title: Andy Tyrie

texts:
 two top men followed, with Herron killed in September 1973. Harding Smith remained as a challenge to <mask>'s control. His new-found role of leader was bolstered by the events of the Ulster Workers' Council Strike of May 1974 in which he played a leading role. Having been a shop steward in his council days Tyrie became close to strike leader Glenn Barr and the UDA played a central role in marshalling the pickets and ensuring both order amongst the strikers and no picket crossing. Tyrie oversaw this aspect of the strike and was seen as one of the central figures, while the profile of the UDA grew as a result. With Tyrie's profile boosted by the UWC strike, Harding Smith sought to move against Tyrie and used the pretext of Tyrie sending a delegation to Libya, with Muammar al-Gaddafi seen in many loyalist eyes as being firmly on the side of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA).Harding Smith tried to overrule Tyrie but a feud resulted and, after surviving two assassination attempts, Harding Smith was forced to leave Northern Ireland for good. Political strategy
<mask> had been a central figure in the strike and as such had close contact with many within the unionist establishment. However once the strike was over he was shunned by Harry West and Ian Paisley and as such he built up a resentment towards mainstream unionism that would inform many of his political decisions as UDA leader. He arranged an alliance with the Vanguard Progressive Unionist Party but when the Ulster Unionist Party and the Democratic Unionist Party declined to join this grand alliance of loyalism Tyrie became even more resolved to pursue a political path for the UDA without mainstream unionism. <mask> was close to William Craig and had supported his calls to "liquidate the enemy" in 1972, although as Craig's political relevance diminished <mask>'s desire for a politicised UDA increased. He broke further from the unionist position by calling for some coalitions with moderate nationalists in the Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention, albeit whilst adding that he had prepared the UDA

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title: Andy Tyrie

type: original

texts:
 for civil war if the initiative failed and severed all ties following the disastrous re-run of the UWC strike in 1977, during which the attempt not only failed but also saw four people inadvertently killed by the UDA and UVF. <mask> underlined his split from unionism in 1982 by writing a play, This Is It, in which he savagely attacked Ian Paisley and his "Third Force"'s dabbling in paramilitarism.<mask> sought to move the UDA towards more political activity and appointed Sammy Duddy, who had a reputation as a thinker within the movement, as his personal representative. Along with Duddy, <mask> was one of the authors of the New Ulster Political Research Group document Beyond the Religious Divide which outlined a strategy of co-operation between the two communities within the framework of an independent Northern Ireland. Under his leadership the UDA saw a strong downturn in violent activity in 1977 and 1978, although this followed a two-year period of high activity. <mask>'s political strategy took a blow in 1982 when he was arrested for being in possession of Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) maps and charts, although he was acquitted of subsequent terror charges. Paramilitary strategy
Although under his leadership the UDA undertook a series of sectarian killings, <mask> would later claim that he had been opposed to this strategy, arguing: "I was sickened every time I heard about the death of a Catholic taxi driver or shop keeper. We wanted to go for the IRA and republicans but we couldn't locate them, we didn't know who they were". As early as 1971 <mask> had argued that the role of the UDA should be "terrorising the terrorists" i.e.attacking the Republican Movement head on rather than either sectarian attacks against Catholics or the group's stated purpose as a defensive vigilant militia for loyalist areas. These ideas came to fruition to an extent with the Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) "shopping list" of leading republicans to be targeted by dedicated death squads in the late 1970s and early 1980s, although this was for the most part directed by UFF leader John

masks: Tyrie Tyrie Tyrie Tyrie Tyrie Tyrie


title: Andy Tyrie

texts:
 McMichael rather than <mask>. Tyrie also supported a more professional approach from the UDA and sought to establish more professional training for members, an initiative in which he met stern resistance from other UDA leaders who feared that such a programme would bring about a new elite to threaten their own positions. Tyrie finally got his way in the mid-1980s with a series of residential programmes for young active UDA members. These programmes, overseen by senior UDA members with British Army experience, included both practical training in gun use, bomb-making and close combat as well as more theoretical aspects such as anti-interrogation techniques, basic forensic science training, communications and psychological warfare. Removal
As part of his political strategy <mask> became close to South Belfast brigadier John McMichael and supported his development of the Ulster Loyalist Democratic Party along Ulster nationalist lines. He had previously written in a UDA publication in the late 1970s that an independent Northern Ireland could "take its rightful place in the world and not be seen as a country with a death-wish", after becoming disillusioned with what he saw as the British government's lack of commitment to Northern Ireland.<mask> shunned the limelight and as a consequence he appointed McMichael as official spokesman for, and thus the public face of, the UDA. However, McMichael's assassination by the IRA in December 1987 and his replacement in the party by the less well-known Ray Smallwoods placed some doubts upon the political strategy that <mask> had long advocated. Furthermore, resentment among UDA hardliners had been growing and they came to feel that <mask>'s leadership was too much about politics and not enough about military action. <mask> was also criticised for what his internal opponents felt was a tendency towards cronyism, with the late 1980s seeing responsibility and position being given to internally unpopular figures like Jackie McDonald and Eddie Sayers, seemingly because they were personally close to Tyrie. To silence some of his critics


title: Andy Tyrie

texts:
 <mask> arranged a shipment of guns from Lebanon for the UDA in early 1988. However, after a tip-off, the North Belfast brigadier Davy Payne was stopped at an RUC checkpoint in Portadown. He was driving the "scout" [lead] car as the weapons were being transported in a small convoy of vehicles; the guns which were stored in the boots of his associates' cars were then seized in what was the latest in a series of setbacks that had dogged the UDA as a paramilitary group in the late 1980s.With <mask>'s stock at an all-time low among UDA militants he narrowly avoided death from a car bomb on 6 March 1988. No responsibility for the failed attack was claimed. <mask> himself felt that the attack was carried out by potential successors within the UDA but, whichever explanation was true, it demonstrated that <mask> was no longer secure in his position and had become a target within loyalism as UDA leader. Five days after the attack <mask> announced his resignation as leader of the UDA and was placed on 'retirement' by the organisation. Post-UDA activity

<mask> established his own business in County Down after leaving active duty with the UDA. Since quitting as UDA leader <mask> has largely been outside active loyalism, although he has been brought back from time to time as the main voice of the old UDA. In 1994 he and Barr were recalled by the Ulster Democratic Party to spearhead their funding initiative.He would go on to become an enthusiastic supporter of the UDP in their campaign in favour of the Belfast Agreement, claiming that it vindicated the strategy employed by John McMichael and himself. In this role he became close to John White, who frequently made use of Tyrie when it came to convincing older UDA members of the benefits of the Agreement. Tyrie is fully retired from politics. References
Notes

Bibliography
McDonald, Henry & Cusack, Jim. UDA – Inside the Heart of Loyalist Terror, Dublin, Penguin Ireland, 2004
Taylor. Peter. Loyalists, London: Bloomsbury, 2000

1940 births
Living people
Paramilitaries from Belfast
Ulster Defence Association members
Ulster

masks: Tyrie Tyrie Tyrie Tyrie Tyrie Tyrie Tyrie


title: Carol J. Adams

texts:
<mask><mask> (born 1951) is an American writer, feminist, and animal rights advocate. She is the author of several books, including The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory (1990) and The Pornography of Meat (2004), focusing in particular on what she argues are the links between the oppression of women and that of non-human animals. She was inducted into the Animal Rights Hall of Fame in 2011. Biography
<mask><mask> was born in New York in 1951. She is a feminist-vegan, advocate, activist, and independent scholar whose work explores the cultural construction of inter-sectional oppression. At a young age, <mask> was influenced by her mother, who was both a feminist and a civil rights activist, and also her father who she recalls, was a lawyer who participated in one of the first lawsuits regarding the pollution of Lake Erie, one of the Great Lakes in the north eastern region of the United States. <mask> was raised in Forestville, a small village in New York.After skipping a grade and taking college English courses in high school, <mask> attended the University of Rochester and majored in English and History. As an undergraduate at the University of Rochester, she was involved in bringing women's studies courses to the University's course catalog. She graduated from there with a BA in 1972, and obtained her Master of Divinity degree from Yale Divinity School in 1976. In 1974 <mask> moved to Boston to study with Mary Daly. <mask> recalls her time with Mary as, " a fascinating time of conversation and mutual critique...My evolving feminist-veganism
and her evolving biophilic philosophy bumped up against each
other at times. Usually, at least in the beginning,

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Carol J
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Adams
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title: Carol J. Adams

texts: she had the last word." <mask> recalls discovering the dead body of her family pony that was killed in a hunting accident, then eating a hamburger that night.She concluded that it was hypocritical for her to mourn the death of her pony, yet have no problem eating a slaughtered cow. This marked the beginning of her vegetarian journey. She is also a pioneer of feminist care theory in animal ethics. <mask> continues to work towards the ethical treatment of animals and other forms of activism. She does this through visiting colleges, teaching courses, and through the internet and different forums of social media in which she can reach out to a wider audience. During the past five years <mask> has been very involved in helping to create this innovative urban development spearheaded by The Stewpot in Dallas, Texas. <mask> has also been working on a theoretical autobiography and on a book about <mask> and care giving.She has also been working on a project on "Towards a Philosophy of Care through Care." An essay about this is forthcoming in Critical Inquiry. <mask> continues to show The Sexual Politics of Meat Slide Show to help and spread her theories as she can. Lastly <mask> is completing a book with her co-authors Patti Breitman and Virginia Messina, Even Vegans Die. <mask><mask> in regards to her intentions on this planet said, " "In my life, I want to do the least harm possible,"she said. "I want to walk lightly on this Earth." and the accomplishments of her life and her goals and ambitions have reflected this philosophy.<mask> was chosen as one of "20 Badass Veg Women Who Are Making History" by a website called chooseveg.com. Others among the list were the once world number one for

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title: Carol J. Adams

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 women's tennis, Venus Williams and Ellen DeGeneres, from the Ellen DeGeneres Show. <mask> is one of several people who provided information used in the writing of the book Striking at the Roots: A Practical Guide to Animal Activism (2008) by Mark Hawthorne. Career

The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory
The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory discusses how, especially in times of shortage, women often give men the meat they perceive to be the "best" food. She also discusses the connections between feminism and vegetarianism, and patriarchy and meat eating, historically and through the reading of literary texts. An important theory formulated in the book is the absent referent, which she uses to explain the fact that people keep eating meat, and is also behind the objectification of women in pornography. In The Sexual Politics of Meat, <mask> parallels the patriarchal system with the relationship between humans and animals.The male connotations associated with meat eating, not only highlights species inequality, but also defines distinct gender roles. Simply, meat signifies male dominance over females as "men who batter women have often used the absence of meat as a pretext for violence against women." <mask> proclaims that our culture has become preoccupied with reducing non-human animals to a source of consumption, a fragmentation of their individual species. A recurring theme throughout her work is that men that feel a sense of entitlement over animals are similar to men who abuse, exploit, or degrade women for their bodies. Animals and Women Feminist Theoretical Explorations
In Adam's Animals and Women Feminist Theoretical

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texts:
 Explorations, she argues that the social context behind female oppression and sexual violence has a direct tie to the way humans mistreat other species. Humans tend to deem animals as an inferior species and in this way, justify their actions regarding animal exploitation. According to <mask>, men regard women in a similar light.This sense of entitlement over animals translates into human relations and men begin to label women as inferior as well "available for abuse." The established discourse shifts from a negative image for nonhuman animals to a sexist portrayal of women. Constantly, men refer to women using language such as dogs, chicks, bunny, which all indicate men using women as a mere means. Given current speciesism, individuals use non-human animals for their production, i.e. cows for milk, hens for eggs, or female dog to breed more puppies. Humans use chicks as simply physical beings similar to how men may exploit the female body for pleasure. The Pornography of Meat
In The Pornography of Meat, <mask> draws the visual comparison between meat advertised on a shelf and women portrayed in particular advertisements or magazines.The idea of consumption plays a significant role in a culture that compare women to a product, something that's not only attainable, but a consumable person. It is important to note that consumption may refer to literal digestion or rather simply, a desire for someone considered attainable by another individual. <mask> juxtaposes commonly unnoticed advertisements in the local grocery store to sexist and misogynistic images of women. Further, she creates the "A" category, which creates an idea of white male supremacy in a civilized society, whereas the


title: Carol J. Adams

texts:
 other in this sense, includes language that relates to different races, non-human animals, and women. <mask> argues that modern culture idealizes the white male figure and demonstrates that he represents an advanced civilized society. The author argues that any individual who doesn't fall into the "A" category likely faces a reference to animals, now seen as derogatory and inferior. In this work, she includes an image of women labeled according to her body parts similar to how butcher advertises meat cuts.The underlying premise remains the same; current culture has created a desire for consumption from non-human animals, genders, and races. Other works
She is the author of several other books, including Living Among Meat Eaters: The Vegetarian's Survival Handbook. This book advises vegetarians to ask if they are at peace with their own vegetarianism and provides communication skills for avoiding abuse while dining with meat-eating friends, family, and coworkers who may be hostile. Her most recent work, Burger, follows the history, business, culture, and gendered politics of the hamburger. All the while, drawing upon the history of the veggie burger, and its revival through contemporary investors in the food industry. Activism
<mask>' activism includes "experience of working for social justice (which includes justice for nonhuman animals) and against domestic violence, homelessness, racism, and violence against animals." A large part of <mask>' life is dedicated to feminism as well.She was raised in a household with her two sisters where this spirit of feminism was nurtured. Her vegetarianism came after her feminism. While a sophomore at the University of Rochester she attended her


title: Carol J. Adams

texts: first Women's Liberation meeting and later did field work at the Women's Liberation Center. These experiences and research, as well as the event of her pony being killed, showed her that her feminism and vegetarianism were related. Through some feminist studies she was conducting she realized that both were connected throughout the history of feminism as well. She found that many feminists were vegetarians, and she also found multiple books written by feminists, on vegetarianism as a "part of the feminist awakening of the hero". A further look into the newly connected themes proved to be very important to the course <mask>' work would take in the future.She found that a patriarchal ethics "naturalizes and normalizes violence...and perpetuates human exceptionalism that permits the oppression of other beings". Thus her theory of the patriarchal essence begins, and the creation of The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory took form. <mask> has explained that her activism taught her how to write by allowing her to think about how "ideas are experienced by others". Fighting on the non-dominant side of things through her activism allowed her to return to her book-writing with a deeper level of understanding sufficient enough to know what was going on. The voice she had in her activism in the 1970s also helped her obtain her theoretical voice used in her books. <mask> explains, in many interviews, that her activism taught her how to write. In her chapter, "What Came Before the Sexual Politics of Meat" in the book Species Matters: Humane Advocacy and Cultural Theory, <mask> explains that she and her husband were activists in the 1970s against racism.They lived in

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title: Carol J. Adams

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 Dunkirk, New York and tried to make the area progressive by pushing for minority housing to move into the rural area. Her husband, the local minister was receiving inflammatory letters from his congregation and <mask> fought with inner self between doing as much as she can, and stopping where the situation became dangerous. She was spoken about on the call-in radio show "What's Your Opinion". One day when she was listening she was so furious about the inaccurate information being told that she called in and corrected all the misinformation. Regardless of what people said, <mask> and her husband continued their activism and fight for low-to-moderate income housing. Further, in her life <mask> has supported animal rights and wants to educate people about vegan food and introducing people to vegan eating. She explains we all get protein from plants, some people get it directly from plants and others chose to let animals process protein for them; she has also coined the term feminized protein for eggs and dairy products, as it is plant protein produced by using the reproductive cycle of female animals.Personal life
<mask> was executive director of the Chautauqua County Rural Ministry, Inc., Dunkirk, New York from the late 1970s to 1987. She lives in Texas with her husband, Reverend Dr. Bruce Buchanan, and is a member of the First Presbyterian Church of Dallas, where her husband is an associate pastor. Publications

The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory. Continuum, 1990. Ecofeminism and the Sacred. Continuum, 1993. Neither Man nor Beast: Feminism and the Defense of Animals.Continuum, 1994. Woman-battering: Creative pastoral care and counseling series.


title: Carol J. Adams

texts:
 Fortress Press, 1994.
with Marie M. Fortune. Violence against Women and Children: A Christian Theological Sourcebook. Continuum, 1995.
with <mask>. Animals and women: Feminist theoretical explorations. Duke University Press, 1995.The inner art of vegetarianism: Spiritual practices for body and soul. Lantern Books, 2000. Journey to gameland: How to make a board game from your favorite children's book. Lantern Books, 2001.
with Howard Williams. The Ethics of Diet: A Catena of Authorities Deprecatory of the Practice of Flesh-eating. University of Illinois Press, 2003. "Bitch, Chick, Cow: Women's and (Other) Animals' Rights" in Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium.Washington Square Press 2003. .
Help! My child stopped eating meat! : An A-Z guide to surviving a conflict in diets. Continuum 2004. The Pornography of Meat. Continuum, 2004. Prayers for Animals.Continuum, 2004. God listens when you're sad: Prayers when your animal friend is sick or dies. Pilgrim Press, 2005. God listens to your love : prayers for living with animal friends. Pilgrim Press, 2005. God listens to your care : prayers for all the animals of the world. Pilgrim Press, 2006.
with Douglas Buchanan and Kelly Gesch.Bedside, bathtub and armchair companion to Frankenstein. Continuum, 2007. The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics: A Reader. Columbia University Press, 2007. Edited by <mask><mask> and <mask>. How to eat like a vegetarian even if you never want to be one: More than 250 shortcuts, strategies, and simple solutions. Lantern Books, 2008.Living among meat eaters: The vegetarians' survival handbook. Lantern Books, 2008. The foreword to Lisa Kemmerer's anthology Sister Species:

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title: Carol J. Adams

texts:
 Women, Animals, and Social Justice. University of Illinois Press, 2011. The foreword to Laura Wright's The Vegan Studies Project University of Georgia Press, 2015. See also

 Brown Dog affair
 List of animal rights advocates
 Lizzy Lind af Hageby
 Women and animal advocacy

Notes

a. Also see Bakeman, <mask>."Student Survival '08: Campus secrets and legends", City newspaper, August 13, 2008. References

Further reading

<mask><mask>' homepage
<mask> The Pornography of Meat

"Ecofeminism and the Eating of Animals" Hypatia, No. 6, spring 1991, pp. 134–137. Abstract. Song on Consolidated's album Friendly Fa$cism (MP3)
Menaker, Daniel (2005-01-02) An Alt-Cabaret Diva, The New York Times. (Restricted access.)"Paralleling the elided relationship between metaphor and referent is the unacknowledged role of fragmentation in eating flesh", from The Sexual Politics of Meat p. 60
George, Lianne (2008-03-06) 'Go Veg! Get girls!' The war on compassion
MikeyPod podcast interview with <mask><mask>

1951 births
Activists from New York (state)
American animal rights scholars
American feminist writers
American women philosophers
Ecofeminists
Feminist studies scholars
Historians of vegetarianism
Living people
Veganism activists
Writers from New York (state)
21st-century American

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Jessica
Carol J
. Adams
Carol Adams
Carol J
. Adams


title: Nino Schurter

texts:
<mask> (born 13 May 1986) is a Swiss cross-country cyclist who races for the SCOTT-SRAM MTB Racing Team. Schurter won the world championship in men's cross-country in 2009, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2021 and the overall UCI World Cup in 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2019 and thus become the second man to hold 7 World Cup overall titles. He won the gold medal in mountain biking at the 2016 Olympics, the silver medal 2012 Olympics and the bronze medal at the 2008 Olympics. He won the Swiss National Championship in cross-country mountain biking in 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015. He joined  for a number of road races during the 2014 season. Career
<mask> was born and grew up in Tersnaus, Lumnezia in the Romansch-speaking part of Switzerland. He spent a lot of his free time in nature playing different sports and quickly got fascinated by mountain biking.He took part in the Swiss racing competition Swisspower cup where he won his first victories. In 2003, he became a member of the professional team of Thomas Frischknecht and he turned professional in 2007 when he joined the SCOTT-SRAM MTB Racing Team (former SCOTT-Odlo MTB Racing and even earlier SWISSPOWER). He currently rides a Scott Spark RC 900 Worldcup. 2004
In his first junior international competition on 31 July in Wałbrzych, Poland, <mask> Schurter finished first at the European Championships. 2012
2012 was one of Schurter's most successful season when he won 11 out of 15 races. He won his first World Cup of the season on 18 March in Pietermaritzburg on a bike with 650B or 27.5-inch wheels. On 13 May, he won his second World Cup on his 26th birthday in Nove Mesto na Morave.On 28 July, after his fourth individual win, <mask> won the overall World Cup series title in Val d'Isère. On 15 September 2011, Schurter qualified for the 2012 Olympics where he won the silver medal after being beaten in a

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title: Nino Schurter

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 final sprint on the line by Jaroslav Kulhavy. On 8 September 2012, he won his second World Championships title in Saalbach, Austria, where he shared the podium with two of his countrymen Lukas and Matthias Fluckiger. 2013
On 2 September 2013, Schurter won his third World Championship title in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, on one of his favourite cross-country courses. 2014
Schurter joined the Australian road race cycling team Orica-GreenEDGE during the 2014 season. He took part in the Tour de Romandie and the Tour de Suisse. In the 2014 mountain bike season, he lost his World Cup and World Championships titles.He finished in second place in Hafjell, Norway and ended up his season behind Julien Absalon at the World Cup in Méribel. 2015
In 2015, Schurter fully committed to his mountain bike career as he had the 2016 Olympics in Rio on his agenda for the next two years. He competed in the 2015 European Games for Switzerland, in mountain biking. He won the gold medal in the event. 2016
Schurter won his fifth world championship in men's cross-country at the 2016 UCI Mountain Bike & Trials World Championships at Nové Město, Czech Republic. This equaled the record of Julien Absalon, who has also won five titles in the event. At the 2016 Summer Olympic he won the gold medal, finishing before Jaroslav Kulhavý and Carlos Coloma Nicolás.2017 Perfect season
In March 2017, <mask> won the Absa Cape Epic – the eight-day South African stage race – for the first time. Riding with Scott-Sram teammate Matthias Stirnemann in the two-man team format they won by eight minutes from pre-race favorites Christoph Sauser and Jaroslav Kulhavy (Investec Songo Specialized). <mask> had completed the Cape Epic three times previously. This was his first win. He went on to win all six rounds of the World Cup and accomplished as first person a Perfect season, as well as his sixth world

masks: Schurter Schurter


title: Geoffrey Fisher

texts:
<mask>, <mask> of Lambeth,  (5 May 1887 – 15 September 1972) was an English Anglican priest, and 99th Archbishop of Canterbury, serving from 1945 to 1961. From a long line of parish priests, <mask> was educated at Marlborough College and Exeter College, Oxford. He achieved high academic honours but was not interested in a university career. He was ordained priest in 1913, and taught at Marlborough for three years; in 1914, aged 27, he was appointed headmaster of Repton School where he served for 18 years. In 1932, having left Repton, he was made Bishop of Chester. In 1939 he accepted the post of Bishop of London, the third most senior post in the Church of England. His term of office began shortly after the start of the Second World War, and his organising skills were required to keep the diocese functioning despite the devastation of the London Blitz.In 1944, the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Temple died suddenly, and <mask> was chosen to succeed him. He served from 1945 to 1961. One of the main themes of his time in office was church unity. He worked continually to build bridges to other Christian churches, and in 1960 became the first Archbishop of Canterbury to meet a Pope since the English Reformation, more than four centuries earlier. He overhauled the administration of the Church of England, strengthened international ties with other Anglican churches, and spoke out on a range of topical issues, from divorce to homosexuality, and the Suez crisis to nuclear disarmament. Theologically, <mask> was nearer the Evangelical wing of the Church than the Anglo-Catholic, but strongly believed that neither had a monopoly of religious truth. His predecessor and his successor at Canterbury – Temple and Michael Ramsey – were known for scholarly spirituality; <mask> was distinguished by a simple faith combined with outstanding organisational flair.In 1961 he retired from Canterbury and for the first time in his life became a parish priest, serving as honorary curate of a country parish in Dorset. He died in 1972, aged 85. Life and career

Early

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 years

<mask> was born at the rectory, Higham on the Hill, Leicestershire, youngest of the ten children of the Rev <mask> and his wife Katherine, née Richmond. <mask> had served as rector of Higham since 1772: <mask>'s father and grandfather had preceded him; his eldest son, Legh, later held the post. After a short time in the Higham village school <mask> was sent to Lindley Lodge, a local preparatory school and in September 1901, having gained a scholarship, he entered Marlborough College, a public school in Wiltshire. He was greatly influenced by the headmaster, Frank Fletcher, an inspiring teacher, under whose guidance he did well both academically and in sport. From Marlborough, <mask> won a scholarship to Exeter College, Oxford, going up in October 1906.The college had a strong Anglican tradition with both the low church evangelical and high church Anglo-Catholic wings represented. <mask>, though temperamentally inclined to the former, felt that both had much to offer. He disapproved of those in either camp who believed they had a monopoly of the truth. He rowed and played rugby for the college and distinguished himself academically, leaving with a triple first. After completing his studies, <mask> declined two offers of lecturerships in theology from Oxford colleges. Although intellectually able he was not of an academic turn of mind. In the words of his biographer David Hein, "scholars must be intellectually imaginative and also persistently dissatisfied, even sceptical, in a way that <mask> never was".He said that he did not want "to go on asking questions to which there is no answer". He accepted an invitation from Fletcher to return to Marlborough as a member of the teaching staff, remaining there for three years, during which time he went to Wells Theological College during the long summer vacation in 1911, and was ordained deacon in 1912, and priest in 1913. Repton
In 1914 William Temple, the headmaster of Repton School, was appointed rector of the prominent parish of St James's, Piccadilly in London. He then encouraged <mask> to apply

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title: Geoffrey Fisher

texts:
 for the  resulting vacancy at Repton, as did Fletcher. <mask>'s application was successful and he took up the headmastership in June 1914, at the age of 27. Within two months of his appointment <mask> was confronted by problems arising from the outbreak of the First World War. Six of his teaching staff volunteered for the armed forces, as did sixty of the senior boys.As well as coping with a reduced staff and apprehension and restlessness among the pupils, <mask> had to deal with the mixed legacy he had inherited from his predecessor. Although Temple was described as "religiously inspiring and intellectually stimulating", he was no disciplinarian or organiser. <mask> was characterised by The Times as combining "generous humanity and a completely unaffected manner with a passion for order and efficiency". <mask> was in charge of Repton for 18 years, during which he improved the facilities, instilled firm discipline and modernised the curriculum. His biographer Alan Webster writes:

Among <mask>'s pupils at Repton were Stuart Hampshire and Roald Dahl, both of whom complained that his personally administered beatings had been cruel. Other pupils admired "his combination of extreme competence, lack of self-concern, and genial humour" (Webster). While at Repton, <mask> met Rosamond Chevallier Forman, who was the daughter of a former master at Repton and a granddaughter of S. A. Pears, a famous headmaster of the school.They were married on 12 April 1917; they had six children, all sons. Webster writes that the marriage was lifelong and mutually supportive. By the early 1930s <mask> felt that it was time to move on from Repton, and was hoping for an appointment as a parish priest, preferably in a rural parish. Bishop of Chester

Temple had watched his successor's progress at Repton, and once again intervened to further <mask>'s career. Temple, by now Archbishop of York, commended <mask> to Cosmo Lang, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Lang was impressed enough to put <mask>'s name on the short list (of two candidates) when the see of Chester became vacant on

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title: Geoffrey Fisher

texts:
 the retirement of Luke Paget. At the time, bishops were appointed by the Crown on the advice of the Prime Minister.Ramsay MacDonald recommended <mask> to King George V; the appointment was approved, and on 21 September 1932 Temple consecrated <mask> bishop in York Minster, and the following week <mask> was enthroned as Bishop of Chester at Chester Cathedral. It was unusual for a bishop to be appointed without having any experience as a parish priest, and <mask> had to overcome reservations about him on that score from some of the clergy in his diocese. Webster writes that <mask> and his wife proved to be exceptionally hard-working, but the lack of previous pastoral experience showed:

<mask> became an advocate for rationalisation in many aspects of church life. He pointed out the discrepancies in the remuneration of the clergy, with some of them extremely poorly paid; he drew attention to the lack of a consistent appointment system; he intervened to save the Church Training College in Chester from threatened closure; strengthened the financial administration of the diocese; and campaigned for financial support of church schools, overseas missions and the widows of clergy. He was at the forefront of the Industrial Christian Fellowship Mission, and his commitment often took him to the slums of Birkenhead. In Webster's summary, "He was a confident bishop, never doubting the natural and pastoral role of the established church or experiencing the post-1900 questionings in philosophy and theology. He had no hesitations over his own faith".Bishop of London
In 1939 Arthur Winnington-Ingram, the long-serving Bishop of London, retired, aged 81. During his 38-year tenure the diocese was riven by factions and came close to disintegrating. It was clear that Winnington-Ingram's successor must be a man with a strong hand; <mask> was seen as one such, and Lang favoured his appointment. But although <mask>'s record as an organiser and disciplinarian was well known, his theological views were not, and the Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, sought reassurance from

masks: Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher


title: Geoffrey Fisher

texts: Lang that <mask> was doctrinally sound. The archbishop told Chamberlain that <mask> was "undoubtedly a man of deep personal religion. His piety is that of the best type of English layman … he is very shy and humble about it (very English)". Chamberlain was reassured, and recommended to George VI that <mask> should succeed Winnington-Ingram.The King approved the appointment, but <mask> hesitated when offered it. He saw the great difficulties the turbulent diocese presented, and doubted his ability to unite it. After much private prayer, and reassurance from colleagues, he accepted and was enthroned as Bishop of London in St Paul's Cathedral in November 1939. The Second World War had broken out shortly before <mask> took up his London post, and from September 1940 the city suffered nightly bombing. Twenty-three Wren City churches were bombed by 1941, some beyond repair. Urgent action was needed to deal with devastated parishes. <mask> took the lead in the church assembly and in the House of Lords and the resulting measure was largely his work.Webster writes that <mask> showed courtesy, skill, and determination in "defeating ultra-conservative attitudes which would have prevented any episcopal intervention even in severely blitzed areas". <mask>, in the words of The Times, went about his duties "with a calm diligence which won general respect" and returned each night to sleep in the cellar at Fulham Palace. The war and the leadership of Temple – who succeeded Lang at Canterbury in 1942 – had begun to improve relations between the various Christian churches – Anglican, Roman Catholic and noncomformist. Though firmly Protestant in his views <mask> strongly supported this and acted as chairman of the joint committee in which the Anglican and Free Church "Religion and Life" movement cooperated with the Roman Catholic "Sword of the Spirit" led by Cardinal Hinsley, in the cause of "moral regeneration and social reform". <mask> was frustrated by the refusal of some Roman Catholics to say even the Lord's Prayer with Protestants. Hinsley's death in 1943 was

masks: Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher


title: Geoffrey Fisher

texts:
 another blow to inter-church co-operation; his successor was opposed to it. Another only partial success for <mask> was his attempt to regulate the variety of forms of worship in London churches.The diocese had a tradition of High Church ritualism, and clerical dissent from the provisions of the Book of Common Prayer. <mask> sought to pursue the principle of apostolic authority to bring all parishes in the diocese back into conformity, but the matter was not resolved when he ceased to be Bishop of London in 1945. Archbishop of Canterbury

In October 1944 Archbishop Temple died suddenly. Cyril Garbett, the Archbishop of York, was nearly 70 and declined to succeed him at Canterbury. Many in the church hoped that the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, would appoint another reform-minded idealist such as George Bell, the Bishop of Chichester, but Churchill chose <mask>. Temple had hoped <mask> would be his successor, valuing his precision and administrative skill. Garbett, too, approved; he and <mask> were close personal friends.In his view Canterbury needed "a dynamic presence for some years, not a caretaker", and he welcomed working with <mask>. Nonetheless, after Churchill lost the 1945 general election, the Church was left, in Webster's words, with "a reforming Labour government" but "a conservative, headmasterly archbishop who, though warm-hearted, was determined to maintain the protestant establishment". According to The Times, Garbett and <mask> cooperated in the government of the Church in an unusually close manner made possible by strong mutual regard. "Garbett had a wider knowledge of social matters and was more at home than <mask> in the disputed territory which lies between religion and politics. <mask> was happy to have his hands free for the task of refurbishing the administrative structure of the Church". His obituarist in The Guardian wrote, "It was a grim and testing moment for any man to take up the highest position in the whole of the Anglican communion. He at once rose to it, partly by his clear self-knowledge that he was no Temple

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title: Geoffrey Fisher

texts:
 and must never try to become one."Canon law
<mask> put considerable effort into revising the Church of England's canon law. The canons of 1604 were  still nominally in force, despite being substantially out of date. His efforts provoked bitter controversy. In 1946 he preached a university sermon at Cambridge on the theme that communion between the Church of England and the Free Churches was possible and should be pursued. His enthusiastic support for the World Council of Churches and his blessing of the new Church of South India, an Anglican and Free Church coalition, were viewed with hostility by some Anglo-Catholics. They suspected <mask> of fostering pan-Protestantism, and the force with which he criticised the exclusiveness of the Church of Rome added to their resistance. They regarded his detailed and painstaking revision of canon law with similar suspicion.The Times summed up:

<mask> also met resistance from liberals in the church, who regarded his canon law reforms as unduly bureaucratic and calculated to institute a regime of "prosecutions and petty persecutions". The reforms were eventually accepted, but it took many years: they were not formally adopted until 1969, under <mask>'s successor, Michael Ramsey. Marriages, coronation and divorces

<mask> officiated at the marriage of Princess Elizabeth in Westminster Abbey in 1947, and after her accession to the throne he led the coronation service in 1953, and crowned her as Queen. Shortly afterwards he was drawn into a controversy when the Queen's younger sister, Princess Margaret, was romantically linked with Peter Townsend, a divorced man. The Church of England regarded marriage as a lifelong commitment and divorcés or divorcées could not remarry in church. The princess decided not to marry Townsend, and although she stated that her decision had been made "entirely alone", mindful of the Church's teaching on the indissolubility of marriage, it was rumoured that <mask> had influenced her in taking a course widely regretted among the British public. The Prime Minister's son, Randolph

masks: Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher


title: Geoffrey Fisher

texts:
 Churchill, commented that the rumour "has done incalculable harm to the Church of England".One of <mask>'s aims during his 16 years as archbishop was to make the position of the Church about the marriage of divorced people widely understood and accepted. He staunchly upheld the rules that would have prevented Princess Margaret and Townsend from marrying in church, but in the words of The Guardian, he "combin[ed] that undoubted rigour with a profound compassion for all those whose lives had been ... wrecked by a disastrous marriage. That road lay over a knife-edge of perplexity and contradiction, but he trod it creatively." Church unity and administration
For <mask>, the most important initiative of his archiepiscopate was to advance the cause of Christian unity. Strengthening ties did not necessarily mean converging theologically. To <mask>, better relations grew out of free communication and mutual respect. In his speech at Cambridge in 1946 he urged full communion between the episcopal and non-episcopal churches, in which there were no barriers to exchanges of ministers and ministries.His efforts led to the prospect of union with the Methodists, and his visit to Rome in 1960 to meet Pope John XXIII. The Guardian reported that <mask> was received in the Vatican "not as a bishop on pilgrimage but as the Father in God of the entire Anglican Communion"; the visit marked the end of centuries of hostility between Canterbury and Rome. Parallel with his quest for inter-church Christian unity was <mask>'s concern to strengthen the community between the various international Churches within the Anglican Communion. Partly because of the enforced separation caused by the Second World War, worldwide Anglican ties had become weak. <mask> began in 1946 with a visit to Canada and the United States, during which he established or strengthened links between the English and the North American episcopates. After that he travelled continually to almost every part of the Anglican Communion, establishing that principle that "an Archbishop of Canterbury must be


title: Geoffrey Fisher

texts:
 peripatetic" globally. He arranged for the Anglican Communion to have a chief executive officer, the first of whom was Bishop Stephen Bayne of the US.As he had at Chester, as Archbishop of Canterbury <mask> concerned himself with modernising the administration of the Church. According to The Guardian, "His incessant pleas to relieve the poverty of the clergy were heard, and it was in his time that the Church Commissioners shook themselves free from their old obligation to invest only in trustee securities – a stroke which relieved many a vicarage from grinding poverty". Later years as archbishop

In 1956 Garbett, <mask>'s friend and confidant, retired; the new Archbishop of York was Michael Ramsey. He had been a pupil under <mask> at Repton, and in the words of a biographer, <mask> "still played the headmaster" to Ramsey even after he became an archbishop. Ramsey was described by The Times as "a theologian in, but not quite of, the world of high-powered ecclesiastical committees". Without Garbett's skill in political matters, <mask> began to make incautious and sometimes controversial pronouncements. Matters were exacerbated by his suspicion of the British press, and his dislike was frequently reciprocated, causing <mask> to receive hostile press coverage on occasion.He spoke frequently in the House of Lords. In 1957 he gave a cautious welcome to the Wolfenden report (1957) which advocated decriminalising homosexual practices, saying there was "a realm which is not the law's business; a sacred area of privacy where people make their own choices and decisions into which the law must not intrude". He also welcomed the decision of the Lambeth Conference in favour of family planning: "It is utterly wrong to urge that unless children are specifically desired, sexual intercourse is of the nature of sin". He clashed with the Conservative governments of Anthony Eden and Harold Macmillan over the Suez crisis of 1956 and Macmillan's introduction of premium bonds (which <mask> called "squalid") and his assertion that Britain had "never had it so good". In

masks: Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher


title: Geoffrey Fisher

texts:
 1958, at a time of heightened fear of nuclear war and mutual destruction between the West and the Soviet Union, <mask> said that he was "convinced that it is never right to settle any policy simply out of fear of the consequences. For all I know it is within the providence of God that the human race should destroy itself in this manner." He was also quoted as saying, "The very worst the Bomb can do is to sweep a vast number of people from this world into the next into which they must all go anyway".He was heavily criticised in the press for this view, but a number of clergy, including Christopher Chavasse, Bishop of Rochester, defended him, saying, "In an evil world, war can be the lesser of the two evils." <mask> tried to influence the choice of his successor. He preferred the evangelical Donald Coggan, Bishop of Bradford, to the more obvious choice, Ramsey. To <mask>, the latter was too much a party man – too closely allied with the Anglo-Catholic wing of the church. Macmillan, with whom <mask> got on least well of the four prime ministers with whom he had to deal during his time in office, was not swayed by his arguments. Several versions exist of the exchange between archbishop and premier, all to the effect that <mask> said that as Ramsey's former headmaster he did not consider him suitable, to which Macmillan is said to have replied that <mask> may have been Ramsey's headmaster but had never been his, and that he would make up his own mind. <mask> retired on 17 January 1961; Ramsey succeeded him.Retirement
<mask> was made a life peer, with the title of Baron <mask> of Lambeth, of Lambeth in the County of London. He and his wife settled at Trent rectory, near Sherborne, in Dorset, where he served as an honorary assistant priest. Webster describes him as "a warm-hearted country parson, getting to know everyone in the village and playing chess with some of the boys". In retirement he bombarded his successor with "critical and sometimes harsh comments" (Webster). Ramsey, though hurt, contented himself with observing, "The trouble with <mask> is

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title: Geoffrey Fisher

texts:
 that he could not get episcopacy out of his system". <mask> died on 15 September 1972 and was buried in the churchyard at Trent on 20 September. A memorial service, led by Ramsey, was held in Canterbury Cathedral on the same day as <mask>'s interment at Trent.Ramsey concluded his eulogy, "Today Christians of every tradition, Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Anglican, Protestant, salute the memory of a leader and a friend". A memorial to <mask> was erected in the chapel of St Gregory in Canterbury Cathedral. Honours
As well as being created a life peer, <mask> received the Royal Victorian Chain in 1949. and was made Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order in 1953. He received honorary degrees from Cambridge, Columbia, Pennsylvania and Princeton (all 1946), London (1948), Manchester (1950), Edinburgh (1953), Yale (1954), British Columbia (1954), Northwestern University, Evanston (1954), General Theological Seminary, New York (1957), Trinity College, Dublin (1961), and Assumption University of Windsor, Ontario (1962). He was prelate of the Order of St John of Jerusalem (1946–1967). He was made a freeman of the cities of London and Canterbury (1952) and of Croydon (1961). Notes, references and sources

Notes

References

Sources

External links
Recording of his speech at Princess Elizabeth's marriage

 The papers of Archbishop <mask> are held at Lambeth Palace Library

Archbishops of Canterbury
20th-century Anglican archbishops
Bishops of Chester
Bishops of London
Deans of the Chapel Royal
Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Doctors of Divinity
Headmasters of Repton School
<mask> of Lambeth, <mask>, Baron
People educated at Marlborough College
People from Fulham
Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John
Recipients of the Order of the Yugoslav Crown
1887 births
1972 deaths
<mask> of Lambeth, <mask>, Baron
Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England
Burials in Dorset
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People from Lindley,

masks:
Fisher
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Fisher
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Geoffrey Fisher
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Geoffrey Fisher


title: Sae Miyazawa

texts:
is a singer, actress, tarento and former Japanese idol, signed under the entertainment agency Horipro. She is best known for her affiliations with AKB48 and its various sister- and subgroups. Between 2006 and 2016, she was a part of the promoting line up of 33 AKB48 and 4 SKE48 single releases. Music career

2006–2012: AKB48
After being rejected during the first audition for AKB48, <mask> auditioned again in February 2006 in an applicant pool of about twelve thousand aspiring idols. This time, she was selected as one of the 19 girls for AKB48's newly created Team K, which made its stage debut on April 1, 2006. She stayed with Team K and AKB48 until August 2012. During this period, <mask> participated in the title tracks of 25 of the 27 AKB48 single releases, missing only the A-sides of "Chance no Junban" and "Ue kara Mariko", for which the featured members were determined by a rock-paper-scissors-tournament.In October 2011, she was named the AKB48 member with the most appearances in the popular music show Music Japan on NHK, with 34 performances. Although this underlines her role as one of the promotional fixtures of the group at that time, she did not reach the popularity level of fellow members like Atsuko Maeda or Oshima Yuko. Within her time in the group, she became a member of two AKB48 side projects: Chocolove from AKB48 was established in 2007 as a trio with fellow AKB48 members Sayaka Akimoto and Rina Nakanishi. The group released two singles and an album, but disbanded in 2008 following Nakanishi's departure from AKB48. In 2011, AKB48 announced that she and Akimoto would be part of another spin-off called Diva, along with Ayaka Umeda and Yuka Masuda. Following the departure of Akimoto and Masuda, Diva was disbanded in late 2014, after releasing a farewell single and album. In January 2011, an exhibition of her self-portraits was

masks: Miyazawa Miyazawa


title: Sae Miyazawa

texts:
 held at the AKB48 Official Shop in Hong Kong, She then visited Hong Kong on January 28, and attended a series of events, including an AKB48 Cosplay Event held in Dragon Centre in Kowloon.In March 2012, during AKB48's trip to the National Cherry Blossom Festival, <mask> visited the Strong John Thomson Elementary School in Washington, D.C., to explain Japanese pop culture to the pupils. 2012–2015: SNH48 and SKE48
In August 2012, it was announced that <mask> and fellow AKB48 member Mariya Suzuki would be transferred overseas to help lead Shanghai-based sister group SNH48. This transfer was initially scheduled to last six to twelve months, while the affected members were still affiliated with AKB48, as "Team Abroad" (海外, kaigai). Because she and Suzuki did not have working visas for China, they rarely appeared with SNH48; for instance, they only appeared as audience members for the group's first public performance. They however did appear together as group representatives at the Japanese Night at the Summer Davos in Tianjin, China, and were mentioned in the official diary of the Japanese prime minister. During the opening ceremony of SNH48's theater in Shanghai in September 2013, group officials announced that <mask> would begin to perform with the group on October 11, 2013. Indeed, both <mask> and Suzuki debuted with SNH48 on that date, triggering media coverage in both Japan and China.Her endeavors as a Japanese idol in a Chinese environment made the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology name <mask> a representative for the "Tobitate! Ryugaku Japan"-campaign ("Take off! Study abroad!"). In January 2013, during the annual "Request Hour" concerts held by all Japanese AKB48 acts, the Miyazawa-led song "Kiseki wa Mani Awanai" ranked second in fan voting. Following this, <mask> promoted AKB48's 30th single "So

masks: Miyazawa Miyazawa Miyazawa Miyazawa Miyazawa Miyazawa


title: Sae Miyazawa

texts: Long!" in TV broadcasts, even though she did not participate in the actual single recording. In March 2013, <mask> started a Twitter account, but this was suspended when it gathered too many followers on the first day; her Twitter was reopened two days later.Meanwhile, <mask> Sokai concert in Nippon Budokan in April 2013, AKB48 announced her return to Team K and concurrent membership with SNH48. In the 2013 AKB48 general election, she finished tenth overall. During the election results event, she declared her plans to focus on SNH48, and after confirmation with AKB48 management, became the first AKB48 member to voluntarily drop concurrency. As a result, she did not participate in the rock-paper-scissors tournament in 2013 and rarely appeared with the group until February 2014, when AKB48 announced <mask>'s transfer to Nagoya-based SKE48 at the Grand Reformation Festival, while staying a concurrent member of SNH48. She was appointed the 'leader' of SKE48's Team S. This time, she accepted the new position after learning of the transfer via a live phone call from that event. However, she suffered a significant decrease in popularity in the process, as she lost over 21000 votes compared to 2013 in the 2014 AKB48 general election, but still managed to maintain the 12th position overall.In SKE48, <mask> appeared frequently as one of the leading members in commercial campaigns, TV and stage performances, and had since then been selected to appear in AKB48's 38th single, her first regular single appearance since Sayonara Crawl, and her 29th title track performance overall. In the general election for the 41st single in 2015, she recovered from the heavy loss in 2014, by adding 31,000 votes to her result and ranking in at the 8th position, her personal best. Before the event, she stated that she would not be participating in future fan elections.

masks: Miyazawa Miyazawaji Miyazawa Miyazawa


title: Sae Miyazawa

texts:
 By the end of 2015, she had appeared in 32 single A-sides of AKB48, trailing only five other members. Kuchibiru ni Be My Baby, AKB48's 10th anniversary single, marked her return to the main selection of promoting members of AKB48 releases. It was her first appearance in a management selected conventional line up of 16 members since Give Me Five! in 2012, before her transfer to SNH48.2016: Departure from 48 Group
During the nationwide broadcast of the music show "FNS", <mask> announced her departure from SKE48 and SNH48 at an undefined date in 2016. She is the second member to announce her so-called "graduation" from the group on national TV, after Oshima Yuko on Kōhaku Uta Gassen in 2014. Following this, the Miyazawa-centered song "Kiseki wa Mani Awanai" was voted into the first place in the 2016 edition of the Request Hour concert series. During this event, a two-day concert at Nippon Gaishi Hall dedicated to her farewell was announced. She eventually left the group  in March 2016, after farewell performances in the theaters of all three groups she was affiliated with (SNH48, SKE48, AKB48). Solo activities and acting career
As a member of the AKB48 group, <mask> has been promoted in many of AKB48's own shows, but also frequently appeared in Japanese radio and TV. She has published two photobooks; one in 2009 titled "Kanojo" and one in 2015 titled "Namida no Yukue".Occasionally, she was cast as an actress for feature films, stage plays and Japanese TV dramas. In January 2014, <mask> was selected to play a major role in the stage play , the 13th volume of the Gorgeous Earth series, which was performed in Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, and Fukuoka. In July 2014, it was announced that she would play the male lead role in the stage adaption of the manga "AKB49: Ren'ai Kinshi Jōrei". 2014 ended with her being cast in ntv's special primetime drama "Dr.

masks: Miyazawa Miyazawa Miyazawa


title: Sae Miyazawa

texts:
 Nurse Aid" (Dr.ナースエイド) in November. In March 2015, she performed in the gala concert celebrating the 20th anniversary of the stage play series Gorgeous Earth, she appeared in 2013/2014. Some months later, it was announced that <mask> would perform in the stage adaptation of the popular shōjo manga "Crest of the Royal Family" by Chieko Hosokawa, scheduled for 2016. She was cast for the role of the main protagonist, sharing the role with Seiko Niizuma.After finishing the play, <mask> collaborated with the cosplay boy group ARSMAGNA on their single Kibun Joujou, and concluded the year by scoring a main role in the TV Asahi drama Ossan's Love. She also appeared in a number of TV variety programs, for example Hirunandesu! and Rôkaru rosen basu noritsugi no tabi. In July 2018, <mask> terminated her contract with Flave Entertainment, and signed to media agency Horipro Entertainment a year later. In between she was on a hiatus from entertainment. As of 2019, <mask> has become a regular musical actress, having appeared nationwide in a number of successful stage plays, with her most recent signing as a double cast with accomplished Japanese singer May J. in the Japanese run of West Side Story. Reception
<mask>, who is often called "Sae-chan" (さえちゃん) by fans and media, belonged to the most popular members of the 48 group family with consistent high finishes in audience polls.In the AKB48 general elections, in which the lineup (called "senbatsu") for a given single is decided by fan voting, she placed 14th (2009), 9th (2010), 11th (2011), 11th (2012), 10th (2013), 12th(2014), and 8th (2015), respectively, which gave her a spot on the related title tracks. She is one of five members to make it to the senbatsu ranks in the first seven elections. <mask> and Sayaka Akimoto were frequently referred to as the "Twin Towers" of Team K, because of their


title: Sae Miyazawa

texts:
 comparably tall height and their key roles in that team. Another nickname she bears is "Genking" (from Japanese "genki" = energetic, cheerful), as she is often portrayed as loud, impulsive and energetic. She is also known as AKB48's "handsome idol" (Japanese: "ikemen idol") due to her tomboyish mannerisms and image. Accordingly, she was named as the idol best suited to act male roles and stereotypes in a 2017 survey among college students. Among members of the AKB48 groups, a disproportionately high fraction of her fan following is female.In the animated series AKB0048, the character <mask> Sae The 10th / Asamiya Youko is modeled after her, voiced by Mai Nakahara. Discography

AKB48

Main singles

Albums
Song participiations aside from single title track recordings:

 Koko ni Ita Koto (2011), 4 songs
 1830m (2012), 2 songs
 Tsugi no Ashiato (2014), 4 songs
 Koko ga Rhodes da, Koko de Tobe! (2015), 2 songs

Team Surprise
She participated in the first two incarnations of Team Surprise, a subunit formed for a Pachinko machine campaign, but was not selected for the third:

Other singles participation
 " - What can I do for someone?" (2011)
 "" (2011)
 "" (2013)
 "Enjoy your life!" The following non-exhaustive list includes shows she recurrently appeared in and otherwise notable shows, both as a Tarento or representing the group. Radio

Other stage performances

Bibliography

Magazines
 Samurai ELO, Inforest (January 2011-December 2013)

Photobooks
 Kanojo (Kodansha, 21 August 2009)
 Namida no Yukue (Wani Books, 16 February 2015)

References

External links
 Flave Entertainment Profile
 Official blog

 Official web presence

1990 births
Living people
Singers from Tokyo
Japanese idols
AKB48 members
SNH48 members
Mandarin-language singers of Japan
Japanese women pop singers
21st-century Japanese women singers
21st-century Japanese


title: Patsy Fagan

texts:
<mask> (born 15 January 1951) is an Irish former professional snooker player. Having been runner-up in the 1974 English Amateur Championship, he turned professional in October 1976. He experienced early success with victories at the 1977 UK Championship and the 1977 Dry Blackthorn Cup but following a car accident, developed a psychological block when using the  which affected his playing and he did not win another title. He lost his professional status in 1989 following a 2–9 playoff defeat by Brady Gollan and now works as a snooker coach. His highest career ranking was 11, in 1978/79. Early life and amateur career
<mask> was born in Dublin on 15 January 1951, one of twelve children. He started playing snooker at the age of 12, and moved to London in 1968.He played at the Chiswick Memorial Club, and in 1974 it was reported in a local newspaper that in a six-frame session he had recorded a break of 106, another over 80, and three more over 70. In the 1974 English Amateur Championship, he defeated Mick Fisher 6–1 in the Southern section final before being beaten 7–11 by the reigning world amateur champion Ray Edmonds in the main final. In 1975, <mask> became the youngest player ever to win the London and Home Counties billiards championship, playing with a focus on potting the red ball as he defeated Ron Riggins 1,176–881 in the final. In the 1975 English Amateur Snooker Championship he lost 1–4 to Terry Griffiths in the Southern region quarter-finals, and in the 1976 Southern area final he lost 6–8 to Chris Ross despite making a tournament record break of 115. In 1974, <mask> won a money match against Alex Higgins for £2,000, an amount equal to that received by the winner of the 1974 World Snooker Championship. Early professional success
Regarded as "one of the most exciting players of the mid-seventies", and "one of the men most likely to succeed when he turned professional", <mask> turned professional in October 1976. He made his first

masks:
Patsy Fagan
Fagan
Fagan
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Fagan


title: Patsy Fagan

texts:
 maximum break on 15 January 1977, his 26th birthday, against Dave Gilbert at the Clapton Bus Garage Social Club.At the 1977 World Snooker Championship, he beat Jim Meadowcroft 11–9 in qualifying and then lost 7–13 to defending champion Ray Reardon in the last 16, having finished the first session of the match level at 4–4 and the second 7–10 behind. Reardon then won all three  in the final session, taking the last two of them on the black. The matches between <mask> and Reardon, and between Fred Davis and John Pulman, were the first to be held at the Crucible Theatre, which as of March 2020 had remained as the venue for the World Snooker Championship for 43 years. At the UK Championship in 1977, which at the time was a non-ranking event open only to UK passport holders, <mask> beat Jackie Rea 5–1 in the first round, and Fred Davis 5–0 in the second round. He won in the deciding frame in each of the next two rounds, 5–4 against Jim Meadowcroft in the quarter-finals and 9–8 against John Virgo in the semi-finals, to reach the final against another player in his first year as a professional, Doug Mountjoy. The two finalists shared the first four frames but <mask> won the next four to take a 6–2 lead, after which Mountjoy also won four frames in a row to level the match at 6–6. <mask> then took the next two frames to lead 8–6, eventually winning the match 12–9.Before the UK championship, <mask> had been announced as one of the four invited contenders for the 1977 Dry Blackthorn Cup, along with world championship winners Alex Higgins, John Spencer and Reardon. He beat Spencer in the semi-final then Higgins 4–2 in the final to win the tournament. He received £2,000 prize money for his Dry Blackthorn Cup win, the same amount he had received for his UK championship victory a couple of weeks earlier. Later professional career
<mask> failed to make an impact at the 1978 Masters, losing 2–4 to John Pulman in the first round. At the 1978 World Snooker

masks: Fagan Fagan Fagan Fagan Fagan Fagan


title: Patsy Fagan

texts: Championship he beat John Dunning 9–5 and then Alex Higgins 13–12. In the match against Higgins, <mask> was 10–12 behind but won two frames on the black and the last on the pink. He lost 10–13 to Fred Davis in the quarter-finals.In the 1970s and until 1982, the Irish Professional Championship was played on a challenge basis, and in April 1978 <mask> played defending champion Alex Higgins for the title. <mask> was a frame ahead after the first day of the match, at 5–4. At the start of the next day's play he extended his lead to 8–5 before Higgins drew level at 8–8 and then won seven of the next nine to leave <mask> 10–15 behind at the end of the second day. Higgins won the match 21–13. Entering the 1978 UK Championship as defending champion, <mask> lost the first four frames of his opening match against David Taylor before tying the match at 4–4, eventually losing 7–9. He was also defeated by Taylor in the first round of the 1979 Masters, losing 3–5 after having been 3–2 ahead. From late 1978, following a car accident, <mask> started to experience a psychological block when using the .This version of the "yips" caused him to spend a long time cueing and then usually ; because of this, he would play left-handed rather than using the rest where possible. This problem affected his match against Taylor at the Masters in January 1979. Two months later, he challenged Higgins again for the Irish Professional title. Higgins won the match 21–12, making a break of 124 in 2 minutes and 45 seconds on the final day. <mask> was part of the "rest of the world" team at the 1979 World Challenge Cup, along with Perrie Mans and Jimmy van Rensberg. In their match against the Northern Ireland team, <mask> lost 0–1 to Dennis Taylor on the first day, in a match where Taylor asked him to play again after <mask> had fouled by touching the blue ball with his sleeve whilst using the rest in attempting to hit the yellow ball. <mask> was quoted afterwards as saying

masks: Fagan Fagan Fagan Fagan Fagan Fagan Fagan Fagan Fagan Fagan


title: Patsy Fagan

texts:
 "Dennis took advantage of my rest problems but it didn't bother me."On the second day, he beat Jackie Rea 1–0 but then lost 0–3 to Higgins on the second. Northern Ireland won the match 8–7 after having been 2–7 behind. <mask> and his fellow team members also lost 7–8 against the England team. Dennis Taylor also beat <mask> in the quarter-finals of the 1979 UK Championship, 9–6, after <mask> had knocked out Mike Hallett 9–4 and Graham Miles 9–5. In the 1980 World Snooker Championship <mask> lost in his first match, 6–10 to Steve Davis. This was the last time he reached as far as the quarter-final of a major tournament other than the Irish Professional Championship or the 1986 Irish Masters, the latter resulting from a walkover against Kirk Stevens. He lost to Dennis Taylor in a challenge for the Irish Professional Championship in 1981, coming from 0–3 down to lead 5–4 at the end of the first session, and 10–8 at the close of the second session.The third session saw <mask> make a break of 107 on his way to building a 15–12 lead. However, Taylor retained the title, winning 22–21. A 2–9 professional playoff defeat by Brady Gollan in April 1989 meant that <mask> lost his professional status. His highest career ranking had been 11, in 1978/79, and his best finish in a ranking tournament was reaching the quarter-final at the 1978 World Snooker Championship. He subsequently worked as a landscape gardener and a night-shift sorter for the Post Office. <mask> works as a snooker coach and has coached the Paddington professional Alfie Burden, who was the world amateur champion in 2009. Ronnie O'Sullivan sought coaching advice from <mask> in 2011.He entered the 2021 World Seniors Championship, losing 0–3 to Stephen Hendry in the first round. Performance and rankings timeline

Career finals

Non-ranking finals: 6 (3 titles)

Amateur finals: 1

References

1951 births
Living people
Irish snooker players
UK champions (snooker)
Sportspeople from Dublin

masks: Fagan Fagan Fagan Fagan Fagan Fagan Fagan Fagan


title: Paul J. Crutzen

texts:
<mask> (; 3 December 1933 – 28 January 2021) was a Dutch meteorologist and atmospheric chemist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995 for his work on atmospheric chemistry and specifically for his efforts in studying the formation and decomposition of atmospheric ozone. In addition to studying the ozone layer and climate change, he popularized the term Anthropocene to describe a proposed new epoch in the Quaternary period when human actions have a drastic effect on the Earth. He was also amongst the first few scientists to introduce the idea of a nuclear winter to describe the potential climatic effects stemming from large-scale atmospheric pollution including smoke from forest fires, industrial exhausts, and other sources like oil fires. He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and an elected foreign member of the Royal Society in the United Kingdom. Early life and education
Crutzen was born in Amsterdam, the son of Anna (Gurk) and <mask>. In September 1940, the same year Germany invaded The Netherlands, Crutzen entered his first year of elementary school.After many delays and school switches caused by events in the war, Crutzen graduated from elementary school and moved onto "Hogere Burgerschool" (Higher Citizens School) in 1946, where he became fluent in French, English, and German. Along with languages he also focused on natural sciences in this school, from which he graduated in 1951. After this he studied Civil Engineering at a technical school, completed his military service, and married. In 1958, he moved his young family to Gävle. Research and career
Crutzen conducted research primarily in atmospheric chemistry. He is best known for his research on ozone depletion. In 1970 he pointed out that emissions of nitrous oxide (), a stable, long-lived gas produced by soil bacteria, from the Earth's surface could affect the amount

masks:
Paul Jozef Crutzen
Josef Cruen


title: Paul J. Crutzen

texts:
 of nitric oxide (NO) in the stratosphere.Crutzen showed that nitrous oxide lives long enough to reach the stratosphere, where it is converted into NO. <mask> then noted that increasing use of fertilizers might have led to an increase in nitrous oxide emissions over the natural background, which would in turn result in an increase in the amount of NO in the stratosphere. Thus human activity could affect the stratospheric ozone layer. In the following year, Crutzen and (independently) <mask> suggested that NO emissions from the fleet of, then proposed, supersonic transport (SST) airliners (a few hundred Boeing 2707s), which would fly in the lower stratosphere, could also deplete the ozone layer; however more recent analysis has disputed this as a large concern. He listed his main research interests as "Stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry, and their role in the biogeochemical cycles and climate". From 1980, he worked at the Department of Atmospheric Chemistry at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, in Mainz, Germany; the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego; and at Seoul National University, South Korea. He was also a long-time adjunct professor at Georgia Institute of Technology and research professor at the department of meteorology at Stockholm University, Sweden.From 1997 to 2002 he was professor of aeronomy at the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Utrecht University. He co-signed a letter from over 70 Nobel laureate scientists to the Louisiana Legislature supporting the repeal of that U.S. state's creationism law, the Louisiana Science Education Act. In 2003 he was one of 22 Nobel laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto. , Crutzen has an h-index of 151 according to Google Scholar and of 110 according to Scopus. Anthropocene

One of Crutzen's research interests was the Anthropocene. In 2000, in IGBP

masks:
Crutzen
Harold Johnston


title: Paul J. Crutzen

texts:
 Newsletter 41, <mask> and Eugene F. Stoermer, to emphasize the central role of mankind in geology and ecology, proposed using the term anthropocene for the current geological epoch. In regard to its start, they said:

To assign a more specific date to the onset of the "anthropocene" seems somewhat arbitrary, but we propose the latter part of the 18th century, although we are aware that alternative proposals can be made (some may even want to include the entire holocene).However, we choose this date because, during the past two centuries, the global effects of human activities have become clearly noticeable. This is the period when data retrieved from glacial ice cores show the beginning of a growth in the atmospheric concentrations of several "greenhouse gases", in particular CO2 and CH4. Such a starting date also coincides with <mask>'s invention of the steam engine in 1784. Geoengineering (Climate intervention)
Steve Connor, Science Editor of The Independent, wrote that Crutzen believes that political attempts to limit man-made greenhouse gases are so pitiful that a radical contingency plan is needed. In a polemical scientific essay that was published in the August 2006 issue of the journal Climatic Change, he says that an "escape route" is needed if global warming begins to run out of control. Crutzen advocated for climate engineering solutions, including artificially cooling the global climate by releasing particles of sulphur in the upper atmosphere, along with other particles at lower atmospheric levels, which would reflect sunlight and heat back into space. If this artificial cooling method actually were to work, it would reduce some of the effects of the accumulation of green house gas emissions caused by human activity, potentially extending the planet's integrity and livability.In January 2008, Crutzen published findings that the release of nitrous

masks:
Crutzen
James Watt


title: Paul J. Crutzen

texts:
 oxide () emissions in the production of biofuels means that they contribute more to global warming than the fossil fuels they replace. Nuclear winter
Crutzen was also a leader in promoting the theory of nuclear winter. Together with <mask>. Birks he wrote the first publication introducing the subject: The atmosphere after a nuclear war: Twilight at noon (1982). They theorized the potential climatic effects of the large amounts of sooty smoke from fires in the forests and in urban and industrial centers and oil storage facilities, which would reach the middle and higher troposphere. They concluded that absorption of sunlight by the black smoke could lead to darkness and strong cooling at the earth's surface, and a heating of the atmosphere at higher elevations, thus creating atypical meteorological and climatic conditions which would jeopardize agricultural production for a large part of the human population. In a Baltimore Sun newspaper article printed in January 1991, along with his nuclear winter colleagues, Crutzen hypothesized that the climatic effects of the Kuwait oil fires would result in "significant" nuclear winter-like effects; continental-sized effects of sub-freezing temperatures. Awards and honours
<mask>, Mario J. Molina, and F. Sherwood Rowland were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995 "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone".Some of Crutzen's others honours include the below:

 1976: Outstanding Publication Award, Environmental Research Laboratories, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
 1984: Rolex-Discover Scientist of the Year. 1985: Recipient of the Leó Szilárd Award for "Physics in the Publics Interest" of the American Physical Society. 1986: Elected as a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union. 1989: Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement. 1990:

masks:
John W
Crutzen


title: Ed Gordon (journalist)

texts:
<mask> (born August 17, 1960) is an American television journalist known for his association with BET over four different decades. A native of Detroit, <mask> is the son of an Olympic athlete also named <mask>. The younger <mask> was BET's main news anchor from 1988 to 1996 and again from 2000 to 2001 before hosting the interview show BET Tonight from 2001 to 2002 and another interview show, Weekly with <mask>, from 2010 to 2011. In addition to his work with BET, <mask> also worked for NBC News from 1996 to 2000, CBS News from 2004 to 2005, and NPR from 2005 to 2006. From 2006 to 2010, he hosted the syndicated talk show Our World with Black Enterprise. Personal background
<mask> was born in Detroit, Michigan. His father <mask>. (1908–1971) was a schoolteacher who won gold in the 1932 Summer Olympics for competing in the long jump, and his mother Jimmie (née Hunt) (1920–2015) was also a teacher.After graduating from Cass Technical High School in Detroit, the younger <mask> graduated from Western Michigan University in 1982 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in communications and political science. Career

Early career in Detroit (1983–1988)
Although <mask> considered law school, <mask> aspired to be a television journalist and took an unpaid internship at WTVS, the PBS affiliate in Detroit. At WTVS, he worked as a production assistant from 1983 to 1985. In 1986, <mask> became host of a local weekly talk show, Detroit Black Journal, which had a yearly salary of $11,000. On the side, <mask> worked as a freelance journalist at the then-fledgling cable network Black Entertainment Television (BET). First stint with BET (1988–1996)
In 1988, <mask> joined BET full-time as anchor

masks:
Edward Lansing Gordon III
Ed Gordon
Ed Gordon
Gordon
Ed Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Ed Gordon Jr
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon


title: Ed Gordon (journalist)

texts:
 of the weekly program BET News, which covered African-American social issues and popular culture. While <mask> worked at BET, its news staff had only around 20 people, and <mask> produced most of his interviews with only one or two assistants.Beginning in 1990, <mask> also hosted hour-long interviews on several occasions in the series Conversation with <mask>. His subjects have included President Bill Clinton, actor/director, rapper Tupac Shakur, Sidney Poitier, and singer Whitney Houston. Following the 1992 Los Angeles riots, <mask> hosted a BET special, L.A. Aftermath: Black Men Speak Out and conducted the first interview with U.S. President George H. W. Bush after the riots. On January 25, 1996, <mask> became the first journalist to interview former NFL star O. J. Simpson since Simpson was acquitted of murder the previous year. Career with NBC (1996–2000)
In July 1996, <mask> left BET to join NBC News, where he began as a daytime anchor and host of weekly talk and interview program Internight on NBC's cable network MSNBC as well as a contributor to NBC's morning show Today. At MSNBC, <mask> covered major news events of the late 1990s such as the Republican and Democratic National Conventions of 1996, the impeachment of Bill Clinton, the crash of Swissair Flight 111, and Pope John Paul II's 1998 visit to Cuba.Beginning in March 1999, <mask> became a regular correspondent on Dateline NBC. Second stint with BET (2000–2004)
<mask> returned to BET in 2000 to host BET News, this time on a nightly basis. In 2001, <mask> replaced Tavis Smiley as host of interview program BET Tonight. Two interviews <mask> conducted for BET Tonight in 2002 attracted outside attention. The

masks:
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Ed Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon


title: Ed Gordon (journalist)

texts:
 May 8 edition broadcast an interview by <mask> with popular R&B singer R. Kelly, who was facing charges for child pornography. In the interview, Kelly denied the accusations of child abuse. Kelly told <mask>: "I've done a lot of wrong things in my life, but I'm not a criminal."Then on December 16, the program showed his interview with outgoing Senate Minority Leader Trent Lott (Republican of Mississippi) following Lott's controversial remarks at the 100th birthday party for fellow Senator Strom Thurmond that the nation would have been better off had Thurmond, a segregationist, been elected for president in 1948. Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times described <mask> as "polite but firm" in the interview: "Without being a bully, he held Lott's tongue to the fire...not allowing the senator to dodge, finesse or answer questions that weren't asked." As part of a reorganization focusing on entertainment productions, BET cut its news staff and canceled BET Tonight in December 2002 along with other public affairs shows hosted by <mask>, Lead Story and Teen Summit. <mask> continued to be a contributor to BET through 2004, when he interviewed Democratic presidential candidate and U.S. senator John Kerry for a Speak Now special broadcast October 8. CBS and NPR (2004–2006)
<mask> became a correspondent for the CBS News program 60 Minutes II in November 2004; the show ran until 2005. After Tavis Smiley left National Public Radio (NPR), <mask> began hosting a show on NPR titled News & Notes, a show with a similar focus on African-American issues that he hosted from 2005 to 2006. Recent work (2006–present)
From 2006 to 2010, <mask> hosted the syndicated talk show Our World

masks: Gordon Gordon Gordon Gordon Gordon Gordon Gordon Gordon


title: Ed Gordon (journalist)

texts:
 with Black Enterprise.BET announced in March 2010 that <mask> would return to the network to host "a variety of news programs and specials." <mask>'s latest series Weekly with <mask> premiered on October 3, 2010 with a one-on-one interview with Representative Charles B. Rangel, who was undergoing an ethics issues at the time. In the program, <mask> also discusses news and culture with a four-member panel. The show ran until March 2011. In the fall of 2016, <mask> hosted a weekly primetime newsmagazine on Bounce TV, <mask>. In 2020, <mask> released a book, Conversations in Black: On Power, Politics, and Leadership. Personal life
<mask> has a daughter, Taylor (born 1993), from his previous marriage to Karen Haney.During his career with Washington, D.C.-based BET, he lived in nearby Alexandria, Virginia. Now married to Leslie Howard, <mask> is the stepfather of two children. Notes

1960 births
Living people
African-American journalists
African-American television personalities
American television news anchors
American television talk show hosts
Cass Technical High School alumni
Television personalities from Detroit
Western Michigan University alumni
People from Alexandria, Virginia
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American

masks:
Gordon
Gordon
Ed Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Ed Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon


title: Dominicus Corea

texts:
<mask> (Sinhalese family name Edirille Bandara) also known as <mask> and Edirille Rala, was the son of <mask> and <mask>. <mask> was also known as Mudaliyar Vikramasinha, Commander-in-Chief of King Mayadunne's army. <mask> was executed by King Mayadunne's son, Rajasinghe. <mask> was born in Colombo in 1565. At that time, the Portuguese had colonised Ceylon, and his parents converted to Catholicism. Following the death of <mask>, his two sons, <mask> and Simon were sent to Colombo for safety – at the time King Dharmapala was reigning in the Kingdom of Kotte. <mask> and Simon were baptised as Catholics and grew up with the young Prince Konappu Bandara – later on he reigned as King Vimala Dharma Suriya of the Kandyan kingdom.De Queyroz, the great Portuguese historian writing about <mask> <mask> noted that "he was able to read and write like a well bred man." Trained from boyhood warlike pursuits, he was skilled in arms, and was dreaded as being one of the most expert swordsmen in his time. King of Kotte and Sitawaka

<mask> <mask> was crowned King of Kotte in 1596. He was given the kingdoms of Kotte and Sitawaka by King Vimala Dharma of Kandy around 1596. John M. Senaveratna, in his book 'Great Sinhalese Men and Women of History' (Volume 3) wrote: 'He (King Vimala Dharma) according him (<mask> <mask>) the precedence of a King, and, in order to cement the friendship between the two, gave him a Royal Princess – Subadra Devi.' (She was the daughter of sub-King Veediya Bandara, ruler of the Principality of the Seven Korales.) Vimala Dharma made a proclamation throughout his capital, that on the following day would be celebrated the marriage and coronation of 'Edirimanne Suriya Bandara' – which was the name (It was his wife's family name) adopted by Corea for his investiture with Royal rank –

masks:
Dominicus Corea
Domingos Corea
Don Jeronimo Corea
Anna Corea
Don Jeronimo Corea
Jeronimo Corea
Dominicus Corea
Don Jeronimo Corea
Dominicus
Dominicus
Dominicus
Corea
Dominicus
Corea
Dominicus
Corea


title: Dominicus Corea

texts: and ordering that all the grandees of the kingdom should be present in gala dress.Edirimanne Suriya Bandara, the new-made King, wearing a crown of gold on his head, was then accommodated on the seat of the back of the middle elephant; while two influential chiefs – the oldest Mudaliyars of the (Kandyan) Court – rode each on an elephant by the side.' The 'Mahavamsa', the recorded chronicles of Sri Lankan history (starting from the 3rd century BCE), refers to Edirille Rala as a 'war hero.' The Mahavamsa recalls the meeting of Edirille Rala and Commander Veediya Bandara who led the armies of the Kandyan kingdom. Edirille Rala married his daughter when he was crowned King of Kotte and Sitawaka. According to the Mahavamsa, 'He (Veediya Bandara), went and stopped at the Seven Korale. By this time, the ruler there was a war hero. He was Edirimanne Suriya, better known as Edirille Rala.He had made Mudukondapala, a place close to Kurunegala, his capital city. When he saw Commander Veediya Bandara, he was delighted and welcomed him with all love and respect. He was well treated. Then both of them broke into conversation. Edirille Rala, just like Veediya Bandara, was an erstwhile enemy of the Portuguese. As such, this meeting of theirs was extra special. Both of them were enemies of the King of Sitawaka as well.This common feature was something to be happy about.' 'Sabaragamuwe Vamsa Kathawa,' ('Sabaragamuwa – in Legend and History'), a book published by the Sabaragamuwa Provincial Council, mentions Edirille Rala: 'Some of the very heroic and colourful figures in our history are sons of Sabaragamuwa – Parakramabahu I, born in Dedigama, the warrior King Rajasinghe I also known as Sitawaka Rajasingha, Edirille Rala born in Colombo and baptised <mask>, who returned to the village of his ancestors


title: Dominicus Corea

texts:
 Atulugama near Sitawaka and turned against the Portuguese.'. In his lifetime he fought for all the contending forces of the period, often changing his allegiance. Death
Corea rebelled against the Portuguese, and inflicted massive defeats between 1594 and 1596. Professor K. M. de Silva in his book 'A History of Sri Lanka,' writes about Edirille Rala's revolt against the Portuguese: 'From the beginning however, there was resistance to Portuguese mastery over Kotte. While Dharmapala was alive there were two major revolts, one led by Akaragama Appuhamy in 1594, and the other by Edirille rala in 1594–96.' King <mask> <mask> was captured by the Portuguese and executed on July 14, 1596, at the age of 31 in Colombo."Such was the sad end of Domingos <mask>, Edirimana Suriya Bandara, the greatest Sinhalese of his day," said Sri Lankan historian John M. Seneviratna. 'Great Warriors like Mayadunne, Veediya Bandara, Seethawaka Rajasinghe, Vimaladharmasuriya I, Senarath, Rajasinghe II, Nikapitiye Bandara and Edirille Rala who fought the Portuguese to preserve our territorial integrity and kept the Portuguese at bay despite all odds,' wrote Janaka Perera in the Asian Tribune. The descendants of King <mask> Corea
The Sri Lankan author Kumari Jayawardena, writing about the Coreas observed: 'Unconnected to the liquor trade but making their money on plantation ventures was the Corea Family of Chilaw, an influential goyigama group with a history going back to Portuguese rule when they were warriors to Sinhala kings. During Dutch and British rule, members of the family were officials serving the state in various ways and rewarded with titles. Some members of the family took to the legal and medical professions, most notably the sons of Charles Edward <mask> (a solicitor), who were active in local politics

masks: Dominicus Corea Corea Dominicus Corea


title: Dominicus Corea

texts: and in the Chilaw Association which campaigned against British land policies – especially the Waste Lands Ordinance, and for political reforms. The most active of <mask>'s sons was C.E. (Charles Edgar) who spoke up for peasant rights and was militant in his stand against the government.He was President of the Ceylon National Congress in 1924. C.E.<mask>'s brother, Alfred Ernest, was a doctor and the youngest <mask> was a lawyer who achieved fame for leading a campaign (and going to jail) in 1922 to protest the Poll Tax on all males; he was the first President of the Ceylon Labour Union led by A.E.Goonesinha and was active in the Ceylon Labour Party. While being professionals and political activists, the Coreas were also important landowners. ' The descendants of Edirille Rala, King <mask> <mask>, still play leading roles in various professional fields in Sri Lanka and around the world. Among the notable contributions to society are ones made by Charles Edgar <mask> and his brother <mask> who were founder members of the Ceylon National Congress and the Legislative Council of Ceylon. C.E.<mask> was elected President of the Ceylon National Congress in 1924. Both were distinguished freedom fighters and were prominent in the independence movement of Ceylon.James Alfred <mask>, brother of C.E.<mask> and <mask>, was born in 1870 – he joined the medical service in Ceylon. He was a clever doctor and what was unique about him was that he charged no fees from the poor for his services. Gate Mudaliyar James Edward <mask> was in charge of the rural police in Pitigal Korale. Sir <mask> was Ceylon's High Commissioner in the United Kingdom and was appointed Ambassador to the United States in 1948. He was elected President of the United Nations Security Council in May 1960 and was featured in Life

masks:
Corea
Corea
Victor Corea
Dominicus
Corea
Corea
Victor Corea
Corea
Ernest Corea
Corea
Victor Corea
Corea
Claude Corea


title: Dominicus Corea

texts: Magazine. His son Harindra <mask> was appointed Deputy Foreign Minister of the Government of Sri Lanka in the 1990s and was also the member of parliament for Chilaw. Srikuradas Charles Shirley <mask> was a distinguished parliamentarian, MP for Chilaw and Speaker of the House of Representatives of Ceylon from 1967 to 1970.J.C.A<mask> was the first Sri Lankan Principal of Royal College, Colombo. Reverend Canon Ivan <mask> was Rural Dean of Colombo and Chaplain to the Bishop of Colombo in the Church of Ceylon. His sons went on to play significant roles in the media and in the Diplomatic Corps – <mask> was a pioneer broadcaster with Radio Ceylon (SLBC) – he was appointed the Ethnic Minorities Advisor to the BBC in the late 1970s. <mask>, onetime Editor of the Daily News was appointed Sri Lanka's High Commissioner to Canada and Ambassador to the United States in the 1980s. Dr. C.V.S.<mask> was President of the Homeopathic Association of Ceylon. This association was inaugurated in 1951 by Dr C.V.<mask> whose efforts paved the way for the Homeopathy Act 1970 and the appointment of The Homeopathic Medical Council in Sri Lanka.He was also a founder member of Ceylon Theatres in 1928. His son was the Sri Lankan Economist, Dr. Gamani <mask> who was appointed Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations. Another son, Dr.Vijaya <mask> was Director-General of the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation in Colombo. <mask>, brother of C.V.S.<mask> was a celebrated Sri Lankan musician and composer. His music was played at the first ever Serendipity Festival in London, UK in 2003. It was a presentation of Sri Lankan painting, installation, sculpture, mixed media work, poetry, dance and music in association with the

masks:
Corea
Corea
. Corea
Corea
Vernon Corea
Ernest Corea
Corea
S Corea
Corea
Corea
Norman Corea
Corea


title: Dominicus Corea

texts:
 October Gallery of Bloomsbury, London. It was the first major exhibition of Sri Lankan art outside the shores of Sri Lanka, since the 43 group exhibited in London.Charles Alfred <mask> (Ernie) was a leading lawyer in Sri Lanka. His son, Dr. <mask> now heads the Edirimanne Corea Family Union in Colombo. Sri Sangabo <mask> is a pioneering advertising guru, he 'discovered' Sri Lanka's 'King of Pop', Clarence Wijewardena and Sri Lankan star, Annesley Malewana. <mask> was a Senior Superintendent of Police in Sri Lanka, his son Professor James Randunna <mask> worked at the King Fahd Teaching Hospital in Dammam, where he trained orthopaedic surgeons. Another son, Deva <mask>, was also a Senior Superintendent of the Sri Lanka Police. The younger generation of the <mask> Family are also playing their part in society across the world. Mohandas Gandhi visits the <mask> Family in Chilaw
Mohandas K. Gandhi ( The 'Father of India' ) visited Ceylon in 1927 and stayed with the <mask> Family in Chilaw.Mohandas Gandhi stayed in a Corea home called 'Sigiriya,' on his only visit to Ceylon. According to an article in the 'Sunday Observer' in Sri Lanka: 'When Mahatma Gandhi came to Ceylon he visited Chilaw to attend a banquet that was hosted by the Coreas at "Sigiriya" the house that belonged to <mask>'s sister and husband. Here, Mahatma Gandhi presented a colour poster under the headline Fighters for Swaraj that featured all the national heroes of India each in oval shaped bust size photographs to <mask> as his photograph too was included in the poster amongst the political giants of India. This alone was a glowing tribute to the campaign for freedom, initiated by <mask> that was somewhat similar to the campaign conducted in India. ' See also
Edirille Bandara
Charles Edgar Corea
Gamani Corea
Claude

masks:
Ernest Corea
Eugene Corea
Corea
Henri Corea
Corea
Corea
Corea
Corea
Corea
Victor Corea
Victor Corea
Victor Corea