title: Jim Greer

texts: defraud, money laundering, and four counts of grand theft. Prosecutors alleged that <mask>, while chair of the Florida GOP, schemed to take money, over $100,000 from the party through a fundraising company he created, Victory Strategies LLC. The Orlando Sentinel further noted that, "The contract for Victory Strategies to take over major donor fundraising was withheld from top GOP finance officials." However, during the investigation, evidence including several affidavits from the state party finance chairman and major donors supported <mask>'s claim that the Governor and other top party officials knew about the arrangement and approved it, however, <mask> choose to end his trial and surprised many by pleading guilty which avoided a potentially embarrassing trial for the Republican Party and certain elected officials. Much speculation of why <mask> ended the trial on the day it was to begin has occurred, a witness list of prominent elected officials that may have been called by <mask>'s attorney to testify was also made public during the week the trial was scheduled to take place. <mask>'s attorney said "The Governor knew about Victory Strategies from the very beginning," Chase said."They all worked on it together… They saw it as a way to save money and the charges should be dismissed, <mask> is a scapegoat for others". Some of <mask>'s attorneys publicly stated they opposed <mask>'s guilty plea and believe he would have been acquitted at trial. Three years after his arrest, <mask> unexpectedly pleaded guilty to theft and money laundering charges on February 11, 2013, and was sentenced on March 27, 2013 to 18 months in prison, of which he served 15 months at a low security work release facility. Ultimately, with his unexpected plea, <mask> also agreed to pay only $65,000 in restitution to the Republican Party relating to the fundraising agreement. In 2013 a book was published detailing the circumstances relating to the charges filed against <mask> called, The Chairman:

masks: Greer Greer Greer Greer Greer Greer Greer Greer Greer Greer Greer Greer


title: Jim Greer

type: original

texts:
 The Rise and Betrayal of <mask>, written by New York Times best selling author Peter Golenbock. Business career
After leaving public service and completing his sentence, <mask> founded several successful companies and currently serves as the president and CEO of Accredited Drug Testing Inc, Coastal Drug Testing Inc and Health Screenings USA. These companies provide drug, alcohol and DNA testing nationwide.<mask> became a millionaire as a result of his business activities. In 2018, <mask> was elected the Governmental Affairs Committee chairman of the National Drug and Alcohol Screening Association (NDASA), in addition to serving as a member of the council of industry advisers. <mask> is also a former member of the National Board of Directors of the Drug and Alcohol Testing Industry Association. In March 2019 <mask> was elected Chairman of the National Drug and Alcohol Screening Association at its annual convention held in San Antonio, Texas. Recognitions
During <mask>‘s political and business career he has received numerous awards and recognition‘s including the "Annual Leadership Award" from the republican womans network, the "State Leadership Award" from the Federation of Black Republicans, "Public Servant Of The Year" from the conference of Young Republicans. His community service and recognitions include serving as President of the Rotary Club, a board member of the Chamber of Commerce, Paul Harris Fellow and Business Person of the Year. He is a supporter of various charities including Helpful Hands.He has been a regular guest on CNN, Fox News, CBS News with Katie Couric and has appeared on the "Morning Joe" show on MSNBC. References

1962 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Florida
Florida Republicans
People from Oviedo, Florida
State political party chairs of Florida
American politicians convicted of fraud
American money launderers
Florida city council members
Florida politicians convicted of crimes
American chief executives
People from Palm Bay,

masks:
Jim Greer
Greer
Greer
Greer
Greer
Greer
Greer


title: Stanley Rader

texts:
<mask><mask> (August 13, 1930 – July 2, 2002), was an attorney, accountant, author and, later in life, one of the Evangelists of the Worldwide Church of God, then a Sabbatarian organization, which was founded by Herbert W. Armstrong. Before meeting <mask> was born and raised in White Plains, New York. He later moved to California, where he met his future wife, Natalie "Niki" Gartenberg. He graduated from UCLA in 1951 and became a Certified Public Accountant in 1954. First associations with Armstrong
In 1956 <mask> met Armstrong, leader of what was then called the Radio Church of God, at its headquarters offices in Pasadena, California. Under contract with the Radio Church of God, <mask> worked on improving its accounting system, thereby creating a highly favorable impression with Armstrong, who then urged him to attend law school at Armstrong's expense. In 1963 <mask> graduated from University of Southern California Law School.The Radio Church of God had been previously incorporated on March 3, 1946, when it was re-established in Pasadena. Prior to this event it had been an unincorporated voluntary association based in Eugene, Oregon, and named after its radio broadcast. On January 5, 1968, Armstrong, as president, together with the secretary of the corporation, amended its Articles of Incorporation to reflect the change of name to the Worldwide Church of God. (By then its radio broadcast had also been renamed The World Tomorrow). By this time Armstrong was considered to be more of a modern-day apostle by his followers, rather than merely "pastor general," his title in the church. After coming to terms regarding salary and compensation, in 1969 <mask> chose to devote himself full-time to the service of Armstrong. Joining

masks:
Stanley R
. Rader
Armstrong Stanley Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader


title: Stanley Rader

texts:
 WCG
Rader, who still considered himself Jewish, was baptized into WCG by Armstrong in 1975 using a hotel bathtub in the Mandarin Hotel in Hong Kong.This move allowed <mask> to reposition himself as a high-ranking church evangelist in an attempt to quell misgivings by many in the ministerial hierarchy, who felt that <mask>'s undue influence on Armstrong was troubling. 60 Minutes interview
In a 60 Minutes interview with Mike Wallace, <mask> defended himself, remarking to Wallace, "I don't take stupid pills." Wallace read to <mask> a portion of a letter Armstrong was drafting, asking <mask> to resign from any church positions that would make him Armstrong's successor. Wallace then played a tape of Armstrong reading the letter. <mask> started to sweat, before finally declaring: "Now I say you've acquired this by illegal means. I intend to have my attorneys today not only sue you if you use this. ... Mike, look, I think you'd better scrap everything because you're on my list.Okay? You're never going to live it down, Mike, I guarantee it. ... you're contemptible. ... I'd like you to get out of here, immediately!" <mask> then stormed out of the room, and accused the press of distorting the facts. Popularizing Armstrong
Whereas the plan of Garner Ted Armstrong was to ease his aging father into retirement, the plan of <mask> and his aide Robert Kuhn was to transform Herbert W. Armstrong from an elderly evangelist into a more secular leader, casting him as a vital "Ambassador for World Peace without portfolio".<mask>'s plan required the creation of a totally new and secular cover entity from which to operate, distanced from Armstrong's Worldwide fundamentalist sect, which might prove unpalatable to prominent world leaders as

masks: Rader Rader Rader Rader Rader Rader Rader Rader Rader


title: Stanley Rader

texts:
 Armstrong played out his role as quasi-ambassador. In 1975, therefore, he incorporated the Ambassador International Cultural Foundation (AICF) which was actually funded from the tithe money of members of the Worldwide Church of God. In 1979, <mask> was ordained as one of the Evangelists of the Worldwide Church of God. As a consequence, the AICF transformed Ambassador Auditorium, on the Ambassador College campus, from a church auditorium, in which Saturday Sabbath church services were conducted, into a "Carnegie Hall of the West", and launched a concert series featuring the top names in classical music, jazz, and the performing arts. PBS and other television networks made use of this glamorous new venue. The AICF also created a new, glossy, secular, coffee-table, commercial magazine called Quest, with a circulation of several hundred thousand copies. Additionally, the AICF bought the book publisher Everest House, and funded the motion picture Paper Moon starring Tatum O'Neal.Armstrong, in the company of <mask>, began introducing himself to any world leader who held political power and was willing to meet with the aging, grandfatherly figure for a photo opportunity for The Plain Truth, during which the leader would receive expensive gifts, such as Stueben crystal. Armstrong sold his new AICF portfolio approach to the church membership as being a new phase in preaching the church's gospel. Business relationships
<mask> used his own professional legal accounting practice, and also incorporated new companies in order to conduct profitable business enterprises on behalf of the Worldwide Church of God. The companies largely owned and controlled by <mask> included:

 Rader, Helge & Gerson, which provided legal representation for

masks: Rader Rader Rader Rader


title: Stanley Rader

texts:
 the church. Rader, Cornwall, Kessler and Palazzo, which provided accounting services for the church. Worldwide Advertising, Inc., which booked The World Tomorrow on radio and television stations. Mid-Atlantic Leasing, which leased light aircraft and a Gulfstream II, to enable <mask> and Armstrong to fly around the world meeting kings, princes, presidents, and prime ministers, all paid for by the Worldwide Church of God.Wilshire Travel, which made the travel bookings for <mask> and Armstrong. Gateway Publishing, which printed books used by the church. WCG placed in receivership
By 1979, California Attorney General George Deukmejian had opened an investigation into allegations that millions of dollars a year had been stolen from the church by Armstrong and <mask>. These allegations resulted in WCG being placed in court-ordered receivership for more than a year. During this time, <mask> was the point man for Armstrong, and rallied other religious groups to his defense. With the backing of a nonprofit, religious lobbying coalition formed to thwart state intrusion, <mask> successfully introduced a bill into the California Legislature which restricted the Attorney General's authority to conduct civil (but not criminal) financial investigations of California religious and nonprofit organizations. Subsequent to the bill's passage into law, the California Attorney General's office dropped its litigation against WCG.Book
In 1980, <mask> wrote a book called Against the Gates of Hell: The Threat to Religious Freedom in America, which was published by the Worldwide Church of God's Everest House corporation. It was about the investigation by the State of California into the finances of the church. The National Council of Churches

masks: Rader Rader Rader Rader Rader Rader


title: Stanley Rader

texts:
 praised it as "the seminal work on church/state relations in the 20th century." Resignation
Although <mask> appeared to have won the financial receivership battle, his plan to create the AICF cultural empire had come to a halt. In 1981 he resigned as General Counsel and Treasurer of the Worldwide Church of God. Armstrong paid <mask> a special $250,000 bonus, after taxes, in appreciation of his vigorous defense of the church against the state receivership. <mask> also received substantial pension payments arising under his contractual agreement with the church.Death
By the time that <mask> died on July 2, 2002, just two weeks after being diagnosed with acute pancreatic cancer, the Worldwide Church of God had terminated its former broadcasts and created a separate ministry for its magazine, which had renounced its previous editorial purpose. <mask> was buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Altadena, California (the same cemetery in which the Armstrong family is buried). His funeral was presided over by Joseph Tkach, Jr.

References

Bibliography
<mask>, 71; Advisor in Worldwide Church of God - <mask> <mask>, the long-time confidant of the late Herbert W. Armstrong of the Worldwide Church of God, has died. He was 71. - Los Angeles Times/July 4, 2002 - By Larry B. Stammer
"The Devil and <mask>der" Article in The American Lawyer

External links
Against the Gates of Hell: The Threat to Religious Freedom in America by <mask><mask> Online copy of <mask>'s book defending Armstrong and the Worldwide Church of God
Against the Gates of Hell by <mask> <mask> - Herbert W. Armstrong Searchable Library & Archive - HWALibrary.com
<mask>. Rader Resigns Article by Herbert W. Armstrong
Ambassador Report

1930 births
2002 deaths
Church of God

masks:
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Stanley Rader
Stanley Robert
Rader
Stanley Ra
Stanley R
. Rader
Rader
Stanley R
Rader
Stanley R


title: Kamie Ethridge

texts:
Mary Camille "<mask>" <mask> (born April 21, 1964) is a former American basketball player and current basketball coach. She was an All-American point guard at the University of Texas at Austin and won a gold medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics. She is considered one of the best women's basketball players in history and was inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2002. <mask> is currently the head coach at Washington State University. High school
Born in Hereford, Texas, Ethridge played guard for Monterey High School, in Lubbock, Texas. She led her team to a state championship (5A) in 1981. College
Ethridge attended the University of Texas, where she played for Hall of Fame coach Jody Conradt.The Lady Longhorns were one of the more powerful teams in the country at the time <mask> joined the team, and she would help strengthen that position. <mask> arrived at Texas in 1982. In her first two years, the team earned a two seed at the 1983 and the 1984 NCAA Basketball Tournament. In 1984, the team was strong enough to earn the number one ranking in the regular season final AP poll. The team suffered knee injuries to five key players in 1984, including injuries to center Annette Smith so severe she was in rehabilitation for well over a year. In 1985, the team would also end the season ranked number one in the poll. That year, the team went 28–3 in the regular season, and looked forward to a Final Four held at their own arena, the Erwin Center.The Lady Longhorns were stunned by a buzzer beating shot by Western Kentucky, and lost 92–90 in the Mideast Regional semifinals. Despite earning lofty rankings, the team entered the 1985–86 season without having won a National Championship. <mask> was one of six seniors, including Fran Harris, who were in their last year of college ball with one last chance for a championship. <mask> was considered very competitive she once competed in a triathlon, riding the 9-mile bicycle leg with a flat tire for the last three miles. The team was again ranked very high, prompting Sports Illustrated to refer to their arena as "the best little scorehouse in Texas". That year, the team entered the tournament

masks: Kamie Ethridge Ethridge Ethridge Ethridge Ethridge Ethridge


title: Kamie Ethridge

texts:
 undefeated, and won all their tournament games, finishing the season as the first undefeated NCAA Division I women's basketball team (34–0), and national champions. <mask> was the 1986 winner of the Honda Sports Award for basketball and the overall Honda-Broderick Cup winner for all sports.She was also the winner of the Wade Trophy, reflecting leadership and character in addition to athletic ability. Etheridge was the 1986 recipient of the Frances Pomeroy Naismith award, which is presented by the WBCA annually to "the nation's most outstanding NCAA Division I female basketball player who stands 5'8" tall or under". While at Texas, she had 776 assists, setting a school record. On September 7, 2019, <mask> <mask>'s number 33 was officially retired at halftime of a Texas–LSU football game and she became the first female Longhorn athlete to receive this honor. Texas statistics
Source

USA Basketball
<mask> played for the USA World University Games team in Kobe, Japan in 1985. The team brought home a silver medal, after falling to the USSR. The team trailed by 18 points at one time, mounted a comeback attempt but fell short, losing 87–81.The following year, <mask> played for the USA team at the World Championships, in Moscow. This time, the USA team would meet the USSR in the title game and emerge victorious, winning the gold medal with a score of 108–88. <mask> was a member of the gold medal-winning USA team competing in the Pan American games held in Indianapolis, Indiana during August 1987, although she saw limited action due to a knee injury sustained in the first game. <mask> finished her USA basketball playing career with a gold medal win in the 1988 Olympics held in Seoul, Korea. Coaching
<mask> was a graduate assistant at Texas in 1987–88 after completing her bachelor's degree, then played professionally in Italy for the team OECE in 1988–89. <mask> became a graduate assistant at Northern Illinois in 1989 and was promoted to assistant coach in 1990. She then moved on to Vanderbilt and was part of the coaching staff under Jim Foster to help the team to a 1993 Final Four appearance.She then moved on to Kansas State, first as an

masks: Ethridge Kamie Ethridge Ethridge Ethridge Ethridge Ethridge Ethridge Ethridge


title: Kamie Ethridge

texts:
 assistant, then as associate head coach, where she helped the team become competitive. <mask> landed her first head coaching job in 2014 at Northern Colorado, and enjoyed immediate success, leading the Bears to a school-record 22 wins in her first season. She went on to lead the team to two additional 20-win seasons, capped off by a 2017–18 season that saw a school record of 26 wins, Big Sky Conference regular-season and tournament titles and the program's first-ever appearance in the NCAA tournament as a Division I member. At the end of the regular season, <mask> was named the Big Sky coach of the year. After the tournament appearance, she was hired away by Washington State to replace the fired June Daugherty. Awards and honors

 1986—Winner of the Honda Sports Award for basketball
 1986—The Honda-Broderick Cup winner for all sports. 1986—The Wade Trophy
 2000—University of Texas Women's Athletic Hall of Honor
 2002—Women's Basketball Hall of Fame

Head coaching record

Notes

References

External links
Northern Colorado athletic site bio
Women's Basketball Hall of Fame profile

1964 births
Living people
All-American college women's basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American women's basketball coaches
American women's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Texas
Basketball players at the 1987 Pan American Games
Basketball players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from Texas
Kansas State Wildcats women's basketball coaches
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Northern Illinois Huskies women's basketball coaches
Northern Illinois University alumni
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in basketball
People from Hereford, Texas
Point guards
Sportspeople from Lubbock, Texas
Texas Longhorns women's basketball players
Universiade gold medalists for the United States
Universiade medalists in basketball
Vanderbilt Commodores women's basketball coaches
Washington State Cougars women's basketball coaches
Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games
United States women's national basketball team

masks: Ethridge Ethridge


title: Malcolm Bricklin

texts:
<mask><mask> (born March 9, 1939) is an American businessman, widely known for an unorthodox career spanning more than six decades with numerous prominent failures and successes — primarily manufacturing or importing automobiles to the United States, ultimately starting over thirty companies. After franchising his father's hardware stores at age 19, <mask> founded Subaru of America, Inc. in 1968, founded General Vehicles to manufacture the Bricklin SV-1 (1974–76), imported and marketed Fiat X1/9 and Fiat 124 Sport Spider (1982), imported and marketed under the name Yugo the Zastava Koral hatchback from the then-Yugoslavia (1985−92), manufactured and marketed an electric bicycle as the EV Warrior (1982), and contracted to import and distribute vehicles made by the Chinese company Chery (2004). In 2017, at age 78, he promoted a plan to transform high-end car dealers into high-end art dealers, after becoming interested in the business aspect of art. In 2005, the New York Times said Bricklin is "often likened to an automotive version of P.T. Barnum." In 2009, noted documentarian Morgan Spurlock said Bricklin "goes nonstop. He’s testosterone unleashed, a brilliant negotiator and an incredible character."In 2013, Rolling Stone described him as "brash, bombastic, and pathologically prone to betting the farm on pie-in-the-sky automotive endeavors." In 2017, Autoweek said Bricklin has "a mind that works like a machine gun." Keith Crain, publisher of Automotive News said Bricklin is "like one of those toy clowns that when you punch it, it bounces right back up." Background

Born in Philadelphia to Jewish parents, young <mask> had one of his first jobs stretching hides in his family's furrier shop. He grew up in Orlando, Florida. <mask> said that as a child, he never liked to eat; "stopping to eat meant I had to stop playing." At the height of his success, he owned a desert ranch in Scottsdale, Ariz., and a 5,000-acre home in the Colorado Rockies with an indoor shooting range, a

masks:
Malcolm N
. Bricklin
Bricklin
Malcolm
Bricklin


title: Malcolm Bricklin

texts:
 riverfront swimming pool, helipad, and pet camel.<mask> has six sons. As of 2017, he has been divorced three times, amicably, and lives in Monroe, New York with his wife, artist Sania Teymeny. Career

Handyman America
<mask> built his father's Orlando, Florida, building supply business into a franchised chain at age 19. Named Handyman America and open seven days a week, <mask> left behind his interest in 1960 after dozens of lawsuits and judgments stemming from the chain, — shortly before the chain's bankruptcy. Subaru

In the mid-1960s, after he sold his interest in Handyman, <mask> moved back to Philadelphia. When he was exploring establishing a network of gas stations that would rent scooters, he went to Japan to meet with the manufacturer of the Rabbit scooter, Fuji Heavy Industries, to arrange for the purchase and importation of their scooters — at a time when Fuji was just getting out of manufacturing scooters and was concentrating on their automotive business. At the meeting, Bricklin saw Fuji’s Subaru 360 mini-car, which got up to 60 miles to a gallon of gas and did not require federalizing in the United States because it weighed under 1,000 pounds.He was able to secure an exclusive contract with Fuji Heavy Industries to import Subaru cars and trucks into the United States, forming Subaru of America. Despite the car's ill fit for American roads and traffic, <mask> was described as "one of the first auto industry mavericks to recognize that thrifty, inexpensive Japanese cars could be big in the United States." The first Subarus to enter the US were the 1968-1969 Subaru 360 and the 1970 Subaru FF-1 Star. Less than six months after the company formed, it became a public company and has been from 1968. Subaru of America became the only import car company that was publicly traded, making small fortunes for Bricklin and COO Harvey Lamm. FasTrack
In 1971, Bricklin created a franchise named FasTrack, combining RV sales with shopping center parking lot race courses, where

masks: Bricklin Bricklin Bricklin Bricklin Bricklin


title: Malcolm Bricklin

texts:
 the public could drive one of 900 unsold Subaru 360s, modified by Bruce Myers. The venture ultimately failed.Bricklin SV-1

<mask> subsequently founded his own car company, General Vehicle, manufacturing the Bricklin SV-1 two-seat gull-wing door sports car — informally called the Bricklin. "SV" stood for "safety vehicle," and Bricklin applied standards ahead of those the US government was requiring in the 1970s, including exceeding US crash protection standards. The SV-1 protected occupants with a tubular steel perimeter frame, roll cage and a chassis capable of withstanding a high velocity impact without deformation. The car didn't include a cigarette lighter or ashtray, as Bricklin viewed smoking while driving as unsafe. The Bricklin featured a vacuum forming process with color-impregnated acrylic bonded to fiberglass body panels. The car garnered mostly positive coverage from consumer media. In Car & Driver's comparison test, a '75 Bricklin with the Ford engine proved to be nearly a match for a '75 Corvette in every performance category—and the Bricklin's power-operated gullwing doors maxed out the "coefficient of cool" metric.Car and Driver concluded that despite some build quality and ergonomic deficiencies, and a price disadvantage, the Bricklin was "a tangible threat to the Corvette." Intended for the US market, the Bricklin SV1s were manufactured in Canada in the province of New Brunswick which sought to address its unemployment, nearing 25% in the mid-’70s. New Brunswick Premier Richard Hatfield supported the Province’s involvement in the Bricklin venture as a way of establishing a manufacturing base that could provide steady, high paying jobs and attract interest in the Province through the publicity the car provided. Production began in mid 1974 and continued through late 1975, employing over 1200 people in the Saint John and Minto, New Brunswick plants. In September 1975, after building 2,854 cars, and General Vehicles having set up over 400 US automobile


title: Malcolm Bricklin

texts:
 dealers with 40,000 back orders, the Province refused to provide further financial assistance and forced the company into receivership. International Automobile Importers (IAI)

After Fiat left the U.S. market, Bricklin created International Automobile Importers (IAI) in 1982 to import the Fiat X1/9 and 2000 roadster, renaming them the Bertone and the Pininfarina Azzurra. The company was profitable, but when Cadillac subsequently made a joint venture with Pininfarina, IAI was told that Cadillac didn't want a $14,000 Pininfarina being sold next to its $55,000 Pininfarina-manufactured Allanté — and gave IAI six months before they cancelled production of the cars.Yugo, Global Motors
Seeking to import a simple, low cost car to the U.S. market, Bricklin was introduced to Zastava Automobiles, manufactured in Kragujevac Yugoslavia – now Serbia. Zastava had produced cars since 1953 under a license from the Italian company Fiat. In 1984, the entire Yugoslav car industry produced 236,000 cars, 58,000 of which were exported. <mask>, senior advisor Henry Kissinger, former U.S. Under-Secretary of State and Yugo board member Lawrence Eagleburger, and Global Motors executives met with Zastava. <mask> agreed to import the Zastava Koral, marketing it as the Yugo. <mask> and his engineers suggested some 600 changes for the U.S. market, including a 1.1-liter 4-cylinder engine, improvements in the anti-pollution system, comfort adjustments, safety devices, and special carburetors for lead-free gasoline. In addition to the main Kragujevac complex, about 200 smaller Yugoslav factories manufactured parts for the cars.<mask> had his own people at the plant to monitor the effort, stressing high quality. A team of British quality experts sent a cadre to Kragujevac to study the factory and recommend improvements. The first shipment of the Yugos arrived via ship from Bar, Montenegro in Baltimore, Maryland in July 1985. The Yugo was the fastest-selling car ever in the US from Europe, 163,000 in

masks: Bricklin Bricklin Bricklin Bricklin


title: Malcolm Bricklin

texts:
 three years, and was the least expensive new car sold in the United States. At first, five models of Yugo were marketed in the United States for model year 1987: the basic entry-level $3,990-($9,363.69 in 2020) GV (for "Great Value"), the GVC with a glass sunroof, the nearly identical GVL and GVS with minor trim and upholstery upgrades, and the sportier GVX with the 1300 cc engine, five-speed manual transmission and standard equipment including a plush interior, ground-effects package, alloy wheels, rally lights, and a centre high mount stop lamp. The Cabrio convertible was introduced in 1988. <mask> sold his interest in Yugo in 1988 for $20 million.On May 30, 1992 United Nations sanctions were imposed, severing Yugoslavia from world trade. The effects of the United Nations sanctions on Yugoslavia forced Zastava to withdraw the car from every export market. After embargoes stifled production, NATO bombed the company's automotive facilities in 1999, instead of its munitions division. The Yugo was subject to derision by critics who pointed to its use of older Fiat technology. It was voted Car Talk's worst car of the millennium. Defenders argued that Yugo's reputation suffered when owners failed to perform basic maintenance. Popular Mechanics magazine surveyed 1,000 Yugo buyers and published the report in June 1987.78% described workmanship as good to excellent, 25% giving an unqualified excellent, 5% said poor. 42.4% said they would buy a Yugo again and 36% said maybe they would buy again. Electric vehicles
In the 1990s, Bricklin turned his attention to producing environmentally-friendly vehicles. He studied battery technology and formed an electric vehicle company. Bricklin electric vehicles were the wave of the future, a notion that appeared to be ahead of its time. After trying to get electric cars off the ground for a time, Bricklin formed a partnership with Dr. <mask>. Currie is the former Chairman and CEO of Hughes Aircraft, GM Delco and former Undersecretary of

masks:
Bricklin
Malcolm Currie


title: Malcolm Bricklin

texts:
 Global. That company no longer exists. Currie later founded Currie Cruisers and co-founded Real Spirit USA, to further develop the electric bicycles. Chery

Beginning in 2002, <mask> embarked on a three-year journey around the world to find a manufacturing partner to help him create a value brand in the US, examining the United Kingdom, India, Poland and after seeing their factory and meeting the executive staff, he decided to enter into an Importation Agreement with Chery Automobile Company,  which is located in the Anhui Province of China   and owned by the Provincial Anhui Government. Visionary Vehicles (now named VCars, LLC) entered into a joint venture in December 2004 to import 5 different models of cars into North America. Bricklin staffed an Engineering office in Detroit to direct the changes required to meet and exceed safety the homologation requirements in the United States.He established a dealer network in the United States and Canada. Bricklin hired consultants, advisors and employees with financial and automotive experience, including Allen and company; Atlantic Pacific Capital; Ambassador van den Heuvel, former US Ambassador to the United Nations;  Maurice Strong, former United Nations undersecretary; Ron Harbour, of Harbour Consultants, international automobile factory evaluators; Marianne McInerney, former President of the International Automotive Dealers Association; and Per Arnberg, President of Fram Shipowning, LTD, an international shipping company. Working with Atlantic Pacific Capital, he brought in George Soros, who put $200,000,000 in escrow to help bring Chery to the U.S. He also retained New York Marketing and Public Relations firms that generated worldwide exposure for Chery. After spending two years and $26 million to bring Chery’s manufacturing capabilities up to international standards and to create awareness of Chery, Visionary Vehicles discovered that Chery was using Visionary Vehicle’s engineering staff to work on a project that


title: Malcolm Bricklin

texts:
 involved Chrysler Corporation [which ultimately failed to materialize]. Shortly thereafter, Chery entered into an agreement with Quantum LLC, a subsidiary company of the Israel Corporation, brought in to help fund Visionary Vehicle’s participation in the joint venture with Chery. The agreement between Chery and Israel Corporation was done without Visionary Vehicle’s knowledge or approval, and excluded Visionary Vehicles.<mask> told Reuters, "We found out what was really going on behind our back at the end of '06 and we have been trying to get justice ever since. Dennis Gore, former Visionary Cars executive, used proprietary information to help Chery launch a joint venture with Quantum LLC. Visionary Vehicles subsequently filed suits to recoup losses and collect damages from the failed deal. The lawsuit against Chery Automobile was arbitrated in Hong Kong and Visionary Vehicles received an award, subject to a confidentiality provision. Having discovered Dennis Gore’s role in undermining the joint venture with Chery, Visionary Vehicles also sued Gore in Federal Court, in Detroit, Michigan. A Federal jury returned a verdict in favor of V Cars, LLC, finding that KCA Engineering LLC, controlled by Dennis Gore, committed fraud and other offenses and awarded $2 million in damages to Visionary Vehicles. See also
Bricklin EVX/LS
Bricklin SV-1
Visionary Vehicles

References

External links

BusinessWeek Bricklin is Back with a Plug-in
Malcolm Bricklin Subaru, Bricklin, Fiat, Yugo cars
Man behind the Yugo to lead new import wave in 2007, a January 2005 cover story from the Detroit News
Bricklin Chery call it quits, from The Car Connection
<mask>lin on electric hybrid plans, Reuters interview from January 2007

1939 births
Living people
20th-century American Jews
University of Florida alumni
American founders of automobile manufacturers
Canadian founders of automobile manufacturers
Businesspeople from Philadelphia
People from Orlando, Florida
Subaru
Automotive businesspeople
Fiat

masks:
Bricklin
Malcolm Brick


title: Ivan Aksakov

texts:
<mask> (; , village Nadezhdino, Belebey Uyezd, Orenburg Governorate – , Moscow) was a Russian littérateur and notable Slavophile. Biography
<mask> was born in the village of Nadezhdino (then Orenburg Governorate, now Bashkiria]]), into a family of prominent Russian writer <mask> (1791—1859) and his wife Olga Semyonovna Zaplatina (1793—1878). His mother was the daughter of Major General Semyon Grigorievich Zaplatina and a captured Turkish woman. The third son of eleven children, he was a younger brother of the writers Konstatin and <mask>. His paternal grandfather Timofey Stepanovich Aksakov belonged to an old noble Aksakov family whose members claimed to be the decedents of Šimon. Their first documented ancestor was <mask> nicknamed Oksak who lived during the 15th century. His family crest was based on the Polish Przyjaciel coat of arms (also known as Aksak) which is considered to be of Tatar origin in Poland (the word «oksak» means «lame» in Turkic languages).All this led some researches to believe that the <mask> family also originated from Tatars, despite they had no relation to the Polish noble house. <mask>'s maternal grandfather was a Russian General Semyon Grigorievich Zaplatin who fought under the command of Alexander Suvorov and who married a Turkish captive Igel-Syum. <mask> spent his early years in Nadezhdino. In the autumn of 1826 he moved with his family to Moscow where he received good home education. Career
In 1838 <mask> enrolled in the recently opened Imperial School of Jurisprudence. Upon the graduation in 1842, he returned to Moscow and took up a post in the Russian Senate's Criminal Investigation department. After three years's assignment in Astrakhan as a member of the

masks:
Ivan Sergeyevich Aksakov
Aksakov
Sergey Timofeevich Aksakov
Vera Aksakova
Ivan Feodorivich Velyaminov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov


title: Ivan Aksakov

texts: Audit Commission, led by Prince Pavel Gagarin and later Kaluga (as deputy chairman of the local Criminal Investigation Chamber) he returned to the Senate, as its First Department's official.During the early 1840s <mask> wrote a lot of poetry. Mostly satirical, his early work was compiled in the summer of 1846 into what was supposed to become his first collection, it centerpiece being "The Life of a Government Official" (Жизнь чиновника. Мистерия в трех периодах, 1843; published in London in 1861, in Russia in 1886). The book was cut by the censor in such a way that Aksakov decided against publishing what's been left; his whole poetic legacy came out posthumously. Several of his poems appeared in the Moscow Literature and Science Almanac (1845) and Sovremennik (1846). In March 1849, upon the return from Bessarabia, where he had been sent by the Ministry of Internal Affairs to collect the data on the local religious sects, <mask> was unexpectedly arrested, the interrogated and released five days later without any explanation. It was supposed later that the letter to his father expressing his outrage as regards the arrest of a renowned Slavophile leader Yuri Samarin might have been the cause.For several years <mask> remained under the surveillance of the Imperial secret police. In February 1851 Russian Interior minister Count Perovsky summoned <mask> up to express his disgust with the latter's poem "Brodyaga" (Tramp), about a runaway peasant, which, as it later transpired, became the object of interest for the Third Department as early as 1849. Perovsky demanded that he should stop writing, <mask> refused and retired from the state service. He moved to Moscow and joined the Slavophiles' circle

masks: Aksakov Aksakov Aksakov Aksakov Aksakov


title: Ivan Aksakov

texts: and started working on the almanac called the Moscow Collection (Московский сборник). Edited by Aksakov, its first volume came out in 1852, and featured his article "Some Words on Gogol" as well as fragments from "The Tramp". A year later both the second volume and the publication itself were closed but the government, and <mask> was banned from editing. He responded with a piece called "A Day at the Criminal Chamber.Scenes from the Court". Published in London by The Polar Star in 1858 and praised by Alexander Hertzen as "a work of genius", it appeared in print in Russia only in 1892. In November 1853, commissioned by the Russian Geographical Society, <mask> travelled to Malorossia, where he spent the next year. His vast essay "The Research on Trade at the Ukrainian Fairs" (Исследование о торговле на украинских ярмарках, 1859) came as a result. It was published by the Geographical Society in 1859, and earned its author the Konstantine Medal and half of that year's Demidov Prize. As the Crimea War broke out, <mask> joined the Serpukhov Druzhina of the Moscow Militia in February 1855 and traveled to Bessarabia. After the war he stayed in the Crimea as a member of the government commission  investigating the financial wrongdoings of the Russian intendant services.In early 1857 <mask> went abroad to visit Germany, France, Italy, Switzerland and secretly met Hertzen in London, with whom he started from then on to correspond. More than thirty <mask>'s articles appeared in Hertzen's publications, signed by the pseudonym Kasyanov. In September 1857 <mask> returned to Russia. A year later he joined the editorial staff of Russkaya Beseda, to become first this magazine's co-editor and soon, de facto,

masks: Aksakov Aksakov Aksakov Aksakov Aksakov Aksakov


title: Ivan Aksakov

texts: its editor-in-chief. He co-founded the Slavic Charitable Committee and became one of its most active leaders. In 1859 he received the permission to found the newspaper Parus (Парус, Sail). It was  closed by the authorities after just two issues.With his close associate, scientist and industrialist Fyodor Chizhov, <mask> applied for the permission to edit another newspaper, Parokhod (Пароход, Steamboat), so as to fulfill the obligations before the subscribers. The permission was given, on condition that "there'd be no rising the issue in it of the right for the peoples [of the Empire], Slavic or otherwise, to develop their own national identity." Since to rise that issue had been exactly <mask>'s intention, the project was dropped. <mask> spent 1860 traveling all over the Eastern Europe where he met several prominent writers and politicians of the West Slavic countries. Upon the return he became the editor-in-chief of the newspaper Den (1861-1865). On 12 January 1866 <mask> married Anna Tyutcheva, a Russian courtier, and (from 1853 until 1866) the  maid of honour and confidante of empress Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse). He spent the first year of their marriage at home, devoting himself totally to family affairs.In 1867 he started editing the newspaper Moskva (1867-1868), regularly providing editorials on a wide range of topics concerning Russia's economy and internal affairs, propagating his Slavophile views. Many of those appeared in the form of black-framed notifications, informing the readership that "this editorial is unavailable owing to circumstances beyond the control of the editorial staff." As it was later revealed, in the censorship committee's secret 1865 review of the

masks: Aksakov Aksakov Aksakov Aksakov


title: Ivan Aksakov

texts: Russian press <mask> was mentioned among those whose activities demanded special attention and was characterized as "a democrat with Socialist inclinations." Warnings and suspensions (some up to six months) forced <mask> to stop the publication of Den. Moskva was closed by the authorities. His "Biography of Fyodor <mask> Tyutchev" (1874) infuriated censors to such an extent that the book's second edition's whole print run was captured and destroyed, due to its "generally reprehensible nature," according to the official explanation. As a chairman of the Slavic Charitable Society, <mask> concentrated mostly on the efforts aimed at providing financial help for Serbia and Montenegro during the Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78) and transporting the units of Russian volunteers' into the Balkans.As the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War broke out, he continued to promote the ideas of Pan-Slavism in the Russian press, then switched the focus of his attention to organizing the financial and military aid for Bulgaria. On 22 July 1878, speaking at the Moscow Slavic Society, <mask> came out with a speech attacking both the decisions of the Congress of Berlin and the position of the Russian delegation which, as he saw it, failed to confront the "political conspiracy" aimed against Russia which had "won the war but was relegated to the status of a losing party." This demarche had serious political resonance and dire consequences for <mask>. He was ordered to leave Moscow and had to spend the rest of the year in exile, residing in the village of Varvaryino, Vladimir Governorate. The Slavic Charitable Society was shut down. In December 1878 <mask> received the permission to return to Moscow. The tsar, Alexander

masks: Aksakov Aksakov Ivanovich Aksakov Aksakov Aksakov Aksakov


title: Ivan Aksakov

texts:
 III of Russia, attempted to call a constitutional assembly in 1881, saying "At last, I have the mountain off my shoulders.I have asked my ministers to draft the scheme of an Assembly of Representatives." This Aksakov highly opposed, and he suggested to the tsar that instead he should offer tax breaks for the peasantry, and with the assurance of other Russian courtiers, such as the conservative Konstantin Pobedonostsev and Mikhail Katkov, the tsar withdrew his proposal for a constitution and went with light tax breaks. After two quiet years, in 1880, with the support from Count Mikhail Loris-Melikov, he managed to found another Slavophile newspaper, a weekly called Rus which lasted six years, until his death on 8 February 1886, of heart failure. <mask> <mask> is interred in the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius cemetery, in Sergiyev Posad. The Collected Works by I.S<mask> in 7 volumes were published in 1880-1887. The four-volume edition of <mask>'s vast correspondence came out in 1896.Legacy
<mask> saw the peasant commune as a 'moral choir' and the basis for a spiritually regenerated Russian state, believing that 'the wing of the Russian eagle' would be the guiding force in uniting 'the whole Slavonic world' and defeating the threat of the Austrian Empire. D.S. Mirsky considered him the finest Russian journalist, after Alexander Herzen. The historian Andrzej Walicki has identified <mask> as the intellectual bridge between Slavophilism and Panslavism. Honour
Aksakovo town in Northeastern Bulgaria and Aksakov Street in Sofia, Bulgaria are named after <mask>. See also
 List of 19th-century Russian Slavophiles

References

External links

 From the Jewish Encyclopedia

1823 births
1886 deaths
People

masks:
Ivan Sergeyevich
Aksakov
. Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Ivan Aksakov


title: Arlen F. Chase

texts:
<mask><mask> (born 1953) is a Mesoamerican archaeologist and a faculty member in the anthropology department at Pomona College, Claremont CA. Previously, he was a professor at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas and served a variety of administrative roles (Departmental Chair for Anthropology; Associate Dean for the College of Sciences) at the University of Central Florida over the course of his 32 year stay at that institution. He is noted for his long-term research at the ancient Maya city of Caracol, Belize and for exploring landscape traces of Maya civilization using lidar. Biography

<mask> took his BA and PhD in Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania, and then worked in the University of Pennsylvania's advising office and anthropology department. After excavating at Grasshopper Pueblo in the American Southwest, his Mesoamerican fieldwork began with research stays at the site of Tancah in Mexico and at Ixtutz, Yaxha, and Tayasal in Guatemala. He carried out early excavations in the Motagua Valley and at Quirigua in Guatemala before moving to Belize to carry out investigations at Nolmul and in the Orange Walk. From 1979 through 1985, he co-directed archaeological excavations at Santa Rita Corozal with his wife Diane Z.<mask>. In 1985, with his wife, he started the Caracol Archaeological Project in western Belize, which is still on-going. The <mask>s have undertaken extensive excavations at this large Maya city, defining a sequence from the Preclassic through the Terminal Classic for Caracol and from the Preclassic through the

masks:
Arlen F
. Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase


title: Arlen F. Chase

texts:
 Historic Periods for Santa Rita Corozal. At Caracol, they have also worked to preserve the built structures in the urban complex as part of Belize's cultural heritage. <mask> moved to the University of Central Florida in 1984 and was there through 2016. He helped to transform that institution into one of the top American universities in the study of the Southern Lowland Maya. He and his wife have together published many peer reviewed articles and books on the subjects of hieroglyphics, settlement patterns, ancient cities and urbanism, and ceramic studies of the Maya.In 2016, he joined the anthropology department at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). In 2019, he began teaching at Pomona College. Current research

<mask> teamed with University of Central Florida biologist Dr John Weishampel to obtain a NASA Space Archaeology Program & UCF-UF Space Research Initiative grant to use lidar (light radar) sensors to detect changes in the rainforest canopy, reforestation patterns and modifications to archaeological sites. The lidar system was installed in an aircraft flown over Caracol. The system used laser beams that were projected to the ground, bounced back and were recorded. These recordings produced a detailed three dimension map of both the Forest canopy and the ruins of Caracol. The speed and precision of the system was far superior to traditional ground surveys.In a 2013 talk at the University of Minnesota, <mask> and <mask> talked about their most recent work at Caracol, including data generated by lidar. Honors

 2017

masks:
Chase
Chase
Arlen
Diane Chase


title: Arlen F. Chase

texts:
 Presenters Excellence Award: 15 Years (2003-2017). Belize Archaeology Symposium. 2013-2015 Distinguished Lecturer for Sigma Xi. 2012 Named a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. 2006-2008 Member, Board of Governors, State University System of Florida (Chair, Advisory Council of Faculty Senates). 2008 The Ben and Trudy Termini Distinguished Anthropologist Lecture, University of Texas, Arlington.2007 Awarded the status of Pegasus Professor, UCF‟s highest faculty honor, for continued excellence inresearch, teaching, and service. 2007 Inducted into Phi Kappa Phi honor society. 1995–present Co-Beneficiary (with Diane Z<mask>) of the Trevor Colbourn Endowment (University of Central Florida). 1991 Samuel Kahn Distinguished Alumnus Award, Robert Louis Stevenson School, Pebble Beach, CA. Bibliography

 1985 <mask> F<mask> and Prudence M. Rice, Editors., The Lowland Maya Postclassic, University of Texas Press, Austin, 352pp.+viii
 2010 <mask> F<mask>, Diane Z<mask>, and John F. Weishampel, "Lasers in the Jungle: Airborne sensors reveal a vast Maya landscape."Archaeology 63(4):27-29. Articles

 2010 Weishampel, John F., <mask> F<mask>, Diane Z<mask>, Jason B. Drake, Ramesh L. Shrestha, K. Clint Slatton,Jaime J. Awe,Jessica Hightower, and James Angelo, "Remote Sensing of Ancient Maya Land Use Features at Caracol, Belize related to Tropical Rainforest Structure," in S. Campna, M<mask>, and C. Liuzza, Eds., Space,Time, Place: Third International Conference on Remote Sensing in Archaeology, pp. 45–52, British Archaeological

masks:
. Chase
Arlen
. Chase
Arlen
. Chase
. Chase
Arlen
. Chase
. Chase
. Forte


title: Arlen F. Chase

texts:
 Reports S2118, Archaeopress, Oxford, England. 2010 "A City Revealed. ", Prism, American Society for Engineering Education, September 2010, pg. 21.2010 "Ils l'ont fait Une Cité Maya Cartographiée en Relief", Science & Vie, Juillet 2010, pg. 13. 2008 <mask> F<mask> and Diane Z<mask>, "Methodological Issues in the Archaeological Identification of the Terminal Classic and Postclassic Transition in the Maya Area," Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 5:23-36. 1985 <mask> F<mask> and Diane Z<mask>, "Postclassic Temporal and Spatial Frames for the Lowland Maya: A Background," in A<mask> and P. Rice, Eds., The Lowland Maya Postclassic, pp.9–22, University of Texas Press, Austin. 1993 John Nobel Wilford, "Mayans had a Middle Class, Too, Emerging Burial Artifacts Indicate. ", New York Times, Jan 5. 1993. 1989 Epstein, Nadine, "From a Remote Jungle Site, a Trail of Striking Clues. ", The Smithsonian, Vol 20(9): pp 99–113. Referenced articles

 2001 <mask> F<mask> and Diane Z.<mask>, "Caracol," in W. <mask>, Ed., The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures, Vol. 1, pp. 143–145, Oxford University Press. Peer reviewed articles

 2012 <mask> F<mask>, Diane Z<mask>, Christopher T<mask>, Stephen J. Leisz, and John F. Weishampel, “Geospatial Revolution and Remote Sensing LiDAR in Mesoamerican Archaeology,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(32): 12916-2921. 2010 "Status and Power: Fiction and Reality in the Classic Maya World," 8th Annual Belize Archaeology Symposium, San Ignacio Cayo, Belize (with D.Z<mask> – July).2010 "Airborne

masks:
Arlen
. Chase
. Chase
Arlen
. Chase
. Chase
. Chase
Arlen
. Chase
Chase
Fash
Arlen
. Chase
. Chase
. Fisher
. Chase


title: Arlen F. Chase

texts:
 LiDAR and Maya Landscape Archaeology: Viewing Status and Power from a Distance," 8th Annual Belize Archaeology Symposium, San Ignacio Cayo, Belize (D.Z<mask>, A.F<mask>, J. Awe, and J.F. Weishampel – July). 2010 "Relationships between LiDAR-Derived Rainforest Canopy Structure and Ancient Maya Land Use Legacies around Caracol, Belize," 25th Annual Meeting of the U.S. International Association of Landscape Ecology, Athens, Georgia (J.F. Weishampel, J.N.Hightower, J.J. Angelo, A. Matos, A.F<mask>, and D.Z<mask> - April). 2009 "Remote Sensing of Ancient Maya Land Use Features at Caracol, Belize Related to Tropical Rainforest Structure," 3rd International Conference on Remote Sensing, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India (J.F.Weishampel, A.F<mask>, D.Z<mask>, J.B. Drake, R.L. Shrestha, K.C.Slatton, J.J. Awe, J. Hightower,J. Angelo – August). 2008 "Elites, Symbolic Production, and Economic Distribution at Caracol, Belize," 73rd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Vancouver, Canada (with D.Z<mask> – March). References

External links
 http://www.caracol.org/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20160219045753/http://lidar.cr.usgs.gov/
 http://faculty.sfasu.edu/cecillg/Sites.html
 http://www.nichbelize.org/ia-general/archaeology-of-santa-rita.html
 http://www.bu.edu/holmul/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120403172109/http://anthropology.cos.ucf.edu/content/people/viewPerson.html%26id%3D47%26group%3DFaculty

American archaeologists
1953 births
Living people
American expatriates in Mexico
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Remote sensing

masks:
. Chase
. Chase
. Chase
. Chase
. Chase
. Chase
. Chase


title: André-Jacques Garnerin

texts:
André-<mask> (31 January 176918 August 1823) was a French balloonist and the inventor of the frameless parachute. He was appointed Official Aeronaut of France. Biography
<mask> was born in Paris. He was captured by British troops during the first phase of the French Revolutionary Wars 1792–1797, turned over to the Austrians and held as a  prisoner of war in Buda in Hungary for three years. Balloons and parachutes

Ballooning
<mask>, a student of the ballooning pioneer professor Jacques Charles, was involved with the flight of hot air balloons, and worked with his older brother Jean-Baptiste-<mask> (1766–1849) in most of his ballooning activities. Eventually he was appointed Official Aeronaut of France. Garnerin began experiments with early parachutes based on umbrella-shaped devices and carried out the first frameless parachute descent (in the gondola) with a silk parachute on 22 October 1797 at Parc Monceau, Paris (1st Brumaire, Year VI of the Republican calendar).Garnerin's first parachute was made of white canvas with a diameter of approximately 23 feet (7 m). The umbrella was closed before he ascended, with a pole running down its center and a rope running through a tube in the pole, which connected it to the balloon. Garnerin rode in a basket attached to the bottom of the parachute; at a height of approximately  he severed the rope that connected his parachute to the balloon. The balloon continued skyward while Garnerin, with his basket and parachute, fell. The basket swung violently during descent, then bumped and scraped when it landed, but Garnerin emerged uninjured. <mask> went on to stage regular tests and demonstrations at Parc

masks:
Jacques Garnerin
Garnerin
Garnerin
Olivier Garnerin
Garnerin


title: André-Jacques Garnerin

texts:
 Lalande.The balloon trip passed without incident and the journey ended at Goussainville about  to the north of Paris. Touring England
André-Jacques held the position of Official Aeronaut of France, so with his wife Jeanne Geneviève he visited England in 1802 during the Peace of Amiens and the couple completed a number of demonstration flights. In the evening of 21 September 1802, André-Jacques ascended in his hydrogen balloon from the Volunteer Ground in North Audley Street, Grosvenor Square and made a parachute descent to a field near St Pancras. This gave rise to the English popular ballad:
Bold Garnerin went up
Which increased his Repute
And came safe to earth
In his Grand Parachute. He also made his second English balloon ascent with Edward Hawke Locker on 5 July 1802 from Lord's Cricket Ground, travelling the 17 miles (27.4 km) from there to Chingford in just over 15 minutes and carrying a letter of introduction signed by the Prince Regent to give to anyone should he crash land. However, when the war between France and Great Britain resumed they were forced to pack up and return to the continent where, on 3–4 October 1803, he covered a distance of 245 miles (395 km) between Paris and Clausen, Germany, with his balloon. Family
In most of his ballooning activities Garnerin worked with his older brother Jean-Baptiste-<mask> (1766–1849).<mask>
His student Jeanne Geneviève Labrosse, who later became his wife, was both a balloonist and the first female parachutist. Labrosse first flew on 10 November 1798, one of the earliest women to fly in a balloon, and on 12 October 1799, Labrosse was the first woman to parachute, from an altitude of

masks:
Olivier Garnerin
Jeanne Garnerin


title: André-Jacques Garnerin

texts:
 900 meters. Elisa Garnerin
His paternal niece Elisa <mask>, (born 1791), learned to fly balloons at age 15 and made 39 professional parachute descents from 1815 to 1836 in Italy, Spain, Russia, Germany, and France. Death
On 18 August, 1823, at the age of 54, Garnerin was working on the construction of a new balloon. While walking around the construction site, he was struck by a falling beam which killed him instantly. Legacy
Garnerin's first parachute jump was commemorated by Google in a Google Doodle on 22 October 2013. Notes

References

Other sources
  Searchable at  Internet Archive – A handy book of curious information by William Shepard Walsh
 "World's First Parachute Jump made in 1797".George Galloway essay on Andre-Jacques Garnerin
 M F Wright – profile of Andre Garnerin
 From The Big Umbrella, by John Lucas, Drake Publishers Inc. Great Britain, 1973. The Silken Angels, (early 1960s) [author unknown]
 Parachuting, Dan Poynter

External links

  Brief biography and picture
  Additional information on Garnerin
  André-Jacques Garnerin biography and picture

1769 births
1823 deaths
18th-century French inventors
French balloonists
French skydivers
Aviation pioneers
French aviators
French stunt performers
Accidental deaths in


title: Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan

texts:
ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam (; died 12 May 705) was the Umayyad governor and de facto viceroy of Egypt between 685 and his death. He was appointed by his father, Caliph <mask> (r. 684–685). <mask>-Aziz's reign was marked by stability and prosperity, partly due to his close relations and reliance on the Arab military settlers of Fustat. Under his direction and supervision, an army led by Musa ibn Nusayr completed the Muslim conquest of North Africa. He was removed from the line of succession to the caliphal throne and, in any case, died before his brother, Caliph <mask>-Malik. However, one of <mask>-Aziz's sons, Umar II, would become caliph in  717. Early life and career
<mask> was the son of a senior member of the Umayyad clan, <mask>m, and one of the latter's wives, Layla bint Zabban ibn al-Asbagh of the Banu Kalb tribe.He may have visited Egypt when the province was governed by Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari (667–682), the appointee of Mu'awiya I, founder of the Umayyad Caliphate. In 682, <mask>-Aziz was part of an embassy, alongside his elder half-brother <mask>-Malik, sent by Marwan to the anti-Umayyad rebel <mask> <mask>-Zubayr in Mecca. When the inhabitants of Medina, the home of much of the Umayyad clan, rebelled against Mu'awiya's successor, Caliph Yazid I (), and besieged the Umayyad family in Marwan's neighbourhood in 683, <mask>-Aziz is not mentioned as being present. The historian Wilhelm Barthold speculates he could have been in Egypt at the time. In any case, in the summer of 684, when <mask> was elected caliph by pro-Umayyad loyalist tribes, chief among them the Banu Kalb, <mask>-Aziz was in his father's company. He fought

masks:
Marwan I
Abd al
Abd al
Abd al
Abd al Aziz
Marwan ibn al Haka
Abd al
Abd al
Abd Allah
ibn al
Abd al
Marwan
Abd al


title: Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan

texts:
 alongside his father and the Banu Kalb against al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri and the Qaysi tribes, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, who had declared himself caliph in 683 and gained widespread recognition in the Caliphate, at the Battle of Marj Rahit near Damascus in August. <mask>-Aziz was thrown off his horse during the battle, which ended in a crushing Umayyad–Kalbite victory.Afterward, he played a leading role in <mask>'s conquest of Egypt from its Zubayrid governor Ibn Jahdam al-Fihri, serving as the commander of a contingent which crossed into the province through the Sinai Peninsula, via the Red Sea port town of Ayla. There he confronted Ibn Jahdam and his deputy Zuhayr <mask> al-Balawi, the latter of whom ultimately defected to <mask>-Aziz. After Marwan returned to Syria, he designated <mask>-Malik as his successor, to be followed by <mask>-Aziz. <mask>-Malik acceded as caliph upon <mask>'s death in April 685. Governor of Egypt
<mask>-Aziz is most notable for his twenty-year-long tenure as governor (āmīr) of Egypt, from AH 65 (685 CE) until his death in AH 86 (705 CE). He was placed in the post by Marwan after the Marwan departed Egypt for Syria in February 685. He enjoyed wide autonomy in the governance of Egypt, and functioned as a de facto viceroy of the country.<mask>-Aziz also supervised the completion of the Muslim conquest of North Africa; it was he who appointed <mask> Nusayr to his post as governor of Ifriqiya. Foundation of Hulwan and building works in Fustat
During the early years of his reign, <mask>-Aziz resided chiefly at Fustat, leaving it only for two visits to the Caliph's court at Damascus and four visits to Alexandria. Fustat

masks:
Abd al
Marwan
ibn Qays
Abd al
Abd al
Abd al
Abd al
Marwan
Abd al
Abd al
Musa ibn
Abd al


title: Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan

texts: was the capital of the province, established in the 640s by the Arab conqueror and first governor of Islamic Egypt, Amr <mask>-As. <mask>-Aziz was a major patron of architecture and his rule marked the heyday of Umayyad-era building works in the city. Several houses, palaces, roofed markets and fountains were built under his direction. <mask>-Aziz completely rebuilt and expanded the Mosque of Amr, Fustat's congregational mosque. To its west, in 686/87 he erected the Dar al-Mudhahabba (the Gilded Palace).The residential complex was also known in the contemporary Arabic sources as al-Madina (the City), giving an indication of its size, covering up to  including gardens and it comprising some buildings of at least two storeys. It overlooked the Nile and likely included the house and surrounding land of the high-ranking official Kharija ibn Hudhafa (d. 661), which <mask> purchased from Kharija's son for 10,000 gold dinars. According to the historian Wladyslaw Kubiak, the Dar al-Bayda (the White Palace) built by Marwan in Fustat may have been viewed by <mask>-Aziz as below his stature and the new palace became the official residence of Egypt's Marwanids (descendants of Caliph Marwan). He built a bath in the city named after his son Zabban, upon whom it was bestowed, which became the subject of a celebrated verse: Whoever has in his soul a place for white, let him have that white in the Bath of Zabban  It has no breath, no eyelashes, however, it is an idol in the creation of man. At least four roofed markets, each specializing in a type of merchandise, were built during <mask>-Aziz's reign. In August/September 688, he also built the Qantara bridge over

masks:
ibn al
Abd al
Abd al
Marwan
Abd al
Abd al


title: Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan

texts:
 the Khalij Amir al-Mu'minin (Canal of the Commander of the Faithful), which passed through Fustat and connected Heliopolis (Ayn Shams) to the Nile. The bridge, located in the Hamra al-Quswa neighborhood, was likely meant to serve a major circulatory road in Fustat and its remains were still visible in the 12th century.It was one of a number of bridges constructed in the city by <mask>-Aziz. When the plague struck Fustat in 689 or 690, <mask>-Aziz moved his residence and seat of government about  south of the city and founded Hulwan. According to the 15th-century Egyptian historian al-Maqrizi, <mask>-Aziz had relocated due to flooding in Fustat in 690 and chose the site of Hulwan for his new capital because its elevation,  above the banks of the Nile, was higher than the river's flood line. The foundation of Hulwan began a custom of establishing "satellite residence town[s]", which was "repeated countless times by later rulers in various regions of the Islamic world", according to Kubiak. <mask>-Aziz constructed in Hulwan a mosque, a number of churches (see below) and palaces, and planted vineyards and palm trees. He erected a nilometer in the new city, although it was replaced by the nilometer built on the Nile river island of al-Rawda in 715. Hulwan was well known for the glass pavilions patronized by the governor and an artificial lake fed by an aqueduct.The city's prosperity under <mask>-Aziz was praised by the poet Ubayd <mask> Qays al-Ruqayyat. Domestic affairs
<mask>-Aziz proved a capable governor, and his rule was a period of peace and prosperity, marked by his conciliatory and co-operative attitude towards the leaders of the local Arab

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title: Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan

texts:
 settlers (the jund). Throughout his tenure, <mask>-Aziz relied on them rather than the Syrians, who elsewhere were the main pillar of the Umayyad regime. <mask>-Aziz was known for his generosity. The 10th-century Egyptian historian al-Kindi quotes a report that he arranged for one thousand bowls of food to be set up around his palace and had another one hundred bowls supplied to the tribal settlers of Fustat, both on a daily basis. These bowls are also mentioned in a well-known eulogy by Ibn Qays al-Ruqayyat:

That is Laylā's son, <mask>-'Azīz: at Bābilyūn [Babylon Fortress]
his food bowls are full to overflowing. According to al-Kindi, <mask>-Aziz introduced an Islamic ritual in Egypt consisting of a sitting held in the mosques during afternoon prayers on the ninth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, the Day of Arafa.<mask>-Aziz opposed a higher tax burden on indigenous Muslim converts. He had been called on by <mask>-Malik to follow the example of the caliph's governor of Iraq and the eastern Caliphate, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, who imposed the poll tax (jizya) on the inhabitants of his province even after their conversion to Islam. Instead, <mask>-Aziz took the advice of the qadi (chief Islamic judge) and treasurer of Egypt, <mask>-Rahman ibn Hubayra, and did not implement the measure. The medieval Egyptian historian <mask> al-Hakam (d. 971) relates that <mask>-Aziz had a different copy of the Qur'an produced from the version of al-Hajjaj, which had been sent to him. The revised version was said to have contained grammatical corrections and was inherited, in succession, by <mask>-Aziz's son Abu Bakr, and then <mask>-Aziz's daughter Asma and son al-Hakam. The

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Abd al
Abd al
Abd al
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Ibn Abd
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title: Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan

texts:
 Baghdad-based writer Abu Ubayd Allah al-Marzubani (d. 995) praised <mask>-Aziz for promoting the Arabic language. Having caused misunderstandings by his own erroneous pronunciation of Arabic, <mask>-Aziz endeavoured to learn the correct pronunciation and later made gifts to his petitioners dependent on their mastery of the Arabic language.Relations with Christians
According to the 10th-century Melkite Christian patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria, <mask>-Aziz permitted his Melkite servants to establish a small church in Hulwan dedicated to Saint George. One of the governor's Jacobite secretaries, Athanasios, was also allowed the construction of a church in close proximity to the Babylon Fortress (Qasr al-Sham) in the vicinity of Fustat. Apart from personal favours to the Christians in his circle, <mask>-Aziz pursued a restrictive policy towards Egypt's indigenous Christian population. In 693/94, on one of his visits to Alexandria, he arrested the Christian leaders of the city and dispersed them across the country's villages and rural districts. He then obliged each district to pay taxes according to the yield of its fields and gardens. <mask>-Aziz had his son al-Asbagh take a census of all the monks of the province, imposed on each of them a poll tax—from which they had previously been exempted—of one gold dinar, and forbade the recruitment of new monks. He also closely monitored the elections of the Coptic patriarchs and obliged the patriarchs to take their seat in Hulwan.The public display of Christian symbols was banned, and a Christian source reports that <mask>-Aziz had all the crosses in Egypt destroyed. Death and legacy
Marwan had named

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Abd al
Abd al
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title: Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan

texts:
 <mask>-Aziz his second heir after <mask>-Malik. The latter, however, wanted his son al-Walid I () to succeed him, and <mask>-Aziz was persuaded not to object to this change. In the event, <mask>-Aziz died on 13 Jumada I AH 86/12 May 705 CE, four months before <mask>-Malik. <mask>-Aziz was succeeded as governor by <mask>-Malik's son <mask>, whose aim was to restore the caliphate's control over the province and, in the words of the historian Hugh N. Kennedy, "remove all traces of <mask>-Aziz's administration". By dint of his major architectural works in Fustat and Hulwan, roughly coinciding with the period of monumental Islamic architecture's earliest stages under the caliphs <mask>-Malik and al-Walid I, Kubiak calls <mask>-Aziz perhaps "the true father of Islamic architecture". His patronage activities initiated a trend continued by later governors and caliphs.Though he spent large sums in the course of his rule, <mask>-Aziz's personal lifestyle was austere. At his death, he left the relatively small fortune of 7,000 gold dinars, according to his treasurer, and tattered clothing. In an indication of his piety, he stated on his deathbed his wish to have been a mere cameleer roaming the Hejaz (western Arabia), a man of no consequence or a collection of dust. Family and descendants
According to the historian Ibn Sa'd (d. 845), <mask>-Aziz had children from three wives and two slave women. He married Umm Asim Layla bint Asim, a granddaughter of Caliph Umar (), while they were both residing in Damascus in . <mask>-Aziz highly valued this marital link with the family of the former caliph and spent 400 gold dinars for the wedding. While Ibn Sa'd counts

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title: Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan

texts: four sons from Umm Asim—Asim, Umar II, Abu Bakr and Muhammad—al-Baladhuri and <mask> al-Hakam count two: Abu Bakr Asim and Umar II.Twelve years after <mask>-Aziz's death Umar II was appointed caliph and ruled until 720. From another wife, Umm <mask> bint <mask>, a granddaughter of Amr ibn al-As, <mask>-Aziz had his sons Suhayl and Sahl and daughters Sahla and Umm al-Hakam. From a third wife, Layla bint Suhayl, he had his daughter Umm al-Banin. <mask>-Aziz was also married to Hafsa, a daughter of Asma bint <mask>-Rahman ibn al-Harith of the prominent Qurayshite clan of Banu Makhzum. Five of his children, including his eldest son al-Asbagh, were born to slave women. According to the Egyptian historian al-Kindi (d. 961), <mask>-Aziz appointed al-Asbagh as a temporary governor of Alexandria and, during <mask>-Aziz's visit to Syria in 695, as his placeholder over the whole of Egypt. <mask>-Aziz intended that al-Asbagh—for whom he nurtured hopes in the caliphal succession—would succeed him as governor of Egypt, making the province into a hereditary appendage for his household, but al-Asbagh died a few months before <mask>-Aziz.Other sons of <mask>-Aziz from his slave women included Zabban and Juzayy (d. 757). The latter was one of the first Umayyads to relocate to al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula, where an Umayyad emirate was established in 756) in the aftermath of the Abbasid Revolution in 750, moving soon after the fall of the last Umayyad caliph <mask> II (). <mask> al-Hakam notes a third slave woman, of Greek or Coptic origin, named Maria, with whom <mask>-Aziz had a son named Muhammad. In honour of Maria, <mask>-Aziz built a palace in Fustat

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Ibn Abd
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title: Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan

texts:
 called Qasr Mariya (Maria's Palace). <mask>-Aziz's descendants remained influential in Egyptian affairs until the early Abbasid period. <mask>-Aziz's grandsons Muhammad and Amr, both sons of Sahl, are mentioned several times in the traditional Islamic sources, and Amr was counted among the supporters of the Alid rebel <mask> <mask> when the latter fled Merv for Egypt in 747. In the immediate aftermath of the Abbasid Revolution, <mask>-Aziz's grandson Umar <mask> and great-grandson <mask> al-Walid ibn Umar were deported to Qalansuwa from Egypt and executed, while his grandsons <mask> <mask> al-Asbagh, <mask>-Malik ibn Abi Bakr and al-Asbagh ibn Zabban were killed in the massacre of the Umayyad family at Nahr Abi Futrus.His grandsons Asim and Umar (both sons of Abu Bakr) and Asim's sons Maslama, Aban and <mask>-Malik found safety with Coptic villagers in Upper Egypt but were pardoned by the Abbasid governor Salih <mask> and returned to Fustat. A great-grandson of <mask>-Aziz, al-Asbagh ibn Sufyan ibn Asim, upheld support for the Abbasid caliph al-Mansur () in Egypt, and another great-grandson, Dihya ibn Mus'ab ibn al-Asbagh, led a revolt in the country against Caliph al-Hadi (). References

Bibliography

Primary sources

Secondary sources

Further reading
Mabra, Joshua. Princely Authority in the Early Marwānid State: The Life of ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Marwān (d. 86/705). Gorgias Press: Piscataway, NJ, 2017. 7th-century births
705 deaths
7th-century Umayyad governors of Egypt
8th-century Umayyad governors of Egypt
Sons of Umayyad caliphs
Umayyad governors of Egypt
Heirs apparent who never acceded
7th-century Arabs
8th-century Arabs
City founders
People of

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title: Mark Tushnet

texts:
<mask> (born 18 November 1945) specializes in constitutional law and theory, including comparative constitutional law, and is currently the William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. <mask> is identified with the critical legal studies movement. <mask> is a main proponent of the idea that judicial review should be strongly limited and that the Constitution should be returned "to the people." In 2020, <mask> published a book extending his previous writing about judicial overreach concerning the process of judicial review, which he originally started discussing in his 1999 book on this subject. Career
In 1967, <mask> received his A.B. from Harvard College. He later received an M.A.in history from Yale University and his J.D. from the Yale Law School. <mask> has been a faculty member at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and he taught for many years at the Georgetown University Law Center. Tushnet served as a law clerk to Justice Thurgood Marshall of the United States Supreme Court between 1972 and 1973. In a 1996 congressional hearing on President Bill Clinton's veto of the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, <mask> testified about his involvement in Roe v. Wade, the 1973 case that struck down state laws prohibiting abortion. During questioning it was alleged that a memorandum written by <mask> to Marshall had a significant influence on the outcome of the case. More recently, he commented on the power of the president to pardon himself, composition of the Court, and the retirement of Justice Anthony Kennedy.He is also widely quoted in the press as an expert on the First Amendment right to free speech and the

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Tushnet
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title: Mark Tushnet

texts:
 scope of presidential powers. In 2016, <mask> was listed among the ten most frequently cited law professors. One of the more controversial figures in constitutional theory, he is identified with the 'critical legal studies' movement and once stated in an article that, were he asked to decide actual cases as a judge, he would seek to reach results that would "advance the cause of socialism". <mask> is a main proponent of the idea that judicial review should be strongly limited and that the Constitution should be returned "to the people." <mask> is, with Harvard Law Professor Vicki Jackson, the co-author of a casebook entitled Comparative Constitutional Law (Foundation Press, 2d ed. 2006). In 2020, Tushnet published a book extending his previous writing about judicial overreach concerning the process of judicial review, which he originally started discussing in his 1999 book on this subject.Personal life
<mask> is Jewish. His wife, Elizabeth Alexander, is a Unitarian, and formerly directed the National Prison Project of the American Civil Liberties Union. She now works in private practice. Their daughter <mask> is also a professor of law at Harvard Law School. Their other daughter Eve is a celibate lesbian Roman Catholic author and blogger. Bibliography
Taking Back the Constitution: Activist Judges and the Next Age of American Law, (Yale U. Press, 2020).In the Balance: Law and Politics on the Roberts Court, (W. W. Norton & Company, 2013) . I Dissent: Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases, (Malaysia: Beacon Press, pp. 256, 2008)
Weak Courts, Strong Rights: Judicial Review and Social Welfare Rights in Comparative

masks:
Tushnet
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Rebecca Tushnet


title: Mark Tushnet

texts:
 Constitutional Law, (Princeton University Press, 2007). A Court Divided: The Rehnquist Court and the Future of Constitutional Law (W. W. Norton & Company, 2005)
The New Constitutional Order (Princeton U. Press 2003). Slave Law in the American South: State v. Mann in History and Literature (University Press of Kansas 2003). The Oxford Handbook of Legal Studies (Peter Cane & <mask>. Tushnet eds., Oxford University Press 2003).Defining the Field of Comparative Constitutional Law (Vicki C. Jackson & <mask> eds., Praeger 2002). And L. Michael Seidman et al., Constitutional Law (Little, Brown and Co. 4th ed. 2001). Et al., Federal Courts in the 21st Century: Cases and Materials (LexisNexis 2001). Making Constitutional Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1961-1991 (Oxford University Press 1997). Brown v. Board of Education: The Battle for Integration (Franklin Watts 1995). The Warren Court in Historical and Political Perspective (<mask>. Tushnet ed., 1993).Making Civil Rights Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1956–1961 (1994). The NAACP's Legal Strategy Against Segregated Education, 1925–1950 (1987). The American Law of Slavery, 1810–1860: Considerations of Humanity and Interest (1981). And L. Michael Seidman et al., Constitutional Law (Little, Brown and Co. Supp. 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 2d ed. 1991, Supp. 1992, 1995, 1996, 3d ed.1996, Supp. 1998, 4th ed. 2001). And Vicki C. Jackson, Comparative Constitutional Law (Foundation Press 1999). Taking the Constitution Away From the Courts (Princeton University Press 1999), excerpted in Great Cases in Constitutional Law (Robert P. George ed., Princeton University

masks:
Mark V
Mark Tushnet
Mark V


title: Mark Tushnet

texts:
 Press, 2000) (reprinting chapter 1 in substance). Symposium of Commentaries on this book: 34 University of Richmond Law Review 359–566 (2000). And L. Michael Seidman et al., Teacher's Manual to The First Amendment (Aspen Law & Business 1999).And Francisco Forrest Martin, The Rights International Companion to Constitutional Law: An International Human Rights Law Supplement (Kluwer Law International 1999). And L. Michael Seidman, Remnants of Belief: Contemporary Constitutional Issues (Oxford University Press 1996). Constitutional Issues: The Death Penalty (Facts On File, Inc. 1994). Constitutional Law (International Library of Essays in Law & Legal Theory) (<mask><mask>, ed., New York University Press 1992). Comparative Constitutional Federalism: Europe and America (<mask><mask>, ed., Greenwood Press 1990). Central America and the Law: The Constitution, Civil Liberties, and the Courts (South End Press 1988). Red, White, and Blue: A Critical Analysis of Constitutional Law (Harvard University Press 1988).Out of Range: Why the Constitution Can't End the Battle over Guns (Oxford University Press 2007). References

External links
 Harvard Law School faculty page for Professor <mask>
 Georgetown profile of Professor Tushnet

1945 births
Lawyers from Newark, New Jersey
Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
American legal scholars
20th-century American Jews
Living people
Yale Law School alumni
Harvard College alumni
Harvard Law School faculty
Georgetown University Law Center faculty
University of Wisconsin Law School faculty
Scholars of constitutional law
Legal historians
People from Maplewood, New Jersey
21st-century

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title: Yoon Tae-ho

texts:
<mask> (born September 27, 1969) is a South Korean manhwa artist. He is best known for writing the webtoons Moss and Misaeng. Early life
<mask>-ho grew up in a rural town of Gwangju, South Jeolla Province. He came from a poor family with an abusive, strict father, and Yoon suffered from the skin disease eczema which severely affected his self-esteem as a child. Transferring schools frequently due to his father's ups and downs in business, Yoon didn't have many friends. Drawing was his outlet to escape from reality, and he began at a young age, with a four-frame comic strip in the newspaper of his elementary school in Gunsan, North Jeolla Province. His single-mindedness about art won him special treatment from his teachers, who would sometimes allow him to paint watercolors instead of finishing his homework.Career
When he wasn't accepted by the university he applied for and with his family circumstances showing no signs of improving, <mask> moved to Seoul at the age of 19 to pursue his dream of becoming an artist. Since he didn't know anyone in the city, at first he was homeless for a while. He then met renowned manhwa artist Huh Young-man, and when he learned that Huh lived on the street close to where he was staying, <mask> hounded him until he was finally accepted as Huh's pupil and assistant in 1988. He also became an assistant to cartoonist Jo Woon-hak. Yoon described himself as an angry man during his twenties, always getting into fights with strangers whom he assumed looked down on him for his small physique. But his new job filled him with hope and passion, and he spent all of his free time at night practicing drawing. He was rejected eight times by publishers, before making his writing debut in 1993 with Emergency Landing (), a serial comic published in the magazine, Monthly Jump ().His own

masks:
Yoon Tae ho
Yoon Tae
Yoon
Yoon


title: Yoon Tae-ho

texts: worst critic, he later derided his first work, "The story was terrible and the drawings were too showy." So he put more emphasis on storylines rather than the details of the drawings, with the goal of reflecting the spirit of an era. <mask> became best known for writing the webtoon (called "webtoon" in Korea) Moss () and Misaeng (), leading literary critics to call him as one of the leading voices of the next generation of Korean cartoonists. Anchored in a classic murder mystery, Moss tells the story of one man's journey into the heart of darkness in a small town deep in the backwoods of the Korean countryside to uncover the truth behind his father's death. With twists and turns seemingly inspired by American southern gothic literature, the 80-part graphic novel was published online from 2008 to 2009, and it became an internet sensation. Readers praised the labyrinthine "whodunit" plot which was accentuated by the richly detailed illustrations of the decaying village that gave it an ambiance of dread, as well as its subtext of social commentary. In 2010, it was adapted into the film Moss starring Park Hae-il and Jung Jae-young and directed by Kang Woo-suk.It drew more than 3.4 million moviegoers, becoming the top grosser among webtoon-based films. Misaeng, which means "an incomplete life," ran from 2012 to 2013 online and drew 1 billion hits; it was also published in paperback form in nine volumes and sold 900,000 copies. After failing to become a professional baduk player, the protagonist Jang Geu-rae takes a job as an intern at a Korean corporation, and the compelling narrative follows flawed and layered characters as they deal with the fierce competition for survival, claustrophobic work relationships and office politics. Yoon used the game of baduk as a metaphor for the cutthroat trading industry


title: Yoon Tae-ho

texts: culture, and his painstaking research of the realities at trading companies provide a vivid description of life as a corporate underling. Misaeng gained immense popularity among white-collar workers in Korea and is considered a must-read comic in the country. In 2013, six 10-minute mobile short films were shown on internet portal Daum, with each short focusing on the six main characters of Misaeng (Yim Si-wan played Jang Geu-rae) but the storylines are prequels to the comic instead of a direct adaptation. Directed by Son Tae-gyum and Kim Tae-hui, these shorts were later compiled into the omnibus film titled Incomplete Life: Prequel (), which screened at the Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival.Yim later reprised his role in the television series adaptation, also titled Misaeng. Directed by Kim Won-seok and written by <mask>-jung, it was a ratings hit when it aired on cable channel tvN in 2014. With the TV series' popularity, Yoon confirmed that he will begin serializing a sequel to Misaeng in March 2015. In March 2012, <mask> led several groups of cartoonists (from the Korea Cartoonists' Association, the Cartoon and Animation Society in Korea, the Corea Cartoon Art Association, Cartoon Boomer and the Korea Comic Writers Association) in protesting the plan of state censorship body Korea Communications Standards Commission to designate 23 webtoons as "harmful to youth," saying it undermines freedom of expression. Yoon said, "This is the sad reality of cartoons -- cartoons are praised and highlighted as a new cultural growth engine on the one hand, while they are the most frequently criticized contents for "harmfulness" on the other. The government hasn't taken much action on violence in other cultural genres, but has attacked cartoons only. With such repetitive attacks, we are losing our freedom

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Yoon


title: Yoon Tae-ho

texts:
 to create."In August 2013, Yoon launched A-Comics, a webzine specializing in comic books with content ranging from webtoons to mobile cartoons (regardless of origin), as well as reviews, recommendations, and interviews with cartoonists. Yoon said, "For a specific cultural genre to prosper, it is important for writers to come up with a good work, but at the same time a medium that bridges creators and consumers is very crucial. I hope A-Comics revitalizes the Korean comic book scene." In 2014, Lee Byung-hun and Cho Seung-woo were cast in Inside Men (), an upcoming film adaptation directed by Woo Min-ho based on Yoon's 2010 webtoon The Insiders. Lee plays Sang-goo, a shady hoodlum who operates within the halls of powers, doing dirty work for crooked politicians. When the tables are turned against him, he sets out to get his revenge. Works
Emergency Landing (비상착륙, 1993)
혼자사는 남편 (1996)
춘향별곡 (1997)
Yahoo (야후, 1998)
수상한 아이들 (1999)
Romance (로망스, 2001)
Moss (이끼, 2008-2009)
열풍학원 (2009)
당신은 거기 있었다 (2009)
주유천하 (2009) (written by Lee Won-ho, illustrated by <mask> Tae-ho)
The Insiders (내부자들, 2010–present)
Misaeng (미생, 2012-2013)
Operation Chromite (인천상륙작전, 2013–present)

Screen adaptations
Moss (2010)
Incomplete Life: Prequel (2013)
Misaeng (2014)
Inside Men (2015)

Awards
1999 Ministry of Culture and Tourism: Our Manhwa of Today (Yahoo)
2002 Korean Publication of Manhwa Awards: Best New Artist (Romance)
2007 Korean Publication of Manhwa Awards: Excellence Award (Moss)
2008 Bucheon Manhwa Awards: General Comic Award (Moss)
2010 Korea Content Awards: Presidential Award, Manhwa category

State honors

Notes

References

External links
 Yoon Tae-ho at Naver
 Yoon Tae-ho at the Korea Cartoonists Association

South Korean webtoon creators
South Korean manhwa artists
South Korean manhwa writers
Living people
1969


title: William Becknell

texts:
<mask> (1787 or 1788 – April 30, 1865) was an American soldier, politician, and freight operator who is credited by Americans with opening the Santa Fe Trail in 1821. He found a trail for part of the route that was wide enough for wagon trains and draft teams, making it easier for trader and emigrants along this route. The Santa Fe Trail became an early major transportation route through central North America that connected Franklin, Missouri with Santa Fe, New Mexico, serving both trading and emigrant parties. It served as a vital commercial highway from the 1820s until 1880, when the railroad was introduced to Santa Fe. <mask> made use of long-established trails made by Native Americans, and Spanish and French colonial explorers and traders for centuries before his trip. French colonists in St. Louis had a monopoly on trade with Santa Fe, which was granted by the Spanish crown before the Louisiana Purchase. When Mexico achieved independence from Spain in 1821, it opened up trade to its territories; residents of Santa Fe were eager for more trade goods.In 1822, <mask> altered his route to Santa Fe in order to find a trail more suitable for wagon trains so that he could enable transport of more trade goods. Earlier travelers had ridden on horseback, trailing packhorses. By 1825, he assisted a surveyor with the federal government in mapping the trail, so that it could be available for commercial and military use. Early life

<mask> <mask> was born in the Rockfish Creek area of Amherst County, Virginia to parents Micajah and Pheby (Landrum) <mask>. Conflicting sources say his year of birth was 1787 or 1788. <mask>'s father and grandfather were veterans of the American Revolution, as were two uncles who died in the war. <mask> married Jane Trusler in 1807 in Virginia.In 1810 the young family migrated to the new Missouri Territory, homesteading west of present-day St. Charles. During the War of 1812,

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William Alexander
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Becknell


title: William Becknell

texts:
 <mask> served in the United States Mounted Rangers under Captain Daniel Morgan Boone, a son of the famed explorer. He participated in several engagements, including the Battle of Credit Island and the defense of Fort Clemson, near St. Louis. In the latter engagement, he took control of the defense after senior officers fell. For this he was promoted to the rank of captain, and was long known as <mask>. Following his discharge from Federal service in June 1815, <mask> moved west to the area known as the Boonslick in central Missouri along the Missouri River. <mask> died of unknown circumstance, possibly in childbirth, around the time of her husband's military discharge.In January 1817 the widower married again, to Mary Cribb. According to U.S. Census Bureau records, <mask> was the father of at least five children in total: Mary Jane born in 1815, John Calhoun born in 1817, <mask> Jr. also born in 1817, Lucy born in 1818, and Cornelia born in 1827. <mask> supported his family by working as a ferryman on the Missouri river and by managing the Boone's Lick Salt Works. In early 1820 he purchased 180 acres in Howard County, Missouri and moved the family there. Trailblazer
In 1821 <mask> faced substantial debt. He had bought out the Boone family interest in the salt works around 1818. In 1820 he ran unsuccessfully for the Missouri Legislature, having borrowed money to finance the campaign.The Panic of 1819 took its toll on his business activities by limiting the amount of credit and hard currency available. Owing creditors more than $1,200 dollars ($20,000 in today's money), <mask> was briefly jailed until a friend posted bail. The judge in the case gave <mask> until early 1822 to pay his creditors or face more jail time. Under pressure, <mask> left Franklin in September 1821 on an extended trading trip, including hunting and trapping for furs, as the fur trade was still lucrative. He bought $300 worth

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Captain Becknell
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Jane Becknell
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William Alexander
Becknell
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Becknell


title: William Becknell

texts: of trade goods for his trip. According to an advertisement <mask> placed in the Missouri Intelligencer newspaper, his intent was "trading for horses and mules and catching wild animals of every description." <mask> and his group were not the only ones searching for a convenient trade route to Santa Fe, but that fall they were the first to reach the city, in mid-November 1821.<mask>'s timing was near perfect. Mexico had recently become independent of Spain. It lifted the ban against trade with outsiders. French colonists from St. Louis had traded with Santa Fe when both were still under Spanish rule before the Louisiana Purchase. The Chouteau brothers of St. Louis had been given a monopoly with the Spanish for trade in Santa Fe, and this trade contributed greatly to the wealth of the city on the Mississippi River. The people of Santa Fe were eager for the variety of goods which <mask> offered from his string of pack horses. They were willing to pay high prices: some cotton cloth and calico brought the then-unheard of sum of three dollars a yard.After a month of trading, <mask> and his party left Santa Fe on December 13 with their saddlebags overflowing with silver. His investment of $300 in trading goods had returned approximately $6000 in coin. Reaching Missouri in January 1822, <mask> almost immediately began planning his next trading trip to Santa Fe. For his second journey, he chose to haul trade goods by wagon instead of pack horse. He had to slightly alter his original route in order to accommodate the width of wagons and draft teams. The wagon train left Franklin in May 1822 and suffered considerable hardship, with both animals and people nearly dying of thirst in the parched Cimarron Desert. The 'train' arrived in Santa Fe forty-eight days later.The second trip proved to be even more profitable than the first. Taking an estimated $3,000 in goods to Santa Fe, <mask>'s party returned with a

masks: Becknell Becknell Becknell Becknell Becknell Becknell Becknell


title: William Becknell

texts:
 profit of around $91,000. They paid some of that total as dividends to shareholders who had helped fund the trip, and even the smallest investor reaped great returns. <mask> made a third profitable trip to Santa Fe in 1824. The following year in 1825, he helped map the trail for surveyors hired by the U.S. Congress. For his efforts in opening up an improved route for regular traffic and military movement, <mask> became known as the Father of the Santa Fe Trail

Later life
In 1827 <mask> was appointed as a Justice of the Peace for Saline County, Missouri. The following year he was elected to the first of two terms in the Missouri House of Representatives.Retaining his rank of captain, <mask> served in the Missouri state militia during a Native American uprising in 1829 and again during the 1832 Black Hawk War. In 1835 <mask> sold all his Missouri property and business interests and moved to present-day Red River County, Texas in northeast Texas. During the Texas War of Independence, <mask> organized and led a cavalry unit known as the Red River Blues. Later he would serve briefly as a Texas Ranger. He was also elected as a member of the legislature in the newly established Republic of Texas. <mask> died on April 30, 1865, at his home. He is buried in a private family cemetery.US 82 passes by the site a few miles west of Clarksville, Texas. References

External links

 <mask> and the Santa Fe Trail
 Santa Fe Trail Research

 Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - <mask>, William
 Santa Fe Trail Association

United States Army personnel of the War of 1812
American people of the Black Hawk War
Members of the Missouri House of Representatives
1780s births
1856 deaths
County officials in Missouri
Republic of Texas politicians
1st Congress of the Republic of Texas
People of the Texas Revolution
People from Amherst County, Virginia
19th-century American politicians
United States Army

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William Becknell
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title: Sydney Stubbs

texts:
<mask>MG (19 July 1861 – 30 July 1953) was an Australian politician who served twice in the Parliament of Western Australia: in the Legislative Council from 1908 to 1911, and then in the Legislative Assembly from 1911 to 1947. He was Speaker of the Legislative Assembly from 1930 to 1933, and had been Mayor of Claremont and then Mayor of Perth prior to entering parliament. Early life and mayorships
<mask> was born in Warrnambool, Victoria, to Agnes (née Aitken) and <mask>. He worked as a schoolteacher for a time in the late 1870s before securing a position with John Danks & Son, a hardware company with which he was employed from 1879 to 1894, working variously as a clerk, travelling salesman, and engineer. <mask> arrived in Western Australia in 1895, and with a partner established a hardware firm in Perth, Drake & Stubbs. The firm was eventually bought out by another hardware merchant, Alfred Sandover, in 1907. In 1901, <mask> (a resident of the suburb of Claremont) was elected mayor of the Claremont Municipality unopposed, replacing Joseph Langsford.In 1903, it was initially reported that would contest the vacancy in the Legislative Council left by the death of Barrington Clarke Wood, but he did not go on to nominate for the election. Opting not to contest the 1903 Claremont mayoral election, two years later <mask> ran for Mayor of Perth against Thomas Molloy. On a then-record turnout of almost 8,000 voters, he polled 54.01 percent of the vote, replacing Harry Brown (who did not re-contest) as mayor. The following year, <mask> was re-elected unopposed, the first mayor since Alexander Forrest in 1899 to be returned in that fashion. He left office in December 1907 without

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Sydney Stubbs C
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William Alexander Stubbs
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