people of Polish descent
American science fiction writers
Television producers from California
American television writers
Babylon 5
Businesspeople from Newark, New Jersey
Hugo Award-winning writers
Inkpot Award winners
Journalists from California
Living people
American male television writers
Marvel Comics writers
People from Chula Vista, California
People from Kankakee, Illinois
Writers from San Diego
San Diego State University alumni
Usenet people
Writers from Newark, New Jersey
Writers from Paterson, New Jersey
Novelists from New Jersey
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Screenwriters from California
Television producers from Illinois
Screenwriters from Illinois
21st-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
21st-century American screenwriters
Television producers from New Jersey
American


title: Randy Hendricks

texts:
Randal "<mask><mask> (born November 18, 1945 in Kansas City, Missouri) is an American attorney and sports agent[1]. He was raised in Westwood, Kansas and is a 1963 graduate of Shawnee Mission North High School, where he was a finalist in the National Merit Scholarship Program. He is managing partner of Hendricks Sports Management, L.P., and managing member of Hendricks Interests LLC, both in Houston, Texas. Education
 Bachelor of Science degree in pre law/finance, with honors, University of Houston, 1968
 Doctor of Jurisprudence, with honors, University of Houston Law Center, 1970
 Chancellor, Order of the Barons, University of Houston Law Center, 1969, Articles Editor, Houston Law Review, 1969-70. Career
He practiced law with the Houston firm of Baker Botts out of law school. While there, he represented his first professional athlete. In 1972, he joined with his brother, Alan, to form Hendricks Sports Management.<mask> was involved in the movement for free agency, a change for professional athletes from the reserve system. <mask> concentrated on this area until the players earned their free agency in the late 1970s. He continuously represented a significant number of professional athletes for over 40 years. The <mask> brothers formed Hendricks Sports Management and built an agency which represented approximately 10% of all major league baseball players for nearly 20 years. In 1999, the Hendricks sold their company to SFX Entertainment [2], (now Live Nation), where <mask> became Chairman and CEO of the baseball group. Following the conclusion of their management contracts in 2004, the brothers reformed Hendricks Sports Management, which reestablished their profile as

masks:
Randy
" Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Hendricks
Randy


title: Randy Hendricks

texts:
 leaders in their industry [3]. In 2013 <mask> transitioned from the representation of active players to advising a number of retired players.<mask> is the author of Inside the Strike Zone, published in 1994 and nominated for the Casey Award for best baseball book for that year. <mask> has negotiated many record contracts, including several for Roger Clemens [4] and his $28 million one-year contract for Roger Clemens was the highest in the history of baseball. He negotiated a record $37.25 million contract for 21 year old Cuban defector Aroldis Chapman. Less well known has been <mask>' career for over 40 years in managing a real estate portfolio of raw land and residential developments in the greater Houston area[5]. In May 2014 he sold a significant tract of land for the expansion of The Woodlands, Texas[6][7], the most successful "new town" master-planned community in the United States. That land is now known as The Woodlands Hills development. Recognition
<mask> has been named the top agent by Baseball America [8], and among the 100 most powerful people in sports by The Sporting News [9].Forbes Magazine recognized him as one of the most effective agents for his clients [10]. He has  frequently been recognized as one of the best in his profession for over 30 years [11]. <mask> has been recognized for both his preparation and advocacy in arbitration and collusion cases, and holds one of the best lifetime records in those cases [12]. <mask> was appointed as a member of the Houston/Harris County Public Sports Advisory Committee in 1995 by Houston Mayor Bob Lanier. <mask> wrote the election day editorial for the Houston Chronicle in favor of the referendum for new

masks: Hendricks Hendricks Hendricks Hendricks Hendricks Hendricks Hendricks Hendricks


title: Randy Hendricks

texts:
 sports stadia in Houston and Harris County, Texas[13]. The measure passed in a close vote, and led to the construction of new sports facilities for professional teams, including Minute Maid Park for the Houston Astros, NRG Stadium for the Houston Texans and Toyota Center for the Houston Rockets. See also
Sports agent: for listing of prominent sports agents, by field.References
1. Handrinos, Peter, "Baseball Men: The Agent", Yahoo Sports! Scout.com, September 21, 2005. Schwarz, Alan, "Double Agents", Baseball America, March 4, 1996. Pate, Steve, "Double Agents", Dallas Morning News, July 1, 1987, reprinted with permission in the Texas Bar Journal, November, 1987. 2. Carroll, Chris, "Houston baseball agents talk deal for SFX Entertainment acquisition," Houston Business Journal, May 16, 1999.3. Mullen, Liz, "<mask> brothers rocket back to top", Sports Business Journal, June 25, 2007. 4. Associated Press, "Clemens becomes highest paid pitcher in baseball history", Houston Business Journal, January 21, 2005. 5. Wollam, Allison, "Baseball agents take a swing at new communities", Houston Business Journal, April 18, 2005. Hooper, Carl, "Cypress Forest to be built", Houston Post, March 23, 1986.6. Guillen, Darla, "2014's Biggest Residential Real Estate Stories", Houston Chronicle, December 26, 2014. 7. Bivins, Ralph, "The Woodlands, Part 2: Woodlands Developer Buying 2,000 acres for community 13 miles north of the Woodlands", Realty News Reports, August 8, 2014. 8. Lingo, Will, "Top Power Brokers", Baseball America, January 20, 1996. 9."The 100 Most Powerful in Sports", The Sporting News, January 1, 2003. "The 100 Most Powerful in Sports", The Sporting News, January 1, 1996.


title: Randy Hendricks

texts:
 "Power Brokers", Baseball America, January 23, 1995. "Power Brokers", Baseball America, January 11, 1993. "25 Most Influential People in Baseball in the 90's", The National, February 19, 1991. Okrent, Daniel, "The Pitchers Right Arm", Texas Monthly, May, 1981. 10.Schwartz, Peter, "Baseball's Best Agents", Forbes, June 20, 2007. 11. Sperry, Paul, "Baseball's Hendricks Brothers", Investor's Business Daily, September 22, 1992. Duffey, Gene, "Dynamic Duo Raise the Stakes", Houston Post, June 23, 1991. Antonen, Mel, "Let's Make a Deal", USA Today, December 20, 1989. Fischer, Anne B., "Five Stellar Advisors", Fortune, Fall, 1989. Hand, Kenny, "Hendrickses: Dynamic Player Agents", Houston Post, March 18, 1980.Manuel, John, "Draft Winners & Losers", Baseball America, August 17, 2010. 12, Perkins, Dave, "Hendricks brothers are a real big hit when money is on the line", Toronto Star, February 19, 1991. Newhan, Ross, "These Guys Really Know How to Win", Los Angeles Times, February 24, 1991. Handrinos, Peter, "Baseball Men: The Agent", Yahoo Sports! Scout.com, September 21, 2005. 13. <mask>, Randal, "Play Ball", Houston Chronicle editorial page, November 5, 1996.Custred, Jayne, "Hendricks a major league name", Houston Chronicle, July 27, 1989. Rendon, Ruth, "Not-so-secret agents", Houston Chronicle, May 8, 1988. Hand, Kenny, "Cooler Heads Saved Season", Houston Post, August 11, 1985. White, George, "Agents and Owners", Houston Chronicle, December 9, 1984. Hand, Kenny, "Contract Diplomats", Houston Post, January 22, 1984. University of Houston alumni
University of Houston Law Center alumni
American sports agents
Living people
1945 births
Texas lawyers
People associated with Baker


title: Dav Pilkey

texts:
<mask> "<mask>" <mask>. (; born March 4, 1966)  is an American cartoonist, author and illustrator of children's literature. He is best known as the author and illustrator of the children's book series Captain Underpants, and the children's graphic novel series Dog Man. Life and career

<mask> was born in Cleveland, Ohio on March 4, 1966, to Barbara and <mask>. He has one older sister. <mask> was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia as a child. In elementary school in Elyria, Ohio, <mask> was frequently reprimanded for his behavior in class and thus usually sat at a desk in the school hallway, where he created the Captain Underpants character. Pilkey entered his first book, World War Won, an allegorical fable inspired by the nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union, in a national competition for student authors and won in his age category.The book's publication in 1987 was included in the award. The atypical spelling of his first name came when the "e" in "<mask>" was left off his name tag while working at a Pizza Hut. <mask> graduated from Kent State University. He married Sayuri <mask> in 2005. The Adventures of Super Diaper Baby was published in 2002, and was <mask>'s first full complete graphic novel. It appeared at #6 on the USA Today bestseller list for all books, both adult and children's, and was also a New York Times bestselling book for Children's Middle Grade. The first Super Diaper Baby graphic novel was published with Scholastic years before Scholastic created the Graphix imprint.<mask> took a break from writing for a few years to care for his terminally ill father (who died on November 13, 2008), but in 2009 agreed with Scholastic to publish four new books. The first two are graphic novels:

masks:
David
Dav
Murray Pilkey Jr
Pilkey
David Pilkey Sr
Pilkey
Pilkey
Dave
Pilkey
Pilkey
Pilkey
Pilkey


title: Dav Pilkey

texts:
 The Adventures of Ook and Gluk, Kung-Fu Cavemen From the Future, released on August 10, 2010; and Super Diaper Baby 2: Invasion of the Potty Snatchers, released on June 28, 2011. Captain Underpants and the Terrifying Re-turn of Tippy Tinkletrousers was released on August 28, 2012, and Captain Underpants and the Revolting Revenge of the Radioactive Robo-Boxers was released in January 2013. <mask> and his wife live on Bainbridge Island, Washington. On March 25, 2021, <mask> <mask> announced on his YouTube channel that he and Scholastic will cease further publication of the book The Adventures of Ook and Gluk, and will remove it from retailers and libraries due to some stereotyping of the characters in the book. <mask> stated that he intended to showcase diversity, equality, and non-violent conflict resolution. He also stated that even unintentional and passive stereotypes are harmful to everyone.<mask> will donate his entire advance, past, and future royalties from the book to organizations promoting diversity that are designed to stop violence against Asians. Publications

Dragon Series

 Dragon Gets By (1991)
 A Friend For Dragon (1991)
 Dragon's Merry Christmas (1991)
 Dragon's Fat Cat (1992)
 Dragon's Halloween (1993)

The Dragon series was originally published with Orchard Books. Scholastic then reprinted the series in 2019. <mask> <mask> used watercolors purchased at a local grocery store to paint the illustrations in these books. The series became a stop-motion animation TV show with 78 episodes from 2004 to 2007. Dumb Bunnies

 The Dumb Bunnies (1994)
 The Dumb Bunnies' Easter (1995)
 Make Way for Dumb Bunnies (1996)
 The Dumb Bunnies Go to the Zoo (1997)
<mask> authored The Dumb Bunnies series using the pseudonym, Sue Denim. : The Horrible

masks: Pilkey Dav Pilkey Pilkey Pilkey Dav Pilkey Pilkey


title: Luis Páez (footballer, born 1989)

texts:
<mask> (19 December 1989 – 7 April 2019) was a Paraguayan footballer who played as a forward for Independiente CG in the División Intermedia. Páez represented the Paraguay national under-20 football team at the 2009 South American U-20 Championship, finishing runners-up, and also at the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He died on 7 April 2019, after a car crash. Early career
Páez was part of the junior teams of Primera División Paraguaya club Tacuary where he played in the same category alongside team-mates Ronald Huth and Hernán Pérez. He was called up to the club's first-team during the 2006 season, where he made one league appearance. He amassed two more league appearances in 2007 before departing the club to join Sporting CP. Club career

Sporting CP

2007–08 season
Páez joined Sporting CP in July 2007 for a fee of €138,000 and was registered with the number #58.For the entire duration of the 2007–08 season, he was also a member of the Sporting CP U-19 Juniores team where he scored 4 goals in 8 league appearances. <mask> was included in Lison's 18-man squad for their 2007–08 UEFA Champions League 2–1 group stage match away loss fixture against Manchester United on 27 November 2007. On 8 December 2007, <mask> made his first appearance of the 2007–08 Taça de Portugal in a fourth round 1–0 win match against Louletano. <mask> was substituted onto the field in the 79th minute of Milan Purović. <mask> eventually debuted in the UEFA Champions League in a 3–0 home victory against Dynamo Kiev on 12 December 2007. <mask> was substituted onto the field for Milan Purović in the 86th minute. He debuted in the 2007–08 Primeira Liga in a 2–0 away loss against Boavista on 5 January 2008, when <mask> was substituted onto the field for Milan Purović in the 72nd minute.Páez made his first and only appearance in the 2007–08 Taça da Liga (Carlsberg

masks:
Luis Fernando Páez González
Páez
Páez
Páez
Páez
Páez
Páez


title: Luis Páez (footballer, born 1989)

texts:
 Cup) in a 1–0 away loss to Vitória on 9 January 2008. Páez made his second appearance in the Primeira Liga in a 1–1 away draw against Académica de Coimbra on January 13, 2008. <mask> was substituted onto the field for Marat Izmaylov in the 63rd minute of the match. Páez had made a total of 5 appearances for Sporting in all competitions. 2008–09 season

Loan to CD Fátima
Having made just two league appearances during the 2007–08 season, Páez eventually spent the 2008–09 season on loan with CD Fátima where he participated in the 2008–09 Segunda Divisão and was registered with the number No. 9. On 24 August 2008, <mask> debuted in the 2008–09 Segunda Divisão in a 2–1 away victory against Tourizense, where he was substituted onto the field in the 72nd minute for Miguel Neves.On 19 October 2008, Páez debuted in the 2008–09 Taça de Portugal in a 1–1 draw against C.D. Feirense, scoring a penalty in the 1st minute of the match to give Fátima a 1–0 lead. CD Fátima went on to win the match 4–1 on penalties. On October 25, 2008, Páez scored his first goals for CD Fátima, a double, in a 3–2 away victory against CD Operário. Páez scored a penalty in the 58th minute to tie the scores level at 2–2 and then scored the winner in the 92nd minute. Two weeks later, <mask> made his second appearance in the 2008–09 Taça de Portugal during a 1–0 loss against CD Cinfães on November 9, 2008. <mask> Varão.<mask> scored his third league goal in a 1–1 away draw against Monsanto on December 14, 2008. He scored via penalty in the 50th minute of the match to level the scores. His fourth league goal came in a 4–1 away victory, again against Monsanto on March 29, 2009. <mask> had scored a 27th-minute penalty to give CD Fátima a 2–0 lead. CD Fátima had finished in first place of their category, Série C, and qualified for the Championship Playoffs. On May 24,

masks: Páez Páez Páez Páezasco Páez Páez


title: Luis Páez (footballer, born 1989)

texts:
 2008, <mask> was substituted onto the field for Ismael Gaúcho in the 60th minute and scored CD Fátima's fourth goal in the 70th minute in their 4–1 second-leg semi-final play-off victory against Carregado. CD Fátima won the tie 5–2 on aggregate and progressed to the final.During the final, Páez scored CD Fátima's second goal in the 45th minute in their 2–1 victory against G.D. Chaves on May 5, 2009. CD Fátima gained promotion to the Segunda Liga for the 2009–10 season as Páez had made 26 appearances and scored 7 goals in all competitions. Tacuary

2010 season

Loan to Gallipoli Calcio
During the 2010 winter transfer window, Páez joined Italian Serie B club Gallipoli Calcio on a 6-month loan period. Return to Tacuary
Upon returning to Tacuary from Europe in 2010, began what he described as "hell" when he barely played in the matches and then raptured ligaments which left him out of the field for more than six months. His first appearance in the 2010 Paraguayan Primera División season came in a 2–0 home victory against 3 de Febrero on August 1. He had played a full-90 minutes of the match and scored Tacuary's second goal in the 55th minute. He underwent the operation and the recuperation process but his obsession in return to football accelerated his recovery.He then met persons who said that they were in charge of taking Paez to the most important clubs of the continent. Player agents from Argentina, they had promised Paez that they would take him everywhere. Paez had a dispute with Francisco Ocampos, the boss of Tacuary and player agent of Tacuary players, and began a lawsuit. He traveled to Argentina and Uruguay to intent to unite himself with clubs, but never came out of the hotels. The agents informed him that everything was organized but nothing would happen. Paez would train in places around the hotel and go running. He


title: Luis Páez (footballer, born 1989)

texts:
 did not know anyone in those countries.Paez thought about stop playing football, the agents would give him a monthly remittance but he wanted to play and did not importance the money. Paez regressed to Tacuary and spoke with Francisco Ocampo who had the lawsuit, he gave his apologies and admitted that the mistake was for ignorance and for being young. He then stated a message for the youngsters after almost giving up play football and say to them not think too much in the money because money is not everything. "Anyone can say I will pay you two million dollars, don't fall for that. Not everything that shines is gold". Cristobal Colón
Paez scored against Independiente CG for Cristobal Colón in June 2015 in Paraguay's División Intermedia. Independiente Campo Grande
During the 2015 División Intermedia, <mask> scored in a 3–1 home victory against his former club Tacuary on 24 July 2015.

International career
In January 2009, <mask> was selected for the Paraguay under-20 team to participate at the 2009 South American Youth Championship in Venezuela.Career statistics

Club
Statistics accurate as of 1 January 2012

Honours
Sporting
Taça de Portugal: 2007–08

References

External links

Gallipoli Stats 2000–10 season
Tacuary Stats 2008–09 season
Sporting CP Stats 2007–08 season

1989 births
2019 deaths
People from Lambaré
Paraguayan footballers
Paraguay under-20 international footballers
Association football forwards
Paraguayan Primera División players
Club Tacuary footballers
Primeira Liga players
Segunda Divisão players
Sporting CP footballers
C.D. Fátima players
Serie B players
A.S.D. Gallipoli Football 1909 players
Paraguayan expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Portugal
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Paraguayan expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Paraguayan expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Road incident deaths in

masks: Páez Páez


title: J. William Fulbright

texts: <mask> (April 9, 1905 – February 9, 1995) was an American politician, academic, and statesman who represented Arkansas in the United States Senate from 1945 until his resignation in 1974. As of , <mask> is the longest serving chairman in the history of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. He is best known for his strong multilateralist positions on international issues, opposition to American involvement in the Vietnam War, and the creation of the international fellowship program bearing his name, the Fulbright Program. <mask> was an admirer of Woodrow Wilson and an avowed Anglophile. He was an early advocate for American entry into World War II and aid to Great Britain, first as a college professor and then as an elected member of the U.S. House of Representatives, where he authored the Fulbright Resolution expressing support for international peacekeeping initiatives and American entry into the United Nations. After joining the Senate, <mask> expressed support for Europeanism and the formation of a federal European union. He envisioned the Cold War as a struggle between nations—the United States and imperialist Russia—rather than ideologies.He therefore dismissed Asia as a peripheral theater of the conflict, focusing on containment of Soviet expansion into Central and Eastern Europe. He also stressed the possibility of nuclear annihilation, preferring political solutions over military solutions to Soviet aggression. After the Cuban Missile Crisis, his position moderated further to one of détente. His political stances and powerful position as Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee made him one of the most visible critics of American involvement in the Vietnam War. Although he was persuaded by

masks:
James William Fulbright
Fulbright
Fulbright
Fulbright


title: J. William Fulbright

texts:
 President <mask> to sponsor the Gulf of Tonkin resolution in 1964, his relationship with the President soured after the 1965 U.S. bombing of Pleiku and Fulbright’s opposition to the war in Vietnam took root. Beginning in 1966, he chaired high-profile hearings investigating the conduct and progress of the war, which may have influenced the eventual American withdrawal. On domestic issues, Fulbright was a Southern Democrat and signatory to the Southern Manifesto.Fulbright also opposed the anti-Communist crusades of <mask> and the similar investigations by the House Un-American Activities Committee. Early life, family and education

Fulbright was born on April 9, 1905 in Sumner, Missouri, the son of Roberta Fulbright (née Waugh) and <mask>. In 1906, the <mask> family moved to Fayetteville, Arkansas. His mother was a businesswoman, who consolidated her husband's business enterprises and became an influential newspaper publisher, editor, and journalist. Fulbright's parents enrolled him in the University of Arkansas's College of Education's experimental grammar and secondary school. University of Arkansas
Fulbright earned a history degree from the University of Arkansas in 1925, where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity. He was elected president of the student body and a star four-year player for the Arkansas Razorbacks football team from 1921 to 1924.Oxford University
Fulbright later studied at Oxford University, where he was a Rhodes Scholar at Pembroke College and graduated in 1928. <mask>'s time at Oxford made him into a lifelong Anglophile, and he always had warm memories of Oxford. At Oxford, he played on the rugby and lacrosse teams, and every summer, Fulbright decamped for France ostensibly to improve his French

masks:
Lyndon Johnson
Joseph McCarthy
Jay Fubright
Fulbright
Fulbright


title: J. William Fulbright

texts:
 but really just to enjoy life in France. <mask> credited his time at Oxford with broadening his horizons. In particular, he credited his professor and friend R. B. McCallum's "one world" philosophy of the world as an interlinked entity, where developments in one part would always impact on the other parts. McCallum was a great admirer of Woodrow Wilson, a supporter of the League of Nations, and a believer that multinational organizations were the best way to ensure global peace. <mask> remained close to McCallum for the rest of his life and regularly exchanged letters with his mentor until his death in 1973.<mask> received his law degree from The George Washington University Law School in 1934, was admitted to the bar in Washington, DC, and became an attorney in the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice. Legal and academic career
<mask> was a lecturer in law at the University of Arkansas from 1936 to 1939. He was appointed president of the school in 1939, making him the youngest university president in the country. He held that post until 1941. The School of Arts and Sciences at the University of Arkansas is named in his honor, and he was elected there into Phi Beta Kappa. He was a member of the Founding Council of the Rothermere American Institute, University of Oxford. In September 1939, <mask>, as president of the University of Arkansas, issued a public declaration declaring his sympathy with the Allied cause and urged the United States to maintain a pro-Allied neutrality.In the summer of 1940, <mask> went a step further and declared it was in America's "vital interest" to enter the war on the Allied side and warned that a victory by Nazi Germany would make the world a much darker place. The same year,

masks: Fulbright Fulbright Fulbright Fulbright Fulbright Fulbright


title: J. William Fulbright

texts:
 <mask> joined the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies. In June 1941, <mask> was suddenly fired from the University of Arkansas by the Governor, Homer Martin Adkins. He learned that the reason for his sacking was that Adkins had been offended that a Northwest Arkansas newspaper owned by his mother <mask> had supported the governor's opponent in the 1940 Democratic primary, and that was the governor's revenge. Upset at the way that the governor's caprice had ended his academic career, Fulbright became interested in politics. U.S. House of Representatives
<mask> was elected to the United States House of Representatives as a Democrat in 1942, where he served one term. During this period, he became a member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee.During World War II, there was much debate about the best way to win the peace after the Allies presumably won the war, with many urging the United States to reject isolationism. The House adopted the Fulbright Resolution, which supported international peacekeeping initiatives and encouraged the United States to participate in what became the United Nations in September 1943. That brought <mask> to national attention. In 1943, a confidential analysis by Isaiah Berlin of the House and Senate foreign relations committees for the British Foreign Office identified <mask> as "a distinguished new-comer to the House." It continued:

U.S. Senator (1945–74)
<mask>'s career in the Senate was somewhat stunted, his tangible influence never matching his public luminescence. For all his seniority and powerful committee posts, he was not considered part of the Senate's inner circle of friends and power brokers.He seemed to prefer it that way: the man who Harry S. Truman had called an

masks:
Fulbright
Fulbright
Roberta Fulbright
Fulbright
Fulbright
Fulbright
Fulbright


title: J. William Fulbright

texts:
 "overeducated SOB" was, in the words of Clayton Fritchey, "an individualist and a thinker," whose "intellectualism alone alienates him from the Club" of the Senate. 1944 election

He was elected to the Senate in 1944 and unseated incumbent Hattie Carraway, the first woman ever elected to the U.S. Senate. He served five six-year terms. In his first general election to the Senate, Fulbright defeated the Republican Victor Wade of Batesville by 85.1% to 14.9%. Establishment of Fulbright program
He promoted the passage of legislation establishing the Fulbright Program in 1946 of educational grants (Fulbright Fellowships and Fulbright Scholarships), sponsored by the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the United States Department of State, governments in other countries, and the private sector. The program was established to increase mutual understanding between the peoples of the United States and other countries through the exchange of persons, knowledge, and skills. It is considered one of the most prestigious award programs and operates in 155 countries.Truman administration and Korean War
In November 1946, immediately following the midterm elections in which Democrats lost control of both houses of Congress amidst President Harry S. Truman's plummeting popularity in the polls, Fulbright suggested the President appoint Senator Arthur Vandenberg (R-MI) as his Secretary of State and resign, making Vandenberg president. Truman responded by saying he did not care what Senator "Halfbright" said. In 1947, <mask> supported the Truman Doctrine and voted for American aid to Greece. Subsequently, he voted for the Marshall Plan and to join NATO. <mask> was very supportive of the plans for a federation in Western Europe.

masks: Fulbright Fulbright


title: J. William Fulbright

texts:
 Fulbright supported the 1950 plan written by <mask> and presented by French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman for a European Coal and Steel Community, the earliest predecessor to the European Union. In 1949, Fulbright became a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.After China's entry into the Korean War in October 1950, Fulbright warned against American escalation. On January 18, 1951, he dismissed Korea as a peripheral interest not worth the risk of World War III and condemned plans to attack China as reckless and dangerous. In the same speech, he argued that the Soviet Union, not China, was the real enemy and that Korea was a distraction from Europe, which he considered to be far more important. When President Truman fired General Douglas MacArthur for insubordination in April 1951, <mask> came to Truman's defense. When MacArthur appeared before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee at the invitation of Republican senators, Fulbright embraced his role of Truman's defender. When MacArthur argued communism was an inherent mortal danger to the United States, Fulbright countered, "I had not myself thought of our enemy as being Communism; I thought of it as primarily being imperialist Russia." Eisenhower administration and conflict with <mask>
<mask> was an early opponent of Senator <mask> of Wisconsin, an ardent albeit reckless anti-communist.Fulbright viewed McCarthy as an anti-intellectual, demagogue, and a major threat to American democracy and world peace. <mask> was the only senator to vote against an appropriation for the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations in 1954, which was chaired by McCarthy. After Republicans gained a Senate majority in the 1952 elections, McCarthy became chairman of the Senate

masks:
Jean Monnet
Fulbright
Joe McCarthy
Fulbright
Joseph McCarthy
Fulbright


title: J. William Fulbright

texts:
 Committee on Government Operations. Fulbright was initially resistant to calls, like that of his friend <mask> of Connecticut, to openly oppose McCarthy. Though sympathetic toward Benton, who was among those Senators defeated in 1952 by anti-communist sentiment, Fulbright followed Senate Minority Leader Lyndon B<mask>'s lead in refraining from criticism. <mask> was alarmed by McCarthy's attack on the Voice of America (VOA) and the United States Information Agency, the latter agency then supervising educational exchange programs. <mask> broke from <mask>'s party line in summer 1953, following the State Department withdrawal of a fellowship for a student whose wife was suspected of communist affiliation and a Senate Appropriations Committee hearing which appeared to put the Fulbright Program at stake.In this hearing, McCarthy aggressively questioned <mask> over the composition of the board clearing students for funding and on a policy that bars communists and their sympathizers from receiving appointments as lecturers and professors. <mask> stated that he had no such influence over the board. After McCarthy insisted to be authorized to release statements of some Fulbright Program students both praising the communist form of government and condemning American values, <mask> countered that he was willing to submit thousands of names of students who had praised the US and its way of government in their statements. The encounter was the last time McCarthy made a public assault on the program. The leading historian and original Fulbright Program board member <mask> credited <mask> with preventing the program from being ended by McCarthyism. 1956 re-election campaign

In 1956, <mask> campaigned across the country for Adlai Stevenson

masks:
William Benton
. Johnson
Fulbright
Fulbright
Johnson
Fulbright
Fulbright
Fulbright
Walter Johnson
Fulbright
Fulbright


title: J. William Fulbright

texts:
 II's presidential campaign and across Arkansas for his own re-election bid. <mask> emphasized his opposition to civil rights and his support for segregation.He also noted his support for oil companies and consistent votes for more farm aid to poultry farmers, a key Arkansas constituency. He easily defeated his Republican challenger. Kennedy administration
<mask> was <mask>. Kennedy's first choice for Secretary of State in 1961 and had the support of Vice President <mask>, but opponents to the choice within Kennedy's circle, led by Harris Wofford, killed his chances. Dean Rusk was chosen instead. In April 1961, <mask> advised Kennedy not to go forward with the planned Bay of Pigs invasion. He said, "The Castro regime is a thorn in the flesh. But it is not a dagger at the heart."In May 1961, Fulbright denounced the Kennedy administration's system of having diplomats rotate from one position to another as an "idiot policy." Fulbright provoked international controversy on July 30, 1961, two weeks before the erection of the Berlin Wall, when he said in a television interview, "I don't understand why the East Germans don't just close their border, because I think they have the right to close it." His statement received a three-column spread on the front page of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany newspaper Neues Deutschland and condemnation in West Germany. The U.S. embassy in Bonn reported that "rarely has a statement by a prominent American official aroused so much consternation, chagrin and anger." Chancellor Willy Brandt's Press Secretary Egon Bahr was quoted, "We privately called him Fulbricht." Historian <mask>. Smyser suggests that <mask>'s comment may have been made at President Kennedy's behest, as a signal to Soviet

masks:
Fulbright
Fulbright
John F
Lyndon Johnson
Fulbright
William R
Fulbright


title: J. William Fulbright

texts:
 premier Nikita Khrushchev that the wall would be an acceptable means of defusing the Berlin Crisis. Kennedy did not distance himself from Fulbright's comments, despite pressure.In August 1961, as the Kennedy administration held firm in its commitment to a five-year foreign aid program, <mask> and Pennsylvania U.S. Representative Thomas E. Morgan accompanied Democratic congressional leadership to their weekly White House breakfast session with Kennedy. In delivering opening statements on August 4, <mask> spoke of the program introducing a new concept of foreign aid in the event of its passage. Fulbright met with Kennedy during the latter's visit to Fort Smith, Arkansas in October 1961. After the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, <mask> modified his position on the Soviet Union from "containment" to détente. His position drew criticism from Senator Barry Goldwater, now the leader of anti-communists in the Senate. In response to Goldwater's call for a "total victory" over communism, Fulbright argued that even "total victory" would mean hundreds of millions of deaths and an impossible, prolonged occupation of a ravaged Soviet Union and China. Chicken war
Intensive chicken farming in the United States led to a 1961–64 "chicken war" with Europe.With inexpensive imported chicken available, chicken prices fell quickly and sharply across Europe, radically affecting European chicken consumption. U.S. chicken overtook nearly half of the imported European chicken market. Europe instituted tariffs on American chicken, to the detriment of Arkansan chicken farmers. Senator <mask> interrupted a NATO debate on nuclear armament to protest the tariffs, going so far as to threaten cutting US troops in NATO. The U.S. subsequently enacted a 25% tariff on

masks: Fulbright Fulbright Fulbright Fulbright


title: J. William Fulbright

texts:
 imported light trucks, known as the chicken tax, which remains in effect as of 2010. One of Fulbright's local staffers in Arkansas was <mask>. While he worked for Fulbright, McDougal met the future Arkansas Governor and US President Bill Clinton and the two of them, along with their wives, began investing in various development properties, including the parcel of land along the White River in the Ozarks that would later be the subject of an independent counsel investigation during Clinton's first term in office.<mask> administration
On March 25, 1964, Fulbright delivered an address calling on the U.S. to adapt itself to a world that was both changing and complex, the address being said by Fulbright to have been meant to explore self-evident truths in the national vocabulary of the U.S. regarding the Soviet Union, Cuba, China, Panama, and Latin America. In May 1964, Fulbright predicted that time would see a cessation in the misunderstanding within the relationship between France and the United States and that French President Charles de Gaulle was deeply admired for his achievements despite confusion that might arise in others from his rhetoric. In 1965, <mask> objected to President Lyndon B<mask>'s position on the Dominican Civil War. Vietnam War

Gulf of Tonkin resolution

On 4 August 1964, Defense Secretary Robert McNamara accused North Vietnam of attacking an American destroyer, the USS Maddox in international waters in what came to be known as the Gulf of Tonkin incident. The same day, President <mask> went on national television to denounce North Vietnam for "aggression" and to announce that he had ordered retaliatory air raids on North Vietnam. In the same speech, <mask> asked Congress to a resolution to prove to North

masks:
James McDougal
Johnson
Fulbright
. Johnson
Johnson
Johnson


title: J. William Fulbright

texts: Vietnam and its ally China that United States was united "in support of freedom and in defense of peace in southeast Asia." On 5 August 1964, Fulbright arrived at the White House to meet <mask>, where <mask> asked his old friend to use all his influence to get the resolution passed by the widest possible margin.<mask> was one of the senators whom <mask> was most anxious and keen to have support the resolution. <mask> was too much an individualist and intellectual to belong to the "Club" of the Senate, but he was widely respected as a thinker on foreign policy and was known to be a defender of Congress's prerogatives. From <mask>'s viewpoint, having him support the resolution would bring many of the waverers around to voting for the resolution, as indeed proved to be the case. <mask> insisted quite vehemently to <mask> that the alleged attack on the Maddox had taken place, and it was only later that <mask> became skeptical about whether the alleged attack had really taken place. Furthermore, <mask> insisted that the resolution, which was a "functional equivalent to a declaration of war," was not intended to be used for going to war in Vietnam. In the 1964 presidential election, the Republicans had nominated Goldwater as their candidate, who ran on a platform accusing <mask> of being "soft on communism" and by contrast promised a "total victory" over communism. <mask> argued to <mask> that the resolution was an election-year stunt that would prove to the voters that he was really "tough on communism" and so dent the appeal of Goldwater by denying him of his main avenue of attack.Besides for the internal political reason that <mask> gave for the resolution, he also gave a foreign policy reason that argued that such a resolution

masks: Johnson Johnson Fulbright Johnson Fulbright Johnson Johnson Fulbright Fulbright Johnson Johnson Johnson Fulbright Johnson


title: J. William Fulbright

texts: would intimidate North Vietnam into ceasing to try to overthrow the government of South Vietnam and so Congress passage of the resolution would make American involvement in Vietnam less likely, rather than more likely. Fulbright's longstanding friendship with <mask> made it difficult for him to go against the President, who cunningly exploited Fulbright's vulnerability, his desire to have greater influence over foreign policy. <mask> gave Fulbright the impression that he would be one of his unofficial advisers on foreign policy and that he was very interested in turning his ideas into policies if he voted for the resolution, which was a test of their friendship. <mask> also hinted that he was thinking about sacking Rusk if he won the 1964 election and would consider nominating Fulbright to be the next Secretary of State. Finally, for Fulbright in 1964, it was inconceivable that <mask> would lie to him, and Fulbright believed the resolution "was not going to be used for anything other than the Tonkin Gulf incident itself," as <mask> had told him. On 6 August 1964, Fulbright gave a speech on the Senate floor that called for the resolution to be passed as he accused North Vietnam of "aggression" and praised <mask> for his "great restraint... in response to the provocation of a small power." He also declared his support for the <mask> administration's "noble" Vietnam policy, which he called a policy of seeking "to establish viable, independent states in Indochina and elsewhere which will be free and secure from the combination of Communist China and Communist North Vietnam."Fulbright concluded that the policy could be accomplished via diplomatic means and, echoing <mask>'s argument, argued that it was necessary to pass the

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson


title: J. William Fulbright

texts:
 resolution as a way to intimidate North Vietnam, which would presumably change its policies towards South Vietnam once Congress passed the resolution. Several senators, such as Allen J. Ellender, <mask>, <mask> Cooper, Daniel Brewster, George McGovern, and Gaylord Nelson, were very reluctant to vote for a resolution that would be a blank check for a war in Southeast Asia, and in a meeting, Fulbright sought to assure them by saying that passing such a resolution would make fighting a war less likely and claimed that the whole purpose of the resolution was intimidation. Nelson wanted to insert an amendment to bar the president from sending troops to fight in Vietnam unless he obtained the permission of Congress first and said that he did not like the open-ended nature of this resolution. Fulbright persuaded him not to do so by arguing the resolution was "harmless" and saying that the real purpose of the resolution was "to pull the rug out from under Goldwater." He went on to ask Nelson whether he preferred <mask> or Goldwater to win the election. Fulbright dismissed Nelson's fears of giving <mask> a blank check by saying that he had <mask>'s word that "the last thing we want to do is become involved in a land war in Asia." On August 7, 1964, a unanimous House of Representatives and all but two members of the Senate voted to approve the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which led to a dramatic escalation of the Vietnam War.Fulbright, who sponsored the resolution, would later write:
Many Senators who accepted the Gulf of Tonkin resolution without question might well not have done so had they foreseen that it would subsequently be interpreted as a sweeping Congressional endorsement for the conduct of a large-scale war in Asia. Fulbright

masks:
Jacob Javits
John Sherman
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson


title: J. William Fulbright

texts:
 hearings and opposition to war

By his own admission, Fulbright knew almost nothing about Vietnam until he met in 1965 Bernard B. Fall, a French journalist who often wrote about Vietnam. Speaking to Fall radically changed Fulbright's thinking about Vietnam, as Fall asserted that it simply not true that Ho Chi Minh was a Sino-Soviet "puppet" who wanted to overthrow the government of South Vietnam because his masters in Moscow and Beijing had presumably told him to do so. Fall's influence served as the catalyst for the change in Fulbright's thinking, as Fall introduced to the writings of Philippe Devillers and <mask>. Fulbright made it his mission to learn as possible about Vietnam and indeed he had learned so much that at a meeting with the Secretary of State Dean Rusk, <mask> was able to correct several mistakes made by the former about Vietnamese history, much to Rusk's discomfort. Although President <mask> cajoled <mask> into sponsoring the Gulf of Tonkin resolution in August 1964, his relationship with the President soured after the 1965 U.S. bombing of Pleiku in central Vietnam — which Fulbright consider a breach of <mask>’s commitment to not escalate the war.Fulbright’s opposition to the war in Vietnam took root, and beginning in 1966, he chaired public Senate Foreign Relations  Committee hearings on the conduct of the war. Fulbright invited President <mask> to appear before the Committee in January 1966 to explain why America was fighting in Vietnam, an offer that the President refused. On 4 February 1966, Fulbright held the first hearings about the Vietnam War, where George F. Kennan and General <mask>. Gavin appeared as expert witnesses. The hearings had prompted by <mask>'s request for additional $400 million to pay

masks:
Jean Lacouture
Fulbright
Lyndon Johnson
Fulbright
Johnson
Johnson
James M
Johnson


title: J. William Fulbright

texts: for the war, which gave Fulbright an excuse to hold them. Kennan testified that the Vietnam War was a grotesque distortion of the containment policy that he had outlined in 1946 and 1947. The World War II hero Gavin testified that it was his opinion as a soldier that the war could not be won as it being fought. On 4 February 1966, in an attempt to upstage the hearings Fulbright was holding in Washington, <mask> called an impromptu summit in Honolulu in the hope that the media would play more attention to the summit that he had called than to the hearings Fulbright was holding.<mask>'s two rebuttal witnesses at the hearings were General Maxwell Taylor and Secretary of State Dean Rusk. As chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, Fulbright held a series of hearings on the Vietnam War from 1966 to 1971, many of which were televised to the nation in their entirety, a rarity until C-SPAN. Fulbright's reputation as a well-informed expert on foreign policy and his folksy Southern drawl, which made him sound "authentic" to ordinary Americans, made a formidable opponent for <mask>. During his exchanges with Taylor, Fulbright equated the firebombing of Japanese cities in World War II with the Operation Rolling Thunder bombings of North Vietnam and the use of napalm in South Vietnam, much to Taylor's discomfort. Fulbright condemned the bombing of North Vietnam and asked Taylor to think of the "millions of little children, sweet little children, innocent pure babies who love their mothers, and mothers who love their children, just like you love your son, thousands of little children, who never did us any harm, being slowly burned to death." A visibly uncomfortable Taylor stated that the United States was not targeting civilians in

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson


title: J. William Fulbright

texts: either Vietnam. <mask> called the hearings "a very, very disastrous break."As <mask> had once been <mask>'s friend, his criticism of the war was seen as a personal betrayal and <mask> lashed out in especially vitriolic terms against him. <mask> took the view that at least Senator Wayne Morse had always been opposed to the Vietnam War, but <mask> had promised him to support his Vietnam policy in 1964, causing him to see <mask> as a "Judas" figure. <mask> liked to mock <mask> as "Senator Halfbright" and sneered it was astonishing that someone as "stupid" as <mask> had been awarded a degree at Oxford. In April 1966, <mask> delivered a speech at Johns Hopkins University, where <mask> had delivered a forthright defense of the war just a year earlier. Fulbright was sharply critical of the war. In his speech delivered in his usual folksy Southern drawl, <mask> stated that the United States was "in danger of losing its perspective on what exactly is within the realm of its power and what is beyond it." Warning of what he called "the arrogance of power," Fulbright declared "we are not living up to our capacity and promise as a civilized power for the world."He called the war a betrayal of American values. <mask> was furious with the speech, which he saw a personal attack from a man who had once been his friend and believed the remark about the "arrogance of power" to be about him. <mask> lashed out in a speech in which he called <mask> and other critics of the war "nervous Nellies," who knew the war in Vietnam could and would be won but were just too cowardly to fight on to the final victory. In 1966, Fulbright published The Arrogance of Power, which attacked the justification of the Vietnam War, Congress's failure to set limits on

masks: Johnson Fulbright Johnson Johnson Johnson Fulbright Fulbright Johnson Fulbright Fulbright Fulbright Johnson Fulbright Johnson Johnson Fulbright


title: J. William Fulbright

texts: it, and the impulses that had given rise to it. Fulbright's scathing critique undermined the elite consensus that the military intervention in Indochina was necessitated by Cold War geopolitics. By 1967, the Senate was divided into three blocs. There was an antiwar "dove" bloc, led by Fulbright; a pro-war "hawk" bloc, led by the conservative Southern Democrat Senator <mask>. Stennis, and a third bloc consisting of waverers, who tended to shift their positions about war in tune with public opinion and moved variously closer to doves and hawks as they followed the public opinion polls.In contrast to his hostile attitudes towards <mask>, <mask> was afraid of being labeled as soft on communism and so tended to try to appease Stennis and the hawks, who kept pressuring for more-and-more aggressive measures in Vietnam. In criticizing the war, <mask> was careful to draw a distinction between condemning the war and condemning the ordinary soldiers fighting the war. After General <mask> gave a speech in 1967 before a joint session of Congress, <mask> stated, "From the military standpoint, it was fine. The point is the policy that put our boys there." On 25 July 1967, <mask> was invited with all of the other chairmen of the Senate committees to the White House to hear <mask> say that the war was being won. <mask> told <mask>: "Mr. President, what you really need to do is stop the war. That will solve all your problems.Vietnam is ruining our domestic and our foreign policy. I will not support it anymore." To prove that he was serious, <mask> threatened to block a foreign aid bill before his committee and said that it was the only way to make <mask> pay attention to his concerns. <mask> accused <mask> of wanting to ruin America's

masks:
John C
Fulbright
Johnson
Fulbright
William Westmoreland
Fulbright
Fulbright
Johnson
Fulbright
Johnson
Fulbright
Johnson
Johnson
Fulbright


title: J. William Fulbright

texts: reputation around the world. Using his favorite tactic of seeking to divide his opponents, <mask> told the other senators: "I understand all of you feel you under the gun when you are down here, at least according to Bill Fulbright." Fulbright replied: "Well, my position is that Vietnam is central to the whole problem. We need a new look.The effects of Vietnam are hurting the budget and foreign relations generally." <mask> exploded in fury: "Bill, everybody doesn't have a blind spot like you do. You say, 'Don't bomb North Vietnam', on just about everything. I don't have simple solution you have.... I am not going to tell our men in the field to put their right hands behind their backs and fight only with their lefts. If you want me to get out of Vietnam, then you have the prerogative of taking the resolution which we are out there now. You can repeal it tomorrow.You can tell the troops to come home. You can tell General Westmoreland that he doesn't know what is doing." As <mask>'s face was red, Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield decided to calm matters down by changing the subject. In early 1968, <mask> was deeply depressed as he stated: "The President, unfortunately, seems to have closed his mind to the consideration of any alternative, and his Rasputin-W.W. Rostow-seems able to isolate him from other views, and the Secretary [of State] happens to agree. I regret that I am unable to break this crust of immunity." However, after Robert McNamara was fired as Defense Secretary, Fulbright saw a "ray of light" as the man who replaced McNamara, Clark Clifford, was a longstanding "close personal friend." <mask> had appointed Clifford Defense Secretary because he was a hawk, but <mask> sought to change his mind about

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Fulbright Johnson Fulbright


title: J. William Fulbright

texts: Vietnam.Fulbright invited Clifford to a secret meeting in which he introduced the newly appointed Defense Secretary to two World War II heroes, General <mask>. Gavin and General Matthew Ridgway. Both Gavin and Ridgway were emphatic that the United States could not win the war in Vietnam, and their opposition to the war helped to change Clifford's mind. Despite his success with Clifford, Fulbright was close to despair as he wrote in a letter to Erich Fromm that this "literally a miasma of madness in the city, enveloping everyone in the administration and most of those in Congress. I am at a loss of words to describe the idiocy of what we are doing." Seeing that the <mask> administration was reeling in the wake of the Tet Offensive, Fulbright in February 1968 called for hearings by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee into the Gulf of Tonkin incident, as Fulbright noted that there were several aspects of the claim that North Vietnamese torpedo boats had attacked American destroyers in international waters that seemed dubious and questionable. McNamara was subpoenaed, and the televised hearings led to "fireworks" as Fulbright repeatedly asked difficult answers about De Soto raids on North Vietnam and Operation 34A. On 11 March 1968, Secretary of State Dean Rusk appeared before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.Fulbright made his sympathies clear by wearing a tie decorated with doves carrying olive branches. Through Rusk was scheduled to testify about the Gulf of Tonkin incident, the previous day in The New York Times had appeared a leaked story that Westmoreland had requested for <mask> to send 206,000 more troops to Vietnam. During Rusk's two days of testimony, the main issue turned out to be the troop request with

masks:
James M
Johnson
Johnson


title: J. William Fulbright

texts:
 Fulbright insisting for <mask> to seek congressional approval first. In response to Fulbright's questions, Rusk stated that if more troops were sent to Vietnam, the president would consult "appropriate members of Congress." Most notably, several senators who had voted with Stennis and the other hawks now aligned themselves with Fulbright, which indicated that Congress was turning against the war. In late October 1968, after <mask> announced a halt in bombing in North Vietnam in accordance with peace talks, Fulbright stated that his hopefulness that the announcement would lead to a general ceasefire. Nixon administration
In March 1969, Secretary of State <mask>. Rogers testified at a Senate Foreign Relations Committee hearing on the Nixon administration's foreign policy, Fulbright telling Rogers that the appearance was both useful and promising.In April 1969, Fublright received a letter from a former soldier who served in Vietnam, Ron Ridenhour, containing the results of Ridenhour's investigation into the My Lai massacre, said that he had heard so many stories from other soldiers about a massacre that had happened in March 1968 at a village that the soldiers knew only as "Pinkville." In May 1969, Fulbright delivered a speech at National War College that advocated for a U.S. withdraw from Vietnam in spite of possibly having to settle for something less than a standoff against the communists. He spoke for overhauling foreign policy to concentrate it less on the power of the executive branch. On 15 October 1969, <mask> spoke at one of the rallies held by the Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam. As all of the rallies held on 15 October were peaceful, <mask> taunted a reporter who was hoping there would be violence: "I am sorry

masks:
Johnson
Johnson
William P
Fulbright
Fulbright


title: J. William Fulbright

texts: that you thought the demonstrations of 15 October were 'subversive and hysterical'. They seemed to me to be extremely well-behaved and a very serious demonstration of disapproval of the tragic mistake... in Vietnam." In response to the Moratorium protests, President Nixon went on national television on 3 November 1969 to give his speech asking for the support of the "silent majority" towards his Vietnam policy.On 4 November, <mask> told a journalist that Nixon had "fully and truthfully taken upon himself <mask>'s war." <mask> called for the second round of the Moratorium protests scheduled for 15 November to be canceled for fear that Nixon was planning to start a riot to discredit the antiwar movement. The protests in the 15th went ahead and were peaceful, but the success of Nixon's "silent majority speech" left <mask> depressed as he wrote at the time that "it is very distressing, indeed, to think that we eliminated LBJ only to end up with this, which is almost more than the human spirit can endure." However, on 12 November 1969 appeared in The New York Times an article by Seymour Hersh revealing the My Lai Massacre on 16 March 1968. <mask> was deeply shocked when he learned about what happened at May Lai: "it is a matter of the greatest importance and emphasizes in the most dramatic manner the brutalization of our society." In 1970, Daniel Ellsberg offered <mask> his copy of the Pentagon Papers to ask him to insert them into the Congressional Record, which would allow the media to cite them without fear of prosecution for publishing secret documents. <mask> declined and instead sent a letter to Defense Secretary Melvin Laird asking him to declassify the Pentagon Papers.In 1971, Fulbright held another set of hearing about

masks: Fulbright Johnson Fulbright Fulbright Fulbright Fulbright Fulbright


title: J. William Fulbright

texts: the Vietnam. The Fulbright Hearings included the notable testimony of Vietnam veteran and future Senator and Secretary of State <mask>. In February 1970, South Dakota Senator George McGovern accused the former Viet Cong detainee <mask>. Rowe of being dispatched by the Pentagon to criticize him, Fulbright, and Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield, who had indicated their opposition to continued American involvement in Vietnam. On March 11, Fulbright introduced a resolution regarding the commitment of American troops or air forces for combat in Laos by Nixon, who, under the guidelines of the resolution, would not be able to combat forces in or over Laos without congressional affirmative action. In his address introducing the resolution, Fulbright said, "The Senate must not remain silent now while the President uses the armed forces of the United States to, fight an undeclared and undisclosed war in Laos." The following month, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee voted to repeal the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. Fulbright admitted the repeal would now have little to no legal impact and described the action as one intended to be part of an ongoing process of clearing out legislation that was now out of date.On August 22, <mask> stated his support for a bilateral treaty to grant the United States authority to use military force to guarantee both "territory and independence of Israel within the borders of 1967" and that the proposed measure would obligate Israel not to violate those frontiers, which had been created prior to the Six-Day War. In October, Defense Department officials disclosed publication of testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee showing the United States entered a 1960 agreement supporting a

masks:
John Kerry
James N
Fulbright


title: J. William Fulbright

texts: 40,000-man Ethiopian army in addition to beginning Ethiopia's opposition to threats against its territorial integrity. <mask> responded to the disclosure by saying the wording seemed to go "much further than saying a good word in the United Nations" and suggested the U.S. had agreed to aid the Ethiopian Emperor if the possibility of facing an internal insurrection arose. On February 28, 1971, <mask> announced his intent to submit a bill compelling the Secretary of State and other Nixon administration officials to appear before Congress to explain their position on Vietnam. <mask> said that the measure would be warranted by the refusal of <mask>. Rogers, Henry A. Kissinger, and other officials to appear before Congress. He reasoned that that they would not appear because "they know there are a number of people who don't agree with them, and it makes it embarrassing and they don't like it; they especially don't like to have it in front of television." On October 31, <mask> pledged his support to less-controversial aspects of foreign aid such as refugee relief and military aid to Israel and predicted the Nixon administration would be met with defeat or contention in the event of proposed aid for Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, and Greece.<mask> said a meeting between the Foreign Relations Committee the following day would see "that some kind of interim program will probably be devised" and expressed his disdain for "the continuing resolution approach." In March 1972, Fulbright sent a letter to Acting Attorney General Richard G. Kleindienst to request to the Justice Department not to use the Information Agency documentary Czechoslovakia 1968 for use in New York. He stated that it appeared to violate the 1948 law that created the agency,

masks:
Fulbright
Fulbright
Fulbright
William P
Fulbright
Fulbright


title: J. William Fulbright

texts: which he stated "was created for the purpose of the dissemination abroad of information about the United States, its people, and policies." In April, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee announced the end of an inquiry into a drinking incident involving United States Ambassador to France Arthur K. Watson. <mask> said that he did not expect the committee to pursue the matter and published a letter on the subject from Rogers. On August 3, the Senate approved the treaty limiting defense missiles for the United States and the Soviet Union. The following day, <mask> held a closed meeting with members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee to form a strategy against the Nixon administration's attempts to attach additional reservations to the intercontinental missile agreement signed by Nixon the previous May.On July 11, 1973, during a speech at an American Bankers Association meeting, Fulbright criticized Capitol Hill attempts to block trade concessions to the Soviet Union until it allowed the emigration of Jews and other groups: "Learning to live together in peace is the most important issue for the Soviet Union and the United States, too important to be compromised by meddling — even idealistic meddling — in each other's affairs." In August, Nixon announced his choice of Kissinger to replace the retiring Rogers as Secretary of State. Ahead of the hearings, Kissinger was expected to have the advantage of cultivating relationships with members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Vermont Senator George Aiken noting that Kissinger "met with us at Senator Fulbright's house for breakfast at least twice a year." In November 1973, Fulbright endorsed the Middle East policy of Secretary of State Kissinger in a Senate speech,

masks: Fulbright Fulbright