title: Ming Smith

texts:
<mask> is an American photographer. She was the first African-American female photographer whose work was acquired by the Museum Of Modern Art in New York City. Biography
<mask> was born in Detroit, Michigan, and raised in Columbus, Ohio. After graduating from Howard University in 1973, she moved to New York City, where she found work modeling. While in New York she met photographer Anthony Barboza, who was an early influence. Artistic style
<mask>'s approach to photography has included in-camera techniques such as playing with focus, darkroom techniques like double exposure, collage techniques and paint on prints. Her work is less engaged with documentation of events than with expression of experience.It has been described as surreal and ethereal, as the New York Times observed: "Her work, personal and expressive, draws from a number of artistic sources, preeminently surrealism. She has employed a range of surrealist techniques: photographing her subjects from oblique angles, shooting out of focus or through such atmospheric effects as fog and shadow, playing on unusual juxtapositions, even altering or painting over prints." <mask>'s early work was composed of photos that were shot quickly to produce elaborate scenes, and due to this process many of her photos have double dates. She has used the technique of hand-tinting in some of her work, notably her Transcendence series. Some of <mask>'s work displayed in the Museum of Modern Art depicts motherhood in Harlem. These photos are taken using a documentary style way of photographing these subjects. Career

<mask> has photographed many important black cultural figures during her career, including Alvin Ailey and Nina Simone.In 1973 <mask> was featured in the first volume of the Black

masks:
Ming Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


title: Ming Smith

type: original

texts: Photographers Annual, a publication closely affiliated with the Black Arts Movement of the 1960s and early 1970s. <mask> had her first exhibition at Cinandre, a hairdressing salon, in 1973 as well. At Cinandre, she met Grace Jones, whom she photographed wearing a black and white tutu on occasion. <mask> recalls that she and Jones would talk about surviving as black artists. <mask> reflects on the memories by saying: "We came out of Jim Crow. And so just coming to New York and trying to be a model or anything was new." Two years later (1975), <mask> became the first female member of the Harlem-based photography collective Kamoinge, under director Roy DeCarava.The Kamoinge Workshop was founded in New York in 1963 to support the work of black photographers in a field then dominated by white men. The collective, which still exists today, has undertaken a range of initiatives, including exhibitions, lectures, workshops, and the publishing of portfolios for distribution to museums. <mask> participated with Kamoinge in three groups shows in New York and Guyana. <mask> dropped off a portfolio at the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA), where the receptionist mistook her for a messenger. When she returned, she was taken into the curator's office. Susan Kismaric named a price for <mask>'s work, which <mask> declined due to the price not paying off her bills. Kismaric asked <mask> to reconsider, which she eventually did.Shortly after, she became the first Black woman photographer to be included in the collections of the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) in New York City. In addition to the MOMA, <mask>'s art has been featured at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture and the Smithsonian Anacostia Museum & Center for African American History and Culture

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


title: Ming Smith

texts:
 in Washington, D.C.

<mask> has twice exhibited at the Bellvue Hospital Centre in Morristown, New Jersey, through their Art in the Atrium exhibitions. The first was in 1995, for Cultural Images: Sweet Potato Pie, an exhibit curated by Russell A. Murray. In 2008 she contributed as part of the exhibition New York City: In Focus, part of Creative Destinations 2008 Exhibition of African American Art. <mask>'s photographs are included in the 2004 Ntozake Shange book The Sweet Breath of Life: A Poetic Narrative of the African-American Family and Life. In 2010, her work was included in MOMA's exhibition Pictures by Women: A History of Modern Photography. This exhibition recontextualized <mask>'s work alongside that of Diane Arbus and marked a growing interest in <mask>'s work.Organized by curator Roxana Marcoci, it was curated by Sarah Meister through the Department of Photography. In 2017, a major survey exhibition of <mask>'s work was held at the Steven Kasher Gallery in New York. The exhibition featured 75 vintage black-and-white prints that represented <mask>'s career. <mask> has collaborated with filmmaker Arthur Jafa in the Serpentine Sackler Gallery's 2017 show, Arthur Jafa: A Series of Utterly Improbable, yet Extraordinary Renditions (Featuring <mask>, Frida Orupabo and Missylanyus). That same year, she was featured in the Tate Modern group exhibition Soul of a Nation: Art in the Age of Black Power, curated by Mark Godfrey and Zoé Whitley. The show received international acclaim before traveling to Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, Brooklyn Museum, The Broad, the de Young Museum of San Francisco and the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. Since then, <mask>'s work was featured in solo presentations by Jenkins Johnson Gallery both at

masks:
Smith
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title: Ming Smith

texts:
 Frieze New York and Frieze Masters in 2019, the former of which receiving the Frieze Stand Prize.In 2020, <mask>'s work will be included in the group exhibition Working Together: Louis Draper and the Kamoinge Workshop at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in Richmond, VA. From there, the exhibition will travel to The J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles, CA, and the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY. <mask>'s work is in museum collections including the National Gallery of Art, Whitney Museum of American Art, Brooklyn Museum of Art, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Detroit Institute of Arts, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, and the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. <mask>) on the African American Visual Artists Database

Living people
Photographers from New York City
African-American photographers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Howard University alumni
African-American women artists
American women photographers
20th-century American photographers
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American photographers
21st-century American women artists
Photographers from Michigan
Photographers from Ohio
Artists from Detroit
Artists from Columbus, Ohio
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American artists
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American

masks:
Ming
Smith
Smith Murray


title: Margaret Tafoya

texts:
Maria Margarita "<mask><mask> (Tewa name: Corn Blossom; August 13, 1904 – February 25, 2001) was the matriarch of Santa Clara Pueblo potters. She was a recipient of a 1984 National Heritage Fellowship awarded by the National Endowment for the Arts, which is the United States government's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts. Early life
<mask> was the daughter of Sara Fina (sometimes spelled Serafina) <mask> (1863–1949) and <mask> (1863–1955). She attended the Santa Clara Pueblo elementary school, and then the Santa Fe Indian School from 1915 to 1918. She had to drop out of high school to help her family during the flu pandemic of 1918. <mask> learned the art of making pottery from her parents, and was particularly influenced by her mother. Sara Fina was considered the leading potter of Santa Clara in her day, as the master of making exceptionally large, finely polished blackware.She also occasionally made redware, micaceous clay storage jars and other smaller utilitarian forms. <mask>'s father was primarily concerned with raising food for the family but he was also known to make pottery and helped Sara Fina with many aspects of her pottery production. As a child, Tafoya started making small animals out of the clay that her parents had extracted from the Santa Clara land for Sara Fina's works. Showing promise, her mother encouraged young <mask> to make her own pottery and taught her how to knead the clay and polish shaped pots, as well as where to gather fuel for the firing process. Sara Fina allowed <mask> to sell her first pottery to a dealer in Santa Fe, although <mask> did not recall how much money she made that day. But the act of selling her work gave her confidence to continue making pottery. Career
For several years, <mask> worked as a cook and a waitress before she married Alcario <mask> (1900–1995) in

masks:
Margaret
" Tafoya
Margaret
Guiterrez Tafoya
Jose Geronimo Tafoya
Margaret
Margaret
Margaret
Margaret
Margaret
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Tafoya


title: Margaret Tafoya

texts: 1924.Alcario, a distant relative with the same last name, and <mask> worked together making pottery just as her mother and father had done. <mask> and Sara Fina's husbands both helped with the tasks of digging and preparing the clay and the firing of the pots. Alcario also helped <mask> with the creation and carving of designs on her pots. Early in her career, <mask> often traded pottery for children's clothing or other household necessities to support her growing family. In the 1930s and 1940s, the Tafoyas would frequently load <mask>'s pots into a horse-drawn wagon and travel hundreds of miles to Santa Fe and Taos to sell the works to tourists and traders. Tafoya also began selling her works at Indian art fairs such as the Santa Fe Indian Market and the Inter-Tribal Ceremonial at Gallup. In the 1950s, as interest in Native American art grew, the public would travel to the pueblos as tourists as well as to buy artistic goods, so the family didn't have to travel as far to sell their wares.During this time period, the Tafoyas befriended the owner of a resort in Royal Gorge, Colorado who hired them for summer residencies to perform ceremonial dances and sell their pottery to guests. By the 1960s <mask>'s pottery had become famous, particularly her large black jars. <mask> continued her mother's tradition of making these exceptionally large pots, with finely polished surfaces and simple carved designs. "Measuring as high as three feet, these vessels took months to mold and polish. They also required an enormous amount of technical skill, particularly to keep them from breaking while being fired". The labor-intensive techniques meant that Tafoya usually made only one large pot per year. Her "bear paw" motif and deeply carved pueblo symbols like the Avanyu (water serpent) and kiva steps around the shoulder of her jars have become

masks: Margaret Margaret Margaret Margaret Margaret Margaret Margaret


title: Margaret Tafoya

texts:
 signature trademarks of the Tafoya family pottery.Like her mother, <mask> molded her pots using the traditional coiling method. "This method and many of the techniques used in the production of her pottery has been dated as being as more than 1200 years old, with the ancient "Anasazi" of the Colorado Plateau being the founding culture. A common misconception was the belief that black on black, burnished pueblo pottery had "died out," according to Larry Frank and Francis H. Harlow. Tafoya's work "reflected the transformation of the Santa Clara pottery tradition from the utilitarian to the artistic". Retrospective exhibitions
1982: "<mask>ya: A Potter’s Heritage and Her Legacy" at the Denver Museum of Natural History, City Park, Colorado
1983: "The Red and the Black: Santa Clara Pottery by <mask>" at the Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian, Santa Fe, New Mexico
2015–2016: "<mask>ya: Santa Clara Pueblo Potter" at the Millicent Rogers Museum, El Prado, New Mexico

Awards and honors
In both 1978 and 1979, Tafoya received the Best of Show Award at the Santa Fe Indian Market. In 1984, the National Endowment for the Arts awarded her a National Heritage Fellowship in recognition of her accomplishments. She was recognized and received an award as a Master Traditional Artist in 1985.Also in 1985, she received the New Mexico Governor's Excellence in the Arts Award. In 1992, she received an Honor Award for Outstanding Achievement in the Visual Arts from the national Women's Caucus for Art. Her works were displayed on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. at the 1992 Smithsonian Folklife Festival. In 1996, Tafoya received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Southwestern Association of Indian Arts. She received a Master Artist Award from the Heard Museum in Phoenix, Arizona (exact year unknown). Tafoya is the only Native American ever

masks:
Margaret
Margaret Tafo
Margaret Tafoya
Margaret Tafo


title: Margaret Tafoya

texts:
 awarded a Lifetime Contribution Award by the National Academy of Western Art at the Cowboy Hall of Fame and Western Heritage Center in Oklahoma City (year of award unknown). Legacy
<mask> and her husband Alcario raised thirteen children.At the time of her death in February 2001, <mask> had 30 grandchildren, 45 great-grandchildren, and 11 great-great-grandchildren. Many of her descendants are carrying on the Tafoya family tradition of pottery making, including: Toni Roller, Jeff Roller, LuAnn <mask>, Chris Youngblood, Nancy Youngblood, Nathan Youngblood, Darryl Whitegeese, Ryan Roller, Cliff Roller, Tim Roller, Tyler Roller, Jordan Roller, James Ebelacker, Sarena Ebelacker, Jamelyn Ebelacker, and Tammy Garcia. Further reading
Blair, Mary Ellen and Laurence Blair: <mask>ya: A Tewa Potter's Heritage and Legacy (1986)
Hunt, Marjorie and Boris Weintraub: "Masters of Traditional Arts" profile of Tafoya in National Geographic (January 1991)
Dillingham, Rick: Fourteen Families in Pueblo Pottery (1994)
Hayes, Allan and John Blom: Southwestern Pottery: Anasazi to Zuni (1996)
Peterson, Susan: Pottery by American Indian Women: The Legacy of Generations (1997)
Schaaf, Gregory: Pueblo Indian Pottery: 750 Artist Biographies (2000)
King, Charles S. and Duane Reider: Born of Fire: the Life and Pottery of <mask>ya (2008)
Roller, Ryan A.: Santa Clara Pueblo

See also
Black-on-black ware
Pueblo pottery

References

External links
More information on <mask> at the Holmes Museum of Anthropology
Photos of many of <mask>'s pieces

1904 births
2001 deaths
Native American potters
Artists from New Mexico
National Heritage Fellowship winners
Santa Clara Pueblo people
American women ceramists
American ceramists
Native American women artists
Women potters
20th-century American women artists
20th-century ceramists
20th-century Native Americans
20th-century

masks:
Margaret
Margaret
Tafoya
Margaret Tafo
Margaret Tafo
Margaret Tafoya
Margaret Tafoya


title: Toki Tamaru

texts:
<mask> is a Japanese kickboxer. He is the former RISE Super Flyweight champion. As of October 2020, he was the #7 ranked Flyweight in the world by Combat Press. He first entered the rankings in September 2020. Kickboxing career
He made his RISE debut against Shota Toyama. <mask> defeated Toyama by decision. <mask> had his second fight with RISE during RISE 126, when he fought KING Takeshi.<mask> beat him by decision. He fought Yuya Hayashi during RISE 127. <mask> won the fight by decision. <mask> fought Azusa Kaneko for the RISE -53 kg title during RISE 128. He <mask> won the fight by unanimous decision. After winning the title, he faced Kazuki in a non title bout, at RISE 130. <mask> won the fight KO, after dropping Kazuki with a left straight less than two minutes into the fight.He made his first title defense against Jin Mandokoro during RISE 132. <mask> won the fight by unanimous decision. Following his title defense, he faced Masahiko Suzuki. <mask>'s

masks:
Toki Tamaru
Toki
Tamaru
Tamaru
Tamaru
Toki
Tamaru
Tamaru
Tamaru
Tamaru


title: Toki Tamaru

texts:
 ten fight winning streak came to an end, as Suzuki won an extra round decision. In July 2020, he was scheduled to fight Masaking. <mask> won the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> was scheduled to make his second title defense against Kazuki Osaki at RISE 142.Osaki won the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> was scheduled to fight Jin Mandokoro in the quarterfinals of the 2021 RISE Dead or Alive 53 kg Tournament. He lost the fight by unanimous decision. Titles and accomplishments

Professional
RISE
 2018 RISE -53 kg Champion

Amateur
 2012 MA Jr. Kick -28 kg Champion
 2012 Bigbang -28 kg Champion
 2012 Bigbang -31 kg Champion
 2013 Bigbang -34 kg Champion
 2013 Bigbang -37 kg Tournament Champion
 2014 Bigbang -37 kg Champion
 2014 Bigbang -40 kg Champion
 2014 Shootboxing All Japan Junior -45 kg Champion
 2015 BigBang -50 kg Champion
 2015 KAMINARIMON All Japan Junior -55 kg Champion
 2016 J-NETWORK Bantamweight Tournament Champion
 2016 K-1 All Japan

masks: Tamaru Tamaru Tamaru


title: Alec Jeffreys

texts:
Sir <mask>,  (born 9 January 1950) is a British geneticist known for developing techniques for genetic fingerprinting and DNA profiling which are now used worldwide in forensic science to assist police detective work and to resolve paternity and immigration disputes. He is Professor of Genetics at the University of Leicester, and he became an honorary freeman of the City of Leicester on 26 November 1992. In 1994, he was knighted for services to genetics. Education and early life
<mask> was born into a middle-class family in Oxford, where he spent the first six years of his life until 1956 when the family moved to Luton, Bedfordshire. He attributes his curiosity and inventiveness to having been gained from his father, as well as his paternal grandfather, who held a number of patents. When he was eight, his father gave him a chemistry set, which he enhanced over the next few years with extra chemicals, even including a small bottle of sulphuric acid. He says he liked making small explosions, but an accidental splash of the sulphuric acid caused a burn, which left a permanent scar on his chin (now under his beard).His father also bought him a Victorian-era brass microscope, which he used to examine biological specimens. At about 12, he made a small dissecting kit (including a scalpel, crafted from a flattened pin) which he used to dissect a bumblebee, but he got into trouble with his parents when he progressed to dissecting a larger specimen. One Sunday morning he found a deceased cat on the road while doing his paper round and took it home in his bag. He relates that he started to dissect it on the dining room table before Sunday lunch, causing a foul smell throughout the house after he ruptured its intestines. <mask> was a pupil at Luton Grammar School and then Luton Sixth Form College. He won a scholarship to study at Merton College, Oxford on a four-year course, where he graduated in 1971 with first-class honours in biochemistry. Jeffreys completed his Doctor of Philosophy degree on the

masks:
Alec John Jeffreys
Jeffreys
Jeffreys


title: Alec Jeffreys

texts:
 identified and convicted of their murders after samples taken from him matched semen samples taken from the two dead girls. This turned out to be a specifically important identification; British authorities believe that without it an innocent man would have inevitably been convicted. Not only did Jeffreys' work, in this case, prove who the real killer was, but it exonerated Richard Buckland, initially a prime suspect, who likely would have spent his life in prison otherwise. The story behind the investigations is told in Joseph Wambaugh's 1989 best-selling book The Blooding: The True Story of the Narborough Village Murders and the murders and subsequent solving of the crimes was featured in Episode 4 of the first season of the 1996 American TV series Medical Detectives in which <mask> himself also appears. A further television mini-series based on these events was released in 2015, Code of a Killer.In 1992, Jeffreys's methods were used to confirm the identity for German prosecutors of the body of Josef Mengele, who had died in 1979, by comparing DNA obtained from a femur bone of his exhumed skeleton, with DNA from his mother and son, in a similar way to paternity testing. DNA profiling
DNA profiling, based on typing individual highly variable minisatellites in the human genome, was also developed by <mask> and his team in 1985, with the term (DNA fingerprinting) being retained for the initial test that types many minisatellites simultaneously. By focusing on just a few of these highly variable minisatellites, DNA profiling made the system more sensitive, more reproducible and amenable to computer databases. It soon became the standard forensic DNA system used in criminal case work and paternity testing worldwide. The development of DNA amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) opened up new approaches to forensic DNA testing, allowing automation, greatly increased sensitivity, and a move to alternative marker systems. The most commonly used markers are now variable

masks:
Jeffreys
Alec Jeffreys


title: Alec Jeffreys

texts:
 National Academy of Sciences, elected member. 2006 – Great Briton Award for the Greatest Briton of the year, winner in the category of Science and Innovation, as well as the overall winner. 2006 – Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Biochemistry and Biophysics. 8 March 2007 – Honorary degree from King's College London. 23 January 2008 – Graham Medal of the Glasgow Philosophical Society, awarded after he gave his lecture "DNA Profiling; Past, present and future", which was nominated as the Graham Lecture. 16 November 2009 – Awarded Honorary Doctor of Science by the University of Huddersfield
 14 April 2010 – Awarded Edinburgh Medal
 April 2010 – Officially opened the new Soar Valley College building in Leicester.21 February 2011 – Awarded ABRF Annual Award
 2012 – Officially opened the <mask> Jeffreys Building in Wakefield, West Yorkshire, the scientific support building for West Yorkshire Police and the wider Yorkshire and the Humber region. 2014 – Copley Medal
 22 January 2014 – Honorary Doctor of Science Degree from De Montfort University. 2017 – Companion of Honour

Personal life
Jeffreys met his future wife, Sue Miles, in a youth club in the centre of Luton, Bedfordshire, before he became a university student, and they married on 28 August 1971. Jeffreys has one brother and one sister; he and his wife have two daughters, born in 1979 and 1983. References

1950 births
Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates
Living people
People from Oxford
British forensic scientists
Forensic genetics
English geneticists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
Academics of the University of Leicester
English humanists
Knights Bachelor
People from Luton
Royal Medal winners
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
Australia Prize recipients
Winners of the Heineken Prize
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Recipients of the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
Members of the Order of the Companions of


title: Michael Benjamin (investor)

texts:
<mask> (born November 1, 1969) was born <mask> in New York City, New York, United States. <mask> works as a private investor focusing on Internet companies. He was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for the United States Senate in 2004. Personal background
He is the son of an Iranian Jewish father that immigrated to the United States from Tehran in 1950 and a Catholic mother who immigrated from Honduras. Soon after <mask>'s birth the family moved to San Pedro Sula, Honduras, where his father was relocated with his job at Bank of America. After about one year in San Pedro Sula they moved to the capital, Tegucigalpa, for another year. In 1971, the family moved to Lima, Peru and in 1973, they moved to Quito, Ecuador.<mask> attended school at the American Cotopaxi Academy. Several years later, in 1976, the family moved back to the U.S. They settled in the New York City suburb of Greenwich, Connecticut, where they lived for four years. <mask> attended North Street Elementary School. In 1980, the family relocated to Bogotá, Colombia. <mask> attended the American school Colegio Nueva Granada. Soon after, in 1982, they moved to Mexico City, where <mask> attended the American School Foundation.They left Mexico in 1987 and, after a brief stay in San Francisco, moved back to Greenwich. <mask> attended his senior year at Greenwich High School. While there, he was awarded High Honors by the NAACP for his writing in recognition of Black History Month. <mask> attended New York University where he studied economics and Western literature and was elected president of the student government for his junior and senior years. He received his Bachelor of Arts in 1992 and shortly thereafter began work as assistant to the president of Richter & Co., Inc., an investment bank in midtown Manhattan known primarily for launching Cerberus Partners, L.P. a major American hedge fund. He later worked in the insurance industry with American Corporate Benefits, Inc. and Guardian Life Insurance Company, before starting his own securities trading and investments business in 1997. The New York Benevolence Council, Inc.Along with another graduate of NYU, <mask> founded the New York Benevolence Council, Inc. in 1993, a

masks:
Michael Benjamin
Michael Benjamin Bonheur
Benjamin
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Benjamin
Benjamin


title: Michael Benjamin (investor)

texts:
 non-profit organization which provided mentoring and tutoring in New York City public schools, coordinated food and clothing drives, and organized fund-raisers in support of various humanitarian causes. At its height in the late 1990s and early 2000s, NYBC had over 1,000 young professionals serving as volunteer tutors and mentors to public school students, and organizing fund-raising benefits primarily for women and children who were victims of domestic violence. In 2002, New York City Mayor <mask> awarded NYBC a community service award for its work on behalf of victims of domestic violence. In 2003, after a 10-year run, NYBC donated its assets to various charitable organizations and ceased operations. Political career

1996 Congressional Race
In 1996, at the age of 25, <mask> was the Republican nominee for the U.S. Congress from New York's 8th district, covering parts of Manhattan and Brooklyn. Although he lost the race, <mask> received notable endorsements from Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani and the New York Post. The chairman of the campaign was John C. Whitehead, former chairman of Goldman Sachs & Co. and of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.Whitehead went on to head the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, the organization in charge of rebuilding the World Trade Center after September 11 attacks. 2004 Senate Race
In January 2003, <mask> declared his intentions to run for the United States Senate against incumbent Democrat Chuck Schumer. Initially regarded as a long shot, <mask> stunned many observers when he quickly raised over $820,000 for the campaign from over 20,000 different individuals. The conservative <mask> battled with the state GOP, which decided in August 2004 there would be no primary. Despite his impressive fundraising, the Republican State Committee nominated moderate Assemblyman Howard Mills to run against Schumer. Mills went on to lose the election in the largest landslide for a Senate seat in the history of New York. <mask> publicly accused New York GOP Chairman Sandy Treadwell and Governor George Pataki of trying to muscle him out of the Senate race and undermine the democratic process.Many Republican voters were upset when <mask> was denied the chance to

masks:
Michael Bloomberg
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin


title: Michael Benjamin (investor)

texts:
 engage in a primary. He had campaigned throughout New York, visiting all 62 counties on several occasions, and had built strong support among political leaders and community groups. In addition, <mask> received the majority of his financial support in small donations, with only $2,500 from Political Action Committees (PACs). Mills had raised $200,000 less than <mask>, and a large portion of his campaign contributions came from PACs. Many New York Republicans were irked again in 2006 when a similar situation unfolded as the state party decided to nominate Westchester County District Attorney Jeanine Pirro over conservative lawyer Ed Cox, even though Cox had raised over $1.3 million to Pirro's $400,000. There has not been a Republican primary for Senator since 1992. His platform included simplifying the tax code, lowering taxes, reducing government spending, Social Security private accounts, a strong national defense, and a no-nonsense approach toward Iran, Syria and North Korea.His platform advocated for school choice for "all parents, not just the rich". <mask> supported banning partial-birth abortion, except for cases where the mother's life is at risk, and abolishing unfunded Medicaid mandates on municipalities. He also stated he wanted to bring jobs back to New York and limit government intervention in the economy. He espoused many very conservative opinions including support for the war in Iraq and supported both the Patriot Act and the inclusion of Iran as part of the Axis of Evil by President Bush. Electoral history

Notes

External links
<mask> for Senate 2004 Website, Archive of www.benjamin2004.com
New York Times profile
New York Benevolence Council Website, Archive of www.nybc.us
Save New York Website, Archive of www.savenewyork.org
National Iranian American Council

1969 births
American financiers
American investors
American money managers
Businesspeople in insurance
American people of Honduran descent
American people of Iranian descent
American politicians of Iranian descent
Jewish American people in New York (state) politics
Living people
New York (state) Republicans
New York University alumni
Politicians from New York City
Greenwich High School alumni
21st-century

masks: Benjamin Benjamin Benjamin Benjamin


title: Calvin Johnson (musician)

texts:
<mask> (born November 1, 1962) is an American guitarist, vocalist, songwriter, music producer, and disc jockey born in Olympia, Washington. Known for his uniquely deep and droning singing voice, <mask> was a founding member of the bands Cool Rays, Beat Happening, Dub Narcotic Sound System, The Go Team and The Halo Benders. <mask> is also the founder and owner of the influential indie label K Records (now Dub Narcotics) and has been cited as a major player in the beginning of the modern independent music movement. As a prominent figure in the Olympia music scene, he was one of the major organizers of the seminal International Pop Underground Convention. Career

Early years
<mask>'s first introduction to underground culture was in 1977 when he became a volunteer at Olympia's community radio station, KAOS-FM, at the age of fifteen. The station's uniquely progressive programming policy mandated a focus on music available through independent and artist owned labels, rather than centralized corporate media. This independent, do-it-yourself ethos has been an important influence on <mask>'s career.<mask> soon began writing for fanzines, such as Sub/Pop (later to become Sub Pop Records) and Op, and also organized music and film events. <mask> attended The Evergreen State College in Olympia, where his first band, a short-lived group called Cool Rays, made their debut recordings with Steve Fisk in 1981. <mask> established K in the summer of 1982. At some point, his father gave him a Martin acoustic guitar. He later told an interviewer that his father had "received it as a wedding present from his bride." Beat Happening

<mask> formed Beat Happening in 1982 with fellow Evergreen students Heather Lewis and Bret Lunsford. Beat

masks:
Calvin Johnson
Johnson
Calvin Johnson
Calvin
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Calvin
Johnson


title: Calvin Johnson (musician)

texts:
 Happening were early leaders in the American indie rock and lo-fi movements, noted for their use of primitive recording techniques, disregard for the technical aspects of musicianship, and songs with subject matters of a childish or coy nature.Instruments were guitar and drums, with members frequently switching instruments and <mask> and Heather taking turns on lead vocals. Tours with artists such as Fugazi confused and alienated audience members. while articulating a punk rock position of defiance that was more sensitive than macho. The band has been on hiatus since 1992, but briefly resurfaced to release a new 7" in 2001. Go Team

The Go Team was a collaborative project started in 1985 based around the core duo of <mask> and Tobi Vail, later of Bikini Kill & Kill Rock Stars. They toured the West Coast as a two piece, adding Billy Karren for two U.S. tours. The group released several cassettes and 9 singles on K, with a rotating cast of collaborators that included Kurt Cobain, Rich Jensen, David Nichols, and Donna Dresch.All of their recordings are currently out of print. Dub Narcotic Sound System

Dub Narcotic Sound System, named after <mask>'s famed analog recording studio, was a project that explored funkier, more dance-party-oriented material in the tradition of the Stax/Volt house bands. <mask> was the sole member to appear on every recording, surrounded by a loose collective of musicians that's included Larry Butler, Todd Ranslow, and Brian Weber (all members of hip-hop group Dead Presidents). Numerous 7" singles and several full-length albums were released. The revolving door nature of the ensemble led to collaborations with  Jon Spencer Blues Explosion,  Lois Maffeo and director/writer/performer Miranda

masks: Calvin Johnson Calvin Johnson


title: Calvin Johnson (musician)

texts:
 July. The lineup later solidified around the trio of <mask>, bassist Chris Sutton (C.O.C.O, Hornet Leg, The Gossip) and drummer Heather Dunn (Tiger Trap). A catastrophic tour van crash in Montana in 2003 nearly ended the band's career in tragedy.<mask> suffered a major concussion that left him with broken ribs and a serious speech impediment; he has since largely recovered. The band has not toured or released recordings since 2004's Degenerate Introduction. Halo Benders

Halo Benders was a collaboration between <mask> and Doug Martsch of Built To Spill. From 1994–1998, they released three albums. <mask>'s deep baritone voice and Doug's high melodies are heard simultaneously, occasionally harmonizing, but often operating independently of one another. Despite the Halo Benders' critical and commercial success, Martsch's commitment to touring with Built To Spill prevented the band from touring and recording more. The band reunited for a 2008 performance in Boise, and may be working on new material.Solo career
Concurrent with his activity with Dub Narcotic Sound System, <mask> began performing solo shows under his own name. <mask>'s solo material was a marked contrast to the upbeat rock of Halo Benders and the funk-soul of DNSS, as it allowed him to explore mournful blues, folk, & gospel elements. His first solo album, What Was Me, is an introspective album about love, loss, and death. While some songs employ simple nylon-string guitar accompaniment, many feature only <mask>'s voice. It also contains duets with Beth Ditto of The Gossip and Mirah. His second album, Before the Dream Faded..., is more varied. It includes collaborations with a variety of northwest indie luminaries.The songs cover an odd range of subjects,

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Calvin Johnson Calvin Johnson


title: Calvin Johnson (musician)

texts:
 such as the size and color of hearts, Lucifer, and falling in love. His third album <mask> & The Sons of the Soil is a career-spanning collection of re-recorded songs with a band consisting of Kyle Field, Adam Forkner, and Jason Anderson, documenting that ensemble's 2003 West Coast touring lineup. His fourth album A Wonderful Beast, is true to <mask>'s long established vocal and poetic style with a more contemporary production value created in part by the records producer Patrick Carney of The Black Keys who also worked as a one-man backing band of guitars, drums, bass, and keyboards. Current projects

In 2008, <mask> appeared in the film The Lollipop Generation by G.B. Jones. <mask>'s newest project is Hive Dwellers, who made their recorded début performing Superchunk's "My Noise" on SCORE! 20 Years of Merge Records: The Covers!A full-length release is planned for fall 2009. <mask> has also revived his Dub Narcotic Disco Plate 45 rpm series, collaborating with artists such as Atlas Sound, Mahjongg, and Joey Casio at Dub Narcotic to record an A-side, and creating a Selector Dub Narcotic version for the b-side. Relationship with other musicians

After meeting Ian MacKaye in 1980, <mask> later became friends with the members of Fugazi, and Beat Happening was the opening band on one of Fugazi's first tours. <mask> has worked with Modest Mouse, Beck, Heavenly, The Microphones, Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, The Blow, Jens Lekman, Mecca Normal, The Gossip and Built to Spill, Fifth Column, among many others. Since founding his Dub Narcotic recording studio in 1993, he has produced and engineered recordings by many bands and artists. Friends of Kurt Cobain such as Ian Dickson of Earth, Mark Arm of Mudhoney, Bruce Pavitt and

masks:
Calvin Johnson
Johnson
Calvin Johnson
Calvin
Calvin
Johnson
Johnson


title: Calvin Johnson (musician)

texts:
 Slim Moon have all acknowledged <mask>'s significant influence on the late musician. Cobain cited Beat Happening's Jamboree as one of his favorite records, and even got the K Records logo (a small "K" in a shield) tattooed on his arm to "try and remind [him] to stay a child."They were friends in the late 80s/early 90s when Cobain lived in Olympia; he'd been a guest with The Go Team, and on September 25, 1990, Cobain appeared on a KAOS (FM) show hosted by <mask> and performed a number of songs acoustically, including a duet with <mask> on the Wipers song, "D-7." Cobain later grew to resent <mask>'s "arrogance" and denounced his ties in a (private) journal entry. <mask> is also referred to in the John Peel session version of the Hole song, "Olympia" (also credited as "Rock Star" on the album Live Through This). The band's lead singer, Courtney Love has the line: 'I went to school with <mask>,' a reference to <mask>'s influence within the burgeoning Olympia indie music scene. In 1993, <mask> had a restraining order placed on Love for harassment and assault. Solo discography
What Was Me (2002, K Records)
Before the Dream Faded... (2005, K Records)
<mask> & The Sons of the Soil (2007, K Records)
This Party Is Just Getting Started (as Selector Dub Narcotic, 2016, K Records)
A Wonderful Beast (2018)

References

External links

Interview with Kittenpants

American baritones
Beat Happening members
K Records artists
Sub Pop artists
Evergreen State College alumni
Musicians from Olympia, Washington
1962 births
Living people
American punk rock singers
American punk rock guitarists
American indie rock musicians
Guitarists from Washington (state)
American male guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
Dub Narcotic Sound System

masks:
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Calvin
Johnson
Johnson
Calvin Johnson


title: Kina Grannis

texts:
<mask> (born August 4, 1985) is a Japanese-American singer-songwriter, guitarist and YouTuber. <mask> was the winner of the 2008 Doritos Crash the Super Bowl contest, earning a recording contract with Interscope Records and having her music video played during the commercials of Super Bowl XLII on February 3, 2008. In 2010, <mask> released her album Stairwells and the music video for "In Your Arms", leading to appearances on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and Jimmy Kimmel Live!. <mask> joined the crowdsource funding platform Patreon in 2014 shortly before releasing her album Elements. While touring in support of Elements, <mask> was held in Indonesia for one hundred days. Longtime collaboration with Wong Fu Productions culminated in a starring role in the YouTube Red Original romantic comedy series Single by 30. In 2018 Grannis released In the Waiting, the first album off her listener supported label, shortly before making a cameo appearance in the award-winning box office smash Crazy Rich Asians and embarking on an international concert tour.Early life and career beginnings

<mask> grew up in Mission Viejo, California. <mask> attended Viejo Elementary School, Newhart Middle School and, from 1999 to 2003, Capistrano Valley High School. <mask> enrolled at the University of Southern California (USC) in Los Angeles in 2003. Two years later, staff members of the University's Thornton School of Music asked her to produce an album in their music and music industry departments. That album, Sincerely, Me., was released the same year. In 2007, she graduated summa cum laude in social science with an emphasis on psychology. While attending USC, she was inducted into academic society Phi Beta Kappa.Career
In 2006, <mask> recorded and self-released two more albums, One More in the Attic and In Memory of the Singing Bridge. In early 2007, she recorded "Ours to Keep" written by Rachael Lawrence and Deborah Ellen. This song would be featured regularly on General Hospital and was in an episode of the ABC Family's mini-series Samurai

masks:
Kina Kasuya Grannis
Grannis
Grannis
Grannis
Grannis
Grannis
Grannis
Grannis
Grannis


title: Kina Grannis

texts:
 Girl in September 2008. On November 14, 2007, she created her YouTube account and began posting videos of her songs online. Her first video, "Message from Your Heart", was entered into Doritos Crash the Super Bowl contest. Her progress in the competition was covered in The Orange County Register and The Wall Street Journal. and featured on FOX News Los Angeles, Good Day L.A. and Yahoo!.The contest, which she won, landed her a contract with Interscope Records. Her YouTube videos have received more than 99 million views and have propelled her to become one of YouTube's most popular personalities. <mask> planned to work with Interscope Records to produce a new album, but in January 2009, she announced that she was leaving the label to be an independent artist. On February 24, 2008, <mask> sang the national anthem for the Auto Club 500 NASCAR race in Fontana, California. In June 2009 her songs "Never Never" and "People" were used in episodes of MTV's reality series College Life. On January 13, 2010, <mask> was the headliner at a sold-out show at The Troubadour club in Los Angeles. Stairwells (2010)
Stairwells was released on February 23, 2010, and included many original songs already appearing on YouTube, as well as three previously unreleased songs: "World in Front of Me", "In Your Arms", and "Mr. Sun".Stairwells debuted at No. 139 on the Billboard 200, No. 5 on the Billboard Top Internet Albums chart, No. 2 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart, and No. 18 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart. The location of her release party for Stairwells, the Dakota Lounge in Santa Monica, was the subject of an article in the Orange Country Register because the venue enabled her to show her gratitude to her fans. On March 13, 2010, her single "Valentine" was played by Paul Gambaccini on BBC Radio 2, a popular radio station in the UK.The music video for "Valentine" directed by a young and talented viral video director Ross Ching has been viewed well over 21 million times on YouTube. <mask>' Stairwells Springtime Tour began in

masks: Grannis Grannis Grannis Grannis


title: Kina Grannis

texts:
 San Francisco on May 24, 2010, and concluded in late June after several stints on the East Coast and in Canada. Her Fall Tour began on September 17, 2010, and concluded on November 17, 2010. On July 10, 2010, she played at Lilith Fair in St. Louis, Missouri. In 2010, <mask> was featured as Judy in a miniseries by Wong Fu Productions entitled "Funemployed". In early 2011, <mask> was awarded the title of Sirius/XM CoffeeHouse's 2010 Singer-Songwriter Discovery of the Year after a months-long online voting period. Her song "Heart and Mind" was used for the German TV series Anna und die Liebe.On November 3, 2011, <mask> released a stop-motion music video for the single In Your Arms, using 288,000 Jelly Belly jelly beans. It took about 2 years to complete the project. The video accumulated over 1 million views within the first three days. It now has over 13 million views. World in Front of Me Tour (2011)
In April 2011, <mask> launched her first world tour. She performed in the eastern regions of Canada and in the eastern and southern regions of the United States. She continued in May through the northwest region of North America which included stops in Vancouver, British Columbia, and Los Angeles.Shows in Europe and southeast Asia followed into the fall of 2011. In Your Arms Tour (2011)
In late 2011 and into 2012, <mask> launched her In Your Arms Tour in Europe, Asia (Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, Malaysia, Hong Kong), Australia, and North America. In March 2013, <mask> gave a talk at TEDx Hollywood titled 'Finding Community Through the Internet'. Elements (2014)
Elements was released on May 6, 2014, and was produced by Matt Hales (a.k.a. Aqualung). Starting in November 2013, <mask> began ramping up for the forthcoming album with the launch of "Kina Mondays", which promised a weekly video via Kina's YouTube channel. Nearly six months later, she continued to deliver on that promise and released a video for "The Fire", the first single from Elements.The song showcases acoustics and folk-driven vocals. The following

masks: Grannis Grannis Grannis Grannis Grannis Grannis Grannis


title: Kina Grannis

texts:
 week another album track was released via video with a stripped-down version of "My Own" featuring her sisters. "Dear River", an upbeat track, premiered on Glamour'''s "Obsessed Blog". Elements debuted at No. 48 on the Billboard 200, No. 4 on the Billboard Americana/Folk chart, and No. 7 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart.On its release day, Elements hit No. 2 on iTunes Singer Songwriter Chart, and No. 1 on iTunes Canada. <mask> announced that she would be celebrating the release of her sophomore studio album Elements with fans at a handful of intimate shows across North America, kicking off with a show at the Troubadour in Hollywood on May 6 – Elements release date. From there, she performed in San Francisco, New York City, Brooklyn, DC, Boston, Toronto, and Chicago. The select dates were the first time fans could hear Elements live and also served as her first official headline run since the spring of 2012. In late 2014 and 2015, <mask> launched her Elements tour in Europe and North America.She embarked on a tour of Southeast Asia, but was only able to play two shows before she and her band were detained by Indonesian authorities for having the wrong type of visas. <mask> and her crew were deported from the country after three months. Patreon
<mask> joined Patreon, a site created by Jack Conte to provide artists a living via direct support, in April 2014. In April 2017, <mask> created a record label entirely composed of her patrons and began creating an album entirely funded by her supporters. On advice of these supporters, the record label was named KG Records. <mask> began recording, producing, and releasing songs from the upcoming album throughout 2017. In the Waiting (2018)
Her first major release under KG Records was the album In The Waiting, on June 29, 2018.Collaborations
<mask> has been a part of several Wong Fu Productions short films including The Last, as well as the series Funemployed and Single by 30. She has also appeared in other YouTube stars' videos. One of the bands <mask> has performed

masks: Grannis Grannis Grannis Grannis Grannis Grannis Grannis Grannis


title: Kina Grannis

texts:
 with in YouTube videos is Boyce Avenue. They have recorded many cover songs together such as Fast Car, originally by Tracy Chapman, and the song With or Without You by U2. She also collaborated with Ryan Higa, David Choi, and Jesse Epstein to create a comedic song and music video, titled "Millennial Love". Personal life
<mask> has two sisters, Misa and Emi, both of whom have occasionally been featured in her video blogs, as well as accompanying her at concerts and on tour. Her father, Gordon, is a chiropractor, and her mother, Trish, is a graphic designer.On August 31, 2013, <mask> married frequent musical collaborator Jesse Epstein in a small ceremony in Los Angeles, California, after they had dated for 11 years. They met while attending Capistrano Valley High School in 2002; Jesse was in the grade below Kina. <mask> used footage from her wedding to create the music video she released for her song "My Dear". In June 2021, after years of struggling with infertility, <mask> announced that she and her husband were expecting a daughter. On September 14, 2015, <mask> and her band left Los Angeles heading to Jakarta, Indonesia. It would have been the first concert in a tour of Southeast Asia. Due to complications with her work visa, she was detained for 100 days in the country.During this time she was told to not talk about her struggles or create any YouTube videos. While waiting each day for an update she was able to write two songs, California and For Now. Philanthropy
An avid supporter of cancer research, <mask> has performed at several Southern California Relay For Life functions over the years. In late 2007, she contributed her music to the Band Together: To Fight Measles benefit album. In October 2008, she participated in the Nike Women's Marathon in San Francisco to support the Leukemia Lymphoma Society in honor of her mother, raising $6,000 for the organization. In 2009, the philanthropic organization Sister to Sisters adopted her song Message from Your Heart.In 2011, <mask> contributed her song Message from


title: Stefan Uroš I

texts:
<mask> (;  1223 – May 1, 1277), known as <mask> the Great (Урош Велики) was the King of Serbia from 1243 to 1276, succeeding his brother <mask>. He was one of the most important rulers in Serbian history. Early life
<mask> was the youngest son of <mask> the First-Crowned and Anna, the granddaughter of Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice. He had two older half-brothers, on his father's side, kings <mask> and <mask>. Scholars have argued that Bulgarian influence had been strong and unpopular, causing opposition that led to Vladislav's deposition after the death of Asen. The revolting nobility had chosen <mask> as their candidate for king; from 1242 to spring 1243, a war for the throne was fought, which ended with Vladislav being forced to give up the crown in favour of <mask>. It seems that <mask> captured Vladislav.The main resistance against <mask> was led by Vladislav's wife, Beloslava. The hostilities did not last long. <mask> was courteous towards Vladislav, gave him the administration of Zeta. Administration
At 25 years of age, very young, he took the throne from his brother Vladislav, and despite not having support from in-laws as was the case with his brothers, he immediately ruled energetic and determined. Prior to his accession, the land had been looted by the Tatars and there were widespread internal conflicts; <mask> managed in a short time to resolve all important issues in the state and in its foreign policy. The situation in Europe and in the Balkans were quite favorable for Serbia, which he very cleverly used for his benefit. During his reign Serbia significantly strengthened itself and progressed in every way.<mask> correctly determined the direction in political pretensions through penetrating the south in Macedonia and conflict with Hungary in Podunavlje. The land was politically and militarily prepared for serious politics and definitive fortification of Serbia and the Serb people in the Vardar valley and the

masks:
Stefan Uroš I
Uroš
Stefan Vladislav
Stefan Uroš
Stefan
Stefan Radoslav
Stefan Vladislav
Uroš
Uroš
Uroš
Uroš
Uroš
Uroš
Uroš


title: Stefan Uroš I

texts: middle Podunavlje. Apart from this, <mask> also correctly determined the direction of Serbian trade politics, as he on several occasions in his fight against the Republic of Ragusa wanted to eliminate Ragusan brokerage and exploitation in his state. Particular significance in his domestic politics is that he strongly stressed the state principle above all else, and subordinated the churches (both Orthodox and Catholic) to state interests. He was instrumental in the definite solution to the conflict between the archbishoprics of Bar and Dubrovnik regarding power in Serbia, resolved in favour of Bar. <mask> was the first to begin exploiting the mines, which would later become one of the main sources of material wealth and power of the Serbian state in the Middle Ages. As a first result of the opening of mines came the forging of Serbian coins, which he first minted on the Venetian model.He protected and assisted literature and writers; i.e. gave impetus to the preparation of a new, more comprehensive and ornate biography of his grandfather Nemanja, whom he fully modeled himself after. Married to Helen of the French royal family, he lived a modest patriarchal life, happy and content within his family, and he in contrast to the splendor of the Byzantine court, proudly emphasized modesty to the Byzantine deputies, which dominated at his court, where everyone had to work. In foreign policy <mask> skillfully used to his advantage the conflict between the Despotate of Epirus and the Empire of Nicaea, two Greek states, both of which sought to inherit the Byzantine Empire and take Constantinople from the Latin Empire. But when the Latin Empire fell, and Emperor Michael Palaiologos of Nicaea took Constantinople, <mask> began to coalite with his wife's cousin, Charles of Anjou, who wanted to recapture Constantinople, and through that alliance take as much Byzantine land as possible. Via Charles, who had family ties with the Hungarian

masks: Uroš Uroš Uroš Uroš


title: Stefan Uroš I

texts:
 kings, <mask> at the end of his reign also approached Hungary, with whom he long had been in a bad relation with, and married his eldest son and heir, <mask>, to Catherine, the daughter of Hungarian King Stephen V.

Pushed by his in-laws, with the help of the army he received from Hungary, Dragutin, unhappy with not getting more participation in the government, revolted and defeated his father and took over the throne. <mask> retired with his loyals to Hum, where, disappointed, dissatisfied and angry, he died soon thereafter.Economic development

Mining
Under <mask> I, Serbia became a significant power in the Balkans, partly due to economic development through opening of mines. The mines were developed by the "Sasi" (Saxons), who were experienced in the extracting of ore. Their settlements, located by the mines, had privileged status – they lived under their own laws and were allowed to adhere to Catholicism and build their churches. Important mines were located at Novo Brdo, Brskovo and Rudnik. Trade
Economic prosperity was also fostered by the related intensification of trade with the Dalmatian cities of Dubrovnik and Kotor. The increase in the mining of silver and in trade naturally led to the introduction of larger quantities of royal coinage, modeled after the Venetian standard. Military operations

War with Ragusa
In 1252–1253, <mask> <mask> was at war with the Republic of Ragusa, which bordered the Hum, which was held by his kinsman Radoslav Andrijić. Radoslav swore to fight Ragusa as long as it was in conflict with Serbia, at the same time boasting relations with Béla IV of Hungary.Ragusa took up an alliance with Bulgaria. Peace was ensured in a charter dated May 22, 1254, and the crisis ended. During the second half of the 1260s a new war broke out with Ragusa, which was secretly favored by the Serbian queen. A treaty was signed in 1268, specifying the amount of protection money that Dubrovnik was expected to

masks:
Uroš
Stefan Dragutin
Uroš
Stefan Uroš
Uroš
I


title: Stefan Uroš I

texts:
 supply annually to the Serbian king. The arrangement remained largely unbroken for the next century. War with Hungary

In 1268 the Serbian king invaded the Hungarian possessions south of the Danube in Mačva, what is now western central Serbia. In spite of some initial success, <mask> was captured by the Hungarians and forced to purchase his release.A peace treaty was signed between the two kingdoms, and <mask>'s son <mask> of Serbia was married to Catherine, the daughter of the future king Stephen V of Hungary. Conflict with Dragutin
By the end of his reign, <mask> apparently succeeded in suppressing the autonomy of Zahumlje, where the local princes became virtually indistinguishable from the rest of the nobility. In his effort to achieve centralization, the king appears to have alienated his eldest son by refusing to grant him an appanage. The conflict between father and son exacerbated, and the king apparently considered making his younger son, the future <mask>, his heir. Worried about the inheritance and his very life, <mask> finally demanded the throne in 1276. When <mask> refused, Dragutin rebelled and received help from his Hungarian relatives. The allies defeated the Serbian king and <mask> was forced to abdicate and retire to an unidentified monastery in Hum where he died a year or two later.His remains were later moved to his monastic foundation of Sopoćani. Endowments

Family

By his wife Helen, who was either an Angevin princess or a daughter of the Latin Emperor of Constantinople, <mask> I had at least three sons:
 <mask>, who succeeded as king
 <mask>, who succeeded as king in 1282
 Brnjača, a daughter

Annotations

References

Sources

External links

13th-century Serbian monarchs
Eastern Orthodox monarchs
1277 deaths
Year of birth unknown
1223 births
Economy of Serbia in the Middle Ages
Mining in Serbia
Nemanjić dynasty
People of the Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)
Monarchs who abdicated
Burials at

masks:
Stefan Uroš
Stefan Uroš
Stefan Dragutin
Stefan Uroš
Stefan Milutin
Stefan Dragutin
Stefan Uroš
Stefan Uroš
Stefan Uroš
Stefan Dragutin
Stefan Milutin


title: George Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of Seaforth

texts:
<mask>, 2nd Earl of Seaforth (died 1651) was a Highland clan chief and Scottish nobleman, who played an equivocating role in Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Origins
Mackenzie was the son of Kenneth Mackenzie, 1st Lord Mackenzie of Kintail (died 1611), and Isobel, the daughter of Sir Gilbert Ogilvie of Powrie. The Mackenzies were a clan from Ross-shire that had risen to prominence in the 15th century during the disintegration of the Lordship of the Isles. On the death in 1633 of his elder half-brother Colin without male heirs, Mackenzie inherited his estates and the title of Earl of Seaforth. Prior to that point, he was known as <mask> of Kildun. Estates
As a result of the acquisitive proclivities of Seaforth's ancestors, his estates were very extensive. In 1633 he was "served heir male to his brother … in the lands and barony of Ellandonnan, including the barony of Lochalsh, in which was included the barony of the lands and towns of Lochcarron, namely, the towns and lands of Auchnaschelloch, Coullin (Coulin), Edderancharron, Attadill, Ruychichan, Brecklach, Achachoull, Dalmartyne, with fishings in salt water and fresh, Dalcharlarie, Arrinachteg (Arineckaig), Achintie, Slumba (Slumbay), Doune, Stromcarronach (Strome Carronach), in the Earldom of Ross, of the old extent of £13 6s 8d, and also the towns of Kisserin, and lands of Strome, with fishings in salt and fresh water, and the towns and lands of Torridan with the pertinents of the Castle of Strome; Lochalsh, Lochcarron, and Kisserin, including the davach of Achvanie, the davach of Achnatrait (Achintraid?), the davach of Stromcastell,

masks:
George Mackenzie
George Mackenzie


title: George Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of Seaforth

texts:
 Ardnagald, Ardneskan, and Blaad, and the half davach of Sannachan (Sanachan), Rassoll (Rassal), Meikle Strome, and Rerag (Reraig), in the Earldom of Ross, together of the old extent of £8 13s 4d." He was served heir male to his father Kenneth, Lord Mackenzie of Kintail, in the lands and barony of Pluscardine, on 14 January 1620; and had charters of Balmungie and Avoch, on 18 July 1635; of Raasay, on 18 February 1637 and of Lochalsh, on 4 July 1642. Civil War
In the Bishops War, <mask>, although personally attached to the king, was to be found on the side of the Covenant. He was appointed General of the Covenanters north of the Spey, but disbanded his army on Montrose's instructions following the Pacification of Berwick, which concluded on 18 June 1639. When Montrose joined the king's side, <mask> too was suspected of lukewarmness for the Covenant. In 1640, he was temporarily imprisoned as a precautionary measure and in 1641, when the King arrived in Scotland, <mask> was persuaded by the Earl of Traquair to enter into a bond with the Earls of Montrose, Wigtown, Atholl and Home against the Covenanters. However, he continued to equivocate, declining the king's offer of chief justice general of the Isles and taking up arms against Montrose after his victory at Aberdeen in September 1644.Montrose (with an army of only 1,500) was preparing to attack his forces of about 5,000, when he was informed of Argyll's descent on Lochaber. Changing his route, Montrose won a famous victory at Inverlochy against Argyll on 2 February 1645. Following this victory, <mask> met Montrose between Elgin and Forres and was held

masks: Seaforth Seaforth Seaforth Seaforth


title: George Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of Seaforth

texts:
 prisoner for several days, but was subsequently released, having apparently sworn allegiance to the King and having promised never again under any circumstances to take up arms against him. Notwithstanding this promise, he shortly afterwards joined Sir John Hurry the Covenanting general. On 9 May 1645 he took part in the Battle of Auldearn, which was fought between Hurry's army of Sutherlands, Mackenzies, Frasers, Roses and Brodies and Montrose's army of Gordons, Macdonalds, Macphersons, Mackintoshes and Irish. The result was another victory for Montrose, but the Mackenzies emerged largely unscathed. The Reverend John Macrae (d. 1704) gave a lengthy account of the battle (in the Ardintoul manuscript) which suggested that there had been deliberate collusion between Montrose, Hurry and Seaforth.Be that as it may, <mask> subsequently refused a commission from the Committee of Estates appointing him as their Lieutenant north of the Spey and was excommunicated by the General Assembly. He then joined Montrose publicly at the siege of Inverness in April 1646. Clan affairs
After Montrose's departure for Norway in September 1646, compulsory loans were levied against leading Royalists. Sixteen Mackenzies were ordered to provide loans totaling £28,666 (Scottish), but it appears that the authorities experienced great difficulties in enforcing their payment. The list provides an interesting snapshot of the perceived resources of some of the leading clan members of the time:
Thomas Mackenzie of Pluscarden: £2,000;
Alexander Mackenzie of Kilcoy: £2,000;
Roderick Mackenzie of Redcastle: £2,000;
Alexander Mackenzie


title: George Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of Seaforth

texts:
 of Coul: £6,000;
Kenneth Mackenzie of Gairloch: £3,333 6s.8d;
Hector Mackenzie of Scotsburn: £2,000;
Roderick Mackenzie of Davochmaluag: £1,333 6s.8d;
John Mackenzie of Davach-Cairn: £1,333 6s.8d;
William Mackenzie of Multavie: £1,000;
Kenneth Mackenzie of Scatwell: £2,000;
Thomas Mackenzie of Inverlael: £1,333 6s.8d;
Colin Mackenzie of Mullochie: £666 13s.4d;
Donald Mackenzie of Logie: £666 13s.4d;
Kenneth Mackenzie of Assynt: £1,000;
Colin Mackenzie of Kincraig: £1,000;
Alexander Mackenzie of Suddie: £1,000. <mask>'s involvement in public affairs did not prevent him from pursuing (in the manner of his forebears) his own more personal concerns. In particular, he embarked on a remorseless campaign to wrest Assynt from the Macleods, laying siege to the castle of Donald Ban Mor Macleod on the Isle of Assynt in May 1646.His men were said (in a later complaint by the Macleods) to have carried away 3,000 cows, 2,000 horses and 7,000 sheep and goats, as well as burning the habitations of 180 families. Final years
In 1648 <mask> again raised a body of 4000 men in the Western Islands and Ross-shire, whom he led south, to aid the King's cause, but after joining in a few skirmishes under Lanark, they returned home to "cut their corn which was now ready for their sickles." During the whole of this period <mask>'s fidelity to the Royal cause was open to considerable suspicion, and when Charles I threw himself into the hands of the Scots at Newark, and ordered Montrose to disband his forces, <mask>, always trying to be on the winning side, came in to Middleton, and made terms with the Committee of Estates; but

masks:
Seaforth
Seaforth
Seaforth
Earl George


title: George Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of Seaforth

texts:
 the Church, by whom he had previously been excommunicated, continued implacable, and would only agree to be satisfied by a public penance in sackcloth within the High Church of Edinburgh. The proud Earl consented, underwent this ignominious and degrading ceremonial, and his sentence of excommunication was then removed. Notwithstanding this public humiliation, after the death of Charles I, <mask>, in a final act of tergiversation, went over to Holland in 1649, and joined Charles II, by whom he was made Principal Secretary of State for Scotland, the duties of which, however, he never had the opportunity of performing. Death and posterity
When <mask> received the news of the disastrous defeat of the king's forces at Worcester, he fell into a profound melancholy and died in August 1651, in Schiedam, Holland. Early in life, he had married Barbara, daughter of Arthur, Lord Forbes, and had by her at least eight children, including his heir and successor, Kenneth.Of his three daughters, Jean married first John, Earl of Mar, and secondly Andrew Fraser, 3rd Lord Fraser; Margaret married Sir William Sinclair of Mey; and Barbara married Sir John Urquhart of Cromarty. References
Stephen Manganiello, The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of Scotland (Scarecrow Press, 2004)
This article includes text from Alexander Mackenzie's History of the Mackenzies (Inverness, 1894), which is no longer in copyright. Line of Chiefs

1651 deaths
<mask>
History of the Scottish Highlands
Scottish politicians
Covenanters
Scottish generals
Earls of Seaforth
Year of birth unknown
Members of the Parliament of Scotland

masks: Seaforth Seaforth George


title: Gustavo Kuerten

texts:
<mask> "Guga" <mask> (; born 10 September 1976) is a Brazilian former world No. 1 tennis player. He won the French Open singles title three times (1997, 2000, and 2001), and was the Tennis Masters Cup champion in 2000. Kuerten suffered many problems with injuries which resulted in his non-attendances at many tournaments in 2002 and between 2004 and 2008. After two hip surgeries and a few failed attempted comebacks, he retired from top-level tennis in May 2008. During his career he won 20 singles and 8 doubles titles. He was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2012.In 2016, he was asked to be the torch bearer for the Rio Olympics. Professional career
As a junior player in South America, Guga won many of the most important tournaments in the region. He often played in an age group above his. After two years as a professional, <mask> rose to the position of No. 2 player in Brazil, behind Fernando Meligeni, and he had his then highest point by helping the Brazil Davis Cup team defeat Austria in 1996 and reach the competition's first division, the World Group. Following his unexpected victory in the 1997 French Open – which was not only his maiden ATP Tour victory but also the first time he had reached a professional ranking final – Kuerten had a difficult year and a half, adjusting to his sudden fame and the pressure of being expected to win. 1998 was the worst year in his career that was not related to injuries.The pressure for him to become an "ambassador" for tennis in Brazil was made evident after his early defeat to a then unknown Marat Safin in the 1998 French Open: the entire body of Brazilian journalists that had been dispatched to Paris

masks: Gustavo Kuerten Kuerten


title: Gustavo Kuerten

texts:
 to cover the event immediately returned home, leaving the rest of the tournament unaccounted for in Brazil. Like many South American players, his favorite court surface is clay. He won three Grand Slam titles, all of them at the French Open, played on the red clay courts of Roland Garros. He won these titles in 1997, 2000 and 2001. In every one of the three French Open victories he defeated Russia's Yevgeny Kafelnikov in the quarterfinals and two top 10 players on his way to the title. <mask> became the world No. 1 player in 2000.<mask> won at least one title a year between 1997 and 2004. The streak came to an end in 2005, when injuries and below-average performances kept him from winning tournaments. He was also a regular participant for Brazil in the Davis Cup. 1997: Entering the top 10

Fresh from winning a Challenger title, <mask> unexpectedly won the 1997 French Open, the first Brazilian to win a Grand Slam singles title since Maria Bueno at the 1966 U.S. Open. The tournament was only his third grand slam, setting a record for any player in the open era, tied with Mats Wilander. He remains the only player to win a Challenger and a Grand Slam in consecutive weeks. Victories over former champions of the previous four French Opens – Thomas Muster (1995) in the third round in five sets, Yevgeny Kafelnikov (1996) in the quarterfinals in five sets and Sergi Bruguera (1993, 1994) in the final – make him the third-lowest ranked Grand Slam Champion (ranked 66th), and his victory led to him entering the Association of Tennis Professionals top 20.Only Mark Edmondson (ranked 212th) and Goran Ivanišević (ranked 125th) were ranked lower than <mask> when winning a

masks: Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten


title: Gustavo Kuerten

texts:
 Grand Slam singles title. He received his French Open trophy from former champions Björn Borg and Guillermo Vilas. When called to the stage to receive the winner's trophy, <mask> reverently bowed a few times to his childhood idol Borg, who was waiting at the top of the stairs to shake his hand. Later, during the ceremony, Vilas whispered something in Kuerten's ear that caused him to laugh during the speech of the chairman of the event. <mask> later refused to reveal what it was that Vilas had said, claiming it would be inelegant to do so, but journalists that were equipped with powerful lenses were able to read Vilas's lips, and it was revealed that he had said in Spanish something like: "Get ready kid, it's going to rain women on your lap!". 1999: Top 5 debut
He established himself as the leading clay court player of his generation in 1999, and he became one of three South Americans to complete the year in the top 10 in all the history of the ATP rankings. In April he won the Monte-Carlo Masters beating the Chilean Marcelo Rios.In May he won the Rome Masters, beating Patrick Rafter in the final. In June he reached the quarterfinals at the French Open. losing to unseeded eventual runner-up Andriy Medvedev. At Wimbledon, he became the first Brazilian to reach the quarterfinals since Thomaz Koch in 1968. He was defeated by Andre Agassi in the quarterfinals, but had lost just one set until that stage. In July, he defeated Sébastien Grosjean 9–7 in the fifth set of the 1999 Davis Cup quarterfinal between Brazil and France. That match lasted 4 hours and 43 minutes.He also became the first Brazilian to qualify for the ATP Tennis Masters Cup, today known as the ATP

masks: Kuerten Kuerten


title: Gustavo Kuerten

texts:
 World Tour Finals, winning a match but failing to get past round robin. 2000: World No. 1
After another solid clay court swing, <mask> won his second French Open title by defeating Magnus Norman (who had beaten him a few weeks earlier in the final of the Rome Masters) on his 11th match point. <mask> became the first South American to finish the year as World No. 1 in the history of the ATP rankings (since 1973). It was a close contest with young up-and-comer Marat Safin at the year's last event, the Tennis Masters Cup (in its first year under that name) in Lisbon, Portugal, with one loss meaning that Safin would have been No. 1.Despite Safin having 4 chances to finish the year as world No. 1, <mask> defied all odds and finished the year at No. 1 by beating Pete Sampras and Andre Agassi in back-to-back matches on an indoor hard court. He broke an eight-year hold of players from the U.S. on the year-end No. 1 position. He also became the first South American to finish in Top 5 in consecutive years since Guillermo Vilas of Argentina in 1977–78. 2001: Continued dominance, start of injuries
In 2001, he won his third French Open crown, joining former greats Björn Borg (6), Ivan Lendl (3) and Mats Wilander (3) with three or more French Open titles in the Open Era; former champion Jim Courier presented him with the trophy.His road to the title saw him save a match point against fourth round opponent Michael Russell. He also won the biggest hardcourt title of his career in August at the Cincinnati Masters, where he defeated Patrick Rafter in the final. At the US Open he was seeded first but lost in the quarterfinals in straight sets to seventh-seeded Yevgeni

masks: Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten


title: Gustavo Kuerten

texts:
 Kafelnikov. Injuries started to plague Kuerten as he lost 8 of the next 9 matches to conclude the year. Despite being the favorite to finish as world No. 1 for the second consecutive year, his poor season ending showing saw Lleyton Hewitt overtake him. He led the ATP in prize money for the second straight year, with US$4,091,004.2004
At the Australian Open <mask> reached the third round for the first, and only, time in his career by defeating Ivan Ljubičić in the second round in four sets but subsequently lost to Paradorn Schrichapan. In an injury-ridden year, <mask> won one ATP Tour title, which he did at home, by winning the Brasil Open for the second time. In that year, the tournament had been moved from September to February, and the surface had been changed from hard to clay, as a result of a compromise with the Buenos Aires Open, in Argentina, and the Viña del Mar Open, in Chile, to tighten up a clear South American tournament circuit. With his victory, <mask> became the only player to win the title on both surfaces, having previously won it in 2002. Kuerten was responsible for the only defeat of Roger Federer in a Grand Slam event in 2004. In Kuerten's only previous encounter against Federer on clay, in the Hamburg Masters 2002, Federer defeated Kuerten 6–0, 1–6, 6–2. When they met again in the third round at the French Open in 2004, it was Federer who was in dominant form, the world no.1, and expected to win against the injury-ridden <mask>. Instead, it was <mask> who overpowered and dominated Federer, beating him in straight sets. This would remain the last time that Federer was defeated in any Grand Slam prior to the quarterfinals stage until his

masks: Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten


title: Gustavo Kuerten

texts:
 round 2 loss against Serhiy Stakhovsky at Wimbledon in 2013. On 1 September <mask> announced that he would be withdrawing from the ATP Tour for an indefinite period of time, in order to undergo detailed exams of his operated hip, which had reportedly started to bother him again. He did not play again for the rest of the year. 2006
In the first months of 2006, injuries and weak performances kept <mask> from reclaiming his status as a top world player. Ranked out of the top 200, <mask> was no longer the top player in Brazil (currently behind Ricardo Mello and Flávio Saretta) and was expected to need wildcards to play any of the main tournaments of the season.His main attempt to come back, at the 2006 Brasil Open, was cut short in the first round. Following this debacle, <mask> managed to obtain wildcards to play in the two North American Masters Series events, Miami and Indian Wells, but injuries forced Kuerten to withdraw from both. The French Tennis Federation had announced that <mask>, as a three-time champion, would have every chance of being granted a wildcard to play at the 2006 French Open, provided that he managed to remain active throughout the 2006 season leading up to the French Open. Because Kuerten had been inactive in the Men's Tour since mid-February, he was not granted the wildcard to play, thus missing the French Open for the first time in his professional career. 2007
<mask>'s form did not improve in 2007. Because his ranking was not high enough to qualify for ATP Tour tournaments, Kuerten relied on wild cards to enter those events. Kuerten finished with a 2–7 win–loss record for the year.In November, <mask>'s younger brother, Guilherme, who

masks:
Kuerten
Kuerten
Kuerten
Kuerten
Kuerten
Kuerten
Gustavo Kuerten


title: Gustavo Kuerten

texts:
 had cerebral palsy, died. 2008
<mask> made an announcement that he expected 2008 to be his final year of play. <mask> chose to devise his schedule around tournaments that had sentimental value to him, such as the French Open, the Brasil Open, and the Miami Masters. After two first-round defeats in singles (Costa do Sauípe, l. to Berlocq and Miami, l. to Grosjean), <mask> won his first ATP Masters Series level match in a long time, partnering Nicolás Lapentti, in Miami, against Feliciano López and Fernando Verdasco. Retirement
On 25 May 2008, <mask> played his last professional singles match in front of 15,000 spectators at Roland Garros. He arrived on court wearing his 'lucky' uniform, the same blue & yellow one that he wore in 1997 when he won his first French Open tournament. Despite saving a match point against his opponent Paul-Henri Mathieu, he finally lost in three sets (6–3, 6–4, 6–2)—his result in the final of French Open in 1997.He was honored after the game by the tournament organizers and by all the fans present for what he has achieved throughout his career. Playing style
Kuerten embraced the baseline style of play, with heavy topspin on his ground strokes and a solid serve that enabled him to wear down his opponents from the back of the court. Kuerten, however, emphasized offensive baseline play as opposed to the traditional defensive baseline play favoured by classic clay court specialists, and unlike them, his first serve was his biggest weapon. He played right-handed with a single-handed backhand using a western grip. The arcing backhand played with topspin was his trademark shot. He was one of the earliest adopters to play with polyester

masks:
Kuerten
Kuerten
Kuerten
Gustavo Kuerten


title: Gustavo Kuerten

texts:
 strings which allowed him to swing for pace and at the same time create the topspin needed to control the ball. Davis Cup

<mask> was first called to play for Brazil in the Davis Cup in 1996, when he became the second-best ranked player in the country (to Fernando Meligeni).Since then, <mask> has always answered the invitations to play, claiming that it was a unique opportunity to represent his country. In the 1999 and 2000 seasons, <mask> took criticism from his fans, who accused him of not giving 100% in the Davis Cup matches. They claimed he was more concerned with sparing his energy for the ATP tournaments. At one point, Kuerten interrupted a match to argue with a fan who had shouted out for him to apply himself to the match at hand. In 2004, following the country's unexpected defeat to Canada in the Repechage match, and the country's demotion to the American Group I after having been defeated by Sweden in that year's First Round, discontent with the politics of the Brazilian Tennis Confederation spilled over. <mask> refused to play for Brazil in the American Group I. The unexpected firing of then captain of the Brazilian team, Ricardo Accioly, was the trigger.<mask> thought it was an arbitrary decision, since it was made without consulting the players. In his view that was just the last in a sequence of questionable decisions made by organization's board. All other professional Brazilian players followed <mask>'s lead, as well as the newly appointed captain, former player Jaime Oncins. As a result, Brazil had to play the first round in the Zonal Group with a team made up of junior players (which was only possible after much negotiation, during which

masks: Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten Kuerten


title: Gustavo Kuerten

texts:
 time the country was at risk of forfeiting the Round, which would have resulted in automatic demoting to the American Group II), which resulted in a defeat and the possibility of demotion to the American Group II. The protest continued, and as a result, Brazil had to play the Repechage match again with a junior team, and was demoted to the American Group II for the 2005 season. As of 2005, following the fall of the BTC board in the aftermath of the protest, <mask> and the other players have decided to return to the team, now captained by former player Fernando Meligeni. <mask>, however, had to delay his return beyond the end of the players' strike, since his hip injuries kept him off courts between September 2004 and May 2005.He returned in the Tie with the Netherlands Antilles, valid for the Second Round of the American Zonal Group II, which was played in Santa Catarina, Brazil (on clay) between July 15 and July 17, 2005. Equipment and sponsors

During his career, Guga used Head racquets with Luxilon polyester strings. He wore Diadora clothes, changing them on a short period for Olympikus and Head. In 2012, after his retirement, he signed a sponsor deal with French brands Lacoste (for clothes) and Peugeot (for TV commercials). Guga also has his own clothes and glasses brand, named "Guga Kuerten". Personal life
<mask> was born in Florianópolis in southern Brazil. He began playing tennis when he was six, an early start to a life and career marked by family tragedy.His father, Aldo, a former amateur tennis player, died of a heart attack in 1985 while umpiring a junior tennis match in Curitiba, when Kuerten was eight years old. His older brother, Raphael, is


title: Gustavo Kuerten

texts: currently his business manager. His youngest brother, Guilherme, suffered prolonged oxygen deprivation and consequently irreparable brain damage during birth, and as a result suffered from mental retardation and severe physical disability until his death in 2007. Kuerten was deeply affected by his brother's daily struggles, later donating the entire prize money from one tournament he has won every year of his professional career so far to a hometown NGO that provides assistance for people suffering from similar disabilities. He gave every trophy he won to his younger brother as a souvenir, including the three miniature replicas of the French Open men's singles trophy. As a young player, <mask> first learned from Carlos Alves. Alves would continue to coach Kuerten for the next 8 years.When he was 14 years old, <mask> met Larri Passos who would be his coach for the following 15 years. Passos convinced Kuerten and his family that the youth was talented enough to make a living out of playing tennis. The two started traveling all over the world to participate in junior tournaments. <mask>ro Grande" ("Big Dog"). He is an avid surfer. <mask> was accepted to a drama course at CEART, the Center of Arts of Santa Catarina State University (UDESC) in Florianópolis. He began his studies there on 16 February 2009. In November 2010, on his brother Guilherme's birthday, he married Mariana Soncini and the couple have a daughter and a son. In October 2016 he was in court for tax evasion, related to income earned from copyright and image rights between 1995 and 2002, and in November was ordered to pay 7 million R$ (appr. US$2 million).His favourite football team is Brazilian

masks: Kuerten Kuerten Kuertenor Kuerten


title: Gustavo Kuerten

texts:
 Avaí Futebol Clube. He is a distant cousin to model and TV presenter, Renata <mask>. Awards and honors
In 1998, 2002 and 2004 <mask> received the Prix Orange Roland Garros Award for sportsmanship from the association of tennis journalists. In his homeland Brazil he was awarded the Prêmio Brasil Olímpico in 1999 and was named Athlete of the Year in 1999 and 2000. He received the ATP Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year Award in 2003. <mask> was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2012. In June 2016 he became their global ambassador, representing the organisation, especially in South America.In 2005, Tennis Magazine put him in 37th place in its list of "The 40 Greatest Players of the Tennis Era". In 2010, <mask> was presented with the ITF's  highest accolade, the Philippe Chatrier Award, for his contributions to tennis. That same year he won the Mercosur Konex Award from Argentina as the best tennis player of South America in that decade. Kuerten won the International Club’s prestigious Jean Borotra Sportsmanship Award in 2011. On 16 February 2016, the central court of Rio Open was named after him, officially Guga Kuerten court. On 5 August 2016, he relayed the Olympic Torch into Maracanã Stadium during the Opening Ceremonies for 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, relaying off to Hortencia Marcari. Career statistics

Grand Slam performance timeline

Finals: 3 (3 titles)

Year-end championships performance timeline

Finals: 1 (1 title)

References

Further reading

External links

 Official site

1976 births
Brazilian male tennis players
French Open champions
French Open junior champions
Living people
Olympic tennis players of


title: Christian Renatus von Zinzendorf

texts: Imperial Count <mask>dorf und Pottendorf (September 19, 1727 - May 28, 1752) was the charismatic leader of the Single Brethren's Choir of the Moravian Church and of Herrnhaag (The Lord’s Grove), a Christian religious community built near Büdingen by his father, Count Nicholas Ludwig, head of the Brüdergemeine or Moravian Unity. <mask>, affectionately known as Christel, took his father’s marriage religion (Ehereligion) literally, proclaiming himself to be the living "Sidewound of Christ" in 1748, which meant he was the embodiment of Christ's sacrificial and compassionate love. The younger Zinzendorf and his co-elder of the Single Brethren, Joachim Rubusch, also proclaimed themselves to be married to the Sidewound. This derived in part from the teaching of Zinzendorf’s father that all souls are female, regardless of gender, so that they may be married to Christ. (This image is derived from the fact that "soul" in German, die Seele, is always a feminine noun. [Cassel'''s German-English Dictionary, entry die Seele.] It was also in 1748 that <mask> declared all Single Brethren to be Sisters and therefore Brides of Christ.The compounding of sexuality and spirituality at Herrnhaag led to virulent attacks from outside and within the church, threatening to undo the goodwill with other denominations that the elder <mask> had sought for decades. He dismissed his son from his positions and brought him to England for the remaining three years of <mask>'s life. After his death, <mask>'s followers in Pennsylvania named a settlement farm after him. Since there was a flowing spring there it was called "Christiansbrunn", Christian's Spring. while church leaders systematically destroyed most of the documents referring to the events at Herrnhaag. Only within the past two decades has a new generation of

masks:
Christian Renatus von Zinzen
Christian Renatus
Christian Renatus von Zinzendorf
Zinzendorf
Christian
Christian


title: Christian Renatus von Zinzendorf

texts:
 scholars and historians begun to reexamine that period to determine what happened. Birth and formative years
Zinzendorf was born just a month after the spiritual awakening experience on August 13, 1727, that signaled the renewal of the Ancient Unity of Brethren, in which Moravian exiles on the lands of his father committed themselves to a life in Christ.Both his parents were deeply committed to this ideal. His father and his mother, née Countess Erdmuthe Dorothea Reuss-Ebersdorf, came from Pietist families that stressed the indwelling of the spirit. His parents considered their relationship to be a marriage of champions in which the goal was serving Christ. The young Zinzendorf was left in the care of his mother for most of his youth while his father pursued church activities elsewhere. His effeminacy was noted by nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century historians who typically attributed it his being raised in the company of women: "<mask>atus . . . had all the ardor without the virility characteristic of his father." The strong mother/weak or distant father parenting style typically associated with early psychoanalytic attempts to explain homosexuality was also used to further discredit Zinzendorf.As a student, <mask> was known for being frivolous, even bringing a cat to class. At the age of sixteen, he was named vice-elder of the Single Brothers Choir. Moravian communities were dedicated to serving Christ. The traditional family unit was abandoned in order to direct all residents' energies to that goal. Much like the Shakers, Moravian residents lived in groups or choirs according to gender, marital status and age. Christel as Christ's representative
Many of Zinzendorf's beliefs and acts were based upon his father's words: "I live no more; he lives in me. I speak no more; he speaks

masks:
Christian Ren
Zinzendorf


title: Christian Renatus von Zinzendorf

texts:
 in me.When you speak with me, you speak with him. When you have love for me, so too you have love for him, and when you hate me, so too you hate him, and when you have a word from me, so too you have it from him." Seeing Christ in <mask>'s eyes is a theme from the period in poetry, painting and engraving. An engraving complete with his portrait states that one can see the departed Christ by looking at Christel's forehead, meaning his eyes. A portrait of him now in the Moravian Archives in Herrnhut, Germany, includes the words Gebrochne Augen (broken eyes), again referring to seeing Christ at the moment of death in Christian's eyes, or at the moment of his completed sacrifice. The idea of Christ living in another was not uncommon in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It is a fundamental belief shared with the Quakers and Shakers, who also had roots in Pietism and the indwelling of Christ.Leadership and loss of leadership
Herrnhaag was a community designed by the elder Zinzendorf, whose inhabitants were to live under the direct rule of Christ with Christian Renatus as his representative. At Herrnhaag, Christel was the link between the spiritual and the earthly as the spirit took human form. During the 1748 Single Brothers Festival at Herrnhaag, Christel and his assistants entered wearing white robes, implying it was Christ who was actually entering. Later that day, Christel and twelve assistants led Communion, further representing Christ and the apostles. During the service, those in attendance believed that the Sidewound of Christ was literally standing before them in the bodily forms of Christel and Rubusch, his co-leader of the brothers. Christel sang a welcoming hymn for Christ entering the hall, and while kissing, the brothers believed they were literally kissing the


title: Christian Renatus von Zinzendorf

texts:
 worldwide missionary effort of the church. When the Moravian Brethren and Sisters refused to forswear their allegiance to the elder Zinzendorf and sever their connection to the Moravian Church in the 1750s at the insistence of Gustav Friedrich, Count of Isenburg-Büdingen, Herrnhaag was closed and a great number of Moravians came to Bethlehem and Nazareth in Pennsylvania. A farming community had already been established near Nazareth for the Single Brethren named Christiansbrunn'', Christian's Spring. One of the brothers wrote a poem stating that Christel lived again in the Congregation at the spring and that the flowing waters restored him “more and more.”

Historical perspective
For more than 200 years after his death, Christel was looked upon as a failure by Moravian historians and scholars, who saw him as weak, effeminate, ineffectual and a grave disappointment to his father whose trust he had betrayed. The only way most Moravians of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries knew him was by the inclusion of several of his hymns in various Moravian hymnals, the most famous being “My Redeemer, overwhelmed with anguish, went to Olivet for me.”

Indeed, the entire period (approximately 1747-1749) became known as the "Sifting Time" from Luke 22:31: "Simon, Simon, behold, Satan has desired to have you that he may sift you as wheat."<mask> called the ensuing scandal an “unbridled freedom of the flesh.”  His representative told the residents at Herrnhaag and its nearby sister community of Marienborn that it was impossible to be "truly unified with our Husband" while living on earth. He further added that the residents had mistaken metaphor for reality and wrongly believed that the brothers were actually sisters. Historians for the next two hundred years accepted this view of events and wrote


title: Christian Renatus von Zinzendorf

texts:
 off what happened as a time of embarrassing excess from which the church was saved only by the timely intervention of Nicholas. Determining exactly what happened was made exceedingly difficult due to extensive destruction of documents amounting to official censorship that began in the eighteenth century by church officials and even archivists. There was a general shunning of the period that lasted well into the twentieth century, and almost no pertinent documents remains in either the major Moravian archives in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania or Herrnhut, Germany. A new generation of scholars and historians interested in determining exactly what happened have been able to locate documents in private collections and other sources. An indication of renewed interest in <mask> and what he meant to his time was shown in September, 2008 when a birthday festival was held in his honor in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania based on eighteenth-century sources and sponsored by the Historic Bethlehem Partnership, the Moravian Music Foundation and the Moravian Archives.References

External links
   List articles in German and English regarding the issue of sexuality within the historical Moravian Church. Photographs of Herrnhaag from a 1997 visit. Herrnhaag website in German. Website of Berthelsdorf and the Zinzendorf manor house where <mask> was born. Photographs and map of Herrnhaag. Further reading
 Schuchard, Marsha Keith (2006) Why Mrs Blake Cried: William Blake and the Erotic Imagination. Century.Fogleman, Aaron Spencer. (2008) Jesus Is Female: Moravians and Radical Religion in Early America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1727 births
1752 deaths
18th-century Christian clergy
Christian hymnwriters
German people of the Moravian Church
People from the Electorate of Saxony
Sexuality in

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Christian Renatus
Christian Renatus


title: Endy Chávez

texts:
<mask>  (; born February 7, 1978), is a Venezuelan former professional baseball outfielder, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Kansas City Royals, Montreal Expos/Washington Nationals, Philadelphia Phillies, New York Mets, Seattle Mariners, Texas Rangers, and Baltimore Orioles. <mask> is the older brother of <mask>. Career

Minor league
<mask> made his Minor League Baseball debut in 1997 with the Gulf Coast League Mets, a rookie-level affiliate of the New York Mets. He remained in the Mets organization through 2000, spending time with the Kingsport Mets, Gulf Coast Mets, Capital City Bombers, and St. Lucie Mets. On December 11, 2000, <mask> was claimed by the Kansas City Royals in the 2000 Rule 5 draft. On March 30, 2001, <mask> was returned to the Mets and then traded to the Royals for minor league outfielder Michael Curry. He played for the AA Wichita Wranglers and the AAA Omaha Royals before making his major league debut with the Royals on May 29, 2001.Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals
In the winter of 2001, <mask> was waived by the Royals and then claimed and waived by both the Mets and Detroit Tigers before being claimed by the Montreal Expos where he played in 309 games over three years (2002–05) while splitting time at AAA Ottawa and Edmonton. Playing full-time for the Expos in 2003 and 2004, <mask> batted first in the lineup and started in center field, stealing 18 bases in 2003 and 32 in 2004. On October 3, 2004 <mask> recorded the final out in Expos history in their 8–1 loss to the Mets at Shea Stadium. In 2005 <mask> played in only seven games in the majors for the now relocated Washington Nationals before being traded to the Philadelphia Phillies for fellow outfielder Marlon Byrd. During his tenure in

masks:
Endy de Jesus Chávez
Chávez
Ender Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez
Chávez


title: Endy Chávez

texts:
 Washington, <mask> was given the mocking nickname of "Inning Endy" by Nationals fansites due to his tendency to swing away rather than work the count to his favor which often resulted in groundouts and popups to end the Nationals innings. Philadelphia Phillies
<mask> spent the rest of the 2005 season with the Philadelphia Phillies and appeared in 91 games with 107 at bats and hit only .215. At the end of the season, <mask> became a free agent for the first time and signed one year, $500,000 contract with the Mets signed on December 23, 2005.New York Mets

During spring training, Mets manager Willie Randolph worked with <mask> to improve his hitting. <mask>'s speed and his modified batting style sparked a 90-point jump in his batting average over the previous season (hitting .306 in 353 at bats) as the Mets fourth outfielder (often as an injury replacement for regular left fielder Cliff Floyd). His improved hitting and excellent defensive skills contributed to the Mets winning the National League East. <mask>'s signature moment came at Shea Stadium in Game 7 of the 2006 National League Championship Series. In the top of the sixth inning, with the game tied 1–1, Cardinals third baseman Scott Rolen hit a pitch off Mets starter Óliver Pérez. Leaping over the  left field wall, <mask> caught the ball with the tip of his glove to rob Rolen of a two-run home run. <mask> then threw to cutoff man second baseman José Valentín, who threw to Carlos Delgado at first base to double off Cardinals center fielder Jim Edmonds for an inning-ending double play.Although the Mets would go on to lose the game and the series, "The Catch" was named the top post-season moment in the 5th annual This Year in Baseball Awards. On July 13, 2007, American International

masks: Chávez Chávez Chávez Chávez Chávez Chávez Chávez Chávez