title: Willis J. Potts

texts:
 program. The Potts shunt
Potts spent considerable time thinking about the surgical correction of heart defects. Working with CMH pediatric cardiologist Stanley Gibson and with pathologist <mask>, <mask> helped create a collection of more than 200 anatomic specimens of various heart defects. The collection was later used extensively by cardiovascular pathologist Maurice Lev.<mask>, Gibson, and research fellow Sidney Smith became interested in treating blue baby syndrome, the group of heart defects that result in insufficient blood flow to the lungs. They became intrigued by the idea of somehow connecting the aorta (the body's largest artery, which sends blood to all of the body's tissues) to the nearby pulmonary artery (which sends blood to the lungs). In 1946, <mask> and Smith devised an operation for blue baby syndrome. The surgery involved making a tiny incision in the aorta and a tiny incision in the pulmonary artery and then sewing the two openings together. They performed the procedure successfully on 30 dogs before Gibson sent them a 19-month-old patient named Diane Schnell. Schnell was turning blue and fainting frequently. The team felt that she would not live much longer without surgery, so they decided to make her the first patient to receive a Potts shunt.She did well after the surgery and was known to be alive and well in the late 1960s. Potts, Smith and Gibson published an article in JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association in November 1946 in which they described saving three children's lives. They wrote that the new Potts shunt was safer than the standard treatment at the time, the Blalock-Taussig shunt, which sometimes resulted in paralysis or death. Other contributions, awards and recognition
In 1953, <mask> was the first surgeon to successfully repair a pulmonary artery sling, an abnormality in which the lung blood vessels wrap around and compress the patient's

masks:
Joseph Boggs
Potts
Potts
Potts
Potts


title: Willis J. Potts

type: original

texts: windpipe. The patient who underwent this first repair was a five-month-old girl. She was still alive at nearly 25 years of age; like many of the patients who underwent <mask>' version of this repair, she had decreased blood flow to the left lung, but she was doing well. <mask> and his team also advanced the treatment of a heart defect known as transposition of the great arteries.<mask>' work with heart surgery included the invention of at least three surgical devices. His neighbor, Bruno Richter, worked for a medical instrument manufacturer and assisted him with these innovations. The Potts-Smith aortic exclusion clamp closed off only a portion of the aorta so that the Potts shunt could be completed while maintaining blood flow to the spinal cord. He also developed the Potts vascular clamp, which allowed vessels to be clamped without being crushed; this moved vascular surgery forward significantly. A third device, the pulmonary valvulotome, helped surgeons to minimize bleeding when they entered the right ventricle to repair a child's pulmonary valve. Non-cardiac surgical problems in children also interested <mask>. Imperforate anus was one of his special clinical interests.<mask> made technical improvements to the surgery that was used for infant girls who had imperforate anus with a low rectovaginal fistula. In 1959, he attempted the separation of a set of conjoined twins who shared a heart. Both twins were weakening, but <mask> hoped to save the stronger of the two; the child died within four hours of the procedure. He consulted on another case of conjoined twins the next year, but he declined to operate because he felt that the surgery had no chance of success. In 1955, <mask> wrote an editorial in JAMA in which he criticized the overall quality of pediatric surgical care in the United States. <mask> pointed out that despite the proliferation of U.S. children's hospitals, only eight hospitals

masks: Potts Potts Potts Potts Potts Potts Potts Potts


title: Willis J. Potts

texts:
 had pediatric surgery programs run by full-time pediatric surgeons. He noted that there were only 33 members of the surgical section of the American Academy of Pediatrics and that 12 of those members had practices that were not fully focused on children.While he acknowledged that increasing levels of specialization created new challenges in medical education, he said that parents would soon demand the same quality of care for their children as they did for themselves. <mask> served as the president of several medical organizations, including the Institute of Medicine of Chicago, the Chicago Surgical Society and the Chicago Heart Association. He won several awards, including an American Medical Association Gold Medal and the William E. Ladd Medal from the American Academy of Pediatrics. In 1964, Hope College awarded an honorary Doctor of Science to <mask>. Personal life
A Unitarian, <mask> was deeply religious. Colleague Thomas Baffes wrote that <mask> was "comfortable enough in his relationship with his God and secure enough in his technical excellence and genius not to feel threatened by the ambitious young people he attracted about him." A 1965 newspaper article called him "probably the world's only hymn-singing surgeon", noting that he might sing "Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen" during a difficult surgery versus "Jesus Loves Me" during an easy case.<mask> married Henrietta Neeken in 1922, and they had three children. In 1948, <mask>' son, a married 21-year-old father of two, disappeared from the University of Rochester for about two months before he was located in Texas. Later life
<mask> wrote two books, The Surgeon and the Child (1959) and Your Wonderful Baby (1966). In 1960, he gave up his administrative duties at CMH to devote his time to patient care, but he said that he looked to his younger colleagues to complete the difficult surgeries. Open heart surgery had become common by this

masks: Potts Potts Potts Potts Potts Potts Potts


title: Willis J. Potts

texts:
 time, and <mask> said that it should be performed "by young men whose fingers are nimble, whose minds are agile, and whose coronaries are pliable." In June 1965, a retirement celebration was held for <mask> at the Sheraton Blackstone Hotel; some of <mask>' former "blue babies" were among the 300 people who honored Potts that night. When <mask> retired, he moved to Sarasota, Florida.<mask>' congenital heart surgery research center was renamed in his honor. In a 1966 interview with the Associated Press, <mask> warned about the risks of antibiotic misuse in treating colds and similar illnesses. He died of a heart attack in 1968; influenza had also contributed to his death. He was predeceased by two brothers and a sister, and he was survived by a sister, his wife, three children and 14 grandchildren. Legacy
<mask> made early and important advances in pediatric surgery, though the surgical shunt bearing his name has been mostly replaced by other surgical techniques. Over time, surgeons found it difficult to judge the appropriate size for a <mask> shunt; they were often made either too small (resulting in insufficient blood flow to the lungs and continued hypoxia) or too large (resulting in too much blood flow to the lungs and congestive heart failure). Some babies with a <mask> shunt experienced aneurysm formation in the left pulmonary artery and others had severe bleeding when surgeons attempted to "take down" the shunt.Since the early 21st century, the Potts shunt has occasionally been brought back into use as a palliative treatment for children with pulmonary arterial hypertension. References

1895 births
1968 deaths
American pediatric surgeons
American cardiac surgeons
People from Sheboygan, Wisconsin
University of Chicago alumni
Hope College alumni
Rush Medical College alumni
Northwestern University faculty
People from Cedar Grove, Wisconsin
20th-century surgeons
United States Army personnel of

masks: Potts Potts Potts Potts Potts Potts Potts Potts Potts


title: Eugène Burnand

texts: <mask> (30 August 1850 – 4 February 1921) was a prolific Swiss painter and illustrator from Moudon, Switzerland. Born of prosperous parents who taught him to appreciate art and the countryside, he first trained as an architect but quickly realised his vocation was painting. He studied art in Geneva and Paris then settled in Versailles. In the course of his life he travelled widely and lived at various times in Florence, Montpellier, Seppey (Moudon) and Neuchâtel. His later years were spent in Paris where he died a celebrated and well respected artist both in Switzerland and France. He was primarily a realist painter of nature. Most of his works were of rural scenes, often with animals, the depiction of which he was a master.He increasingly painted human figures and by the end of his career could be called a portraitist whose skill revealing character was profound. A deeply religious man, his Protestant beliefs led him to include more religious works that he put his stamp of realism on, and he became best known in Europe for his illustrations of "The Parables", that was published in French, German and English versions over four decades. His works are now widely distributed in museums and private collections throughout the world and in his own dedicated museum in Moudon. His final project was a series of 104 pastel portraits of allied WW1 participants of all nationalities that was incomplete when he died; a unique body of work that was subsequently published as a book in 1922 and recently republished in 2010. <mask> was a good living family man who kept detailed

masks:
Eugène Burnand
Eugene Burnand


title: Eugène Burnand

texts:
 records of his life and work that facilitate a thorough understanding of his methods and motives. He, his wife Julia and family of eight children, including two sets of twins, moved with him as his work took him around France and Switzerland. His traditional style ensured a conventional appreciation that he and his family enjoyed, but brought some criticism and conflict with contemporaries who were embracing modern art.Burnand was greatly influenced by artists such as Jean-François Millet and Gustave Courbet. This is reflected in perhaps his best known work, The Disciples Peter and John Running to the Sepulchre on the Morning of the Resurrection 1898, which hangs in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris. Biography

Early life
He was born on 30 August 1850 in Chateau Billens, the property of his grandfather <mask>, in Moudon, Vaud, Switzerland, a French speaking region north of Lausanne. His parents, (Colonel) <mask> and Henriette (née Foltz) were part of the Protestant bourgeois establishment of the town. His father was a forestry inspector who travelled considerably, invented the Prélaz-Burnand rifle in 1859 and had "the gifts and temperament of an artist, and drew and painted all his life as an amateur". <mask> was the youngest of three surviving children. His older brothers had already left home when he was born and were working in France.The family soon moved to Chateau Carouge in the Moudon Ville Haute. Both his parents were well educated and cultured and he had a mature relationship with them. He travelled often with his father throughout the Canton of Vaud in the

masks:
Charles Burnand
Ėdouard Burnand
Eugène


title: Eugène Burnand

texts:
 course of his work and this instilled in him a love of, and familiarity with the region. Up to the age of ten his formal education was in Moudon. The family moved to Florence in late 1860 where his father was charged with introducing the Prélaz-Burnand rifle to the Tuscan army. Seven months later they returned to Switzerland and set up residence in Schaffhouse, but meantime <mask> had done well at school in Florence and its artistic heritage had made a lasting impression on him. His secondary education continued in Schaffhouse in German and in 1867 he somewhat reluctantly took his father's advice to study architecture at Zurich so he might have a reliable means of earning a living.His artistic talents shone however, and he changed over to study painting, and after four years in Zurich he gained his architecture diploma and went to Geneva to study for a short time under the celebrated Barthélemy Menn whose style he greatly admired. Artistic career 1872 to 1895
In 1872 he entered the Fine Arts School in Paris under Jean-Léon Gérôme and he later became a pupil. He spent time with his brother Ernest in Provence in 1873 and loved this region in which he painted many scenes over the years. One of his first works from that time 'Donkeys in the Midi' is shown here. In 1877 he spent time in Florence and Rome but returned to France the following year when he married and settled in Versailles, acquiring new skills from the workshop of his wife's family, who were the well known painters and engravers Girardet. He produced many successful paintings of animals in Provence,


title: Eugène Burnand

texts:
 particularly in the Camargue region. 'Troupeau de boeufs au bord de la mer" was another typical study at this time.In 1879 he produced one of his impressive large works, 'La Pompe à Feu' measuring 200 x 310 cm, an action picture with men and horses. The beautiful and sunny 'Gleaners' followed in 1880. He became publicly noticed in 1884 with the publication of 'Mireille', an epic poem by Frédéric Mistral illustrated by <mask>. The same year he produced 'Bull in the Alps', another large striking picture which further demonstrated his skill painting animals. He moved to Paris in 1885 and stayed four years, during which time he, with other Swiss artists organised the Swiss fine arts section for the Paris International Exhibition of 1889, a task that caused some difficult relationships with other artists later on. Moving from Paris to Montpellier he completed 'La Descente des troupaux' 200 x 120 cm OOC in 1890. He moved back to Switzerland to be near his sick father in 1892 and completed several canvases of Swiss scenes including Lake Geneva.Following the death of his father and soon after his mother in 1894 he remained in the family home at Seppey near Moudon and produced 'The Peasant farmer' and his only major historical painting 'La Fuite de Charles le Téméraire (après la bataille de Morat)', 'The flight of Charles the Bold after the battle of Morat'. By this time he had produced over one hundred catalogued works. Artistic career 1886 to 1921
His move in late 1895 to a new rural residence at Fontfroide-le-Haut, a few miles from Montpellier, seemed to provide him


title: Eugène Burnand

texts: with the environment and inspiration for a concentration on religious themes for his pictures, notably, 'Retour de l'enfant Prodigue (Return of the prodigal son) 1896-7', 'L'Invitation au festin (Invitation to the feast) 1899, and the picture by which he is now best known, 'Les Disciples Pierre et Jean courant au sépulchre le matin de la Résurrection', 'The Disciples Peter and John running to the sepulchre on the morning of the Resurrection' 1898, which is in the Musée d'Orsay, Paris. At the start of the 20th century he was at the height of his fame and he and other artists contributed to the ceiling of the now famous "Train Bleu" buffet in the Gare de Lyon, Paris, that at the time was major part of the new building work to mark the Paris International Exhibition of 1900. <mask> painted "Le Mont-Blanc vu de Clergère". Another large major picture with a religious theme was started in this period, "La Prière sacerdotale", done during a temporary move to Florence for the winter of 1900-1. He changed the head of Christ several times and the final version was done in 1918.As with most of his paintings of this type, he used models from his large circle of friends and neighbours, many of whom were local tradesmen. The individuals in this painting are carefully described in <mask>'s biography of his father. The image shown here is the final version. Before he moved back to Switzerland in 1903 so his family could re-establish their Swiss roots, many other religious works were completed such as "Jésus à Béthanie (Jesus at Bethany)", "L'Invitation au festin (Invitation

masks:
Burnand
René Burnand


title: Eugène Burnand

texts: Saturday)" 1907-8, and prepared the cartoons for one of his most important works, the stained glass windows of the "Sermon on the Mount" 1910 in the Reformed church at Herzogenbuchsee, near Berne. His series "Types vaudois" at this time, portraits of regional characters of Vaud, probably set the style for his later military types. His last large canvas "Labour dans le Jorat" was done at Seppey in 1915 but was destroyed in a fire at Lausanne in early 1916. He had repainted the canvas within a year. <mask>'s last enterprise was possibly his greatest and most ambitious, but is little known today. In 1917, with the experience of his limited series of "Types Vaudois" behind him, he set out to make a series of pencil and pastel portraits of "types" that were engaged with the military in the war that had started in 1914. <mask> was fascinated by the wide range of people from varied races from all over the world who had been drawn into the conflict on the side of the Allies.He was more interested in the lowly than the leaders and travelled about France to find his subjects in ports and barracks. He got to know them first, often to meet his family and give hospitality. That way he got to know their true feelings and attitudes, which he depicted with great skill. He had completed 40 by 1918 at the end of the war, but the military remained active for a long time afterwards, and he completed 104 in all. Eighty were exhibited at the Luxembourg Museum, Paris, in 1919 to great public acclaim, and 100 were exhibited a year later as a prelude to their publication as a book in

masks:
Eugène Burnand
Burnand


title: Eugène Burnand

texts:
 1922. Most (101) of the originals were purchased by American philanthropist William Nelson Cromwell for the French Nation and they are now held by the French Legion of Honour where 72 of the 101 are displayed at their museum in Paris. One hundred and two have recently been published again in a book to mark the Great War centenary and the battle of Verdun.They can also be viewed online. By 1900 <mask> was one of western Europe's foremost artists and his subsequent focus on religious themes, particularly 'The Parables', elevated him to popularity among the general public. His work has been considered too 'photographic' by critics to gain the same merit by academics and consequently he has not remained well known even in Switzerland and France. He was never very well known in the English speaking world but has recently been reviewed well, and is being re-evaluated as an artist who was able to represent the soul of his country through cool, honest, and deeply insightful draughtsmanship. His picture of the "Disciples running to the Sepulchre" is finding a new appreciative audience and the centenary of the First World War has generated interest in its art, to which <mask> made a large contribution and is getting new attention. People interested in Burnand may find a new publication of help as it is the first book about him in English focusing on the war portraits but also covering other works. 18 X 35 cm
 1909 - " Tête de femme " in a medal on the left of the 1000 Swiss franc banknote issued in 1911.1884 - " Mireille " Paris Hachette; 25 etchings outside the text,

masks: Burnand Burnand


title: Eugène Burnand

texts:
 engravings of <mask>and and 55 drawing in the text re-edited in 1891
 1888 - " François le Champi " de George Sand, Illustrations by  E. Burnand Edt Calmann Lévy et Cie 1888
 1890 - illustration of; " L'Orphelin " by Urbain Olivier
 1896 - illustration of a report of the " Bohémiens aux Saintes-Maries de la Mer " by Marie-Anne de Bovet for the revue : L'Illustration  16 May
 1908 - " Les Paraboles " <mask>, Berger-Levrault, Paris 1908, volume in 175 pages, 61 drawing, 11 plates, foreword by <mask> de Vogüé, Member of the Académie française. 1909 - " Le Samedi Saint "
 1919 - " The Little Flowers of Saint Francis  " Translation by Thomas Okey with 30 drawings by <mask>. JM Dent & Sons Ltd, London 1919
 1920 - " Les petites fleurs  " Saint Francis of Assisi, Berger-Levrault 271 pages with illustrations by <mask>. Camargue " " OOC 40 x 80 cm
 1879 - "  La Pompe à feu  " OOC 200 x 310 cm
 1880 - "  Les Glaneuses  " OOC 200 cm x 150 cm
 1880 - " " La Dent du Midi " " OOC 40 x 30 cm
 1881 - " " Le Braconnier " " OOC 31 x 23 cm
 1881 - "  Bäuerin beim Füttern der Schweine  " OOC 29 x 28 cm
 1882 - "  La Ferme Suisse "  OOC 201.5 x 286 cm
 1883 - "  Pâturage d'Anzeindaz  " OOC 50 x 73 cm
 1884 - "  Taureau dans les Alpes  " OOC, 201 x 271 cm
 1886 - "  Le Faucheur  " OOC;S; Dim: H:149.5 cm X L:120 cm (Museum Eugène Burnand, Moudon)
 1887 - "  L'Abreuvoir  " OOC;   (San Francisco Museum, USA)
 1890 - "  La Descente des Troupeaux (Provence) "OOC 124 x 200 cm. Bâle, Öffentliche Kunstsammlung
 1890 - "  Dans les Hauts pâturages  " OOC;     For the Nestlé Company
 1892 -

masks:
Eugène Burn
Eugène Burnand
Eugène Melchior
Eugène Burnand
Eugène Burnand


title: Eugène Burnand

texts:
 galleries
 1874 - First participation in the national Swiss Fine Arts Society exhibition
 1875 - First hanging in the Salon Paris
 1883 - Exhibition at Zurich
 1886 - Exhibition in New-York
 1889 - Paris Universal Exhibition
 1890 - Exhibition Genève, Lausanne, Neuchâtel, Montpellier, Toulouse
 1896 - Geneva
 1897 - Dowdeswell Gallery, London
 1897 - Royal Academy London
 1897 - Autumn exhibition of Walker Art Gallery  Liverpool
 1897 - Carnegie Art Galleries, Pittsburg
 1900 - Universal Exhibition, Paris. Painters of mountains
 1901 - London
 1903 - Swiss Nationals exhibition, Fine Arts Museum, Lausanne
 1911 - Exhibition of stained glass cartoons at the International Exhibition of Art Chrétien organised by the Société de Saint-Jean
 1913 - Kinsthalle, Basel
 1914 - Berne
 1916 - La Grenette, Lausanne (Le Labour dans le Jorat ) Destroyed by fire in this location
 1985 - La peinture religieuse suisse au XIXe siècle  Lucerne Kunstmuseum
 2005 - Lausanne; Exhibition dedicated to the painter <mask>. Museums
 Cantonal Museum of Fine Art, Lausanne, Switzerland
 Eugène Burnand Museum, Moudon, Vaud, Switzerland
 San Francisco Fine Art Museum USA ( Au couvent - Lessiveuse)
 Institute of Arts Minneapolis USA (Buried Treasure)
 Metropolitan Museum of Art USA (Le village de la Celle-sous-Moret)
 Luxembourg Museum, Paris
 Legion of Honour Museum, Paris ( 101  pastels of military 'types' on the Allied side).Donated 1924, 72 are on display
 Musée d'Orsay Paris (" Les Disciples running to the tomb on the morning of the resurrection ")
 Musée du Louvre Graphic art


title: Eugène Burnand

texts:
 department ( Les Chevaux)
 Berne Museum, Switzerland
 Basel Museum, Switzerland
 Vevey Museum, Switzerland
 Geneva Museum, Switzerland
 National Museum of Fine Arts in Santiago, Chile
 Adelaide Museum, Australia
 Philadelphia Museum, USA
 Fine Art Museum of La Chaux-de-Fonds ( Le Samedi-Saint ) Acquired by the museum as a consequence of a public subscription
 Grenoble Museum, France (La Gardeuse de moutons)
 Museum of Compiègne, Oise, France, (  Portrait d'Alphonse Daudet )
 Museo Provincial de Bellas Artes Rosa Galisteo de Rodríguez, Santa Fe, Argentina. Bibliography

 <mask> : " Liber Veritatis  " Journal of the artist. Archived in the University of Lausanne
 De Flandrezy, Bouzanquet: "  Le Taureau Camargue  " Edt du Cadran 1925
 Michel de Rivaz: " Le billet de banque Suisse, 1907-1997  " Collection: la Mémoire de l'œil
 <mask>: " <mask>and, l'homme, l'artiste et son œuvre " 1926 biography by his son René; Berger et Levrault 1926
 <mask>:  "  <mask>and au pays de Mireille " SPES, 1941
 Junod Louis: " Moudon " Edt du Griffon, Neuchâtel 1956
 Philippe Kaenel: " <mask> (1850-1921) Peintre naturaliste " Edt 5 Continents , 255p. 2004
 Philippe Kaenel: " <mask>and la peinture d'après nature " Cabédita Coll: Archives vivantes 297p 2006
 Collectif: " Le Train Bleu Edt; Édition Presse Lois Unis Service Paris 1990, Imp par U.F.I France,
 Etienne Burnand: " Une vie, un peintre  " 1994
 Fontanaaz Monique: " La ville de Moudon et ses musées  " 2002
 Marc Grelet: " Eugène Burnand, sa vie, son œuvre " Edt SPES paru(sd)
 Henri Niggeler: " Eugène Burnand illustrateur

masks:
Eugène Burnand
René Burnand
Eugène Burn
René Burnand
Eugène Burn
Eugène Burnand
Eugène Burn


title: Eugène Burnand

texts:
 " Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire, Palais de Rumine, Lausanne, 1991
 Henri Niggeler: " L'illustration de Mireille par Eugène Burnand " , in Arlésienne: le mythe? Museon Arlaten, Arles, 1999
 Henri Niggeler, Philippe Kaenel: " Eugène Burnand. Une vie en faces. " Bibliothèque cantonale & universitaire, Lausanne, 2001
 Shirley Darlington: "Eugene Burnand.In Search of the Swiss Artist (1850-1921)" Uniform 2016,

External links
Musée Eugène-Burnand, Moudon. English

English language site about <mask>, many examples of his work, and all the WW1 pastels
Peter and John running to the tomb. Bible Gallery English

References

1850 births
1921 deaths
19th-century Swiss painters
19th-century male artists
Swiss male painters
20th-century Swiss painters
20th-century male artists
Currency


title: Kumares C. Sinha

texts:
<mask><mask> is an Indian-American engineer, researcher and educator known for contributions to transportation systems analysis, transportation infrastructure economics and management, transportation safety, and the use of emerging technologies in transportation. He has served as Edgar B. and Hedwig M. Olson Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering at Purdue University. since 1998. <mask>
<mask> received his bachelor's degree from Jadavpur University in India in 1961, and his master's and doctoral degrees from the University of Connecticut in 1966 and 1968, respectively. He was a faculty member at Marquette University for six years before joining the School of Civil Engineering at Purdue in 1974. <mask> served as Head of the Transportation and Infrastructure Systems Area in the School of Civil Engineering at Purdue from 1981 to 2001 and Director of the Joint Transportation Research Program of Purdue University and the Indiana Department of Transportation from 1995 to 2010. He was a visiting professor of Civil Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in fall 1980 and at the Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee, India, in spring 1981.He was also Lockheed Martin Guest Professor of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Central Florida during 2015–2016 and Hagler Fellow and Eminent- Scholar-in-Residence at Texas A&M University during 2016–2017. He has been an Honorary or a Guest Professor at five universities in China. <mask> conducts research in the areas of highway infrastructure planning, engineering and management. One of his chief contributions is the development of an integrated approach

masks:
Kumares C
. Sinha
Career
Sinha
Sinha
Sinha


title: Kumares C. Sinha

texts: to highway-asset-management based on facility condition modeling, treatment effectiveness and life-cycle costing. <mask>'s studies on system performance, costing, and network optimization have informed pavement, bridge and safety management systems developed by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. He has also served as a consultant for the World Bank and the United Nations Environmental Program, conducting transportation systems analysis and planning in countries such as Bangladesh, China, Georgia, India, Iran, Nepal, Palestine and Yemen, among others. He was one of the early advocates for the use of advanced technologies in transportation.He and his colleagues at Purdue were early researchers conducting experiments for shared mobility service. <mask>'s most recent work examines the impacts of  autonomous transportation and connected vehicles. He is the co-author (with Samuel Labi) of Transportation Decision Making: Principles of Project Development and Programming (Wiley & Sons, 2007). <mask> is the Editor-in-Chief Emeritus of the Journal of Transportation Engineering (ASCE), and he serves on the editorial boards of Transportation and Statistics (Bureau of Transportation Statistics, US DOT), the Journal of Transportation in Developing Economies (Springer), the Journal of Transportation (Institute of Transportation Engineers), and the Archives of Transport Quarterly (Polish Academy of Sciences). He has served as President of the Transportation & Development Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), President of the Research and

masks: Sinha Sinha Sinha


title: Kumares C. Sinha

texts:
 Education Division of the American Road and Transportation Builders Association (ARTBA), and President of the Council of University Transportation Centers (CUTC). He also served as a member of the Executive Committee of the Transportation Research Board (2011–2017), Strategic Highway Research Program Oversight Committee (2009–2015), Blue Ribbon Panel of Experts, US National Surface Transportation Policy and Revenue Study Commission (2006–2007), and Federal Advisory Council on Transportation  Statistics (2001–2005). Honors and awards
<mask> was elected member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2008 “for contributions to the advancement of highway infrastructure engineering and management and to the education of transportation professionals worldwide.” He was recognized as a Distinguished University Alumnus of Jadavpur University, India in 2017,  an Honorary Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2005 and a member of the University of Connecticut School of Engineering's Academy of Distinguished Engineers (2004).<mask> has received many awards including the inaugural Lifetime Achievement Award presented at the 8th International Conference on Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Pavements (2016), the ASCE James Laurie Prize (2011), the Transportation Research Board's Roy W. Crum Award (2009), the Council of University Transportation Centers Lifetime Achievement Award for University Transportation Education and Research (2004), the Wilbur S. Smith Distinguished Transportation Educator Award (2002) given jointly by the Institute of Transportation Engineers and several other professional organizations, the ASCE

masks: Sinha Sinha


title: Kumares C. Sinha

texts:
 Francis C. Turner Lecture Award (2001), the American Road and Transportation Builders Association Steinberg Award (1999), the ASCE Harland Bartholomew Award (1996), the Distinguished Engineering Alumni Award of the University of Connecticut (1995), the ASCE Arthur Wellington Prize (1992), the ASCE Frank M. Masters Transportation Engineering Award (1986), and the Fred Burggraf Award of the Transportation Research Board (1972). <mask> was also recognized as a National Associate of the National Academies in 2005 for his involvement in numerous committees and panels of the National Research Council. Publications
Fwa, T.F. and <mask>, K.C. (1986), A Unified Approach for Allocation of Highway Pavement Costs , Transportation Research –A, Vol. 20A, No.3, 211–221. Doherty, M.J., Sparrow, F.T.and <mask>, K.C. (1987), Public (Shared) Use of Autos: Mobility Enterprise Projec t, ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 113, No.1, 84-100. Feighan, K.J., Shahin, M.Y., Sinha, K.C. and White, T.D. (1989), Application of Dynamic Programming and Other Mathematical Techniques to Pavement Management Systems, Transportation Research Record 1200, 90–98. Sharaf, E.A., Shahin, M.Y.and <mask> (1989), Analysis of the Effect of Deferring Pavement Maintenance, Transportation Research Record 1205, 29–35. Saito, M., <mask>, K.C. and Anderson, V. (1991), Statistical Models for the Estimation of Bridge Replacement Models, Transportation Research-A, Vol. 25A, No.6, 339–350. Karlaftis, M.G., Latoski, S., Richards, N. and <mask>, K.C. (1999), ITS Impacts on Safety and Traffic Management: An Investigation of Secondary Crash Causes, ITS Journal, Vol.5,

masks: Sinha Sinha Sinha Sinha Sinha Sinha


title: Kumares C. Sinha

texts:
 39–52. <mask>, K.C., Sustainability and Urban Public Transportation (2003), ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol.129, No. 4, 331–341. Li, Z. and <mask>, K.C. (2004), Methodology for Multi-Criteria Decision-Making in Highway Asset Management, Transportation Research Record 1885, 79–87. Bai, Q., Labi, S., <mask>, K.C. (2012). Tradeoff Analysis for Multiobjective Optimization in Transportation Asset Management by Generating Pareto Frontiers Using Extreme Points Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II, ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol.138, No.6, 798-806

Everett, S., Xiong, Y., Sinha, K.C. and  Fricker (2013). Ex Post Facto Evaluation of Indiana’s Highway Investment Program, Transportation Research Record 2345, 24–30. Kumar, I., Tyner, W.E. and <mask>, K.C. (2016). Input–output Life Cycle Environmental Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Utility Scale Wind Energy in the United States, Energy Policy.89: 294-301

<mask>, K.C., Labi, S. Agbelie, B., (2017). Transportation Infrastructure Asset Management in the New Millennium: Continuing Issues, and Emerging Challenges and Opportunities, Transportmetrica Part A: Transport Science 13(7), 591–606

References

External links
Purdue University Profile

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
20th-century Indian engineers
21st-century Indian engineers
Indian civil engineers
American civil engineers
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American engineers
University of Connecticut alumni
Marquette University faculty
Purdue University faculty
Indian emigrants to the United

masks: Sinha Sinha Sinha Sinha Sinha


title: Helen Hardin

texts:
<mask> (May 28, 1943 – June 9, 1984) (Tewa name: Tsa-sah-wee-eh, which means "Little Standing Spruce") was a Native American painter. She started making and selling paintings, participated in University of Arizona's Southwest Indian Art Project and was featured in Seventeen magazine, all before she was 18 years of age. Creating art was a means of spiritual expression that developed from her Roman Catholic upbringing and Native American heritage. She created contemporary works of art with geometric patterns based upon Native American symbols and motifs, like corn, katsinas, and chiefs. In 1976 she was featured in the PBS American Indian artists series. Early life and education
<mask> was born on May 28, 1943 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the daughter of Pablita Velarde, Santa Clara Pueblo artist, and <mask>, a European-American former police officer and Chief of Public Safety. Hardin's first language was Tewa.She was named Tsa-Sah-Wee-Eh at a naming ceremony at the Santa Clara Pueblo about a month after she was born. Hardin was raised by her artistic mother and her family at the Santa Clara Pueblo and she went to school and lived among the Anglo world for much of her life. She saw herself as "Anglo socially and Indian in [her] art." At six years of age Hardin won first prize for a drawing. Her works were sold when she was nine with her mother's at Gallup ceremonial events. Although she was influenced by her mother's techniques and works, Hardin wanted to create her own style. Her relationship with her mother became increasingly difficult as Hardin became more artistic and as a consequence of her parents' divorce in 1957 or 1959.She studied drafting at Albuquerque's St. Pius X High School, a parochial Catholic school. In the summer of 1960 Hardin attended the University of

masks:
Helen Hardin
Helen Hardin
Herbert Hardin


title: Helen Hardin

texts:
 Santa Fe Indian Market.At these shows she won "Best of Show", first prize and grand awards. Collections
Her works are in the collections of:

 Heard Museum, Phoenix, Arizona
 Indian Arts & Crafts Board, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
 Loyola Law School, Los Angeles, CA
 Millicent Rogers Museum, El Prado, New Mexico
 Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe
 Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, CA
 University of Oklahoma Museum of Art, Norman
 Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Works
A select number of her works include:

 Bountiful Mother, 1980, 45.7 × 40.64 cm, etching and intaglio
 Changing Woman
 Listening Woman
 Looking at Myself I Am Many Parts
 Medicine Talk, 1964, approximately 71.12 × 35.56 cm, casein
 Medicine Woman, 1981, approx. 61 × 45.7 cm, four-color copper plate etching. Notes

Further reading
 LouAnn Faris Culley. "<mask>in: A Retrospective." American Indian Art 4, Summer 1979, 68-75.Jane B. Katz, editor. This Song Remembers: Self-Portraits of Native Americans in the Arts. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980. Betty LaDuke. Women Artists: Multi-Cultural Visions. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press, Inc., 1992. Kate Nelson.<mask>: A Straight Line Curved. Santa Fe, Little Standing Spruce Publishing, 2012. 978-0-9857636-1-9. Jay Scott, Changing Woman: The Life and Art of <mask>'', Northland Publishing, 1989,  (hardcover),  (softcover)

External links
 A transcendent journey through the motherline:a voyage with <mask>, southwest artist, by Kate Donohue, 2001
 The Collector's Guide: <mask>in

Santa Clara Pueblo people
Native American painters
Painters from New Mexico
1943 births
1984 deaths
American women painters
Pueblo artists
20th-century American women artists
Native American women artists
20th-century Native Americans
20th-century Native

masks:
Helen Hard
Helen Hardin
Helen Hardin
Helen Hardin
Helen Hard


title: Michael Synkellos

texts:
<mask> (), also spelled Syncellus (c. 760 – 4 January 846), was a Greek Orthodox Arab Christian priest, monk and saint. He held the administrative office of synkellos of the patriarchate of Jerusalem (c. 811–815) and the patriarchate of Constantinople (843–846). He was involved in disputes over the filioque clause and over Byzantine iconoclasm, which landed him in prison for the period 815–843. He nevertheless wrote extensively, producing grammar, theology, hagiographies, hymns and poetry. He wrote in Greek and made at least one translation from Arabic. Life
<mask> was born in Jerusalem in or about 761. He was of Arab origin.He was the only son of his parents and had several older sisters. His mother dedicated him at the age of three to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, where he was given the rank of anagnostes (reader). Around 786, when he was twenty-five, his father died, his mother and sisters entered a convent and he entered the lavra of Mar Saba as a monk. In 797 or 798, he was ordained a priest by the patriarch of Jerusalem. After two years in Jerusalem, he returned to Mar Saba. In 800, he accepted the brothers Theodore and Theophanes as his monastic disciples. The period following the death of Hārūn al-Rashīd (809) until the accession of al-Maʾmūn (813) was one of unrest that greatly affected the churches of Palestine.Between 808 and 812, probably about 811, <mask> was named synkellos of the patriarch of Jerusalem. With his two disciples, he moved into the monastery of the Spudaioi near the Holy Sepulchre. Between about 811 and 813, he visited Edessa, where he wrote his treatise on

masks:
Michael Synkellos
Michael
Michael


title: Michael Synkellos

texts: syntax. In 812 or 813, Patriarch Thomas I of Jerusalem sent <mask> on a mission to Constantinople and Rome, accompanied by his disciples Theodore, Theophanes and Job. The purpose of <mask>'s mission was to bring letters from Thomas to Pope Leo III referring to him the controversy over the filioque that had erupted in Jerusalem in 809 and to request financial assistance in the West for the churches in Palestine following the imposition of fines by the Islamic authorities. <mask> and his disciples arrived in Constantinople during the reign of <mask> I, that is, before July 813. For reasons unknown, they remained in Constantinople for some time and never got to Rome.They stayed at the Chora monastery and became involved in disputes over the re-introduction of iconoclasm by the Emperor Leo V in 815. The four were arrested, beaten, imprisoned in Phiale and offered money to recant their iconodulism. While Theodore and Theophanes were sent away, <mask> and Job remained in Phiale. Following the accession of <mask> in 820, the two were exiled to the monastery of Prousias (or Prousa) near Mount Olympus. In 834, the Emperor Theophilos had them placed in solitary confinement in the Praitorion in Constantinople. In 836, <mask> was moved to a new cell, where he was attended by the nun Euphrosyne. In 843, <mask> was released by the Emperor <mask>, who repudiated iconoclasm.He was elected patriarch of Constantinople, but refused the honour. He was instead appointed synkellos of the patriarchate and hegoumenos (abbot) of the Chora. He set about restoring the monastery with patriarchal and imperial

masks:
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael II
Michael
Michael
Michael III


title: Michael Synkellos

texts:
 assistance, dying there on 4 January 846. He was immediately regarded as a saint and an anonymous contemporary wrote a hagiography of him. Nikephoros Gregoras later also wrote a biography. Writings
The identification of the writings of <mask> is complicated by the existence of three or four 9th-century writers named <mask> who were identified by their office of synkellos. <mask> is sometimes, but not always, identified as "of Jerusalem" or "of Constantinople".There was even another <mask> who was synkellos of Constantinople. Those extant works which are surely attributed to him include:

Methodos peri tēs tou logou syntaxeos, the earliest surviving medieval treatise on Greek syntax, written between 811 and 813. It contains eight chapters on the parts of speech. It became very popular in the 13th century and exists in around 100 manuscripts. An encomium on Dionysius the Areopagite, written during his confinement in Prousias (820–834). A translation into Greek of an Arabic profession of the Chalcedonian faith by the Sabaite monk Theodore Abu Qurrah addressed to the Armenians around 813. Libellos peri tes orthodoxou pisteos, a short book on orthodoxy.An anacreontic poem on the restoration of icons. Four canons (hymns). Extant works the attribution of which to him is disputed include:

A letter addressed to Theodore and Theophanes. It is incorporated into his anonymous biography, but its authenticity is disputed. It was written in 836 after the two were brought back to Constantinople from their exile for questioning and tattooing. An account of the 42 martyrs of Amorion. According to a

masks:
Michael Synkellos
Michael
Michael Synkellos
Michael


title: Michael Synkellos

texts:
 manuscript of 1023, it was read out on 7 March 843, 844 or 845, which would make it one of <mask>'s last works.An encomium on Zechariah, father of John the Baptist; two encomia on the angels; one on the archangels Gabriel and <mask>; one on Saint Mocius; and one on Saints Isaac and Dalmatius. An account of the life and miracles of John of Damascus and Cosmas of Maiuma and another biography of John of Damascus. Two orations or homilies, one on the dead and one on the Holy Girdle. A polemical refutation of Islam with an account of its origins. This is found in the passage 697.12–702.9 of the Chronicon syntomon of George Hamartolos, who refers to <mask>'s summary (epitome) on the topic. This may indicate that George was using an epitome made by <mask> either of a work of his own or a work by another. Several lost writings by <mask> are known from his biography:

His correspondence with the Greek monks of Byzantine Sicily concerning the filioque.His correspondence with other iconodules during his confinement in Prousias. His correspondence during solitary confinement with the iconodules Stephen the asekretis and Kallonas the spatharios. Notes

Bibliography

760s births
846 deaths
People from Jerusalem
8th-century Christian monks
9th-century Christian monks
8th-century people of the Abbasid Caliphate
9th-century people of the Abbasid Caliphate
9th-century Byzantine people
9th-century linguists
Arab Christian saints
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Palestine
Christianity in the Abbasid Caliphate
Byzantine Iconoclasm
Filioque
Byzantine hymnographers
Christian hagiographers
Translators from

masks: Michael Michael Michael Michael Michael


title: Jim Gerald

texts:
James "<mask><mask> (1 January 1891 – 2 March 1971) also known as <mask> was an Australian comedian, circus clown, acrobat, writer, director and troupe leader and filmmaker. He is generally regarded as one of the four leading post-World War I comedians to work the Australasian variety circuits, the others being Nat Phillips, Roy Rene, and George Wallace. Biography
Born at Darlington, New South Wales, <mask> was the seventh son of Stephen Australia Fitzgerald, a tailor turned actor, and his wife Mary Ann, née Ingram. In his youth <mask> played truant from school to watch acrobats practising on the sandhills behind Centennial Park, learned to tumble and haunted his uncles' circus. Three of his brothers also went on the stage using the names 'Max Clifton', 'Lance Vane' and 'Cliff Stevens'. In 1898 his father apprenticed him to Oscar Pagel's Circus. He subsequently travelled the world, including South Africa, Africa, the Far East and North America for around ten years.Back in Australia by c.1907–1908, <mask> found employment with several circuses; and as 'Diabolo' was billed as the first man to loop the loop on a motorcycle. In 1910 he and two of his brothers, Lance Vane and Max Clifton, appeared in The Life and Adventures of John Vane, the Notorious Australian Bushranger. That film, also directed by his father, is now viewed as a significant landmark in the history of Australian cinema, being the first recorded involvement in narrative film production by Charles Cozens Spencer (a leading figure in the early Australian film industry). <mask>'s "move into variety entertainment began in 1912 when he toured with his father's

masks:
Jim
" Gerald
James Gerald Diabolo
Gerald
Jim
Gerald
Gerald


title: Jim Gerald

texts: All Stars drama and vaudeville company as both comedian and acrobat. Although he soon afterwards signed with Sir Benjaman Fullers, Fullers' Theatres vaudeville circuit]]. <mask> was immediately leased to Stanley McKay for his touring pantomime company, and over the next five to six years appeared throughout Australia and New Zealand as a specialist pantomime dame Within a year of joining McKay's company <mask> married Esther Patience Futcher, a 27-year-old actress known by stage name Essie Jennings (1886-1969). The ceremony took place on 21 July 1913 at St Peter's Anglican Church, Wellington, New Zealand,.The two latter formed a highly popular knockabout comedy sketch act, appearing in sketches such as "The Actress and the Paperhanger" and "The new Recruit." Fitzgerald enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force on 5 May 1916 and served in Mesopotamia as a driver with the 1st Australian and New Zealand Wireless Signal Squadron. Discharged on 12 October 1918, he returned to the Fullers' circuit and was soon asked by (Sir) Benjamin Fuller to write and produce his own revue sketches. He had seen the funny side of soldiering in Mesopotamia and his act, 'The New Recruit', remained popular for years. Unlike his contemporaries Roy Rene and George Wallace, <mask> was 'unashamedly international' in his work. Almost every Christmas he played the dame in pantomimes. He made some thirty silent films in the United States of America in 1928, and was influenced by Sir Charlie Chaplin whom he greatly admired.When the Fullers folded in 1933, <mask> continued to play six-month seasons in Sydney and Melbourne under various managements. In

masks: Gerald Gerald Gerald Gerald


title: Jim Gerald

texts: 1935-36 he appeared in several revues at the Garrick Theatre, including Don't Spare the Horses. Returning to Sydney, in May 1936 he featured in Shout for Joy. One critic wrote that he 'cannot particularly sing nor does he know much about dancing, but he is undoubtedly a master of patter, of quick, well-timed delivery and retort'. <mask> signed a contract with the Australian Broadcasting Commission in February 1939; he starred in 'Jim and Jitters' with <mask>'s A.B.C. Dance Band and conducted the Saturday 'After-Dinner Show'. Next year he formed his own radio-production company.On 10 April 1941 <mask> was appointed honorary lieutenant colonel in the A.I.F. Placed in charge of the Entertainment Unit, he embarked for the Middle East on 1 September in the Queen Elizabeth. A shrewd organizer and an experienced producer, he gathered Davidson and his band, comedians, singers, jugglers, acrobats and trick cyclists, as well as backstage technicians, 'among them costume designers, seamstresses and electricians'. At his headquarters at Tel Aviv, Palestine, he recruited a female chorus line. The first performance at Gaza of All in Fun was 'received with rapturous applause'. Home again in October 1942, <mask> transferred to the retired list on 31 December. He joined the Tivoli circuit and appeared in the revue, Stripped for Action (1943).In 1951 he played the happy roué in Ladies' Night in a Turkish Bath. He shared top billing with Wallace in Thanks for the Memory, at AusStage: Gateway to the Performing Arts. (sighted 19 January 2014)</ref> at the Princess Theatre, Melbourne, in 1953 and toured for three years in that revue. He was

masks:
Gerald
Jim Davidson
Gerald
Gerald


title: Jim Gerald

texts:
 'as uproariously funny as ever though not as spry' in The Good Old Days (Sydney, 1957). Next year he retired to St Kilda, Melbourne. <mask> enjoyed watching any kind of sport, but his passion was for motoring: he owned a succession of cars which he drove across America, through Europe, the Middle East and Britain, and all over Australia. After Essie's death in 1969, he moved into a home at Rosebud.He died there on 2 March 1971 and was cremated. '<mask> was probably best remembered for his versatility—as a big-eared oaf in baggy pants and shapeless hat, as a seemingly rubber-boned and pathetically droll clown and as Australia's greatest pantomime dame.' Notes
 A number of secondary sources (including an earlier version of this Wikipedia entry) have incorrectly claimed that <mask> was a nephew to Dan and Tom Fitzgerald (Fitzgerald Brother's Circus) and their younger brother John Daniel Fitzgerald (1862-1922), a prominent Sydney barrister, social reformer and Labor parliamentarian. In her 1996 entry on <mask> for the Australian Dictionary of Biography, Martha Rutledge writes, for example, that he was a "nephew of J. D. Fitzgerald,' and that he 'haunted his uncle's circus.' In this respect she is possibly referencing and expanding on Charles Norman's comment in When Vaudeville Was King (1983). On page 224 Norman writes: '<mask> came from a circus family. Some of his uncles were the top names of the day.'Robert Colomb, retired Reader in Information Systems, School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (University of Queensland) has discovered through extensive historical and genealogical research that the two

masks:
Gerald
Jim Gerald
Jim Gerald
Gerald
Jim Gerald


title: Jim Gerald

texts:
 Fitzgerald families were unrelated. In correspondence with the Australian Variety Theatre Archive (April 2013) he draws attention to Stephen Australia Fitzgerald's father, Stephen Fitzgerald, having been born in Clifton, Gloucester (England) in 1820. Columbs' evidence is given further credibility through Bede Nairn's biography of John 'Jack' Fitzgerald (Australian Dictionary of Biography). In this entry she records that he and his older brothers Dan and Tom were the sons of schoolteacher John Daniel Fitzgerald and his wife Mary Ann, née Cullen, both from Limerick, Ireland. Dan and Tom were born in New Zealand in the late 1850s, while "Jack" was born in Shell Harbour, New South Wales in 1862. There is no reference to S.A. Fitzgerald because he came from an entirely different Fitzgerald family
 The Companion to Theatre in Australia (1995) claims that <mask> began his career in variety with Harry Clay (p. 243). However, extensive research into Clay's operations by his great-great-great nephew, Clay Djubal, has failed to find any evidence of <mask> ever having working for the Sydney-based showman.<mask>'s statement in a 1928 Everyone's interview that he "started with the Fullers and planned to finish with them" (22 February 1928, p. 46), puts further doubt on the Harry Clay claim. References

External links
"<mask>" at Australian Variety Theatre Archive (sighted 19 January 2014)
"<mask>" at AustLit: The Australian Literature Resource (subscription service)
"Jim Gerald Revue Co" at Australian Variety Theatre Archive (sighted 19 January 2014)

1891 births
1971 deaths
Australian male comedians
20th-century Australian

masks:
Gerald
Gerald
Gerald
Jim Gerald
Jim Gerald


title: Sinéad O'Connor

texts:
Shuhada Sadaqat (born <mask>'Connor on 8 December 1966) is an Irish singer-songwriter. Her debut album, The Lion and the Cobra, was released in 1987 and charted internationally. Her single "Nothing Compares 2 U" was released in 1990 and named the number one world single for the same year by the Billboard Music Awards. While maintaining her singing career since then she has occasionally encountered controversy, partly due to her statements and gestures. These include her ordination as a priest, despite being a woman with a Roman Catholic background, and strongly expressing views on organised religion, women's rights, war, and child abuse. In addition to her ten solo albums, her work includes many singles, songs for films, collaborations with many other artists, and appearances at charity fundraising concerts. In 2017, O'Connor changed her name to Magda Davitt.After converting to Islam in 2018, she changed it to Shuhada' Sadaqat (). However, she continues to record and perform under her birth name. Early life
O'Connor was born in Glenageary, County Dublin on 8 December 1966. She was named <mask> after <mask> de Valera, the wife of Irish President Éamon de Valera, Marie after the mother of the doctor presiding over the delivery, and Bernadette in honour of Saint Bernadette of Lourdes. She is the third of five children; her siblings are novelist Joseph, Eimear, John, and Eoin. Her parents are Sean O'Connor, a structural engineer later turned barrister and chairperson of the Divorce Action Group, and Marie O'Connor. In 1979 O'Connor left her mother and went to live with her father and his new

masks:
Sinéad Marie Bernadette O
Sinéad
Sinéad


title: Sinéad O'Connor

texts:
 she thanked fellow Muslims for their support and uploaded a video of herself singing the adhan, the Islamic call to prayer. She also posted photos of herself wearing a hijab. Memoir
O'Connor's memoir, Rememberings, was published in June 2021. Discography

 1987: The Lion and the Cobra
 1990: I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got
 1992: Am I Not Your Girl? 1994: Universal Mother
 2000: Faith and Courage
 2002: Sean-Nós Nua
 2005: Throw Down Your Arms
 2007: Theology
 2012: How About I Be Me (and You Be You)?<mask>: Her Life and Music. Warner Books, 1991. .
 Hayes, Dermott. <mask> O'Connor: So Different''. Omnibus Press, 1991. . External links

Living people
Alternative rock guitarists
Nettwerk Music Group artists
Alternative rock singers
Women guitarists
Feminist musicians
Chrysalis Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Brit Award winners
Bisexual feminists
Bisexual musicians
Bisexual women
LGBT Christian clergy
LGBT Muslims
LGBT singers from Ireland
Female Christian clergy
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
Irish former Christians
Converts to Sunni Islam from Catholicism
Irish Muslims
Irish pacifists
Irish pop singers
Irish priests
Irish rock guitarists
Irish rock singers
Irish women singer-songwriters
Irish women activists
Musicians from Dublin (city)
Muslim pacifists
People educated at Newtown School, Waterford
People from Glenageary
People with fibromyalgia
Religious controversies in music
Religious controversies in television
Irish-language singers
Formerly missing people
1966 births
20th-century Christian clergy
20th-century Irish women singers
21st-century Irish women

masks: Sinéad Sinéad


title: James Monroe Trotter

texts:
<mask> (February 7, 1842 – February 26, 1892) was an American teacher, soldier, employee of the United States Post Office Department, a music historian, and Recorder of Deeds in Washington, D.C. Born into slavery in Mississippi, he, his two sisters and their mother Letitia were freed by their master, the child's father, and helped to move to Cincinnati, Ohio. He grew up in freedom, attending school and becoming a teacher. During the American Civil War, <mask> enlisted in the 55th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, the state's second black infantry regiment, and was quickly promoted; he was the second man of color to be promoted to the rank of lieutenant in the U.S. Army. After the war, he married and moved with his wife to Boston. He was the first man of color hired by the Post Office Department (now the United States Postal Service) there and worked with them for many years. He wrote a history of music in the United States which is still in print. In 1886, he was appointed by the Democratic administration of Grover Cleveland as the Recorder of Deeds in Washington, D.C., the highest federal position available at the time for African Americans.His son <mask> <mask> became a rights activist and was founder and editor of the Boston Guardian, a progressive African American newspaper. Among his publications is the Music and Some Highly Musical People, the first comprehensive history of African-American musicians. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born on February 7, 1842, (some sources give <mask>'s date of birth as November 8, 1842) in the now-defunct town of Grand Gulf, Mississippi, in Claiborne County, Mississippi, 25 miles south of Vicksburg. <mask> was born into slavery; his mother Letitia was a slave and his father was her white owner, Richard S<mask>, then unmarried. After <mask> married in 1854, he freed Letitia and their mixed-race children, <mask> and two younger sisters. He sent them to Cincinnati, in the free state of Ohio. Young <mask> attended

masks:
James Monroe Trotter
Trotter
William Monroe
Trotter
James Monroe
Trotter
Trotter
James
. Trotter
Richard Trotter
James
James


title: James Monroe Trotter

texts:
 Gilmore High School, a famous institution for freed slaves founded by Methodist clergyman Hiram S. Gilmore.There, he studied music with William F. Colburn, training that would serve him well later on. In Cincinnati, <mask> helped to support the family by working as a hotel bellboy and a riverboat cabin boy on a Cincinnati-to-New Orleans run. Around 1856, the family moved on to nearby Hamilton. Trotter attended Albany Manual Labor Academy in Athens County, Ohio, which was notable for accepting students regardless of race and sex. Despite its name, it offered classical academic classes as well as training in trades. Career
Trotter taught in schools for colored students in the Ohio counties of Pike, Muskingum, and Ross, where he taught at the city of Chillicothe. During his time in Chillicothe, which had become a center of free blacks and abolitionists, he met his future wife, Virginia Isaacs.Born free in 1842, she was a woman of color, the daughter of Tucker Isaacs and Ann-Elizabeth (Fossett) Isaacs from Charlottesville, Virginia. Tucker was the mixed-race son of David Isaacs, a German Jew, and Nancy West, a free woman of color; they had an established common-law marriage. Ann-Elizabeth Fossett was also of mixed race; she was born into slavery at Monticello: her father was Joseph Fossett, a grandson of Elizabeth Hemings, and her mother Edith Hern were both servants important to Thomas Jefferson. All were held as slaves by Jefferson. Her father was one of five male slaves freed in Jefferson's will of 1826, but her mother, siblings and Ann-Elizabeth (and nearly 130 other slaves) were sold on the auction block in 1827. Her father saved his money from working to purchase the freedom of his wife and children, one at a time over years, freeing Ann-Elizabeth in 1837. When all but one son were free, Fossett took his family to Chillicothe, in the free state of Ohio.His son eventually was purchased by friends and given his freedom to join his parents and family. American


title: James Monroe Trotter

texts:
 Civil War
During the American Civil War, <mask> traveled from Ohio to Boston, Massachusetts, to enlist in one of the first African-American units of the Union Army, joining the 55th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry USCT, Company K, in June 1863. Educated and 21, he quickly was promoted from the rank of Private to Sergeant. He was ultimately promoted to 2nd Lieutenant, the second man of color to achieve this rank. Marriage and family
Upon completing his military service, <mask> returned to Chillicothe, where he married Virginia Isaacs, the great-great-granddaughter of Betty Hemings, in 1868. The couple moved to Boston, Massachusetts, as did Virginia's sister Mary Elizabeth and her husband William H. Dupree, also a veteran lieutenant. The two young couples were part of a wave of migration by southern blacks to Boston after the war, as they saw it as a place of opportunity and tolerance.The Trotters soon had three children together. Their son <mask> <mask> attended Harvard University and first went into business. He became a human rights activist and founded the progressive newspaper The Guardian. Boston and later years
In Boston, Trotter became the first man of color to be employed by the United States Post Office Department there. After eighteen years of service with the USPS, <mask> found that he was not being promoted as were white co-workers of equal seniority. In an act of protest, he resigned rather than continue in an inferior position. A multi-talented man, Trotter wrote a book entitled Music and Some Highly Musical People, published in 1878.It is the first comprehensive study of music ever written in the United States. It is still used by students of music history and those interested in tracing the origins of music in the United States, especially African-American music. It has been reissued at least two times, most recently in 1981. He was appointed in 1887 by President Grover Cleveland as the second African American to be Recorder of Deeds for the

masks:
Trotter
Trotter
William Monroe
Trotter
James Trotter


title: James Monroe Trotter

texts:
 District of Columbia, one of the highest federal offices to be held by a man of color at that time. He was preceded in that position by the activist Fredrick Douglass (1881–1886). After Trotter, U.S. Senator Blanche Kelso Bruce was appointed to the office, serving 1891–1893.<mask> died of tuberculosis after his return to Boston. Legacy and honors
The James M. Trotter Convention Center in Columbus, Mississippi, was named in his honor. Notes
"<mask> <mask> (1842–1892) was a prominent 19th-century civil rights advocate. He came to Boston to join the Massachusetts 54th* Regiment, the first African-American corps of soldiers in the Civil War. After the war, <mask> became the highest ranking, non-elected African-American in the federal government in his position as Federal Recorder of Deeds. He was the father of civil-rights leader <mask> <mask>." – The Bostonian Society, 2007

Note: Available military records indicate that Trotter mustered into the Massachusetts 55th regiment in June 1863.Thus, the Bostonian Society is apparently in error on his regiment. References

<mask>, <mask>., (1878) Music and Some Highly Musical People, Johnson Reprint Corp, 1981. , , ASIN: B00087QNHE; originally published by Charles T. Dillingham, New York, NY, 1881. Egerton, Douglas, Thunder at the Gates: The Black Civil War Regiments That Redeemed America, New York: Basic Books, 2016. Lewis, David Levering. (1994) W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868–1919, Owl Books. External links

The Boston Historical Society and Museum
USCT – United States Colored Troops Home Page
The Civil War In Southern Ohio

James M. Trotter Convention Center

1842 births
1892 deaths
District of Columbia Recorders of Deeds
People from Gulfport, Mississippi
People from Columbus, Mississippi
Educators from Cincinnati
African-American military personnel
African Americans in the American Civil War
Union Army officers
Tuberculosis deaths in Massachusetts
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
19th-century

masks:
Trotter
James Monroe
Trotter
Trotter
William Monroe
Trotter
Trotter
James M


title: David Cronenberg

texts:
<mask>  (born March 15, 1943) is a Canadian film director, screenwriter, and actor. He is one of the principal originators of what is commonly known as the body horror genre, with his films exploring visceral bodily transformation, infection, technology, and the intertwining of the psychological with the physical. <mask> is best known for exploring these themes through sci-fi horror films such as Shivers (1975), Scanners (1981),  Videodrome (1983), and The Fly (1986), though he has also worked in multiple genres throughout his career. <mask>'s films have polarized critics and audiences alike; he has earned critical acclaim and has sparked controversy for his depictions of gore and violence. The Village Voice called him "the most audacious and challenging narrative director in the English-speaking world". His films have won numerous awards, including, for Crash, the Special Jury Prize at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival, a unique award that is distinct from the Jury Prize as it is not given annually, but only at the request of the official jury, who in this case gave the award "for originality, for daring, and for audacity". In the 2000s and 2010s, <mask> collaborated on several films with Viggo Mortensen, including A History of Violence (2005), Eastern Promises (2007), and A Dangerous Method (2011).He competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival with Cosmopolis. Early life
Born in Toronto, Ontario, Cronenberg is the son of Esther (née Sumberg), a musician, and <mask>, a writer and editor. He was raised in a "middle-class progressive Jewish family." His father was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and his mother was born in Toronto; all of his Jewish grandparents were from Lithuania. They kept the Cronenberg household full of a wide variety of books, and <mask>'s father tried to introduce him to art films such as The Seventh Seal, although at the time, Cronenberg was more interested in western and pirate films,  showing a particular affinity for those featuring Burt Lancaster. A voracious reader from an early age, Cronenberg started off

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texts: enjoying science fiction magazines like  The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, Galaxy, and Astounding, where he first encountered authors who would prove influential on his own work, including Ray Bradbury and Isaac Asimov, although he wouldn't encounter his primary influence, Philip K. Dick, until much later. <mask> also read comic books, noting his favorites were Tarzan, Little Lulu, Uncle Scrooge, Blackhawk, Plastic Man, Superman and the original Fawcett Comics version of Captain Marvel, later known as Shazam.Although as an adult, <mask> feels superhero films are artistically limited, he maintains a fondness for Captain Marvel/Shazam, criticizing how he feels the character had been neglected. <mask> also read horror comics published by EC, which in contrast to the others, he described as "scary and bizarre and violent and nasty—the ones your mother didn’t want you to have." Early films that later proved influential on <mask>'s career include standard avant-garde, horror, science fiction, and thriller films, such as Un Chien Andalou, Vampyr, War of the Worlds, Freaks, Creature from the Black Lagoon, Alphaville, Performance, and Duel. However, <mask> has also cited less obvious films as influences, including comedies like The Bed Sitting Room, as well as Disney cartoons such as Bambi and Dumbo. <mask> said he found these two Disney animated films, as well as Universal's live-action Blue Lagoon, "terrifying" which influenced his approach to horror. <mask> went on to say that Bambi was the "first important film" he ever saw, citing the moment when Bambi's mother died as particularly powerful. <mask> even wished to screen Bambi as part of a museum exhibition of his influences,  but Disney refused him permission.In terms of conventional horror films that frightened him, <mask> cited Don't Look Now. <mask> began writing as a child and did so constantly, mainly working in the science fiction genre. He attended high school at Harbord Collegiate Institute and North Toronto Collegiate Institute. A keen interest in science, especially botany and

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 lepidopterology, led him to enter the Honours Science program at the University of Toronto in 1963, but he switched to Honours English Language and Literature later in his first year. <mask>'s fascination with the film Winter Kept Us Warm (1966), by classmate <mask>, sparked his interest in film. He began frequenting film camera rental houses, learning the art of filmmaking, and made two 16mm films (Transfer and From the Drain). Inspired by the New York underground film scene, he founded the Toronto Film Co-op with Iain Ewing and Ivan Reitman.After taking a year off to travel in Europe, he returned to Canada in 1967 and graduated from University College of the University of Toronto at the top of his class. Career
After two short sketch films and two short art-house features (the black-and-white Stereo and the colour Crimes of the Future) <mask> went into partnership with Ivan Reitman. The Canadian government provided financing for his films throughout the 1970s. During this period, he focused on his signature "body horror" films such as Shivers  and Rabid, the latter of which provided pornographic actress Marilyn Chambers with work in a different genre, although <mask>'s first choice for the role had been a then little-known Sissy Spacek. Rabid was a breakthrough with international distributors, and his next two horror features, The Brood and Scanners, gained stronger support. Even at this stage however, <mask> showed variety, by making Fast Company between The Brood and Rabid, a project reflecting his interest in car racing and bike gangs. <mask> has cited William S. Burroughs and Vladimir Nabokov as influences.Perhaps the best example of a film that straddles the line between his works of personal chaos and psychological confusion is <mask>'s 1991 "adaptation" of Naked Lunch (1959), his literary hero William S. Burroughs' most controversial book. The novel was considered "unfilmable", and <mask> acknowledged that a straight translation into film would "cost 400 million dollars and be banned in every country in the world". Instead—much like in his

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texts: earlier film, Videodrome—he consistently blurred the lines between what appeared to be reality and what appeared to be hallucinations brought on by the main character's drug addiction. Some of the book's "moments" (as well as incidents loosely based upon Burroughs' life) are presented in this manner within the film. <mask> stated that while writing the screenplay for Naked Lunch (1991), he felt a moment of synergy with Burroughs' writing style. He felt the connection between his screenwriting style and Burroughs' prose style was so strong, that he jokingly remarked that should Burroughs pass on, "I'll just write his next book." <mask> has said that his films should be seen "from the point of view of the disease", and that in Shivers, for example, he identifies with the characters after they become infected with the anarchic parasites.Disease and disaster, in <mask>'s work, are less problems to be overcome than agents of personal transformation. Of his characters' transformations, <mask> said, "But because of our necessity to impose our own structure of perception on things we look on ourselves as being relatively stable. But, in fact, when I look at a person I see this maelstrom of organic, chemical and electron chaos; volatility and instability, shimmering; and the ability to change and transform and transmute." Similarly, in Crash (1996), people who have been injured in car crashes attempt to view their ordeal as "a fertilizing rather than a destructive event". In 2005, <mask> publicly disagreed with Paul Haggis' choice of the same name for the latter's Oscar-winning film Crash (2004), arguing that it was "very disrespectful" to the "important and seminal" J.G. Ballard novel on which <mask>'s film was based. Aside from The Dead Zone (1983) and The Fly (1986), <mask> has not generally worked within the world of big-budget, mainstream Hollywood filmmaking, although he has had occasional near misses.At one stage he was considered by George Lucas as a possible director for Return of the Jedi (1983) but was passed over. <mask> also worked for nearly a

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texts: year on a version of Total Recall (1990), but experienced "creative differences" with producers Dino De Laurentiis and Ronald Shusett; a different version of the film was eventually made by Paul Verhoeven. A fan of Philip K. Dick's, author of "We Can Remember it For You Wholesale", the short story upon which the film was based, <mask> related in the 1992 biography/overview of his work, Cronenberg on <mask>, that his dissatisfaction with what he envisioned the film to be and what it ended up being pained him so greatly that for a time, he suffered a migraine just thinking about it, akin to a needle piercing his eye. In the late 1990s, <mask> was announced as director of a sequel to another Verhoeven film, Basic Instinct (1992), but this also fell through. His thriller A History of Violence (2005) is one of his highest budgeted and most accessible to date. He has said that the decision to direct it was influenced by his having had to defer some of his salary on the low-budgeted Spider (2002), but it was one of his most critically acclaimed films to date, along with Eastern Promises (2007), a film about the struggle of one man to gain power in the Russian Mafia. <mask> has collaborated with composer Howard Shore on all of his films since The Brood (1979), (see List of film director and composer collaborations) with the exception of The Dead Zone (1983), which was scored by Michael Kamen.Other regular collaborators include actor Robert Silverman, art director Carol Spier (also his sister) sound editor Bryan Day, film editor Ronald Sanders, his sister, costume designer <mask>, and, from 1979 until 1988, cinematographer Mark Irwin. In 2008, <mask> directed Howard Shore's first opera, The Fly. Since Dead Ringers (1988), <mask> has worked with cinematographer Peter Suschitzky on each of his films (see List of film director and cinematographer collaborations). Suschitzky was the director of photography for The Empire Strikes Back (1980), and <mask> remarked that Suschitzky's work in that film "was the only one of those movies that actually looked good", which

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texts: was a motivating factor to work with him on Dead Ringers. Although <mask> has worked with a number of Hollywood stars, he remains a staunchly Canadian filmmaker, with nearly all of his films (including major studio vehicles The Dead Zone and The Fly) having been filmed in his home province Ontario. Notable exceptions include M. Butterfly (1993), most of which was shot in China, Spider, and Eastern Promises (2007), which were both filmed primarily in England, and A Dangerous Method (2011), which was filmed in Germany and Austria. Rabid and Shivers were shot in and around Montreal.Most of his films have been at least partially financed by Telefilm Canada, and <mask>, a vocal supporter of government-backed film projects, has said: "Every country needs [a system of government grants] to have a national cinema in the face of Hollywood". <mask> has also appeared as an actor in other directors' films. Most of his roles are cameo appearances, as in the films Into the Night (1985), Blood and Donuts (1995), To Die For (1995), and Jason X (2002) and the television series Alias, but on occasion he has played major roles, as in Nightbreed (1990) and Last Night (1998). He has not had major roles in any of his own films, but he did put in a brief appearance as a gynecologist in The Fly; he can also be glimpsed among the sex-crazed hordes in Shivers; he can be heard as an unseen car-pound attendant in Crash; his hands can be glimpsed in eXistenZ (1999); and he appeared as a stand-in for James Woods in Videodrome for shots in which Woods' character wore a helmet that covered his head. In 2008, <mask> realized two extra-cinematographic projects: the exhibition Chromosomes at the Rome Film Fest, and the opera The Fly at the LaOpera in Los Angeles and Theatre Châtelet in Paris. In July 2010, <mask> completed production on A Dangerous Method (2011), an adaptation of Christopher Hampton's play The Talking Cure, starring Keira Knightley, Michael Fassbender, and frequent collaborator Viggo Mortensen. The film was produced by independent British producer Jeremy Thomas.In

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texts: 2012, his film Cosmopolis competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival. In the October 2011 edition of Rue Morgue, <mask> stated that he has written a companion piece to his 1986 remake of The Fly, which he would like to direct if given the chance. He has stated that it is not a traditional sequel, but rather a "parallel story". For a time it appeared that, as Eastern Promises producer Paul Webster told Screen International, a sequel is in the works that would reunite the key team of <mask>, Steven Knight, and Viggo Mortensen. The film was to be made by Webster's new production company Shoebox Films in collaboration with Focus Features, and shot in early 2013. However, in 2012, <mask> commented that the Eastern Promises sequel had fallen through due to budget disagreement with Focus Features. Filming for <mask>'s next film, a satire drama entitled Maps to the Stars (2014)—with Julianne Moore, Mia Wasikowska, John Cusack, and Robert Pattinson—began on July 8, 2013, in Toronto, Ontario and Los Angeles.This was the first time <mask> filmed in the United States. On June 26, 2014, <mask>'s short film The Nest was published on YouTube. The film was commissioned for "David Cronenberg – The Exhibition" at EYE Film Institute in Amsterdam and was available on YouTube for the duration of the exhibition, until September 14, 2014. Also in 2014, <mask> published his first novel, Consumed. In a May 2016 interview, Viggo Mortensen revealed that <mask> is considering retiring due to difficulty financing his film projects. In February 2021 however, Mortensen said <mask> had refined an older script he'd written and hopes to film it with Mortensen that summer. He further hinted that it is a "strange film noir" and resembles <mask>'s earlier body horror films.In April 2021, the title was revealed to be Crimes of the Future. It will be shot in Greece during the summer of 2021. <mask> appears as himself in the minute long short film, The Death of <mask>, shot by his daughter Caitlin, which was offered as an NFT on September 19, 2021. A chapter on <mask>'s

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 first film was published in the book First Films 1.0 by Philip Powers. Personal life
<mask> lives in Toronto. He married his first wife, Margaret Hindson, in 1972: their seven-year marriage ended in 1979 amidst personal and professional differences. They had one daughter, <mask>.His second wife was film editor Carolyn Zeifman, to whom he was married until her death in 2017. The couple met on the set of Rabid while she was working as a production assistant. They have two children, Caitlin and Brandon. In the book Cronenberg on Cronenberg (1992), he revealed that The Brood was inspired by events that occurred during the unraveling of his first marriage, which caused both <mask> and his daughter Cassandra a great deal of turmoil. The character Nola Carveth, mother of the brood, is based on Cassandra's mother. <mask> said that he found the shooting of the climactic scene, in which Nola was strangled by her husband, to be "very satisfying". In a September 2013 interview, <mask> revealed that Roman Catholic film director Martin Scorsese admitted to him that he was intrigued by <mask>'s early work but was subsequently "terrified" to meet him in person.<mask> responded to Scorsese: "You're the guy who made Taxi Driver and you're afraid to meet me?" In the same interview, <mask> identified as an atheist. "Anytime I've tried to imagine squeezing myself into the box of any particular religion, I find it claustrophobic and oppressive," <mask> elaborated. "I think atheism is an acceptance of what is real." In the same interview, <mask> revealed that it depends on the "time of day" as to whether or not he is afraid of death. He further stated that he is not concerned about posthumous representations of his film work: "It wouldn't disturb me to think that my work would just sink beneath the waves without trace and that would be it. So what?It doesn't bother me." In <mask> on <mask>, the director further elaborated that he was raised in a secular Jewish home, and while he and his family had no disdain towards any religion, such matters were not discussed. In the

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 same book, <mask> said that in his teens he went through a phase where he wondered about the existence of God, but ultimately came to the conclusion that the God concept was developed to cope with the fear of death. In a 2007 interview, <mask> explained the role atheism plays in his work. He stated, "I'm interested in saying, 'Let us discuss the existential question. We are all going to die, that is the end of all consciousness. There is no afterlife.There is no God. Now what do we do.' That's the point where it starts getting interesting to me." In <mask>'s later films (e.g. A History of Violence, Eastern Promises and A Dangerous Method) openly religious characters become more common. During an interview for A History of Violence, <mask> even chose to identify as a materialist rather than an atheist, stating, "I’m not an atheist, but for me to turn away from any aspect of the human body to me is a philosophical betrayal. And there’s a lot of art and religion whose whole purpose is to turn away from the human body.I feel in my art that my mandate is to not do that." In a separate 2013 interview, <mask> discussed the role religion plays in his films, using Eastern Promises as the main example:

I'm an atheist but not all my characters are atheists. So it's true that I don't think about God ever as part of my life or anything. But if you're a dramatist and you are working with characters who come from a particular culture, you have to accept their understanding of life, and with passion. So the Nikolai character, I'm pretty sure he believes in God and most of the other characters in the movie do too. Some of them are Muslim, some of them are Eastern Orthodox, and that's a part of their life, a part of their understanding of suffering. Because everybody in life suffers but not everybody thinks of that in religious terms.These people do. And they think of suffering as a way to salvation, also in religious terms. I am their God really, as I am creating them; that's religious in itself. I am a very hardcore atheist believe me but you become like an actor


title: David Cronenberg

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 really, as a director or a writer. You must take on the character as that character is and believe in it as you're playing it. To allow that character to exist as he would exist. That's really what it's all about, so I have no problem with characters who are religious and believe in God.I would have a problem if that was the point of the whole story because that bores me and I just don't have any emotional or intellectual respect for it, frankly. Filmography

Films

Acting roles

Short films

Television

TV movies

TV series

Acting roles

Commercials

Awards and recognition

Cronenberg has appeared on various "Greatest Director" lists. In 2004, Science Fiction magazine Strange Horizons named him the second greatest director in the history of the genre, ahead of better known directors such as Steven Spielberg, James Cameron, Jean-Luc Godard, and Ridley Scott. In the same year, The Guardian listed him 9th on their list of "The world's 40 best directors". In 2007, Total Film named him as the 17th greatest director of all-time. Film professor Charles Derry, in his overview of the horror genre Dark Dreams, called the director one of the most important in his field, and that "no discussion of contemporary horror film can conclude without reference to the films of <mask>." <mask> received the Special Jury Prize at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival for Crash.In 1999, he was inducted onto Canada's Walk of Fame, awarded the Silver Bear Award at the 49th Berlin International Film Festival. and that November received the Governor General's Performing Arts Award, Canada's highest honour in the performing arts. In 2002, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada, and was promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada (the order's highest rank) in 2014. In 2006 he was awarded the Cannes Film Festival's lifetime achievement award, the Carrosse d'Or. In 2009 <mask> received the Légion d'honneur from the government of France. The following year <mask> was named an honorary patron of the University Philosophical Society, Trinity College Dublin. In 2012, he received the

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 Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal.The opening of the "<mask>nberg: Evolution" Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) exhibition occurred on October 30, 2013. Held at the TIFF Bell Lightbox venue, the exhibition paid tribute to the director's entire filmmaking career and the festival's promotional material referred to <mask> as "one of Canada's most prolific and iconic filmmakers". The exhibition was shown internationally following the conclusion of the TIFF showing on January 19, 2014. In 2014, he was made a Member of the Order of Ontario in recognition for being "Canada's most celebrated internationally acclaimed filmmaker". In April 2018, it was announced that <mask> would receive the honorary Golden Lion at the 75th Venice International Film Festival. Cannes Film Festival

Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television
Best Picture

Best Director

Best Screenplay

Saturn Awards

Writings

References

Further reading

External links

 The Literary Adaptations of <mask> (via LitReactor, 2011)
 <mask> Bibliography (via UC Berkeley)
 <mask>nberg Profile by The New York Times Magazine (September 2005)
 Teleplay episode "The Italian Machine" online at the Channel4 website (RealMedia)

1943 births
Living people
Canadian atheists
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male voice actors
Jewish atheists
Jewish Canadian male actors
Canadian people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Horror film directors
Best Director Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Male actors from Toronto
Members of the Order of Ontario
Companions of the Order of Canada
Film directors from Toronto
University of Toronto alumni
Best Screenplay Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners
Science fiction film directors
20th-century Canadian male actors
21st-century Canadian male actors
Canadian people of Jewish descent
Canadian people of American descent
Canadian screenwriters
Canadian experimental filmmakers
Writers from Toronto
Advertising directors
English-language film directors
Governor General's Performing Arts Award

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title: Alexander Gershman

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<mask> is an Russian American surgeon (born on May 26, 1961 in Moscow, Russia.) He is considered to be one of the first surgeons in the world to apply the method of laparoscopic surgery and robotic-assisted surgery to urological surgery and is considered one of the world’s leading experts on minimally invasive surgery. After many years teaching, researching and conducting clinical studies on laparoscopic surgery throughout the world, <mask> is in private practice in Beverly Hills, California. His client list includes numerous Hollywood celebrities and professional athletes. Education
After receiving his M.D. degree from Moscow Medical School in 1984 and his Ph.D. degree from the Moscow Research Institute of Urology, he completed a research fellowship at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Department of Surgery in 1992 and a clinical fellowship at the UCLA Medical Center Department of Urology in 1993. Since Russian residency training is not valid in the USA, he redid urology residency training at UCLA starting in 1993 so that he could work in the USA.Academic appointments
<mask> holds numerous academic appointments, including: Assistant Clinical Professor at the UCLA School of Medicine Department of Urology and Clinical Faculty at the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Department of Urology. Between 1990 and 1993 he

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 was previously a visiting professor at major hospitals in Vienna, Vancouver, San Diego, Oslo, Gettengem, and Amsterdam and a Clinical Instructor in laparoscopic surgery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. Hospital appointments
He currently holds numerous hospital appointments, including the following: Clinical Chief of Urology at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Director of Urologic Laparoscopy Division of Urology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Head of Endourology Division, Department of Surgery, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System; Attending Surgeon, Laparoscopic Renal Transplant Surgery St. Mary Medical Center; Attending Surgeon at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; and Attending Surgeon at the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center. Publications and lectures
<mask> has written over 20 published articles and over 50 published scientific abstracts on the subject of laparoscopic surgery and has contributed chapters on the subject of surgery to several medical textbooks. Articles
1997 <mask>, A., Raz, S.: Bioengineering For Bladders. Newsletter, Department of Urology. UCLA.1995 Gill, I., Kavoussi, L., Clayman, R., McDougal, E., Ehrlich, R., Fuchs, G., <mask>, A.: Complications Of Laparoscopic Nephrectomy: A Multiinstitutional Study. J. Urol. 1995 Ehrlich, R., Fuchs, G., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Ureteroneocystostomy.

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title: Alexander Gershman

texts: J. Urol. 1994 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G., Ehrlich, R.: Laparoscopic Vesicoureteroplasty In Children. American Urological Association Annual Meeting 1994, San Francisco, California. J Urol.1994 Ehrlich, R., Fuchs, G., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Antireflux Surgery In Children. J. Urol. 1993 Ehrlich, R., Fuchs, G., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Renal Surgery In Children. J. Urol. 1993 Ehrlich, R., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Seromyotomy For Non-neurogenic Neurogenic Bladder In A Child. J. Urol. 1993 Ehrlich, R., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Ureteral Reimplantation.Society for Pediatric Urology Newsletter. 1993 Ehrlich, R., <mask>, A.: Operative Laparoscopy In Children. Society for Pediatric Urology Newsletter. 1993 Phillips, E., Carrol, B., <mask>, A.: Removal Of Common Duct Stones Using Laparoscopic Technique. J Gastroenterology, Germany. 1992 Ehrlich, R., Raz, S., <mask>, A., Fuchs, G.: Laparoscopic Nephrectomy In A Child: Expending Horizons Of Laparoscopy In Pediatric Urology. J. Endourology.1992 <mask>, A., Reznik, G.: Percutaneous Endoscopic Implantation of Automatic Implantable Cardioverter/Defibrillator (AICD). J. Laparoendoscopic Surgery. 1992 <mask>, A., Reznik, G.: Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Lead Systems: Current and Future Directions. Cardio. 1992 Ehrlich, R., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Nephrectomy In

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title: Alexander Gershman

texts:
 Children: Society for Pediatric Urology Newsletter. 1991 <mask>, A., Chandra, M., Grundfest, W.: Laser Induced Fluorescent Spectroscopy Of Malignant And Inflammatory Prostate In Vitro. SPIE.1991 <mask>, A., Chandra, M., Daykhovsky, L., Grundfest, W. Technical Parameters For Angioscopy: Critical Elements For Effective Instrumentation. SPIE. 1990 <mask>, A., Grundfest, W., Daykhovsky, L.: Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Instrumentation And Technique. J. Laparoendoscopic Surgery. 1990 <mask>, A., Danoff, D., Grundfest, W., Chandra, M., Daykhovsky, L.: Laparoscopic Pelvic Lymphadenectomy. J. Laparoendoscopic Surgery. 1989 <mask>, A., Morozov, A.: Functional Results Of Anatrophic Iephrolythotomy In Treatment Of Staghorn Nephrolythiasis.Journal of Urology Nephrology, Moscow. 1989 <mask>, A., Morozov, A.: Several Unrolled Questions In Surgical Management Of Staghorn Nephrolythiasis. Journal of Urology, Moscow. 1989 <mask>, A.: Lipid Peroxidation In The Murine Renal Tissue Homogenates Under Heat Ischimia In The Presence Or Absence Of Corticosteroid Protection. Journal of Urology Nephrology, Moscow. Scientific abstracts
1998 <mask>, A.; Ram-Liebig, G., Fuchs, G., Raz, S.: Endoscopic Submucosal Implantation of Permanent Suture Material For The Treatment Of Urinary Incontinence. Western Section AUA.1998 <mask>, A.,

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title: Alexander Gershman

texts: Ram-Liebig, G., Fuchs, G., Raz, S.: Bladder Wall Replacement Using Biologically Engineered Membranes. Western Section AUA, Hawaii. 1997 <mask>, A., Ram Leibig, G., Fuchs, G., Raz, S.: Bladder Wall Replacement Using Biologically Engineered Membrane. J. Endourology. 1997 <mask>, A., Ram Liebig, G., Fuchs, G., Raz, S.: Endoscopic Submucosal Implantation of Permanent Suture Material For The Potential Treatment Of Urinary Incontinence. J. Endourology. 1995 Fuchs, G., <mask> A., David, R., Patel, A., Ehrlich, R.: Transabdominal Bilateral And Unilateral Nephrectomy In Adults.American Urological Association Annual Meeting, Las Vegas. 1995 Fuchs, G., <mask>, A., David, R., Ehrlich, R.: Laparoscopic Nephrectomy In Adults: Discussion Of Different Approaches and Lessons Learned. J. Endourology. 1995 Fuchs, G., <mask>, A., David, R., Patel, A., Ehrlich, R.: Transabdominal Unit And Bilateral Laparoscopic Nephrectomy In Adults. J. Urology. 1994 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G., Ehrlich, R.: Laparoscopic Nephrectomy In Pediatrics. American Urological Association Annual Meeting 1994, San Francisco, California.J. Urol. 1994 Ehrlich, R., <mask>, A., Fuchs, G.: Laparoscopic Vesicoureteroplasty In Children: Initial Case Report. J. Urol. 1994 Gill, I., Kavoussi, L., Clayman, R., McDougall, E., Ehrlich, R., Fuchs, G., <mask>,

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title: Alexander Gershman

texts: A.:Complications Of Laparoscopic Nephrectomy. Multiinstitutional Study. J Endourology. 1994 Fuchs, G., <mask>, A., Rosenthal, T.: Transabdominal Laparoscopic Bilateral Nephrectomy; The UCLA Experience.J. Endourology. Morris, B., Fuchs, G., Ehrlich, R., <mask>, A.:Laparoscopic Treatment Of The Renal Cysts. J. Endourology. 1994 Fuchs, G., <mask>, A., David, R., Ehrlich, R.: Transabdominal Laparoscopic Nephrectomy in Adults. J. Endourology. 1993 <mask>, A., Danoff, D., Holden, S., Fuchs, G.: Complications of Laparoscopic Pelvic Lymphadenectomy. SPIE.1993 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G., Ehrlich, R.: Laparoscopic Nephrectomy in Adults. 11th World Congress of Endourology, Italy. 1993 Pang, K., David, R., <mask>, A., Fuchs, G.: Treatment Of Stones In Caliceal Diverticula Using Retrograde Approach: Critical Assessment After 4 Years. American Urologic Association. San Antonio, Texas. 1993 Ehrlich, R., <mask>, A., Fuchs, G., Mee, S.: Expending Horizons in Pediatric Laparoscopy. American Urologic Association.San Antonio, Texas. 1993 Fuchs, G., David, R., Pang, K., <mask>, A.: Five-Year Experience with Electrohydrolic Lithotripsy For Complex Stones In The Ureter. American Urologic Association. San Antonio, Texas. 1993 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G.: Problem Solving In Laparoscopic Surgery. Video Urology, 5th World Congress,


title: Alexander Gershman

texts: Florida. 1993 Fuchs, G., <mask>, A., Ehrlich, R.: Laparoscopic Renal Surgery In Pediatrics.Video Urology, 5th World Congress, Florida. 1993 <mask>, A., Holden, S., Fuchs, G.: Laparoscopic Treatment Of Lymphocele. Video Urology, 5th World Congress, Florida. 1993 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G., Ehrlich, R.: Laparoscopic Nephrectomy. Western Section American Urologic Association. 1993 <mask>, A., Ehrlich, R., Danoff, D., Fuchs, G.: Recognition and Management Of Complications In Laparoscopic Surgery. Western Section American Urologic Association.1993 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G.: Tissue Approximation in Laparoscopic Surgery. Western Section American Urologic Association. 1993 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G., Ehrlich, R.: Pediatric Laparoscopic Renal Surgery. American Urologic Association Western Section. 1993 Ehrlich, R., Fuchs, G., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Renal Surgery In Pediatrics. GU Surgeons, Phoenix, Arizona. 1993 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G.: Principals Of Tissue Approximation In Laparoscopic Surgery.American Urologic Association. San Antonio, Texas. 1992 Fuchs, G., <mask>, A., Ehrlich, R.: Pediatric Laparoscopic Surgery. J. Endourology. 1992 Fuchs, G., Barbaric, Z., David, R., Pang, K., <mask>, A.: Renal Ablation By Retrograde Intrarenal Reflux Of Ethanol. J. Endourology. 1992 <mask>, A.: Role Of Laparoscopic Pelvic