title: S. R. Nathan

texts:
<mask>  (; 3 July 1924 – 22 August 2016), often known as S. R<mask>, was a Singaporean politician who served as the sixth President of Singapore between 1999 and 2011. Having been elected in uncontested elections in both 1999 and 2005 presidential election, <mask> is Singapore's longest-serving president. In 2009, <mask> surpassed <mask> to become Singapore's longest-serving president. He was reportedly considering re-election, but announced on 2 July 2011 that he would not run for re-election. <mask> suffered a stroke on 31 July 2016 and was taken to Singapore General Hospital's Intensive Care Unit. He died in hospital on 22 August, aged 92. Early life
<mask>, who was of Tamil Indian descent, was born in Singapore on 3 July 1924.He spent his childhood with his parents, V. <mask> and Abirami, and two older brothers in Muar, Johor, in a house overlooking the sea. <mask> would eventually be one of seven siblings; his three older brothers died in childhood. His father had been posted to the Malayan town as a lawyer's clerk for a firm that serviced rubber plantations, but the Great Depression and rubber slump of the 1930s sent the family's fortunes crashing. <mask>'s father accrued debts and eventually committed suicide when <mask> was eight. Returning to Singapore, <mask> received his primary education in Anglo-Chinese Primary School and Rangoon Road morning School, and his secondary education at Victoria School. However, he was expelled from school twice and, after quarrelling with his mother, ran away from home at the age of 16. During the Japanese occupation of Singapore, <mask> learned Japanese and worked for the Japanese civilian police as a translator.After the war, whilst working, he completed his secondary education through a correspondence course with Wolsey Hall, Oxford, and entered the University of Malaya (then in Singapore), where he became the secretary of the University Socialist Club in his second year of university. He graduated in 1954 with a Diploma in Social Studies (Distinction). He earned a diploma from the University of Malaya in

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title: S. R. Nathan

type: original

texts:
 Singapore in 1954. This was followed by a long career in the Singapore Civil Service, which he joined in 1955. Between 1962 and 1966 he was seconded to the National Trades Union Congress, and then worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Home Affairs. He was with the Security and Intelligence Division of the Defence Ministry when the Laju incident happened in 1974, and was among the government officers who agreed to accompany terrorists who had bombed petroleum tanks to Kuwait to secure the release of civilian hostages and ensure the terrorists' safe passage. He served as First Permanent Secretary of the Foreign Ministry from 1979 to 1982.<mask> left the Civil Service in 1982 to take up the executive chairmanship of the Straits Times Press; he also held directorships in other companies. Between 1988 and 1996 he served as Singapore's High Commissioner to Malaysia and Ambassador to the United States, before his 12-year term as President of the Republic from 1999 to 2011. Following retirement, <mask> turned to writing and also became a Distinguished Senior Fellow at the School of Social Sciences of Singapore Management University (SMU), and at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. He died in 2016 and was accorded a state funeral by the Government. Among the awards and honours <mask> received were the renamed of Singapore University of Social Sciences (SUSS) School of Human Development and Social Services to S R Nathan School of Human Development (NSHD) in 2018, Bintang Bakti Masyarakat (Public Service Star) in 1964, the Pingat Pentadbiran Awam (Perak) (Public Administration Medal, Silver) in 1967, the Pingat Pentadbiran Awam (Meritorious Service Medal) in 1975, and the Darjah Utama Temasek (Order of Temasek) (First Class) in 2013; and honorary degrees from the National University of Singapore and SMU. Civil service career

<mask> began his career in the Singapore Civil Service as a medical social worker in 1955. He was appointed Seamen's Welfare Officer the following year.In 1962, he was seconded to the Labour Research Unit of the National

masks: Nathan Nathan Nathan Nathan


title: S. R. Nathan

texts: Trades Union Congress (NTUC), first as assistant director and later as director of the Labour Research Unit until January 1966. <mask> negotiated Singapore's membership of the Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation. He later served as a member of the NTUC's Board of Trustees from 1983 to April 1988. In February 1966, <mask> was transferred to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He served as Assistant Secretary and rose to be Deputy Secretary before being appointed Deputy Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs in January 1971. On 6 August of the same year, <mask> moved to the Ministry of Defence where he was Director of the Security and Intelligence Division (SID). In the Laju incident on 31 January 1974, members of the terrorist Japanese Red Army and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine bombed petroleum tanks on Pulau Bukom off the coast of Singapore; <mask> was among a group of government officers who volunteered to be held hostage by the JRA and flown to Kuwait to secure the release of civilian hostages and ensure the terrorists' safe passage.For his bravery, in August 1974 he was awarded the Pingat Jasa Gemilang (Meritorious Service Medal). In February 1979, <mask> returned to the Foreign Ministry and became its First Permanent Secretary until February 1982, when he left to become the Executive Chairman of the newspaper company the Straits Times Press. The appointment was viewed dimly by journalists who felt that the Government was trying to limit freedom of the press; they wore black armbands in protest. According to <mask> in a 2010 interview, " When they saw I was not doing what they expected me to do, they began to have confidence." At various times between 1982 and 1988, <mask> also held directorships of several other companies, including the Singapore Mint, The Straits Times Press (London), Singapore Press Holdings and Marshall Cavendish. He held a directorship in the Singapore International Media between September 1996 and August 1999. He was Chairman of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Singapore, a ship-repairing and engineering

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title: S. R. Nathan

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 joint venture with the Mitsubishi Group of Japan, from 1973 to 1986.From 1983 to April 1988, <mask> was Chairman of the Hindu Endowments Board. He was a founding member of the Singapore Indian Development Association (SINDA), and its term trustee until August 1999. In April 1988 <mask> was appointed Singapore's High Commissioner to Malaysia, and in July 1990 he became Ambassador to the United States, serving until June 1996. On his return, <mask> was made an Ambassador-at-Large and was concurrently Director of the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies at the Nanyang Technological University. He resigned as ambassador and director of the institute on 17 August 1999 to become a candidate in the 1999 Singapore presidential election. Presidency

During the 1999 presidential election, as two other prospective candidates were found to be constitutionally ineligible, <mask> was elected unopposed as president and commander-in-chief on 18 August 1999. His candidacy was supported by Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew and former President Wee Kim Wee.<mask> succeeded the fifth President of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, and was sworn in on 1 September 1999. <mask> launched the annual President's Challenge charity fundraising initiative in 2000. Continued in 2012 by his successor, President Tony Tan Keng Yam, as of 2016 about S$160 million had been raised by the movement. For the 2005 presidential election, the Presidential Elections Committee (PEC) declared <mask> as the only eligible candidate on 13 August, rejecting three other applications based on constitutional criteria. Thus, <mask> was elected unopposed for a second term on 17 August 2005. He was sworn in for a second term of office on 1 September 2005, and as of 2016, is the only person who has served two terms as president. On 21 January 2009, <mask> approved in principle the Government's request to draw $4.9 billion from the nation's past financial reserves to fund the Government's Resilience Package consisting of two schemes aimed at preserving jobs and businesses during the financial downturn: the Jobs Credit

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 scheme, which provided employers with financial assistance to pay employees' salaries; and the Special Risk-Sharing Initiative, which helped mid-sized companies to obtain credit.This was the first time the President's discretionary powers had been exercised for this purpose. The President's formal approval of the drawdown was subsequently signified in two notifications dated 13 March 2009. Retirement

On 1 July 2011, <mask> announced that he would not be seeking a third term in office as president. He cited his age as one of the reasons, as he did not believe he could undertake indefinitely the heavy responsibilities and physical demands of the position of head of state at 87. He left office on 1 September that same year and was succeeded by Tony Tan. A few weeks later, on 19 September, his book An Unexpected Journey: Path to the Presidency was launched by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. At the same time, the S. R. Nathan Educational Upliftment Fund was inaugurated to provide bursaries, scholarships and other forms of financial assistance to needy Institute of Technical Education, polytechnic and university students.As President, <mask> had been the patron of Singapore Management University from 2000 to 2011, and after completing his term of office he became a Distinguished Senior Fellow of the SMU School of Social Sciences. Additionally, he was also a patron of the Singapore University of Social Sciences from 2006 to 2011. He held a similar position at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. He was also the first patron of the Inter-Religious Organisation from 2012 till his death. Personal life
On 15 December 1958, <mask> married Urmila Nandey (born 1929) and had one son and one daughter. Death and funeral
<mask> suffered a stroke on the morning of 31 July 2016 and was taken to Singapore General Hospital's Intensive Care Unit. He died in hospital on 22 August that year at 9:48 pm SST, aged 92.He was survived by his wife Urmila Nandey (known as Umi), their daughter Juthika and son Osith, three grandchildren, and his sister <mask>. As a mark of respect,

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title: S. R. Nathan

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 the Government directed that the National Flag would fly at half-mast from all government buildings from 23 to 26 August. <mask>'s body lay in state at Parliament House on 25 August to enable members of the public to pay their respects. On 26 August, a state funeral was held to honour <mask>. His body was conveyed by a ceremonial 25-pounder gun carriage from Parliament House to the University Cultural Centre of the National University of Singapore (NUS). The state funeral procession passed by landmarks of significance to his life, including City Hall, where he had attended three National Day Parades; The Fullerton Hotel Singapore, formerly the Fullerton Building which had housed the Marine Department where he had worked; and NTUC Centre, recalling <mask>'s time in the labour movement. Speakers who delivered eulogies at the state funeral included Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and Ambassadors-at-Large Tommy Koh and Gopinath Pillai.The music played at the ceremony included the song "Thanjavooru Mannu Eduthu" ("The Sands of Thanjavur") from the Tamil film Porkkaalam (Golden Age, 1997), about a dollmaker who moulds a doll of a beautiful lady with sand, clay and water from different lands, and eventually gives life to the doll. It was <mask>'s favourite song as he saw it as a metaphor for Singapore's multiracial heritage. The state funeral was followed by a private cremation at Mandai Crematorium. Legacy
In 2018, Singapore University of Social Sciences (SUSS) School of Human Development and Social Services was renamed the S R Nathan School of Human Development (NSHD) in honor of Singapore's sixth president, Mr S. R<mask> to recognise his advocacy of social and community causes when he was patron of SUSS. Awards and honours
In addition to the Pingat Jasa Gemilang (Meritorious Service Medal) he was awarded in 1975 for his actions during the Laju incident, <mask> was conferred the Bintang Bakti Masyarakat (Public Service Star) in 1964 and the Pingat Pentadbiran Awam (Perak) (Public Administration Medal, Silver) in 1967. On 8 August 2013, <mask> was conferred the

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title: S. R. Nathan

texts:
 Darjah Utama Temasek (Order of Temasek) (First Class). On 2006 he was conferred with Order of the Bath.<mask>, who had been chancellor of NUS from 1999 to 2011 during his presidency, was conferred an Eminent Alumni award by the university in 2007, and an honorary Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) on 5 July 2012. SMU also conferred on him an honorary D.Litt. on 14 July 2014. In 2015, the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences of NUS gave him its Distinguished Arts and Social Sciences Alumni Award for lifetime achievement. <mask> was the Singapore Scout Association's Chief Scout when he was president. He received the Asia-Pacific Regional Distinguished Scout Award in 2005, and the Association's Distinguished Service Award (Gold) in 2010.<mask>'s achievements were also recognised abroad. During a state visit to Bahrain on 22 November 2010 he was given the Al-Khalifa Order, and while on a state visit to Mauritius in June 2011 he was conferred an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree by the University of Mauritius for his contributions to education and culture. In 2012, the Government of India conferred the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman (Overseas Indian Award) to <mask> in recognition of his contribution in building closer links between Singapore and India. Selected works
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References

Further reading
 .
 . External links

 Official website of The Istana and the President of the Republic of Singapore
 Official website of the President's Challenge

1924 births
2016 deaths
Ambassadors of Singapore to the United States
Anglo-Chinese School alumni
High Commissioners of Singapore to Malaysia
National University of Singapore alumni
Presidents of Singapore
Recipients of the Bintang Bakti Masyarakat
Recipients of the Darjah Utama Temasek
Recipients of the Pingat Jasa Gemilang
Recipients of the Pingat Pentadbiran Awam
Recipients of Pravasi Bharatiya Samman
Singapore Management University alumni
Singaporean Tamil politicians
Singaporean Hindus
Singaporean people of Tamil descent
Singaporean politicians of Indian descent
University of Malaya alumni
Victoria


title: John Pérez

texts:
<mask><mask> (born September 28, 1969) is an American union organizer and politician. He has been a Regent of the University of California since November 17, 2014, previously serving as the 68th Speaker of the California State Assembly from March 1, 2010 to May 12, 2014. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented the 46th district (2008–2012) and 53rd district (2012–2014) in the California State Assembly. On October 9, 2013, <mask> announced his candidacy for California State Controller. <mask> finished third in the election, trailing Betty Yee by 481 votes. After initially calling for a recount in 15 California counties, <mask> ultimately conceded to Yee more than a month after the election. In late 2014, he was appointed by Governor Jerry Brown as a Regent of the University of California; in May 2019, the regents elected him as chairman.Early life and career
<mask> grew up in El Sereno and Highland Park before attending the University of California, Berkeley. He did not graduate from Berkeley but dropped out after his junior year citing family medical reasons in mid-1990. Early biographies of <mask> dating back to the 1990s called him a Berkeley graduate, a misstatement that was repeated in several press releases issued by Los Angeles mayors and in 2004 remarks inserted by Congresswoman Hilda Solis into the Congressional Record. When the San Francisco Chronicle wrote about these inconsistencies in May 2011, <mask>'s office verified that he was not a Berkeley graduate. <mask> is the cousin of Los Angeles mayor Antonio Villaraigosa and has spent seven years handling political matters for the United Food and Commercial Workers, a union representing supermarket workers. He has also served as political director of the California Labor Federation. He was a member of the board of the Los Angeles

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title: John Pérez

texts:
 Community Redevelopment Agency until 2008, when he resigned to run for the Assembly.Election to the Assembly and rise to the speakership

Background in politics
Long active in the labor movement, <mask> is a member of the Democratic National Committee, which named him a superdelegate to the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver. He endorsed Barack Obama on June 3, 2008, the day of the final primaries in the Democratic presidential nominating calendar. Election to the Assembly
The 46th district includes the Los Angeles neighborhoods of Boyle Heights, Little Tokyo, Westlake, Vernon and part of South Los Angeles. <mask> succeeded Fabian Núñez, the former Assembly speaker who was forced out by term limits as the district's assemblyman. <mask> faced only a little-known primary challenger in the race to succeed Núñez, winning convincingly. In the general election held on November 4, 2008, he won 85% of the vote. In 2010, he ran uncontested and received 100% of the vote.In the 2012 election <mask> won the Assembly's 53rd district with 82.8% of the vote. In 2011, after constitutionally mandated redistricting by the California Citizens Redistricting Commission  most of the areas belonging to the 46th district became the 53rd. Election as Speaker
<mask> had planned to run for the California Senate in 2010 with Kevin de León slated to be elected speaker. An agreement had apparently been reached by Los Angeles power brokers that would have seen <mask> support de León for speaker while <mask> would run unopposed in the 22nd senate district, the seat being vacated by term-limited Gil Cedillo. Cedillo, in turn, would seek <mask>'s seat in the Assembly. The deal appears to have been derailed by opposition among certain Assembly Democrats to de León becoming Speaker and by a desire to elect a Speaker who

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title: John Pérez

texts:
 could serve longer than two years. (De León, unlike <mask>, could not serve beyond 2012.)The leadership battle came to a head on December 3, 2009, when Assembly Speaker Karen Bass announced that <mask> had enough support to succeed her. On December 10, the Assembly Democratic caucus met to select the next speaker. During the meeting, de León threw his support to <mask>, who was elected unopposed. He was formally elected by a 48–26 vote of the full Assembly on January 7, 2010 and replaced Bass on March 1, 2010. Speaker of the California Assembly
<mask> took office as California's 68th Speaker March 1, 2010 and was subsequently reelected in 2010 and 2012, making him one of the longest serving Speakers in the era of term limits. Major initiatives

Middle Class Scholarship Act
<mask> introduced Assembly Bill 1500 and 1501 in January 2012, together known as the Middle Class Scholarship Act. These bills were double-joined and were crafted to lower the cost of tuition at state colleges and universities for middle-class families by up to 2/3.It also would have provided up to $150 million to California community colleges. As tax measures they were required to achieve a 2/3 supermajority in order to pass as the California Constitution requires due to Proposition 13. AB 1500 and 1501 passed in the Assembly with 54 votes in favor and 25 votes against with 1 not voting; in the Senate the bills failed to pass, receiving 15 votes in favor and 22 votes against with 3 not voting. <mask> pledged to introduce another measure directed at college affordability during the 2013–2014 legislative sessions. Governor's Office of Business Development (GoBiz)
In December 2010 <mask> introduced AB 29 to create the Governor's Office of Economic Development (GoBiz) establishing a centralized location for all business resources.

masks: Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez Pérez


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 Protection and Affordable Care Act, <mask> introduced AB 1602 in January 2010 which created the California Health Benefit Exchange, the first such state based program in the nation created to assist with implementation of the Affordable Care Act. This gives individuals and small businesses access to a broad range of insurance products and cost saving options. AB 1602 passed in the Assembly with 51 votes in favor and 27 votes against with 0 not voting; in the Senate the bills passed with 21 votes in favor and 13 votes against with 5 not voting. States across the nation have used AB 1602 as a model for their own programs. In January 2013 Governor Jerry Brown called a special legislative session to address California health care costs and solutions.During this session, <mask> introduced AB1X1. This bill is designed to allow implementation of the health care coverage expansion envisioned in President Obama's Affordable Care Act. AB1X1 makes Medi-Cal available to 1,000,000 Californians who earn at or below 120 percent of the federal poverty limit. Farmers Field
In 2011 <mask> was instrumental in the passage of SB-292, which would have sped up construction of the proposed Farmers Field project in Los Angeles. Farmers Field was ultimately never built but the bill he passed later served as the basis of a statewide law that speeds approval of major construction projects without compromising the environmental standards Californians value. California State Budget
In the first year <mask> served as an Assemblymember, the state faced a budget deficit totaling 64 billion dollars out of a total $110 billion. In his time as Speaker, California's structural deficit has been eliminated, resulting in an estimated 1 billion dollar reserve for the 2013/14 fiscal year and the first across-the-board increase in the

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title: John Pérez

texts:
 state's credit rating since November 2004.In 2010, he successfully blocked former Governor Schwarzenegger's final budget proposal, which would have wiped out 430,000 jobs for police officers, firefighters, teachers, nurses, and their support personnel. His California Jobs Budget¸ which balanced the budget and created a ten billion dollar private sector job creation fund, forced Gov. Schwarzenegger to back down and agree to a compromise which protected virtually every job eliminated by the initial proposal. California's budget was frequently passed after the constitutionally-mandated deadline, as the Legislature and Governors negotiated to close multibillion-dollar deficits under the requirement that budget votes have a two-thirds majority to pass. With the 2010 voter approval of Proposition 25, which lowered the threshold necessary to approve a budget to a simple majority, the Legislature adopted two consecutive, balanced and on-time budgets. Management of the Assembly
The Speaker is charged with the overall management and supervision of the Assembly. She or he appoints members to all committees and subcommittees of the Assembly, allocates funds, staffing, and other resources for the effective operation of the House, and establishes committee schedules.Operating budget
Under <mask>'s leadership, the California Assembly has made a practice of redirecting savings from cutting their operating costs to save fund other state programs. Between 2010 and 2012, millions were transferred from Assembly operating accounts to save or supplement programs benefitting veterans, families and women. California Commission on the Status of Women — The Commission on the Status of Women is a non-partisan agency which acts as a public policy body for proposals to address women's issues in the public domain. In April


title: John Pérez

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 2012, <mask> transferred money from the Assembly operating budget to the commission to ensure it will continue its vital mission. Along with the transfer of money, the Speaker was able to announce that Academy Award-Winning actor Geena Davis would serve as Chair of the commission. California National Guard Work for Warriors program — In April 2012, <mask> announced that the Assembly would contribute $500,000 to establish the National Guard "Work for Warriors" Program. This program places National Guard members with jobs, striving to reduce the unemployment rate in California while ensuring that California's veterans have access to jobs, healthcare, and support service they deserve.Additionally, The Speaker also provided two $300,000 grants to the California Military Department for mental health services which provides resources to better support their members. For his work for Veterans and Military personnel, he was named the California Assembly Legislator of the Year by the Vietnam Veterans of America and was honored with the National Guard Associations of the United States' Charles Dick Medal of Merit Award. Restoration of Stage III Child Care — In the 2010 budget Governor Schwarzenegger line item vetoed child care which provided subsidized child care for over 81,000 children in 60,0000 working families. In response, <mask> authorized that $6 million from the Assembly operating budget be shifted to provide bridge funding for those child care programs. Bipartisan Committee Chair Appointments
In each of his terms as Speaker, <mask> has appointed Assemblymembers from the minority Republican Party to chair committees. Then-Assemblymember Col. Paul Cook (R-Yucca Valley) served as Chair of the Committee on Veterans Affairs, before being elected to the United States House of Representatives. The


title: John Pérez

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 Committee on Local Government was chaired by Assemblymember Cameron Smyth (R-Santa Clarita), who termed-out of office in 2012, and is now chaired by Assemblymember Katcho Achadjian (R-Arroyo Grande).International Relations
According to the Center for Continuing Study of the California Economy, if California's GDP were compared to those of leading nations, it would rank as the ninth largest economy in the world. <mask> has led bipartisan delegations of Assembly members on official visits to some of California's most important trading partners, including Mexico, the Republic of Korea, and the State of Israel. Those visits have been reciprocated by a number of foreign leaders, including Israeli President Shimon Peres, and a delegation of federal Senators from Mexico. <mask> has also met with officials from Australia, Chile, and Afghanistan to help strengthen ties with those nations, greeted the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge on their trip to California, and worked closely with the California Travel & Tourism Commission to promote foreign tourism in California, traveling to London with Commission Members to launch the Dreamland Campaign. Post-Assembly career
After the election, in late 2014, California Governor Jerry Brown appointed <mask> as a Regent of the University of California. In 2016, after Xavier Becerra was chosen to be the new Attorney General of California, <mask> announced his candidacy for the special election to succeed Becerra in the United States House of Representatives for . However, on December 10 he announced his withdrawal from that race, saying that he had received a recent medical diagnosis that he said would prevent him from engaging fully in a campaign.Personal life
<mask> is openly gay and the first openly LGBT Speaker of the California State Assembly. After Minnesota's

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title: John Pérez

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 Allan Spear, he is the second LGBT person elected to lead a state legislative chamber. His election as speaker preceded the February 2010 election of Gordon D. Fox, an openly gay Democrat, to be speaker of the Rhode Island House of Representatives, though Fox took office immediately and <mask> did not take office until March 1. <mask> was the 2nd openly gay person appointed to the University of California Board of Regents. The first was Sheldon Andelson, board member of the Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Community Services Center, who was appointed in 1980, also by then-Governor Jerry Brown. The Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund endorsed <mask> for election. He was a member of the California Legislative LGBT Caucus.References

External links

 Campaign website
 Join California <mask>. Perez

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1969 births
21st-century American politicians
California Democrats
Candidates in the 2014 United States elections
Candidates in the 2016 United States elections
Gay politicians
LGBT state legislators in California
LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people
Hispanic and Latino American politicians
Hispanic and Latino American state legislators in California
Living people
Members of the California State Assembly
Politicians from Los Angeles
Speakers of the California State Assembly
Trade unionists from California
University of California, Berkeley alumni
United Food and Commercial Workers

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title: Richard Fitzalan, 3rd Earl of Arundel

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<mask>, 3rd Earl of Arundel, 8th Earl of Surrey (c. 1313 – 24 January 1376) was an English nobleman and medieval military leader and distinguished admiral. Arundel was one of the wealthiest nobles, and most loyal noble retainer of the chivalric code that governed the reign of Edward III of England. Early life
<mask> was born c. 1313 in Sussex, England. Fitzalan was the eldest son of Edmund Fitzalan, 2nd Earl of Arundel, and his wife Alice de Warenne. His parents married after 30 December 1304, after his father had initially been fined for refusing to marry Alice in 1304; their betrothal had been arranged by Alice's grandfather the <mask> of Surrey, his father's guardian. Arundel changed his mind after the Earl died, leaving Alice the heiress presumptive, and with her only brother married to a ten-year-old girl. His maternal grandparents were William de Warenne and Joan de Vere.William was the only son of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey (himself son of Maud Marshal by her second marriage), and his wife Alice de Lusignan (died 1256), half-sister of Henry III of England. Civil career

Around 1321, Fitzalan's father allied with Edward II's favourites, Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester and his namesake son, and <mask> was married to Isabel le Despenser, daughter of Hugh the Younger. Fortune turned against the Despenser party, and on 17 November 1326, Fitzalan's father

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title: Richard Fitzalan, 3rd Earl of Arundel

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 was executed. He did not succeed to his father's estates or titles. However, political conditions had changed by 1330, and over the next few years <mask> was gradually able to reacquire the Earldom of Arundel as well as the great estates his father had held in Sussex and in the Welsh Marches. Beyond this, in 1334 he was made Justiciar of North Wales (later his term in this office was made for life), in 1336 Constable of Portchester Castle (until 1338), and in 1339 High Sheriff of Caernarvonshire and Governor of Caernarfon Castle for life. He was one of the most trusted supporters of Edward the Black Prince in Wales.Naval and military service during the Hundred Years War

Despite his high offices in Wales, in the following decades Arundel spent much of his time fighting in Scotland (during the Second Wars of Scottish Independence) and France (during the Hundred Years' War). In 1337, Arundel was made joint commander of the English army in the north, and the next year he was made the sole commander. In September 1339 a French fleet appeared off Sluis, determined to make sail against Edward III's fleet. When eventually they put to sea on 2 October they were blown off course by a violent storm back to the Zet Zwijn roads. Edward met parliament, and they ordered a new fleet to granted provisions by the barons of the cinque ports, and commanded by the Admiral of the West, Lord


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 which had caused such consternation on 20 July 1338. The King's wars were not alway popular, but Arundel was a vital instrument of that policy. Despite the failure of the peace negotiations at Avignon in 1344, Edward was decided on protecting his Gascon subjects. In early 1345, Derby and Arundel sailed for Bordeaux as lieutenants of the duchy of Aquitaine, attempting to prevent Prince Jean's designs on the tenantry. In August 1346 Derby returned with an army of 2,000 men; while Arundel was responsible for naval preparations.Admiral of the West
On 23 February 1345 <mask> was made Admiral of the Western Fleet, perhaps for a second time, to continue the policy of arresting merchant ships, but two years later was again superseded. <mask> was one of the three principal English commanders at the Battle of Crécy, his experience vital to the outcome of the battle with Suffolk and the bishop of Durham in the rearguard. Throughout he was entrusted by the King as guardian of the young Prince Edward. <mask>'s division was on the right side of the battle lines, flanked to the right with archers, and stakes to the front. He spent much of the following years on various military campaigns and diplomatic missions. The king himself and the entourage went to Winchilsea on 15 August 1350, set sail on the cog Thomas on the 28th, for the fleet to chase the Spaniard De la Cerda down wind, which they

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title: Richard Fitzalan, 3rd Earl of Arundel

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 sighted the following day. The ships rammed, before the party escaped unhurt on another vessel.Overcome by much larger Spanish ships, the English could not grapple. In a campaign of 1375, at the end of his life, he destroyed the harbour of Roscoff. On days after the death of Edward III, a Castilian fleet raided the south coast of England, and returned again in August. Arundel's fleet had put into Cherbourg for supplies, but no sooner had it departed, than the port was blockaded; one squadron was left behind and captured. At the same time galleys harassed the coast of Cornwall. Great wealth
In 1347, he succeeded to the Earldom of Surrey (or Warenne), which even further increased his great wealth. He did not, however, use the additional title until after the death of the Dowager Countess of Surrey in 1361.He made very large loans to King Edward III but even so on his death left behind a great sum in hard cash. Marriages and children
He married twice:
Firstly, on 9 February 1321 at Havering-atte-Bower, to Isabel le Despenser (born 1312, living 1356, and died by 1374/5). At that time, the future earl was about seven, and his bride eight years old. Later he repudiated this bride and was granted an annulment by Pope Clement VI on 4 December 1344 on the grounds that he had been underage and unwilling. By this marriage, <mask> and Isabel had one son (when <mask> was fifteen, and

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texts:
 Isabel sixteen):
 Sir Edmund de Arundel, Knt., of Chedzoy, Martock, Sutton Montagu, and Thurlbear, Somerset; Chudleigh, Devon; Melbury Bubb, Dorset; Bignor, Trayford and Compton, Sussex (c. 1329–1381/2) was the heir to the earldom of Arundel until he was rendered illegitimate by the annulment of his parents' marriage in December 1344. He married before 1347 (betrothed in January 1331 and married probably as a child), Lady Sybil de Montacute (or Montagu), daughter of William Montacute, 1st Earl of Salisbury and Catherine Grandison, whose sister Elizabeth was married to his maternal uncle. Edmund protested his illegitimacy bitterly in 1347 but was apparently ignored.Edmund was subsequently knighted in 1352 at about twenty-three years of age and became an aristocratic knight owning numerous manors throughout the counties of Devon, Dorset, Somerset and Sussex. In 1364 Edmund was going to Flanders on the king's service. In 1368 Pope Urban V sent him to King Edward III to communicate verbally "the present state of the Roman church in Italy". In 1369 and 1370, Edmund fought in several military campaigns in France including the Battle of Pontvallain under the command of his first cousin twice removed, Edward the Black Prince, during the Hundred Years' War. After his father's death in 1376, Edmund disputed his half-brother <mask>'s inheritance of the earldom and associated lands and


title: Richard Fitzalan, 3rd Earl of Arundel

texts:
 titles in 1376 and apparently tried to claim the six manors allotted to his deceased mother. He was imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1377, and finally freed through the intervention of two of his brothers-in-law (his wife's brother John de Montacute and the second husband of Elizabeth de Montacute, Lady Le Despencer). Edmund, despite his persistent protests, lost his inheritance.In February 1381, Edmund went to Gascony on a military expedition. Sir Edmund de <mask> died before 12 February 1382. They had three daughters who were his co-heiresses and who brought a failed suit in 1382 against their half-uncle the Earl:
Elizabeth (or Alice) de <mask>, who married Sir Leonard Carew (1343–1369) of Mohuns Ottery in Devon, feudal lord of Carew Castle in Pembrokeshire and lord of the manor of Moulsford in Berkshire. From Alice are descended all the members of the prominent and widespread Carew family, except Carew of Beddington in Surrey, descended from one of Sir Leonard's great-uncles. (See Baron Carew, Earl of Totnes, Carew baronets.) Philippa <mask> (died 13 September 1399), who married (as his 2nd wife) Sir <mask>, Knt., of Colquite, Cornwall. A Victorian historical novel ascribes the following five children to her: 1.<mask>, born 21 December 1376, and died childless, 24 June 1396; 2. Elizabeth, born 1379, wife of Sir William Marny; 3. Philippa, born 1381, wife of Sir Robert

masks:
Arundel
Arundel
de Arundel
Richard Sergeaux
Richard


title: Richard Fitzalan, 3rd Earl of Arundel

texts:
 Pashley; 4. Alice, born at Kilquyt, 1 September 1384, wife of Guy de Saint Albino; 5. Joan, born 1393, died 21 February 1400. "Philippa became a widow, 30 September 1393, and died 13 September 1399." Alice Sergeaux, later Countess of Oxford (c. 1386 – 18 May 1452), who married firstly Guy de St Aubyn of St. Erme, Cornwall, and secondly about 1406–7 (as his 2nd wife) the 11th Earl of Oxford and widower of Alice de Holand (d.s.p.1406, niece of Henry IV), and by him was the mother of two sons:
John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford
 Robert de Vere, whose grandson, John, became the 15th Earl of Oxford. Katherine de <mask>, who married Robert Deincourt. Secondly on 5 April 1345 he married Eleanor of Lancaster, a young widow, the second-youngest daughter and sixth child of Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster and Maud Chaworth. By Papal dispensation he was allowed to marry his first wife's first cousin by their common grandmother Isabella de Beauchamp. Eleanor was the widow of John de Beaumont, 2nd Lord Beaumont. The king, Edward III, himself a kinsman of both wives, attended this second marriage. By now, the Earl of Arundel had rebuilt the family wealth and was apparently a major financier of the Crown, and financial sweeteners may have been used to reconcile both the Church and the Crown.By this second marriage 5 February 1345, <mask> and Eleanor had 3 sons and 3 surviving daughters:
<mask>,

masks:
Arundel
Richard
Richard Fitzalan


title: Richard Fitzalan, 3rd Earl of Arundel

texts:
 4th Earl of Arundel, who was his son and heir. John Fitzalan, 1st Baron Arundel, 1st Baron Maltravers, who was a Marshall of England, and drowned in 1379. The current Duke of Norfolk descends from Lady Mary, Duchess of Norfolk, a daughter and co-heiress of Henry Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel; being a descendant of John FitzAlan, 1st Baron Arundel. <mask>, who became Archbishop of Canterbury
Joan Fitzalan (1347 – 7 April 1419) who married Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford. They were the maternal grandparents of Henry V of England through their daughter Mary de Bohun. Alice FitzAlan (1350 – 17 March 1416), who married Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent, matrilinear brother of King <mask>. They were ancestors to Queen consorts Anne Neville (wife of King <mask>), Elizabeth of York (wife of King Henry VII) and Catherine Parr (wife of Henry VII's son Henry VIII).Illegitimate child by an unknown mistress:
Eleanor Fitzalan, married in or before 1348 (as his 1st wife) John de Bereford of Clapcot, Berkshire, Bickford, Stonythorpe, and Wishaw, Warwickshire, illegitimate son of Edmund de Bereford, Knt. They had no issue. Probable illegitimate offspring include:
Ranulph FitzAlan, who married a lady named Juliana, last name unknown. Through them descended the Hungerfords, the St. Johns and the Villiers, including Barbara (formerly Palmer) Villiers, the first of many mistresses of King

masks:
Thomas Arundel
Richard II
Richard III


title: Richard Fitzalan, 3rd Earl of Arundel

texts:
 Charles II of England. Death and legacy
<mask> died on 24 January 1376 at Arundel Castle, aged either 70 or 63, and was buried in Lewes Priory. He wrote his will on 5 December 1375. In his will, he mentioned his three surviving sons by his second wife, his two surviving daughters Joan, Dowager Countess of Hereford and Alice, Countess of Kent, his grandchildren by his second son John, etc., but left out his bastardized eldest son Edmund.In his will <mask> asked his heirs to be responsible for building the Fitzalan Chapel at Arundel Castle, which was duly erected by his successor. The memorial effigies depicting <mask> and his second wife Eleanor of Lancaster in Chichester Cathedral are the subject of the poem "An Arundel Tomb" by Philip Larkin. Fitzalan died an incredibly wealthy man, despite his various loans to Edward III, leaving £60,000 in cash. He had been as astute in business, as he had in diplomatic politics. He was a cautious man, and wisely saved his estate for future generations. Ancestry

See also
 "An Arundel Tomb"
 Edward III of England
 Edward the Black Prince
 Admiral of the West
 Battle of Crécy
 Battle of Winchelsea
 Battle of Sluys

Notes

References

Sources

1310s births
1376 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
14th-century English Navy personnel
14th-century English people
Burials at Lewes Priory
10
109
<mask>
High Sheriffs of Caernarvonshire
Lord

masks:
Richard
Richard
Richard Fitzalan
Richard


title: Gretar Tryggvason

texts:
<mask> is Department Head of Mechanical Engineering and Charles A. Miller Jr. Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins University. He is known for developing the front tracking method to simulate multiphase flows and free surface flows. <mask> was the Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Computational Physics from 2002–2015. Area of research
<mask> has been a leading worker computational fluid dynamics and numerical methods. He is well known for his research on numerical simulations of vortex flows, multiphase flows, free surface flows, and flows with phase changes. For simulating multiphase flows, he and his co-workers have developed a front tracking method that incorporates an unstructured, moving grid within an underlying Eulerian grid.Education
Ph.D. – Brown University, Division of Engineering, 1985
Sc.M. – Brown University, Division of Engineering, 1982
B.S. – University of Iceland, Mechanical Engineering, 1980

Professional experience
 2017–Present: Charles A. Miller Jr. Distinguished Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
 2011 - 2017: Chair, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN
 2010 - 2017: Viola D. Hank Professor of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN
 2016: Visiting Professor, University of Paris VI,

masks:
Gretar Tryggvason
Tryggvason
Tryggvason


title: Gretar Tryggvason

texts:
 Member 1982. Elected Fellow 2000

Journal editorships
 2011–Present: Editorial Advisory Board, International Journal of Multiphase Flow
 2009–Present: Editorial Board, Scientia Iranica, Transaction B: Mechanical Engineering
 2006–Present: Associate Editor, Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics
 2002 - 2015: Editor-in-chief, Journal of Computational Physics
 2002 - 2009: Associate Editor, International Journal of Multiphase Flow
 1992 - 2002: Associate Editor, Journal of Computational Physics

Selected journal publications

 H. Xia, J. Lu, and G. <mask>. “A Numerical Study of the Effect of Viscoelastic Stresses in Fused Filament Fabrication“ Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 346 (2019), 242–259. J. Lu and G. <mask>. “Direct numerical simulations of multifluid flows in a vertical channel undergoing topology changes“ Physical Review Fluids. 3 (2018), 084401.M. Ma, J. Lu, and G<mask>. “Using statistical learning to close two-fluid multiphase flow equations for bubbly flows in vertical channels“ Int’l. J. of Multiphase Flow. 85 (2016) 336–347. S. Dabiri and G<mask>. “Heat transfer in turbulent bubbly flow in vertical channels“ Chemical Engineering Science. 122 (2015), 106–113.M. Ma, J. Lu, and G<mask>. “Using Statistical Learning to Close Two-Fluid Multiphase Flow Equations for a Simple Bubbly System“ Phys. Fluids, 27 (2015)

masks:
Tryggvason
Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason


title: Gretar Tryggvason

texts:
 092101. B. Aboulhasanzadeh, S. Thomas, M. Taeibi-Rahni, and G<mask>. “Multiscale computations of mass transfer from buoyant bubbles“ Chemical Engineering Science 75 (2012) 456–467. S. Thomas, A. Esmaeeli and G<mask>. “Multiscale computations of thin films in multiphase flows“ Int’l J. Multiphase Flow 36 (2010), 71–77.H. Terashima and G<mask>. “A front-tracking/ghost fluid method for fluid interfaces in compressible flows“ J. Comput. Phys. 228 (2009) 4012–4037. J. Lu and G<mask>. “Effect of Bubble Deformability in Turbulent Bubbly Upflow in a Vertical Channel“ Phys. Fluids.20 (2008), 040701
 M. Muradoglu and G<mask>. “A front-tracking method for computation of interfacial flows with soluble surfactants“ J. Comput. Phys. 227 (2008), 2238–2262. J. Lu, A. Fernandez, and G<mask>. “The effect of bubbles on the wall shear in a turbulent channel flow“ Phys. Fluids 17 (2005), 095102
 A. Koynov, G<mask>, and J. G. Khinast.“Mass Transfer and Chemical Reactions in Bubble Swarms with Dynamic Interfaces“ AIChE Journal 10 (2005), 2786–2800. A. Fernandez, J. Che, S.L. Ceccio, and G<mask>. “The Effects of Electrostatic Forces on the distribution of Drops in a Channel Flow—Two-Dimensional Oblate Drops“ Phys. Fluids 17 (2005), 093302
 A. Esmaeeli and G<mask>. “Computations of Film Boiling. Part I: Numerical Method“ Int’l.J. of Heat and Mass Transfer 47

masks:
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason
. Tryggvason


title: Gretar Tryggvason

texts: (2004), 5451–5461. S. Nas and G<mask>. “Thermocapillary interaction of two bubbles or drops“ Int’l J. Multiphase Flows 29 (2003), 1117–1135. N. Al-Rawahi and G<mask>. “Computations of the growth of dendrites in the presence of flow. Part I-Two-dimensional Flow“ J. Comput. Phys.180 (2002), 471–496. B. Bunner and G<mask>. “Dynamics of Homogeneous Bubbly Flows: Part 1. Rise Velocity and Microstructure of the Bubbles“ J. Fluid Mech. 466 (2002), 17–52. G<mask>, M. Thouless, D. Dutta, S. L. Ceccio, and D. M. Tilbury. “The New Mechanical Engineering Curriculum at the University of Michigan“ J.Engineering Education 90 (2001), 437–444. G<mask>, B. Bunner, A. Esmaeeli, D. Juric, N. Al-Rawahi, W. Tauber, J. Han, S. Nas, and Y.-J. Jan. “A Front Tracking Method for the Computations of Multiphase Flow“ J. Comput. Physics 169 (2001), 708–759. S. Mortazavi and G<mask>. “A numerical study of the motion of drops in Poiseuille flow. Part 1.Lateral migration of one drop“ J. Fluid Mech. 411 (2000), 325–350. J. Han and G<mask>. “Secondary Breakup of Liquid Drops in Axisymmetric Geometry—Part I, Constant Acceleration“ Phys. Fluids 11 (1999), 3650–3667. M. Jaeger, M. Carin, M. Medale, and G<mask>. “The Osmotic Migration of Cells in a Solute Gradient“ Biophysical Journal 77 (1999), 1257–1267.G. Agresar, J.J. Linderman, G<mask>, and K.G. Powell. “An Adaptive,


title: Gretar Tryggvason

texts:
 Cartesian, Front-Tracking Method for the Motion, Deformation and Adhesion of Circulating Cells“ J. Comput. Phys 143 (1998), 346–380. D. Juric and G<mask>. “Computations of Boiling Flows“ Int’l. J. Multiphase Flow.24 (1998), 387–410. A. Esmaeeli and G<mask>. “Direct Numerical Simulations of Bubbly Flows. Part I—Low Reynolds Number Arrays“ J. Fluid Mech. 377 (1998), 313–345. E.A. Ervin and G<mask>.“The Rise of Bubbles in a Vertical Shear Flow“ ASME J. Fluid Engineering 119 (1997), 443–449. D. Juric and G<mask>. “A Front Tracking Method for Dendritic Solidification“ J.  Comput. Phys. 123 (1996), 127–148. M.R. Nobari, Y.-J.Jan and G. Tryggvason. “Head-on Collision of Drops--A Numerical Investigation“ Phys. Fluids 8 (1996), 29–42. S.O. Unverdi, G<mask>. “A Front Tracking Method for Viscous Incompressible Flows“ J. Comput. Phys.100 (1992), 25–37. G<mask>. “Numerical Simulation of the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability“ J. Comput. Phys, 75 (1988), 253–282. G<mask> and H. Aref. “Numerical Experiments on Hele Shaw Flow with a Sharp Interface“ J. Fluid Mech., 136 (1983), 1-30. Books

 A. Prosperetti and G<mask> (editors and main contributors).Computational Methods for Multiphase Flow. Cambridge University Press, 2007. Paperback edition 2009. G<mask>, R. Scardovelli and S. Zaleski. Direct Numerical Simulations of Gas-Liquid Multiphase Flows. Cambridge


title: Gretar Tryggvason

texts:
 University Press. 2011.G<mask> and D. Apelian (editors and contributors). Shaping Our World: Engineering Education for the 21st Century. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2011

References

External links
Bio - University of Notre Dame
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Profile at ACM Portal

Fluid dynamicists
Computational fluid dynamicists
Living people
Icelandic emigrants to the United States
Brown University School of Engineering alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
21st-century American engineers
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
1956 births
University of Michigan


title: Reed Crandall

texts:
<mask> (February 22, 1917 – September 13, 1982) was an American illustrator and penciller of comic books and magazines. He was best known for the 1940s Quality Comics' Blackhawk and for stories in EC Comics during the 1950s. <mask> was inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2009. Biography

Early life and career
<mask> was born in Winslow, Indiana, the son of <mask> and wife. One cousin was reportedly official Grand Teton National Park resident artist and photographer <mask>. (There is no verification that <mask> is related to <mask>) <mask> graduated from Newton High School in Newton, Kansas, in 1935, and then attended the Cleveland School of Art in Cleveland, Ohio, on a scholarship. He graduated in 1939.His father died in the spring of <mask>'s freshman year at art school, which <mask> left temporarily to return to Kansas. His mother and sister moved to Cleveland during <mask>'s junior year. With his schoolmate Frank Borth, <mask> found work painting signs on storefront windows. <mask>'s art influences included the painters and commercial illustrators N.C. Wyeth, Howard Pyle and James Montgomery Flagg. Another classmate, the son of the president of the Cleveland-based Newspaper Enterprise Association syndicate, recommended <mask> for a job at NEA as a general art assistant, where <mask> drew maps and other supporting material. Following his desire to be a magazine illustrator, <mask> unsuccessfully made the rounds of glossy magazines in New York City and Philadelphia, and at some point did a small amount of work for a children's book publisher. Moving to New York with his mother and sister, Crandall found work in the fledgling medium of comic books, joining the Eisner and Iger Studio, an early comic-book packager that supplied complete, outsourced comics for

masks:
Reed Leonard Crandall
Crandall
Reed Crandall
Rayburn Crandall
Harrison Crandall
Reed
Harrison Crandall
Crandall
Crandall
Crandall
Crandall
Crandall
Crandall
Crandall
Crandall
Crandall


title: Reed Crandall

texts:
 publishers.Quality Comics

<mask> drew for comic books from 1939 until 1973. His first work appears in comics from publisher Quality Comics, for which he drew stories starring such superheroes as the Ray (in Smash Comics, beginning in 1941 and initially under the playful pseudonym E. Lectron) and Doll Man (first in Feature Comics in 1941, then in the character's own solo title). His earliest confirmed cover art is for Fiction House's Fight Comics #12 (April 1941) at the Grand Comics Database. Other early  work includes inking the pencil art of future industry legend Jack Kirby on two of the earliest Captain America stories, "The Ageless Orientals That Wouldn't Die", in Captain America Comics #2 (April 1941), and "The Queer Case of the Murdering Butterfly and the Ancient Mummies" in #3 (May 1941). With S.M. "Jerry" Iger credited as writer, <mask> co-created the superhero the Firebrand in Quality's Police Comics #1 (Aug. 1941) and began his long run as artist of his signature series, the World War II aviator-team strip "Blackhawk", in Military Comics #12-22 (Oct. 1942 - Sept. 1943) and, after his WWII service in the Army Air Force, in Blackhawk and in Modern Comics. During this time he also drew the adventures of Captain Triumph in Quality's Crack Comics.His final "Blackhawk" work was a seven-page story, plus the cover, for Blackhawk #67 (Aug. 1953). EC Comics and afterward
<mask> went on to become a mainstay of EC Comics, whose line of hit horror and science fiction titles would become as influential to future generations of comics creators as they were controversial in their own time due to their often graphic nature and mature themes. Joining a group that included artists Johnny Craig, Jack Davis, Will Elder, Frank Frazetta, Graham Ingels, Jack Kamen, Bernard Krigstein and

masks: Crandall Crandall Crandall


title: Reed Crandall

texts: Wally Wood, <mask> made his debut there with the six-page story "Bloody Sure", written by Al Feldstein, in The Haunt of Fear #20 (August 1953). He drew dozens of stories across a variety of genres for the EC anthologies Crime SuspenStories, Shock SuspenStories, Tales from the Crypt, Two-Fisted Tales, The Vault of Horror, Extra!, Impact, Piracy, and Weird Fantasy and its sequel series, Weird Science-Fantasy. Following the demise of EC in the wake of the 1954 U.S. Senate hearings on juvenile delinquency and a wave of anti-comics sentiment, <mask> freelanced for Atlas Comics, the 1950s iteration of Marvel Comics, as well as for the Gilberton Company's Classics Illustrated. <mask>'s work for Classics Illustrated consisted of joint projects with EC veteran George Evans on four titles: No. 18, The Hunchback of Notre Dame (Fall 1960); No.23, Oliver  Twist (Fall 1961); No. 68, Julius Caesar (1962); No. 168, In Freedom's Cause (completed 1962; published UK 1963; published US 1969). In 1960, he went under contract with the publisher of Treasure Chest, a comic book distributed exclusively through parochial schools. <mask> illustrated many covers and countless stories for Treasure Chest through 1972. In 1964, he illustrated books by Edgar Rice Burroughs for Canaveral Press. The following year,  he began contributing to Warren Publishing's black-and-white war-comics magazine Blazing Combat, and soon went on to contribute to the company's line of black-and-white horror publications, including Creepy and Eerie.In the mid-to-late 1960s, he illustrated superhero-espionage stories for Tower Comics, and space opera science fiction in King Features Syndicate's King Comics comic-book version of the syndicate's long-running hero Flash Gordon. In June 1970, <mask> and Buster Crabbe were guests at the

masks: Crandall Reed Crandall Crandall Crandall


title: Reed Crandall

texts:
 Multicon-70 convention in Oklahoma City. Final years
<mask>, who had left New York City in the 1960s in order to care for his ailing mother in Wichita, Kansas, had developed alcoholism. Recovering by the time of his mother's death, he nonetheless suffered debilitated health and left art in 1974 to work as a night watchman and janitor for the Pizza Hut general headquarters in Wichita. After suffering a stroke that year, he spent his remaining life in a nursing home and died in 1982 of a heart attack. One of his last published stories, "This Graveyard Is Not Deserted", appeared in Creepy #54 (July 1973). Creepy #58 contained "Soul and Shadow", possibly his last published comic book work.<mask> married artist Martha Hamilton, and they had two children. Their daughter, artist <mask>, had three children. Their son, Navy veteran <mask>. "Spike" <mask> (Sept. 8, 1945-July 2, 2005), an artist who owned and operated Crandall's Creations (Clarkesville, Georgia), had a daughter, Samantha Pledger, and three grandchildren. Awards and tributes
<mask> was inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2009. He is referenced in Michael Chabon's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay. The fictional character Joe Kavalier refers to <mask> as the "top" comic-book artist of his era. References

External links
"Tower Comics Checklist", Comic Book Artist #14 (July 2001)
"Crandall, Reed", at the Social Security Death Index

1917 births
1982 deaths
American comics artists
American illustrators
Golden Age comics creators
People from Pike County, Indiana
Silver Age comics creators
Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees
Cleveland School of Art alumni
EC Comics
Artists from Indiana
20th-century American artists
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World

masks:
Crandall
Family Crandall
Cathy Crandall
Reed L
Crandall
Crandall
Crandall


title: Egmont Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld

texts:
<mask> (14 July 1918 – 12 March 1944) was a Luftwaffe night fighter flying ace of royal descent during World War II. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat. <mask> was credited with 51 aerial victories, all of them claimed in nocturnal combat missions. <mask> was born on 14 July 1918 in Salzburg, Austria and joined the infantry of the Austrian Bundesheer in 1936. He transferred to the emerging Luftwaffe, initially serving as a reconnaissance pilot in the Zerstörergeschwader 76 (ZG 76), before he transferred to the night fighter force. He claimed his first aerial victory on the night of 16 to 17 November 1940. By the end of March, he had accumulated 21 aerial victories for which he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 16 April 1942.He received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 2 August 1943, for 45 aerial victories. He was promoted to Major and tasked with leading Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 (NJG 5) in January 1944, before he and his crew were killed in a flight accident on 12 March 1944. Personal life

<mask> <mask> <mask>-Weißenfeld was born on 14 July 1918 in Salzburg, Austro-Hungarian Empire as a member of a cadet branch of the ruling House of Lippe. His father was Prince Alfred of Lippe-Weissenfeld and his mother was born Countess Anna von Goëß. <mask> was the only son of four children. His sisters Carola, Sophie and Theodora were all younger than Egmont. The family lived in an old castle in Upper Austria called Alt Wartenburg.At birth he had a remote chance of succeeding to the throne of the Principality of Lippe, a small

masks:
Egmont Prinz zur Lippe Weißenfeld
Prinz zur Lippe Weißenfeld
Prinz zur Lippe Weißenfeld
Egmont
Prinz
zur Lippe
Egmont


title: Egmont Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld

texts:
 state within the German Empire. However, only months after his birth, Germany became a republic and all the German royal houses were forced to abdicate. <mask> <mask>-Weißenfeld in his younger years was very enthusiastic about the mountains and wildlife. From his fourteenth year he participated in hunting. At the same time he was also very much interested in music and sports and discovered his love for flying at the Gaisberg near Salzburg. Here he attended the glider flying school of the Austrian Aëro Club. He attended a basic flying course with the second air regiment in Graz and Wiener Neustadt even before he joined the military service.<mask> <mask>-Weißenfeld never married or had children. In January 1941 he became acquainted with Hannelore Ide, nicknamed Idelein. She was a secretary for a Luftgau. The two shared a close relationship and spent as much time together as the war permitted, listening to music and sailing on the IJsselmeer until his death in 1944. Military service
<mask> <mask>-Weißenfeld joined the Austrian Bundesheer in 1936 at the age of 18, initially serving in the infantry. In the aftermaths of the 1938 Anschluss, the incorporation of Austria into Greater Germany by Nazi Germany, he transferred to the German Luftwaffe and was promoted to Leutnant in 1939. He had earned his Luftwaffe Pilots Badge on 5 October 1938 and underwent further training at Fürstenfeldbruck, Schleißheim and Vienna-Aspern.His Luftwaffe career started with the II. Gruppe (2nd group) of the Zerstörergeschwader 76 (ZG 76) before he was transferred to the night fighter wing Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1) on 4 August 1940. The unit was based at Gütersloh

masks:
Prinz
zur Lippe
Prinz
zur Lippe
Prinz
zur Lippe


title: Egmont Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld

texts:
 where he familiarised himself with the methods of the night fighters. Night fighter career

Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, Royal Air Force (RAF) attacks shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign. By mid-1940, Generalmajor (Brigadier General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector named a Himmelbett (canopy bed) would direct the night fighter into visual range with target bombers.In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the Lichtenstein radar. This airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942. By the summer of 1940, the first night fighters were transferred to Leeuwarden in the Netherlands. <mask> <mask>-Weißenfeld was one of the pilots included in this small detachment. As early as 20 October 1940, he had taken over command of an independent night fighter commando at Schiphol and later at Bergen. On his first encounter with the Royal Air Force (RAF) bomber, in the night of 16 to 17 November 1940, he claimed a Vickers Wellington bomber from No. 115 Squadron RAF shot down at 02:05 hours.His second victory was claimed on the night of 15 January 1941, when he shot down an Armstrong Whitworth Whitley N1521 of the Linton-on-Ouse based No. 58 Squadron RAF over the northern Netherlands, near the Dutch coast in the Zwanenwater at a nature reserve at Callantsoog. He was wounded in action on 13 March 1941, while flying Bf 110 D-2 (Werknummer 3376 – factory

masks:
Prinz
zur Lippe


title: Egmont Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld

texts: number) of the 4./NJG 1 with his radio operator Josef Renette when he made an emergency landing at Bergen after their aircraft was hit by the defence fire, wounding them both. Shortly after midnight on 10 April 1941, <mask> <mask>-Weißenfeld claimed a No. 12 Squadron RAF Wellington over the IJsselmeer, raising NJG 1's victory score to 100. This achievement was celebrated at the Amstel Hotel in Amsterdam with General Kammhuber, Wolfgang Falck, Werner Streib, Helmut Lent and others attending. On 30 June 1941 while flying Bf 110 C-4 (Werknummer 3273) on a practice intercept mission over North Holland, he collided with Bf 110 C-7 (Werknummer 2075) piloted by Leutnant Rudolf Schoenert of the 4./NJG 1 and crashed near Bergen aan Zee.On 19 June 1941 he earned his first of four references in the daily Wehrmachtbericht, a daily bulletin from the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces). By end July 1941, his number of aerial victory claims stood at eleven. Promoted to Oberleutnant he became Staffelkapitän of the 5th Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 2 (NJG 2—2nd Night Fighter Wing) on 1 November 1941. By the end of 1941, he had claimed a total of 15 aerial victories. He was awarded the German Cross in Gold () on 25 January 1942 and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 16 April 1942 after he had shot down 4 RAF bombers in the night of 26 to 27 March 1942, his score standing at 21 aerial victories. Promoted to Hauptmann, Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld was made Gruppenkommandeur of the I. Gruppe (1st group) of Nachtjagdgeschwader 3 (NJG 3—3rd Night Fighter Wing) on 15 October 1942, where he claimed two further aerial victories. He was


title: Egmont Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld

texts:
 transferred again, taking command of the III.Gruppe (3rd group) of NJG 1 on 11 June 1943. One month later he claimed his 45th aerial victory for which he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves () on 2 August 1943. The presentation was made by Adolf Hitler at the Wolf's Lair, Hitler's headquarters in Rastenburg, present-day Kętrzyn in Poland on 10/11 August. Five other Luftwaffe officers were presented with awards that day by Hitler, Hauptmann Heinrich Ehrler, Oberleutnant Joachim Kirschner, Hauptmann Manfred Meurer, Hauptmann Werner Schröer, Oberleutnant Theodor Weissenberger were also awarded the Oak Leaves, and Major Helmut Lent received the Swords to his Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves. Wing commander and death

After a one-month hospital stay, Prinz <mask>nfeld was promoted to Major and made Geschwaderkommodore of Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 (NJG 5—5th Night Fighter Wing) on 20 February 1944. He and his crew, Oberfeldwebel Josef Renette and Unteroffizier Kurt Röber, were killed in a flying accident on 12 March 1944 on a routine flight from Parchim to Athies-sous-Laon. Above Belgium, they seem to have encountered a bad weather zone with low clouds and a dense snowstorm and it was assumed that the aircraft hit the high Ardennes ground after being forced to fly lower because of ice forming on the wings.The exact circumstances of this flight may never be known, the Bf 110 G-4 C9+CD (Werknummer 720 010—factory number) crashed into the Ardennes mountains near St. Hubert where the completely burned-out wreck was found the following day. The funeral service was held in the city church of Linz on 15 March 1944. <mask> <mask>

masks: zurppeße Prinz Egmont


title: Egmont Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld

texts:
 <mask>-Weißenfeld and <mask> Heinrich zu Sayn-Wittgenstein are buried side by side at Ysselsteyn in the Netherlands. Summary of career

Aerial victory claims
According to Obermaier, <mask> <mask>-Weißenfeld was credited with 51 nocturnal aerial victories. Foreman, Matthews and Parry, authors of Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945, list 50 nocturnal victory claims, numerically ranging from 1 to 50. His 49th claim is numerically labeled as his 59th victory. Matthews and Foreman also published Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, listing <mask> <mask>-Weißenfeld with 47 claims, plus four further unconfirmed claims.Awards
Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe in Gold
Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class (17 December 1940)
 1st Class (17 January 1941)
Wound Badge in Black
German Cross in Gold on 25 January 1942 as Oberleutnant in the 5./Nachtjagdgeschwader 2
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 Knight's Cross on 16 April 1942 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 5./Nachtjagdgeschwader 2
 263rd Oak Leaves on 2 August 1943  as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of the III./Nachtjagdgeschwader 1

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Scutts, Jerry (1998). German Night Fighter Aces of World War 2. Osprey Publishing. .

1918 births
1944 deaths
Austrian soldiers
Luftwaffe pilots
German World War II flying aces
German military personnel killed in World War II
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents
Military personnel from Salzburg
Egmont
Burials at Ysselsteyn

masks:
zur Lippe
Prinz
Prinz
zur Lippe
Prinz
zur Lippe


title: Miguel Ricardo de Álava

texts:
<mask>, KB, MWO (7 July 1770 – 14 July 1843) was a Spanish General and statesman who served as Prime Minister of Spain in 1835. He was born in the Basque Country, at Vitoria-Gasteiz, in 1770. <mask> holds the distinction of having been present at both Trafalgar and Waterloo, fighting against the British at the former and with them at the latter. Alava served as a naval aide-de-camp during the time of Spain's alliance with France but switched sides in 1808 when Napoleon invaded Spain. The Spanish Cortes appointed him commissary (military attaché) at the British Army Headquarters, and the Duke of Wellington, who regarded him with great favour, made him one of his aides de camp. Before the close of the campaign he had risen to the rank of brigadier-general. Later he joined the headquarters of the British Peninsular Army as a military attaché and became a close friend of the Duke of Wellington.During the Waterloo Campaign in 1815, Alava was the Spanish ambassador to The Hague at the court of King William I of the Netherlands, which allowed him to attend the Duchess of Richmond's ball and to be at Wellington's side during the Battle of Waterloo. Early life

Born into a noble family of naval tradition, he was the son of Pedro Jacinto <mask> y Navarrete and María Manuela <mask> y Peralta. His uncle was Ignacio María <mask>, renowned officer who became the Captain general of the Navy in 1817. He married his cousin María Loreto <mask> y Equível, a grandchild of the Marquesses of Legarda, in 1813. Between 1781 and 1790 he completed his school studies at the , an institution dedicated to the education of sons of noblemen run by the Real Sociedad Bascongada de Amigos del País. In 1785, at age 13, he entered as a cadet in the

masks:
Miguel Ricardo de Álava y Esquivel
Álava
de Álava
de Esquvel
de Álava
de Arriola


title: Miguel Ricardo de Álava

texts:
 Infantry Regiment of Seville n. 11, lead at the time by his other uncle, <mask> <mask>, reaching the rank of second lieutenant in 1787. After his time in the infantry, and coinciding with the end of his studies, he entered the Navy in 1790, possibly attracted by the distinguished figure of his uncle, Ignacio Maria <mask>.He joined different ships from which he participated in multiple military actions by the Spanish navy against France and England: in Ceuta, the Siege of Toulon and in Italy, which, together with his well connected family, allowed him to rapidly escalate. In 1794 he was already a frigate lieutenant. Embarked with his uncle Ignacio in 1795 on an expedition that sought to travel around the world, he remained in South America until 1800. <mask> returned to Spain following orders he had received three years earlier, but was captured by the English. He was released several months later and in 1801 he was back in Spain. In 1802 he was posted in Cádiz, where he was promoted to lieutenant of the ship. On his return to Cádiz in 1805, he was assigned to the fleet commanded by Admiral Gravina.After the expedition to Martinique, conceived by Napoleon as a diversionary maneuver for the Royal Navy, he intervened in the Finisterre skirmish. On October 21, he participated in the Battle of Trafalgar under the orders of Gravina aboard the Príncipe de Asturias while his uncle Ignacio captained the Santa Ana. After the fateful combat, he would be promoted once again. War of the Third Coalition
Álava served first in the Navy, and had risen to be captain of a frigate when he transferred into the army, receiving corresponding rank. He was present as a Marine at the Battle of Trafalgar on board the 112-gun Santa Ana,

masks:
José de
Álava
de Álava
Álava


title: Miguel Ricardo de Álava

texts:
 which was the flagship of his uncle, Admiral <mask>. Peninsular War
At the assembly of Bayonne in 1808, he was one of the most prominent of those who accepted the new constitution from Joseph Bonaparte as King of Spain. After the national rising against French aggression, and the defeat of General Dupont at Bailen in 1808, Álava joined the national independence party, who were fighting in alliance with the British forces in the peninsula.At the end of January 1810 he was ordered to move to Portugal in order to communicate Wellington the difficult military situation in that they were against the French. During this stay a friendship between Wellington and Alava was created, to the point that the Duke had him remain as delegate of the Spanish forces in the British units. He was promoted to Brigadier by express recommendation of Wellington. He saw action in the battles of Salamanca, Vitoria, Bussaco and at the Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, as well as taking part in the storming of Badajoz. Hundred Days

On the restoration of Ferdinand, <mask> was cast into prison, but the influence of his uncle Ethenard, the Inquisitor, and of Wellington secured his speedy release. He soon contrived to gain the favour of the King, who appointed him ambassador to The Hague in 1815. As a result of this, he was present at the Battle of Waterloo with Wellington's staff.<mask> stuck close to the Duke during the Battle. Like Wellington, and unlike many of his staff, <mask> survived the battle without sustaining any wound although Wellington and his staff were in the thick of the action, with the Duke declaring to Alava: "The hand of Almighty God has been upon me this day". <mask> is presumed to have been the only man on the Coalition side who

masks:
Ignacio Álava
Álava
Álava
Álava
Álava


title: Miguel Ricardo de Álava

texts:
 contacts that, in some cases, went beyond the strictly professional sphere. Thus, in September 1813, William II of the Netherlands, at the time Prince of Orange, with whom he fought during the Napoleonic campaigns, congratulated him on his impending marriage and asked him, in a relaxed tone, to invite him to the ceremony, which Álava happily did. The French queen consort, María Amalia, wrote to him about her daughter's future wedding and other family concerns.Nonetheless, it was the Duke of Wellington who was probably <mask>'s greatest admirer and friend, who gained the iron duke's trust when he served as his aide-de-camp during the fight against the French. The novelist <mask> Arenas wrote a historical novel about the intervention of General <mask> as Wellington's aide-de-camp in the Battle of Waterloo,  Álava en Waterloo , published in Barcelona in 2012. Frequent and honourable mention of <mask> is made in Napier's History of the Peninsular War, and his name is often met both in lives of the Duke of Wellington and in his correspondence. There are currently three monuments dedicated to him, namely the Monument to the Battle of Vitoria in Plaza de la Virgen Blanca and two statues, at the Diputación Foral de Álava and Museum of the Armoury, all of them in Vitoria, Spain. Quotation
 Aversion to certain English words

Notes

References

Attribution

|-

|-

1770 births
1843 deaths
People from Vitoria-Gasteiz
Spanish untitled nobility
Progressive Party (Spain) politicians
Prime Ministers of Spain
Foreign ministers of Spain
Government ministers of Spain
Members of the Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Politicians from the Basque Country (autonomous community)
Spanish generals
Spanish diplomats
Spanish commanders of the

masks: Álava Ildefonso Álava Álava


title: Lee Kranefuss

texts:
<mask> (born September 27, 1961) is an American businessman, investment manager, corporate adviser, and entrepreneur. Kranefuss started and ran the iShares series of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) for Barclays Global Investors (BGI), the asset management arm of Britain's Barclays Bank. BGI was acquired by BlackRock in December 2009. Kranefuss saw the opportunity to commercialize and grow the extant but immaterial ETF industry that had developed by the time iShares was launched in 2000, and is credited with driving ETFs from a novelty product to a mainstream investment choice through aggressive education and promotion of the iShares line. By the end of 2009, global ETF assets exceeded a trillion dollars globally, with nearly half the total in the iShares funds. In 2012, Kranefuss associated with private equity firm Warburg Pincus. Subsequently, in 2014, acquiring over 50% of Source ETFs, a leading European ETF provider.The firm was successfully sold to Invesco in 2017

In 2016, Kranefuss and associates Vinay Nair and Bruce Lavine (former head of iShares Europe and then COO and President of Wisdom Tree) announced the formation of 55 Capital Partners. Kranefuss has since left his daily and strategic oversight roles with that firm. In mid-2017, Kranefuss announced he was working on a disruptive web-based application to enable better investment planning. The software is aimed at both individual investors as well as professional advisors. His intent is to build a very intuitive and experiential tools for investment planning, leveraging current machine-learning, classification, and other techniques. Career
In 1997 Kranefuss joined Barclays Global Investors (BGI), the company that invented index


title: J. Rosamond Johnson

texts:
<mask> (August 11, 1873 – November 11, 1954, usually referred to as J<mask>) was an American composer and singer during the Harlem Renaissance. Born in Jacksonville, Florida, he had much of his career in New York City. <mask> is noted as the composer of the hymn "Lift Every Voice and Sing”. It was first performed live by 500 Black American students from the segregated Stanton School (elementary/middle/junior high-level), Jacksonville, Florida, in 1900. The song was published by Joseph W. Stern & Co., Manhattan, New York (later the Edward B. Marks Music Company). J<mask> was the younger brother of poet and activist <mask>, who wrote the lyrics for "Lift Every Voice and Sing".The two also worked together in causes related to the NAACP. Biography
J<mask> <mask> was born on August 11, 1873, the son of Helen Louise Dillet, a native of Nassau, Bahamas, and <mask>. His maternal great-grandmother, Hester Argo, had escaped from Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) during the revolutionary upheaval in 1802, along with her three young children, including (<mask>'s grandfather Stephen Dillet (1797–1880). Although originally headed to Cuba, their boat was intercepted by privateers and they were brought to Nassau, Bahamas instead. There they permanently settled. In 1833 Stephen Dillet was the first man of color to win election to the Bahamian legislature. <mask> was trained at the New England Conservatory and then studied in London.His career began as a public school teacher in his hometown of Jacksonville, Florida. Traveling to New York, he began his show business career along with his brother and composer Bob Cole. As a songwriting team, they wrote works such as The Evolution of Ragtime (1903). Among the earliest works by the group was a suite of six songs of "Negro" music. The men also produced two successful Broadway operettas with casts of black actors: Shoo-Fly Regiment of 1906 and The Red Moon of 1908. <mask> also performed in these operettas. He played a Tuskegee soldier who enlists in the Spanish–American War in The Shoo Fly Regiment and portrayed

masks:
John Rosamond Johnson
. Rosamond Johnson
Johnson
. Rosamond Johnson
James Weldon Johnson
. Rosamond
Johnson
James Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson


title: J. Rosamond Johnson

texts: African-American Plunk Green opposite Abbie Mitchell’s Minnehaha, a mixed Indian/black woman, in The Red Moon.These performances went beyond theatre. <mask>, alongside his brother and Cole, evoked a political presence in their inclusion of other races in their musicals. In The Red Moon, Cole and <mask> broke racial lines as they included a love scene between <mask>’s Green and Mitchell’s Minnehaha. This spotlight on Native Americans was so well received that <mask> was inducted as a ‘sub-chief’ into the Iroquois tribe of Montreal’s Caughnawaga Reservation, which had a majority population of ethnic Mohawk people. Cole and the <mask> brothers also created and produced several "white" musicals: Sleeping Beauty and the Beast in 1901, In Newport in 1904, and Humpty Dumpty in 1904. <mask> would also collaborate to create Hello Paris with J. Leubrie Hill in 1911. <mask> was active in various musical roles during his career.He toured the vaudeville circuit and, after Cole's 1911 death, began a successful tour with Charles Hart and Tom Brown. In London, he wrote music for a theater review from 1912 to 1913 serving a long residency. After returning to the United States, New York's Music School Settlement for Colored — founded by the New York Symphony Orchestra's David Mannes — appointed him as director where he served from 1914 to 1919. J<mask> <mask> served as the first Deputy Marshal for the historic Negro Silent Protest Parade in 1917. <mask> also toured with his own ensembles, The Harlem Rounders and The Inimitable Five. He also performed in Negro spiritual concerts with Emmanuel Taylor Gordon, including at Aeolian Hall in Manhattan. The London production of Lew Leslie's Blackbirds of 1936 engaged <mask> as musical director.During the 1930s, <mask> also sang the role of Frazier in the original production of Gershwin's Porgy and Bess, taking roles in other dramas as well. He reprised his role as Frazier on the 1951 studio recording of Porgy and Bess. As an editor, he collected four important works of traditional African-American songs. The

masks:
Rosamond
Johnson
Rosamond
Rosamond
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
. Rosamond
Johson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson


title: J. Rosamond Johnson

texts:
 first two of these song collections he compiled along with his brother <mask>: The Book of American Negro Spirituals (1925) and The Second Book of Negro Spirituals (1926). In addition, <mask> edited Shoutsongs (1936) and the folksong anthology Rolling Along in Song (1937). He died on November 11, 1954 in New York City. His widow, Nora E. Floyd <mask>, died in 1969.Musical works

 The Shoo-Fly Regiment (1906), Broadway operetta
 The Red Moon (1908), Broadway operetta
 The Sleeping Beauty and the Beast (1901),  musical
 My Castle On The Nile, song (1901)
 My heart's desiah is Miss Mariah (1901), song
 In Newport (1904), musical
 Humpty Dumpty (1904), musical
 Mr. Lode of Koal (1909), musical
 Come Over Here (1912), musical
 "The Maiden with the Dreamy Eyes", song
 "Didn't He Ramble", song
 "Li'l Gal", song
 "Since You Went Away", song
 "Lift Every Voice and Sing", song
 "The Siberian Dip" (1911), ragtime instrumental

See also

The Frogs (club)
African American musical theater

Notes

References
 Southern, Eileen. The Music of Black Americans: A History. W. W. Norton & Company; 3rd edition. Yenser, Thomas (editor), Who's Who in Colored America: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Persons of African Descent in America, Who's Who in Colored America, Brooklyn, New York, 1930-1931-1932 (Third Edition)
 Paula Marie Seniors, Beyond Lift Every Voice and Sing: The Culture of Uplift, Identity, and Culture in Black Musical Theater

External links

The J. Rosamond <mask> Papers at Yale University Music Library

1873 births
1954 deaths
20th-century African-American people
African-American classical composers
African-American classical musicians
African-American male classical composers
American classical composers
American male classical composers
American musical theatre composers
American operetta composers
American people of Bahamian descent
American people of French descent
American people of Haitian descent
Male musical theatre composers
Male operetta composers
New England Conservatory alumni
People from Jacksonville, Florida
Vaudeville

masks: James Johnson Johnson Johnson


title: Toni Blum

texts:
<mask> (c. January 12, 1918 – 1972 or 1973) was an American comic book writer active during the 1930s and 1940s "Golden Age of Comic Books", known for her work with Quality Comics and other publishers and as one of the first female comics professionals in what was then an almost entirely male industry. Known professionally as <mask>, she was the daughter of comics artist <mask> and the wife of comics artist Bill Bossert. She was also known as Audrey Anthony Blossert. Biography

Early life and career
<mask> was born in Pennsylvania, the daughter of Jewish artists Alexander Anthony "Alex<mask> and <mask>. Together with her younger brother, the family lived in the Germantown section of Philadelphia. During the Great Depression, <mask>'s career as a portrait painter evaporated, leading the family to move to New York City, New York, seeking work. In 1938, she became a staff writer at the Manhattan studio Eisner & Iger, one of the era's comics "packagers" that would supply comic-book content on demand to publishers testing the emerging medium.She lived at the time with her family on 91st or 92nd Street near Park Avenue in Manhattan. Her father also worked at Eisner & Iger, joining the studio either before or after her. There, sometimes in collaboration with him, she wrote stories under a variety of pseudonyms, among them Tony Boone, Anthony Bloom, and <mask>, as well as <mask>, <mask>, <mask> and possibly Bob Anthony, and Tony Adams, Anthony Lamb, Anthony Brooks, and possibly Jack Anthony, A. L. Allen, Tom Alexander, Tom

masks:
Audrey Anthony Blum
Toni Blum
Alex Blum
Toni Blum
" Blum
Helen Blum
Alex Blum
Tony Blum
Toni Boone
Toni Boon
Toni Adams


title: Toni Blum

texts:
 Russell, and Bjorn Tagens. She became best known, however, as <mask>, and was called that by her co-workers. Aside from comics writer-artist and company principal Will Eisner, Blum was the shop's only writer. Her future husband, Eisner & Iger artist Bill Bossert, recalled of her working method,

Owing to her collection of pen names, historians are uncertain of her earliest comic-book scripts. Who's Who of American Comic Books, 1928-1999 lists her as writer, from 1936 to 1937, of the two-page feature "The Vikings", which ran in issues #1-19 (cover-dated Dec. 1935 - Dec. 1937) of one of the earliest comic books, National Allied Publications' New Comics (renamed New Adventure Comics with issue #7).<mask> is also tentatively identified as the author of the two-page text fillers "Treasure Hunt" Parts 1 & 2 in Action Comics #15-16 (Aug.-Sept. 1939), bylined "Jack Anthony". That title's publisher, Detective Comics Inc., one of the firms that would coalesce to become DC Comics, was not known to use comics packagers for its content, however. Following a handful of other tentative credits, <mask>'s first confirmed work, bylined "Anthony Brooks", is the six-page "Vladim the Voodoo Master", starring Yarko the Great, Master Magician, in Fox Comics' Blue Beetle #1 (Winter 1939-40). Pioneering female comics creator
<mask> co-created numerous features for Eisner & Iger clients. In Quality Comics' National Comics #1 (July 1940) alone, she introduced the aviation strip "Prop Powers", with the possibly pseudonymous artist Clark Williams;

masks:
Toni Blum
Blum
Blum
Blum


title: Toni Blum

texts: "Sally O'Neil, Policewoman", with artist Chuck Mazoujian; and "Wonder Boy", with artist John Celardo. Through 1943, she scripted a large number of Quality Comics features at various times, including "Black Condor", "Dollman", "Kid Patrol", "Lion Boy", "The Ray", "The Red Bee", "Stormy Foster", and "Uncle Sam" She also wrote numerous text fillers both for Quality and for Fiction House, many of the latter bylined "Tom Alexander". The only female employee of the shop, the "young, attractive, intelligent"  aspiring playwright Blum briefly dated Eisner, who depicted their relationship in his semiautobiographical graphic novel The Dreamer, with Blum renamed Andrea Budd.She was treated respectfully in the otherwise all-male studio, save for one encounter involving artist George Tuska punching fellow artist Bob Powell over a remark the latter made regarding Blum. As publisher and historian Denis Kitchen wrote, "Tuska, like Eisner, had a crush on office mate <mask> but was too shy to make his move. The actual provocation that inflamed Tuska, Eisner privately said, was Powell's loud assertion that he 'could fuck [<mask>] anytime' he wanted. After decking Powell, Tuska stood over his prostrate coworker and in a voice Eisner described as Lon Chaney Jr. in Of Mice and Men said, 'You shouldn't ought to have said that, Bob.'" <mask> fell in love with another of the staff artists, Bill Bossert, marrying him sometime during World War II, and together eventually having three children. Following Eisner's departure from Eisner & Iger to

masks:
Toni Blum
Toni Blum
Blum


title: Toni Blum

texts:
 launch his Sunday-newspaper comic-book insert, "The Spirit Section", in 1940, <mask> became ghost writer of its title feature "The Spirit" for a time in 1942, while Eisner did World War II U.S. military service. One source also lists her as a writer for a companion feature, "Lady Luck", in 1940.A different source includes her among the post-Eisner S. M. Iger Studio personnel in the 1940s who adapted literary novels and stories for Classics Illustrated comics, for which her father <mask> drew many issues. Later life
After Bill Bossert's July 1945 return from the U.S. Army, where he had been a captain and a paratrooper during World War II, Bossert and <mask> had a son, Tom, and a daughter, Jill, and moved to Pleasantville, New York, where Blum became a housewife and Bossert a graphic designer. They later had a second son, Robin. Blum developed breast cancer, surviving for five years and undergoing chemotherapy, and died in 1973, according to Bossert in an interview conducted in the late 2000s, or 1972, per Who's Who of American Comic Books, 1928-1999. Legacy
While a handful of women artists worked in comics during the 1930s and 1940s era collectors and fans call the Golden Age of Comic Books, Blum is among the only female comics writers of that era, along with Ruth Roche and writer-artist Tarpé Mills. See also
List of women in comics

References

1918 births
1970s deaths
Year of death uncertain
American comics writers
Female comics writers
Golden Age comics creators
People from Pleasantville, New York
20th-century American

masks:
Blum
Alex Blum
Blum


title: Mangal Pandey

texts:
<mask> was an Indian soldier who played a key part in the events immediately preceding the outbreak of the Indian rebellion of 1857. He was a sepoy (infantryman) in the 34th Bengal Native Infantry (BNI) regiment of the British East India Company. In 1984, the Indian government issued a postage stamp to remember him. His life and actions have also been portrayed in several cinematic productions. Early life

<mask> was born in Nagwa, a village of upper Ballia district, Ceded and Conquered Provinces (now in Uttar Pradesh), to a Hindu Brahmin family. <mask> had joined the Bengal Army in 1849. In March 1857, he was a private soldier (sepoy) in the 5th Company of the 34th Bengal Native Infantry.Mutiny
On the afternoon of 29 March 1857, Lieutenant Baugh, Adjutant of the 34th Bengal Native Infantry, then stationed at Barrackpore was informed that several men of his regiment were in an excited state. Further, it was reported to him that one of them, <mask> <mask>, was pacing in front of the regiment's guard room by the parade ground, armed with a loaded musket, calling upon the men to rebel and threatening to shoot the first European that he set eyes on. Testimony at a subsequent enquiry recorded that Pandey, unsettled by unrest amongst the sepoys and intoxicated by the narcotic bhang, had seized his weapons and run to the quarter-guard building upon learning that a detachment of British soldiers was disembarking from a steamer near the cantonment. Baugh immediately armed himself and galloped on his horse to the lines. Pandey took position behind the station gun, which was in front of the quarter-guard of the 34th, took aim at Baugh and fired. He missed Baugh, but the bullet struck his horse in the flank bringing both the horse and its rider down. Baugh quickly disentangled himself and, seizing one of his pistols, advanced towards Pandey and

masks:
Mangal Pandey
Mangal Pandey
Mangal Pandey
Mangal
Pandey


title: Mangal Pandey

texts: fired.He missed. Before Baugh could draw his sword, <mask> attacked him with a talwar (a heavy Indian sword) and closing with the adjutant, slashed Baugh on the shoulder and neck and brought him to the ground. It was then that another sepoy, Shaikh Paltu, intervened and tried to restrain Pandey even as he tried to reload his musket. A British Sergeant-Major named Hewson had arrived on the parade ground, summoned by a native officer, before Baugh. He had ordered Jemadar Ishwari Prasad, the Indian officer in command of the quarter-guard, to arrest Pandey. To this, the jemadar stated that his NCOs had gone for help and that he could not take Pandey by himself. In response Hewson ordered Ishwari Prasad to fall in the guard with loaded weapons.In the meantime, Baugh had arrived on the field shouting 'Where is he? Where is he?' Hewson in reply called out to Baugh, 'Ride to the right, sir, for your life. The sepoy will fire at you!' At that point Pandey fired. Hewson had charged towards <mask> as he was fighting with Lieutenant Baugh. While confronting Pandey, Hewson was knocked to the ground from behind by a blow from Pandey's musket.The sound of the firing had brought other sepoys from the barracks; they remained mute spectators. At this juncture, Shaikh Paltu, while trying to defend the two Englishmen called upon the other sepoys to assist him. Assailed by sepoys who threw stones and shoes at his back, Shaikh Paltu called on the guard to help him hold Pandey, but they threatened to shoot him if he did not let go of the mutineer. Some of the sepoys of the quarter-guard then advanced and struck at the two prostrate officers. They then threatened Shaikh Paltu and ordered him to release <mask>, whom he had been vainly trying to hold back. However, Paltu continued to hold Pandey until Baugh and the sergeant-major was able to get up. Himself

masks: Pandey Pandey Pandey


title: Mangal Pandey

texts:
 wounded by now, Paltu was obliged to loosen his grip.He backed away in one direction and Baugh and Hewson in another, while being struck with the butt ends of the guards' muskets. In the meantime, a report of the incident had been carried to the commanding officer General Hearsey, who then galloped to the ground with his two officer sons. Taking in the scene, he rode up to the guard, drew his pistol and ordered them to do their duty by seizing <mask> Pandey. The General threatened to shoot the first man who disobeyed. The men of the quarter-guard fell in and followed Hearsey towards Pandey. Pandey then put the muzzle of the musket to his chest and discharged it by pressing the trigger with his foot. He collapsed bleeding, with his regimental jacket on fire, but not mortally wounded.<mask> recovered and was brought to trial less than a week later. When asked whether he had been under the influence of any substances, he stated steadfastly that he had mutinied on his own accord and that no other person had played any part in encouraging him. He was sentenced to death by hanging, along with Jemadar Ishwari Prasad, after three Sikh members of the quarter-guard testified that the latter had ordered them not to arrest <mask>. <mask> <mask>'s execution took place on 8 April. Jemadar Ishwari Prasad was executed by hanging on 21 April. Aftermath

The 34th B.N.I. Regiment was disbanded "with disgrace" on 6 May as a collective punishment, after an investigation by the government, for failing to perform their duty in restraining a mutinous soldier and their officer.That came after a period of six weeks while petitions for leniency were examined in Calcutta. Sepoy Shaikh Paltu was promoted to havildar (sergeant) for his behavior on 29 March but he was murdered in an isolated part of the Barrackpore cantonment shortly before the regiment was

masks: Mangal Pandey Pandey Mangal Pandey


title: Mangal Pandey

texts:
 disbanded. The Indian historian Surendra Nath Sen notes that the 34th B.N.I. had a good recent record and that the Court of Enquiry had not found any evidence of a connection with unrest at Berhampore involving the 19th B.N.I. four weeks before (see below). However, <mask> <mask>'s actions and the failure of the armed and on-duty sepoys of the quarter-guard to take action convinced the British military authorities that the whole regiment was unreliable. It appeared that Pandey had acted without first taking other sepoys into his confidence but that antipathy towards their British officers within the regiment had led most of those present to act as spectators, rather than obey orders.Motivation
The personal motivation behind <mask> <mask>'s behaviour remains confused. During the incident itself he shouted to other sepoys: "come out – the Europeans are here"; "from biting these cartridges we shall become infidels" and "you sent me out here, why don't you follow me". At his court-martial, he stated that he had been taking bhang and opium, and was not conscious of his actions on 29 March. There were a wide range of factors causing apprehension and mistrust in the Bengal Army immediately prior to the Barrackpore event. Pandey's reference to cartridges is usually attributed to a new type of bullet cartridge used in the Enfield P-53 rifle which was to be introduced in the Bengal Army that year. The cartridge was thought to be greased with animal fat, primarily from cows and pigs, which could not be consumed by Hindus and Muslims respectively (the former a holy animal of the Hindus and the latter being abhorrent to Muslims). The cartridges had to be bitten at one end before use.The Indian troops in some regiments were of the opinion that this was an intentional act of the British, with the aim of defiling their religions. Colonel S. Wheeler of

masks: Mangal Pandey Mangal Pandey