title: Sergey Kavtaradze

texts:
 December 1928, but was arrested on charges of spreading "Anti-Soviet propaganda". In 1929, Stalin ordered the State Political Directorate and Lavrentiy Beria to round up the leadership of the Georgian Communist Party, including Polikarp Budu Mdivani and others who had voiced strong criticism of the centralism imposed with the creation of the Soviet Union (see Georgian Affair). Other Georgian comrades of Stalin were also arrested, including Kote Tsintsadze.However, in a speech condemning Mdivani's associates as a "terrorist group", Beria left out <mask>'s name, which was seen as a sign that Stalin was going to be more lenient with him. He was nonetheless sentenced to three years in prison, which he served in Tobolsk. <mask> was eventually released on Stalin's orders, and was allowed to return to and settle in Moscow, where he worked as a journalist without reentering the Party. According to historian Roy Medvedev, <mask>'s liberation came after he sent a letter to the uncontested leader, which included a pledge that "he was not working against the Party." Medvedev places Kavtaradze's release after the 1934 murder of Party boss <mask>, while other sources indicate that he emerged from prison in 1931. Central Committee member Lazar Kaganovich was tasked with looking after him. One of <mask>'s journalistic pieces, published soon after his return to Moscow, was a recollection of his early activities, which was reportedly well liked by Stalin.Second arrest and death sentence
<mask> consequently worked for a publishing house, reviewing works of fiction. In late 1936, as the Great Purge was reaching its peak, he and his wife Sofia were suddenly arrested on orders from NKVD chief Nikolai Yezhov, accused of "counter-revolutionary activities" and of having conspired with Mdivani to have Stalin assassinated, and sentenced to death. They were both subject to torture in the Lubyanka Prison. Although Mdivani was shot

masks:
Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Sergey Kavtaradze
Sergey Kirov
Sergey Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze


title: Sergey Kavtaradze

type: original

texts:
 immediately, the couple remained waiting on Death Row for a significant period. Upon being presented with a list of planned executions, Stalin marked a dash in crayon next to <mask>'s name—according to various sources, this discreet sign saved <mask>'s life. <mask> was later moved to a prison in Tbilisi, but brought back to Moscow in February 1939. The couple were suddenly released in late 1939, and were first allowed to see each other in Beria's Moscow apartment.British historian Simon Sebag Montefiore argues that this was a delayed consequence of a letter Stalin received in 1936: in it, the couple's eleven-year-old daughter, Maya, begged for her parents to be allowed to live. The Kavtaradzes (including Maya, who was allowed to leave Tbilisi and transported to Moscow) moved into a hotel, and then allowed to settle in a communal apartment. In what was an unprecedented gesture, Stalin and Beria paid them a visit in their new home. World War II
<mask> was assigned to the State Publishing House in 1940, and reinstated in the Party later that year. He became an assistant to Foreign Commissar Vyacheslav Molotov in 1941, being placed in charge of the Near East Department. In 1943, after the Nazi German invasion of the Soviet Union, he was Deputy Foreign Commissar. He took part in the inter-Allied summits—the Yalta Conference and the Potsdam Conference.The family were often guests at the Kremlin, where they attended dinners in the company of Stalin and other prominent politicians. During September 1944, <mask> was in Iran, where, three years after the Anglo-Soviet invasion, he was to push for a Soviet share in the local oil industry. He approached Prime Minister Mohammad Sa'ed, asking him to allow Soviet prospectors in northern Iran. Sa'ed, who was by then involved in a conflict with the far left Tudeh and nationalist forces over having allowed British and American businesses the possibility of opening oil field in the

masks:
Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Sergey Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Sergey Kavtaradze


title: Sergey Kavtaradze

texts: country, did not reply favorably to the envoy's request. <mask> then resorted to threats, which he notably voiced during a meeting with Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In parallel, the Soviet Red Army troops in Iran made the transit of Iranian forces difficult, and were present during a large-scale Tudeh demonstration in front of the Majlis building. It was largely as a result of these maneuvers that Sa'ed ultimately resigned on 9 November 1944, being replaced by Morteza Gholi Bayat.In December, despite Tudeh opposition, Mohammed Mosaddeq successfully advanced legislation preventing any government official from granting Iranian fields to any foreign investor without explicit approval from the Majlis. Kavtaradze protested the change, claiming that it was aimed against the Soviet Union, but the Bayet cabinet refused to renegotiate and he returned to Moscow without having registered any gain. In June 1945, Molotov, Kavtaradze and Azerbaijan SSR leader Mir Jafar Baghirov were instructed by the Soviet Central Committee to secretly prepare a separatist insurrection in the Iranian Azerbaijan. This resulted in Ja'far Pishevari's Azerbaijan People's Government, while agitation among the Kurdish people gave way to Qazi Muhammad's Republic of Mahabad (both regimes were crushed within months by Iranian interventions). During early autumn, together with the Armenian SSR's Foreign Commissariat, Kavtradze analyzed the border issues between Turkey and the Caucasian Soviet Republics (see Tao-Klarjeti, Wilsonian Armenia). In a report to Molotov, he estimated that the Turkish state owed 20,500 km² in territory to the Armenian SSR and 5,500 km² to the Georgian SSR. With his backing, the Armenian leadership unsuccessfully proposed that the Ardahan Province and the area around Oltu be demanded from Turkey and granted to the Armenian SSR.The two regions had been part of the Democratic Republic of Armenia following the 1920 Treaty of


title: Sergey Kavtaradze

texts:
 Sèvres, but were also claimed by Georgia. In contrast, the Georgian leaders proposed that Ardahan and Oltu become part of their republic. Activities in Romania and final years
During the war's final stage, <mask> was sent to the Romanian Kingdom, whose alliance with the Axis Powers was ended by the coup of August 1944 (see Romania during World War II). His office as Ambassador, like the Soviet military presence, was instrumental in providing guidance and assistance for the Romanian Communist Party (PCR). He took over his post in 1945, and kept it until 1952. At the time, he was especially close to the PCR's so-called "Muscovite faction", and to its leader, Ana Pauker. This came at a time when Pauker won the trust of Soviet leaders such as Molotov, Kaganovich and Kliment Voroshilov—in contrast, her main rival, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, sought support from Georgy Malenkov and Beria.At a lower level, Pauker's relations with <mask> were replicated by the close relationship between Gheorghiu-Dej and Mark Borisovich Mitin, the Cominform activist and Stalinist theorist. During September 1945, as Soviet specialists on Romanian issues, <mask> and his fellow diplomat, former prosecutor Andrey Vyshinsky, were present in Moscow at a meeting between a Romanian delegation and Stalin. The Romanian side, overseen by Ploughmen's Front leader and Premier Petru Groza, also comprised Foreign Minister and Vice-Premier Gheorghe Tătărescu, Romanian Social Democrat leader Ştefan Voitec, and Mihail Ghelmegeanu. The discussions were centered on Romania's agreement to seal a final armistice with the Soviet Union. The Minister of Justice and prominent PCR member, Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu, was conspicuously absent from the talks, in what was seen as an early sign of his downfall. In autumn 1946, <mask>, who regularly instructed Pauker, played a part in the electoral fraud that brought the PCR-created Bloc of Democratic Parties to power under

masks: Kavtaradze Kavtaradze Kavtaradze Kavtaradze


title: Sergey Kavtaradze

texts:
 Groza's leadership (see 1946 Romanian general election). In January 1947, as Romania prepared to sign the Paris Peace Treaty, he played a part in negotiating, with Premier Groza, Foreign Minister Tătărescu, and PCR activist Emil Bodnăraş, the Soviet takeover of islands on the Danube's Chilia branch.While Groza asked for Romania to receive the Hertsa region and a small area north of Siret in exchange, Tătărescu opposed any change in the status quo, and Bodnăraş asked for promises of compensation to be made. <mask> relayed his government's position that no guarantees were to be made, and the islands were ceded to the Soviet Union as part of the Paris Treaty system. Since the Soviet-dominated Allied Commission ended its mandate (October 1947) and until his recall, <mask> replaced Red Army general Ivan Susaykov as the most important representative of his country in relations with the Groza government, and, later, with Communist Romania. He retired in 1954, one year after Stalin's death, and in 1961, was a delegate to the 22nd Party Congress. He died ten years later in Tbilisi, where his descendants were still residing in 2003. Legacy
Stalin's forgiveness for Kavtaradze has drawn interest from historians, as did the fact Stalin's attitudes toward his friend remained ambiguous after he was released from prison. In his Let History Judge, Roy Medvedev cites an episode occurring circa 1939, reported to him by Kavtaradze himself: during dinner at the Kremlin, Kavtaradze was addressed by Stalin the words "And yet you wanted to kill me".Medvedev notes: "Some historians may see this comment as proof of Stalin's paranoia. But Stalin knew well that Kavtaradze never tried to kill him. However, he could not admit this openly, for then he would have had to reconsider the execution of Budu Mdivani and many other Communists involved in the case. It was much simpler to 'forgive' Kavtaradze alone." In his view, the case was similar to

masks: Kavtaradze Kavtaradze


title: Sergey Kavtaradze

texts: that of Alyosha Svanidze (the brother of Stalin's first wife Ekaterina Svanidze), who was shot after refusing to confess similar crimes. He concluded: "All these actions reveal a misanthropic tyrant, not a mentally ill person who did not know what he was doing." Reportedly, <mask> himself believed that the conversation showed Stalin to be "sick".Simon Sebag Montefiore, who places this event right after the Kavtaradzes' liberation, cites the line as: "Nevertheless, you all wanted to kill me? ", and gives <mask>'s reply to it as "Do you really think so?" He also records an exchange between Stalin and <mask>: Stalin, looking at her hair (which had turned white in prison), commented "We have tortured you too much." In this context, Stalin charged <mask> with editing a Russian-language translation of Shota Rustaveli's The Knight in the Panther's Skin, which he was to complete together with the academic Shalva Nutsibidze. Nutsibidze was himself a former inmate, and he had begun work on the translation in his cell—Stalin had personally reviewed his work and found it impressive, ordering Nutsibidze to be released. Reportedly, the Soviet dictator even corrected part of the manuscript and his personal translation of a section probably made it into the final edition. Following his release, Stalin kept Kavtaradze in his circle of intimates, and nicknamed him Tozho—in reference to his slant eyes, which, Stalin believed, made him look like the Japanese prime minister Hideki Tōjō.He also confided in him: at some point after the Great Purge, Stalin allegedly told his friend that "we had to shoot" Nikolai Yezhov. On one occasion in 1945, speaking in Georgian, Stalin told the Mingrelian Lavrentiy Beria he considered him a "traitor" in front of <mask>. According to Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej's political ally, Alexandru Bârlădeanu, <mask> was also on good terms with his faction, and, while in Romania, furnished them details on his youth

masks:
Sergey Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Sofia Kavtaradze
Sergey Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze
Kavtaradze


title: Sergey Kavtaradze

texts:
 and relations with Stalin and his earlier fall from grace. Bârlădeanu remembered Kavtaradze telling him that he was present at the 17th Party Congress of 1934, where he claimed to have cast his vote in favor of <mask> and against Stalin's choices for the Central Committee. The ballot was secret, but Stalin later ordered the voting majority to be purged, which would have left <mask> among the very few survivors of that vote. Notes

References
 Ronald W. Ferrier, The History of the British Petroleum Company, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982. Georges Mamoulia, "Les crises de la Turquie et Iranienne 1945-1947.L'apport des archives caucasiennes" (resumé), in Cahiers du Monde Russe, 45/1-2
 Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge, Spokesman Books, Nottingham, 1976. Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin. The Court of the Red Tsar, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2003. Martin Sicker, The Middle East in the Twentieth Century, Praeger/Greenwood, Westport, 2001. 1885 births
1971 deaths
Burials at Didube Pantheon
20th-century politicians from Georgia (country)
20th-century translators
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Iran
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Romania
Diplomats from Tbilisi
Communist Party of Georgia (Soviet Union) politicians
Revolutionaries from Georgia (country)
Lawyers from Tbilisi
Nobility of Georgia (country)
Old Bolsheviks
People from Imereti
People from Kutais Governorate
People of World War II from Georgia (country)
Prisoners from Georgia (country) sentenced to death
Prisoners sentenced to death by the Soviet Union
Publishers (people) from Georgia (country)
Politicians from Tbilisi
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Soviet prisoners sentenced to death
Soviet people of World War II
Soviet rehabilitations
Soviet translators
Torture victims from Georgia (country)
Translators from Georgia (country)
Trotskyists
20th-century lawyers
Heads of government of the

masks:
Sergey Kirov
Kavtaradze


title: Nick Menza

texts:
<mask> (July 23, 1964 – May 21, 2016) was an American musician best known as the former drummer for thrash metal band Megadeth from 1989 to 1998. He recorded drums on four of Megadeth's albums: Rust in Peace (1990), Countdown to Extinction (1992), Youthanasia (1994), and Cryptic Writings (1997). Early life
Menza was born in Munich as his father, jazz musician <mask>, was stationed with the U.S. Army in Germany at the time. Menza began playing drums at the age of two, at which age he performed at his first public concert when during the intermission someone sat him down on Jack DeJohnette's drums and he proceeded to play. His influences stem from being nurtured around the tutelage of such notables as Buddy Rich, Steve Gadd, <mask>i, Jeff Porcaro, and Louie Bellson. Beginning his professional musical career at the age of 18, drumming in the band Rhoads featuring singer Kelle Rhoads, brother of the late Randy Rhoads, Menza released his first record with Rhoads, titled Into the Future, in Europe in 1986. Following Rhoads, Menza was part of a succession of Los Angeles metal bands, including The Green (with Rhoads bandmates John Goodwin on guitar and Darwin Ballard on bass), Von Skeletor (another collaboration with Goodwin and Michael Guillory on guitars, Cam Daigneault on drums, and Menza handling lead vocals on the band's demo and self-released album, Injection of Death), and Cold Fire (also featuring Warrior guitarist Joe Floyd) before joining Megadeth.Musical career
Moving on to session playing including styles ranging from R&B to gospel, funk and heavy metal, recording

masks:
Nicholas Menza
Don Menza
Nick Cerol


title: Nick Menza

texts: with the likes of John Fogerty, Menza caught the attention of then Megadeth drummer Chuck Behler and became his tech. When Megadeth needed a drummer in 1989, Menza was asked by Dave Mustaine to join the band. Mustaine noted that <mask> previously filled in on drums when Behler was unable to. Menza first played live with Megadeth on May 12, 1988 in Bradford, England. This prior experience and personal relationship led to the invitation to join Megadeth for the 1990 recording Rust in Peace. For the next ten years, Menza became associated with Megadeth's "classic" period and also his Greg Voelker Rack System. This included a double-bass drum kit with the tom-toms mounted on a lower chrome rack and all cymbal crashes mounted on a higher rack, which was supported by two chrome bars behind the drummer.This was later adopted by Megadeth on 2004's Blackmail the Universe tour, which featured a similar rack system. During his stint in Megadeth, <mask> also played drums on his bandmate Marty Friedman's three solo albums, Scenes (1992), Introduction (1994) and True Obsessions (1996). By the summer of 1998, while the band was still touring in support of Cryptic Writings, <mask> was having knee problems and sought medical advice. He was informed he had a tumor, which was later found to be benign, and had it removed. Rather than cancel any dates, Megadeth hired Jimmy DeGrasso as a temporary replacement. When the time came to record a follow-up album, <mask> was not asked back and DeGrasso became the band's official drummer. <mask> has said in several interviews that, while in the

masks: Menza Menza Menza Menza Menza


title: Nick Menza

texts: hospital recovering from knee surgery, he received a phone call from Mustaine that simply said "Your services are not needed anymore".After his departure, he began work on Menza: Life After Deth with guitarist Anthony Gallo, bassist Jason Levin, and guitarist Ty Longley. The album was initially intended to have a 2002 release date and tour to follow; however, on the tour in 2003 with the reformed Great White, Longley was among the 100 people killed in The Station nightclub fire in Rhode Island and a year later Jason Levin died of heart failure, <mask> and Gallo were devastated and the Life After Deth tour was never announced. Guest guitarist Christian Nesmith, son of The Monkees' Michael Nesmith, did some leads and Menza hired producer Max Norman (Ozzy Osbourne, Megadeth). Following the reissue of the entire Megadeth catalog, Menza was invited to reunite with Megadeth in 2004. Days after a reunion was announced, Menza was fired after rehearsals and replaced with Shawn Drover. Mustaine said that this was because Menza "just wasn't prepared" for a full-scale U.S. tour, physically. In April 2006, Menza joined the Los Angeles-based metal band Orphaned to Hatred.The group describe their sound as "a continuation of the heavy style of '90s Pantera". He left the band in late 2010. <mask> nearly suffered the loss of an arm in 2007, after having an accident with a power saw. He required reconstructive surgery and metal plates in his arm and a lengthy rehabilitation, but later recovered. <mask> later auctioned off the blood-stained saw blade and an original copy of an X-ray from

masks: Menza Menza Menza


title: Nick Menza

texts:
 the incident. In March 2011, <mask> appeared in a music video for Mindstreem's "We Up Next", a song originally written by SIN 34 guitarist Anthony Gallo featuring Tony Lanza and Daniel Wayne, Jr. on vocals. The actual recording is <mask> (drums), Gallo (guitars), Gregg Babuccio (bass), and Tony Lanza and Daniel Wayne, Jr. (vocals).Also in March 2011, <mask>'s band Deltanaut posted a video for the song "Sacrifice" in conjunction with the release of their Roy Z produced digital-only 5-song EP. The line-up consisted of <mask>, his old Rhoads and The Green bandmate, bassist Darwin Ballard, guitarists Christopher Grady and Colin Reid, and lead vocalist Brian Williams. <mask>'s father, <mask> who famously played tenor sax on The Pink Panther Theme with the Henry Mancini Orchestra, plays saxophone on the song "The King"; other guests include Roy Z on guitar and Ed Roth on keyboards. In 2015, <mask> contributed drum tracks to the song "Are We Alone?" on the album Warless Society (The Global Invasion) by Ci2i, with John Goodwin and Darwin Ballard on guitar and bass, respectively. In 2015, he also began working with Los Angeles band Sweet Eve on their follow up album "The Immortal Machine" as producer and drummer. Death
On May 21, 2016, Menza was performing with his band, OHM, at The Baked Potato jazz club in Studio City, California.Only three songs into the set, <mask> collapsed onstage. He was rushed to a hospital where he was pronounced dead on arrival. An autopsy later showed the cause of death to be atherosclerotic, hypertensive-induced congestive heart failure. <mask> was

masks:
Menza
Menza
Menza
Menza
Menza
Don Menza
Menza
Menza
Menza


title: Aleksander Chodkiewicz

texts:
<mask> (, , ; ca. 1475 – 28 May 1549) was a Ruthenian noble from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia and Samogitia, founder of the Supraśl Orthodox Monastery. He inherited vast possessions from his father <mask>, which made him 11th wealthiest person in the Grand Duchy according to the military census of 1528. Via his mother Jawnuta (Agnieszka) of the Belsky family, he was second cousin to Kings of Poland John I Albert, Alexander Jagiellon, and Sigismund I the Old. Chodkiewicz quickly gained influence under Alexander Jagiellon, becoming royal marshal. However, after Alexander's's death in 1506 his career stagnated. He supported Queen Bona Sforza, gaining her favor and becoming starost of Brest in 1528.The peak of his career came in 1544 when young Sigismund II Augustus, still influenced by his mother, appointed Chodkiewicz as voivode of Nowogródek and his son Hieronim as castellan of Trakai. Political career
As a young boy Chodkiewicz was taken hostage with his family by the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate in October 1482. His father and sister died in captivity, while he, his mother and sister Agrafena were ransomed in 1484 and returned to Lithuania. Chodkiewicz appeared in political arena in 1495 when he won a court case against caretakers of a royal estate. At the time he already was a member of the Royal court. Chodkiewicz was a favorite of Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon, who granted him his first public position as governor of Punia in 1501. On October 30, 1501, Chodkiewicz was among 27 nobles agreeing to abide by the Union of Mielnik.The next year he was appointed as royal Master of the

masks:
Aleksander Chodkiewicz
Ivan Chodkiewicz


title: Aleksander Chodkiewicz

texts:
 I the Old transferred much of political power within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to his son Sigismund II Augustus, who was significantly influenced by his mother Queen Sforca. Sigismund Augustus almost immediately made new appointments: <mask> became voivode of Nowogródek while his son Hieronim became castellan of Trakai. Both of these positions entitled to a seat in the Council of Lords. The following year Hieronim was further promoted to Elder of Samogitia; thus Hieronim politically surpassed his father. These appointments marked a considerable social jump for the <mask> family.The Chodkiewiczs sided with Queen Sforza against their political rival Barbara Radziwiłł, involved in the love affair with Sigismund Augustus. By the time <mask> <mask> died in 1549, his sons, especially Hieronim, were well established in politics and the family was second in power after the Radziwiłłs. Supraśl Monastery

Already in 1498, Chodkiewicz founded what became the Supraśl Orthodox Monastery in lands inherited from his father. The monastery combines features of fortified churches, Western Gothic and Eastern Byzantine architectures. Polish historian Józef Maroszek argued that this unique blend of the early 16th century was related to attempts to establish a church union between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Lithuanian historian Genutė Kirkienė further claimed that Chodkiewicz was a follower of Joseph Bolgarynovich, Metropolitan of Kiev in 1498–1501, who supported the church union as agreed in the Council of Florence—Orthodoxs would retain their rites and churches, but would be subordinates of the

masks: Chodkiewicz Chodkiewicz Aleksander Chodkiewicz


title: Aleksander Chodkiewicz

texts:
 Pope in Rome. After Bolgarynovich's death the union was abandoned at the metropolitan level, but Kirkienė found hints that Supraśl continued the idea locally.The monastery soon was granted the status of lavra—it became an autonomous body with great rights reserved for its founder (ktetor) and various restrictions placed on the Metropolitan. The Supraśl Monastery became cultural and spiritual center as well as mausoleum of the Chodkiewicz family. Alexander's mother was the first person buried in its catacombs; he is buried there as well. Titles and positions
<mask> <mask> had the following titles and positions:
Governor of Punia (1501–1511)
Royal marshal (1506–1549)
Starost of Ostrovo (1520–1547), Vilkija (1522–1549), Brest (1528–1547), Knyszyn (1530–1547)
Voivode of Nowogródek (1544–1547)

Family
In 1513, Chodkiewicz married Princess Wasylisa Jarosławiczówna Hołowczyńska. They had three male descendants, who started three branches of the Chodkewicz clan. The children spend time at the court of Albert, Duke of Prussia and were exposed to Protestantism. His son Hieronim converted to Lutheranism while daughter Zofia married a Lutheran.Chodkiewicz had five children:
 Hieronim <mask> (ca. 1515–1561) founder of the Shkloŭ (or Bykhaw) line
 Hrehory <mask> (ca. 1517–1572) founder of the Supraśl line
 Yurii <mask> (after 1520–1569) founder of the Vyalikaya Byerastavitsa line
 Alexandra, married Grigory Burnevski
 Zofia, married Stanislovas Mikolaitis Kęsgaila

References
Notes

Bibliography

1470s births
1549 deaths
People from Navahrudak
People from Nowogródek Voivodeship (1507–1795)
<mask>

masks: Aleksander Chodkiewicz Chodkiewicz Chodkiewicz Chodkiewicz Aleksander


title: Leopold Ružička

texts:
<mask>  (; 13 September 1887 – 26 September 1976) was a Croatian-Swiss scientist and joint winner of the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes" "including the first chemical synthesis of male sex hormones." He worked most of his life in Switzerland, and received eight doctor honoris causa in science, medicine, and law; seven prizes and medals; and twenty-four honorary memberships in chemical, biochemical, and other scientific societies. Early life
<mask> was born in Vukovar, Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, Austro-Hungarian Empire (today in Croatia). His family of craftsmen and farmers was mostly of Croat origin, with a Czech great grandparent, <mask>, and a great grandmother and a great grandfather from Austria. He lost his father, Stjepan, at the age of four, and his mother, Amalija Sever, took him and his younger brother Stjepan, to live in Osijek. <mask> attended the classics-program secondary school in Osijek. He changed his original idea of becoming a priest and switched to studying technical disciplines.Chemistry was his choice, probably because he hoped to get a position at the newly opened sugar refinery built in Osijek. Owing to the excessive hardship of everyday and political life, he left and chose the High Technical School in Karlsruhe in Germany. He was a good student in areas he liked and that he thought would be necessary and beneficial in future, which was organic chemistry. That is why his physical chemistry professor, Fritz Haber (Nobel laureate in 1918), opposed his summa cum laude degree. However, in the course of his studies, Ružička set up excellent cooperation with Hermann Staudinger (a Nobel laureate in 1953). Studying within Staudinger's department, he obtained his doctoral degree in 1910, then moving to Zurich as Staudinger's assistant. Career in research
Ružička's first works originated in the field of chemistry of

masks:
Leopold Ružička
Ružička
Ružička
Ružička


title: Leopold Ružička

texts:
 1940 he became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, in 1942 he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Society, and in 1944 he became an international member of the US National Academy of Sciences. During the World War II, some of his excellent collaborators were lost, but Ružička restructured his laboratory with new, younger and promising people; among them was young scientist and future Nobel Laureate Vladimir Prelog.With new people and ideas new research areas were opened. In 1946, Ruzicka and Lardon "established that the fragrance of ambergris is based on the triterpene (named) ambrein". Following 1950, <mask> returned to chemistry, which had entered a new era of research. Now he turned to the field of biochemistry, the problems of evolution and genesis of life, particularly to the biogenesis of terpenes. In 1953, he published his hypothesis, the Biogenetic Isoprene Rule (that the carbon skeleton of terpenes is composed variously of regularly or irregularly linked isoprene units), which was the peak of his scientific career. In 1952, Oskar Jeger and he supervised a team which isolated lanosterol and established the link between terpenes and steroids. <mask> retired in 1957, turning over the running of the laboratory to Prelog.Later life, legacy, honours and awards
Ruzicka was the recipient of eight honorary doctorates and the 1938 Marcel Benoist Prize. He was listed as author on 583 scientific papers. In 1965, he became an honorary member of the Polish Chemical Society, and he was an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. After the war he acquired a taste for Dutch masterpieces, which he later lodged in the Kunsthaus Zürich as the Ruzicka collection. He militated against nuclear weapons. In 1970, Ruzicka delivered to the Nobel Laureate Conferences in Lindau a lecture entitled "Nobel Prizes and the chemistry of life". In later years, he served as consultant

masks: Ružička Ružička


title: Leopold Ružička

texts:
 to Sandoz A. G. of Basel.<mask> dedicated significant efforts to the problems of education. He insisted on a better organization of academic education and scientific work in the new Yugoslavia, and established the Swiss-Yugoslav Society. <mask> became an honorary academician at the then Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb. In 1974 he was awarded the Order of the Yugoslav Flag with Golden Wreath. At ETH Zurich, the Ružička Award was established in 1957 on the occasion of his retirement, for young chemists working in Switzerland. In his native Vukovar, a museum was opened in his honour in 1977. Ruzicka's archives are kept at ETH Zurich.Personal life
Ružička married twice: to Anna Hausmann in 1912, and 1951 to Gertrud Acklin. From 1929, he lived at Freudenbergstrasse 101 until the last years of his life. He died in Mammern, Switzerland, a village on Lake Constance at the age of 89. References

External links

 Speich, Daniel. "<mask> und das Verhältnis von Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft in der Chemie" . ETH Zürich. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
  including the Nobel Lecture on December 12, 1945 Multimembered Rings, Higher Terpene Compounds and Male Sex Hormones

1887 births
1976 deaths
20th-century Croatian people
Croatian biochemists
Organic chemists
Croatian scientists
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
Austro-Hungarian Nobel laureates
Hungarian Nobel laureates
Croatian Nobel laureates
Austro-Hungarian scientists
People associated with the University of Zurich
ETH Zurich faculty
Utrecht University faculty
Faraday Lecturers
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Croatian Austro-Hungarians
Croatian people of Czech descent
Croatian people of German descent
Croatian emigrants to Switzerland
Naturalised citizens of Switzerland
People from Vukovar
Swiss Nobel

masks:
Ružička
Ružička
Leopold Ruzicka


title: Joseph Christopher

texts:
<mask> (July 26, 1955 – March 1, 1993) was an American serial killer who gained infamy for a series of murders in the early 1980s. He is believed to have killed at least twelve men and boys and wounded numerous others. Early life
<mask> was born in Buffalo, New York on July 26, 1955, as the only son born to Therese (née Hurley) and <mask>. His mother was a registered nurse, and his father was a maintenance worker with the city's Sanitation Department. <mask> had two older sisters and one younger sister. Nicholas was an outdoorsman and hunter who taught <mask> how to shoot and handle weapons at a young age; according to friends, <mask> had a passion for the outdoors which exceeded all of his other interests. He enrolled in the automotive mechanics program at Burgard Vocational High School in 1971.He was remembered as a quiet student who did well in his shop courses before dropping out in early 1974, and was said to be "very intelligent, though he wasn't book-smart." He then worked a series of odd jobs before securing employment as a maintenance man at Canisius College, where he shared a midnight shift with a co-worker. He was fired in March 1979 for sleeping on the job and returned to live with his parents. <mask>, who suffered from paranoid schizophrenia, reached out for assistance after noticing his mental health slipping in 1978. He tried to admit himself to the Buffalo Psychiatric Center in September 1980. The Psychiatric Center staff told him he was not a danger to himself or others and so could not be admitted. This was a common practice at a time when such centers were being downsized.Instead, the center officials recommended counseling therapy. Fourteen days

masks:
Joseph Gerard Christopher
Joseph Gerard Christopher
Nicholas Christopher
Joseph
Joseph
Joseph
Christopher


title: Joseph Christopher

texts:
 after he left the center, the killings began. Murders

<mask>'s murder spree began on September 22, 1980, when he killed three black men and one boy in the space of 36 hours with a .22 caliber sawed-off Ruger 10/22 semi-automatic rifle concealed in a brown paper bag. These murders led to the media epithet of the .22-Caliber Killer. A 14-year-old boy, Glenn Dunn was the first victim, shot outside a supermarket in Buffalo on September 22. Harold Green, 32, was shot the next day while dining at a fast food restaurant in Cheektowaga. That same evening, 30 year old Emmanuel Thomas was shot while crossing the street to his home, only 7 blocks away from Glenn Dunn's murder.On September 24, <mask> was shot to death in Niagara Falls. He committed two more murders on October 8 and October 9, both times bludgeoning his victims to death and then cutting their hearts out. The bloodied, beaten, and mutilated body of 71 year old Parler Edwards was found in the trunk of his taxi cab parked in Amherst on October 8. Forty-year-old Ernest Jones was found in similar condition beside the Niagara River in Tonawanda on October 9. Jones' blood-spattered taxi was found 3 miles away in Buffalo. Collin Cole, 37, was attacked in a Buffalo hospital on October 10. A white man matching the description of the .22 Caliber Killer tried to strangle him to death.Cole said the man snarled, "I hate n*****s" at him before trying to kill him. He was saved by the arrival of a nurse, and though severe damage had been done to his throat, he did survive the attack. These initial murders went unsolved at first, and <mask> enlisted in the United States Army in November, being stationed at Fort Benning. He soon

masks:
Christopher
Joseph McCoy
Christopher


title: Joseph Christopher

texts: received Christmas furlough and arrived in Manhattan on December 20, where, on December 22, he committed four more murders and two more attacks; this time stabbing his victims to death, thus earning the moniker of the Midtown Slasher. Twenty-five year old John Adams was stabbed at around 11:30 a.m., but survived. 32 year old Ivan Frazier was attacked next about  two hours later. He managed to deflect the blade with his hand, suffering only minor injuries.Luis Rodriguez, 19, was the first murder of the day; at around 3:30 p.m., he was stabbed to death. At 6:50 p.m., 30 year old Antone Davis was stabbed to death. Around 4 hours later, 20 year old Richard Renner was stabbed and killed. Finally, Carl Ramsey was stabbed with a knife while on the subway at around 11 p.m., and died from his injuries before midnight. He then returned to Buffalo and fatally stabbed another black man, 31-year-old Roger Adams, on December 29 and 26-year-old Wendell Barnes in Rochester on December 30. He committed another three attacks on New Years Eve and New Years Day (Albert Menefee, Larry Little, and Calvin Crippen) in Buffalo, but all three victims survived), before returning to Fort Benning in January. When back at Fort Benning, <mask> attacked a black soldier with a paring knife in what was described as an unprovoked attack on January 18.The soldier survived the attack and <mask> was placed in the fort's stockade, where he attempted suicide by cutting himself with a razor. In a subsequent psychiatric session, he told a psychiatrist that he "had to" kill blacks. This admission caused <mask>'s home to be searched by the police. There the police found evidence linking <mask> to three

masks: Christopher Christopher Christopher Christopher


title: Joseph Christopher

texts:
 murders, which led to his indictment in April 1981 and his transfer back to Buffalo for his trial on May 8. Victims

Trial, imprisonment and death

He pleaded not guilty to the three murders and refused counsel by lawyers hired by his mother, opting instead to represent himself. He was subsequently found guilty and sentenced to 60 years in prison, but this ruling was overturned as the trial judge had barred the defense from presenting expert psychiatric testimony about <mask>'s ability to stand trial. He was later found competent to stand trial, and appeared in court again in 1985 under various charges which led to him being sentenced to life imprisonment.While imprisoned at the Attica Correctional Facility, <mask> claimed that he committed 13 killings. He died in prison due to a rare form of male breast cancer on March 1, 1993, at the age of 37. Media coverage
The Discovery Channel cable network television show The FBI Files first aired its <mask> investigation, on May 9, 2000, titled the ".22 Caliber Killer". See also
 List of serial killers in the United States
 List of serial killers by number of victims

References

External links
 State of New York v. <mask>. <mask> (07/05/85)

1955 births
1993 deaths
1980 murders in the United States
20th-century American criminals
American people convicted of murder
American people who died in prison custody
American serial killers
Deaths from male breast cancer
People from Buffalo, New York
Male serial killers
Serial killers who died in prison custody
People with schizophrenia
Racially motivated violence against African Americans
American male criminals
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Violence against men in North

masks:
Christopher
Christopher
Joseph Christopher
Joseph G
Christopher


title: Amanullah Khan

texts:
<mask> (, ; 1 June 1892 – 25 April 1960) was the sovereign of Afghanistan from 1919 until his abdication in 1929, first as Emir and after 1926 as King. After the August 1919 end of the Third Anglo-Afghan War, Afghanistan was able to relinquish its protected state status to proclaim independence and pursue an independent foreign policy free from the influence of the United Kingdom. His rule was marked by dramatic political and social change, attempting to modernize Afghanistan on Western designs, which he did not fully succeed in, due to an uprising by Habibullah Kalakani and his followers. On 14 January 1929, <mask> abdicated and fled to neighbouring British India as the Afghan Civil War began to escalate. From British India, he went to Europe, where after 30 years in exile, he died in Italy, in 1960 (yet apparently and reportedly according to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, <mask>  died in Zürich in Switzerland). His body was brought to Afghanistan and buried in Jalalabad. Early years

<mask> was born on 1 June 1892, in Paghman near Kabul, Afghanistan.He was the third son of the Emir Habibullah <mask>. <mask> was installed as the governor of Kabul and was in control of the army and the treasury, and gained the allegiance of most of the tribal leaders. In February 1919, Emir Habibullah <mask> went on a hunting trip to Afghanistan's Laghman Province. Among those in his retinue were Nasrullah <mask>, Habibullah's first son Inayatullah, and Habibullah's commander-in-chief Nadir <mask>. On the evening of February 20, 1919, Habibullah was assassinated while in his tent by Shuja ud-Dawla, one of the pages who slept in his tent, on orders from his younger son, <mask>, leaving Nasrullah the

masks:
Ghazi Amanullah Khan
Amanullah
Amanullah
Amanullah Khan
Khan
Amanullah
Khan
Khan
Khan
Amanullah


title: Amanullah Khan

texts: heir successor to the Afghan throne. Nasrullah at first refused to take the throne and declared his allegiance to Inayatullah, Habibullah's first born. Inayatullah refused and said that his father had made Nasrullah the heir rightfully and wanted him to become Emir.All the local tribes people also gave their allegiance to Nasrullah, who was a pious and religious man. The remainder of Habibullah's party journeyed south-east to Jalalabad, and on February 21, 1919, reached that city, whereupon Nasrullah was declared Emir, supported by Habibullah's first son Inayatullah. Upon receiving the news, <mask> <mask>, third son of Habibullah by Habibullah's first wife, had remained in Kabul as the king's representative. Using this opportunity, he immediately seized control of the treasury at Kabul and staged a coup against his uncle. He took control of Kabul and the central government, declaring war against Nasrullah. Nasrullah did not want any blood shed in order for him to be king. He told Amanullah that he can have the kingdom, and he will take exile in Saudi Arabia.<mask> <mask> swore upon the Quran that no harm would come to Nasrullah if he returned to Kabul and then he can do as he pleased. Fearing that Nasrullah's supporters would rise against <mask>, he went against his word and imprisoned Nasrullah and his supporters. On February 28, 1919, <mask> proclaimed himself Emir, and on March 3, 1919, Nasrullah was arrested by <mask>'s forces. On April 13, 1919, Amanullah held a Durbar (a royal court under the supervision of <mask>) in Kabul which inquired into the death of Habibullah. It found a colonel in the Afghanistan military guilty of the crime, and had him executed. On manufactured

masks: Amanullah Khan Amanullah Khan Amanullah Amanullah Amanullah Amanullah


title: Amanullah Khan

texts:
 evidence, it found Nasrullah complicit in the assassination. He imprisoned Nasrullah to life imprisonment and had him assassinated approximately one year later while in the royal jail.Russia had recently undergone its Communist revolution, leading to strained relations between the country and the United Kingdom. <mask> <mask> recognized the opportunity to use the situation to gain Afghanistan's independence over its foreign affairs. He led a surprise attack against the British in India on 3 May 1919, beginning the Third Anglo-Afghan war. After initial successes, the war quickly became a stalemate as the United Kingdom was still dealing with the costs of World War I. An armistice was reached towards end of 1919, and Afghanistan was completely free of British diplomatic influence. Reforms

Amanullah enjoyed early popularity within Afghanistan and he used his influence to modernize the country. Amanullah created new cosmopolitan schools for both boys and girls in the region and overturned centuries-old traditions such as strict dress codes for women.He increased trade with Europe and Asia. He also advanced a modernist constitution that incorporated equal rights and individual freedoms with the guidance of his father-in-law and Foreign Minister Mahmud Tarzi. His wife, Queen Soraya Tarzi played a huge role in regard to his policy towards women. This rapid modernisation created a backlash and a reactionary uprising known as the Khost rebellion which was suppressed in 1925. He also met with many followers of the Baháʼí Faith in India and Europe, from where he brought back books that are still to be found in the Kabul Library. This association later served as one of the accusations when he

masks: Amanullah Khan


title: Amanullah Khan

texts:
 was overthrown. At the time, Afghanistan's foreign policy was primarily concerned with the rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom, the so-called Great Game.Each attempted to gain the favor of Afghanistan and foil attempts by the other power to gain influence in the region. This effect was inconsistent, but generally favourable for Afghanistan; Amanullah established a limited Afghan Air Force consisting of donated Soviet planes. Visit to Europe
<mask> travelled to Europe in late 1927. The Afghan King and Queen set out from Karachi and en route they met with King Fawad of Egypt in Cairo. They undertook a whirlwind European visit: Italy, arrival on 8 January 1928, where they met with King Victor-Emanuel III of Italy along with his Prime Minister, Benito Mussolini and Pope Pius XI in the Vatican City; France, arrival in Nice on 22 January 1928, in Paris on 25 January, meeting with President Doumergue; Belgium, arrival on Brussels on 8 February, meeting with King Albert I and Queen Elisabeth of Belgium. The next stop was Germany. The germanophile king arrived via Germany in Berlin on 22 February to meet President Paul von Hindenburg the same day.Next he travelled to Great Britain as guests of King George V and Queen Mary. The steam ship SS Maid of Orleans arrived in Dover on 13 March. The royal couple left England on 5 April to Poland. On their way, they had a longer stopover in Berlin where the Amir underwent an emergency tonsillectomy. The royal train with the Amir back on board arrived in the Polish border town of Zbąszyń on April, 28. The next day it pulled into Warsaw to be met by Polish ministers, the speaker of the Sejm and the country's president Ignacy Mościcki.


title: Amanullah Khan

texts:
 At his request <mask> was granted a possible audience with the First Marshal of Poland Józef Piłsudski.The Afghan party departed from Warsaw travelling east across the country to the border with the Soviet Union on 2 May 1928. Civil War

During <mask>'s visit to Europe, opposition to his rule increased to the point that an uprising in Jalalabad culminated in a march to the capital, and much of the army deserted rather than resist. In January 1929, <mask> abdicated and went into temporary exile in then British India. His brother Inayatullah <mask> became the next king of Afghanistan for a few days until Habibullah Kalakani, a leader of the "Saqqawists" opposition movement, took over. While in India, Kalakani battled anti-Saqqawist tribes. Around 22 March, <mask> returned to Afghanistan assembling forces in Kandahar to reach Kabul and dispose of Kalakani. However his forces failed to advance and on 23 May 1929 he fled to India again, this time never to return to his country.Exile

Kalakani's nine months rule was soon replaced by Nadir <mask> on 13 October 1929. <mask> <mask> attempted to return to Afghanistan, but he had little support from the people. From British India, the ex-king traveled to Europe and settled in Italy, buying a villa in Rome's Prati neighborhood. Meanwhile, Nadir <mask> made sure his return to Afghanistan was impossible by engaging in propaganda. Most of his reforms had been reversed, but the later King, Mohammad Zahir Shah, made a more gradual program of reform. Nevertheless, he still had a group of staunch supporters in Afghanistan. These Amanullah loyalists unsuccessfully attempted several times in the 1930s and 1940s to bring him back to power.In 1941, some

masks: Amanullah Amanullah Amanullah Khan Amanullah Khan Amanullah Khan Khan


title: Amanullah Khan

texts:
 press in the west reported that <mask> was now working as an agent for Nazi Germany in Berlin. It is believed he was involved in plans to regain his throne with Axis help, despite Afghanistan's neutrality. However following the Axis loss in Stalingrad in 1943, the plans were abandoned. Death

After fleeing to India, King <mask> <mask> sought asylum in Italy because he was given the Order of the Annunciation by King Victor Emmanuel III on his world tour. He eventually died in the year 1960, according to some reports either in Italy or, according to some other reported sources, Zürich, Switzerland. His body was brought to Afghanistan and buried in the eastern city of Jalalabad. He left behind his widowed wife and four sons and five daughters, including Princess India of Afghanistan.Marriage
He married Soraya Tarzi (1899–1968) and they had 6 daughters and 4 sons:
Princess Ameenah Shah (14 May 1916 – 29 October 1992). During her exile, in 1954 she married a naturalized Turkish citizen of Bosnian origin named Mustafa Hasanovic Ar. He was the son of the deputy of the Bosnian Young Moslems. Princess Abedah Bibi
Princess Meliha (1920–2011). She became a medical doctor in Istanbul University, she married Turkish engineer A. Tahir Söker, a close relative of Celâl Bayar. Crown Prince Rahmatullah of Afghanistan (June 7 1921–September 11 2009). Married to Adelia Graziani, a niece of Marshal of Italy Rodolfo Graziani.Prince Saifullah, died young from bronchial pneumonia. Prince Hymayatullah, died very young from bronchial pneumonia. Princess Adeela (1925–2000). Married Armando Angelini (b. August 10 1924), the son of an Italian cavalry officer and they have four daughters:
Elisabetta (b. 31 May

masks: Amanullah Amanullah Khan


title: Amanullah Khan

texts:
 1948)
Cristina (b. 3 Oct 1949)
Simin (b. 8 Oct 1954)
Cinzia (b.11 Jan 1957)
Prince Ehsanullah (1926–2017). Married Leyla Tarzi, daughter of Col. Tavvab Tarzi, son of Mahmud Tarzi. He has 2 sons, both born in Istanbul:
Ahmed Aman Ullah (b. 1961)
Rahmad Ullah, (b. 1965)
 Princess India (b. 1929). In 1951 she married Kazem Malek, an Iranian landowner, and settled in Mashhad, Iran.They had two daughters: Soraya, born in 1954 in Rome, Italy, and Hamdam, born in Mashad, Iran in 1956. After eight years of marriage Princess India divorced her husband and returned to Rome to live with her two daughters. In 1966 she married an Afghan businessman named Abdul Rauf Haider. They had a son named Eskandar who was born in Rome in 1967. In 1968, Princess India returned to Afghanistan after the death of her mother Queen Soraya. She attended funeral ceremonies in Jalalabad and was very much impressed by her homeland and decided from that time on she would work for the benefit of Afghanistan. Soraya (b.1954), first daughter of Princess India
Haman (b. 1956), second daughter of Princess India and her husband Kazem Malek, Hamdam later married a navy commander named Paolo Fusarini. The couple had two children. They currently reside in Rome, Italy. Matteo
Flavia
Eskandar (b. 1967), son of Princess India and Abdul Rauf Haider
Princess Nagia, the youngest daughter of <mask> and Soraya. She married İlter Doğan, a Turkish Businessman whom she met on her visit to Istanbul and they have two children.Ömer, son of Princess Nagia and İlter Doğan
Hümeyra, daughter of Princess Nagia and İlter Doğan

See also

History of Afghanistan
Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war
Lycées Esteqlal and Malalaï in Kabul
Amir


title: Amanullah Khan

texts:
 Amanullah Khan Award

References

Bibliography

External links

 Amanulla <mask>: Betrayal of Nadir <mask>llah Khan City next to Jalalabad

1892 births
1960 deaths
20th-century Afghan monarchs
Afghan Sunni Muslims
Kings of Afghanistan
20th-century Afghan politicians
Emirs of Afghanistan
Barakzai dynasty
Amanullah <mask>
Afghan secularists
Pashtun people
People from Kabul Province
People of the Third Anglo-Afghan War
Afghan exiles
Monarchs who abdicated
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Knights of the Holy See
Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Afghan Civil War

masks: Khan Khanzianu Khan


title: Francis Hare (bishop)

texts:
<mask> (1671–1740) was an English churchman and classical scholar, bishop of St Asaph from 1727 and bishop of Chichester from 1731. Life
Born on 1 November 1671, he was son of <mask> of Leigh, Essex. His mother, his father's second wife, was Sarah, daughter of Thomas Naylor. He was educated at Eton College, and admitted in 1688 to King's College, Cambridge. He graduated B.A. in 1692, M.A. in 1696, and D.D.in 1708. At Cambridge he was tutor of Robert Walpole and the Marquis of Blandford, son of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, who died in his college on 20 February 1703. In 1704 <mask> was appointed chaplain-general to the army in Flanders. He described the campaign of 1704 in a series of letters to his cousin, George Naylor of Herstmonceux Castle, and in a journal preserved by William Coxe. In 1710 he again joined the camp at Douai. <mask> received a royal chaplaincy under Queen Anne, and he was elected fellow of Eton in October 1712. He was rector of Barnes, Surrey, 1717 to 1727, and held a prebend in St Paul's Cathedral from 1707 till his death.In 1715 he was appointed dean of Worcester, and in 1722 Henry Pelham, younger brother of his sister-in-law, Lady Grace Naylor, being two of the children of Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham, made him usher to the exchequer. In October 1726 he exchanged Worcester for the deanery of St Paul's, which he held till his death, and on 19 December 1727 was consecrated bishop of St Asaph. He had been dismissed from his chaplaincy about 1718, in consequence of his share in the Bangorian controversy, when he joined the assailants of Bishop Benjamin Hoadly. On the accession of George II, he was in favour with Queen Caroline. She intended him for the see of Bath and

masks:
Francis Hare
Richard Hare
Hare
Hare


title: Francis Hare (bishop)

texts:
 Wells, but the ministry was against giving the best preferments to newly consecrated bishops. <mask>'s fame as a preacher at this time is shown by a complimentary allusion in the Dunciad. In 1731 <mask> was translated from the see of St Asaph to that of Chichester.In 1736 Sir Robert Walpole, godfather of his son Robert, proposed him as successor to Archbishop William Wake, then rapidly failing. But <mask> had recently opposed the government in some measures for the relief of dissenters; and John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey, who had encountered him on that occasion, lobbied successfully against the appointment, pointing out truly that the sharp-tongued and isolated <mask> was unpopular. On 26 April 1740 <mask> died at the Vache, and was buried in a mausoleum which he had built for his family adjoining the nearby church of Chalfont St Giles. Works

<mask> was a prolific author. Feud with Bentley

He had been an old friend of Richard Bentley, to whom he addressed in 1713 The clergyman's thanks to Phileleutherus (Bentley's pseudonym in the controversy with Anthony Collins). They were estranged in part by <mask>'s support of John Colbatch. In 1724 <mask> published an edition of Terence based upon that of Faërnius (Gabriel Faerne), and with notes founded partly on previous communications from Bentley, who had intended to publish an edition himself.The vexed Bentley published his own edition with notes, bitterly attacking <mask>, and soon after issued an edition of Phaedrus, in order to anticipate a proposed edition by <mask>. <mask> retaliated in an Epistola Critica in 1727, addressed to Henry Bland, head-master of Eton, claiming many errors in his rival's edition. <mask>'s Latin scholarship was praised by Samuel

masks: Hare Hare Hare Hare Hare Hare Hare Hare Hare Hare Hare Hare


title: Francis Hare (bishop)

texts:
 Parr and by James Henry Monk. Psalms
In 1736 <mask> published an edition of the Psalms in Hebrew. Dr. Richard Grey, in the preface to his Hebrew Grammar declared that it restored the text in several places to its original beauty. But <mask>'s theory of Hebrew versification was confuted by Robert Lowth in 1766, and feebly defended by Thomas Edwards. Controversies

<mask> was involved in various controversies.He defended Marlborough and the War of the Spanish Succession in pamphlets, publishing
 in 1711 The Allies and the Late Ministry defended against France in 4 parts, a rejoinder to Jonathan Swift's Conduct of the Allies;
 Management of the War 1711;
 Conduct of the Duke of Marlborough during the present War 1712;
 and other tracts in defence of the negotiations of 1719 and the Barrier treaty. A thanksgiving sermon on the taking of Bouchain (preached by <mask> 9 September 1711) was ridiculed by Swift in A Learned Comment. A sermon on King Charles's martyrdom (preached 1731) produced six pamphlets in its defence. A tract published in 1714, entitled Difficulties and Discouragements which attend the Study of the Scriptures in the way of Private Judgement was censured by convocation. It was taken to be ironical; but it is not very clear whether or not he meant to defend Samuel Clarke and William Whiston. It was often reprinted. <mask> contributed to the Bangorian controversy Church Authority Vindicated in 1719 (a sermon which went through five editions), and was answered by Hoadly.<mask> retorted in Scripture vindicated from the misrepresentations of the Bishop of Bangor 1721, and an ironical 'new defence' of the bishop's sermon. These are all collected in his works in four volumes (1746 and 1755), where

masks: Hare Hare Hare Hare Hare Hare


title: Francis Hare (bishop)

texts:
 the complimentary letter of 1713 to Bentley is omitted as inconsistent with the later attack on his Phaedrus. Patronage

Among other learned men, <mask> was the patron of Jeremiah Markland, who dedicated his edition of Statius to him. He also made efforts to advance the career of William Warburton. Family

In the autumn of 1709 he married his first cousin, Bethaia Naylor, who became the heiress of Herstmonceux on the death of her brother's only daughter, Grace. While visiting his paternal estates near Faversham, <mask> became acquainted with Joseph Alston of Edwardstone, Suffolk, whose eldest daughter, Mary Margaret, became his second wife in April 1728, and brought him a large fortune in the estates of Newhouse, Suffolk, the ancient manor of Hos-Tendis, near Skulthorpe in Norfolk, and The Vache, an estate near Chalfont St Giles in Buckinghamshire. At the Vache they always resided during the latter years of his life, and there the seven children of his second marriage were born.The estates of Hurstmonceaux came to his first son <mask>, by Bethaia, who took the name of <mask>. <mask> brought up his son strictly, obliging him to speak Greek in the family. <mask> gave the bishop trouble by a wild life, and then by engaging himself to his stepmother's sister, Carlotta Alston. The bishop prevented this marriage in his lifetime, but it took place after his death. Another son, Robert, was father of <mask>-Naylor. Notes

References

1671 births
1740 deaths
Bishops of Chichester
Bishops of St Asaph
Deans of St Paul's
Deans of Worcester
English classical scholars
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
18th-century Church of England bishops
Chalfont St Giles
18th-century Welsh Anglican

masks:
Hare
Hare
Francis
Hare Naylor
Hare
Francis
Francis Hare


title: Margaret of Austria, Queen of Bohemia

texts:
<mask> of Austria (;  – 29 October 1266), a member of the House of Babenberg, was German queen from 1225 until 1235, by her first marriage with King Henry (VII), and Queen of Bohemia from 1253 to 1260, by her second marriage with King Ottokar II. Biography
<mask> was the eldest daughter of Duke Leopold VI of Austria (d. 1230) and his wife Theodora Angelina, a member of the Byzantine Imperial Angelus dynasty. Since 1198 Duke Leopold, according to the Georgenberg Pact, ruled over both the duchies of Austria and Styria. His court in Vienna became known as a centre of medieval Minnesang and he also played an important rule in the Empire's policies, acting as an arbitrator in the struggle between the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II and Pope Gregory IX. First marriage
In the Imperial City of Nuremberg, on 29 November 1225, the 21-year-old <mask> was married to the 14-year-old Henry, eldest son of Emperor Frederick II and elected King of the Romans since 1222. Frederick's counsellor Archbishop Engelbert of Cologne had initially planned for a bride from the English royal Angevin dynasty, however, the attempt failed, as did Henry's former engagement with the Přemyslid princess Agnes, daughter of King Ottokar I of Bohemia. <mask>'s coronation as Queen of the Romans took place on 23 March 1227 in Aachen Cathedral.King Henry and Queen <mask> had two short-lived sons, Henry (died ca. 1242/1245) and Frederick (died ca. 1251/1252). In 1228, Henry took over the rule in the German kingdom and tried to limit the powers of the princes, thereby disturbing the Imperial policies of his father who made him pay homage under the threat of excommunication. In 1235, Henry allied with the princely opposition and openly rebelled against the

masks: Margaret Margaret Margaret Margaret Margaret


title: Margaret of Austria, Queen of Bohemia

texts:
 emperor, however, was defeated by his father's forces and dethroned. Frederick had him confined in several castles in Apulia, where he died on 12 February 1242 after a fall from his horse, probably in an attempted suicide. In the meanwhile, his wife <mask> (who possibly never saw her husband again) retired to the Dominican monastery in Trier and in 1244 moved to Würzburg, where she lived in seclusion in St Marcus Abbey.Claim to Austria and Styria
In 1246 <mask>'s brother Duke Frederick II of Austria, last scion of the Babenberg dynasty, died childless in the Battle of the Leitha River, leaving a succession crisis. The two principal claimants over the succession in the duchies of Austria and Styria were two women: <mask> (who, as the eldest sister of the late Duke, claimed proximity of blood) and her niece Gertrude, who claimed primogeniture, as the only daughter of Henry of Mödling, the eldest brother of the late Duke Frederick II, who had predeceased their father Duke Leopold VI. As King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia wanted to take control over the duchies south of his realm, he arranged for the wedding of his eldest son and heir, Margrave Vladislaus III of Moravia, with Gertrude. The couple was even proclaimed Duke and Duchess of Austria, but Vladislaus died in the following year (1247). The next ruler of Austria was Gertrude's second husband, Margrave Herman VI of Baden, who died in 1250, leaving Austria and Styria princeless again. Second marriage

The Austrian aristocracy offered the government of the duchies to King Wenceslaus' second son and new heir apparent Ottokar II. However, one condition was imposed by the nobles: Ottokar could only take control of Austria and Styria if he married one of the Babenberg

masks: Margaret Margaret Margaret


title: Margaret of Austria, Queen of Bohemia

texts:
 heiresses.Ottokar refused to marry his brother's widow, such marriage being prohibited by the Book of Leviticus, and decided to marry <mask>, 26 years his senior. The ceremony took place on 11 February 1252 in the Castle Chapel (German: Burgkapelle) of Hainburg an der Donau. Ottokar acquired the imperial privileges sealed with a Golden Bull on the basis of the Privilegium Minus, acknowledged by Emperor Frederick II, which legitimized his claim over Austria and Styria, since <mask> was the heiress of the last duke by proximity of blood. Thereby she transferred the government of the duchies to Austria and Styria to her husband. Pope Innocent IV, who had previously changed sides several times between Gertrude and <mask>, confirmed the lawful government of Ottokar over both duchies on 6 May 1252. Bohemian administrators ruled the duchies in his name. One year later, on 23 September 1253, King Wenceslaus I died, and Ottokar and <mask> became King and Queen of Bohemia.Once he had obtained the Babenberg duchies, it was evident to Ottokar that <mask>, already 50 years old, would not bear children. The king tried to gain from the Pope the recognition of the illegitimate son whom he had with Agnes of Kuenring, one of <mask>'s ladies-in-waiting, as his lawful successor. After the Pope refused this, in 1261 Ottokar obtained the annulment of his marriage with <mask>. Later life
While Ottokar married Kunigunda of Halych, a grand-daughter of King Béla IV of Hungary, the repudiated Queen <mask> left Bohemia and returned to her Austrian homeland. She took her residence in Krumau am Kamp, spending the winters in Krems. After the annulment she was called Romanorum quondam Regina ("former Queen of the Romans"); however, she maintained the

masks: Margaret Margaret Margaret Margaret Margaret Margaret Margaret Margaret


title: Margaret of Austria, Queen of Bohemia

texts:
 title ducissa Austrie et Stirie (Duchess of Austria and Styria). In 1266 she changed her title to quondam filia Livpoldi illustris ducis Austrie et Stirie et Romanorum Regina as a reference to her father.Prior to her death in Krumau, she chose Lilienfeld Abbey as her burial place, next to her father. The date of her death is controversial. Some sources state 1266, while others state 2/12 October 1267 as the real date. King Ottokar II kept Austria, Styria; he also acquired the Duchy of Carinthia with the March of Carniola in 1269, claiming to be the heir designated by <mask> in their divorce settlement. He even stood as a candidate for the Imperial Crown several times, until he was deposed by King Rudolf I of Germany in 1276 and killed in the Battle on the Marchfeld two years later. References
 Heinrich Ritter von Zeissberg: <mask> von Österreich. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie  (ADB).Band 20. Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1884, p. 320. Heide Dienst: <mask> von Österreich. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 16. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1990, pp. 152–154.Karl Lechner: Die Babenberger. Markgrafen und Herzoge von Österreich 976–1246. In: Institut für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung, Wien (Hrsg. ): Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung. 6., Band 23, Böhlau, Vienna / Köln / Weimar 1996, . External links

1200s births
1266 deaths
Babenberg
Hohenstaufen
German queens consort
Bohemian queens consort
Repudiated queens
Austrian royal consorts
Duchesses of Swabia
Ottokar II of Bohemia
13th-century Austrian people
13th-century Austrian women
13th-century Bohemian people
13th-century Bohemian women
13th-century German nobility
13th-century German women
Remarried royal consorts
People

masks: Margaret Margarethe Margarethe


title: Melanie Weisner

texts:
<mask> (born September 30, 1986) is an American professional poker player. She is also known by her PokerStars online screen name Callisto 5. Poker

Online poker
Born in Houston, Texas, <mask> studied vocal performance at New York University before pursuing poker full-time. She was introduced to poker when her brother had success playing online. She earned over $400,000 of online tournament winnings playing part-time during her study at NYU. She has had several notable online tournament wins. On March 30, 2009, she took third out of 10,614 entrants for $40,000 in the Pokerstars Turbo Takedown, a tournament with an entry fee of frequent player points with a prize pool of $1,000,000.On May 16, 2010, she took second out of 8,896 entrants in Full Tilt Poker's Double Deuce 200k Guaranteed Tournament, for $24,000. On August 2, 2010, she took third in the Pokerstars Sunday $500 "500k Guaranteed" Tournament for $50,398. On November 18, 2012, she took fifth place in the same tournament for $20,034. On December 30, 2012, she took fourth in the Pokerstars Sunday $100+ Rebuys tournament for $21.893. On April 7, 2013, she took third in the Pokerstars $215 Sunday Second Chance tournament for $26,933. In addition to multi-table tournaments, she is also a heads-up sit-and-go tournament specialist. She hosted the heads-up event in Full Tilt Poker's FTOPS XVII.She is a contributor to the online poker radio show Cold Call hosted by Bryan Micon, Brandon Gerson and Adam Schoenfeld. European Poker Tour

Six months after graduating

masks:
Melanie Weisner
Weisner


title: Melanie Weisner

texts: in May 2009, <mask> began to travel the live circuit. In December 2009, she qualified online for the European Poker Tour in Prague and won the Ladies Championship event there for €3100 ($4,646). She subsequently final tabled the same events at both EPT Deauville and EPT San Remo, entering with the chiplead at both of the final tables in both events and taking 4th and 6th respectively. She then won the €1,000 Ladies Championship at the European Poker Tour Grand Final in Monte Carlo for €25,000 ($33,282), after being atop the leaderboard of the Main Event for three days and finishing in 71st for €25,000. She is the only player to ever win two EPT Ladies Championship events. In August 2010 she finished 2nd in the Partouche Poker Tour's Heads Up event for $32,994.In December 2010 she took 12th in the EPT Prague main event for €30,000 ($43, 035). In May 2011 she chipleaded the EPT Grand Final in Madrid before finishing in 42nd for €25,000. In season 8 (2011-2012), she cashed three EPT main events consecutively. She  finished 91st for €8,500 ($11,719) in EPT Sanremo, 28th for DKK 65,000 ($11,491) in EPT Copenhagen, and 28th for €11,000 ($14,430) in EPT Madrid. In the EPT Grand Final in Monaco she finished second in the Heads Up Championship for €39,250 ($51,820). She was defeated by Victoria Coren in the first ever all-female heads up final on the European Poker Tour. This finish, coupled with her other cashes during the season other heads-up events, put her in first place in the Player of the Year race in the


title: Melanie Weisner

texts:
 Series of Poker, she cashed five times, marking 25 total cashes in the WSOP to date. Most notably, she finished 127th in the $10,000 No-Limit Hold-Em Championship Main Event, cashing for $49,108 and was the second-to-last woman standing in the event. She chip led the event during day 3 and 4, marking the first time a woman has been chip leader of the WSOP Main Event. World Poker Tour
At the 2012 World Poker Tour in Johannesburg, South Africa, <mask> claimed her first major title, taking down the $1,000 no-limit six-max event for $41,289, defeating former EPT champion Lucien Cohen heads-up. Rankings
As of 2016, <mask> is ranked 38th on the Women's All Time tournament money list.Her total live tournament winnings exceed $775,000. Television
<mask> was featured on "Idol Week" of NBC's Poker After Dark in 2011. The episode was a $50,000 buy-in, winner-take-all tournament and featured Tom Dwan, Doyle Brunson, Annette Obrestad, Eric Baldwin, and Andrew Lichtenberger. She took third place, losing to the eventual winner, Dwan. <mask> is featured on Late Night Poker's 2011 season, taking 3rd place in the $10,000 shoot-out tournament. <mask> is featured on Season V in the playoffs for the Party Poker Premier League, a $10,000 shoot-out tournament where the winner receives a $100,000 entry to the Premier League format tournament. She took 2nd in the tournament, losing to Ben Willinofsky heads-up.References

External links
 <mask>'s official site
 <mask> interview

1986 births
American poker players
Female poker

masks:
Weisner
Weisner
Weisner
Weisner
Weisner
Melanie Weisner
Melanie Weisner


title: Leonard Asper

texts:
<mask> (born May 31, 1964) is a Canadian businessperson, entrepreneur and lawyer. He is a graduate of Brandeis University and the University of Toronto Law School, and is a member of the Ontario Bar Association and The Law Society of Upper Canada. Biography
<mask> is the son of the late <mask>, founder of CanWest Global Communications Corp. He is the younger brother of <mask> and <mask>. He is currently the CEO of Anthem Sports & Entertainment Corp..

<mask> has over 20 years of broadcast and media experience, including 10 years as president and CEO of CanWest Global Communications Corp.

<mask> is one of the founders of Canterbury Park Capital, a private equity fund, and holds a significant interest in Creswin Properties, a real estate development company. He was a 2002 recipient of the "Top 40 Under 40," a business award recognizing achievement in Canada by individuals less than 40 years of age. Additionally, <mask> was named "CEO of the Year" by Playback, a media industry publication for the Canadian television and film production community.<mask> served on the Board of Trustees of Brandeis University for five years, during which time he founded the Asper Center for Global Entrepreneurship atBrandeis International Business School. He currently serves on the board of overseers of Brandeis IBS. <mask> also served for five years on the board of the University of Winnipeg Foundation and holds an honorary doctorate in laws from that institution. <mask> is the vice chair of the Asper Foundation and a member of the board of governors of the Saul and Claribel Simkin Center, a seniors' housing complex in Winnipeg. <mask> and his wife Susan founded the Joshua Foundation, which contributes to the arts, health care and general community services, primarily in Winnipeg. The Joshua Foundation also serves as the sponsor

masks:
Leonard Asper
Leonard Asper
Izzy Asper
Gail Asper
David Asper
Asper
Asper
Asper
Asper
Asper
Asper
Asper


title: Leonard Asper

texts:
 for the Joshua Project, which focuses on addressing inner city issues in Winnipeg, including refugees, victims of abuse, adult education, youth and recreation, and support for aboriginal services. History

Canwest
<mask> was the president and Chief Executive Officer of the Canadian media company, CanWest Global Communications Corp, a position he held for 10 years.<mask> began his career in 1991 as Associate General Counsel at Canada's leading private television network, Global. In 1994, <mask> took over the role of corporate development for Canwest. In this role, <mask> was responsible for a number of acquisitions and launches, including, amongst others:

 La Red, a broadcast network in Santiago, Chile. TV3, Ireland's first and only private national television network. Radio Pacific, a publicly traded radio broadcaster in New Zealand, and Radio Otago. Fireworks Entertainment, a production and distribution company focused on syndicated content for international distribution. Fireworks distributed such programs as Andromeda and La Femme Nikita.<mask> also led several investigations into additional acquisitions in a variety of areas around the world, including South America and Eastern Europe. In 1999, <mask> became CEO of Canwest while leading the acquisition of Canada's third largest broadcaster, publicly traded WIC, in an $800 million transaction. Soon afterward, Canwest acquired most of the Hollinger newspapers in Canada in a $3.2 billion transaction. During his tenure as CEO at Canwest, the company also expanded its international television operations further by launching TV4 in New Zealand as a sister station to its existing channel TV3. Canwest also acquired five radio stations in Turkey and the U.K., and formed Eye Corp., an outdoor advertising company operating in the U.S. and several countries in

masks: Asper Asper Asper Asper Asper Asper


title: Leonard Asper

texts: Australasia. Eye Corp. was formed by acquiring and integrating three separate out-of-home advertising companies based in Australia. Recognizing that future expansion opportunities existed in the cable channel business, Canwest launched five digital cable channels in 2002, including Mystery, Men TV, Deja View, Fox Sportsworld and Xtreme Sports Network.In 2006, <mask> negotiated a partnership with Goldman Sachs to acquire 13 cable/thematic channels owned by Alliance Atlantis, including Home & Garden TV, Food Network, History Channel, National Geographic, BBC Canada, BBC Kids, among others. The acquisition was valued at $2.3 billion, and also identified and implemented more than $50 million in synergies. During <mask>'s tenure as CEO, Canwest grew to be Canada's largest media company, operating 20 television channels, including the national Global Television Network and 18 specialty channels. Canwest was also Canada's largest publisher of paid English language daily newspapers and operated one of the largest digital portals in the country, Canada.com and its group of 80 associated websites. Internationally, Canwest owned, operated and held substantial interests in TV, out-of-home advertising, websites, radio stations and networks in New Zealand, Australia, Turkey, Indonesia, Singapore, the U.K. and the U.S. Canwest's revenues nearly quadrupled between 1999 and 2008 to total $3.2 billion, while operating profit grew at annual rate of 8.5% between 1999 and 2008 to total $551 million. Canwest also positioned itself at the forefront of the upcoming changes and integration in the media industry. Canwest received a number of awards for its success in creating sales and marketing groups that crossed platforms, media sectors and geographies.Canwest received the award as "Media Player of the Year" in 2007 from the

masks: Asper Asper


title: Leonard Asper

texts:
 leading Canadian marketing industry organization, and Canwest received the Broadcast Engineering Magazine's "Broadcast Engineering Excellence Award" from the U.S.-based National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) in 2009. The award recognized news studio technology for technical innovation, quality design and construction. During the financial crisis that enveloped the global economy in 2008-2009, Canwest's debt load resulted in breaches of certain covenants in its loan documents and led to a filing under the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act (CCAA) in September 2009. As part of that filing, the <mask> family and bondholder group announced a plan whereby the <mask> family would reinvest in a restructured company. Shaw Communications subsequently bid $2 billion for the broadcasting assets. The Canwest newspaper group was sold to a group led by GoldenTree Asset Management. <mask> stepped down as Canwest CEO on March 3, 2010 to participate in a competing bid in partnership with Goldman Sachs and Catalyst Partners, which was ultimately rejected by the court, paving the way for Shaw to acquire the broadcast assets.In September 2010, <mask> formed Sygnus Ventures, established to invest in and nurture digital media companies. Anthem Sports & Entertainment Corp.
On December 8, 2010, Asper's Sygnus Corp. acquired a "significant ownership stake" in Anthem Sports & Entertainment, the parent company of Fight Network and several other sports-oriented specialty channels. References

External links
 The Asper Foundation

1964 births
Leonard
Living people
Canadian television executives
Canadian people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Brandeis University alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Lawyers in Manitoba
Canadian Jews
Global Television Network people
Canadian chief executives
Anthem Sports & Entertainment
Impact Wrestling

masks: Asper Asper Asper Asper


title: Michael Palese

texts:
Dr. <mask><mask>, is an American urologist specializing in robotic, laparoscopic and endoscopic surgery, with a special emphasis on robotic surgeries relating to kidney cancer and kidney stone disease. <mask> is the Chairman of the Department of Urology at the Mount Sinai Beth Israel. He is a Professor at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City. He is also the Director of Minimally Invasive Surgery for the Mount Sinai Health System and specializes in robotic, laparoscopic and endoscopic surgery. As a board-certified urologist and fellowship-trained surgeon, he specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney, ureter, adrenal, bladder and prostate disease. Palese performed the first robotic radical nephrectomy, robotic partial nephrectomy, robotic donor nephrectomy, robotic nephroureterectomy, robotic adrenalectomy, and robotic ureteral reimplant & reconstruction at the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City. He holds several patents for the design of novel surgical devices.He has been included in the Castle Connolly's List of America's “Top Doctors” in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 & 2019 and The New York Times publication of “Superdoctors” in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 &
2019. Biography
<mask> graduated from Cornell University in 1993 with a double major degree as well as a minor degree in Human Biology. He received his medical degree (M.D.) from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in 1997. He completed his general surgery and urology residency at the University of Maryland Medical Center and performed research at the Johns Hopkins Hospital,

masks:
Michael A
. Palese
Palese
Palese


title: Michael Palese

texts:
 where he was a research resident. He finished a fellowship in robotic and laparoscopic surgery at Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University in 2004. In 2004, Palese joined the Mount Sinai Medical Center where he established the robotic surgery program for the Department of Urology.He served as the Chief of Urology at the North General Hospital in New York City from 2004-2008. Palese is on the Medical Advisory Board of the National Kidney Foundation of Greater New York and as a consultant for The Journal of Urology. He is on the steering committee for the Initiative on Kidney Cancer (sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation) and serves on the Medical Advisory Board to the New York Giants. He is a member of the American Medical Association (AMA), the American Urological Association (AUA), the New York section of the American Urological Association, and the Society of Laparoscopic Surgeons (SLS). Professional activities, memberships and distinctions:
<mask> is the author of book chapters and more than one hundred articles and abstracts. He is on the Medical Advisory Board of the National Kidney Foundation of Greater New York and is a reviewer and consultant for the periodicals of the Journal of Urology, Urology, Urologic Oncology and Journal of Endourology . He is an Editor for the Urologic Oncology (Journal): Seminars and Original Investigations in the section of New Technologies.He is on the steering committee for the Initiative on Kidney Cancer sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation. He also serves on the Medical Advisory Board to the New York Giants. He is a member of multiple organizations including the


title: Michael Palese

texts:
 (Provenge®, APC8015) in Men with Metastatic, Androgen Independent Prostatic Adenocarcinomas. GCO 03-0962(2). An Open Label, Single Arm Trial of Immunotherapy with Autologous Antigen Presenting Cells Loaded with PA2024 (APC8015F) for Subjects With Objective Disease Progression and Disease-Related Pain on Trial D9902 Part B (PB01). GCO 08-0813. A Randomized, Multicenter, Single Blind Study in Men with Metastic Androgen Independent Prostate Cancer to Evaluate Sipuleucel-T Manufactured with Different Concentrations of PA2024 Antigen (P07-2). GCO 09-1509. An open label study of sipuleucel-T in men with castrate resistant prostate cancer.GCO 10-0751. A Phase I Neoadjuvant Study of In-Situ REIC/Dkk-3 Gene Therapy Followed by Prostatectomy in Patients with High Risk of Localized Prostate Cancer (MTG-REIC-PC001). Book chapters
Wedmid A and Palese MA. Complications of Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy. Complications of Laparoscopic and Robotic Urologic Surgery. Springer, New York, 2010:127-142. <mask> MA, Del Pizzo JJ, Munver R and Poppas D. Robotic assisted adult and pediatric pyeloplasty.Textbook of Laparoscopic Urology. Informa Healthcare, New York, 2006:303-311. <mask> MA, Mulhall JP and Goldstein I.  Surgical treatments for vasculogenic erectile dysfunction. Atlas of Male Sexual Dysfunction. Current Medicine LLC, Philadelphia, 2004:115-125. Publications

References

External links
Mount Sinai Hospital homepage
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai homepage

Cornell University alumni
Living people
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai faculty
American urologists
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai alumni
Year of birth missing

masks: Palese Palese


title: Dan Fortmann

texts:
<mask> (April 11, 1916 – May 23, 1995) was an American professional football player who was a guard and linebacker for the Chicago Bears in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Colgate University. Playing for Chicago from 1936 to 1943, he was selected as an All-Pro for seven consecutive years from 1937 to 1943. He was the Bears' team captain starting in 1940 and led the team to NFL championships in 1940, 1941, and 1943. <mask> was the line coach for the Pittsburgh Panthers football team in 1944 and in 1945 served in the United States Navy in the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II. He engaged in a medical practice in Southern California from 1946 to 1984 and was the team physician for the Los Angeles Rams from 1947 to 1963. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1965.He was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 1983. Early years
<mask> was born in 1916 in Pearl River, New York. His father, Bernhard Gerhart <mask>, was a New York native and salesman of butter and eggs. His mother, Emma Margaret Doscher, was also a New York native. <mask> attended Pearl River High School, where he earned 12 varsity letters in sports and was the valedictorian of his class. Colgate
At age 16, <mask> enrolled at Colgate University, where he played football, playing as a halfback as a freshman before moving to guard and becoming a starter in 1934 and 1935. Colgate football coach Andrew Kerr called <mask> "the best player I ever handled." After the 1935 season, he was selected to play in multiple all-star games, including the East–West Shrine Game (January 1, 1937) and the Chicago College All-Star Game (September 1,

masks:
Daniel John Fortmann
Fortmann
Fortmann
Fortmann
Fortmann
Fortmann
Fortmann


title: Dan Fortmann

texts:
 1937).Dick Hanley, who coached <mask> in the Shrine Game, praised Fortmann as a great blocker and urged Chicago Bears owner George Halas to sign <mask>. In addition to playing football, <mask> was also an outstanding student at Colgate. He received straight A's as a pre-med student and graduated with Phi Beta Kappa honors at age 19. He was also president of his senior class and a member of the Delta Upsilon (DU) fraternity. Professional football
At age 19, <mask> was selected by the Chicago Bears in the ninth and final round (78th overall pick) of the 1936 NFL Draft. After being drafted by the Bears, <mask> was unsure whether he should attend medical school or play professional football. Bears owner George Halas persuaded Fortmann that he could do both and advanced funds to Fortmann for medical school.After speaking with Halas, <mask> signed with the Bears in May 1936. At the time, he was the youngest person ever signed by an NFL team. Due to his medical school obligations, <mask> missed most of the Bears' sessions in his first four years with the team. In 1941, during his medical internship, he described pro football as "just the means to an end", the end being practicing medicine as a surgeon. Yet, <mask> became fiercely loyal to Halas, saying: "Halas is the salt of the earth. There is nobody I admire and respect more than him." <mask> remained with the Bears for his entire professional football career, lasting for eight years from 1936 to 1943.He appeared in 86 games for the Bears. By 1939, <mask> had established himself as one of the best most valuable players in the NFL. In voting by NFL coaches for the 1939 All-Pro Team, <mask>

masks: Fortmann Fortmann Fortmann Fortmann Fortmann Fortmann Fortmann Fortmann Fortmann Fortmann Fortmann


title: Dan Fortmann

texts: received 37 points, the second-highest individual vote of any player. <mask> was team captain of the Bears starting in 1940. As team captain, he led the Bears to back-to-back NFL championships in 1940 and 1941 with records of 8–3 and 10–1. After the 1940 season, <mask> was rated as the best lineman in the NFL. The United Press called him "the heart and soul" of the Bears' ground attack that "rolled up a vast amount of yardage overland."In the 1940 NFL Championship Game, the Bears defeated the Washington Redskins by a 73-0 score. Fortman later cited the 1940 championship game as proof of Halas' skill as a "master of psychology." The Bears had lost to the Redskins three weeks earlier, and <mask> recalled that Halas kept reminding the Bears of that defeat every day, and when the team took the field for the championship game, "they were keyed the highest emotionally I ever saw them." In August 1942, quarterback Bob Snyder called <mask> "a perfect football player" and "the most important man on the Bear squad." The 1942 Bears compiled a perfect 11–0 record in the regular season and won the Western Division championship, but lost to the Washington Redskins in the 1942 NFL Championship Game. <mask> announced his retirement from the NFL in January 1943, but was persuaded to return for the 1943 season. He continued to practice medicine at Pittsburgh's Presbyterian Hospital during the 1943 season, flying in on Saturdays to play with the Bears on Sundays.The 1943 Bears compiled an 8–1–1 record and defeated the Washington Redskins in the 1943 NFL Championship Game, which proved to be <mask>'s last game as an NFL player. He announced his retirement

masks: Fortmann Fortmann Fortmann Fortmann Fortmann Fortmann


title: Dan Fortmann

texts:
 five days after the championship game. Honors and awards
<mask> received numerous honors and awards during and after his football career, including the following:

  <mask> received All-Pro honors during each of his eight years in the NFL. He received second-team honors as a rookie in 1936 and first-team honors in 1937 (New York Daily News), 1938 (NFL, UP, Collyer's Eye, Pro Football Writers, INS), 1939 (NFL, UP, Collyer's Eye, Pro Football Writers, INS, New York Daily News), 1940 (AP, UP, NFL, Collyer's Eye, INS, New York Daily News), 1941 (AP, UP, NFL, Collyer's Eye, New York Daily News), 1942 (AP, NFL, INS, New York Daily News), and 1943 (AP, UP, Pro Football Illustrated, New York Daily News). In 1965, <mask> was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as part of the Hall's third class of inductees. His Hall of Fame biography states: "On offense, he called signals for the linemen and was a battering-ram blocker. On defense, he was a genius at diagnosing enemy plays and a deadly tackler."In 1969, <mask> was named to the NFL 1930s All-Decade Team. In 1978, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. In 1986, he received the NFL Alumni Career Achievement Award. In 2019, <mask> was named to the NFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Team

Later years and family
<mask> was married to Mary Van Halteren in a ceremony at East Lansing, Michigan, on March 19, 1938. They had two sons, Thomas and Stephen. <mask> enrolled at Rush Medical School at the University of Chicago, where he studied medicine while playing for the Bears. He obtained his medical degree in 1940.He interned at Harper Hospital in Detroit and completed his surgical

masks: Fortmann Fortmann Fortmann Fortmann Fortmann Fortmann Fortmann


title: Dan Fortmann

texts:
 training at the University of Pittsburgh. In the fall of 1944, he served as the line coach for the University of Pittsburgh Panthers football team. In February 1945, <mask> was commissioned as a lieutenant in the United States Navy. In April 1945, he was assigned to an attack transport ship in the South Pacific. He served in the Navy Medical Corps on a hospital ship in the Pacific theater. In 1946, <mask> was licensed to practice medicine in California and began practicing on Hollywood Boulevard in Los Angeles. He worked as a surgeon at St. Joseph Hospital in Burbank, California, from 1948 until 1984.He became the hospital's chief of staff in 1965. He also served as the team physician for the Los Angeles Rams from 1947 to 1963. <mask> and his family in Toluca Lake and/or Burbank until 1974 when they moved to Pasadena. <mask> was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 1983 and, in 1988, began living at the John Douglas French Center, a facility in Los Alamitos, California, specializing in the care of Alzheimer's patients. He died at French Center in May 1995 at age 79. References

External links

 Pro Football Hall of Fame: Member - <mask>

1916 births
1995 deaths
American football offensive guards
American football offensive tackles
Chicago Bears players
Colgate Raiders football players
Pittsburgh Panthers football coaches
Colgate University alumni
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
People from Pearl River, New York
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
American sports physicians
Physicians from California
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy officers
Neurological disease deaths in California
Deaths from

masks:
Fortmann
Fortmann
Fortmann
Fortmann
Dan Fortmann


title: Li Jihui

texts:
<mask> () (died 914), né Yang Chongben () (and usually referred to by that name in historical sources), was a warlord in the late Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty and early Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Qi, who ruled Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi) as its military governor (Jiedushi). Background
It is not known when Yang Chongben was born, and the traditional historical sources were explicit in stating that the authors did not know his geographical origin. In his youth, he was adopted by the general <mask>, and so changed his name to <mask>. The first historical record of a battle he was involved in was in 897. when he was one of the officers that <mask>, then the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), sent to aid his ally Gu Yanhui the military governor of Dongchuan Circuit (東川, headquartered in modern Mianyang, Sichuan) when Gu was under attack by Wang Jian the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan). One that occasion, <mask> was defeated by Wang Jian's adoptive son Wang Zongjin (). Later in the year, when <mask> was referred to as the military governor of Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered in modern Tianshui, Gansu), he was commissioned as the military governor of Jingnan Circuit, at <mask>'s request. As military governor of Jingnan

During Tang
In 901, the powerful eunuchs at the imperial court at Chang'an, led by Han Quanhui, fearing that they would be slaughtered by then-reigning Emperor Zhaozong and the chancellor Cui Yin, forcibly seized Emperor Zhaozong and took him to Fengxiang, as <mask>uchs.Cui summoned his ally Zhu

masks:
Li Jihui
Li Maozhen
Li Jihui
Li Maozhen
Li Jihui
Li Jihui
Li Maozhen
Li Maoun


title: Li Jihui

texts:
 Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), who then attacked Fengxiang, but after an abortive initial attack, headed north to attack Jingnan. <mask> submitted to Zhu, and was allowed to remain as military governor of Jingnan, with his name changed back to the birth name Yang Chongben. Zhu took his wife as hostage and had her taken to Hezhong (河中, in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), then under Zhu's control. Zhu subsequently put Fengxiang's capital Fengxiang Municipality under siege. By 903, the city was in desperate straights, and <mask>zhen was forced to sue for peace by slaughtering the eunuchs and surrendering Emperor Zhaozong to Zhu. Zhu thereafter withdrew his army and took Emperor Zhaozong back to Chang'an. During the campaign, he took Yang's family and relocated it to Hezhong.While there, he forced Yang's wife, who was exceeding beautiful, to have sexual relations with him. Unable to bear this violation, she wrote Yang, stating:

When Yang received her letter, he wept bitterly. After his family, including his wife, was returned to him after Zhu's Fengxiang campaign, he thus resolved to turn against Zhu. He changed his name back to <mask> and wrote <mask> as a son, stating, "Tang Dynasty is about to fall. How can you, father, watch its end?" He thereafter joined forces with <mask> and prepared to attack Chang'an, prompting Zhu to forcibly move Emperor Zhaozong to the eastern capital Luoyang in 904 and evacuate the city of Chang'an. <mask>, <mask>, and Wang Jian subsequently issued a joint declaration calling for the people of the realm to unite against Zhu, and their declaration, which were echoed by <mask> the

masks:
Li Jihui
Li Mao
Li Jihui
Li Maozhen
Li Maozhen
Li Jihui
Li Maozhen
Li Keyong


title: Li Jihui

texts: military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), <mask> the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), Yang Xingmi the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), and Zhao Kuangning the military governor of Zhongyi Circuit (忠義, headquartered in modern Xiangyang, Hubei), influenced Zhu in resolving to, later in 904, assassinate Emperor Zhaozong and replace him with his son Emperor Ai.He also sent his son Zhu Youyu () to resist them while ordering his officer <mask> the military governor of Baoda Circuit (保大, headquartered in modern Yan'an, Shanxi) to abandon Baoda's capital Fu Prefecture () and withdraw to Tong Prefecture (同州, in modern Weinan, Shaanxi). In 906, when <mask>, along with the forces of Fengxiang and three other circuits then under <mask>'s control — Baosai (保塞, headquartered in modern Yan'an, Shaanxi), Zhangyi (彰義, headquartered in modern Pingliang, Gansu), and Baoda — attacked Dingnan Circuit (定難, headquartered in modern Yulin, Shaanxi), Dingnan sought aid from Zhu. Zhu ordered his generals <mask> and Kang Huaizhen () to aid Dingnan. <mask> first attacked Baoda, capturing <mask> () the prefect of Baoda's Fang Prefecture (坊州, in modern Yan'an), and then defeated <mask> at Meiyuan (美原, in modern Weinan), forcing <mask> to withdraw back to Jingnan's capital Bin Prefecture (). Liu Zhijun and Kang then attacked and captured Fu Prefecture and Baosai's capital Yan Prefecture (), as well as three other prefectures. It was said that this was a huge blow to <mask>'s army. In 907, Zhu forced Emperor Ai to yield the throne to him, ending Tang and

masks:
Liu Rengong
Liu Xun
Li Jihui
Li Maozhen
Liu Zhijun
Liu
Liu Yanhui
Li Jihui
Li Jihui
Li Maozhen