title: Linda Tillery

texts: contained overt lesbian/feminist lyrics. In addition to producing, <mask> played drums and contributed supporting vocals to the recording. Also in 1977, Olivia released the compilation album Lesbian Concentrate in response to Anita Bryant's anti-gay crusade. <mask> contributed the song "Don't Pray For Me" to the LP, which was composed by Mary Watkins. This song has been recognized by scholars as one of the first songs to directly challenge homophobia.Later in 1977, Olivia Records released <mask>'s second solo album, titled <mask>. <mask> was the lead producer, with co-producer credits to bassist Diane Lindsay and keyboardist/string and horn arranger Mary Watkins. It featured <mask> on lead and supporting vocals, drums and percussion, and marked the first time that <mask>, Watkins, and vocalist/vocal arranger Vicki Randle appeared together on an album. Like all Olivia projects at the time, all of the musicians as well as technical staff were female, including Sandy Stone as recording engineer. The album included a slightly longer version of "Don't Pray For Me", as well as two songs with overt lesbian lyrics: "Womanly Way" and "Wonderful", the latter of which was the first song composed entirely by <mask>. The song "Freedom Time", co-written by <mask> and Watkins, brings attention to the problems of being black and female and gay with the lyrics: "If I could just tell you what it's really like/To live this life of triple jeopardy/I fight the daily battles of all my people/Just to sacrifice my pride and deny my strength". This song has been cited as influential in scholarly studies of black feminism and in feminist journals.In a 1978 review in the radical feminist journal off our backs, the style of the album

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type: original

texts: <mask> is described as "characteristically jazz/rock fusion with her clean, funky drumming and excellent interplay between among bass, drums, and keyboards. Combined with the music is a message of lesbian strength, struggle and pride". The album earned <mask> a Bammie (Bay Area Music Award). In fall 1978, Olivia Records produced the "Varied Voices of Black Women" national tour in response to an all-white lineup of an earlier "Women on Wheels" tour, as well as to promote Olivia artists. The Varied Voices tour played in eight cities and featured <mask>, Mary Watkins, Gwen Avery, Vicki Randle, and poet Pat Parker and brought poetry as well as jazz and blues to women's music audiences. It also exposed audience members to an empowering lesbian culture that was emerging across the USA and it "demonstrated that white lesbians were not the only ones creating a new women's culture: Though the concert [tour] was first and foremost a celebration of Black lesbian feminist identity and culture, it was also an attempt to broaden the white feminist community's understanding of feminist and lesbian identity…. Varied Voices was a watershed event in the history of black women and women-identified music".The film Radical Harmonies documents the history of women's music, and includes a segment on the Varied Voices tour. In the film, musician June Millington describes seeing the performances at the time: "You've never seen anything like it. They really did present this hot, hot, HOT show. And either you really fell into … the well or some people were repelled … because it was almost too much. But that's the good news, because they were groundbreaking". <mask> was the only album she released on Olivia Records, and <mask> left the

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texts:
 collective in 1979. In an interview years later, <mask> described her Olivia experience: "I was quite happy to be in an environment where I could observe other women in the creative process and also in the administrative process because all of my experience up to that point had been working with men.The Loading Zone was nine: me and eight white men; every other band I was in was me and six men, me and five men, me and four men. I had never worked with any women musicians". In a 2020 interview in The Guardian, <mask> said "I'm so thankful for what Olivia did for me and for other women. Suddenly there was this feeling of hope that our lives could be lived safely in a relationship of our choosing." <mask> has referred to herself as the "queen mother" to women's music, to both deflect the tendency of some to look upon her as a sex object, as well as to recall the term's honorific association in some African cultures. 1980-early 1990s: More women's music, more session work, and club bands

Although she ended her formal relationship with Olivia in 1979, <mask> remained an important figure in the women's music scene throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s. She has performed at many women's music festivals including the first Michigan Womyn's Music Festival ("MichFest") in 1976 and several subsequent years, bringing her authentic expression of African American blues and R&B to women's music festival audiences.A favorite project that she initiated at MichFest was called "A Tribute to Black Women in the Blues" which presented <mask>'s "respect and gratitude paid to some women who might have been otherwise ignored. Who were otherwise ignored! And it was one of the most satisfying moments in my life". A recording was

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texts: made of the tenth anniversary of MichFest in 1985 with <mask> contributing her rendition of the Al Green hit song "Love and Happiness" to the LP. For several years at MichFest, <mask> also lead the festival gospel choir that included both professional musicians and festival attendees, which traditionally performed on Sunday mornings. After a controversy whereby some white choir members changed the gender pronouns from male to female in song selections, the 1992 MichFest program booklet description of the choir, led by <mask>, stated: "The repertoire will draw from spirituals and gospel standards and the workshop will include a discussion of the cultural roots of gospel music. The music will be sung exactly as it is written (no gender substitutions of pronouns or names)".During the 1980s, <mask> performed annually at NEWMR, the Northeast Women's Music Retreat, of which she said "that was the festival where I felt most at home". She has also performed several times at the National Women's Music Festival, as well as Wiminfest in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and at the first Southern Women's Music Festival in 1984. On November 26, 1982 <mask> was a member of the all-female band that performed with Meg Christian and Cris Williamson at Carnegie Hall in New York City, to celebrate the tenth anniversary of Olivia Records. Tickets to the two-show performance were sold-out two months prior to the evening to 5,400 women and 200 men, and Olivia released the concert as an LP in 1983, on their Second Wave subsidiary label. In 1985, <mask> released her third solo album titled Secrets on her own independent 411 Records label and distributed by Redwood Records. <mask> was the LP's co-Executive producer with Ray Obiedo, but acted

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title: Linda Tillery

texts: as primary producer on only two songs ("I'm So Thankful" and "Fever"), with Obiedo producing all other songs except one. The style of the recording is a blend of R&B, gospel, pop, jazz and soul, and garnered some critical success but failed to gain national recognition.The LP's "Motown-y" style made it hard for the women's music distribution network to categorize and therefore market to the majority white women's music audience, despite some positive reviews in the gay press such as "<mask>'s latest album … is one of the best records ever to find its way into the Women's Music section of a record store". Secrets garnered some radio airplay in major metropolitan areas such as San Francisco. <mask> and band toured during 1985 to support the release of Secrets. The touring band included pianist Julie Homi, who performed in both the mainstream New York jazz scene as well as the women's music circuit. <mask>'s May 3, 1985 performance at Boston's Strand Theater was especially significant because the show was opened by a then-little known Tufts University undergraduate singer named Tracy Chapman, who made her major-stage debut that evening. Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, in addition to performing, recording, and producing albums within the women's music network, <mask> continued to record with mainstream performers. During this time frame, she provided backing vocals on recordings by artists Pete Escovedo, Tiggi Clay, Bobby McFerrin, and Santana.She was a mainstay in the Bay Area music scene, considered by many to be one of the area's "most revered vocalists since the 1960s". In an interview, musician Country Joe McDonald was asked about his favorite Bay Area musicians and he "instantly replied that <mask>

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texts: was one of the best in the business". Also in the 1980s, <mask> began a twelve-year musical partnership with Ray Obiedo, an Oakland-based guitarist. Obiedo was the leader of two soul/jazz ensembles "Kick" (featuring a young Sheila E.) and "Rhythmus 21" that both featured <mask> as a vocalist. During this time period, <mask> also shared lead vocals with her younger brother <mask> in the house band at Slim's nightclub in San Francisco which was co-owned by rock/blues musician Boz Scaggs, who often sat in with the band. She was briefly a member of the ZaSu Pitts Memorial Orchestra and also performed with the Solid Senders. In the early 1990s, <mask> formed and played with the popular Bay Area all-woman Skin Tight Motown Revue band, an R&B/blues/pop outfit that featured <mask>, Vicki Randle and Teresa Trull as vocalists, along with other instrumentalists recognizable to women's music audiences.Skin Tight's first performance was at the 1990 Association of Women's Music and Culture (AWMAC) conference in San Francisco, and they "brought the house down". In 1993, <mask> was among the performers who celebrated Olivia's 20th anniversary weekend in San Francisco, which coincided with the city's annual Gay pride festivities. On Friday June 25, <mask> performed for the first time in ten years with Mary Watkins at Zellerbach Hall. The duo performed <mask>'s song "Womanly Way", and later in the set <mask> was joined by other Olivia artists Dianne Davidson, Deidre McCalla, Nancy Vogl, Teresa Trull, Cris Williamson, Tret Fure, and Lucie Blue Tremblay. On Saturday, <mask> and Skin Tight performed at a dance called "Puttin' On The Ritz" that was jointly sponsored by Olivia and the Bay Area Career Women organization, to

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texts:
 celebrate BACW's tenth anniversary and Olivia's twentieth anniversary. That evening, Skin Tight's membership consisted of Ellen Seeling and Jean Fineberg on horns, Joy Julks on bass, Nancy Wenstrom on electric guitar, Maria Martinez on drums, Bonnie Hayes on keyboards (subbing for regular pianist Julie Homi), with <mask>, Vicki Randle, and Teresa Trull providing the vocals. 1992-present: Cultural Heritage Choir

In 1991 while <mask> was channel surfing on her television, she came across a PBS special featuring opera singers Jessye Norman and Kathleen Battle singing spirituals.<mask> said of that moment: "It practically lifted me out of my seat. I was thinking 'This is the new road. This is the new path. This is the new journey I'm going to take' ". After the music reduced her to tears, she declared to her cat Mimi that "I am going to pursue this music". Around the same time, <mask> was in rehearsals for the play "Letters From a New England Negro", and the producer sent her a cassette tape containing traditional black folk songs obtained from the Library of Congress and the Smithsonian Institution. Of that recording, <mask> said "Even though I knew some of the songs and the sound of the music was familiar, I didn't realize there was a source for this….I loved the music. I felt like I had been reborn". Her next step was to do more extensive research to gather materials to perform. She started by ordering as many recordings from the Library of Congress and the Smithsonian Institution as she could, but soon extended her research into multiple forms of black roots music, including spirituals, work songs, field hollers, and slave songs. This was the beginning of her career as a self-taught ethnomusicologist.


title: Linda Tillery

texts: Tillery gathered music from small churches, cotton fields and the "freedom music" of her ancestors. She performed research at the Schomberg Center for Research in Black Culture in New York, and was introduced to the ethnomusicology studies of Eileen Southern and Bernice Johnson Reagon.She also wanted to talk to the musicians themselves, so she travelled to the sea islands of South Carolina and Georgia to find performers of traditional Gullah music. After that revelatory evening via PBS and gathering initial material, <mask> approached a friend who directed a youth choir, as well as thirteen musician friends, and they put together a concert of spirituals in Oakland, California to test the response. The feedback was overwhelmingly positive, with <mask> being "flooded" with letters from fans saying how much the music had touched them. After that experimental concert in 1991, <mask> decided she would continue on this path and she formed the Cultural Heritage Choir in 1992. The original group consisted of six women, but soon settled into a five-member voice and percussion ensemble featuring <mask>, Rhonda Benin, Elouise Burrell, Melanie DeMore, and Emma Jean Foster-Fiege, who all lived within a 15-mile radius of <mask>'s Oakland home. Cultural Heritage Choir (CHC) performances often feature the musicians wearing colorful robes and hats from Nigeria, Ghana and Sierra Leone, while performing songs, chants, children's play songs, folk tales, field hollers, percussion and dance. The instrumentation often consists of hand drums, tambourines, gourds, bells, and "pounding sticks" to keep the rhythm.The Choir has a repertoire of 60 to 70 songs. The traditional arrangements of many of the songs were for one or two people


title: Linda Tillery

texts: with perhaps hand claps as percussion. <mask> chooses the material and has arranged about 95 percent of the music for the five-part choir. <mask> calls the music performed by the CHC "survival music". She says "it helped African-Americans endure Jim Crow, lynchings, rapes. The music carried them forward". Also, <mask> says "These songs and the consciousness of them will actually save me in the end.They don't cost any money, they're interactive, I can do them with other people, they're not violent, they don't express destruction or disrespect of anyone or anything, and that's an unbeatable combination". <mask> says that the CHC's music is 100 percent black, but "75 percent of the audience is white and 25 percent will be African American or other…. It's a hard thing to explain. We deal with a lot of what is typically called 'slave music.' And I suppose that there are some people who just want to forget that period of time and the events that occurred. However, I have found that the byproduct of slavery, the art that came out of that particularly dreadful time, to be absolutely stimulating and exciting. And sometimes I wonder why it is not as exciting to other African Americans".<mask> said that from the inception of the CHC, "the educational aspect would be the most important part of this…. A lot of people never knew, or have forgotten, the origin of some of our most important music in this country. Many of the songs we hold near and dear today are actually spirituals". It was <mask>'s intention when she founded the choir that it remain all-female, although men appeared on the group's recordings. But Foster-Fiege left the band in 2002, and after many substitute singers performed with the group, <mask> said she


title: Linda Tillery

texts: was "looking for a particular kind of voice, a particular kind of singer and someone who had a background in traditional music". She found that voice in 2003 in Lamont Van Hook, the group's first male performer, who brought an Al Green-like falsetto to the group's vocal arsenal. Van Hook had toured for several years as a background singer for Rod Stewart.<mask> had decided by that time that the gender issue was no longer as important as it once was. "What I really wanted was really good singers and good musicians. And folks we could get along with". The second male performer was added in 2005 when Simon Monserrat joined the group, bringing his vast knowledge of Afro-Caribbean rhythms. The group has also added more contemporary music to their repertoire and has become "less myopic". Other men have been members of the choir since 2005 including Bryan Dyer, but the core original members of <mask>, Benin and Burrell have remained in the lineup consistently over the years. DeMore left the choir around 2009, and her chair was filled by Tammi Brown.The Cultural Heritage Choir has performed all across the United States and in 13 countries. The group has become "an institution at many folk festivals". <mask> has stated that "what I love most of all are international music festivals because they provide me with an opportunity to see and hear what's going on in the rest of the world....It's amazing how much music there is and most people don't get to hear or take the time to hear the stuff that doesn't get played on the radio unless they're tuned into some kind of network". The Cultural Heritage Choir united with wall dancers Bandaloop to perform I'll Fly Away, a dance piece based on the African-American folk tale of

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texts:
 slaves flying back to Africa. CHC provided the soundtrack to the wall dancing of Bandaloop. The performance was a one-night stand at San Francisco's Fort Point. The entrance to the fort was converted to the swaying deck of a slave ship, and the story played out over the fort walls.They only performed it once due to production costs. From 2005–2007, <mask> & The Cultural Heritage Choir with Black Voices (UK), composed and arranged A Long Way Home: Concertizing the Golden Triangle for San Francisco International Arts Festival. Recordings
As of 2009, <mask> and the Cultural Heritage Choir have released six albums, including two children's albums. All were produced or co-produced by <mask>, and she provided the majority of the song arrangements. Their debut CD Good Time, A Good Time was self-published in 1995, with Carlos Santana describing the recording as "a truly landmark project with historical value". The Choir's second recording was Front Porch Music, released in 1997 on the EarthBeat! label.Their next release on the same label was a 2001 live recording titled Say Yo' Business that included guest appearances by Wilson Pickett, Laura Love, Richie Havens, Odetta, Kelly Joe Phelps, Eric Bibb and Kitka. In 2009, the Choir returned to self-publishing with the release of Still We Sing, Still We Rise. The group issued two children's albums on the Music for Little People label. 1997 saw the release of Shakin' a Tailfeather with Taj Mahal and Eric Bibb, which was nominated for a 1998 Grammy Award for Best Musical Album for Children. The recording Hippity Hop with Taj Mahal, Eric Bibb, Sheila E., Maria Muldaur, and Shinehead was released in 1999. Expanding collaborations

In addition to her solo, session work,

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texts: women's music, and Cultural Heritage Choir careers, <mask> has collaborated with many other artists in various genres including music, theater, radio, film, and television. She has also taught classes and workshops as part of her role as an "activist educator".In 1987, <mask> performed with Danny Glover in the live National Public Radio production of the musical Jukebox. <mask> was a founding member of Bobby McFerrin's 10-person ensemble Voicestra, including performing on the soundtrack of Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt (1989). During her seven-year stint with Voicestra, she appeared on many television shows including The Arsenio Hall Show, Johnny Carson's The Tonight Show, CBS This Morning, The Today Show, and Entertainment Tonight as well as concerts with the Boston Pops, and at the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame, and the Tokyo Music Festival. Of <mask>'s contributions to Voicestra, McFerrin said in 2015: "If I was the heart of Voicestra, <mask> was the soul". <mask> formally studied voice with McFerrin for several years, learning about vocal layering and dynamics. <mask> has appeared in music videos for Bobby McFerrin's The Garden (1990) and Big Bear-Earth Project's Will the Circle Be Unbroken (1990). She was also in a Burger King television commercial in 1990.In 1992, she recorded the soundtrack for the play Letters from a New England Negro, written by poet/novelist Sherley Anne Williams. <mask> performed on the soundtracks of several films by director Marlon Riggs: Color Adjustment (1992), Fear of Disclosure (1992), Black is... Black Ain't (1994), and No Regrets (1993). She also appeared in VH1 specials with Bobby McFerrin and the Kenny Loggins band. <mask> was hired in 1992 as a special

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texts: consultant to Redwood Records' New Spirituals Project, which each year commissioned a female composer to create a "new spiritual". <mask> sang with the Project every year in concerts held over the Thanksgiving weekend in Oakland, California. Some of the commissioned works were later performed by other choirs across the country, including the Boys Choir of Harlem and MUSE, The Cincinnati Women's Choir. She created and performed the music for the dance Invisible Wings, with choreographer Joanna Haigood.The dance was commissioned by Jacob's Pillow in 1998 and was the result of three years of research and collaboration between Haigood, <mask> as musical director, and storyteller Diane Ferlatte. It tells the story of Jacob's Pillow as a stop on the Underground Railroad, and was revived in August 2007 for the finale of Jacob's Pillow Festival's 75th anniversary season. The 2007 performance included <mask> and members of the Cultural Heritage Choir, and portions of the dance were included on a DVD about the festival titled Never Standing Still: Dancing at Jacob's Pillow (2012). <mask> and Haigood with the Zaccho Dance Theater teamed up again on October 19, 2008 for a one-time performance of It Takes Two To Tango at Miraflores Winery in Pleasant Valley, California. The performance celebrated the history of the tango and its blending of African rhythms with Argentine milonga music, influenced by the intermixing of African, Spanish, Italian, British, Polish, Russian, and native Argentinian cultures in Buenos Aires. <mask> and the Cultural Heritage Choir were the artists-in-residence at the Cache Valley Arts Festival (Utah) in 2004. <mask> was the featured vocalist at a March 13, 2005 concert in Sacramento, California

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texts: to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the birth of composer Harold Arlen.She was accompanied by the 71-piece Sacramento Philharmonic Orchestra on two seldom-sung Arlen songs, "A Sleepin' Bee" and "I Had Myself a True Love". In May 2005, <mask> and the Cultural Heritage Choir collaborated with Deborah Vaughan, founder and artistic director of Dimensions Dance Theater to create a performance called Spirits Uplifted I, which celebrates the positive aspects of Oakland, California. "The city gets such a bad rap. Not enough is focused on what is positive in Oakland" said Vaughan about the work. In 2011, <mask> acted as musical director for a Bay Area production of August Wilson's play Seven Guitars. Also in 2011, multi-instrumentalist musician Barbara Higbie was the first artist-in-residence at the prominent Bay Area music venue Yoshi's, and she invited her friends Laurie Lewis and <mask> to see what would happen if the three musicians from disparate backgrounds performed together. The initial concert was dubbed as "Hills to Hollers", and it was such a success that the three women put together a tour and released a live album in 2012.The main idea behind the project was to get together as a "trio thing exploring roots music from the time when America was a much more rural country and black and white music was much more blended". The collaboration "fuses the bluegrass sounds of the Kentucky rolling hills with the hills and field hollers of the Mississippi Delta". <mask> collaborated with vocalist Molly Holm to create the music for the play black odyssey, a modern-day retelling of Homer's Odyssey representing "ancient Greek mythology thrust upon the high seas of the African-American experience", written by Marcus

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 Gardley and produced by the California Shakespeare Theater in 2017. The initial run of the play was so successful that Cal Shakes reprised the production in fall 2018. In July 2017, <mask> reconnected with Mary Watkins, Vicki Randle, Diane Lindsay and other musicians in a "Womanly Way Reunion Band" performance at the National Women's Music Festival. The reunion band then toured to celebrate the 40th anniversary of <mask>'s Olivia Records album that featured the song "Womanly Way". In September 2018, <mask> and former Meters drummer Zigaboo Modeliste teamed up in a "Bay Area funk supergroup" and appeared as festival headliners to celebrate the 50th anniversary of The Freight and Salvage music venue in Berkeley, California.Activist educator

Putting her ethnomusicological research to work in educational settings, <mask> was a visiting scholar and taught classes at Stanford University in 2009, as well as at Williams College. In 2011, <mask> was a research assistant at Indiana University Bloomington, as well as a member of the National Advisory Board for the Archives of African American Music & Culture in the Department of Folklore and Ethnomusicology at IU. She and fellow musician Teresa Trull were guest lecturers at a San Francisco State University class on women's music taught by Angela Davis. In June 2003, <mask> gave the keynote speech at the Phenomenon of Singing International Symposium IV, in Newfoundland, Canada titled "The Voice as an Instrument of Peace and Motivating Force for Justice". <mask> was a presenter at the November 2009 "Reclaiming the Right to Rock Conference" at Indiana University. <mask> wrote the foreword to the scholarly book Songs in Black and Lavender: Race, Sexual Politics, and

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 Women's Music by Eileen M. Hayes (University of Illinois Press, 2010). From February 2013 to the present, she has been a visiting lecturer and artist at the San Francisco Jazz Center, where she conducts workshops on the Music of the African Diaspora.Personal life

<mask> is openly lesbian. A 2015 news story identified her partner as Ann Jefferson, director of Community Life and Spiritual Care at Pacific School of Religion. As she has aged, <mask> has been open about her health problems. She has had a stroke and a malignant abdominal tumor. She has had both knees replaced for which a benefit concert was held in June 2012 at Berkeley's The Freight and Salvage venue to help with her medical expenses, which featured artists Tuck & Patti, the Wayne Wallace Quintet, Faye Carol, and the Ray Obiedo Group. She had bilateral carpal tunnel surgery and has back issues. She has used crutches since her knee surgery but views that with characteristic humor: if Itzhak Perlman can "drag himself onstage on his crutches, sit down and play his ass off", then I can deal with my physical challenges as well.In July 2020, a GoFundMe account was set up to help with <mask>'s medical expenses. Her younger brother <mask> is also a vocalist. They have recorded together on Coke Escovedo's album Coke (1975), and on <mask> and the Freedom Band's album Celebrate the King (2012). Distributed by California Newsreel. Radical Harmonies (directed by Dee Mosbacher, Woman Vision, 2002, DVD); includes multiple interview scenes with <mask> and some performance footage
Never Stand Still: Dancing at Jacob's Pillow (directed by Ron Honsa, First Run Features, 2012, DVD); <mask> is listed in credits as Featured Artist; includes a few short interview

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 scenes with <mask> and some performance footage of the dance "Invisible Wings" for which <mask> was music director and Cultural Heritage Choir performed the music

References

External links
 <mask> website
 <mask> and the Cultural Heritage Choir website (archived 15 February 2017)

1948 births
Living people
20th-century African-American women singers
American blues singers
American women drummers
American folk singers
Record producers from California
Songwriters from California
American soul singers
CBS Records artists
American lesbian musicians
LGBT people from San Francisco
LGBT singers from the United States
LGBT songwriters
Lowell High School (San Francisco) alumni
Singers from San Francisco
Women's music
20th-century American drummers
20th-century American women musicians
American women record producers
African-American songwriters
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American

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title: Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron

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Louis-<mask> (17 August 1754 – 15 July 1802) was a French politician, journalist, representative to the National Assembly, and a representative on mission during the French Revolution. Background
The son of <mask>, he was born in Paris to a wealthy family. His father was a prominent journalist and popular opponent of the philosophes and encyclopédistes, his most notable opponent being Voltaire (who openly considered Elie his enemy), and it is surmised that his father's history of conflict with the state over freedom of the press heavily influenced <mask>'s political views. He attended the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, where his father held a faculty position, together with the likes of Maximilien Robespierre and Camille Desmoulins. On the death of his father, he inherited L'Année littéraire, which was continued until 1795 and edited successively by the abbé Royou and Julien Louis Geoffroy. Early Revolutionary activities
Though due to legal obligations he still had some affiliation with L'Année littéraire, <mask> took up writing and editing his paper L'Orateur du Peuple. In it, he wrote radical denunciations of counter-revolutionaries much like those written by Jean-Paul Marat and Camille Desmoulins, and in fact the three of them aided each other in editing their papers.His first real taste of rabble-rousing came in the form of collaboration with Desmoulins to incite the storming of the Bastille. Soon after, he was elected as representative to the Bonne-Nouvelle district of the newly formed Paris Commune, where it seems he was minimally active before returning to his role as a journalist. He acted as a collaborator for L’Ami des citoyens for a brief period before starting his own paper L'Orateur du Peuple, under the pseudonym Martel, which consisted of 8 pages and was distributed every other day, with Marcel Enfantin serving as editor. Aside from his writings in his paper, he openly collaborated with Marat and agreed to fund and write half of Desmoulins paper. In June 1790, Marcel

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title: Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron

texts:
 Enfantin was arrested for "provable conspiracy against liberty" because the authorities believed him to be Martel. In response, Fréron wrote:
Citizens, can you believe it? The Orateur du peuple is in chains!He had only taken up the pen in defense of your rights, he was a dynamic writer of the most ardent patriotism…he fought the ministerial hydra with a club, and the aristocracy with ridicule…Well, the Municipality has slandered [his] intentions…it has poisoned his innocent phrases…[but] the voice the Orateur du peuple will pierce the vaults of his prison…the articles of the Rights of Man were made to be used by this French citizen…so that he may publish his opinions. Also, Fréron's relationship with Desmoulins brought him to the cause of the Cordeliers and prompted his involvement with the attack on Tuileries palace of 1792 (the insurrection of the Paris crowds against the House of Bourbon, and their battle with the Swiss Guards). In September, Fréron was elected to the National Convention for the département of Seine, and voted in favor of  Louis XVI's execution. Fréron served as a Représentant en mission to Provence, Marseilles, and Toulon between 1793 and 1794 together with Paul Barras. Siege of Toulon
He was charged with establishing the Convention's authority in the south during the Toulon rebellion. Fréron remained infamous as an enforcer of the Reign of Terror but came into contact with Napoleon Bonaparte, still just a young artillery officer, who had been stationed there. Augustin Robespierre and Antoine Christophe Saliceti, two representatives on mission, responded favourably to Napoleon's request (bypassing his commander, Jean François Carteaux) to seize the peninsula fort from the British and install artillery on a promontory overlooking the bay in order to fire on the British fleet at anchor.An infantry attack led by Bonaparte was repelled, due chiefly to Carteaux lowering the number of men allocated to Napoleon for the attack. <mask>, despite quarrelling


title: Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron

texts:
 with Bonaparte and threatening him with execution, eventually gave him his backing against Carteaux. He subsequently attempted to curtail Napoleon's career by insuring he would not command another larger attack on the British fort that was being planned, posting him to command the reserves instead. However, as this new attack faltered, Napoleon led the reserves forward without orders and seized the British fort. Napoleon had previously introduced <mask> to his sister Pauline Bonaparte with whom he had a relationship until Pauline was married off to General Charles Leclerc in 1797. Reaction and the Directory
Nonetheless, both he and Barras joined the Thermidorian Reaction in its clash with Robespierre; L'Orateur du Peuple became the mouthpiece of anti-Jacobins, and Fréron incited the Muscadins to attack the sans-culottes with clubs. He brought about the accusation of Antoine Fouquier-Tinville, and of Jean-Baptiste Carrier, and the arrest of the last Montagnards.Being sent by the Directory on a mission of peace to Marseilles he published in 1796 Mémoire historique sur la réaction royale et sur les malheurs du midi ("Historical Dissertation on the Royalist Reaction and the Misfortunes of the South"). He was elected to the Council of the Five Hundred, but not allowed to take his seat. Failing as suitor for the hand of Pauline Bonaparte, in 1801 he was sent by Napoleon, now first consul, to Saint Domingue and died there from yellow fever in 1802. General Charles Leclerc, who had married Pauline Bonaparte, also received a command in Saint Domingue in 1801 (during the last stage of the Haitian Revolution), and died the same year. See also
 Jean Joseph Dussault

References

1754 births
1802 deaths
Writers from Paris
Deaths from yellow fever
Deputies to the French National Convention
French journalists
Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
Infectious disease deaths in Haiti
Représentants en mission
People of the Reign of Terror
People of the Haitian Revolution
French male non-fiction


title: Thomas Annan

texts:
<mask> (1829–1887) was a Scottish photographer, notable for being the first to record the bad housing conditions of the poor. Biography
Born in Dairsie, Fife he was one of seven children of <mask>, a flax spinner. Career
After his initial apprenticeship as a lithographic writer and engraver at the Fife Herald in Cupar, he moved to Glasgow in 1849 and worked as a lithographer and engraver for  Joseph Swan until 1855. He set up business with George Berwick at 40 Woodlands Road, Glasgow, listing in the 1855 - 56 Glasgow post office directory as calotypists, practitioners of this early form of photography. In 1855, he photographed the ship RMS Persia, under construction on the Clyde, which was probably a commission by engineer, Robert Napier. This photograph was part of a group of images sent to the Photographic Exhibition in connection with the British Association. After dissolving his previous partnership, he established himself in a photographic studio at 116 Sauchiehall Street during 1857.In 1859, the business moved to 200 Hope Street  and he was also able to establish a printing works in Hamilton in 1863. First interested largely in architectural photography and then portraits, as well as photographing artworks and maps, in 1866 Annan photographed slum areas of the city. These images were used by Glasgow City Improvement Trust to document the overcrowded, unhygienic conditions ahead of extensive redevelopments. It was this series of photographs, created between 1868 and 1871, entitled Old Closes and Streets of Glasgow, that ensured his posterity. In 1869, Annan purchased the contents of Rock House, which belonged David Octavius Hill, which included many of Hill's photographs and negatives. These were eventually exhibited by <mask>' son, James Craig <mask>, and reproduced in photogravure in Alfred Stieglitz's journal Camera Work. Annan's photographs of the Loch Katrine Waterworks were praised in the British Journal of Photography: "The views by Mr. Annan could scarcely fail to be

masks:
Thomas Annan
John Annan
Thomas
Annan


title: Thomas Annan

texts:
 attractive, for in a country so beautiful a clever artist is bound to produce results in keeping with the nature of the subject, and this Mr. Annan has done."Indeed, <mask>'s work was often praised not only for its aesthetics, but also for its technical virtuosity. Twenty years later, <mask>'s studio would be singled out by Baden Pritchard for its accomplishments in carbon printing and "beautiful pictures of exteriors and interiors of Scotch strongholds." <mask> purchased the rights to the photogravure process in Britain from Karel Klíč of Vienna in 1883 after visiting the city with his second son, James Craig <mask>. James was a noted photogravurist and associated with late nineteenth-century art photography continued in his father's profession, receiving a Royal Warrant as 'Photographers and Photographic Engravers to Her Majesty in Glasgow'. Death and legacy
<mask> died on 14 December 1887 at his home in Lenzie. Before his death by suicide, he had experienced a month-long period of "mental aberration". The family business survives to the present day in the form of the Annan Fine Art Gallery, located on Woodlands Road in the West End of Glasgow.A selection of prints from the Glasgow Improvements act 1868 series were displayed in the  Scottish National Portrait Gallery from 2011 to 2012. In 2017, the Getty Museum curated an exhibition entitled <mask>: Photographer of Glasgow, the first to survey his career and legacy as photographer and printer. In June 2021, a set of Annan's Old Closes and Streets was sold to an un-named buyer by auctioneers Bonhams for £1,678. Works
His works include:
 Bond and free: five sketches illustrative of slavery. by J Noel Paton, photographed by <mask> (1863)
 Portrait of David Livingstone (1864)
 Photographs of Glasgow College (1866)
 The Painted Windows of Glasgow Cathedral: A series of forty three photographs (1867)
 Photographs of Glasgow with descriptive letterpress (1868)
 Days at the coast, or the firth of Clyde, its watering places, scenery, and

masks:
Annan
Annan
Thomas Annan
Annan
Thomas Annan
Thomas Annan
Thomas Annan


title: Thomas Annan

texts:
 associations. (1868)
 Illustrated catalogue of the exhibition of photographs in the new galleries of art, Corporation building, Sauchiehall Street, photographed by <mask> (1868)
 Three Old Maps of Glasgow, photographed by Annan. 1.Glasgow in 1777 by McArthur 2.Glasgow in 1807 by Fleming 3. Map of the Environs of Scotland in 1795 by Richardson (1871)
 Glasgow improvements act 1868: photographs of streets, closes & c. Taken 1868 - 71 (1872)
 Scottish landscape: The works of Horatio McCulloch, with a sketch of his life by Alexander Fraser. Photographed by <mask> (1872)
 Historical notices of the United Presbyterian congregations in Glasgow by John Logan Aikman with photographs by <mask> (1874)
 Photographic views of Loch Katrine, and some of the principal works constructed for introducing the water of Loch Katrine to the city of Glasgow (1877)
 The old country houses of the old Glasgow gentry. One hundred photographs by Annan with descriptive notices of the houses and families by John Buchanan (1878)
 Photographs of old closes, streets, & c. Taken 1868 - 77. Glasgow City Improvement Trust (1878)
 The Castles and Mansions of Ayrshire, illustrated in seventy views, with historical and descriptive accounts by AH Millar (1885)

Posthumous
After his death in 1887, the firm continued to produce volumes of photography, including the third photogravure edition of Old Closes and Streets, in 1900. The Castles and Mansions of Renfrewshire and Buteshire, illustrated in sixty-five views, with historical and descriptive accounts by AH Millar (1889)
 University of Glasgow Old and New, edited by William Stewart, illustrated with views and portraits in photogravure by <mask> (1891)
 Photographs of Glasgow Harbour and Docks, taken 1892 - 1898
 The old closes and streets of Glasgow, engraved by Annan from photographs taken for the city of Glasgow improvement trust, with an introduction by William Young (1900)

References

1829 births
19th-century Scottish photographers
1887 deaths
People from Fife
1880s

masks:
Thomas Annan
Thomas Annan
Thomas Annan
Thomas Annan


title: Kiliaen van Rensselaer (merchant)

texts: <mask> (; 1586 – buried 7 October 1643) was a Dutch diamond and pearl merchant from Amsterdam who was one of the founders and directors of the Dutch West India Company, being instrumental in the establishment of New Netherland. He was one of the first patroons, but the only one to become successful. He founded the Manor of Rensselaerswyck in what is now mainly New York's Capital District. His estate remained throughout the Dutch and British colonial era and the American Revolution as a legal entity until the 1840s. Eventually, that came to an end during the Anti-Rent War. Van Rensselaer was the son of <mask>r, a soldier from Nijkerk in the States army of the duke of Upper Saxony, and Maria Pafraet, descendant of a well-known printers' dynasty. To keep from risking his life in the army like his father, he apprenticed under his uncle, a successful Amsterdam jeweler.He too became a successful jeweler and was one of the first subscribers to the Dutch West India Company upon its conception. The concept of patroonships may have been <mask> <mask>r's; he was likely the leading proponent of the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions, the document that established the patroon system. His patroonship became the most successful to exist, making full use of his business tactics and advantages, such as his connection to the Director of New Netherland, his confidantes at the West India Company, and his extended family members who were eager to emigrate to a better place to farm. Van Rensselaer married twice and had at least eleven children. When he died some time after 1642, two

masks:
Kiliaen van Rensselaer
Hendrick Kiliaensz van Rensselae
Kiliaen
van Rensselae


title: Kiliaen van Rensselaer (merchant)

texts:
 succeeded him as patroons of Rensselaerswyck. Van Rensselaer had a marked effect on the history of the United States. The American Van Rensselaers all descend from Kiliaen's son Jeremias and the subsequent Van Rensselaer family is noted for being a very powerful and wealthy influence in the history of New York and the Northeastern United States, producing multiple State Legislators, Congressmen, and two Lieutenant Governors in New York.Early years

<mask> <mask>r was born in Hasselt, Overijssel, Netherlands in 1586. The exact day of his birth is unknown. He was the son of Hendrick <mask>r and Maria Pafraet. His father was a captain in the Dutch army until his death at the siege of Ostend in early June 1602. With his father usually not home (and eventually meeting his death) because of a military career, Van Rensselaer's mother sent him to apprentice with his uncle, Wolfert <mask>, a jeweler and diamond merchant. At the time, the gem trade was a prosperous enterprise to join, being a well-developed craft. In those days, the diamond trade was nearly always combined with the trade in pearls, other articles of luxury, and rarities of every description.Dutch jewelers found a ready market for their valuable wares at the Dutch imperial court and the smaller German courts. This realm of work promoted Van Rensselaer to a life of economic success. Much of Van Rensselaer's early life is unknown to today's historians, though in March 1608 it has been recorded that he was taking care of some business of Van Bijler in Prague. It seems Van Bijler gradually retired from his

masks:
Kiliaen
van Rensselae
van Rensselae
van Bler


title: Kiliaen van Rensselaer (merchant)

texts:
 business, leaving it in the control of Van Rensselaer. During his tenure at the helm of his uncle's business, Van Rensselaer proposed a merger with the firm of <mask> Wely, son of one of Van Bijler's sisters, who had an equally successful jewelry business. The firms combined under the name of Jan van Wely & Co. in February 1614. Van Rensselaer's name was not included in the name of the new company, since he contributed only one eighth of the investment capital, whereas <mask> contributed half (192,000 guilders).In 1616, <mask> was called on by Prince Maurice to meet at The Hague for a sale in jewels. He was murdered while waiting to meet with the Prince. The firm's contract stipulated that at the death of <mask> Wely, the remaining members of the firm should continue the partnership for another six years. Van Wely's murder, therefore, caused no change in the business, but it seems that at the expiration of that time, Van Rensselaer began again on his own account, founding Kiliaen van Rensselaer & Co. with partner Jacques I'Hermite. Director of the Dutch West India Company

Some of Van Rensselaer's success as a jewel merchant came about due to trade made possible by the Dutch East India Company. The practical spirit of the Dutch merchant could not fail to recognize that the way to riches was through trade with the West Indies and Africa. During the Twelve Years' Truce, Dutch merchants had sailed unmolested to the West Indies but also received no letters of marque to take prizes from the enemy.Before the Eighty Years' War began, people realized that the West

masks:
Jan van
van Wely
van Wely
Jan van


title: Kiliaen van Rensselaer (merchant)

texts: Veluwe, where several relatives were landowners and struggled to subsist on meager means, Van Rensselaer had an advantage — his agents needed to employ little persuasion to induce some Gooiers and Veluwers to migrate to more fruitful regions where the farming would be less difficult. In addition, he could depend on the indirect support of his nephew Wouter <mask>, who had been appointed Director of New Netherland in 1632, and with whom he engaged in friendly correspondence at a time when Dutch directors opposed the patroons in every way.In 1634 he collaborated with Michael Reyniersz Pauw, the patroon of Pavonia on shipping cattle. With that, Van Rensselaer shipped out 37 immigrants on his ship Rensselaerswijck from Amsterdam on 26 September 1636. The vessel arrived on 7 April 1637. The population rose to more than 100 by 1642 and doubled that in the next ten years. The village of Beverwyck alone had more than 1000 inhabitants by 1660 and is said to have become urban by this point. The good understanding between the patroons of the Amsterdam Chamber left nothing to be desired; Burgh, Godyn, Blommaert, and Van Rensselaer, before signifying to the directors their willingness to start colonies, made an agreement to work the projected colonies on joint account, each under the direction of one of them. Three of them would have a one-fifth share in each colony, while the fourth would receive the remaining two fifths, taking the responsibility for its management and exercising patroon rights.Only Rensselaerswyck was a successful patroonship. Van Rensselaer successively


title: Kiliaen van Rensselaer (merchant)

texts:
 purchased Godyn's share in the patroonship from his heirs, so that <mask>r soon became the owner of three-fifths. The two other shares remained partly in the hands of Blommaert and partly in the hands of others: Adam Bessels owning Blommaert's fifth, while Johannes de Laet and Toussaint Muyssaert split Burgh's fifth between them. Letters saved by the Van Rensselaer family show that <mask> <mask>r never visited his colony in person. Personal life

Van Rensselaer was married twice, first to his cousin Hillegonda <mask>, on 23 July 1616. As the sole heir of her father Wolfert <mask> (or Byllaer), she inherited 12,000 guilders. Hillegonda <mask> was born around 1598, making her near the age of 18 at the time of her marriage to Van Rensselaer.The same year, the young husband purchased a couple of lots on the east side of the recently dug Keizersgracht in Amsterdam, between Marten and Wolven streets, where he built a house. Van Rensselaer and Van Bijler had three children. The first was Hendrick, Kiliaen's first son, believed to have died in childhood. Johan, their second son, was baptized on 4 September 1625. Maria, their last child, was buried on 4 January, 1627. She died as an infant. Hillegonda <mask> is presumed to have died in late December 1626, since she was buried on 1 January, 1627, three days before her third child Maria.She was around the age of 28 and the couple had been married less than eleven years. Van Rensselaer re-married on 14 December 1627, to <mask> Wely, daughter of Van Rensselaer's former business partner. Van Wely was born around 1601, making

masks:
van Rensselae
Kiliaen
van Rensselae
van Bijler
van Biler
van Bijler
van Bijler
Anna van


title: Kiliaen van Rensselaer (merchant)

texts:
 death, Stephen III was worth about $10 million (about $88 billion in 2007 dollars) and is noted as being the tenth-richest American in history. Rensselaerswyck continued as a legal entity until the mid-1840s, having survived Dutch and British colonial times, even being given a special patent by Queen Anne to confirm the patroon's fiefdom upon British takeover of the area. The end of the manor came with the Anti-Rent War, when many tenants rose against the successors of Stephen Van <mask> III (who had died in 1839), having much influence on the Legislature elections of the time, and eventually intimidating the Van Rensselaer family enough to sell off most of its holdings. The family records, many of which were translated and published in the Van Rensselaer Bowier Manuscripts, reveal the personality of the man who figures prominently in the history of colonization as the founder of the only successful patroonship that ever existed in New Netherland. But beyond the fact that he managed this patroonship and that he was a merchant and director of the West India Company, practically nothing was known until the organization and translation of the family records in the early 1900s (decade). Current (circa 1990 plus) family members have the surname of Begley. Notes

References

Bibliography

 This article incorporates text from the Van Rensselaer Bowier Manuscripts published by the New York State Library (1908),  Annals of the Van Rensselaers in the United States by Rev.Maunsell <mask> (1888), The Dutch in New Netherland and the United States: 1609–1909 published by The

masks:
Rensselaer
van Rensselaer


title: Kiliaen van Rensselaer (merchant)

texts:
 Netherland Chamber of Commerce in America (1909), and The Van Rensselaer Family by W. W. Spooner (1907), publications now in the public domain. External links

<mask> <mask>ck at the Colonial Albany Social History Project of the New York State Museum
<mask>jck at the Virtual Tour of New Netherland, New Netherland Project of the New Netherland Institute
 Freedoms, as Given by the Council of the Nineteen of the Chartered West India Company to All those who Want to Establish a Colony in New Netherland from 1630

1586 births
1643 deaths
17th-century Dutch businesspeople
17th-century merchants
Burials at the Oude Kerk, Amsterdam
Businesspeople from Amsterdam
Dutch West India Company people from Amsterdam
Administrators of the Dutch West India Company
People from Zwartewaterland
People of New

masks:
Kiliaen
van Rensselaesselaerswy
Rensselaerswi


title: Christos Papoutsis

texts:
<mask> () (born April 11, 1953) is a Greek socialist politician who has served as Minister for Citizen Protection (2010–12), Mercantile Marine Minister (2000–01) Member of the European Parliament (1984–95) and European Commissioner for Energy and Euratom Supply Agency, Small business and Tourism (1995–1999). He has also served as the Secretary of the Parliamentary Group and Parliamentary Spokesman for the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), the majority party in Greece (2009–2010). He also was candidate for Mayor of Athens (2002). Early life and education
He was born in Larissa, Greece, in 1953 and later moved to Athens where he studied Economics at the National and Kapodistrian University. After his university years he became politically active in the Democratic Movement against the Greek military junta – dictatorship- of 1967–1974. Political career

On July 12, 2013, he was appointed as Greece's Representative to the World Bank. 2010-2012 Minister of Citizen Protection

He served as Minister of Citizen Protection responsible for the national security of the country, with the PASOK government serving under Prime Minister George Papandreou (2010-2011), and in the coalition government under Prime Minister Lucas Papademos (2011-2012).Member of the Governmental Council on Foreign Affairs and National Defense. Represented Greece at the Justice and Home Affairs Council of European Union. Major Achievements in that time:
Created a stable, integrated framework for the supervision and coordination of all state services for internal security and civil protection of the country. Introduced structural and functional changes upgrading the Hellenic Police, the Hellenic Coast Guard and the Fire Service. At the same time, modernized the institutional framework of


title: Christos Papoutsis

texts:
 the Inter-Parliamentary delegation E.P.-Canada (1984 – 1989). Further Political Activities and Positions held

 Participated in the student movement against dictatorship, the uprisings of the Law School of the Athens University and the National Technical University of Athens in 1973. With the restoration of Democracy in Greece in 1974, became a member of PASOK, under the leadership of Andreas Papandreou.Actively involved in the student movement as President of the National Student Union of Greece (EFEE 1978-1980). Deputy Secretary of PASOK Youth (1978-1981). Member of the Central Committee of PASOK (1977-2012) and repeatedly elected member of the Executive Bureau of PASOK (1995-2003). Secretary of Organizing Policy of the Central Committee of PASOK (1982-1985). Secretary of PASOK International Relations (1986-1995). Member of the Bureau of the European Socialist Party (1988-1995). Representative of the President Andreas Papandreou and PASOK at the Socialist International at the time of the presidency of Willy Brandt and Pierre Maurois.During his tenure in the European Commission and the Minister for Citizen Protection, he collaborated his various High E.U. officials, such as Commissioner Cecilia Malmström and Director Wainwright. Awards

During his political career he has been accredited with the following awards:

 Highest Mark of Distinction by the President of the Republic of Chile, the Gran Official of the Orden Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, for his contribution to the restoration of democracy in Chile (April 15, 1998). Highest Mark of Distinction, with Cross, by the President of the Republic of Austria for his contribution to the accession of Austria to the European Union, (May 18, 1995). Personal life
<mask> <mask> is married to Ioulia Taliouri.

masks: Christos Papoutsis


title: Christos Papoutsis

texts:
 Their daughter, Zoi Melina holds a bachelor's degree from the School of Economics of the Athens University of Economics and Business and a master's degree from Yale University . Publications

 European Destinations (), by <mask> <mask>, 1994, ,
 The Colour of the Future (), by <mask> <mask>, 1998, ,
 For Europe in the 21st Century (), by <mask> <mask>, 1999, ,

References

External links
 Official Website of <mask> Papoutsis
 Official Page of <mask> <mask> on Facebook
 Official Account of <mask> <mask> on Twitter

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1953 births
Living people
Politicians from Larissa
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
Greek European Commissioners
PASOK politicians
Greek MPs 2000–2004
Greek MPs 2004–2007
Greek MPs 2007–2009
Greek MPs 2009–2012
MEPs for Greece 1984–1989
MEPs for Greece 1989–1994
PASOK MEPs
Ministers of Public Order of Greece
Ministers for Mercantile Marine of

masks: Christos Papoutsis Christos Papoutsis Christos Papoutsis Christos Christos Papoutsis Christos Papoutsis


title: Ahmad Tajuddin

texts:
Duli Yang Maha Mulia Sultan Sir <mask> ibn Sultan Sir Muhammad Jamalul Alam II (commonly referred to as <mask>), KBE, CMG (22 August 1913 – 4 June 1950) was the 27th Sultan of Brunei from 11 September 1924 until his death. His reign represented the start of a new era in Brunei. The discovery of oil changed the whole course of Brunei's history and enabled faster development in all sectors of the country. The expansion and improvement of formal education and his encouragement of religious education were some of his additional contributions to Brunei Darussalam. Biography
<mask> was born on 22 August 1913 at Istana Pekan in  Brunei Town. He was the surviving eldest son to Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II and his wife, Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Siti Fatimah, after his older brother, Pengiran Muda Bongsu had died in 1910. His younger brother, Pengiran Muda Tengah Omar Ali Saifuddien succeeded him after his death.Before becoming the sultan, he was known as Pengiran Muda Besar <mask>. Early education
He received his early education in the palace. One of the teachers who had been assigned to teach him was Cikgu Salleh Haji Masri. Salleh Haji Masri was one of the famous freedom fighters with anti-colonial sentiments. The Sultan's relationship with Salleh was close. He was not the only one learning, as there were also the sons of the chiefs of state who accompanied him. In those days, it had become tradition that the royal family would receive their early education at the Palace to adapt themselves to the knowledge of modern education before they step into the realm of a more formal schooling.In contrast to him, he did not enter formal schooling because of the influence of the royal custom that is still strong at that time, which did not allow him to learn along with the common people despite the fact that the system of modern education was started in Brunei since 1914. In

masks:
Ahmad Tajuddin Akhazul Khairi Wadn
Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin
Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin
Ahmad Tajuddin


title: Ahmad Tajuddin

texts:
 terms of religious education, since early childhood, he was educated in a variety of knowledge about the religion of Islam. His parents had also invited scholars and intellectuals in the Palace of religious knowledge to teach the royal family in reading the Quran and everything related to religion. Accession to the throne
Sultan <mask> ascended the throne on 11 September 1924, after the death of his father, Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II. Due to his young age of 11, the reign was temporarily held by a Council of Regency which consisted of Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Anak Abdul Rahman and Pengiran Pemancha Pengiran Anak Haji Mohammad Yassin from 11 September 1924 to 19 September 1931. The ceremony was attended by the British Resident in Brunei at that time, Mr. E.E.F. Pretty.Studying in England
He sailed for England in 1932. Before that, he had learned English from Mr. H.F. Stalley. He was in England for a year to learn the English language and a description of the western civilisation. He was the first Sultan in history to explore the western world more than his father, who had only sailed to Singapore and Labuan. Marriage
Sultan <mask> was married to Tengku Raihani, the eldest daughter of Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah of Selangor on 30 April 1934, when he was 20 years old. Tengku Raihani was crowned as Tengku Ampuan of Brunei on 17 March 1940. In conjunction with his wedding ceremony, he has ordered a new palace to be built and named Istana Mahkota Khairani, where he and his wife lived.He also intended to change the name of Brunei Mosque to Ahmedia Mosque. However, upon completion of his wedding ceremony, a new palace was named Istana Mahkota and Brunei Mosque retained its name. Family
His marriage to Tengku Ampuan Raihani, saw them welcome a daughter, named Pengiran Anak Puteri Noor Ehsani, born on 15 October 1935. According to her husband, Tengku Pengiran

masks:
Ahmad Tajuddin
Ahmad Tajuddin


title: Ahmad Tajuddin

texts:
 Abdul Aziz, the actual name given by Sultan <mask> to his eldest daughter was Pengiran Anak Puteri Niswanil Ehsanil Burniah. Before he married Tengku Ampuan Raihani, he was already married with Kadayang Amas (Maskaton) binti Ampuan Salleh, who came from an ordinary family, from Kampong Sultan Lama. They were blessed with 3 daughters,
 Pengiran Anak Datin Seri Setia Siti Saerah (Balabab Besar), born in 1928, died in November 2013. Pengiran Anak Datin Seri Setia Siti Zubaidah (Balabab Tengah)
 Pengiran Anak Datin Seri Setia Siti Halimah (Balabab Damit), born in 1935, died in 2009.As he did not have a son, he had taken two adopted sons. They were,
 Awang (later Haji) Samat bin Mudim Yahya. Awangku Bakar (died in Tantaya during the Japanese occupation of Brunei). Pengiran Anak Datin Seri Setia Siti Halimah was married to Pengiran Haji Mohd Ya'akub bin Pengiran Temenggong Sahibul Bahar Pengiran Haji Mohammad. Tengku Putra Amir Farouk, second son of Pengiran Anak Puteri Noor Ehsani. Tengku Putra Muhammad Harris Fadzillah, youngest son of Pengiran Anak Puteri Noor Ehsani. Coronation ceremony
The coronation of <mask> as Sultan and Yang Di Pertuan Negara was held on 17 March 1940.Before that, he appointed and bestowed titles to the chiefs of the country, particularly to those who served the country. In conjunction with his coronation ceremony, King George VI bestowed on him The Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (CMG), as suggested by Sir Shenton Thomas, the High Commissioner for the Malay States to the British Government. A few days after completion of the coronation ceremony, the Sultan and the royal family visited Singapore, Johore, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor and Penang. Important events during <mask>'s reign

It was during the reign of Sultan <mask> that saw Brunei Darussalam having its own national anthem "Allah Peliharakan Sultan", which is the likeness of "God

masks:
Ahmad Tajuddin
Ahmad Tajuddin
Ahmad Tajuddin
Ahmad Tajuddin


title: Ahmad Tajuddin

texts:
 Save the King" in England. In 1947, the national anthem was composed by Awang Haji Besar bin Sagap and lyrics written by Pengiran Setia Negara Pengiran Haji Mohammad Yusuf bin Pengiran Haji Abdul Rahim. That same year, he bestowed the title "Pengiran Bendahara Seri Maharaja Permaisuara" to his brother, Pengiran Muda Omar Ali Saifuddien. The Japanese Occupation in Brunei

With the likelihood of war with Japan increasing, in 1941, the British began to encourage the establishment of local defence forces in Brunei, and neighbouring Sarawak and Borneo.Sultan <mask> approved the establishment of the Brunei Volunteer Force and Special Police Force to assist the British in stopping the Japanese invasion of Brunei. An estimated 200 Bruneians initially volunteered, but by the time of the invasion few remained and no Allied troops were stationed in Brunei. The Sultan was appointed an Honorary Colonel of the force. After the surrender to the Japanese in December 1941, Sultan <mask> was forced to hand over his powers to the Japanese occupation army. The Japanese continued to recognise the Sultan as the head of the Islamic religion and the Royal Customs so long as he co-operated with them. He was advised by the Japanese to retire and offered a monthly pension together with medals of honour from the Emperor of Japan. Retreat to Tantaya, Brunei liberation from Japanese rule

By mid-1945, the Japanese were facing defeat and their forces in Brunei were becoming more violent in their actions toward the populace.A plan was made to save the Sultan and the royal family from this increased Japanese military violence. Sultan <mask> and the royal family, together with loyal palace officials, were hidden by Kasim bin Tamin, the village headman of Tantaya. A small palace had been built in Tantaya and the Sultan lived there for about three months until Brunei was retaken by the Australian

masks:
Ahmad Tajuddin
Ahmad Tajuddin
Ahmad Tajuddin


title: Ahmad Tajuddin

texts:
 army. The palace was guarded by the villagers to prevent any surprise attack by the Japanese. While the Sultan was in Tantaya, he lived like an ordinary citizen. He liked to eat Pulut Mangat which was often given to him by Kasim. After the Japanese surrender, the Sultan and the royal family returned to Brunei Town from Tantaya on Thursday at about 3:00 am.He was immediately taken to the British Army Headquarters at Bubongan Dua Belas, Residency Road. From here, he went to Istana Parit, KM2, Jalan Tutong. Sickness and death
When Sultan <mask> made a stopover in Singapore en route to the United Kingdom, he fell ill and was admitted to the Singapore General Hospital on 3 June 1950. He arrived at the hospital accompanied by Mr. Malcolm MacDonald, the British Commissioner-General for Southeast Asia. According to Dr. Monteiro who treated him, the Sultan’s deteriorating health meant that his departure to London should either be postponed or cancelled. The Sultan had bleeding in the stomach and required a blood transfusion. He later went into a coma and died a few hours later on 4 June 1950 after his body failed to respond to the blood transfusions.Funeral

When news of his death spread, the Crown Prince of Johore, Tengku Ismail went to Singapore General Hospital, to bring the body of the late sultan to Istana Besar, Johore Bahru. As a sign of respect, the Singaporean government declared all government buildings in Singapore to fly the flag at half mast for two days. In Johore Bahru, his body was washed and covered with white cloth by Syed Salim bin Syed Hasan, the Chief Qadhi of Johore while the funeral prayer, led by the Mufti of Johore, Syed Alwi Al-Hadad. Upon completion of his funeral, his body was laid in state at the foyer of the Grand Palace of Johore Bahru, to provide opportunities for national dignitaries, senior government officials and local community


title: Ahmad Tajuddin

texts:
 give a last chance to the State Dignitaries, VIPs, senior government officials, and the people to pay their last respects to the late Sultan before the funeral ceremony take place. Before the interment ceremony, on 6 June 1950, his brother, Pengiran Bendahara Seri Maharaja Permaisuara Pengiran Muda Omar Ali Saifuddien, was installed as the 28th Sultan of Brunei. The coffin was carried out of the Palace and headed to the Royal Mausoleum, accompanied by his younger brother, the new sultan, the royal family, dignitaries of the country, and the people, to be laid to rest at the Royal Mausoleum. His Highness was laid to rest beside his father, Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II and his grandfather, Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin.Mr. Malcolm MacDonald once spoke about His Highness <mask> <mask>,

Aftermath
After his death, his wife and daughter, settled in Kuching, before returning to Selangor. In 1960, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III was informed by the Sultan of Selangor, Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah, that Tengku Ampuan Raihani would marry Raja Kamaluddin bin Raja Haji Harun, a member of Perak's royal family. He stated that if Tengku Ampuan Raihani was to be married to someone else, then she can no longer wear the Royal Regalia, and her monthly allowance will be terminated. Tengku Ampuan Raihani died in mid-1990. Places named after him

Sekolah Rendah <mask>, a primary school in Kuala Belait was named after the Sultan. Books
 Panduan Keselamatan (Safety Guides), written in 1939. Reign of <mask> <mask> - Government, Community, and Change, written in 2011 by Haji Muhaimin bin Haji Mohamed.Honours
 King George V Silver Jubilee Medal - 1935
 King George VI Coronation Medal - 1937
 Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (CMG) - 1940
 Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) - 1949

References

<mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>

masks:
Sultan Ahmad
Tajuddin
Ahmad Tajuddin
Sultan Ahmad
Tajuddin
Tajuddin
Ahmad Tajuddin
Ahmad Tajuddin
Ahmad Ahmad


title: Wilfried Zaha

texts:
<mask> (born 10 November 1992) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for  club Crystal Palace and the Ivory Coast national team. Zaha advanced into the Crystal Palace first team from their academy, in 2010. In his first three full seasons at Selhurst Park, he scored 18 goals in all competitions. In January 2013, he was transferred to Manchester United for an initial fee of £10 million (the most expensive Crystal Palace player sold at the time). Zaha remained on loan at Palace until the end of the season, helping them return to the Premier League. After an unsuccessful 2013–14 season with Manchester United (mostly spent on loan at Cardiff City), <mask> returned to Palace in August 2014 on a season-long loan, before rejoining the club on a permanent basis in February 2015. He has since become the club's 12th-highest goal scorer.Born in the Ivory Coast, <mask> grew up in England from age four. He made his debut for the England national team in 2012, appearing in two non-competitive matches (the latter of which came in 2013). After not playing for England for four years, he switched to play for Ivory Coast ahead of the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations. Early life
Born in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, <mask> moved with his family – including his eight siblings – to Thornton Heath in the London Borough of Croydon, at age four. He was educated at Whitehorse Manor Junior School, Thornton Heath and Selsdon High School, Selsdon. He played football at school, and joined the Crystal Palace academy aged 12. Club career

Crystal Palace

2009–10 season
Zaha was given his Crystal Palace first-team debut at home to Cardiff City on 27 March 2010 by caretaker manager Paul Hart as a substitute for Stern John with 10 minutes remaining in the 2–1

masks:
Dazet Wilfried Armel Zaha
Zaha
Zaha
Zaha


title: Wilfried Zaha

texts:
 loss.He signed a two-year professional contract with Palace in April. 2010–11 season
He quickly progressed through the ranks at Palace and became a key member of the first team during the 2010–11 pre-season friendlies. On 7 August 2010, he scored his first senior goal in a 3–2 win over Leicester City. Zaha assisted Kieron Cadogan in the home match against Queens Park Rangers in October and James Vaughan in the away match against Watford in February 2011. On 12 April 2011, he was sent off in the 95th minute against Leicester City for an alleged stamp on Patrick van Aanholt but it was later rescinded. Zaha ended the season playing a total of 44 matches, while scoring 1 goal and having 2 assists in all competitions. 2011–12 season

Zaha started the 2011–12 season by scoring two goals in a League Cup match on 23 August 2011 at home to Crawley Town.On 30 November, Zaha impressed in Crystal Palace's 2–1 shock win over Manchester United in the League Cup, constantly sneaking through the United defence and in January, attracting interest from Liverpool and Manchester United. In March 2012, Zaha was voted The Football League's Young Player of the Year. In the latter part of the season, manager Dougie Freedman opted to play Zaha as a striker and on 21 April he scored in a 2–2 draw with Reading, in a match that saw Reading secure the Championship title. At the end of the 2011–12 season, <mask> was voted Crystal Palace Young Player of the Year for a second time in a row. During this season, he made 48 appearances while scoring 9 goals and recording 5 assists. 2012–13 season

Zaha started the 2012–13 season brightly, getting an assist in the League Cup against Exeter City and winning a penalty in the first league match against Watford.


title: Wilfried Zaha

texts:
 Zaha scored his first two goals of the season against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 2 October 2012.He then scored two goals in a match again, four days later, in a 4–3 win over Burnley. On 5 March 2013, <mask> scored his first goal for Crystal Palace since being loaned back from Manchester United, in a 4–2 victory against promotion rivals Hull City. On 13 May 2013, in the second leg of the play-off semi-final against Brighton & Hove Albion, Zaha scored two goals in the second half to put Crystal Palace into the play-off final at Wembley Stadium. In the play-off final on 27 May 2013, Zaha won a penalty that was converted to secure Crystal Palace a Premier League spot for the 2013–14 season. Manchester United

On 25 January 2013, Zaha agreed to join Premier League club Manchester United, and would immediately be loaned back to Crystal Palace for the remainder of the season. Palace tried to delay the transfer and agree the transfer in the summer of 2013, but Football League rules prevented this with the player having to join United and be loaned back to Palace. Zaha passed the medical at Manchester United, signing a five-and-a-half-year contract on 26 January 2013 for a reported £10m rising to £15m with performance-related add-ons.On 11 August 2013, <mask> made his debut for Manchester United in the 2013 FA Community Shield against Wigan Athletic. He was included in the starting line-up and played 61 minutes before being replaced by Antonio Valencia as he won his first major honour in football. He did not play again until 29 October, starting in a 4–0 win over Norwich City in the third round of the League Cup at Old Trafford. His Premier League debut was on 7 December in a 1–0 home loss to Newcastle United, as a substitute for Nani

masks: Zaha Zaha


title: Wilfried Zaha

texts:
 shortly after his team conceded. On 31 January 2014, <mask> completed a loan move to Cardiff City for the remainder of the 2013–14 season after being left out of favour by manager David Moyes. At the end of the season, following Moyes' sacking, <mask> said that he was never given a chance by the Scot. He contrasted his experience with that of Raheem Sterling, another young attacker who was given a chance by Liverpool after a difficult start.He also said that he was upset by false and malicious online rumours about his personal life. Return to Crystal Palace

2014–15 season
On 28 August 2014, Zaha agreed to a season-long loan deal with Crystal Palace. Two days later, in the first match of his loan, he scored a stoppage-time equaliser in a 3–3 draw at Newcastle United. On 2 February 2015, the final day of the winter transfer window, <mask>'s move to Palace was made permanent with the signing of a five-and-a-half-year contract for an undisclosed fee, believed to be in the region of £3 million, rising to £6 million with add-ons; Manchester United will also receive a percentage of the fee if Palace sell Zaha in the future. Zaha played regularly for Crystal Palace throughout the season, finishing the season with four goals and two assists as Crystal Palace finished the league in 10th place. 2015–16 season
Again, <mask> was a regular for Crystal Palace in this season, making 34 appearances, scoring two goals and recording one assist, while Crystal Palace finished in 15th place. He helped Crystal Palace reach the 2016 FA Cup Final, by playing in every match since the third round entry and scoring two goals along the way.Zaha played the whole 120 minutes in the final, but could not help Palace to a victory, as Manchester United won

masks: Zaha Zaha Zaha Zaha


title: Wilfried Zaha

texts:
 2–1. <mask> won the Crystal Palace Player of the Year award for the first time. 2016–17 season
On 26 December 2016, Zaha was denied a penalty in the closing minutes against Watford. Some speculated that Zaha had overplayed the foul or taken a dive. After the match Watford's mascot attempted to rile Zaha up by mimicking a dive in front of him. On 14 May 2017, Zaha scored the opening goal in the third minute of the Crystal Palace Hull city game that simultaneously mathematically secured Crystal Palace's top flight status and relegated Hull City to the Championship. After another outstanding season with The Eagles, Zaha won Crystal Palace's Player of the Year award for the second year running.On 26 May 2017, <mask> signed a new five-year contract with Crystal Palace. 2017–18 season

On 14 October 2017, <mask> returned to Palace's starting line-up for the first time in two months and scored to open a 2–1 win over Chelsea to give the Eagles their first points of the season. He was Premier League Player of the Month for April 2018 for his four goals and assist while playing up front; on 14 April he scored twice in the first half of a 3–2 win over rivals Brighton & Hove Albion. Despite their poor start, Palace stayed up with a game in hand under new manager Roy Hodgson, with the combination between Zaha and fellow winger Andros Townsend a key factor. He was named their Player of the Year for the third time in a row, a feat only done before by goalkeeper Julián Speroni. 2018–19 season
In Palace's first game of the new season on 11 August, Zaha scored the second goal of a 2–0 win at Fulham. It was his 23rd Premier League goal for the club, drawing level with Chris Armstrong as their top scorer in the competition's history.Four days he

masks: Zaha Zaha Zaha


title: Wilfried Zaha

texts:
 signed a new five-year contract at Crystal Palace. On 26 August, with a consolation goal in a 2–1 loss at Watford, he overtook Armstrong to become Palace's Premier League top scorer. After scoring a winning goal against Huddersfield Town in September 2018, <mask> publicly complained about what he considered to be a lack of appropriate protection by referees against fouls, saying that he would need a broken leg before any action would be taken. Data proved that in the last five years, he was the second most fouled player in the league after Eden Hazard. In October, Zaha was the victim of racist abuse and death threats following a match. Zaha received a red card for dissent against Southampton on 30 January 2019. In June 2019, he was linked with a transfer to Arsenal, who made a £40 million offer for the player, which Crystal Palace rejected as too low.In October, he received racial abuse on social media.`

2019–20 season
Zaha played in all 38 league matches with Crystal Palace, having a disappointing campaign, scoring only 4 goals, including a long-distance goal against Chelsea. 2020–21 season
On 12 September 2020, Zaha scored the only goal in a 1–0 win over Southampton. On 19 September, he scored a brace in a 3–1 away win over his former team Manchester United. On 13 March 2021, <mask> became the first Premier League player not to take a knee prior to kick-off in Palace's 1–0 win over West Bromwich Albion. Zaha made a statement at the Financial Times’ Business of Football summit in February saying that "As a society, I feel we should be encouraging better education in schools, and social media companies should be taking stronger action against people who abuse others online – not just footballers". On 16 May, Zaha scored his


title: Wilfried Zaha

texts:
 11th league goal of the season in a 3–2 win against Aston Villa, setting a new personal best for goals in a Premier League season. 2021–22 season
On 27 September 2021, Zaha marked his 400th appearance for Crystal Palace with his 70th goal in a 1–1 draw with rivals Brighton & Hove Albion.International career
<mask> was eligible to represent both the Ivory Coast, the country of his birth, and England, where he grew up. England (2011–2013)
His success over the course of his first full season resulted in a call-up to the England under-19 team for their match against Germany in February 2011. He was called up to the under-21 team on 23 February 2012. He made his debut in a 4–0 win against Belgium on 29 February, assisting Henri Lansbury for the third goal. On 11 November 2012, <mask> was called up to the senior team by manager Roy Hodgson for a friendly match against Sweden on 14 November. He came on as a substitute for fellow debutant Raheem Sterling in the 83rd minute. When Zaha was in good form for Crystal Palace under Hodgson ahead of the 2018 FIFA World Cup, the manager said that he regretted not fielding the winger in a competitive game to tie him to England.Ivory Coast (2016–present)
On 27 November 2016, the Ivorian Football Federation confirmed that <mask> had sent correspondence to FIFA to switch his international football allegiance from England to the Ivory Coast. In response to this development, England manager Gareth Southgate indicated he would try to dissuade Zaha from changing allegiance due to his consistent club form. In January, <mask> was named in the Ivory Coast squad for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations. He made his debut against Sweden in a friendly in Abu Dhabi on 8 January, coming on as a half-time


title: Wilfried Zaha

texts:
 substitute and assisting Giovanni Sio's goal in a 2–1 win. Three days later, against Uganda at the same venue, he made his first international start and scored his first goal in a 3–0 win. At the tournament in Gabon, the reigning champion Elephants were eliminated at the group stage, with Zaha starting each game. <mask> was also called up for the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations in Egypt.He scored twice for the quarter-finalists in a 4–1 win over Namibia in the final group game, and scored the game's only goal in the last 16 against Mali. The Elephants were defeated on penalties by the eventual winners, Algeria. Style of play
<mask> can play as a forward or as a winger, usually on the left where he can cut inside with his right foot. In 2018, Adrian Clarke of the Premier League's website opined that he "offers more threat" as a frontman, going on to add that "his ultra-mobile combination with [Andros] Townsend generates more goals and points", citing "the speed, athleticism and unpredictable movement of the Zaha-Townsend axis is more difficult for opponents to contain". Zaha has been accused of diving; however, Roy Hodgson, who managed him at club level for Crystal Palace and internationally for England, has stated: "Wilf Zaha does not dive for penalties. He gets knocked over sometimes – sometimes he gets knocked over or unbalanced without it being a penalty or a foul – because he runs at such speed and has such agility with the ball. But he certainly doesn't dive."Hodgson also said that Zaha's characterisation as a diver is because of a "campaign" and it causes fouls against him to be dismissed by referees. Career statistics

Club

International

As of match played 26 January 2022. Ivory Coast score listed first, score column


title: Tich Freeman

texts: <mask> (17 May 1888 – 28 January 1965), known as <mask>, was an English first-class cricketer. A leg spin bowler for Kent County Cricket Club and England, he is the only man to take 300 wickets in an English season, and is the second most prolific wicket-taker in first-class cricket history. <mask>'s common name comes from his extremely short stature - he was only  tall. However, his stocky build and strong fingers gave him great bowling stamina, and he hated being taken off. His height gave his deliveries a low trajectory that was difficult for batsmen to reach on the full toss. This meant batsmen who did not play with a straight bat, or who lacked good footwork, rarely lasted long against him. <mask> relied chiefly on a leg-break that pitched on middle-and-leg, so that batsmen had to play at it, and a top-spinner that was notoriously difficult to detect and brought him hundreds of wickets; the googly he used sparingly.His bowling grip was somewhat unorthodox for a leg spinner: being such a small man with small hands, he gripped the ball between thumb, middle and index fingers rather than the orthodox leg break grip between the palm, index finger and ring finger. <mask>, two of whose brothers played for Essex, played club cricket during the early 1910s and was engaged by Kent in 1914. After success with the Second Eleven, he was picked for the county side regularly late in the season, but World War I then halted county cricket for several years. Figures of 7 for 25 against Warwickshire showed <mask>'s promise, and when cricket resumed in 1919

masks:
Alfred Percy Freeman
Tich Freeman
Career Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman


title: Tich Freeman

texts:
 he developed rapidly. He took 60 wickets in a short season in 1919, 102 in 1920, 166 in 1921 and 194 in 1922. He was named a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1923 and took 17 for 67 on a rain-affected pitch against Sussex in 1922. In 1924, <mask>'s bowling for the Players (6 for 52 in the first innings) against the Gentlemen earned him a place in the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) tour to Australia.However, owing to the rock-hard pitches and the superb footwork of Australia's batsmen, <mask> proved expensive in the two Tests in which he was selected. <mask> continued to dominate Kent's bowling in the following three years, but was only modestly successful against South Africa in 1927-1928. However, 1928 was <mask>'s most successful year: he set his record of 304 first-class wickets, and took 22 wickets in three Tests against the West Indies (plus 9 for 104 against them for Kent). In 1929 <mask> took 22 wickets in two Tests against South Africa, but their batsmen's mastery over him in the Fifth Test, when he did not take a wicket in 49 overs and conceded 169 runs, meant that this Test was his last. Yet, between 1930 and 1933 Kent so depended upon <mask>'s bowling that he took 951 County Championship wickets - over 55 percent of Kent's total - for only 15.21 runs each. Among his best performances in these years were:

 17 for 92 against Warwickshire at Folkestone in 1932
 16 for 82 against Northamptonshire at Tunbridge Wells in 1932
 16 for 94 (10 for 53 in first innings) against Essex at Southend in 1930
 15 for 94 against Somerset at Canterbury

masks: Freeman Freeman Freeman Freeman Freeman Freeman


title: Tich Freeman

texts:
 in 1931
 15 for 122 against Middlesex at Lord's in 1933
 15 for 142 against Essex at Gravesend in 1931
 15 for 144 against Leicestershire at Maidstone in 1931
 10 for 79 in an innings against Lancashire at Manchester in 1931
 9 for 50 against Derbyshire at Ilkeston in 1930 (match figures of 12 for 210)

<mask> even did well against the 1930 Australians, taking 5 for 78, but he was never selected for a home Ashes Test. He averaged as little as 11 runs per wicket against Leicestershire, but more than 26 against the strong Surrey batting lineups.In 1934 and 1935, although he was still the leading wicket-taker in England, <mask> fell away gradually. His average rose from around 15 to over 21 runs per wicket, and he was rarely as successful as before when the ground helped him or against weak batting - though his work rate still earned him many wickets. In early 1936, <mask> was again strong, and he took 70 wickets in the first fourteen matches. But his performance deteriorated thereafter, with only 33 wickets in the next fourteen games, so that Kent did not engage him for 1937. <mask> played for Walsall in the Birmingham And District League for a few years after that. He was granted life membership of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1949. After retirement <mask> opened a chain of sports retail shops in partnership with his old Kent team mate Jack Hubble.He christened his retirement cottage "Dunbowlin'". Records
The many bowling records he holds include:
 taking 1673 wickets in six consecutive seasons from 1928 to 1933 - in each of these seasons

masks: Freeman Freeman Freeman Freeman Freeman


title: Tich Freeman

texts:
 he took over 250 wickets, something no other bowler has done even once since 1901
 ten wickets in an innings on three occasions - in 1929, 1930, and 1931
 seventeen wickets in a match twice - in 1922 and 1932
 the three highest totals of balls bowled in a season in 1928, 1930 and 1933
 ten or more wickets in a match on 140 occasions - more than 50% ahead of his nearest rival Charlie Parker
 48.6% of his 3776 first-class wickets were taken without assistance (either bowled, caught and bowled, leg before wicket, or hit wicket). Second only to Wilfred Rhodes in his aggregate of first-class wickets, <mask> accumulated his in little more than half as many matches (<mask> took 3,776 wickets in 592 matches, Rhodes 4,204 in 1,110). He is just second to Wilfred Rhodes for taking the most number of wickets in all forms of cricket (List A, First Class, T20). He holds the record for taking the most number of five wicket hauls in all First Class matches (across all formats he is leading the top position even though he has gone on to play only first-class matches) (386 fifers). Notes

References

External links

1888 births
1965 deaths
England Test cricketers
English cricketers
Kent cricketers
Players cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World
People from Bearsted
People from Lewisham
Cricketers who have taken ten wickets in an innings
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
North v South cricketers
English cricketers of 1919 to 1945
L. H. Tennyson's XI cricket team
Marylebone Cricket Club Australian Touring Team

masks: Freeman Freeman


title: Workneh Eshete

texts:
<mask> or Azaj Warqnah Ishete, also known as Charles Martin (21 October 1864 – 9 October 1952) was the first Ethiopian educated as a medical doctor, and an Ethiopian intellectual. He led the Ethiopian diplomatic mission to the United States in 1927, which negotiated a contract to build a dam on the upper Abay River; and, beginning in 1934, he served as Ethiopia's Minister to the United Kingdom. Early life
Workneh was born in Gondar, the son of Negadras Eshete Woldemariam. <mask> had been forced to join Emperor Tewodros II in his retreat to Magdala, where the emperor made his final stand against the invading British soldiers in 1868. In the confusion that followed the capture of Magdala, Workneh was separated from his parents and found by the British soldiers alongside Alemayehu Tewodros, weeping over the Emperor's body. Assuming he was an orphan, Workneh was taken under the protection of Colonel Charles Chamberlain. According to Bahru Zewde, Colonel Chamberlain took him to Aden where he was made the ward of another colonel, Charles Martin, who brought to India, where Workneh attended the mission schools at Rawalpindi and Amritsar.Richard Pankhurst, however, presents another version of events in Workeneh's life after leaving Ethiopia: Colonel Chamberlain brought Workneh to his home in Rawalpindi, serving as his guardian until his death in 1871, after which Workneh was dispatched to the mission school at Armistar where Colonel Martin paid for his education. In both versions of the story, Workneh was grateful enough to Colonel Martin's interest in him that he took the Colonel's surname as his own; similarly he adopted the given name of Colonel Chamberlain and thus took the name "Charles Martin". The younger Martin enrolled at the Lahore Medical College in 1877; upon his graduation in 1882 under the name of Charles Martin, he performed two years of practice as an assistant surgeon, then travelled to

masks:
Hakim Workneh Eshete
Nagadras Eshete


title: Workneh Eshete

texts:
 the doctor refused to make his services available any longer and left Addis Ababa on 9 March 1901. On his journey to the coast, he met Ras Makonnen Wolde Mikael, then governor of Harar, with whom Workneh formed a more amiable relationship. During his stay in Harar, Dr. Martin served with a British expedition sent in 1901 against the Somali resistance leader, Mohammed Abdullah Hassan. Afterwards the doctor served as Ras Makonnen's personal physician for six months, for which service he was given gult over 70 acres in Jarso. He finally left Ethiopia for Burma 2 February 1902, taking with him five Ethiopian boys to be educated abroad; one of them, Tedla Abebiyeu, later became a medical doctor.Second visit to Ethiopia
Hakim <mask> returned to Ethiopia towards the end of 1908, serving as the medical officer to the British legation at Addis Ababa. Upon his return, he found the elderly emperor in poor health, and "attended to by competing doctors who reflected the rival interests of their legations." Following the dismissal of the German physician, Dr. Zintgraff, who had been accused of attempting to poison the Emperor, Hakim <mask> became Menelik's attending physician at the request of the monarch August 1909, and remained in his service until a year before Menelik's death in 1913. It was during this period that Hakim <mask> married Qatsala Tulu, the daughter of a Shewan aristocrat and attendant to the future Empress Zewditu. Her father had been reluctant to allow his daughter to marry a foreigner -- "as Workneh was for all intents and purposes presumed to be", Bahru Zewde points out—but he was persuaded in the end to consent to the union. They left together for Burma around 1913, where Qatsala studied nursing and taught her husband Amharic and Oromo. Together they had six sons and seven daughters, adding to the son, named Tewodros, Workneh had by a woman he had married while studying in Scotland.Bahru

masks: Workneh Workneh Workneh


title: Workneh Eshete

texts:
 Zewde states they had a happy marriage, until the 1930s when rumors of his infidelity led to their separation. His children would marry into Ethiopia's influential families who were either members of the Solomonic Dynasty or high government officials who were highly respected both internationally and domestically. The Sorbonne educated diplomat, governor and a descendant of the Shoan branch of the dynasty Lij Seifu Mikael married his daughter <mask> and H.E. Yilma Deressa, London School of Economics graduate, Finance and Foreign affairs minister and a diplomat married another Workneh daughter Elizabeth Workneh. Returning to Ethiopia
After serving 28 years service with the British government, Hakim <mask> returned to Ethiopia in 1919 and offered his services to the government. Despite being the only Ethiopian with a complete medical education, he served his homeland in other ways. Although he was in charge of building the Addis Ababa - Jimma road until the responsibility was transferred to a group headed by David Hall, Workeneh's primary contributions were in the area of education and government.His first post, following his return, was as medical director of Menelik II Hospital. When the Tafari Makonnen School was opened in 1925, he was appointed superintendent. During his tenure, with the help of Heruy Welde Sellase, he wrote a book on world geography in Amharic. The collaboration, Bahru Zewde opines, "seems to have been mutually beneficial, as Heruy also managed to improve his English as he worked with Workneh on the book. He was an important activist for the abolition of slavery in Ethiopia, founding a school for freed slaves that would teach them literacy and other skills which included weaving, tailoring, and carpentry. In July 1926 Workneh published a moving article in the weekly newspaper Berhanena Selam, in which he argued abolishing slavery "represented the culmination of a course of events

masks:
Sarah Workneh
Workneh


title: Workneh Eshete

texts: initiated by Menilek." Hakim <mask> served several government posts.On 1 July 1928, he was given the traditional Ethiopian title of Azaz and appointed president of the Special Court which handled cases involving Ethiopians and resident foreigners. In 1930, he was appointed governor of the model province of Chercher, a duty he discharged for four years. Although few details are known of how he administered Chercher, an article in the Berhana Selam compliments him for opening a school in Chercher and building roads. He achieved these improvements despite the sometime capricious instructions sent to him from Addis Ababa. In 1933 he was ordered to release seven persons he had detained on charges of keeping slaves; another instruction he received commanded the immediate transfer of 23,808 birr to the capital, "which was the amount of the revenue of the Ministry of Commerce". He simultaneously discharged diplomatic duties. In 1927 Hakim <mask> led an official delegation to the United States to negotiate with a New York company, J.G.White Engineering, to build a barrage on Lake Tana; Ras Tafari (later Emperor Haile Selassie) had selected this company in response to the Anglo-Italian agreement two years earlier, which had placed Lake Tana in the British sphere of influence. This visit was significant not only for Workeneh's meeting with the company, and officials of the United States which included President Coolidge, but for arriving in Harlem, where he delivered Ras Tafari's greetings to the African-American community and Tafari's invitation to skilled African Americans to settle in Ethiopia. Then, prior to becoming governor of Chercher, Dr. <mask> journeyed to India in 1930, where he recruited 16 professionals, including two teachers, to come to Ethiopia and assist in its modernization. Then in the wake of the Walwal Incident, <mask> was made Ethiopian minister to the United Kingdom, "a post for which he

masks: Workneh Workneh Workneh Workneh