title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

texts: communed with spirits, using seances with paid mediums.Thereby, he claimed to have communicated with Leonardo da Vinci, Wilfrid Laurier, his dead mother, his grandfather, and several of his dead dogs, as well as the spirit of the late President Roosevelt. Some historians argue that he sought personal reassurance from the spirit world, more than political advice. After his death, one of his mediums said that she had not realized that he was a politician. <mask> did inquire whether his party would win the 1935 election, one of the few times politics came up during his seances. However Allan Levine argues that sometimes he did pay attention to the political implications of his seances: "All of his spiritualist experiences, his other superstitions and his multi-paranoid reactions imprinted on his consciousness, shaping his thoughts and feelings in a thousand different ways." Historians have seen in his spiritualism and occult activities a penchant for forging unities from antitheses, thus having latent political import. Historian C.P.Stacey, in his 1976 book A Very Double Life examined <mask>'s secret life in detail, argued that King did not allow his beliefs to influence his decisions on political matters. Stacey wrote that <mask> entirely gave up his interests in the occult and spiritualism during World War II. King never married, but had several close female friends, including Joan Patteson, a married woman with whom he spent some of his leisure time; sometimes she served as hostess at his dinner parties. He did not have a wife who could be the hostess all the time and handle the many social obligations that he tried to downplay. Editor Charles Bowman reports that, "He felt the lack of a wife, particularly when social duties called for a


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

type: original

texts:
 hostess." Some historians have interpreted passages in his diaries as suggesting that King regularly had sexual relations with prostitutes. Others, also basing their claims on passages of his diaries, have suggested that King was in love with Lord Tweedsmuir, whom he had chosen for appointment as Governor General in 1935.Legacy

Historian George Stanley argues that <mask>'s wartime policies, "may not have been exciting or satisfying, but they were effective and successful. That is why, practically alone among wartime
governments, his continue to enjoy public support after as well as during the Second World War." Historian Christopher Moore says, "King had made 'Parliament will decide' his maxim, and he trotted it out whenever he wished to avoid a decision." He was keenly sensitive to the nuances of public policy; he was a workaholic with a shrewd and penetrating intelligence and a profound understanding of the complexities of Canadian society. His strength was apparent when he synthesized, built support for, and passed measures that had reached a level of broad national support. Advances in the welfare state were an example. His successors, especially Diefenbaker, Pearson, and Trudeau built the welfare state which he had advanced during the Second World War into the modern cradle-to-grave system.Historian H. Blair Neatby wrote, "<mask> has continued to intrigue Canadians. Critics argue that his political longevity was achieved by evasions and indecision, and that he failed to provide creative leadership. His defenders argue that he gradually changed Canada, a difficult country to govern, while keeping the nation united." Historian Jack Granatstein evaluates the King government's economic performance. He reports, "Canada’s economic

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title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

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 management was generally judged the most successful of all the countries engaged in the war." He continues:

King was ranked as the greatest Canadian Prime Minister by a survey of Canadian historians. King was named a Person of National Historic Significance in 1968.Memorials

<mask>'s likeness is on the Canadian fifty-dollar note since 1975. <mask> left no published political memoirs, although his private diaries were extensively detailed. His main published work remains his 1918 book Industry and Humanity. Following the publication of <mask>'s diaries in the 1970s, several fictional works about him were published by Canadian writers. These included Elizabeth Gourlay's novel Isabel, Allan Stratton's play Rexy and Heather Robertson's trilogy Willie: A Romance (1983), Lily: A Rhapsody in Red (1986), and Igor: A Novel of Intrigue (1989). In 1998, there was controversy over <mask>'s exclusion from a memorial to the Quebec Conference, which was attended by <mask>, Roosevelt, and Churchill. The monument was commissioned by the sovereigntist Parti Québécois government of Quebec, which justified the decision on their interpretation that King was acting merely as a host for the meeting between Roosevelt and Churchill.Canadian federalists, however, accused the government of Quebec of trying to advance their own political agenda. OC Transpo has a Transitway station named Mackenzie King due to its location on the Mackenzie King Bridge. It is located adjacent to the Rideau Centre in downtown Ottawa, Ontario. The bridge across the Rideau Canal in downtown Ottawa, built following World War II, is named in his honour to recognize his contributions to the land planning of the city of Ottawa. <mask> bequeathed his private country retreat in Kingsmere,

masks: King King King King King King


title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

texts:
 Quebec, near Ottawa, to the Government of Canada and most of the estate was incorporated into the federally managed Gatineau Park. <mask>'s summer home at Kingsmere, called "The Farm", now serves as the official residence of the Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada. The Farm and its grounds are located within Gatineau Park but are not open to the public.The Woodside National Historic Site in Kitchener, Ontario was <mask>'s boyhood home. The estate has over 4.65 hectares of garden and parkland for exploring and relaxing, and the house has been restored to reflect life during <mask>'s era. There is a MacKenzie King Public School in the Heritage Park neighbourhood in Kitchener. Kitchener was known as Berlin until 1916. <mask> was mentioned in the book Alligator Pie by Dennis Lee, appearing as the subject of a nonsensical children's poem, which reads "<mask> <mask> King / He sat in the middle and played with string / He loved his mother like anything / <mask> <mask> King." <mask> is a prominent character in Donald Jack's novel Me Too, set in Ottawa in the 1920s. A character who appeared twice in the popular 1990s Canadian television series Due South was named "<mask>" in obvious reference.King is portrayed by Dan Beirne in Matthew Rankin's 2019 film The Twentieth Century. Honours
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Honorary degrees

Supreme Court appointments
King chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the Supreme Court of Canada:

 Arthur Cyrille Albert Malouin (January 30, 1924 – October 1, 1924)
 Francis Alexander Anglin (as Chief Justice, September 16, 1924 – February 28, 1933; appointed a Puisne Justice under Prime Minister Laurier, February 23, 1909)
 Edmund Leslie Newcombe (September 16, 1924 – December 9, 1931)
 Thibaudeau Rinfret

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title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

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 (October 1, 1924 – June 22, 1954; appointed as Chief Justice January 8, 1944)
 John Henderson Lamont (April 2, 1927 – March 10, 1936)
 Robert Smith (May 18, 1927 – December 7, 1933)
 Lawrence Arthur Dumoulin Cannon (January 14, 1930 – December 25, 1939)
 Albert Blellock Hudson (March 24, 1936 – January 6, 1947)
 Robert Taschereau (February 9, 1940 – September 1, 1967)
 Ivan Rand (April 22, 1943 – April 27, 1959)
 Roy Lindsay Kellock (October 3, 1944 – January 15, 1958)
 James Wilfred Estey (October 6, 1944 – January 22, 1956)
 Charles Holland Locke (June 3, 1947 – September 16, 1962)

Electoral record

Notes

References

Notes

Citations

Further reading

Biographical

 Dawson, Robert, and H. Blair Neatby. <mask> <mask>: vol 1 1874-1923 (1958) Online free to borrow
  11 essays by scholars. ; a psychobiography stressing his spirituality. ; a scholarly biography to 1919. Hutchison, Bruce. The incredible Canadian; a candid portrait of <mask>: his works, his times, and his nation (1953) 480pp Online free to borrow

 ; He represented the safe Saskatchewan district 1926–45; his goal was to disarm the Progressives.Scholarly studies

 Cook, Tim. Warlords: Borden, <mask> and Canada's World Wars (2012) 472pp  excerpt and text search
  Cuff, R.D. and Granatstein, J.L. Canadian-American Relations in Wartime: From the Great War to the Cold War. (1975). 205 pp. Donaghy, Greg, ed.Canada and the Early Cold War, 1943–1957 (1998) online edition . Dziuban, Stanley W. Military Relations between the United States and Canada, 1939–1945 (1959)
 Eayrs, James. In Defence of Canada. 5 vols. 1964–1983. the standard history of defense policy. Esberey, J.B. "Personality and Politics: A New Look at the King-Byng Dispute," Canadian Journal of Political Science

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title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

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 vol 6 no.1 (March 1973), 37–55. Granatstein, J. L. Canada's War: The politics of the <mask> government, 1939–1945 (1975)
 Granatstein, J.L. Conscription in the Second World War, 1939–1945;: A study in political management (1969). Granatstein, J.L. and Norman Hillmer. Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders, 1999, pp. 83–101.Macfarlane, John. "Double Vision: Ernest Lapointe, <mask> and the Quebec Voice in Canadian Foreign Policy, 1935–1939," Journal of Canadian Studies 1999 34(1): 93–111; argues Lapointe guided the more imperialist <mask> through three explosive situations: the Ethiopian crisis of 1935, the Munich crisis of 1938, and the formulation of Ottawa's 'no-neutrality-no-conscription' pact in 1939. Neatby, Blair. "<mask> King and the National Identity," Manitoba Historical Society Transactions, Series 3, Number 24, 1967-68 online
 Stacey, C. P. Canada and the Age of Conflict: Volume 2: 1921–1948; the Mackenzie King Era (U of Toronto Press 1981), . Whitaker, Reginald. The Government Party: Organizing and Financing the Liberal Party of Canada, 1930–1958 (1977). Primary sources
 The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs (annual, 1901–1938), full text for 1920 online and downloadable.<mask>, W. L. Industry and Humanity: A Study in the Principles Under-Lying Industrial Reconstruction (1918) online edition; also  full text online and downloadable. The diaries of <mask> <mask>, 50,000 pages, typescript; fully searchable. Pickersgill, J.W., and Donald F. Forster, The Mackenzie King Record. 4 vols. Vol. 1: 1939–1944 and Vol. 2: 1944–1945 (University of Toronto Press, 1960); and Vol.3: 1945–1946 online and Vol. 4: 1946–1947 online (University of Toronto Press, 1970). Edited from <mask>'s private diary. Canadian Department of External

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title: William Lyon Mackenzie King

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 Affairs, Documents on Canadian External Relations (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1967–). These cover the period 1909–1960. (Often referred to as DCER.) Henderson, George F. ed W.L.<mask>: a bibliography and research guide (2nd ed. University of Toronto Press, 2015); 392pp excerpt and text search
 Hou, Charles, and Cynthia Hou, eds. Great Canadian Political Cartoons, 1915 to 1945. (2002). 244pp. <mask> <mask> fonds at Library and Archives Canada. Television series
 Brittain, Donald.The King Chronicles, National Film Board,

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title: Adarius Bowman

texts:
<mask> (born July 10, 1985) is a American professional gridiron football wide receiver for the Edmonton Elks of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He was signed by the Saskatchewan Roughriders as an undrafted free agent in 2008. <mask> has also been a member Winnipeg Blue Bombers and Montreal Alouettes. He played college football at Oklahoma State. Early years
<mask> was ranked by ESPN as the top wide receiver in Tennessee while playing at Notre Dame High School. Not only did he catch passes on offense, but also had 4 interceptions and 75 tackles as a junior on defense. <mask> had 293 receiving yards and 5 touchdowns (a losing effort) in a 2001 game against The McCallie School, the eventual TSSAA Division II-AAA Champions.He played in the 2003 U.S. Army All-American Bowl. In high school, <mask> excelled in track and basketball. In track, he won state titles in the 4x100 relay and triple jump. He also was selected to play in the annual Tennessee vs. Georgia game in his senior year of basketball. College career

North Carolina
After graduating from high school, <mask> began his collegiate career at North Carolina. As a true freshman, <mask> played in all 12 games but only started 2. During the span of the 12 games, he netted 181 receiving yards and two touchdowns.Although he had played in every game the previous season, <mask> only saw action 6 times during the 2004 season. Despite playing in fewer games than in the previous season, he managed to amass 329 receiving yards and 3 touchdowns. Oklahoma State
Between the 2004 and 2005 seasons, <mask> transferred to Oklahoma State, where he would become a college football standout under first-year head coach Mike Gundy. He was

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title: Adarius Bowman

texts:
 redshirted during his junior year, but was back on the field in 2006. In his first game in an Oklahoma State uniform, a 52–10 win over Missouri State, <mask> reeled in a 19-yard touchdown plus two other passes totaling 28 yards. A few weeks later, in the game against Kansas that came to define his career, he pulled down 13 passes totaling a Big 12 record 300 yards. His four touchdowns, including a 64-yarder from Bobby Reid, made him a candidate for ESPN's College Football Player of the Week.By the end of the season, he had caught 60 passes—51 of which resulted in first down or touchdown yardage. After the season ended, <mask> was named Big 12 Offensive Newcomer of the Year by both the Associated Press and the Big 12 coaches. At the team's football banquet, he was presented with the Bob Fenimore Award, which is presented annually to Oklahoma State's Most Valuable Player. Going into his senior season, <mask> was ranked as one of the top receiver prospects in the 2008 NFL Draft. Mel Kiper Jr. ranked him as the 19th overall senior prospect before the season. He had a rather disappointing season in 2007, only catching 61 passes for 932 yards and 7 touchdowns. Professional career

2008 NFL Draft
<mask> was once regarded as a potential first-round pick in the 2008 NFL Draft, but a string of events led to him going undrafted.First, an injury suffered against Kansas after a hit by future NFL player Aqib Talib caused him to miss the final two games of the regular season and scouts to question his durability. Next, poor performances at the Senior Bowl and practices preceding it caused his stock to drop further. At the 2008 NFL Combine, he ran a 4.74 40 yard dash, and had an even slower

masks: Bowman Bowman Bowman Bowman


title: Adarius Bowman

texts:
 time at Oklahoma State's Pro Day. However, he was still projected as a late-round draft pick. After going undrafted, he also went unsigned as a rookie free agent, despite drawing interest by the Dallas Cowboys and Philadelphia Eagles. Saskatchewan Roughriders
After failing to sign with an NFL team following the 2008 NFL Draft, <mask> signed a contract with the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League (CFL) in May 2008. <mask> erupted for 112 yards and a touchdown on six catches in his debut for the Saskatchewan Roughriders.His 73-yard TD clinched Saskatchewan's win over the Edmonton Eskimos. Winnipeg Blue Bombers
<mask> was traded to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers from the Saskatchewan Roughriders on April 1, 2009. He was traded along with non-import offensive lineman Jean-Francois Morin-Roberge, and non-import safety Brady Browne in exchange for import offensive lineman Dan Goodspeed. The Roughriders then traded Goodspeed to the Hamilton Tiger Cats for non-import offensive lineman Jordan Rempel. <mask> finished the year with 925 receiving yards and 6 touchdowns. <mask> struggled with dropped passes in the 2010 season, a recurring theme in his career to this point, which contributed to a difficult Blue Bombers' season. After failing to rectify this problem, he was demoted from the starting line-up and was eventually released on Oct. 20, 2010.Edmonton Eskimos
On January 19, 2011, <mask> was signed by the Edmonton Eskimos. The 2011 CFL season was a breakout year for <mask>, recording 1,153 yards and 4 touchdowns. On November 5, <mask> had a career game, collecting 226 yards with 2 touchdowns. <mask>'s second season with the Eskimos was cut short when in the second

masks: Bowman Bowman Bowman Bowman Bowman Bowman Bowman Bowman Bowman


title: Adarius Bowman

texts: game of the season he suffered a torn ACL and MCL in his left knee. On July 9, 2012, the Eskimos announced that <mask> would miss the remainder of the 2012 CFL season. In his sixth season in the CFL, <mask> played in only the final 9 games after missing the first half of the season with an injury. Despite missing half the season <mask> still had a strong year accumulating 697 receiving yards and 5 touchdowns.On December 2, 2013, <mask> signed a two-year extension with Edmonton. <mask>'s 2014 CFL season was the best season of his career at that time, as <mask> led the league in receiving yards with 1,456, which was 376 yards ahead of second place. His 112 receptions were the most since Jamel Richardson's 112-catch season in 2011. <mask> followed up a strong 2014 season with another strong year in 2015. <mask> <mask> played in all but 2 of the regular season games in 2015; finishing the year with 93 receptions for 1,304 yards with 7 touchdowns. <mask> was named a CFL All-star for the 2015 campaign; his second year in a row. The Eskimos prevented <mask> from becoming a free-agent when they signed him to a new contract that will keep him playing in Edmonton through the 2017 CFL season.<mask> led the CFL in both receptions (120) and yards (1,761) in the 2016 season, setting career highs in receptions, yards and touchdowns (9). He was named a CFL All-Star for the third consecutive season. At the end of January 2017, he signed a contract extension keeping him with the Eskimos through the 2018 CFL season. The new contract made <mask> the highest paid receiver in the league. The deal included a $140,000 signing bonus with a base salary of $260,000 for 2017, and increasing by $5,000 in

masks: Bowman Bowman Bowman Bowman Bowman Bowman Bowman Adarius Bowman Bowman Bowman Bowman Bowman


title: Adarius Bowman

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 2018. After playing in the first three games of the 2017 season <mask> was placed on the six-game injured list with a hamstring injury. Following the season, on February 5, 2018, <mask> was released by the Eskimos; the same day he was set to receive a $140,000 roster bonus.Winnipeg Blue Bombers (II)
Only four days after being released by the Eskimos, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. He played in six games for the Blue Bombers, registering receptions in only three of those games with no touchdowns. Montreal Alouettes
Following a slow start to the 2018 season, <mask> was traded to the Montreal Alouettes on July 23, 2018 to replace the recently traded Chris Williams. In 11 games with Montreal, <mask> recorded 30 catches for 372 yards, including catching the first CFL touchdown pass thrown by Johnny Manziel courtesy of a trick play. He was not re-signed following the season and became a free-agent in February 2019. <mask> announced his retirement from professional football on October 17, 2019. Edmonton Elks (II)
On January 26th, 2022, the Edmonton Elks announced <mask> (age 36) would be coming out of retirement and returning for the 2022 CFL season.Career statistics

References

External links
 Montreal Alouettes profile

1985 births
Living people
African-American players of Canadian football
American football wide receivers
Canadian football slotbacks
Edmonton Elks players
Montreal Alouettes players
North Carolina Tar Heels football players
Oklahoma State Cowboys football players
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Sportspeople from Chattanooga, Tennessee
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century

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title: Gérard de Nerval

texts:
<mask> (; 22 May 1808 – 26 January 1855) was the nom de plume of the French writer, poet, and translator <mask>, a major figure of French romanticism, best known for his novellas and poems, especially the collection Les Filles du feu (The Daughters of Fire), which included the novella Sylvie and the poem "El Desdichado". Through his translations, <mask> played a major role in introducing French readers to the works of German Romantic authors, including Klopstock, Schiller, Bürger and Goethe. His later work merged poetry and journalism in a fictional context and influenced Marcel Proust. His last novella, , influenced André Breton and Surrealism. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Paris on 22 May 1808. His mother, Marie Marguerite Antoinette Laurent, was the daughter of a clothing salesman, and his father, Étienne Labrunie, was a young doctor who had volunteered to serve as a medic in the army under Napoleon. In June 1808, soon after <mask>'s birth, Étienne was drafted.With his young wife in tow, Étienne followed the army on tours of Germany and Austria, eventually settling in a hospital in Głogów. While they traveled East, the Labrunies left their newborn son <mask> in the care of Marie Marguerite's uncle Antoine Boucher, who lived in Mortefontaine, a small town in the Valois region, not far from Paris. On 29 November 1810 Marie

masks:
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title: Gérard de Nerval

texts: Marguerite died before she could return to France. <mask> was two years old. Having buried his wife, Étienne took part in the disastrous French invasion of Russia. He was reunited with his son in 1814. Upon his return to France in 1814, Étienne took his son and moved back to Paris, starting a medical practice at 72 rue Saint-Martin.<mask> lived with his father but often stayed with his great-uncle Boucher in Mortefontaine and with <mask> Dublanc at 2 rue de Mantes (now 2 rue du Maréchal Joffre) in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. (Dublanc, Étienne's uncle, was also <mask>'s godfather.) In 1822 <mask> enrolled at the collège Charlemagne. This was where he met and befriended Théophile Gautier. This was also where he began to take poetry more seriously. He was especially drawn to epic poetry. At age 16, he wrote a poem that recounted the circumstances of Napoleon's defeat called "".Later, he tried out satire, writing poems that took aim at Prime Minister Villèle, the Jesuit order, and anti-liberal newspapers like La Quotidienne. His writing started to be published in 1826. At age 19, with minimal knowledge of the German language, he began the ambitious task of translating Goethe's Faust. His prose translation appeared in 1828. Despite its many flaws, the translation had many merits, and it did a great deal to establish his poetic reputation. It is the

masks: Gérard Gérard Gérard Gérard Gérard


title: Gérard de Nerval

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 reason why Victor Hugo, the leader of the Romantic movement in France, felt compelled to have <mask> come to his apartment on 11, rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs. Cénacle
In 1829, having received his baccalaureate degree two years late (perhaps because he skipped classes to go for walks and read for pleasure), <mask> was under pressure from his father to find steady employment.He took a job at a notary's office, but his heart was set on literature. When Victor Hugo asked him to support his play Hernani, under attack from conservative critics suspicious of Romanticism, <mask> was more than happy to join the fight (see ). <mask> was sympathetic to the liberal and republican atmosphere of the time, and was briefly imprisoned in 1832 for participating in student demonstrations. <mask> set himself two anthology projects: one on German poetry, and one on French poetry. Alexandre Dumas and Pierre-Sébastien Laurentie arranged a library card for him so he could carry out his research. The first anthology included translations of Klopstock, Schiller, Bürger and Goethe, and met with less enthusiasm than his translation of Faust. The second anthology included poems by Ronsard, Joachim du Bellay, Jean-<mask> Baïf, Guillaume Du Bartas and .By the fall of 1830, the Cénacle, a group created by Sainte-Beuve to ensure Victor Hugo's success with Hernani, had

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 assembled many famed writers, including <mask> Vigny, <mask> Musset, Charles Nodier, Alexandre Dumas and Honoré <mask>. After Hernanis success, the Cénacle began to fall apart. At that time a new group appeared: the Petit-Cénacle, created by the sculptor Jean Bernard Duseigneur. <mask> attended some of the meetings, which took place in Duseigneur's studio. <mask>, following Hugo's lead, started to write plays. Le Prince des sots and Lara ou l'expiation were shown at the Théâtre de l'Odéon and met with positive reviews. He started to use the pseudonym <mask> <mask>val, inspired by the name of a property near Loisy (a village near Ver-sur-Launette, Oise) which had belonged to his family.Work with Dumas

In January 1834, <mask>'s maternal grandfather died and he inherited around 30,000 francs. That fall, he headed to southern France, then traveled to Florence, Rome and Naples. On his return in 1835, he moved in with a group of Romantic artists (including ). In May of that year, he created Le Monde Dramatique, a luxurious literary journal on which he squandered his inheritance. Debt-ridden, he finally sold it in 1836. Getting his start in journalism, he traveled to Belgium with Gautier from July to September. In 1837, Piquillo was shown at the Opéra-Comique.Despite Nerval's work on the project, Dumas' was the only name on the libretto. played

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 the main role. <mask> may have fallen in love with the actress. Some specialists claim that his unrequited love for her is what inspired many of the female figures that appear in his writing, including the Virgin Mary, Isis, the queen of Saba. Other experts disagree with this biographical analysis. Despite Dumas' refusal to let him take credit for his work, Nerval continued to collaborate with Dumas on plays. In the summer of 1838, he traveled with Dumas to Germany to work on Léo Burckart, which eventually premiered at the Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin on 16 April 1839, six days after the premiere of another play the pair worked on together called L'Alchimiste.In November 1839, Nerval traveled to Vienna, where he met the pianist Marie Pleyel at the French embassy. First nervous breakdowns

Back in France in March 1840, Nerval took over Gautier's column at La Presse. After publishing a third edition of Faust in July, including a preface and fragments of Second Faust, he traveled to Belgium in October. On 15 December Piquillo premiered in Brussels, where Nerval crossed paths with Jenny Colon and Marie Pleyel once again. After a first nervous breakdown on 23 February 1841 he was cared for at the Sainte-Colombe Borstal ("maison de correction"). On 1 March Jules Janin published an obituary for Nerval in the Journal des Débats. After a


title: Gérard de Nerval

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 second nervous breakdown, Nerval was housed in Docteur Esprit Blanche's clinic in Montmartre, where he remained from March to November.Travels

On 22 December 1842 Nerval set off for the Near East, traveling to Alexandria, Cairo, Beirut, Constantinople, Malta and Naples. Back in Paris in 1843, he began to publish articles about his trip in 1844. His Voyage en Orient appeared in 1851. Between 1844 and 1847, Nerval traveled to Belgium, the Netherlands, and London, producing travel writing. At the same time, he wrote novellas and opera librettos and translated poems by his friend Heinrich Heine, publishing a selection of translations in 1848. His last years were spent in dire financial and emotional straits. Following his doctor Emile Blanche's advice, he tried to purge himself of his intense emotions in his writing.This is when he composed some of his best works. Nerval had a pet lobster named Thibault, which he walked at the end of a blue silk ribbon in the Palais-Royal in Paris. According to Théophile Gautier, Nerval said:

In his later years, <mask> also took an interest in socialism, tracing its origins to the eighteenth-century Illuminists and esoteric authors such as Nicolas-Edme Rétif. Suicide

Increasingly poverty-stricken and disoriented, he committed suicide during the night of 26 January 1855, by hanging himself from the bar of a


title: Gérard de Nerval

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 cellar window in the rue de la Vieille-Lanterne, a narrow lane in a squalid section of Paris. He left a brief note to his aunt: "Do not wait up for me this evening, for the night will be black and white." The poet <mask>e observed that Nerval had "delivered his soul in the darkest street that he could find." The discoverers of his body were puzzled by the fact that his hat was still on his head.The last pages of his manuscript for  were found in a pocket of his coat. After a religious ceremony at the Notre-Dame cathedral (which was granted despite his suicide because of his troubled mental state), he was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, at the expense of his friends Théophile Gautier and Arsène Houssaye, who published Aurélia as a book later that year. The complete works of <mask> <mask> are published in three volumes by Gallimard in the collection Bibliothèque de la Pléiade. Assessments
Goethe read Nerval's translation of Faust and called it "very successful", even claiming that he preferred it to the original. The composer Hector Berlioz relied on <mask>'s translation of Faust for his work La damnation de Faust, which premiered in 1846. In 1867, Nerval's friend Théophile Gautier (1811–1872) wrote a touching reminiscence of him in "La Vie de Gérard" which was included in his Portraits et Souvenirs Littéraires (1875). For

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title: Gérard de Nerval

texts: Marcel Proust, Nerval was one of the greatest writers of the nineteenth century.Proust especially admired Sylvie's exploration of time lost and regained, which would become one of Proust's deepest interests and the dominant theme of his magnum opus In Search of Lost Time. Later, André Breton named Nerval a precursor of Surrealist art, which drew on Nerval's forays into the significance of dreams. For his part, Antonin Artaud compared Nerval's visionary poetry to the work of <mask>lin, Nietzsche and Van Gogh. In 1945, at the end of the Second World War and after a long illness, the Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Carl Jung delivered a lecture in Zürich on Nerval's Aurélia which he regarded as a work of "extraordinary magnitude". Jung described Nerval's memoir as a cautionary tale (the protagonist cannot profit psychologically from his own lucidity and profound insights), and he validates Nerval's visionary experience as a genuine encounter with the collective unconscious and anima mundi. Umberto Eco in his Six Walks in the Fictional Woods calls Nerval's Sylvie a "masterpiece" and analysed it to demonstrate the use of temporal ambiguity. Henry Miller called Nerval an "extraordinary French poet" and included him among a group of exemplary translators:"[i]n English we have yet to produce a poet who is able to do for Rimbaud what


title: Gérard de Nerval

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 Baudelaire did for Poe's verse, or Nerval for Faust, or Morel and Larbaud for Ulysses".The English rock band Traffic included the jazz-rock track "Dream Gerrard" in their 1974 album When the Eagle Flies. Lyrics are known to be mainly written by Vivian Stanshall after reading Nerval's biography. There are streets named after Nerval in the towns of Saint-Denis, Béthisy-Saint-Pierre, Crépy-en-Valois, Creil, Mortefontaine, Othis and Senlis. Selected works by <mask> <mask>erval
 Les Faux Saulniers (The Salt Smugglers, 1850) – published over several weeks in Le National, a daily newspaper. He later incorporated some of this material in Les Filles du feu (in Angelique) and in Les Illuminés (in L'Abbé de Bucquoy). Voyage en Orient (1851) – an account of the author's voyages to Germany, Switzerland and Vienna in 1839 and 1840, and to Egypt and Turkey in 1843. Includes several pieces already published, including Les Amours de Vienne, which first appeared in the Revue de Paris in 1841.One of the author's major works. La Bohème Galante (1852) – a collection of short prose works and poems including some of the set he later called Odelettes. Dedicated and addressed to Arsène Houssaye. Les Nuits d'Octobre (1852) – a small but distinguished collection of essays describing Paris at night. Lorely, souvenirs d'Allemagne (1852) – an account of his travels

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 along the Rhine, also in Holland and Belgium. It includes the full-length play Léo Burckart, under the title "Scènes de la Vie Allemande". Les Illuminés (1852) – a collection of six biographical narratives in the form of novellas or essays.Sylvie (1853) – described by Nerval as "un petit roman" ("a small novel"), it is the most celebrated of his works. Petits Châteaux de Bohême (1853) – a collection of prose works and poetry, including the short play Corilla, which was subsequently included in Les Filles du feu, the Odelettes, and several of the sonnets later published as The Chimeras. Les Filles du feu (1854) – a volume of short stories or idylls, including the previously published Sylvie, along with a sequence of twelve sonnets, The Chimeras
 Pandora (1854) – another Fille du Feu, not finished in time for inclusion in that volume, written in the style of Sylvie and set in Vienna. Also known as La Pandora, often subtitled Suite des Amours de Vienne. (1855, posthumously) – a fantasy-ridden interior autobiography as referred to by <mask> <mask>erval
 Promenades et Souvenirs (1854–1855) – a collection of eight essays after the manner of Les Nuits d'Octobre, describing the Saint-Germain neighborhood of the author's childhood and youth. The last, "Chantilly", includes a portrait similar to those in Les Filles du feu. See also

 List of


title: Gérard de Nerval

texts:
 people who died by suicide by hanging

Notes

References

Bibliography

Works in French
 Œuvres complètes.3 vols. Eds. Jean Guillaume & <mask>. Paris: La Pléiade-Gallimard, 1984. Print. Les filles du feu/Les Chimères. Ed.Bertrand Marchal. Paris: Folio-Gallimard, 2005. Print. Aurélia – La Pandora – Les Nuits d'Octobre – Promenades et souvenirs. Ed. Jean-Nicolas Illouz. Paris: Folio-Gallimard, 2005.Print. Works in English
 Aurélia & Other Writings. Trans. Geoffrey Wagner, Robert Duncan, Marc Lowenthal. New York: Exact Change, 2004. Journey to the Orient. Trans.Conrad Elphinstone. New York: Antipodes Press, 2012. Selected Writings. Trans. Richard Sieburth. New York: Penguin, 1999. Print.Biography
 Album Nerval. Eds. Éric Buffetaud and <mask>. Paris: La Pléiade-Gallimard, 1993. .
 Cogez, <mask>. <mask> <mask>val. Paris : Folio-Gallimard, 2010. Print.Gautier, Théophile. Histoire du romantisme/Quarante portraits romantiques. Ed. Adrien Goetz. Paris: Folio-Gallimard, 2011. Print. Gautier, Théophile.(1900). "<mask> <mask>val." In: The Complete Works of Théophile Gautier, Vol. VIII. London: The Athenæum Press, pp. 96–116. Jones, Robert Emmet (1974).<mask> <mask>. New York: Twayne Publishers. , Nerval, Paris, Julliard, 1986, coll. Les Vivants
 Sowerby, Benn. The disinherited; the life of <mask> <mask>, 1808–1855. New York: New York University

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 Press, 1974. Print.Criticism (books)
 Ahearn, Edward J. "Visionary Insanity: Nerval's Aurélia." Visionary Fictions: Apocalyptic Writing from Blake to the Modern Age. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. Print. Jeanneret, Michel. La lettre perdue: Ecriture et folie dans l'œuvre de Nerval.Paris: Flammarion, 1978. Print. Gordon, Rae Beth (2014). "The Enchanted Hand: Schlegel's Arabesque in Nerval." In: Ornament, Fantasy, and Desire in Nineteenth-Century French Literature. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Jung, Carl Gustav (1945/2015).On Psychological and Visionary Art: Notes from C. G. Jung's Lecture on <mask> <mask>'s "Aurélia". Ed. Craig E Stephenson, Princeton: Princeton University Press. <mask>, Solomon A. (1951). <mask> <mask>, 1808–1855: Poet, Traveler, Dreamer. New York: Philosophical Library.Symons, Arthur (1919). "<mask> <mask>erval." In: The Symbolist Movement in Literature. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, pp. 69–95. Lang, Andrew (1892)."<mask> <mask>erval." In: Letters on Literature. London and New York: Longmans, Green & Co., pp. 147–156. Criticism (journal articles)
 Blackman, Maurice (1986–87). "Byron and the First Poem of <mask> <mask>," Nineteenth-Century French Studies, Vol. XV, No.1/2, pp. 94–107. Bray, Patrick M. (2006). "Lost in the Fold: Space and Subjectivity in <mask> <mask>'s 'Généalogie' and Sylvie," French

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texts: Forum, Vol. XXXI, No. 2, pp. 35–51.Carroll, Robert C. (1976). "Illusion and Identity: <mask> <mask> and Rétif's 'Sara'," Studies in Romanticism, Vol. XV, No. 1, pp. 59–80. Carroll, Robert C. (1976). "<mask> <mask>: Prodigal Son of History," Nineteenth-Century French Studies, Vol.IV, No. 3, pp. 263–273. DuBruck, Alfred (1974–1975). "Nerval and Dumas in Germany," Nineteenth-Century French Studies, Vol. III, No. 1/2, pp.58–64. Duckworth, Colin (1965). "Eugène Scribe and <mask> <mask> 'Celui Qui Tient la Corde Nous Étrangle'," The Modern Language Review, Vol. LX, No. 1, pp. 32–40. Knapp, Bettina L. (1974–75)."<mask> <mask>'s 'Isis' and the Cult of the Madonna," Nineteenth-Century French Studies, Vol. III, No. 1/2, pp. 65–79. Knapp, Bettina L. (1976). "<mask> <mask>: The Queen of Sheba and the Occult," Nineteenth-Century French Studies, Vol. IV, No.3, pp. 244–257. Lang, Andrew (1873). "<mask> <mask>, 1810–1855," Fraser's Magazine, Vol. VII, pp. 559–566. Mauris, Maurice (1880)."<mask> <mask>erval." In: French Men of Letters. New York: D. Appleton and Company, pp. 129–150. Moon, H. Kay (1965). "<mask> Nerval: A Reappraisal," Brigham Young University Studies, Vol. VII, No.1, pp. 40–52. <mask>, Solomon A. (1938). "Poetical Affiliations of <mask> Nerval," PMLA, Vol. LIII, No. 4, pp.1157–1171. <mask>, Solomon A. (1949). "The Friendship between

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 <mask> <mask> and Heinrich Heine," The French Review, Vol. XXIII, No. 1, pp. 18–27.Rinsler, Norma (1963). "<mask> <mask>, Fire and Ice," The Modern Language Review, Vol. LVIII, No. 4, pp. 495–499. Rinsler, Norma (1963). "<mask> <mask>'s Celestial City and the Chain of Souls," Studies in Romanticism, Vol.II, No. 2, pp. 87–106. Smith, Garnet (1889). "<mask> <mask>," The Gentleman's Magazine, Vol. CCLXVI, pp. 285–296.Warren, Rosanna (1983). "The 'Last Madness' of <mask> <mask>," The Georgia Review, Vol. XXXVII, No. 1, pp. 131–138. External links

 Hieronymo's Mad Againe: On Translating Nerval essay by Richard Sieburth, an English translator of Nerval

1808 births
1855 deaths
Writers from Paris
French horror writers
French poets
German–French translators
Romantic poets
Suicides by hanging in France
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
19th-century translators
French male poets
19th-century poets
19th-century male writers
Translators of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
1850s suicides
18th-century pseudonymous writers
19th-century pseudonymous

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title: Jamie Leigh Jones

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<mask> (born 1985) is a former employee of KBR, an American engineering, construction and private military contracting company. During her employment, KBR was a subsidiary of Halliburton from 1962 to 2007. She is notable for accusing then fellow KBR employees of drugging and gang-raping her on July 28, 2005, at Camp Hope, Baghdad, Iraq. A federal grand jury investigated her claims but issued no indictments. <mask> filed a civil suit against KBR and one of its former employees. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the defendants, finding that the sex between <mask> and the employee was consensual, and that therefore no rape had occurred, and that KBR did not defraud her. Her case was one of those showcased in the HBO documentary Hot Coffee to show how mandatory arbitration from an employee contract restricts access to court systems, even in criminal cases.<mask>' allegations
<mask> began working for KBR as an administrative assistant when she was 19 and started working in Iraq on July 24, 2005. According to <mask>, on July 28, 2005, one of her fellow KBR employees offered her a drink containing a date rape drug, although a subsequent blood test did not detect any date rape drugs. <mask> says that while she was unconscious, several men anally and vaginally gang raped her. She reported that when she awoke the next morning, she "found her body naked and severely bruised, with lacerations to her vagina and anus, blood running down her leg, her breast implants were ruptured, and her pectoral muscles torn" – which would later require reconstructive surgery. Upon walking to the rest room, she passed out again. The doctor who examined <mask> gave the rape kit used to gather evidence from <mask> to KBR/Halliburton security forces, and three hours later they turned the kit over to the U.S. government. According to <mask>, in early 2007 a spokesperson at the State Department told her that photographs and doctor's notes were missing from the kit.<mask> alleged that KBR officials locked her in a trailer after she informed them of the rape and would not permit

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 her to call her family. In her account, after a day of being locked in the trailer, a sympathetic guard gave her a cell phone and she called her father. It is then known that her father contacted U.S. Representative Ted Poe (R-TX) who contacted the State Department. Agents were dispatched from the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad and removed <mask> from KBR custody. A 2006 investigation from the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission found that <mask> was not locked in a trailer by KBR, and that she was placed in a "secure location" before being returned to Texas. Congressional testimony
On December 19, 2007, <mask> testified before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Robert Scott (D-VA) stated that the DOJ "seems to be taking action with respect to enforcement of criminal laws in Iraq only when it is forced to do something by embarrassing media coverage."In a 2007 interview, Ted Poe, a former Texas judge, stated that the United States has jurisdiction over U.S. contractors when they are accused of committing a crime against a U.S. national in a federal enclave. <mask> testified again before the Judiciary Committee on October 7, 2009, concerning Senator Al Franken's amendment to the FY 2010 Defense Appropriation Bill, to restrict contracts with companies that use mandatory arbitration in their employment contracts. This measure was passed by the Senate, prompted by her case. Civil lawsuit
On May 16, 2007, <mask> filed a civil lawsuit against the United States of America, KBR and former parent corporation Halliburton, and one of its former employees (one of the firefighters who had allegedly raped her). KBR asked the court to compel arbitration based on her employment contract. On September 15, 2009, the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals, in a 2–1 decision, ruled that <mask>' lawsuit could proceed in court. The trial began in the Southern District of Texas on June 14, 2011.<mask>' attorney argued that KBR had known about widespread sexual harassment but had ignored it because the remedy was too expensive. The defense argued that <mask> fabricated her

masks: Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones


title: Jamie Leigh Jones

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 story of being drugged and raped because she was embarrassed about the consensual sex and wanted to get out of her year-long contract with KBR three days after she arrived. <mask>' first attending physician testified that <mask> had not suffered damage to her breast implants or chest during the alleged attack. KBR's lawyers also brought out that on two prior occasions <mask> had reported being raped and that she had taken medication for anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder. Victor Scarano, an independent psychiatrist appointed by the court, concluded that <mask> had narcissistic and histrionic personality disorder based on the reports and depositions. On July 8, the jury returned a verdict that rejected all of <mask>' claims, finding that the sex between <mask> and the employee was consensual and therefore no rape had occurred, and that KBR did not defraud her. <mask> said, "I just thought that the physical evidence would help.I guess the fact that my entire life was on display and (his) wasn't made a difference." Bolen, a KBR spokeswoman, said, "The outcome of this jury trial as judged by her peers is the same result that the State Department got in 2005; that the Justice Department found in 2008. We are deeply gratified that the justice system has worked." KBR later filed a motion to recover more than $2 million in attorney fees and court costs. In the motion KBR states that <mask>' hostile work environment and rape claims were fabricated and frivolous. In a subsequent ruling, the court held <mask> liable for KBR's court costs of $145,000, but also determined that the case was not frivolous and therefore she was not liable for KBR's attorney fees. Personal life
<mask> met aviation mechanic Joseph Kallan Daigl, a member of the United States Navy, in 2005, They married in September 2006.References

Further reading

 "Hostage of Baghdad" by Congressman Ted Poe

External links
 <mask> <mask> was the recipient of the Texas Trial Lawyers Association 2010 Making a Difference Award

1985 births
Living people
People from Texas
Sexual abuse victim

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Jones


title: Lachlan Macquarie

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Major General <mask>, CB (; ; 31 January 1762 – 1 July 1824) was a British Army officer and colonial administrator from Scotland. <mask> served as the fifth Governor of New South Wales from 1810 to 1821, and had a leading role in the social, economic, and architectural development of the colony. He is considered by historians to have had a crucial influence on the transition of New South Wales from a penal colony to a free settlement and therefore to have played a major role in the shaping of Australian society in the early nineteenth century. In 1816 <mask> gave orders that led to the Appin Massacre of Gundungurra and Dharawal people. Early life
<mask> was born on the island of Ulva off the coast of the Isle of Mull in the Inner Hebrides, a chain of islands off the West Coast of Scotland. His father, <mask> senior, worked as a carpenter and miller, and was a cousin of a Clan MacQuarrie chieftain. His mother, Margaret, was the sister of the influential Murdoch Maclaine, 19th laird of Lochbuie.Despite this, his parents were relatively poor and probably illiterate, leasing and working a small farm as sub-tenants at Oskamull. In his early teens, <mask> was sent to Edinburgh to be educated, possibly attending the Royal High School of Edinburgh where he learnt English and arithmetic. British Army

America
<mask> volunteered to join the British Army in 1776 and was assigned to the 84th Regiment of Foot. Later that year he travelled with it to North America to fight against the revolutionaries in the American War of Independence. On the way to America he participated in the Battle of the Newcastle Jane, the first naval victory for a British merchant ship over an American privateer. <mask> was initially stationed at

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 Halifax, Nova Scotia and obtained the junior rank of ensign on 9 April 1777. On 18 January 1781, he was promoted to lieutenant and transferred to the 71st (Highland) Regiment of Foot, and served with them in New York City and Charleston.<mask> avoided being captured or killed by the victorious Americans by being posted in Jamaica at the time of the British defeat in the war. India
In June 1784 <mask> returned to Scotland, where he managed the Lochbuie estates of his uncle, Captain Murdoch Maclaine. Through the influence of Maclaine, he was offered a lieutenancy in the forces of the East India Company as long as he supplied fifteen additional recruits. By employing shanghaiing methods, <mask> obtained the required men and on Christmas Day 1787 he received his commission as lieutenant in the 77th Regiment of Foot. <mask> arrived with his regiment at Bombay in August 1788 where he was stationed for two years. He saw active service from 1790 to 1792 during the Third Anglo-Mysore War, participating in the Capture of Cannanore and the 1792 Siege of Seringapatam. He was promoted to Major of Brigade of troops on the Malabar Coast in August 1793 and became a Freemason that same year at Bombay.In September 1793 <mask> married Jane Jarvis, daughter of the late Chief Justice of Antigua, Thomas Jarvis, who had owned slave plantations there. According to their marriage settlement, Miss Jarvis was worth £6,000 pounds sterling which was paid out to <mask> three years later when she died of tuberculosis. In 1795, he saw further action leading troops at the successful siege of the Dutch fort at Cochin. A year later <mask> participated in the taking of Colombo and other Dutch possessions in Ceylon, and was made commander of the

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 occupying garrison at Galle. In May 1797, <mask> led troops during the disastrous campaign against the rebel forces of Pazhassi Raja in the jungles around Manantheri. Employing guerilla tactics, Pazhassi inflicted sizable casualties on the 77th, killing a number of officers with <mask> himself being wounded in the foot. The British torched all the villages in the district but conceded defeat with the East India Company forced into a peace treaty with Pazhassi.<mask> resigned from his commanding role soon after the campaign. He participated in front-line combat during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War against the forces of Tipu Sultan, helping defeat them first at the Battle of Seedaseer and then at the siege and storming of Tipu's palace at Srirangapatna in 1799. He described the "glorious" aftermath where the bodies of Tipu and his people "lay in such immense Heaps on the Ramparts...as well as in different Parts of the Town that no regular account of them could be taken". <mask> received £1,300 in prize money after the city was looted. In 1800, <mask> was part of the British entourage headed by Governor Duncan that forced Mir Nasiruddin Khan of Surat to sign a treaty with the East India Company dictating the handover of that province to Company rule. Egypt
In 1801, <mask> was appointed by General David Baird as Deputy Adjutant-General of the large British-Indian expeditionary force assigned to link up with Sir Ralph Abercromby's army to expel the French Army from Egypt. <mask> sailed with his regiment to Egypt from India with the French already in retreat toward Alexandria.He arrived there two days after the capitulation of Alexandria to the British. <mask> remained in Egypt for about a year during which time he

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 met up with his brother and contracted syphilis. Return to Britain, further duty in India
In 1803, <mask> returned to Britain having amassed a fortune of £20,000. His elevation to the social elite saw him meet several times with Jacob Bosanquet and the directors of the East India Company and he also had a personal introduction to King George III. He served in London as Assistant Adjutant General to Lord Harrington and was able to purchase an estate on his native Isle of Mull, which he named Jarvisfield. In 1805, <mask> was ordered to return to India to take charge of the 86th Regiment of Foot and after arriving also became military secretary to Governor Duncan at Bombay. In 1807 he travelled overland from India to Britain via Persia and Russia, and was very impressed by the layout and architecture of St Petersburg.Later that year, <mask> married his third cousin Elizabeth Henrietta Campbell in Devon and took command of the 73rd Regiment in Scotland as a Lieutenant-Colonel. <mask>'s wife gave birth to a daughter in 1808 which died in infancy. Governor of New South Wales

Arrival in Sydney

On 8 May 1809 <mask> was appointed to the position of Governor of New South Wales and its dependencies. He left for the colony on 22 May 1809, on HMS Dromedary, accompanied by HMS Hindostan. The 73rd Regiment of Foot came with him on the two ships. He arrived on 28 December at Sydney Cove and landed officially on 31 December, taking up his duties on the following day. In making this appointment, the British government changed its practice of appointing naval officers as governor and chose an army commander in the hope that he could secure the co-operation of the corrupt and insubordinate New South Wales Corps.Aided by the

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 fact he arrived in New South Wales at the head of his own unit of regular troops, <mask> was unchallenged by the New South Wales Corps, whose officers led by John Macarthur had mutinied against and imprisoned the previous governor, William Bligh. When he arrived in Sydney in 1809 he was accompanied by his Indian "slave-boy" named George Jarvis, whom he had purchased in 1795 for 160 rupees at age 6 (along with a 7-year-old named Hector). Jarvis was named after his deceased wife's brother while Hector later escaped. He wrote about them in his diaries: "very fine, well-looking healthy Black Boys". Dealings with the NSW Corps
<mask>'s first task was to restore orderly, lawful government and discipline in the colony following the Rum Rebellion of 1808 against Governor William Bligh. <mask> was ordered by the British government to arrest two of the leaders of the Rum Rebellion, John Macarthur and Major George Johnston. However, by the time that <mask> arrived in Sydney, both Macarthur and Johnston had already sailed for England to defend themselves.<mask> immediately set about cancelling the various initiatives taken by the rebel governmentfor example, all "pardons, leases and land grants" made by the rebels were revoked. However, after an avalanche of petitions from leaseholders were sent to <mask>, he soon back-flipped and ratified them all. Although the New South Wales Corps and its monopoly were soon ended, the military influence survived, with officers having sway over the justice system. <mask> himself chose to keep the peace with the remaining NSW Corps officers and maintained an ambivalent attitude to the rebellion against Bligh. Civil reforms
Part of <mask>'s undertaking of bringing order to the colony was


title: Lachlan Macquarie

texts: to refashion the convict settlement into an urban environment of organised towns with streets and parks. The street layout of modern central Sydney is based upon a plan established by <mask>. The colony's most prestigious buildings were built on Macquarie Street which he named after himself.Some of these still stand today including the 'Rum Hospital' part of which now serves as the Parliament House of New South Wales. The elaborate stables which <mask> commissioned for Government House are now part of the modern structure housing the Sydney Conservatorium of Music. Other notable edifices built during <mask>'s tenure include the Parramatta Female Orphan School, St James Church, and the Hyde Park Barracks. He also officially named and established Hyde Park as a public recreation area. These buildings were constructed by <mask> in defiance of the British government's ban on expensive public building projects in the colony and reflect the tension between <mask>'s vision of Sydney as a Georgian city and that of powerful British colonists who saw it as not much more than a camp for cheap convict labour. In late 1810, <mask> toured the regions around Sydney naming and marking out the sites and street plans of future towns such as Liverpool, Windsor and Richmond. On a visit of inspection to the settlement of Hobart Town on the Derwent River in Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) in November 1811, <mask> was appalled at the ramshackle arrangement of the town and ordered the government surveyor James Meehan to survey a regular street layout.This survey determined the form of the current centre of the city of Hobart. Another town-planning reform initiated by <mask> was made when he ordered all traffic on New South Wales


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 roads to keep to the left. <mask> is credited with producing the first official currency specifically for circulation in Australia. In 1812 he purchased 40,000 Spanish dollar coins and had a convicted forger named William Henshall cut the centres out of the coins and counter stamp them to distinguish them as belonging to the colony of New South Wales. The central plug (known as a "dump") was valued at 15 pence and the rim (known as a holey dollar) became a five-shilling piece. Any forging of the new currency was proclaimed as being punishable by seven years in the Newcastle coal mines. <mask> also encouraged the creation of the colony's first bank, the Bank of New South Wales, in 1817.Social reforms
<mask> was given specific instructions to encourage morality and orderliness in the colony. He promoted marriage and church attendance, increased police patrols and made laws against public alcohol consumption. Central to this policy were the emancipists: convicts whose sentences had expired or who had been given conditional or absolute pardons. <mask> wanted the ex-convicts to live reformed, law-abiding Christian lives. Some of these emancipated convicts were either skilled professionals or had become very wealthy by operating commercial enterprises in the colony. <mask> viewed these types of ex-convicts as ideal models of social transformation, and rewarded them by elevating their social standing and appointing them to important government positions. For example, Francis Greenway became colonial architect, Dr William Redfern became the colonial surgeon, while Andrew Thompson and Simeon Lord were appointed as magistrates.The gentry in the colony, known as the "exclusives" were outraged at these appointments with


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 some refusing to work alongside the promoted ex-convicts. However, an 1812 inquiry into the convict system in Australia by a Select committee on Transportation, supported <mask>'s liberal policies. The committee concluded that the colony should be made as prosperous as possible so as to provide work for the convicts and to encourage them to become settlers after being given their freedom. <mask> also looked favourably on issuing land grants to emancipists, and in 1811 when wishing to expand British settlement to the south-west, he issued a large amount of 30 and 40 acre grants in the Appin region to ex-convicts. Later, in 1818, when expanding the colonisation in the Bathurst district, <mask> personally selected ten settlers, many of whom were emancipists. Obstacles to these social reforms included a severe drought in 1814, causing widespread loss of crops and livestock. Many farmers were close to insolvency with the ensuing depression.Also, the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 brought a renewed flood of both convicts and settlers to New South Wales, doubling the white population. <mask> utilised his civic building programme to encourage employment and economic activity. Judicial reforms
<mask>'s efforts to allow emancipists to take up official positions also extended to the judicial system where, due to a lack of solicitors, convicted former lawyers such as Edward Eagar were allowed to take on civil cases. In 1814, with the establishment of the Supreme Court of New South Wales and the arrival its first judge, Jeffery Hart Bent, Macquarie's relationship with the courts became fractious. Bent, a staunch conservative, brought solicitors Frederick Garling and William Moore with him and refused to hear cases


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 brought by ex-convict lawyers. The subsequent personal antipathy between him and <mask> resulted in making the court unworkable. Bent complained to the British Government that <mask> was blameworthy of authoritarian excesses, while <mask> complained that Bent was insubordinate.As a result, Earl Bathurst, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, in an effort to keep society in the colony functioning, recalled Bent to England and censured <mask>. This situation contributed to Commissioner John Thomas Bigge being sent in 1819 to enquire into the affairs of New South Wales. Promotion of exploration
<mask> was a great sponsor of British exploration in the colony. He himself participated in a number of expeditions around the Sydney Basin and to other regions including Jervis Bay, Port Stephens, the Hunter River, Bathurst and Van Diemen's Land. He invariably named the landmarks and new settlements he came across after himself, his wife or members of the British aristocracy. In 1813 he authorised Gregory Blaxland, William Wentworth and William Lawson to conduct their successful crossing of the Blue Mountains and become the first non-Indigenous people to view the great plains of the interior. Later that same year George Evans directed by <mask> to further explore this inland region, came upon and named the Macquarie River.In 1815, <mask> ordered the establishment of Bathurst on this river, which became Australia's first inland British settlement. Evans conducted further exploration to the south-west in 1815 at the behest of the Governor and named the Lachlan River after him. <mask> appointed John Oxley as surveyor-general and sent him on expeditions in 1817-18 to further explore the Lachlan River, Liverpool Plains and


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 the north coast of New South Wales and to find suitable lands for colonisation. Oxley, following the tradition of labelling the geographic features after the Governor, named a promising coastal inlet Port Macquarie. Policies toward Aboriginal people

<mask>'s policy toward Aboriginal Australians consisted of co-operation and assimilation, backed by military coercion. On arrival in the colony in 1810 <mask> gave a speech expressing the wish that "Natives of this Country...may be always treated with kindness and attention", and for the next four years very little conflict occurred. However, in the winter of 1814 a number of settlers and Aboriginal people were killed in conflict in the Nepean River region.<mask> initially made proclamations to promote peace but also later sent an armed expedition to patrol the area. Aiming to advance better relations, <mask> organised a conference at Parramatta on 28 December 1814 for all Aboriginal people in the region, and in January 1815 he opened the Parramatta Native Institution for the education of Aboriginal children. Around forty Aboriginal children, some of whom were 'decoyed away' from their parents and others taken during frontier conflict, became students and were taught in the British tradition by William and Elizabeth Shelley. The children seem to have been mostly well-treated and in 1819, Maria Lock topped the colony-wide examinations. However, the Institution was also a conscious attempt to reduce the influence and future of Indigenous culture and may have contributed to further disillusion and hostility. <mask> also developed a strategy of rewarding Aboriginal people who assisted the British by declaring them 'chiefs of their tribe' and presenting them with a


title: Lachlan Macquarie

texts:
 brass breast-plate (known as a gorget) engraved with their name and title even though it often did not reflect their actual clan status. <mask> also rewarded these 'chiefs' with small parcels of land set aside for the use of their families.The first receiver of these rewards was Bungaree who in 1815 was issued a gorget, a boat and 15 acres at Georges Head. In 1816, gorgets and land parcels were given to Colebee and Nurragingy by <mask> for their role in assisting the military operations against Aboriginal people along the Nepean River. The practice of British colonists giving gorgets to 'loyal' Aborigines continued for many decades throughout Australia. In March 1816, considerable Aboriginal resistance was encountered especially at Silverdale where a large group of Aborigines were able to kill four settlers with a combination of spears and stolen muskets. <mask> ordered the mobilisation of three detachments of the military in order to go:

into the Interior and remote parts of the Colony, for the purpose of Punishing the Hostile Natives, by clearing the Country of them entirely...in the event of the Natives making the smallest show of resistance – or refusing to surrender when called upon so to do – the officers Commanding the Military Parties have been authorized to fire on them...hanging up on Trees the Bodies of such Natives as may be killed on such occasions, in order to strike the greater terror into the Survivors. On 17 April, the detachment of 33 grenadiers led by Captain James Wallis managed to corner a large group of Gandangara and Tharawal people near the Cataract River gorge in the upper Nepean catchment. At least 14 men, women and children were killed, some shot while others fell off the

masks: Macquarie Macquarie Macquarie


title: Lachlan Macquarie

texts:
 cliffs.This became known as the Appin Massacre. The corpses of two men, Cannabaygal and Dunnell, were strung up on trees as per <mask>'s instructions, the skull of Cannabaygal later being taken to Scotland. Two surviving women and three children were taken prisoner and <mask> rewarded Wallis for his efforts by appointing him Commandant of the Newcastle convict settlement. Hostilities continued for most of the rest of 1816 with <mask> proclaiming no Aborigines were allowed into the settled areas without a passport and issuing search and destroy orders for a further 10 Aboriginal men. By early 1817, these actions by <mask> forced an end to Aboriginal resistance in what is now known as the Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars. The Bigge inquiry
<mask>'s policies, especially his championing of the emancipated convicts and the lavish expenditure of government money on public works, aroused opposition both in the colony and in London, where the government still saw New South Wales as fundamentally a penal colony, a place to be dreaded by the convicts. Therefore, in 1819 Earl Bathurst appointed an English judge, John Bigge, to visit New South Wales and report on its administration.Bigge consulted with the 'exclusive' colonists such as John Macarthur, Samuel Marsden and Archibald Bell who were strongly against the social reforms of <mask>. They wanted the convicts to be removed from the government building works in the towns and instead labouring on their large sheep-grazing land acquisitions. Bigge concurred with these opinions and saw that government expediture could be significantly decreased and the British wool industry strengthened if large numbers of convicts were assigned to these 'men of capital' as cheap labour.

masks: Macquarie Macquarie Macquarie Macquarie Macquarie Macquarie


title: Lachlan Macquarie

texts:
 Bigge's reports subsequently depicted <mask> as having an error of conduct in making New South Wales a place for the convicts to reform back into society rather than a place of punishment, and stated that his policies of remediation toward the emancipated were not only 'inexpedient and dangerous' but were 'an act of violence' to the established colonists. <mask> offered his resignation several times, which was accepted in 1820 with Thomas Brisbane replacing him as governor in 1821. <mask> served longer than any other governor but not long after, in 1824, the overall power within the role was reduced by the introduction of the New South Wales Legislative Council, Australia's first legislative body, appointed to advise the governor. Return to Scotland, death and legacy

<mask> returned to Scotland, and died in London in 1824 while busy defending himself against Bigge's charges.But his reputation continued to grow after his death, especially among the emancipists and their descendants, who were the majority of the Australian population until the Australian gold rushes. Today he is regarded by many as the most enlightened and progressive of the early governors who sought to establish Australia as a country, rather than as a prison camp. The nationalist school of Australian historians have treated him as a proto-nationalist hero. <mask> formally adopted the name Australia for the continent, the name earlier proposed by the first circumnavigator of Australia, Matthew Flinders. The origin of the name "Australia" is closely associated with <mask> who first used it in an official despatch in 1817. As well as the many geographical features named after him, many institutions in Australia such as Macquarie University in


title: Lachlan Macquarie

texts:
 Sydney are also named in his honour. <mask> was promoted to Colonel in 1810, Brigadier-General in 1811 and Major-General in 1813, while serving as governor.<mask> was buried on the Isle of Mull in a mausoleum near Salen with his wife, daughter and son. The grave is maintained by the National Trust of Australia and is inscribed "The Father of Australia". Memorials

A statue of <mask> commissioned by the NSW Government and created by Terrance Plowright in 2012, stands at the north entrance to Hyde Park in the centre of Sydney. A nearby inscription reads: "He was a perfect gentleman, a Christian and supreme legislator of the human heart." The appropriateness of the statue and the inscription have been questioned in view of his punitive expeditions against Indigenous people. Placenames

Many places in Australia have been named in <mask>'s honour (some of these were named by <mask> himself). They include:

At the time of his governorship or shortly thereafter:
 Macquarie Island between Tasmania and Antarctica.The subsequent tectonic plate Macquarie Ridge and junction which align northwards from the island are also named after <mask>. Lake Macquarie on the coast of New South Wales between Sydney and Newcastle was named after <mask> in 1826. Macquarie River a significant inland river in New South Wales which passes Bathurst, Wellington, Dubbo and Warren before entering the Macquarie Marshes and the Barwon River
 Mount Macquarie, highest point in the Blayney Shire at 1100 metres above sea level. It ceased operating in 1840, but reopened in 1874 and has been used continuously as a hotel ever since. Windsor also contains a Macquarie Street
 Lachlan Macquarie Ward, Parramatta, New South Wales

Many years after his


title: Lachlan Macquarie

texts:
 governorship:
 Macquarie Park and Macquarie Links, suburbs of Sydney
 Macquarie Shopping Centre, North Ryde
 Macquarie, a suburb of Canberra, Australia
 Lachlan Street, Macquarie, Canberra, Australia
 Division of Macquarie, one of the first 75 Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives created for the Australian Parliament in 1901

Institutions named after Macquarie:
 Macquarie Hospital, Sydney
 Macquarie University, Sydney
 Macquarie Bank, an investment bank created in 1985 using one of Governor <mask>'s "holey dollars" as its symbol
 Macquarie Community College, an adult community education provider in northwest and western Sydney
Macquarie Grammar School, Sydney

See also
Historical Records of Australia

References

Citations

Sources

 State Library of NSW, "The Governor | Lachlan Macquarie 1810–1821", 2010. .

Further reading

 Page, Anthony, “Enlightenment, empire and <mask> <mask>'s journey through Persia and Russia”, History Australia, 6:3 (2009), pp. 70.1-15. Richards, D. Manning (2012).Destiny in Sydney: An epic novel of convicts, Aborigines, and Chinese embroiled in the birth of Sydney, Australia. First book in Sydney series. Washington DC: Aries Books. External links

 The Macquarie Era – State Library of NSW
 The Lachlan & Elizabeth Macquarie Archive – Macquarie University
 Journeys in Time

Governors of New South Wales
Scottish soldiers
British Army generals
City founders
People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War
People from Argyll and Bute
1762 births
1824 deaths
Australian penal colony administrators
84th Regiment of Foot officers
73rd Regiment of Foot officers
71st Highlanders officers
Colony

masks: Macquarie Lachlan Macquarie


title: Arjun Kumar Sengupta

texts:
<mask> (10 June 1937 – 26 September 2010) was an Indian economist. He served as a Member of the Parliament of India, representing West Bengal in the Rajya Sabha from 2006 until his death. In addition to being a Parliamentarian, he was one of India's most noted economists, and led a multifaceted career as an academician and economic policy administrator. Life and career
<mask> was born in Kolkata in 1937. After finishing his schooling at Mitra Institution in Bhawanipur, Kolkata, he graduated from the Presidency College, then affiliated with the University of Calcutta. At Presidency College, he was a member of the All-India Students' Federation, a radical student organisation affiliated with the Communist Party of India, then undivided. He later received a doctorate in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under advisor Robert Solow, at the age of 27.His career included eminent posts such as Special Secretary to the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi (1981–1984), Executive Director and Special Adviser to the managing director of the International Monetary Fund (1985–1990), India's Ambassador to the European Union (1990–1993), Member Secretary of the Planning Commission (1993–1998), and Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha (2005 until his death). As an educator, he traversed many institutions, including Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi School of Economics, London School of Economics and Harvard University. <mask> <mask> also served as the UN's Independent Expert on the Right to Development, the UN's Independent Expert on Human Rights and Extreme Poverty, and member of the United Nations Development Program's Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor. Sengupta died of prostate cancer, which was first diagnosed in

masks:
Arjun Kumar Sengupta
Arjun Sengupta
Arjun
Sengupta


title: Arjun Kumar Sengupta

texts:
 2005. He is survived by his wife, Jayshree, and daughter, Madhura (Mitu), and brothers Arya and Pinaki. Commemoration
The United Nations Human Rights Council observed a moment of silence for Sengupta on 27 September 2010 and the Rajya Sabha was adjourned on 9 November 2010, as a mark of respect to him. Delivering the Arjun <mask> Memorial Lecture organised by the Indian Society of Labour Economics on 16 December 2010, Prabhat Patnaik described Sengupta as an "iconoclast" and lauded the many roles he played "in his long and distinguished career."On 26 March 2013, <mask> was honoured posthumously by the Government of Bangladesh for his contribution to the Bangladesh Liberation War. Government and politics

<mask> <mask> joined the Government of India in the early 1970s, assisting top policymakers such as P.N. Dhar and Sukhomoy Chakravarty build an alliance with the nascent state of Bangladesh. Later in the 1970s, he worked in Commerce Ministry under then Commerce Minister, Pranab Mukherjee. In his stint at the Prime Minister's Office in the early 1980s, Sengupta was reportedly unhappy about India's 1982 loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and wanted more to be done for agriculture and small farmers. At this time, he also steered two important groups: the Narsimhan Committee, which created the architecture of disbanding quantitative controls and replacing them with tariff and fiscal steps, and also the Sengupta Committee on public sector reform. <mask> was a proponent of the need for an arms-length relationship with the political authority in public sector units (PSUs).However, while <mask> was a market reformer, his vision was different than what was in currency at the time in the international financial institutions.

masks: Sengupta Sengupta Arjun Sengupta Sengupta Sengupta


title: Arjun Kumar Sengupta

texts: Yoginder Alagh, a former Union Minister and <mask>'s longtime colleague and friend, said that the reforms championed by <mask> at the time "were our own, not big bang IMF/World Bank reform initiatives." Upon his return to India in 1993 (from the US, where he was with the IMF, and Brussels, where he was posted as India's Ambassador to the EC), <mask> was appointed Member Secretary of the Planning Commission, under then Deputy chairman, Pranab Mukherjee. According to veteran journalist Rajesh Mahapatra, Mukherjee had become the rallying point for those in the Congress party that were critical of the market reform policies of then Finance Minister, Manmohan Singh. As Member Secretary of the Planning Commission, Sengupta brought together a group of left-wing economists to prepare a critical mid-term appraisal that highlighted the downside of economic liberalisation. With this act, Mahapatra said, "<mask> ended up on the wrong side of history. The finance ministry prevailed over Prime Minister Narasimha Rao to stop the mid-term appraisal from being printed in its original form."In the same article, Mahapatra alleges that <mask> was subsequently denied many posts for which he was a candidate, including Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, which went to Dr. Bimal Jalan in 1997, and Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission, which went to Dr. Montek Singh Ahluwalia in 2004. Another veteran journalist and TV personality, Paranjoy Guha Thakurta, remembered <mask> in a similar fashion. According to Guha Thakurta, Sengupta's critical stance towards "the neo-liberal school of economic thought subscribed to by Manmohan Singh" and refusal to "cultivate political godfathers" meant that he would be "one Finance Minister India never had." In a

masks: Sengupta Sengupta Sengupta Sengupta Sengupta Sengupta


title: Arjun Kumar Sengupta

texts:
 published tribute to Sengupta in The Asian Age, his daughter, Mitu <mask>, described him as "a strong, principled and self-made man, a visionary and true egalitarian," and someone "who could be neither bullied nor bought." Work as Chairman of the National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector

Upon his death, various published tributes to Dr. <mask> <mask> indicated that his most significant contribution was the final report he produced as the head of the National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector (NCEUS), a cabinet-rank position that he held from 2005 to 2009. This report, released in April 2009, revealed that, despite many years of economic growth, 77% of India's population continues to live on less than $2 per day (currently around Rs. 120/day), and that as much as 86% of India's workforce is in the unorganised sector.The report also revealed that the vast majority of India's 'Poor and Vulnerable' are Muslim or lower caste, and thus in addition to poverty, also suffer from social discrimination. According to the report: "These groups emerge as a sort of a coalition of socially discriminated, educationally deprived and economically destitute" while "less than one fourth" of India's population is enjoying the fruits of high economic growth. Under <mask>'s Chairmanship, the NCEUS produced a total of ten reports in addition to submitting a number of proposals and working papers on selected issues, such as the global economic crisis, the informal economy, Special Economic Zones, and street vendors. Critical of existing government policy, the NCEUS pointed out that although enormous funds had been allocated and spent on social development programs, the benefits largely bypassed the poorest of the poor. It

masks: Sengupta Arjun Sengupta Sengupta


title: Arjun Kumar Sengupta

texts:
 suggested designing special schemes for the vulnerable sections of Indian society through better targeting and social engineering. The commission's recommendations on social security resulted in the enactment of the Unorganized Workers Social Security Act, 2008. Recalling Dr. <mask>'s contribution to identifying the cross-linkages between extreme poverty and the downtrodden, C. Rangarajan, Chairman of the Prime Minister's Economic Advisory Council, said: "He had a good understanding of social problems and was deeply involved in finding solutions for people at the bottom of the population pile."Another of Sengupta's admirers, the Vice-President of India, Mohammad Hamid Ansari, said that the "Sengupta report on the unorganised sector is a guiding force to provide minimum social security for all unorganised workers." Work on the Rights-Based Approach to Development

In 1999, <mask> <mask> became the Independent Expert on the Right to Development (RTD) for the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. He produced six reports on the Right to development between 1999 and 2004. These reports elaborated on the 'Declaration of the Right to Development' adopted by the UN in 1986 (the US cast the lone dissenting vote). He also wrote a number of academic papers on the subject, and with the support of Harvard University, implemented two large projects in South Asia. In his subsequent role as the UN's Independent Expert on Human Rights and Extreme Poverty, he wrote as many as six reports, including a mission report on extreme poverty in the United States. Sengupta founded the Centre for Development and Human Rights (CDHR), a non-profit organisation that has produced numerous papers, reports and volumes on the rights-based approach to development,

masks: Sengupta Arjun Sengupta


title: Arjun Kumar Sengupta

texts: including an edited volume, Reflections on the Right to Development, produced in 2005.According to Ravi Srivastava, Professor of Economics and Jawaharlal Nehru University, "<mask>'s contributions to the right to development constitute... a very significant contribution to the ongoing debate in India on the rights-based approach." Srivastava says that <mask>'s reports provide a "formidable basis" for arguing that positive rights and collective rights are possible. <mask> argued that the enforceability of collective rights via the implementation of development programs was possible even without their being converted into legal rights (though he recognised that justiciability did remain a superior course of action). The right to development was linked to a path of development in which national governments were obliged to ensure that human rights were progressively realised. But international organisations were also seen as having an important role. In a seminal article published in India's Economic and Political Weekly in 2001, <mask> argued that: "When development is seen as a human right, it obligates the authorities, both nationally and internationally, to fulfill their duties in delivering (or in human rights language, promoting, securing, and protecting) that right in a country. The adoption of appropriate policies follows from that obligation.Nationally, the government must do everything, or must be seen as doing everything to fulfill the claims of a human right. If the right to food, education, health are regarded as components of a human right to development, the state has to accept the primary responsibility of delivering the right either on its own or in collaboration with others. It has to adopt the appropriate policies and

masks: Sengupta Sengupta Sengupta Sengupta


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

texts:
<mask> (Pashto/Dari: زلمی خلیلزاد <mask>ād; born March 22, 1951) is an Afghan-American diplomat and foreign policy expert. <mask> was the United States Ambassador to the United Nations under President George W. Bush and, briefly, President Barack Obama. <mask>'s previous assignments in the Bush administration included Ambassador to Afghanistan from 2004 to 2005 and Ambassador to Iraq from 2005 to 2007. In 2017, he was considered for Secretary of State in the Trump administration. He served as the Special Representative for Afghanistan Reconciliation at the State Department from September 2018 to August 2021, in both the Trump and Biden administrations, brokering a peace agreement with the Taliban and facilitating the final United States withdrawal from Afghanistan. <mask> resigned as U.S. envoy to Afghanistan on October 18, 2021, leaving office the next day. Previously, he worked as a counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and as president of Gryphon Partners and Khalilzad Associates, an international business consulting firm based in Washington, D.C.Early life and education
<mask> was born in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan, and grew up in the country's capital, Kabul. He is an ethnic Pashtun from the Noorzai tribe. <mask> began his education at the public Ghazi Lycée school in Kabul. He first spent time in the United States as a high school exchange student with AFS Intercultural Programs in Ceres, California. Later, he attained his bachelor's and his master's degrees from the American University of Beirut, in Lebanon. <mask> received his doctorate at the University of Chicago where he studied closely with Albert Wohlstetter, a prominent nuclear deterrence thinker and strategist. Wohlstetter provided <mask> with contacts within the government

masks:
Zalmay Mamozy Khalilzad
Zalmay Khalz
Khalilzad
Khalilzad
Khalilzad
Khalilzad
Khalilzad
Khalilzad
Khalilzad


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

texts:
 and RAND.<mask> has contributed at least 28 papers to RAND Corporation. Early career

From 1979 to 1989, <mask> worked as an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs. During that time, he worked closely with Zbigniew Brzezinski, the Carter administration's architect of Operation Cyclone to support the Afghan mujahideen, who resisted the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan. In 1984, <mask> accepted a one-year Council on Foreign Relations fellowship to join the US State Department, where he was an adviser to the Near East and South Asia Bureau, headed by Richard W. Murphy. From 1985 to 1989, <mask> served in the Reagan administration, as a senior State Department official, advising on the Soviet–Afghan War, after the Soviet invasion. During that time, he was a member of the Policy Planning Staff and the State Department's Special Adviser on Afghanistan to Undersecretary of State Michael H. Armacost. In that role, he developed and guided the international program to promote the merits of a mujahideen-led Afghanistan ousting the Soviet occupation.From 1990 to 1992, <mask> served under President George H. W. Bush in the US Defense Department, as Deputy Undersecretary for Policy Planning. Between 1993 and 2000, <mask> was the director of the Strategy, Doctrine, and Force Structure at the RAND Corporation. During that time, he helped found RAND's Center for Middle Eastern Studies as well as "Strategic Appraisal," a RAND periodical. He also authored several influential monographs, including "The United States and a Rising China" and "From Containment to Global Leadership? America and the World After the Cold War." At RAND, he also had a brief stint in consulting for Cambridge Energy Research Associates, which

masks: Khalilzad Khalilzad Khalilzad Khalilzad Khalilzad Khalilzad


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

texts:
 was conducting a risk analysis for Unocal, now part of Chevron, for a proposed 1400 km (890 mi), $2-billion, 622 m³/s (22,000 ft³/s) Trans-Afghanistan gas pipeline project, which would have extended from Turkmenistan to Afghanistan and then proceeded to Pakistan. Support for U.S. global leadership
<mask> also wrote several articles on the subject of the value of U.S. global leadership in the mid-1990s.The specific scenarios for conflict that he envisioned if a decline in American power occurred have made his writings extremely popular in competitive high school and college policy debate, particularly his writing that links the loss of US hegemony to global instability. <mask> was a signatory of the letter from members of the Project for the New American Century to President Bill Clinton sent on January 26, 1998. It called for Clinton's help in "removing Saddam Hussein and his regime from power" by using "a full complement of diplomatic, political and military efforts." Views

North Korea
In a published 1993 paper, he advocated for "trade sanctions" against North Korea, "enhancing U.S. and South Korean military readiness", and "direct military attacks". "Use of force by a U.S.—allied coalition has better prospects for achieving the U.S. objective, either by setting back the program or by producing a more compliant North Korea—depending on how much and how effectively the force is applied. However, given the risk of triggering a second Korean war, it is unclear whether the South Koreans or Japanese could be induced to agree." -1993

U.S. hegemony over critical regions
"The United States should be willing to use force if necessary for this purpose.There are currently two regions whose control by a hostile power could pose a global challenge: East Asia and Europe. The

masks: Khalilzad Khalilzad


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

texts:
 necessity, every war must end, but circumstance must be created for that wish to be successful. I've told him [to] get your house in order first, get the corruption issue dealt with, get governance improved, get services improved, then people would say `ahaa ... i want to be on this side, it looks like it is a better side, the side that is producing resolve.' But if they see your judges are corrupt, and your governors are not providing any services, initially people would think `why should I die for this, I'm going to become neutral`, or worse if the other side is providing more security, let's say, it [sic] will be even more difficult. "- June 17, 2009. UC Berkeley Events

"If the sanctuary could be put at risk, I think the prospect of Reconciliation will improve." - June 17, 2009.UC Berkeley Events

US Ambassador to Afghanistan

In 2001, President George W. Bush asked <mask> to head the Bush-Cheney transition team for the Department of Defense, and <mask> briefly served as Counselor to Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. In May 2001, National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice announced <mask>'s appointment as Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Southwest Asia, Near East, and North African Affairs at the US National Security Council. In December 2002, Bush appointed <mask> to the position of Ambassador at Large for Free Iraqis with the task of coordinating "preparations for a post-Saddam Hussein Iraq." After the terrorist attacks of 9/11, Bush came to rely on <mask>'s Afghanistan expertise. <mask> was involved in the early stages of planning to overthrow the Taliban and on December 31, 2001, he was selected as Bush's Special Presidential Envoy for Afghanistan. He served in that position until November 2003, when he was appointed to serve as US


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

texts:
 ambassador to Afghanistan. <mask> held that position from November 2003 until June 2005.During that time, he oversaw the drafting of the constitution of Afghanistan, was involved with the country's first elections and helped to organize the first meeting of Afghanistan's Loya Jirga (traditional grand assembly). At the June 2002 Loya Jirga to select the Head of State,  representatives of the US convinced the former king of Afghanistan, 87-year-old Zahir Shah, to withdraw from consideration even though a majority of Loya Jirga delegates supported him. That move angered Pashtuns, who were concerned with the disproportionate power of the Northern Alliance in the Karzai government. During <mask>'s tenure as ambassador, the new Afghan president, Hamid Karzai, consulted closely with him on a regular basis about political decisions, and the two dined together regularly. In 2004 and 2005, he was also involved in helping with the establishment of the American University of Afghanistan (AUAF), which is the first American-style higher learning educational institution in Afghanistan. In 2016, the Friends of the American University of Afghanistan  presented him with the International Public Service Award. US Ambassador to Iraq

<mask> began his job as US Ambassador to Iraq on June 21, 2005.He was credited for helping negotiate compromises which allowed the ratification of the Constitution of Iraq in October 2005. <mask> also worked to ensure that the December 2005 elections ran smoothly and played a substantial role in forming the first post-Saddam government. <mask> also helped establish the American University of Iraq, in Sulaimaniya, and sits on its board of regents. In comparison to his predecessors, Paul Bremer and John Negroponte, in Baghdad, <mask> was considered a success as


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

texts:
 US ambassador and credited with bringing a cultural sophistication and human touch to the job that helped connect with Iraqis. <mask> was one of the first high-level administration officials to warn that sectarian violence was overtaking the insurgency as the top threat to Iraq's stability. After the Al Askari Mosque bombing, in February 2006, he warned that spreading sectarian violence might lead to civil war and possibly to even a broader conflict, involving neighboring countries. <mask> sought political solutions to the problem of sectarianism, and in particular, he worked to integrate the balance of power between Iraq's three main ethnic groups to head off growing the growing Sunni violence.<mask>'s term as ambassador ended on March 26, 2007. He was replaced by Ryan Crocker, a career diplomat and former US ambassador to Pakistan. US Ambassador to the United Nations

On February 12, 2007, the White House submitted <mask>'s nomination to the Senate to become the US ambassador to the United Nations. He was unanimously confirmed by the Democratic-controlled US Senate on March 29, 2007. That marked a strong contrast to <mask>'s predecessor, John R. Bolton, whose often-controversial rhetoric caused him to fail to be confirmed by the Senate but obtained a recess appointment. Colleagues at the UN noted that <mask> has a different style from Bolton and was more conciliatory. In November 2007, <mask> charged that Iran was helping the insurgent groups in Afghanistan and Iraq.He also told the media, soon after the International Atomic Energy Agency's release of its report on Iran, that the Iranian government was clearly going ahead with its nuclear program. <mask> explained that the US would try to pass another resolution in the Security Council, under Chapter 7, to impose

masks: Khalilzad Khalilzad Khalilzad Khalilzad Khalilzad Khalilzad Khalilzad Khalilzad


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

texts:
 additional sanctions against Iran. In August 2008, he urged the Security Council to "take urgent action" and to "condemn Russia's military assault on the sovereign state of Georgia". He also stated that Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov had told US Secretary of State Rice that Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili "must go." Private sector (2009–2018)
From 2009 to 2018, <mask> served as the President of Khalilzad Associates, LLC, an "international advisory firm that serves clients at the nexus of commerce and public policies, helping global businesses navigate the most promising and challenging international markets." Khalilzad Associates and its parent company, Gryphon Capital Partners, have, as clients, international and US companies that interested mainly in doing business in Iraq and Afghanistan. According to <mask>, they include companies in the sectors of energy, construction, education, and infrastructure.<mask> served as a Counselor at the Center for Strategic International Studies (CSIS) and sits on the Boards of the National Endowment for Democracy (NED), America Abroad Media (AAM), the RAND Corporation's Middle East Studies Center, the Atlantic Council, the American University of Iraq in Suleymania (AUIS), The American University of Kurdistan (AUK), and the American University of Afghanistan (AUAF). On September 9, 2014, a news items appeared in the Austrian media, stating that <mask> was being investigated by authorities in Austria for suspected money laundering, and that his wife's accounts had been frozen. On September 10, the Austrian court made known that the case had been dismissed and the accounts had been ordered unfrozen a week earlier, on September 3. The leak was the result of court documents having been discarded unshredded in the general

masks: Khalilzad Khalilzad Khalilzad Khalilzad